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LIBRARY

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THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

FOR

1867.

LONDON :
PUBLISHED FOR THE PROPRIETORS,

AT 41, WELLINGTON STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

1867.

LONDON :
BnADBURY, EVjUJS, A.ND CO., PP.INTEKS, WlilTEFHIAKS.

|St7

\

INDEX OF CONTENTS

GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

FOR 1867.

Abyssinia, 996

Ac.icia, pyramidal, 65'k

AciUypha tricolor. 25

Acanthus Insitanicus, 657, S56, 903

Acclimatisation, 53

Acer Frederici GuiUelmi, 1238; oruatum, 1339

Achimenes, 410 ; Gibsoni, 734

Achyi-anthea aureo-reticulatu, 211

Acorus Calimus, 1242

Acts, agricultural. 1007

AUiantum velutiuura, 25 ; farleyense, 30 ;

GriJnewegianum, 264
Advertisements, American, 207
Aerides Vaudanun, 997
Agaricus rubeacens, 976
Agave, American, 209 ; scUidigera, 544 ; syli-

nacautha, 852
Agriculture, antient, 330 ; Irish, 35, 498, 1082 ;

Mechi on, 134; Swiss. Ill; German, 771 ;

French, 1081; Spanish, 1103; Guernsey,

1108 ; Continental, 694 ; homo and foreign,

1034 ; and science. 467 : effect of ditto on.

440 ; Board of, 384, 387. 1277 ; and land

laws. 1054; Chambers of, 113, 165, 313, 500,

C63, 1129, 1150, 1205
Agricultural education, 300, 474, 1223, 122G
Agricultural co-operation, 817, 837
Agricultural taxation, American, 14
Agi-icultural Journal, 1101
Agricultural Benevolent Association, 551, 587,

608, 663
Agricultural meetings, 1275, 1327
Agricultural Employment Bill, 793, 837
Agricultural statistics, 112, 188, 638,771, 2216
Agriculture, progress of, 693
Agricultural prospects, 1204
Air, moist and dry, 293, 321
AlkaUes, test for, 1076

AUamanda Hendersoni, 928, 977, 1001, 1025
AUium carinatum, 973
Almanac, Royal Horticultural Society's, 6
Alnus glutinosa aurea, 26
Aloe, American, 1073
Amaryllis pardina, 852
Amateurs, hints for, 404, 734, 740
Ambatcha, 602
American taxation, 14
Ampelopsis serjanisefoUa, £20
Angler's diary, 166J
Angnecum citratum, 126
Anag3Ti3 indlca, 1046
Ancylogyuo longiflora, 25
Andes, Qiiitiniau, 809, 857
AnemoneSj herbaceous, 857
Anemone japonica (white), 1297
Aneroid, 1220

Animal Diseases Bill, 840, 862
Annuals, 1051 ; Messrs. Carter «fc Co. 'a, 804
Anthurium regale, 25 ; reflexum, 74 ; pedati-

fidum, 292
Aphelandra Roezlii, 1214
Aponogeton, hardiness of, 410, 603, C30
Apples, unsound, 8 ; striped, 78 ; burr, (1119 :

large, 1074, 1172; White Calville, 1168
Apple crop, 492, 519
Apple decay, 929
Apple sports, 403
Apple blossoms, double, 599
Apple tribe, hardiness of the, 1269
Apple pumice, 1177, 1250, 1330
April, work for, 386
Aquilegia pyrenaiea, 49
'.ralia papyrifera, 237 ; edulis, 808
Araucaria imbricata, 572, 1026
Archerfield, flower gardening at, 99f>
Arlstolochia Goldieana, 1143, 1167
Arundo Donax versicolor, 712
Ash, blotched Breadalbane, 544
Asparagus, fasciated, 101 : French, 734
Aspenda azurea setosa, 320
Asphodel, uses of, 851
Aspleniuni novie caledoniaj, 25
Assessments, parochial, 1331
Athyrium Gorln^anum pictum, 25
A mospheric moisture, 183
Aubrietias, 1220

ubrictia graca, 520

Aucubas, hermaphrodite, 264 ; fruiting of, 519 ;
japonicagi-andidcntatamaculata, 49 ; berries,
poisonous, 52, 104, 128

Auriculas, 9, 269, 409, 464, 493 ; Peter Camp-
bell. 1239

Austin & HIcAslan's nursery, 787

Austin, Mr., testimonial to, 788

iVzaleas, new, 9; Her Majesty," 49; monstrous,
516

Azores, g.irdening in, 658, 952, 1002

Bahamas, fruit trade, 12G

Balsam, the, 434

Bambusa Fortunei, 857

Banks, Sir Joseph, 900

Banking Association, Farmers', 112.1

Bargain, What is a? 1256

Bark, Indian, 207

Barkeria Skinneri, 211

Barleria Gibsoni, 126

Barley, 499, 502 ; to sow, 215

Barrel measure, 1333

Bateman prize. 488

Battersea Park, 900

Beans, Kidney, 82 ; new runner, lOul

Bean cake, Chinese, 53

Beds, winter, 30

Bedding out, 53, 6S5, 735, 829, 866. 1117

Bedding-out season of 1866. 28

Bedding plant houses, 1168

Beech trees, death of, 235 ; disease of, 1142

Beef, roast, of Old England, 91

Bees, variation in breed of, 9 ; removing, 9 ;
nadiring, 31, 131, 521; experience in keep-
ing, 55, 81 ; effect of cold on, 107 ; swarming,
763 ; artificial swarms of, 155, 353, 715 ;
feeding, 155, 1051, 1075; hives for, 81. 185,
213, 269, 409, 437, 464, 493 ; in Yorkshire,
241, 1169 ; Pettitt on, 241 ; self confine-
ment of, 297, 325 ; queries respecting,
381 ; in a chimney, 437 ; supering, 464,
689, 834 ; random notes respecting, 549,
633 ; the late Mr. Carpenter's, 549 ;
drone combs, 577 ; drone brooding stocks,
605 ; at Manchester exhibition, 633 ; habita-
tion for, 633 ; Egyptian, 661 ; removing, 689,
859, 954; season, in regard to, 689, 1075;
Ligurianising an apiary of, 715, 884, 907 ;
comb, 1027 ; artificially impressed waxen
comb for, 739, 810. 907, 954 ; fixing comb to
bars, 786 ; artificial queen -raising, 715, 884,
907, 1003 ; honey dew, 931 ; fumigating, ma-
terial for, 979 : Italian, 979; bee-glue, 1027;
Mr. Fox's lecture on, 1099 ; protection for,
1123 ; in Lancashire, 1123 ; in South Wales,
1147 ; burying hivesof, in winter, 1169 ; par-
thenogenesis of, 1196 ; new food plant for,
1196; enemies of, 1219; foul brood of, 1244,
1272 : and the Parson, 1299 ; driving, 1323.

Beet, bedding, 150

Begoiii'i- digswelliensis, 105 ; Veitchii, 7:U ;
boliviensis, 544, 1142 ; Clarkei, 1142

Bell testimonial, 11, 58, 89, 741

Belvoir Castle, 404, 465, 521, 540

Benefit Societies. 1326

Berkeley, Rev. M. J., 515

Bilbergia sphacelata, 852

Bill, Educational, 813, 815 ; agricultural em-
ployment, 793

Bingley Hall exhibition, 1174

Birds and Gooseberries, 128 ; migi'atory, 408,
435, 1074 ; small, 686 ; feeding French, 606;
song, 1321

Birds nests, artificial, 56

Bishopstoke vicarage, 689

Blackberry, Golden-veined, 737

Bletia Sherrattiana, 1142; hyacinthina albo-
striata, 292

Blood, 167

Boilers, horticultural, 1094, 1121, 1146,1243, 132

Boiler Incrustations, 1030

Boiler explosions, 1078, 1229

Bolbophyllum siamense, 572

Bondagers, 274

Bones as manure, 414

Bones and sulphuric acid, 822

Books, list of horticultur.al and agiicultural,
1308

Books Noticed : — Agricultural Clasabook, 558 ;
Almanacs, Gardeners', 1244 ; Farmers', 1331 ;
Andersson on Willows, 763 ; Angler's Diary,
166 ; Bailey & Son on Preservation of
Animal Food, 723 ; Baily on Fowls, 166 ;
Barometer and how to use it, 130, 1299;
Belgian Forest Trees, 8 ; Bentham's Austra-
lian Flora, 106; Id. Address to the Linnean
Society, 688 ; Bentbam & Hooker's Genera
Plantarum, &c., lOoO ; Black's Guide to
Paris, 240 ; BocquiJlon on Tiliaccic, 240 ;
Boissier's Flora Orieutalis, &c., 906 ; Bowick
on Rearing Calves, 278 ; Brande's Dic-
tionary, 463 ; Broadway, the, 954 ;
Buchan on Meteorology, 576 ; Biu-mester's
Guide to Plan Drawing, 1075 ; Cannell on
Grape Growing, 979 ; Carr on Shorthorns,
964 ; Carter's Practical Gardener, 1323 ;
Cassell's Popular Educator, 1244 ; Children's
Employment Commission, Report, 389 ;
Clark's Letters from Spain, Algeria, and
Brazil, 1002 ; Clouston on Meteorology, 633 ;
Colenso's Shilling Arithmetic, 130 ; Cooke's
Fern Book, 660 ; Country Life, 954 ; Dau-
beny's Miscellanies, 1075 ; Davis' on Harness,
6118 ; Decaisne & Naudin's Amatevir's Manual,
30 ; De Candolle on the Laws of Botanical
Nomenclature, 1026 ; Denton on the Water
Question, 115 ; Dictionary of Chemistry, 464;
Dictionary, German and English, 76;i ; Dic-
tionary of Science, Literature and Art, 796,
797 ; Dixon on Pelargonium hybridisation,
520; Du Chaillu on Ashango Land, 130; Du-
chartre's Elements de Botanique, 296 ; Ellis's
Madagascar, 268 ; Fleming on Jloral Philo-
sophy, 1299 ; Francis on Angling, 353 ; Fry's
Guide to London Charities, 738 ; Galton's
Art of Travel, 1219; Gardener, the, 80;
Gray's British Seaweeds, 1219; Grey on
Land Agency, 277 ; Grisebach on Cuban
Botany, 155 ; Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of
Architecture, 409 ; Halle on Jersey, 892,
915, 939 ; Hannam on Waste Manures, 193 ;
Hanover Square, 1299; Hasskarl's Neuer
SchlUssel zu Rumph's Herbarium Am-
boinense, 31 ; Hearths and Homesteads,
1012 ; Hereman's Vine and Fruit Tree
Culture under Glass, 1219 ; Hildebrand on
the Sexual Arrangements in Plants, &c., 687 ;
Hogg's Horticultural Dii-ectory, 520 ; Id. Year
Book, 1244; Hooker's Icoues Plantanmi,
1219 ; Isbister's First Steps in Reading, 130 ;
Jeffrey's British Conchology, 954 ; Jerrold's
Paris for the English, 409; Jordan and
Fourreau's Icones ad floram Europ;e novo
fundamento instaurandum spectantes, 8 ;
Journal of Agriculture, 63, 140, 251, 445,
474, 614, 964, 1131, 1307 ; of Bath Agiicul-
tural Society, 277 ; of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society, 80 ; Knots, book of, 633 ;
Kotschy and Peyritsch's Plant® Tinneanaj,
&.C., 1169 ; Krepp on the Sewage Question.
748 ; Laboratory, the, 409 ; Lawi-ence on
Labourers' Food, 845 ; Linnean Society's
Journal and Transactions, 54, 954 ; Lon-
don Catalogue of British Plants, 688; Lord
Leicester on Cottago Accommodation, 389 ;
Lord's silkworm book, 953 ; Lovell on
Ediblo Molluscs, 661 ; Maciidam on Cheese
Making, 670; M'Lean & Hope's Feeding
Stuffs, 193 ; M'Combie on Cattle and Cattle
Breeders, 820 : McNab, on the Cultivated Sela-
gineUas, 493 ; Maximo wicz on Hydrangeaceie,
1243; Melssner on the Geographical Distri-
bution of Lauracere, 80 ; Melbourne Inter-
colonial Exhibition of 1866, 633 ; Milde's
Ferns, &c., of Europe, Madeira, Canaxies,
Azures, Algiers, Asia Minor, and Siberia,
1147 ; MuUer's Fragmenta Phytographi;^
Australian, 577 ; Id. Australian Vegetation,
858; Naturalist, Holiday Excursions of, 738 ;
Naturahst's Note Book, 9 ; Nave's Algoi,
810 ; NewcomV/s Midland Counties Almanac,
40 ; Odams on Cattle Markets, 446 ;
Ploughs, Report of trials of steam, 333 ;
Plues on British Grasses, 738 ; Popular
Annual for 1868, 1299 ; Practice with

Science, 1107 ; Pritzel's Iconum Botaui-
carum Index locupletis-simus, 31 ; Pro
ceedings of the London International
and Horticultural Exhibition and Congress,
154; Proctor on the Stars,1858; Quarterly Jour-
nal of Science, 39, 361, 1035 ; Railway Guide,
Popular, 297 ; Raymond on Fishing, 463 ;
Reapers, report of trials of, 474 ; lleichen-
bach's Orchids of Central America, 577 ;
Rivers' Miniature Fruit Garden, 185 ; Id. Rose
Amateurs' Guide, 297 ; Roberts (Sir R) on
Fishing, 463 ; Rutherford on Boudagers, 15;
Scotland, Handbook for, 954 ; Seller and Ste-
phens' Rearing and Feeding of Live Stock,
445 ; Shepherd's North-We&t Peninsula of
Iceland, 268 ; Slagg on the Disposal of
Sewage, 1060; Smiles' Huguenots, 1195;
Smith's Mushrooms and Toadstools, 930 ;
Spooncr on Potash as a Manure, 530 ;
Stanton's Butterflies and Moths, 931 ; Id.
on the Tineina, 12y9 ; Steinmetz's Sunshine
and Showers, 436 ; Stevenson's Birds of
Norfolk, 834 ; Stewart and Jenkins on
Sanatory Reform, 810 ; Symons' Meteorolo-
gical Magazine, 1002 ; Id. on Rain Measure-
ment, 1299; Technologist, 493 ; Tegetmeier
on Pigeons, 530 ; Theories of Copernicus and
Ptolemy, 1002 ; Thirty Years in a Mining
District, 1002 ; Thomson on the Vine, 809 ;
Tinslcy's Magazine, 954 ; Transactions of the
Highland and Agiicultural Society, 333 ;
Trees, Old and Remarkable, 305 ; Twining'a
(Miss) Illustrations of the Natural Orders of
Plants, 688 ; Van Houtte's Floie des Serres,
620 ; Victoria Institute, Ti-ansactions of the,
1002 ; Voelcker on Disinfectants, 614 ; Walls
Orchard and Fi'uit Garden, 738 ; Wanderers
at Home in the Wilderness, 786 ;
Ward on Healthy Respiration, 493 ;
Warner's Orchidaceous Plants, 185; Wells
on Dew, 8 ; Wilson's Report of Agricul-
tm-al Exhibitions at Vienna and Aarhuus,
586 ; Wimmer on Willows, 18 ; Winslow on
Influence of Light, 520 ; Yorkshire, Guide
to. 763.

Bossitea Hendersoni, 320

Botany, medical, 852 ; and gai'dening, 1190

Botanic gardens, 347

Botanical nomenclature, 852

Botanical prize, Swiss, 544

Bougainvillaeas, 519

Bowiea volubilis, 74

Bowling greens, 1004

Boys' labour, 328

Bread without yeast, 138 ; aerated, 190

Brick making, 527

British Association, 927, 998, 1024, 1047, 1071,
1095

Brittany, produce of, 1305

BroccoU, Carter's, 764

Bromus odoratus, 385

Broomi-ape, 765

Buccleuch estates, 820

Bucks, flora of, 1238

Building Act, 736

Bulrush flock, 128

Bury, guide to, 715 ; agricultural meeting at,
78'.' ; show at, 765, 767 ; horticultural ditto
at, 781, 733, 737, 767, 761 : schedules of
ditto, 264 ; awards at dittu. 807; jurors at
ditto, 713 ; profits at ditto, 1142

Busaco, 929

Butter, Irish, 1249

Cabbaok, clubbing of, 183, 212; Downtou, 7^

127; Fearnought, 78, 183; wild. 460;

ennobling wild, 432 ; v. Turnips, 687, 712 ;

king of, 809 ; spring, 807, 883 : sprouting,

1238; ox, 1305
Cake, Hardon's, 1077
Caladium, bulb-bearing, 1097 ; movements of,

544
Calcutta Botanic Garden, 26, 1265, 1271, 1322
Calves, reai-ing, 278 ; aUpping, 843
Camaroons mountains, 857
Camellias, hardiness of, 1074'

IV

INDEX.

Camellia Stella polaire, 74 ; Mrs. Dombrain,
292 ; Lavinia Ma<rgi roaea, 320 ; Duchesse de
Nassau, 1239 ; culture, 377, 601, 1096, 1191

Campanulas, 1049

Canada, horticultural news from, 997

Canarina Campanula, 211

Cannas with Dahlias, 1298

Cape of Good Hopo, 73, 1022

Carbolic acid, 1133

Carter's (Messrs.) seed farms, 1051; nursery,

577
Catalogues, fat, 53 ; garden, 435
Cattle, Long-horned, at Upton. 91 ; exhibit-
ing, 385 ; fat, 110 : Shorthorn, 796 ; Ayrshire,
795; Devon, 1302; Spanish, 637 ; foreign,
1078; Southdown and polled, 1085; Channel
Island, 1132 ; store, 416, 1202 ; breeding of,
840, 1228 : rearing, 166 ; importing and
breeding, 38
Cattle food, 63, 110. 446
Cattle dealing, Irish, 958
Cattle fairs, 1130
Cattle show, Birmingham, 1222
Cattle retui-ns, 1150, 1332

Cattle plague, 34, 40, 92, 110, 133, 159, 161,
441, 495, 523, 524, 528, 551, 552, 580, 582,
584, 607, 608, 630, 663, 695, 742, 770, '813,
861, 885, 936, 941, 958, 981, 1054, 1059, 1150,
1151, 1197, 1221, 1222, 1247; in Holland,
16 : in the Netherlands, 329 ; compen-
sation for, 188 ; penalties, 306
Cattle movement, 1108, 1174
Cattle Plague Bill, 552, 663

Cattle plague statistics, 1029, 1102

Cattle market, 445, 1302

Cattle melon, 16

Cattleya citrina, 488 ; Dowiana, 75 ; Warsce-
wiczii, 627 ; exoniensis, 1144

Cedar of Lebanon, growth of, 238, 2C7

Celery, 628 ; Hooley's, 1094

Ceilings, fire-proof, 445

Centaureas, hardihood of, 1025, 1049

Centaurea babylonica, 929

Centigrade v. Fahrenheit, 356 (see Thermo-
meters)

Cephalotaxus Fortimei, fruit of, 1193, 1242

Oestrum eli3gans, 852

Chambers of Agriculture, 14, 101, 165, 413, 500,
987, 1102, 1105, 1150, 1225, 1252, 1305

Chapman, death of Mr., 932

Chasselas Grapes, 1267

Chateau, Belgian, 1194

Cheere, death of Rev. G., 432

Cheese, 1031, 1035, 1178 ; Cheddar loaf, 415,
1250 ; Roquefort, 1332

Cheese-making, 670

Cheese factories, 797

Chemist's advice, 1133

Cherry, Ludwig'a Bigarreau, 6 ; early Bigar-
reau, 739

Chestnuts, horse, 654

Children and field labour, 643, 743

Chimonanthus fragrans, striking of, 180, 212

Chiswick Gardens, 976

Choretis glauca, 683

Christ's Thorn, 1121, 1168, 1146

Christy plant case, 948

Chrysanthemums, 106, 1195 ; new, 320 ; Temple,
1148 ; Japanese, 1238, 1318 ; sports, 1193

Churchyards, 30

Chum, atmospheric, 14

Cibotium princeps, 737

Cider, Hereford, 409

Cinchonas, 738

Cinerarias, 493

Cirrhopetalum Pahudii, 75

Clarkia, double white, 905

Clavija fulgens, 126

Clematises, 1004 ; in beds, 952 ; Messrs.
Jackman's, 852, 902, 1218

Clematis Davidiana, 1239

Climate, English, 665

Climbers, 438

Clovers, 524, 526, 612, 1221

Clover seed, 412

Club, new plant, 268

Clubbing, 1074

Cobs, 742

Cockroaches, 105

Cocoa-nut, double, 653, 783 ; at Syon, 1165

Ccelogyne humilis, 1142 ; Rhodeana, 901

Cold, registration of, 52, 104; in high and low
places, 1097

Coleue, 1218, 1297 ; Gibsoni, 26, 544 ; Veitehii
852

College, Royal Agricultural, 40 ; Michigan,
167 ; Albert Veterinary, 1083

Colours, effect of light on, 658 ; theory uf, 683

Combretum microijetalum, 6
. Compass, trees that affect the, 1294

Competition, 1205

Compost, lime and leaf, 492

Concrete, 390, 1034

Congress, Paris Botanical, 180, 654, 876,
883, 924 : ditto Pomological, 781, 997, 1046

Conifers, notes on, 102, 210, 349 ; heights of,
127, 183 ; culture of, 736 ; at Dropmore, 808 ;
manuring, 856, 903 ; hardiness of, 904 ; stem
pruning, 1167

Conversazione at South Kensington, 781

Co-operation, agricultural, 580, 608, 643, 1126

Copse, 84

Cordons, 1163, 1191, 1193, 1218. 1242, 1298, 1321

Cordyline australis, 627

Corn, Lent, 215; cutting, 1011; weight of,
1033 ; drying, 1108 ; prices of, 1133

Coronilla varia, 784

Corysanthes picta, 49

Cottages, labourers', 497, 555, 789, 1326

Cottage competition, 816

Cottage fruit growing, 1218

Cottagers' gardens, 242

Cottagers' Kale, 79

Cotoneaster Foutanesii, 264

Cows, maliciously injuring, 160 ; remarkable,
615 ; prize, 40 ; cottagers', 1080

Cow-keepiug, hinds, 245, 746

Cow-milking, 1303

Crambe cordifolia, 809

Cream, 167

Crocuses, 1050, 1099

Crops, farm, 301, 692, 721, 842 ; Cotswold, 747 ;
Devonshire, 913 ; in Perthshire, 819 ;
prospects of, 663, 667 ; seeding of grain,
553 ; and. the Times, 983 ; culture of green,
192

Crop returns, 861, 864, 938, 1009, 1150

Crop statistics, 112G

Cropping, winter, 905

Crystal Palace Show, 575, 952, 979
Crystal Palace restoration fund, 26, 713
Cucumbers, 184, 268, 903, 1024; perennial,

809 ; winter, 30, 54 ; growing, 735 ; from

cuttings, 785 ; twin, 948 ; large, 1004
Cucumber judging, 1146
Cucumber murrain, 781, 808
Cucumber box, 782
Cups, prize, 26; challenge, 682, 686; Qardeniera'

Chronick, 712
Cupressus glauca, 929 ; Lawaoniana, 928
Curcuma australasica, 126
Currant trees, leafless, 1025
Cutbusb's (Messrs.) eichibition, 326
Cyanophyllum spectandum, 25 ; magnificum,

128
Cymbidium eburneum, 1122 ; Huttoni, 1142
Cypella ccerulea, 6
Cypripediums, 350
Cypripedivim Schlimii, 6 ; caudatum, 292 ;

Stonei platyfcenium, 1118
Cyrtodeira chontalensia, GSS

Dahlias, select, 410 ; new, 931 ; Flambeau,
264 ; showing, 976 ; dressing, 1002 ; pinning,
1049, 1098, 1146, 1168 ; white bedding, 1001 ;
with Cannas, 1298

Dairies, Danish, 470 ; American, 555, 1108 ;
Glasgow, 1326

Dairy, work in, 16 ; winter, 913 ; manage-
ment of, 1126 ; butter, 1329

Dalea Mutisii, 1045

Dalechampia RoezUana, 263, 292 ; rosea, 236,
544

Damascus, 905, 929

Daphne Genkwa, 26

Daturas, 1073

Datura ceratocaulon, 127

Daubeny, late Dr., 1293, 1294

Dawson, death of Mr., 932

De Bary, Professor, 1-51

Delphinium Triomphe de Pontoise, 6

Dendrobiura MacCarthise, 79 ; lituiflorum, 264;
Bullerianum, 852 ; macrophyllum Veitchi-
anum, 852 ; capillipes, 997 ; Gouldii, 901

Dendrometer, 760

Dentition, 1109

Deodars, 784

Desiderata, asfricultural, 37

Desmodium penduliflorum, 26, 49

Dichorizandra musaica, 25

Dictyopsis Thunbergii, 627

Dieffenbachia Weiiii, 25

Dioscorea Batatas, 74

Dipladenias, 410 ; seedling, 1070

Dipladenia amabilis, 25 ; amcena 1070

Diseases, plant, 923

Disinfectants, 742

Dobson, death of Mr., 494

Dodecatheon Jeffreyi, 544

Dog law, 940

Dog show, 615, 641, 1132

Dombeya angulata, 74 ; Maetersii, 627

Dorstenias, 973

Downie, Laird & Laing'a nurseries, 241, 605

Draba violacea, 1142

Drains, choked, 220

Drainage, 275, 636 ; Hanlon'a, 1G3

Drainage pipes, 301

Duckham testimonial, 328, 552

Dumplings, Norfolk, 1225

Dundee Floral FSte, 264, 852, 1165

Dyckia rariflora, 212

Earth, dry, 662

Earth closets, 61, 88 ; ditto and sewage, 328

Echeveria metallica, 952, 1025

Education, agricultural, 271, 300, 357, 383, 389,
439, 443, 474, 612, 742, 1223, 1226, 1249, 1301 :
factory, 188, 217, 244, 331 ; horticultural,
1141, 1266 ; French ditto, 292 ; middle class,
721 : technical, 1302, 1334

Educational Bill, 813, 815

Eggs, 792

Egypt, gardener for, 1094

Ellman, death of Mr., 306

Elms, variegated, 1049

Elymus arenarius, 784

Emigration, 248, 272

Enkyanthus quinquefiorua, striking of, 180

Entails, 159,164

Epidendrum amethystinum, 376 ; Braaavolai,
682, 1239 ; Cooperianum, 852 ; cnemido-
phorum, 1142 ; eburneum, 404, 544 ; erubes-
cens, 712, 1146; Sophronites, 655

Epiphyllums, 975

Erica tintinnabula, 519

Eriophorum alpinum, 8

Ether spray, 446

Eucalypti, 348

Eucodonia njegelioides, 627

Euphorbia fulgens, 211

Euphorbiacese, nomenclature of, 544

Eupatorium riparium, 292

Evergreens, cutting, 350, 351 ; planting, 373 ;
transplanting, 407, 434, 462

Examinations, gardeners', 26, 49, 488, 682, 804,
832, 1238, 1298

Exhibition arrangements, 52, 1045 ; St. Peters-
burgh, 73 ; great horticultural, 1093 : floral,
1218

Exhibitor, song of an, 835

Falmoutb agricultural meeting, 1248
Farms, Aberdeenshire, 1131, 1203, 1228, 1308 ;
Banffshire, 1203 ; Bedfordshire, 671 ; Ber-
wickshire Merae. 530, 940, 1157 ; Bluebell in
Natal, 194 ; Bowbeck, C99 ; Bowes, 869 ;
Cambridgeshire, 90, 1084 ; dairy, 1036 ;
Dorset, 643 ; Plaxton Grange, 15 ; Glouces-
tei-sbire, 1203 ; Irish, 1060 ; Kirkby Tboro,
797 ; Lammermuir sheep, 1255 ; letting,
1304 : light land, 1228 ; Marsh, 797 ;
Overstone Grange, 530 ; profits of a, 57 ;

Prof. Buckman's, 115; sewaged, 193; ditto
at Lodge, 57 ; small, 364 ; South, Lancashire,
12-55 ; Staffordshire dairy, 222 ; steam, 917 ;
suburban, 278 ; West Sussex, 530, 1279 ;
walk over my, 468; Yorkshire, 1180; large
and small, 1329

Farm accounts, 1034

Farm costs, 64

Farm implements at Bury, 1200 ; French
awards to, 1201

Farm leases, 218

Farm memoranda, 167, 362, 501, 614, 772, 1284

Farm notes, 555, 664, 718, 744, 790, 886

Farm seeds, large v. small, 885

Farmers, Parliamentary, 892 ; shortcomings
of, 789; wants, 1178

Farmers' Clubs (see Societies) ; topics dis-
cussed at, 84

Farmers' Orphan Home, 84, 415

Farming, Aarhuua, 501 ; American, 640, 845,
940, 1054, 1131 ; Continental, 58 ; co-opera-
tive, 332 ; Danish, 558 ; high, 109 ; Irish
111 ; Lord Kimberley on, 744 ; Mr. Mechi'i,
957, 958, 959 ; loss of money by, 765 : profit-
able, 1128

Fences, 165 ; live, 581 ; Holly, 602

Ferns, Australian, 876 ; New Zealand, 462 ;
colourless, 238

Fern distribution, 518, 546, 573

Fern sports, 1000

Fern-like plants, 127

Ferri&res, gardeners at, li,17

Fertility, effect of tillage on, 813

Ferulaa, 903

Festival, vegetarian, 16

Feversham, death of Lord, 160

Ficus Suringarii, 48

Field work and childi-en, 1126, 1173, 1201, 1222

Figa, grafting, 186

Fig, Grosse Verte, 1192

Findlay testimonial, 782

Fir mould, 1300

Fish disease, Swiss, 833

Fittonia argyroneura, 25, 627

Flax, 766, 912 ; Japanese, 516

Flock, Bulrush, 128

Floorings, fire-proof, 445

Flora Australiensis, 106

Floras, insular. Dr. Hooker on, 6, 27, 50, 75,
152, 181

Floral decorations, 757

Florists' flowers, 661, 688, 715, 738, 763, 954,

6S979, 1026, 1219, 1244 (see also Special plants)

Florists' standard, 1117,1146, 1167, 1193, 1241

Flowers, new, 55, 325 ; spring, 236 ; variegated
double, 49

Flower gardening, 1266

Food, immature vegetable, 299 ; value of pur-
chased, 356 ; labourers', 556 ; and manure,
743, 1127 ; report on, 33, 36

Pood committees, 273, 468, 722, 743

Food imports, 300, 1132

Food substances, vegetable, 187

Forage plants, 691

Forests, injury done by; destruction of,
188 ; Russian, 107, 298 ; Indian, 851, 971

Fountains, gutta percha, 54, 79

Fowls, 166

Foxgloves, 952, 976

Fox-hunting battues, 530, 644

Franchise, county, 695

Frogmore, Royal Gardens at, 9

Frost, the late, 51 ; effects of, 73, 211, 736, 903 ;
lessons taught by, 904 ; 1048, 1073, 1097 ;
May, 574, 601 ; midsummer, 736

Fruits, storing, 167; new Queensland, 544;
dried, 855 ; ripening: of, 606 ; colour of, 950 ;
second crops of, tl002 ; little known, 1192 ;
select, 1194 ; and vegetables, 1217 ; for
Durham, 1246

Fruit growing, 952 ; in Jersey, 974, 1000 ;
French and English, 1094, 1120, 1144

Fruit crop returns, 875, 877

Fruit houses v. walls, 737, 1320
Fruit trade, Bahamas, 126

Fruit show, Paris, 1072
Fruit-stones, how to reduce size of, 634
Fi*uit trees, summer treatment of, 736 ; prun-
ing of, 956
Fruit tree cases, 736
Fruit tree stocks, 736
Fuchsias, select, 55
Fungi as food, 460, 517; parasitic, 1045; root,

78, 105, 153, 211, 1317
Funkias, 905

Game, 83, 472 ; crops injured by, 04

Game covert, 30, 52, 105, 153, 182

Game laws, 246, 940, 964, 1325, 1330

Game, rating of, 531

Gang system, 418, 1328

Garden, my, 1215, 1295

Garden favourites, old, 267

Gardens, Parisian, 208, 955

Gardening, winter, 236 ; spring, 462, 465, 854;

nature and art in reference to, .518, 630 ;

French and English, 975, 1166, 1168, 1192,

1270, 1320
Gardeners, hint to, 788
Gardeners' examinations, 26, 323, 488, 599, 804,

1021, 1196, 1238
Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution, 53,

105, 543, 574, 603, 658, 684, 713, 1294
Garrya elUptica, 10 ; female, 52 ; in fruit, 1094
Gas Uquor, 40

Gas tar on pipes, 106, 128, 153
Gentians, 684

Gentiana Fortunei, 183, 212
Ghent Horticultural Exhibition, "10, 758
Ginseng, 578
Gishurst Compound, 658
GladioK, M. Souchet'a, 927; disease of, 1238,

1297
Gladiolus Bowiensis, 80, 131, 1269; brench-

leyensis, 80, 131 ; Papilio, 25
Glamis Castle, 1003
Glasshouses, Beard's, 351 ; cheap, 658 ; Paxto-

nian, 712; v. walls, 804
Glowworm, 630
Gloxinia hypocyrtiflora, 1142
Glumacete of Otago, 129
Gomphia Theophrasta, 627
Gonatoatomon Boucheanum, 320
Good's (Mr,) agricultural papers, 1248

Goodyera macrantha, 852, 1022; velutina, 852

Gooaebeniea and birdSj 128 ; standard, 809

GoosebeiTy wine, 547

Gorse, 499, 556

Gout, cure, 129S

Grafting Figs, 186 ; root, 264 : curiosities of,
516 ; experimental, 947; Russian, 973

Graft hybrids, 235 ; aports, 803 ; swellings,
804

Grain, prices of, 937, 1059

Grapes, blind, 435, 438 ; preserving, 1096, 1119,
1217, 1243, 1271 ; early, 435 ; ripe in March,
462, 519, 547, 574; heavy, 351, 408, 462,
1098 ; photograph of ditto, 1022 ; colouring
of Muscat, 1270 ; colourless, 736 ; shanking
of, 857 ; rusting of, 977 ; cracking of, 1098 ;
Black Barbarossa, 78 ; Madresfield Black,
902 ; Mrs. Pince's, 74, 78, 760, 784, 808,
883, 929, 1238 ; Muscat, 1297 ; Muscat
Escholata, 808 ; seedling, 1172 ; Royal Ascot,
603, 657, 686, 833, 1069, 1074 ; Royal Black,
180; various, 856, 857 ; Chasselas, 1267

Grape judging, 853, 882, 902, 925, 928, 949, 976,
977, 999, 1000, 1024, 1046, 1074, 1097, 1118,
1121,1144, 1168, U94, 1270

Grape -growing, rival systems of (see Vinos)

Grape bloom, 929

Grape mildew, 739

Grass or arable ? 1154

Grasses for Australia, 164 ; Columbian, 336 ;
agricultural, 794

Grassland, 222

Grass sponge, 1076

Greenhouse, cold, 487

Grey, Mr., at Glasgow, 888

Grias cauliflora, 75

Griffinia Blumenavia, 264 ; hyacinthina
maxima, 544

Grubs, 275

Guano market, 837. 839

Gum trees, Australian, 1100

Habrantuus fulgens, 25

Habrothamnus fruit, 432

Hair, vegetable, 980

Hair-worms, 626

Hand-power, 363

Harvest, last year's, 216 ; experiences, 743,

746, S13, 910, 935, 981, 985, 936. 1105 ; wet,

1030 ; foreign, 1032 ; of 1867, 1222
Harvest beverages, 885

Harvest payments, 837, 836 ; reports, 886, 887
Harvest wages, 888

Harvest work, 495, 500, 523, 771, 863, 868
Harvesting. 722, 1005, 1013, 1054, 1058, 1059
Harvester, the marsh, 1204
Havering Park sale.
Hawks, 322, 379
Hay, Dutch, 11 ; manures for, 741 ; musty,

1229
Hay sweep, 691
Hay Lodge, Edinburgh, 213
Haymaking, 607, 635, 910
Heath, meeting on the, 948
Heat, artificial, 76 ; radiation of, 153, 238, 319,

325
Heating, and gas tar, 106 ; furnace bars for,

980 ; pipe flues for. 952, 1049 ; Taylor's com-
bined pipe for, 1268
Hedges, Holly, 712
Helianthemum ocymoides, 126
Heliconia humilis, 6
Hellotropiuni convolvulaceum, 6
Hemerocallis Middendorfii, 264 : fulva

Kwanso, 292
Hibiscus roseus, 928
Hinds, 274, 359 ; cow keeping, 245 ; wages,

301
Hippeastrum Alberti, 75 ; pardinum, 320, 905
Hippophae rhamnoides, 53
Hiring system, 842, 868
Hohenheim farming, 390
Hollyhocks, 9, 240
Hollyhock disease, 760
Honey dew, 931
Honours, scientific, 948
Hooker, late Sir Wm., 764
Hooper, Dr., 948
Hops, 551 ; early, 870
Hop bUght. 7l6
Horses, 362 ; Arabian, 960 ; of the Pampaa,

499 ; and oxen, draught, 585 ; wintering,

643 ; search for, 818
Horse shoes, 1129
Horse shows, 277, 446, 584, 615, 641
Horticulture in the south and west, 128
Hothouses, paradigm, 516
Hot-water apparatus. 79
Houses, ventilation of dwelling, 251
Hullett's novelties (see Museum Hullettianum)
Haythom, death of Mr., 230
Hyacinths, new, 9, 291, 295; in water, 80;

Temple, 379, 810
Hyacinth glasses, 1022, 1094
Hybrids, wild tropical, unknown, 404
Hybridisation, 403, 405, 516, 1296. 1318
Hydrangea stellata prolifera, 75 ; japonica

macrosepala, 75 ; paniculata floribunda, 292 ;

grandiflora, 544
Hypothec, law of, 304, 531

Ice, 1193, 1217, 1270

Ice pita, 105 ; stacks, 77

Impatiens latifoUa, 126

Implements, imperfect, 442 ; agricultural, 791 ;

French, 829
Imports, agricultural, 279, 644, 724, 846, 941,

1037, 1205, 1285
Insects, disguises of, 1273
Insect parasites, 785
Insecticide, Fowler's, 1001
Insular Floras, 6, 27, 152, 181
International Horticultural Exhibition of 1866,

surplus, 179, 151, 571; report, 151, 154
Ipomoaa Gerrardi, 1239
Ireland, condition of, 61, 938 ; rents in, 58 ;

climate of, 746
Iresine Herbstii aureo- reticulata, 544
Iris Kasmpferi vara,, 75 ; spectabilis, 320

INDEX.

Irish agriculture, 30

Iriali land queatloii, 440

Iron, 390

Italy, letters from, 21 G, 300, 38'

Ivery, death of Mr. W., 811

Ivy, varieties of, 1215 ; Golden, 1242, 12*0

Jalap plant, 5U)

Jamaica Botanic Garden, 1165

Jardin dos Plantos, 07"

Jaaminum officinale iiuroo-variegatum, 264

K.

Kai.e, variegated, 130, 236, 294

Keimedy, death of ex- Provost, 107

Kew, Royal Gardens at, 31, 201 ; misuse of,

672 ; report on, 26fl ; herbarium assistants

at, 1165
Kilgraston House, 859

Labobatouv results, 838

Labour, co-oporation, 086, 1078 ; female field,

1105
Labourer, agricultural, 12, 301, 1301 ; food of,
243, 247, 638 ; milk for, 1081 ; Russian, 468 ;
condition of, 114, 1173
Labourers' Association, 813
Labourers' benefit society, 1149, ll''>5
Labourers' cottages, 497
Labourers' rewards, 1078, 1223
Labourers' strike, 327
Labourers' wages, 1"J25
Laburnum poisoning, 'JoG
liftjUa crispilabia, 264; Pilcbcri, 627
Lambs, management of, 247
Lamb disease, 215
La Muette, 654

Lamprococcus Weilbachii, 126, 852
Land agency, 87, 277
Land question, Irish, 469, 526, 719
Laud investment, 1006
Land improvement, 1085
Land laws, 1054; Irish, 1104
Land steward's claims, 91
Landlord and tenant, 332, 637 ; Irish, 18
Landowner, an English, 16 ; and labourer, 747
Lastrea Sieboldii variegata, 25
Laurel, variegated, 713, 1145
Laurus nobilis, fruiting of, 8, 29
Laws relating to seed, 1150 ; to land, 159, 164
Law of master and servant, 244 ; of hypothec,

304
Lawn weeds, 1172
Leaf-fail, 1094, 1238, 1266
Leaf parasites, 543
Leaf, walking, 1274

Leaves, perforated, 572 ; decorative, 1122
Leases, farm, 218, 987, 1010, 1126, 1197, 1252
Lecture, village, 34
Leicester Show fund, 1238
Leonotis Leonurus, 1146
Leschenaultia formosa, 656
Letters, lost, 216 ; from iParis, 208, 264, 293,

320, 376, 385, 405, 407, 413, 432, 441, 470, 497,

517, 545, 552, 600, 609, 627, C56, 666, 684, 710,

7U, 718, 720, 735, 758, 766, 783, 829, 901, 975,

1072, 1191, 1239
Lettuces, 209 ; Cabbage, 265
Libocedrus decurrens, 238
Lichens entrees, 1189 ; and Mosses, 186
Liebig, Baron, 528
Life, old country, 959
Lightning and trees, 8
Lilacs, 350
Lihum auratum, 102, 686, 733, 782, 784, 808,

832, 857, 928, 952, 1001, 760 ; giganteum, 808 ;

Leichtlmii, 1142
Lime, caustic, 1108 ; and leaf compost, 492
Lime trees, 928, 952
Linden, M., 758
Linseed, 636

Litobrochia undulata, 348
Lobelias, herbaceous, 924
Lobelia progress, 6
Lomaria ciliata, 25 ; gibba Bellii, 25 ; discolor,

forms of, 73
Loquat, 1048, 1073
Low's (Messrs.) nursery, 61
Lucifers, 1078

Luculia, 236, 265, 352 ; Pinceana, 294
Lycaste gigantea, 6 ; Skinneri, 1294
Lycopodium alpinum, 808, 997
LynfordHall, 810, 834

M'Ardell, late Mr., 56

Machines, agricultural, 1130

Hachinery, Paris, awards for, 821

Macleaya cordata, 856

Madder, 116

Magnolia Lennei, 545

Mahogany, Indian, 654

Makoy, M. J., 292

Mallow, hybrid, 263

Malt Tax, 58, 90, 527, 583, 1227

Malvales, morphology of the, 30

Manchester exhibition, 26, 30, 348, 376, 492, C26,
632, 781, 1293

Mangel in Ireland, 472

Mangel V. oilcake, 986, 1201, 1250

Mangel cake, 986, 1010, 1103, 1130, 1154

Mango, Madeira, 690

Mangosteen, 435

Manure, 766 ; home made, 581 ; Proctor and
Ryland's, 40 ; for Hay, 741 ; application of,
14 ; artificial, 1011, 1059 ; closet, 691

Manure libel, 893

Marantas, 25

Maranta illustris, 545 ; roaeo-picta, 545

Master and servant, 1229

Martynia fruits, 320

Meadows, sewaged, 468

Moat, high prices of, 1330

Mochi, Mr., 37, 134, 091, 957, 958, 959, 98:1,

1080, 1130, 1154, 1177
Melons, 1297 ; treatment of, 785, 831
Melon frame, summor, 854
Men, agricultural, 415
Mesospmidium sanguineum, 126
Meteorology, Stoinmotzou, 436
Meteorological coincidence, 52
Methvon'8(Mr.) nurseries, 1075
Mice, 138, 190, 030 ; ground, 88, 113
Microscopicjil Club, Quekott, 54
Mignonette, 857, 904
Mikania Liervallii, 351
Milk, 6U8, 671, 1033, 1105 ; artificiiU, 821 ;

London, 525 ; DubUu, 251, 273 ; for labourers,

243, 442, 1081 : preservation of, 1332
Milk sickness, 700
Miltonia spectabilis rosea, 1239
Mint, golden, 850
Miatleto, the, 0, 519, 1295, 1323
Mitchell testimonial, 1190
Moles, 88, 140, 223, 238; in love, 10
Monstora deliciosa, 654

Moon, Saturday new, 584, 612 ; Cbristmas, 1202
Mosses and Lichens, 180
Mount Merrion, 931
Musas, 857
Musa Ensetc, 710
Museum liuUettianum, 12G, 74, 180, 376, 404,

1214
Mushroom gossip, 1269 ; poisoning, 948, 95G,

1094 ; insects, 212
Myosotis ImpSratrice Elisabeth, 75
Jfyrtus Cheken, 627

N.

N.*;geliai^, new, 627

Naegelia fulgida, 853

Nanones Medusas, 432

Napoleon's Willow, 128

Nash testimonial, 1300

Nasturtium, Tom Thumb rose, 831

Niisouia cinnabarina, 544

Natal, 605 ; productions of, 132

Nectarine, Victoria, 1047, 1121

Nidularium Laurentii, 320

Nierembcrgia Veitchii, 26 ; rivularis, 20, 977

frutescens, 712
Nitchell, late Mr., 860
Norbury Park, 1245
Normandy, produce of, 1305
Novelties, purchasers of, 781
Nurseries, Scotch, 1121, 1146
Nurserymen's representatives, 1049
Nuts, storing, 10

Oak Lodge, Kensington, 107

Obituary:— Mr. Owen McArdell, 56 ; M.Warsce-
wicz, 207 : Mr. Haythorn, 270 ; Kev. G.
Cheerc, 432 ; Mr. Dobson, 494 ; Mr. George
Paul, 739 ; Mr. Ivery, 811 ; Mr. Nitchell, 860 ;
Mr. Chapman, 932 ; Mr. T. Dawson, 932 ; Mr.
J. MacGiUivray, 1027 ; Mr. Wallace Fyfe,
1036; Mr. E. Pope, 1036; Mr. J. Cuthill,
1148; Mr. W. McNeill, 1245; Dr. Daubeny,
1273 ; Dr. Schulz (Bipontinus), 1324

Odontoglossums, 404

Odontoglossum cirrhosum, 54 ; crocatum, 404 ;
roseum, 404 ; astranthum, 404 ; triumphans,
516; vexillarium, 901; nebuloaum, 572;
candidulum, 710

OUcakes, 839, 1103

Oleanders, 784, 904

Oleander cuttings, 546

Oncidium macranthura, 7, 29, 54 ; nubigenum,
376 ; chrysothyrsus, 264 ; serratum, 292

Onions, 1168, 1193; Nuneham Park, 1073,
1097, 1145

Ootacamund, 547, 631

Operations, painless, 390

Ophiopogon japonicus argenteo-striatus, 75

Oranges in the Azores, 785 ; in New South
Wales, 404

Orchards, HerefordBhire, 82, 298

Orchard-houses. 603, 631, 657, 785, 833, 857,
904, 1193; V. WaUs, 1320

Orchard cordons, 1121

Orchids, new or rare, 5, 151 ; winter flowering,
28 ; at St. Dunstan's, 269 ; Central American,
626 ; in Yorkshire, 629 ; fecundation of,
682; at exhibitions, 784; cool, 1273, 1297;
and their cultivation, 76, 655, 856, 857, 926,
1241 ; terrestrial, 264, 431, 459

Orchid blossoms, singular, 74

Orchid sales, 522

Orchid pest, new, 712

Orchis maculata, 602

Ornithogalum pjTenaicum, 602

Osiers, 14

Ozone, 207

Painters, modem, 1141

Palm, hybrid, 264 ; great Fan, 684 ; Date, 949

Palm-nut meal, 1054, li>78

Pandauus distichus, 25

Pansies, 4U9, 633

Pansy, Miss J. Kay, 50; Thomas Downie, 50;
Imperial Blue, 50 ; Hugh Adair, 50

Paper, wood, 1322

Paradise stock, French, 1297

Parasites, agricultural, 219 ; leaf, 543

Paris, 995 ; letters from, 208, 264, 293, 320, 376,
385, 405, 407, 413, 432, 441, 470, 497, 517, 545,
552, 600, 609, 627, 656, 666, 684, 710, 711, 718
720, 735, 758, 766, 783, 829, 901, 975, 1072, 1191,
1239 ; Botanical Congress, 488 ; exhibition,
49, 160, 179, 323, 461, 814, 821, 935, 958, 1030,
1022, 1149, 1174, 1213; jurors at ditto, 488
prize list of, 1238, 1248, 1267, 1294, 1298

Passiflora fulgens, 6, 25 ; Hullettii, 29
coirulea, 30 ; Banksii, 782; macrocarpa, 827
glauca, 1070

Pasture, permanent, 60

Pathology, vegetable, 926

Paul's (Mr. Wm.) exhibition, 324 ; lecture, 324

Pavetta Hookeri, CO

Paxton glasshouses, 700

Poaches, drupping, 686 ; and Noctariuos on

same tree, 882 ; largo, 1074 ; Salway, 1122
Peach trees, M. Gallion's, 1293
Poach tree laterals, 682

Pears, Fondante du Comice, 6; BeurriS Clair-
goau, 264, 267, 294 ; Princess of Wales, 627 ;
monstrous, 829 ; heavy, 1094 ; the China,
1095; neglected v.arictics of, 1108; hardy,
1217 ; French mode of treating, 1239 ; old
and now, 1268 ; select, 1271, 1274, i;i22
Poar tree, large, 4.15 ; prolific, 1193
Pear tree insects, 212

Peas, early, 348, 378, 435, 519, 546, 603, 631.
685, 712, 737; yield of, 105 ; Chiawiek, 711,
734, 925, 952 ; mummy, 901 ; late, 1025,
1074, 1098, 1122, 1146; green, 1194
Pea mildew, 1048
Pea-flowers, double, 832

Pelargoniums, 50, 549; Wills on, 028; large
flowering, 212; zonal, 459, 547, 972, 978;
variegated, 74, 153, 183, 211, 407, 489, 515,
521, 630, 657, 686, 737, 807, 808, 91)4, 928,
1098, 1120, 1216; what are variegated, 710,
712 ; tartan, 571, 602 ; show of, 130, 403, 758,
785, 829, 832, 876, 948, 1001, 1025, 1049, 1122,
1146 ; bedding. 297, 1048, 1074, 1122, 1168,
1270, 1322 ; effects of rain on, 904 ; seedling,
493, 577, 604, 1097 ; naming, 574, 602 ; double-
flowered, 204, 782, 804 ; coloured cells of
loaves, 599; a shrub, 996; Ivy-leaved, 682;
Duchess of Sutherland, 6 ; Miss Martin, 292 ;
Village Maid, 292; Negress, 627; Milton,
627 ; Endlicherianum, 831 ; Messrs. Smith's,
1147; Nosegay, 1299 ; wintering, 492 ; culti-
vation, 856

Pelargonium sports, 104, 1297

Pehirgonium hybridisation, 681

Pentstemons, 185, 297, 1002

Peperomia arifolia argyreia, 320

Perfumes, new, 690

Petals, rate of growth of, 804

Phajus inquilinus, 544 ; irroratus, 264

Phalienopsids, 211, 347, 376, 1048

Phahenopsis intermedia Portei, 320 ; Schil-
leriana, 952

Philadelphus Keteleerii, 26 ; toraentusus, 2G

Phloxes, 763

Physalis Alkekengi, 10 ; v. gout, 1298

Picea ApoUinis, 1297

Pigs," 609, 1079 ; Mr. Howard's, 58, 216 ; Berk-
shire, 934

Pines, Table Mountain, 686, 1048 ; screw, 404

Pineapples, first, 31; at Archerfield, 1048;
growing, 1074

Pine Fungi. 1045

Pinus Benthamiana, 1074

Pinks, 155; hardiness of, 295; new, 297:
Claude, 903 ; Lord Lyon, 834

Pipe ventilating, 1268, 1321

Pipe flues, 928, 1043

Piptanthus nepalensis, 1073

Plagiarisms, horticultural, 127

Plants, alpine, 924; new, 25, 26, 74, 180,
236, 264, 376, 404, 432, 510, 544, 546, 572,
655, 682, 711, 734, 782, 901, 997, 1022,
1045, 1070, 1118, 1143, 1214; hardy
herbaceous, 237, 406, 435 ; herbaceous,
492, 806, 808, 833, 854, 951, 1216 ;
neglected, 236, 265, 294, 656 ; old favour-
ite, 976, 1074 ; intermediate forms in,
403, 405 ; crossing, 1069 ; sexuality of, 682 ;
gay garden, 831 ; test, 833; Fern-like, 127;
coast, 1049 ; hardihood of bedding, 1049;
sleep of, 603 ; irritability of, 1027 ; leafing,
&c., of, 1266; and soils, 1145 ; transplanted
woody, V. frost, 207 : form of specimen, 625,
682 ; wonderful African, 737, 758 ; panto-
mime, 52 ; masquerading, 757 ; naming of,
53

Plant nomenclature. 375, 900, 1069, 1165, 1190

PUint portraits, 6, 49, 74, 126, 264, 292, 320,
544, 627, 852, 1142, 1238, 1267

Plant protectors, 1070, 1214, 1239, 1271

Plant, diseases of, 81, 923

Plant case, Christy, 948

Plant Club, new, 268

Plants, struggle for existence among, 433, 489,
545

Plantmg, remarks on, 1021, 1048, 1237

Plautago paniculata, 929

Plaster, Italian, 492

Platycodon autumnalis, 50

PlatycratQT arguta, 292

Pleroma sarmentosa, 264

Ploughs, steam, 1224

Ploughing, progress of steam, 86

Plum, stoneless, 654

Poa trivialis variegata. 26 ; argentea, 883, 952

Poisoning by Mistleto, 6

Poison, a new, 186

Polemonium cteruleum variegatuui, 76o

Polyanthus, singular, 1045

Polygonum cuspidatum, 713, 1048

Pomological Congress, French, 1046

Ponds, skating, 49

Pony sale, 982

Portraits, Landscape (Jardeners', 710

Potatos, 113, 299, 301 ; black, 8 ; early, 207 ;
to store, 167 : milky white, 29, 54, 127 ;
culture, 36, 1079 ; sweet. 186, 712 ; Ash-top
Fluke, 883 ; a styptic, 602 ; crops, 1080

Potato disease, 1094

Potato knife handles, 1321

Potato seed, 1201

Potato sets, 1129

Poultry, 37, 83, 134, 333, 357, 744, 962, 989,
1012, 1035, 1060, 1084, 1107, 1132, 1176, 1181,
1199, 1204, 1224, 1228, 1254, 1284, 1308 ; does
poultry pay, 134, 357, 962, 1060 ; poultry
farm, 333 ; at the Paris Exhibition, 744 ; at
Vichy, 989; profitable, 1012, 1035; French
experience in regard to, 1036, 1084; tur-
keys, 1084, 1199 ; diseased, 1308 ; guinea
fowls, 1107, 1225 ; Spanish, 1107 ; wild
ducks, 1132 ; four golden rules in
regard to, 1132 ; fattening, 1132 ; gapes
in, 1132, 1181 ; geese, 1200 ; treatment of,
1204 ; ducks, 1224 ; pigeons, 1225 ; eggs,
1225 ; remarkable ditto, 1254 ; sheli-less
ditto, 1308 ; artificial hatching, 1255 ; Bir-
mingham show of, 1254, 1284, 1332 ; mis-
chievous, 1284 ; disorders of, 1308 ; American
treatment of, 1332

Prevost's Theory of Exchanges, 1242

Primulas, 331 ; Chinese, 207, 437 ; Major
Chirke's, 1147

Primula elatlor, 435, 462 ; uortusoldys amujna,

520 ; luteola, 853
Pri/.os, French, 100
Prostanthcra ntvoa, 853
Pruning, stem, 1096
Prunus lusitaniea azorica, 26
Pteris serrulata polydactyla, 25
Pardon testimonial, 1174
Pyrcthrums, double, 853

QunKEii Microscopical Club, 73S, 906, 1026,
1196

Rabbits, Ostend, 1309

Radclyffe's (Mr.) garden, 713

Radiation, terrestrial, 127; solar, 137

Radish, rat-tailed, 807

Railway embankments, 977

Rainfall, 105, 153; at Bury St. Edmund's, 351 ;
harvest, 1010

Ram sales, 841, 887

Ram breeding, 957

Rating woodlands, 5:11

Rats, 138, 580. 894, 918

Reapers, 13, 741, 837, 862, 880, 892, 917, 965,
1029, 1031, 1229

Rents, Irish, 58; Forfarshire, 917

Reporters of daily press, on flower shows, 737

Refc-iller's profits, 1277

Retiuosporas, hardiness of, 700, 784 ; fiUfera, 574

Rhaphia tiedigera, 126, 1239

Rhododendrons, hybrid, 407

Rhododendron Palhousiie, 348

Rhubarb, ornamental, 92ii

Rhus glabra laciniata, 760

Ricinus, 1300

River commission, 910

River polution, 1032

River banks, 14

Roads, 581 ; turnpike, 417

Road making, French, 326

Road reform, 133, 139

Rondclctia Purdiei, 1239

Rooks, 190

Roofs, shingle, 416

Root growth, 1242, 1267

Root fibrils, 1213, 1295, 1321

Root cuttings, 952 ; variegated, 1000

Root grafting, 264

Root Fungi, 26, 105, 1.53, 211, 1317

Routs, harvesting agricultural, HOC

Root show, 1220

Root pulpers, 1204

Roses, and late frost, 104, 183, 210, 238, 267 :
hardiness of Mar^ehal Niel, 52, 543 ; ditto of
Gloire de Dijon, 52 ; NapoIeouIII., 50; Cteur
de Lion, 320 ; Rumelian, 606 ; yellow, 631 ;
Miss Ingram, 711 : American, 1194 ; climbing
devoniensis, 1242 ; in Dorsetshire, 128 ; new,
599, 686, 709, 876; selection of, 831, 1297:
proUfied, 781 ; Mr. C. Lee, 782 ; forcing, 352 ;
pruning, 294 ; out-door culture of, 951, 973,
1166, 1216, 1268; word on, 905, 1071

Rose Shows, 682, 762; Brie Comte Robert,
571 : West of England, 180 ; Birmingham,
515, 738

Rose stocks, 1218

Rose canker, 599

Roses, dates of new, 631

Rudgea macrophylla, 853

Ruscus aculeatus, 30

Rye-grass, 746

Saccolabutm giganteum, 26, 545

St. Petersburgh Botanic Garden, 292 ; exhibi-
tion, 828

Salads, and how to grow them, 152, 209, 265,
405, 628, 854

Saltbum-by-the-Sea. 1105

Sauchesia nobilis, 25

Santolina, a hedge plant, 928

Saparanthus nicaraguensis, 6

Sarcanthus eriuaceus, 292

Sarracenias, 347

Sarracenia psittacina, 25

Savoy, new sprouting, 351

Solanum Capsicastrum, 492

Sch;tne, M., 1165

Schedules, prize, 952

Science and agricultm*e, 467

Sciences, natural, 710

Sea, reclamation from the, 553, 615

Seaside plants, 435, 1049

Sedum japouicum, 320 ; maximum versicolor,
627, 686 ; Maximowiczii, 320

Seeds, vitality of, 158 ; sa\'ing of, 158 ; storing
of, 132; hint to purchasers of, 406; trans-
mission of, 1069

Seeding, thick and thm, 13, 841, 962, 981, 983

Seed, collections of, 54, 79

Seed testimonials, 127

Sefton Park, 432, 460, 490, 924

Selaginellas, 654, 782, 902, 950, 1120, 1190, 1241

Sensitive plant, 31

Sewage at Lodge Farm, 57 ; at Croydon, 64 ;
Liverpool, 162 ; and earth closets, 328;
question, 615, 718, 748, 838 ; Kingston, 1060,
1078, 1105 ; value of, 1175, 1248

Sheaf-drying apparatus, 1034

Sheep, breeding and grazing, 388, 1177 ;
Australian, 903 ; feeding, 909, 1255 ; move-
ment, 495, 1000; management, 471, 747 J
sales, 958, 965, 1006 ; Shropshire, 911

Sheep diseases, 302, 819, 1078

Sheep parasites, 915

Sheep trough, 1177

Sheep manure valuation, 1205

Sheep farm, 334

Ship worms, 263 ^^, ,..

Shorthorns, 216, 355, 411, 467, 468, 4.4, 495,
1U29, 1150, 1174, 1193, 1222, 1248, 1277. 1302;
nrices of, 743 ; American, 772 ; Royal herd
of, 1077. 1085; sale of, 58, 49, 441, 932, 1053,
H08, 1326

Showers, 630 „ . , „.,.

Shows, agricultural, 33 ; Saturday, 1145

VI

INDEX.

Shrubland Park, 1099. 1123, 1170

Sliruba, layering, 43S

Siebold, late Dr. Vou, 7G

SUkworma, 547, 1001, 1048

SUk plant, 634

Simpson testimonial, 230

Siphocampylus fxilgens, 6 ; Humboldtiaiius

fulgeus, 264
Skating, safe, 77
Skating rinks, 102
Skin, diseased, 615
Skinner, death of Mr., 126 ; the laty Mr., 180 ;

testimonial to, 1118
Slugs, 301, 416, 736, 937, 1023, 1218
Smith, the late Rev. S., 190
Smithfiold Club, 275, 667, 722, 1102, 1178, 1247,

1278, 1306

Agriciatm-al, Royal, 138, 247, 302, 413, 467,
557, 584, 613, 717, 722, 843, 1154, 1250, 1277

Ardoch Agricultural, 1011

Arts, 722

Ayi-shira Agiicultural, 1178

Ballineen, 275

Bath Agricultural, 248, 640, 669

Botanical of Edinburgh, 79, 129. 212, 379,
463, 632, 738, 905, 1298

Braxted Agricultural, 1081

Brighton Agricultural, 416, 695

Buckingham Agricultural, 1011

Chemico-Agriciiltural, 698

Cheshire Agricultural,

Derbyshire Agricultural, 416

Dublin Agricultural, 442, 913

Dublin Natural History, 8

Dundee Horticultural, 930

Entomological, 79, 268, 408, 463, C04, 660,
786, 1194 , 1272

Glasgow Horticultural, 325, 604, 7SG, 978,
1272

Gloucester Root, 1226

Goudhurst, 164

Highclere Agi-icultural, 1083

Highland, 88, 474, 696, 819, 843, 888, 1178

Hoathley, 190

Hughenden Agricultural, 980

Irish Agricultm-al, 938

Kingscote Agricultural, 1226

Leeds Horticultural, 687

Lichfield Agrieultui-al, 963

Lmnean, 30, 129, 268, 463, 660, 738, 1271

Liacolnshire, 869

Lisnaskea Agricultural, 1082

Liverpool Agricultural, 914

Liverpool Horticultural, 296, 1194

Manchester Literary, 79

Meteorological, 747

MidLand Agi-icultural, 696

Norfolk Agricultural, 663

Northamptonshire Field, 833

Penicuik Agricultural, 747

Quekett Microscopical, 738, 906, 1026, 1196

Royal Botanic, 324, 403, 463, 575, 659, 714

Royal Bucks, 220 ; Caledonian, 295, 576

Royal Horticultural, Tuesday meetings of,
54, 184, 239, 352, 547, 659, 833, 883, 930, 1025,
1074, 1147, 1243 ; anniversary ditto, 153 :
spring shows of, 295, 408 ; Mr. Wm. Paul's
lecture to, 324, 352 ; Dr. Masters' ditto, 352,
379, 408, 43G, 4G2 ; special prize show, 492 ;
special floral fQte, 547 ; weekly show, 492 ;
Rev. M. J. Berkeley, Mr. Grieve, and Major
Trevor Clarke on Variegated Zonal Pelar-
goniums, 547 ; .shows of ditto, 547, 978 ;
gi-eat show of, 603 ; Rose ditto, 713 ; great
exhibition at Bury St, Edmund's, 761 ;
report on the bedding plants grown at Chia-
wick, 883

Royal Tuscan Horticultural, 126

Staffordshire Ayricultural, 1011

Stoke Newington, 1169

Thorney Agricultural, 892

United Horticultural, 64, 1272

Viticultural, 948

"Walsham Agricultural, 1059

Warwickehii-e Agricultural, 988

West of England Agricultural, 1006

York Agricultural, 687, 697, 844

Zoological, 436

Faemers' Clubs: —

Ardoch, artificial manures, 1011
Athy, store cattle, 1202
Ballymahon, labouring classes, 114 ; har-
vesting roots, 1106
Blandford, superphosphate, 1307
Botley, breeding and grazing of sheep,

Cirencester, turnpike trusts, 62; educa-
tion, 443 ; horses or oxen for di-aught, 585
Dorchester, statistics, 221
East Lothian, steam cidtivation, 1202;
butchers and high prices of mutton, 1330
Galashields, parasites of the sheep, 915
Haddington, importation and breeding of
cattle. 38
Hadleigh, uses of farmers' clubs, 39
Hexham, cattle trade restrictions, 360 ;
game preserving, 1330
Hungerford, malt tax, 1227
Kelso, most economical way of cutting
corn, 1011 ; beat mode of selling stock,
1130 ; the bad Turnip crop and cattle-
feeding, 1228
Kingscote, agricultural labourer, 191
Lavenham, random notes, 38
Logie and Lecroft, 795 ; landlord and
tenant, 332

London, 62 ; road reform, 139 ; emigra-
tion, 248 ; government board of agriculture,
387 ; harvest work, 500 ; benefit societies,
1155 ; steam cultivation, 1232

Midland, green crops, 192 ; turnpike
roads, 417 ; women and children in fields,
696 ; parochial assessments, 1331
Jforayshire, steam cultivation, 557
Newcastle, sheep on strong land, 529
Pcmith, game laws, 964
Swindon, malt tax, 90
Tarporley, Cheshire farmers, 528
Teviotdale, fattening cattle, 166
Upton, Grass land, 222
Warwickshire, various topics, 500 ; meet-
ing at Sutton Coldfield, 988
Wenlock, winter feeding stock, 667
Winfrith, live hedges and dead fences, 165

Snowdrops, 104

Soil, fertility of the, 12 ; blasting subsoil, 359 ;
light and heavy, 471 ; effect of, 828

Solanum galoatum, 784

Sorghum, Mr. Hullett's, 151, 442, 472, 528, 55G,
612, 613 ; and Bromus, 721

Soups, Extractum camis, 1332

Sparaxis pulcherrima, 25

Species, variabihty of, 634

Spider and wasp, 1172

Spinach, Auati-aUan, 297, 977

Sports, 431, 1213 ; Prof. Mon-en on, 49 ; self-
coloured, 322 ; graft, 803

Sprouts, Dalmeny, 78

Stable management, 1080

Stallion shows, 386

Statistics, agricultural, 13, 59, 85, 112, 188,
221, 635, 817, 982; Irish, 91; respecting
produce, 33

Steam cultivation, 194, 330, 333, 416, 579,
610, 640, 664, 720, 721, 742. 743, 868, 869, 984,
1034, 1202, 1204, 1282 ; French, 1103 ; Phillip
Smith's, 912 ; at Woolston, 1006 ; ploughing,
1150

Steam Plough Company, 40, 138, 164

Steam engine, 163

Steam power at Bury, 789

Stem pruning, 1119

Stemonacanthus Pearcei, 1143

Btephanotis floribunda, 760

Stock, Paradise, 1242

Stock, Uve, 275 ; Dr. Seller, iSic, on, 445 ;
importation of, 552 ; feeding, 161 ; winter
ditto, GG7 ; fatteni:ig young, 556 ; foreign,
1102 ; selling, 1130

Stones of fruit, how to reduce the size of, 634

Stoneleigh Abbey, 907

Straw, substitutes for, 244

Strawberries, 294, 351, 686, 929 ; early, 212 ;
new, 997 ; Ananas perpetual, 126 ; Reus
Van Quidwijk, 126 ; at Vichy, 977 ; culture
of, 760 ; Sir Harry, 268, 378, 407, 435, 519 ;
Perpetual Pine, 952 ; autumnal, 953,
1001, 1218, 1270, 1321; the Lady v. birds,
1146 ; proUfic, 1243

Strawberry leaves, 856, 828

Strawberry forcing, 208, 238

Strikes, 1256

Students, Chiswick, 180; lecture to agricul-
tural, 188

Sugar for brewers, 194

Sugar cane, 242

Sun heat, 1148

Superphosphates, 839, 962

Sutton's (Messrs.) establishment, 140

Swifts, 1098, 1146

Swiss tourists, 320

Switzerland, letters from, 100

Sympathy and speculation, 1273

Synadenium Grantii, 320

Tacsonias, fi-uitof, 1145

Tacsonia Buchanani, 1239

Tallow tree, 158

Tapeinotes Carolinse, 126

Taxodiuni distichum, 237, 371)

Taxes, American, 62

Taylor's ventilating and heating pipe, 1268

Tea, cultm-e of, 737

Teazel, 378

Teeth in reference to age, 1109

Tendiils, 207

Tenure, security of, 1304

Thatch, substitute for, 842

Theory and practice, 435

Thermometers, 52,1104, 184, 492, 356, 856, 876,
924, 1142, 1271

Thompson testimonial, 733, 832, 1070, 1093

Thompson's (Mr.) Nursery, 1273

Thorn, double crimson, 633 ; Christ's, 1073, 1168

Thunder storms, 337

Tillage, 581

Timber, shaky, 73, 79

Tinnea fflthiopica, 545

Tithe commutation, 62

Tobacco duty, 709, 737

Tomatos. 903, 1025, 1098

Town gardening, 899, 1214

Tortworth Tivies, 814

Trade lists, 31, 80, 130, 268, 409, 520, 1026,
1244

Trade memoranda, 892, 1146, 1169, 1189, 1194,
1219

Training, nomenclature of, 1217, 1270

Transplanting, 782, 830

Trees and lightning, S ; death of forest, 322 ;
colouring living, 52 ; oldand remarkable, 305 ;
AustraUan, 106, 462 ; Californian, 53 ; trans-
planting, 758, 782 ; Peach, 808 ; hardy pic-
torial, 103, 237, 404, 628, 805, 926, 1072, 1121 ;
Lichens on, 1189; in Hyde Park, 1296

Tree bark, shtting, 1121

Tree measurers, 760

Tree stumps, plants foi', 760

Tree painters, 1141

Trichina spiralis, 129

Trichinium Manglesii, 781, 8o4

Triuidad Botanic Garden, 603

Tropieolums, 906

Tropreolum Mrs. Tredwell, 1001 ; speciosum,
1025

Truffles, 1069, 1118

Tuhps, 460, 493

Turner's (Mr.) nui'sery, 81

Turkeys, 390

Turnips, culture of, 12, 559, 766; Sn-ediah,
584 ; pi-ize, 1198 ; after vetches, 1329

Turmp crop, 860

Turnip seed, 1222

Turnip fly, 894

Turnpike trusts, 62

Tumbayang, 546

Ulmus carapestris aurca, 264

Vandas, rot in, 546

Vanda Lowii, 292 ; Bensoni, 180

Vanilla, 654, 687, 857, 997

Variegation, is it disease ? 600, 736 ; cause of,

544 ; induced by inoculation, 1022
Vegetables, new, 1215 ; and fruits, 1217
Vegetable pathology, 926
Vegetable food substances, 187
Vegetarian festival, 16
Vegetable world, 107
Vegetation, sea-coast, 238
VeitcU's (Mr. Harry) testimonial, 83
Veitch's (Messrs.) nursery, 31
Ventilation, 435, 806, 853
Ventilating pipe, 1268, 1321
Veratrum nigrum, 905
Verbascum vemale, 809
Verbenas, 810 ; fancy, 1272
Verbena, Lady of Langleybury, 627
Verbena disease, 1300
Vetches and Bye, remarkable, 795
Veterinary practice, 1199

Victoria regia, 74 -

Victoria Park, 572

Vinegar plant, 10

Vines from eyes, 8; bleeding, 462, 519, 546;
for Vineyards, 267, 351 ; in Switzerland,
436, 687 : in Madeira, 811 ; stem-roots of,
736 ; rival systems of managing, 101, 125,
151, 153, 181, 182, 266, 292, 294, 323, 350, 378,
404, 407, 434, 460, 462, 520, 573, 710, 972, 1022,
1122; at Garston, 901, 1023, 1145, 1320; at
Chatsworth, 1025, 1048, 1097 ; old, 1093, 1297 ;
pruning, 658, 1021, 1071, 1073 ; miniature,
1049; large, 1218 ; SiQwood, 1271; Thomson
on the, 809; wintering, 1318

Vine forcing, dialogue on, 322

Vine grafting, 1145

Vine leaves, sizes of, 603

Vine leaf excrescences, 550

Vine mildew, 856, 1004

Vine disease, 925

Vine root disease, 1142

Vine sports, 1094

Vineyards, Swiss, 160

Violas, 1097

Viola cornuta, 519, 856 ; lutoa, 1048

Vriesia brachystachys, 126

Wages, agricultural, 164, 190, 301, 327, 359,

692, 888, 957, 965, 1225
Walks, asphalte, 30, 53; gravel, 267, 295
Walls, damp, 410 : v. glass, 804 ; what ai'e

south, 602, 631 ; garden, 6SG, 1022; im;tUity

of, 1320
Warner's (Mr.) Orchids, 381
Waracewicz, death of, 207
Warts, 941

Wasps, tree, 833, 1071
Wasps' nests, 977, 1001
Water supply, 115, 220, 499, 642, 840, 1225 J

London, 57, 441
Water plants, 1196
Water tanks, 1010
Wat-son sweepstakes, 737
Weather records, 29, 52, 58, 77, 103, 129, 152,

184, 210, 273, 322, 556, 857, 862, 883, 1217,

1242, 1271 ; of 1866, 51 ; at Weybridge, 78 ;

at Eridge Castle, 78 ; in Yorkshire, 238 ; in

Lincolnshire, 407 ; in Scotland, 8, 52 ; at

Bury, 1193
Weather prognostics, 115, 495, 531
Weeds, Dr. Seemann on, 759; what are? 1317
Wellingtonias, Irish, 8 ; at Redleaf, 79 ; at

home, 105, 108 ; age of, 127 ; moving, 1190,

12 42
Wheat, peck per acre, 13 ; average prices of,

111 ; experiments on, 1221 ; large crops of,

34 ; English, 71S ; crop, 789, 1058 ; germina-
tion of, 1175, 1249; hme for, 1104, 1177;

seed, 935, 1009, 1030, 1080, 1102, 1201;

culture, 1125; ditto at Woolston, 1006
Wheat harvest, 962; light, 1250; returns, 933
Wheat affections, 813, 933, 1008
Wheat flour, 582
Willow, Napoleon's, 105, 128
Windebank & Co.'s Nursery, 739
Window gardening, 4G6, 626, 876 ; ditto camp,

973
Window plants, show of, 600
Wine, Gooseberry, 658
Winter, effects of last, 235, 804, 831, 855, 1048 :

in the Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, 212 ; in

Kent, 267 : Welsh, 785
Wireworms, 275, 301, 842
Woods, management of, 113, 128, 153, 182, 211
Wood paper, 1322
Woodlice, 785, 808, 3.5G
Wool, 1053 ; Australian, 1198
Wool trade, 1204
Woolverstonu Park, 131, 156, 183
Worms, ship, 2G3 ; in pots, 1220

Yam, Chinese, 74

Year, the past (1866), 5, 11

Zea japonica albo vittata, 545
Zizania aquatica, 'S20, 1146, 1168

LIST OF WOODCUTS, IN THE PRESENT VOLUME.

Ahistolochia Goldieaua, I14:i
Asparagus stem, fjiscijitcd, 101

Bee-hives, atid applimices belniiRing to tbeiii,

81, 409, 43V. 464, 494
Begonia boliviensis, Mi
Begoni;i Veitchii, 7'M

Cattle sheds, 1151
Cocoaniit, double, G54
Cordon trainiug, lUtl, 1242
Cottages, labourci's', 1327
Cypripedium Btonei platyta3nmm, 1118

Fio, Grosse verte, lli)2
Fruit tree training, lllH, 1240

GooDVERA niacrantha, 1022

Labourers' cottages, 132'

Melon frame, summer, 834

N.

Nanones Medusae, 432

Odoxtoglossum nebulosum, 572
Odontoglossum nebulosum candiduluni, 710

Odontoglossum triuniph.T,ns, fjic

Pea box, early, 348

Pear tree training, Fi-cncb, 1240

Phajus in'oratus, 2G4

Shrdbland Park, oniameutal gardens at,
1170, 1171

T.

Taylor's ventilating pipe, 1268
Tberinometer, test apparatus, 492
Tiuining, cordon, 1191, 1242 ; i)almctte VeiTior,
1240

Vanda Bensoni, 180
Vanilla, sexual organs of, 99V
Ventilating pipe, Taylor's, 12G8

Wasps, illustrations of, 1071

Woolverstone, ornamental gardens at, 156, 157

/•>.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 1.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, JANUARY 5.

/Price Fivepence,
(Stamped Edition, Qd,

INDEX.

Agricultural taxation, Ameri-
can

Alnmnnc, Ro}ral Horticultural
Society's

Apples, unsound

Auriculae, new

AzsUgos, new

Bell testimonial

Bees, variation in

Uee-liivcs, to remove

IJondajjera, Rutherford ou

KodUn notk-ed

Calib!iK<',Du»Ynton

Cuttle tlisciise in Holland

— Melon

Chiunber of Agriculture, Here
ford

Chum, atmospheric

Dairy work

Parm , Flaxton Orange

Festival. voRetarian

rioras, Insular

Frogmore, Royal Gardens at..

Hay.Diiteh

Hollyhocks, new

Hyacinths, new

Insular Floras

Labour, agrlculturnl

Landowner, an English

LnuruB uobilia, fruiting of ... ,

Lli;litning and trees

Manures, application of

Mistleto.the

MolcH in lore

Onc'idium niacranthum

Orchids, new or rare

Osiera

Plant pictures

FolBoninir, Mistleto

Potato. Black

Iteiipera

River banks

Spelling, peck per acre '

Society. Dublin Natural

History ,

Soil, fertility of the

Statistics, aRricullural

Trees and lightning

Turnip growing

Vfgetarian festival

Vmts from eyes

"Weather, remarks on the ....

— in Scotland

WcUingtouias, Irish

Wheat, peek per acre 1

Year, the past ...6 n—'

NATIONAL HORTICUUrUKAL EXHIBITION, 1867-
—The aboTo EXHIBITION will open at Manchester on
JUNE 7, and continue till JUNE lo.

Schedules, &c., may be obtained on application to Mr. B. Findlav,
Curator, Uotanic Garden, Manchester ; or from the undersigned,
Henry Whitworth, Secretary.
Carlton Buildings, Cooper Street. Manchester.

GARDENERS* ROYAL BENEVOLENT
INSTITUTION— Tho ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of
the Subscribers to this Institution will bo HELD at the Bedford
Hotel, Covent Garden, on TUESDAY, l&tb January next, for the
purpose of receiving tho Accounts of the Society for the past year,
and electing Officers for the ensuing year. The Chair will be taken
at 7 o'clock precisely. Edwd. Roger Cctleh, Secretary.

14, Tavistock Row, Covent Garden, London.— December 24, 1866.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 233, High Holborn. London.

CARTER'S NEW GARDEN SEEDS for 1867.—
PRICE LISTS, containing all the NOVELTIES of the season,
gratis and post free.

James Carter & Co., 237, High Holborn, London, W.C.

SUTTON'S SHORT SELECT SEED
may bo had gratis on application.
Royal Uerka Seod Establishment, Reading.

LIST

I UTTON' S

GUIDB

B

AMATEUR'S

IS NOW READY.
Price Ono Shilling. Gratis to Customers.

Being" lasued.-Flrst Edltron 2S,000.

ARE AND SUUIIKN'S GUIUE to tho KITCHEN

and FLOWlfJR OARDEN. A copy will bo preaonted to each
y IHirch.iaers on sending tbeir address.
1^; Ktieot, Covent Giirden, W.C.

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. COTBUKH AND BON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLO\YER and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. Highgate, London, ii.

62-PAGE CATALOGUE of GARDEN and

FLOWER SEEDS, containing all the novelties of the season.
Address, Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, MaresQeld, near

A

Ad . .
Uckflold, Su.ssex.

LADY DOWNES* SEEDLING, HAMPTON COURT,
BLACK HAMBURGH, and MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA
GRAPES- Good Fruiting Canes, 7s. Gd. each ; good I'lantmg Canos,
3s. fld. each.
T. Jackson St Sow. Nurfierie.'i, Kingston, S.W.

Grape Vines.
JOSEPH MEREDITH haa a beautiful Stock of VINES
tj for Sale, propagated from Vines wbich have borno the ftnilt
which has taken from time to time so many First Prizes,
The Vineyard, Qarston, n ar Liverpool,

Late Grape Vines.

ALICANTE, LADY DOWNES', and MUSCAT Of ALEXANDRIA.

J MEREDITH ha3 a splendid Stock of the above
• sorts for Planting.
The Vineyard, Garston, near Liverpool.

60

Notice.
PAGE CATALOGUE of NEW PLANTS of 1866

now ready, free for one stamp.
Wm. Dillistone, Munro Nursei-y, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of GENERAL
NURSERY STOCK, containing 6C pages, may bo had post
free on applicatioa to
^ ^iioMAs Cbipps, The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells,

ARTHUR HENDERSON and CO. beg to announce
that their CATALOGUE of KITCHEN GARDEN and
FLOWER SEEDS for 1867 is now ready, and will be forwarded free
on application.

Fine-apple Place, Edgeware Road, London, N.

New General Plant Catalogue.
1. WILLIAMS' NEW PLANT CATALOGUE,

containing many reallvgood Novelties, and carefully selected
LISTS of STOVE. GREENHOUSE, and HARDY PLANTS, la
now ready and will be forwarded post free to all applicants.

Victoria and Paradiee Nurseries, HoLloway, London, N.

B.

AMBRUISE VKKSCHAFEELT'S (Nurseryman,
Ghent. Belgiiun), GENERAL CATALOGUE of PLANTS

may be obtained free on application.

UUTl'ON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of SEEDS

KJ for the FLOWER and KITCHEN GARDEN ai-e now ready.
For prices and p:irticulars see p. 4.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

JAMES CARTER a'n d CO.,

Seed Farmers, Merchants, and Nurservuew,
237 & 23S, High Holborn, London. W.C,

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from tlie Growers.
/1HAKLES SHAHJ'E and CO. beg to inform the
\J Ti-ado that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.
Seed Warehouse. SUalord.— Dec. 23.

LI L I U M A U R A T U M.

strong Bulbs, 5s., 7s. 6(?.. 105, Gd., and 16s. each.
B, S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway,
London, N,

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Merohasts, 7, Borough Market, London, S.E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and advantageous offers on application.

"EAN VERSCHAFFELT'S New Horticultural

Establishment, 134, Faubourg de Bi-uielles, Ghent, Belgium.
CATALOGUES free on application.

Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLARD, Seed Grower and Merchant,
20, Quai de la Mt-gissf rie, Paris, France.
SPECLA.L PRICED LIST of NEW SEELS, in English weights
and monej', post free on application.

s

The very Earliest and Beet Pea In Cultivation.
U T T 0 K • S III N G L B A D E E.

Price 2,^. per quart.

To tile Trade.

""HE ESSEX RIVAL PEA, in any quantity.
For price, &c., apply to
Tno9. Elet, Sible Hediiighaiu, Halatead, Essex.

To tlie Trade.

DILLISTONE'S EARLY PEAS,
SHALLOTS, POTATO ONIONS, TOBACCO PAPER.
Price on application to H. Browh, 4, Commutation Row, Liverpool.

To the Trade.

BUTLER, Mcculloch, and CO. hare to offer the
undermentioned. Prices on application.
PRESIDENT POTATO (Webb). ["TELEGRAPH POTATO (Webb)
SANGSTER'S NO. 1 PEAS 66s. per quarter.
Covent Garden Market. London, W.C.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON'have to offer to the
Trade the following kinds of POT ATOS :— Early Handsworth,
Essex Wonder Kidney, Early Ashleaf Kidney (true), Mjatt's Proliflc
Kidney. Prices on application to 7, Borough Market, S.E.

WANTED, HELLEBORUS NKiER and EARLY
ASII-LEAVED KIDNEY POTATOES, true.
' fiend price and state quantity to Tnos. Bcnyard & Sons, Seeds-
men, Ac^^Maidstone^

" MUky Wiate Potato.

MESSRS J. C. AVHEELER and SON beg to inform
the Trade that in consequence of the great demand they
cannot receive any more Orders this season for their celebrated
POTATO "MILKY WHITE."
Gloucester. — January 6, 1867.

/ 1UCUMRER SEED to the TRADE.— Long Gun, by
Vy the 100 Seeds ; Black Spine. Telegraph, Highland Mary, and
prince Albert, by the oz. Packets of tbe above. Is, MUSHROOM
SPAWN. PampbletH on Gardening, &c.

James CrrniLL, Camberwell, S.

Extra fine Seakale for Forcing and Planting.

GEO. CLARKE has many Thousands of the finest
quality tooffei thia season. Prices 6«., 7s. 6d.,103., and ISs. p. 100,
Nurseries, Streathani Place, Brixton Hill,S.E.;&Mottingham,KeDt.

EXTRA STROJNG SKAKALK for forcing and
planting; also 1, 2, and 3-yr. old ASPARAGUS, extra flne.
Price on application to J, Cooper, Balfour Cottage, Fulham Fields.

Yellow Globe Mangel Seed.

MR. S. A. DAINTREE, of Pen Drayton, St. Ives,
Hunts, having a large stock of Ihe above Seed, of his own
growth (from largo selected rootR), can supply the Trade at a very
low rate. Sample and price on api'lication as above,

New Double Italian Tuberoses.

SUTTON AND SUNS have received theii" annual supply
in good condition, which they can supply at 3a. 6tl. per dozen.
Royal Berksbire Seed Establishment, Reading.

STRONG and EXTRA STRONG FRUITING VINES.
—Upwards of 2000 from Eyes, including all tho hading v.irletiea,
with stout cloae-jointQd thoroughly ripened Canea, many of which,
if ftuited in pota, will produce Irom 8 to 16 bunches of Grapes next
season. Prices, Ac, upon application.

Jamks Dickson & Son3, "Newton" Nursorles, Chester.

CASTLK KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the <bove may
now bo had at 10s. 6d. and 2l3. each ; the usual dlscnnt to the
Trade, Petzr Lawson k Son, Edinburgh and London.

IGS for FORCING. — Wiiite Marseilles, Biwi^
Turkey, Early Violet, Black Ischia, White Ischla. Dwarf
Proliflc, Angeliquo. Bearing Trees of the above, in pots, 3s. 6rf. to
68. each, carriage paid to London.
Thos. Rivers & Son, Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth.

WEBB'S PRIZE COB, FILBERT and other PRIZE
NUT TREES. LIST of varieties and prices to be had of
Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

J HOUSE, Eastgate Nursery. Peterborough, is now
• prepared to send out his SEEDLING APPLE "LORD
BDRGHLEY." For particulars of which see his long Advertisement
in the Oardencrs' Chronicle of December 8, 1860.

PYRAMID APPLtS, PEAKS, PLUMS, CHERRIES.
Eeautifdl Trees for Garden or Orchard Houses.
Richard Suirn, Nurseryman and Seed Morchant, Worcester.

Dwarf -trained Trees by the 1000, 100, or dozen.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEaCHKS,
and NECTARINES. Fine, flat, well-trained, of best quality
and true to name,

RicuARP Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester,

Fifty Acres of Fruit Trees,

APPLES, PEARS, PLQMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS In every form desired for
Fruiting.

RicnARn Smitit, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Tuberoses, Tuberoses, Tuberoses.

BUTLER, Mcculloch, AND CO. have to offer extra
strong ROOTS of the above, 3s. per dozen, id. each.
South Row, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

ROSES.— Extra fine Standards, at from 15s. to 18*.
per dozen ; lOOs. per 100.
Do. Dwarf, extra flne, at from 9s, to 12s. per doz, ; 63s. to 845. per 100.
Do. New Sorts of 1860. at 2is. per dozen,

DESCRIPTIVE LIST on application.
Richard Suits, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Orchard-liouae Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHKS, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
RioHARD Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

RUrr TREES, for Walls and Espaliers.— Upwards of
60,000 to select from, cai'cfully trained, and in the healthiest
condition for planting.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

MAG"NIFICENT~TRAINED CHERRIES, PLUMS,'
PEARS, APPLES, PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS,
&,c. Special prices on application.
JoHM Craustok, Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hersford.

E

Manettl Stocus.
P. FEANCIS AND CO. otter several Thousands of

I tbe above cheap. Price on application.

Niirseriea, Hertford, Herts.

Roses.

WM. PAUL'S PRICED DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOODE of ROSES is now ready post free on application.
Faul's Nurseries, Waltbam Cross, N.

c

Just published, tlie Second Edition of

ULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.

By John Chanstom, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.
Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Flower and Vegetable Seed Catalogue.

BUTLfc;R, McCULLOCH and CO.'S SPRING
CATALOGUE, containing descriptions of over 1600 species and
varieties of FLOWER SEEDS, and a LIST of ail theNoTelties of the
season, is now ready. Forwarded free.

South Row, Covent Garden Market, London, W.C,

GLADIOLI, — Collections containing all the finest
varieties in cultivation, many new, and ofl'ered for the first
time, 106s., 03s., 42s., 30s., 2ts., 20s., 168., 12s. BRENCHLETENSIS,
the most showy of all, extra strong roots, 3s. per doz., 20s. per 100.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LISTS free on application,
Bdtler, MtCuLLOcH & Co., South Row, Covent Garden, W.C.

A

piece of Planting, showing what may be done in this way, can be seen
any time at Thomas S. Wake's, Hale Farm N' "^ " '

Middlesex, adjoining the RaUway Station.

UTUMN BEDDI^G for WINTER and SPRING

DECORATIONS of FLOWER BEDS on LAWNS, tc— A
-.- Ti,-^.L _ . .1 : L_.i L _ _._. _j j^ j^jjjy way, can be seen

; Nurseries, Tottenham,

MAGNIFICENT PYRAMID FRUIT TREES.— Fine-
grown Bearing Trees of PEARS on Quince Stock ; APPLES
on Paradise; CHERRIES on Mahaleb ; PLUMS, &c. Special
quotations on application.
John Crawstom, Nui-series, King's Acre, near Hereford.

Planting.

WM. PAUL begs to refer intending Planters of
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, &c., to his Advertise-
ment of December 1.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cro.is, N.

Railway Planting.

FITE MILLION Transplanted QUICKS, of superior
growth. Samples and prices on application to
John Hemslev, High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

Strong Quick.

HAND F. SHARPE have for Sale a fine Lot of S-yr.
• Transplanted QUICK, 3 to 4 feet high, and well-rooted. Price
very moderate.

Nursery and Seed Establishment, Wisbech.

R A

Planting Season.
NSPLANTED

and other Nursery Stock offered cheap by
Wm. Uhquhart & Sons, Dandee.

LARCH

WANTED, some good STANDARD OAKS, straight
in the stem, well-rooted, fi'om 6 to 8 feet in height. State
quantity.— Address to U. H, MuRRtLL, 5 Bank Street, Norwich.

Tlie best Evergreen Fence or Screen,

I'rOducinq ImmediaT£ Effect.

JOHN CRANSTON can supply several Thousand
AMERICAN ARBOR-VIT.^, 5, 6. to 8 feet in height, most
desirable whore an unmediate Fence is required. Price on applieation.
Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hergford,

TREES and PLANTS of all sorts and sizes in very
great quantity, of best quality and at moderate prices,
PRICED LISTS post-free on application.
James Diorson & Sons, (" Old Established Nursery and Seed
Business,"] The " Newton" Nurseries, Cheater.

Hardy Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses, &c.

^EW I'LANT.

PAUL AND SON'S NEW DOUBLE SCARLET
THORN. See former Advertisement. Standards, lOs. 6d. each.
DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of tho above post free on application to
Paul & Son, Old Clieshunt Nurseries, N.

SPLENDID LARCH, 3 to4 ft., at unprecedented prices:
HAWTHORN QUICK, do. do.; AVENUE TREES; large
EVERGREENS and CONIFERS; magnificent TRAINED fc>TRA.
MID and STANDARD FRUIT TREES. Special prices given.
George Davison, Hereford.

IWO HUNDRED THOUSAND YBWS.

W.OOO AUCnBA JAPONICA.
See CATALOGUES. Wholesale or RetaU.
TuoMAS Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

T

wo HUNDRED THOUSAND TREE

10.000 STANDARD ELMS.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

TaoMAS Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

BOX.

1H1RTY THOUSAND AMKKICAN ARBOR-VIT^.

10,000 PORTUGAL LAURELS.

See CATALOGUES, Whole.Hale or Retail.

Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

"1EN THOUSAND: SIBERIAN ARBOK-VIT.*

1000 ARBUTQS, In pots.

See CATALOQUE.S, Wholesale or Retail.

TnoMAS Warner, Leloester Abbey Nurseries.

TWENTY THOUSAND DWARF MAlUtlN and
TRAINED FRUIT TREES, APPLES, CHERRIES,
PEACHES, and NECTARINES.

20,000 HOUGHTON CASTLE or VICFOEIA CURRANTS,

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

X{I"Mas WAR^'f r, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

\

THE CtAEDENEBS' CMONTOLE AND AGPJCtlLTtJEAL GAZETTE.

[January 5, 1867.

Ji;Bt puWislied, post flee, 12 stamps,

tv. ^- Gbati3 TO Customers

CARTER'S GARDENER'S and FARMER'S VADE
MECQM for 1807 contains a larRo amount of use£\il and
original practical information for tho Garden and Farm, together
with the following Orieinal Ai-ticlcs: —

Ou the Cultivation of Hardy Flowers from Seed.
How to Raise Hnrdy Flowers from Seed.
Ornamental Annuals.
Fme-fuliaged Plants from Seed. And,
On Laying down Grass Seed for Permanent Pasture.
&C. &C, &c.
f" Jaues Carter & Co., 237, High Holborn, London, W.C, and all
Booksellers.

VIOLA CUKNUTA, MAUVE QUEEN, and PURPLE
QUEEJT.— New Seed of the above now rearly, in packets ed.,
Is., 23. 6rf., and 5s. Price to the Trade on application.

Jamts Cakter & Co., Seed Merchants aud Kurserymen, 237 & 238
High Holborn, London, W.C. '

VIULA CUKiNUTA (thtje).— The quickest and best
W;Ly of getting into a large and true stock.— 100 Plants of Mr.
Bennet s variety of the above beautiful and hardy Bedding Plant
sent on receipt of Post-office order for 12s. 6ri., package included
The Plants are nice and tufty ; by separating them now and by
cuttings the above quantity could be mude into thousands by spring
Apply to Stuart sc. Mmw, Nurserymen and Seedsmen. Kelno.N.B.

QUTXUW'S GUINEA HAMPER

KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS
For one whole year's supply is forwarded
carriage free by rail on receipt of post-office
order for 21s.

PRICED LISTS gratia and post freo on
application.

SurTON-& Sons,
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment,
^ Reading.

Now Publislied.

HENDER-

A RCHIUALD

SON'S DESCRIPTIVE

and

PRICED CATALOGUE of FRUIT
TREES, VINES, ROSES, and
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, is
now ready. Can be had Gratis and
Post-free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath,
Surrey; and at the East Surrey
Seed Warehouse, College Grounds,
North End, Croydon.

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, &c.

ROT^RRT PARKER begs to announce that his
CATALOGUE, containing select DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds in cultivation of the above-named Is now published
and will be forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from the best possible sourcs, all are warranted
genuine, and are offered at tho lowe^t possible prices luiendinc
purchasers are rpnuRiit pri f n nnmnnya t>in T...i»,,r. ...lii. *t .i. ^i^ _9

houses.

■equested to compare the prices with those of other
Exotic Nurser>-, Tooting, fciurrey. S.

Gladioli.

T KELWAT AND S0.\ beg to call attention to theii-
tF •splendid Stock of GLADIOLI, which comprises all the sorts
worth prowirig, and probably tho largest in the Trade. As a croof
of the luxuriance and excellence of tbeir collection they have been
awarded tho First Prizts ofiered at tho Crystal Palace and Royal
Horticultural Exhibitions In 1804. 1S65. and 1800

PRICE CATALOGUES free to all applicants,
to iOoT e?\oo * ^" ^^'' ^^" ^° ^^^' P ^°^^^' ^^^■' 20*'.
The Nurseries, Langport. Somerset.

N-

Now Ready.

EAT and HARDY CLlMBINft PLANTS, well

aclapted for Covering Verandahs, Trellis Work, W^lls Por-
HCOCB, PdlTS, and restoonsi also a good Hardy and Pormanent
jaedainc riant —
CLEMAT15 U0BELLA.-Very rich velvety claret, the deepest.

coloured Clematis yet offered. First-class Certificate R H S
CLEMATIS PRINCE of WALES.-Largo flowers of a rich doep
violet nurijle, nith red bars down centre. First-class Certi-
U'jiite K.. tl.S.,
Messrs. Gkorge Jaceman & Sow have much pleasure in Informlne
the Public that theyioay rely on the undermentioned Firms havinc
the above New and Hnrdy Clematises true to name :—
Messrs. T. Bunyard & Son, Maid- Messrs. Jacob-Makoy, L., et Cie
Liege
,, Lee, J. & C, Hammersmith
„ Laird & Sinclair, Dundee
Mr. Morrison. R., Elgin
„ Nelson, John, Bristol
„ Oldroyd, H. J., Shrewsbury
„ Perkins, John, Sen., North

ampton
„ Paul, Wm., "Waltham Cross
Messrs. Rollisson &. Son. Tooting
„ Shaw & Co., J,, Manchester
Mr. Spence, E. J3., Darlington ,
„ StBlzner, A., Ghent
„ Verschaflfelt, A., Ghent
„ Williams, B. S., HoUoway
Messrs. Witty & Son, Cottmgham

stone
. „ Biillantvno & Son, Dalkeith
„ Briker, G. & Son,Windl.jsham
Mr. Barker, J. C, Godalming
,, Cocker, J., Aberdeen
„ Cattell, J., Westerham
.„ Coudrey, T. W., Birmingham
„ Chauviero. Rougier, Pans
,, Chapman, Jesse, Woybridge
Messrs. Dickson, J. & Son, Chester
Mr. Felton, Charles, Birmlngliam
Messrs. Fisher, Holmes, & Co.,
Sheffield
„ Glendiuning & Son, Chiswick
„ Henderson, E. G. & Son,
London
Mr. Ivery, William, Peckham

An additional List will be advertised.
Strong Plants, with bine li to 21 feet, 21*. each,
allowance to the Trade.

Coloured Drawings, by Andi-ews, for 24 stamps,
Woking Nursery, Sui-rey.

B. S. WILLIAMS'S

NEW GENERAL PRICED SEED CATALOGUE

AVILL BE PUBLISHED NEXT WEEK,
AND PORWAEDED POST FREE TO ALL PREVIOUS CUSTOMERS AND APPLICAIfTS.

It contains Lists of all New Flower Seeds of merit, choice strains of Florists' Flowers, imported Flower Seeds in
collections, the most uaefnl Annuals, Biennials, and Ptrenniala for Spring and Summer Flowering; carefully
selected Descriptive List of approyed varieties of each kind of Vegetable Seed, with a few Practical Hints as to
Culture; also an Appendix containing Gladioli and other Summer and Autumn-flowering Bulbs; Knives, Horticul-
tural Implements, Horticultural Manui-es, Insect- desti-oying Composition, and every article likely to be required
in the Garden.

A perasal is respectfully solicited ; every article is priced, and purchasers may depend on the Seeds being true to
name, and everytldng of the best quality. Exaggerated descriptions are carefully avoided-

A few NEW SEEDS, full descriptions of wliich will be found in the Catalogue.

Per packet.— a. d.

Per packet.— s. d.
ORANGE-FIELD DWARF PROLIFIC TOMATO - . . . 2 C

WILLIAMS'S ALEXANDRA BROCCOLI 2 £

RAPHANtJS CAUDATUS (the Wonderful Radish), Is. and 2 e

NUNEHAM PARK ONION ,.
VIOLA CORNDTA, var. PURPLE QUEEN . . 1». and 2
„ var. MAUVE „ . . Is. and 2

For the convenience of Gardeners and persons ordering, a Form of Order Sheet is enclosed in each Catalogue.

All Orders of more than £1 in value sent Ca7'riage Free.

VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

DESIRE TO DIRECT PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THE

FOLLOWING NOVELTIES OP STERLING MERIT,

MANY OF "WHICH ARE NO"W OFFERED FOR THE FIRST TIME.

VEGETABLE SEEDS.

Borecole, Veitcli's Late Dwarf Curled.

This vei-y excellent hnrdy variety should be generally cultivated.
It la of dwarf habit, beautifully curled, and stands the coldest
seasons uninjured. Per Packet, Is.

Cabbag-e, Atkins' Matchless— Veitcli*s
Improved.

Perfectly distinct from tho variety u-suoUv sold as Atkins'
Matchless. It is dwarf, of very delicate flavoui-, turns in quickly, and
hearts well. per Ounce, Is.

Celery, Veitch's Silver White.

A variety of excellent flavour, beautifully solid and crisp, of
mertium growth, and very hard v ; withstanding the wet when other
varieties have perished. Per Packet, Is.

Cucumber, Dale's Conqueror (White Spine).

As an exhibition variety unequalled, length from 2 ft. 8 in. to 3 ft.,
flesh of excellent quality, very shy seeding ; has received many Brat
prizes. Per Packet, 2s. Qd.

Cucumber, Masters's Prolific.

Without doubt the flnest Cucumber In cultivation, being equally
suitable for summer or winter growing; very free bearlog and of
excellent quality. It is a cross from tlie Sion House, but much
more prolific, and of a hardier constitution than that variety. The
fruit, which averages from 12 to 16 inches in length, is very hand-
some, aud the handle remarkably short. The flesh is of excellent
quality, and we cannot too strongly recommend it.
Per Packet, Is.

Raphauus caudatus, or Kat-tailed Kadish.

The Tmo variety. Per Packet, Is.

Radish, Olive-shaped Scarlet with
White Tip,

Known also as *' Tho French Breakfast Variety."
A very handsome and quick-giowing variety, fine flavour, and
suitable for early forcing.

Per Pmt, 2e. C</. ; per Ounce, id.

Melon, Heckfield Hybrid, Green-fleshed.

This fruit, which is remarkably handsome, averages from24to31b.
in weight, and whether for flavour, free bearing, or good constitution,
is unsurpassable. It has received many Prizes, including one at the
International Fruit Show of the Royal Horticultural Society in
October, 1862 ; a Medal at the Royal Botanic Summer Exhibition in
1861, &c., &c. Per Packet, 2s. M.

Melon, Qiueen Emma,

A verv handsome fine flavoured variety, obtained ftom the Hook-
field Hybrid Melon, crossed with Meredith's Cashmere. The flesh is
almost white, exceedingly melting and juicy, and with a very thin
rind. Its constitution is excellent, and it will be foimd a very

desii'able variety, whether for exhibition or for the dessert table.
Per Packet, 2s. M. ; scarce.

Pea, Taber's Early Perfection.

Said to be as early as any variety yet known, and a much greater
bearer than any other first crop Pea; of very robust habit and fine
flavour, pods large and well filled.

Per Quart, 2s. Gd.

Turnip, Veitch's Red Globe.

This excellent variety is of fine flavour, good shape, and should be
grown in every garden.

PerOxmce, Qd.\ per lb., 6s.

Arundo conspicua.

This splendid ornamental Grass resembles in style of growth .Tud
bloom tlie well-known Pampas Grass, but flowering nearly 3 months
earlier than that variety, and lasting longer in beauty. "When this
variety is more known, the Pampas Gi'ass will doubtieaa bo but little
cultivated. Is. and 2s. 6ci. per Packet.

FLOWER SEEDS.

Striped Japanese Maize.

Magnificent ornamental-foliage plant, growing 5 to 0 foet high ;
the foliage is beautifully and evenly ribboned with alternate stripes
of green and white ; often in its earliur stages of growth it is also
striped with rose, la. per Packet.

Aubrietia greeca.

In size of flower and depth of colour this variety is superior to any

yet introduced, and Is a very desirable plant for borders or beds in

early spring. It received a First-class Certiflcate at the Spring

Exhibition of the Boyal Botanic Society, 1865.

Is. per Packet.

Clianthus Dampieri.

Newly imported seed of guaranteed growth, and containing
varieties of several shades of colour.

Is. and 2s. ed. per Packet.

Victoria Aster.

The finest Aster of recent introduction, in coUectioDB of 6 colours
separate. 3s. per Collection.

Viola cornuta.

One of the most useful as well as most beautiful plants used for
flower-garden decoration. The foliage is bright and striking, and
contrasts most efl'ectively with its lovely mauve-coloured blossoms.
with which the plant is loaded. This Violet will prove a real
acquisition. Is, and 2h. 6d. per Packet.

Xeranthemum annuum caryophylloides
flora pleno.

A really striking variety of this well-tnown and favourite Everlast-
ing. The dense double flowers are of a reddish woite colour, striped
or mai'bled with rose, red, crimson, and purple. The plant is of a
regular compact habit, and a profuse bloomer.
Is. per Packet.

Pentstemon Jaffrayanum.

A magnificent variety, with flowers of a brilliant azure blue,
Is. per Packet.

THE FOLLOWING NOVELTIES

Sent out by other Finns have heen procuied direct, and can be supplied at the Advertised Prices :—

BEET. DEWAR'S IMPROVED SHORT-TOP.
BROCCOLI. CATTELL'S ECLIPSE.

BACKHOUSE'S "WINTER PROTECTING.
LETTUCE, ALL THE YEAR ROPND.
ONION, NtJNEHAM PARK.

TREBON.
PEA, LAXTON'S PROLIFIC.

„ POYNTER'S EARLIEST.

„ THE PRINCE,
TOMATO, ORANGEPIELD.

PATEEBON'S NEW POTATOS.

AGROSTEMMA C(ELI ROSEA, dwarf fringed.

CHRYSANTHEMDM DUNNETTII, new double golden.

INVINCIBLE SCARLET SWEET PEAS.

LUPINUS HYBRIDUS ATRO-COCOINEUS.

PECTIS GRANDIFLORA.

PURTULACA GRANDIFLORA. new donble.

SANVITALIA PROCUMBENS FLORE PLENO.

SCABIOSA NANA FLORE PLENO.

SILENE PENDULA RDBERBIMA.

VISCARIA CARDINALIS.

For descriptions see CATALOGUE.

DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUES POST FBEE ON APFLICATION.
ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

THE GA]]T)i;NF,nS' CnRONICI.K AND AGRTCHLTUnAl. GAZKTTE,

jANtTAET 5, 186?.] ^ — -

celvedaBplL-ndidStockorthe ^j,^,''^^^;*/^';^^,,! I,, lo,,,,,,,!^.,! onapplic^^^

tho coloura of tlio new v.ariette.4 oxhlblteti by bliii at tlio Koval
Hutimlo Gardous, Rogoiifs Parlt. An Abrl.igod List of popular
CONIFERS .Willi hoightHRud prices, Is likewise combined.

Tbe American Nuraoiy, Biigflbot, Surrey, noav bunnlngdalo btation,
Kouth-WoMtorn Hallway. ____^

I J patrons that tlioy havo Just r
abovo In excellent condition. .l », » /!..«..-«,■« imti.

Tho Seeds hnvo boon obtained (Vom the best Gi'^X'^i^J'"*^
EnKlUh and Continontal, and can be reconmiendod as being pure
qu.fll^' and true to namo. Many of them are new, and well

CATAL&GUES will bo f .rwarrled IVee by post on application to their

Exeter Nursery. Exuter.

American Planta, &:c.

WATERFK AND GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS
and other American Plants for tliis Autumn, will be Pent on
application. The Cata'oKUO also gives a summary of their General
NutBery Stock, nrobiiblv ttio most extensive lu tno kingdom.

Knap Hill Nurserv, Wokinn, Surrey.

New Verbenas of 1866.

PTTILTP T.ADhS is now si'iulin;^ ouf. free by post,
40 NEW VKUBEVAS, as above, for 7s. ; 20 of ditto for 4s.
Verbeniis. with nlentv of CuttlnES. 3rt per dozen. p»ckaa;o ineludod.

Also SMITH'S Lie GRAND GERANIUM, the finest Beddinfi
N aegiiy evoi' raised, In large 60-size pots, lUn. per dozen, or £4 per
1(K). Terms cash.

Nursery, Bexley Heath, Kent.

Early Sp.-lng Flowers.

WEBB'S GIANI roi/ZANTllUS and COWSLIP,
with all tho b.st v^rtitii-n of rouble and Single PBIMROSKS,
PANSIES, &c., with Seyd;i of single vaiietles. LIST of prices of
dlflferent kinds O" appHciitinn to

Mr. Wrbb, Calcot Oardens, Raiding.

Genuine New Vegetable, Flower, and Agricultural
Seeds of best quality only.

J SCOTT'S Slock df ihr ahiiv.* is now readv fnr
• Bend'nK out. A CATALOGUE contfilnino: PRICED LISTS
of NOVELTIKS, and other clioico SBISDS, BULBS, GARDEN
REQUISITES, &c., po^t fr- e on applicnion, prices very low.
GLADIOLUS. f*-om 29. per dozen, named ports,
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

To the Seed Trade.- Continental Flower Seeds, &c.

1ii W. "WKNDliL, Sf.ed Giun\TR, Sr.. Krfurt, rrussia,
. • begs to announce that bis WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of
the above 's now ready, and may be had free and post paid on
application to his A^ent,
Geo. MACiNTosn, Seedsman, &c.. Hif^h Road, Hammersmith, W,

MKSSRS. C. HLATZ and SON, Erfurt, Prussia,
Seedsmfn to H. M. the King of Prussia, hog to inform their
Friends and the Trade that their SEED CATALOGUE for 1807 is
now ready, and may be had post free on application to

Mes-srs. Juno Sl Scuneider, Seedsmen, Cheltenham.
WELLINGTON! A GIGANTEA. new seed, per 1000 seeds, 63.
riNUS NORDMANNIANA, new seerl, per lb, 10s. GJ.

Tansley Nurseries, near Matlock. Derbyshire.

JOSb;PH SMITH. Sen,, invitt-s Planter and the
Trade to inspect his Nursery of 80 Acres of high land. The soil
is of ft fibrous nature, and tho Plants take up with excellent roots,
such as to ensure the best success in their remrjv;il.

The Nurserv contams manv Humlred Thousands of RHODODEN-
DRONS. COMMON s.nd PORTUGAL LAURELS, BOX. BROOMS.
BERBERIS, HOLLIES. PRIVETS. YEWS, &c. The FOREST
TREES are very extensive, of all the loading kinds ; there are
15 Acres of LARCHES, of different sizes, and all others in propor-
tion. Prices moderate, which can be had on application as above.

Viola cornuta.

HCANXKLL bna got 500 Dozen in fine condition of
. boih PURPLE tiUEKN, direct from Mr. Honnett and
MAUVE QUEEN, which originally came direct from Mr. Wills,
therefore rau^t be tme. Sir of each kind s^nt safe, frosh and free
per post for 60 atampa ; £1 per 100.— Fuch>'iaNursery^QoIwich^_^
^fCHAKU SMITH'S FKUIl' LIST ct.ntnina a
Sketch of tho various Forms of Trees, with Dlrectlotie for
Cultivation, Soil, Drainage, Manure, Pruning. Lifting, Cropping,
Treatment under Glass; also their synniiyme.s, quality, sizo. fui-ni.
skin, colour, flesh, ttavnur, use, growth, duration, season, price, &c.
Frt-o by post tor one stamp.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

WALL-TR/VINKU TREKS of IfKAlUNli SIZK.— Our
Wall-Trained Fnut Tro'-s this fionsnn aro verv fine, and
Include PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, and FIGS, suited
for planting In houses for immediate Fruiting. An Insptctlon Is
respectfully invited.

T. Jacksos & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, Surrey.

W VIRGO AND SON have a lar^e f>tock of the
• undermentioned FRUlT, FOREST, and other TREES to

offer this season, viz.

Apples

Alder
Ash

Chestnut (Spanish)
HoiTibeam
Hazel

Larch and Scotch Fir
Oak (English)
Samples and Prices can be had on application at
The Nursery, Wonersh, near Guildford, Surrey.

Churrles
Plums
Peara

Poaches and Necta-
rines
Forest Trees

Withy

Quick (strong trans-

planteil)
Common and Fortu-

b;;i1 Laurels
Privet
Roses, &c.

J

To the Trade.
AS. GAKAWAY and CO.

offer

Chestnut, Horse, 1 to 2 feet,
trai.splftnted

Alder, li to 2 & 2 to 3 transplanted
Ash, I, 2, and 3-year Seedlings
Ash, transplanted, 2 to 3 feet
Aucuba japonica, berried
Beech, 1 mid 2-year Seedlings
birch, Ito 2 feet, transplanted

Elm Wych, 1 tc 2, 2 to 3, and
3 to 4 feet, transp. anted

Larch, extra fine, 1 to li, 1} to 2,
2 1 o 3, and 3 to 4 ft. , transplanted

FRUIT TREES.

Apples, very fine dwarf-trained
Apricotfl, do. and standard-

tnined
Cherries, do., do.
Nectarines, do., do.

Prices on application,
Jas. Garaway & Co.. Durddam Dowo Nurseries, Bristol

Peaches, very fine dwarf-trained

and standard-trained
Pears, very fine dwarf-trained
Plums, do.

Planting Season

LARCH (Ntitivo and 'J'vinli-s,-), SCOTCH FIR (True
Native), SPRUCE, OAK. ASH. ALDER, UEECH. PRIVRT,
and all kinds of FOREST and ORNAMENTAL TREE8 and
SHRUBS. ROSES. FllUlT TREES, flue Bpcclnien ARAUCAR1A8
and DEODARS, and large TREES for Park Planting, now in line
condition for removal.

CATALOGUES, with hIzcb and prices, sent free on application to
D1CK8ON8 & Co., Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and FlorUtB, 1, Waterloo
Place, Edinburgh.

ARCH, PEAR

T 0 C K 8,

&0.

LARCH.n to2root, perlOOO, 8«.; 2to3r6et, 10(, ; 3 to 4 foot, 12s. Od.
PEAR STOCKS. 2i to 6 feet, ]0h. to 30h. per lOOO.
SCOTCH FIR. 2 years bedded, 0 to 12 Inches, 6«. per 1000.
LIST of iithur TREES sent on applioatlon.
Apply, with reference, to J. lliunELL, Steward, Park Attwood,
Bewdley, WorcesterHhire.

Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, Ji'N., h:iR to offer at vprv moderate
prices TRANSPLANTED ASH, ALIJEK, BIRCH. HORSE
CtlESI'NUT. ELM. broad and narrow-le^vorl ; SILVER and
SCOf'CH FIRS, WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE. HAZEL. OAK,
POPLAR, PUlVBT, WEYMuUTH and AUSTRIAN PINKS.
THOHN QCICK-i. IIUNTIN(;r>()N and DUTCH WILLOW.S,
LAKCII. goijil MioutplantH. I) to 2 ft-et, ]2«. ; 2 to 2* lee", i:j«. ; 2 to
.t feor,. Hh. ; and 3 to 4 feet. 1G«. per 1000. NOltWAY SPRUCE FIR,
6 to 0 inches, tis. ; 9 to 12 inches, Qn. ; I to li leet, 14«. ; If to 2 ftut,
2U.: "t.d 2 to 2^ leot. 308. per lOuO. C0^0NEA^5TER MICRO-
PflYLLA. 1 to n feel. 208, iw 1000 ; 14 to 2 feet. RIHES in sorts,
2 to .'i It.. 208, per 1000. SNOWBERKY,2to3ft,, 21(8. perlOUU. BRoOM,
White and Yoilow,trai.«planted,l&s, per 1000, LAUKEL-^, BERBERIS,
ARBOR.VlT.E,&c.,fieedUnK ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CHE^T.^UT.
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 voars : ELM, 2 years, £6 per Kin.OOO. OAKs

1 and 2 years; OAK, EVERGREEN. 1 year: PRIVET, 1 and

2 years; SYCAMORE. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 2year8,
6s. ; 4 years, ft,.-, per loOO ; 3 yeare, and 1 year transplanted, ISfl ;

3 years, and 2 years transplanted, 26.i. ; 6 to 9 inchea. 6O3. ; and
Dto 12 niches, OOt. per 1000. Twice-transplanted, and bushy, 4 to
9 inches. 70s. ; fi to 12 Inches, 05j*. ; 0 to 15 inches, 140s. ; 1 to 1§ feet,
I8O5. ; and li to 2 feet. 2r.0s. per lOuO.,

A PRICED LIST forwarded on application. Price to the Trade
on application.

Joseph Smith, Jun., Moor Edge Nursery, Tansley, near Matlock,
Derbyshire.

THOMAS S. "WARE has a large stock of the following
to offer at low Prices >

SURPLUS STOCK.— TO Eldl SoLU CHEAP.
SPRUCE, 3-vrs. Seedling, 2-yr3. Transplanted, very fine.

,. .^-Vrs. ,. 3-yrs. ., „

OAK, English, 3-yrs. Transplanted, IJ to 3 feet, stout and fine.
For Gamples and Prices of the above, delivered at the leading
Railway Stations or Ports, apply to

DaEGUORy & Aitken, Kilmarnock, N.B.

GENUINE SEEDS.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

BKG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THEIR

CATALOGUE of KITCHEN GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS for 1867,

WITH LIST OF IMPLEMENTS AND OTHER GARDEN REQUISITES,

Is now Published, £ind will be forwarded Free oix application.

THE ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

Black Currants, strong

Weei iing Willow, 3 to 6 feet

Berberts of sorts

SpfiToas do.

Forsythia viridissima

Yellow Spanish Broom, in pots,

4 to 5 feet
White Portugal do., 3 to 4 feet
Lavender, i^trong
Ro.-iemary, do.
Southernwood, do.
Asparagus, 2-yr.
Privet

Cotone-i:;ter microphylla, t to 2 ft
Weigelas, sorts

Standard Roses
Hall Standard do.
Common Moss Rosea
Citbbage Province do.
Climbing Rose'?, strong
Maiden Apples, fine

„ Pears „
Poplar, Balsam. 4 to 0 feet

Black Italian, 3 to 6 ieet
Ribes saiiguineuni, 3 to 4 feet
Oaks, 2-yr. seedling, 1 to 2 feet
Liburuum do., 2 to 3 feet

,, do .transplanted. 2 to 4 ft
Cratesgus of sorts, 3 to 4 feet
Lonlcera of sorts, strong
Red Currants, fniiting state

Prices according to quantity taken.
Trade and other CATAX0GUE3 on application.
Hale Far'iti Nurseries, Tottenham, Middlesex, adjoining the
Railway StatioiK

To the Trade.

THOMAS S. AVARE, having a large stock of FLOWER
ROOTS (most of them on ground which must be cleared), is
induced to ofier thorn at tho following very low rate :—
600. in not less than 25 varieties, for 258.
1001), in not leas than 26 varieties, for 40s.
Lilium candidum
Lupinus polyphillus
LychniB, scarlet

Achillea, in variety
Agrosterama coronarla
Atyasum sasatile
Antirrhinum
Aquilepia
Arab is a lb id a
Aspei-ula odorata
Asters, in varieties
Campanula media
Delphinium formosum
Diantliu^ Dunnettii
Digitalis, mixed
Epiiobium, variety
Festuca glauca
Gnaphalium arenarium

„ margaritaceum

Iriagermanica, in many varieties
Lavender

For smaller quantities of these and other varieties see List, which
can be had on .application.

Halo Farm Nurseries, Tottenham, Middlesex, adjoining Railway
Station.

OEnolhei-a, variety

Fansies

Phalaris aruudinacea picta

Pinks, sorts

Polyanthus

Potentilla

Sedum, In variety

Southernwood

Sweet William

Tritoma Uvarla

Tussilago fragrans

Veronicii, in variety

Ymca, do.

Wallflower

A "WELCOME GUEST" AT THE GARDENER'S FIRESIDE.

KICHAKD DEAN'S LIST OF SPECIALITIES

IS NOW READY,

AND CONTAINS ALSO SOME ORIGINAL PAPERS OF GREAT VALUE TO THE AMATEUR.

RICHARD DEAN'S NOVELTIES IN VEGETABLE SEEDS COMPRISE-

* EW MELON DR. HOGG. — A most valuable acquisition, altogether Al. The fruit is of a good
medium size, handsome oval shape, biownish yellow skin, and pale green flesh, very solid and
luscious, rich nronia. A free setter and a gooa keeper, a fino and sure exhibition variety. Per
packet of 4 seeds. Is. Gd. : per packet of 8 seeds, 2s. 6d.

NEW CUCUMBER, GLORY 'A HANTS (Dkan).-A very first-rate Mack-spined variety, long, hand-
some, and very prolific; first-rato for either house or frame work; a tboroughly reliable variety,
■whether for table or exhibition. It has been very curefuUy belected and grown specially for
R, Dean. Seed very scnrce. Per packet of 4 seeds, 2s. Gd.

NEW CUCUMBER. SANSPAREIL (Fraseh).— A decided improvement on the variety known as the
Coleshill. Rind smooth, fruit very hai.dsome, short handle, very prolific. Average length, 18 ins.
Excellent for house work : altogether extia fine. Per packet, Is. Gd. and 2e Qrl

NEW CUCUMBER. SENSATION. —This really fine variety Is recommended with the utitioj^t con-
fidence. It has het-n «iown under Ricuabd DEA^•s personal inspectii.n for two sensuns, an.l he can
guarantee its high worth. The fr..lt has a black spine, grows a great length, sets freely, and bears
profusely, and will be found lo be one of the best exhibition Variety extant. Being a very shy
eeerier, the crop is very s-carce. Per nacket of 4 seeof, 2,s-. fid.

BROCCOLI. DEAN'S PREMIER EARLY WHITE.— Unquestionably the largest and best of all the
Early Wliite Br.^cc.dis. Heiids large, very fine and wlii'.e; quiie hardy. A variety thnt can be
depended on, as it is entirely iree troni any imprtgi atir.n ol the character of the White Cape.
Should bH >nwn in Mirch, nnrt will flower in the March f.jllowing. P^-r racket. Is. Gd. and 2s 6>l

BROCCOLI. EALING EARLY DWARF WHITE.— A capital succession varietv to Dean's Premier.
Is rjistiiu--t, being the ow.irlest early white gruwn ; good pure heads, very firm and symmetrical.
Hnw in March, will be reaJv for use in April. Ptr packet Is
BROCCOLI, IMPROVED KIDDERMINSTEP..-A variety that has been verv carefully selected bv
RicoAHu DEnN. Dwarf growing, Isite, well protected white flower, symmetrical shape, good size and
very hardy. Shfuld be>>o\vn in Mnrch, ann will be rcadv for u^e end ol AT^nl and Mftv. Perpkt..ls.
CABBAGE. CHILTON EARLY Si'RINO DWARF.-Richard Dean heai cily lecommeuds this very
excellent surt as suitable alike lor the g.ardou vt the hall and that o) the cottager. Of medium
size, close hearted, turns in quickly, and very tender. Selected specially for its hardihood of cou-
BtitutiOD. Per packet. In.

CABBAGE. DEAN'S ONWARDS.-A very greatly improved variety of the large Cabbo^es as
represented by the Enfield Market. Very early, compact grower, and deliciously tender.

CABBAGE, PRESIDENT EARLY DWABF.-A very fine early Dwarf Cabbage, medium size, good
close heart, excellent marrow flavour. A capital sort for winter work. Per packet, is.

LETTUCE, ACME WHITE COS.— A very large variety, superior in quality to the Paris White Cos,
fiom which it also differs in colour and habit. Hearts well, does not require tying ; very crisp and
aweet, and as hardy as any Lettuce in cultivation. Invaluable for summer or winter growth. Per

LeSuuE, GLOIRE DE PARIS.— a summer Cabbage Lettuce, in the way of the well-known Drum-
head or Malta : much firmer and closer in gr.wth. H id a fine white beai^. the outer leaves tinged
with brown. It stands a long time before running to seed: iu fact, there is some difficulty m
getting it tr, seed: tho stork ii therefore sc:irce. Per pucket. Is. and 2s. Ud. „ ^, ,^, ^.

LETTUCE, LEYDEN WHITE DUTCH. ^A splendid Cabbage Lettuce, the very finest In cultivation.
It proilnces large close heads, iitendly all heart ; flavour excellent, and very hardy. Per packet,

[These three varieties ol Lettuce h.ave been very carefully selected by Ricbaed Dean, and are
scLt out by him with the utmost confidence.]

ONION, NEW VENETIAN GIANT TRIPOLI.—This fine variety, which Is of a flat shape, has a
brown skin, and is v^ry 1 n ge and handsoioe, is certainly the best of all the Tripohs In " its native
clime" it g.ows to an enormous size. It is perfectly hardy, and should bo sown in the autumn and
transplanted fnr use in sprin,!. A verv flue exhibition viriety. Per packet, la. and 2S. 6t/

TURNIP, CESTRIAN GOLDEN STONfc.-Fonns a perfect golden ball, good yellow skin, without »
pai tide ol eieen top ; very tender, and of flue flavour. Second Eany. A capital succession variety
to Dlan's Improved Snowball. Per oz.. Is. ; per packet, C(i. „ t, v, ^*-

TURNIP, DEANS IMPROVED SNOWBALL.— A verv flue selection made by R. Dean, because oi
its obvious excelloi.t qualities. It has a very short top. fine mousetail, very white, sweet navmir
nnd in ordinary growing weather will produce fijie Turnips six weeks from the day ol sowing, rer
oz, 1*. ; per packet, Gd.

The above have been sithjeded to repeated trials, and can be conjidenily recommended.

LIST OF SPECIALITIES (AN ALTOGETHER UNIQUE COMPILATION), POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

DEPOT FOR NEW AND CHOICE VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS, EALING, LONDON, W.

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLtl AM) AGElCULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[January 5, 1867.

GOOD SEEDS-CARRIAGE FREE.

SUTTON & SONS,

SEEDSMEN TO THE QUEEN,
ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING,

BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THEY ARE NOW SENDING OUT THEIR

COMPLETE COLLECTIONS OF SEEDS FOR ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY,

THE PRICES OF WHICH ARE AS FOLLOWS :—

For the KITCHEN GARDEN.

No. 1. A COMPLETE COLLECTION for OSE YEAR'S SOPPLT, with

Instructions on Cultivation, Carriage Free

No. 2. A COMPLETE COLLECTION, ditto. Carriage Free
No. 3. A COMPLETE COLLECTION, ditto. Carriage Free
No. 4. A COMPLETE COLLECTION, ditto, Carriage Free
No, 5, A COMPLETE COLLECTION, ditto. Carnage Free

A COMPLETE COLLECTION, extra quantities for a large Garden, £5 5s.,

Carnage Free.
A SMALL and COMPLETE COLLECTION can be supplied, price 10s. 6d.

£3 3

0

2 2

0

1 11

6

No. 2.

1 1

0

No. 3.

0 15

0

No. i.

For tlie FLOWEE GARDEN.

No. 1. A CHOICE ASSORTMENT of GERMAN and ENGLISH
FLOWER SEEDS of all the most approved kinds. Free by

Post or Rail £2 2 0

A CHOICE ASSORTMENT of ditto, Free by Post or Rail. . ..1116

A CHOICE ASSORTMENT of ditto. Free by Post or Rail.. ..110

A CHOICE ASSORTMENT of ditto. Free by Post or Rail. . .. 0 15 0

No. 5. A CHOICE ASSORTMENT of ditto, Free by Post or Rail.. .. 0 10 6

SMALLER COLLECTIONS of the above can be supplied, also of ORNAMENTAL

GRASSES, GREENHOUSE PLANT SEEDS, ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE PLANTS,

&c., from 2s. 6d. upwards.

The sorts of Vegetables included in these Collections are those which have proved to be the most prolitic, best flavoured, and most worthy of general cultivation, and of
which sorts we have, therefore, gi'own large crops of Seed. We exclude from our Collections not only inferior old sorts, but also such new ones as we have been unable to test
the merits of and which are selling at high prices. By this means, and from the great convenience experienced in supplying every purchaser with the same sorts, we are
enabled to fuiTiish a Complete Collection at much less expense than when a Gentleman or his Gardener makes his own selection.

Zisi of Contents of the above Colkctions may be liai on application.

From Mr James Mekzies, Gardener lo G. A. PrevMt, Esq., Lytchett House, Poole.
" May 28.— Your £2 23. Collection of Gardeo Seeds has given every satisfaction.

From Mr. F. W. Gheen, Edingto}i, Hunfjerjord.
" November C— I never had, previous to yours this year, such an excellent Collection of Seeds."
From Mr. James B. Betah, Insixctiiw Officer, Coast OiMrd, Marble Hill, Letterkenr.y, Ireland.
" November 29 -One ounce of your Seed is worth lib. of any [to be got near here, as I think my
sending such a long distance must pretty well prove."

From the Rev. William Willimott, Tlte Rectory, St. Michael. Cacriiays, St. Austell.
" September 4.— I find I must return to you again for my Seeds, as 1 have never been so well satis-
fied with the articles I have had from this neighbourhood.

From W. Pettit, Esq., .'^tratton, Micheldever.
"August 31.— I must add, the Garden Seeds were the best 1 ever sowed in my life."

From Mr. John PARTRinoE. Sen., Bow, North Devon. |
"June 5. — The Garden Seeds you supplied me with have succeeded admirably, without exception."

THE VERY EARLIEST AND BEST PEA IN CULTIVATION IS "SUTTON'S RINGLEADER."

Price Ss. per quart. Trade price on application.

Extract from thzBmort on Peas grow7i at Stoke, Ncwington in
18C5 and 18C0.
'•'Sutton's Eingleader.'—ThQTe can be no doubt that this is
a distinct and valuable vailety. the earliest in cultivation, and as
Kood for the table as any in the section to which It belonga. Height,
S feet 9 inches. One of Its distinguishing characters is, that it pro-
duces pods from top to bottom in a very unilorm manner, whereas
' Dillisione'3 Early ' produces them chiefly at the top.

"In 18C5 and 1806 • Dillistone's Early ' and ' Sutton's Ringleader '
stood side by side, and these two Peas were as distinct as Oranges are
from Lemons, or as ' Sangster's No. 1 ' is distinct from 'Bishop's
Longpod.' "

From Mr. Bailey Wadds, Oardeiier, Eaywell, Broiigh, May 29.
"I have this year sown your 'Ringleader' Pea against your
Earlv Champion,' which I have hitherto found the earliest in
cu^ivation, and 1 am glad to tell you that it came into blooni 10 days
earlier It has been covered with blossoms from top to bottom. I
am sure it is a valuable addition to our early Peas."

From Mr. J. Daniels, Gardener to the Rev. C. R. Keene, SiDyncomb
Qardens, Senley-on-Thames, June 20.
" I might notice that your 'Ringleader' Pea, sown December 20,
is first-rate, perfectly diatmct, and much tho earliest Pea I have ever
grown. 1 have also another crop nearly ready, sown March 20, with
' Dillistone's,' but find them perfectly distinct."

Fr07n Mr. George Schymoer, Borne Park, Sonning, May 29.
*' I have great pleasure in reporting favourably of your new early
Pea ' Rtngloider." They were sown the same day as five of the most
popular early sorts. 1 gathered from it on the 2(ith of May, which is
14 days earlier than I shall off any of the other varieties. It is also
very prolific."

From John Fohd, Esq., Morton Hall, Warwick, May 31.

" My gardener sowed on the 12th January, side by side, 'Sutton's

Ringleader,' 'Sutton's Champion,' ' Essex Rival,* and 'Dillistone's

Early Prolific ' Peas, ' Sutton's Ringleader ' was just coming in the

3d of May ; tho others a week or so later."

From, Mr. John Ratty, Gardener to Cotterill Scholefleld, Esq.,

Turville Park, Htnley-on-Thames, Sept, 0.

" I have twice this season grown ' Sutton's Ringleader' Pea side

by side with ' Daniel O'Rourke ' and * Dillistone's Early,' and on each

occasion found ' Sutton's Ringleader ' 7 or 10 days earlier than either

of the other two,"

From Mr. James Ducsett, Gardener to the Rev. J. Wilder, Sulltam,

Aiiffusl 22.

" I have proved your ' Ringleader' Pea to be the earliest. I sowed

' Ringleader ' side by side with 'Daniel O'Rourke,' and gathered the

' Ringleader' nine days earlier than ' Daniel O'Rourke.' "

From Mr. W. Povey, Gardener to H. P. Best, Esq., Donnington
Grove, near Newbury, May 24.
*' I planted your 'Ringleader' Pea on the last day of February;
on the same day 1 planned ' Daniel O'Rourke' and other early sorts.
Your ' Ringleader is uncommonly well podded, and the pods are
filling fast. I have no doubt they will be cleared, and the ground
planted, before I pick from any of the other early sorts."

NEW VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS TOR 1867.

Sutton's Matchless Brussels Sprouts.

stems completely covered with fine sprouts. Pi-ioe Is. &d. per packet.

Sutton's Superb Early White Broccoli.

Very superior White, for early spring cutting. Price Is. Gd. per ounce,

Hamilton's British Volunteer Cucximber.

Very fine blaok spine, one of the largest in cultivation. Price 2s. 6d. per packet.

French Breakfast Kadish.

Held in high estimation by the Parisians ; round, deep scarlet, tipped with white. Price 8d. per 02.

Sulham Prize Celery,

An excellent new pink variety, large, crisp, and iine flavour. Price Is. Gd. per packet.

Baphanus caudatus.

An interesting new vegetable from Java, introduced by Mr. Bull. It belongs to the Radish tribe,
but unlike that esculent, its seed pods only are eaten. Those attain to the length of from 20 to 30 ins.
in a very short time, and are said to be of delicious flavour. It can be sown in the open air, or in pots,
n.nd transplanted. The pods should be eaten when about half grown. Our seed is from the true stock,

and saved from pods of great length.

Price

Chrysanthemum carinatum annulatum.

A flne and novel variety, having bright orange flowers, marked with a distinct scarlet ring.
Is. per packet.

Lupinus hybridus atrocoecineus.

This is a new variety, with large handsome spikes of bloom; colour bright cnmson scarlet, with
white tip; certainly the most shovry Lupin yet introduced. Price Is, per packet.

Mimulus duplex.

This beautiful new double Mimulus is thas described in the Gardeners' Chronicle . — " Another per-
fectly new strain, with veritable duplex monkey flowers, thorough hose in hose, as thougli the calyx,
justliving the name, had taken to mimicking the corolla. In these remarkable curiosities, this or^n
is converted Into a coloured body almost exactly like the corolla in form, and, like it, brightly coloured
and handsomely spotted." Price Is. tid. per packet.

Wew Double Sanvitalia procumbens.

This new and beautiful variety is rather more robust than the single kind ; flowers largo, bright
golden yellow. As a bedding plant it is a most valuable acquisition. Price Is, per paoket.

Viola cornuta.

This splendid novelty Is very valuable for bedding purposes; it is perfectly hardy, of vigorous habit,
and profusely covered with blossoms of a light mauve colom-. Price Is. per packet.

Packets Is., 28. 6d., and 6s. each.

Seeds tmder 24 oz. in weight may now be sent through the Fost at 2d. for every 4 ozs.y or fraction ofiozs.

SUTTON'S SPRING CATALOGUE AND AMATEUR'S GUIDE FOE 1867

IS NOW READY. FSICE ONE SHILLING, OS OMATIS TO CUSTOMERS.

Part I. — A Descriptive List of the best Tiirieties of Vegetable Seeds, with Instruc-
tions on Cultivation, and other useful information.

Paut II. — A complete List of the choicest Icinds of German and English Flo-wer
Seeds "with Instructions on Cultivation ; also the best varieties of Bulbous and other
f lowe'r Eoots for Early Spring Planting.

CONTENTS.

Paut III.— Contains the best varieties of Greenhouse, Stove, and other Plants,
■with Instructions on Cultivation.

Part IV. — Comprises a detailed List of the various kinds of Agricultural Seeds,
and useful Hints on the Cultivation of the New Forage Plant, Bromus Schraderi, with
illustrations of the same in its various stages of growth.

AND A COMPLETE CALENDAR OF OPERATIONS IN THE KITCHEN GARDEN FOR THE WHOLE YEAR.

SUTTON'S SHOET SELECT SEED LIST GRATIS AND POST FREE,

All Goods Carriage Free except rery small parcels. Fire per cent, discount allowed for prompt payment. A reference or remittance requested from unhnoum Correspondents.

SUTTON AND SONS, SEED GROWERS, READING, BERKS.

Januaey 5, 1867.J

THE GARDENEES' CITRONICEE AND AGRICULTUEAE GAZETTE.

THE LONDON SEED COMrANY have now rcfidv a
New Edition of tlio GARDEN and SEKD PRICK CURREtJT.
Copies can bo nbtiiinod on application to the Rlimnger. 08, Wolbock
Street, CftvenUish Squiiro, \V.

THE PRICE CURRENT and SEKD DIRECTORY of
the LONDON SEED COMPANY is now roftdy, and will bo
forwarded gratis on application to tho Managor, 68, Wolbock
Street, Cftvendlah Square. W.

COLLECTIONS of GARDEN SEEDS, suitublo for
Largo or Small Qnrdons, can bo obttilnod fl'oo at tlUa., H)s., W.t.,
15b., and 10^. Od.

A reduction of 20 per cent, will bo allowed on all OrdorflforSix
and nioro CoUociiona. Friotida iu a neighbourhood Mhould thorijlfiro
unite and obtain tho Garden siippllos on tho lowest poaslblo terms.

Twenty per cent, will bo allowed to purohosors of Qardon Kuoda
vhon Six or moro Colloctlons are obtntiiod at tho same time, by tho
London Sood Company. OS. Welheck Stroof, Civemlifih Squriro. \V,C.

BrltlsU Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM c!in now semi, iuibL free for six postage
atanipa, Part I. (British Ferns and thoir vai-lotlos, 38 paRes.
InoludiiiR pi-leos of Hardy Exotic Eorns) of his NEW and PRICKD
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Crav Nui-sory, S.E,, a milo from Sidcup Station of Now
North Kent Line of Soul h Ea.sLern Railway.

WholessJe Catalogue of Nursery Stoclc.

GEORGE JACKMAN and SON'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for ISfld and Spring 18fl7, can
bo had froo on application, comprising Fruit Trees, Rosos, American
Plants, Conifers, Clematises, Evorgroon and Docldious Treea and
Shrubs, and tranaplantod Forest Trees, tea., &o.
Woking Nursery, Surrey.

Amaryllis.

JAMES GARAWAY and CO., Durdham Bovra
Nurseries, Bristol, ofl'::r Sulbsofthe above, unnamed Seedlings
that have bloomod with liiem durmg the past two seasons, and many
of which are now showing flower, at 5s., 7s. 6d,, and lOs. M. each, or
COS., SOs., and Vo3. per dozen.

James Garawav & Co., Durdham Down Nurseries, Bristol.

SATURDAY, JANUARY 5, 1867.

Socially and politically the Past Teak has
been one of the most memorable of a memorable
century. There have been grievous murrains,
plague, pestilence, and famine, signs and wonders
in the heavens, wars and rumours of wars, dynas-
ties overthrown, Hyde Park railings laid low, a
new electric cord deposited on the bed of the
Atlantic, and, more marvellous still, an old one
fished up for repairs. But with these and other
matters of like kind we, in this place, have nothing
to do. Leaving other joui-nalists to sum up the
general history of the year, let it be for us to allude
to the main events of our own special microcosm.

Horticulturists, as such, have not had much to
complain of in the way of plague and pestilence.
Violent storms and prolonged rains no doubt
affected their prospects, stUl, in comparison
with the disasters sustained by the agri-
culturist, the troubles of the gardener have
been light. Our conflicts, too, have been of a
peaceful character, but the triumph has been none
the less sweet, and the results, we believe, will
be none the less secure and satisfactory. In our
gr^at war, strange to say, the combatants were
all on one side. There was no array of host
against host, but an amalgamation of active
forces against a passive, routine-bound, non
possumus kind of enemy. Of the results of such
a contest there could be no doubt. The Inter-
national Horticultural Exhibition , for to this we
allude, is admitted on all sides to have been a
great success, and that success was achieved, as
we have said, not so much by the superiority of
some over others, as by the resistless power of
united efforts. Our Reform BQl was can-ied
by the willing consent and ready co-operation
of all classes of the hoi-ticultui-al community,
and although for a season it may be well to
"rest and be thankful," tho vacation must be
passed iu consolidating our victories, and in the
consideration of means whereby further progress
and amendment may be made.

Meanwhile, we may fairly congi-atulate our-
selves that a vicious routine has been broken
down ; that Horticulture, which always largely
contributed to supply the necessities of" mankind,
and to fui-nish amusement and luxuries for a
few, has now more than ever shown its power to
supply exercise for the intellect, and demonstrated
its capability to refine and elevate the faculties,
not of a few only — and those the rich — but of all
classes of the community.

Never, tUl the Exhibition alluded to, was the
true position of Horticulture so clearly made
known to the general public. Never till then
was its importance as regards the results derived
from skilled labour, scientific method and fore-
sight, and Eesthetic perception so fuUy shown.
In so saying wo have no intention to ignore or
depreciate what has been done before. Efforts in
the same direction have been made again and
again, but still, looking to results, we repeat that
the position of Horticulture as at once one of the
arts of Ufe, a science, and a branch of the Fine
Arts, has never been recognised so fully as it has
been in the year that has just closed.

AVe too have had our Atlantic Cable, repre-
sented in this case by the Botanical and

Horticultural Congress. The Congress had this
advantage over the cable, that friends and
acquaintances were brought iutoTpersonal con-
tact ; it was no mere Will-of-tho-Wisp greeting,
like that of the electric cable, but it was what one
of our foreign friends, with more truth than gram-
matical projirioty, expressed, as " one largo shake-
hands." IJospite tho fears of tho timorous, and
tho coldness and apathy of somo who might have
been expected to take a foremost part in such a
gathering, the Congress in its way was as great
a success as was the Exhibition, and no more
perspicuous account of the relationships between
physiological botany and horticulture has over
been given, than that which was penned by
Professor Alphonse De C.^ndolle. But on
these points we need not tarry, as lengthy
reports wore given, in our columns, and we
shall have iu due time to supply a few deficiencies
when tho Report of the Congress, which we learn
is now completed, shall have been issued.

Turning to other matters, it is pleasing to
note the continued success of the Tuesday
meetings of the Eoyal Horticultural Society,
and the satisfactory progress of the Education
scheme ; while it is not so agreeable to have
to state that the nomenclature of garden plants
is daily becoming moro confused, and that few
or no efforts are made to amend it.

Of the new plants and other horticultural
novelties introduced during 1866, mention wiU be
found elsewhere : but we may here allude to the
gaps made in our ranks by the hand of death.
Our obituary Ust, though it is not marked by the
presence of so many or so distinguished names
as that of the year previous, is stiU a sad one.
Among the botanists, Black, Montagne, Met-
TENius, GA.srAEiNi, Gheville, and Haevey
have been summoned to their rest — the first
indeed towards the end of 1865, though the sad
news did not reach this country till the beginning
of 1866 — while horticultui-ists wUl specially
lament the loss of Vou" Siebold and Lenne.

In the catalogue of our disasters we cannot
omit reference to the destruction by fire of the
tropical department of the Crj'stal Palace. With-
out reference to the sad wreck of beauties
and treasures in Paxton's Palace, in which we
had a common interest with others, we may
specially deplore, not only the loss of ' ' LoDDlGEs'
Palms," fine in themselves, and interesting as
a link to the past, but also the destruction of
the Mammoth tree.

Eor our own share in the events of 1866 we
may say that we have endeavoured to make our
Journal what its name implies, a record of the
varied incidents affecting Horticulture in its
many phases. "We have tried to cater for the
interests of all classes of horticulturists ; our
sympathies have been and shall be catholic ; we
have tried to be useful to the " upper ton
thousand " of the gardening world ; we have, so
to speak, assisted in the conservatories of the
wealthy and the window gardens of the poor ; we
have helped to deck the banquet hall, and we
have done our part towards the befitting care of
the graveyard. In another point of view we
have, thanks to our friends and correspondents,
been enabled to give practical information to oui-
readers, and to keep them posted up in those
branches of science that have a bearing on
Horticulture.

So much for 1866 ! As to the year upon which
we have just entered, in addition to general
matters of interest, two special circumstances
engage attention — the Bury Show, and the Paris
Exhibition. Both are experiments — experiments
carried on at least in one case with vigour,and with
excellent prospects of success. Believing it to be
a movement of great importance both as regards
British horticulture and the Royal Horticultur.il
Society, we would press its claims to attention on
the part of all those who can in any way help it
on. In the case of the Paris International
Exhibition of Horticulture we have great fears
that the magnitude, and specially the complexity
of the scheme, and the fact that after all it is
but one item in a still more gigantic and complex
plan, wUl, at least so far as British horticul-
turists are concerned, not be productive of
results at all commensurate with the importance
of the occasion.

The transition from the question of Great Exhi-
bitions to that of the abolition of the duty on
tobacco used for horticultural purposes, is not so
violent a one as it might appear to any but a
horticulturist, and hence we do not scruple to
terminate our summary of last year's events,
and this year's prospects, by an appeal to all

concerned'to lend their aid in fui'theranco of thia
desirable object.

The commencement of a New Year affords us
the usual opportunity of passing hastily under
review the Additions made to English gardens
during the year that has just closed. On tho
present occasion we shall take the OuoiiiDS first,
not merely because their star seems to be once
more in the ascendant, but also because it is
among the ranks of that popular family that by
far the largest number of the new plants of tho
past season is to bo found. And we have the
less hesitation in assigning them so prominent
a position because their cultivation, instead of
being confined as of yore to the wealthier classes,
is now — thanks to cool treatment — placed within
the reach of any one who can spare the funds for
the erection of a greenhouse of the most modest
proportions. Nor need any young aspirant be
deterred from embarking in this fascinating
pursuit by what he may hear about ' Mexican'
and ' Peruvian,' and we know not how many
more ' cool houses,' as if such extensive and
costly appurtenances were indispensably requisite,
or as easily reared as fairy palaces in a Christmas
pantomime ! No doubt, where a complete collec-
tion is desired, it may be found necessary iu
' cool ' treatment — as well as iu ' hot ' — to have
two or three gradations of temperature repre-
sented by as many different houses, but these
large establishments are the exception rather than
the rule, and it is not with such that wo are
now required to deal. In ordinary cases, and if
a proper selection of plants be made, one cool or
one hot Orchid-house ought to suffice a person of
moderate ambition or moderate moans.*

"We think it probable that in no foi-mer year
did so many really first-class Orchids ' come out'
as in 1866. At the present time there are
probably not more than 100 that could fairly lay
claim to this highest distinction, and if those
were distributed over tho last 40 years — the
' Orchid era ' of future historians — it would
give us an annual average of about two-and-a
half, a rate which, as we shall presently show,
falls much below that of the last 12 months.

The first dehutantes of the season at South
Kensington were two lovely Dendrobia, D.
McCarthite and D. thyrsi florum, the former
having been sent from Ceylon to the Kew
Gardens ; the latter perhaps the best of all
Messrs. Low's introductions from Moulmein.
D. McCarthiaj may boast of every advantage —
perfume alone excepted — that any Orchid can
possibly possess ; it has a neat habit, grows
and flowers freely, retains its leaves, and
produces racemes of rich rose-coloured flowers,
as large and handsome as those of
any Lajlia, and lasting iu perfection for two
months. That this charming plant should have
lain concealed iu Ceylon long after all the
Orchid-treasures of that island were supposed to
have been discovered, ought to teach collectors
never to despair of any country. D. thjrrsiflorum
has much the habit of D. densiflorum, and its
lovely racemes of white and gold are produced in
the same style, but are larger and handsomer.
The next to appear was that ' ' bright occidental
star," Cattleya Dowiaua, recently described in
oui- columns, and excellently figured in the
current number of the " Botanical Magazine."
This splendid plant, so unique in its nankeen
petals and puce-coloui'ed lip, made its first
appearance at Messrs. Veitch's estabbshment,
which also furnished the glorious Saccolabium
giganteum that was exhibited more than a
month ago, but which, we beUeve, is flowering
stiU in high beauty. This is said to come from
Rangoon, together with a commendable Vanda,
V. Bensoni, also exhibited by the same fii-m.
All of those belong to the domain of hot — or at
all events of tepid — Orchids, which may also
claim a few other interesting species, e.;)., On-
cidium Marshallianum, Lycomormium pallidum,
Coelogyne corrugata, Epidendrum Cooperi, &c.

Among "cool" Orchids, the principal novelty
— Mesospinidium sanguineum — was exhibited
by Messrs. Backhouse, who imported it from
Ecuador. It bears a short branching panicle of
glossy rose-coloured flowers, issuing from the
base of a prettily mottled pseudobulb. Odonto-
glossum HaUii, exhibited in November by Mr.
ASPINALL TUBNEE, next claims attention; but
this scarcely came up to expectation, since
the wild specimens in our herbai-ia have gene-
rally borne much larger flowers. No doubt

' Wo hopo shortly to lay before our readers, plans and
descriptions of a few successful ' cool ' Orchid houses, com
mencini; with that Of tho Bishop of Wikchestee,

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Jantjaet 5, 1867.

tliere are in reality ffiany varieties, and the finer
ones will probably not be long in making their
appearance. As to 0. Alexandrse, though strictly
speaking it belongs to 18G5, still we could never
have formed any idea of its real beauty until we
had seen the specimens that Mr. Patersox and
Mr. Attdehson sent during the past season from
' ayont the Tweed.' To this brigade also
belong Oncidium obryzatum and 0. serratum;
to which we shall shortly revert.

We cannot now dwell upon the multitude of
small fry exhibited at one or other of the South
Kensington gatherings, but of these Mr.
Wilson Saiotders will give a good account in
his forthcoming work, in which all such will find
a permanent "Refuge." lu the meantime the
more gorgeous varieties of established favourites
ai'e worthily represented in Mr. Warner's
" Select Orchidaceous Plants," of which we are
glad to see a new series has been commenced.
Another useful work, a " Second Century
of Orchidaceous Plants" (a republication by
Reeve & Co., in a popular form, of the best
species figured in the " Botanical Magazine")
is making rapid progress. The same publishers
announce another part of Mr. Bateman's
" Monograph of Odontoglossum." Thus much
for England ; and if we look abroad we find that
in addition to his more catholic ' ' Xenia Orchi-
dacea," Professor ReiohenbaOH has in the press,
' just ready,' a most important work on the
" Orchids of Central America." So that what
with new plants and new books, there seems but
little fear that the Orchid-fire wiU soon burn
itself out for lack of fuel.

We shall resume next week oux comments on
sundry other new plants of various kinds intro-
duced in 1866.

Among the Evergreens that are annually in
great request at this season of the year, there
are none more ancient than the Mistleto, and
none with which so many pleasing incidents are
associated. It is in itself a remarkable example
of a true vegetable parasite, as it never grows
like other plants in earth, but entirely depends
for its nutriment and support on one or other of
the numerous kinds of trees on which it is
found — such as the Apple, Hawthorn, Lime,
Sycamore, Poplar, Willow, Scots Fir, and
occasionally the Oak. So rarely, however, is it
met with growing on the latter, that it was at
one time considered doubtful whether it had
ever been seen on the Oak at all ; but of late
years several instances of the fact have been
recorded, sufficient to place the question beyond
dispute. In the time of the Dniids this parasite
was regarded with extreme veneration. The
Celtic priests are said to have collected it for
charms, and cm-es, and religious ceremonies
with solemn formalities, when it was found
growing on their sacred tree — the Oak ; and to
this latter circumstance it owed all its supposed
mystic influences. Many of the early converts
to Christianity in Britain, we doubt not, looked
upon the Mistleto with reverence while they
knelt and offered up theii' prayers amidst Pagan
altars and hideous images ; for although it
hung above the heads of the idols, they knew it
was not the work of the image maker, but a
natural production of theu' own forests, that had
sprung fi'om the grey Oaks under which the
Roman legions had marched, and was, perhaps,
the only remnant of their idolatry — the only
link between Christianity and Heathenism.

Besides being an object of worship, the
Mistleto has been from a very early period
highly extolled for its medicinal properties ; and
even so late as 1719, Sir John Colbatch, a
member of the College of Physicians, wrote a
ti'eatise on " The Mistletow of the Oak," in
which he says, " the plant has been designed for
further and more important purposes than to
feed thrushes, or to be hung up surreptitiously
in houses to drive away evil spirits ; " and he
further adds, that ' ' he has found it efScaeious
against epilepsy, choi'oa sauoti viti, and other
diseases of the nervous system." But after all
that has been said about its reputed virtues,
they were more imaginary than real, and it is
now discarded from the Pharmacopoeias.

Although the Mistleto failed to produce the
wonderful effects that superstition or charlatan-
ism had ascribed to it, stUl it was always con-
sidered perfectly harmless, and no one ever sus-
pected that its tiny berries wore likely to be
swallowed by a human creatm-e so as to destroy
bfo. We regret to say, however, that its fair
fame has been greatly sullied by a lamentable
case which latelv opourred in Duke Street,

Commercial Road, London, and of which the
following particulars were given at the inquest.
The victim was a child 1 5 months old, whom its
mother placed in the care of its little sister, only
six years old, to niirse. Whilst looking at a
greengrocer's shop she picked up some Mistleto
berries, fancying they were white Currants.
Finding they tasted bitter, and not able to eat
them herself, she unfortunately gave them to
the baby until it became qiute ill. As soon as
the mother heard what had been done she sent
for a doctor, who prescribed an emetic that
caused the infant to throw up nearly a tea-cup
full of the berries — but aU efforts to save its life
were of no avail, for after passing the night and
part of the next day in extreme suffering, the
little thing expired. Th e jury returned a verdict
of " Accidentally poisoned by Mistleto berries."
This instance shows the great danger of
committing an infant to the care of a young
child who was not of an age to be intrusted with
such a charge. B.

Among Almanacs specially useful to those

taking an interest in garden matters, may be men-
tioned that of the Eoyal Horticultural Society just
issued. It is of small size, but utility is not to be
measured in this case by magnitude.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

[Under this head we propose to record the figures published
fi-om time to time in periodical or other works of such
plants, flowers, or fniits aa may be interesting to horti-
culturists,]

COMBKETTJM IIICROPETALUII.— 5of. 3Iag., t. 5617.

Oombretaceoe. A magnificent stove climber, with
opposite oblong leaves, and axillary, spreading or
refracted, unilateral racemes, 1 or 5 inches long, bearing
crowded flowers having a green calyx, minute petals,
and long yellow stamens with orange-coloured anthers.
Native of Brazil. Flowered at Glasnevin, in a green-
house.

Cypella ccbetjlea. — Bof. Man., t. 5612. Iridaceae.
A fine old stove herb, better known as Marioa ccerulea.
The fine handsomely-marked Iris-like flowers are
supported on tall ensiforra scapes, closely resembling
the true leaves. Native of Brazil. Flowered at Kew.

Ctpeipedium Schlimii. — 5o<. Mag. t. 5614.
Orchid.aceje. This is sometimes called Selenipedium
Schlimii. It is a pretty stove herb, with liguliite
coriaceous leaves, and a tall, often branching stem,
bearing about half a dozen rather small flowers, which
are white, the sepals and petals spotted, and the lip
heavily blotched with deep crimson. Native of New
Grenada. Flowered by Mr. Bull.

Delphinitjji Teiomfhe de Pontoise. — Floral
Mag. t. 314 Ranunculaceai. A fine hardy perennial,
with palmatifid leaves, and double flowers, remarkable
for their great regularity and button-like appearance,
and of a pale azure blue with a good deal of white.
Raised in the south of France. Flowered by Mr.
Fraser.

Heliconia huhilis.— 5oi. Mag. t. 5613. Musacea;.
A beautiful stove herb with oblong lanceolate leaves
on slender petioles, 2 to 3 feet long, and a shorter
scape, bearing pale green flowers supported by large
distichous scarlet spathes. Native of Guiana. Flowered
at Kew.

Helioteopium convolvulacetjm. — Sot. Mag.,
t. 5615. Boraginaees. A free-blooming much branched
annual, 1 to 2 feet high, with linear oblong leaves, and
axiilarv flowers having a salver-shaped white corolla,
an inch across, and nearly flat. Native of IVew Mexico,
Arkansas, &c. The flowei-s are sweet-scented, and open
towards the evening. Flowered by Mr. Thompson.

Lobelia Peogeess. — Floral Mag., t. 316. Lobe-
liacese. A remarkably fine variety of the fulgens
section, producing very large flowers of a rosy purple
colour. Flowered by Mr. Bull.

Lycaste gigantea. — Bot. Mag., t. 5616.. Orchi-
daces. A stately sub-terrestrial Orchid, with very
large pseudobulbs, plicated oblong-lanceolate leaves, and
large solitary flowers terminating the radical scapes ;
Ihesepals and petals are long, warm yellowish-olive, the
lip serrated, velvety maroon, bordered with orange.
Native of Central America. "With the exception of
L. Skinneri, L. gigantea is perhaps the best of its race,"
though the colours are not very brilliant. Flowered
by iiessrs. Veiteh & Sons.

Passifloea -FVLdETSS.—La' Belg. Sort, xvi., 193,
t. 13. Passifloracese. A very handsome stove shrubby
climber, with terete stems, oblong ovate lobato-dentate
leaves, somewhat like those of an Oak, and axillary
peduncles, bearing three ovate-lanceolate entire bracts,
and supporting each a solitary flower of a rich scarlet,
the linear oblong segments of which are at length re-
flexed ; the filaments of the coronet are white, barred
transversely with orange red ; the fruit is large, egg-
shaped. Native of Brazil, in the region of the Amazon.
Flowered by M. Linden.

PelaegoNITTM {Nosegay) DucHESS OE SUTHEE-
h.>ai-D. — Floral Mag., t. 315. Geraniacese. A fine
variety of bedding Pelargonium, belonging to the
Nosegay section. The leaves are plain green, without
zone, while the flowers ai-e well formed, of a bright
cerise rose, and grow in large showy trusses. Raised
at CUveden. Flowered by Mr. Turner.

Sapkanthxjs nicaeaguensis— Seem.. Jourii. Bot.
iv. 369, t. 51. Anonacea;. A middle-sized tree, with
oval acuminate leaves, and large bell-shaiwd green
flowers, 4 or 5 inches long ; these gradually change to a
dark bluish black, and theu emit a powerful carrion-
like odour. Native of Nicaragria. '■' It is strange that

the carrion-like smell peculiar to Sapranthus, should
always accompany a dark brown or dark blue colour,
and it would be worth while to ascertain the chemical
principle here at work." Not yet introduced, but
worthy of being so.

SiPHOCAMPYLUS EULGENS— J/oraZ Mag. t. 313.
Lobeliaceae. A free-flowering and handsome stove
herb, with branching stems, ovate acuminate leaves,
and axillary long-stalked tubular flowers of a rich
orange scarlet with a yellow throat. Native of South
America. Flowered by Mr. Bull.

Cheery, Ludwig's Bigaeeeau. — Florist and
Pomol. V. 2.57. An Early Bigarreau ripening just after
the Early Red Bigarreau at the end of June or the
beginning of July. The fruit is long and acutely
heart-shaped, deep red, and the flesh is pale yellow,
very meltmg and juicy, and much more tender than
Bigarreaus usually are. Fruited by Mr. Rivers.

Peae, Fondante dtj Comice. — La Belg. Sort.
xvi., 309, 1. 17. A handsome-looking variety, said to be
of the first quality, ripening in October and November,
or in some seasons rather earlier. The fruit is pj'ra-
midal ovoid, with a long stalk somewhat laterally
inserted, and a small sunk eye. The colour is greenish
yellow dotted with brown, and having an orange
shade on the sunn^ side ; the flesh is white and firm,
but melting and without grittiness, the juice abundant,
sugary, and agreeable. Raised at Angers in the Garden
of the Horticultural Society of that place. Fruited
by M. Galopiu.

INSULAR FLORAS.

THE'foUowing is the substance of a Lecture delivered
before the British Association for the Advancement of
Science, at Nottingham, on the 27th of August last.
It is a mere fragment of the subject its title indicates,
treating, and in outline only, of but a very few of those
groups of oceanic islets, the Floras of which have long
engaged my attention. The gratification which the
favourable reception of this lecture afl'orded me, has
something to do with my wish to extend a knowledge
of it; I may, however, further plead other motives, as the
wishes of many friends who did or did not hear it ;
and one unexceptionable one— a desire to see its state-
ments and methods investigated by others, and more
facts accumulated, which would much aid me in my
project of treating the whole subject of Oceanic Floras
comprehensively at a future time. J. B. Soolcer, Soijal
Gardens, Kew, Dee. 9.

Thesubject which I bring before you to-night is that
of Insular Floras, in their relations to one another and
to the great continents from which they have or
appear to have derived their plants. And as my
treatment of the subject is partly descriptive _ and
partly theoretical, I have cast it in the form ol a written
discourse.

I must warn you that the term ' Insular Floras ' is a
technical one, and, like so many technical terms, is apt
to mislead till explained. In a botanical sense I have
limited it to the Floras of those islets that rise as mere
points of land from out the broad breasts of the gi-eat
oceans. With few exceptions all are volcanic, all
mountainous, and so small that no man has realised
their smallness who has not sailed in search of them.

Our largest maps of the world give us no idea of the
diminutive size of such islets as Madeira and St. Helena,
any more than Bradshaw's map gives any notion of the
size of the railway lines as compared with the counties
they traverse. The only contrivance I know of that
ever did give me an approximate idea, was Wyld's
Great Globe in Leicester Square. This was owing
partly to the great scale of that admirable oontrivarice,
and partly to the omission of names — names which
sprawl over more degrees in our maps, than the islets
themselves occupy seconds.

The relationships between these oceanic island Floras
are of two kinds, that must not be confounded : one a
relationship of analogy between themselves, due to the
physical conditions common to them all — to their
climate, exposure, limited area, distance from conti-
nents, &c. Thus they ai-e rich in Ferns, Mosses, and
other flowerless plants ; and they possess many ever-
green, but comparatively few herbaceous plants, and
fewer or no indigenous annuals. Plants which are
herbs on continents, often either themselves become
shrubby in islets, or are represented by allied species
that are shi-ubby or arboreous. Species are few in
proportion to genera, and genera in proportion to orders.
The mountains^ however lofty, present few alpine or
sub-alpine species ; and the total number of species is
usually small compared with what a continental
area of equal size and conditions would contain. The
other is a relationship of afiinity, ahon&fide kinship,
which the Floras of islands display in common with
one another or with certain continents : as is shown by
Madeira, the Azores, and Canaries containing many
plants in common that are not found on any continent ;
by the Canarian Plora being in the main a Mediterra-
nean one ; the St. Helenan being an African, and so
forth. It is with the consideration of these afliinities
that I shall occupy your attention to-night.

But before proceeding to abstract considerations, it
may help you to a clearer insight into ray subject if
you will voyage in imagination with me over some of
the great oceans, visit a few groups of their islands, and
look with me upon the principal features of their Floras.

It was my good fortune to be attached, early iu
life, to one of those expeditions of discovery that
have added so much to the naval renown of our
country. This was the Antarctic Expedition of Sir
James C. Ross, which originated with the British
Association of 183S, held at Newcastle, and which
circumnavigated the globe for the double purpose of
making magnetic observations, and prosecuting
geographical discovery iu high southern latitudes.
These objects required our visiting many oceanic
islands, including some of the most remote and inac-

Janitaey 5, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CTIRONICLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

cessible, a circumstance which gave mo a special inte-
rest in these Floras.

Anil for the purpcse of bettor illustrating the .subject,
I have here hung before you Sir Honry James' now
10-foot projection of two-thirds of the sphere on a plane,
which includes all the islets whose Floras I shall
touch on to-night. This map is constructed so as to
carry out tho idea of looki iig at a globe from the inside.
The eye is supposed to be directed towards central
Africa, not from tho centra of the sphere, but from a
point so far in the opposite direction to central Africa
that two-thirds of the sphere is embraced by the vision.
By this arrangement j'ou will see that the relative
positions of tho islands and continents in the Atlantic
and Indian Oceans, with whoso Floras I sh.all have to
do this evening, are represented more truly in position
than in a Mercator's or other projection ; but on the
other hand, that the bounding countries of the chart are
much distorted. These islets are the Madoiran,
Canarian, Azorean, and Capo ^ de Verd groups ; St.
Helena, and Ascension — all in the Atlantic ; and
Kerguelen's Land in the South Indian Ocean.

Let us commence with the Atlantic Ocean and the
Madoiran group, consisting of Madeira, Porto Santo,
and the rocks called Dezertas.

On landing wo are at once struck with the Furopean
character of the vegetation, and though e.xntic )ilants
abound, as some Palms, the Orange, lianana. Sugar
Cane, &c., it is \vonderful with what ease wo distin-
guish between tho indigenous or naturalised European
element, and the cultivated and semi-naturalised
exotic.

But though the vegetation is European in the main,
it is not .so nltosether, and oven its European features
soon arrange themselves in a botanist's eye under
different categories, very much as follows: — The
majority, including almost if not all the annuals, we
find to be identical with European plants, and un-
distinguishable from them ; others dilTer from European
plants by slight but certain characters, as varieties we
say; a third class are specifically different from
European, and yet seem to hold a place corresponding
to what their nearest allies occupy in Europe — these
are representative species; and a fourth class comprises
plants that are evidently allied to European, but
belong to difl'erent genera— these constitute represen-
tative gener,a.

Now, it is a curious fact, that when we tabulate
these classes, we find that to a 'great extent they form
a graduated series, not only in systematic order and
structure, but in point of numbers ; in other words,
the plants identical with those of Europe are both the
most numerous in species, and the species are
most uumerons in individuals : then come the
varieties — some are scarcely perceptibly different
from European plants, others constantly, and
these are less numerous and less common. Then
come the distinct species : of these some would be
called varieties by many botanists, and others good
species by all ; these are still less common. Lastly, of
the different genera, some constitute what all botanists
call a good genus, others would, with some botanists,
take rank as slight modifications of European genera;
these are both the fewest in number and most local
in distribution, many indeed being confined to single
spots, or even represented by single plants.

So much for the European element of the Flora.

Take now the separate islets of the group : Porto Santo
is only 30 miles from Madeira itself, and the nearest of
the Dezertas IS ; yet we find that these islets not only
differ materially in their Floras from the main i.sland,
but from one another, in species, varieties, and even
in genera.

On penetrating to the rocky and precipitous interior,
whether of the main island or the smaller, we find many
indigenous trees and shrubs, that are not only foreign
to Europe, but are allied to American, to African, and to
Asiatic plants : thus we have trees of Clethra and
Persea, genera found in no continent but America ;
of Apollonias and others found elsewhere on a conti-
nent only In the East Indies ; and of Dracaena and
Myrsine, that betray an African affinity. As these
non-European plants inhabit the Canaries and Azores
also, they have been called Atlantic types, under
which name I shall speak of them.

Lastly, when we ascend the mountains of Madeira
above 1000 feet and up to their summits (6000), we
find little or none of that replacement of Ihe species of
a lower level by those of a higher northern latitude, with
which we are so familiar in ascending any continental
mountains of equal or less height. Plants become fewer
and fewer as we ascend, and their places are not
taken by boreal ones, or by but very few.

Here then are various botanical features, in respect
of which Madeira and its satellite islands, Porto Santo
and the Dezertas, differ very much from continental
areas of equal extent and elevation, or from islands
lying near the coasts of a continent, the Floras of
which are therefore continental.

Let us take Great Britain as a standard of com-
parison. Great Britain contains twice as many flower-
ing plants as the Madoiran group ; but these are, with
scarcely an exception, identical with continental Euro-
pean ; it contains but few vaneties differing from those
of the neighbouring continent, and only one indige-
nous non-European genus, which is an American water
plant. Morever, on ascending above 2000 feet, a rapid
replacement of species succeeds.

And so it is with any other corresponding area in
Europe : none present a similar assemblage of Asiatic
and American plants, nor an equal number of peculiar
varieties, species, and genera, as the Madoiran group does,
nor so many peculiar plants represented by so very few
specimens ; and nowhere do we find the rocky islets on
the coast of a continent to be tenanted by numerous
singular genera, species, and varieties, which are to be
found nowhere else on the surface of the globe. What
should we say, for instance, if a plant so totally unlike

anything British as the Monizia edulis (an Umbelli-
ferous plant, with a stem like an inverted elephant's
trunk, crowned withahuf;e tuft of Parsley-like foliage),
were i'ound on one rocky islet of thoS(ullys, or another
ITmbclliferous plant (Melanoselinum) with a slender
trunk like a Palm, on ono mountain of Wales; or if
the Islo of ^V'ight and Scilly Islands had varieties,
species, and genera too, differing from anything in
Britain, and found nowhere else in the world !

Of all the above peculiarities, it is those very
rare and local plants that are isolated as genera,
anil in geographic distribution, that arrest the
inquirer's attention and force him to speculate.
Wo must ask ourselves, were those almost unique
isolated individuals created as complete highly
sj)ecialised organisms, or are they modifications of allied
plants, owing their strange forms and special attributes
to centrifugal variation operating through countless
ages ? and however they h.ave originated, are we to
regard these solitary representatives of such strange
forms of vegetation as the first of their several races,
destined, mayhap, to increase, and become in future as
common as they are now rare ; or the last of their
races, which, but for the rapid adv.ance of modern
science, would have passed away, along with those
countless forms of animal and vegetable life that once
peopled the globe, but whoso forms and structures will
never tie revealed to us?

Considerations which I cannot hero enter into
warrant our belief that such plants on oceanic islands
are, like the savages which in many cases have been so
long the sole witnesses of their existence, the last
representatives of their several races ; and the question
involuntarily arises— How did this come about'?

Excluding the direct agency of man, and of animals
introduced hy man, I believe that a principal cause of
the rarity or extinction of old species on oceanic
islands is the subsidences they have all experienced.
This sinking of the island operates in various ways.
1. It reduces the number of spots suitable to the
habits of the plant. 2. It accelerates that struggle
for existence which must terminate in the more hardy
or more prolific displacing the less hardy or less
prolific. 3. It reduces both the numbers and kinds of
insects to whose activity the fertilising process in
plants, and hence their propagation, is so largely due;
and not only does it reduce the numbers and kinds of
insects, but the destruction falls heaviest on the winged
kinds, which, as has lately been shown, are almost
exclusively the agents in this process; for these, as the
area becomes contracted, are blown out to sea
and lost in greater proportion than the wingless.
Nor is this mere conjecture. Mr. Wollaston's
careful entomological resea.rches in Madeira and the
Canaries prove that winged insects exist in wonderfully
smaller proportions to wingless, in these islands, than
on the contments, and I can extend this observation to
all the oceanic islands that I have visited.

But in Madeira the agency of man must not be
overlooked. The natural history of that lovely island
has undergone such a revolution within the last
400 years, as under the ordinary operations of Nature
can only be measured by the geological chronometer.
In the romantic story of its first discovery, it is stated
to have been covered with wood, whence its Portuguese
name of Madeira, and this is confirmed by the first
settlers, who found the forests to bo impenetrable, so
that they set fire to them, and a conflagration ensued
which lasted seven years. Cultivation and the intro-
duction of European trees followed ; and who now can
form a conception of the number of peculiar plants
that utterly perished in the flames, or that have since
been elbowed out by the more vigorous introduced
European vegetation ? And with regard to Porto
San*o, in about the year 1413 a mother rabbit and her
brood were landed, and increased so rapidly, that they
not only consumed the native vegetation, but the
cultivated, and actually drove the settlers from the
island.

Such catastrophes help us to account for the rarity
of many of the species, but not of those that inliabit
the tremendous .scarped precipices of the coast and
interior, which are equally inaccessible to man and
fire ; nor of those of tho outlying islets. For such, and
for the presence of the Laurels and other plants of the
Atlantic island ty]5e, as contradistinguished from
European, we must seek other and far different
explanations, which we shall best understand after
visiting other oceanic islands.

{To he. Contiuntd.)

Home Correspondence.

Oitriffhim macranthtim. — The various articles which
have appeared in the Oardeners' Chronicle under this
heading seem to render confusion worse confounded,
and Oncidium mncranthum runs a risk of being con-
sidered a myth. With all due deference to Mr. Skinner,
whose services to horticulture no one more fully ap-
preciates than I do, the Oncidium macrauthum has
conical pseudobulbs 3 to 4 inches in length, sometimes
separated one from the other it is true, but generally
grouped together, and as these latter are more easily
preserved, they are selected in preference by my
collector. On the other h.and, Odontoglossum corona-
rium has flat rounded bulbs of a brownish colour,
separated often one from the other by rhizomes a foot
in length, and of the thickness of a quill. As to the
"noticeable fact " mentioned by the writer of the article
at p. 1245, 18BB, he might have seen, by consulting the
two last catalogues of my sales, that Mr. Stevens copied
in the second that which had been said in the first with
reference to this Oncidium maoranthum. Now it
happened bj; chance that between the two sales
a new consignment of the same Orchid arrived,
and in better condition than tlio preceding one,
and this explains how it was that the last sale
was enriched by some t«n lots (;»»« rliznme).

which were sold for a mere song in consequonco of tho
doubts that arose among the amateurs present. In
order to reassure purchasers, I consider it iny duty to
declare that tho Ornddium macrauthum sent by me to
Stevens' are not only true, but that they belong to tho
most brilliant variety of that most n'oblo species, a
variety wdiiidi I have called var. hastifornm. I declare
moreover that 1 guaranleo all tho jilants sold under
that name, as also tliose under that of Odontoglcssum
coronariiim, and that I am ready to indemnify liberally
those who may have reason to complain. I cannot,
any more than Mr. Skinner, prevent tho errors that
occasionally occur in tho case of imported Orchids, but
those errors can only occur in species having a great
resemblance in their pseudobulbs, and which, collected
in the same locality by the collector, and sent in good
faith under the .same name, turn out to belong to dif-
ferent species, and sometimes even to different genera.
Between such an accident and wilful fraud there is a
vast difference, and an imputation of the latter would
be very culpable. It is, Vi say the lea.st, strange that the
writer of the article quoted upholds the authority of
Mr. Skinner, while the sales took place under the re-
sponsibility of a name identified for the last thirty years
with the Orchids of the Cordilleras and Andes, and
who had discovered and published in the " Pescatorea,"
the Odontoglossum coronariam above referrr.d to.
This should not have been forgotten befttre entering
upon a disiMission s<i disagreeable for him on account
of whom the plants were sold. I will add that a spe-
cimen of Oncidium macracthurn is now in bud with
me, and that those who are incredulms may soon be
convinced d^ visit. Oncidium diadema and Phalsenop-
sis, as well as Odontoglossum eristatum and oirrhosum,
are flowering with me at this time, and they prove the
accuracy of the drawin'js sent by my collector Wallis.
./. Linden, Brussels, Decemher 30. — Th^re is an old
saying that " the proof of a pudding is in the eating ; "
and on this authority we are justified in stating that,
whatever some of the plants sold by Linden at Stevens'
Rooms for Oncidium maoranthum may be, all are not
true. We bought one as 0. maeranthum, with a
smooth conical bulb ; it is now in bloom, and is not
O. maeranthum, but (apparently) 0. serratum, a
species nearly allied in habit, but with totally different
flowers. Another plant sold as Odontoglossum cirr-
hosiim, for which we paid 6^., proves only a poor
variety of Oncidium cueuUatum. We do not infer
that others, sold under these names, were also neces-
sarily wrong, but we wish to show that names are not
always to lie trusted. AVe may add that none of the
plants sent home to us by our collector from Ecuador,
have the long rhizome (causing a space of many inches
Ijetween the bulbs) which "J. H." regards as a cha-
racter of the true O. maeranthum, if we understand
him correctly. On the contrary, they have compressed
semi-pellucid bulbs, in one row certainly, but con-
tiguoas if not actually in contact. Along with these
plants an excellent coloured drawing from Nature was
sent, wdiich was at once identified by Professor
Reiehenbach as O. maeranthum. It is only fair to M.
Linden to say that some of the plants sold by him as
tliis species, appear exactly to resemble those sent by
our own collector, so far as we are able to judge. As to
Odontoglossum coronarium, we feel little fear in
expressing a conviction that not one of the plants sold
for that species is really so ! We believe that they
will all prove to be O. brevifolium, which vve have also
received from our collector, along with dried specimens
and coloured drawings, accepted by Professor Reiehen-
bach as being that species. These have a long space
between the bulbs (4 to 6 inches). We have several
other plants evidently belonging to the same group,
but ditifering speoiflcally one from another, which have
the same kind of elongated rhizomes. It is, we think,
unwise to speculate on these till they actually bloom
and declare themselves ; but we have seen enough to
satisfy us that we are as yet only as it were on the
threshold of knowledge, both with regard to the
distinguishing characters of the species comprising the
Cyrtochilian Oncids (in which group O. maoranthum
stands) and of the section of the genus Odontoglossum,
which is so near akin to it in style of growth. Patience
will reveal much, and we may briefly state that it will
not (apparently) have to be severely strained in regard
to the plant we have imported as Oncidium maeran-
thum, as one of these already shows a. flower stem.
Jas. Backhouse ^ Sou, York.

Downton Castle Earbj Dwarf Cabbage.— Knoviius
something of this Cabbage for some years back, I felt
interested in the question put by " E. W." (see p. 1194,
1866), and was pleased to notice a reply at p. 1249 of
the same volume. It is obvious that the gist of your
correspondent "' H. D. M.'s " remarks is to give the
Cabbage a good character. I am glad of this, for it
deserves it ; though I believe in the case in question
its earliness is a good deal over-rat«d. I confess to
being puzzled at the description given of its com-
parative merits, and I must say even startled at the
solution given of the vexed question — occasional rogues
a-mong Cabbage and Broccoli. I presume when
"H. D. M." describes his Cabbage as having "pure
white heads," he means hearts, else either he or othera
must have the wrong variety. Further, if it came in
with"H. D. M." three weeks before Cattell's Dwarf
Barnes' and Improved Nonpareil, I would expect it
tobereadyatleast four weeks before IheEnfield Market.
I have not before heard of these three excellent varieties
I'oming in together under the same treatment, but am
I to understand that the existence of roL'ues— I hope
not Kale and Late Broccoli such as "E W." com-
plains of— in our finest and most carefully selected
varieties of Broccoli and Cabbage is attributable to
" the high state of hybridisation and delicate constitu-
tion of many of our new varieties of vegetables >" A
comfortable line of argument this for our seedsmen,
who need not therefore in future be particular about
the purity of their .stocks. For my own part I would

8

THE GAUDEKEfiS* CHE0NICL£ j\K1) AGlilGUl/fURAL GAZETTE,

[Janitaet 5, 1867.

much sooner ascrlbS SUoh results to a very low or loose
state of hybridisation than to high. Perhaps "H.D.M."
would consent for the benefit of tyros like myself, to
explain what he means by "high hybridisation," and
how it affects its productions, as in the case of this
Cabbage, years after they are given to the world with
fixed specific characters. A Suhsenb^r.

Trees struck by Lightning. — The following sentences,
extracted frona page 143, vol. 3, of a leading work on
Electricity, by Professor De la Rive, of Geneva, may
perhaps interest your readers :— " With regard to the
great mechanical effects that are produced by lightning,
such as the overthrow of walls, the projection afar of
Very massive blocks of stone, and other things of the
same kind, more or less remarkable by the singular
circumstances which they sometimes present, they are
the consequence of the species of explosion that the
electric discharge brings about whenever it is obliged
to traverse badly conducting bodies, through which it
cannot be transmitted except by destroying their
molecular structure, that is to say, by breaking them,
splitting theni, or causing them to burst. It sometimes
happens when bodies, such as stones, are moist:
then those effects are due to the expansive force of
the steam engendered by the heat of the discharge ;
this in particular is what takes place when trees are
struck. Most frequently their trunks and their
jjranches are divided into thin laths, sometimes even
into very fine filaments, in the direction of the fibres,
ivithout any trace of carbonisation ; but all these
fragments are perfectly dry, the filaments remain ad-
herent to the base of the trunk, or are dispersed in a
thousaud diHerent directions; all these effects are
evidently due to the passage of the discharge through
the moist portions of the tree, and to the vaporisation
of the water that results from it." It must remain for
someone more learned than I am in the phenomena of
the growth of trees, to venture an opinion whether the
splits produced by a slight discharge of lightning on
a tree would, or would not, be closed again in time. In
a large plantation like that mentioned by Mr. Scott
(see p. 1246, 1366), might not some tall trees— Pines,
for instance, be left to act as conductors, to protect,
for a time at least, the smaller trees? S. S. ff.,
Unjield Chase.

Fruiting of tlie Lanrm nobilis (the Bay).—\ beg to
forward you examples of Sweet Bay, Laurus nobilis, in
fruit. The male plant is growing about 500 yards from
the female, and on ground considerably above the
latter, to assist the fertilising of the female flowers. A
branch of the male, while in full bloom, was placed
in the branches of the female, also in bloom, a fair crop
of berries is the result ; had the two plants been nearer
each other the crop of berries must have been greater.
Do you not consider that the male plant answers to
the known variety of old authors, as Laurus nobilis var.
salicifolia, the female of the same authors being Lau-
rus nobilis var. undtilata? Thefemale is growing about
60 feet above the sea level, and does well, being sheltered
from strong sea gales. All the varieties of Myrtles do
well near the sea, if sheltered a little. I have not been
able to fertilise the Myrtles (Myrtus), and no doubt
you will observe that some of the berries of the Bay are
abortive. Wm. OreensUelds, The Gardens, Cuhean
Castle, Ayrshire. [We do not remember to have seen
the Bay in fruit in this country before; neither of the
specimens forwarded correspond to the varieties
mentioned. — Eds.]

Black Potato.— On taking up my Potatos this year,
I found one plant that produced round tubers of good
size perfectly black, both outside and in. These boil
verj- mealy, but I am afraid to eat them in case they
are unwholesome. Can you kindly inform me whether
or not such is the case, and by what appellation they
go? The set came to me among some that I obtained
for seed of a white sort, but the person who supplied
my seed can afford me no information about the black
kind ju question, not even where it came from.
Amateur. [The black Potato (black both inside and
outside), IS an old and now somewhat scarce variety
It was grown in the Royal Horticultural Gardens at
Chiswick as long back as the year 1832, prior to the
appearance of the Potato disease ; it used to be culti-
vated in several places in Aberdeenshire, where it was
frequently sent to table and used as other Potatos are.
It IS quite wholesome, and indeed very good to eat, the
colour being the only objection that can be urged
against it. It is known under the names of Black
Potato, Black Nigger or Negro, and Black Bob.]

Propagating Vines from JStjes.—\. For this purpose
when should the eyes be cut from the Vines? 2.
Should I cut a portion of the wood off along with the
eyes ? 3. In what soil and to what depths should they
be plunged? 4. When should I commence forcing the
eyes, and what sized pots should I place them in ?
A Sampshire Amateur. [1. The eyes may be cut
from the Vines at any time after the wood is thoroughly
ripened ; the general practice is to secure them when
the Vines are pruned, selecting the cuttings and lay-
ing them in by their ends in some damp soil until they
are wanted ; i. e. if the Vines are pruned before the
middle of January, which is the best time for putting
in the eyes. Eyes from the earliest ripened Vines are
the best. 2. It is necessary to cut a small portion of
wood off with the eye— say about an inch in length,
leaving the eye or bud in the 'centre. 3. Use soil com-
posed of about one-half turfy loam and one-half leaf-
mould or peat in a rather fine condition, together with
a liberal mixture of sand. Place the eyes in the pots
at a depth just sufficient to enable them to be covered
with soil. 4. The middle of January is the best time
to start Vine eyes, and that should be done in a good
brisk bottom-heat. Use small 3-inch or 60-sized pots
to pot them in, and only place one eye in each pot.]

tTn,wiind Apples. — My little orchard produced well
last year. This year however the Apples, though
perfectly sound outside, prove on removing the rind to
be completely decayed. As I do not find that my neigh-

bours are suffering the same disappointment, I con-
clude that the cause is a local one. My gardener attri-
butes it to the slaking of Hme, which has been going on
all the Slimmer, in consequence of some alterations
which I am making in my dwelling-house. This idea
is strengthened by the fact that the fruit of the two
trees nearest the spot where the operation has been
carried on have suffered most, while those at the other
side of the orchard are comparatively sound. Hanwell's
Souring, the Apple which exhibits the greatest decay,
has been hitherto found to keep particularly well. Will
you kindly give your opinion on the subject, for if it is
proved that Apples suffer from the cause just men-
tioned, the fact ought to be known in order that
precautions in like circumstances may be taken in
time to prevent the mischief. JE. B. [The speci-
mens sent were, as stated, " sound outside,"
but on removing the rind they were found to be to
some extent decayed. We scarcely think that the
slaking of lime would cause the evil ; which does not
seem to us to differ from the "dry rot," which usually
affects Apples when they are kept beyond their proper
seasons, except that it is somewhat darker in colour.
We have tried the effect of fumes of hoi lime on
Apples, by holding some over them, and they did not
injure the fruit in the least. The waxy coating of the
skin of the Apple seems to be sufficiently powerful to
resist any outward influences, short of actual bruises.
The scattered brown s|)ots, which are so common in
the flesh of Apples, are always indicated by a little dis-
coloration in the cuticle, which is not the case here,
and we therefore doubt .whether the present affection
is precisely the same. Many complain that Apples do
not keep well this year. Our own Apples, however,
never kept so well, which we attribute to letting them
hang longer than usual, and to the dryness of our soil.]

Tf""e?/i«<7<on!ra (see pp.1192, 1222, 1866.)— Mr. Wilkie's
(Phcenix Park) best specimen of Wellingtonia, planted
in April, 1857, now measures in height 16 feet 7 inches,
girth of trunk at base, 5 feet 6 inches ; circumference
of branches on ground, 40 feet. This is an exceedingly
well-furnished handsome plant. One at Knockmaroon
Lodge planted in 1856, then 9 inches, now measures
20 feet 9 inches high ; girth of trunk at base, 5 feet
2 inches; ditto at 3 feet from the ground, 2 feet
10 inches; and circumference of branches, widest part,
40 feet. Those two are looked upon as the largest in
the neighbourhood of Dublin. Another interesting
Conifer in Mr. Wilkie's collection may be worth
noting, viz.. Thuja gigantea, planted by the late Lord
Carlisle in 1858. It now measures in height 12 feet,
diameter of branches, widest part, 5 feet 6 inches,
supposed to be about the finest specimen in the
kingdom. D. P., Knockmaroon Lodge, near Dublin,

Weather in Scotland. — The last month of the
departed year was remarkable for mildness, high winds,
and rainfall. There was, as is to be expected, biting
cold winds during the month, which necessitated an
amount of artificial heat, even beyond the correspond-
ing fall of the thermometer out of doors. The fiuctua-
tions in this respect were so rapid—" cold winds "
alternating with ' genial breezes" and "heavy rains,"
that it required an unusual vigilance to maintain any-
thing like a steady temperature in tropical houses
•' overnight." The most astute " weather prophets "
were confounded at the unprecedented nature of the
season, and might be pardoned if even harbouring the
presentiment of a " perpetual spring." At the closing
hours of the dying year snow fell with a thermometer
standing at 33°, the cold increasing in rigour as it
continued. At midday on the 31st, instead of the
usual maximum to record, it was the minimum of 24°,
the thermometer falling steadily as the year waned
away. On " New Tear's Day," at regular minimum
reading time, 8 a.m., it had fallen to 12°, which
was the lowest temperature the thermometer fell to in
any month during the corresponding season of 1865-66.
By the way, however, I see on reference that it had
fallen once, and only once, on January 11 to 10°,
but the weather speedily changed, and its mildness
throughout was proverbial. The maximum of New
Year's Daj; was 19° ; the minimum and maximum of
the foUomng day was 10° and 18°; and this day
(Thursday) we have a minimum of 4° in the morning,
and at noon it has not yet reached 11°. We have now
all the appearances of a " set in " storm, probably
equalling in its severity the memorable season of
1860-61. Our thermometer at Meadow Bank is about
3 feet from the ground on the inside of a "north wall," a
pretty accurate one, agreeing in the main with the "read-
ings" at Bothwell Castle taken by Sir. TurnbuU,
who has been long a student in meteorological statistics.
I have not been able to compare notes with him this
season. Lying, as we both do, on the banks of fresh-
water Clyde at low level, we are likely to be as
" rigorously " dealt with as any locality in Scotland — at
least we were so during the severe season above
noticed. /. A.

Societies*

Natural History of Dublin : Dec 6.— Wm. Andrews, Esq.,
M.R.I, A., V.P., In the chair.— Dr. E. Perceval Wright, F.L.S.,
read a paper entitled " Notes of a Botanical Tour to the
Islands of Arran, County Galway." Dr. Wright first emime-
rated the list of species actually collected, for convenience of
reference using the nomenclature of the "Cybele Hibernica"
of Drs. Moore and A. G. More, the publication of which, though
too late in the year to do much for Irish botany, would, he
doubted not, mark a new era in the investigation of this sub-
ject. He next proceeded to mention those plants, which
might be considered remarkable or rare, or which had not as
yet been recorded, as found in the district marked VI., accord-
ing to the scheme adapted in the Cybele. Among theso ho
alluded to the Aquilegia vulgaris, found on the northern part of
the largo island; Helianthemum canum, Sedum Rhodiola,
Gentiana voiiia, of which nothing but the leaves remained ;
Solanum Dulcamara, Marrubium vulgare, Allium Babing-
tonii, found on all the islands, and very widely scattered
over the large islands ; Adiantum CapiUus-veneris, &,c.
Several common plants, siich as Sisymbrium officinale. Coch-

learia officinalis, Torilia nodosa, &c., were mentioned simply
to supply the deficiency in this respect in the Cybele. On the
exposed western side of the island many ordinarily met
with plants were remarkable for their peculiar stunted
growth. Thus the Samphire, which grow in the greatest
abundance, was found in full flower, and yet hundreds of
the plants ' were not more than 3 inches in height, and
plants of Sedum Rhodiola were met with scarcely more
than 2 inches in height. In all such cases the plants
were growing in the chinks between the stones. A dwarfed
condition of gi-owth was not, however, by any manner of
means the rule, for under favourable conditions fronds of
the Maiden-hair Fern were found 20 inches in length.
Specimens of Verbascum Thapsus were met with nearly
5 feet high, and in one instmce a cluster of that fine
Thistle, Silbyum marianum, was seen, three or four of the
flowering stalks of which were 5 feet 4 inches in height.
Dr. Wright next proceeded to contrast the Flora of the
Arran Islands vrith that of the coast of Clare, referring to Mr.
Foot's very interesting paper on the Burren Flora, in the
" Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy," for this pui-pose,
and suggested that the general affinity of the Flora was rather
to the Clare than to the Galway coast. This would at first
sight be expected, seeing that Arran is, geologically Speaking,
but an extension of Clare. Almost every plant met with on
the islands is met with in the Burren district, and vice versa,
whereas many plants are met with in the Connemara district

which are not found either in Clare or Arran. Mr. Foot

recorded the existence of Hymenophyllum Wilsoni and H.
tunbridgense on Slieve Anierin Mountain, in the county

of Leitrim, which lies at the east side of Lough Allen.

Dr. Moore showed specimens of Eriophorum alpinum,
which had been found growing in considerable abundance on
the north margin of Gurthavabra Lake, three miles west
of Millstreet, county Cork, last October, by H. J. Byder, Esq.
The specimens were sent to Dr. Moore by Mr. Sullivan,
of the Queen's College, Cork, who received them
from the discoverer, Mr. Ryder. Dr. Moore con-
sidered this the most interesting plant which has been
added to the Irish Flora for many years. Hitherto the
only habitats known for it in the British Isles are two, both of
which are in Scotland, one near Forfar, the other in Suther-
landshlre. In the former it has disappeared, in consequence
of the lakes being drained where it grew. The new Irish
locility will, therefore, be looked on with much interest by
British botanists. In Lapland and Norway it grows on low
bogs and marshes, and in De Candolle's " Botanicum
Gallicum," it is stated to grow in " paludosis vosgesorum
Jurassi Alpium," ifcc. The county Cork station is, therefore,
intermediate, though the most westerly in Europe. It is also
found in North America. Dr. Moore also stated that another
plant of nearly equal interest had been discovered during the
present year in the north of Ireland, the Sweet Flag, Acorus
Calamus. The discovei-y of this plant is due to Mr. Stewart,
of Belfast, who has of late years investigated _the plants in
his neighbourhood with much ability and diligence. Dr.
Moore had seen the plant last September growing in great
profusion in the Lurgan Canal, between Lisbum and Moira,
where Mr. Stewart discovered it. Its principal habitats in
the British Isles are the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, but
Mr. W. Wilson, the learned muscologist, had pointed it out to
Dr. Moore in September of last year growing near Warrington,
in Lancashire. It is one of the plants which has hitherto
been supposed not to have crossed the Irish Channel in its
geographical range of distribution.

Notice? of a^oofes*

Salices U^uropecB, recensuii et descripsit Dr. Fredericus
Wimmer. 8vo, pp. 228. Breslau. 1866. (Williams
and Norgate.)
In this volume a description of the species of this
most diflScult and perplexing genus is given, the
student being further assisted by analytical tables, as
well as by detailed accounts of the morphology, biology,
and geographical distribution of the species. Many of
the so-called species our author considers to be hybrid
forms. As the result of nearly 40 years' study this is a
valuable contribution to our knowledge of the subject,
though, as regards British species, the labours ofBorrer
and Leefe are wholly ignored. But if the author has
not availed himself of the labours of our English
writers, neither will he (or his publishers) allow our
students to make use of his observations, at least in
their own vernacular, as we learn from the announce-
ment, that " versio in sermonem germanicum, gallicum,
et anglicum non est permissa."

BooES Heceived. — An Fssaij on Lew, by William
Charles Wells; edited by L. P. Casella, with an
Appendix by E. Strachan. (Longmans.) Meteorolo-
gists will gladly welcome a new edition of this remark-
able treatise, which in spite of certain modifications
rendered necessary by the progress of science, remains
a model of experimental reasoning. The present
editors have done their best to supply the "certain
modifications" above referred to, without interfering
with the original text. The experiments of Professor
Tyndall, and especially those that tend to prove the
power of aqueous vapour, visible or invisible, to absorb

radiant heat, receive due attention in the Appendix.

Bulletin de la Federation des Societes d' Horticulture
de Belgique, 1865. Gand, 1866. 8vo, pp. 510. The
greater portion of this volume is taken up with
business details, but the reader will find in the latter

Sortion of the book a treatise on the forest trees of
lelgium, wild or cultivated— a complete list is given of
the trees and shrubs found in Belgian woods, accom-
panied by analytical tables, descriptive details,
indications of the uses to which the trees in question
mav be put, and other serviceable information, among
which we may specially mention a table, by the means
of which the observer may determine the species

during the winter season.- Icones ad Floram Furopce

novofundamento instaurandum spectantes, Auctoribus
Alexi Jordan et Juho Fourreau. (Williams &
Norgate.) The publication of a series of well
executed and carefully-drawn plates must always
command the thanks of botanists, though, as in the
case before us, the gratitude must be qualified by regret
that so much labour and talent should not have been
bestowed in departments more urgently requiring their
exercise than the critical plants of France. However
trustworthy the cultural experiments of Mr. Jordan,
however correct his inferences therefrom, the majority
of botanists will demur to the purchase of so costly a
work as the present, if it is to be devoted to the illus-

jANriKT 8, 15C7.]

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

tration of forms so little difl'erent, if al all. from well-
known siiecics. The method followed by Mr. Jordan
is to cultivate for a length of time the several " critical "
plants under as nearly as po.ssible similar conditions,
and thus, hy cliniinatin;,' llioso features which are the
effect of ac(;idcu(:il causes or of individual variation, to
establish what he considers the true specific forms.
The plates are in large Uo, engraved on copper, and

(■(doiu'ed by hand. The Nu/itra!if;t\'i Nufe Buok

(1, llacquet Court, Fleet Street). A first number of
a new periodical has been issued under this name.
It consists almost entirely of a series of extracts from
scientific books and periodicals, among w hich latter our
owncolunuis have been laid under contribution. The
compiler h:i.s evidently studied the interests of all
cla^sses, as liis selection is very v.aried, and the ]>ubli-
cation, if carried out spiritedly, is likely to prove useful.

Looking back at the New Flowehs of tlie
past year, or rather to that section of them generally
denominated Florists' Flowers, one is struck
with the number of the claimants for popular
favour that have been produced. While it proves how
much of skilful enterprise and apidication is being
annually put forth among us in order to bring up to
" higher levels " yet, the standard of perfection to which
the llorist has already attained, it also shows the great
necessity there is for a competent tribunal like that of
the Floral Committee of the Royal Horticultural
Society to sit in judgment on new flowers, so as to give
to the outer world of Floriculture some generally
applicable rules by which they can select what is good,
■which is invariably the smallest part; and show
what portion is not up to the present level of clearly
ascertained excellence. It seems like " turning back
the dial finger of Time " to advance a single position to
show the need for such a tribunal, but there are such
things as intenselystubborn prejudices, and'Floriculture

full and high ; there is plenty of substance and good
riuality combined. Attraction will produce a splendid
spike for exhibition purpo.ses, though the individual
flowers are not so large as the foregoing. The colour
is of a delicate rosy pink, suffused with a silvery hue
that makes it a beautiful sliado of colour. Lord I'al-
merston, a lively shade of rose, lia.s large showy
Mowers, which look grand when combined in a spike,
but wants more comp.a,ctness in the individual flowers.
The spike of this variety exhibited by Mr. Cliater was
a little too far advanced in bloom, or had been injured
in travelling. Messrs. Lownie, Laird & Laing's flowers
I have not seen ; but as James Anderson, bright rosy
lilac ; Mrs. Hastie, bright rosy peach ; and William
Thomson, glowing rosy scarlet, received First-class
C'ertificates at one of the Edinburgh shows ; and John
Downie, bright rosy salmon, a Second-cla.'ss Certificate
at the same ; and considering that our northern friends
are by no means either bad growers or inditferent
judges of the Hollyhock, we may feel sure these flowers
possess more than ordinary merits.

The Hyacinth has received valuable accessions
during the past year. Sir Henry Havelock is of a
bright plum purple, darker than Haydn, but yet
having more vividness about it ; it also has a dark
stripe on each segment of the flowers. When the
flowers are full.v developed, they acquire a bright gloss,
and this, combined with the bells being very evenly
reflexed, gives it a very handsome appearance.
Vunxbaak is a splendid addition to that somewhat
vague class the "single reds." The colour is a deep rosy
crimson, but yet of a very bright and lively shade, and
each segment of the bells has a lighter edge of colour.
The spike is large and closely set with bells, and

hive may be remarkable for irascibility r„r a consider-
able period. M hen bees are hut little visited they
arc usually more ill-tempered, or they sometimes are
a Ic.-ted by real or supposed injuries, and seem to retain
llie i-eroikTiion lor a considerable period It is by no
ineaiis nimsual for cottagers to assert that their bees are
ol a iieculiar ,y excellent breed. Sometimes it is that
they are smaller and more active, and at other times
e.xactly the reverse; but wo have never been able to
discover the slightest real dilference.

The bleak character of your country may be a cause
of your bees being ill-tempered, and you ni.ay find
after the lapse of another year, that vour more peace-
able hives may have become as bad as their neighbours

Y'ith regard to the position of your apiary, it would
be better if more sheltered by the dwelling-house. As
to the aspect, you do not mention what is the direction
of the prevailing wind, so we cannot inform jou ; but
it IS usually better to turn entrances away" from it
from whatever quarter it may blow. '

For ascertaining the quantity of stored food you
must weigh the hives, and after allowing five o'r six
pounds for the weight of the hive and combs, feed up
to about 20 lbs. at the end of October. For a simple
kind of hive you may refer to some of our earlier
articles on this subject.]

Bemoiing Hires— I find myself under the necessity
of removing nearly the whole of ray bees to another
part of the garden, and I should feel obliged by your
informing me whether (as they have not left the hive
for some time) it would be safe to move them without
first taking the precaution of sending them to a dis-

_ _ , tance, which, of course, involves considerable trouble.

though the segments are long and pointed they reflex Arthur Maw.

well, and when reflexed give the spike a very symme- 1 [^^'i^ 'c^'' that if you move your bees in the way you

trical appearance. Bird of Paradise is a good addition | P™r'>se, on the first fine day numbers will return to

to the " single yellows." Opening somewhat pale in
colour, it inverts the order of some of the common
kinds and deepens in colour with age rather than

cannot yet be credited with having entirely thrown off' diminishes; the bells are large, and form a good spike,
this antagonistic face. | These three received First-class Certificates, and Mr.

The task of the reviewer of a long list of " new . Paul must be congratulated on three of his half dozen
flowers of the year " is a somewhat diliicult one, ' new flowers receivint; lliis high award. Princess Mary
because so much interested prejudice will naturally of Cambridge has spike and bells both so large in size
enough be evoked, but as the writer made notes of the as to exhibit a want of a symmetrical finish. The colour
flowers treated of at the time they were exhibited, i is very pale blue with a streak of azure blue on each

and sought also what collateral information respectin.^
the merits of the flowers could be obtained, he may lay
claim to be heard with respect, and at least partial
approbation.

New varieties of Auriculas are
queutly ; and this is natural enoiv

segment, the bells are well reflexed, and it forms an
enormous spike,
addition to the '

their old stands. For our own part, we should prefer
sending them away to a distance until March ; or you
may move them a few feet at a time at short intervals.
Still we would not assert that any very great damage
would necessarily accrue from present removal, pro-
vided the bees remain quiescent for a considerable
time.]

Garden Memoranda.

Royal Gardens, Fbogsiore.— By getting up very

j Snowball, and has most undoubtedly a stronger J* prom
produced very infre- ' constitution. The colour is pure waxy white, the i,pforp vonr^'
[h in a slow-growing bells are very large and of fine substance, and the spike hoynnH the rr

Mrs. James Cutbush is a magnificent fw'f'l'^.Vw""2™'"iv1^'''°^ ^}T"^h clouds^of'fog to
'single whites." It is suplrior to tlie^f^ft^jestern Station, and breakfasting a Slough,

^ ■ „Z I.l™ the plea.sure of seeing the Lucuha in full beauty

, one very dreary morning last week,

.« o.„..-^ s „...„„.....,.„.„>.. o .uu».aucB, .uu tue sp.Kc WnnH >!,„ „"'™' ^T''^'"':^-'' """'1 }"'''^, Ventured

plant 6f this character that has already reached a very , isquiteimposing; indeed I think it the very finestof the fuLT„-.,r "'^.8'? °' "^f ^""'■*- ^ lovely plant is
high stage of perfection. While the edged and self large-belled single wdiite varieties. Orion, single blue, ?bisY""'^Sra"^^""f.T''i'^° 8™™="* it is here, form-
flowers are comparatively stationary, the Alpines are ' is of a deep violet purple, but having a glossy plum- "J';u„„ ^e glossy bush, bearing scores of trusses, many
being improved with great success. Those produced ' coloured hue suffused over it. The hells are large and " Vl I ti ^'f^'li"'^, ■«^i-'""'° m',"'^ '^ delicate rose,
in ISGC were of the Alpine clas.s, and were productions ' well-formed, and it may well be termed a novel and ?."!' ^"f * ^^, '"" '"^^'i*-'^ °' }^^y- The wonder is, that
of Mr. Turner. The two named below were both | fine variety. Mary, single white, is a remarkably good "'s not to be seen in pertection at Christmas wher-
flow'ers of first-class properties, and received the highest ' variety in the way of Queen of the Netherlands, as
awards that could be conferred. Defiance is a violet | regards colour, but the bells are not so large, or the
flower of a somewhat peculiar hue, having a rich dark petals so stout: it obtains a pleasing waxy whiteness,
sbadinj;, the pips large, very stout, and well formed ; and it would rank high were there not so many of the
Victorious is of a kind of crimson chocolate, with a single white flowers of its own style. I think that it
strong dash of brightness that makes it very attractive; may truly be said that the average quality of the new
the pips are large and well formed, and it has a con- [ Hyacinths of 180G was much beyond the average of
spicuous pale yellow centre. I presume these will not , those of 18Gi or 18G5. Jl. D.
yet be ofl'ere 1 to the public. i (To he Continued.)

Of the new Azaleas I select three varieties that I .^^.^___^^____

ever there is sufficient glass, for it is, on the whole,
the loveliest of Christmas flowers, taking efl'ect, fra-
grance, and beauty, into consideration. The sure way
to grow it well is to plant it out in a nice bed of peat
and loam, slightly enriched and free, of course, and to
allow it the benefit of as much light as the house will
admit of. Here it is planted in the rather high pit of
the first ho.ise you enter in the long range ; the top rises
to quite near the glass, and it is almost covered with
noble heals of flower, of which 100 or so are annually
cut for in door decoration at Christmas. Doubtless
many who fail to make a decent hand of this plant
in pots, might succeed by planting it out thus, and
Vaeiation in Breed of Bees.— I commenced nothing is more worthy of a trial than a thing which
bee-keeping with one hive, that was procured from a comes in so magnificently at this festive season, when
farmer in the vicinity. I have had the stock for two floral beauties are so much appreciated because of their
years, during the whole of which time the bees have ' very scarcity.

been so savage as to make it very difficult for me to j The day is so miserably wet that it is impossible to
approach their vicinity. Even without my attempting enjoy an j thing out of doors, and therefore we will step
to disturb them they would at once attack and sting : with Mr. Murray through his excellent forcing depart-
me without warning. I was informed that this breed ments, and first into the Cucumber houses, in which
of bees are noted for being good workers, but that they j are capital crops. It is worth while to note that the

^f Slptari).

think the cream of the wdiole: viz.. Her Majesty, a
very beautiful sport from Madame Miellez, the colour
being pure rosy lilac, edged wdth white, the upper
petals blotched and spotted with crimson ; flower stout,
and of very fine substance, apparently a good free-
flowering variety. It was awarded a First-class Certi-
ficate. The stock of this is in the hands of Mr. Barnes,
of Camberwell. The remainder of the trio are
Charmer, a very pleasing shade of bright amaranth,
quite novel in colour, flowers of fine form and sub-
stance, free blooming, and of good habit ; and Vivid, a

very rich scarlet, bright and striking, with well-formed I „. „„^„ „„ - -, ., , . .

flowers of good substance, and a variety that will make are always of an extremely irascible disposition. A ! plants are not in level, rich soil, as might be desirable

a telling exhibition kind

Of Cinerarias I have seen nothing really first-rate
exhibited as seedlings. Messrs. F. & A. Smith have
catalogued a batch, but I have not seen any of them.
W'by this beautilul spring-flow-ering plant should
appear to be retrograding in public favour, I do not
know, unless it can be traced to its comparative
absence from the exhibition tent.

Chrysanthemums and Dahlias will be treated of in
due course by others: so I proceed to Hollyhocks,
merely stating in passing that several new Fuchsias
are promised, hut they have not been exhibited as
seedlings, and having only the growers' descriptions by
which to judge of their merits, I cannot particularise
them here. Both Mr. Chater and Messrs. Downie,
Laird, & Laing, have a batch of new Hollyhocks.
Some of Mr. Chater's flowers are very fine, although
it takes a good Hollyhock to mark an advance
on what we already possess, Speciosa, a kind of salmon-
buff colour suffused with rose, is a fine variety ; the
flowers are large, and very close and compact. Fred.
Chater is a pale yellow flower, tinted with buff, a very
fine variety ; flower.s large and full. Edward Speed is
an extremely novel flower, of a kind of pale purplish-
grey colour, in fact of a colour diflicult to define ;
flowers close and compact, and very free from an
inclination to come pockety. First-class Certificates
were awarded to the two first, and a Second-class
Certificate to the last. Nonpareil I take to be one of
the very best exhibition varieties that Mr. Chater has
produced for a stand of cut flowers. It was not
shown in such good condition at South Kensington
as it will be seen in next season ; the colour
is a rich dark maroon crimson with a dash of
purple in it, having a depth of colour of this
particular shade not before reached. The flowers are

gentleman living near told me that he had four stocks '. m summer, but on pyramidal little mounds of lumpy
of them from the same man, but they were so very bad- [ turf, which would seem to be quite open to the influ-
tempered that he was obliged to get rid of them, and i ence of the warm genial air of the house, and not liable
procure some bees from another quarter. These are of to become soddened or soured. Woodlice used to be a
a totally different nature, and will allow of their being , nuisance here ; and though the toads fattened on them,
meddled with almost with impunity. Having had the yet they used to feed too vigorously off the Cucumbers,
opportunity of doing'some little service for this gentle- So, to defeat them, they place a ring pan around the
man, he presented me with a fine stock of these bees, plant, filling the hollow with water, and then, by

I had two swarms from the hive this year, one of
which I lost : but the parent stock and its swarm are
still in my possession, and the bees are as different
from the others as is possible. They never attack me
at all, and I can do everything that is necessary with
them without any fear. Can you tell me if there is
any truth in the assertion that there is a great differ-
ence in the breeds of our British bees ?

The district in which I reside is a very bleak one in
the vicinity of an extensive strand of boggy ground,
which is being reclaimed from the sea. The wind
blows very hard up the valley and the sides of the hill
on which my house stands. The hives are pitched
about 30 feet in front of the house, with no protection
from any walls or hedge except a low hedge at the
back, which is no protection from the force of the pre-
vailing wind. Ought I to remove them to a more
sheltered spot, and what aspect would you recommend ?
I use common straw hives without windows, it is
therefore diflicult to determine the state of their
interiors. How'can I ascertain the quantity of stored
food there may be for the winter; and with how much,
and at what time should I supply them ? What kind
of simple hive, capable of easy management, and
requiring but a small amount of attention, would you
advise me to obtain ? Back Strand, Tramore.

[There is no difference in the bees commonly found
in Britain; but we have often noticed that a particular

packing the soil firm under the pan, the vermin are
completely excluded. Of course this protection is easily
slip])ed over the plant when young, and sits neatly on
the top of each little mound till the plants are thrown
away, and thus no woodlice ever get near them. The
wire-worm is entrapped by thrusting a Carrot into each
little mound, and pulling it out occasionally to destroy
the pest, which is greedily fond of a Carrot. To pass
by about a score of houses in various stages, some just
started, others full of Kidney Beans, i:c., it may be
related that there is a very healthy young Royal George
Peach in one of the houses, which was planted on the
13th of last May to fill a vacancy, was shaded for a fort-
night or so, and not only succeeded well, but has made
and ripened a capital growth.

The earliest crop of Seakale— a very large one— is
packed densely into the space of two or three feet wide,
between the back of a forcing-house and a low wall {ih
feet high or so), built about a yard away from it. There,
covered with leaf-mould and a board placed over, at
the level of the low wall, and that covered with about
18 inches of litter, it does freely enough; but the
forcing of Seakale is so simple a matter, that perhaps
this were better omitted. Some things are so easily
done that it is ridiculous to expatiate on what is
called their cultivation ; but with all, it is astonishing
how long it takes for good habits of culture and
forcing to penetrate into remote country places; and

10

THE GAEDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Januaet 5, 1867.

few
the

I have myseir frequently seen, within the past
years, tlie old-fashioned muddle of dragfimg all
obtainable manure on to the Seakale plot, whereas
by planting a little every year and taking up some and
forcing them in the many ways in which it may be smiply
done, considerable trouble would be saved,andthegardeu
freed from much untidiness. Asparagus is extensively
forced here by having pigeon-holed trenches sunk
between the beds, hot- water pipes in these, the trenches
covered with slabs, and the beds with wooden frames
when forcing is commenced, one or two beds being
started at a time. But the earliest crop, which has
been coming in abundantly for the past few weeks, is
dug up and forced in a house for the purpose ; and in
the same Eliubarb is forwarded under benches. Ihe
Asparagus is placed on a bed of leaves, under which is
a hot-water pipe, and the crowns of the plants are
covered with six or seven inches of light finelj' silted
soil. Thus treated, there is now a capital crop. As you
have lately discussed the subject of large Vines, it may
not be amiss to state that I tasted some Grapes from
tlie large Vine at Cumberland Lodge, and that they
were excellent both as to bunch and berry Of vajTious
seedling Apples of excellent promise tasted, the J-'rog-
more Nonpareil, of convenient dessert size, and ot a
nice yellow colour, was very rich and distinct m
flavour.

Some subjects, even at this season, such as Gardenias,
Poiasetiias, Ferns, and similar plants, will be bene-
fited by a dash of tepid water from the syringe early
on sunny mornings, when air is intended to be given.

In the Conservatory and other Cool structures the
main enemy to be guarded against will be unnecessary
moisture in any form, causing damp. Too frequently
we underrate thereat injury consequent upon allowing
an atmosphere surcharged with damp to pervade cool
structures at this season, independent of the readiness
of such to hurry on decay. A damp stagnant air
prevents the leaves from performing their necessary
office, and thereby deranges the whole system ot a
plant. Here- added it may be to some other tritling
derangement— may oftentimes be found the secret ot
Camellia buds falling ofl', abortive. At all times then
when the air contains an equal or greater amount ot
moisture than that in the house, it will be better to get
up a little heat in the pipes, so that by lightening the
inner atmosphere, it may rush out the more readily at
any opening near the apex. Upon such occasions give
no air in positions where the outer current can enter
the house at the sides. The warmth in the pipes
should not exceed what will feel comfortable
to the hand. At no time should the temperature
exceed 45' by fire-heat. ^ ■ j .

Primulas, a mistaken notion has got abroad as to

The' Mushroom beds are studded with excellent the moisture ^ey require, for J^W1<= >' ^^t^cU^^^^^^^

Besides the above-named advantages accruing to the
trees by loosening them from the wall, by deferring
the pruning to a later season, the wounds necessarily
formed in the operation are enabled to heal over the
more readily than when they are laid open to the frosts
of winter. The same applies equally to the spurring
back of Apricots and other wall trees, so that the
operation be performed previous to any movement of
the sap.

A slight fire in the Fruit Boom, more especially
if it be ill ventilated, once a week in moist or
variable weather, will be very beneficial, especially
at times »hen bodies of fruit are being removed,
thinned out, &c. "Whenever convenient place fresh
sweet wheaten straw in lieu of that already under
the fruit. Where no fire-place exists, any portable
make-shift, with a little charcoal well burnt up, and
then taken in for an hour or so, occasionally, will be
of great service in driving away damp.
KITCHEN GARDEN.

In' pushing forward digging, trenching, and similar
operations, a great distinction is necessary between
the treatment of heavy tenacious soils and those of
a light, loose and friable te.xture. The former class of
soils should have the necessary operations performed
without delay, as the loss of the influence of every
degree of frost is not readily to be estimated, so great is
it— hence I advise deep digging and lightening of the
ground, placing it up ridge-and-furrow fashion, or in
any forminwhich the greatest amountof surface can be
exposed. Use any light porous free material in

' ' ' '" soils of this kind, but avoid coal

injurious. Though

Z ralin^Serid Vtepted'''ln"\Senl' generally viouslyToTh;i?/owerinVPlaoe them in a poston awa^^ « JS"ure wlh

the droDpfn-TforMushroom beds are turned over from drafts, and unlike a««-ana.» a warmer p^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ positively ..j...u... ....5..

almost aTca?efulTy as cakes now and then ; here the the pots suits them better A great deal of the succes. of | ' -^ ^^^ ^^^ "^j U 1^^^^ 3„j, i^ ^^t of such

dr°nn n-s niWed with a large portion of litter, are grow ng these lays 1° .ftte"ding to the fact that they ^H j'„ ^ance, the necessary digging had better

sticks, pushed firmly down at the sides of the plant,
will secure this.

FORCING HOUSES.
To Pines a very slight increase of moisture
may be permitted at this season, though the less the

■ ■ ■ ' " i " '■'-■•- and glass the better

the minimum bein;

shaken out at convenience, moistened, ana taken 10
the Mushroom house, where, mixed with a little turfy
loam which helps to solidify them, they are made into
beds. P. ^^^_______

Miscellaneous.

Moles in Zove -About the middle of June, or com- drops which adhere to the rafters and glass the better.
m^cementofJulyt the mole? begin to fall in love, With a bottom heat of "5 ' to SO', the minimum being
Td are as furious fn their attachm°ents as in all other nearer tlie temperature suited *» f^^rs »°d J^!
nhases of their nature At that time, two male moles maximum to the younger stutl, 9nty keep tnem sum
caS meet without a mortal jea ousy, and they ciently moist to ensure a gentle circulation of sap, for
S'htway hrgiri to flgK scratching, tearing, anS any growth made at this season cannot be over well
bittng with such insane fury, that they seem to be matured; see that no drip fa Is upon any portion of the
unconsc ous of eveJy h?ng buf the heat of battle. Not plants, and let them have a 1, tle.air upon oJl favourable
content with fi"htin" iS their burrows, they often occasions. J-oreerf T'-»>fs after just sufficient warmth
emerge into the ™™ air and may then be caught to fairly start them, must be pushed onwards very gra-
tfthlut the le^t dTtricultV: A few (ays before wTitfng dually, taking advantage of every "sem the outer air
this account, I heard that a pair of moles were, thus *» admit a little within. When fairlj going re ular
taken in the fields near Erith, and one of my friends internal moisture will be n^e^e?- T^ie best way to
made a similar capture on Shooter's Hill. Indeed, the furnish this is to place a suflicient body of ferment-
whole life of theTok is one of fury, and he eats like a ing material ^f^™ the house to form w.thass^^^^^^^^^
starving tiger, tearing and rending his prey with claws around, a nice body of heat ; moisten these leaves treely
and teeth and crunching audibly the body of the worm in order to obtain a goodly degree ot moisture ; but by no
between the sharp pointe Some writer^ say that the means permit any water to be placed upon the hot pipes,
uBuweeu uue »iiaii; iju..iu3. .^^^ ^ ^ ^ ., ^. ^^^ „, „nii „nr^„ „T,nn flues, n-s steam. Iwhich IS unnatural.

Nothing

in fact, every leaf ^? in 'order to make'the most of available
.»lv„n,nt,ed bttle resuscitating influences. Do not place light soUs
up in the way of heavy ones, simply give the
ground a good rough digging, and let it lay until it is
time for cropping, when it will be ready to receive the
crops, a simple raking over only being necessary, as its
Teryfi rmness caused by settling down, will be conducive
to success. W. E. ^

STATE OF THE WE.VTHEU AT CHISWICK. NEAR LONDON,
FortheWeek ending Jan. 2,1867, asobaen-edat the Horticultural Gardens.

Doc.

and

January.

mole eats snaiTslnd'otiher mqlluscs;; but'l Irk disposed or stiU 'worse upon flues,_!U5 steam, iwhich is unnatural

to doubt that assertion. I have kept several moles,
and never saw them eat anything but worms. They
even rejected the julus millipede, kicking it aside with
utter contempt. Somes without Hands.

Garden Operations.

i^For the ensuing week.)

is at once also most injurious to vegetation,
conduces more to the welfare of all occupants of glass
structures, and especially forcing ones, than does night
air properly applied. Should the outer thermometer then
upon any occasion reach .50°, judiciously admit all the
air possible, to these Vines in particular, for a moderate
period. CKCiimJfrawillbemuchbenefitedbyhavingsorae
,„.^,..; coveringplacedupontheroofof thehouse,independently

hints to those who ' of any superfluous', heat that may be in hand ; as few

Thurs.
Friday 28
Satur. 29
Sunday 30
Mon. "'
Tuea.
Wed.

Average

- 1

TBMPEttA.TDaE.

9!«

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

Wind

s--

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

IfooC
deep.

2 leet
deep.

5*

40

47.0

46

44

W.

,.«>

29 ''iO

29 865

55

40

47.5

29.788

29.401

f.\

30

40 5

iSS

' ?3

29.213

m

19

32.0

35

19

35

15

25.0

i'ih

1 26

2il.600

29.004

30

(-)l

13.0
33.1

45.3

43

1"

29.661

29.389

43.5

22.7

44.3

Boisterous; cloudy; starlieht at night, but without frost.

— 28-Overcast ; fine ; warm for the season.

29— Fine ; very fine ; boisterous, with rain at night.

— 30-Clear; quite cloudless ; very fine ; frosty at ziight.

— 31 -Fiosty ; partially overcast ; line ; frosty ; baronu'ter very low.
an. 1-Clcar and frosty ; cxcccdtn?ly fine ; severe frost.

— 2 -Heavy snowstorm; drifting snow; intense frost; ther-

mometer at night 4 deg. below zcio-[3G dej. below

Mean temperature of the week. 4 MOth deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK.

:During the lost 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Jan. 12. 1867.

ta^^ f ^^.?cifinS°i^\,^;h^itu;;i"';;Srs^s; ^;^f^?^^}ff^^^\^j^^i^t ' ^-

I may be allowed to remark that they are not with that upheld by artificial means mo^e ™an do xu
intended so much for the practised gardener as for these. Use the knife very sparingly on tlie plants as they , v-^e^d^
those who are able to give but a small amount of time have generally an aversion to it at this season, and e^pe- ^ Frijaj,
and a divided attention to such matters. I : "ally the variety named lelegraph.

;_ ■-_ - - ■• ' At this season many flowering plants might be intro

of'v'outhful aspirants or more accomplished prac-
titioners, and this will be a sufficient e.xcuso for the raising

Satur.

2S,0 315

No. of
Years in
whicli it
Rained.

Grcatesfc
Quantity
ofKain.

0 33 in.

0.35

0.26

071

0.40

0.00

0.79

Prevailing Winds.

Tlie hichest temperature durinc the above period occurred on the
7th. 1815 . sth, 18« ; I2th, 1852-tTierm. 51 deg. ; and the lowest on

hope nevertheless, occasionally to refresh the memory I ..* -" — - — :-. -'r"*» -r j *„ «,„«, i -•- -..,---

of vouthful aspirants or more accomplished prac- t duced for forcing into any structure suited to them th. 7th and stn.iM., and sth.issi -therm edej.
titiiners, and this will be a sufficient e.xcuso for the : raising the heat, and '""'^f:'"? *l'<;/7°""' °
triteness which may sometimes be apparent-almost moisture from that of the. atmosphere to actual
necessarily so, in a fresh efl'ort to ftu-nish practical syringmgs, as they advance m growth ih,.v cannot

They cannot

be too scrupulously clean when taken in for forcing.
Do not water at the root, until they have received a
slight impulse from the warmersurroundings. Pure, clear

„.,..,, i , tepid water should alone be used until they become

necessary in the treatment of individual occupants of . ■'1, started and are able, with actual foliage, to turn

hints adapted to the season.

PL.4.NT HOUSES
At this dull season some little discernment will be

_ )f individual occupants of

the Stove and Orchid house. Except a few soft-wooded
free-growing plants in flower or full growth, most
things require but a very moderate supply of water.
More plants are destroyed by over-watering than from
any other cause. A thorough soaking, say once a
week, will, in a general way, meet the requirements of
most plants, except any which are greatly pot-
bound, or which stand in a very warm situation.
Orchids at rest, or those which are only just
showing signs of starting into growth, will not need
any at present. It is at all times advisable to water
in the forenoon. The temperature should not exceed
from 50° to 55°, just sufficient air being given at all
times, when the outer thermometer is above 10', at the
back upper lights of the house, to allow free egress of
the excessive internal moisture, without allowing the
outer air perceptibly to blow down upon the
inmates— say for an hour between 11 and 12
in the forenoon, except it be sunny, when it will
be necessary to be guided by the temperature of the
house. The system of giving air upon the safest
principle is not used as it should be, viz., that of
placing air bricks low in the wall at the front of the
house, through which air is admitted directly upon
and between the pipes or flues, becoming thus warmed
before it communicates with the inner air of the house.
Even in severe frosty weather a little of the outer air
may be thus admitted— early in the morning. A very
shght covering of canvas, or other material in severe
■weather, economises the fuel vastly, whilst a less
amount of artificial heat is far more conducive to the
health of the plants.

any stimuli afi'orded them to practical account. Such
remarks apply generally to Hijacinths and other Bulbs,
Lilacs, Syringas, Ghent Azaleas, Solomon's Seal (an
excellent forcing plant), and the like.

HARDY FRDIT GARDEN.
Fruit Trees, of every description, should be planted
as the weather may permit. Every week now
tells against them, as were they in the ground they
would be forming rootlets, and establishing themselves
for the forthcoming summer. Take care to tread the
ground firmly down beneath and around where they
are to be planted, forming a slight mound, upon
the top of which the roots are to be spread out and
covered over, thereby ;to insure the collar being well
above ground — an essential requisite to all successful
culture Without exception shorten to one-half their
length all shoots on trees received from the nursery,
and carefully remove any misplaced shoot entirely;
long coarse roots may also be materially shortened,
much being made in planting of all the lesser ones. Do
not allow the roots to go down into the subsoil too
abruptly, but spread them out at an angle of 55' or 60'.
Peach and Nectarines trees should always b3
unnailed and loosely festooned against the walls in
November, to retard the flowers, harden the wood, and
assist in destroying any insects which may have
burrowed in the bark. In planting wall fruit trees
a good yellow loam is to be preferred for their imme-
diate surroundings. In this, good firm divisional
rootlets are readily formed, difl'ering greatly from those
of others started in a more stimulating admixture.

Notices to Correspondents.

Books • / P There is no book which supplies all you ask for.
The one y'ou mention does so in some degree, .and is che.ip,
which is its chief recommendation.— 11' R P. Malce good
USB ot Lindley's " Theory nnd Pr.ictlce of Horhculture.

Gaeeya elliitica : J E G. This very hand.somo shrub
may be incrcised by layers or by cuttings plfintod in sand
under ,1 hand-glass. Seeds are not; produced, as the male
plant only exists in our gardens. Your description quit;
accords with the true plant. You will tind it noted at
p 1276 of Loudon-s " Enoyclopasdia of Plants,' and figured on
D 127S It belongs to the order G.irryacese.

Names of PtANrs : W D. Euonymus europieus, common
Spindle tree.-/ T B. We reaUy cannot undertake to notice
—much less to name-plants unless particulars of habit,
supposed native country, &c., are sent along w'th the
flowers Your Orchid seems to be nothing but one of Uie
innumerable varieties of Zygopetalum Mack.au, or Zy.
crinitum. Even the two latter arc probably mere varieties
of each other.-/ Yoimg. Nos. 1 and 2, Hypolepis tenuifolia ,
3 Polystichum, apparently flexum : 4, Asplenium axiUare. -
li- T Helipterum eximium, long since mtroduced. - ii /- Jtt.
1 Bletia pallida ; 2, next week.— 4 W II. Garrya elbptica,

PeIoh Trees : Old Correspondent. The wood of No. 2 is
perfectly matured, firm, with bark of a chestnut tmge next
the sun. No. 1 is r^vther green. A very luxunan shoot is
apt not to be so weU matured .as one that is smaller aijd of
slower growth. The size of the pith is determined ,,t the
time when the .shoot first makes its herbaceous growth. ||

Physalis: T S. The plant from Switzerland is Phy.vilis
Alkekengi, the common Winter Cherry a Lardy porenuud
of the easiest culture, and met with .abundantly in many
old gardens, growing in sheltered corners, in good soil.

StoriSg Nuts : T T T. For storing they should bo perfectly
mature, and quite dry. They may then be put away in drv
jars, with alternate layers of salt, and kept lu a dry cjiil
place. Walnuts may be preserved in a similar manner, we
prefer s.alt to sand. „ t. • -ii- .«

VrNEC.-Ut Punt: WOShav:. It is the mycelium of FeniciUuim
glaueum in .an abnormal condition. .„ „ , .

Communications Received. -W. B. Booth.— W. Robinson,— .
ITT — Salix,— J. Young. -T, Simpson.— Ubimol ibi apes.
—J. E, Joifrios.-J. E. Gray.— J. P. -A Subscriber for many
Years (much obliged).

January 5, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICUMURAL GAZETTE.

11

X IMPROVEMENT COMPANY. Offlcos. 22. WhitohnU Place.

Onder this Conipnny'a Act Toiiaots for Life, Truatoes, Mortgagoua,
Guardians., Committees of liicoiiuiotont Persona, Bonencial Lo>sooh,
Corporations (Ecclesiastical or Municipal), Incumbents, Charitable
Truateea, &c., may ofluct tho fotlowmR Land Improveuiontu, and
charge the outlay and exnoiisoa on tho ©state improved, by way of
rontcharge, to be paid by lialf-yuarly Instalments, viz. :~

1. All works of Draiiingo, Irrigation, Warping, and Embankment.

2. The Erection of yarmhousos. Cottages for Agricultural
Labourers, and all kinds of Farm Uuiidings.

3. Tlie Construction of Koads.

4. The Grubbing and Clearing of old Woodlands, Enclo ing.
Fencing, and Reclanning Land.

The owners of Estates, not entailed, who may be desirous to avoid
tho expense or inconvenience of n Legal Mortgage, may also charge
their Estates with an Outlay in Improveraouts under the simple and
lOOxpensiYe process of tho Conip.iny a Act.

The Term of Ye.irs for tho Rentchargo is fixed by tho Landowner,
so as to ad.ipt the amount of Annual Payment to the circumstances
of tho Tenants.

No InvestiRation of Title being required, and the Charge not being
afTcctod by Encunitirancos. no Legal Expon.ied are incurred

The Arrangements for KfTocting Improvomonts are threefold —

No. 1. The Works may be OoMgned and Execiited entirely by tho
Landowner's Agent, and the Company employed only to supply tlie
Lojin and conduct tho matter through all the official Forms for
Cbarging the Outlay on the Estate.

No. 2. Tho Company will supply Plans, Specifications, and Esti-
mates for any Improvements to be executed by the Landowner's
Agent as under No. 1. In each of these cases the Landowner will be
BOlely under the control of the Enclosure Commissioners.

No. 3. The Company will undertake the entire responsibility of the
Improvements, prepare tho Plans, execute the Works, and Anally
charge on the Estate tho actual amount expended, with their Com-
mission thereon, approved by tho Enclosure Commissioners.

Landowners may thus obtain what assistance they require from
the Company, and no more, in effecting the objects in view.

Works of drainage and otiior Improvements are aiso executed on
CoraniisBion for Landowners, who merely require the skill and
experience of the Company's Offlcera and a Staff in constant practice.

Applications to be addressed to Hohace BaotE, the Secretary, at
the Office of the Company, 22, Whitehall Place, London. 8.W.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES ASSOCIATION.
._ Pr«Hi(Ieii( 18GG-'C7— Ills GnA.cE tiif Dure of RiciiMOsn.

The ANNUAL EXHIBITION of STOCK, POULTRV, IMPLE-
MENTS, FLOWERS, WORKS of ART, Ac, will be held at
BRIGHTON in JUNE NEXT.

SUMMARY OF PRIZES OFFERED;—
CATTLE.— Short-horns, £125 : Sussex, £125; other Breeds, £50.
SHEEP.— Southdowns, £1)0; Hants Downs, £90; Oxford Downs,

£90; Kent Sheep, £'.10.
HORSES.— Agricultural, £110 ; Hunters, £35; Hacks, £15 ; Ponies,

£10.
PIGS.— Berkshire, £32; other Breeds, £32.
POULTRY.— Various, £93.
Tho PRIZE LIST may be obtained of the Secretary.

By order of the Council,
I'litely, Farntwrough. G. B. H. Shute, Secretary.

Eiit ^sricttltural (Sajette.

SATURDAY, JANUARY 5, 1867.

It has been said that every historian exagge-
rates the importance of the period he describes.
Perhaps if he did not, he would never have been,
might be unfit to be, its historian. Is it that
cotemporary events seem greater simply because
they are near the eye of the beholder ; or is it
that, in the march of human affairs, progress is
nearly synonymous with expansion, and each
century, each generation, each year almost,
dwindles as well as antiquates its predecessors
by the mere intensity of successive development ?

The question comes, as with the pressure of a
warning, over the mind of one who looking back
over the agricultural annals of this country
attempts to fix an impartial gaze, to form a fair
comparative j ndgment, upon the year which has
just closed. It is a year whose memory will live,
whose name will be recalled and quoted, as a year
of agrestial trial and affliction, confounding
experience and defying skill and science, just at
the time when men had begun to think that
experience had little left to learn, and skill and
science nothing to leave unconquered.

Perhaps to the very cause most calculated at
first sight to foster the sense of pride at the
extension of our agricultural commerce with the
world may be due the intrusion of a pestilence
whoso irresistible fatality has been gathering
power and venom in lands far from the subduing
or ameliorating influences which follow on the
track and grow with the growth of Civilisation :
perhaps from the furthest steppes of central Asia
the visitation may have come, slowly but surely
following the movement of that drain which an
active and long-continued importation creates up
to the remotest limits of Supply. Whatever the
origin, whatever the secret nature of the plague,
it has cast a gloom over the annals, over every-
tliing connected with the year that is past, which
will make its name an epoch long after we who
now look back on it, and our whole generation,
sliall have passed away.

To those who look with the eye of analytical
srarch upon phenomena of this kind, confident
of a meaning and a lesson to be found, even in
its most deplorable incidents, there is something
very striking in the direction, the point of
impact, so to speak, of this national infliction.
1 1 came not upon that branch of agriculture
which we exercise most in common with other
countries of the world, and in which though not
lichindhand, indeed in some mechanical points
advanced, we have yet no claim to general
superiority; but it fell upon that branch in
which at once by tho preferential genius of our

productive power, and by the effective and
rapidly increasing demand of our population, wo
hold almost a speciality. A speciality it is, not
half seen, not half recognised, not half appre-
ciated, l>y too manj' of tho farmers of England,
Uiuiigh it has been culling louder and louder, at
one ear, wliilo unpropitious harvests, or unrc-
innnerative prices have hammered in vain at the
other, with tho almost antiquated assurance that
English Eents are not to be paid by growing
Corn against all tlic climates, and all the poverty,
and all the exporting necessities of all mankind.

The warning blow ever falls where it maj* bo !
most felt. " Scvrn millinn ijnUvns of Milk con-
voyed over a mileage varying from 10 to nearly I
'job miles," — such was tho message of the Seven
Groat Railway Companies employed in this
carrying trade, to the President of the Eoyal
Agricultural Society ! Well might he say that
tho Cattle-plague derived illustration from such
a statement. ' If you will not accept the patent
fact that the business of the shop is to furnish
the goods that are in greatest and nearest demand,
your perception must be stimulated by a stroke
that shall exhibit, under the potent emphasis of
pain and pressure, the value of that which j-ou will
only take note of by its loss.' Such is the monition
that seems to flow, like the moral of a tale, out
of the year's, and more than year's trouble wo
have seen. There are a thousand Farms in
England where no lighter lesson was required,
where perhaps a heavier, if that be possible,
would still by the force of habit remain unheeded.

Why is this ? Do we find in other pursuits ,
that men are obtuse to their present interests,
or hang behind the changes which not only
characterise but in fact constitute the Present, as
distinguished from the Past ? Is it necessary to
tell any of that great manufacturing or com-
mercial class whose life and labour are given
equally with the agriculturist to the supplying
the wants of Mankind that thej' must adapt their
mills, or their warehouses and shops, to the
demand which is, and not to that which was,
we will not say ten or twenty years ago, but
only last year ?

The truth is that commercial action goes
beyond even this, pressing forward ever to
anticipate the future, so far as it can be gathered
from existing circumstances and events.

But two things are necessary to produce this
apparently spontaneous action ; information on
the one hand, and, on the other, a quick and
general intelligence, — in other words statistical
Fads, and Education, two things which the
commercial world has the good fortune never to
hear of as ' questions :' it would indeed amuse a
Chamber of Commerce to have these bz'ought
forward as in this sense topics of debate.

Wherever there exist the power and elements
of success there is commonly seen a spontaneity
\ of action, better understood nowhere than in
England, and by Englishmen, but which has
not yet quite penetrated English Agriculture. The
I cause of this is not very far to seek ; but is wearing,
and nearly worn out. It found at once its last
expression and its antidote in ' Agricultural
Societies ' : it has probably received its final
death blow in ' Chambers of Agriculture.' There
may not be much intrinsic virtue in a name ;
but there is much of extrinsic indication ; for
names are the result of a foregone action in men's
j minds : and he who attentively balances those
two titles will hardly fail to appreciate the signi-
ficant difference between them ; and there may
be some who will go further and exclaim " At
last then we are out of the swaddling-clothes,
and have got to business " !

Time was, when English Agriculture was
' political ' and nothing hut political : then came
the opposite phase, and the counter-cry was
heard ' no politics ' ! a useful and necessary
medicine for its season, and the disease is hard
to cure. But this could not last : Englishmen
are not accustomed to bo gagged, upon this
subject, or on that : and the third condition, the
best and only true one, appears to have dawned
at last; viz., when Agriculture is neither
privileged nor patronised on the one hand, nor
silenced and ' monitioned ' on the other, but
simply freed to work out its own business in its
own way and for its own sake, by the machinery
and means of its own ' Chambers.' The word
may be borrowed, but it is from a good stock,
and of good omen for future practical progress.

And truly there is work enough still to be
done, aye, and a long an'car to bring up. The
' labour question,' involving that of cottage
accommodation, and settlements, is one the

importance of which can hardly bo exaggerated,
— for it lies at tho base; and that not in an
economic sense only, but in all which belongs to
tho common dignity of maiiliocjd, — as every
enhancement of the labourer's position, and
wage, and value, is rapidly beginning to testify :
— tho question of Leases, and agricultural
Covenants ; and the long-intereopted question
of Statistics, wliich seems to have slipped out of
tho grasp of impediment and come up alive
within tho side-eddy of tho Jloanl of Tradi; fuU-
llcdged, and intelligent, like a spontaneous
existence which by the inherent necessity of
things could be suppressed no longer.

It is impossible to look over the tables which
have been so lately published without being
struck with two things, the extreme apparent
dryness of the facts stated, and tho abundant
reflections to which they give rise. Like the
letters of the aljihabet, the figures they show are
next to nothing in themselves, but by combina-
tion they are capable of supplying everything it
is desirable to know. We have within the space
of the British Islands a hygrometric variety of
climate, and a geological difference of soil, which
make the report of each district a separate tale
replete with interest. But upon the result of
the whole there arises a question of paramount
importance.

Is our agricultural s}'stem doing its real
duty ? not in the amount of produce only, but
in its relative proportion to the nature of the
home demand ? Is it right that one third of the
whole produce of our tillage lands should bo of
corn crops, and one fifth only under green crops,
Clover and Grasses included ? Looking at the
immense and increasing consumption and price
of meat would not the converse figures show a
more profitable destination of the soil ; bearing
in mind that forty per cent, is already in per-
manent pasture ?

This is a large question : but it is just at a
moment like the present when we have taken
the step that leads from the death of the old to
the birth of the new year that questions natu-
rally take a wholesale form.

Our generation has been employed in sweeping
away obstructions that stood in the way of a true
insight into our relative agricultural position :
what might havo been the oldest and most
threadbare subject in existence, has thus been
and still is clothed with a kind of factitious garb
of novelty and inexperience. No one could read
or listen to the Address of the President of the
Agricultui'al Society, without being struck with
this reflection : and well it is perhaps both for
speakers and journalists that it is so. It would
be hard to say how much of each year's task is
superadded by the errors as well as omissions of
those which have gone before. Let our hope for
that which now dawns upon us be that its work
may be so accomplished as to transmit its name
not as a debtor but a creditor to Time.

Mr. Allnatt tells us, in his monthly letter to

the Times, that the thermometer rose 20 decrees after
the cold winds of the first few days of December.
Christmas week was indeed as mild as May, and tlie
song of the thrush helped to keep up the illusion. We
have, however, since then been rudely enough dis-
abused of the idea that our English climate had alto-
gether lost its severity. The sliarpest week of the past
seven years has just befallen us, and the whole
country is white, from Aberdeen to Cornwall. There
is, fortunately, abundant food for stock in the country,
thanks in some measure to a mild autumn, which has
kept them later than usual upon Grass. Tlie severity
of the frost is a boon to tillage farmers, and the young
Wheat plant, which alone it was likely to injure, is
safely wrapped up in snow.

We publish the first instalment of the Statis-
tical Tables (second series) which have just been issued
by the Board of Trade. We shall next week call atten-
tion to these tables in det,ail ; meanwhile, it must be
borne in mind that of a considerable portion of the
arable land we have no return whatever, and it is thus
necessary to add an estimated portion to the several
totals under different crops, as a correction to the areas
here given.

Thanks mainly to Mr. Stevenson of the

North British Agriculturist, and to his urgent repre-
• entations at the recent agricultural meetings, both in
Iiiinilou and the North, some restrictions are to be
lilarrd wyim the importation of hay from Holland, by
which great risk of reimporting cattle plague has been
incurred. Large quantities of fodder have lately been
brought into Leith harbour from Rotterdam. This
will no longer bo done without a license, which will
doubtless be altogether refused wherever any risk
exists.

The Iladdingfoiisliire Farmers' Club is most

properly moving tliu a^'rimllural world to coutribute
towards a substantial lc^tiluonial to the inventor of
the Reaping Machine. The machine of the Eev.

12

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Januaey 5, 186r.

Patrick Bell has been in successful operation in his
parish ever since tlie Highland Society approved of it
between thirty and forty years ago ; and it is no doubt
the parent of all the other forms of reaper now in
use. If ever a man deserved well of his country, it is
he who has thus come to the rescue when half the
returns of the farmer's year are in jeopardy, and has
halved the period of risk : indeed, reduced it more than
this, for harvest time would now have been fourfold
what it is had it not been for the machine by which
the hands no longer available are so efficiently supple-
mented.

Mr. H. E. Eyee, a Berkshire landowner, has

issued an address to the tenant farmers and occupiers
of land in his county upon the condition of the agri-
cultural labourer, especially as to the deficiency of his
cottage accommodation. Quoting the report on the

feneral subject for 1864 of the Jledical Officer of the
'rivy Council, he says, " For years the overcrowding
of labourers' dwellings has been a matter of deep con-
cern, not only to persons who care for sanitary good,
but to persons who care for decent and moral life." To
these remarks some persons are likely to answer, " Such
is perhaps very generally the case, but it is part of the
natural order of things which must necessarily attend
upon a lowly condition. There may be a want of cottages
and suitable houses for the people, but this want will
in the ordinary progress of things be supplied, and it
is not a want which is within the province of legisla-
tion to relieve." Mr. Eyee is astonished that any
should think that this_ matter is better left to the
operation of the principles of political economy, be-
cause this not only seems to ignore all moral and social
duty in the matter, but it seems to ignore a fact which
a little thought and a little inquiry would disclo.ie,
that the system of land tenure in this country, and the I
difficulties connected with the transfer of land, render 1
the principles of political economy practically inope-
rative. Coming to the condition of his own county, I
which in its Faringdon district was the subject of
public discussion some years ago, he finds that of
22,155 cottages in the rural district of the Newbury ■
Union, only G22 are the property of the landowners; and ,
as many of these (622) are occupied by gamekeepers, I
gardeners, and other servants of the landowners, the
proportion of those occupied by the agricultural
labourers is proportionately reduced. " It is seen, then,
from this return, that the agricultural labouring popu- ;
lation, by whose labour the land is cultivated, upon
whose labour the profits of the farmer very much
depend, and by whose labour, to a great extent, rents
are realised, are not housed for the most part either at
the cost or by the care of the landowner. And that
these circumstances affect him adversely we must all see, i
as well as that they constitute a grievance to the tenant
farmer, who is often unable to command good labour,
and cannot exercise that control over his labourers
which he ought to have. " We are likely to be told
that the Union Chargeability Act will effect much, as
it has removed the inducement to exclude the labouring
classes from our estates and parishes, but it does not
operate to require the landowners to build cottages,
and until he is moved to do this the evil must remam."
Moreover, " in speaking of the houses and dwellings of
the agricultural workmg population, we must not
overlook a numerous class to whom the previous
remarks do not apply ; namely, the staff of undercarters I
and boys, who are for the most part newly let loose '
from school, but who are very little subjected to that {
control which is irksome indeed to youth, but which is
much needed at the time of life when temptation to
evil is the strongest, and the power of resisting it the
weakest. Things must be very much misrepresented,
if the accommodation afforded, as a rule, to this class
of lads, is what is supposed to be requisite for decency
and comfort, and if the conditions under which they
live are not altogether perilous to morals and good
character." After urging upon his Ijrother-landowners
their duty and their interest in the jirovision of ade-
quate accommodation for the labouring class, adding
that he would not have treated this matter as he has
done, were he not able to say that " one of the land-
owners of this county, of small estate and limited
income, commenced this work of cottage building, when
in his case the prospect of completing it seemed hope-
less—(at this moment he has two cottages for every
100 acres of land, and he has undertaken to build
more if his tenants should be of opinion that
they are required)— Mr. Eyee suggests, as the only
, remedial agent within the power of those whom be
addresses, that we petition Parliament to promote, by
further public measures, the necessary work of provid-
ing additional habitations and homes for the people,
and to find a national remedy for a national grievance.
" This proposition," he adds, " may be considered by
you at your clubs aud meetings during the coming
winter season, and if it shall approve itself to your
judgment, the necessary steps for carrying it out can
be taken before the meeting of Parliament."

THE FEETILITT OF THE SOIL.

[Tlie following was the introduction to a lecture given some
years ago before a Mechanics' Institute.]

It is certainly a proof of the vitality and vigour of

the Mechanics' Institution that, in the midst of

lectures on the various attractive subjects, which your
published syllabus announces, so many should have
come through a dark January night to hear a dry
professional discourse on Agriculture. For that I fear
is your fate this evening. I do not mean, indeed, to try
and pack within the hour all the details of the farmer's
year, and weary you with descriptions of soil, and plant,
andanimal,andof the tillage operations, cultivation, and
fading, which, during 12 months, he directs and super-
iatends, and which result from "the fertility of the
soil ■' in the annual home supply of human food — but

that which I have written might nevertheless very
well be read before a Farmers' Club, and into such a
club I, therefore, now propose that this Mechanics'
Institute do, " for one night only," now resolve itself—
not for the purpose of discussing those differences
and novelties and particulars of agricultural practice
connected with our subject on vraich only men of
practical experience have any right to an independent
opinion, but for the purpose of a general review of
those natural laws affecting soil-fertility, on which
successful practice must be based, and with which
even practical and successful farmers should make
themselves acquainted. Such an excursion is, I
believe, a wholesome thing for any Mechanics' Institute
to take. They will return from it— at least those of
them who have not already the honour and the happi-
ness of his acquaintance, with a higher estimation of
the position and the character of the English farmer —
with a deeper impression of the noble scope afforded
by his occupation for the whole nature of
the man — with a more cordial sympathy with
him in the difficulties, and trials, and disappoint-
ments, to which, altogether independently of himself,
he is subject, and with a firm conviction that of no
profession or body in this country can it be more con-
fidently said, that in his prosperity the general interest
of the country is involved — of no one that we have
more reason to weep with him when he weeps, and to
rejoice with him when he rejoices.

The fertility of the soil on which we depend for
our daily bread, and to the increase and the use of
which the whole art of Agriculture is directed, is after
all as much a natural as it is an artificial thing. Even
a fertile country, and still more a plentiful season, is
the direct gift of God. And it is to an illustration of
the natural limits within which the efforts of the
agriculturist are thus confined, and to a discussion of
the laws of natural fertility, by studying which the
efforts of the agriculturist may be guided, that I
propose to devote this lecture.

That Fertility is natural may he learned by com-
paring the varying produce of one year with that of
another, perhaps immediately following it ; or of one
district or county in the same year with another of
similar soil at sufficient distance from it. That it is
artificial may be learned by comparing the produce of
a country, one year with another, centuries apart — or in
the same year, one farm with another close adjoining
it. Given a similar natural soil and climate, and the
differences between two farms are artificial. Given the
same country,whosenatural covering of soil and of climate
remain from century to centurjs and the differences
in its fertility during two ditt'erent centuries are
artificial^ and notwithstanding Nature. On the other
hand, given the same kind of soil in two different
latitudes, and the differences in its productiveness are
of course natural, and in spite of Art.

We talk of the fertility of the Soil, but after all it is
its productiveness of plants that we mean, and they are
the creatures even more of climate than they are of
soil. Take the experience of any good harvest for
example : the review of it will just bring out the point
I am referring to.

The grain crops of the country were in all probability
worth 20,000,000?. more in 1SC3 than they were in
1862. What occasioned this great increase of produce?
Fertility is owing often to the perfect drainage of the
land. Was it in this case owing to an extension of
land drainage ? That often repays its cost in a few
years. But how many millions spent on land drainage
would create an increased value of grain to the extent
of 20,000,000?. in a single season ? Could it then be
attributed to improved tillage ? Unfortunately for
that idea the autumn which preceded the crop of 1862
was much better for tillage work than that which pre-
ceded 1863. There had rarely been a finer autumn
than that of 1861 for tillage operations, but the crop of
1862 was generally inferior and below the average.

Could it then be set down to extra manuring ? How-
many million pounds worth of guano put on the land
in spring will produce 20,000,000/. of grain in autumn ?
It would need almost ail the contents of the guano
islands spread upon the land at once to produce an
effect so great.

The fact is, that great increase in the year's fertility
was not a work of Art at all. It arose out of caiLses
altogether independent and outside of human effort,
will, or science. And here accordingly is one great
class of facts affecting fertility which are altogether
outside of agriculture. The fitness of climate to the
constitution of the plants we grow, neither of which
are within our control, is one great cause of fertility.
When the farmer has chosen the plants best adapted
to the circumstances of his cultivation, the outer and
maximum limits of their productiveness are fixed for
him — they are independent of any power he can exer-
cise. Up to those limits he can force his will upon the
crops he grows; but beyond those limits he cannot
urge them. All the subsequent causes he can bring to
bear are in the nature of opportunities given to the
plant— its power to use those opportunities is limited
by the climate of the year, and by its own essential
character and constitution.

There are indeed certain narrow limits within which
both climate and plants can be improved by Art, and to
the,se I shall by and by refer ; but however obviously
and definitely the power of the farmer as a manufac-
turer of food is limited by external nature, and how-
ever necessary it may be in the face of a contrast such
as the harvests of 1862 and 1863 presented, to confess
that his hands are tied, beyond all hope of release, by a
higher law than any he can use or modify, yet Nature
as well as Art will bear witness also to the liberty and
scope there is in his profession for the effective and
productive exercise of his will and his intelligence. He
cannot indeed alter times and seasons, which will
remain in spite of him, " in league with the very stones
of the field," but it is nevertheless within his power to

make even the desert blossom as the Rose. This he has,
indeed, in many cases already done ; and the natural
laws which I have been referring to as the limit of his
powers are the very engines he employs.

The difference between the wilderness and the culti-
vated field may be little more than one of guidance
and degree, but it is a marvellous difference, never-
theless. The same living seed, the same porous 'soil,
the same vegetable refuse as manure, the same rain-
water, air, and sunshine, may be the causes everywhere
of vegetable growth. But in the field the seed is
chosen, placed, and covered; while on the waste it is
scattered broadcast by the wind, and rests upon the
surface; in the one the soil is broken, pulverised,
manured ; in the other it is softened only by the rain
and thaw, and receives its annual dressing only of
fallen leaf. In both, the natural agents may be the
really efficient ones; the cultivator only choosing
plants on which they shall be brought to bear, and so
preparing the soil that their influence shall be most
productive. But out of this choice and influence
which he exercises— out of the differences between Art
and Nature which he thus establishes, he gets a
Nation's food !

Baron Liebig has foretold the exhaustion of English
soil from what he calls our reckless agricultural mis-
management. Cerlainlr, however, his predictions
clash grotesquely enough with our actual agricultural
history,

In illustration of this I will read to you the picture
of English agriculture extracted from the annual report
of the Wakefield Farmers' Club : —

" Barren lands," said the writer, "have been reclaimed
—employment has, within a few years, been doubled.
Just glance at the improvements in implements and
machinery; at the introduction of cultivators and
scarifiers ; of seed drills, horse hoes, and other impl&-
ments; of steam engines, which have superseded the
old threshing machines ; of reaping machines, which
have helped the farmer to execute his work with
despatch and comfort ; of steam ploughs, which will
yet do much. Compare present sales of cattle food and
manure with 12 or 15 years back; almost incredible
amounts of imports now take place ; near 100,000 tons
of oil-cake, and about 80,000 tons of bones have been
imported; nitrate of soda, 50,000 tons, half of which is
used for tillage ; and within 10 years the importation of
guano has doubled. Had it not been for increased
produce, how could the wants of the increased popula-
tion of this country have been met ? There is no
country on earth that has made the rapid strides ;n
increased quantity and quality of human food that
Great Britain has."

The writer, a practical farmer, known to me, then
puts on tlie steam of extra enthusiasm, and, contrast-
ing with" this the inferior agriculture of the best culti-
vated continental countries, Belgium, Denmark, France,
he flings up his arms and shouts, " England, bright,
happy, blest, and free— England, with all thy faults,
I love thee still!" "Let the slumbering portion of
our countrymen " he exclaims — and here I suppose
that he refers to Mechanics' Institutes—" awake to the
high standing of Britain as a farming country. Let
our young farmers use their hands, their heads, their
money, their fathers' experience, and press forward.
Let landlords do their duty in draining, improving
farm buildings, giving security for tenants' capital (by
equitable leases and valuations), and help their
tenantry, and thus bless themselves, and it will be
demonstrated to the world that England in farming is
the glory of all lands— a land flowing with milk and
honey."

This, be it observed, is in a sober Farmers' Club
Annual Report to its members. And it was no mere
individual utterance. The keynote so effectually
struck was heard all through the speeches which
succeeded. I remember that in one of them a tenant
farmer declared that he had visited France, a country
yielding much less food per acre than our own ; a
country for which it would be a happy day (he said)
when her spears should be pruning hooks, her swords
ploughshares, and her Emperor the President of a
good Farmers' Club ; and he finished by saying that he
had seen paintings of many noble foreign landscapes by
Salvator Bosa ; but " never in the finest efforts of his
genius has Salvator Bosa ventured to depict what I
see every day in an English landscape from my
window,— 1000 sheep fattening on Turnip in the field,
aud 1000 cubic yards of farmyard manure in a single
heap, ready for next year's crops." It is plain that no
one can excel your practical farmer in his fits of
enthusiasm when once he takes his pen in hand— and
that no one, in a flight on Pegasus, can beat a good cross-
country rider, as I have no doubt this speaker was.

This flock of sheep, however, and this field of Turnips
with its cultivation, and this heap of manure, to which
he thus ludicrously referred, just exactly and precisely
represent the secret of the fertility of the soil so far as
that (within the limits which I have referred to) is a
work of Art. It is to these several aspects of fertility,
as represented respectively by tillage and the dung-
heap— by the cultivation of plants and by the growth
of animals, that I shall now direct attention. But let
me once more (as 1 shall again ) point out to you how
these several topics aud the limiting influence of season
and of climate which overrides them all in the expe-
rience of the farmer severally feed aud try the whole
intellectual and moral nature of the man. There is in
the scope which soil and plant and animal afford him,
field for intellectual research, for experiment, inven-
tion, and discovery such as I presume hardly any other
profession offers.

The behaviour of mere matter under varying cir-
cumstances, of ma'ter endowed with vegetable life,
and of matter endowed with animal life, is the daily
study of the agriculturist. In other words, the whole
of the vast fields of chemistry and of vegetable and

Janitaet B, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

13

animal physiolopy aro his daily range. And while
acriculture is thus in fact, the Art of all the bciences,
how severely, on the other hand, are its circumstances
a trial of temper and of patience. Those limits
apparently fickle, certainly unforeseeable, and entirely
inevitable which English climate puts to all

his

efforts, are a trial of the moral nature such as, I
believe, hardly any other workman undergoes.

As Mr. Disraeli once eloquently said, 'A breaking
bank, a bad debt, a foolish friend, may be the fate of
all, but it is not all who have to meet the barren
harvest, the destructive storm, the mildew, the mur-
rain, or the rot." And thus I claim, before an audi-
ence interested, I presume, more in manufactures than
in agriculture, that in the latter there is the amplest

should be only a quarter of an ear for each kernel.
J. J. Mechi, Tiptree, Dec. 24.

P.S.— I have recently visited several retired parts of
this county (Esse.x) and feel more than justified for
what I have hitherto said about queer-shaped fields

opportunity atforded by daily professional experience,
not only of the widest intellectual, but of the highest
moral education.

We now turn to the three several aspects under
which the fertility of the soil may be discussed. J. C. M.

ONE PECK or WHEAT PEE ACRE.

It does seem odd that the sowing of half a peck of
seed on half an acre of poor heavy land should cause
such a stir and make certain people so very uncomfort-
able. One would have thought that moderate experi-
ments, in order to arrive at the most favourable result,
would bo approved and appreciated, and no doubt
they are approved by many reasonable and unpreju-
diced men who desire to arrive at a sound conclusion.

But there are certain persons who will neither try
the experiment themselves, nor believe those who do
try it, and who even will not believe what they see. It
is made a charge against thin sowing that my crops are
so thick and full of straw at harvest time that they
cannot have been produced from so small a quantity of
seed, and yet this is the very object sought for in thin
sowing.

Fifty-eight bushels of fine Wheat, with 2| tons of
straw from one peck of seed per acre (actual result in
18(54), and nearly the same yield in 1865, may well
astonish those whose over-seeded crops become,
naturally, thin in harvest as compared with mine, just
as an over-crowded plantation, or an insufficiently
thinned crop of Turnips, never arrive at a matured
perfection.

There is nothing more easy than to detect at or
before harvest the quantity of seed that has vegetated ;
the thin plants have thrown out numerous stems rising
with a curve from a single crown, strong, reedy, gla^ssy,
and with long and broad ears and large kernels. The
opposite of all this takes place in a close growth of
plants. The crowded stems rising vertically are thin,
flabby near the ground, and easily beaten down by
storms ; the ears puny, and the kernels small. "With
a small quantity of seed the crop, however heavy, may
be bent down like an arch, but is never laid flat to the
ground and injured like the thick sown.

The peck per acre has come up well, and when the sun
isout the tinyplantsshowthemselvesatregular intervals,
and will (I should say from past experience) probably
yield equally or better than the rest of the field (U
acres); still, to the uninitiated, it looks quite a failure
when compared with the adjoining portions drilled
with my usual quantity, one bushel per acre. I always
drill nine rows on 7 feet 4, which is something over
9 inches from row to row, and as for many years I
have never deviated from this arrangement, any
bungler who denies this (forming his opinion from the
thick crop) must not be believed. The distance from
row to row has been frequently measured by numerous
farmers, not for the purpose of finding fault, but for
their own information or guidance. I have between 40
and 50 acres looking well, and amply planted from
1 bushel of seed. Our distances cannot be less than
9 inches, because we always horse-hoe between the
rows with Garrett's horse-hoe, the hoes being 7 inches.

On heavy, drained, and well-farmed land in our
eastern counties a bushel of Wheat is an ample sowing,
and I am much inclined to believe that 2 to 3 pecks
would be more remunerative. I am experimenting in
order to satisfy my mind. I shall continue to endea-
vour to arrive at safe conclusions in spite of the sneers
or jeers of persons whose motives are apparent, and
whose mere opinions are not worthy of notice. In the
opposite scale I will place the recorded approbation of
hundreds of the most practical and estimable agricul-
turists, BritLsh and foreign, who have fonued their
conclusions from practical observations. Au advo-
cate of agricultural progress and amendment must
naturally expect some hard blows from various
quarters. Self-satisfied non-improvers, locked in
agricultural prejudices and antiquated practice, will
never forgive me for causing a disturbance.

Some bailiffs are very jealous when their employers
desire them to go and see Mr. Mechi's fanii ; their
self-esteem is offended. Then there are over-sanguine
landlords who wish to see how they can increase their
rentals without investment, and greedy tenants, who
wish their landlords to do everything without receiving
an interest for their outlay. But all this is natural, and
I look upon it " more in sorrow than in anger," like
Hamlet's ghost.

But these are the exceptions, and, as a rule, it is
gratifying to me to know that my agricultural practice
is watched and examined by worthy and intelligent
agriculturists who rise above petty and unworthy con-
siderations, and desire to benefit by any of my exjieri-
ments that promise a favourable return.
^ As my farm has been thrown open for years to public
insjiectiou and has been visited by thousands of prac-
tical agriculturists, there is an open book in which
those who run may read, and the peck an acre may be
watched from the time of its puny birth to its ultimate
ample development.

I maintain what|I have often said— that it is a disgrace
and an error and blunder that our annual produce

crowded with worthless Pollards— ill-arranged tumblo-
doivn buildings, absence of drainage, and a general
unprofitability- for which the landowner is quite as
much rcs)ionsible as the tenant. It is a most
uncommercial or unbusiness-like state of things.

AGMCULTUEAL STATISTICS.

No,

i. 1.— The following are Total Area, Population, and Number of Statute Acres under Crops, Bare Fallow,
and Grass, and of Cattle and Sheep in each Division of the United Kingdom.

3

5
2

Abstract of Acreage under Crops, B.aro Fallow, and Grass.

II
1"

&

a.'o i

1

i

i

a 2J i»
o a

stnre,
jrass
p in

OS).

^i

1

i

.a

<n.

?

a

nder Clover,
Artificial and
Grasses u
Rotation,
ermanent Pa
Meadow, or
not broken i
Rotation (exc
of HiU Pastur

la

3|

>tal of
under all
Crops, Ba
and Grasf

1

O

2

a g
5s

H

H

t^

t>

U

d

Cl Ph

H

t^

England

Wales

18,954,444

32,500,307

22,261,833

7,400,170

2,750,008

760,979

2,206,087^ 8,098,027 13,420,044

16,124,541

1,111,780

4,734,486

2,284,674

521,074

139,265

100,878

256,722 1,267,721

546,966

1,668,663

Scotland

3,062,204

19,639,377

4,158,360

1,366,540

663,257

94,080

1,141,416

893,066

968,637

5,255,077

Total for Groat Britain . .

23,128,518

56,064,260

28,704,867

9,287,784

3,652,530

964,937

3,094,224

11,148,814

4,035,647

22,048,281

Ireland

5,708,967

20,322,641

15,549,7961

2,173,4.13

1,482,091

28,060

1,600,495

10,002,058tl3,742,932

4 270,027

Isle of Man

62,469

180,000

82,002

27,266

12,208

8,367

23,309

9,762

18,687

55,954

Channel Islands : — Jersey

55,613

28,717

20,367

3,142

5,253

2,652

3,206

6,205

12,037

617

Guernsey, &c

35,365

17,967

11,999
-t

2,041

2,936

372

886

5,762

6,976

1,214

Total for United Kingdom

29,070,032

77,613,685

11,493,666

5.053,020

1,004,278

6,324,119

-t

8,716,279

28,375,993

* Under '* Com Crops " aro included Wheat, Barley, Oats,
Ryo, Beans and Peas.

t Under " Green Crops " aro included PotatoE, Turnips and
Swedes, Mangels, Carrots, Cabbage, Kohl Rabi, Rape, Vetches,
Lucerne, and any other Crop, except Clover or Grass.

t The Returns of the Acreage under "Permanent Pasture "
in Groat Brittiin and in Ireland are not comparable, as HiU
Pastures arc excluded in Great Britain and included in Ireland.
Totals omitted in places marked thus (J) cannot, tliereforo, bo
given.

No. 2.— The Second Table gives the Total Number of Statute Acres under each Description of Crop, Bare
Fallow, and Grass, in each Division of the United Kingdom.

Acreage under each Description of Com Crop.

Divisions.

Wheat.

Barley or
Bere.

Oats.

Rye.

Beans.

Peas.

Tot-al of
Corn Crops.

England

Wales

Scotland

3,161,431
113,862
110,101

1,877,387
140,323
213,619

1,503,990

251,693

1,004,040

50,570
2,452
7,055

49
2

2,386
),634
3,337

314,206
3,010
3,188

7,400,170

621,074

1,306,340

Total for Great Britain . .

3,385,394

2,237,329

2,759,923

60,077

1,657

320,404

9,287,784

Irel.and

Isle of JIan

Channel IsLinds :— Jersey
Guernsey, &c

300,474

8,075

2,702

990

3,697,635

162,777

7,736

111

632

1,607,648

11,010

288

428

7,753
9
13
27

12,173
320
15
43

2,606
116
13
21

2,173,4.33

27,206

3,142

2,041

Total for United Kingdom

2,398,483

4,469,207

67,879

337,210

32.3,160

11,493,666

Acreage imder each Description of Green Crop.

Potatos.

Turnips and
Swedes.

Mangels.

Carrots.

Cabbage,
Kohl Rabi,
and Rape.

■ Vetches,

Lucerne, and

any other Crop,

except Clover or

Grass.

Total of
Green Crops.

England

Wales

Scotland

311,151
44,266
143,426

1,600,706
62,442
478,990

254,081

3,864

852

15,598
295
916

159,630
1,329
5,073

408,933
27,060
33,998

2,750,008
1.39.263
663,257

Total for Great Britain . .

498,843

2,142,138

258,797

16,809

163,943

470,000

3,532,330

Ireland

Isle of Man

Cbannel Islands :— Jersey
Guernsey, <tc

1,050,419

4,302

1,368

677

317,121

7,246

1,812

247

20,218
55
701
216

3,781
226

1,043
202

50,352
69

171
75

40,200

310

158

1,521

1,482,091
12,203
5,253
2,938

Total for United Kingdom

1,553,609

2,468,664

279,987

22,061

216,610

612,189

5,056,020

Acreage under Hops, Bare Fallow, and Grass.

Hops.

Bare Fallow, or
Uncropped
Arable Land.

Clover and

Artificial and

other Gr.a8ses

under Rotation.

Permanent Pasture,
Meadow or Grass,
not Broken up in

R«t,ation (exclusive
of Hill Pastures).

Total of Acreage

under all Kinds of

Crops, B.are Fallow,

and Grjiss.

England

Wales

Scotland

66,562
14
2

760,979
109,878
94,080

2,296,087

256,722

1,141,415

8,998,027

1,237,721

893,066

22,261,833
2,284,674
4,158,360

Total for Great Britain . .

56,578

964,037

3,694,224

11,148,814

28,704,807

Ireland

Isle of Man . .
Channel Islands :— Jersey
Guernsey, &c

28,060

8,357

2,552

372

1,600,495

2,3,309

3,205

886

10,002,058*
9,762
6,205
5,762

15,349,r96»
82,902
20,357
11,999

Total for United Kingdom

56,578

1,004,278

5,324,119 j — "

-*

* The Returns of the
Pastures arc excluded in G
be given.

Acreage un
reat Britain i

der " Pemmnent Pasture " in Great Britain ,and in IreLand .are no
md included in Ireland. Totals omitted in places marked thus

t coraparible, as Hill
;*) cannot, therefore.

EEAPING AND MOWING MACHINES.

It will be no less necessary than prudent to begin
our notice under this heading with a frank apology for
all shortcomings. Quoting the " Gentleman's i
Magazine " of September, 1762, vol. xxxii., p. 444, we '
are informed that " an experiment was tried before
several gentlemen in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh
with a new invented engine for cutting down corn,
when the inventor, in the space of an hour and
20 minutes, cut down a full quarter of an acre of
Barley (an acre in Scotland is the French arpine,
about a fifth more than an English acre)." Long,
however, before the Christian era, Pliny informed his
readers that the Gauls cut down their crops with a !
reaping machine, which was actuated by cattle yoked i
behind it, as in Bell's and the old Scotch disc-cutting [
machines, and there is reason to believe that machines
of the kind in question were used by our breechless .
ancestors when the Eomans first visited Britain. As !

a question of fact in the history of progress, it can
hardly be said that this old Celtic reaper was wholly
thrown aside, as it has come down to the present
day in a modified form in the reaping of Clover.
From the commencement of the Christian era to the
middle of the last century it may be truly said that no
progress was made ; but from the latter period to the
present time it may not inaptly be said that Art has
fought a continuous pitched battle in the harvest field
to gain her present victoo'.

The reapers and mowers which were shown at the
recent Christmas exhibition of the Smithfield Club
exemplify a high standard of improvement, both in
principle and special mechanism, as compared with the
old Celtic reaper, to which they must give precedence in
point of priority of invention, and also in point of
some of the principles of mechanism to which they
must trace the parentage of some of their parts.

14

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[Januaet 5, 1867.

Thus the onward rectilineal progression and action of
the teeth of the old Celt involves that of the modern
finger-bar, more especially of those machines
in TThioli the lower half of the finger is
armed with a shear-cutting angular blade; while
the Celtic haud-ralie or scraper, and its right and left
mode of action in keeping the teeth clean, and in
bringing the ears of corn up to the teeth, as also in
raking them into the body of the machine, involve a
combination of the reciprocating knife-bar and the
hand-rake, with their respective functions. So far the
elements of mechanism m the ancient and modern
reapers are easily compared, and as it has been
proposed during the past year, 18815, as an idea for
future practice, to reap first the ears of corn, and then
the straw, and to dry the former in kilns or in store-
houses, we may here observe how closely this corre-
sponds with the practice of the olden time, for the ears
of corn reaped by the Celtic tribes of ancient Gaul and
Britain w'ere either parched immediately and then
stored, or else sun-dried in fine weather, or kiln-<h-ied
in changeable seasons, and afterwards parched and
stored, or stored without parching ; and we may farther
observe that the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans,
Gauls, and Britons reaped the ears of corn thus cut,
being carried to the threshing floor or granary in
baskets, &c.

With the exception of Bell's, the chief features of
most of the machines shown are of American origin.
True, the implement makers of the United States
acknowledge having imported Ogle's knife, the reel,
with some other parts, in their primitive rude state of
mechanism ; but when Hussey's and M'Cormack's
machines wei'e exhibited at the International gathering
of 1851 in Hyde Park, the originals were so much
improved as hardly to be recognised, save in principle.
Since then a notice of the improvements which have
been made by our own implement makers and those
of America would fill a portly volume. But in a
general notice of this kind they may be all passed in
review under the knife, reel and rake, or modes of
delivery.

Superficially examined, in passing round the aveuues
of the Agricultural Hall, there was a close similarity
in the mechanism^ and mode of actuating the cutting
apparatus, and this is, to a great extent, true, when
different machines are thus examined at work in the
harvest field. This is a most encouraging feature,
as it manifestly proves that experience is being guided
by certain sound but common principles of mecha-
nism. But when we begin to take a mechanical ana-
lysis of the cutting apparatus of reapers and mowers,
there is found no little diversity, or perhaps we may
say, more popularly speaking, no little rivalry of
mechanism, thus showing that original ideas have not
yet; been wholly reduced to a common practical con-
clusion. One thing, however, is manifest — that " a
sharp good-going knife" is now the common motto of
competitors in the harvest field, and further that
considerable progress has recently been made in the
attainment of this desideratum.

The hand rake performs the two-fold function of the
reel and swathe-delivery apparatus of our old reapers ;
and in the Agricultural Hall there were no fewer than
four different combinations of the reel and rake, so as
to supplant the hand rake and the heavy labour in
working it. These were Samuelson & Co.'s, Burgess &
Key's McCormack, Brigham & Bickerston's, and
Hornsby & Son's reapers. Now^ without entering
into the merits of this combination of reel and rake,
the most superficial observer cannot fail to perceive
that important advances have recently been made in
the carrying into i)ractice the proposition of combining
the reel and rake, so as to perform the function of the
hand rake.

In the reel and swathe-delivery machines, progress
must also be reported. Were it not for the peculiar
method of yoking the horses. Bell's reaper, for
example, has been so improved that it now hardly
bears any family likeness to the original. We need not
individualise the others, as one common expression of
progress applies to all. Improvements have likewise
to be reported in the discharging apparatus of mowing
machines. True, as foi-merly stated, there is much in
all these improvements thatmust be traced to American
origin, but we have recently been consulted on
improvements of special mechanism in several of the
above machines, which may turn the balance of pro-
gress in favour of England during the ensuing season.
No doubt om- go-a-head trans- Atlantic cousins are not
idle, so that, after all, the prudent com'se is to leave the
harvest field of 1867 an open question. TF. B.

Home Correspondence.

Application of Manures. — I cau corroborate many
of the interesting statements made in the discussion on
Manures which followed Dr. Voelckei-'s lecture at the
Farmers' Club last week. " Manures, and particularly
top dressings, should not be applied in frosty
weather." I have applied a liquid solution of ammonia
on a stubble during a hard frost without the slightest
benefit to the aftercrop, although it was extremely
productive when applied after the frost had ceased.
Dr. Yoelcker states "that dung spread in hot dry
weather will not lose its properties to any extent, and
will be more productive than if applied later, and
ploughed in at once." This I can bear out, and I think
the following is the reason. When dung is spread on
a Clover lea, and at once ploughed in, it is deposited
at some depth, and often beneath a compact turf
which the rootlets of the Wheat have a difficulty in
penetrating, and thus reaching the manure ; while, if
the dung is spread a mouth or more before ploughing,
the soluble part of the maniu'e is washed in several
inches, and the soil being then reversed by ploughing,
a valuable portion of the manure is at once brought

within easy and immediate reach of the young plants.
The remarks of Mr. Hudson, as to applying nitrate
of soda in two light dressings instead, I can corroborate,
and also that it pays better when applied to good laud
or in a good state of cultivation, than on poor or badly
manured land. I can also state, that when applied either
with the seed or as a top dressing to Barley, in con-
.junction with superphosphate, it improves the sample
of Barley, as well as the quantity. I once for experi-
ment applied to an acre of Clover and Grass a fair dress-
ing of dung during the winter, and on the remainder of
the field a similar dressing in the autumn. The Grass
crop was slightly increased, but the Wheat was consi-
derably better where the application of dung was in the
autumn than on the acre dressed in the spring. The
soil was a thin loam on a clay subsoil, and the crop
required the ready assistance of all the ammonia the
dung could spare. No crop is so ungrateful for a direct
application of manure as the Clover crop ; and as for
manuring the subsoil, it is like the financial error of
the day, investing capital in non-available securities.
I think on strong or loamy lands that dung cannot be
more profitably applied than just before the Wheat
crop, when its inexhausted minerals are ready to assist
the succeeding Turnip crop. On light land, too, nothing
answers so well as a dressing of long dung on the seeds
many weeks before ploughing, and a folding of sheep
upon it. The dogma that dung should in all cases
be applied to the root crop will not stand. W. C.
Spooner.

Jiiver Sanis. — Tour correspondent "T.J." (p. 12-33)
asks advice how to prevent the washing away of a
river's banks? My experience has been to some
extent very successful, having had to contend against
similar cases. I always found Willows the best and
most secure preventive. Stick them in as thickly as
possible ; in fact form a complete bed of them several
feet wide along the sides of the river, and as close to it
as possible. My last operation in this way has been a
great success. A large mill-stream runs at the bottom
of my nursery, and was gradually washing away the
bank, so that I lost annually from 2 to 3 feet of ground
alon g the whole length of my field. I had recourse to
a plan I had before practised upon a larger scale and
upon a larger river ; i. e. stubbing the bank full of
Willow cuttings. It is now 3 years since I made my
first row, and it was only last week I was admiring my
success. I have regained over 3 feet of my lost ground,
and formed an impenetrable barrier against the
washing of the water, added to wliich I have one of
the most splendid Willow beds it is passible to see.
To your correspondent I would say try, but do not
choose the over strong-growing kinds. Mine are all
the best basket Willows. They should be cut annually
close to the ground, and free ingress made for the
wrack, rubbish, and mud, to lodge amongst them. I
shall be happy to know the result a year or two hence
through the Agricultural Gazette. Jolm Scott, Merriott,

Somerset. 1 would gladly assist " T. J." about

planting his river bank, and being " raised " (as the
Yankees have it) on the banks of a large and rapid
running river, I have had some experience of the
holding properties of the roots of nearly all the trees and
shrubs indigenous to these isles, and have found
none so effectual in netting up sand and clay as
Populus tremula (Aspen). As a proof of this asser-
tion a small specimen of this tree grows within a few
yards of where I write, and for -10 yards from its stem
nothing of any use can exist, as all the surface is filled
with roots and suckers, and I am quite persuaded that
this boimd-up surface would bid defiance to the action
of any reasonable flow of water, so as to cause a washing
away of either clay or sand. Strong cuttings of the roots
or the suckers of this tree, finnly inserted in a bank of
sand and clay, would be sure to grow, but of course are
of no earthly use but for their holding properties, and
perhaps " T. J." would like the banks to return some
profit ; in that case, let him plant the banks with
the following Willows. Having an Osiery under my
charge, I can recommend the following for baskets,
namely :— Salix Forbyana (Basket Willow), S. triandra
(Long-leaved), S. viminalis (common Osier), S.
vitellina (Yellow Branch), S. moUissima (Smith's),
S. rubra, &c. Now, I beg to observe from my own
experience, that any head m shape of tree will be acted
on by the wind in such a situation " T. J." mentions, so
as to loosen and destroy the banks ; and to avoid this
leverage all must be headed do(vn annually, and the
produce, if marketable, sold ; for it is astonishing to
see what a small stem or stump in a run of water will
cause an eddy to leeward, and work a hole. There
should be no obstacle in the way of a pretty even run
of water in banks such as "T. J." describes. The
above is a truthful record of my experience, and if of
any use it is at your service. W. J.

Atmospheric Churn. — I think it well to state how
I have found it to churn thick cream. I bought a
churn to churn four gallons, and have used it four
times. Twice the cream was very thick, and the
butter came in 30 minutes, and some shattered ; the
third time, water at the temperature of 98^ was added
to thin the cream, and the butter came in 12 minutes,
and no shattering; the fourth time, which answered
the best in every respect, there was not so much water
put to the cream, and the butter came in 20 minutes ;
21 pints of cream gave 9 lb. of good butter. So far no
churn could act better ; frequently at this time of year
it took an hour and a half to churn in a box American
churn. If it continues to go on as well, I intend buying
a larger churn in the spring. As to putting grated
Carrot in the cream, if the cows are good and not too
old, well fed all the year, and the pasture occa-
sionally top-dressed with bone superphosphate, and one
cow in eight a Guernsey cow, I find the butter has a
good colour. A Subscriber and a Small Farmer.

1 Turnip Growing — Pnnty of Seed. — The writer of the
following brief remarks claims neither the general
wisdom of an Aristotle nor the legal acumen of a

Solon ; he is neither more nor less than a simple farmer,
and would direct the attention of his agricultural
brethren to one feature of farming which is in his
estimation not rinimportant. Eor some years a grow-
ing interest has been evinced by agriculturists in the
cultivation of the Turnip crops, and this may have
arisen from many causes. Among others the growing
demand for beef and mutton, the unprofitableness in
many ^ instances of Potato and other crops, and the
possibility in some instances of growing the Turnip
where other crops have signally failed. That a bulb,
then, so much used for feeding purposes should
claim a large share of the farmer's attention
is no wonder. The writer means not to enter
upon the diseases which attack the bulb, nor the practi-
cal working of the crop itself, with which nrost farmers
are tolerably acquainted, but would seek to throw out
a few hints on the securing of seed, from which, other
things being favourable, a good crop may be expected.
Qualities in Turnip differ as much in regard to feed-
ing value as do kinds. The first thing, then, to secure
is a Turnip of good quality, with abundance of sac-
charine matter, and just that proportion of water and
fibrous matter which give it nutritive and durable
qualities. Ne.xt, to secure along with such qualities
the Turnip which with thes,e gives the largest yield, so
that no longer should fields be wasted with what is at
best an over-abundance of shaw and a di-y non-nutri-
tious bulb, but covered mth well-shaped, solid, highly
nutritive bulbs. To secure, then, the seed from which
a Turnip or Turnips of this description might be
raised is the writer's aim. That we have a very useless
variety of Turnip is clear. How get rid of them ? By-
experiment. Let farmers organise a society by whitih
such experiments may be performed ; let corrected
returns of the yield of different seeds be made, let
their qualities be analysed, and when the basis on
which their operations rest is sufliciently extended, let
the merely superfluous kinds be discarded. Next, let
some seedsman of sufficient standing and skill be
appointed to select from the improved kinds proper
bulbs from which to grow seed, and let farmers pay a
right and proper price for it, and no longer be penny
wise and pound foolish in the matter of ofiering what
never can pay the grower for land deterioration and
the risks incident to a crop of Turnip seed. Some
such simple plan as this w'ould ensure farmers that the
seed sown would at least grow Turnips, and this is
almost more than can be said of some kinds of seed.
And this would also secure the unfortunate seedsman
from any danger of prosecution for the selling of a
spurious article. On the writer's farm a series of such
experiments have been tried for a number of years, and
the result has been such as to justify experiments on a
much more extended scale. Messrs. T. Kennedy & Co.
have, out of 14 or 15 seeds experimented with, selected
three or four, which from tested qualities will be found
worthy the attention of all agriculturists interested in
the cultivation of the Turnip ; for this year might have
been seen some of these selected seeds yielding a crop
of upwards of SOtonsper acre, while alongside of themin
the same field, manured in the same way, and sown on
the same day, a seed that did not yield 20 tons per acre.
Agi'icola,

Foreign Correspondence.

New Jekset, U.S. — Taxation of AgricuUure. —
Your correspondent "G. S." (in your Number of
Nov. 24), says it would be interesting to know the
sums actually paid in direct taxation by a farmer in
New Y'ork or Pennsylvania, holding a farm worth say
10,000 dollars. I reside in New Jersey, a State lying
between these two, and can tell you exactly the taxes
paid by us, as I have just paid them.
On 10.000 dollars, the

state tax is 7 dollars

Poor-rate is . . . . . . . . . . 5 „

For schools 2 „

PoU-tax 1 dollar.

In all, as you see, only 15 dollars.

The State tax, of course, varies in the different
States ; but where the amount of tax is at all consider-
able, it is in the case of the State laying itself under
debt for some improvement greatly to the benefit of
those who reside therein. George Such, South Ambot/,
New Jersey, United States of America.

Herefordshire Chamber of Agkicultuee,—
At the annual meeting of this Society, Mr. Dackham,
of Baysham Court, in the chair, the Chairman read the
following Report of the Council : —

It is most gratifying to the Council to report that althoueh
only a few months have passed since the formation of tho
Chamber, the number of members is 97, and they feel that as
the objects of the Chamber become more widely known, that
that mimher will be gi-eatly increased.

The importance of the subject of the present and future
regulations for the sale of cattle was such that the Council felt
it most desirable that a special nieetmg should be called to
take the same into consideration. The result was an excellent
discussion, a prmted report of which has been forwarded to
each member of this Chamber, and it is gratifying to find that .
it was copied into the London and Scotch agricultural papers,
and also into many of the provincial papers.

The Council hopes ere long to be in the position of taking
a room for the use of the members, and that by donations ana
other sources a libraiy of a useful and instnictive nature will
be established.

It has been thought desii-able to subscribe U. to the funds
of the Central Chamber, being the amount requisite for the
purpose of sending two dejmted members to the Council and
General Meetings of the Central Chamber ; and, in conformity
with those regulations, Mr. J. Jancey, and Jlr. W. Tayler
(Thingcbill) were deputed to attend theu* meetings on the lltb
and l-2th instant. . .^i. - x

At those meetings rcgidations very similar lu their nature
to those adopted at oui" discussional meeting were resolved to
be submitted to the Privy Council, and a deputation appointed

Januabt 5, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CimONICLE ANT) AGETCUETUEAL GAZETTE.

15

to wfiit upon the Lord President to urgo their adoption hy the
Qovernment,
At the dinner there were ahout 50 present, and the

' ohair was taken by J. Bosley, Esq^ Mr. Diickhaiu
read a iiaper on " Land and its Occunation," from
which the followiiiR is an extract :— That the real
wealth of every nation consists in tho fertilily of tho
soil cnn scarcely ho (luestioued, for allhoui;h much
mineral wealth may for a time be obtained, and by its

I lustre attract attention, yet e.xhaustion must be the
result of the continued extraction of anythins which
in it.self does not increase ; and already has the warn-
ing cry been raised that that staple commodity, coal —
which is the foundation of England's present greatness,
is being exhausted ft a rate that, if continued in a
similar increasing ratio to that of the past half century
for another century, it will he numbered amongst the
tilings of the past. But with land such a state of
things is impossible; every year, almost every day,
adds some fresh discovery whereby its produce may be
increased. That those discoveries render an in-
creased investment of capital, increased skill, increased
enterprise, and consequently increased security in
its occupation requisite, is unquestionable, and those
who know best how to cultivate the soil are most con-
ver.sant with the fact of how little we all know of that
science which man at his fall w.as doomed to pursue.
The geological formation of this kingdom is very varied,
and the staple of the soil is more varied than its sur-
face. Connnon-place observation teaches us that the
crops on the hill side inclining to the n\id-day sun are
much earlier, and usually much more abundant, than
those upon the opposite side, and upon which the sun
necessarily strikes at a much lower angle. AVe know,
too, that the same plants are not to be found upon the
hill top as in the vale —that great difference exists in
the feeding properties of the herbage we see flowing
in our i)astures, and a knowledge of botany discloses
those plants which luxuriate on a good and fertile
soil, but cannot live in one of an inferior kind until
its fertility is increased by draining, by the application
of manures, and by skilful cultivation. Here chemistry
comes to our aia, and makes known the fertilisers
required, and those best adapted to the varied soils,
according to their geological formation, and teaches
us the reason why one kind of food for animals
favours the production of milk, another of flesh, and
another of fat. The mechanical genius of the age ha:

through tho exemption of all kinds of mines, which in
themselves area most fruitful source of increasing the
poor rates through accidents bringing to an early termi-
natiou tho working powers of the minor, whilst they
enhance the cost of labour in their vicinity by the
toin|)ting wages thoir owners give to able-bodied men.
Again, the very men employed in bringing food from
atiroad to compete on ei|ual terms with our home
productions, when incapar'it itcd for the heavy labour
attached to that trade, have no other chanci' than
falling back upon tho Union. Thus the oiTupicrs of
real property have to bear the wdiole btirdicn of
supporting the poverty of the nation, and in many
cases persons are compelled to pay to the support of
others' who themselves are but little, if any, better off
than the recipients, whilst the fortunate possessors of
immense incomes from other sources than land,
pocket their incomes with no further deduction than
id. in the pound property tax. I cannot help feeling
the day is rapidly coming, if not come, when an altera-
tion must bo made in this respect, and that the wealth
of the nation generally will be called upon to con-
tribute to maintain the poor in an equitable manner.
There are many charges with which the ratepayers
have recently been most unjustly burthened, such
as registration fees, vaccination fees, &c. &c., and
it is very probable that before another year has passed
away the turnpike gates will have ceased to exist, and
unless some very strenuous exertions are made to frus-
trate it, the repairs of roads now maintained by tolls,
will be placed entirely upon the parishes in which they
are situated. The pressing importance of this subject
was felt to be such at the meeting of the Council of the
Central Chamber in London last week, that it was se-
lected for the first discussion of the Chamber, at which
it is hoped to obtain the opinion of the local Chambers
through their deputed members. As the discussion of
the subject by this Chamber is fixed to take place on
Wednesday, the HJth of January, I will not enter upon
that suliject further than to express my conviction
that one general law should provide for the whole of
the roads, but whether that law should treat them as
national works, as in France, or by local taxation as in
England, is a matter for future consideration. The un-
satisfactory manner in which our corn averages are
taken is such that no other body of men, except the
English farmers, would passively submit to, and the same
may be said of the numerous weights and measures, and

enabled the staple of the .soil to be deepened, it has | v.aried systems of selling our corn, differing as they do in

supplied more ready means of rendering it friable in
its cultivation, it has reduced manual labour almost to
a minimum by utilising as a motive power horse and
steam as its substitute; and thus man, who from his
reasoning faculties is calculated to discharge duties of
a higher order than those arising from the mere
exercise of physical strength, is elevated in his position.
That these great changes have been brought about
within a vei'y brief period, it is only requisite to
mention the fear and trembling with which the horse-
power threshing machines were used some 30 years
ago, and the immense sacrifice of property sustained by
those who had temerity enough to continue their use
after receiving the usual notice warning them against
it under the anonymous signature, '' Swing." At
that period there was an over-abundance ol^ labour
in the agricultural districts and a rapidly increas-
ing population, but this is no longer the case ;
the facility of communication and the prosperity of
manufacturing and trading interests of the country have
caused such a demand for labour of all kinds, that we
now find the population in agricultural counties is
actually on the decrease. For example, the census of
1821 for the county of Cambridge showed an increase
of 21 per cent, during the 10 preceding years ; of 1831,
18 per cent. ; of 1841, 14 per cent. ; >'f 1851, 13 per
ciiit. ; of ISGl, a decrease of 5 per cent., whilst during
tiie same periods the increase of population in the
mining and manufacturing districts has been very
gicat. For instance, in the county of Glamorgan, it
ivas 20, 2.4, 35, 36, and 37 per cent, respectively at those
date.s, and for the whole of England and Wales,
18, 16, 11, 13, and 12 per cent. That the total increase
should be G per cent, less in 1861 than in 1821 can be
no matter of surprise, when we consider the enormous
number of our youngest and most healthful popula-
tion who have emigrated during the past 40 years.
This emigation, combined with the rapid expansion of
trade, and the rapidly increasing wealth of the nation,
has caused a great scarcity of good labourers and
a consequent increase of wages, for although machi-
nery is called to our aid and much labour is
thereby saved, yet that saving is turned into a
different channel, and we find improved cultiva-
tion and its attendant result, increased production,
render a greater amount of labour requisite. Notwith-
standing the difficulties experienced in that channel,
combined with the effect of free trade in live stock,
corn, and other productions, the competition for land
is such that rents continue to have an upward
tendency; whether this is a legitimate state of things,
or whether it is promoted by the present law of debtor
and creditor creating a false competition for land by
inducing the acceptance of offers under the feeling of
the privilege the law provides, are questions which time
alone can solve. For my part, I feel that the occupation
of land should be made as much as possible a com-
mercial transaction : every privilege or restriction on
either side should be clearly stated, leaving nothing
to that antiquated hoary-headed sinner, tho custom
of the country, with all its concomitant evUs, to define ;
and the more closely that principle is adhered'
to, the more improvement shall we see springing
up around us, and the more rapid will be the increased
value of the fee simple of the land. Local taxation
is a serious item, and, like rent, has a tendency to
increase. In this couufy timber and game form
the principal exemptions from its burthen, but in
many other counties i^eat hardships are experienced

nearly every market in the kingdom, so that when we
look through the reports of our markets, unless we are
in possession of an almost universal knowledge, we can
form but a very vague idea of wdiat is meant.
Again, the retention of the Malt-tax, which is a heavy
tax upon raw material, and that material one of the
principal productions of the soil, whilst those who cul-
tivate have to compete w' ith all the world with its pro-
duce, and at the same time an unequal and oppressive
burthen of local taxation, is in itself an injustice. Now,
why is all this ? Is it that the farmer of the present
day lacks intelligence, or that he is less conversant vrith
the fundamental principles of his business than his
more astute neighbours who are engaged in commercial
pursuits. From the numerous pieces of advice we
daily see proffered to him, many who have no means of
judging of his position, would, I have no doubt, be in-
clined to answer yes ; but I say most emphatically it is
not so, but it is, that from his isolated position, and
daily occupation, he has no ready means of availing
himself of an interchange of ideas with his fellow
man, and thus he remains content to submit to things
as they are, or as they may be imposed upon him,
without its once entering into his head that, united,
the farmers of England are, as a body, the large.st
employers of labour; that they have the greatest
amount of capital at stake of any one body of men in

I acted in the capacity of cow-herd in the summer
of my tenth year. 1 do not remember of being at
school during tho summer months. I acted as ' craw-
licrd' (scarecrow from the Fot;itos) during the sum-
mer months of 1839, '10, and '41, and [ worked for .W. per
day in the summer of 1812. It is the injudicious inter-
ference of would-be dictators to practical agriculturists
that prompts me to address you thus. Tli<. hhisI accom-
plished working man I am acqnaiiitod with was only
six weeks at a day school. Of coui-sc lie attended
evening classes after he had reached manhood. It is a
deplorable existence residing in a purely agricultural
district, without a tlesiro for reading or any intellectual
pursuit. I sat looking at the fire during the winter
evenings till my eyes were tired. To break the ilreary
monotony of such an existence, I took a lesson in the
Bible, or some other hook, or did a few exercises in
arithmetic ; but notwithstanding my father's en-
treaties, I plodded on without any fixedness of purpose,
till coming in contact with others showed mo my
deficiencies. I trust I know myself better than to
attempt to justify ignorance ; nevertheless, remember-
ing that my father could not have paid the school fees,
had he been compelled to send me to school during the
summer months, I beg to protest against would-be
reformers finding fault with farmers employing boys
and girls during the summer months. The being aljle
to read and write, and a knowledge of arithmetic, are
indispensable for keeping farm accounts, and scholastic
accomplishments are very useful for certain purposes;
but theorists must allow practical men to devise
schemes for promoting their owm interests as rationjil
and responsible beings, and as practical agriculturists.
The intellectual tr.aining at school ought to be regarded
as the mere basis upon which young lads have oppor-
tunities for building a superstructure after they leave
school. There not being any provision made by land-
owners, gentlemen farmers, and rural clergy for induc-
ing young men to follow up their scholastic training
during the winter evenings, and the majority of school-
masters not being able to teach the elements of botany,
are the principal defects in connection with scholastic
education in rural districts. Were parish schoolmasters
competent to teach the elements of botany, what an
interesting and useful exercise it would be for boys and
girls to gather specimens of the plants, gra.sses, and
ferns they see growing on the road to school. I walked
nearly three miles morning and evening to and from
school. A rural parish school being a focus for the
boys and girls scattered over an extensive area, were
they to present tbeir specimens at the morning class,
and requested to state the name and order of each
plant, boys and girls would thus acquire a ' knowledge
of common things.' A library and reading room in a
village would be a good medium for information for
those who reside in villages ; but the majority of Scotch
ploughmen could not avail themselves of such auxi-
liaries. As a general rule, English ploughmen reside
in villages ; but Scotch ploughmen are grouped together
at a convenient nearness to the farm steadings. Scotch
ploughmen's hours of labour are from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m.,
barring an interval of two hours from tl a.m. to 1 p.m.
It is the general rule on a good many farms to yoke at
5 a.m., when busy with the fallow, to give the horses a
rest from 10 till 1. The grooming the horses, the ten
hours' work, and the time occupied in returning from
work on extensive farms, will occupy eleven hours a
day during the summer months, exclusive of the extra
hours when harvesting the hay and corn crops. Men
so circumstanced would require to have a fixedness of
purpose to prompt them to walk to evening cla.sses in a
village after a hard day's work ; and even during the
winter months a good many ploughmen in Scotland
are practically prohibited from attending evening
classes one or two miles from the f\irm steadings. It
is the general rule for each ploughman to attend the

the kingdom; that they have hitherto been like so stable and be in it for nearly an hour, either from half-

many strong yet unconnected links, which, if united,
would form a chain of almost indi-ssoluble strength. The
means to this end are now supplied by the Oentral
Chamber of Agriculture and the co-operative chamber; ,
which are being established throughout the kingdom ;
and as I feel that tho real interests of this great and
wealthy nation are most closely identified with its
success, I sincerely pray that our Almighty ruler
will bless our efforts. I cannot close my remarks
without alluding to two very important movements,
which I feel must ere long become the law of the
laud, by the obtaining of agricultural statistics, and a
Minister and Board of Agricidture, each of which are
rendered more than ever requisite by that awful
visitation which so recently threatened to devastate our
herds and flocks — " the cattle plague." As re.gards the
statistics, I am well aware there are many who are
greatly prejudiced against supplying the information
sought, but I feel that it is simply prejudice; that we,
as agriculturists, have nothing to fear from rendering
them, but that we have possibly something to gain ;
and as regards a Minister and Hoard of Agriculture, the
necessity for a duly qualified head, to whom the agri-
culturists can make their wants known, must have
long since been apparent to all who are really
interested m their country's welfare.

Mr. Duckham's paper was received with great
applause.

The Memedi/ for the Bondaijer System. By T. Waugh
Rutherford, 22, Forest Field, Kelso. (A. & W. Easton,
18, High Street, Jedburgh.)
This is a tract by a working man. The author knows
by experience the evils he denounces, and having long
taken an interest in the condition of his class, he has
here collected the various letters on the subject which
he has published during the past seven or eight years
in oiu'own Paper and in others. The following passage
gives his experience in the matter of education.

past 7 to half-past eight, or from 8 till 9 : therefore a
ploughman has not time to go before feeding and
grooming the horses, and it is too late after 8 and 9 p.m.
Therefore, unless each farm steading is treated as a
village with regard to a reading-room, and the requisite
books and other agencies, it is a mere witste of time
and war of words expatiating about the better educa-
tion of ploughmen."

Many will be interested in the opinions of an earnest-
mindecl working man on the influences afl'ecting the
condition of his ck,ss, and they will find them here
expressed in somewhat broken style, but with great
energy and considerable ability.

Farm Memoranda.

Flaxton Geange, York.— In the spring of 1864 I
took a small farm of 53 acres on a seven years' lease, at
a rent of 90?., including tithes. I also took a six-acre
Grass field, a mile distant, at a rent of 24/. My whole
rental is 114?. On the 53 acres I laid out in draining
125/., and in the house and farm buildings not less
than 200/. more. I have used in hand tillage, manure,
and cake more than 450/. up to this time, and I can
truly say I have never over-tilled [over-manured] any
crop. The last tenant informs me his outlay on the 53
acres was about 25/. per year in manure and cake, and
that he got 5 qrs. of Wheat in 1863. The crop of
Wheat which I took of him yielded 22 bushels from
2 bushels sown ; and the first crop of Oats which I
sowed (and gave 30s. per acre in tillage) only yielded
4 qrs. ))er acre. Last season I got 6 qrs., and this year
I think I had fully 8 qrs. where I had the 4 qrs. of
Cats in 1864. I worked and manured for Turnips last
year, but I got none. I sowed it with A/heat that
autumn, and I had 5 qrs. of Wheat on it this year.,_I
have given my Grass not less than 6/. 10>-. per acre
since I got it, and I intend to give my seeds and Grass
10.!. per acre this coming sprinir.

The improvement in the quality of the Grass m the
pasture and meadows has been very striking, as the

16

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

L Janitaet 5, 1867.

herbase, which was originally very poor, is replaced
by White Clover, and the better Grasses, which
contain so much more nutriment than the coarser
ones of Bent, Carnation Grass, blue Scabious,
trembling Grass, and Hardheads, which seemed to be
the prevailing Grasses before.

I have a stock of over 10 beasts of different ages, and
at present I have 40 sheep, 20 of which are breeding
ewes. I have three horses and one foal, and the usual
quantity of pigs and poultry. I sold off mv farm
450Z. worth of produce last year, and though this
IS, I understand, fully twice the amount that
it used to yield, I cannot say I have got it
into a paying state. I employ a capital of 1500Z.,
which is nearly half the value of the land, but I
suppose there are few persons who can get a farm rather
out of condition into a paying state in the time. I keep
half my stock of sheep of good Southdowns, which I
can get to weigh 20 lb. a quarter, at 16 to 17 months
old. I have not any pedigree Short-horns, but I have
a few very good animals and can get those I breed to
the value of 101. at 12 months old, as I begin to give
them cake very early. My last calf, which is just one
month old, began to eat a few crumbs of it at three
weeks old. I use cake rather more freely than I
should do if I had to buy it all, as being in the trade, I
often have cake that is broken or damaged, and am
sometimes surprised to find that animals which have
alwa,ys had cake do not refuse inferior qualities. I am
particular to charge my farm with articles that I send
there, at what I believe to be their correct value.

I certainly am surprised to find how much money it
takes to farm well, and I do not wonder that those who
are attempting to make a living are careful how they
lay it out; but then again, seeing what crops some of
themget, I wonder how they do live, and I believe the
time is fast coming when land will not be let to men of
insufficient capital, and that those who have it will
require more security for its outlay than they now
have by a yearly tenancy. Senrxj Richardson.

Miscellaneous.

All JSiir/Ush Landowner. — If the yeomanry and the
volunteers of the country were valuable— if the clergy,
and the army and navy of the country, were valuable,
as was expressed in the various toasts of the evening-
he would tell them that he thought one of the most
valuable things which any country neighbourhood
could possess was an honest, conscientious, upright
country gentleman— one who through a long life
managed to retain the respect and affection of his neigh-
bours, and even more than the respect and affection of
his tenants — who goes down to the late years of his long
life knowing in the faces he meets around him, and
from the welcome they give to his name, the value he
is to them and the affection they feel for him. He
need hardly tell them he was proposing the health of
him whose name appeared in the paper as the president
of this Society, but better known to them as the
" Good old 'Squire." In the 25, or coming on to 26,
years he (the speaker) had lived in this neighbourhood,
and often as he had been in this room, he had wit-
nessed the exceeding popularity of Mr. Parquharson.
It was a great point in a man's character, and one of
the first ingredients to his being able to retain popu-
larity and affection, always to be true to his word,
doing his best to carry out the principles which ought
to actuate him, properly rendering his services to the
country as an impartial magistrate, offering any advice
he can, and never refusing it when it is wanted. It
was not for him to say how the 'squire had pleased
them in other respects, for he (Lord Sydney) had had
so much said about him, and he had gained such a bad
character with regard to field sports, that they would
be led to believe he was out hunting every day of
his life. But he could not help mentioning
the character of Mr. Farquharson as a sports-
man, although perhaps he ought not to say
anything about it. He desired to associate also with
the toast the name of one of the vice presidents of the
Society, Mr. Charles Hambro, and he trusted when he,
as a young man, came into his father's property, he
would endeavour to preserve that character which he
had endeavoured to stamp as Mr. Farquharson's—
strictly true and honest, setting a good example to his
tenantry— and then he will have a right to ask for that
support which he was entitled to at their hands. He
hoped when his young friend's hairs were grey he would
enjoy the same affection and respect and esteem as did
the old squire Parquharson. He gave them the healths
of Mr. Parquharson, president of the society, and Mr.
Charles Hambro as reitresenting the vice presidents.
The toast was drunk with great applause. Sei: Lord
Sjfdney Oodolpldn Osborne, at the meeting of the
Blandford Agricultural Society.

A Vegetarian Festival. — A rather remarkable
festival was held at Blennerhasset, Cumberland, on
Christmas Day, upon the farm of Mr. William Law son
son of Sir Wilfred Lawson, of Brayton. The farm is
conducted upon the co-operative principle, a tithe of
the profits being divided among the workers, and Mr.
William Laivson and his servants are vegetarians. All
the people of the district who chose to write beferehand
for free tickets or to pay -id. on Christmas Day were
invited. Musicians were requested to take their
instruments with them, and it was added " those who
like may bring their own spoons." About 1000 people
attended. The farm buildings were decorated, and
in the large rooms singing and dancing and lecturing
on phrenology, co-operation, vegetarianism, and physi-
ology, went forward at intervals during the day. At
noon a meal of grain, fruit, and vegetables was given,
which rather surprised some of the beef-eating
peasantry who had assembled to take part in the festival.
There were raw Turnips, boiled Cabbages, boiled
Wheat, boiled Barley, shelled Peas (half aion of each
of these three last-named; ; Oatmeal gruel, with

chopped Carrots Turnips, and Cabbage in it ; boiled
horse Beans, boiled Potatos ; salads, made of chopped
Carrots, Turnips, Cabbages, Parsley, &c., over which
was poured Linseed boiled to a jelly. As there were
no condiments of any kind, either upon the extraor-
dinary messes or the table, and all being cold except
the Potatos, it may be imagined that the guests did not
sit down with much relish to their vegetarian fare.
Each one had an Apple and a biscuit presented on
rising from the table. In the course of the afternoon
Mr. Lawson's two steam engines, called by him " Cain "
and " Abel," set off with steam up and whistles scream-
ing to lead a procession over the farm, but they did not
get very far, and the procession was rather a straggling
one. Good order was maintained all day, the farm
servants of the establishment acting as officers, and
Mr. W. Lawson himself performing the duty of special
constable — a fact which was announced by placards
posted up on the farm buildings, bearing the words,
' William Lawson, sworn constable."
'' Minderpest in Holland. — It is a golden rule in
Holland if they have a lot of cattle mth the lung
disease among them not to keep them at home, but to
call in a dealer and send them to Rotterdam to be
transferred to this country. No doubt at the present
moment, were it not for our stringent rules, the Dutch
would gladly and liberally send us any quantity of
their murrained cattle, and that they had plenty
at present he could prove by a Dutch newspaper.
In the week ending Peb. 11 there were in Holland
2033 cases of rinderpest, but by means of preventive
measures the weekly totals were very much reduced.
The Dutch, however, were a very negligent people,
and when they had got the disease down to
294 in one week in June they thought they had accom-
plished so much that they began to relax their restric-
tions and up the figures went again until, in the week
ending Nov. 18, the losses sustained comprised 3257
head of cattle; in the last week of which he had
received any record the losses had gone up to 7162.
Now, after that he need scarcely say that we had some
troublesome neighbours, and that it was necessary that
we should be carefully protected from them. He did
not know when Holland would be free from the
disease, and he was afraid to say when we should
be free from it in this country. At the present
moment, however, it had been brought down so low
that unquestionably it could be eradicated. Professor
Gamgee, at Framlingham.

Calendar of Operations.

Januakt : Aralle Farm.— Carry tiles, stones, lime,
grain, and manure as long as this frost lasts. The work
of digging, quarrying, hauling, and of wheeling marl,
clay, or chalk on to the lands appropriate may also go
on. Threshing proceeds, the cattle and sheep requiring
abundant litter. Prepare compost manures for use in
spring. When the frost has gone, the contents of
liquid-manure tanks may be emptied over heaps, under
shelter, of turf ashes, burned clay, charcoal dust,
charred peat, sawdust, spent bark from the tanyard, or
any other substance capable either of acting as a sponge
on the liquid or its volatile parts, or of rotting the more
rapidly for its saturation by a substance in the act of
fermentation.

Water Meadows. — In severe frost allow the water to
flow rather than run any risk from exposure to its
effects ; but while mild, it will be desirable, where the
whole surface cannot be irrigated at the same time, to
change the courses twice a week, choosing a mild
morning. The rule is to let the water flow till a scum
appears on the Grass.

Notices to Correspondents.

Ailing Ducks : Subscriber. There is no medicine that ean be
given to duck.s. Your birds get something that dis.igrces
with them. Shut them up for a time— .an old pigstyo is a
very^ood place ; feed them on Oats or meal ; put in a vessel
of any kind, a milk pan foriinstanee : place a sod of Grass on
the bottom with some gravel, then put the Oats, and water
enough to cover the whole ; they will feed readily. Feed
them in this way three times every day, and when they have
well fed take the food away. We believe this will cure
them.

Barren Field : Andrew Harmer. If not poisoned you should
be able to fertilise it by adding vegetable .and mineral
manures, and probably the best plan will be to tiy Buck-
wheat and plough it in. If you can get a compost made
of lime and any vegetable refuse as a dressing, .apply it
liberally.

Books: A Subscriber. Blackie's "Agriculturist's Calculator."

Cabbage: J H A. Drill in May for a winter crop; in March
for an August and September crop. The crop is best trans-
planted in the usual way.

Cattle Melons : Sub. Melons are given to' stock in slices
raw. It is not, however, a bad pl.an to boil them. They are
often boiled down into a sort of thick paste in the United
States, which is used instead of butter on country f.arms.
MJM.

Work in the Dairy : Cor. During the early part of the year
it is well to make preparations for the commencement of
cheese-making and the management of the cheese, first by
cleansing the dairy-lofts, <fec., from any remains of the
former year's operations. That is to say, all cheese which
remains unsold should be removed from the rooms intended
to receive that of this year's making, to allow of white-
washing, looking well to all encroachments made by mice,
which a little mortar, having pounded glass mixed with it,
has been found effectual in preventing. The shelves and
floors should be thoroughly cleansed from mites, which are
generally to be found after cheese has remained on them
through the winter, however attentive the dairy-woman
m.ay have been in regularly wiping ; and if they are not
thoroughly desti'oyed they will do much injury to the
appearance of the new cheese, by preventing blue coat from
rising on it, which marks the richness of the cheese. Some-
times, if they have been allowed to increase, it may require
more than one washing with hot water, soap, and soda to
ensure the entire extirpation of these little insects ; and, if
any of the last year's cheese remains, and the mites require
destroying, the best mode of doing so is by rubbing the
cheeses well with sweet oil appUed with a woollen cloth,
and, if necessary, doing this repeatedly.

PAMPAS GRASS, extra strong plants, all from the
best large silvery plumes. These plants are established in
pots flt for making specimens on Lawna.

Price la. to 2s. each ; or much cheaper by the 100 or 1000, for
planting for game coverts, &c.

I Sutton & Sons, Royal Berka Nurseries and Seed EstaMishmeut,
Reading.

Lettuce Seed.

DIXON'S CHAMPION GREEN COS LETTUCE,
the largest and best Lettuco in cultivation. Weight 4 to G lb.
each. Firm and fine flavoured. Packets of tlie above, 6(£., U'., and
2s. Cd. each. The usual discount to the Trade.

J^G. W. Di.\ON, Wholesale. Retail, and Export Seed Warehouse,
48a, Moorgate Street, City, London, E.G.

Seed Potatoii

HAND F, SHARPE are now offering MTATT'S
• PROLIFIC KIDNEY, DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY, FORTY-FOLD, FOX'S SEED-
LING, EARLY OXFORD, and many other Early and Late varieties,
fine in quality, free from disease, and .at low prices.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire.

OTNTER'S EARLIEST and BEST PEA, the

hardiest and earliest out, price only Is. 3d. per quart. Sea
Advertisement, p. 1180 of this week's Gardeners' Chronicle.

To be obtained Retail in London of Messrs. Jas. Veitoh & Sons,
Chelsea, S.W. ; and Mr. B. S Williams, Holloway, N. ; and
through any Seedsman, in one quart packages only, with Trada
Mark, the Crown and Royal Oak, and blue label. None other genuine.
Robert H, Poynter, Seedsman, kc, Taunton, Somerset,

Hill's June Broccoli.

EP. FRANCIS AND CO. have great confidence
• in recommending the above Broccoli to the Gentry and
Public generally. They have had the opportunity of seeing it grow
during the last three seasons in the gardens of R. Hanbury, Esq.,
Poles, Ware, and they have no doubt but that its local reputation
will soon become generally established.

Its special value is derived from the fact that its season extends
from the last week in May to the end of June— thus supplying a want
that has long been felt, by filling up the time between the ordinary
Broccoli and Cauliflower seasons.

Its habit is strong — the heads of a medium size, and exceedingly
close and white, and the flavour all that could be desired.

Numerous Testimonials have been received, but the following,
from Mr. Mirrick, Gardener to Russoll Ellice, Esq., Brlckendon-
bury, Herts, has been selected; —

"I have seen Hill's June Broccoli growing the last three seasons,
and think it the very best yet brought out It is hardy and stronc
In growth, has close white heads of a medium size, and comes in the
end of May and continues through June, so much wanted to join
the Broccoli and Cauliflower season together. This year I saw it as
late as the 16th of June in the open quarters, and have no doubt it
could be kept till the end of Juno by moving it to a north border,
by which time Cauliflowers are well in. It should be grown in every
Garden, " William Mebrick."

" Brickendonbury, Hertford,"

Price in Sealed Packets, 2s. 6d. each, post free.

The Nui-seriea, Hertford.

Nuneham Park Onion.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON have ^reat gratification in
announcing that this SUPERB NEW ONION has in every
instance, where shown, obtamed the first prizes, and numerous testi-
monials have been sent to them from various parts of the country,
confirming the opinion that it is the largest and heaviest cropper of
all Onions. It is also of exceedingly mild flavour, and keeps as long
as any variety extant. In Sealed Packets 2s. 6ii. each.
Trade price on application.
The following Seedsmen have received a supply :—

Messrs. Backhouse & Son, York
„ Barr k Sugden, 12, King

btreet, Covent Garden
„ Beck, Henderson, & Child,

222, Upper Thames Street
„ Bunyard & Sons, Maidstone
Butler & McCulloch, Covent

Garden, W.C.
„ Carter i Co., 237 k 238, High

Holborn, W.C.
, Chivas i Weaver, Chester
,, Clarko4.Sons.39.KinKStreet,

Covont Garden, W.C.
„ Cooper k Bolton, 162, Fleet

Street, E.G.
„ Dickson & Sons, F. k A.,

106,Eastgate Street, Chester
„ Dickson & Co,, Edinburgh
,, Dickson &Brown,Manchester
„ Downie,Laird,&Laing, Edin-
burgh and London
„ Drummond k Son, Stirling
„ Drummond & Sons, Dublin
„ Drummond Bros., Edinburgh
„ Farrell k Co., Dublin
„ FishorHoImes&Co.,Sheffleld
„ FlanaganiSons,9S,Cheapside
„ Garaway k Co., Bristol
„ Gartshore.Son9,&Co„ Falkirk
„ Hamilton* Wright, Croydon
„ Henderson & Son^E, G., St.

John's Wood, N.W,
„ Hooper a Co., Covent Garden
„ Hurst&Son3,6,LeadenhallSt.
„ Hutchinson k Armitage,

Nottingham
„ Ivery k Son, Dorking
„ Kennedy k Co., Dumfries
„ Lawson k Sons, Edinburgh

and London

Higbgate Nurseries, London, N,

Messrs, Lee,C.& J., Hammersmith
„ Marsh & Perkins, North-
ampton
„ Maute k Son, Bristol
„ Minier.Nash&Nash.GO.Strand
,, Nutting k Sons, GO, Barbican
„ Paul k Son, A., Cheshunt
„ Robertson & Son, Edinburgh
„ Rutley fi= Silverlock,

412, Strand, W.C.
„ Sang k Sons, Kirkcaldy
„ Slater k Sons, Malton
„ Smith & Simons. Glasgow
„ Stewart & Sons, Dundee
„ Stuart & Mem, Kelso
„ Sntton k Sons, Reading
„ Veitch & Sons, Chelsea
„ Witty & Sons, Cottingham
„ Yates, G. & W., Manchester
Mr, Barrett, Bury St. Edmund's
„ Brotherton, Chapel Allerton
„ Brown, H., Liverpool
„ Brown, S., Sudbury
„ Cattell, J., Westerham
„ Chater, J., Cambridge
„ Cooling, E., Derby
„ Cutbush, W., Barnet
„ Dodds, Haddington
„ Godwin, F. G., Sheffield
„ Ker, R. P., Liverpool
„ Methven, Edinburgh
„ Paul, Wm,,WalthamCross,N.
„ Poynter, Taunton
„ Quincey, Peterborough
,, Rowbottom, Milford, Derby
„ Scott, Yeovil
„ Turner, C, Slough
„ Veitch, Robt. T., Exeter
„ Williams, B, S., Holloway, N.
Whatley, Liverpool

HENRY DEWAR and SON beg respectfully to offer
Seed of their very superior IMPROVED SHORT-TOP RED
BEET, which was awarded Two First-class Certificates at the
Gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society. South Kensington, on
Nov 7 and Dec. 9, 186fi ; also Seed of their solid crisp white
NORTHUMBERLAND CHAMPION CELERY, which was
awarded a First-class Certificate at the International Show, South
Kensington, Dec. 9, 1865. In addition to the First-class Certificates.
the Silver Banksian Medal of the Royal Horticultural Society was
awarded for the above Beet and Celery. , , „ ^ ,

In sealed packets only, stamped with our name in full, at Is. per
packet each. Price to the Trade on prepaid appliaition

Seed Establishment, 97, Grey Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Extensive and well-grown Nursery Stock.

J SCOTT, Meniott, Somerset, has to offer as
• under :— FOREST TREES :— Acacia, 5 to G feet, 10s. per 100 ;
Alder, 3 feet, 258. per 1000 ; Beech, 2 to 21 feet, 30s. per 1000 ; do.,

3 to 4 feet, 36s, per 1000 ; do., 4 to 6 feet, 80s. per 1000 ; Chestnut,
Horse 3 to 4 feet, 80s. per 1000 ; do., 4 to 5 feet, 10s. per 100 ; Chest-
nut, Spanish. 3 feet, 30s. per 1000 ; do., 3 feet, 35s. per 1000 ; Elm,
En"lish, 4 to 5 feet. lOs. per 100 ; do., 5 to 6 feet, 20s. per 100 ; Elm,
Wych, 4 to 6 feet, 80s. per 1000 ; do., 5 to 6 feet, 10s. per lOO ; Firs,
Larch, 2 feet, 20s. per 1000; do., 2\ to 3 feet, 25s. per 1000 ; do., 3 to

4 feet, 30s. per 1000; Scotch, l\ to 2 feet, 18s. per 1000; do., 2 to
2i feet, 20s. per 1000; do., 2S to 3 feet, 25s. per lOOO ; Silver, 9 to
12 inches, 60s. per 1000; do., 12 to 18 inches, 80s. per 1000; Spruce,
U toot, 25s. per lOCO; do., 2 feet, 30s, per luOO ; d^., 2\ feot, 35s. per
1000 • do 3 feet, 40s per lOOO ; Hazel, 2 to 2S feet, :;6s. per 1000 ; do.,
2* to 3 feet. 30s. per 1000; do., 3 to 4 feet, 40s. per lOOO ; do., 4 to
6 feet, 45s. per 1000. The Hazel is especially fine. Oak, English,
2 to 2\ feot. 36s. per 1000 ; Willows, from 30s. to 50s. per 1000 ; 1 ews,
2 feet, fine. 7os. per 100 ; Holly, 2 feet, extra fine, 60s. per 100.

FRUIT TREES, the best Collection in England, are grown to a
large extent, and free from every kind of disease. A 92-pafed
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, with cnltm-al notes, free. Apples,
600 sorts in all manner of training, from 6rf. to 3s. 6d. each ; Apri-
cots, Nectarines, and Peaches, Maiden and Dwarf-trained, from 6rf.
to 3s. 6rf. each; Cherries, Standard and Pyramidal, Is. to 2s. Ci/.
each ; do. Dwarf-trained, Is. Cd. to 2s. Cd. each, in 50 sorts. May
Dukes and Morellos to the trade in quantity, cheap. Fears, 800 sorts,
from 6d. to 2s. 6d. to 6s. each, according to size ; Plums, Pyramidal
and Dwarf-trained, 2s. Gd. to 3s. 6d. each. Deodar Cedar, 4 to 6 feet,
30s. per dozen; 6 to 6 feet, 36s. per dozen: 6 to 7 feet, 42s. per
dozen. Magnificent trees with flne balls. A splendid collection of
ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS equally cheap.

January 6, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AKD AGRKJlILTURAL GAZETTE.

17

FIBROUS TEAT of first-class quality for Orohids,
HofitliR, Aniorican I'lants, nnd all potting purposoR, limy bo
obtained by application to Mr. Thomas Jr.sson, Fanilnghiun Wood,
Kent It Is dospatohed by tbo London, Cluitbam, and Dovor Rail-
way In trucks of IG vardu, at &). 8d. por yard, about 0 tons, to any
Bt.ition about London, and on tbo Groat Northern, Midland, and
Great WoHtorn Railways ; or fetched in carta ft-om tbo wood. It Is
extensively used and apbroolated In the London Nursorloa, and In
the Royal Tarka and Gardcna.

OCOA-NUT REFUSE

la bocomlng soarob, the
old reaorvea will soon bo gone.
Now Bold In bags, 1 for 2j*., 10 for
10s,, 2 lor 30a., 50 for 00a., 100
for £0.

FouiTJence allowed for each
bag returned cairtage-patd.

A Railway Truck-load (not In
bags), iOs.

Postage Stamps or Post-oDQco
Order, payable to J. Bahsham &
Co., KlDgston-OD -Thames, S.W.

AWES-' MANURES.

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
season of 18011 are now ready for d6livoi7 at his Factorios, at the
lollowing prices, per ton: —
LAWKS' PATENT TURNIP MANORS, and BONE £ s. d.

SUPERPIIOSrilATE of LIME COO

LAWKS* SUPERniOSPIIATE of LTME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 5 5 0

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURE., .. 12 0 0

These filanuros can bo obtained of Mr. Lawfs, or through the
appointed Agents in all parts of the United Kmgdoiii, at prices
valuing according to cost of carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate ol
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cakes at market prices.

Address, Joun Kennet Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C. [ and 22, Eden Quay, Dublin.

T

HE LONDON MANURE COMPANY

(Established 1840),
Have now ready for delivery in di7 fine condition,
CORN MANQRE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY

SALT, ito.
Olfices, no, Fanohurch Street. E.C.

E. Pdbseb, Secretary.

THOJISON'S STYPTIC preveuts the Bleeding of
Vines after Pruning or Grafting, the Damping of Geraniums
and other Cuttings after they are potted; and it has been used
successfully in Grafting Fruit Trees of all descriptions.

Manufactured and sold Wholesale by John Yodno & Son, Dalkeith,
N,B., and may be had of all Nurserymen and Seedsmen in bottles at
3.f. each, with directions for use. None is genuine without the
signature of Wm. Tqomson.

FUMIGATE your GREENHOUSE witk TOBACCO
TISSUE. Will destroy all the Insects, and not Injure the
Plants. Price 3s. 6rf. per lb., carriage free.

To bo had of Messrs, Roberts & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers, 54,
St. John Street, Clerkenwell, E.C, and of all Seedsmen and
Nurserymen.

Winter Dress all Fruit Trees with

.1 S H U R S

COMPOUND.

Copy of a Letter from Mr.
Rivers, Nurseries, Saw-
bridgeworth, HerU, 22dOc(.,
1861.
" I must tell you what
heard to-day from a very clever
gentleman farmer, Anthony
Bubb, E.sq.. of Witcombe Court,
Gloucester, He has a wall to
which Peach trees are trained.
Well, last autumn they were iu
a wretched blighted .state. As
a desperate remedy ho unnailed
them all, early last February,
and gave all but one a thorougu
painting with Gishurst Com-
pound, 1 lb. to the gallon of
water ; his trees, all but the
one, commenced to grow
favourably in spring, and are
now pictures ot health. The
tree not painted Is in a half-
deai blighted state. He iised
the same drowsing to his Apple
trees ; it killed the woolly
Aphis entirely, and bos made

his trees clean and vicorous In their giowth. He intends to paint

hl3 wall trees annually, and tells all his friends to do the same.

I shall certainly serve all my young Peach trees against my walls in

the same manner. The Compound is, I believe, more efficacious

than the usual offensive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and

it does not blacken the shoots on the walls."
Sor Orchard-house Trees, ozs. to the gallon will be found a good

strength ; when used stronger some buds on weakly trees may be

injured-
GISHURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nurserymen and

Seedsmen, in boxes. Is., 3s., and lOs. Cd. each.
Wholesale by Pkige's Patent Candle Coupant, Limited, Belmont,

Vaushall, London, S.
Gishurst Compound has more recent testimonials to its efficacy,

but none more conclusive than the above, which has been published

before.

Red Spider Magnified.

IPOWLER'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH ami
' CULTIVATOR may bo SEEN at WORK la every Agricultural
County In EnKland.

For particulars apply to John FowLsa& Co., 71, Cornhlll, London,
E.C. : and Steam Plough Works, Leeds.

TANNED GARDEN NETTING for pix-aerving Socil
Bods, Fruits, StrawborrloH, from Frost. Blight, Blrd.'^, Ac, and
as a Fence for Fowls, &o. 1 yard wldo, \\d. ; a yards, Zd. : 3 yards,
4iti. ; and 4 yards. M. poryiud run In any quantity, may bo hatl at
Ciias. Wrioiit s. 370, Strand, W C.
VARNISHED FLOWER STICKS :-l foot, 3(/, ; IJ, 4iZ. ; 2, F>d. ;
-i. 7(i. ; 3,10*/.: 4, Is. Od. per dozen. DAHLIA do., per dozen :— 3 a.,
Id- fliZ. ;,4, 2s. 3d. ; fi, 3s. ; 0, 3,1, 0((. An allowance to Nurserymen.

GALVANISED WIRE CABLE STRAND FENCING,
for FARMS, PARKS, ami GARDENS.
The ORIGINAL INVENTORS mid MANUFACT0RERS.

The CHEAPEST STRONGEST, nnd NEATEST FENCING In USE

THOUSANDS of MILES of this FENCING have been SUPPLIED
by 118 at home and abroad. It sustains no injury by being
troapa,ssod upon.

Price, with flvo lines of Strand and Iron-prongod Standards, and
mo straining post, stay and screw bolts to every 120 yards, Is, per yard.

Flvo lines ol Cable Strandand Stai)Ie8 for wooden posts, 6(i. per yard

HURDLES. HURDLES, HURDLES, U. Sd. to 3.1. M. per yard.

CONTINUOUS IRON FENCING. GATES of all kinds.

PATENT STRAINING PILLARS, 4c.

GALVANISED WIRE NETTING for POULTRY, 4c.

GALVANISED SWING WATER BARROWS.

GALVANISED IRON WATER CISTERNS,

GALVANISED IRON PUMPS.

LAWN MOWERS. GARDEN ROLLERS.

ASPHALTE ROOFING FELT. Id. per square foot.
MoTLET 4 Green.
Illustrated Catalogues and Estimates free on appIlcatlOD.
12, Great George Street, Leeds.

r^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

COW FITTINGS.

Their advantages are— Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Tioughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being alt of iron. Pi-ice of Fittings per Cow. 65s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several Important Improvements
In Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great
variety of patterns and material, the plainer sorts being
,^^«™,.-,v especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, aa
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incui- no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Kdgings, conse-
quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, ic. In
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RoSHEB, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Koad West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingaland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLErS PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists lYee by post. The Trade supplied

ORNAMENTAL PAYING TILES for Conservatoriea,
Halls, Corridora, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the atcve.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for I jnlng Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, kc.

To be obtained of F. & Q. Rosder, at their Premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses— 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Wopk. F. & G. Res HER.— Addresses see above.

N B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

LOCK'S PATENT POTASH MANURES.

This is the only "perfect" MANURE eyer yet offered to the Agricultural Public,
containing, as it does, that most important element of every cultivated plant — Potash.
It is far superior in efficiency to Peruvian or any other Guano, as it supplies every
constituent requisite for each Special Croji.

Each Manure is specially prepai-ed for the Crop for which it is intended, and is
sold in Bags containing the necessary Dressing for One Acre.

The WHEAT, BARLEY, and OAT MANURE will effectually prevent the
LODGING of the Corn, so frequent on lands deficient in Silica.
The CLOVER MANURE is a certain cure for Clover .sickness, so prevalent in some Counties.
The GRASS MANURE contains an abundance of Silicate of Potash, which is by far the predominating
element in all Grasses, and which has never before been offered for Sale by any Manufacturer.

For full particulars see Cu-culars, for which apply to the
SOUTH of ENGLAND MAmjRE COMPANY, LIMITED, REDBRIDGE, HAMPSHIRE,

who are the Sole MANCFAcrirRERS.
•,* AGENTS WANTED for the UNITED KINGDOM.

HAW

TIFFANY.

For flamplGB and prtcoB apply to
. SnAw & Co.. 20. Oxford Htruot, MancheBter.

Seed Drawers Wanted.

WANTED, a CASE of GAUD KN SKHIJ DRAWERS,
to suit a space fl fuut bro.irl liy \i fuoL lii(,'h, lo cuntaln about
Eighty Drawers. Apply, (itntluK [.nrLictilm-.-i rind prl-;!- to
R. & <;., (l.tnlnin-f:- (.linNiir.h- iHllcc, W,(.;.

Caution to Gardeners.— Wlien you ask for

SAYNOR AND COOKE'S AVAURANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Savnor, also the corporate mark Odtaih
IrVAnnANTED, without whlch none are ponulno.

S. & C. retTet having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, tn consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine ore, and which has cauHod
many complaints to bo made to them nf Knives which were not of
their make, all of whioh are warrante<l both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s Pruning aud Budding Knives are tue Dcui and the
cheapest In the market.

Paxton Works, ShefQold. Established upwards of 12fi years.

A Al E S PHILLIPS and C~0.

beg to submit their prices aa follows :—

GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSES,

As supplied by them to Mr. Rivers, to the Royal Horticultural Society,

and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Oentlemeu of the United

Kingdom.

Each Box contains 100 feet. The prices only apply to the sizesstatcd.
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by H, 20 by 15.

16 oz. to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth quality .. .. LOs. Oti 19a. Gd,

Third ditto \7s. Od 22s. Od.

Seconds JSh. (id ids. Od.

English 20,s. Od 27«. Od.

The above Drlcen Include the boxes, which are not returnable.

Stock size, 16-oz., in 100 feet boxes, boxes Included.

These prices only apply to the slices stated.

11 by 9

12 by 0

13 by 9

12 „ 10

11 „ 10

14 „ 10

13 „ 11

14 „ U

14 ., 12

16 „ 12

16 „ 11

18 „ 12

19 „ 12

10 „ 12

10 „ 1.3

17 „ 13

20 „ 12

10 „ 14

20 „ 13

IS „ 13

17 „ 14

IS „ 14

20 „ 14

14 by 9
16 „ 10

1 s. d.
Us 6

3rd3.

2ods.

16 to IV oz. to the foot.

Gby4
8byG

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feet Boxes.
Gl by 44 7 by 5 7* by 5i 1 ., „ .

SibyOj 0by7 9* by 7§ ; '• ^^- ''^^

10 by 8 101 by 8i . . 133. Cd.

London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE,

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, Carios's PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all slzea.
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN.
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the host Manufacture, at. the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillips &Co., 180, Bishopsgate Street Without, E.C.

GREEN'S IMPROVED NEW PATENT
GARDEN ROLLER.

The above Rollers possess many advantages over all others. They
are made in two parts, and are free to I'evolve on the axis, affording
greater tacilitias for turning, and the outer edges are rounded off or
turned inwards, thus avoiding the unsightly marks left by other
Pollers.

Diameter, 30 inches; Length 32 inches, £7 10 0

» 24 „ „ 26 „ 4 10 0

ft 20 „ „ 22 „ 3 10 0

» 16 „ „ 17 „ 2 15 0

Prices for Hollers fitted with Shafts suitable for Pony or Horse

Power, free on application.

Delivered carnage paid to ail the principal Railway Stations and
Shipping Ports in En^iland.

TiiouAs Green & Son, Smithfleld Iron Works, Leeds ; 64 and 56,
Blackfriars Road, London, S. ; and 19, Eden Quay, Dublin.

N.B. All Orders executed on the day they are received.

PRIZE MEDALS AWARDED to GREEN'S PATENT
LAWN MOWERS.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1S62.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, DUBLIN, 1306.
The above Lawn Mowers have proved to be the best, and have
carried off every Prize that has been given in all cases of Com-
petition.

Sold by all respectable Ironmongers, Seedsmen, &c.. In the
Kingdom, Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

AGRTCTJLTtTRAL ami HORTICULTURAL
IMPLEMENTS and MACHINES of every description.
IMPROVED IRON STABLE FITTINGS.
HURDLES and CONTINUOUS IRON and WIRE FENCING.
Palisading Entrance and Field Gates. Plain and Galvanised

Wire Netting.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS and GARDEN ROLLERS.

Garden Engines, Syringes, Water Barrows, Ornamental Garden

Seats, Chairs, Tables, Iron P'ountains, Vases, Sec.

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS, m great variety.

Washing, Wringing, and Mangling Slachines.

IMPROVED SAUSAGE MACHINES and FILLERS.

Separate Illustrated Price Lists free on applicatiO'

Thomas Greek & Son, Smithfleld Iron Works, Leeds.

Show Rooms opposite the Smithfleld Cattle Market, North Street,

Leeds; 64 and 65, Blackfriars Road, London, S., and 19, Eden

Quay. Dublin.

1^ T. ARCHER'S "FRIGI D 0 M 0."
.i • Patronised by Her Majesty The Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, His Grace the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
Sir Joseph Paxton for the Ci-ystal Palace, Royal Zoological Society, &o.

PROTECTION from COLD WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.

"FRIGI DOMO," a Canvas made of Patent preoared Hair and
Wool, aperfect Non-conductor of Heat ana Cold, keeping, wherever
it is applied, a fixed temperature. It is adapted tor all Horticultural
and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and Flowers from
the Scorching Rays of the Sun, from Wind, from Attficks of Insectfl,
and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any required lengths.

Two yards wide Is. 9d. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3». 6(1. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. 9((. per yarti,

An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s, 8d. per ya»ti run. Also

FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, 2 yards wide. Is. 6rf. per yard run.

E1.18HA Thomas Archer, Whole and Sola Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen tlu-oughout the Kmgdom.

" It is muoh cheaper than Mats as a coverlDg.**

THE GABDENEES' CHRONTCLE A\^T) AGPlCULTITRAL GAZETTE.

[jANlJAinr 5, 1867.

i.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the materials,
viz., Boilers, Pipes, &c.. delivered to any Station.
Estlninte-s on application.
J. Jones & Sons, G. BnnksidG. Southwark, London, S.E.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31, Banl side, London, S.E.
HOT WATER PIPES, txuni StocK, per yard :— 2-inch, Is. 2d. ;
3-inch, Is. lOd. ; and 4-incli, 2s. id. BENDS, from Stock, Is.fid., 2s. Gd.,
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s., and 14,s-. each. Other
Connexions at equally low pnces, and all goods of first-class manu-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day. ^ ____^__^

JAMLvS WATTS and CO , Hothouse Builders and
Hot-Wateu Apparatds M*piufactdrers, 353, Old Kent Road, S.E.
TWO HUNDRED CUCUMBER and MELON BOXES and
LIGHTS, and from 400 to 500 LIGHTSfor irTPS of all SIZES kept in
STOCK. Glazed and Painted complete, ready for immediate use.
Packed and sent to all parts of the kingdom. Public and Private
Buildings. Warehouses, &c.. Heated on the most approved scientific
and economical principles. References to the Nobility, Gentrj', and
Trade in most of the Counties in England.

0 T T A M AND COMPANY,

Conservatory and Hotuodse BorLDEiis, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS,

c

20

24

45s, G5s.

30 inches long.
02s. 6rf. each.

HOT- WATER PIPES.

Is. Gd. 2s. Id. 2s. 9rf. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,

2, Winsley Street.

(opposite the Pantheon),

Oxford Street, London, W.

HOT WATCH APPAR.

OUANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for

KJ HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Glazing without Putty."

" Glass without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Lights."

Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South

Kensington.

Plans and Estimates free on application. Descriptive Book fully
illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Ai'chitect, Birmingham-
Works: Hlghgate Street, Binningham.
Henrt J. Growtaqe, Manager, 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

IIh. GEAT tegs to call the attention of the Nohility, Gentiy, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to his

NEW OVAL TXJBULAE BOILER,

Acknowledged hy practical judges to be a gi-eat improrement on evei7 form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.

It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quioUness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with

one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from Report in Gardeners' Chkoniole of International Exhibition, May 2i, 1862, page 476.

rather than a square, it seems fea.siblo that the Boilers on the ova
plan should bring the tubes more completely within range of the
burning fuel ; and this being so, the change, though a etlght one
is no doubt an improvement."

"The upright form of Boiler is usually made on a circular pl.an_
but the oval form given to Mr. GriAv's variety of it is said to be
preferable in consequence of its bringing the tubes in closer contact
Cvith the fire. The usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram

l^" Tluy are made of all sizes, which, toith prices, may he had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

BEARD'S PATENT.

GREAT INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION & BOTANICAL CONGRESS.

The FIRST aud ONLY PRIZE given at the above EXHIBITION for the BEST METHOD of VENTILATION
for PLANT STRUCTURES, was awarded to

MESSRS. SANDEES, FEEWER, & CO.,

VICTORIA WORKS, BURY ST. EDMUNDS,
roR THEiB MODEL op

BEARD'S PATENT METALLIC NON-CONDUCTING GLASS HOUSES,

Showing the Patent System of perfect Ventilation and Patent Method of Glazing, whereby breakage from
expansion and contraction is prevented, and facility given for immediate reparation by any ordinary labourer.

Messes. SANDEES, FREWER, and CO. beg to caU special attention to the high value of these Rreat improvements
in the VENTILATION,&c. , of HORTICULTURAL ERl!:CT10NS, which are alsoapplicable to all WOODEN HOUSIiS,
ii. well as to CHURCHES, RAILWAY STATIONS, PUliLIC BUILDINGS, MANUFACTORIES, &c. ; and have
received the highest recommendation from many of the first Horticulturists and practical men of the United Kingdom.

The system is invaluable also for AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS, as by it abundant Light and Air can be
obtained, and the Ventilation regulated to the utmost nicety in the Tops and Roofs of all Structures, where, as is well
known, Impiue Air constantly accumulates, and where the ordinary system of Ventilation is impracticable.
Full particulars .and descriptions may be obtained on application to

MESSRS. SANDERS, FREWER, and CO.,
YKTOEIA HORTICULTURAL AND ENGINEERING WORKS, BURY ST. EDMUNDS.

AGENT FOB, LIVERPOOL: MR. W. BENNETT, TON.

Vegetable and Flower Seeds, Carriage Free.

HOTHOUSES for the MILLIOJV.— Medal, 1862.
Invented by toe late Sir JoEEPn Paxton.
Manufacturod in London ; Newton in Cartmel Lancashire ;
Gloucester; Coventry; Paisley, and Aberdeen.

ILLUsrrATiD PI ICE Ll-^rs mil be sent on application to
Messrs, IIerlman i RKktcn 7 Pill iliH Fist London, S.W.

Albo, ft H\NDL00k of MNE and iRUll TREE CULTIVA-
TION, price \s. ; post Iree, Is. \fl.

Lawn Mower Repairs.

ALEXANDER tjHAWKS and &0N would suggest to
their numeroua friends the desirability and importance of
having their Lawn Mowers put into proper order before the com-
mencenaetit of the Mowing eea&on. If attention be piiid to this
request some dis;ippotiitment may be avoided, because In the early
spriug the nece,ssary time for repairing Maehhies is to some extent
denied them, on account of the press of business connected with the
manufacture and despatch of new Machines.

Machines for Repair can be aiidressed, Alex. Shanks & Sok,
27, Leadenhall Street, London, E.G. (where Repairs we executed) ;
or to the Manufactory, Dens Iron Works, Arbroath. N.B.

OHN WAKNER and SONS,

8, Crescent, Cripplegate, London, E.G.,
BELL and BRASS FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTY.

No. 35.

PATENT GAST-IRON
PUMP, fitted with J. W. & Sons'
Metal Bucket and Valve, which
cannot clog in action, for Wells
not exceedmg 2r> feet.
Diam. Height.
2* in. short .. 1 ft. 7 in.
- ■ ■ 3 ft. 3 in.
3 ft. C in.
3 ft. 6 in.
3 ft. 6 in.
2i in. short, with 15 feet
of lead pipe attached,
ready for hxiiig ..2 0
2 in. long, do. do 2 14

21 in. long
3 in. long
3i in. long
■ in. long

£ s. d.
.110
.18 6
.210
. 2 B 0
. 2 14 0

No. 42.
IMPROVED LIQUID

MANURE or GENERAL
PORTABLE P U M P.— These
Pumps aro fitted with J. W. &
Sons' Patent Bucket and Valve,
and cannot clog in action. The
Barrel la made of Galvanised
Iron, not likely to corrode, and
can be raised or lowered at plea-
sure on the stand, the legs of
which fold together, and it ma'^
be carried with ease by one man
to tank or pond.

Price of 4i-lnch Liquid Manure Pump, with legs, £2 15s. ; 2-inch
Flexible Rubber and Canvas Suction Pipe, 2s. 5(i. per ^foot. The
Barrel is 27i inches long, and the legs are 5 feet high,

"WARNERS' PORTABLE FIRE or GARDEN ENGINE.

No. 668i.

For use by one Person price £2 2s.

No. 547b, ditto ditto, on Wheels „ £2 10s.

The above are complete in themselves, and may be always kept
filled with water, and ready for use.

Letter to The Times, July 23, 1806, /rom Eai'l Essex.

A Rbai. Fire Extinqdisbeb.

To the EdUor of The Times.

" Sir,— I feel sure you will kindly allot a small -soace in the Times
to these few lines, ns tlie host medium through wtich I would urge
every householder who dreads fire to have on each floor of liia houao
one or more small Garden or other Engines on wheels, always charged
and in good order, in case of fire.

"Liist night, just as I was going to bed. I was startled by that most
fearful of al 1 cries, ' Firt?, fire 1 ' 1 soon learned that a fire w.ns ragmg
in a lajjie two-windowed unoccupied bedruom. How caused is to us
all a gi-eiit mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small
Engines on each floor. In two minutas I was in the room with one
of them. It was like a furnace. The curtains, shutters. Cftsuments,
and cornices of both windows were burning and cracking from floor
to ceiling. I was quite alone at the moment, yet before assistance
arrived (most of the servants having gone to bed), I had completely
subdued the fire of one window without exhausting the Engine, and
when assistance and more water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other,

" So fierce was the fire that the lead of the casements was melted,
and the casements themselves were burnt off their hinges.

" I will only add, that by God's raei-cy, the house was saved by thin
small Eueine, Had it not been at hand and in order, most assuredly
Ga.ssiobury would be now a heap of ruins. — Yours faithfully,

" Cassiobury, Watford, July 20. "Essex.

" The Engine, even when full, runs so light on the floor, that any
woman might draw it, and also work it."

jANtTAET 5, 18C7.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONrCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

19

MKLON LIGHTS, Jlachino made, 6 feet by 4 feet.
11 thlcli, [TriKliiKOti C«., Ulazotl lis., firo kept In atook at tho
'■'■ J FlDBbury Stenin JoiiiinK Works, 121, Bunhill Kow, E.G.

TllK IMPUOVKl) TANNKl) LEATHRR DRIVING
STRjVTS. patent lOKGIC-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
witbont l:ii' or ci-omh joints— suiiurlur to all others for Portable
BnKlnes. Tiime tiTUAl'aud SuLK HUTTS.

Pilce Lists sent tVuo by iiost.
The Tanniiu LEATiii;a Company. TaTniers, Curriorg, &o., Armit
Works, Oreoulleld, near Mancboator ; Waronoviso, 81, Miuk Lane,
iiOndon, E.C. Mr. U. FtRitABtK, Agout.

Oreenhousea of Improved and Portable Construction

May mc skrn Eiu:cTtD at

JOSEPH SMITH'S Houticultural Works,
Now Road, ITaniiiieraniitli.
SPAN-ROOFS— 21ft. by lift. 0 in., with Stage ., (632 0«.
„ 24 ft. by Oft. 6 in. „ .. 27 o

„ 23 ft. by 12 ft. 9 In. „ .. 37 0

„ 30 ft. by 11) ft 70 0

LEAN-TO.— 17 ft. by 7 tt. 15 10

„ 20 ft. by [I ft. 0 In 21 o

„ 21 ft. by 12 It. 9 in 80 0

„ 21ft. by 13 ft 27 0

Fifty strong 2-in. Lights, 5 it. 8 in. by 4 ft., Glazed 21-oj:., and well
pftintod, £40.
Twenty ditto, fi it. 8 in. by 3 ft. 7 in., ditto, £14 10s.
CONSERVATORIES, GUEENUOUSES, or VINERIES made to
order at Is. 'Mi. pur fnot.
MELON FRAMES of an inipvovcd make, ready at low prices.

Estini.itos for TIoatniK olloctually by Hot-Water.
A VINERY or PEACH-IIOUSE, 41 ft. by 0 ft., with 14 ft.
Rafters, £40.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for prosorving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil jmint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may bo applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used 1q tlie
grounds at Windsor Cnstlo, Kow Gardens, and at tho seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, fVom whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
application.

From the Right Hon. Lord Grrenock, Wood End, Tlarsk.

"Lord Greenock has seen the Patent Black Varnish made by
Messrs. Hill & Smith, applied with success, and has heard it highly
recommended by friends who have tested it extensively. '

Sold in casktj of about 30 ^itiloi^s each, at Is. 6d. per gallon, at the
Ma^'ifactory. or Is. 8((, per gallon paid to any Station in tho kingdom.

Apply to Hill & Smith. Hrierly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, ana
S8, Cannon Street West. E.G., fTom whom only It can be obtained

CHANDELIERS in Bronze and Ormolu for DINING-
ROOM and LIBRARY. Caiidelabr<i, Moderator Lamps, ic
Bronze, Ormolu, China and Glass. Statuettes in Parian, Vases, &c.,
in a Show-room erected expressly for these articles.
OsLER, 4.'), OxforJ Street, W.

OSLER'S CRYSTAL GLASS CHANDELIERS.—
Wall Lights and Liistres for Gas and Candles, Table-glass, ic.
Glass Dinner Services for 12 persons, from £7 los.
Glass Dessert Services for 12 persons, from £2.
All articles marked m plain figures.
Ornamental Glass, English and Foreign, suitable for Presents.

Mess, Export, and Furnishing Orders promptly executed.
London — Show Rooms, 45, Oxford Street, W,
JBirmingham— Manufactory and Show Rooms, Broad Street, E.C.
Established 1807.

LOCKS, CANDELABRA, BRONZES, and LAMPS.

— William S. Bdrtun invites inspection of his Stock of these.
displayed In two large Show Rooms. Each article is of guaranteed
quality, and some are objects of pure Vertu. the productions of the
first manufacturers of Paiis, from whom William S. Bokton imports
them direct.

Clocks from 7s. Crf. to £45.

Candelabra from 13«. 6d. to £10 105. per pair.

Bronzes from 18s. to £16 ICs.

Lamps, Moderateur, from . . . ■ 6s. to £9.
Pure Colza Oil, 4s. per gallon.

WILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FtJRNISHING
IRONMONGER by appointment to H.R.H. tho Prince of
Wales, sends a Catalogue gratis and post paid. It contains upwards
of 600 Illustrations of his unrivalled Stock of Sterling Silver and
Electro Plato, Nickel Silver, and Britannia Metal Goods, Dish
Covers, Hot-water Dishes, Stoves, Fenders, Marble Chimney-piecos,
Kitchen Ranges, Lamps, Gaseliers, Tea Trays, Urns, and kettles,
Clocks, Table Cutlerj', Baths, Toilfet Ware, Turnery, Iron and Brass
Bedsteads, Bedding, Bedroom Cabinet Furniture, ic, with Lists of
Prices, and Plans of the Twenty largo Show Rooms, at 31), Oxford
Street, W. ; 1, 1a, 2, 3, and 4, Newman Street ; 4, 6, and 6, Perry's
Place ; and 1, Newman Yard, London, W.

The Warmest, the LigMest, and the most Elegant
Covering for a Bed, is the

EIDER DO^YN QUILT, niado by Heal & Son. price
from 23.S-. to Six Guineas. Their GOOSE DOWN QUILT Is
also very warm and comfortable, price Irora 10s. to 48s. Lists of
sizes and prices free by post.

Heal & Son always keep a large and well-assorted stock of the
very best BLANKETS that are manufactured, in addition to a large
general stock of good Blankets and Coverlets of every make. List of
sizes and prices free by por>t,

Hkal & Son's Illustrated Catalogue of Bedsteads and Bed-room
Futniture, and Priced List of Bedding, also sent {nost free) on appli-
cation to 190, 107, 108, Tottenham Court Road, London, W.

CHRISTMAS PRESENTS and NEW YEAR'S GIFTS
for the Promotion of Personal Attraction.— ROWLANDS'
MACASSAR OIL creates and sustains a luxuriant Head of Hair
KOWLAND:^' KALYDOR renders tlie Skin soft, fair, and blooming
and eradicates all defects. ROWLANDS' ODONTO, or Pearl
Dentifrice, imparts a pearl-hko whiteness to the Teeth, and a pleasing
fragrance to tbe Bi eath.— Sold at 20, Hatton Garden, and by Chemieta
and Perfumers. •«• Ask for " Rowlands'" Articles,

DlNNEFORD'S FLUID MAGNESIA.— The best
remedv for Acidity of the Stomach, Heartburn, Headache,
Gout, and Indlgeai ion : and the best mild aperient for delicate
constitutions, especially adajjted for ladies, children, and Infants. —
DiNNEFORD & Co., 172, New Bond Street, London, and of all Chemists.

The Best Remedy for Indigestion.

NORTON'S CAMOMILE PILLS aro confidently
recommended ns a simple but certain remedy for Indigestion.
They act as a powerful tonic and gentle aperient ; are mild m their
operation ; safe under any circumstances ; and thousands of persons
can now bear testimony to tho benefits to be derived from their use.
Sold In Bottles at U. Urf-. 2s. Od., and lis. each, in every town in the
kingdom. Caution.— Be sure to ask for "NOR.T0N'S PILLS," and
do Dot bo persuaded to purchase the various imitations.

NEW ARCHANGEL CARGO and HEAVY
DUNNAGE MATS,
R. M. MiTTON, 1, Dowgato Dock, Upper Thames' Street, London.

''PHE SMOKKK'S JtUNliON iimnniiiitely imd ettec-
X tually REMOVES tho TASTE ahd SMELL of 'TOBACCO from
the Mouth and Breath, and renders Smoking agreoabloand safe. It
is very pleasant and wholOHomc. Prepared by a patent process,
frnm the recipe of un eminent physician, by Schoolino ft Co.,
Wlioiesale and Export Confectioners, Bolhnal Green, London, N.E.
iR. per box post free, 14 stamps.— Sold hy Chemlsta, Tobacconi8tH,&c.

'■MTHE" SAUCW (DR. SOUTHWOOD SMITH'S
JL DIGESTIVE).— Delicious with ovory dish. Wlioiosalo and
export by A. 8. Stoi^ilkh, 00, Lamb's Conduit Street, W.C ; Baboi.av
ft Suns, Battt ft Cu.. London; and Qioaoi': Edmonds, Crown
Chambers. Liverpool, Rutalled ovory whore. Ask for "Tlio "Simce.

Lea & Perrlns'
TX/" 0 R C E S '1' J-: R S H I R E SAUCE.—

0 R C E S '1" J-: R S H I R E

This delicious Condiment, pronounced by Connoisseurs
■■THE ONLY GOOD SAUCE," Is prepared .solely by Lra ft PKniiiNs,

Tlio public are respoctlXilIy cautioned against worthless imitations,
and should see that Lea ft Pkrrins' Names are on Wrapper, Label,
Bottle, and Stopper. Asa for Lea & Pebiiins' Sadcb.

^^^* Sold Wholesale and for Export, by tho Proprietors, Worcester ;
Messrs. Crosse & Blackwell ; Messrs. Bauolav ft Sons, London, ftc,
and by Grocera and Oilmen universally,

Tea Cheaper than Ever.

PHILLIPS ANn COMPANY/S TEAS
ARE BEST AND CHEAPEST,
STRONG BLACK TEAS, Is. Gd., 2s., 2a. id.
Very Excellout liLACK TEA is now only 2s. 6rf. per lb.
Phillips ft Co,. Tea Merchants, 8, King William Street, City,
London, E.C.

Karo choice genuine COFFEE, 1». id. per lb.

A Price Current post free. Sugars at Market prices,

Phillips ft Co. have no Agents.

PniLLiPs ft Co, send all Goods carriage ireo by their own Vans,

withm eight miles of No. 8, King William Street. City; and send Tons,

Cotlees, and Spices, carriage free, to any Railway Station or Market

Town in the United Kingdom, if to the value of 40s. or upwards.

" The cheapest and moat useful book of its c\a,a3."— Leicester Journal.

NEWCOMB'S MIDLAND COUNTIES
ALMANACK and RURAL HAND BOOK.
Newcomh, Stamford; Simphis, Marshall, ft Co.. and Longmans
ft Co. .London.— Sold at tho Railway Stations, and by all Booksellers.
" This must be considered the Farmers' Almanack ; for its special
purpose none that we have seen can compare with it."— Bucfcs
Advertiser and Aylesbury News. ^_^^^_____^

NEWCOMB'S FARMERS' POCKET BOOK,
price 2s. Gd., by post 2s. Sd.

" Wq heartily recommend to our readers this useful little book." —
T}ie FicUl.

" Cat not fail to prove an acceptable boon to the careful and intel-
ligent farmer. — CJitstcr Couvant.

" Just tho thing that was needed by the farmers." — Norfolk Ncics.

Sold Wholesale by Simpkin, Marshall, ft Co.. and Longmans &
Co., London ; Newcomb, Stamford. To be had of all Booksellers,
and at the Railway Stations, __^_

Now Ready, with a plain Plato, price 2s, 6d„

THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S ANNUAL for 1867.
Containing Notices of the Now British Species of Coleoptera
and Lepidoptera detected inlSCG, &c. ftc.

London : John Van Voorst, 1, Paternoster Row, E.C.

Steam Cultivation.

FACTS of INTEREST to the FARMERS. By John
Fowler ft Co. ; Revised and Amended by William Smith, of
Woolston. Bletchley Station. Bucks. With an Appendix showing the
present aspect of Steam Cultivation.

May be had of Mr Smith, post free, for 14 postage stamps.

On Saturday next, in 1 vol. 8vo.,

THE CORRELATION of PHYSICAL FORCES.
By W B, Grovk, Q.C, V.P.K.S. A New Edition, being the
Fifth, revised by the Author, and augmented by a Discourse on
Continuity, delivered by him as President of the British Association,
which may be had separately to complete the earlier Editions.
Loudon: Longmans, Green, ft Co., Paternoster Row. E.C.

In One Vol., 8vo, with 194 Woodcuts, price 14s. cloth,

GARDEN ARCHITECTURE and LANDSCAPE
GARDENING ; illustrating the Architectural Embellish-
ment of Gardens, with Remarks on Landscape Gardening In its
relation to Architecture. By John Artruk Hooues.

"Mr. Hdooes's volume may be honestly recommended, not only
to the profession, but to everybody who is smitten with the desiro of
improving a garden or a pleasure ground in the eemi-continental
style."— Paii mall Qazette.

London : Longmans, Gheen, & Co., Paternoster Kow, E.C.

Published Monthly, No 1 now ready, price id.,

THE NATURALIST'S NOTE BOOK.
Contents : How Mountains aro Made— Ivory— The Birds ofPoly-
nesia— The November Star Shower— The Baobab Tree— Geometrical
Forms In Animal Life— Leopards— The Hot Salt Springs at Tiberias
— How to Make Rubies and other Precious Stones — Feeling of
Beauty among Animals — Esquini.aus in Europe — Notices of New
Books- Correspondence, ftc.

Office: 1, Racquet Court, Fleet Street, E.C.

Crown 8vo. cloth, 5s,

THE TROPICAL KESILIENT at HOME : Letters
addressed to Europeans returning from India and the Colonies,
on -Subjects connected with their Health and General Welfare. By
Edward J. Warino, M,D., M.K.C.P., Author of "A Manual of
Practical Therapeutics."

John CnoRcniLL ft Sons, New Burlington Street,

8vo, cloth, 10a,

THE INDIGESTIONS or DISEASES of the
DIGESTIVE ORGANS FUNCTIONALLY TREATED. By
Thomas Kino Chambers. Honorai-y Physician to H.R. II. the Prince
of Wales, Conauiting Physician and Lecturer on the Prac ice of

Medicine at St. Mary's Hospital.

JonKCunncHiLL ft Sons, New Burlington Street.

H

Seventh Edition, fcp. 8vo, &. Orf,,
EALTHY SKIN and HAIR: a Popular Treatise
on their Preservation and Management. By Ekasmos Wilson,

John Ciurchill ft Sons, New Burlington Street.

Eighth Edition, with Notes and Annotations by .Sir OnAttLEsLococK,
Bart,, M.D., F.R.S,, Pbj'sician Accouchem- to the Queen,
fcp. 8vo, 28. 6fl.,

A DVICE to a MOTHER on the MANAGEMENT

JrV. of her CHILDREN, and ou the Treatment on the Moment
ot some of their moie oressiug Illnesses and Accidetits. By Pve
IIenhv Cuavasse, F.B.c;s.

By the same Author, Seventh Edition, fcp. 8vo, 28. Gd.,
ADVICE to a WIFE on the MANAGEMENT of HER
OWN HEALTH, and on the Treatment of some of the Com-
plaints incidental to Pregnancy, Labour, and Suckling. With an
Introductory Chapter especially addressed to a Young Wife.
John Churchill ft Sons, New Burlington Street, W.

In one 8vo. vol. of 1,400 pages, with Engravings, Fourth Edition,
greatly enlarged, 283.

CYCLOPiEDiA of PRACTICAL RECEIPTS and
PROCESSES, being a General Book of Reference for the Manu-
facturer, Tr.adesman, Amateur, and Heads of Families. By A. J.
CooLEY and J. C. Bbouqo.

From the Times, Nov. 16, 1804.

" A much-improved edition. It has become a standard work, not

only as a supplement to the Pharmacopeias, but also as a book of

reference in connection with the arts, manulactures, and trades."

John Chukcuill ft Sons, New Burllrgton Streut, W.

S'

"Works on Botany, by Dr. Llndley.

DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY: oit, The Aut op
Dkhokiiuno Plants correctly, in Hclontlllc Language, for Self
Instruction and tlio Use ol ScIiooIh. Prlcu 1«.

^CHOOL BOTANY ; or, The Rudiments op Botanical

J SoiENOK, In Ono Volume, 8vo, half bound, with 400 UliiBtrntionB.

pnce 68. fid. '

Lately Published.

MEDICAL and Q'XONOMICAL BOTANY; or An
Account of the Principal Plants employed in Medicine or
Domestic tEconomy, In 1 vol. 8vo, with numerous Woodcutu, price

Lately Published,

THE ELEMENTS of BOTANY. Structural and
PuYsioLooicAL. With a Glossary of Technical Tenns. and
numerous IJlustratlons. 12h. cloth.

This completes the eerioa of Elementary Botanical Works by
Professor LiNBLKY, of which "School Botany," and "Tho Vegetable
Kingdom," fonii tho other parte.

Tho first two Parts of Tiik Ei,RMnNTa of Botany, comprlHlng
Structmal and Phyaiologlcal Botany, and a Glossary of Technical
Terms, are publlshod in ono octavo volume, price 12s.

Those throe parts form a complete manual of Botany for Medical
and other StudontH who have made themselves acquainted with the
Author's "School Botany,"

N.B, Tho Glossai^y may be had separately, price fc,

THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM ; on, The Structure,
Classification, and Uses op Plants, Illustrated upon tho
Natural System. In One Volume, 8vo, cloth, price 303., with up-
wards of 50Q Illustrations.

Extract fuom the Adtiioii*s Preface.
"The Vegetable Kingdom contains, among a largo quantity of
plants of no known importance to man, various useful species employed
in medicine, the arts, or in the many branches of domestic osconoray.
Tho principal part of those which can be brought by teachers in
Europe under the notice of students, or which, irom their great
importance, deserve to be among the earliest subjects of study, are
mentioned in the following pages, where they aro arranged in the
manner proposed in tho 'Vegetable Kingdom' of the author, with
the sequence of matter departed (Vom in a few instances, when it was
believed that the convenience of younger students would be consulted
by doing so. The author ti-usts that this selection will be found to
have been made in such a way that all teachers who possess reasonably
extensive means of illustrating their lectures, and all Botanic
Gardens, may furnish the larger part of the species which aro men-
tioned. A small selection was indispensable; firstly, because a
greater work would have been beyond the reach of the majority of
purchasers ; and secondly, because experience shows us that those
who have to study a science of observation, such as Botany, require to
concentrate their attention, in the first instance, upon a limited
number of objects."

London : Bradbury ft Evans, 11, Bouverie Street, E.C,

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., hegs to announce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS, and to ciirry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Gibson, jun., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA. CREVEC<Ji:UR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Eritiraates on application.
John Baily ft .Son. 113, Mount Street, London, W.

To Seedsmen, Potato Growers, &o.

TO BE LET, till Michaehnag, 1867, about 60 ACRES
ot productive ARABLE LAND at Leytonstone. Immediate
possession.

I* or terms apply to Messrs. Driver ft Co., Auctioneers, Surveyors
and Land Agents. 4, ^Vhitehall, S.W.

PROMENADE GARDENS, GREAT MALVERN.—
In consequence of the Death of Mr. William Simons these
Gardens are TO LET for a Term, and the Tenant will be required
to Purchase the stock of Shrubs, Plants, Greenhouses, ftc, at a
valuation. The late Proprietor has for many years carried on an
extensive business, which a man of energy may greatly extend in this
fashionable and rapidly increasing place.

For further particulars apply to Mr. Cuamberlain, Solicitor,
Ledbury, Herefordshire.

Tothill, Plymouth.— To Gardeners and Others.

TO liE LET. by Tender, for a term of 7 or U years,
from Christmas, 1800, all that MESSUAGE or DWELLING
HOUSE, GARDEN, and PREMISES, situate nearTothill, in the
Parish of Charles, Plymouth, now in tho occupation of Mr. Francis
Wood, Gardener and Seedsman, as Tenant, containing by admeasure-
ment la. Ir. Op. or thereabouts. The above has been for many years
occupied as a Garden, is well suited for the purpose in all respects,
and well supplied mth Spring Water. The tatter will be required to
purchase, at a valuation by a competont person to be agreed on
between himself and the I'enaut, the Growing Crops, if any, and
also the Stock of Plants, Greenhouses, and Forcing and Potting-
houses on the Premises, being allowed to remove the latter at the
expiration of his Term.

Tenaers for taking the above Premises must be left at the Oflaces
of Mr. LuxMOORE, Solicitor, Argus Insurance Office. Courtenay
Street, Plymouth (where the terms and conditions on which they
are to bo Let may bo seen), and in the meantime the Tenant will
show the Premises on application.

The Setter sliall not be required to accept the highest Tender.
Argus Insui'ance Office, Flymoutb.- September 15,

g'alcfl! 6j) Auction.

Pontefract, Yorkshire.

Sale of Choice Shrdr, Fri'it, Forest Trees, Greenhouse Plants, ftc

MR. W. PEASE will SELL by AUCTION, on
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, Jariinrv 10 and 17, 1867,
at 11 o'clock each day, on the Premises of the late Mr. JohnScholev,
Nurseryman, tlie valuable STOCK of SHRUB, FRUIT, FOitEST
TREES, and QREEiSHOUSE PLANTS, ftc.

Catalogues may be had on application to Mr. T. Jowell, Mr. L,
St(i.ses, iind the AiictiriTicer, Pontol'ract ; or of Mr. En. Hall, Nursery-
man, WakelieUl. —Pontefract, Dec. 29.

Turnham Green.

Clearance Sale of Valuaule Fnoir and other Trees for the
Kensington and Richmond Railway.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are instructed
bv tho London & Nortli-Western Railway Company to SELL
by AUCTION on tho Premises, Chiswick Nurseries, Turnham
Green, W., on THURSDAY, Januarv 24, at 12 o'Clnck, tho whole of
that portion of Messrs. GLENDINNING'S NURSERY STOCK
taken by the aforesaid Railway Company, and which is to be cleared
without roservi-. comprising Home thousands of Fruit and other
Trees, including handsome Standard and Dwarf-trained Peaches,
Nectarines, Apricots, ditto and pyramidal Pears, Ciierries, Apples
ftc. ; a quantity of Crab Stocks ; upwards of 400 Cedrus Deodara,
3i to 8 feet, including some very graceful specimens; 2000 Limes,
Planes, worked Thorns. Chestnuts, Elms, Oaks, Acacias, Willows,
ftc. ; Common Laurels, English Yews, Pinus excelsior, ftc.

May be viewed four days prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be bad
on the Premises; of Messrs. Bircham ft Co., 46, Parliament Street,
Westminster, S.W. ; and of tbe Auctioneers, American Nurseries,
Leytonstone, Essex, N.E.

20

THE GAEDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTUML GAZETTE.

tJANUAST B, 1867.

DUBLIN WINTER GARDEN.

FOUK MILES ONE THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDEED FEET OF PIPING,

FORMING ONE VAST APPARATUS, EFFICIENTLY WARMS THE ABOVE.

THIS STUPENDOUS FACT COMPARATIVELY ECLIPSES FORMER OPERATIONS,

AND SPEAKS VOLUMES FOS THE EXHAUSTLESS POWER CENTREB IN AND DEVELOPED BY THE STEELING IMPROVEMENTS OP

WEEKS'S ONE-BOILEE SYSTEM.

VISITORS TO DUBLIN WILL HO WELL TO INSPECT THIS GIGANTIC APPARATUS.

THE DISTINGUISHED CAPABII,ITIES OF THIS LONG-TRIED SYSTEM THROUGHOUT THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE CONTINENT

ENABLE IT NOW TO STAND rOEWARD AS THE CHA5CPI0N AND

MOST SUCCESSFUL OF ALL SYSTEMS OF HEATING BY HOT WATER.

THE FOLLOWING INTERESTING STATISTICS ARE CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE THAT

WEEKS'S IMPROVED UPRIGHT TUBULAR BOILERS

ARE PERFORMING THE MOST GIGANTIC OPERATIONS ON RECORD, AND BANISH ALL DOUBTS AS TO WHOSE IS

THE MOST POWERFUL BOILER EXTANT.

.feas^j^

No Other Boiler can have any pretensions to such an exposition of achievements

as the following : —

Upwards of POUR MILES of PIPING, fixed on 'WEEKS'S ONE-BOILER SYSTEM, are employed to HEAT
the various COMPARTMENTS of the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS, KENSINGTON.

TOTAL LENGTH Or PIPING IN MILES AND FEET:-

DUBLIN waNTER GARDEN

ROTAL BOTANIC SOCIETY

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETrS GARDENS ..
TEDWORTH, WILTS

MUes.

Feet.

4

1
4

1700
700
900
5100
6000
4300
2400
3800
3600
3500
3000
4000
3000
4000
200
2800
3200
2300
2000
3700

MR. WOODROOFE'S, HARROW KOAD

M. LOUIS VAN HOUTTE, BELGIUM

MESSRS. E. G. HENDERSON, WELLINGTON ROAD . .
MESSRS. A. HENDERSON, PINE-APPLE PLACE
BOTANIC GARDENS LIVERPOOL

2

WEEKS'S SHOW ESTABLISHMENT, CHELSEA ..

MESSRS. SMITHS', DULWICH

BOTANIC GARDENS COLOGNE

1

1

LORD BOYNE, BRANCEPETH CASTLE

MESSRS. JAS. DICKSON 4 SONS, CHESTER

MESSRS. F. 4 A. DICKSON, CHESTER

1

WHITECHAPEL UNION

SIR QREVILLE SMYTH, ASHTON COURT, BRISTOL . .

1
1

And many others too numerous for publication.

AMONG ITS MANY ADVANTAGES WE QUOTE THE FOLLOWING:—
1st. Being of Cast Iron it is rendered infinitely more desirable than if made of Wrought Iron.

2d. The Heating surface exposed to the action of the fire surpasses all other Tubular Boilers ; hence its power for Heating Miles of Piping in one Apparatus,
3d. By this great Heating surface a vast saving of Fuel is effected.
4th. All Gardeners know that by means of Weeks's Tubular BoUer night stokering is abolished.

lllusti'ated Pamphlets and Estimates for Building and Heating, Free, on application to

JOHN WEEKS AND COMPANY,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS AND HOT-WATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURERS,
KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

frtoted°b?.UMM iSi'™.'."",!? tt/offlrrnt m'.',I5=^.''"°' ' " Adl-srtlsements and Business Letter to " The PablUher," at the OIHce. 41, Welllhgton Sl.eet, Oovent Garden. London. W.C.

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 2.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, JANUARY 12.

(Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, 6d,

Adiuntnm fiirlp^cnso
Agriculture, Irish ...

llOildini; nt ISOtt

BedH, winter

, 30 rt
, a5 b

f-hivoii..

Bo'As notkfd 30 c-

Ci\)i'uttu ButBiilc Ourtlen

CHttlt', iin porting and breeding

TattlQ plnRUc 31 a-

Clitirc)iyi>r(lA

CiiUcKe, Uoyal AKrlculturul ,,

V'tw, ]}tIio

Urvkliil I'nlacc rcstoi-atioii

t'uud

CuiumhiTS, winter

Cup to be competed foratUury

Di'Hidcnitii. UKrictilturui

J lainiiiiktiun, K'U'doiicra'

I'lnmcrs' ClubH

1 iiiiMs, Inoulnr

IuihI, report on 33 t—

(J:inii> covert

I'urdencm' examination

< ;:i^ Itiuor

IriMjliir Fl()rim

Inwh ;ii:ik ultiire

Kcw, Koyal ttiirdoiia at

INDEX.

Ijiurus nobllis, fniltins of ... .

lAxture, vlllnRe

MniicbesttT Exhibition. .2fi c-
Mauurc, Proctor & KylunJ'e ,,

Michi.Mr

Oncidiuiu mncninthum

Orchids, wintdvlIowvriiiK ....

PasBiaora JIullettil

— ca-rutta

Pine apples, tlrst

riniits, new 25 ft-

Potato Milky White

Potato culture

Poultry

Hoot Funffl

Itutcui Bculeutua

Hnccolabium glganteum

.Sensitive plant

Showi, tiEi'i cultural

Society, Linnean

Stntistiia respecting produce..
Steam plough compahiCH .. ..

Trade lists

VeitcU'8 (MoBsra.) nurbcry ....

WalkB. aKphalte

Weather, the

Wheat, liirse crops of

NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, 1867.
— Tbe aboTo EXHIBITION will open at Mauchoster on
JUNE 7. andcoLtlnno till JUNE lo.

Schoduttia, ttc, mny be obUilned on application to Ur. B. Findlay,
Curator, Botanic OardeD, Manchoster ; or from tUe undersigned,
Hknrt Wuitworth, Secretary.
Carlton Buildings, Cooper Street, Manchester.

7"^ "AKTUEirEHS' ROYAL BKNEVOLENT

VT INSTITUTION.— The ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of
the Subscribers to this Inatitiitlon will be BELD at the Bedford
Hotel, Cuvent Garden, on TUESDAY, 16th January next, for the
purpose of receiving tho Accounts of the Society for the past year,
and electing Ofi\cers for the ensuing year. The Chair will be taken
at 7 o'clock precisely. Edwd. Roger Ccti.er, Secretary,

14, Tavistock Row, Covent Garden, London.

'UTTON'S SHORT SELECT SEED LIST

' may be had gmtis on application.

Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Keadingr.

BUTTON'S AMATEUR'S GUIDE

O IS NOW READY.

Price One Shilling. Gratis to Customera.

Being Issued.— First Edition 25,000.

BARR AND SUUDEN'S GUIDE to the KITCHEN
and FLOWER GARDEN. A copy will be presented to each

customer, and also to intending purchasers on sending their a^" ■"

Bahh & MuciiKN, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Flower and Vegetable Seed Catalogue.

BUTLBR, RIcCULLUCH and CO.'S SPRING
CATALOGUE, containing descriptions of over 1600 species and
varieties of FLOWER SICEDS, and a LIST of all the Novelties of tho
season, is now ready. Forwarded free.

South Row, Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. Hlghgate, London, N.

w

HOLESALE CATALOGUE of GENERAL

NURSERY STOCK, containing 96 pages, may be had poit

"-jation to

UAS CRippfl, The Nuraerio3, Tunbridge Wells.

free on application to
Thoi

ARTHUR HENDERSON and CO. beg to announce
that their CATALOGUE of KITCHEN GARDEN and
FLOWER SEEDS for 1807 is now ready, and will be forwarded free
on application,

Fine-apple Place, Edgewaro Road, London, N.

New General Plant Catalogue.

BS. WILLIAMS' NEW PLANT CATALOGUE,
• containing many really good Novelties, and carefully selected
LISTS of STOVE, GREENHOUSE, and HARDY PLANTS, U
now ready aud will be forwarded post free to alt applicants,
' " " " " ■ ■ , Lon ■

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Holloway, London, N.

H

New and Unadulterated Seeds.
AMILTON AND WEIGHT'S PRICED

CATALOGUE of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS is
Published, and will be forwarded post free on application.
Surrey Seed Warehouse, Tnornton Heatn, S.

Excellence and Economy.

H BROWN'S SPRING CATALOGUE will be ready
• for Distribution, post free, in a few days.

4, Commutation Row, Liverpool.

AMBROISE VERSCHAFFELT'S (Nurseryman.
Ghent, Belgium), GENERAL CATALOGUE of PLANTS
may be obtained tree on application.

Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLAKD, Seed Grower and Merchant,
20, Qual do la MOgisatrle, Paris, France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEEDS, in Engliah weights
and money, post free on application.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
Trade that tbeir WHOLESALE SEED LIST la now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.
Seed Warehouse, Sleaford.

RICHARD DEAN'S LIST of NOVELTIES and
SPECIALITIES m FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS,
and which contains also some Original Papers of great value to the
Amateur, is now ready, and can be had post free on application.

Depot for New and Choice Vegetable and Flower Seeds. Ealing.
London, W.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Mkrchants, T, Borough Market, London, S.E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and advantageous offers on application.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seeu FAitMERS, Merchattts, and Ndrseryuen,
237 & '-'38. High Holboru, London. W.C.

AUTUMN BEDDING for WINTER and SPRING
DECORATIONS of FLOWER BEDS on LAWNS, &c— A
piece of Planting, showing what may be done in this way, can be ssen
any time at Thomas S. Ware's, Hale Farm Nurseries, Tottenham,
Middlesttx, adjoining ttie Railway Station,

VINES, VINES.— Strong Planting and Fruiting Canes
of all the leading kinds. Prices on application.
B. S. Williams. Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upper Uollow.iy, N.

Grauo Vines

JOSEPH 5IEREDITH li:is a beautiful Stock of VINES

fj for S;iIo, propu^!iltel^ from Vines which have borne the fruit

which has taken from time to time so many First Prizes.

Tho Vineyard, Garston, mar Liverpool.

Late Grape Vines.

ALICANTE, LADY DOWNES', and MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA.

J MEREDITH has a splendid Stock of the abovo
• sorts for Planting,

The Vineyard, Gnriiton, near Liverpool.

L' ~\])V~DOWNl':S' SEEDLING" HA~UPTi3rrC()UKT,
ULACK HAMBURGH, and MUSCAT of ALEX.VNDRIA
GKAl'KS, Uuod Fruiting Caiios, 7*". Cd. each ; good Planting Canes,
3s. Qd. each.

T. Jacrson & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W.

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of tho above may
now bo had at lOa. 6d. and 2ls. each ; the usual discount to the
Trade. Pkteii Lawkon & Son, Edinburgh and London.

w

ElilVS PRIZE coil, FILBERT .and other PRIZE

NUT TREKS. LIST of varieties and prices to ba had of
Mr. Webii, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

QTRONO STANDARD and DWARF TRAINED

O APPLES and PEARS ; line Transplanted LARCH FIR. from
1} to 6 feat ; a choice collection of CONIFERS and EVERGREENS,
and a Qenerul Nursery Stock. Prices on application.

CiiABLES BoROEss, Tho Nurseries, London Road, Cheltenham.

To tlie Trade.

JO. WHEELER and SON, Nukserymen, Gloucester,
• havins more DWARF MAIDEN APRICOTS, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and PLUMS, than they require for their own
pUntluK, beg to offer them on vei? reasonable terms. They are
strong, healthy, and true to name. Price on application.

PYRAMID APPLES, PEAMS, PLUMS, CHERRIES.
Beautiful Trees for Oarden or Orchard Houses.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Dwarf-trained Trees by the 1000, 100. or dozen.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
and NECTARINES. Fine, flat, well-trained, of best quality
and true to name.

RioRARD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Fifty Acres of Fruit Trees,

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS In every form desired for
Fruitinii.

Richard SiiiTit, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NEUTARINES, APRICOTS, CHKRRIES
PLUMS, PEAKS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RiOQARD Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

F

RUIT TREES, for Walls and EspaUers.— Upwjirds of
50,000 to select from, carefully trained, and in the healthiest

CARTER'S NEW GARDEN SEEDS for 1867.—
PRICE LISTS, containing all tho NOVELTIES of the season,
gratis and post fiuu.

James Carteb & Co., 237, High Tlolborn, London, W.C.

VERY G Ant'iTl!: N R" E"a'u"'i's I T E

kept in Stock at
CARTER'a New Seed Warehouse, 237 Sl 2.'^8, High Ilolborn, London.

QU T'TO N • S" ^C (JLLE'CTIONS ' of SEEDS.

O For tho KITCHEN GARDEN, 10s. 0-^. to £fi 6«.

For tho FLOWER G.\RDi-]N, G*-. to 4.'«.

PrlcuM [iii'i luiiticulurM gratis aniJ post, froo.
SuTiiiN A .SiiNs, Scoil iJr<jwui\-(, lleacliiig.

SomersetsMre Prize Seeds.
/^ENUTNE GARDEN and FLOWER and FARM

vJ^^ SEEDS of tho finest stocks and quality ; LISTS now roadv.
Rojii;iiT H. I'ovNTEu, the County Seed Kstablisliiiicnt, Tauiitiin.

ROSES. — Extra fine Standards, at from 15jf. lo IS*,
per dozen ; IDO.-;. per 100.
Do. Dwarf, extra fine, at from i».f. to I2a. per doz. ; 033. to84«. per 100.
Do. New Sorts ot ISOO. at 2ix. per dozen.

DESCRIPTIVE LLST on application.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

w

Koses.
M. PAUL'S PRICED DESCRIPTIVE

CATALOGUE of ROSES is now ready, post free on application.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

c

Just published, the Second Edition of
ULTURAL directions for the ROSE.
By John Ckanstoh, King's Aero Nurseries, near Hereford.
Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

PAUL AND SON'S KOSES and their CATALOGUE.
—DESCRIPTIVE LIST is now ready. For general prices see
large Advertiaemeut, p. 1188.

Paul & Son would remind their fnends that the present time is
favourable for moving Roses.

The " Old" Cheshunt Nurseries, N.

DWARE MOSS ROSES.— Strong well-rooted Plums
(2--yr. bedded) of the above, suitable for planting out or potting,
21s. per luO. A remittance or reference is respectfully requested
from unknown Correspondents.

FihLD Brothkiis, Tarvin Road Nursery, Chester.

RIBBON BORDER (six Colours), German aud French,
COLLECTIONS, andall specialties worth growing. SeePoYNiER'
LIST. RuuKRT H. PovNTER, Tauntou.

New Double Italian Tuberoses.

SUTTON AND SONS have received their annual supply
in good condition, which tliey can supply at 3s. Grf. per dozen.
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Re.'vding.

Tuberoses, Tuberoses, Tuberoses.

BUTLER, Mcculloch, AND CO. have to offer extra
strong ROOTS of the above, 3s. per dozen, id. each.
South Row, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

conditiuu for planting.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

American and other Hardy Plants.

ROBERT M. STARK has just published a Select LIST
of the above, which c.in be sent post freo on application.
Edinburgh, York Road, Trinity.

ABOUT 60,000 Seedling CHESTNUT PLANTS for
Sale, very strong. Cash prlco, 6s. per 1000.
James Welch, Nurseryman, Rivorhead, Kent.

Spruce for Cover.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Chester, has a very large Stock
of the above, from Ij to 3^ feet. To induce largo orders, the
prices (which may be had on application), have been greatly reduced.

REES and PLANTS of all sorts and size3"in very

great qu.intity, of best quality and at moderate prices.
PRICED LISTS post-free on application.
Jaues Dickson & Sons, (" Old Established Nursa-y and Seed
Buniness") The '* Newton' Nurseries. Chester.

Planting.

WM. PAUL begs to refer intending Planters of
ROSES. FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS. &c., to hi« Advertise-
ment ol December 1.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

Railway Planting.

FITE MILLION Transplanted UUICKS, of superior
growth. Samples and prices on application to
John Hi^uslet, High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

Strong Quick.

HAND F. SHARPE have for Sale a fine Lot of 3-yr.
• Transplanted QUICK, 3 to 4 feethigh, and well-rooted. Price
very moderate.

Nursery and Seed Establishment, Wisbech.

To the Trade.

WCROWDER, Nurseryman, Homcastle, has to
• offer SCOTCH FIR, 1 to U and 2 to 3 feet ; SPRUCE do.,
Z^to 3 feet ; QUICKS, 1, 2, and 3.yr. transplanted ; LARCH, 3 to 4 feet.

LI L I U M A U R A T U M.

Strong Bulbs, 5s., 7s. Cd., 10k. Gd., and 15s. each.
B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway,

London. N. _______^ ^^_

ILIUM AURATUM. —Strong Flowering Bulbs of the-
above splendid Lily, imported direct from Japan, are offered at
tho low price of 5.5. each, by

W. II. Rogers, Nurservman to Her Majesty, Southampton.

C CUCUMBER SEED to the TRADE.—Long Oun, by
J tho 100 Seeds ; Black Spine. Telogiaph, Highland Mary, and
Prince Albert, by the oz. Packets of tUe above. Is. MUSHROOM
SPAWN. Pamphlets on Gardening, &c.

Jaues Cuthill, Cambei-well, S.

s

The very Earliest and Best Pea In Cultivation.
U T T 0 N ■ S RINGLEADER.

Price 2s. per quart^

T

To the Trade.

IHE ESSEX RIVAL PEA, in any quantity.

For prioej &c., apply to
Tnos. Eley, Siblo Hedingham, Halstead, Essex.

To Seedsmen and Market Gardeners.

DICKSON'S "FIRST & BEST" EARLY PEA,
undoubtedly the most prolific and best first early Pea known.
Lowest price per Bushel on application to
Francis & Arthur Dickson & Sons, the OIU Established Seed
Warehouse, 100, E:istgate Street, Chester. .^_^_^_^__^_

w

HEELER'S MILKY

Is the BEST of all POTATOS.

WHITE

To tb6 Trads

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, and CO. have to offer the
undennentioned. Prices on application.
PRESIDENT POTATO (Webb). I TELEGRAPH POTATO (Webb)
SANGSTER'S NO. 1 PEAS, 56s. per quarter.
Covent Garden Market. London, W.C.

T

Planting Season.
RANSPLAISTED LARCH

and other Nursery Stock offered cheap by

Wm, URQDBART& Sons, Dundee.

SPLENDID LARCH, 3to4ft., at unprecedented prices;
HAWTHORN QDICK, do. do.; AVENDE TREES: large
EVERGREENS and CONIFERS: inajtniflcent TRAINED PyRA-
MID and STANDARD FRUIT TREES. Special prices given.
Ueorok Davibon, Hereford.

WANTED, COMMON JUNIPER.— Any one having
good Plants to offer, may state height, price per Thousand
(stating when last planted).

Charles Noblf, Bagshot.

w

ANTED, LOBELIA SPECIOSA.

Apply, A. B., Oardeners' Ctironicle Office, W.C.

Early Spring Flowers.

WEBB'S GIANT POLYANTHUS and COWSLIP,
with all the best varieties of Coublo and Single PRIMROSlflS,
PANSIES, &c., with Seeds of idingle varieties. LIST of prices of
different kmds on application to

Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

Seed Potatos.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON have to offer to the
Trade the following kinds of POTATOS :— Early Handsworth,
Essex Wonder Kidney, Early Ashleaf Kidney (true), Myatt's Prolific
Kidney. Prices on application to 7, Borough Market, S.E.

MUky White Potato.

MESSRS J. C. WHEELER and SON beg to inform
the Trade that in consequence of the great demand they
cannot receive any more Orders this season for their celebrated
POTATO "MILKY WHITE."

Gloucester. — January 5, 1SC7.

Extra fine Seakale for Forcing and Planting.

GEO. CLARKE has many Thousands of the tinest
quahty to offer this season. Prices 5s., 7s. 6d., 10s., and 15s. p. 100.
Nurseries, Streatham Place, Brixton Hill. S.E. ; & Mottingham,Kent.

To the Trade.

CHOICE stocks of GREEN-TOP SWEDE and
PURPLE-TOP YELLOW SCOTCH TURNIP.

Price on applicition.
James Dicrhon i Sons, Seed Merchants. Chester.

Yellow Globe Mangel Seed.

MR, S. A. DAINXREE, of Fen Drayton, St. Ives,
Hunts, having a large stock of the above Seed, of his own
growth (ft-oni large selected roots), can supply the Trade at a very
low rate. Sample and price on application as above.

22

THE GAEDENEES' CERONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[Jantjaet 12, 1867.

RICHARD SMITH'S FRIHT LIST contains a
Sketch of the various Forms of Trees, with Directions for
Cultivation, Soil, Drainage, Manure, rnuiing, Lifting, Cropping,
Ti'eatment undar Glass ; also their syuonymcs, quiiUty, size, form,
skin, colour, flesh, TlavouTj use, growth, duration, season, price, &c.
Free by post for one stamp.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

WALL-TRAINKD TREES of BEARING SIZE.— Our
Wall-TiTiined Fruit Trees this season are very fine, and
include PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, and FIGS, suited
for planting in houses for immediate Fruiting. An inspection is
respectfully invited.
^ T. Jacksow & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, Surrey.

T

HOMAS S. WAREhiLs a large stock of the following
to offer at low Prices : —

Standard Roses
Half Standard do.
Common Moss Roses
Cabbage Province do.
Climbing Rosea, strong
Muiden Apples, fine

~„ Pears ,,
Poplar, Balsam. 4 to 6 feet

„ Black Italian, 3 to 5 feet
Ribes sangumeum, 3 to 4 feet
Oaks, 2-yr, seedling, 1 to 2 feet
Laburnum do., 2 to 3 feet

„ do-.transplanted, 2 to 4 ft
CratseguB of sorts, 3 to 4 feet
Lonicera of sorts, strong
Red Currants, fruiting state

Prices according to quantity taken.
Trade and other CATALOGUES on application.

Hale Farm Nuiseries, Tottenham, Middlesex, adjoining the
Railway Station.

Black Currants, strong

Weeping Willow, 3 to 6 feet

Berberis of sorts

SpiiTeas do.

Forsyttiia viridissima

Yellow Spanish Broom, in pots,

4 to 5 feet
White Portugal do., 3 to 4 feet
Larvender, strong
Rosemary, do.
Southernwood, do.
Asparagus, 2-yr.
Prifet

Cotonei^ter microphylla, 1 to 2 ft
Weigelas, borta

To tills 7T3.dG

THOMAS S. WARE, having a large stock of FLOWER
ROOTS (most of them on ground which must bo cleared), ia
induced to offer them at the following very low rate : —
500, in not less than 25 variotie-s, for 25s.
1000, in not less than 25 varieties, for 40s.
Li Hum candidura
Lupinua polyphillus

Achillea, in variety
Agrostemina coronaria
Alyssum saxatile
Antirrhinum
Aquilegia
Arabia albida
Asperula odorata
Asters, in varieties
Campanula media
Delpniiiium formosum
Dianthus Dunnettii
Digitalis, mixed
fipilobiimi, variety
Festuca glauca
Gnaphalium arenarium

„ margaritaceum

Iris germanica, in many varieties
Lavender

For smaller quantities of these and other varieties see List, which
em be bad on appiicstion.

,Hale Faim Nurseries, Tottenham, Middlesex, adjoining Railway
Station.

Lj'chnis, scarlet

CEnothera, variety

Pansies

Phalaris anindinacea plcta

Pinks, sorts

Polyanthus

Potentilla

Sedum, in variety

Southernwood

Sweet William

Tritoma Uvaria

Tussilago fragrans

Veronica, in variety

Vinca, do.

Wallflower

l\VO HUNDRED THOUSAND TEWS.

40.000 ACCUBA JAPONICA.

See CATALOGUES, WUoIesale or Retail.

TuoMAs Warnkr, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

T

wo HUNDRED THOUSAND TREE

10,000 STANDARD ELMS.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesalu or Retail.

Thomas Warneh, Leicester Abbey Nursories.

B05.

T

HiRTT THOUSAND AIMKKICAN ARBOR- VITJE.
10,000 PORTUGAL LAURELS.
See CATALOGUES, Whole,sal6 or Retail.
Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

T

EN THOUSAND! SIBEKIAN ARBOR-VIT^

1000 ARBUTUS, in pots.
Soe CATALOGUES, Wbolcsale or Retail.
Thomas Warneii, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

TWENTT THOUSAND DWARF MAIDEN and
TRAINED FRUIT TREES, APPLES, CHERRIKS
PEACHES, iind NECTARINES.

20,UUO flOUGHTON CASTLE or VICTORI.A CURRANTS

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nureeries.

Strong Laroli, Native Scoicli, English Oak, Thorns,

&C., ALL TRAKSPLANTliD.

01 EORGE CHIYAS, Chester, solicits the attention of
T Planters to his very great Stock of LARCH, 2 to 4J feet:
NATIVE SCOTCH, 14 to 3 feet (a portion of wbich was Transplanted
last spring for tbe second time) ; ENGLISH OAK, 2 to 4 feet, and
THORNS of great strerigtli, witb an e.'itensive and general assort-
ment of otlier Trees and Plants. Tbe qnaljty is unexceptionable,
and the prices much in favour of the buyer.

The Finest New Hardy Plant of the Year.

PAUL'S NEW DOUBLE SCARLET THORN,
awarded First-class Certificate Royal Botanic Society and
International Exhibition.

"Deep carmine-red, double and vigorous, far surpassing the old
double fmk."— Editorial of Ganlcuers CItronicle, Muy 24, 18G4.

STANDARDS and PYRAMIDS, 10s. 6d. each. See Paul &. Son's
CATALOGUE.

Old Cheshunt Nurseries, N.

Planting Season

LARCH (Native and 'I'Mulr.^iO, SCOTCH FIR (True
Native). SPRUCE, OAK, ASH, ALDER, BEECH, PRIVET,
and all kinds or FOREST and ORNAMENTAL TREES and
SHRUBS, ROSES, FRtJIT TREES, fine specimen ARAUCARIAS
and DEODARS, and largo TREES for Park Planting, now in flue
condition for removal.

CATALOGUES, with sizes and prices, sent free on application to
DroKsoNs & Co., Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists, 1, Waterloo
Place, Edinburgh.

TV A R C H, PEAR STOCKS, & c .

LARCH, U to 2 feet, per 1000, 8s. ; 2 to 3 feet, 10s. ; 3 to 4 feet, 12s. Cd.
PEAR STOCKS, 21 to 5 feet, 10s. to 30s. per 1000.
SCOTCH FIR, 2 years bedded, 6 to 12 inches, 5s. per 1000.
LIST of other TREES sent on application.
Apply, with reference, to J. Riddell, Steward, Paik Attwood,
Bewdiey, Worcestershire.

~ Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., has to offer at very moderate
prices TRANSPLANTED ASH, ALDEH, BIRCH, HORSE
CHESTNUT, ELM, broad and narrow-leaved; SILVER and
SCOTCH FIRS. WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE, HAZEL, OAK
POPLAR, PRIVET, WEYMOUTH and AUSTRIAN i'lNES
THORN QUICKS, HUNTINGDON and DUTCH WILLOWS
LARCH, good stout plants, li to 2 feet, 12s. ; 2 to 24 feet, 13s. : 2 to
3 feet, 14s. ; and 3 to 4 feet, 16s. per 1000. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR,
6 to 9 inches, Cs. ; 9 to 12 mches, 9s. ; 1 to U fo«t, 14.s-. ; U to 2 feet,
21'*. ; and 2 to 2i feet, 30s. per 1000. COTONEASTER MICRO-
PHYLLA, 1 to U feet. 20s. per 1000 ; U to 2 feet. RIBES in sorts,
2tj 3ft.. 20s. per 1000. SNOWBERRY,2t63ft., 2ns. per 1000. BROOM,
Wiiite and Yellow,transplant6d,16s.per 1000. LAURELS, BERBERIS,
ARB0R-VlT,3!;,&c.,Seedlius ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CHESTNUT,
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 vears ; ELM. 2 years, £5 por lOD.iKKl. Ov\KS,

1 and 2 jenrs; OAk, EVERGREEN, 1 year; PRIVET, 1 and

2 years; SYCAMORE. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 2y6ars,
63. ; 4 yeai-s, 8s. per 1000 ; 3 years, and 1 year transplanted, 18s ;

3 years, and 2 years tr.ansplaiited, 25s. ; fl to H inches, 60s. ; and
9 to 12 inches, (iOs, per 1000. Twice -transplanted, and bushy, 4 to
8 inches, 70s. ; 8 to 12 inches, OSs. ; 0 to 15 inches, 140s. ; 1 to 14 feet,
180s. ; and 1* to 2 feet, 2C03. per 1000..

A PRICED LIST forwarded on application. Price to the Trade
on application.

Joseph Smith, Jun., Moor Edge Nursery, Tansley, near Matlock,
Derbyshire.

GENUINE SEEDS, CARRIAGE FREE.

B. S. WILLIAMS'S ~ "

NEW GENERAL PRICED SEED CATALOGUE for 1867

CAN BE HAD FREE ON APPLICATION.

THE VEGETABLE SEED PART

CONTAINS

LISTS of the test varieties of each kind of VEGETABLE. Only those sorts are recommenJed that can

be relied upon for producing sure and good crops.
LIST of ROOTS, such as Potatos, Asparagus, Seakale, &c.
A few Practical Hints on Culture of tbe above are added for the use of Amateurs. r

THE FLOWER SEED PART

CONTAINS

Imported and English-grown FLOWEE SEEDS in Collections.
Choice Strains of FLOfilSTS' FLOWEKS,

The best of the New Introductions of 1866 in ANNUALS, BIENNIALS, and PERENNIALS.
GENERAL LIST of all the ANNUALS worth gi-owing. I GENERAL LIST of ORNAMENTAL GRASSES.
„ „ ofBIENNlALS and PERENNIALS. I „ „ of ORNAMENTAL GOURDS.

THE APPENDIX

CONTAINS

A LIST of choice French varieties of GLADIOLI.

ENGLISH SEEDLING GLADIOLI.

Other SUMMER and AUTUMN-FLOWERING BULBS.

HORTICULTURAL REQUISITES of every kind.

KNIVES.

HORTICULTURAL MANURES, &c. &c.

Everything-is Priced. "With each Catalogue a convenient Form of Order Sheet is enclosed.

B. S. WILLIAMS,
VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLO WAY, LONDON, N.

KITCHEN GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS.

OSBORN & SONS'

SELECT LIST OF THE ABOVE MAY NOW BE HAD

ON APPLICATION.
In it, among otlier articles of sterling merit, especial attention ia directed to the following : —

*BEET, OSBORN'S SELECT RED.— This is preferred by many
gardeners to any other kind, and for decorative purposes its
foliage is unsurpassed. Per oz,. Is.

CELERY, PEAR NOT.— A most desirable pink vai-iety, ci-isp and
excellent in flavour. Per packet, Is.

*MELON, QUEEN EMMA.— This was raised at Heckfield. and
pronounced by the Viscount Eversley and other conaoisseurs to
be one of the best flavoured Melons ever produced. It hns a
flood constitution, is a great bearer, well netted, thin skin,
thick jjale greeu Hesh, and weighs from 2 to 3 lb, Per packet,
'Is. Hd.

^BROCCOLI, OSBORN'S WHITE WINTER.— Still pronounced by
some gardeners to be the best. Per packet. Is. Od,

LETTUCE, SCOTT'S WHITE COS.— A very superior variety of
Paris Cos. Per packet. Is. Gd..

LETTUCE, BOWDEN'S BROWN COS.— Less liable to run than
any Lettuce we know. Per packet, Is. Od..

^LETTUCE, STANSTED CABBAGE.— The best hardy winter
variety. Per packet. Is.

LETTUCE, BELLE BONNE.— A very superior summer Cabbage
Lettuce. Per packet. Is.

* Special quotations to the 7^'ade of these maij he had on application.
FULHAM NURSERY, LOIS^DON, S.W.

PAUL & SON'S ROSES, EVERGREENS, FRUIT TREES, &c.

Amongst EIGHTY PRIZES gained by their COLLECTIONS this year are the PREMIER PRIZES for CUT
ROSES at the INTERNATIONAL, NATIONAL, BIRMINGHAM, ROYAL BOTANIC, and BRIGHTON SHOWS,
AND EVERY PRIZE FOR NEW ROSES AT THE SUMMER SHOWS.

PAUL & SON,

OLD CHESHUNT NURSERIES, CHESHUNT, N.,

Beg to solicit orders for ROSES and other PLANTS now ready for deUrery. That the Old Cheshunt Nurseries
still stand unrivalled in the culture of the Eose, the numerous Awards of the year attest. General Prices as under .—

BOSES, from our Stock of over 100,000 Saleable Plants.

Older Isinds, Standards, 2 to 4 feet, 18s. per dozen ; Dwarf Standards, J to 1 foot, 12s. ; Dwarfs, 9s. to 12j.
Newer kinds. Standards, 24s. to 30s. per dozen ; Dwarf Standards, .J to 1 foot, 18s. ; Dwai-fs, 18s. to 24s.
NEW HOSES of 1866, 36s. to 42s. per dozen ; 3s. M. to 5s. each.
NOISETTE MAEECHAL NIEL, Standards, 5s. ; Dwarfs, 3s. 6f?.

FRUITS, all healthy well-formed Trees.

QUINCES, WALNUTS, MEDLAES, CE/IBS, SERVICE
TREES.— Standards, 2s. to 2s. &d. each.

FIGS, in pots, 3«. 6(7. to 5s. each.

VINES, ex. size, Fruiting, 7s. &d. to 10s. M. each; Plant-
in,s, Terv fine, 60s. per dozen.

GOOSEBEREIES and CUEEANTS, 4s. per dozen.

RASPBERRIES.— Summer, 16s. p. 100 ; Autumn, 30s. do.

STRAWBERRIES, 3s Gd. to 5s. per 100.

APPLES.— Fine Standards, ISs. per dozen; Pyi-amids, ISs.
to 24s. per dozen ; Dwarf-tramed, 30s. to 42s. per doz.

PEARS, PLUMS, and CHERRIES.- Standards, 24s. per
doz. ; Pyramids, fruiting, 24s. to 42s. per doz. ; Dwarf-
trained, 42s. per dozen.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS.— Standard-
trained, 7s. M. to 10s. 6d. each ; Pyramids, in pots,
5s, eacli; Dwarf-trained, 60s. per dozen.

For extent of our

CONIFERiE.-Our selection of 100 yarieties, 1 to 3 feet; £10. PRICED LIST on appUcation.

Collection see Catalogue of International Horticultural E.xlubition.
DECIDUOUS and ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGED TREES and EVEEGREENS, for Town and Coimtry Planting.
EHODODENDEONS and AMEEICAN PLANTS at PAUL'S American Nursery, High Beech, Loughton.
1^ PEICED DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of the abore now ready.

PAUL AND SON would invite an inspection of their Nurseries, eftending over Sixty ^""-f > °"f .™i}^ ?°'"
Cheshunt Station, Great Eastern Railway. Omnibus from Waltham Station to Nursery Gates meets certain ITains.

Janu.uit 12, 18G7.J

THE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAI; GAZETTE.

23

LILIUM AURATUM.

E. G. HENDEKSON & SON

CAN SDPPLy

STRONG BULBS OF THE ABOVE MOST BEAUTIFUL LILY

At 7s. Crf. aiiJ 10s. Gil', cni'h ; Smaller, 5s. and 3s. Gi!.

THE GARDEN SEED CATALOGUE FOR 1867

Forwflrdcil Postage Free on applicition, including nmongst
RAPnANU.S CAITDATUS. or RAT'S-TAIL RADISH, M. and Is.
BROCCOLI, CAITELL'S ECLIPSE.

OSHORN'S WHITE WINTER.
DEWAR-S IMPROVED HEET.

LETFUCE, ALL THE YEAR ROUND, 1,«. Cd. per packet,
ONION, NUNEIIAM PARK.

PEAS, LAXTON-S PROLIFIC ( , j ., .^ ^ .
„ TA llER-S PERFECTION > ^"^ "" ""' ''°''-
TOMATO, MAMMOTH, Is. per packet,
WELLINGTON CAULIFLOWER, 2a. Crf.
NORTnUMBERLAND CHAMPION CELERY, Is.

many others the following desirable articles ;-

INCOMPARABLE CRIMSON CELERY, Is.
CUCUMBER, KIRKLEES HALL DEFLANCB.
LONG GUN.
TELEGRAPH.

IMPROVED PRINCE ALBERT.
MELON, WILLS' GREEN PINE-APPLE GEM
„ WILLS' SCARLET PINE-APPLE OEM.

„ WILLS' OULTON PARK HYBRID.

POTATOS, THE ASH-TOP FLUKE, »». per peck.
„ MILKY WHITE, 6.1. per pock.

„ PATERSON'S VICTORIA, 4». per peck.

WELLINGTON NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S "WOOD, LONDON, N.W.

THE EARLIEST AND BEST PEA IN CULTIVATION.

SUTTON'S RINGLEADEK.

Sutton & Sons have again the pleasure of offering- this unrivalled
EARLY PEA, which still retains its position as the fortcardixt and
best early variety yet introduced. The various trials made both in Public
and Private Gardens fully confirm the confidence SIcssrs. Sutton expresst-d
of its superiority over every other Early Pea. One of its merits is that
the haulm oan be cleared away, and the ground planted with another Crop
nearly a fortnight before other Early J^'as are ready.

Retail Price 2s. per quart.

!^^ Lowest Price to the Trade may be had on application.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

T

0

THE

TRADE.

Bvergreon Oaks, l-yr., extra nno I AsparnBm, I, 2,and 3-yv..do.
English Oaks, 2-yr., do. I'J laooiitlia, 1 and '2-yr., lio.

Portugal Laurel, l.yr., do. | IJuluk, Wlmo Thorn

Prices, per 1000 or 10,0(10, opoii iipidtcatlon.
Wm. 1)11.1. iHTo.vH, Monro Nursery, Slhlo licdln^-lmni, Rssox.

JTanaley Hurseries, near Matlock, DerbysMre
OSKfll S.MITII, Sen., invites I'lunUrs 'Z the
Tr.iilo to Inspect hia Nursory of 80 Atron of lilgli Imid Tho soil
mofailbrousniiture. aud tlio Plants take iip with oxcoll'ont roots
such OS to ensure the best succpsa in their reniovul. '

Tho Nurwery contains niiuiy lluntlreiJ TliousanUs of RHODODK'V
DRUNS, COMMON and PORTUCJAb LAUKELS, BOX I)RUOMS
BERHERIS, IIULLIKS, PRIVKTS, YKWS, &c. Tlio FORkS
TREES fire very extonetvo, of all tho loading kindH ; there aro
16 Acres of LARCHES, of different sizes, and all others in propor-
tion. Prlrea inoderato, whicli mm he hud on application as above.

Game Covert, Forest Planting, fecT

JAMES SMITH oth-rs the following-—
Tho RHODODENDRONS aro lino biiflhy weil-rooted Plants
fit eftlior for Woods or Pleasure Orounde : tho LARCH aro flno
stout Planty, bett-T cannot bo (irown; also PRIVETS, LAURELS
BERBERIS (lu sorts). SCOTCH, SPRUCE, and Sif^VEK FIRs'.
ASU, UAKS, BEECH, BIRCH, PINUS AUSTRIACA, &c., all
strong well-iooted plants, a PRICED CATALOGUE of which will
be forwardod ou application.

LARCH, good stout plants, per 1000 :— 11 to 2 feet, Us. ; 2 to 3 foot.
10s. ; 2i to 3i foot, 188. ; 3 to 4 feet, 20d.

RHODODENDRON PONTICaM, bushy, woU-rooted plants, 6 to
12 iuchea, 105». per 1000.

Do. do., y to 15 inches, 13.*. per 100 ; ICOs. per 1000 ; per 10 000, £79.

Do. do., 1 to li foot, 23a. per 100; 220a. per 1000; per 10,000, £10fi

Do. do,, li to 2 feet, 30.s-. per 100; 290s. per 1000.

Do. HYBRIDUM. 0 to 12 ins., 308. per 100;2'JOs. per 100.
Price to the Trade on uppllcation.
James Smith, Darley Dale Nnrsories, near Matlock.

VIRGO AND SON Imvin^ a large Stodc of the

following, can offer tlioin at very low prices:

FOREST TREES.

w.

Alder, 3 to C feet, extra strong
Ash, 18 inches to li feet
Beech, 2 to 3 feet, very good
Berberia dulcis. 2 to 3 feet

,, Aquifolium, 1 to li foot
Chestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 leet, aud
6 to 0 feet
„ Spanish, 2 to 3 feet

Fir, Scotch, IJ to 2 ft., extradno

„ Spruce, 3 to 4 feet, oxtra flue

,. Larch. 2, .3, & 4 ft., extra fine

Hazel, '^ to 3* feet, extra fine

Holly, Green, IJ to 2 feet, bushy

Laurel, Common, SJ to 3 ft., bushy

„ Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. bushy

Privet, 2 to 3 feet, extra bushy

Strong CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS.
Stron- MANETTI STOCKS.

FRUIT TREES.
Apples, Standards and Dwarfs, very strong
Cherries, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dwarf-tiained, extra fine
Pears, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Nectarine.s. Dwarfs and Dwarf- traiued, extra fino
Kentish Filberts, 4 to 5 feet, extra fino

PRICED LIST or samples on application at
The Nmsery, Wonersh, near Guildfoi'd, Surrey.

UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND HOST OF THE NOBILITY AND LANDED PROPRIETOES THROUGHOUT BRITAIN.

FEANCIS & ARTHUE DICKSON & SONS,

THE OLD ESTABLISHED SEED WAREHOUSE,

106, EASTGATE STREET, and the "UPTON" NURSERIES, CHESTER.

THE BEST EARLY PEA IN CULTIVATION— DICKSON'S 'FIRST & BEST."

FRANCIS AND ARTHUR DICKSON and SONS are gratified to find that this Pea has again this Season (1866) given universal satisfaction, and is pronounced by the
most experienced Gardeners in Britain, and other competent Judges (confirmed also by their own repeated trials against all the Early Peas of the day), to be the very
best FIJtST EARLY PEA ever offered for general good qualities, viz., Eakliness, Produotitenxss, and Succession of Ceop. It will become as universally grown as their
"DICKSON'S FAVOURITE," which they had the pleasure to introduce some years ago.

Betail Price, Is. 6d. per Quart. Price to the Trade on application.

COMPLETE ASSORTMENTS OF CHOICE VEGETABLE SEEDS FOR ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY.

No. 1. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of SELECT VEGETABLE SEEDS for ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY £.3 3 0

No. 2. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto ditto, in smaller proportionate quantities .' .'.'_."! " 2 •> 0

No. 3. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto ditto, in smaller quantities '. 110

No. 4. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of best kinds for a Small Garden ■ .' .'. ". ,] ]\ ... 1)10 6

No. 5. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of the most select kinds for an extr» large Garden, in proportionate quantities to No. 1 . . ..550

COMPLETE ASSORTMENTS OF CHOICE CONTINENTAL AND ENGLISH FLOWER SEEDS.

No. 1. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of the best and most approved Continental and English v.irictiea, £2 2s.
No, 2. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto ditto .. .. ' . . £1 10 0 | No. 4. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto ditto £0 15 6

No. 3. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto ditto 1 1 0 I No. 5. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto ditto . . " '.'. ! ! 0 10 6

The above CoUections contain the very best varieties of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS of the respective kinds, and aro recommended lo Amateur^, and others who
do not keep a professed Gardener, and are themselves at a loss to select. "«"u™ i" .iin.iieuis ana otneis \ilio

FRANCIS & ARTHUR DICKSON & SONS'

CATALOGUE OF VEGETABLE AND FLOWEE SEEDS, ETC., FOE 1867,

with practical Cultural Directions, is ready, and wiU be sent Post Free on application.

Their Seeds are all of the tnost select character, each variety being saved from the best stock /owwn of its kind.

All Seeds of £2 value delivered Carriage Free at any Sailwajf Station. Flower Seeds sent Post Free, except heavy articles, such as Sweet Peas, Lupins, ^e.

m, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.— Jan. 12, 1867.

24

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLE A^^D AGPICULTUEAL GAZETTE. [Januaey 12, w.

s

UTTON'S GUINEA HAMPER

KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS
For one whole year's supply is forwarded

caiTlago fioe by rail on receipt of pOBt-offlce

order for 2l3,
PRICED LISTS gmtis and post free on

application.

Sutton & Soks,

Royal Berkshire Seed Establiahmenr,

Reading.

Seeds, Seeds, Carriage Free.

"WAHnAKTED OF TQE PUHEST AXD FlKEST QUALITY.

VEGETABLE SEEDS.

W^r. DILLISTONE'S HALF - GUINEA
COLLECTION, the cheiipest and best ever ofi'ered, contain-
ing half thu

ONE GUINEA COLLECTION,
which contains snfRciont for one yc; r's supply lor a Garden, Includ-
ing eiglit quarts of the best kind of Peas, and ■ail other kinds of Seeds
in proportion, including sorae of the new varieties.
TWO GUINEA COLLECTION
coi tains sufficient for one year's supply for a medium-eized Garden,
including more than double the c^uantities in the above Collection.
This, i.e. the £2 2s. Collection, is highly recommended.

THREE GUINEA COLLECTION

CO- tains sufficient for one year's supply for a large Garden, and some

of all the new and choice varieties enumerated in his List.

PEAS.

A Selection of 12 fine and Select Sorts for Succession, s. d.

Lquartofeach 10 0

A Selection of 12 ditto ditto 1 pint of each 5 6

A Selection of 6 ditto ditto 1 qrt. of each 6 0

A Selection of 6 ditto ditto Ipintofeacli 3 0

FLOWER SEEDS.

W,' D.'s Collections are the most varied and the cheapest of any

Collections oflered, consisting of One Hundred Packets in One

Hundred Varieties of the choicest Annuals, Biennials, and

Perennials, for 21s., or half the quantities for lOs. Od.

W. D, has no hesitation in saying that the above Collections are
not to be surpassed by any re.spectable house in the kingdom, and
cannot fail to give every satisfaction.

See CATALOGUS now ready, free for one Stamp, of Choice Now
Seeds, New Plants, Early Spring-Flowering Herbaceous Plants, &c.
P. O. Orders on Castle Iledingham.
William Dillistone, Munro Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

To the Seed Trade.- Continental Flower Seeds. &c.

IjI W. WENDEL, Seed Gkower, &c., Erfurt, Prussia,
J- ♦ begs to announce that his WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of
the above is now ready, and may be had free and post paid on
application to his Agent,
Geo, Macintosh, Seedsman, &c.. High Road, Hammersmith, W.

FOlt SALE, in consequence of not having room for
them. 8 magnificent CAMELLIAS, from fl to 9 fe-jt high;
1 FIMBRIATA; 1 Old DOUBLE WHITE; 2 LADY HUME'S
BLUSH; 1 RUBRA PLENA, or Old Double Red; 1 BEALII ■
1 DELIGHT : 1 DOUBLE STKIPED, at reasonable prices, according
to size.— R. FoHniis, Lever Stree'., Daicy Lever, Bolton.

To Exhibitors of Fine Foliage Plants. '

MESSKS. BURGESS and KENT liave for Sale a
few Specimen CKOTON VARIEGATUM, from 3 to 4* feet
high, and proportionately wide; also ou» splendid Specimen
(JYPERUS ALTEENIFOLIUS VARIEGATUS. with stoma (i feet
long and finely coloured. Price, &c,, on application.
Penkhull Nm-sery, Stoke-xipon-Trcnt, Stafiordshiro.

To the Trade -Contractors and Builders.

ONE HlINJ)Kh;D THOUSAND COitMUN LAURELS,
due bushy plants, from 3 to 7 feet high; good for Blinds,
particularly for newly laid-out Grounds and Buddings.

Also 5,000.000 of Two-year SEEDLING ASH and CHESTNUTS,
EOSES, ana other varieties of Shrubs.

ham

Appl;? to Ahel Faihall, Nurseryman, Stanhope Nursery, Westor-
im Hill, Kent.

T A S. G A It A W A Y and

tl NuRstRYUEN and Seedsmen,

Durdham Down Nurseries, Bristol.

CO.,

QEEUS for the KITCHEN GARDEN.

TAS. GAKAWAY and

CO.

U E E U S for the F L 0 W E E G A E D E N.

TAS. GAEAWAT and

C 0.

UEEDS for Ihe EA

E M.

Q E E D B, JJest Quality, at Cheapest

Kates.

J A S. GAEAWAY AND

C 0.

JDEICED CATALOGUES, Post

Pree.

JAS. GAEAWAT AND

C 0.

QAEEIAGE PAID of all OEDEES over 2Qs.

TAS. GAEAWAY and

f Nurserymen and Seedsmen,
Durdham Down NurserieB, Bristol.

CO.,

. To the Seed Trade.

TCT K, BURRIDUE, Seeb Farmer and Nursery-

X • man, Lexden Road, Colchester, begs to oSer the foUowlnc
LIST of SELECT FLOWER SEEDS, which he can recommend
with every confidence:—
BIdens atrosanguinea
Candytult, Bmridge's Improved,

daik crimson
Chrysanthemum carinatmn atro-

coccineum [white

Clarkia integripetala, new double
ColliDsia bicolor candldissima
Convolvulus major tricolor,

splendid striped variety
Dianthus barbatus superbus,

dark crimson variety [florus
Dianthus barbatus auricuho-
Eryeimum arkansanum
Godetia The Bride

,, rubicunda splendens
Helichryaum braoteatum in-

curvum, splendid double Ever-
lasting
Helichrysum hracteatum nanum

atrosangnin::um
Helichrysum macranthum
Larkspur, Dwarf Double Rocket,

in lii separate colours
Leptosiphon, French hybrids
Linum candidissimum [variety
Lobelia apeclosa, Crystal Palace
Lobelia speciosa Paxtoniana
Ijuplnua subcarnosus, splendid

Dwarf Blue varety

Maize, new Japanese Variegated
Marigold, African, Double, two
coloiu-s
„ French, Dwarf Double

Striped, selected
„ French, Tall Double
Stripod, selectea
Marvel of Peru, Variegated

Foliage, Tricolor Striped
Nasturtium Tom Thumb, Scarlet
Bunyard'a Improved, Colour
equal to Tom Thumb Pelar-
gonium
Nasturtium, King of Tom Thumbs
Neraophlla maculata grandlfiora

,. „ purpuiea

Pea, Sweet, Invincible Scarlet
Phlox Drummondii, Brilliant
Scarlet
,, ,, Black Warrior

„ ,, Radowitzkii

Physalis Aikekengi, Winter

Cherry, true
Sanvitafia procumbens flore
Silene Saxifraga [pleno

Spraguea umbellata
Tagetea signata pumila
Viscaria oculata, New Scarlet
Zinnia mexicana

Price of the above on application.

GARDEN SEEDS.

WILLIAM PAUL,

(Son and Successor to the late A. Paul),
PAUL'S NURSERIES and SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.,

BEGS TO ANNOUNCE TMAT HIS

SELECT LIST OF VEGETABLE, FLOWER SEEDS, ETC.,

IS K0"\7 EEADY, AND WILL BE FORWARDED POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

The following Novelties I'ecently introduced by him have already become standard varieties, and the
Seeds now offered have been saved from pure original stocks: —

PAUL'S WALTHAM BRUSSELS SPROUTS. - This variety is
quito distinct, the Sprouts possessing the valuable quality ot
being green to the centre, and retaining the same colour when
cooked. Is. per p.acket.

PAUL'S WALTHAM MARKET CABBAGE. — Large, very even
growth, early and tine, mild flavour ; pronounced by all who
have seen it the finest sort in cultivation. Is. per packet.

PAUL'S IMPROVED TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER. —This is a
prodigious bearer, frequently producing four or five fine fruit at
a joint ; very handsome, and eKcellent flavour ; purticularly
recommended for a house or winter forcing. Is. per packet.

PAUL'S SELECTED EXTRA CURLED PARSLEY.— Large and
very superior ; pronounced by all who have grown it from my
stock the best in cultivation, 6d. per packet.

SUPERB DWARF HERTFORDSHIRE CAULIFLOWER. — Veiy
large, pure white close heads, remaining fit for use much longer
than most other sorts ; very hardj', having frequently stood in
winter unrier a south wait without any other protection.
la. per packet.

BROCKETT HALL BROWN COS LETTUCE. —Very hardy, large,
crisp, itnd excellent flavour ; stands a long time after most other
sorts without running to seed ; good for sowing at any season ;
the finest Lettuce grown. Is. per packet.

PAUL'S SUPERB CRIMSON BEET.— This variety as improved by
me is unsurpassed in colour and flavour. Is. per oz.

PAUL'S IMPROVED LATE CURLED BORECOLE.— Unsurpassed
as a *' Curled Green," very hardy ; very productive, and continues
in fine condition for use till the end of April. Is. per packet.

COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS, IO5. 6^., and upwards.
COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, 5s. and upwards.

*jt* All Seeds Carriage Free.

Now readi/j price One Shilling, Gratis to Customers,

SUTTON'S SPRING CATALOGUE

AMATEUR'S GUIDE for 1867.

(78 PAGES.)

CONTENTS.

Part I. includes a Descrijjtive List of the best varieties of Vegetable
Seeds, witli Instructions on Cultivation, and other useful information.

Part II. gives a complete List of the choicest kinds of German and
English Flower Seeds, mth Instructions on Cultivation; and the best
varieties of Bulbous and other Flower Roots for lilarly Spring Planting.
P/iRT III. contains the best varieties of Greenhouse, Stove, and other Plants, with Descriptions.
Part IV. comprises a detailed List of the various kinds of Agricultural Seeds, and useful Hints on the Cultiva-
tion of the New Forage Plant, Bromus Schraderi, with illusti-ations of the same in various stages of growth. Also,

A COMPLETE CALENDAR OF OPERATIONS

FOR THE WHOLE YEAR,

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

Price One Shilling. Gratis to Customers.

SUTTON'S SHORT SELECT SEED LIST GRATIS AND POST FREE.

SUTTON AND SONS, KOYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

JAMES CARTER & CO.,

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioner of Public
"Works and other Govern-
ment Departments, the Royal
Gardens, Kew, &c., &c., &c.

Seedsmen to H.I.M. the
Emperor of the French, the
Cr5-3tal Palace Company, the
A gri- Horticultural Society of
India, &c., &c., &c.

Just Published, Post Free, 12 stamps, Gratis to Customers.

CARTER'S GARDENER'S AND FARMERS VADE MECUM

FOR 1867

Contains a large amount of useful and original practical
information for the Garden and Farm, together with the following
Original Articles ; —

On the Cultivation of Hardy Flowers from Seed.
How to Raise Hardy Flowers from Seed.
Orcamental Annuals.
Fine-fohaged Plants from Seed. And,
On Laying down Grass Seed for Permanent Pasture.
&c. &c. &c.

CARTER'S COLLECTIONS of GARDEN SEEDS for 1867

"Will produce a supply of the best Vegetables "All the Tear Round," for large, medium, small,

and very tmall families.

No. 4, 63s. ; No. 3, 42s. ; No. 2, 21s. ; No. 1, 10s. 6d.

These Prices include box and packing.
*#* Any of the above forwarded without delay on receipt of Post'Ojice Order.

JAMES CARTER and CO., 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

jANrARY 12, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL (JAZLTTK.

26

Rhododendrons.

JOHN WATEREU'S DESOlUFriVE CATALOGUE
of IIAUDY SOARIiET nnd other RHODODENDRONS is now
published aadwlll bo lonvardod onfti>plicntlon. It fnithfUlly describes
the colours of the now varieties exhibited bv him fit tlio Royal
Botniiio Ofirdons, Repont's Park. An Abrid'god List of popular
CONIFERS .with hoinhta and prices, is likewise combined.

Tlio American Nursery, Bngsliot, Surrey, near Sunnlngdale Station,
South-Western Railway.

American Plants. &c.

WATERRR AND GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS
and other Ainorlcaii Plant'i for this Autumn, will bo "out on
aoplication. Tho CAtalogxio also gives a Rummary of their General
Nuisory Stock, probably tho most extensive lu tiie kingdom.
Knap niU Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

TANSELL boffs to inform hia Friends and the Trade
• that his usual largo stock of DAHLIAS, both m pr>t and
f round roots, aro now in flno condition for exportation, comprislnR
be best varieties in cultivation ; also New variotios of 19C6. A LIST
Of sorts, with prices, may be had on application to
T. Absell, Camden Nursery, Grafton Road, Kenttah Town, N.W.

RICHARD SMITH'S SEED CATALOGUE contains u
Calendar of Timo for Sowing, particulars of Collections, with
Prices, Directions for Cropping well and economically. Soil, Manure,
Depth, Distance. Season, Hardiness. Duration, Form, Height,
Colour, Storing, Use, Flavour, and other qualities, described.

This List Free by Post for one stamp. Seeds direct from tho
Growers tho surest way to succes*.

Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Wholesale Catalogue of Nursery StocJc.

GEORGE JACKMAN Axn SON'S PRICED anil
DESCRirriVE CATALOGUE for IWa and Spring 18(17, can
bo had free on applicatlnn, comprising Fruit Trees, Roses. American
Plants, Conifers, Clematises, Evergreen and Decldious Trees and
Shrubs, and transplanted Forest Trees, Ac, &c.
Woking Nursery, .Surrey.

Genuine New Vegetable. Flower, and Agricultural
Seeds of best quality only.

T SCOTT'S Stock of tlie above is now rcadv for
. sending out. A CATALOGUE eoiitaininc PRICED LISTS
of NOVELTIES, and other choice SEEDS, BULBS, GARDEN
REQUISITES, Ac, post free on application, prices very low.
GLADIOLUS, from Us. per dozen, niimcd sorts.
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, &c.

ROBF.RT PARKER begs to announce that his
CATALOGUE, containing felect DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds In cultivation of the above-named ja now published,
and will bo forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from tlio best possible sourc s, all are warranted
genuine, and aro otforcd at the lowest possible prices .Intending
purchasers aro requested to compare the prices with those of other
houses. Exotic Nursery, Tooting. Surrey, S.

HOOPER AND CO.'S SPRING CATALOGUE, New
Edition for 16G7, is now publishing, and can be obtained ftee
by post for Six Stamps. It comprises—
Part I. KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS.
PahtII. FLOWER and ORNAMENTAL PLANT SEEDS.
Part in. BULBOUS and other FLOWER ROOTS, and ORNA-
MENTAL FOLIAGED PLANT.S, Ac.
It is illustrated, interestingly arranged, voluminous, and correct.
Tho several Lists also aro full, descriptive, and exclusive of un-
worthy species.

Seed Merchants. Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.
•fc* This Catalog^ie is presented to Customers.

/'^LADIOLT. — CoHections conlaming all the finest
VT varieties in cultivation, m.any new, and offered fr>r the first
time, 103s,, 63s., 42s., 30a., 25s., 20s., 15s.. Us. BRENCHLEYENSIS,
tho nio.st snowy of all, extra strong roots, 3s. per doz., SOh. per 100.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LISTS free on application.
BoTLtR, McCuLLOCH & Co., South Row, Covent Garden, W.C.

Gladioli.

JKEL'VN^AY AND SON" beg to call attention to their
• splendid Stock of GLADIOLI, which compiises all the sorts
worth growing, and probably the largest in the Trade. As a oroof
of the luxuriance and excellence of their collection they have been
awarded the First Prizes oflered at the Cry.stal Palace and Royal
Horticultural Exhibitions in 1SC4. 1865, and 1866.

PRICE CATALOGUES free to all applicants.
Selections left to J. K. & S., 3s., 6s., to 2ls. per dozen; lOs., 203.,
to 100c. per 100.

The Nurseries, Langport, Somerset.

Why Pay so Hlgli for Gladioli ?

FIVE THOUSAND GLADIOLI, in 200 named sorts,
from 3rf. each; 100 GLADIOLI, sound strong Roots, for 30s.
New Varieties of 1865 and 1866, 5s. to 7fi. 6d. eacn.
All best Imported Roo's.
See PRICED LIST (new feature in the arrangement) of
W. P. Laird & Sinolaib, Nurserymen and Seedsmen, Dundee, N.B.

/-CHOICE NEW PLANTS of 1866.

V^ STOCK PLANTS.

Per dozen— s. rf. I Per dozen — .t. d.

Antirrhinums 6 0 Fuc'isias 6 0

Chrysanthemums . . . . 6 0 | Geraniums (Bedding) .. 0 0

GERANIUMS, VARIEGATED :— 2 Italia Unita, 2 Sunset, 2 Mrs.

Longfleld, 2 Luna, 2 Mrs. M. Hutton, 2 Stella Variegata — for One

Guinea.

Per dozen— s. d. |
Lobelias, new 1866 .. .. 4 0
Mimulus. ditto . . .. 6 0
Pentstomons, ditto . . . . 0 0 |

Per dozen-
Phlox, new 1866
TroDiBolums, ditto , .
Verbenas, ditto

s. d.

CATALOGUES for one stamp.

Post Office Orders on Castle HediuEham.

Wm. DiLLisToNK, Munro Nursery, Sible Iledingham, Essex.

PcisT rAir>,

Viola cornuta, var. Vurple Queen,

1.1. and 2s. dtl. i)cr I'ackut.

1^ S. "WILLIAMS has purcb.'iacd Mr. Bennett's entire
y • stock of the above. None genuine unless in Packets bearing
B, S. W.'h name and address.

VIOLA CORNUTA, var. MAUVE QUEEN, 6rf., Is., and 28. Qd.
per Packet.
B. S. Wn.LiAMfl, Victoria and Paradise Nurserlea, Upper HoUoway, N.

Viola coinuta.

HCANNELL has R;nt /5U0 Dozen in fine condition of
• both PURPLE QUEEN, direct from Mr. Bennett, and
MAUVE QUEEN, which originally rame direct from Mr. Wills,
thoroforo must ho tmo. Six of each kind sent ^afo. fresh, and free
per post for fit) Rtiimpn ; £1 per 100. — Fuchsia Nursory, Woolwich.

VIOLA CORNUTA CrRiJE).— The f|ui-.kpst and best
WMV of getting Into a largo and tnio stock.— 100 Plants of Mr.
Bennett's variety of the above beautiful and hardy Bedding Plant
sent on receipt of Post-ofllco order for 12s. Qd., package included.
Tho Plants are nice and tufty ; by separating them now and by
cuttings the above quantity could be mode into thousands by spring.
Apply to Stuart Bl Mmn. Nnrsorjmen and Seedsmen, Kelso, N.B.

Prize Seeds (unequalled).

D ORSON'S CALCKOLARIA, \s.ed.,2s,6d.,3s.Gd.,5s.
DOHSUNS ('INKRARIA, Is.. 2s. 6rt., 6s.
DOHSONS I'Ri.MULA, Is.. 2s. 6d.. 6s.
DOBSON'S BALSAM, Is., Eight Varieties, 2r.

May be ordered through any Seedsman, or of

J. DoiibON & Sons. Isleworth, London, W.
A NEW SEED LIST now ready, post freo.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 30 pages,
Ineludine prices of Hardv Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and I'RICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No, r.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Good Seeds '^^^SS^ Carriage Free.

SUTTONS' UNRIVALLED COLLECTIONS of
SEEDS for One Year's Supply.
Fob tue Kitchen GAKnEN,

No. 1 Collection, carriage free £3 3 0

No. 2 Collection, carriage free 220

No, 3 Collection, carriage free 1 II 6

No. 4 Collection, carriage free 110

No. 5 Collection, carriage free 0 15 0

No. C Collection 0 10 G

For the Flower Garden.

No. 1 Collection, free by post or rail £2 2 0

No. 2 Collection, free by post or rail 1 11 6

No. 3 Collection, free by post or rail 110

No. 4 Collection, free by post or rail 0 15 0

No. 6 Collection, free by post or rail 0 10 C

Particulars of the above Collections may he had on application.
PRICED CATALOGUES gratis and post freo. Five per Cent.
Discount allowed for Cash payment.

Si'TTON 4 Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

€f\t (5arlreneriS'®firomclr*

SATVUDAW JANUARY V2, 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

5 Royal Horticultural (Fruit and Floral Com -
Tiiittres), .Tt South Kensington .. ,. 11a.m.
IJitto (>'cientiflc Discussion) 3r.«.

Til iHsnAi, — 17— Linncan 8 i-.m.

paOlCE Sl'KING-FLOWERING HARDY I'LANTS.

AURICULAR, finest Alpine, per dozen, 6.s-,

CHRISTMAS ROSE, HELLEBORUS NIGER, per dozsn, Os.

IIEI'ATICAS, Double Red, per dozen, 4s.

,, Single White, per dozen, Os.

„ Single Blue, per dozen, 45.

,, Double Blue, Is. 6d. each ; Bingle Mauve, new, each, Is. 6rf.
HELLEBORUSATROKUBENS, Red, per dozen, I8s.

OLYMPICUS, Pink, per dozen, 18s.
PRIMROSES, Double, in 3 fine sorts, per dozen, 6s.
POLYANTHUS, finest mixed, per dozen. 3s.
PAMPAS GRASS, extra fine, 405._per 100; per dozen, 6s.
VIOLETS, Double Red, White, Blue, Lilao and Striped, two of
each for 7s. erf.
Sintjle varieties. White. Blue, Striped, THE CZAR and
THE GIANT, two of each for 58.
WALLFLOWERS, Double G.^Iden Yellow and Dark, per dozen, 6s.
FORGET-ME-NOT, " true." Myosotis palustrls. per dozen. 4s.
OiNOTHERA MISSOURIENSIS (EVENING PRIMROSE),

per dozen, fi*.
CAMPANULA PYRAMIDALIS, per dozen, 65.
DAISIES in 6 choice kinds, per dozen. 4s.

N.B. The following additional Nmaerymen have ordered the
magnificent Now Violet IJUEEN of VIOLETS. For full description,
&c., aeo Oaydcners' C>iyoini,lc of December 1, 18GC, p. 1134:—
Cattell, Mr. John, Westerham, I Miller, Mr. W.. Andover, Hants.

Kent. McHattle. J., Cheater,

Wlight, Mr. W., Retford, Notts. 1 Ilnniiaford, W., Teignmouth.

Strong Plants for Spring FloworiuL', Is. 0((. each, 18s. perdozen,
£5 per lOf). With usual allowance to Trade.

CATALOGUES for one Stamp. Post Office Orders on Castle
Hedingham.

Wm. DiLtisTOUE, Sible Hedltgham, Essex.

During the past year our stores of New
Plants have been well replenished. The year
1866 has been in fact productive of novelties, even
beyond the average, and it were odd indeed, if
amongst the many additions which have been
made to our collections, there should not be a few
that will prove to be valuable acquisitions. We
think there are some that will do so, and having
already, at p. 6, glanced over the group of
Orchids, we now propose to take a hasty survey
of a few of the more prominent plants associated
with other departments of the garden.

What it has become fashionable to call Foliage
plants have received the most important acces-
sions as to number. Among them we find
Anthurium regale, as M. Linden calls it, a plant
which, with all the good qualities of A. magni-
ficum, differs from it in the more tapered and
acuminated form of its leaves. Cyanophyllum
spectandum recalls to recollection the well-
known C. magnificum, a noble species, which
it emulates. Dichorisandra musaica gives us a
new and elegant type of variegation, its deep
green leaves being marked out with a pattern in
mosaic of whito transverse zig-zag lines, which
render the plant one of striking beauty.
Dieffeubachia Weirii, one of the introductions of
the unfortunate and disabled Weik, proves to be
a very distinct and attractive plant in this class ;
its leaves appear to be smaller than in the other
Dieffenbachias in cultivation, and they are finely
variegated in the centre with motley markings of a
yellowish green, bordered by the deeper green
margin. Then in Pandanus distichus, we get the
elegant Screw Pine no longer a screw, but
spreading out its leaves like a monster fan ; and
in Acalypha tricolor, which seems to be a form of
Catui'us, we have another distinct and most
characteristic type of variegation, and indeed a
new colour amongst variegated plants, its
blotches and patches of flame-colour or
coppery red, distributed over tho broad-surfaced
foliage, being quite unlike anything pre-
viously known in our gardens, and affording a
remai'kable contrast when associated with other
plants. In Fittonia argyroneuva we gain a
lovely companion for Fittonia (or Gymnosta-

chyum) ycrKclian'ultii, the clear green colour, and
clean whito carufully-peucilled veins of its leaves,
forming a iirctty contrast wth tho red veins of
its ally. Finally, wo have added to tho beautiful
genus Maranta (or Calatlica— fer they may bo
taken as one in a horticultural point of view,
and till they bloom cannot bo discriminated), not
only M. Lindeniana, which rivals tho M. Veitchii
wo liad to chronicle last year, but the scarcely
less beautiful Rt. illustris and M. roHco-]iicta ;
while at the International, M. Linden made us
acquainted with no fewer than 2.:< additional
no\clties of this family, several of which, though
not equalling in beauty the species wo have
named, will be welcome additions to our stoves,
and will give us in the Maranta family alone
the means of forming a very choice and varied
collection of plants of ornamental foliage.

Pas.sing from these to the Ferns, wo havo
gained two which aro handsomely variegated,
and these are all the more interesting, since
before their appearance the honour of represent-
ing variegated Ferns in our gardens, seemed to
havo been appropriated by the Pteris family. One
of the new acquisitions is Athyrium Goringianum
pictuui, a graceful h.alf-hardy or perhaps hardy
plant, with triangular pendent bipinnato fronds
marked with red midribs, which have a grey
band on either side. The other is Lastrea
Sieboldii variegata, a stately and striking half-
hardy Fern, in which the broad divisions of the
frond are distinctly striated in a transverse
direction with white bars. Passing from these,
we have tho tropical Adiantum velutinum, a
vigorous and highly compound species, quite a
major dome among the stove Maidenhairs.
The temperate Pteris serrulata polydactyla
may bo welcomed as a manj'-fingered form
of one of the commonest but most elegant
and useful Ferns in cultivation. Lomaria
ciliata, from New Caledonia, promises to be a
charming dendroid species, remarkable for its
fringed fronds ; while another Now Caledonian
Fern, Lomaria gibba, itself one of the finest of
cultivated species, has yielded a beautiful ramose
and cristate variety called Bellii ; and again (a
third from the same island), Asplonium novee
caledoniip comes before us as a species, which
having its fronds out up into a multiplicity
of rachiform segments, must necessarily rank
amongst the more elegant of its race. The three
last are plants requiring a warm greenhouse.

Of flowering stove plants, the past year has
made us acquainted with two beautiful Acan-
thaceous genera, quite new to our gardens, and
both from tropical America. They are called
respectively Ancylogyne longiflora, and San-
chezia nobUis. The first bears large nodding
panicles of long tubular flowers, which, together
with the calj'ces, pedicels, and branches of the
panicle, are of a rich vinous purple colour; while
the latter has erect panicles of long tubular
yellow flowers, issuing fi'om between broad ovate
crimson bracts. In Lipladenia amabilis, a
hybrid raised in this country, we have a chai-ming
stove plant, combining all the good qualities of
its parents D. crassinoda and splendens, and thus
proving to be a sterling acquisition. To these we
may add the brilliant South American Passiflora
fulgens, with rich scarlet-crimson blossoms. We
hesitate to add to this list the Passion-flowers and
other marvellous novelties of Mr. Hullett'.s
until we know more about them.

The .addition of Sparaxis pulcherrima and of
Gladiolus Pa]nlio to our collections of greenhouse
bulbs will, it may be hoped, serve to invite tho
attention of cultivators once more to the beautiful
South African genera, Ixia, Sp.araxis, Homeria,
Gladiolus, and their allies, and secure for them a
share of the favour of modern gardeners, which
they richly merit. The Sparaxis, with its large
bell-shaped blood-red flowers in gracefully
deflesed panicles, and the Gladiolus with its
delicately-tinted and beautifully marked widely-
expanded flowers, are well worth growing on their
own account. Not a whit less interesting or
beautiful, indeed still more gorgeous, is the
Habranthus fulgens, a Chilian Amaryllid, yield-
ing flowers of the richest scarlet. Among green-
house plants, scarcelj' now indeed, but till this
year scarcely known, we ought to mention the
magnificent conservatory creeper, Tacsonia Van
Volxemii, one of the finest of the whole race
of Passion-flowers. The cui-ious Siirr.acenia
psittacina, an inhabitant of the Southern
.States of America, presents us with quite a novel
feature in that family, its pitcher-Hke leaves,
with an incurved limb like a parrot's-head,
being spread out horizontally from the

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND ACtRIOITLTTTEAE CtAZETTE.

[Januaet 12, 1867.

crown, and being very prettily veined ; this
species may certainly take rank, on the score of
curiosity, among the acquisitions of the year.
The two plants last mentioned were figured in our
columns. Finally, two neat trailing species of
Nierembergia, named respectively N. Veitchii
and N. rivularis, the first with obovate-oblong
leaves and long-tubed lilac flowers, and the
second with the leaves oblong spathulate, and
the flowers of a creamy white, both half-hardy
perennials, may afford some useful variety where
it is always acceptable — namely, ia our summer
flower gardens ; where also during the summer
months the New Caledonian Coleus Gibsoni,
chiefly remarkable for tho dark-veined under-
surface of its leaves, has been under trial, with,
so far as we have seen, but partial success.

Passing over many herbaceous perennials and
inany garden varieties, of more or less interest,
we fix upon Poa trivialis variegata as one of the
best and most useful plants of its class, which
have been made known; for being_ of a free-
growing and accommodating habit, either in the
flower garden or the plant house, and distinctly
and elegantly variegated, this beautiful
variety, at first named Cynosurus, may
fairly claim to be regarded as the most charming
of all smaU-growing variegated Grasses.

Among hardy trees we look upon the Golden
Alder, Alnus glutinosa aurea, as the most
striking of our acquisitions, and well adapted to
impart effect to plantations and pleasui-e gi-ounds,
the materials for which arc now both extensive
and of a telling character, and moreover are
apparently engaging some of the attention they
deserve. The golden- variegated WeUingtonia
gigantea (aiu-eo-variegata) is a capital subject as
a hardy variegated tree, the markings being such
as to render it really handsome, while its growth
is healthy. Then attention has been dii-ected
specially to a kind of Portugal Laurel, named
Prunus lusitauicaazorica, which appears to be very
much superior both in foUage and blossom to the
old Portugal Laurel, and must, therefore, be a
most valuable addition to the catalogue of those
most useful plants, the hardy evergreen shrubs.
The French gardens put within our reach two
new kinds of Philadelphus — P. Keteleerii and
P. tomentosus, both said to be acquisitions, the
first described as having semi-double or nearly
double flowers, the last as having flowers two-
and-a-half inches in diameter, both moreover
being white-flowered and sweet-scented. Again,
the Dutch gardens introduce to us Desmodium
penduliflorum, in which we have what appears
to be a perfectly novel and beautiful hardy flower-
ing plant, producing free summer growth, with
gracefully pendulous branches and abundant
lengthy racemes of reddish purple blossoms in
summer, and dying back in winter to the older
persistent woody parts of the stem. Finally
the Russian gardens make known a Japanese
Daphne Genkwa, the branches of which are not
unhke sprigs of LUac, from the profuse fascicles of
bluish-Ulac flowers with which they are covered.

Some at least of the plants we have briefly
indicated in the present and preceding articles,
will, we cannot doubt, leave their mark on the
year 1866.

NOTWITHSTANDDSTG all that has been written
respecting the pernicious effect of Fungotjs
Spawn or Mycelium on the Eoots or Trees,
we are still frequently asked for advice respecting
the failure of trees whion have suffered from this
obvious cause. Conifers are no less exposed to
the evil than other plants, and in our own case
a Oupressus macrocarpa, which was the admira-
tion of every passer by, fell a sacrifice, and we
have been eye-witnesses of several similar
instances. Indeed, it is well known that it is
quite useless replanting Pine forests in Scotland
tiU the ground has been well covered with Heath,
by which time the roots have got into such a
state that they are no lunger capable of support-
ing the Fungi, which would otherwise be
destructive to the young plantation. In the
case of the large-fruited Cypress, we at least
hoped that we should be able to ascertain the
exact species of Fungus to which the evil was
due. But these mycelia seem to have a peculiar
propensity to evade any accurate knowledge
of their parentage. Though the trunk was
sawed off, so as to show what the perfect fungus
was, should it be developed, and the whole of the
alburnum was covered with a sheet of white
myceUum, the perfect plant never made its
appearance. It is probable that it belongs to
some common Polyporus, and from what we have
observed in the case of Spruce Firs cut off a foot

or two above the soil, we believe that the spawn
(in the case of Conifers at least) wiU ultimately
be found to be that either of Polyporus versicolor
or Polyporus deustus. ,

We have now before us the roots ot a Deodara,
which, with several others, has been destroyed
by mycelium. The roots have evidently grown
very rapidly. Two of those before us are two
inches and three-quarters in diameter and are of
five years' growth only. As the last ring but one
is very large, it is clear that the evil is of
very recent origin, though the bark and
wood are deeply penetrated by the white filmy
spawn, of which there is a thick sheet between
the bark and wood. To such an extent has the
wood been affected, that in a section made only
a few days ago, the fungus is breaking out, in
the form of little white specks, in every direction.
In one of the roots, of less diameter, but of
longer growth, in which the wood is still in great
measure perfect, and the surface of the alburnum
smooth and shining, there is a dense stratum of
white fungous matter, just beginning to affect
the subjacent structure. The evil has therefore
clearly first affected the bark, and it is probable
that if the soil was searched, the roots of old trees
would be found which have caused the failure.

Our correspondent informs us that he has lost
10 Deodaras in this way, and that the individual
from which these roots were taken, has assumed
the same sickly hue which for two years charac-
terised those which died previously. Most of
the trees were planted on ground covered with
trees, which were removed as the Deodaras
increased in size, but without taking the pre-
caution to grub up the roots. Two have, how-
ever, suffered on ground not previoasly planted,
but it will probably be found that roots have
penetrated there, unless, indeed, there was
fungous matter about the trees when planted.
The whole history is very instructive, and
deserves careful consideration by every one
interested in the healthy growth of new planta-
tions. Jf. J. B.

A SiLVEK Cup, value 20/., will be offered to

public competition, by the Proprietors of this Journal
at the ensuius Bury Show of the Royal Horticultural
Society, for the best Collection of Fruits and Vege-
tables, to be made up as follows :— Of Fruits any Five
of the following Eight kinds, oue dish of each : Grapes,
Melons (2 fruits), Strawberries Gooseberries, Currants,
Cherries, Raspberries, or Apples (of the crop of 18136).
Of Vegetables, any Eight of the following Fourteen
kinds, one basket or bundle of each : Peas, French
Beans (or Scarlet Runners), Broad Beans, Cauliflowers,
Cucumbers (brace). Summer Cabbages, Early Carrots,
Turnips, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach, Rhubarb,
Potatos, or Mixed Salading. The Cup will be open for
competition amongst all comers, and we hope to see it
weU contested for.

We are happy to give publicity to the following

details respecting the Exasiinations of the Royal
Horticultural Society, to which we have already
alluded. The Council of the Society have, we learn,
on the report of the Exanuners, elected Mr. R. C.
Kingston, of the Royal Gardens, Kew, and Mr.
George Stanton, of Berry Hall Gardens, Taplow,
Maidenhead, to be Associate Members of the Society.
The medal offered by the Council for the highest
number of marks in practical gardening {i.e., including
flower, fruit, and vegetable culture) has been awarded
to Mr. G. Stanton ; and the following Certificates
have been granted : —

Geo. M. Woodrow,

Royal Gardens,

Kew, W.
Alex. Robinson,

Chiswick Student
WlLLI,VM Spinks,

Cliiswick Student
Brian Wynnk,

Chiswick Student
Thomas Wright,

Chiswick Student
Henry Hannam,

Chiswick Student
John M. Henry,

Royal Gardens,

Kew, W.
Fred. Tuompson,

Royal Gardens,

Kew, W.
A. Jamieson, Royal

Giu-dous, Kew, W.
John Stapley,

Ivoonden.Bidden-

den, Staplehiu'st
Thomas Wabding-

TON, Millfield

House Gardens,

Cobham

Ist Class Certificate

2d Class Certificate
1st Class Certificate
2d Class Certificate
1st Class Certificate
Ist Class Certificate
2d Class Certificate

1st Class Certifieate

1st Class Certificate
Ist Class CertificaM

1st Class Certificate

Fruit and
Vegetable Culture.

2d Class Certificate
1st Class Certificate

2d Class Certificate
2d Class Certificate
2d Class Certificate

2d Class Certificate

2d Class Certificate
2d Class Certificate

These results are very satisfactory as a commence-
ment, and we trust that they may induce many other
young gardeners to avail themselves of the opportunities
thus to distinguish themselves, which will from time
to time be aflbrded them. AVhile it is true that
common sense and tact in the application of knowledge
are of great importance, the acquisition of that know-
ledge is at least of equal importance, and any stimulus

which may favour such acquisition cannot be otherwise
than beneficial. Next week we shall hope to record
the results of last year's Examinations before the
Society of Arts, in Botany, Horticulture, and Flori-
culture, and also to invite attention to the arrange-
ments for the present year.

In our volume for 1865 (pp. 123, 196, 1177), we

cited the Report of Dr. Anderson on the condition of
the famous Calcutta Garden, with special reference
to the disastrous effects on the vegetation of the
terrific Cyclone in October, 1864. In the Report for
the year ending March 31, 1866. we find it stated by
Dr. Anderson "that none of the Mahogany trees
produced seed in 1865-66, although the trees blossomed
in August and September, 1865." " I ascribe this,"
says the reporter, " to the exhaustion of the trees by
the unnatural production of leaves after the Cyclone in
October, 1864, and again at the natural period in the
end of March, 1865."

There appears to be every probability that the

portion of the Crystal Palace which was destroyed
by the calamitous fire on the .30th ult.,will speedily be
restored to its original perfection. The shareholders
and season-ticket holders, wdl, it is understood, con-
tribute largely to this object; and a movement has
been originated by Mr. Francis Fuller, one of the
founders of the Crystal Palace, to promote a pubhc
subscription in aid of their exertions. He believes
that 1500 persons can be readily found to subscribe or
collect 100?, each, which would suffice to restore a
building which may be said to be of national import-
ance, and which has so greatly tended to the refine-
ment and social progress of the people. An infiuential
committee is being organised, and it cannot be doubted
that all classes of society will cheerfully contribute
according to their means, to accomplish the desired
object. It has also been suggested that many valuable
plants might be contributed from private gardens, to
replace, as far as possible, those which have been so
unfortunately destroj'ed.

We may again remind our readers, that among

the more important Horticultural Exhibitions for the
present year, is the National Horticultural
Exhibition, which is to take place at the Botanical
Gardens, Manchester, on the 7th of June next, and
which is to continue for the seven following days. Prizes
to the amount of nearly one thousand pounds are offered,
and a guarantee fund of nearly two thousand pounds
has been already established, tlianks to the energy of
Mr. Bruce Findlay-, the able Curator of the Botanical
Gardens. The particulars relating to this Exhibition
wiU be found at p. 1089 of our Volume for 1866.

New Plants.

Saccolabium giganteuji. Wall.; Limll. Gen.
et Sp. Orch. 221 ! Vanda densiflora, Ziridl. Paxi.
Fl. a. tab. 42! Folia Orch., Vanda, No. 22!
Gard. Chron., 1862, 1194 !
Foliis latissimis coriaceis crassis apice inrequali obtuse
bilobis, raceme deusifloro subsecuudo, sepalis cuneato ovatis
obtuse acutis, petalis augustioribus, labelli lamina cum
columna subparallela, ob calc^iris limbos laterales piiei^uptos
liberos cuneato flabellata apice trifida, laciniis latcralibus
semirhombeis, lacinia media ligulata crassa retusa baud
produeta, lineis barbelUtis geminis in basi utrinque in
latus calearis compressis cyUndracei conici transeendentibua
ibi sphineteremefiieientibus, columna brevireclinata, anthera
breve rostrata, poUiniis sphaancis breve stipitatis.
" Which are the most valuable introductions ? "
Answers will be very different. "New plants with
brilliant names," some will say. " Showy or interesting
plants, be they new or old," is another opinion. Others,
ourselves included, will add, " We do not care for the
brilliancy of names, provided.the plants are good." And,
finally, those who have a general knowledge of what
is known, will feel most delighted at the appearance
of an old and well-known plant, admired and
wished for by past generations of botanists, and
appearing at last to their great delight. Thus we may
regard the introductionsofSelenipedium(Cypripedium)
caudatum, Vanda ccerulea and gigantea, and Aeran-
thus sesquipedalis. We have to thank the Messrs.
Veitch for their extraordinary successes ; and we feel
glad to have to refer again to their good fortune. The
Saccolabium giganteum was for a long time a fabulous
plant, very ill known from ugly shrivelled flowers col-
lected in jungles in Burmah by the late Dr. Wallich, and
only to be found in three herbaria. In 1862, indeed, it
appeared in the excellent collection of the Lord
Bishop of Winchester, at Farnham Castle in Surrey.
Still the plant was out of the reach of amateurs.
Now, at length, it is to be had in the Royal Exotic
Nursery of Messrs. Veitch, from whence we have before
us a glorious spike, and a large leaf, 3 inches broad, and
1 foot long. We had also the pleasure of seeing a
vigorous young plant at Consul Schiller's, sent by
Messrs. Veitch. The flowers are nearly of the same
shape as those of Saccolabium violaceum, Rohb. (Vanda
vio&cea, Lindl.), but larger. Both sepals and petals are
cream coloured, the petals bearing a row of amethyst-
coloured dots. The lip is of a very intense
amethyst colour, enlivened by some darker amethyst-
coloured streaks over the veins, thelateral ones radiating
outwards. The short column is green, with some
purplish spots. The anther case is leather-coloured, with
some purplish streaks. The smell is so very powerful,
that a nervous person would suffer from being exposed
to the perfume of 20 such spikes— after all a danger
not very likely to be incurred.

There are some very grave discrepancies between
Dr. Lindley's description and our own. These'arise from
the totally difl'erent appearance of the fresh and of the
dried flowers. We made the Veitchian flowers appear
quite like the WaUichian ones when we exposed them
to great heat, thus making them quite shrivelled.
No doubt the plant stands very near Saccolabium

JanuaBY 12, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CnRONTCLE ANT) AGRTCULTIIRAL GAZETTE.

27

violacoum (Rchb. f.), even as to most minute details,
as the hairy lines at the base of the lin, descending ni
the spur so as to produce a sort of sphincter, for tlio
pfdii'ollato poUinia. The chief difference is to be found
III I he sliiipo, and, in consequence, in the nervation of the
lip. The lip of Saccolabium violaceum is panduriform,
retuse at the apex, with a tooth in the end. All the
nerves run nearlv parallel. Here the lip is taperinR to
the liiise.mucli dilated at the apex, where itistrilid, but
not tnincalr, wiUi a projecting tooth. Both species
liavc a prcijei'tini^ callosity beneath the lip. Lot us
add, that tlie colours of SMrcolabiuni violaceum have a
more bluish hue, and that that species, bearinj,' more
lilotchos both on the sepals and petals, has a totally
ililferent appearance. S. llarrisonianum we regard as
;i splendid wliito variety of the last. Schb.ftl.

INSULAR FLORAS.

(Continucd/yoiii p. 7).

TuE C.iNABY Islands form a much larger and more
importiiut ArcbipelaRo than those of Madeira, are
situated ;!iin miles further south, and are much nearer
the African coast, and yet their Flora is not that of
Africa, and indeed contains comiiaratively very few of
( lie plants of that continent.

I'lie Canary Islands contain upwards of 1000 native
siiecies.of which fully one-third are absolutely peculiar to
the 1,'roiip, and these admit of almost preoLsely the same
chis^ilii-alinn as the iMadeiran plants. Thus, the mass of
the plants are identical with Mediterranean species;
then follow, in numerical importance, those that are
representative, as slight or well marked varieties, or
congeners or co-ordinates of the Mediterranean genera
and species. After these come, and in great force, tlie
Atlantic plants, including no less than 40 of the Madei-
rau shrubs and trees that are not found in Europe or
Africa, and as man.y representatives of Madeiran genera,
species, and varieties, together with a number of allied
.iiies more nearly related to African, Indian, and
,\inerican plants than to European. La.stly we have,
;is was to he expected, a sprinkling of African plants,
InlonginK to that division of the African Flora, which,
1 leiug'difrerent from the Mediterranean on the one hand
and from the Equatorial African on the other, extends
friim Western Asiathrough Arabiaand across the Sahara
I o Cape Blanco :—aFloracontermiuous in longitude with
the distribution of the domesticated camel, which is
ii^cd as a beast of burthen even in the Canary Islands.
This Flora I would call the Arabo-Saharan.

The lofty mountains of the Canaries, though upwards
of 11,000 feet high, contain no alpine plants, and as in
the case of tlae Madeiran group, many of the most
jicculiar forms are extremely rare and local. Lastly,
tlie Flora.s of the several islets of the group differ much
from one another. The two easternmost, Lancerote
and Forteventura, especially, thus standing in the same
relation to the others, that Porto Santo and the
Denertas do to the main island of Madeira.

It is not necessary to do more than thus broadly
sketch the general features of the Flora of this group,
to .show j'ou what a parallel it exhibits to the Madeiran,
and how intimate their original botanical connection
must have been.

And that this connection was something more than a
botanical one is proved by the examination of some
roeky islets that scarcely emerge 100 feet above the
surface of the Atlantic, almost midway between
^Madeira and the Canaries ; these are the rocks called
Salvages, of which one, that is I believe scarcely a
mile long, is covered with a scaiity vegetation. It was
natural to suppose that this isolated rock at least
would have been peopled by migration from the
African coast, but it is not so. My friend the Rev. Mr.
Lowe, who has spent many years in botauising
in the Madeiran and Canary Islands, is the only natu-
ralist who has ever visited these storm-beaten rocks.
This he did last year, and he informs me that they
contaiu an Atlantic Flora, and one intermediate in
character between that of Madeira and the Canaries,
but most closely related to the latter. The Salvages
hence appear to be the peaks of a submerged island that
once occupied an important botanical as well as geo-
graphical position in the Atlantic Ocean, more or less
closely linking the Canaries with Madeira. It is
impossible otherwi.se to explain its colonisation by
these insular oceanic types that are equally foreign to
Europe and Africa.

The Azores Islands are the third great North
Atlantic group, and demand more special notice,
because of their remoteness from any continent. This
nrchipelago is 740 miles distant from Portugal, 1035
from the nearest American land (Newfoundland), and
almost double that distance from the American States
in the same latitude as itself. They are 500 miles from
Madeira.

Of floweringplants SSOspecieshave been collected from
the principal islands, a very smaU number considering
their extent, but enough to give us a clear insight into
the nature of the Azorean Flora. Of these some 30 are
pecuUar species or well-marked varieties, representa-
tives for the most part of Madeiran or European plants.
Aljout 30 are Atlantic types, common to the Azores
and Madeira, or to the Azores and the Canaries, or to
all ; the rest are Portuguese and Spanish plants. Thus,
t hough the absolute number of plants foreign to Europe
is even less than in the Canaries and Madeira, these
lioldafarinore important position in the whole Flora,
from including so many of those peculiar Atlantic trees
and shrubs that link all these three groups into one
well-marked though fragmentary Flora.

Though so much further north than Madeira, the
Azores contain scarcely any more boreal plants than
Madeira, or even than the Canaries ; and such as it
does possess are likewise found in the mountains of the
Spanish Peninsula. The most notable are the common
Ijing or Heather fCalluna vulgaris), and the beau-
tiftil St. Dabeoc's Heath, which is elsewhere found

only in the extreme west of Ireland, and in the
I'yroneaii region. A third is Littorella lacustris, a
little water plant that inhabits a mountain lake, pro-
hahly the crater of an extinct volcano, much
frequented by migratory water-fowl.

As in the other groups, there is here a (con-
siderable difference between the Floras of the separate
islets ; and ono of the most conspicuous and beautiful
plants in the Azores, the Campanula Vidalii, is
absolutely conlined to a single sea-girt rock off the cast
coast of FloreS; This plant was never gathered but
nuce, by Captain Vidal, whose 'name it bears, during
his survey of the island some 20 years ago. Captain
Vidal's survey was most fortunately accompanied by a
scientific botanist, Mr. H. C. Watson, who both named
this remarkable plant, and sent seeds of it to Kew.
Prom those seeds the plant has been propagated, and
there are now probably a thousand-fold more plants of
it in the greenhouses of England than exist in its
native locality !

Considering how far removed the Azores are from
Europe, and now much nearer they are to America
than Madeira and the Canaries are to that continent,
it might appear strauge that the group contains
scarcely any American plants not found in the^ other
groups. Hut such is the case, and more than this ; for
even the Clethra of the Canaries and Madeira, a
genus found nowhere else out of America, does not
inhabit the Azores.

The only trace of American influence on the
Azorean Flora that I can substantiate, is in a species
of the Umbelliferous genus Sanicula. Of this genus
a common European species is spread almost all over
the globe, inclusive of Madeira and the Canaries, but
exclusive of the Azores ; whereas another species of
this same genus takes its place in the Azores, and
this species is most closely allied to an American one.

It is a significant fact, that the minute seed-vessels
of Sanicula are provided with hooked bristles, suggest-
ing the probability that these were originally trans-
ported by birds across the Atlantic.

I may add that the large Bean-like seeds of Entada,
a West Indian plant, are thrown up abundantly on the
islands by the Gulf Stream, but never grow into plants,
if indeed they ever germinate on their shores. Some years
ago a box of tliese seeds from the Azores was sent to
Kew, where many germinated and grew to be fine
plants, showing that their immersion during a voyage
of nearly 3000 miles had not affected their vitality.

Another group of islands, far distant from the above,
demand a passing notice, as they have been regarded by
some botanists as members of this Atlantic Flora.
These are the Cape de Veeds, situated far within
the tropics, 800 miles south of the Canaries, and
300 distant from the African coast,

I visited this group in 1839, and found the Flora of
the lowlands to be purely African and Arabo-Saharan
in character, but on ascending the mountains, I met
with a few plants very characteristic of the Canaries
and Madeira, The Rev. Mr. Lowe has during the last
two winters diligently botanised this group, with most
interesting results. He finds, as I did, that the mass
of the Flora is African, and that the mountains
contaiu many Canarian types ; \but that all these are
the types that have representatives in the Mediterra-
nean region, whilst of those peculiar Canarian, Madeiran,
and Azorean plants that have no near allies or repre-
sentatives in Europe, not one is found in the Cape de
Verds, with the single exception of the Dragon's-blood
tree.

Also, ascending above this zone to 5000 feet and
upwards, many of the same middle-European plants
are found that appear at correspondingly lower eleva-
tions in Madeira, the Canaries, and Azores, and I may
add that these are also found on the lofty mountains of
Equatorial Africa and Abyssinia.

We have thus in the Cape de Verd Islands a certain
relationship with the Canaries and Madeira almost to
the exclusion of the Azores ; but it is a feeble one, and
so blended with that of the African continent, and
especially of the Mediterranean region, as to suggest
other considerations than what concern us here.

St. Helena.— The botanical history of this speck in
the vast Atlantic Ocean is a most curious and instructive
one. It lies in lat. 16" S., is 1200 miles from Africa,
1800 from America, and 000 from Ascension, its nearest
land ; it is only about 10 miles long, by seven broad
and rears itself out of the ocean, a black pyramidal
volcanic mass, girdled with beetling sea-cliffs, that are
cleft by narrow ravines. When discovered, about
300 years ago, it was entirely covered with forests, the
trees drooping over the tremendous precipices that
overhang the sea. Now all is changed, fully 5-6ths of
the isi.and are utterly barren, and by far the greater
part of the vegetation that exists, whether herbs, shrubs,
or trees, consists of introduced European, American,
African, and Australian plants. The indigenous Flora
is almost confined to a few patches towards the summit
of Diana's Peak, the central ridge, 3700 feet above
the sea.

The destruction of the Madeira forests you will
remember was by fire. A much more insidious agency
has operated with tenfold greater effect in St. Helena,
viz., goats. These were introduced in 1513, and multi-
plied so rapidly, that in 1583, Captain Caveudish states
that they existed in thousands; single flocks being
almost a mile long.

In 1709, trees still abounded, and one, the native
Ebony, in such quantities, that it was used to burn
,lime with. At this time, however, the Governor of the
island reported to the Court of Directors of the East
India Company, that the timber was rapidly disap-
pearing, and that the goats should be destroyed for the
preservation of the Ebony wood, and because the island
was suffering from droughts. He received the laconic
reply, " The goats are not to be destroyed, being more
valuable than Ebony."

Another century elapsed, and in 1810 another

Governor reports the total destruction of the great
forests by the goats, which greedily devour the young
plants, and kill the old by browsing on their leaves and
hark, and that i'uel was so scarce that llio G(iv(M*ninent
paid for coal (and this in a tropical islet), 27;i'.i/. 7». Rd.
annually. Still, even then, so great was the amount
of seed annually ,sheil, so rich tlio soil, and so rapid the
growth of the native jilants, that the Governor goes on
to say, that if the goats were killed, and the island left
1,0 itself, it would in 20 years bo again covered with
indigenous vegetation.

About this time the goats wr^re killed, but another
enemy to the indigenous vegetation was at the same
time introduced, and which has now rendered it in all
probability im])Ossible that the native plants will ever
again resume their sway. Ma,ior-Genoral IJcatson. then
Governor, an active and sagacious ollicer, proposed and
carried out the introduction of exotic plants on a
large scale, and from all parts of the world ; these have
propagated themselves with suoh'rapidity, and grown
with such vigour, that the native plants cannot compete
with them. The struggle for existence had no sooner
begun, than the issue was pronounced; English
Broom. Brambles, Willows and Poplars, Scotch Pines
and Gorso bu.shes. Cape of Good Hone bushes,
Australian trees and American weeds, speedily overran
the place ; and wherever established, they have
actually extinguished the indigenous Flora, which, as I
,sa,id before, is now almost confined to the crest of the
central ridge.

It is therefore now impossible to distinguish the
introduced from the native plants of St, Helena ; but
most fortunately Herbaria exist, made at the beginning
of this century, that to a great extent supply the defi-
ciency. Of these, the most complete was formed by
the late Dr. Burchell, the eminent South African and
Brazilian traveller, who spent five years on St, Helena,
from 1805 to 1810, Unfortunately for science, Dr.
Burchell never published,' and scarcely allowed any
naturalist access to his Herbarium. On his death,
last year, his magnificent botanical collections were
presented to Kew by his sister, and amongst them I
found his iuvaluable St. Helena Herbarium in a
capital state of preservation.

It includes Ii'fl flo\vcriii2 plants, but most unhappily
Dr. Burchell bus no! indicated which are Jon rf Jffrfe
natives, and which have followed the track of men and
animals introduced by him, and which have become
quasi-indigenous or naturalised. Some years after Dr.
Burcheil's visit, however, an eminent Indian botanist.
Dr. Roxburgh, visited St. Helena, and drew up a
catalogue of the indigenous, naturalised and cultivated
plants; then existing, carefully indicating the truly
indigenous ones that were then surviving. Dr. Rox-
burgh's collection was much less complete than
Burcheil's, but by collating the two, and with my own
observations made during two visits to the island, I
have arrived at a fairly accurate estimate of the number
and affinities of the native vegetation remaining.

According to these data, about -it indigenous species
then inhabited the island before Ma.ior-General
Beatson destroyed the goats, and introduced the
European, &o,, plants, to which five dubious natives
may possibly be added. All are shrubs, trees, or
perennial plants, not one is an annual (thou.gh intro-
duced annual plants abound, both tropical and
temperate). Forty of them are absolutely pecuUar,
and five are tropical weeds or seaside plants of very
wide distribution.

These forty are absolutely peculiar to St. Hnena, and
with scarcely an exception, cannot be regards las close
allies of any other plants at all. No less than 17 of them
have been referred to peculiar genera, and of the others,
all differ so markedly as species from their congeners,
that not one comes under the category of being an
insular form of a continental species. Many of them
are excessively scarce, being now found in very small
numbers, and on single rocks; not a few have never
been gathered since Dr. Burcheil's visit, some are cer-
tainly now extinct, as the beautiful Ebony tree, and
probably neariy one-fifth have totally disappeared
during the'last half-century, or are now all but extinct.

From such fragmentary data it is difficult to form
any exact conclusions as to the affinities of this Flora,-
but I think it may be safely regarded as an African que,
and characteristic of Southern extra-tropical Africa.
The genera Phylica, Pelargonium, Mesembryanthe-
inum, Osteosper'mum, and Wahlenbergia are eminently
characteristic of Southern extra-tropical Africa, and I
find amongst the others scarce any indication of an
American iiarentage, except a plant referred to Physalis.
The Ferns tell the same tale ; of 2C species, 10 are
absolutely peculiar, all the rest are African, though
some are also Indian and American.

The botany of St. Helena is thus most interest-
ing; it resembles none other in the pecu-
liarity of its indigenous vegetation, in the
great variety of the plants of other countries,
or in the number of species that have actually
disappeared within the memory of living men. In
1839 and 1813 I in vain searched for forest trees nnd
shrubs that flourished in tens of thousands not a
century before my visit, and still existed as individuals
20 years before that date. Of these I saw in some cases
no vestige, in others only blasted and lifeless trunks
cresting the cliffs in inaccessible places. Probably 100
St. Helena plants have thus disappeared from the
Systema Natura; since the first introduction of goats
on the island. Every one of these was a link in the
chain of created beings, which contained within itself
evidence of the affinities of other species, both b'"}!!
and extinct, but which evidence is now irrecoverably
lost If such be the fate of organisms that lived in our
day, what folly it must be to found theories on the
a.ssumed perfection of a geological record which has
witnessed revolutions in the vectetation of the globe, to
which that of the Flora of St. Helena is as nothing.
(To be ContinueiJ.)

28

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Januaet 13, 1867.

NOTES ON A FEW NEW OE RAEE WINTER-
PLOWEKING ORCHIDS.

Oncidimn serratum. — This has a very strange and
fantastic appearance, the flowers, larger than those of
O. crispum, and of a similar colour, but contorted and
tossed about iu a most extraordinary manner. It wa.s
flowerinK finely in the middle of December last in the
Bishop of Winchester's collection at Farnham Castle,
and will shortly be figured in the " Botanical
Magazine." This is the plant of which several were
disposed of at one of Mr. Linden's sales under the
name— supposed to he given by Eeichenbach— of O.
diadema ; but the Professor, to whom I sent a flower,
disclaimed the name altogether, and at once identified
the species as the O. serratum of Lindley. We
have here, then, an instance of Mr. Linden's
unwarrantable habit of giving names of his own (and
which have not the slightest authority) to the plants
that he oSers for sale. Odontoglossum specio-
cissimum (!) whatever that may be, and Oncidimn
phalsenopsis (my O. Denisonianum), furnish other
examples of the same kind. This practice cannot he
too strongly condemned. [The objection here raised
might be, at least partially, met by the adoption of our
suggestion to add the word Sort, after the name, the
provisional character of which would be thus
indicated. Eds.]

OdoufogJossian 3£gerioyii. — I confess to having once
entertained doubts as to w'hether this were anything
more than a mere variety of O. pulchellmnj but a nice
batch of plants that I had the pleasure of seemg in flower
the other day, at Messrs. H. Low & Co.'s Nursery at
Clapton, at once set these doubts at rest. The species
is really both distinct and pretty, and the spikes have
such an extraordinary resemblance to those of the
Lily of the Valley, that the one might be readily mis-
taken for the other, if it were not that the Odontoglos-
sum is unfortunately devoid of perfume. The species
will be figured in the fifth part of the " Monograph of
Odontoglossum."

LcsUa furfuracea. — This too I saw in bloom at
Messrs. Low's nursery. It is a very fine thing, with
richer and better proportioned flowers than those of
L. autumnalis, with which it has of late years been occa-
sionally confounded. It is also a much more free
bloomer. I do not believe that any genuine specimen
of this Lajlia has existed in England during the last
20 years. Like Epidendrum eruhescens, L. albida,
Barkeria Lindleyana, B. elegans,and ahostofotherifine
Mexican things that came over with it a quarter of a
century ago, it fell a victim to the hot treatment of the
period in question, and has scarcely been heard of since.
Happily ive have now got all these lovely plants again,
and I have little doubt that in these more enlightened
days we shall be able to keep them. It should, how-
ever, be borne in mind that the Mexican climate is
much drier than that of Peru, hence " the Mexican
House" should represent the (comparatively) 'cool and
dry' as against the 'cool and damp' treatment proper to
what may be denominated the "Peruvian House."
The latter will need to be of ample dimensions, for the
cool Peruvian Orchids are already arriving in troops.

Oncidhtm obryzatiim. — Messrs. Backhouse have
recently flowered this plant, which is a native of
Ecuador, whence they introduced it. It has a neat
compact habit, and bears a branched spike of its pretty
bright yellow sweet-scented flowers. The spathulate
sepals and petals are peculiar, and so is the delicious
fragrance, which is a rare quality among Oncidia,
being niet with only in 0. Lanceanum, O. suave, and
O. omithorhynchum, among a genus that already
musters more than 200 strong. I at first thought the
plant was undescribed, but Professor Reichenbach's
keener vision has identified it with the O. obryzatum
of Lindley. It is very readily managed in a cool house.

Saccolahinm gigaiifeum.— This glorious plant has
recently flowered in Messrs. Veitch's collection. It is
the Vanda deusiflora of Lindley's "Folia," but being
evidently a Saccolabium must Ibe transferred to the
latter genus. In this, however, there happens to be
already a species (quite distinct from tlie present)
called S. densiflora; it is therefore necessary to fall
back upon the designation of S. gig.anteum, which it
received at the time of its original discovery, and than
which a more appropriate one there could not be. A
figure has been prepared for the " Botanical Magazine."
[See ante, p. 26.]

Saccolabium violacemn var. Harrisoniamim. — As
there are white Blue-bells in England we must not
wonder that a white violet Saccolabe should have been
found in India ! Such in fact is the above plant,
which I now notice only for the purpose of making it
the amende that is its due. When first sent to me two
years ago the racemes were short, and the flowei-s of a
dirty white, so that I set little value upon it ; uow
however that the specimens are established, theracemes
are a foot long, and the flowers of a pure ivory white.
They likewise last as long and smell as sweet as those
of the original species. Messrs. H. Low & Co. were
fortunate in introducing so attractive a plant.

Dendrobium Johaniiis. — When first seen I thought
even less of this plant than of the last, two or three
copper-coloured flowers on a naked pseudobulb being
all that it had to show. But after only one year's cul-
tivation it has assumed a totally difierent aspect,
the old pseudobulbs now flowering very freely
and the young growth— which is beautifully furnished
with leaves— sending out many-flowered racemes a
foot long ! It is so entirely different from every other
Dendrobe, the habit is so neat, the flowers so abundant,
.and the honey-like perfume so agreeable, that I have
not the slightest doubt the plant will become apoimlar
iavourite. Moreover the blossoms have an almost
indefinite duration, in which respect they resemble
two other Dendrobes (i.e. D. Tattonianum and D. bigib-
bum) from the same country and which like itself are
now flowering freely at Knypersley, where they form a

most interesting winter group. They are not " cool "
Orchids as some people fancy because, like the old
well-known D. speciosum, they happen to come from
Australia. Mr. J. G. Veitoh, who met with all the
three on the north-eastern coast of that vast continent,
tells a very difl'erent tale ! The above species, as well
as two other fine Australians, D. undulatum and D.
Hillii, are intra-tropical, and must be treated accord-
ingly. J. B.y Biddiilph Crrange, Jan. 1, 1867.

BEDBING-OUT REMINISCENCES OP 1866.

The past season has furnished some useful lessons to
all those who are engaged in decorative gardening.
The almost unprecedented rainfall, which, by the way,
in many places was not so large in the aggregate as it
was drizzling and continuous — a sort of compromise
between a "Scotch mist" and a moderate "down-
pour," told unmistakeably to the disadvantage of
modem flower gardening. Contrasted with an ordinary
season, or with such an one as 'the weather prophets
are ever ready to foretell and anticipate, it fell con-
siderably under the estimate. Mother Earth and all
her progeny were not only exposed to a continual
bleaching, but were labouring under the simultaneous
disadvantages of a minimised sunshine, and a cor-
responding decrease of heating power. Nor was this
state of matters confined to any particular region of
the United Kingdom. The South-western and Midland
Counties of England, which ripen their cereal produce
several weeks in advance of even the most favoured
counties in Scotland, such as the Lothians in the
centre, Bute, Arran, and some of the more favoured
spots of Argyleshire in the west, and Morayshire in the
far north, were by no means in such an enviable
position. The all but universal harvesting on the
north and south side of the Tweed was a matter
of common observation and general comment. Every
commercial traveller noted it, and every gardener if he
did iiot know in reality, 'or trouble himself to look into
published statistics, could easily have divined such a
thing from the state of his own and his neighbours'
flower garden. Such a state of matters damped the
ardour and entrenched upon the enthusiasm of many
of us who were ever ready to stand by and laud the
merits of " bedding-out."

It seemed that an eight months' unremitting labour in
connection with propagating, rearing, establishing, and
moving from place to place, was so much labour all
but lost. Many of the choicest Scarlet Pelargoniums,
which used to be the pride and the glory of an
effective combination in a parterre, refused to
yield those traits of beauty which were their
distinguishing characteristics. The glowing hue of
scarlet was metamorphosed into a sort of wbitey
clouded pink, and many of the pips only partially
expanded, some of them were " blind," and the usual
complement was'dwarfed down through the inclemency
of the weather to about one-fourth. Verbenas stood
with their " eyes " full of water, in a most deplorable
dilemma, and the various hues of scarlet and purple,
white and pink, rose and mauve, were so " wishy
washy," ineffective and incongruous, that their best
friends were compelled to look upon them with
suspicion. Yellow, as represented by Calceolarias,
was toned down with a vengeance, and although in
ordinary seasons it is a " murdering " colour, and must
be introduced sparingly, else the word "vulgarity" is
at the tip end of the tongue of the critic ; there was
such a breadth of foliage as sufiicieutly to tone down all
that wind and " weather " left on the flower stem. The
splendid orange florets, with prominent black blotches
at the base, which characterise Gazania splendenSj were
only seen to advantage in established plants m the
early part of the season. No more efl'eetive or more
artistic combination is possible than this with the
charming blue of Lobelia Paxtoni with its prominent
white eye, which softens ' the glare of the two vivid
contrasting colours, and yet in the height of the season
these combinations were dull, insipid blots, such as one
could have torn out and cast upon the dunghill without
the slightest compunction. Let it be known that the
Scarlet Intermediate Stock stood the trying ordealbetter
than any of our vaunted bedding plants. Hollyhocks
were washed to the poles to which they were staked,
and the best of them rotted upon the stems after a few
days' expansion — indeed ; some of the principal florets
looked as if they were gummed to the bare poles.
Dahlias, to their credit be it said, flowered beautifully.
The more it rained the stronger they grew ; and their
flowers, like so many little balls of colour, especially
the purples and the crimsons, put to the blush all other
subjects producing inflorescence in the flower garden.
" There's a day in store for them," and it will be to
the interest of all the flower-gardening savans to culti-
vate their acquaintance a great deal more than they
have been in the habit of doing, if they wish to
" provide against a rainy day." Gladioli were " con-
spicuous by their absence"; their flowers are unfortu-
nately short-lived at the best, but this season they
have been beggared in comparison even with Pent-
stemons, and many of them refused to grow. I have
another fellow in my mind's eye which merits promo-
tion. It is no less a popular one, familiar to every-
body's ears, than " Bailie Nicol Jarvie's poker ! " —
Tritoma Uvaria. The glowing highly polished scarlet
tinted with orange of each individual flower is con-
siderably enhanced when we look to the gross number
depending so gracefully from the dense pyramidal
spike. Imagine a multitude of these, either in groups
or long lines, flanked with golden and silver variega-
tions, such as those who have a knowledge of combi-
nation of colour, form, and general contour can pur-
posely arrange, and you have some idea of its general
usefulness for decorative purposes.

It requires no stretch of the imagination to conceive
the mixed-border partisan laughing at our credulity
and " mocking at our calamity." The gloomy fore-

bodings, and the mournful wail which greeted the
initiation of bedding-out will be reiterated and made
capital of at our expense after the drubbing ordeal
which our favourite system has been subjected to. The
critical may become hypercritical, and obsequious too
for the moment, and patronisingly ask us, now that
we have been " weltering in the mud," and had our
favourite " drooket " or drenched to such a state of
nudity and poverty as scarcely to be recognisable,
to retire with the best grace possible, and resume
our attachment to old associations and combi-
nations. To this the greater number of us are
ready to reply that while we have never been insen-
sible to that style of beauty which our forefathers
honoured and caressed, we must be excused fornot
considering ourselves tied hand and foot to any given
system, and that the remedy lies more in the direction
of accommodating and utilising such plants as are
remarkable either for one thing or another, than in the
revolutionising and upturning of a system. Most good
gardeners are ready to hold "a brief" for all the
systems together, e. g. winter gardening, spring garden-
ing, bedding-out proper, subtropical gardening, and the
mixed flower border. Why should it not be so ? It
is simply a question entailing or involving a little
more expenditure in the garden establishment, which
the proprietor, be he lord or squire, has very much in
his own keeping. I could never see what object there
was in wrangling or discussing the matter as some
censorious people at first essayed to do. It was like a
man with one eye, or one hand, or one leg, wishing to
deprive his fellow men of either of these_ members
because by some unfortunate mishap he himself was
denuded of one or more of them. It is by striking out
in new directions, and carrying schemes to a successful
issue, that men show themselves the greatest bene-
factors of their country. No superficial or plausible
theory will ever stand the test of public scrutiny. Even
in horticultural matters the press is the grand crucible
for testing pet theories. If they can be substantiated,
good and well ; if not, not.

I rejoice therefore that your humorous correspondent
" S. R. H." has in some measure laid bare the fallacy
levelled against this modern system. It was by no
means inconclusive evidence to lead, that foliage in this
fickle climate of ours should assume predominance in
our parterres. It was only withdrawing a point or two
of combinations as developed in the past. This meets
with my approbation for two reasons; theone, that flower
gardens in general have been overloaded with colours,
and even the best dispositions of them were somewhat
vulgar ; and the other, that we should all be less at the
mercy of either extremes of drought or moisture.
Somehow or another we could see the whole fraternity
were drifting into an adoption of this almost intuitively.
Your correspondent has not been an unconcerned
observer of flower-garden reformation, and evidently
enthusiastically worships at the shrine of Flora, notwith-
standingtheassumptionofsomewhatmodestpretensions.
There is such a variety of colour, form, and contour in
the numerous foliage plants that are propagated by the
thousand for parterre decoration, that we have a quieter
form of beauty, and one which the eye can gaze at and
rest upon with some degree of complacency. I have said
before, and reiterate now with a strengthened force of
conviction, that flower-gardening depends far more
upon successful combinations than mere geometrical
figures outlined with Box, and ofttimes turned into
scrolls which the serpent, with all its power of contor-
tion, could never imitate. There is nothing in this way
at all to be compared to a simple " chain border," which
increases in beauty and effectiveness as its length is
prolonged.

In case I should moralise too much upon this point,
allow me at once to proceed to name a few plants that
ought to be propagated and cared for ; and the very
first that I would recommend, because it has escaped
notice, is Veronica Andersonii varicgata. It is as
hardy as any of the shrubby Calceolarias, or Verbenas,
and is therefore far hardier than any of the variegated
Pelargoniums, and I may add, far more effective in a wet
season. It is valuable, to boot, because it will do for a
third or fourth-row plant, and it is of regular habit.
It is not loose and sprawling like a Pelargonium, having
more of a handsome bush form. By giving it the
support of a single stake in the centre, every plant is a
tiny specimen of itself, and aft^r several years' trial I
give it the warmest recommendation, it being easily pro-
pagated in spring, " patient under tribulation," and by
far the most effective silver variegation iu om' gardens,
the green and the silver keeping to due proportions
under the heaviest downpour of the elements. The
next plant demanding a "special certificate" is
Polemonium cceruleum variegatum. I have seen this
beautiful perennial meriting all Mr. D. Thomson's
encomiums. He, however, has grown it largely, and is
in a position to speak of it mth confidence, and I do
not know a more trustworthy authority, or one, let it
be said, that has done more, if so much, for rendering
the bedding-out system popular. The variegated
Coltsfoot (Dactylis glomerata variegata) is about the
cheapest edging plant possible, unless it be the
beautiful grey Cerastium tomentosum, without which
no flower garden is complete. Another most graceful
subject, not quite so hardy as those we have been
treating upon, is Bambusa Metake variegata. It is far
more accommodating than Colons Verschaffeltii or
Amaranthus melancholicus, or even Iresine Herbstii.
Its graceful habit wins golden opinions, and it is pro-
pagated without much trouble by division of the root.
These black or crimson-leaved gentry are not at all
suitable for a Scotch climate. Even Perilla succumbs
to the slightest breath of frost, and might be ranked
among the same class for hardiness as Heliotrope. I
have now tried all these dark-leaved varieties, and have
to fall back upon Perilla and Beet. The latter is by
no means ineffective, and I hear very good accounts of
a selected stock of Mr. Dell's, Stoke Rochford. Of

jAUUAIiT 12, 18C7.]

THE GAT^DENET^S' OimONinEE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

course wo lio upon tlio banks of frosliwatt-r <'lyili>,
and are consequently very subject to lule sprint; frosts.
Anything that sucecssrully witlislaiids our I'liiimlal
region may bo duly certiticated. Oi'courso Pelargoniums
— bicolors, tricolors, and quadricolors— are invaluable.
No one would think of making an assortment for
" next year's display " without their aid. Wo aro all,
however, constantly on the iiiii vii'e for novelties :
but let thom ho suflioicntly distinct and striking;
before palming them u]>on the notice of those who an;
not in a position to see and judge for themselves, 1\'ii
all subscribe to the merits oi' Aiyssum, Araliis of sorts,
Centauroa iMgiisiua and its allies, Cineraria maritima,
and probably the variegated Japanese Saxifrage, if we
coula get plenty of it. My ransacking the mixed border
a little while longer we shall exhaust all the subjects
suitable for jiarterre work. The energies of the enter-
prising collector on the one hand, will bo taxed in
penetrating untrodden spots — Alpine regions for
oxaniiile — for marketable commodities A^■herewith to
replenish our well-known " llock ;" and gardeners, on
the other, must ]ily their camel-hair brush to induce a
set of hybrids sulliricutly distinct and captivating; for
the motto of Horticulture is '' forwards and onwards,"
that the thirst for novelty may, in some measure, bo
appeased. J. Amierson.

Home Correspondence.

Tlie laie Wiuterli^ Vraf/icr. — The storm wdiich has
just passed away ha,s been ono of the most severe for
the time it lasted in the remembrance of the oldest
inhabitants in this neighbourhood. Now Year's Day
was clear, frosty, and fine throughout. As night came
on the frost grew more intense, and between 11 and 12
o'clock the thermometer indicated 23° of frost.
Between one and two o'clock on the morning of the
2d the sky became overcast and dull ; snow began to
fall a little before three o'clock, and continued till nine.
The trees were heavily laden with it ; in some places
low shrubs were completely smothered up with snow,
and larger ones were laid down flat with it. The
average fall hero in the open ground was from a foot
to IS inches in depth, but in some places it drifted
to the depth of as much as 2 and 3 feet. The frost
kept getting more severe the whole day, and by 12 o'clock
at night the mercury stood at 4' below zero. On the
night of the 3d there were only 23' of frost ; but on the
night of the 4th 5° below zero was registered; the wind
was exceedingly cold and penetrating. On Friday and
Saturday the forcing and plant houses here presented
quite a fairy -like sight of no ordinary occurrence;
double rows of icicles 3 feet and more in length bung from
the eaves and sill of the front lights, shining like crystal.
Trees also presented a glorious appearance, fringed as
thoy w-ere with the tapestry of hoar frost. A friend
here who had lived for some years in Canada remarked
that the aspect of the country during the frost put him
in mind of a Canadian winter. It was fortunate that
snow came on when it did, or the frost would have told
sad tales on vegetation, I observe that several Hollies
and common Laurels are cut up a great deal in exposed
places. A. Peifigrew, liichiugs Park, Cohihrool-, BucJcs.

We had here on Friday night, January 4th, 40' of

frost, or 8' below zero. My neighbour, Mr. Cantrell,
of Datchot, had, I learn, the same amount. Charles

Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough, Bucks. The

frost has been more severe here than in 18130. On
Wednesday night the thermometer registered ( — 2),
34° of frost; Thursday, 26' ; and on Friday, (— 6) 38'.
Our large Bays and Laurustines are killed to the
ground. Our thermometer is suspended 5 feet from
the ground, just under the eaves of a shed, and is well
protected by surrounding buildings, W. T. C.,FeHlmm.

Middlesex. We have had the following amount of

frost on the Cotswold Hills, which is greater than any
we have ever experienced : —

January 1 18° of frost.

„ 2 17 „

„ ,1 22

,, 4 41, or 9 below Zero.

5 36, or 4 „

,» C 12 offrost.

„ 7 2

Since the 7th we have not had any frost. On the 2d
snow lay on the ground about 9 inches deep ; on the
Bth it drifted, and the roads were blocked up in places ;
on the 6th,';and two following days, it rained. From
10 o'clock on Monday, the 7th, to 10 o'clock on Tues-
day, we had 2,01 inches of rain. During the last four
months we have had at Cowley 26.49 inches of rain.
Many Roses appear to be killed by the frost, and a
great many shrubs are very much injured. C Soiling-
worth, Cowleij Manor, near Cheltenham. The lowest

temperatures occurred here on the night of the 2d,
when we had 5° ; on the 3d, when we had 0°.o ; and on
the 4th, when we had 0°.12 registered by Negretti &
Zambra's registering thermometer fully exposed at
5 feet from the ground. I may add that the gardens
here are only 6 feet above the level of the river Lodden,
on a strong clay subsoil ; consequently they are damp.
In the kitchen garden I find Broccoli to be almost
entirely killed, though heavily covered with snow.
Among evergreens much injured,ifnotkilled,are hybrid
Rhododendrons, common Laurels, Berberis Darwinii,
Cotoneasters, and a Magnolia grandiflora on a wall.

J. Bell, Gardens,StrathJleldsage, Winchfipld)Ran.ts.

The weather and temperature of the la.st few days have
been remarkable on account of the sudden change from
the condition of mild and genial to that of "intense
severity, and also for the equally sudden and unexpected
return of mild weather. But wdiat I wi.sh to call the
attention of observers of temperature to is the import-
ance and desirability of uniformity in the placing of the
thermometer, more particularly with regard to altitude,
as at this place on the night of January 1st, three of
Casella's registering garden thermometers, (previously
ascertained to work exactly alike) placed as described

indicated as follows: — First thermometer, suspended to
a iiicci' of bo.ird lixed to the wall of a dwidliiig-bouse,
and facing the north, at an altitude of 5 feet, indicated 'J',
Second thermometer, placed 15 yards from the former,
and in an open space, suspended to a stake at 1 foot
6 inches from tlio ground, iiulicated 0' or zero. Third
thermometer, placed liorizontally upon the snow,
which was about 2* inches in depth, with back resting
a,L;ainst tln> stjikc to which thernu)mctcr No. 2 was
suspended, indicated 0' — ~, or 7 ^bclow zci-n, P. Grieve,

I'lilfurd. i,r„r lliirji SI. Bdmiuurs, Siilf'dk. The

(hcriiioMietir fell to 5' below zero at 3 o'clock a.h, on
Saturday, the M\ inst, and at 9 o'clock it was still 3'
belo\\ zero. The greatest amount of frost we have ever
had here before w;is on the 28th December, 1860, when
the thermometer fell to 4° below zero at 10 o'clock
P.M. Charles lloss. The Gardens, MVford Park-,

Xru'hurii. Mr. E. J. Lowe, at his Observatory

in Nottinghamshire, records the thermometer 21
below freezing on Friday. A coiTospondent of the
Times in Ilampshire reports 28' of frost, and
at Hornsey, on Friday morning, the thermometer,

with a northern aspect, fell below zero. Since

the commencement of the year we have had a
sharp touch of winterly weather, unusually severe for
this locality. On the night of the 1st there was a
gentle frost of a few degrees, dry and comfortable ;
hea^'y quiet snow fell in the evening, covering the
ground from 0 to 8 inches deep, loading all trees and
shrubs to the break-down point. Wo had to employ
plenty of active hands early in the morning to unload
all we could of the rare trees and shrubs first; we had
about 8' of frost; the sun ro.se beautifully, and tbo
sight of the snow-laden bushes was grand. AVe had
sun the whole day and severe frost, the thermometer
indicating 18' at 10 p.m., and at 5 a.m. on the 3d, 21°.
I never saw it so low, except once in Devon, which
was only for tivo or three liours, 26 years ago. On
the morning of the 4th, the mercury indicated 19'
evenly all night; that night the frost was only
a few degrees. On the morning of the oth there
were only 2', with the wind shifting to north-east,
and the sun rising quite a crimson colour, the east
looking all on fire. The wind after shifting to the east
began to blow a complete hurricane, such as we have
not experienced since the 11th of January, 1866. At
sunset a smashing storm came on from south-east of
hail, sleet, and rain, continuing all night. On Sunday
morning, the Oth, immense floods were the consequence,
with the snow all gone. The thermometer stood at
49' in the early morning, and 53' at midday, which was
quite sultry and hot, with the wind full south. On
Monday we had the glass at 50°, wind south-west, a
very ron.gh gale, still heightening, with tremendous
storms of hail and rain all the evening. Notwith-
standing the severity of the frost we have been
favoured with so much sunny, dry, and favourable
weather since September, that everything was dry,
hardy, and well ripened; and owing to being covered
with so much snow I cannot perceive as yet much
damage done to plants, shrub,s, or vegetation. James

Barnes, Blcton, Budleigh Salterton^ Devon.

" The minimum temperature in the air during the
24 hours ending at 9,30 this morning, January 4, was
4',2 Fahr., and on referring to our abstract as far back
as the year 1854, 1 observe that the nearest approach
to so cold a night was on that of the 19th or morning
of the 20th of December, 1859, when the temperature
of the air equalled O'.O, and in the Meteorological
results published by J. Sharp, Esq,, of this town, in
1862, for the 14 years ending 1861, the lowest tempera-,
turo recorded by him is on the 25th of December, 1860,
in which he states the temperature on that day was
11'. 0. By the above results, it will he observed that
no such cold has been registered in the town of
Southampton for the past 20 years, and indeed, it may
have been a much longer period than that just
stated, but as our registry does not extend further
back than 20 years, we can only state the results for
that time. The minimum thermometer used is one of
Casella's, and its index error carefully determined by the
standard, J. Doivniug, Colour-Sergeant, P.E., Observer.
P,S,— 9,30 p,M., Friday, temperature of air— 22,'0, last
night at same hour — 15, '0. Meteorological Depart-
ment, Ordnance Surveg Office, Southampton." — 28' of
frost seems to be almost impos,sible in the south of
England ; but Sergeant Downing's record is not to be
disputed. The Laurustinuses are dreadfully cut up,
while in all directions complaints are being made of
the mischief which has been done to Cinerarias and
other tender plants in houses where the heating power
was not equal to the emergency. Alexander Dean,
Maytm^h.

Passijlora HuUettii. —Your article at p. 1192, 1866,
respecting Mr. UuUett, has made me feel a little un-
comfortable in regard to certain treasures for which—
not without a consideration — I am indebted to that
gentleman. For example I have a Mangosteen or two
which have been pronounced by a competent authority
to be no Mangosteens at all ; and then I have a Passiflora
Hullettii, which according to the description in Mr.
Williams's catalogue (but for which Mr. W. says Mr, H,
is responsible), produces a fruit more exquisite than the
Pine-apple ! All these things were, when I received
them more than 12 months ago, " guaranteed to fruit
next {i.e. last) year," but unfortunately they have
not kept to the bargain. What am I to do with them ?
I dare say I could fruit the Passiflora in the course of
another season if I gave it space and heat enough,
but this I hesitate to do unless I could have some
reliable testimony that it would repay me. 'SVhy does
not Mr, Hullett tell us who has seen and eaten this
delicious fruit? Surely he would not wish to keep it all
to himself! Aliqnis.

Milky White Potato.— Alter giving this Potato a
trial along with other kinds, I feel it my duty to speak
favourably of it. It is a Potato which you may depend
upon both as regard,* quality and quantity, and has

only a very moderate top or haulm, J do not sav that
it will take the lirst place as first early, but it will take
a foremost rank as second early, anil it will cerlainlj'
take a first place for quality with those who prefer
Potatos dry and mealy in preference to moi,st and
waxy ones, or at least close tubers. It is an excellent
croiiiicr, with an even surface, having but very slight
depression for eyes. Not one diseased tuber was found
among mine this season. They were dug up early.

JF. C. Ji\, Gloucester. In rei.;ard to Milky White,

tho best of all Potatos, according to a^lvertisomont,
allow mo to say that I tried it last season here, and
found it the worst of all that I grew as regards the
disease. I had scarcely a sound tuber. I did not get
the seed back. So much for Milky White: I'll have
no more of it. C. llollingioorlh, Cowley Manor, near
Cheltenham.

Cjncidium macranthum.—\ learn with regret that tho
eminent linn of Messrs. Backhou.sc & Son have
experienced some disappointment. As to Oncidium
macranllmni. it is iirobablo they may have receivfd
plants of this species ^\■llich ^vere sold at Stevens's in
1865, procured from the slopes of Chimborazo, and
belonging to the typical form of the species, the pseudo-
bulbs of which differ from those of the variety
hastiferum, and have some resemblance to tho.se of an
Oncidium allied to O, serratum, and derived from the
same locality. But it is difl'erent with reference to
Odontoglossum cirrhosnm, as this plant does not
resemble Oncidium cucullatum, and it is hardly
possible to mistake one for the other, Messrs, Back-
lioiise, however, may have purchased both kinds at the
same sale, and there may have been a change of labels.
As to the specimens of Odontoglossum coronarium,
for which they say they received plants of 0. brevi-
folium, a nearly allied species, I can only refer to my
collector, who has with him the " Pescatorea," and who
assures me that the species sent had precisely
the same flowers as those figured in that work.
As for myself I perceived the resemblance to the
figure immediately the plants were unpacked ; and I
may add that liumlreds of plants of O. coronarium had
previously jiasseil through m.v hands. It is well known
that dilferent Orchids so greatly resemble one another
as to their pseudobulbs, and in their general appear-
ance, that the most experienced connoisseur may be
deceived, and as the truth can only be ascertained
when the plants are in flower, it is necessary, in order
to be quite sure, to wait till each plant produces its
flow^ers before it is sent out. If inevitable errors occur
with imported plants, the consequence of such errors
may be as often prejudicial as advantageous to the
interests of the vendor, and the purchaser as frequently
experiences agreeablesuri)rise as he does disappointment.
In illustration of which I may cite the case of Pha-
lajnopsis Luddemanniana, or to keep to the point at
issue, the Oncidium macranthum var. hastiferum of the
last sale on which suspicious were cast, and which,
in consequence, were sold at an average price of
23s. the lot, a price which did not even cover the cost
of carriage. Nevertheless, the purchasers may be sure
that they possess the true kind, and which is fairly
worth four or five times the price paid. As to the
deceptive appearances of plants, I know by
experience how disagreeable they are. I gave
an order not long since for several Tree
Ferns (Balantium antarcticum), and some lots of
Saccolabium guttatum, and I received instead Alsopbila
australis and Saccolabium retusum. I repeat that I
will never refuse to fairly compensate any equitable
claim. J. Linden, Brussels, Jan. 9, 1867. [We learn
from Professor Reichenbach that (previous to this
discussion) both M. Linden and Messrs. Backhouse
submitted to his inspection specimens of the true
0. macranthum. Eds.]

Fruiting of the Sweet Bay (Laurus nohilis) (see p. 8).
—It may interest your readers to know that I have
raised hero some thousands of Sweet Bays from seed
gathered at Stanmore, Herts, in the autumn of 1862.

Robert Parker, Tooting, Surrey. 1 send you an

example of the Sweet Bay with fruit upon it, a rare
occurrence I imagine, as I have never observed it before
in that condition. There are a great many large Sweet
Bay bushes here, some 18 feet io height, but only one
has fruit on it, and it is in no way different from the
others as far as appearance is concerned. The late
frost, I think, has injured the fruit, as it was quite
hard a week ago when I first observed it. Is the
variety sent the same as that which you had from
Culzean Castle in Scotland ? Wm. Armstrong, The Gar-
dens, Glenville, Fermoy, Ireland, [Your variety is the

same as that furnished from Culzean. Eds,]

It is not at all uncommon to see this shrub in fruit in
this county. I have often found self-sown seedlings
near the old plants. The common Laurel also bears
berries in some seasons. This is owing doubtless to
the mildness of the county and the age of the plants.
There are some here which measure 30 and 40 feet in
height, with stems 4 feet in circumference. I have
also seen a few abortive berries on the Portugal
Laurel. These two last would, I imagine, repay in the
shape of attractiveness any labour which might be
exjiended in assistin" to fertilise the flowers, to as to
bring to perfection the clusters of fruit. I have also
raised young Myrtles from berries gathered from a tree
which received no artificial aid. While speaking of
berries, and as anything in the way of living colour,
whether in leaf or fruit, has a charm in it at this
dead season of the year, permit me to say a
word in favour of the Benthamia fragifera. Of
all the hardy plants which bear berries at this season
this stands foremost for beauty and size of fruit. The
plant is truly handsome when loaded with berries.
There are several here which have been literally so
covered with large globular yellowish red fruit as to
bend down the branches ; these trees measure from 25
to 30 feet high. The Benthamia succeeds best in a
well-drained situation, sheltered from the east wind.

30

THE GARDENERS' CHIONICLE AND AGMCTJLTURAL GAZETTE.

[JanUAST 12, 1867.

If planted in a low damp place the roots will rot before
the tree attains any size. Why is it that the Holly
bearing j'ellow berries is not more extensively planted
than it is ? It is equal in point of hardiness and
beauty to the common Holly. Much might be done
to alleviate dulness in pleasure grounds by judiciously
introducing into them plants which bear berries at
this season of the year, together with variegated-
leaved plants. Thanks to Mr. Fortune, we shall soon
have an addition to our very limited stock of fruit-
bearing plants in the beautiful Aucuba. Henri; Mills,

Ji^nys, Penri/n, Cornwall.- 1 have seen pecks of

berries on Bay trees here. I have a fine lot of young
standards which I raised from seed years ago. I believe
I have seven or eight quarts of Bay berries by me at this
time, comprising those of two or three varieties.
<7. Barnes, Bicfon, Btfdleigh Salterfon, Devon,

Fassioii-Jlowers. — I imagine that your coiTespon-
dent (see p. 1194, 1866) is mistaken in the name of his
hardy fruit-bearing Passiflora, It is most likely
P. Newmani, raised many years ago by my predecessor,
which fruits freely in this neighbourhood, while
P. coerulea, which he says this plant is, does not.
J. M Uonald, Nurseryman, Chichester.

Susctis aculealiis. — Although your correspondent
"Diss" has already received a direct answer to the
eiuestion he put at p. 1222, 1866, yet he may be informed
that the reason of his often iinding plants without
berries is, that the Ruscus is dicecious, and that the
males are, of course, barren. As far as my observation
extends, the plant fruits best in shade, and, under
trees. G. S.

Asphalte Wallcs.—l cannot join in "E.'s" recom-
mendation for making these (see p. 1222, 1866). In
autumn the soil under the asphalte becomes saturated
with moisture, and if a frost should occur sufliciently
sharp to penetrate the asphalte covering and freeze the
soil below, the latter expands and breaks up the
asphalte. G. 8.

Game Covert. — IseeBerberis (Mahonia) Aquifolium
often advertised as good cover for game. Will gentlemen
kindly say what their experience is respecting it ? I
lately put down 40 young plants as an experiment, and
within a month the rabbits had eaten every one of
them. B.

The Manchester National Horticultural ]Sxhibition
and the Hoyal Sortieultvral Society. — I see, by adver-
tisements in your Paper, that the two great flower fetes
are fixed to come off at the same time. For many
reasons this is to be regretted. Manchester folk have
been, and are, making a noble effort to secure a grand
show in June next. About £2,000 (in £20 subscrip-
tions) are already guaranteed to meet and cover the
expenses of the Exhibition. If success attend "The
Manchester National," doubtless some other provincial
to^vns would be encouraged by it to make a like venture,
and thus promote horticulture and a taste for it
throughout the country. From all I can learn, the
great plant growers and exhibitors of the south are
friendly to the proposed Manchester Show, and intended
to send their plants to it. The dates of the National
have been before the public for months. Both the
Royal Botanic Society and the committee of the York
Floral Fete have evinced a friendly spirit in avoiding a
clash with the Manchester Show, which will un-
doubtedly be one of the great shows of the season in this
country. I hope, however, it is not too late for the Royal
Horticultural Society to make other arrangements, and
avoid a course that will lead to mutual disadvantage, if
their present programme, as advertised, be carried out.
I think that the Horticultural Society would do well
to reconsider the matter, and alter the date of its June
show. It would thus show a friendly spirit, and besides
give the London exhibitors a chance and opportunity
of carrying out of Lancashire some heavy prizes, by
sending their plants down here. In Manchester and
its neighbom'hood the great bulk of the people, rich and
poor, give themselves up to recreation and enjoyment
during the whole of Whit week. Business is well-nigh
suspended at that time. Hence the Manchester
Botanical Society arranged long ago for their great fSte
to come off during the holiday time, knowing well that
success would not be so certain here at an earlier or
later date. A. Pettigrew, Brighton Grove, Manchester.
Winter Cucumbers. — Will you permit me to ask if
any of your correspondents can recommend a black-
spmed Cucumber, of first-class quality — one of real
sterling merit, that will succeed and crop well through
the winter months p I have had several, and have been
unsuccessful in meeting with one that is up to my
standard as a winter bearer. I possess one of the smooth
Sj;on House class that I think is unequalled, having
tried it against most of the popular winter kinds —
Masters' Prolifie, Carter's Champion, Lord Kenyon,
Kirklees Hall Defiance, and others— and I find these
varieties in no way equal to the kind that I have grown
for the past three seasons. It was tried against several
of the best kinds that were proved by the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, and found to be a bettor variety for
summer work than any at Chiswick ; and for winter
use, I am confident that it is unequalled. My brother
gardeners who, like myself, are expected to produce
Cucumbers in quantity in the winter time, should get
this kind, and when they have once grown it they will
not want to grow any other sort of the smooth-
skinned kinds. I find that there are several varieties of
the same name,which are in no way equal to my pet
Cucumber, Telegraph (Rollisson's variety). It pro-
duces two, three,four, or even six fruits at a joint, and it
will grow from IS to 26 inches in length. It requires
a pretty good heat, and is best adapted for a house,
though it will succeed well in a frame. J. S.

Adiaiitum farleyeiise. — l was recently at Burton
Hill House, Malmesbury, and had an opportunity of
seeing one of the flrsti plants introduced into this
country of this really beautiful Fern. The plant in
question is a perfect specimen, the majority of the
fronds measuring 4 feet m length, and the plant itself

being as many feet through. It is certamly a great
acquisition, and will doubtless be ere long in every
collection. One peculiarity of this Fern is, that it
cannot be reproduced from seed with any certainty.
Mr. Green has raised several hundred seedlings, each
of them differing from the parent plant, none of them
having the margin of the pinnules so deeply lobed ; the
lobes also are not digitate as in the true Adiantnm
farleycnse. JoJm JEdwin Jefferies, Sheffield.

Jl'inler Flower Beds.— Yoar correspondent Mr.
Melville (see p. 1194, 1866) seems to have experienced a
failure with regard to the use of cut branches of ever-
greens for decorating beds or borders in winter. He
could not have made his branches very secure, or he
would not have been troubled with their being blown
about all over his place after a gale. I have adopted the
system diu-ing two years ; I clear my beds in October,
put in the evergreen branches, and I find them still at
their post in March, looking but httle the worse for
being exposed to north and west winds. Your corre-
spondent says that he thinks the system is too
artificial. I see nothing artificial about it, as few could
tell whether they had roots or not unless they were
taken out of the ground. It was an account of Miss
Hope's garden, wliich I saw in your columns two or
three years ago, that induced me to try Variegated
Kale for beds. I got seed two years previous to this, but
could not get enough of colours to carry out the
experiment to my wish. This year I again tried
the system on a larger scale ; I got Melvill's and two
others, said to be the Improved treble-curled garnish-
ing Kale, but I have failed to find any difference in
them. I have two or three objections to Kales: 1st,
they do not show their true colours early enough to
enable us to plant them in October— if you want to
plant beds or borders with Kale and arrange and blend
their colours, I say wait until January, then you may
see their true colours ; 2d, they lose all the old foliage,
which looks untidy. I have several hundred plants
planted, ribbon fashion, but strange to say, the greens
are becoming -white, purple, or many shades of pink, so
that they are all a mixture, while my evergreen border,
which is 80 feet by 10, is showing its colours excellently.
I sowed the seed on the 1 1th of March, thinking to
have them forward. For edging I think green Ivy
better suited for gravel than Grass. Cerastium or
Stachys looks far better with a Grass verge, and again,
if you mix variegated Pelargoniums with green Ivy,
the effect is neither one thing nor the other. I may
add that my Kale is laid down as recommended by
Mr. Melville. T. C, Warwick.

Planting Ciare/iyarifs.— Whilethanking " S. R. H."
for his beautiful opening up of this subject, perhaps
you will allow me to protest against the barbarous and
disgusting mutilations which are now being penietrated
in London graveyards, not alone where the thing is
done under the powerful influence of a railway
company, but in some instances evidently for mere
" ornament's sake" by those whose duty it ought to be
to protect from the slightest violation "' God's Acre."
" Yes," says Longfellow,"—

" Th.it bleascci name imp.irts
Comfort to those who ill the grave have sown
The seed that they have garnered in their hearts,
Their bread of life ; alas, no more their own."
What must their feeUngs be who have their friends and
ancestors buried in such places, where, without any
serious reason, tombs and stones are pulled about and
thrown goodness knows where, to plant, as they have
recently done, the churchyard m Bishopsgate Street ?
,This is the most conspicuous instance that I know of.
It has been dug, levelled, and planted with young
evergreen shrubs, which have no chance of doing any
good in such a spot ; and even if they did are utterly
inappropriate compared to many things that might
have been selected, even among deciduous trees— the
only ones, with few exceptions, that should be planted
in such an atmosphere. It is true that our cemeteries
are too often embellished with sorry platitudes about
the virtues of the dead ; it is true, that if judged by
their contents, our art or taste cannot be ranked very
high ; but the rudest board or ugliest stone tells of love
and death " wherehuman harvests grow," and to any but
the most vulgar minds must be sacred and beautiful.
It is not at all necessary, except in rare cases, to
make any but the slight mutations of the ground in
planting suitable trees in such places. From the nature
of the ground deciduous things would not fail to do
well ; and would they look any the worse for standing
amongst or drooping over such ruins as time may leave
of the tokens of love and memorials of life ? S.

that is to say, in the natural position of the stamen, though
from its petaMike aspect its staminal nature is liable to bo
overlooked. In many genera, however, the staminode is either
absent or undistinguish.ablo from an ordinary stamen. The
lateral lobes' of the staminal leaf are for the mo.st part
antheriferoiis. In some genera certain of the lobes are
suppressed or imperfectly developed, and hence the ordinary
rules of floral construction are interfered with, as also by the
obUquity of conformation .and growth which is so marked a
featm-e in most plants of this group. This explanation has
been deduced from the examination of the structure of the
flowers, not in Mallows only, but in the majority of the genei-a
of the allied orders generally gi-ouped together under the head
of Malvales or Columniferje, and was shown to be in conformity
with the views advanced by Mr. Bentham and others. The
new genus of Byttneriffi called Scaphopetalum was founded on
three species collected by Mann in We-stem equatorial Africa,
and is nearly allied to Theobroma and Herrania, and presents
some remarkable features ia the form of the petals, stamens,
tfce. The flowers are protruded from the old wood as in
Theobroma, and in one species are borne on a long whip-
like trailing inflorescence. The nearest allies of this
genus are ^outh American, there being no African genus

known that has any very close affinity with it. .

2. Description of three new Genera from West Tropical Africa,
belonging to the Natural Orders Gitttifercc, Olacinete, and Cetds-
traccce, by Prof. Oliver. The Guttiferous genus was named
^Ulanblackia ; the Olacinaceous, Alsodeiopsis ; and the Celas-

traceovis, C.ampylostemon. 3. Notes on Iniroduced Plants

occitn'ing in the Neighboitrhood of ST/dne>j, by W. Woolls, Esq.
The author furni-shed a list of about 100 species of introduced
plants which had established themselves iir the neighbourhood
of Sydney, chiefly in cultiv.ated ground. Among them
Cristaria coccinea, Erigeron canadense, and E. linifohum,
Centaurea solstitialis (or melitensis), and Xanthium spinosum,
were spoken of as troublesome weeds. The last mentioned is
the Batliurst Bur, which does so much injury to the wool in
some districts. Carduus mariauus is regarded as a great pest
in some places, but has been found useful for fodder where
Grass is scarce, especially when it is cut down and allowed to
become partially dry. Melilotus parviflora has become a gi'eat
nuisance to the agriculturist, .as it gi'ows with the Wheat, and
imparts a peculiar flavour to the flour ; it is called Scented
Trefoil, and some millers have so much objection to any
Wheat affected by it, that they refuse to purchase grain
from those districts where it is known to prevail.
Cuscuta Epithymum, introduced from Europe, is some-
times very troublesome and dcstnictive. Rosa rubigi-
nosa springs up so rapidly in fields that it matGri.ally
affects the gr-owth of the Grass. Gomphocarpus fruticosus,
called Wild Cotton, has'spread very widely, .and is regarded as
a nuisance. Stachys arvensis is useful irr the winter season as
food for cows, though when the plants are old it imparts a
flavour to the milk. The fruit of Physalis pubescena, or Cape
Gooseberry, being avaihable for jam, it is not to be regretted
that the pi.aut proves so well suited to the climate. Datura
Stramonium, though useful in asthma, has occasioned the
death of sevei-al children who have swallowed the seeds ; while
of Solanum nigi-um the children eat the bei-ries witb impunity.
Rumex Aeetosella is a troublesome weed in orchards, but not
injurious as Cyperus Hydra, which is occasioning much
inconvenience to gardeners. The late Mr. Macleay, it was
stated, had tried every expedient to remove the weed, without
success, and it was feared that unless some means of eradi-
cating it could be found, many gardens would be completely
ruined. The various ways (the writer observed) in which
phants accidentally become acclimatised, afford much interest
to observers. Among the causes to which it may be traced,
he instiinccd the mixture of other seeds with those of Grass,
Clover, and garden herbs ; the use of different weeds either
wholly or in part in packing cases ; the tenacity with which
the seed-vessels of some plants .adhere to the manes .and tails
of horses : the presence of seeds in some imported manures ;
the migration of birds ; and the influence of peidodieal winds
and tides.

Linni:an : Decera'ber 20.— G. Bentham, Esq., President, in
the chair. C. J. Hyde Allen, Esq., was elected a Fellow. The
following papers were read : — 1. On some Points in the Morpho-
logy of the Malvales, together with a J)escH2Jtioii of a new Genus
of Bijttneria:, hy Dr. Masters. This paper was devoted to the
consideration of the floral structui-e, and especially to the
andj-Eccium or staminal arrangement of the Malval alliance,
including the Mallows proper, the StercuHacefe, Byttncriace:^,
and allied orders. The structure and disposition of the pet;tls,
stamens, and other organs of the various genera of this
important group were treated at some length, the special
points alluded to being the presence or absence of petaloid
stamens or staminodcs, the invariable position of the
fertile •■stamens in front of or opposite to the pefcUs,
the very general cohesion of the stamens into one or
more groups, whence the terms polyadelphous, mon-
adelpbous, coluniniferous, &c. These peculiarities, constituting
the most important features of the gi-oup for classificatory
purposes, were likewise shown to possess very great mor-
phological interest, and had been explained in various ways
by observers who had devoted theii- attention to the structure
and to the development of the several organs in this gi-oup.
The explanation given by the author, and considered by him
to be the most satisfactory, was one according to which the
staminal leaves (generally five) are supposed to be lobed and
compounded in the same way as are digitate leaves, the
central or terminal lobe forming the st-aminode, and which
when present is invariably in front of ov opposite to o. sepal,

Notices of asooifes*

Manuel de V Amateur des Jardins, Traiti generate
d' Horticulture. Tome 3, eomprenant la culture des
plante-sd'agrementdeplein air ef d'appartements dans
les differents Climats de la France. Par J. Decaisne
et Ch. Naudin. 8vo, pp. 824 et viii.
[Second Notice]
As the work before us professes to treat of the oultiva^
tion of ornamental plants in the different climates of
France, it was of course imperative that it should
commence with an exposition of the various climatic
conditions which prevail in its several parts. ^ To this
and the very interesting details connected with it we
have ah-eady called attention. The volume does not
profess to treat of stove plants, but of those which are
cultivated in the open air, and what we should in this
country consider as window plants. It does not pro-
pose to enter into any details as to landscape gardening,
which is an art of extreme difficulty, and requires
a combination of taste and knowledge which is
rarely possessed. The great difficulty is to
conceal the art which has been brought into exercise,
and success is only possible where the whole result
accords with the old dictum of Longinus, that
"Nature is then most pleasing when it conceals the
assistance derived from Art."

The modern style of gardening, or the beddmg-out
system, is essentially artificial, and is most successful
where a competent knowledge exists of the effect of
contiguous colours upon each other. Useful details
are given on this subject, and the old parterre system is
not ignored, a system which may be carried out with
much advantage where the moisture is sufficient to
keep the Box constantly green. In arid situations
it is a waste of force to attempt it. Some of the old
designs are extremely clever and beautiful, and we
should as a variety like to sec some of the finer plans
nicely executed. It requires however a first-rate
workman to sel; them out, and very good cultivation to
keep them in anything hke perfection, and they
should never be attempted except where there is not
ample room, and where the necessary appliances are
not available. As regards the bedding system, our
authors rightly call attention to the necessity of a
judicious choice as to the materials. It is of little use
'to attempt much in the way of novelty ; habit, colour,
and endurance are the great requisites, and but a few
plants combine all, and without them the effect will
never be satisfactory. There is, however, now such an
abundance of first-rate varieties of bedding Pelar-
goniums, that there is no excuse, where economy is not
an absolute requisite, for any want of brilliancy, or

jANrABT 15, 1867.]

THE GABDENERR' CIIPvONTCLE ANT) AGRICUETtmAL GAZETTE.

81

II iro rnntrast of colouring; and an admixture of some
I 1 ilic liillcr exotics, of graceful form or foliage, will
cifU'i] break the formality which is so disagreeable to
I III' cj'C, and which renders so many gardens mere
irpetitions of one common typo.

ir the garden is anything more than a mere plot
before a villa in the suburbs, attention should never he
confined to the bedding alone; and hero the details
which follow as to the more useful plants in each
natural order will prove very acceptable. Attention
is first directed to those plants which are most attractive
when the different forms are skilfully grouped together,
according to their height, colour, habit, &c. Roses
naturally occupy a considerable space, then Pinks,
ricotces, and Carnations, Tulips, Hyacinths, Auriculas,
and Indian Chrysantliomums. The varieties of
I'yrethrunv rosenni, which are so valuable an acqui-
sition in summer before the Chinese A.sters blow, are
only slightly indicated, which is the more sni-prising
ai^ the improved forms originated principally inPr.ance,
t hnugh so much has been since done by Mr,|Salter in this
iMUiitry. Indeed they are not included by the authors

III (lie category of what they call collective plants.
'!Mic lourth chapter treats on various plants which

may be regarded rather a.s fit to he scattered about the
Imnlers than to form distinct groups. This is a part
I it 1 lie u'arden without which in our estimation no large
( slahlishment has the slightest claim to perfection. We
\Miuld not at all detract from the improvement which
h.i^ taken placo in our gardens from the bedding system
« here well carried out. It would be the merest atfec-
(iifion to despise it, but it should never be extended so
l:ir as to exclude, which it does in many instances, a
Kiiod collection of the more remarkable and ornamental
lonus of vegetation, which do not admit of grouping.
^\'iiere proper attention is paid to the dift'erent times
of flowering, with a little judgment, every part of the
garden may always wear a neat if not gay appearjinee,
and contr.ast is far from displeasing, as the eye becomes
wearied b,v a constant recurrence of masses of colour, i
A separate chapter is devoted to climbing plants, of ^
various sizes and character, whether annual, biennial, i
or perennial, whether herbaceous or otherwise. Few
plants are more ornamental than these, and few are
greater favourites, and in sonic parts of France the
efi'ect of such brilliant forms as Mutisia decurrens
must be very striking. We have, however, abundance
' of material suited to our own climate in each especial
division, and even some of our native plants, as Vicia j
sylvatica, might he introduced with great benefit. In the
south of France, where Cucurbits flourish admirably,
a wonderful effect may be produced by the different
forms, wdiich are very striking, either from the beauty of
the frnit or the elegance of the foliage. Our own
' summers are in general too moist to permit of tho
I healthy growth of many of the more elegant varieties.
j The sixth chapter is devoted to larger plants, and
I perhaps in no country, if we exclude mere tropical or
I sub-tropical forms, do many of the nobler kinds
succeed better than with ourselves. Multitudes of
i Conifers, Acers, Cytisi, &c., flourish amongst us
j witli the utmost luxuriance, and form a perennial
source of delight from their beautiful forms and the
I admirable groups which they compose when nicely
j disposed. The great point is to avoid too much same-
I ness eillicr of tint or form, and materials are so
' abundant and of such various kinds that there is no
difliculty in producing a good effect hy skilful manage-
ment. Many of the plants which are recommended
are of course inadmissible in our gardens in any
general way in consequence of their tender character,
but Battersea Park will show us how much may be
done wit-h efi'ect even in this direction. The hardy
Palms will prove a great acquisition, though we fear
that exceptionally cold winters may prove destructive.
Some of the large herbaceous plants, as Gunnera,
Wigandia, Polymnia, &e., are already used with great
effect, and the large and less common Umbelliferie, as
Ferula, should not be excluded, as they form an agree-
able variety, though in themselves perhaps scarcely
adapted for popular ase.

A seventh chapter is devoted to aquatic plants.
Some even of the more tender may succeed where
there is waste warm water in our manufactories, but
our more hardy species may be well introduced in
sohie swampy corner or dripping pool which would
otherwise be an eyesore.

The concluding chapter treats of the cultivation of
plants in pots, especially for the ornament of windows,
of alpine and rock plants, and finally of Perns.

The nature of the work is such as not very well to
admit of extract. We have confined ourselves there-
fore to such general remarks as are suggested in
detailing tho matters on which our authors treat,
in almost every page something of interest will be
liiund, and we can safely recommend the work to such
III' our readers as are familiar with French, who, we
iiv sure, will find much pleasant matter. The illustra-
lous are numerous and well executed, and in some
iiiscs are of peculiar excellence.

l!ooK.s Received.— /conttHj Botaaiearum Index
h„ iipletisminis. Pars altera. Auctore Dr. G. A.
I'nlzel. 4to, pp. 298. (Berlin : Nicolaische Verlags-
liiiihhandlungen; London : WiUiams&Norgate.) The
imhlication of an alphabetical catalogue of the plates
ri.iitained in the most important horticultiu-al and
bolanical works of the 18th and 19tli centuries was

'I I n which, students daily acknowledge, and they

"ill gladly welcome a second part, which brings the
li.«t down to tho end of the year 18G5. In spite of
Willie deficiencies, this catalogue must still find a
pliice on the shelves of all workers in horticultural

IT botanical literature. Neucr Scldussel zu Bumph's

Jfirbarium Amhoiiiense. Von Dr. J. K. Ilxsskarl
•Ito, pp. 241. Halle, 180C. (Williams & Norgate.)
Ihe object of this work is sufllciently explained by its
title— a New Key to Rumphius' Herbarium Am-

boynense. This Key w'as oritiinally published in tho
TransactJions of the Natural History Society of Halle,
and has been re-issucil, with numerous additions and
emendations, by Dr. lliisskarl, ivhose practical know-
ledge of the botany of ,I;i\a iiiulcrs him well qiualificd
for the laborious and trnulilcsomo task ho has under-
iakcn, Ivumph's names aro first oiled, with the
references to the pages and plates wherein the plants
aro described, and then the accepted modern naraes^
with copious references, are given. Full indices of the
Latin and vernacular names are added, so that tho
work is very convenient for reference by those interested
in tho botany of Amboyna and adjacent islands.

Catalogues Received.— Jwrnfts Veilch 4' Son's
(Chelsea) Garden and Flower Seeds : an excellent and
well-selected list, of moderate bulk. — James Carter
iV Go's (Holborn) Gardeners' and Farmers' Vade
Meciim : the first part is devoted to flower seeds, &o. ;
and the second part to vegetable and fanu seeds. As
usual the lists are of an encyclopicdio character ; and
several pages are this year devoted to a running com-
mentary on the most interesting subjects, cmbraiiing
hints for their cultivation. — W. P. Laird ^S,- Sinclair s
Gladioli (Dundee) : adcsi>riplive list, with the varieties
arranged in classes. — S. Parker's (Tooting) Catalogue
of AgricttUtiral Flower and i'egetnble Seeds: a useful
select list.^tT". M^Hattie's (Chester) Vegetable and
Flower Seeds offers a good selection, and is improved
by descriptive remarks.

Wbt apfarp.

Nadirs.— I wish to thank Mr. Thomson, of Blan-
tyre, for his reply to ray inquiries, and in particular
for his remarks respecting his ingenious method of
attaching empty combs of large size to bars — a method
which, as far as I have hitherto read or heard, is pecu-
liarly his own. This, the loosening of slides by the
application of a hot iron, and tho ventilation of the
top of a bar-hive by the substitution of a covering of
straw for the slides, are all admirable bridges over
difiiciilties.

I have still one or two inquiries to make. When a
nadir is taken from beneath a Stewarton hive, nearly
full of comb, and with a considerable quantity of honey
in the cells, can that box of combs be used as it is,
that is without detaching the combs, for nadiring next
season ? The box which I took from beneath the
9-inch box, and which he alludes to in his answer at
p. 1017, ISGG, was say three-quarters full of comb, and
almost all the cells had some honey in them. In order
to clear the honey from the combs, witjjiout which it
would not have answered to lay them by, I cut out the
combs and gave them in a feeding box, to be cleared, on
the top of hives which wanted to be fed. This was the
only method I could think of. Certainly they can be
put back again by Mr. Thomson's method ; but if one
could manage to leave them as they are it would be
desirable. Some of the combs had small portions too
which were perfectly full and sealed.

The 9-inch box, which ought, Mr. Thomson says, to
have moveable bars, and frames to the centre ones, has
the latter to the four centre frames ; but the bars at the
side are not moveable. Knowing that if, in order to
get some of the suitiIus store, one of the centre frames
was taken, I could get a darkened comb with a quantity
of pollen init, I drove the bees out of the hive into a .straw
vat, which 1 placed on the stand ; and taking the
boxes into the house, cut out the two side combs,
which were beautifully white and pure, leaving an
abundant store for the winter.

The other inquiries I have to make are — about what
month of the year is it usual in Scotland to give the
first nadirs, which Mr. Thomson has in the number
for 1st of September last year directed to be given in
spring ? As I understand him, they are to be given
when the spring opens, s,ay in the end of February or
beginning of March, according to the season. Locality
would, of course, make a difference ; but still the time
they are usually given in one place would, to a certain
extent, be a guide in another, as allowance could be
made for its being earlier or later in its seasons.
Also, is the sign of the second nadir being required
seeing through the windows that the combs are full of
brood, just as the sign of a second super being required
is seeing that the first is nearly full of honey ?

I suppose that the existence of a queen, which Mr.
Thomson says is to be determined, can be knowm by
the bees carrying in pollen as usual, and her absence
by the reverse. I should be glad to know whether that
is the only way of judging, and also what Mr. Thomson
is in the habit of doing when she is found to be
absent. A. B.

Garden Memoranda*

At Ketv I found in bloom, a week or two since, two
really good plants, to which I call attention not merely
on account of their newness — for it is a waste of words
to speak of new weeds or newly discovered ugliness
in a garden periodical, but on account of their utility
as December bloomers, Centropogon Lucyanum and
Exacuni zeylanicum being both likely to be first-rate.
The first is a free Habrothamnus-looking shrub,
bearing dark rcse-coloured flowers profusely on every
branch, and looking in every way likely to be a
good thing for planting out in the stove, and to be most
useful from coining in at Christmas. The Kxaciim I
have seen elsewhere; but making, as it does, a com-
paratively dwarf December-flowering plant, and bearing
flowers of such a jileasiug blue, it is well worthy of tho
attention of cultivators. Mr. Smith thinks it a very
useful thing, and intends to grow it more largely. It is
very interesting to notice the result of a practice of the
present Curator's with respect to Palm culture, and
particularly with reference to Chaina^doreas and their
allies. It consisted and consists merely in putting a

I ittlo damp Moss round tho ba.so of the stem, just as you
would round that of a dwarf 'JVeo Fern freshly imported,
to encourage it to root. In the first in.stance it was
practiscil with Channcdorcas in a poor state both as to
lieail and rniit; but soon tho.se began to put forth roots
from the Inin- or six inches of the base of tho stem
covered with the Moss, after the fashion of a Screw Pine,
and soon descended into tho pot to feed vigorously!
Not a few of these aro now set around with ring after
ring of roots, piling up the plant as firm as a ship in
dry dock, while tho heads have much improved. Just
as in tho Pandanus, these outer roots seem to bo tho
" life of the plant;" and it is jirobable that the sharp,
clean lino preserved between wind and water in culti-
vation may have discouraged the putting forth of such
valuable aids, which would dnubtlcss be carried out
freely by accumulated hall'-docayed matter on their
native sod.

Both at Messbs. VEiTcn's, who introduced the
exceedingly graceful and beautiful Ilrceolina aurea,
and elsewhere, I saw this gem in full flower a few days
before Christmas, and entertain no doubt that it will
in'ove a lovely aid to those who wish for much floral
beauty about the end of the year. True, its leaves
were not to be seen then, but by surrounding a
plant or a small group of it with bushy, close-
spreading Ferns or such like, that defect may be
obviated, and a most distinct charm added to the
drawing-room or conservatory. At Messrs. Veitch's,
too, the new Saccolabium (.see ante, p. 26) is in full
beauty, the flowers smelling, when closely examined,
almost exactly like good Cinnamon. When this plant
begins to feel at home and gets well established in
England, it will prove one of the most valuable of
choice Orchids ; indeed it is that already, though the
plants are but freshly imported, and the flowers very
much weaker than they will prove when it is well
grown. Here, too, one may see what capital things the
various bright-leaved Dracconas are for stove or in-door
decoration in winter — Cooperi, stricta, and terminalis
being plants that no stove should be without. And here
may also be seen in profusion plants that almost every
stove in a private garden is without, though they
are exceedingly interesting, and are so at all seasons —
the Pitcher plants. This is the only place in which
can be seen a noticeable collection of them, a large
house being now quite full, though, from the luxuriant
appearance which they here present, their culture
should offer no difficulties where heat and moisture
are obtainable. Maranta Veitchii is also particularly
fine just now, and a magnificent plant it is for the
fine-foliaged house, stove, or conservatory, and above
all for in-door decoration, in consequence of the trans-
lucency and singular painting of the under side of the
leaves. For placing on slightly elevated positions in
halls or large rooms on festive occasions, there is pro-
bably nothing to equal it. The white Lapaperia was also
in flower, and so beautiful as to make one Ion" for the
time when both crimson and white kinds will flower
in every greenhouse or conservatory. The old form,
and the variety splendens, were both in fresh and profuse
bloom in a low span-roofed house in the AVellington
NuESEKT, and it was striking to see how thoroughly
useful and showy this plant was even in whiter. Here,
also, is a specimen of Iponifea Horsfallise in profuse
flower, and a more lovely climber is not in existence for
thestove at Christmas. Itwas adorned with manyscores
of fine flowers open, and a profusion of black polished
buds. I really wonder this easily-cultivated plant is not
oftener seen, instead of the dirty, flowerless climbers
that too often hang about stoves. It is one of those
few flowers that do not appear to be sorry for flower-
ing at the end of December, looking as vivid in fact
as if it flowered in June. Tialor.

Miscellaneous.

The Sensitive Plant. — In a letter of Dr. Sigerson's to
the Athenanm [which was also previously published in
our own columns] , he states that the folioles of the
Sensitive Plant were touched by him with a non-
conductor, and exhibited no movement. The Sensitive
Plant is a common weed here, and is at present, as. in
his experiments, in flower. I touched it with gla.ss,
sealing-wax, iron, and the hand, and in all cases found
the usual movement, which also took place when the
plant; was gently blown on with the breath. No such
diflerence, as on any electrical hypothesis, we should
expect, existed between the sensitiveness of the ends
and middles of the folioles. Another fact about the
Sensitive Plant, which the electrical theory does not
explain, is the closing of the leaves at night. Perhaps
the more hopeful question would be, not " why do they
shut ? " but " why do they open ? " And I may be
permitted to guess that the solar rays in the morning,
or the solar diffused light, throws the molecules of the
folioles into some iiew^ condition, the result of which
is their opening, and that such a molecular condition
is destroyed by the vibration caused by touch. What
this molecular condition is, perhaps we shall never
know, or, if ever, through microscopic analysis. Dr.
Sigerson's observation, tliat children affect the Sen-
sitive Plant more than adults, I confirmed by compar-
ing the elTects of my own touch with that of a child' of
seven years old, who affected the plant more power-
fully than I could do. W. F. Samilton, Grei/iown,
Nicaragua, Nov. 15, 1806. {Athena:i(m.)

First Pine-apples in Enulaud.—'When Oliver Crom-
well ruled in these realms, a present of Pine-apples was
one of the things which fell to his lot, and this was
probably the first introduction of the fruit into
England, although it was knomi on the Continent four
years previously. Four' years afterwards and Evelyn
writes of its appearance on the royal table. But the
fruit, however much it may have been extolled, is not
the onlv good product of this plant. Prom the leaves
thereof is procured a fibrous material known and
appreciated by the barbarous hordes of Africa and

32

The OtArpenerS' chronicle and agricuetural gazette.

LJANUAIiT 12, 1867.

the semi-civilised Malays. The celebrated Pine-apple
cloth of the Philippines, resembling the finest muslin,
is woven with the delicate fibres of the uncultivated
Pine-apple plant. This muslin is embroidered by the
nuns of the convents of Maniha with excellent skill
and taste, so that the "Pina" muslin of the Philip-
pines has become a celebrated article of manufacture.
Mr. Bennett has observed in his " Wanderings," that
one of the coarser fibres may be subdivided into
filaments of such fineness as to be barely perceptible,
and yet sufficiently strong for textile purposes. Ilard-
wicke's Science-Gossip.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing toeeh.)
PLANT HOUSES.

Many Orchids, such as Cattlet/as, Caelogi/nes,
Miltonias, Dendrohiums, and similar plants which do
not require so much heat as Vandas, Saccolabiums,
&c., will now show the breaks at tbe_ base of the
pseudobulbs somewhat prominently. Keep all such
m as even and moderate a temperature as possible, in
order to delay their starting into active growth for
a week or two longer. Should any however commence
pushing into leaf, remove them to the warmest corner
in the house, and begin watering them .slightly. Do
this by placing a pail or other utensil containing water
in a convenient position in the house, where at inter-
vals of a week or 10 days you can readily dip in it the
whole outer surface of the pot, up to the rim only,
keeping it in a little longer at each successive dipping,
in order to enable the water the more readily to pene-
trate amongst the crocks and lower stratum of soil,
thei'eby gradually moistening the whole ball. Plants
grown upon hanging blocks, such as Sophronitis, Cotn-
paretfia and similar genera, showing signs of active
growth, may now be frequently dipped in tepid water,
in order to induce root action. Blocks so situated do
not retain ivater like pots, consequently there is
no risk of rotting the young growths, by a retention of
too much moisture in their immediate neighbourhood.
JDendrohiums generally, which have matured their
growth, I ut not yet flowered, may be induced to
do so by being placed in a warm situation, and fre-
quently just surface-sprinkled upon the pseudobulbs ;
care should be taken not to moisten the roots, how-
ever, as this will induce a too early growth. Wipe
away daily all moisture that can be found upon the
inner surface of glasses covering Anactochili. These
sufler, and speedily rot away, if not carefully attended
to at this season, owing to the excess of moisture
which is necessarily retained around them in their
habitually enclosed positions ; besides, it should be
understood that as we regularly wipe away the
moisture from them, in like manner do we supply
them daily with fresh air, without which they cannot
prosper. If not already done, do not neglect to place
portions of the best peat that cau be had— the brown,
fibrous, least gritty sort is the best — where it will
readily dry ; also, procure . the necessary supply of
Sphagnum, asmany Orchids will shortly require potting.

Cineranas will now be forming flower, and alter-
nate waterings of manure water will be very beneficial
to them. Keep the pots upon a cool bottom, and as far
from anything in the form of artificial heat as is
possible. Whether fly or other insects are discernible
or not, they should be effectually smoked at this
season, as too frequently at the date of flowering,
insects not perceived before become suddenly numerous,
and quickly destroy the result of many months of care.
Remove from the plants all secondary flower-stalks,
suckers and the like, which proceed from the base, as
these, independently of being of no use in themselves,
injure the flowering portion by robbing it of its proper
strength. With respect to Azaleas, this is a very active
season, especially if they are well laden with
flower buds, which they are unobservedly perfecting
for an early display ; consequently great care will
be necessary to see that they do not suffer from
the want of water. If any are thrip-eaten, or other-
wise overrun with insects, take the present oppor-
tunity of destroying these pests ; this can be done by
giving them two or three moderate smokings at inter-
vals of two or three days, .syringing them with a weak
solution of clear tobacco-water each morning after, and
dusting a little flowers of sulphur upon the undersides
of the leaves immediately after the last syringing.

FOKCINQ HOUSES.
As Vineries are being very generally started at this
time, commence by keeping the house closed for the
first week or ten days ; then, for a similar period, let
the thermometer average 50' all weathers, except any
rise which may be occasioned by the direct influence of
the sun, when air should be admitted, and the fires
banked up, so as to have cool flues or pipes for the
incoming fine warm day, and vix;e versa should severe
weather occur. Where not aheady done, and if the
Vines are not too forward, the necessary operation of
pruning having been performed, the whole of the outer
bark should be well dressed over with a wash, to destroy
any insects which may have wintered therein, and also
to act as a preventive both of these and mildew upon
the next season's growth. Por this purpose mix 2 oz. of
Gishurst Compound, 1 lb. flowers of sulphur, 1 lb. soft
soap, and a little cow-dung, with a gallon of hot water.
When sufficiently cooled apply this mixture at once
with a painter's brush. When the house has been
closed some three weeks, the centre bed or pit may be
filled with fresh leaves, choosing, if i)ossible, oak or
other foliage of enduring texture for the purpose.
Should these be diy, moisten them with clear water ;
they will furnish an excellent heat by the time the
Vines indicate direct activity of growth. See that the
pits, in early Vineries, retain their necessary warmth ;
if not, any plants upon them should be removed, and
the materials turned over, placing the top leaves at

the bottom, well stirring and separating the others,
and thoroughly moistening any which may have
become dry with clear water, adding a few fresh ones
when required. Wlien Vines break unevenly, or it is
anticipated that they may do so, loosen the upper
portion of the rods, and lay them carefully down in
any position where they can rest at a declination
greater than the height of the lowest buds that are
likely to fail, occasionally wetting these latter by means
of a dash from the syringe. Seedling Cncmnhers, potted
off and showing the rough leaf, should be permitted to
have all tho'sun possible. In their treatment bear in
mind that they require a heat ranging from 05° by
night to 75° by day. In pits or frames exclude as
much as possible all direct steam. Endeavour to
allow every part of the plant to get thoroughly dry
each day, and keep them near the glass, giving them
all the air possible by night, as well as by day.
Plants started now, and grown on in a temperature of
65', with all the night air possible, are much superior
to and more lasting than those grown under a
maximum heat of 75° or S0°, without air.

Fermeniinf] maferials in preparation for the principal
frames, should undergo theprocess of sweetening, allow-
ing as'little decomposition as possible. To prevent this
some little care is necessary. Good wholesome stable
litter requires to be turned, shaking it well up at each
operation — three times only, harrowing it where
necessary, the making the bed up at last being counted
as a fourth turning. In turning a heap over the
second time, do not, as is customary, begin at one side,
and continue straight through, taking all as it comes ;
but first of all, take the whole outer layer of the heap
off to a foot in depth, and lay it down as a bed for the
remainder. Wlien any part has become too dry,
always moisten it with clean water;carefully distributed
with a rosed watering-can. It is not advisable to put
all the shorter droppings with the manure, as these too
readily hasten the decay of the whole. Where a
mixture is made, half leaves and half stable litter, it is
not judicious to mix up the leaves with the litter
until the bed is being made up ; the sweating which
the leaves undergo in a heap by themselves amply
prepares them, witbout further neutralising their best
properties by admixture with the litter. By no means
permit the litter from kennels, ferret hutches, or the
like, to be mixed up with the other manure.
hardt fruit garden.

Even where it is not necessary in''a general way to
prune large standard Apple xai Pftir trees, they should
each be searched throughout for any young shoots of the
precedingsummer'sgrowth,astheyperiodicallythrowup
young growths from the main stem or branches, which,
besides being ill-placed, rob the more fruitful parts of
the tree ; and if not removed annually, are apt in a
little time to so choke up the centre as to impede
a proper circulation ;of air, encourage Moss to
grow, insects to harbour therein, and perpetuate
other unnecessary ills. This operation may be per-
formed in frosty weather, when — the ground being
hardness injury will be done by trampling too firmly
the surrounding soil. Cut auay these growths as near
the main stems as possible, with the view of thoroughly
eradicating every symptom of an eye from their base,
for these if left will prove a source of future trouble.
Much good may at the same time be done to aged trees
by scraping off all partially loosened outer bark, moss,
&c., from the bole and main stems. To perform this
operation quickly, I use a small implement made in
the form of a T, a handle being placed upon the tail-
end, and an edge wrought upon one of the outer sides
of the cross-piece. When the scraping operation is
over, a wash, consisting of one-part fresh lime and
three-parts cow-dung, if with a little sulphur all the
better, brushed over these parts, will not only, by reason
of its sticky properties deter insects from ascending, and
prevent Sloss and Lichens from growing, but by soften-
ing the bark will aid the bole in swelling— a great
advantage. For, certain is it, that clean healthy-
looking boles and main branches become the pro-
genitors of fruitful luxuriance. Any trees having
much moss growing upon the fruiting spray, mil be
benefited by having a mixture of wood-ashes and fresh-
slacked lime freely dusted in amongst them. W. JS.

STATE OF THE "WEATHER AT CHISWICK. NEAR LONDON,
Forthe Week ending Jan. 9. 1367, as observcdat the Hoiticulturftl Gardens

Babombter.

Temferature.

Wind

January.

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

Pi

Max.

Win.

Max.

Min.

Mean

1 foot
deep.

li luet
deep.

Thurs. 3
Friday 4
Satur. 5
Sunday 6
Moa. 7
Tues. B
Wed. 9

27
28
29
O
1
2

29 810
29.;it!0
29 97-1
29.378
29.230
29,U-1
29.0«

29.650
29 888
29.902
29.33G
29.026
28,760
28,832

S3
30
30
49
53
52
48

2

-11

IC

30
41
36
36

17.5
9.5

23.0
39.5
48.5
44.0
42.0

32.0

40
40
40
394
3,5
35
40

40
40
40
40
40
40
42

N.E.
S.W
N.E.
SE.
S.W.
S.W.
S.

.00
.00
.54
00
.46
.01
.29

Averase .

29.502

29.342

42.1

21,8

38.5

40.3

1.30

Ian. 3— Hazy ; densely overcast ; snowing ; overcast ; severe frost.

— 4-Intensefi'ost.continmng throughout the day; 11 deg. below

zero at nif^ht.

— 5— Hazy ; overcast ; cold ivind at night.

— G— Hazy, with slight rain ; fine and rather mild.^

— 7— Ilain ; cloudy, with mild temperature; verj' 'boisteroua at

night.

— 8— Boisterous, with rain ; very boisterous ; fine at night,

— !)— Boisterous, with rain ; fine at night.

Mean temperature of the week, 3 G -10th deg. below the average.

STATE OP THE WEATHER. AT CHISWICK.
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Jan. 19, 18C7

Prevailing Winds.

January.

Sunday.,
Mon.

Tues. ..

Wed. .,

Thuvs. ..

Frid.-iy ..

Satui-^. .
The
19th,
4jl del

No, of

Years in
which it

Rained.

Greatest

Quantity
of Rain.

0 C2 in.

o.si;

0.54
0 34

0.49
0.55
OSS

highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
1828— therm. 68 deg. ; and the lowest on the 19th, 1838— therm.
[ below zero.

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Notices to Correspondents.

Diseased Leaves : G B. Your Laurel leaves liavo pi-obably
suffered from tlie early frost and subsequent wet weather — ■
at least we have seen the same effect produced by similar
causes. The dead part, however, is curioiisly ni,arked with
concentric lines, though there is not the slightest trace of
fungous growth. We should like to see specimens in the
course of a few weeks, to see if there really is any parasitic
growth. — Anxious Inquirer. Your first notion as to sunburn
we think correct, as in some instances they ran transversely
over the leaf. Sunbura may take place in winter as well as
in summer. M J B.

Jass.\bcshit : G. You will find an article on this substance
in the current number of the " Technologist," from which it
appears that the material in question consists of the female
catkins or strobiles of some Alder, supposed to be Alnua
japonica. It is introduced from Japan as a dye stuff. We
have not seen the catkins ourselves, and can offer no opiniou
as to their value.

Names of Plants : A B. 1, Ilex AquifoUum senescena, a
smooth-leaved form of the common Holly ; 2, Ilex japonica.
— // M. 1, Bossisea heteropbyUa ; 2, Blechnum occidentale ;
3, Eupatorium nitidum. — S Garland. Your specimen has
been mislaid; will you send us another? It is certainly
neither of the sorts you mention.

Osiers : Salix. The best sorts are S. viminalis, Forbyana, and
triandi-a. They may be planted in rows 18 inches apart and
a foot asunder in the row ; but after five or six years evei-y
alternate plant should be grubbed out, leaving them 2 feet
asunder in the row. What you call the Packthread Willow
is probably the Golden Osier, S. vitelliua, the slender roda
of which are remarkably tough.

Primulas : D, 2feicark. The flowers belong to a very choice
strain, and very closely resemble the dark -coloured variety
mentioned at p. 1241, 186G.

Seed Collections : A Practical Gardener. Next week.

Commit NIC ATiuNS Received.— Captain Cockerell. — J. Barnes.—
C. Tui-ner,— R. Parker.— W. Robinson.— A. Dean.— M. Nes-
field.— W. Heale,— H. CanncU.— Youell & Co.— Prof. Morren.
—Prof. Reichenbach.— M. Linden.— W. E.— M. Foumier.—
P. O.— Prof, Oudemanns,

.TAMtTAHY 12, ISG/.]

THE GAET)T;M?vS' CHEONTOLE and AGRK^ILTimAL GAZETTE.

33

LANO DRAINAGE, FARM BUILDINGS, nml
LABOURERS' COTTAGKS.— Tlieso Kovoral works cnn ho
execiitort, and the cost bnrrowoii ftiirt ohnrnod on landed prnporiy,
Landowuora can have I'huin and SpcolflciitioDS of tlio bust and
cheancst character prepared to moot tho apoclalltioa of oach case,
and in cmiforinlty with tlio Act of Parliament, so that Lhcy c;in, tf
desirable, oxeento tho work by tlioir own Agonts.—Apply to Mr.
Bailky Uknton, 22, Whitehall I'laco, Westminster, S.W.

OUTHERN COUNTIES ASSOCIATION.

rrcsidcnt ISOC-'Or—IIia OnACB the Dvkf. of Ricusiond.
Tho ANNUAL EXHIUITION of STOCK, TOULTRV. IMPLE-
MENTS, FLOWERS. WORKS of ART, &c., will bo hold at
BRIGHTON in JUNE NEXT.

SUMMARY Of PRIZES OFFERED —
CATTLE.— Sbort-horn3.'£125 ; Sussex, £126; other Breeds, jE50.
SHEEP.— Southdowns, XHU ; Hants Downs, £90 ; Oxford Downs,

£90; Kent Sheep, £yO.
HORSES.— Agricultural, £110 ; Hunters, £05; Hacks, £15 ; Ponies,

£10.
PIOS.— Berkshire, £32; other Broods, £32.
roULTRY.— Various, £93.
The PRIZE LIST may be obtained of the Secretary.

By order of the Council,
i'atoly, Famborough. G. B, H. Suote, Secretary.

Eiit ^sricttlttttal (Sajette,

SATURDAY, JANUARY 12, 1867.

Before publishing tho detailed returns of
area and cropping in the several counties which
the Board of Trade has issued, we give here as
one of the results of tho inquiry a comparison of
the totals in each case this year with tho year
lSo7. The returns fi-om Ireland of the latter
year are probably the most accurately comparable
with those of nine years ago, because both have
been obtained under the same system, and are
thus liable to the same sources of error. Those
of Scotland for 1837 were no doubt thoroughly
trustworthy, having been sent in to the Highland
Society with the cordial goodwill of the tenantry ;
and if the returns of the past year collected by
the Board of Trade may be considered accurate
and exhaustive, a comparison of these too may
be scanned for trustworthy lessons. The returns
of 1857 in England, on the other hand, were
more of an estimate than an actual taking ofi
stock — they were sent in by the occupiers, and |
not by aU of them, in only 11 characteristic
counties, and, from tho totals thus obtained, the
totals for all England were arrived at by " rule
of three." Taking Scotland and Ireland, in the
first place, then, as the most trustworthy of the
three, the following Table gives the returns for
each at an interval of nine years : —

COMrARATIVE TaBLE OF PRODUCE, 1857 AND 18C6.

Description of
Crops, (Sic.

Com Crops : —
Wheat

Barley or Bcre
Cits ..
Rye ..
Beans
Peas . ,

Total under Com Crops

Green Crops : —
Potatos

Turnips and Swedes
Mangels
Carrots
Cabbage. Kohl Rabi,

and Rape . .
Vetehes, Lucerne,

and any other Crop

(except Clover or

Grass)

Tot,al under Green )
Crops . . . . j

Flax

1,430,021

Hops

Bare Fallow, or Un-

cropped Arable Land
Clover, and Ai-tlficial

and Other Grasses,

under Rotation
Perm.ancnt Pasture,

Meadow or Grass,

not broken up in

Rotation :—

In Scotland (ex
elusive of Hill
Pasture)

In Ireland (inclusive

of Hill Pasture) _ .

Total of Acreage ^

under all kinds of (

Crops, Bare Fallow r

and Grass .

1857.*

Acres.
223,1.52
219,994
938,013

5,989
39,180

3,68-

139,819

470,091

2,893

1,401

3,738

21,371

046,021

J,.534

18,582t

1,459,80511

Not
ascer-
tained.

3,6S6,563§

1866.

Acres.
110,101
213.019
1,004 040
7,055
8,537
3,188

1,300,540

143,426

478,990

852

916

5,075

94,080
1,141,4151

893,066

In Ireland.

1357. t

Acres.
559,646
217,314
1,980,934
15,348
10,031
2,955

16,828

1,146,647

350,047

21,449

8,667

43,471

34,395

1,604,670

97,721

313,817

1,369,892

9,310,118

15,489,062

1866.

Acres.

300,474

1.52,777

1,697,048

7,753

12,175

2,600

2,173,433

land l)y an increase of green crop cultivation, '
and in Ireland by an increased area uudor (Uovor
and "artificial" Grasses. Tho AVlieat crop lias
fallen almost one half, both in Scotland and
1 roland, which botokons a very material altera-
tion ill tho wholo system of crop rotation.s in
both countries — the Barley crop, nearly
stationary in Scotland, has fallen :i() per
cent, below tho area of 18.37 in Ireland,
and oven tho Oat crop, wliicli is the especial corn
crop of Ireland, has fallen 300,000 on a former
total of nearly 2,000,000 acres. In Scotland,
however, it has slightly increased. Lookhig now
to tho green crops, tho Scottish returns of the
two years are almost identical ; rather more
Potatos and rather more Vetches are now grown,
and hence the total under this head is raised
from 646,000 to 663,000 acres. In Ireland,
however, it has fallen from 1,600,000 to
1,480,000 acres, chiefly owing to the diminished
area in Potatos and Turnips. This, however, is
more than made up by the greatly increased
area now as compared with nine years ago
rotui-ned as " Clovers and Grasses under rota-
tion," which stands at 1,369,000 acres in 1857,
against 1,600,000 acres in 1866. In Scotland the
area under this head is represented as having
largely diminished duruig the same period.
AVhether this is to be received as the truth wo do
not know.

Turning now to England and "Wales we find
that the areaunder.Wheatisnow 3,274,000 acres,
having formerly been estimated at 3,800,000;
that of Barley is 2,013,000 against 2,667,000 ;
Oats, 1,754,000 against 1,300,000; Beans and
Peas, about 813,000 against 698,000 ; total corn
crop 7,920,000 in 1866 against 8,476,000 in 1857.
Here we have the largest reduction in the area
under corn crops in that section of the United
Kingdom whoso climate is the best adapted
for them. It is, however, extremely doubtful
whether the returns of 1857 are a trustworthy
datum for comparison. Tho green crop again
stands as follows : — Pot.atos are 355,000 acres —
they were 192,000 acres; Turnips are 1,660,000
acres, and they were 2,267,000 acres ; Mangel
Wui'zels are 257,000 acres — they were 177,000
acres. The total green crops nine years ago
were estimated to cover 3,070,000 acres ; they
are now returned at 2,890,000 ; and the Clovers,
which stood at 2,820,000, now stand at
2,650,000 acres. The area returned as permanent
pasture, both diy and ii-rigated, which stood at
10,166,000 acres, now stands at 10,255,000.

It must suffice for the present to add that
bare fallow figures for 94,000 acres last year in
Scotland, against only 18,000 in 1857 ; whereas
there were 870,000 acres in England and Wales,
against 895,000 acres in 1857. Of these last
returns, however, we repeat that they were only
estimates.

1,050,419

317,121

20,218

3,781

50,352

40,200

1,482,091
203,659

28,060

1,600,495

It wiU be seen that in both countries there is
a considerable decrease in the quantity of grain
crops grown, which is partly made up in Scot-

'1857 was the last of the years for which the Returns for
Scotland were obtained through the agency of the Highland
Society. o J fa

f The Returns for Ireland have been obtained annually since
the year 1847.

J Returned .as Bare or .Summer F.alIow.

II The difference between the Acreage of " Clover and Grass
under Rotation " in tho two Returns rn.ay be partly occasioned
by tlie Returns not h.avin^' been made upon quite the same
system. " Permanent Pasture " not having been ascertained in
1857, more land was probably returned as "Grass under
Rotation " in that year th.an in 1860.

§ K.xclusive of Permanent Pasture.

The usual harvest of agi-icultural shows and
their attendant dinners having been gathered in,
we cannot do wrong at the beginining of a new
year, if we attempt to ascertain the probable
value of the crop, in order that for the future we
may endeavour to improve its value. That the
improvement of farming, as an art and science,
should be the chief end to be aimed at by
agricultural societies, all must admit, and it
becomes a question whether holding a show
of stock in the morning and dining together
in the afternoon can of themselves produce
this effect.

First, as regards shows, we find that bulk and
fat, which are properly among the desiderata of
" fat stock," are excessively encouraged in
"store" and breeding animals also, for unless
they are fed to such a pitch as must injure them
as sires, and endanger their lives as mothers,
they have but little chance of prizes. And
2ndly, in respect of the dinners, we find that
although it is the ordinary rule to exclude
political discussion from them, yet they are
usually presided over and attended by county
members of ParUament, who are certain to
introduce political matters, and those not so often
of the kind affecting agricultural polity, as on
party politics and the relative chances of Conser-
vatives or Liberals in the coming session. Seldom
do we hear of any serious discussion of the
great social questions involved in farming;
and equally rare is it to hear the results of expe-
rience or inquiry into any of the details of farm
management. A few references are made by the
member to his discharge of the trust committed
to him, in which his usual endeavour is not to
pledge himself to anything for the future ; and

then others of tho company lullow with a series
of complimentary toasts to one auotlier.

Tho result both in tlio sliow-yard and at the
dinner table, is not a sulUcient return for tho
money and labour bestowed upon thi'so iiuiiibor-
loss small societies and local incotings ; and it
mu.st bo confessed that tho constantly doeroasing
attendance at them is an evidence that tho
farmer is beginning to tool this.

Still, we think that local societies ought to
do a great deal of good to agricultural progress ;
and this not only by periodical meetings for
hearing papers, lectures, and discussions of
different farm subjects, and for the encourage-
ment of breeders and rearers of farm stock, and
manufacturers of farm machinery, by holding an
annual show, but also by interesting tho momljors
in tho important social questions involved in their
pursuit. And there is no reason, but rather tho
contrary, why they should not endeavour to
carry out their conclu-sions on those subjects by
striving to secure the proper advocacy of them
in the Legislature.

We do not refer here to party politics, but to
agricultural polity ; and in connection with tho
greater interest which subjects of this class are
now exciting, without at present going into detail
on the several points brought under our notice
by Chambers of Agriculture, we may at any rate
congratulate agriculturists upon the fact that
in these Chambers of Agriculture wo have just
the agency by which existing agricultural
societies need to be supplemented.

It is all very well to say, that whatever the
burdens upon the farmers, they are borne
ultimately by the land, and go to diminish the
rent which under them can be paid. Evi'n if
this were so in its immediate effect, as perhaps in
the long run it may be, yet the landlord belongs
to a class which is amply represented in both
Houses of Parliament, and can well take care of
himself, whereas the tenant farmer until recently
has had no representation at all.

It has been justly said that the English
gentleman is called upon to administer law with-
out being a lawyer, and to legislate for farmers
without being an agricidtui'ist. With regard to
the first, the business is really done by a lawyer,
and the landlord's estate agent is often a lawyer
too ; but as a rule, we complain that withal the
farmer is not represented by either. Ilia
thoughts and feelings are seldom known,
even to his landlord, and few solicitors
can at all understand them. We conclude then
that agricultural societies should aim at some-
thing higher than a mere annual show of fat
beeves and an after-dinner self-glorifying speechi-
fication. They should unite in concert with a
Central Society to advance the education,
both professional and political, of their class, and
to act in unison upon tho great questions
affecting their interests. Already one repre-
sentative has been sent by Norfolk, and he has
done good service. Let us be prepared, if need
be, to introduce others of a like kind — let it no
longer be said that so large an interest as that
of the tenant farmers is the only one almost
wholly unrepresented in Parliament.

In another column is a report of the first

meeting of the Food Committee of the Society of
Arts, who are about to institute inquiries into the
whole subject of English food — its supply, distribu-
tion, preparation, and adequacy. It seems a pity that
such a subject should have been allowed to escape the
investigation of the Royal Agricultural Society, to
whom it more properly belongs. It is perhaps another
illustration, and yet one of the same order, of the
better insight which belongs to an extra professional
body of what the needs of any particular occupation
or profession are, that the same Society are, we believe,
about to offer a prize for the best method of .irtificial
dryin{»agriculturalproducewhichshall diminishtlic risk
or shorten the period of harvest work in the field. A
season like that of 18(50 has quickened the apprehension
of the Society of Arts, though it does not seem to have
quickened the perceptions of the Agricultural Society
as to a possibility, which in our climate would often be
very advantageous to the farmer if the process could be
conducted cheaply. Probably, however, the diflerences
in the two Societies arise principally from differences in
tbe relationship of the members to the governing body.
The one issues an annual volume and holds an annual
meeting, and that has hitherto been nearly all that it
has done. Members joining it with the object of con-
tributing to these annual performances, or of sharing in
them, as the case may be, confine themselves accord-
ingly. Tbe other Society has a weekly Journal, which
is a constant reminder to its members of all the
multifarious aims and objects in which the
Council are continually engaged. And it is
not to an active central authority or secretary
alone, nor even chiefly, that its activity is due, but
r.atber to that constant habit of interest, inquiry, and
suggestion on the part of the members, who are thus

34

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[January 12, 1867.

continually in commnnication witli their leaders, so
that the Council are being continually stimulated to
fresh inquiries and further effort. There cannot be a
doubt that the English Agricultural Society suffers
very materiallj^ from the almost entire want of any of
this felt relationship amongst its members. And we
hope that Mr. S. Sidney's suggestion that an inquiry
into our existing agricultural status be organised
throughout the country may be adopted, if only for the
purpose of ensuring a co-operation, which would be
serviceable both to the Society and the members whom
it would thus set usefully to work.

The weekly returns of the Cattle Plague for

the last 13 weeks of 18G0 are in most satisfactory
contrast to those of the corresponding period of the
previous year. The number of new places where
attacks took place amounted to 11 in the week ending
October 6, but since then it has varied from 2 to 6,
and has been 2, 2, 3, and 3 inthe successive weeks of
December. The number of animals attacked has been
as high as 30 in a week, and as low as 1 ; it was 14, 7, 6,
and 9 in the December weeks. Of these, occasionally
one, more frequently none, were allowed to die ; they
are slaughtered by order of the inspectors, and the
column for " recoveries " is altogether vacant. There
is, however, another column which is seriously filled —
the number of healihy animals slaughtered to prevent
the spread of the disease, has been 35, 11, 32, and no
fewer than 118 duriug the last four weeks of the year.
This is enough to remind us that we have a deadly
enemy still lurking in the midst of us, and enough also,
we hope, to show that the same vigilant system of
superintendence which has hitherto been maintained
is still needed.

LARGE CEOPS OE "WHEAT.

The discussion about the peck of Wheat per acre,
the laughter and disbelief about 7 quarters of White
Wheat, or 8 quarters of Eevett Wheat per imperial
acre, present to my mind a painful sense _ of our
national agricultural humiliation ; because, if those
sneers and laughter are honest and genuine, it proves
that small crops are the order of the day, and that
crops such as I have described are very uncommon
and produced at very great cost. I also come to be
convinced that_ great corn crops cannot be grown by
the ordinary thick sowing, and that this thick sowing
is a national calamity, owing to its injuring and
diminishing the crops. I know and expect that this
statement of my honest conviction will raise a fresh
storm of doubt and disbelief, but I will nevertheless
calmly give my reasons for coming to such a con-
clusion; and, hrst, when I recommend high farming,
I am very frequently told " that it is all very well for
root and green crops, but that it won't do for corn, for
we get our crops laid prematurely, and the quality and
quantity both injured if we farm so high." But it
seems never to have occurred to such persons that the
real cause of disaster in such cases is not too much
manure, but too much seed. The roots of the thickly
sown plants, when the rootlets attempt to extend and
ramify, meet with opponents having the same require-
ments ; a grand battle ensues as to which shall have
the greatest number of soil granules, and, as in all
other battles, the weaker perish, and the victors
are either crippled or injured. There can be no more
mistake about this than about an over-thick or
unthiuned plantation, or a crop of unhoed and
imsingled Turnips. Liehig justly says that the greatest
enemy to a Wheat plant is another Wheat plant, for
the very obvious reason that they both require
identical elements of food. Small heads and kernels
and weak flabby straw are the natural consequences of
this competition.

I never heard one of my own labourers say that I
farmed too high for Wheat. AVell, then, I assert
confidently that one main cause of small grown crops
is thick sowingj and that however rich your soil, you
can rarely obtam a great crop with the usual quantities
of seed sown. There are several awkward attempts at
correcting this evil ; first, by sowing late, and secondly,
by "flagging" the Wheat at cert-ain periods of its
gro^'th. A money-making high fanner (an old friend
of mine) who grows 400 acres of AVheat annually,
employs a whole trang of men in flagging all his Wheat,
and very often all his Oats and Barley. This is done
when the broad or flag leaf is well-grown in June, care
being taken to avoid cutting into the sheath that
contaius the ear. lie knows quite well that unless
this were done the crop would be prematurely laid and
greatly injured. By this flagging' the stem is relieved
of weight, and stands more erect, the air and light
are thus admitted to the lower portion of the stem,
the overhanging canopy of flags no longer shuts in the
damp, and no longer prevents evaporation or causes
mildew. All this is rendered unnecessary by a more
moderate quantity of seed. Let it be well understood
that I lay down no fixed rule of quantity, but merely
commend my brother farmers to ivy^ on a small scale
comparative quantities, so as to arrive at conclusions
suitable to their very various soils and climates. Now,
when a man sneers or gibes at one peck of seed per
acre on heavy land, or even at my general quantity of
one bushel per imperial acre, I know at [once that he
has never tried it, and therefore knows nothing about
it, having had or seen no experimental facts on which
to form his opinion, and, therefore, instead of being
angry, I can only pity or regret the absence of a more
sound mode of arriving at a just and safe conclusion.
I plead guilty to being an agricultural disturber in this
matter of thin sowing, and so long as I live and have
my faculties I will continue to deprecate erroneous
agricultural practice, with the sole and earnest view to
benefit and elevate my coimtry. But, eschewing
motives, let us see what there is extraordinary in
growing 7 quarters of White Wheat, and then from
6 to 8 quarters of Revett, on the same ground in two
suecessive years, the land being poor stiff heavy land.

and the season suitable to such land, namely, plenty of
sunshine and not too much moisture, such as 1864 and
1805. " Oh ! but then you take Wheat after Wheat,
Mr. Mcchi, which we dare not do."

Let there be no misunderstanding about this._ I
know that many who make this remark and farm high,
take Barley after Wheat, and get it of better quality as
well, under their system of thick sowing, than taking it
immediately after Turnips fed off with cake. The land
has less "branching" force after the removal of the
Wheat crop.

No^v, although I take two Wheat crops, the kinds
differ almost as much as Wheat and Barley. I never
attempt to take two glassy Wheat crops in succession.

1 know that they would fail, because the silica is not
dissolved in time for a second glassy |crop; but, as a
second crop I take the pithy-strawed non-glassy
Bearded Revett, which gives, on our stiff soil, a larger
return than Barley.

But then I am convinced by practical experiment
that I should be unable to obtain 7 or 8 quarters from

2 or 3 bushels of seed, although I frequently do so from
4 pecks or even from 1 peck. These conclusions have
been arrived at by careful experiment. Eor several
years I trTed 1 bushel of Wheat per acre, against
2 bushels of Wheat per acre— both drilled. The dif-
ference in favour of the 1 bushel was equal to a rent of
30*. per acre. This settled the question so far as my
heavy land was concerned, but every man must judge
for himself, not by imagination, but by experiment.
Whenever we hear of very great yields, it is generally
from a very thin plant that was almost condemned to
be ploughed up in the spring — a branching crop is
almost always a good one; but thick-sown cannot
branch — there is no room or power for this. As to
manuring, I keep plenty of live stock, and so make
much manure.

I use 2 cwt. of Peruvian guano, mixed with 1 to

2 cwt. of salt, as manure for Wheat after Beans, or
roots draivn off, and also for Eevett Wheat after White
Wheat. So much .does a warm, dry summer, benefit
our heavy land, that in 18G5 my 40 acres of heavy-land
Wheat averaged 7 quarters per acre — not farmers' acres,
but really and correctly measured acres. After a crop of
Mangel I got 7 quarters, and after Beans, 7 to 5 bushels
of Red AVheat, and after 7 quarters of White Wheat
8 quarters of Revett,

In conclusion, it must not be supposed that I
recommend a general seeding or sowing of 1 peck an
acre of Wheat ; but the success during three years of
such a quantity 'proves that a great reduction in the
absurd quantities usually sown may safely take place.
A bushel an acre on my heavy land is more than is ,
required, and leaves an ample margin for slug or other i
damage. The peck an acre has, however, in my case,
surpassed the bushel in yield of corn and straw two
years out of thi*ee.

My object is to induce agriculturists to try reasonable
comparative experiments, which as men of business
they are bound to do, and not rely upon antiquated
quantities only suited to a state of things either long
since passed away, or gradually changing. Broadcast
quantities are not suited to modei'n drill culture.

That there is need for great amendment is clear
when I am even now frequently told, " We always put
in 7 bushels of Oats, 4 of Barley, and 3 of "V\'neat."
Take heed to local measures, for at Carlisle some
farmers told me, to my sui-prise, that they only put in
a bushel of Wheat, but I soon found that a Carlisle
bushel is equal to 3 imperial bushels.

On very light land, where Wheat does not usually
branch freely, more seed is required, especially where
subject to wireworm and frost. La this case plenty of
salt, some Rape-cake, and compression are more
beneficial than too much seed. Salt not only removes
wireworm, but protects the roots against frost.

I hope that another year, instead of silly sneers and
mis-statements, I may receive a list of carefully con-
ducted experiments from various districts and differing
soils. On poor miserably farmed undrained small
fields, shut in by immense weed-growing hedges, and
robbed by the roots of worthless pollards, a good crop
can scarcely be expected, be the quantity of seed large
or small. Unfortunately I know of too much such
laud. My usual quantity of seed on the heavy land is

3 bushels of Oats, G pecks of Barley, 4 pecks of W^ieat
per imperial acre. J. J. Meclii, Tiptree, Jan. 1.

I take this opportunity of wishing many happy and
prosperous years to my brother agriculturists. In our
county AV heats promise particularly well, and the land
is altogether in a more fit condition than at the same
period last year. Let us therefore hope .for a good
crop and a fair price.

VILLAGE LECTURE.
[The following are extracts from a winter evening's

lecture given in a village schoolroom 13 years ago.

Subject,"" An Atom."]

You will nil readily admit that altliougli an atom must be
a very little object, it may be a veiy large subject. I believe,
indeed, there is a sense in which it may bo said with truth
that the smaller, i.e., the moi-e limited, the topic, the more
there is to be said about it— in which, therefore, a sinj^le sort
tir tribe of things may thus be said to b"e a larger subject than
the class or order which includes many such tribes— the
species a larger subject of discom-se than the genus it belongs
"to, and the individual the largest of them all. And though
this sounds like sa3^ng that after all the wbole is smaller than
its part, you will see the sense in which it is true, if you
consider that while an individual possesses all the features
which characterise the whole order, and which alono would
come under review if that order were oiu- subject, it also
possesses features pecuUar to itself. If I were to take matter
generally as the subject of my lecture — a word_ which
indicates as wide a subject as can bo imagined, for it inoludes
evei'ything we see, or hear, or taste, or feel, or smell — I should
after all be confined in my remarks to those properties which
are common to all matter, namely extension {length, breadth,
thickness,) which it possesses in common with empty space,
and substance, impenetrability, by which it is distinguished

from empty space. If I limited myself to one of the three
kingdoms — the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms —
under which all matter is ai-ranged, it is plain that then,
besides the general properties possessed by all, I should have
to describe the features distinguishing the one kingdom from
the other two. Now, suppose 1 had selected the animal
kingdom, it is clear that if I had confined myself, as it is
called, to a single individual in that kingdom, 1 should have
far more Uberty of speech than if my subject were the whole
of it ; for, besides the gcnei'al quaUties which that individual
possesses in common with all animals, besides those qualities
which mark it out as belonging to any particidar order, class,
or tribe of animals, and to which my remarks must have been
confined had that order, class, or genus been the subject of
them, I should in addition have to describe the individual
peculiarities characteristic of itself.

Well, then ! it is just so that an atom is an extensive
subject. Let a man but know one single atom perfectly, with
ail the tendencies and forces animating and controlling it —
and just as another who should know all the capacities and
tendencies of a single human being might out of them
construct the full idea of Society, so be, pursuing all these
forces to their natural results, would i-ange- at will through
the whole circle of the sciences. He would have the key to
all the secrets of astronomy, for they depend upon the law of
gravitation, or attraction between atoms at a distance. He
would have the key to all the phenomena of solids, liquids,
gases— strength of material, friction, elasticity, and a hundred
other subjects, for these depend upon the various attracting
and repelling forces existing between atoms ne.ir to one
another. He would have the key to all the phenomena of
growth, decay, and change of form and substance apparent,
whether in living bodies or in inorganic substances, for these
depend upon the chemical affinities and forces resident in
atoms. He would have the key to all the phenomena even of
electricity, I suppose, and m.agnetism, for these depend upon
mysterious forces which can be studied only in connection
with the atoms which they influence. And though he should
not solve the question— What is life 1 he would approach the
answer nearer than any other man, for, knowing the
behaviour of a living atom, and knowing all the forces which
affect a dead one, he could discern with clearness, and
separate, eliminate with accuracy all that was distinctly due
to life alone. What can be larger than an atom, then ? What
less appropriate as the subject of a single lecture ?

I propose to refer to the different forces by which material
.atoms are actuated and controlled, giving such illustrations of
their nature as may occur to me, or as I may have read in
books, and selecting those especially which scera more
expressly to indicate the forethought and benevolent design
to which the results of these forces everywhere bear mtness.
The arrangement of the subj ect which I shall adopt is suggested
by a pass.agc in a late number of the ' ' British Quarterly Reviev/,"
In which the writer, taking a general review of the sciences
relating to matter, speaks of it as presenting successive steps,
as it were, of increasing complexity as its student adv.ances.
Thiis, first we have astronomy and mechanics, which concern
themselves with matter merely, i. e., as possessing properties
without which we can hardly conceive matter to exist ; then
we have chemistry, concerning itself with affinities and forces
of an entirely different order existing between material
atoms ; then we have electricity, in connection with whioli
matter behaves itself so stningely that we are forced to suspect
the existence of some sepai-atc spirit, as it wei-e, independent
of the matter which it actuates, and this spirit we call
electricity. Lastly, we come into the region of vegetation and
of animal existence, and the new spirit here we caU vitality,
or life.

An atom of matter, then, may be, and every atom of a living
body is, actuated by these four different classes of forces. In
the first class is the foi'ce of attraction between atoms at a
distance ; the force of gravitation, which not only connects
the eax'th with all its outside pieces, but with all the members
of the solar system, and in fact with matter everywhere
throughout alT space ; then there is the force of cohesion, by
which the strength of material is produced, by which solidity
is confen-ed, and by the absence, partial or entire, of which
the liquid and the gaseous or aeriform state are conferred ;
then we. have a mutually repellant force existing liietween
particles in contact, so that when forced nearer one another
they rebound — the force to which all the phenomena of
elasticity are due. In the second class of forces actuating
atoms we include those which are illustrated in all the faces of
chemistry — unions and combinations of atoms which cannot
be explained by the attractions of cohesion and of pravitation.
In the third class we place all those forces which result in
the phenomena of electricity and magnetism — and in the
fourth is placed the unknown and mysterious force we call
vitality, or life.

Of course I cm do little more than merely glance at the
general outline of the subject, but this will not prove a mere
loss of time — even the professed student of such subjects, like
tho builder of a mansion, likes to have that general idea of the
proportion and relations of the several parts which is afforded
by the outline, plan, or elevation of the whole, notwithstanding
that this gener.al plan may be of little practical service to
either iu the work on which they are severally engaged.

[Then followed remarks upon the forces of attraction
and atlinity, with illustrations drawn from the sciences
of astronomy, mechanics, and chemistry.]

Life.— I pass now from this short notice of the chemical
forces resident in atoms, and omitting all reference to the
electric forces and their extraordinary results, both in Nature
and in Art, wo come to the last division of om- subject, and I
have now to ask you for a very short time to take a look at
the force which influences atoms when they are alive— the
force we call vitality, or life. Every one admits almost
instinctively that it is separate and distinct from all the other
forces I have named ; and thus, though proofs and illustrations
of the subject could be easily selected, no one needs them.
The idea, however, of it as a force resident in every little cell,
every atom so to speak, of the liring body, may not perhaps
be so readily admitted. The popular idea of life is, I think, that
of an active spirit occupying the otherwise inert body — a mys-
terious self-conscious individual being, as it were, occupying
that outward tenement of which our senses take account. We all
know that this is a ti-ue idea in the case of man, and probably
we all believe it m a certain sense of other animals as well.
I suppose, however, none of us extend it into the region of
vegetable life. There, at all events, there is not this undi-
vidable oneness of the liviiig piinciple ; for we c^n cut a slip
from off the plant, and it will gi-ow and become itself a plant,
and capable of producing others in a similar way. And this
is also tnie of certain of the lower sorts of animals as
well. Here, then, there is not that individuality of life, of
this force or being of life, which we are accustomed ti ■ think of
in a living being. The principle hei'e seems to exist throughout
the whole, animating cvei-j' part, and even cvorj' particle.
And 1 believe that these are not exceptions to a general nile
the other way ; they must be taken as illustrations of a
general truth existing even in the life of man, ao that besides
the soul of man there is a mortal life as well in which every
portion of tho body shares— a life, by the way, which by no
means con-esponds in duration with that of tho being iipon
earth — a vitality by the agency of which, as well as by its
cliemieal and mechanical tendencies, the behaviour of every
atom of the living body is enforced.

January 12. 1367.]

THE GARDENERS' CTTRONTCLE AND AORTCTTLTimAL CAZETTE,

35

The little blood .Hficn wbic-li, diatvibuted throvighoutncoloiir-
losa llnid. give its mlniii- tn the blood, arc oach of thorn aLivo.
Their iii'lL'pcinluni lit\^ is indeed not scpai'able for luiy length
of time fi'um thai, ufiho iiulividual body in whoso veins they
flow— but that it is uidopendont, tliat it is sopai-ablo, ;tdiuitn
of proof, and ymi may boliovo it from tho fact, of which you
have heard, that tills livinji l)lood has boon soparatcd from one
HiHu's life and given to auother'H ; for tlioro have been
instimces, you know, whoro tho life blood of a healthy man has
boon poured into the veins oi tho exhausted body of an invalid.
Tliough, ilierefore, we may not know at what point in tho
liiatory of the inert food that ia swallowed ita atoms acquire
this new aiul iudepondent force of life, yot that tUoy do ao
acnuire it is a tlung hoth demunstrablo imd crodiblo. Thoy
no longer pm-sue the samo conrao aa thoy hitherto had done.
Their own vitality, as well, I siippoac, as the conscioua life of
the animal they mistain. now guidca thoin differently. Thif'
new force both intenaitics and modifies tho other forces thoy
posscaa. Take even tbo moat material of them all, tho
attraction of cohesion— the weight which a living arm sus-
tains would, wore the body doad, pull it from ita socket. Take
also tho choiuical forces of these atoms— not only are the
ordinary chemical artinitics altered, but new acnsitiveness is
exhibited ; a tlumsanfl liner and moro delicate affinities are
uwakened, new cum pounds are formed; atoms join to atoms in
a uiamier wliich. did life depart, they would not toloraco an
Lour. In the living tree the carbonic acid of tho air is
absorbed, and tho snnshine and the vitil force together cause
its component parts to lly asunder, tho carbon is retained and
built up in tho tree, an<l the bcalthfid oxygon is sent back to
purify tho air. It is n 't the sunshine only that is active hci'o
—it is not tho ordinary chcndeal allinitics that are hero ui
oxoi-ciso. Let life but go, and the sun shall shine in vain, and
tho ordinary chemieal affinities of tho c;xrbon and oxygen
induce their imion, not their separation, and tho leaf when
dead will wither and liecome resolved again into tho water
and carbonic acid gaa which originally it was.

This vital force then, though it can do nothing except by
meana of tho mechanical and chemical forces, ia a thing apart
from them. No doubt heat and moisture and chemical affinity,
as well a* life, ate needed for the maintenance of the living
body, but lot the life once go .and these very powers will then
accelerate its decay : the very forces which life had enlisted in
favour i>f the living body destroy the building they had r.aised.
Hear Sir Edward Bulwor:— " Nearly 17 centuries," be says,
" had rolled away when the city of Pompeii was disinten-ed
from its silent tomb, all vivid with undimmedhues. Its walla"
(which, remember, had stood in their original strength and
beauty in virtue mainly of the mechanical and chemical forces
icsident in their atoms) " are fresh as if painted yesterday.
Not a line has faded from the rich mosaic of its floors. In ita
f<irum are the half-finished columns as left by the workmen's
hand ; in its gardens the sacrificial tripod ; in ita halls the
furniture and lamps." Mind! none of these had overlived—
the forces which alone had ever actuated their atoms had
remained unshaken by the catastrophe, and had continued to
preserve them, lint what of the beings which had lived ?
What of the forms built up, not by chemistry alone, but by tho
force of life ? Some of them indeed were moulded still upon
the soon hardening mud and dirt in which that day enveloped
tbcui— but the vital force to which, and not mere chemistry,
those forms were due, w.as that day stifled, and so it is that
amid the crowd of still perfect objects of merely inert matter
which still vcmain— only the bones and the skeletona of a few
of thoso are foimd, '' who once moved the springs of all that
gorgeous machinery of luxury and life." Yes, life is a separate
force from chemical .aflinity or any other of the forces we have
named. The result of them alone remains unspoiled for
centuries, for they too remain for centuries unaltered to pre-
serve it. But the results of life pass away from our view with
the force which bad created them. This is the uniform experi-
ence, and so the universally expected thing — and so I think we
wonder leas even at the Pyi'amids themselves, than at those
hahf -disintegrated tresses of a woman's hair, plaited with such
elegant and patient skill, which though bi-ought to the British
Museum from some Egyptian tomb, where they had lain for
30 centimes, still here and there retaiJi the lusti-e of the day
which saw their burial. And so I think we wonder less at the
fresh-cut characters upon the stony slabs lately disinterred by
Hr. Layard, than.at that incident he relates— the odour which
he tells us he recognised one day from the fire of Cedar frag-
ments gathered from tho ruins — ancient wood that still retained
the aroma as fresh as though it had been felled but yesterday,
which was built up within the living tree 3U0O years before.
This wonder is an instinctive tesrimony to the entire separate-
nes3 and distinctness of the vital force from all the other
attributes of matter, and of this it is weU to have a well
fotmded, firm conviction as well as a mere instinctive imprea-
aion— for there arc those who would have vis believe th,at it is
by the original .and inherent jiowers resident in atoms from
the bepinnmg that they h.avo developed, grown up of them-
selves into ;dl the forms of matter which we see around us—
th.at they have developed, grown up uncared for, into living
beings, even into man. Now, though this idea may be far
enough from being atheistic, it is, aa Hugh Miller has well
illustrated, subversive of beliefs of as great importance to us
aa even that in tho existence of a God — it is subversive of a
belief in oiu: own immortality, for we are thereby placed in the
same class and category with all other animals, and even with
dead matter itself. How rigid thei-efore and anxious an
examination aueh a theory demands before it is accepted I
need not say — and this it has received.

It has been carefully examined in .all its different aspects
by those, I need not say, most able to do it justice, and how-
ever plausible it be, the facts of Nature are against it. It
is overthrown by the distinct ateps, not the gradual develop-
ment observable in what geology tells ua of the beings which
possessed the earth before the creation of man. And I think you
will admit th;it the entii'C distinctness of the vital principle is
a conclusive proof that it too could not have gi*own out of .any
of the other attributes of matter. The force of life acts, no
doubt, consistently with all the other forces pi-eviously
re.-^ident in atoms, but it ia entirely separate and distinct from
them. Inorganic chemistry — the chemistry of dead matter —
cannot even make one of the products of a living body ? No
man, I believe, with all the apphances of the most skilful
chemiati'y at command, ever yet baa made of merely inor:ganic
matter a lump of sugar or a piece of starch — all that he can do
is to extract these things from whei-e a living chemistry has
placed them. Much less then can .an undhected chemistry create
a living body. Its powera cannot make a living body ; they
cannot even preserve it. It is not the force of cohesion merely
that holds these limbs together— it ia not the chemical foi-cea
which nourish and maintain them. Let life but leave the
body, and aa I have aU'eady said, they would destroy it ; let
life depart, and the very aame forces which under its control
had built the body up in strength and beauty, would conspire
for its destruction, and the very atoms which they had
collected from air, and earth, and plant, and united in
harmonious discipline, are like a host without its head,
disorganised and uaoless, which will scatter each to the place
from which it came.

Let UH not imagine then, that life can come of electricity, or
chemistry, or any so-called natural force. Instinct will some-
times apeak out pLainly on a point like this when Reason— juat
becauso sho ia not asked — continues silent. The African
traveller, wo know, had traversed continents and seas of
merely inert matter. Ho had passed through air, and over
earth and ocean all at rest. He had also felt the hunicane and

the atorm at sou— had hcou the rolling wators of the nver
Niger and tho moving cohnnuH of tho deaert aand— every
atom, whether moving or at rcat, was to the ear of reason
telling him of God ; and yct,*hclpless and despairmg aTuidst all,
he waa about to lay him down and die, Inft tho alght of the
little plant of Moss, it-n tiny life amid tho overwhelming desert
wliore it grow— no natural development bo sure of the material
forcea acting thoreou— spoke to his heart when all the rest had
failed, and trusting in that rruvidoneo which had cared fur it,
his liopoa and energies I'cturned.

Let ufl nut imagine then that life can come of electricity <""'
chomi.stry ur any so called natnral force ; it ia no mere form of
word.-i, it. i.s nil inui-i) intimation of our ignoranco to say itcoiuca
direct fnun Uud. Wo know what want of care and supervision,
oven such as wo can exerciao, resiUta in— it results in explo-
Kit na and collisions, in accident .and death — that ia the
tUrection in which m.attcr naturally develops— and yet this
carelessness is tho very source out of which these dreamers
fancy tliat this world of order, beauty, harmony, and life has
risen. Lot ua Inmgino, if wo will, that .atoms of water and of
iron did of themselves, .and of tho forces which wo know
reside within them, ever gi*ow up uncared-for into the fuU-
gi-own complicated locomotive engine, even though wo know
that being still uncared-for these same forces must very .soon
rcault in its explosion and destruction — but we cannot believe
that by any process merely of development, by however many
steps, thia world could over have become the scene of the
altogether new force, Life. Wo cannot believe that by any
process merely of development, through whatever ages, by
whatever insensible gradaticms, man could ever have aiisen, as
its m.astcr, had not the Lord God formed him of the dust of the
ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life.

I have tried then to givo a few of those details which go to
make up the natural history of an atom. We have seen how
each of tho myriads of which thia world is built has had
conferred upon it propertiea adaptmg it for the task it has to
do— how the forces of cohesion and gravitation confer stabilUy,
while the force of repulsion between particles enables motion,
and so enables life. 'Wo have seen how tho various qualities
and .appearances of things are due to the varying chemical
forces with which matter is endowed, and how all together have
been guided and constructed so as to make this earth a fitting
scene for tho existence of the new force, life. It may be
interesting to notice, in conclusion, aa indeed was intimated
in the extract from the " British Quarterly Review," which I
referred to in the commencement, how with every fresh
endowment matter incrcase.s in its power to impress the mind,
rising its status, as it were, until from the merest inert
presence it becomes able to excite our wonder, .admiration,
even sympathy. Suppose it in possession only of the ordinary
material forces— that is, of the attractive forces of giavitation
and cohesion, .and the repellent power existing among its
particles, and all in the uniform unalterable degree in which,
were matter only of one kind, we might expect to find them ;
still this world might have been perfect astronomically— it
would have revolved with perfect reguharity in its orbit, and
to the inhabitants of another world it might have shown as
bright .and beautiful a star as it does at present ; but to an eye
upon its surface it would not be recognisable. It would be a
uniformly hardened, level, blank, and desert plain, .and in
spite of sun and stars, without a d.ayUght and without a sky.
But add the varying chemical forces to its atoms, so that they
shall arrange themselves according to the various qualities
they would then possess ; we should have differences in
hardness, form, and colour m.anifesting themselves; we should
h,ave an .atmosphere, an ocean, and an earth ; we should have
in time the hardened mountain ridge and the soft alluvial
plain, the river and the lake ; we should have the air with its
daylight and ita azure sky, its glories of the sunset and
the sunrise, its rainbow, clouds, and winds, and rain,_and h.ail,
and snow ; add electricity, and .among the more obvious of its
manifestations, we then should have the grandeur of the
thunder storm and lightning flash, and the calmer beauties of
tho aurora of the North. As yet, however, all is desert. There
are already frigid, temperate, and torrid zones around the
earth, but all are barren equ.ally. Circumstances would be as
various then as now— there would be glaciers here and rivers
there— icebergs in the North, and warm and sunny islands in
the South ; alluvial deltas forming at the mouths of rivers,
and .aoil disintegrating evervwhere upon the surface of the
rock, and over all would fall the dews and fertilising showers
of heaven. But in spite of all no life appears— all is dead, and
would eontiinio so. The forces acting hitherto could not
produce a living being. But the new force, life, appears at
length at the command of its Creator, and immediately the
framework of the world puts on its many-coloured coat of
forest, field, and flower. Eields standing dressed in living
green, were there but a higher kind of life, were there but .an
€)/e, would gladden it. Well, thia higher kind of life is now
created, and the air is filled with song, and earth becomes a
scene to gladden every sense. And were there but intelligence
in any of the living beings on its surface, it would live-
Live in a yiew apocalypse of sense.
With beauty and with music waving in the trees,
And running in tho rivers to make glad
The soul !
There is intelligence— there is a coiyahiHt]/ of intelligence, and
when it shall have liccome intelligence ^vill it, think you, prate
.about the natural though wonderful growth and development
of thoso origiiial and inherent powera of material atoms
resident in them from the beginning, which have at length
grown up— resxdted in — itself? Will it not exclaim of all these
things, "Let them praise the name of the Lord, for he
commanded, and they were created. Ye dragons and all
deeps : fire, and bail, and snow, and vapour— stormy wind
fultilling his word— mountains and all hills— fruitful trcea and
all ced.ars — beasts and all cattle— creeping things and flying
fowl— i'e k iugs of the earth : — praise ye the name of the Lord.
It is His glory that is above the earth. /. C. M.

IRISH AGRICULTUEE.

[Tlic foUowuig ia the conclusion of a paper by Mr. Davidson,
recently read before tlie BaUynialion Farmers' Club.]

1. Of the farmer who holds light, poor tillage soils.
Thegeneral way such soilsare mauaged in this country is
to let them lie in Grass, and for this they are not adapted ;
it is very ditlicult to fatten cattle, even with the
aid of Turnips, on such a soil, as the Turnips are not of
the same Yainc, even should the crop be a large one.
The quality (if Turnips i.s often overlooked when dis-
cussing st'jll-l'ccding or sheep-folding, and the same
rule hold,s good with all produce grown on this class of
laud. In comparison with that grown on good soils,
the same quantity of hone, muscle, or wool can never
be produced in stock fed on light soil, no matter how
fed. The system of feeding suited to the farmer is
storing all his stock and producing spring heifers, and
selling to graziers and dairy farmers. The cows suitable
for this purpose are a good class of Irish cows, crossed
with a Short-horn bull. There is no use in getting
large stock on such land, as they would soon get small ;
the calves should be reared as described before, hut

no iu-tilicial food i.s necessary for store fcedinR— Tur-
nips, Straw, VotchcB, and young Grass should bo their
feeding, us old Grass is of no value on this soil. Tho
bullocks shotdd ho sold at two years old to tho gra-
ziers, and the springing heifers at three years ol(l, to
the dairy farmers, and they will pay nearly as well
as if tliey had been Ktall-fed. Uut only a small stock
of cattle should bo kept, as this land is iiKir(^ adapted
for sheep folding. Pigs may be kept prfjiitaljly on such
a farm, though they are animals wliich require sys-
tematic management to get full value from them.
There is also great dilfcrenco of opinion as to the best
way of managing pigs. Some years since I heard a
very sharp discussion going on between two very clover
stock feeders about the way pigs should bo fed, one
advocating the high feeding system and the other
the cheap, green feeding system. Not having much
e.xperience at the time myself, I did not venture to
express my ideas on llie subject ; but I resolved to
settle tho question to the satisfaction of niysolf, and
to get a knowledge of how to feed pigs in future. I
therel'ore put a large white Yorkshire sow to breed
at the 1st of November, and kept an account of all she
cost till the pigs were 10 weeks old. They then stood me
in I5s. each ; she reared 10 pigs, from which I selected
four of equal value, and put two of them on the high
feeding system, and the other two on the green feeding
system. The former got as much Oat, Pea, and Poan
meal stirabout, with sweet milk, as they would take ;
and wheu I killed them at si.i; months old I found that
I had put on 1 lb. of pork for every day they were old,
or nearly so ; and according to market value they were
then worth 3/. IGs. 8rf., having up to th,at time cost mo
(valuing everything they ate at market price) 5/. lOs. Gd.
each. This convinced me of the fallacy of feeding pigs
entirely on good marketable produce. The other two
got cut Vetches and pulped Mangels, with half a
pound of bruised Oats per day, mixed with water, as
a drink. When the Potato-digging time came on I
gave them some damaged ones, and increased the meal
to 1 lb. per day. I cooked none for them— the Potatos
and some Turnips were pulped up together and the
meal added. I killed them when nine months old, and
they were then worth £2 lis., and after deducting the
value of the corn and Potatos, I found that they paid
me at the rate of £15 per acre for the Vetches, and loj.
per ton for the Mangels, and that is a fine price for
such crops consumed at home. Ever since this has been
my system of feeding pigs. When the Vetches begin to
pod, and the corn that should be sown amongst them
ripens, the pigs flourish on them, and all weeds gathered
about, and also bog stuff, should be put uuderthem,
all of which they will convert into valuable manure.

2. Next we have, or rather should have, the hill feeder,
or the farmer who holds mountain pasture. This class
of feeding is much neglected : it is not so in Scotland,
where the hill farmers are amongst the wealthiest agri-
culturists in the country, producing their thousands of
West Highland cattle and mountain sheep, with crosses
to supply tho Turnip feeding farmers. There are many
hills in this country that would produce lots of good
stock if they were improved and properly managed ;
the improvement of such land is not so difficult as
many people think, the burning of the heath, sur-
face drainage, and liming being the necessary steps
to take towards their improvement, and lime is
generally cheap and can be easily put on by means
of asses and creels, which are also plentiful enough,
and by breaking up the more level parts of the hills
and sowing Rape, and feeding off by sheep, many
thousands of acres along the sloping sides of hills
could be made excellent sheep walks, even far up
on the mountain sides. If proof of this is wanted, it
is to be had at Jerpoint Hill, Co. Kilkenny, where
Mr. Franks, by perseverance and skill, has made a
splendid sheep farm of what was formerly a moun-
tain, covered with whins and stones. Now it is all
formed into large parks, and fenced by well-built stone-
walls, and stocked with a flock of sheep that are a credit
to the county they belong to. Another proof is to be
found in tho hills near Mountrath, which have been
improved by Mr. Stewart Trench, a gentleman who
has done much to improve the agriculture of Ireland,
by setting a good example himself, and showing what
can bo done, even with a heath-clad hill ; nor have the
owners of hill land to go far to look for stock for
improved hills, as no better class of cattle forthe pur-
pose tlian the Kerry could bo had ; and when crossed
with the Short-horn bull, the stock would he excellent.
The calves should be allowed to suckle their dam, and
when weaned at November there should be a portion of
the best of the hill kept for them, and some hay got
to winter them, afterwards they would do well on the
hill till three years old, wdien they would be readily
purchased by the graziers on second-class land.
Hill farmers would have to go to Scotland to get a
class of sheep to stock with, as the mountain sheep m
this country are only the large breed of the country
degenerated by bad keep, not suitable to them ; not
like the symmetrical Cheviot and stately black-face
bred for the purpose in Scotland. There is more risk
and loss to be sustained by the hill than the lowland
fanner; but in Scotland the loss of a fe\v hundred
sheep every winter amongst a hill stock is not con-
sidered much, nor should it frighten hill o^vners irom
embarking largely in hill feeding here. I will only
make a few remarks on the sixth class of feeders, or
small farmers under 10 acres. The stock ol these
farmers are oikn badly managed, the Grass about tue
ditches and often the public roads being their principal
support through the winter; they never think ol pro-
viding a supply of feeding for their stock nor foi' them-
selves" but spend their time betwixt the bed and the fire
during the winter months; and if they do stir out,
it is to the market or court-house to earn law they .go
of which many of them know more about than leedmg
a cow. He would be a brainless felow who could not
make every day's labour on his little farm worth 3s,

36

THE GARDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[jANirAllT 12, 1867.

per day to himself. The class of feeding adapted to
him is the production of butter and pork. The cows
kept should be a good half-bred Kerrj', and his landlord
should have a good Short-horn bull at his service, for
which he should be charged nothing. The calves
should be kept till six montlis old, then be sold to the
large tillage farmer to rear and fatten. A breeding sow
should be kept, and the pigs reared and fattened, which
he can do more economically than a large farmer. He
should produce yearly his plot of Cabbage, Potatos,
and Turnips to feed his stock, &o., also some grain for
himself ; and all should be done through his own labour.
I have dwelt so much on the different systems
that should be carried out because of the great loss
the country sustains by farmers not suiting their
system to the land they farm, and the stock to their
system. Nothing proves the talent of an agriculturist
so much as the proper selection of a system and stock
suitable to his climate and his markets. And the
ruinous system of laying all land under pasture has
destroyed what ought to be, and will yet be, one of
the finest countries of the nation. Her sons have
been hunted from her shores to look for the labour she
required ; and where are the recruits to be got now
to defend the British flag ? It is the fault of the pro-
prietors that they are gone. The Government offers
landowners money at a very cheap rate to improve
their estates — to give labour and enrich them-
selves. Another reason why tillage is so much
done away with is the^ high price of labour, which
is 20 per cent, dearer in Ireland than in Scotland ;
but that is improving every year by the use of
machines and the education of young labourers. If
we could get a spirit of independence amongst the
men, instead of the sneaking, unprincipled, and un-
truthful habits that prevail amongst them, we would
improve them much ■ but the country will never be
right nor flourish until the government taxes all un-
improved lands at the rate of 11. per acre, after first
sending a i^ractical judge to see that such lands can
be improved, and offering the proprietor money to
do so, if he has it not himself. There is nothing will
drive off laziness so soon as putting a tax on it ; but
they are too careless both of their own interests and
of those who have been placed under them to enter
on the task of improving their estates. They are
the first to give up tillage and all improvements,
and throw their demesnes into Grass ; no wonder,
then, their tenants follow their example, and tell
the labourers if the gentlemen do not give employ-
ment, how can they be expected to do so ? The
reason gentlemen give for doing so is that the tillage
would not pay — how could it pay when it is not
properly managed? Some 15 years since, and even
later than that, if ^ a steward who had learned his
business thoroughly in Scotland applied to a gentleman
for a vacant situation, and asked a respectable salary,
he would not be looked at unless he would take £40 or
£50ayearfor his services. How can a first-rate business
man be expected to Avork for this salary ? There are
many men who would engage to manage property, buy,
sell, and perform the duties of a land steward, who
knew nothing about them, to whom £.30 or £40 a-year
was a godsend ; and I am sorry to say that many clever
agriculturists, who understood their business well and
had good characters, were obliged to take nearly as low
terms or turn to other business ; but I am glad to see
that gentlemen are now giving the man of character
and ability better wages, which will bring better men
into the field — men who know how to employ money
to advantage, instead of boasting of how much they
have laid out.

POOD.

[A Committee presided'ovcr by the Right lion. Henry Austin
Bruce, SI. P., has accepted from the Society of Arts a com-
mission to inquii-e into various topics connected with the
Food of the Country. The following address by Mr. Harry
Chester on the occasion of the first meeting of this
Committee, defines the purposes for which it has been
constituted,]

The subject of the food of the people had for some
time past occupied the attention of the Council of the
Society, and the circumstances of the present day
made it more than usually expedient to take some
more definite action upon it. They were all aware
that the Privy Council and other public authorities
had published statements showing that the people of
this country were insufficiently fed ; that there was a
great want of sufficiently nutritive food. This was not
merely a question of humanity and charity ; it was a
very grave national question, vitally affecting "arts,
manufactures, and commerce," and the very sources of
national strength. The first thing was to see clearly in
what directions this committee could usefully act, and
what it must necessarily avoid. Nothing must be done
to interfere in any way with the operation of the laws
of political economy, nor with the natural action of
trade ; but the Society of Arts might in this as in other
matters do good service by ventilating the subject, by
collecting and distributing information, by repeatedly
calling attention to the principal needs and the best
suggestions for supplying them, by offering medals and
premiums for various inventions of improved processes,
and generally by bringing the resources of science to
bear on the wants and difficulties of those branches of
arts, manufactures, and commerce, which are concerned
in the production, importation, preservation, and prepa-
ration of articles suitable for food. His hope that this
was a subject with which the Society of Arts might
usefully deal had been greatly encouraged by the cordial
manner in which those noblemen and gentlemen who
had been invited ^ to serve on the Committee had
responded to the invitation. The most lively inte-
rest bad been expressed ; and the two or three who
had declined to serve had given sufficient reasons
for so doing. The Committee had been promised
a great deal of very valuable assistance by many

distinguished members of the medical profession.
The subjects of inquiry might be said to be of almost
unlimited extent, and it was desirable to indicate at
the outset a few great divisions of the subject on which
it might be most useful at first to enter. It would not
be well to enter upon such branches of the subject as
were calculated to excite popular prejudices, such, for
example, as the introduction of horse-flesh as an article
of food for the lower classes. The Committee were
aware that this was a subject of great interest just now
at Paris. It might or might not hereafter become
popular in this country, but at present the mere
mention of it would tend to excite an uncontrollable
prejudice against the Committee. There were four
great subjects with which he thought the Committee
might advantageously begin to deal :— Meat, fish, milk,
cooking. The first great principle, he had almost said,
of Christianity as well as of political economy appeared
to be that all the world should be kin, that each part of
the world should contribute to supply the wants of the
rest. The home supply of meat for the population of
these islands was not nearly sufficient for the due sus-
tenance of one-half of the population. The supply of
live cattle from foreign parts could never be equal to
the want. Fresh meat in the natural condition could
only be procured from foreign countries to a limited
extent, that is, from neighbouring countries^ and in
favourable weather. On the other hand, millions of
tons of beef and mutton were wasting in distant quarters
of the earth ; and science was required to devise means
for so dealingwith that beef and mutton that commercial
enterprise might be enabled to bring it to this country
in a condition suitable for food. This was an object of
enormous importance. It had long occupied the atten-
tion of the Society of Arts. In 1853, when delivering
the centenary address, as Chairman of the Council, he
(Mr. Chester) had alluded to it, and asked why
Australia should export only the wool and tallow of
the sheep, and not the mutton itself to the hungry
masses in this country. Of late years, no session had
passed without the Society's taking some measures to
call public attention to this subject. Almost every
patented and other invention for preserving meat had
been described, and many of them had been exhibited
in the Society's great room. In 1803 the Society bad
offered a medal and a prize of 70/., provided by the
liberality of Sir W. C. Trevelyan, a member of the
Society.* Various claims had Ijeen submitted to the
Council, but no award had hitherto been made ; and
he understood that the Council would be glad of the
assistance of this Committee in making the award. To
this important point, then, their attention would be
turned at once. They saw daily advertised not fewer
than three different kinds of exfracttcm canus, all
claiming to be Liebig's exiractmn. He believed that
there was not much doubt as to which of the three was
the genuine article ; but the Committee might cause
them all to be analysed, and might give the results to
the public. So much attention had lately been given
to the importance of preserving and increasing the
supplies of fish, that he need merely to indicate that
subject as one which would abundantly reward inquiry.
Mr. Evvart, and other members of the Committee who
flourished in the ante-railway period, must remember
the immense vans, with high wheels, that used to
bring fish daily to London from the Kentish and
Suffolk ports. They were thought to travel at a
wonderful rate, and they wero called into existence by
the Society of Arts, which had offered medals and
prizes, and otherwise excited a spirit of enterprise,
" for the better supplying of the metropolis with fish,"
The better supply of milk was a vital question. He
did not now allude to that fearful source of mortality
among the infant poor, the deficiency of breast milk.
He alluded to the fact that, as a general rule, the
working classes of this country, even in dairy districts
— and perhaps more there than elsewhere — were unable
to procure the milk diet which was necessary to the
growth of heal thy bodies. In some districts there was
an absolute insufficiency of milk ; in others there w'as
an abundance of it, but it was turned into butter and
cheese, and the poor could get none to drink. He
believed that the Ladies' Sanitary Association had
published some useful suggestions for dealing with the
latter case ; and, if so, the Society of Arts might with
advantage give additional publicity to those suggestions.
There was plenty of kind feeling in England, but
people did not always know " how to do it." It had
struck him as somewhat unfortunate that, while the
supply of milk, as milk, was insufficient for the wants
of the people of England, such large quantities of
English milk should be converted into cheese.
Cheese, of course, was a valuable article of
food, very nutritious to those who could digest it,
but cheese might be brought from a distance, while
milk could only be consumed, as milk, within a very
limited area. Mr. J. C. Morton, in his paper on
" London Milk," last session,t had stated that the
quantity of milk consumed by the three millions of
London people was less than half the amount that,
according to a good standard of food, they ought
to consume; also that this was true of a very
wide extent of agricultural populations ; that the
transit of milk by railway was injurious to it;
and that consequently country-raised milk was worth
less per gallon in London than London-raised milk.
He gave a table showing the milk-consuming rate of
various populations, and it appeared that in Devon-
shire the quantity of milk consumed was considerably

greater per head than in any other English county.
Could this superiority be a result of the common
Devonshire practice of preserving the milk by clotting
it ? He thought that the Society of Arts might usefully
press on the railway companies and milk producers the
great importance of improving the present very unsuit-
able milK vans in which that delicate and valuable
commodity was now savagely transmitted to the metro-
polis. He thought also that the Society of Arts might
offer its medal and a valuable premium for the best
method of preserving milk, so that it might be sent
from greater distances than at present. JIuch milk
which was now necessarily converted into cheese,
because it could not be kept from spoiling as milk,
might then be more beneficially and profitably con-
sumed as milk. Mr. Foster had told him of a French
invention for the preservation of milk ; and said that
he had tasted some milk thus preserved for three years,
which was perfectly sweet, and could not be distin-
guished from fresh milk. The Committee would do
well to acquaint itself with that invention ; and, if it
were open to any serious objection, the Society might
do good service by offering a medal and a valuable
prize for a better method of preserving milk. He knew
that, after all, the commercial principle, the hope
of gain, was the best stimulus to invention: but all
experience showed, the experience of the Society of
Arts proved to demonstration, that these offers of
medals and prizes had useful effects. To this day
the medals granted at the Exhibition of 1851 were
paraded in advertisements of all sorts of articles that
were offered for sale ; and this was done not merely
by petty chapmen of no reputation, but by trades-
men and manufacturers of world-wide eminence. An
article medalled by the Society of Arts was surS to com-
mand a market. On the subject of cooking he would
not say many words. The Committee well knew how
deplorable was the cooking among the lower, indeed
among all but the highest, classes in this country. A
valuable paper* had been read and well discussed before
the Society of Arts, on the admirable system of
" Cooking Depots " introduced at Glasgow by Mr.
Corbett. That was one of the greatest boons that had
been conferred on the working classes. The same
system had been introduced successfully at Man-
chester. An attempt had been made in London, but
unhappily without success. He believed that it had
failed, so far as it had failed, from no inevitable causes,
from no local peculiarities. There seemed to be no
reason why the same system should not be carried out,
on a very extended scale, in London as elsewhere ; and
the Committee might do a good work in collecting and
collating experience on the subject, and in calling
attention to it, until a second Mr. Corbett should arise
with wisdom and energy enough to acclimatise the
Glasgow product in the metropolis. The Committee
might also represent to the Committee of Council on
Education the great importance of providing instruc-
tion in cooking for the poorer classes. This surely was
a subject well worthy of the notice of her Majesty's
Inspectors of Schools. This was a matter which the
Society of Arts had long regarded as important.
In the Society's great scheme of educational exami-
nations, designed to encourage the education of
adults among the working classes of both sexes,
domestic economy held a prominent place. In that
subject the Dean of He reford was examiner. In his
outline of the examination for 1867 were included " the
nutritious properties of food, animal and vegetable;
modes of cooking, &c. ;" and a benevolent member of
the Council, Mr. T. Twining, had taken measures to
supply a systematic course of lectures to the working
classes in different parts of London. Having par-
ticularised these four great subjects of meat, fish, milk,
and cooking, he would notlonger detain the Committee,
though he was aware that there was an almost infinite
number of other useful subjects which might be
specified. There were, for example, the great cereal
class, vegetables of various kinds, as well as fruits,
little known, but capable of being much used in this
country ; and that scandal of civilisation, the adultera-
tion of food.

The following gentlemen were appointed a Sub-
Committee to collect information and materials, and
generally to prepare for the transaction of the business
of the Committee when it shall meet in February, viz.,
the Et. Hon. Hy. Austin Bruce, M.P., Chairman of the
Committee ; Mr. Childers, M.P., and Mr. Shaw, Vice-
Chairmen ; Professor Bentley, Mr. Harry Chester, Mr.
Michael, Mr, Consul Parish, and Mr. Edward Wilson.
Abridged from the Journal of the Society of Arts.

* The terms of the offer arc as follows :— " The sum of 70^
placed at the disposal of the Council by Sir W, C. Trevely.an,
Bart., with the Society's medal, is offered for the discovery of
a process for preserving fresh meat better than by any method
hitherto employed, applicable to the preservation of meat in
countries where it is now almost valueless, so as to render it
an article of commerce and .available for stores on ship board,
S])ecimcns, with detailed accounts of the process employed,
must be sent to the Society,"

t " Joum.al of the Society of Arts," vol. xi7., p. C5.

POTATO CULTURE.
The Anv.iNTAGEs or Planting Eaeit Whole
Potatos. — About 24 years ago I planted several
rows of the same variety of Potatos, some with small
cuts, some with large cuts, and others with small,
large, and whole Potatos, When dug, it was ascer-
tained that the largest whole sets yielded the weightiest
crop, and the small out sets the lightest. Since that
time I have been in favour of planting large whole
Potatos, notwithstanding the large proportion of
unsaleable Potatos generally produced by planting
them. Perhaps this is one of the reasons that cut sets
are generally resorted to by the great majority of
farmers and others. With the view of improving the
quality and increasing the quantity of those raised from
large whole sets, about seven years ago I caused all the
stems except the best one to be pulled from each of the
sets while the Potatos were being hoed, and in this I
succeeded far beyond my expectations. From a series
of trials I have found that it is most unwise and
unprofitable to plant cut Potatos of any kind, and
more especially those of the early sorts, which
are frequently disbudded twice, and sometimes
thrice before being planted, consequently the sets

" Journal of the Society of Arts," vol. xi,, p. 199.

January 13, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

37

arc so much draineil and weakened by tlio ciitlini; and
disbudding thai many of them iicrish from exhauslion
or dry rot, and thoso that grow are generally weak and
unproductive. liesides, cut I'otatos, althougli not
destroyed by disbmldinij, are frequently damaged Willi
dry rot, when iilantcd in drills that have been niiieli
exnosed to the sun, owing to the sap of the I'litatos
being absorbed by the dry material in which they are
planted ; hence, the propriety of planting wlinle
rotates to avoid the risk of being so damaged. Early
Potiitos would bo much more productive than they
usually are if proper means were taken to prevent them
from sprouting before they are planted. This may be
accomplished by storing them in cold cellars, or in dry
ground snflicicntly deep to exclude the heat of the sun
from them, or in an out-house, where they must be
frequently turned to prevent them from sprouting.

I have 'long been unpresscd with the idea that good
results would follow from autumn planting, especially
of early I'otatos in dry ground, where the tubers would
remain fresh and without budding until the soil
becomes more or less heated. If they are planted
5 or 0 inches deep they will not bo injured by frost,
although they should bo frozen, the frost would leave
the Potatos undamaged at the same time that it leaves
the ground, provided that they are excluded from the
sun and air. They will, however, not bo so early as
those of the same variety taken carefully from a pit or
other Potato store, with sprouts on them, and planted
about the beginning of April. Some persons may
doubt this, but they have only to make one fair trial to
be convinced of the truth of this assertion.

On the 20th April of this year, I resolved to ascertain
by a fair trial the dilference of planting cut sets to those
of whole sets. The Potatos used in the trial were
Smith's Earliest, which had been left in the ground
during the winter, having been missed by the digger,
consequently they were fresh and in good condition,
from which I selected 72 sets, 24 of them being cut sets
weighing IJ lb., 24 small whole sets weighing 2 lb., and
24 large whole sets w-eighing 51b. The whole were
planted at the same time, and on the same ground, and
grown with the same quantity and strength of liquid
manure. The cut sets were planted in two drills, 10
feet long by two wide, and 10 inches apart. The small
whole and large sets were planted respectively in two
drills adjoining each other, of the same dimensions in
every r&spect as those referred to ; and, of course,
the large whole sets, as well as the small whole
sets, were set only 10 inches apart, the same
distance as the cuts. It will thus be observed that
24 of either of the sets only occupied 40 square feet
of ground. During the time of hoeing all the shaws
were pulled away from each of the whole sets, except
one, and that one had ample room to grow ; indeed, I
am convinced that if they had been planted two or
three inches wider the crop would not have been
so good either in quality or quantity.

There is little or no danger of damaging the crop in
the removal of the superfluous shaws, and the cost will
not exceed in any district of this country 6s. per
imperial acre.

The Potatos were dug on the 6th of August last : the
produce of the cut sets weighed 15 lb., of the small
whole sets 23 lb., and of the large whole sets 31 lb. —
each of the lots being raised on 40 square feet of
ground. At the same rates an acre would produce
from the cut sets 72 bags (or 1152 stones), from the
small whole sets 111 bags, and from the large whole
sets 150 bags. The proportion of cut seed required to
plant an acre is 6 bags, of the small whole Potatos
nearly 10 bags, and of the large whole Potatos 24 bags.
The same variety of Potatos planted were sold this
year by retail at 3s. per stone. At this rate the cost
would be (per acre), for the cut seed, 14/. 8s. ; of the
small whole seed, 28/. ; and of the large whole ditto.,
57/. 12s.

Supposing the produce to be sold of the different sets
at the same price per acre, they would realise respec-
tively 172/. 16s., 266/. 8s., and 300/. It will thus be seen
that after deducting the extra price of the seed, labour,
and percentage thereon from the latter sums, a
handsome balance will be left in favour of the whole
sets.

It has been often asserted by persons who are looked
upon as good authorities that the only way to avert the
Potato disease is to plant none but those that are ready
for storing in July. Upon this plan I have acted for
the last 16 years, and during that time I have not lost
one Potato by the disease until la.st year, when I met
with a considerable loss, owing to having been too long
in digging them.

The Potato best suited, in my opinion, to avert the
disease and to remunerate the grower, is " Smith's
Early," frequently called "Smith's Curly," probably
from its producing long narrow curly leaves, similar to
those of the Ashleaf Kidney. It resists spring frosts
better than any other variety known to me, and pro-
duces a large quantity of peach-coloured blooms about
the beginning of June, a thing not common to early
Potatos. It IS, however, the earliest Potato that I
know of, being round in form and of a large size. It
would appear from the following testimonials copied
from the general seed catalogue of this year of Stuart
& Mein, of Kelso, that it is known about London to
be one of the best early round Potatos in culti-
vation : —

" We have grown Smith's Early Potato for the last
two seasons ; it proves to be quite distinct, and about
the same in point of earliness as the Handsworth, but
much more robust, more prolifio, and of better quality
than that variety. We consider it the best early round
Potiito that has come under our notice, and have been
saving all the seed possible to grow for general use in
the garden." — From the Royal Sortienltural Society,
Chisioick.

" With regard to the Potatos you sent me, I may say
that we were so pleased with them, that I shall grow

no other for second crop. Its quality, earliness, and
productiveness, prove it a lirst-class variety." — From
Mi: Scrymi/n; Sonnlmj, near JieadiiKj.

" I planted Smith's Early Potato on the 24th of
March, and dug .some of them on the 1st of June, and
lonud them to be quite riiic. There arc a good many
lioiuls in their favour— they arc a beautiful shape, fow
eyes, and very white and floury ; they are the curliest
rmiiid Potato 1 know oi." — From Mr. Fatrhairn,
ijarili-iii-r In /lis Ornce the Biilce of Nortlivmberlaiid,
iSyoit lIoii.it\ London.

Some parties in this district, however, have not
succeeded so well as could be desired in the growing of
this Potato, having cut their sets after the sprouts had
been once or twice broken off them ; therefore nothing
Init a poor blankey crop could be expected. If growers
treat them in the way recommended they will be
amply rewarded. James Dolibie, Renfrew.

Home Correspondence.

Mr.Mechiand Mr. W. B. Spuoiier(a last Word from
" T. B." — As Mr. Spoouer, of Eling, Southampton, has
made a rather furious onslaught upon me, attributing
my letters to the influence of "the potency of the
beverage " he concludes I had been drinking with
labourers, I will state why, contrary to my custom
and inclination, I took up my pen, and became a letter
writer for public reading. But I will first say that I
am a farmer, and the son of a farmer of no small extent
—full five times greater than Mr. Mechi is ; I am also,
and always have been, an experimentalist ; I therefore
cannot object to Mr. Mechi being the same. I cannot
find fault with Mr. Mechi for pursuing a system which
I recommend and practise myself ; nor have I ever
done so. Still I have written letters which have stirred
up the ire of Mr. Mechi's friend, Mr. W. B. Spoouer.
But I will give the history of those letters. I had
attended two of Mr. Mechi's annual gatherings, and I
saw his crops, which were fair ones, but not one of
them such as I could have boasted of had they been
my own. At the former of the gatherings I attended,
a debate arose between three land agents, one of whom
resided in Essex, as to the yields of Mr. Mechi's Wheat
crops, and in which I myself joined, and not one of
them estimated the average yields at 5J- quarters an
acre ; and the Essex gentleman's opinion was, that the
average was not 5 quarters; and on ray having
occasion to meet him on a valuation question
afterwards, he said he had ascertained that the
Wheats did not' average 5 quarters an acre.
But having lately read in agricultural journals state-
ments by Mr. Mechi that his crops for five years had
averaged within a very minute fraction of 60 bushels
an acre from certain quantities, I determined when next
in London to run down and learn what they were
thought of in his own neighbourhood, and I got as far
as Chelmsford on a market day, and conversed with
several farmers and others, and the same accounts I
heard rj-oiu tlioiii all. They spoke handsomely of Mr.
Mechi liimselt', praised him much as a generous and
kind-hearted man, but as for his farming they said it
was such as no wise man would ever foUoWj and the
accounts of his marvellous crops no one believed. I
therefore weut no farther, but returned to town and
went home. But my neighbour, a member of the
Royal Agricultural Society, also made inquiries, and
having occasion to send into Essex for some breeding
hogs, he took the opportunity to send his farming
bailiff and a ploughman, with instructions to go to
Tiptree .and examine all they could on the farm, and
learn what they could from labourers, if possible, who
worked or had worked on the farm, and the result was
what I stated in my last letter, obtained from the bailiff
and ploughman, and as near as possible in their own words.
It is sadly to be deplored that these published state-
ments are not believed, as it throws discredit upon
all, whether landlords or tenants, who try experiments
and are convinced that great improvements may be
made inever.y branch of farming operations,but shrink
from publishing the results of experiments they make
lest they should be represented as " enthusiastic and
poetical," as a certain Mr. AV. B. Spooner, of Eling,
Southampton, represents Mr. Mechi to be when advo-
cating iraporiSant principles. And he also flies into a
rage with me, and writes, I " may be a poet, but must
lay no claim to be a philosopher," and attributes
my want of faith in Mr. Mechi's reports of his " extra-
ordinary crops" to my having indulged too freely in
"the potency of the beverage" with which I treated
my neighbour's two labourers, whom he had sent as
spies into the land of Tiptree to spy out what was
doing there, and to bring back a faithful report. Now,
the potent beverage referred to was cider, which
I confess I am very partial to, and .should not grieve
if I should never partake of anything beside, and it is
certain the [tastes of the men were the same, for they
chose it in preference to ale, and of which they knew
I had always very good. Pirst year Mr. Mechi reports
that he dibbled a peck of Wheat on an acre of land,
and the yield from it was 7 quarters and 1 bushel.
Second year he dibbled another peck on an acre, and
the yield was 7 quarters and 2 bushels. Third year he
drilled 4^ pecks on an acre, and the yield was 8 quarters
an acre and no bushel. Fourth year he again drilled
4i pecks au acre and the .yield was again 8 quarters
an acre and no bushel. Fifth year he drilled on the
same land as the year before 4^ pecks, and the
yield was 7 quarters, making 15 quarters an acre
on the same land in two years, and no bushel.
Mr. Spooner is in a rage against me because I quoted
from his letter in the Ai/ricaltaral Gazette of Oct. 27,
that he had written that these marvellous crops
were " failures ;" and he has the hardihood to
deny that he had done so, and to attribute my
having so quoted, to the potency of this beverage.
But for those who may not have the Agricultural
Gazette of October 2" to turn to. I copy his words, and

be it observed they were written to refute my disbelief
in Mr. Mechi's extraordinary crops. —"A man"
(referring solely to Mr. Mechi) "must be unusually
wise or a very great fool who after along course of years
has no failures to acknowledge." And again, Mr.
Meelii candidly gives the agricultural world an account
of some of his principal failures." The question then
hero is not whether they were " failures " or not, but
whether Mr. S])ooncr wrote what I quoted or not, or
wlu'tlicr sonic malicious person forged his name or not.
lliil' in ciuiing, 1 hope, this controversy, I state most
eniphatii-ally tliat I have no personal unfriendly feeling
towards Mr. Mechi, but, as a man, the reverse exactly ;
but as a farmer, and as having the superintendence of
many estates besides ray own farm, I have known
instances wherein these extravagant publications of
Mr. Mechi's have done much mischief, and of this I
could give several instances, and I feel certain that
every person of my profession would do the same.
Mr. Mechi is an honour to his country, but sadly
deficient is he in discretion, or he would not destroy his
reputation, or the honourable name he has borne, by
extravagant publications. Let him this coming year
prove to a jury of land-agents and farmers that he will
have within 10 bushels only of Wheat an acre of what
he has published he had for five years, and he will find
me and many more not only willing but able to be
his friend. T. B.

Aijriciiltural Desiderata for 1867.— A happy new
year to you. Madam Ceres ; and to our modern agricul-
turist this is no narrow one-sided greeting, but com-
bines much that is hopeful. To make it a happy and
prosperous year for our modern agriculture much has
to be accomplished. The past year commenced in
gloom and distress. Our cattle were dying by
thousands, restrictions in business trying and annoy-
ing, and neither grain nor other agricultural produce
realised remunerative prices. The year 18G7 com-
mences under far happier prospects ; cattle plague
nearly extinct, grain remunerative, stock realising
profits, season one of the finest known, work of all
kinds forward, cheerfulness and gratitude manifest
everywhere. Let, then, joy and gratitude rule in each
of us. Agricultural Desiderata for \S<!ii \ What more
can be wanted ? Why, we want to perpetuate this
prosperity. What 1 govern the seasons ! No, you
cannot ! Stop a bit. Let us await the Report of the
Committee on Steam Cultivation. It is possible that
it will show us how, — or if not, how to modify matters,
and perhaps in a great measure overcome the difficul-
ties of an untoward season. This is one desideratum
for ISti" — proof that cultivation by steam power is the
salvation of heavy lands, and the greatest of modern
improvements in practical agriculture. Upon this
proof comes another, that such extra culture demands
the full development of the powers of the soil by unre-
stricted and unlimited courses of cropping— Zlesirfe-
ratuin No. 2. The use of artificial aids both in manures
to the soil, and food for the stock, we say is Desideratum
No. 3. Practical chemistry has done much to aid us
here -, but its true achievements are very imperfectly
known. Proofs are forthcoming to show that the full
extent of their value is unknown. Judicious artificial
manurings have wrought wonders in medium soils, and
almost miracles on our best soils, and they are still
extending their products. Food of good and correct
manufacture knows no limit to its power of fatting, or
its value as a digestive or condiment. Give it unlimited
trial in accordance with the known constitution of
animals at their respective ages, but supply every
animal with other than natural food as best judg-
ment dictates. Desideratum No. 4, we will say, is to
supply proof of the extraordinary extent to which
stockowners may profitably go in giving extra-
neous food to stock, i. e. corn-cake, manufactured
foods, &c. &.C., and the intermingling of succulent
or other food of natural growth in daily rations
— ;. e. Cabbage and the like, with Grass or
Clovers, hay with Turnips, or other similar appli-
cations and changes. Desideratum No. 5 shall refer
to the means of safety for our flocks and herds against
imported diseases through foreign stock—/, e. quaran-
tine, .slaughtering at port of debarkation, prohibitions
from infected countries, regulation of traffic in foreign
countries—/, e. no cattle or sheep to be received or
landed except a clean bill of health is produced from
the port of exportation. Quarantine grounds to be
provided by Government at several convenient ports
to which all foreign stock must come. Desideratum
No. 6 is that we want strenuous efforts to be made
to uphold the political status of the landed interest —
/. ('. that Chambers of Agriculture, Farmers' Clubs,
Malt-tax Associations, and similar bodies shall all join
as one united body upon all political questions affecting
agriculture. Desideratum No. 7 is the return of
the natural guardians and upholders of the agricultur.a]
interests to their pristine duties and position—/, e. the
nobility and country gentlemen, which guardianship
and duty they have too readily relinquished for popular
and meaner considerations. Desideratum No.' 8 is
that counties and country towns shall cease to return
the scions of nobility or gentry as members of Parlia-
ment unless they manifest high talents for business and
general ability. Desideratum No. 9 is that as the
great body of tenant-farmers are not fairly represented
in Parliament, every means should be sought to return
intelligent men of that class on behalf of the agricul-
tural interest. Desideratum No. 10 is the formation
of a Society which shall take an oversight of all matters
connected with agriculture, and become a centre to
which all classes interested may look for guidance and
help, and through which all simultaneous movements
throughout the country may be organised, so that the
power and unity of the landed interest may be a^ain
felt in Parliament and be restored to its former healthy
and constitutional state. O. F.

Poultry.— In your last week's number your corre-
spondent " O. F." sends you a pleasing article on a

38

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL Gj\ZETTE.

[Jantjaet 13, 1867.

subject very interesting to very many of your readers.
His remarks on the subject of poultry-breeding as an
amusement will be indorsed by many. As a portion of
farm stock there is no doubt that poultry has been
neglected by us, and has not received at our hands the
attention it deserves. We must now look for better
things, and, with the commencement of the new year,
begin with fresh hope and vigoiu' to improve on our
doings in the last. Poultry prospects for 18G7 are
cheerful. ^ The various Agricultural Societies through-
out the kingdom find that their poultry classes form a
part of the annual exhibition which brings in a very
fair share of revenue. It is believed that the Royal
Agricultural Society this year intends to add poultry
to^ its other classes. Should they do so, a great stimulus
will be given to poultry-breeding among agriculturists,
hitherto those who have paid least attention to it. The
development of the principal characteristics of a
breed of fowls has once or twice been a subject
to which the attention of a practical and observ-
ant man being given, the result arrived at has
been one of general utility ; sometimes in the
great increase of eggs produced, and at others in
greater weight of meat, strength of constitution, or
earlier maturity. The enormous importation of eggs
into this country is a continued source of remark, both
to those who do, and those who do not take any inte-
rest in poultry ; it is in a manner like the periodical
enormous Gooseberry, or the Apple tree that will
bloom when it should be bare— one meets with a notice
of it in the daily and other papers, and wonders where
the hens are kept abroad that lay so well. Tour corre-
spondent mentions the Houdan fowl as deserving of
notice, and his opinion will be fully endorsed by all
those who have kept the breed, and who keep poultry
for real utility. These birds are very hardy, of excellent
quality as table fowls, and very prolific, and yet, strange
to say, are probably scarcer in France, their native
country, than any other of the recognised breeds.
While we note with accuracy all the eggs received
from abroad, we take no note of those of our own
country, and we constantly lose sight of the fact that
here great numbers are consumed on the spot, while
abroad nearly all are sold. To those who wish a full
yield from their birds and a fair return for the food,
I would recommend a more generous diet than that
mentioned by " 0. F.," especially at this time of year.
I do not think the weights mentioned in a recent
Number of your Gazette as attained by Mr. Fon-ler's
birds, would ever have been reached on such a diet. J3.

Farmers' Clubs.

Haddington : Importation and Breeding of Cattle
—At the late monthly meeting of this Club, Mr, George
Hope, Fenton Barns, presiding, Mr. Elder, East Bear-
ford, read a pajier on this subject, " How best to pro-
tect cattle against foreign disease, and how best to
increase the number of home-bred cattle ? " The
cattle plague or rinderpest was, in his opinion, a foreign
disease, introduced into this country by the importa-
tion of foi'eign cattle, and unless Government used
every means to do so, it will be a difhcult matter to pre-
vent it coming upon them. Should they again introduce
the cattle plague by any negligence, he thought ftu-mers
should not alone be responsible for the loss. There was
no doubt that farming was a business in which there
was considerable risk, perhaps as great risk as in any,
but while they were prepared to run the risk of dis-
eases common to their own cattle and country, they
were not prepared to run the risk of foreign disease
which Government, by carelessness or negligence might
allow to be introduced. Did they think it right that
the whole cattle in this country, amounting
to about five million head, should be at the mercy
of the owner of a single shipload of foreign beasts,
which might be dispersed all over the country,
carrying with them disease wherever they went ?
It appeared to him there were two ways in which
Government might protect them against the plague.
The first is after it has made its appearance in the
country, and the second is to keep it out of the
country, which of course must always be the best way.
He, thought the best way to protect them against it
after it had broken out in the country, was to stop the
trade in live stock, and to kill it out, and give full
compensation for the losses. He said they should
have full compensation, for experience had shown in
this country, and it was the experience also of Ger-
many, that the pole-axe was the only cure for ihe
disease. Some persons would rather ruu the risk of
having the disease in their stock than kill the cattle,
and had it not been for this, plague would have been
more easily stopped in this country. Where full com-
pensation was given, there would then be no induce-
ment to conceal the disease, and in the end the country
would be saved thousands of pounds. Then he
thought the best way to get quit of the disease,
when it had appeared in the country, was to nip it
in the bud, kill it out, and give full compensation.
But the best way for Government to protect them
■was to try and keep out the disease ; he thought this
could be done if the regulations on the exportation of
foreign stock were continued as at present, which were
thatall foreign fat cattle should be slaughtered on
landing, and at certain ports — those ports to have
special accommodation for this purpose, and to be
guarded and looked over by proper inspectors. He
thought it would be well, too, if her Majesty's Consuls
in those ports from wdiich foreign cattle were imported
■were to inform Government when any outbreak of the
cattle plague took place there, so that they might be
able to stop the import of the diseased beasts. It might
also he ordered that cattle coming here should, if pos-
sible, be conveyed in properly constructed vessels.
The way in which cattle were conveyed from one place
to another by sea and land was a disgrace to the
present age. He had been told that the ships used for

the importation of cattle were not fit to convey coals,
let alone cattle. They needed onlj; in passing to look at
the railway stations to see the miserable condition in
which some of them were provided with accommo-
dation for cattle. It was common that cattle wanted
food and water for four days on journeys of that kind,
and if that was not an excessive amount of cruelty he
did not know what cruelty meant, Hsilway com-
panies and shipping companies ought to remember that
cruelty to cattle was cruelty to pocket. By all means
:let them raise their charges and treat cattle better.
Good treatment always paid itself ; and farmers would
not grudge a few shillings more if they were ensured
that their cattle would be properly treated. With
regard to foreign lean cattle, he thought they should
undergo a quarantine, as he believed they did now.
But he thought they might dispense with foreign lean
cattle altogether ; and this brought him to the second
branch of the subject of discussion— viz., how they
could increase the number of their home-bred
cattle ? He might be wrong, but he thought it was
possible to raise as many cattle in this country as we
were able to eat. At present most farmers killed
calves when- they were a month or six weeks old. Was
not that a waste of animal life ? Should not these
calves be kept until they were two or three years old ?
In fact, was it not a mistake to kill cattle at all before
they were two or three years old ? The way he would
suggest of increasing the number of home-bred cattle
would be— not to kill the calves. On almost every
farm in the county they had four cows which could be
got to calve about the end of February, or the middle
of March, and each of these cows might bring up two
calves till May, when they could be speaned and they
could get other three calves to each. In that way they
would rear five calves in the season — or a score among
the four kept on each farm. There might be a difficulty
in getting a sufficient number of good calves, and,
perhaps, a difficulty in getting pasture for such a
number of cattle; but if they were to study the
subject thoroughly, he thought these difficulties would
disappear. The high prices which they were com-
pelled to pay for their lean cattle now-a-days rendered
it a matter of necessity that they should breed more.
Two or three years ago they could get 2-year-old
Short-horns for l'2l., for which they had now to pay
14^, or 15/,, or nearly as much per stone as they got for
themafterthey were fed, (Mr. Durie— more.) Mr. Elder
concluded by saying that if the cattle plague was to
teach them anything, and doubtless it was calculated
to teach them many a useful lesson, it was that Govern-
ment should be more careful in regulating the impor-
tation of foreign cattle, and that the farmers of this
country should trust more to themselves, and by
rearing more cattle be more independent of foreigners
than they had hitherto been, and he believed if these
lessons were carefully applied, they would be found to
be for the benefit of the farmers' pocket, and for the
benefit of the country in general.

Mr, Smith, Whittinghame, said ; The more impor-
tant part of the subject was perhaps the second part —
that was, what they could do themselves. Now he did
not know whether in such a dry climate as East-
Lothian five calves could be reared by one cow —
("Quite impossible")— but certainly he thought three
might be reared, and the rearing of three would be a
great advance on what had been done hitherto. There
was no doubt but the high price of lean stock had led
to this already, and the number of calves had much
increased within the last year or two — those kept he
meant, and not sent to be slaughtered when young.
He thought, in fact, it was a sort of sacrilege to
slaughter the calves when they were only a few mouths
old. He believed that even in that county it would be
found for the advantage of farmers that there should
be more attention paid to the rearing of calves, and of
course, as being a breeder in a small way, he would not
lose the opportunity of reiterating what had been often
said before, that if calves were to be reared they should
be from the very best bulls. He thought it had been
a grand mistake in that county as elsewhere, when
people were breeding calves, that they paid almost no
attention to the bulls. He believed if they were to
rear one calf off a well-bred hull — though the
cow might have been an indiflerent or secondary
one— it would produce a better retm'u than one bred
from a good cow off an ill-bred bull,

Mr, DuEiE said he did not see where they were to
get so many calves. He did not understand how this
manufacture of calves was to go on at all. That every
man in the country should bring up five calves upon
one cow was what he could not understand at all. In
regard to the importation of cattle, he agreed with
Mr. Elder in thinking it was the duty of Government
to prevent diseased animals being brought into the
country at all. But \yith regard to the mea,sures pro-
posed by Mr, Elder after the disease came into the
country, he could not agree. Instead of slaughtering
diseased animals, they should draw a cordon round
them and try if they could not cure them, which was
no worse than killing them. Instead of killing the
animals to stamp out the disease, would it not be better
if they could discover a method of curing it ? What
w'ould be thought if they attempted to stamp out
cholera— if they killed all who were taken ill of it ?

Mr. Smith, Whittinghame, said: Since the question
of where calves were to be obtained for rearing had
been raised, he might say a word or two upon the
subject. Upon nearly every farm in the county the
hinds had a cow each which they kept for dairy
purposes, and whose calves they could not therefore
rear. On nearly every farm also one or two cows were
kept for dairy purposes, and their calves were not at
present generally brought up, but were fattened and
killed young. Another feasible way of getting calves
was by keeping a few heifers or young queys, which,
if well kept, were quite capable of producing calves
advantageously when two j'ears old. Thus they could

get supplementary calves, and the heifers were all the
better for feeding purposes afterwards. In other
districts of the country, where dairies were kept for
the supply of towns many calves might be obtained,
and he had himself obtained calves from dairies in
Edinburgh and Newcastle, which had turned out
exceedingly w^ell. The difficulty in the case of calves
brought from these large towns was in the transit, but if
proper care were taken, that need not be serious.

The Chaiemah held in his hand a series of resolu-
tions which were to be discussed at the next meeting of
the Chamber of Agriculture, and a clause was to be
added to one of these calling upou Government still to
continue the slaughtering system. Notwithstanding
what Mr, Durie had said, he regarded that as one of
the wisest measures that had been adopted. When an
animal was attacked with rinderpest, he believedit
would prove in the end to be the best way^ to kill it ;
and he took great credit to himself for moving a reso-
lution in the Highland Society which exercised an
important influence on the Government of the
country in adopting that regulation. He did not know
that it was necessary that anything more should be
said about the importation of foreign cattle, but
in regard to markets, he thought that fat cattle
markets should be licensed, and that lean stock
should not be permitted to appear there. Some
gentlemen objected to this, but he thought it would
be a wise regulation that animals which ha-d once
been shown in a fat market should not be allowed
to be shown in a store market. There were various
diseases they had to guard against besides rinder-
pest ; there was pleuropneumonia among cattle,
and there was scab among sheep, for instance.
Store stock, moreover, had nothing to do in these fat
cattle markets. In regard to the rearing of calves at
home, he had five cows, by means of which he had
raised 18 calves, and he thought there was nothing to
prevent the score being raised oS that number of cows,
but they would have to supplement the tnilk by
Linseed, or Bean-meal, or something of that kind ; he
thought there was nothing better than Oatmeal
porridge, with which they could rear very good calves
indeed. He quite agreed with Mr, Smith in thinking
that to rear animals from impure bulls was worse than
useless, and often jiroved a great loss. In regard to
purchasing these calves, they had an excellent practice
in their own county of the hinds keeping cows, and by
giving them a good price for their calves, provided they
were from a good bull, they would get plenty of them.
It was an excellent speculation to keep a good bull, as
he had had proved by several years' experience, but
they would be a great deal the better if they had more
of them in the county. Indeed, the hinds often were
away half a day with their cows when the farmer did
not 'keep a bull, and if they had one on each farm it
would be better for all parties.

Mr, DuEiE moved—" That this Club is of opinion
that every precaution ought to be taken by Govern-
ment in the importation of cattle, and that farmers
ought to rear as many young cattle as possible."

Mr, Bldee seconded the motion.

The Chaieman then moved— "That this Society
highly approve the measures taken by Government for
regulating the importation of foreign stock, and
preventing the spread of disease in this country, and
trusts that these reguhtions will be made permanent ;
and is of opinion that, under present circumstances,
the rearing of young cattle in this county will be found
profitable,"

Mr, Sjiith seconded the Chairman's amendment.

The two resolutions having been put to the iiieeting,
six voted for Mr. Durie's and seven for the Chairmari's,
and the latter was carried accordingly.

Lavenham, Suffolk. — At a recent meeting herfe,
Mr. Greene, M,P. for Bury St, Edmund's, referredto
a number of points of agricultural interest, saying
that if he took the liberty o'f speaking upon the subject
of practical agriculture, he hoped they would consider
he had some right to do so, when he told them that he
was himself a farmer of 600 acres of land,

1, Arable Cidtur';. — First, he would say, "Grow no Gi-asa."
There was nothing so expensive as growing Grass on their
arable land. They might rely also upon this -that they must
m.ake up for any deficiency in manure, .and it would pay to use
a portion of an artificial fertilizer in order that they might
grow a full and proper crop, because there was very little more
expense in harvesting five quarters of Wheat per acre than
three or four. He was quite aware that steam cultivation was
not practicable in small fields, and from what he had seen in
that neighbourhood he thought the fields were too small. He
had seen both systems of cultivating the soil by steam. The
ono employing two engines was, he thought, the best : but, of
course, the objection to it was the large outlay of capital it
involved ; but still he was of opinion that that was the prin-
ciple for heavy land. He would tell them what he was able to
do with his engine, .adopting the system of ropes and porters.
This year, treacherous a season as they had had, he had
been .able to cultivate and plough more than 100 acres of land,
which he could not have done with horses, Havingthe power
to do it quickly, he did it when the weather was di-y. Calcu-
lating the interest upon capital, the wear and tear, and all the
expense, he could cultivate cheaper by steam than he
could by horses, and he had the adv.intage of being able to do
it when other work w;^s goinir on. There need be no fear that
ordinary labourers were unable to do it. He assured them
that when he adopted ib be made no alteration in the
labourers on his farm, excepting that he had a man to diive
the engine, for they could not expect a labourer to do that. If
be gave the order to his men to cultivate 40 acres of land, and
went out for three or four days, when he returned he formd it
was done, as they did 10 acres a day. The way to do it was to
put the work oui; to the men, and if the? did that he would
promise them that no time was lost in going from one field to
another. He had had the honour of a visit from a deputation
from the Royal Agricultm-iil Society, to look at his steam
cultivation, .and the}' asked eveiy question they could think
of, .and told him they had not been on to a farm (fortunately
for him they had not then been to Wr. Kersey Cooper's, whomhe
considered the chief of steam cultivators) where so much cul-
tivation was done per day. He believed that arose from his
giving his men an interest in the work, ...

2. Tlie Zf 6tuner,— They had heard a great deeil of talk' about

January 12, 1807.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND ACRICUl/rURAL GAZETTE.

39'

tho labouring man, Init ho contondod tb;it liibour was :i
luai'kotalile article. Thoy Ijad got into a voiy difleront state
of things to that which existed when tho population was over-
burdened. Tho demand was now for labo"rcr.s, and not fur
laboiu-, and the man who had labour to sell could generally
And a market for it. But bo believed there was one thing of
more importance than any other to .1 labouring man, and tliat
was a proper cottage to "live in. Ho a.aid it was a burning
aUanie that such wretched dwellings as they had in thi.s
county should bo permitted to continue. It was true they
might ask him how it was to bo remedied, and it was a very
difficult .luestiun, because tho cottages hitherto had not been
lot uiH.u a prini-iplo that would pay intercKt upon the cost
of its erection ; but ho was sure that with improved w.agos
men would gladly p.ay more money for a good cott.age, and he
was sure that if they were to have good men in the agricul-
tural districts tbcy nuist have more .accommodation. Tt wa.-^ a
matter of necessity that there should ho at le;ist three bed-
rooms in a cottage occupied by a family. Depend upon it
this was one of the subjects that required watching on the
part of those who desu-od to see the land fairly treated in
Parliament : for it was not so much that tliere were Acts of
Parliament to help them in a direct manner as to see that
burdens were not improperly thrown upon land, as he believed
they would if some people had their way. Therefore it had
come to this— that they nuist look to themselves : for they
\scie to compete with tho foreigner, and he believed it could
I" done, but it coukl only be done by the exorcise of detor-
iion.'d perseverance and care.

:i. /.((■-■ .Sroc/-.— lie farmed because he was fond of it ; but,
altliiHigli ho did it Mu that ground, he made it his liusiness to
I.K.k into tho minutia- of it, .and ho could assure them there
was no business that rCLpiired more watching and good jndg-
inrid, both with respect to the crops and the stock. It was to
tluir stock th.at they must look; for wh.at was a farmer unless
I man w.as able to rear stock and breed sheep, so that he had
Hit to go to tho barn-doors for his rent? Ho very often saw
ijruss mismanagement upon farms with rcL'ai-d to stock. Ho
Mllen saw young things brought up on a little skim-milk, and
(!icn turned out into a field, and at the end of 12 months they
were about tho same aizo, or perh.aps a little smaller. Then
be saw some of his friends go and buy a lot of ill-bred Irish
bullocks. He learnt a veiy good practiCill lesson on this sub-
|.r[ when be began farming. He bovight a lot of bullocks.
uiil though he gave them all they coidd cat be could not get
i)h io fat. It was, however, a cheap lesson in the end, for he
nr\ ir bought another lot like it. Then, again, if a man h.ad a
. i\v. he wiadd send it to any wretched bull that h.appcncd
I " I 'u in tho neighbourhood : but, instead of thi.s, they should
'I' sire to propi\gate a good breed of animal. Again, a farmer
I II list h.avc a horse to ride to market, or a mare to drive ; and
iu'\\- and then he would breed from her, and for this p\irpose
lir wo>dd use any brute of a horse that came round, with
neither action nor family to recommend him, and thej' availed
Ibumselves of him just because he passed their gate. He
wanted them to remember that a good horse eats no more corn
than a bad one. A good stable of horses ought to cost them no
Tii.'iioy: indeed, a farmer who hunted ought to make a hnn-
.liiii pounds a-yea)' of his horses ; and he might tell them that
III bad himself, in his younger days, had many a st-able of
111 L SOS that never cost him twopence.

HaDLEIGh: Uses of Farmers' Chths. — At a recent
incelint; of this Club Mr. Hawkius reminded the
membens that they had begun 20 year.s ago with the
intention of carrying out the objects of a farmers' club.
They had, however, fallen away from that idea, and, as
such a club, they were now a sort of nonentity. He
should like them to do either one thing or another—
either resuscitate the " dead man," or sink the idea of
a farmers' club altogether. He thought a farmers' club
ought to start with the motto adoiited hy the Eoyal
Agricultural Society—" Practice with Science." these
being the tributary streams to feed that great Society.
The tirst thing such a club should possess was a good
hbrary. When their forefathers died all their know-
ledge died with them, because they never recorded any
facts; a man spent half a lifetime in acquiring know-
ledge, in the other half he used it for his own benefit,
and when he died his knowledge all went with him.
And that was the way they would still go on, unless
they adopted the system of recording results. When
we looked roimd and saw so many young men who
wanted to look into the subjects that might come
before them in their avocations, he thouglit there
ought to be books to which they could refer. It was
now more essential than ever. Suppose, instead of
spending 50 guineas a year about a stock show, they
were to spend .30 guineas for a set of botanical works,
to make the farmers acquainted with what they saw in
the fields. When they knew the habits of a plant,
they knew how to destroy it ; and when they knew the
soil to which it was indigenous, they would know
whether it w'ould grow with their crop. He fancied
that an agricultural library, giving the result of experi-
ments, and a knowledge of what was going on, was of
the utmost importance to a farmers' club. Many topics
were brought before them in an erroneous point of
view, which farmers' clubs ought to correct. If they
had read the speeches at the agricultural meeting's
during the year, they would have found that the
aristocracy had come to the universal conclusion that
their lauds were not half-tilled, and that it was owing

I to the ignorance and poverty of their tenants. There

1 were a great many things that were called agricultural
improvements that were not undertaken by tenants —
things which their landlordi: thought they ought to do
— because they did not know how to do them. It was
the business of a farmers' club to show them. There
was not a land-valuer or farmer who could get up and

I state the value of agricultural improvements. Suppose
they took draining. Just look at the diversity of
opinion that existed upon that subject. One said that

I a farmer who drained his land ought to have ten years'
security for the improvement, and another said he

'ought to have 20 years'. If a gentleman took a
Government loan to improve his estate, he had to pay

|6J per cent, for 21 years, /. e., 3i per cent, for interest,
and 3 per cent, sinking fund ; and if that principle were

I correct, surely a farmer's improvement must be worth
21 years to him. But he had never known any gentle-

iman who was able to make interest on his money ; he

i generally had to lose about .3 per cent., and the tenant
paid it. Why was that? If they spent \<ml. in
improvement, about 35 per cent, went in engineering,
and plans, and superintendence, that was of no earthly
use to the fanner. In fact, half the people who came

to drain land did not know half as much about it as
tho farmers themselves. These were things that ought
to be taken up by a farmers' club, because, whatever
they might say of the aristocracy, avarice was a thing
they could not bring to bear upon them ; ho never saw
a gentleman who wished to take advantage of an
improvement if he was convinced it was wrong to do
so. Suppose a farmer wcro to drain a 10-acre field, and
leave one acre in the middle undraincd, and tho club
paid him tho loss, tho advantage of the drainage would
be made clear; but there was no man who could say
what was tho value of drainage. In very dry seasons
tho drain did not pay a farthing, and there was interest
and compound interest to be added to the account for
those years; and if a fanner had only a year's interest
in the' improvement, his security would be gone before
he began to reap the advantage. Then again, there
was chalking and draining the land ; look at the
diversity of opinion there was. Tliey liad seen in the
Economist a pajier on the late Mr. Puscy's tenant-right
system, and this showed the ignorance of the land-
valuers and land-agents examined before the House of
Commons. Jlr. Tollemache's steward was asked how
long chalk would be of benefit to the land, and he said
it woidd work out in about four or five years, but
every farmer knew that it was just when it began to
pay. When men who wero supposed to know things
made such assertions as that, and such ridiculous
answers were given, it proved that they did not know
anything about it. If they would read "Corbet's
Digest of Tenant Right " they would find that hardly a
land-agent that was examined knew what customs
prevailed 25 miles away from his home. These people
were not fit to take the management of estates, and
that was how the country gentlemen got so misled
about agricultural improvements. Therefore he thought
it was the business and the duty of farmers' clubs to
enter upon these inquiries. This would be far better
than having their stock shoiv, at which there was
never anything worth looking at, except two or three
horses that had much better be shown at the county
meeting. There was one thing that must force itself
upon landed proprietors, viz., the position of tenants
and labourers. There had been long discussions about
paying low wages, and Mr. Girdlestone wrote about the
wages in Devonshire ; but Mr. ISrereton had taken up
the subject, and based his arguments upon political
economy, which was the only thing a man could do to
estimate the value of labour. The farmer had no more
control over the price of labour than the manufacturer,
or anybody else. Now, they could not secure much
labour on their farms except that of a migratory kind ;
they were men who lodged at beer-houses, and if they
read one evening in a penny paper that good wages
were given 15 miles ofl',the next morning they were ofl".
Other men did the same thing, and so it happened that
just at this focus there were four or five times as many
men as were wanted. That could not be the case if
they had sufficient cottage accommodation, because
they would then he able to make their men comfort-
able and well oil'. But as long as they had that migra-
tory class of labourers, the moment they heard that
haymaking was begun by somebody « ho was a week
earlier than themselves they were off, and they had to
depend upon men who came up from more backward
districts. That was a thing that must force itself upon
the consideration of the agricultural classes of the
country.

The QuaHerly Journal of Science. No. XIII. January,

18(57. John Churchill & Sons, New Burlington

Street.
The body of the book is filled with papers of unusual
interest, and'the Chronicles of Science, including Agri-
culture, Arcliajology, Astronomy, Botany, Chemi-.try,
Engineering, Entomology, Geography, Geology, Mining
and Mineralogy, Physics and Zoology— are closely-
packed records of every new fact or doctrine which
under any of these heads has cropped up during the past
quarter. It is a most interesting periodical, and ought
to command a large circle of country readers, who
have not those opportunities which are open to
Londoners of acquainiing themselves with the progress
of enterprise and knowledge.

We transfer to our columns the short account of
what has transpired in agriciUture since October.

"The Cattle Plague has at length dwindled to
altogether insignificant proportions. The number of
cases reported weekly is rarely more than 10 ; and an
occasional aggravation of the disease, or its reappear-
ance now and then in old localities, raising the weekly
total to 20 or 30, while it no doubt shows what a
malignant disorder we still retain among us, may, we
hope, be taken to be merely the occasional flare of an
expiring flame. How much we owe to the policy of
extermination, rather than attempted cure, may be
seen by tbe result of the opposite system, as witnessed
both in Holland and among ourselves. In the annual
address, recently given by the President of the Royal
Agricultural Society, it was pointed out that the
number of cases reported in two weeks— the one in
September, 1805, and the other in Septemher, 1800,
was exactly the same. Unrestricted cattle traflio
during the two months following the former period
had swelled the tale of cases up to thousands. Destruc-
tion of affected stock and absolute isolation of infected
places during the two months following the corre-
sponding week of ISGO.had reduced the disease almost to
extinction. In Holland, again, during the past summer,
when liere the disease was yielding to restrictive
measures, it grew to lamentable proportions — rising
from 200 or 300 cases weekly during J uue to nearly eight
times as many in September. Tliere is certainly
sufficient guidance for us here as to the policy to be
followed if the disease should reappear among us in
anything like its original severity. Up to the present

time about U\ por cent, of the whole cattle stock of Groat
Britain have been attacked, while of the whole stock
ui)on infccled farms nearly (iO per cent, took thedisease.
Of the total number of attacks whoso results were
known, 35 per cent, wero killed, 5U per cent died, and
13? per cent, recovered.

" 'f he Utilisation of Town Sewage was tho subject of a
confercnco at Ijcamingtiui during October, which was
attended by a nundjor of genllcmen interested in the
solution oi' tlio dillicuitics siurounding the subject.
These dilliculties are ahiiost iiilircly tlic icsuli of an
extension of the water-closet systciu, by which the w,i,sto
of houses, no longer received into cesspools and carted
away to market-gardens, is washed into culverts, and
thence pollutes our rivers. The remedy oU'ered by one
party to this discussion is the irrigation of Grass lands
with the drainage water, which thus becomes clarified
liefore reaching tho river, and yields a valuable produce
during tho process. Tho other plan consists in the
substitutiim of earth-closets for water-closets in our
houses. It only needs that a storage of dry earth be
provided for use in this way, and occasionally
replenished; that the prejudices of servants be removed
or overruled ; and that frequent removals of the boxes
be provided for. A well-arranged system of scavenging
would then be easily carried out with perfect inoffen-
siveness, both in the house and out ; and we should
have a most valuable manure, which might be carried,
load by load, to farms all round our towns, where loads
of top 'soil for similar use would he readily obtained in
exchange for its the diflerence in value being paid.
The ditticulty of displacing the existing system, would,
however, be very great; and, committed as we are by
an enormous expenditure to tho plan of keeping our
towns clean by washing into drains, it is not at all
likely that the earth-closet system will be adopted,
except in detached houses or small villages. Mean-
while, at Croydon, at Barking, at Rugby, and elsewhere,
evidence is accumulating that the irrigation of Grass
land ivith filthy sewage water is both a perfectly
inoffensive and a profitable^)rocess.

"A meeting of gentlemen interested in the Utilisation
of Sewage was held in Liverpool in December, and
owing probably to the ijrcscnce of Lord Robert
Montagu, who delivered an admirable address on the
subject, the attendance was very numerous, and
included the elite of the town and neighbourhood.
There the advocatesof tho earth-closet were in a decided
minorit,v, for the reasons stated, viz., that the system is
not suitable for Large towns, where the quantity of
earth to be carted would bo enormous, and because
arrangements have already been entered into between
the Liverpool Corporation and the Sewage Company,
which promoted the meeting, for the utilisation of all
the sewage of the town.

"Most of the statements made by Lord Robert
Mont.agu were repetitious of what is already known
to agriculturists, and has been announced from time to
time in these pages, but it may be of interest to our
readers to know that in Liverpool it is intended to
intercept the sewage at the outfall of the sewers, and
at first to experiment with it upon the salidy soil
skirting the Lancashire and Yorkshire line froni
Liverpool to Southport. There is a large tract of
country all about the north side of Liverpool, which is
at present a mere sandy waste, hut no doubt the
application of sewage water will render it fertile and
suitable for the growth of Rye-grass, and if >he
promoters of this sewage scheme can at the same tune
fertilise waste land, and render the most unhealthy
town in England more healthy, they will confer a
double favour upon society. They have our very best
wishes for their success.

" Professor Voclcker has lately given a lecture on the
application of manures before the London Farmers'
Club, which is a remarkable illustration of the progress
made towards a satisfactory relationship between
scientific teaching and farm practice. Instead of
treating vegetable growth as a purely chemical pheno-
menon, or supposing, as lecturers on agricultural
chemistry seemed formerly to do, that it only needs
the supply of elements in manure to ensure a
corresponding assimilation of them by the growing
plant, we now learn from the chemi.st what we already
knew by experience, that luxuriance of growth and
abundance of produce depend as much upon the mere
question of even and uniform distribution of lood for
plants- as much, in fact, upon its accessibility as upon
the increase of its supply. AVe are told, for example,
that an inferior guano, well powdered and mingled with
a suflicient quautitv of diluent material, so as to ensure
its even dislribuliou through the land, may be a greater
helptoUic feililitv of the soil and a greater fertiliser
of the current crop than a better guano imperfectly
applied. It is a truth of the same kind, which Dr.
Voclcker also told us, that no manure at all upon a
stiff' clay land well tilled will tend to its fertility rather
than a heavy dressing of farm dung applied when the
laud is soft and liable to be poached by the horses and
carts employed in putting it on.

" The application of farm mantire as a top dressing in
dry weather is now confidently advocated, even though
a scorching sun and driving winds should cause the
separation of all evaporable matter from it. There is
no loss of ammonia during the putrefaction of farm
dun" The loss which it suB'ers during that process is
due to the washing of soluble salts out of it by rain.
And if the dung be spread at once upon the land, all
its valuable constituents will find their way into the

soil. . , .Li :

" Vmon"fhoolhertopicswhichhaveoccupiedtheagn-
cultural world during the past (|uarter is the growing
organisation of tciiaut farmers into Chambers ot -Agri-
culture, through which their voice may be heard in
public discussions, and through which their views may
be influentially urged on Government.. We miist also
refer to the attempt of the Royal Agricultural Society
to promote agricultural education by the addition ot

40

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GiZETTE.

[January 12, 1867,

their prizes to tlie list of distinctions offered for
competition before tlie University examiners of middle-
class schools. And lastly, ive may mention that, moved
by the disasters of the past harvest season, the Society
of Arts is about to offer a prize for any contrivance or
machine which shall artifloially accomplish or facilitate
the drying process on which our hay and corn harvests
depend for the quality of their produce."

Neiocomb's Midland Counties Almanac and PocJcet-

hooTc. W. E. Newcomb, Stamford.
These are two separate publications— the one a very
good Almanac and repertory of maxims and ;instruc-
tions for the farmer throughout the year, and withal
remarkably cheap— the other a compendious and
substantial Pocket-book, containing ruled pages for
diary, memoranda, and cash account ; a well-arranged
almanac, the Stock-breeder's Calendar, a complete list
of fairs, and numerous agricultural and other tables.
They are both praiseworthy publications.

Miscellaneous.

Royal AgricuUural College.— At the termination of
the Autumn Session last month, when the distribution
of diplomas, prizes, and certificates to the students took
place in the lecture theatre of the Institution, Earl
Bathurst presiding, the Rev. John Constable testified
to the general good conduct of the students during the
past session. Professor Church reported that the
work in his department, Chemistry, was, on the whole,
satisfactory— that it was especially so in the third and
second classes. The work done in the laboratory by
the second class would have merited the highest praise
even in an institution wholly devoted to the study of
chemistry. Earl Bathurst, having distributed the
rewards of merit, said it was very satisfactory to see as
many as five diplomas awarded that day, and also to
hear of the general good conduct of the students.
When the College was first established, many said that
it would be a cause of discomfort and annoyance to
the neighbourhood ; but such had not been the case.
It had, on the contrary, been to him a source of
uumingled satisfaction. Mr. Holland, M.P., said that
as regarded their system of education, they must
remember that practical agriculture was the princpal
pointthere. " Practice with Science"was their motto,as
well as that of the Royal Agricultural Society. Whilst
they paid particular attention to practical agriculture,
they also blended with it the most useful departments
of natural science. In this way they were following
out the objects of the founders of the College, and
acting up to the letter of their charter. Many who
had left the College were now holding various positions
connected with agriculture, both at home and iu the
colonies ; .and, from what they knew of their circum-
stances, they considered that the system of education
here adopted was a correct and substantial one.
Whilst, too, it bore fruit in their own immediate
circle, it was also indirectly beneficial to the country
at large. Mr. Holland then proposed a vote of thanks
to the noble Chairman, which was enthusiastically
given, accompanied by prolonged cheering. The
Oloucestersldre Chronicle says—" It is 20 years since
the College at Cirencester was first opened. During
that period it has experienced many changes, both with
regard to its management and its position in the mind
of the agricultural public. Whatever may have been
its past character, it is quite certain that it now oflers
educational advantages to the agricultural student which
he can find in no other place. At the same time there
is placed upon the resident students that wholesome
restraint, effective but not irksome, lenient but not
lax, facile without feebleness, which is always found
necessary in such establishments for the preservation
of order and decorum."

The Cattle Plague.— An announcement has been
made that the Govenimeut will give compensation for
cattle slaughtered in 1865 by direction of inspectors at
the early outbreak of the plague, and before the meet-
ing of Parliament. If this is authentic, it will be
acceptable news in many of the provinces, and, as we
said last week, the measure will be only what is fair
and just. During the debate on the Cattle Diseases
Bill, certain statesmen of liberal and advanced views
did oppose any " compensation," as it was called, and
they did so on the ground that an infectious beast is a
public danger and nuisance, and should be dealt with
accordingly ; destroy it at once, but never compensate
the owner for ceasing to threaten and damage his
neighbours. Our friends here fell into the mistake of
confounding a nuisance created by mismanagement or
culpable neglect with a nuisance originated by no fault
attaching to anybody, unless it be the Government,
that knew it could nip the disease iu the bud, and yet
never tried, in a reasonable way, to do so." Surely there
is a wide difference between compensating a man for
the removal of a pigstye which he himself erected under
the noses of his neighbours, and compensating a man
for a summary shooting and burying of his animals
smitten, or only in danger of being smitten, by an
inscrutable malady, and that might or might" not
have recovered from the attack. " Compensation "
is not the right word to express the payment of only a
part of the value of slaughtered animals. Such part
payment was designed to prevent farmers from con-
cealing cases of Rinderpest, not to recoup them for a
providential infliction, or, as some people say, the
infliction of an apathetic Executive. Similar partial
reimbursement, however, is to be given by the expected
Bill for cattle killed during the short interval in which
inspectors were empowered to slay. After that time,
and until the Act of February 20th came into force,
many animals were promptly slaughtered and buried
by the owners on the recommendation of inspectors,
with the sole object of staying the progress of con-
tagion, and at considerable loss, because a proportion of
these would have recovered. These cases, we consider

should be included in the Bill, if one there is to be,
seeing that otherwise we should be classing public-
spirited and patriotic sufferers along with the great bulk
of graziers who sought to serve their self-interest by
trying medical treatment and nursing, or who, in other
words, for the sake of saving a small percentage of
their sick, allowed the subtle virus to generate for the
ruin of their respective neighbourhoods before they
would let a victim die. Daily Telegrajih.

Award of Premiums for Swede Turnips and Mangel
Wurzel grown with Proctor i\' Pyland's Manure only
— The gentlemen appointed to inspect and weigh the
crops competing for these prizes, have made the
following awards : —

District Prizes for Swede
Turnips.

District, No. 1. — Comprisinfir the
Counties of Warwick, Worcester,
Gloucester, Berkshire, Oxford,
Buckingham, Hertford, Bedford!
Northaoipton, RutLmd, and
Leicester.

1st prize. 20 guineas, to Mr. John

Jloorc, Lonijltchington, near Warwick

2d prize, 10 guineas, to Mr. Nath<inicl

Stilgoe, Manor Farm, Adderbury

B.anbiu'y

District. No. 2. — Comprising the

Counties of Lincoln, Nottingham

Derby, Stafford, Salop, Hereford!

Radnor, and Montgomery.

1st prize, 20 guinea.?, to His Grace the

Duke of Portland, Clipstone Park,

Mansfield . .

2d prize, 10 guineas, to Mr. Josh. Bealc,

Borofields, Burton-upon-Trent . .

District, No. 3. — Comprising the
Counties of Cumberland, Westmore-
land, York, Lancaster, Chester,
Flint, Denbigh, Carnarvon, and
Merioneth.
1st prize, 20 guineas, to Mr. Jas. Ker-

foot, Faenol Bach, St. Asaph . .
2d prize, 10 guineas, to Blr. Jno.
Roberts, Saltney, Chester

Special Prizes for Swede Turnips.

Any Farm in England or Wales.
1st prize, 20 guineas, to Mr. Jno.

Hughes, Llyslew, Anglesey . .
2d prize, 10 guineas, to Mr. Richard
Parry, Cam, Anglesey . .

Mangel Wurzel Prizes.

Any F.arm in England or Wales.

Ist Prize, 10 guineas, to Mr. W. K.

Bourne, FisherwickPark, Lichfield ..

2d prize, 5 guineas, to Mr. Jno. Hughes,

Llyslew, ^Vnglesey

' o be w O .
? I g o S §

ts. ct. qs. lb,
26 2 2 8

27 10 2 8
27 10 0 IG

30 13 1 20
30 7 1 20

40 12 0
34 13 2

Avcrnge of
2 iicrus.

27 43 17 0 0
22 ,31 17 3 4

Judges;— Mr. Samuel Minor, of Mose, Bridgnorth,
and Mr. Henry Osborne, of Weeford Pnrk, Tamwortli.
These crops were iveighed the first week in November
and were all in a very growing state. '

A Prize Cow.— At a Cattle Show held Northampton.
Mass., the cow which took the first premium had
given 471 lb, of milk, yielding 26 lb. of butter, in two
weeks. Her feed ^^■as hay and Grass. Two other
cows produced 280i lb. of butter in 136 days. Another
cow had given 40 lb. of milk per day, and produced
14 lb. of butter iu a week. Canadian Fanner.

Notices to Correspondents.

Churning : M A R. The night before churning, put the
cream in •^. tin to stand in a furnace of warm water, which
should gradually reach boiling heat, imtil the cream is
scalding hot, stirring it occasionally while it is heating.
Then take the tin out of the water, pour the cream into
another vessel, and let as much as possible of the steam
from it escape. Stir it also once or twice while cooling ;
Jieep it in a warmer temperature than in the dairy until
churned next raoniing. This removes all disagreeable tas(e
from any kind of food taken by the cows, and was never
known to faU, in making good butter come in 20 or 40 minutes
churning.

Gas Liquors : H P says :— " An opportunity having offered of
purchasing the gas liquor from the gas works of a small
town, the writer would be much obJiged if you or your
correspondents would kindly answer a few questions as to
its use. I see in ' Morton's Farmer's Almanac ' the foUowing
advice. 'Apply 150 gallons, diluted to 400 or 500 with
water, per aci e ; or make a compost with earth,' Query 1.
Would the gas water be suitable to mix with the contents of
the liquid manure tank, taking care, of course, that the
proportion of gas liquor to tank liquid should always be less
than that recommended above? I may add that the contents
of the tank are intended to be distributed on Grass with
water cart, and with roots by the water drill. Query 2. In
case of an excess of supply of gas liquor, 1 have some large
fiat heaps of loam, obtained from the lop of a limestone
quarry. Would this earth retain the propei-tics of the gas
liquor mixed with it for an average period of say three
months, until a convenient time for spreading? Query 3.
Would there be danger of the ammonia escaping if the
liquor ivere merely allowed to sink into the surface of the
heap of loam, and would it therefore require to be thickly
covered in?"— [(1) You may use iras liquor with liquid
manure without harm or loss to either. (2) The loam will
hold what is poured over it, so long as the liquid does not
actually drain from it— and (3) there is no need of any
covering.]

Secretaries of Steam Plough Companies: R Broini. R.
Toepffer, North Lincolnshire Steam Plough Company, Kirton-
in-Lindsey ; R. T. Smith, Whitchurch Company, Whit-
chm-ch, Salop; H. E. Snashall, Penshurst and Chiddingstone
Steam Plough Company, Penshurst ; J. Nicholls, Queen
Camell, Ilchester ; C. Clay. West Riding Steam Plough
Comijauy, Wakefield ; J. P. Smith, Herefordshii'c Company,
Hereford.

The Illustrated Farmers' and Gardeners' Almanac. — A
typographical crroi- in the 4th line of the paragi-aph in
p. IS.'jG, week before last, which characterises this Almanac,
has created an ambiguity. The word printed "quality"
was written "quantity," the object of the writer being
simply to intimate that it was a very large book for its
price— it is also a very good book for its price.

Garden Seeds.

CHARLES TURNER'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
and may be bad on application.

THE Best Three WRINKLED MARROW PEAS,
Little Gem, Early Advancer, Second Crop, Premier, Summer,
and Late.

See full description in C. Turner's CATALOGUE, now ready.

SNOW'S BROCCOLI (true), HEDSOR WINTER
CUCUMBER, BAILEY'S SUPERB CABBAGE, with the
Novelties in Flower Beeds. All the established varieties from the
first sources. The Roy.il Nurseries, Slough.

POINTER'S EARLIEST and BEST PEA, the
hardiest and earliest out, price only Is. Zti. per quart. See
Advertisomont, p. 1180 of this week's Oardeners' Chronicle.

To be obtained Retail in London of Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons,
Chelsea, S.W. ; and Mr. B. S Williams, Holloway, N. ; and
through any Seedsman, in one quart packages only," with Trade
Mark, the Ci'own and Royal Oak, and blue label. None other genuine.
Robert H. Potnter, Seedsman, &c., Taunton, Somerset.

New Cucumber— Gas Spurn's Surprise.

WM. L. SKINNER, Nurseryman and Seedsman,
Silcoates, Wakefield, in offering the above splendid CUCUM-
EER, feels the utmost confidence that it will give cntiie satisfaction
to the Nobleman as well as the Market Gardener.

The flavour has been pronoimced by an eminent medical prac-
titioner as splendid; the size 18to2imches, little or" no seed, and
a most abundant cropper. In packets of 2s. 6rf. each.

Eirly orders must be given, as the supply of Seed is only limited.
A remittance must accompany all orders. Maybe procured from
Messrs. Hukst & Son, Seed Merchants, 6, Leadenhall Street,
London, E.G. ; and Messrs. J. BACKnousi: & Sos, Nurserymen and
Seedsmen, York,

SEED CATALOGUE now ready, and may be bad on application.

" All tne Year Round " Lettuce, Is. 6d. per packet.

DICKSONS AND BROWN, Seed Merchants,
Manchester, in reply to the inquiries of numerous Corres-
pondebts in the Trade, beg to say that the demand for the above
having been so veiv great, they cannot execute further orders for
the same.

List of Seed Merchants who have obtained supplies : —

Messrs. Hurst & Son, London
„ Jnmes Veitch & Sons, Chelsea
„ Francis & Arthur Dickson &

Sons, Chester
„ J. & C. Lee, Hammersmith
„ Cooper & Bolton, London
:, Stuart Si. Mein, Kelso, W.B.
„ James Backhouse & Son, York
„ Dickson & Co., Edinburgh
,, E.G. Henderson &Son,London
,, James G,irawav& Co., Bristol
„ Fisher,Holmes&Co.. Sheffield
,, P. S. Robertson & Co.,

Edinburgh
„ F. Farrell & Sons, Dublin
„ S. Finney & Co., Gateshead-

on-Tyne

Messrs. Downie, Laird & Laing,
Edinburgh [burgh

., Peter Lawson & Son, Edin-
„ Lueombe,Pince,& Co., Exeter
„ W. Maule & Sons, Bristol
,, Barr&Sugden, CoventGnrden
„ Dreghoin & Aitten, Kilmar-
nock [Holborn
„ Carter, I>unnott,&Buale,High

Mr. E. Cooling, Derby
„ Charles Turner, Siough
„ James Moldrum, Kendal
„ W. J, Watson, Newcastle-on-

Tyne
„ Robert T. Veitch, Exeter
„ Joseph B. Hartland, Cork

Mrs. L. M. Pontey, Plymouth

Hiirs June Broccoli.

EP. FRANCIS AND CO. have great confidence
• in recommending the above Broccoli to the Gentry and
Public generall;-. They have liad the opportunity of seeing it grow
during the last three seasons in the g.adons of R. Hanbury, bsq.,
Poles, Ware, and thev have no doubt but that its local reputatioa
will soon become generally established.

Its special value is derived from the fact that its season extends
from the last week in May to the end of June — thus supplying a want
that lias long been felt, by filling up the time between the ordinary
Broccoli and Cauliflower seasons.

Its habit is strong— the he.ids of a medium size, and exceedingly
close and white, and the flavour all that could be desired.

Numerous Testimonials have been received, but the folhiwinp,
from Mr. Mirrick, Gardener to Russell Ellics, Esq., Brxkendon-
bury, Herts, has been selected: —

"I have seen Hill's Juno Broccoli growing the last three seasons,
and think it the very best yet brought out It is hardy and strong
m growtli. has close white heads of a medium size, .and comes in the
end of May and coutinutis through June, so much wanted to, loin
the Broccoli and Cauliflower season together. This year I saw it as
late as the 16th of June in the open quarters, and have no doubt it
could be kept till the end of June by moving it to a north border,
by which time Cauliflowers are well in. It should be grown in every
Garden. " Williaii Mkbrice."

" Brick endonbury, Hertford."

Price in Sealed Packets, 2s. (jd. each, post free.
The Nurseries, Hertford.

Nuneham Park Onion.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON have srt^at gratification in
announcing that this SUPERB NEW ONION has in every
instance, where shown, obtained the first prizes, andnumerous testi-
monials have been sent- to them from various parts of the country,
confirming the opinion that it is the largest and heaviest cropper of
all Onions. It is also of exceedingly mild flavour, and keeps as long
as any variety extant. In Sealed Packets 2s. Gd. eacb.
Trade price on application.
Highgate Nurseries, London, N. __^_^^

Seed Fotatos.

HAND F. SHARPE are now offering MTATT'S
• PROLIFIC KIDNEY, DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY. FORTY-FOLD, FOX'S SEED-
LING, EARLY OXFORD, and many other Eiirly and Late varieties,
fine in quality, free from disease, and at low prices.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire.

Seed Potatos.-Edgcote Second Early Kidney.

PJ. PERRY, NuiiSEiiYMAN and Seed Merchant,
• Banbury, his much pleasure in introducing the above valuable
Potato, which may be described as the finest flavoured and most
productive Second Early variety in cultivation.

It was raised by Mr. Neale, Gardener to Aubrey Cartwright, Esq,,
Edgeote House, near Banbury, by whom it was exhibited at the
Royal Horticultural Society's Great Show of Fruit and Vegetables,
Saturday, July 22, 18C5, and was awarded First Prize in Class 7.

The Gardeners Chronich; July 20, 1805, in noticing the above
Show, states: — "Potatos; These were largely contributed, and
many ol them were unusually fine for the season of the year. Among
Kidneys the most valuable was Edgeote Second Early, a very perfect
Potato, which obtained the First Prize for a single dish."
Price per peck, including bng, 6s.

P. J. Pkruv has also a limited stock of the following valuable
varieties to offer : —

NE PLUS ULTRA.— The earliest Potato in cultivation.

ROYAL ALBERT,— One of the finest and most productive Early
White Round Potatos kno'.vn.

EARLY EMPEROR, or SOMERSET RED.— Of this Potato. Mr.
Maybush writes, in Gardeners' Cln-oidcle, October 6,1866, p. 946: —
"This miy be described as one of the best Second Early Round
Potatos known. It has a beautifully netted skm, boils perfectly
white, and the flavour is all that can be desired," &c.

Price of the above three sorts, 5s per peck.
The Nurseries, Banbui-y.

HENRY DliWAR and SON be^ respectfully to offer
Seed of their very superior IMPROVED SHORT-TOP RED
BEET, which was awarded Two First-class Certificates at the
Gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society. South Kensington, on
Nov. 7 and Dec. 9, 1865 ; also Seed of their solid crisp white
NORTHUMBERLAND CHAMPION CELERY, which waa
awarded a Fii-st-class Certificate at the International Show, South
Kensington, Dec. 9, 1805. In addition to the First-class Certificates,
the Silver L<inksian Medal of the Royal Horticultural Society was
awarded for the above Beet aud Celery.

In sealed packets only, stamped with our name in full, at Is. per
packet each. Price to the Trade on prepaid application.

Seed Establishment, 97, Grey Street, Newcnstle-on-Tyno.

OKLKCTEl) SILVHK SANU, PEAT, LOAir, KoCK,

O Sandstone, Garden Pots, Vases, Tazziis, Figm-es, Gravel, Garden
Implements, and materials of all kinds for Sale in any quantity bj
Railway, Caii.tl, and Ship to all parts of the United Klugdoni.
W. Short, Horticultural Depot, Reignte, Surrey.

January 12, 1867.]

THE (lAUDENKRS' CimONKlLE AND ACJUICULTtmAL GAZETTE.

41

Extensive and weU-grown Nursery Stock.

JS C 0 T T, iMerriott. Sninerrtct, 1ms to offor as
• uiKlor :— FOUEST TREl-lS :— Acncin.. f. to li foot, HW. por 100 ;
AWor, 3 foot. !':.». \)cr lOiiu ; Hooch. 2 to 21 foot. 30,i. pur lOtK) ; do.,
3to4f06t, 3i>s. porlUOl); do., 4 to C foot, Hits, por 1000; CliOhtnut,
Horso, 3 tn 1 foot, 80s. por lo«o ; do,, -i to f. foot. lOs. per 100 ; Chest-
nut, Spanish. 2 loot, 3lis. por lOOO ; do., 3 foot, Sfts. por looo ; Elm,
Engliah, 4 to 5 foot, U)a. por 100 ; do., 5 to 0 foot, 20«. por 100 ; Elm,
Wych, 4 to 5 foot, 80,i. per 1000; do., fi to fl foot, 10«. por 100; Firn,
Lurch, 2 foot, 20;*. por 1000 ; do., 2i to 3 foot, 26;*. por 1000 ; do., 3 to

4 feet, 30,1. por KHK) ; Scotch, 1} to 2 foet, 18s. por lOOO ; do., 2 to
21 foot, 20«. per 1000; do,, 2i to 3 foot, 25s. per lOOO ; Silver, 9 to
12 Inches, SOs. por 1000 ; do., 12 to 18 inohos, SOk. por 1000; .Spruce,
li loot, 26s. per lOCO; do., 2 foi-'t. 3{)tt. por liiOO ; d)., 21 foet, 3r..t. per
IWH); ao., 3 foet, 40«. per 1000 ; Hazel, 2 to 24 loot, H.ls. por 1000; do.,
2i to 3 foot, SOs. per lOiiO; <lii.. 3 to 4 feet, 40.';. per Uioo ; do., 4 to
fi foot, 45s. por 1000. 'I'he llir/.ul is ospecially lino. Unk, Eunllsh,
a to 21 foot, ;t;.,f. per UHio ; Willuwrf, from 30n. to riHw, per loOO; Yow9,
2 foet, flno, 7os. por loo ; Holly, 2 foot, extra lino, Wh. por 100.

FUU IT TREES, tho host 'Jolleottou In England, iiro grown to a
larKO extent, luid ft-oo from every kind of disease. A 92-paeod
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, with culturftl notea, free. Apples,
I'M sorts In all niAimer of triihilng, from li(/. to 3,-*. Gd. each ; Aprl-
r .IS. Nectarines, and Poachos, Maiden and Dwarf-trained, from Gd.
ii. ;i-. Cd. r,acli ; Cherries, Standard and Pvnniidal, Is. to 2.*. Gtl.
. lull ; do. Dwarf-train od. Is. Gd. to 2«. Gd. encli, in 60 sorts. May
iHikus aiidMorollos to the trade in quantity, chonp. Peara, 800 aorta,
III ID 0(/. to 2s. 0(/. to (>s. each, accordiuij to size ; Plums, Pyramidal
mill nwarl-traiuod. 2s. Hd. to 3,'!. Gd. oacli. Deodar Cedar, 4 to 6 feet,
;i(iN, per dozen; 6 to 0 feet, :tiis. per doztn ; 0 to 7 foot, 42.'*. por
do/cu. Magnillceiit tieo'iwitli flno halls. A splendid coUecLiou of
HKNAMENTAL THKKS ami SlllUI BS Oi|inlly clieap, __^

L O N U U N M AN U li E C U Al i- A .N i

(EsTADLISnED 1S40),

Have now ready for delivery m dry flne condition,
CORN MANURE, fur Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
AUo Genunio PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,

05 Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISHERY
SALT, &c. E. PuRSEu,Socrei;k.y.

oiUcea, 116, Fenchurch Street. E.C.

rp H K

LA WES' MANUUES.

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
si'ison of 1866 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
tnll.iwing priees, per ton : —
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE, and BONE £ s. d.

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME AGO

LAWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 5 5 0

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANUUES 800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURE.. .. 12 0 0

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawks, or through the
appointed Agents in ail parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying according to cost or carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate ol
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cakes at market prices.

Address, Joun Bennkt Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C; and 22, Eden Quay. Dublin.

A GENTS WANTED for a veil-known MANUllE,
XI. which commands a ready Sale. Is highly recommended by
Z3u3tomer9 for several years, and sold carriage free. LiDeral terms
given, — B. C, 6, Tavistock Row, Covent Gardtn, London, W.C.

By Royal Appointment

To BEB Majesty,

By Special Warrant,

dated December 27, 1SC5.

To THE PttiNCE OP Wales,
' By Special Warrant,
dated February 10, ISGC.

D

AY, SON, AND HEWITT,

Original and Sole Proprietors of the STOCK-BREEDERS"

MEDICINE CHEST, for DISORDERS in HORSES, CATTLE,
CALVES, SHEEP, and LAMBS.

Patronised by upwards of Seventy Thousand ol the principal Stock
Breeders, Horse Proprietors, and Agriculturists of England, Ireland,
Scotland, and Wales.

The only True and Original "DAY'S CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS"
are prepared expressly by us. The Chest contains the following
matchless preparations :—

Half a Dozen CHEMICAL EXTRACT, at 30s. per dozen.

One Dozen GASEOUS FLUID, at 20s, per dozen.

One Dozen REP DRENCHES, at 13s. per dozen.
• One Dozen RED PASTE BALLS, at 7s. Gd. per dozen.
Adapted for all ailments among Siock during the present season.
Pnce of Chest complete, with Shilling Book on Farriery, £3 16s. Grf.,
carriage paid. Either preparation may be bad separately in boxes.

TESTIMONIALS.

Tlie Lanibinif Season. — The "Chemical Extract" is unequalled for
bad cases in drawing Lambs, and to stop heaving and straining. Mr.
Woods, in his Lecture on the " Breeding and Management of Sheep,"
says — '* My shepherd declares it to be wortn a guinea a bottle."

The " Gaseous Fluid" is famous for debility and exhaustion in
Ewes after Lambmg ; for diarrbuja in Calves and Sheep, and for
colic and gripes in Horses and Cattle. Mr, Bowick, in his prize
essay on tbe "Rearing of Calves," says — "The Gaseous Fluid is
Bufflcient for all the ills that CalfDood ia liable to. I have reared 26
calves this year, and by the use of the ' Gaseous Fluid," I have not
lost one." Mr. Thos. Rigby (Cheshire), in his Lecture on "Summer
Grazing of Sheep," says — " Day, Son, & Hewitt's Gaseous Fluid is the
best corrective of scour in Sheep I have ever tried. 1 can strongly
recommend their ' Medicine Chest' aa a most valuable auxiliary to
stock-keepers of all kmds, but especially to shepherds. With the
medicines they give plain directions for use, which any man may
understand."

Orders sent by Post will be promptly attended to If addressed —
Day, Son, & Hewitt, fVnimal Modicine factory, 22, Dorset Street,
Baker Street, London, W. ; or Wantage, Berks.

"Woods on tsheep," five stamps; "Bowick on Calves," three
Btamps, both free by post.

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in gi-eat

variety of patterns and material, the plainer sorts being
especially suited for KITCIIEN GARDENS, as
they haroour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, conse-
quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, lie. In
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RoSHEB, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriai-s, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Solo London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied

OltNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatorieg,
Halls, CoiTJdors, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stone, in blue, rod, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for liining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosher, at their Premises aa above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — 14a. per Ton, or Ifl. 3rf, per Bushel ; 2a. per Ton extra
for delivery within tnree miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, la. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
WoPk. F. & G. ROSHER. — Addresses see above.

K B. Orders promptly executed by Kallway,

pOCOA-NUT REFUSE

^— ^ Is becoming bcawoe, the
old reaorvoH will soon bo gone.
Now sold In bags, 1 for 28., 10 for
\G.i., 2 for 30«., 60 for OOa., 100
for XG.

Fourponco allowed for eaoh
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40«.

Postage Stamps or Post-ofllco
Order, payable to J. Barsuam A
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

Fumigate your GreenUouse with

TO I( A C C 0 TISSUE.

Will Destroy all tho In.sccts and not Injure llie Plnnts.
Prico 3.'*. ('(/. i>or llv, curriago free, to to had of Messrs. RonfiRTS
& Sons, Tubauco Miiiiul,ict,uror«, f)4, Kt. John Stroot, ClcrkenwoU
E,C., and of all Set'dsinun and Nvirserjmcn.

Winter Dress all Fruit Trees with
/^ISKURST COMPOUND.

Coity of a Letter from Mr.
Rivers, Nursa'ies, Saw-
hriilaeioorlh, Herts, '22A Oct. ,
1»01.
" I must tell you, what
heard to-day from a very clever
gentleman farmer, Anthony
Bubb, Esq., of Witcombo Court,
Gtoucfistor. lie has a wall to
which Peach trees are trained.
Well, last autumn they wore in
a wretched blighted state. As
a desperate remedy he unnalled
them all, early last Febrtiary,
and gave all but one a thorough
painting with Gishurst Com-
pound, 1 lb. to the gallon of
water ; his trees, all but the
one, commenced to grow
favourably in spring, and are
i;ow pictures of health. The
tree not painted is in a balf-
deaJ blighted state. He used
the same diOf sing to his Apple
trees ; it killed the woolly
Aphis entirely, and has made

his trees clean and vigorous in their growth. He intends to paint

his wall trees annually, and tells all his friends to do the same.

I shall ceitainly serve all my young Peach trees against my walls in

the same manner. The Compound is, I believo, more efficacious

than the u.sual olfonsive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and

it does not blacken the shoots on the walls."
Jor Orchard-house Trees, ozs. to the gallon will be found a good

strength ; when used stronger some buds on weakly trees may be

injured.
GISHURST COMPOUND Is sold Retail by Nurserymen and

Seedsmen, in boxes. Is., 33., and 10s. Gd. each.
Wholesale by Price's Patent Candle Coupant, Limited, Belmont,

Vauxhail, London, S.
Gishurst Compound has more recent testimonials to its efficacy,

but none more conclusive than the above, which has been published

before.

Red Spider Magnified,

Caution to Gardeners.— When you ask for

SAYNOH AND COOKE'S WAKHANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Say nor, also the corporate mark Obtain
Warranted, without which none are genuine.

S. & C. reeret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s Pruning and Budding Knives are tne nest and the
cheapest In the market.

Paxton Works, Shelfield. Established upwards of 125 years.

MOTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

cow FITTINGS

Their advantages are — Poitabil ty n t F xtures, removable at

?1easme no Woodwork cr Partitions tj impede Ventilation or breed
ermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Ti'oughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and Impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow. 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Work.s, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., wliere the
above are exhibited, together with several Important Improvements
Id Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

.ALVANISED

WIRE

NETTING.

PRICES of NETTING, 24 inches hiqh.

Size of
Mesh.

2\ inch
2 inch
ig inch ,
Ij inch I

Proof against

Hares, Dogs, Poultry, &c.
All kinds of Game
Small Rabbits, Hares, &c.

Ditto Ditto ..

Light,

per
Yard.

3ld.
3Jd.
Ud.
6irf.

Me-
dium,

4id.
4id.
Sid.

did.

strong,

per
Tard.

6id.

Gid.
8d.

Extra
strong

per
Tard.

Gid.
7d.
Sd.
Wd.

100 Yards and upwards Carriage Free.
GALVANISED IRON WATER CISTERNS.
GALVANISED CABLE STRAND FENCING.
GALVANISED IRON PUMPS.
GALV,,VNISED SWING WATER BARROWS.
GALVANISED IRON ROOFS and BUILDINGS.
LAWN MOWERS, GARDEN ROLLERS.
ASPHALTE ROOFING FELT, Id. per square foot.
HURDLES, HURDLES, HURDLES, Id. 9d. to 3s. 3d. per yard.
Motley & Green.
niustrated Catalogues and Estimates free on application,
12, Great George Street, Leeds.

Oil Paint no longer Neceasary.

^t^n ^^'^-^i^^f^^'*^'"^g;;<^>C?

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VAUNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish Is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all ont-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It Is used In tho
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at tho seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from wlioin the niopt fluttering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Ssnm will forward on
application.

Fr^mi T. A. Taylor, Esq,, Slrennham Court.

" In answer to your tnquries, 1 hct; to intorm you I find your Black
Varniso an excellent substitute for oil pajnt upon iron and wood
out of doors, and have found the Iron BaiTow with apparatus
essential in applying the Varnish to lines of fencing. I can strongly
recommend tne'Black Varnish for all out-door work na superior to
anything I have yet used for the purpose, and it can be applied with
great economy by careful labourers."'

Sold m casks of about 30 gallons each, at I1. 6d. por gallon, at the
Ma'jufactoi-y, or Is. Sd, per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Hill* Smith, Brlerly Hill Iron Workc, near Dudley, ana
22. Cannon Street West, EC fVnm whom onlv H, ciin ho obtained

0 H N WARNER and SONS,

S, Crescent, Cripplegate, London, E.C,
BELL and BRASS FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTi'.

No. 35.
PATENT CAST-IRON
PUM P, fitted with J. W. & Soxs'
Metal Bucket and Valve, which
cannot clog In action, for Wells
not exceedmg 2.1 feet.

Diam, Height. £ s, <

2\ in. short . . I ft. 7 in. .. 1 1
2i in. long . . 3 ft. 3 in. . . I 8

3 in. long .. 3 ft. 6in. .. 2 1
31 in. long .. 3 ft. Cln. .. 2 fi

4 in. long . . 3 ft. 0 in. . . 2 14
2\ in. short, with 15 feet

of lead pipe attached,
ready for fixing . . 2 0

2 in. long, do. do 2 14

Price of 41-inch Liquid Manure Pump, with legs, £2 ISs. ; 2-lnch
Flexible Rubber and Canvas Suction Pipe, 2s. M. per foot. The
Barrel is 27i inches long, and the legs are 5 feet high.

WARNERS* PORTABLE FIRE or GARDEN ENGINE.

No, 42.
IMPROVED LIQUID
MANURE or GENERAL
PORTABLE PUM P.-These
Pumps are fitted with J. W. &
Sons* Patent Bucket and Valve,
and cannot clog in action. The
Barrel is made of Galvanised
Iron, not likely to corrode, and
can be raised or lowered at plea-
sure on the stand, the legs of
which fold together, and it ma^
bo carried with ease by one man
to tank or pond.

No. 5GSi.

For use by one Person price £2 2,*.

No. 647d, ditto ditto, on Wheels „ £2 10s.

The above are complete in themselves, and may be alway.s kept
filled with water, and ready for use.

Letter to The Times, Jutp 23. 1806./ro7« Earl Essex,

A Real Fire ExTtNouisHER.

To the Editor of The Times.

" Sir,— I feel sure you will kindly allot a email space in the Times
to these few lines, aa the best medium through which I would urge
every householder who dreads fire to have on each floor of his house
one or more small Garden or otborEngines on wheels, always charged
and In good order. In case of fire.

" Last night, just as I was going to bod. I was startled by that most
fearful of all cries, ' Fire, fire 1 ' 1 soon learned that a fire was ragmg
In a large two-windowed unoccupied bedroom. How caused is to ua
all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small
Engines on each floor. In two minutes I was in the room with one
of them. It was like a furnace. The curtains, shutters, casements,
and cornices of both windows were bmning and cracking from floor
to ceiling. I was quite alone at the moment, yet before assistance
arrived (most of the servants having gone to bod), I had completely
subdued the fire of one window without exhausting the Engine, and
when assistance and more water did arrive, we very soon oxtinguiahea
the other,

" So fierce was the fire that the lead of the casements was melted,
and the casements themselves were burnt off' their hinges.

" I will only ada, that by God's mercy, the house was saved by this
small Engine. Had it not been at hand and In order, most assuredly
Cassiobury would be now a heap of ruins.— Yours faithfully.

"Cassiobury, Watford, July 20. Essex.

" The Engine, even when full, runs so light on the floor, that any
woman mlgnt draw It, and also work It."

,42

THE GAEDENEES' OHTIONICLE ANI) AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[January 12, 1867.

UEAW'S TIFFANY.

)0 For samples and prices apply to

J". Sdaw & Co., 29, Oxford Street, MaQchestar.

Asphalte Roofing Felt,

ONE PENNT per Square l-oot.

CROGGON AND CO., Manufacttjrers,
r03, New Earl Street,! ^ n«Hnn T- r
Ui, Bread Street. 'j London, E.G.
69, GEORGE SQ., GLASGOW; 2, GOREE PIAZZAS. LIVERPOOL.

I 'I T. ARCHER'S "FRIGI D 0 M 0."
J • Patronised by Her Majesty The Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, 3is Grace the Uuke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
Sir Joseph Paxton forthe CiTStal Pal.ace, Roy.il Zoological Society, &c.

PROTECTION from COLD "WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.

"FRIGl DOMO," a Canvas made of Patent prepared Hair and
Wool, a perfect Non-conductor of Heat and Cold, keeping, wherever
It is applied, a fixed temperature. It is adapted for all Horticultural
and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Emits and Flowers from
the Scorching Rays of the Sun, from Wind, from Attacks of Insects,
and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any required lengths.

Two yards wide Ivt. 9d. per yard run.

Four yards wide Ss. Crf. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. Od, per yard.

An miproved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s. 8d. per yard run. Also

FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, 2 yards wide, Is. 6d. per yard run.

Elisha Toomas Arcoer, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It is much cheaper than Mats as a covering."

Lawn Mower Repairs.

ALEXANDER SHANES and SON would suggest to
their numerous friends the desirability and importance of
having their Lawn Mowers put into proper order before the com-
mencement of the Mowing season. If attention be paid to this
request some disappointment may be avoided, because in the early
spring the necessary time for repairing Machines is to some extent
denied them, on accoimt of the press of business connected with the
manufacture and despatch of new Machines.

Machines for Repair can be addressed, Alex. Shanks & Sos,
27, Leadenhall Street, London, E.C. (where Repairs are executed) ;
or to the Manufactory, Dens Iron Works, Arbroath, N.R.

I^OWLER'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
' CULTIVATOR may be SEEN at WORK la every Agricultural
County in England.

For particulars apply to John Fowler &. Co., 71, Comhill, London,
E.C. ; and Steam Plough Works, Leeds.

HE IMPROVED TANNEU LEATHER DRIVING

STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
without lap or cross ininta — superior to all others for Portable
Engines. Prime STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

Price Lists sent free by post.
The Tanneh Leather Company, Tanners, Curriers, &c., Armit
Works, Greenfield, near Manchester ; Warehouse, 81, Mark Lane,
London, E.G. Mr. H. Ferrabee, Agent,

Important Reduction in the Prices of Portable
Engines for 1866.

CLAYTON, SHDTTLEWORTH and CO., Engineers,
Manufacturers of Portable and Fixed Steam Engines , Machinery
for Pumping, Hoisting, Grinding, Sawing, &c. ; Engines for Steam
Cultivation, Self-moving Engines for Common Roads and Agricultural
Purposes generally.

Stamp End Works, Lincoln; and 78, Lombard Street, London;
also at Lowengasse No. 44, Landstrasse, Vienna; and Gegenuber
dem Rahnhof, Pestti.

Descriptive, Illustrated, and Priced Catalogues Free per Post
Special Drawings when required. The best Steam Threshing
Machinery made.

Greenliouses of Improved and Portable Construction

May he seen Erected at

JOSEPH SMITH'S HoRTicrLTUBAL Works,

t/ Now Road, Hammersmith.

SPAN-ROOFS— 21 ft. by 11 ft. 0 in., with Stage . . £32 Os
„ 24 ft. by 9 ft. 6 m. „ . , 27 0

„ 23 ft. by 12 ft. 9 in. „ .. 37 0

,, 30 ft. by 19 ft 70 0

LEAN-TO.— 17 ft. by 7 ft. 16 10

„ 20 ft. by 9 ft. 0 h) 21 ft

„ 21 tt. by 12 ft. 0 in 30 0

„ 21 ft. by 13 ft 27 0

' Fifty strong 2-in. Lights, 5 ft. 8 in. by 4 ft., Glazed 21-oz., and well

painted, £40.

, Twenty ditto, 6 ft. 8 in. by 3 ft. 7 in., ditto, £14 10s

CONSERVATORIES, GREENHOUSES, or VINERIES made to
order at Is. 3(1. per foot.
MELON FRAMES of an improved make, ready at low prices

Estimates for Ileatmg etfectually by Hot- Water
A VINERY or PEACILHOUSE, 41 ft. by 9 ft . with 14 ft
Rafters, £40.

LOCK'S PATENT POTASH MANURES.

This is the only "perfect" MANURE ever yet offered to the Agi-icultural Public,
containing, as it docs, that most important element of erery cultivated plant — Potash.
It is far superior in efEiciency to Peruyian or any other Guano, aa it supplies eveky
eonstitttent reqidsite for each bPECLtVL Crop.

Each Manure is specially prepai-ed for the Crop for -which it is intended, and is
sold in Bag's containing the necessary Dressing for One Acre.

The WHEAT, BARLEY, and OAT MANURE will effectually prevent the
LODGING of the Corn, so frequent on lands deficient in Silica.

The CLOVER MANURE is a certain cure for Clover sickness, so prevalent in some Counties.
The GRASS MANURE contains an abundance of Silicate of Potash, which is by far the predominating
element in all Grasses, and which has never before been offered for Sale by any Manufacturer.

Eor full particulars see Circulars, for which apply to the
SOUTH of ENGLAND MANURE COMPANY, LIMITED, REDBRIDGE, HAMPSHIRE,

who are the Sole Mantjf.actttrehs.
»** AGENTS WANTED for the UNITED KINGDOM.

HOTHOUSES FOR THE MILLION.

AWARDED A PRIZE MEDAL, 1862.
INVENTED AND PATENTED BY THE LATE

SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.

MANUFACTOHIEa:-LONDON; NEWTON IN CAETMEL, LANCASHIRE;
GLODCESTER. COVENTRY, ABERDEEN, and PAISLEY.

"Nothing can be moro easy than to build them, nothing more simple than to remove them," — Dathj iifews, Mfly 22, 1862.

COMBINE

SIJIPLICITY,
CHEAPNESS,

AND
DURABILITY.

ij^ (

REQUIREMENTS

HORTICULTURE

Illustrated Price Lists ^viU be sent on prepaid application. Estimates given for Ornamental Consei-vatories, &e.
to special sizes and designs ; also for Heating Apparatus, fixed complete.

HEREMAN and MORTON, 7, PALL MALL EAST, LONDON, S.W.

A HANDBOOK of VINE and FRUIT TREE CULTTVATION, as adapted to the above Patent Hothouses, may
be had of Mr. Hereman. Second Edition, price \s. ; post free, Is. \d,

" The iDstructions ^ven for the Cultivation of the Vine and other Crops are essentially practical, and are evidently written by one who
has himself perloi-med all the operations before he attempted to instruct Other8."~t7or(afle Gardener, Oct. 6, 1863.

S. OWENS & CO.,

(Late CLINTON ajsd OWENS),

MANUFACTURERS OF

PUMPS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY,

WHITEFRIARS STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

No. 49fl.

nPHE LANDSCAPE SKETCH shows an adaptation of THE IMPROVED HYDRAULIC

J- RAM for Forcimr Water to considerable Heights find Distances to supply Mnnsions, Farms, &c.. where >\
few feet fall can be obtained. Fnli particulars of this useful Self-acting Machine can be bad on application.

No. 4. Useful YARD, GARDEN, and COTTAGE PUMPS, from £1 5s. each.

No. 38. PORTABLE LIQUID MANURE PUMPS, with Flexible Suction Pipe.

No. i6a. DOUBLE-ACTION PORTABLE FORCE PUMPS and FIRE ENGINES for

WATER or LIQUID MANURE.

No. 50. IMPROVED (HOLMAN'S PATENT) DOUBLE-BARREL FARM FIRE

ENGINES and IRRIGATING PUMps.

No. 49. GARDEN ENGINES of aU sizes.

No. 49ff. IMPROVED SWING WATER CARRIERS, holding 24 and 35 Gallons, for

GARDEN USE. '

No. 49c. INDIA RUBBER HOSE and FITTINGS for WATERING GARDENS.
I^ Further particulars, Estimates, and Illustrated Price lists on application.

jANUAnY 12, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHBONICEE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

43

N

EW

AECHANGEL CARGO and HEAVY

Dl NN'AliU MATS.
R. M. MiiToK.l, nnwento iH.cfc. Upiicv Th^nioa;streot^l^ondon^

OR SALK, KA'L'KKIALS irmaininfj from Ihc
INTKBNATIONAL IIORTlCULTUaAL EXniBITION.

IMi U-mcli GlazoJ Enrthomviiro Unuii ri|.ica

IKiol-hicli liltto I 30 ;i.iiich .Iimctl.ms c.2 3.mcb Elbows

Aqn.'',lliy"r«ll'.-litlv dnnin^d 11-lnoh nn.l Much Drain I'lpos and

cooa. wiinieii'-n'"" „ .

1 now Much Water Metor. . ,„^,. .
TURF, fVoml0tol2thou«aud.
Apply to Mr. GiiuuN, SuDormtolulgut^B gtorseg Park, S.W.

TTOtIWaTEK apparatus, of every description,

Jrl nscti complete in any part of Iho country, or tho matorials,

Vl7 Rollers Pipes, &c.. (lellvorod to any Station.

Estimates on applleatinn.

J Jones S Soks, C. lianllaide, Koutliwark, London, b.E.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ HOLLANliK, Iron Merchant,
. ,n. Caul side, London. S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, H.,ra StocK, per yard :— 2-incli, is. M.,
a-lnch 1». 10<i. ; andJ-lncli. 2». M. 13E>JdS, ft-om Stock, Is.Od ,2s. (W.,
and Is oaob THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s..imd 14s. each. Uthor
Connexions at Vcnally low prices, and all goois of flrst-class mnnji.
Sire E8t"nmte8 given, and orders by post punctually attended to

the sjuno day. ^

N

Olasa for Garden Purposes.
AMES PHILLIPS and
bog to submit their BEDOCKU PRICES as follows :•

C 0.

PROPAGATINO

2 Indies In diameter

Each.— s.

GLASSES.

12 Inches in dl.ametor

Tea Cheaper than Ever.
HIILLIPS A.M. CtiMI'.MNT.'S TEAS

ARE llEsr AND CHEAPEST.
STIUlN'i: IILAIK TKAS, 1«. (!,(., 2h.. 2j, M.

Very Excellent IiJ.,ACK TEA la now only 2s. titt. per lb.
i'nii.Mi's & Co., Tea Merchants, 8, King William Street,

City,

3 It

3 (!

4 0

6 0
II 0

7 0

London, E.C.

Rare choice Konulne COEFEE, Is. id, nor lb.

A Price Current post fi'co. Sugars lit Market prices.

piiiLLii's Ic Co. have no A^'euts.

PniLLU'S & Co. send all Goods carriage free hy their own Vans,

within eight miles of No. 8, King Wllliani Street. City ; and Bond Tens,

Colleos, and S^jlccs, carriiigo free, to any Rallw.iy Station or Market

Town in tlio Unileu Kingdom, if to the valuu if 40x. or upwanlH.

c

0 T T A M AND C 0 M P A

COKSEnvATOBT aud UOTllOUSE BoM.nKM, &c.
Iron Works, 2, Wmsloy Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

Y,

20 ^4 30 inches long.
468, C'S.1. 92<(. G((. eacb.
HOT-WATER PIFES.
2 S 4 inch.

U. G'l. 2s. Id. 2s. 9d. per yard.
Matorlula supplied as above,
or Katiniates given fixed com-
plete to rimi, on applicfition to
COTTAM & Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street.
{opposite the Fanthoon).
Oxlord Street, London, W.

i^

^ (^^0^

HOT WATER APPARATU&

1 0

HYACINTH and FLOWER DISHES.
0 inches diameter . . . . 1»- "d. | 0 inches diamotor .

12 inches diameter .. .. 2s. Oii. , „ ,

Ilvaclnth Dishes nro inton.led to contain a number of Roots

Bedffi i^n and covered with Moss, instead of tlie common Hyacinth

"''""■ LACTOMETERS, for Testing the Quality of Milk.
Four Tubes . . . ■ 4s. C<J. I Six Tubes . . . . Cs. Oil.
' With Stands complete.

WITH
OPEN TOPS.

[AMES WATTS and CO., Hothouse Builders

I and Hot-Water Ait.vratus Manufacturers,

353, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.

16 „ - ,.

Boxes 2k. each, roturnablo at full price.
Painted and Glazed with Ki-oK. Sheet Glass.
London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROOGll

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, Carson's PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes.
BRITISH PLATE. PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE^ CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of G LASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
term's. Lists of prices and estimates fonvavded on application to
James PniLLiPS & Co., 180, Blshopsgate Street Without, E.C.

On/'\ CUCU.MUKU unil .\1 KLON HtlXKS and LIGHTS,
/iUU all sizes. Glazed and Painted complete, re.ady for imme-
diate use, packed and sent to all parts of the Kingdom.

Strong ZINC HAND GL.4.SSES, all sizes.

Referinces to the Nobility, Gentry, nod Trade m most of the
Counties in England. ^ .

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
HORTICULTURE.
" Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South
Kensington

GREEN'S IMPROVED Nfi-W PATENT
GARDEN ROLLER.
The above Rollers possess many advantages over all others. They
are made in two parts, and are free to revolve on the axis, affording
^(■eater laeilibiea lor tumiBiJ, an'i the outer edges are rounded off or
turned inwards, thus avoiding the unsightly marics left by other
Rollers.

Diameter, 30 inches: Length 32 Inches, £7 10 0

24 „ „ 26 „ 4 10 0

, 20 „ „ 23 „ 3 10 0

„ 16 „ „ 17 „ 2 15 0

Prices for Rollers fitted with Shafts suitable for Pony or Horse

Power, free on application.

Delivered carriage paid to ail the principal Railway Stations and
Shipping Ports in England.

Thomas Ijref.n & Son, Smithfield Iron Works, Leeds ; 54 and 55,
Blackfriars Road, London, S. ; and 19, Eden Quay, Dublin.

N.E. All Orders executed on the day they are received.

rpilK fcJMOKKR'S IliOKiiON immclialely and effcc-
X tually REMOVES tho TASTE and SMELL of TOUACCO Iiom
tho Month and Breiith, and renderH Smoking agreeable and nafo, U
id vury pleahjint and wliolcsnino. I'riij'.iied by a patent process,
fioin the recipe of an ciiiineut phyfe'cmn, by Sciioomnu & Co.,
Wholef'.T.Ie and Export Confectlonor.i. B6»-linal Green, London, N.E.
Is por box post I'ree, 14 .stamtiH.— Sold by CliL-inistH, Tobncconiatn,&o.

DINNEEOUU'S FLU [D MAGNEBIA.—
Tlio best remedy for Acidity of tho Stomach, Heartburn,
Headache, Gout, and IndiBoailon: and the best niild aperient
for delicate constitutions, oapocially adapted for Ladies, Children,

DiNNKKORD & Co., 172, Now Bond Street, London, W., and of

all CheniLsts

rpo PARENTS Eind GUARDIANS.— The retuni of
X Youth to their i-espectivo boardiiig schools induces a solicitude^
for their personal comfort and attraction, and ROWLANDS'
MACASSAR UlL, fur iiccelerating the growth and improving and
beautil'ving the hair, ROWLANDS' KALYDUR. for improving the
nkin and complexion, and rcmovinfi; cutmieous eruptions, and ROW-
LANDS' ODONTO, or Pearl Dentifrice, for rendering tho Teeth
beautifully white, and preserving the gums, are considered indis-
pensable accoinpaninients. , I , •
Sold by Chemists and Perfumers. Ask for Rqwlasps artlclea.

TN CASKS of RHEUMATISM, Debility, Stomach

X Complaints, Bile, Gravel, Cutaneous Affections, Headache,
Indigestion, &c., take PARR'S LIFE PILLS. They give immediate
relief, without the aligUtest pain or inconvenience.

May be bad of any Chemist.

NO 5IED1C1NE for tlic Curuof Asthma, Consumption,
and Coughs was ever attended with buch speedy and unfailing
success as DR. LOCOCK'S PULMONIC WAFERS. In every ncwh-
paper and periodical in tho kingdom may be seen testimonials ol
their wonderful efficacy- To Singers and Public Speakers, they are
invaluable for clearing and strengthening the voice. Price U. lirf.,
2*. ild., 4s. 6d., and Us. per bos ; by all Medicine Vendora.

PRIZE StEDALS AWARDED to GREEN'S PATENT
LAWN MOWERS.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 18C2.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, DUBLIN, 18C5.
The above Lawn Mowers have proved to be the best, and have
carried off every Prize that has been given in all cases of Com-
petition.

Sold by all respectable Ironmongers, Seedsmen, &c., in the
Kingdom. Illustrated Price Lists Irao on application.

Plans and Estimates free on application. Descriptive Book fully
illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
James CnANSTON, Architect, Birmingham.

Works ; Highgate Street, Blnningbam.
Henry J. Growtaoe, Manager. 1, Temple Row West. Birmingham.

Midland Steam Power Horticultural and Hot Water
Works, Loughborough.

TG. MESSENGER, Midland Steam Power
• Horticultural Works, Loughborough, Hot- Water Apparatus
and Valve Manufactiu-er.

Honourable Mention awarded at the International Exhibition, 1802,
and i^ the Dublin Exhibition, 1&G5 ; also a First-class Certificate by
the Eloval Horticultural Society,

T, G. Messenger, Patentee of many important improvements in
Buildings and Implements connected with Horticulture, and which
meet with unqualified approbation, is prepared to give reference to
hundreds of works entrusted to him and pre-eminently answering
ttae purpose for which they were constructed.

Any House Glazed single or double, with or without putty.

The mode adopted by T, G. Messenger I'or Heating and Ventilating
Forcing Houses is particularly successful.

Houses are coustmcted by bis Patented Ventilating principle to
open the whole of roof and sides as though the glass were tntirely
removed, at once placing tlie plants in the m:temal atmospbcre.
- T. G. Mebbenger's Boiler p ssa^fies all the advantages of the
^Tubular aud Sadd-o combined, baa hollow furnace bars, requires but
ft shallow stokehoK', and exposes as much surface to the direct action
of the fire as can possibly be obtained, the whole of which can be
easily cleaned ; and it is an important fact that out of upwards of
600 now at work made upon the improved prhacipte not one has
cracked.

T. G. Messenger's Valve (single or double) is effective, simple,
easy to work, and as durable as the pipe to which it is attached.

Designs and Estimates supplied for all kinds of Horticultural
Works, and guaranteed to answer tho purpose for which they may
Bt intended.

WANTED, a PARTNER in an old established NurBery,
two and a-balf miles from Covent Garden, where a good Trade
is done. Capital. £M0 ; or Valuation.— Apply to A. C, 14, Shakf-
speare Terrace, Upper Holloway,JJ^

"^~^ To Seedsmen, Potato Growers, &c.

TO EE LET, till Mich;ieliii;is, 1867, about 60 ACRES
of productive ARABLE LAND at Leytonstone. Immediate
nnssession. „ . .- „

I- or terms apply to Messrs. Driver & Co., Auctioneers, Surveyors
and Land Agtjnts, 4, ^Vhitehail, S.W.

Cheshire.

To NURSERYMES, JIaIIK-ET GaRDENBRS, &C.

TO RE LET, on Lease or otherwise, about ELEVEN
ACRES of thoroughly rich soily Land, -suitable for a MARKET
GARDEN within 2 miles of the town of Crewe, which has now a
population of about 18,000 inhabitants, and is daily increa-sing, in
consequence of the extensive works in connection with the London
and North-Western Railway. ,„„,,_. t^ ».. ■

The Land is only a short distance from the Staffordshire Potteriep.
No Market Garden in the neighboiu-hooJ. , ^ , ^

For terms apply to Mr. Robinson, Wistaston Hall, near Nantwich.^

iParm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TODLOUSE GEESE, tlie largest and most productive

breed known. , , , , ,. j

Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROUH.N DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA. CREVECa':UR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Bailt & Son, 113, Mount Street, London. W.

A GRICTTLTURAL and HORTICULTURAL

S\. IMPLEMENTS and MACHINES of every description.
IMPROVED IRON STABLE FITTINGS.
HURDLES and CONTINUOUS IRON and WIRE FENCING.
Palisading Entrance and Field Gates. Plain and Galvanised

Wire Netting.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS and GARDEN ROLLERS.

Garden Engines, Syringes, Water Barrows, Ornamental Garden

Seats, Chairs, "rabies, Iron Fountains, Vases, &c.

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS, m great variety.

Washing, Wringing, and Mangling Machines.

IMPROVED SAUSAGE MACHINES and FILLEES.

Separate Illustrated Price Lists free on applicatio-

Thomas Green & Son, Smithfield Iron Works. Leeds.

Show Rooms opposite the Smithfield Cattle Market, North Street,

Leeds: 64 and 66, Blackl'riars Road, London, S., and 10, Eden

Quay, Dublin.

iiiality, and some are objects of pure Vertu, the productions of the
first manufacturers of Paris, from whom William S. Burton imports

The Best English Watches.

GOLDSMITHS' ALLIANCE LIMITED, Watch-
MAH.EBS, 11 & 12. Comhill, London, E.G., request the attention
of purchasers to their stock of London-made PATENT LEVER
WATCHES, which are nmnulactnred by themselves on the premises.
A Pamphlet, explaining the various constructions, with a Lisb of
Prices, will be forwarded gratis and post free on application.

/^LOCK«, CANDELABRA, RRONZES, and LAMPS.

y^ —William S. Bcrtun invites inspection of his Stock of these,
displayed m two large Show Rooms. Each article is of taiarante-

til

them direct.

Clocks from 7s. 6d, to £4o.

Candelabra from J3s. Orf. to £16 105. per pair.

Bronzes from 18s. to £10 165.

Lamps, Moderateur, from . . . . 6s. to £9.
Pure Colza Oil, U. per gallon.

WILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING
IRONMONGER by ai'pointment to H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, sends a Catalogue gratis and post paid. It contains upwards
of 600 Illustrations of his unrivalled Stock ofSterlmg Silver and
p:iectro Plate, Nickel Silver, and Britannia Metal Goods, Disli
Covers, Hot-water Dishes, Stoves, Fendera, Marble Chimney-pieces,
Kitchen Ranges, Lamps, Gaseliers, Tea Trays, Urns, and Kettles,
Clocks, Table Cutlery, Baths, Toilet Ware, Turnery, Iron and Brass
Bedsteads, Bedding, Bedroom Cabinet I-Xirniture, &c., with Lists ot
Pnces, and Plans of the Twenty large Show Rooms, at 39, Oxford
Street, W. ; 1, 1a, 2, 3, and 4, Newman Street; 4, 6, and 0, Perry'ff
Place ; and 1, Newman Yard, London, W,

Short-horn Bulls.

ON SALE, by Private Contract, EIGHT choice
YOUNG BULLS, principally rich roan colom-s, fi-om 10 to
22 months old. Also, FOUR BULL CALVES. They have all a
larve oroportion of flna Bates' blood, derived through their sire the
well-known pure Bates Duchess bull 7th Duke ot lork (17754), bred
by Captain Gunter from dams chiefly descended from the late Earl
Ducie's celebrated herd.

Pedigrees will be forwarded on application to the Breeder,
Mr S Rich, Didmarton, Chippenham, Wilts ; and every reasonable
assistance as regards delivery, ic, will be rendered to purchasers.

Sakjs 6b gtuctton.

Consignment of Plants from Ghent.

ME. J. U. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Stveet, Covent Garden, W.O.,_on
SATURDAV, Jan. 19, at half.past 12 o'clock precisely, .TO fine
CAMELLIAS with Hower buds, 1 to 2 feet high ; :;ul) choice INDIAN
AZALKAS with flower-buds : 300 choice Hi;rdy RHODODhN-
DKONst 601 floe niilied GLADIOLUS GANDAVENSIS; 10(1
Swcet-scSnted CLEMATIS; 200 STANDARD PERPETIAL
ROSES, and others ■, 20O CLIMBING ROSES ; 200 young OH AN Gfc
TREES; 300 Hardy GHENT AZALEAS; 20O TDLIP TREES;
100 SALISBURIA ADIANTHIFOLIA ; and 20O YUCCA ALOI-

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Tnmliam Green.

CLE.iBANXE S-*LE OF VaLDAUI-E FrUIT AND OTHKR TllF-ES FOB THE

Kensington and Richmond Railway.

MESSBS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are instructed
bv the London & North-Western Railway Company to SELL
bv AUCTION on the Primises, Chiswick Nurseries, Turnhiiiii
Green. W., on THURSDAY, January 24, at 12 o'clock, the whole 01
that portion of Messrs. GLKNDINNING'S NURSERY STOCK,
taken by the aforesaid Railway Company, and which is to be cleared
without resel-vtf, comprising Home thousands of Fruit and othor
Trees, including handsome Standard and Dwarf-trained Peaches,
Nectarines, Apricots, ditto and pyramidal Pears, Ctierries, Apples
&c ■ a Quantity of Crab Stocks ; upwards of 400 Cedrus Deodaia,
3* to 8 feet, including some very graceful specimens; 2000 Limes,
Planes, worked Thorns. Chestnuts. Elms, Oaks, Acacias, Willows,
&c. ; Common Laurels, English Yews, Piuus excelsior, 4c.

May be viewed four days prior to the Sale. Cat.alogues may be had
on the Premises; of Messrs. BmcnAM It Co , 46, Parllamoiit street,
Westminster, S.W. ; and of the Auctioneers, American Nurseries,
Leytonstone, Essex, N.E. .

Pontefract, YorlEslilre.

Sale OP CnoicE SnnOB, Fhdit, Forest TnEt.i.GBEESHOiisEPLANTS, 4c.

MR. W. PEASE will SELL by AUCTION on
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, January 16 and ".IS",
at 11 O'clock each day, on the Premises of, the late Mr fohn Scholoy^
Nurseryman, the yaluable STOCK of SHRUB, FRUIT, FOREST
TREES, and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, &o.

Catalogues may bo had on application 'o JJr. T^Jowell, mr. L
Stones andthe Auctioneer, Pontefract ; orof Mr. El>. Hall, Nursery,
man, Wakefield.— Pontefract, Dec. 29.

44

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JantjaBT 12, 1867.

BY HER MAJESTY'S

ROYAL LETTERS PATENT.

NEW PATENT WROUGHT

OEMSON'S

IRON MULTITUBULAR HOT-WATER BOILER.

THE GREAT ADVANTAGES OP THIS
BOILER ARE :—

Ist. Bein* entirely of Wrougiit-Iron-,
its safety from leakage and cracks (from
expansion or contraction), a danger to
■whioh all Cast-iron Boilers are moi'e or
less liable.

2d. .An immensely increased surface
exposed to the direct action of the fire,
which passes through the tubes, thereby
giving a wonderfully increased amount
of power.

3d. A great saving in the consumption
of fuel. Its facility for baaiking up the
fire. Its peculiarly well-adapted con-
struction for slow combustion, and
burning many hours without attention,
at a trifling expense.

4th. Its extraordinary power and
safety for carrying out the One-Boiler
System, and small space and depth
for setting.

ELEVATION.

One of these BOILERS Heated the
GREAT ORCHID TENT, 560 feet long,
and 40 feet wide, at the INTER-
NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL
EXHIBITION, with a remarkably email
quantity of fuel, and gave the greatest
satisfaction. "Was highly approved of
by many Scientific Men and Practical
Horticulturists.

The great Power, Economy, and
Safe Working of these BOILERS has
been thoroughly tested for the last
12 months at the Horticultural Gardens,
Ohiswick, where they may be seen in
action, and also at other places in
various parts of the country.

UNDERSIDE OF BOILER AND PLAN OF TUBES.

TSEY AJiJS MADE OF TAMIOUS SIZES. PRICES OK AFFLICATION.

HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS,

COMBINING STRENGTH AND DURABILITY,

MANUFACTURED BY STEAM-POWER MACHINERY.

LOWEST PRICES AND BEST MATERIALS.

I^" Plans, Specijieaiions, and Estimates on application.

HENRY ORMSON, F.S.A.,

HORTICrLTURAL BUILDER TO HER MaJESTY, AND HOT-VATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURER TO THE COMMISSIONERS OP HER MAJESTY'S

ROYAL PALACES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS, AND TO THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

STANLEY BRIDGE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

EdI orial Commnnlcations should be addressed to " The Editor ; " AdvertisemeDts and Business Letters to " The Publisher," at the Office, 41, WelUagton Street, Covent OanleOj London. W.C.
n« " M ,f '„'!*X'° »'»"»»>". at the omce or Messrs. Bbiobdrv, Evans, & Co., Lombard street. Precinct of WhitcMani, Oitr of London, in the Co. of Middleiex, and PilbUshed by th« said Jixiia Mitthsws at the
Office, No. 41, Wellington Street, Pariah of St. Paol'i.CoTent Garden, in the said County.-SATcaoAT January 12 Ififi?

/

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 3.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, JANUARY 19.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, 6d.

INDKX.

Ai'clinintiHiitiuii

Au(-ut>a bcrrlPM. pulHunokis . . .

llciui ciiki>, Clilnii:<(-

UcOdiiig uut

IIOl-H

llfll teatimoniHl

UlnWiU'st, iirtitlvial...

llo»kKiiutU'i-d 54 t

Catiiluffuoe , Tut

Crtttk' IVioJ

CoUl.tinii' rii-vc^'lsti.Tln!; ...

C'iic.nin> ,- v\ii.I. r

Kiinh . . ;

ri,.i:is IhMiliir

Fl.iWfl-,. <\r\V

— \^(i iiiiiitcd dfniblit ,...
r.iiintaiiiH.UultttPcrt'ha ..

Fi.iit.tlie Ifttu

I'lK hslas, suk-ct

Oaiiic. crops Injured by ., .,

diinn' oiivt-rt ,.

U:ir.k'iRTs' Ik'iK'Vulent Ias1

linrryu cllipticii, frnmie .. ...
Iliii|)i>uli:>f rliiimnuidcs ....
Imuutl. condition of

— rents in

McArdell.lateMr

. fi7 f>

. (14 b

. SB b

. (i-1 a

. M a

. 5j c

. J') a

. 53 a
. 32 t
. 53 e

5ti I

Mult tax

ML'teovoloaical i-oiucldeiioo ..
M >>-■ i>-iLopi(' il Club, Quekett .
OilMiii-i-ius-um cirrhiisum ....
iithum

I^ l.v

lie I

IL'Ilt .

viivd's

. 49 e
. (HI a
. 5H a

I'Lints, puiituniiniu 92

— u!iiiilii;mf 33

riiiiit pi.rtniits 49

l'..iidw,skiitiiij: in

I'dtato Milky White 51

Ufiitfl, Insll 58

Uoso.lmrdincssorMart'ChiilNieiaa

— — Gloircde Dijon 52

Seeds, ciiDcctiiiiis of '4

SiMVii(/o lit I.u(li;o Farm 57 ■

— atCn)jiluii C4

Shortlionis.siiln ol 59 .

Society. Itoviil H'>vtitiiltiiral.. 54

— tinitiil HurlJL'uUiiiiil ,. 54

Sports. I'rni. M..ncn ni\ 4'J

Statistics, av'i-ifulmi'al 5il

Tuxes, AmerifttU G2

TliiTmoiuctors, registering.... 52

TitlK.' comuiutfttioii I>'i

TiccB, Californian 53

— coluurin^ living .,,.,... 52

Turnpike trmts 62

Walks, asphiilte 53

Water supply, London 57

Weather ofisus 51

— lute 9cy ere 52 5 — 5H

— in Scotland 52

NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, 18G7.
—The .ibOTo EXflllJlTlON will open at Mancbester on
JUNE 7, and continue till JUNE 10.

ScliBUule3, iic, may be oh'iiliiecl on application to 5Ir. B. Findlay,
Cuviitor, Uotaulc Gwden, Manchester ; or from tho uuderaignod,
IIenrv WiiiTwoKTn, Secretary.
Carlton Ruildings, Cooper Street, Manchester.

Grape Vines.

JOSEPH JIEREDITIi Ikis a beautiful Stock of VINES
for Sale, propagated from Vinos which have borna the fruit
which has taken from timo to time so many First Prizes.
Tho Vineyard, Garston, mar Liverpool.

Late Grape Vines.

ALICANTE, LADY DUWNES', and MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA.

JMEilKDliil has a splendid Stock of the above
• sorts for Planting.

Tho Vineyard, Oarston, near Liverpool.

INES, VINEbV-^rong'Plantiiig and Fruiting Canes
of all the leading kinds. Prices on application.

B. S. Williams. Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upper Holloway, N.

LACK and GULOEN flAMllUKtjH UKAJfE VINES.
strong well-ripened Fruiting Canes, 7s. Gd. each.
Price to tho Trndo on application.

C. FAiRNiNtfTox, 4, Elm Tree Uoad, St. John's Wood, London, N.W.

CJUTTON'S COLLECTIONS of SEEDS.

O For tho KITCHEN GAKDEN, lOs. Gd, to £5 Gs.
For the FLOWER. G.VRDEN, Cs. to 42«.
Prices and particulars gratis and post free.
Sutton &. Sons, Seed Growers, Reading,

QUTTON'S SHORT SELECT SEED LIST

O may bo had gratis on application.

Roval Iferks Seud Establishuicnt, Reading.

New Flower Seeds— Novelties for 1867,

With l^■^Tllu^■TlllS3 ns Cl'ltin' athi\. — Seo

SUTTON'S AMATEUR'S GUIDE,
pago 34. Price One Shillicg oost free, or gratis to Customers.
Royal Uorkshiro Seed Establlshmout, Heading.

CARTER'S NEW GARDEN SEEDS for 18G7.—
PRICE LISTS, containing all the NOVELTIES ofthe season,
gratis and post free.

Jajies Cahtkr a Co., any. IIi(!;U IlnHwrn, London, W.C.

Genuine Garden Seeds.

W'M. CUTBUSH AND SUN'S (JATALOGUR of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. HighBatc, London, N.

WIIOLI^SALE CATALOGUE of GENERAL
NURSERY STOCK, containing CG pages, may be had post
free on npnlication to •

Tuouas CiiiPPH, The Nurseries, Tunbridpe Wells.

New General Plant Catalogue.
S. WILLIAMS' NJOW PLANT CATALOGUE,

-■^j- . containing many reallvgood Novelties, and carefully selected
LISTS of STOVE, GREENtlOUSE, and HARDY PLANTS, la
DOW ready and will be forwarded post free to all applicants.

Victoria and Paradise NursorieM. Iloltoway, London, N.

B

Being Issued.-Flrst Edition 25,000.

BARR AMI SIGUKX'S UL'llHi tu tli^' KITCHEN
and FLOSVEI'.. GAP.DEN. A copy will be presented to each
customer, and al.so to intending purchasers on sendmg their address,
BkKR &. Sluuks, ]-2, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Flower and Vegetable Seed Catalogue.

BUTLtiR, Mcculloch and co.'s spring
CATALOGUE, containing descriptions of over 1000 species and
varieties of FLOWER SEEDS, and a LIST of all the Novelties of the
season, is now ready. Forwarded free.

South Row, Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

LADY DOWNES' SEEDLING, HAMPTON COURT,
BLACK HAMBURGH, and MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA
GRAPES. Good Fruiting Canes, 7s. Qd. each ; good Planting Canes,
dn. Gd. each.

T. Jackson 4 Son, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W,

Ol'RONG and EXTRA STRONG FRUITING VINES.

O —Upwards of 2W0 from Eyes. Including all the leading varieties,
with stout close-jointed thoroughly ripened Canes, many of which,
if fruited in pots, will produce trom 8 to IG bunches of Grapes next
season. Prices, &c., upon application.

Jambs Dickson & Sons, " Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

To the Trade.

JC. WHEELER and SUN, Nurberymen, Gloucester,
- having more DWARF MAIDEN APRICOTS, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, aii<i PLUMS, than they require for their own
pLinting, beg to offer them on very reasonable terras. They are
strong, healthy, and true to name. Price on application.

PAUL AND SON'S SEED CATALOGUE will be sent
with pleasure to any applicant. It contains, with usual matter.
Descriptive Priced Lists of cu'efully selected Novelties In Seeds ;
Seeds of Ornamental Foliaged Plants for Subtropical Flower Garden-
ing ; Gladioli, with original Notes on their Culture.

Tho Old Cheshunt Nurseries and Seedshop, Cheshunt, N.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

C CHARLES SHARl'E and CO. beg to inform the
J Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,
and will be forwarded poet free on application.
Seed Warehouse, Sleaford.

AMRRUiSE VEltSCHAEFELT'S (Nurseryman.
Ghent, Belgiimi). GENERAL CATALOGUE of PLANTS
may be obtained free ou application.

Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLARD, Seed Grower and Merchant,
20, Ouat do la MOgissCrie, Paris, France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEEDS, m English weights
and money, post free on application.

'^ICHARD~D"EAN'S LIST of NOVELTIES and

SPECIALITIES in FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS,
and which contains also some Original Papers ol great value to the
Amateur, is now ready, and can bo had post free on application.

Depot for New and Choice Vegetable and Flower Seeos, Ealing,
London, W.

/CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the above may
Vy now be had at 10«. Gd. and 21^. each ; the usual discount to the
Trade. PtTEa Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and London.

w

EBB'S PRIZE COB. FILBERT and other PRIZE

NUT TREES. LIST of varieties aod prices to be had ot
Mr. Webu, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

PYRAMID APPLES, PEAKS, PLUMS, CHERRIES.
Beautiful Trees for Garden or Orchard Houses.
RtciiAnD SuiTii, Nurserjinan and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Dwarf-trained Trees by the iooo, 100, or dozen.

APPLES, PEAKS, PLUMS, CHEKIUES, PEACHES,
and NECTARINES. Fine, Bat, well-trained, of best quality
and true to name.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Fifty Acres of Fruit Trees,
A PPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
-Ti. NECTARINES, and APRICOTS In every form desired for
Frultinp.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant. Worcester.

Orcliard-liouae Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RicRARD Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant. Worcester.

RUIT TREES, for Walls and Espaliers.— Upwards of
50,000 to select from, carefully trained, and In the healthiest
conditiou for plantinp.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Tuberoses, Tuberoses, Tuberoses.

BUTLER, MCCULLOCH, and CO. have to offer extra
stronn ROOTS of the above, 3s. per dozen, 4d. each.
South Row, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

New Double Italian Tuberoses.

SUTTON AND SU.NS hiive rL'cdved their annual supply-
in good condition, which they can supply at 33. 6t(. per dozen.
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading,

L ILIUM AtJRATUM
Strong Bulbs, 55., 7s. Gd., 10s. Gd., and 15$. each.
B. S. WiLUAMs, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway
London, N.

ANTED, in Full Bud, a few large CAMELLIAS of
tho old Double White. State sl2e, price, Ac, for Cash on
delivery, to W. Heath, College Nursery, Cheltenham,

PARTIES wishing to have GENUINE CHOICE
SEEDS of best quality onlj', at lowest prices, should obtain
J. SCOTT'S PRICED CATALOGUE, sent Iree to [purchasei-s, on
application to J. Scott, Tho Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Somersetshire Prize Seeds.

GENUINE GARDEN and FLOWER and FARM
SEEDS of tho Hnest stocks and quality ; LISTS now ready.
PvOBERT H. PovNTER, the County Seed Establishment, Taunton.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom, London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Sekd FAHSfERs, MERcnANTs. and Nursertmeh,

237 & 23§, High Holborn, London. W.C.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Merchants, 7, Borough Market, London, S.E.
New and Genuine ACRIOULTURAL, GARDEN, ana FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and advantageous offers on application.

AUTUMN liEDDING for WINTER and SPRING
DECORATIONS of FLOWER BEDS on LAWNS, &c.— A
piece of Planting, showing what maybe done in this way, can be seen
any time at Thomas S. Ware's, Hale Farm Nurseries, Tottenham,
Middlesex, adjoining the Railway Station.

FOR SALE, 300 HYACINTHS in Pota, now coming
Into Bloom; also a few bores of good TULIPS. No offer
re fUaed.— Apply to F. G. D., 19, Annis Road. South Hackney, E.

Koses.

WM. PAUL'S PRICED DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE of ROSES Is now ready, post free on application.
Padl's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N,

pULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.

V_y Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
neiir Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

DWARF MOSS ROSES.— Strong well-rooted Plants
(2--yr. bedded) of tho above, suitable for planting out or potting,
21s. per 100. A remittance or reference is respectfully requested
from unknown Correspondents.

FiELii Brothers, Tarvin Ro.ad Nursery, Chester.

ROSES. — Extra tino Standards, at from 15*. to 18*.
per dozen ; 100s. per 100.
Do, Dwarf, extra fine, at from 9s. to 12s. per doz. ; 63s. to 84s, per 100
Do. New Sorts ot ISOfl. at 24.^. per dozen.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST on application.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Flantizig.

WM. PAUL begs to refer intending Planters of
RdSKS. KltriT rUEES. .SHRUBS. &c., to Uis Advertise-
ment ol Dec.'iiili'jr I, l-'iii.

PRICED DEKCiUi'TlVR CATALOGUES on application.
Paul's Nurseries, WulLli.ini Cross, N.

F

Railway Planting.
IVE MILLION Transplanted UUICKS, of superior
growth. Samples and prices on application to
John Hemsi.kv, Iitgh Fields, Melbourne, near Darby.

rpKEES and PLANTS of all sorts and sizes in very
JL great (luaiitity, of best quality and at moderate prlcoH.

PRICED LISTS pHHt-liee on application.
James Dicrson & SiiNH, i" Old ICstuhtlskcd Nursery and Seed
Bushiess,'") The " NuwLnu " Niu-Hi.'i-io;H, Clieator.

— ^ ~ Spruce for Cover.

GEORGE CHIVAS. Ulicstt-r, lias a very large Stock
of the above, from U to 3) Icot. To induce largo orders, tho
prices (which may be had on ai'plicatlon), have been greatly reduced.

' Strong Quick.

HAND F. SHARP I'J biivefor Sale a fine Lot of 3-vr.
• Transplanted yulCK, 3 to 4 feet high, and welt-rooted. Price
very moderate.

Nursery and Seed Establishment, Wisbech.

To the Trade.

WCROWDER, NuKSEuvM.vN, Horncastle. has to
> offer SCOTCH FIR, 1 to U and 2 to 3 feet ; SPRUCE do.,
2 to 3 feet; QUICKS, l,2,and3-yr. transplanted ; LARCH. 3 to 4 feet.

PI^NDID LARCH, 3 to 4 ft., at unprecedented prices;

_ HAWTHORN QUICK, do. do.; AVENUE TREES: large
EVERGREENS and COMIKKKS; magnificent TRAINED PYRA-
MID and STANDARD FRUIT TREES. Special prices given.
Gkokge Davi.ion, Hereford.

WANTED, COMMON JUNIPER.— Any oue having
pood Plants to offer, may state height, price per Thousand
(stating when last planted).

Charles Nohle, Bagsbot. .

T

wo

HUNUKEU THOUSAND YEWS.

40.000 ADCtlBA JAPONICA.

Soo CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

Thomas Warner. Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

T

wo

HUNDRED THOUSAND TREE

10,000 STANDARD ELMS.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

BOX.

THIRTY THOUSAND AMERICAN ARBOR- VITJi.
10,000 PORTUGAL LAURELS.
See CATALOGUES, Whole.sale or Retail.
Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

rPEN THOUSAND] SIBERIAN AKBOR-VIT^

JL 1000 ARBUTUS, in pots.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or R,etall.
Thomas Warned, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

TWENTY THOUSAND DWARF iMAIDEN aud
TRAINED FRUIT TREES, APPLES, CHEKRIK.'!,
PEACHES, and NECTARINES.

20,000 HOUGHTON CASTLE or VICTORIA CURRANTS.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

TuouAS Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

IBBONTiORHERTsixColours), German and French,
COLLECTIONS, and all specialties worth growing. SeePoxNT£B'5
LIST. Robert II. Povnter, Taunton.

To tlie Trade.

THE ESSEX RIVAL PEA, in any quantity.
For price, &c.. appW to
Tnos. Klet, Siblo Hertingham, Ualstead, Essex.

s

The very Earliest and Best Pea In Cultivation.
UT TON'S RINGLEADER.

Price 2.^'. per quart.

Potatos for Planting.

SUTTON'S DESCRIPTIVE LIST
post free.
SoTToN & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Readint;.

PRINCE of WALES' KIDNEY POTATO.— A few
Sacks of the above to bo Disposed of. For price, iStc, apply to
G. R. SiSLPSON, Colchester.

WHITE

w

HEELER'S MILKY

is the BEST of all POTATOS.

Potatos for Seed.

W HEATH h.is a quimtitv of FLUKE and
• GLOUCESTERSHIRE KIDNEY for Sale, clean and freo
from disease. Flukes, &K. per bush. ; Gloucesterstiire Kidney, G.s'. do.
College Nursery. Cheltenham.

" To the Trade. ~^

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, and CO. have to offer the
undermentioned. Prices on application.
PRESIDENT POTATO (Webb). I TELEGRAPH POTATO (Webb)
SANGSTER'S NO. I PF.AS. 50s. per quarter.
CoTent Garden Market, London, W.C.

To Cucumher Growers.

(^ WALKLING, Siii;DSM.\N, Florist, and Cucumber
„X. Grower, North Row, Lewisham, S.E., begs to olTer
CUCUMBER SEED of two first-claas sorts at Is. 6c/. and 2s. f.(i. per
Packet. WAiRLiho's PROLIFIC and SOLID GREEN, likewise
Plants of the two kinds in small or large qviantities.

Extra fine Seakale for Forcing and Planting.

GEO. CLARKE hiis many Thousands of the finest
quality tootTer this season. Prices ^l,^■, 7,s, 0(i, , Uw,,andl5s. p. 100.
Nurseries, Stroat ham Place, Biixton llili.S E. ; &Mottingliam.Kent.

Westmoreland-grown Italian Seed.

JOSEPH DIXON, SuKii.sM.iN, K™Jiil, otters ITALIAN
SEED to the Trade. Saiiqiles and prices ::ent on application.

Yellow Globe Mangel Seed.

MR. S. A. DAINTREE, of Fen Drayton, St. Ives,
Hunts, having a large stock of the above Seed, of his own
growth (from large selected roots), can .supply the Trade at a very
low rate. Sample and price on application as above.

RAYNlilKD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
Corn, Seeh, Manure, and Oilcake MEBcaANTS,
Address, 80, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.G. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1831,
for Wheat 1802, for " Excellent Seed Corn and Seeds."

46

THE CtAEBENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGEICIILTURAL GAZETTE.

[Jaj^-uaet 19, 1867.

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, &c.

ROBERT PARKER begs to announce that his
CATALOGUE, containiog select DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds in cultivation of the above-nanietl i3 now published,
and will be forwarded to applioants. The Stocks of Soeda have all
been procured from the test possible sources, all are waiTanted
genuine, and are offered at the lowest possible prices. Iniouding
purchasers are requested to compare the prices mth those of other
nouses. Exotic Nursery, Tooting. Surrey, S.

New Descriptive Lists.

DOWNIE, LAIRD, and LAING, Nuiisekymen,
Seedsmkn, Ploiusts, and New Plant Merchants, 17, -South
Frederick Street, Edinburgh; and Stanstoad Park, Forest Hill,
London, S.E., respectf\illy beg to intimate that their NEW
DESCRIFl'IVE PRICED CATALOGUES ofFLORIST FLOWERS.
GARDEN, FLOWER, and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, GLADIOLI,
ROSES, &c., are now ready, and may bo had free on application.

AHTHUR HENDERSON and CO. beg to announce
that their CATALOGUE of KITCHEN GARDEN and
I'LOWER SEEDS for 1867 is now ready, and will bo forwarded free
on application.

NEW MELONS.
BRIDGE CASTLE PERFECTION.— This is a ^raen-fleshed variety,
of excellent flavour, thin skin, medium size, with a delicious
melting sugary flesh. One of the best sorts ever raised. '2s. 6d.
per packet.
THE GUILDHALL PRIZE.— Scarlet flesh, a very quick grower and
a great cropper, weight 3 to 5 lb. Early, excellent shape, richer
and superior in flavour to Turner's Gem. Skiu very thin. A
seedling between the Scarlet Gem and Egyptian green-fleshed.
2s. Gd. per packet.
HENDERSON'S COMPACT-TOPPED PINE-APPLE BEET.—
True (om- own saving). •

Pine-apple Place, Edgeware Road, London, N.

CHOICE NEW PLANTS of 1866.
STOCK PLANTS.
Per dozen— s. d. I Per dozen— s. d.

Antirrhinums 6 0 Fuchsias GO

Chrysanthemums .. .. C 0 1 Geraniums (Bedding) ..9 0
GERANIUMS, VARJEGATEDt—2 Italia Unita, 2 Sunset, 2 Mrs.
Longfield, 2 Luna, 2 Mrs. M. Hutton, 2 Stella Variegata — for One
Gumea.

Per dozen— 5. d.
Lobelias, new 1866 . . ..40
Mimulus, ditto .. ..6 0
Pentstemons, ditto . . ..60

Per dozen-
Phlox, new 186G
Tropajolums. ditto . .'
Verbenas, ditto

6 0
6 0

CATALOGDES for one stamp.

Post Office Orders on Castle Hedinpbam.

Wm. Dillistone, Munro Nursery, Stble Hediogham, Esses.

TO BE DISPOSED OF, THREE very fine SPECIMEN
PLANTS, comprising 1 PANDANUS JAVANICUS VARIE-
GATUS, 5 feet 6 inches through ; 1 ARiUCARiA ELEGANS,
14 feet 6 inches high ; 1 FICUS ELASTICA, Standard, 10 ft. through
Further particulars and price to be had of Mr. Giubons, Gardener,
Bumtwood Grange, Wandsworth Common, Surrey.

Planting Season

LARCH (Native and Tyrolese), SCOTCH FIR (True
Native), SPRUCE, OAK, ASH, ALDER, BEECH, PRIVET,
and all kmds of FOREST and ORNAMENTjU. TREES and
SHRUBS, ROSES, FRUIT TREES, fine specimen ARAUCARIAS
and DEODARS, and large TREES for Park Planting, now m flue
condition for removal.

CATALOGUES, with sizes and prices, sent free on application to
DicasoNs & Co., Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists, 1, Waterloo
Place, Edinburgh.

Strong Larch, Native Scotch, English Oak, Thorns,

&c., ALL Transplanted.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Chester, solicits the attention of
Planters to his very great Stock of LARCH, 2 to 4} feet:
NATIVE SCOTCH, IJ to afeet {a portion of which wasTmnsplanted
last spring for the second time) ; ENGLISH OAK, 2 to 4 feet, and
THORNS of great streogth, with an extensive and general assort-
ment of other Trees and Plants. The quality is unexceptionable,
and the prices much in favour of the buyer.

Tansley Nurseries, near Matlock, Derbyshire.

JOSEPH SMITH, Sen., inWtes Planters and the
Trade to inspect his Nursery of 80 Acres of high land. The soil
Ib of afibrous nature, and the Plants take up with excellent roots,
such as to ensure the best success in their removal.

The Nursery contains many Hundred Thousanns of RHODODEN-
DRONS, COMMON and PORTUGAL LAURELS, BOX, BROOMS.
BERBERIS, HOLLIES, PRIVETS, YEWS, &c. The- FOREST?
TREES are very extensive, of all the leading kinds ; there are
16 Acres of LARCHES, of different sizes, and all others in propor-
tion. Prices moderate, which can be had on application as above.

W VIRGO AND SON having a large Stock of the
• following, can offer them at very low prices : —

FOREST TREES.
Alder, 3 to 5 feet, extra strong . Fir, Scotch, U to 2 ft., extrafine

Ash, 18 inches to 2 feet
Beech, 2 to 3 feet, very good
Berberis dulcis, 2'to 3 feet

„ Aqmfolium, 1 to IJ foot;
Chestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 leet, and
6 to 6 feet
„ Spanish. 2 to 3 feet

„ Spmce, 3 to 4 feet, extra fine
„ Larch, 2, 3, & 4 ft., extra fine
Hazel, 2i to 3i feet, extra fine
Holly, Green, 11 to 2 feet, bushy
Laurel, Common, 2J to 3 ft,, bushy
„ Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. bushy
Privet, 2 to 3 feet, extra bushy

F

strong CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS.
Strong MANETTI STOCKS.

FRUIT TREES.
Apples, Standards and Dwarfs, very strong
Cherries, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Pears, Standards and Dwai-fs, extra flue
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Nectarines, Dwarfs and Dwarf- trained, extra fine
Kentish Filberts, 4 to 5 feet, extra fine

PRICED LIST or samples on application at
The Nursery, Wonersh, near Guildford, Surrey.

To the Seed Trade, ~

K. BTJRRIUGE, Seed Fakmeb and Nursery-

• HAN, Lexden Road, Colchester, begs to otter the followlna
LIST of SELECT FLOWFR SEEDS, which he can recommena
with eveiy confidence : —
Bidens atrosanguinea
Candytuft, Burridge's Improved,

daik crimson
Ghryaanthemum carinatum atro-

coccineum [white

Clarkia integripetala, new double
Collinsia bi color candidissima
Convolvulus major tricolor,

splendid striped variety
Dionthus barbatus superbus,

dark crimson variety [fiorus
Diantbus barbatus auriculie-
Bryaimum arkansanum
Godetla The Bride

„ rubicunda splendens
Helichrysum bracteatura in-

curvum, splendid double Ever-
lasting
Helicbrysum bracteatum nanum

atrosaoguinQum
Helichrysum macrauthum
Larkspur, Dwai-f Double Rocket,

in 12 separate colours
Leptosiphon, French hybrids
Ltnum candidisslmum [variety
Lobelia speclosa, Crystal Palace
Lobelia speciosa Paxtoniana
LupinuB subcarnosus, splendid

Dwarf Blue variety

which he can recommend

Maize, new Japanese Variegated
Marigold, African, Double, two
colouis
„ French, Dwarf Double

Striped, selected
„ French. Tall Double
Striped, selected ■
Marvel of Peru, iVarlegated

Fohage, Tricolor Striped
Nasturtium Tom Thumb, Scarlet,
Bunyard's Improved, Colom-
equal to Tom Thumb Pelar-
gonium
Nasturtium. King ofTom Thumbs
Nemophila macuiata grandlfloi-a
,. „ purpmea

Pea, Sweet. Invincible Scarlet
Phlox Drummondii, Brilliant
Scarlet
» „ Black Warrior

„ „ lladowitzkii

Physalis Aikekengi, Winter

Cherry, true
Sanvitalia procumbens flora
Silene Saxifraga [pleno

Spraguea umbellata
Tagetes signata pumila
Viscaria oculata, New Scarlet
Zinnia mexicana

Price of the above on appHcation.

WALL-TRAINED TREES of BEARING SIZE.— Our
Wall-Trained Fruit Trees this season are veiT flue, and
include PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, and FlGS, suited
for planting in houses for immediate Fruiting. An inspection is
respectfully invited.

T. Jackson & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, Surrey.

RICHARD SMITH'S FRUIT LIST contains a
Sketch of the various Forms of Trees, with Directions for
Cultivation, Soil, Drainage, Manure, Pruning, Lifting, Cropping,
Treatment under Glass ; also their synonymes, quality, size, form,
skin, colour, fiesh, flavour, use, growth, duration, season, price, &c.
Free by post for one stamp.

R[ciiARD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

ARCH,

PEAR STOCKS,

& c .

LARCH, 14 to 2 feet, per 1000, 8s. ; 2 to 3 feet, 10s. ; 3 to4feet, ISs. 6(i.
PEAR STOCKS, 2\ to 5 feet, 10s. to 30s. per 1000.
SCOTCH FIR, 2 years bedded, G to 12 inches, Ss. per 1000.
LIST of other TREES sent on application.
Apply, wllh reference, to J. RinDELL, Steward, Paik Attwood,
Bewdley, Worcestershire.

0

THE

TRADE.

Evergi-een Oaks, l-yr., extra fine I Asparagus, 1, 2, and 3-\t., do.
English Oaks, 2-yr., do. Pyracantha, 1 and 2-yr., do.

Portugal Laurel, l-yr., do. | Quick, Wliite Thorn

Prices, per 1000 or 10,000, upon application.
Wm. DiLLiSTOKE, Munro Nursery, Siblo lledingham, Essex.

Northampton Nurseries.
JOHN PEREINS, Sen., begs to call attention to his

large STOCK of the foUowing :-

o

Larch Firs, 3 to 4, 4 to 6 feet
Spruce Firs, 2 to 3, 3 to 4 feet
Black Tnorn, 2 to 3 feeC
Hornbeam, 2 to 3, 3 to 4 feet
Green Box, 1 to IJ foot
Portugal Laurels, li to 2 feet
Beech, 3 to 4 feeo
Chestnut, Horse, 4 to 6, 6 to 8 ft.

Oaks, Turkey, 6 to 6 ieet.

Elms, English, fine Standards,
0 to 8. 8 to 10 feet

White Thorn Quick, 2and3-years
transplanted

DwArf-trained Peaches, Necta-
rines, Plums and Cherries

Standard Pears aud Apples

Cedrus Deodars, 6 to 8 feet.
The above will be sold at unusually low prices. Lists of which may
be had on application to

52, Market Square, Northampton.

WHEELER'S "MILKY WHITE" POTATO.

Milky "White, 6s. per peck.

"We beg to call attention to tlie superlative merits of this fine Potato. It would be easy to fill pages
with extracts from letters speaking in the very highest tenna of its beautiful colour, excellent flavour,
fioury texture, great productiveness, and of its other admii'able qualities. The following TESTIMONIALS
(though few in number), are from well-kno^VB persons, and will be as convincing as if the good opinions therein
expressed were repeated a thousand times.

First, we mil see what Mr. Shirley Hidbehd says about them:—
" Better than any Potato coming in at the mid-season is
Wueeler's Milky White. I had a splendid crop of this last year;
not one of them was touched by the disease. The growth is very
short and compact ; tubers are nearly all one size, neither large
nor small; it has as fine a flavour as any Potato grown, and teas
whito and mealy as Fluke or Flour Ball, and these two cannot be
surpassed in colour and texture. I shall run no risk in dealing
boldly with this fine Potato, and I shall therefore put it in an,emphatic
form that WiiEELER's Milky White is the best of all Potatos ; and
those who do not grow it may consider themselves rather behind
the age."
Next we will lay before our readers D.'s (of Deal) opinion : —
"Milky White.— This I received from the well-known Firm of
Messrs. Wbeeleb & Son, Gloucester. It is one of the handsomest
Potatos grown, and well deseives its name, for it is most beautifully
white, very floury, and as a second Early Pot.ato, one that 1 do not
hesitate to regard as first-rate. It is also a very free bearer." — /).,
Deal, iiL Journal of Horticulture, Dec. 18, 18G0.

Mr. Dean, of Bradford Nursery, Shipley, is a well-known authority.
What does he say ?~

"MiLRY White Potato. — In my opinion this Potato will soon
ha»e a ' world-wide fame.' I have grown it this sea-son, and I have
seen it growing in other places in this cold part of lorkshiro; it
crops well, and is white when cooked, and of capital flavour. It is a
first-class second early kind, and should be in every garden."

Few 'gentlemen know more about Potatos than Mr. Hudson, o-
Pershore; Mr. Fryer, of Chatteris; and the Ex- Mayor of Kidder
minster. What do these gentlemen say ? —

"Your Milky White is everything that can bo desired. Itia purely
white, a good cropper, and peculiarly free ft-om disease, scarcely a
tuber having been affected by the prevailing blight of this season." —
Henry Hudson, The Ehn$, Pershore.

" When in London you asked me for a statement of the growth of
your Milky White Potatos. I am unable to speak decidedly of Its
yielding properties, having received the seed from you very late in
spring ; but it was the handsomest and whitest Potato I grew out of
15 trial lots, and entirely free ftom disease." — Joun Fryer, Manor
Hottse, Cliatlcris.

"Tour Milky White Potato is excellent, a gi'eat cropper, very
mealy, and delicately flavoured, early, and remarkably ftee from
disease. It was abouL the only Potato in my garden that was entirely
fi-ee from it. It appears likely to turn out a good keeper, as well as
being fit for the'table so early in the season " — Williau'Rodkn, M.D,,
F.R.C.S., Kiddermiuster.

The next is from a Clergyman : —

"I have much pleasure in bearin? testimony to the excellence of
the Potatos with which you supplied me last season. The Milky
White especially were unsurpassed by any Potato I ever had on my
table."— liowABD Sevmodr Stocrer, Titchwcll Rectory^ King's Lynn.

Now comes a valuabl i one from a practical Gardener : —

"I found the Milky White to be ot flrst-rate quality for a Gentle-
man's table, and a large cropoer." — Joun Edwards, Garderur to Sir
F. C. Smythe, Bart., Acton BurnaU.

If anything more favourable can possibly be said about a new variety of this valuable esculent, our imagination
not picture it. The above good opinions are eoiToborated over and over again in our " Little Book for 1867."

The following leading Firms have ordered a supply this season. The retail price is 5s, per peck (141b.)

Backhouse & Son, Messrs., York

Barr & Sugden, Messrs., London

Baylis, Mr. Thomas, Wolverhampton

Bell, Mr. John, Norwich

Brown, Mr, Stephen, Sudbury

Bunyard i Sons, Messrs., Maidstone

Butler, McCuUoch, & Co., Messrs., London

Cant, Mr. B. R., Colchester

Capam, Mr. W. H., Newark

Carter, Mr. John, Keigbley

Carter & Co., Messrs. James, Londou

Cattell, Mr. John. Westerbam

Charlwood & Cummins, Messrs. , Covent

Garden
Chivas & Weaver, Messrs., Chester
Cooling, Mr. Edwin, Derby
Darby, Mr. R, F., Cirencester
Davies, Mr. Isaac, Liverpool
Dean, Mr. William, Shipley
Dickson & Co., Messrs., Edinburgh
Dickson & Sons, Messrs. F. & A., Chester
Dickson & Sons, Messrs. Jamea, Chester
Dicksons & Brown, Messrs., Manchester
Dreghom & Aitken. Messrs., Kilmarnock
Druiumond Brothers, Messrs., Edinburgh
Eraser, Mr. John, Lea Bridge

Eraser, Goad, & Co., Messrs., London
Garaway & Co., Messrs. James, Bristol
Henderson& Co., Messrs.A., Pine-apple Place
Henderson & Son, Messrs. E. G., St. John's

Wood
Hogg & Robertson, Messrs., Dublin
Hoopers Co., Messrs., Covent Garden
Hurst & Son, Messrs., London
Ivery & Son, Messrs. James, Reigate
Ivery, Mr. William, Peckham
Jackson & Son, Messrs. J., Kingston
Jetteries & Son, Messrs., Cirencester
Ker, Mr. R. P., Liverpool
Laird & Sinclair, Messrs., Dundee
Lane & Son, Messrs., Berkhampstead
Lawson & Son, Messrs., Edinbm'gh
Lowe & Co., Messrs, Wolverhampton
Lucombe, Pince, & Co., Messrs., Exeter
MacKenzie & Sons, Messrs., Dublin
Mallett, Mr. SViUiam, Barnstaple
Mai-sh & Perkins, Messrs., Northampton
Milan, Mr. T.. Doncaster
Mitchinson, Mr. Juhn, Truro
Niven, Mr. N., Dublin

Nutting & Sons, Messrs., 60, Barbican, E.C.
Oldroyd, Mr. H. J., Shrewsbury

Osbom& Sons, Mossi'S., Fulham
Palmer & Son, Messrs., Annan
Paul & Son, Messrs., Choaliunt
Poyntef, Mr. R. H., Taunton
Robertson & Co., Messrs. P. S., Edinburgh
Rollisson & Sons, Messrs., Tooting
Smith, Mr. Richard, Worcester
Soden, Mr. John, Oxford
Toogood, Mr. W., Southampton
Toole & Co., Messrs., Dublin
Turner, Mr. Charles, Slough
Waite, Burnell, & Co., Messra^ Holbom
Waterer & Godfrey, Messrs., Elnap Hill
Whalley, Mr. Thomas, Liverpool
Wheeler, Mr, George, Warminster
Williams, Mr, B, S., Holloway
Winderbank & Kingsbmy, Messrs., South-
ampton
Witty & Son, Messrs., Cottingham
Wood & Ingram, Messrs., Huntingdon
Wood & Co., Messrs., Worcester
Veitch & Sons, Messrs. James, Chelsea
Virgo & Son, Messrs. W., Guildfofd
Yates, Messi-s. G. & W., Manchester
Young, Mr. Maurice, Guildford

"We anticipate a large demand this season,
absolutely necessary to send orders at once.

"We regret to say we have but a limited supply ; it will be therefore

WHEELER'S "LITTLE BOOK"

Has been described as the "Queen of Seed Lists." It is illustrated, and contains much descriptive matter.
A Cojjy was posted to each of our Customers last week; there are a few remaioing, which we will forward
post Iree at Sixpence each.

J. C. WHEELER and SON, SEED GROWERS, GLOUCESTER.

January 19, 1867.J

THE GARDENET^?' CFRONTCLE AND AG-RTCTTETURAI; GAZETTE.

*»

JAMES CARTEK & CO.,

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioner of Public
Works and other Govera-
ment Departmrnis, the Royal
Gardens, Kew, &c., &n,, &(;.

Seedsmen to II. I. M. tho
Emperor of the French, the
Crystal Palafe Company, the
Aj;ri-Horticultaral Society of
India, ice., &c., &c.

Just Published, Post Free, 12 stamps, Gratis to Customers.

CARTER'S GARDENER'S AND FARMERS VADE MECUM

FOR 1867

iV:;^VK\\ Contains a lar^c amount of useful and original practical

'^xj^Sy-'^^' information for the Garden and Farm, together with the following
V ..-r^^)! (),.igi,)^l Articles: —

"■^^::} On the Cultivation of Hardy Flowers from Seed.

- ^^' /■ How to Raise Hardy Flowers from Seed.

^^&i'-i>'- '•'•ll^^/ Ornamental Annuals.

^o^'-'i^-'i^j^y^ Fine-foUaged Plants froni Seed. And,

^^Ay'^sU .^^ On Laying down Grass Seed for Permanent Pasture.

&c. &c, &c.

CARTER'S COLLECTIONS of GARDEN SEEDS for 1867

"Will produi^e a supply of the best Vegetables "All the Tear Round," for large, medium, small,

and very email families.

No. 4, 63s. ; No. 3, 42s. ; No. 2, 21s. ; No. 1, IDs. 6d.

These Prices include box and packing".
*,t* Any of the above forioarded without delay on receipt of Post-office Order.

JAMES CARTER and CO., 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

U T T 0 N ' S

riUlNEA COLLECTION

or

KITCIIKN OAllUEN SEEDS

FOIt

ONK WHOLE YRAirS HUPI'LY

I'orwiirdcd CaiTlago Fioe by RaU on locolpt
of rost-omco Order for 'iU.

PRICED LISTS gratia and post free on
iipiiliuation.

Sutton & Sons,

Royal Berkshire Seed Eatablinhmeutt

Reading.

J AS. GAR A WAY and

NuRSKitYUEN and Skf.dsurn,

C 0.,

Durdbaiu Dofrn Kui-serios, BristoL

s

EEDS for the KITCHEN GARDEN.

J^

S.

G A R A W A T

CO.

QEEDS for the FLOWER GARDEN.

JAS. GARAWAT and

C 0.

(JEEDS for the FA

R M.

(J BEDS, Best QuaUty, at Cheapest

Rates.

JAS. GARAWAY AND

C 0.

PRICED CATALOGUES, Post

Free.

JAS. GARAVAT and

C 0.

pARRIAGE PAID of aU ORDERS over 20j.

TAS. GARAWAT and

t/ NcKSEuvMEN and Seedsmen,
Durflhnm Down Nurseries, Bristol.

C 0.,

A Practical Gardener for Sixpence.

CARTER'S FLOKAL ALMANAC and CALENDAR of
OPERATIONS (for each Month in tlie Year) for the GARDEN
and the FARM, comprising full Directions for the Successful
Management of the Kitchen Garden, Fruit Garden. Flower Garden,
Conservatory, Forcing House, Stove, Orchid House, Greenhouae,
Fruit Forcing Houses (Pineries, VinerieB, and Peach House), and
Frames, together with Copious Instructions for all the Necessary
Operations for tho Successful Cultivation of the Farm.

James Cartkr & Co., 237 and 238, High HoJbom, London, W.C,
and hU Booksellers. Forwarded on receipt oi six stamps.

UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND MOST OF THE NOBIUTY AND LANDED PROPRIETORS THROUGHOUT BRITAIN.

FEANCIS & ARTHUK DICKSON & SONS,

THE OLD ESTABLISHED SEED WAREHOUSE,

106, EASTGATE STREET, and the "UPTON" NURSERIES, CHESTER.

THE BEST EARLY PEA IN CULTIVATION— DICKSON'S ^' FIRST & BEST."

FRANCIS ANT) ARTHUR DICKSON and SONS are gratified to find that this Pea has again this Season (1866) given uniyersal satisfaction, and is pronounced by the
most experienced Gardeners in Britain, and otlier competent Judges (confirmed also by their own repeated trials against all the Early Peas of the day), to be the very
best FIRST EARLY PEA ever offered for general good qualities, viz., Earltness, Prodtjctivbness, and Succession of Crop. It "will become as universally grown as tlieir
'DICKSON'S FAVOURITE," which they had the pleasure to introduce some years ago.

Retail Price, Is. 6d. per Quart. Price to the Trade on application.

COMPLETE ASSORTMENTS OF CHOICE VEGETABLE SEEDS FOR ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY,

No. 1. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of SELECT VEGETABLE SEEDS for ONE TEAR'S SUPPLY £3 3

No. 2. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto ditto, in smaller proportionate quantities .".2 2

No. 3. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto ditto, in smaller quantities '. " '..11

_ No. 4. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of best kinds for a Small Garden .', ., ,, !! 0 10

No. 5. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of the most select kmds for an extra large Garden, in proportionate quantities to No. 1 . . ..55

COMPLETE ASSORTMENTS OF CHOICE CONTINENTAL AND ENGLISH FLOWER SEEDS.

No. 1. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of the best and most approved Continental and English varieties, £2 2s.

£1 10 0 I No. 4. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto ditto £0 15 6

110 I No. .5. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto ditto 0 10 6

No. 2. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto ditto
i' No. 3. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto ditto

The above Collections contain the very best varieties of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS of tho respective kinds, and are recommended to Amateurs and others who
00 uot keep a professed Gardener, and are themselves at a loss to select.

FRANCIS & ARTHUR DICKSON & SONS'

CATALOGUE OF VEGETABLE AND FLOWEE SEEDS, ETC., FOE 1867,

with practical Cultural Directions, is ready, and wiU be sent Post Free on application.

Their Seeds arc all of the most select character, each variety being saved from the best stock inown of its kind.

All Seeds oJ'£2 valm delivered Carriage Free at any Eailwatj Station. Flower Seeds sent Post Free, except heavy articles, such as Sweet Pens, Lupins, ^c.

106, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.— Jan. 19, 1867.

4S

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZEHE

[JanuabT 19, 1867.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 3C mces,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. r.

Foot's CriiT Nm-sery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of Now
North Kent Line of South Eastera Railway.

WHolesale Catalogue of Nursery Stock.

GEORGE JACKMAN and SON'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 18(16 and Spring 18C7, can
he had free on application, comprising Fruit Trees, Rosea, American
Plants, Conifers, Clematises, EvorRreen and Decidioui Trees and
Shi'Ubs, and transplanted Forest Trees, &c., &c.
Wokini? Nursery, Surrey.

RICHARD SMITH'S SEED CATALOGUE contains a
Calendar of Timo for Sowing, particulars of Collections, with
Prices, Directions for Cropping well and economically. Soil, Manure,
Depth, Distance. Season, Hardiness. Duration, Form, Height,
CoKur, Storing, Use, Flavour, and other qualities, described.

This List Free by Post for ono stamp. Seeds direct from the
Growers the surest way to succes;;.
^ RicnARp SsiiTH, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Genuine New Vegetable, Flower, and Agricultural
Seeds of best quality only.

J SCOTT'S Stock of the above is now ready for
• sending out. A CATALOGUE containine PRICED LISTS
of NOVELTIES, and other choice SEEDS, BULBS, GARDEN
REQUISITES, ic, post free on application, prices very low.
GLADIOLUS, from 2s. per dozen, named sorts.
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Post Paid.

Viola cornuta, var. Purple Queen,

Is. and 2s. Gil. per Packet.

BS. 'ft'^ILLIAMS has purchased Mr. Bennett* s entire
• Stock of the above. None genuine unless in Faclcets bearing
B. S. W.'s name and address.

VIOLA CORNUTA, var. MAUVE QUEEIf, Gd.,ls., and 2s. Cd.
per Packet.
B. S. WiLLi.vMS, Victoria and Paradise Nur.seriea, Upper Holloway, N.

NOTICE.-NEW ROSES FOR 1867.

FOETT-SIX VARIETIES, being the cream only of the best new kinds known on tlie Continent, now ready in
magnificent strong healthy Plants, which will be eligible for sending out as soon as the weather will permit.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES GRATIS on application to the SUBSCRIBERS.

WILLIAM WOOD and SON,
WOODLANDS NURSERY, MARESFIELD, NEAR UCKFIELD, SUSSEX.-

-Jan. 19.

LILIUM AURATUM.

STRONG

E. G. HENDEESON & SON

CAN SDPPLY

BULBS OF THE ABOVE MOST BEAUTIFUL

At 7s. 6d, and 10s. Gd. each ; Smaller, 5s. and 3s. 6d.

LILY

THE GARDEN SEED CATALOGUE FOR 1867

Early Spring Flowers.

WEBB'S GIANT POLYANTHUS and COWSLIP,
with all the best varieties of i?ouble and Single PRIMROSES.
PANSIES, &c., with Seeds of single varieties. LIST of prices of
different icmds o" application to |

Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardens, Rending. >

To the Seed Trade.— Continental Flower Seeds, £cc. '■
Tjl "W". AVENDEL, Seed Giioatok, ^c, Erfurt, Prussia, ■
JO • beg3 to announce that his WHOLESALE CATALOGaE of i
the abovo ia now ready, and may bo had free and post paid on
apphcatton to his Anent, ■

Gzo. Maciktosit, Seed.sman, &c.. High E-oart, Hamnicrsmith, W. I

GLADIOLI. — Collections containing :iU the tioest I
varieties in cultivation, many new, and oflcred for tlie first
time, 105s., 63s., 42s., 30s., 25s., 20s., 15a., 12,s-. BRENCHLEYENSIS,
the most showy of all, extra strong roots, 'in. per doz., 20s. per 100.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LISTS ftee on application.
Bdtler, McCdllocd it Co., South Row, Covent Garden, W.C,

Forwarded Postage Free on application, including nmonj
RAPHANUS CAUDATUS. or RAT'S-TAIL KiVDISH, Gd. and Is.
BROCCOLI, CAT^'ELL'S ECLIPSE.

OSBORN'S WHITE WINTER.
DEWAR'S IMPROVED BEET.

LETrUCE. ALL THE YEAR ROUND, Is. Gd. per packet.
ONION, NUNEHAM PaRK.

PEAS, LAXTON-S PROLIFIC \ . „ . „„ .. ^ ,^,
„ TABER'S PERFECTION S ^'''^ ^" ^^' ^"'-
TOMATO, MAMMOTH, Is. per packet,
WELLINGTON CAULIFLOWER, 2s. 6d.
NORTHUMBERLAND CHAMPION CELERY, Is.

;st many others the following desirable articles :-
INCOMPARABLE CRIMSON CELERY, Is.
CUCUMBER, KIRKLEES HALL DEFIANCE.
„ LONG GUN.

TELEGRAPH.

IMPROVED PRINCE ALBERT.
MELON, WILLS- GREEN FINE-APPLE GEM

WILLS' SCARLET PINE-APPLE GEM.
WILLS' OULTON PARK HYBRID.
POTATOS, THE ASH-TOP FLUKE, 6s. per pock.
„ MILKY WHITE, 5s. per peck.

„ PATERSON'S VICTORIA, 4s. per peck.

WELLINGTON NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S "WOOD, LONDON, N.W.

GARDEN SEEDS.

Gladioli.

JKELWAT AND SOiN beg to call attention to their
• splendid Stock of GLADIOLI, which compiises all the sorts
worth growing, and probably the largest in the Trade. Aa a nroof
of the luxuriance and excellence of their collection they havo been
awarded the First Prizes ofiered at the Crystal Palace and Royal
Horticultural Exhibitions in 1804. 1865, and 1S66.

PRICE CATALOGUES free to all applicants.
Selections left to J. K. & S., 3s., 6s., to 2Is. per dozen: 10s 20s.,
to 100s. per 100.

The Nurseries, Langport, Somerset.

American Plants, &c.

WATERER AND GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS
and other Americau Plants for this Autumn, will be sent on
apphcation. The Catalogue also gives a summary of their General
Nuraei7 Stock, probably the most extensive In the kingdom.
Knap Hill Nursery, AVoking, Surrey.

Rhododendrons.

JOHN "WATEREK'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
of HARDY SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS Is now
publislied and will be forwarded on application. It faithfully describes
the colours of the new varieties exhibited bv him at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. An Abrid'god List of popular
CONIFERS .with heights and prices, is likewise combined.

The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey, near huuninKd.ile Station,
South-Western Railway.

Good Seeds ^^p^ Carriage Free.

SUTTON'S UNRIVALLED COLLECTIONS of
SEEDS for ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY.
„ „ . For the Kitcben Qardrn.

No. 1 Collection, carriage free £3 3 0

No. 2 Collection, carriage free ' " 2 2 0

No. 3 Collection, caiTiage free .'.* ." ill e

No. 4 Collection, caiTiage free ". " 110

No. 5 Collection, carriage free . o l/i it

No. 6 Collection . . 77 . . [, ,\ \\ \\ ! ! 0 10 C

«,«.... „ ^°^ ''"^- Flower Gaulkn.

NO. 1 Collection, free by post or rail £2 2 0

No. 2 Collection, free by post or rail .'. '.'. " " 1 li o
No. 3 Collection, free by post or rail . .. " " 1 l o

No. 4 Collection, free by post or rail 0 16 0

No. fi Collection, free by post or rail .'. 0 10 G

Particulars of the above Collections may bo'had on application.
PRICED CATALOGUES gratis and post ft-co. Five per Cent
Discount allowed for Cash payment.
Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Seeds, Seeds, Carriage Free.

Warbanted of tue PunEST AND Finest Quauty.
VEGETABLE SEEDS.

WM. DILLISTOJSE'S HALF -GUINEA
, , COLLECTION, the cheapest and best ever oflered. cont.iln-
mg half the

ONE GUINEA COLLECTION,
which contains sufficient for ono year's supply for a Garden. Includ-
ing eight quarts of the best kind of Peas, and all other kinds of Seeds
in proportion, mcluding some of the new varieties
TWO GUINEA COLLECTION
contains sufficient for one year's supply for a medium-sized Garden
including more than double the quantities in tiie above Collection
This, I.e. the £2 2s. Collection, is highly recommended

THREE GUINEA COLLECT?ION

contains suffictont for one year's supply for a large Garden, and some

of all the new and choice varieties enumerated in his List

PEAS.

A Selection of 12 fine and Select Soils for Succession e d

1 quart of each 10 0

A Selection of 12 ditto ditto I'piut of each 6 6

A Selection of 0 ditto ditto Iqrt. ofoach 6 0

A Selection of 6 ditto ditto 1 pint of each 3 o

FLOWER SEEDS.

W.'D.'s Collections are the most varied and the cheapest of any

CollectioDH oflered, consisting of One Hundred Packets in One

Hundred Varieties of the choicest Annuals. Biennials, and

Perennials, for 21s., or half the quantities for 10s. Cd,

W. D. has no hesitation in saying that tho above Collections are
not to be surpassed by any respectable house In the kingdom and
cannot fail to give every satisfaction.

See CATALOGUS now ready, free for one Stamp, of Choice New
^eeds. New Plants, Early Spring-Flowering Herbaceous Plants. &c
P. 0. Orders on Castle Hedingham. • * •

William Dilhsxoke, JMunro Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

V^^ILLIAM PAUL,

(Son and Successor to the late A. Paul),
PAUL'S NURSERIES and SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.,

BEGS TO ANNOUNCE THAT HIS

SELECT LIST OF VEGETABLE, FLOWER SEEDS, ETC.,

IS NOW READY, AND "WILL BE FORWARDED POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

The following Novelties recently inti-oduced by him have already become standard varieties, and the
Seeds now oii'ered have been saved from pure original stocks :-

PAUL'S AVALTHA^I BRUSSELS SPROUTS. — This variety is
quite distinct, the Sprouts possessinR tho valuable quality ot
beinij green to tho centre, and retaining the same colour when
cooked, la. per packet.

PAUL'S WALTHAM MARKET CABBAGE. — LarRe, very even
growth, early and fine, mild flavour ; pronounced by all who
have seen it the finest sort in cultivation. Is. per packet.

PAUL'S IMPROVED TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER. -This Is a
prodigious bearer, frequently producing four or five fine frUit at
a joint ; very handsome, and excellent Qavour ; particularly
recommended for a house or winter forcing, la. per packet.

PAUL'S SELECTED EXTRA CURLED PARSLEY.— Large and
very superior ; pronounced by all who have grown it from my
stock the best in cultivation. Gd. per packet.

SUPERB DWARF HERTFORDSHIRE CAULIFLOWER. - Very
large, pure white close heads, remaining tit for uso much longer
than most other sorts ; very hardy, having frequently stood in
winter under a south wall without any other protection.
Is. per packet.

BROCKETT HALL BROWN COS LETTUCE.— Very hardy, large,
crisp, and excellent flavour ; stands a long time after most othor
aorta without running to seed ; good for sowing at any seaaoD ;
the finest Lettuce grown. Is. per packet,

PAUL'S SUPERB CRIMSON BEET.—This variety as improTed by
me 1b unsurpassed in colour and flavour. Is. per oz.

PAUL'S IMPROVED LATE CURLED BORECOLE.— Unsurpassed
03 a " Curled Green," very hardy ; very productive, and continues
In fine condition for use till the end oi AprlL Is. per packet.

COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS, 10s. Gd.j and upwards.
COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, 6s. and upwards.

*^,* All Seeds Carriage Free.

GENUINE SEEDS, CARRIAGE FREE.

B. S. WILLIAMS'S

KEW GENERAL PRICED SEED CATALOGUE for 1867

CAN BE HAD FEEE ON APPLICATION.

THE VEGETABLE SEED PART

CONTAINS

LISTS of the best Tarletiea of each kind of VEGETABLE. Only those sorts are recommended that can

be relied upon for producing sure and good crops.
LIST of ROOTS, such as Potatos, Asparagus^ Seakale, &c.
A few Practical Hints on Culture of the above are added for the use of Amateurs.

THE FLOWER SEED PART

CONTAINS

Imported and English-grown FLOWER SEEDS in Collections.
Choice Strains ot FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

The best of the New Introductions of 1866 in ANNUALS, BIENNIALS, and PERENNIALS.
GENERAL LIST of all the ANNUALS worth growing. 1 GENERAL LIST of ORNAMENTAL GRASSES.
„ „ ofBIENNLALS and PERENNIALS. I „ „ of ORNAMENTAL GOURDS.

THE APPENDIX

A LIST of choice French varieties of GLADIOLI.

ENGLISH SEEDLING GLADIOLI.

Other SUMMER and ADTUMN-FLGWERING BULBS,

CONTAINS

HORTICULTURAL REQUISITES of every kind.

KNIVES.

HORTICULTURAL MANURES, &c. &c.

Everything is Priced. With each Catalogue a convenient Form of Order Sheet is enclosed.

B. S. WILLIAMS,
VICTORIA AND PARAMSE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

Januaut 19. 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL. GAZETTE

49

THE LONDON SEEB COM PANT,
68, Welbeck Stroot,

Cnvendlsh Square, W,

TH'E"LirN D"6"N S E ED C 0 M P AN Y.—
The Gonoml "PRICE CUUIiPINT of OARDKN niid FARM
yhKltS " Is now ready, nndcnn ho hurt otiftppUcntlim. GrtitlH, nsnbovo.

rp HE L~0 N mrN' S E'E D C 0 M PA N Y'S

_L COLLECTIONS of SEEDS.

No. 1.— Complete Collection, Biifflctcnt for n, largo Garden £3 0 0
No. 2.— Coniploto Collection for a moderato sizo Garden ..200
No 3.— Coniploto Collection in small qu.intitlOH .. ..100
No -1.— Comploto Collection for a small Garden . . . . 0 lA 0
No. 6.— Complete Collection for ft small Garden .. . . 0 10 6
LISTS can bo had on application from the abovo iiddrcsa,

r i 1 H E LONDON SEED C 0 M P A N Y.

X CARRIAGE ARRANGEMENTS.

The Dlroctora have mart© nrraiigeraentH with all the Railway and
Steam Companies to dohvor all boeds, with tho oxcoptlon of heavy
articles, snch as Grain, Tares, &o ,

CARRIAGE FREE
for nil OrdoFK of the valno of 20,«.. to any Railway Station in England
nnii Wales, or to any Steam Tort in England, Wales, Ireland, or
Scnt.land, Guernsey, or Jersey, _ ^__„^

IMPORTANT ~ANN"OUNCEiNrENT.-A Discount of

L in por Cent, will bo allowed by tlio London Sood Company on alt
Ordern nbnvo £10; 16 por Cent. aboTO £riO ; I'O per Cout. .-xbovo £100.
It will, thoroforo. bo desirable for frli^nds to unite toRothor iu a

iii'-lrlct or Neighbourhood, and so obt.-\ln these liberal Discounts.

lEN , FIFTEEN, unVfTWENTY PER CENT.

T

DISCOUNT will bB nllowcrt on all Orders Rlveo to tbe *' Loudon
Seed Company" above JEIO, £-Mt. nnd £1011 rotipuctiYsly.

Caution.

QUEEN EMMA MELON.— HiivinR seen tliat n Fii-rn
In London are offtjnng Seed of a MELON nndor tbc niinio
OUEEN EMMA, " STUART," I think It rlRlit to inform the rnhllc
^ the oi.tlre atock of tl.o ■• HECKKIELD" QUEEN EMMA

?';

Tiios. K. SitOFTT, Ileckfiold Gnnioua,

nfl-'.LON (ho much tbouRht of) has been placed m the hands of
OsBOnN it Sons, Fulhani, and .Iamks vkitcii & Su^

M'

, Cliclaea.

/"< ENUINE GARDEN and FLO"\YER SEEDS

\jr of the bpst quality.

CATALOGUES post free on application.
James Veitch ft Sous, Royal Exotic Nursery. Chelsea, S.W.

Cfte <SatlrenerjS'©<ittintcle.

SATUHDAY, JANUARY 19, 1867.

In the December number of La TSelijique
Ifcrticoic, the sjnritud and spirited conductor of
that publication supports his views as to the
non-compatibility of Double Flowehs and
Variegated Leaves by a reference to the
Pelargonium Gloire de Nancy, a garden form of
P. inquiuans, with double flowers, and without
even the horse-shoe markin,? characteristic of the
Zonal Pelargoniums. Wo may hereafter revert
lo this subject; in the meantime we lay before
our readers the views of Professor Morken
on the SroRT or Seedling question — a point
which deservedly attracts so much attention.
M. Moeren thinks that the cause that operates
in the production of such varieties as Mrs.
Pollock, Sunset, &o. , is a multiple or complex one,
and he draws attention not onlj' to the apparent
diversity iu the origin of such plants, but
to the simultaneous appearance of similar forms
in different localities in England, in France,
in Belgium, and elsewhere. Hence, says
M. MoRKEN, these variations are not the results
more or less direct of man's agency, nor of this
or that operation of the cultivator, but they are
the induect but inevitable, natural and spon-
taneous consequences of the mode of develop-
ment belonging to the species when grown under
artificial circumstances, and thus furnish addi-
tional proofs of the truth of the opinions held by
Mr. DjVRWIN. These varieties M. Morren con-
siders are " the inevitable result of the state or
constitution in which the Pelargonium existed
in our gardens in 18R1 and 1865, comprising
under the head of constitution the effects of cross
fertilisations, hybridisations, &c."

If we rightly interpret M. Morren' s views,
such and such causes must produce in due time
certain varieties, and when the time for their
production comes, surely enough they appear,
somewhat in a similar way to th.at in which the
tunes on a barrel-organ are produced. Let the
teeth of the barrel he arranged in a certain way,
and, by tui'ning long enough, a certain tune will
be produced. Our metaphor is not strictly
accur.ate, we know, but it may perhaps answer
the purpose of making M. Morren's views intel-
ligible, in spite of the fact that ' ' comparisons are
odious."

The gardener, therefore, does not directly pro-
duce the varieties, but he puts the plants under
such circumstances th.at varieties must ensue.
Horticulture, then, says the learned Professor,
is not, and cannot be stationary. Species do not
at first sight show all that is in them. They remain
tolerably constant in a wild state, because the
conditions remain nearly uniform, but let the
conditions be changed, as they are by the opera-
tions of the horticulturist, and the heretofore
latent qualities manifest themselves, the plant,
uo longer "static," becomes "dynamic,' and

the plastic mould, in which all living beings are
formed, assumes forms herotoforo undeveloped.

It will be thus seen that M. Morren attaches
greater importance to the agency of external
conditions on the production of varieties, than
is, or perhaps we should say was, admitted by
our English botanists ; but, without committing
ourselves to details, we think, as far as general
principles ai-o concerned, the Belgian savant is
I'igtt.

The appalling accident in the Regent's Park
might well invite from any quarter suggestions
for the public safety ; but for oui'selves wo may
urge a special reason for touching on this dis-
tressing subject, inasmuch as the formation of
Artu'ICI/VL Lakes is but one among the multi-
farious duties which belong to the gardener's
profession ; and it is but a small step from the
formation of an artificial lake as part of a land-
scape, to the formation of such a lake expressly
for the accommodation of skaters.

The plan we are about to suggest has, we believe,
already been adopted or at least provided for in
some private demesnes, where the sunken level
area of a bowling-green is flooded to form a
sheet of ice during the winter frosts ; but what
is even still more suggestive is the plan adopted
by the late Sir Joseph Paxton for filling the
ice-house at Chatsworth. Sufficiently near at
hand to suit his purpose was a stream of water,
and a wide level area of land. A portion of this
space sufficiently large for the pui-pose was
lowered, still being kept level ; and into this
hollow, which was so formed as to be scarcely
apparent in summer, the water was led in time of
frost. Thus abundance of clean ice was secured,
and this was again floated onwards by the outlet to
tho ico-house, thus avoiding much of the heavy
labour incidental to tho filling of ico-honsos
under ordinary conditions.

Tho application of this idea to the security of
the skaters about London, or any other Large
centre of population, is simple enough. How
comparatively easy would it be to form in Hyde
Park, or the Regent's Park, or in any other spot
affording a sufficient and nearly level space, a
shallow basin 8 or 10 inches or a foot deep, and
then to form a sheet of ice by overflowing this
from the water mains as soon as the surface was
hardened by a sharp frost. In this way any
number of acres of natural skating ground
might be provided, which would be absolutely
free from all the greater dangers attending the
present practice of skating over deep waters. Of
course skating on such waters as the Serpentine
and the Regent's Park Ijake should then be
absolutely interdicted.

Such a basin as that suggested would be no
eyesore 'at other seasons ; for extended over a
large area, with irregular margins, and with the
retaining rim sloping gently both from within
and without, it need present only the appearance
of a natural undulation, and provided with a turf
of suitable Grasses, or otherwise not kept too long
submerged, no injury would be done to the surface.

" Tho loading Flowers of tho dtlToront Bcnaona. indicatint;
those to be obtained naturally, and those by artificial mcan-i.

" Speeial Culture — Ferns, Orehicis, Bueculents, Ilca'.lis,
Hardy Annuals, Bedding rinnts.

" Text Unoks ;— ' Linulcv's Theory and Practice of Horticul-
ture' (I jonKnians). ' M'Into.su'h Book of the OardellfBliurkwond
fc Sons). ' TuoMr.soN'H Gardener's Assistimt' (Blaekie & Hon).
"Tile Examiner, in his remarks on tho work done by tho
candidates on tho last occasion, says tlicy 'fail most espe-
cially, as a rule, in conveying clearly and concisely the purport;
of their own replies, and lose force of expression by multi-
plj'ing words. They are strongly rcconnnended, .as a part of
their studies, lo pr.acUae the writing out of short pithy
reni.arks on each of the subjects set down in the programme,
comparing their own remarks with tho statements in the text
books, and repeating this from time to time, cutting out all
superfluous words, so that they may got tho csscutlU par-
ticulars well impressed on the memory.' '

In Fruit and Vegetable Culture the questions may
relate to —

" Kinds of Fruits ad.aptcd for various soils and exposures.
The Propiigation, Pnming. and Training of Fruit Trees. The
Structure and Functions of tho Organs of Trees, considered in
their relation to growth and reproduction. The Forcing of
Fruit Trees, and their cultiy.ation under glass, both in and
out of pots. The Theory of Ripening, and the principles tliat
ought to regulate the preservation of fruits after they are ripe,
or their subsequent maturation. Tho Packing of Fruit for
transmission to great distances.

" The kinds and quantities of vegetable seeds and roots
reqiiired for cropping gardens of given dimensions. The most
approved mode of culture of the different kinds of vegetables
and salads. The prcp.aration of fei-nienting materials for
artificial heating. The forcing of vegetables and .salads,

"Soils, Water, Atmospheric Air, Light and Heat in their
relation to the successful cultiv.ation of Fi-nit and Vegetables.
Manures, .and their application. The Diseases and Insects to
which Fruit Trees and Vegetables are subject, and their reme-
dies. Theerection, heating, and ventilation of g.ardcn stnictures.
"Text Books ;—LiNDLi.;v's ' Theory .and Practice of Hoi-ti-
eidture' (Longmans). 'The Cottage Gardener's Dictionary'
(Bell (fc Daldy). Hoon'a ' Fruit Manual,' Third Edition (171,
Fleet Street). Rivers' ' Miniature Fruit Garden' (Longmans).
BRfeHAUT's ' Modern Peach Pnnier ' (171, Fleet Street).

" 'The Examiner, in his rem.arks on the papers workcdon
the last occasion, says : — ' I am pleased to see the rising
generation of gardeners devoting themselves to a .study of the
theory of gardening— to a study of those principles which
ought to regvilate every gardening operation, and without a
perfect knowledge of which there can be no perfect practice.
Practice without a knowledge of the principles by which it is
governed is .an insecure and baseless foundation on which to
rest when natural conditions are disturbed or unexpected
difficulties arise. I therefore urge on gardeners most strongly
the necessity of studying the principles which regulate
vegetation ; but at the same time I desire also to see the
fruits of that stndy exemplified in the practice, for a
knowledge of the theory without the practice is worthless.' "
We may also remind intending candidates tlial,
besides the certificates, there are prizes offered by the
Society of Arts in Botany, Floriculture, and Fruit and
Vegetable Culture, further prizes being added in all
these subjects by the Royal Horticultural Society, and
in the two last by tlie Proprietors of this Journal, the
latter prizes depending on a knowledge also of Bnok-
keeping or Mensuration. Tlie e.xarainatioas t.ike place
this year from theOth to the 12th of iVpril.and all further
particulars may bo had on application to the Secretary
of the Society of Arts, Adelplii, London, W.C.

• We are informed that the schedule of the Paris

International Horticultural Exhibition is out of print;
but that arrangements are being made for the speedy
issue of other copies. Application should be made to
B. G. WVLDE, Esq., South Kensington Museum; with
whom also intending exhibitors shoidd communicate
without delay-

This plan, moreover, would have the advantage ' Messrs. Backhouse & Son
of being far more easily accomplished than the
partial filling up of large areas of deep water.

AVo recommend this proposition to form arti-
ficial skating grounds, to tho serious considera-
tion of the authorities of both metropolitan
and provincial ]iarks and recreation grounds.
Surely the time has come to put a stop to such
terrible disasters as that which has so lately
occurred on the Regent's Park Ornamental Water.

PLANT POllTRAITS.
Aquilegia. ptrenaica. — Floral Mag., t. 322.
Banunculacctc. This beautiful dwarfherbaceous plant
was cultivated some 50 years ago, but has probably been
since lost. It resembles A. alpina, but is smaller, with
fewer flowers, these being comparatively large, and
of a pale lavender blue. A charming dwarf hai'dy
Dcrennial. Native of the Pyrenees. Flowered by

A correspondent has sent us some remarks,

together with an abstract of the results obtained at the
Society or Arts' Examinations, so far as it affects
subjects bearing on Horticulture. We think, with
liiiii, that this educational movement, as it becomes
better known, will be more fully appreciated both by
gardeners and employers ; and witli tliis view we append
the programme for the examinations which are to take
place in April next. In Floriculture questions m>ay be
put on .any of tho following subjects; —

" Improvement of Races in Plants, by what means it
can bo commenced and carried forward. Hybridisation,
objects of. Conditions neccss.ary to ensure fertility in
Flowers.

" Warming and Ventilation of Houses for Plant Culture.
Influence of Ventilation on Plants confined in forcing houses.
Limits of Temperature endurable by Plants, and how to turn
this to advantage in Practical Floriculture. Bottom-heat,
value of in Plant Culture.

" Watering, the rationale of. in the culture of Pot Plants.
Liquid Manures, special recommendations of. Food of Plants,
how and whence derived, and in what form received.

" Prop.ag.ation, tho various modes of, .aud their special
adjiptations. Vit.ality of seeds, duration of, and how beat
preserved. Budding, Grafting, and In.arching, how performed,
and to what subjects best adapted. Increase by cnttintrs and
by layers. Leaf-cuttings, how is it that they can organise
buds 'i Composts for v.arious elaeeea of Plants.

" Acclimatisation. Is it possible to increase the hardiness
of any race of plants, and what are the most likely means ?

AnCUBA JAPONICA GRANDIDENT.ATA 3I-1CULATA.—

Ifeerl. Plant, t. 28. Cornaccic. .i handsome variety of
the Aucuba, with the leaves narvowi.sh and deeply-
toothed, and the surface very heavily blotched with
creamy white. Itisabcrry-bcariugform. Cultivated in
the Diitcb gardens.

Azalea Hes Ma.iestv.— J'/oc/'v/ and Fomol. vi.
2,"i7- Evicace;e. A beautiful and cnliroly novel variot.v,^
originating in a spoit fnni Madame jliellez. It is of
line shape, and full avora'Je size, soft lihic-tiutcd blusV,
passing into white at the margin, and varioiislv striped
with deep rosy purple. Flowered by Jtr. W. Barnes.

COBVS.ANTHES PICTA.— Acer/, riant., t. 23. Orchi-
daceffi. AbeautifulterrestiialstoveOrchid,3or4 inche;
high, with a solitary cordate ovate reticulated leaf, and
a nearly sessile bilabiate llower of curious aspect, the
upiier and hinder portion fornicato-adsccndent, richly
stained with deep purple and yellow, the lower lip
divided into four long subul.ate segments, and a similar
body, described as a bract, seated at the base of the
short ovary. It is tbe Calcearia picta, Blume. Native
of Java. Flowered iu the Leyden Garden.

Desmodium PENDULIFLOKUM.— A'eer/. Plant. 1860,
t. 2. Leguminosre. A hardy frutescent plant, growing
5 to 6 feet high, with long pendulous branches,
furnished with trifoliate leaves having oblong or oblong-
lanceolate leaflets, aud nroducing from their axils, all
over the plant, longish slender drooping racemes ol
small pendent pundc flowers. It is remarkable lor its
gracefulness and abundant blossoming. Supposed to
be a native of Japan, having been introduced by
Siebold from Tedo. Flowered in the Dutch gardens.

Ficrs SUKINGAEII. — Neerl. Plant. ISCO, t. 3.
Jloraeere. A handsome-leaved stove plant, of stout
erect habit, with broadly cordate acuminate stalked
membranaceonsdentato-serrate leaves, the flvemam ribs
of which are of a deep rosy red, the same colour also
feathering out on each side into the primary veins,
and forming a band around the stem at every node.

50

THE GAEDENERS' OMONICLE AND AGETCULTTmAT, GAZETTE.

[JiNUABY 19, 1867.

Native of Amboyna. Cultivated in the Leyden
Garden.

Pansy (Sedding) IlIPEEIAL Blve.— Floral Mag.,
t. 324, fig. 3. Violacesc. A iine bedding Pansy, in the
style of the Cliveden Blue, and valuable from its dis-
tinct pale prey-blue colour, relieved by a yellow eye,
and black adjoining spots. Being of free habit and an
abundant bloomer, it is likely to prove very useful.
Flowered by Messrs. Downie, Laird, & Laing.

Pansy (Fanci/) Hugh Adaie. — Floral Mar;.,
t. 324, fig. 4. A white-ground flower, remarkably fine
in shape, with large vandyked dark mauve blotch on
the lower petals, the upper ones magenta, with
darker veins, and a pale edge. Raised by Messrs.
Downie, Laird, & Laing.

P^ussy (Fancy) THOMAS Downie.— JZoro? Mag.,
t. 324, fig. 1. A white-ground flower, with deep pm-ple
blotches fringed by purple penoillings, the upper petals
veined at the base, with a light feathery-lookingblotch.
An attractive flower. Flowered by Messrs. Downie,
Laird, and Laing.

Pansy (Fancy) Miss J. Ka.y.— Floral Mag., t. 324,
fig. 2. A yellow-ground flower, of fine shape, with large
crimson maroon blotches, the upper petals magenta,
with dark vandyked blotch and narrow yellow lacing.
Flowered by Messrs. Downie, Laird & Laing.

Pavetta HOOKEUL—Neerl. Plant, t. 28. Cin-
chonaceje. This is the Ixora odorata of Sir W.
Hooker (Bot. Mag., t. 4191), and is considered by
Prof Oudemans as inadmissable to the genus Lxora,

Pelakgonifm ( Tricolor zoned) Meieov..— Floral
Mag., t. 321. Geraniaceae. A choice variety of this
now popular section of Pelargoniums. The leaves
have a broad golden margin, and greyish green centre,
with an intermediate zone, of a bright reddish crimson
where crossing the yellow, but becoming brownish
red where the green runs outwards through the line of
the zone, which it does much less than in Mrs. Pollock,
so that the colours are clearer and better defined.
Flowers crimson scarlet. Eaised by Messrs. baltmarsh,
Chelmsford.

Platycodon autumn alis. — Neerl. Plant, 1866,
t. 1. Campanulaceai. Of this beautiful hardy
perennial, called by Dr. Lindley P. sinensis and
P. grandiflorus, Dr. Oudemans figuresin the platequoted,
four distinct varieties, namely, the single and the
double (hose-in-hose) form of each colour, blue and white.
They are all equallv worthv of cultivation in every garden.

Hose (H. P.) Napoleon 111.— Floral Mag., t. 323.
Kosaceaj. One of the crimson-scarlet class, and
apparently a flower of consider,able merit, which,
indeed, it is said to possess. It is of the Jacqueminot
class, but " shines out among a number of others of the
same colour." Flowered by M. Eugene Verdier.

INSULAR FLORAS.

{Continued from ip. 27).

Ascension. — The islet of Ascension claims a
passing notice ; it is much smaller than St, Helena
and 600 miles N.A¥. of it. St. Helena has been called
a barren rock, but it is a paradise as compared with
Ascension, which consists of a scorched mass of volcanic
matter, in part resembling bottle glass, and in part
coke and cinders. A small green peak, 800 feet above
the sea, monopolises nearly all the vegetation, which
consists of Purslane, a Grass and Euphorbia in the
lower parts of the island, whilst the green peak is
clothed with a carpet of Ferns, and here and there a
shrub, allied to bnt difi'erent from any St. Helena one.
There are nine Ferns, of which no less than si.\ difi'er
from those of St. Helena, and three of them are entirely
confined to the islet.

Keeguelen's Land.— I shall now take you to an
island with very different features from any of the above,
and whose vegetation appears at first sight to be in
discord with all we have yet seen of the relations of
oceanic islands to continents; but which actually
proves no e.xception to the rule, that the Floras of these
islands are derivative.

Kerguelen's Land, the Isle of Desolation of Cook, is
situated in the tempestuous South Indian Ocean, in
the latitude of Cornwall, and within the northern limit
of floating icebergs. It rears itself from the ocean as
a black volcanic mass, girt with sea clifis, and
perennially swept by terrific storms. It is 2170 miles
from the nearest continent, South Africa ; 1130 from
Cape Horn, and 3800 from the nearest of the New
Zealand group, these being the southernmost masses
of land inhabited by plants.

At a few miles distance it appears to be absolutely
sterile, and on nearing the coast the scenery scarcely
improves. A narrow belt of Grass skirts the deep
harbours, and above this are brown pounded heaps of a
very peculiar Umbelliferous plant (Azorella Selago)
growing like tufts of a gigantic Moss or Saxifrage. These
are succeeded by scattered tufts of Grass and herbs
struggling for existence in a most barren soil.

In Cook's Voyage it is written, "Perhaps no place
hitherto discovered, in either hemisphere under the
same parallel of latitude, affords so scanty a field for
the naturalist as this barren spot; for he might
assuredly have added 10 degrees to its own latitude in
the southern hemisphere, and upwards of 20 in the
northern, as the limits upon which such a paucity of
species exist." And even Cook's account falls far short
of the truth, for Spitzbergen, 30' nearer the Pole,
boasts of five times as many flowering plants as Deso-
lation Island.

Captain Cook's naturalist (Dr. Anderson) during his
summer stay at Kerguelen's Land, found only 18 plants
in all, Phajnogamic and Cryptogamio; during my
wintei^s stay there I found about 150, including
all those found by Cook — a most remarkable fact,
showing how equable, though tempestuous and severe,
the climate must be throughout the year. Of the
flowering plants all are perennial, and one of them had a
very remarkable appearance ; it was a gigantic Cruci^ I

ferous plant allied to the northern Scurvy Grass
(Cochlearia), and which we christened the Kerguelen's
Land Cabbage, both because of its appearance, and
because we used it daily as a pot-herb. During
130 days we ate no other fresh vegetable than this,
which was served out with the ship's salt junk and
pork, and during that time there was not a case of
illness of any consequence in a company of 120 officers
and men. It hence well merits its Latin name of
Pringlea antiscorbutica, the generic name being given
in compliment to Sir John Pringle, an eminent writer
on that scourge of seamen, the scurvy. This plant was
abundant near the sea, and is a well-marked feature
in the view of Christmas Harbour which is engraved
in Capt. Cook's Third Voyage. It is allied to no
other known plant in the southern hemisphere,
and is as remarkable, whether for its curious habit
of growth, or its botanical characters, as any of
those singular plants which I have indicated as forming
peculiar features in the sea cliff's of the Madeiran,
Azorean, or Canarian Islands. Like these too, it tells
no tale as to the origin or affinities of the Kerguelen's
Land Flora.

It is not so with the other flowering plants ; they
almost without exception point to the land whence
they were derived. The only other peculiar genus on
the island (Lyalha) is decidedly an Andean form : of the
remaining 16 flowering plants, four are regarded as
distinct species peculiar to Kerguelen's Land, but three
of them are so nearly allied to Tierra del Puego con-
geners, that they may equally rank as varieties of these,
and the fourth stands in the same relation to a New
Zealand plant. Of the remaining 12, 10 are Fuegian
of which .'4 are conflned to Fuegia and Kerguelen't
Land, including the remarkable Umbelliferous plant,
which belongs to a group that is otherwise very charac
teristic of the South American Andes. Five are found
in all south circumpolar regions, and one alone is con-
fined to Kerguelen's Land and Lord Auckland's
Group. Three are European, and all of these are
common English and Antarctic fresh-water plants.
They are Callitriche vema, Limosella aquatica, and
Montia fontana.

The affinity of the Kerguelen's Land Flora is hence
extremely close to the Fuegian ; so close, indeed, that
it cannot be doubted that it was for the most part
derived from thence. And it is all the more remark-
able that Ibis relationship should be so strong and
unmistakeable if you consider that the mother country
of its Flora is not that which is nearest to it, as was
the case with all the other islands we have discussed
but that which is the most distant from it ; and indeed
Kerguelen's Land is more distant from a continent
than any other island in the Atlantic or Indian Oceans.

I have thus endeavoured to bring before you by
conspicuous examples, the chief botanical features of
certain oceanic islands, and the nature of the resem-
blances and differences that subsist between their
vegetation and those of the continents nearest to them,
or from which their plants appear to have been directly
or indirectly derived.

Before proceeding to discuss the theories that have
been propounded to account for the stocking of oceanic
islands with plants, and for the peculiarities of Oceanic
Island Floras, I will recapitulate these briefly. We
have seen—

1. That the Flora of no oceanic island which we
have considered is an independent one ; that in all
cases it is quite manifestly closely allied to !iome one
continental Flora, and that however distant it may be
from the mother continent, and however it by so
much approximates to another continent, it never
presents more than faint traces of the vegetation of
such other continent. Thus the Azores, though 1000
miles nearer to America than Madeira is, has not even
so many American types as Madeira has. St. Helena,
though 1000 miles nearer to South America than is any
part of the African coast, contains scarcely any plants
that are even characteristic of America; and
Kerguelen's Land, though far more distant from Tierra
del Fuego than it is from Africa, Australia, or New
Zealand, is almost purely Fuegian in its Flora.

2. Tlie Floras of all these islands are of a more
temperate character than those of the mother continents
in the same latitude ; thus, Madeira and the Canaries
have a Mediterranean Flora, though they are
respectively 5° and 10' south of the principal parallel of
the Mediterranean region; the aflinities of the
St. Helena Flora are strongly South African; and
the Flora of Kerguelen's Laud, in lat. 48', is what
we might expect to meet with in Fuegia, were the
American continent produced southward to lat. 60°.

3. All contain many and great peculiarities, distin-
guishing them from the continental Floras ; and these
admit of the following classification ; —

0". Plants peculiar to the islands and betraying
no affinity to those of the mother continent, as the
Laurels, &c., of Madeira and the Canaries and Azores ;
the arborescent Compositaj of St. Helena, and the
Kerguelen's Land Cabbage, and Lyallia.

/3. They contain certain genera that are very
difl'erent from those of the mother continent,
but are evidently allied to them; and others but
slightly different. They contain species that are very
different from, but allied to those of the mother con-
tinent ; and others that are but slightly difl'erent from
continental ; and they contain varieties in the same
categories.

4. As a general rule, the species of the mother con-
tinent are proportionally the most abundant, and
cover the greatest surface on the islands. The
peculiar species are rarer, the peculiar genera rarer
still ; whilst the plants having no affinity with those of
the mother continent are often the commonest of all,
in the temperate islands especially — at least under the
condition which the island vegetations now present.

5. Indigenous annual plants are extremely rare or 1

absent; but recently introduced annuals are very
abundant in those islets that have been frequented by
man.

I now come to the most difficult part of my task,
which is to discuss in a brief space of time the
hypotheses that have been invented by naturalists to
account for the presence of continental plants in
oceanic islands, and for those various differences between
insular and continental Floras that I have indicated.

These hypotheses are as yet unverified and insuf-
ficient ; neither geological considerations, nor botanical
affinity, nor natural selection, nor all these combined,
have yet helped us to a complete solution of this
problem, which is at present the bete-7ioir of botanists.
Oceanic islands are, in fact, to the naturalisli, what
comets and meteorites are to the astronomer ; and
even that pregnant doctrine of the origin and succession
of life which we owe to Darwin, and which is to us
what the spectrum analysis is to the physicist, has not
proved sufficient to unravel the tangled phenomena
they present.

There are only two possible hypotheses to account
for the stocking of an oceanic island with plants from
a continent : either seeds were carried across the
ocean by currents, or the winds, or birds, or similar
agencies ; or the islands once formed part of the conti-
nent, and the plants spread over intermediate land that
has since disappeared.

To a superficial observer either of these causes may
appear admissible, or feasible and sufficient ; but the
naturalist, who takes nothing for granted, finds insu-
perable obstacles to the ready acceptation of either.
Upon one fundamental point most of the advocates
of both hypotheses are agreed, namely, that those plants
which are common to the islands and continents were
not independently created in both localities, but that
they did pass from one to the other ; and another will
probably gain ready credence, viz., that those peculiar
insular plants, which have no affinity with continental
ones, are relics of a far more ancient vegetation
than now prevails on the mother continents. This latter
is a most important point to be established. I have
given you my reasons, derived from the conditions
under which the Atlantic island plants are found in
the Madeiran group,_for assuming that they represent
the wreck of a very ancient Flora ; the proof of it lies
in the fact that the same plants, or their congeners or
close allies, are found abundantly fossil in the tertiary
strata of manyparts of Europe ; it isan indisputable fact,
thatwithin thelifetime of these Atlantic Island species,
which, from their foreign aspect, arrest our attention so
forcibly in the forests of the Canaries, Madeira, and
Azores, the vegetation of Europe has undergone a
complete revolution, and that they are the living
witnesses of (that period, when trees now characteristic
of Asia and America, formed the forests of our own
continent ; and that they owe their preservation up to
the present time to their insular position. They no
doubt originally migrated from the continent of
Europe* to the islands, and have since been driven out
of Europe by the northern and eastern Floras that now
replace them there ; buD this was at an immensely
remote period, when the condition of both islands and
continent may have been very different from what they
now are.

The hypothesis which suggests that there was an
old continental extension, which, by including the
islands, thus enabled them^ to receive the continental
plants without trans-oceanic migration, first found a
scientific exposition in the ingenious essay of my friend
the late Prof E, Forbes " On the Geological Relations
of the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles,"
read before the British Association at Cambridge in
1845. In this Prof Forbes maintains, that the Flora of
Britain was mainly derived from the continent of Europe,
when our islands were an integral part of the latter,
that is before the cutting out of the English Channel
and German Ocean ; an hypothesis that is very well sup-
ported, and I believe universally accepted by both
naturaUsts and geologists. He further accounts for the
peculiar colony of Pyrenean plants that is found in
West Ireland by an ancient continental extension
across the Bay of Biscay. And finally he revives the
hypothesis of the Atlantis of the ancients, in the shape
of a continental extension of the western shores of
Europe and Asia, reaching nearly one-third across the
Atlantic Ocean, so as to include in its wide embrace the
Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands. As the arguments
in favour of this viewhavebeen all laid before the British
Association by its author, I cannot enumerate them
here ; nor is this necessary, as I shall have to allude
to them in discussing the counter hypothesis of trans-
oceanic migration.

This, which was previously nothing more than
a generally accepted guess, or assumed probability,
first received a scientific exposition from Mr. Darwin,
in his " Origin of Species," only seven years ago. And
I would here beg you to understand clearly, that this
inquiry is not a part and parcel of Mr. Darwin's theory
of the origin of species ;— variation and natural selec-
tion are not mechanical aids to the transport of plants
from a continent to an island, though they may affect
our views of the results of such transport, which is
quite another question. I have to-night given you
facts regarding Oceanic Floras that strongly support
Mr. Darwin's derivative theory of species ; and in
like manner Mr. Darwin, believing in trans-oceanic
migration on grounds altogether independent of his
theory of species, uses the results flowing from such
a view in support of this theory. Thus far he goes,
and so far it is our business to go with him, and to
scrutinise his method.

* It is not necessai'T here to dwell on the doctrine of Unger,
Heer, and others, that these or most of these tyjjes were
derived from the westward ; a doctiine from which I totally
differ, ~ and which I consider refuted by Prof. Oliver's
masterlyreviewof the question (Nat. Hist. Revieio, ii., 149, 1862J.

January 19, ise".]

THE GAEBENERS' CMONICLE AND AGRICTILTMAL GAZETTE.

51

Mr. Darvviu brings many powerful arRiunents in
support of trans-oceanic migration ; starting from the
fact admitted by all, that some means ol' transport are
always in operation, he reduces the matter to a question
of extent, and amount of agencies, and of time during
which they may have operated ; ho shows that birds
do carry seeds in their feet and beaks and in their
stomachs, and that sneh islands as the Canaries and
Madeira are stocked with exclusively European species
of land birds. That we have annually a trans-oceanic
transport of American birds to Europe and of European
birds to Greenland. That oceanic fish devour seeds, and
that if these become the prey of birds, the contents
of their stomachs may thus be deposited on distant
ishinds. That dust is blown 100(t miles over the
en can, whilst the seeds of many plants are no larger
or heavier than particles of dust.

Then, with regard to strictly marine agencies,
whereas it was supposed that exposure to salt-water
must be invariably fatal to seeds, ho ha.s shown by
experiment, that many seeds will survive immersion in
salt water for periods sufficient to permit their being
transported several hundred miles by currents without
losing their vitality: — and that they are thus trans-
ported I have given you a conspicuous instance iu the
Bntada seeds (whicli, by the way. were sent me by Mr.
Darwin), and which, after floating .'iOOO miles from
the West Indies to the Azores, germinated at Kew ; to
which be adds, that all the Coral Islets, which no one
supposes to have been ever counected with continents,
:ii'e well stocked with plants by marine agency.

<"*f negative evidenceinfavourof this view, Mr. Darwin
adduces the fact, that oceanic islands are pooriu species,
and that whole groups of continental plants are absent
from them, which should not be the ca.se had there been
continental extension. That land mammals and
Batrachians are absent from all oceanic islands, though
winged mammals, as bats, birds, insects, and other
transportable terrestrial creatures, are present in more
or less abundance. That if we demand continental
extension for some islands, it must be admitted for all,
which is, according to his views of the permanence of
the general outlines and dispositions of the continents
.md sea-beds, during the later geological epochs, quite
inadmissible.

Lastly, the oceanic islands which I have to-night
described, and almostall others known to us.are volcanic,
ivhich would imply that the submerged continents
were volcanic too, a position we have no evidence in
support of, and which is in itself extremely improbable.
(To be Continued.)

THE WEATHER OF 1866.
January. — This month was wet, and comparatively
mild for the period of the season. Eleven nights were
more or less frosty ; the most severe frost occurred on the
night of the 12tb, when the thermometer fell to 9° ; it
fell to 17° on the llth, but with these exceptions the
frosts were but slight. The mean temperature was

nearly V above tho average. The amount of rain was
fully i inches above the usual quantity for this month.
There was a heavy fall of snow on the llth.

Februari/. — This, again, vva.s a very wet month.
The barometer averaged very low. The amount
of rain was more than double tho usual quantity.
The mean maximum temperature wa.s above
the average, but the nights were somewhat colder
than usual, so that the mean tcninoraturo was thus
reduced alnujst to the average. Tlio lowest occurred
on the night of the l~lh, thermometer 17'; much raiu
fell on the 9tli ; the llth was very stormy and wet.

March. — The barometer stood much below the
average, and the amount of rain was a little more than
the usual quantity. The mean maximum temperature
was about 2^ ' below the average, whilst the mean mini-
mum was more than 3" colder than usual.'and the mean
nearly 3' below the average. The lowest temperature
indicated by the thermometer was 15' on the night of
the 13th. Erom the 15th till the end of the month,
rain, more or less, with one exception, fell every <lay ;
the total amount, however, but little exceeded the
average. Winds from cold quarters, N. and N.E., were
prevalent. The temperature was lower than in the
preceding mouth, and even considerably lower than in
J anuary ; this being the case, vegetation could not be
said to have been rendered tender, or to have been
prematurely excited. The weather was dry and cold
in the first half of the month, clearing up to frost at
nights.

April. — The amount of rain was very nearly half an
inch above tho average ; nearly f inch fell on the 27th.
The mean temperature was about 5" above the average.
Frost more or less occurred on nine ui.ghts ; but not so
severe as often occurs in this month, the lowest being
26^ on the 3d ; none were preceded by a high tempera-
ture, as is often the case when spring frosts prove most
destructive. From the 22d to the 26th inclusive, and
in intervals of rain, the air was very dry.

Mail. — This was a cold month, and rather dry, the
barometer standing fully at its average height. The
quantity of rain was 1.17 inch, being -ns inch below
the average. Half an inch fell on the 26th, and with
this exception, none fell after the 12th. The mean
temperature was ^^ below the average. The mean
maximum was 1°.39 below the average ; but the mean
minimum was nearly T below. Frosts at night were
more frequent than in the preceding month, they
having occured on 13 nights ; the lowest, 25°, occurred
on the 4th ; but with lower temperature than this we
have often seen a very fair crop of fruit, unless preceded
by hot days and warm nights. The prevalent winds
were westerly in the first half of the month, and
easterly in the second half. The air throughout the
greater part of the month was generally very dry.

June. — This was a wet month, the amount being
upwards of 31 inches, or 1.58 inch above the average.
Of this quantity more than an inch fell on the 4lh, and
nearly an inch on the 21st. The mean temperature
was a little below the average; the mean maximum

wa.s fully 3,'!,° above, the mean minimum -1° below the

average. Jhjnce it app -s the days were warmer than

usual, but the nights niucdi colder. On the night of
tho I'Jth, close upon midsununer, the thermometer
fell to within 2' of freezing.

J^m/.v.— This was a dry but cold month. Tho mean
temperature was 2'.66 below the average. This lowness
was chiefly owing to tho coldness of the nights, for the
maximum of the days' average wa* little below what is
usual. Rain fell more or less on the first eight days,
and on five days in the latter part of the month ; in
the rest, from the 8th to tho 25th, there was no rain.
The winds were chiefly from S. and S.W,, from N.B.
and E. 14 days. Cold, low, d\isky white clouds were
prevalent. The fruit crops failed very much, and
disai)peared without any obvious cause; they seemed to
have a weakness in their formation which prevented
their progressive i^rowth. Doubtless tho low night
temperature exiienenced with easterly winds in the
latter part of May had an injurious eflcct on the
embryo fruits; and, arresting their growth, rendered
them liable to droji, and to suffer from the attacks of
insects. Peaches and Nectarines were in many ca.scs
a great failure, except where the trees were managed
on very good principles. Apples were smaller than
usual, and a very imperfect crop. Plums v/ere almost
a total failure, and so were Pears. Strawberries failed
greatly ; and on the whole an imperfect and deficient
crop of out-door fruit has to be set down for the
season.

Auf}ti.st.~0\\ the whole this month was wet and
cold. Rain, more or less, fell on 19 days, and the total
amount was above the usual quantity ; not considerably
so, but conjointly with the "want of heat the process of
ripening was in consequence much retarded, and
rendered imperfect in general. The mean temperature
was nearly 3° below the average. Want of sun, but
cold white or dusky clouds instead, rendered this an
ungenial month for producing full-flavoured fruits.
The mean maximum, instead of progressing, fell back .
from that of the preceding month.

September. — The mean temperature was nearly
1° below the average. The mean minimum was about
half a degree above the average; but the days the
temperature of which more influences the maturing
and ripening of grain and fruits had a mean tempera-
ture of 23' below the average, from which it appears
that there was a deficiency of solar heat and light.
The amount of rain was somewhat above 4 inches,
fully an inch and a half above the average quantity for
the month. There were only two days on wdiich rain
did not fall. The prevalent winds were from S. and
S.W. The temperature fell 2' below freezing point
on the night of the 17th, and as low as freezing on
the 2 tth.

October. — Very little rain fell iu the first half of the
month ; and altogether the quantity was nearly three
quarters of an inch less than usual. The mean tempera-
ture was about 1° below the average. Frosts occurred
so early as the 12th, but on the 28th night the thermo-

Tablb Showing thk Height of the Barometer anp Thermometer, and Depth of Rain at Cnist^cK, fob each Month of 1866, compared with the Average

OP Thirty-six Years.

Jauujuy
February .
March
April
May ..
June
July . .
August
September .
October
November .
December .

Meaii,

Inches.
29.810
29.61-2
29.660
29.855
29.925
29.880
29.873
20.737
29.690
30.046
29.830
29.860

Mean .. 29.816

Extreme
Highest.

Inches,
30.675
30.240
30.330
30.430
30.369
30.211
30.286
30.061
30.053
30.422
30.237
30.436

30.575

Extreme
Lowest.

Inches.
28.733
28.702
29.041
29.290
29.125
29.399
29.080
29.043
29.172
29.651
29.313
29.093

1.702

Temperature.

Mean
Max.

Degrees.
46.97
47.29
48.00
58.20
63.23
75.63
74,19
71.29
6.5.20
59.00
63.43

59.26

Above (-H)
or below ( — )
the average.

Degrees.
+3.16
-H..57
—2.78
-fO.T6
—1.39
-1-3.65
— 0.42
-2.15
-2.47
—0.23
-1-3.76
-1-4.33

-1-0.65

Mean
Min.

Degrees.
;13.64
30.57
3(1.19
.36.93
36.19
44.67
46.42
46.94
46.43
S9.35
31.97
32.65

Aliove {+)
or below ( — )
the average.

37.83

Degrees.
+2.62
—1.11
—3.18
—0.25
—6.82
—3.97
—4.89
—3.56
+0.50
—1.74
—3.24
—0.66

—2.19

Degrees.
39.80
38.93
39.09
47.07
49.21
60.15
60.30
69.11
55.81
49.17
42.70
41.16

48.54

Above (+)
or below ( — )
the average.

Degrees.
+2.89
+0.23
—2.98
+0.26
—4.10
—1.16
—2.66
—2.86
—0.99
—0.99
+0.26
+1.83

—0.77

Extremo
Highest.

Degi'ee
54
56
64

79
75
87
89
79
71
71
61
57

Extreme

Lowest.

Degrees.
9
17
15

26
25
34
37

24
19
19

Rain,

Above (+)

or below ( — )

the average of

40 years.

Inches.
3.72
3.80
1.65
1.98
1.17
3.60
1.30
2.60
4.04
2.00
1.16
1.93

29.04

Inches,
+2.06
+2.41
+ 0.27
+ 0.46
—0.81
+1.68
—1.06
+0.27
+ 1.,58
—0.73
—1.03
+0.50

+6.50

The Mean Preeaure was 0.094 inch below the average.
The Mean Temperature 0.77 degree below the average.

meter indicated as low a,s 2-1'. Cold easterly winds
prevailed in the first half of the month.

November. — The usual mean temperature for the
month was fully maintained. The weather was damp
and hazy, but the quantity of rain which fell was little
more than half the quantity which on the average falls
in November. The night of the 13th was remarkable
for an extraordinary quantity of shooting stars,
proceeding in all directions from the north. This
phenomenon was marked by no remarkable degree of
frost, nor extra quantity of rain. The beauty of the
Dahlias and such like herbaceous plants was spoiled
by the frost on the 9th, thermometer 24', and tender-
foliaged plants were completely done for the season by
that of the 20th, when the thermometer fell to 19'.

December. — There were no severe frosts in this
month, in fact the thermometer did not fall lower than
it did in the previous month, 19°, ITp to the last two
days of the month the frosts were but slight. Iu the
last half of the month a considerable quantity of rain
fell ; the last half was generally fine. Several days of
the last week, including the last two days of the year,
were remarkably so.

The Year. — The mean temperature wa.s below the
average. The months of January and February were
warmer than usual ; March was colder than they were.
April maintained its average temperature ; but from
that time till November the weather was colder than
usual. The month of May was on the whole very cold.
At the commencement of the year the quantity of rain

I The Mean Maximum Temperature 0.65 degree above the
I average.

Amount of Rain, 5.50 inchas above the average.

was 6.97 inches in arrear. This has been reduced by
5.50 inches, the excess which has fallen above the
av_Tage in the present year. The balance due to
arrears is now reduced to 1.47 inch, or it may be said
to very nearly an inch and a half. It. T.

Home Correspondence.

The Late Frost. — There is something very inte-
resting to gardeners in the records of English weather,
and whenever it departs from its usual solemn path of
clouds and fog and wind and rain, we are all as much
alive as a Coi^kney on the Derby day. It is the
strangely difl'erent degrees of temperature in places
not far distant from each other that gives this lively
interest — for the matter of distances we need not say
much ; in our little island we are all in a cluster-;—
and the extraordinary different effects of a certain
amount of frcst on trees and shrubs in sites
and soils closely resembling eaidi other. White,
in his "Selborne," in noticing the effects of a severe
winter (1768), remarks with much interest that his
neighbour living on a hill near him had not suffered
in his garden, for that his Laurels and other evergreens
were as green as ever after the winter had passed away,
while his were killed toithe ground. Those who have
seen Selborne's green low moist pastures will at
once see that it is not adapted for tender evergreens.
Our severe frcsts h.ave generally succeeded wet
autumns ;' still, the very severe winter of 1838 was pre-

The Mean Minimum Temperature 2.19 degrees below the
I average.

ceded by a remarkably dry warm autumn, so much so
that when travelling from Oxford to London, towards
the end of October, 1837, by the stage coach, the dust
was so abundant and the sun so hot, that my seat on
the box was by no means agreeable. The first two or
three days of January, 1838, the thermometer ranged
from 50° to 55', the thrushes sung, and we were
anticipating a mild winter, when, on the 6th
the frost commenced and continued till nearly the end
of February. What destruction ! The minimum register
at Chiswick I find noted as 4i° below zero, which was
not so low by 0.t° as registered in the late frost; yet all
our finer kinds of Roses were killed, all our common
evergreens, and even the shoots of Peaches, Nectarines,
and fVpricots. The frost of December, 1860, was. if
possible, still more destructive, for in low places in tliis
county Apple trees of mature growth were much
injured, and even the common Oak suffered to a
great extent in valleys; in fact, many fruit and
other trees seemed paralysed, and did not fully
recover till the wami summers of 1863-64. In
the late frost the minimum registered here was on
the morning of the 5th inst. (in your "State of the
Weather " the date is the 4th) -1°, or 28° of frost. I feared
at the time that trees and shrubs would be much
injured, owing to their shoots, as in 18C0, not being well
ripened. On examining to-day the shoots of many
kinds of shrubs, I find but little or no injury seems to
have been done to them. The leaves of Laurustinuses
and Phillvreas are still green, but as their young

€2

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[January 19, 1867.

flioots are brown under the bark, they will
most probably shed them. Common Laurels are
perfectly green and uninjured, their leave s glistening
in the bright sunshine as cheerily as in early autumn.
The young shoots of Roses, such as those of Hybrid
Perpetuals and the hardy kinds of Tea-scented Roses,
such as Gloire de Dijon, are green and not in the least
injured. This is very different to the effect of the
frost in December, ISSO, for then, within three or four
days after the extreme cold of the 25th, the shoots of
all kinds of Roses, even those of the hardiest sorts,
and also those of all kinds of young fruit trees,
were, on paring off the bark, found to be brown.
Now, if our immunity from the effects of the
late frost is experienced at Chiswick, under its
very depressed temperature, and in the valley of
the Thames generally, it will be a remarkaljle fact,
but I fear it will not prove so, and that Roses
and Laurels will not be very gay in the spring.
This place is situated about 20 miles in a direct line
N.E. of London, is 100 feet above the level of the river
Stort, and is cold and dry; the maximum in summer is
generally from 4° to G" below that at Chiswick, and the
minimum in winter about the same above j the
difference however in the late frost, when the minimvun
at Chiswick was In' below that of this place, is most
remarkable. I ought to add that my thermometer, one
of Negretti & Zambra's best minimums, lies on a trans-
verse bar fastened to a .'^take, is 4 feet from the ground,
and fully exposed. The fall of snow here_ was very
slight, not more than from 2 to 3 inches in depth.
Th.os. liiceys, Sairhrirhjeirortlt^ Heris, Jan. 12.

Mefjistering Tlienno/iirlirs. — In connection with the
records of very low temperatures, given in the last
number of your Paper (see' p. 29), I venture to ask a
question. Have any of the parties sending the record
in question personally tested their thermometers ? If
not I am not going to blame them, but just to state
that they will do well so to do. It is well known that
Negretti & Zambra, whose "Horticultural Thermo-
meters " are very largely in use, distinctly state that,
though sufEciently accurate for general purposes, they
are not to be relied on for scientiilc record, or to that
effect. A few days ago I placed six or seven of these
thermometers side by side to test their evenness.
When standing at from 35° to 40' the variation was so
trifling that they might be said to be alike, the diver-
sity scarcely amounting to a degree. But on subject-
ing one of these very thermometers shortly afterwards
to the zero test (by the mixture of salt and snow in
nearly equal proportions), the thermometer indicated
— 7° (that is, 7' below zero). I then placed a much more
costly instrument in the same mixture, and the result
was —1° (1° below zero.) Feeling anything but satisfied
with the result, I purchased a professedly "standard
thermometer," which had been tested at Kew, and on
the accuracy of which I " might fully rely," and a few
hours ago had it subjected to the same test, along with
the one last referred to, and an ordinary 'As. 6d. Negretti
& Zambra's thermometer : all three being buried in
the same mixture. The result was, that the " standard
thermometer" (costing 17s. 6rf, for the one tube) fell to
— 8° (8' below zero!), while the others registered just
as on the previous occasion— one of them 1° below zero,
and the other 7' below zero ! These temper.atures all
the three retained, and evidently would retain as long
as we chose to maintain the process. Now, wliat are
we to think ? Is Pahrenheit's test for zero useless, or
are the thermometers uvitruthful ? If, when a ther-
mometer registers .5° or 6' below zero, we ought to call
it 2° or 1° above zero, it sadly .spoils the sensational
effect. If I am wrong in supposing that the tempera-
ture produced by the blendmg of equal parts (or any
mixture approximating this) of salt and snow does
indicate zero of Fahrenheit, will some of your more
learned correspondents kindly put me right? Jos.
Baclchouse, Jnn., York.

Registration of Cold. — In the Times of January 4, in
a note dated Cobham, Surrey, January 3, and signed
"F. M. S.," I read as follows :—" One of Casella's
thermometers. 3 feet above the ground, registered this
morning 4 9-lOths below zero." On referring to your
" .State of the Weather," this temperature is given as
having occurred on the 2d. I believe that the meteoro-
logical day ends in the morning at some hour fixed by
the higher powders, and not at midnight, in accordance
with usage and common sense. Many of your readers
are doubtless acquainted with the custom, and conse-
quently do as I have done— give Itwo dates to their
registers, the Chiswick and home. I have done this for
many years, but always with a prote.st. "Would it not
be quite as much to the interests of science if the
meteorological day began and finished with our common
day ?^ It would then not seem odd to common people to
read in the Times that the low temperature referred
to above occurred on the 3d, and in your columns on
the 2d]; the latter must be incorrect according to common
computation, fori can testify thatthelowest temperature
on the morning of the 2d was 18\ and just prior to
midnight on the same day it was 20°. On the morning
of the 3d my minimum thermometer (Negretti's)
registered 10°, so that the extreme occurred in the
morning of the 3d ; but on the 2d, as in your state-
ment, this is 14" higher than at Cobham; but such
variations are common in these sudden cold storms.
On the morning of the 4th my register stood ,at 5°, and
on the 5tli at 4", the lowest yet experienced. On the
morning of the Oth the register stood at 25", at
9 A.M. at 32° ; a slight thaw then commenced, with
heavy rain. The question is— would it not be more in
accordance with our every-day ideas to have th e meteo-
rological day to commence with our common day, so
that instead of being always one day in advance of
your " state of the w' eather "in registering extremes of
cold, we should agree. Olserver.

Meteorological Coincidence. ■ — Tour correspondent,
Mr. J. Anderson, in his interesting notes upon the
weather in Scotland (see p. 8), says : "At the closing

January 9

1, 10 . .

.. 29

„ 11

.. 23

„ 12 ..

.. 12

„ 13

.. 11

„ 14 ..

.. 16

„ 13 ..

.. 12

hours of the new year snow fell upon the banks of the
Clyde, with the temperature at 33 ." Permit me to add
that between 12 and 1 o'clock on New Tear's morning
snow fell here also, though not in any great quantity
the thermometer registering at the time 35°, or 2
only above that at Meadow Bank, a very near meteoro-
logical coincidence when the relative distances, north
and south, are taken into consideration. William
Earleif, South Herts.

Tlie Weather.— 'i\\!i minimum temperature at this
place (Plymouth), for each day since January 1, has
been as follows : —
January 1 . ..20'

„ 2 .. .. 16

„ 3 .. .. IS
4 .. ..26

„ 5 .. .. 31

6 .. .. 42

7 .. .. 48
„ 8 .. ... 42

Thermometer 4 feet from ground, fullv exposed.

Thos. Smith, Beaconfield. Jan ,3d, 10° ; "41 h, zero;

5th, 4° below zero. Dixey's thermometer, corrected by
Greenwich standard. Jan. 14th, —8°. Broccoli all

killed. KecTcfield Gardens, Hants. The temperature

on the surface of the snow has been 12 ' the past two
nights; at 5 feet from the ground 22' (slightly overhung).
'\Mnd, none ; sky clear. Severity more continuous than
in 1859 and 1860. Sam. Garland, Sishopston-e, Torquaij.
Weather in Scotland.— I find on testing the ther-
mometer from which the readings were taken, notified
at p. 8, that I overestimated its accuracy, and as it is
of some importance for general reference to have
meteorological statistics as nearly correct as possible, I
reproduce them in a tabulated form. The thermometer
is one of Negretti & Zambra's, which has stood out-of-
doors here lor upwards of two years, and up to the
late pressure of extreme cold was a fair enough index
of temperature. The minimum readings are the lowest
during the 24 hours. Those of the maximum are taken
each ofay at 1 o'clock : —

December 28
211
30
31

January 1

Minimum.

Maximum.

37"

48'

34

37

37

39

33

38

16

23

14

22

8

10

7

13

4

21

24

32

33

34

Our thermometer, as will be observed on comparison
with the readings given at p. S, indicated 4° t^;o low.
"We, therefore, have not had the same extreme pressui'e
of cold as in and around London. At Clapton Mr.
Stuart Low writes me that their thermometer fell to
2' during the morning of the 5th, and I see by a con-
temporary that at Chiswick the thermometer there
had registered 11° below zero ! I wonder if its accuracy
has been tested, since the best of the registering ther-
mometers do go wrong, for the one which indicated at
Meadow Bank on Christmas ISGO, 13° below zero was
totally worthless for correct readings ever after. It was
a mercurial one; and those of Negretti & Zambra,
whose fluid is spirits of wine, are open to the same
objection, as I have proved in the case above referred
to. It would be generally interesting matter to know
if such occurrences are common, and the cause or
causes thereof, so that makers might be on the ijvi fire
for a remedy. The line of snow had evidently all but
terminated on the " border line " dividing England from
Scotland. Instead of having feet, and avalanches, !as
is recorded in some districts of "Wales, ,we had not
above the one-eighth part of an inch in the "W"est of
Scotland. /. A., Meadow Bank, near Glasgoic.

The late Frosts, and Marechal Niel Base. — The
frost here in the Valley of the Dove on the nights of
the 2d and 14th equalled in intensity that of the
memorable Christmas Eve of 1860, when the thermo-
meter fell some 6' below zero, and at present it appears
to have done its work nearly as effectively. The
tender tribes of Noisette, Bourbon, and Tea Roses on
the low grounds appear here to be all killed, especially
unprotected Standards. "We are, however, delighted
to see our old and valued friend Gloire de Dijon
entirely unscathed; and, better still, Marechal Niel,
the best of all the yellows, seems none the worse for
the trying ordeal to which it has been subjected. If
this important fact should be corroborated by other
correspondents, it at once settles the question of its
hardihood, of which I have now not a shadow of a
doubt, and establishes the claim of this fine variety in a
very important sense to universal favour. A. Godwin,
The Rosarium, Ashbourne.

Game Covert.— In reply to "D." (see p. 30), I beg to
state that I planted Berberis Aquifolium rather
lavishly about 20 years ago in this neighbourhood.
Hares and rabbits leave it alone. It comes up wild
from seed self-sown in all sorts of places, and I have
only to save these young plants and transfer them to
nursery hues for a year or so, whenever I wish to
increase ray breadth of the plant. I know not one
instance of its being eaten by rabbits. Did " D." see

them at their work ? Diss. 1 have been for years,

and am still, a planter of Berberis Aquifolium for
winged game covert, and I can most conscientiously
recommend it to gentlemen for that purpose ; ground
game (hares and rabbits) do not injure it after the
first year's planting. jMost foresters are aware that
rabbits keenly observe and deadly punish a few newly-
introduced plants in their lairs, which accounts for " D.'s"
plants falling a sacrifice in so short a time. I am now
preparing 60,000 of these plants to plant out on an
estate, and if the rabbits are killed down pretty well by
the time I commence planting, I do not think their
after increase will injure me to the extent of 40 plants

devoured. I advise " D." to plant this favourite
extensively, and if hecannot reduce his stock of rabbits,
to guard his plants with wire net for a season ; when
they shall have become sufficiently established, and the
rabbits are accustomed to them, they will be as safe as
"Whin (Gorse) or Blackthorn bushes. I prefer planting
the Berberis Aquifolium in large breadths, and situated
in the preserves where there are but few trees, and
those at a good distance apart. If the soil is such as
will hold the moisture of a dry summer, so much the
better. I trench 18 inches deep, and plant 2 feet apart,
keeping the hoe going among them for two years after
planting, by which time the plants meet and stifle all
further growth of weeds ; the plants now produce
abundance of attractive fruit for birds : the covert is
most effective for holding them, and what can be more
agreeable in heidit for gentlemen to shoot over ? C. B.,

a Forester. In the " American Agriculturist " for

January, 1867, the following recipe is given to prevent
the ravages of rabbits :— Rabbits are easily kept off by
anything that is di.stasteful to them. Blood is found
to bo as eflicacious as anything else, and is easily
obtained and applied. A small sprinkling only is
necessary. M.

Colouring of the Wood of Living Trees. — In a report
of the Conversazione held in December at the Agricul-
tural College at Cirencester, I read as follows : — " And
most interesting, perhaps, of all, were some beautiful
examples of wood coloured by Mr. Hyett's process of
introducing salts of metals into trees while growin"
taking advantage of the ascending current of sap." I
think I remember reading years ago, of the experi-
ments of the old chemists in making young succulent
plants imbibe coloured water to a small extent, but
this colouring of wood seems new. We may now
expect blue Roses and blue Apricots. Will you kindly
throw some light on this curious subject ? Observer.

Female Garrya ellipiica. — Tou are in error in
stating (see p. 10) that the male plant only of Garrya
elliptica exists in gardens. Last October I saw a bush
of this beautiful shrub covered with clusters of the
dried-up berries, some of which contained seeds
apparently perfect. The plant was also showing inflo-
rescence for this present season. It stood in a garden
in Somersetshire, near the sea. Leo K. Grindon, 85,
Rainford Street, Manchester. [There was at one time,
we believe, a female Garrya in the Chiswick Gardens,
but it has been lost. Eds.]

Ancuba Berries Poisonous to Robins. — The following
has just occurred during the late severe frost. I
allowed two robins to live in my large greenhouse,
where I have two Aucubas with ripe fruit on them.
My attention the other day was turned to these
beautiful berries, when I found that something had
eaten otf the pulp from the seed ; I wondered what it
could be, and thought that perhaps a mouse had taken
the brilliant morsel. On inquiry, however, it was
found th.at one of the poor little robins lay stiff, cold,
and prostrate in the path, and a post-mortem exami-
nation proved [?] chat it had been poisoned from eating
the berries of Aucuba japonica. It might be well
therefore to take the greatest care to keep these most
beautiful and brilliant berries from children, to whom
they are so tempting, and a.s the plant is likely to
become one of our most attractive and ornamental
shrubs, it may be necessary to employ caution in order
to prevent, if possible, any further unhappy results
from the use of its berries. Jnbez J. Chater, Gonville
Nitrseries, Cambridge. [What became of the other
robin ? Had the birds fought ? Eds.]

Forthcoming E.vhibitions. — It becomes the duty of
all, as floral exhibitions are every year acquiring more
and more importance, to discuss points of perfection as
regards plants, fruits, and flowers, in order that in
course of time there might be some general rule laid
down for the guidance of both exhibitor and judge.
The existence of such a rule would be of gre.at service
to everybody. Want of foliage might be improved by
making it imperative that ail collections above nine
stove and greenhouse plants should contain two Palms
of not less than 8 feet high, and that all collec-
tions of less magnitude should have one variety of
colour ; and variety of plants should likewise be taken
into consideration in judging collections. If Mr. Pish
was to give a cup to the best stove or greenhouse plant,
or bunch of Grapes in the whole exhibition, inde-
pendently of class, there is no doubt that some would
merit consideration, which might help to place matters
on a better footing than they have been. T. F.
Johnson.

Pantomime Plants.— 1o expect consistency in a
pantomime would seem as absurd as to suppose that
your columns are open to criticisms on popular
dramatic entertainments. Nevertheless, as the
subject of " table decorations," in so far as they consist
of flowers and their accompaniments, finds an occasional
place in your Journal, it would not be altogether
unreasonable if scenic decorations were to receive some
casual attention, and one may ask whether the eyes of
the general public would not be quite as well pleased
if truth were a little more studied in these matters
than it is. Take a case in point : some of your
readers may have visited old Drury lately, and if
so they can hardly fail to have been struck
with the exceeding beauty of a scene wherein sundry
Naiads are seen disporting themselves with Water-lily
leaves. I wish to say nothing about the Naiads them-
selves, or you, Mr. Editor, might frown reprovingly,
and " decline without thanks," but I would call atten-
tion to those Water-lily leaves, sufiiciently accurate in
all points but one, and that one to a wild flower lover
almost enough to mar the general effect. The obnoxious
point is that the artist has, to heighten the effect, placed
two longitudinal stripes of silver or gilt tinsel on either
side of the midrib of the leaf, leaving the latter
unmarked, thus giving the impression of wdiat bota-
nists would call a multicostato leaf, a mistake of a very
shocking character for susceptible botanical natures !

Januaky 19, 1867.]

THE GAliPENEKS' CHllONTdLE AND AGHICULTtmAL GAZETTE.

53

Granted that under the circumstances it is necessary
to jiaint tlie Lily, would it not have been far more
elTective and certainly more consistent with Nature if
the artist had followed the natural veining of the
leaves. One may ^'ive ready assent to the appearance
of fairies in almost any situation, and when they euierse
from Lily cups it is easy to suppose that prolilication
has taken place, or when they sprint; from Palm leaves
one may consider them in the light of so many
" viviparous " buds, such as wo are familiar with in
many Ferns. But for multicostate Water-lily leaves
there is no warranty in the opinion of Lttke Bedlam.

Jlcildhig-oid {>ieep.Vl\f^, ISCil).— While acreeing «ith
and admirins some of the sn;.,'t;eslions of A l*rnctic:il
Hand." I luust say that 1 have been snriirised :ii such a
display as he makes of his want of kiK)\\l('du'e of some
of those laws (if Art which are immutable and well recog-
nised by every artist. Let lue quote his own words,
Speakinf? of the very moderate and just criticisms of
" S. li. li." on bedding-out, he says — ' Is his picture by
Rubens the less valued because others by the same master
adorn the picture galleries of every capital in Europe?"
1 answer, no ; but if Rubens, or any other great
artist, were to simply repeat hunself, and give us the
same thoughts, or incidents, or scenes with slight
variations, his pictures would be of little or no value.
One of the greatest writers on Art that this country, or
])robably any other, has ever produced, and who is also
distinguished by his deep study and deep-seeing observa-
tion of Nature in almost every phase, writes thus : — "Let
us, then, understand at once, that change or variety is
as much a necessity to the human heart and brain in
buildings as in books; that there is no merit, though
there is some occiisional use, in monotony; and that
we must no more expect to derive cither pleiisurc or
prolit from an architecture whose ornaments are of one
pattern, and whase pillars are of one proportion, than
we should out of an'universe in which the clouds were all
of one shape, and the trees all of one size." Does not
this directly apply to the garden, in wdiich one is
surely entitled to look for more variety and perpetual
interest than in any other thing made by man for his
recreation? "A Practical Hand" politely tells your
entertaining correspondent to "stay at home" ifhe does
not like ribbon borders. Now, suppose " practical hands"
generally say the same thing to educated people and
employers, is it likely to do any good to our profession ?
I am disposed to think that the maker of ribbon
borders will ere long have very little occasion to say
" stay at home " to tlie man of taste, for I see such
gardening estimated at its true value in more than one
vein of our lirst-class literature. I have seen these
barbarous patterns described by a ])opular novelist and j
genuine lover of the beautiful as worse than the most
barbarous patterns on a bad Chinese shawl, and enough
to " make Mr. Owen Jones howl with anguish." For
my own part, I am veiy grateful that there are a few
places where the real interest of a garden is to be
found, and seldom wa-ste a moment with the ribbon
maker. He has exhausted Nature ! Look in at the
end of his garden, and all is over ! It is indeed a great
saving of time, no doubt, but does it lead employers
to love their gardens ? I fear not. Veriumnus.

Gardeners' Senevolenf Instifitfion. — I was glad to
see "J. D.'s" letter, and your remarks thereon (see
p. 1195, 1866). You say a large proportion of the funds
have been subscribed by patrons who do not object to
the present constitution of the Institution ; but would
they object to the rules being altered, so that no non-
subscriber could be a pensioner, if the matter were fairly
laid before them ? I think not. I cannot believe that any
of these kind patrons, who deserve our sincerest thanks,
would like to encourage any man to be careless as to
how he is to live in his old age ; yet the rules, as they
are at present constituted, most certainly do so. Then
as to " J. D.'s " friends and gardeners in general sub-
scribing, I have no doubt but that they all would do so
as soon as they know that their money would go to
help them that try to help themselves. And let gar-
deners remember how much better the pensions miglit
be, if all could conscientiously subscribe. If all the
funds of this Institution had been given by the rich,
and I were in want, I would gladly accept a pension
from it ; but knowing as I do that a good quantity is
subscribed by gardeners, who, it is admitted, are not
over-well paid, I could not for the life of me, for shame,
accept a pension tmm it. In other words, I could not
live on another man's frugality and industry. I write
this in no pompous spirit, or with a full purse. I have
a wife and seven children, and I have not or ever had
anything but what I have worked hard for ; and this
is my conclusion : Ubi met ibi apes.

Chinese Bean-cake.— 'She Beans are first crushed by
means of a huge granite wheel running on a circle or
ring of granite stones, and drawn by animals, nearly
all mules, but with a few horses. The crushed Beans,
resembling irregularly-shaped wafers, are then steamed
for about five minutes, after which they are made up
into round packages of equal weight by being enveloped
each in two Grass bundles laid in a peculiar manner,
and held together by two iron hoops ; live of these
packages are then put into a press, from which they
are taken as fine cakes, and the oil expressed from
which has flowed down into a receiver below each
press. The rim of each cake is then pared by hand,
when it is ready for exportation. The pressing is
elfected by two wooden wedges in each press, driven in
by two men with heavy stone hammers. When the
liictories are kept working night and day, which is
(luite usual, 13 men and about 22 mules or horses are
1 ec|uired for each pair of crushing stones. There are
now 102 pairs of crushing stones and 204 presses
kept in operation by about 1.S30 men and 2250 mules
and horses. They are making from 20,000 to 21,000
cakes in 21 hours. The factories are usually kept in
full operation during the warm season. During the
cold season there is generally a pause, owing to the
fact that the frost prevents an equal quantity of oil

being expressed from tho
steaming more expensive.

Beans, and renders tho
It requires but a slight

consideration to see that European machinery driven
by steam might be brought witli advantage to bear on
this branch of industry. By a little ingenuity the
same fuel that supersedes the mule and man-po\yer in
the crushing and pressing (ijicriiliniis might, without
additional co.sl, bo made tosujicrscdc the steaming lucl ;
and by a suitable arrangenicnt of the tires, boiler, and
machinery in one and the same double-windowed
building, tlie temperature might again, without
additional cost, be maintained at a height suitable for
expressing throughout the winter. Preparations are
now being made by Messrs. Tlios. Piatt h ('o.,
British merchants, fur the <'stalilisliment of a liean-
cake and oil steam lUctory in connection with an
experienced practi<':il engineer, who has inspected the
existing manufactories, and who is now in England
engaged with the new steam machinery. What plant
furnishes these Beans it is not so easy to understand,
as we have not seen them. It would appear, however,
to lie between Lablab vulgaris and 8oja hispida ; pro-
bably the former, though the hitter grows in large
quantities, and is a very useful seed. Juftn li. J(tek\wn.

^duration of Gardeners. — To the education of young
gardeners we must look for an improved standard in
the gardening profession. It is from among those
young men who devoto their evenings to study in the
theory of horticulture, floriculture, and botany, and
who in their daily labour can apply that know-
ledge to practice— that we must seek for young men
litted to take the responsible duties of foreman, and
eventually of bead gardener. I am confident that
iiiucli good will r<'sult from the exertions made by the
K'oyal llorticiiitiiral Society, assisted by the Council of
the Society of Arts, in providing examinations and
prizes for gardeners. I have before me a programme
of the Society of Arts' examinations for ISO" ; also the
results of 1865 and 18G0, and with your permission I will
extract the names of those gardeners \vho have proved
successful in obtaining prizes and certificates, f wish
to say to those who have obtained first-class certificates
—select other subjects ; to those wdio have taken
second and third-class certificates- try again, until you
gain the highest honour ; and to those who have not
been successful in obtaining certificates, or those who
have not yet otfered themselves for exammation — study
closely, and persevere till you succeed : —
Class or Certificates.

, ii

t^

.

Fruit

Name.

Age.

n

p

1

1 =
^1

and
Veget.able

i»

Culture.

R. Brown, Salford

25

3

A. Dean, Southampton

34

3

J. K. Dempster, Glasgow

27

2

J. Duncan,^ London ..

22

2

2

J. Godseff, Chelmsford

19

3

J. C. Higgs, Southampton . .

2.5

3

R. C. Kingston,! Hull..

19

3

3

2

W. Osborne, London ..

2.5

3

3

A. Parsons, Burton

22

3

W. P. Rohorts.t Ipawlch

26

2

1

G. Stanton,§ Slough . .

26

1

2

G. M. Woodrow,|l Richmond \
(Surrey) .. .. J

20

3

3

1

1

-

2

7

6

7

I think the results of these examinations require to be
better knowm. In conversing with some of my brother
head gardeners on the subject, I often hear these
expressions : — " "What is it ? Suppose it is all theory,
book study, cramming ;" while journeymen and
apprentices say — " Should like to know something
more about it ; what the examinations are ; who has
been examined ; should think they are all from
Chiswiok or Kew, or some of those great places— I
should have no chance with suc'u a,s those about
London. I should like to see published in the Gar-
deners' Chronicle full particulars of the last Society of
Arts' Examination Paper; why not give a copy of the
questions ? " I have no doubt this woidd gain many
candidates for 1867. I should hope many readers of
the Gardeners' Chronicle are interested in these
gardeners' examinations. Many practical gardeners,
like myself, interested in the welfare of our assistants,
are looking forward anxiously for the result. S. C,
East York, Sec. 21, 1866.

Fat Catalogues. — Now that the new year has com-
menced, those cumbrous nuisances, fat catalogues,
sw^ell the post bag, and come in useful as waste paper.
One of these, I find, contains no less than 40 varieties
of Cucumbers and 60 varieties of Melons, of which no
less than 11 are new, originating with the Company, as
the name of one of the firm is prefixed to each. Among
the Melons, it appears, perfection is attained. Some
have " transparent rinds, so thin that the flesh can be
seen through." Some are "superbly netted," and
other wonderful properties are mentioned. I am con-
vinced that many of these swans are geese, and they
will be geese indeed who trust to such bosh. Ebor.

Acclimatisation (see p. 1113, 18(i0). — I am glad to
see you are taking up acclimatisation " precisely in
the light I have often wished to see it treated.
There may be a gradual hardening of an exotic
plant, though it never reaches the hardiness of a native.
The test of destruction by frost is fallacious. The
tops of Nettles are always destroyed by frost. Ulex
europtea, in Scotland, is sometimes killed by frost;
but surely both plants are acclimatised, if the latter
is not a native. J. S. E.

Asphalte Walks.' — I do not think " G. S." has read

* Royal Horticultural Society's Prize of bl. for Botany,
t Royal Horticultural Society's Prize of l^ for Botany.
t Prize of 5;, for Fruit and Vegetable Culture.
§ Prize of Cjl. for Florinultxire.

II Prizes of 3^ for Floriculture. 3i. for Fruit and Vegetable
Culture, and 31. for Botany.

my remarks on asphalte walks (p. 30) carefully, or he
would not have brought against them such an objec-
tion. Tho surface of tho walk, if properly made,
would be perfectly solid and impervious to moisture;
consequently the frost would have but little, if any,
cll'cct upon it. Should the frost-, however, penetrate
the asphalte, it would still have in tho centre of tho
walk tlirco iiudics, and at the sides five inches, of hard
material to get through before reaching the sod ; and &s
at tho bottom of this it was proposed to put in a drain,
to take otr tho water, both from surface and subsoil,
which, if only a drain-pipe three incdies in diameter,
would have its under .side nine inches below the surface
of tho walk, there will bo no fear of the soil within
rca<'li of the frost becoming saturated with iiKiisture. E.
('ali.f<>nii<ni Trees. — A friend of mine, writing from
San .lose, (alifbrnia, says : — "I enclose seeds from an
evergreen tree growing on the mountains. It is very
beautiful, and covered with red berries like tho Moun-
tain Ash, and I have been told it is Photinia arbuti-
folia. It should be hardy, for it grows on the top of
the mountain, when the wind blows very cold, and there
is frost. I could send you any amount of seed. I am
collecting acorns of all the diilcrent kinds of Oaks. I
have also got some of the Buck-eyed Chestnut, some of
the seeds of which are as big as a fair-sized Orange.
This tree looks very pretty now, although it has not a
leaf on. The tree has a pinkish white appearance, and
when amongst evergreens it is very striking. Some
acorns here are larger than a Walnut." Can any of
your correspondents oblige with any information
respecting these plants? W. D. [Photinia arbutifolia
is a native of California. Eds.]

Hippophiie rhamnoides. — This is a most beautiful
berry-bearing plant, although it is seldom seen in fruit.
This fact no doubt arises from our ignorance of its
being unisexual. Hence, wherever it is planted, it is
generally alone, and therefore no berriescanbe produced;
moreover, it is a straggling grower, and not by any
means a general favourite with planters. I had the
good fortune, however, a short time since, to pay a
visit to the nursery of Messrs. Backhouse k Son, of
York, where I saw a bush about 7 feet in height, and
as much through, having its stems literally (covered
with berries, which are .sessile. These spikes of berries,
if I may be allowed the expression, were from 6 to
9 inches in length; the berries themselves are of a
primrose colour underneath, and with a little rose
colour next the sun, about the size of large Holly
berries, and somewhat oval in shape. Mr. Backhouse
informed me that he travelled a long way to procure
the male plant many years ago, but the sight which this
tree presented must have amply repaid him. The
male and female were planted close together, and the
only care bestowed for this rich harvest was to occa-
sionally shake the male tree while in flower, thereby
causing the pollen to fly ofl' in clouds, and fall on the
flowers of the female plant. As many persons are now
seeking after berry-bearing plants, I have little doubt,
tliat if you make this known, it will lead to Hippophae
rhamnoides being often included in collections. E.

Naming Plants. — In treating of the winter flowering
of certain new Orchids (see p. 28), the writer denies
me the right of giving names to the species introduced
by me, and condemns severely what he calls my
unwarrantable habit of giving names, &c. 1 protest
against so arbitrary a declaration, and I atUrm, on the
other hand, that introducers have the right of attaching
names to their new plants before any one else does so,
provided that they only apply them to bond Jide new
plants, or to such as are not in cultivation, and the
descriptions of which are so imperfect as to render
them liable to bo misunderstood. It is indispensable
that, while waiting the determination of my plants
(Orchids) by the only competent monographer that
we possess, the plants should receive a provisional
name, which cannot give umbrage to any one, and
which cannot give rise to misunderstanding or con-
fusion. Does " J. B." seriously believe that a few lines
of diagnosis suffice to legitimatise a name, and to give it
the authority which he denies to me ? I am not of that
opinion, and I believe that a simple provisional name,
which may be put on one side when there is no
longer necessity for its use, is better than one
which is put into circulation with a defective diagnosis.
Like other people I could indulge in the fancy of
delivering a passport to my plants, legalised by three or
four lines in Latin ; for before my passion for introduc-
ing plants led me into the pursuit of commercial
horticulture, I had pursued my studies at the
University, and was engaged for several years
exclusively with botany, but I preferred to become a
diligent introducer of plants rather than a bad
desoriber of them, of whom there are already, unfor-
tunately, too many. " J. B." says that my Oncidium
Phatenopsis is nothing else than his O. Denisonianum,
but the learned monographer of Hamburgh has just
discovered, aft«r minute research, that my O.
Phalsenopsis is the true Oncidium nubigeuum. It
follows then, if O. Phalajnopsis is really the same
plant as 0. Denisonianum of " J. B.," that both these
names must pack up their baggage at the same
time. As far as regards Oncidium diadema I
may mention that Professor Reichenbach himself
has experienced great ditficulty in identifying my plant
with the O. serratum of Liudley, so incomplete is the
description ol' this last species. Where so learned a
botanist has had so mucli trouble, I may be excused
for having considered my plant as one undescribed.
My .Oncidium puts aside its diadem and disappears,
its entry into the world having done no harm to any
one. J. Linden, Brussels. [We should be the last
persons in the world to question the right of M.
Linden, or any other introducer of plants, to affix any
name they may please to the plants introduced by
them, provided always that the name be given to such
plants only as there is good reason to suppose ore really
new, and provided also that such names arc i.ot merely

54

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTtlEAl GAZETTE.

[Janttaky 19, 1867.

provisional, but are such as will not mislead, or tend to
confusion. M. Linden's botanical knowledge must
have made him aware that to draw up a diagnosis of
four or five lines, it is necessary to spend hours, and
sometimes days in the task, the difficulties of which,
moreover, are enormously increased when the botanist
has to deal with names and synonyms for which there
is no other authority than a printed catalogue or a
garden label. If M. Linden were to apply arbitrary
names, such as ilorists give their plants, no confusion
would arise, and it would be open to M. Linden him-
self, or to any other botanist, to athx a scientific name
according to the customary practice of scientific men,
at any time when the knowledge of the plant iu
question and its relationships to others, were suf-
ficient to allow of this being done. Eds.]

Odontorilossum^ cirrhosum and Oncidinm macran-
thmti. — As Mr. Linden suggests that our having proved
a plant to be Oncidium cucuUatum which bore the
labeil of Odontoglossum cirrhosum, resulted from our
having bought both species at Stevens's sale, and acci-
dentally changed the label, we may state in self justi-
fication that it was not so. We never (to our know-
ledge, or by record) bought a plant of O. cucullatum
at any time, but we have, at difierent times, purchased
three plants purporting to be Odont. cirrhosum, and
are free to state that the old bulbs on the plant now in
bloom (and which proves to be Onoid. cucullatum) are
so like the old bulbs of the other two plants purporting
to be Od. cirrhosum that we are not surprised at
Mi\ Linden's mistake, accepting his own statement
that_ "the most e.\perienced connoisseur may be
deceived." We do not think that any one could adopt
a more honourable course than Mr. Linden has done
in ofleriug to rectify such errors wherever they occur.
Should we be placed under similar circumstances and
publicly offer for sale Orchids sent by our collector, we
should follow the same course : for it is obvious that
an importer cannot prove every plant by blooming,
which he ofiers for sale, whether privately or publicly.
With the utmost care a collector may be deceived ; he
may find one plant in flower and make a drawing from
it, and suppose that many other plants resembling it
are precisely the same, when time may prove other-
wise. As to Oncidium macranthum, we venture to
ask upon what authority the variety hastiferum
is so named ? One of the very characters of the
typical Oncidium macranthum is the hastate
labellum {lahelli hastati are Dr. Lindley's words).
And our native specimens, and drawing from one of
them, both show this feature conspicuously. May it
not prove that the so-called '■ typical form of the
species from the slopes of Chimbora^o" belongs to
another species altogether, as ours, now in bloom,
certainly is ? and that the var. hastiferum is the true
(i. e., typical) macranthum? As regards Odonto-
glossum coronarium, we would ask how it happens
that, if so very well known, the figure in " Pescatorea "
has a leaf nearly a foot long, while the plants sold for
it had very short leaves ? 0. brevifolium, as its name
implies, has short leaves. We have purchased some of
the plants sold as O. coronarium, 'and they exactly
resemble, both in leaf, bulb, and habit, the plants
which we imported. Twice our collector has sent
dried specimens, and these, together with a drawing,
diSer from 0. coronarium in having a recurved spike,
fewer flowers on the spike, and a shorter labellum in
proportion to the length of the petals. Professor
Ueichenhach named these O. brevifolium. Whether
or no O. coronarium and O. brevifolium will ulti-
mately prove to be extreme forms of one species, we
are not, of course, prepared to decide; but, if so, we
think the plants recently sold will prove of the form
called brevifolium ! " Time will prove this matter.
Jas, BacJchoiise Sc Son, York.

Winler Cuntmbers.—Allov/ me to inform "J. S.,"
who wants a free-hearing Black Spine Cucumber (see
5. 30), that I have disposed of all I can spare of my
tavourite Black Spine. I shall however be most happy
to forward him two or three Black Spines of middle
size, which I think will answer his pm-pose, aud I
should be much obhged if "J, S." would send me
by way of exchange two or three seeds of his winter
favourite just to test its merits. JosepJt SamiHon,
Wellington Place, near Carlisle.

Outta-pen-ha Fountains.— T^here is one application
of gutta-percha which I have never seen made, but
which seems very easy, and that is, to make small
fountains of it ; it is easily moulded with warm water
can be readily forced into plaster moulds, and joined
with equal facility by heat, and although the material
IS expensive, compared with cement, it will outlast
50 cement fountains, and not clog with vegetation as
they do. The colour, a dull grey, is another objection
to cement. Somerset,

Mill-,/ White Potato (see p. 29).— I had this Potato
on my table on the Chi-istmas Days of 1S65 and 1866
in the finest possible condition; and having grown
from 30 to 30 varieties, I am of opinion that this is the
best we possess. The Milky White is sometimes spoken
of as a second early, but with me it is in perfection at
the present time ; and will, I think, be equally good
for months to come. The Milky "White is a good
cropper, while in appearance and flavour it is all that
would be desired. I am one of those who heheve that
the best dinner would be spoiled by the appearance of
a bad or indifferent dish of Potatos on the table, aud,
therefore, I take some pains in the selection of varieties,
apd in their proper cultivation. W.

Collections of Seeds. — I liave to solicit the favom- of a short
apace in your columns to complain of .a practice among certain
seedsmen, which has become so great a giiev.ance to
gardeners, that it is a matter of smprise it has not taken a
more definite or decided shape before. The grievance which
now foi-ms the burden of my complaint is that in which the
seedsman, trespassing out of the usual way of business, steps
in with his "Collection" between the g.ivdener and his
employer, thus thrusting the former on one side, and usurpuig
to himselJE a plate which ig undoubtedly the gardener's own

legitimate sphere. This " collection " — I beg pardon, this
complete collection, as per advertisements— purports to be afuU
and ample supply of seed for one year ; the size of the garden
however, and the question of supply and demand, singular to
relate, being quite overlooked, or considered of secondary im-
portance. Probably the compounders of these collections had
the .story of the enchanted basket, with its inexhaustible con-
tents, before theil" eyes. The idea of a seedsman making up a
miiform prescription of seeds ostensibly to meet the require-
ments of every gentleman's table in the kingdom, mthout
reference to the peculiar tastes or requirements of the family,
is absurd enough, but its absurdity is not all, and to denounce
the system on this groimd alone would not suffice, fur although
I .am persuaded that it will eventually fall to the ground, yet
in the meantime it is doing an incalculable amount of mischief,
and on this ground it is diificult to find language strong
enough to exhibit its unreasonableness. It is a system whicli
aims at nothing .short of the complete subordination of
Erai-deniug talent .and skill. It might Ije .asked, and with con-
siderable justice— by what right does the seedsman thrust
himself between the gardener and his employer?— a question
which the coUectionist would find it difficult to answer.
Certainly, it is not by right of either otfice or experience. I
have no hesitation in s.aying that the object of this letter will
be responsive to the feelings of a large majority of your readers,
numbers of whom have felt themselves aggrieved by the coUec-
tiou system. One fm-ther rem.ark just to illustrate the matter,
and for the present I have done. A gentleman's gardener, not
many years since, was rather surprised at the arrival of a
package at his door, addressed to his employer, but directed
to be left at the g.ardens ; on opening it he found it to contain
what is styled a No. 1 Collection of Garden Seeds. Now, if a
successor had called upon this gardener that mol-ning wi^h
full powers to demand his keys, be could not have felt
more astounded, for he naturally felt that his skill
and abilities as a gardener were despised, and that
he no longer enjoyed the confidence of his master ;
with tnese feelings he sought an interview on the subject, and
ui answer to his question as to his master's reason for changing
the seedsman, his employer testily replied that on seeing

Messrs. advertisements in your Paper, he compared

their charges with the ordinary seedsman's account, and finding
such a wide difference between them, he thought it high time
not only to change the seedsman, but to take the ordering of
the g.arden seeds into his own hands. In .answer to this the
gardener told his employer that he was much mistaken in
supposing that the amount paid to his secdsmjm last ye.ar
w.as aU for seed, for if he had examined the invoices that
accompanied the settled account, he would have found that a
considerable portion of that sum was for tools, mats, &c.,
and th.at, moreover, there was a charge of nearly 30s. for
flower seeds : ".and," continued the g.ardener, "ifyou .add the
charges paid for tools and flower seeds, and deduct it from the
total of last year's bill, you will find that you are a consider-
able loser by the change, and not only that : although there is
an excess of Peas and Beans in the collection received this
morning, there are not near enough seeds of Onions, Carrots,
Spmach, Mustard, &c., for the supply of your garden for this
year, to s-ay nothing of flower seeds." A Practical Gardener.
[ We print this letter for the purpose of adding that we believe
"A Practical Gardener" is wrong iwhen he calls in question
theright of atradesmantomake upand offerfor sale collections
of the .articles in which he deals. It is legitimate trade so to
do. That his uniform collections do not meet the w.ants of .all
who purchase them, is not to be wondered at. since the tastes,
conveniences, and circum-stances of the buyers may vai*y
indefinitely. Th.at his collections m.ay be iU-selected and ill-
assorted may be equally ti-ue, but then ihe purchaser should
know his wants, .and not buy at random. Hence it wiU follow,
we think, that few of those who have upright aud tr-ustworthy
men for theii- gardeners, will commit the mist.ake of purchas-
ing collections that do not meet the wants of their garden
establishments. Ens.]

Royal Horticultdral : Jan. 15 (Scientific Meetin(f).—G. F.
Wilson, Esq., F.R.S., in tbe cliair. Sixteen new Fellows were
elected, and one Society, tlie St. Ann's Amateur Floricultunil
and Horticultural of Nottingham, was affiliated. Owing to
the inclemency of the weather, very few subjects were
exhibited on this occasion. A highly promising Zonal Pelar-
gonium, named Mima'?, of a soft pleasiug shade of rosy scarlet,
was exhibited by Mr. Mann, Nurseryman, Brentwood. This
was exhibited in September last, when it received a Second-
class Certificate, and it was reproduced to show that very
small plants of it flower freely, even in mid-winter, Fi-om
Mr. Howes, Seven Sisters' Road, came a v.ariet^atcd-leaved
variety of Chinese Primula. Messrs. E, G. Henderson furaiahed
Sophronitis grandifloi'a, and a variety of it with rosy-
crimson flowers, Killed S. g. Alexandriiia. Cut spikes of
Barkeria Skiimeri and a Ltelia came from Mr. Hodges, gr. to
E. Wright, Esq., Gravelly Hill, Birmingham ; andfroro Messrs.
Backhouse, of York, came cut examples of Brassavola
cuspidata, and of an Oncidium allied to 0. seiTatum, with
large bro^vnish-g^cen flowers of unusual construction, especially
as regards the Up, which is small and unattractive, while in
most Oncidia it is large and showy. From Messrs. Lucombe,
Pince &■ Co. came a beautiful aud well-preserved bunch of
their new Grape, Mrs. Pincc, which certainly merits all that
has been said of it, both as regards its long keeping qualities
and flavour, which closely approaches that of a JEuscat.
Apples came from Messrs. Slater, of Malton ; Mr. Whiting, of
the Deepdene, near Dorking; and 'Mi: Wentworth Buller, from
whom ciime several dishes of that most excellent little dessert
Apple, Court of Wick.

United Horticultuk^vl ; Jan. 14. — Mr. Wilson, gr. to
W. Mai'shall, Esq., Eufield, exhibited a cut flower of the rare
white vaiiety of Lycaste Skinneri, a most lovely and chaste
Orchid, the white being remarkably pure ; the Orchid growers
present pronomiced it the bost they had seen. Mr. Wilson
also exhibited cut spikes of blooms of Oncidium crispum and
0. Forbesii, tho latter being very distinct in the column from
O. crispum ; a very fine variety of Lselia elegans, the lip of a
most beautiful purple ; aud the interesting miniature Orchid
Oncidium ranifenim, so named from the centre of the flower
resembling a frog crouching. A Pirst-clasa Certificate wa.g
awarded to Lycaste Skinneri alba. Messrs. E. G, Henderson
& Son. of St. John's Wood, exhibited a dwarf Pyrethrum,
with beautiful feathery foliage. The colour at present was as
nearly as possible that of Golden Fleece Geranium ; Messrs.
Henderson, however, having tried it for bedding purposes last
season, state that it is a beautiful golden yellow later in the
season, and always retains its dwarf habit even under culti-
vation in pots. As a bedding plant it promises to be most
serviceable, being unique and distinct ; it is, we imderstood,
to be distributed this spring, and named " Golden Feather."

QuEKETT Microscopical Club. — A very successful soiree was
given by the President and Committee of this Club, on the
4th inst., in the Libraiy of University College, when not-
withstanding the inclemency of the vt^eather, nearly 400
members and visitors attended. The walls and tables were
amply supphed with objects of interest. Amongst the diagi-ams
suspended on the walls were some beautifully executed draw-
ings of botanical sections, which were lent for the occasion by

the Commissioners of Inland Revenue ; and some coloured
drawings of fruit by native Indians, &c. About 120 micros-
copes, embracing all the latest improvements, were exhibited
by the members, who include in their number the various
makers, of whom Messrs. Powell and Lealand, Ro.ss, and Smith
and Beck, may be taken as worthy representatives. A less
pretending instrument than any of modem construction, how-
ever, received the lion's share of attention ; this was the
microscope made by John Quekctt when a young man, of
various mateiials, formed for other and less scientific purposes,
and constantly used by him in his investigations. Salmon-
hatching, induction coils, graphotype engraving, and other
matters of interest, entertained the visitors till a late hour.

Notiagf of aaoofeg.

T!ie Journal of the Zin7iean Society (Botanij), Vol. IX.,
No. 39. 8vo.
This Number contain several papers of interest,
among whicli tve inay mention two by the Eev. George
Henslow on certain Lesuminosrs, the structure of
whose flowers is apparently such as to afford facilities
for intercrossing. The plants alluded to are species of
Medicago, Indigofera, and Cytisus. The Eev, W. B.
Tristram contributes a note on the existence of the
true Cyperus Papyrus in Palestine. The species
commonly grown imder this name in this country is
C. syriacus, according to Professor Babington. Dr.
Masters describes some flowers of Bieckea diosmsefoliai
wherein the ovaries were entirel.v destitute of ovules,
but iu w;hich perfect stamens spring from the walls of
the ovarian cavity. Dr. Masters also describes at some
length the structure of a double-flowered Orchis
mascula, communicated by Dr. Moore, of Glas-
nevin. The flowers in question were doubled
by the substitution of petal-like organs for
stamens aud pistils, the several parts remain-
ing separate and not becoming fused as they do
under ordinary circumstances. Moreover the number
of these organs was much greater than that of the parts
of the flower as usually seen. In the axils of the peta-
loid organs secondary flower-buds were formed, these
secondary buds producing in their turn tertiary and
quarternary buds, so that the structure of the flower
seemed at first sight very complicated. A plate and
some diagrams accompany the description of these
singular flowers. Mr. J. G. Baker describes and figures
some new species of Trichomanes audHymenophyllum,
mostly of minute size and of tropical origin. Herr
Fritz Muller gives a description and figure of some
South Brazilian climbing plants, with special reference
to a doubt expressed by Mr. Darwin as to the existence
of tendrils formed from modified branches. Herr
Muller, however, mentions several cases of the kind,
and traces five stages in the development of branch
climbers, thus :

1. Plants supporting themselves only by their
branches stretched out at right angles, e.g., Chiococoa.

2. Plants clasping a support with their branches
unmodified, e. g.. Securidaca, &c.

3. Plants climbing with the tendril -like ends of their
branches, e. g., Helinus.

4. Plants with highly modifled tendrils, which may,
however, be again transformed into branches, e. g., some
Papilionaceffi, of the tribe Dalbergisa.

5. Plants with tendrils used exclusively for climbing.
Some other interesting details as to climbing plants

are given, which our space will not allow us to extract.

The Transactions of the Linnean Society. Vol. XXV.,
Part 3. 4to.
The first paper in this Part is devoted to the
descrii)tion and illustration of a new genus of
Begoniacea;, named by Professor Oliver, Hillebrandia,
after the discoverer. Dr. Hillebrand, who met with the
plant upon which the genus is founded in the Sandwich
Islands. Some of the structur.al features of this plant
are remarkable, such as the half free ovary open at the
top, as in the Mignonette, Datisca, &c., the presence of
organs considered by Professor Oliver to be petals, &c.
The gaping ovary and other points in the structure of
this plant mduce Professor Oliver to support the late
Dr. Lindley's views as to the close aCEuity between
Datiscads and Begoniads. Mr. Herbert Spencer's
paper on the circulation of the sap and the formation
of wood in plants is here given in detail. Having
alluded on more than one occasion to Mr. Spencer's
views, we need not do more than commend the paper
to the careful consideration of all interested in such
matters. Mr. Berkeley figures and describes two new
British Fungi. One, Peziza lanuginosa, var. Sumneri,
was exhibited last year at one of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society's meetings. It is a large cup-shaped
Fungus, the border of the cup being cut into deep
oblong lobes. It has been found at Fetcham, in
Surrey; at Chiswick by Mr. Edmonds; and near
Reigate by Mr. Wilson Saunders. Mr. Miers has
a paper on a new genus of Burmanniacea;, called
Myostoma. It is founded on a very singular little
plant, with a small tuberous root-stock, from which
springs a single slender stem, 2 to 3 inches long, bearing
at its summit four minute leaves, and a single funnel-
shaped flower, whose border is divided into six lobes,
thi'ee erect and roundish, three comparatively much
longer ones, reflexed and linear, like so many spurs.
Mr. Miers describes the structure of the pollen and of
the seed in some detail, and says that in this plant, as in
Rhizogens in general, no embryo is discoverable m the
seeds. Mr. Miers consider that the Bm'manniacea>,
Balanophoreie,RafliesiaceK, aud Triuridacese, constitute
a special alliance, and that the " Rhizogens as a class,
stand pre-eminently distinci _ from all others, on
account of the peculiar organisation of their seeds,
the unusual mode of their germination, and
perhaps not less abnormal manner of the fer-
tilisation of theh- ovules." In the course of his
observations, Mr. Miers takes occasion to express
doubt as to the function of the pollen tube, being
inclined to consider the contents or foviUa as the

Januaky id, 1867.]

THE GAimENERS' (inUONTClE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

96

important ageut in fertilisation. Mr. Miers doe.s not
deny tlie existonco of tho pollen tube, but ho refers to
the rarity mth which that organ can bo seen actually
within the ovary, JecmiuK it nrobahlo (hat what has
been considered as such, is really not a iirdloii^jation of
tlie pollen tube at all, but a distinct and separate
(iru'an, "a nmcous lube" belonging to the style or
si iiiiua, as described hy Robert Brown and others. Mr.
Miers also refers to the improbability of tho pollen
:-;r;iin having the power of eraittinij a tube of such
ciiiiiparatively innnense length, as it must have to
iv:irh the ovnl(> in some ca*:es. But this dilRculty is
ml hy the l':\ri that tho pollen lube is now known to
-■inn of itscll', and thus to elongate without .any
propulsion from tho pollen grain. Most botanists
ii:ur seen tlie ]iollcn tubes on tho stigma and
slylc. Some have seen them, or what they took to he
1 lirm, incontact with the ovules, but certainly vei-y few
.iiiM-rvors have ever been lucky enough to convince
ilic'inselvcs from actual observation of tho whole
ciuirse of passage of the pollen tube from stigma to
(n iile. Considering the number of observers, the still
-ri':itor number of pollen tubes and ovules, and the
pniei-lioo of tho miiTuscniH', it is certainly remarkable
lliiil so IV'U' even among practised niicroscoi)ists have
r\'cr seen pollen tubes in contact with tho ovtdes, much
Irs-; l)eeu able to trace them throughout their length.

Tlie other papers in this iiart relate to subjects uot
within tho scope of this Journal.

TiTK l-'ucitsTA is well known as one of the most
inli'i-fsiint:; flowers that we possess, although it is devoid
(if nil IViit^ranuc. Pew others can claim to equal it in
r. s]iect to the graceful elegance of its habit and its
lihissoms; and I know of no plant that is more
ci'iitinnously in the market, always commanding a
ti Illy sale. Fine plants, covered with bloom, were to
In- had in Covent Garden as early as the middle of
.March la,st year, and a succession was kept up till the
month of November, suitable kinds being of course
chosen for the purpose.

The changes that have been wrought in the
I'^iohsia since it was introduced into this country by
1 ho sailor at Poplar are quite'surprising. I have had the
original variety and the newly raised Enoch Arden,
grooving side by side, aud the diOerence both as to size
and shape is marvellous ; the flowers of the latter
\\i'igh 18 times as much as those of the former. Aud
yet iiow often we hear the remark, that we want some-
iliing more decided and distinct! I see no reason,
iiuloed, why this wish should not be realised, though it
must be owned that our demands upon the future are
oil on very great.

Lot us glance for a momeut at the changes which have
already been wrought as to the colours of the flower.
Surely no plant has undergone a greater transformation.
The Fuchsia first introduced had a scarlet tube and
sepals, and a very dnrk purple corolla. Now all this,
either by the art and skill of the hybridizer, or by a
freak of Nature, which I believe still remains a mystery,
has been entirely changed. I beHeve Mr. Gulliver,
gardener to the Rev. Smith Marriott, of Horsmonden,
in Kent, gave us the first aud the most decided change
in a variety called Venus Victrix, sent out by
Mr. Cripps in lSi3. Then Mr. Story gave us Queen
Victoria, Countess of Burlington, &c., again another
unexpected change in colour, for what had formerly
been almost l)lack was now changed to a pearly white ;
and although the i>lants were rather slender in wood
and straggling in habit, these defects have been gradually
removed, so that they are now almost equal to other show
kinds. Next, Mr. Edward Banks, of Deal, gave us
Venus de Medici, another decided and beautiful change
in colour; and the same might justly be said in the
case of The Lord Warden, Sunshine, Catherine Parr,
&c., which are perfectly distinct from the parent type.

Having attamed so far, I see no reason why we
should not expect other changes in colour, such as a
])erfectly white flower, or a purple, or one striped and
mottled ; indeed, we already possess such marking in
the corollas. Some of the doubles, too, have attained
an enormous size, being, in fact, more like small Roses
than Fuchsias, particularly those that are to be
introduced this season, viz., Monster, King of the
Doubles, and Norfolk Giant. I jiave seen the blooms
of these, and they are of extraordinary dimensions.

As I have been a most successful exhibitor of the
Fuchsin, and liad tho honour of carrying ofl' the 1st
prize for a collection of six plants at the Great Inter-
national Exhibition, I may presume to name a lew of
the best varieties, both for purposes of exhibition and
decoration, and these, if well managed, will suri)rise even
experienced growers.

Scarlet Fuchsias with single dark CoroUa.

Light Heart.— Thia li.is a ne-irly bLick corolla, chauging- to a
violet-plum colour when fully expanded ; foliage medium
size; habit short-jointed: the best iu habit of all the black
corolla varieties. A veiy good and distinct sort for exhibition.

War Eagle.— Large violet corolla shaded with crimson; a
bold flower, of great substance; free flowerer ; habit gooil;
fine exhibition variety. One of the best.

Li-.-if: Ikxhu III. —This is a beantifid telling dark variety : tube
and sepals brilliant scarlet, properly reflexed, large rich dark
pui-ple corolla : good grower and fine habit. This is certainly
one of tho finest Fuchsias ever sent out.

Harri/ Gcorye HeiuUrson.—lhia is a remarkable and very
ofTective variety, with broad bright coral scarlet sepals, well
reflexed. .and very large round rich plum-violet red corolla ;
of gi-eat substance, and certainly one of the finest Fuchsias
ever seen : good habit, and a strong grower.

Aurora.—Vhc corolla beautifully expanded, well reflexed ;
good gi-ower; fine for exhibition.

C/tariiuiig.—A. very fine flower; the corolla distinct from
any other. A good grower ; one of the best.

la Faeorita.. — The shape of this bloom comes very near to
perfection, and the plant will no doubt become what it« name
denotes. One of the best.

Lord Ulcho.—\ very fine bold flower, and if well grown, one
of the very best for exhibition.

In addition to these, wliich arc fine sorts for exhibition, tlic
following aro valuable for puiiiosos of douoration i—Bnoch
-4)-(/f;i, 11 free-blooming variety, with the larKost corolla, and
the moat .Hubstanco, of any l-'uclisia at present in cultivation ;
<'<it"iiie.st, rather dwarf, a Ijeautiful shaped flower, one of the
bust ever sent out; I.aiid of riciiti/, an elegant and ofTective
variety, almr)Bt perfection in shape, requires good cultivation,
but if well grown is a jicrfcct model ; yielftr EniTKiuivrl, the
best, with yellow-tinted foliage, very attractive, distinct, and
should bo in every collection ; Vamc, good habit, ono of tho
he«t : Tin- Lord ICifrifcH, a very fine flower, the corolla perfectly
distilut in ci'Iunr from any other Fuchsia ; lS"A'r!u(f,n. .splendid
littlL! l''ui:li,sia, oiio of the most gi-acef id -habited varieties, and
one of tlie best for exhibition or small pots ; Exliibitm; one of
the finest reflexed Fuchsias, a strong grower, of good habit ;
Lfi 7'rariata, a gem, and ono of tho buHt dwari Fuchsias for
small pots ; lucn-zia JSorf/ia, a fine large flower, much the best
variety with striped corolla.

ScfHel Puchnia.f iptth single ivisc or lavnider-colmired Corolla^

Rnda-ivk- i>/M'.— Corolla blue, very large, opening out ti-la-
Crinolino ; habit beautifid, and a free bloomer. The flowers
being larye, and of a fine colour, combined with a nice bushy
habit, this is ono of the finest varieties fur exhibition puriDoses.

Father Ig lutti an. —CoroDa, beautifully c»ip-shapcd, indigo
blue, sometimes striped with rose, mostly on the first lot of
blooms that open ; foliage email, habit bushy, short jointed ;
very free bloomer. The corolla has the finest outline of any
Fuchsia extant. I'Yom its free-blooming habit and fine form,
it is one of tlie finest for exhibition.

Consolation. — 8epals light carmine, bluish lavender corolla,
changing to a plvnn colour when fidly open ; habit good, very
free bloomer, and one of the best for any purpose.

Ni^rthem Light.— TixiB is a fine bold flower, thecoixflla is of a
bluish puTiile colour ; a good grower and habit, and fine for
exhibition.

S^(»«/(^H<^— This is a beautiful variety : good habit, and the
colour of the bloom vei'y attractive. One of the best.

BeavJty. — A beautiful exhibition variety, with broad bright
carmine-scarlet sepals, gracefully recurved ; the corolla pure
lavender colour, cup-shaped, of a model outline ; growth free
and vigorovas, adapted fur pyramid or bueh specimens. This
beautiful variety is one of the best.

For decoration the following sorts may be added : — Constella-
tioii, a remarkable variety, and very attractive for the decora-
tion of the gi-ecnhouse ; Bmbleniatic, a tine kind, very largo
aud attractive, and decidedly one of the best, good and free ;
Don Giovanni, close dwarf habit and beautiful corolla, one of
the best for small pots; Finsburi/ Volunteer, a good showy
kind ; Rifleman, a little gem, dwarf, of good habit, and a must
profuse bloomer, one of the best for small pots, or the deco-
ration of the tlinner table, young plants will bloom all the
winter ; Ben-e-Ghe, distinct and very dwarf, one of the prettiest
little Fuchsias ever seen.

White Fi'chsias v:ith aingle Purple Corolla.

Prince Alfred. — This is a splendid Fuchsia, a most profuse
bloomer, a sti'ong grower, and one of the very best for any
purpose. It must be well stopped when young.

Lad^ Haytestnirii. — This is a first-class new Fuchsia,
decidedly one of the best for decoration ; blooms and foliage
good ; fine habit.

White Fuchsias with singU Scarlet or Pmk Corolla.

Rose of Denmark. — Corolla liglit pink, margined with i-ose ;
habit rather strong, but blooms vei-y freely at the points ;
being distinct from the othei- light varieties, this should
be in every coilection. either for e?diibition ur conservatory.

IvA'!/ J17(??,t.— Corolla light pink edged with bright rose ;
after the style of JTarginata in habit and bloom ; the blooms
being larger and brightei- in colour it is an improvement on
that variety. A good white for exhibition,

Catherine Parr. — White tube and sepals, the latter well
reflexed, great .substance, corolla cup-shaped, of a rich scarlet-
tinted rose, a great improvement on Reine Blanche and all of
that class ; good grower and a fine habit. One of the best foi-
exhibition ; a model variety.

Arabella. — Wbito tube and sepals, very large and long
reflexed, corolla rich rosy-pink, very fine flower, good grower
and habit ; a most profuse bloomer. This is a magnificent
variety ; for decoration one of the best.

Agnes. — Strong grower, great substance in the flower, free
bloomer. One of the best for exhibition.

Mdlle. Tietjen-t. — This is a very nice Fuchsia indeed, and
certainly one of the best ; it is of graceful habit, and an abun-
dant bloomer ; fine for exhibition.

Minnie Bnni's. — One of the best out ; splendid corolla, quite
flistinet from any other, and one of the best for exliibition.

To these, for decorative use, may be added: — Bianca
Margtnato, one of the best of its class, large, the corolla
very finu ; /7 Trovatore, lai^e and of splendid shape, but the
coroUa is apt to become deficient ; Merrif Maid, a splendid
I'Mehsia, one of the prettiest out, fine for small pots, or the
decoration of the dinner-table.

Scarlet Fii'chsias loith single White Corolla

Coiispicna.^This is a first-class show kind, a good bloomer;
the habit is very much improved when the plant is two or
three years old. Best for, exhibition.

Paritavi. — This is by far the best habit of any of the white
corollas out ; one of the best for small pots, or for the decora-
tion of the dinner table.

Mrs. Gladstoni:. — Tho habit, and its fine large bold flowers
and perfect shape place this beyond all othei-s in its class.
Tube and sepals bright waxy scarlet, the latter very broad and
reflexed, equal to the well-known Guiding Star ; the corolla
pure white, With a beautiful scai-let feather aud bell-shaped ; a
most abundant bloomer ; fine for exhibition.

Of decorative sorts Bland's Flnribv.nda will introduce a new
race, being perfectly distinct from aU others sent out ; it
will become as gi-eat a favourite as the well-known Tom
Thumb Pelargonium, and will be seen'in every garden and on
eveiy window sill ; it is of very short stiff growth, requires no
stakes, and will grow and bloom under almost any treatment.
Qnuen of the Ifldtfs is a very dwarf, free-blooming nice variety,
the best for small jjlants.

Scarhi Fuehr^im iHlk Double White Corolla.

Emperor of Fuchsias. — This is a very fine large flower; thfc
habit is bad when the plant is young, but when two or three
yoai*s old it improves very much, and is a fine object in a
conservatory.

Era. — Bright waxy scarlet tube, and sepals well reflexed ;
good h.abit ; a very nice and attractive kind.
* Vainrjueur dc Paebla. — This is the best double corolla out,
and will be as much sought after as Madame Comolissen was ;
fine bold reflexed sepals, with a very large corolla, and a
splendid glossy-green foliage, which is much reqiiired in tin's
class. A fine acquisltitm for the open garden.

Scarlet Fuchsias, irith Double dark Purple or Blue Corolla.

Grand Duke. — This has the largest and closest coroUa of any
Fuchsia 1 have seen; free flowering. Tlie le.aves are .smaller
than Universal, and an impiovemcnt on that well-knoiMi
kind.

-Ri/TB7/(rt?i,-^iaiilair to SSr C Campbell, but far superior in
every way.

Blue Beauty. — This is a very fiiie flower: good grower, free
bloomer, spreading corolla. One of the best.

AgameMnon.—A good grower, the freest bloomer of all the
doubles, and a very showy variety, of ^ood habit.

King if thr 'Onvldrs.—lh.U will make a grand plant for
exhibition. Dark scarlet tube and scpalw, Iho latter broad,
and boautifiilly reflexed ; the corolla very largo and long, of a
rich i>uii)lo colour, and distinctly Htripcd witli red. In
habit this is remarkably good.

JVorfilk Giant (or Norfolk Hero).— This is a fine double
variety, scarlet tube, and Hcpals very largo; purple corolla;
good habit and grower; Bmall loaves, aud 6ux>erior to Univcfflali
One of the best.

To those I wouldadd for decoration ; — Graiul Advi/iral, a good
FucbsLa, cither for decoration or exlilbitiun, fine for small
puts; AUnrta, iivcvy pretty dwarf I^'uchsin, a free bl'jumer.
with small loaves, fine tor tho table ; Mimstfr, the largest
ever sent out, tho corolla measuring from 2 to 2Jt incbftH over,
as largo as a small Rose, short stiff habit. The immenHO
size and tho abundance of its blooms, and its good habit,
make this a dosirablo variety. //. Cannell, Fuchsia. Nureer//,
Woolii'ick,

A record of the New Flowers of the past year
must include that fine variety of Lilinm auratum,
named splendidum, which Messrs. "W. Cutbush it Son,
of Highgate, exhibited at South Kensington in August
last. Instead of the usual orange -col on red band on
each petal, this had a band of dullish crimson, which
made the flower highly attractive. No attempt has
yet been made to classify tho varieties of L. auratum,
on account of the comparative scarcity of tho plant.
There are varieties extant, not only noticeable from
the difference of the "markinij" of the flowers, but also
in striking difl'erences of foliage, though it does not
appear to have been clearly demonstrated as yet, that a
variation in the length or breadth of the leaves, or a
diflerence in the hue of colour of tho same, necessarily
implies such a departure from the original type of the
flower as mil constitute a variety.

Beyond the well-kno^vu varieties of Lobelia Erina^g
speciosa and L. E. Paxtoni no established advance has
yet been made. Messrs. Carter k Co. exhibited during
the past yearj a variety called Attraction, evidently a
selection from Paxtoni, having the white blotch larger
than is generally observed. Indigo Blue is in the same
way, but has more of dark purple in the blue edging.
Torquoise Coronet, light blue with white centre, is
singularly compact and regular in its growth, growing
from the centre outwards, so as to form a coronet of
bloom. The best of all the new bedding Lobelias of the
year is unquestionably Beauty of Ravcnsbourne,
exhibited by Messrs. Carter & Co. It is very dwarf aud
compact in habitj and flowers most profusely, having
plenty of small hlac flowers with white centres, very
novel and attractive. It is said to be capable of with-
standing exposure without much loss of attractiveness.
Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son have a very dwarf-
growing kind they call pumila elegans ; it forms little
compact tufts, and having bright blue flowers, will be a
good companion for Messrs. Carter's dw^arf variety.
Messrs. Carter, Kinghoru, and others, 'have been busy
with the improvement of the cardinalis section. The
latter has produced duringthepast season someadmirable
variations of colours, combined with robust growth and
a free-blooming habit. Some of the most marked
have passed into the hands of Mr. Bull, such as
Distinction, a pretty shade of rosy cerise ; Ruby, a fine
shade of ruby rose dashed with violet ; Glitter, very
bright scarlet, quite a gaudy shade of colour for such a
hitherto sober-looking herbaceous plant ; Peach
Blossom, soft pinkish peach; Progress, bright crimson;
Matchless, a very pleasing shade of purple ; and
Excellent, a lively shade of magenta, shaded with
crimson.

Either there is a falling off in the production of new
Pansies, or else the falsing of them is confined to
certain localities from whicli they not do emerge as
candidates for public favour previous to being sent out.
The varieties of the Fancy Pansy increase much more
rapidly, seeing that Messrs. Downie, Laird & Laing,
announce some 13 or more new varieties. A batch is also
announcetl by Messrs. F. & A. Smith, apparently of
continental origin, as the well-known name of Demay
is attacheti to most of the varieties. There is no doubt
but that, in point of quality of flower, the English
raisers of the Fancy Pansy have outstripped the French
raisers, jiulging from what have been seen of the French
flowers during the past few years. Flowers that are
fantastically, rather than harmoniously and regularly
marked, seem to compose the bulk of the foreign intro-
ductions; they are also generally smaller in size, and
not so stout in the build. Herein the English raisets
excel ; flowers of large size, combined with great
substance and rapidly improving form, and having also
combined with somewhat curious and eccentric mark-
ing, a certain harmony of colours that forms a dis-
tinguishing mark of their improvement. It. D.

(Tube Continued.)

Cf)£ apiarp.

I VENTURE to communicate the results of my Bee-
keeping esporienoe of the past year, and at the same
thne ask the favour of some information, which may be
useful to otbers who, like myself, are a/piarians of only
a few years' standing.

I have endeavoured to bring to bear on this interest-
inj! subject what acquaintance 1 possess with mechanical
and scicutitic subjects, and one of my tirst productions
was a novel oliservatory hive, of which you save an
engraviug in your Number for Jan. 27, IHGG. Through-
out the summer this hire has proved a most interestnig
object, and except in a, few minor details is perfectly
successful. Often have the living pages of my " Port-
folio Hive" been opened to admiring spectators, and
the way in which the bees have thriven in it has proved
the advantage which I expected from the double comb
over the unicomb system. The india-rubber "packing'
upon which the sides of my hive worked, wa,s occa-
sionally fastened by the bees, but this mconyenience
I propose to avoid by substituting list iu its place, and
allowing a little more space between the surfaces.
I The only other defect was caused hy the bees building

56

THE GAUBENESS' CHRONICLE AND AGMCULTtlRAL GAZETTE.

[jANUAfiY 19, 1867.

the two rows of combs somewhat unevenly, and in some

E laces attaching them to one another. This might
ave been prevented by allowing the frames to be filled
■with comb, whilst in their winter quarters (a thick
ypooden box, in which they are placed side by side, as
in a " Woodbury " hive) ; but I was anxious to have
my observatory hive in operation, and therefore hived
a swarm directly into it, and although I furnished the
frames with wax sheets, I failed in obtaining perfectly
straight combs.

I cannot give so satisfactory a report of my " tele-
scopic super," described in your Paper ; although no
difficulty was experienced in enlarging it on this plan
to meet the requirements of the bees, yet they did not
enlarge the combs downwards iu perfect form, but
attached them together, and they were much spoilt by
brood. I intend, however, to give the plan another
trial, with some modifications. My crop of honey was
a good one on the whole, though not equal to last year,
in proportion to the number of hives ; I took about
130 lb., but none of my supers much exceeded 30 lb.,
and I was unfortunate in having several fine glasses
spoilt by brood comb. Is there any way of preventing
this ? I have thought of trying to keep down the tem-
perature (and so to discourage breeding) by keeping the
glasses covered with wet rags. All attempts at venti-
lation are frustrated by the bees filling up the perfora-
tions with propolis. Practical suggestions on this point
would, I am sure, be most valuable to bee-keepers. If
the queen could by any means bo kept out of the
supers, the value of the honey harvest would often
be doubled. I have experienced great dilfioulty
in obtaining artificial swarms, through being unable to
find the queen, and have, on some occasions, twice
removed every frame from a very full hive, and been
compelled to relinquish the attempt, on this account.
The presence of the queen in a particular part of the
hive is sometimes indicated by thick clusters of bees,
but the difficulty has been in deciding which particular
comb to select as the nucleus of my future stock.

Can you give any simple instructions for finding the
queen ? and, if not, will a comb containing brood
answer the purpose without her ? A few words of advice
on the above points will greatly oblige. Arthur Maw,
Benfhall Hall, Shropshire.

[Next week we will give a more lengthy reply to the
above than we have at present space for.]

Miscellaneous.

The late Mr. McArdell.—0{ those who have lately
passed away from among us, the memory of the above-
mentioned, as an efficient gardener, claims a record.
Mr. Owen McArdell was a pupil of the well-known
and eminent gardener, Mr. George Mills. Having
become conversant with his profession to the satis-
faction of Mr. Mills, he was engaged as gardener to
the Hon. Mrs. Ponsonby, in the neighbourhood of
London, and afterwards to the Eev. Mr. Henshaw, at
Widdecombe House, Stockiugham, near Kingsbridge,
South Devon, where he remained some few years. He
then engaged as gardener to the present Sir Bourchier
Park Wrey, D.C.L., at Tawstock Court, near Barn-
staple, North Devon, where he served in that capacity
up to the time of his death— a period extending over
37 years. With great excellence in his profession,
upright honesty, and sterling worth, and a wide general
knowledge, he combined perfect contentment. His
garden was his world, and from his duties he was
never absent ; and, in fact, seemed to be the verification
of the apostolic advice, " That ye study to be quiet, and
to do your own business, and to work with your own
hands." He died at his residence, Chorley Cottage,
Tawstock, on Sunday, the 6th inst., aged 73 years— a
loss to the present, a link to the past ; respected by all
who knew him, and especially by those to whom he has

§ roved so true, faithful, and able in the discharge of his
uties. Correspondent.

Artificial Birds' iVcsfa.- The Societies formed for
the protection of insectivorous birds in Switzerland,
are now setting up artificial nests. One of the mem-
bers of a society of this description who inhabits Pevey,
having observed that many species of that kind select
for nests the holes they find in the branches of rotten
trees, and that they consequently do not find it easy to
settle in orchards, where all the trees are in good
condition, began, 25 years ago, to set up rotten trunks
in his grounds ; and since then he has had no need to
trouble himself in the least about clearing away cater-
pillars, that care being entirely left to the birds, who
perform their duty admirably. His neighbours, on the
contrary, who have not had this foresight, have had
their orchards laid waste by insects. The Yverdun
Society has gone the length of placing artificial nests
even in the public walks and communal forests, on the
borders of the lawns, &c. All these nests are now
inhabited by hedge-sparrows, red-starts, creepers, and
tomtits, all which may be found in Switzerland as high
up as the perpetual snow-line. The same practice has
found its way into Germany. Popular Science Reviem.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing weelc.)

PLANT HOUSES.

Gardenias generally, which commence their growth
early, will now need potting, pruning back, and
thoroughly cleansing preparatory to a healthy spring
development. G. florida, a useful and very generally
grown variety, does best in the shape of young plant's
of moderate size, which are quickly formed from
cuttings. A fresh batch put in once every three years,
will keep up a regular succession of nice young plants
to succeed the old ones, which should be thrown away
as their luxuriance diminishes. G. Portunei,"j however,
flowers best when old, and the blooms individually are
better than those of young plants. G. radicans and

citriodora, to do well, should be grown in the shape of
quarter standards, having a clean stem of 3 or 4 inches
in height before any br.anches are allowed to push. As
these last only succeed thoroughly when the pots are
well filled with roots, slight sliifts (inly slinuld be given,
and the soil employed slmuld he a compost consisting
mainly of rough fibrous peat, intermixed with sand
and leaf-mould. Cut away all the longest shoots,
which will readily break afterwards, and flower more
freely. A slight amount of bottom-heat, with occasional
sprinklings of water overhead, in a temperature of
from 55° to 60', will suit them perfectly. Gloxinias
should be looked to, as they will now commence
growing. If not already potted, that operation
should be performed at once ; placing them in
small, well-drained pots, firmly in an admixture of
equal parts peat and leaf-mould, with a liberal dash of
sand iu it. The moisture contained in the fresh soil
will be sufficient for them for some time after potting.
One or two pots each of Achlmenes, Gesiieras, Cala-
dlmns and similar plants may be placed in a warm
moist heat, to assist in making an early display. The
Achlmenes should be carefully taken out of their old
pots, in order that the fragile shoots at the point of the
tubers may receive no injury. A dozen or so of them
should be placed evenly in a 33-sized pot in a soil
similar to that recommended for Gloxinias, but having
rather more leaf-mould in it. Do not press the soil too
firmly about them, and only cover them over lightly
with it. The same treatment will suit Oesneras. Pot
the Caladutms off singly into comparatively small pots,
pressing the compost tirmlj; down. Fucharis amazonlca
if potted now into good-sized pots^ into one part rich
loam and two parts peat, with a liberal allowance of
leaf-mouldandsand,willprobablyflowertowards the end
of March, Plants of this cannot be treated too liberally,
and are fond of surface sprinklings. Camellias .should
have occasional soakings with water in which sheep
dung and soot have been previously well stirred, and
allowed to become clear, through settling.

Bedding Plants, consisting of Shruhhg Calceolarias,
should, if not already done, have their tops taken off
forthwith ; much of the failure with these is caused by
allowing the cuttings, which look so firm and healthy,
to run up stalky at this season, necessitating their
being pinched back at a later date into old wood, which
n(3ver breaks successfully ; hence, premature decre-
pitude, and they never thoroughly regain their original
robustness. With me. Calceolarias form a main feature
in the summer beds, and my treatment of them is
simple in the extreme ; I place the cuttings thickly in
32-size pots as late in the season as possible ; they
make root, and commence growing about the beginning
of the year, when I pinch them down to within two
pair of leaves of the root. They break freely, and make
fine healthy plants, ready to pot off at a not very
distant date. The same treatment is applicable to
Verbenas, If they have made a good growth it is
better to pinch them back, and trust to later breaks
for cuttings, tiian to allow them to continue forming a
lengthy leafless stem ; more especially as they can
readily be pushed forward in a little warmth, should it
be 'seen that the cuttings will not be sufficiently
advanced in consequence. If mildew attack them,
dust them over with flowers of sulphur, distributing it
amongst them in as small particles as possible, in order
the better to destroy the Pungus.

FORCING HOUSES.
Pines expected to show flower early next month
should have all necessary operations completed,
in order to carry them successfully over their fruiting
season. From the moment the flowers show themselves
the plants require constant bottom-heat of from 85' to
90', any check upon which will prove^ injurious to the
crop. In anticipation of the flowering season, make
up such a bed, adding fresh tan or otherwise as may be
requisite, so as to safely carry them through their
several stages of development until the fruit is nearly
ripe. Do this, even 'if the bed at the present time be
all that is needed. Should the weather set in bright
and open, commence giving waterings of weak manure
water, in accordance with a gradual advance of tem-
perature. Vines about to flower may have a few
degrees more heat, with less atmospheric moisture.
Watch the flowers as they expand, in order to see
when the pollen is in a proper state for fertilising,
when by carefully jerking the plants with the hand,
material assistance will be given iu the right direction,
by its being better distributed amongst the bunches.
French Beans for forcing should be so^vn in large
60-pots — five in a pot will be enough ; the Sion House
variety is a good sort for early work. Do not water
them too quickly, as, if too wet, they are apt to rot
before they germinate. Keep them near the
glass, in order to insure robustness of growth.
Strawberries, to be forced successfully, must be brought
forward very gradually. First place them in any cool
structure, say a few^ degrees warmer than that in which
they have been wintered. With a sharp knife care-
fully remove the bases of all decayed leaves, as pulling
these off injures the crown. Scrub and clean the
exterior of the pots thoroughly, which besides aiding
evaporation gives a healthy tone to the roots. Do not
water the plants when first taken in, and not until the
soil, which will be rather di'y, obviously needs it.
Give them nothing but clear soft water, until they
have started fairly into growth.

In collecting rna-terials for a Mushroom bed it is
not advisable to divide all loose litter from the shorter
droppings as is too often done, a certain amount of
litter being indispensable in the formation of a proper
bed. Pure droppings, composed as they are of com-
paratively small particles, would too quickly become
rotten. The straw formed into litter acts as a stay to
the bed, and the Mushroom spawn ramifies in its
loose texture. Besides, the two combined retain
heat longer than droppings by themselves. For beds,

therefore, employ two parts droppings, and one part
of the already moistened litter swept out of the stables,
and get sufficient for a bed together as quickly as
possible. It should be protected from rains or wet of
any sort, shaking it loosely into a heap in the process
of drying. When the centre of the mass has become
moderately dry inside, use your judgment in order to
decide whether or not it is sufficieutly dry to retain a
moderate heat when formed into a bed without decom-
posing too quickly. Throw it where it is intended the
bed should be, and allow it to settle down for a few
days.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Globe AHichoTces, at fine dry intervals between
severe frosty weather, and especially after heavy snows,
will be much benefited by having the litter placed
around them in the autumn for protection removed ;
all the dead decaying part should be taken away,
and fresh dry litter placed around them. This should
also be just drawn back off the crowns upon all favour-
able occasions, in order to keep as far as possible the
rot caused by the past frosts from entering the ground
further and thus destroying the stools. Seakale and
Bhubarb stools forced in open borders should not be
covered in any way until the ground is quite free from
frost. They would each be benefited if for the first
week pots were placed over the crowns, and only just
sufficient leaves placed over them to moderate the
severity of the outer air, more being added afterwards
to engender a moderate warmth. Litter placed over
Celery for its protection should be drawn back when-
ever thaw occurs after frosts, in order to give free
egress to the damp engendered beneath it. Look to
the removal of all frosted decaying vegetables ; if left
they induce disease. W. B.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK. NEAR LONDON,
For the Week ending Jan. 16,1867, as observed at the Horticultural Gardens

Teh

PEEA1DEE.

Baromhtbb.

January.

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

TVind

Mas.

MiQ.

Max.

Min.

Menu
.11,5

deep.

•1 leet
deep.

Thurs. 10

4

29 426

29.070

4.1

26

40

40

■w.

Friday U

h

29.1)8 1

29.581

38

16

27 0

40

42

N.E.

(i

U

14

24.0

39

39

S.

.Sunday \i

))

29.700

29.460

35

3

19.0

39

40

N,

Mon. ..U

■R

29.783

29.7GO

39

l-ucs. 15

0

29.814

29,708

;i«

20

29.0

38

;w

N.E.

Wed. 16

10

29.840

29.640

38

25

31,5
2G.3

39

39

N.E.

Average .

29.706

29.535

36,7

15.8

39.1

39.5

Jan. 10— Very densely clouded ; cloudy and damp ; overcast.

— 11— Fine throughout ; sharp frost at night.

— 12— Dry and frosty ; snow fallinir thickly in broad flakes ; overcast.

— 13— Clear and frosty; very fine ; frosty, within 3deg. of zero at night

— 14— Severe frost ; clear and frosty ; as low as 7 dcg. at night.

— 15— Severe frost ; uniformly overcast ; cold frosty wind.

— 16— Clear aud frostv; slight snow; overcast. Notwithstanding

the low tempei-ature of the air, that of the earth, it will be
observed, has been, and still continues, unusually high for
the season, and has been parting with heat from a source of
about 40 deg. for nearly a fortnight, to act constantly night
and day on the under surface ot the rapidly formed ice,
which front this cause must have been rendered fatally weak .
Mean temperature of the week, 9 l-5tli dcg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing "Week, ending Jan. 2G, 18C7.

Sunday.. 20
Mon. ..21
Tues. ..22
Wed. ..23
Thurs. ..24
Friday ..25
Satur. ..26

53^

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Kain.

0 65 in.

0.48

0.57

0.27

0.G3

0.90

0.50

Prevailing "Winds.

ITie highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
25th, 1846 -therm. 56 deg. ; and the lowest on the 25th, 18S5-15 deg.

Notices to Correspondents,

Calceolarias : Verdant. The autumn is the proper i^cason
to propagate Calceolarias for bedding purposes. As you
have failed in this, you may try again very shortly, but
the plants will necessarily be less efficient at planting-out
time. Use spongy peat, rubbed through a fine (i-inch) sieve
and well mixed vrith silver sand, with a surfacing of pure
sand ; and plunge the cutting pots in a frame, when they
may have a very mild bottom-heat, and as mncU top .venti-
lation as the cuttings wUl bear.

Liquid Manure; GUI. Tropfeolums iu flower now, should
scarcely require liquid manure if the soil has been well
prepared. If you must use it, try a little very weak and
perfectly clear water prepared from guano. The sanic kind of
liquid would also do for Pelargoniums, when they reqiiire it.

Names of Plants : *A Subscriber, DartnioiUh. I'Mchsia
cordifolia. — / W P. Bad specimens, not fit to name. 1,
Adiantum formosum ; 2, Nephrodiura moUe ; ^, Pteris
argyrEea ; 4, Pblebodium, probably pulvinatum. — / Smart.
1, a Lycaste, perhaps Deppei ; 2, Hippeastrum reticulatum
striatifolium ; 3, Pteris cretica albo-lineata ; 4, Asplenium
viviparum ; 5,| Gyninogrammatartarea. — J F. The Barbados
Onion, Ornithogalumscilloides, commonly grown iu windows.

New Veget.,vbles and Fruits : G H. There may be, and
probably are, other plants t-o be discovered and uitroduced
that may prove deserving of cultivation in uur gardens for
the sake of their produce, along with the choicer kinds we
already possess, but on the whole it mviat be admitted that
we have now considerable variety, and the more recent
acquisitions, Chinese Yams to wit, are not very encouraging.
We iniagine few opportunities of importing novelties that
seem at all promising, and of giving them a fair trial, are
really missed. We quite agi-ee with you that could another
vegetable be foimd as valuable as the Potato, it would be a
grand acquisition ; but judging from past experience, we
look forward to a greater gain from the i-aisiug of improved
varieties of the subjects we already cultivate, than fi-om the
introduction of subjects altogether novel. In either case
time and patience are indispensable.

Raising Hothouse : T S M. To r,aise your lean-to house,

■ bring the top end of the lights as much forward as you
desire, and form a lidge at any distance you please from the
wall, say 2 feet, closing in the space by a short slope towards
the wall, which may consist cither of boarding or glass,
according to the uses to which the house is to be appropri-
ated. If you want all the light you can get at the back of
the house, the short slope must be glass, but for ordinary
purposes wood would answer very well.

Communications Received. — G. Eyles.— W. R. Booth.—
J. Brooks.— S. Garland.— G. H. B. Macleod, M.U.— J. R.—
R. T. Pince,— A. Berrington.— Earl of Shannon.— T, Laxton,
— G. Yates.

J'ANtJAIiY 10, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL (iA;^ETTE.

57

COLLEGE,

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL
ClllKNCKSTER.
J',('«»/i'H(— Ills Crivco tlio Di'KF, of jrAiu-iioiiouoii, D.C.L.. F.U.G.S.

f'(((/MC/7.

RlcM Hon. tlio Eail itf Ducio, ; Kdwnr.l Ilollami. Jiscl., M.l .

If H S F O M. Krlwivrd lluwly, Esq.

Rt. iloil'.'T, ir. SoUiomn KstooMrt Jolin ThomhiU Harrison, Esq.
Right Hon. Earl Batlmrat |

rrlnclpal-Tlio Rov. John CoMtnbls, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb.

ItMident I'rofessors.

Apncultmo_,r,ilui VVrinlitaon, F.C.S.. M.R.A O.

ChomlstiT-Arthur II. Church, M.A.. Lincoln College, Oxon, l.C.S.

Asalatant to Choniical IVofoaaor-R Warlngton, Jun., t.O h

Niilural Ilistory-Uauiaay II. Traquair, M.I). (Edliiburghl.

Anatomy, rhysloloBy. ami Ilyglcno-John A. M'Brido, M.K.C.V.h.

Mathematics ami .Surveying— The rnncipal.

Drawiug — Janiea Miller.

The Collogo was IncorporatOLl by Chai'ter, granted by lior Majoatv

In Council, Marcli 27, lH4f,, lor the purpoae of affording a practical

and scfontillc Agricultural Education to students from all parts of

the Kingdom. .

DIPLOMA —The College Diploma— which admits those holding it
to the position of Oraduate, under the title of Member— la obtained
at the end of a two yeal-s' course by tlioae who pasa a s.itiafactory
oxaiolnntlon In Agriculturo, Chemlatry, and any other one subject
Belectod by the candidate.

The examination In Agriculture is conducted viva voce on the
farm by Agriculturists of note from various parts of Great Britain
and Ireland, such as Mr. Rusacll, of Tilmulr; Mr. Algernon Clarke,
of Long .Sutton ; Mr. Houaiey, of Saliabury ; Mr. Edward .Smith, of
Eniniotfa Qmngo ; Mr. Baldwin, of Glaanovin ; Mr. Charles Howard,
of Biddenham ; and Mr. Dmco, of Eynaham.

Instruction in Agriculturo ia given by Lectures and daily I'ractical
Classes on the Farm. The Agricultural Course of Inatructiou thus
embraces not only a S.nentillc Discussion of Established Methods of
cultivating dilferent kinds of soil in different climates— of the
Breeding, Rearing, and General Management of Stock, and of the
use of Machinery— but also affords a good illustr.ation of the
cultivation of a Cotteswold Farm, to which, by an arrangement
made with the tenant, the students have free access. Each student
is expected to keep a Daily Jomiial of all tho operations on the
Farm, and to make himself thoroughly acquainted with the Accounta.
Chargea per annum, to bo paid half-yearly in advance, In-atudents,
92(. ; Uiit-studonts, \M „ , . ,

For IXirther information apply to the Principal.

most part naturally adapted for rocoiving tho
water ; and tho public gonorally, as many fortu-
nato individual farraors do already, will, no
doubt, loam in the course of a year or two
what tho valuo of town sowago to tho farmer
actually is. The urgent importance of accurato
knowledge on such a subject appears from tho
annouucoraont made, just as we go to press, that
a sequestration has been granted against the
property and effects of tho Leamington Local
Board of Health for broach of tho VicE-CiiAN-
celloe's injunction of last Juno, restraining
the Board from discharging tho sewage of the
town into tho river Learn, so as to occasion a
nuisanco— His Honour, Sir W. V. Wood,
declaring, that if tho defendants were unable to
di.schargo the sewage of tho town into the river
without creating a nuisance to the plaintiff, they
had no more right to do that than they would
have to discharge it into his drawing-room.

R^

COLLEGE,

► OYAL AGRICULTURAL

CIRENCESTER.
SIX SCHOLARSniPS, each of tlie value of £,W per annum, are
OPEN lor COMPETITION to Students intending to follow Agri-
culture !is a profflssion, who have obtained Certificates aa Seniors in
tho Oxford i.r Cambridge Local Examinations.

For rmther particulars apply Lo the Princifal.

W^t ^sricttUural Saiett^.

SATURDAY, JANUARY 19, 1867.

Those who are interested in the attempt to use
town sewage on the land should pay a visit to I
Lodge Farm, about a mile and a half from the
Barking Station of the Tilbm-y and Southend
Railway from Fenchurch Street. The Meti-o-
polis Sewage Company have there taken 200 acres
of land, and are pouring sewage from the
northern outfall into a tank at the upper end of it
by a pump which delivers at the rate of about
240 tons per hour. This tank commands nearly
one-half of tho farm, and about 60 acres are at
present covered with Italian Eye-grass, the land
having been first laid out in beds as in ordinary
water-meadow, so that the water shall distribute
itself evenly over tho whole surface.

The plan at present is to deliver an average
quantity of 4000 tons of sewage per acre per
annum — amounting over 60 acres to about
240,000 tons in all, requiring therefore about
1000 hom-s in the year of actual pumping, or
nearly two days of 10 hours each in every week.
A portion of the land will receive an aliquot
part of its year's supply each week, and thus
represent the average circumstances in which
the Company is placed, they being required to
take tho water night and day throughout the
year. Another portion wiU receive the sewage
delivered in quantity according to the power of
the plant to use it — ■ more therefore in the
season of growth than during winter. Other
portions wUl be allotted for dressings ;of various
quantities, and the results being kept apart,
wa shall ascertain what dose gives the best
retui'n in proportion to tho quantity given. The
principal crop to which it will be applied is
Itahan Rye-grass, which has already proved
itself TO be especially adapted for sewage irriga-
tion ; but portions are ah-eady sown with Bromus
and Lucerne, and planted with Cabbages ; and no
doubt experiments on a small scale with other
market crops, as Leeks, Celery, Strawberries, &c.,
■will be made, and thus the applicabUity of the
• sewage to the circumstances of suburban, as well
as of ordinary farming, will be tested.

Meanwhile it is already so far a suburban
experiment, inasmuch as it is intended to use
all the Grass grown upon the farm in
the feeding of cows and the production of
milk for the Ijondou market. This plan has,
indeed, already to some extent been carried out
dui'iug tho past autumn, and cow-houses are
being erected and gradually filled — distillers'
grains and hay and Mangel Wurzel being at
present pro\-ided for tho cows — so as to have a
large stock ready before April and May, when an
abundant supply of Grass may be expected.
The land is well adapted for the experiment —

The following account of the management of
a farm of 222 acres, with which we have just
become acquainted sufficiently to give the results
of tho last year's operations, may be of interest
to oui- readers, as presenting them with an
example of the general practice of tenant farmers,
and as affording an opportunity of considering
what alterations in management may be advisable
in order to secure better crops or higher remunera-
tion. Tho farm is held by two brothers; it
contains 132 acres of arable land, and 90 acres
in permanent Grass (net measurementj, the
greater part of good quality. In 1866 it was
cropped as follows :— Wheat, Zl\ acres ; Barley,
18 acres ; Oats, 15 acres ; Swedes, 16 acres ;
Mangel and other roots, 1 1 acres ; Beans, Peas,
Tares, and Clover, 23 acres ; leaving 9 acres as
bare fallow, and a patch of Potatos. The Grass
land is partly upland, and partly low meadow.
Dairying is carried on in the summer, and
feeding in yards in winter. The stock consists
of 12milch cows, with 8 or 9 of their calves,
which are yearly weaned and fatted between two
and three years old, together with about 10 more
bought in at the autumn fairs. The sheep
are about 80 ewes lambed down every year, and
the produce sold under two years old. They
also keep a few pigs ; and 10 horses do the work
of the farm.

This year's produce for sale has realised as
follows :— 100 quarters Wheat at 60s. = 300?.
One-half the Barley crop sold for malting, at
50.S., 50 quarters = 125/. ; the other half was
damaged and retained for pig-feeding. The
whole of the other crops are consumed by the
stock, and with the aid of a little oilcake are
expected to bring in'the following return in net
cash: Prom the 12 dairy cows, 144?.; from the
18 beasts and heifers fatted (less cost of 10 bought
in), 280?. ; from 90 tegs and draft ewes (less
10 bought in), 240?., 'and wool, 60?.; and from
pigs about 100?., making 824?. from stock and
425?. from corn. Total receipts, 1250?. for the
year. The outgoings are reckoned as follows : —
rent and tithe, 300?. ; rates and taxes, 30?. ;
labour account, 440?. ; bills for seed, 60?. ; for
cake, guano, and phosphate, 100?. ; for black-
smith and repairs, 100?. ; leaving a balance of
220?. to meet any unforeseen casualty and interest
on the capital employed. At present prices this
amounts to a profit of 1?. per acre. We have
pui-posely left out of this summary several small
sums, both on tho debit and credit side of the
account, which are too variable to be relied on
as annual items, and would not affect tho main
result. They breed a few foals to keep up the
stock of workers, and sometimes sell one at
a good profit. There is, also, a great demand
occasionally for old hay, which goes to reduce
the bill for artificials, but on the other hand
there are constant losses by deaths, break-
ages, and bad debts, which are a fuU equivalent ;
so that the above may be taken as a fair sample
of a year's proceedings. And in looking over it,
the first thing that must .strike every one con-
versant with modern high farming is the small-
ness of the ultimate produce in comparison with
the labour and expen.se incurred. These men
are evidently not very bad farmers — they expend
a good deal in labour- and manure. We have
never heard that they are bad judges of stock.
Yet they can only grow 100 quarters of Wheat
and the same of Barley off 130 acres of good
arable land. It is evident that had prices
remained as they were last year, at 40s. the
quarter, there would have been no profit on the
farm at all. The produce of the stock will be
equally disappointing. From 90 acres Grass,

net return is only H25?. (besides what is consumed
by tho horses), being at the rate of 5?. per acre
on the last, and 5?. 12s'. upon tho wholo farnii
What will tho higli fanners say, who toll us that
every crop slioiild be worth U)/. an acre ?

That tho aljove, however, is no fanciful account,
but a true story of the farming of England, will
bo apparent to any one who will look at tho
returns just issued by tho Board of Trade. These
vory returns wo may cut down by striking off
the five last figures, and thus form tho above
farm of 222 acres. This wo may do both for tho
eako of simplifying tho account and making it
more intelligible to tho general farmer, who can
more easily comprehend a farm of 220 acres than
one of 22 millions, and also because some of tho
calculated results being imperfect, any errors
that may exist in tho larger figm-es are thereby
so reduced as to have little or no effect upon tho
reduced epitome. With this explanation let any
one examine tho figures we have quoted in the
above summary. Of the 13,200,000 .acres arable
land nearly half are returned as under white
corn, 3, 1 60,000 being in Wheat. Ho may assume
the produce of these in marketable corn to have
been 25 bushels per aero, just because this is tho
generally received average, and secondly because
the 10 million quarters thus arrived at, when
supplemented by tho importation of 9 million f[rs.,
as estimated by tho Messrs. Horke in their
annual circular, will about produce the quarter
per head, which has been reckoned for many
years as the annual consumption of the people of
England. He may estimate that one half the
Barley crop is sold for malting, because that
tallies with the amount of duty. No notice
need be taken of the large quantities of Barley,
Oats, and Maize imported, because a very small
proportion of these are consumed by farmers,
but aro mainly used by distillers, by horse-
keepers in towns, and by small pig feeders,
butchers, and others occupying less than 3 acres,
and therefore excluded from this calculation. To
the 1,200,000 cows, .and 2,000,000 other stock,
returned in March last as being then in England,
another million may be added as the proportion
probably imported from Ireland and the rest of
the kingdom, to be finished off in tho Midland
and Eastern Counties. The total quantity of
meat sold would thus amount, at 5s. per stone, to
252,000,000 stones, as the yearly produce of
EngUsh farms (exclusive of imported meat, and
of the pigs above alluded to, killed by very small
holders). Tho addition of these latter items
would probably realise the 1201b. weight per
head which has been calculated as the probable
consumption of our population, and which the
approximately known consumption of the metro-
polis tends to verify.

Of the other side of the yearly account— the
outgoings — wo cannot, however, give so satis-
factory evidence. Schedule B of the Income Tax
includes houses and small occupations, perhaps
equal in annual value to our farms. For the
amount of labour take the latest estimate by
Professor Leone Levi, which allows about four
families to every 100 acres of arable land, and
half that amoxmt to Grass. The bills for guano,
&c., are large, but we have seen much larger
estimates for the whole of the United Ivingdom.
Let every man put his own figures here, accord-
ing to his own experience ; we do not think he
will be able much to vary the result. About 1?.
per acre will come out as profit, representing the
remuneration for a year's toil and anxiety, for
interest on capital of nearly 10?. an acre, and this
at the close of tho most favourable year as
regards prices that we have had for some time.
There is little margin left for bad years ; and
should the above account of our little farm of
222 acres bo accepted as true, or approximating
to the truth, it wiU be a subject for serious
consideration whether these two brother famiers,
representing between 200 and 300 thousand
occupiers who have made these returns, who are
backed up by the great power of the lauded
aristocracy, who have a vii'tual monopoly of the
production of meat for om- enormous and
increasing popidation, and who enjoy great advan-
tages in the production of their flour, are doing
their duty and conducting their business to the
advantage either of their counti-y or themselves.
J. B. M.

if such it is to be called — being Ught, and to „ ..^ _, ^^ „-

large extent on gi-avel. The slopes are for the I and nearly the same acreage of fodder crops, the

Mr. Bailey Denton has published a letter on

the Water Supply of London, addressed by permission
to the Earl of Ueeby, in which he proposes to supply
the metropolis with pure water from the higher
sources of the Thames. The proposal of Mr Bate-
man to bring water from Plinliramon, and that ot
Mr Hemans to bring it from UUeswater, at a cost

68

THE GAl^DENFUS' CHRONICLE ANl) AGElCtJLTDEAL GAZETTE.

[jAStfAEt 19, 1867.

varyius from 8 to 12 millions sterlins, are here con-
trasted with a mere improvement of the present plan
of water supply, which "would utilise all the existing
arrangements for distribution, and entail an outlay not
exceeding 4i millions. The plan is defended against
the rival schemes just mentioned on the score of greater
cheapness, and on the ground that hard water is as
good for drinking as that from the Welsh and Cumber-
land lakes, and easy to make soft at home. It is
defended against the plan of purifying Thames water
by legislation against the delivery of town sewage into
it — by arguments declaring the impossibility of entirely
clarifying filthy water by irrigation, or any other
known process. There is a large array of testimony
from scientific men on this subject, and there is
enough evidence of a detailed study of the subject by
the author. We doubt, nevertheless, whether any
proposal Avill be sanctioned by Parliament before the
effect of the legislation, certainly imminent, which is
here condemned as insiifficient, has been tried.

Surely there never was a more striking illustra-
tion of our fickle climate than we have experienced in
the Weather of the first few days of the new year.
An abrupt and well-defined fragment of an Arctic
season was dropped upon us in the very midst of the
sunshine, .showers, and storms of March or April.
On either side of the first five days of 1867 we uad
the winds and rains of characteristic and sometimes
even warm spring weather, and out of them, as
well as into them again, we stepped in the course
of only two or three hours. These sufficed to bring
the frost and snow of a much higher latitude upon
all England, which was one day charmed with the
song of birds, and the next wrapped up in nearly a foot
of snow — and these again sufficed to change the whole
wintry scene back again to milder weather than before.
Certainly an experience cf this kind must tend to
disabuse people of any intelligence of the idea either
that the grand and regular movements and so-
called changes of the planets can be the causes of
our weather changes ; or that weather -prophecy, on
any grounds yet known to us, is at present good for
anything whatever. In the midst of gathering floods,
wind S.W., and thermometer at " temperate," we
certainly do not venture to engage that it shall not be
frost and snow again before our readers see these words.
— So we wrote on Tuesday of last week, but the para-
graph was pushed out of its place by other more im-
portant matter. Since then, as Mr. Lowe, of High-
field House, informs the readers of the Times, the
thermometer has fallen lower than it was before ; and
from a minimum of 44' on January 8th, the day on
which we wrote, it reached within 3° of zero on
January 11th !

' The half-yearly meeting o.' the Highland and

Agricultural Society was held on Wednesday last, and
we learn from the North British Agricultm-ist that 35
new members were elected ; that a report on steam
cultivation was handed in, declaring the depth of
tillage, which had been carefully observed on a number
of farms, to have varied iVom ©4 to 12 inches; and among
other particulars, that the Society are to sanction and
promote the proposal to raise a substantial testimonial
to the Rev. Patrick Bell, the inventor of the Reaping
Machine. Mr. Soot Skikving gave an extremely
interesting account of the progress of the invention,
and Professor Rankin, of Glasgow, than whom there
could not be a better authority, declared that Mr. Bell
occupies with reference to the reaping machine the
very same position that J ames Watt occupies with
reference to the steam-engine. We have no doubt
that the proposal will be received with the same
unanimity on the south side of the Tweed that it is
commanding on the north.

Messrs. Howard, of Bedford, exhibited pigs at

Bingley Hall last December, which were disqualified by
the veterinary referee, because their dentition indicated
that they were not all of one litter. To this, of course,
the rejoinder was — so much the worse for the value
now set upon that test, for they were all of one litter,
notwithstanding Professor Gamgee's reading of their
tusks. We now learn that the mother of the Birming-
ham pen having brought another litter by the same
boar. Professor Gamgee has been asked to come or
send some one to mark them, so that they can be
identified when six months old. If the investig.ation is
to be of any use to the public, there ought to be no
room left for doubt. Messrs. Howakd, accordingly,
propose to pay the expenses of the journey needed for
the required attestation.

On Tuesday last the (Jhancellor of the

Exchequer received a deputation from the Anti-
Malt T.ax Association, and from the Central Chamber
of Agriculture. — Mr. PuNNETT, the Chairman of the
former Society, and Mr. Pell, the Chairman of the
latter Society ; Messrs. Fowler, of Aylesbury ;
Fielding, of Yorkshire; Maa", of Leicester; the Rev.
H. Batley, of Swindon, and others, lu'ged upon him
the unfairness and costliness of the tax, and its
mischievous inQuence both on agriculturists and
labourers. The artificial premium on the one side
and restriction on the other thus applied to different
ciualities of Barley, w'as not only extremely unfair in
its effect upon the occupants of different classes of
soil, but tended to diminish farm profits generally by
its mischievous effect on both cropping and stock
feeding. And on artificially dear malt, by the hindrance
which it puts to home or cottage brewing, must be laid
the blame of very much of the evil done by public-
houses. Mr. Disraeli received the deputation with
courtesy, and declared that the representations made
would be carefully considered by the Government.

■ Mr. Stk.aefoed is soon to dispose by auction of

Mr. D. Macintosh's Short-horn herd at Havering
tark, Romford, which contains among its metabers

some of the best strains knoivn to Short-horn breeders.
We shall, some time before the sale, give an account of
the herd, and of its relationship to different families of
Kirkleavington descent.

A LOST LETTER COME TO LIGHT.

Dear M -, — I jiromised to send you a few notices

of Continental Farming. A traveller finds few tempting
opportunities of writing ; but if all the thoughts and
observations that occur to him as he looks oven from
the window of a Railway-carriage could photograph
themselves in passing, they would make so large a
book that — nobod;/ woaUl read it. One thought— the
one that has come to me perhaps the oftenest of any,
in relation to my promise, is this, that of all the classes
left toiling at home, the one that most deserves to be
written— ay, and written well— for, is the Farmer.
Every one seems to get abroad for his holiday, now-o'-
days. The tradesman leaves his counter; the agent,
the secretary, the clerk, his desk ; the la\yyer, the
merchant, the statesman — every one — finds time, once
in the year, for a six weeks' run : and what a mau may
see, and feel, and mix with, and almost form a part of
for the time, to the inexpressible relief and invigoration
of mind and body, in a modern six weeks — I won't
attempt to express ! But there is one man whose
work is never i?o»e. "Never ending, still beginning"
is the motto of his life-task. It is for him I love to
write. And though the Publishei's all declare that no
literature is so unprofitable, none thai h.as so narrow a
circulation, as that called agricultural, I shall not let
that reflection hinder me. I am not sure whether, in
the enormous multiplicity of modern books, a special
circle to address may not have some attraction of its
own, the seeming earnest of some sort of emancipation
from the throng. There is only one condition I should
like to make, and that is not to be alioays ' sticking to
the shop.' Statesmen are not always talking politics,
nor Lawyers law, nor Parsons divinity. There is only
one set of men I know who never talk, write, or I
suppose think of anything but their one pursuit, and I
shall leave them to you to put the label on. I doubt
if any subject in the world will bear to be always taken
' neat.' A book, or even periodical, all on farming tires
me : while a page or two of good agricultural informa-
tion or discussion 'lighted on unexpectedly in some
other work delights me always and makes me think
true, what exactly isn't true, that I could read on
about it for ever.

I am writing this from Switzerland. It was from
Piedmont— the other side of the Alps-^that you will
remember I chiefly ^promised to communicate. So far I
hope I am better, earlier at any rate, than my word.
But Switzerland is not easily passed over; in more
senses than one. As for the long smoking, dusting,
scorching line of rail through France, I can hardly
think of anything that would sooner break an English
farmer's heart to write, or read, about, than anything
which that long and weary journey brings to mind. An
interminable, and unintermittent, prospect— squint I
ought to say — for the very word I used would shame
its English meaning, — of hedgeless treeless hill-less
Flat, wearying to the eye, distressing to the mind,
beseeching you to shut them both — i. e., go to sleep,
if you can ! The most fanatical hedge-grubber in
England would hardly care to have^ his farm treated
like his fields, to be conscious of nothing between him-
self and the next three counties, that even a bird could
mistake for a landmark. Fancy a flat, like a billiard-
table, only not so green, stretching round your house a
hundred miles or so ; going to bed say in Somei'set
with the possibility of having to telegraph to Warwick
in the morning to know if your cattle had been seen
going thai way. In mercy, let us pull down the blind,
and shut it out, and think no more about it, at any
rate for the present.

It is a cheery sensation to feel the train beginning to
climb the Jura mountains, the ridge that does for this
country what the ditch between Kent and Calais does
for ours, — separates it from its active little neighbours
the French, who certainly do give one the impression of
a nation of boys, in a way that would, and well might,
please them little to hear. But the reflection is
inevitable to every open eye. Is it possible, as a
Report seemingly authentic said some years ago, that
the national Stature of that great-hearted people has
been po,5itively stunted by the long Napoleonic wars ?
What an ugly legacyjof conscription, anation "cut off"
by six inches of man's proper stature : " Vive
I'Empereur" from regiments of five foot three ! Butthe
Women did not go to battle : so it is to be hoped that
Time and Peace will put it right again, and restore the
race to its dimension.

I must confess it would be ' hard lines ' to talk
much about Farming in Switzerland, unless it
be about the management of the Mountain
Pastures. The Way in which they are manured
suggests to the eye a laborious minuteness and per-
severance that is commendable, if it is not admirable.
Liquid manures carried up hundreds and hundreds, I
might sny thousands of feet, and then poured over the
scanty and stunted herbage, seem to bring to ray mind
the tasks of Sisyphus and the Daughters of Danae all
in one :— the weight is toiled at, up the hill, and the
liquid is poured out upon a sadly porous and often
ungrateful soil and herbage. But they never relax ;
and nothing disheartens them, hard dry manly race as
they are, happily non-olfactory, at least in the active
sen.se ; passively they may truly be said to realise the
" Hot Mutton Pies " of our old nursery rhyme — " You
may foUow them by the Smell." I was excessively
amused at hearing of one lady, fond of travelling, but
whom nothing on earth could induce to f^o to Switzer-
land, on account of the " everlasting hqitid-manure
abomination," as she described it. Certainly they don't
mince matters : everjf Hotel is a Guano factory ; and
the unsorupulosity with which everything is sacrificed

to the " obtaining a genuine article," would be amusing
if it were not disgusting, to the poor English travellers.
The nature of the country is the excuse. " Give a
man secure possession of a bleak rock, and he will turn
it into a garden," said Arthur Young ; he must cer-
tainly have penned the words in Switzerland. He wrote
it in his ' Travelling Tour,' and I recognise the senti-
ment, and can date and localise it with moral certainty.
And then to see the soft-eyed droves of cattle— a
hundred at a time — contentedly climbing to the
clouds morning after morning, and coming down again
at night — with the Dew. Such patient and passive clock-
work, and each with its bell strapped round its neck,
for each has a different owner ; and their pasturage is
protected by the most>tringent laws of every Canton,—
slightly difl'ering with the severity of the altitudes, t
should like to know what you, my old Friend Greening !
would say to the Cow-row of a hundred bells all
chiming together over a procession half a mile in
length, by way of morning and evening hymn — ' daily
Service ' — Sundays included ! However, Milk and
Cream and Butter must be had for these wandering
British, who are milked in their turn, and to a tune
that beats this mountain-music all to nothing, and
makes its harmony very e.vpressive. C. TV. S.

RENTS IN IRELAND.
In a fonner communication I drew attention
to the fitness cf the climate of Ireland for Grass, and
the ease and profit with which dairy farming is now
carried on there in consequence, both by owners of
land and tenants. I thus arrived at the question,
whether rents in Ireland are high or not ? upon which
I wish to trouble you further. It is often said that rents
in Ireland are unduly high, and can only be paid by
tenants living in a poor and inferior manner.

1. A large majority of tenants, even at will, pay the
same rents now that they paid 20 years ago. The Enghsh
system of new valuations on estates where leases are
not the custom, is unknown in Ireland. Some, like
myself, only raise rents when a change of tenant occurs
{which is very seldom), or at the tenant's death, i. e.,
make his holding equivalent to a lease for his own life ;
on the view that the encouragement to exertion thus
given is in the end as profitable to the landlord as a
shorter term and more frequent rise would be ; and
as even the oldest seldom expects his own death soon,
it prevents the land being run out at the end of the
term, and has answered well with me. Others let their
land below the rent they know they could get for it, in
the view of securing better tenants, and so punctual
payment of rent.

i t'i'hen, there are many more leases, new and old, in
existence than is usually represented. Further, no
where that I have ever seen, is the true value of land
so little understood as here, by either tenants or land-
lords. It all rests on a sort of vague, popular estimate.
A farm is "counted" cheap or dear, because a tenant
has done well or ill in it, without any reference to his
industry or idleness. Any land over 204-. an acre is
thought dear, even thongh intrinsically worth double
other land at a smaller figure. The tenant of the
cheapest farm in the parish never fails to declare that
he is paying its full value. And .as changes in ocGupa-
tion are much less frequent than in England, being, on
the average, by late returns, only 1 in every 15,000 acres
per annum, and thorough agricultural knowledge is so
scarce, both among tenants and landlords, the true
valueof the land is very little known, andrents have been
raised in o nly a limited number of cases. Whatever
have been the motives for raising rents, until of late
years the difiiculties in getting rents paid at all have
been such as to operate as a serious check on most
landlords, and to make the payment of the former rent
generally a practical limit to their wishes, especially of
those who, having encumbrances to meet, cannot afford
risk. Purchasers in the Estates Court, not having
the same bond with the old tenants, have very generally
raised the rents on their purchases, and there
are a good many cases of purchases being
made on speculation, and by well-to-do trades-
people, who have raised the rents as much as they
would bear, and very largely. They thus earned for
themselves the name of land-sharks; but they have
got their rents, and made a good thing of it, thereby
giving as good evidence as could be wished of the
moderation of the rents charged by the old owners.

2. The great rise in prices of almost everything the
Irish farmer produces is such, as to make land cheap
that was dear enough 20 years ago, and to enable the
higher rents of Landed Estates Court purchases to be
p.aid. In my own experience butter was Qd. per lb.
It is now \s. to \s. 2d. I have bought fine stock lambs
at 5s. each— 8s. to 9s. was the price of the best ; 20s.
now will buy very middling lambs — anything good
costs 2os. to 35s. Grood yearhng cattle were 40.«. to 50s. ;
5/. to 61. would now have to be paid. Pigs were from
25s. to 35s. per civt. ; they are now from 40s. to 60s.
Oats, too, in spite of repealed corn laws, are from 20 to
30 per cent, dearer. This great rise of prices is gene-
rally forgotten in speaking of Ireland.

3. Further, whenever land is now to be let, it freely
brings a considerably higher rent than formerl.y, and
from men of much better capital than could formerly
be found. This is most markedly the case in the
neighbourhood of small towns, where the land is hired
by townspeople, who have other means of living by
their shops and trades, and therefore have no motive
for hiring it at rents that do not pay them. I have
some land near such a to^vn, and find the rise in the
rent very large. I am very particular never to take a
tenant of whose means and inclination I am not sure.
The first few years they manure very highly, and the
result is, it pays them better, even at higher rents,
than it used to do, half-manured, at lower.

4. The resident owners of land to a man occupy
land themselves considerablyj some of them very

Janoaby 19, 1867.]

THE GAnMNMS' CMONIGLE AND AGMClILTURAL GAZETTE.

SB

largely, and as a rule are steadily addiuj? to the extent
of tlieir occupation. Yet there are few with whom
capital iu ready money abound.s, or who have not heavy
permanent ciiarges ou their estates to meet. It is
clear, therefore, that their motive for occupying the
land themselves, instead of letting it to tenants, is
because it pays theni better. I have reason to believe
in my own county a vei-y large number clear 50 per
cent, above the rent ordinary tenants would pay them.
When tho Landlord and Tenant liill ol'tlic lale ( invi'rn-
ment was brought in, it naturally caused nuiili talk
among land-owners, as to what course they sliould have
to take in the event of its passing. ^ I was surprised at
the number of men I heard expressing the same views :
that their only course would be to take as much more
land as i)ofsiblo into their own occupation, at whatever
inconvcnieuee, because they were making 50 per
cent, above the former rent b.\- the laiul tlicy already
hrM. I am lirmly convhiccd, li;id that liill bci'miic
l;nv, it would have ha,d a very dill'erent etfect I'rom that
Avhii-li its prnnioters intended.

5. 'Hie syslem of the large use of artificial mauvires
and feeding stud's (notably in fatting sheep), which has
had so large a part in the improved farming and higher
rents in England and Scotland, is almost unknown in
Irelimd. It is eree)iing in, but hitherto only p;irtially,
and lis a snppleiiioiit ; very few have yet tried it in the
thorough and systematic way wdiich alone can show its
full cllc'cts. Yd: there is reason to think it will jiro-
duce even greater elVeets iu Ireland than elsewhere ;
tlie dilfercneo between Gra.s.slaid down with the land
poor, and the same with the land in high condition
aiur sheep eating plenty of corn and cake, is in this
.lunate simply enormous, and no farmer need be told
cH Uie case and. cheapness with wliich such land can
;ii'liM-wards bo kept in good condition. I am confident
ilir ( lU'ct (if this sj-stem on Irish farming will be very
-r.il. Dul the ordinary Irish farmer does not even
\ ri know liy his own experience what the fattening of
;i beast or sheep on Turnips means, or the profit, direct
:;i:il indirect, resulting therefrom.

I have been led ou at greater length than I had
intended. The importance of the point, whetlier rents
in Ireland are high or not, in its bearing on the land
question, must be my excuse.

My own experience in farming largely is distinct.
For many years I have made far niore than the former
renis on Jaiid in my own occupation, and the returns
are steadily and fast increasing. If I looked only to
profit, I am convinced I should gain largely by occu-
pying all the land that belongs to me— some thousands
of acres. If rents in Ireland are low, compared Avith
the intrinsic value of the land, I need not draw the
inference.

But it will be said, if these statements are con-ect,
Irish tenants at jiresent must be very well off. And
such is the ease with all but the holders of very small
farn\s, who have room for but little stock. The tenants
of farms of any size are doing better than ever before,
and where they are industrious and intelligent, are
accumulating money largely.

The Irish tenant, even when thriving, lives in a poor
and inlerior way, compared with the English farmer of
the same extent of land, because the habits and ideas of
the country have not, ui matters of personal comfort,
improved in proportion to the improved circumstances
of the peoiile ; but he spends money in other ways to
an amount beyond that which an English tenant
would spend out of the same fanu. The habits of
household good management and thrift of the small
English farmer are quite wanting. Much is spent
at public-houses, and the women of the family of Irish
farmers spend often very largely. The system of sub-
dividing farms among the cliildren of the tenant has
greatly aimiuished in the last twenty yeare, but the
idea out of which it sprung, viz., that the father is to
provide for the children out of the farm, is as strong
as ever. The daughters ou farms of such a size iu
England would all go to service, or be apprenticed to
some trade, and all the sons but one, in the same way,
would have to trust only to their own exertions; but
in Ireland fortunes to enable the daughters to marry
are always expected, and similar sums of money to
start the sons. The sums of ready money that are
produced for these fortunes of daughters are often
simply surprising, considering the extent of the farm
and apparent circumstances of the tenant. They range
from iOl. to 500?., and the match e.\pected is exactly in
proportion to the fortune. The amount of the fortune
on one side, and size and goodness of the farm on the
other, are the only points considered. No farmer's
daughter can get married without a fortune, more or
less, and the greatest exertions are made to provide it.
It is even often charged by will on the farm, and many
a tenant is crushed, or kept poor all his life, not by the
rent, but by the fortunes of brothers and sisters charged
on the farm by his father.

In these ways the amount of money made by an
Irish tenant over and above his rent is, I believe,
actually higher than the English tenant of a farm of
like size spends on his more comfortable mode of
living. I have one English tenant of a very jioor farm,
whom I had to get over because I could not find an Irish
tenant who would give me the rent I asked, and which
he pays. He lives thoroughly comfortably, and now,
after six or seven years' good farming, is making
money. Valeat quantum.

It must be remembered that many of the results I
have mentioned above have only clearly appeared iu
the past seven years. Twenty years ago, or even 15,
the best of us were only feeling our way in the dark, in
doubt whether we could make land in our own occu-
pation pay, under good farming.

Now we have learnt from experience, and proofs of
the result are increasing every year ; but good farming
even does not show its results in a day. Time is
needed, and the next seven years will doubtless show
much greater results than the last. An Irish Landlord,

AORICULTUEAL STATISTICS.

The following Table, No. -l of tho Series just issued by the Hoard of Trade, gives Population, Area,
Acreage of Crops and Grass, I'er-centage of Corn Crops, and Total and Proportionate Number of Cattle
and Sheep in each County iu Great Britain ; —

Atiatract of Acreag
Crop

c (in St,ituto Acres) undor
s and Graaa. |

if

Cattlo.

Sbccp,

^1

I.S

g.9S 1

T3

t£

g

!>»«

Counties Propeu.

1

o

J,
%

1

.g

7i

a
la

ill

Q.

i

o

o
'0

s

i

i

n

ih

III

eniLanent Tasture, Meadow
Grass, not broken up
Rotation exclusive of H
Pastures).*

O C El

o o «

55 -so

11

•o'S

to

1^

Hi
III

h

1

iff

•III

III

IS

H

&

o

p

Ci

fL,

(S

ti

fi

&'"

fi

England.

Bedford

135,28?

295,.'i82

242,290

113,123

31,880

18,702

67,874

46.7

23,916

10,7

180,250

744

Berks

■ 1-0,2.56

451,210

34.5,206

146,844

66,595

37,420

96,264

42.2

30,653

8,9

327,316

04.8

Buck ill gli am

107,91l.'i

406,932

.377,178

132,691

36,810

28,711

171,192

35.2

62,679

14.0

263,015

69.7

(.'ambridffe ..

176,01(i

.52.5,182

463,140

262,597

72,344

30,311

70,703

50.7

37,101

8.0

235,030

55.1

Chester

505,423

707,078

481,8.53

97,231

33,270

43,003

302,739

20.2

120,493

26.9

00,089

20.1

Cornwall

.369,31)0

873,601

436,071

136,602

66,645

77,175

95,490

31.3

134,455

30.8

300,049

08.8

Cumberland

205,276

1,001,273

603,031

108,898

51,4.56

99,284

229,430

21.6

112,440

22.4

300,1121

78.7

Dci'by

3.39,327

058,803

403,920

81,433

20,287

.33,082

311,926

17.0

113,.582

24.5

170,122

38.0

Devon

584,373

1,057,180

919,330

271,254

131,017

121,930

310,872

29.5

184,222

20.0

709,120

83.7

Dorset

188,789

032,025

398,599

113,480

01,134

38,551

17.5,518

28.5

70,014

17.0

492,023

123. C

Durham

508,666

622,476

399,500

109,953

35,714

30,2,50

186,587

27.3

52,717

13.2

140,696

36.7

Essex . .

404,851

1,000,549

739,641

406,206

104,500

71,743

160,004

51.4

56,16.1

7.1

378,705

48.0

Gloucester . .

485,7711

805,102

598,271

170,870

09,031

77,224

270,004

28.6

96,937

16.2

356,373

50.6

Hants

481,815

1,070,211

040,002

200,791

130,928

09,904

122,633

40.7

48,995

7.6

610,608

06.S

Hereford

123,712

634,823

394,947

105,970

39,386

34,704

200,504

26.8

65,773

10.7

257,100

65.1

Hertford

17.3,280

.391,141

322,989

140,556

43,046

33,034

80,189

45.4

23,550

7.3

217,930

67.5

Huntingdon

64,2.W

229,544

192,417

94,431

20,731

11,775

52,057

49.1

19,812

10.3

117,821

61.2

Kent

733,887

1,039,419

711,820

244,494

88,940

53,205

279,823

34.3

56,443

7.9

731,243

102.7

Lancaster

2,429.440

1,219,221

708,827

108,001

57,907

57,659

474;453

15.2

205,303

20.0

217,015

.30.7

Leicester

237,412

514,104

432,424

115,764

26,841

23,330

257,313

26.8

89,341

20.7

290,554

67.2

Lincoln

412,246

1,775,457

1,387,820

593,374

231,021

154,300

385,507

42.8

175,818

12.7

1,088,204

78.4

Middlesex ..

2,200,486

180,136

100,879

20,006

11,240

5,182

71,143

19,1

t 24,241

22.1

02,650

57.0

Monmouth . .

174,633

368, 39<

208,270

41,469

15,658

16,552

127.071

19.9

36,735

17.6

131,1.58

63.0

Norfolk

434,798

1,354,301

1,009,087

449,432

194,046

147,782

208,872

44.5

07,043

9.6

696,683

50.1

Northampton ■, ,

227,704

630,358

522,730

182,330

42,079

31.233

251,790

34.9

76,436

14.6

435,837

83.4

Northumberland . .

343,025

1,240,299

656,089

153,716

6.5,146

86,060

329,824

23.4

79,370

12,1

636,487

96.6

Nottingham

293,867! 526,076

417,602

157,838

54,889

40,022

140,434

37.8

68,4.5L

16.4

245,.532

58.8

Oxfurd

170,944

472,717

385,378

156,338

57,133

43,041

122,734

40.6

43,560

11.3

333,304

86.9

Rutland

21,801

95,805

74,905

24,725

7,645

5,803

35,005

33.0

11,066

15.6

75,755

101.1

Salop

240.959

826,055

021,616

171,177

69,782

05,360

310,973

27.5

110,420

17.8

327,612

52.7

Somerset

444,873

1,047,220

735,004

141,577

70,965

50,350

458,088

19.2

17.3,687

23.6

636,075

86.6

Rtifford

740,943

728,468

548,662

125,350

44,287

47,123

310,035

22,8

100,019

20.0

231,030

42.3

Suffolk

337,070

947,681

775,404

405,834

123,703

77,274

143,411

52.3

57,397

7.4

407,029

52.6

Surrey

831.093

478,792

278,733

99,537

41,131

23,384

92,992

33.7

33,021

11.8

149,340

.53.6

Sussex

363,735

930,911

576,927

207,793

68,775

52,792

200,531

36.0

75,778

13.1

485,050

841

Warwick

501,855

563,946

444,718

131,466

32,771

37,078

200,014

34.1

67,709

15.2

285,878

043

Westmoreland

60,817

485,432

213,870

22,130

11,191

18,510

159,031

10.3

55,328

25.9

224,064

105.0

Wilts

249,311

865,092

030,786

215,728

110,809

66,012

223,804

33.9

77,826

12.2

696,822

93.7

Worcester . .

307,397

472,105

368,381

120,480

34,017

31,631

107,648

32.7

45,023

12.5

204,154

65.4

/ East Riding,

t 280,660

including

771,139

612,084

259,673

106,463

81,716

141,020

42.4

71,501

11.7

416,853

68.1

York H

City of York

N. Riding . .

245,154

1,.350,121

760,778

220,723

83,822

68,138

351,626

29.0

125,750

16.5

462,038

60.7

( W. Riding . .
Total for England
Wales.

1,507,706

1,709,307

1,094,162
22,201,833

251,365

113,660

90,041

613,850

23.0

190,751

18.0

500,196

45.7

18,954,444

32.590,397

7,400,170

2,730,0082,206,087

8,098,027

33,2

3,420,044

15.4

13,124541

68.0

Anglesea

54,009

193,453

128,601

30,890

11,942 23,248

55,798

24.0

35,42-

27.0

33,716

26.2

Brecon

61,627

400,1.58

182,482

33,465

8,184 15,743

119,053

18.3

29,604

16.2

212,51.'

116.5

Cardigan

72,245

443,337

202,488

61,101

12,875 27,503

89,052

30.2

47,334

2.3.4

108,546

53.6

Carmarthen..

111,796

600,331

326,393

72,060

0,970

28,803

103,002

22.1

84, IOC

25.8

110,205

33.8

Carnarvon . .

05,694

.370,273

170,414

24,052

12,104

25,483

98,108

14.1

44,07L

25.9

130,317

81.8

Denbigh

100,778

380,052

221,927

68,114

18,115

30,594

96,682

30.7

49,727

22.4

160,50;

67.8

Flint

69,737

184,903

116,095

37,569

10,028

14,703

40,280

32.4

21,916

18.9

35,100

30.2

Glamorgan . .

317,752

647,494

233,234

38,267

10,011

19,361

148,781

16.4

45,911

10.7

177,484

76,1

Merioneth . .

38,963

335,291

118,370

17,206

6,408

18,180

73,711

14.5

33,343

28.2

235,091

198.8

Montgomeiy

60,919

483,323

218,667

55,379
5fi,436

13,382' 22,077

121,097

25.3

58,628

26.8

200,241

100.7

Pembroke . .

96,278

401,691

240,052

12,166 25,843

128,330

24.8

68,842

28.7

64412

26. «

Radnor

Total for Wales
Scotland.

25,382

272,128

120,061

23,645

8,120l 0,582

, :

82,698

13.7

28,006

22.2

181.370

143.9

1,111,780

4,734,480

2.284,074

521,074

139,265

256,722

1,257,721

22.8

340,966

240

1,608,663

73.0

Aberdeen

221,669

1,260,625

650,586

206,377

102,744

213,509

25,340

37.5

133,769

24.3

109,202

10.8

Argyle

V0,V24

2,08.3,126

111,356

22,916

11,495

14,321

52,994

20.6

57,831

51.9

700,021

620.2

Ayr

198,071

735,262

259,839

00,381

19,357

57,582

104,1188

23.2

76,292

20.4

202,973

101.2

Banff

59,215

439,219

154,189

69,905

23,131

56,079

0,224

.38.9

36,342

23.7

55,40!

35.9

Berwick

30,613

302,951

177,280

61,705

34,244

55,549

24,805

34.8

15,427

8.7

193,238

109.0

Bute

16,331

109,375

18,267

6,711

2,708

4,709

3,501

31.3

8,252

43.2

.34.318

187.9

Caithness

41,111

455,708

01,459

31,558

14,307

26,237

18,210

34.5

19,999

21.9

82,671

90.4

Clackmannan

21,450

29,440

14,114

6,9.39

1,810

2,901

3,056

42.1

2,360

16.7

0,40!-

07.1

Dumbarton . .

52,034

204,800

39,800

10,382

5,103

0,294

1.3,010

26.1

11,248

28.3

53,40.'

134.2

Dumfries

75,878

702,953

204,389

40,677

26,974

50,449

72,550

24,2

45,033

22,0

371,480

181.6

Edinburgh . .
Elgin or Moray

273,997

234,925

114,269

40,373

22,367

26,007

23,039

35.3

14,078

12.3

113,479

99..3

42,695

340,000

90,710

38,242

18,069

31,233

7,-78

39.5

20,406

21.1

00,078

71.4

Fife

154,770

323,427

220,168

89,731

43,080

40,398

34,080

40.8

31,177

142

03,685

42.6

Forfar

204,425

568,750

228,195

92,784

47,294

69,779

17,457

40.7

37,007

16.3

156,053

6S.6

Haddington . .

37,634

179,14l

106,008

44,306

24,069

25,427

12,124

41.6

10,205

9.5

01,414

85.5

Inverness . .

88,888

2,723,501

118,461

30,022

16,023

20,265

30,291

31.2

45,335

38.4

522,006

440.7

Kincardine . .

34,460

252,250

111,956

44,938

22,157

36,816

7,581

40.1

22,789

20.4

41,073

36.7

Kinross

7,977

49,812

30,869

8,9L'5

4,446

10,861

6,270

28.9

4,653

15.1

22,450

72.7

Kirkcudbright

42,4.95

610,343

152,618

32.548

17,372

34,806

61,877

21.3

34,692

22.7

271,407

177.9

Lanark ..

631,560

568,80-

109,133

52,647

19,802

47,835

09,700

20.4

60,302

30.3

160,014

80.4

Liidithgow . <.

38,045

81,113

54,674

19,084

7,316

11,519

16,6.38

34.9

8,697

13.9

23,970

42.2

Nairn . .

10,065

137,500

21,172

7,244

3,748

6,314

3,729

34.2

5,23-.

247

19,862

03,9

Orkney andShetland

64,065

598,720

126,970

43,289

16,195

18,708

44,470

34.1

43,308

34.1

76,624

60.3

Peebles

11,408

227,80t

36,907

10,283

6,330

11,170

8,500

27 9

5,080

16.2

125,831

340.9

Perth . .

133.600

1,814,063

310,760

105.341

49,723

86,475

60,834

33.3

70,023

22.1

404,635

156.2

Renfrew

177,561

15S,20«

77,100

18,213

8,047

13,562

32,493

23.6

22,001

isis

26,503

34.3

Ross and Cromarty

81,406

2,016,37a

103,473

39,423

22,110

27,645

13,050

38.1

36,100

340

203,754

283.9

Ruxburtjk ..

54,119

428,494

100,352

47,483

28,772

51,813

31,301

20.6

16,132

10.1

310,537

103.7

Sc-Ikivk

10,44!

160,524

21,284

5,007

3,387

7,287

5,549

23.5

2,042

9.6

100,885

474.0

Stirling

91,926

295,873

95,479

32,208

10,122

10,132

20,856

33.8

24,621

23.8

86,392

00.5

Sutherland . .

25,246

1,207,186

15,663

5,367

2,624

4,802

2,660

34.3

11,262

71.0

164,060

1,047.4

Wigtown
Total for Scotland

42,096
.3,002,294

327,901]

127,688

37,242

18,595

33,041

29,845

20.2

35,703

27.0

118,009

92.9

19,039,377

4,158.360

1,366,540

663,257

1 141,415

893,000

32.0

063,637

23.3

5.255,077

126.4

Tota
Bn

for Great )
tain . . i

23,128,518156,964,200

28,704,867

0,287,784

3,652,530

3,094,224

11,148,814

32.4

4,935,647

17.2

22,048,281

76.8

* tJ^rider Com Crops aro included Wheat, Barley, Oats. Rye, Beans, and Peas.— Under Green Crops are included Potatoa,
Turnips, and Swedes, Mangel, Carrots, Cabbage, Kohl Eabi, Rape, Vetches, Lucerne, and any other crop except Clover or
Gra.'^s. — The returns of the Acreage imder " Permanent Pxsture " in Great Britain and in Ireland arc not comparable, as Hill
Pastures are excluded in Great Britain and included in Ireland. Totals and Percentages omitted in places marked thus (t)
cannot, therefore, be given.

t Including cattle died uf plague up to 3d ilarcli in parts of Essex, Hertford, Kent, and Siurrey,

eo

THE GArvDENERS' CHRONICLE AM) AGllICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Januaby 19, mcf,

ON LAYING LAND DOWN FOE PERMANENT
PASTURE.

[We extract the following from tlie Farmer's " Vade-
Mecuni," just published by Messrs. Carter & Co., of 237, High
Ilolboni, W.C]
The conditions of success in this are — (1) those of
all successful cultivation, namely, that the soil to be
sown be well tilled, and clean and dry ; (2) that it be,
although as deeply cultivated as may be, yet firm
throughout, the result as much of the lapse of time
enough since its last deep ploughing as of surface
rolling ; (.3) that there be a suflicient quantity of line
mould to cover the seed raised on this firm soil by
harrowing ; (4) that good seed, clean, and of the right
sorts and tiuantity, be sown and covered in at such a
time as shall ensure the establishment of the young
plants before any great trial, whether by drought or
frost, comes on them; and (3) that in the subsequent
treatment justice be done to the plants themselves
whose permanent produce you desire, and to the soil
which feeds them, through whose constant fertiUty
that produce alone can be obtained.

Lessons for guidance in order to produce a good
younsr pastm-e may be learned from the study of an old
one. A Grass field may be a worthless weed-bed, or it
may be full of most valuable agricultural plants in
constant and luxuriant growth. If waterlogged, how-
ever sown, it will soon become full of sedge and rush,
and the Grasses and Clovers will die out. If mo\vn
late every year, the plants thus allowed to seed will
soon till the land, which, perpetually robbed, can no
longer feed or yield the finer Grasses. And Mr. Lawes'
experiments have shown that even difi'erent styles of
manuring, persistently continued for a course of years,
will ultimately altogether alter the cliaraoter of the
pasture. Manures containing nitrogen, as ammoniacal
salts and nitrates, tend to the promotion of true
Grasses ; while bones and lime, and other mineral or
earthy fertilisers, tend rather to the growth of Clovers.
And the farmer knows that the character of his
Grass land is really iu his own hands, without any
help from the seedsman. His meadoves mown every
year get covered with a very different set of plants
from his home pastures, constantly fed off with sheep
and cattle foddered on them. Tlie lesson of all this
experience is that, having once sown down your
land, or having received it, pei-haps, sown down
long years before, so that it has long been a
permanent pasture, its condition depends upon its
treatment by the cultivator. So lon^ as that treat-
ment and the consequent condition oi the land as to
richness, dryness, and cleanness remain unaltered, no
use of " renovating " Grass seeds will avail one bit.
So long as it is undrained, unlimed, unfed, it will
remain a poor wet meadow, and you may harrow out
the Moss and spread earthy compost and bush in a lot
of good seed, but it will all ultimately be lost labour ;
the field will revert to the condition you complain of,
unless the condition of its soil be first altered, and it
be drained and manured according to the need of the
plants you want to grow (after these conditions are
fulfilled, you may bush in 10 to 121b. of our renovating
mixture per acre with profitable results).^ Drain your
poor wet pasture, apply composts containing lime and
dung, .add bone-dust either in quantity as they do in
Cheshire, or in solution as superphosphate of lime, and
feed the land with cake-fed cattle and sheep, and you
will find that the small and worthless annual Meadow
Grass (Poa annua), the Quaking Grass (Briza media),
the soft Brome Grass or "Lop" (Bromus mollis), the
surface Couch or Marsh Bent Grass (Agrostis stoloni-
fera). Sedges and Bushes, &c., will disappear, and their
places will be taken by better sorts of Poa, and by
Pescues, Timothy, and other good nutritious Gra.sses.
This has been found to be the case at Braydon, AVilts,
by Mr. Ruck, whose experience is described in the
secondvolume of the Journal of the English Agricultural
Society; and it has been found in almost every change
of the tenancy of Grass-land all over the country.

AH this proves the need of getting the laud on which
it is desired to obtain a permanent pasture into satis-
factory condition before you sow it. If wet it should
be drained— if foul with weeds it should be fallowed^
if poor it should go through a restorative course of
cropping— if either upon sand or clay it should be
limed. We can hardly imagine better preliminary
treatment than a succession of two-year green crops,
the last one fed off by cake-fed .sheep. Suppose a foul
stubble to be pared and burned in early autumn-
scarified and harrowed, and the rootweeds again
collected and burned, then ploughed deeply in land up
and do^vn the slope the width of the interval required
betw'een the drams. Drains should then be dug and
laid about 4 feet deep, and the land left during Avinter.
In the spring let it be cross-ploughed, and a heavy
dressing of dung led on, and a Potato crop taken.
After this, in the autumn, let the land be limed, the
lime being covered with a shallow ploughing ; and in
the spring let deep and thorough cultivation with a
heavy dressing of bone-dust or of guano secure a good
Turnip crop, and let this be fed off with sheep receivin_
also hay and cake. A shallow ploughing immediately
after the sheep-fold should be undisturbed for a month
or so, and the land may then be harrowed down to
receive the Grass seeds to be sown in March.

What these seeds should he may be very well deter
mined by examining any good pastures on such land in
the neighbourhood. The difficulty in the way of deter-
mining this lies in the fact that good pastures are
always eaten well down ; but if a portion be allowed
to grow up to seed, it will be found that, along with a
considerable quantity of Clovers, the Fescues, Lolium,
or Rye-grass, one or two Poas, perhaps a little Timothy,
Cocksfoot, and Foxtail, and one or two others, furnish
the Grasses of the field ; and accordingly 2 bushels of
mixed Grass and 12 lb. mixed Clovers per acre of such
geeds as these are recommended in our seed-list as

proper for obtaining a good plant in order to permanent
pasture. Ten or 12 lb. altogether of the larger-leaved
IPescues, as much of Perennial Rye-grass, 1 or 2 lb.
apiece of Timothy, Cocksfoot, Foxtail, the sweet-
scented Vernal-grass, and of the Poas, making about
2 bushels in all ; this and 12 lb. of Clover seeds, of the
best perennial kinds, will make sufficient seeding for
an acre. If the land be very stilT, it may be necessary
to sow rather a larger quantity of the Grass seeds
than is named above, and this is to be done by increasing
the quantity of Fo.xtail, Cocksfoot, and Timothy, also
of the Fescues (except F. rubra, which is a light-land
plant). The land ploughed after the sheep-fold, a
month before the seed-time, has probably received a
sliower or two since then, and has got firm together.
It must be harrowed down level, and an inch or more
of fine loam earth has thus been raised upon it. The
roller should then go over it, and the seed-barrow
following, first with the Grass seeds mixed and then
with the Clover ; scatter the whole evenly. It will be
best covered lightly in by either the bush or chain-
harrow, and may be again rolled lightly and left.

Almost all experience proves that Grass seeds are
best sown without a grain crop taken in the midst of
it during the first year. If sown in autumn (and if
the green crop is late of being eaten off, it will be
better to let the land lie over during the heat of
summer and sow in the end of August or in September)
then the plant will be established before winter, and
there will he a good crop next year.

Although you have thus got the land covered with a
good coat of so-called permanent and perennial plants,
yet they will be neither permanent nor perennial unless
treated according to their nature and needs. The seed
may be alive and good and true, as evidenced by the
coating of young plants which it has produced, but
unless these plants find the circumstances which their
nature requires, they will die. And it is here that so
many disappointments happen. The reason why a
good old pasture is firmly established (though even it
may be ruined by mismanagement), while of the same
plants one year old in a field close by it is so doubtful
whether they will last above a year or two, is, no
doubt, that Poa, Festuca; Dactylis, Lolium, and
Trifolium there find the circumstances whicli they
need; while here these circumstances have not been
provided. One great difference between the young
field and the old no doubt is the greater firmness and
solidity of the soil about the roots, and another, arising
out of the different age of the plants, depends on the
way in which the whole mass of soil beneath the older
pasture is permeated by roots, so that the whole of the
inner surface of the soil is laid under requisition for
the nourishment of the plants, whereas the younger
pasture is fed only by the fewer mouths of a compara-
tively undeveloped system of roots.

The seedsman merely supplies good seed ; and if the
land is ordinarily prepared for it, lie can guarantee a
coating of young plants ; but his offices very soon come
to an end. The feeding of the young plants is what the
fiirmer must attend to, or the plants will die, however
good the seed has been. To this end he must first fill the
land, as we have said, with the food it wants, and then
he must do all in his power to develope the growth of
the roots. To this end he sliould allow the leaf to feed
them. It may be an injury to some of the less
permanent sorts to allow them to come to seed, but it
certainly injures them to continually crop them close
by sheep. The best plan is, as Mr. Thompson has
found in his experience, to let it stand for an early
crop of hay, cutting it before the seed has formed in
the earliest of the Grasses; then, after applying a
coating of farmyard dung, and then for some years
pasturing it with cattle, taking care during the first
few years to let only young stock in, until the turf is
close and strong enough to bear the treading of heavy
cattle. If young stock be pastured for a year or two,
and receive other food along with their Grass, and if
the droppings be constantly spread, the land will be
benefited by the treading, and the plants, gradually
growing in strength below the surface, will throw up
constantly au increasing produce of leaf and stem above
the surface.

It is well to bear in mind what the chemist now
makes a great point of, and what the farmer has long
since known, that the fertility of the land, as seen in
au abundant growth of plants, depends not more on
the quantity than upon the accessibility of the food for
plants which it contains. An old Gr.ass-field has not
been manured for years, but maintains its abundant
annual produce, while a piece of plough-land, filled
with dung and sown down with Grass seeds, fails in a
year or two : and one reason no doubt is, that time,
weather, worms, years of rain have so distributed and,
as it were, digested the vegetable food the former holds,
that every part of it contains ready-made nourishment
for the roots of Grasses ; whereas the latter, containing
crude lumps of dung scattered amongst equally
unbroken masses of impoverished earth, does not afford
so uniform or so accessible a store of what the plants
require, hence some die, and the Grass-field becomes
patchy. No doubt time will remedy this, and so we
find it does, and Grass-lands improve again after a few
years' interval of poverty. But that interval might be
abridged, or perhaps altogether hindered, if more care
were taken to thoroughly incorporate the food of plants
with the land before sowing. The two years' well-
cultivated green crop we have recommended tends to
this, and afterwards, in any dressings, let care be taken
that they be presented in well-mixed compost, or
actually dissolved in water, so that every portion of
the land may be helped.

1. Table of Facto Regarding Grasses.

Botanical Name.

Agrostis stolonif era . .
Alopeeui-us pratensis
Aira ctespitosa
Anthoxanthum odonitum .
Arrhenatherura avenaceum .
Cynosurus cristatus . .
Dactylis glomemta . .
Elj'mus arenarius
Festuca duriuscula . .
F. elatior
F. heterophylla

F. ovina

F. pratensis

F. rubra ,

llolcus lanatus
H. mollis
Lolium perenno
L. italicum
Phleum pr.atenso
Poa ncmoi-alis , .

P. pratensis

P. trivi.alis

Psamma

Ti-isetum flavescens . .
Achillea Millefolium . .
Cichoriurn intybus . .
Lotus comiculatus . .
L. major

Medieago lupulina
M. sativa
Onobrychis sativa
Plantago lauceolata . .
Potei-ium Sanguisorba
Trifolium hybridum . .

T. pratense

T. repens

[Soil preferred by it.

Moist places . .
Stiff soils
Moist moors . .

Sands

Dry gravels
Lawns . .
Deep rich soils
Sea coasts
Dry pastures . .

Clays

Adhesive soils . .

Light do.

Moist do.

Light dry soils

Moory soils

Light sands

All soils

All soils

Warm cl.ays

Shaded woody spots .

Light and dry . .

Sea coast
Dry cool

Loam . .
Dry places
Moist places . .
Inferior soils . .
Calcareous loam
Chalky soils . .

Chalks .
Loam .

Weight

Seeds per lb.

Proportion per acre

Time of

per bushel.

so\vn m mixtures.

flowering.

lbs.

No.

lbs.

13

8,000,000

1

May

5

1,200,000

1 to 2

,,

14

2,000,000

1

8

1,100,000

2 to 3

April

7

320,000

4 to 5*

M.ay

28

440,000

6"

June

12

600,000

3 to 6

May

11

37,000

10*

12

640,000

2 to 3

Jime

14

320,000

2 to 4

10

620,000

1 to 2

,,

14

100,000

1 to 2

May

20

42,000

2 to 6

Jimc

12

02,000

!

M.iy

7

1,500,000

1'

July

C

130,000

4*

18 to 30

240,000

10 to 12

June

15 to 20

400,000

6

44

1,200,000

2 to 4

,,

15

2,700,000

2 to 3

13

3,800,000

2 to 3

June

15

3,400,000

2 to 3

15

160,000

8 to 10 »

5i

1,800,000

1

30

3,000,000

I

32

336,000

1 to 2*

62

500,000

i to 1

04

800,000

1 to 1

..

63

250,000

1 to 2

60

200,000

26

21,000

50

2.50,000

25

53,000

2?

6;s

72,000

2 to 3

64

250,000

3 to 4

65

512,000

2 to 4

The Grasses and other plants marked thus * are sown only under pai-ticular circumstances, or for special purposes.

2. Management of Yowiri Pastures. — Mr. Thompson's ex-
perience of the management of young pastures is described by
him as follows :— " .... since making a rule rigidly to exclude
sheep for some years from newly-laid Grass during the season
of active growth, I have never had a failure, though I have
twice had occasion, for local reasons, to lay down fields of
which the soil was strong clay. The method which I have
found to answer best has been to sow a liberal allowance of
Grass seeds suited for the district, with a sprinkling of the
Ijcst Clovers ; to sow them with a crop of Wheat (one of the
short-strawed varieties) ; to mow the first year, and as soon as
the hay is removed to give a good dressing of farmyard-
manure, and then for some years pasture it with cattle,
beginning for the first year or two with yormg stock, until the
turf is close and strong enough to bear the treading of heavy
cattle. If farmyard-manure^ is not to be had, 3 cwt. of best
Pei-uvian guano per aci'e will prove a toleiuble substitute,
though by no means equal to the former. For some years a
newly-laid pasture will, unless the land be of very superior
quality, require assistance from time to time to keep it in an
improving state ; an occasional dressing of farmyard-manure
is, of coui-se, the best, but as this is rarely obtainable in
sufficient quantity, it must be eked out by other means.
One of the cheapest and most effective plans is to employ
an old man with a donkey-cart to go round the
pastures collecting the droppings of the cattle and
making them into a compost with road-scrapings,

ditch-cleanings, &c. : when these sources fail, the droppings
must be mixed with ordinary soil, avoiding i^and, gi-avel, and
lime. If a manure-collector be once appointed, numerous odds
and ends of fertilising substances will be found available,
which would individually be worth little, and which are now
wasted because the regular staff of the farm are all engaged,
and to take off one horse and man woidd often stop a plough
or weaken a gang of labourers, so as materially to interfere
with more important operations. But the collection of manure
should be incessant. The droppings of horses and cattle,
especially if collected fresh, form a very important source of
compost, and the improvement to the pasture is twofold :
first, iu the saving of that whicli is otherwise to a great
extent wasted ; secondly, by the cleansing of the pasture and
the much more uniform gi'azing of tlie cattle when the
droppings are not allowed to remain and produce coarse tufts
for some months after. In collecting materials for compost it
should be borne in mind that all plants contain more or less
of the elements requii-ed for the gi-owth of the Grasses, and
tbat Thistles and other succulent weeds, if mown and covered
vrith soil whilst still fresh and sappy, materially assist in
improving the heap, both by the fertilising elements which
they contain, and also by the fermentation which they induce.
This fermentation mellows and disintegrates the soil, and also
fills its minute pores with gaseous matters, the result of the
decomposition of the vegetable and animal compounds, of
which the compost should be partially composed, AU

Januart 19, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGR1CULTURAI> GAZETTE.

61

comnost should bo turned and well mixed, onoo at loast. Tho
timo that it should bo left boforn and after turnnifif will
doncnd entirely on the materials of which it is composed. As
a coneral rule, huwovor, it may be assumed that the droppings
of cattle, mixed with road scrapinRs, will bo ready for use
duruiK the winter after their collection : but it rougher
materials he used, 12 months will probably be requn-ed to
lirhig tho heap into the friable state which is desirable. I
attai'h particular importance to this colloction of voEetablo
nionld for top-dressing newly-laid Grass land."

being prepared for an omerptency and ehowing tho
strong arm.

I know there are some landlords to whom the fore-
RoinK romarks do not apply, and there are otlier.s who
salisl'y tlioir oonsoiences that they do their dnty to
their' Irish property hy .ipending a portion of each year
on it. lint when do llioy do it ?— at a .season ^yhcn tlio
weather and sporting ;iro most inviting. A tenant,
therefore, with any winimon .sense, would not l)oro a
landlord at sncli a time with his griov.anccs on
matters of business, more especially if ho is
surrounded by his sporting friends, as is generally tho
case. Ho, therefore, puts on his best behaviour, gives a
polite bow and smile, and says, " Welcome, your honour,
1 hope your honour is well ; " and the landlord, after
exchanging a fciy civilities, passes on, and fancies all is
well ; and so he returns home, sometimes congratulating
himself how satisfactorily everything is going on on
his Irish estate, or, on tho otlicr hand, sometimes
instructing his agent to give notice to all his tenants
to quit because two or three unfortunate ones have
burnt a portion of his mountain (in order to get more
Grass for their stock), or have not preserved sufficient
game to satisfy his desire for sport.

I do not find a residence in Ireland during the -nlnter
so unbearable a.s it was generally represented to me,
but, on tho other liand, very healthy and enjoyable ;
where I am writing from, near the sea on tlie west
coast, tlic tliermoraetcr has only once been so low as 28'
up to tho 1st of J.anuary, wliile frequently during
the last month it has stood at .59' for several hours in
the day. The rainfall during the last five months has
been: for Angu.st, -ISA inches; September, G.K>;
October, 3.30 ; November, 4 01 ; Decemljer, 4.85. AVe
get many rough stormy days, but seldom one without
a portion of sunshine; no fogs or intermediate weather,
and when it does not rain, the evaporation is far
greater than in any part of England known to me.

AYith regard to Emigration, I am at a loss to conceive
how any practical man can say that it has been
anything but beneficial, and must continue so a.s long
as in an.v part of Ii-eland an able-bodied labourer can
be found to work for l.s. per day; nor do I ever antici-
pate a very satisfactory state of things until it reaches
double that sum ; then the whole Land question would
be changed. I know numbers of small tenants who

. ^vould l)c anxious to give up their occupations at once

who diil'er from her, devoting the time and talents now | f,ir constant employment at 12*. per week. Then would
too often given to religious controversy to visiting, ' be the time that English capital (so much needed) I
comforting, and relieving, as far as in their power, the , would flow into the country. I have heard it said that

the Irishman will not work. I believe he will, and ,
better than the Englishman, if he feels he is paid fairly i
for it ; but he, as well as myself, has yet to learn
whether a man gains or loses most by sitting over a '
good fire all day with his few Potatos to eat, or exposing |
himself to all sorts of weather and working hard for Is.
per day. Perhaps this would be a fair question for |
some scientific Professoi-. I

I fear I have exceeded the ordinary limits of such a
letter as this, though I would gladly have enlarged
upon each suliject, or spoken of others more purely
aariculturnl. John ]}. Spearing, Seamount House,
Newport, Mai/o, Jan. 3, 1807.

CONDITION OF lEELAND.

AJtONG the many topics which have gone to fill up
our public journals or to form subjects for speeches at
piiblu; meetings iluring the last year or two, the wants
ol' Ireland liave oeiaiiiied a large share of atten-
tion. One day wo hear that tlie Church is at fault,
anotlier that a Tenant-right Bill would put things
straight and reconcile a disall'octed population ; some
speak of emigration as beneficial, while others think the
contrary ; another says that landlord absenteeism is one
of the first causes of all that is unsatisfactory, and so
we may go on multiplying want upon want until we
find a list fearful to contemplate.

In writing this letter I have not tho slightest inteti-
(i..n of setting my views or opinions before or in
eniilradirtion to any of those whose experience and
k now ledge of the wants of Ireland must bo far greater
than my own, for I have only spent the greater
portion "of tho last two or three years in Ire-
land, and that principally in the west. I will give a
slalemcnt of my views on matters, and speak of things
as they liave presented themselves to me, more as
an observer than as ono who professes to know or
to teach.

To begin, then, with the vexed subject of Religion, I
cannot but deplore that there is such rivalry and party
spirit bet\yecn Koman Catholics and Protestants; it
must be a great drawback to the improvement or
development of the resources of any country. I believe
very many good and consistent characters are to be
found in each body, and in both there are not wanting
those who are a disgrace to any profession ; the great
want of truthfulness and straightforward dealing is not
confined to either. One would like to see the Esta-
blished Church doing her own work thoroughly, with
more of Christian love and less of enmity towards those

280 square yards; a few larch poles fixed upright on
old stone railway sleepers support tho roof, which is
made of hoards covered with felting, and gas tarred.
About one-sixth of the floor, or 4.5 square yards^ is
occupied with a hot hearth on which the earth is dried.
This hot hearth is simply a brick floor, laid over a series
of small flues issuing at ono end from the furnace or
lire box, and terminating at the other in a l.argo
common flue and chimney. I have up to the present
timo employed ono snjieruitendenl, two labourers, and
one carter with a, cart aTui hnrse, and_we have now tjio
system in operation in .'10 enninion privies, which afford
accommodation to about 200 families, and seven or
eight small places for single families; in one cotton
mill, whore there are about 170 " hands " emjiloyed ; in
an iron foundry, where there are 180 men ; in a large
waggon works establishment, of about 350 men ; in the
Uoy.-il (Ir.nnmar Si'hool, with its 180 boys; in St.
Thomas's Nalional Schools, where there are in average
attendani'e.'ilOiduldreu ; and in the Castle of Ijancaster,
\vhere it has been tried for 12 cells occupied by male
prisoners. In no case have we had any complaint.— on
the contrary, the system, after having had a fair trial, is
pronounced to be successful, public attention has been
drawn to its value and importance, and confidence in
its eflioioncy is daily increasing. I have letters from
dilfereut parties confirmatory of the truth of these
statements; and I can tridy say that many places
which were most filthy and pestilentiid, are now quite
clean and free from ba<l sincdls, whilst the poor people
who liye around and make use of them, appreciate
with thankfulness the comfort of the change.

As yet no pans have been used, only the ash-pits have
been covered in from the rain-water, and the c.xere-
mentitious deposit covered with earth once or twice a
day by the scavenger who enters the pit with his spado
for that purpose, and when there is a sufficient
accumulation of earth and manure, it is all removed at
any time of the day, without offensive smell or annoy-
ance to any one. The ashes are not thrown into the
pit. but put into a bin outside by themselves.

The cost up to the present time has been as follows :
— Drying shed, with furnace and all complete, 140Z.
The current expenses from the 1st January to the
13th October, 1866, have been :—
In wages for three men ^vith assistance when

necessar;', and including the superintendent's

wants and necessities of those around them. In dealin:
with both parties in my capacity as a land agent I have
pursued but one course, treatmg all alike, giving no
preference or favour to one more than another, forming
my own opinion of each by their truthfulness, honesty ,_
and general consistency of character, irrespective of
profession. Hitherto I have had no cause to regret the
course I have imrsued.

Before proceeding with the next question of Tenant-
right I will stop to notice a great want that here
presents itself, viz. some good public paper sufliciently
mdependent to speak out, bringing public opinion to
bear on all matters here as is done in England, and to
show things as they really exist. I have great faith in
the power which public opinion has in remedying
public evils.

Tenant-right is a subject very difficult to treat
practically, and more so to legislate upon without
infringing too much upon the right of private property.

wages . . ....

In soil, cost, and carting

£103 !1 8
••- n G
1 13 0

In gypsum, carriage

cost

..£2 1
..4 0

8)
111

say

0 2 2
24 0 0

In coals . . ....

In repairs and sundries

12 0 0
1 16 11

£23S 14 3

EARTH CLOSETS.
A p.iPEE on this subject was read at the Leamington
Congress, October 20, on the Dry-earth experiment
made at Lancaster, 1866, by Wm. J. Garnett, Esq.,

A Billthat would give to the tenant compensation for from wdiich we make the following extracts :•
any permanent improvement he might make during I In the autumn of last year, the Mayor of Lancaster
his tenancy, either in the erection of useful and and the olhcers of the Board of Health, alarmed by the
necessary buildings, or efl'ectual draining, reclaiming threatened approacli of cholera, became strongly
of land, .and making good roads and fences, which should impressed with the necessity of removing, as far as in
be certified and valued by a practical referee appointed them lay, all nuisances within the limits of their .luris-
hy Government for that 'purpose (in case the landlord diction, and a thorough inspc-tion of the town was
and tenant could not agree), would be no great hard- systemalacally undertaken. It was found, as might be
ship upon the landlord, particularly if the owners of expected, that though ])ossessing a good supply of
entailed estates were empowered to borrow money for , excellent ivater, which had been brought from a distance
the purpose; but a Bill that would compensate the at very consider.able cost some .years ago, the inhabitants

tenant for every outlay he may fancy to make, either
in the erection of buildings, fences, injudicious drain-
ing or reclaiming of land, executed on no acknowledged

of most of the lo^yer class of houses were still unpro
vided with water-closets, and that even in many oases
where they had been introduced, they w-ere not properly

system, and lyithout regard to the geological features l used, and were often liable to get out of order, whilst
of the soil, would be positively vinjust, compelling a \ most of the old-lashioued privies and ash-pits were in
landlord to pay for that which was no advantage to \ a very filthy and oll'cnsive condition. About the same
him, but in many instances an ob.struction Avhen a ! time that tliis investigation was going on in Lancaster,
eneral improvement upon an extensive scale had to 1 I had been called upon as one of a Committee of Visit

be carried out. If tenants as a general rule were
posses.sed of ample capital, I believe they could and do
in many cases make their own terms more satisfactorily
than the Legislature could, but the great want of
capital in the hands of tenants makes them too
dependent to do this, and their case may be considered
as an exception to the general rule.

That; Landlord Absenteeism is one of the fruitful
sources of much that is unsatisfactory no one who has
spent the last two months in Ireland can doubt. One
landlord at his post would have had more power to
restore confidence to a fear-stricken tenantry than any
military force. That the tenants and peasantry of
Ireland as a class are disloyal or disaffected I do not
believe ; they are both timid and credulous, and with
no advisers around them they are in too many instances
an easy prey to those who would create disturbances.
"What would become of an English parish if deserted
by the influential inhabitants for five months in the
winter, and visited by some agent for mischief with
plenty of money in his pocket to be spent at the
public-house ? Could not many of its inhabitants be
turned into almost fiends'^ What wonder then, when
whole districts are left to the mercy of such agents,
that some should be found listening to words of sedition
or treason, or joining the ranks of the disafi'ected ; or if
any disturbance took iplace that had the prospect of
being successful, that whole masses .should join (more
from fear than choice), only too anxious to be on the
strongest side ? Hence the wisdom of Government in

ing Ju15tices of a large county lunatic asylum in the
immediate neighbourhood of the town, to look into the
sewage arrangements of that institution, and had made
a report upon the subject, in which, besides suggesting
certain other remedies for existing evils, I had referreil
to ^vhat I considered to be the valuable discovery of
Mr. Moule respecting dry-earth as a deodoriser and
absorbent of excrement and other offensive matter.
The report was published in the local newspapers, and
the authorities of Lancaster, influenced by the twin,
but to a certain extent conflicting, motives of a desire
to purify the town, and at the same time economise the
supply of water placed at their disposal, applied to me
for further information respecting the dry-earth system.
I told them all I knew about it, which at that time
amounted to very little, but I was so impressed with
its importance, and luad so long entertained strong
views as to the waste of manure, and the pollution ot
our rivers, caused by our modern water system, that I
otfered to undertake at my own expense an experiment
for 12 months with the dry e.arth on the simple con-
ditions that they would allow me the use of one of
their fields for the purpose of erecting a shed for storing
and drying the earth, and that if it should become in
anv ivay a nuisance I should at once remove it.

After some little negotiation, the arrangement was
concluded upon this basis, and by the 1st of January
last, I had got all ready and in working order.

Tho shed I put up is of the simplest construction,
81 feet long by 31 feet wide, and covers an area of about

The total quantity of earth manure delivered since
1st January hai; been 400 tons, which, at the moderate
estimate oi' 10.?. ]ier ton, equals 200/. I have tried it
with very good effect on Grass land, also with Turnips
and Potatos, and one gentleman, wdio took some on
trial for a crop of Turnips, gives me his opinion, that it
is certainly worth 12.s. 6d. a ton. I have seen bis
Turnips, and those wdiich are grown with this manure
are much superior to those grown with common farm-
yard manure. The quantity used was in both cases
the same.

As yet, however, we cannot speak with any certainty
on this point, but it will be easily understood that the
cost in an experiment of this kind is the greatest at
first, and that as tlie men learn to understand the
business and become familiar with the routine course
of proceeding, the same quantity of manure will be
produced at less expenditure both of labour and of
dried earth, than when all was new- and untried. ■ We
commence with the practice of drying the earth after
being <nice used, but so far our experience of this plan
of re-drying is not encouraging. The process is more
or less offensive, it costs fuel, and takes up room on
the hot floor and in the shed, and after all is done, the
deodorising and absorbent properties of the earth are so
far from being restored that we do not think it worth
the trouble and expense entailed.

The dilheulties in the way of a general adoption of
the system are no doubt manifold, but I do not think
there are any ndiioh ought to prove insuperable. First
and foromos't come the prejudices of our people, and
tho reluctance, not an unnatural one, to admit that
after all our legislation and expenditure of money, the
water system is not only imperfect, but in some impor-
tant respects a failure and n mistake. It does, however,
offend against two old-fashioned and homely precepts
wdiich cannot be neglected with impunity. The one is,
" W.a.ste not, want not," and the other, "So use your
own as not to hurt your neighbours." • If we were not
a very rich and, therefore, a very extravagiint people,
we should not have despised the first, and if human
nature was not very selfish we should never have
forgotten the second.

lint prejudice must yield in the end to truth and
sound principle. I felt, therefore, that it would bo
quite worth while to bring to the test of actual experi-
ment on a large scale this use of dry earth, and that if
it could be shown to be capable of dealing with and
disposing of some of the sanitary problems of the day,
there would be found some men amongst us who would
condescend to look into the matter for themselves and
treat it in a fair and dispassionate spirit.

The mechanical difficulties, as I may call them, do
not, I think, amount to much, or need cause serious
misgiving. The plan can only be introduced by degrees,
and if on" trial it should appear feasible and profitable
and so become popular, experience and a readiness to
co-operate, will soon dispose of objections and obstacles
wdiich have no solid foundation. The further develop-
ment of the system in all its detailsmust be a matter of
time, actual experiment, and careful consideration.

It only remains for me to name some of the benefits

62

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONIOLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Januaet 19, 1867.

which would immediately follow its general adoption.
An immense amount of valuable manure would no
longer be lost to the country, but made available for
the fertilising of our fields. Taking the moderate
estimate of 6s. as the annual value per individual, it
will be readily admitted that it is quite worth our
while to put a stop, if possible, to the present waste ;
our wells would be no longer poisoned, and our brooks
and rivers would be once more clear and well stocked
with fish — in itself a valuable addition to our sources of
food and national wealth. The sanitary condition and
the moral tone of our population would be materially
raised, and immense sums of money which it is now
proposed to lay out in vast schemes of extended water-
works might be saved for more profitable uses. Bala
Lake would not be wanted to clean out the impurities
of an improvident Liverpool, and the shade of Words-
worth might rest in peace, whilst Windermere would
continue to flow on with clear and limpid stream to
the neighbouring ocean, instead of being taken 250
miles to help to supply the ever increasing demands
and wash away tlie dirt of our modern Babylon.

Home Correspondence.

TifJie Commutation : Septennial Averages. — As many
of your readers may feel anxious to know the result of
the corn averages for the seven years to Christmas, 1866,
published in the London Gazette of this day, viz. : —

Wheat . . ..6s. li^d. per impevial bushel.

Barley . . ..is. 3d. ditto,

Oats 2s. 9'iU. ditto,

I beg to state for their information that each 1001. of
tithe rent-charge will for the year 1867 amount to
9Sl. 1.3s. 3d., or about IJ per cent, more than last year.
The following statement from my Annual Tithe Com-
mutation Tables will show the worth of 1002. of tithe
rent-charge for each of the following years : —

1865.
1866.

isor .

98

13

d.

or

7

9i

98

1.3

3

& s. d.

1861 .. .; 112 3 4S

1862 .. .. 109 13 6

1863 .. .. 107 5 2
1804 .. .. 103 3 lOj
If we include the whole period of 31 years elapsed
since the passing of the Tithe Commutation xict, it
will be found that the general -average value of 100^
tithe rent-charge amounts to 1002. 16a'. 2.^^. Charles
M. WilUch, late Aduari/, JJnioersitij Life Assurance
Society, 2, Montpelier Square, Rutland Gate, S. Ti^.,
January 8, 1867.

Taxes on Land. — I thank your American corre-
spondent, Mr. Such, for his answer to my inquiry
(p. 14), and I think that this answer ought, at once and
for ever, to dispel the notion so prevalent in this
countrj^, that our landowners have the chief influence
in making laws, and that they have used this influ-
ence exclusively to their own advantage. The farm
worth 10,000 dollars would, I presume, be worth about
600 dollars a-year rent, or, to bring the figures into
English money, as it is a mere question of proportion,
we may say that a farm of 600/. a-year would in New
Jersey pay direct taxes to the amount of lU. Now it
is quite clear that no land in England is let otf so
easily. I have myself a farm of 7002. a-year, but the
taxation, instead of 18/., somewhat exceeds 200/., and,
in addition to this, there is an income-tax both on the
landlord and the farmer. It is true that the greater
part of this farm, being within the limits of a borough,
IS taxed heavier than some others, but, on the other
hand, the part so situated is free of land-tax, tithe, and
church-rates, so'that much need not be said on that
score. Altogether we see that the public burdens on
land are, in this landlord-ruled (?) country, infinitely
greater than in America, although the latter country
not only, like ourselves, pays the interest of their
heavy debt, but, unlike ourselves, is rapidly paying it
oS. G.S.

Farmers' Clubs.

Centkal.— The following subjects for discussion
have been announced for the coming session :—

Proposed by
Feb. 4.— The Abolitionof Turnpikes, "1 Sir G. S. Jenkinson,

and Provision for Pay- [■ Bart., Eastwood Park,

ment of Trust Debts j Berkeley.
Mar. 4.— Emigration— What to do, { Rev. E. Smithies,

and Where to go . . ) Hathem Rectory,

Lou;;hborougb.
Aprill,— The Desirability of a Board \ Mr. J. A. Nockolds,

of Agriculture — As a |_ Stort Lodge, Bishop's

Government Depart- I Stortford.

ment )

May 6. — TheBest Means of Harvest- (^

ing Crops |

Nov. 4.— The Man.igement of Benefit) Mr. C. Howard, Bidden-

Societies in Rural Dis- - ham, Bedford.

tricts j

Dec. 9.— The Present Aspect oflMr. J. A. Clahke, Long

Steam Cultivation . . J Sutton, Wisbech.
*#* The discussions will commence at half-past
5 o'clock p.jt. There are no meetings in January,
June, July, August, September or October.

ClEENCESTEB : Turnpike ZViufe.— Atarecentmeeting
of this Club, Sir M. E. Hicks-Beach, Bart., M.P., read a
paper on this subject, which we abridge as follows: —
He said : You are all, of course, aware that many years
since — I suppose more than a century ago— the roads
of this country were little better than tracks. At
about the time that coaches were first established, and
traflic really began to be developed, larger roads were
found necessary, and these were first formed between
the principal towns. In many places, to make and
maintain these roads. Government advanced large
sums of money. The Holyhead road was an instance
of that kind. In other cases, large sums of money
were borrowed by mortgage of the tolls, and by erecting
turnpike-gates on the roads, to oblige traflic
that passed that way to pay ; for it was felt reasonable
and right that those who used the roads should pay for
them. In this way many trusts were estabUshed in

the country ; and I think during that time, and for
many years afterwards. Parliament seemed rather to
have neglected to inquire whether it was advisable
that any particular road should be managed by a trust
or not. They simply allowed a trust to be established
when applied for ; so that at one time there existed
as many 1100 different trusts in the country. On
the establishment of a trust, the tolls were mortgaged
for a certain number of years ; and on this term coming
to an end, it was re-allowed without any difficulty ;
but, of late years, all trusts whose original terms have
expired are placed together under an Act passed yearly
for that purpose, and are continued for one year and
to the end of the next session of Parliament. So they
go on from year to year until the debt of any one trust
is paid off; and it is then put into the schedule of this
Act, and ceases at the end of the year. Up to the
present time, a good many debts have been arranged ;
but that has been done by reducing the rate of intetest,
and fixing a term of years in which the whole shall be
paid off. There h.ave been comparatively few cases in
which the debts have been paid off, and the trusts have
termin.ated altogether ; but in an Act which was passed
last July there are no less than 133 trusts named in the
whole country which will cease — absolutely cease — by
November, 1867, and the repairs of the roads fall on the
parishes through which they pass, unless some altera-
tion in the present law is made. This has. of course,
led those who are more directly interested in these
trusts to consider upon whom the burden of repairing
roads will fall when gates are abolished. Under the
present system, if these 133 trusts should cease, an
injustice would be done to particular parishes ; and it
is well to consider it beforehand, and to try to guard
against it.

You all doubtless know that there was a dis-
cussion on this subject at the last Gloucester
quarter sessions; and Sir George Jenkinson brought
forward a resolution urging the abolition of turn-
pike tolls, and the adoption of a county rate, adding
that the debt which now exists should be paid
by a loan from Government, on the security of the
county rates. That was rather a^ sweeping proposal ;
and I do not think it quite met with the approbation
of the court. W^e often hear it said that tolls are
doomed, and must be abolished. We ought also to
inquire why they are doomed, and why they should be
abolished ? I think that a few figures which I have put
together with regard to the county of Gloucester will
show you the reason for objecting to tolls. In this
county, the sum actually paid to the trustees of the
different roads is 40,000/. a-year. To that I think we
may add at least 6 per cent, as the profit which the
lessees get out of the tolls. That gives a sum of
2400/. per year. We must also add the livelihood
of persons living at the different gates, which we
cannot estimate at less than 700/. a-year. There
are 285 toll-houses in the county, and it has
been computed by the best authorities that they
cannot return to the occupiers less than 25/. a year
each. These sums, added to the 40,000/. paid to the
trustees, makes a total of nearly 50,000/. a-year,
besides which, 1000/. a-year is paid by the parishes
towards the repair of the roads in the county,
which increases the amount paid yearly to about
51,000/. Now, out of that 51,000/. paid annually for
the maintenance of the turnpike-roads in this county,
only 28,000/. goes in actual repairs. You see it is little
more than half Of that amount 2842/. is spent in
" miscellanies," which mean, I imagine, improvements,
repairs to bridges, and other matters which do not
strictly come within the contract for repairs. Then
the salaries of surveyors and clerks amount to 3242/.
a-year. But the main point I wish to impress upon
you is, that while 51,000/. is paid by the public for the
repair of the roads, only 28,000/. is devoted to that
object. On the other hand, it is only fair to con-
sider a very strong argument in favour of tolls.
There can be no doubt whatever that they catch people
who ought to pay for the repair of the roads— those
who use them. I will give you a strong instance
of this : — Mr. Peach, who lives in Derbyshire, gave
evidence before a Parliamentary Committee on this
subject, and he stated that there was one colliery in his
own district rated at 700/. a-year, and which returned
a yearly produce of 20,000 tons. Now, 20,000 tons
passing through the turnpike, at a toll of 4rf. per ton,
produced 330/., which amount he contributed towards
the repair of the roads over which his coal passed ; but
substitute for the present system of tolls a id. rate, and,
taking the rateable value of that colliery at 700/., you
would get only 12/. a year. But, on the other
hand, it may well be said that if you can prove that,
although you raise a good deal more money from coal
mines, and hauliers, and millers, and others of that
class by toUs than by rate.s, yet if as much money as
they pay can be saved by substituting a rate for tolls,
and other classes will not be more burdened, surely
it is worth while, even in a case like that I have
quoted, to make tlie change. At a late meeting of the
Gloucester Chamber of Agriculture the rateable
value of several farnis— as manj; as 20, I believe— was
returned, together with the estimated amount of tolls
which the occupiers now pay in a year. Now, I think
we shall admit that the agricultural interest is one
which, in such a case as thi.;. we should be most anxious
not to see over-burdened. One farmer at Hanley was
returned as rated at 685/. per year, and the estimated
amount of tolls which he paid in a year was 6/. 10s.
At a rate of 4d. in the pound a farm assessed at 680/.
would produce 11/., so that the farmer in that case
would be a loser by the substitution of a rate for tolls.
On the other hand there is a farm at Leuton rated at
780/., the occupier of which calculates that he pays 20/.
a year in tolls, but if a rate was substituted, he would
pay only 13/. a year, so that he would be a gainer by
the change. The truth of the matter is this, in those
parts of the country where there are many turnpike-

roads— such as in the Vale — the substitution of a rate
for tolls would probably in most cases be a gain to the
farmer ; whereas in parts of the country like this,
where turnpike roads are few and far between, and
where the traffic is mostly carried on highways, it would
probably be a loss. There is another way in which
the roads might be supported if tolls were abolished. I
have seen it argued in one or two letters in the .
Gloucestershire Chronicle that it might be possible to
place a sort of assessment upon everything which used
the roads, such as catriages, horses, carts, sheeji, oxen,
and so on ; but I think you will all agree with me that
such a plan as that would be impracticable and
oppressive and inquisitive to the last degree.
There is another point which we must particularly
bear in mind in considering this question. It is
this: It would be impossible to take the turnpike
trusts by themselves. When the question was first
agitated, it never occurred to me that it would be
impossible to put all roads under one system. If you
take turnpike roads alone and put them on a county or
district rate, the injustice would be enormous, for you
would not only make parishes repair their present
highways, but contribute also to the rate for the main-
tenance of turnpikes. The proper way to deal mth the
matter is to take the whole thing together, and put
turnpike and highway roads on the same basis. If this
plan was adopted and a rate was substituted, you would
have to put the whole management of all the roads
under one Board. And that brings me to another
proposal made by Mr. Curtis Hayward, to consolidate
the whole of the trusts in the county into one large
trust, which should be managed in the same way as in
Glamorganshire. Now, I will ju.st compare the expen-
diture and rates of the two counties, which will show
you, that the more you consolidate trusts the cheaper
you can do them. In Glamorganshire there are
235 miles of roads, the repairs of which cost 8250/.
a-year. These roads are repaired under the manage-
ment of a general surveyor paid by Government, and
two county surveyors, one of whom receives 260/.
a-year and the other 210/. There is a clerk to each of
thedistrict;boards, and the salaries of these four clerks and
two surveyors amount to 710/. a-year. Thus the expendi-
turethereamounts to this— for salaries, 710/. ; forrepairs,
8250/. In Gloucestershire there are 870 miles of roads,
the repairs to which amount to 28,000/. a-year. The
salaries of surveyors and clerks amount to 3242/.
a-year ; so that, in fact, although the Gloucestershire
roads are about three and a half times as much in
mileage, and cost about three and a half times as much
to repair as the Glamorganshire roads, yet we pay four
and a half times as ranch as they do to our own surveyors
and clerks. That will show, I think, that a considerable
reduction would be made by consolidating the roads in
this county. Next comes the question, i! you consolidate
the roads, whether you would pay oQ' the debts by tolls
or by rate ? I am inclined to think it would be better
to consolidate Ithem and keep on the tolls till the debt
is paid off. After the debt was paid off there would be
infinitely more reason for putting the repairs of the
roads on the county rate, for no doubt the traffic upon
them now is jiurely local. But supposing, on the
other hand, that a rate was adopted as the best means
of paying off the debt, no doubt it would be done
by borrowing money from Government on security
of the rates. Government could afford to lend
money at a less rate than the trusts at present pay to
their bondholders, and so far we .should reduce the debt
in a way which keeping on the tolls would not do.
Sir George Jenkinson, so far as I can see, is about
right in placing the county debt at 130,000/., excluding
the debt on the bridges. Then from that amount we
have to deduct 20,000/. due to Government, which
I don't think they ought to get, so that the actual
money value of the debt is not more than 90,000/. Out
of thait 90,000/. we have to take say 15,000/. for toU houses
and gates, and the hand fide debt of the county is thus
reduced to 75,000/. Well, now, seeing that every year
we collect by tolls and contributions from parishes
41,000/., and onlyspend on actual repairs 28,000/., I really
think we might hope, in less than 10 years, to pay off
that debt of 75,000/. There isanother point which I have
not yet mentioned, and| to which I ought to allude before
I conclude. Under the present system of tolls, towns
jiay considerably towards the repairs of the turnpike
roads ; or if the townspeople don't pay, they are
stopped by the turnpikes, and they cannot travel.
Now, if you adopted a system of rates instead of tolls
you would not catch the towns at all. I am aware that
Cirencester and Cheltenham are both liable to the
county rate, but I don't think we could in fairness ask
towns to repair their streets, and to repair in addi-
tion, equally with the rural parishes, the country
roads. That is a large instance ; but there are
other cases where the system of a county rate as at
present levied would hardly apply. Take the cases
which Sir J. Bolt gave at Gloucester. A haulier who
was now estimated to pay 20/. a year tolls would under
a rate pay 2s. A miller perhaps may pay now" 40/. or
SO/., but he would not pay more than 21. or 3/. under a
rate. A gentleman living in a house in the country for
purposes of hunting, without occupying any land,
would pay now a very considerable sum in tolls ;
but if a rate was substituted he would pay a very
small sum indeed, as his house would probably not
be assessed at more than 100/. a-year. There is
also the case of quarries, coal mines, and
iron mines — the latter of which are not rated at all.
All these cases tend to show that if you put the roads
on a county rate, you must alter the present basis so
far as highways are concerned. I don't think you can
with any fairness repair highways by a rate levied
under the present system. Why not rate each descrip-
tion of property in a different manner ? Take the
farmer as a unit to start from ; put him at the same
amount as he appears in the poor-rate ; put the haulier
and miller at several times the amount of their rateable

. January 19, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRICUETURAE GAZETTE.

63

values for the poor-rate ; and assess mines and manu-
factories in the same way in proportion to the wear-
and-tear of the roads which they occasion. I don't sec
that such an arrant^ement as that is impossildo, :ind I
am sure it would he infinitely fairer th;ni pulliii- on
the agricultural interest more than iouj^ht to be burno
by it. In conclusion I have only to say that I am
much obliged to you for tho i)atience with which yon
havo listened to me. I have endeavoured to so into
tho whole (luestion, to oxniain to j'ou the diflicultios
which lieset every method of dealing with it, and to
show you as far as I could the arguments lor and
against any particular mode. I sliall only bo too haiijiy
nowor at any future time to hear anything that any
gentleman has to say on the subject, and to endeavour
with you all to consider what are the best means o(
dealiuK with this very ditlicult ciuestion.

Mr. T. C. Brown thought he might nay at the outset that if
it would ho posaiblo to deviao a schonio for the repJiii-, not only
of turn]>iko roads but of all roiids, ho as to do away with tlio
toU-tuking systom and make tho traffic entirely free, it wimld
bo a very desirable arrangement. But looking at tho preaont
system, he thought they would bo all equally agreed that it
ecumod to he based on most reasonable grounds— that was, of
making those parties pay for the repaira who used tho roada.
That aeemed a very just pruiciplc, and unless some scheme
could be devised bv wliicli the burden should be so diffused as
not to fall upon particular individuala or parishes, he thought
thoy liad better remain where tbcy were. One part of their
present position was that money had been borrowed to make
those turnpike roads. Now. Englishmen, he believed, loved
honesty, and any scheme that did not provide for the repay-
ment of thoae borrowed moneys in proportion to their value —
their value might be estimated by tho amount 'of interest
they bore— ought not to bo adopted. He thought the basis of
any alteration they proposed to make Mbould be this-that
justice must be done. It had been advocated that a county
system should be adopted and tried in Gloucestershire. Now
ho saw the greatest difficulties in the way of a county system,
and he would never be a party to any proposition to introduce
a departmental scheme. Let the system be national. If it
were national, they would all be bearers of the burdens in pro-
portion to their property. He could not there enter into
details ; but he believed that any system that was not national
would fail, and it was most undesii-alile that they should go to
Parliament to suggest merely local alterations.

Mr. David Bowly said : JLegislatiuu fur the last 20 years or
more had all been i.vith a view of abolishmg turnpike trusts.
It must be a very strong case indeed that would induce Par-
liament to renew a trust, and the object was to throw the cost
of the roads upon land. As for a county system, he coidd not
sec how that was to work with any sort of fairness, for, as Sir
Michael Beach had stated, it seemed a hard thing to put a
heavy comity rate upon towns which did not use the roads.
Many shopkeepers did not go a mile in the year on the roads,
and it did not seem fair that they should be called upon to
ciintributo towards the repair of them. For himself, he
should never support anything like going for a county rate.

The Chairman could not agiec with his brother as to putting
all the expense upon land. Why, shopkeepers used the roads
more than farmers. Never a day passed— Sundays more espe-
cially—but what large numbers of vehicles of all kinds, driven
by townspeople, passed his house, and why should they bo
exempt? As to their parish, they took liotle interest in the
matter, as they had to mako all their own roads, and they
could not be worse off.

Mr. G. F. Nbwm^vrcr remarked that the common law placed
the liability to repairthe roadsupon the parishes. The present
feeling of the pubUc mind seemed to be that if these toll-gates
were abolished they would revert to the original law. Then
nf necessity, each parish would have to maintain its own
roads, which in some cases would be a very great hardship.
Take for example two particular parishes in the Northleach
district, Hampuett, which had a rateable value of 1502/. per
year, would have to pay for the repairs of turnpike roads
5BL lOs. a-year, while W'ithington, whose rate.ible value was
5005/., would only have to pay 12/. Again, Dowdeswell, with
a rateable value of 3053/., would have to pay 14/. 5s. a-year,
while the two Shiptons, whose rateable value was 2553/.,
wuuld have to pay 74/. That arose from the fact that, in
Hampnett for instance, the greater part of the roads were
turnpike, while in the other parishes they were mostly
uommnu highways. This instance would show the difficulty
of dealing with this question. He thought the debt question
bad been i*ather a bugbear, and when people (lew off upon that
they looked to the minor point and left the (major. If, to
start with, they reduced the debt to what it was worth, and
then distributed it over 30 years, they would for about 3000/.
a-year pay off the entire debt of the coimty. Therefore the
debt question, if they went into it, would be but a small one.
The great question was the question of repairs. If, as he said
before, they came to the common law, and forced each parish
to pay for its own roads, they would so shift taxation that in
some cases it woidd be very grievous injustice. It was upon
that ground that he made a suggestion some time since to the
effect that the common law might be modified so that, through
the medium of the Quarter Sessions, a sum should be raised
in a parish which should vary as the Quarter Sessions felt that,
the justice required. Why could not this be done ? They did
it now with regard to the laud tax, a certain sum of money
being fixed upon a parish which it had to raise. Let some
locjil bodj'— say the Quarter Sessions, as their local parliament
— assess the sum which each parish should pay to the common
fund for the maintenance of the roads, and if they did this, he
should not see so much objection to throwing the roads
tugether. Another course was to throw the roads on the high-
A'iiy district, which would be a great improvement. There
Loidd be no question that that would get rid of a deal of
inequality, but at the same time it would throw a very large
'Xtra burden on land. He was speaking then in an atmos-
1 ihere of land, and to suggest the putting of any extra burdens on
the land would not meet with approval there, nor was he going
til suggest it. Whether that burden should bo fairly dis-
tributed by extending the area, or unfairly imposed by leaving
t-ach particular parish to bear its ovni burden, was a matter
which dem:inded their most careful consideration.

Mr. Ilks said many parishes had not a single inch of
tmnpike road, but had roads of their own to maintain ; and
it' tolls were abolished, he thought it would be i-ather hard
lliat parishes like these should have to repair theu" own roads
:tud Contribute towards the maintenance of turnpikes as well,
It would also be hard to place the roads on the parishes
through which they passed. The matter might be met by a
tax upon vehicles, horses, &c. ; but it seemed to him that the
li<;tter plan would be to throw the roads on the parishes, each
■ if which should receive some contribution from the county or
• >ther rate, thus making a compromise of it. The fact was that
;dl were interested in the maintenance of good roads, and he
thought that if in any way they could compromise the
question, it would be the fairest way of dealing with it.

Mr. David Bowi.y said it should lie borne in mind that
t'.wns mahit;iined their streets and all the roads round them,
fitr the benefit of the public, without any assistance whatever
frnin any turnpike trust or anything else. That being so, was
it fair to go two miles out of the to\vn and compel a shop-

keoitcr to pay for the repair of a road which ho never uwed.
when lie had t<i keep the town in repair for farmers to hold
tlM:ir markets in, and cuntry peojilo to make their purehaacH/
He wahas much for tho landed interest as any one present,
l>ut ho did not vdsh to see an injustice done to towns. Ho
believed that land was unfairiy r.ited with regard to roads.
Any mini must bo bliiul not tn ace that, most unfairly, tho
k-MiHlaturo had been endeavouring of late yo.ars to throw tho
roads on the land. Every Home Secretary for the last 40 years
wuuld !say tho same thing.

Mr. Thomas Akkki.i- agi-oud with Mr. Brown that tins coiUd
not be merely a Gloucestershire question— it must be national.
Ib.wcould they fix a county rate for a trust that wont through
threu counties? After referring to the management of the
trust with which ho was connected, Mr. Arkell stated that m
1S;U! tlie debt on turnpike roads thnmghout the country was
V,uOO,OOll/., but by 18tJ4 it was reduced to 4,000,000/., the
catimatcd v.alue of which, however, was not more than
:i,noo,()00/. This sum might be liquidated in 25 years by an
annual payment of 180,000/., which seemed a very moderate
sum if tiikon in hand by Goveniment. But the question was
how was this 180,000/. to be raised without putting it on their
shoulders or going to the land to repair roads? He was uf
opinion that it would be very lieiieficial to do away with tolls
as thoy merely held out a premium to people to go roundabout
for miles and wear out tho roads in order to save sixpence.
But if turnpike trusts were abolished, it was right to consider
what wuuld bo tho consequence to them 1 They were quito
willing to pay their share ; but he thought that when magis-
trates gut to Quarter Sessions and talked about " only a penny
county rate," they did not seem to think that a county rate
was laid on the same thing as a poor rate, and that a penny
county r.ate was equal to a twopenny income tax upon them.
Now, he had turned this matter over in his mind for some
yeiu-s, and his impression was that they must como to assessed
tAXQS, and that was the only point on which Sir Michael and
he did not concur. Mr. Arkell quoted figmes to show the
amount that would be realised by assessed taxes, and compared
with this the proposed rating system, under which certain
persons using the roads would be comparatively exempt, and
the land would h.ave to make up tho deficiency.

Mr, Dewe remarked that when they spoke of assessed taxes
they were touching on rather ticklish ground. If they opened
this question, it might be asked why should not farmers' carta,
farm-horses, fcc, which were now exempt, be assessed, and
they might thus put themselves in a rather had position.

Mr. Garne said since tho turnpike roads in his district had
been thrown on the management of the highway board, ho
foiuid that he contributed less money .and tho roads were
better maintained than when he paid tolls. Let them h.ave
anythhig in the world but the roads thrown on the comity,
with a countv surveyor, a county manager, a county clerk,
and a county this thing and another. Rather than have that,
they had better put up a few extra gates instead of abolishing
the existing ones. ,

Mr. Thomas Brewin expressed approval of Mr. Newmarch s
plan of throwing the roads on the highway district on the
whole of which a rate would be charged, not in the exact ratio
of the county-rate, but modified as the justice of the case
might seem to require. For instance, Cirencester paved and
hghted the streets, and it would be hardly fair to rate the
whole of the property in the town the same as in the adjoining
pari.sh of Baunton, which did nothing of the kind. As to the
present turnpike trusts, raising money by that system was a
bad one. He thought they were pretty well agreed upon that.
T]icn as to having a mere partial system of turnpike tolls, in
his opinion that would be worse than a geperal one, because
no sooner would gates be pulled down in one district than
people would travel miles out of their road to avoid paying the
tolls which remained, and looking at the loss of time and the
wear and tear of roads and material which this would occasion ,
it would be fomid to amount in the year to a great national
loss. With regard to the debt, it was a had thing to be in
debt, but worse to try and get out of it without paying. He
thought the way in which turnpike bondholders had been
treated was not just. It had been more like Yankee repudia-
tion than anything else. It was not so entirely, but advantage
had been taken of the bondholders, who had made fine roads
for which they had never been really p.aid. He could not help
saying that English legislation with regard to turnpike trusts
had not been an honour to this country. If the tolls were
insufficient, they would be content to go unpaid ; if they were
otherwise, then those who lent tho money on the tolls were
entitled to a priority of them.

TheCHAiRMANobservedthathehadnotthe same compassion
for bondholders, who had of their own free will put their
money out at interest, and they must accept the consequences.
Looking at the importance of this subject to them at the
present time, he suggested whether it woidd not be advisable
to .adjourn the further consideration of the question till next
month, and at the same time appoint a committee to confer
with the Chamber of Agriculture upon it. He hoped every
farmers' club in England would do this. If they were to save
themselves from further burdens, now was the time to act.

Sir Michael Beach .said he would st.ate that in his speech
he was careful to guard himself against any such thing as
suggesting repudiation. Mr. Brown had stated that what was
done in this matter should be done in a national way. He
(Sir Michael) hardly understood what that meant. If it had
reference to something given out of the Consolidated Fund, he
devoutly wished they might got it ; but there was a large
party in Parliament who were always glad to put any burden
upon roads, for they knew it fell upon land. Mr. Bowly urged
that towns ought to be excepted, because they made their own
roads. He (the hon. baronet) wovild be willing to show them
some consideration ; but they should contribute something.
Mr. Newmarch's proposal was that they should take the high-
way district in lieu of a county-rate. It was also objected
that gentlemen here would .strongly disapprove of being rated
for turnpike roads in the same area and the same rates as the
district roiuid Bristol That was the very point which he tried
to press upon the meeting. If miues and manufactories were
rated fairly and properly, according to the way in which they
used the roads, no one could object to be classified wdth them.
He could not agree with Mr. Arkell's suggestion as to increas-
ing the assessed taxes. It would raise the whole question of
taxing agricultural horses and carts, and other things which
were now free. Oxen would also be taxed. Indeed, they
covild not mise the assessed taxes for the repair of roads with-
out taxing every animal and cart which used them. Mr.
Smith .and Mr. Game inst^inced the road at Bibury, and stated
that the parishes through which that road ran did not object
to bear the whole expense of its m.aintenance. He would like
to know what that road cost a mile to repaii-. [Mr. Smith :
"Under 12/."] That was very little more, if anything, than
was paid for the maintenance of any highway road in any
parish. This was why Bibury and the other parishes did not
object to take the burden upon themselves. It was a mere
local parish road. In contra.st to this, he might instance the
case of ;i trust near Gloucester which cost Y8/. a mile to repair
it. In some eases it cost 250/. per mile ; but 78/. was the
average. He thought that if Bibuiy had to pay that, they
would object to take the road wholly upon themselves. Having
answered the more important points raised, he would state, in
conclusion, that the question resolved itself into this— the
great objection to tolls as at present collected was the enormous
waste that was occasioned, and the inconvenience to those who
passed over the roads. One point in f.ivour of tolls was, that
they caught the people who used the roads ; but was it not

poaaiblo to tio this by a r.ito? If a rate could bo so formed fts
tti catch the people who used the reads in proper proportion to
that use, then ho thought no one could cibjcct to the substitu-
tion of a rate for tolls. It might possil^ly be done by rating
mines and manufacti^rics at three or four times their poor-rat«
value ; bvit ho certainly sliould not like to see roads put upon
tho connty-ratc without Home alteration being made in tho
present rating system. *)n one nuiut, ho thought, thoy wore
all agreed, which was that hmd was sufficiently burdened
already. They paid more in proportion for real landed property
than personal property paid.

Mr, Thomas Akkeij. proposed a vote of thanks to Sir Michael
for his kindness in coming to lay befnre them the important
subject which he had ao al)ly handled that day. Ho (the
speaker) was now living in Wiltshire, but ho was a GloueoBter-
sfiire man ; and he must say that his friends here ought to bo
proud of their member.

Mr. Iles seconded tho i>ropoHition, which was earned with
acclamation.

Tho hon. baronet expressed his acknowledgments, and a
committee was appointed.

MebietDS.

Journal of AyricuUvn: January, 1867. ISO, Fleet

Street, E.C.
A picture of Scottis\i agriculture a century ago— a
continuation of the Papers on Cattle Management— a
characteristic and amusing history of a "twelfth of
August" on the moors, where " rainbows— not one, but
multitudes, bright of hue and perfect in form, are
arched over the hills in cvei-i/ different directiun" \ —
another section of Mr. Kwart's good and substantial
Essay on the Permanent Improvement of landed
Estates by Proprietors— a very interesting Cliapter on
Vipers— the " Veterinarian "—and the monthly agri-
cultural history— these are the contents of a very
interesting and satisfactory number. Wo extract a
passage on cattle foods and feeding, as being especially
serviceable at this time of the year.

" A mixture of Beans, as generally prepared for cattle,
and Linseed-cake, in the proportions of 41b. of tho
former and lUb. of the latter, will form as near as
possible an equivalent to .'JO lb. Swedish Turnip, with
the difference in favour of the mixture by its contain-
ing about one-third more oil or fat, while it would also
liave the very important advantage of being much
more easily assimilated, and thus likely to be wholly
taken up, leading, consinucntly, to more progress being
made by the animal, while the cost may be reckoned
about the same.

" There appears to be an unaccountable backward-
ness amougst farmers to adopt any process for
supplying their cattle with food in what we shall call a
prepared state, so as to assist the animal functions in
the process of assimilation ; and this we humbly think
is a very great mistake. We have not hesitated to
recommend that Turnips should be given in much
smaller (luantities, being, of course, supplemented by
other feeding substances, which generally cannot be
obtained but in a concentrated state. Now, we are
well aware that along with really nutritious food there
must always be mixed a certain quantity of what we
shall term ballast, that is, of some coarse and slightly
nutritious food, so that the stomach and intestmes
may be sufficiently distended, and maintained in a
thoroughly healthy tone, and that all the nutritive
juices may be completely digested and assimilated. It
may tlier'efore reasonably be doubted whether there
would be any propriety in supplying food in a cooked
or comparatively concentrated state ; but we think
there can be none as to the propriety of having at least
one-half of the allowance of Turnips pidped, and mixed
with cut straw in sufficient quantity to absorb the
iuice of the Turnips. The supplementary compound,
for which there is nothing better than Beans and good
cake, might also be thoroughly mixed with the pulped
Turniiis before the chaff was added, and the whole
mass allowed to ferment slightly before being supplied
to the animals. Three to 1 ounces of salt for each
animal ought to be given every day, and could most
conveniently be added to the above mixture.

"In all quarters there exists a most shameful neglect
to supply salt to both cattle and horses. Salt acts at
once as a condiment for giving an agreeable sapidity to
food, as a tonic for assistmg the process of digestion, as
an aliment for contributing certain important
principles to the blood and some of the liquid secre-
tions, and as a medicine, both to prevent some diseases
in a healthy system, and to aid or effect the cure of
others in a diseased one.

"We have hinted that those who undertake the
rearing and feeding of cattle should understand their
business better than to supply food indiscriminately to
cattle of all ages, and in every condition of comfort as
to warmth, &c. Calves, stirks, and all young growing
cattle, ought to be supplied with a highly nitrogenous
diet ; fattening cattle less so, but of course more of the
oleaginous and saccharine substances. Fatty matter
requires for its formation an excess of carbon and
hydrogen, but neither requires nor contains any
nitrogen.

"The blood, the muscles, the bones, and all the
growing structure of young animals, are highly nitro-
genous, and the most nitrogenous plants supplied as
food are most likely to promote the growth and healthy
development of these parts of the body. All plants
which abound in albumen, gluten, starch, gum, sugar,
&c are termed nitrogenous; those containing albumen
and gluten particularly so. The Turnip contains
nitrogen, but only in a comparatively small degree ; it
abounds more in sugar. There are few agricultural
plants which abound more in gluten than the
Cabbage. Rye-grass and Clover are highly nitrogenous,
whether in a green state or as well-made hay; when as
hay, its value depends much upon its being cut and
cured in proper season and condition.

"Peas and Beans, whether in the straw, in a green
state, or as grain, are the most nitrogenous of all our
agricultural plants. Tho different sorts ol cake
prepared from oleaginous seeds are also nitrogenous ;

64

THE GAUDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Januaet 19, 1867.

Linseed-oake, although not more so than some of the
others, is considered more valuable as cattle food;
Oats contain more oil than any other grain, Indian
Corn excepted, and are thus more valuable as an
auxiliary in the food of fattening cattle than Beans,
although gi-eatly less so in the feeding of young and
growing animals.

" Bean-meal is also preferable to cake as an auxiliary
in the food of young cattle, especially if they are
comfortably housed and allowed a fau- quantity of
Turnips. For calves on milk, Peas or Bean meal,
•with a small proportion of Linseed-meal ))roperIy
cooked, is unquestionably the best preparation for
supplementing their milk with, as the calf arrives at
the age of eight to 10 weeks, and ought to be continued
throughout the winter, given in a feed of pulped
Turnips and cut hay, the Turnips and hay slightly
fermented, and the gruel added when boiling hot,
so as to heat the whole mass, which should be given
while warm.

" Cake and Oats may be su])plied to fattening stock
and also to milch cows witli much advantage, giving the
latter fewer Turnips in winter than is generally the
practice. Warm sloppy food supplied to cow.s after
calving will increase the flow of milk greatly, but much
at the cost of the condition of theanimal,unless the food
be enriched by a full allowance of cake and meal, which,
besides keeping the animal in condition, will add much
to the richness of the milk. The best methods of
feeding cattle, however, both as to their own health
and _ the profit of their owner, are so powerfully
modified by circumstances that no precise rule can be
admitted. But in all cases the importance of cleanli-
ness, ventilation, and a proper and uniform degree of
temperature, is paramount. The condition and general
comfort of cattle require to be constantly watched,
and that by an experienced eye ; and at times treat-
ment may have occasion to vary a little, as the bowels
must be kept in a proper state, and the whole skin
kept thoroughly clean, in order to promote that soft
pliable touch so peculiar to a healthy thriving beast.
During the winter season, it is of much importance
that all stock should be early fed in the morning, not
later than 5 a.m., again at 10 a.m., at 2 p.m., and at
7 at night, and on each occasion to be properly cleaned
and done up expeditiously, so as to allow plenty of
time for rest. Young stock and breeding cows ought
to be turned out for a short time daily in drv weather,
but on no account exposed to cold winds. It'is nothing
•short of absolute cruelty, the way in which cattle are
kept out in some districts, and a source of serious loss
to their owners. All who undertake the management
of stock ought to be aware that the heat of the body is
maintained at the cost of a portion of a certain
description of the food, and in cases of extreme
exposure the whole of that description of food may be
insuflioient for the supply of heat, and the fat 'and
condition of the animal will sufl'er in proportion."

Farm Memoranda.

MoNYMUSK.— Onthe estate of Mnnvmusk, hares and
rabbits have for many years been a'Tiiinulatiiig to such
an extent as to have become a pest to tlie farmer. For
very many years the tenants have been suffering serious
losses from this cause, and have quietly submitted,
expecting that some effectual means would be adopted
by the proprietor to remedy so great an evil; and
feeling reluctant to resort to measures for this purpose
which might tend to annoy him, they have, on various
occasions, singly and collectively, requested him to
take steps to lessen the number of hares and rabbits, so
as to save their crops from destruction. These appli-
cations were for a time met witli courtesy, but the
vermin were not put dowm.

Lately, however, a deputation of tenants waited
upon Sir Archibald Grant, pointed out to him the
great damage which their crops were sustaining from
these creatures, and urged upon him the necessity
which existed of reducing their numbers. In reply, he
told them that he was doing more than most proprietors
d[d; that he hail, during tlie last .sea-son, killed more
than 30,000 rabbits, and 1-100 hares ; and that he would
not comply with their request. He said also that ho
had a right to breed and feed rabbits as well as bares
upon their farms, and that he would exercise this
(so-called) right, and that those who were not satisfied
ought to give up their leases, as he was determined
that no one should be })erinitted to remain on his
estate wdio killed either rabbits or hares.

Observe, now, the conditions of Ica.se. The pro-
prietor reserves to himself the right of following game
and binds and obliges the tenant not to kill game.
Babbits are not mentioned, nor are thev referred to at
all. He undertakes to allow the tenant 19 crops for
19 rents, and ties him down strictlv to consume the
whole produce by stock /lomi Me his own. AVho can
deny that there are duties belonging to the possession of
property, as well as rights ? We are not allowed to
forget about the rights, but we never hear of the duties.
Is it right to exact rent for the soil, and take the
produce too ? For at least £0 years there have been
destroyed annually on this estate something like
30,000 rabbits, and yet as many were left behind as to
cause a gradual increase in their numbers. Of late
years these have been sent to market, where the sum
of 9fZ. or Wd. can be got for each. For an equal period
of time, no less a number of hares than 1400 has been
annually killed ; and of late they, too, have been sold.
All this has been chiefly taken Irom the tenants over
and above their value and rent of the laud. They are
destroyed only at such a season as renders them more
valuable in the market. During the breeding season
they are allowed to live unmolested, and so accumulate.

You will thus see that the steps which lia,ve lately
been taken by the tenants to rid themselves of rabbits
were forced upon them, unless they had been prepared
to submit to ruin. Moreover, they were not at liberty

to give the produce of their farms to feed rabbits, &o.
The terms of lea.se forbid it; yet .Sir Archibald has
dragged a tenant into court witli a view to have him
interdicted from trapping rabbits, on the plea that he
had acted in opposition to his agreement not to kill
game, when a dead hare was found fixed by a leg in one
of his traps.

Could such a state of things be long endured ? Is
it one of the vaunted rights of property that tenants
should pay a high rent for the use of the soil, labour it,
manure it, and seed it, and not be permitted to reap
the crop, but give it to be eaten up by vermin, which
are afterwards killed, and sold for the behoof of the
o\yner of the property ? This is as likely to be put up
with in these days of progress and enlightenment, as
would the advice of the obedient wife, when she recom-
mended her husband ' to put his head in the neuk, and
dinna anger the laird.' We never hear of these incul-
cating the maxim, ' Do as you would bo done to.' Not-
withstanding what has taken place on the estate of
Monymusk, the tenants are not actuated by any
unfriendly or unkindly feelings towards Sir Archibald
Grant, but they have been compelled to act, or to lose
theirall. [J^roin a letter hi/ " G-. Stewart, of Aitchravin,"
{respecting/ the MomnmtsJc tenant ri/) to W. D. J'ordi/ce,
^sq., M.P., published in the Hanffshire Journal.']

Miscellaneovis.

Tomn Semarie. — In order to learn something
practically about this subject, I went to Croydon last
week, in order to get some information, Ttiere I met
with most courteous reception, and every opportunity
was cheerfully given for a thorough inspection. I
gleaned a few facts during my visit:— That sewage can
be most profitably applied to meadow and Rye-grass.
One acre will take the sewage of 100 persons ; and the
total amount per head per annum is estimated at
50 tons in a state of dilution. The sewage flows in
drains; and, by intercepting the drains, the sewage is
distributed on to the land : it passes over the land once
or twice, and sometimes three times, and joins the
river Wandle quite clear and pure. The Italian
Eye-grass, after three years, dies away, and the earth
wants ploughing up, and then an intermediate crop of
Mangels may he taken. The first year's growth cut
five times, the second four times, and the third three times.
At Croydon 57 tons of Grass per acre were cut during
the last 12 months. Previous to usin^ the sew ige for
irrigation, several schemes for deodorising it; were tried,
and all turned out to be expensive failures. Now, the
Board of Health made ?Ml. per annum for the sewage.
The chief object to obtain a larger increase of products,
and, at the same time, purify the river, is accomplished,
as the results show : —

Analysis of Wjiter from— Di-ainag^c. Sewage. River Wandle.
Inorganic matter .. ,. 2.3.40 ., 48. .30 .. 20.16
Organic mutter , .. .. 2.40 ., 52.20 ., 2.08
At Edinburgh, larger amounts of sewage are
applied than anywhere else, and it is for that
reason that larger amounts of produce are obtained
than anyndiere else ; but the absorbent powers
of Mother Earth must not be too severely
taxed, or she will not fulfil her duties faithfully, and
sewage would not be purified. Generally from four to
five crops of Grass are obtained per acre annually,
amounting to 30, 40, 50, GO, or even more tons jior acre,
averaging, perhaps, 25?. These facts speak I'.ir tlicm-
selves. Another advantage of the application of
sewage to Grass lands would be an enormous increase
in the quantity and quality of milk, butter, cheese,
and meat ; whilst, by the consumption of the Grass, a
large amount of solid manure, applicable to arable land
and to crops generally, would be produced. Mr.
mdcman, before the Newlntrif Farmers' Club.

Notices to Correspondents.

Data : R. The following, taken from Hlorton's " Handbook of
Farm Labour " (Longmans), arc the items of cost on which
the expense of any agricuUural oper.ltion sbonld be calcu-
lated :— ], Hand jjoirer. The wages of an ordiniiry labouring
man .are .assumed to be 2.,-. a day, except during about five
\?eeks of h.arrest time, when they are put at ;:.^. Gtl.. to 4.«. a
day of 10 hours. Those of a woman working in the field are
lOfi. a d.ay of 10 hours, except during harvest time, when
they are l.s. 3d. to l.s-. G''. Those of .a boy vary from 2.^.
a week, the wages of a " scare-crow," up to perhaps 1«. (id.
or more per day as he approaches manhood. 2. //or.vp poicer.
The cost of a horse, as worked on the overage, i.e., imder
the varying circum.stances of f.arm labour, with one man to
a pair, or occasionally one to each animal, amounts to nearly
M. per working hour throughout the year. The cost by
Imrsc power of 1 ewt. drawn (= lifted) 2.\*'miles in one hour
is about Gd. Tlie .average cost of food, of extras, such as
farriery, m.aintenance, saddlery, Arc, of guidance .and
management, and of maintenance of implements, is 2;J^., ,1/.,
15/., and ;./. respectively, or 4G/. apiece ; and this, if the
wol-king time be 2400 hours, .amounts in all to nearly 5'/. .an
hour, as has been said : if the time of labour be, as is e.sti-
m.ated by some, 2700 hours per annum, whether 300 days of
0 hours each, or 270 days of 10 hours each, then the cost is
less than i^d. per hour. If the mean of these figures be
taken .as a guide, then a pair of horses .at Od. an hour, and
9 hours a d.ay, will cost (is. 9d. a day. And with this tlie
figures of already published estimates sutRciently agree ;
thus Professor Low ealcuLates the daily cost of a pair of
horses (for 9 hours) at 4*\ 8d., which, with ordinary wages
for the ploughman, is ne.arly the same as the above : when
the day is 10 hours the cost is, of course, so much more, or
7.*. Gd. a day. 3. Steam poircr. Its cost v.aries considerably,
according to the size and q\i.ality of the engine ; but it may
be put down as the ordinary experience, that 1 ewt. of co.als
per horse power is consumed during a day of 10 hours ; and
that, in the case of 8 to 10 horse power moveable engines,
the cost of eoals, labour, water, oil, getting up steam,
repaii's, and moving from place to place, amounts to from
less than 3d. per horse power in the larger engines, to id.,
or even more, in the case of the smaller engines : varying,'
also, of course, between even wider extremes than these,
according to the price of coals in the different localities
compared.

Game: AiwHici- Victim. A .short leading paragraph, .answer-
ing .vour question, is delayed till next week. The " agree-
ment " limits both your duty and your rights.

SUTTON'S RINGLEADER PEA.

THE VERY EARLIEST AND BEST TEA

IN CULTIVATION IS

SUTTON'S EINGLEADEE.

Price 2s. per quart.

The following; are Extracts from a few of the
numeroua Testimonials recentlj' received : —

Extract from the Report on Peas groivn at Stoke Xcu-innton in

]S(i5 and 1866.

"'fi}dton's Ringhader.'—Ono of it.s distinguishing chnracters is,

thnt it produces pods from top to bottom iq a very uniform manner,

whereas ' Diliistono's Early ' produces tbem chiefly at the top.

"There can be no doubt that this is a distinct and v.iluablo
variety, the earliest in cultivation, and as good for the table a» any
in the section to which it belongs. Height, 2 feot 0 inches.

."In 1805 and 1866 ' Dillistane'R Karly' and ' Sutton'.s Ringleader"
stood side by side, and these two Peas are as distinct as Oranires are
from Lemons, or as * Sangster's No. 1 ' is distinct from ' Bishop's
Longpod,' "

Fi-o-m Mr. James Ddckett, Gardener tn the Rev. J. Wilder, Sulham,

August 22.

" I have proved your ' Ringleader' Pea to be the earliest. I sowed

Ringleader ' side by side with ' Daniel O'Rourke,' and R.-Ltherod, tho

Kiugleader' nine days earlier than ' Daniel O'llourke.' "

From Mr. Jons Ratty, Gardener to Cotterill ScholeQold, Esq.,

Turvilk, Park, licnley-on-Thames, ticpt, 6,

" I have twice this sea-son grown ' Sutton's Ringleader' Poa side

by side with ' Daniel O'Ronrke ' and. ' Dillistone's Early," and on each

occasion found ' Sutton's Ringleader ' 7 or 10 day's earlier than either

of the other two "

From Mr. Joseph Hinson. High Street, Sutton, near Ely, Sept. 15.
" I have now grown your ' Ringleader' Pea 2 years, and havo found
them the earliest I have ever grown."

From Mr. Georoe Scrymger, Howie Park, Sonning, May 29.
" I have great pleasure in reporting favourably of your now early
Pea 'Ringleider,' They were sown tho same day as five of the most
popular early sorts. 1 gathered from it on tho 2(ith of May, which is
14 days earlier than I shall off any of the other varieties. It is also
very prolific."

From .Tony Ford, Esq., Mortoii Ball, Warwick, May 31.

" My gardener sowed on tho 12th January, .^ida by side, 'Sutton's

Ringleader,' 'Sutton's Champion,' ' Essok Rival,' and ' Dillistimo's

Early Prolific ' Peas. ' Sutton's llinglc idor ' was just coming in tlio

3d ot May ; the others a week or so later."

From Messrs. Dobson & Sons, Woodlatuls Nurseri/, I^leicorth,
October 21.
" We tried your ' Ringle:iiier' Pea last season with 'Dillistone's,'
and it wa,s from a week to 10 day.s earlier. It is certainly the earliest
Pea that has come under our notice."

From Wm. Tuompson, Esq.. Weymouth, Jammry 12.
" Itred your 'Ringleader 'Pea last year against ' gangster's No, 1 :'
they were each sown on the same day, but your 'Ringleader' was
10 ciays earlier in ripening than ' Sangstcr's Ko. 1.' "

From Mr. William Dowki.l, Gardener to Sir George Chctwi-nd,

(irendon Hall, Athcratone, May.
" Your ' Ringleader' is earlier than any Pua I have ever grown, I
shall gather a dish to-mon-ow morniug, which is by far the earliest
wo liavo had."

From Mr. W. Povky, Gnnlener to H. P. Best, Esq., Donniiigton
Grove, near Nci'^bury, May 21.
" 1 planted your 'Ringleader' Pea on the last day of February ;
on tho yame day 1 plimied ' Dniiicl O'Rourke ' an i other early sorts.
Your 'Ringleader' is uncoiurnonly woil poddod, and thi pods are
filling fast. I have no <loubt tliey will be cleared, and the ground
planted, before 1 pick from any ot the other early tjoits."

From Mr. Bailey WAnns, Gardener, liayioell, Brotigh, May 2D.
"I have this vear sown yn\ir 'Ringleader' Pea against your
' Early Champion,' which I have hitherto found the earliest in
cultivation, and 1 am glad to tell you that it came into bloom 10 days
earlier. It has been covered with blossoms from top to bottom. I
am sure it is a valuable addition to our enrly Peas."

From Mr. J, Damels, Gardener to the Rev. C. R. Kceno, Swyncoinbe
Gardens, Henley-oU'Thames, June "JO.
" I might notice that your ' RiURleader' Pea, sown December 20,
is flrst-i-ate, perfectly distmct, and much the earliest Pea I have ever
grown. I liavo also another crop nearly ready, sown March 20, with
' Dillistone's,' but find them perlictly distinct."

From Mr. Jam?:h Pkaksox, Gardener to H. Bentloy, Esq.,
Woodtesford, Lccils, May 25.
"Your 'Ringleader' Pea i--< fi days earlier than * Dillistone's,' and
is tho most promising Pea I have grown.'"

From Mr. H. Harrison, Dcdham, May 26.

" Your 'Ringleader' Pea has proved with mo by far tho eH.rlie^t,

and will bo cleared off tho ground before the others have riotie

blos.soining. 1 consider tho ' Ringleader ' tho quickest Pea of aay of

tho oarly sorts grown."

From the Rev. Robkrt Taylor, North Itasledon Vicarage, May 26.
" Your 'Ringleader' id most certainly the earliest Pea I liavo soon.'"

From Mr, M. Mayrew, Gardener to Dr. Steohens, Gothic Lodge,

Ticickenham, May 26, 1865.
" Your ' Ringleader ' is tho earliest Pea 1 have ever met with, and
a gcod cropper."

Price 2s. per quart.
Lowest price io the Trade on applicatwri.

SUTTON'S SPEING CATAL08UE

AMATEUR'S GUIDE EOR 1867

IS NOW HEADY,

price Is, Gratis to Customers.

SUTTON AND SONS,
Eoyal BeriiBhire Seed Establishment, Reading.

January 19, 18G7.]

THE GAKDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

65

Garden Seeds.

CHARLES TURNER'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
and nmy bo had on application.
The Boatthroo WIMNKLRD MAUUOW PEAS are-
IjITTLK OKU. Enrly. 1 foot higli.
AOVANCER, Second Crop.
rXlEMlEK, Summer and Lato.
Seo full descriptions In C. Tuhnkr's CATALOGUE, now roody.

SNOWS RROCCaLl. Tmo.
UKUSol- WIN-rh',R L'UCaMBER.
IJAILKV'S MM'KRIJ CABQAGE.
AH tlio osUblisliod v.iriuLius uf Vegetables from the best sourcos ;
alao tho Novoltlos in Flower {ioeda.

Tbe Koynl Nurseries, Slough. ______

POINTER'S EARLIEST und BEST PEA, the
hardio-st and om-IioHt out, price only \n. Zd. per quart. See
Advertwemont. p. It.'iU of Ganleners' Chronicle for 1300

To bo obtftlued UetiiU in London of Mears. .Tas. Veltch & Sons,

Chelsea, S.W. ; and Mr. B. S Williams, Holloway, N. ; and

thiouRh any Seedsman, in one quiirt packages only, with Traiio

Mark, the Crown and Uoyal Oak, and blue label. Nono other geuumc.

Robert IL Povntek, Seedsni;in, &c., Taunton, SomBrset.

Seed Potato s.

HAND F. SHARPE ure now offering HIYATT'S
• PROLIFIC KIDNEV, DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
WEBB'S IMPKRIAL KIDNEV. FORTY-FOLD, FOX'S SEED-
LING, EARLY OXFORD, and nianv otlier Earlyand Lato varieties,
flue m quality, free from diS(;n.-so. ana it "
Seed Growing; Fstublishnii^iil. Wi>

Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., lias to oIUt ut vm-y moderate
prlrcH TRANSPLANTED ASH, ALDEl!, iURCH ilURSE

New Cucumber— Casaburn's Surprise.

WM. L. SKINNKR, Nurseryman and Skedsman,
Sitcoatcs. Wakcllekl. m olfcrini; tho above splendid CUCUM-
BEK, fouls tho utmost confidence that it will give entire aatiafactioii
to the Nobleman as well as tho Market Gardener.

Tho llavoiir has been pronounced by an eminent medical prac-
titioner as splendid; the size 18 to ^4 inches, little or no seed, and
a most abundant cropper. In packots of lis. M. each.

E.irly ordorM must be given, aa tho supply of Seed is only limited,
A remittance must accompany all orders. Mav bo procured from
Me-sars. IIlkst & Son, Seed Merchants, 0, Lead«.-nhall Street,
London, E.C. ; find Messrs. J. BACKnoi'sE i Son, Nuiserymon and
Seedsmen, York.

SEED CATALOGUE noiv ready, and may be b.id on application.

Sutton's Prize Cucumber Seeds,

SUTTON and sons cnn supplv SEED of all the best
kinds of CUCUMBERS, including fecrksbire Cliallongo, Berk-
shire Cbampion, and ninny othera. Kor List and prices of which
Boe Mtssas. SUTTON'S CATALOGUE for IbCr, which will bo lor-
warded gratis and post free on application.

SuTToM & Sons, Roy;il Berkshire Seed Establishmcnt.Reading.

Nuneham Park Onion.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON have preat gratification in
announcing that this SUPERB NEW ONION has in every
Instance, whore shown, obtamed the first prizes, and numerous testi-
moniata have been sent to them from various parts of the country,
confirming tho opinion that it is the largest and heaviest cropper of
all Onions. It is also of exceedingly mild flavour, and keeps as long
as any variety extant. In Sealed Packots 2h, Gti. each.
Trade price on application.
Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

C^OYOO//

HENRY'S PRIZE HYBRID LEEK.— The Largest
variety in cultivation ; grows 10 inches in length of blanch,
and 101 inches in circumference. lias carried off the First Prizes at
the leading Shows in England and Scotland,

Sold in Scaled Packets at Is, each by
DowMiE, Laibd, & Laino, 17, Frederick Street, Edinburgh, and
Stanatead Park. Forest Hill, London, S.E.

Now Published.
A RCHIBALD HENDER-

■^ SON'S DESCRIPTIVE and
PRICED CATALOGUE of FRUIT
TREES, VINES, ROSES, and
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, la
now ready. Can be had Gratis and
Post-free upon application.

Slon Nursary, Thornton Heath,
Surrey ; and at the East Surrey
Seed Warehouse, College Grounds,
North End, Croydon.

HENRY DEWAR and SON beg respectfully to offer
Seed of their very superior IMPROVED SHORT-TOP RED
BEET, which was awarded T^vo First-class Certificates at the
Gardena of the Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington, on
Nov. 7 and Dec. 0, 1805; also Seed of their solid crisp white
NORTHUMBERLAND CHAMPION CELERY", which was
awarded a First-class Certificate at tho International Show, South
Kensington. Doc. 9, 1805. In addition to the First-class Certificates,
the Silver Bankslan Medal of the Royal Horticultural Society was
awarded for the above Beet and Celery,

In sealed packets only, stamped with our name in full, at Is. per
packet each. Price to the Trane on prepaid application.

Seed Establishment, 07, Grey Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

SELECTED SILVER SAND, PEAT, LOAM, ROCK,
Sandstone, Garden Pots, Vases, Tazzas, Figures, Gravel, Garden
Implements, and materials of all kinds for Sale in any quantity by
Railway, Canal, and Ship to all part.H of tho United Kingdom.
W, SuoaT, Horticultural Depot, Reigatc, Surrey.

IniBROUS PEAT of first-class quality for Orchids,
Heaths, American Plants, and all potting purposes, may be
obtained by appUcation to Mr. Thomas Jtssop, Farnlngham Wood,
Kent. It is despatched by the London, Chatham, and Dover Rail-
way in trucks of 10 yards, at 5a. 8(i. per yard, about 6 tons, to any
station about London, and on the Great Northern, Midland, and
Great Western Railways ; or fetched in carts from the wood. It is
extensively u.sed and appreciated in tha London Nurseries, and In
the Royal Parks and Gardens.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE
^-^ is becoming scaroe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
10.*,, 2 for 30s., 60 for OOs., 100
for £6.

jM Fourpeuce allowed for each
y bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truclr-Ioad (not in
bags), 40a.

Postage Stamps or Poat-ofDce
Order, payable to J. Bahsbam &
Co., KlDgstoQ-on-ThameB, S.W

Oto 11 Inches. 0«. ; 0 to i:J inche:s, 0». ; 1 to IH'J::^, 14h : U to ^ feet,
■'l.s- ■ ami 2 to '^h focfc, ao.'*. per lUiK). COTONEASTKR MICUO-
PllYLLA, 1 to )i foot, •20«. por 1000; U t.. 'J foot. HIKES in sorts,
'Jtn:ia mt,perlO00. SNOWBERRY,'-lto:itt.,-Jii.s-. poriouo. MltoOM,
Whiteand Yellow,transplantod,ir.x, por lOUd. LAURELS, ISKllHKRIS.
ARHuR-VnVE,&c.,SeedlmK ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CIIEVl NUT,
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 voars : ELM. 2 years, £5 per mn, », o.vKS,

1 and:i years; OAK, EVERGREEN. 1 year; PKIVET. I and

2 years ; SYCAMORE. RHODODENDRON I'ONTICUM, L'years,
Gn ■ 4 years, 8s. per 1000 ; 3 years, and 1 year transplanted, ISs ;

3 years and 2 years transplanted, 26*. ; 0 to 0 inches, 60s, ; and
II to 12 Inches, 00^. per lOOO. Twice-transplanted, and bushy, 4 to
8 Inches, 7ns. ; s to 12 inches, VCs. ; 9 to 15 inches, 140s. ; 1 to 11 feet,
l«Os. ;and U to 2 feet, 200s. por lOOU., . .^ ,n ^

A PRICED LIST forwarded on applicfttion. Price to the Trade
on application. ,, ,, ,

Jostrn Smith, Jun., Moor Edge Nursery, Tausley, near Matlock,
Derbyshire.

Extensive and well-grown Nursery Stock.

JS C O T T, Morriott. Somerset, has to otier as
• under :— FOREST TREES i— Acacia, 5 to 0 feet, 10s, per 100 ;
Alder 3 feet, 25s per lOOil ; Beech. 2 to 2} feet, 'Mn. per 1000 ; do,,
:Uo 4 feet 36s por 1000 ; do., 4 to 5 feet, 80s. per 1000; Chestnut,
Horse, 3 to 4 feot, 80s. per lOOO ; do., 4 to 5 feet, 10s. per 100 ; Chest-
nut, Spnnish, 2 leet, SOa. per 1000 ; do., 3 feet, 35s. per 1000; Elm,
Euglibh 4 to o fee t, lOs. per 100 ; do., 5 to 0 feet, 20s. per lOO ; Elm,
Wych, 4 to 5 feot, SOs. per 1000; do., 5 to 0 feot, 10s. per lOO ; Fn-s,
Larch, 2 leet, 20s. per 1000 ; do., 2i to .S feet, 25.s-, per lOOO ; do., 3 to

4 feet, 30s. per 1000; Scotch, 1) to 2 feet, 188. per 1000; do., 2 to
24 feot, 20«, per lOnO ; do., 21 to 3 feet, 25s. per lOOO ; Silver, 0 to
12 mclies. 50s. per lOUO ; do., 12 to 18 inches, 80s. per 1000; Spruce,
li loot, 25.S-. per 1000; do., 2 foiit. 30^. per lliOO ; d3., 2), feet, 35s. per
UlUO ; do,, 3 feet, 40s. per 1000 ; Plazel, 2 to 24 feet, i5s. por 1000 ; do.,
2i to 3 foot, .'JOs. per lOou; do., 3 to 4 feet, 40s. per 1000 ; do., 4 to

5 feot, 4j.s. per 1000, The ILizel ia especially fine. Oak, English,

2 to 2i feet. :!.).•!. per 1000 ; Willows, from 30s. to 50s. per lUOO ; Yews,

3 feet. fine. 7iiit. per 100 ; Holly, 2 feet, estra fine, 60.t. per 100.
FRUIT TREES, tho best Collection in England, are grown to a

large extent, and free from every kind of disease. A 02-paEed
DESCRIPTIVE CAT.£VLOGUE, with cuRurat notes, free. Apples,
COO sorts in all manner of training, from Gd. to 3s. Od. each ; Apri-
cots, Nectarine-s, and Peaches, Maiden and Dwarf-trained, from Cd.
to 3s. Gd. each; Cherries, Standard and Pyr.tmidal, Is. to 2s. Orf.
each; do. Dwarf-trained, is. GU. to 2*-, Cd. each, in 50 sorts. May
Dukes and Morellos to tho trade in quantity, cheap. Pears, SOO sorts,
tromiif/. to 2.S. 6d. to 5s. each, according to size; Plums, P.vramidal
and Dwarf-trained, 26'. Gti. to 3s. Orf. each. Deodar Cedar, 4 to o feet,
3fis. per dozen; 5 to fS leet, 30s. per dozen; 0 to 7 feet, 42s. per
dozen. Magnilicoiit trees with fine balls. A splendid coUecdon of
ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS ei-iually cheap.

Fumigate your Greenhouse with

11 O It A U C O TISSUE.

Will Desti'oyall tho IriHtctH ami nut Injure Ihe Plantn.
Price 3s. 0(/. per lb., carrlngo free, to be had of MeKMrs. Roukhth
& So\.i, Tobacco MaiuU'iicturorH, 54, Kt. .John Street, Clurkunwolt
10. C, and of all SoodMinunand NiirHorinion,

riMlOMSON'S STYPTIC prcvrnts Ibc Bleeding "of

i vines alter i'runing or (Jralllug, tho Ihiinplng of Oorauiunin
and other Cuttings after thoy are putted; and it has boon used
Hucce>i.sl"ullv In (Jraltiijg Fruit Troca of all dc.si;riptl( ns.
Mauufactvirod and .sold Wholonalo by Joon Younu U Son, Dalkeith,

N.K., and mav bo harl of all Nurserymen and Seedsmen In bottloM no

3s. each, with directions for use. "■' ' --'-- ..-.•.-.... ..^

Blgnaturo ol Wm. Tir

None la genuine without tho

Cop^<

LAWES* MANURES.

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
season of ISGG are now ready for delivery at hia Factories, at the
toilowing prices, per ton:—
LAWES" PATENT TURNIP MANURE, and BONE £ s. d.

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME 0 tt 0

l^VWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME fiom BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES G 5 0

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MiVNGEL

MANURES 800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURE.. ..12 0 0

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Agents in all parts of tho United Kingdom, at prices
varying according to cost ol carriage.

Genume Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate ol
Soda, Sulpliate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cakes at market prices,

Address, John Uennet Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; and 22, Eden tjuay, Dublin. ^

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(Established 1840),
Have now ready for delivery in di7 fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of HME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISHERY
SALT. &c. E. PonsEB, Secreuuy.

Ufflces, 116, Fonchurch Street, E.C.

Winter Dress all Fruit Trees with
S 11 U R S T COMPOUND.

0/ a Letter /rom Mr.
..ivLas, Nurseries, Saio-
brUlgetoorth, Herts, 22d Oc(.,
180 1.
*' I must tell yoa what
hoard to-day from a very clover
gentleman fanner, Anthony
IJubb, Esq., of Wllcumbo Court,
Gloucester, Ho has a wall to
which Poach trees are trained.
Well, last autumn they were In
a wretched blighted state. A.s
a desperate remedy he unnalled
them all, early last Febniarj',
and gavo all but one a tiiorougli
painting with Gishurst Com-
pound, 1 lb. to tho gallon of
water ; his trees, all but tho
one, commenced to grow
favourably in >pring, and aro
now pictures of h-^mth, Tho
tree not painted is in a lialf-
deaJ blighted state. He used
the same dievsing to his Apjilo
_ , ^, , , ., ,n„^ trees ; it kdled the woolly

Red Spider Magnified. Aphis entirely, and has m;ulo

his trees clean and vigorous In their gi-owth. He Int-^nds to paint
hl3 wall trees annually, and tells all lus friends to do tho same.
1 shall certainly serve all njy young Poach trees against my walls m
the same manner. The Compound is, I believe, more efficacious
than tho usual offensive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and
it does not blacken the shoots on the walls." „ , ^ ^ j

for Orchard-house Trees, nzs, to the gallon will be found a good
strength ; when used stronger some buds on weakly trees may be
injured.

GISHURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nurserymen and
Seedsmen, in boxes. Is., 3s., and los. Orf, each.

Wholesaln bv Pino; 'a Patent Candle Company, LiMirnn, Belmont,
Vanxhall, London, S. , -^ ^

OJslmrst Compound has more recent testmionials to its ciQcacy,
but nono more conclusive than tho above, which has been published
before. .

"171 T. ARCHER'S " E R 1 G 1 DOM 0.'

JOJ • PatroniHod by Her Mafesly Tho Queen, the Duke of North-
umberlnnfl for Syon House, His Grace the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for tho Horticultural Society,
Sir Joseph Pax ton for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological Society, Ac.

PROTECTION from COLD WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.

"FRIGI DOMO," a Canvas made of Patent prepared Hair and
Wool, a perfect Non-conductor of Heat ana Cold, keooing, wherever
it is applied, a fixed temperature. It is adapted (or all Horticultural
and Fioricultui-al purposes, for Preserving Fruits and Flowers from
the Scorching Rays of the Sun. from Wind, from Attacks of Insects,
and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any required lengths.

Two yards wide is. Orf. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. Orf. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. M. per yard.

An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 28. 8rf. per yard run. Also

FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, 2 yards mde. Is. Cd. per yard run.

Elisha TnojiAS Archkb, Whole and Solo Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It Is much cheaper than Mats a.s a covering."

Winter Klbhon Garden,

JOHN ROSS, Surbiton, Surrey. S.W., is prepared to
t) LAY OUT every Description of PLEASURE GROUND,
SCENERY. Photographs of Ribbon Planting may be had for
inspection.

AGENTS WANTED for a well-known MANURE,
which commands a ready Sale. Is highly recommended by
Customers for several years, and sold carriage free. Lioeral teniis
given.— B. C, 5, Tavistock Row, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

LOCK'S PATENT POTASH MANURES.

This is the only "perfect" MANURE ever yet offered to the Agricultural Public,
contaiuing, as it does, that most important clement of every cultivated plant^PoTASH.
It is far superior in efficiency to Peruvian or any other Guano, as it supplies every
constituent requisite for each Special Crop,

Each Manure is specially prepared for the Crop for which it is intended, and is
sold in Bags containing the necessary Dressing for One Acre.

The WHEAT, BARLEY, and OAT MANURE will effectually prevent tlie
LODQiNO of the Com, so frequent on lands deficient in Silica.
The CLOVER MANURE is a certain cure for Clover sickness, so prevalent in some Counties.
The GRASS MANURE contains an abundance of Silicate of Potash, which is by far the predominating
element in all Grasses, and which has never before been offered for Sale by any Manufacturer.

For full particulars see Circulars, for wluch apply to the
SOUTH of ENGLAND MANURE COMPANY, LIMITED, REDBRIDGE, HAMPSHIRE,

■who are the Sole Manufactiirem.
•»• AGENTS WANTED for the UNITED KD^GDOM.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mn. GRAY bogs to call the attention of tho Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to his
NEW OVAL TTJBTJLAfi, BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every fonu of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work wilh
one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from licport in Gardeners' Chronicle of International Exhibition

"The upright fonii of Holler Is usually made on a circular plan,
but the oval lorui given to Mr. Gray's variety of it ia said to bo
Dreferable in consequence of Its bringing the tubes in closer contact
with the fire. Tbe usual form of a furnaco being a parallelogram

Ma;/ 24, 18Q2, pai/e 476.

rather tb.an a square, it seems feasible that the Boilers on the ova
plan should bring the tubes more completely within range of the
burning fuel ; and this being so, the cbange, though a slight one
IS no doubt an improvement."

t^" Thei/ are made of all siieSy which^ with prices, may be had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W,

66

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[Jakitaet "19, 1867.

TAMES PHILLIPS and CO.

^ beg to submit their prices as fbllowH :—

GLASS Ibi- ORCHARD HOUSES,
As supplied by them to Mr, Rivers, to tlie Royal Horticultural Society,
and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentlemen of the United
Kmgdom.

Each Box contains 100 feet. The prices only apply to the alzes stated.
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 16.
_ 10 oz. to the foot.

Fourth quality . . . . I5s. Od

Third ditto 17s Od.

Seconds 18s. Cd. ..

English 20S. Orf

The above ericas include the boxes, which are not returnable.

Stock size. 16-oz., in 100 feet boxes, bo-tes Included.

These prices only apply to the sizes stated.

21 oz.
, 19«. Gel.

. 22s. 6d.
, 2G3. Qd.
. 278. Od.

11 by 9

12 by 9

13 by 9

IS „ 10

14 „ 10

13 „ 11

14 „ 11

14 ., 12

15 „ 12

16 „ 11

18 „ 12

10 „ 12

16 „ 12

10 ,, 13

1? „ 13

20 „ 12

16 „ 14

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

17 „ 14

18 „ 14

20 „ 11

14 by a

4th8.

3rd8.
s. d.
15 6

17 P

2nda.
s. a.
11 0

Vegetable and Flower Seeds, Caprlage Free.

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION.— Medal, 1862.
Invented ry thr late Sir Joseph Paxton.
Manufactured in London; Newton In Cartmel L-ancaahire -
Gloucester; CoventiT; Paisley, and Aberdeen. '

10 to 17 QZ. to tho foot.

Gby4
8by 0 .

lis. 6d.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feet Boxes.
6J by 4J 7 by 6 rj by 5J 1
8! by 68 0 by 7 9) by 7J J

10 by 8 lOJbySJ .. 13». Od

Loncton Aeents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH

T.HSIPP °^^' Gfnu'ne WHITE LEAD, Cabson's PAINTS,
PAINTS of varioua colours, ground ready for use

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all siyei
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE CROW
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL. COLOURED ami
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at. the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillips & Co., 160, Bisbopsgate Street Without. E.C.

Great International Horticultural Exhibition 1866.

First and only Prize awarded to

BEARD'S PATENT METALLIC NON-
CONDUCTING GLASS HOUSES.
Perfect System of Ventilation and Glazing.
Manufactured by Me.ssrs. Sanders, Fkewer, & Co., Victoria Horti-
cultural Works, Bury St. Edmund's.
See large Adyertiaement in Gardeners' Clironicle of Jan. 5, 1867.

HE IMPROTKU 'J'ANNED LEATHER DKIVING

STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS
without lap or cross joints— superior to all others for Portable'
Engines. Prime STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

Price Lists sent free by post.
The Taisned Leather Company. Tanners, Curriers, &c„ Annit
Works, Greenfield, near Manchester ; Warehouse, 81, Mark Lane
London, E.C. Mr. H. Ferhabee, Agent *

ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS will be sent on application to
Messrs. Hereman & Morton. 7, Pall Mall East, London, b W"
-1^™°' *^ HANDBOOK of VINE and FRUIT TREE CULTIVA-
TION, price Is. ; post free. Is. Id.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the materials.
VIZ.. Boilers, Pipes, &c.. delivered to any Station.

Estimates on application.
J. Jokes & Soss, 6, Bapkside. Soutbwark, London, S.E.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

*t^-— A-'n'^^'-^t^t*^^^'^S^g;<;;2z3

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Ikon Merchant,
• 31, Bantslde, London, S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, irom StocK, per yard :— 2-inch, Is. 2rf ;
3-mch, Is. lOd. ; and 4-inch. 2,9. 4rf. BENDS, from Stock, Is.firf., 23. fid..
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, lOs., 13s., and I4s. each. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of first-class manu-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

i^ARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great

V-* variety of pnttems and material, the plainer sorts being
're-'\ f,«PeciftlIy siuted for KITCHEN GARDENS, as

they harbour no SIuRs and Insects, take up little

room, and once put down incur no ftirther labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, conse-
quently being much cheaper,

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., In
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosHER, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.

T,l?I?J'o°°'l*?? -^^^^'^^ 5*' FOXLEITS PATENT GARDEN WALL
UKIOKB. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied

/ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,

cT T 2t' CoiTidors Balconies, Sc, as cheap aud durable as
btone, in blue, rod, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety

tlmnThe^abcvf^'^'^^^ PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,
Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Pavinc
^ncks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall
Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosher, at their Premises as above.
QILVER SAND (HEIGATE, best quality), at the above
J^^^?, '■^^^^^^^^:f ^'' ^*'ll' °^ l-^"- ^^- Psr Eushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
lor delivery witliin three mites, and to any London Railway or Wharf,
tiuantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
wopk. J. at G. KosuER.— Addresses see above
N B. Orders promptly executed bv Railway.

ALVANISED IRON WATER CISTERNS

Cheap, light, and durable, will not mat or corrode, and
keep water perfectly sweet.

JAMES WATTS and CO., Hothouse Builders and
Hot-Water Apparatus My^xuFACTUREBS, 353, Old Kent Road, S.E.
TWO HUNDRED CUCUMBER and MELON BOXES and
LIGHTS, and from 400 to 500 LIGHTSfor PITS of all SIZES kept in
STOCK. Glazed and Painted complete, ready for immediate use.
Packed and sent to all parts of the kingdom. Public and Private
Buildings, Warehouses, Ac, Heated on the most approved scientific
and economical principles. References to the Nobility, Gentry, and
Trade in roost of the Counties in England.

CO T T A M AND COMPANY,
Conservatory and HornoosE Bdilders, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Wiusley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.
20 24 30 inches long.
45», 66s. 92s. 6rf. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. &d. 2s. Id. 2s. Od. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to
COTTAJI &, Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street.
(opposite the Pantheon).
Oxford Street, London, W. hot wateh apparatus

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is ftiUy
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied bv an ordinary labourer
requires no mixmg or thinning, and is used cold. It is used In the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of tlio nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
application.

^rom Chas. E. B. Smedlet, Esq., Tlie Grange, near Boston.
4. J' ^r,^^^.^ much pleasure in giving you a reply to your inquiries about
the Black Varnish I have had from you for the last two yeare It has
answered my expectations fully, and as far as I am able to judge, it
IS the best material for preserving iron fencing, gates, and other wood
work exposed to tneair ; and I can with safety recommend it as the
best and cheapest article that is yet out. Wishing you everv success '
Sold tn casks of about 30 gallons eacn, at Is. fid. per giiliou, at the
MsnijiactoiT, or Is. 8rf. per gallon paid to any Station in the kinedom.
oo J?P^ ^'^ ^'^'' ^ Smith. Brierly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, aad
22, Cannon Street West, E.C. from whom only it can be obtained.

JOHN

WARNER AND SONS,

Crescent, Cripplegate, London, E.C,
BELL and BRASS FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTr.

dl

pRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for

V^/ HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Glazing without Putty."

" Glass without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Lights,"

Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South

Kensington.

Plans and EstlmT,tes free on application Descriptive Book fUUy
Illustrated post free for 0 stimts from the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Architect, Blnningham.

Works: Hlghgate Street, Birmingham.

hewrv J. GRonTAOE, Manager, 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

hold

Each.

1 gallons,

20s. Od.

1 gallons.

24s. Od.

t gallons.

32s. Od.

gallons,

38s. 6d.

gallons,

455. Od.

gallons,

49s. Od,

gallona,

65s. Od.

gallons,

73s. Od.

gallons,

84s. Od.

With Lid and

Brass

Tap.

GALVANISED WIRE STRAND CABLE TENCINQ
GALVANISED IRON ROOflNO.
IMPROVED GALVANISED WIRE NETTING
HDKDLES, HURDLES, IinRDLES, U. 9ci. to 3s. 9il. porvaid.
PATENT STEAINING PILLARS, ic. por ja™.

GALVANISED IRON PUMPS.
GALVANISED SWING WATER BARROWS
LAWN MOWERS, GARDEN ROLLERS.
ASPHALTS ROOFING FELT, Id. per Bquaro foot.
Motley & Green.
lUustrnted Catalogues and Estimates free on application
12, Great George Street, Leeds.

(GREENHOUSES, 42 feet by 13 feet wide, £.50;
J^.i ''°f ',*"■«" ^''°''„'S''°v *^; IZJfeet by 10 feet wide, £16,
glazed ready for fisinK. ORCIlARD-HOUSES, 10 per cent, cheaper
A band.wme CONSERVATORY, 30 feet by 19 feet, £120. Estimates
for any branch m Iron or Wood.

H. PitEEMAN's Works, Triangle, Hackney, N.E.
Established 25 years.

GreenhouseB of Improved and Portable Construction

Mat be seen Erected at

TOSEPH SMITH'S Horticultural Works,

^ ^„ . „ « ^^^ Road, Hammersmith.

SPAN-ROOFS-21 ft. by II ft. 0 in., mth Stage . .
„ 24 ft. by 9 ft. 6 in. „

„ 23 ft. by lli ft. 9 in.

,, 30 ft. by li) ft . .

LEAN-TO.— ir ft. by 7 ft.

„ 20 ft. by 9 ft. ftin ."

„ 21 ft. by 12 ft. 9 in

„ 21 ft. by 13 ft

Fifty strong 2-m, Lights, 6 ft. 8 in. by 4 ft., Glazed 21-o'z
painted, ^£40.
Twenty ditto, 6 ft. 8 in. by 3 ft. 7 in,, ditto, £14 10s.
CONSERVATORIES, GtlEENHOtJSES, or VINERIES mode to
order at l.t. 3d. per foot.
MELON FRAMES of an improved make, ready at low prices

Estimates for Heating ettectually by Hot-Water
A VINERY or PEACH-HOUSE, 41 ft. by ii ft., with 14 ft
Rafters, £40.

No. 35.

PATENT CAST-IRON
PUMP, fitted with J. W. & Sons'
Metal Bucket and Valve, which
cannot clog in action, for Wells
not exceeding 2fi feet.

Diara, Height. £ s. d,

2i in. short . . 1 ft. 7 in. . . l 1 o

"■ ■ ' 3ft. 3 in. .. 1 8 6

3ft. 6 in. ..2 1 0

3 fl. 6 in. . . 2 fi 0

3 ft. 6 in. .. 2 14 0

2\ in. short, with lij feet

of lead pipe attached,

ready for fixing ..2 0 0

2 in. long, do. do 2 14 0

2i in. long

3 in. long
3} in, long

4 in. long

No. 42.
IMPROVED LIQUID
MANURE or GENERAL
PORTABLE PUMP.-Thesa
Pumps are fitted with J. W. A
Sosa' Patent Bucket and Valve
and cannot clog in action. The
Barrel is made of Galvanised
Iron, not likely to corrode, and
can be raised or lowered at plea-
.sure on the stand, the legs of
which fold together, and it mav
be carried with ease by one man
to tank or pond.

Price of 4i-inch Liquid Manure Pump, with legs, £2 15s ■ 2-inch
Flfl.xible PvUbber and Canvas Suction Pipe, 2s, 3rf per foot Tho
Barrel is 27i inches long, and the legs are f> feet high.

WARNERS' PORTABLE FIRE or GARDEN ENGINE.

£32

0,«.

Z7

0

37

(1

70

0

15 10

21

ai

II

27

0

and well

Caution to Gardeners.— When you ask for

SATNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them
Observe the mark Saynur, also the corporate mark Obtain
" A"RANTED, Without which none are penuine.

*,f'- regret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
thoir make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers

b, « C. 8 Pruning and Budding Knives are tne oesc and the
cheapest in the market,

Paxton Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 125 years.

No. 6G8i.

For use by one Person price £2 2s

No, 647b, ditto ditto, on Wheels „ £2103.

The above are complete in themselves, and may be always kept

filled with water, and ready for use. j f"

Letter to The Times, July 23, 1866, from Earl Essex.

A Reai Fire ExTiNODiaHER.

To the Editor of The Times

* '1?"^'";^ ^®?^ ^^'^ ^°^ ^'^ kindly aUot a small snace in the Times

to these few lines, as the best medium through which I would uree

every householder who dreads five to have on each floor of bis house

one or more small Garden or other Engines on wheels, always charced

and m good order, in case of fire.

"Last night, just as I was going to bed, I was startled by that most
fearful of all cries, Fire, fire ! ' 1 soon learned that a fire was rapine
in a larae two-wiudowed unoccupied bedroom. How caused is to ua
all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small
irngmes on each floor. In two minutos I was in the room with one
of them. It was like a furnace. The curtains, abutters, casements
and cornices of both windows were bm-ning and cracking from floor
to ceilmg. I was quite alone at the moment, yet before assistance
arnjed (most of the servants having gone to bed), I had completely
subdued the Are of one window without exhausting the Engine and
when assistance and more water did arrive, we ver\' soon extminiished
the other.

" So fierce was the fire that the lead of the casements was melted
and the casements themselves were bm-nt oflT their hinges.

" u^^^ ^°^^ *^^' ^^'^^ ^y God's mercy, the house was saved by this
small Engine. Had It not been at hand and in order, most assuredly
Cassiobury would be now a heap of ruins.— Yours faithfully

"Cassiobury, Watford, July 20. "Essex

" The Engine, even when fall, runs so light on the floor, that aiiv
woman might draw it, and also work it."

January 19, 1367.]

THE GATmENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

67

FOR SALE, MATERIALS i-cmainin? from the
INTKliNATlllNAl- IIORTIOUI.TORAL EXHIBITION.

\nt\ (i-iiich (iliuod Kiirtlionwiiro nniiii I'lptjs

111)11 .1-lm-liilltt.. 1 3li 3-lncU Junctluua | 02 :)-inch Elbows

A quautltv of sIlBlitly dinnneod (l-liioll and ll-mcU Drain 1 Ipes nnd

aw a^wioueht-iron Inch Gna PIpo. with i Brass Water Cocks nttnohod.
1 now 2-lnch Wiitur Motor.

TURK, friim 10 to 12 thonaand.
Apply to Mr. (liii.siiN, Suiioi-intontiont, U.ittoraoa Tark, SAV.

T' BE U and PLANT LA liKLS.— 10,01)0 Cloth Punched
Labels, 3 inchoa loiiK, for lfi.i. ; 0 inchos lonir, 2fw. Dollvorod
fVoo In London. .Samplos sont on receipt of \d. stamp.

J, .lis FianEii* Co., We.Ht Row Works, Boston, Lmcolnshiro.

HEAP PAVING TILES.— A Manufactui inu I'irm
hasa cnnalderahio Stock of I'LAIN and ENCAUSTIC TILliw,
more or less cinraaecd In the process of inanufactm-mg, thai tlioy
tliBV wool.l lie wiUuii: to IIISPOSE OF at prices below those of the
coniniuue.it dc'scniili"ii of p.ivliiB materials. To Landed Projirictors
they would lie ui valuaMe for tlie Floors of Cottages, Farm-houses, &c.,
nnd would be .iiipplled at a very low rate.

D., I'ost OtHce, Brosoley.

HAW

S

T

F A N Y.

c

For samples and prices apply to
AW & Cr... -Jii, OxlMi.i Strcfi, Mancliester.

Asphalte Roofing Felt,

ONE i'KNNV pi;r Sipiaro Foot.

ROGGON AND CO., Manufacturers,

ffi3, Now Efirl Street. 1 London, B.C.
Kn,n^i^■^lmKS(^,^^LASUU^V;2^Rt;EPlAZZAS,LTVERF00L.

r^pANNKD GARDEN NETTING for preserving Seed

X lloJs Fruits. StrawbuiTios, from Frost. Bliglit, Birds, &c., and
I asftFuucefor Kowly, &c. 1 yard wide, Ud. ; -J yards, 3d. : 3 yurds

4irf • and 4 yiirds, &•(. per yard run in any quantity, may be uad at
i MAS. Wrights, 370, Strand, W C.

! VARNISHED FLOWER .STICKS ;— 1 fn.t, 3(/. ; IJ, id. ; 2, 5ri. ;

2* 7rf -3 lOd ■ 4, J.S. lur iiorduzon. BAIILIA do., perdozeu:— 3 ft,,
. Is-erf"- 4'a«. 3rf. ; 6, 3«. ; li, ■i-'i. ^'i. An allowance to Nurserynioii.^

TOWN it- GOUNTHY

BOOK SOCIETY.

Thin Society hits bucn formed lor the Sui.ply of all tho NEWEST
BOOKS OH tlioy lu-o iHHued fi'oni tho I'russ, at WIIOLLSAlJ'j
PRICES. Tho l\ill Dtseouiit of 1»5 por cont. will bo takou ofl all
Uooka purclm.sod eiCtlio Sin;iul,y.

All SIM'IONNV HOOKS or MA{JAJ;iNKS at 4if-i.
All SMILLINO llooKs or MAOAZINKS at 0(f
All TWO SIllLMNiJ HOOKS iit Is. (I'i,
All THRKK SlIll.l.lNii IIOOKS atas. 3(i.
All FIVK Sill 1,1,1 Nii HDOKS nt 3)i. Orf.
All .SIX SIIILLINII JIOOKH at43.(W.
All TEN SHILLING IIOUKH iit Tf- »(*.
All TWENTY SHILLING IJOOKS at ICa.
Etc. Ota. etc.
For terms and partlciihirs iipply to Tho Town and Country Book
* raternoator Row, E.G.

Tea Cheaper than Ever,

PHILLIPS AM. COMPANY'S TEAS
ARK BEST AND (MIKAPEST. '
HTRONO BLAt^K TKAS, I«. IW., 2«., 2«. \d.
Very ExcoMout ItLACK TEA Ih now only 'Ih. (W. per lb.
]'iin,i.ii*n & Cu., Tun MorchuritH, h, KIuk William Streot, City,
Xjondon, E.C.

Rare choice Konulno COFFKE, 1«, ^d. por lb.

A rj'ico Current powt free, .Subaru itt Miirket prices.

I'liiLMi-H It Co. havu no Agentu.

PnrLLii'H tt Co. send ail (Joods onrrlago free by tliotr own Vanw,

within eight mIloB of No. rt, KIhk Wllllani Street. City; and BOfKl ToaH,

CofToeH, and SijIcoh, cairuiM;o Iryo. to any Railwiiy Station or Market

Town In tho United Kliik'il""', "' Ln Mm Vii]ii(; -.1 M\n. ur uiiwardN,

Society,

Georqe IlENnv FoRTT, Manager.

Works on Botany, hy Dr. Llndley.

DESCHIPTIVE BOTANY: or, The Art of
DKSiMUBtN-o Plants correctly, in Scientific Language, for Sell
Instruction and tho Uko of Schools. l*rico Is.

SCHOOL BOTANY ; or, The RuDT>rENTs of Botanical
Science. In One Volume, 8vo, half bound, with 400 llluatrations,
pnce bn. C(I.

Lately Published,

MEDICAL find ECONOMICAL BOTANY; or An
Account of tho Principal Plants employed in Modicme or
Domestic (Jiconomy. In 1 vol. Svo, with numerous Woodcuts, price

London : Bradbory i Evans, 11, Bouverie Street, E.C.

By Royal Appointment

To IIKR MA.rKHTV,

By Siieclal Warrant,
dated December 27, 180fi.

To TiiK Phinck UK Walks,

liy Special Warn^ut,

dated February H), imw.

T?OWLh:R\S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH iind

_r CULTIVATOR may be SKEN at WORK in every Agricultural
County In England.

For particulars apply to .Toun Fowler & Co., 71, Cornhill, London,
E.C. : and Steam Plough Wnrks, Li-eds^

Lawn Mower Repairs.

ALEXANDER SllAMv^ and bON would suggest to
their nuiooroua friends tho desirability and importance of
having thuir Lawn Mowers put into proper order before the com-
luencouiont of tho Mowing seji&on. If attention be paid to this
request some disappointment may be avoided, because in the early
apriug tho necossarv time for repairing Machines is to Kome extent
denied thom, uii account of tho pies^ of business connected with the
manufacturu and despatch of new Machines.

Machine.i fur Repair can be addrchsud, Ale.\. Shanks h Sov,
27, Leadenhall Street, London, E.C. (where Repairs are executed);
or to the Manufactory, Dens Iron Works, Arbroath, N.B.

/WtTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

Kj cow FITTINGS.

Steam Cultivation.

FACTS of INTEKEbT to the FARMERS. By John
Fowler & Co. ; Revised and Amended by William Smith, of
Woolston, Blotchley Station, Bucks. With an Appendix showing the
present a.spect of Steam Cultivation.

May be had of Mr Smitu, post free, for 14 postape stamps.

Their advantages are— Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Ti-oughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Pi'ice of Fittings per Cow. bbs.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W,, where the
above are exhibited, together with several important ImproveniKnts
In Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

C^LOCKS, C.VNUELABRA^^BRUNZES, and LAMPS.
— William S, Bcrtos invites inspection of his Stock of these,
displayed in two largo Show Rooms. Each article is of guaranteed
quality, and some aie objects of pure Vertu, the productions of the
first maaufactm-ers of Pari-s, from whom William S. Burton imports
them direct.

Clocks from 7». Od. to £45.

Candelabra from 13s, Crf. to £16 105. per pair.

Bronzes from 18s. to £16 16s.

Lamps, Moderateur, from . . . . \js. to £9,
IMre Colza Oil, 4^. per gallon.

WILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING
IRONMONGER by appointment to H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, sends a Catalogue gratis and post paid. It contains upwards
of 600 IlluHtrations of his unrivalled Stock of Sterling Silver and
Electro Plate, Nickel Silver, and Britannia Metal Goods, Dish
Covera, Hot-water Dishes, Stoves, Fenders, Marble Chunney-pieces,
Kitchen Ranges, Lamps, Gaseliers, Tea Trays, Urns, and Kettles,
Clocks, Table Cutlerj', Batha, Toilet Ware, Turner}', Iron and Brass
Bedsteads, Bedding, Bedroom Cabinet I<'urniture, &c., with Lists of
Prices, and Plans of tho Twenty large Show Rooms, at 39, Oxford
Street, W. ; 1, 1a, 2, 3, and 4, Newman Street ; 4, 5, and 6, Perry's
Place ; and 1, Nc^vman Yard, London, W.

THE SMOKER'S (BONBON immedialelv and effec-
tually REMOVES the TASTE and SMELL of fOBACCO from
the Moutii and Breath, and renders Smoking agreeable and safe. It
is very pleasant and wholesome. Prepared by a patent process,
from the recipe of an eminent physician, by Schoolino & Co.,
Wholesale and Kxport Confectioners, Bethnal Green, London, N.E.
1.'*. per box post free, 14 stamps. — Sold by Chemists, Tobacconists, &c.

Sauce.— Lea & Perrlns'

WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE.—

This delicious Condiment, pronounced by Connoisseurs
"THE ONLY GOOD SAUCE," is prepared solely by Lea & Perrins.
The public are respectfully cautioned against worthless imitations,
and should see that Lea & Pkrrins' Names are on Wrapper, Label,
Bottle, and Stopper. Ask for Lea & Pkrrins" Saoce.

',* Sold Wholesale and for Export, bv the Proprietorfl, Worcester;
Messrs. Crosse & Blackwkll; Messrs, Barclay & Sons, London, &c.,
aud by Grocers and Oilmen universally.

DINNEFORD'S FLUID MAGNESIA.—
The beat remedy for Acidity of the Stomach, Heartburn,
Headache, Gout, and Indigeslion: and the best mild aperient
for delicate constitutions, especially adapted for Ladies, Cliilaien,
and Infants.

DiNNEKoitD & Co., 172, New Bond Street, London, W., and of
all CberaiMta

The Best Remedy for Indigestion,

NORTON'S CAiM(J.\llLK PlLLb are confidently
recominonded a.s a uliiiple but certain rcioody lor Indigestion.
They act oh a powerful tonic and gentle aperient ; are mild m their
operation ; safe under any circumstances ; and thousands of persons
can now bear testimony to the benefits to be derived from th«ir use.
Sold in Bottles at \s. l\d., 28. yd., and lis. each, in every town in tho
kingdom. Caction.— Be sure to ask for "NORTON'S PILLS," and
do not be persuaded to purchase the various imitations.

Popular One-Volume Editions.

New and Cheaper f:ditirpii. with ! 'i .i-traits, royal Svo, lOs.,
cloth buanls.

BOSWELL'S LIFE of JOHNSON; including the
TOUR to WALES and the HEBRIDES. With Notes by
Loril Stowrli., Sir W. Scott, Sir J. Mackintosh, Lockuakt, Sc.
Edited by Mr. Choker.

II.

New and Cheaper Edition, with Illustrations, royal Svo, 7s.,

cloth boards.

REV. GEORGE CRABBE'S POETICAL "U^ORKS, Avith

his Letters, Journals, and a Life, With Notes by Sir W. Scott,
Heiier, Moore, &c.

New and Cheaper Edition, with Illustrations, royal Svo, 9s.,
cloth boards,

LIFE of LORD BYRON. With his Letters and

.T'.ui-nals. By Thomas MooRi:. With Notes by Jefi-euv, Hkher,
Wilson, Moore, Gikford, Craiibe, LocKaART, &c.

IV.

New and Cheap Edition, with Portraits end Illustrations,
royal 8vo, 3s., cloth boards,

LORD BYRON'S POETICAL WORKS, complete with

Notes by Jkffery, Heiier, Wilson, Moore, Gifford, Crabue,
Lockuart, &c.

John Murray, Albemarle Street, W.

Travels and Adventures.

A NEAV SERIES OF "CHOICE TRAVELS."
Under this title it is intended to issue NEW EDITIONS of
VOYAGES and TRAVELS, possessing permanent interest, in
convenient sized Volumes, printed in clear type, on good papt-r, with
Illustrations when necessary, so as to lorra a compact Libr.iry ot
Instructive aud Entertaining Books, suitable for all Classes of
Raaders.

[Already Published.]

HON. ROBERT CURZON'S VISITS to the
MONASTERIES of the LEVANT. With Illustrations.

Post Svo, 7.S. Of?.

n. SIR FR.\NCIS HEAD'S BUBBLES from the

BRQNNEN of NASSAU. With Illustrations. Post Svo, 7s. Cd.
(This Day.)

To ho followed by

I". LORD DUFFERIN'S LETTERS from HIGH

LATITUDES; being some Account of a Yacht Voyage to
Iceliind, Jan Mayeu, and Spitzbeigen, &c. With Illustrations.
Post Svo.
IV. MR. LAYARD'S "NINEVEH ;" a Popular Account
of a Firs' Expiidition to Assyria, With Illustrations. Post Svo.

V.MR. LAYARD'S "NINEVEH and BABYLON;"
a Popular Account of a Second Espedition to Assyria and
Babyloniu. With Illustrations. Post Svo.

John Mcrhay, Albemarle Street, W,

DAY, SON, AND H E W I T T,
Original and Solo Proprietors of tho STOCK-BREEDRRS'
MEDICINE CHKST, for DISORDERS in HORSES, CA'lI'LE,
CALVES, SHKKP, and LAMBS.

i'alronlHod by upwards of Seventy Thousand of tho principal Stock
Broedorf, Horse Proprietors, and Agriculturists of England, Ireland,
ScoLluiid, and Wales.

Tho only True and Original" DAY'S CUEMICAL COMPOUNDS"
are pn^'arfd uxprossly by us. Tho Chest contains the fullowlug
mutchluMB prepanittonH : —

Haifa Dozen CHEMICAL EXTRACT, at 30s. per dozen.
One Dozen GA.'^EOUS FLUID, at 'Joa. per dozen.
One Dozen RED DRKNCHICS, at 13.f. per dozen.
One Dozen RED PA.STE BALLS, at 7s. C(/. per dozen.
Adapted for all ailments among Siock during the present BoaBon.
Price of Chest complete, with Shilling Book on Farriery, £2 16s. Od.,
carriage paid. Either preparation may be had separately in boxes.
Testimonials.
The Lambiiiff Season.— 'Vhn "Chemical Extract " is unequalled for
bfid cases in drawing Lambs, and to stop heaving and straining. Mr.
Woods, in his Lecture on the " Breeding and Management of .Sheep,"
bays—" My shepherd declares it to be worth a guinea a bottle."

The " Gaaeoxis Fluid" is famous for debility and exhaustion in
Ewes after Lambing; for diarrhosa in Calves and Sheep, and for
colic and gripes in Horses and Cattle. Mr. Bowlck, in his prize
essay on the "Rearing of Calves," says— "The Ga.seous Fluid Ih
sufficient for all the ilia that Calfhood is liable to. I have reared 26
calves this vear, and by the use of the 'Gaseous Fluid," I have not
lost one." Mr. Thos. Rigby (Cheshire), in his Lecture on "Summer
Grazmg of Sheep." says—" Day, Son, & Hewitt's Gastous Fluid is tho
best corrective ot scour in Sheep I have ever tried. I can strongly
recommend their * Medicine Chest' as a most valuable auxiliary to
stock-keepers of all kinds, but especially to shepherds. With tho
medicines they give plain directions for use, which any man may
understand."

Orders sent by Post will be promptly attended to if addressed —
Day, Son, & Hewitt, ^nimal Medicine factory, 22, Dorset Street,
Baker Street, London, W. ; or Wantage, Berks.

"Woods on bheep," five stamps; "Bowick on Calves," three
stamps, both free by post.

In One Vol., Svo, with 194 Woodcuts, price 14». cloth,

GARDEN ARCHITECTURE and LANDSCAPE
GARDENING ; illustrating the Architectural Embellish-
ment of Gardens, with Ronjarks on Landscape Gardening in its
relation to Architecture, By Jons Artiicr Hoques.

"Mr. Hughes's votucne may be honestly recommended, not only
to the profession, but to everybody who is smitten with the desire of
improving a garden or a pleasuro ground in the aeml-continental
Bty\e."—Patl Mall Gazette.

London : Lonomans, Green, & Co., Paternoster Row, E.C.

Coleuso's School Arithmetics.

In ISnio. price l», cloth, or with Answers, l,s, Gd. cloth,

A SHILLING ARITHMETIC Designed for the use of
Elementary Schools. By the Right Rev. J. W. Colenso, D.D.,
Bishop of Natal,

This Shilling Arithmetic is a
new edition ol Bishop Colenso'a
Text Book of Elemoutaty Arith-
metic, in which tho exerci.ses

have been incorporated with the
text ; but the original edition, in
which the text book is published

separately from the examples. Is
btill kept on sale. The Work has
been carefully revised through-
out, and in a few instances
alterations have been made
with the view to improve the
explanatory portion of the book.

COLENSO'S ARITHMETIC designed for the use of

SCHOOLS. Revised Edition, 12mo., 4s. Gd., and Key, 6s.

London : Longmans, Green, &. Co., Paternoster Row, E.C.

" The worst weather comes with a falling barometer during a
N. wind," — See

THE USEFUL WEATHER GUIDE for FARMERS,
GARDENERS, .SAILORS, &c.
Six Copies sent free by post on receipt of two penny stamps.

Address, T. Roiikrts & Co,, S, Crane Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C.

w

ANTEU, GARDENERS- CHRONICLE, Three

Days Old, — Address, stating price per quarter.
Gardener, Post Office, Bala, North Wales.

rr\Q PARENTS and GUARDIANS. —The retuni of
X Youth to their respective boardii-g schools induces a solicitude
for their personal comfort and attraction, and ROWLANDS'
MACASSAR OIL, lor accelerating the growth and improving and
beautifying the hair, ROWLANDS' KALYDOR, for improving the
skin and complexion, and removing cutaneous erupfcioLS, and ROW-
LANDS' ODONTO, or Pearl Dentifrice, for rendering the Teeth
beautifully white, and preserving the gums, are considered India-
pensable accompaniments.

Sold by Chemists and Perfumers, Ask for Rowlands' articles.

Farm Poultry.

GRET DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY aiid ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and eariy maturity.
BRAIIMA-POUTRA. CREVECCEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Baily & Son. 113, Mount Street, London. W.

ALDERNEY or SHORT-HORN. — A Gentleman
desirous of Increasing his Dairy Supply, wlshesto EXCHANGE
Three Young ALDERNEYS out of profit for Three fine Young
SHORT-HORNS or ALDERNEY COWS about to Calve, or in ftlU
Milk, and to pay the diffiirence of value.

Direct Mr. Aoars, Bailiff, Buckhurst Farm, Sunninghill, Berks.

Short-horu Bulls.

ON SALE, by Private Contract, EIGHT choice
YOUNG BULLS, principally rich roan colours, from 10 to
22 months old. Also, FOUR BULL CALVES. They have all a
larse uroportion of fins Bates' blood, derived through their sire, the
well-kjiown pure Bates Duchess bull, 7th Duke of York (17754), bred
by Captain Gunter from dams chiefly descended from the late Earl
Ducle's celebr.ated herd.

Pedigrees will be forwarded on application to the Breeder,
Mr. S. Rich, Didmarton, Chippenham, " ilts ; and every reasonable
assistance as regards delivery, &c., will be rendered to purchasers.

To Nurserymen and Others.

TO BE LET, immediately contiguous to a first-
class Railway Station in the Midland Counties, a compact and
well-stocked NURSERY, with two extensive Vineries, together with
the mature and well-btaring Vines, numbering about 150, which
comprise White Muscat, Black Hamburgh, and other choice
varieties ; and also with the newly-erected Greenhouse, Potting
Shed, Propagating House and Frames complete. There is a good
family and marketconnection, and every convenient access to London
and the principal towns of the neighbourhood. The incoming
Valuation is estimated at about £:i60. For further particulars apply to
A. R., 25, Bennett's Hill, Birmingham.

^alcs fig auction.

Postponement of Sale.

MR. J. C. STEVENS begs to annnunce that the SALE
of PLANTS advertised for This Day is POSTPONED until
the weathtjr Is sufflciently mild to allow of its taking place.

.'IS, King Street, Covent Garden. W.C.

LUium auratum.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, ^.C, on
THURSDAY, January 24, at halt^ast 12 o'Clock preciselv, without
reserve. 10.000 SPLENDID BULBS of LILIUM AURATUM, ju-st
arrived per French mail steamer from Japan.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Callfornlan Tree Seeds.
"l/TR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at

IVL his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Gai-den, W,C., on
MONDAY, .Tanuary 2S, at half-pa.st 12 o'Clock precisely, .300 LOTS
of Choice CALIFORNIAN SEEDS, just arrived from California.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Tumham Green.

Clearance Sale of Vallahle Fruit and other Trees for thb
Kensington and Ruumond Railway.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are instnicted
by the London & South- Western Railway Company to SELL
bv AUCTION on the Prtmi.ses, Chiswick Nurseries, Turnham
Green, W., on THURSDAY, January 24, at 12 o'Clock, the whole o^
that portion of Messrs. GLENDINNING'S NURSERY STOCK
taken by the aforesaid Railway Corap.auy, and which is to be cleared
without reservf. comprising Home thousands of Fruit aiid other
Trees, including handsome Standard and Dwarf-trained Peaches,
Nectarines, Apricots, ditto and pyramidal Pears, Clierrles, Apples
&c. ; a quantity of Crab Stocks ; upwards of 400 Cedi-us Deodara,
3ito8 feet, including some very graceful specimens; 2000 Limes,
Planes, worked Thorns, Chestnuts, Elms, Oaks, Acacias, Willows,
&c. ; Common Laurels, English Yews, Pinus excelsor &c.

N.B. A reasonable time will be allowed to clear thelots after the
frosty weather, should It continue. v„»,„j

May be viewed four days prior to tho Sale. Catalogues may be had
on the Premises ; of Messrs. Bircham & Co., 413, Parliament Street,
Westminster, S.W. ; and of the Auctioneers, American Nurseries,
Levtonstone, Esses, N.E.

66

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[January 19, 1867.

GEEEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOE,

OR

lOISELESS LAWN MOWING, EOLLIHG, and COLLECTIMG MACHINES.

PATRONIZED BY

HEK MOST GEACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN ^ -^j^ ^^^ ^^^'^ °^ "^^^ BELGIANS.

ON T-\VENTY-NINE DlrFEKENT OCCASIONS. (O 1^^^^^^^ o "^^^ EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH.

H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF W.VLES. S^^^^-^^^SS THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.

AND MOST OP THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

THO.UAS GREEN and SON in introducing their PATENT LATYN MOWERS for the present wason, heg to state that they have no Novelties to report. The fact i.=,
that after the severe tests their ILichincs have been subjected to since they added their latest improvements, they have been found to meet all the requirements fur which they
are intended, viz. : — the keeping of La"\v.\s in the highest state of pekfectiox.

They are the simplest in construction, least li,ible to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease than any other Lawn Mower extant ; and in proof of their
superiority, 36,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

THEY ARE THE ONLY MACHIHES IN CONSTANT USB AT

THE royal horticultural SOCIETY'S GARDENS, SOUTH KENSINQTOK" |

THE ROi'AL BOTANIC GARDENS. REGENT'S PARK

THE CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GARDENS, .SYDENHAM

BUCKINGHAM PALACE GARDENS

MAIILBOIIOUGH HOUSE I

THE HYDE PARK GARDENS

THE "WINTER PALACE GARDENS, DUBLIN

THE DUBLIN BOTANIC GARDENS

TH E LIVERPOOL BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LEEDS ROYAL PARK

THE HULL BOTANIC GARDENS
THE BOTANIC GARDEN.S, BRUSSELS
THE SUNDERLAND PARK
THE PRESTON PARK

AND IN MOST OF THE PRINCIPAL PARKS, SQUARES, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

GREEN'S

P.ITENT

LAWN MOWEES

have proved to be the best, and
carried off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of com-
petition.

T. GREEN &, SON

warrant every Machine tj give
entire satisfaction, and if not
approved of can be returned
unconditionally.

PRICES of HORSE, PONY, and DONKEY AlACHINES, including Patent Self-delivery Box; Cross Stay complete; suitable for attaching to

ordinary Chain Traces or Gig Harness.

PONY AND DONKEY MACHINES.

To Cut 26 inches
,1 uu ,. ..

...«3 0 0

,r n 0 ( -^'■■«"'«'' Hoots for Bonkeij, 18s.

17 0 0

Leather Boots for Pony, 22s.

HORSE

MACHINES

To Cut 30 inches

• • * •

.£21 0 O'^

„ 36 „ ..

. .

• 2* " '^\Leat

. 27 0 or""

., 48 „ ..

. 30 0 o;

Leather Boots for Horse, 26s.

Both the Horse, Pony, Donkey, and Hand Machines possess (over all other Makers) the advantage of Self-sharpening. The cutters being steel on each side, -when they
become dull or blunt by running one way round the cylinder, can be reversed again and again, bringing the opposite edge of the cutter against the bottom blade, when the
Machine will cut equal to new. An'angeraents are made that the cylinder can be reversed, by any inexperienced person, in two or three minutes.

HAND MACHINES.

M.'SSI^'L'aBm

To Cut 10 inches
,- 12 „
» M „
16 „

, £3 10 0 SuUaltefor a lady

* 10 0

.5 10 0 Suitable for One Person

6 10 0

To Cut 18 inches .. £7 10 0 Suitable for One Person.

20

ii

.800

Suitable for Two Persons

22

)»

. 8 10 0

11 »

21

»j •

.900

11 11

Packing Cases are chflrged at the following low rates, viz. :— for the 10 and 12-inch Machine, 3*. ; 14 and 16-inch, 45. ; IS and 20-inch, 5*. ; 22 and 24-inch, 65. Parties
providing themselves with Lawn Mowers are recommended to purchase the cases in which to stow them away, when not in use, to prevent [them from getting damaged ; 11
returaed, two-thirds will be allowed for them.

The above MACHINES are made from the beat materials, and of superior workmanship ; are delivered Ciin'inge Free to all the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Porls
in England. .

Every Machine is ivarrantcd to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of, can be returned unconditionally.

Having above 3000 Machines in stock at our Leeds and London Establishments, we are in a position to execute orders on the day they are received.

I^ niuitrated Price Lists, and Sheet of Prise Medals awarded to GREEN'S . PATENT LAAVN MOWERS, /«e on application.

T. G. AND SON having taken very extensive Premises in London, are now in a position to do all kinds of Repairs there, as well as at their Leeds EstabUshment.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS;

and 54 and 65, BLACKFEIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

Editorial Commimications Bbould be addresKato" Tlio Editor;" AdTertisemeiits led Busliloss Letters to " The Publisher." at the OfBeo, 41, WcUinSton Street, OoVent Gj"'5n;|.IJ''l'''"j, ^•';,',.. ,,„., m.ttihiws at tlie
Printed by Jisies Matthews, at the Office or Messrs. Bhiobubt. Evisis, & Co.. Lombard Street. Precinct of Whitefrlars, City ol LoQdoa, la the Oo. of Middlescs, nii4 Pubmhcd by the s.iia Jimes mitthots
OtBce, No.«, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, In the said County.— SATORDi.t, January 19, 1967.

/

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 4.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, JANUARY 26,

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, 07,

Apr>U\ vtripoil

llfllUS Kulil.-Y

lici'f. liiiisl (irold KuRlnnd .

, ul

INDEX.

Low's (Messrs.) nursery

MiUt tax

gl'OUIUl

, 81 ft

ht'U tcstimonlul

Koiiks imtiicd wn

CAbt'UiJi', l-Varnou«lit TH c

Cupc uf Uumt H'HH' 73 <■

Ciittli', liniK-humcil ut Upton., 01 n

CnttU' pliiRUC !>'i 1

CoV)w M It

CotliiKiTu' KaiR 79 a

Ppmlrohliim MacCarihla? 7'J n

l>ii.>in>n'iil[ut:ita« 74 .»

DoiiilK-vii UTiKillatii 71 b

Kni'tlt t'lDHoU RS f

Kxliibilioii. St Ivtprshui'Bh ., 7:1 r

Fitnil. i':iiii!)rl.l^'<>!iliiro W) o

FiiniiiT'' (iiiiliaii U.)iii(> .... W a

— V\uh lollies m a

Floras, Iiisuliu- 7 J a

yoiintuiiiB, KUtdt pcrcha .... 71) a

yrostjOffecti of 7a i

Fan^i. ruot IS b

Gamp P3 r

GIUiliolHS *W c

Giupc.MrB. IMm-o's 74 (i-7H d

— Hlack Rnrbm-osaa 7k «

Havpriiiir Park Bale S3 ft

Hent, nrtitii'ial 7ll a

lint water aiipiw.iliis 79 n

Hvncintlisin water W) b

Ice stuck i 77 r

Liiiul avpucv «7 a

Land Ntewui-il'ai'laims yi li

LoiiiHi'in di&culor, forms of .... 73 c

Mii

Mii-^cdin lliillettiiiiiuiu..

ni\lu.l>
itti till

ml Hi."

^•llUl^

I'l'larKoiMUitis, vuri(.-;|[atcd ....

rUiili, ))esv

PlHlltt,(likPUKL-i of

Plant uortriUt!>

I'loiik'nlti;;, progrPS!) of Ktcum

Poultry

ScdU'ollPCtloiiH

SiobolU. Into Dr. Von

Skiiting, »at>:

.Soc'ietr, lioUin. of KdinhurKli

— KntoniolOKl<-'-il

— Muaclieitler Litfnirv ....

— Kuyiil Horticultural ....

— — Hurysliowof

— Htchlnnd

Spiout*. Diiltnony

Ktutistica, agricultural ..83 o-

— Irlah

Timbpr, sliaUy 73 f—

Tmde lists

Turner'* (Mr.) nureery

Tuniip CI op

Victoria rCL'ia

WcutlitT,, the late winterly ..

— at Wevbridfte

— lit EritlKt; CaKtlP:

Wcllinirtonifts at Itcdloaf

\uni, Chinese

NATIONAL HORTICULXaRAL EXHIBITION, 1867.
—The aboTa EXHIBITION will Open at Manchester on
JUNE 7, and coiitinuo till JUNE ir».

Schtitiules, &c., mny be obtained on application to Mr. B. Fivdlat,
Curator, Botanic Gurdeti, Mauctiestor ; or from the undersigned,
IIilnrv Whitworth, Secretary.
Carlton Buildings, Cooper Street. Manchester.

Genuine Qarden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES C A K i K U AND CO.,

Seed Farmers, MERcuANTii, and Ndrseryukn,
:'37 & :i38. High Holhorn, London. W.C.

JAiLES FAIKHEAl) and SON, Seed Growers and
Merob.«nt8, TiBorough Market, London, 8,E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and ndvantageuus offers on application.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
Cork, Seed, Maxcbk, and Oilgaee Mercqantb,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mart Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post Iroe on application. Prize MedaJs, 1851,
for Wheat 1802. for ''lixcellent Seed Corn and Seeds,"

O^U T TON'S *SH 0 RT" S E L E CT SEED

yj may be had gratis on application.

Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Readlni?.

LIST

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH ANU SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. Highgato, London, N.

w

HOLESALE CATALOGUE of GENERAL
JTTJRSERY STOCK, contalnini; 60 pages, may bo bad post

ftee on application to
Tbo;

u*3 Caiprs, Tho Nuraerlos, Tunbrldfre Wella.

B

S. WILLIAMS' NEW PRICED GENERAL SEED

CATALOGUE now ready, forwarded free to any address.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

New General Plant Catalogue.

BS. WILLIAMS' NEW PLANT CATALOGUE,
• containing many reallygood Novelties, and carefully selected
LISTS of STOVE, GREENHOUSE, and HARDY PLANTS, la
now ready and will be forwarded post free to all applicants.
Victoria and Piiradlae Nurseries, Holloway, London, N.

Being Issued.— First Edition 25,000.

BARR A-ND SUGDEN'S GUlUE to the KITCHEN
and FLOWER GARDEN. A copy will be presented to each
customer, and also to intending purchasers on sending their address.
Babr & SuQDEK, 12. King Street, Covent Garden, W.C,

VINES, VINES.— Strong Planting and Fruiting Canes
of nil tho leading kinds. Prices on application.
B. S. WiLLTAUB. Victoria and ParadiHo Nurseries. Upper Holloway, N.

Grape Vines.

JOSEPH MEREDITH luis :i beautiful Stock of VINES
for Halo, propagated from Vinos which have borne the fruit
which ha,i taken from time to time sn many First Prizes,
Tlio Vmoyard, Garston, mar Liverpool.

Late Grape Vines.

ALICANTE, LADY DOWNES", and MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA.

J MEREDITH has a splendid Stock of the above
• sorts for Planting.

The Vineyard, Garaton, near Liverpool.

LADY DOAVNES" SEEDLING, HAMPTON COURT,
IJLACK HAMBURGH, and MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA
GRAPES. Good Fruiting CiUos, 7». Gd. each ; good Planting Canus,
'dn, tid, each.

T. Jacksos & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W.

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the above may
now be bad at lOs. Gd. and 21«. each ; the usual di.scount to the
Trade. Petkr Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and London,

PYRAMID Al'PLKS, PEAKS, PLUMS, CHERRIES.

Ik'autil'.d Trees for Garilen nr (.)rchard Houses.
RiCHARn hiHTH. Nurseryman and Sued Merchant, Worcester.

Dwarf-trained Trees by the lOOO, 100, or dozen.

APPLES, pears. Plums, cherries, peaches.
and NECTARINES. Fine, flat, well-tndoed, of best quality
and true to name.

RicHARn Smith, Nnrseryman and Soed Merchant, Worcester.

Fifty Acres of Fruit Trees,

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, UHKRltlES, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS in every form desired for
Fruiting.

RicHAnn Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Orchard-Iiouse Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES. NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RiCHAUD Smith. NurHerjTii:in and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

FRUIT TREES, for Walls and Esuuliers.— Upwards of
60,000 to select from, carefully trainea, and In the healthiest
condltluu for planting-

RicuAHi) Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester,

S'^TRONG STANDARD and DWARF TRAINED
APPLES and PEARS ; fine Transplanted LARCH FIR, from
li toSfeot; a choice collection of CONIFERS and EVERGREENS,

and a General Nursery Stock. Prices on application.

Charles Boroe.ss, The Nurseries, Lonuun Road, Cheltenham.

EAKiM" PYRAMIDS^^ioO'varietieB of APPLES
and 100 of PEARS, from 10 to 12 years' growth, which have been

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
CARTsn'fl New Soed Warehouse, ^37 & :i.1n, HUh Holbom, London,

CHARTER'S NEW (JAKDUN SKEDS for 1867.—
PRICE LISTS, containing all the NOVELTIES of tho season,
gratis and post free.

Jamks Cakti;k k Co., 237, High Hnlbom, London, W.C.

BUTTON'S COLLECTIONS of SEEDS.

O For the KITCHEN GARDEN, 10«. CJ. to £5 Hi.

For tho FLOWER G.^RDEN, »«. to 4i<,
Prices and particulars gniDs and post free.
Bdtton & Sons, Seed Growers, Heading.

1867.

"\7EGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS of I!est

V Selected quality,

James Dickson & Sons, loi;, Eastgiito Street, Chester.

Early Spring Flowers.

WEBB'S GlAiNl POLYANTHUS and COWSLIP,
with all the best varieties of i_'oublo and Single PRIMROSKS,
PANSIES, Slc, with Seeds of single varieties. LIST of prices of
different kmds on application to

Mr. Weub, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

VERBENAS of sorts, with plenty of rnUtings, at S.i. per
dozen ; Young I'lants of dn. at 7s. "per 100, package mcluded.
Terms cash. Philip Ladbs, FlorLst, Bexley Heiith, Kent,

r>IBBOirBORDER (si.x Colours), Germ:in"and French,
\j COLLECTIONS, and all specialties worth growing. See Pointer's

LIST. RuUF.RT H. PoVNTKIt, TiiuntOH.

AUTUMN BEDDING for WINTER and SPRING
DECORATIONS of FLOWER BKDS on LAWNS, &c,— A
piece of Planting, showing what may be iione in this way, cnn be seen
any time at Thomas S. Ware's, Hale Farm Nursenes, Tottenham,
Middlesex, adjoining the Railway Station.

^l^L ~ I " UTl A~ U R A T U M.

strong Bulbs, Us., 7s. (id., 10s. Gd., and iHs. each.
B, S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Ilolloway,
London, N.

B

removed every two years, and are consequently safe to transplant,
__ , ,_ _ '->ify fructiferous state, will be sold for 6s. ea '
Wood it Inobam, Nurseries, Huntingdon.

Choicest Italian Tuberoses. 3s. per Dozen.

JAMES CARTER and CO., Sked MEiicH.AJSTa and
NcnsERYMEN, 23", High Holborn, London, W.C.
, Price to the Trade on application,

G' 1 LADIOLUS, NEWEST and BEST FRENCH
r VARIETIES.

i PRICE LISTS gratis and post free on application to

James Carter & Co,, Seed Merchants and Nurserymen, 2Z7, High
I Holborn, London, W.C,

I ^t^ ANSELL begs to inform his Eriends and the Trade
' _L • that his usual large stock of DAHLIAS, both in pot and
ground roots, are now in fine condition fur expoitation, comprising
the best varieties in cultivation ; also New varieties of le6C. A LIST
, of sorts, with prices, may be had on application to
i T. Aksell, Camden Nursery, Grafton Road, Kentish Town, N.W.

WALL-TR/UNED TREES of BEARING SIZE.— Our
Wall-Trained Fruit Trees this season are verv fine, and i
Include PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, and FlGS, suited i

for planting in houses lor immediate Fruiting. An inspection la \
respectfully Invited. j
T. Jacrbon a Son, Nurseries, Kingston, Surrey.

w

Koses.
M. PAUL'S PRICED DESCRIPTIVE

CATALOGUE of ROSES is now ready, post IVee on application,
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham CruHS, N.

TREES and PLANTS of all sorts and sizes in very
great Quantity, of best quality and at moderate prices.
PRICED LISTS poBt-fiee on application.
Jaucs Dickson & Sons, (" Old £sfabli«hed Nursery and Seed
Bunin^s,"] Tha " Newton" Nurseries. Chester,

To the Trade.

WCROWDER, NuKSEUYMAX, Homcastle, has to
• offer SCOTCH FIR, 1 to li and2to3feet: SPRUCE do.,
Z.to 3 feet ; QUICKS, 1, 2, aiid 3-yr, transplanted; LARCH, 3 to 4 feet.

RICHARD DEAN'S "LIST of NOVELTIES and
SPECIALITIES in FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS,
and which contains also some Original Papers of great value to tho
Amateur, is now ready, and can be had post free on application

Depot lor New and Choice Vegetable and Flower Seedfl. Eallnjr
London, W. „ '

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

C1HARLES SHARPE and CO. beg tu iulonu the
y Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST Is now ready
•Dd wUl be forwarded post free on application. '

Seed Warehouse, Sleaford.

G Somersetshire Prize Seeds.

ENUINE GARDEN and ELOWER and FARM
SEEDS of the finest stocks and quality ; LISTS now ready
__RoBKRT H, Potnter, the County Seed Eatabliahmont, Taunton.

TpARTlES wishing to"lTave~GENUINE CHOICE

■r"r>J^^^^ SCV®^*^ quality only, at lowest prices, should obtain
J. SCUTTS PRICED CATALOGUE, sent free to Ipurchasers. on
application to J. Scott, The Soed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

AMBROISE ' VEKSCHAEFELTS (Nurseryman.
Ghent, Belgium) GENERAL CATALOGUE of PLANTS
may be obtained free on appllcation-

P Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.
AUL TOLLARD, Seed Grower and Merchant,
20, Quai de la Mfglasfirie, Paris, France.

SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEEDS, in Engliflh weights
and money, post free on applii;atioD

-7^ *w® S??^'Jr7?;^^®o~^°'***^®^*8^ nower Seeds, &c.
Tj> W. WENDEL, Seed Gro\\'er, &c., Erfurt. Prussia,
Jl . bega to announce that his WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of
the above Is now ready, and may be had free and post oaid on
application to his Anent, *^

Gio. Macimtosh, Seedsman, Ao., High Road, Hammersmith, W,

w

'EBB'S PKIZE COB, FILBEKT and other i-KlZE
NUT TREKS. LIST of varieties and prices to be had of
Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

Spruce for Cover.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Chester, Ima a very large Stock
of the above, from li to 3J leet. To induce largo orders, the
prices (which may be had on application), have been greatly reduced.

Strong Quicii

HAND F. SHAKPK have for Sale a fine Lot of 3-)t.
• Tranaplanted QUICK, 3 to 4 feet.high, and well-rooted. Price
very modemte.

Nursery and Seed Establishment, Wisbech.

Railway Planting,

FIVE MILLION Transplanted QUICKS, of superior
growth. Samples and prlcos on application to
John Hemslev, High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

Planting.

WM. PAUL begs to refer intending Planters of
ROSES, FRDIT TREES, SHRUBS, ic, to his Advertise-
ment of December 1, 1866,

PKICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.
Pall's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

SPLENDID LARCH, 3 to 4 ft., at unprecedented prices;
HAWTHORN QUICK, do. do. ; AVENUE TREES : larqa
EVERGREENS and COMFERS: maeniflcent TRAINED PYRA-
MID and STANDARD FRUIT TREES. Special prices given.

'WO HUNDHED THOUSAND YEWS,

40,000 AUCUBA JAPONICA.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

Thomas WAaNER, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

^WO HUNDRED THOUSAND TREE

10,000 STANDARD ELMS.

Roe CATALGGUF^S, Wliolesalo or Retail.

TnouAS Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

BOX.

rpaiKTY THOUSAND AMERICAN ARBOR-'VITiE.

T

10,000 PORTUGAL LiVURELS.

See CATALOGUES, WholeMala or RetalL

TnouAS Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

EN

THOUSAND] SIBERIAN ARBOR-VIT^

1000 ARBUTUS, in pots.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or RetaU.

TnoHAs Warner. Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

TWENTY THOUSAND DWARF MAIDEN and
TRAINED FRUIT TREE.S, APPLES, CHERRIES,
PBAOiit..S, and NECTARINES.

20,000 HOUGHTON CASTLE or VICTORIA CURRANTS

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

TsoMAS Wabner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries,

/CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.

\.J Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for "JO stamps.

r>OSEy. — Extra tine Standards, at IVom 15s. lo 18*.
b per dozen ; 100s. per 100.

Do. Dwarf, extra fine, at from 9s, to 12s, per doz. ; C3s. to84.t. per 100.
Do, New Sorts ot 1800. at 'ii^. per dozen.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST on application,
RicaARD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

w

a,nt;ed, lobelia speciosa seed.

Apply, A. B., Oardener^ Chronicle Ofllce, W.C.

DOBSON AND SONS can now supply VEGETABLE
SEEDS of One quality.
FLOWER SEEDS of line quality.
CATALOGUES gratis and post free.
J. DonsoN & Sons, Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W.

s

T

Tbe very Earliest and Best Pea in Cultivation.
- U X T 0 N • S RINGLEADER.

Pi-ice 2s. per quart.
As see Testimonials in last week's Paper.

To~the"Trade!
HE ESSEX RIVAL I'EA, in any quantity.

For price, iStc, , apply to
Tnos. Elet, Sible Hedingham, jialstead, Essex.

ONQUERORTBROCC'dOy^The lineat BroccoU in
Cultivation is BARCHARD'S CONQUEROR. See large
Advertisement in the Oard^ners' Clironirle, iJecember 8, 1866.
WiTTy & Son, Seed Establishment, Cottingham, near Hull.

Westmoreland-grown Italian Seed.^

JOSEPH DIXOiN, Seedsman, Kendal, otters ITALIAN
SEED to the Trade. Samples and pricea uont- on application.

G

lENUlNE SCOTCH PEKEiNNIAL RYE-GKASS.
Special offers of above with samples on application to
MuNRo BiuirnEHS, Seed Merchants, Inveruess, N,B.

Extra fine Seakale for Forcing and Planting.

GEO. CLARKE has many Thuusauds uf the Hnest
quality to offer this season. Price.sf).s-., ".■-■. Oi/., lii.t,, andlos. p. 100.
Nurseries, Streatham Place, Bnxton Hill. S.E.; JtMottiogbam.Kent.

Yellow Globe Mangel Seed.

MR. S. A. DAINTREE, of Fvn Dr:iyton, St. Ives,
Hunts, having a large stock of the above Seed, of his own
growth (from largo selected roots), can supply the Trade at a very
low rate. Sample and price on application a.s above.

w

HEELER'S MILKY

Is tho BEST of all POTATOS.

WHITE

PATERSON'S FAMED SEEDUNG POTATOS.—
The best Disease resisters, the heaviest croppers, the finest
flavoured. Retail Agents in London, Hooper & Co., Covent Gaideu
Market, London, W.C.

PRICi'.D LIST and Testimonials free on application.

HE '* COLDSTREAM EARLY "^'OTATU, which
received a First-cla-ss Certificate at the International Horti-
cultural Exhibition at South Kensington, is the l^rliest and fiesl
round Potato in cultivation. See Large Advertisement, fis. per peck,
188, per bushel. Trade price on application.

Apply to HooQ & Wood, Coldstream, N.B.

70

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[jANtTAET 26, 1867.

GARDEN SEEDS.

WILLIAM PAUL,

(Son and Sucoessor to the late A. Paul),
PAUL'S NURSERIES and SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.,

BEGS TO ANNOUNCE THAT HIS

SELECT LIST OF VEGETABLE, FLOWER SEEDS, ETC.,

IS NOW KEADY, AND WILL BE FOKWAEDED POST PREE ON APPLICATION.

The following Novelties recently introduced by him liave already become standard varieties, and the
Seeds now offered have been saved from pure original stocks : —

PAUUS WALTHAM BRUSSELS SPROUTS. — This variety is
quite distinct, tbe Sprouts possessing the valuable quality ot
heinif green to the centre, and retaining the same colour when
cooked. Is, per packet.

PAUL'S WALTHAM MARKET CABBAGE. — Large, very even
growth, early and fine, mild flavour ; pronounced by all who
have seen it the finest sort in cultivation. Is. per packet.

PAUL'S IMPROVED TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER. —This is a
prodigious bearer, frequently producing four or five fine fruit at
a joint ; very handsome, and excellent flavour ; particularly
recommended for a house or winter forcing. Is. per packet,

PAUL'S SELECTED EXTRA CURLED PARSLEY.— Large and
very superior ; pronounced by all who have grown it from my
stock the best in cultivation. Gd. per packet.

SUPERB DWARF HERTFORDSHIRE CAULIFLOWER. — Very
large, pure white close heads, remaining fit for use much longer
than most other sorts ; very hardy, having frequently stood in
winter un^er a south wall without any other protection.
Is. per packet,

EROCKETT HALL BROWN COS LETTUCE. —Very hardy, large,
crisp, and excelleDt flavour ; stands a long time after most other
sorts without running to seed ; good for sowing at any season ;
the finest Lettuce grown. Is. per packet.

PAUL'S SUPERB CRIMSON BEET.— This variety as improved by
me is unsurpassed in colour and flavour. Is, per oz.

PAUL'S IMPROVED LATE CURLED BORECOLE.— Unsurpassed
as a " Curled Green," very hardy ; very productive, and continues
in fine condition for use till the end of April. Is, per packet.

COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GAEDEN SEEDS, 10s. 6d., and upwards.
COLLECTIONS of FLOWEK SEEDS, 5s. and upwards.

*** All Seeds Carriage Free.

KITCHEN GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS.

OSBORN & SONS'

SELECT LIST OF THE ABOVE MAY NOW BE HAD

ON APPLICATION.
Li it, among other articles of sterling merit, especial attention is directed to the following :

^BEET, OSBORN'S SELECT RED.— This is preferred by many
gardeners to any other kmd, and for decorative purposes its
foliage is unsurpassed. Per oz., Is.

CELERY, FEAR NOT.— A most desirable pink variety, crisp and
excellent in flavour. Per packet. Is.

*MELON, QUEEN EMMA.-This was raised at Heckfield. and

E renounced by tbe Viscoimt Eversley and other connoisseurs to
e one of the best flavoured Melons ever produced. It has a
good constitution, is a gieat bearer, well netted, thin skin,
thick pale green flesh, and weighs from 2 to 3 lb. Per packet,

23. m.

^BROCCOLI, OSBORN'S WHITE WINTER.— Still pronounced by
some gardeners to be the best. Per packet, Is. hd.

LETTUCE, SCOTT'S WHITE COS.— A very superior variety of
Paris Cos. Per packet, Is. (id.

LETTUCE, BOWDEN'S BROWN COS.— Less Uable to run than
any Lettuce we know. Per packet. Is. 6d.

'LETTUCE, STANSTED CABBAGE.— The best hardy winter
variety. Per packet. Is.

LETTUCE, BELLE BONNE.— A vei? superior Summer Cabbage
Lettuce. Per packet. Is.

Special quotations to the Trade of these matj he had on ajjplicaiion,
FULHAM NURSERY, LONDON, S.W.

Brltisli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 3G pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Criy Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway. «

LUlum auratum, Golden-rayed Lily of Japan

JAMES CARTER and CO. have just received splendid
BULBS of the above, in finer condition than any imported for
some time, and said to contain many highly-coloured varieties. This
incomparable Liiy has for some time been very scirce, hut we can
now ofler fine flowering Bulbs, tnip to name, at the following pi ices :
—1st fize, 6s. ; 2d, 3s. 6d. ; extra strong large Bulbs. 1st size, 10s. M. ;
2d, 7s, Gd. ; a few of the finest, very larne and strong, 15s. each.

James Carter & Co., Seed Merchants and Nurserymen, 237 and
238, High Holbom, London, W.C.

/'CHOICE SPRING-FLOWERING HARDY PLANTS.

AURICULAS, finest Alpine, per dozen, 6s.

CHRISTMAS ROSE, HELLEBORUS NIGER, per dozen, 9s.

HEPATICAS, Double Red, per dozen, is.

„ Single White, per dozen, fls.

„ Single Blue, per dozen, 4s.

„ Double Blue, Is. M. each ; single Mauve, new, each, Is, Gd.
HELLEBORUS ATRORUBENS, Red, per dozen, ISs.

OLYMPICUS, Pink, per dozen, 18s.
PRIMROSES, Double, in 3 fine sorts, per dozen, Os.
POLYANTHUS, finest mixed, per dozen. 3s.
PAMPAS GRASS, extra fine, 40s. per 100 ; per dozen, Os.
VIOLETS, Double Red, White. Blue, Lilac and Striped, two of
each for 7s. Gd.
„ Single varieties. White. Blue, Striped, THE CZAR and

THE GIANT, two of each for 6s.
WALLFLOWERS, Double Golden Yellow and Dark, per dozen, 6s.
FORGET-ME-NOT, "tnie," Myosotis palustris, per dozen, 4s.
CENOTHERA MISSOURIENSIS (EVENING PRIMROSE),

per dozen, 6r.
CAMPANULA PYRAMIDALIS, per dozen, 6s.
DAISIES in 6 choice kinds, per dozen, 4s.

N.B. The following additional Nurserymen have ordered the
magnificent New Violet QUEEN of VIOLETS. For full description,
Slc, see Gardeners' Chronicle of December 1, 1S66, p. 1134:—
Cattell, Mr. John, Westerham, I Miller, Mr. W,, Andover, Hants.

Kent. McHattle, J., Chester.

Wright, Mr. W., Retford, Notts. ] Hanuaford, W., Toignmouth.

Strong Plants for Spring Flowering, Is. Cd. each, 18s. per dozen,
£5 per 100. With usual allqwacce to Trade.

CATALOGUES for one Stamp. Post OfBce Orders on Castle
Hedingham.
Wm. Dillistone, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

Tansley Nurseries, near Matlock, Derbyshire,

JOSEPH SMITH, Sen., invites Planters and the
Trade to inspect his Nursery of 80 Acres of high land. The soil
is of a fibrous nature, and the Plants take up with excellent roots,
such as to ensure the best success in their removal.

The Nurserv contains many Hundred Thousands of RHODODEN-
DRONS. COMMON and PORTUGAL LAURELS, BOX, BROOMS,
BERBERIS, HOLLIES, PRIVETS, YEWS, &c. Tbe FOREST
TREES are very extensive, of all the leading kinds ; there are
15 Acres of LARCHES, of different sizes, and all others in propor
tion. Prices moderate, which can be had on application as above.

GOOD SEEDS-CARRIAGE FREE.

SUTTON & SONS,

SEEDSMEN TO THE QUEEN,
ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING,

BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THEY AKE NOW SENDING OUT THEIR

COIVIPLETE COLLECTIONS OF SEEDS FOR ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY,

THE PEICES OF WHICH ARE AS FOLLOWS :—

For the KITCHEN GARDEN.

No. 1. A COMPLETE COLLECTION for ONE YEAH'S SUPPLY ..£3 3 0
No. 2. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto, quantities proportionately

reduced 2 2 0

No. 3. A COMPLETE COLLECTION, ditto Ill 6

No. i. A COMPLETE COLLECTION, ditto 110

No. 5. A COMPLETE COLLECTION, ditto 0 15 0

No. 6. A COMPLETE COLLECTION, ditto 0 10 6

Noe. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Free by Bail.

For the FLOWER GARDEN.

No. 1. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of the Newest and most approved

German and English Varieties . . . . . . . . ..£220

No. 2. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto

No. 3. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto

No. 4. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto

No. 5. A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto

Free by Post or Rail.

1 11 6

1 1 0

0 15 0

0 10 6

Zist of Contents of tlie above Golleetions may be had on application.

^mti Mr. James Mekzibs, Oard&ner to G. A, Prevoat, Esq., Lytclielt House, PooU.
•' May 28.— Your £2 2s. Collection of Garden Seeds has given every satisfaction."

From Mr. IT. W. Gkekn, Bdinnton, Hunge^'ford.
" November 0.— I never had, previous to yours this year, such an excellent Collection of Seeds."
From Mr. Ja^ies B. Bhyan, Inspecting Officer, Coaal Ouard, Marble Hill, Lellerkcmiy, Ireland.
** Kovember 29.— One ounce of your Seed is worth lib. of any to be got near here, as I think my
sending such a long distance must pretty VFell prove."

From the Rev. William Willimott, Tlic Rectory, St. Michael, Coeriiays, St. Austell.
"September 4.— I find I must return to you again for my Seeds, as 1 have never been so well satis-
fled with the ai-ticles I have had from this neighbourhood.

From W. Pettit, Esq., Straiton, Micheldevcr.
"August 31.— I must add, the Garden Seeds were the best I ever sowed In my life."

From Mr. John PARTRinoE, Sen,, Bow, North Devon.
" Juue 6.— The Garden Seeds you supplied me with have succeeded admirably, without exception."

THE VERY EARLIEST AND BEST PEA IN CULTIVATION IS "SUTTON'S RINGLEADER."

Price 2s. per quart. Trade price on application.

SUTTON'S SPRING CATALOGUE AND AMATEUE'S GUIDE FOE 1867

IS NUir SEADT, PRICE ONE SEILLING. — GSATIS TO CTTSTOUESS.

SUTTON'S SHOET SELECT SEED LIST &HATIS AND POST FEEE,

All .ffmSs Earriage JiVw eweept vitfy small panels. Five per cent, discount allowed for prompt payment. A reference or remittance requested from unhnown Correspondents.

SUTTON AND SONS, SEED GROWERS, READING, BERKS.

•Jastjabt 26, 1867.]

THE GARDKNERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

71

NOTICE-NEW ROSES TOR 1867.

FOKTY-SIX VARIETIES, being the cream only of the best new kinds known on the Continent, now ready in
magnificent strong healthy Plants, which will be eligible for sending out as soon as the weather will permit.

UESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUES GRATIS on application to the SUBSCRIBERS.

WILLIAM WOOD and SON,
WOODLANDS NURSERY, MARESFIELD, NEAH UCKFIELD, SUSSEX.— Jan. 20.

WHEELER'S "MILKY WHITE" POTATO.

Northampton Nurseries.

JOHN PERKINS, Sen., bogH to .■ail attention to his
Ifirge STUCK of tho lollowlug:—

Larch Firs, 3 to 4, 4 Lo 0 loul-
Suruco Firs, 'i to a, 'A to 4 feot
Blftck Thoin, '1 to 3 foot
Iluruboatn, 2 tu \ 3 to 4 foot
Grooii Box, 1 to U 'oot
i'orttigfil LaurulH, 1} to 2 foet
Booch, 3 to 4 foet
ChoBtnut, Horse, 4 to 0, 0 to 8 ft.

Milky White, 5s. per peck.

We beg to call attention to the superlative merits of this tine Potato. It would be easy to fill pages
with extracts from letters speaking in the very highest terms of ita beautiful colour, t'xeellent tiavoufj
floury texliire great productiveness, and of its other admirable qualities. The following TEbriMOiSiAL^
(though few in number), are from well-known persons, and will be as convincing as if the good opinions therein
expressed were repeated a thousand times.

Flrat, we will see what Mr. Sairlet Hibdebd says about them:—

" Better than any Potato coming in at the mid-season is

Wheeler's Milky White. I had a splendid crop of this last year;

not one of them was touched by the disease. The growth ia very

short and comp,ict ; tubers are nearly all one size, neither large

nor small ; it has as fine a flavour as any Potato grown, and is as

while and mealy as Fluke or Flour Ball, and these two cannot be

surpassed in colour and texture. I shall run no risk in dealing

boldly with this line Potato, and I shall therefore put it in an^emphatic

torm that Wheeler's Milky White is the best of all Potatos ; and

those who do not grow it may consider themselves rather behind

the age,"

Next we will lay before our readera D.'s (of Deal) opinion : —

"Milky White. — This I received from the well-known Firm of

Messrs. Wheeler & Son, Gloucester. It is one of the handsomest

Few 'gentlemen know more about Potatos than Mr. Hudson, o
Pershore; Mr. Fryer, of Chatteris; and the Ex- Mayor of Kidder-
minster. What do these gentlemen say ?—

"Your Milky White is everything that can be desired. Itis purely
white, a good cropper, and peculiarly free from disease, scarcely a
tuber having been affected by the prevailing blight of this season."—
Henry Hudson, 77te Einn, Pershore.

" When in London you asked me for a statement of the growth of
yf.ur Milky White Potatos. I am unable to speak decidedly of its
yielding properties, having received the seed from you very late in
spring ; but it was the handsomest and whitest Potato I grew out of
15 trial lots, and entirely free ti-om disease."— Johh Fryeb, Manor
House, Chatteris.

"Your Milky White Potato is excellent, a great cropper, very
mealy, and delicately flavoured, early, and remarkably free from
disease. It was about the only Potato in my garden that waa entirely
free from it. It appears likely to turn out a good keeper, as well as

Potatos grown, and well deserves its name, for it is most beautifully , being fit for the'table so early in the eeaaoQ." — WilliamJRodkm, M.D.
white, very floury, and as a second Early Potato, one that 1 do not [ F.R.C.S., Kidderminster.

hesitate to regard as flrst-rate. It is also a very free bearer." — D.,
Deal, in Journal of Hor(icultu7-e, Dec. IS, 186G.

Mr. Dean, of Bradford Nursery, Shipley, is a well-known authority.
What does he say ?—

"MiLttY Wbite Potato. — In my opinion this Potato will soon
have a ' world-wide fame.' I have grown it this season, and I have
seen It growing in other plicea in this cold part of Yorkshire; it
crops well, and is white when cooked, and of capital Savour. It Is a
first-class second early kind, and should be in every garden."

The next is from a Clergyman :—

"I have much pleasure In bearing testimony to the excellence of
the Potatos with which you supplied me last season. The Milky
White especially wore unsurpa-ssed by any Potato I ever had on my
table." — Edward Se^modr Stock.ek, TUchweil Hectory, King'aLynn.

Now comes a valuabl 3 one from a pi-actical Gardener : —

" I found the Milky White to be ol first-rate quality for a Gentle-
man's table, and a large cropper."— Johh Edwards, Gardener to Sir
F. C. Smythe, Bart., Acton Burnall.

ion

cannot

If anything more favourable can possibly be said about a new variety of this valuable esculent, our imaginati
lot picture it. The above good opinions are corroborated over and over again in our "Little Book for 1867."

The following leading Firms have ordered a supply this season. The retail price is 5s. per peck (14 lb.)

Backhouse Be Son, Messrs., York

Barr & Sugden, Mosara., London

Baylis, Mr. Thomas, Wolverhampton

Bell, Mr. John, Norwich

Brown, Mr. Stephen, Sudbm-y

Biinyard & Sons, Messrs., Maidstone

Butler, McCullocb, & Co., Messrs., London

Cant, Mr. B. K., Colchester

Capam, Mr. W. H., Newark

Carter, Mr. John, Ketgbley

Carter & Co., Messrs. James, London

cattell, Mr. John, Westerham

Charlwood & Cummins, Messrs,, Covent

Garden
Chivas & Weaver, Mesars., Chester
Cooling, Mr. Eawin. Derby
Darby, Mr. R. F., Cirencester
Davies, Mr, Isaac, Liverpool
Dean, Mr. William, .Shipley
Dickson & Co,, Messrs., Edinburgh
Dickson & Sons, Messrs. F. Jt A,, Chester
Dickson & Sons, Messrs. James, Chester
Dicksoua & Brown, Messrs., Manohester
Dreghom & Aitkeu. Messrs., Kilmarnock
Drummund Brothers, Messrs., Edinburgh
Fraser, Mr. John, Lea Bridge

Fraser, Goad, & Co., Messrs., London
Garaway & Co., Messrs, James, Bristol
Henderson &Co,, Messrs, A., Pine-apple Place
Hendei-son 4r Son, Messrs. E. G., Si, John's

Wood
Hogg ic Robertson, Messrs., Dublin
Hooper & Co., Messrs., Covent Garden
Hurst & Son, Messrs., London
Ivery & Son, Messrs. James, Reigate
Ivery, Mr. William, Peckham
Jackson & Son, Messrs. J., Kmgston
Jefleries & Son, Messrs., Cirencester
Ker, Mr. R. P.. Liverpool
Laird & Sinclair, Messrs., Dundee
Lane & Son, Messrs., Berkhampstead
Lawson & .Son, Messrs., Edinburgh
Lowe & Co., Messrs., Wolverhampton
Lucombe, Pince, It Co., Messrs., Exeter
MacKenziei Sons, Messrs., Dublin
Mallett, Mr. William, Barnstaple
Mansh & Perkins, Messrs., Northampton
Milan, Mr, T.. Doncaster
Mitchmson, Mr. Juhn, Truro
Niven, Mr. N,, Dublin

Nutting & Sons, Messrs., 60, Bai-bioan, E.G.
Oldroyd, Mr. H. J., Shrewsbury

Osbom & Sons, Messrs,, FtUham
Palmer & Son, Messrs., Annan
Paul & Son, Messrs., Cheshimt
Poynter, Mr. R. H., Taunton
Robertson & Co., Messrs, P. S., Edinburgh
RoUisson & Sons, Messrs., Tooting
Smith, Mr. Richard, Worcester
Suden, Mr, John, Oxford
Toogood, Mr. W., Southampton
Toole & Co., Messrs., Dublin
Turner, Mr. Charles, Slough
Waite, Burnell, & Co.. Messra^ Holbom
Waterer& Godfrey, Messrs., Knap Hill
Whailey, Mr. Thomas, Liverpool
Wheeler, Mr. George, Warminster
Williams. Mr. B. S., Uolloway
Winderbank & Kingsbury, Mesare., South-
ampton
Witty & Son, Messrs., Cottingham
Wood & Icgram. Messrs., Huntingdon
Wood & Co., Messrs., Worcester
Veitch & Sons, Messrs. James, Chelsfea
Virgo & Son. Messi's, W., Guildford
Yates, Messrs. Q. & W„ Malichester
Young, Mr. Maurice, Guildford

We anticiijate a large demand this season. We regret to say we have but a limited supply ; it will be therefore
absolutely necessary to send orders at once.

WHEELER'S "LITTLE BOOK"

Has been described aa tho "Queen of Seed Lists." It is illustrated, and contains much descriptive matter.
A Copy was posted to each of our Customers lagt week ; there are a few remaining, which we will forward
post free at Sixpence each.

J. C» WHEELEK AWD SOW, SEEP GROWERS, GLOUCESTER.

OakH, Turkey, 6 tod loet.

ElinH, Kiiglftih, Ihiu HtandardB,

(I to 8. H to 10 loot
White Tliom (iuick, •innd'A-ymn

tranuplatited
Dw;irr-tralnod I'oaclioH, Neotu-

rlnos, I'luiiiH and Cliorrlus
Standard PuarH and ApploH
Ccdrus Doodara, (J to 8 leet.
Tho above will bo sold at unusually low prlcoa, Llatd of which may
be had on application to

fi2, Market Square, Northampton.

T A R C H , PEAR STOCKS,

<S: c •

LARCH, U to 2 foet, perllWO, 8fl. ; atoSfeet, 10«. ; 3 to 4 foot, Vis.Qd.
PEAR .STIK^KS, 2i to 6 foot, lOs. to .IOh. per lOUO.
SCUTCH Fl R, 2 years bedded. 0 to 12 inches, 5n. per lODO.
LIST of otbor TREES sent on apphcation.
Apply, with reference, to J. Riddell, Steward, Park Attwood,
Bewdley, Worcestershire.

Planting Season

LARCH (Native and TMi.l(.-^r), SCOTCH FIR (True
Native), SPRUCE, OAK, ASH, ALDER, BEECH, PRIVET,
and all kinds of FURK.ST and ORNAMENTAL TREES and
SHRUBS. ROSES. FRUIT TREES, fine specimen ARAUCARIAS
and DKODAUS, and large TREES for Park Planting, now m flue
condition for removal.

CATALOGUES, with sizes and prices, sent free on application to
DioRsoNs & Co., Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists, 1, Waterloo
Place, Edinburgh. ^__ ___^

Strong Larch, Native Scotch, English OaJs, Thorns,

&c., ALL Transplanted.

G1 EORGE CHIVAS. Chester, solicits the attention of
X Plnntcvs to Ills Tei7 great Stock of LARCH, 2 to i\ feet;
NATIVE SCOTCH, H to 3feet (a portion of which was Transplanted
last spring fur the second time) ; ENGLISH OAK, :i to 4 feet, and
THORNS of great strength, witti an extensive and general assort-
ment of other Troes and Pmnt.s. The quaUty is unexceptionable,
and the prices much in favour u Itho buyer.

Forres Nurseries, Scotland.

JOHN GRIGOK and CO. have for SALE several
Millions of very superior LARCH, one-year old Seedlings ; also
one-year lr'.;ijKpianted plants, giown from seed extracted from
healthy r,*.,, which form the fourth or fifth generation of the Larch
since ita ititronuction into Scotland. Such plants being acclimatised,
are found to be far hardier than those raised from imported seed.

According to Mr. Grigor's Report on "the Larch Forests of
Scotland," for which the Highland and Agricultural Society of
Scotland has recently awarded the Gold Medal, accliraatation lonns
the basis of all successful cultivation, and is the only means of
avertiog the numerous casualties to which Larch plantations are
subject.

NATIVE HIGHLAND SCOTCH PINE, 1-year seedling.

FOREST TREES in genend.

Strong plants of AQPILEGIA GLANDULOSA.

Prices on nppiication.

To the Trade- Contractors and Builders.

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND COMMON LAURELS,
fine bushy plants, from 3 to 7 feet high; good for Blinds,
particularly for neivly laid-out Grounds and Buildings. ,Thet.o
Laurels are Tery tine, and have not suffLred from the frost.

Also .'i.iiiW.ODU of Two-year SEEDLING ASH and CHESTNUTS,
ROSFS. nmi other v.iriettes of Shrubs.
Ah»:l Fairall, Nursery, Stanhope Nursoiy, Westerham Hill, Kent.

rpRANSPLANTED EOREST TREES.

Alder, .1 to 4 feet and 4 to 6 feet
Ash, 3 tu 6 feet

Birch. 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, and
4 to 5 feet

Hazel, 2 to 3 ftet and 3 to 4 feet
Lurch, 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, and

4 to 6 feet
Pinus austhaca, 1^ to 2 feet

The above are stout and well rooted. Samples, with pricea,
delivered free at the nearest Railway Stations, may oe had on appU*
cation to Waterer &iGoDFREY, Knap Hill Nm'sery, Wokmg, Surrey.

Improvement of Grass Lands.
UTTON'S RENOVATING

MIXTURE

SnocLD Now BE Sown.

8 to 121b. per acre.

l^ice lOd. per lb. Cheaper by the cwt.

If these Seeds are sown early m the season,

the improvement in the land will be very

great, and at a small expense.

This Mixture should be bush-harrowed in,
and rulled aftenvards.

SCTTOS & SOKS,

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment,
Reading.

U T T 0 N

GUINEA COLLECTION

KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS

ONE WHOLE YEAR'S SUPPLY

forwarded CaiTiage Free by Rail on receipt

of Post-office Order for 2l3.

PRICED LISTS gratia and post free on
application.

Sdtton & Sons,
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment,

Beading.

Seeds, Seeds, Carriage Free,

WaKBANTED of the PuRkST AND FlHEST QOALITY.

VEGETABLE SEEDS.

WM. DTLLISTONE'S HALF - GUINEA
COLLECTION, the cheapest and best ever offered, contain-
ing half the

ONE-GUINEA COLLECTION,
which contains sufficient for one year's supply for a Gai'den, includ-
ing eight q^uarts of the best kind of Peas, and all other kmds of Seeds
in proportion, including some of the new varieties.
TWO-GUINEA COLLECTION
contains sufficient for one year's supply for a medium-sized Garden,
including more than double the quantities in the above Collection.
This, i.e. the £2 2s. Collection, is highly recommended.

THREE-GUINEA COLLECTION

contains sufQcient for one year's supply for a large Garden, and some

of all the new and choice varieties enumerated in his List.

PEAS.

A Selection of 12 fine and Select Sorts for Succession, s. rf.

1 quart of each 10 6

■A Selection of 12 ditto ditto 1 pint of each 6 0

A Selection of C ditto ditto 1 qrt. of each 6 0

A Selection of 0 ditto ditto 1 pint of each 3 0

FLOWER SEEDS.

W. D.'s Collections are the most varied and the cheapest of any

Collections oflered, consisting of One Hundred Packets in One

Hundred Varieties of the choicest Annuals. Biennials, and

Perennials, for 2l6., or half the quantities for 10s. 6d.

W. D. has no hesitation in saying that the above Collections are
not to be surpassed by any respectable house in the kingdom, and
cannot fail to give every satisfaction. „ „, .

See CATALOGDS now ready, free for one Stamp, of Choice New
Seeds, Now Plants, Early Spring-Flowering Herbaceous Plants, ttc.
P, O. Oixicr.'* on Castle Hedmgham.
WJbLUM Djllistone, Mimro Nursery, Sible HeWingbam, Ebbox.

72

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[JaNUABT 26, 1867.

Rhododendrons.

JOHN WATERER'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
of HAKDY SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS Is now
published, and will be iorwartled on application.! It ikithfully describes
the coIoui-3 of the new varieties exhibited bv him at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. An Abrld'eed List of popular
CONIFERS .with beiiiihts and prices, la likewise combined.

The Amenciin Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey, nearSunningdale Station,
South-Western Railway.

/:;< E R A N I U M S for SALE.

VJ MRS. POLLOCK {5(100), In fiO-pots. at £3 per 100.

VARIEGATED and ZONAL GERANIUMS, btrong plants, at
30s. per 100.

A small quantity of SUNSET and ITALIA UNITA, at 2is. p. doz.

The above plants will bo ready for delivery in April or May. Price
to the Trade on application.

Apply to Mr. W. Pottkn, Sissinghurst, Staplehurst, Kent.

Geraniums, Geraniums. Geraniums.

JC. PADMAM, ]NvKSEiiYM.vN, Seedsman, Florist,
• &c:, Boston ypa, Tadcastc-r, Yorkshire, begs to oifer tho
follomng I2varieties of ZONAL and other GERANIUMS for 12,s-.,
Prtokage included : — Sunset, Mrs. Pollock, Rose ILisndatlei-, Pink
Stella. Variegiittid Stella, Amy Hogg. Glory, Wiltshire Laas, Lo
Grand, Virgo Marie, Miss Parfitt, and Mr. Wm. Paul.

J. C. P. lias a largo stock ol Pink, Scarlet, Wtiite, Zonal, and other
Gei-auiums, including many of the Lest varieties with variegated
foliage, all good strong plants.

Cash or reference from unknown coiTcspondents.
Post-ofBce Orders playable at I3;)ston Spa.

RICHARD SMITH'S FRUIT LIST contains a
Sketch of the various Forms of Trees, with Directions for
Cultivation, Soil, Drainage, Manure, Pruniug, Lifting, Cropping,
Treatment under Glass ; also tlieir synonymes, qu;ditv, size, form,
skiu, colour, flesh, Havour, use, growth, duration, season, price, &,c.
free by post for one stamp.

Richard Smitji, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

New and Choice Flower Seeds.

Free uv Post or Rail

BUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of

KD FLOWER SEEDS are sent free by Post or Rail Prices
as under ; —

No. 1 Collection of the best English and German varieties,

with instructions on cultivation . . £2 2 0

No. 2 Collection of ditto ditto . ' 1 11 C

No. 3 Collection of ditto ditto " i i o

No. 4 Collection of ditto ditto . . " o 16 0

No. 5 Collection of ditto ditto .. .. 0 10 0

Small and useful Collections can also bo had from 2s to 73 Gd
free by post. " ''

For particulars of the above, see SUTTON'S DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE, gratis and post free on application.
Sdtton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

/^HOICE NEW PLANTS of 186G.

V^ STOCK PLANTS.

Per dozen — ^v, d. I Per rtn^pn « il

^tlrrbinums o O Fuchsias . ^^"^ ^^''^^^ '^"^

Chrysanthemums . . . . C 0 1 Geraniums (Bedding) " y o
T ^^HPF^^' VARIEGATED :-2 Italia Unita, 2 Sunset, '2 Mr.
Longtield, 2 Luna, 2 Mrs. M. Hutton, 2 Stella Variegata_for One

Lobelias, new ISGtl
Mimulua, ditto
Fenttitemons, ditto

Per dozen— s. d.

4 0
ti 0
6 0

„ , For dozen— s. d.

Phlox, new 1866 . . . . fl i
Tropwolums. ditto . . . . G i
Veroenas, ditto . . . . 0 (

N

CATALOGOES for one stamp.
Post Office Orders on Castle Hedingham.
Wm. DiLLisTOKK, Mupro Nursery, Sible Hedmgham. Essei,
"^^'^''^ H A K D Y '

E W

C L EMATISES.

CLEMATIS RtTBELLA.-Very rich velvety cteret ; the deepest
coloured Cleniatis yet oflored. Very diitingt, aiSd havine the
.idvantaee ot floweni,g 00 to 70 per oeut. or blooms, with flvl oud
SIX sepals. First Certifloato, Royal Horticultural Societv
CLEMAIIS PRINCE of WALES.iLarge Cers. o? a r ih deep
violet purple, with red bars down the centre or each aepiU • a
decided improvement on C. rubro-vlolacoa. First Cortiicates
Royal Horticultural .Society. '

Messes. GEORGE JACKMAN ih-n SON have much pleasure In
announcing that they are sending out tho above Clematises, and can
with confidence recommend them " amongst the beat of hardv
Climbers. btrong Plants, with bine, IJ to 2i feet, 2Is. each
T he usual allowance to the Trade
Coloured Drawings, by Andrews, for 24 stamps
Woking Nursery, Surrey.

Nursery and Seed Establishment, Dumfries

rpHOMAS ICENNEUI and CO. will be glad to send
X the following CATALOGUES to an; address on application •—

No. II. CATALOGUE of FORE.ST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL
TltEES, &c. r^-

No. 111. CATALOGUE of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS

No. IV. CATALOGUE of AGRICULTURjVL SEEDS, 4c Ipub:
ished end of ij'ebruary).

*' The rulness, exp.ansiveness, and selectness of the Catalogues of
Messrs. Thomas Kennedy & Co. proclaim in loud language their
honour and respectability, and also the wide-spread nature of their
dealings. \\ e can only reiterate our former favourable commenda-
tions, and say to all who may be disposed to deal with the (iim that
they will, under all circumstances, bu treated in all integrity and
uprightness."— r/ie Fkkl.

«.* As tho season for executing Garden Seed Orders ia so very
limited, T. K. & ^o. would leoi particularly obliged to those friends
who intend favouring them with their Orders to let them have them
at their earliest convenience.

Fres DiiLivEay.— Gaiden and Farm Seeds, under cei-tain llmitatlona,
Sra delivered Free of Carriage at all the Railway Stations as formerlj.

ESTABLISHED UPWARDS OP A CENTURY.

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, & CO.,

SOUTH ROW, COVENT GARDEN MARKET, W.C.

SEEDSMEN TO HER IIAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS OP WOODS AND FORESTS, TO THE COMMISSIONERS FOR
THE COLONIES, TO THE HORTICULTUR.IL SOCIETIES OP THE PUNJADB, BOMBAY, ETC., ETC.

Holders of Prize Medals from International Exbibitions of both 1851 and 1862.

NEW GARDEN SEEDS (Crop 1866)

IN COMPLETE COLLECTIONS FOR ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY.

No. 1, £3 3s. ; No. 2, £2 23. ; No. 3, £l 10s. ;
No. 4, £1 Is. ; No. 5, lOs. 6d.

PRICED CATALOGUE, containing details of above
Collections, also full descriptions of all Vegetable and Flower
Seed Novelties of this season. Post Free.

Or<lers amounting to 21s. sent Carriage Paid. All Packets of Plouier Seeds sent Post Paid.

JAMES CARTER & CO.,

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioner of Public
Works and other Govern-
ment Departments, the Royal
Gardens, Kew, &c., &c., &c.

Seedsmen to H.T.M. the
Emperor of the French, the
Crystal Palace Company, the
Agri-Horticultural Society of
India, &c., &c., &c.

Just Published, Post Free, 12 stamps, Gratis to Customers.

CARTEE'S GAEDENEE'S AND FAEMEES VADE MECUM

FOR 1867

Contains a Kirpre amount of useful and original practical
information for the Garden and P'arm, together with the following
i;RtiI-is^v//i, Original Articles : —

' On the Cultivation of Hardy Flowers from Seed.

How to Raise Hardy Flowers from Seed.
Ornamental Annuals.
Fine-foliaged Plants from Seed. And,
On Laying down Grass Seed for Permanent Pasture.
&c. &c. &c.

CARTER'S COLLECTION'S of GARDEN SEEDS for 1867

Will produce a supply of the best Vegetables "All the Year Round," for large, medium, small,

and very small families.

No. 4, eSs. ; No. 3, 42s. ; No. 2, 21s. ; No. 1, 10s. ed.

These Prices include box and packing.

*»* Aiiy of the above forwarded without delay on receipt of Post-office Order,

JAMES CARTER and CO., 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

BEDDING PLANTS KILLED BY FROST.

E. G. HENDEKSON & SON

CAN SUPPLY

STRONG STOCK PLANTS OF THE LEADING SECTIONS.

FOR LISTS SEE

THE NEW SEED CATALOGUE FOR 1867,

Including amongst others, with full descriptions, the foUovring desirable Novelties in Seeds :—

ASTER (anow-whlte) VICTORIA, flno tor bedding

AKONDO CONSPICOA, 6ii.

ACT^A FCETIDA (bug destroyer), 6d.

ADCUBA JAPONICA, new Japanese mlied varieties, U. 6d,

AUBRIETIA GIL,ECA, M. and Is.

BEGONIA PEARCKI, 2s. fid.

CANNA BIHuRELLI, Is.

CANTERBURY BELLS, rose colour, Od. and Ij.

CELOSLA UAMOSA ELEQANS, Is. and 1». ed.

CHAM^PEUCE DIACANTHA, Is.

CLIANTHUS DAMWEM Jj, ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^_ or mixed 2.. M.

„ CINNABARINA, 2s. Cd.
CYCLAMEN PERSICUM, from 30 flno varieties, Is. and 2».
HELENIDM HOOPESII, Is.
DIANTHUS DENTATUS HYBRIDOS, 1«.

IMPERIALIS PICTUS ELORE PLENO, Od. and U.
EUPHORBIA VARIEQATA MARMNATA, ed.
HELIANTHUS TEXANUS HYBRIDCS, 6d.
IRIS PDMILA HYBRIDA, Is.
LILIUM AURATUM, 1>. and 2s. 6d.
LINARL4 ALPINA, ed.

TRISTE, 6d. and Is.

LINCM MACRAYI, 1». M. and 2s. 6d.
LOBELIA PRINCE ALBERT, ed. and Is.
LOPHOSPERMOM SCANDENS GRANDIFLORUM, Is.
LUPINUS CRHIKSHANKII HITBRIDUS, 6d.
MIMULUS, double flowers. Is.

NEMOPHILA MACULATA GRANDIFLORA, M. and Is.
NIEREMBERGIA FRUTESCENS, 2». Od.
P.«ONIA ELIZABETH, brlUlant Tree Pasony, 2s. 6d.
PENTSTEMON JEFFREYANUM, blue, U.

„ LOBBII, jeUow, Is.

POTENTILLA, new double. Is.

PELARGONIUM, IVY-LEAVED, fine varieties, mixed, Is. 6d.
SCABIOSA NANA FLORE PLENO, beautiful, (Id. and Is.
STOCK, blood red, splendid. Is.
TROP-dSOLUM COMPACTUM SUPERBUM, 1«.
VIOLA CORNCTA, 6d. and Is.

„ „ MAUVE (JUEEN, Is.

„ „ PURPLE (JOEEN, Is.

„ THE CZAR, Od. and Is.

„ THE GIANT, 6d.
WAITZIA STEETZIANA, Is.

XERANTHEMDM CARYOPHTLLOIDES FLORE PLENO, ed.
ZEA JAPONICA, fol. var., 6d. and Is. i^^ '"■

WELLINGTOl^ NUBSERY, ST. JOHN'S ■WOOD, LONDON, N.W.

Januaet 26, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CTIRONTCLE ANT) AGRTCULTUIJAT, GAZETTE.

73

RICHARD SMITH'S SEED CATALOGUE contains a

PrloM, DlioclloDS for Cropping well and oconoml™ll) So , "■>"<'™.
Depth, DlnlMico, Soimon, lUrcllDosn. Duration, Form Uolsht,
Colour, StoniiK, U»o, KUvoiu-, and other qualitlM, descrlboiK

This List Free by Tost for one stamp,
tirowora the .snroHt wny to nuccon". , ^ ,., .

RiciiAnn SMrrii, Weed Merchant. Worcester.

SoodB direct from the

New Descriptive Lists.

DOWNIE, l.AIKD, AND I.AING, NuaaEnYMBN.
Sr.BDBMnK, Fi.o«,.T!, i\nd New Tlimt Miiioiiants, ". Soji'h
Frederick Street, Edinburgh; and Stanstead Park, Jorest HIM,
London, SK., respectfully heK to Intimate that tjtierN P.™
DESCR'lITlVEPRICKnCATALnnllKSorFLOKIST FLOWERS,
flARDEN, FLOWER, and AdltlCULTURAL SF.LDS, GLADIOLI,
ROSES, &c., are now ready, end inayhi- had frooon noplii-ttloti^

Oenulne New Vegetable, Flower, ana Agricultural
Seeds or best quality only.

J SCOTT'S Stork of tho nhovc is now ro.idv for
. sending out. A CATALOGUE cnutnlnlnePRICEp LISTS
of NOVELTIES, and other choice SEEDS, BULBS, HARDEN
REQUISITES, Jtc, post free on application, pnces Tory low.
GLADIOLUS, from It. per dozen, named sorts.
J. SooTT, The .Soi-d Storos. Yeovil. Somprsot ^

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, &c. , , .

TJOHFRT PARKER begs to announoo thut his

rV CATALOGUE, containing foloct DESCRIPflVE LISTS of
the finest kinds In cultivation of the above-named is now pubilshedj
and will be forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Soo.ls have all
beou procured from the best possible sourc.s, nil nro warranted
genuine, an<l aro ollered at the lowest possible prices. Intending
purchaaors aro requested to compare the prices with those of other
houses. Eiotic Nursery, Tooting. Surrey, S.

LONDON SEED COMPANY,

08, Welbock Street,

Cavendish Square, W.

G

ENUINE GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS

of the hoHt quality.
CATALOGUES post froo on application.
Jamkb Veitcq & Sons, Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelfloa. S.W.

Sub-troplcal and Ornamental FoUaged Plants
from Seed.

Wn.T.TAM ]{OI,USSON ant.
OE

SONS' NKW ntui
GENERAL SEK.n CATALOGUE, containing a' List of the
(ibovo, can bo had r>n application to

The Nurapri''a, Tootine, London.

npHE

THE LONDON SEED COM PAN Y.—
Tho Oonoral "PRICE CURRENT of GARDEN and FARM
SEEDS " In now ready, and can he had op application. Gratia, as abOTo.

HE LO^NDON SEED C 0 M P A N Y'S

COLLECTIONS of SEEDS.
No. I.— Complete! Collection, sufficient for a large Garden £3 0 0
No. 2.— Complete Collection for a moderate size Garden ..200
No. 3.— Complete Collection in small ouantitiea . . ..100
No. 4.— Complete Collection for a small Garden . . . . 0 ifi 0
No. 6.— Complete Collection for a small Garden .. . . 0 10 6
LISTS can bo had on application from tho above address.

THE LONDON SEED COMPANY.
CARRIAGE ARRANOEMENTS.
The Directors have made arranftements with all the Ralwavand
Steam Companies to deliver all beeds, with the exception of heavy
articles, such as Gr&in, Tares, 4c ,

CARRIAGE FREE
for all Orders of the value of 2fti., to any Railway Station In England
and Wales, or to any Steam Port in England, Wales, Ireland, or
Scotland, Guerusoy, or Jersey.

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT.- A Discount of
10 per Cent, will be allowed bv the London Seed Company on all
Orders above £10 ; 16 per Cent, above £50 ; 20 per Cent above £100.
It will, therefore, be desirable for friends to unite tntretb-r in a
District or Neighbourhood, and so obtain these liberal Discounts.

TE N , FIFTEEN, and T WENTY PER CENT.
DISCOUNT will be allowed on all Orders Riven to the " London
Seed Company" above^lo^£6i^jind £100 respectively.

Cucumber. Telegrapli.

ROLLTSSON'S VaKIETY h;i8 b^pn proved the best
Cucnnihor In cultlvntinn for Winter or Spring use, OBpoclallv for
(trowing In houses ; an immanao crnnppr, prodiicUiR six it a Joint,,
IcnRth IH to 2(! inches. In so.iled packets, 2^. M. each. See morlts
of " Winter Cucumbers." In Qardnifrs' Chronicle for Jan. 12, I8G7.
William Roi,i,isson & Soss, The Nurseries. Tooting, Londof. 3.

D

OBSON AND SONS' UNEQUALLED SEEDS.

PRIZE CALCEOLARIA, U. Qd., 2s. Qd., 3s. Crf., 6s.
PRIZE PRIMULA, !«., 2s. (id.. i«.
FUIZK CINKUARIA, lx.,2-''. firf.S^.
PRIZK RALSAM. U. ; 8 varieties, '2s.
All Trade and other Orders executed by return of post.

DoHsoN & Sons, Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W.

American Plants, &c.

WATERT^K AM. GODFREY'S PRICED nnd
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOOUE of RHODODENDRONS
and other American Plants for this Autumn, will be pent on
application. The (.."atalocuo also givpR a summary of tholr General
Nursery Stock, i>robablv tho most extensive in ti>e kingdom.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

MARECHAI, NIEL ROSE.-Wanted,
ST

Dozen

STANDARDS (more or lessl of this Yellow ROSE, the
Advertiser having failed to obtHin them in his usual channels. The
person supplying theui will recoivoan order for several other ROSES
not 80 scarce" „ ... „ ,.,

Address, HKNRr O. Rohk. North End House. Twickenham. S.W.

i'osT Paid.

Viola cornuta, var. turple Queen,

1.^. and 2s. 6d. per Packet.

BS. TV'ILT.IAMS h.is purch.Tsed Mr. Bennett's entire
• stock of the above. None genuine unless la Packets bearing
B. S. W.'s name and address.

VIOLA CORNUTA, vor. MAUVE QUEEN, M., Is., and 2j. M.
per P.ack6t.
B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, N.

loss ni^ht. Tim thonuomuiur may go down a.s
low in the latter case an in the foruier, nr jicrhaps
many degrees lower, yet tho effect will be vu.v
difforeiit. Tho cloudy sky, although it may check
radiation and act as an absorbent el' heat, novor-
thfilpss ]irovouts tlie earth from rcceiviiif,' tho i'nl'
effect of tho sun's rays in tho day time, and
henco tends to perpetuate tho I'loiit, andoiialilew
it to get into the ground, and perhaps injuio
the roots.

It has boon shown by Proi'es.sor Martins, of
Montpollior, among.st others, that often on a clear
night thi' coldest stratum of air is that which is
nearest tho ground ; hence in such a case Ihe
lower branches of a shrub, wero they not older
and comparatively harder, would suffer even
moro than [ho upper ones. Those aro points
of groat importance to horticulturists and agricul-
turists, but there aro others less directly couuectod
with the daily operations of the cviltivator, which
should receive duo attention on the part of those
who have tho requisite leisure to make a record of
their ob.'orvations, such as tho effect of frost upcn
the wood of trees, and the rending and cracking
that occasionally results from it. Is this or is it
not Olio of the causes of " shaky timber ? " asks
very pertinently one of our cori'espimdeuts. Wo
may also call the attention of our readers (o
the elaborate iuvoHtig.ation of Profes,sor Caspauy
on tho movements exhibited by tho branches of
trees in frosty weather, presented to the Botanical
Congress in May last, and a translation of which
appeared lastj'ear in oiu' columns, p. 513. This
investigatiou took urigin from a simple fact
observed by Mr. Eogers, of Sevenoaks, and
recordeti in our Journal many years since. We
feel thus the more emboldened to ask the
co-operation of our correspondents in recording
the results of the recent severe weather.

HOOPRR ANn CO.'S SPRING CATALOGUK, New
Edition for 18C7. is now publishiiiR, aud can bo obtained free
bv post for Six Stami s. It comprUes—
Part I. KITCHEN GARIIEN SEEPS.
PAnill. FLOWER and OKNAlMENTAr, PLANT SEEDS.
Part HI. BULBOUS and other FLOWER ROOTS, and ORNA-
MENTAL FOLIAGED PLANTS, 4c.
It is Illustrated, Interestingly arranged, voluminous, snd correct.
The several Lists also are full, descriptive, and exclusive of un-
worthy species.

Seed IMerobants, Covent G.arden Market, London, W.C.
".• This Catalogue is presented to Customers.

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOM.iS SAJIPSON, The Pre.ston Koad Nurseries,
Ye0"il, Somerset, betrs to intiniate that his CATALOGUE of
SEEDS for tho GARDEN and FARM is now ready, and can be
obtained free on application. It contains a Select and Choice Stock,
everything being of the best quality, aud are offered at unequalled
low prices.

A KTHUR HENDERSON and CO. beg to announce
r\- that their CATALOGUE of KITCHEN GARDEN and
FLOWER SEEDS for 1S07 is now ready, and wUl be forwarded free
OD appUcatioQ.

NEW MELONS.
BRIDGE CASTLE PERFECl'ION.— This is a green-fleshed variety,
of excellent flavour, thin skin, medium size, with a delicious
melting sugary flesh. One of tho best sorts ever raised. 25. 6d,

£er packet.
GUILDHALL PRIZE. —Scarlet flesh, a verv quick grower and
a threat cropper, weight 3 to .1 lb. Earlv, excellent shape, richer
and superior in flavour to Turner's Gem. Skin very thin. A
seedling between the Scailet Gem and Egyptian green-fleshed.
2.S. 6d. per packet.
HENDERSON'S COMPACT-TOPPED PINE-APPLE BEET.—
True (our own saving),

Pine-appio Place, Edpeware Road, London, N.

A Practical Gardener for Sixpence.

CARTKK'S VLOUAL ALMANAC and CALENDAR of
OPERATIONS tnr l^ie? contains full Directions for the
Successful Management or tho Finwor Garden, Kitchen Garden, and
the Farm for each Month In the Year. Forwarded on receipt of six
stamps.

James Carter ti Co., 23T and 238. High Hnlbom, London, W.C;
W. H. Smitu t Son, Strand, and all their Railway Book Stalls.

Caution.

QUEEN EMMA MELON.— Havintr seen that a Firm
in London are offering Seed of a MELON imder the name
QUEEN EMMA, " STUART." I think it right to inform the Public
that the entire stock of the " HECKFIELD" QUEEN EMM.\
MELON (so much thought of) has been placed in the hands ol
Messrs. Osborn A Sons. Fulham, and James Vxitch & SoKs, Chelsea.
Tnos. K. SiioRTT, Heckfleld Gardens.

Why Pay so High for Gladioli?

FIVE THOI SAND GLADIOLI, in 200 named sorts,
from 3'l. each ; KIO GLADIOLI, sound strong Roots, for 30s.
New Varieties of 1866 and 1866, /i.S- to 7s. 6d. each.
All best Imported Roots.
See PRICED LIST (new feature m the arrangement) of
W. P. Laird & Sistlair, Nurserymen and Seedsmen, Dundee, N.B.

C^LADIOLI. — Collections comaininp all the finest
T varieties in cultivation, many new, and offered for the ilrst
time, ll)6»., e3s., 42.<., 308., 26s.. 20s., 16s., I2a. BRENCBLEYENSIS.
thu most showv of all, citr a strong routs, 3s. per doz., 20fi. per lOO.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LISTS free on application.
BuTLLU, McCuLLocii & Co., South Row, Covent Garden, W.C.

Gladioli.

JKELWAY AND SO.M bcK to call attention to their
• splendid Stock of GLADIOLI, which compiises all tho sorts
worth crowing, and jirobabiy the iaryeht in iho Trade. As a proof
of the luxunance and excellence of their coiiectio'i they have been
awarded the First Prizes oflerod at the Crystal Palace and Royal
Horticultural Exhibitions in 1864. 1866. and 1866.

PRICE CATALOGUES free to all applicants.
Selections left to J. K. & S., 3k., 6s., to 21s. per dozen] 10s., 11
t» lOtK. per 100.

The KuTiehlB, Langport, Somerset.

The .Annual Meeting of the Royal Horti-
cultural SOCIETY" is fixed to take place on the 12th
of Februar.v.) The proposed changes in the constitution
of the Council, to be submitted for approval at this
nieetin*-', are these : — the removal of AV. W. Saunders,
Esq., Sir A. BuLLER, and the Right Hon. W. Cowpfr;
and the election in their rooiu nf Lieut.-General th'i
Hon. C. Grey, Wentwokth W. Bullee, Esq., and
Major Trevor Clarke. No chansie is proposed iu
the olSces of President, Secretary, and Treasurer.

■ The Extra Prize List for the Bury Show of

the Roval Horticultural Society is nnvv, we under-
stand, completed, and the schedule will he immediately
is.5ued. We learn from our e.\cellent correspondent. Mr.
Fish, to whose nntirinii energy both the Show itself and
the succe.s.s of the Special Prize List are mainly due,
that the amount of the latter has reached more than
280/., and indeed, reckouins the services rendered by the
Biu-i/ Post and Fi-ee Press as part of the amount, to
over .'iOO/. No small or measured thanks are due from
the Society to Mr. Fish himself for thus devoting his
whole leisure time, and more, to carrying out the ivork
he had set before him, and which he has pushed for-
ward to a successful issue. -Vud now, in handing over
the more active duties to the officials, and retiring to
the less conspicuous post of a committee-man, he must
feel that he carries with him the sympathies and good-
will of all who desire to see Horticulture, antl with it,
its National representative, flourish. In spite of its
defects and ils short-cnmin'js,and in s|)ite,too, of hitter
and innilacaWe opposilion from a section of the public,
it is cheering to see that there is so much life in the
old Society, aud that amongst the gardeners of England
she numbers such devoted and energetic sons.

We are requested to announce that the

lNTERN.4TltoNAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION

which was to have bcou established in St. Petersburgh
next year, is postponed until the middle of May, 18159-
Great preparations are being made, aud the co-opera-
tion of British horticulturists of all classes is specially
requested. A programme will hereafter be issued, but
in the meantime those interested in the matter should
put themselves in communication with " Professor
Reoel, Sooiete Russe d'Horticulture, it Si. Petere-
bourg."

Mr. J. E. Mapplebeck has been good enough

to allow us to examine some curious FOEMS_ of
LoMARiA DISCOLOR, collected by himself in New
Zealand, which present variations similar to many of
those met with amongst our British species. In some
the segments of the sterile fronds are aurite, and crenate,
with a tendency to become bifid : sometimes being also
more or less irregularly sinuate. Others have the
segments pretty regularly and neatly bifid throughout
the l^rond. In' another form the segments are for a
part of their length split down in a laciniate manner,
and when this cutting occurs at the tip of the segment
it a.ssumes a more or less fingered or iiolydacl.vlous
outline ; but as it commences below at the tip of the
segment, and occurs regularly nearer their base as it
ascends, it is probably the result of some aceideutal
injury. Another variety has the fronds multifid and
the segments bilid. These abnormal forms are quite
analogous to many that are found amongst our native
Ferns.

"We regret to learn that the office of Coloni-il

Botanist at the Cape of Good Hope has been, or is

Eht <5artretterjS'©iirtintcle»

SATURDAY, JANUARY 26, 1867.

■ ♦

The conditions under which plants grow, and
the indi'vidual or constitutional differences
between one plant and another, are so various
that records of Thermometers, even supposing
them taken with aU due accuracy, fail to give
the precise knowledge of which the horticulturist
stands in need. Mean temperatures, averages,
maxima, minima, are all very necessary to be
recorded, and every horticulturist will admit
that little progress can be made without them.
To cite one instance only — the value of the
observations made for so long a time, and ■with
such accuracy, by Mr. Thompson, of Chis'wick,
who fortunately combines a love of meteoro-
logical observation with a knowledge of the
details and requirements of practical horticul-
ture, such as are possessed by few, if any others.
Mr. Thompson's services in this way are so well
kno-wu as to need no eulogium on our part,
though ■we may express our surprise that the
appreciation of his labours has not shown itself in
some more tangible form. To revert to the records
of the thermometer, it is clear that statistics of
this kind, as in other cases, however valuable

for general purposes, are not so applicable to

individual cases. The knowledge that so many

per cent), of cases of pneumonia get well under

such and .such a method of treatment does not

justify a physician in practising that method

upon every individual patient affected with

inflamed lungs. The same reasoning applies to

the effect of Feost on Plants. A certain degree

of cold, or, to speak more correctly, a certain

diminution in the amount of heat, does not always

entail the same results even on the same plant.

So many disturbing influences affect the results

that a record of the effects of cold, as shown by

the li'ving plant-thermometers themselves, is in

the present state of horticulture fully as desii'able

as that of the fluctuations of the maximum or

minimum thermometers. To this end we

venture to ask our readers to record in our

pages the effects of the recent severe

weather on their plants, adding, so far as

convenient, such details as to exposure, elevation,

humidity, proximity to the sea, naturo of the

soil, &c. , as may suggest themselves. Speaking

generally, it seems to be pretty well established

that the effects of frost vary not so much in refer-
ence to tho absolute intensity of the cold as to

the dryness or moisture of the atmosphere

Continuous frost, with a cloudy sky and a damp „^^^,..,^ „„ ^„

atmosphere, produces a different effect from that I ^b'ouTtob'e.'a'bol'ished, and that thegrautslbrthe Botanic

which is the result of radiation on a clear cloud- 1 Garden at Cape To-n-n, as well a? those for educational

1i

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTORAL GAZETTE.

[January 26, 1867.

purposes and for agricultural societies, have all been
lai'sely reduced. To compensate for this unpleasant
iutelligence we may state, that in other districts of
South Africa great energy in the cause of Botany is
being manifested, and amongst other things a Botanical
Exchange Society will probably be established at
Graham's Town, under the management of Mr.
MacOwan. The main objects of the Society are stated
to be the exchange among the members of speci-
mens illustrating the Flora of the country, with
special reference to the distribution, area, and
altitude of the several plants. A catalogue of plants is
about to be published, and an important nucleus for
an herbarium is already secured. We may be allowed
to suggest that the collection of seeds and bulbs for
distribution in Europe would be very desirable, as
many Cape plants formerly in cultivation in this
country have been lost, and others equally or more
beautiful or interesting have never been seen in this
country. The estabhshment of such a Society as that
just alluded to would be an incitement to the produc-
tion of the remainder of the " Flora Capeusis," with
which little progress has been made since the death
of the lamented Dr. Haevet.

We have already on more than one occasion

expressed a favourable opinion of the New Grape
called Mks. Pince's Black Muscat. A further
sample sent to us a few days since fully justifies us in
endorsing all we have previously said in its favour,
notwithstanding that the present sample is less per-
fectly coloured than the clusters previously submitted
to us. The berries are oval, with stout foot-stallcs not
yet shrivelling, though the foliage is quite withered ;
the flesh firm and crackling, with a rich Muscat flavour,
and a thickish skin. Altogether, it would seem as if it
would rival, if not surpass, our present favourites in
its late-hanging qualities, while it is superior to all
late varieties in richness and aroma.

From Dr. Andeeson's Report on the Calcutta

Garden we extract the following note on the Victoria :
" During the past year great success has attended the
cultivation of the large Water Lily, Victoria eegia.
Formerly the plant always died about the end of
December, probably from the coldness of the water of
the tank, the result of nocturnal radiation. In
November last a screen of thin cloth was placed, which
was drawn over the tank at night and removed during
the day. The plant being protected in this way
flowered profusely during the cold season, and yielded
a large quantity of seed." This is a fact well worthy
the attention of cultivators. We have however to learn
what circumstances prevent nocturnal radiation from
killing the plant in its native country. Can it be that
the amount of radiation is less, owmg to the greater
moisture of the atmosphere in Guiana as compared
with India ?

M. Eousseau, the gardener to M. de Mon-

TIGNT, residing at the Chlteau de Guillebaudon, near
Auxerre, France, lately exhibited at a meeting of the
Imperial and Central Ilorticultural Society of France,
some tubers of the Chinese Tam, Dioscorea Batatas,
obtained under the following circumstances. When
the tubers had attained the requisite dimensions
for use they were extracted, their tops cut off, and
these tops, measuring 20 centimetres, or about
8 inches in length, were replaced in the ground.
After an interval of 10 months an examination was
made, when it was found that the tops had pro-
duced in 10 months tubers of the same size as
those produced under ordinary circumstances in
three years. The specimens exhibited weighed about
41b. Marshal Vaillant, the President of the Im-
perial Society, who takes very great interest in this
Tam, has contributed to its Journal an interesting
article on its cultivation. The formation of supple-
mentary tubers is no doubt analogous to that which
occurs in the Potato, which may be made to produce
several crops of tubers in the same year by the adoption
of means similar to those made use of by M. Rousseau,
viz., by replacing the parent tuber in the ground after
the Potatos have been dug. The rationale of this
operation is merely this, that an opportunity is given
for the development of all the " eyes " in a tuber,
whereas under ordinary circumstances some only are
developed, while the others remain " latent."

From some correspondence in the Sevue

Morticoh we condense the following remarks relating
to the production of Vaeieties of Pelaegonium.
M. Lemoine asserts that his variegated Pelargoniums
were all produced _ from seed ; on the other hand he
says that this variegation of the leaves is not per-
petuated by dividing the root; plants so produced
having always green leaves, even if the original stock
were variegated. In illustration, he cites the variegated
Symphytum asperrimum, which when propagated by
parting the root, produces green leaves only. A similar
circumstance occurs in the case of striped or parti-
coloured flowers, thus a Phlox, " Triomphe de Twickell,"
when propagated by root division, produced only seven
or eight plants with striped flowers, out of more
than 600 plants so obtained. M. Chamaeet and
M. Leghand offer independent confirmation of the
fact adduced by M. Lemoine as to the production of
variegated Pelargoniums (tri- and bi-coloured varie-
ties) from seed. The former of these two
gentlemen gives some details as to some seed-
lings produced from variegated plants, and which
in their turn gave origin to seedlings, some with
striped cotyledons, some with one cotyledon green and
one white, others wioh two, and sometimes three,
white seed-leaves ; these latter lived but a short time.
Out of some 400 plants, 97 only now exist; but among
them are some new striped varieties, white others
present no trace of a zone, but blotches of various
colours. Others have yielded no less than six kinds of
variegation, which, if fixed, would constitute so many

varieties. In the plants which produced one green
and one white cotyledon, the green colour often
extended very much, sometimes so much so, that the
whole plant became green. Others had half their
stem green, the other half white or rose-coloured, in
correspondence with the colour of the leaves. Some-
times the white side of the stem grew less vigorously,
and interfered with the gron'th of the other side, thus
causing the stem to become bent to an angle of 90°. In
order to see the flowers, none of the specimens were cut
down before flowering, and lOnewshades of colour (as far
as variegated forms are concerned), with broad petals,
strong trusses, and good habit, were developed ; but
what was most remaAable was the occasional appear-
ance of two very distinct shades of colour on the same
plant. This dichromism showed itself indifferently on
the branches or on the sides of the stem, producing
green or variegated leaves even in cases where the
stem and leaves were entirely white. Sometimes even
the separation of the tints manifested itself on the
flower stalk and _ the half of the truss. Certain
specimens which in the beginning had one cotyledon
variegated soon lost all trace of variegation. They
were however preserved and allowed to flower, and
afterwards being cut back produced shoots with
variegated foliage. In 1864 and 1865 the same observer
collected a number of seeds of Mrs. Pollock. They all
came up, but not one reproduced the parent form. The
same thing occurred with all the golden-leaved varieties.

Some time since our excellent correspondent

Mr. Andebson forwarded to us some interesting
Deviations from the usual conformation of the
Flowees op Oechids, interesting in themselves, and
also as affording additional illustrations of the in-
correctness of the notion that occurrences of this kind
are rare among Orchids. How this notion originated
we cannot tell, but it is one of old standing, and too
general aocejatance. So far as we have seen. Orchids
seem very subject to these malformations, much more
so than many orders of plants. Some of Mr. Andes-
son's specimens of the flowers (of Odontoglossum
Uro-Skinneri) had the sepals and petals, including the
hp, reduced to small linear segments precisely like
those of Oncidium abortivum. In another flower of
the same species the two side petals were adherent to
the side of the column. In some flowers of Oncidium
cucuUatum there was associated with an adhesion of
one sepal to another, and probably dependent on the
same cause, a displacement of the sepals and petals;
both were dragged out of place. This dislocation may
be better appreciated by the accompanying formula
than even by a woodcut. Let the usual arrangement

s
bo thus represented :—

ST

p p

L

s s

s standing for sejial, V for petal, t for lip, ST for
stamen, then the dislocated form may be represented

s
thus : —

p P

€^

Some of our readers may remember the story of

a certain traveller who, when relating his experiences in
foreign lands, took occasion to speak of a gigantic Cabbage
that he had met with upon one occasion, whereupon a
bystander, also a traveller, described an enormous
cauldron that he had seen in the course of his travels.
On being asked by the discoverer of the Cabbage the
purport of this huge cauldron, he replied, " Why, to boil
your Cabbage in, to be sure." We may fairly ask, how
large a copper will be required to cook the fruit men-
tioned in the subjoined letter, a fruit so large that it is
said to contain " several seeds each as big as a child's
head." An obliging correspondent has written to us
in the following terms respecting this new addition
to the Museum Huilettianum :—

" I beg to call your attention to a note wMcTi I have just
received, and to express my sui'prise that neither yourself nor
any member of your talented staff have given the sujbscribers
to your usually observant Journal the slightest intimation of
the existence of such an invaluable plant ,aa is mentioned in
the subjoined note. Only think of each seed being as big as
a child s head [of what age ?] .and at the low price of one
guinea, and each seed warranted to produce at least "20 fruits.
What must the size of the plant be? I expect to hear a shout
from Wellington Street of "Prodigious!" Pray keep your
eyes open. — Yours, " F.R.H.S."

Here is the note referred to : —

" Clarence Lodge, Cosham, Hants, Jan. 19.

" Sir, — Having received from a friend at Siam, seeds of an
entireltj new and most iconderful annual fruit, 1 thought you
might like one, jis it is not only entirely new, but one of the
most wonderful of all known plants. It is an annual, and
produces many i»t?)ie)ise fruits, so big that each .sc«^, of which
there are m,any, is as big as a child's liead [!] The fruit is very
delicious when ripe, and can be cooked in many ways. I
guai-antce each one to produce at Least 20 fruits, and will
refund the money if it does not within eight months. Price of
each seed, packed in a case, *21s. Should you want one, you
must please write at once, or they will be all gone. — Believe
me, dear Sir, yours very truly, "J. Hullbtt."

description and figure of Cavanilles. Nevertheless, as
the plant at Kew evidently approaches more nearly to
the species he figures than to any other that is known
to us, we think it preferable to consider it as the true
D. angulata than to regard it as the type of a new
species. We add a description of the more salient-'
featiu-es of the plant in question, drawn up from a,
comparison of the living plant vrith a dried specimen
from Bourbon in the Kew Herbarium, and which
clearly belongs to the same species : — A shrub or small
tree, with loosely spreading branches; young shoots,
leaf-stalks, leaves, and outer surface of the calyx covered
with long, soft, simple hairs (not stelliform as in mosij of
the other species of the genus). Leaf-stalks 1 — 4 inches
long ; stipules deciduous subulato-lanceolate, scarcely
an mch in length ; leaves 2—5 inches long, 3 — 4 inches
wide, cordate, roundish, palmately 5, 7 or 9-nerved,
irregularly dentate, obscurely 3-lobed at the apex,
lobules sharply pointed. Peduncles solitary terminal,
1 — 2 inches long, bearing a fascicle of 8 or 10 slender
pedicels, about an inch in length, equalling or not
exceeding the flowers. Epicalyx of three deciduous,
oblong-lanceolate, slightly concave bracts nearly as
long as the oblong, acute, concave, s)]reading sepals.
Corolla about an inch in diameter, of five obliquely
obovate, blunt-pointed, pure white petals, twice the.
length of the sepals. Stamens 20, slightly coherent,
below, 15 fertile, anthers extrorse, 5 barren (stami-
nodes), linear, somewhat club-shaped, flattened at
the points, longer than the fertile stamens ; filaments
pink at the base. Ovary villose ; style filiform, as long
as the staminodes, surmounted by five revolute stigmas.

From D. tomentosa, Cav., a nearly allied plant, the
present species differs in its more angular leaves, its.
more simple inflorescence, and in the narrow bracts
of the epicalyx.

The plant here described is similar in habit ani
general appearance to the old Sparmannia africana>,
and has been an inmate of the Koyal Gardens for some
years, though it has not previously produced flowers.

The dried specimen above referred to was collected

in Boui'bon, and that island, with Madagascar and the

Mauritius, may be looked on as the head-quarters of

' the genus. A few species, however, are found on the

continent of Africa.

The elegance of the trusses of pure white flowers and
their agreeable perfume can hardly fail to attract the
i attention of the plant lover, more especially at this dull
season, and hence it is to be hoped that cultivators may
be able to overcome the sti'a"gling habit that the plant
now possesses, and to induce it to flower at an
earlier age, when it would become a valuable addition
to the list of winter-flowering stove plants.

The stamens in this plant, as in all the Malvales,
may be looked upon as compound, while the ordinary
stamen corresponds to a simple leaf ; the groups of
stamens in the Mallows and allied orders may be
regarded as the equivalents of compound leaves,
united together at their bases. Some of the lobes
or leaflets of these compound leaves bear anthers,
while others are destitute of anthers, and coiisti-
tute the barren stamens or staminodes. Some light
is thrown on the uses of these barren stamens by an
examination of the plant now under consideration. In
the fully expanded flower, the inner surface of the
upper angle or point of each petal is about on a-
level with the stigma and with the tip of the barren
stamen, the cuter flat surface of which latter, as well
as the adjacent portion of the petal, are often dusted
over with pollen, the true stamens nevertheless being
at a considerable distance beneath these organs.
In less fully developed flowers the barren stamens
may be seen curving downwards and outwards so
as to come in contact with the shorter fertile stamens,
whose anthers open outwardly, and thus allow their '
contents to adhere to the barren stamens. These latter,
provided with their freight of pollen, uncoil themselves,
assume more or less of an erect position, and thus
bring their points on a level with the stigma, whose
curling lobes twist round them and receive the pollen
from them. The use then of the long staminodes seems
to be to convey pollen from the short fertile stamens
the stigma, which, but for their intervention could not.
be influenced by it. The presence of pollen on the
upjier and inner comer of the petals is readily explained
by the fact that owing to their position and peculiar
form they all come in contact with the ends of the
staminodes and the stigmas, and hence they too get
dusted mth pollen.

These arrangements would therefore seem to favour
self-fertilisation, and they show how an organ spoken
of sometimes somewhat contemptuously, as barren,
rudimentary, imperfect, or the like, may yet play an
important part both in the architectural plan of the
flower, and in its life history. M. T. M.

Ne'w Plants.

DOMBEYA ANGULATA, Cav.

Foliis cordatis, subrotundis, supra angulatis, seiTato-dentatis

tomentosis ; umbellis solitariis, numerosis, pedmiculo com-

muni petiolo breviori. Cav. Hiss, 'i, p. 123, tab. 39, fig, 1.

DC. PriKl. i. p. 498.

To the above species, though not without hesitation,

we refer a plant now blooming in the Palm Stove of

the Eoyal Gardens, Kew, and for the opportunity of

e.xamininK and describing which we are indebted to

Dr. Hooker. Our doubts arise from the imperfect

PLANT POETEAITS.

Anthueium EEFLEXUM. — Oarlenjlora, t. 519. Oron-
tiacea;. A stemless stove perennial, with thick green,
elongate, heart-shapedleaves, having semiterete petioles,
and short recurvedpeduncles bearing ovate spathes about
as lon^ as the thick oblong spadix. The leaves are about
a foot m length. Native of tropical America. Flowered
in the St. Petersburgh Botanic Garden, where it was
received from the Garden of the Paris Museum.

BowiEA TOLUBILis.— jSoi!. Mag., t. 5619. Liliacese.
A botanical curiosity of much interest, but of little
beauty. It has a fleshy leafless bulb, and a climbing
stem, the lower branches of which are dichotomously
divided into numerous terete horn-like intertwisted
branchletSj and the upper parts bear a few green
Drimia - like flowers. Native of South Africa.
Flowered at Kew.

Cajiellia Stella Polaiee. — L' Illiistraiion Sort,
t. 502. Ternst^rbmiaceae. A pretty imbricated variety,
with double flowers, scarcely of the middle size, but
very regular, full, and perfect in form ; the colour a lively

.Ianfaey 2r,, 1807.]

THE fi AEDENERS' OITRONICEE AND Arrl^TCTTT^TTTlUE GAZETTE.

is

rosy crimson, each petal with a bold r-entral sti'ipo of
iDsy white, equal in width tliroujjiiout, thus forming,
:is it wore, a star with many rays. Raised in Florence.
Flowered by M. A. Vcrschaflelt.

Cattleya JlowiiNi.— i?o/. Hftrfi., t. SfilS. Orohi-
dacere. ThiM maKniliront plant, doscrihed at p. 922 of
our yolumo for ISIili, is perfectly distinct from all
others, and at least eciual in beauty to the most beaii-
tiPul of its race hitherto known. It ha.s tho habit
of C. labiata, and bears very large flowers, the plane
lanceolate sepals and broader wavy petals being of a
deep nankin-yellow, and tho frilled lip wholly of a rich
dark puce purple, traversed throughout by golden
veins. Native of Costa liica. Flowered by Messrs.
Veitch & Sons, and Mr. IJateraan.

ClREnorETALUSI PAIItTDIT.— iVi'eW. Plan/.. 18li0,
t. -i-H. Orchidaccm. An odd-looking stove epiphyte,
with a oroopins rhizome, compressed cylindracoous
p.soudobulbs, solitary, elliptic-oblong leaves, and radical
flower scapes supiiorting an umbel of from 8 to 12 large
flowers, which are brownish-red, minutely dotted with
red, and having an ovato-lanceolate purple lip ; the
dorsal sepal is -i inches long, and tho two petals, about
half its length, are directed hnckwards iiarallel with it,
all being prolonged into a fdiforni tail, while the two
lateral sepals are directed forwards parallel with the
lii>, and are about us long as the petals. It is the
Bolbophyllura Pahudii, Mi-ich. /., and Cin-hopetalum
fla^?elli forme, Tei/smann I'i' Binnendijk. Native of Java
Flowered in the Leyden Garden.

Grias caulifloka,— -So<. Mag., t. 5622. Myrtacese.
A stately P.alm-like tropical tree, forming a head of
large lanceolate-acurainate leaves, .3 to 4 feet long, and
producing pale yellow fragrant flowers 2 inches broad
from the trunk, f^ar below the leaves. Native of the
Spanish Main. Flowered at Kew. It is the Anchovy
Pear of the ^^est Indies.

riTPPEASTRrjI Albehtt. — Z'inii.ifi-afion Sort.,
t. 498. Amaryllidacerc. This beautiful hothou.se bulb
has precisely the habit of H. equcstre, but its orange-
rod flowers, yellowish towards the base of each petal,
measure as much as fi inches across, and are full double,
the organs of fructification being replaced by from
.SO to 40 petals, so that it altogether eclipses the double
H. fulgidum, which has only two rows of petals.
Found cultivated in Cuba by M. Albert Wagner, and
sent by him to M. Wagner, of Leipsic, from whom the
stock has been acquired by M. Laurentius.

HYDTiANGEAJAPONICAMACEOSEPALA.— (?a)'<e»/?ora,

t. 520. HydrangeaceoB. A variety somewhat resembling
the var. rosalba of M. Van Houtte, but described as
having the segments of the sterile flowers 1.^ inch broad.
The.v are white, becoming tinted with rose as they
acquire ace. Native of Japan, introduced by M. Maxi-
mowicz. Flowered in the St. PetersburgBotanicGarden.

Hydrangea stellata proliferv.— Gnr/oi/^oTO,
t. 521, We have here, observes M. Regel, a rival for
the well-known H. Hortensia, namely a new Hydran-
gea with a full head of flowers. In habit and foliage it
resembles the species we already posses.s, but the large
terminal cyme is densel.y packed with sterile flowers,
of which the sepals, from 10 to 15 in each flower, are
elliptic in form, while from one to five similar but
smaller flowers are developed in the centre of most of
the primary ones; they open of a yellowish-green, and
chance to rose colour. Native of Japan, introduced by
M. Maximowicz. Flowered in the St. Petersburg
Botanic Garden.

Iris K.empferi vaes.— iVecrZ. Plant., t. 33-S4.
Iridaeese. Of this beautiful ha.rdy Japanese perennial |
two fine varieties are figured in the plates before us. I
They are named Phili p von Siebold, a very large deep
purple with golden blotch near the base; and Alex-
ander vox Humboldt, an immense flower, pure
white with a golden feather at the base. According to
the figure the flowers of the latter variety are more
than 6 inches across. Flowered by M. Krelage.

Myosotis ImpiSratrice Elisabeth.— i'Z/?Hs/ra-
iion Hort., t. 500. Boraginacese. This is a hybrid,
stated to have been r.aised between M. azorica and a
variety of M. sylvatica, and, according to the figure, is
one ofgi-eat beauty, remarkable chiefly for the immense
profusion of its small bright blue flowers, which have a
yellow eye. It is, moreover, said to be almost a con-
tinual bloomer, to flower freely in winter, and to force
well. It is quite hardy. It was raised by M. Doeller,
of the gardens of Schonborn, near Vienna, and is culti-
vated by MM. Haage & Schmidt of Erfurt.

Ophiopogon japonicus akgenteo-steiatcs. —
Neerl. Plant., t. .31. Liliace;e. A pretty dwarf hardy
herbaceous perennial, having linear-lanceolate leaves
striped with green and creamy-white, and bearing
racemose spikes of deep blue berries about the size of
Currants. The flowers are not described. It appears
to be a striped form of the broad-leaved plant known
in gardens as O. Jaburan. Native of Japan. Flowered
by M. Von Siebold.

INStTLAB FLORAS.

(Cortclwhd from p. 51.)

This is but a brief outline of Mr. Darwin's argu-
ments in favour of trans-oceanic migration ; such
as it is, it shows a power and skill of bringing
facts to bear, and a fertility of invention in devising
means of verifying these facts, that almost comoel
me to agree with him in reg.arding oceanic trails-
port to be, in the present state of science, the
principal and most probahle means by which oceanic
islands have been stocked with plants; I say most
probable, for I should add, that Mr. Darwin does
not put this view forward as more than an opinion to
which he inclines : with that candour which charac-
terises all his writings, he will not let even the coito-
borative evidence which his derivative theory affords
him, weigh when estimating the value of the two
hypotheses.

But though Mr. Darwin's explanations cover many

if the requirements of our problem, and may oven-
'iially prove to satisfy all, there ai-o groat diiricuUics
u tho way of its full acceptation.

First, as regards transport by winds, ocean currents,
tc, much that we know of the directions of these
tgeu(!irs in the North Atlantic, is in favour of their
'>ringing American and not European plants to tho
Vzorcs ; and yet wo find even fowor Aniericau types
in this group than in Madeira and the Canaries. This
ilijpction is very partially met by thefact that the
.Vzoros are nearer Eurojio than' America, and that
American plants when brought into competition with
European, are beaten in the contest, and that many of
the American types wore^ also European during a
comparatively recent geological epoch. For the superior
American currents of migration should at least keep
up some supjily.

Nor is it suflicient to quote the fact that tho birds of
these islands are (as Dr. Sclater assures ine is tho case),
.almost identical specifically with European ones, and
are thus the living proofs of the migration being from
Europe. No doubt they are proofs of bird transport
being from Europe, but not necessarily of plant
transport ; for since the plants are considerably
dilieront specifically, and the birds not at all, it may be
argued that the birds and plants do not come under the
same category. Mr. Danvin answers this objection by
the consideration that tho migration of birds being
continuous and frequent, and these all surviving, they
keep up the specific type, and do not give origin to
local varieties; whilst the transport of seeds being
casual and rare, and very few surviving, thase in the
process of time give rise to varieties, &c., and do not
perpetuate the continental races.

So, too, it is \yith St, Helena and Ascension— they
have no land birds, but an African vegetation ; and
though nearly midway between Africa and America,
they have scarcely a single American t,vpe of flowering
plants ; and Kerguelen's Land has a Flora of whose
elements most have emigrated not from the nearest
land but from the most distant.

Another difficulty is presented by the extreme rarity
of some of the plants common to the North Atlantic
Islands; take, forexample.thatremarkableCanarian tree,
Beucomia caudata, of which only two individuals have
been found in the mountains of Madeira, and these a
male and a female. It is almost inconceiv,able that
individuals of both sexes should have been transported
within the same lifetime from the Canaries to so great
a distance ; and so with the other peculiar and rare
plants common to these groups ; intermediate m.asses
of land, as the Salvages, on which such plants abounded,
afford the only conceivable means of inter-insular
transport; and if intermediate islands are granted
(and Mr. Darwin freely grants these), why not
continents?^

It is admitted that certain large islands, which lie
too near the continents to come under the technical
definition of oceanic, and which do contain terrestrial
Mammals, as Great Britain, Ceylon, Madagascar, Japan,
the F.alkland Islands, &c., were once united to the
continents to which they are adjacent, and thus
received their immigrants ; and an examination of the
Floras of most of these exceedingly complicates the
question, for unlike oceanic islands, many of these do
contain, besides the plants of the adjacent continents,
many types of those peculiar to the opposite continent
—Ceylon containing Malayan plants not found in the
Indian Peninsula, Japan possessing N. American
plants; and Madaga-scar, Bornean, and Javan. We
should thus be forced to admit that whereas the great
islands which are peopled by plants through direct
communication with the adjacent continents, do
receive immigrants from other most distant continents,
the little islets that are much nearer the continent,
and over who.se course the currents of migration must
have swept, have been exempted from its effects. Here,
again, as it appears to me, the only answer is by
an appeal to the very different rates in which the
vegetation has changed in the islands and the con-
tinents during comparatively recent geological periods

Then, too, we have con.spicuous examples of islands
not having profited by migration from the nearest
continent, where it would be most expected they
should. Take New Zealand : it does contain certain
Australian species and types, but these are uot the
most common, or most likely to have arrived by trans-
oceanic migration. The arboreous vegetation of
Australia maiuly consists of Gum trees and leguminous
plants, which cover three-fourths of the wooded parts
of that continent, but not one is found in New
Zealand ; yet the seeds of the Gum trees are very
minute, are shed in inconceivable quantities, retain
their vitality long, and both Gum trees and Acacias,
when introduced by man into New Zealand, become
naturalised at once, and actually displace the
indigenous vegetation of the island.

Even if we grant, with Mr. Darwin, that the specific
and sub-specific change between the Floras of oceanic
islands and contioentis, is due to the new relations into
which the continental plants are brought in the narrow
areas that islands present, and the ensuing sharper
struggle for existence, how does it come about
that the plants of the Azores, which islands are
750 miles from Europe, are less changed than those of
Madeira, which is only 300 ? This objection seems to
me to be imperfectly met by the fact that the nearer
island, receiving more immigrants, exhibits the sharper
struggle; for this same cause should rather replenish
the island with identical forms, and by cross-fertilisation
tend to keep them more specifically true ; as was
assumed in the case of the European birds of the
Madeiran group being unchanged, whilst the plants
of the same group have chanced.

With regard to the objection that oceanic islands are
volcanic, and hence probably not the mountain-tops of
sunk continents, and that they contain no fossil mam-
mals, we have in the Malay Archipelago, va.st areas

of land which, if submerged (and they aro exposed to
constant subsidences and risings) would leave only
isolated volcanic peaks, such as oceanic islands present.
Wore such an area 'to be submerged, leaving oxpo.sed
tlio volcanic peaks of Java and the Moluccas, Ac, &0.,
should wo exjiect to find either recent or fossil ter-
rostri.al mammals upon them? Nor should it bo over-
lookcil, tliat as a, general rule, islands diminish in size
and riunil)crs lowanls liic centres of tho great oceans,
whifli, taken witii the admission, that the groat islandjs
afljacent to the continents were previously united to
I hem, would favour the hypothesis that all may have
lieou so. Then, too, wo have instances of continental
distribution, pro.scnting facts so analogous to
oceanic, and hitherto so utterly inexplicable, on any
liyimthesis of migration that does not embrace immense
geological changes, that we can scarcely avoid
coupling tho phenomena they present with those of
oceanic islands.

On the other hand, to my mind, the ijreat objection
to the continental extension hypothesis is, that it may
he said to account for everything, but to explain
nothing; it proves too much; whilst the hypothesis
of trans-oceanic migration, though it leaves a multi-
tude of facts unexplained, offers a rational solution of
many of the most puzzling phenomena that oceanic
islands present : phenomena which, under the hypothe-
sis of intermediate continents, are barren facts, literally
of no scientific interest— arc curiosities of science, no
doubt, but are not scientific curiosities.

Thus, according to the hypothesis of tra,ns-oceanic
migration, and the theory of the derivative origin
of species, wo can understand why the ancient
types, like ancient races of mankind, which
have disappeared before the steady forward pres-
sure of superior races on the continents, should
have survived on the islands to which but few of
the superior race had penetrated ; we can under-
stand how it comes about, that so many conti-
nental species and genera are represented on the
island by similar but not identical species and genera,
and also for the representation of genera and species
in the separate islets of the group. We can understand
why we find in the Atlantic island Floras such a
graduated series of forms, ascending from variety^ to
genus, without those sliarii lines of specific distinction
that continental plants exhibit ; why whole tribes are
absent in the Islands ; why their Floras are limited, and
species are few in proportion to genera; why so many
of their peculiar genera tend to grotesque or picturesque'
arborescent forms— and many other minor facts which
it would weary you to enumerate.

And if many of the phenomena of oceanic island
Floras are thus well explained by the theory of the
derivative origin of species, and not at all by any other
theory, it surely is a strong corroboration of that
theory. Depend upon it, the slow but steady struggle
for existence is taking advantage of every change of
form and every change of circumstance to which plants
no less than animals are exposed ; and, that variation
and change of form are the rules in organic life, is aa
certain as that definite combinations and mathematical
proportions are the rules in the inorganic.

By a wise ordinance it is ruled, that amongst living
beings like shall never produce its exact like ; that as
no two circumstances in time or place are absolutely
s.ynchronous, or equal or similar, so shall no two
beings be born alike ; that a variety in the environing
conditions in which the progeny of a living being may
be placed shall be met by variety in the progeny itself.
A wise ordinance it is, that ensures the succession of
beings, not by multiplying absolutely identical forms,
but by varying these, so that the right form may fill its
right place in Nature's ever varying economy.

The acceptation of general principles, whether in the
physical or biological sciences, has always been a slow-
process, and I look for no exception in the case of this
of the derivative origin of species. The physical sciences
however, have the start of the biological, scientific
progress in them having commenced several centuries
ago, whereas it is hardly one century since Botany a,nd
Zoology first became the subjects of exact scientific
study. Before that period not a system had been
invented, and the principles of life, whether in their
structural or functional aspects, have for the most part
been discovered within the life-time of many of us
here, and the knowledge of them is not yet recognised
as a branch of a liberal education.

Tou have all read of uncivilised races of mankind
that regard every month's moon as a new creation of
their gods, who, they say, eat the old moons, not for
their sustenance, but for their glory, and to prove to
mortals tli.at they can make new ones ; and they regard
your denial that their gods do monthly make a new
inoon as equivalent to denying that they could do so
if they would.

It is not so long since it was held by most scientific
men (and is so by some still) that species of plants and
animals were, like the savages' moons, created in as
many spots as we meet them in, and in as great
numbers as they were found at the times and places of
their discovery. To deny that species were thus created
was, in the opinion of many persons, equivalent to
denying that they could have been so created.

And I have twice been present at the annual gather-
ings of tribes, in such a state of advancement as this,
biit after they had come into contact with the
missionaries of the most enlightened nations of man-
kind. Tliese missionaries attempted to teach them,
amongst other matters, the true theory of the moon s
motions, and at the first of the gatherings the subject
was discussed by them. The presiding Sachem shook
his head and his spear. The priests first attacked the
new doctrine, and with fury ; their temples were
ornamented with symbols of the old creed, and their
religious chants and rites were worded and arranged in

76

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ATvD AGFICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JanuabT 26, 1867.

accordance with it. The medicine men, however, being
divided among themselves (as medicine men are apt to
be in all countries), some of them sided with the
missionaries— many from spite to the priests, but a few,
I could see, from conviction— and putting my trust in
the latter, I never doubted what the upshot would be.

Upwards of six years elapsed before I again was
present at a siniilar gathering of their tribe ; and I then
found the presiding Sachem treating the missionaries'
theory of the moon's motions as an accepted fact, and
the people applauding the new creed !

Do you ask what tribes these were, and where their
annual gatherings took place, and when ? [ will tell
you. The first was in 1860, when the Derivative
doctrine of species was first brought before the bar of
a scientific assembly, and that the British Association
at Oxford ; and I need not tell those who heard our
presiding Sachem's address last AVednesday evening
that the la,st was at Nottingham. J. D. Hooker.

aetificiaIj heat.

(Concluded from p. 1244, 186C.)

Of all the examples of Vine-culture that I have seen,
1 do not recollect one instance in which I could say
that the Vine was stall-fed, or had all it wanted. We
run too much in the same rut with those who have
gone before us. Now, if we were to take the primscval
jungle for our Vine border, and the rambling Vine
shooting through and over the tangled brake, hanging
the bunches of Grapes upon the trees by means of its
tendrils, then, whilst it bore fruit upwards, it must liave
taken root downwards, showing the use of the aerial
roots issuing from the stems, and when these had
reached the decay of ages of vegetable mould — ay, and
of animal mould, what a rush of growth the Vine must
have made under a tropical sun ! Indeed, the character
of the plant tells clearly how well it is calculated to
" hide the ruin that it feeds upon ; " it forms its tissue
so rapidly that it could not luxuriate, unless it could
appropriate plenty of rich food and moisture. There
are Vines cultivated that yield a ton of Grapes
annually. Now, if we put; this into figures,
we have 252 gallons, or, in round numbers, a
thousand quart pitchers of wine on one plant,
and unless the supplies of food and of drink to such
a plant were unlimited, the end never could be
attained. In the jungle it would issue new roots,
which, travelling into fresh pastures, would tap new
reservoirs of moisture.

The Vine is called a foul feeder, but it is more exact
to call it a rapid feeder ; its roots are more like the
underground stolons of Couch-grass than ordinary
feeders, and they travel rapidly. "VVe read of the wild
Vine with a stem as thick as a man's body, and judging
from our own experience of stem and foliage, we can
reckon the whole question — the extent and richness of
the Vine border, the tons of moisture ascending
through that stem, and the sun-heat necessary to pump
up and elaborate so much rich juice. Tried by this
standard a Vine in a pot is a toy. A Vine in a hot-
house is only a Vine in a larger pot, and of a square
form, and a Vine in a border 30 feet wide, and fat with
the dung of animals, and well peppered with bone
manure, would only be " a tub to the whale" after all.
The earth where the Vine is planted should incline
to the south, and thus give^ the roots artificial
heat ; and unless the earth is open in texture,
the feeders could never follow up the chase for food in
it, and as light and heat are combined in Nature, we
must not separate them in Grape growing. Therefore
a high temperature should go with the sun or " the
greater light," and we may rest assured that the cool
reaction of night is beneficial, for darkness can never
do the work of light. I need not adduce chemical
tests to prove this. I was at some pains to examine a
collection of fossil Ferns, beautifully preserved to us in
the coal formation, and from the rank luxuriance of
the specimens"imprinted" in that ancient book, printed
before the days of Caxton, I could not help conjuring up
from the vasty deep of earth and time by which they
had been overlaid, the very climate they enjoyed, and
the jungle that made that climate calm and moist.
O what a tale of other days these denizens of the deep
unfold to us, as they now lie high and dry in our
museum here, having been heavily pressed for ages
to ornament a lump of coal ; and when we see
what beautiful Ferns are irretrievably lost, how we
ought to rejoice that the Vine has held its ground, and
come down to us improved.

Acres of excellent Vines might be secured to us by a
little artificial heat in the form of bottled sunshine,
for glass is not now what it has been. Cucumbers had
gone afield long before my time ; but Gourds have gone
over to the farmer in my day, and the Vine is a far
safer subject to work than either of these. I look upon
the intelligence of our age to " wash our garments in
wine;" for Grapes can certainly be grown in the
sunny vales of England under glass at Sd. per lb., and
good Grape wine made at the price of ale, 4rf. a pint.

Should any one be tempted to make light of the
subject of artificial heat, let him take a pocket lens and

Eoint the few sunny rays that fall thereon to its focus.
Le will find that it will burn dry wood, and would set
a forest on fii-e, yet it has come down to us through
regions where the snow thaws not, and it has been
tugging light after it at no sluggish pace. Lord Byron
joked this latter traveller, and spoke of light travelling
at such speed " after it was packed up for its journey ;"
and well he might. The beautiful arrangement that
Nature makes to close the flower at night by folding
the corolla over the pollen like a penthouse, whilst the
leaves are being saturated with the needful dew, is
something bordering on the sublime. Most Orchids
have a natural penthouse over the chief organs of
their flower. 'Hhe dense vapour that feeds their naked
roots would make a paste of their farina. These are
lessons not to be lost sight ofj for there comes a time

when dryness ought to be the order of the day, whether
in Vine culture or any other culture ; and then

" The weary gardener, with wild surprise,
Sees the dank vapour all around him rise,"
And his ill-flavoured Grapes shank off before his eyes.
I knew a gardener who always carried a small plant-
ing trowel in one of his pockets, and an ordinary huck-
a-baok towel in the other, so that when he had to
gather flowers or fruit, or see company, he could wash
and dry his hands quickly. One of these towels would
occasionally be hung in the hothouse all night, and the
state of the towel in the morning indicated the dryness
of the atmosphere. I mention this for the benefit of
the elder brethren of the blue apron who may dislike
decimal fractions in working the wet and dry bulbs
of the thermometer to ascertain the moisture in
the air. This vexed question of heat with and
without moisture might be illustrated to some
extent if we could conjure up the gigantic and coarse
vegetation imprinted on the coal above alluded to —
where amphibious reptiles crawled in the dreadful
swamp; where marsh gas must have abounded atnight;
indeed Will-o'-the- Wisp must have felt quite at home,
and no doubt entertained his friends there. Clouds of
vapour by day, with all the ills that rise from fens —
ague, &c., must have rioted when the coal was moist,
and took the impress of the dry Fern which it has so
beautifully retained. Nothing can be clearer however
than the fact that side by side with the swamp grew
flowerless plants, and looking at the Ferns represented,
the temperature no doubt was high. Among the
thirsty plants left to us, we admire the elegant Sundew,
growing out of moist peat and Sphagnum doing as his
Ijetters did in other days ; and as we go up the ladder
a little we have the Pitcher plant, the small plants of
which raised from seed have not true leaves but pitchers,
or, as they would say in the North, each tiny plant
"As gude as kept a sma' still."
The circumstances under which such plants grow
now, help us to estimate the climate they grew in then.
Notwithstanding the wonderful structure of the
Nepenthes it is far surpassed by the Vine as a pitcher
can'ier, and during the growing season a moderately
warm swamp would no doubt favour the rapid develop-
ment of this wine carrier. The artificial heat of
winter has a fixed character. That of spring seems
associated with moisture, and all our successful culti-
vators seem lavish of vapour at that season. The
summer seldom needs our aid in this way, the " one
Ions summer day of indolence and ease" seems amply
sufiicient for horticulture while it lasts, but we
frequently have to supplement by means of fire the
want of autumn heat, for in dealing with exotics our
summer is frequently too short at both ends. The
experienced eye can tell by the sere leaf of the Vine,
and the straw colour of the cane, whether autumn has
honestly done its part. We see in our indigenous trees
in autumn the hues we want, and if we want better
models we need only go where the poets (those long-
flight men) tell us, —

" Everlasting Autumn lies
'JMid yellow woods and sunny skies,"

to learn the quantity as well as the quality of artificial
heat we require. A. Forsijth.

THE LATE PHILIP FBANZ VON SIEBOLD.

[We have been favoured by Professor Oudemaims, of Amster-
dam, with the following notice of the life and} labours
of the Chevalier Von Siebold, in which many of our readers,
we are sure, will feel interested. Eds.]

The Chevalier Philip Franz von Siebold died at
Munich on the 18th of October last. This great
scholar, who had made his name world-famous, and
shed thereby a lustre on both his native and his adopted
country, was born at Wijrzburg on the 17th February,
1706, of a family which has given several distinguished
members to the medical and other kindred professions ;
in fact, his daughter (who has supplied the ground-
work of this sketch) enjoys at this day the reputation
of being a most able practitioner in Japan in the
ailments of women.

Von Siebold received a first-class education at
Wurzburg, and obtained the degree of Doctor in 1820.
Two years later he followed the example of so many of
his countrymen, and went to Java as medical officer in
the Netherlands service; and when that Government
despatched a scientific expedition to Japan.Von Siebold
was attached thereto as medical officer and naturalist.

Arrived there, he ^yas compelled, like all foreigners, to
confine his explorations to the immediate vicinity of
"Desima." He soon, however, acquired greater free-
dom, mainly in consequence of the repute attaching to
his name as a man of science. The Japanese naturalists,
and even the physicians of the Royal Court, flocked to
hear his teachings, and they in their turn gave him
the best and most reliable information respecting the
political, historical, and geological featiu'es of a country
then comparatively unknown.

In 1826 Von Siebold had the good fortune to accom-
pany the Dutch Ambassador to the Court of Jeddo.

Incited by his love for scientific inquiry, his pupils
visited almost every province of the country, and the
results of their investigations were carefully collected
and digested by their master. In 1828, however, while
he was on the point of returning to Java, his
life was endangered b.ytlie excessive zeal of one of
his friends, the Imperial astronomer and librarian.
This gentleman had furnished him with a hitherto
unpublished map of the empire, and for this cause
Von Siebold, who risked his own life to save that of
his friend, was thrown into prison at the moment that
he was embarking for Europe, whither his companions
had already preceded him. He returned home however
on the 7th July, 1830, and although holding the rank
of colonel in the general stafl^ he quitted the Nether-
lands service, and employed himself in the arrangement
and classification of tne rieh store of scientific curiosi.'

ties which he had recorded and collected in Japan,
while his wonderful collection of ethnographic objects
was purchased by the Government. The latter has
been beautifully arranged in the State Ethnographic
Museum at Leyden, and is now open to the inspection
of the public.

We proceed to enumerate the series of interesting
works which have been edited by Von Siebold alone,
or in conjunction with other learned Professors.

In addition to the treatises included in the " Trans-
actions of the Batavian Society of Arts," we iind—
Nippon Archiv, zur Beschreibung von Japan, etc.
Leiden, 1832—1851. This work, which is not yet
entirely completed, made at once a great sensation in
the learned world, from the wonderful wealth of scien-
tific matter contained in it. This was immediately
followed by his "Fauna Japonica," Lugd. Bat. 1833—
1851, in folio, in which he was assisted by C. J.
Temminck and H. Schlegel, and also by his "Flora
Japonica," illustrated by Zuccarini, and which have
been published in part in the " Transactions of the
Second Class of the Hoyal Academy of Sciences," iii.
and iv., of Munich. Furthermore a collection of
works, lithographed by the Chinese artist Ko Tsching
Dscheng, at Leyden, chiefiy relating to the hterature
of Japan.

About 1854 he fixed his residence on the banks of
the Rhine, in the neighbourhood of Bonn. But when
European nations became alive to the benefits likely to
accrue from extended commerce with Japan, he was
encouraged to take up his pen, to serve as pioneer and
guide to the fleets of commerce. This he did by means
of a work intituled " Urkundliche Darstellung des
Bestrebungen von Niederland und Russland zur
EroflTnung Japan's fur die Schiflahrt und den See-
handel aller Nationen " (Bonn, 1854, with map), and
this work was the same year published in Dutch at
Bommel.

Soon after he paid a second visit to Japan. So changed,
however, was the condition of afi'airs that he very
naturally failed to inspire the same romantic interest
amongst the people that he did on his first visit. He
returned to Europe with a new collection of objects
bearing upon the physical and social peculiarities of
Japan. On his arrival in Holland, having attempted
in vain to induce the Government to anne.x the second
to the first collection, he determined to travel and offer
it to some other museum, whether at Wiirzburg or
elsewhere. At last he succeeded ; the Kins of Bavaria
bought the whole collection for the Museum at
Munich, and this purchase is now awaiting the confir-
mation of the Bavarian Chambers. He was engaged
in classifying and arranging this Museum -.vhen death
overtook him from poisoning of the blood (fever?).

In the previous year numerous articles from his pen
on the subject of Japan were published iu the Augsburg
"Allgemeine Zeitung."

About the year 1850 Von Siebold made great efibrts
to improve the science of horticulture in Europe, and
to import new plants, especially from Asia. His
designs also for the laying out of gardens serve to show
that mere science was not the sole incentive to
exertion on the part of the Professor. It is probable
however that this enterprise met with no great success ;
indeed everything that was not exclusively identified
with science, was more or less a failure with him.
One of the greatest services rendered by Von Siebold
to horticulture was the laying-out of his nursery
ground iu the immediate vicinity of Leyden — at
Leiderdorp— for the purpose of propagating and
bringing into vogue plants and shrubs as they were
imported direct from their native soil. This garden,
better known as the " Jardin d'Acclimatation du Japon
et de la Chine," contained about 5 acres of ground,
and was laid out in the year 1843. Since that date the
following plants and trees have been introduced, either
by Von Siebold himself or by his intervention : —

25 kinds of Maple (Acer), of
which only three were
known in commerce.
4 kinds of Aralia.
20 kinds of Aucuba (amongst
them some with male
blo.ssom.s).
4 kinds of Bambusa.
4 kinds of Cerasus (not yet

in commerce).

4 kinds of Citrus (not yet in

commerce).

12 kinds of Clematis.

6 kinds of Deutzia.

12 kinds of DiervilLi.

12 kinds of Weigela.
1.5 kinds of Euonymua.
12 kinds of Hydrangea (of
which six are not yet
known in commerce).,
6 kinds of Mains.
6 kinds of OsmanthUB.

4 kinds of Persica.

5 kinds of Piijus.

12 kinds of Quercus (ever-
green).
2 kinds of Spira'a.
C kinds of Vibui-num.
4 kinds of Glycine sinensis.

Besides the above, there are in Von Siebqld's pirden
select specimens of Japaneseor Chinese Conifers,jPines,
Lilies, Camellias, and a host of variegated plants. In
regard to many of these, we refer to the ' Catalogue
raisonne et Prix Courant des Plantes et Graines du
Japon et de la Chine " for the year 1863, now before us.

We are in a position to state that the Acclimatisation
Garden of Von Siebold will be preserved, and the culti-
vation of it continued for the original purpose, and
objects of its founder.

ORCHIDS AND THEIR CULTIVATION.
No. SV.
Oncidiums. — Tho family of Oncidium has a wide
geographical distribution in the New as well as in the
Old World. The only genus that bears comparison
at all with it in this respect, is that of Epidendrum.
There is scarcely a field of importance that has
come under the investigation of our enterprising and
intrepid collectors but has furnished some individual
of interest or beauty, to om- rich European stores.
It may have been found in close proximity to the
snow-capped ridges of the almostiuaccessible mountains
that dot the surface of Central America, which are
within the icy grasp of a polar atmosphere, many of
them remarkable, as is well known, for their tremendous

JanitaBT 26, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONKJLE AM) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

77

volcanic eruptions. Tliat the family connection
is a large one may be taken for granted when we
know that one or other of them are found in
Urazil, Mexico, Oaxaca, Guatemala, New Granada,
OcSna, Peru, Panama, Surinam, Jamaica, and
Tronical America generally— a range which includes
such a variety of climate, verging upon the lino of
both extremes of a polar and tropical temperature,
as to demand something like a systematic arrange-
ment in our endeavours to naturalise them. There
is this diflieulty— and it is one that is not easily
bridged over— the want of complete data for cultural
purpo»;s. Any one possessing tlie slightest knowledge
of the geography of the earth can well understand the
dilemma of a cultivator, who is handed half a dozen
species or varieties of Orchids, and simply told they
were found in Jlexico. He introduces them into a
" convalescent home," and is expected, with the know-
ledge ho may already possess of plants in general,
to be able, by wise means, to recruit subjects
exhausted to the last degree of physical energy, and
restore them to their wonted health and vigour, so '
that they may increase in bulk' and periodically produce |
ilowers. The gardener may possibly succeed, hut don't
abuse him if he lamentably tails; for most of the
climates of the earth are to be found on the surface of
Mexico. '

There i.s, then, for this simple reason, the less wonder
at the want of success realized in cultivating and pre-
serving the lives of many of the epiphytal plants
that found their way to this country .30 years ago.
After both reading and hearing of the many choice '
things that fell victims to improper treatment at the
period above referred to, and looking to the character '
and kind of those which survived, and succeeded there-
after unexceptionably, the natural inference is that
growers resolved that because certain Orchids appear to
'' do well " in tropical houses, enjo all, from whatever
quarter, should be so treated. To take a familiar ex-
ample, no one would have thought of separating Vanda
ceerulea or V. teres, the ono coming from the Khasya
hills, and the other from Sylhet^ from their co-allies
Vanda suavis or V. tricolor, notwithstanding that their
home was amid the sultry and unbearable heat of the
forests of tropical Java. The former is a testy subject
which seems to battle most cultivators, but at all
events the natural habitats must be nearly as opposite
asthepolesj and the rainfall on these hills, upon the
authority of Dr. Hooker, must be somewhat startling.
The latter, wintered jn moderate heat, does not merit
the stigma attached to its name, of being a shy-flowering
plant, as witness the success of Mr. Bateman's plant,
so treated, at Knypersley. The very same argument
is applicable to Oucidiums. To treat all upon the
same principle, giving the same food, the same amount
of water, the same neat and cold, would be very bad
treatment indeed — such in fact as would not be tole-
rated for a week in the best collections of Europe, for
the supervisor is liable at any moment to be supervised
by the searching eye of those whose treasure is so
largely invested. This shows the reason why we are all
so anxious to procure the minutest information as to
local habitat, so as to gain in some measure, a guide
for cultural routine.

To be precise upon the point, I may be allowed
further to remark that it is not judicious,^ in many
instances, doggedly to follow natural conditions, how-
ever nicely they have been copied and noted by dis-
criminating observers. It is wisdom, .albeit, to store
up all trustworthy evideuce and accept it as the
groundwork or basis of a calendar of operations. More
particularly is this desirable from a climatal point of
view, for the variations that occur in Nature cannot be
neglected in our glass houses with impunity. Some
species are capable of resisting more fatigue, so to speak, '
through injudicious cultivation than others, and the [
majority of Oncidiums are very patient in undergoing
such an ordeal ; but I am not dreaming of the possi- [
bility of such a state of matters. I am concerned and
interested in the full meaning of 'the word 'cultivation' I
as applied to the family and the race.

To illustrate this, I may state that it can be proved
beyond question or doubt that great numbers of purely
epiphytal plants that have never been seen or found in
any other condition, in the countries where they are
indigenous, are very much improved by the artificial
aid of pots, baskets, or pans filled with Sphagnum and
charcoal, and potsherds. It would be folly and blind-
ness,'.therefore, to persevere in treating plants to " bare
block" culture that were capable of being advanced a
step or more in the process of cultivation. Take Onci-
dium bifolium, for instance, a variety that was nearly
lost to the country through impoverishing treatment,
until the Messrs. Veitch introduced a beautiful lot
from Jlonte Video, a picturesque tract of country with
extensive ranges of gentle elevation scantily covered
with soil. This plant is found in a purely epiphytal
state in that region, and was scarcely ever experimented
upon by cultivators, owing to the character for shyness
or"miffiness" with which its name was mixed up.
Give a plant a bad name, and it is scarcely in a better
position for safety than the dog in the liible ; and so
with poor bifolium, which if at .all presentable in the
market, was chopped up, and subdivided into pieces so
beautifully small, that it would require half a lifetime
to grow them into "decent-sized plants." On one
of my visits to London I was delighted to see a
splendid stock of this rarity in the hands of the Messrs.
Veitch, and at once purchased 12 blocks of them for my
employer. Six of these I introduced into the " hanging
Orchid pot," an engraving of which was given in these
pages (1865, p. 11.55). The rest were allowed to grow
unmolested, and I am now enabled to report progress
at the end of a twelvemonth's testing trial, to the
decided advantage of the six growing in the pots, which
are now worth a third more money than their comrades.
Moreover, the pseudobulbs which they have matured
are greatly superior to the corresponding ones made in

the place of their nativity, which is the best certificate
possible that this Orchid and many others which I
could name and illustrate in the sanie way, are capable
of being improved, like our Oats, our Wheat, or our
Barley, under the l>eneficial influences of cultivation.

Considering tho range of country which these
Oncidhims more or less occupy, the reader need
not be startled at the announcement that they
ought to be marshalled under three ilillereiif classes, and
subjected to a range of three different temperatures,
to ensure that amount of success which it is so desirable
to attain. For all practical purposes, however, with
due care and forethought two houses at different tem-
peratures will sulliee. More attention is requisite
m the one case than the other, especially for a winter
teiiii)erature. The variation bet ween in-door andout-door
temperature is at a much greater ratio than in summer,
and the iiressure of heat correspondingly so; hence the
necessity for a range of temperature. Moreover, some
sorts, which the practical experimentalist would intro-
duce into the intermediate temperature of a third
house, and rest with composure, relying on their safety,
would require extra vigilance in the routine and
details of practice, if placed in either of the extremes,
and I will explain the reason why. O. leucochilum
is a very gross-growing species, and it must have been
found at a considerable elevation in Mexico. It is one
of those which could be left with safety in an inter-
mediate temperature at a minimum of 50" ; but it can
be grown to equal perfection in the cool-house with a
minimum of -10", only this must be observed as a rule :
the amount of water given must be accurately measured
by the eye, and be used of a temperature of not less than
GO', else the fine pseudobulbs will soon give index of
discoloration, and will rot and die, and nothing can
counteract the affection when once it is induced. I
have kei)t plants of such precarious tendency as this,
at a very low minimum temperature^ solely by means
of watering them at the root with tepid water, and
always exercising due vigilance that both leaves and
bulbs ;were allowed to get comparatively dry for an
hour or two in the middle of the day.

It has always been recognised as one of the most
important points in practice to cater for matured
growth— for ripened wood, as the fruit growers enjoin.
The Orchid grower must not only learn how^ to induce
the formation of large pseudobulbs, and fine vigorous
leaves bearing evidence of exuberance upon their out-
line and exterior, but he must be able to perfect the
machinery, or rather the mechanism of the physiolo-
gical structure by adopting a course wdiich will eon-
serve and consolidate the work against the sudden
inroads of disease for example, which is a trying and
ticklish thing to counteract. This is one of the master-
strokes of practice, and young enthusiasts would do
well, if they would look it fairly in the face.

Before detailing the varieties worthy of a place in
general collections, and separating them into groups,
it will be well to state that the great majority of the
tribe require to be grown on the commou pot-culture
system. A few, such as crispum, barbatum, sarcodes,
triquotrum, and bifolium, succeed better suspended
from the roof in the hanging pots formerly alluded to.
They evidently luxuriate all the better if their roots
are twining in and around these pots, in a somewhat
circumscribed compass. The solitary occupant of the
" block " is the tiny variegatum. It evidently cannot
endure its roots being covered up with Sphagnum to any
extent, and if this is persevered in, they often die off by
inches. It is not one, so far as my experience goes,
that ever can be induced to grow to any size. Most of
those that come under the eye are only plants in name,
producing small racemes of flowers, beautiful enough
certainly, but like a finical person, "more bother," as
the Scotch phrase goes, " than they're worth."

As to material for pot culture, good Sphagnum, which
is common enough in all bogs and marshes, torn
up and incorporated with the fibry material of half-
decayed vegetable matter, such as the roots of Heaths
on the wild moor, or the roots of Grasses in mossy
plantations, are the things desirable. By all means it
must be elastic and rid of the great proportion of earthy
particles-, and if it be so, I will engage the roots of any
of the ]tlants will permeate and encircle it in all direc-
tions. Charcoal, as acapital conductor of moisture.may be
introduced w ith advantage, and so may broken potsherds,
of sizes neither too large nor small, forming as they do
in the compost excellent conductors, their surface, on
that account, being greedilypounced upon by the rootlets
in their process of growth. I would never counsel the
large aniount of drainage that I see often resorted to.
It is quite unnecessary, put in particularly in the hig-
gledy-piggledy way common enough to be discovered.
It would be far more efl'ective for promoting a healthy
and vigorous constitution if a portion of the space were
filled with the compost, for then there is a little
uniform hall of plant food, ministering, in no partial
degree, to the roots that go in search of it. If any of
the sorts seem to be of surface-rooting propensity, then
use shallow pans, which are more portable than the
deeper sizes, and more in keeping with the propor-
tions of many species that are grown.

One other remark in connection with this operation,
I hold to be of the greatest importance. In the pro-
cess of repotting, allow the plant which is to be manipu-
lated upon, tobe in a medium state of moisture. If it be
too dry the roots cling to the sides in search of moisture
with a tenacity that would thoroughly surprise the
uninitiated in Orchid culture, and if fiorced out of their
domicile would break in all directions, taking more
than a twelvemonth's growth and coaxing to recover.
If in the ]>roper state, with a little care, they can be
eased away successfully without incurring much
damage, from pot^ especially of a smooth surface. The
common London pot is far too porous and rough to
allow of the succulent roots of Orchids being disengaged
from its surface, and even with the breaking of them
there is much risk entailed. Surely pots of smoother

surfai'e ccjulil be made out of the " London clay," and
the gain in this small matter would, rest assureil, not
be inappreciable. James Anderson, Meadow Bank.

Home Correspondence.

Srife SKoHnii Poni/,v.— No such accident as tli.at
which occurred in Regent's Park would have haijpened
had the following plan of rendering water safe been
adopted. I would suggest that all ponds on whicii
there is likely to be skating should be furnished witli a
skeleton platform, to be sunk under the surface of the
water about l feet. It should be made of green I'jiiii.
whii'h stands longest under water. Thispbm might in
some places he somewhat expensive, but it would kce|»
people from being drowned. It would also obviate,
accidents in eases of upsetting of boats in the summer
time. It would offer no obstacle to fishing, and, mon:-
over, swimmers would, I think, experience little or uu
inconvenience from it. T. J., Ealing.

Ice Slacks. — Some years ago a discussion took place
in your Pajier as to the relative merits of keeping ice
in structures wholly or partly underground, and in
heaps or masses in the open air, covered up with straw
or litter. Of this latter mode less has been said latel.v
than formerly. Has it been found to be a failure, or
hiis the trouble and expense attending it exceeded thai
of keeping i(!e in the ordinary way? As there miiy
jiossibly be still time to attempt something of this kinii,
would some of your correspondents having had e-\-
perience of tho system, report the results of their trials
of it 'i n. R. T.

Thelale Winlcrly Wealher. — The late severe weather
has caused sad havoc here in the kitchen garden.
Broccoli is almost, if not entirely destroyed, and other
things are very much cut up. Although the greatest
amount of frost here has been only 27', it has been as
destructive to vegetation as it was at Ashstead in 18611.
when the thermometer there registered 40' of frosi .
In this place Laurustinus, hardy Rhododendrons,
Magnolia grandiflora, Cotoneaster, single red Camellia
(the latter planted out in the shrubbery) are browned.
Beyond this they do not apjiear to be seriously injured.
Our pleasure grounds are some 50 or GO feet above the
level of thekitchen g.arden,and the destructive eBccts on
vegetation on the lower ground is the most apparent.
Henri/ Chilwan. Somerley Gardens, Hingirood, JIaiUs.
• On the 22nd I had the thermometer -1° below freez-
ing; to-day (23rd) the glass is at 50^ AH the snow is
gone, and the frost out of all soft ground, where the
snow covered it. We shall have sad losses to record,
at least I fear so, in many places. Ours is a favoured
locality ; the soil is a sandy loam, of great dei'th, which
never gets too wet nor too dry. Our lowest degree
was 25^ below the freezing point. On looking round
this morning I see several Pear trees split, and can
push my knife an inch into the fissures. With the
exception, however, of Pear trees I do not note much
damage ; we covered many things, thinly, with straw
to keep the sun off, but old Sol has not been very out-
rageous, with the exception of one or two days, when
he made our, till then, green fields of Swedes loolc
yellow, except those on the northern slopes, which now
look a.s well as ever. Cabbage plants in sunny places
are destroyed. On the north sides of slopes all is right.
, This shows us how necessary it is to cover from the

sun. JoJin Sculf, Merrietl, Somerset. The weather

I here (Tehidy Park) has been unusually severe during

, these pa.st 8 days. The thermometer, in an eastern

exposure, at 4. feet from the ground, has registered :is

follows :— Jan. lOth, 27°; llth, 21°; 12th, 26°; 13tli,

)21°; 14th, 19°; 15th, IC'; IGth, 14'; 17th, 20°; 18lh,

!25''; 19th, 28'. On Sunday a thaw commenced, with

the wind east-south-east, which continues at present.

Broccoli, Cabbages, and other vegetables have sufi'ered

greatly; Sweet Bays and other shrubs are browneil.

The snow, which averages 6 inches, is from 2 to 3 feet

deep on the lawns. Upon the whole the frost was more

severe in the. years 1859 and 1860, but it was not of

so long duration. Thermometer standing at 9' and 1"'

for two nights. Henry Beddard, Gardener to J. F.

Basset, Esq., Tehidy Park, Cornwall. The following

are low records for this locality in January. Prom
Negretti & Zambra's registering minimum ther-
mometer 4 feet from the ground in garden: — 1st, 21°;
2d, Wi'; .3d, 17'; -Ith, 124'; 5th, 13'; 6th, 27°; 7th, 37°;
8th, 40'; 9th, .34'; 10th, 33'; llth, 27'; 12th, 18';
1.3th, 10°; 14th, 17°; 15th, 15°; 16th, 20°;
17th, 20°; 18th, 19i°; 19th, 22°; 20th, 21°; 21st,

23°; 22d,20°. & M. O., Sedbury Park, Chepstow.

I quite agi-ee with " Observer " a^ regards the registering
of thermometers. During the winter months I note the
register at day-dawn and set it at dusk. The thermo-
meter used here is a Negretti & Zambra's, the miniiuums
rendered here agree very nearly with those of " Ob-
server." During the l.ast twenty days we have had ; —
Jan. l.st, 19': 2d, 17°: 3d, 11°; 4th, 10° ; 5th, 3' ; 6th, 26° -,
7th, 37°; 8th. 40°; 9th, 34°; 10th, 30°; llth, 28°; 12th,
IS"; 13th, 14°; 14th, 13'; loth, 8°; 16th, 9'; 17th, 21'; 18th,
13" ; 19th, 21"; 20th. 10' Fahr. On the 1st of Jan. about
6 inches of snow fell ; between the 6th and 7th a sudden
thaw commenced and cleared all away — everything was
saturated. Black frost set in ; more snow fell (5 inclies) ;
everything is in icy bonds, and I anticipate fearful loss.
Broccolis are killed, and many shrubs are injured.
P.M., The Gardens, Wynnstai/,Ehualjon, S. Wales.— —
AVith a mercurial and spirit thermometer placed side
by side 4 feet from the ground, in a sheltered situation,
and both registering the same, the correct readings
have been as follows :—. Jan. 1st, 18°; 2d, 0'; 3d, 4'
below zero; 4th, 5°; 5th, 5° below zero; Gth, 38'; 7th,
49°; 8th, 40°; 9th, 38° ; 10th, 36'; llth, 31'; 12th, 25°;
13th, 9'; llth, 5"; 15th. 25°; 16th, 28= ; 17th, 25°;
18th, 18'; 19th, 25'; 20th, 24"; 21st, 23°; 22d, 29".
Broccolis are killed, and Laurels and Laurustinuses are
dead to the ground in some places. Conifera' have
sufferedseverely. J. C. Mumlell,Hooley House, Croydon.
The efl'ects of the late frost are more apparent on

78

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[Januaet 26, 1867.

the crops of winter vegetables than upon anythinKelse.
Nothing has suffered more than Broccoli. With
scarcely an exception the whole of the crops about here
of this useful and I may say indispensable ves;etable are

totally destroyed. We registered 6' below zero of
frost here, and a great part of the Standard Roses
and Sweet Bays are killed. William Jackson, Slahe-
dowti Nursery, Kidderminster.

Tlie Year 1866 at WeyJ>ridge Heath, Surrey, 155 feet above mean sea level .—

Prevailing "Winds.

N.
N.E.

E.
S.E.

S.
S.W.

W.
N.W.

On Days.

29
4o
3
10
15
112

Highest Winds.

Jannarj- 11 (N.)
February 4 (S.W.)
„ 11 (S.W.J
March 23 (S.E.)
April 23 (N.E.)
December 4")

Us.w.)

sr 4")
26J

Mean heiffbt of barometer

inches 29.8102

Mean height of thermometer :

Highest in the sun 65M572

Highest in the shade 59'.0640

Lowest 41'.3941

Mean daily amount of ozone 4.3331

Mean temperature 50'.2291

RainfaU inches 27.9658

Number of wet days . . . . . . . . . . 42

Number of days on which rain, &c. fell . * . . 208

Driest month, July.
Wettest ditto, February.

Range of barometer inches 2.01

Range of thermometer 73*. 50

Range of ozonometer 12.50

J.anuary 25. Barometer highest .. .. inches 30.55

February 11. Barometer lowest .. .. inches 28.54

July 12. Thermometer highest ;

In the sun lOf.OO

In the shade 89*.50

January 11. Thermometer lowest (in the night of ) 16".00
December 6. Greatest amount of ozone .. .. 12,50

i^P"' -„\ 'in*- I," * .M [ Least amount of ditto . . 0.00
Nov. 28 k 30, Dec. 23 )

Departure from

Mean of last

Eleven Years.

+ , above.

— , below.

inches .0479 —

0".0770—
0".4866-
0".9258 +

0.8428+*

0°.2114+

inches 3.7558+

days 6+

days 20+

inches 0.1900+

4'. 6400—

0.7500+

inches 0.0200—

inches 0.2100—

l'.0400+
1M800—

3'.3600+
0.7000+*
0.0500—*

* The means of last five years.
W. F. Rarrison, Sartropps, Wetjhridge Heath, January 8.

Guillaume beini

Me Weather at OoiiviUe Nursery, Cambridge. —

Date.

Time.

Wind.

Remarks.

1866.

Dec.31

-22

8 A.M.

S.W.

Freezing all day.

1867.

Jan. 1

21

8 A.M.

,,

Snow, Ij inch fell about

16

from 1 to ."J A.M. ; freezing

17

7 P.M.

sharp all day, for the most
part clear.

9

10.30P.M

Clear starlight : calm.

Jan. 2

8

N.

Fine day, partially clouded ;
evening clear.

Jan. 3

0

N.N.W.

Fine.

28

2.30 p.m.

Clear aky.

Jan, 4

8
16
12

8 A.M.
12 M.
4 P.M.

S.W.

Clear sky ; misty hurizon.

10

V P.M.

15

6 P.M.

s.s.w.

Jan. 5

10

3 A.M.

N.E.

Very heavy "lime," therm. 15",
doscending ; 3.30 p.m., vand

■

blowing rather strongly from
E.S.E., over-clovidcd ; in the
open, therm. 32' ; shade, 30° ;

1

verv heavy and dull all round.

Thaw ; lowest point Sunday

momnig, 29°, at 8 a.m. Soft

wind from S.S.W. , therm. 36°,

rose to 40' during the day.

lee broken up from river ;

quick and rapid thiw ;

evening, heavy rain.

noble and

_ the proper name), is without doubt a
excellent Grape

J. J. C.

Weather at Fridge Castle,
1866:—

Tunbridge Wells, for

Month.

Mean D.^y
Temperatiu-e.

January . .

February

March

April

May

June

July

August . .

September

October . .

November

December

The ye.ir

Deg.
40
45
49
68
63
74
74
71
61
5<)
47
44

Mean Night
Temperature.

Deg.
35

31

38

50
47
44
35
34

Inches.
6.97
(i.U
1.77
1.95
.80
3.32
2.51
2.81
0.80
1.35
2.01
2.50

39.50

The hottest day temperature was on July 12th, when
thermometer indicated 90'. The coldest night was that
of the 11th of January, when thermometer registered
13°. J. Siist.

Vines. — As I intend to plant two A'ine-borders in the
course of two months, one principally with Muscats,
inside ; the other, outside, with late sorts, and having
a strong vine of Black Barbarossa, si.x years old, planted
outside, but which has never borne fruit, I feel rather
reluctant to discard it, as I had the pleasure of visiting
Gunnersbury Park two years ago last autumn, and there
saw the same variety bearing a heavj' crop of beautiful
fruit — the branches and berries being of enormous size.
I therefore consider it a great acquisition to our late
Black Grapes; but where you see it do well in one
place you will invariably find it in ten others to be a
shy bearer. Any of your correspondents who are suc-
cessful in fruiting it, would therefore confer a favour
by giving us their mode of managing it, and whether
it should be planted outside and treated as the Black
Hamburgh, or inside with the Muscats ? Is Mrs. Pince's
Black Muscat worth planting? A Young Gardener.
[The Barbarossa, as it is erroneously called (Gros

but it is somewhat
capricious as regards showing fruit, and on that
account is not so much cultivated as it othermse would
be. It is generally observed, as respects this variety,
that it produces only a few monster bunches at or near
the top of the Vine, on the youngest and strongest
shoots. Some cultivators succeed in fruiting it well by
a modified adoption of the long-rod system, securing a
portion of young wood every year, on which it generally
seems to bear best. We have always found the Gros
Guillaume to succeed be.«t when grown in an inside or
heated border, allowing it plenty of room in which to
develop itself. In the great conservatory of the Eoyal
Horticultural Society at Chiswick the Gros Guillaume
succeeds admirably ; the Vine there is large, and every
year it shows fruit as freely as a Black Hamburgh ; it
is planted in an outside border, on a raised terrace,
immediately on the top of the flue containing the hot-
water pipes as they enter the house ; there the roots
must certainly at times get a good warming, yet the
Vine thrives amazingly, and, as just stated, is e.xceed-
ingly fertile. It is treated on the spur system, and is
allowed a somewhat greater space in which to develop
itself than is usual, a point of great importance,
\ conducing, as it does, much to success. The
Gros Guillaume being naturally a strong and
rampant-growing variety, does not succeed well
when confined to a small and limited space.
Beautiful as the Gros Guillaume is when well grown
on its own roots, it is much superior when grafted on
the Black Hamburgh, a stock which seems to suit it
exceedingly well. The finest examples of it we have
ever seen exhibited were from a plant which was
grafted in this manner. We would therefore say to all
about to cultivate this Vine, and who ivish to have
Grapes in perfection from it, jilant Hamburghs and
graft them with it. Of Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat a
favourable account will be found in another column ;
it is a very excellent late Grape and well worth
planting; the bunches are large and well shouldered ;
the berries are of medium size, oval, and black ; the
stalk is stout and robust, showing that it will keep
well ; the flavour is rich, with a distinct trace of
Muscat in it. Examples of it were exhibited in capital
condition at a meeting of the Fruit Committee of the
Eoyal Horticultural Society on the 15th inst., and
pronounced by that tribunal to be excellent. .B.]

Soot Fungi— 1 have read with much interest your
articles on the deaths of coniferous trees, by growth of
Pungus on the roots. I have within the past 30 years
planted large tracts of land, much of which had been
previously occupied by trees. In all varieties of soil,
whether on limestone, or red sandstone, or clay, or
dry or wet land, I find the same tendency. But
what is mysterious to me, is that the disease seems to
attack only particular varieties. I find the Scotch Firs,
the Cedars, and occasionally, but very rarely, the
Silver Fir, suffer. I have never yet succeeded in
detecting a death of the Spruce Fir, nor of any of the
hard-wood trees, such as Oak, Ash, Elm, and so forth.
Shrubs also appear to escape entirely. It seems to be
wholly confined to the Pinus tribe (as I find Pinus
insiguis to suffer severely), and to the Cedars of all
sorts, and Larch. I cannot assign any reason why the
Fungus should attach more to these kinds than to
others. The result of my own observation is, that the
mischief invariably arises from the roots of former
trees being decayed, and I find that it is always worst
where the previous plantations have been old and
decaying, than where the trees were young and vigo-
rous. I rarely see it on land not previously planted,
and where it does exist, I suspect it to have come on
the roots of the newly-planted trees. I remark, too,
that I seldom or never observe it to arise from the
roots of a growing tree, cut down to make room for
younger plants. Shannon, Castle Martyr, Cork.

At p. 26 '■ M. J. B." says, " Our correspondent informs
us that he has lost 10 Deodars from root Fungi.
Most of the trees were planted on ground covered
with trees, which were removed as the Deodars
increased in size, but without taking the precaution to
grub up the roots. Two trees, however, suffered on
ground not previously planted, but it will probably
be found that roots have penetrated there, unless,
indeed, there was fungous matter about the trees when
planted." Do not the two trees that died on the
ground not previously planted cause a doubt as to
whether Fungus had anything at all to do with their
death or not ? Is it not just as likely that the trees
when young may have sufl'ered from not colture ?
The roots may never have been uncoiled, but left to
grow and cut into one another, until either suddenly
or gradually death ensued from the impeded circulation
of the saj). As for those that were planted among large
trees which covered the ground, and which were only
removed as the Deodars increased in size, their death
is not to be wondered at; because they would have
not only the want of light and air to contend with, but
also the roots of surrounding trees, which would rob
them of nourishment. Instead of a few doubtful cases
of trees dying from the supposed effects of root Fungi,
spreading from decayed roots to living ones, I think
I can furnish "M.J. B." with conclusive evidence to the
contrary ; and that I can show him that there is no
necessity for trenching the ground and grubbing out
old roots. About 50 acres of plantations, principally
composed of Elm trees, have been cut down here
within the last 30 years. The trees when cut were
from 35 to 50 years old, and stood rather closely on the
ground. The whole of this acreage has been at
intervals replanted, and se%'eral times from 1 to
10 acres have been cleared and the ground planted the
same season. The young trees are chiefly Oak, with
Firs for nurses ; but we liave even some of the more
choice Coniferffi planted in a jiortion of the ground
referred to, and they are also doing well. Now these
plantations are not only as healthy but healthier than
some that were planted at the same time on fresh land.
There are Oaks and Firs from 40 to 50 feet in height,
and from 2J to 31 feet in circumference of stem, 2 feet
from the ground. There were many decayed roots in
the ground at the time the trees were planted, many
pieces being flung out with the spade in the act of
making pits for the young trees. Will " M. J. B." be
so kind as tell me how the young trees happened not
to be destroyed by root Fungi when the ground was
full of decayed and decaying roots, when planted before
the trees got established in the soil ; or in the case of
the older planted ones, has there not been a chance for
j Fungus to destroy some of the trees within 30 years ?
J. Marshall, Lamhton Castle, Fence Houses, Durham.
\ Striped Apple. — Allow me to furnish you with a
remarkable specimen of a Pearmain Apple, which has
been sent to me. You will perceive that it has a
; clearly defined ribbon of bright carmine, about | of
I an inch wide, running down one side from apex to
stalk, on a ground colour shading off from pale yellow
to pink. As the stripe seems so unusual and clearly
defined, there being no other distinct markings on the
fruit, it may be worth notice. The carmine ribbon
gives the Apple the ajtpearance of one of the artificial
fruits of stone, made in Derbyshire, which frequently
exhibit a bold and artistic touch of the painter's brush.
I have removed the pips for the purpose of ascertaining
the result in the colour of the fruit of the ofl'spring.
Thomas Laxton, Stamford. [Were any other Apples
\ on the same tree thus marked ? Eds.]

Fearnought Cabbage and Dalmeny Sprouts. — I have
just seen a piece of the former, and am growing a batch
of the latter, so have an opportunity to bear testimony
' to their great value as hardy winter vegetables. The
i recent severe weather has committed sad havoc among
' the occupants of the kitchen garden ; one communica-
tion that I have received gives a deplorable picture of
the results of the intense frostj as far as the kitchen
garden is concerned. " Broccohs all gone, even where
protected by the snow ; Kales, including the hitherto
redoubtable Cottagei-s', are severely cut up; Brussels
Sprouts are burnt as with a firebrand ; Cabbages and
Savoys have all the outer leaves withered up, and the
centre leaves much injured." This record is from a
western locality, on a heavy soil retentive of moisture.
I fear many such a return will be made from almost
every county in England. In the same garden as the
piece of Fearnou^lit Cabbage, alluded to above, all the
varieties of the Brassica tribe have sufl'ered severely,
with this one exception, which has come through the
trying ordeal comparatively uninjured. It has proved
an invaluable winter vegetable, not only from its hardi-
hood but from its being also very tender, and highly
esteemed when cooked. It is a dwarf-growing
plant, with the foliage both blistered and curled,
and of a purplish hue, like the Cottagers' Kale. It
commences to heart about Christmas, and where a suf-
cient quantity is grown it will be found very useful
indeed throughout the winter months. The Dalmeny
Sprouts occupy a very exposed postion on a strong
clay soil. Being very vigorous plants, when planted
out in August they grew rapidly, and were above the bed
of snow that covered their dwarfer-growing neighbours.
They were thus fully exposed to all the fury of the
frost, but with the exception of here and there a slight
brownish tinge, they show no efl'ects of injury. Those
from which the heads have not been cut, and those
having only sprouts up the stalks, are alike uninjured.
It is indeed an excellent vegetable, and is evidently a
cross between a Brussels Sprout and a Savoy. It
grows freely, and produces an abundance of well-
hearted sprouts, which are delioiously tender, and
larger than the ordinary Brussels Sprouts. It forms a
kind of elongated head, close, and excellent eating
when cooked. Here, at least, are two winter vegetables
that for the future should be employed by gardeners as
a kind of mainstay in the event of succeeding wmters

Januabt 2C, 1S67.]

THE GAP.DENEUS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL OAZKT'l'E.

79

Moasra. Eagle & HoudorHon'a nursery In Loith Walk, tiiirl
brim,' ntniok with its f^^oiul Imblt, I l)oui,'bt it for a trillo, as it
iippL-an^i til Itu littlo tliuu^,'lit of, altln.iuj:,'b, fruiu tho plitco it
wuM ill, 1 Miiiil; it luiist havu lia^l u poiJijrri.'u uf imtu wliuii it
<*amo tliero. Tiiu plant wan about :i fuct Uij,'!!, aiitl it has Vjccu
hfiru fur '.* or l(t ycarw. My attoutiou was first Urawii tn tbo
bcrrica by findiuM' a solf-aowii goldoii suodliiif,' which i» now
fi iucbos liit^b, and abuut .'i yoarH old. It has a j^'ond golden
coliitir. Since then otlior Hclf-sown golden scodlinga have
been fmind hero. As I liavo a very favourable opinion of tho
(luldon Yew as a highly ornaiuuntjil jjlaut among ovorgroonn
of tlio same class, and in jilacca where tbo Golden Holly
cannot bo auccussfnlly employed, I made a search for ben-iea
ain)>iig my plants, and found them only on tbo ono in question,
but on none of my numerous plants of aurca or elegantiasima
were berries soon. My first attempts to sow were not suc-
cessful, the missel thrushes having atript the plant of its
fruit. At a Rubsoqucnt period I saved some, and sowed them
in the Camellia houwi; burdcr, but the field mice dug them up,
and earned tbwm olT. 1 bad therefore to sow again. In the
Hpring of ISG!) nearly three dozen seeds grew, and of these
two-thirds wore variegitcil. I sowed some more this sjiring ;
of tho seeds tliat grew tho golden variety were the most
numerous, although tho proportion in favour of the golden is
not largo. 1 find tho variegated seedlings do not lift so woU
as tlieir brethren in groen, nor do they grow so fast ; but I fear
1 have not managed tbem so well as might be, and hope to
succeed bettor in future. Last autumn I got no berries, but
this year they are jilcntiful. Notwith.standing my losses, I
have still about 26 Golden seedlings. The parent plant grows
within 10 yards of .a handsome variety of tho common Yew,
wliifh slu'ils L-luuds of pollen, and it is al.'^o near jDlants of the

llOW do you accotmt ibr shaky timber ? I comuinn Gulden variety and tho Irish Yew." IV. Rrlractx

this, in which there has been much /'■■'"j Jioi.inical Cm-rfsi>mi,la<cr By Mr Sadler Mr. Sadler
-" !id cxtnicts iroiii vanuusi lectors wbicu, in tho coursu of

prosontin(! tho " old-fa-sliioned " characteristics of the
present ono. Richard Dean, Ealing, W.

Uotnmler Apparatus. — These have undersono a
trying ordeal during tho late severe weather, and in
cases snch as that of diurches, in which tho hot-water
apparatus sometimes remains unhealed from one woolc
to another, tlio water lias not unl'rcanently become
frozen in the nipos and has burst them. On this
aoooinit it is always noeessary to keop tho water in
the apiiaralus from IVeezing, a hint wliich pcnple having
the care of licatin^' media of that kind shoiiW licarin
mind. The " one-boiler system" is now very generally
in use for warming horticultural buildings, but in
weather like that which we have recently experienced
it is unsafe to trust to one boiler alone. In cases
where valuable collections of plants are concerned, there
should alw.ays be two— one to takothe place of the other
should it hapiieu to fail from any cause, not a very com-
mon, but still :i |i(,«ibli' oi'currence. JohiiWecls S,' Co.
Chulta l'err/i,i /'o!i«/(//'i;.!.— Permit me to inform your
correspondent " Somerset " (see p. 51), that tho two
ornamental fountains in the large basin in the jtropical
department of the Crystal Palace, at Sydenham, were
originally almost wholly made of gutta percha, and
that therefore its application for that purpose is not
new. jr. D., Coreiilrij.

Shakji r;«iicr.— Your correspondent " J. S." (see p^
1221, IS'iO), says, how "

In seasons siudi as tb--, -- --

rain, is not frost likely to rend the wood ? Not more
than 101) yards from where I live, a large Plane-tree
was split from top to bottom on the 4th of this month,
and a friend who bad travelled in America assured mo
that it was frost which made many of the American
trees shaky, and that in severe weather he had beard
tliem rending aud cracking, even at a great distance.
JVilliam Tltomson, Blanfyre.

Tf\-lliii://<iiiias.—Mr. John Cox, the gardener at
Eedleaf, near Pensburst, Kent, sends me the following
dimensions of his largest Wellingtonia gigantea.
Height, 2.S feet (1 inches ; circumference of stem at
base, G feet 10 inches ; circumference at 3 feet from
urouud, 4 feet 4 inches. Age, 11 years from seed. This
ticp must have grown very fast since the height
riuntioned in your vol. for 181)6, p. 1192, was taken. Mr.
I 'nx also states that several Wellingtonias, struck from
nittings of the above-named specimen, are now
splendid trees of more than 15 feet in height. He
moreover tells me that the trees of Cuuninghamia
lanceolata are looking well, aud do not appear to have
suffered from the severity of the frost last week, when
the lowest temperature, in rather a sheltered situation,
was a degree below the zero of Fahrenheit. C. Palmer,
Maiicheater, Jan. 11.

Vollniier.^' Kale.— li\s, some consolation to those who
h:i ve a garden to know that there is a Green which defies
the most severe weather. After the great frost which we
have just experienced. Cottagers' Kale is entirely un-
injured. This is without doubt the hardiest, most
productive, and best flavoured winter Green in cultiva-
tion. All who have not given it a trial should there-
fore do so forthwith. Thos. Bailei/, Shardeloes. [This
favourable verdict must be balanced by what is said in
another column. Eds.]

Dendrobium McCartJdce. — This is stated in your
volume for ISGfi (see p. 110") to be a new plant of that
year, having been exhibited by Mr. Bateman at one of
the Royal Horticultural Society's meetings; but it
was flowered, and cut flowers of it were exhibited on
August 22, 18().5, at the 11. H. Society's meetin", by
Dr. Ainsworth, of Manchester, and a First-class (Jerti-
ficate was awarded to it. The flowers sent had been open
12 weeks the day they were cut. X Mitchell. [Having
sent the above to Mr. Bateman, he has returned it to
us with the following note :— " I was not present
at the meeting to which Mr. Mitchell refers, nor was I
aware that D. McCarthia; had been then aud there
shown. I am, however, very glad to have this
opportunity of correcting an unintentional oversight,
and of ceding to Dr. Ainsworth the honour— to which
be is fully eutitled— of having been the first to exhibit
so truly beautiful a plant." Eds.]

R(ed Collection.'!. — I was much interested in the letter on
"Seed Collections" at p. 54. I h.ive no doubt but that
numbers of your readers will coincide with mucb that has
1 iLOn said on the subject. I h.ivc good grounds for believing
that the system is quite distjisteful to our principal seedsmen,
who would discontinue it at once, but for the fact that others are
] lushing it, and they are thus compelled to keep pace with the
fav.bion. J. J. 6'., Derhi/. [We have omitted a great portion of
thisletter, because wo cannot permit "J. J. S." to attribute
to us words which we did not use, and to found an adverse
argument thereupon. We said, having referred to the unsuit-
ableness oi uniform collections for varying circumstances, that
knowing this, comparativelj' few employers who had trust-
worthy gardeners would commit the mistake of buying their
seeds in this w.ay. This was, and still is, our opinion ; indeed,
we are sure that if they are wise, employers will not do so.
But we cannot pcnnit *' J. J. S."to pervert our words, and make
us say that "these collections are intended for the use of
those gardeners who are not competent to order their own
seeds." We neither said nor implied any such thing. Ens.]

BoTAKlCAL OF EDINBURGH : Dec. 1-3. ^Mr. William Gorrie,
Vice-President, in the chair. Communications read : — I. Notes
nf an lixcarsioii icith Pupils to Braemar in August 1866. By

Prof. Balfour. II. On the Reproductive Organs of Mosses.

By Mr. Wm. Bell, Sab.arunpore ; communicated by Mr.

Sadler. III. On Taxun haccata rariegata Seedlings. By

Alex. J. Adio, Esq. ; communicated by Mr, M'Nab. Mr.
M'Nab stated that, on iJth November, Mr. Adie of Rockvillo,
Linlithgow, sent to the Botanic Garden some seedling
variegated Yews raised from berries taken from a plant of the
Golden Yew. Many of the larger plants of Golden Yew in
cultivation being male, be wrote to Sir. Adie for infomiation,
and received from him the following notes: — "The parent
Ijlant is now 7 feet high, and does not appear to be either the
Taxus anrea or elegautissima. The colour is intermediate
between these two varieties of Yew, but it is a better grower
than either, although it has all the appearance of a plant
raised from a cutting, I found it growing bishind a sh.'d in

corrcapondenee, bo bad lately received:— 1. From Mr, R. G,
Ramsay, Bridgend. Perth, intimating that last summer he had
collected Polyijodium calcareum in considerable quantity
about 2 miles west from Aberfoldy. This is the first time that
this Fern has boen met with in Scotland in an apparently wild
stiito. Specimens from Mr. Ramsay were exhibited and pre-
sonted to tho Herbarium. 2. From Mr. John Sim, Perth,
noticing the occurrence of Anacharis Alsinastrum, Silcne

Armeria, and Potasites f ragi-ans, near Perth. V, Oa Almnrinal

Fliiwers in Tropa-.uLum majiix. By Dr. Alexander Dickson,
Dr. Dickson exhibited four abnormal flowers of the colnmon
Indian Cress {Tropseolum majus), each presenting a super-
numerary spur. On these he remarked that, in Tropasolum,
tho posterior p.art of the receptacle between the insertion of
the petals and that of the stamens is dilated so as to form the
spur which is so characteristic in the genus. The position of
the spur in a line with the posterior sepal has led many
botanists to consider it as a process of that sepal, but the fact
of its being situated within the insertion of the petals is con-
clusive as to its receptacular origin. In the flowers exhibited
the superaumerary spur (as if to show its want of connection
with any sepal) is placed exactly between a Lateral sepal and
one of the anterior sep-als, sometimes on the oue side of the
flower and sometimes on the other. These additional spurs
are precisely similar to the normal ones, except that they are
a little shorter. This abnormality, although at first sight
seeming to indicate a pelorian tendency, is no approximation
to regularity, from the fact of the extra spur being differently

placed, with regard to the sepaLs, from the normal one.

Dr. B:dfour made some remarks on the Granadilla, and
exhibited Jacquin's drawing of P;issiflora quadrangularis. In
the characters referred to by Jacquin, he alludes to the fact
that the inner lining is easily detacbed from the iuside of tho
fruit, along with the pulp and seeds. The fruit is said to be
the size of a goose egg, while a variety called sulcata, with a
transverse groove in the fruit, produces fruit tho size of a
child's head. There seems to be a good deal of confusion

as to the plant called Passiflora macrocarpa. Mr.

M'Nab exhibited a plant of the new dwarf Arbor-vitse,
described and figured in the " Illustrated Farmer's and
Gardener's Almanack for 1867," pp. 102, 103, and made the
following remarks regarding it:— "Lately passing through
the extensive nursery grounds of Messrs. P. Lawson »t; Son, my
attention was directed to a large quantity of a peculiar looking
dwarf shnib growing in one of their enclosures. On inquirj' I
found that they had been recently received from Messrs.
Ellisanger & Barry, of Rochester, N. Y., under the name of the
Tom Thumb Arbor-vit-Te. The parent plant, of which the above
are cuttings, is supposed to be an accidental seedling from the
American Arbor- vitie. Thuja occidentalis. Although most
of the leaves are of a Heath-like appearance, still several
small shoots are here and there seen which uninistakeably
refer it to the American Arbor-vitje. It is a curious fact that
the Heath-like leaves have a slight smell of the Juniper, while
the smell of the typical leaves is identical with the American
Arbor-vita3. This horticidtural curiosity has a compact,
rounded habit. It is to be sent out next autumn by the Messrs,
Lawson under the name of Thuja occidentalis ericoides,"
[According to Hovey'x Magazine the parent plant of this dwarf
Arbor-vit:e, five years old, is only 15 inches high, and 18 broad,

Eds.] Professor Balfour stated that it bad been resolved to

form a Botanic Garden of hardy plants at Inverness.

Fuel for East Inflian Jiadicai/s.—Dv. Cleghom sent a memo-
randum on the supply of wood-fuel to the Punjaub and Dellii
railways. The possible sources of supply are — I. Coal in the
Salt R;iugo and Central Provinces (Nerbudda). 2. Rukhs or
Fuel Reserves. 3. Canal Plantations. 4. Outer HimaLayan
Forests. (1). Coal and Wood. — The employment of coal
in any shape (lignite or anthracite) would produce
a great reduction in tho demand for firewood, and
would be attended with much advantage to the country
in the preservation of the existing woods. Coat of Salt
Ramje. — It is feared, however, from the reports of Dr. Oldham,
Director of the Geological Survey, Dr. Jameson, and other
competent authorities who have visited the Salt Range, that
the coal near Pind Dadun Khan and other localities is not
workable to any great extent, and it appears that only 3415
maunds of this coal were consumed by the Punjaub R'iilway
during 9 months of 1865. By others it is maintained that this
apparently small deposit should be reserved for the proposed
line to Peshawur, which passes close to the Salt Range, where
the coal would be delivered at much less cost. Coal of the
Nerbudda. — It seems more probable that economy in the con-
sumption of fuel may be promoted by the introduction of
coal from the Nerbudda (700 miles), which might perhaps be
specially arranged between the two companies when the
Central India line is completed. On the other hand the East
Indian Railway Company might carry coal at a low rate ol
freight, seeing that the opening of the Delhi line will feed
their traffic and enhance their receipts. Comparative Cost.—
Coal is now used on the East Indian Railway up to
Delhi — the transport being over its own rails. Whether
it can be used on the Delhi line depends entirely upon the rate
at which the East Indian Railway will consent to carry it for
a foreign line. If the agent is correct in anticipating that the
average price of wood will rise to 40 rupees per 100 maund.s, or
33 rupees 8 annas for 84 maunds of wuod (the working
equivalent of 1 ton of coal), then coal delivered at Ghazoabad
for 20 rupees 12 annas would certainly displace wood for a long
distance of the Delhi line, perhaps up to Lahore. Before
deciding on tho extent to which planting is required, the
possible substitution of coal for wood must be fully considered,
and, from tho foregoing calculations, it seems to be possible.
If compelled to give up all idea of coal, we must then utilizj

oxiMtlngjiniylcH, und develop now Hourcos of supply. Under
any circumstimccs, and coiiHidoring Ibu roquironionts of tho
populalioii, it iH dusirablu to control the nionoiwly which coal
must othorwiso have In a few yoars. (2). Rukhs or
b'ui'l Hestrves. — Tho gi-eat and incrciiHing iiii|iiir1;iiH'.- of
Ihono fuel rcMurvoM. the luiod of hunbiuidiiik' ili^u i'-:>mi-cos
and of turning thorn to tho best accounl, ai. ,i imiUod
Ijy all, Tho Piuijaub Oovonimont havo ord.^nil ni;ii linUbH
aro not to be solil or alienated without special rujjorL and pur-
misaion—tho object being to rotain a Hufliciont area as Stato
property, and to bring all tho best portionn intii tbo highest
stiito of pniduction. They, indeed. fDrm u b^tsi.s h<v future
actinn in tlic present difliculty, and umst bi: ny,-.i citi.it ii.'idly
cropped or judii.-iuUHly thinned aud n-plantt^d. .\s 1., tri;at-
mout, Mclectuil tnict,H shuuld bu pluut,dicd ur truncUud, jind
floedlings planted at 4 or (i feet apart from tree to trcu, and the
plot surrovuirlod witli a proper fence or ditch, so .as entirely to
exclude cattle. The kinds of trees most profitable to grow are
those intligcnous species which are known to produce good
fuel, and to posses.s thu reproductive power in tlio highest
degree. Theso aro onumoratcd and fully discussud in Dr.
Stow.art's report on Rukhs, dated September 1864, viz, : —
1. Prosopis spicigcra, Jband. 2. Acacia modcsta, PhulaJ.
3. Butea frondosa, Dhak. 4, Capparis aphylla, Karil.
5, S;dva<lora oleoidos, Wiln, JiSI, Pilu. 6. S. indica, Kuura
Van, 7. Tamarix indica, Filchi, Jhau. 8. T, oricntalis,
Furwa, Faris, In addition to these, arc— Acacia arabica,
Kikkfir; Dalbergia Sis,soo, Tiili; ilizyphus Jujuba, Bur
— probably the three best woods ; but they aro doubtfully
native, and do not occur spontaneously in sutficiont
quantity to affect greatly the supply of fuel. Aunt ra-
ti" n Trees. —Ah a rule, indigenous trees furnish a larger
weight in a given time than exotics; but various spBCies
of the cxtensivo genus Eucalyptus, called in Australia "Gum
Trees," are strongly recommended, on account of celerity of
growth, by the secretaiy of the Agricultural and Horticultiu'al
Society, Punjaub, particularly E. gigantea^and E. globulus, tho
" Stringy Bark" and "Blue Gum ; " some thousand trees have
been reared from seed both in the Government G.ardens at
Lahore and at Madhopore, and have grown with great r.apidity.
Consequently, Dr. Henderson has, with commendable zeal
endeavoured to introduce those trees into the districts in
masses. As it will be some years before they bear fruit, an
annual importation of seed from Austr.alia and Southern India
will bo necessary. The seedlings now in the nurseries should
be carefully planted out in the fuel plantations, and a few of
them periodically measured. It is an encouraging fact that
several Australian plants now naturalized in southern India
have been found to grow well in the arid plainsof the Punjaub.
Some trees of that continent possess, in a remarkable degree,
the power to resist the djouoht of the Punjaub hot season, and
vice vcrfd, I'unjaub plants are found to thrive in Queensland,
Moreton Bay, aud other parts of Australia. Several species of
Acacia and Casuarina which flouiish in the desert districts of
the interior of Australia, and have been planted extensively
upon the hills of the Madras Presideney, might be tried with
advantage. These have been successfully introduced into
southern India, and private phantations are now undertaken
for profit, if the young seedlings are sheltered the first
season from the frost and protected from camels, they will
probably thrive and be valuable acquisitions. The pubescent
Silver-wattle tree of Yictoiia (Acacia mollissima) seems
particularly suited for the Punjaub. It is a quick grower, and
spreads so rapidly by underground suckers that it woi^ild be
Impossible to eradicate the copse again, which would
yield a constant succession of crops of useful fuel.
Tho Sissoo, B.ibool, Siriss, and other Acacias grow well
upon canal banks. Sissoo appears to thrive better
within, aud Babool without the reach of Infiltration. The
former n,aturally affects islands in river channels, and the
latter is found in arid wastes. The Eucalypti and other
Australian trees would grow well on the spoil bank not
irrigated, or with little wiiter, aud doubtless all of these
would spread to some extent over tho plains in a few years.
The Mulben-y is easily propagated by cuttings, aud furnishes
excellent fuel. ,

ENTOMOLOGICA.L : January 7.— Sir John Lubbock, F.R.S.,
President, in the chair. A communication was read fiom
Captain Hutton, of Mussooree, on a Japanese variety of tho
common silkworm, which had been greatly extolled as being
free from disease, and a great producer of silk, but which
Captain Hutton denounced as nothing more than a hybrid
between a sickly and degenerate race of Bombyx Mori and
the little monthly B.j sinensis, which would eventually and
even quickly revert to its original state, and he repeated hia
conviction that to renew the European stock no other courso
was open than to depute experienced entomologists to visit
different parts of China with a view to the re-discovery of the
common silkworm in its natural state. Professor Westwood
exhibited a portion of the Burchellian coUections recently
presented to the University of Oxford, consisting of
the butterflies of the families Heliconiidse and Pierid»,
showing the great value of the coUection in reference
to the geographical and modificational range of the v.arious
species, every specimen being labelled with the precise
date of its capture, where its locality was determined. With
reference to the existence of mimetic species inhabiting
different countries, Professor Westwood referred to the
humming-bird hawlc moths of the Old World resembling the
humming birds of the New. Mr. McLachlan alluded
to the peculiarity in the habits of the hist-named insect,
namely, that of flying in considerable numbers up and
down atone walls, banks or cliffs, exposed to the hottest sun-
shine,' and especially stone walls, near the sea, but no
explanation was offered. Mr. F. Smith stated that in
consequence of such habit a clay insect's nest from a waU had
beenljrought to the British Museumasthat of the humming-bird
moth, but which he had immediately recognised as that of a
mason wasp. ftlr. Eaton stated that during the last season he
had found a hornet's nest in a very unusual position, namely,
on a sand bank where no wood was near. The following
memoirs were read :— Descriptions of thy Choreutid» aud
Crambidaj collected in Egypt in 1804, and of the Crambids,
Alucitidaj, and Pterophorid:e, collected in Palestine by the
Rev. O. P. C mibridge, by Prof. Zeller, translated into English
by H. T. Stainton; and a Monograph of the genus Hestia, with
a tabular view of the Danaidae, and remarks on their natural
affinities, by A. G. Butler. The author's summary contained
yo sijecies of Euplo^a, 70 of Danais, and lu of Hestia.

Literary and Philosophical of Manchester : Dec. 1\. —
Among the papers read on this occasion was ono entitled
Notes on Varieties of Sarutkamnits scopariits, Kocli., and Stacht/s
Betonica, Benth., from the Lizard, Cornwall, by Mr. Charles
Bailey. The Lizard district has long been known to be
singularly prolific in critical .and rare British plants ; and the
purpose of this communication was to draw the attention of
botanists to what appear to be two uudoscribed but well-
marked forms of the plants whose names are placed at the
head of this notice, and which are found in that district.

I. Sarothamnus scoparius, Koch., var.— It is only in recent
years that this plant has been admitted a Cornish species,
Mr. H. C. Watson, in vol. i. of his " Cybele Britannica,"
p. 274, giving Devon, Isle of Wight, and Kent as its most
southern limit ; but in tho additions included in vol. iii. of
the same work, Mr. Watson states (p. 404) that " the south
limit extend:^ to Cornwall, ;L:!Cording to Mr. Gibson and Mr.
Pascoe ;" no details, Uj-.vever, being given as to tho precise

80

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICtJLTtlRAL GAZETTE.

[JaNuaet 2G, 1867.

part of tlie county in which it occurs. The specimen
exhibited was found growing in small patches on the cliffs of
serpentine rock about Vellan Head, situate about four miles
north-weat of the Lizard Lights, and it differs from the normal
form here named, var. a, in the following characters : — ■

Var. a, fircc^a.— Stems erect, bushy; leaves stalked, the
petioles as long as, or longer than, the leaflets ; leaflets
elUptical-obovate, bluntish.
Var. fi, prostrata. — Stems prosti-ate, spreading ; leaves
shortly stalked or sessilo ; leaflets ovate-acute, acu-
minate.

The Cornish form, bei'O named /3, prostrata, differs from the
normal plant chiefly in its habit of growth, which, instead of
being erect and busby, is remarkably prostrate, the "branches
spreading out in fan-shaped patches, and growing flat upon
the ground ; the branches, particularly in the upper iKilf, are
densely clothed with short spreading hairs ; the leaves have
shorter stalks, with a gi-eater tendency to suppress the two
lateral leaflets, the majority of the leaves, in fact, being
iinifoliute ; the pods ai*e less numerous, have theii' dorsal and
ventral sutures covered with long silky hau-s, and are black
rather than brown, shorter, and have fewer seeds.

The Cornish form is very plentifLil on the chffs of " Killas "
rock, lying between Caerthilian and the Lizard Lights, grow-
ing with Genista tlnctoria, L., var. humi/asa, Dicks., which it
much resembles in habit. The same form is also met with in
several other parts of South-Western Coi-nwall, as at Cuddan
Point and the Mount's Bay district generally.

II. Stachi/s Betonica, Bentham.— Of this phint three well-
marked forms have been described ; a, Betonica hirta, Reich. ;
^, B. serotiiia, Host. ; and y, B. stricta, ..;\lt. ; and in many
respects the form about to be described agi-ees with the fii'st
of these forms. In Mr. Babingtou's Manual it is stated that
"the English plant has the round crcnate, not emarginate,
lower lip of B. hirta (R) ;" but Professor Boi-eau is of opinion
that, while the three forms just named preserve their remark-
able differences of aspect when cultivated together, the
distinctive characters furnished by the divisions of the corolla
are but slightly constant.

Stems decumbent, numerous, radiating from the root-stock,
square above, I'ounded below, clothed with many short hairs,
which are closely appressed in the upper part and pointing
downwai"ds, those in the lower part more spreading, but still
much reflcxed ; spikes slightly inclined, just raised above the
ground, compressed-globose, the verticils many-flowered,
never distant; calyx covered with straight hairs, the sepals
ending in stiff points ; corolla three times longer than the
calyx, the exterior covered with scattered shaggy hairs, which
are long and silky at the base of the tube, but becoming
shorter and more scattered as they approach the lip ; opening
of the mouth very wide, lower lip crenate, wavy ; lower leaves
on long stalks, cordate at the base, oblong, regularly crenate,
glandular on the under surface, with short scattered hau*s,
upper leaves lanceolate on short stalks.

Specimens of B. hirta, Reich., have not come under my
notice, nor have I been able to meet with Reichenbach's
diagnosis ; but the form described above seems to agree vei-y
nearly with Professor Boreau's description of that plant,
which is here appended for the sake of compai-ison : — " Stem
clothed with many short stiff hairs ; leaves with soft long
hairs, very distinctly crenate ; spike short, interrupted ; calyx
softly hairy at the summit ; lower lip of the corolla rounded
crenate."

The above communication was preceded by a few remarks
on certain plants of South-Westem Cornwall, specimens of
which were exhibited at the meeting.

Notices of 3SoofeiS,

Ueher die GeograpMschen VerhdUmsse der Lorheeyge-
tvdchse. ( On the Qeogra'phieal Distribulion of the
Lauracea.) VouC. I". Meissner. Muucheu: 1866.
4to, pp. Zi.
The natural order Lauracete, taking the flora of the
whole world into account, falls about midway amongst
the natural orders in number of species. We are
indebted to it for Avi-eaths for oiu' poets and spices for
our puddings, the addition to our Tocabulary of the
words ' bachelor 'and ' laureate,' for ' sassafras ' and for
' camphor,' a large number of beautiful shrubs for our
hothouses ; and one, the most famous and not the least
beautiful member of the family, is just so far northern
iu its climatic requirements that the line ^vithin which
it can be cultivated so as to establish itself runs across
our island.

When Linnseus 102 years ago published the "Species
Plantarmn," only 13 species were known; Lamarck
raised them to 21, Willdeuow to 40, Persoon to 54, and
Sprengel to 98. In 1836 Nees Ton Esenbeck wrote an
excellent monograph upon them, dividing the old
genus Laurus into a great many, and enumerating
401 species. Now 30 years more have passed, and their
homes in the tropics of Asia and America have been
ransacked by our botanical travellers to such effect that
■when Dr. Meissner worked up the order for De Can-
dolle's " Prodromus " he was able to describe 957 species,
to which 15 have since been added, so that we have
very nearly reached the even tliousand. The present
pamphlet is a sort of supplement to the monograph in
the " Prodromus," written for the puiTose of classi-
fying the facts that relate to the geography of the
natural order. Taking the continents we Hnd the 972
species distributed amongst them as follows, and we
give also in each case the number of species which
grow upon the actual continent and the neighbouring
slands separately :—

Total.

Continental

Insular.

America

m

425

41

Asia

445

135

310

Australia

K

51

10

.Africa

25

»

17

Europe

1

—

Altogether, 620 species are continental, and 378 insular.

To bring out their climatic adaptability more clearly,
Dr. Meissner has traced them through zones of tempe-
rature, dividing the globe as follows ;—

1st. An equatorial zone. In America he regards this
as extending from 5^ S. to 18' N. latitude. This reaches
from the Amazon valley and north of Peru to the
south of Mexico, including Columbia and Guiana.
The number of species is 232. In Asia he includes
from 18' N. to 11" S. latitude, embracing the southern
portion of Peninsular India, Ceylon, the Malayan
peninsula and islands, New Guinea, and the Philip-
pines. Here the number of species is 306. In Africa
within the same rauge we have 1 species.

2d. A north tropical zone, embracing in America
the south of Mexico and the West Indies (105 species),
and in Asia the north of Peninsular India, westward to
South China (89 species).

3d. A south tropical zone, in America from 5° to 20'
south latitude, including Peru and the whole of
Central Brazil (131 species) ; in Africa, as far south as
Angola and Madagascar (12 species) ; and in Australia,
as far south as Queensland (25 species).

4th. A southern outer tropical zone, yielding 47
species in America, 5 in Africa, 33 in Australia.

5th. A northern outer tropical zone, yielding 8
species in America, 80 in Asia, 4 in Africa.

This gives us a total of 907 for the three tropical,
and 177 for the two outer tropical zones.

The species are nearly all endemic in the sense that
they are absolutely conlined to one of these zones, and
the same may be said of 40 out of the 55 genera.

The analogy between the Laurels and Myrtles is
noteworthy. Though far removed in systematic botany,
both orders agree in consisting almost entirely of aro-
matic shrubs, and they agree remarkably in geographical
distribution. In both there is the same concentra-
tion in the ti'opical regions of America and Asia, the
same almost complete absence from Europe, and total
absence from high latitudes. In both cases, although
the area of land is so very much smaller, there are
more species in the southern than in the northern
outer tropical zone. In both the species and genera are
similarly restricted in their geographical range. We
see by the table above given, and by adding up the
second column, that, taking the continental areas,
not a single species lis common to two of them, and
that even if we include the islands, the first cokimn
adds up only to 074, which leaves two species which
occur in more than one of the districts thus obtained.
In the animal kingdom we have instances of a similar
geographical restriction in the parrots and monkeys.
In Australia the Myrtaceous element in the flora is
far greater than the Lauraceous, owing to predomi-
nance both in individuals and number of species of
the characteristic genus Eucalyptus.

Books Received. — The concluding part of the
1st volume of the Jojirnal of the Roi/al SoriicnUural
Societi/ (published by the Society) has just been issued.
It contains a most interesting account by the Rev. E.
T. Lowe of the fruits and vegetables of Madeira, and
several other valuable and suggestive papers, amongst
which we may specially mention the remarks of Mr.
Hadwen on Temperature, those of Dr. Masters on
Double-flowered Primulas, and those of the Editor,
the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, on a Pungus inducing dis-
ease in Orchids. The new Dieffenbachia Weirii, intro-
duced by the Society from Brazil, through its collector
Weir, is described. A glance at the table of contents
shows that the volume just completed contains a good
deal of information especially useful to those who are
engaged or interested in Horticulture. The Gar-
dener (Blackwood & Sons), of which the first number
has just appeared, is the old Scottish Gardener, issued
under new colours, and better printed. It is still
edited by our friend Mr. Thomson, of Dalkeith, and
is a good sixpenny worth of practical gardening infor-
mation—sound for the most part, though to maintain
our credit as critics we must remark that " a Bewdley
Forester" in treating on Drainage, has got a little out
of his depth. We are glad to see the Editor calling
attention to the beautiful but neglected Lisianthus
Eussellianus.

Catalogues Eeceived.— We have the following
Seed Lists now before us : — TF/ieeler 4' Sons' (Glouces-
ter) ii«/c J?oo^ ; J. W.Macheii's (Dublin) Catalogue;
Sarr 4" Sugdeti's (Covent Garden) Clioice Seeds;
William Paul's (Waltham Cross) Select List ; John
Scott's (Crewkerue) Catalogue; J. Dichsuii Si' Sons'
(Chester) Tegeialle and Flower Seeds : Lowiiie, Laird,
S'Laing's (Forest Hill) Catalogue; W. Wood c\- Sou's
(Mareslield) Catalogne ; London Seed Conipani/'s
General Price Current; Hamilton Sc Wright's (Tliorn-
ton Heath) Catalogue; Poi/nter's (Taunton) Setail
List; John Jefferies if' Son's (Cirencester) Catalogue ;
Sooper Sc Co.'s (Covent Garden) General Spring
Catalogue ; W. Drummond t\' Sons' (Stirling) Descrip-
tive Catalogue ; also Abridged Selection of Flower
Seeds, with Directions for Culture, and Directions for
Sowing and Cultivating Vegetables ; Williavi Cuthush
4' Soil's (Highgate) Catalogue ; B. S. Williams' (Hol-
loway) Descriptive Catalogue; Hnber Sc Cie. (Hy^res)
Catalogue; C. Turner's (Slough) Catalogue; T.
Kennedy cf Co.'s (Dumfries) Catalogue ; T. Sampsons
(Yeovil) Catalogue; and JR. Dean's (Ealing)
Catalogue; they are all full of subjects, and
contain a variety of useful information. The last
named is more select and chiefly confined to novel-
ties ; with several interesting original articles
added. S. Cannell's (Woolwich) Floral Guide con-
tains much useful information concerning Fuchsias,
Verbenas, &o. Mr. Cannell also has a hint for Grape
growers, of which we should like to have some further
explanation. Downie, Laird, 4' Laing (Forest Hill)
and J. Stewart 4' Sons' (Dundee), issue Descriptivi
Catalogues of Poses and Lists of Gladioli; the
latter have also Lists of Phododendrons, and Forest
and Ornamental Trees. Messrs. Lucomhe, I'lnee, S{
Co. (Exeter) send out a useful select list of Ijiew
and Pare Plants. T. Kennedy Sc Co's. (Dumfries) hst
of Forest and Ornamental Trees, S(c., includes descrip-
tive lists of fruit trees and Ehododendrons.

dPlortgts' dFloh3CV0.

Hyacinths in Watek.— There is no mistake in
what I have said as to the difficulty in managing
highly-coloured Hyacinths in glasses in water. There
is no weakness of constitution in the bulbs ; the small
flower spikes got by " Quo" being due, as I suppose, to

the fact that too young bulbs were used. These young
bulbs naturally do not yield as flue spikes as the full-
grown bulbs, but their constitution is not necessarily
weaker. It would appear that "Quo's" bulbs, which
he describes as a mass of corruption, were unhealthy
ones. This does not depend on the sort grown, but
may result from various causes independent of manage-
ment or the bulb merchant, such as bad weather, too
much or not enough rain, frost or undue warmth
during the growth of the bulb, and other calamities
known to all bulb growers. The hardiest Hyacinths
are exposed to it, andT it cannot always be seen on the
dry bulb before sending out. There may also be other
reasons for it, and particularly bad management of the
bulbs before they are planted or ])laced m the water,
by keeping them in too moist an atmosphere, by giving
them too warm a place, or by keeping tnem too long a
time packed up. I know by experience that the two sorts
named Argus (single blue) and L'Etiucellante (siufjle
red) are both excellent growers, propagating easily
and rapidly, their scarcity being only occasioned by the
great demand that exists for them. Both are compara-
tively new, being only in general cultivation since
1858 and 1852. Considering that Hyacinths remain in
cultivation after their multiplication from four to
seven years before they attain full growth, both have
now had but two and three full generations.

I have not spoken before of Hyacinths with small
bulbs for ordinary purposes. I recommended them
only as miniature Hyacinths in glasses in water, in the
place of the half-grown bulbs which are now used for
ordinary single sorts.

Hyacinths with good large bulbs are certainly prefer-
able in a commercial point of view, and on that account
are taken more care of, especially if new. That more
double-flowered Hyacinths are not catalogued is a
question of fashion, which now leans towards single-
flowering varieties, as it did to the double-flowered
kinds for half a century and longer. I have before me
a catalogue of Maddock & Sons, of Walworth, near
Loudon, of 1788, which has a list of 304 double-flowered
varieties and but one single sort (a yellow one). The
greater part of the named varieties still exist in some
gardens. That they are not offered in English cata-
logues is natural. Why should they be, when they are
never asked for ?

It will not be difficult for "Quo" to discover
marvellously fine things in all colours of double-
flowering Hyacinths, with small bulbs, some of which
are'scareely larger than a filbert, and which bear large
spikes of beautiful flowers. Every experienced
Hyacinth grower knows these, and every Dutch florist
can furnish them, and Messrs. Paul and Cutbush,
named by " Quo," will have, I imagine, much pleasure
in supplying them next season. As an example of
what I have asserted, I can name : black Bouquet
Pourpre and Pourpre Superbe, with bulbs of the size
of |a Hazelnut, or of a medium-sized Scilla sibirica ;
Gloria Mundi, blue, not larger than a small walnut ;
Prins Hendrik von Preusseu, clear bine ; Louis XVI.,
dark blue, and vanilla-scented; Henri IV., pink;
Belvedere, Eouge Eblouissante.and Hecla, dark red, the
last with bells IJ inch across; Gloria florum suprema,
white with rose; Venus, white; Noble par merite, red;
I'Enfant de France, violet; Gloria florum and I'Or du
Perou, yellow— all with bulbs scarcely larger than a
walnut. This list could be extended to 50 and more,
all falling in the category of marvellously fine things-
provided always that they be used for miniature
Hyacinths, for which I recommend them. They are .
not novelties, for with few exceptions they are pro-
ductions of the foregoing century ; and King of Great
Britain, white with red centre, not named with the
above, because it is somewhat larger than a nut, was
in cultivation before 1700, and is the oldest of all the
double-flowered Hyacinths in cultivation.

As to the remark of the Editors that " there are nuts
and nuts, " Wakiuts and Cocoa-nuts, I think that I
have sufficiently proved that there are also Hazel-nuts ;
the case of the Cocoa-nut is not hopeless for the future,
for there are also great and small Cocoa-nuts, and with
hybridisers there is nothing impossible. As a beginning,
there is the Scilla maritima, of the Hyacinth family,
with a bulb as large as a child's head. I prefer, how-
ever, my miniature proteges, as being less embarrassing
to manage in glasses.

As to' the single Tulips named by " Quo," I agree
that they are certainly better than the Due van Thol
for spring-flowering in pots, but the latter can be had
in flower before December ; and with the exception of
Vermilion Brillant (not named by "Quo"), and the
different Pottebakkers, and a few others of less quality,
the others cannot be had flowering in fine condition
before February. Earliness is for bulbous flowers of
this category one of the best qualities, and, flowering at
the end of the year, they come in at a time when there
are but few flowers of the same brilliancy of colour and
faciHty of management. G. W. F. S., Haarlem.

Gladiolus Bowieusis.— Having read two para-
graphs in the Gardeners' Chronicle of December 15
and 29, 1SC6, on the above subject, we cannot
allow ihem to pass over without some comment,
in justice to good old brenchleyensis. ^ We quite
agree with " Bowiensis " as to planting in suc-
cession for a succession of bloom, but we must
differ with him as to Bowiensis being the better
sort for .;nch a purpose. Wo grow them both very
extensively, and have above three acres annually in
bloom, and we have proved brenchleyensis to be far
superior to any other sort for either early or late plant-
ing, for the latter produces a magnificent fully expanded
spike of bloom at one time, while the former very
rarely produces more than four expanded blooms at
once, and before it has finished blooming becomes
unsightly. With respect to colour there is a great
difference, brenchleyensis being a bright vermilion
scarlet, and Bowiensis a rosy-carmine with dark throat,

Januaey 26, 18fi7.]

THE GARDENKUS' CllRONKJLE AND AdRIClJLTlIRAL (iAZETTE,

81

With rcRard to Mr. Windebaiik's remarks, permit
lis to state tJiat we annually cut spikes of brom-liloyc iiBia
iVom the middle of June till the latter end of DcituiIk't,
1 Our average supply of cut blooms per week throiii;hoiit
I the season is from IIIIW to Mm, and these we nlilaiu by
] planting in succession. Mr. \V. is luuler a niisluke in
supposing that Bowiensis is the only variety which
produces spikes of bloom from such small bulbs as
those he mentions. AVo annually obtain maguilicent
llowers from bulbs of breuchleyensis not larger than a
Pea ! Moreover, we cannot agree with his method of
planting various-sized Imlbs in order to obtain a
succession of blodm. The ouly successful \yay we find
to attaiu this desirable object is to plant at intervals of
about a month, cumuieneiug in February anil eoulinii-
ing till July, the .soil being previously well broken up
and prepared by forking in a liberal supply (jf decayed
manure. The excellence of our growth, and the
sui)erioritj; of breuchleyensis, have frequently been
recorded in your columns. Youell S( Co., Soi/al
Nurseries, Great Yarmouth.

Garden Memoranda.

Ik Mb. Tuhneu's Kuuseky at Slough there is
always much lo be seen, and the winter condition of
the great Azaleas and far-famed Pelargoniums is as
interesting to the plantsman as their summer aspect.
There is one error very prevalent among a large class
of gardeners, and, of course, there are numbers who
liave never happened to live in a " good plant place,"
and that is couoerning the necessity of keeping plants
dry in winter. A good deal of ill-thought non.sense
was circulated about this 12 or 15 years ago, and the
result is, that in many gardens you see intelligent men
keeping plants " dry " in winter that were never
intended by Nature for such treatment, and which
either suffer or perish under it. I have seen young
men well abused for over-watering Heaths, which
had absolutely died from thirst. The fact and
the truth is, that a great number of plants to which
the doctrine was applied, require to be kept as moist
at the root in winter as in summer, the difference
lying in the fact that one tenth or twentieth part
of the water retpiired in the summer suflioes lo
keep them right in winter. A visit to this Nursery,
or any good plant place, should open the eyes of
those who are continually harping about keeping
things dry, that no more require such treatment
than the exotic Fern does. Here the Pelargoniums
and Azaleas, in splendid condition, preparing for
next year's shows, are not dry, but moist to the
crocks, and such is the practice of every great
plant grower. There is a large .stock of the
beautiful and striking Aquilegia glandulosa here,
among the alpines and herbaceous plants. It
is a scarce plant, and perhaps some of your
readers may wish to know where it may be
obtained ; and also of the hue Liliuni Brownii. The
central flower borders are in winter embellished
nicely with neat berry-bearing and graceful shrubs,
and thereby a pleasant feature is produced, instead
of the usual aspect of dug borders. Conspicuous
among the occupants of such were the several
neat, trim, and graceful Ketinosporas, the brightly-
fruiting Cotoneaster nepaleusis, the universally
useful, because easily grown and distinct. Yucca
recurva, fastigiate Junipers, Variegated Hollies, &c.
Now this kind of thing has been recommended for
extensive practice in the flower garden, &c., and not
over wisely, because troublesome and artificial, and
indeed superfluous, wherever there is a decent collec-
tion of evergreens ; but without doubt it is desirable to
adopt it on a small scale in very many gardens where
it is not now carried out. It is particularly adai)ted
for smallish gardens, where beds approach within close
view of the windows, or any much frequented spot,
especially if the garden be in the country, where
these charming evergreens preserve their polished
gloss. Such beds might be made more interesting and
elTective than those borders in which the jilants are
kept in pots ready for sale and transport at any
moment, and where gaps are often made. It is with
a sigh that I draw attention to the splendid collec-
tions of Pinks, Picotees, and Carnations that are here
grown, because it is a fact, and a lamentable one
that the culture of these beautiful, hardy, fragrant,
and exquisitely-coloured flowers is almost totally
neglected. And yet they have been very much improved
upon of late years, and many kinds are now otfered
cheaply by Mr. Turner, which would have gladdened
the hearts of the old iiorists at any price. The truth is,
that this is one of the most benighted times that have
ever fallen upon the real interest and beauty of our
gardens— a time lin which much that is glaring and
absurdly monotonous, is substituted for the perpe-
tual interest and divine loveliness of plants ; and the
only pleasant thought connected with it is, that it has
arrived at, and is almost past, its climax. Every garden
should be beautified with Pinks, Carnations, and Pico-
tees, for they possess fra^ance and beauty such as
very few flowers of any clime comprise ; and I am
astonished, considering how highly useful all such
plants are for cutting, that gardeners do not, for mere
convenience sake, t.ake to them extensively. I am quite
sure that if they do not, many years will not elapse
before they must; for it! is impossible that the em-
ployers of gardeners, and educated people generally,
can fail to see, when it is put before them, the amlii-
tiousand unsound principle which animates those gar-
deners who pay all attention to the tender and fleeting,
and comparatively little to the hardy, and, in many
cases, permanent ornaments of our gardens.

There is no nursery in which you may better sec the
excellent qualities that the various kinds of Calanthes
possess than in Messes. Luw's, at Clapton, wdiore you
miijht positively have cut basketfuls of their variously-

tinted flowers about Christmas Day. I find that these
Calanthes hold their beauty for a considerable time
whon cut and placed in water in a sitting-room, a thing
which many hardy and greenhouse flowers fail to do;
and it is most likely that many of these cool Orchids
will yet I'urnish the best and most lasting of all winter
flowers foi-rin-door embellishment. Among the Orchids
ill flower that aro iiiosi abundant hero— and there are
many hundred plants of some species— aro Oucidium
pulchcllura, flowering freel.v, and looking like Lily of
the Valley, Laalia albida, Odontoglossum Cervantesii,
ami others: but it is useless to try to enumerate where
the collection is so large. But it is not ouly on these
that one's eyes are opened liorC; for such piles of Orchids
were never seen as arc here displayed in the very long
houses devoted to their cullun — tliousamls of single
kinds in many instaiici's to he seen in one house, and
' marvellous ' is the only word that will give an idea of
the collection. Never before were there such successful
importations made as those by Mr. Stuart Low, who
certainly deserves all the success ho has attained by
his spirited exertions in this way. Doubtless his
efforts will very much tend to popularise the culture
of Orchids in this country ; and we may, I hope, live
to see nice "cool Orchids" in every greenhouse, or
even grown in a pit and introduced to the con-
servatory when in flower. Here, too, the stock of
Tree Ferns is as full as ever, phiced almost as thick
a,s they can stand in a cool house ; and they are
becoming very cheap, so that the luxury of a Tree
Fern will not much longer be denied to any but the
wealthiest of our plant growers. R.

^6e ^piarp.

A Bee-keepee's Exi'EKiENCE.— We are always
glad to receive the results of the experience of observing
apiarians, particularly when given so impartially as is
evidently the ease in the letter of Mr. Arthur Maw
which appeared last week (see p. 55). "We are pleased
to hear that he has, on the whole, found his " Portfolio

hives during the summer months. Wo have frequently
had them completely filled with bees, and combs with
brood and scaled honey, and have even taken olf good-
sized supers of pure scaled honey, worked on the
outside, at top of all.

We hero give a drawing of an Observatory Hive as
improved by Mr. AVoodburj, aud exhibited by Messrs.
Neighbour at the Great K\liil>ition of lSli'2.

The bars are six in number, and are of exactly the
.same dimensions in every respect as those used by Mr.
Woodbury in all his hives. The depth of the box in
which tho bees are first placed, is the same as that of
his other hives ; the distance between the rests in the
unicomb hive may be about half an inch less, so as to
induce the bees to attach the bottom of each upper and
centre comb to the top of the bar of its lower neigh-
bour; and to prevent them elongating them, so as to
render them too deep lor the box when retransferred to
their winter quarters.

lu the foregoing hive, the sides are made of four
sheets of glass, with a small space between each pane,
to each shutter. This is done for the nur(iose of pro-
viding non-conducting surfaces, capable ol protecting
the bees from changes or extremes of temperature.
The outside shutters are made in the form of Venetian
blinds, which when closed allow of a somewhat
shaded and subdued light to enter ; this is with the
object of rendering the bees less restless and disturbed
when the shutters are opened for the purpose of
inspection. It has been found to answer remarkably
well, and the bees do not appear to be unfavourably
influenced by the admission of the light. The hives
used by us have been constructed with the single pane
of glass to each inside shutter, and with solid outside
doors for the total exclusion of light and protection
from the atmosphere.

J'or preventing brood in supers we know of no
certaiu method of manipulation. We totally disapprove
of any plan which has for its object the keeping down
of the temperatiu'e in supers. Our large supers are
usually unprovided with any means for ventilation,
and are warmly wrapped up. We believe that any
mechanical method by which the queen can be
excluded from them will, if applied, be at the risk
of a greatly diminished honey-narvest.

The finding of queens is occasionally a very
difiicult task, but the faculty may be greatly
improved by practise. If after much inspection
we fail in discovering the queen, we restore the
combs to their places, shut up the hive, and renew
the search an hour or two after, or on the following
day. On bein^ disturbed she will frequently leave
the combs and run about on the sides or floors of
the hive, and will then be very difficult of discovery.
For making artificial swarms, one of the plans
described and recommended by us in a previous
number is that of the removal of a brood-comb
with suitable brood, leaving the queen in her own
hive. We intend before the swarming season to
give, even at the risk of repetition, some hints
and directions on the subject of artificial swarms,
therefore we will not now enlarge on that head.
We trust Mr. Maw will continue his experimental
bee-culture, and favour us from time to time with
the results of his observations.

Observatory Hive " to be successful. We confess that
on reading his description of this hive about a year
ago, we were not altogether favourably impressed with
it, nor do we even now feel inclined to substitute
the invention in the place of our own well-tried
single-combed hive, which, on the plan long adopted by
us. has proved a most useful and successful auxiliary for
observatory purposes. We have, how'ever, no desire to
detract from Mr. Maw's invention, which undoubtedly
possesses considerable merits.

For many years the unicomb hives, slightly modified
from the description given by Dr. Sevan, satisfied all
our requirements. We were resigned to the idea that
the stock or swarm hived in it must necessarily perish
during the winter, to be succeeded by a fresh swarm
the following season. But at length we adopted the
principle of using loose bars, which were capable of
being most easily transferred from a box, or vice versa.
Thus, the swarm when first hived is placed in a box
fitted with six bars, furnished with straight guide-
combs. After being allowed to work peaceably for a
few days or a week, the bars with combs and clustering
bees are lifted out and gently in.serted into their places
in the unicomb hive, which of course must occupy the
exact position which the swarm has occupied hitherto.
As the queen will most probably be on one of the
combs among her subjects, the doors may be closed as
soon as the bars and combs are in their pi-oper
positions, and stragglers will soon find the way to join
their companions. When shifting the combs, the
opportunity may be taken of regulating any little
tendency to irregularity in their construction ; or, ai>
we prefer, this may be done a day or two previously, i
giving the bees time to rejiair damages, prior to the
transference. The bees will, if strong in population,
and if the season be favourable, rapidly fill up the
vacant spaces, making the whole surface look like one
comb, with perhaps a few apertures for passages from
one side to tho other.

In the autumn, when the hive is no longer required,
by the aid of a thin knife the combs are easily
separated from any attachments that may have been
made to the sides of the hive or to adjoining bars, and
can then be most easily removed and slipped into their
places in the hiving box. Here, if supplied with
sufficient food, they will stand a good chanceof living
through the w^inter, and. in the spring, of being avail-
able for restocking the Observatory Hive.

We like the whole surface of each side of the hive to
be capable of being opened to inspection at once. We
have found that bees can thrive admirably in such

Miscellaneous.

Diseases of Plants. — If we now examine the first
deviations _ from normal phenomena which are
exhibited in the occurrence of internal diseases, as
for instance in smut (Uredo segetum), in decay, as in
the stems of Cacti, juicy fruits, &o., or in the Potato
mun'ain, we fiud in every case that the nitrogenous
lining of the cells first becomes dLscoloured, assumes
a darker tint, a firmer consistence, a more evident
granulation, and that it begins at the same time to
percolate aud saturate the cell-wall, so that it ceases to
exhibit its pure reaction on the cellulose. These
phenomena are so general that we may well suppose
that all inward diseases of plants actually derive their
origin from an abnormal condition of this coat, and
inasmuch as the peculiar power of the chemical pro-
cess in the cells is apparently concentrated there, its
deprivation first calls into existence the symptoms of
disease which are perceptible at a later period in the
other portions of the cells. The comparative luxuriance
of plants depends upon the inorganic matters presented
to them in the soil. The proportional rarity of
phosphates in most geological formations, and also in
the soils which are wholly or principally formed from
them, is well known ; on the contrary, they are
accumulated in soils principally formed of decomposed
vegetable matter after being slowly collected by the
plants. Animal excrements are very rich in these
salts, and therefore manured fields, and especially
gardens, contain a greater proportion than is normally
present in plants, or can be consumed by them. But
the influence which inorganic substances in the soil
exercise on vegetation depends upon their being
generally present. For since plants have not the
power of choosing their own nutriment, and since the
jiroportions in which soluble substances present them-
selves lor absorption can be altered by endosmose
within very narrow limits, it is equally important that
the substances which are requisite for plants should be
contained in the soil in something like the proper pro-
portions, since the plants are otherwise comi)elled to
receive matters in greater quantities th,an is agreeable
to their normal structure, and in consequence inevitable
anomalies take place in their vital action. The sum of
what has been said may be stated thus :— The more
phosphates are relatively increased in any soil in conse-
quence of its mode of formation or cultivation, the
more will the plants which it sustains have a tendency
to deviate from their original type, to fonu sub-speoiea

82

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTtJRAL GAZETTE.

LJanuaet 2G, 1867

and varieties, and finally to be attacked and destroyed
by internal disease. Journal of Agriculture for Nova
Scotia.

Herefordshire Orchards. — The plantinc;, cultivation,
and general management of orchards has long been
well understood. As early as IGoO, Dr. Bealo, in a very
valuable treatise, entitled "Herefordshire Orchards a
Pattern for all England," entered into full particulars
respecting it and other matters of local agricultural
interest. From this source we learn that the favourite
system of forming young orchards was then, as it is
now, to plant them in pasture-land intended to be
broken up and cultivated as Hop-yards. The trees are
thus well-protected during their early growth, which is
much promoted by the manuring and cultivation of
the soil; and as soon as they become of a size to injure
the Hops, the land is usually again laid down to pasture.
Thus an orchard is established at a comparatively
small outlay. Both Apple and Pear-trees occasionally
grow to a great size. I have an Apple-tree from which,
according to the evidence of the late proprietor of the
estate, as many as 94 bushels, of 10 gallons per bushel,
were once gathered by him ; and near the Vicarage at
Holme Lacey, and within a short distance of the rail-
way station, there is a remarkable Pear-tree, now
extending over nearly half an acre of land, from the
fruit of which it is stated, on good authority, that in
one year 1600 gallons of perry was made, while tradi-
tion speaks of the extraordinary produce of 2500
gallons at the time of its full vigour. On this, how-
ever, it is only right to observe, that what is called
" a tree " consists of a succession of trees, caused by
the lower boughs having fallen to the ground and taken
root: thus the parent-tree, which died long ago,
became surrounded by a group of trees, each one in
itself of considerable size, and forming in the aggregate
apparently one tree only of great lateral dimensions.
I have measured one of these scions, and its girth at
4 feet from the ground was 10 feet 10 inches. The
best old kinds of Cider fruits are the Ked Streak
Moyle, Foxwhelp, Skyrme's Kernel, Hagloc Crab,Koyal
Wilding, red and yellow Styre, Cowarne, Red and King-
stone Black ; but they are so difficult to propagate, and
such uncertain bearers, that latterly several new sorts
have been imported from Normandy and have grov^Ti
into favour, not only on account of their kindly growth,
but their prolific yield. The sorts principally grown
are the Strawberry, Huntsham, and Comey Norman ;
and the yellow, red, white, and black Norman : bui the
preference should most probably be awarded to the
Strawberry, the yellow, and the Huntsham varieties.
Duckham on the Farming of Herefordshire.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing uoeeh.)
PLANT H0U13BS.
As most kinds of Orchids will commence growing
shortly, pot any which are starting, should they require
it, forthwith. By potting each sort when it shows
signs of activity from this date onward, and before the
roots have made a start, all injury to the latter is
avoided. Besides, as the sun increases in power, and
the days lengthen, they quickly establish themselves
in the fresh materials which surround them. In
potting Orchids it will be necessary to make some differ-
ence between those grown in a proper Orchid-house
and such as are sheltered, so to speak, in the warmest
corner of, what is to them, a less suitable structure,
whether the latter be an ordinary stove or other house,
amongst a variety of plants of other descriptions. The
former should be placed in pots properly prepared for
them, perforated at the sides, &c., in order to readily
admit the outer air and moisture to the roots within.
The material in which they should be grown should
consist of the best brown fibrous peat that can be had,
from which, when well dried, every particle of non-
fibry substance should be thoroughly beaten. This
done, let it be cut into squares, varying in size according,
in some measure, to the dimensions of the pots which
are to be filled with them, bearing in mind, however,
the fact that each square should not be so large as to
obviate an equitable amalgamation of the other
materials that may be used. When cut into squares,
shaking them to and fro in a sack will clear them of
much small matter which they may contain. To two
parts of J peat prepared in the manner just recorded
add one part of broken potsherds (well washed), and
another of Sphagnum, together with a few pieces of
charcoal. Pot loosely, and as open as possible ; but fix
the plant sufficiently firm, that it cannot possibly be
moved. This may be efiected by selecting some of the
firmer squares of peat, and starting with these and with
alternate layers of Sphagnum from four equal dis-
tances around the pot rim, proceeding to the
centre, where the main stem is and where the
materials will meet in the form of a cross ; to fill
in the intervening spaces less firmly will then be all
that is required. Miscellaneous Orchids grown
amongst other plants in an atmosphere less congenial
to them than that of an Orchid house, and containing
less moisture, mil do best in ordinary pots, choosing
new ones for them at all times when at hand, and
thoroughly scrubbing all old ones whether they appear
dirty or not, with the view of insuring perfect porosity
— soft pots, so to speak, for this reason are preferable
to too hard burnt ones. In potting Orchids to be
placed amongst mixed plants use smaller crocks more
evenly laid at the bottom of the pot than in the former
case, and immediately upon them place a thin layer of
Sphagnum, which will exclude to some extent the
outer more uncongenial air of the house. Upon the
Sphagnum lay small thumb pots upon their sides, one
or more, according to space, and as potting proceeds
fill in all intervening spaces except these small pots,
and these by being left perfectly empty form a vacuity
which, [by retaining moisture, compensates the

roots which collect therein in some measure for the
otherwise unfavourable conditions which surround
them during hot (summer weather. The pots should
at all times be slightly elevated, in order that air may
be admitted through the crocks at the bottom. When
ordinary pots are used for Orchids it is advisable to
slightly enlarge the hole at the bottom, as the air
admitted from the damp bed on which they stand is
more or less surcharged with moisture, and keeps in
healthy tone the more active roots at the base. Most
Terrestrial Orchids, such as some species of Ci/mhidium ,
Ci/pripedium, Goodi/era, Phaius, and similar genera,
require to be potted more firmly throughout than
those to which I have just adverted. For these use
peat in a similar state, but broken smaller than that
alluded to above ; potsherds less in size and quantity,
charcoal, and a little Sphagnum pulled well to pieces,
all being well mixed up together. Elevate the base of
all Orchids well above the rim of the pot, fixing these
latter sorts well up, and pressing the soil firmly about
them. Ordinary pots suit terrestrial Orchids best.
Do not water for a week or two after potting, and then
very cautiously, as fresh materials absorb and retain
a far greater amount of moisture than old worn-out
ones. As the sun gains strength, and the^ days
lengthen, syringe the inmates of all stove and inter-
mediate houses once each day— say about 2 or 3 o'clock
P.M., or just after closing.

FORCING HOUSES.

Forced Vines showing fruit should have the latter
thinned without delay, even if the berries are very
small, in order that no strength should be expended in
vain at this season. With a quick eye survey the out-
line of each bunch, form some estimate of its future
divisions, neatly cut away all misplaced berries, and
where needed loop up the shoulders, in order that all
the berries in the bunch may have an equal oppor-
tunity of swelling to their proper size. When the
berries are fairly set upon early Vines in general, give
them more copious syringings than fonnerly. Use good
manure-water by way of a stimulus to the roots pretty
freely at this stage, and as we may expect more_ sun
soon, admit air freely upon all favourable occasions.
In syringing, endeavour at all times to moisten well
the upper surface of the leaves which are in more
immediate contact with the roof, and to do this effec-
tively lit may be necessary to squirt the water down
upon them from an elevation. Figs, which require
starting very gradually when in active growth, require
a very even temperature. Give more heat gradually,
combined with both moisture and air, but be careful
when once a given maximum has been reached to allow
no retrograde movement in any direction. Do not
syringe too freely for another fortnight or so, keeping
the air on dull days as dry and buoyant as possible, and
especially when the Figs are in flower. These remarks
will, for the present, apply equally well to Peach and
Nectarine Houses, except that these latter may be
allowed some &" or so less heat. A temperature of G0°
by day, with a fall of ahoutiS' at night, will suit these
last well for the present. Cticmnhers and Melons
potted off, and now showing one or more rough leaves,
should be pinched back to one or two eyes, which, by
causing a multiplicity of breaks to shoot from the
base, will materially enhance their future prolificacy.

Pits and Frames in preparation for early Potatos,
Carrots, Padishes, and similar crops, should be
allowed to have their fermenting materials well settled
down previous to putting the soil on them ; shake the
upper layer evenly over the bed, and tread the whole
firmly down, especially round the outside. Put a layer
of well-decomposed manure immediately under the
soil, treading it lightly over, and let the whole lay a
few days, in order that it may settle down firmly
before sowing. Give no water for a week or so after
the seed is put in, but keep the lights closed for a few
days. This will cause the seed to germinate more
readily, and the surface of the soil to become more or
less dry, and not so liable to cake as when it is watered
in a wet state ; moreover, tepid water given to the
embryo growths as they become disengaged from their
seed cases will prove most acceptable to them.

The Mushroom led, which was left to settle down
last week, preparatory to spawning, will now be fit for
the performance of that operation if the heat does not
exceed 100' while the materials lay loosely. Get upon
them, should there be space sufficient, and with a
substantial rammer beat all down as solid as possible,
by which means the heat will be reduced sufHciently
to allow the sna-mi to be introduced. With a blunt
stick or dibber make holes in the surface 2 inches in
diameter and 3 inches deep, but not deeper. The
spawn, broken into pieces about the size of a hen's egg^
should be placed firmly in these holes, first just
dipping each piece in tepid water. Press the upper
sides of the hole firmly round the spawn, so as to cover
it completely over : give another firm patting with the
back of a spade, and leave it thus for about 12 hours,
pushing a small test-stick down through the centre of
the ibed to the bottom. At the same time store in
some convenient place in the house, to get slightly
warmed, sufficient good yellow loam of rather a
tenacious texture to cover the bed. Should the latter
be a little warmer than the hand after it has lain the
time stated, spread the soil evenly upon it an inch and
three quarters in thickness. Mushrooms show quicker
with less thickness of covering, but the bed is neither
so prohfic nor so durable. Beat the soil down as firmly
as possible, and by wetting induce it to set firmly into
one even whole, an operation which may be effected
readily by having water near and frequently dipping the
spade, with which the surface is beaten, therein.
HAKDT FRUIT GARDEN.

Outdoor Vines maybe pruned whenever the weather
is sufliciently favourable for that purpose. To fill
vacancies, choose strong youug rods of the late season's
growth, and nail them in where necessary, not less than

a foot apart ; let their length be regulated according to
size and ripeness, the longer ones should not exceed
3 feet ; spur back all side shoots emanating from the
main rods to irithin two eyes of their base, cutting out
entirely any smaller growths which may issue from
the base or main stem. Give the roots a good manuring
where necessary, as the Vine is at all times a gross
feeder, and with good drainage it cannot easily be
overdone with rich food.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
In anticipation of the injury done to autumn-sown
crops by the excessively severe frosts which we have
lately experienced, it is advisable to sow a panful
of Cauliflowers, Lettuce (Brown Cos), Cahhage, Onions,
&c., as it may be some weeks yet before a correct
estimate can be formed of the amount of real mischief
done us. Where Tarragon, Mint, Fennel, &c.,
are required early, pot some of these up as soon as the
weather breaks. Do not, however, place them in heat
too quickly after removal. Where Peas have not been
sown upon light soils, get some in as soon as possible,
in order that they may establish themselves should
mild weather set in. W. F.

STATE OF THE TV'EATHER AT CHISWICli, NEAR LONDON.
Forthe"\Veek encUneJan.23,1867,a3obserTedatthc Horticultural Gardeni.

Jan.

it

Bl-HDMBTZB-

Tempebiture.

Wind

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

a

Max.

Min.:

Max.

Min.

Mean

1 foot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thurs. 17
Friday 18
Satur. 19
Sunday 20
Mon. 21
Tues. 2'J
Wed. 'n

11

12
13
O
15

16
17

29.53fi
29.636
29.810
29.865
29.8(;0
30.000
29.650

29.430
29.4*7
29.636
129,832
29.815
29.810
29.525

34
34
35

32
30
45
52

20
11
16
25
20
21
34

27.0
22,5
2j.5
28.5
25 0
330
43.0

38
38
37
37
37
37
37

38
38
38
38
37
37
37

N.

N.
N.E
N.E.
N.E.

E.

S.

.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.12
.01

ATeragc .

29.7G5

29.04-2 1 37.4 1 21.0 1 2'1.0

37.3 1 37.5

0.13

Jon.

17— Partially overcast j frosty ; snow flakes fulling ; fine.

— 18— Hazy, with sntall eranularsnow; slight liazcj vcryilne.

— 19 -Hazy and frosty ; hazy; fin? at night.

— 20-Frosty ; overcast ; frosty wind ; overcast throiiphout.

— 21— Frosty and stormy ; boisterous; overcast at nisht.

— 22— Overcast; frosty, densely overcast; with drops of rain at

night.

— 23— Densely overcast ; hazy ; fine ; slight rain.

Mean temperature of the week 7 9-lOtb dejj below the average.

STATE OF THE "VVEAIHEK, AT CHISWICK.

During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Feb. 2, 18C7.

January
and Feb.

^■^r

Ss •

if

Eh

No. Of
Years in
wliieli it
Itaincd.

Greatest
Quantity
of llain

Prevailing Winds.

55-

3
2
5
2

5

I

1

5

6
6
6

W

4
4

4

1
1
5

3

X

G
2
2
4
U
4
2

^:

16
15
13
13
10

\i

5

9
3

5
7

!=

K

Sunday.. 27
Mon. ..28
Tues. ..29
Wed. ..30
Thurs. ..31
Friday ,. 1
Sntur. .. 2

M3
45.4
4S.4
444
447
43.9
44.3

30.9
30.0
31.1
32.2
30.5
31.0
310

37.6
37.8
38.3
38.3
37,6
37.5
37-6

IS
21
18
21
19
13
15

0.71 in.

0.17

0.23

0.39

0.33

0.52

6.75

3
5
7
3
3
6
3

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
29th, 1863 ; 1st, 1852 ; and 3d. 1850-thcrm 67 deg.; and tbe lowest on
the 28th. 18S5, and 31st, 1857— thenn. 8 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

America : Wanderer. We cjmnot advise you in such a
matter. Apply to Sir. Meehan, German's Town, Phila-
delphia.

AucuBAs: Reader. The male plants always flower early. If
you have no females in bloom, gather the poUca when dry
and perfect, and wrap it in tinfoil till the female flowers
expand; then apply it with a camel's-hair pencil.

AucuBA Berries : R ir. Sow as soon as the berries begin to
drop and they are no longer ornamental. It is best to sow
at once, a single seed to be planted in a small pot, and the
pots to be placed in a cold frame. They will tako some
months to germinate.

Kidney Beans and White Dutch Runners : Holker Bothy.
The question is asked, What is the difference between
Haricot Beans, Kidney Beans, and White Dutch Runners?
What we call French Beans, or Kidney Beans, both dwarf
and tall varieties, which are very numerous, are all termed
Haricots by the Fi-ench. They belong to the species
Phaseolus vulgaris. The White Dutch Runner, as well as
the Scarlet Runner, belong to the Phaseolus coccineus of
botanists, which is a perennial, a native of South America.
The P. vulgaris is a native of the East Indies and China. ||

Names o^ Fruits : F W. Your Grape is raost probably the
White Tokay : but it is almost impossible to name Grapes
from single berries. — J F. 2, B^zi de Quessoi ; and 3, Bon
Chretien Turc Pears.— ir. Bryant, Chippenhaiii Nurserif.
Your seedling Apple, which in appearance somewhat
resembles Dumelow's Seedling, is excellent. Its flesh is
tender, full of juice, with a brisk acidity ; skin pale yellow,
rosy crimson on the side next the sun, and very beautiful.
We consider it well worthy of cultivation.

Najies of Plants : / Smart. Y'our Lycaste comes vei-y near
to the L. plana of Lindley, and is probably nothing but a
large variety of it.

Perpetual Carnations: N & H. The blooms arc small and
thin, but being very sweet and of a pure white, they will be
useful for bouquets ; and as you state that the plants bloom
very freely, having commenced flowering early in December
without forcing, and fjiven a succession ever since, they will
be valuable for supplying cut flowers. No. 1 seems the best
of the two. Both, however, are deficient in size.

Rain : H D, Eppiag. The table of fall for the year is correct. |I

Root Fungi : T H. Examine the roots of your Vines care-
fully ; prune off every one that is affected with fungus ;
remove the old bark, and cut away any dead wood. We do
not like to recommend anything to kill the fungus, as the
most effective remedies might at the same time destroy the
Vines. You cannot be wrong, however, in applying to the
affected pai"t a dressing of sulphiir, M J B.

Seeds ; S A J, If the seeds are well packed and dry, they are
not likely to be injured.

Training Fruit Trees : C J Robhison. Trees, chiefly Peara,
have been trained in various instances — as at Sutton, in
Surrey, which you mention —from the north side of the wall,
over the top, and perpendicularly downward on the south
side ; and such generally bear very well. At Sir Joseph
Banks's place at Spring Grove, near Hounslow, Pear-trees
were so trained, facing Smallbury Green, exposed to the
public, and very tempting, as the fruits showed themselves
on the glassy surface of u moat which ran along the base of
the wall, and formed a protection to the fruit trees, trained
over it downwards till the extremities of the branches
nearly touched the water. The wall by this mode of training
was rendered both useful ami ornamental. |1

Communications Received.— Prof. Oudcnianns.— Prof. Regel.
—Prof. Daubeny.— Prof. Balfour.— M. Chatin.— A. Dean.—
Dr. Smith.— J. Anderson.— R. Dean.— A. Pettigiew (next
week).— J. Rust.— James Silver (with thanks).— N. (next
week).

jANrAET 20, 1867.3

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

83

LAND DRAINAGE.— This work, m any quantity,
frum 20 Acres upwftnJs. UNDERTAKEN on a comnilsalon
of Gis-. por Aero. A largo StalV Is nuuiitfiinoct lov tlio pm-poMO by
Mr. Bailkv Dknios, 22, Wliitclmll I'laco, London.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

CIRENUESTKR.
PfMwfcttf— Hia Grace tho Dukb of Mabluorouou, D.C.L., F.R.G.S.

Council.
Rlcht Hon, tho Esirl of Ducio, ', Edward TTotlaTiH. Ea.i,, M.P.

F U S , F.G.S. Edward Bowly, Esq.

Rt. rioii. T. fl. Sothoron Estcourt John Tliornbill Harrison, Esq.
Right Hon. Earl BathurBt |

Principal— Tho Rov. John Constable, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb.

Jtf.fiilnif Professors.

Agncultiiro— John Wdnhtson, F.C.S., M.R.A.C.

Chemistry—Arthur II. Uhurcli, JI.A.. Lincoln College, Oxon. F.C.S.

Assistant to Chemical notessor— R Warlngtun. Jun.. F.C.S

Natural iriatory— Raniaay H . Trnqualr, M.l). (EdinlmrKh)-

Atmtoniy, Physiology, and Hygiene— John A. M'Brido, M.R.C.V.S.

Mathematics and Surveying— Tlio Principal.

Drawing — Jamoa MlDor.

The Colleiro wa.s incorporated by Charter, granted by her Majesty

in Council, March 27. 1S46, for the purpose of alfording a practical

and Roionttflc Agricultural Education to students Irom all parts of

tho KlnRdoin.

DII'LOMA —Tho College Diploma— which admits those holding it
to tho position of Grafluato, under the title of Member— Is obtained
at tho end of a two year.s' course by those who pass a satislactory
examination in Agriculture, Cbomlstry, and any other one subject
Bolocted by tho candidate.

Tho examination In Auriculture i8 conducted viva v<}ce on the
farm by Agriculturists of note from various parts of Groat Britain
and irolanii, such as Mr. Russell, of Pilmuir ; Mr. Altrernon Clarl;e,
of Long Svitton ; Mr. Squaiev, of Salisbury ; Mr. Edward Smith, ol
Emmott's Grange ; Mr. Baldwin, of Glasnovin ; Mr. Charles Howard,
of Blddoiiham ; and Mr. Druco, of Eynsham.

Instruction in Agriculture is given by Lectures and daily Practical
Clas.soa on the Fanu. The Agricultur.il Course of Instruction thus
embraces not only a Scientific Discussion of Established filuthods of
cultivating different kinds of soil In different climates—of the
Breeding, Rearing, and General Management of Stock, and of the
use of Machinorv— but also affords a good illustration of the
cultivation of a Cotteswold Farm, to which, by an arrangement
made with the tenant, tho students have froe acce.ss. Each student
Is oKiiGcted to keep a Daily Journal of all tho operations on the
I'tinii.and to make himself thoroughly acquainted with tho Accounts.
Cliarges per annum, to bo paid half-yearly in advance, In-students,
02i. ; Out-studeuts. iil.

For further information apply to the Principal.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

CIRENCESTER.
SIX SCHOLARSHIPS, each of tho value of £31) par annum, arc
OPEN for COMfETITION to Students intending to follow Agri-
culture as a profes.'^ion, who have obtained Certificates as Seniors in
the Uiford or Cambridgo Local Examinations.

For further particulars apply to tho Pbincipal.

Eiit Slgttcttlttttal (Sajette,

SATURDAY, JANUAHY 26, 1867.

The fifth Tablo of the serios giving tho Agri-
cultural Statistics of the past year, -which has
recently been issued by tho Board of Trade,
appears in another page. It gives the details,
county by county, out of ■which the results
already published have been built; and it, there-
fore, ought to have appeared first, instead of
nearly last, upon tho list. It is curious to note
how nearly tho totals which have thus been
collected approach the estimates which had
previously been published. In particular, some
of tho figures given by Mr. Cairo, as Times'
Commissioner, read in the light of recent changes
in farm practice, are strikingly justified. The
totals of the Wlieat and Barley crops in England
— 3,161,431 and 1,877,387 acres respectively last
year — have no doubt been considerably altered
dui-ing the past 16 years, owing to the prevalent
high prices of the latter grain, and the
generally unsatisfactory prices of the former.
They were estimated in 1861 by Mr. Caikd at
3,416,750 and 1,416,750 .acres each. Suppose
some 300,000 acres less Wheat, and a corre-
sponding increase of Barley to have since been
sown, owing to the causes just named, and it is
probable that the estimate of 16 years ago was
then correct. Tho extent in Clover and seeds
estimated by tho same authority at 2,277,750
acres then, is declared to bo 2,296,087 acres now.

Probably one of the most striking facts brought
out bj' the recent inquiiy is the enormous area
still lying every year in bare fallow — not uncul-
tivated indeed, but unproductive. It cannot be
said that English agriculture has anything like
approached the utmost of its powers when so
large an extent as 1200 squai'e miles still every
year lies fallow.

The Sale at Havering Park, near Romford,
which is announced by Mr. Strafford for the
coming May, deserves particular notice here, as
being one of the comparatively few now possible
where the very best families known to Short-
horn breeders can be represented. Mr.
McIntosh, the owner of what used to be the old
Grown property here, is about to dispose of a
herd which has descended mainly from Kirk-
leavington and Fawsley, through purchases
from Messrs. TuoRNE, Bolden, Heg.^n, Hauvey
Combe, and Langston. Charmed with Mr,
Bates' stock, so long ago as the days
of Cleveland Lad, and a purchaser at that
time for the highest prices then known to

breeders, ho has since acquii'cd and gradually
formed a herd in which tho ' Oxford ' and
' Waterloo ' strains of tho Kirkleavington blood
occupy a leading place, and in which all tho
other stock, whether of Fawsloy or Wolviston,
or other descent, have received several crosses of
the best Bates' bulls.

Tho ' Oxford ' family in tho Havering herd
dates from Tjcidij Oxford ilh, since dead, the
first cow purchased from America by an English
breeder. She was bought for .'iOO guineas from
Mr. Tiiorne, by whom she was bred at Thorn-
dale, U.S., from O.rfurd I'Mh, purchased for
America at the Kirkleavington sale. She was
got by the Second Grand Dtncn (12,901)— a bull
sold to Mr. Tiiorne for 1000 guineas by Mr.
Bolden. She and the 3d Duke of Tiiorndale
(17,749) wore sent across the Atlantic to Mr.
Strafford, with four others, for sale in England,
and Mr. McIntosh had enterprise and energy
enough to become tho purchaser of two out of
the six. She has two daughters — Lady Oxfords
oth and dth ; and there is a noble young bull.
Baron Oxford, and a bull calf from the former
of the-se cows, tho one by tho Duke of Geneva
(19,614), and tho other by Grand Duke 4Tn.
Of those bulls the former, the best of the Duchess
bulls imported from America, is the property of
Lord Penrhyn ; and the latter is the son of one
of Mr. Hegan's wonderful cows sold at Willis's
Booms in 1865. Nothing, therefore, can be of
purer Kirkleavington descent than this small
stock of ' Oxfords,' and their style and
quality amply justify the old reputation of
their pedigree. In particular, Baron Oxford,
whose dam Lady O.rfurd bth took the first prize in
her class at the AVorcester Show of the iJriglish
Agricultural Societ}-, is no doubt one of the most
valuable young bulls in the country, exhibiting
his form, quality, and carriage, all the
charactors to be expected from his illustrious
ancestry.

Tho ' Waterloos ' and ' WcUingtonias,' another
pure Kirkleavington family, are descended from
Waterhos IGth, 23(/, and 'lif/i, bought at Mr.
Bolden's sale ; of these the two former are dead.
There are nine descendants from them — young
cows and heifer calves — by the 3d Duke of
THORNDiVLE and the 4th Grand Duke, in the
forthcoming sale, whence they may foi-m a
capital foundation for the herd of any Kirk-
leavington partizan. Twenty of the family at
Mr. Bolden's sale fetched dil. apiece.

It is in CoqueUcot and Fawsley Garland and
their descendants that we have the strain of
Fawsley blood in Mr. McIntosh's herd. The
former was bought with her daughter, ArcJi-
duchess, at the late Mr. Lanostox's sale, and
the latter was purchased from Mr. Torr.
Cvijuelkot had been bought by Mr. Lanoston
from Sir C. Knigiitlet in 1856, and she and her
daughter, secured at Sarsden, have bred heifer
calves ever since, so that they now number seven
of all ages — a very valuable section of the herd,
and a veiy happy combination of the Fawsley
and ICirkleavington blood.

Besides these we have six of the ' Barrington '
or ' Lady Bates ' familj', descended from a cow
of that name bought by Mr. McIntosh at the
Cobham sale, containing repeated crosses by
Bates' bulls Duke of Gloster (11,382), 4th
Duke of York (10,167), 2d Duke of Oxford
(904G), 4Tn Duke of Northumberland (3649)
— a sufficiently satisfactory succession of sires,
and since then Duke of Geneva and Grand
Duke 4th have been employed. They are a
wonderfully fine family for frame, quality,
and hair.

The ' Clevelands,' descended from Diichess of
Cleveland, bought at a high price somo years ago
from Mr. Harrison, of Mortham, are another
str.ain owing the family likeness of the younger
branches to recent crosses by the same bulls.

Mr. McIntosh was the purchaser at the
Milcote sale of Sitnsd, a descendant of Graceful,
a cow formerly belonging to him, and a daughter
of Sijlijh by S'ir Walter, from which Mr. Adkins'
' Charmer ' tribe descended ; and there are three
' Charmers ' accordingly to be oH'ered at the sale.
There are also four 'Princesses,' descendants of
Lady Sale, bought for lOoZ. fromMr. TowNSEND
of Stony Stanton, and one of the very earliest of
the purchases for the present Havering herd.
They are descendants of tho celebrated cow
I'rineess by Favourite, from which sprang the
two celebrated bulls Belvidere and Waterloo.
Mildred, a neat and compact but sleepy- looking
cow, is the only pure Booth animal in the herd.
She is characterised by all that symmetry and
beauty of form for which the herd of that breeder

is distinguished, but lacks the lifi-liko appearance
of vigour which one sees in tho stock of this great
rival. The bulls of tlio hmil are two Oxfords,
two Barringtons, two Waterloos, and three
Fawsleys.

A largo company of Short-horn breeders will
doubtless assemble next May to witness tho
dispersion of a herd numbering so many among
the best-bred animals in the country ; and wo
cannot doubt that Mr. Strafford wiU add one
more to tho list of high-pricod sales which havo
taken place under liis direction during tho past
20 years. We learn from him that he is at
present engaged upou a new volume of the Herd
Book, and that the returns which he receives
indicate more activit}' and energy than he
expected among tho breeders of pure Short-horns.
It is satisfactory to know that but little loss
has been incurred among them by tho
cattle plaguo. That constant and anxious caro,
persisted in for many generations, to which tho
present (luality ofpure-ljred Short-horns is owing,
has proved sufficient for their safety. At tho
outset of the plaguo it attacked cattle within a
milo of Havering, and the celebr.atod ' Duchess "
herd of Captain Gunter, near Wetherby, was
surrounded by it. In neither case did it appear
among the pure-bred stock. A carefully observed
seclusion was sufficient safeguard, and now that
tho disease may be said to have left us, the sales
by auction, by which tho wants of breeders are
best met, will no doubt bo .again resumed as
vigorously and confidently as ever.

As soon as the Sale Catalogue is issued we shall
again refer to the Havering herd, and to the
agricultural career of its present proprietor.

A COBHESPONDENT asks:— "What would be

considered a fair average of game per hundred acres on
a farm where it is strictly preserved, and whether any
law exists to limit the quantity kept ? " The shooting is
let sei>arately over the estate on which he is a tenant,
and his lease compels him to protect the game ; but ho
thinks there must be some limit to the wholesale
poultry yard which the land is rapidly becoming, as, in
company withtlie other farmers, he sees every prospect
of having his crops devoured. — To this the answer,
we presume, must be that the law will require him
to carry out his agreement, which we imagine to
have been to protect the game on the land as at the
date when he signed it. Any increase beyond that
quantity can, we suppose, be resisted ; iind damages in
excess of the extent Ibrmarly destroyed can therefore,
we imagine, be recovered.

M. CosiMAiLLE has addressed a letter to the

Academy giving the result of his observations on the
comparative value of hens and ducks as layers, and of
tho comparative value of hens' eggs and ducks' eggs as
food. The experiments were carried on with three
hens and three ducks ^of good breeds, hatched at the
same time in the mouth of February. During the
autumn which followed their hatching the ducks laid
325 eggs. They recommenced laying in February, and
continued without ceasing tiU the middle of August ;
they showed no inclination to sit. They became
excessively lean, but soon recovered their plumpness.
The three hens did not lay in the autumn, they began
in January and also stopped in August. M. CoMiiiiLLE
gives month by month the details of the laying
of the six fowls. The result is that the three hens laid
from January to August 257,'eggs, whilst the three ducks
beginning a month later laid 393 eggs, to which should
be added the 335 laid during the preceding autumn—
in all, C17 eggs. The average number for each hen is
85.6., for each duck 305.lj. In regard to comparative
value, according to very exact analyses made by M.
CoMM.iiLLE.it appears that the duck's egg.in a nourish-
ing point of view, is nmch richer than that of the hen,
and the author concludes in these terms : — " The duck
has the advantage of greater fertility, a greater amount
of nourishment, and in many culinary preparations the
duck's egg may advantageously take the place of the
hen's." jP. [Certainly the hens were a very poor set— a
hen will lay 10 dozen eggs per annum, as a general rule.
The ducks of M. Commaille were as extraordinary as
the hens.]

• Mr. Scott Burn, of Highfield Lodge, Heaton

Mersey, near Manchester, a gentleman to whom
English agriculture is indebted for a number of useful
publications, is urgent in the columns of the Murk
Lane Express on the need of establishing a " Farmers'
Orphan Home." He declares as a matter within his
personal knowledge that there exists great distress in
rural districts, not the less painful because it is quietly
borne, through children having lost both parents— or
what in many cases is as bad, their fathers, the bread-
winners of their families. He adds :— "The season is
not an unfitting one to commence such a work ; and if
you will consent to receive subscriptions for it, and to
publish the list of these from time to time, and in due
time aid in forming a committee to give practical
embodiment to it, 1 believe the work will soon be an
accomplished fact. As a small beginning, my subscrip-
tion of 5, and if necessary 10, guineas awaits your
acceptance. I am bold to believe that I shall at once
enlist your sympathies and help inendeavourmgto carry
outthissclieme,whichI think nromisestodosome good.
In giving circulation to thfs praiseworthy proposal,
" The Farmer " very properly urges upon the serious
attention of farmers the propriety of making provision

84

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICtJLT ORAL GAZETTE.

[Janhaet 26, 1867.

for their families by life assurance. " It may, perhaps,
be said that this is now so well understood, and so
generally practised, that it is unnecessary to bring it
forward in this mi^nner ; but there is reason to believe
that life assurance is not so general among farmers as
it ought to be, or even so general as it is among the
mercantile classes. Now, if life assiu-ance be desirable
for a man whose business or profession may, in a great
measure, die with him, surely it is not less so in the
case of farmers, when it is well known that the death
of the father is often sufficient to bring the allairs of
his family to a crisis, through inability to contend
with thedifficulties he had struggled against, and also
because in some instances the lease terminates with
the death of the father. But, under any circumstances,
life assurance is a prudent precaution, aud to those of
our readers who have not already taken the step, we
would say, do not lose a day in effecting an assurance
on your lives for the benefit of those you will leave
behind you. The payments are not diflicidt to meet,
and whatever happens there is the consolation that the
widow and orphans will not be left altogether unpro-
vided for to fight their way in the world. Mr. BuKN's
proposal is an excellent one; but by the system of
life assurance provision is made that a man's family is
not left on the charity of the world."

The several topics to which Chambers of

Agriculture may usefully direct their attention were
well enumerated in the course of Mr. Claee Sewell
Bead's speech at the Leicestershire meeting the other
day. Among these topics are (1) the representation of
the Tenant Farmers' class in Parliament, (2) the Game
Laws, (.3) the Malt Tax, (4) the Labour Question,
and they were thus referred to : —

(1) His idea w.is that the gentry of tliis country, from their
education, position, and leisure, were the proper persons to
represent the affiicultural interest, but if from .any cause
they would not represent their interests, then he hoped he
should not be the only tenant farmer in the House of Com-
mons, for although he had been received ,vith the gi-eatest
possible courtesy and civility by every member of the House
he would rather figure in a trio or quai-tette, thiin have always
to sing a solo.— (2) He liked the spoit of their county better
than his, for though in Norfolk they had foxhunting, in
Leicestershire they had that sport can-ied out to perfection.
Fox-hunting was very beneficial to the .agriculturist, but the
preservation of a large qu.antity of running game was detii-
mcntal alike to all cliisses in the neighbourhood. He con-
gratulated them upon the way in which the genti-y and aris-
tocracy of this county had taken up their Chamber of -Agri-
culture, and he thought th.at some farmers were not quite
f.air in their remarks when they s.aid th.at they did not care
for too much of that support, as they d.ared not open their
mouths in the presence of their landlords. He did not
think that any ten.ant who spoke respectfully on any subject
or griev.ance ever f.ared the worse for it, and if any personal
merit had helped to place him in the proud position which he
occupied, it was that upon all occasions he had spoken out
fearlessly, but he hoped respectfuUy, on all questions connected
with the agricultural interest.— (3) He did not wish to
detain thera very long upon his f.avourite hobby— the Malt
Tax. In this county they did not think so much upon it as
they did m Norfolk. The Norfolk farmers were told that they
were the people who were protected by the Malt T,ax, but if
protection was tying a man's leg when he was runniug a race,
why he would rather bo without it. He believed that they
should reap considerable adv,antage from the repeal of the '
MaltTax; it was but just to advocate free agriculture as well
as free trade. He could not see that if they had a 50 per cent.
tax upon flour, it would benefit growers of the best White
Wheats. He contended that the brewers and maltsters were
most benefited by the tax, and not the farmers, and he only
wished that those gentlemen who h.ad been so anxious to
denounce the farmers and the gentry for standing up for
protection, would do as much to untax the poor m.an's beer as
they said they had done to cheapen his bread.— (4) There was
one other question which he would refer to, the question
of labour. He contended that all great and sensible
burdens which were placed upon the hand must
eventually be felt by the landlords. If a police rate was
mcrcased id. .and the county r.ate Irf., it fell upon the ten.ant
entirely-and it should be remembered that Ijrf. on a rate
was equal to a 3d. income t,ax— but when they came to an
important question like labour, if it was .an increase of 25 or
60 per cent., it was impossible for the tenant to bear the whole
brunt of It, and the Landlord must share it with him, and
when the question was propounded of eo-openative labour, he
believed there could be no real co-operative labour imless the
landlord was a party to it. It they were to h.ave co-operation,
let the Landlord take three-fourths of his rent ; let the tenant
have three-fourths of 10 per cent. , namely, 7i per cent, interest,
.and let .all .above that be oqu,ally divided between the landlord
.and the tenant and the Labourer. He should be very glad if
the law of settlement was entirely aboUshed, and when the
labourer was set free he would feel the full benefit of recent
legislation. Rarmers were in a diflerent position to m.anu-
facturers, who knew but little of the people they employed
but the farmers knew every hand that was engaged on their
land, and tney had many means of helping a poor man and
his family, which he knew they carried out. It was not by
actual money payment that they could only do the Labourer
service. They could often call the attention of the landlord to
the condition of his cottage, they could give him garden
ground cart his coals and his wood, and he was sure the sick
comforts of a farm kitchen were much enhanced by a just
distribution of the .surplus of the dairies to those who needed
it. So deeply did he feci his responsibility as a tenant farmer
that he considered that if at the close of each day he did not
feel the happy conviction that he had done something to make
those about him happier, he had not been doing his duty in
that state of .life in which it had pleased God to place him.

Among the important topics referred to at the

late half-yearly meeting of the Highland and Aaricul-
tural Societj', were the need of adding to the endowment
of the Agricultural Chair in the University of Edin-
burgh, and the propriety of presenting a testimonial to
the Eev. P. BELL,the inventor of the lieaping Machine.
On the first point it appears th.at the existing endow-
ment is the mere interest of a sum of lOOOl, and that
barring the fees of students of what has always
been a small class, this is the whole stipend for which
Professor Wilson has now for many years successfully
and laboriously performed the duties of the Professor-
ship. We are glad to find that the Society is to
memorialize CTOvernment on this subject; and that
hopes are entertained, now that the Country Party
are in power, that the importance of adequately endow-
ing our only University Agricultural Chair may be

recognised.— It is also satisfactory to learn that theHigh-
land Society are cordially to support the proposal to
present a substantial testimonial to the Eev. P. Bell,
as the originator of the Heaping Machine. We hope
that Mr. Scot Skieving's speech onithis subject in
another column will be read and acted on in England,
as it is certain to be in the North.

COPSE-WOOD.

In the Times of Saturday last there is a report of
proceedings before the Court of Queen's Bench,
in which the overseers of the parish of Wootton-
under-Edge, Gloucestershire, sought to enforce
a rate upon land in underwood, belonging to the
Earl of Pitzhardinge. The case raised a question
iis to what is to be considered " saleable underwood."
The plaintiff. Lord Fitzhardinge, disputed the
validity of the rate on the ground that
the woods rated were not "saleable underwood."
The case stated that Lord Fitzhardinge is the owner
and occupier of the woods in cpiestion,which cover some
hundreds of acres, and in the parish of Wootton alone
cover 170 acres. The woods are composed almost
entirely of Beech, having a little Ash and Hazel inter-
mixed, and;consisted chiefly oft'what are called '■ stools;"
but have a large number of "maiden" trees in them.
A maiden tree is a tree springing from seed, and which
has never been cut down to form a " stool." A stool is
formed thus :— In a maiden tree near to the roots a
number of shoots spring from the stump ; these shoots,
after a period, are cut off and fresh shoots again spring
out, and this process is continued as long as the vitality
of the stool continues. By the continuation of this
process the stool gradually increases in size, presentim

growth than the Ash. The Ash is cut clean to the
ground, but there is left a stock of Oak stems called
" stores," growing partly as maiden trees, partly from
stools, and of these " stores " at the next cutting about
three-fourths are cut down and about one-fourth left,
and called " double stores," which are cut down at the
next cutting. Such of the wood as is large enough is
used for fencing and similar purposes, but the main
object is to obtain Oak barks, which is most valuable
when grown on young wood ; where the coppice is
purely Oak, it is cut down clean, at about 31 years'
growth. This third class of woods exists on the
opposite or western side of the county. Then there
is another class of woods, consisting of Hazel and
Ash underwood, on which the stems are completely
cleared away every 14 or 15 years, and are greatly
inferior in size to those in the wood in question, and
are used for hoops and bundles, and are generally,
though not universally, cut by the acre, but sometimes
are cut by the ton. Woods oftbis class exist in the
neighbourhood of the woods now in question. The
woodcutters of the district call these Beech woods
now in question "timber," because they are not
completely cleared, because they are not grown for coal-
pit timber, because they are cut by the ton (timber
being generally cut by the ton, foot, or pole), because
there is so great an interval between the cuttings, and
because of the size which the stems attain, as distin-
guished from woods of Hazel and Ash, in the district,
which they call underwood, and which are treated as
above described. With respect to timber merchants,
surveyors, and land agents, some call the woods
" timber," because of their incomplete clearance, their
fitness for coal-pit timber, their being cut by the
ton and not the acre, and because of the interval

when cut the aspect of the head, of a Pollard tr"e? between th;crtinirso for ercredSg 14 Tr^yeaTs

Standma above the f?rnnnH miH m pnco .^P tl,o t-/,,.^. „.i,;i_ _i, -_ii i^ , .^t.uiun .i.c ui iu veais

standing above the ground, and, in case of the very
ancient ones, the appearance of several such heads fixed
to and forming part of a spreading mass of wood, partly
above and partly below the ground, and supported from
roots throughout. The treatment of the woods is as
follows :— They are cut in patches of several acres in
extent, in such a manner that each patch is cut on
an average once in 30 yeai-s. There is a cutting every
year of some portion of these woods, but as the woods
extend into the adjoining parish, the cuttings are not
always at the same time. In cutting some of the
maiden trees are cut down near the ground, some left
standing, some of the stools are cleared entirely of all
stems or shoots, and some have stems or shoots left on
them called " leaders," the object of the cutter being
to have the uncut maiden trees and leaders scattered
with tolerable regularity over the ground, and so as to
favour their full growth. The maiden trees and leaders
thus left ;are about 10 years old, and vary from 7 feet
to 20 feet or 25 feet high, the latter being in general the
case. The number of leaders in a stool varies ; some-
times, as already stated, the stools are clear, and there
are none left, but generally one, two, or three leaders
are left, in some cases even six or seven. During the
period of 30 years which elapse before the next cutting,
the uncut maiden trees and leaders do not increase so
much in height as in bulk ; and inasmuch as the woods
are on a hill and the soil and situation at the bottom
are more favourable to them than at the top, they
increase more rapidly the lower they are on the slope.
At the end of that period they are generally from 25 to
30 feet high, even at the top of the woods; some attain,
and some nearly attain, what is called timber size in
the timber trade, i. e. G inches quarter girth halfway up,
which roughly approximates to 32 inches round at the
bottom, or not quite 4 inches quarter girth half-way up,
aud at the bottom of the woods the growth is finer.
During the same period the stools also produce a large
number of other fresh shoots, which, when tfie
time for cutting comes round, are of various sizes,
but not fit for the purpose of what is called pit
wood, or coal-pit timber, which ought to be at
least 2| or 3 inches quarter girth. When the woods
are out, those stems which are large enough for pit
wood or coal-pit timber are trimmed of their branches,
and their tops cut off at the proper heights,
so as to form stems or trunks to be sold for use in the
coal mines ; as much of their branches and tops, and
as much of the inferior stems as are large enough, are
cut into cord-wood, and the remainder of the material
is sold as brush-wood or faggots. The object of this
peculiar treatment in this kind of wood is to obtain
pit wood or coal-pit timber, and the obtaining of the
cord wood and faggots is subsidiary to, and only an
inevitable and natural adjunct to this treatment. The
woods are bought standing from Lord Fitzhardinge,
at from SI. to 101. per acre. The pit wood or coal-pit
timber is cut for the buyer by the woodcutters by the
ton, and then sold by him by the ton or foot, and the
brushwood and faggots are sold by him, the buyer, by
the acre. It was admitted that by the custom of the
county of Gloucester Beech is timber, in the same
sense as Ash and Oak are timber at common law : but
it was contended on the part of the parish that shoots,
sticks, stems, or germs growing from old stools,
althou.gh of the growth described, and treated in the
manner in which the produce of the stools in these
woods has been treated, are not timber, and are liable
to be rated to the poor as saleable underwood. In the
county of Gloucester there are woods, consisting of
large trees growing from their own roots, with under-
wood beneath them, in which the trees are cut down
once for all, and are clearly " timber trees." Beech
woods of this kind exist in the district round the
woods in question. Then there are Beech woods such
as those now in question, and treated as above
described. There are also woods consisting of Oak
and Ash coppice, or underwood, growing partly
from stools, partly as maiden trees, some of which
woods are cut at intervals of 13 or 14 years, and
some at intervals of 21 years, according to the nature
ol the soil , and proportions of Oak, which is of slower

while others call them underwood, because they are
treated with the object of and so as to effect a long-
continued series of reproductions from "stools," and
because of the size of the stems being so generally
under what is called timber size in the timber trade.
No succession duty has been paid on the woods in
question, and they are subject to a tithe rent-change ;
but no poor-rates were ever paid in respect thereof
until 1804, when the 170 acres in the parish of Wootton
were rated as "saleable underwood" at the sum of
11. Us. lOd. This was disputed by Lord Fitzhardinge
as an invalid riite, and hence the present case, in which
the question for the Court was, whether the woods in
question are "saleable underwoods," and as such
rateable.

Mr. J. J. Powell argued that the woods in question
were not " saleable imderwoods " in a legal sense. He
insisted that it ivas a mere question of fact, depending
on the custom of the country, and that it had been
always decided that such woods were not " saleable
underwoods." Oak and Elm were " timber " at common
law. Beech was timber by the custom of the country ;
and ever since the time of Lord Mansfield it had been
held that trees which were timber could not be deemed
underwood. Looking to the long period of time which
intervened between the cuttings of these woods (no
less than 30 years), it surely was not possible to call
them underwood. Again, underwood was never thinned
as these woods were ; nor had Beech trees ever been
held underwood ; so that, if now so held, it would be
held for the first time in the history of our law.

Mr. Justice Melloe observed that in "Nolan's
Poor Laws " (the best book upon the subject) it was
laid down that, whether the wood came within the
term " timber" either at common law or by custom, or
whether, like Hazel-wood, it was valuable only as
underwood, was immaterial as to the question of
rateability, which turned, not upon the nature or
quaUty of the wood, but whether, in its cultivation or
mode of management, it was treated as underwood
yielding annual profit.

Mr. (jEAT argued in support of the rate, and said
that this extract well embodied the view he submitted.
The argument on the other side, he said, rested on a
fallacy, which had misled Lord Mansfield, that wood
which was timber could not be underwood. This was
a complete mistake. Oak or Elm might be underwood,
and so managed as to produce an annual growth or
fruit and profit. The old Act for the Preservation of
Woods (35 Henry VIII.) recited that there were coppice
woods or underwoods, in whi(!h the wood was cut at
periods of 35 or 30 years, showing that it was not
because trees were cut at such distant periods that
therefore they were not underwood. Lord Ellen-
borough had laid down the right test— is it intended
or destined for sale ? So in a case in this court in
Lord Denman's time, it was said by Mr. Justice
Littledale, "Small wood, never likely to be used for
timber, may be called underwood," and so may planta-
tions not intended for permanent growth, but to be
cut at stated intervals for use— as Hop poles or other
similar purposes.

Mr. J. J. Powell, being called upon to reply on the
part of Lord Fitzhardinge, insisted that the test was,
timber or not timber.

Mr. Justice Melloe then proceeded to pronounce
judgment against Lord Fitzhardinge, and in favour of
the validity of the rate. The test urged upon the
Court by the learned counsel for Lord Fitzhardinge
was, he considered, fallacious. The true test, as esta-
blished.by the later and better decisions, was the object
with which the woods were treated. Here the woods
were treated with a view to the raising of successive
crops of shoots, which were sold for a profit. This was
saleable underwood, and was not the less so because it
was sold at long interv.als, and if saleable underwood
anywhere, it must be equally so in Gloucestershire.
The principle was well expressed in the extract he had
read from ' Nolan." He came to the clear conclusion
that these woods were to be deemed underwood, and
rateable as such.

Judgment for the defendants,

4

Jantjaby 2i;, 1867.J

TITE GAllDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGlllClILTtmAE GAZETTE.

85

The Mowing Tabic

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

No. 5 of tho recently publislietl sorics issued by tbo Board of Trade, gives the Number of Statute Acres under each Description of Crop,
and under Bare Fallow and Grass, in each County in Great Britain.

Acreage under each Descnptiou of Com Crop.

Acreage under each Description of Green Crop.

Acreage uudot

•SI

ll.

13 [i,

1

If

.1

1|

CotTNTIEa PROri'R.

Wheat.

Barley

or
Bcrc.

Oats.

Kyc.

Beans.

Peas.

Total
under
Com
Crops.

Fotatos.

Turnips

and
Swedes.

Mangel.

0

1
1

g2i3

Total
under
Green
Crops.

Hops.

0 ^

•go p

Perm.anent P
Meadow or Gra
broken up in Ho
(exclusive of Hi
txu-es).

P

-H P.

H

6

>

1^

III

•§'=a

Enolanu.

Bedford

4S,30e

29,989

10,520

319

18,682

5,301

113,123

3,583

14,678

3,394

500

2,117

7,548

31,880

3

10,708

18,702

07,874

242,290

Berks

ei.Kl.l

39,911

2.5,269

802

14,114

3,065

140,844

1,020

38,.301

4,265

149

2.392

10,468

66,595

36

8,047

37,420

90,204

315,'200

BuckingliJim . .

.5:i,(i0l

31,220

23,842

299

17,727

5,942

132,091

1,147

22,663

3,064

148

939

8,849

.30,810

2

7,772

28,711

171,192

377,178

Cftnibridgo

131,-217

54,918

42,605

1222

24,0.16

7,989

262,697

7,929

20,683

12,006

1,603

15,131

13,190

72,344

4

18,181

39,311

70,703

403,140

Chester

33,368

6.104

40,200

1004

8,752

1,023

97,231

21,864

6,721

1.063

96

317

3,225

33,276

0

4,998

43,603

302,73!

481,863

Cornwall

40,815

40,53.'-,

42,975

40

103

34

130,502

3,773

30,919

7,778

192

7,8,53

3,130

.55,645

—

71,2.59

77,176

95,490

430,071

Cmnbcrland . .

23,!l?9

11, .372

71,870

582

447

048

108,898

12,1.37

33,263

381

56

2,291

3,329

51,450

—

13,954

99,284

229,439

503,031

Derby

32,.'i7-2

14,497

29,369

118

1,701

,3,176

81,433

3,154

13,720

1,014

34

2,536

5,809

26,287

23

11,107

33,082

311,926

463,920

Devon

111,708

75,312

82,023

214

893

1,044

271,234

14,994

75,757

17,509

484

13,084

9,189

1.31,017

9

84,245

121,939

310,872

919,336

Dorset

40,037

38,2.57

22,781

013

3,3.37

2,435

113,480

2,604

41,803

4,963

103

2,989

8,730

61,1.54

—

9,890

38,651

173,518

398,599

Dvirhani

42,800

12,990

4.5,942

35

,3,775

4,411

109,953

7,178

22,622

126

29

004

6,095

3.3,714

3

28,059

39,250

180,587

399,5e6

Kssex

181,002

100,036

45,504

1342

43,778

24,884

400,200

10,808

32,487

27,295

1,092

4,540

28,278

104,500

137

40.361

71,743

100,694

789,641

Gloucester . .

88,241

41,614

17,030

350

10,620

7.009

170,870

5,034

47,262

3,661

174

1,118

12,382

09,631

29

10,513

77,224

270,004

688,271

inmts

110,824

08,033

65,651

28.50

6,193

7,240

260,791

4,430

90,800

7,001

421

6,208

22.002

130.928

2,119

23,727

99,904

122,533

640,002

Hereford

50,490

21,192

12,205

290

0,770

6,017

105,970

2,809

28,104

1,310

98

311

0.754

39,380

4,703

9,470

34,764

200,694

394,947

Hertford

.58,808

46,480

24,977

323

9,2.32

0,076

146,.550

1,189

27,570

3,914

124

1,074

9,17.5

43,046

2

13,302

33,034

86,188

322,989

Huntingdon . .

43,400

21,083

10,889

035

13,483

4,935

94,431

2,517

.3,445

3,740

556

4,885

5,600

20,751

—

13,403

11,775

52,057

192,417

Kent

104,173

41,422

56,080

730

23,888

18,201

244,494

12,052

3.3,609

8,039

406

.5,440

24,394

83,940

30,367

13,937

63,266

279,823

711,826

Lancaster

38,043

7,448

5.5,617

940

5,698

349

108,001

38,090

11,832

1,259

027

1,329

4,830

37,067

1

10,846

57,539

474,453

708,827

Leicester

43,079

32.004

20,603

87

12,121

7,210

11.5,764

2,041

15,418

4,097

232

849

4,204

26,841

—

9,176

23,330

237,313

432,424

y Lincoln
Middlesex

204,014

141,001

101,399

2128

27,607

27,165

593,374

35,583

13.5,044

13,589

1,922

21,009

2.3,214

231,021

24

23,474

154,306

385,56"

1,387,8'26

0,054

2,222

5,746

440

1,400

1,409

20,990

2,737

2,302

1,473

79

719

3,930

11,240

4

1,314

5,182

71,143

109,879

Monnioutli

19,790

12il50

7,004

68

408

1.143

41,469

2,443

0,660

077

74

199

2,.599

15,068

—

7,326

16,,552

127,071

208,276

Norfolk

189,398

186,92.f|

34,227

8047

13,304

16,871

449,432

5,640

134,489

34,370

1,072

5,271

13,203

194,045

—

8,936

147,782

208,872

1,009,087

Northampton

70.720

54,409

19,824

2430

25,551

9,350

182, .350

1,933

27,109

4,436

365

1,471

6,763

42,079

1

15,283

31,233

261,790

522,738

Northumberland

30,814

32,159

72,036

260

6,419

3,428

153,710

50,55

32,026

236

22

1,682

6,124

0.5,145

—

21, .338

86,900

329,824

666,969

Nottingham ..

07,628

49,134

17,003

1940

12,148

9,405

157,858

6,164

36,569

3,524

235

1,423

6,974

34,889

76

14,323

49,922

140,434

417,502

Oxford

57,357

63,339

21,248

274

10,980

7,134

156,338

1,036

42,135

3,497

254

1,871

8,340

57,133

9

6,123

43,041

122,734

385,378

Rutland

8,870

9,414

3,240

10

1,849

1,336

24,725

206

5,981

267

10

123

1,040

7,045

—

1,727

3,603

35,005

74,905

Salop

80,320

52,197

24,816

1070

3,550

9,218

171,177

3,866

47,723

2,074

232

105

3,783

59,782

61

14,207

66,356

310,973

621,610

Somerset

09,012

33,.3S8

23,043

205

1.3,471

1,888

141,577

8,727

39,048

9,191

332

4,031

9,036

70,905

(

14,018

30,350

458,686

735,604

Stafford

62,922

30,058

30,325

1242

4,113

6,090

125,3.30

8,342

26,359

2,334

223

1,070

3,7.5!

44,287

1

11,966

47,123

319,935

648,662

^Suffolk..
''Surrey

178,021

138,490

19,0.30

7379

37,405

25,503

405,834

1,842

00,022

33,153

1,108

2,431

19,147

123,703

127

23,055

77,274

143,411

77,5,404

42,083

18,865

20,925

1875

2,900

6,623

99,537

3,112

20,299

0,179

683

2,283

8,673

41.131

1,881

14,808

28,384

92,901

278,733

Sussex . .

97,874

24,940

03,325

797

8,548

12,303

207,793

2,498

33,271

7,679

410

9,713

15,.304

68,775

8,488

29,648

52,792

209,531

576,927

Warwick

72,956

29,834

13,621

215

22,503

12,327

151,466

2,544

20,429

3,686

192

683

5,337

32,771

7

13,492

37,078

209,914

444,718

2,194

2,628

17,042

84

08

114

22,130

1,707

8,292

84

102

308

638

11,191

—

2,103

18,519

169,931

213,876

Wilts

96,800

64,868
20,690

33,214
7,293

2.351
935

12,309
18,496

0,186
8,279

215,728
120,480

2,896
4,777

71,090
16,944

4,581
3,071

423
206

8,759
387

22,400
8,432

110,809
34,017

6
2,321

19,825
12,284

06,612
31,631

223,804
167,646

630 7S6

Worcester

04,781

368,381

/East Riding, 1

1 inebiding f-

York. City of Vorkj

116,115

44,472

75,061

2384

10,940

10,701

259,673

10,222

71,101

1,062

208

10,898

12,372

106,463

20

23,192

81,716

141,020

612,084

N. Riding ..

71,083

60,911

73,989

1221

10,860

6,059

220,723

10,663

00,245

640

168

4,208

7,898

83,822

10

36,433

68,138

351, 62C

760,778

,W. Rilling ..
Total for England

102,985

09,108

69,800

1742

9,639

8,015

251,365

26,850

02,395

1,629

127

3,444

19,224

113,669

6

24,621

90,641

613,860

1,094,152

3,101,4.31

1,877,387

1,503,990

.50,570

492,586

314,206

,7,400,170

311,151

1,600,700

254,081

15,598

159,539

408,933

2,750,008

50.562

760,979

2,296,087

8,998,027

22,261,833

/

Anglesea

1,858

5,468

23,365

132

27

20

30,890

4,600

4,684

18ii

27

9

2,430

11,942

6,023

23,248

.55,796

128,501

9,347

8,074

15,177

20

14

233

33,405

1.813

3,030

04

5

200

1,072

8,184

—

6,037

16,743

119,053

182,482

Cardigan

7,500

21.344

31,544

283

28

402

61,101

0,724

3,829

284

.32

61

1,946

12,875

—

11,037

27,503

89,961

202,488

11,103

19,347

41,275

142

54

79

72,060

4,080

3,101

397

27

80

2,285

9,970

—

21,890

28,803

193,66-;

326,393

Carnarvon . .

1,943

8,076

13.591

245

09

99

24,052

5,138

2,349

312

67

33

4,215

12,104

1

10,600

25,483

98,166

170,414

Denbigh

17,218

19,110

29,529

877

885

489

68,114

6,030

7,886

263

71

117

4,748

18,115

—

8,422

30,594

96,682

221,927

Flint

14,437

7,481

12,868

127

2,113

543

37,569

3,842

4,102

323

13

62

1,080

10,028

8

4,607

14,703

49,280

116,095

13,705

11,050

12,020

140

85

51

38,257

2,849

10,010

901

20

182

2,949

10,911

5

9,910

19,361

148,781

233,234

Merioneth

1,075

4,049

10,034

156

60

22

17,200

2,305

1,127

59

20

22

1,935

6,468

—

8,805

13,180

73,711

118,370

Montgomery . .

20,087

12,012

22,151

125

109

895

55,379

2,890

8,298

103

0

288

1,797

13,362

—

6,122

22,077

121,097

218,657

Pembroke

8,043

23,731

27.458

103

50

51

59,430

3,484

6,031

933

15

209

1,489

12,166

—

13,768

2.5,843

128,8.30

240,062

ttadnor. .

Total for Wales

Scotland.
Aberdeen

■ 6,880

4,770

11,061

82

20

126

23,545

1,305

5,995

35

2

60

617

8,120

—

2,116

9,582

82.096

120,001

113,802

146,323

231,893

2,452

3,534

3,010

521,074

44,260

02,442

3,804

295

1,329

27,009! 139,265

14

109,873

256,722

1,237,721

2,284,074

598

10,040

194,915

435

207

310

206,577

7,468

91,675

18

40

224

3,313

102,744

2,326

213,399

25,340

530,536

Argyle

90

2,135

19,537

557

679

18

22,916

5,473

5,653

23

32

139

273

11,405

—

9,630

14,321

62,994

111,356

Ayr

0,164

1,081

50,948

326

1,841

21

00,381

7,151

10,083

211

207

254

1,451

19,357

—

18,431

67,682

104,088

259,839

Banff

381

4,108

.55,000

49

222

145

69,905

2,862

24,208

—

3

25

1,033

28,131

—

850

66,079

9,224

154,189

Berwick

5,601

18,828

35,077

18

1,687

694

01,705

2,414

28,818

38

4

270

2,700

34,244

—

917

6.5,549

24,865

177,280

Bute

293

250

4,931

72

145

20

5,711

1,034

1,483

21

4

10

156

2,708

—

1,578

4,709

3,361

18,267

Caithness

26

1,513

29,912

75

6

26

31,658

1,974

11,888

1

2

133

599

14,597

—

848

26,237

18,219

91,459

Clackmannan

1,184

1,003

3,003

—

749

—

5,939

381

1,256

9

1

115

48

1,810

_

408

2,901

3,056

14,114

Dumbarton . .

1,128

393

8,564

—

295

2

10,382

2,636

1,989

8

10

40

304

5,193

—

1,915

9,294

13,016

39,800

Dumfiies

962

1,031

47,338

58

164

24

49,577

6,173

20,300

34

21

474

972

26,974

. —

6,0.39

60,449

72,550

204,589

Edinburgh . .

C,241

10,302

22,860

58

602

44

40,373

6,358

13,029

20

30

498

1,832

22,307

—

1,583

26,907

23,039

114,269

Elgin or Moray

4,71S

10,714

21,003

931

114

142

38,242

2,778

14,933

50

2

82

1,114

18,859

1

503

31,233

7,778

90,716

18,529

25,819

40,803

686

3,541

293

89,731

15,907

26,889

16

15

134

2,119

43,080

—

1,879

49,398

34,080

220,168

Forfar .'., '.'. '.'.

11,112

20,777

62,821

129

1,769

156

92,784

13,715

31,.333

27

27

205

1,987

47,294

—

881

69,779

17,457

228,193

H.addington . .

12,307

13,348

10,011

15

2,639

186

44,506

0,707

15,707

32

206

179

1,238

24,069

—

782

25,427

12,124

106,908

Inverness

1,0.31

7,287

27,0.35

867

13

99

36,922

6,366

9,934

16

3

24

570

16,923

—

5,000

20,265

39,291

118,461

Kincardine . .

780

9,201

33,810

64

942

81

44,938

2,617

18,174

—

24

39

1,303

22,167

—

464

36,816

7,681

111,956

Kinross

296

1,738

0,870

—

20

1

8,925

793

3,503

1

3

13

133

4,440

—

358

10,861

6,279

30,809

Kirkcudbright

734

411

31,108

19

275

1

32,548

2,319

14,440

18

37

189

309

17,372

6,016

34,806

61,877

152,618

Limark

4,486

911

44,904

90

2,090

151

62,047

6,640

10,008

21

13

318

2,250

19,862

—

9,080

47,835

69,709

199,1.33

Linlithgow . .

2,582

4,205

11,224

35

1,029

9

19,084

2,070

5,226

2

2

24

480

7,816

—

717

11,519

15,538

54,674

Nairn

222

1,8.59

4,901

232

20

10

7,244

501

3,112

38

.—

3

94

3,748

137

6,314

3,729

21,172

Orkney and Shetland

79

8,270

33,409

1516

—

15

43,289

5,770

9,445

3

4

355

618

16,195

— -

4,290

18,708

44,479

120,970

Peebles

5

1,454

8,728

—

5

91

10,283

510

3,312

7

—

270

231

6,330

—

618

11,170

8,506

30,907

Perth

13,741

20,498

66,546

107

4,2.50

192

105,340

14,540

32,045

76

20

234

2,802

49,723

5,394

86,475

69,834

310,706

Renfrew

2,973

234

14,229

42

722

13

18,213

4,528

2,468

19

5

52

975

8,047

4,845

13,562

32,483

77,160

4,G84

8,286

25,602

437

78

337

39,423

5,273

16,260

5

—

04

1,514

22,110

1

1,238

27,645

13,050

103,473

Roxburgh

2,147

13,898

.30,811

124

402

101

47,483

1,094

25,207

35

0

350

1,480

28,772

—

893

51,813

31,391

160,352

Selkirk

40

670

4,272

14

—

11

3,007

187

.3,005

,—

— .

172

23

3,387

-^

64

7,287

5,549

21,284

Stirling

3,580

4,992

20,190

3

3,473

.58

32,298

3,820

4,985

11

3

65

1,238

10,122

_

4,072

19,132

29,855

95,479

Sutherland . .

00

1,305

3,950

30

—

10

5,307

683

1,894

—

—

3

44

2,624

—

201

4,802

2,669

16,663

Wigton

Total for Scotland

Total for Great)
Britain* .. /

IsleofMant..
Channel Islands:—!

3,327

933

32,462

41

464

16

37,242

3,076

14,608

92

186

112

621

18,595

—

3,065

38,941

29,845

127,688

110,101

213,619

1,004,040

7,055

28,637

3,188

1,366,540

143,426

478,990

852

916

5,073

33,998

663,257

2

94,080

1,141,415

593,066

4,158,300

3,385,394

2,237,329

2,759,923

00,077

624,667

320,404

9,287,784

498,843

2,142,138

256,797

16,609

166,943

470,000 3,562,530

56,378

964,937

3,094,224

11,145,814

28,704,867

8,075

7,736

11,010

9

320

116

27,260

4,302

7,240

55

226

60

310

12,208

-

8,357

25,309

9,762

82,902

.Teiscy

2,702

111

288

1.3

15

13

3,142

1,36S

1,812

701

1,043

171

158

5,253

_

2,652

3,203

6,205

20,367

Guernsey, &c. . .

990

532

428

2(

43

21

2,041

677

247

216

202

75

1,621

2,938

—

372

886

5,762

11,999

* Retuina made by Occupiera of and above 6 Acres,

t Returns made by Occupiers of aud above 'i Acres,

J Returug made by Occupiera of suid above 1 Acre,

S6

THE GARDENERS' CKRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[jAiftlAST 2C, 1867.

PEOGEESS OF THE STEAM PLOUGH.

The recent exhibition of impleinents lield in tlie
Agriciiltaral Hall, by the Smitlifleld Club, may not
inaptly be taken as an exempliiiecl summary of our
progress in agricultural mechanics up to the close of the
current year ISfiG. Although limited in extent as com-
pared with the summer meetings of the Eoyal
Agricultural Society, the annual Christmas gatherings
of the Smithfield Club are highly select, the past
one bespeaking its own popularity and usefulness in
the estimation of the public. In point of fact the
limited space at the command of implement makers
brings into view more conspicuously the pioneering
footsteps of Discovery, novelty in the different classes of
implements standing out more prominently— thereby
attracting with greater force the observation and
attention of visitors, than were they spread over a large
area of land amongst numerous duplicates. And
besides this— the season of the year, and the place (the
British capital) are both favourable to the exhibition of
new things. Hence it is that our MclroiHilitan
Christmas shows of implements and machinery I'an
boast of perhaps as much novelty as our provincial
summer ones, although far behind as to numbers.

During the Christmas show of the closing year two
things— the steam plough and the reaping machine—
call for special notice, owing to the peculiar position
■which they each occupied ; the former from the
unusual lightness and apparent subdued modesty of its
appearance, so to speak, as if the stronger had been on
trial in the field (so, it is said, is the case figuratively
speaking), and the latter from the strong force in
which they mustered, as if English reapers and mowers
had purpo'sely come to do battle with their American
rivals.

The steam implements of tillage shown were a light
land four-furrow balance plough with a seven tine
balance cultivator, by John Fowler & Co;, and a double-
action cultivator and ridge-plough by J. and F. Howard.
The latter firm also exhibited a drawing of the twin-
engine and twin-plough system. Neither of those
two lirms showed their heavy land turn -furrow
ploughs, doubtless for a very good reason— the want of
space ; but their absence gave the greater prominence
to those for which there was room, and of these the
light-land steam plough and the double twin-system
were the most attractive, as it was clearly seen that
they embodied substantial progress in steam culture.

Taking them in the above order as they appeared on
the stands in the Agricultural Hall, a light-land
steam plough was much needed, not only for land
naturally light and easily worked at all times and
seasons, but also for the second and subsequent cross
ploughings of autumn, spring, and summer fallowing
heavy laud; in short for the ploughing of all
sorts of land requiring a light furrow and implement.
And besides light work of this kind, heavy soils, under
peculiar or exceptional circumstances, require to be
ploughed sliiiUow; and in such ca,ses the four-furrow
iight-laiiil jilnugh is much better adapted for such
work than the heavy-land three-furrow plough, and
a six-furrow light-land plough than the four-furrow
heavy-land one now commonly used. The improve-
ment therefore is one which commends itself to the
requirements of most farmers.

And this is not all that requires to be said on the
present occasion in favour of the light-land steam
plough, while tillage by steam is on its trial ; for
besides better quality of work done, to which the above
remarks chiefly apply, there are two other special
advantages gained— the one a reduction in the strain,
and hence tear and wear, upon the hauling rope, and
the other a decrease in the consolidation of the subsoil
by the heel or soleing of the ploughs and rotation of
the wheels. At first sight, neither of these advantages
may be estimated at a very high rate, the practical con-
clusion being that the increase in the number of
ploughs counterbakances the decrease of weight ; such,
however, is, in point of fact not the case, lor two
reasons — first, because the light-land four-furrow
balaiiee i>lnii:.ili is actually not so heavy as the heavy
land threii-liuTow balance plough ; and second, because
the light furrow plough covers more ground than the
heavy-land one, and hence does less harm per acre.

The twin-plough and single-engine system, and the
twin-engine and twin-plough system are old propo-
sitions, the former having been iirst patented by Major
Pratt, A.D. 1810, and subsequently by Heathcoat, 1832.
Heathcoat's project, as most of our readers are
aware, was reduced to practice under Mr. Raikes,
being successfully used by him in the reclaiming of
various mosses, the last public exhibition being before
the Highland Society at Dumfries in September, 1838,
the field trial being in Lochen Moss. The latter, the
twin-engine and twin-plough system, was first patented
by Osborn in July, 1S4G. In February of the same
year (1846), Clarke, Freeman, and Varley patented a
twin-engine and single-plough system, in which they
evidently contemplate two implements; only one
implement, however, is specified and shown
in the drawing. In 181S Mr. Osborn had his propo-
sition reduced to practice on the farm of Mr. Tyler,
Stratford, Essex, his two engines and tackle being
manufactured by Mr. Wm. Curwood, Engineer, White-
chapel, London (see report of trial in the Mining
Journal of Oct. 14, 1818, with a woodcut of one engine).
In his patent Osborn specifies and illustrates two
•winding drums on each engine, but he used two large
vertical friction wheels or pulleys, and two small hori-
zontal ones, the wire-rope going round the former two
in the form of the figure 8, being led on and taken ofl'
by the latter two horizontal pulleys, placed sufficiently
far apart to permit of the working of twoimiihiiiciits to
and fro between the engines, both implements Iji'ing
always at work. Immediately on being coiniiletcd the

system was taken out to British Guiana to bo used
ty the patentee on his own plantation, also in hauling

barges on canals, and in working sugar-cane mills, &c.
The twin-furrow ploughs were made purposely for
ridge and open furrow ploughing, hence they were
hauled to and fro from end to end of the field, or rather
from engine to engine, but the other implements
C smashers up ") were constructed for one-way work,
and were, we believe, turned in mid-land. We have also
been informed, or have seen it in some of the AVest
Indian newspapers (we forget which), that Osborn's
twin engines'workedtwo one-w.ay turn-furrow ploughs
either under McEae's patent, or under an improve-
ment of his own, and that these were turned mid- land.
But on tlae present occasion we have been unable to find
the authority to which our notes refer, so that we must
leave this an open link in the chain of progress. Both
Pr.att and Heathcoat used one-way turn-furrow
ploughs, turning mid-land, but they leave a headland
in the middle of the field unploughed, while they only
use one engine ; hence the difference in favour of
modern improvements.

We now come to notice the pioneering labottrs of
the late John Fowler, of London and Leeds, who
did so much for steam culture, and who was familiar
with all the preceding examples. The Messrs, Howard,
at the recent Smithfield Club Christmas meeting, very
disinterestedly disclaim being the inventors of the
twin-engine and twin-plough system they exhibit by
drawings — conferring this merit on Mr. Edington. But
with all due regard to what Mr. Edington has done,
and also to what Coleman & Sons did under the patent
of Tarrow & Hilditch, we have always understood that
Mr. Fowler, who was intimate as above stated with
the twin system, was the first to reduce it to practice
in its modern improved special mechanism. The
question is not one of opinion, but one of fact in the
progress of steam culture, and although we have
personally discussed the subject with him, we do not
recollect of ever hearing him say he had performed an
experiment on the twin system ; at the same time we
mirst add, an impression rests upon our mind that we
have heard that several experiments were made by
him. We cannot, however, trust to fleeting impres-
sions of memory, and therefore must leave the question
an open one for future solution.

With regard to merit, the twin system (two
engines and two implements), sometimes termed
the direct haulage system, may safely be left to
speak for itself. It is perhaps better adapted for
winding-drums than friction-drums or clip-drums, but
without raising a single opinion on any question of
this kind, it is a system which, generally speaking,
obviously makes the most of the motive power, steam,
at the least expense of tear and wear, on engine, haul-
ing tackle, and implements. The improvements inade
belong to those technically termed special mechanism,
so that as our different implement-makers have each
their own peculiarities of special mechanism, we
purposely, as above enunciated, leave these to speak
for themselves, under the experience of future field
practice. What falls to our duty on the present
occasion is a very simple and pleasant task, viz., to
report very great progress in each and all of the dif-
ferent systems thus contemplated. To the wire rope
this is virtually a much needed godsend, and as the
weak point under our present auxiliary-anchor practice
lies here, the adoption of the twin-engine and twin-
plough system may give the needed stimulus to steam
culture which it now requires. W. B.

THE TURNIP CROP.

[At the i\jinu.al Meeting of the Kincirdiueshirc F.arraers' Club,
a discussion on the cultiv.ition of this crop took place. The
following is the opening paper, read by Mr. Greig : — ]

The system of cropping generally adopted in this
country is the fifth course shift — two grain crops,
two Grasses, and one Turnip. Many gentlemen
are of opinion that this gives too short a period
between the Turnip crops, and is of itself suffi-
cient to account for the failures arising from the
diseases known as cancer and finger-and-toe. This
conclusion they arrive at from a consideration of the
fact that J Turnips on land worked on a longer rotation
are less liable to those diseases than those on land
managed on the short rotation. There is, no doubt,
some truth in this ; but if we wish to remedy the evil
we must discover its primary cause, which lies in the
want or unequal action of the necessary constituents in
the soil combined with those taken by the plant from
the atmosphere. The Turnip plant depends for its
subsistence upon two sources — the atmosphere and the
soil. From the atmosphere it derives most of its
combustible or organic matter, while it is dependent
entirely upon the soil for those mineral constituents so
essential for the development of healthy fibre.

According to Mr. Barclay, in his admirable essay on
" Finger and Toe on Turnips," analyses of Turnips
show that their ashes are invariably composed of the
same minerals in nearly the same proportions. An
acre of Turnips — say 20 tons — is estimated to contain
450 lb. of mineral constituents, composed of 50 lb. of
phosphoric acid, 57 lb. of sulphuric acid, 50 lb. of salt,
38 lb. of silica, 91 lb. of lime and magnesia, and 164 lb.
of soda and potash. It will be seen at once that
without these substances being present in the soil it is
impossible to expect a healthy growth, as this must
ceaiie when the mineral supply is exhausted, and a
diseased fibre is the result. As to the combustible food
of the plant, it depends chiefly on the atmosphere ;
but although it may be able to draw a suflicient
quantity of organic food from this source to keep up a
healthy action, yet I think it is necessary that it
should get a certain amount supplied through the soil
for the early stages of its growth. This, however,
would need to be carefully adjusted, as an overabun-
dance of this stimulating substance is one of the greatest
evils existing in the application of manures, and one
of the most fruitful causes of disease. It forces the

plant_ to an unhealthy and premature maturity —
especially in a dry time, when there is a want of
moisture by which the Turnips can assimilate and make
available the mineral constituents essential to the forma-
tion of a sound fibre. Mr. Barclay, in his essay, thinks
the cause of the disease is in the want of some one or
more of these mineral constituents, or from a superfluity
of the combustible as compared with the incombustible
elements assimilated by the plant. I am not disposed,
hov/'ver, to think that the disease in many cases is
caused by an absolute want of mineral constituents
in the soil, but rather from the absence of deep and
thorough cultivation, which promotes the extension
of roots and rootlets, with which the plant gathers
moisture and mineral substa,nces. In many cases the
want of moisture alone is sufficient to caus'e the disease,
as the mineral substances require it as a solvent in
order to be assimilated ; but independent of that, the
plant requires a large quantity of water direct. To
supply this, again, I advocate deep cultivation. Perhaps,
however, it may be argued that large fields of Turnips '
have been carried oflT even when they had a regular
and suflicient supply of moisture. In that case I hold
that there is a want of minerals in the soil — a w.ant
which must be supplied by the appHoation of the
necessary manures. Many farmers are of opinion that
finger-and-toe is caused by an insect at the root of the
plant. It is quite true insects are generally found
where disease exists ; but I believe these insects are
not the cause, but the effect of the disease. We know
that in the animal kingdom the presence of insects is
a sure indication of the decay of vital energy and the
product of disease in the animal. The real cause of
the finger-and-toe is, as I have stated, in the insulli-
cient preparation of the soil, the want of moisture, or
an absence of the due amount of the mineral and other
substances which go to form a healthy plant.

\Vhat are the best means to be employed in order to
produce the largest crop of the most valuable roots at
the smallest cost, with the least permanent injury to
the soil ? The first thing to be considered is proper
drainage; and the next, thorough deep cultivation, and
as early in autumn as is practicable. The advantages
of deep cultivation are many and ^important ; indeed,
it is absolutely essential for the proper development of
the roots and rootlets of the plant, without which,
especially in the time of drought, it has no security for
a supply of the mineral constituents and moisture
so necessary to prevent disease. Again, it is absolutely
necessary, in my opinion, that the roots extend as far
in the soil as the leaves spread above it ; and this e.xten-
sion can only be secured by deep cultivation and the
proper incorporation of the manures with the land.
Another advantage of deep cultivation is the breaking
up of thebarrier formed between the soil and the subsoil
by the treading of the horses' feet, and thus allowing
the escape of gas and water and a better and more per-
fect ventilation of the soil. The next thing to be con-
sidered is the most economical manure to be applied.
Before scientiScally deciding on that point, it would be
necessary to have before you an analysis of the soil, so
as to ascertain its component parts. But as few
farmers are in possession of this information, we will
consider what would be the most judicious course to
pursue without it. I have said that there are two
sources from which the plant derives its nourishment
— the soil and the atmosphere. It is to the first of these
that I wish now to draw attention.

The first application of manure I would recommend
for medium and light soils is a moderate quantity
of unfermented farm-yard dung, say 15 tons per
imperial acre. In my experience I ' have always
found this quantity, with the necessary artificials,
amply suflicient- indeed, possibly safer in all respects
—than a much larger quantity, which I have some-
times applied with no other result than the loss of
manure. In deciding upon the nature of artificial
manures to be used, I would consider, first, whether
or not the farm-yard manure applied would be sufficient
as organic or ammoniacal substances to carry through
— with the mineral manures which I should also apply
—the plant to that stage in its development when it
would be able to draw its combustible food from the
air. If I thought this manure was not sufficiently rich
in ammonia for that purpose, I would supply a small
portion of Peruvian guano, which would ensure a
quick and stimulating action for the growth of braird.
We have next to consider the best form in which to
apply mineral manures. I need say nothing more to
impress you with the fact that this requires very
careful attention, than that the!plant depends entirely
upon the soil for these, and that through the whole
period of its growth the^principal object to be attained
is to supply them in such a form as that they will
steadily and eqiully afford the nourishment essential
to bring the plant to maturity. With this view I
would recommend the following dressing of manures : —
Sunerphosphate or dissolved bones ; bone powder and
drilled bones (powder and drill to be fermented) in
equal proportions— say, at least, one cwt. of each to the
acre. I wish it to be understood, however, that mv
remarks apply only to the light and medium soil. 1
am aware that clay soils, of which I have not much
experience, would require different applications and
proportions of the various manures.
Discussion.

Mr. Scott, of Brotbei-ton, differed with Mr. Greig as to the
quantity of farm-yard dung to be applied to Turnips, stating
that instead of 15 loads, he had hitherto applied 24 loads of
farm-yard manure, mixed with town's dun^, with -1 cwt.
guano, and a smaller, merely trifling, amount of dissolved
bones.

Mr. Garland said : "When he commenced to farm, some :.a
years ago, they could grow as many .ind as good Turnips from
farm-yard dung alone as from the ni.iny stimulants they now
applied. As reg<arded deep ploughmg, he thoroughly believed
in what Mr. Greig had stated ; aud he might .add th.at, in his
belief, there was nothing to be.at the steam plough.

Mr. Johnston corroborjited what Mr. Garland had said, that
a.g good crops of Turnips were raised twenty or thirty years

Jancaby 26, iser.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

87

aTO without tlic aid of artificuil manuros ; and ho could only
iMount for this liy some change having taken plico in the
niinoral suh»taiiccs ot the 3uU, as thoy could not do so now ;
and the nanic roa».in initiht iilao account for the dwdasea of
tho root witli which thoy had to contoud. Ho, thorotoro, cor-
dially agreed in tho recommendations of Mr. Greig and Mr.
Barclay that they should increase and develop those mineral
substiiucea, which wore evidently required in the manner
autfgcsred. ,

Mr AlEXANDKB nrefcrrod to apply his farm-yard dung in a
■rroon stats ; and his exporienoo had proved that it was best to
do so as thoy would allow that although he had failed in
Kotting a prize this year, ho had as good Turnips as any of
them in tlie past. He, therefore, saw no reason why he
nhould change from tho practice he had hitherto followed in
applying hi-* farmyard dung.

Provost Mn,-Mi;i.L said— 1 am pleased to hear from Mr.
Aloxandcr. of liciit of Haulkerton, that tho system of rotting
down tho farmyjird manure before having it appUed to tho soil
for tho Turnip crop is now being discontinued. I behove this
is, and will bo, to tho advantage of thn farmer, as by rotting
down such manure a most valuable ingredient is lost to the
soil— an ingredient that we manufacturers cimnot supply, viz.,
carbon. There ia ono point in Mr. Grcig's paper that 1 would
take the liberty of remarking upon. It is now a well iiscer-
tained and generally accepted tact that nitrogen or ammonia
is only a .stimulant to the plant ; that tho phosphate only is
tho feeding or fibre-producing power. Now, a very iniportiiut
flubjeet for cunsideration at such a meeting .as this ia the
ouality or kind of phosphate that can be most advantageously
applied to the soil. Phosphates may bo considered of two
kinds-animal and mineral. Tho animal, or bones of all kinds ;
tho two mineral phosphates most largely in use, and known
to lis, are coprolites and apatites. Bonos treated with sulphuric
acid make dissolved bones ; and if pure and dried with bone-
meal, are a most oxcollont manure. Bone ash (or calcined
Ijones), coprolites, and apatites, when treated with sulphuric
jicid, make superphosphate ; and the question I wish to raise
for considonition is, which superphosphate is best for the
farmer ? Now, 1 have no hesitation in giving you my opinion
that of all superphoaphatea known to us, th.at made from bone

of his time to managing that estate, constantly visitinR
the diflerent parts of it ; 2nd, an agent over several
ostnti'S, but all within roach, and which he frequently
visits ; or Snl, an absentee agent, who does the work of
tho ostalo throui^h under-agonts or bailiffs, and seldom
or never visits it. This lajit kind of agency is unqua-
liliodly bad, and I shall not diacu.ss it. The first is
tho best on large estates, but the second is good
on small estates; for it is better for several small
estates near together to be managed by one good
agent than for each to be managed by a resident
agent of such a class as can be found for the salary
such an estate can atl'ord. Even if the owner is
resident, his estate may be better managed tmder
the second kind of agency, unless he is fully qualified
himself to do the business of his estate, with the
assistance of a clerk or bailifT. I shall now point out
some of the duties of a land agent, and when I use the
word owner, it will be uuderstood to mean also the
auditor or person with whom the agent corre-
sponds in place of the owner, or the board, or
secretary of trustees, or public bodies who are
owners. A very important duty, and one which many
people seem to think is almost the only duty of a
land-agent, is to receive and account for the
rents of an estate. It is important, because it should
be done correctly, and accounts promptly and carefully
sent to the owner ; otherwise, it is one of the least and
easiest duties of an agent on a well-managed estate.
A duty involving much greater responsibility, thought,
judgment, and anxiety is the letting of farms. It may
be easy enough to advertise a farm to let, and accept the
highest offer, but even if a farm is advertised, care and

may be trusted to memory or to hearsay, in case of hi»
removal ; also a record of all maps, deeds, leases,
agreements, contracts, and the like, whether they are
in his ollico or have been .sent by him to others ; and
all this iul'ormation should be easily accessible to hi*
employer or successor by means of indices to the
subjects. The agent's knowledge of the value of land,
and its capabilities of improvement, will enable him to
advise his employer in the purchase and sale of land,
which may be desirable for the interests or improvement
of his estates. The duties of a land agent beiu^ 'so
varied you will naturally expect that the qualifications
for perlorming those duties should be many, and that
a man cannot be expected to possess those qualifica-
tions without ii special training. The buais of this
training is undoubtedly a good general education, and
a practical knowledge of agriculture. It may be a
question which part of such education should come
ill St. A boy who U brought up on a farm, returning to
it from school, has a considerable advantage over boys
in other classes of society when he goes to an agricul-
tural college, for with him the learning is not all
theoretical ; though he may have done nothing but
play at home, ho knows the meaning of agricultural
terms and the names of objects. A practical knowledge
of farming being an absolute requisite for a land-
agent in any case, he should go from school to work tor
a year or two on a good farm before he goes to the
agricultural college. At school, the best foundation
for an education is a considerable knowledge of classics ;
it gives a facility for acquiring learning, a refinement ol
mind, and an aptitude for correct speaking and writing,
which is most useful in after-life to a man who is to be

nigneSL oner, UUl even ll a laiiu la a,u»onJiotiu, yj».>.\> »ii« [ ..».,v," ... ....^.^- -.^w.«. ... • — :., T, A , 1„J„„ «p

iud"ment should be exercised in seeing that the brought much m contact with others. A knowledge ot
i,;,.E„„t i,;,i^„- ia o m^n nf ,-anit.al skill and Bood ' mathematics is also necessary in training the mmd to

highest bidder is a man of capital, skill, and good

uooo mguesi uiuuer i» a uiau «. ^,«i,ii«.., ...v..., , s .mathematics is also necessary in training t

asii'or ealciucd' bon'os is the best. It is, no doubt, more [ character, and in framing proper conditions for his reason soundly— to distinguish between cause ana
expensive; stiU, I think to the farmer it is ot most value ; f<"' I observance • but an agent should not resort to this effect— and to arrive at proper conclusions irom
although it may bo true that soluble phosphate is the s.ame ] ^ letting a farm when he can avoid it. If he evidence, as well as to attain that knowledge ot

irom whatever source it is Produced, yet the msotablophos^ , m™e m^^ ^^^^ .^ running out of lease, ' mechanical principles and aptitude for understanding

be able to form a correct opinion of the machinery, which a land agent should possess. Having

value of such farm, and try to let it to the same tenant been thus grounded at school, the intended land agent
a»ain • but if he cannot agree with him, then to some should make himself master of the every day work ot
other farmer whose character is known. The agent the farm, and then go to an agricultural college, where

phates of bono ash are in a state readily available for the
plant : this the mineral are not ; and, further, in tho mineral
auporphosphates there are, or m.ay be, ingredients not only of
■no v;due, but some positivelv injurious to the plant. J or

ex.amplo, sugar is sugar, from whatever source produced ; but o^jg,. larmer wnuse umiiacwj. lai^L.^..^. ^^^ >^v^„ .^^ ,. ^^.-o-, "-'--■- ^, - -i

the Uttle child putting forth its tender hand to take sugar thorou"hly conversant with the systems of he can apply himself to acquiring the more special

fromaheate,U;o.sselrnaybur,iiUfl,i^^^^^^ knowledge required for his calling. There he mus

h^ SbTe"ptspTatlr'n^^4'on"^in'coL"cf wH^^^^^ , ind with the law of landlord and tenant, should frame study chemistry, mineralogy, Seo\oi,y^b^Unyn.U^r.\

tcrious ingredient, injuring it in Uke manner. Besides, we , tijg covenants for a lease Or agreement so as to leave as history, surveying, planning, measuring ana taicuia-

aro, at least to a certain extent, ignorant of the effect produced | mu„j, freedom of action as possible to a good tenant, ting work, book-keeping, and a.s mucn ot law as may ot,

upon soluble phosphates by the soil before being absorbed by ■ ... , ^ggtrain a bad tenant from injuring the applicable to his profession. Without some acquaint

the pUnt : .and there may be ill some sods an effect produced , wnue Yf^u'h Jeases have to go throupb tlie han " "

something like that which results from the action of carbonate, i larm. II sucn leases nave uu go luiuu,

h the hands of ance with all these subjects he will find himself at some
to see that the time or other entirely dependent on a subordinate lor

and this would simpiy"!)^ restoring tile eoprolite or apatite to ' an attorney, all he should do IS to see uuau ,...0 ...luo «i «...w ., .-.j — ,.- r',, j „„ „t nnoo tn tVie

^heiroriJnTorSe state : while bone's or bono'^ash, in language is sufficiently legal to make it binding without guidance. From college, he ^l^o^ld K° ^t °"«^ '° '^«

whatever st.ate or however affected, are readily available to rendering it unintelligible to an ordinary farmer. The oflice of a good land agent, where he can learn tne auties

the pl.ant. Still, the true test is the actual result, and this f .^.g bein" let the a^ent should visit them occasionally, of the oflice, and at the same time be able to wa,lca tne

«an only be ascertained by experiment ; and I hope tliis ^ =• ^j^ ^^^ tenants are observing their , operation of farming, and gain practical experience ra

^X ^^o resul? ifttoTex^erimeSS' pXpl^a^^^^^^^^^ ' "- -* - "-"» '--'f — -*-' »'* «-- valuimr ' -

others to mnke further experiments for themselves.

Mr. Johnston, while generally agreeing with the Provost,
differed with him as to the value ot coprolites on some soils ;
and gave instance of experiments made in Morayshii'e.

L.tND AGENCV-ITS NATUEE AND DUTIES.

At the annual dinner of the Hexham Farmers'
Club, which took place on the 8th inst., the President,
C. G. Grey, Esq., read the following paper :—

In former times money rents were received by the
stewards of manors, who were generally lawyers,
having to look after the manorial rights of the lord.
Some rents were paid in kind, or by service at the
manor house, or in following the lord to the wars. The
altered position of landlords and tenants in modern
times rendered it necessary for landowners, who being
occupied in politics, war, pleasure, or other pursuits.

of the oflice, and at the same time be able to watch the
operation of farming, and gain practical experience ra
covenants,"buTto" make' himself acquainted with their [ valuing lands. This he must do as a pupil assistant, or
mode of farming-their personal qualifications with under agent, as circumstances permit. Having spent
regard to industry-judgment in tillage and stock, and, two' or three years in this way if he is steady and
ifdesirable, to advise them or inform them of improve- ™'-"- — * '■" "''""'■^ ^^ "'"''''
ments that may be introduced in other places. The
agent has to decide where new or additional buildings
are most needed, and advise the owner which applica-
tions for such to comply with, and which to refuse. ,.

He has then to arrange and plan those that are to be impartial and upright, as. well as courteous in manner
Sade so as to be most useful to the occu- to all. He will thus gain the esteem of the tenant^
patioi of the farm, keeping carefully in view the and the confidence of his employer, and be able to do
future prospects of the farm, as much as the good to both.

intelligent, he should be qualified to undertake an
ordinary agency. Supposing the agent to have acquired
the necessary knowledge, he should also have other
qualifications. He should exercise a ca'.m judgment,
never coming to hasty decisions. He must be strictly

He would do well to have applications

renupsts'' rf 'the' tenant ; for the latter are some- made to him in writing, though he may fully discuss
requests 01 ^ue leuaui., iui_ o^. _.^. _^ ^^ ^^^ „„!,;„„*„ „„iiv ^nd ultimately give his answer in

times fancies, and sometimes peculiarities of the man, the subjects orally, ...- ., ThU nnt only
or his mode of farming. It is not enough that the writing, with reasons for his decision. This not only
tenant Toiddsa"" I am willing to pay 5 percent, on prevents disputes, but makes known the pnnp.p es
the cost •■ The agent must satisfy himself that the which guide his conduct. He should listen pat ently
ultimate benefit to the estate wiU represent that to apphcations, and reasons m support of them ; some-
interest or more. This apphes to many improvements , thing may often be gained, and nothing 'l^^o^t. ^y
■-• The agent should lay out the civility and attention. He should treatevery tenant

had not time to attend to the business of their estates,

to appoint substitutes to. receive t^ieir -t^-^ '-k j besides buildings. -^^^^'^^-U'Snii^i^b; anT^ofman^-^lf honl^sranT-tnithful man t^^^^^^^^^^

icently the increasea 1 "i^ "' ,°' ^ ^1 manner of draining it, and have a knows that he is not one. Nothing destrojs an agent »

- f • u ,f*w ■1Tt^"rt^c^netentdraLrt^^^^^^ the drains, himself influence or a landlord's popularity more than treatmg

on the progress, of. agriculture, has led to ^ the, compet^^^^^^ application from tenants as if it were an

the outlets are good, that the dFains are properly laid attempt to over-reach the agent and impose upon the
out, and tha'tle work is being properly executed, landlord. In dealmg .^"tl^h.s employer the
The agent should himself decide on all alterations agent should a,lways . be. r.eff™u but firm
to fields, by new fences or otherwise, considering the ; wlen he is sure his opinion is right, *o"gl>je should
quality of the land for growing Turnips, corn, or be very careful that he has arrived f,'', ^'^e <>Pi°;o^
?Jr^s, and with regard to water, shelter, and access ; ' before he urges 1 , especially if it *ov.d be contrary t^
and, when farms are out of lease or opportunities ofi-er, 1 that of his emp oyer. If he is obliged to > eld h »
making such alteration of boundaries as will improve opinion to the wishes of his employer he should alwaj s
Uie occupation of the farms and facilitate the do it with a good grace ; with cheerfulne sin m^^^^^^
keenin- of good fences. In like manner with points and matters of taste ; with a respectful expres.sion
regard to new roads, reclamation of land, enclosing , of difference or remonstrance in "^"efs^ "f 3«,
commons, and all manner of improvements of 1 importance, and he should refuse to obey his employer's
which linded property is capable ; the carrying orders only in cases which involve principles of truth
out of them with Aue regard to the means at his and honesty. Besides possessing .a varied education, an

.=„, and"to"economrcal execution, should be I agent should keep up a knowledge of the progress of
his' constant care; laying out general schemes of I the world, by reading and traveUing when he ha-s t;me_.

importance of improvements on ^^^Cl<^^e^ '^'^^' ^^^Ly^ knows that he is not one.

of agriculture, has led
appointment, as land agents, of persons specially
trained for the duty; in fact, land agency has
become a regular profession, and the sooner all
landowners . acknowledge this fact and adopt it
the better will it be for themselves and the country.
Aland agent ha.s to look after all the interests and
exercise much of the power of the landowner, and he
should be a connecting link between him and the
tenants. It is, therefore, of great importance to the
well-being of tenant farmers and others that he should
ibe a man suited to the post, and capable of exercising
-a beneficial influence in the country. Land agency
may be considered first with regard to the position of
the landowner, and second with regard to the position
of the agent. With regard to the owner, the agency
maybe that of an estate on which— 1st, the owner disposal,
never resides, being an absentee, a minor, trustees, a '^'° '■"■■
corporation, or public body ; 2d, the owner may visit
his estates or occasionally reside on them ; and .3d, he
may be a resident. In the first case, the agent
may be allowed great freedom of action, merely
reporting his management to the owner or his
auditor, and sending statements of his cash trans-
actions, or he may be required to consult the owner
or auditor, and obtain his authority before acting.
In this ca.se, if he has not the entire confidence of
the auditor, or the auditor thinks himself qualified
to interfere with the management, the agent is
much impeded in carrying out his plans. In the
second case, where the owner visits his estates, the
agent points out and explains to him all that is
going on, hears the owner's views and takes his
orders, and is thus able to carry out those views
from time to time. In the third case, where the
owner is resident the agent can have access to him on
all occasions, and must carry out his views, himself
advising when he sees occasion. J3ut as we must take
landowners as we find them, let us consider land agency
with regard to the position of the agent. He may he-
ist, a resident agent on one estate, devoting all or most

improvement probably years before he has the chance
of realising them, so that every improvement may be
part of a comprehensive plan, and not an isolated act.
He should also see that repairs are made where
needed, whether such should be done by the landlord
or the tenant. The agent must also himself transact
all the business of letting mines, collieries, quarries,
&c., though he may with advantage call in the aid of a
professional mine agent to report on workings, and
advise him as to terms and conditions. He should
also, as far as possible, judge for himself of the state of
these works, so as not to be entirely dependent on
reports. The agent should know the condition of all the
woodlands, and himself decide what is to be thinned
or cut away and replanted, considering whether the
wood is for ornament, profit, or shelter. He should
also take a general interest in all matters, local or
public, that concern the welfare of the tenants. He
should see that no encroachments are made on the
rights or property of the owner. He must keep correct
cash accounts, and have proper vouchers for all pay-
ments, also a record of all letters written and received,
with minutes of all verbal transactions, so that nothmg

he can thus bring home to tenants who are tied dow.n
to their farms an experience which will be useful to
them, and will also enlarge his own mind, freeing it
from prejudices. „ , , .

The disqualifications for the office of land agent are
many. I shall endeavour to point out a few of these,
which constant observation has forced on my atten-
tion. Generally the absence of the several qualibcations
I have enumerated will unfit a man for this protession.
Again, special training in many other professions ana
pursuits is a disqualification. Retired soldiers and
sailors do not generally make good agents thougutney
have some qualities which are useful, such as
punctuality and carefulness. Retired butlers and
house stewards may be estimable men, but they are not
such as should be set over .tenant forniers 1 oor
relations, for whom some provision is desirable, wouW
generally cost an owner less if he were to "^ke them
an allowance to live at Bath or Cheltenham Mercantile
men are too apt to look at everything ma purely
mercantile spirit, not seeing distant, or contingent
advantages. Farmers who have failed in farming have
the disadvantage of undertaking to manage another

88

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL Gt^ZETTE.

[Jakuaxt 26, 1867.

man's affairs when they could not manage their own ;
nevertheless when their failure has been owing to want
of capital or unavoidable calamity, and when they are
educated and upright men, they frequently make good
agents. Head clerks, promoted from the office, are
very apt to find themselves in a position for which they
are unfit, having been too much bound to routine and
detail, to take large views of management. They are also
apt to be too much the servants of the landowners and
not enough mediators between them and the tenants.
Lawyers, attorneys, and writers, though frequently
entrusted with the management of estates, are about
the most disqualified. Their education, bent of mind,
legal way of reasoning and treating all questions, are a
positive bar to success in the management of estates,
and I consider it an absolute misfortune to the country
that so many estates are under their care. From their
special training they look narrowly into legal obligations
and the rights of property, and from want of experience
in country affairs, they are incapable of judging of the
propriety of modifying obligations which may be
obsolete or inexpedient. Landowners in Scotland and
Ireland, I believe, more so than in England, commit
the mistake of making such appointments. To this rule
I must confess I know some distinguished exceptions,
in men who, having a taste for country pursuits, spend
more of their time in the country than in their offices.
A town residence, though not an absolute disqualifica-
tion, is a great disadvantage to a land agent, for though
he may be within an easy reach of the estates, as a
country agent his business is apt to degenerate into office
work, and his visits to the estates and intercourse with
the tenants to become more formal than those of an
agent residing on an estate, and moving about con-

tion, I am obliged, in justice to myself, to trouble you
with another last word. I am glad, however, to see that
" T. B." writes in a better spirit, bears witnes-: to Mr.
Mechi's many good qualities, and abandons the allega-
tion, perhaps never seriously intended, that Mr. Mechi
claimed to have groivn 15 qrs. per acre ; and whilst he
confesses a partiality to the beverage which I had
playfully charged with having inspired his pen, denies
altogether its having influenced his amusing and
random remarks, which must therefore be ascribed to
his own natural poetic fancy, which will sometimes run
riot, particularly under an anonymous signature, like
sober people in disguise figuring at a masquerade. I
must, however, beg to assure him I was never less in a
rage than when I wrote the remarks on which he
animadverts, as well as in my first communication in
your Paper of Oct. 27th, in which I rather joined issue
with Mr. Mechi on the subject of rainfall, but took the
opportunity to protest against what I considered the
unfair criticism he had lately received. " T. B.," in
your last Pamper professes to give my exact words as
follows :— " Mr. Mechi candidly gives the ajjricultural
world an account of some of his principal failures," to
support his assertion, " that I have the hardihood to
deny that I characterised Mr. Mechi's extraordinary
crops as failures." The Paper of Oct. 27th is now
before me, from which, at the risk of being tedious,
I quote, after a general remark, "We know from
experience that the majority of experiments in agricul-
ture or otherwise end in failures, but these failures are
redeemed by the fact that they are often as suggestive
and useful as successes. And we doubt not if Mr.
Mechi were candidly to give the agricultural world the

f ,, . .,- , — . n ^-.-- i benefit of an account of his principal failures in agri-

stantly m the country ; and generally such agents cultural experiments, &c., he would not only extract
depend much more on reports from subordinates, and : the poison from the fang of criticism, but would hand
interviews with tenants at their town offices, than : down some important facts as true metal free from the

agents who meet a tenant in his own field or homestead
and judge from their own observation. Having dis-
cussed the agent in his relation to the landowner and to
the tenants, I shall make a few observations on his
relation to his subordinates, whether they are employed

dross of error." I will only add " Look first upon this
picture, then on that." /F. C. Spooner.

Moles and Mole-catching. — Upon all mild soils these
little animals (where they abound) commit great
nuisances, and often much damage in uprooting grow-

by the owner of each estate under his care, or are his ; ing crops, and injuring Grass fields by" raising mnu-
own servants. The office-clerk should be a first-rate : merable " mole-heaps." Their object, of course, is to
accountant; he should be strictly honest and trust- \ search for food, and in doing this they burrow near to
worthy keeping the agent's counsel, as he must the surface, and at irregular intervals throw out those
generally be m his confidence, and is frequently ; unsightly little heaps generally called " mole-hills."
F'JS'S'' ™ ''fS^'J® ™" P'^y "loiey. The under agent or It is not so much from these "mole-hills" that damage
baihfl should be a man of much practical experience, is sustained as from the loosening of the earth, whereby
active, honest, impartial, capable of superintending the roots of the com or root crops are deprived of
building draining, and other works, and of making out nutriment for their minute fibres ; consequently the
bills and accounts; he should carry out the agent's plants droop, and either grow badly or die off entirely,
directions and keep him informed of all that is going It is marvellous what a succession of these hills a few
on ; he should seldom act on his own responsibility, for moles will speedily make, and notwithstanding all that
even going through the form of taking the agent's can be said in their favour, they have by general con-
instructions prevents confusion and mistakes. The sent been voted a great nuisance, and many plans and
wood baihtt should be thoroughly acquainted with schemes have been devised and practised for their
all the details ot woodcraft, superintending all the extirpation. It is said they effect great good by their
operations in the woods and making valuations of lots ' underground burrowings, and that the immense
marked tor sale. Where such a person is not employed, ! number of earthworms, grubs, wireworms, and the
his duty may be done by the bailiff or head gardener, like, destroyed by them should constitute them bene-
Ihe mining agent or viewer must be specially trained : factors to the cultivator rather than enemies. This, so
lor his work, but should not be independent of the . far as my 'reading and experience goes, has not been
agent. He should keep the agent well informed on i satisfactorily proved. That they consume a large
mining affairs, so that the latter may be able to conduct \ number of earthworms I fully believe, but I know that
negociations about mines as he does about farms. The wireworms and grubs are frequently thrown out upon
architect, or clerk of works, need not generally be a ' their nills as of no worth to the burrower. Now, as
professional architect, as these have not generally the I they are known to possess an extraordinary sense of
special experience to enable them to plan and erect \ smelling, and an unusually acute manner of capturing
larm buildings economically, and suitably to the circum- : their prev, it would appear that earthworms are chiefly,
stances of different farms. This office may, however, i if not wholly, their food. It is certain they do not
be combined with that of the bailiff. The solicitor, ! consume roots, but feed upon flesh, such as it is. It is
though not included in the term subordinate, should ! supposed by many that the mole does consume roots.

be accessible to the agent to advise him when necessary ■
''?'* besides conducting legal proceedings his duty
should be confined to holding courts, making convey-
ances, and seeing that leases, agreements, contracts, &c
prepared by the agent, are put into legal form and
properly executed. The agent's knowledgeof law should
be such as will enable him to avoid litigation but not
to conduct lawsuits. The agent should treat all
his subordinates with consideration and courtesy,
receiving their opinion with respect, and if he
has to find lault with them doing it in a kind manner
and in private. "Snubbing" before a third person
engenders bitterness and resentment, while private
correction often produces kindly feeling. By such
treatment he will find them ready to oblige him and
probably more anxious to work cordiafiy amongst
themselves. Before concluding, I would point to a
most VICIOUS system common in Ireland, and also under
the courts in this country— that of paying agents by a
per-centage on their receipts. It has a bad tendency,
and it bears no relation to the work of the agent An
agents services are, like all others, to be measured by
the value of the work done. He should be liberally
paid by a faxed salary, and have no perquisites ■ he has
thus no temptation or inducement to act except for
the interest of the estate. You may think the duties
1 have enumerated too many and arduous, and the
quahfications too high. At all events it should be the
endeavour of landowners to find men properly qualified
and it should be the constant labour and study of land
agents to approach this standard. If this were so more
than it IS, the spread of improved agriculture would be
more rapid, and an understanding of the community
of their interests would be more common among
landlords and tenants.

Home Correspondence.

Mr. Mechi and " T. B." (a last Word from Mr.
Spooner).— My only reason for troubling your readers
with my second communication on " T. B." and his
animadversions on Mr. Mechi was to correct his erro-
neous statement that I had characterised Mr. Mechi's
extraordinary crops as failures, and as this statement
IB again repeated and supported by another misquota-

aud Buffon even accuses it of eating acorns planted for
Oaks. This is a mistake, as these would no doubt die
from the many burrowings rendering the soil hollow,
and dry, &c. A practical and intelligent mole-catcher,
of great experience, reports to me that he never found
a mole eating other than earthworms, and says it is
marvellous how fast an earthworm will travel out of
" his honour's way." That he has frequently seen them
throw out wireworms, and take no notice of them, but
that they will hurry underground after an earthworm,
determinedly, and the earthworm will strive exceed-
ingly to get up on to the surface out of their way.
These doings he has often watched with great interest,
and it has led him to believe that earthworms are
alone their natural food. If this is the fact, the idea
that they are benefactors to the soil is worthless.
Earthworms are benefactors, inasmuch as they act as
subsoil drainers by their boring operations ; these had
rather be retained than eaten up. The mole, at all
events, must be considered as a doubtful character by
all who know him and his doings. I counsel his
destruction as far as possible. This is found to be of
no easy accomplishment : he is so subtle and cautious,
he will discover your tread, however gentle, and
although you perceive him at work casting out earth,
yet the moment you strike into the soil his quick
backward movement avoids your thrust. I have often
been so deceived, though thinking my prey caught.
The rapidity with which they will burrow into a
somewhat stiff loam is astonishing. They increase very
fast, the female having several litters in a season,
averaging from four to five each time, and they grow up
quickly. The males are very pugnacious, and occa-
sionally driveeach other to the surface. They are
with great difficulty caught ; none but a well-practised
professional can readily entrap them. This is owing to
their sensitive nature. Their sense of smell is very
remarkable ; so much so that they will burrow around
the trap rather than entor, if the mole-catcher leaves
the scent of his fingers behind, or has set it improperly,
and if the foot too much disturbs their runs, they will
go elsewhere. To catch them effectively, the trap
must be placed in the best run. It must be so covered
and so bedaubed with fresh earth as to prevent the
mole scenting the wood, the wire, or the iron of which

it may be composed. The little animal (shall we call
him vermin ?) must be thoroughly deceived, or there is t
but little chance of entrapping him. The small wood
traps, with loop bars, are very commendable. O. F.

JSarth Closets.—" Prejudice must yield, in the end,
to truth and sound principle." I take this quotation
trom the very common-sense and matter-of-fact paper '
by Wm. J. Gamett, Esq., read at the Leamington
Congress some time ago, and reproduced in the Ar/ri-
ciUtiiral Gazette of last Saturday, as my text for a few
remarks I would make on the subject. Prom letters
that I receive, 1 am very pleased to see that the subject
IS occupying the attention of thinking men in different
parts of the kingdom. I am not aware that the use of '
water, applied as in our day for the removal of fajcal
matters, was known to the ancients. An esteemed corre-
spondent in Norfolk drew my attention, some time ago
to the original idea for the apnlication of earth for i3ie
purpose as found in one of t"he Books of Moses (vide
P«"*- ^?-}"- 13). "We may well say with Solomon—

The thing that hath been it is that which shall be,
and that which is done is that which shall be done •
and there is no new thing under the sun. Is there
anything whereof it may be said. See, this is new ? it
hath been of old time which was before us." It is then
m defence of this very ancient Mosaic injunction that
the advocates of the earth system now-a-days have to-
do battle. Custom is very potent, and prejudice is
very hard to overcome : but, to revert to my text, it
must, in the end, yield to truth. The water system
being unsound in principle, must fall to the ground.
Mr. Gamett touches very happily upon the moral
aspect of the question, when he says— "that it, however
(the water system) does offend against two old-fashioned
and homely precepts, which cannot be neglected with
impunity. The one is, ' "Waste not, want not ;' and the
other. So use your own as not to hurt your neigh-
bour.' If we were not a very rich, and therefore a very
extravagant people, we should not have despised the
first ; and if human nature were not very selfish, we
should never have forgotten the second." No one who
has experienced the perfect deodorizing power of dry
earth, but must have had the conviction brought home
to him that here was the true panacea for the evils of
the disgusting old privy plan, and the still worse
odours ol the water-closet system ; for water is utterly
impotent to carry away everything offensive to the
nasal organs. Feculent matters will hang about the
pipes and sides of drains and sewers, the stench of
which IS thoroughly emetic. The dry earth system,
pure and simple, efficiently carried out, I conceive to
be the only perfectly innoxious plan of dealing with
fcocal matters. Public men seem to be getting alive to
the importance of the subject, thanks more especially
to the poisoning of our rivers. I would throw out a.
hint as to a very useful adjunct to the earth-closet, and
that IS a cheap and eflScient cottage filter, to receive
the contents of the slop-pail, supplied with a stratum
of earth to retain the grosser matters, held in suspension
by the slops thrown in, which, when enriched by
repeated use, might be emptied to swell the aggregate
of accumulated manurial matters from the earth-closet,
and be supplied with fresh, hungry material to go
through the same process of enrichment, the compara-
tively clean water to pass off by the ordinary and
heretofore polluted drain. TFm. Hudson, Chase Cliffe,
Derby. Jan. 22, 1807.

Foreign Correspondence.

Ottekndokf, Hanovee.— At my home, in Ottera-
dorf, the northern part of Hanover, my father's farm and
others are overrun with what are called ground mice,
and they are so numerous as to have eaten all the last
season's crop and the autumn-sown "Wheat and Rape.
Can you, and if so, will you, obligingly give me any
information you may possess as to the best mode of
destroying them ? I make this request on behalf of the
Agricultural Society at Otterndorf, who have already
tried to destroy them by poison, but cannot succeed.
Some of the members of the Si-ciety are under the
impression that at one time these "mice were very
numerous in England, and destroyed by some other
means. H. v. SeU. [We can only recoiumend you to
encourage all the natural correctives— owls, hawks, &c.]

Highland and Agkicultural : January 16.— At
the half-yearly General Meeting of the members of the
Society held to-day. His Grace the Duke of Buccleuch
and Queensberrj', K.G., President of the Society, in the
chair, the first business was the election of office-
bearers for the year.— "We quote the constitution of the
Council on Education : —

Membcm of Coa/icii named by Charter. — The Duke of
Buceleucb, President ; tlie Lord Justice-General, Vice-
President ; the Lord Advocate ; the Dean of Faculty : the
Professor of Agriculture ; the Professor of Anatomy ; the
Professor of Botany; the Professor of Chemistry: the Pro-
fessor of Natural History,

Member.^ of Council named *!/ Society. — Sir George Clerk,
Bart. : Sir W. Gibson-Craig, ftirt. ; 'Sir Alex.inder C. R.
Gibson-Maitland, Bart. ; George Hope, Fenton Bams ; Robert
Kussell, Pilmuir ; Henry Stephens, Kedbrae Cottage ; John
Wilson, Ediugton Mains.

Soard of Kmminers.Science and Practice of Agriculture-
Mechanics and Construction — Professor Wilson ; George Hope,
Fenton Barns ; Robert Russell, Pilmuir ; and John Wilson,
Edington Mains. Botany — Professor Balfour. Chemistry —
Professor .Anderson. Natiu-al History — Professor AUman.
Veterinary Surgery — Professor Hallen. Field Engineering
and Surveying -Professor Macquom Rankine ; David Steven-
son, C.E. Book-keeping and Accounts— Kenneth Mackenzie,
C.A., and Archibald P.ateraon, Meadowiield.

The Secretary then read a resolution of the
Directors of the Highland and Agricultural Society
of Scotland, September 3, 1866, expressive of the deep
and sincere regret with which they had received the
information of the death of their late Secretary, Mr.

Januabt 26, 1867.]

THE GAl^DENERS' (inEONTCLE AND AOrjGTTLTURAL GAZETTE.

89

John HallMaxwoll, C.B. Thirty-five members were
then elected. „, „ . • , ^, i ■.

Steam CiiUnmtion.—Tba Secretary said tliat it was
the iuteiition of the Marquis of Tweeddale to bo here to-
day, to present the report of the Commitlco on Steam
pro'uKhing, npiiointed in July last. But he had been
nnablo to iillend, and neither was Mr. Gibson, of
Woohnet, presoii( . In their absence he would simply
read the report of the conraiitlee's proceedings, so far
as they had gone. The report was as follows :—

"On tlio l!)th Mnrcb, l?C(i, tbo committeo made thoir first
InspocUon. visiting tlio farms of Jlessrs. Sadler, Forrygato ;
Tod, CastloinainM ; Bcgbio. CJueon.ston Hank ; IIopo, t'onton-
Imrns ; and Roid, Drcni, with tbo viow of examining tbo worlc
whieb bad been dono on tbcso farms after tbo reaping of tbo
previous year's erup. Tbcy found tbat Mes.srs. Sadler, Tod,
md Begbio bad worked Fowler's maebinos ; Mr. Hope,
Howard 8 ; .ind Mr. llcid. Coleman's.

" Tbo inspeetion oeeupied 2 days ; about 40 fields, extending
to nearly IIDO aeies, were eacb earefully gone over, and tho
leptbs at wbich each field had been ploughed, smashed, or
•ultivatod, wore taken. These measurements were made from
the lovol of tbo pulverised surface to the solid at the bottom
if tbo furrow, above l.TO measurements were taken, and,
where necessary, were checked by dipping with the spade ;
I'Mi acres bad been steam ploughed to .an average depth of
10^ inches ; .170 acres bad been grubbed or cultivated to an
tvonige depth of 9n»cbes : and 118 acres had been dug or
sm.a8bod to an average depth of 111 inches.

" On the 4tb May, the committeo visited ]\l.arklo Farm,
possessed by Mr. Henderson, .and saw Mr. Fowler's latest
mipruvod machine, worked by two ouginea, which had arrived
shortly before from the manufactory. It was harrowing land
which had been ploughed ill autumn with the common
nlougb, 8 inches deep. Although the soil was clay, and the
nirface of the furrow very bard, the barrow penetrated and
[lulverized it well to the depth of 3J to 4 inches, covering a
ireadth ef 14 feet ; it was afterwards set to grub or cuUivato
n the san'o field to the depth of lo^aud I'Jiuelies, and did the
■vork well. The eonimitlee were shown other two fields
.vhere it had done the work most satisfactorily and with no
ireakages.

" With the object of arrangmg to have a comparative test of
bo produce from land worked by tho common plough, and
hat which had been 9te.am cultivated, the committee visited
ho farms of Messrs. Sadler, Tod, Begbic, and Hope, on the
1th September. All these were much pleased with the appear-
tnce of their crops, after steam cultivation, but Mr. S.adl6r
done could favour the comnnttee with a comparative trial of
,he produce from Land cultivated with the common plough and
hat by steam, and being able to do this mth a crop of Wheat
dter Potjitos on a field of equal soil, he kindly consented to
'tack equal portions, aud acqu.aint the committee of the
esult. This they have not yet received. None of the other
liu-ties had crops to which such a comparative test could bo
ipplied.

" The committee not having as yet had an opportunity of
nspectiug the diHercnt machines at autumn work, arc now
inunging for this to take place on an early day.

" Nov. 7, 1866." (Signed) " John Gibson."

The Secretary added that, since the dates referred to
n this Keport, two inspections had taken place, one on
;h6 19th November, at Dirleton, where several farms
lad been visited, and another at Ye.stcr, on the ith
December, to examine Lord Tweeddalc's horse-
ploughing.

The Glasi/oti: and Aberdeen Shorn.'!. — Mr. KlNLOCH,
V^r., of Gilmerton, reported, in regard to the Gla.sgow
Show, that the county of Bute would be represented,
and tbat there was reason to believe that they would
not be behind with their contributions. It was expected
that the Glasgow Town Council would give the use of
the Green, and a contribution of 200/. The directors
had seen their way to make such alterations and addi-
tions to the prize-list as would be more satisfactory to
the Glasgow Agricultural Association, with whom the
directors had been in communication. It had been
arranged to offer 90/. additional as prizes for saddle and
harness horses, raising the total value of the prizes for
the Glasgow Show to 1503/., against 1500/. at the last
Glasgow Show, and 12tl/, at the last Show at Inver-
ness. With regard to the Aberdeen Show, upon a
strong representation from gentlemen in the district,
the Directors had consented to give prizes for bull and
heifer calves in the Short-horn and Polled .\berdeen
breeds. The prize they had asked for a thorough-bred
horse to serve in the district was also under consider-
.ation. He might mention that Mr. Hamilton, Sir
James Pergusson, and Mr. M'Lagan had agreed to co-
operate with the Committee of the Eoyal Agricultural
Society of England to allot the space reserved for agri-
cultural implements at the Paris Exhibition. The
Scotch exhibitors would find themselves chissed with
the English and Irish, as all belonging to the United
Kingdom.

District Shows, 4'c.— Jfr. SxiELING.of Kippendavie,
moved that the sum of 034/. be granted for premiums
to district shows during 1867. In the absence of the
convener of the Committee on Cottage Competitions,
he had also been requested to move that the sum of 88/.
be granted for the encouragement of cottage competi-
tions during 1867. These competitions have become
very popular within the past few years and he was
sure they would all be glad to do everything in their
power to improve the condition of the cottagers in
Scotland.

Chair of Agriculture.— fill WalTEK Elliot, of
VVolfelee, said ho had to bring before them the subject
ofthe better endowment of the Chair of Agriculture
in the University of Edinburgh. Much had been done
recently by the Commissioners for the Improvement
of the Universities in Scotland, and the changes they
had proposed had all been agreed to with one exception,
and that was regarding the Chair of Agriculture. He
observed that a grant had been agreed to, and supple-
mented by a legacy from a private individual, for the
j endowment ofthe Chair of Sanscrit, raising the salary
to 100/. a-year. Having been a long time in India, he
could not help feeling that the Chair of Agriculture
would have been far more worthy of it. The case
stood thus— That the Senatus of the University had
addressed the Government with the object of securing
the better endowment of the Chair of Agriculture. It
Was stated that the grant would be supplemented by
one individual with a grant Df 60/. a-year. The average

emoluments of tho Professor would amount to no more
than 100/. a-year, or much less than that of every
other Chair. Besides this, tho Chancellor had no
control over tho cla.sses, yet, notwithstaudiug, under
Professor Wilson's control and inan.agemeut tho cl-ass
had been very successful, and excellent students had
been turned out from it. Professor Wilson having
jicrsevrrcd in carrying on tho cla-ss with great success.
'rh(^ lligbland Society had olfered to give a certain
sum towards tho endowment of the Chair on tho
ground that tiovcrument would give a sum, but
that had been declined, and that had been the only
instance in which it hail been done. Tho Senatus
having renewed their olfer to Government, the
subject was now before tho Treasury, and as the
matter was pressing, the directors had taken it upon
themselves to address the Secretary of State on behalf
of tho chair. Tho resolution he had to submit was to
confirm that proceeding. It was :— " That the High-
land and Agricultural Society learns with pleasure
that an elTort is being made by the University of Edin-
burgh to obtain an eUicicnt endowment for tho
Professor of Agriculture, by an application to the
Lords of the Treasury to place this important chair in
the same position as the other chairs in the University.
The members of the Society are glad to find that the
Directors have already addressed the Tre-asury in
support of the memorial, which meets with the entire
and cordial approbation of this general meeting, and
direct that a copy of this resolution be transmitted to
the Lords of her Maiesty's Treasury."

The Chaikman said he thought there could be no
doubt but the Society would approve of what had been
done for the endowment of this most important chair
in the University.

The motion was agreed to.

Veterinarij Charter.— Protes^soT Balfoub said— It
will be in the recollection of those present that, at the
general meeting of the Society, held on the 0th of June
last, it was agreed to petition against Mr. Holland's
VS. Bill, which excluded any one holding the certifi-
cate of the Highland Society ouly from calling himself
a veterinary surgeon, that title being reserved exclu-
sively for members of the Royal Veterinary College,
and to remit to the Directors to consider the subject of
a charter for a Veterinary College fen- Scotland. With
reference to the first matter, Mr. Holland withdrew his
Bill. As to the veterinary charter, a memorial had
been forwarded to the principal Secretary of State for
the Home Department, praying for the creation and j
establishment of a Eoyal Veterinary College in I
Scotland. i

The petition is as follows : —
Unto the Queen's Most Excellent Slajesty, in Privy Council
assembled, the Memorial of the Highland and Agricultural
Society of Scotland, Incorporated by Royal Charter.
HumV)ly Sheweth,—

That the Society are the p.atrons of the Vetcrin.ary School in
Edinburgh, which was established by them in the j'ear l8-2i.

That the science of Veterinary Medicine .and Surgery has
been taught and practised in Scotland for upwards of 40 years
with ardour and success.

That hitherto, in the absence of a regularly chartered Col-
lege of Veterin.ary Surgeons in .Scotland, ha^ig authority to
appoint Examiners .and to grant Diplomas in Veterinary
Science and Art, the certificate of your Memorialists, granted
after due examination, has served to confer a eerUain status
on Veterinary Students.

Tbat this certificate has been recognised since 1838 by your
JIajesty's Government, and by the Honourable the East India
Company, and is the only license gr.anted in Scotland as quaU-
fying for civil practice in Great Britain and the colonies.

That your Memorialists are of opinion that the pasc history
and present condition of the Veterinary Schools in Scotland
entitle them to the highest consideration of your Majesty, .and
that the independence and usefulness of these schools would
he secured, and the advancement of Veterin.ary Science pro-
moted, by the creation and establishment of a Royal Veteri-
nary College in Scotland.

That the object of the institution of such a College would be
to confer degrees in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery on
students who produce evidence of having been duly educated
in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, and prove themselves by
examination competent to practise as Veterinary Surgeons.

That your Memorialists humbly but earnestly crave your
Majesty's gracious consideration of the above premises ; and
in the event of this Memori.il being favour.ably entertained,
your Memorialists will be prepared, in concert with other
public bodies in SeotLand, to submit beads of a proposed
Charter, and your Memorialists will ever pray.

Signed, in the name and authority of the Highland and
Agricultural Society of Scotland,

BuccLEUcii AND QuEENSBERRY, President.

Edinburgh, 2Vth June, 180G.

Chemical Department. — Dr. Andehson reported
that the work of the Chemical Department during the
past year had been increased by the establishment of a
system of field experiments. A proper system of carry-
ing out these experiments had to be devised ; the
.advice and opinion of many persons conversant with
the best methods of experimenting had to be obtained,
and many preliminary arrangements had to be made
which will either not occur in future years, or which
can be carried out much more rapidly. These experi-
ments had been completed with success, not un-
chequered, however, with disappointment. A report
of these experiments would appear in the " Trans-
actions."

Premiums Awarded for JE.isaf/s and Meporis, Sec. —
Mr. Irvine, of Drum, reported that since the general
meeting in June last the following premiums had been
awarded for papers lodged in competition for jiremiums:

1. 21);. to Robert Hutchison, of Carlowrie, Kirkliston, for a
Report on the Dietaries of Scotch Agricultural Labourers.

2. The Geld Medal or 10/. to John Morrison, Coney Park
Nursery, Stirling, for a Report on the best Mode of Cultivating
Turnips, with a view to saving Seed.

3. The Gold Med.al or 10/. to John Grigor, Forres Nurseries,
Forres, for a Report on the Larch Forests iu Scotland.

4. 'The Gold Medal or 10/. to Christopher Young Michie,
Forester, CuUen House, Cullen, Bantlshire, for a Report on
Planting on Exposed or on Ban-en Tracts.

5. The Medium Gold Medal or o/. to Christopher Young
Michie, Forester, Cullen House, for a Report on the Varieties
of Poplar bast Buited to the Climate of Scotland.

fi. The Medium Gold Medal or hi. to Itussell Swanwick,
Whittington, t'besterfield, for a Report of lOxperimonts on tho
eonmarative effect of different special Manures on Wheat by
TopdrcHsing (crop lH((,j), conducted on the farm of Fenton-
bariis. F.ast-[,othian.

7. The Medivun Gold Medal or .■;/. to William W.dkcr, Ard-
huncart. Mossat, Aberdeenshire, for a Report nf Experiments
with diPforont special Manures on Oats by Topdressing
(crop ISO.')).

8. Tbo Silver Modal to Robert Hutchison, of Carlowrie,
Kirkliston, for a Report on the Varieties of Poplar best suited
to the climate of Scotland.

0. The Silver Medal to Thomas Clark, Craibstone, Anchmill,
Aberdeen, for Dressing F.anners, exhibited at the Inverness
Show, ISO,'), aud sineo reported on.

PrniniuH^ OlTiri:d fur £n/iai/s and JirjttirtH. — I. On Subjects
connected witii the Science and Practice of .\grieulture :—

1. .\grieulture of Aberdeenshire and Banffbhiro .. iL'M

2. iVgrieulturo of Iluinfries.sbiro 30

3. Maiuircs produced by different kinds of feeding '20

4. Manures made wdth and \vithout cover .. .. 20

,'i. Autumn manuring .. .. .. .. .. 20

fi. Improved varieties of agricultural plants . . 10

7. Comparative productiveness, Arc, of Potatoa .. 10

8. t'omparativo productiveness, &c., of Turnips . . 10
II. Cabbage 10

10. Vegetableproduetionsof India, China, Amoriea,&c. 10

11. Best modes of housing fattening cattle .. .. 20

12. Different descriptions of food . . . . . . 20

13. Sanitary arrangements for stock .. .. .. 10

14. Transit of Stock 10

1.1. Dipping and smearing Sheep . . . . . . 20

16. Rural economy abroad 10

260

II. Woods anii Plantations—.

1. Extensive pKanting .. .. .. 10

2. Formation and management of young plantations 10

3. General management of Plantations .. .. 10

4. Planting on exposed or on ban'en tracte . . . . 10

a. Corsican Fir . . -5

(i. American and Canadian Trees 5

7. Forest trees of recent introduction. . .. .. 5

8. Roots of ConiferiB . . . . ."J

9. Larch Forests . . . . . . 20

10. Trees which resist r.abbits .. .. .. .. 10

00

111 L.and Improvements—

1. General improvement of Estates .. .. 10

2. Reclamation of waste land by tillage, 10/., .j/., and

Silver Medal K

3. Improvement of n.atural pasture without til-

lage, 10/., and Silver Medal 10

35

IV. Agricultural Machinery —
Invention or improvement of implements i-f

Husbandry 5t)

- — . 50

i;t35

Proposed Testimonial to the Sev. Patrick- Bell. —
Mr. Scot Skirving said he had great pleasure, not
unmingled with some anxiety, in making the proposi-
tion he had now to lay before them. He had great
pleasure because he was sure what their opinion would
be, he h.ad some anxiety lest the success should not be
adequate, or that this meeting should not cordially
take it up. A number of farmers principally had been
thinking for some years that the obligation under
which Scottish agriculture lay to the Rev. Patrick Bell
was very great indeed. Many of them w^ould have
wished to give him some pecuniary testimonial in
proof of their feeling on the subject ; but, as his Grace
was aware, it was difficult for farmers to act in a body
except through some Society. The proposal he (Mr.
Skirving) was now about to make was, that the High-
land Society should give them, not a grant of money,
but what they v.alued much more— their countenance
and support, and the valuable assistance of the secretar.v
in carrying out the plan. It would be necessary to say
a few words on the claims of the Rev. Patrick Bell to
this honour which he now proposed. The honour of
inventing the reaping-machine had been claimed by
America, it had been claimed by England, and it
had also been claimed by several individuals in
Scotland, but a few facts would place the matter
before them in its true light. The Ilev. Patrick Bell,
whom he had not the pleasure of knowing, was
far too modest, far too sensible a man to claim to be the
originator of the reaping machine. On the contrary,
they all knew that reaping machines of some kind were
used centuries ago; but it was not so old a machine
that the records of the world did not let them see
beyond. In the very perfect hieroglyphs of Egypt he
had seen no trace of a reaping machine. They liad a
description given by Homer of reaiiing which exactly
represented a field of Aberdeenshire mowers. But
there was no mention of a reapins; machine till Pliny
described the fields of Gaul. Pliny stated that the
reaper was a large box on wheels, which was pushed
into the field by oxen. It was armed with teeth, and
these cut off the ears, which fell into the box— exactly
what the Times, in its magnificent way, told the
English farmers to do last wet season. Now, these
ancient machines were not entirely forgotten, because
he found the eminent agricultural writer, Mr. Arthur
Young, in 1785, alluding to them, and proposing that
premiums should be given for reaping machines.
Immediately after t'vo reapers .appeared in England,
one coining out in 1785, and the other in 1786. Mr.
Scot Skirving then gave an account of the various
machines which h.ad been produced between that date
and 1826, when Mr. Bell's machine was first worked.
Mr. Bell was just 19 when he began to experiment with
his machine. He and his brother worked together,
and, as they thought they might be considered lunatics,
they did not like anybody to see what they were
doing. They wdieeled a lot of earth into a shed, and
set up straws in it, and worked the machine by
stealth, 'ttlien they got it completed, they took it
out first in the moonlight. Their experiments cost
a great deal of expense, and the only money they
received was 50/. which did not nearly cover their out-
lay. In proposing this he did not ignore the merits
of a great many people who had improved upon it ;
but he claimed for Mr. Bell that he was the first man
who constructed a machine which kept the field for a
whole eeason. He showed the great eipense whieu

90

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGETCIILTUEAL GAZETTE.

[JANU4.ET 26, 1867.

had been saved to the farmers by this machine, and
proceeded to say that he did not wish the Society to
give a money testimonial, although the Society had
often done so as the reward of accomplished success.
Mr. Bell was not in a position to attract attention. He
was a minister of the Church of Scotland in one of the
poorest parishes, and he believed a pecuniary reward
would be more agreeable than if he were a richer man,
although rich and poor alike deserved reward for their
good deeds. All he asked was that they should
empower the Secretary to work the machinerj' so far
as sending out circ ilars and receiving the contribu-
tions was concerned. With that courtesy and kindness
which he was sure the members generally experienced
at the hands of their new Secretary, he had intimated
that he was perfectly willing to undertake the duty,
provided the Society would allow the small expendi-
ture that would be neoes.sary in employing for a few
weeks an additional clerk to direct the letters, &e. He
(Mr. Skirving) therefore proposed that the Society
should take up the matter, so far as to allow the Secre-
tary to send out the circulars and receive the
subscriptions.

Professor Rankine, Glasgow, in supporting the
proposal, said that Mr. Bell occupied the same position
in relation to the reaping machine as Watt did in
relation to the steam-engine. All the reaping machines
that were invented before the days of Bell turned out
to be failures, and it was his invention that had ren-
dered them successful, just as Watt did with the
steam-engine ; and 'all improvements that had since
been made on the reaping machine were merely follow-
ing up the ideas of Bell, as the improvements on the
steam-engine were following up those of Watt.

The Duke of BnccLEUCH then put the motion to
the meeting as follows: — " The meeting approve of the
proposal to raise a testimonial to theBev. Patrick Bell
by public subscription, and authorise the Secretary to
give his assistance to the gentlemen who are promoting
it." The noble Duke said the first time he attended an
exhibition in connection with the Highland Society,
he recollected perfectly v. ell seeing a model of Mr. Bell's
reaping machine on the ground. He was very young
indeed at the time, but he remembered hearing many
people say of the machine that it might work well
enough as a model, but would not be capable of per-
forming the work of the field, because it would be
impossible to get horses to push the implement before
them. He thoiight the country was under a deep debt
of gratitude to Mr. Bell for having worked out his idea
in such a way as to have rendered the reaping machine
a great success ; and the Highland Society ought to do
what they could in order to express their feelings of
gratitude to one who stands, as had been well remarked,
in much the same position in regard to reaping
machines as Watt did to the steam-engine.

The motion was then put to the meeting and carried
with acclamation ; and, with a vote of thanks to the
Duke of Buccleuch for presiding, the proceedings
terminated.

Farmers' Clubs.

Swindon: The Malt Ta.T.—At the late monthly
meeting of this Club, Mr. Thomas Arkell said : — In the
first place I must say a few words on the evils and
pressure of this tax, as it now affects us. What is the
case at the present time in consequence of the late wet
harvest ? There is great difference in the price of
Barley; it varies more than half, for I see in the
Cirencester market, where the highest and lowest are
quoted, it is quoted from 26s. to 54.s. Now is it possible
to support by argument or countenance in any way
the same amount of tax on an article worth 26*. as one
worth 5k. ? Ought any Chancellor of the Exchequer
worthy the character of a financier to continue such
injustice for one year, even though we may call this an
exceptional year, as no doubt it is ; and not only
exceptional, but I am afraid to say a ruinous year,
having such a wet harvest following so closely upon
the cattle plague ? Tet perhaps even this disastrous
and exceptional year may be sent for some wise
purpose, and if it helps to open the eyes of the
public and our legislators to the monstrous
injustice and impolicy of levying a tax of 21-s. 8d.
on a quarter of Barley worth only 26s., and the same
duty of 21s. Sd. on a quarter of Barley worth Sis. — I
say again, if it will open the eyes of the public to this
gross injustice, I will hope this disastrous year (to
many) may not be an unmitigated evil, especially if we
can date the repeal of the malt-tax from the Session of
Pariiaraent following the year 1866. As I said before,
I do not intend taking up your time in bringing before
you the many sound reasons that have at various times
been met by saying, "it is inexpedient to repeal it :
money must be raised for the use of the State, and you
must put up with it." Just such a reason might have
been given for the continuance of any tax that has
been repealed. As I hope several of you present will
enter into a discussion on the merits, or rather the
demerits of this tax, I will at once lay before you, as
clearly as possible, the more important part' of the
paper — the present state of agitation for its repeal.
The Centr.al Anti-Malt-tax Association has been in
existence four years, being formed by the delegates
from severa,l farmers' clubs and agricultural associa-
tions, meeting in London and supporting it by their
subscriptions ; and it is a fair question to ask, " What
has it done ? and what is it doing ? " In the first place,
in speakingof the financial state of the Association, there
has been received about 2500?., and the expenditure is
nearly the same, leaving in hand a balance of only 1007.
at the present time. N ow, considering the very moderate
sum received to agitate the country for the repeal of a
tax producing over 6,000,000?., I consider that we (for I
have been one of the acting members) have done a

good deal. In the first place an anti-malt-tax circular
has been started for the purpose of circulating letters

and articles on the subject, including the debates in
Parliament, amongst the people. A large number of
essays have been printed and (distributed gratis, and two
very important meetings have been held at the Free-
masons' Tavern, in London, on the eve of the last
Session of Parliament, at which a considerable number
of M.P.'s attended. Lectures have been given in
several large towns b.y the author of the prize essay ;
and the celebrated lecturer, Mr. Daw.son, who, I believe,
is now under engagements to deliver some more in the
large manufacturing towns of the north, has com-
menced in Birmingham, and I was told by a person
who heard him that it was a capital lecture, and made
a great impression and many converts to our cause ;
and last, though not least, there have been three
deputations to wait on the late Chancellor of the
Exchequer. Now, what are the fruits of the agitation ?
A most important question, I admit, and though I
cannot say that I feel certain of gaining our object
next Session, I think we have made impressions
which, if followed up, must ere long be followed with
success. With regard to Mr. Gladstone, I consider we
have made a strong impression on him on the three
several occasions we visited him. After the first
he gave us the Cattle Malt Bill, which we all
know has been of no use, in consequence of the
many restrictions imposed ; the next time he
gave us the Malting by Weight Bill, another altera-
tion without improvement ; and last, he talked to us
about the difficulties (though he said probably they
were not insurmountable) of altering the malt tax for
a beer tax, plainl.v showing that he had some scheme
for relieving us after his two previous failures. Now I
think you must all admit that to drive such a hard,
clear-headed financier as Mr. Gladstone is considered
to be, from post to pillar and pillar to post, is no slight
achievement, and must ])e considered that we in a
great measure, if not altogether, convinced him that
the pressure of the tax was injurious to the agricul-
tural interest. At the last meeting of the Council,
held the 6th November last, the question of a beer tax
instead of a malt tax was discu.ssed at considerable
length, and I will, as briefly as possible, state a few of
the ai'guments, pro and co».,made by those present. In
the first place it was stated that a tax levied on the
manufactured article must raise the price much less
than when imposed at the commencement of the
business, as is the case with the malt tax, because it
requires more capital to carry on the business, and
there must naturally be a profit on extra capital, and
it would be made in accordance with the acknowledged
principle of taxation, of imposing a duty on the manu-
factured article instead of the raw material. In the
next place it was agreed that a beer duty would
necessarily place the liirmers and agricultural interest
upon the same footing as other classes, viz., as con-
sumers, only we should then have no special grievance ;
the malt tax would be repealed without neces-
sarily diminishing the revenue, the Central Anti-
Malt-Tax Association might then be dissolved,
we should only be affected as consumers, and, nu
doubt, when the labouring classes (the great consumers
of beer) were ready to agitate for the repeal of the beer
duty, we should be ready to join them. It was stated
that id. per gallon on brewers, and a licence for private
brewing, according to the number of a man's house-
hold, would bring in a revenue equal to the present
malt-tax, and save the great expense of the excisemen
surveying any of the malt-houses in the country. It
was stated also in the war times, when there was a duty
on both malt and beer, the revenue derived was
3,834,4807. on malt, and 3,110,5707. on beer, being a
tot,al of 6,915,0507., and the spirit duty at that time
amounted to 4,850,1787. Now, the revenue from malt
in 1864-5 was 6,394,5537., and from spirits, 13,479,4267.,
showing, if figures can show anything, the clog the
present malt-tax is to the consumption of beer, whicli
IS, or at least ought to be, the beverage of the country.
These, though not all, were some of the strongest argu-
ments used in favour of advocating beer duty^ in lieu
of the malt duty ; but luckily, perhaps, for consistency's
sake, there were a few wise heads amongst us. Mr.
Cobbett. Mr. Fielden, and others, said, however pre-
ferable the one may be to the other, it would be very
much out of place for the council of the Anti-Malt-tax
Association to give up the ground we had gained, and
advocate the imposition of a tax, or as the phrase goes,
chauge our tactics in the face of the enemy ; therefore
we shall continue, and mean to be the advocates for the
repeal of the malt tax.

Jlr. J. A. Williams said that ever since tliere had been an
agitation he had taken a part in it, and he intended to iintil
they got some alteration. But he had lived to alter his
opinion upon the mode in which relief ought to be given. Mr.
Arkell had referred to the late harvest and the Barley crop.
In .Swindon market that day there stood two sacks of Barley
side by side— one had only made 2(1.^., the other going for 53*.
He had got a sack of perfectly sound Barley, weighing 10 score,
dry, which no maltster would take under any circumstances,
and he was compelled to sell it to Mr. Brind at 32s. Gtl. That
sack was equal in quality to Mr. Wallis's, who had sold for
42s. What caused this difference in prices ? He maintained
that it was nothing else but the abominable duty upon malt.
His Barley, though it might not have yielded so large a
quantity of saccharine matter as his neighbour's, would have
given a large per centage of profit to the maltster, if he
haa not got to pay duty. That duty was the means of putting
bright Barley at a premium, and discoloured Barley at a dis-
count. He had taken a little pains to ascertain the effect of
the duty upon the agricultur.al interest in another shape. His
Barley made 32s. Gd., and he was told he got a good piice for
it. What was the .amount of tithe to pay on the same black
Barley by this unjust system of tax.ation ? He had looked
into the Gazette for the last three weeks, and there were the
average prices of Barley for the kingdom, upon which they
paid tithe, and for which every f,armer who rented upon a corn
rent depended. November 3rd, 43s. lOrf. : November 10th,
44s. 9f?. ; November 17th, 45s. 3^^ ; average, 44s. "id. He
would ask any fjirmer what was the average price of black
Barley in Swindon that day ? For they would have to pay on
44s. lid. Was it worth while to agitate the question or not ?
Let them look at it in another sense. This duty put a veto on
their using malt. There was no duty- on cider, and a simple

illustration could be given for that. Suppose the Chancello ■
of the Exchequer said to himself that he would tax it. If he
acted in the s.ame way as with the m.alt, he would go into the
orchards and have the Apples estira,ated before they were ripe.
Presently, when one had a pudding, they would have the satU-
faction of knowing that they paid duty upon that. It was
■vrong upon the very face of it. .The dut.y, if there was one at
ill, should be put upon the manufactured article. Mr. Arkelll
bad referred to the result of ' the tax in .augmenting the con-
sumption of spirits. The Chancellor of the Exchequer had to!
ask himself, " If we take the duty off. what will the distillerar
say ? " The Chancellor knew that the beer duty was a monsteij
t.0 grapple with — it w.as not less than 2O,00O,OO0L This he was]
certain of, that he should go into his gi-ave before the duty
was tiikcn off malt, unless a substitute was found. The Hop-
■:rrowers had gained their point by a substitute being found.
\Vhy should not the malt-tax be paid in the same way— upon
the manufactured article ? If the duty were taken altogether
off malt, the consumption would be as much again. If they,
were united and stuck to their point, they should get the dufy'[
off the naw material and put upon the manufactured article. '
-Mr. Wentworth, of Andover, some time .ago, having a flock of!
200 lambs suffering from foot-.and-mouth disease, had given |
them malt— they recovered, and sold nine months old at 69s. l
That person paid 51. duty on the malt he gave those lambs.
He thought they should go at once to the Goveniment. and
ask for the transfer of the duty from the r,aw material to the
manufactured article. He did not believe they could keep il
from them. It did not follow that they were to stop there—
that w.as another question, but it then became a question foi
the consumer at large. Those were his \dews.

Mr. J. Reynold.s, of Gloucester, while admitting the hard
ness of a duty on the raw material, unhesitatingly assertec
that if the duty on malt was to be removed, it must be bj
economising the expenditure of the conntry : .and if thej
approached the matter in any other w.ay, they would find thai
it would be so much time wasted. He urged all who were ir
favoiu: of economising the expenditure of the country to joir
heart and hand in endeavouring to meet the deficiency which
an abolition of the m,alttax would occasion by a re-adjustmeni
of the general system of taxation.

Mr. Tho.mas Arkell could not see how, as Mr. Reynolds
stated, this question involved taxation amounting ti
20,000,ono^ They wished to confine their attention to the
sum naised by the malt-tax, which was 6,000, 000?. It hac
been said that if the duty was taken off beer its consumptior
would be increased at the expense of spirits ; but it should bt
borne in mind that they, the malt-gi'owers, had been suffering
to an enormous extent for past years. As a previous spcakei
had stated, the t.axes upon beer had driven people to spirits
and as a result of that, less B.arley had been required and u
many instances lower prices realised. Years ago, when th(
malt and beer duty r.aised 6,000,000;., spirits raised little ovei
4.000,000(. ; now the latter realised about 13,000,000;., whili
the former rem.ained about the same. This would show tha
they had been suffering to the extent of nearly two-thirds.

Farm Memoranda.

Chatteris, Isle of Elt, Cambeidgeshihe '
January 17- — We are now in the midst of winter, anc
with real winter weather. Up to the end of the yeai
the weather had been generally moist and growing, anc
the late-sown Wheats had sprung up rapidly, anc
vegetation generally was vigorous and unchecked ; bui
during the very last hour of the old year snow-cloud:
gathered, and snow-flakes, fast and thick, fell al
around; and whilst we were thoughtfully and sole-nnlj
watching and waiting to witness the last vibration o
the penduhun for 18G6, and were preparing to bid a foi
ever farewell to an old friend, until at length our voice:
in song proclaimed — " The arrow is flown, the moment
is gone," and we gave a hearty welcome to a ne\\
friend, and with right good will and joyous heari
greeted those .around us, wishing them "a happs
new year ;"— whilst all this was transpiring, we say, all
Nature was being mantled in a garb of fleecy white-
emblem of purity and virtue. With the new year
then, began our winter. All our predictions of anothei
open winter like the last were falsified. Since 1860-61
we have not had such rough storms or such intense
frosts. We have had 20' of frost, and with the
exception of four or five days the month has beer
severe. During the flrst week of the year, althourfi th(
frost was intense, vegetation did not appear to suffer, ii
being protectecl by 2 or 3 inches of snow. Bui
the present severe weather commenced and con-
tinued some few days ere the snow came
and we shall not unlikely flnd its effects
upon our Fen Wheats may be somewhat serious
but at present we can form no correct estimate. It if
now snowing, and during the last two days we havf
had storms; these may possibly afford timely pro-
tection, and prevent firrther mischief As a rule, frost,
especially naked frost, accompanied by keen northerli.
winds, does much mischief to crops growing on fei'
lands. Our Fen Wheats were looking very well, anc^
promised a full crop up to the change of weather
except 15 acres of Clover lea, which the slugs had muoii
damaged, not only thuming the plant, but making r
look sickly and unhealthy. We purpose, after a while ^
giving it a dressing of nitrate of soda, mixed probabl;
with a little superphosphate. It is a very unusua
circumstance to have Fen Wheats injured by slugs
whereas on the high lauds and stiff soils it is of com-
mon occurrence. We quite expected, after the lonf
wet summer, our Bean stubbles would suffer largely
Our usual practice is to break these up for Wheat wifl
the steam cultivator, but this year the season was si
unfavourable, and the land so water-logged and unkina
that there seemed no prospect of doing any gooo
whatever, and we abandoned all hope of steam culti-
vation, and instead ploughed up the Bean stubblef
ivith horses, and got the Wheat sown as well as we
could under such unfavourable circumstances. Thf
previous winter having been free from frost, and the
spring, summer, and autumn almost continuously wet
made these tenacious soils work very unkindly, anc
we were prepared to see a failing plant of Wheat, bu
we must say have been agreeably disappointed. Ou'
only failure, therefore, is the slug-eaten Wheat oi
black fen land.

The frost has come very opportunely for cartm!
manure on Barley stubbles for Beans and Peas. Wi
have in this way manured 66 acres, and between thi
frosts managed to get part of the land ploughed, aH'

JakuaBY 26, 1867.]

THE GARDENEES' OnRONICLE AND AORICUETURAL GAZMTTl':

91

jery tough and unkind it was, but this weather will
ncUow and pulverise if. und make it a t<eod seed-bed.

Our Cole.seed.s and Kolil llalii have been mod, but
■lie Mangels are ronsideralily smaller than liist year.
We are pursuing our usual course of making our
draw into manure by sheep in yards. A long expe-
■ic'iiee only eouvinces us that on lands like our own,
11(1 I'ircurastanced as we are, it is by far the best
ih ans of getting manure made, it is impossible for
lioci) to be more healthy, or get fat more rapidly than
liey do in yards. We have 110 breeding ewes, 160
am'bs, and 21)11 feeding sheep, all of whicdi are employed
a treading down straw, au(l, we may add, most;suceess-
"nlly, both as regards the manure and themselves. Our
oots are all stored, and we consocinently experienced
10 didieulty in keeping them well and regularly fed
his inclement weather. The breeding ewes are allowed
i bushels of cut Kohl Rabi per day, 1 quarter of Oats
ler week, and straw ad libitum. The lambs get all the
<.ohl Rabi they can eat, and straw to pick over for
luusomont ; and very fond of it they are, with Peas,
*ea-hran. Cotton and Liuseed-eake, to the value of
ji/, per head per week. The fat sheep also get Kohl
iabi and straw in the same way, with Peas, Cotton
nd Ijinseed-eake, to the value of from 8rf. to iW, per
lead per week. Roots grown on I'en lands possess so
ittlo leeding property that sheep cannot be made fat
rithout a liberal allowance of artificial and more
ostly food. But the more liberal feeding improves
lie ciuality and value of the manure, and we get an
iidireot advantage in that way.

It may not be out of jilaee perhaps to give one illus-
ration of the healthiness of ewes and their progeny
.'here the yard system was adopted, especially as the
vstem is so little known and is less practised. Last
ear we wintered our in-lamb ewes in yards, just as wo
re doing this year. We had 131 ; they lambed with
ery slight loss, and when the season was over we
mud ourselves in April with 121 ewes suckling
:>■! lambs. To-day — nine months after, 151 of those
uubs are living, and in good health. We leave this
irt to .sjieak for itself, believing it must carry con-
irtion with it. A. S. S.

Upton and the Long-hobns.— Of Mr. Chapman's
l>0 acres nearly one-h,alf is old Grass, and the rest is
enerally farmed on the six-course system. He breaks
n for Oats, aud sometimes 'dispenses with second seeds.
'Inere is a good marl subsoil, a little too strong for
'uiaiips and Barley, and not admitting generally of
iting off tht Turnips on the laud. In 18.j^j Mr. Chap-
lan won the 30/. prize given by Mr. Packe, M.P., for
le best-managed Leicestershire farm above 200 acres,
'he prize was only given for five years, aud Mr. John
iurbery. of Ibstock, Mr. Breedon Everard, of Groby
jodge, Mr. J. Toone, of High Cross, and Mr. Simpkin,
f Hoby, were the other winners. It has been laid
own by professors that the perpetual dairying of
asture land exhausts the phosphates. Mr. Chap-
aan's father was of a very ditferent opinion, and con-
idered that the pastures which he had known for more
ban 60 years were doubled in value at the end of that
leriod ; but that " the burdens on the land more
ban kept pace with its improvement." The dairy
lerds in the neighbourhood are principally composed
■f Short-horns and ''Half-horns,'' the latter of which
re, for the most part, a combination of Short-horn on
jong-horn. They come to good beef weights if not
aken beyond a first cross ; but of late years very little
jong-born element has been introduced among them.
?hese herds generally number from 25 to 35, and a cow
? expected to make from three to four cwt. (the long
lundred of 120 lb.) of cheese during the season, which
nay generally be taken to begin in April and last for
even mouths. Cheese has been as low as 50*., but 95*.
)er cwt. for a whole dairy was made by two or three
lairymen this year.

Mr. Chapman considers that for cheese purposes the
_.ong-horns are superior to the Short-horns. His
xperiments with a Short-horn friend, who selected his
ix best against the six Upton cracks in the height of
he Grass in June, showed that while the majority of
lounds of milk was 152 lb. to 135 lb. in favour of the
ihort-horn, the cheese curd from the larger quantity
ras only 14i lb. as against 19i lb. The trial was made
gain on September 20 with 36 Short-horns against
3 Loug-homs, and the 605 lb. of milk (10 lb. to a
:allon) from the former made only 664 lb. of curd, when
he 553 lb. from the latter made 69 lb. Of the Shorthorns
;3 were well bred and 13 were guiltless of the Herd

Jook

Mr. Chapman is pretty regular in his attendance at
he two great Christmas shows, and he occasionally has
, turn at the Leicestershire and the Warwickshire for
he glory of the old breed. Nine firsts at London and
ix or seven at Birmingham have fallen to his lot, as
veil as firsts at the Exeter, Windsor, Battersea, and
'lymouth Royals, but Long-horn men are shy showers,
nd some of these victories were walks-over. Old
iparkenhoe has departed to the (Coventry butcher for
M. 10s. at five off, and his skin alone fetched 2?. 8s. id.
lad it been a bullock's it would have fetched
ven more. The thick skin is the very glory of the
ace ; it weighs well to the currier, and it saves the
■east much torture from the gadflies. When Arthur
-'ouug walked the earth, and found Bakewell among
lis cow teams, with his Long-horn bullocks "as fat as
pears," and the boast on his lips that they had three-
ifths of roast to two-fifths of boil, he estimated their
lide as worth 15s. more to the tanner than the Short-
.orn of that day. . . . The leading points are of
ourse identical with that of all other four-legged beef
'reducers ; but as regards colour, a white back, with
potted thigh and shoulder, and cherry red, spotty,
rindled, or claret sides, are most liked. The coat
bould be as curly as possible, and a face with a darker
hade intermixed is preferred to a white or " bald." A
ght-coloured or black nose is not liked, and its shade

if possible shoulil be in keeping with the sides. Mr.
Gibbs, of Blackford Mill, had several whole-coloured
red-briudlcs, and tliero have been some whites ; but
too much white is always thought to betoken delicacy,
and the darker colours are nrefcrred,

Tlio plainest cows are often the best milkers, and the
milk of a seven or eight-year-old one is thought the
richest. Some of the best " tiUpails " have given their
19 quarts at two meals, and the dairy farmers have in
rare instances been able to calculate l\ cwt. of cheese
from one cow. They arc kept in winter on Barley-
straw and pulped Turnips, with hay in addition near
calving time, and nurse well wdion called on during the
first mouth or six weeks.

Unless it be some bull-elect, Mr. Chapman's calves
never suck the cow. They have new milk from the
first, which is lessened when the cheese season begins,
and gradually they come to oilcake and Linseed boiled
in whey, or the overnight's milk. As a rule they are
dropped from the middle of March to the end of April,
just in time fur the cheese season. They are remarkably
gond-tenipfrod. and easy to do with, and the onl.\- fault
which the Imtcliers have again.st the bullocks is I hat
there is not enough of the steel-yard inside them. Very
few are exported: but Mr. Chaimian lias exported a
couple of bulls to Montserrat iu the West Indies, to
cross with the native black cattle, aud also sent several
to Ireland. The Upton herd at present numbers
between 70 and 80, and sometimes three dozen cows
and heifers are in milk. The heifers are put to in their
third summer, aud their constitution, which is as tough
as their skins, enables them often to work on till they
are 1-1 or 15 years old. Of course they are being
perpetually replaced by younger ones, long before they
are worked out, and go off to ditferent herds for a change
of blood; and during the last few years several
Uptoniau matrons have found their way to Spondou
and Calke Abbey.

On entering the first shed we found old Lady
Cheesepan under condemnation for losing a teat, which
six calves had sucked duriiii; her nine years' pilgrimai

land. By an indenture of the same date, made between
the (Jompany of Hic ciic pail, and the defi'iidant of the
other part, the V puny a'.;nc.l locxcinic the drain-
ago works for 15,6011/,, in considi'i-atiuii i,r ;i rent-charge
for 30 years at li/. per cent, on the amount of contract.
Uy another indenture between the Company and the
plaintiff, Mr. R. S. W.aters, aud made at the same lima,
the Company engaged the plaiutilf as contractor to
complete the drainage works, the Earl of Shaftesbury
to advance the necessary money for materials, &c,, from
time to time. In 1862 other contracts between the
same parties were executed for further works, for
11,270/. In 1863 the plaintiff left the defendant's
service, and he now claimed to bo jiaid the whole
amount advanced by the Company to the defendant in
resjicct of the works completed under his (the plaiutitf's)
contracts. The amount stated to have been received by
the defendant was 21,008/. 13s., whereas he had only paid
the plaintiff' 17,181/. l.v,, and this bill was filed by Mr.
Waters to recover the balance of 3827/. 12s. The
defendant resisted the claim on the ground that the
plaintiff, being in his employ at a fixed salary, was
only his agent in the matter, and therefore only entitled
to charge the actual amount expended iu the construc-
tion of the works, which amount had been paid. More-
over, it never could have been contemplated by the
Legislature that a steward to a landowner, to whom all
his services were due, should be allowed to make a profit
out of the drainage works on the estate at the e.xpense
of the persons entitled to reversion. The ease for the
plaintiff was, that he was merely a contractor for the
Company for the construction of the works, that this
contract was entered into with the full knowledge and
sanction of the defendant, and had nothing whatever
to do with his duties as steward to the defendant, and
therefore he was entitled to the whole benefit of the
contract. The Vice-Chancellor held that there was
nothing in the position held by the plaintiff' as steward
to the defendant to prevent his entering into the con-
tracts in question provided he had taken no advantage
of that position. No such case had been made out

and there, too, was a good specimen of a bullock of aaainst him, and therefore the plaintiff was entitled to
Sparkenhoe's get, in equally steady aaid successful pre- ' the balance of the contract-money after making deducr
pai-ilion for those Chri.stinas boxes which the Smith- | tiou for all such sums as had been paid by the
field Club dispenses with no nigg.ard baud. These ' defendant for materials supplied during the execution
"prize-fighters" generally require a year -an,d-a-half of of the works. From this decision the defendant
it, with oilcake and a little meal as their flesh ' appealed. The Lord Chancellor on Friday held that
stimulants. Then we pass through the calf meadow, I Mr. Waters had entirely failed to establish his case,
which contained 17 Lord Curzous, over the sward : aud reversed the Vice-Chancellor's decision, with costs,
which no plough-share has violated within legal ; Irisk iSfatifttics. — A comparison of the agricultural
memory ; and threading divers hedges, where 20 gene- statistics of Scotland and Ireland appears to me to be a
rations of Long-horns have shaded themselves uuder I fair way of arriving at some important conclusions
the wide-spreading " Crab Apples," we reach the Big | regarding the agricultural prosperity of the respective
Meadow. About two miles away is the well, which countries, Scotland has an area of 19,639,377 statute
alone is left to mark the spot on Bosworth Field where i acres ; Ireland has 20,322,641 acres. The population of

King Richard lost his life and his crown. The Wars
of the Roses still linger iu one sense round the spot,
but Mr. Michael Tavemer's garden is the head-
quarters of the many-coloured army, and the Sparken-
lioe tent is their field of battle.

Two steers by old Sparkenhoe, and one of them half-
brother to the 53/, 10s, steer at Mr, Cox's sale, stood at the
g.ate, guarding this Long-horned harem. The lengthy
Earl of Derby was in the very centre of the field, with
a steer at his side, and his 32 spouses were grouped
about him. There are some sights in wandering from
herd to herd and flock to flock that you never forget
again. John Qiiartly's Devon cows, as they filed down
the meadow after the sale, one of them, " the cow
called Brown," in-calf with Sobieski, a future Royal
winner, and the Cranes' .Shropshire ewes swelling into
still grander proportions as we looked at them iu the
gloamiu', were pleasant and incisive visions, and there
is something very quaint and grand in a field full of
Long-horns. Old Rose's fine bold eye had not been
subdued by the weight of 13 summers aud the labour
and sorrow of 11 calves. Well may Mr. Chapman say
" That old lady owes me nothing." Countess, her
daughter, by Warner's Sir Richard, has rather more
size ; and from her ive pass on to Spot, with her horn
curled right into her face, and her nine and ten quarts
at a meal. The grey-faced Broadhorns is the dam of
the feeding .steer, and Lady Sparkenhoe, a deep, nice
cow. The big " (Cumberland cow," with the hind legs
so neatly set on ; and Duchess, the dam of Ivanhoe,
and first at Sparkenhoe, are all high in the ranks. There
too, are Woodbine, by Warner's bull, lying, as usual,
right away from the rest ; Wroxhall, a sister of Earl of
Derby's, and of rather a lighter brindle ; old Crum]), dam
of the best of the two young steers ; the light-coloured
StrawbeiTy, fellow-heifer with Ivanhoe in the show-
yard ; the dark old brindle Pailfiller, with her failing
udder; an I Bald-face, the marrow to Brindled Beauty,
which went to Sir John Crewe's. They are generally
out in the winter for four or five houi-s a-day. In the
hou,se they live principally on straw and Turnips,
which are cut, and then mixed by a combined machine,
whose lift can be so managed as either to iill the store
or load the carts outside, through an aperture in the
barn wall. [Extracted and a.hridged from a graphic
report in the Marie Lane E.vpre.'is of Jan. 7 — /"=//"/
Chapter 57 of the Herds of Great Britain, hy S. H. D.']

Miscellaneous.

A Land Steward's Claims.— The Lord Chancellor
gave judgment on Friday in the ease of Waters v. the
Earl of Shaftesbury. This was an appeal from a
decision of Vice-Chancellor Stuart. The plaintiff was
head-steward to the defendant from the year 1851 to
July, 1863, at a salary of 430/. a-year. In May, 1857,
the defendant entered into a contract with the General
Land Drainage aud Improvement Company, by which
the Company, under the powers and authorities of their
Act of Parliament, were to advance a certain sum of
money to the defendant, and to execute some extensive
drainage works on his settled estates, the amount of
which was to be a charge upon the inheritance of the

Scotland in 1861 was 3,062,294 ; of Ireland, 5,798,967.
It is necessary to bear these figures in mind rightly to
appreciate the following important facts : — Scotland
had last year .actually under corn and green crops
2,029,797 acres; Ireland had under corn and green crops
3,655,534acres. Of the estimated ordinary stock of cattle,
Scotland had 968,637 ; of sheep, 6,255.077 ; Ireland had
3,742,932 cattle ; sheep, -1,270,027. These are the Board
of Trade returns. Now, assuming these figures to be
correct, Ireland had iu proportion to the area of the
two countries, 1,555,120 of acres more than Scotland
under tillage. Again, Ireland, according to area, had
2,740,591 more cattle than Scotland. On the other
hand, according to the same standard of comparison,
Scotland had something like a million more sheep than
Ireland. These figures tell favourably for Ireland.
But the fact to which I wish to call special attention
is the number of agricultural labourers in the two
countries. According to the census of 1861, Scotland
then had .378,609 labourers ; Ireland had at the same
period 988,929. Now, if the 2,029,797 acres uuder
tillage iu Scotland can be suflieiently cultivated with
378,609 labourers, the 3,655,534 acres in Irelaud ought
to be cultivated with 681,839 labourers. But here is a
surplus of 307,090 people, male and female, absolutely
not required for the cultivation of the soil. Is it any
wonder, then, that the tide of emigration should
continue to flow ? It will continue to flow until there
is a natural balance between the acres to be cultivated
and the hands to cultivate them. There is no fear of '
the day ever coming when there will not be suliicieut
men to till the laud. In some districts the natural
balance of supply and demand is becoming apparent in
the increased wages and consequent increased comfort
of the people; but there are districts still overcrowded
with a starving agricultural population. It has never
been my fortune to witness a scarcity of bauds, I
could always get more than I wanted. But it has been
my fortune to live in districts more amply supplied
than others where I have also lived, and I have always
seen the best wages paid where the hands were fewest.
An Irish Land Steward, in the Times.

'■ Oh, the Roast Beef of Old England ! "—The sad
twinges borne by that " undercut " before we eat the
sirloin iu London— the Slesvig thumps to drive it to a
pen on the "VVeser, the German whacks to force it up a
gangway on board, the hauling and shoves, the
wrenching of horns and screwing of tails to pack it iu
the hold of the steamer, the hot thirsty days and cold
hungry nights of the passage, the filth, the odour, the
feverish bellowing, and the low dying moan at each
lurch of the sea — who can sum up these for one
bullock's miseries ? and there are thousands every day.
Who dare tell them, or ought to tell them, unless
these cruelties can be stopped and these suft'erings put
an end to ? But they can and they will be relieved,
for good and wise men have taken this subject in hand.
Our captain, and, indeed, the crew and the drovers,
did not appear to be heartless in the matter. It is the
system aud plan of shipping cattle at all which must
be amended. To put suffering, dying bullocks in the
same steamer with passengers is utterly a mistake.
The vessel cannot be used for both purposes without

92

THE CtAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGEICTJLTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Januabt 26, 1867.

beinj; unfit for either, since the two are quite incom-
patible. If a poor bullock becomes at all sea-sick he
speedily dies. If he is even weaker than his unhappy
companions, and lies down after two days and nights
of balancing on sloiDpy, slippery boards, he is trampled
under the others' hoofs, and squeezed by their huge
bodies, and suffocated by the pressure and foulness.
Through the livelong night, while we Christians on
board are sleeping in our berths, these horrid scenes
are enacted, and no one to see them. Morning comes,
and the dead must be taken from the living. A great
boom is rigged up, and as we lean over the rail to look
on there is a chain let down, and the steam-winch
winds, and winds it tight and straining with some
strong weight below, far, far down, in the lowest of the
three tiers of ' filet de bceuf,' where no light enters,
and whence a Stygian reeking comes. Slowly there
comes up first the black, frowning, murdered head and
horns, and dull blue eyes and ghastly grinning face of a
poor dead bullock, then his pendent legs and his huge
long carcase. To see the owner's mark on his back
they scrape away the slush and grime, then he is
swung over the sea, and a stroke of the axe cuts the
rope round his horns. Down with a splash falls the
vast heavy carcascj and 20^. worth of meat floats on a
wave or two, then it is engulfed. Another and another,
and 22 are thus hauled up and cast into the sea, and
this, too, on the first day of a very calm passage.
"What must it be in a storm ? Oh, the roast beef of
old England ! " The Rob Eoij in the Baltic," hij J.
Macgregor, M.^.

Cattle Flague.— Wh&a the year [1866] began, and
for some months before and after, we were losing
thousands of animals a week from cattle plague, which
nobody now doubts was imported into this country from
Russia. It may well seeni that the cattle plague has been
one of the great calamities of the year. It has destroyed
253,791 animals, and 52,496 cattle have been slaughtered
to prevent the spread of the disease. In Cheshire, as
many as 53 per cent of the cattle have been destroyed.
The pecuniary loss arising from the plague is esti-
mated at .3,500,000Z. The price of meat has been
accordingly very high. But there is another side to
the question. Indirectly, it has been the cause of a
large amount of good. The investigation into the
origin and nature of the disease, as embodied in the
three Eeports of the Commissioners, and especially in
the Third Report, will take its place among the most
valuable works in the history of scientific medicine.
This investigation was, in truth, a model of what all
investigations into the nature of disease should
be. The very errors of the Commissioners were
scientifically conceived, as they were scientifi-
cally disproved. The successive adoption and
abandonment of theories which in turn compared
the cattle plague to various human diseases will
serve at once a,s a caution and a guide to medical
practitioners. When, for example, ]1r. Murchisou
pointed out the close analogy which cattle jilngue bore
to smallpox, members of our own profession and those
of the veterinary art vied with each other in the great
crucial experiment of vaccination. For three or four
weeks the intensest interest was felt in the results, aud
the whole country underwent an education on the
nature of medical investigations which has left it more
intelligent and more respectful ever since. At the
beginning of the plague false theories of its nature and
origin were rife. It was said by many to have originated
spontaneously in England ; to have no contagious pro-
perty ; and to be curable by remedies the most diverse
and unlikely. At the end of the plague all these
theories were disproved. On the question of the cause
or the oontagium of the disease, the investigations of
the Commissioners rendered it probable that it is of
the nature of organic particles of epithelium thrown oS'
mainly from the lungs of animals already affected. In
nature the disease was shown to be a fever sul iieneris
intensely contagions, but incapable of communication
to other animals than those of the ruminaut order.
The eruption on the mucous surfaces was shown
to be epithelial, and not pustular, in character.
The curious observation was made that, at the
beginning of the disease, in animals which to
all appearance were well, the temperature rose.
Various other points of great practical and scientific
interest were made out by the Commissioners-
interesting not only in reference to the cattle plague,
but as tending to indicate ihe nature of other conta-
gious diseases. Among these wo shonhl mention the
fact, ascertained by Dr. Sanderson, that the blood is so
charged with the poison of the disease that this can be
produced by inoculating with the serum. We should
specify the valuable researches of Dr. Angus Smith and
Mr. Crookes in reference to the disinfection of the
poison of cattle plague. Passing from these valuable
investigations, we have only to say that the delay which
occurred in legislating upon this subject 'was an
instance of the harm which accrues from ignorance on
the part of statesmen and other public men of the
nature of disease, and imperfect respect for the
teachings of medical science. But, after all that the
nation has suffered for not doing what those best
acquainted with the disease from the beginning recom-
mended should be done, and after tlie complete success
which has attended late legislation on the subject, it
would he unhandsome to dwell upon this point. It
would be unjust to Professor Gamgee not to allude to
his yaluable contributions on this subiect. Tliough
received at first with something like ridicule, it must
be acknowledged that, to some extent at least, " he held
his own." Lancet.

Ifotices to Correspondents.

Oats axd Bakley : A. If 8 quarters of Oats jind 5 of Barley
be equally cood crops, then if the Barley is well liarvestcd it
will generally be worth more money than the Oats. Barley-
straw generally has some dried Clover among it. By itself,
however, Oat-straw is sweeter and better food than Barley.

Sutton's Fotatos for Planting.

MESSES. SUTTON'S UESCKIPTIVE LIST is now
ready, and may be had gratia and post-1'roe. Their stock of
Potatos has been selected with great cire. and can be relied on as
perfectly true to name. Lowest price per cwt., sack, oi- ton,
forwarded on application.

Sdtton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

tSeed Fotatos.

GEO. SIBBALD, Ihiimgcith, by Dundee, N.B., has
for Sale about 100 Tons of the following kinds, of bis own
growing. Prices on application ;— I'.ARI.Y DALMAHOT, DAIN.
TREE'S EARLY, CHISWICK (^[.UsrER, EARLY OXFORD.
EARLY RED EYES, WALKEIl'.S REGENT, ENGLISH
EMPEROR. ELDKE KIDXEV, MYATTS PROLIFIC, and
PATEKSON'S EARLY RED KIDXEY.

Seed Fotatos.

HAND P. SHAEPE are now offering MTATT'S
. PROLIFIC KIDNEY, DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY. FORTY-FOLD, FOX'S SEED-
LING, EARLY OXFORD, and many ottiir Early aud Late varieties,
fine m quabty, free from disease, and at low prices.

_ Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire.

POTNTEE'S EARLIEST and BEST PEA, the
hardiest and earliest out, price only Is. Hd. per quart. See
Advertisement, p. 1180 of Gardeiicra" Clironicls for 1866

To be obtained Retail in London of Messrs, Jas. Veitch & Sons,

Chelsea, S,W, ; and Mr. B. S Williams, Holloway, N. ; and

through any Seedsman, in one quart packages only, with Traite

Mark, the Crown and Royal Oak, and blue label. None other genume.

Robert 11. PoTNTtR, Seedsman, &c., Taunton, Somerset.

CHAELES TUENEE'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
and may be had on application.
The Best three WRINKLED MARROW PEAS are—
LITTLE GEM, Earlv, 1 foot high.
ADVANCER, Second Crop.
PREMIER, Summer and Late.
See full descriptions in C. Turn-er's CATALOGUE, now ready.

SNOW'S BROCCOLI. 'I'rue,
HEDSOR WINTElt CUCUMBER.
BAILEY'S SUPERB CABBAGE.
All the e.stablished varieties of Vegetables from the best soorces ;
also the Novelties in Flower ."Seeds,

The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Sutton's Fnze Cucumber Seeds,

SUTTON AND SONS can supplv SEED of all the best
kinds of CUCUMBERS, including Berkshire Challenge, Berk-
shire Champion, and many others. For List and prices of which
see Messrs. SUTTON'S CATALOGUE for lS6r, which will be for-
warded gratis and post free on application.

Sdttok £ Sons, Royal Berkshire .Seed Establishment.Reading.

New Cucumber— Cassburn's Surprise.

Wjr. L. SKINNKE, NuKSEuvMAN and Seedsman,
Silcoates, Wiikeficlrl. in oflering the above splendid CUCUM-
BEK, feels the utmost confidence tliat it will give eutiie satislaction
to the Nobleman .is well ns the Market Gnrdener,

The liavour has been pronounced by an ominont medical prac ■
tittoueras splendifi ; the size IS to 24 inches, little or no seed, and
a most abundant crooper. In packets of 2s. (irf. each.

E.irly orders must be given, ns the supply of Seed vi only limited.
A remittance must accompany all orders. Maybe procured from
M&'-srs. B unsT & Son, Seed Merchants, 0, Leadenball Street,
London, E.G. ; and Messrs. J. Bacejiouse li, Son, Nurserymen and
Seedsmen, York,

SKED CATALOGUE now ready, and may be had on application.

Nuneham Park Onion.

Wjr. CUTBIjSH and SO^'' have -reat gratification in
announcing that this SUPERB NEW ONION has In every
instance, where shown, obtained the first prizes, and numerous testi-
monials nave been sent to them from various parts of tUe country,
confirming the opinion that it is the largest and heaviest cropper of
all Onions. It is also of exceedingly mild flavour, and keeps as long
a£ any variety extant. In Sealed Packets 'J.s. Gd. each.
Trade price on application.
Highgate Nurseries, Loudon, N.

To Farmers, Gardeners, and Otliers.

EXCELLENT CABBAGE PLANTS (Slncks not to be
surpassed), mav bo bad in any <]uaiitiLiuH as follows : —
ENFIELD MARKET (cash price), 2.v. Gd pur 1000
THOaSAND-HEADED (cash price), 3s. per lO(X)
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION, true (cash price), 2s. Crf. per 1000
DRUMHEAD (cash price), 2s. M. per 1000
RED DUTCH, for Pickling (cash price). 5s. per 1000

(Special offers made to large purchasers).

A CATALOGUE of GENUINE NEW SEEDS, on application. A

remittance or reference is requested from unknown correspondents.

Fhlde.. Gke, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire

HENRY DKWAK and SON bc-r respectfully to offer
Seed of their very superior IMPROVED SHORT-TOP RED
BEET, which was awarded Two First-class Certiflcate.s at the
Gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society. South Kensington, on
Nov. 7 and Dec, H, 18G5 ; also Seed of their solid crisp white
NORTHUMBERLAND CHAMPION CELERY, which was
awarded a First-class Certificate at the Iriternation.-il Show, Siuth
Kensington, Dec. 9, 18iij. In addition to the First-cla.ss Certificates,
the Silver B.mksian Medal of the Royal Horticultm'al Society was
awarded for the above Beet and Ct'lery.

In sealed packets only, stamped with our name in full, at Is. per
packet each. Price to the Tra'to oc prepaid application.

Seed Establishment, 97, Grey Street, Newcustle-on-Tyne.

HENRY'S PRIZE HYBRID LEEK.— The Largest
variety In cultivation ; grows 16 inches in length of blanch,
and lOi inches in circumference. Has carried off the First Frizes at
the leading Shows in England and Scotland.

Sold in Sealed Packets at Is. each by
DowNiE, LAian, & Laiko. 17, Frederick Street, Edinburgh, and
Stanstead Park, Forest Hill, London, S.E.

Game Covert, Forest Planting, &c.
TAMES SMITH offers the following :—
M The RHODODENDRONS are fine bushy well-rooted Plants,
fit either for Woods or Pleasure Grounds; the LARCH are fine
stont Plants, better cannot be jirown: also PRIVETS, LAURELS,
BERBERIS (in .sorts), SCOTCH, SPRUCE, and SILVER FIRS,
ASH, OAKS, BEECH, BIRCH, PINUS AUSTRIACA, &c., all
strong woll-rooted plants, a PRICED CATALOGUE of which will
be forwarded on application.

LARCH, good stout plants, per 1000 :—li to 2 feet, 14s. ; 2 to 3 foot,
16s. ; iii to 31 feet, 18s. ; 3 to 4 feet, 'iQs.

RHODODENDRON PONTIGUM, bushy, well-rooted plants, 6 to
12 inches, 105s. per 1000.

Do. do., 9 to 15 inches, 18s. per 100; 160s. per 1000 ; per 10.000, £79.

Do. do., 1 to J i foot, 23s. per 100 ; 220». per 1000 ; per 10,000, £106.

Do. do., \\ to •! feet. 305. per 100 ; 2905. T'er 1000.

Do. HYBRIDUM, 6 to 12 ins., 30s. per 100 ; 2U0s. per 100.
Price to the Trade on application,
James Smith, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock.

w

VIRGO AND SON having a large Stock of the
. following, can offer them at very low prices :—

FOREST TREES.

Alder, 3 to 5 feet, extra strong
Ash, 18 inches to 2 feet
Beech, 2 to 3 feet, very good
Berboris dulcis, 2 to 3 feet

,, Aqulfolium, 1 to \\ foot
Chestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 feet, and
6 to 6 feet
„ Spanish, 2 to 3 feet

Strong CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS.
Strong MANETTl STOCKS.

Fir, Scotch, \\ to 2 ft., ertraflne

„ Spruce, 3 to 4 feet, extra fine

„ Larch, 2. 3, & 4 ft., extra flae

Hazel, 2J to 3i feet, extra fine

Holly, Green, IJ to 2 feet, bushy

Laurel, Common, 24 to 3 ft., bushy

„ Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex, bushy

Privet, 2 to 3 feet, extra bushy

IFRUIT TREES.
Apples, Standards and Dwarfs, very strong
Cherries, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dwarf-tiamed, extra fin©
Fears, Swndards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Nectarines, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Kentish Filberts, 4 to 5 feet, extra flno

PRICED LIST or samples on application at
The Nursery, Wonersh, near Guildford, Surrey.

Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., has to offer at vnrr moderate
prices TRANSPLANTED ASH, ALDER, BIRCH, HORSE
CHESTNUT, ELM. broad and narrow-leaved; SILVER and
SCOTCH FIRS. WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE, HAZEL, OAK,
POPLAR, PRIVET, WEYMOUTH and AUSTRIAN PINKS,
THORN QUICKS, HUNTINGDON and DUTCH WILLOWS,
LARCH, good stout plants, li to 2 feet, 12,s. ; 2 to 2i feet, i3s. ; 2 to
3 feet, 14s. ; and 3 to 4 feet, ICs. per 1000. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR,
6 to 9 inches, Gs. ; 0 to 12 inches, 9s. ; 1 to 1* feet, 14s. : li to 2 feet.
21.^. ; snd 2 to 2i feet, 30s. per 1000. COTONEASTER MICRO-
PHYLLA, 1 to 11 feet. 20s. per 1000 ; li to 2 feet. RIBES in sorts.
2to 3 ft.. 20s. per 1000. SNOWBERRY,2to3ft., 20s. per 1000. BROOM,
AVhite nndYeilnw,transptanted,lo.«.per 1000. LAURELS, BERBEEIS,
ARBOR-VlT^.Sc, Seedling ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CHESTNUT,
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 vears ; ELM. 2 years, £6 ner 100,000. OAKS,

1 and 2 years; OAK. EVERGREEN, 1 year; PRIVET, 1 and

2 vears; SYCAMORE. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 2year8,
tis. ; 4 years, Ss. per IdOO ; 3 yean*, and 1 year transplanted, 18s ;

3 years, and 2 years trai'splanted, 25s,; 6 to 9 inches, 60s.; and
9 to 12 inches, GOs. per 1000. Twicc-transpliinted, and bushy, 4 to
S inches, 70s. ; 8 to 12 inches, 9os. ; 9 to 15 inches, 140s. ; 1 to IJ feat,
180s. ; and IJ to 2 feet, 2ms. per 1000..

A PRICED LIST forwarded on application. Price to the Trade
on application.

Joseph Smitu, Jun,, Moor Edge Nursery, Tausley, near Matloolc,
Derbyshire.

Extensive and well-grown Nursery StocK.

J SCOTT, ftlcrriott. Somerset, has to offer as
• under :— FOREST TREES :— Acacia, 5 to G feet, 10s. per 100;
Alder, 3 feet. 25s per 1000 ; Beech, 2 to 21 feet. 30s. per 1000 ; do.,

3 to 4 feet, 35s. per 1000; do., 4 to 5 feet, 80s. per 1000; Che.'itnut,
Horse, 3 to 4 feet, 80s. per 1000 ; do., 4 to 5 feet, 10s. per 100 ; Chest-
nut, Spanish. 2 1eet, 30s. per 1000; do., 3 feet, 36s. per 1000; Elm,
English, 4 to 5 feet, 10s. por 100 ; do., 6 to 6 feet, 20s. per 100 ; Elm,
Wych, 4 to 5 feet, SOs. per 1000; do., 5 to 6 feet, 10s. por 100; Fu^,
Larch, 2 feet, 20s. per 1000; do., 2J to 3 feet, 25s. per 1000 ; do., 3 to

4 feet, 30s. por 1000; Scotch, li to 2 feet, 18s. per lOOO ; do., 2 to
2i feet, 20s. per 1000; do., 2i to 3 feet, 268. per 1000; Silver, 0 to
12 inches, 50s. per 1000; do., 12 to 18 inches, 80s. per 1000; Spruce,
li foot, 26s. per lOCO; do., 2 feet, SOs. per I'lOO ; d^.. 2i feet. 35s. per
1000 ; do., 3 feet, 40s per inOO ; Hazel, 2 to 2i feet, 25s. per 1000 ; do.,
2^to3feet, 30s. per 1000; do., 3 to 4 feet, 40s. per 1000; do..4t()

5 feet. 45s. per 1000. The Hiizol is especially fine. Oak, Eoclish,
2 to 2i feet. 35s. per 1000 ; Willows, from 30s. to 50s. per 1000 ; Yews,
2 feet. fine. 76s. per 100 ; Holly, 2 feet, extra fine, 60s. per 100.

FRUIT TREES, the best Collection in England, are grown to a
large extent, and free from evorv kind of disease. A !)2-pac6d
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, with cultural notes, free. Apples,
COO sorts in all manner of training, from 6rf. to 3s. Cd. each ; Apri-
cots, Nectarines, and Peaches, Maiden and Dwarf- trained, from 6a.
to 3s. Gd. rach ; Cherries, Standard and Pyrlimidal, Is. to 26. Go-
each ; do. Dwarf-tiainod, Is. 6d. to 2s. Gd. each, in ?X) sorts. May
Dukes and Morellos to the trade in quantity, cheap. Pears, 800 aorta,
from Gd. to 2s. 6d. to 6s. each, according to size ; Plums, Pyramidal
and Dwarf-trflincd. 2s. 6d. to 35. Gd. each. Deodar Cedar, 4 to 6 feet,
Zfm. per dozen; ft to 6 feet, 36s. per dozen ; G to 7 feot, 42m. per
dozen. Magnificent tree.s with fine balls. A splendid collection of
ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS equally cheap.

QELECTEl) SILVKR SAND. PEAT, LOAM, ROCK,

O Sandstone, Garden Pots, Vases, Tazzas, Figures, Gravel, Garden
Implements, nnd materials of all kiuns for Sale in any qu;intity by
Railway, Cunul, and Ship to all parts of the United Kingdom.
W. Shout, Horticultural Depot, Reigate, Surrey.

LOCK'S PATENT POTASH MANURES.

This is the onl}^ ^'perfect" MANURE ever yet offered to the Agricultural Public,
containing, as it does, that most important element of every cultivated pltmt — Potash.
J It is tar superior in efficiency to Peru^'iun or any other Guano, as it supplies every
f comtitue7tt requisite for each Special Crop.

Eauh Manure is specially prepared for the Crop for which it is intended, and is
solJ in Bags containing the necessaiy Dressing Jbr One Acre.

The WHEAT, BARLEY, and OAT MANURE will effectually prevent the
LODGING of the Corn, so frequent on lands deficient in Silica.
The CLOVER MANURE is a certain cure for Clover sickness, so prevalent in some Counties.
'Ihe GRASS MANURE noutains an abundance of Silicate of Potash, which is by far the predominating
ilejnent in all Grasses, aud which has never before been offered for Sale by any Manufacturer.

For full particulars see Circulars, for which apply to the
SOUTH of ENGLAND MANURE COMPANY, LIMITED, TIEDBKIDGE, HAMPSHIRE,

who are the Sole Manufacturers.
*** AGENTS WAI^TED for the UKITED lOKGDOMi

JANTTAIIT 26, 1867.]

THE GAllDENERS' CIIEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL (JAZETTE.

93

r HE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(Estahlibdrd 1840).
Hftvo now ready lor delivery In dry fine condition,
CORN MANORE, for SpriuR Use
DISS(.)LVEU m)NES, for iJiossing Pasture Landa
' SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME

i PREPARED GUANO

I MANGEL nud POTATO MANURES

I Also Gonumo PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
,x Dock Warebouao; SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISHERY
)jVLT, Ao. 'E. PuRSKK, Seureury.

OtHoOB, 116, Fenchuroh Street. E.G.

L AWES' MANURES.

The Manures manuftictured by J. B. Lawks for the preaont
icaflon of 1860 aro now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
ullowlng prittos, per ton : —
.AWES' PATENT TURNIP MANORE, and BONE I a. d.

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME « « 0

^WES- SUPIORi'lIOSPIIATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 6 6 0

-AWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 8 0 0

'ONCENTRATEI> CORN and GRASS MANURE.. .. PJ 0 0

Tliese Mamiros can be obtained of Mr. Lawks, or through the

Fumigate your Greenhouse with

TO IJ A C 0 U J' 1 S S U E.

— will Destroy all the InHectn and not Injure the Plant»; Is
entirely Tree from pupur or ra^, and will burn without bluwlng.

Pricw :)((. «(/. pur lb,, ciirrlaxo hue. To bo hail of MuHHra. Roberts
St SoNM, Tobacco MimufactuiorH, 61, St. John Street, (Jlorlconwoll,
E.C, and of all SoutlHniuiiantl NurHurynioii.

A

PHIS WASH in VINEUIES

HOUSES.

and ORCHAKl)

At the first opportunity iiaint the trees with a solution of
*AphlH Wash,' prepared at tlie City Soap Works ; It not only
dvstrroj'B the brown aphis which Infests Peach trees, but also scale,
and evury other peut capable of lodictng In the bark." — Extract Ironi
Oardcner>t' Maffnzine, .lanuai-y fl, 1H(17.

"For HtienKtlioiitng tho Krowth and effectually deatroying all
forms of blli^lit, tho "Aphis wash' supersedes uvory ot lie r prepara-
tion."—See Oaydemrs' Vliroincle, August lil, iMlj ; and ilardentrs'
Mamisiue, July 1, 1S05.

Sold by Chemists and others, in \». bottles, and 2s. Orf. a gallon,
with f\iU diroctiixiH lur use.

I Wholesale ;it thu t^itv Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.C.

btalned or Mr. l-awks, or througn tne
arts of the United Kingdom, at prices

ppolnted Agents in all pi
. arying HCconllnR to cost or carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from tho Importers, Nitrate ol
loda. Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

.(VmeriCiiu and other Cakes at market prices.

Address, John Uennkt Lawks, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
:.C. ; and 22. Eden Quay. Dublin.

To those who have a Garden.

rllE ItOUriN MANi;UK will lu- foimd most
invaluiiMo for Kitchen and Floivt^r Gardens, Consorvatories.'&c.
t KtlniulatetJ the healthy action and rapid growth of plants, and
iQcrea-sfS their prodiicts.' It also destroys Amcricaa blight, and
out and leaf Insects of every description. Sold in bottles, 1.'*. 6(^,
■*. Od., and 4s. 6d. each, with full instructions.
Agents in London: —
Icssrs. Hurst & Son, Seedsmen, Ac., fi, Leadenhall Street. E.C.
., Carter & Co.. Seedsmen, ic, 237, 238, and 201, High Holboru. W.C.
,, Flannagan & Son, Seedsmen. iSc, US, Cheapside, E.C.
I „ Barclay & Sou, 95, Farrlngdon Street, E.C,
., Smith &, Co., Seedsmen, Ac, Floral Hall. Kingsland, N.E.
,, Dixcin & Son, Seedsmen, 2, Moorgate street, E.C.
Ir. J. Brigden, Seedsman, kc, Loudon Bridge Station, and King

William Street. E.C.
„ B. S. Williams, Paradise Nursery, Highgate Hill, N.
,, R, Wnod, Nursorj'man, Haverstock Hill, N.W,
. K. H"\,rnriuindSeeaMerchant,Bi8hojisgate Street Without, E.C.
,, ,1. Miibkct, Seedsman, die, Ito, High Street, Claphani.S.

\/lANUHE (SUGAR SCUM).— About 50O Tons of this
-T-L escellont Manure fnr Sale. Price lO.*. a Ton. Delivered free
ito trucks at any of tho Lundoii Railway Stations. Apply to
D. :MAnTiwEAU & Sons, Sugar Refiners, Christian Street, London, E.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE ,

^-^ la becoming scaroi:, the I
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2,t., 10 for
10s., 2 for 30s., 60 for Us., 100
for £0.

Fourpenco aJlowed for each
bag returned carriage -paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-offlce
Order, payable to J. Barshau ft
Co., Kingst6n-on-Tham63, S.W

I APPLEBY'S GENUINE TOBACCO PAPER,

ljL in 2 lb. and 4 Id. packets.

For Testimonials see Qardeners' Chronicle, Dec. 15, 1866, p, 1187.

Price on application to Heshv Appleby, Foreman to Messrs. Ivery
[ Son, Dorking, Surrey.

Winter Dress all Fruit Trees with
.ISKUKST COMPOUND.

Copy of a Letter from Mr.
Rivers, X^uraa-tea, Saiv-
bridgeivorth, Herta, 22d Oct. ,
1861.
" I must tell yoii what
hewd to-day from ii very clever
gentleman farmer. Anthony
Bubb, Esq., of Witcombe Court,
GloucB.>*ter, He has a wall to
wliich Poach trees are trained.
Well, last autumn they were in
n wietched blighted state. Aa
a desperate remedy he unnailed
them all, early lost February,
and gavu all but one a tborougli
painting with Gishurst Com-
pound, 1 lb. to tbe gfdion of
water ; his trees, all but the
one, commenced to giow
favourably iu spring, and aro
now pictures of lieu,)th. The
tree not painted is iu a half-
doai bliglited state. Housed
the samu die-sing to bis Apjile
trees ; it killed the woolly
Aphis eutiroly, and has m^me

his trees clean and vigorous in thoir giowtli. He intends to p.iiut

his wall trees annually, and tells all hia friends to do tlio same.

1 shall certainly serve all my young Peach trees against my walls iu

the same manner. The Compound is, I believu, more efllcacious

than tho usual offensive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and

it does not blacken the shoots on the w^vlls."
Jor Orchard-lionso Trees, ozs. to the gallon will be found a good

strength ; whon used stronger some buds on weakly trees may be

Injuied,
GISIIURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nm-scrvmen and

Seedsmen, in boxes, U., 3s., and 10s. Crf. each.
Wholesale by Price's Patent Candle Company, Liiiited, Belmont,

Vauxhali, London, S.
Gishurst Compound has more recent testimonials to its efflcacv,

but none more conclusive than the above, which has been pubiishijd

before.

ryiREE and PLANT LABELS.-IO.OOO Cloth Punohod

J- Labels, :i Inches long, for 1&«. ; u HicIios long, 2U DoUvorod

freo In London. Samplus sent on receipt of iti. stamp. " ' """

Jonn Fisher k Co., West Row Works, Bo«ton, Linoolnshlre.

/;i ALVANISED WIRE CAULE STRAND FENCING

VjT for FARMS, PARKS, and GARDENS. ^^^^^^^*^t

Tho OUIGINAL INVENTORS and MANUFACTURERS.

The CHEAPEST, STKONGEST,and NEATEST FENCING In USE

THOUSANDSofMILESofthis FENCING have boon SUPPLIED
by us at homo and abroad. It bustaina no Injury by being
trespassed upon.

Price, with five lines of Strand and Iron-pronged Standards, and
one straining post, stay ami screw bolts to every K'Oyanls, l.i. pur yard.

Five lnie.sot Cable Strand and Staples for wooden posts, fld. per yard

HURDLES, HURDLES, HURDLES, U. VU. to 3^. IK/, per yard.

CONTINUOUS IRON FENCING, GATES of all kinds:

PATENT STRAINING PILLARS, 4c.

GALVANISED WIKK NETTING for POULTRY, 4c.

GALVANISI-;!) S\Vl.N(f WATER BARROWS.

GALVANlSiCD IRON WATER CISTERNS.

GALVANISED IRON PUMPS.

LAWN MOWERS. GARDEN ROLLERS.

ASPHALTE ROOFING FELT, Id. per square foot.
Motlky it Okeek.
Illustrated Catalogues and Estimates free on application.
12, Great George Street, Loeda.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

Red Spider MagniHed.

Asphalte Roofing Felt,

ONE PENNV per .Square 1-oot.

CKOGGON AND CO., MANUFACTirnERs,
f 63, New Earl Street,) , .„ .^„ „ „
\-M, iiiead Street. | London, E.C.
69, GEORGESQ., GLASGOW ; 2, GOREE PIAZZAS. LIVERPOOL.

Lawn Mower Repairs]

ALEXANDER SHAM KM and bUN would suggest to
their numerous friends the desirability and importance of
having their Lawn ilower.s put into proper order before the com
mencemont of the Mowing season. If attention be p;iid to this
request some disappointment may be avoided, because in the early
spring the necessary time for repairing Machines is to some extent
denied them, on account of the press of business connected with tho
manufacture and despatch of new Machines.

Machines for Hepair can bo addressed, Alex. Shanks & Son,
27, Leadenhall Street, London, E.C. (where Repairs are e.xocatedj ;
or to the Manufactory, Dens Iron Works, Arbroath, N. B.

■.-^'>^^W:i*^tW^,u^^-<v^23

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT RLACK VAKNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is au
excellent substitui,o for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied bv an ordinary labourer
requires no mixinj; or thinning, and is used 'cold. It is used in the
grounds at Windsor Cnstle, Kew Gardens, and at the scats of manv
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most Ihittering
testimonials have been received, wbieb Hill & Suitu will forward on
application.

From KicnARD Heumino, Esq., Bordestey Park, Worcestershire.
y "Gentlemen,— I have great pleasure in stating that I highly
approve of your Black Varnish, as a substitute for paint for (arm
buildings, barn doors, gates, and especially when the wood has beoii
previously painted iu the usual way a few years before ; in this par-
ticular case it leaves a very nice glazed surface, than which nothing
could be betttr. The same observation also applies to ironwork ol
every description, such aa iron hurdles, &c. The WroUKht-iron
Barrow with apparatus for heating gas tar has been found moat
usetui, and so great a convenience do I consider it that I sh-i-ll beg
you to send me another, as well as a cask of tho Black Varnish, for
the use of the property which I have In Warwickshire. Please to
send the whole by the same conveyance as before."

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at 1«. flrf. per pallon, at the
Msiiufactoiy, or Is. 8d. per gallon paid to any Station in the kincdom.

Apply to Hill & Smith, Brlerly Uill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.G., from whom only It can be obtained.

HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS,

COMBINING STRENGTH AND DUKABILITT,

MANUFACTURED BY STEAM-POWER MACHINERY.

LOWEST PBICES AND BEST MATERIALS.

OEMSON'S

PATENT WROUGHT-IRON MULTITUBULAR BOILERS.

JPEICES ON APPLICATION.

IRON AND WOOD CONSERVATORIES OP THE MOST CHASTE AND ELABORATE DESIGN.

VINERIES, PINERIES, PEACH HOUSES, FORCING HOUSES, GLASS CASES FOR WALL TREES, PITS, &c ,

Designed and Built, combining all the latest Improvements, so as to answer their intended purposes without risk of disappointment.

I^" Plans, Specifications, and Estimates on application.

HENRY ORMSON, F.S.A.,

HORTICULTORAL BUILDER TO HER MAJESTY, AND HOT-WATER APPAEATUS MANUFACTtTRER TO THE COMMISSIONERS OF HER MAJESTY'S

ROYAL PALACES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS, AND TO THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

STANLEY BRIDGE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

94

THE GAEBENEES' CmONlCLE AND AGRlCtlLTTJEAL GA2ETTE.

[ jAlfUiET 26, 1867.

EIDDELL'S

PATENT PORTABLE ELASTIC PIPE-JOINTS,

TSPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR

HOT-WATER PIPES FOR HEATING CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, ENTRANCE

HALLS, CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, OFFICES, PRIVATE RESIDENCES, &c.,
BY THE CIRCULATION OF HOT WATER;

AND ALSO FOR COLD WATER AND GAS MAINS, STEAM PIPES, CONDUIT PIPES FOR DISTRIBUTING ARTIFICIAL MANURE,

AND FOE OTHER PURPOSES.

f;'^td~Ce

THIS JOINT is formed by a single ring of Vulcanized India Rubber, or other suitable substance.
This ring fits into a circular groove on the face of the flanged ends of the pipes, and the Joint is
completed by four bolts, which can be tightened up to any desired degree.

Fi'om the elastic character of the Joint, it admits of expansion without leakage, and from it-s extreme
simplicity it is rapidly put together. Nothing, in fact, has to be done but to place the ring in the groove,
bring the flanges together, and screw the four bolts which go through the flanges at each Joint to the degree
requii'ed to make a water or steam-tight joint.

The PATENT JOINT, without increasing the first cost of the Pipe, saves nearly all the labour of fixing.

It will recommend itself to Horticulturists and to Country Gentlemen, from the fact that a complete
Hot-water Apparatus, consisting of Patent Slow Combustion Boiler, Connections, and Hot-water Pipes, witl
all the necessary appendages, can be fitted together in the Patentee's Manufactory, and be erected at tht
purchaser's residence by any ordinary labourer in two or three hours after it is received, it being onlj
necessary for this purpose to supply, with the order, a drawing of the ground plan of the house to scale— sa}
of half-an-inch to a foot— showing the position of the doors, the proposed situation of the Boiler, and tht
most convenient course for the Pipes.

Another very important object accomplished by the PATENT PIPES must be mentioned, viz., that tht
whole Apparatus can be removed and re-erected without trouble or risk of injury to the Pipe or Joints.

PROSPECTUS, with PRICE LIST and full particulars, on application to the

PATEiNTEE'S WAREHOUSE, 155,-CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.G.

RIDDELL'S PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILERS

For WARMING CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, OFFICES, ENTRANCE HALLS, CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES,

FACTORIES, &c.,

BY THE CIRCULATION OF HOT WATER.

It may safely he af&rmed that this Boiler is the most perfect in principle and performance of any yet offered to the Public : —

1. It is extremely simple in conatraction, and is not liable to get out of repair.

2. It is portable and complete within itself, and requires no brickwork setting.

3. It is powerful, effective, and economical ; the maximum of heat eliminated by the burning fuel is utilised, and
no part of the heat generated is uselessly conducted away by a mass of brickwork.

4. It neither requu'ea attention nor gives trouble. After the fire is kindled, it wiU keep in full action from
8 to 20 hours (according to the size of the Boiler), without the sUgihtest attention, a peculiarity which cannot be too
highly valued by all who possess Conservatories, Hothouses, &c., as it dispenses altogether with watching and
nightwork.

5. It is not attended with any danger from fire, the burning fuel being completely enclosed.

6. It does not necessarily require auy additional building for its accommodation, but it may be safely placed in au
Entrance H.all, Conservatory, or any Apartment where access can be obtained to a Chimney.

7. It can be fitted in an Ornamental Case, and forms a stiiking contrast to the heavy mass of brickwork usually
r equired for setting an old-fashioned Boiler.

THE PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILERS, AND A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF HEATING BY HOT WATER,

MAY BE SEEN IN OPERATION DAILY AT THE PATENTEE'S WAREHOUSE, 155, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON,

where every information relative to Heating by Hot Water can be obtained.

ESTIMATES PREPARED FOB ERECTING HOT-VATER APPARATUS ON THE MOST IMPROVED PRINCIPLES AJI^D AT THE LOWEST POSSIBLE COST.

1^ Orders executed in any part of the Kingdom ly skilled London Wbrkmen.

J. HADLEY RIDDELL, PATENTEE, 155, CHEAPSIDE. LONDON, E.G.

JanUABT 26, 1867.]

THE GAPraKRS' rnKOTSnCT.E AVX) 7\r,l?TrTTT,TT]l^AT, n\7ETTR

99

aOTHOUSES for tho MILLION.— Medal, 1862-
Invented nr tub late Sir JosKpn PATmN.

L u intbKti^.. "■ .".. ....... — ...

Monufftctiirod in London ; Newton In Carime), Lancaahln
lluucester; Coventry ; I'alslcy, and Aberdeen.

I LLl'STKATl'in I'KH'K LISTS will bo sent on iiinilicntiou to
l.ssr.s. 1Ikiu;man & Morthn. 7, T'lll Mall East, London, S.W.

.M.so, a llANUBOOK of VINE and FKUIT TREK CULTIVA-
lON, price I.h, ; post froo. Is, 1'/. ___^„_^_^_

HOT-WATKK APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the materials,
'7., Boilurs, Pipes, &c.. doliveiod to any Station.
Katlniatea ou rvpplication.
J. JovE8 & Sons. G, Hanksido, Soutliwark, London, S.E.

Heating toy Hot Water.

i\7" J. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,

t V • 3L Banlslde, London, S.E.

l|i>T WATER nrES, fiurn Stocic, per yiird :— 2-inch, Is. 2d :

iDLh, 1«. lOd. :and4-liicli, 2s. id. BENDS, from Stock, l«.(id., 2s. firf.,
j id 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, U)s., I3«. and 14*-. each. Other
juniiexions at equally low prices, and all goods of (Irst-class nianu.

otiire. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to

n- .s;iniO day.

1 0 T T A Jl r^ iTo" M P A N Y,

CoNSKBTAToiiT and Hothouse Builders, Ac,
Iron Works, 2, Wtnsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.
L'lt 24 30 inches lon^.

^ V, Cos. 92s. Orf. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
L! 3 4 Inch.

.•:■, {'••{. 2s. Id. 2s. 9d. per yard.
Materials supplied as above.
Estimates given fixed com-
ute to Plan, on application to
COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street,

(opposite the Fantheon),
iixiord Street, London, W.

a^

HOT WATCn APPARATUS

[AMES WATTS AND UO., Hoihodse Buildeks

and Hot-Water Apparatus Mandfaotdrers,
353, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.

)nn CUCUMKEi; uud ^M KWN BOXKS ami LIGHTS,
m/yJVJ all sizes, <Jlazed and Painted complete, ready for imnie-

- _eady 1

iate use, p.'icked and sent to all parts of the Kingdom.

Strong ZINC HAND GLASSES, all sizes.

References to the Nobility, Gentry, and Trade in most of the

ounties in England.

"^KAWSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for

~y HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Glazing without Putty."

" Glass without Laps,"

"Ventilation without Moving Lights."

Highly Commended by the Royal HortictUtm-al Society, South

lensington.

Plans and Estimates fVee Descnptiye Book fully

lluatrated, post free for 20 atu... ^ .^^ Author and Patentee.

AMES Cranston, Architect, Binmngiiam.

Works: Highgate Street, Binntngham.
UENRT J. GRonTAGE. Manager. 1. Temple Row West, Birmingham

'::iRKEN HOUSES, 42 M by 13 feet wide, £.50;
"d^J^ I'^'L't by 13 feet wide^ £28 ; l^Keet by 10 feet wide. £15
,azed re;idy for flxinc. ORCHARD-HOUSES, 10 per cent, cheaper
r Z h""' £?-^pRVATORY, 36 feet by 10 feet, £120. Estimates
jr any branch In Iron or Wood.

H. Freeman's Works, Trinngle, Hackney, N E
Established 25 ; ears.

Jreenhouses of Improved and Portable Construction

May be seen Erkcted at

JOSEPH SMITH'S Horticultural Works,

-' New Road, [lamniersmith.

.■iPAN-K00FS-2lft. by an. Oin., withStam £3-> 0«

24 ft. bv 9 a. 6 in. •- -

„ 23 ft, by 12 ft. 9 in.

„ :jo ft. by 19 ft. . .

LEAN-TO 17 ft. by 7 ft.

„ 20 ft. by 9 ft. 9 in.

„ 21 ft. by 12 It. 9 in.

,. 21 ft. by 13 ft

fifty strong 2.1n. Lights, 6ft,'
amted. £40.

?!St?'?.S'"°' ' f'- ' lo. by 3 ft. 7 in., ditto, £14 10«.
CONbfeRVATORIES, OUEENHotlSES, or VINERIES matio to
raer at Ij*. 3o. per foot.

MELON FRAMES of an improved make, ready at low prices
A iriMftS!!""'"' '"'' nentini! eUcctunlly by Ilot.Water.
iier"£«," "' lEACH.HOUSE, 41 'ft.' by 9 ft., with 14 ft.

37 0
70 0
16 10
21 0
30 0
27

8 in. by 4 ft.. Glazed 21-o'z., md well

TJ'OWLKR'S PATENT STRAM PLOUGH .ind

IJ CULTIVATOR may be SEEN at WORK in every Agrloi

ULTIVATORmay
County In England.

1 evory Agricultural

For partloulara apply to JouN Fowlkr & Co., 71, Curnhlll, Loudon,
C.C. ; and .Steam riougli WorkH, Leeds.

riOTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

cow FITTINGa.

Their advantages are — Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or FarUticns to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and P.atent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of I-ittlngs per Cow, 55s.

Prospeciuses free of Cottam & Co,, Iron Works, 2, Winaley Street
{opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W,, where the
above are exhibited, together with several Important Improvements
In Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

OHN WARNER and SONS,

8, Crescent, Cripplegate, London, E.G.,
BELL and BRASS FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTY.

No. 35.

PATENT CAST-IRON
PUMP, fitted with J. W. & Sons'
Metal Bucket and Valve, which
cannot clog in action, for Wells
not exceeding 2.'> feet.

Diam. Heiglit. £ s. d.

2} in. short . . 1 ft. 7 in. . . 1 1 0
2i in. long .. 3 ft. 3 in. , . I 8 C

3 in. long .. 3 ft. 6 in. .. 2 1 0
3J in. long .. 3 ft. G in. .. 2 fi 0

4 in, long . . 3 ft. C In. . . 2 14 0
2\ in. short, with 15 feet

of lead pipe attached,
ready for fixing ..200
2 in. long, do. do 2 14 0

No. 42.
IMPROVED LIQUID
MANURE or GENERAL
PORTABLE P U M P.-These
Pumps :ire fitted with J. W, &
Sons' Patent Bucket and Valve
and cannot clog in action. The
Barrel is made of Galvanised
Iron, not likely to corrode, and
can be raised or lowered at plea-
sure on the stand, the legs of
which fold together, and it mav
be carried with ease by one man
to tank or pond,

Price of 44-inch Liquid Manure Puinp, with legs, £2 16s, ; 2-inch
Flexible Rubber and Canvas Suction Pipe, 2s, 5^. per foot The
Barrel is 27i inches long, and the legs are 5 feet high.

WARNERS' PORTABLE FIRE or GARDEN ENGINE.

No. 568*.

For use by one Person price £2 2s,

No. 547b, ditto ditto, on Wlieels „ £2 10s.

aJ-^^-^^°^^ ^'"^ complete in themselves, and may be always kept

filled with water, and ready for use.

Letter to The Times, July 23, lS6G./roin Earl Essex.

A Real Fire Extinqdisher.

To the Editor of The Times.

"Sir,— I feel sure you will kindlv allot a small suace in the Times
to these few lines, .^s the best medium through which I would urge
every hoiiseholder who dreads fire to have on each floor of his honse
one or more pmall Garden or other Engineson wheels, always charged
and in good order, in case of lire.

" Last night. Just as I was going to bed, I was startled by that most
fearful of all cries, ' Fire, fire ! ' I soon learned that a fire was ragmg
in a larye two-windowed unoccupied bedroom. How caused is to us
all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small
Engines on each floor. In two minutas I was in the room with one
of them. It was like a f\imace. The curtains, shutters, casements,
and cornices of both windows were bmiiing and cracking from floor
to ceiling. I was quite alone at the moment, yet before assistance
arrived (most of the servants having gone to bed), I had completely
subdued the fire of one window without exhausting tho Engine, and
when assistance and more water did arrive, we very soon extiuguished
the other.

" So fierce was the Are that the lead of the casements was melted,
and the casements themselves were burnt oflf their hinges.

" I will only add, that by God's mercy, the house was saved by this
small Engine. Had it not been at hand and In order, most assuredly
Cassiobury would be now a heap of rxilns.— Yours faithfully,

"Ca-ssiubury, Watford, July 20. "Essex.

"The Engine, even when fiUl, runs so light on the floor, that any
woman might draw it, and also work it."

Caution to Gardeners.— "When you ask for

QAYNOli AND COOKK'S WAKUANTKO PRIZE

^^ PRUNING and BIIDDINCJ KNIVh,'^, ««« that y.,u ^ot them.
Observe the mark SAVNnR, also tho corporate mark Out aim
Warranted, without which none are genuine.

H. & C. regret having lo caution Gardenerft and othorn, but are
compelled to do ho, In coUHoquonco of an Imitation, of cominon
quiinty, having been sold for the genuine one, and which hax caused
many complaints to be made to them of KnlvoH which were not of
their make, all of whloh are warranted both by Sellerti .ind Makerit.

S. k C.'a PrunlnR and Budding Knives aio tLo oesi and tho
cheapont in tiie market.

Faxton WorkH. Sheffield. Etitabllahed upwards of 12fi years.

C~ HEAP rAVINfr~TILES.— A M:iniif!u;turm)>~ Firi
haaa considerable Stock of PLAIN and ENCAUSTIC TILES,
more or loss damaged in tho procesn ol manufacturing, that they
they would bo willing to DISPOSE OF at prices below those of the
commonest dcHcription of paving materials. To Landed PiopriotorR
they would he invaluable for the l''loor« of Cottages, Farm-housoa, &c.,
and would bo suppltod at a very low rate

D., Post Office, Broseloy.

1.ARDEN BORDER EDfilXG TILES, in great

ety of pRttems and matorinl, tho plainer sorts being
especially smted for KITCHEN GARDICNS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put aown incur no further labour
and expense, as Mo "grown" Edgings, conse-
quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, Ac, In
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. Rosnr.n, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriare, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W, ; Klngsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILESlbr Conservatories,
Halls, CoiTidoi-3, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stone^ in bine, red, and bufl" colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above,

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, P.,ed and Stoneware Di-ain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosder, at their Promises as above.

SILVER SAND~(REIGATE, best quality), at the .ibove
addresses — 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 28. per Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Whaif.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Woi>k. F. & G. RosHER. — Addresses see above.

N B. Orders i)rompt!v executed bv Railway.

By Royal Appointment

To HER MaJESTT,

By Special Warrant,
dated December 27, 18C6.

To the Prince of Wales,

By Special Warrant,

dated Febi-uary 10, 18GG.

DAT, SON, AND HEWITT,
Original and Sole Proprietors of tho STOCK-BREEDERS'
MEDICINE CHEST, for DISORDERS in HORSES, CATTLE,
CALVES, SHEEP, and LAMBS.

Patronised by upwards of Seventy Thousand ol the principal Stock
Breeders, Horse Proprietors, and Agriculturists of England, Ireland,
Scotland, and Wales.

The only True and Original "DAY'S CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS"
are prepared expressly by us. The Chest contains the following
m,atchless preparations ; —

Half a Dozen CHEMICAL EXTRACT, at shs. per dozen.
One Dozen GASEOUS FLUID, at 20s. per dozen-
One Dozen RED IJRKNCHES, at 13s. per dozen.
One Dozen RED PASTE BALLS, at 7s. Cd. per dozen.
Adapted for all ailments among Stock during the present season.
Price of Chest complete, with Shilling Book on Farriery, £2 16s. 6rf.,
carriage paid. Either preparation may be had separately in boxea.
Testimomals.

TIte Lamt/itiif Seasou.—The "Chemical Extract" is unequalled for
bad cases in dnawlng Lambs, and to stop heaving and straining. Mr.
Woods, in his Lecture on the " Breeding and Management of Sheep,"
says—'* My shepherd declares it to be worth a gmnea a bottle."

The "Gaseous Fluid" is famous for debility and exhaustion in
Ewes after Lambing: for diarrbtea in Calves and Sheep, and for
colic and gripes in Horses and Cattle. Mr. Bowick, in his prize
essay on the " Rearing of Calves," says— "The Gaseous Fluid is
sufficient for all the ills that Calfhood is liable to. I have reared 26
calves this vear, and by the use of the 'Gaseous Fluid,' I have not
lost one." Mr. Thos. Rigby (Cheshire), in his Lecture on " Summer
Grazing of Sheep," says—'* Day, Son, & Hewitt's Gaseous Fluid is the
best corrective of scour in Sheep I have ever tried. I can strongly
recommend their ' Medicine Chest' as a most valuable auxiliary to
stock-keepers of all kinds, but especially to shepherds. With the
medicines they give plain directions for use, which any man may
understand."

Orders sent by Post will be promptly attended to if addressed—
Day, Son, & Hewitt, Animal Medicme Factory, 22, Dorset Street,
Baker Street, London, W. ; or Wantage, Berks.

"Woods on ^heep," five stamps; "Bowick on Calves," three
tamps, both free by post.

Winter Ribbon Garden,

JOHN ROSS, Surbitou, Surrey, S.W., ia prepared to
LAY OUT every Description of PLEASURE GROUND,
SCENERY. Photographs of Ribbon Planting may be had for

inspection.

JOHN GlliSON, JuN., begs to announce that iie 13
prepared to Furnish FLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences^ or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS, and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Gibson-, jun., Surrey Lane. Battersea, S.W.

G_ Farm Poultry.

RET DORKING i-OWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY arid ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and earlv maturitv.
BRAHMA-PoUTRA, CREVECOiUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Bajlv & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

Salts fig flurtiom

Califomian Tree Seeds.
TVIR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AlICTTO:S", at

-IVX bis Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
MONDAY, January 28, at half-past lU o'Clock precisely, 300 LOTS
of Choice CALlFOllNIAN SKED8, lu.st arrived from California.
On vit^w tbe Jlorniug ul S;il^'. and Catalogues had.

First-class Pyramid and Dwarf Fruit Trees,

SpEciUKN Conifers, Frcit TaEts, Shrubs, Bolbs, &c. ,

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3ft, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, .January 30, at h.alf-paj)t 12 o'clock precisely, flrst-
class PYRAMID and DWARF FRUIT TREES, Specimen CONIFERS
for Lawns, JUSTICIAS, AZALEA.S, DWARF ROSES, SHRUBS,
and a great variety of BULBS for Spring Planting.

Ouview the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

96

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGEICDLTtmAL GAZETTE. [January 26. iser.

JOHN WEEKS & COMPANY

HAVE MUCH PLEASURE IN SUBMITTINa THE

FOLLOWING LIST FROM AMONG THE HUNDREDS OF DISTINGUISHED PATRONS

WHO HAVE ADOPTED THEIR

"ONE-BOILER SYSTEM" OF HEATING BY HOT WATER.

Any comment upon the sterling merits of the subjoined brilliant achievements would be supei-fluoua, and to be fully appreciated they must be seen in operation.

His Royal Highness the lata Prince Consort
His Grace the Arcbbishop of Canterbury
His Grace the Duke of Bedford
His Grace the Duke of Devonshire
His Grace the Duke of Leeds
Hia Grace the Duke of Marlborough
His Grace the Duke of Richmond
His Grace the Duke of Rutland
His Grace the Duko of Roxburgh
The Most Noble the Marquis of Aylesbury
The Most Noble the Marquis of Downsliire
Tho Most Noble the Marquis Townshond
The Most Noble tho Marquis of Westminster
The Right Hon. the Earl of Coventry
The Right Hon. the Earl of Chichester
The Right Hon. the Earl of Craven
The Right Hon. the Earl of Crawford
Tho Right Hon. the Earl of Cottenham
The Right Hon. the Earl of E.ssex
The Right Hon. the Earl of Fortescue
Tho Right Hon. the Earl of Harrowby
The Right Hon. the Earl of Kilmorey
The Right Hon. the Earl of Leicester
The Right Hon. the Earl of Lisbume
The Right Hon. the Earl of Macclesfleld
The Right Hon. the Earl of Nelson
The Right Hon. the Earl of Norraanton
Tho Right Hon. the Earl ol Oxford
The Right Ron. the Earl of Pembroke
The Right Hon. the Earl of Sandwich
The Right Hon. the Earl of Stanhope
Tho Right Hon. the Earl of Stamford
The Right Hon. the Earl of Shrewsbury
The Right Hon. the Earl of Stradbroka
The Right Hon. tho Earl of Selkirk
The Right Hon. Viscount Ashbrook
The Right" Hon. the Lord Bishop of Deiry
The Right Hon. Lord Ashburton
The Right Hon. Lord Boyne
The Right Hon. Lord Bridport
The Right Hon. Lord Camoys
The Right Hon. Lord Cranworth
The Right Hon. Lord Forester
The Right Hon. Lord Heytesbury
The Right Hon. Lord Kingsdown
The Right Hon. Lord Southampton
The Right Hon. Lord Sudeley
The Right Hon. Lady Ashburton
The Right Hon. Lady Clinton
The Right Hon. Lady Foster
The Right Hon. Lady Murray
SirE, Antrobus, Bart., Cheam
Sir J. Bailey, Bart., Crlckhowell
Sir A. E. Bellingham, Bart., Castle BelUngham
Sir E. Blackett, Bart., Matfen Hall
SirT. Biddulph, Bart., Rugby
Sir J. Burgoyne, Bart., Sutton Park
Sir E. Colebrook, Bart., M.P., Ottershaw Park
Sir C. Goring, Bart., Worthing
Sir R. Hamilton. Bart., Avon Cliffo
Sir G. Jenkinson, Bart., Berkley
Sir E. Lechmore, Bart., Upton-on-Severn
Sir J. Neeld, Bart., Grlttleton, Wilts
Sir H. Oxenden, Bart., Canterbury
Sir R. Peel, Bort., M.P., Drayton Manor
SirH. Wataon Parker, Bart., Stawell House
Sir Morton Peto, Bart., Sevenoaks
Sir Greville Smyth, Bart., Ashton Court, Bristol
Sir C. Shakerley, Eart., Congleton
Sir F. Smythe, Bart., Acton Bumell
The late Sir J. Paxton, Sydenham
Sir Benjamin PhUlips, Alderman, Westerham

His Grace the Duke of Leeds . .
His Grace the Duke of Marlborough . .
The Right Hon. the Earl of Pembroke
The Right Hon. the Earl of Coventry . .
The Rinht Hon. the Earl of Leicester
The Right Hon. the Earl of Normanton
The Right Hon. Viscount Ashbrook . .
The Right Hon. Lord Boyne
The Right Hon. Lady Asbburton

Sir Greville Smyth, Bart

Sir H. W. Piirker, Bart

Tedworth, Wilts

Mr. Alderman Waterlow, Highgate . .

W. Leaf, Esq., Streatham

Sam Mendel, Esq-, Manchester . .

J. Perrett, Esq., Heme Hill

T. N. Miller, Esq,. Bishops Stortford ..

J. Piatt, Esq., M.P.. Llanfairfechan . .

W. H. Stone, Esq., M.P., Havant

J. C. Pickersgill, Esq., Hooley, Croydon

Sidney Lawrence, Esq., Clapham ..

P. W. Flower, Esq., Tooting

Piping Jn Feet.
.. 5,000
.. 4,800
.. 3,000

C. Lucas, Esq., Claphai
T. Spode, Esq., Rugeley

D. W. P. Beresford. Esq., M.P

F. Death, Esq.

T. Maudsley, Esq

W, Nicholson, Esq

Royal Horticultural Society, London . ,
Department of Science and Art, London
Royal Botanical Society, London

Royal Zoological Society, London

Botanic Gardens, Liverpool

Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin . .

Botanic Societv, Cologne

Whitechapel Union, London

St. Thomas's Hospital, London

Mr, Woodroffo's Nui-sery, London

Messrs, E. G. Henderson's Nursery, London

Mosara. A. Henderson ft Co.'s Nuraery, London

Messrs. F. & A. Sraith'a Nursery, Dufwich . .

Messrs. F. & A. Dickson's Nursery, Chester

Messrs. Jns. Dickson's Nursery, Cuestor

M. Louis Van Houtte's Nursery, Ghent

Bur^varton Hall, Salop

Sandon Hall, Stafford

Weeka's Show Establishment

1,600
1,100
2,090
5.4.')0

3,220
8.9S0
1,700
5,110
1,400
4,410
7,770
G.2o0
3,«U0
3..60O
4,900
5,780
2,9i)0
2,200
5,200

. 2,400

. 1,480

. 2,900

. 3,025

. 22,000

. 18,540

. 5,980

. 6,000

. 3,5011

. 2,580

. 4,000

. 7,000

. 3,600

. 4,300

. 3,8.i0

. 3,000

. 8,280

. ;i.2<'fl

. 2.800

. lo.yco

. 3,000

. 2..100

. 8,000

CHUECHES, CHAPELS, &c.

Sandgate Church

Morden Church

"Weybridge Church

Preston Church

Faversham Church

Edenham Church

Benefield Church

Hornnastle Church

Hawkeshead Church

New Church, Kensington

Now Church, "Weybridge

All Sainta' Church, St. John's Wood

Christ Church, Kensington

St. Mary's Church, West Brompton

St. Silas Church, Pentonville

St. Paul's Church, Deptford

Christ Church, Newgate Street

Christ Church, Forest Hill

Ham Church, Derbyshire

Catholic Chapel, St. John's Wood

St. John's Chapel, Islington

The Synagogue, Great Porthind Street

The Synagogue, Upper Bryanatoue Street

Welsh Chapul, Soho

PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

Cheater Infirmary

St, Thomas's Hospital

Worcester Infirmary

Whitechapel Union

Lancaster Bank

Preston Bank

Barrow Bank

Wreiham Bank

Winchester College Library

The Law Courts, Lancaster

The Tower of London

Tho Urosvenor Hotel, Cheater

St, Peter's Home, Brompton

Codicote Schools

Necton Schools

King'a Scholars' Schools, Canterbury

Stafford National Schools

Darlington Schools

Western School. Brompton

St. Mark's College, Chelsea

The Convent, Blandford Square

The Convent, Roehampton

The Convent of the Good Shepherd

The Friends' Meeting House, Redcar

MANSIONS.

Necton Hall, Norfolk'
Burton Court, Derbyshire
Wennlngton Hall, Lancaster
Ruddlngton Granga, Notts
The Castle, Berkharapatead
The Grove, Dumfries
Rosherville, Gravesend
Leigh Park, Havant
Weir Bank, Teddington
Hurst Vill.%, Lewisham Road
Compton Park, Salisbury
Sandon Hall, Stafford
The Grange, Kilbum
Lexdon Park, Colchester
Burwarton Hall, Bridgnorth
Brancepeth Castle, Durham
11am Hall, Ashbourue
flannington Hall, Highworth
Brooklands, Weybridge
Llay Place, Wrexham
The Rectory, Torrington
Moor Park, Fambam
17, Grosvenor Square
Kemsdale House, Faversham

The Hon. Sydney Curzon, Tooting

The Hon. General Grey, Windsor Castle

The Hon. D. Finch, Canterbury

The Hon. Locke King, M.P., Weybridge

The Hon. A. F. O. Liddell, Surrey

The Hon. Colonel Pennant, Penrhyn Castle

Colonel Chapman, Aldershott

Colonel F, Clinton, Lyraington

Colonel Linton, Buckdon

Colonel Mason, Necton Hall, Norfolk

Colonel North, M.P., Banbury

Colonel Piatt, Newport Pagnell

Colonel Williams, Maidenhead

H, Allsopp, Esq., Hindley Hall

J. F. Batoman, Esq., Moor Park, Famham

Potto Brown, Esq., Huntingdon

Jas. Brand, Esq., Balham

R. Bright, Esq., Tring, Herts

Otto A, Benecke, Esq., Denmark Hill

D. W, P. Bereaford, Esq., M.P., Carlow
Crawshaw Bailey, Esq., S. Wales

E. Buckley, Esq., Dlnas Maw-ddwy

T. Chappell, Esq., Weir Bank, Teddington
John Calverley, Esq., Oulton, Leeds-

E. J. Coleman, Esq., Slough

F. Clough, Esq., Fulham

F. Death, Esq., Hendon

G. H. Errington, Esq., Colchester

E. C. Egerton, Esq., M.P., Mountfield Court. Hurst Gre

J. Foulkes, Esq., Wrexham

G. E. Foster, Esq., Cambridge

Mrs. Holgate Foster, Regent's Park

P. W. Flower, Esq., Tooting

E. Fellowos, Esq., Haverland Hall

T. Gabriel, Esq., Streatham

S. Garrard, Esq., Wandsworth

J. Hopkins, Esq., Grey Towers, Yorkshire

E. Holden, Esq., Aston Hall, Derby

A. D. Hussey Freke, Esq., Highworth

Townsend In«e, Esq., Chester

Thomas Lancaster, Esq., Bownham, Stroud

J. W. Larking, Esq., Lee, Kent

W. Leaf, Esq., Streatham

A. Lafone, Esq., Denmark Hill

G. G. Maitland, Esq., Shotover House, Oxon

J. Morant, Esq., Brockenhurst Park, Hants

G. Matthews, Esq., Streatham

N. Nicholson, Esq., Roundhay Park, Leeds

W. Nicholson, Esq., Basing Park, Hants

J. W. Peters, Esq., Kilburn

C. Penruddock, Esq., Compton, Salisbury

C. Paget, Esq., Ruddington, Notts

Melville Portal, Esq., Laverstocke House, Micheldev r

R. Roberts, Esq , Clapham Park

J, MackrlU Smith, Esq., Eden Lodge, Beckenham

J. Smith, Esq,, Chigwell, Essex

A. G. Sandeman, The Hollies, Weybridge

T. Simpson, Esq., Walton, Wakefield

A. Stealnes, Esq., Forest Hill

J. Steaines, Esq., Forest Hill

A. Turner, Esq., Bow Bridge, Leicester

— Uthwatt, Esq., Maids Morton

H. F. Vernon, Esq., Hanbury Hall, Droitwich

G. Verey, Esq., Kilbum

J. Vickera, Esq., Streatham

J. Wallis, Esq., Clapham Park

Thomas Wilson, Eaq., Gateshead

R. Yeo, Esq., Elm Lodge, Lower Streatham

BILLIARD ROOMS, OFFICES, BATES, &e.

Billiard Room— Leigh Park

Billiard Room— The Grange, Kilbum

Billiard Room— Weir Bank, Teddington

Billiard Room— Christleton, Chester

Billiard Room— Fairaeat House, Highgate

Billiard Room— Brancepeth Castle

Billiard Room— Ham Hall

Offices-Messrs. E. G Henderson's. Wellington RoaJ

Offices-Messrs. A. Henderson's, Pine-apple Place

Offices— Mr. W. Bull's, Chelsea

Offices— Messrs. Wood, Field, & Hanbury's

Offices— Messrs. Truman a Co., Roupell Park

Offlcos-Messrs. Horner ft Sons, Bucklerabury

Offices—Mr. R. Thomas, Pall Mall

Offlces-J. F. Bateman, Esq., 16, Great George Street

Offices— J. Weeks & Co. s, Chelsea

Factory- Messrs. Stocken, London

Dairy— Ca.ssiobury, Watford

Stables — E, Boustead, Esq.. Clapham

Coach House— A. D. Hussey Freke, Esq., Wilts

Harness Rooni-J. C. Pickersgill, E3q..^ooley

Baths— J. W. Peters, Esq., Kilburn

Buths- G. Painter, Esq., Ilford

Baths— W. Gradffell, Esq., Barrow

I

Illustrated Pamphlets and Estimatea for Building and Heating, Free, on application to

JOHN WEEKS AND COMPANY,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS AlTD HOT-WATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURERS
KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W. '

I^K4.'^°?"'"'S'''°'" '^'"^} Sf «"'e'«e'l to ■' Tie Editor -• AdTertlsements and Business Letters to " The PubUsUer," at the OBcc. 41, WelUnjton Street Oovmt o»rj.„ Tnnrt™ it r

said James Mitthbw?. at the

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

/ AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

No. 5.— 1867.]

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 2.

{

Price Fivepence.

Stamped Edition, Gd.

AmlciiUurnUtntlstcs 112 n

ABrk'Ulturr, Swiss ]\\l "

113

101 b

101 c

CliiinUier of ... .

AspiirnKi)^, f^'«cl»tPd

Aiicul>:t bunk-v, polaonouii.

iicf s unil culd ,, iv( »

— Et!vutian 11)7 a

Itovt, bpittW 10.'. b

Ili'Kiiiilii tliR^wellicnHls 105 b

Jtouk* iintiicil 100 a

. no b

. lUt 1}

I IV.

l-'iiiiii. rriii. Ktickiiian'

Fiimiiiitr. l>!);li

— Irish

Pamit-rs" Clubs

Floni .VuNtriillt>nais

Vni rxtH. Kubbian

l-'uii(ti, 1'oot -

Giimo eiivi-it

Cttrdencrs' Uoyal UeneTcili'nt

iD&titulioii

Has tttr nn pipes

GPflpogrr)wiiiK.Caiini'lloii ..

INDEX.

HcBtliiffand gaetar ........

Ifl! pitH

KcnncUy, ik-utli of ox-Pi-ovoat

Labourer*, condition of

Liliuiu auratum

Minlder

Mice. Ki'ouiid ...■■

Oiik Lodau , Kensington

I'cas, yield uf

pL-liirjjuniuQi sports

PotatoM

Haiiinill

K>iot Puiiei

Hi.sraaiia lute fTost

SUiitIn;; links

Sllciuill'ops

tiitisti^B.uRvlcultural

llll! h
115 /.
1U9 b
111 a
li:i b

Oi / "W

lUl

lOG a
103 c
107 b
114 c
nfi a
lin n
Ud b
lu7 a
|U3 6

Til.

K'ters

, .\uNtr;Ui!in

— liarilv imtuiial

Venutable wiirld

Wiitpr ijurstion

Wi'utlier, tlie lute severe ...

■\Vc:itlier pmenostics

iniitoniiiB

at borne

|ie,it. Rvirapi* prices of ...

Will.iw. Napoleou-s

^Vuud^, maniigcmeDt of

11)7 c
115 a
1U» c

QUTTON'S SHORT SELECT SEED LIST

O mftv b(j bad gratis on application.

Roval Hurks Sued Khtaljllshiueiit. Roadlni:.

~S7\VILLTAMS' NEW inaCEI)~Gli:NEKAL SEED

• CATALOGUK now iL-ndv, iorwiirded free to any -iddress.
Victorliv and j^an.dlau NurHt:rkH. Upper Ilnllow.-ty. London. N

H"dLESA~LE CATALOGUE of GENERAL

NURSERY HTOCK. containlnR tiO pages, may be had post
free on application to „ , . , ™- ,.

Thomas Cuiprs, Tlio Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells.

B

W

Genuine Garden Seeds.

Wjr. CUTIiUSH ANJ) SON'S CATALOGUE of
VECiETAISLK, FLOWHIl. .-ind FARM SEEDS, post freo on
appncatloli. nit,'li|^ilte, LoDdon. N. _

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from tlie Growers.
/IHAULES SH.VHi'K AMI 0(1. lirg t.. mlMnn the
KJ Trade that their WIIULESALK SEED LIST ia uow ready,
and will be forwarded pu.st free on api>lieation.

Seed Warehouse, .Sleatord.

Being Issued.-Flrst Edition 28,000.

BARE AND SUGUKN'S GUIDE to the KITCHEN
and FLOWER GARDEN'. A copy will bo presented to each
cnstonipr, and aI.so to intending purchasers on sending their address,
iuaa & SooDEX, VI, King Street, Covent tlarden, W.C.

ROYAt, BOT.VNIC G.VKDENS, Uesenfs Park.—
EXHIBITIONS or SPlllNQ FLOWERS, SATUPDAYS,
M;uch 23. April i:i. and April 27. GENERAL EXHIBITIONS.
WKDNESDAYS, May L*9, Jono 19, and Jidy 3. The number of
Specimens required in the Collections having been Reduced, will
enable a larger number of Exliibilors to compete. Schedules of i
Prizes, ic., ni.iy be had by poit on application. I

CUYSTAl, rALACK. — GUKA'f BIKU SHOW" |
commencing NE.XT SATURDAY, Feb. 0. The Show will .
comprise CAN.\RIKS ami KRITISII ami FOREIGN SINGING .and
TALKING UIUDS of EVERY DESCRIPTION. From the Entries
already made it is evident 'ttiat tliis will ho a very complete, and
iDteresting show. The WINTER G.ARDEN of the WORLD.
SATURDAY Iwith CONCERT), Half-a-crown. Other days. It.

L^TEDS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—
The GREAT SHOW of PLANTS, FLOWERS, FRUIT,
TABLE DECORATIONS, ic, of this year wUl bo hold on
THURSDAY and FRIDAY, Juno 13 and 14. Special and E.\tra
Prizes given by Ladles and Gentlemen of Leeds and neighbourhood.
Full particulars in Schedules, which will be forwarded as soon as
completed on application to James Uibbeck, Secretary.

N~ ATIONAL HOHTICUTrUKTL"L;XHiBITION7l867l
—The aboTO EXHIBITION will Open at Manchester on
JUNE 7. and continue till JUNE 15.

Scliedulea, ice, may be ob'iiinod on flppMciitlon to Mr. B. Findl-vy,
Curator, Botanic Garden, MaucUester ; or from the undersigned,
Henky WiiiTwoETu, Secretary.
Carlton Buildings, Cooper Street. Manchester.

OUTTON'S" "C(7lLECTI0NS of SEEDS.

O For the KITCHEN' GARDEN, 10*-, 6'/. to £6 5a.

For the FLOWER G.\RDEN, 6fl. to 42s.
Pricea and particulars graliB and post free.
SuTTOs & SoN8. Seed Grcwera, Reading,

ARTER'S NEW GAKDEN SEEDS for 1867.—

PRICE LISTS, containing oil the NOVELTIES of the season,
gratis and post free.
Jamks Carter & Co., 337, High Holbom, London, W.C.

VERY G~A R D E N REQUISITE

kept in Stock -it

Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom. London.
______

EGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS of Best

Selected quality.
James DicRsnw & Sokb, 102,Enstgato Street, Chester.

RICHARD DEAN'S LIST of NOVELTIES and
SPECIALITIKS in FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS,
and whicli contains also aonio Original Papers o( great value to the
Amateur, ia ikjw ready, and can be had post free un application.

Depot lor Now and Choice VogeUible and Flower lieeus, Ealing,
London, W.

A VAN GEEKT, Nurseryman, Ghent, BfUium,
• besato announce th.it his CATALOGUE of PLANTS may
bo obtained free on application to his Agents, Messrs. R. SiLitERRAi>
& Suns, Ci, Ilarp Lane, Tnwer Street, London, E,C.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Sked Farmers, Mehchasts, and Ndrserysiex,

237 & 238, High Holbom, London. W.C.

JAMES FAIKIIEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Merchamte, 7, Borough Mariiot, London. S.E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, ana FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and advantageous offers on application.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY. Limited,
Cork, Seed, Manure, and Oii.care Merchants,
Addresa, SU, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1861,
lor Wheat 1):(J2. for "Excellent Seed Corn and Seeds."

LADY DOWNES' SEEDLIN(J, HAMPTON COURT,
BLACK HAMBURGH, and MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA
GRAPES. Good Fruiting Canes, 7.^. Qtl. each ; good Pluntuiij Canes,
3k. ad. each,

T. .Tace.son & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W.

V~^INES, VINES.— Strong rianting"aud Fruiiius Canes
of all the leading kindc. Prices on application.
B. S. WiLi,iAM.s. Victoria and Paradi.so Nurseries. Upper IIolloway.N.

Grape Vines.
JOSEPH MEREDITH h:.s a beautiful Stock of VINES

fj for Salo, propagated from Vines which have borno tlio IVuit
which has taken IVoiii tiirio to tiiiiu so many Fast Prizc-i.
Tlio Vineyard, (iar.sluii, n.ar Liverpool,

Late Grape Vines.

ALICANTE, LADV IinWNlCS'. ami MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA.

J MEREDITH has a splendid Stock of the above
• HOrts for Planting.

Tlie Vineyard, Carston, near Liverpool.

C^ RAPE VINES. — Strong, well-ripened, short-jointed
_T Canes i)f all the loading sorts for plantmg out or fruiting in
pots. I'rieu on application.

Jcjiin BiiTriihR. Nurseries, Stratford-on-Avon.

i^^i(yN("j amrEXTTir "s'lUiONG EKUITING VINES.
lO —Upwards of 2100 IVoin Eyes, including all the 1' ading varieties,
with stout elosu-jointed thoroughly ripKned Canes, many of which,
if fruited in pots, will produce Irom S to 10 bunches of Grapoa next
season. PriceR, &c., upon application

Jamks DicKhON & Soss, " Newton" Nuraories, Chester,

FUR SALE, 500 STRAWBERR1E.-5, for Forcing.
Well established in 32.pots.
SAnniNOTOS & Edwards, Nurserymen, 3, Bath Buildings, Richmond.

w

Choicest Italian Tuberoses, 3s. per Dozen.

JAMES CAKTEU and CO., Skfd SIerchants and
Ndrservmen, 23", High Holborn, London, W.C.
Price to the Trade on application.

Y

Somersetshire Prize Seeds.

GENUINE GARDEN and FLOWER and FARM
SEEDS of the finest stocks and fpiality ; LISTS now ready.
Robert H. PovNTKit. tho County Sc<;d Kstublishment, Taunton.

Early Spring Flowers^

WEBB'S GIANT POLYANTHUS and COWSLIP,
with all the bestv.irietics of Liable and Single PRIMROSES,
PANSIES, &c., with Seeds of single varieties. LIST of prices of
dlQ'erent kinds on application to
Mr. W ■• ■

GLADIOLUS, NEWEST and BEST FRENCH
VARIETIES.
PRICE LISTS gratis and post free on application to
James Carter & Co., Seed_Morchants and Nurserymen, 23", High
Holborn, London, W.C.

/^LADIOLUS~TiOWIENSIS, the finest Tariety for
VDT Grouping (see Gai-deiiers' Otroniele, pp. 1106-7, ISGU). Good
blooming roots, (is., Ss., and 10s. per HXt. The latter extra large.
February is the best month for planting.
WiNDcBANK & KiNosuuRV, Bcvois Vailcy Nursery, Southampton.

IBBON BORDER (bix Colours), German and French,

COLLECTIONS, .andall Rpecialttes worth growing, SeePovNTER's

LIST. RonKRT H. Potnteh, Taunton.

Koses.

M. PAUL'S PRICED DESCRIPTIVE

CATALOGUE of ROSES is nowready, post free on application.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

w

THE CHOICEST 12 NEW ROSES for 1867,
with strong healthy growth, unusually fine plants, so soon

as weather permits,
Richard .Smith,

Price 42^. per dozen.
Nurseryman anrJ .Sued Merchant, Worcester.

Hiiii, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

w

Wood's Frame Radish.
OOD and INOliA.M. llL^l;• to offer the Trade their
pure and origitial stock of the above. Price on application.
Nurseries, Huntingdon.

pONQUEKOK BROCCOLL^The finest Broccoli in
KJ Cultivation is BARCIIARD'S CONQUEROR. See large
Advertisement In the (Jarilemrs' rln-^nirl^, Decembers, 1SC6
^ITTV A Soy, Seed Eslahlistiuieiit, Cuttingham, near Hull.

To tHe Trade.
"IHE ESSEX RIVAL PEA, in any quantity.

For price, Ac, appl? to
Tuos. Elet, Sible Hedingham. Halstead, Essex.

IV

HEELEK'S MILKY
la the BEST of all POTATOS.

WHITE

/^lULTURAL DIIIKCTIONS lor the ROSE.

^J Second Edition. By Joiix Cii.iNSToN, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post frnni the Author for 'li) stamps.

c

D

To the Trade only.
UPRESSUS LAWSDNIANA SEED (True),

6s. pur 07.. ; '.vis. ]nT ^ ly/.. ; fiOs, per lb.
TnriMAS Cripi'3, ThH Nurht-i ius, Tuiibrldfje^Wells, Kent.

ORSON'S HYBRID 1/ ED C ALC'eOLARIAS.
The most varied and beautiful strain in the world.
May be had through all respectable Seedsmen, &c.

VERBENAS of sorts, with plenty of cuttings, at 3«. per
dozen ; Young Plants of do. at 7«- per 100, package included.
Terms cash. Philip Ladds. Florist, Ee.\ley Heath, Kent.

V~ ERBENAS, Scarlet, White, and Purple, Autunin-
Struck, for Spring Propagation, from 2s. per dozen.
H. CniLDs, Ryo Lane, Peckham .S, Opposite the Railway Station.

EBB'S PRIZE GOB. FILBERT and other PRIZE

NUT TREES. LIST of varieties and prices to be had of
Mr. Weuu, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

ASi'LE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the above may
now be had at 10«. Cti, and 2ls. each ; the usual discount to the
Trade. PtxKR Lawson & Sox, Edinburgh and London.

YRAJllU APl'LliS, PEAKS, PLUMS. CHliKRIES^

Beautiful Trees for G.irdcn or Orchard House•^.
RiciiAiiD Smith, Niir>eryi(i:ui ;iiiil Seed Mcrcliant, AVni-i'i.':>tLT.

Dwarf-trained Trees by the 1000, 100, or dozen.

APPLES. PEARS, PEUMS, CHEUKIES, PEACHES,
and NECTARINES. Fine, flat, well-trained, of best quality
and true to name,

RiouAiiD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

" Fifty Acres of Fruit Trees,

APPLES, PEARS. PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS in every form desired for
Fruiting.

Richard Smith, Nursoryraan and Seed Merchant. Worcester.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, iNEuTAUINES, APIUCOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
Richard Smith. Nurserjmian and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

RUIT TREES, for Walls and Espaliers.— Upwards of
50,000 to select from, coietuUy trained, and in the healthiest
condition for planting.

Ricuard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

B"" EAKING^PYILVMIDS.- 150 varieties of APPLES
and 100 of PEARS, from 10 to 12 years' growth, which have been
removed every two years, and are consequently sale to transplant,
and in a highly fructiferous state, will bo sold lor ,'l^•. each.
Wood i: Ingram, Nurserie.s, Huntingdon.

ESSERT ORANGE TKEES. — Including the
TANGIERINE, MALTESE, SAINT MICHAELVS, and other
floe varieties. A CATALOGUE on application.
Carri'ige paid to London.
Tnos. Rivers Ik. Son, Nui-series, SawbriiJgeworth.

F

PATERSON'S FAMED SEEDLING POTATOS.—
The besjt Disease reslsters, the heaviest croppers, the flneab
flavoured. Retail Agents in London, IIouper it Co., Covent Qaiden
Market, London, W.C.
PRICf.D LIST and^stimonials free on application.

MONA'S PRID"e>.— The"Gent7\'-^d Tmde can be
supphed with the Seed of this EXtRA EARLV KIDNEY
True, li-oni tbu Loits nf the Oriuinal Grower and Introducer, Mr.
R. RrTLLDuL. Iliinuti lli.ii.se, Isloof Man. Price reduced.

G Extra fine Seakale for Forcing and Planting.
EO. CLARKE lias many Thousands of the linest
quality to oiler this season. PrlcosSir. 7s. Cri., 10s.,andl6s p 100
Hurserios, Stroatham Pla^u^Bnxton Hill, S.E.-.&Mottingham, Kent!

M Yellow Globe~Mangerseed^ ~ ~^

R. S. A. DAINTKEE, of Fen Drayton. St. Ives,
Hunts, having a larj^e stock of the above Seed, of his own
growth (from large selected roots), can supply the Trade at a very
low rate. Samplo^and price on application as above.

GEN UINE SCOTCH "PEKENNIAL RYE-GKASS.
Spei Inl offers of above with samples on application to
MtNRO Brotuzrs, Seed Meicbants, Invcintss, ^.B.

ILIUM AURA'I'UM.— Strong flowering Bulhs of this
1 magnificent Lily, 43. to 10*. M. each.

CiiARLKs TvRNER, The Royal Nursery. Slough.

PELAliGONlUMS. — Show, Fancy, French, and
Zonal in great variety, fiae Plants, at moderate prices.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE now ready.
Charles TuitSKti, Tlio Royal Nursery, Slough.

CHOICE CINERARiAS, in 4 iind 6-inch pots.
Very fine Plants just coming into bloom.
Also CALCEOLARIAS and CHINESE PRIMULAS. Prices
per dozen or per luu on application to

James Dicrson & Sons, "Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

WHITE PRIMULAS.— Several dozen of the WHITE
and BLUSH PRIMULAS for sale. |They are of a first-class
strain, in Flowtar, and grown in small 48'3 and large 60-sizo pots.
Price 4s. per dozen.

Charles Shillinq, Hilt Nursery, Winchfleld, Hants.

NEW S E E D S . — For a " well-arranged,
comprehensive, and trustworthy" CATALOGUE of
FLOWER, VEGETABLE, AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, and
GARDEN REQUISITES, sco J. Scoits PRICED CATALOGUE,
sent free on applicition to

J. ScoiT, The Seed Store?, Yeovil, Somorset.

RUIT-TREES.— 100 Acres devoted to their culture.
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE on application.

Can'iago paid to London.
Thos. Rivers & Son, Nurseries, Sawbridge worth.

RCHARD-HOUSE TREES, including VINES from
Eyes, and FIGS in pots. 40,000 feet of Glass devoted to their
culture. A CATALOGUE on application.

Carriage paid to London.
Tnos. Rivers & Son, Nurseries, Saw bridge worth.

TREES and PLANTS of all sorts and sizes in very
great quantity, of hpst quality and at moderate prices,
PRICED LISTS post-free on application.
James Dickson !l Sons, (" Old EstablUhcd Nursery arid Seed
BusitLcss,") The " Newton" Nurserie^s, Chester,

^"ANTED, 10,000 HOLLIES, fit for imnifdiate
planting. — Application, stating price .and size, to be made to
S. M. HusjEv, Esq., G'J, South Mall, Cork.

To the xTade!

WCROWDER, Nurseryman, Horncastlc, has to
• offer SCOTCH FIR, 1 to Ij and 2 to 3 feet : SPRUCE do.,
2 to 3 feet ; QUICKS, 1, 2, and 3-yr. transplanted ; LARCH, 3 to 4 feet.

Spruce for Cover.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Chester, has a very large Stock
of the above, from li to 3i feet. To induce largo orders, the
prices (which may be had on apiilication), have been gieatly reduced.

w

Strong Quick.

Hand F. SHARPE have for Sale a fine Lot of 3-ti*.
• Transplanted QUICK, 3 to 4 feet high, and well-rooted. Pflce
veiy moderate.

Nursery and Seed Establishment, Wisbsch.

Railway Planting.

FIVE MILLION Tr;iii.s|.l;aii.d QUICKS, of superior
growth. Samples :uid prices on application to
JouN PIemsley, liigli Fii;ld.s, Moibomne, near Devby^

Planting.

WM. PAUL begs to refer intending Planters of
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, &c., to his Advertise-
ment of December 1, 1800.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross. N.

pT.ENDTD larch, 3to4ft., at unprecedented prices;

.^ HAWTHORN (^UIOK. do. do.; AVENUE TREES; largo
EVERGRKENS and CUMKKRS; m.agniflcent TRAINED PYRA-
MID and STANDARD FRUIT TREES, Special prices given.
GiOHUK D.vvisoN, Ilcridord.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND ACTRICTTLTTnui; fi a;5ETTE.

[Febeuakt 2, 1SG7.

CHOICE NEW PLANTS of 18G6.
Kj stock plants.

I'er dozen — .•;, d. ( Per dozen — a. d.

Antirrhinums 6 0 Fuchsias <i 0

Chryaantheroums .. ,.6 0 1 Geraniums (Bedding) .. 9 0

GERANIUMS, VAKIKGATED :— 2 Italia Unita, 2 Sunset, 2 Mrs.

Longfield, 2 Luna, 2 Mrs. M. Button, 2 Stella Variogatii^for Ouo

Guinea.

Pel" dozen— s. d.

Lobelias, new 1S66 .. ..4 0
Mimulus, ditto ., ..GO
Peutstemons, ditto . . .. 6 0

Pui- dozen—
Phlox, now 1S66

TropiBOlums. ditto . .
Verbenas, ditto

s. (J.
6 0

CATALOGOES for one stamp.

Post Oflice Orders on Castle Hedingham.

Wm. DiLLisTONE, Munro Nm-sery, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

rriKICULOli PELAEOONIUMS.

Mrs. Pollock, 7s. and 9s. per doz, I Sunset, 21s. per doz.
Italia Unita, 21s. per doz. | Mrs. JBenyon, 2is. per doz.

In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package included.
Remittance required from nnknown Correspondents.

Address, Alfrkd i-'uvER, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

Geraniums, Geraniums, Geraniums.

JC. PADMAN, NuiisERYJiAX, Seedsmax, Florist,
• &c., Boston Spa, Tadcaster, Yorkshire, begs to offer the
following 12 varieties of ZONAL and other GERANIUMS for 12s.,
package included : — Sunset, Mrs. Pollock, Rose Rendatler, Pink
Stella, Variegated Stella, Amy Hogg, Glory, Wiltshire Lass, Le
Grand, Virgo Marie, Miss Pai-fitt, and Mr. Wm. Paul.

J. C. P. has a largp stock of Pink, Scarlet, White, Zonal, and other
Geraniums, including many of the best varieties with variegated
foliage, all good strong plants.

Cash or reference from unknown coiTespondents.

Post-offlco Orders payable at Boston Spa^^

New and Choice Flower Seeds.

Free by Post or Ra.il.

THE EARLIEST AND BEST PEA IN CULTIVATION.

SUTTON'S KINGLEADER.

Sutton & Sons liare again the pleasure of offeriug tliis uiuiTalled
EAELT PEA, which still retains its position as the forwardest mid
best early variety yet wtroduceff. The various trials made both in Public
and Private Gaidens fully confirm the confidence Messrs. Sutton expressed
of its superiority over every other Barly Fen. One of its merits is that
the haulm can be cleared away, and the ground planted with another Crop
nearly a fortnight before other Early jf eas are ready.

Retail Price 2s. per quart.

■|^- PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CiVTALOGUES Gratis and Post Free.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTAP.LISHMENT, READING,

GENUINE SEEDS, OF SUPERIOR STOCKS.

FRANCIS & ARTHUR DICKSON & SONS,

THE OLD ESTABLISHED SEED WAREHOUSE, 106, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.

THE BEST EAELY PEA IN CULTIVATION,

DICKSON'S "FIRST & BEST."

Setail Price, Is. 6d. per Quart. Price to tlie Trade on application.
See Large Advertisement, January 19.

CATALOGUE OF VEGETABLE S6 FLOWER SEEDS, &c., FOR 1867,

\vith Practical Cultural Directions, -will be sent Post Pree on npplication.

Thoir Seeds are of the most select character, each being saved from the Best Stuck Jcnmvn of its kiDd.

i^r All Sctds of £2 value delivered Carriage Free.

Flower Seeds sent Post Pree, except heavy articles, such as Sweet Peas. Lupins, £:c.

QtJTTOK'ti COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of

O FLOWEU SEEDS aro sent ll-eo by Post or Rail. Prices

as under : —

JJo. 1 Collection of the best English and German varieties,

with instmctione on cultivation £2 2 0

Ko. 2 CoUectiou of ditto ditto .. .. 1 11 0

No, 3 Collection ol' ditto ditto . . . . 110

No, 4 Collection of ditto ditto ., .. 0 15 0

No, 5 Colleution of ditto ditto .. .. 0 II) 6

SoiaU a.nd useful Collections can also bo had from 2.s. to 7s. M,,
free by post.

l-'or particulars of tlio above, seo SUTTON'S DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE, gratis and poab free ou application.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Nursery and Seed Establishment, Dumfries.
rpHOiMAS KENNKIJY and CO. will be glad to send
JL the following CATALOG UES to any address on application :— -

No. II. CATALOGUE of FOREST, FRUIT, and ORJJ AMENTAL
TREES, &c, [&c.

No. III. CATALOGUE of VEGETABLE and PLOWEH SEEDS,

No. IV. CATALOGUE of AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, &c. (pub-
ished end of February),

*' The fulness, espausiveness, and selectncss of the Catalogues of
Messrs. Thomas Kennedy & Co. proclaim in loud language, their
honour and respectability, and also the wide-spread nature of their
dealings. We can only reiterate our former fsivourable commenda-
tions, and say to all who may be disposed to deal with the tiim that
they will, under all circumstances, bo treated in all integrity and
uprightness," — Th^ F-ieUl.

*,* As the season for executing Garden Seed Orders is so very
1 imited, T. K. Sc. Co. woiUd feel particularly obliged to those friends
■who intend favouring them with their Orders to let them have them
at their earliest convenience.

FiiEE Deli VKRY.— Garden and Farm Seeds, under certain limitations,
are delivered Free of Carriage at all tlic Railway Stations as formerly.

Seeds, Seeds, Carriage Free.

"Warrantkd of the Purest and Fi.ni:st Quality.
VEGETABLE SEEDS.

^M. DILLISTONE'S HALF -GUINEA

COLLECTION, the cheapest and best ever offered, contain-
inir half the

ONE-GUINEA COLLECTION,
which contains sufficient for one year's supply for a Garden, mclud
iuK eight quarts of the best kind of Peas, and all other kinds of Seuda
in proportion, including some of the new varieties.
TWO-GUINEA COLLECTION
contains sufRciont for one year's supply for a medium-sized Girdon,
including more than double the quantities in the above Collection
This, i.e. the £2 'Zs. Collection, is highly recommended.

THREE-GUINEA COLLECTION

contains sufficient for one year's supply for a largo Garden, and some

of all the uew aud choice varieties enumerated in his List.

PEAS.

A Selection of 12 fine and Select Sorts for Succession, & d

1 quart of each . . 10 0

A Selection of 12 ditto ditto 1 pint of each 5 ti

A Selection of 0 ditto ditto 1 qrt. of each 0 0

A Selection of li ditto ditto 1 pint of each 3 o

FLOWER SEEDS.

- W. D.'s Collections aro the most varied and the cheapest of any

Collections oflored, consisting of One Hundred Packets in One

Hundred Varieties of the choicest Annuals. Biennials, and

Perennials, for ais., or half the quantities for 10s. dd.

W. D. has no hesitation in sayini^t that the above Collections are
not to bo surpassed by any respectable iiuuse in the kingdom, and
cannot fail to give every satisfaction.

See CATALOGUS now ready, free for one Stamp, of Choice New
Seeds, Now Plants, Early Spring-Flowering Herbaceous Plants, &c.
P. O. Orders ou Castle Hedingham.
William Dillistonk, Munro Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

GARDEN SEEDS, of good Quality, and in Quantity.

SMITH & SIMONS

WILL FOnWAIlD A USEFUL

COLLECTION OF BOTH VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS,

SUFFICIENT FOR AN ORDINARY FAMILY'S SUPPLY', FOR THREE GUINEAS,
Delirered Free at the principal Eailway Stations or Wharves.

A LIST of the sorts to he supplied will be sent on receipt of all orders, and Purchasers mil have the option of
deleting any kinds not wanted, value for which will be given in other sorts as desired.

1^ The CULTUltAL GUIDE sent with all orders. Of this Guide the Gardeners' C'hroniele writes (Feb. 11, 1865) :

".SMITH AND SIMONS' CULTQRAL GUIDE containa the most ample infoi-raation of .iny CatalOKue we have met with, and deals
tho'most unapnrmgly with the uselessly long lists of varieties one often meets with, both as regards Vegetables aud Flower-s."

SMITH AND SIMONS, 1, BUCHANAN STREET, GLASGOW.

JAMES CAETEE & CO.,

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Coftimissioner of Public
Works and other Govern-
ment Departments, the Royal
Gardens, Kew, &c., &c., &c.

Seedsmen to H.I.M. the
Emperor of the French, the
Crystal Palace Company, the
Agri-Horticultural Society of
India, &c., &c., &c.

Just Published, Post Free, 12 stamps, Gratis to Customers.

CAETEE'S GAEDENEE'S AND FAEMEES VADE MECUM

FOR 1867

Contains a larj^e amount of useful and original practical
\ , mfonnation for the Garden and Farm, together Nvith the following
Original Articles : —

On the Cultivation of Hardy Flowers from Seed.
How to Eaise Hardy Flowers from Seed,
Ornamental Annuals.
Fine-foUaged Plants from Seed. And, '
On Laying down Grass Seed for Pei-manent Pasture.
&c. &c. &c.

CABXER'S COLLECTIONS of GARDEN SEEDS for 1867

Will produce a supply of the best Vegetables "AU the Year Hound," for large, medium, small,

and very small families.

No. 4, 63s. ; No. 3, 42s. ; No. 2, 21s. ; No. 1, 10s. 6d.

These Prices include box and packing.
*„* Any of the above forwarded toithout delay on receipt of Tost-ojfice Order.

JAMES CARTER and CO., 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

Pehuuauy 3, 1807.]

THE nAT!T)ENEl^S' ClTnONTOL-R AND AnmCTTT,TTn!AT. OA'AVm.

on

GT ATlIOLr — C<illi'ftinns (■onUiimns M llic finest
i H..- in o,iltlvnllc..i miiiij new, jiIhI olfored fm- tlio tli-st
tlmo IS "'S. «». s'l «■»■; =»>">•' "'■ H11KNCHI.I5VKNSIS,
Uo mo«t lillO" V or.,11, oxtra stronK loots, 3«. poi- do«., aw. poi' 100.
DKSCRirTIVE I'lilOKD LISTS ft'oe mi aiipHcatlou.
BotLmi. McCui.i.uon it 0>., SoilthRow, CovuDi, Ouldou, W.C.

GlaflloU. , . ^ ^^ .

JKELWAY AND SON hcjT to call attention to uieir
. ,,>loi..ll>l stock or ULADIOLl. wliloU compilaM all tho sorts

of tl" hl^o"''"«0"I>'^"''™"'■"=" oltlioil- collo-t o;. llioy liavo boon
Mvardod tlio Klrrt Vrln™ olloiv.l at tlio Ci-yital I'aUioo and Itojal
Horticultural Kxlilbltlons In ISOI. 1806. and 1S60.

rUlCK CATAIiOHUKS froo to all applicants.
Solottlons left to J. K. SS.,3»., C»., toUls. por dozon; 10s., 20,1.,
to 100s. per loo.

Tlio Nurseries, LanKport, Soniorset.

c

CHOICE SPKING-FLOWEUINa HARDY PLANTS.

AUKU'^TjAS, (Incst Alpino, I'Oi- dozon, fi.t.
ClIHISTMASUOSK, ilKLLEIlOKtJS NIGER, pel- dozon, Oa.
lllilPATIOAS, Double Rod, por dozen, 4s.
„ Siuglo White, por dozen, On.

„ Sui«Io Blue, por dozen, 4,<. , , ,,

Doulilo Blue. Is. iW. each ; single Mnuvo, now, oiicn.ls. li((.
nELLEBOUUS ATUi lUl' liHNS, Red, por dozen, lUs.

oLYMi'ICUS. I'mk, por dozen, ISs.
PRIMHOSKS, Uuiiblc, ill ;t fltio suits, per dozen, Os.
POLYANTHUS, finest mixed, per dozen. 3s.
PAMPAS (J RASS, extra line, 40s. per 100 : por dozen, Os.
VlOLETd, Double Red, White, liluo, Ldac and Striped, two ol
eiicli for 7s. <'>d. „

Sini:Ie variotlus, White, Bine, Striped, THE CZAR nnd
" THK GIANT, two ol'oach for /Is.

WALLFLOWKHS Double Gulden Yallowand Drxrk, per dozen, (is.
PORGET-RIK-NUT, "true," Myosotis palustris, per dozen. 4s.
ffiNOTilEHA MISSODRIE^JSIS fEVENING PRIMROSE),

per dozen, fiv,
CAMPANULA I'YRAMIDALIS, per dozen, Gs.
DAISIES in U clioiee kinds, per dozen. 4,<.

N B The following additional Nursorvnien liavo ordered the
raamiiiicent New Violet QUEEN of VIOLETS. For full dosciiption,
Ac, see Oanleiiers' Cln-vnldc of December 1, 1800, p. Ii:i4:—
Ciatell Mr. John, Westcrham, I Miller, Mr. W., Andovor, Hants.

Kent McHattie. J.. Chester,

Wriijht, Mr. W., Retford, Notts. | Hanuaford, W,, Teignmouth.

Strong Plants for Spring Flowering, Is. Gd. each, 1S«. per dozen,
£f) per mo. With usual allowance to Trade.

CATALOGUES for one Stamp. Post Office Orders on Castle
TTeduigQuni.

Wm. DiLLisTONi:, Sible Heclinghain, i.ssex.

True English Elms,

SUITAIILK KOIt AVCNUK AND IIi:ii<;i: Kuw Pi.antino.

PJ. PEKHY, NuusKitvMAN, IJimbury, having n hivgo
. stock of the nbov4. will bo plonMod to lUruiah size and pnco
por 100 or lUOO on application.

The Nurseries, Banbury. __^^

YKWS.

T

1W0

HUMlJItKl) THOUSAND

40.000 AIICUHA .JAI'ONICA.

Seo CATA LOIiUKS, Wliolcsalo or ILetail.

TuoMAS Waunkh. Lolccstor Abbuy Nurseries.

T

T

J30X.

WO HUNDlllil) 'rnmi.SAN'D TREE

10.11011 STANDARD MLMS.
RooCATAIiOlUIKS, Wholusalo or Retail.
Thomas Wahnks, Leicester Aliliey .Nurseries.

IHlllTY^THOU.SANl) AMUIUCAN ARBOK-VlTiE.

10,000 roRTUGAI. LAURELS.
Seo CATALOGUES, Wholewalo or Uotail.
Thomas Wahnsh, Leicester Alibey Nuraerlea.

EN "THOUSANTT SlirfiHIAN AKBOII-VITJE

limii AlMllj'Tlls, 111 pots.
Seo CATAH)OUI';s, "Wliulrsale or Retail.
Thomas Wahnkii, Leicester Abbey Niu-series.

TWENTY THOUSAND DWARF MAIDKN and
TRAINED FRUIT TREES, APPLES, CHERRlKf,

PEACHES, and NECTARINES.

20,000 lioUQlITllN CASTLE or VICTORI.'V CUKRANTS.
Seo CATALUtiUES, Wholesale or Retail.
TuoMAS Warnkk, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

T

KANSPLANTKD FOKEST TKEES.

Tansley Nurseries, near Matlock, DerbysMre.

JOSliPH SMITH. Sen., invites Planters and the
Trade to inspect his Nvirsory of SO Acres of high land. The soil
is nf a fibrous nature, and the Plants take up with excellent roots,
such as to ensure tlie best success in their romovul.

The Nursci-v runiauis nianv Hundred Thousands of RTIODODEN-
PRONS COMMON and PORTUGAL LAURELS, BOX, BROOMS,
i'.ERIIKttIS, HOLLIES. PRIVJSTS. YEWS, Ac. The FOREST
li;i';iOS are very extensive, of all the leading kinds; there are
1 . .\.Tes of LARCHES, of different sizes, and all others in propor-
Mm I. Prices moderate, which can be had on application as above.

Alder, 3 to 4 feet and 4 to C foot
Ash, 3 to 5 feet

Birch, 2 to 3 foet, 3 to 4 feot, and
4 to 5 foot

Hazel, 2 to 3 feot and 3 to 4 feot
Larch, 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, and

4 to 6 feet
Pinu.s austri.aca, li to 2 feet

The above are stout and well rooted. Samples, with prices,
delivered free at the nearest Railw.^y Stations, may oe had on appli-
cation to Watkrkk & GoDFRKY, Knap Hill Nmsery, Woking, Sm-rey.

W

VIHGO AND SON hiivin',- a largo Stock of iho
» following, can offer them at very low prices:—
FOREST TREES,

Fir, Scotch, li to 2 ft., er.trafine

,, Spruce, 3 to 4 feet, extra fine

„ Larch, 2. 3, & 4 ft., extra fine

Hazel, 2i to 3i feet, extra fine

Holly, Green, H to 2.feet, bushy

Laurel, Common, 2i to 3 ft., bushy

„ Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. bushy

Privet, 2 to 3 feet, extra bushy

Alder, 3 to 5 feet, extra strong
Ash, 18 inches to 2 feet
Beech, 2 to 3 feet, very good
Berberis dulcis. 2 to 3 feet

., Aquifolium, 1 to li foot
Chestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 feet, and
6 to C feet
„ Spanish, 2 to 3 feet

Strong CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS.
Strong MANETTl STOCKS.
FRUIT TREES.
Apples, Standards and Dwarfs, very stronp
Cherries, Dwarfs and Dwarf- trained, extra fine
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dw.arf-tiained, extra fine
Pears, Srnndards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fins
Nectarines, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Kentish Filberts, 4 to 5 feet, extra fino
Crv.b Stock.s, 2 yoare Seedlings

PRICED LIST or samples on application at
The Nursery, Wonersh, near Guildford, Smrey,

rno li K SOLJJ \musu:iUy
I. LAlU'lI, 3 and 4 years old, splendid i

Planting Season

LAHCH (Naiivo niui 'I'moIcm), SCOTCH FIR (True
Nativu), SPRUCK. OAK.'asII, ALDER, BEECH, PRIVET,
and all kindH of KollKST and ORNAMENTAL TREES and
SHRUBS, ROSES, FKUIT TREKS, lluo Hpecinien AKAUCARIAS
and DKODAUS, and largo TREES for Park Planting, now m fluo
condition for removal.

CATALOGUES, with sizes and prices, sent froo on application to
I>icii!toN» & Co., NurHorymen, SoodHinen, and FloristB, 1, Wiilorloo
Place, Edinburgh.

cheap, 200,00li"fitrong
.. ., ....V* . j^...., — , ..,.— ndld btufl. No roosonablo
olfer will bo rumsoii.

BLACK ITALIAN POI'LAK, 3 to 6 feet. 16v*. por 100(J.
SEKDLING ILKX OAK, r.'«. per lOUU.
MANKTTI STOCKS. 26h. per luiio.
For samples apply to W. TnKBKin:n, Nuraeryman, CardifT.

T A K C H , P J3 A ir^^fcTi" 0 U K S , & c .

LARCH, H to2feet, perlOOO, a^. ; 2 to 3foot, IOh. ; 3 to 4 feet, ISs. Od.
PEAR STOCKS. 2i to Ti feet, 10s. to 30n. per lUOO,
SCOTCH FI R, 2 years bedded, G to 12 inches, 5«. per 1000.
LIST of other TP EES sent on application.
Apply, with reference, to ./. Riduell, Steward, Park Attwood,
Bewdley, Worcestorslnre.

S^trong^LafchrNaiive^cotcli, English. Oak, Thorns,

^C, ALL TkANSPLANTKD.

/"T EOKGE CHIVAS, Chester, solicits the attention of

vT Planters to his very great Stock of LARCH, 2 to 4i foot:
NATIVE SCOTCH, li to 3 feet (a portion of which was Transplanted
la-st sprinK for the second time-); ENGLISH OAK, 2 to 4 feot, and
THORNS of great strongUi, with an ox.tensivo an<l general aaHort-
ment of other Trees and Piaiit.''. Tlio <iuality is unexceptionable,
and the prices much in lavour uf the buyer. ^_

Northampton Nurseries.

JOHN PERKINS, Sf.n., begs to tall attention to his

fj

ESTABLISHED UPWARDS OP A CENTURY.

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, & CO.,

SOUTH ROW, COVENT GARDEN MARKET, W.C.

SEEDSMEN TO HEE MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS OP WOODS AND FORESTS, TO THE COMMISSIONERS FOR
TQE COLONIES, TO THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES OP THE PUNJAUB, BOMBAY, ETC., ETC.

Holders of Piize Mcd.Tls from Intemationjil Exhibitions of both 1851 .and 18C2.

NEW GARDEN SEEDS (Crop 1866)

IN COJtPLETE COLLECTIONS FOR ONE YEARS SUPPLY.

No. 1, £3 3s. ; No. 2, £2 2s. ; No. 3, £1 lOs. ;
No. 4, £l Is. ; No. 5, 10s. 6d.

PRICED CATALOGUE, containing details of abore
Collections, also full descriptions of all Vegetable and Flower
Seed Novelties of this season, Post Free.

Orders amoimiing to 2\s. sent Carriaga Paid, All Fackets of Flower &eeds sent Post Paid.

BEDDING PLANTS KILLED BY FROST.

E. G. HENDERSON & SON

CAN SDPPLY

STRONG STOCK PLANTS OF THE LEADING SECTIONS.

FOR LISTS SEE

THE NEW SEED CATALOGUE FOR 1867,

InoUuUng amongst others, with full descriptions, the foUo'wing desirable Novelties in Seeds : —

■ ASTER (snow-white) VICTORIA, fine for bedding

■ aRUNDO CONSPICUA, G(i.
IACT^EA FiJ^TlDA (bug destroyer), Gd.

iAOCUBA JAPONICA, new Japanese mixed varieties. Is. Crf.
iAUBRlETIA GR^CA, \id. and U.

■ BEGONIA PEARCEI, -Is. Gd.
ICANNA UlIIOKELLl, Is.

■ CANTiiRBUia' BKLLS, rose colour, 6rf. and Is
■CELOSIA RAMOaA ELKGANS, Is. and la Grf
IICHAiL-EPEUCE DIACANTHA, Is

f CLIANTHU3 DAMPIERI 1 , ^ „ ^^

1 ALBA J 2s. Cd. separate, or mixed 2s. Cd.

1 „ „ CINNABARINA, 2s. M.

iCYCLAMEN PERMCUAl, from 3U tine varieties Is. and 2s
iHELENIUir HOOPESII, is.

■ DIANTHUS DENTATUS HYBRIDDS, Is.

I ,. IMl'EKIALIS PIOTLTS FLORE PLE^NO, Gd. and Is.

■EUPHORBIA VARIEOATA MARGINATA Gd

iHifiLIANTHUS TEXANUS HYBRIDUS, Cd
■URIS PUMILA HYBRIDA, Is.
TJiLILlUM AURATCM, ]«. and 2s. (Jd.

I'LINARIA ALPINA, Cd.

„ TRISTE, Gd. and Is.

Larch Firs, 3 to 4, 4 to 0 feet
Sprnco Firs, 2 to 3, 3 to 4 feet
BlackTnorn,2to3feet
Hornbeam, 2 to 3, 3 to 4 feet
Green Box, 1 to IJ foot
Portugal Laurels, li to 2 feet
Beech, 3 to 4 feec
Chestnut, Horse, 4 to 0, 0 to 8 ft.

largo STOCK of the following :-

Oak.s, Tnrkej, 6 to C feet.

Elms, English, Gne Staodarde,

6 to 8, 8 to 10 feet
White Thorn <iuick, 2and3-yoars

transplanted
Dwiirf-trained Poaches, Necta-
rines, Plums and Cherries
Standard Pears and Apples
Cedrus Deodara, 6 to 8 leot.
The above will be sold at unusually low prices, Lists of which may
be had on application to

52, Market Square, Northampton.

Forres Nurseries. Scotland.

JOHN GRltiOK AND CO. have lor 8ALE seA'eral
Millionsof very superior LARCH, one-year old Seedlings ; also
one-vear tr::iisplanted plants, grown 'from seed extracted Irom
healthy .■■.es. which form the fourth or filth generation of the Larch
since its mMoiiuction into Scotland. Such plants being acclimatised,
are found to be far bardier than those raised from imported seed.

According to Sir. Grigor's Report on "the Larch Forests ol
Scocland," for which the Highland and Agricultural Society of
Scotland has recently awarded the Gold Medal, acclimatation forms
the basis of all successful cultivation, and is the only means of
averting the numerous casualties to which Larch plantations aro
subject.

NATIVE HIGHLAND SCOTCH PINE, l-yeai- seedling.

FOREST TREES m general.

Strong plants of AQ U 1 LKGIA GL AN DULOSA.

Prices on application.

HAKUy PLANES. — I'hiUiuus pahuata, P. acenfoiia,
P. acerifolia gi-andifolia, and P. pyiamidalis. The above aro
all perfectly hardy and beautiful varieties. Average lieight, G feet.
Price 2os. per 100. A few of the two first named can be supplied
10 to 12 feet in height. Carriage paid to London.

Tuos. RiVKHS &; Son, Nurseries, Saw bnd^eworth.

EVEKG KEENS, for immediate efftct, perfectly
uninjured by the late severe we.ather. consisting of 50,tuo ■
LAURELS. 2 to 5 feet; 20,0110 LAJRUSTIN OS, 1 to 3 feet; 10,000,
BAYS 1 to .''i feet ; 10,000 TREE BOX, 1 to 3 feet : and several
Thousands of EVERGREEN OAK; also a fine lot of SPRUCE FIR,
3 to 6 feet. The whole of the abovd in fine stout, good-rooted plants.
Purchasers of large quantities for CaSh will bo nmst liberally
treated wilIi. Price, with samples, may bo hod on apphc-ation to
R Gadd & Son, SalviDgton Nurseries, near Worthing.

H,

AND R. STIKZAI-lER can supply in very large

Quantities as follows, qu;ility good, and prices very low :—

ALDER ASH, BIRCH, BEECH, ELM, CHESTNUT (Horse and
Spanish), HAZEL. LAUCH, OAK (English and Turkey), POPLAR
(Ontario and Black Italian), PRIVET (Evergreen, Ij to 3 feet),
SPRUCE FIR, SILVER FIR. SYCAMORE, WILLOWS, THORNS,
YEW (English), splendid stulf, in sizes of 1. 2, 3, 4 feet, and upward-s.
Special quotations for free dehvery on application.
Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

Fruit Trees.

WOOD AND INGRAM wish to call the attention of
Planters and the Trade to their large stock of the following,
which they are prepared to supply at very moderate rates, according
to the quani ity taken :—

APPLES, Standards, Half Standai'ds, and Dwarfs.
APRICOTS. Dwarf Maiden, cut back, and trained.
CURR^VNTS, fino bushy plants, all the best kinds.
GOOSEBERRIES „ „

GRAPE VINES, from Eyes, Planting and Fruiting Canes.
„ Layers, well-rooted, Canes 1 inch round.

NOTS and FILBERTS, all sizes up to 4 to 6 feet.
PEACHES, Dwarf Maiden, cut back and trained.
PEARS, Standards, Dwarfs, and Pyramids.
PLUMS, Standards, Half Standards, and Dwarfs.

CATALOGUES and Prices on application.
The Nm-sei'ies, Huntingdon.

OHN AVATERER has to oiler a quantity of very
handsome AUCUBA JAPONICA, the whole ot which are
profusely covered with Berries.

1st Size ai-e Plants 2 feet high, bearing 1.50 to 200 Ben-iea.
2d Size, 1 foot G inches, with lOO to lliS Uerries.
3d »ize, 1 foot, with 40 to 50 Berries.

Price from 10s. Od. each and upwards.
The American Nursery, Bagshol, teurrey.

LINUM MACRAYI, Is. G-/. and 2s. Gd.
LOBELIA PRINCE ALBERT, Gd. and Is.
LOPHOSPERMUM SCANDENS GRANDIFLORUM, \s.
LUPINUS CRUIKSHANKII Hi'BRIDUS, Gd.
MIMULUS. double flowers. Is.

NEilOPHlLA MACULATA GRANDIFLORA, Gd. and \s.
NIEREMBERGIA FRUTESCENS, 2s. Cd.
P^ONIA ELIZABETH, brilliant Tree Pieony, 2s. Cd.
PENTbTEMON JEFFREYANUM, blue, Is.

„ LOBBIL yellow, Is.

POTENTILLA, new double. Is.

PELARGONIUM, IVY-LEAVED, fino varieties, mixed, Is. Gd.
SCABIOSA NANA FLORE PLENO, beautiful, \jd. and Is.
STOCli, blood rod, splendid. Is.
TROPiEOLUM COMPACTUM SUPERBUM, Is.
VIOLA CORNUTA, Gd. and 1.^.

„ MAUVE QUEEN, Is.

PURPLE QUEEN, Is.

„ THE CZAR, Gd, and Is.

„ THE GIANT, Gd.
WAITZIA STEETZIANA, 1,5.

XERANTHEMUM CARYOPHYLLOIDES FLORE PLENO, 6d.
ZEA JAPONICA, foi. var., Od. and Is. [and Is.

WELLINGTON NTJRSEllY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, LONDON, N.W.

Extensive and well-grown Nursery Stock.

JS C 0 T 1', Merriotc, Somerset, has lo oiler as
• under :— FOREST TREES :— Acacia, 5 to C feet, 10s. per 100 ;
Alder 3 feot, 25s, per 1000 ; Beech, 2 to 2i feet, 30s. per 1000 ; do.,

3 to 4 feet, 35s. perlOOU; do., 4 to 5 feet, 80s. per lOOO; Chestnut,
Horse, 3 to 4 feet, 80s. per lOoO; do., 4 to 5 feet, 10s. per 100 ; Cbeat-
nut, Spanish, 2 feec, 30s. per lOOO ; do., 3 feet, 35s. per luuo ; Elm,
English, 4 to 6 feet, 10s. per 100 ; tlo., 5 to C feet, :iU8. per lOO ; Elm,
Wych, 4 to 5 feet, 80s. per 1000; do., 5 to C feet, lOs. per luO; Firs,
Larch, 2 feet, 20s. per 1000; do., 2i to 3 feet, 25s. per iUOO ; do., 3 to

4 feot, 30s. per 1000; Scotch, li to 2 feet, liis. per 1000; do., 2 to
2i feet, 20s. per lOOO ; do., 24 to 3 feet. 26s. per lOOO ; Silver, It to
12 mches, 50s. per lOUO ; ao., 12 to IS mcbes, SOs. periouu; apruce,
U foot, 25s. per lOt'U, ao., 2 feet, 30s. per louO ; d3., 24 feet, 3os. per
1000 ; do., 3 feet, 40s. per lOOO ; Hazel, :J to 2i feet, 25s. per 1000 ; do.,
24 to 3 feet, 30s. per 1000; do., 3 to 4 feet, 40s. per 1000; do., 4 to

5 feet 45s per 1000. The Hazel is especially fine. Oak, Eoglish,
2 to 2§ feet, 35s. per lOOO ; Willows, from 3Us. to oOs. per 1000 ; Yews,
2 feet. fine. 76s. per 100 ; Holly, 2 feet, extra fine, 50s. per 100.

FRUIT TREES, the best Collection in England, are grown to a
large extent, and tree from every kind of disease. A y2-paged
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, with cultural notes, free. Apples,
GiJO sorts in all manner of training, from Ud. to 3i.0d. each ; Apri-
cots, Nectarines, and Peaches. Maiden and Dwarl-trained, from Cd.
to 3s Cd. each; Churries, Standard and Pyramidal, Is. to ^- C".
each; do. Dwarf-tramod, Ls'. (jd. to 2s. Cd. each, m M sorts. May
Dukes and Morelloa to the trade in quantity, cheap. Pears, SOOsorts,
trom Gd. to 2s. Gd. to 6s. each, accordmg to size ; Plums, Pyramidal
.-ind Dwarf-trained, 2s. Cd. to 3s. Gd. eacn. Deodar Cedar, 4 to 5 foet,
30s. per dozen; 5 to 0 leet, 30s. pt^r dozen; 0 to 7 feet, 42s. per
I dozen Magnificent trees with fine balls. A splendid coUecuou of
\ ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS equally cheap.

100

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Febeuaet 2, 1867.

IHE LONDON SEED COMPANY,
68, Welbeck Street,

Cavendisb Square, W.

THE LONDON SEED COM PAN T.—
The General "PRICE CURRENT of GARDEN and EARM
SEEDS "is now ready, and can be had on application. Gratis, as above.

THE LONDON SEED COMPANY'S
COLLECTIONS of SEEDS.
No. 1. — Complete Collection, sufficient for a largo Garden £3 0 0
No, 2, — Complete Collection for a moderate size Garden ..200
No. 3.— Complete Collection in small quantities .. ..100
No. 1— Complete Collection for a smalt Garden ,. .. 0 16 0
No. 6. — Complete Collection for a small Garden , . . . 0 10 0
LISTS can tie had on application from the above address.

THE LONDON SEED COMPANY.
CARRIAGE ARRANGEMENTS.
Tho Directors have made arrangements with all the Railway and
Steam Companies to deliver all Seeds, with the exception of heavy
articles, such as Grain, Tares, &c ,

CARRIAGE FREE
lor all Orders of the value of 20s., to any Railway Station in England
and Wales, or to any Steam Port in England, Wales, Ireland, or
Scotland, Guernsey, or Jersey.

TMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT.— A Discount of
-L 10 per Cent, will be allowed by the London Seed Company on all
Orders above £10 ; 15 per Cent, above £oO ; 20 per Cent, above £100.
It will, therefore, be desirable for friends to unite together in a
District or Neighbomhood, and so obtain these liberal Discounts.

TEN, FIFTEEN, and T WENTY PER CENT.
DISCOUNT will be allowed on all Orders given to the "London

Seed Company" above £10, £50, and £100 respectively.

A S.

GAEAWAT AND

Ndrserymen and Seedsmen,
Durdham Down Nurseries, Bristol.

c 0.,

S^

BEDS for the KITCHEN GARDEN.

J^^

G A E A W A Y

CO.

QEEDS for the ELOWEE GASDEN.

A S.

G A E A "W" A T

C 0.

s ^

E E D S

for the

F A E M.

Q E E D S, Best Quality, at Cheapeat Kates.

A S.

G A E A 17 A T

C 0.

»EICED CATALOGUES, Post Free.

A S.

G A E A W A Y

C 0.

/^AEEIAGE PAID of all OEDEES over 20s.

AS. GAEAWAY anb

Nurserymen and Seedsmen,
Diu'dham Down Nuraeries, Bristol,

C 0.

A Practical Gardener for Sixpence.

CARTER'S FLORAL ALMANAC ;nid CALENDAR of
OPERATIONS for 18U7 contains full Directions for the
Successful Management of the Flower Garden, Kitchen Garden, and
the Farm for each Month in the Year. Forwarded on receipt of six
■stamps.

^ James Carter & Co., 237 and 238, High Holbom, London, W.C.;
W. H. Smith & Son, Strand, and all their Railw.ay Book Stalls.

Ulium auratum. Golden-rayed Lily of Japan.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have just received splendid
BULBS of the above, in finer condition than any imported for
some time, and said to contain many highly-coloured varieties. This
incompamble Lily has for some time oeen very scarce, but we can
now oner fine flowering Bulbs, true tfl name, at the following prices :
—1st size, 6s. ; 2d, 3s, 6d. ; extra strong large Bulbs. 1st size, 10s. 6d. ;
2d. 7^. Gd. ; a few of the finest, very larce and strong, 15s, each.

James Carter & Co., Seed Merchants and Nurserymen, 237 and
238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

Sxlubition Plants.

In OR SALE, a quantity of first-rate SPECIMEN
PLANTS, gro\vn for Exhibition,', including AllaniandaSchottii,
A. cathartica, Stephanotis fioribunda, Clerodendron Thomsonii, Com-
bretum Pinceauum, Ixora coccinea, Mandevilla suaveolens, and
others, all very large specimens, in first-class order. For size and price
apply to Geouce Batley, The Rugby Nursery.

New Garden Seeds.
A RCHIBALD HENDER-

SON'S DESCRIPTIVE
PRICED CATALOGUE and useful
GARDEN ALMANACK is now
Published, containing much useful
information. Can be had gratia and
post free on application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath,
Surrey; and at the East Surrey
Seed Warehouse, College Groimda,
North End, Croydon.

A KTHUR HENDERSON and CO. beg to announce

ri. that their CATALOGUE of KITCHEN GARDEN and
FLOWER SEEDS for 1807 is now ready, and will be forwarded free
on application.

NEW MELONS.

ERIDGE CASTLE PERFECTION.— This is a jjreeu-tleshed variety,
of excellent flavour, thin skin, medium size, with a delicious
melting sugary flesh. One of the best sorts ever raised. 2s. Orf.
per packet.

THE GUILDHALL PRIZE.— Scarlet fiesh, a very quick grower and
a great cropper, weight 3 to 5 lb. Earlv, excellent shape, richer
and superior m fiavoui- to Turner's Clem. Skin very thin. A
seedling between the Scarlet Gem and Egyptian green-fleshed.
2s. 6d. per packet.

HENDERSON'S COMPACT-TOPPED PINE-APPLE BEET.—
True (our own saving).

Pine-aiiplo Place, Edgcware Road, London, N.

^?

NEW ROSES FOR 1867.

JOHN FRASER,

OF THE LEA BRIDGE ROAD NURSERIES, N.E., j

HAS MUCH PLEASTJKE IN ANNOUNCING THAT HIS I

DESCRIPTIVE LIST of CAREFULLY SELECTED NEW ROSES for 1867

IS NOW READY, AND WILL BE FORWARDED ON APPLICATION.
1^" The Plants are this Season unusiialUj strong and healthy.

NOTICE.-NEW ROSES FOR 1867.

FOETY-SIX VARIETIES, being the cream only of tlie best new kinds known on the Continent, now ready in
magnificent strong healthy Plants, which will be eligible for sending out as soon as the weather will permit.
DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUES GRATIS on application to the SUBSCKIBEES.

WILLIAM WOOD and SON,
WOODLANDS NURSERY, MARESFIELD, NEAR UCKFIELD, SUSSEX.— Feb. 2.

GARDEN SEEDS.

WILLIAM PAUL,

(Son and Suc(;essok to tlie late A. Paul),
PAUL'S NURSERIES and SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N,,

BEGS TO ANNOUNCE THAT HIS

SELECT LIST OF VEGETABLE, FLOWER SEEDS, ETC.,

IS NOW READY, AND "WILL BE FORWARDED POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

The following Novelties recently introduced by him have already become standard varieties, and the
Seeds now oll'ered have been saved from pure original stocks : —

PAUL'S WALTHAM BRUSSELS SPROUTS. — Tbls tiulety Is
quite distinct, tlie Sprouts possessing the Viiluablo quality ot
beinf^ green to the centre, and retaining the same colour when
cooked. Is. per packet.

PAUL'S WALTHAM MARKET CABBAGE. — Larce, very even
growth, enrly and fine, mild flavour ; pronounced by all who
have seen it the finest sort in cultivation, l.v. per packet.

PAUL'S IMPROVED TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER. - This is a
prodigious bearer, frequently producing lour or live fine fruit at
a joint ; very handsome, and excellent flavour ; particularly
recommended for a house or winter forcing. \s, per packet.

PAUL'S SELECTED EXTRA CURLED PARSLEY.— Large and
very superior ; pronounced by all who have grown it from my
stock the best in cultivation. M. per paclict.

SUPERB DWARF HERTFORDSHIRE CAULIFLOWER. — Verj'
large, pure white close heads, remaining fit for use much longer
than most other sorts ; very hardy, having frequently stood in
winter under a south wall without any otlier protection,
la. per packet.

BROCKETT HALL BROWN COS LETTUCE.— Very hardy, large,
crisp, and excellent flavour ; stands a long time after most other
sorts without nmning to seed ; good for sowing at any season;
the finest Lettuce grown. Is. per packet.

PAUL'S SUPERB CRIMSON BEET.— This variety as improved by
me is unsurpassed in colour and flavour. Is. per oz.

PAUL'S IMPROVED LATE CURLED BOBECOLE.-Unsurpassod
as a " Curled Green," very hardy ; very productive, and continues
inflneconditionforuse till the end of ApnI. Is. per packet.

COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS, 10s. 6rf., and upwards,
COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, 5s. and upwards.

*»• All Seeds Carriage Free.

GENUINE SEEDS, CARRIAGE FREE.

B. S. WILLIAMS'

NEW GENERAL PRICED AND DESCRIPTIVE SEED CATALOGUE

FOR 1867

CAN BE HAD FREE ON APPLICATION. I

THE VEGETABLE SEED PART

CONTAINS

LISTS of the best varieties of each kind of VEGETABLE. Only those sorts are recommended that can be
relied upon for producing sure and good crops. Especial attention is directed to the following NEW and OUUiOJi
KINDS, fall descriptions of which will be found in the Catalogue.

WILLIAMS' ALEXANDRA BROCCOLI, 2s. ed. per packet I NUNEHAM PARK ONION, 2s. U. per packet

WILLIAMS' MATCHLESS RED CELERY, Is. per packet J! MALVERN HALL MELON, Is. Hd. per packet

ORANGEFIELD DWARF TOMATO, 23. per packet I DIGSWELL PRIZE ENDIVE, Is. per packet

R^VPHANUS CAUDATUS (The Wonderful Radish), Is., 2s., and 6s. per packet.

COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS, to suit Gardens of various sizes, for Contents of

which see page 44 in Catalogue : —

lOs. 6d., 21s., 42s., 63s., 84s. each.

THE FLOWER SEEB PART

CONTAINS

Imnorted and English-CTown FLOWER SEEDS, in Collections.

The Best of the New Introductions, 1866, in ANNUALS, BIENNIALS, and PERENNIALS.

Choice Strains of FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

:pR1MULA (Williams' superb strain, the finest In cultlvatlonl.—
Red, White, or Mixed Seed, 2s. M,, 3s. Hd., and !,s. per packet.

CALCEOLARIA (James's strain, the best variety for exhibition).—
colours are exceedingly rich, profusely spotted and voinod_
'2s. C(i., 3s. 6ti., and 5s. per packet.

The following are unequalled ;—

BALSAM (Williams' finest strain).— A stand of flowers, the pro
duction of this strain, was exhibited at the July Show of the
Royal Botanic Society, and was the admiration of all. Is. and
2s. liri. per packet.
CINERARIA (Weatiiekill's extra oholco strain).- This Is the most
popular strain In Covent Garden Market. 3s. 6i(. and 6». per pkt.

LILIUM AUEATUM (a large importation of this beautiful Lily just received). -Strong Bulbs, 3s. 6rf., 5s.,
7s. &d., and 10s. Gd. each.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

Febettaet 3, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL (iAZETTR

101

PAUL AND SON'S SEED CATALOGUE will be sent
with pleasure to any applicant. It contains, with UMial miittor.
Doscriptlvo rrlct'd Li«t^ of carefully solsctod Novelties in Soods ;
Soeds ni- Omnnipntal Follagod riaiitM tor Subtropical Flower Gaidon-
inc • Gladioli, with ori^,'inal Notus on their OilturL-

The Old ChoMhunt, Nursonos Jind Seodsh..i\ LheHhunt. N.

■ ^ New and Genuine Seeds.

THOMAS SAMTSUN, The ripston Itond Nursones,
Teo''tl, Somorsot, bet-s to Intimate that hia CATALOGUE of
SKEDS for the OARDKN and FAKM is now ready, and can bo
obtained froo on application. U contains a Select and Choloo Stock,
everythInK botnp of the best quality, and are offered at unequalled
low pi ice;

Wholesale Catalogue of Nursery Stock.
/^EOHCM .lACIvMAN and SON'S PRICED and

VT HKSCKIFTIVK CATALOG LTK for 18fiR and Spring lfir.7, can
ho had froL' ••n iipplloatlon, coniprlsluu; Fruit Trees. Uoses, American
rifints, CuulfotH, Clonmtisea, Kvernroen and Dooidioua TrooB and
SlLrubfi, and tranFplantod Forest Trues, &c., &c.

Woklnc NurHorj-, Surrey^

General^lant Catalogue.
1> S. WILMAMS' I'RICKD CATALOGUE,

l>. CMnl.'iiiiiiiK' Select Lists of Choice Exotic Orchids, Forna,
Stove and {in'onhoiiso I'lantfl. Indian Azaleas, Variecatod and
ornamental b'oliaKod Plants. Fuchsliw, relarftonluma, Rhododen-
(Inns, Vorhenas, riitxinins, PIiIoxcp, Cinerarias, Chrysanthenuime,
llardv VarioRatcd Plants. Roses, Fruit Trees, Vines, &c. ; also a
ItL'scriptlvo List of New and Rare Plants.

I :an bo bad post ft'oo nn application.
Victoria anil Piuadlso Nurseries. Upper Hollowgy, London. N.

RlCHAKl) SMITH'S SEKD CATALOGUE contains a
Calendar of Tlnio for Sowing, particulars of Collections, with
Prices, Directions for Cropping well and economically. Soil, Manm-e,
Depth, Distance. Season, Hardiness. Duration, F'orni, Height,
Colour, Stormy, Use, Flavour, and otiior qualities, described.

This List Free by Post for one stamp. Seeds direct from the
ni'owera the surest way to succes«,

Richard Smith, Seed STerchant, Worcester. ^^

New Descriptive Lists.

DOWNIE, LAIliD, AMI LAING, Nitrserymen,
Sekdsmkn, Florists, and Nr.w Plant Merchants, 17. South
FreHerick Street, Edinburgh ; and Stanstead Park, Forest Hill,
London, S.E., respectfiilly bep to intimate that their NEW
I>ES(^RIPTIVE PRICED CATALOnUKS of FLORIST FLOWERS,
t;Ai:DKN.FLO\VER, and ACHirULTIlKAL SEEUS. IJLADIOLL
!«' >SES,&c., areuiiw ready, ami may lie li.ni freeon.'ipiilu-aMnn,

Genuine New Vegetable, Flower, and Agricultural
Seeds of best quality only.

J SCOTT'S Stock of thr above is now ready for
• sendinp out. A CATALOGUE containinc PRICED LISTS
of NOVELTIES, and other choice SEEDS, BULBS. GARDEN
REQUISITES, Ac. post free on application, prices very low.
GLABIOLUS. from 2s. per dozen, named sorts.
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Vegetable. Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, &c.

ROBF.RT PARKER bogs to announco that his
CATALOGUE, coDtaining select DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds in cultivation of the above-named is now published,
and will be forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from tlie best possible souros, all are waiTanted
l^enuine, and are olfered at the lowoit possible prices. Intending
purchaserB are requested to compare the prices with those of other
fionses. Exotic Nursery, Toot.'nc Surrey, S.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, jiost free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 3R poKoa,
inclndinK prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
OESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nurserv, S-E., a mile from Sidciip SUitlon of New
North Kent Line of South E^istern Railway.

American Plants, &c.
TTTATERER and GODFREY'S PRICED and

VV DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS

and other American Plants for this Autumn, will bo sent on

application. The Catalo^jue als.^ pives a snmmary of their General

Nursery Stock, probablv the nmst exti^nsive in the kingdom.

Knap Hill Nursoi-v, WnkiTi*:, Surrey.

Rhododendrons.

JOHN "WATERER'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
of HARDY SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS is now
published, and will be lorwarded on application.' It faithfully describes
the colours of the new varieties exhibited bv him at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. An" Abridged List of popular
CONIFERS .with heights and prices. Is likewise combined.

The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey, near Sunnin^^dale Station,
Soutb-Western Railway.

Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLARD, Seed Grower and Merchant,
20, Qua! de la MCglssCrie, Paris, France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEEDS, in English weights
and money, post free on application.

To the Seed Trade.-Continental Flower Seeds, &c.
IjI ^y. WKXDKL, Seed Guowkk, ^v.. Erfurt, Prussia,
Jj • heps toannouTico that his WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of
the above is now ready, and may be had free and post paid on
application to liis A>;ent,
Geo. Macintosh, Seedsman, &.C., High Road, Hammoramith, W.

The New Forage Grass (Bromus Schraderi).

SUTJON anti J^D.nS havi' imported a lar;;(' supply of
_ True Seed of the above, rtiid nlVer it at 2s, Cd. per lb., or cheaper
in large quantities, (^jantity required per acre, 3Hlh. Lowest price
per cwt. and instmctlons on cultivation may be had on application.
Sutton & Sons, Seed Merchants, Reading.

G

ENUINE GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS

of the best quality,

CATALOGUES pnst fi'oo ou application.

Jamts Veitcr & SoNH, Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea, S.W.

Sub-troplcal and Ornamental FoUaged Plants
from Seed.

W'lLLTAM ROLLISSON and SONS' NEW and
GENERAL SEED CATALOGUE, containing a List of the
above, can bo had on application to

The Nureories, Tooting, London.

Good Seeds ^J^^S^ Carriage Free.
QUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of

O SEEDS for ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY.

For tok Kitchen Garden.

No, t Collection, carriage froo X3 .1 0

No. 2 Collection, carriage free •2 2 0

No. 3 Collection, carriage free 1 11 li

No. 4 Collection, carriage free 110

No. 6 Collection, carriage free 0 15 0

No. 0 Collection 0 10 6

For toe Flower Garden.

No. 1 Collection, free by poet or rail £2 2 0

No. 2 Collection, free by post or rail 1 11 (1

No, 3 Collection, froo by post or rail 110

No. 4 Collection, free by post or rail 0 16 0

No. 5 Collection, free by post or rail 0 10 6

PRICED CATALOGUES gratis and post fVco. Five per Cent.
Discount allowed for Cash payment.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Re.idinp:.

Eht (Barlrenersi €fironicle*

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY "2, 1867.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
THfRSDiv. Feb 7— Linnean

WALL-TRAINKD TREKS of BE^VBING SIZE.— Our
Wall-Trained Fruit Trees this season are verv fine, and
includePEACHES, NECTARINES. APRICOTS, and FIGS, suited
for planting in houses for immediate Fruiting. An inspection is
respectflilly invited.

T. Jackson & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, Surrey.

fosT Paid,

Viola cornuta, var. Purple Queen,

l,*?. and '2fi. (V?. per Packet.

BS. WILLL4.MS has purchased Mr. Bennett's entire
• stock of the above. None genuine unless in Packets bearing
B. S. W.'s name and address.

VIOLA CORNUTA, var. MAUVE QUEEN, 6d., Is., and 2s. 6d.
per Packet.
B. S. Williams, Victoria andParadise Nurseries, Upper Holloway,N.

~^ Caution. ^ ^^

QUEEN EMMA MELON.— Having seen that a Firm
In London are offenng Seed of a MELON under the nam©
QUEEN EMMA, " STUART," I think it right to inform the Public
tnat the entue stock of the " HECKFIELD" QUEEN EMMA
MELON (so nuich thought of) has been placed in the hnnds ot
Messrs. Osuorn & Sons, Fulham, and James VEixrH & Sons, Chelsea.
Tuos, K. SiioRTT. Heckfleld Gardens.

At p. 655 of our last year's volume we took
occasion to mention a remarkable specimen of a
flattened or fasciated Lettuce which had been
sent us by a correspondent at Canterbury.

DOBSON AND SUNS' UNEQUALLED SHEDS.
PRIZE CALCEOLARIA, Is. 6<i., 2s. M., Zs. M., 6».
I'RIZK PRIMULA, Is., 2s. M., 5s.
PRIZE CINERARIA, Is., It. M., 5s.
PRIZE BALSAM. Is. ; s rarietles, 2s.
All Tmfle .ind other Orders oxocuted by return of post.
Donsnfj & S(iK8, Seedfinien, Isleworth, London, w.

rpHE CZAR VIOLET is still finely in BLOOM,
J- uninjniod by tlio late FroRt.1 below zero. The flowers are
nearly twice as large aa tho oM Rilfisiao, on very lont^ stent foot-
stalks. Awarded First-class Certiftcites and Prizes wherever
exhibited. Strong plants in Bloom, 10s. per dozen, prepaid, may bo
had of Mr. John (jraham, Cranford, FJounslow. The usual allowance
to the Trade.

Also line RASPBERRY CANES, of sorts, 4j. per 100.

Thanks to another correspondent at Grantham
we are enabled to give a figure of a somewhat
similar condition in the stem of the Asp ABACUS.
Fasciation, or the confluence of several stems, is
by no means of unusual occurrence in Asparagus ;
not a year passes but several specimens of the
kind come under notice ; but the one fi'om which
our figure was taken far exceeds in size any that
we have seen before. When fresh the specimen
measured 6^ feet in length, and 6 inches in
breadth at the widest part. At the lower end
the stem is twisted corkscrew fashion, the spiral
growth being in this case probably due to the
resistance oifered to upward growth by the
union of the stems.

The tendency to grow in a spiral dii'ection is
one of the most striking attributes of the plant,
and instances of it may bo found thi oughout the
whole vegetable kingdom. It is well marked in
the bark and wood of some trees, and equally dis-
tinct in some Algae and Fungi ; it regulates the
arrangement of the leaves, and often exists in

the embryo plant while still within tho leaves.
It is not always easy to son tho "reason why,"
but doubtless among other circumstances that
inlluenco spiral growth in some way or another,
are tho iirosonco of sfinio obstacle imiicding
growth in a certain direction, tho necessity for
placing a succession of leaves and othor organs
in such a position that they may not impede one
another's growth or impair one another's actions,
and tho acquirement of .strength and rigidity for
slender feeble growths without increase of sub-
stance or weight.

Viewed as an abnormal occurrence, that is to
say, when it exists to an exaggerated degree,
in plants that usually exhibit it but only to a
limited extent, it is said to be more frequent in
plants gi'owing in wet or damp places ; but this
is an assertion not sufRcientlj' borne out by facts,

TnE subject of Gkape-growing is introduced
in Mr. Cai^nell's recent Catalogue under the
startling heading "For Grape-growers, a hint
worth 100/.," and in the following terms: —

" Doctors have done away with the knife as much as
possible — so must gardeners. Do not trim your Vine-
rods up every year, as if they were rafters. If you do,
prune the roots likewise ; if not, they will be sure to
rot, and create all kinds of disease, and then you will
wonder what is the cause of it. Cut the top of an Oak
tree after it has been planted 10 years, and keep it so
for another 10 years, and see if you can make it young
and vigorous again.

" Plant one main Vine in the middle of the house.
Let it have a fresh rafter to fill after the third year
every season ; and if any more are planted, pull them
up as this main one extends, and you will soon have a
Hampton Court or a Cumberland Lodge Grape Vine,
and plenty of Grapes without much trouble. You
need not then make your border so rich and expensive.

" Iiet all Grape-growers think of this, and they will
profit by it,"

In noticing last week the issue of this Catalogue,
we expressed a wish to have some furtherexplana-
tion of Mr. Cannell's ideas on A^ine culture :
and knowing him to be an excellent plant-grower,
as indeed our exhibitions bear witness, we
expected to find them both practical and sound.
He has obligingly sent us in rejjly the following
remarks, which, as our readers will perceive,
show him to be a thorough disciple of that school
which objects to tho "restrictive system" of
cultivation as applied to Grape growing ; indeed,
he himself calls his method the "extending
system." We may therefore regard tho obseiwa-
tions which follow as a continuation of the
discussion on the question, "restriction" or
" extension," already commenced in our pages
by "A. F. B.,"and>Ii-. Mii,LER(pp. 1169, 1219,
1863). Mr. Canjjell's explanation is as follows : —

"In seeking to prove what I have .said about Grape
growing, I must obsei've that necessity is the mother
of invention, and that when a person begins to lose, he
is sure to begin to learn.

" The explanation how I first got hold of ray ideas on
this subject, is to be found in the following circum-
stances. In 1860, I took charge of the gardens at
Portnall Park, Virginia Water. There were five Vine-
ries, and about 20 years before the time in question, four
of these had been fresh jilanted in the best possible
manner, everything having been done, I believe, to
make the Vines produce the very best of fruit. Under
the management of one of the most practical Grape-
growers in England, the Vines did, in fact, fproduce
fruit of this character, namely Black Hamburghs,
that carried off two first prizes at Chiswick. This
was about the third and fourth years after they were
planted.

" Of course, the Vines were planted in the u.sual way,
one to a rafter, and by the fourth year they liad attained
the full length of the rafters. Tlien they were trimmed
up very smoothly, and painted, and securely fastened
in their position, season after season, in the usual way.
The roots had every encouragement to extend them-
selves, and had one of the under-^ardeners dared to
have put a snade into the border, or in any way to have
shortened the roots, be would have been discliarged —
with which indeed I agree so far as this, that it is
essential not to injure the roots. With this root-treat-
ment, the Vines were not allowed for sixteen years to
extend one inch at the top. Can any one imagine such
contrary treatment of top and bottom to be good culti-
vation ? The poor Vines of course, like thousands of
others, gradually declined in health and vigour; and
unfortunately it fell to my lot to take the management
of them, when they were on their last legs, and when
it was lieynnd cultural skill to produce anything like
good Grapes— which was the case for some six or eight
years before they died in 1802. Let me here mention
a few of the symptoms which this unnatural and
barbarous treatment produced, be it remembered, after
the plants had yielded magnificent prize fruit :—

For the ucTct tbreo years the bunches gr.idr.olIy became
smaller.

For the next two years tbcy became of a liad colour.

For tho next two years the rcd-splder .attacked thenr.

The next year there was a failure in the crop.

For the next two years there was sh.anking in good earnest.

The next year the mildew attacked them.

For the nest two years they V-ecame of a had flavour.

For the next two years they almost refused to break.

The next year they died altogether.

102

THE GAKDENEBS' CMONTCLE A^"D AORIGULTUEAL OtAZETTE.

[Febbuaet a, 1867.

" Siifili was the fate of these Vines, that had begun
and promised so well.

" Now, had ono of the Vines in each honse been
allowed to have extended itself, say 6 feet of fresh rod
every season, and had the other Vines been removed
accordingly, there is no doubt they would have con-
tinued in a good fruitful condition as long as an Oalc
tree. And J will give a good reason for believing so.
lu these same gardens there was formerly but one
greenhouse, and in this, one Vine was planted at the
corner, the same as at Hampton Court. When the
garden iniderwent some very extensive alterations, it
was determined that this house should only be used for
bedding plants in winter and for Grapes in summer
and the Vine was accordingly trained along the front,
a shoot being carried up each rafter. The house is
about 40 feet by 18 feet, and span-roofed, and is
entirely covered by this one Vine, ivhich although it
had not had the .slightest assistance in the way of
border-making, and had been growing there for
50 years, was never known to fail in producing a
good crop of Grapes. On this account the house had
been twice extended— which was the wliole secret of
success. It was frequently remarked by the proprietor
that this old Vine, whicli had scarcely cost him any-
thing, had produced more Grapes than all the others
put together.

" I believe the largest and the finest Grape Vine in
England is in the garden of Mr. Hargrave, at Sunning-
hill, near "Windsor, and that its well-doing is entirely
to be attributed to the fact that the hou.se (and with
it of course the Vine) has been several times extended.
The same might .justly be said of the beautiful Vines
at Cumberland Lodge and at Hampton Court, although
it never appears to have entered the minds of those
who have had the management of them.

" There can be no doubt — there is none on my mind
— that Avherever there is a Vine failing in vigour, if the
top is allowed to extend in the same ratio as the
roots, it M'ill quickly recover, if not too much crippled
by tlie unnatural wholesale system of pruning I have
alluded to.

" 1 fear T am occupying too much of your space, but
to make the matter }>lainer for some of the old school,
I should like to ask one or two questions. Did any
one ever see the fruit shank on a Vine that was planted
at the gable end of a house, and that had unlimited
space to occupy ? Did any one ever see six Cucumber
plants in a two-light box produce as ranch fruit as two?

"If tliis system of extending and pruning were fully
understood, wo .'=hould soon have better Grapes at
much le.ss expense."

The following accoimt of Skatino Rinks in

Canada, which appeared a fe^v days since in the Times,
is quite confirmator.v of our recommendation at p. 49.
The writer, a Canadian, observes, " A few years ago a
breach was made in the eastern part of the peninsula
forming the Bay of Toronto, causing the ice suddenly
to break up, and several lives were consequently lost.
This led the lovers of skating to form themselves into
cliibs for constructing what a,re called skating rinks.
These rinks are formed by making an embankment of
earth from 1 to 2 feet high round vacant level ground
near water, which is ruu or pumped into them to a few
inches in depth. Being shallow, the water soon freezes,
and after the ice becomes rough a little more water is
run over it during the night, so that it once more gets
a smooth surface. In this way skating can be enjoyed
many weeks longer during the season than in the ordi-
nary w-ay. Most of these rinks are enclosed by a high
board fence, and have connected with them a small
house with a fire and refreshments. Some are lighted
by gas at night. A small fee is charged for admission.
They have had the effect of keeping nearly all persons
off dangerous ice, and I think might be adopted witli
advantage in this country."

LILIUM ATJRATUM.

The success we have had in blooming this beautiful
and now well-known plant so freely, afld the great
si/ic of the flowers grown here during the past two
seasons, have led man.y persons to apply for particulars
as to our mode of treating it. Instead of furnishing those
privately, I propose, in order that the information may
be of more general utility, to supply it through the
pages of the Gwrdeners' Chronicle.

It will be necessary to treat of newly im})orted bulbs
separately, as they now arrive annually in considerable
numbers, and of necessity, from becoming somewhat
dried up during the voyage, require different treatment.
The same soil should, however, be used both for
these and for the established bulbs, namely, rich fibrous
peat, vidth a liberal mixture of silver sand; the peat
should he chopped only, using the coarser parts on
the crocks at the bottom of the pots, which latter
should be well drained.

For the fir.st yeai-'s growth after importation, the pots
used should be smaller than for establislied bulbs,
namely, 4-inch pots for the smaller, and 5 to 0-inch
pots for the lai'ger bvdbs. These imported bulbs should
be cleaned by removing all rotten and bruised parts
before potting. They should then be planted in soil whicli
is neither wet nor dry, and no water must be used for
sometime, — not, indeed, until they have put forth roots.
In potting, the bulb should be only just covered with
the soil.

The best position for them to stand in after potting is
beneath the stage of an intermediate house — not near
the pipes, but where they may get a continuous .gentle
heat. To prevent their drying, plunge the pots in
Cocoa-nut refuse, or in fine old potting-benoh mould,
placing a little also .just over the crown of the bulb.
This will kof'i) liieni mnist enouglr without water being
used, \uitil tlicy have fairly started.

By this treatment the first imported bulbs of this
season were plumped or swollen to at least a fourth

part larger size than when received, within three
weeks from the time of potting, and as no
water was used, there was little fear of their rotting,
wliile the gentle iijarmth started them into growth
in much less time than tliey would otherwise
have taken. When fairly tlirough the soil they should
be removed to a greenhouse, pit, or frame. A little
warmth will hasten their bloom, and the plants will
bear a considerable amount of heat without becoming
drawn, after they have attained about a foot in height.
The blossoms also always open much finer in a gentle
moist heat. Generally, however, tliey should be grown
in a cool place, but by getting some early into bloom
the season is prolonged.

Large established roots will require more pot-room
than that indicated above, but care should be taken to
avoid over-potting. Our finest bulbs were little better
than a failure last year, for through over anxiety to have
them extra fine for the " International," we gave them
too much pot room, but fortunately the second size
roots, in pots only half the size of the others, did all we
required, mth precisely the same treatment in other
respects. The flowers also come better marked when
the roots are able to " feel the pot."

Established bulbs, or those that have been grown in
Englandbefore,should bedriedoff in autumn, in thesame
way as the other Japan Lilies ; and, when repotted, care
should be taken not to destroy or disturb more than
is necessary any of the thick fleshy roots, as these will
be at work immediately after repotting, and become
the foundation of a vigorous plant the following season.
They should be grown in plenty of light, to prevent
their becoming drawn up. When the blooming time
is approaching, and until the blossoms have opened, an
occasional watering with liquid manure will increase
iheir size, but this treatment must not be commenced
at too early a stage of tbeii" growth.

There is great variety among the forms of this
charming Lily — what a Tulip-growerwould call " difler-
tent strains," from very light flowers to those which are
heavily marked. I have selected half a dozen which are
most rich and dissimilar. One may be called a self-
crimson, so heavy is the marking, having a white
margin only, the centre of each division of the
flower being of the darkest tint, and shading ofl' towards
the margin. It Avill become a question if some of the
more distinct will not deserve different names. I

tope to bloom these at a time when they can be exhi-
ited to the public. Mr. Cutbush, of Higbgate, has
also flowered a finely-marked variety.

The greatest number of blooms produced from one
root appears to have been 43, which w^as the number
on three stems from one bulb, as given in your columns
in June last. This plant was grown by Mr. Dodds, of
-A-shton Court. Charles Turner, The Sot/al Nurseries,
Slough.

NOTES ON CONIFERS.— No. 5IV.

T-VXODIUM DISTICHA (THE DECIDUOUS CyPEESS).

Taxodium disticha or Taxodium distichum, which
should it be ? As many authors call it the one as the
other, so that custom permits either; but as in trees in
general, botanists have adopted the rule of supposing
the gender governed by the implied word arhor, W'e
think if we adopt that rule for one genus we should do
it for all. Pinus is not feminine, and yet all the
specific adjective names are put in the feminine gender.
So with Quercus, and so with all trees. Therefore,
with the reader's good permission, we shall follow the
same rule here, and regard Taxodium distichum as a
solecism.

We take the Deciduous C.vpress after the Sequoias
because we think they are allied. So thought Richard,
and Lambert, and Loudon, who placed the Red-wood
of California in the same genus as the Deciduous
Cypress. Endlicher, perhaps a more .scientific botanist,
but not one possessing a more instinctive appreciation of
affinities, removed it (the Redwood) from the Cypresses
altogether, audplaceditamongthe Pines andFirs, chiefly
on account of its cone having a certain outward greater
resemblance to those of the AbietiuEe ; but he w'as
wrong in his affinity. Every one must now be satisfied
that the Sequoia is a Cypress, and not a Pir; and
despite their imbricated-looking cones, that their
foliage, their bark, their male flowers, their female
flowers, and their seeds, in number, form, and attach-
ment, all are Cupressine.

The reader may think that we are taking very un-
necessary trouble in expounding this, but it is not
altogether so. Messrs. Henkel and Hochstetter, who
have recentl.v published a book on Conifers {Synopsis
der Nadelholzer) in wdiich they rather dogmatically
attempt to put everybody right, suppress the genus
Sequoia altogether, place Sequoia sempervirens in the
same genus as Taxorlium, and carry Wellingtonia away
from Sequoia and the Cypi'esses altogether, and place
it where Endlicher did Sequoia, beside Cunninghamia
among the AbietiueDO. It is only proper, therefore, that
believing all that to be wrong, we should direct the
reader's attention to what we consider the right appre-
ciation of these disputed points, and then leave him to
judge for himself.

This being our view, of course we bring back Sequoia
to the Cypresses, and although there is too much
diSerence between them and T.axodium to allow us to
consider them as of the same genus (according to
modern notions of generic distinctions), there is so
much in common between them that we place them
next each other. A comparative glance at the points
in which they agree will show that the correspondence
extends to more than what are strictly called the mere
botanical characters.

There are only three Cypresses which have the leaves
really distichously placed, that is, placed as we see
them in theTew and Silver Firs. These are theSequoias,
Taxodiums, and Glyptostrobns — we say Sequoias in the
plura.l, because, although it is only in the Sequoia sem-

pervirens that this distichous disposition of the 1
is well marked, there is a sliaht tendency to it in one
of the forms of leaf in WeUingtouia too ; and we use
Taxodium in the plural, because, notwitiistanding
the weight of Humboldt's authority, and that of
those who have followed him, we consider the
Mexican form of the deciduous Cypress to be a distinct
species, thus makin.g two species of each genus.
Glyptostrobns, found in China and Japan (of which
there are also two species) has the distichous disposition
of leaves not quite so decided as the others, but still
present.

Moreover, it is to be observed that these three forms of
C,yi5re.s.s — Sequoia, Taxodium, and Glyptostrobns — are
all of a very ancient date, and appear to have all three
already assumed their present generic aspect so far back
as the Miocene epoch (Sequoia seems to have actually
received its present specific form then, the others only
the generic or family appearance). We have already
mentioned some of the facts regarding the Sequoias at
that ancient period. Remains of a Glyptostrobus (G.
europffia) have been found in the same beds as those
of the Sequoia, and so have remains of a genus named
Taxodites, supposed to be the old form of Taxodium.
We have, however, more doubt about Taxodites being
the parent of Taxodium than about the other two ; and
we think there is a great deal to be said in favour of the
idea of Taxodium disticha being an off-shoot from
Sequoia either at the beginning or end of the Glacial
Epoch — an idea which receives confirmation from
their present geographical distribution.

Both Taxodium and Sequoia are l^orth American.
Sequoia is confined to a baud along the western side of
North America, not penetrating further than 150 miles
or so from the sea-shore. Taxodium also does not
penetrate inland beyond a certain distance, but as it is
a semi-aquatic tree, and follows the banks of the rivers,
it is reasonable to expect that it should be more inde-
pendent of the sea-board.

Their limit in poiut of latitude is more important.
Their northern limit is almost identical, about 38° N.
lat. We have seen that the range of Sequoia
Wellingtonia is from 3G° to 38' of N. lat., and
that of the Rod-wood seems to bo about the
same. Dr. Bigelow says that "it is found along
the^ coast mountains of California, from near the
region of Monterey to Russian River above the Bay of
Bodega ; but whether these are its extreme limifis
I am unable to learn"— (Pacific Railroad Report,
vol. iv., p. 23)— and Dr. Torrey gives as its locality,
'' Woods in the coast rauge of mountains east of
Monterey, south of which it is very rare" (United
States and Mexican Boundary Survey, vol. ii., p. 310)^
and the latitude of the mouth of the Russian River is
38' 15', and of Monterey about 36' 15'. Of Taxodium
disticha, on the other hand, Michaux gives the
banks of Indian River, Delaware, in lat. 38' 50', as its
northern boundary, and Nuttall says — " Dr. G. '
Engelman informs me that the most northern station
in the west for this tree is at the mouth of the Ohio,
and between Carmel and Vincennes on the Wabash."
The lat. of the mouth of the Ohio is 37' N. lat., and that
between Carmel and Vincennes, 38' 30" N. lat. The
northern limit, therefore, may be taken as identical
in both genera. The southern limit, however, is very
different. Instead of being, like the Sequoias, confined
within the brief compass of 120 miles, the T.axodiiiins
go 1500 miles southwards, at least as far as O.axaca in
17' N. lat. Whether this difference between the
Sequoias and Taxodiums may not be partly due to
there being suitable habitats for the latter all along the
eastern coast, which there is not for the fonner on the
western, we cannot say ; but one remarkable circum-
stance is, that at Oaxaca the Taxodium has penetrated
far Into the interior, if not actually crossed over the
mountains to the western side of the dividing ridge.

The next point of resemblance is the size of the two
trees, and here, as in the last poiut, we have a resem-
blance combined with a difl'erence. Great as the
Sequoias are in girth, the Taxodiums equal them
in that, especially at the base, but do not
approach them at all in height. We have seen
that 30 feet in diameter is not uncommon witii
the large Sequoias. Of the Taxodium, Michaux
mentions that stems are met with in Florida and in
Southern Louisiana 40 feet in circumference above the
enlarged base, which is three or four times that size.
The well-known tree in the Garden of Chapultepec,
called Montezuma's tree, is 41 feet in circumferemie.
Lyell, in his "Second Visit to theXInited States," .speaks
of Mr. Hamilton Cooper, a geolostical friend, coming
down the river Alatahama to meet him in a loug canoe
hollowed out of the trunk of a single C.y])ress, and
rowed by six negroes. M. Bossn, iu his "Travels in
Louisiana" (1781), says, there are hereabouts
(25 leagues above Mobile) Cedar ti*ees (he means
Cypresses) of so prodigious a size_, that 10 men can
scarcely clasp them ; but such individuals dvriudle to
nothing before the gigantic trunk of the tree in
Oaxaca above alluded to, near Santa Maria del Tule,
which was first mentioned by Exter, who found its
circumference to be 117.10 Freuch feet. De Can-
doUe doubted this, and thought there must be
some mistake in the measurement, such as including
in it the dilated base; but Zuocarini removed his
doubts, and satisfied him that the measurement was
taken above the dilated base, for that if that had been
included, the girth would have been no less than
200 feet. In height there is no comparison between
the two genera. Instead of reaching 300 or 400 feet
in height, the Taxodium does not exceed 120 feet.

In the form of the base of the trunk Taxodium has
an exaggerated resemblance to Wellingtonia. The old
trees of both have large buttresses; but in Taxodium
this is carried to an excossi\(> exicn), tho base in them
being generally three tinii'S the circumference of any
other part of the trunk. This l):ise is also usually
hoUdw for about three quarters of its bulk, a character

Febeuary 2, 1S<'>7.J

THE CrAKOENEltS' Oiri^ONKU.E AKD AOllTdULTUltAl, CAZKTTR

103

caiiKlil. Iiy Mooi-o in Ivis lialhid of the " Lake of Uio
Dismal Sivamp,"— " and 1 'II iiido tlio maid iu a Cypross
t-roo, wlioii till) fodlstop of dcalli is near." ^

Olio nf tlio most rciiiarkablo peculiarities connorlwl
with this point is tho lii-owtli of conical pmtulicniiicrs
01- exoresconces, calloii (Jypross kuccs, IVmn Uk? viv'i,
rising up to tho surl'aoo from a depth of 8 or 10 foot
when the troo is growiuf; in a submerged soil. Tliey
are part of the root, lioins of tho same soft wood,
and covered with the same reddish bark. Michaiix
says that lilioy aro always hollow, and that tho
ncKroo.s used them for bco hives. They are very much
ot tho shape of a su:.jar-loaf, but bro.-ider; but some-
times aro of considerable size. Accol•din^ to Michanx,
no cause can lie a.ssi-^nod for their existence ; but
liyell (" Second V^isitlo United States," ii. ISO) says
they are suppo.sed to supply tho roots with ai r, as ho says
they are never found wlicn the Cypross grows on d ry
ground. This is a mistake ; they aro very generally
absent when the trees grow on dry ground— but not
always. "We remember seeing them around some of
liic ilecidiious Cy]iresses in the I'alaco Garden at
J'\inlaincbleau, where a friend cautioned us against
tripping over them; and where a workman cmiiloyed in
mowing the Grass around them complaine<l of the
interruption they gave to tho scythe; and as is iiieu-
tioned by Loudcni, tho trees at Syon and; AVhitlou
produce them abundantly " whore they rise a foot
above the surface of the soil, and more than double
that height from roots under water in the case of trees
growing by the sides of lakes at these places."
Miehaux says they do not begin to appear until the
tree has rcarlied 20 to 2.5 feet high.

'I'lie ton boughs at the other end cf tho trees have a
kindred iieiailiarity of their own too, viz., remarkable
angular biaids, which are eharacteristio of tho tree
when not in leaf. It is in tho swiimjis along the banks
of the river iu the Southern States of North Aiueriea
that tho i)ecidiious Cypress especially flourishes.

To quote Miehaux ;— " The Mississippi, from its
luoutli to the river Arkan.sa.s, a distance in following its
i\iiidin,gs of more than COO miles, is bordered with
marshes, which at the animal overflowing of this
mighty stream form a vast expanse of water. In
Louisiana those piirts of the marshes where the Cypress
grows almost alone, are called Cyprieres (Cypress
swamps), and they sometimes occupy thousands of acres.
As in the Floridas, the swamjis are contiguous to
immejisurahlo plains covered with Pines, or ofteuer
with tall Grii.ss or Canes mingled with other plants. In
the midst of these Pine forests and savannas is seen
here and there a bog or a pla-sh of water filled with
Cypresses, u nose sipialid appearance when they
exceed 18 or 20 feet iu height, proves how much they
are affected by the barrenness of a soil which differs
from tho suvroumling waste only by a layer of vegetable
mould a little thicker upon tlio qu.arlzy sand. From
those parliculai-s a sullicieutly just idea may be formed
of the geograijhical situations, aud of the soil in which
i he Cypress is found, over an extent of more than
1 .500 milos,'from its lirstaiipoaranec towards the north to
the Mississippi. Tov.-ards ilie snul h-west my informa-
tion does not reach beyond Louisiana, though I have
some reason to believe th:it it is seen as far as the
mouth of the river Del Norte, lat. 2(i', which, if we
nicasure the circuit of the Gulf of Mexico, makes a
distance of more than 3000 miles."

We can supply the information as to its presence iu
the Rio del Norte from the " United States audMexican
Boundary Ueport" (Geological Reports hy Dr. Parry,
i., p. J.3). Dr. Parry there says : — " The appearance of
the Cypress (Taxodium), Sabinaof the Mexicans, makes
quite a striking change in the physiognomy of the
country" (the lower Rio Bravo del Norte or Rio
Grande). "This water and rock-loving tree often
appears right in the middle of the swiftest currents of
the river, where, having taken hold of some rocks on
the bottom, it boldly defies the force and action of tho
water. These Cypresses on the Rio Bravo, commenoiug
at the mouth of tho Salado, extend as far dov/n as
I Bcavor Islands, just below Roma, where they make
their last appearance in the channel on the Mexican
side, footing iu m ater from 11 to 15 feet in depth. A. M.

Cl'o Ijc C\t,lluiile:l.)

HARDY PICTORIAL TREES.— No. II.

Froii the " Form" of the tree, as treated on at p. 1139
of your last year's volume, I proceed to " Colour" of
foliage, under which head will he included light green,
d.ark green, purple, gold, silver, and the tints of autumn,
reserving flowering trees and shrubs to be treated on
liereafter.

Teees and Shrubs with Leaves Light Geeen.

Abies orienfalis. — Evergreen. Height, CO feet. A
beautiful medium-sized tree of dense formal growth ;
leaves very glossy.

Auenha jnpomca vera (male and female).— Ever-
green. Height, (i feet. Leaves dark green, a splendid
evergreen, the female bearing scarlet berries in the
winter. Of the numerous varieties of green-leaved
Auoubas, A. himalaica, and A. japonica maorophylla,
longifolia, and viridi.s, are the most desirable that we
have yet seen.

Berberin fascicidariJ! /j.^JoWa.— Evergreen. Height,
C feet. This is perhaps the handsomest of the
Malionia section of Berberries. The leaves are of a
lighter green, and longer and narrower than those of
B. Aquifolium ; the Ilower-spilces are also much
longer. An indispensable low evergreen.

Cedrii.t Dfodara. — Evergreen. Height, 100 feet. One
of the grandest and most beautiful of Conifers, suitable
for spi'ciniens, groups, or avenues, varying much in
form and colour, embracing the erect, spreading, and
pendulous, the ligbti green, dark green, and glaucous.
There aro also selected varieties iu commerce under
the names of C. D. crassifolia, viridis, and robusta.

Jiinipcrm i--hinensis (the Chiuose Juniper.)— Ever-
green. Height, 20 feet. A graceful medium-sized tree
of fr(!0 growth, usually covered with llowers in winter
anil early spring. .1. oblonga pendula, and J. thurifera
linvc also light green leaves, and are beautiful kinds,
i|iiiliMlislin('t in character.

I'hnis ))//reH'7/cn. — Evergreen. Height, fiO feet.
Perhaps tile hanilsomest of this section of two-loaved
Piniw. The foliage is of a most beautiful light green,
the bark cinnamon colour.

Tliiija orientaUs (tho Chinese Arbor-vitaj).— Ever-
green.' Height, 1.5 feet. A very beautiful evergreen,
hardy generally in the neighbourhood of London,
where it appears to thrive well, and is not particul ir
as to soil. A very available plant oa account of its
clloapnoss.

]Vellhtnlonia riiqan/ea.—'Evort^rc.on. Height, 100 feet.
A beautiful ami gi'.;antic tree of rapid growth. Good
for specimens, gron))S, and avenues.

Acer plalantihU's (the Norway Maple).— Deciduous.
Height, 10 feet. A handsome hardy tree ol rapid
growth, and not particular as to soil. Young and
dving leaves vellow.
' Ctilatim .v«)v»../<-r/b/(«.— Deciduous. Height, 25 feet.
A mcdiiini-sizeil fonnal tree, with large flat leaves,
producing )iurplisb-\\ bite Hi'.'nonia-like (lowers.

Ci)ri,n-i,i ,iiiiiiij'uli,i.—\>i-ru\mmf. llei'-'lil, :) feet.
A dwarlshrub, with Irond-like branches. Distinct and
graceful.

0!edUsc7uatriacanaos.—I>eo\iv.ous. Height, 40feol.
A iiicturcsqiie tree, with distinct and elegant ]]innated
foliage; the leaves dying bright yellow in autumn.

Ne'/miiloJWi.fiiiifuli.uin.—l)Lmdnous. Height, 30 feet.
An ii'nibiiigeous tree, hardy, and of rapid growth.

Mux (aliiins (tho Venice Sumach).— Deciduous.
Height, 5 feet. A pretty dwarf shrub, covered in
summer with pink feathor-liko pedicels and flowers.
Decaying leaves reddish yellow.

Taxodium dislii-lmiii. (the Deciduous Cypress).—
Height, CO feet. A beautiful feathery tree, varying
much in character from seed, and delighting most in
dam]) soils. When the tree becomes of some age, the
routs often obtrude in large knobs above the ground.

Tilia eiiropaa (the Lime tree).— Deciduous. Height,
70 feet. A hardy tree, of rapid growth ; not particular
;us to soil, and well suited to the vicinity of large towns;
flowers sweet-sceuted, decaying leaves yellow.

Tbees and Shrubs with Le-aves Dark Geeen.

Arnnenria imhricata. — Evergreen. Height, GO feet.
This tree is unique among evergreeus,nothingapproaeh-
ing it in boldness and rigidity of form and darkness of
foliage. Good as specimens, groups, and avenues.

Berheris Aquij'nli'nii.—'Evergreaxi. Height, 5 feet.
A hardy, free-growing flowering evergreen, of great
beauty, which can scarcely be misplaced, and which
is generally available on account of the lowness of
price. For clumps, tho front of shrubberies, and
underwood for game it is equally valuable, producing
masses of yellow flowers in spring, and berries in
autumn, the latter proving valuable food for game.

Berheris Darmivii. — Evergreen. Height, 5 feet. The
handsomest of the Berberries ; of free growth, covered
with a profusion of orange-coloured blossom iu summer,
often repeated late in autumn.

Cerasus lusitanica (the Portugal Laurel).— Ever-
green. Height, 20 feet. A hardy handsome evergreen,
of free growth, producing spikes of white flowers in
June, followed hy purple fruit in autumn. Good for
shrubberies; forms also a handsome round-headed
standard tree, much used in formal gardening.

Cupressus Zamhertiana. — Evergreen. Height,
50 feet. The hardiest of the Cypress tribe; of free
rapid growth, aud very handsome.

Oarri/a eUipfica.— Evergreen. Height, 10 feet. One
of the most striking and beautiful of evergreens, ooA'ered
with numerous pendulous green catkins throughout
the winter months; the pollen is so plentiful in spring
that if the tree is shaken the air is filled with a cloud
of vellow dust.

I/ex Aquifolium (the Holly).— Evergreen. Height,
10 to 20 feet. The varieties of this jilant with dark
green leaves arc so numerous that I cannot include
oven all those worthy of notice; Shepherdii, nigre,scens,
ovata scurtica^ donningtoniensis, Fisberi, laurifolia,
serratifolia, latispina, and ferox are distinct and very
select. This, when we combine leaves and berries, is
certainly the first of evergreens, and should abound in
every garden and plantation.

Liciustrum jiiponieum (the Japan Privet).— Ever-
green. Heiglit, 5 feet. A hand.some evergreen shrub,
producing spikes of white flowers.

Picea Nordmanniana. — Evergreen. Height, SO feet.
Very hardy, free, aud of incomparable beauty. Suitable
for specimens on lawns, groups in parks, and avenues.
Of other Piceas — amabilis, grandis, Lowii, nohilis,
magniflca, and Pinsapo are of a high order of merit.

Finns itisiiinis. — Evergreen. Height, GO feet. A
magnificent Pine, of the loveliest and richest dark
green, but unfortunately not very hardy, and therefore
suitable only for high situations or dry subsoils.

Finns nK.s^rwca. — Evergreen. Height, GO feet. A
noble Pine, very hardy, and not particular as to soil.
As the plants vary much from seed they should be
selected, if wanted for avenues or single specimens ; the
variety is not usually so great as to produce incongruity
in groups.

Quercus Ilex (the Evergreen Oak).— Height, 40 feet.
The various kinds of this tree are invaluable in winter,
almost rivalling the Holly in regard to foliage and out-
line. Unless removed almo,st yearly in the nurseries
the plants are apt to die when tran.splantcd; it is there-
fore safest to plant them small and from pots.

Fkilli/rea la/If alia. — Evergreen. Height, 12 feet.
A meiJium-sizcd evergreen, excellent for shrubberies.

AUms cordi folia.— Sub-evergreen, Height, 20 feet.
A handsome dark-looking tree.

Fraxinus 7»oim;)//////rt.— Deciduous. Height, 30 feet
A hold rigid-looking Ash, with broad simple leaves.

Ornus eurO'pa;a (llie Flowering Ash).— Deciduous.
Height, 25 feet. A handsiimo small tree, producing
clusters of white flowers freely in June.

Sopliora japonica. — Deciduous. Height, 30 feet.
Very distinct and ornamental ; tho leaves pinnate,
bluish green, tho bark dark green. William I'aul,
IVaUliam Cross.

JErralum. — T:VAa 1139, ISCG,
pendulus, read Biota pendula.

for Glyptostrobu^i

Home Correspondence.

The Idle Severe Wealher.—Hovi that there lias
been a complete thaw, the effects of the late frost are
wofiilly evident in tlie destruction of the fruit buds
of Pears on walls, espaliers, and standards. On walls
with a south a.spect more especially, the buds are black
to their centres, and the same may be said of iiortions
of the young wood. On a west aspect and on esiialiers,
though they have been severely punished, the destruc-
tion does not appear so complete a.s where the sun
shone most direct and powerfully after the 23' of frost
which we had on January 2. Hybrid Perpetual,
lloiirbon. Tea and China Roses arc very considerably
injured, I am not surprised at these results, for since
the end of .July the weather was damp, and charac-
t<-rised hy an absence of sunshine, even more striking
than the autumn of 18C0. As a consequence, the wood
of fruit and other trees was very imperlectly ripened.
Vegetables have suU'ered very little, owing to the very
heavy fall of snow which ]irotected them. The garden
here is situated IU mile from the sea-shore, in the
midst of a sandy plain about 20 feet above the level of

the sea. I). Thom-.wn^ Arrherfleld, 'Easl Lolhian.

The following are particulars of plant injuries sus-
tained in the Coventry Cemetery during the late severe
frosts. The cemetery lies just outside the city on the
south-east side, is about 2.S0 feet above the mean level
of the sea, and nearly central between the four great
English ports, London, Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull.
It is bounded on the east, north, aud north-wesi,
hy quantities of noble Elm trees, and thus is
much screened from the wind from those quai-ters;
but to the south and south-west it is compara-
tively open, and to the latter points the plants
named below are principally exposed :—6arrya ellip-
tica has nearly all its foliage killed, and in so""
cases the greater part of the young wood as well. Of
common Laurel the young shoots are killed, and also
a few of the old leaves. Large plants of Portugt.1
Laurel have escaped uninjured, but about half the
leaves of young jdants are destroyed to within about
half an inch of the petiole, while the remaining portion
or base is quite green. The foliage of the common
Privet is mostly browned, and that of the broad-leaved
or Japan Privet is wholly destroyed. Phillyreas of
various kinds have their young shoots killed ; and the
loaves of Laurus nobilis. Viburnum Tinus, Cotoceaster
microphylla, and several variegated Hoflies are slightly
injured. Abies Smithiana and Cedrus Deodara (one
trijo of each), about 20 feet high, are very much
browned, and some of their foliage is kifled, while
others of the same species have escaped untouched, as
have .also a fine plant each of Araucaria iinbricata,
20 feet high ; Sequoia sempervirens, about 18 feet high ;
and Sequoia (Wellingtonia) gigantea, 12 feet high.
Among vegetables, Broccolis and Savoys are nearly all
killed, and Brussels Sprouts and Cabbages are
slightly injured. The soil is rich loam, with

either clay or red sandstone fbelow. W. 73. -Mr.

Jackson (see p. 78) says, that in his quarter they have
registered 6° below zero ; that was on the 5th. I shoidd
presume on that day we registered 30' of frost or down
to 2', which was the lowest we registered at all. Our
thermometer is a Negretti & Zambra's three-and-
sixpenny iron one, and was placed at 4 feet from the
ground in a northerly exposure. Our soil is verv
sandy. With us crops do well in a damp season, but
tliey'sufl'er much in a dry one. Roses have here stood
well. As to Bays we have but one that is much
sheltered; common Laurels have the young shoots
injured. We have three nice plants of Panipas
Gi'a-ss inueh cut : I fear some standard plants of Robinia
inerniis liave got their young shoots withered ; also a
few h.vbrid Rhododendrons, good plants, have every leaf
blackened by the sun. Conifei'iE look as green as they
did in October. Of vegetables, Brussels Sprouts have
sufl'ered much, a.s have also Broccoli, of which w-e had
the following kinds, viz., Osborn's Winter White,
Snow's ditto, all killed ; Cartei-'s Champion and Ellet-
son's Mammoth, quite half killed. We have one
variety growing side hy side with the last, not one of
which is killed ; it is named Ambler's Late White, a
variety which should be in every garden. This neigh-
bourhood is noted for growing good Broccoli. M,v_
father has this season 5 acres, \\ mile from here, half
of which is quitekilled. Marketgardeners plantBioccoli
largely round Kidderminster, nndgreat is the slauehter
amongtheircrops this season. .John Gough^gr.to J. F.

Frown Westhead, Esq., Lea Castle, Kidderminster.

To-day (Jan. 23) the snow has disappeared most
suddenly, succeeded by a warm rain, and the difference
of temperature within doors aud without appears like
stepping from an icehouse into a hothouse. I find
Cyclamen Coum in full flower in the open ground this
morning, having had no other protection whatever
than the natural one— a good covering of snow for
nearly one month past. So much for North Hales
winters ! W. P.. North Wales Central Botanic Garden.i,
Llandderf'el, Merionethshire.

Weatlier in the North of Scotland.— "Cl^e snow storm
which began with the new year, and has been tele
generally over Britain and the western part of l.urope
has been much worse here, especi.ally along the flat
coast line, than in any winter since 18.38. The average

101

THE GAEDENEES' CITEOXIOT,E AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Feeeuaet 2, 1807.

full of snow has been about l(j or 17 inche."!, but in
many places it has drifted iuto wreaths of great depth,
and has caused considerable interruption to both rail-
way and highway traffic. The snow, from its great
depth, including an additional fall of about 6 implies
without drift, ha.s so completely concealed cverytliing
that forms the natur.al food of field and forest birds
that most of them appear to be in a state of starvation.
"Wood pigeons have been compelled to seek their foo-l i n
gardens, and so little is there above the snow that they
cm reach, that they have been even eating the leaves
of Portugal Laurels, which is the first instance in
which I have ever seen them do anything of the kind,
and I should suppose it to be a very uncommon
occurrence in this country. We have fortunately now
got a favourable change, which I hope may continue.
The following is a statement of the minimum ther-
mometer since the 1st January, taken at 8..30 a.m. ; —

, fi •
, 7
, 8 ,
, 1) .
, 10
, 11
, 1-

27, li incli SQOW
1 6, 3 inchos snow
21, .1 inches snow

] 4, 5 inches snow

:-30

32, ihaw, dense fog

.33, thaw, den.se foff

30

:!2, hail showers

.".IJ

23

1807
Jan. 13
„ 14
., I-'
,, 16
,. 17
„ IS
., 10
.. 20
,. 21
,. 22
„ 23

Beg.
25

24, fall of snow

25, 1 foot deep
1!1

12

23

18, mure snow

12

IS

32, thaw

J. T^'ehsiei', Gordon, CaHle, JPoohahers. Jan. 2*i.

%Uli, 1837
Il.ax.

1 32".0

2 23".0

3 sa'.n

31"..5
30". 5
40°.0
64".5
5Y.5
47°.5
40'.0
34'.0
30°. 0
30°.0
30'.0
if.;,
.32'.0
31)'. 0
.31°. 0
33'..5
32'.0
31°.0
37'.0

; 49'..'-.

at Bclcolr Castle, from January 1st to

Mill.

2r.5
ir.o

Frosty. About 1 inch of .'fuow on ground.

Severe frost.

Severe frost.
12'.0 Severe frost.
12".0 Hoar frost.

22". 0 Slicrhtly thawing. Snow fell.
33". 0 R.ainy.
4.5°. 0 R.T.iny.
36°.0 Wiudy.
36".0 Cloudy. Showery.
30°.5 Slight frost. Light .snow.
22"..5 Sharp frost. Snow fell.
ltl°.0 Sharp frost.
0°.0 I Very frosty.
18°.0 I Frosty.
;i".0 Frosty. Snow fell.
24°..7 I Overca-st. "Windy.
27". 0 Snow fell. Frosty.
20°.0 Frostv. Snow fell.
21°.0 i Frosty.
27".0 I Frosty.

19°.0 Frosty. Hail and snow in the evening.
22°.0 Overcast. Thawing.
24 i 53°.5 ' 37°.0 ! Very mild. Snow disappeared.

The instruments from which the above readings
■were taken are Negretti & Zamln"a,'s iiatent maxi-
ninin and a spirit minimum thermometer. Both
jnstrinncnts have been certified as correct by Mr.
Glaishcr. They are placed on a properly-constructed
stand in an open place, and are 4- feet from the ground.
No injury, either to shrubs or vegetables, has been
inflicted by the frost above recorded. I am very much
inclined to question the accuracy of the thermometers
which have furnished your correspondents with such
alarmingly low readings. TV^e are only a few miles
south of the Trent, and on clay ; the altitude of the
spot from which observations were taken is 237 feet
above the .sea. William Ingram; Belvoir.

The Iriie Froot at Scaresbrick Jlall Gardens,
OrmskirJc : —

Deg. I Dcg.

11 I January 16 . , ..14
- .. .. 14 ; ,, 17 .. .. 8

3 .. .. 12 1 „ IS ., ..16

4 ,. .. 17 I „ 1(1 .. .. 4
u .. .. 7 I ,,20 .. ..10

12 . .. 8 ; „ 21 .. .. 3

,,22 .. ..8

House Observator.y, ha.s made soine observations on
correct readings of thermometers, in the Nottingham-
shire Guardian, of which it may be useful to give an
abstract :— " When observations are accurately made
with correct instruments, it is found that with a cloudy
sky the thermometer readings on the ground .and at all
elevations are alike, but with a cloudless sky a thermo-
meter on the Grass is ahvai/s the lowest, the tempera-
ture becoming warmer and warmer up to four feet
above the ground, and beyond this height colder and
colder to five miles, as proved byactual observation. The
warmest point is therefore four feet above the ground,
and the difference between this temperature and that
on the Gra.ss is the amount of terrestrial radiation —
hence the adoption of four feet by all meteorolo.gists.
Again, a thermometer must be placed on a " Glaisher
stand," or a " Lawson stand," quite removed from the
influences of trees, houses, &c., and the thermometer
hung so as to face the north. A proper stand will have
currents of air passing freely across the thermometer
in aU directions, and provided with a proiecting board
to keep off rain. Even in sunshine certain precautions
are requisite, for with two thermometers — the one on
the Gra-ss, the other four feet high — facing the south,
the temperature will be higher on the Gras', between
Slarch and September, and lower between September
and JIarch. Let us take a few readings at HighUeld
House from instruments variously placed on the two
coldest nights this winter, viz., January the 4th and
14th :—

.lanuary

Ther-

inoraeter.
On the Gr.ass , .
On a Grass sod,

height 2.3 feet .
On snow, height

27 feet . .
On Grass (instru-

mcutin wooden

frame) . ,

1 foot high

2 feet high

4 feet high " . .
4 feet hi^'h

January
4th. 14th.

(ex-

posed ahovej .

7". 4
8".l
9".0
10°.2

9".8

Ther-
mometer.

4 feet ahove the
observatory
(29 feet high)..

On Grass imder
sm.all shrub , .

Ou Grass under
Cedar tree

On Grass covered
i-inch with
snow

On ground of
Fern-house (no
Are)

4th. 14th.

!8°.4 2-°.9

January 1

14

8
17
21

„ l.j .. ..1

We had not more than from 4 to 5 inches in depth of
snow. TLie above temperatures were taken at dawn of
day by one of Casella's thermometers. 4 feet from the
ground, Ifacing due north. Senri/ Hepburn., Gardener,
Scare,iiric7c Sail, OrmsfcirJc, Jan. 29.

Jietfistration of Cold. — Since registering thermome-
ters have been invented, the hi,gbest and lowest tem-
perature reached in the 21 hours are easily ascertained,
hut not the particular hours when these occur. Prom
the mean of these the mean temperature of the day, or
period of 24 hours, is usually deduced. The maxiinum
temperature occurs gener.ally between 12 and 4 P.M. ;
the minimum is more variable as to time ; it may be
before 12 p.m. of the same day, or after midnight,' but
generally before the sun, which made the previous day,
makes bis appearance next morning. The light period
of the 24 hours is termed the day, and the dark period
night, hj- observers and people generally. " The day,
in civil life, is the time that elapses between the risiiig
and setting of the sun, and the night the time between
his setting and rising," I agree with your corre-
spondent in what he says at p. 52, that it would be
desirable to date from midnight, or even to state the
e.xact hour when the lowest temperature occurs —
whether it be, say 11 p.m. of this day or 1 a.m, to-
morrow morning. I would, however, submit to
"Observer's" consideration wdiether that could be
done except at observatories, where astafl'of men are
on duty. Unless I)y such means the exact hour could
not be given, for it would entail a task which few
could undertake. To watch till the clock strikes 13,
under a temperature approaching zero, in successive
nights, would probably be soon given up. To let sunrise
mark the commencement of the day, and to let all the
occurrences that take place, especially as regards horti-
culture, be referred to that day, till suurise marks a
new day and a new date, would, it appears to me, not
be at all contrary to common sense. Ji. T.

Thermometers. — Mw E. J. Lowe, of the Highfield

The above shows that the record depends upon position
and height. Thus the boughs of a Cedar kept the
ground 9° warmer than at 20 feet from this tree. As
regards the thermometers themselves, it is next to
impossible to obtain a correct instrument, for in the
hundreds examined I never found hut one that did
not require a correction in a portion of the scale; some
of the finest instruments have an index error of one or
two-tenths of a degree, and thermometers not made for
observatory work are frequentlyseveral decrees too high
in one portion of the tube, and as much too low in
another portion. To take for granted that a thermo-
meter is correct, we must either assume that every
degree has been found by actual test and marked
separately, or that the bore of the tube is equal
throughout, and the boiling and freezing points care-
fully found. It would he unwise to do either unless the
instrument has been bought at a high price from an
acknowledged maker. -Again, spirit thermometers
(used for registering the greatest cold) require an
examination every few days, as the spirit condenses
along the sides of the tube, eventually collecting at the
upper end, and if left for a year, as much as from 2' to
<i' might be taken from the column, and the instrument
made to read this amount too low. X rapid shaking
I now and then, with the bulb downwards,and the instru-
ment kept in this position for an hotu", would correct
this error (often pas.'icd over because difiicult to detect).
Without further knowledge an amount of distrust
must hang over the records from gardeners and others
in the Gardeners' Chronicle, for the following
reasons; — No gardener, I believe (Mr. Ingram, of
Belvoir Castle, perhaps the solitary exception) uses a
thermometer stand ; and quoting from instruments of
doubtful accuracy, hung against a wall, or on a Goose-
berry bush, without any idea that height and position
will make a diflerence in the result — udiat can we say
of the registrations? Twenty years ago I assisted in
the examination of a great number of these instru-
ments, quoted in gardening periodicals, with a view of
making these records useftil to science, but this e.xami-
natiou ended in the rejection of the whole as perfectly
useless. There is every reason to believe that the loss
of trees and shrubs from the late frost has been nil in
this neighbourhood ; all the newdy introduced Japanese
plants were here fully exposed, and to all appearance
without any injury."

Roses and the late Frosts. — I am happy to he able to
confirm yotir correspondent's statement (see p. 52),
as to the hardiness of Marechal Niel. I have pLants of
it fidly exposed as standards, and a large plant on an
east wall, and all seem to be comparatively uninjured.
That splendid lloso Gloire de Dijon is another of the
few varieties which appear to have gone through
the late ordeal unscathed. There will be a long list of
martyrs to recount, hut the truth must be told ; such
stout varieties as Jules Margottin and William
(Jriffiths have suffered much, and, strange to say, the
young wood seems externally unhurt, but the bark of
the old wood has turned quite black and soft from the
effects of the frost on the nights of January 1st and 2d,
when the thermometer here was down to 9", I fear
the results will be quite as bad as those arising from
cold on the night of the 14th December, 1860, and that
a large majority of the newly introduced varieties of
Roses will be necessarily self-condemned and discarded.
I shall note and report, in due course, on the good
quaUties of the few that have escaped. I believe that
injuries have arisen principally from the snow partly
thawing and again freezing ou the branches. T. La.vton,
Stamford.

Fiferts of the late severe Frost on Hoses in Westmore-
land.— Now that the thaw has set in, one is enabled
to look about and estimate the destructive effects on
plants of the unusually severe and long-continued

visitation of frost which we have experienced. On the
3d January the thermometer in this garden indicated
zero, or 32° of frost ; and on the 14th it stood at 29}'
below freezing point. Although these indications show
a less degree of intensity to have prevailed here, than in
many districts much farther south, it has probably
been quite as severe in proportion to the average
temperature of the respective places during the winter
months. This will be understood when I explain that the
gardens here nestle pleasantly in the Vale of the Kent,
about 200 yards distant from the margin of the Kent,
two miles or so from the seaside at Morecombe Bay,
and are surrounded on all sides, except the west, by
rising ground. Their level is only 6 or 8 feet higher
than that of the river bed, and the soil is a deep hazel
loam, retaining moisture very much. The last-
mentioned circumstance accounts, no doubt, to a great
extent for the mischief to Roses which I have to
record. Be that as it may. the frost has been deadly
enough to take the cream off the garden for the coming
summer. I am unable to speak of the endurance of
the new Roses of 1S55 and 1866, having very
fortunately had most of these housed. The
following, of older date, are the principal Roses
in my collection that have succumbed to the
frost ; — Hifhrid Perpetuals : Alfred de llougemont,
Anna de Diesbach, Anna Alexieff, Baronne Prevost,
Beauty of Waltham, Charles Lefebvre, Comtesse de
Chabrillant, Due de Rohan, Deuil de Prince Albert,
Duchess of Norfolk, General Jacqueminot, Geant des
Batailles, Jean Goujon, Louis Peyronney, La Eeine,
La Ville de St. Denis, Lord Clyde, Lord Macaulay,
Lord Raglan, Louis XIV., Madame Boll, Madame
William Paul, Madame Rivers, Madame Vidot,
Madame Victor Verdier, Madame Valembourg,
Madame Knorr, Mdlle. Therese Appert, Prince Camille
de Rohan, Prince Leon, Professor Koch, Prince of
Wales, Senateur Vaisse, Souvenir de la Reino d'Angle-
terre. Souvenir de Charles Montault, Souvenir de
Leveson Gower, Triomphe de Villecresnes, William
Griffith, William Paul, Bonrbons: Pierre de St. Cyr,
Sir J. Paxton, Souvenir de la Malmaison. Noisettes :
Aimee Vibert, Cloth of Gold, Lamarque, Ophirie,
Solfaterre, Triomphe de Rennes, Tea-scented : Devo-
niensis, Rubens. Gloire de Dijon has stood the frost
well, but many of the standards and dwarfs of it have
suffered. I might enlarge this list, but prefer to confine
it to Roses of recent date. The collection here is a
very fine one ; it has been especially so during the last
I summer or two, but I fear the r.avages of the present
! month will not soon be remedied. AH my Roses were
well mulched to the depth of 2 inches with the best
manure, well decomposed, having litter on the top. I
am in hopes that some of the Roses on their own roots
may shoot from the bottom again. Many will rejoice
to hear that one charming Rose, Marechal Niel, has
stood the trial well with little protection, Robert
Craig, Gardener, Leven.s Kail, Westmoreland, Jan. 30.

Snowdrops. — The present season reminds us of these,
and in a few more days we shall hope to see them
again. I wish to ascertain from some of your bulb-
loving readers whether anything is known in our
gardens of the plant which Besser refers to in his
"Enumeratio Plantarura Volhynioe Podolioe," &c.,
page 55, in these words—" Galanthus nivalis Podoliiu
australis, major est, foliaque fert latiora." Kunth
classes this plant of Besser's with the larger variety
described by Eoemer (Amaryll,, p, 21), adding, how-
ever, a mark of doubt. Both Besser and Marschall
Bieberstein were excellent observers, and it would be
ver5' desirable to ascertain ndiat the Snowdrop alluded
to by the former author really is. So far .as I know
we have only in British gardens— 1, Galanthus nivalis,
with the double variety ; and 2, G.plioatus. But books
tell us of two more, viz., 3, G. Imperati, and 4, G.
reflexus. One would like to know something more
about this universally favourite genus. W. P., North
Wales Central Botanic Gardens, Llanderfel.

Robins and Aucnba Berries (see p. 52). — Mr.
Chater's robin, I imagine, must have met its death from
some other cause than poisoning by Aucnba berries, as
I find these birds so excessively fond of the fruit of the
Aucuba that they make their way into a house where
I have never before been troubled by birds, and take
away the berries in defiance of all ordinary means of
alarm, returning on every available opportunity for
more. I am afraid it will be found that birds generally
have an especial taste for these berries, and that this
relish will be a considerable drawback from the beauty
of berried plants in the open air. T. La.-cton, Stamford.

Sports or Seedlings.— Fevmit me to occupy a small
space in your columns to notice the views of
Professor Morren on the question of "Sports or
Seedlings," in the December number of "La Belgique
Horticole," as quoted in your Paper (see )i, 94), I do
not wish for a moment to attempt to combat the idea
that external conditions may doubtless have great
influence in the production of varieties ; but in
alluding to the origin of two varieties of the genus
Pelargonium, viz., Sunset and Mrs. Pollock, the
learned Professor says, " These are not the results
more or less direct of man's agency, nor of this or that
operation of the cultivator, but they are the indirect
but inevitable natural and spontaneous consequences
of the mode of development belonging to the species,
when grown under artificial ciroumstances," &c. On
the contrary, allow me most respectfully to say that the
variations in question were the realisations of an anti-
cipated result progressively develo)ied, which, without
the directagency of man, certainlymight,but most likely
never would have been in existence. The learned Pro-
fessor is also, I think, in error in supposing that similar
forms originated simidtaneonsly in different localities
in England, France, Belgium,, and elsewhere. I lielieve
that I may state, with conndcnco, that there is not a
variety of the so-called Golden tricolor Pelargonium
in existence, which does not owe its origin directly or
indirectly to one or other of the two varieties named,

Pebrttaut 2, 1867.]

THE GArvBENEES' CimONieLE AND AGMCITETITllAr. GA7.V!r'n

103

or possibly, but loss likoly, to one of thcii' imnicdiato
ancestors. If I am wrons; in making this seemingly
boll! assertion, I am open to correction. I have also
somethius to say with regard to the auppusid nmi-
compatability of double Howors and varici;;ilcd Inliiiw.,
but I will refrain from doing so until tlir inatui-alicjn
of some experiments wliicli 1 have iu hand. I'. Griece,
Citijord.

Napoleon's WUIom. — Having been frequently
asked the histoi-y and ago of the tree called
Napoleon's Willow, which grows in the Royal
Botanic Garden at Kew, I send you the follow-
ing account of it, which may not be without
interest. Soon after the death of Napoleon I.in 1831,
Thomas Fraser, then a young gardener at Kew, was
engaged to proceed to St. Ileleua, for the purpose of
growing vegetables to supply the E:xst India
Company's horaoward-hound ships that touched at
that island. IIo returned in 1825, bringing with him
Tree Ferns and other interesting plants of the island,
and amongst them a twig of the Willow tree which
grew over the tomb of Napoleon. This twig on
arrival was found to have become decayed at the lower
part, but the upi)er portion, which was only a fow inches
111 length, boin}; green and fresh, I placed it under a bell-
glass as a cutting, where it- soon rooted nnd became an
established plant. A par:igrapli having a|ipeared in the
newspapers announeing the fact that ai)lant had been
received at Kew from Napoleon's tomb, and the far-
famed names Bonaparlie and Waterloo being still
fresh in the public mind, many visitors came to see it,
" especially on Sundays," and on one Sunday, before the
lioiir for opening the Gardens, the crowd was
so great, tnat by its pressure the bolts of
the gate gave w.ay, and those who were fore-
most fell, others falling over them, so great was the
eagerness evinced to get a sight of this Willow. Iu
1827 the tree was planted where it now stands, near the
walk, which was a continuation from the then public
entrance, the AVillow in question being the first con-
spicuous object seen on entering the garden. For the
first '?.0 years of its growth it had the advantage of being
sheltered by a high trellis fence and shrubbery, which
jiassed near it. It is now 40 years old, and although
it grows in dry light soil, it has attained the height of
40 feet, the spread of its branches being 4t feet, the
circumference of the trunk near the ground Sifeet,
and its height 5 feet, at which point it divides into
three main stems. Coming from St. Helena, it was at
lirst thought to be a distinct species, but it soon became
evident that it wa,s the common Sali.x bah.vlonica.
J. Smith, ex'-Ciirator, Jioyal Sotanic Gardens, Kew.

Berberis Aquifolitim as Game Covert. — I planted
about 10,000 fine strong plants of this IJerberis some
two years ago, and during the first year they were very
much eaten by rabbits ; but we were not very careful
in keeping down herbage among them, and I was of
opinion that by carefully cleaning them they would
overcome the mischief that had been done them the
previous year. I am sorry, however, to say that w©
have been disappointed, as we have scarcely a living
nlant left, and my opinion is that the Berberis Aqui-
folium is of no earthly use for game covert where any
quantity of rabbits is preserved. James Stewart,
Nuneham ParL, Oxon.

Seeds Destroyed by Cor^roacjies. — Having purchased
last month a qu.autity of garden seeds, they were put
into a basket and stowed away in a dark closet until a
fit time had occurred for sowing them. Two days ago,
upon my taking them out, I was surprised to find many
of them entirely eaten up, and others so much damaged
as to be rendered useless. The delinquents that caused
the mischief were then unknown to mo. They could
not be mice, as our cats take care that none of these
shall appear in|our seed-stores ; uor could they be spiders,
because there were no cobwebs. The question as to
what the delinquents were, was, however, fully solved
the other day, upon my reading the following account
in " Chambers' Journal " of an insect that is " not
particular." " While," says a correspondent of that
periodical, " cockrt)aches partake largely of the common
articles of diet iu a ship's stores, they also rather like
books, clothes, boots, soap, and corks. They are also
partial Ito lucifer-malches, and consider the edges of
razors and amputating-knives delicate eating. As to
drink, these animals exhibit the same impartiality.
Probably they do prefer wine and spirits, but they can
nevertheless drink beer with relish, and even suit
themselves to circumstances, and imbibe water, either
pure or mixed with soap ; and if they cannot obtain
wine, they find in ink a very good substitute. Cock-
roaches have also an extreme partiality for medicine ;
pills and draughts they are fond of; as to powders,
they roll themselves in them ; and tinctures they sip
all day long. Blistering plaster seems a patent nostrum,
which they take internally, for they managed to use up
two ounces of mine in as many weeks, and I have no
doubt it warmed their insides. I one ni]jht left a
dozen blue pills carelessly e.xposed on my little table.
Soon after I had turned in, I observed the box sur-
rounded by them, and being too lazy to get up, I had
to submit to see my pills walked off, within a very few
minutes, by a dozen roaches, each one carrying a pill.
Next morning the deck of my little cabin was strewed
with the dead and dying." On being furnished with
this information, I mixed some strychnia sent me by a
chemist, with butter, on a plate, and substituted it for
the seeds in the same place. This morning I found
that these gluttonous gentry possessed as great a relish
for strychnine as they had shown for mercury in the
instance above referred to, nearly a dozen of them
having been put hors de combat, and others felt so
queer as to be unable to avail themselves of the recom-
mendation, sauve qui pent. Here, then, is a first-rate
recipe for those of your readers who happen to be
troubled with these pests, and who wish to get rid of
them. At the same time, let it bo borne in mind that
this substance is a deadly poison to man, beasf, and

fowl, and therefore it must be used with great caution
in order to avoid aooidentj. Otd Subscriber. [A safer
remedy is to bo found among the beetle poisons com-
pounded ill part of phosphorus. Eds.]

liool Fitiitii. — There seems now to be a little anima-
tion ill reference to this subject, and I hope that sonic
fads will bo adduced which will coinpliinenl your
correspondent "M, J. B." for his patient and persevering
studies in that direction. I trust that those who sti"

continue sceptical as regards parasitical influence on
vegetation will suspend their judgment until tlicy can
clearly prove that no such influence exists. A beautiful
truism was published in the agricultural department of
your Paper of Jan. 19, 1801 ;— " In agriculture," says
the writer, " it was once tlio practice to take ancient
customs as an infallible guide; nothing was then
doubtodj nothinij was investigated, and little improved.
Now it IS the princijile to do nothing without a rciisnii.
Everything is mvestigated.and everything is improvc'd."
Let us. therefore, not cast aside lightly scientific
conclusions, although they may possess apparent con-
tradictions ; let us rather examine them in accordance
with circumstances. Fungi nurtured by decaying
vegetable matter, boyonddoubt exert a baneful influence
on the living vegetable, both in the forest and in the
garden. One class of Fungi has more affinity for certain
species of trees than another ; just as, for instance, the
fly that kills sheep in a few days will not attack a
horse. The roots of young trees, when cut down,
contain properties which maintain a more healthy
action during their disintegration than old trees, which
have exhausted the juices that the roots contained.
Soil, too, has a great deal to do with the extension or
localization of Fungi. Some ground forms a ready
vehicle for their growth, while other soils assimilate
the decay and prevent the existence of the parasites.
L.i.st summer I had occasion to examine a border of a
conservatory here, the sickly appear.ance of the vege-
tation phmted in it indicating something wrong at the
root. I found the soil from 2 inches to a foot in
depth below the surface like a mass of snow with
fungous spawn. I traced its existence from some staves
of a wooden tub that bad been left in the border. The
roots of Oranges, Camellias, Acacias, Clethras, and
Neriuras, literally crumbled to pieces on being touched.
I would, therefore, strongly ailvise all woody matters
that have been dried naturally or artificially, to be
avoided in soils employed for the growth of plants.
P. Middleton, Wynnstay, Rkttabon.

Uainfall at JBelvoir Castle, Leicestershire, 1866. —

August -. .. .. 4.073

September .. .. 4.054

October 2.044

November ,. .. 2.0(10

December .. .. 1.048

January 1.050

Febru.ary .. .. 2.009

March 1.064

AprU 1.040

May 1.024

Juno 3.012

July 3.0211 ToUl .. 29.039

Rain foil on 203 days.
WiUiam Inrjram.

Begonia digswellionsit, — This I consider to be one of
the best and most useful plants which we possess for
yielding a constant su^pi; of cut flowers throughout
the autumn and winte*. months, and these with mo
being in constant demani, I am able, by keeping some
eight or nine plants of it in a temperature of from 60 '
to 65°, to cut a nice quantity of flowers from them two
or three times a week, and they last well in water. So
vigorous is this variety of Begonia that the more one
cuts it, the thicker it breads and flowers. In addition
to the gaiety of the blossoms, the foliage is beautifully
green, so that when once this variety has become fairly
known it cannot fail to be appreciated. J. Ford,
Braint/ield, near Wel-wyn.

Late Pras.— What is the general yield of the best
late Peas ? A few years ago I was living in Dorset-
shire, at a village in which several market-gardeners
resided. Some of them being together one evening,
the subject of conversation turned upon the qualities
of the Peas then in cultivation. One of them remarked
that they ought to grow his variety of Pea, a peck of
which, on being shelled, would yield half that quantity,
a statement which created some little astonishment,
and on the part of one of the company at least, indigna^
tion, which soon found vent in words. " I'll bet any
man in England £5 to 5*. he never does that," said the
gentleman in question. The other accepted the wager
reducing the conditions, however, to half a peck to yield
a quarter, and shortly afterwards he produced his
Peas. The matter became public, and the village inn
was crowded with the acquaintances of both parties
who came to witness the result. A supper was ordered,
at which the qualities of the Peas were to be tested.
The challenger measured the Peas as gathered, and
the company shelled them. The wager was won by the
grower, who had half a pint over. The Peas on coming
to table were acknowledged to have sustained their
character throughout ; and I found on inquiry that
they consisted of a sport from Ne Plus Ultra. A. P.,
Dalkeith.

Darh-foUaged Bedding Plants. — The Beet alluded
to by your correspondent Mr. J. Anderson (see
p.5 28)1 is by far the best dark-foliaged plant that
I have ever seen for flower-garden decoration. I
first saw it bedded out at Stoke Rochford, where
it was very effective. I have also used it in
our flower garden here during these last two years,
and I have been very well pleased with it. It is
hardier and much more striking than Perilla, or any
other dark-foliaged plant with which I am afiquaiuted.
It grows from 9 inches to 12 inches in height, and has
fine, stout, dark glazed-looking foliage. John Ingram,
Belton House, Grantham.

IVellingtonias.— While visiting Combe Abbey the
other day I noticed a beautiful tree of Wellingtonia,
which in January, 1862, measured 8 feet in height, and
12 inches in girth round the base of the trunk ; it now
measures 17 feet high, and 27 inches at the base of the
trunk. Here may also be seen, what in time will be a
noble avenue of Wellingtonias, with a front line

(planted in the angles) of Abies I'insapo, having ample
room in which to develop their proportions. P. M.

The Gardeners' Itoyaf Benevolent fn-ititnlioa. — As a
subscriber taking a deep interest iu the welfare of this
institution, I am pleased to see how readily all com-
Miiiuicatiuus vvhir'h are likely to forward tj'io ends it
has iu vic^w arc adniittcil into your pjigcs, llioiigii one
cannot fail toobserv(s how lalsoa iiositiou, ifsubsci-ibers,
some of your correspondcuts occupy in thi'ir relation
tliereto. ".1. 1)." was, some tiiuc since, fully informed
what were the jiroper and legitimate stops to be taken
for the alteration of any rules which a majority of the
members might consider non-beneficial to the Institu-
tion. Yet wo have anothercorrespondent beating up the
same old track, with no new facts, save the enunciation
of a belief that subscribers generally are possessed of
views kindred to his own. Honest indignation surely
has need of no such •Mtom.de plnmf.i^ " (Hn mel ihi apes."
I assert that it is false i'riiiidship thus to ru^li into
print upon matters appertaiuiug to, and fitting only to,
the adjusting powers of members theinselvos. Rule 6
meets all the wishes expressed by your correspondents,
and that it has been strictly administered iu all late
elections none can deny. Moreover, let it be under-
stood once for all, that to alter this rule from one
giving strict precedence to subscribers, to one pension-
ing suljscribors only, would alter the whole tone and
tenor of ihe Institution, from that of a benevolent
institution to a benefit society. Would this bo doing
justice to honorary subscribers, who are a majority '?
Certainly not, without the expression of their distinct
wish to that effect. I have just had the pleasure of
adding another such, as a life-subscriber— on the basis of
the rules as they stand, however. Thus, and thus only,
does this Institution prosper. I have heard it a.sserted
that the oHicers should see to the alteration of these
rules; but even allmving that it is legitimate for them
to suggest to suhscribiTs any slight alterations in minor
ones, few oflicprs woiilil, I think, usurp the iiower vested
iu them thus harshly to destroy a rule which, so far as
honorary subscribers go, is in all probability the main-
stay of the Institution. W. E.

ice Pits.— ¥or the information of your correspondent
" H. R. T." (see pa^e 77), I beg to remark that we put
together every winter, when opportunity offers,
between 200 and 300 small one-horse cartloads of ice in
a stone pit 12 feet in depth and 30 feet square, filling it
up a little higher than the surrounding ground level.
We break the ice into small pieces during the process
of filling. When enough has been put together we
cover it over with a thin layer of straw (Fern would
do), and then put on it from 1 foot to 18 inches in
thickness of sawdust, the heap being fully exposed to
both sun and rain, as we have no cover for it. By
this plan we have plenty of ice all the year round,
and often have also some for our neighbours, who have
ice-houses. The great quantity put iDgcllicr doubtless
tends to its long keeping. Our jiil liciug within 20
yards of a large sheet of water we have a comparatively
short distance to cart the ice. The late Sir Joseph
Paxtou's plan of floating it into the pit must, I appre-
hend, be considered to be a step in the right direction.
Our consumption, for all purposes, amounts to about
a smallcart-loadevery ten days during the season. We
have done away with our ice-house, as we find this plan
of storing it to answer our purpose much better. I may
add that it is requisite that the situation of the pit should
be such as to enable it to be provided with an air-
tight drain to carry off any stagnant water. Jf. Brown,

Merivale Sail, Atherstone. ^I have for some time

publicly advocated the keeping of ice above ground,
and I find that the practice, which has many adherents,
has neither failed, uor been found to have more expense
attending it than the old way of storing in wells in
houses built for the purpose. I have for some years
ceased to use an ice-house built upon the premises, and
have employed the stack system, from which, by
storing away some 05 loads of ice each winter, I am
able to obtain from five to six teeming wheelbarrows
full per week during eight or nine of the warmer
months. I have this season already formed three
separate stacks, one containing 80 loads, for use partly
in 1808, in case next winter should be a mild one
with little ice to be had. The other two contain
respectively .30 and 12 good large loads. The principles
upon which my stacks are formed, are at follows: —
I consider that dixmp in any form destroys the
keeping properties of ice more than anything else.
Hence, I am opposed to placing ice in a well 9r any
other place where the most perfect ventilation is not
always attainable. The bricks, of which wells are
invariably formed, are so porous ; that they hold a good
deal of moisture, they are therefore the worst of all
materials for the purpose — cemented sides, from which
the water condensed would readily run down into a
drain beneath, are preferable to them. Better than
all, however, is good straw, elevated above ground and
protected from superficial rains ;this acts as an evapora-
tingmedium, andis amoderatorofallexternal influences.
With a sufficient quantity of this placed around ice pro-
perly stored, you may bid defiance to all weathers. As a
non-conductor of heat it is excellent, and a given
thickness of it, aided by the coldness of the m.ass of ice
itself, keeps all at a uniform minimum temperature
upon the hottest day in summer, whilst the action of
the dry outer air attracts the inner moisture, and thus,
by evaporation, keeps all dry in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of the ice. I form my stacks, taking the one
containing 30 loads of ice as my model, by first placing
rough posts in the ground, so as to form a square of 0 It.
in the side and 9 feet deep ; over this a roof is fixed to
throw off rain. As to situation, I choose a gravel pit,
or any position at the base of an abrupt fall m the
ground, and where a good natur.al drainage is to be
found ; otherwise an artificial drain should bo made,
by placing two or three loads of inoder,ately large stones
at the bottom, upon whi.di theice is to rest. Supported
more or less by the puts jusl named, hurdles are put

106

THE GAEDENEES' CHIOKICLE AND IGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[PEBSTTAET 2, 1867.

in such a position that straw can be placed between
them, so as to form a wall 2 feet through upon all sides,
except upon that where the bank exists. I place straw
perpendiculai'ly against the inside all round. The ice
IS shot in from the upper ground direct from the cart.
It is broken small with wooden mallets ; and when the
stack is finished, where possible, it should assume the
form of a cone, and be covered with another 2 feet of
loose straw— Barley straw will do. The whole operation
is thus completed so easily that the wonder is, that even
our large dairy farmers do not annually store sudioient
for the use of their dairy in the hotter months, especially
those who send loads of fresh butter to provincial
markets. As to the material, it costs little ; the straw
used does well for litter when the ice is all gone, and
the few rough sticks for posts, and a quantity of partly-
broken hurdles, are equally inexpensive. William
Earley.

Gas Tar and Sot-waier Fipes.—l have a nice warm
or intermediate plant-house, with Vines up the rafters,
heated with four hot-water pipes round the front. My
Vines are just breaking. I have many fine Camellias,
Azaleas, Cinerarias, Pelargoniums, Eoses in pots, and
Erench Beans, ttc, in my house. I keep one man to
do my work, and to keep himself employed in the hard
weather he painted the hot-water pipes in this house
with gas tar, and, fearful to say, it has stripped every
leaf off all my plants and trees. Pray what can I do ?
We cannot scrape it off in any way. We have
painted it twice over with oil paint, and it smells as
bad as before; when the pipes are made warm it is
worse. Will some of your correspondents kindly
advise me what to do to save my plants, and get this
dreadful gas tar off the pipes? An Old Subscriler
in Trouble,

Foreign Correspondence.

Measueements or Auste.ilian Teees. — We
have received, says the Australasian, the following
memorandmn from Dr. Mueller : —

"Whether the coniferous trees of California or the
myrtaceous trees of Australia rank as the mast colossal
of the globe, is yet a question open for discussion.
Lately a tree of Eucalyptus amygdalina (the Pepper-
mint, and also the Drooping Gum tree of Tasmania)
was measured in the deep recesses of Dandenong by
Mr. D. Boyle, of Nunawading, who found the length,
from the base of the stem to where the upper part of
the branches had broken, to be 393 feet. Comparing
trees uninjured, he assumes that about 30 feet have to
be added as a fair estimate to the length of the tree
before it dropped, giving thus the stupendous height of
about 420 feet for this colossal species, while
450 feet is the greatest and exceptional height on
record of the Oalifornian Wellingtonia. It may
1)0 remembered that the spire of the cathedral of
Strasbourg, the highest in the globe, reaches 460 feet.
It would be interesting if measurements were made by
residents in various parts of Australia of the particular
kinds of trees of their neighbourhood, of whatever
kinds such trees may be, in order that they may be
recorded before the trees themselves sink under the
axe of the woodcutter, and finally become annihilated.
Where the trees, as in most parts of Victoria, are
gregarious, no fear of their annihilation exists, but
where, as throughout nearly the whole of the littoral
tract of East Australia, the forest consists of a miscel-
laneous mass of trees, the rarer kinds are certain to
be obliterated in time from the face of the globe,
and the most stately individuals of each kind are
generally certain to sink first. It needs no remark
that all such measurements should be actual ones.
A request to this effect was made long since, but it
remained almost totally unresponded to; nor has the
wish expressed simultaneously received much atten-
tion, that residents throughout Australia might aid tho
laborious task of elucidatingthe vegetation of Australia
by forming local collections of dry plants of any kind,
but more particidarly of the Eucalj^ti, in order that
in the work under progress the range of the species
and the sura of their characters might be more fully
recorded. This is, as regards the Eucab'pti, all the
more needed now, as they have been found to yield
remuneratively so many highly valuable articles for
industry, such as fibre for paper, tar, spirit, acetic and
tannic acid, dye material, oil (both from leaves and
bark), and other substances calculated to add to the
riches of the country, and especially to the prosperity
of the working clas.ses, for lengthened periods."

Woticeg of SSooSg.

llora Australiensis. A ^Description of the Flam's of
tlie Australian Territori/. By George Bentham,
F.B.S., P.L.S., assisted by Ferdinand Mueller, M.D.,
E.B.S., &c. Vol. III. London : 1S66. Eeeve. 8vo,
pp. 704.
Botanists will hail with great satisfaction the advent
of the present volume, comprising, as it does, the accu-
rate description of the plants belonging to some
15 natural orders, among Mhich are two of the largest,
and, in everj^ sense, the most important of Australiau
natural families, the Myrtacetc and the Composite.
Prom this statement it will at once be seen that the
work in question is almost as valuable to horticulturists
as to botanists. Lovers of New Holland plants will
recall the splendour of the Melaleucas, Uw ( 'allislciiions,
the Beaufortias, the Leptospermums, tlie lia;ckcas, and
numbers of other greenhouse treasures described in
this volume. Herein also are catalogued the Eucalypti
or Gum trees, with their towering stems almost
rivalling in stature the giant Conifers of California,
and remarkable for their foliage and their fruit,
to say nothing of their timber and their resinous
products. These e.xist in great abundance in Australia,
and indeed are almost entirely confined to that conti-

nent. Dr. Ferdinand Mueller some time since proposed
a classification of these valuable trees, founded on the
nature and appearance of the bark ; hut however con-
venient such an arrangement may be for local purposes,
it does not appear ito be satisfactory when more gene-
rahy applied. Altogether 46 genera of Myrtaoe;e are
described, among the more numerous in point of
species being Eucalyptus with 134 species, Melaleuca
with 97, Basckea with 42, Verticordia with 37, Caly-
thrix with 34, and Calothamnus with 20.

Many genera, established upon insufdcient founda-
tion, are reduced in this volume to their proper places.
Thus we may mention in illustration the beautiful-
flowered Genetylhs or Hedaroma, which now finds a
place in Darwinia. Eabingtonia, too, is referred to
Ba'ckea, under which genus, indeed, Mr. Bentham
includes no less than eleven genera that have been
proposed by other persons on insuflioient or imperfect
evidence. In reference to Babingtonia, Mr. Bentham
destroys an illusion as to the style, which was stated by
Lindley to be a direct prolongation from the placenta
of this plant, and thus was considered to offer an
exception to the usual rule of floral structure ; but the
learned President of the Linnean Society shows that
the style in these plants is merely basilar, as it is in
Labiatffi, and hence the fallacious appearance.

The Australian Composites, according to the census
given in this volume, number some 501) species, distri-
buted through 88 genera, albeit some 80 or more genera
have been suppressed as having been founded on slight
modifications of the pappus, or other characters of com-
paratively little importance. The characters of the genera
in some cases run one into another, to so great an
extent as to render a satisfactory delimitation almost
impossible, hence an arbitrary line has to be drawn for
expediency's sake. This is the case, amongst others,
with the large and beautiful genus Heliehrysum. Mr.
Bentham' prefers the arrangement of Le,ssing and
De CandoUe for the separation of the tribes of this
vast order, an arrangement founded in .great measure
on the characters afforded by the styles ; but he adds a
caution, which we have felt the need of before now,
viz., to look to the style of the hermaphrodite florets
for the distinguishing characteristics, and not to the
style of the female flowers. Many of the Australian
Composites are well known in our gardens, e. g.,
various species of Heliehrysum, of Waitzia, of
Helipterum, &c. Humea also is an Australian
representative of this family, although its general
appearance is not very like that of most Composites.

The volume before us is a descriptive work solely,
and hence we find in it few indications of economic
uses, scant mention of oraamental plants, and
little notice of the highly cui-ious morphological
features presented by many of the species, beyond
such as is necessary for the determination and
description of the various plants. Viewed as a
descriptive work, it is hardly possible to over-estimate
its value to working botanists. Not the least among
the advantages possessed by Mr. Bentham, is the
assistance rendered by the indefatigable Dr. Mueller,
wljo in addition to other aid transmits regularly from
Melbourne his large collections of dried specimens for
examination. Mr. Bentham's immense exi)erience
and practical sagacity are thus well supported by the
abundaiat opportunities and unrivalled facilities for
study that he possesses. Hence it is that in this and
in the other similar volumes from his pen the student
finds the plants he desires, described in language the
clearness and accm'acy of which have never been
excelled. In no works of similar character can the
name of a plant be so readily discovered, in none can
the reader find so satisfactoi'y descriptive portraits of the
plants he seeks. With this, the third volume, about
one half of the task is accomplished, and wo trust that
the publication of the remaining volumes of this
valuable work may not long be delayed, but that Mr.
Bentham wiU add to the other obligations under which
he has laid botanists, a completed Australian Plora.

iFlorfgts' dFIob3a%

Theee are many Pompon Chets.inthemums
(see p. 1223, 1866) that are admirably adapted for the
purpose of filling up the vacancies in the summer beds
which with all a gardener's skill cannot sometimes be
avoided. On referring to Mr. Salter's catalogue, I find
ho enumerates 16 early-flowering varieties. The
Continental growers have also furnished us with a few
v.arieties this season, which have been figured in
L' Illustration Soriicole. One of the most beautiful
yellows, and a fine companion to AVhito Trevenna,
flowering profusely in September and October, was
called Orion. I am afraid, however, this variety is
lost. With a little care the beauties of the flower
garden may be prolonged considerably, as the Chry-
santhemums might be planted out in beds and lifted
with balls of earth when in bloom, well watering them
at the time of removal. Thus treated they would
scarcely show that they had been interfered with.

Mr. Porsyth pays especial attention to standard
Pompons, and any one who saw his splendid speci-
mens of Bob, Andromeda, Cede NuUi, Mr. Murray,
Duruilet, &c., could not fail to be impressed with the
many situations in which they would show to advantage.
Nothing could be more striking than a few of them
arranged in the centre of a diniug-table, with foliage
I'lants and Feras, or for the decoration of entrance
halls, &c. at f6tes, also in large Conservatories— in fact,
their .adaptability would be so great that they could
scarcely Be put out of place. Mr. F. intends to give in
his new Catalogue a few practical hints on their culti-
vation : his experience in such matters will be valuable,
as it will be purely practical, embracing the obser-
vations of many years.

Specimens of large-flowered and Pompon varieties
were numerous as "bushes" in his collection; this

form is the favourite with the Chrysanthemum grower
who, like his brother florist the Pelargonium culti-
vator, con.5iders the bush form to show the foliage and
flowers to the greatest advantage.

The finest specimen (not the largest) of any Chry-
santhemums I ever saw exhibited was a plant of Lady
Harding staged at the Agricultural Hall some few
years since by Mr. Howe, Secretary to the Stoke
Newington Chrysanthemum Society. This had the
appearance of having grown naturally, although
trained, and the flowers were so nicely arranged that
turn it which way you would, it was well furnished, and
nearly every bloom was fit for a stand of cut flowers.
This was the beau ideal of what a well-trained specimen
should be, and Mr. Andrews must, I think, have had
this plant in his remembrance when he sketched the
plate for Mr. Salter's recent work on the Chiysanthemum,
for there it is faithfully pourtrayed. Little Harry has
been admirably exhibited by Mr. George, of Stamford
Hill, the last three seasons, the same plant being grown
from year to year. This is one of the most beautiful
of plants, but somewhat delicate in habit ; it is, how-
ever, a gem, and an incurved flower, and is worth all
the trouble one can possibly take with it. As a rule,
most of the incurved flowers do not make good speci-
mens ; they grow more straggling than the reflexed
varieties, the two named above excepted. I have,
however, seen Queen of England and Lady St. Clair
well done. Prince of Wales, sent out in 1865, will
most likely make a good plant, although the flowers
this season were somewhat thin ; and Venus may also
be serviceable ; but growers rely mostly upon reflexed
varieties, such as Christine, Golden Christine, Cheva-
lier Domage, Julie Lagravere, Prince Albert, Alma,
Annie Salter, and Triomphe du Nord, for their best
plants. Crimson Velvet will be a nice addition as
regards colour, and Virgin Queen is promising, .the
white being very pure. Of all the above-named, Mr.
Porsyth had fine well-bloomed plants in abundance. I
also noticed a very creditable plant of General
Bainbrigge.

The pyramid form of training is a modem intro-
duction, and where skilfully carried out, assists to
break the formal appearance that bushes alone would
have at exhibitions. These, with the standards, are of
great service, coming in admirably to furnish the
centre of tables devoted to cut blooms. Pompon
varieties seem best adapted for this system of training,
as the large-flowered varieties would be too heavy, and
appear unsightly. Any of the free-growing Pompons,
such as Bob, Salomon, the forms of Cedo N ulli, Helena,
White Trevenna, &c., will do for the purpose. Among
new large-flowering varieties sent out this spring.
Countess of Granville and Crimson Velvet appear
most suitable for growing into .specimens.

The Pompons are numerous and good, especially
Fairy Nymph, a very pure white ; Rose d' Amour,
clear rose, very beautiful ; Prince Victor, dark red
maroon. Marie Stuart and Sidonie are two
great acquisitions to Anemone Pompons, the
last especiaUy being one of tho very best.
Prince Kenna, rosy pink ; and Little Beauty, white
edged with delicate rosy pink, are both late flowering
kinds. All the above-named new varieties are decided
acquisitions, and Mr. Forsyth had very nice little
specimens of each and well flowered, although being
only sent out this last spring by Mr. Salter, the plants
were not so large as the older varieties. Whilst
writing of specimens, a variety purchased by Mr.
Forsyth and named Mr. Sharp, the colour as near
magenta as possible, will be one of the best of the
season, and exhibitors will do well to secure plants as
early as possible, as the colour is much wanted, being
very brilliant; it appears moreover to be a good grower,
breaking freely.

The plants cidtivated for cut flowers for exhibition
could be numbered by hundreds, and from every
comer appeared an old favourite, many of thera
almost forgotten ; however we only require the most
perfect, and such as will under ordinary cultivation
produce good blooms. Of those, among new varieties,
Gloria Mundi, John Salter, lona, Mr. Gladstone,
Empress Eugenie, Golden Beverley, (Jolden Dr. Brock,
and Victor Hugo, are evidently the best, and of these
the two most beautiful are John Salter and Golden
Beverley. Older varieties, such as Jardin des Plantes,
Prince Alfred, Beverley, Empress of India, Alfred
Salter, Queen of England, Her Maiesfy, Aim^e
Ferriere and Oliver Cromwell, both small flowers, but
beautiful in form and colour ; Lady Harding, Cherub,
Dr. Brock ; Eve, most lovely ; Hercules, a monster ;
Yellow Perfection ; Lady Carey, magnificent, only
late ; Lady Slade, fine delicate pink ; Mrs. Haliburton,
one of the best kinds ever sent out, when well grown a
perfect model ; Nonpareil, improved ; Beauty, Novelty,
Nil Desperandum; Pio Nono, fine colour; General
Hardinge, fine petal ; Princess of Wales, and Rev. J.
Dix, were in good condition. Any one cultivating
these will have a unique but small collection. There
are scores of other varieties which it would take too
much space to enumerate, and numbei*s of thera well
deserving of cultivation. These will be found described
in the catalogues, and those who require large collec-
tions will find all they need in Mr. Salter's and Mr.
Forsyth's lists. Colours I have not given to many
varieties, as in tho catalogues they are arranged
alphabetically and can easily be referred to ; and as I
purpose at an early period giving a detailed account
of the mode of cultivation both for specimens and
also for cut flowers, I shall in those articles add tho
colours in giving lists of the best kinds under their
rcsjiective heads.

1 have recently heard that one of the most promising
large-flowering varieties yet raised from seed and
exhibited by Mr. Morgan, of Plymouth, at Stoke
Newington, and by him named Mrs. George Kuodle,
has been purchased by Mr. Forsyth; the colour is
as nearly as possible that of Vesta, with a splendid

FHHTITTAET 2, 18G7.]

THE GAUDENEES' OMONTGLE ANT) AGmcULTnTvAE GAZETTE.

107

Dotal and in shape two-thirds of a ball. Mr Salterhas
also several very line varieties ('oniinK out in tliesprini?;
the names and colours of those shall be given heroaltor.,
William Meale, Upper Clapton.

The Effects op the Late Goto on JSees in
various districts is an interesting subject for inquiry.
Ha.s the mortality among bees boon influenced
by the dampness or otherwise of climate, or situation
of apiaries ? I have an idea that hives located in high,
dry, and very cold positions will be found to have
auifered less— ample food-supply being equal— than
those in low-lying, damp situations which may have
exjicrioneed a somewhat higlier temperature.

i have two apiaries, one in a back garden, much shut
in by houses, walls, and high trees, which render it
very damp duriug the winter months ; the other in an
open garden, having a light, dry soil. The degree of
cold rcacdied was considerably lower in the latter
locality than in the former ; yet on visiting my hives
when 'the frost broke up, I found no dead bees at the
entrance of any of its hives, while in the apiary described
as occupying a damper situation, every hive had its
hundreds or thousands of dead liees, and in some cases
the entrances were so choked up that the destruction
of the entire populations must have ensued had I not
lent a helping hand to remove the dead bodies of the
fallen. The hives used in both places are of the same
character, and with similar means of protection from
tho weather. The entrances of the hives in the apiary
in which the greatest mortality h;is taken place are
rather more contracted than in those of the other ; in
fact, tho.so having tho narrowest entrances as a rule
seemed to suffer most.

It may bo right to state that the majority of
the depopulated hives were most liberally fed on arti-
ficial food and honey in the autumn, while those of the
other apiary were not fed at all. At one time it
occurred to me that this feeding might be a probable
cause of tho mortality, from the boiled food conducing
to dampness in the interior of the hives ; or from its
being dolicient in sustaining and cold-repelling quali-
ties compared with honey secreted by the boos in the
usual way. But I find on inquiry of an experienced
beo-keoping friend, whose bees were almost entirely

Erovisioned by boiled sugar, that many of his hives
ave lost but very few bees, so that it would seem to
negative the presumption that the quality of the stored
provision had any inllueiice on the mortality. I
therefore fall back 'on tho theory of greater dampness
of the locality, as the cause of the numerous deaths that
occurred in the one apiary as compared with the
other.

In some former years I have had a hive suspended
to a Salter's Balance, and have taken accurate notes of
the actual monthly consumption of food during tho
winter, I am sorry that this year I should have had
no such appliance for registering the weight of a colony
fitted up. I suspect that tho amount of food consumed
during the two frosts would have been found to be
something enormous as compared with tho rest of the
winter, past and to come. During the seasons of great
cold, bees require to consume a large amount of fuel
for combiLstion, to enable them to create a heat
sufficient to defy the insidious and searching approaches
of their arch-enemy. There may, perhaps, be some
among our apiarian friends who have been able to take
the necessary observations ; if so, tho results of their
experience would be very acceptable. S. Bevan Fox.

The Egypiian Bees and the Weather. — On the day
of the thawfl'hich succeeded tho last of the two great
frosts, I visited the three hives of Egyptians, finding
the bees of one only to be on the wing. This is the
hive of which I have the most doubts as to the
presence of the queen. Both the others wore ominously
still. The entrances, as in the case of some other
stocks, though ill a greater degree, were choked
completely up with a dense mass of dead bodies.
These I cleared away, but still there appeared no living
inmate either to resent the poking and disturbance, or
to enjoy her first flight after so prolonged a period of
compulsory confinement. At length I left them, under
the melancholy belief that my beautiful Egyptians had
succumbed to the cold of a less genial climate than
their oivn. But great was my pleasure on the following
day to see them flying in and out from these hives iu
considerable u ambers, and also busily engaged in
clearing away their deajl. I have, therefore, no reason
now to fear for their safety, or to doubt their capability
of sustaining any degree of cold we are likely to be
favoured vrith iu Great Britain. S. Bevan Fox.

of tho latter would bo made, except where the position
suited no other. Tliore is nothing in the Addison
Koad to load one to suppose that it bordered such a
gem of landscape gardening, and the surprise is all tho
greater when tho visitor catches a glimpse ol tho open,
rolling lawn and ploasurn ground behind, diversified
with water and very natural-looking strata of artificial
rock cropping out, li;ilf covered with shrubs and trees.
Let us first look into the conservatory agaiust the
house. It is not a very largo one, but most tastefully
designed and constructed, the walls being to a consider-
able extent opaqiio and massive, unlike ordinary con-
servatories, and this removes that flirasiness of
character, and makes a conservatory more worthy of
association with the dwelling-house, and more suited
for displaying many kinds ol' plants. Flowers all look
better in'a subdued light, and though the plants would
not grow in such a structure as in a well lighted one,
yet, as they are not often kept in the conserv.atory
proper more than a few weoks at a time, it does not do
them the least injury, but helps to prolong the
flowering. Then, again, Tree Ferns are becoming
fashionable conservatory oniaments, and a more per-
manent style of building than is common suits their
wants much bettor. Li this house there are two tall
specimens, throwing their fronds with a majestic grace
nearly up to the roof, gracefully veiling, as it were,
the specimen plants underneath; and small but
exquisite marbles, baskets of trailing plants, and walls
well covered with climbors, make the scene complete
with grace— more like a charming Fernery than a con-
servatory. Tho variegated Cobma is highly appreciated
here, not only for its regular and distinct markings,
but for the peculiarly glistening effect it affords at
night when the conservatory is brilliantly lighted.
Then there is the specimen house in the garden, or
conservatory it might be called, finely built, and
admirable for large collections of specimen greenhouse
plants, but more remarkable from the way in which it
is connected with the fruit and minor plant houses.
These run in two rows at right angles from its rear,
and communicate with it so that you pass readily into
either the forcing-houses iu one row or the plant
houses in tho other, and through the pleasant airy cou-
servatory'without encountering a shower at any time.
There is a walk bordered with flowers between the two
rows of houses, and against the low walls places for
dwarf shrubs. Thus the groat convenience of having
houses close together is attained without ruuning
them out in a straight line, which would never do in a
contracted garden where good taste prevails. They are
most tastefully (shut out from the general scene by
judicious planting. Every modern improvement and
oonveuionce is to be seen therein.

But agi-eeable as such arrangements are to all of us,
the exquisite taste displayed in the outdoor depart-
ment soon takes one there, and we walk round the
very picturesquolornamental water, with its inner side
a mass of artificial stratified rook (very naturaUy done,
by the way), and every crevice creeping with Ivy, Fern,
and such like, while the groimd rises and displays a
noble American shrub plantation, diversified with
large specimen shrubs and goodly sized trees brought
at great expense and from considerable distances to
give eflect to the scene at once. In fact it was only
made about two years since; and yet looks like a vouer-
able country place, owing to being closely planted
with goodly sized specimens- an expensive process no
doubt. The boathouse is run in behind a ruined old
painted bridge, very neatly concealed and conveniently
arranged. Oho might fancy one's self 30 miles from the
" nation of London," standing in the middle of tho
lawn, so gracefully does it intertwine with the
surroundings. I noticed a ribbon border of shrubs,
planted on the inner side of a bank thrown up to cut
off the view of the forcing liouses from the garden— the
pleasure ground side of the bank being irregularly
planted of course, but the inner coming rather close to
the house, and being somewhat precipitous and more-
over straight, was planted with aline of rather tall
pyramidal Yews at top. Then a band of the common
Aucuba, followed by a belt of Berberis Aquifolium, and
edged with Hypericum calycinum, a mass of flower.
Nothing can exceed the artistic grace with which tho
surrounding shrubberies are planted, and the old
specimen shrubs and trees made to give the place an
air of maturity. Such specimens of choice laying out
should, I think, be better known. Doubtless many of
your readers may have an opportunity of seeing this,
and therefore I will say no more about it. Mr. W ilkie
is the gardener, and his nice cottage is quite an example
of what a gardener's house ought to be. Viator.

Garden Memoranda.

Oak Lodge, Addison Road,' Kensington, tiie
Residence of J. McHenet, Esq.— Reader, have you
ever seen within the smoke, and barely removed from
the circular whirlpool or maelstrom of London—
" .1 g.^^dcn clad
la all tbo robes that Eden had ? "

If not, by visiting this charming garden you may enjoy
such a sight. It affords the best London example that
I know of to iUustrato Mr. Marnock's style of laying
out grounds, and yet is distinct from much of his work,
because it is breadth combined of course with many of
the best charms of the picturesque style that is aimed
at, rather than the involved and space or extent-
increasing style of which we have examples in many of
his works. This .style of laying out grounds, even
when practised by inferior or tasteless artists, holds
its own against the geometrical. I venture to remark,
that if .the public eye were as much familiarised

, - - -„ - with

goodexamplesofsuchgardensasthis.astheyhaveoflate .„^ „. ™ ^.„ ^

been with the geometrical and formal styles, very few ' his son-in-law, Baillie Nowbiggini

Mr. Cowan; but his habits wore too active to allow
him to take entirely his well-earned repose, and up to
his last illness, which was of iii-iof duration, no beguiled
liis leisure with the pursuits of the farm. The lato
Mr. Kennedy was one of those men who aro not
sitoiled by prosperity ; though ho had attained all that
his ambition ever aimed at he was throughout his
later, as in his early life, mild and unobtrusive, and he
was as highly estcomcd as lie was widely known.
Dumfries and QaUowin/ Cuuricr.

Tlie" VeijelahU: World." — ['I'ho following correspond-
ence appeared in tho last number of tho Athenaeum.
Our own opinion of tho work in question has been
before given (p. 1107), but wo can fully endorse what
is said in the subjoined letters as to tho misuse of the
" Vegetable Kingdom." Eds.] :—

25, Old Squ.aro, Lincoln's Inn, Jan. 21, 1867.

A notice that appeared in tho Atlienamm a short
time ago on the English edition of "The Vegetable
World," induced mo to compare it with the French

IMtiscellaneons.

Death of Fx-Prorost Kenned i/.—DumtneS has lost
one of her landmarks by tho death at his residence,
Nithbank, of Thomas Kennedy, Esq., who was
well and widely known both in the burgh of
which he was once chief magistrate, and in all the
country round. Genial, kind-hearted, aud benevolent,
ho was at the same time shrewd, earnest, and enter-
prising in business, and as a horticulturist he gradually
extended the acres under his cultivation until he had
belted Dumfries with a series of nurseries, diffusing
a great amount of employment, and giving his native
town a high name as a producer of seeds and plants.
To the firm which he founded, Dumfries is indebted
for tho floral ornamentation of its railway station,
which delights the eye of every visitor or passer by,
whether from north or south. Although devoted to
business the late Mr, Kennedy took a deep interest in
public and municipal affairs, and he evinced. this by a
lengthened discharge of public duties, which were
closed by his filling tho Provost's chair for three years.
AVhen age and its infirmities began to tell upon him
he handed his extensive business as a nurseryman to

aud his partner

reproduced in " The Vegetable World " in a shape so
mutilated as to render them utterly worthless for all
punioses of study or use. Under these circumstances,
I wrote a letter, of which I inclose a copy, to Messrs.
Chap.nan & Uall. They have not condescended to
notice it. I therefore appeal from their sense of justice
to that of the Athenamm, as representing the public ;
aud I shall be much obliged if you will take some notice
of the matter suflicieut to show that tho rubbish con-
tained in " Tho Vegetable World " is not also in " The
Vegetable Kingdom." Nathl. Lindlet.

[COPY.]

*' 2.1, Old Squjirc, Lincoln's Inn, J-iu. 7, 13C7.

" Gentlemen,— My attention has been lately called
to the English translation of M. Figuier's ' Vegetable .
World,' and I have been comparing parts of it with
the French original and with 'The Vegetable Kingdom '
written by my father, the late Dr. Lindley. The result
is most painful to me. I have no interest in the copy-
right in ' The Vegetable Kingdom,' and I do not there-
fore address you in respect of what I nevertheless
think is the (unfair use which has been made of that
work. What I complain of is, that the editor of the
English edition of the ' Vegetable World ' has presented
to the pubhc a quantity of rubbish m the shape ol
mutilated extracts and blundering abridgments from
' The Vegetable Kingdom,' which the reader of his
own book would naturally attribute to my father.
That I am not overstating tho matter will be per-
fectly manifest to any one who will take the
trouble to compare the [characters in small type on
pp. 221, 232, 223, 231, 270, 281, 286, in The
Vegetable World,' with the corresponding portions
of ' Tho Vegetable Kingdom.' I am quite aware that
having no interest in tho copyright in ' The Vegetable
Kingdom,' I can obtain no redress by legal proceedings
iu respect of the matters of which I complain. 1,
moreover, entirely exonerate you personally from
blame ; that rests with yoiu- editor ; but I put it to
you as gentlemen of honour that what I complain oi
ought not to have occiu-red, and ought not to pass
without notice. As Dr. Lindley's only son, I think 1
am fully entitled to vindicate his character, and to
require that something should be done to prevent the
readers of 'The Vegetable World' from supposing
that the errors contained in it occur also in The
Vegetable Kingdom,' and are attributable to ignorance
and carelessness on the part of my father. I am advised
to send a copy of this letter to M. Figuier and to my
late father's botanical friends, and also to the editors ol
the various scientific journals iu the United Kingdom;
but before doing so, I shall bo glad to hear whether you
can suggest any other method of doing justice to my
father's memory. I am your obdt. servant,

"Nathl. Lindlet."

"Moasrs. Chapm.iu & Hall, PubUshors, 193, Piccadilly."
While this sheet is passing through the press, a letter
has been published in the Athemeim, signed by Mr.
Henry Orr, editor and translator of the Vegetable
World,'" which letter seems only to add increased con-
fusion to the subject, as the preface to tho ' Vegetable
World" is signed '^W. S. 0." If Mr. Henry Orr s
views are to be acted on by others in transcribing
passages from standard works, it follows that correctness
is by no means necessary, and that an editor niay with
impunity father any nonsense upon an original author
—at least by implication. From our examination of
the " Vegetable World," we should have bad no hosjta-
tion in stating that a very largo proportion of what we
took to be extracts from tho '^Vegetable Kingdom,
were grossly perverted in the transcription, but possibly
they too "have a source altogether difl'ereut." If so,
what a pity the source is not mentioned. Haying
given insertion to Mr. Lindley's letters, we must, in
fairness to Mr. Henry Orr or to "W. S. O.,' one or
both, subjoin the letter of Mr. Henry Orr above

alluded to:- ..NotttagHill, Jan. 29, 18C7.

"In reference to Mr. Lindley's letter, I beg to stafjo
that my reply would have reached him through
Messrs. Chapman & HaU had he been a little le.;s
precipitate. Mr. Lindley's object is to vindicate his
father's reputation. I can assure hun that no one
would sympathise with him in such an object more
sincerely than myself had there been occasion wr i'-
But I venture to say there is not a passage in ine
Vegetable World ' which could by inference atlect i>r.
Lindley's reputation injuriously or render him respon-
sible forits contents. Moreover, the particular passages
to which exception is taken have a so"rf Jil*<;g^*?fJ
different, nor can I find passages at all resemb ing
them in 'The: Vegetable Kingdom.' In co>icli^.ion
I venture to think that the use that has been made
ofDr Liudlev's great work is stated fairly enough at

108

THE GAEDENERS' CimONlCLE AND AGEiCULTtTHAL CtA2ETTE.

[pESEtJAEY 2, l8(iy.

p. 220 of ' The Vegetable World,' and however I may
regret the feeling which has been roused, I cannot
admit that I have done anything to justify it.

''Henry Oke."

" Editor and Translator of ' The Vegetable World.' "
Wellingtonias at Some.— The following, from a Civli-
fornian paper, is worth quoting as a sample of the
curiosities of the subject :— Dr. C. T. Jackson not long
since visited the Mammoth Tree Grove, and estimated
the height of the principal trees. Dr. Jackson also
seems to have usurped the liberty of bestowing names
upon these monarchs of the forest, after having ascer-
tained their altitude. The following is an extract
from his note-book, which was recently read before the
California Academy of Natural Sciences.

Names of the Trees.

T. Starr King

General 3cott

General Jackson

Two Sentinels

Salem Witch

Trinity

Mother of the Forest

Wm. 0. Bryant

Henry W. Beecher . .

Granite St.ate

General Washington

Abraham Lincoln

Bay State

Old Kentucky

Empire State

Andrew Johnson

Daniel Webster

Mother and Son

Edward Everett

Pride of the Forest
Vermont

John Torrey . ,

Arbor -vitfe Queen . .
Beauty of the Forest

Henry Clay

Asa Gray, nearly as high as the J

Height in
feet.

366

327
320
315
310
308
305
305
291
286
284
281
280
277
275
273
270
209
205
260
259
259
258
258
241
1 Torrey.

Circumference

0 feet above the

roots.

48
03
40
4.'!
50
52
44
48
45
50
32
40
64
40
50
41
35
31

Cool, very cool ! Tears after the discovery of a great
natural curiosity, a pensioned peripatetic visits this
wonder of Nature and bestows names right and left to
suit his own notions of propriety. Himself a fanatic,
he endeavours to transmit to posterity, by a durable
memorial, the names of some of his fellow-
fanatics. And this he attempts at the expense,
not only of the truth, but the decency of history.
The loftiest of these children of the woods he names
T. Starr King. Whatever may have been the virtues
of this distinguished deceased, the great majority of the
American people have not yet been " educated up " to
the belief that he was a greater man than George Wash-
ington ; yet Dr. Jackson tilts him up to the head of the
heap, and tries to fasten his name upon a tree 3GG feet
high, while he lets Mr. Washington do\vn to only 284
feet in altitude. Now we think Washington was a
better and a greater man than T. Starr King. There
are many other men in America, and elsewhere, who
think likewise. The former was a patriot in our
opinion — the latter was a sectionalist, a fanatic, and
nothing else. Our wonder is, that Mister Jackson did
not degrade General Scott and General Jackson to a
lower level in his expressed opinion, than that of Wra.
C. Bryant and Henry Ward Beecher.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing weeJc.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Stove Climiers generally should now receive their
final pruning and tying out. AUamandas, Dipladenias,
Cissus discolor, and Ipomoea Learii, require pruning
back to wood of the preceding summer's growth,
except in instances where it may be necessary for any
particular plant to occupy a large space quickly, when
two or three of the strongest of the young growths
may be trained onward, shortening them as much as is
consistent with the object in view. Others, such as
Combretum purpureum, Clerodendrons, Stephanotis,
and Stigmaphyllon ciliatum (a beautiful climber), may
be pruned back to within two or three eyes of the base of
the current season's growth, except in cases in which
any of them may have become much overgrown, when
a free use of the knife will be of future benefit to them.
Passifloras should at all times be liberally pruned back
to good firm wood. A judicious use of the knife causes
these to flower more freely, and to make less wood
than an opposite course of treatment. Where mealy
bug is allowed to exist, it will be found on Combretum

?urpureum, Passiflora edulis, Clerodendrons, and
pomceas. When the plants are pruned, therefore,
endeavour to destroy it by crushing it between the
finger and thumb, hunting well for it in all nooks and
crevices, especially amongst the irregular bark and
branches of the Combretum. Afterwards well wash
with a strong solution of tobacco-water and Gishurst
Compound, rubbing it well in withastitf-bristled brush.
Cissus discolor, I may add, propagates most freely
from old prunings at this season. As it is such
a general summer favourite, a quantity of it should be
propagated for indoor and other decorative purposes in
small pots for the ensuing summer. Every bit that is
firm and which has two eyes will root and grow freely
in a soil consisting of abundance of sand and peat in
any ordinary stove ; partial shading from too powerful
sunshine is all the nursing that will be required.
Stove Plants, such as Hogieras, lioudeletias, Aphe-
landras. Euphorbias, Justicias, and the above-named
climbers^in pots requiring larger ones, should be shifted
without delay. A good compost, consisting of two
partsjloam, three parts peat, and one partsilver sand, will
suit them, provided the fibre is well beaten up and
mixed with it ; none of the fibrous part should be
abstracted. This compost will suit all the plants just

alluded to, except Dipladenias and Cissus discolor,
which prefer all peat and sand, and if a little charcoal
is placed below it in the pot, all the better.
Insure good drainage by placing one or two large
slightly hollow potsherds over the hole at the bottom,
filling in all larger openings which then remain with
smaller ones ; upon these put a handful of any rough
sittings. Before the proper compost is used, press the
first layer down firmly with the hand, forming either a
mound or hollow, as best suits the form of the ball,
and placing the soil evenly in width all round between
the ball and the pot. In taking the soil up from the
bench, always extend the arm and hand, pushing them
under the heap as if a shovel were employed for the
purpose. Tou thus take all as it comes, fibre and the
lesser particles together. Endeavour to press this
fresh soil down so that it may equal in firmness
that of the old ball ; water will then penetrate
all alike, without which success is impossible.
Finish the surface ofi' very evenly, leaving no part
higher than another, and allow suflBcient space for
water, which, to give a good soaking, should be per-
mitted to stand and percolate gradually and evenly into
and throughout the ball.

Late-pruned Pelargoniums should receive their last
shift if necessary. They like a compost of rich light
hazel loam, amongst which the herbage which
grew thereon has become decomposed by laying
in a heap for a season. Should only ordinary loam be
at hand, a little leaf-mould and sand should be added.
Pot moderately firm, and do not give too large shifts.
Pinch the tops ofi? all thriving youngiplants, tying them
out neatly and evenly, in order that each shoot may
have as much air and light as possible. Older plants,
which generally come earlier into bloom than young
ones, should have all small weak shoots cut clean away,
afi'ording at the same time all possible encouragement
to the remaining ones. Pumigate these, whether green
fly is observable or!not, giving them abundance of air,
and a temperature in dull weather of about 50'.

FORCING HOUSES.
As the days lengthen, continue to increase atmo-
spheric moisture in all forcing houses, bearing in mind,
that the more frequently we are able to give air, the
oftener does the internal moisture obtain a free egress
from them ; hence theneedoffrequent moistening of the
floors, side walls, and other internal surfaces, to keep up
a corresponding supply to meet so increasing a demand.
Besides this, actual syringings may become more
frequent now; moistening the whole surface of all
healthy thriving plants twice a day, if fine and sunny,
and air can be given. Pines showing flower should
have a sUght advance of temperature, shutting up
early. Compost should be prepared for succession
plants ; therefore procure and chop up good loam, of
moderate consistency, keeping it under cover, and occa-
sionally turning it over, to allow air to readily penetrate
it. Growing F;nes showing flower should have the point
of each shoot pinched off immediately in advance of
the second leaf beyond the flower-stalk, excepting
when it may be necessary to add to the length of the
main rod, in which case the leading shoot should be
encouraged to grow, the flower-buds pinched ofl',
and the shoot itself properly secured. Peaches
and Nectarines in flower will be materially assisted
if, when passing through the houses upon fine
days, you gently jerk the trellises to which they are
trained; this will help to distribute the pollen, and
thereby aid the process of fertilisation. Strawberries
showing flower will now require alternate waterings
with manure water. Do not omit soot in it, as Straw-
berries thrive under its use. If these latter are placed
in pans it is advisable after each supply of manure
water to empty what drains into the pans aw.ay ; the
soil as it passes through the ball will retain suflicient
of its nutritive properties, without the roots being
submerged. Introduce Poses, Pulbous Plants, and
Flowering Shrubs freely into any convenient struc-
tures. They will prosper as the days lengthen.
HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.
Young Fruit frees should receive a moderate top-
dressing, which should be carefully forked in around
the boles, about 3 yards in diameter, for the double pur-
pose of keeping them moist, should a dry summer ensue,
and of encouraging surface rooting. The pruning and
training of Pear trees may be proceeded with. Upon
walls they are most easily trained horizontally ; each
shoot so trained being 8 inches apart throughout. Cut
away all wood buds near the base, except those upon
the extreme ends of the several shoots, severing the
upright centre one in two, at such a distance as best to
ensure a triple break from the eyes already formed
, upon it, viz., an upright one in continuation of the
i centre, and a pair evenly balanced upon either side,
neatly to fill up the next horizontal vacancy. The
flower buds are easily detected, being upon smaller
more evenly grown spray than that upon which wood
buds are formed. . The flower buds, moreover, are
generally more conical in shape than wood_ buds.
Should the inexperienced not readily distinguish the
one sort from the other, upon such varieties as Beurr^
Ranee, for instance, where the difference between
flower and wood buds is but trifling, it will be suflicient
to remove all the coarser growths, and leave the others
until they show more prominently, when the wood buds
as they push, may be broken abruptly off, with the
finger. Straicberry beds, if not done in the autumn,
should now receive a dressing of good rotten manure.
Do not, however, bury the crowns, or any leaves that
may be attached to them. A slight forking over may
bo advantageous in heavy soils, though I never perform
that operation upon light ground. I rather encourage
the production of surface roots.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Where Peas will not thrive at this season, the soil
being heavy, sow in boxes or otherwise, thickly, slightly

covering them over upon frosty nights. Broad Beans
might be sown in the open ground ; choose the Early
Long-pod, for though Early Mazagan is in general
recommended, I question if it can be got true. Plant
a few Early Potatos in any sheltered corner; the
larger the tubers planted at this season the better,
provided the whole of the smaller eyes likely to sprout
are destroyed previously to planting. Plant deeply,
forming a hollow trench some 2 inches in depth
immediately over them, so that when they show at the
bottom, the ridges upon either side may be drawn over
them, to protect them from frosts, and to ensure as
great an amount of robustness as is possible. As
Tomatos become more fruitful through being starved
when young, sow a few in a 32-sized pot ; they require
a little heat to induce them to germinate. The
Orangefleld is a prolific variety, and useful where
room is scarce. Porced Seakale Stools, having portions
of old crowns remaining above ground, should have
these cut off close down in the soil, scattering litter
over the wounds ; this saves them from frost, and
afterwards induces the formation of more compact
crowns. W. F.

3P THE -VN
k ending J

VR LONDOX,
cultural Gardcna.

STATE
Fortlie^Vet

EATHER AT CHISWICX, NE
n.30,1867,asobserTeaatthe Hort

. 1

TEMPERjlTnilB.

Wind

Jan.

%t

JJ^HOUBTEa.

Of the Air.

Ofthe Earth

B-l

Max.

Min.

Max.

MIn.

Mean

1 foot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thurs. 24
Friday 25

Satur. 26
Sunday 27
Mon. 28

TiiM. :>9
Wed. 30

18
19
20

C
22
23
24

29.442

29.76G
29.393
29.955
29.962
29.793
29.950

29.437
29.398
29.810
29.845
29.797
29.789
29.851

54
52
53
5G
53
52
51

34
44
38
47
34
45
34

41.0

48.0
45.5
51.5
43 5
48 5
42.5

37

3G
37
38
40
42
4(i

37
37
38
39
42
42
42

S.W.

S.W.

S.W.

W.

S.W.

S.W.

S.W,

.00
.00
.14
.02
.00
.00
.47

Averace .

29 838

29.708 1 53,0

39.4 1 45,8

39.4 1 39.5

.63

Jan. 24-Densely overcast ; fine, with clouds ; fine.

— 25 -Fo£?gy ; hazy clouds ; very fine,

— 26-HazV; uniformly overcast ; rain atniirlit.

— 27— Densely overcast ; clourty; overcast; slight rain.

— 28— Clouds in strata ; cloudy and rather boisterous ; fine.

— 29-Fine; densely clouded; boisterous and overcast.

— 30— Fine ; showerv; heavy rain in afternoon.

Mean temperuture ofthe weet 7 6 10th dcR. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,

During the last 41 yeai-s. for the ensuing; Week, ending Feb. 9, 1867.

— -

n*s 1 o^

Prevailing Winds.

fe

Years in
which it
Knined.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

Feb.

-H
^3^

4

4

4

CO

2

"3

i

12

3

!=

a

Sunday.. 3

44 8

30 9

37.6

20

0,42 in.

2

:<lh

19

0.35

TucB. .. 5

45.5

33.3

39.4

19

0 39

3

Wed. ,. 6

46.3

32.8

395

20

0.25

3

4(1,7

32.7

39.7

22

0.29

4

f

■&

454

■A.>,[

3H.S

21

0.67

'J

a

b a

Satur. .. 9

45 0 31 6

38.3

IG

0.48 1' 7

The hiKhest temperature occurred on

the 3d, 1850-therm. 57 deg,;

and the lowest ou the 5th, 1830-thenn.

Notices to Correspondents.

Books : C J. You will find Glenny'3 " Properties of Flowers
and Plants" just what you require for such subjects. A
similar book, by the same author, called ' ' The Propertica of
Fi'uits and Vegetables," may also fui'nish you some useful
hints, but it is not of equal merit with that treating on
flowers.

Cape Gooseberry : A P. Your plant is tho true Capo Goose-
berry, or Physalis pubescens.

Cockroaches : WH A. See a paragraph in our Home Corres-
pondence of to-day (p. 105). Chase's', Beetle Poison, also
Forbes' Beetle Poison, are effectual m destroying them.

Cy.\NOPHYLLUM aiAGNiFicuM : ir / Writes — "I have not seen
or heard any report of this plant having flowered in this
country yet ; allow me to inquire if any of your readers have
any knowledge of ita having done so,"

Deformed Violet : J S. Tour plant is rendered " gouty,"
and the flowers deformed by a parasitic Fungus or Puccinia.

Diseases: J D. Are the brown spots really dise.ised tissue ?
The subjacent structures do not seem to be affected, as f.ar
as we can judge from the minute scmp sent, and the spots
appear to be of the same nature as the corky masses in tho
Dutch Elm. We speak, however, with some hesitation, in
the absence of fuller information. M J B.

Heaths : F H. AH free-growing winter-blooming sorts, such
as hiemolis and the others you name, should be cut dovm
when the flowering is over, and as soon as they break should
have a shift, and be encouraged to make freo growth for
flowering next season.

Keeping Garden : Q C. All depends on the style of keeping,
and the return required. The ordinary rule for average
results is one man tp an acre, a moderate quantity of glass
included, the more tedious work being balanced by that
which is more readily accomphshed, and the busy periods
by those which are less so.

Names of Plants : John Ellig. Sorghum v\ilgare. — D P M.
Croton, or Exccecaria discolor. — Coryaiithes. Your Coryanthes
is not C. macrantha, but C. speciosa.

Pine-apples; B M S. Some varieties of Pine-apple, as, for
instance, tho Prickly Cayenne, are stated to be apt to
become black hearted in winter ; but the true Smooth-leaved
Cayenne is said to be free from that fault. Drip would not
be likely to cause blackness in the heart of your fruit,
which you say is sound and of good colour outside. Tho
cause of the evil must rather be looked for in the shape of
too low and moist a temperature, and too much moisture in
the soil about the roots.

Primulas ; R Bean. An excellent strain of flowers, large,
full, and finely-fringed. The stnped flowers, both those
with purple and those with lilac flakes, the flesh-coloured,
and the deep purple rose, are all well-marked kinds which it
would be desirable to fix if possible. We look forward to
the acquisition of much greater variety amongst these
beautiful flowers, than is seen in the plants generally
cultivated.

Root Fungi : S E, The roots of the three plants which ynu
have sent. Clematis montana, Virginian Creeper, and
Chimonanthus fragrans, are all equally infested in every
jjart with fungous spawn, to which their death is undoubt-
edly attributable. Do not plant anything in their place till
you have ascertained that every particle of root, and
especially of the old Rose roots, has been removed. M J B.

Seedling Primulas : F H. To seed the plants, set them on a
diyish greenhouse shelf, close to the glass, and where they
get plenty of air. Nothing else is necessai-y in an ordinary
way. For any special object it might be useful to fertilise
the"^ blossoms, as for instance, to save any pai-ticular shade of
colour, fertilise with flowers of the same colour. Do not
shift them unless they are very much in want of it, and
have plenty more flowers coming on ; rather keep them
growing on by careful watering.

PeHuOart 3, 18Cr.]

Tttt-1 (lACTENEiRS' OmONTCLE AND AOMCULTtJEAL GAZETTE.

109

POYNTER'S EARLIEST and liEST I'KA, tho
linrciiost iiml onrliosl out, ]irlco only U. 3ii. pur iiu.irt. Soo
lAdvortuoinoiit. p. llKOoroanlr«.i«'(:Virc.;iuJeror 1800
' To bo oMalLOil Itotnll in Lcmlon of Mosum. .!««. Veltch t Sons,
Cholson, S.VV.; iind Mr. H. S W.IU.iins, ilolloimy, N i !>iia
thiousli nny Sooilsiiinn, m ono iiimrt p.iokuKoa only, ivllli i nido
Mai'k. tho Crmvu and Royal Oalc, and lilno labol. Nono otliei-gonuino.
BooEBT H. I'ovMEn, Sccd.sniiin, &c., Taunton, Somerset.

Garden Seeds.

CHARLES TURNER'S CATALOGUE is now leady,
and iiiny bo hnd on (ippllciition.
Tho Host ihTvo WUIN'K l.KD MARItOW PEAS aro-
LITThK GEM, Efirlv, 1 foot high.
ADVANCER, Socoiid Crop.
I'RKMlEit, Siiminer and Lfito.
Hoo full doscrlptiuiis lu C. Tuiinkr'h CATALOGUE, now ready.

SNOWS IIROCCOLl, Truo.
riEUyOR WINTER CUCUMBER.
11AILE\'.S SUl'ERB CABBAGE.
All tho ostftbUshod variotics of Vogotabloa from tho boat sourcoa ;
alsu tho Noveltiaa in Flower Heeds.

The Koyal Niiraerlos, Slough.

NKW SPKOUTING DWARF ULM SAVOY
(Mi£i.vu,f.F.),— Wo havo much pleasure in sending out this
Tftluablo acquisition for the llrst time. It rosomblos a vory Dwarf
Hru-»sels Sprout, with tho Ulm Savoy bond. Tho Itoada can bo out
fur oarly use, and tho SproutiiiK« aro invaluablo further on In Spring,
when Vogotablos aro scarce. Ttio following description and opinion
of this Now Vogotablo is that of the Horticultural Editor of The
i-'armer, oxtmotod from that .loiniial of .lannary SJ, 18t>7 :—

" it 18 of very dwarf growth, and Its stems arc thickly set round
with largo (Irmly Cabbaged Sprouts, which, judging from tho speci-
mens rocoivod, surpass in delicacy of flavour any of iti kmdred
Hra«slca." An opmion which ts conflrmod by a I-'riend to whom wo
flont a portion or thoni, who wrlteH :— " Us flavour l8 certainly far
iiioro delicate j than that ol tho Brussels Sprouts, and It is to bo
i>rtiforrod for this quality If for nothing else, Its Sprouts are much
larger, and if they remain longer in tho Spring, without nmning to
llower, thoy will be a further iJecidod advantage" for delicacy, excel-
lence, and usefulness. Nouo of Mr. Molvillo's previous Vegetable
productions equal, in our opinion, the subject of tho present notice.
I'rico 1«. Gd. per packet.

M.

Tho follovring Firms have received supplies from S. &. M. :—
-^srs. liarr &. Sugden, V2, King i Mefsrs. Peter Lawson & Son:

Street. Covont Garden, I

London
, bunyard & .Son, Maidstone I
, Butler & McCulloch, Covont j

Garden. London I

. (Jarter & Co., 237, Uigh '

Holborn. Loudon
, Cooper & Holton, 152, Fleet

Street, London
, Uieksons & Brown, Man-
chester
, Edmondson Brothers, 10,

Dame Street, Dublin

Edinburgh
„ J. & C. Leo, Hammersmith,

London
„ Maulo & Son, Bristol
„ ^'uttlng & Sods, Barbican,

London
,. Reid & Co., Aberdeen
„ Uollisaon & Son, Tooting,

London
Mr. Stephen Brown, Sudbuty
,, Cattell. Wcstpvitam, Kent
„ P. Pierpoint. Warrington
,, Troughton, Preston

SruA

r & Mkin, Seedsmen and Nurserymen, Kelso. N.B.

To Farmers, Gardeners, and Others.

EXCELLENT CABBAGE PLANTS (Stocks not to be
surpassed), may be had in any quantities ;is follows : —
ENKIKLU MARKET {cash price), 2s. 6d per lOUO
TiluUSAND-IlE.\DED (cash price). S^s.-per lO(K)
KOBINSON'S CHAMPION, truo (cash price), 2a-. 6rf. per 1000
DRUMHEAD (cash price), 2a. Cnl. per 1000
RED DUTCH, for Pickling (cash price). 6a. per 1000

(Special offers made to large purchasers).

A CATALOGUE of GENUINE NEW SEEDS, onapplicatloo. A

reiuittanco or reference is requested from unknown correspondents.

Khehr. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire

FEARNOUGHT CABBAGE, DALMENY SPROUTS,
and COTTAGERS' KALE are tho hardiest and best Winter
Groens, Sow in Mivrch.

.^uTToN & Sons can supply the above (True), in packets at Gd. and
la. each, I'ost Free.

Royal Berkshire Seed E,stab!ishmcut, Reading.

Sutton's Potatos for Planting.

MESSRS. SUTTU.N'S UKSCKll'TlVE LIST is now
ready, and may be had gnitisand post free. Their stock of
Potatos has been selected with great care, and can be relied on as
perfectly true to name. Lowest price per cwt., sack, or ton,
forwarded on application.

SuTTox ft So:<^, Seed Growers, Reading.

Seed Potatos.

HAITO F. SHARi'E ;iie now offering HYATT'S
• PROLIFIC KIDNEr. DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY, FORTY-FOLD, FOX'S SEED-
LING, EARLY t>XFORD, and many other Early and Lato varieties,
Uno m quality, free from diseaae, and at low prices.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire.

Seed Potatos.

GEO. SIBBALD, Bruuifieith, by Dundee, N.B., has
for Sale about lOO Tons of the following kinds, of his own
growing. Prices on application :— EARLY DALMAUOY. DAIN-
TREE'S EARLY, CHISWICK CLUSTER, EARLY OXFORD,
EjVHLY red EYES, WALKER'S REGENT, ENGLISH
EMPEROR, FLUKE KIDNEY, MYATT'S PROLIFIC, and
PATERSON'S EARLY RED KIDNEY.

Seed Potatos.— Early Reliance.

HTillNCHlN can rfu.mmena tlie above POTATO as
• being very productive and of fintt-rate quality, 3j(. 6d. per
peck of 14 lb.

The following Testimonials are from well-known persons, who have
giowu it and aro prepared to supply it.

"The Royal Nurseries, Slough, Oct. 12, 1866.
"Dear Sir, — The Potato we found a very good one as a cropper;
it is very good lu flavour, &c. ; it is a very capital variety. — Yours
very truly, "Charles Turnlk."

" I have grown your Early Reliance Potato, and I find it very
prolific and cf good quality. — Yours respectfully,

" JouN- JENNiNGs,Nurserymau,"shipston-on-Stour."
Myatt's Proliflc, Royal Ash-leaf, Gloucestershire Kidney, King of
I'Mtiitos, Webb's Imperial, Fluke Kidiiey, Patcraon'a Victoria, Early
Koii, Regent, and Blue, and several other varieties.
PRICE LISTS on application to
11. MiNriirx, The Nurseries, Hook Norton, Oxon.

Seed Potatos. -Edgcote Second Early Kidney.

1> J, l'ii,itKV, ISuKSEUY>L\.N and Keed Merchant,
• Banbury, has much pleasure in introducing the above valuable
Intito, which may be described as the finest flavoured and most
l>iNrinttive Second Early variety in cultivation.

It was raised by Mr. Neale, Gardener to Aubrey Cartwright, Esq.,
Kijgcote House, near Banbury, by whom it was exhibited at the
Koyal Horticultural Society's Great Show of Fruit and Vegetables,
Satm'day, July 22, IBCfl. and was awarded First Prize in Class 7.

The Gurdtnera' Chronicle, July 29, ISGij, in noticing the above
Sliow, states: — "Potatos: Thesse were largely contributi^d, and
many ot them were unusually flne for the season of the year. Among
Kidneys tne most v.^luable was Edgcote Second Early, a very perfect
Potato, which obtained the First Prize lor a single dish,"
Price per peck, including bug, ds.

P. J. Pbrby has also a limited stock of tho following valuable
v.irieties to ofl'er : —

NE PLUS ULTRA.— The earliest Potato in cultivation.

ROYAL ALBERT— One of the floeat and most productive Early
White Round Potatos known.

EARLY EMPEROR, or SOMERSET RED.— Of this Potato, Mr.
Dyaii, uf Maybush, writes, in Uardnitrs' Vlirouicle, October 6, 1866,
p. 046:— "This mj.y be descrthed as one of the best Second Early
Round Potatos known. It has a beautifully netted skm, boils
perfectly white, and the flavour is all that can be desired,'* &c.
Price of the above three sorts, ba. per peck.
The Nurseries, Banbury.

iiUTTON'S GRASS SEEDS for ALL SOILS,

Carriage Fuku.

Rrrrow k. Sons having received their supply of NEW GRASS
SEEDS in fine condition, are now prepared to quoto prices for the
siinio, which will depend on tho nature of soil to be laid down, and
the quantity of Seert required.

Prices and full particulars gratis and post frea.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Growei-s, Reading, Berks.

Improvement of Grass Lands.
UTTON'S RENOVATING

MIXTURE

Snoui-D Now iiF SowiT.

8 to 121b. per aero.

Price lOd. per lb. Cheaper by tho cwt. '

If these Seeds .are sown early in the season,

the improvement in tho land will be very

great, and at a small expense.

This Mixture should be bush-harrowod in,
and rolled afterwards.

SuTTox k Sons,

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment,

Reading.

Eixt ^srtcttltutal (Bafette.

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 2, 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSIIING WEEK.

(Central Farmers' Club (Sir. G. Jenkinson,
Feb. \- Bart., on the Turnpike SjstemJ, at tbe
( Sali.liury Hotel— 6 r.M.
.1 FarinRdon (Mr. Mecui on Agricultural
' ~ "i Pmgr^'BS.)

_^ „j Midland Farmers' Club (Mr. J. K. Fowler
' 'i ton Green Crops), at llirminghain.

The keeper of a living thing must be its most
humble serviint, if it is to prosper in his hands.
The natui'e of the creature, not the arbitrary 'will
of the master, must determine tho treatment
it receives. If animals, or even plants, -were
mere machines, a man 'would only need to pass
a double quantity of ra'W material thi'ough thom
in order to obtain a double quantity of the manu-
factured article from each. But they are not
mere machines — and therefore we do not get a
double quantity of meat by consuming a double
quantity or a double quality of food — uor do 'we
always get a double quantity of vegetable pro-
duce by applying a double quantity of manure
to the land. Both plant and animal -will
waste whatever supplies exceed thoii- natural
powers of growth in the other circumstances
in which they aro placed ; and no useful
end is served by any generosity towards
them beyond the uatui-al ability of either to
assimilate its food. The difference between
high and ordinary farming principally consists
in selecting animals and plants for cultivation
which havo great natural powers of assimilating
food, and in treating them fully up to this their
precocious nature. But High Faeming, as aU
enterprising, energetic, farm management is
called, will fail if it exceeds the limits thus
imposed on plants and animals aUke, by which
the efforts of the farmer are everywhere sur-
rounded. EviTywhere — because, although the
soil is a mere machine and may be improved
and worked, so to speak, indefinitely, yet it is
only through the Uving plant and animal that
its manufactured article can be tui'ned to
account in agriculture. And thus, however
sanguine any man may be, he finds himself
upon a farm at once hedged around, in the con-
dition of a mere servant, who will ine-vitably
fail if he thinks he can do what he likes,
apart fi-om the all-powerful laws by which he is
surrounded.

Successful farming, then, consists in an ener-
getic cultivation of tJie fieM, thus hedged, which
remains open to the efforts of the agiiculturist.
And seeing that the scope thus left open to

him really is irnu^h wider than ordinary farm
practice nidicatcs, many who have [eniloavoured
to extend and intensify that practice havo
succeeded — and seeing that this scope though
wide is really limited, others ■who liave atteinjitcd
too much have failed ; and thus Iligli l''arming is
praised or blamed according to tho ijoint of view
from which it is discussed.

There aro two authorities who have written on
(ho subject to whom wo may point as represent-
ing fairly those two views. 8omo few years ago
Mr. Sussex Milbank read before a Yorkshire
l''armers' Club, a paper on tho advantages of high
farming, the exuberant and suggestive style of
which reminded ono of Mi-. Mechi. He may be
taken to represent one view of tho subject. And
Mr. \V. II. He'ITWooi), of iJunham Massey,
Cheshire, -who has for many years awarded
premiums for good crops to tho tenantrj' of liord
EoEUTON of Tatton, has lately published a little
book,* which may bo taken to rejiresent tho
other view.

Mr. MiLUANK says it is clearly to the advan-
tage of tho farmer that ho should produce
double the yield of his crops on the same acreage
as he did in days not far remote : practically ho
thus doubles the' extent of his fann, whilst ho
pays only the same rent, tithes, and rates. It
is true that the high farmer employs more
labour, and calls in expensive aids; but
these aro in themselves no small advan-
tages. He thus circulates the honest penny of
labour among the industrious poor, and diffuses
increased intelligence and increased comforts
amongst that class. Tho principal results of
high farming are : an increase of crops, both
cereal. Grass, and roots; deep drainage and
amelioration of soil ; more shelter and better
stock ; a satisfactory balance-sheet ; and a happier
and more contented class, from the feeling of
having successfully carried out and applied the
same sound commercial principles in farming as
in any other industrial pursuit. So writes Mr.
Milbank, but let us quoto some of the detailed
instructions and maxims to which he gives
utterance : —

" I think it quite necessary for every fiirmer to ke(}p
accounts. I am quite sure lor larger profits he must
cultivate highly both his pastures and roots. I think
pastures are generally too much neglected, not
sufficiently drained, and most inefficiently limed. As
to Mangels or Swedes, I am sure greater re.sults would
follow a more liberal management. I am quite in
favour of autumnal cultivation for roots. I think we
should plough in, from 12 to 14 inches deep, 20 loads of
best i'ann-yard manure per acre in autumn, and add in
the sjiring, as a refresher, 10 loads per acre of the same
in the rows, with an addition of 2 cwt. of bones or super-
phosphate as a top-dressing. Such is my invariable
custom, and I can assure you it pays. 1 have top-dres.sed
Barley with a mixture of nitrate of soda and common
salt, 2 cwt. half and half, with a surprising result. I
am aware that I may be met with the oljservation of
the difficulty of having a fine bank of farmyard manure
in the autumn on which to draw our future riches. I
will teU you how that may be done. Fill your pastures
with fattening heifers, and tie them up at night under
sheds. Give them their suppers and breakfasts of
Bean-meal and cake when you take them in and
before they go out in the morning. It is wonderful
how quickly they improve from warmth and absence of
chill night dews, besides a good resiclue from their tails.
You may laugh ; but, depend upon it, it is as necessary
to attend to the tails as to the mouths of fattening
stock. It is an undisputed fact that warmth is part
nourishment — that the food goes further to fatten wlien
there is less wa.ste of the tissues by exercise; for less
footl is required or rather consumed by the flame of life
to support animal warmth. Cooking food for cattle is also
excellent, especially for milch cows. I like keeping as
many Turnips on my land as 1 can, upon which to fold
my sheep. It saves cartage, and I think it more profit-
able. Sheep fed off Turnips, well corned and caked
on the laud, in my opinion prepare the land in a very
satisfactory manner for large yields of cereals. I am a
great advocate for oilcake. This last year, on 120 acres
of land, I have consumed -13 tons of cake, besides
havins sold to my stock all the corn produce of my
farm. I thought it the best and most efficacious way
to get my land into jjrime order. I think turning our
cart-horses to Grass in summer a most pernicious plan,
both as regards the land and the horses. By cutting
Grass it is surprising what a number of stock may be
maintained in summer. I find in this plan a true
economy, by a saving of pasture and also of manure,
which would be otherwise partly carried olT by this
and evaporation. These are some of the advantages of
high farming. I am utterly opposed to making meadow-
land hay. There is an enormous and positive loss
thereby. That of ammonia itself is immense. I cannot
conceive why juicy Grass should not be considered
more nutritious than when dried and sun-burnt, and
often in the north of England badly secured."

And so he runs the round of all the suggestions
which occur to any one who takes a cursory
■view either of our best farms or most advanced

• " High Farming ; How far U It Expedient ! Lot Natura
Answer.'' Rldgway, Piccadilly,

110

THE GAUDENEHS' CERONICLE AND AGHlCTJLTtmAL GAZETTE.

[Febettaet 2, 1867.

schools. And in tho true spirit of an optimist
lie declares it to be matter of congratulation
that high farming is conducive not only to the
intellectual progress of the agricultural world,
but also to the health and morals of the commu-
nity. Where intelligent and improving land-
lords erect new and capacious buildings, arranged
on the best and most approved plan, they will
command superior tenants, who wiU consider the
comforts and well-being of their farm depend-
ants. A more Christian and God-fearing com-
munity, by the force of superior example, set by
reflective and educated men, will work a great
and beneficial change in rural society. "When
large, weU-squared fields, hedgerows free from
timber, well-drained land, spacious and com-
modious buildings, slate-roofed, and the tall
chimney of the locomotive engine are seen
— there he perceives some of tho advantages of
high farming, and he hopes the day will come
when all our lands wiU be ploughed by steam.

We are sure that Mr. Mechi wiU feel, as our
readers must, that he has had an apt and like-
minded pupil in the reader of this address to tho
Staindi'op Parmers' Club.

Turn now to Mr. Heywood's very instructive
pamphlet. It is written by a man who has long
been resident in the midst of the field which he
describes. Mr. Milbank has not himself been a
writer in that field, but looks down upon all
agriculture apart, and, as it were, from the hill-
top of his own loftier position. Mi-. Hetwood
has been all his life a worker in the midst of it ;
and having travelled diligently to and fro within
its limits, he has acquii'ed a more intimate
knowledge of his subject ; and thug, although
his remarks have a local colouring, thev are
trustworthy. He hag hold of the right guide
when, in>, connection with the question — WiU
High Farming pay ? he says, ' ' let Nature
answer." Although with a difference, we may
even go all the way that he would take ug,
for Nature ig but another word for experience,
and under her guidance, therefore, we are safe.
Tho natural powers of plant and animal are but
little under artificial influence, and as ah'eady
said, and as Mr. Heywood teaches, they must
limit all our treatment of them. Tho natural
powers of soil are, however, quite under our
control, and wo do not, therefore, acquiesce in
what Mr. Heywood tells us here. Moreover,
the point of view from which he regards high
farming is that of a land-owner rather than that
of a farmer, and it is evidently that of a Cheshire
man, whose soil and climate are especially adapted
to Grass-land cultivation. Accordingly he points
out how high farming leads to excess of tillage,
and to undue relianoo on skill and art as
compared with the " elements of Nature."
Finger-and-too among Turnips, Clover failure,
oven Potato rot, and many plant diseases,
deteriorated stock, and exhausted soils, are all,
according to him, a consequence of this.
Gratuitous and premature interference with
stock at the time of parturition is very justly
condemned by him. Here, as in many other
cases, " tho artificial interference of man is not
only superfluous but often injurioug ; " and this
is but another illustration of the habit of mind
with which Mr. Heywood regards the whole
scheme of agricultui-e. His last sentence may
indeed be quoted as the keynote on which tho
whole of his performance rests : —

" Seeing therefore, the important part that Nature
performs in all the departments of afniculture, and that
we are obliged after all our efforts to acknowledge that
the returns are but her gifts, I think we are also bound
bothlogicallyand'iiiorally to confess that the recognition
of Nature, as the chief and all-important agent that we
are dependent upon, is the first and highest principle of
good (arming, by whatever name it may be called."

He is no doubt perfectly correct ; but it is well
that we should know what largo room for
energetic cultivation lies within tho limits he
enjoins. _ Ho does indeed sum up his teaching
by declaring that a person embarking in farming
.should aim at such an amount of crops, and those
of such a nature, as will not only maintain but
increase tho productiveness of the land, which,
however true in the abstract it may be, never
will be the motive of a tenant ; for his business
is to increase his own income by all lawful means ;
but it is fortunate that the interests of all parties
are best served in this way, and that the actual
advice which Mr. Heywood gives to a tenant,
although thus hmited by his regard for the
interests of tho owner of the land, is very good
advice notwithstanding. The following accord-
ingly are his recommendations : —

" The agriculturist should apply his skill and energies

rather in assisting Nature in her efforts to promote
respectively vegetation and development, than to set
up that skill and energy as his sole reliance and as if she
had nothing whatever to do with the matter; a delu-
sion which, as I have said before, cannot be too strongly
denounced both on moral and political grounds."

Thus
He should clear and rid tho
land of aU superfluous hedges,
timber, &c.,

To

He should drain thoroughly
and deeply.

Ho sho'jld plough deep and
pulverise well,

He should clean,
well,

Admit more freely her
action in the form of air,
light, warmth, and free venti-
lation.

To a]Iow rain and the
warmth of tho sun to pene-
trate to a greater depth with
their fructifying influences.

To afford more latitude for
the growth of roots and the
exposure of a greater amoxmt
of soil to the benign influ-
ences of the atmosphere,
la crops That none of her bounty be
wasted in tho support of
worthless weeds.

And in doing this
He should scarify well and To help,
deep amongst his green crops
while young.

He should from time to time
change his seed from various
soils,

He should eat off his seeds
with sheep or other stock as
much as possible, and confine
the scythe to water meadows
or other strong land more
cap.able of bearing it.

He should allow his land
to rest occasionally from its
labour of producing tiUago
crops.

by the shaking,
fracturing action upon the
soil, the extension of the
fibrous roots of the plant,
which office Nature herself
will perform by the action of
the wind when they are in a
more advanced stage.

As he sees Nature by the
agency of the wind, floods,
birds, &e., perfonn the same
function.

Thereby availing himself of
the beneficial effect of Nature's
scissors, which are enriching,
whereas the scythe is perni-
cious and exhausting.

Th.at it may recover and re-
plenish its resources that have
been ^drawn upon, .and again
acquire that freshness that
will fit it for the yield of
another course of strong and
inexpensive crops.

We wonder what the market gardeners near
London would think of the alleged need of letting
land rest. It is plain moreover that a plan
which gains fertility by this ' natural' method
is more wasteful of the property of the land
owner, of which Mr. Heywood is especially
careful, than one which enforces it by the direct
addition of fertilising matters. Mr. Heywood
recommends, as we might imagine, the keeping
Clover-grass down for several years in place of
ploughing it up for an immediate grain crop.
And it is especially in this, though also in other
points, that tho local colouring of his advice, to
which we referred, is seen. Notwithstanding,
however, the somewhat biassed and the locally
tinged nature of it, the advice which the reader
receives in this pamphlet is well worthy of his
serious attention ; and we hope that this notice
of a very slight but nevertheless important pub-
lication, may obtain a large circulation for it.

The Weekly Return of the reported cases of

Cattle Plague in Great Britain has during the past
month or two been almost a stationary quantity.
Although, however, 3 and 6 and 9 cases every week
continue to be reported, it is satisfactory to learn that
no new place has been attacked since the beginning
of the year. The following Table gives the returns for
the last six weeks :—

Weeks ending

Number of
P,arras, &c.,
in which
fresh Out-
breaks took
place.

Number
of Hralthy

Cattle

Slaughtered

to prevent

the Spread

of the

Disease.

s

Killed

Died.

1868.

December 15

2

11

7

7

1

„ 22

3

32

6

5

1

» 29

8

65

0

9

,.

19C7.

January 5

10

10

10

,.

12

28

3

3

19

2

11

S

3

Of the H cases in the last week reported, 10 were
calves. They are all on one farm in the Petty Sessional
Division of South Holderness (Yorkshire, East Riding).
Of the 70 cattle on this farm at the date of the out-
break, there are now not any remaining. It will be
curious to note whether after a month's freedom,
excepting this one spot, the disease, having exhausted
itself there, will break out elsewhere. The number of
animals attacked since the commencement is 2.53,831,
being 1 in every 19 of the estimated ordinary stock of
cattle; and out of every 1000 attacks whose results
have been reported, 8G2 animals perished. 62,633
cattle in the aggregate have been ' slaughtered
healthy to prevent the spread of the disease. [We see
it announced as we go to press that one fresh case has
happened during the week ending; January 26 — of
course in a new place — the petty sessional division of
Middle Holderness.]

■ Fatty degeneracy of the fleshy tissue, which

was declared to be the result of over-feeding, had
been declared to be a proof of the diseased state of
the fiittened animal. The Laiwet now corrects the
impression to which currency had been given, chiefly
we believe, through the publications of Mr. Gant,

M.E.C.S., on the subject. " An act of justice," our
contemporary says, " to the reputation of those no
longer existing is never out of place— least of all
perhaps, when the dead are suspended in the butchers
shops awaiting our consumption. A few years since
some investigations of the muscular tissue of fatted
beasts seemed to show that degradation of structure
resulted from the fattening process, and that our
Christmas cattle, instead of furnishing types of rude
health, were really serious invalids. The result of more
recent research tends strongly against this view. It
would seem that the fat which is found in connection
with muscular structure under these circumstances is
interstitial — it is between the fibres, and net in them.
The contrary idea probably arose from mistaking the
adipocere which is formed in muscular tissue during
decomposition for fatty matter produced there during
life. We have pleasure, therefore, in correcting an
impression that mightprevail injurious to the reputation
of our fat beasts, and to state our belief that, as a
rule, the Christmas meat is not less healthy than it
looks."

Some weeks ago Mr. WiLLorroHBT Wood

communicated a very valuable letter to Sell's Weelcly
Messenger, on Cattle Feeding, in which he argued for
the need of its being a continuous process in order to its
being profitable, and also for the value of malt as a fatting
and a wholesome food. "Even in districts," he says,
" where calves are tolerably well reared, there is an
inherent vice in the'system of treating animals at one
time as stores— in other words, of half-starving them,
because they are not formally tied up to feed. It is
certain that one month of deficient feeding entails
a loss of double that period, and calls for an expendi-
ture of food much in excess of any supposed saving.
But the experience of every one engaged in breeding
must have taught him how difficult it is to rear stock
well, and at the same time economically. Calves after
weaning require cake, and when well-bred they pay for
it. When they go to straw and Turnips, they still
require the assistance of some nitrogenous food. But
if calves, yearlings, 2-year-oIds, and feeding beasts, all
have cake, while the demands of the flock also have to
be satisfied, the cake bill will be enormous. If, indeed,
we had no other substance which we could substitute
for it, we should either be unable to keep our young
stock in a progressive state during the winter, or the
amount spent upon ca,ke would be quite unreason-
able." 01 all the various substances he names as
substitutes for cake, he speaks most highly of Palm-
nut meal : —

"But of this class of articles," ho adds, "none are more
import.ant th.an those which every .arable farmer raises on his
own Laud. Beans, Peas, and their meals are p.articularly
wholesome, and wherever they succeed a poi-tion of every
farm ought to be devoted to their growth for home consump-
tion. But, all things considered, the secondary qualities of
Barley and Wheat have of late years been cheaper than any
other flesh-forming food. They are .always at hand, there is
no limit to the supply, nothing to pay for carriage, and they
requu-e no expensive manipulation to fit them for use. la a
dry state, however, they are too heating to be wholesome,
when given to young stock for a continu.ance. Converted into
malt, i3.arley becomes one of the most s.alutary adjuncts to the
ordinary strawf old diet. The law, however, forbids the farmer
to convert Barley which he has himself grown into malt for
the use of his own stock, unless, indeed, he complies with
certain formalities so troublesome and costly as to render the
permission practically useless. What other body of men
besides the agriculturists would have endured this injustice so
long ? We have heard much of class legislation of late. 1
commend this s.ample of it to the attention of Messrs. Erioht,
Mill, and others, who h.ave so vehemently denounced it.
But let it bo observed that this tax presses on the
very class — the agi-icultural interest — which, accorduig
to those politicians, carries everything its own wsiy in the
Legislature. Of one thing we m.ay feel certain— that had this
bceu a tax affecting any other class, the vciy men who now
either support it or regard it with apathy, would have raised
an .agitation against it, which would long .ago h.ave swept it
away along with the duties on all other i-aw m.aterials, I
behove the present Government is desirous of actmg justly
towards the agiicultmists in this matter. I put .a.sidc on the
present occasion all the other evils resulting from the nialt-
t;i.x, and look only at its effects as limiting the supply of home-
grown meat. Let us hear no more of delusive experiments in
feeding with malt agauist Barley ; any food m.ay bo so given
as to prove .a failure. Evei|y breeder! of stock knows the
importance of variety in promoting the health of .animals
during the winter ; his practical sagacity is a s.afcr guide th.an
the a priori theories of Govej-nment chemists. Let him no
longer be debarred from using one of the most obvious feeding
matcriivls which he has under his hands because an unjust law
forbids him. Not much more absurd would it be to prohibit
the farmerfrom roasting his own mutton, or boiling his own
Turnips, without paying duty for the privilege."

The Banff Journal corrects the idea that the

feeding of an ox for exhibition is necessarily a costly
and unprofitable performance. We fear however that
the case it quotes is conclusive on the soundness of
public opinion on the subject — for the original cost of
the animal was 511., and the expenses of exhibition were
Wl., and it was finally sold for 701., the difl'erenoe, 3/.,
beingallthat the owner had in the way of increased value
to 'pay for its keep during 113 weeks when it was in his
possession. Now the cost of keep during that time is put
down at 7.'. 6ti. a-week,or4U. hs. in all — so that this was
a loss of 41/. 35. on this animal. That the speculative
purch.ose of this ox for exhibition w.as nevertheless
profitable was owing to the number of prizes that it
won — so that it is only success on exhibition that
saves from a heavy pecuniary loss. " It is the popular
belief among farmers " (says the Banffshire Journal)
■' that the feeding of cattle for shows is not, in itself,
remunerative. It is considered that the eclaf arising
from the success, and the consequent enhanced repute
of the general stock of the exhibitor, must be taken
into account to enable the winner to boast of much
profit. No doubt, one unportant result connected
with a successful appearance at a competition is that
an exhibitor's stock is raised in public estimation, and
he will, for many of his animals, command exception-
ally high prices. But there is ground for believing
that, in very many cases, the exhibitor at shows really

PEMllTAnY 2, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CnRONTCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

Ill

'ms n i)o<itivo gain on thn animals ho Iws prepared for
llir sliovv-yard. Soma discussion having arisen as to
II;,. nrofiis connected with llio ox that carried the
iirizo -it the last SniilJilicld Show, his exhibitor, Mr.
IU'rris writes tliai tlie loeilins: and exhibitins,' of that
ox (which, it will he recollected, was bred at C!rombly
liank, lOlloii) wore really a source of prolit to liuii.
The followiu'^ aro his ligures, showiii:,' tliedeI>lor and
creditor sides of the account, and indiculiiiy that, on
his animal, Mr. llAnuis has a prolit of -Ml. :—
Smith Fir.i.o Ox— 18C0.

Dr.
jl'rico of ox
lixponsuH ixt Invoruo.sa

and London . .
Keep, from Sept., 18GI,

to Doc. 1800 (US

woeks, at "is, OU.) . .

.cm r.

PHxea at FolTCa, 18C4

and 1805
Prizoin luvomcas, 1S05
Smithflold Cup, 1800 . .
Smitlifiold Prizo, 16CG
Price of ox . . . .

Ci:

£ s.

1) 111

R 0

40 I)

■25 0

10 0

Deduct outlay

£1.V2 10
.. Ill 5

Profit £11 5

Mr HAliEls savs he rai);lit add the value of the Hiiih-
iiiud Society's medal, gained at Forres in 18ij5, and a
silver cup to bo given by Mr. Black, cattle food luann-
I'lcturer as the best animal fed on his food shown at
Suiitblie'ld. bnt he is willing to let these go to make up
the dillerenco between the nominal and the intrinsic
value oftheSinilhlieldf'up. though he says silversmiths
tell liim it is wi'll wodli the money named. As in Iho
mm .allowed per week for the keep of the ox, 7s, (>(/., he
savs if anybody thinks that too little for the keep of a
show ox, '"he is ready to keep any number on any
le.scription of food the owner may desire for that
money,' provided the animals aro not less than
ill months old to begin with."

. Mr. Allnutt, of the JSstates Gazelle and

■ Agricultural Library," 2fl0, Fleet Street, has published
iis";iiiuual diagram," showing the fluctuation in the
mprrinl average prices of Wheat during the year 18(ji).
['h(i yearly average is close on BOs, a quarter— the result
if ]inees during its 53 successive weeks, whose irre-
;alarity can nohow be so satisfactorily exhibited and
■rulised as in a diagram of this kind thus annually
niblishod. Wo reeoiumeud our readers to procure it.

At the recent meeting of a local agricultural

society in I reliinil, the Chairman took occasion to refer to
he natural couditiousof land cultivation in thatcouutry,
lud recouuueudcd that Hirmers should not depend
■u cereal crops so much, but grow Grass and green
i-ops adapted to the wetness of their climate. " There
s, however," ho declared, " another remedy for the
■\traordinavy wetness of the Irish climate— that is,
Ihorough drainage." And thereupon he proceeded to
praise " as the wisest and most politic enactment which
•ver passed through Parliament, the Landed Improve-
ments Act, by which a million of money was placed at
the disposal of proprietors and certain occupiers in
Ireland for the drainage of their lands on most advan-
tageous terms. He had himself applied for a portion
of that grant ; and ten acres of land, which had been
incapable of feeding a beast for a week, in six months
after the drains were closed produced a most abundant
crop of meadowing; and iu twelvemonths afterwards
the meadowing on the same land was so Uixuriant that
it was in many parts laid by the July rains." He
concluded first by expressing the hope "that Irish
representatives in Parliament might be able to procure
from Government an extension of the term of repay-
ment, under that Act, from 22 years to 31 years ; and
secondly, by declaring " a deep and an abiding faith
ill the beneficence and the fatherhood of the Creator,"
aJding " Ibelieve in the future prosperityof our country,
and 1 look anxiously and hopefully for the dawn of a
brighter and happier day for Ireland." The applause
wa.s"loud and hmg continued ;" but no sooner had it
ceased, than up rose Mr.llANLON.and uttered these few
jwords— " I beg to say, Mr. Chairman, that I drained
land at my own expense, and I must leave it behind
mo, as I am obliged to give up my lease next year."
We helieve in Mr. Hanlon's scanty speech a great
deal more than we do in Mr. Chaieman's peroration.
The contr.^st between the two is that of fact
and rhetoric. Mere words of recommendation
on climate, drainage, green crops, or even on
, well-grounded faith in GOD, go for very little hy them-
selves. The "Fatherhood of the Creator" has been
shown in the endowment of mankind with common
-i'use ; and all the argument iu the world, whether
couched in agricultural or religious phraseology,
necessarily goes for nothing in the face of an experi-
lence such as was here abruptly uttered. Mr. Hanlon's
Ispeech is not reported to have occasioned any discus-
ision. The Chairman called on another gentleman to
'propose a toast, and a good deal more of eloquence and
1 1 advice was uttered; but wherever Mr. Hanlon'.s
rience is a common one, advice and eloquence are

.iiply worthless. Unless a man, having drained his
laud at his own expense, has the certainty that he is
I himself to reap the fruits of his investment, whether
in 'England or in Ireland, landlords may argue in vain
about the means of agricultural improvement.

LOST LETTERS COME TO LIGHT.— No. II.

I SHALL not complain of any criticism you may
jtrnnounco on ray short notice of Swiss Agriculture. It
wnuld be difficult to speak of it with mucli enthusiasm.
A traveller in search of farming would hardly stay
lung in Switzerland. But I must not forget that it is
fi ir those who always stay at home that I am writing ;
and they know as well as I do that there are plenty of
■ things which are not agriculture, that an agriculturist
is as much benefited by seeing as if the lesson they
conveyed was professional in the utmost degree. The
' very fact of a country being so precipitous as to be
no«-agrictilli(ral (iu the strict sense of the word) is

for instance a matter of observation so interesting to
no one as to an agriculturist himself. And, literally,
this is so hero. There isn't phtujli-room. The one
farming feature of the country is Mouritaii)-])astur.'igo:
except indeed in those districts where Tiin Vine is a
success. There all is dill'orent I Even the most
luthusia.stic Jlnp-grow^cr of Kent, or Herefordshire,
wiio empties his whole muck-yard between the
Binds, can form little idea of the labour and skill
bestowed on the soil, that grows the plant, that ripens
tbe fruit, that iiiakis the lii|Uor, that gives tho con-
dition, that unalilos the mind, to dismiss tho care that
makes human life disagreeable. I sujipose that is the
meaning of it : at any rate that is the ' House-that-
Jack-built' way in which tho reflection seemed to
present itself to me, in watching the Vineyard w;ork
at Neufchatel, and VcWey and every other Vine-
district here, as formerly on the Moselle, and the Ehine,
and at Oporto, and at Seville, and in Madeira.

For it is the same cverywdiere: when you contrast
the labour, both in quantity and style, of the shabbiest
Vine-bearing rock, with that of tho richest corn.field you
ever saw worked ; you see, typically as it were, how
much more men will pay for an hour's pleasure than a
day's health, or a week's strength. And verily and
indeed if that may be seen iu Switzerland, it is a truth
absolute ! for a drier animal (metaphorically speaking)
exists not on the face of the earth than your honest
Swiss. That he should live on one side of the Alps,
ainO lie Italian on the other, is one of Nature's freaks—
di'!/ jokes I should say— not to be surjjassed ; and when
I have said that against the " merry Swiss boy," I have
said the worst of him. A more honest laborious creature
does not exist, in the family of man : he would fairly
earn, and rigidly take, the last penny you had goti:
but unlike trans-alpine experience, your fleecing shall
be strictly legal. Attempt to correct an hotel-bill, and
you shall see how a Swiss loves money : try to see a
waterfall, or a glacier, or even a mountain-top, in
private, at any hour of day or night, and you shall
see how Nature has been laid under contribution ;
framed and glazed and sold at per square or cubic
yard, and in what sense Switzerland belongs to the
Swiss.

" William Toll's chapel. Sir ! The point where he
leapt from Gessler's boat, and shot the Tyrant to the
heart !— a franc a-piece, if you please, gentlemen."—
" A real live Chamois fresh from tho Jungfrau !
Observe its beautiful eyes:— half a franc. Sir, if you
please." Yes, I cannot deny that this is rather a draw-
back for travellers in Switzerland. I remember- a
remark of a certain theological writer, by no means as
orthodox in other respects as he should have been,
that it was a striking mark of liberality in the
Author of Nature to have given its grandeur and its
beauties to the eye of man, without the nuisance of a
SJtowman.

How should you like, my dear Greening, when
a friend comes to look at your Wheats, or you come
slily over before the dawn to inspect my Mangolds put
in with a single furrow after the Autumn ' smashing-
up,' to find a sort of human genius loci (if you know
what that means, as I don't believe you do,) squatted
' in po.ssession ' of each field, and turning up, the very
instant you appear, with " Beautiful Mangolds Sir !
Grown at a single Spring-furrow ! Splendid instance
of the advantage of Autumn cultivation ! Please
to observe the mellow condition of the soil, not
robbed of its moisture by too much Spring ploughing :
a shilling if you please Sir ! hagricKftural stoodents
sixpence."

"rell me, my old friend of many years, how would
you like that ! Well, that is what you will find in
Switzei'land : everywhere, everywhere : you cannot
escape it : it will meet you before the dawn, and after
the sunset, and in the central heat of the day. But
this is 'business'; you cannot deny it, you know.
Other nations have each their great ' speciality ' to
shew : tho Englishman his Ships, his Docks, his Rail-
roads ; the Frenchman has his ' la belle Paris ' : he
wants, he cares for nothing else : the Italian his works
of art, his Statues, his Pictures, his Architecture;
above all his ancient civilization which has penetrated
and leavened the whole mass of his population, leaving
many poor and more ignorant, but none vulgar:
well! the Swiss has his ' country '—his Lakes, his
Mountains, his Waterfalls, and he 'tickets' them,
and charges for them at per head. Scold if you will :
apostrophise Mrs. Greening about the infamy of
making a Show-room of Nature's sublimities, et edtera:
but so it is :— nearly twenty centuries have passed since
one Julius Caesar characterised the Heivetii to the
Roman Senate as ' brave, hardy, faithful — mercenaries'
As they were then, so they are to this day. None are
more nationally jealous, or carry about more patriotism
— for hire. "I alway.s." said a brother traveller on the
Lucerne and Fluelen Steam-boat—" I always, w hen in
Switzerland, for 'jiolitics' read 'pockets;' and know
when I hear of William Tell that I shall have to pay
William Totl." But despite these petty exactions,
which are more provoking than serious, Switzerland is
not by any means a dear country to live, or even to
travel, in. The Swiss have a reputation over Europe
for good ' organisation.' The Hotels are not only well-
appointed, but owing to the jealous spirit of gain, they
are run up, larger and larger, every year, for the accom-
modation of the increasing army of Autumu
Travellers, who come either to pass a short holiday
among the Lakes and Mountains ; or, like myself, to
pass over .the Alps and get to the sunny side of the
world as soon as may be.

It certainly would astonish the eye of a farmer,
accustomed to the delicate grasses of English
meadows, to see the kind of herbage which, under a
system of infinite care and cost, sends down milk
and butter and cheese from the Alps, or mountain-
pasturages (for that is tho meaning of the word in
Sivitzerland and the Tyrol) by means of the daily

droves I have before spoken of. Tho extreme coarse-
ness of the bile reminds me of the kind of Dock-
and-Notllo growth one sees in Knglaiul near old
duug-heaps or the outlying corners whieli the .scytho
never reaches. But the sharp mountain apiietite
makes the cattle eat it with avidity, and turn it
to good account. No sooner does tho snow begin to
disajipear and tlio young |,'ra9s to sprout iu tbe Spring,
than the herds begin their annual ascent, which gets
higher and higher to "fresh fields and ]ia.stures new "as
the Summer advances, Tliose wliicli are intended for
a summer canipaign in the liiglust Alps, remain in
the middle pastures till the beginning of July, and
about the Hb of thtit month begin the serious ascent;
and after spending a couple of mouths amidst the crags
aud clouds, more than a couple of thousand feet above
the level of tho jilains, descend again to crop tho after-
math of tho middle aud lower pastures. No one who
has not experienced it can imagine the pteasuro on
coming down from one or two long days inountain-
climbiuf;, far above the highest cattle range, to hear
on turning some sharp capricious angle of rock, eras
a gust of wind sweeps by, the sudden music of the
tinkling bells of the cattle. The ear, grown accustomed
to the intense and lonely silence of the high .altitudes,
is startled with a pleasure that is almost like a new-
found sense, at the unexpected and home-like sound.
Nothing probably is so teaching to all animals as
Privation : it quickens the sensation of the very I'aoulty
that has been temporarily starved ; and supplies a zest
as keen and sweet as that momentary reminiscence of
childbood which the scent of a spring flower will
someli.mes bring.

The best cheeses are made upon pastures 3000 feet
above the sea-level : and in the Simmenthal and the
Emmenthal, and the high Valley of Saanen (celebrated
for its Gruyere), the usual yield of the best cows is
above 30 lb. of milk daily durmg the summer, and each
cow produces by the end of the season a couple of cwt.
of cheese on an average. The number of Chalets he
sees on the mountains would lead a stranger to suppose
them vei-y thickly inhabited ; but they really aVe only
log-huts, made to furnish a tempor.ary sleeping-place
and hay-barn to the cowherd. Their architecture is
curious, consisting simply of poles laid log-hut fiishion
on one another, and tied at the quoins hy means of a
notch near tho end, which keeps them in place,
generally enclosing three or four good-sized rooms.
The construction, simple as it is, is worth notice,
because it is the first step, or type, of timber-architec-
ture. The diflerence, as you rise above this in quality,
is rather in degree than kind : the immense hotels
built in favourite mountain eleviitions, like those
on the Rigi and Pilatus, making up from one
to two hundred beds, are only chillets muUiplied into
themselves.

The abundance of the Mountain Pine, with the
facility of sawing it up into plank and quartering, hythe
water-power of tlie mountain-streams, naturally gives
the character to their mode of building, making
timber take the prominent part. The toy-houses seen in
the shops are exact models of these, and show a genius
in their petty structure that is not so readily appre-
hended in the full-sized originals. I wish our English
cottages followed the Swiss example rather more in
the picturesque (and far better th.an picturesque)
feature of the projecting roof; our rainy climate
requires it, and it gives a look of finish and comfort
which the most costly dwelling is cold and bald-
looking without. A stranger is puzzled at first to
account for the enormous stones seen lying at random
upon all the roofs, as if .an avalanche had passed
by and sprinkled every dwelling with its fatal side-
granite - shower ; but without these architectural
paper-weights the shingle roofs would soon be the
plaything of the mountain winds.

I should not like to hazard an estimate of the cost of
erection of one of these simple yet really ingenious
mountain chalets; but of this I am sure, that the
owner of a Scotch or English Larch-plantation might
out of his annual thinnings, with the help of a Swiss
carpenter, erect some dwellings on his estate, so cheap,
and pretty, and commodious, that 'all the world'
would come to see them, arid, of course, ' want to do the
same.'

Heaven defend us from mere make-shifts : but I do
wish we had in England a little of that rough-and-
ready constructive genius which can ' put this and
that together,' without the Mason calling helplessly to
the Carpenter, and the Carpenter bleating piteoTisly for
the Plumber, and the Plumber wasting half a-day,
ready to tear his hair, because ' the Bricklayer did not
come ; ' each as profoundly ignorant of the work and
even tools of the other as if the trades belonged to
different planets. The Builder, of course, as best he
can, reduces all this Babel to a common denominator,
so as to bring out ' a House' as the quotient : but about
his polyglot ta.sk there appears to me to hang a
feeble sort of mystery which makes all building calcu-
lation a standing reproach to human experience, and
keeps a third of England's labourers without home or
hearth, because the national genius does not admit of
any Master o/^r/s— except in the Oxford or Cambridge
— which is, rn fact, the Pickwickian— sense. But we
must pass by these chalets planted in dung heaps, and
get on over the mountains. C. JI'. S.

IRISH AGRICULTURE.

Mt attention has been attracted hy the concluding
part of an Essay by a Mr. Davidson, which recently
appeai-ed in your pages. As the writer in his great
zeal has written several things which neither the
practices of the best land cultivators nor the theones
of the most soientifio men in Ireland at least can bear
him out in, permit me to undeceive thoso of your
readers who may have been misled hy them. Treating
of light soils, the writer says;— "The general way that

112

THE GARDENERS' CHUONICLE AND AGrjCULTURAL GAZETTE.

LFebeuaet 2, 1867.

such soils are managed in this country is to let them
lie in Grass, and for this they are not adapted." So
ta,r he is to some extent right. He goes on :— " It is
very difficult to fatten cattle, even with the aid of
Turnips, on such soils, as the Turnips are not of the
same value, even should the crop he a large one." I
deny that. " The quality of the Turnips is often over-
looked when discussing stall-feeding or sheep-folding,
and the same rule holds good with all produce grown
on this class of land." I deny that too. " In com-
parison with that grown on good soils, the same
quantity of bone, muscle, or wool can never be

f reduced in stock fed on light soil, no matter how fed."
deny that in toio ccelo. But even admitting it to be
so, the very argument used in stating it, if relied upon,
should defeat the expressed object of the lecturer ;
and as what I am writing may meet the eye of the
lecturer, I call on him for proofs in sustentation of
his views.

But indeed he has to a great extent contradicted
himself by the example he has given of profitable light
land farming at Jerpoint, in the county of Kilkenny,
"where Mr. Franks, by perseverance and skill, has
made a splendid sheep farm of what was formerly a
mountain covered with whins and stones." May I
ask, was all this done without Turnip culture and
sheep-feeding with some crop on the same land ? May
I ask, further, are the sheep fed by any artificial means
on the same land ; and if so, with what, if Turnips be
no part of such feeding ? If such pastures are capable
of sustaining sheep in a profitable manner without
auxiliary food, then the Grass on light lands must be
of higher value than the writer estimates it ; and if it
be not so aided, then I half suspect the whins will one
day or other claim the prerogative in their native
habitat. If Turnips are used on this mountain farm,
and must be carted to it from the rich low land, than
which the writer insinuates none else is fit to grow
them to perfection, I am half induced to think Mr.
Franks pays rather dearly for that whistle.

The lecturer says ; " There is a great difierence of
opinion as to the best way of feeding pigs," and then
goes on to cite as proofs his practice on one Yorkshire
sow and her progeny of one litter of " 10 pigs, from
which he selected four of equal value, and put them to
feed on the high-feeding system, and the other two on
the green-feeding system." What other two does he
mean? for after selecting /ok;- he had «'a: remaining.
Were those " other two " what Paddy or Paddy's
mother would call " the rullings " of the litter ? To
prove the policy of feeding high from infancy, and to
the end of life, pig.s designed for slaughter, and all
other animals so designed, would be, to say the least of
it, a work of supererogation, and I will pass it over, and
will simply enter my protest, as an old pig breeder and

feeder, against the trusting of pigs to the kind of green
feeding and manner of applying it as stated by the
lecturer ; knowing, as I do, that many of the immense
losses sustained in Ireland of late years by the deaths
of pigs I were caused by confining them to hard,
crude, and, to pigs, indigestible food, such as " cut
Vetches," even when mixed with "pulped Mangels and
half-a-pound of bruised Oats per day," and when
" mixed with water as a drink." He says, " I found
that they paid me at the rate of 15^. per acre for the
Vetches, and los. a ton for the Mangels," but omits to
say how much an acre they paid for the Potatos, or
how much a barrel for the Oats used. He go&s on,
" Ever since, this has been my system of feeding pigs.
When the Vetches begin to pod, and the corn that
should be (?) sown amongst thembegins to ripen, the pigs
flourish on them, and all weeds gathered about, and
also bog stuff, should be put under them, all of which
they will convert into valuable manure."

Mr. Davidson adds (of poor Irishmen), "But they
never think of providing a supply of feeding for their
stock nor for themselves, but spend their time between
the bed and the fire during the winter months, and
if they do stir out it is to the market or court-
house, to learn law they go, of which many of them
know more about than feeding a cow."

Now, sir, I will go even further than that in con-
demning Irishmen's bad habits, which are the results
of other causes than those I have cursorily glanced at ;
but before doing so I can certify that although they
do not feed their cows as they ought to do, 99 out of
every 100 of these fellows are better pig feeders than
Mr. Davidson, judging by his essay.

Of the Irishman, Mr. D. says, " he would be a brain-
less fellow who could not make every day's labour on
his little farm worth 3s." Poor Paddy ! verily you can
with much justice ask, as the eunuch did of Philip,
" how can I unless some man show me ? " Now if the
lecturer can, under existing circumstances, show " the
small farmers under 10 acres " how that can be done,
neither he nor I will have cause to complain of how
" Ireland's sons have been hunted from her shores to
look for the labour she required," and ask then, "where
are the recruits to be got now to defend the British
flag ?" If in what I have written I have done that
which I never intended, personally to offend Mr. D.,
he may excuse my offering a simple suggestion, which
is to get a 10-acre farm, such as he alludes to, and
prove to the tenant of such a holding that his labour
will be worth 3s. a day to him. He will enable the
Government to withdraw 25,000 troops from Ireland.

One or two words more on a very delicate and
touchy subject, rather roughly, but I am far from
saying untruthfully, handled by 'our friend Mr.
Davidson. It has reference to the salaries of stewards

in Ireland. Mr. D. is quite right in the censure cast
on those who would offer if)l, or HOI. as an annual
salary to a steward worthy of being called such, whether
of Scotch, English, or Irish descent or education. Still
he does not in my mind paint the picture heavy ,
enough. It is a fact that we see advertisements not
only for men capable of acting as stewards, but in the
double, triple, quadruple, or quintuple capacity of
gardener, steward, forester, land drainage engineer '
landscape gardener, and practical instructor to tenantry •
and when a person applies for the appointment, he is'
referred, perhaps, to some petty sessions attorney, who
will put as many questions to him on various matters,
of a scientific nature more especially, as would take a
Liebig, or a Sullivan, or a Voelcker to answer.

The SOI. or 401. salary is then named, with or
without some other trifling matters, and the appoint- '
ment confirmed, and the appointee attempts to with-
draw, when the great man calls him back with an appa-
rently suddenly inspired thought, "Oh, by the bye, I for-
got to ask you what is your rehgion ? " Then comes
' the tug of war " in the poor steward's mind as to what
answer he may give, if he be a waverer in those waver-
ing times on that subject which of all others is of the
greatest importance to the man himself, but of no
importance to any other man. If he be a high minded
man, as I am proud to believe the majority of land
stewards are, he will at once announce his religious
creed, which may or may not be the desirable one. If
it be not, he is let to stand aside and another called
in who may be of " the right sort," or whose con-
science may be somewhat of an India-rubber oast.
If the former, he is at once engaged. If the latter,
then comes the " diamond cut diamond" dodge.
He may go to the situation, having sacrificed his
conscience to expediency for SOI. a year, and we may be
sure that he will thereafter on every possible occasion,
whilst continuing to act the hypocrite, sacrifice not
only his employer's interest, but every other interest
through w'hich he can make a penny for himself.
And whilst the employer fancies he has been saving
by the smallness of the salary, he is virtually paying
indirectly an enormously high one. This is a sad but
a true picture of the case. Still, to use the concluding
words of Mr. Davidson, " I am glad to see that gen-
tlemen are now giving the men of character and ability
better wages, which will bring better men into the
field-^men who know how to employ money to advan-
tage instead of boasting of how much they have laid
out," to which I will add, in the words of Sir Eobert
Kane, " I do not hesitate to assert that the existing
generation in this country is half a century in advance
of that which is dying ofl', and that the generation now
at school will be a century in advance of us." ]S. C,
Xfublin, Jan. 17.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

The following Table— 7th of the Board of Trade Returns— gives the Population, Area, and Acreage under Crops and Grass in the United Kingdom

and in Various Foreign Countries.

&S.3

ss

g g'g S-S g
"■« s's s,°

*3 ^ t. K '.^ -5

Acreage (in English Statute Acres) under Corn Crops.

Wheat

(including

Spelt).

Barley

Bye.

Beans,
and
Peas,

Mixed
Grain.

Buck-
Wheat.

Other
Kinds of
Grain.

Total
under
Cora
Crops.

9,287,784
2,173,433

Great Britain

Ireland . ,

Tot.il for United Kingdom (includ- )
ingi, of Man and Channel Isliuids) f

Sweden

Denmark Proper

Wurtemberg

Bavaria

Holland

Belgium ,,

France , .

Austria, exclusive of Galici.1 (except"]
Cracow) Bukowina, tho Tyrol, and >
the Milit,iry Fi-ontier , . . . )

Italy (including Vcnetia)

Switzerland

Great Britain

Ireland

Total for United Kingdom (includ- >
ing I. of Man and Channel Islands) |

Sweden

Denmark Proper

Wurtemburg . , . , , .

Bavaria

Holland

Belgium

France

Austria, exclusive of G.alicia (e,xcept "l
Cracow), Bukowina, the Tyrol, and [■
the Military Frontier , , . . )

Italy (including Venetia)

Switzerland

1866
18C6

23,128,000
6,7W,000

56,904,000
20,323,000

23,704,807
15,549,790*

3,385,394
300,474

2,237,329
152,777

2,759,923
1,097,648

00,07?
7,753

845,001
14,781

1806

29,071,000

77,513,000

3,097,035

2,398,485

4,409,297

67,879

800,370

1866
1861
1865
1863
1864
1850
Ljitest \
Returns >

4,022,000
1,663,000
1,748,000
4,807,000
3,668,000
4,782,000

37,547,000
34,070,000
24,081,000
2,634,000

107,547,000
9,354,000
4,757,000
18,907,000
8,617,000
7,211,000

132,787,000

145,310,000
68,747,000
0,915,000

10,998,000
6,545,720
3,010,833

11,138,387
6,024,240
4,521,377

97,506,251

68,407,589
43,624,589
4,962,987

115,000
140,448
544,284
1,043,634
194,730
804,758

17,252,386
3,602,104

615,000
687,179
237,904
838,779
104,315
110,130

2,570,863
2,755,415

942,000
811,580
317,082

1,120,704
263,013
641,347

8,058,634

6,573,921

877,000
473,591
102,162
1,460,789
470,984
721,492

5,417,278

124,000
94,885
18,543

123 223

liojoio

143,964
1 127,832

182,927

241,000

102,235
1,415,273

1,749,691

01,431

52

4,4.50

102,323

60,517

1,751,646

514,722

70,.159
14,731
9,790

1,480,933
3,907,260

11,493,006

2,914,000
2,345,273
1.235,708
4,001,275
1,331,045
2,484,493

39,080,735
26,334,108
27,337,802
1,435,555

Acreage (in English Statute Acres) under Green Crops.

1866
1800

498,84:1
1,050,419

1866

1861

1806

1803

1804

1850
f Latest \
X Returns J

334,000

69,176
107,948
649,735
265,987
309,850

2,048,364

Turnips, Carrots,

Parsnips, M.angels

and Beet Root.

2,417,744
341,120

2,770,612

Other Green

Crops, as Rape,

Colza, iSec.

035.943
90,552

Total

under Green

Crops.

3,552,530
1,482,091

5,065,020

B.are Fallow or

Uncroppcd Arable

Land.

964,037
2S,OC0

Clover, and

Ai'tificiiil .and other

Grasses under

Rotation.

3,694,224
1.600,495

2,850,000

5,635
60,210

162,468
79,618
81,947

890,195

46,817

32,445
229,587
206,422
184,734
267,327

107,256
457,745
1,018,625
530,339
709,124

4,318,382

Not ascertained.
(Included with Acreage under Com Crops.)

405,004
253,845
1,172,133
01,256
159,112

14,091,392
Not stated.
Not stated.

1,760,403
194,900
720,300
06,957
396,787

6,331,820

1,302,434

Permanent

Pastures,

Meadows, Aic.

11,148,814
10,002,033*

4,900,000

927,525

868,0291

3,625,554

3,034,642

771,370

33,083,922
28,911,570

16,180,787
3,527,431

* Tho Returns of the Acreage under " Permanent Pasture " in Great Britain and in Ireland are not comparable, .as Hill Pastures are excluded in Great Britain and Included in Ireland.

t Ricefields. J Including Hill Pastures.

JPo(e,— In addition to tho land under the abovo-mentioned Crops: In Bavaria, 54,655 acres were under Vluey.ards ; in France 5,411,645 acres were under Vineyards, and 2,445,492 acres of
cultivated trees ; in Italy 1,370,279 acres were under Olive Grounds ; in Austria 1,395,371 were under Vineyards ; and in Switzerland 08,444 were under Vineyards.
For the United States of America there are no recent Returns of tho Acreage under the several Crops in the whole of the Union.

Pebkuaet 2, 18C7.J

THE GAKDENEl^S' CIIEONICLE AND AnrjOULTUIJAT. GAZETTE.

113

Home Correspondence.

Earhi Tlaiilimj of Earhi raliilcis.—\ nn fully
cndorsi.' tlio ojiinion cxprossoil by Jlr. ])obbie in your
Number of tlio VM\ ult. ivith Vfispccl to the !idvaiit;iKO
of early iilanlins, or rntbcr tho plnntiiiR of Potatos
before they have marie a ]ivematuro growth out of the
ground, during tho last three years I have conducted
on vntlier an extensive scale, a series of experiments on
tho Poliito ■■■rop, and incidentally have been much
struck with the condition of the set as influencing the
j futnrc <Toi). T have generally planted early Potatos in
l'\'bru;iry, but have experienced the greatest ditlicuUy
in preservinjx the sets so as to prevent a prcniiiturc
drowlli, ■wliicit. as far as myexiierience poes, invariably
tends to a diminution of the crop. I have not much
definite information to give on this point except to
note that, 1 have been able to trace many apparent
irregularities in tho result of experiments to this cause
—a premalnre growth out of the ground invariably
(Musing a, diminution of the crop. In 1865 some fine
strong sets ol' a very early varict\'—t1io Early Prolific—
that were much advanced bnfore planting, failed to
reproduce their own weight, 'raking ad\:inliige of my
past experience, 1 have tlii,-: yc;ir itlanlcd my early
Potnfos before tho scis nindi* any (considerable growth.
Most of my crop was in Ihc ground the first week in
tho year, and although Iboy are now frozen hard under
the soil, I feel sure that the crop will exceed that fron»
sets planted later that have Ijeen enervated by a
premature growth. Some of the sets may be destroyed,
and the crop come up a little irregularly, but I feel
sure that the extra produce of the bulk of the crop
will more than counterbalance the loss of a {i^v{ sets.
However sensitive the Potato may be to cold when
exposed, no gardener can have failed to observe its
liowcr of resisting frost in the ground. The smallest
Potato, or even fragment of Potato accidentally left in
the ground, grows with vigour in the returning spring,
and this should give us a hint as to the proper treat-
ment of the crop ; everything tending to a premature
growth should be checked, or the .sets got noder the
soil before the groirth commences. With respect to
the relative advantages of cut and whole sets, my
experience suggests that the weight per acre of sets
planted has a greater influence on the crop than their
condition, whether cut or uncut ; a certain weight
per acre of cut sets having priiduced as nearly" as
l>ossibIe_the sanie crop as a similar weight of whole
sets — this I tested in various ways with similar results.
"During the yc^ars l.?64. '65, and 'G6 T liave conducted an
extensive series of experiments with respect to the
relative advantnge of large and small sets. I recorded
the results obtained in l^iU in your jiages of that year,
which ]iointcd to the very decided advantage of large
srils, a greatly increased weight of crop being produced
over and above the extra weight of sets planted. The
e.Nperiments of 1SG5 and ISfifi fully confirm those
results, but as they will be published in detail in the
next number of the Royal Agricultural Society's
Journal I will not now do more than state that each
advance in the weigiit of the sets from 1 oz. up to 8 oz.
]iroduccd in the crop a great excess of produce over and
above the extra w^eight of the cron planted — the crop
produced by S oz. sets being considerably more than
double that from '1 oz. sets ; and after deducting the
weight of the sets in each case, the net balance of crop
])roduced by S oz. sets was little short of double that
produced by the 1 oz. (a size frequently employed). In
fact, with precisely the same expenses of tillage, you
may, by merely increasing the weight of the set,'nearly
double its net value, in addition to covering the extra
cost of sets ]ilanted. Each step in advance from 1 oz. to
'1 oz. sets,2to4oz . lto<>oz . ami (i to S oz., showed similar
results. Each additional ounce in the weight of the
sets (occupying two sr^uare feet of ground) produced a
gross increase of crop of about one and a-half ton per
acre, and a net profit of nearly a ton per acre, in
addition to the extra weight of the sets. I would
strongly urge those wdio are about carrying out the
trials of experimental manures on Potatos, pro-
posed by Dr. Voelcker, and referred to in tho
Cn-cvdar of the Royal Agricultural College Club of
January 1st, to fully recognise this fact, and cmidoy
weighed sets of exactly the same size in the various
comparative experiments. As the usual weight of sets
planted for the general crop rarely exceeds 2 oz., I
bflieve the influence of the size of the set on the cron
i- well worth greater consideration by horticulturists
nnd agriculturists than it has hitherto received. George
Maw, F.L.S.. Benthall Hall, near Brosehij.

Land .■Ir/encif and the Management of Woods.—
I had much plea-sure in reading the able lecture on
land agency by Mr. Gray, of Dilston, and the lecture,
I have no doubt, is calculated to do much good. There
is however one part of it which, in my opinion, is not
what it ought to be. In describing the different
departments of landed property and their management,
Mr. Gray says, in reference to woods, " that where a
forester is not kept, the farm bailifl' or gardener will
answer the purpose in looking after the woods and
plantations." Now I beg to state that there is no
aepartment in connection with landed estates which
requires greater forethought, study, and ability than
that of the management of woods and plantations. I
am aware that on nine-tenths of the estates between
Land's EndandJohn-o'-Groat's, woods and plantations
are thought vei y little of, and supposed to be quite well
enough looked after if they are placed in the hands of
a farm bailiff, gardener, carpenter, or coachman. Trees
are the largest and most noble of the vegetable
production. Every one admires trees when they
have been allowed to show their natural habitat.
Timber is a very considerable item in our British
trade in these days ; trees are a great means of
shelter to our farms, and they are the great orna-
ment of the country; why then, I ask, should our
woods and plantations be put to one side, as it were,

and left in the hands of men who know not one kind
of trc'o from another 'i It may bo said that woods do not
|iay, and that is the reason wdiy they do not receive that
attention which cither farming or gardening does. I
an> sorry to think that on a great many estates the
woods and plantations do not pay ; but this is easily
accounted for. If a mecbiniiic was put to manage a
farm, would it bo at all surprising if that farm did not
piiy ? If a gentleman put bis garden in the hands of a
pl(iughman, would he cxiiect to see that garden thriving,
and everything up to the mark in horticulture? How
can it then be expected that woods and plantations
can pay wdicn they are put under the management of
men who perhaps can |fiud out the contents, m feet, of
:t timber tree, and can (;ut one down whi-n it is required,
l)ut who know noihing of the true :uid proper sy.stcra
of planting, draining, or thinning of pl.-uitations. _ The
t binning of woods and plantations is a science by itself
It t.akes a man of experience to know how, when, and
whereto thin a plantation properly. A proper system of
thinning, carried outunderthe management of a proper
forester, results in the future welfare of the plantation,^
both as regards general appearance, and as a matter of
pounds, slallings, and pence. But on the other side,
where the work is carried out by a person who has not
been t raineil to it. the result most certainly will be the
rniii of the jilantations in every respect. It would be
well for landed proi>rietors if they would pay more
attention to their woods and ]dantations, and if it were
a rule with them that none but really qualified men
tilled the post of forester. A forester requires to have
a better education for his work than either a farm
bailifl'or gardener. The blunders and mismanagement
of a farm bailiff or gardener can be remedied and got
over in one or two seasons ; but the mismanagement
of woods and plantations cannot be got over for a
number of years, and sometimes not for a lifetime. A
forester should be a fair botanist, to be able to know
and describe plants and trees correctly. He
should be a geologist, to be able to know the
ditt'erent qualities of soils, so that he may know what
is best suited for one kind of tree and what foranother.
He should have a knowledge of chemisti'y, to enable
him to judge correctly as to the nature of soils. Vege-
table physiidogy is what no one should be ivithout who
has the management of woods and plantations. A
forester should have been trained to his work in the
woods of some gentleman who has had the common
sense to keep a proper wood manager. I could name
several estates in both England and Scotland, where
for the last 20 years the woods have been under the
management of highly qualified men, and the result has
been a good annual income, and a large increase in the
value of the existing woods and plantations at the
present time. Erom experience during the last 15
years, I can confidently assert that if woods and plan-
tations are kept under the management of a properly
qnalified forester they will, on an average of years, pay
a larger net income per acre than the land they occupy
would pay if kept as part of a farm. Bohert Brown,
Affent to Major Stapj/lton, Wa.sii. Yorkshire.

Oroniid Mice.— I have the pleasure to state that
your Eoreign Correspondent may in a few months get
rid of the mice, if he will just follow ray plan. I
recommend the old figure-four trap, which is the very
best trap for mice, whether indoor or out, but I do not
recommend the old style of havin;; a brick, but get
slates about 1 foot long, not longer, as large heavy slates
(>r bricks will not go off so easy. Now, first of all, let
H. V. Seht get these slates and place them at the hedge
sides, as these mice sleep in holes generally in the
fences, and often from 20 or more in one hole. I always
use two slates, one for the fall, and the other under, as
if only one slate is U-sed the mice ^vill sometimes creep
from under. The bait I recommend is to get about
equal jiarts of cheese, oatmeal,iard or fat, also chopped
to«'. Mix these up together into a paste, so when
finished this bait is sci handy that it can be spread
on the end of a stick without string; and if held for a
time before the fire, so much the better, as it sets fast
when becoming cold. This bait can be carried in the
pocket when the trapper takes his rounds; but I tincl
that one bait will last sometimes for 20 mice. I am
j sure if he will set 12 to 18 traps to an acre he will clear
I his farm in two months. I have caught 170 mice
with six traps in six days, and I warrant if he will
visit his traps three times after sunset he will soon thin
1 their numbers. There is nothing like traps for mice,
it beats owls, hawks, or cats. Cats are not of much
use to clear a country ; they do not catch them quick
enough. Now is the best time to commence, as they
begin to breed in March and April. S. R. D.

TTest Herts: Jan. 29.— At the second annnnl
meeting of this Society, the Earl of Clarendon, the
President for the year, took the chair, and after
explaining that illness had prevented him from being
present at previous meetings, congratulated his hearers
on the success of the Society, and dwelt on the
numerous benefits of such associations. They brought
people of all classes together, and made them feel when
engaged on an object of comm()n interest that they are
equal. After referring to various subjects connected
with the management of the Society, Lord Clarendon
said : — The Committee are particularly anxious to call
the attention of the tenant-farmers to the prizes given
fen- the best cultivated farms. Prizes of 50?. and 25?.
are worth competing for ; they open a wide field for
competition. The obtaining of such prizes is most
honourable, and I cannot conceive anything more
beneficial to a. district, than a number of men pitted
agnin.steach other, and bringing their knowledge to bear
on the increase of the prodvice cif the land. There is
one class of prizes which I hope will never be elimi-
nated from our list, and which I hope to see extended
in number and value— I mean the prizes for labourers.

I allude to this because these prizes have often been
made tho subject of ridicule, and attempts, although
happily unsuccessful, have been made to (liscouraKe
the donors, and to deprive the recipients of thc'^e iirizes.
It has been said that it is degrading to a man to receive
a prize of 2/. or 3/. for a long course of good couiluct
under circumstances the most trying. But I think
these critics rlo not luidcrst.and the mainspring of
human act ioii ; for in all of us Nature has implanted a
natural ambition. There is no one wdio is worth any-
thing who does not aimat distinctinn.at raisinghimself
in the estimation of others. Tho Victoria Cro.ss is
given as the reward I'm" daring acts of valour.
Admirals, generals, successful diplomatists, adventurers
— those noble men who have made geographical dis-
coveries, wdio have laid down the Atlantic cable,
receive the decoration of the Order of the Bath. It
would be absurd to measure these distinctions by their
mere money value. The same remark applies to the
labourer. He cannot win battles, or sign treaties, or
explore distant countries, but he can so conduct himself
as to be an example to all those around him and confer
a great benefit on his locality. The man who lives for
many years in the same place — the man wdio brings
up many children without relying upon the parish for
relief— the man wdio in provident societies or savings-
banks lays by for a day of trouble, the man who gives
proofs of intelligence, sobriety, and industry, and of
having according to the best of his ability performed
the duties that (Jevolve upon him, deserves the greatest
encouragement. It is incumbent on a Society like this
to seek out such men, to publish their characters, to
reward their merits ; and I think when the prizes are
given they should be accompanied by a diploma record-
ing the causes of the gift, which would he to the man's
family his Order of the Bath or his Victoria Cross.
But this matter needs no argument. The fact is that
the labourers value these prizes— that they compete for
them most willingly— that they are proud of them—
and that is quite sufficient for us. I wish now to say a
word on a matter to which I attach considerable
importance, and that is the subject of agricultural
statistics, in which hitherto England has been most
lamentably behindhand. I think there is no one
who reflects on this matter who can deny that a
correct collection of facts showing the actual
state of agriculture and its improved condition
from one year to another niu4 bo of the greatest
importance to the nation at large, and most
especially to the owners and occupiers of land. Upon
most matters that aflect the highest interests of the
country we are in the habit of collecting the most
valuable returns and information, and drawing from
them the most useful and interesting lessons. Upon
our trade and commerce, our exports and imports, our
currency, our population, our criminal jurisprudence,
and, in "short, upon everything that can throw light on
the moral and social condition of the country, we have
for years past been in the habit of collecting and acting
upon the most reliable information we could obtain.
But it is upon the produce of our soil; upon the relation
between production and pojiulation ; upon that know-
ledge which will impart to us the amount of the pro-
duction of our own soil, and how far we must rely upon
foreigners for our food ; what are the regulating causes
of price — upon everything which it is most important
for the producer to know, the agricultural interest
have refused to be informed, and have preferred
to remain in ignorance and darkness. This is a strong
thing to say, but I am justified in saying it, and I
will tell yon why. Having laboured much abroad, and
having been aware oftheenorraousbenefitiyhich foreign
countries derive f^rom this accurate collection of facts —
particularly Prance, — I was anxious, when I was in a
position to carry out my intentions, that my own
country should be similarly benefited ; and when I was
President, of the Board of Trade in 1817 I caused a Bill
to be prepared and laid on the table of the House of
Commons, authorising the collection of agricultural
statistics. But it met with such bitter opposition, and
the prejudice was so strong, and the measure was con-
sidered so odious and inquisitorial, that we had to give
it up. But when I was appointed Lord-Lieutenant of
Ireland, I determined to try the experiment in that
country, an(i a system was organised which worked
most admirably, and there are not in Europe agricul-
tural statistics so complete and reliable as those
obtained in Ireland. The quickness and penetration
of the Irish people saw what the value of such informa-
tion would be to an agricultural country, and the
readiness Avith which they lent themselves to procure
this information called forth general thanks. These
admirable statistics have for many yearsbeen a standing
reproach to Great Britain. But at length prejudice
seems to have given way to common sense, and the Board
of Trade has been able to org.anise a system which is
beginning to work tolerably well, and a return for 1866
shows the total population, area abstract of acreage
under crops, bare fallow, and Grass, and the total
number of cattle and sheep in each division of the
United Kingdom, in each county, and in various foreign
countries. So that we shall not only know what we
are doing, but shall be able to compare our progress
or decline with that of most foreign countries, and shall
be able to judge what will be the prices at home and
abroad. The answers to the inquiries in Scotland have,
I believe, been most satisfactory. But in England there
is a great deal to desire, and my reason for venturing
to call attention to the subject is that I believe it to be
the duty of everybody connected with land to aid by
voluntary returns and other means the very useful
work in which the Board of Trade is now engaged.

STAFFnRDSHinE : Cliamtien of Agricnlliire.—The
following is an abridgment of an address by Lord Lich-
field, recently spoken before an agricultural meeting
in StaUbrdshire, on the uses of a Chamber of Agi'icul-
ture :— The subject had been so much ventilated that

114

THE GAEDENEES' CHEOKICLE AND AGPJCULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Pbbeuaet 2, 1867.

it was unnecessary to RO at any length into the reasons
in favour of the estahlishiuent of such an association,
the principal object in view hein s to create an organisa-
tion by means of ivhich the agricultural interest could
bring its views to bear with greater weight upon
Parliament and upon the Government of the country.

(1). Cattle Plague Zegislation. — He could scarcely
better illustrate the want of such an organisation than
by calling their attention to what had occurred recently
in connection with the cattle plague. As ihey were all
aware, various rules and regulations as to the niovement
of cattle from one district to another had, during the
last twelve months, been from time to time adopted,
rescinded, re-enacted, &c., &c., so that owing to the
frequent alteration, and, in many instances, the con-
flicting nature of those regulations, very great ditEculty
and inconvenience had been caused to farmers and
others throughout the country from being unable to
ascertain clearly what the regulations were. But,
although he had e.xpressed himself strongly as to the
unsatisfactory manner in which both the late and the
present Government had dealt with this matter, he did
not think the Government were wholly to blame ; he
was rather inclined to believe that the real cause of the
unsatisfactory legislation which had taken place on the
subject was to be found in the fact that neither Govern-
ment nor Parliament had the opportunity of properly
ascertaining what the views of the farmers throughout
the country were ; and it stood to reason that it was so,
because if a question of this kind was to be dealt with
by Parliament, and if they received suggestions and
advice from one county in one sense, and from another
county in another sense, it was impossible to know
which was right, and thus Government found itself in
many cases obliged to adopt the alternative course of
doing nothing, or at least they had the excuse of not
knowing what the real opinion of the country was upon
a subject for not doing anything. This had been the
case, he had no doubt, more than once during the past
twelve months.

(2). The Question of tie Malt Tax.— B-O had often
heard it remarked that the subject was frequently far
better handled by a meeting of farmers, at one of their
agricultural dinners, than in the House of Commons.
The reason for this was that even the farmers them-
selves were not agreed on the subject, and had never
yet brought to bear any organised weight on the
Government, with a view to its being dealt with by
legislation. He did not see how tlie agricultural
interest throughout the country could better bring
their opinions to bear upon the Government than
through such organisations as these suggested Chambers
of Agriculture.

(3). The Central Clianiber of Agriculture. — It
appeared to him that the members of such a Central
Chamber should represent whole districts, whether of
counties or parts of counties. That was a most
important point to consider at the very outset of the
question, and one he thought which had not been as yet
sufliciently considered, because, when he asked himself
whether the Central Chamber of Agriculture, as at
present constituted, had the weight it was desu-able
such a body should have, he was very much inclined
to ask, " Wiom do you represent ? " The answer to
that was not perfectly clear, and without going into
details it was sufficient to say that there was no
organised system on which it professed to represent
the difl'ereut districts of the country.

(4). Local Chambers of Agriculture. — It might be
asked. Why did they want a Chamber of that descrip-
tion at all ? His answer to such a question would be
that at present there was no machinery of any kind in
existence, such as other interests in the country had,
by which the agricultural interests could give expres-
sion to their opinions and requirements, and bring
them to bear with real weight upon the Government
of this country in the consideration of all questions
affecting them. Certainly they had their agricultural
societies ; but, a,s they well knew, it was a rule with
them to exclude, at their meetings, what at the present
day was most important to them, questions of a poli-
tical character, and by so doing they excluded the con-
sideration of many subjects bearing directly upon
their interests. Now, he was sure they would all
agree with him that it was mo.st important that
farmers should have some means of fairly and tem-
perately discussing those political questions— he did
not mean party politics— but those questions which
threatened, or were likely in any way to affect their
interests. He thought that on such matters the
broadest distinction possible might always be drawn
between the discussion of political subjects affecting
their own peculiar interests, and party political dis-
cussions. For himself he could not see the slightest
reason why any one of the different subjects affecting
their interests, which were likely to become the
subject of legislation, should not be discussed by
Chambers of Agriculture. Let them take one of the
most important questions affecting the interests of all
connected with laud, which was likely shortly to he
entertained.

(5). TurnpiJces.^A strong endeavour was being
made on the part of some persons to get rid of
the turnpikes throughout the country. He did not
think there was any question more likely to affect the
agricultural interest, and one which it was more
necessary to keep a strict watch upon, than this. If
the roads were to be kept in repair by a rate on the
adjoining properties, it must in any case throw a heavy
burden both upon the owners and occupiers of that
property to keep the turnpike roads in repair for the
benefit of other people. He wished to offer no opinion
on the subject, but simply to impress upon them the
importance as tenant-farmers and owners of laud, to
keep a close watch on such questions, and also how
desirable it was for them to be in a position to bring
their views practically before Government.

(6). Game Zaws.—The system of excluding the dis-

cussion of politics from their agricultural meetings had
created too much shyness between tenant-farmers and
their landlords. Let them take the question of the
Game Laws, which excited differences of opinion
between tenants and land-owners. Why that question
could not be discussed in a proper and rational spirit
he could not conceive. He had often heard the
expression of very strong feeling with regard to the
question, but he had never heard anyone go to the root
of it, and show, for instance, what they would propose in
their place, to prevent the infringement of the rights
of property which the simple repeal of the game laws
would bring about. He had no doubt, however, that
if the subject was discussed between owners and
o''.cupiers they would come to some rational conclusion.

(7). JEducation. — Then with regard to the education
of the working classes and the rural population, his
opinion was that the time had now arrived when there
was a strong necessity for Parliament to legislate on
this subject for the country generally, and to apply
some uniform system, by which they might secure the
education of all classes, in all employments throughout
the country.

(8). Cattle Insurance. — Amongst the subjects which
might profitably engage the attention of a Chamljer
was that of insurance against losses of cattle from
disease, a subject as to which he acknowledged that he
was utterly in the dark as to the real feeling of the
farmers, for he could not make out whether they felt
it important or not. An association for this object
was established for the county, and when the cattle
plague was at the door there was a general rush into it,
and it was enabled to afford a considerable amount of
protection against loss; but the moment the cattle
plague declined, all interest in it ceased. He did not
give any opinion ; he only said he was utterly at a loss to
understand what the feelings of the farmers really
were on the subject, whether they thought it desirable
to have such a county insurance association or not. As a
society, its principles were as sound, and its rules as good
as those of auy society could be ; but the fact was that
only 18 members joined it in five or six months. He
merely mentioned this to show the difficulty of ascer-
taining what were really the views of the farmers on
this and other subjects.

Lord ILiEEOWBY, in proposing the first resolution,
observed that the question was not without its diffi-
culties, and Lord Lichfield had porated out some, more
especially in relation to tlie central board in London,
n,nd before a Chamber representing the county of
Stafford would connect itself with a central body it
woitld be necessary to inquire the conditions of repre-
sentation— whether the delegate of a small club, paying
some 51. a year, would have the same \veight as the
representative of the county of Stafford. If such, a
chamber were limited to discussion it would not so
much matter ; but if its conclusions were to be deter-
mined by a majority, it was important to know if large
bodies of farmers were to have only the same voice as
smaller sections. But the question for them to deter-
mine was whether it was desirable for them to have
for their own county such an association as his lordship
had indicated, and he had to propose — " That it is
desirable to establish a Chamber of Agriculture for the
county of Stafford for the discussion of subjects bear-
ing upon agriculture, and to watch over all measures
affecting agricultural interests, whether in or out of
Parliament." There could be no doubt, as Lord Lich-
field had stated, that the exclusion of all tonics which
formed the subject of conversation in Pariiament
from our existing Agricultural societies materially
enfeebled the influence of the agricultural interest
upon the public mind and upon Parliament. That
rule was no doubt sometimes infringed. The force
of Nature would have its way, and a man who had
thought a good deal on an .agricultural subject upon
which ^ Government w" as taking action, would speak
about it, notwithstanding rules to the contrary. The
result was a kind of awkward scramble. One man
transgressed : another rebuked him, and in doing so
committed the same violation of rule ; so that discus-
sion was not carried on with that freedom and openness
which gave it the value it ought to possess. It was,
therefore, very desirable that there should be some
means by which the agricultural interest of the country
might fairly speak its mind on subjects bearing upon it,
even though they formed the subject of the action of
the Parliament or the Government. There were many
questions to which those remarks woald apply. Por
instance, there was a gromng tendency in the present
day to throw the weight of taxation on that kind of
property which was visible and tan gible ; and this .system
had its conveniences, because it was easier to deal with
what could be seen and handled than with what might
be in a man's pocket or in his portfolio. At the same
time it was very unfair, and it was an increasing unfair-
ness, because the increase in the value of personal pro-
perty was much greater than in the value of real pro-
perty, and it required the same amount of protection,
and the same conveniences as real property, and it
was therefore most desirable that those connected
with that kind of property should have an opportunity
of forming and expressing their opinion on such ques-
tions. The proposed local association offered, no doubt,
very considerable facilities for such a purpose ; the
difficulty was to maintain the interest in the absence
of exciting topics : as they had heard in the case of the
Insui'ance Association, the interest ceased when the
pressing danger had passed away, and he feared similar
experience would attend the proposed Chambers. It
was difficult to get people to sacrifice their time when
there was no subject of pressing interest, and that
applied especially to the agricultural interest. In a
town a man had only to put on his hat and walk across
the street ; hut when a man had to drive ten, twenty, or
thirty miles to attend a meeting, it was a mvtch moi-e
serious matter. It was, however, important to con-
sider that the very fac^ that the agricultural interest

was so scattered and dispersed should be a reason for
adojjting some means of bringing them together for
the purposes of discussion and common action.

Mr. Peil was very glad he had had an opportunity
of being present at that meeting to hear the sugges-
tions tiiat had been thrown out. He had no doubt
that when the next general meeting of the Central
Chamber was held, the rules as they now stood would
be altered so as to meet the difficulty pointed out. With
regard to the connection of local Chambers with the
central body, and the advantages to be derived there-
from, of course they did not expect that the same
representatives would always come to their meetings.

Farmers' Clubs.

Ballyjiahon : The Improvement of the Condi-
tion of the Labouring Classes was the subject of a
paper read at a recent meeting of the Ballymahon
Farmers' Club. The writer had collected a number of
p.assages from various publications, of which we give
abridgments.

Mr. Aldeeman" Mechi: "A nation is in peril when
its willing labourers (the sinews of its strength) are
looked upon and got rid of as incumbrances; when
their cottages are considered nuisances, and placed as
such in nooks and corners away from public view;
when their gardens are curtailed and coveted by their
wealthier neighbours. What would be said of a
workman who, having to do a certain piece of work,
casts away, despises, and is ashamed of the means by
which he is to accomplish it? A nation having
abundance of capital and labour, and sending abroad
or refusing to employ either, can only be compared to
the able but idle workman, preferring poverty and
danger to abundance and security."

Lord Fekmoy : " When I speak of the resources of
this country, I do not overlook the great resource — the
labouring population. How do men in commercial life
succeed in business ? AVhy, by making use of every
improvement they can lay hands on. And we should
do the same for our labouring classes ; for remember
that, as I said, the sheet-anchor of the country is the
labouring population. I have no doubt that we will
and can do so, for by aiding the agricultural works of
the country, extending them, making new ones, you
will raise the wages of the laboiuer, and by raising his
wages, raise the man himself, and at the same time
make him send back the money you give him to you in
purchasing your meat and bread. Who are the gi'eat
consumers of the prime quality of meat and flour in
England ? Not the aristocracy, who arc few in number :
no, but the vast numbers of men of the country[s
mining districts. I happen to know for a fact that it
is almost impossible to sell anything in the neighbour-
hood of these mining districts but the primest Wheat;
flour, and meat. They will not eat anything but the
very best meat and bread, and it is these men who are
encouraging the development of the agriculture of
England — not the aristocrats.^ In the same way,if you
raise the labourers' position in this country, you will
have a market here for everything you can purchase or
provide."

Lord PALitEESTON : " A farmer ought to know the
fundamental principles of political economy, and to be
aware that he docs not prosper by grinding clown those
who labour on his farm— that it is no real saving to
give inadequate wages to those who work for him—
that he gains nothing by avoiding to employ labour in
the winter months, aiid that, in fact, there is no uiore
advantageous and profitable investment in the cultiva-
tion of the land than labour. ... I am sure that I am
now addressing an enlightened audience, who must
have discovered that . . . the labour cannot be useful
unless the labourer is well looked to, well housed, well
fed, and well cared for. When the employers of labour
bestow proper attention upon their labourers, they
engender a feeling of reciprocal regard, and it is in
human nature that a man will work better for an
employer he loves, and who treats him well, than for a
man who is niggardly and churlish— who just pays him
as much as will keep body and soul together, and
neglects him in other respects. Cottages should not
be built for a profit, but regarded as additions to the
value of the farm."

Lord Talbot: "I have long been convinced that
nothing is more required in this coimtry thari for
landlords generally to undertake the duty of providing
comfortable dwellings for their tenants, as is generall.v
done in England and Scotland, and our social state will
never be in a satisfactory condition imtil this change
is effected. Scotland, a century ago, was a miserable
coiuitry, and never attained its agricultural prosperity
until it adopted the English system ; and I am aware
that so many gentlemen arc beginning to act on this
principle here that I am sanguine of seeing Ireland in
the same state, if I am spared a few years longer."

Hon. L. H. Kiua Habman : " Ought not self
interest aloue, in the absence of more ennobling
mofiives, induce landlords to bestir themselves, and
bestow more care and attention on their labourers,
providing them with comfortable, dry cottages, with at
least three bedrooms, so securing the proper and decent ^ |
separation of the sexes, and a kitchen, with about two
roods of good land for a garden, and charging for the
same a 'live and let live' rent? Were the soil of
Ireland cultivated as it oughli to be, drained, subsoiled,
ploughed deeply, well manured, subdivided info
regular fields by straight and well-made thorn-
quick hedges (so avoiding much loss of time and
waste land in ploughing), it would support iu
peace and comfort every member of its present
population. A cared-for, contented, and happy pi';i-
santry will most generally be botJi loyal and iir:irrlnl.
I have for many years had this subject deeply ;iL
heart, and many and fierce have been tho ballli'S
which I have waged with farmers, aJid some of the
middle classes, who chng with pertinacious tenacity to

FiiitiiUAUY 2, lS(i7.]

UK GAllDKNKliS' ('H]l()NI(;i,K AND AdlllCULTdUAi, CAZKTTM

115

ilio idcii that by bpttoriiif; the onnilition of tlio
liilmm-ors llii'V nn'iiM rciuUMMlKiiu iniU'iHMulciit d' Ihciii
;is umiilo.vi'i'.-^- 'I'liis is ill :i urciit iIckivu wliiil 1 wiml'l
ilosii'o, iiml s" cMittlilo llic iiihiiurur U> I'liipliiy hiniscH' in
tlio best inai-kol'. As iit present, how do mutters
Kouonilly stiHul in by Car the sweater part of the
country ? A farmer engages labourers; these lie
usually permits to ereet the mud-walled cots so well
dosoribod in your arlielo in some out-of-the-way, oiit-
iif-sight corner. To llieso are added a few perches ol'
the worst land on the farm, the rent charged for these
hovels and gardens being generally some double or
, treble what llio fanner pays tli<> head landlord. It may
' bo objoeled that no rent is iiaiil. 'rrne, I am aware
! that actual money frciiuontly does not pa,NS liet\\rcn
'(them; but instead there is a s(a;t of debtor and credit
account kejjt between the iiurtles, as so many weeks
free labour, so many stmies of— often second or third
ipiality— I'otatos, charged at the highest market price,
some meal or article (d' elotliing supplied ; and with
this sort of truck system tlio poor labourer is very
generally brought in as debtor. .' . . 1'ea.sants so
treated should be incajiable of neatness, order, or
j deiiency, and become reckless and a prey to designing
liibbon domagngues."

The Wafer Qiie.i/ion : it Lrtlrr mliln'ised (hij par-
mission) la llie Jli'jiil lion. Ihf F.arl vf Derh;/. ICG.,
iVv. J3v J. Bailey Douton. ii. Stanford, G, Charing
[ Cross, S.AV.

I Wo referred to this pamphlet last week. It e.Nplains a
i>ro])osal for the supply of the metropolis from the
biglinr sources of the Thames. None of the river
briow the chief towns is to bo used. Clarified sewage,
r.is Mr. Denton' calls all water, however treated by
I irrigation or otherwise, which has once been tbroiigh a
I town, is, according to him, irremediably pernicious.
, 'The rivulets collecting iu the Thames channel at some
point below Lechlade are to pour then* waters into an
arlilicial culvert or canal, which is to be replenished
liy all other streams it may cut oil' on their way to the
Thames ; and is, moreover, to supply O.^ford, Abing-
don, Reading, and other towns upon its course, and at
length to deliver 80,000,000 gallons a day to the
niolropolis.

We o-Ktract a passage from tlie argument against
irrig.ition being able to make foul water fit to drink.

"The only way hy which the rivers can be maintained
in their aboriginal purity, and in a condition lit to drink,
IS to e.xclude from them, wholly and cor.ii)letely, con-
iarainating fluids; but, inasmuch as all fluids How to
I he lowest place, and rivers occupy the lowest jdace in
til water sheds, with the sea a.s their ultimate destina-
tion, it is obviously impossible to 'prevent the use of
rivers' for carrying oU', in some shape or other, the
fet'use liquid of the towns and lauds within their water
sheds. The Rivers Commission, seeing this insur-
iiiuuntable dilliculty, adopted the views of a previous
Commission 'for inquiring into the best mode of dis-
I rihuting the sewage of towns,' and recommended that
irrigation should be employed, as the best mode of
t'ssening the obnoxious character of refuse fluids before
il\ey arrive at their natural destination. They state
in their very admirable report, that 'all expedients for
idisposal of town sewage other than by application to
|la.nd, seem to us, on one ground or another, objection-
lablo. They declare that 'sewage water, if j)>7»wctZ orer
\(i sufficient area of Grass land, passes off* hri<iht,
\tasteless, and withont smell ' ; and add, ' that irrigation
\\ ill be found to be the mode of dealing with sewage
which results in the largest .amount of good to the land,
mud the smallest amount of harm to flowing water.'

"On these conclusions the country is now called
upon to act.

" Trrtf/ation as a means of purifying rivers. — There
is no doubt that of all processes of filtration, that by
irrigation is the most effective. It is, however, far from
I perfect process ; though it has advantages which
;(immend it to the attention of the country. All
ipersons admit that, whatever ingredients are extracted
ilrom sewage in its passage over or through the soil,
lllicy serve to iucrea.se the produce of the land, and
thereby to enrich the country. Moreover, it is as
i{.:onerally allowed that towns so disposing of the sewage
may fairly expect a return for this enriching refuse.
I5ut the desire to turn our waste sewage to profit should
itii/ lead us into the fallacy of believing that irrigation
i\ill render sewage pure enough to drink. It is on
I his point we ma'se the greatest mistake. If it be
iilmitted that rivers must continue to receive the
Irainage of lands irrigated with sewage, we mu.st admit
diat they will continue polluted, though in a mitigated
'orm — *'. p., with clarified sewage instead of simple
'ewage. It would appear to bo acknowledged by the
Jest chemists, that when once the soluble organic
natters and gases of sewage become diffused through
I volume of water, it is practically as difficult to extract
.hem as it would be to recover the fumes of a dung
iea,p as they rise and pervade the air above our heads,
.rrigation certainly fails to do it, and can only be
•ogarded as a better means of clarifying sewage than
iUration through an artificial porous bed in which vege-
ation takes no part. If this be true, the corapa't
iitered into between the Committee of the Housi of

" Tlie teiuis here used would imply tliat it is only necess.iry
mn sewage over land, and th.'xt the Uominissioners do not
onsider natural or artifiei.^1 undcr-dr.aiii.age essential. Tliis
ppcurs to be erroneous, and likely to defeat the objeet in
iew, for surface vegetation, tbongh it acts as an upturned
'lush to aiTcst a large part of tbe solid, with power to appro-
■riato II part of the soluble matter, is not so effective as a bed
f tlrained soil with a growth of vegetation upon it, throngli
diieli the sewage ctm percolate. In such case the whole of
le solid .and a larger proportion of the soluble matter will be
ikeu up and retained. Indeed, without nndcr-draiiiage,
ttural or artificial, irrigation cannot be fully successful."

Connnons last Session, on the one part, and tlio Water
('"iiipanics of the mefropolis on the other, can only
sorvr 111 jifrpotuatc a niitigalcd.cvil, so long as Oxford,
.Miiiigdon, llraditig, Windsor, ami other river-side
towns di.scliai-gc llirir scnagi', or the drainage nl' Mirir
irrigated lands, into tliii Thames. To excuse tlic mix-
ture of sewage, al'tiM- it has done service in irrigation,
with river water, anil ll'.o supply of such diluted
•sovvago as water for domestic purposes, wo arc obliged
to rest upon the theory of oxydalion, which is very far
from satisfactorv."

'I'll prove this. Sir "H. Brodio, Dr. Voelcker, Dr.
lyi'theby, Dr. Odling, and Dr. I'liller arc quoted. And,
with the exception of Dr. Letheby, they are iiorfectly
clear as to the impn.ssibilily of getting rid of the
organic matters wii.h whiidi sewage fouls water by any
liriircss of irrigation. Dr. Lctheby says, indeed, "tliat
ordinary sewage can bo so dealt with as to bo rendered
perfectly inert, that tho How of such defcccated sewage
into rivers is altogether harmless," and " that when it is
mixed with not less than 20 times its volume of good
water in a river, and has had a run of eight or ten miles,
it is not merely harmless, but is actually destroyed, and
the water is lit for domestic use."

Jlr. Denton, however, declares that his opinion docs
but " serve to give even greater force to the main eon-
elusion— that no process can render sewage available
for drinking purposes— lor if it be granted that by very
copious dilution sewajjo may be rendered havmle.ss, it
must be implied that, failing the requisite amount of
dilution, the reverse is the case."

We imagine that the difference between Dr. Letheby
and, for example, Dr. Odling, is that of two men, one
ofwhom is speaking of practically sullicient.audthcother
of absolute and abstract truth. We imagine that the
whole thing must be taken as one of degree, and that
liure water is unknown except in the laboratory of tho
chemist. Those very rills which are to be collected
under Mr. Denton's plan, will wa.sh out many a village
before they reach Mr. Denton's great upland reservoir
for London, andclarihed sewage will, wefear, come into
London in any case, except when the water comes direct
from the clouds— except also, shall we say, when it
comes direct from the bill top, as it so nearly will from
I'linlinnnon or Helvellyn, as Mr. Bateman and Mr.
Ilemans respectively recommend.

Farm Memoranda.

EK.vnroKD Abbvs, SiiEUiiOK.xi;.- Professor Buck-
man's farm, at Bradford Abbas, is for the most part
situate on a geological formation, upon which there has
been considerable discussion amongst some of the
leading geologists. At the top of the upper lias, and
having superimposed tho freestones of the inferior
oolite, is a bed of sand in Gloucestershire, about CO feet
in thickness, iu Dorset more than double that. This,
it is contended by some, should be considered a; part
of the upper lias, while others place it as part of the
inferior oolite rock. The Professor, then,,can occupy
himself iu cultivating even more intimate acquaintance
^vith this thick deposit while ho is cultivating his
crops. The farm, as we have said, is mostly situ.ate on
these sand deposits, on which the soil is a sandy loam.
There are, however, occasional patches of inferior
oolite, and here the land is a stonebr;tsh=— '' stonerash "
of the district. The whole land, though not visited by
the Hint drift, is strewn with flint cores, chippings of
flints (flint flakes), flint implements— such as celts,
arrowheads, scraping implements — <jratoir o! the
IVench— and knives and tools of various kinds, of
which the Professor in his farming has gradually
collected a most interesting series, which he has
laid before the members of the Archocological Insti-
tute. This earlier occupation has been succeeded
by that of the Roman conqueror, as remains of that
date have likewise been obtained from different places
on the farm, and inquiries upon these matters are
still progressing. In reference to the farming, we
would say that i» has been marvellously altered lor so
short a time as three years ; Couch, Thistles, and
weeds of all descriptions— which, certainly, wdicn the
Professor entered on the farm,Jscemed daily to rise up,
as if in revenge for his having written so much about
them— are rapidly diminishing. Each year about
50 acres are cultivated by steam a foot deep, and the
so-called Clover-sick soil yields fluo Clover crops. The
Barleys are remarkable for quality, and in the late
awkward season were all harvested before the bad
weather, a result obtaiued by thinner seeding, aud
sowing as early as possible. It woiUd appear that on
this farm every crop becomes, as it were, the subject of
experiment, inasmuch as each field is cultivated
according to its condition and circumstances. The
time of sowing, the quantity of the seed sown, and the
results are all noted in a book ; aud so, in 18155, the
difl'erent flelds cropped with Barley were ascertained
to give the following results, the observation of which
was of signal service in arranging the crops for the
following year :—

liicsuLTS OF Barley Chop for 18G5.

No. of
Field.

When
Sown.

i

o
d

When
Harvested

2 ^'

§'l

3 a

Remarks.

?.

An

Xo. C

Mavchlfi

X\

August 4

m 0

Mtor Whe.at.

,, fi

„ 2(!

22

., 12

40

30 0

After Swedes
.and Mtingels.

Sec. i

^Vpvi. .

12

„ 25

:j3

.M fl

After Turnips.

„ 12

l(i

„ 2(i

2S

32 0

After Swedes.

;!

„ i:i

1.1

Sept. 12

32 0

After ditto.

., '1

May 2

i

Oct. 12

22

3IJ 0

After ditto.

Now, these experiments seem to show th.at the crons
were good in quality and quantity, and consequently

fetched a belter price in proportion to their early
.sowing; and it should be here olwrvcd that as tho
Mangels an<l Swedes in No. T, were sown in altermilo
ridges <if eight rows each, and tlie .Uangel taken off tho
soil, the liarlcy was not so giioil on the Mangel ridges.
Hurt was the (,'lover whicli followed, but from all
having been well treated with farm-yard dung and
Proctor's root manure, both liiudey and Clover were
good cfiips, 'I'he resulls of the Barley cropri for this
year are expected to tell a like tale, only that thoy are
better in quality and quantity, and none was sown as
late as May. As regards roots, smne notion may bo
fonncil of their cidtivation when tho crop of Mangels
for l-StJ."! was estimated as just under .5fi tons per acre;
and a handsome silver cup was awarded, tho follow-
ing inscrij>tion njion which will tell its own tale —
"Presented to Professor James liuekman by Messrs.
II. & T. Proctor, of Pristol, as a prize for the best
crop of Swedes grown iu tho district by the use
of their artificial miuiure. Sherborno Agricultural
Society, l.'i55. The crop of many acres was estimated
at IU tons per acre." Tho cup is of novel design,
having been modelled from a well-grown Swede,
the loaves of which form a handsome lid. We are
informed that two of these were made, one for tho Duke
of Beaufort, who gained tho prize for Swedes on a farm
in his own hands, aud the one just mentioned. During
the present year, \iHW, in addition to a continuance of
such observations on ordinary crops, the Professor has
made trials of as many as 20 sorts of Potatos, consisting
chiefly of varieties from Paterson of Dundee, aud tho
Messrs. Sutton of Reading. Specimens of the whole
of these were exhibited at the Cottage Garden Show
which the Professor has established in his village, at
which were exhibited as many as 100 dishes of this
esculent, and fine vegetables, flowers and fruits, prin-
cipally from the gardens of tho smaller tradesmen and
the farm labourers, solely of the parish of Bradford.
The Table ol^ the yield, qutdity, aud other matters con-
nected with these has not yet been fidly made out, but
when it is we may look for some interesting details.
The only other crop of ISiJO that we can stop to parti-
cularise is that of a few acres of Cabbages. These
consisted of the following; — 1. Drumhead Cabbages;
2. Ox-heart Cabbages ; 3. Buckman's Purple Winter
Greens ; 4. Thousaud-hcadnil Cabhnge. These were all
drilled in land prepared as for Swedes on the 20th April,
and afterwards hoed antl thiiuicd as for Swedes, and
subsequently earthed up with the double mould-board
plough ; they liave thus yielded an enormous quantity
of keep, and we think more nutrition than an equal
breadth of Mangels, Swedes, or Rape, and have been iu
use ever since August. Buckman's Purple Winter
Green is remarkable for being one of the many sorts of
Cabbage, Green, Broccoli, and the like, obtained by
cultivation from the seed of the Wild Cabbage, gathered
some years since by this experimenter from the rocks
at Llandudno in North Wales. We are told it will
bear any kind of weather ; but we must look to the
comnletion of this experiment for further information.
Its yield is greater than that of the Thousand-headed
Cabbage, which so long was a favourite of the Ven.
Archdeacon Huxtable. It would be impossible to
review all the work done on a farm like this, but it may
easily be understood that where every step is dictated
by scientific reasoning, under the constant supervision
of one who religiously obeys Captain Cuttle's injunc-
tion—"When found, make a note of" — advance can
hardly fail to be made. W. W. F., in Tlie Farmer.

Miscellaneo'QS.

Hon) to Forecast the Weather. — The following were
among the maxims of the Meteorological Department
in determining their forecasts. They are selected and
rearranged from the digest made by the committee
and appended to their report. It is to be hoped that
meteorologists will both amend and add to this
imperfect list, on which the committee remark : —
" Some of these maxims rank among tbe long-esta-
blished truths of meteorological science, while others
are clearly open to considerable doubt." I. Atmo-
spheric or air currents. — In the Latitude of tho British
Isles, and of North AVcstern Ilurope generally, there
are two, aud only two rsM'iilially difl'erent atmospherio
currents — one S.W., running I'rom the equator towards
the pole, and the other N.E. ; running from the pole to
the equator. The characteristics of the S.W. current
lie not only in its general direction, but in its quality ;
for it is light, warm, aud moist. In other words, its
presence is shown by a low b.aromoter, by a high
thermometer, and by a small difl'erence between the
wet and dry bulb thermometers. The characteristics
of the N.E. current, in a similar way, lie not only in its
general direction, but also in its quality, for it is heavy,
cold, and dry. In other words, its presence is shown by
a .high barometer, by a low thermometer, and by a
large difl'erence between the wet and dry bulb
thermometers. The weather in this country
depends almost wholly on the conflict, combination,
alternate preponderance, or alternate succession, of
portions of these opposite currents. Not only is the
actual presence of either current shown by its corre-
sponding instrumental tests, but an approaching
change from one current to the other is forelold by the
instruments beginning to change their indications.
(Hence, as changes of weather must necessarily com-
mence at some places earlier than at others, there is
great advantage in receiving by telegraph information
of the state of the weather, and of the instruments at
many stations.) When S.W. aud N.E. currents alter-
nately prevail, the wind blowing over any station has
a strong tentlency to " veer," and not to" back." 'That
is to say, the general order o( the changes isN.E.S.W .N.,
aud not X.W'.S.E.N. 11. Weather Changes- Gradi.ial
changes of weather are shown by a gradual rise or fall
of the barometer ; for iusfcaDce, at the rate of one-
liuudredth of an inch in an hour. Great difi'ereuces of

116

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Febettaet 2, 1867.

temperature at the same, or adjacent places, are fol-
lowed by changes of weather. Rapid changes of all
kinds commonly presage violent atmospheric commo-
tion. The result of all rapid changes in the weather,
or in any of the instrumental indications, is brief in
duration ; whilst that of a gradual change is
more durable. III. Direction and Force of Wind.
The wind usually blows from a region where the
barometer is high to one where the barometer is low.
The force of the wind is usually proportionate to the
differences of barometric pressure at adjacent places.
In other "words, the greater the barometric tension
the stronger the wind. Strong winds are far more
steady in duration than light or moderate winds. IV.
Gales or Storms.— Great storms are frequently pre-
ceded by excessive meteorological disturbance^ as by
heavy falls of rain or snow, by much lightnmg, by
unusual cold, or excessive heat. Sea disturbance often
precedes gales. Great storms are usually shown ^hy a
fall of the barometer exceeding one inch in 24 hours,
or by a fall of nearly one-tenth of an inch in an hour.
The barometer frequently continues high during a
N.E. storm, but there is a fall of the ihennometer.
Most of our violent storms travel bodily in a N.E.
direction. Y. Calms. — Calms may be due to either of
three different states of weather — 1, the appulse of
winds coming together from opposite quarters ; 2, the
divergence of winds going towards opposite quariJers ;
3, the centre of cyclonic storms. The barometer rises
in 1, and sinks in 2. It is extremely low in 3. When
the S.W. and N.E. currents intermingle, water is
precipitated in the form of cioud, rain, or snow.

Madder. — Cultivated in the north of France in the
beginning of the first dynasty, introduced into Alsace
under Charles XV., imported a century since into
Comtat-Venaissen by the Armenian, Althen, Madder
has become rapidly an article of very extensive cultiva-
tion in the department of Vaucluse. Beyond these
two principal centres of French production, scattered
fields of madder which are found in other departments
are only of an experimental character, excepting in
Auvergne. The production of Madder in France
already exceeds the wants of consumption. The prin-
cipal use is for dyeing cloth for trousers for the army.
The annual produce of the department of Vaucluse in
Madder-root is not less than 20 millions of kilo-
grammes, which, powdered, and reckoned at 31 fr. to
32 fr. the 50 kilogrammes, amounts to 13 millions of
francs for the total production. In the hands of small
proprietors the plant gives astonishing returns. JVotre
Fays.

Calendar of Operations.

Febru.iey.— .Spci'nff Wheat should he sown this
month.

Beans are to be sown early in February. Manure
either in drills or broadcast, if not done in autumn.
The land is to receive either a light ploughing, if
manured broadcast, or a scarifying if it ha.s to be drilled
up to receive the manure ; and the seed, from S to
10 pecks per acre, may be placed in the ground, either
on the manure in the furrows, and covered by splitting
the intervening drills, or by sowing in every third
furrow of the plough ; or by the Suffolk drill in rows
18 to 24 inches apart ; or by hand cultivation, and then
it may either be hoed in or dibbled. Dibbling is
common in the south of England, and costs from 6s. to
8s. per acre. A very good method is to drill thinly in
"double rows"— J. e., at alternate distances of 8 and
24 inches— which allows room for horse-hoeing, the
double rows being cleaned by the hand-hoe.

Feas may be sown on the lighter soils. Use the
common Suffolk drill, the coulter levers being well
weighted, in order that the seed shall be deposited at a
sufficient depth. Sow in rows 12 to 18 inches apart —
3 bushels per acre. After sowing, the water furrows
are to be cleared out.

Oats may be sowa in rows 9 inches apart— 10 to
12 pecks per aci-e on ploughed Clover stubbles of the
past year (which, however, in England, are more gene-
rally sown with Wheat), or on land that has liorne any
other green crop, that was ploughed in autumn, and
has been well harrowed since winter. In exposed
situations the sowing of Oats should be deferred tiU
the end of March ; and in Scotland generally they
recommend upwards of 4 bushels to be sown per acre
broadcast. Ton may sow a bushel farther south by
drilling.

Clover, Grafs, Cai-rot seeds. Mangel Wurzel, and
Turnip seeds of all the required kinds, must now be
procured. Purchase 12 lb. per acre of Clover seeds, and
1 bushel per acre of Grass seed for use with the Clover ;
3 bushels per acre of Italian Eye-grass, if for use alone;
5, 7, and 3 lb. per acre respectively of Carrot, Mangel
Wurzel, and Turnip seed, for the extent of land on
which you grow each.

Manures should be purchased: guano and other
imported fertilisers, superphosphate and other manu-
factured manures which it may be intended to try.

Notices to Correspondents.

Grasses for Austb.\lia ; II. We are uaable to answer your
question. Some returned colonist m.iy, however, see this and
inform you through our columns what the proper sorts of
Grasses are for permanent pastures in Australia. Uut it is
most likely that Colonial seedsmen are awake to the wants
of their customers. And it is generally better policy to
trust to local tradesmen in the case of old established
colonies than to take with you what you think you shall
want.

Herd-Book: R. Urown. Apply to Mr. H. Str.^ffurd, the editor
of the "Herd-Book," 13, Kuston Square

Tares : E. C. They are, we believe, generally foimd too heat-
ing for use, except as a small .admixture with other food.
Perhaps some of our coiTespondents will tell you how they
have found them answer as food for fattening stock.

Erratuji : For "this," on p. 83, col. c, line 2 from the top,
read "hie."

THE PEINCE PEA

(STUART & MEIN'S).

IT is with niucli pleasure that S. & M. again ofi'er this
NE"W" PEA, being confident it will prove the best
Wrinkled MaiTow in cultivation. It gave general satis-
faction last season. The Pea was sent to the Gardens of
the Eoyal Horticultural Society, Chiswick, for trial,
under the name of the "Prince of Wales" ; but as there is
another variety in cultivation under this designation,
thev have thought it better to change the name to THE
PRINCE. Height, 3i feet.

COPIES OF A FEW TESTIMONIALS.

^roniTnE Hoval Horticcltcral Society, Cliiswick.

" Tour Prince of Wales Pea has been grown hero for the last two
seasons, alongside of near);; all the existing varieties. We believe
the Prince of W.iles to bo distinct and an acquisition, likewise being
dwarf, very productive, of good colour, sweet, and, notwithstanding
the summer drougi-it, better than most varieties. We also grew
another Prince ot Wales, received from one of the London houses,
ditferent from yours — the height, colour, and general appearance
precisely the same, but several days latLT, not so prolific, and
altogether an inferior variety."
F7-om jReport on Varieties of Garden Peas Grown at Stoke

NeiuingCon, hy Shirley Hibberd, Esq., — stc "Gardeniirs'

Magazine " (where the Pea is figured), 1st Sejtt., ISCG.

" A. remarkably fine Pea. It is of robu-st though dwarf habit,
much branching. The pods are produced mostly m pairs ; they are
long and narrow, contractmg suddenly at the neck, with a high
shoulder, the back wrmkled, the beak small and straight. Though
the Pea made no second gi'owth, it carried many immature pods on
the date it was destroyed, so that, in a more rainy summer than
1806, it would probably last in bearing a considerable time. Height.
31 feet. Sown, March 28 ; in bloom, June 2C; first gathering, July
30 ; period, 115 days ; destroyed, August 25 ; in bearing, 2G days."
From on Article on Vegetables in the. " Floriat and Pomologist.'

" To Mr. Tillery's list of Peas let me add The Prince, a v iriety sent
out by Messrs. Stdart & Mein, of Kelso. It is a very robust-growing
variety with a good branching habit, grows about 3^ feet high, is a
prolific bearer, and has very fine pods well filled with Peas of a rich
flavour. It can well be termed a Marrow Pea for the main crop, as
the pods hang woll, and do not age so quickly as in the case of some
sorts. It is amore prolific bearer than Veitch's Perfection."
From Mr. Tuompson, Gardener, Preston Tower.

" 1 have this season prown your new Pea alongside of other lead-
ing varieties. I find The Prince a very superior sort, and a real
acquisition both as regJi-ds quantity and quality. It is very prolific,
and continues to give really green Peas for many successive gatherings.
The quality is at least equal to Veitch's Perfection, and I think I got
twice the quantity from the came space. I shall want a good supply
of The Prince for next season, as I sUall sowit for myipriucipal crops.
It is quite a relief to meet with a really good Pea now, when we are
flooded with so many comparatively worthless v.irieties. Princess
Royal, and others of that stamp, I do not intend to grow again, as
their produce might be gathered nearly all at once.'*

Prom Mr. Georce Scrymger, Sonning, near Beading.

" I beg to inform you that I tried The Prince Pea you sent me
alongside of Veitch's Perfection and M'Leim's Princess Royal, and
found it in evei-y respect equal to Veitch's Perfection in quality and
in time, nnd more productive than that firt-t-class vanety. The
Princess Royal I found an earlier variety. I may state that tho
trial was a fair one m every respect — sowing the .same quantity of
-seed in tho sfime length of drill, and measuring tho crop exactly,
your variety proving the heaviest cropper."

From Mr. Stevessox, Gardener to the llir;ht Hon. tho Earl o
Durham, Lambton Castle.

" Your Pea, The Prince, I consider very much superior to Veitch's
Perfection, having a more robust h'abit, a better produce, giving a
longer succession of pods, and the dry weather ive have had seems to
have very little effect on it. They were sown side by side, and '.nthe
E.arao day. Tlie Prmce has pods from six inches oti the ground, and
abundance of blossoms on ttie top. Veitch's Perfection has ceased
to grow or blossom."

From Mr. Williamson, Gardener to the Right Hon. Lord Minto,
Minto Castle.

"I have much pleasure in giving my testimony in favour of your
New Fea, The Prince. I sowed :t on the same day, and on the break
of ground with several other sorts, tor compauson with it. It is
more like Veitch's Perfection in its general char^icter th.in any of
the others I tried with it. but ii has several points in its favour over
that excellent variety, being more productive, better flavoured,
equally large, but continues longer in a condition fit for the table,
and better colour when cooked. I esteem it a first-class Pea m all
respects."

From Mr. Bowie, Gardenei' to the Right Hon. the Earl of TankemUe,
Cliillingham, Cantle.

" Iq order to test, as far and as fairly as I poseibly could, tho
propeities of The Prince Pea, I sowed at the same time (April Cth),
and on the same piece of ground, ten other varieties: those that
came neare.st to The Prince were Maclean's Prolific, Yorkshire Hero,
and Veitch's Perfection. It is, however, witli me quite distinct from
any of these, being fourteen days later in coming into bearing ; and
now ihat trie others are over, it is still blooming, and appears as if
it would continue in bearing for some time to come. I consider that,
as a late Pea, it is a great acquisition."

From. Mr. David.son, Gardiner, Haggerstonc Castle.

" I consider your New Pea, The Priilce, distinct from any other
sort I have grown, and a first-class dwarf Pea. I sowed it and
Veitch's Perfection on tho 12th March : they were fit to gather at
the same time, and about the same quantity on each. Again on the
8lh May I sowed both sorts. From that d;ite till tlio liSth July we
had no rain that would reach tho roots of the I?cas, In tliis case
your Pea produced a heavier crop than Veitch's Perfection did, and
at this time [1st September, 1800] it is now in full blossom, and has
every appearance of producing a good second crop should th«
weather prove favourable."

I''rom H. Marshall, Esq., Sands Souse, Durham.

" I grew three rows of Peas this season — viz,. The Prince, Veitch's
Perfection, and Yorkshire Hero — on the same square. Although all
of them did well, yet The Prince nearly doubled the others in quan-
tity of produce. It strikes me that The Prince resisted the drought
better than either of the others, as the row continued producing long
after hauJnis of the others wero in the decadence."

From Messrs. Morbisok & So>-, Elgin.

" We decidedly think it is the best Pea out of Its kind."

Price 3s. 6d. per quart.

The following; Firms have received supplies from S. & M.
Sons,

Messrs. James Teitch
Chelsea, London
„ Peter Robertson & Co.,

Edinburgh
„ Fraser, Goad, & Co., Bishops-
gate Street, London
„ Backhouse & Son, York
,, Dickson & Brown, Man-
chester
„ Caraway & Co., Bristol
„ Cutting & bons, London
„ Butler fflMcCulloch, London
,, J. & C. Lee, Hammersmith,

Lonaon
„ Cooper & Bolton, London
., Barr & Sugdcn, London
„ Bunyard is Son, Maidstone,

Kent
„ Fisher, Holmes, & Co., Shef-
field

Messrs. Rollisson & Son, Tooting,
London

„ Lucombe,Pince,& Co., Exeter
„ Morrison & Son, Elgin, N.B,
„ Paul & Son, Cheshunt
„ Hamilton ■£ Wright, Thorn-
ton Heath, London
„ Law, Sumner, & Co., Mel-
bourne
Mr. Fred. A. Haage, Jun.,
Erfurt, Prussia
„ Paul, Waltham Cross. K.
,. Cattell, Westerh.im, Kent
,, W. Diljistone, Munro Hur-

scrv, Sibie Hudingham
„ E. CioR'itnnd, Sheilleld
,, C. 11. Dickaon, M.anchestcr
„ T. Sibbald, Bishop Auckland
„ T. Muthven, Edinimrgh
„ Chattr, Safiron Walden

TJ T T 0 N

GUINEA COLLECTION

KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS

ONE WHOLE YEAR'S SUPPLY

is forwarded CaiTlage Free by Rail on receipt
of Fost-ofSce Order for Sis.

PRICED LISTS gratis and post free on
application.

feoTTOK & Sons,

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment,

Reading.

Sutton's Home-grown Seeds for Export

Carefully Pacred and Dllivereo Free to Snip's Side,

SUTTON AND SONS bes: to inform those who may
be about to send or take ^Seeds to the Colonies, that their
NEW GRASSES and other kinds of FARM and GARDEN SEEDS
are now ready for delivery, prices and particulars of which will be
forwarded on application. The following are among Testimonials
recently received as to the Superior Quality of their Seeds to those
usually' exported from this country, as well !is to the very efficient
manner in which their export packing is effected : —
From J. W. Soeppard, Esq., Secretary Azimgurh Public Gardens,

Azimgvrh, jff.W.P. India. March 28, 18G6.
" The Vegetable Seeds which you supplied last year turned out
well ; the quality of the vegetables was very good."

Fi'om Major J. Michael, Son. Sec. Government Farm, Madras,

April 14, 1866.
" You sent out some Seeds to my predecessor. Major Shaw Stewart,
which have given great satisfaction."

From Hdgu Romsat, Esq., Slianghae, Cliina, May 5, 18GG.

"The box of Seeds and Roots has arrived, and nothing has given

me greater pleasure for a long time than the excellence of these seeds,"

From Mr. Jas. Dale, Orange, New South Wales, Sqftember 20, 1866.

"I have the pleasure to inform you th.T.t your Seeds have given

great satisfaction, and I now send you a larger order,"

From Capt. M'Nair, Executive Engineer, Singapore, India,

ApHl 9, 1866.

" I duly received the cise of Seeds, and am much pleased with

your selection ; many of them I planted at once, and they have all

come up well."

From J. Richardson, Esq.. Otago, Dunedin, 2few Zealand,
November 15, 1865,
" The Grass Seeds which you sent; me some time since have
answered most fully,"

Prices and full particulars gi-atis and post ttee.
Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Sutton's Prize Cucumber Seeds,

STUART AND MEIN, NimsEHYMEN and Seedsmen.
Kelso, N.B.

SUTTON AND SONS can supplv SEED of all the best
kinds of CUCUMBERS, including feerkshiro Challenge, Berk-
shire Ciiampion, and manv others. Kor List and prices of which
see Messrs. SUTTON'S CATALOGUE for 1807, which will be for-
warded gratis .and post free on application,

Sdtton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Cucumher, Telegraph-

ROLLISSON'S VaKIETY has beni proved the best
Cucumber in cultivation for Winter or Spring use, especially for
growing in houses; au immense cropper, producing sixat ajoiut,
length 18 to 26 inches. In sealed packets, 2s. Gd. each. See merits
of " Winter Cucumbers," in Gardeners' Chronicle for Jan. 12, 1867.
William Rollissos & Sons, The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.

HENRY'S PKIZE HYBRID LEEK.— The Largest
variety in cultivation ; grows 10 inches in length of blanch,
and 105 inches in circumference. H.is carried off the First Prizes at
the leading Shows in England and Scotland.

Sold in Sealed Packets at Is. each by
DowxiE, Laird, & Laing, 17, Fredenck Street, Edinburgh, and
Stanstead Park, Forest Hill, London. S.E.

Nuneham Park Onion.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON have irreat gratification in
announcing that this SUPERB NEW ONION has in every
instance, where shown, obtained the first prizes, and numerous testi-
monials have been sent to them from various parts of the country,
confirming the opinion that it is the largest and heaviest cropper of
all Onions. It is also of exceedingly mild flavour, and keeps as long
as any variety extant. In Sealed Packets '^s. Gd. each.
Trade price on application.
Highgate Nurseries, London, N. ^^

/^ATTELL'S ECLIPSE BROCCOLI, per I oz. Packet,

y.J Is. Gd., post free.— The hardiest and latest White Broccoli in
Cultivation, Obtained the 1st Prize at the International Horticul-
tural Exhibition, South Kensington, Mav, 1866. The Jollowing
notice of the above is taken from the Gardeners' CT'ron/cZe, June 3,
1S65: — "The specimens of your Eclipse Broccoli were very fine ; the
heads largo and compact, the texture delicate, and tlic flavour
excellent ; these qualilles, together with tho late season at which it
comes iiiti.1 use between the ordinary late Broccoli and Cauliflower, and
its extreme hardiness, combine to make it a very useful variety."
See also Gardeners' CJironick, June S, 1866, page 640 :— "The beads
in question were good in coiour, tender, and excellent." This refers
to some fine heads sent to the Editor as late as the 5th of June.
Trade prices on application.
The following Firms have already had"a supply: —
Mcssre. J. &C.Lee,Hammersmith | Messrs. Hogg & Robertson,

.. Fisher Holmes &Co., Sheffield
„ J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea
„ J. iiackhouse &. Son, York
„ T. Kennedy&, Co., Dumfries
„ Barr & Sugden, 12, King

Street. Covent Garden
„ T, Banyard is, Sons, Maid-
stone
„ T. Bnnyard & Sons, Ashford
,, W. Drummoad &, Son, Stir-
ling
,, Lucombe, Pince&Co., E.xeter
„ E. G. Henderson &. Son.

St. John's Wood
„ T. Jackson & S. n, Kingston
„ Hurst &. Son, 6, Leadenhall

Street, London
,, J. Dieki-on & Sods. Chester
.. Stuart &, Mein, Kelso
„ Cooper & Bolton, 162, Fleet
Street, London
Sutton & Sons, Reading

22, Mary Street, Dublin
„ Fraser, Goad, & Ratlbrd,

82, Bishopsgato St., London
„ G, Gibbs k Co., 26, Down

Street, PiL-cadilly
„ Hamilton & Wright, Croydon
,, J. Garawav & Co , Bristol
Mr. Chas. Turner, Slough
,, R. Parker, Tooting
„ Wm. Paul, Waltham Cross
,. Wm. Barnes, Cambeiwell
,, Stephen Brown, Sudbury
,, James Ricketts, Deal
„ William Ditlistone. • Sible

Hedingham fThnmes

„ H. McMillan, Kingstoii-oa-
„ Tlios. Cripps,TonbridgeWt'l's
„ John Furquharson, Dundalk,

Ireland
„ F. Darby, R, Cirencester
„ John Scott, Yeovil
J. W. Mackay, Dublin

JOHN CATTELL'S CATALOGUE of SEEDS for tho KITCHEN
GARDEN, FLOWER GARDEN, and FARM, mav be had -hi

application,

Addres3, John Cattfll, Seed Grower, Westerham, Kent.

To tlie Trade-Contractors and Builders.

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND COMMON LAURELS,
fine bushy plants, from 3 to 7 feet high; gnod for Blinds,
particularly for newly laid-out Grounds and Buildings. These
juaurels are verv fine, and have not suffered from tlit- fmst.

Also S.dOO.UUd of Two-year SEEDLING ASH and CHESTNUTS,
ROSES, ana other varieties of Shrubs.
Abel Fairall, Nursery, Stanhope Nursery, Westerham Hill, Kent.

Pebkuabt 2, 1807.]

THE GAT!DKNERS' CnHONTCLE AND AGKICnT/fURAL GAZETTE.

117

M

E L 0 N S, Six of the Finest in Cultivatiou.

VWU V M \ V — SciU-Iot rtofihtqutclc In bewlng.antlvory productive.
MFRKlHTirs IlVllltll) CASltMERK—Ono ot'tbo vury best.
IlhXKFIKLIl IIVKUIl).— First-cbiRS ; gioen IIonIi.
hUl'KUB,— liit'L'ii iL'sh. This was raised from a crosn botwoon tho

Hvtirld Ciislimoro uml Uoechwood.
GOLDEN rEUFKt;TU)N.— IlaTidHuiiio, and voiy productive.
PRINCE of WALKS,— From tlio Ilvl.rld (J;ishmoro and Incompai"-

able A .splendid Melon ; lU-sh pink, beiiutlfiilly nottod, and

oao be grown from lour to eight pounds in woiglit ; skin thin ;

flavour, nono to oxcol it. .„ , ^ , , , , .,

The first live sorts will be sold at Is. per Packet of 12 socds ; tho
lattor at 2s, 0*/., sood scarce.

CUAUI.B8 SniLLiNo, lUll Nursoiy, Winchflcld, liants.

TO tho TRADE.— A quantity of tino STOOLS ;in»l
LAYEHSrifMUMlKKKIl'.-., 1,1 Ml.-^, M \i;\'"T.l \-^, I,1LA(\S.

utitk

Laburnmaa, ScarloL Tlioi
White RluKlodoiidnius.
and trained Victoria nnd
J. FuvEu's, Ciaiciuli

Niir-

, riiniberwell New Road, S.

Prices of Forest Trees at the Nurseries of
TOSKf II KOBSON and bON, Hank Foot, He.xham,
f} NorthuinhGrland.

Twice trail s])! lint od LARCH. I.""! to 1.-^ iiielios, "i. per inoo
Two-years" transplanted LARCH. 1^ to 2 feet, S.s-. per 1000
Foar-yoiirs-old and twice transplanted LARCH, 'J to 2i foot,

0.*. per lono
Three years transplanted LARCH, ;! to 4 feet. Ki.s-. per 1000
200,001) two years native SCOTCH SEt:ULlNU FIRS, at 2s. per 1000
Terms Cash. Samples on application.

Guaranteed of the Finest Quality.

CIIAUT.KS NOIILK oHbrs the followin- HALF-
MILLION PLANTS to the notice of purchasers. Th(.'y must
be cloiired liv April ti make room forother stocks. Prices, un appli-
cdtion, will bo tound lower than ever before offered for the s;iine

mooo'l-yr. SI'ANISTI CHESTNUTS, fine.
■20,000 1-yr. TURIvKV OAKS, fine.
ISO.OOO l-yr. THolvNS. iiui-.

fiO<H) 2-yr. llF,ltltKi;is .rAPONlOA.
60.00U MANKTTl sToCKS, verv fine.
•J0.01IO DKI'TZIA CKKN ATA FLORE PLENO.
16,000 ERll'A HKKHAri-;.\.
10,000 SFllllCK FIKS, U f,o :? feet.
a.WlO ARUNOO CUNSL'ICUA.
3,000 PIOEA NOKDMANNIANA, IJ to 3 feet.
10,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, IS to 20 inches, and as far

through.
20,000 finest named RHODODENDRON'.S.
10,000 HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSkS.tlie finest kinds known, and

supposed to bo tho finest plants in the trade.
1,.100 DWARF MAIDEN PEACHES and NECTARINES,
particularly fine and woll-yrown.
600 GRAPE VINES, Hamburgh and other kinds, from Eyes,
ripe, close-jointed wood ; very line indeed.
Special quotations for lurgc quantities.
i TRADE (ind RETAIL CATALOGUES ftee on application,
-r Bagshot, February 2.

Huntingdon Nurseries.

WOOD .vNJi INGRAM oIIIt llie folh.wing'at extremely
nioderate rates, acceidinj; to tho qu Uitity taken :—
ASH, 'J-vr. SceiiliiiK, and in Drills, li to 2 feet
BLACkTIloUN, l-vr.,flu6

CHEsTXlT. 11' 'USE, 1-vr., and C to S feet, transplanted
ELMS, NAinioW-LEAVED ENGLISH, 2 and 3-yr. Seedling and

transplanted, li to 2 icet
FIR SPRUCE, 1 to U. ^ to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet
FIR, WHITE and BLACK AMERICAN, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to Tp, and

6 to G feet
FIR, BALM of GILEAD. U to 2, and 2 to 3 feet
FIR. WEYMOUTH PINE. 2 to 2i, 4 to 5, and 5 to G feet
HAZEL, li to 2, and 2 to 2i feet
GOKSE, l-yr. Seedling
HOLLY, 3-vr. bedded, transplanted, 6 to 9 inches, 0 to 12 inche-s,

1 to li. 14 to 2. and 2 to 2* feet

HOLLY, VARIEGATED, 6 to 9, and 9 to 12 inches

MAPLF:, COMMON, li to 2 and 2 to 2» feet

MAPLE, COMMON, l-yr. Seedling, extra fine

JUNIPERS, 2ito3, 3to3i, 3ito4,&4to5ft. ; extra fme, and bushy

OAKS, 2-yr. Seedling, and drills, 2 to 3 and 3 to 4 feet

OAKS, TURKEY, 2-vr. Seedlincc, fme

POPLAR, BLACK ITALIAN, 2to.3, 3to4, StoC. Cto7, & S tolOft.

POPLAR, ONTARIO or AMERICAN, 2 to 3 and 12 to 1(J feet

WHITE THORN QUICK, 3-yr. Seedling

ARBORVIT.E. AMERICAN, li to 3i feet

ARBORVIT.*: LOBBII. extra fine specimens, 3 to 7 feet

arborvitji:, Siberian, 1 to it, u to 2, 2 to 24, and 3 feet

AUCUBA JAPONICA, extra fine hardy specimens, 1 to 1^, Ij to 2,

2 to 2* and 3 feet

BEECH,'PURPLE and COPPER, 5 to 6, and 6 to 8 feet
BERBERIS DU LCIS, 1 to 2, and 3 to 4 feet
BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM. 1 to li, li to 2, and 2 to 2i feet
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, very fine, 3 to 4. and 4 to 5 feet
CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA, potted, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet
LAUREL, COMMON, Ito 1} and 2 feet
LAUREL, PORTUGAL, very fine, 1 to 4 feet
PLANE, ORIENTAL. 2 to 3, 4. and 5 feet ; extra, 0 to 10 feet
PLANE. OCCIDENTAL, 3 to 4, .■> to (i. 0 to 7, and S to 0 feet
YUCCA RECURVA, fine specimens, U to 24 feet
ROBINIA INERMIS, fine Standards, 0 to 7 feet stems
WILLOW, WEEPING, 0 to 7 feet, and fine Standards.

N.B. CATALOGUES sent free on application.

pOCOA-NUT REFUSE

^-^ is becoming scarce, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now BOld in bags, 1 for 23,, 10 for
ICs., 2 for 30s., 60 for 66s., 100
for £6.

Fourpenca allowed for each
bag returned carriage -paid.

A Railway Truck-load {not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-offlca
Order, payable to J. B.^rsham 4
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W

SELECTED SILVER SAND, PEAT SOIL, LOAM,
Sandstone, Garden Pots, Vases, Tazzas. Figures, Gravel, Garden
Implements, and Materials of all kinds for Sale in any quantities.
By Railway, CauLil, and Ship to all parts of the United Kingdom,
W. SuoRT, Horticuitm-al Depot, Reigate, Sun'oy.

VINERIES and ORCHARDS.
GREAT VALUE of "APHIS WASH."

"At the first opportunity paint the trees with a solution of
'Aphis Wash,' prepared at the City Soap Works ; it not only
destroys the brown aphis which Infests Peach trees, but also scale,
and every other pest capable of lodging in the bark," — Extract trom
Gardeners' Magazine, Januaiy 5, I8G7.

"For strengthening the growth and effectually destroying all
forms of blight, the 'Aphis Wash' supersedes every other prepara-
tion."—Soo Gardeners' Chronicle, August li>, 1605 ; and Gariiena-a"
Magasine, July 1, 1865.

Sold by Chemists and others, in Is. bottles, and 2s. Gd. a gallon,
with full directions lor use.

Wholesale at the City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.G.

HOiiSO'jr S~STYl'Ti(J" prev7nts~thu" lilJfdrng~of
Vines after Pruning or Grafting, the Damping of Geraniums
and other Cuttings alter thev are putted ; and it has been used
successlnlly in Graiting Fmit Trees of ail descriptit na.

Manufactured and sold Wholesale by Jonu Yodno it Son, Dalkeith,
N.B., and may be had of ajl Nurserymen and Seedsmen in bottles bc
38. each, with directions for use. None is genuine without the
signature of Wsi. Thomson.

/^ I S II U R S T
VT COMPOUND, whether
UHod against Insectn and
Mildow, on Growing Plants, or
as Winter DroMRlny on Trees at
rest, should bu dissolved 48
liourH before use. This gets rid
of nmull, and If tho Solution bo
decanted, prevents any staining
ol foliage. A htrennth of from
1 to 2 on. to tho gallon of water
Ih ruconmiondod for growing
Planta; one from 4 to 10 oz. for
Trees at rest.

Sold Retail by Nurserymen
and Seedsmen, In boxct, 1«.,
3s., and 10a-. OU. each.

Red

Spider

Magni-
fied.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(LlMlTKn).

APPLEBY'S GENUINE TOBACCO PAPEE,

xA, in 2 lb, and 4 lb. packets,

For Testimonials ste Gardeners' Chronicle, Dec. 16, 18(!0, p. 1187.

Price on application to Henry Appi-kbv, Foreman to Messrs. Ivory
& Son, Dorkmg, Surrey.

Fumigate your Greenhouse witti

TOBACCO TISSUE.

—"Will Destroy all tho lustcts and not Injure the Plants; is
entirely free from p^per or rag, and will burn without blowing.

Price 3n. Gil. per lb,, carriage free. To bo had of Messrs. Roiikrts
& Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers, 54, St, John Street, Clerkenwell,
E.G., and of all Seedsmenand Nurserjmon

LAWES* MANURES.

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawks for the present
season of 1866 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
tollowing prices, per ton : —
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE, and BONE £ s. tl.

SUPERPHtiSPIIATK of LIME 0 0 0

LAWES' SUI'KlU'HosPHATK of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINKRAL riKisrHATES 6 5 0

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRA.SS MANURE.. . . 12 0 0

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Agents In all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying according to cost 01 carriage.

Genuine I'eruvian Guano direct from tho Importers. Nitrate ol
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cakes at market pilces.

Address, John Uennet Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.G. ; and 22, Eden Quay, Dublin.

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(ESTARLISHKD 18(0).

Have now readv for delivery in dry fine condition,
CilRN MANURE, lor Spring Uso
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lauds
SUPERPIlOSeHATESofLIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY
SALT, &c. 'E, Pdbseh, Secretirj.

Offices, 116, Fenchurch Street. E.G.

To those who have a Garden.

THE BOUTIN MANURE will be found most
invaluable for Kitchen and Flower Gardens, Conservatorios.'&c.
It stimulates the healthy action and rapid growth of Plants, and
increases their products. It also destroys American Blight, and
Rootand Leaf lusectsof every description. It has no offensive o'lour.
Sold in bottles, Is. M.,2s. Od,, and 4.f. 6d. each, with full instructions.
Sold Wholesale in Casks by the Company, 117 & 118, Leadenhall
Street, E.G.

Agents in London :—
Messrs. Hurst & Son, Seedsmen, &c., 0, Leadenhall Street, E.C,
„ Carter & Co., Seedsmen, iSc, 237, 238, and 201, High Holborn, W.C.
„ Flannagan k Son, Seedsmen, &c., OS, Cheapaide, E.C.
,, Barclay & Son. 95, Farringdon Street, E.C,
„ Smith & Co., Seedsmen, &c.. Floral Hall, Kingsl.and, N.E.
,, Dixon & Co., Seedsmen, 48, Moorgate Street, E.G.
Mr. J, Brigden, Seedsman. Ac, London Bridge Station, and King

William Street, E.C.
,, B. S. Williams, Paradise Nursery, Highgate nui, N.
„ R. Wood, Nurseryman. Haverstock Hill, N.W.
„ F. Bax, Corn and Seed Merchant, Bishot'Sgate Street Without, E.C.
,, J. Mubket, Seedsman, ic, 90, High Street, Clapham, S.

To Farmers, Hop Growers, Manure Merchants,
and Others.

TO BE DISPOSED OF, about 200 Tons of REFUSE
ANIMAL MATTER, suitable for Hops, Grain, Grass, &c., in
one or more lots, at a low price for cash. Full particulars to be had of
Mr. NiCRERsos, Auctioneer, &c., 4, Copthall Buildings, Bank, E.C.

HAW'S TIFFANY.

For samples and prices apply to
J. Shaw & Co., 29, Oxford Street, Manchester.

Caution to Gardeners.— When you ask for

SAYNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Savnor, also the corporate mark Obtaz.n
Warranted, without which none are genuine.

S. & C. regret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knl7es which were not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. k C.'s Pruning and Budding Knives are the oest and the
cheapest in the market.

Paxton Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 125 years.

TANNED GARDEN NETTING for preservinf? Seed
IJods, Fruits, StrawberrioH, Irom Frost. BUglit. Birds, Sc, and
as a Fonco for Fowls, &e. 1 yard wide, \\d. ; 2 yardri, 3d. : 3 yards,
44ti. ; and 4 yards. Oi/. per yard run In any quinttty, may bo hod at
CiiAh. WuioiiT B, 370, Strand, W C,
VARNISHED FLOWER STICKS :— 1 foot, 3.^ ; IJ, \d. ; 2, fid. (
2i, Id. ; 3, 10(/. : 4, 1*. 0(/. per dozen. DAHLIA do., pordozon :— Sft.,
Ij- fld. ; 4, 2s. 3rf, ; 6, '.in. ; 0, Zs. Oi/. An allowance to NurHerymoo.

OHN WARNER and SONS,

8, Crescent, Crlpplogato, London, E.G.,
BELL and BRASS FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTY.

No. 35.

£ «. iX.

PATENT CA.yT-IRON
PUMP, fitted with J. W. & Sons'
Metal Bucket and Valve, which
cannot clog in action, for Wells
not exceeding 25 feet.
Diam. Height.

2\ in. short , . 1 11. 7 in

3ft. Sin. ..

3 ft. G in. . .

3 It. 0 In. . .

3 ft. Oin. ..

21 in. short, with 15 feet

of lead pipe attached,

ready for Oxing ..2 0

2 in, long, do. do 2 14

IMPROVED LIQUID
MANURE or GENERAL
PORTABLE P U M P.— These
Pumps aro fitted with J. W. &
Sons' Patent Bucket and Valve
and cannot clog in action. The
Barrel is made of Galvanised
Iron, not likely to corrode, and
can bo raised or lowered at plea-
sure on the stand, the legs of
which fold together, and it raa^
be carried with ease by oue man
to tank or pond.

Piice of 44-inch Liquid Manure Pump, with legs, £2 15s, j 2<inch
Flexible Rubber and Canvas Suction Pipe, 2a. bd, per foot. The
Barrel Is 27* inches long, and the legs are 5 feet high.

2} in. long
3 in. long
Z\ in. long
' in. long

I 14

WARNERS' PORTABLE FIRE or GARDEN ENGINE.

No. bG&\.

For use by one Person price £2 2s.

No. 547H, ditto ditto, on Wheels „ £2 10s.

The above are complete in themselves, and may bo always kept
filled with water, and ready for use.

Letter to The Times, July 23, ISGG./rom Earl Essex.

A Real Fire Extinqdisher,

To the Editor of Tho Times.

" Sir, — I feel sure you will kindly allot a small soace in the Times
to these few lines, as the best medium through which I would urge
every householder who dreads fire to have on each floor of his house
one or more small Garden or other Engines on wheels, always charged
and in good order, in case of fire.

"Last night,.iust as I was going to bed, I was startled by that most
fearful of all cries, ' F^ire, fire ! ' 1 soon learned that s fire was raging
in a lar^e two-windowed unoccupied bedroom. How caused is to ua
all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small
Engines on each floor. In two minutas I was in the room with one
of them. It was like a funiace. The curtains, shutters, casements,
and cornices of both windows were bm'ning and cracking from fioor
to ceiling, I was quite alone at the moment, yet before assistance
arrived (most of the servants having gone to bed), I had completely
subdued the fire of one window without exhausting tho Engine, and
when assistance amiimore water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other,

" So fierce was the fire that the lead of tho casements was melted,
and the casements themselves were burnt off their hinges.

" I will only adu, that by God's mercy, the house was saved by this
small Engine. Had it not been at hand and in order, most assuredly
Cassiobury would be now a heap of ruins.— Youi's faithfully,

"Ca'ssiobury, Watford, July 20. "Essex.

"The Engine, even when full, runs so light on the floor, that any
woman might draw it. and also work it,"

LOCK'S PATENT POTASH MANURES.

This is the only '•^ perJccV MANURE ever yet offered to the Agricultural Public,
containing, as it does, that most important element of everj- cultivated plant — Potash.
It is far superior in efficiency to Peruvian or any other Guano, as it supplies every
constituent requisite fvr each Special Crop.

Each Manure is specially prepared for the Crop for which it is intended, and is
sold iu Bags containing the necessary Dressing for One Acre.

The WHEAT, BARLEY, and OAT MANURE will effectually prevent the
LODGING of the Corn, so frequent on lands deficient in Silica.

Tho CLOVER MANURE is a cert.vin' cure for Clovtir sickness, so prevalent in some Counties.
The GRASS MANURE contains an abundance of Silicate of Potash, which is by far the predominating
element in all Gr.\sses, and wbicli has never before been ottered lor Sale by any Manufacturer.

For full particulars see Cii'culars, for which apply to the
SOUTH of ENGLAND MANURE COMPANY, LIMITED, KEDBRIDGE, HAMPSHIRE,

who are the Sole Manufacturers.
*** AGEKTS WANTED for the UNITED KINGDOM.

118

THE rxATfBENRllS' CHHONIGLE AND AGRICITLTUKAL GAZETTE.

[Pebrxjaey 2, 18(37.

Lawn Mower Repairs.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and WON would suggest to
Lheir numerous friends the desirability and importance of
having their Lawn Mowers put into proper order before the com
mencement of the Mowing season. If attention bo jjaid to this
request some disappointment may be avoided, because in the early
spring the necessary time for repairing Machines is to some extent
denied them, on account of the press of business connected with the
manufacture and despatch of new Machines.

Machines for Repair can be addressed, Alex. Suanbls & Sox,
27, Leadenhall Street, London, E.G. (where Repairs are executed) ;
or to the Manufactory, Dens Iron Works, Arbroath, N.B.

1^ T. AECHER'S "FRIGI B 0 M 0."
-i • Patronised by Her Majesty The Queen, the Duke of N^orth-
umberlanri for Syon House, His Grace the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
Sir Joseph Paxton for the Ci'ystal Palace, Royal Zoological Society, &,c.

PROTECTION from COLD "WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.

"FRIGl DOMO," a Canvas made of Patent prepared Hair and
Wool, a perfect Non-conductor of Heat and Cold, ke'epmg, wherever
it is applied, a fixed temperature. It is adapted tor all Horticultural
and Ploricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and Flowers from
the Scorching Rays ot the Sun, from Wind, from Attacks of Insects,
and from Morning Fi'osta. To be had in any required lengths.

Two yards wide Is. Oti. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. 6d. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. Qd. per yard.

An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s. 8d. per yard run. Also

FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, 2 yards wide. Is. Gd. per yard run.

Elisha Thomas ARcnEK, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all NurserjTuen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It is much cheaper than Mats as a covering.*

GEArS OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mr. gray beg-3 to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gai-deners, &c., to his

NEW OVAL TUBTJLAE- BOILEK,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improTement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet inti-oduced. jj
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Puel, doing its work with !
one-third less the amount required by aiiy other. ']

E'Xtract from Report in Gardeners' Chronicle of Iniernational Exhibition, May 24, 1862, page 476.

" The upright form of Boiler is usually made on a circular plan,
but the oval form given to Mr. Gray's variety of it is said to be
oreferablo in consequence of its bringing the tubes in closer contact
with the fire. The usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram

•ather than a square, it seems feasible that the Boilers on the oval
plan should bring the tubes more completely within range of the
burning fuel; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,
is no doubt an improvement."

1^=" They are made of all sizes, which^ with priees, may he had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL "WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

S, OWENS & CO.

(Late CLINTON and OWENS),
JIANUFACTUKERS OF

^.w- ■ PUMPS and HYDRAULIC MAGHINEEY,

WIIITEFRIARS STREET, LONDON, E.G.

.^,,^U.'^

THK LANDSCATE SKETCH shows an ndnpliition of THE IMPROVED HYDEAULIC KAM. Tliis is a simple
Self-acting Machine, suited for raising a Supply of Water for u.so in Tuijiic and Private Estaljlishmcntp. Itsadoptioa la not confined to
positions as shown, but it is suited for any situation wirere a Fall can bo obtained from a Stream, Urook, or Spring.

S. OWENS AND CO. h.avo fixed a groat manv in various parts of tho country for raising from COO to GOOO or more Gallons per day to
lovations varying from 31) to 300 feet, and forcing tlirougli Main Pipes .00 yards to several miles in length.

No. 37. IMPROVED TREBLE BARREL PUjMPS, witli HORSE GEAIiING for Eaising Water from DEEP

WELLS, for the supply of MANSIONS !ind PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

Ko. 2S«. DOUBLE BARREL PUMPa for HAND-POWER for similar purposes.

S. OWENS jiNn CO. Manufacture and Erect every description of Engineer's Work reguired in Public or Private llstablishments, .such as

ny purpose on the largest or smallest scale, STKAH ENGINES, WATER WHEELS, TUUHINEW, WA

APPARATUS. LATHS, GAS WORKS and FITTINGS. Estimates furnished from Plans or on inspection of positiot

PUMPS for any t

TUUHINES, WAKMINO and DRYING =J

lUustraicd Catalogues Free on application^

28(11.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

EVERY MACHINE WAKKANTED.

X X

PRICES.

-Delivered Free to any Mailway Station in Crreat Uritaiu.

Cutting 12 inche3_wido £4 10 0

Cutting 14 inches wide 5 5 0

Cutting 16 inches wide 600

Cutting 19 inches wide . . , 6 10 0

Cutting 22 inches mde 7 10 0

Cutting 25 inches wide 12 0 0

Cutting 30 inches wide 15 0 0

Cutting 36 inches wide 18 0 0

Great improvements have been made in these Machines during the last few years, in regard to all those small but important points, of superiority which the practical working
of a Lawn Mower suggests ; while for elegance of appearance, lightness of draft, and efficiency in working they cannot bo e.>:ceiled. fhey possess the loUowiug advantages :—

1st. Motion is given to the Cutting Apparatus by toothed gearing, which e.-cperience has proved to bo by far the best metbod of driving.

2d, The whole of the Driving "Wlieels are on one side of the Machine, a point of groat importance in preventing damage to Shrubs and Flowers, when mowing round the
edges of beds.

3d, All the smaller working parts of the Machine are made of Malleable Iron, and are not liable to break.

i^ Jlliistrated Price Lists, loith selections from several Thousand Testunonials, Free by Fost on application.

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS. BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE ; 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.G.
AGENTS —Messrs. TANGTE BROTHERS ant, HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DRAY,
TAYLOR AND CO.rLondon Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.G. ; and all respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom.

FEBituAny 2, 1867.J

THE GARDl'NKRS' (CHRONICLE AND AGlllCULTURAT, (lAZKTTE.

119

BY HER MAJESTY'S ROYAL LETTERS PATENT.

1867.

PHE ONLY PERFECTLY MOVEABLE SHEEP FENCE

AT A MODERATE PRICE.

SECTION ILLUSTllATIVE OF CONSTRUCTION OF

GREENING & COMPANY'S

IMPROVED PATENT

EXPANSIVE AND FOLDING WIRE SHEEP-FOLD FENCE.

Tho New Patent Combination of Galvanised Iron Hinge-tubes and Galvanised Ii-on-wire Bars, makes a very
strong, durable, and perfectly efficient Fence. Pamphlet, with all details, now ready, and may be had post free on
application to GREENING and CO., Limited, Manufacturers of IRON GATES, FENCES, PALISADES,
ESPALIERS, HURDLES, TREE GUARDS, GARDEN SEATS, VERANDAHS, VASES, FOUNTAINS, TOMB
RAILINGS, STABLE FITTINGS, GARDEN ROLLERS, POULTRY HOUSES, EMIGRANTS' HOUSES,
BRIDGES, CORN EICK STANDS, &c. ; also of Wire Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Moveable
Fences for Railways, Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Courts, Sheep Walks, &c. ; also of Wii-e
Netting, Plant Gu.ards and Protectors, Garden Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea and Plant Trainers,
Pheasantilcs, Hen Coops, Garden Lounges, &c., &c., &c.

GENERAL PRICED CATALOGUE,

In Eoyal Svo, 72 Pages and Wiapper, with 83 Illustrations (together with SUPPLEMENT of TESTIMONIALS
from thii k'adixig Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom, to the quality of U. & Co. 's Manufactures),
forwarded on receipt of Two Stamps to defray postage.

GKEENING and COMPANY, LIMITED, VICTORIA IRON and WIRE WORKS.
OFFICES : 4, WAKKEN STKEET, MANCIIESTEK.

/'lOTTAM'S PATENT POKTABLE UNITED
v^ (jow l-'irriNGH.

Tliolr ;i<lv;nit:rK.'.s ;n'o— rnrt;il., , ■■ ftt

nIoiiMiri;, lio Wumlwurl: (.rl';iruti ■ ■ .. ■■■ ■ in:-v>'i

Vermin, Iliiy Knelt (iiBi>cii.4e(t witli ;i. uuuccus-'.li >. i[n;rij;i^ua width
and depth of l-'eeding TnmKhs, Water Cihtoni, and i'atont iJrop
Cover to prevent over-gorgint,'. Cleanly, durable, and inipervioun to
inloction, being all ol" iron. Price of I-Httincs per Cow. fi5s.

ProspoutUHcs Ireo of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsloy Street
(opposite tho Piintboon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several Important Improvements
tn ytablB Fittings just secured by Patent

By Royal Appointment

To nEn Majesty, A'i -"^^

liy .Special Warrant,
dated Deeoinbcr '27, 1805.

To THE Pbince op Wales,

By Special Warrant,

dated February 10, ISIW.

DAY, SO N, ANn HEWITT,
Uriffinal and Solo Proprietors of the STOCK-BREEDERS'
MEDICINE CHEST, for mSOllDEllS in HORSES, CA'ITLB,
CALVKS, SHEEP, and LAMBS.

Patronised by upwards of Seventy Thousand ot the principf-1 Stock
Breeders, Horse Propnotors, and Agriculturists of England, Ireland,
Scotland, and Wales.

The only Tme and Original " DAY'S CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
are prepared expressly by us. The Chest contains the loUowtng
matchless preparations : —

Half a Dozen CHEMICAL EXTRACT, at 30s. per dozen.
Ono Dozen GASEOUS FLUID, at 20«. per dozen.
One Dozen RED DR.KNCHES, at I3s. per dozen.
One Dozen RED PASTE HALLS, at 7s. (Id. per dozen.
Adapted for all ailments among Stock during the present season.
Price of Chest complete, with Shillins Book on Farriery, £2 Itis. t'.d.,
carriage paid. Either preparation may be had separatwly in boxes.
Tkstimosials.

The Lavibiug Season.— 1)10 "Chemical Eiitract" is unequalled for
bad cases in drawing Lambs, and to htup heaving and straining, Mr.
Woods, in his Lecture on tho " Breeding and Management of Sheep,"
Bavs — " My shepherd declares it to be worth a guinea a bottle."

The "Gaseous Fluid" is famous for debility and exhaustion in
Ewes after Lambincj for diarrbcea in Calves and Sheep, and for
colic and gripes in Horses and Cattle. Mr. Bowick, in his prize
essay on the "Rearing of Calves," says—" The Gaseous Fluid i-s
sufficient for all the ills that Calfnood ia liable to. I have reared 20
calves this year, and by the uso of the ' Gaseous Fluid,' I have not
lost one." Mr. Thos. Rigbv (Cheshirp), in bis Lecture on " Summer
Grazing of Sheep," says— "'Day. Son, & Hewitt's Gaseous Fluid is the
best corioctive of scour in Sheep I have ever tried. I can strongly
recommend their ' Mudicino Chest' as a most valuable auxiliary to
Btock-keepors of all kinds, but especially to shepherds. With tho
medicines they give plain directions for use, which any man may
understand."

Orders aout by Post will bo promptly attended to if addressed —
Day, Son, & Hkwitt, Animal Medicine Factory, 22, Dorset Street,
Baker Street, Louden, W. ; or Wantage, Berks.

" Woods oQ hhecp," live stamps ; " Bowick on Calves," three
stamps, both free by post.

Winter Rit»l3on Garden,

JOHN ItOSS, Surbiton, Surrey, S.W., is prepared to
LAY OUT every Description of PLEASURE GROUND,
SCENERY. Photographs of Ribbon Planting may be had for
inspection^

JOHN GlBSOi\, JUN., begs to announce that he 13
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions nod Villa or other
Resiac-nces, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS, and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Addi-ess Mr. John Giubox. jun.. Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productivo

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK ITIRKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AiLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-PoUTRA. CREVECOiUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
JooN Bailv & Son. 113, Mount Street, London, W.

WANTED, a SMALL NURSERY, within Six Miles
of London.— Please state particulars. Address
W. P., Messrs. Barr & Sugden, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

rrO BE LET, a WELL-STOCKED NURSERY, to be

i taken at a Viduatiou.— Good Deep Soil; Rent Low. Pai-t of
the Money may remain. Address to

Mr. A. Z., 23, St. Mark's Road, Kennington Park, Surrey, S.

O^Bi']' DISPOSED^Oi^a FLORIST'S BUSINESS,

with a GREENHOUSE about 160 feet long, andabout COOO super-
ficial feet of PIT LIGHTS, with the STOCK of PLANTS, and ample
room for more Glass. Sixteen years Lease, with Cottage. Four and
a-hnlf miles from Covent Garden, in open situation. A chance
seldom to bo met with.

JouN Ptle, St. John's Nursery, Upper Holloway, N.

SalciS iJjp Auction.

Maindee House, Newport, Monmouthsiiire.

Important Sale of Suort-durnld Cattlk.

MR. STRAFFORD begs to announce that he has
received instructions from John Logan, Esq.. to .SELL by
AUCTION, without any reserve, at Maindee House, Newport, Mon-
mouthshire, on WEDNESDAY, the 20th March next, his entire
Herd of FlRST-CLAbS SHORT-HORNS, consisting of about 60
head of BULLS, COWS, and HEIFERS, that have been selected
and bred from some of the most fashionable blood of the day, the
far-famed KiJierby and Warlaby sorts being the prominent feature
in the breeding of the herd ; the Y'ouug Stock are chiefly by Prince of
the Empire (20,578), which liull is now in service.

Catalogues, with Pedigrees and other partu'ulars, will shortly be
Issued, and announced in future Advertiseiiieijts.

London: 13, Eustou Sijuaru, January 28th, Isii/^

Forest Trees for Sale.

THERE will be SOLD by PUBLIC ROUP, at Alt>Te,
on SATURDAY, February 2, at Blairs' Nurseries, atl2o'Clock—
7000 transplanted uAK TREKS, Ironi i to 6 years
fiOOO transplanted Asil 'l i; l',i:s, \,-..\n 4 to 6 years
SOQOtransplantoa sii,\ l-.i: ill: I i: KES, fi years
50,000 transplauLud Mi;l.' Kill; ) i; KES, 4 years
200,000 transplanLod LAli.Cil J ii. IlvEKS, 4 years
200,000 transplanted SCOTCH h'i\.<. TREES, 3 years
William MacLkan, Foi ester, Altyre, will show the Plants,
Altyro, Forres, Jan. 17.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND A(n!lCULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Febbuakx 2, 1807.

PEIZE MEBAIS AWAEBEB TO

GEEEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWEES AND GAEDEN EOLLEES.

SOCIETY KOYALE LINNBENNE,
1801, 1SC2, and 1803.

GREEN'S

PATENT

LAWN
MOWEES

have proved to be tlie
best, and carried off
every Prize that has
beeu given in all cases
of competition.

THOS. GREEN and SON

SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS,
LEEDS ;

SOClfiTE KOYALE LINNEENNE,
1S61, 1802, and 1803.

54 & 55, BLACKFRIABS ROAD,
LONDON, S.

Every Machine is warranted to give ejiiire satisfaction^ and if not
approved of can he returned miconditionalli/.

ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION

IIAMBORG GRANDE EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE
D'AGRICOLTURE ET D'HORTICULTURE.

DUBLIN, 1806.

DUBLIN, ISCa.

should be addressed to "The Editor," Advertisements and Business lettere to "The Publisher." at the Office, 41, Wemngton Street. Coveot Oarden London. W.o^ j.,„. Mitthew--
:wa, nt the Office of Messrs. BaiMoET, Evans, .4 Co., Lombard street. Precinct of WhitettLirs, City of London, in the Co. of iMlddlesex, and Published 0/ tne saiii Jakes kuti-ui™.,

Editorial Communications

Printed by Jaues Matthei , . , , _-----

Office, No. 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County .—Satdrdat, February 2,1867.

r^7z^€i^^^'-^^ ^ "^ ^ -^ -^-^

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 6.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 9.

(Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, ^d.

INDEX.

Agrk'ulturo.Mi'chlou 134 c

Aucubii Iwrrlf!* \'iA a

ll»hatiiuH fruit tnidu \l^ >>

lleeliivf* lai i*

llird»ainl Oo.i»oberili;<i I'JH o

]IO<>k> notU-cd lay b

lliTiid withiiutyuaitt l^B <■•

Uutru«1> lliick, l'J8 o

eabltui{«, UowDtun .. l'J7 <

Cattle pliiiruiJ 133 l>

Coiilfeni. helgbU of 12T c

Cyniioitliylluia niitKulUcum .. \i\il>

Dntum ceratocRula I'iT «

Funiii'ii' Clubi 13» a

>'eni-likc pluuts VH I*

Flock. HulruBh ia« a

Fruit traiio, UuliHuiiH ViG b

Oiiiit:irnild liut wi(t«r plpoH,, 12V t
GUdlului ItowiciuiM Utl a

— Breuthli-yL-ntlii 131 n

Ooo«i-bDiTio> urid birds US «

Hortlculturo in the south oud

west 128 a

Micbi'B (Mr.) addrci* i;M c

Mice IM 6

MiilPH HO a

MuFcum Hullettiunum 126 c

Nnp»Icon'B Willow VMb

Nnlul, productloni of 13- n

PelarKODiuuis.ihow 130 c

Plaglnrlsras. horticultural.... 127 b

Plant*, Fem-Uke V-!7 l»

Plunt portraits 1* a

I'oultuy 1*< "

patiiio Milky "niiluj i'^? c

Uudltitii)n,terre*trial Vii ;■

— aolur 137 b

U.its 138/.

Uoad reform.. 133 c— 139 a

Uu«i'« II) UuriL'tsbiro 12)1 i-

Sui-di, storing 13i ((

Seed tcstinioniala Vll a

Skinner, death of Mr 1"JS o

Society, Uoyal Horticultural . l'J5 •:

— Hoyal Tutcan Horti-

cultural 12« a

— Koyal Agricultural .... 133 v

— Linnean Wi «■

— llotiuiical Of Kdin-

burub 129 0

Rtcain companies 13d a

Sutton's (ueairs.) establish-
ment HO «

Trade list ISO e

Vine culture Vii a

Wenther records 129 a

Wellintttonias.ageof 127 e

Willow, Napoleons 12S 6

Wol version Park 131 b

Woods, management of Ii9 a

INES, VINES.— Strong Planting and Fruiting Canes

or all the leading kinds. PHoes on application.
W11.L14W8. Victoria and I'araditto Nurnorles. Upper Hollo way, N.

GARDENS,

CLIFTON.

ZOOLOGICAL
HORTICULTURAL MEETINGS, 1807.
SPRING SHOW, MAY 23. I_ ROSE SHOW, JUNE 26.
AUTUMN SHOW, AUGUST 29.
Schedule of Prizes may be obtained on application to the Secretary,
Mr. J. T. Jacibon, Zoological Gardens, Clifton.

Grape Vines.
TOSEPH MEREDITH luis u Iteimtiful Stock of VINES

f J lV>r Sale, propagatod from Vines which haTe borno the fruit
which has taken fioni tiiiio to time ho many First Pnzes.

The Vineyard, Garston, utar LlTerpool.

Late Grap9 Vluea.

ALICANTE, LADY DOWNES', and MUSCAT of ALEXA.NDRIA.

JMEUKDITH has a splendid Stock of the above
« sorts for Planting.

The Vineyard, Garaton. near LlTerpool,

C"^ RAPE VINES. — Strong, well-ripened, short-jointed
T Canes of all tho lending lorta for planting out or fruitinp in
pots. Price on application.

John BuTcnuR. Nuraerlea, Stratford-on»ATon.

ADY DOWNKS' SKEULING. HAMHTUN COURT,
BLACK HAMBURGH, and MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA
GRAPES. Good Fruiting Canei, 7«. fld. each ; good Planting Cones,
3*. 6d. each. ,„

T. Jackson i Sok, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W^

PINES, VINES, and ASPARAGUS.—
The Pinos, Queens in all alzea : tho Vines, Hamburgh, 2.yr.
old, for planting ; Asparagus. 2, 3, and 4-years old, cheap.

M. RocHFOBD, Market Gardener, Page Green, Tottenham. N^

The very Earliest and Best Pea In Cultivation.

TON'S RINGLEADER.

Price 2s. por quart.

a u T

T

HE ESSEX

To the Trade.
RIVAL I'KA, in any quantity.

For prtco, &c., applv to
Tnos. Elkt, Slble Ilodingliam, Ilalstead, Esaei.

NlGUrs' DWARF GREEN MARROW PEAS,

True, and harvested la good condition, 7s. 0(i. per bushel ;
60a. per quarter.

RoiiERT Dkbron, West End Nurfiertes, Ely.

To the Trade.
TNVINCIBLE SCARLET SWKET PEAS, true and

X pure slock, every grain new seed. Price for any quantity on
application to

HoofKit Si Co., Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

STRON(i

STANDARD and DWaKF TRAINED

-„ APPLES and PEARS; flne Transplanted LARCH FIR, from
li to 6 foet : a choice collection of CONIFERS and EVERGREENS,
and a General Nursery Stock. Prices on application.

CuAULcs BcROKss, The Nurieries, London Road, Cheltenham.

NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, 1367.
—The above EXHIBITION will Open at Manchester on
JUNE 7. and continue till JUNE 15.

Schedules, &c., may bo obtained on application to Mr. B. Fisdlat,
Curator, Botanic Garden, Manchester ; or from tbe undersigned,
Hexrt Wuitworth, Secretary.
Carlton Buildings, Cooper Street, Manchester.

HEELER'S LITTLE BOOK, the Queen of Seed
Lists, price fltl., post free, contains a Descriptive List of
Vegetable and Flower Seeds, also a List of the beat Seed Potatos
In cultivation.

J. C. Wqbeler & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

gUT

TOK'S AMATEUR'S

IS NOW KEADT.
Price On© Shilling, j Gratis to Customerg.

GUIDB

UDTTOK'S SHORT SKLECT SEED

ij may be had gratis on application,

RoTal Berks Seed Establishment, Keadlnc.

LIST

r EBB'S PRIZE COB. FILBERT and other PRIZE

NUT TREES. LIST of varieties and prices to be had of

Mr. Wkbb, Calcot Gardens, Reading^

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.
now be had at lOr 6d. and 2l8. each ; the usual discount to tho

Trade.

Plants of the above may

. .__. . ch ; the usual dlscor '' ""

Peter Lawbom 4 Sox, Edinburgh and London.

DESSERT ORANGE TREES.-- Including the
TANGIERINE, MALTESE, SAINT MICHAEL'S, and other
flne varietiofl. A CATALOGUE on application.
Carriage paid to London.
Thob. RivEKs if Son, Nurseries. Sawbrldgeworth.

F

RUIT TREES.— 100 Acres devoted to their culture.
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE on application.

Carriage paid to London.
Tnofl. RivRus & Son. Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth.

PATERSON'S VICTORIA POTATOS.— The heaviest
croppers, tho finest flavoured, and the best keepers. Seed
direct from Mr. Patkksos. Price on application to
Mr. PK4RrK, Moaahani, Atheratooe.

ATERSON-S^FAMED^SEEDLING POTATOS.—

The boat Disease resiiitors, the heaviest croppers, tho Quest
flavoured. Retail Agents in London, Hoofer & Co., Covent Gaiden
Market, London, W.C.

PRICi',D LIST and Testimonials free on applicatlop.

MONA'S PRIDESi— The Gentry and Trade can bo
supplied with the Seed of this EXtRA EARLY KIDNEY,
True, from the Lofts of the Original Grower and Introducer, Mr.
R. RuTLKDOE, Hague House, Isle of Man. Price reduced.

WHEELER'S MILKY

Is the BEST of all POTATOS.

WHITE

WHEELER'S "MILKY WHITE" is the best of
all POTATOS. Per pect, 5m. ; bag, Qd. On receipt of Post-
office order for fe. tlJ. ono peck, securely packed in a canvas bag,
will ba immediately lorwardad to any part of the Kingdom.

J. C. Whleler & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

WANTED, True A«HLEaF, MYATT'S ASHLEAF,
ROUND FRAME, and other EARLY POTATOS. State
prices and quantities to

John Cattell, Westerham, Kent.

SHALLOTS, SHALLOTS, &c. — 2*. 6d. per stone of
141b. JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES on offer, at
Frank. Warwicr's Seed Warehouse, Sleoford.

BS. WILLIAMS' NEW PRICED GENERAL SEED
• CATALOGUE now ready, forwarded free to any address.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Hoiloway, London, N.

CATALOGUE of GENERAL

NURSERY STOCK, coutolniDg 06 pages, may be had post
tn% OD application to

ToouAi CRirri, The Nurseries, Tunbridre Wells.

X\/' HOLE SALE

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. Highgate, London, N.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.
/'IHARLE8 SHARPE AND CO. beg to inform the
V^ Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST Is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.
Seed Warehouse, Sleoford.

ORCHARD-HOUSE TREES, including VINES from
Eyes, and FIGS In potfl. 40,000 feet of Glass devoted to their
cultme. A CATALOGUE on application.
Carriage paid to London.
Thob. Rivfrh & Son, Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth.

WANTED, 10,000 HOLLIES, lit for immediate
planting.— Application, stating price and size, to be made to
a. M. HossBT, Esq., 69, South Mall. Cork.

STANDARD LIMES, extra large spreading Trees.
COMMON YEWS, 5 to 8 feet, very healthy.
BOX EDGING, par 100 or 1000 yards.
Price on application to J. Sandirs, Nurseryman, Cambndge.

Raiiway^Iantmg.

FIVE MILLION Transphmted QUICKS, of superior
growth. Samples and prices on application to
John Heublbt, High Fields. Melbourne, near Derby.

TOM THUMB LETTUCE,

J. C. WnEKLER & Son, Seed' Growers, Gloucester.

WHEELER'S
Is. per packet, post free.

Wood's Frame Radish.

WOOD AND INGRAM beg to offer the Trade their
pure and original stock of the above. Price on application.
Nurseries, Huntingdon^

CatteU's Eclipse BroccolL— To the Trade.

WHORLEY has a few pounds of Seed of this fine
• LATE BROCCOLI to offer. Price and particulars ft-eo by
post on application. Toddington, Beds,

Being Issued.— First Edition 26,000.

BARR AND SUGDEN'S GUIDE to the KITCHEN
and FLOWER GARDEN. A copy will be presented to each
customer, and also to intending purchasers on sending their address,
Barr & Scgdkn, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

A VAN GEERT, Nukskryman, Ghent, Belgium,
• begs to announce that his CATALOGUE of PLANTS may
be obtained free on application to his Agents, Messrs. H. Silbbbrad
& SoKS, 6, Harp Lane, Tower Street, London, E.C.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON. Seed Growers and
Mkrohahti, 7. Borough Market, London, S.E.
Now and Genuine AGRICULTURAL. GARDEN, and FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and advantageous offers on application.

Strong Quick.

HAND F. SHARPE have for Sale a fine Lot of 3-yT.
• Transplanted QUICK, 3 to 4 feethigh, and well-rooted. Price
very moderate.

Nursery and Seed Establtehment, Wisbech.

Spruce for Cover.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Chester, has a very large Stock
of the above, from IJ to 3i feet. To Induco largo orders, tho
prices (which may be had on application), have been greatly reduced.

TREES and^PLANTS of all sorts and sizes in very
great quantity, of best quality and at moderate prices.
PRICED LISTS post-free on application.
Jaues DictsoN & Sons, (" Old EslablUhcd Nuriery and Seed
Businesi") The '* Newton" Nurseries. Cheater.

CONQUEROR BROCUOLI,— The finest Broccoli in
Cultivation is BARCHARD'S CONQUEROR. See large
Advertisement in the Uardtnen' Chronirle, December S, 1868.
WiTTT & Son, Seed Establishment, Cottingham, near Hull.

Yellow Globe Mangel Seed.

MR. 8. A. DAlNTREE, of Fen Drayton, St. Ives,
Hunts, having a large stock of the above Seed, of his own
growth (from large selected roots), can supply the Ti-ade at a very
low rate. Sample and price on application as above.

/GENUINE SCOTCH

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Faiuierb, Merchants, and Ndesebthen,
237 4 238, High Holborn, London. W.C.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Carter's Now Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238. High Holbom, London.

Somersetshire Prize Seeds.

GENUINE GARDEN and FLOWER and FARM
SEED:^ of the ffnest stocks and quality ; LISTS now ready.
Robert H. PorvTiiu the County Seed Establishment, Taunton.

V-

1867.

EGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS of

SiLioTED quality.
Jambs Dickson ft Sons, 102, Eastgate Street, Chester.

Best

CARTER'S NEW GARDEN SEEDS for 1867.—
PRICE LISTS, containing all tho NOVELTIES of tho season,
gratis and post free.

James Cabter & Co., 237, High Holborn, London, W.C.

Choicest Italian Tuberoses, 3s. per Dozen.

JAMES CARTER and CO., Sebd Merchants and
Ndrsibtmen, 237, High Holborn, London, W.C.
^ Price to tbe Trade on application.

Planting.

WM. PAUL begs to refer intending Planters of
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, &c., to his Advertise-
ment of December 1, 1808.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.
Padl's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

To Planters.

LARCH. SPRUCE FIR, and all the leading FOREST
TREES ; BERBERIS AQUIFOLIOM, and all the leading
Covert Plants, in vei7 groat quantity and in excellent health and
condition for removal. Special Prices for large lots on application.
Jaues Dickson k, Sons, " Newton " Nurseries, Chester.

SPLENDID LARCH. 3 to 4 ft., at unprecedented prices
HAWTHORN QUICK, do, do. ; AVENUE TREES : largo
EVERGREENS and CONIFERS: magnificent TRAINED PYRA-
MID and STANDARD FRUIT TREES. Special prices given.
Georcb Davison, Hereford.

PERENNIAL RYE-GRASS.

Special offers of above with saniples on application to

MuNHo Brothers, Seed Merchants, Inverness, N.B.

Good Clover Seeds at Market Prices.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply the above, of beat
quality. Samples and prices may ba had gratis and post free
on application. , „ ,.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Raadipg.

TO BE SOLD, about 14,000 of the best Soft-wooded
ERICAS, strong healthy plants, in store pots.
Apply to Messrs. Breitit, Barnes Terrace. .Surrey, S.W.

RIBBON^BORDEii, (six Colours), German and French,
COLLECTIONS, andall specialties worthgrowing. SeePoTNTKR's
LIST. Robert H. Poyntkb, Taunton.

L ILIUM AURATUM.— Strong flowering Bulbs of this
magnificent Lily, 4s. to lOs. Od. each,
Charlks Turner, Tlie Royal Nursery, Slough.

To the Trade only.

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA SEED (True),
6«. per oz. ; 32i, per 8 oz. ; 60^. per lb.
Thomas Crifps, The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wqlls, Kent._

VKRBENAS, Scarlet, White, and Purple, Autumn-
-Struck, for Spring Propagation, from 2s. per dozen.
H. Cnit-ns, Rye Lane, Peckham S, Opposite tbe Railway Statlon._

LARCH and SPRUCE FIRS.— Extra strong stout
transplanted LARCH FIR, 3 to 4 feet, 21s. per 1000.
SPRUCE FIR, stout and bushy, 3 to 4 feet, 20*. per 100 ; 2 to 3 feet,
12s. per 100.

Hknrt Mincrin, The Nurseries, Hook Norton, Oiop,

GLADIOLUS, NEWEST and BEST FRENCH
VARIETIES.
PRICE LISTS gratis and post free on application to
Jaubs Carter & Co., Seed Merohants snd Nurserymen, 2S7, High
Holborn, London, W.C.

Botanic Nurseries, Biggleswade, Beds.

CA M E li L I A S, in bloom, 30*. per dozen.
AZALEAS, in flower bud, 2U. to 30j.

PICOTEES and CARNATIONS, a splendid strain, 30s. por 100.
FANCIES, the finest in England, 21^. per lOO. Terms cosh.
Edward Suknton,

RHODODENDRON, for Cover or Underwood Planting,
or otherwise.— Fine strong Plants, Layers from Stools of the
common varieties, from 12 to 18 inches high, price £5 per 1000, cash.
Samples sent If required.

Apply to Mr. Edward Marlkt, EccleetOD Lodge, Marley.

Koies.

WM. PAUL'S PRICED DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE of ROSES is now ready, post free on application.
Padl's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N\

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE,
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries.

near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

AHLIA POT ROOTS.— A great variety, at 6*. per
dozen. Including Leah, Lady Herbert, Proapero, and other
favourites of 1866 ; also a sranll quantitv of choice seed, 60 for 2s. (kt,
Geo. Rawlinob, Waterloo Road, Romford, E.

Verbenas, Verbenas.

PHILIP LADDS is now sending out a good supply of
the above, strong plants, in thumb pots. Including 40 varieties
of 1866, at 2s. per dozen, oackage included. Terms cash.
Nursery, Bexley Heath, Kent,

ELARGONIUMS. — Show, Fancy, French, and
Zonal in great vartetv, fine Plants, at moderate prices.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE now ready.

Charles Turnkii, The Royal Nursery, Slough.

4 and 6-inch pots.
Pricei

CHOICE CINERARIAS
Very flno Plants just coming into bloom.
Also CALCEOLARIAS and CHINESE PRIMULAS,
per dozen or per \W nn application to

James Dickson k Sohb, " Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

jHyaclnths and Tulips.— To the Trade.

G WELLS has a largo quantity of the above
• In FULL BLOOM. To induce large orders the ,
which may be had on application, have been greatly reduced.
Grove Nurserj', Coleman Street, Camberwetl^^

NOW

pricea.

WHITE I'KlMULAS.— Several dozen ol the WHITE
and BLUSH PRIMULAS for sale. 'TUey are or a flrst-olals
•train, m Flower, and grown la >mall 48's and largo 60-»lze poll.

'cBYaLtrsiiiLLiiio, Hill Nursery, Wlnchfleld, Hants.

122

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Febkuaet 9, 1867.

T

HE LONDON SEED COMPANY,

68, Welbeck Street,
Cavendish Square, W.

THE LONDON SEED COMPAN T.—
The General "PRICE CURRENT of GARDEN and FARM
SEEDS " is DOW ready, and can he had on application. Gratis, as above.

THE LONDON SEED COMPANY'S
COLLECTIONS of SEEDS.
No. 1.— Complete Collection, sufficient for a large Garden £3 0 0
No. 2.— Complete Collection for a moderate 3IZ0 Garden ..200
No. 3.— Complete Collection in small quantitiea . . ...100
No, 4.— Complete Collection for a small Garden .. . . 0 15 0
No. 6.— Complete Collection for a small Gardeft . . . . 0 10 C
LISTS can be bad on application from the above address.

THE LONDON SEED COMPANY.
CARRIAGE ARRANGEMENTS.
The Directors bavo made arrangements with all the Railway and
Steam Companies to deliver all Seeds, with the exception of neavy
articles, such as Grain, Tares, &c.,

CARRIAGE FREE
for all Orders of the value of 20s., to any Railway Station In England
and Wales, or to any Steam Port in England, Wales, Ireland, or
Scotland, Guernsey, or Jersey. ^

IMPOKTANT ANNOUNCEMENT.— A Discount of
10 per Cent, will be allowed by the London Seed Company on all
Orders above £10 ; 15 per Cent, above £50 ; 20 per Cent, above £100.
It will, therefore, be desirable for friends to unite together in a
District or Neighbomhood, and so obtain these liberal Discounts.

TEN, FIFTEEN, and TWENTY PER CENT.
DISCOUNT will be allowed on all Orders given to the "London
Seed Company" above £10, £60, and £100 respectively.

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Road Nurseries,
Teovjl, Somerset, begs to intimate that his CATALOGUE of
SEEDS for tlie GARDEN and FARM ia now ready, and can be
obtained free on application. It contams a Select and Choice Stock,
everything being of tbe best quality, and are ofl'ered at unequalled
low prices.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
CoitK, Seed, Manure, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices poat free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat 1862, for "Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

Genuine Garden, Agrlcnltural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLARD, Seed Grower and Merchakt,
20, Quai de la Mfegiss&rie, Paris, France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEEDS, in English weights
and money, post free on application.

To the Seed Trade.— Continental Flower Seeds. &c.

FW. "SVENDEL, Seed Gro^\'er, &e., Erfurt, Prussia,
• begs to announce that his WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of
the above is now ready, and may be had free and post paid on
application to bis Agent,
Geo. Macintosh, Seedsman, &c., High Road, Hammorsmlth, W.

NEW S E E D S . — For a '* well-arranged,
comprehensive, and trustworthy" CATALOGUE of
FLOWER, VEGETABLE, AGRICULTU RA L SEEDS, and
GARDEN REQUISITES, see J. Scott's PRICED CATALOGUE,
sent free on iipplication to

J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

B

General Plant Catalogue.

S. WILLIAMS' PRICED CATALOGUE,

— f • containing Select Lists of Choice Exotic Orchids, Ferns,
Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Indian Azaleas, Vivriegated and
Ornamental Foliaged Plants, JbMchsias, Pelargoniums, Rhododen-
drons, Verbenas, Petunias, Phloxes, Cmerarias, Chrysanthemums,
Hai'dy Variegated Plants, Roses, Fruit Trees, Vines, &c. ; also a
Descriptive List of New and Rare Plants.

Can be had post free on application.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

RICHARD SMITH'S SEED CATALOGUE contains a
Calendar of Time for Sowing, particulars of Collections, with
Prices, Directions for Cropping well and economically. Soil, Manure,
Dbpth, Distance, Season, liardiness. Duration, Form, Height,
Colour, Stormg, Use, Flavour, and other qualities, described.

This List Free by Post for one stamp. Seeds direct from the
Growers the surest way to succesp.

Richard Smith, Heed Merchant, Worcester.

New Descriptive Lists.

DOWNIE, LAIRD, and LAING, NuRSERY^rEN,
Seedsmen, Florists, and New Plant MEncHANTS, 17, South
Frederick Street, Edinburgh ; and Stanstead Park, Forest, Hill,
London, S.E., respectfully beg to intimate that their NEW
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES of FLORIST FLOWERS,
GARDEN, FLOWER, and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, GLADIOLI,
ROSES, &c. , are now ready, and may be had free on application.

Genuine New Vegetable, Flower, and Agricultural
Seeds of best quality only.

J SCOTT'S Stock of the above is now ready for
• sending out. A CATALOGUE containing PRICED LISTS
of NOVELTIES, and other choice SEEDS, BULBS. GARDEN
REQUISITES, &c., post free on application, pnces very low.
GLADIOLUS, from 2s, per dozen, named sorts.
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants. &c.

ROBERT PARKER bega to announce that his
CATALOGUE, containing select DESCPJPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds in cultivation ol the above-named is now published,
Sud will bo forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from the beat possible sources, all aro wan-anted
genuine, and are ofl'ered at the lowest possible prices. Intending

gurchasers aro requested to compare the prices with, those of other
ouses. Exotic Nursery, Tooting. Surrey, S.

HOOPER AND CO.'S SPRING CATALOGUE, New
Edition for 1807, is now publishing, and can bo obtained free
by post for SisJBtamps. It comprises —
PAet I. KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS.
Part XL FLOWER and ORNAMENTAL PLANT SEEDS.
Paht IIL BULBOUS and other FLOWER ROOTS, and ORNA-
MENTAL FOLIAGED PLANTS, &c.
It is illustrated, interestingly an*anged, voluminous, and corrects
The several Lists also are full, descriptive, and oscluaive of un-
worthy species.

Seed Merchants, Covent Garden Market, London, W.G.
*^p* This Catalogue is presented to Customers.

Nursery and Seed Establishment, Dumfries.

THOirAS EJilNNEDT and CO. will be glad to send
the followin? CATALOGUES to any address on application :—

No. IL CATALOGUE of FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL
TREES, &c. r&c.

No. III. CATALOGUE of VEGETA RLE .ind FLOWER SEEDS,

No. IV. CATALOGUE of AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, &c. (pub-
ished end of February),

" The fulness, espansiveness, and selectness of the Catalogues of
Messrs. Thomas Kennedy & Co. proclaim in loud language, thoir
honour and respectability, and also the wide-spread nature of their
deaJings. We can only reiterate our former favourable commenda-
tions, and say to all who may be disposed to deal with the firm that
they will, under all circumstances, be treated in all integrity and
uprightness."— T/(C FieM.

*.»* As the season for executing Garden Seed Orders is so vory
limited, T. K. & Co. would feel particularly obliged to those friends
■who intend favouring them with their Orders to let them have them
at their earliest convenience.

Frek Deli vert.— Garden and Farm Seeds, under certain liiliitatlons,
are delivered Free of Carriage at all the Railway Stations aa formerly.

ESTABLISHED UPWARDS OP A CENTURY.

BUTLEE, McCULLOCH, & CO.,

SOUTH ROW, COVENT QAEDEN MARKET, W.G.

SEEDSMEN TO HER MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONEBS OF WOODS AND POKESTS, TO THU COMMISSIONERS FOR
THE COLONIES, TO THE HOBTICULTURAIi SOCIETIES OF THE PUNJAHB, BOMBAY, ETC., ETC.

Holders of Piiza Medals from International E-shibitiona of botli 1851 and 1862.

NEW GARDEN SEEDS (Crop 1866)

m COMPLETE COLLECTIONS FOR ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY.

No. 1, £3 33. ; No. 2, £2 2s. ; No. 3, £1 10s. ;
No. 4, £l Is. ; No. 5, 10s. 6d.

PRICED CATALOGUE, containing details of above
Collections, also full descriptions of all Vegetable and Flower
Seed Novelties of this season, Post Free.

Orders amounting to 21s. sent Carriage Paid. All Packets of Flower Seeds sent Fast Faid.

NEW DECORATIVE PLANTS.

E. a. HENDERSON & SON,

WELLINGTON NURSEKY, ST. JOHN'S "WOOD, LONDON, N.W.

LILIUM AURATITM.— Flowering-sized Bulbfl, 5s. and 7s. Hid, each ;
leas per dozen or hundred. Trade supplied.

POA TRIVIAXIS ARGENTEA ELEGANS (Three Pirst-clftss
Certificates). — This exquisite plant is a permanent variety of the
dwarf Meadow-Qrass, with pure white leaf -margins ; by its pro-
gressive growth through the winter months it forms tho most
beautiful object in its tribe for Conservatory decomtion m baskets
or vases, and by its Invariable and constant variegation it is
admirably adapted for flower garden belts, plots, &c., to any
extent. 2s. Gd. each.

GOLDENI FEATHER PrRETHRUM.— A charming plant for low
front or second-row riband lines, by its rich and uniform self
gold-tinted leaves, and dwarf, compact, lovel growth.

TRICOLOR GERANIUM LADY CULLUM (First-class Certiflcate)-

—The finest coloured variety, with a free and vigorously compact

growth.
GERANIXTM CHRISTINE NOSEGAY (First-class CertiGcate).—

Dwarf, free, and compact ; Christine coloured, mth clusters

similar to Stella Nosegay.
GERANIUM MAID of KENT.— Colour of tho preceding one,

sufl'used with a rich carmine that.
VERBENA KING of BEDDERS.— Certiiied, and proved two

seasons as a first-class crimson bedder.

VERBENA WHITE QUEEN.— Dwarf and compact in growth,
effective and pure In colour ; superior to Ilenrietto and Mrs.

Holford.

The two firet-named J^lanta are for present Sale ; the remdning ones "wiil bi3 sent out in April, at "which date a
COLOURED LEAJF FIGURE of GERANIUM LADY CULLUM (with the New Descriptive Catalogue), will he
forwarded on receipt of thi-ee postage etanipa. Orders or stamps received earlier -will be booked and forwarded at
the period above stated.

NEW SEED CATALOGUE NOW PUBLISHED,

CONTAINING THE LEADING NOVELTIES OP THE SEASON.

GENUINE SEEDS, CARRIAGE FREE.

B. S. WILLIAMS'

NEW GENERAL PRICED AND DESCRIPTIVE SEED CATALOGUE

FOR 1867

CAN BE HAD FREE ON APPLICATION.

THE VEGETABLE SEED PART

CONTAINS

LISTS of ths lest varieties of each Idna of VEGETABLE. Only those sorts are recolilmencled that can be
relied upon for producing sure and good crops. Especial attention i3 directed to the following NEW and CHOICE
KINDS, full descriptions of which will be found in the Catalogue.

WILLIAMS' ALEXANDRA BROCCOLI, 2s. GA per packet I NUNBHAM PARK ONION, 2s. (Iii. par packet

WILLIAMS' MATCHLESS RED CELERY, Is. per packet i\ MALVERN HALL MELON, Is. U, per packet

ORANGEFIELD DWARF TOMATO, 'is. per packet i DIQSWELL PRIZE ENDIVE, Is. par packet

RAPHANU3 CAUDATUS (The Wonderful Radish), le., 2s., and 5s. per packet.

COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GABDEN SEEDS, to suit Gardens of various sizes, for Contents of

which see page 44 in Catalogue :-=

lOs. 6d., 21s., 42s., 63s., 84s. each.

IHE FLOWER SEED PAST

CONTAINS

Tm-Dorted and English-g'rown FLOWER SEEDS, in Collections.

ThrBc^t of tbe New Introductions, 1866, in ANNUALS, BIENNIALS, and PERENNIALS.

Choice Strains of FLOKISTS' FLOWEKS.

The following are unequalled :—

PRIMULA (WiiLiAJis' superb strain, tha finest in cnltlTation|.—
Red, White, or Mixed Seed, 2s. M., 3s. Bii., and Bs. per packet.

CALCEOLARIA (Jamis's strain, the best variety for exhibition) —
Colours are exceedingly rich, profusely spotted and veined
'Is. Crf., 3s. Od., and.Ss. par packet.

BALSAM (WiLLiAits' finest strain).— A stand of flowers^ the pro-
duction of this strain, was exhibited at tha July Show of the
Royal Botanic Society, and was the admiration of all. Is. and
2^. 6(i. per packet.

CINERARIA (Weatherill's extra choice strain).— This is tha most
popular strain in Covent Garden Market. 3». 6c*. and 6s. per pkt.

LILIITM AURATUM (a large Imjiortafion of this beautiful Lily jdst deceived).— BH'Sfig Bulbs, 3s. 6(?., 5s.,
7s. 6(?., and 10s* ^d. each,

VrOTOBM an* PARAMSE HUESERlES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

ffiBRtTAETf 8, iStf.'i

THE GAEDENEtJS* OtTT^ONTCLE AND AflHTCnT.TTmAI. GAZETTE

123

GLADIOLUS BOWIENSIS, the finest ynriety for
Grouping (seo nanh)i-r>C Chrtynioh; pp. 110(V7, 18(58). Good
blooniiriK roots, Os., Ss., nutl 10s. por KU). Tho letter extra largo.
Fobninry Is tbo best month for plnntinK-
WiNDRDANR Jt KisosiiDRY, Bovola VMloy Nursory, Southnnipton.

LADIOLl. — CollpiHiniiB contnininfr nU tho tint^Ht
varlotlcs in cultlvfttlon, maoy new, and offorcil for tho first
time, 10&)., ms., i2x., 30(1., 26».. 20s., 16^.. 12s. BUENCHLKYENSIS,
tho most snowv of nil, extra stronR roots, 3k. per doz., '20«. per 1(10.
DESUKirTIVE PRICED LISTS fi'oo on ftppliciitioii.
BoTLKit, McCuLLooii & Co., South Row, Covqnt Onrden, W.C.

Gladioli.

JKELWAT Asv SON be? to call nttcnlion to thoir
• BplendM Stock of GLADIOLI, which comprises all tho sorts
worth priiwint;, iind probiibly tho largest in the Tnido. Aa n Drnnf
of tbu luxuii.ineo ana oxcollonco of tbeir collection tlioy Imvo hcuii
awnjdod the First Prizes ollorod at tho CrystiU Palaco and Royiil
Horticultural Exhibitions in 18G4. 18G6, and 1800.

PKICE CATALOGUES fioe to all applicants.
Soleotloiis left to J. K. & S., 3s. , 6s., to Us. per dozen; 10s., 20^.,
to 100s. por 100.

The Nurseries, Langport, Somerset.

N

EW HARDY CLEIitATISES.

CLEMATIS IirHELLA.— Very rich volvoty claret ; tho deepest
coloured Clematis yot offored. Very distinct, and having tho
advantage of llowering fiO to 7" por cent, of blooms, with live nTid
sis sepals. Fli-st Certilicato, Uoyal Horticultural Society.
CLEMA'llS PRINCE of WALES, — Largo tlowors, of a rich doop
\lolot purple, with red bars down the centre of each sepal ; a
decided iuiprovoment on C. rubro-violacea. First Cortiflcatos,
Royal Horticultural Soctotv.
MHssns. GEOIIGE JACKMXN asd SON have much pleasure in
aunouucing that they are sending out tho above Clonmtlsos, and can
with confidence recommend them " amongst tho best of hardy
Cllmbei's." Strong Plants, with bme, li to 2J foot, 21s. each.
Tho usual allowance to the Trade.
Coloiu-od Drawings, by Andrews, for 24 BtampB.

Woking Nursery, Surrey. _^_^_

M

E L 0 N S, Six of the Finest iu Cultivation,

EARLY IMA v.— sicailof. ^1l'^;h ; quick in bearing, and very productive.

'MEKEPrnrs HVUKU' CASHMEUE.— one of the very beat.

HECKFlKiJi UVUklli — First-cla.s8 ; cfroen flesh.

sUPEKlt— tiiicn lli\sb, 'i'his was raised from a cross between tho
Ilvhrid Ciu?hniero and Heechwood.

GOLOen PERFECTION.— Handsome, and very productive.

PRINCE of WALES.— From tho Hybrid Caahraoro and Incompar-
able. A splendid Melon ; flesh pink, beautifully netted, and
can bo grown from four to eight pounds in weight ; skin thin ;
flavour, none to excel it.
The flrfit five sorts will be sold at Is. per Packet of 12 seeds ; the

latter at 2k, (ii/., seed scarce.

Cn.vaLKs SniLLiNu, Hill Nursery, Winchfleld, Hants.

LUium auratxun, Golden-rayed Lily of Japan.

JAUES CAUTER and CO. linvo just rcreivcd splendid
IMILBS of tho above, in finer condition than any imported f')r
Bonio time, and said to contain many highly-coloured variotiCH. Tills
incomparable Lily has for some time boon very scarce, but we can
now oiler flue flowering Bulbs, tnio to name, at tho following prices :
—1st size, bs. ; 2d, .its. Od. ; extra strong large Bulbs, 1st size, 10s. tiU. ;
2d. 7s. nd. ; a few of the finest, very large and strong, 15s. each.

James Carter & Co., Seed Merchants and Nuraerymen, 237 and
238, High Ilolbom, London, W.C.

THE CZAR VIOLET is still linely in BLOOM,
uninjured by tho late Frosts below zero. The llowoi-s are
nearly twico as large as tho old Rns.sian, on very long stout foot-
fitalks.S I Awarded First-class Certificates and Prizes wherever
exhibited. Strong plants In Bloora, 10s. per dozen, prepaid, may be
had of Mr. John Grahaii, Cranford, Houuslow. The usual allowance
to tho Trade.

Also fine RASpnERRY CANES, nf sorts, 43. per 100.

c

Ranunculuses. Flower Seeds, &c.
TTSO, Florist, \VuUin-fr)rd, UltUs, offers, from
unrivalled Collections : —
*> RANUNCULUSKS, fiO fine sorts, named, £1.
• 26 splendid SeodlinRs, £1 Cs.

•DOUBLE ANEMONES, L'5 fine varieties, Os. 0(/.
♦IMPORTED GERMAN SEEDS — Asters. Ralsams, Stocks,
Poppies, Phloxes. Larkspurs, WalUlowers, Zinnias, &c., in named
assortments, from Is. to fts. each.
•CHOICE A.NNCrAL SEEDS, 25 varieties, 6s.

CATALOGUES gratis, or post free for one stamp.
* These articles can bo forwarded by post.

Britisli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM ertn now send, post free for six postnpe
stamps, Part I. (B"tisli Ferns and their varieties, 30 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPl'IVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nui*sory, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

GENUINE SEEDS, OF SUPERIOR STOCKS.

FEANCIS & ARTHUR DICKSON & SONS,

THE OLD ESTABLISHED SEED WAREHOUSE, 106, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.

THE BEST EARLY PEA IN CULTIVATION,

DICKSON'S "FIRST & BEST."

Retail Price, Is. 6d. per ftuart. Price to the Trade on application.
See Large Advertisement, January 19.

CATALOGUE OF VEGETABLE & FLOWER SEEDS, &c., FOR 1867,

mth Practical Cultural Directions, will be aent Post Free on application.

Their Seeds are of the most select character, each being saved from the Best Stock knmon of its land.

1^^ All Seeds of £2 value delivered Carriage Free.

Plower Seeds sent Post Free, except heavy articles, such as Sweet Peas, Lupins, &c.

JAMES CARTER & CO.,

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioner of Public
Works and other Govern-
ment Departments, the Eoyal
Gardens, Kew, &c., &c., &c.

Seedsmen to H.I.M. the
Emperor of the French, the
Crystal Palace Company, the
Agri-Horticultural Society of
India, &c., &c., &c.

Just Published, Post Free, 12 stamps, Gratis to Customers.

CAETEE'S GAEDENEE'S AND FAEMEES VADE MECUM

^^"^^^ FOR 1867

--'^')^

Contains a lart;e amount of useful and orig^inal practical
information for the Garden and Farm, together with the following;
Original Articles ; —

On tte Cultivation of Hardy Flowers from Seed.
How to Raise Hardy Flowers from Seed.
Ornamental Annuals.
Fine-foliaged Plants from Seed. And,
On Laying down Grass Seed for Permanent Pasture.
&c. &c. &c.

CARTER'S COLLECTIONS of GARDEN SEEDS for 1867

Will produce a supply of the best Tegetablea "All the Year Round," for large, medium, small,

and very small families.

No. 4, 63s. ; No. 3, 42s. ; No. 2, 21s. ; No, 1, 10s. Od.

These Prices include box and packing.
*»* Any of the above fot'warded without delay on receipt of Post-office Order.

JAMES CARTER and CO., 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

tarly Spring Flowers.

WKBB'S GIAN'I l'Ol,YANTIiUS and COWSIJP,
with all tho IiohL TiirtotlcH of l.'ouMo and Slnple I'lUMKtJHKa,
PANSM'IS, iic., with KuetiK ut' ttlnglo varloUoH, LIST of prlooB Of
UllVoront kiiiiiH on iiiJTiIlcjitlon to

Mr. WKiiit, tiiUcot Onrdonfl, Reading.

7\ UTlIUir JIKNDKUSON ANTi"c"orhc-g to announce

J V that their CATyVLOdlfK of KITCHKN GARUKN and

t'LoWEil SEKDS lor lb»7 la now ready, ami will t>o lorwurdcd froo

1)11 iipplicntion.

NKW MELONS.

Kit IllGR CASTLK rKRFKCTION.— This Is a Kroon-floHliod variety,
lit' oxcolk'nt llaviiiir, thin Hkln, niodiiim hizu, witli a dcliclniu
iiioltluj; sugary flush. Ono of tlio boat norts over raised, 'is. &d.
iior piicktst.

TllKOUlLDHALL TRIZK.— Scarlet flcah, a very (luiok Rrowor ami
a ^I'oat cro|>por, wolght 3 to fi lb. Early, oxcullont Bhajio, richer
and HUiierior m flavour to Turaor'u Gom. Sldn very thin, A
Bocdllng botwcon tho Scarlet Uem and Egyptian groon-flcBhod.
'Is. <Sd. per packet.

nENDEUSON-S COMPACT-TOPPED FINE-APPLE liEET.—
True (our own savinj;),

Plno-apple Place, Edgowaro llond, London, N.

Lilium speclosum var. veatallB.

C^EORGE WllEKLKU respectfully announces ho is
T now prepared [to Bend out tho above very desirable new LILY.
It is early, blooms 'profusely, and is of a more dwarf and compact
habit than others of tho lancifulium tribe to which It 'bolongn. It IB
vory sweet, nf a pure white, and the petals being rotcuhirly rollexcd,
makes the form of the flower luioxcoptionablo. Strong FlowerinK
Roots may now bo had In a dry state, If ordered Immedmtoly. price
10s. fSd. each. Retnittanco must accompany the Order from unknown
correspondents.

Wanninster Nurseries.

FOR SALE, 50 dozen tine named HYACINTHS
(good sound bulbs), or any part thereof at 4s. per doxen, sent
free, package included.

Choice ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS, free by post, 100 packets
for 7*. M. ; 60, 4s. C*.:. ;2G, 2s. Gd. ; or 12 for U. M.

Choice GERMAN STOCKS, ASTERS, and Double ilALSAM?,
at Cd; per packet.

Jas. Rates, White TTorso Road, Croydon, S.

First Prize at the International.

HCAKNELL'S SELECT and DKSCltlPTIVE
• CATALOGUE and i AMATEUR'.S au.l GARDENER'S
FLORAL GUIDE lor 1857, is now ready, Irec for four .stumps, with
every particular how to Grow, Show, and got tho First l-^izes for
Fuclisias and Verbenas,i &c. A full and coirect description of all
Bedding Gems for the Season.

Fuchsia Nursery, Woolwich, S.E.

/ mUiCE SiaUiNfi-ELUVvEKlNlJ HAJtDY PLANTS.

AURICULAS, finest Alpine, per dozen, Cs.

CHRISTMAS ROSE, HELLEUORUS NIGER, per dozen, 9s.

IIEPATICAS, Double Red, per dozen, 4s.

,, Single White, per dozen, 9s.

„ Smgle Blue, per dozen, 4s.

„ Double Blue. Is. Crf. each ; single Mauve, new, each, Is. Od.
HELLEBORUS ATRORUBENS, Red, per dozen, ISs.

,, OLYMPICUS, Pink, per dozen, 18«.

PRIMilOSES, Double, in 3 fine sorts, per dozen, 6«.
POLYANTHUS, finest mixed, per dozen. 3s.
PAMPAS GRA.SS, extra fine, 40s. per 100: per dozen, 63.
VIOLETS, Double Red, White, Blue, Lilac and Striped, two of
each for 7*". 6d.
„ Single varieties. White. Blue, Striped, THE CZAR and

THE GIANT, two of each for bs.
WALLFLOWERS, Double Golden YellowandDark, per dozen, 6s.
FORGET-ME-NOT, " true," Myosotis palujitris. per dozen, At,
OENOTHERA MISSOURIENSIS (EVENING PRIMROSE),

per dozen, Os.
CAMPAN ULA I'YRAMIDALIS, per dozen, Os.
DAISIES in 6 choice kinds, per dozen, 4s.

N.B. The following additional Nurserymen have ordered the
niagniftcent New Violet t^UEEN of VIOLETS. For ftill description,
ac, seo (hircUncrs' Cfironicte of December 1, W,G, p. 1134 : —
Cattell, Mr. John, Westerham, j Miller, Mr. W.. Andovor, Hants.

Kent. I McHattie. J., Chester.

Wright, Mr. W., Retford, Notts. | Haniiaford, W., Teignmouth.

Strong Plants for Spring Flowering, Is. Od. each, 18s. per dozen,
£6 per 100. With usual allowance to Trade.

CATALOGUES for one Stamp. Post Office Orders on Castle
Hedlngham.

Wm. Dillistone, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

JOHN WATEKEU has to otter a quantity of very
handsome AUCUBA JAPONICA, the whole of which are
profusely covered with Berries.

1st Size are Plants 2 feet high, bearing IfiO to 200 Benies.
2d Size, 1 foot 0 inches, with 100 to 126 Berries.
3d Size, 1 foot, with 40 to 60 Berries.

Price from lU-s'. Gd. each and upwards.
The American Nm-sery, Bagshot, Surrey.

HARDY PLANES.— Platanus palmata, P. acerifolia,
P. acerifolia grandifolia, and P. pyi-amidalis. The above are
all perfectly hardy and beautiful varieties. Average height, G feet.
Price 258. per 100. A few of the two first named can be supplied
10 to 12 feet in height. Carriage paid to London.

Thos. Rivers & Son, Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth,

rpo BE S0"LD unusually cheap, 200,000 strong
JL LARCH, 3 and 4 years old, splendid stufl. No reasonable
offer will be refused.

BLACK ITALIAN POPLAR, 3 to 5 feet, IBs. per 1000.

SEEDLING ILEX OAK, 12s. per 1000.

MANETTI STOCKS, 25s. per lOUO.
For samples apply to W. Treseder, Nurseryman, Cardiff.

rp 0

B K

OLD

CHEAP.

A large quantity of 1-year SEEDLING LARCH and SCOTCH FIR.
3-yr. Transplanted ELM. I 4-yr. Transplanted LARCH.

4-yi-. Transplanted SCOTCH FIR. I 30 Bushels of HOLLY BERRIES.
6cwt. LONG RED MANGEL WURZEL SEED.
6cwt. YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL WURZEL SEED.
For samples, with prices, apply to
D. H. HiGGiNs, The Nm-series, Clonmel, Ireland,
l^t free on board at Watertorci.

AKCH and THOKN QUlCiiS.— ftplendui li-yr.
Transplanted Larch, 3 to 4 feet, clean, stout, and well rooted,
cannot be surpassed: Ditto 2 to 2J feet Thorn Quicks, C-yr. old.
Transplanted, free ana very fine. Prices very low.

Field Brotuers, Tarrin Road Nursery, Chester.

A B- C H,

SILVEK Elli, &c.

LARCH, H to 2 feet, 8s. perinoo ; 2 to 3feet, 10s. ; 3 to 4feet, 12s. Gd.
SILVER FIR, r> to 12 inches. 4.«. per 1000.
SCOTCH FIR. native, C to 12 inches, 5s. per 1000.

LIST of other TREES sent on application.
Apply, with reference, to J. P^iddell, Park Attwood, Bewdley,
Wore estersliire.

Planting Season

LARCH (Native and Tvrolese), SCOTCH FIR (True
Native}, SPRUCE, OAK, ASH, ALDER, BEECH. PRIVET,
and all kinds of FOREST and ORNAMENT.1VL TREES and
SHRUBS. ROSES. FRUIT TREES, fine specimen ARAUCARLiS
and DEODARS, and large TREES for Park Planting, now m fine
condition for removal. . .

CATALOGUES, with sizes and prices, sent free on application to
D1CK.S0NS & Co., Nuraerymen, Seedsmen, and FloriBts, 1, Waterloo
Place, Edinbm'gh. ^

strong Larcb, Native Scotch, EngUsH OaJi, morns,

&c., ALL Transplanted.

GEORGE CHITAS, Chester, solicits the attention of
Plnnteis to hia very great Stoct of LARCH, 2 to 4i feet;
NATIVE SCOTCH, li to 3 feet (a portion of which was 1 mnaplanted
Inst BurioB for tlie socona time) ; fiNGLISH OAK, 2 to 4 foot, aiid
THORNS nf crent stroDgth, with an eitonsive and general assoit-
ment of other Trees and Piauts. The quality is UDOxceptionaDle,
auU the prices much in favour of the buyer.

124

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Febbttaby 9, 1867.

PYRAMID APPLES, PEAKS, PLUMS, CHERRIES.
Beautiful Trees for Garden or Orchard Hciusog.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Dwarf-trained Trees by the 1000, 100, or dozen.

APPLES. PEARS, PLUMS, UHEKKIES, PEACHES,
and NECTARINES. Fine, flat, well-trained, of best quality
and true to name.

Richard Suith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Fifty Acres of Fruit Trees,

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS in every form desired for
FmltlnR.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman .and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Orcliard-Iiouse Trees Fruiting in Pots.
REACHES, NEUTAKINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,

PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
Richard Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

FRUrr TREES, for Walls and Esnaliers.— Upwards of
50,000 to select from, carefully trained, and in the healthiest
condition for planting.

RicuARD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

WALL-TRAINKD TREES of BEARING SIZE.— Uur
Wall -Trained Fruit Trees this season are veiT fine, and
Include PEACHES, NECTARINES. APRICOTS, and FlGS, suited
fur planting in houses for immediate Fruiting. An inspection is
respoctl'ulJy invited.

T. Jackson & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, Surrey.

Large Fruiting Morello Cherries.

C^EO. CLAltKK has to ottei" a lew very haridsome
X TREKS, now gmwlng on a wall and in the best possible state
for rcrnovrtl. They mciisure 12 to IS feet throui;h, are youtie. well
formed, and in fjuitful condition. Any per.'ion requiring such Trees
for immediate effect has an ovportiinity seldom to be met with.

Pncii on application.
Geo. Clauke, Niu'sery, Streatliam Place, Brixtoa Hill, London, S.

Fruit Trees.

WOOD AND INGRAM wish to call the nttention of
Planters and the Ti'ade to their Large stock of the following,
which thpy are prepared to supply at very moderate rates, according
to the miainity taken : —

APPLES, Standards, Half Standards, and Dwarfs.
APRICOTS, Dwarf Maiden, cut back, and trained,
CURRANTS, fine bushy plants, all the best kinds.

goosebh:rkies

GRAPE VINES, from Eyes, Planting and Fruiting Canes.

Layers, well-rooted. Canes I inch round.
ORTS, ar ■ - ... -

NDTS and FILBERTs, all sizes up to 4 to .5 feet.
PEACHES, Dwarf Maiden, cut brick and trained.
Pt'lARS, Standards, Dwarfs, and Pyramids.
PLUMS, Standiirds, Half Standards, and Dwarfs.

CATALOGUES and Prices on application.
The Nurseries, Huntingdon.

dirysanthemums, Chrysantliemums,
Cnrysantlieniunis.

ADAM FORSYTH'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum,
warded to all applicants for one stamp,

Brunswick Nurseiy, Stoke Jiiewington, London, N.

For-

FreuclL Asters

TRUFFAITT'S EEINE MARGUERITE, direct from
the Continent. Roine Marguerite is the most beautiful Aster
grown ; it contains Fleur Perfdctioii, Bombi'e, and PivoinC- vaneties,
&0U seeds, Is. Also the Dwarf BOUQUET ASTER, in 0 colours,
600 seeds. Is. Free by post.

Mr. Hammond, Bcdwin Street, Salisbury.

A Practical Gardener for Sixpence.

CARTER'S FLOKAL ALMANAC and CALENDAR of
OPERATIONS for 18G7 contains full Directions for the
Successful Management of the Flower Garden, Kitchen Garden, and
the Farm for each Month in the Year. Forwarded on receipt of sis
stamps.

James Carter & Co., 237 and 238, High Holbom, London, ■W.C;
"W. H. Smith & Son, Strand, and all their Railway Book Stalls.

F

0 W E R

SEEDS.

1 oz. Mignonette

1 oz. Nemophila insignia

i pint Sweet Peas

Collection of 20 Choice Varieties—

„ French Asters

„ Crown Asters

„ German Stocks

The above selection, of the choicest varieties and the finest quality.

Bent on receipt of Poat-ofRce order for 13s.

J. C. Wheeler & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

Hardy Scarlet and other Rliododendrons,

WH. ROGERS, Red Lodge Nui-.sery. Southampton,
• can offer splendid named varieties of" the above, strong
bushy Plants, well set with blooming buds, at £10pi>r ino, or selected
30s. per dozen; also a general NURSERY STOCK of FKDIT
FOREST, and ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS, extending
over CO Acres, Detailed CATALOGUES and every information
may be had on application.

Rhododendrons.

JOHN "CATERER'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
of HARDY SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS is now
publislied, and will be lorwarded on application.- It faithfuUv describes
the colours of the new varieties exhibited bv him at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park, An Abridged List of popular
CONIFERS .with heights and prices, is likewise combined.

The Amencan Nurseiy, Bagshot, Surrey, near Sunningdale Station,
South-Western Railway.

American Plants, &c.

WATERER AND GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS
nnd other Amencan Plants for this Autumn, will he sent on
application. The Catalogue also gives a summary of their General
Nursery Stock, probably the most extensive in tne kingdom.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey,

Post Paid.

Viola cornuta, var. Purple Queen,

Is. and 2s. 6tf. per Packet.

BS. ^VILLIAMS has purchased Mr. Bennett's entire
.„ „ "Stock of the above. None genuine unless ia Packets bearing
B. S. W. s name and address.

VIOLA CORNUTA, var. MAUVE QUEEN, Gd., Is., and 29. Gd.
per Packet.
B. S. Williams, Victoria andParadise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, N.

rp R I C 0 L 0~R P~E^lTr~G~0 N I UMS.

Mrs. Pollock, Ts. and 9s. per doz. j Sunset, 21s. per doz.
Italia Unita. 21s. per doz. \ Mrs. Benyon, 24s. per doz.

In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package included.
Remittance required from unknown Correspondents.

Address, Alfred Fhver, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

Geraniums for Sale.

MRS. POLLOCK, good strung PLujts, a: 30s. per 100 ; larger size, at

40s. per lUO.

WM. POTTEN has a large Stock of VARIEGATED
and ZONAL GERANlUMt^SCARLET, ROSE, PINK, and
WHITE, all strong plants, in pots, at 20s. per 100. The above Plants
will be sent out in April and May. Price to tho Trade on application.
Wm. Potten, Sissinghurst. Staplehui-st, Keat.

Geraniums, Geraniums, Geraniums.

JC. PADMAN, NuRSEiiYMA;^, Seedsman, Florist,
• &c., Boston Spa, Tadcaster, Yorkshire, begs to offer the
following 12 varieties of ZONAL and other GERANIUMS for 12s.,

Sackage included : — Sunset, Mrs. Pollock, Ros;e Ri3ndatler, Pmk
tella Variegated Stella, Amy Hogg, Glory, Wiltshire Lass, Le
Gi-auQ, Virgo Mario, Misj Pariltt, and Mr, Wm. Paul.

J. C. P. has a larg« stock ol Pmk, Scarlet, White Zonal, and other
Geraniums, including many of the best varieties with variegated
foliage, all good strong plants.

Cash or reference from unknown roiTCspondents.
Po&t-offlce Ordei 3 payable at Boston Spa.

NOTICE.-NEW ROSES FOR 1867.

FORTT-SIX VARIETIES, being the crcim only of the best new kinds known on the Continent, now ready in
magnificent strong healthy Plants, which will be eligible for sending out as soon as the weather will permit, '

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES GRATIS on application to the SUBSCRIBERS.

WILLIAM WOOD and SON,
WOODLANDS NURSERY, MARESFIELD, NEAR UCKFIELD, SUSSEX.— Feb. 9.

NEW ROSES FOR 1867.

JOHN FKASEE,

OF THE LEA BRIDGE ROAD NURSERIES, N.E.,

HAS MUCH PLEASURE IN ANNOUNCINO THAT HIS

DESCRIPTIVE LIST of CAREFULLY SELECTED NEW ROSES for 1867

IS NOW READY, AND WILL BE FORWARDED ON APPLICATION.
1^* The IHants are this Season vmtsualhj stro^ff and health^/.

KITCHEN GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS.

OSBORN & SONS'

SELECT LIST OF THE ABOVE MAY NOW BE HAD

ON APPLICATION.
In it, among- other articles of sterling merit, especial attention is directed to the following :-

'•BEET, OSBORN'S SELECT RED.— This la preferred by many
garjeuers to any other kind, and for decorative purposes ita
foliage is unsurpassed. Per oz.. Is.

CELERY, FEAR NOT.— A most desirable pink variety, crisp and
excellent In Savour. Per packet, Is.

'MELON, QUEEN EMMA.— ThU was raised at Heckfleld. and

E renounced by the Viscount Eversiey and other connoisseurs to
e one of the best flavoured Melons ever produced. It has ii
ROod constitution, is a great bearer, well netted, thin skin,
thick pale green flesh, and weighs from 2 to 3 lb. Per packet,
2s. 6d.

*BR0CC0L1, OSBORN'S WHITE WINTER.— Stt 11 pronounced by
some gardeners to be the best. Per packet, Is. tid.

LETTUCE, SCOTPS WHITE COS.— A very superior variety of
Paris Cos. Per packet, Is. Gd.

LErrUCE, BOWDEN'S BROWN COS.— Less liable to run thao
any Lettuce we know. Per packet, Is. 6d.

*LETTUCE, STANSTED CABBAGE— The best hardy winter
variety. Per packet, Is.

LETTUCE, BELLE BONNE.— A very superior summer Cabbage
Lettuce. Per packet, Is.

• Special quotations to the Trade of these may be had on application,
FULHAM NURSEKY, LONDON, S.W.

PLANTING.

PAUL & SON,

OLD CHESHUNT NURSERIES, CHESHUNT, N.,

INVITE ATTENTION TO THEIR

LARGE STOCK OF THE FOLLOWING PLANTS,

Many of which are well adapted for filling up Vacancies caused by the late Frosts. Their stock ia

comparatirely uninjured.

Evergreens.

U.URELS, 4 to 7 feet.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 to 4 feet.
RED CEDARS, in Tarloty, 4 to 6 feet.
HOLLIES, 3 to 4 feet.
CONIFER^ in great variety and size.

Deciduous Trees.

LIMES, 8 feet.
PLANES, S to 10 feet.
MAPLES, 10 to 12 feet.
ELMS, 10 to 12 feet.
POPLARS of sorts, 10 to 12 feet.
THORNS of sorts, 8 to 10 feet.

Standard and Pyramid APPLES, PEAKS, and PLUMS, for Orchard Planting. Special prices for qunntities.

Paul & Son have several Thousand STANDARD HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES.

Dwarfs in pots of the leading TEA and NOISETTE ROSES.

PRICED LISTS ON APPLICATION.

GARDEN SEEDS.

WILLIAM PAUL,

(Son and Successor to the late A. Paul),
PAUL'S NURSERIES and SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.,

BEGS TO ANNOUNCE THAT HIS

SELECT LIST OF VEGETABLE, FLOWER SEEDS, ETC.,

IS NOW READY, AND WILL BE FORWARDED POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

The following Novelties recently introduced by him hare already become standard varieties, and the
Seeds now ottered have been saved from pure original stocks:-

PAUL'S WALTHAM BRUSSELS SPROUTS. — This TOi'iety Is

quite distinct, the Nprouts posaesslnK the Taluable quality ot

bBin< green to the centre, ^nd retniDlng the same colour when

cooked. Is. per pitcket.
PAUL'S WALTHAM MARKET CABBAGE. — Laree, rery even

growth, eariy and fine, mild flavour ; pronounced by all who

have seen it the finest sort in cutttvation. Is. per packet,
PAUL'S IMPROVED TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER. —Thia la a

prodigious bearer, frequently producing four or five fine fruit at

a joint ; very handsome, and excellent flavour ; particularly

recommended for a house or winter forcing. Is. per packet.
PAUL'S SELECTED EXTRA CURLED PARSLEY.— Large and

SUPERB DWARF HERTFORDSHIRE CAULIFLOWER. —Verf
large, pure white close heads, remaining fit for use much longer
than most other sorts ; very hardy, having frequently stood in
winter under a south wall without any other protection.
Is. per packet.

BROCKETT HALL BROWN COS LETTUCE. —Very hardy, larga,
crisp, and excellent flavour ; stands a long time after most other
aorta without running to seed ; good for sowing at any season ;
the finest Lettuce grown, la. per packet.

PAUL'S SUPERB CRIMSON BEET.— This variety as improved by
me is unsurpassed In colour and flavour. Is. per oz,

PAUL'S IMPROVED LATE CURLED BORECOLE.— Unsurpassed
as a '* Curled Green," very hardy ; very productive, and continues
in an© condition for use till the end of April. Is. per packet.

very superior; pronounced by all who have grown it from my
stock ttie best in cultivation. 6d. per packet.

COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GAilDEN SEEDS, IO5. Qd., and upwards,
COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, 6s. and upwards.

*»* AU Seeds Carriage Free.

Febhuabt 9, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

125

Neir and Cboice Flower Seeds.

FBFir nv I'OBT OK Rail,

BUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of

O FLOWBK SEEDS are sont IVoo by Post or RalL rrlcos
1 as under:—
No. 1 Collection of the best EnRllsh and Gorman rarlottes,

I with InstructloDfl on cultlvatlOD £2 2 0

No. 2 Collection of ditto ditto ,. .. 1 11 fi

No. 3 Colloction of ditto ditto ., .. 110

No. 4 Collootion of ditto ditto . , . . 0 16 0

I No. 6 Collection of ditto ditto . . . . 0 10 n

Smnll nnd useful Colloctlons can also bo bad from 2a. to 7^. 6d.,
free by post.

For mrticulars of the aboTO, seo SUTTON'S DESCRIPTIVK
CATALOGUE, gratis and post froo on application.

.Sdttok ft Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Good Seeds ^^0^ Carriage Free.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of
SEEDS for ONE YEAR'S SUITLY.

For the Kitcuen Garden.

No. 1 Collection, carriage froe £3 3 0

No. 2 Collection, carrliigo freo 220

No. 3 Collection, carrlnKe fro© 1 11 fl

No. 4 Colleotlou, cai-rliige free 110

No. fi Collection, carriage free 0 !.'> o

No. 6 ColIocLlon 0 10 6

For rne Flower Garden.

No. 1 Collootion, froo by poet or rail £2 2 0

No. 2 Collection, froo by post or rail 1 11 fi

No. 3 Collootion, tVoo br post or rail 110

No. 4 Collection, froo by post or rail 0 15 0

No. 6 Collection, froe by post or rail 0 10 6

PRICED CATALOGUES Rratis and post fl-ee. Five per Cent.
Discount allowed for Cash payment.
__ SirTri>\ & St^Ns, Sood Growers. Readlne.

Sub-troplcal and OrnameiiFal"ToliagedrPlants
from Seed.

W'lLLTAM ROLLISSON and SONS' NEW and
GENERAL SEED CATALOGUE, ooutaining a List of the
above, can bo bad on application to
The Nurseries, Tooting, London.

G

ENUINE GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS

of the best quality.

CATALOGUES post free on application.

James Veitoh ft Sons, Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea, S.W.

€hB ©artrenerjS' Chronicle.

SATUSDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1867.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING "WEEK.

' Tt/mLt TVb .-(Rovnl Horticultural (Anniversary Meetinn). Rt

I^UIT, tuo. lij South KcnslnBtou .. .. .. .. J r.u.

The reciprocal action of Root and Branch
is a fact so fully recognised by physiologists i
that to enter more than cursorily on its discussion
would be a waste of words ; but as some may not
fully understand what is meant by this reciprocal
action, it may bo necessary to give a little
explanation. Taking an Oak, Elm, Ash, or any
other kind of forest tree, it has been ascertained
by experiment, and is now an admitted fact,
that however far the bi-anches of a fully exposed
tree may extend laterally, however great the
diameter or circumference of the branches may
be, the superficial area covered by the roots,
impediments apart, wiU be the same, if not more.
The roots of some trees, as for example the Elm,
Ash, Poplar, &c., will travel a considerable
distance m search of nutriment; indeed these
might, as compared with the Oak, be caUed preda-
tory plants, ever ready to plunder the soil which
surrounds them. In recently making some altera-
tions we found that the roots of an Elm and an
Acacia, forming part of a neatly clipped hedge
close by, had extended through some Asparagus
beds more than 90 feet. But taking a plant in
good soil, and fully exposed on all sides, the
roots rarely extend beyond the cLrcumferenco of
or area of the branches, and if they do it will
almost invariably be on the windward side, so as
to act as a couftter strain against the leverage of
the branches when pressed by severe storms of
wind. Such is the provision which Nature
uncontrolled provides for plants left to her
control ; but when her journeyman, the gardener,
steps in, he too frequently thinks to improve
upon Nature's teachings, and sometimes sets
about it in a very singular manner.

Hence, in the management of the Vine, what
do we do ? We provide a border of considerable
area and rich material, draining it thoroughly —
sometimes paving, concreting, and even warming
the bottom, and generally making the border
from 18 inches to 3 feet deep, and occasionally
more. Thus we provide a rich pabulum for the
plants to feed upon, and what do we do next ?
Why, so soon as the plants get into free luxuriant
growth we commence pinching and ' thumb-
screwing ' the young branches — the laterals, as we
call them in Vine management — some cultivators
in fact pinching them out altogether. Now, if
the action of the root and branch is reciprocal,
and there can be no doubt of it, this pinching or
removal of the branches is a direct and constant

check upon the progress of tho roots, and hence
while wo invito growth at the root, we prevent it
by tho injudicious managomont of tho branches.
Of course under artificial treatment it would bo
wrong to retain more branches than could bo
exposed to the full action of light, and thus
enabled to perform thoir proper functions ; but in
tho case of a young Vino trained for tho first season
on the singlo-rod system and growing vigorously,
it is exceedingly questionable if, so long as tho
loading shoot was not chocked, it would not bo
better to train the lateral shoots out 18 inches
on each side than to follow tho present denuding
system. If there is any truth in physiology it is
quite certain that by such a system more roots
would bo formed, and as the first object of tho
Vine planter should be to secure healthy and
extended root action, this appears to be the only
natural means of doing so.

Some years back we were consulted by a
gentleman who had built Vineries extensivelj-.
His largest house was 190 feet long by 30 feet
wide, with a span-roof of Hartley's plate glass. At
right angles at each end, thus forming three
sides of a square or parallelogram, were two other
Vineries, each 100 feet by 'SO feet, and hence, as
the borders were all outside, there was 30 feet of
space at each end of the longest house where no
border 'could be formed, and where consequently
no Vines had been jilanted. We were asked to
suggest a remedy for this empty space, and wo
did so by carrying tho two end Vines horizontally
along the wall plate, taking up from each, at
intervals of about 3 feet, shoots perpendicularly to
the top of the house. At the same time the fellow
Vines, then two years planted, and vei-y nice
rods, were cut back to about 8 feet, and each
was allowed to cany six or eight bunches of
Grapes. Now it would perhaps be expected by
many, that tho two Vines trained horizontally,
and from each of which nine shoots or rods
were trained across the house, would not
make such wood as those which carried
a few bunches of Grapes and had only
one shoot to make. But such was not tho
case ; the nine rods from the single Vine were
quite as good as tho single rod from the Vines
that had borne fruit — a result scarcely anticipated,
and much more gratifying than had been
expected. The kinds were Eoyal Muscadine
and Black Hamburgh, and of each variety the
growth was about equal.

The growth of these two Vines we regard as
supplying two exceedingly strong facts. If a
Vine of a certain age and strength will carry
nine shoots, just as well as another Vino of !
the same age carries one shoot and a few j
bunches of Grapes — certainly not equivalent to
the work of the other Vine, it only shows how
accommodating plants are, and how much more
work they would do, under artificial treatment,
if they were only allowed to do it. We regret
that after tho time specified, the end of tho
season when the growth before alluded to was
made, we had not an opportunity of seeing the
progress the plants made, but we can scarcely
imagine a growth so well begun could have had
anything but a good ending.

The Vine, it should be observed, when allowed
full freedom of action is not a profuse root pro-
ducer ; that is, in the open border it does not
produce that multiplicity of roots so characteristic
of it under pot or artificial treatment. Such
being the fact, it is essential in planting a Vinery
to make a narrow border at the commencement
say 6 feet wide, and then, as soon as that space
is filled with roots, to extend the border 4 or 6 feet
wider. In this way it is fair to infer a much
larger quantity of roots will be formed at home,
that is near to the house, and once formed there,
they are sure to spread and ramify through the
border as it is provided for them.

That a properly planted and developed Vine
will do much more work, and carry a very much
heavier crop than hitherto has been considered
right, is no longer a matter of speculation. The
success of tho Vine at Einchley is positive evi-
dence of the fact ; and Mr. Norman, in his testi-
mony (p. lllf), 1S66) respecting the Muscat Vine
at Bi-omley Common,. supplies another verj'gi-ati-
fyingfact, viz., that tht herries of former dai/swere
much siiadltr than, those of the present, so that now
a Vine, say 100 years old, not only continues in
perfect health, but has been improved, the berries
not being so small as in former days. What
evidence do the Vines of modern planting supply ?
As a rule, splendid bunches and berries for the
first five or seven years after planting, and then
1 they sink gradually but certainly into compara-

tive mediocrity. This is tho history of all tho
Vines from which tho splendid G rapes for tho
London exhibitions have been cut for tho last 20
years. Vines in robust youth produce fine bunches
for a few years under tho restrictive system
of development, but loft to thninsolvos com-
paratively, and allowed to send thoir roots and
branches far anr' wide, thoy not only continue
to produce fine branches and berries, but, accord-
ing to Mr. Norman's experience, after 100
years the berries may be had larger than they
were when tho Vino was younger. Those aro facts
which shoulil make us pause ; and if wo look
philoso])hicalIy into tho matter wo shall perhaps
find that we have for years been working in tho
wrong groove, and that to bring tho Grape to tho
greatest perfection, we must allow tho Vino more
room to develop itself both by root and bi anch.
If any proof ot this bo wanting, select two
common trees of any kind, and as nearly alike as
poisible. Next spring, as soon as they start into
growth, stop tho shoots of one weekly, just as tho
shoots of the Vines are stopped in our hothouses,
and if, by the end of the season, it is not evident
how efi'ectually the growth of the plant operated
upon has been dwarfed as compared with that left
to Nature, wo shall be much mistaken. All
evidence is in favour of allowing Vines to take a
much wider range of growth than has been
customary for many years past, and by doing so,
and inducing constitutioniil vigour, we not only
reduce the chances of the plant suffering from a
tomporaiy check, but we also place it, in a great
measure, beyond a check of any kind. With a large
growth of branches there must be an equally
largo development of roots, and hence the plant,
by the number and activity of its feeders, is
placed beyond the power of seasonal changes or
shght accidents.

Nor is this e'N'idence confined to the sunny
south or the range of the Grampian HiUs. There
are Vines quite as large and fruitful as
those which have lately been alluded to. It
is therefore worth while for gardeners to consider
how thoy will road this lesson of Nature's teach-
ing, and utilise it for the improvement of
their Grape crop. Practically, especially in early
forcing, we have always looked upon a strong
main stem as a reservoir or store of nutriment
upon which the young branches could i'eed until
the roots got into active growth, and without this
store, especially in the case of cold borders, we
should have more failuies than we have had
hitherto. What is the cause of the incipient
bunches of Grapes going blind ? Let the young
gardener study what we have written, and if he
cannot find the answer to this question, we will
try to find it for him.

The arrangements for the Spring and Summer

Exhibitions of the Eotal Horticultural Society
are now issued, and we find that in addition to the
Bury Show, wliich takes place in July, tliu Society will
hold, at South Kensingtim, two Spriuf; Exhiliitious,
one on the 19th of March, the other on the llJth of
April, these of course being minor shows. A Sjiecial
Prize Show is to be held on May 7th, in "which we
observe that New Plants are to be a leading feature,
and Major Clarke invites the very interesting class of
" Fragrant-blossomed Plants " as a novel feature. With
these subjects certain showy plants are to be associated
in sufficient quantities to make up a good minor show.
The Great Show of the season is to commence on
June 4th, and to last five days, the last of which, by
one of those fatalities which make it necessary that the
London great .shows should not be held on either of the
weeks taken up by tho fashionable races, unfortunately
clashes with the opening of the Manchester National
Show. As regards the visitors this is perhaps of little
consequence, for comparatively few jiersous would
attend both shows, at least on that day, hut it may
prove a source of considerable inconvenience to exhi-
bitors, and it is therefore to be hoped that some
mutual arrangement may be come to between the
two intoit'stcd Societies, which will enable exhibitors
to attend both with their productions, if they desire
to do so. The postponing of the judging at Man-
chester until the Monday morning, and the early
removal of the plants from Kensington on the Satur-
day, would probably admit of the difficulty being
bridged over. The prizes offered are liberal, and the
selection of subjects seems to be judicious, affording a
(considerable increase of variety as compared with
former summer shows. Among other things of which
we (|uite ajiprove, we find that Zonal rilaiL'oiiiunis
are for the first time placed on an equality with other
Pelargoniums as regards the amount of ]ai if -money,
a position to which iheir merits fully entitle them, and
a necessary step towards the attainment of perfection
in their cultivation, which as yet is not equal to that of
the other show kinds. A class is introduced for the
Tricolor-zoned Pelargoniums with their beautiful
foliage, and Hardy Trees and Shrubs are also brought
in with advantage. The National Rose Show of the
•2d of July, a show which is always held in high favour
by visitors, closes t\ie London exhibition season, so
far as the Eoyal Horticultural Society is concerned.
I The Saturday'Shows have, we observe, been given up.

126

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANI) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Febeuaey 9, 1867.

exceptmp; during the months of May and June. Life-
less meetings from the first, they have been kept
on for two seasons as an experiment, but have so
thoroughly failed in affording any feature of interest,
that they are now wisely abandoned during the less
busy portion of the year. The Tuesday meetings,
combining the scientific meetings with those of the
I'ruit and Floral Committees, which have become the
most interesting and useful of the assemblies held
under the auspices of the Society, are to be continued
on the first and third Tuesdays of each month from
March to October, one meeting only being held during
the months of February, November, and December.
Ne.-ct week we shall have before us the Keport of the
Council on the general state of the Society's afiairs,
and we have reason to believe it will be a more
favourable one than has been given for the last two or
three years, thanks to the energy and good manage-
ment of Colonel Scott.

■ The EoTAL TrrscAN Society of Horticitl-

TUEE has resolved toorganise, in the month of September
next, a General and Grand Exhibition of Flowers,
Fruits, and everything connected with gardening and
horticulture, at Florence. Foreign horticulturists are
invited to join in it, and notice of when it will open will
be given at a future time. It will take place in the
Society's gardens, near the Porte de San Gallo. No
special programme will be issued, and the competition
will be free. There will be 1st, 2nd, and 3rd class
prizes consisting of medals, besides money prizes, which
will be awarded by a committee, named for the occasion
by the governmg body of the Society.

—^ Mr. Htjllett shows a desu-e to extend his con-
nexion, and, as it appears, no longer trusts to circulars
addressed to private individuals for the announcement
of his curiosities, but invokes the aid of the " Thun-
derer," by a letter to the Times. The curiosity thus
publiclyadvertisedisa so-called "Sorghiuu tartari'cum "
seeds of which are to be had from Mr. Hullett at
the low cost of a stamped envelope. We may add, that
we have received, as this sheet is passing through the
press, three packets of seeds of Sorghums direct from
Mr. Hullett. and which shall be forwarded to the
gardens of the Eoyal Horticultural Society, at Chiswick,

■ Horticulturists will feel very great rerret

to learn of the sudden death of Mr. George Uee
Skinner. He left England last December by the
West India Mail Packet to go to Guatemala, in
Central America, where he was a partner in the house
of Klee, Seinnee & Co., he being about to retire
irom business and settle in England. He had only got
as far as Panama when he was seized with yellow fever
and after a very short illness, died on the 0th Jan. at
Aspiuwall. It is as a devoted lover of plants (especially
Orchids) and Natural History generally that Mr
Skinnee has been so remarkable. He was of a most
genial, kindly disposition, ever liberal and charitable,
so that his loss vrill be felt most keenly by his friends,
His old and attached friend, Mr. Bateii.in, has kindly
promised to supply a biographical notice, and hence for
the present we do no more than announce the sad news
and give expression to that feeling of sorrow which
will be felt by all with whom Mr. Skimnee was in any
way associated.

PLANT POETEAITS.

ANGEiEOUM CITUATVM— Sot. Mag., t. 5624. Orchi-
daccjB. A pretty little stove epiphyte, consisting of a
few oblong lanceolate leaves, fonning a flattened tuft
and a slender pendulous radical scape, bearing a mauy-
flowcred raceme 4 or 5 inches long, on which the small
cream-coloured flowers all facing one way, are set in two
rows, one on each side the rachis ; they have a spui-
twice as long as the lip. Native of Madagascar.
Flowered by Messrs. Veitch & Sons.

Baeleeia Gibsowi.— .Bot Mag., t. 5628. Aoan-
thaceffi. A glabrous stove shrub, of branched habit,
with neat ovate or oblong lanceolate leaves, and sub-
terminal flowers of rather large size, nearly regular
outline, and of a pale purple colour. It is described
as being useful for winter flowering. Native of India.
Flowered at Kew.

Clavija fulgens.— 5oif. Mag., t. 5626. Myrsinacese.
A beautiful stove shrub, of erect habit, the single stem
bearing a crown of ohcuneately spathulate leaves, a
foot or more in length ; from their axils, and grovriug so
as to be hidden by them, issue short racemes of very
handsome deep orange-red flowers. Supposed to be of
Peruvian origin. Flowered at Kew.

Curcuma australasica.— .Boi!. Mag., t, 5620. Zingi-
beraceje. A rather ornamental stove herb, closely
allied to the common Turmeric. It has oblou"
lanceolate leaves, and many-flowered .spikes of yellow
blossoms, the lower bracts subtending which are
shorter, green, and recurved, and the upper ones longer,
more acute, and rose-coloured, forming a pretty crown
to the inflorescence. Native of Cape York, North-
east Australia. Flowered by Messrs. Veitch & Sons.

Helianthemuh ocymoides.— .So^. Mag., t. 5621.
Cistaceffi.— A beautiful hardy sub-shrub of dwarf habit,
with linear oblong leaves, and large bright yellow
flowers with a dark eye. Native of Spain and Portugal.
Flowered at Kew. "The beautiful genus to which
this belongs," observes Br. Hooker, "was once a
favourite in cultivation, but has of late given way before
the rage for 'bedding-out plants,' which now monopolize
the once varied borders of English gardens. No less
than 70 species of Hehanthemum, besides varieties, are
figured in Sweefs valuable book on the cidtivated
plants of the order, published ill 1830, and of these a

freat number are now no longer to be found in England,
t is to be believed that the time will yet come when
the taste for really beautiful and interesting plants will
reign again, and replace the present passion for a blaze
of gaudy colours along our garden walks."

Balsaminaceaj. A free-flowering and free-growing
stovo plant, of erect branched habit, 2 to 4 feet high,
with fleshy stems, ovate lanceolate sernated leaves, and
large flat pale purple flowers, somewhat resembling
those of L platypetala. Native of India and Ceylon.
Flowered at Kew.

Lampeococcus Weilbachii.— iVeerZ. Plant., t. 26.
Bromehaceie. Also called L. Laurentianus and
^Echmea Weilbachii. It is a pseudepiphytal stove
herb, with ligulate leaves, and an erect scape bearing
crimson spathes and purple flowers, of a not very showy
character. Native of Brazil. Flowered in the
Copenhagen Garden.

Mesospinidium sanguineum.— .Boi. Mag t.5627.
Orchidaceaj. A pretty cool stove epiphyte, with oval
compressed pseudobulbs, cuneate ligulate leaves, and
secund,;pendulousracemes,branchedatthe base, bearing
pretty, moderate-sized, waxy, warm rosy-tinted flowers.
Native of the Peruvian and Quiteusiau Andes. Intro-
duced from Ecuador, and flowered by Messrs. Veitcb.

Bhaphia TMDiGERA.—L'Ilhistratioii Sort t. 499.
Palmese. A graceful Palm, with a taU erect cyhndrical
stem, and a crown of stout arching pinnate fronds,
having many pinna?, the fructification consisting of
large cluster-shaped spadices hanging from between
the bases of the fronds. Native of Brazil. Grown bv
M. A. Verschaffelt.

Tapeinotes C.AEOLINJJ.— .Boi. Mag., t. 5623. Ges-
neraceaj. A pretty succulent-stemmed stove plant,
with oblong lanceolate serrated leaves, of a shining
bluish-green above and bright red-purple beneath ; the
flowers are axillary Gloxinia-like, white, with the tube
much inflated and curved upwards. Native of Brazil.
Flowered at Kew.

Teiesia beachystachys. — Garteitflora, t. 518.
Bromeliaceaa. A stove perennial, with ligulate green
leaves, and a short distichous spike of yellow flowers
issuing from spreading carinate bracts, which are red
at the base and tipped with green. The scape also is
coloured red. Native country not stated. Flowered
in the St. Petersburg Botanic Garden.

Strawbeeey Ananas VsnF&TVEh.—L' I/histraiion
Hort., t. 501. A French variety of the Pine race, said
to be one of great excellence. The plant is d\varf,
vigorous, and hardy. The fruit is of moderate size,
roundish or oval, sometimes lobed, of a lively vermilion
red with projecting seeds, and with a very white flesh,
which is juicy, sweet, and highly perfumed. It was
raised by M. Gloedo.

Strawbeeey Reus Van Quidwijk.— TVeecZ. Plant.,
t. 3S. A large coarse-looking Strawberry, with fruit of
oblong outline, but irregular and furrowed on the
surface, sometimes cockscomb-shaped. It is of a
palish red colour, and is represented as having solid
flesh, white, with a central dash of red. liaised by Mr.
Van de Water.

thousand respectively. New York ofiers a steady
market for Oranges. The southern ports, as Charleston
and Savannah, used to take a certain quantity, from
80,000 to 100,000 at a time, before the late civil war.

Pine-apples must be ranked next to I'ruit trees. They
have long been an article of production and exporta-
tion to the United States, and they are now shipped in
considerable quantities to London. The cultivation
was commenced about 100 years ago at Governor's
Harbour, Tarpum Bay, and Rock Sound in Eleuthera,
and in 20years it had become very general in that island.
The first cargo to England was shipped in 1S12.
It appears uncertain whether this plant is a native
of these islands, or was introduced from the Windward
Islands or Cuba. Three varieties are grown : 1. The
Bird's-eye, which is the original or indigenous variety ;
2, the Sugar-loaf; 3, the Cuba or Scarlet, which was
introduced about 1850 or 1852, and the cultivation of
which has been rapidly extending during the last five
years. The Sugar-loaf, which is a juicy luscious fruit
and keeps better on a long voyage, is preferred in the
United States, where it arrives in good condition after
the shorter voyage, and fetches a higher price by
20 per cent, than the Bird's-eye. It is found that it
will thrive in soil which was considered unfit for the
other kinds. The cultivation of the Bird's-eye kind
is going out. This variety is found to be more liable to
the depredations of rats than the others. An instance
of the loss by these animals may be cited. In one
field of 40 acres of Sugar-loaf Pine, the reduction in
the yield of a recent year was estimated at 6000 dozen,
or one-third of the crop of the preceding year.

Laud-crabs are also very destructive to Pines in
some places, as at the east end of the Bight of
Eleuthera.^ Like locusts elsewhere, they invade a field,
march straight through it, and consume every fruit in
their course. Destructive droughts occur at intervals
of six or seven years.

The cultivation of the Pine is chiefly carried on in
Eleuthera, but it is also grown iu other of the islands
to windward, and St. Salvador has lately enjoyed a high
reputation for the quality of its fruit, and several
vessels have loaded there for the London market. It
is not grown to any extent in New Providence. The
principal ports of shipment to Eugland in Eleuthera
are the three already mentioned, and Savannah Sound.
The largest shipments to the United States are from
Harbour Island.

The following statement shows the quantities cleared
from the Bahamas in the yeare 1855 and 1861 :—

THE FRUIT TRADE OF THE BAHAMAS.

Geoves of Orange trees and Cocoa-nut Palms have
been planted iu New Providence, Eleuthera, and other
of the northern islands. Fruit trees of various kinds
are crowded round the dwellings of the cottagers,
growing luxuriantly, but planted without order, un-
selected, uupruned, and unimproved, often finding a
place and nourishment for their roots in crannies and
fissures of the rocks, into which it would appear im-
possible for them to penetrate. With the exception of
the Pine-apple, which has since the last century been
grown in fields of large size, and to a considerable
extent, in Eleuthera, St. Salvador, and others of the
Windward Islands, and of Cotton, the cultivation of
which has been resumed to a limited extent in Lon;,
Island and some of the neighbouring islands, it cannot
be said that any production of the soil is cultivated in
the Bahamas.

The soil and climate of the Bahamas are admirably
adapted for all tropical and semi-tropical fruits. The
following species are indigenous : — The Sapodilla
(Sapota Achras), Cashew (Anacardium occideutale).
Pine-apple, Sour and Sweet Sop (Anona squamosa and
muricata), Papaw (Carica Papaya), Sour Orange
(Citrus vulgaris). Lemon, Star-apple (Chrysophyllum
Cainito), Cocoa-plum (Chrysobalanus Icaco), Cocoa-
nut, Sea-side Grape (Coccoloba uvifera). Water Melon,
Mammee (Mammea americana). Plantain and Banana,
Love-in-a-Mist (Passiflora fcetida), Guava, Spanish
Hog Plum, Hog Plum, and Scarlet Hog Plum (Spondias
lutea, Mombin, and Myrobalanus), Tamarind, and
Wild Grape.

The following have been introduced at different
periods: — The Jamaica Custard-apple (Anona
reticulata), the Ground-nut, the Bread-fruit, the
Akee(Blighiasapida), Citron, Common and Mandarin
Orange, Shaddock, Lime, Fig, Mango, Rose-apple
(Jambosa vulgaris). Avocado Pear (Persea gratissima),
the Pomegranate, Date, Mulberry, Balsam-apple
(Momordica Balsamina), and Jujube. Of the above
species Oranges, Grapes, and Shaddocks have been
cultivated for exportation, chiefly to the United States.
The extent of the shipments of enumerated fruit,
other than Pine-apples, in the years 1855 and 1864 is
given below : —

1855.
Oranges .. .. millions 1,368

Grapes 95,203

Sh.addocks .. .. ' .. .. 2,758

To Great Britain
To United States

Dozens.
15,4Bi)
08,560

Value.

£3,415

9,533

Dozens.

61,500

229,226

Value.
£8,516
21,299

The fruit is usually carried down to the boats m
baskets, on the heads of the labourers. It is a great
advantage when, as at Tarpum Bay, it can be put on
board the ship without transhipment. Much handling
injures the fruit. At Rock Sound the produce of one
estate is carried about two miles in spring waggons.
This is the only road used for the purpose in the island.
One-fourth of the land under cultivation is usually
in full bearing. An acre of land will contain on an
average 2000 dozen slips of the Sugar-loaf variety, and
1600 of the Cuba variety. The first crops gathered
in the second year of growth will yield 1500 dozen
Pines, the second and third 1000 dozen. The fields are
or ought to be cleaned, six times in the year. The
labourers are obliged to wear canvas leggings to protect
them from the spines. The yield of the Sugar-loaf kind
is one-thu-d of the quantity planted; of the Cuba
kind, one-half. But the plants of the former last
longer, say five years, while those of the latter last only
three years. The average weight of a Sugar-loaf Pine
is 3 lb. ; of a Cuba Pine, 3J lb. An idea of the extent
and increase of the production of this fruit may be
formed from the following statement of the quantities
and value of the exportations during ten years : —

Total Value.

Quantities.
Doz.

1855 fS.llO

1850 134,237

1857 163,163

18.58 19,5,099

1859 160,060

1860 153,500

1861 185,098

1862 .. .: .. 172,000

1863 213,000

1864 277,000

it
12,048
12,394
19,303
19,748
9,169
17,346
16,469
23,174
21,842
29,380

18,170

Lemons and Limes

Cocoa-nuts

Sapodillas

Melons , .

Bananas

Tamarinds

barrels

bunehes
barrels

252

3,000

10,000

C,700

7,148

10

1864.

1,765

9,400

none

57

59,900

3,000

950

8,370

1

The aggregate value in each year was nearly about
the same— 3000^. The great bulk of the fruit goes to
the United States. In some years the fruit shipped
has exceeded 4000?. in value, bat at least two-thirds
consists of Oranges, which fetch from 30s. to S2s. per
thousand. The demand for Lemons and Limes is so

IMPATIENS latifolia. — Bot. Mag., t. ^ 5628, gmall that their value does not exceed lOj. to 5s. per

jVverage . . , . 172,827
The average price per dozen has ranged from 3s. 5d.
[ in 1855, to Is, Irf. in 1359 ; 3s. Id. was the general
average for the 10 years. The ports of New York and
London alone afford a steady market for Pines. Other
ports in the United States, such as Boston and
Philadelphia, take from six to eight cargoes in a season,
and those in the British North American provinces
seldom take a single cargo, or even half a one. No
shipments are made to any other European port than
London, The price is too high for the Liverpool and
Lancashire markets. The competition of native fruits
excludes this from France. Epidemics in the States
spoil the market for a while.

To the United States the fruit is shipped hke
Turnips, stripped of everything but its^head, and
packed loosely and as closely as possible in the hold.
It occupies only two days to gather and shij) a cargo
for the United States. To England the whole
plant, or tree as it is called, was formerly shipped,
leaves and shoots together, the former wrapped round
the fruit, which they were supposed to keep fresh ;
but since the year 1858 the shoots have been left on
the stalk. The gathering and loading for the English
market occupy four or five days. The fruit is arranged
in tiers, and great attention is paid to ventilation. The
hatches are left open day and night throughout the

rEBBTJAET 9, 1867.]

THE GARBENEES' CIIllONIOLE AND AGRICUI-TURAT, (lAZETTE.

127

^'^ — CarKoes to EnRland average 3000 to 3500
yCand to the United States 4000 to 5000 dozen.

The dilloronce in the mode of shipment causes a
dilorenco ntho priee. The gi'ower who, by i;ar ing
vvitli the shoots, loses the means of continuing or
evtendinKlUscaltivation, except by procurmg shoots
torn other sources, must charge a higher price,
™T during the tet two years there has been a
great demand for shoots or slips. Accordingly there
& a fixed ditference of prices between the lines
bougl t for the English and American markets
The average price of the former may bo stated at
sVadozo of the latter at 2.«. The actna average
valuation of shipments in lSfi-1 to England was
2.. 9rf and to tlio United States Is. lOrf. per dozen.
There is not ranch lluotuatiou in the price; purchasers
generally offer the prices of the preceding y-'ar, unless
some extraordinary ciroumstano&s aflectiug the supplj
or demand should occur. Tbey do not o^er a higher
price for larger or better fruit. The grower, tbere ore
has no inducement to improve the size or quality ol ms
nroduce ; he looks to quantity alone. , . i j

The expense of cultivation andslnpmentmaybestated
at Is. to Is. M. per dozen ; the selling price being -s. to
3s. per dozen. The net proceeds of an acre in ordinary
years are consequently —

In the first yoai- *?.3 J'*-

soL'ondyear °- '"

,, third ye-ir o- 1"

Another informant states the 'average , net yield at
ml a year. The obstacles to the extension of the cul-
tivation have been the limited quantity of land sup-
posed to be suitable, and the scarcity of labour. 1 here
are usually two cuttings in a year. The Cuba I'me is
earlier than the Sugar-loaf and the two cuttings are
early in May and late in .June. The first cutting ol
the Sugar-loaf variety is from the 1st to the 38th June;
the second in July and August. The fruit of the first
cutting is generally the best, and keeps best. In the
United States it fetches double the price of the second,
viz., CW. apiece, instead of 3(i. ,. , . ,. i ,

In England the average price realised is about Is.
apiece. The finest, of which the number is small, have
sold of late years as high as 3s. &I. apiece. Quantities
sell at that priee per dozen, or as low as SM. each.

The limited period of cutting and shipment leads to
hurry and waste, to a necessity for proceeding in spite
of bad weather or other unfavourable circumstances,
and to an excessive competition in the foreign market.
The losses on shipment are often great. Many vessels
go out in ballast from England ; these usually clear at
Kassau, and call at the ports of shipment to take m
their cargoes. The cost of a voyage to and from
England is from 350?. to -100?. or 500?., and to and from
the United States 600 to 800 dollars. Vessels chartered
in the Bahamas to take a cargo to the United States
may be engaged at 400 to 500 dollars.

The loss by decay, &c., ton the voyage is very uncer-
tain, and is "often 'large. The causes which influence
the amount are unknown, but it is generally supposed
that shipments made in rainy seasons will not keep,
owing probably to the excessive juiciness of the fruit.
If the loss does not exceed SO per cent, the transaction
will yield a profit, but it often amounts to 75 per cent.,
and sometimes the whole cargo is destroyed. The
average length of a voyage to England is 28 or 29 days ;
voyages have been made in 21 or 22 days, and haye
also extended to 40 days. The mode of sale differs in
England and the United States. In England the fruit
is sorted, parcelled, and catalogued, and sold m a fixed
place on a certain day ; there is therefore sometimes
the delay of some days before it can be sold. In New
York it is sold in any quantities from the ship accord-
ing to the demand, and is taken away at once by the
purchasers. P. i. S.

Kidmiv^is I find on trial, an excellent vanety for
v^lSiHl 1 glhcdisease.and for productiveness. I tried
rt a" st rnnre of Wa.l-s, llarsetshiro Kidney, and
the Creamy Yellow, and lound it produce a « heavier
crop, and of better quality. Send me 10 or 12 pecks, il
you liave such a stock to dispose oL nt,.„o,.l,

New Cimmber.-'iom new Cuc'^ber (Bieech-
loader) I have grown this year, and find it is a Black
Spine of great iSngtli and beauty. Prom its fine shape
a d lengtl it will be there, or thereabouts, in making a
"bull's eye" at the exhibition tables. Send me a
packet of three more seeds.

Pink, Canmlioii, and Ficotee Seed.— Iha lim,
Carnati'ou, and Picotee Seeds grown by your Tim-
buetoo" correspondent, of which you furnished me
with packets in the spring, have grown satislactoiily.
The plants are now coming into bloom, and showing
some extraordinary double show-flowers. Send mo
another supply of packets of all the sorts.

Nem Sa/dia.-Yom- now dark maroon Dahlia
(Lucv Neal)— if I had raised one half so good, how
happy I should feel ! Bo sqre and secure me a plant in

*TlTabove testimonials are samples, in different
styles, and only apply to a few of the novelties in new
seeds.&c, which swell the " Eat CaUlogues" now yearly
published. Applications from seed growers seedsmen
Lnd nurserymen, will receive P™"?*th=i*'fcVnffi,.^
addressing a line to " Investiga,tor," at the Post Office,
Hookem-cum-Grabera, Barsetshire. IV. J..

NEW VEGETABLE AND PLOWER SEEDS.
It maybe to the advantage of seed-growers and
seedsmen to know that for all the novelties they can
produce in the above line, the subscriber will for a
small consideration give testimonials, of which he begs
to submit the following examples !

New Early Pea,— I beg to state that I have given
your new early Pea (the If acer) a fair trial with sonje
of the earliest Peas known, and found it to come in
2 days 5 hours 40 minutes and a few seconds before any
of them. It is likewise a stronger grower and better ,
bearer than Precocious (ahas Fwst Pod). 1 shall
want two pecks of it this year if you can supply
me with them. .,,.,,. , ,

New Late Broccoli.- As a late variety of this esteemed
vegetable is a great desideratum for gardeners, I find
your new late sort is likely to prove so. The seeds of
it were sown in the usual time, in June, and the plants
transplanted in the of July. The plants do
not attempt yet to show heads, although nearly a year
has elapsed — this I therefore think will prove that
your late sort (Hybernator) is the latest known.

Catilijloioer Seerf.— The Cauliflower being reckoned
by epicures as the finest flower grown in the garden,
your plan of raising the seed in Norway on purpose
to make the plants hardier in the winter months in
this country is a step in the right direction. I have
lately been cutting some fine heads raised from
your seed, and that in the time of severe
frost and snow; you may therefore judge of my
triumph in supplying my employer's table m such a
season. Send me as many packets of seed as you can,
for many of the gardeners round who have seen mine
want a supply of seed. , „ . ,

New JSarlti Cabbage.— Youv new early Cabbage
(Tender-heart), I find, is a first-rate early sort. On
trying it with Little Pixie, Nonsuch, Reliance, and
other dwarf early varieties, I found it comes in a few
days earlier than any of them, and is of the most
dehcious Uavour. Send me 2 lb. more of the seed.
New Kidney Potato.— Yowl Emperor of the

Home Correspondence.

ITardii Fern-lilce Plants for the Flower Garden.— \
have more than once drawn attention to several good
things in thisway, and particularly toThahctrumminns
which, while growing freely in ordinary soil in the lull
sun, and being perfectly hardy and permanent, I have
proved aflbrds us a beauty almost identical with that
of Adiantum cuneatiim, and which may be made the
nicest use of by the flower gardener. In consequence
of recommending it so strongly through various
channels, there have been many demands lor the plant
which nurserymen are not at present able to comply
with, though I learn that somebody has lately got a
stock. The plant is to be had in abundance in some
parts of Britain, particularly in the north a,nd north-
west It is also freely found in Ireland, and, is abun-
dant' in the Lake District, growing high up amongst
T. alpinum, and a taller and coarser species.
Once established, the only thing that need be done
is to pinch off the growing flower stems, and thus
keep the poor little flowers out of sight. Ihe
Italian Isopyrum thalictroides is dwarfer in growth
and with a similar aspect, though the leaflets are
larger It is grown in most botanic gardens, and may
doubtless be had in profusion hi its native country.
It would form a graceful dwarf Eern-like fringe, but is
not equal to my favourite T. minus when once hrmlv
established in nice cushiony tufts. I doubt if we shall
ever surpass or equal that as a nice Pern-like plant lor
the flower-garden. The Isopyrum must also have its
young flower shoots pinched carefully off. But 1 now-
write to particularly recommend another Pem-like plant
for the flower-garden, quite distinct in aspect Irom either
of the foregoing,but likelyto furnish a most useful I em-
likeeflect. It is Spir^a Pilipendula,the Dropwort-either
the single or the double kind will do-and the plant is
rather frequent wild in England. The leaves are cut
into deeply toothed segments, will of course stand any
amount of exposure, are pleasing in outlme, lasting in
character, and certain to produce a capital Fern-like
effect of the pinnated type. Pinch off. the stems and
vou will then have no further trouble m producing a
dense green margin with this plant. The leaves will
erow from 5 to 8 inches long according to the soil, ihe
flower gardener who is at all inclined towards variety
and interest, can of course make a tasteful use of these
plants. I may add that I have used the leaflets ot
T minus among, flowers with good effect ; they are ot a
more lasting character than those of the Pern. B.

Literary Planiarisms. — l was glad to see that
Mr. Lindley had called the editor and translator of the

mr. Ijinaiey nau caueu mo ciiii.ui -u.^ „c„„. .. ---

"Vegetable World" to account for what he calls the
" unfair use " of his father's work, the "Vegetable
Kingdom " Plagiarism in horticultural literature is
too common and too flagrant. Original writers m this
branch of literature are mostly practical, rather than
literary men, and as such hardly competent to bring
these ofl'enders to book. Hence the effrontery witli
which some would-be savans steal other nien s
thoughts, scarcely troubling themselves to clothe them
afresh, which under different circumstances they would
for decency's sake be compelled to do. If horticultural
writers had a little more literary.skiU, and a proles-
sional knowledge of literature, these gentlemen would
have to " steal and hide " instead of steal and wear
their crowns. Not very long ago an article was
brought under my notice in which the writer com-
menced by obhquely pooh-poohing the very author
whose thoughts he was about to steal, and was aiter-
wards too lazy or too greedy of gain to master a,nd
re-arrange them. The pooh-poohing was no doubt a
clever contrivance in his estimation to put his readers
off the scent. Writers on horticulture may be
divided into two classes :—l, producers; 3, cooks; the
one just mentioned was of course a mere cook.
Take another case. A clever practical horticulturist,
but no OTiter, once said to me, " A. is a very
clever fellow, he can write on any subject. lie comes
and talks to you for an hour or so, and a week atter-
wards you see not only your ideas but your very words
in print." Well, this is clever, and I will not say this is
plagiarism ; the writer here deserves ivell of his tellow
men, because he gets into prmt valuable thoughts
which might not otherwise have seen the light ; still he
is only a " cook." Mr. Lindley has done an ess^ential
service to working horticulturists and botanists by the

bold stand he ha.s taken, at once vindicating his father^B
reputation, and asserting the rights of producers or
original writers. Such should take courage from rm
example. The "cook" is valuable in his way, and
even the producer will appreciate his services if he but
cook honestly and well. If he does not this, let the
aggrieved iiartiea enter his sanctum, say I, aud give
him a turn on his own gridiron. Jack Frost.

Sowntoii Castle Ciilil,„!ii:—On April 17, 1800, I
made a sowing ol' the following kinds of Cabliages,
viz, London Colewort, Battersea, Dowiiton Castle,
and UiU's Incomparable, all being side by sido,and after-
wards transplanted under similar circumslauccs, no
diflerence being made in their treatment. The last
named is now decidedly the best, having, nice firm
heads, while Downton Castle is but turning in. i
have to-day (Jan. 9th) examined tip above sorts and 1
find that they have all (except Hill's) sullercd slightly
from the sharp frost (20 ) of last week. Ilill s aijpears
as hardy as a Holly Imsh, and it is nearly as dark a
green ; while tho others are a yellowish green. Uownton
Castle is, no doubt, a good Cabbage; but it stands very
little chance (here at least) as regards earlincss or har-
diness with Hill's Incomparable.---This, as.wiU be seen,
was written on the 9th ult. I have again examined
the Cabbages in question, and I see no reason to alter
my opinion just expressed regarding them. Ji. iV .
Cordle, Coollullin Pin-/,-, Wicklow. _

A Quern for phHnsuplicrs.—l was m a large garden
the other day taking notes of the doings ol John Prost,
where he had been using his cold lance tempered to
the destructive thrust of 5' below zero. All buds ol
Portugal Laurels within 1 foot of the ground were
killed r all standards above 5 feet were alive and well.
Now, where did John's thrust come from-above or
below ? and what force baffled him at that particular
height. I observe that one of your correspondents
states that at 0 feet terrestrial radiation ceases
What does that mean ? and what stops the loss ol heat
at 6 feet distance from the ground that does not also
operate on the surface? I cannot see my way to any
cessation of terre.strial radiation at any particular height,
unless there he some intercepting substance. What is
that substance, and why should it operate at 5 oi fi leet
more powerfully than at 1 or 2 ? I hope some ol your
readers will be able to answer these questions, as it is
impossible to over-rate their importance to practical
horticulture. I trust to return to the. subject but at
present an extensive survey of the doings of the late
frosts establishes beyond controversy the iact that it
wielded its most destructive force within a foot ol the
surface of the ground, wherever that surface was not
protected by snow. The reason why, is the question
asked, and to which an answer is wanted. Q''.^''"'-,
Datura ceratocaula.-'S!he noblest half-hardy annual
in cultivation is, in my opinion, Datura oeratocaula:
and it may not be amiss to draw some of your readers
attention to it just now, at the. seed-ordering period
Not suited for bedding, or anything of the kind, it yet
has charms which entitle it to a place m every garden
where any interest and variety is sought These are,
in form and odour, of the highest type. If Ti^ " B"^
in some rather warm spot with a rich soil, it will give
forth a fragrance as valuable for the open-air garden as
the Indian Daphne is for the greenhouse ; and the
beautiful satiny pink flowers open in the evening
almost as large as to cover the crown of one s hat. bow
on a gentle hotbed in April, and. prick onJ. into some
quiet nook, or into the border, in May. It might be
most advantageously associated with a few. othei. hardy
or half-hardy sweet-smellmg plants, especially if pro-
prietor or cultivator were fond of such. Tiator.

Conifers.-T\ie following are the measurements cl
some Conifers planted.in.my Sti-t'V"*"!^" ^SnT^
18 years, viz. :-Pinus insignis, 4o feet ; Abies Moiinda,
30/feet; Pinus Lindleyana,24|feet; Cupressusmaoro-
carpa,46.Vfeet; Cryptomeria, 32Heet None of tliem
have 'apparently suffered from he late severe frosts.
I have also a Chamsrops whiclihas stood out on an
east terrace without shelter. TT. P., Efford, newr

^"Z'e'of'weUinaionia.9.—Dr. Torrey has had the kind-
ness to send me the following memoranda relating to the
sizeof the Wellingtonia, and the number of.the ringsin
the tree which he measured. In my last paper upon
it (see Gardeners' Chronicle, |Nov. 24.) I had quoted
the outer 100 rings as making only 1 inch in a century
Dr Torrey says, " I have lost or mislaid niy original
notes. Bigelow, in one of the Botanical Reports of
P R. R., says that I gave him the number of annual
rings as between 1100 and 1300. There is evidently a
mistake in the Gardeners' Chronicle ahoni ihe UtO.
hundred. After the 11th there was not a full Imndred,
and what there was, found when the tree was felled,
occupied about 1 inch." On looking at the quota-
tion, it is plain that it must have been so, for it is to
the last degree improbable that the tree should just
have had 1200 rings, neither more nor less. In my
argument as to the age of the tree yortanately left
thi rate of growth of the whole of the 13th hundred
out of view (because it seemed so unnaturally small),
I but I am not the less obliged; to Dr. Torrey for the
information in his note. J-. Jlf. „j„„i J

Milk,/ Whitr Potato.- One of your correspondents
remarks on this Potato are quite at variance with the
opinion of others. Per . instance, Mf-. C »;■!>«. S^. to
Colonel Long, procured six of the P™°iP^' j^'^ittpn
one of our leading London, nurserymen, and P anted a
neck of each under equal circumstances.. The produce
of Milkv White was 3 bushels, which .^.is .con
^ideobly more than any. of the .others ; -id it claimed
superiority as regards its keeping l^fl'^'/''^, J ™In

InlS^ v|ancy from which your --spondenUias

FoSs, a^rthS^UrgottliS UP -before the heavy
(rains which we expenenced, would be gainers. A

128

THE GAKDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Fbbeuaet 9, 1867.

diseased Potato amongst those got up here before the
rain set in was a rare thing, but after that I sho\ild
Say the third part proved more or less affected with
disease. W. P. H.

HorticuUwe in the South and West.— The standard
of gardening adopted in the neighbourhood of London
and in the midland and northern counties, in fact, in
those parts of the country where horticulture is most
fully developed, should not be that adopted by those
who reside in the south and west, at least not in its
entirety, because they have good opportunities of culti-
vating things which may not be ventured out without
danger, say about London. The more of this difference
of capability that exists in the country the better, and
the more we take advantage of it the more we enrich our
horticultural stores. Instead, then, of regretting that we
cannot grow things well or at all in one part of the
island, which flourish with vigour in another, we should
accept the fact thankfully, and set to work to fully
develop those classes to which our soil and climate
are particularly suited. These remarks especially
apply to tree and shrub culture. How many occupy
themselves with a vain attempt to develop a few
miserable Conifers or Rhododendrons in unsuitable
soils, who might find an abundant reward by paying
full attention to subjects to which the soil and situa-
tion would be acceptable ! These remarks are the more
particularly educed just now from having seen the
great beauty of some shrubs at Bicton last Christmas,
which we rarely enjoy elsewhere — particularly the
CoUetia named after that place, and of which a large
standard bush was literally covered with its small waxy
and fragrant flowers, and Bentbamia frasifera, which
was a mass of its handsome, strawberry-like fruit, not
to mention other shrubs and trees which do luxuriantly
at that place, and doubtless in many other gardens in
the same direction. But do gardeners in such favour-
able positions really take advantage of the mild and
genial climate they enjoy ? It is to be feared not.
There are numbers of plants which we can only enjoy
in-doors about London, which might be tried out with
advantage in genial spots in the south. The hardier
Dracsenas or Cordylines, for instance, might prove
worth a trial ; and there is many a choice half-hardy
subject in the perennial way, just tender enough to get
cut off, about London, which would feel quite at home
in the south and west. Apropos of Dracrcnas, by the
way, a handsome plant, a conservators' kind— I think it
is D. indivisa— has stood out perfectly uninjured in a
vase in Mr. M'Kenzie]s garden at Muswell Hill, ever
since the first exhibition at Alexandra Park, and has
made good and well-developed annual growth in that
position, though I cannot say if it has withstood the
late severe frost. Viator.

Fhckfrom the Bulrush (Typha latifolia).—! think
it would be useful for many poor people to know
that the common Bulrush is excellent for stufling beds,
pillows, &<■. My attention was called to this by our
upholsterer. Mr. Read, who has been using it through
the winter himself upon trial, and who speaks highly
of its usefulness. I send a portion, and I think it will
surprise you to find the quantity that one head pro-
duces. I should not think it required anything beyond
gathering when fully ready in the autumn, and well
drying, when it will come easily from the stem— at least
this is all that lias been done with the sample I send.
When we consider how plentiful this plant is in our
lakes and rivers, in all the three kingdoms, there cannot
be any doubt it would prove a great boon to many poor
people, if used for purposes of this sort. /. F., Cliveden.

Auciiba Berries, — Whilst some of your correspon-
dents are troubled with the depredations of birds
on these berries, others have to experience the
unpleasant sight of seeing them robbed of their beauty
by frost, if not entirely destroyed. Mr. Clarke, gr. to
Colonel Long, at Bromley Hill, fertilised in the open
ground a plant which was really beautiful before the
frost, being studded with 300 berries, a fact which was
proved by actual counting. Others of your corre-
spondents may have seen more on one plant, but I have
not, which makes me mention the exact number.
The whole of these berries are now nearly black, and
no ornament whatever. I consider this plant with
its berries, to be an acquisition for dinner table
decoration to those who have not the convenience to
grow the beautiful foliage plants of our stoves. W. P. B.

Birds and Gooseberr// Bushes. — In consequence of
the failure of my crops of Gooseberries year after year,
for many years past, I have tried all sorts of expedients.
I have shifted the trees from a low, damp situation to
a high and dry one, thinking thereby to get fruit
instead of luxuriant wood and leaves. At length I
became convinced that birds, and nothing else, were
the cause of my Gooseberry famine. Then I tried
winding threads amongst the branches, &c. And one
of my neighbours fixed stuffed rabbit skins on his trees
to represent cats ; but all to no purpose. In the early
part of this winter I M'as told of a person who, after
having been victimised for years, had, three years ago,
and ever since, tried, with perfect success," whether
scarlet rags would prove as disturbing to bullfinches,
tits, finches, sparrows, and the rest of the fraternity of
disbudders, as to turkeys. By displaying^hree or four
strips of scarlet woollen rag, or scarlet flannel, on each
tree at the commencement of the winter, I feel sure I
have not lost a single bud, and have promise of an
abundant crop of berries. J. H. Maw, Broseley,
Shropshire.

Management of Woods, and Mr. Brown's Comments
thereon.~In your columns of last week {see p. 113),
Mr. Brown, of Wass, Yorkshire, in an article com-
menting on Mr. Gray's lecture on land agency, takes
exception to the opinion expressed by that gentleman
in reference to woods, "that where a forester is not
kept, the farm bailiff or gardener will answer the
purpose." Mr. Brown attributes gross errors in forestry
to nine-tenths of the owners of land in England, and
argues that this is due to the common error of employ-

ing the gardener, carpenter, or coachman. Mr.
Brown's knowledge of the acquirements of gardeners
must be derived from singularly incompetent examples
of the class, or, what is more likely, from utter unac-
quaintance with any respectable or educated gardeners,
or he would not place them in the category of men
whose business is with horses and carriages, or with
carpenters principally amongst seasoned foreign woods.
It seems obvious enough that even a garden labourer
who is necessarily acquainted with the works of sowing
and planting, the use of the spade and the axe, has guali-
fications for the manual practice of forestry superior to
the men whose business is entirely unconnected with the
management of land. But that a regularly qualified
gardener, who in addition to an intimate knowledge of
hardy trees and shrubs, has the ability requisite to
produce rare exotic fruits, and to cultivate successfully
plants from every country under the sun, giving each
the soil, temperature, and treatment it requires, should
be incapable of managing a few acres of woodland, is
an assertion that as a gardener I cannot permit to pass
unquestioned. I venture to assert that the traininga
gardener receives qualifies him to undertake the culti-
vation of hardy trees, and I happen to know that some
of the best woodmen in our country received their
early training in gardens, and at this moment the
woods of many well-managed estates are under the
superintendence of gardeners. I wonder where Mr.
Brown could find a forester to excel Mr. Barron, the
late gardener at Elvaston, either in knowledge of trees
or in the management of woods ; and where will he
find a woodman who has done as much as Mr. Frost,
of Dropmore, to prove the capabilities of the new
and beautiful Coniferse introduced into England
within the last half century? Mr. Brown's style
ot writing is on a par with his style of
argument. He says—" Trees are the largest and
most noble of the vegetable productions." And again :
" Every one admires trees when they have been allowed
to show their natural habitat." Are we to infer that
if a tree does not show its ' natural habitat,' whatever
that means, we may withhold our admiration ? Again
" Trees are a great means of shelter to our farms.'
Mr. Mechi has given expression to the feeling enter-
tained by most good farmers respecting hedgerow
timber ^ and trees about farms ; the protection they
afford is in very many cases like that given by the
Austrians to the Venetians. Instead of attributing
the errors of planting and management, found so gene-
rally by Mr. Brown in our English woods, to gardeners,
the fault may be more readily referred to the parsi-
mony and want of intelligence of land agents incapable
of appreciating and unwilling to receive and begoverned
by the advice of the competent and experienced men to
be found in the noble and highly cultivated gardens
throughout the country. In enumerating the qualifi-
cations of a forester, Mr. Brown says that he should be
a botanist. Does Mr. B. think that botany is to be
learnt like the multiplication table ? " A geologist to
be able to know the different qualities of soils, so that
he may know what is best suited for one kind of tree,
and what another ; " as if a woodman on an estate had
a choice of all soils. " He should be acquainted with
chemistry : vegetable physiology is what he should not
be without." Mr. B., by his way of expressing it,
seems to think it something that a man may carry
about with him— in his pocket, perhaps ? Mr.Brown
knows little, I should imagine, of the sciences he writes
so flippantly about, or he would be aware that a good
botanist, geologist, or chemist would find something
better to do than to thin plantations, even under the
eye of so powerful an exponent of the art of woodcraft
as himself. Waller Irvine, Birch ivood.

Ci/anophr/llum magnijicum. — Per the information of
"AV. J." permit me to say that we had this noble
plant finely in flower last autumn, and that it is now
ripening a large quantity of seed. The flowers are a
dull white or stone colour, and are produced on spikes
as large as those of the common Horse Chestnut
(jEsculus Hippocastanum). Those on our plant now
measure from 8 to 10 inches across, and they are about
the same in height. They remained in perfection
about eight days, and were much admired by all who
saw them. Our specimen would have been exhibited
at one of the fortnightly meetings of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, had it not faded during the interval.
Fdward Bohinson, Fnglefield Gardens, Reading.

Napoleon's Willow. — As there are reminiscences
belonging to this particular AVillow which must in ages
yet to come prove of interest to the nation, I beg to
mention that in the grounds of my late lamented
employer (W. J. Lancaster, Esq.), at Stamford HiU, is
growing a tree of this same Willow, which was rooted
by myself from a cutting of a few inches in length,
which was out from the original tree during Miss Lan-
caster's brief sojourn in the island of St. Helena, while
on a homeward-bound vo.vage from the East Indies in
1849. After being reared in a pot, it was planted by
me in the memorable year of the first Industrial Exhi-
bition in Hyde Park. I think it is guite equal to the
famous tree at Kew as regards rapidity of growth —
that is, if we take into consideration the respective
number of years each has been planted. Not being in
the neighbourhood, I am not in a position to ascertain
its exact dimensions; but should any person desire
that necessary information, I have no doubt that it
could be obtained. During the past summer many
ladies and gentlemen had an opportunity of seeing this
tree in full beauty, and it elicited general admiration.
I hope that it will be preserved from the destruction
that evidently awaits many of our metropolitan objects
of interest : —

Builder, spare tbat tree —
Touch not a single bough : •

and why ? Because a sight of it will, for years to come,
bring a train of reflection to every thinking individual.
Jno. McElroy. By some inadvertence the cir-
cumference of the stem of Napoleon's Willow at Kew

was stated to be 8J feet, instead of which it should he
74 feet. J. Smith, Park Souse, Kew.

Roses in Dorsetshire. — I have had disastrous com-
munications from rosarians, or I should rather say
from the possessors of Roses, for there are but few who
really deserve the name of Rosarian. A Rosarian is
one who looks forward to all possible contingencies,
and provides accordingly. His " eyes are in his head ; '
that is, one eye looks back on past experience, and the
other is directed to present and future circumstances ;
in a word, he is circumspect. How few are there who
have lost their Roses that did not deserve it ; and how
many who have suffered through their own negligence
take comfort from the fact that other neglecters are in
the same mess ! If I do all that science and labour can
do to protect my Roses against an hyperborean
winter (and very little will do it), and it pleases
the wise Ruler of events to destroy my
Roses, I am quite satisfied; but I must protest
against a charge being made against Providence by
those who never provide. A small quantity of straw,
fern, litter, or leaves will, especially with the help of a
little snow, defy zero, so far as tte roots are concerned.
Standards have three points of attack — the roots, the
stem, and the head. They as often suffer from violation
on their stem, not at once perceptible, as from the
other two. An injury to one solid inch of the stem
will in due time settle the fate of the tree. This is
sometimes discovered in the heat of summer, succeed-
ing a severe winter, or shortly afterwards. The plant
goes out like the snuff of a candle. It is fair to say,
that with proper care, what few standards I have here
have wintered admirably. My Roses are chiefly on the
Manetti stock, or on their own roots, and they have
come out of the ordeal to which they have been
subjected with triumph. I do not think that
there are one dozen, including Yellows and Teas, dead.
I have just finished cutting out wounded wood, and
trenching deeply between the ranks to let the water run
from the roots, a^d to let in the quickener of the
natural world ! The sap is fa^t rising, and I do not
expect to lose, at all hazards, including small weak
novelties, more than two dozen out of about 1200 Roses.
They are all good sorts, and justify, with fair treatment,
my previous recommendation of them. The following
suffered most in their wood,being tender in their skins,
viz., M. de Montigny, Cecile Chabrillant, Duchesse
d' Orleans, and Soeur des Anges. The yellow ones,
splendid trees, were wholly tied up with straw after the
first frost, and out of 56 only two are dead. Gloire de
Dijon, Marechal Niel, and Celine Forestier, have stood
the frost best. The others, such as Triomphe de
Rennes, La Boule d'Or — a very hardy Tea Rose-
though cut up, will spring again from the litter and
snow line. The H. P. s have stood it nobly ; to specify
is invidious ; but the following in large quantities per
sort have specially signalised themselves, viz., J.
Hopper, W. GritUths, C. Lefebvre, Jules Margottin,
S. Vaisse, Acidalie, Sombreuil (Tea), B. Prevost,
Reine d'Ahgleterre, C. de Sansal, Due de Cazes, Due
de Rohan, Maurice Bernardin, Malmaison, and
Madame V. Verdier, besides many others in smaller
numbers. Among the newer Roses the following
have wintered nobly, viz.. King's Acre, the Rev. H.
Dombrain, Dr. Lindley, Dr. Jamin, Madame C.
Verdier, Souvenir de W. Wood, Duchesse de Medina
Coeli; Duke of Wellington, Rushton Eadclyffe, Mar-
guerite Bonnet, Duchesse de Caylus, Marguerite de St.
Amand, Achille Gonod, W. Prince, W. Bull, Black
Prince, Lady Suflield, and Globosa. Some of the above
are not yet proven fully, but they are certainly all of
them frost-proven. The north wind sweeps for miles
without an impediment beyond a 7-foot wall, and
the land is strong, deep, sandy loam, and very
retentive of moisture. The above new, or newest
Roses, therefore, have proven themselves to be very
hardy— the first point where continuance is expected :
"A living dog is better than a dead lion." King's
Acre is the hardiest and healthiest of all the novelties
that have been here since J. Hopper came out.
Finally, I advise possessors of Roses to cut out debris
at once, and to shorten back branches behind stained
skin to the first sound eye, and also to stir the ground
sufficiently to promote root-action. After such a
winter .standards cannot be cut too hard. W. F.
Radclgjfe, Okeford Fitzpaine.

Gas Tar and Hot Water Pipes. — If your corre-
spondent (see p. 106) had simply rubbed his pipes with
oil, or an,v old grease, instead of painting them, he
would have removed the tar at once. It will now be
necessary to rub them well with a hot solution of
caustic soda, to remove the paint, after which the oil or
grease-rubbing just named will do all he requires. The
solution of soda is made by boiling in a set pot equal
quantities of common soda and new-slacked lime, pour
off the clear portion, and use it as hot as is convenient.
After the grease-rubbing, the soda water may be used
again, if required, to remove the grease still adhering
to the pipes. This process will leave the pipe as clean
as when new. Another way, if convenient, consists
in taking the pipes down, laying them on the
ground, and makini; a good fire of straw or shavings
about them, which will burn them clean.

R. Dea, Aderley Park Road, Birmingham.

There is but one immediate and effectual cure, and
that is getting the pipes out of the house and setting
fire to them. This would, however, be expensive and
exceedingly inconvenient at this season. Hot lime, or
hme wash, the thickness of ordinary paint, well rubbed
into the pipes with a painter's brush, when there is a
good brisk heat in them, has often a good effect as it
absorbs both the tar and its poisonous fumes. Every
part of the pipes should be well covered with the wash,
and will for some time require frequent dressings, as
the lime, as it gets charged through with tar, will
blister and fall off. Thus treated, it may be for a year
or two, all may be scraped or washed off, and the pipes
may have one thick or two thin coats of oil paint

FEDEtTAnt 0, 1867.]

THK oAiiBENETis' cTTT?nNTnT,-R j\KT) j\r,i^TrTTr,TTTnAT, ca/ettt:.

129

which will effectually jirevcnt any further mischief.
I fear, however, that nolliiiig but tiring will get yDur

correspondent fully out of trouble. 7?. ir. 1 would

advise your correspondent to wash his jiipes willi lurps,
using an old rough scouring-brusli I'ur the purpose.
If the pipes wore painted belbre llie gas (ar was applied,
so much the better. Ammonia water is also quite a.s
, ni.ient for the purpose. After the tar is cleared oil',
piiint over the pipes with two coats of fresh lime-wash.

Thomas JSasi, Woiiwiion House, Dorchester. Ga.s

tar can be removed by dressing the pipes with a thick
coat of limewa,sli matle with fresli-slacked lime, lime-
washing the pipes one day and washing it oil' 1 lie next

for several days together, until the piiKs I me sweet.

lam not (Trtain, however, that this (icalment will
answer in this iiistanre, as your corresjiondrnt has put
two coats of jiaint upon the tar, anti he may have to
use fire to burn it oil', either where the pipes are, or by
taking them to a nmre convenient place for the
performance of the operation. John Stevens, Solihull.

affects of the Winter at Car'shalton in Surrej/.—
Laurels, Sweet Bays, Laurustinus, and most other
shrubs seem to be quite killed. I have also some
line old trees of Evergreen Oaks which seem to be
(piite dead ; Deodars of 20 feet or more in height are
apparently killed three-parts down, while nelling-
lonias are not injured in the least. Of vegetables,
liroccoli is for the most part dead, with the exception
of Sprouting Broccoli, which, together with Cottagers'
Kale, stands well, although my neighbours have
suffered much loss. Of Celery, my employer prefers
White, but I have always planted about 300 or so of
lied, considering the last to be the hardiest. I now
find, however, that it is not ; my best Celery is Turner's
Incomparable. I have grown it for eight; years, and I
never had a sort which has given me so much satisfac-
tion. My lleds are all rotten down the heart, although
there was a quantity of litter put on them on the 3ist
of last December. M., Wallivgton.

V'eather Secorils. — ilr. E. J. Lowe has, in my
")iinion, .shown considerable temerity in making the
following allegation ; " Without further knowledge, an
amount of distrust must hang over the records from
gardeners and others, in the Gardeners Chronicle,"
assigning the following reasons : — " No gardener. I
hrli.'ve (Mr. Ingram, of Belvoir Castle, perhaps the
solitary exception), uses a thermometer stand, and
(pioting from instruments of doubtful accuracy,
hung against a wall or on a Gooseberry bush, without
.any idea that height and position will make a difference
in the result— what can we say of the registrations ?
Twenty years ago I assisted in the examination of a
great number of these instruments, quoted in gardening
periodicals, with a view of making these records useful
to science, but this examination ended in the rejection
of the whole as perfectly useless." I always supposed
that scientific deductions were never made on baseless
authority. What was the case "twenty years ago"
proves nothing, either for or against the accuracy of
the readings of the present day. Mr. Lowe should
have shown a little more discretion before committing
himself to such a sweeping denunciation of thermo-
metrical indications as registered in these columns from
various stations. Personally, I know several stations
where records are kept with the greatest accuracy, and
where not only the best instruments are in use, but
almost every other condition as to height, position, &c.,
fulfilled that Mr. Lowe himself demands. Surely that
gentleman's experience of gardeners throughout the
country must be limited, or he must imagine them to
be purblind, else he would never for a moment have
supposed that numbers of them have not both seen and
found out the mode of correcting the " spirit con-
densing along the sides of the tube and collecting at the
upper end," long before his utterances on the subject.
Doubtless it must afford Mr. Lowe much pleasure to
know that gardeners generally, and their employers,
are now evincing vcrj' much more interest in this branch
of science which he has so long been wedded to. and
that in addition to first-rate instruments, the greatest
vigilance is exercised to secure a correct registration of
the temperature, be it maxima or minima, as it occurs.
Without standing .sponsor for all that has appeared
in this way in the Gardeners' Chronicle, I have some
confidence in the general fairness of the registrations,
and as the onus proband! rests with Mr. Lowe, it is
for him to vindicate or withdraw from the position he
has assumed as speedily as possible. J. Anderson.

The late Winterbj Weather at Torbai/ .—'ihe follow-
ing is a list of shrubs, &o., which have stood the late
severe frosts uninjured here without any protection
whatever, viz. : —

send you a table of temperatures carefully made here
during the month of January. The instruments from
whi<'h they were taken are ISfegretti & Zambra's patent
ones, and have all, with the exception of the earth
thermometer, been certified correct by .Mr. Glaisher.
The air thermometers arc suspended on a properly
constructed Glaisher stand, placed in an open part of
the garden. The solar and terrestrial radiation
tliermometers rest on small forks of wood on Griuss ;
the former has a blackened bulb enclosed in a glass
tube, from which the air is exhausted to prevent loss

of heat, 'rho rain-gauge Ls placed on the ground. I
have been thus particular in describing the instru-
ments and their situation because of the dissatisfaction
which has been cxj)ressed in your pages as to the usual
method of plaring tliermometers. I may also states that
Mr. Ingram, of Belvoir, recommended me to adopt the
stand I now use. it is home-made, ('(mstnictcd licnu a
model to bo I'ttund in Messrs. Ncgri-lli .V //imhra's
"Descriptive Catalogue of Standard liistruiin'nls,"
which also contains the necessary instructions for
placing the instruments, &o. ; —

Day.

Tnesil.ay, 1
'ft'oflncsday, 2
Tlmrsdny, 3
Friday, 4

^aturd.iy, 5
Sunday, (!

Monday, 7
Tuesdiiy, 8
Wednesday, 9
Tliinsday, 10
Fi-iday, 11

Saturday, Vi
Siinday, 13
Monday, 14
Tuesday, 1 5
Wednesday, 16

Thursday, 17

Friday, ' 18

Saturday, 19

Sunday, 20

Monday, 21

Tuesday, 22
Wednesday, 23

Thursday, 24

Fnd.ay, 2.5

Saturday, 2e

Sunday, 27

Muud.ay, 28

Tuesday, 29
V\^ednesday, 30

Thursday, 31

Pittosporum Tobira
,, Mayii

P.cnthami.a fragiiera
.\zara dentata
Ligustrum sinense

„ j.aponicum
Erica camea, in bloom
,, codonoides, in bloom
,, mediten-anea
Sweet Bay
Ijaurustiniis
Camellia japonica
Ficns species (?)
Ccanothns azureus

,, dentatus

„ ligidus

„ divarieatus
Kuonymus finibriatus

„ japonicus

„ ,, variegatus

Rlpe.agnus iivponica

Cistus

Daphne hybrida
,, collina, ifec.

Azalea indica alba
,, phujnicea

Fatiiana imbricata

Eugenia apiculata

Ozotharanus , thyrsoides,

partly injured

Hartogea cjipensis

Photinia semilata

Mespilus japonicus (Eriobo-
trya)

Arbutus photinifolius

Escallonia macrantha
,, rubra

Garrya elliptica, in bloom

Magnolia grandiflora (Ex-
mouth)

Means

Teniponaturo.

Max. Min. Mean,

24.0
20.0
14.0
5.0
3.5
18.0
38.0
48.5
38.0
39.0
25.5
20.0
12.0
8.0
8.0
15.0

20.0
20.0
19.0
21.8
21.8
21.0
22.0
44.0
43.0
32.0
33.0
48.5
35.0
44.0
35.0

28.0
25.0
25.0
10.0
25.2
36.0
47.0
60.7
43.0
42.0
31.7
27.0
22.0
20.5
19.0
23.5

27.5
27.0
27.5
26.9
26.6
28.0
30.5
50.0
46.5
41.0
44.0
51.0
43.2
48.0
43.2

26.7 I 33.6

Max.

in
Rays

of
Sun.

61.0
37.0
70.0
66.0
42.5
74.0
65.0
79.5
51.0
79.0
72.0
38.0
72.0
68,0
64.0
58.0

70.0
65.0
68.0
58.0
68.0
38.0
60.0
86.0
83.0
63.0
64.0
56.0
64.0
61.0
92.0

64.4

21.0
16.0
9.0
4.0
2.0
18.0
32.0
48.5
34.0
39.0
23.0
17.5
5.0
5.0
4.5
13.0

17.0
18.0
13.0
19.0
19.0
23.5
2.5.0
42.0
41.0
30.0
33.0
48.5
32.0
44.0
33.5

23.5

Of the
Earth
1 foot
Deep.

37.0
36.0
34.0
34.0
33.0
34.0
34.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
.38.0
35.0
32.0
31.0
31.0
31.0

31.0
31.0
31.0
32.0
32.0
32.0
33.0
33.5
36.0
37.5
40.0
42 0
42.0
42.0
42.0

35.4

N.E.
N.'W.

N.

N.
S.E.

8.

S.

S.
S.W.
N.W.

N.

N.

N.

N.

N.

N.

N.

N.

E.
N.E.

E.

E.
S.W.
S.W.
S.W.

S.
S.W.

w.

S.W.
S.W-

s.

Rain

or

Snow,

In.

,415
.240
.000
.000
.740
.475
1.0.70
.130
.125
.000
.000
.118
.000
.000
.000
.000

.000
.000
.000
.000

.000

.250
.240
,250
.000
.250
.020
.030
.020
.445
.150

4.948

Severe frost : clear sky, ; snow fell at night.

Heavy fall of snow, accompanied with rough wind.

Overcast ; .severe frost, mi.sty atmosplicre.

Intense fro.st, with much rime.

Overcast ; brisk wind from S.E. ; hail and rain.

Heavy storms of rain ; dense fog.

Very heavy fall of rain ; wind aoutli : mild,

Very stormy and boisterous ; mild air.

Stormy.

Fine ; clear sky.

Frost : cold wind from north.

Clear and frosty ; slight fall of snow.

Frost very severe : clear sky ; keen air.

Intense frost, with clear blue sky ; stars very bright.

Very severe : intense blue sky.

A few flakes of .snow fell ; cold cutting wind

from the north.
Frosty : bright sunshine.
Overcast.

Densely overcast ; cold ea-i^t wind.
Brisk wind ; clear and frosty.
Dense dark clouds from east ; cold wind.
Densely overcast ; rain with frost.
Foggy ; mild ; showery.
Rain ; veiy warm.
Cloudy; mild air.
Slight frost on gi'ound ; rain.
Slight fall of rain ; very mild.
Showery.

Brisk wind ; light r.ain.

Heavy f.aU of rain ; very boisterous, ,

Clear sky : exceedingly fine and spring like.

\eronicas are all injured a little, and .some are killed
to the ground. Coronilla glauca is much cut up. Our
grounds are situated a quarter of a mile from the sea,
and are open to the east and south-east. Ten degrees
of frost is the lowest temijerature registered. Joseph
Morgan, jun., Torhay Nur.seri/, Turr/uan.

State of the Weather at il'ilfnn jlovse Gardens,
Wilts, duriny the Month of Januari/, 1867,-1 beg to

The destruction of trees and shrubs is very great,
although, to judge from present appearances, not so
great as in the winter of 1860. Some of those already
dead are Cedrus Deodara, Pinus insignis, Cupressus
sempervirens, torulosa, and Lambertiana, Laurus-
tinus, Evergreen Oaks, Sweet Bay, Rhododendrons,
Hybrid Perpetual and Tea Roses, and even common
Laurels in unfavourable positions. Many other
valuable trees and shrubs which now appear slightly
injured, will, I fear, die off as the spring approaches.
In the kitchen garden the destruction to fruit trees and
green crops is also great in some cases the fruit-buds
being quite withered, and the young shoots killed back ;
but in those trees which were transplanted and mulched
early in the autumn, I have failed to detect the least
injury. Broccoli, Cabbage, and the hardier winter
Greens are nearly all destroyed. Wilton is situated in
a valley nearly 100 miles S. vV. of London, and 3 miles
west of Salisbury. Two rivers flow through the valley.
The subsoil is composed of chalk and gravel, and the
elevation above the sea is 150 feet. Thomas Challis.

The late Severe Weather in Yorkshire. — The lowest
temperature registered here during the \yhole period of
the late frost was at 10 o'elockl on the night of the 1st
January, when the thermometer indicated 22' below
the freezing point of Fahrenheit. As the night in
question brought forcibly to my mind the night of the
21th December, 1860, I had another thermometer
placed ^beside '.the one out-doors, so as to be somewhat
certain as to the extreme low degree of frost, but to my
surprise both thermometers had risen to 15' or 17' below
freezing at 12 o'clock the same night. At 6 o'clock
next morning (January 2d) they had risen to 18°. On
the night of the 3d or morning of the 4th January they
registered 13", or 19° of frost. On no subsequent night
did the thermometers register a lower temperature
than 15°, or 17° of frost. I have been rather surprised
at the low temperatures recorded in various parts of
the country, more especially in the south. This place
is somewhatelevated above the immediatelysurrounding
country ; it is on the red sandstone, and the park and
grounds are very much undulated. It is moreover one
of the driest places in this part of the country — that is,
the rainfall is less — though we have had more than
we required since August last. I have purposely
abstained from reporting as to the effects of the frost up
to the present time, in order that I may be able to
speak positively on the subject, and I have
great pleasure in stating that the loss of
trees and shrubs here has been nil. Of the several
thousand Conifers which we have, with the exception
of a few Cedars, the whole look as well as they did in
November. The late growth on some young plants of
Cedars of Lebanon in rather confined places has been
browned, and in some cases killed; also the young
growth of some C. atlantica. Cedrus Deodara has
escaped uninjured. There is a fine collection of
Berberises here, and all have escaped uninjured except
B. Fortunei, which is very much browned in the
foliage. I see also some plants of B. Wallichil in
exposed places a little touched. The common
Laurels never looked better, the late growth being
uninjured. Portugal Laurels are also uninjured.
Plants of Laurustinus which were killed to the ground
in 1860 are very little injured. A Bay plant which
was killed to the ground in 1860 is also very little the
worse from the frost. Tritoraas have been cut up a
Igood deal. Roses are uninjured. In the kitchen

garden, too, I have little to report in the way of injury
to crops. Brijssels Sprouts and Borecole are as green
as they were in October. Broccolis which have been
laid to the north are very little injured ; the sorts are
Dilcock's Bride, Knight's Protecting, Emperor,
Mammoth, and (Jhappel's Cream. Carter's Champion
and some others not laid have suffered a good deal.
Cabbages have suffered very little. Wheeler's Imperial
and Nonpareil, planted out the 15th of September
last, are the only ones that have suffered, and
these only slightly. Shilling's Queen, Enfield
Market, and Early Barnes, planted out the 25th Sep-
tember, are untouched. Spinach is uninjured. Straw-
berry plants are looking very well and promising.
Plants of Neapolitan 'Violet on a south border are
much injured, while plants of it on a north border are
untouched. Fruit trees of all kinds are uninjured.
Gooseberry bushes are already beginning to bud, as are
also Jargonelle Pears and Apricots. Winter Aconites
and Snowdrops are everywhere here in full flower, and
a stray bloom of Primrose may be seen here and there.
On the farms the tops of Turnips have been much cut
up ; but the young Wheat crop everywhere looks well
and promising. On the whole, everything in this
district indicates an early and forward season, if not
retarded by late spring frosts and unfavourable weather.
M. Saul, Stourton, Feb. 4.

Socfctfcs.

Linnean: Jan, 17.— G. Bentham, Esq., President, in the
chair. Morton Allport, Esq., Rev. J. C. Brown, LL.D.,
J. Fischer, Esq., J. Murphy, Esq., and A. Thozet, Esq., were
elected Fellows, The following communications were read : —
1, Remarks on Distoma davatum/rotn a Sword-Jisfi. By Dr.

Cobbold. 2. Expft^iments with Trichina .ipii-a Us. if By the

same. The experiments made with birds were negative, and
this so far agrees with the experience of continental observers,
Professors Pagensteckcr and Fuchs, who, though they found
that the ingested muscle Trichines acquired sexual maturity
within the intestinal canal of their avian hosts, yet never
found young Trichina; in the muscles of the birds, nor any
evidence of an attempt on the part of the escuped embryos to
effect a wandering or active migration on their own account.
Carnivorous mammals, and especially those which subsist on
a mixed diet, appear to be the most liable to entertain
Trichinae. It is, however, possible to rear flesh-worms in
hcrbivora : though on account of the expense comparatively
few experiments have been made in this direction. " It is
quite clear that in theirnatural state herbivorous animals can
seldom have an opportunity of infesting themselves, whilst
the reverse is the case with swine, carnivorous mammals, and
ourselves," Looking at the subject in relation to the public
health, the author observed, that he had no hesitation in
saying that a great deal of unnecessary fear had been created
in this country. English swine are almost entirely, if not
absolutely, free from this so-called disease, and not a single
case of trichiniosis in the hving human subject has been
diagnosed in the United Kingdom. Some 20 or 30 cases have
been discovered post mortem, and it is highly probable that
must, if not all of these individuals, have contracted the
disease during life, by eating Gemian pork sausages or other
preparations of foreign meat.

Botanical of EniyBURGH : Jan. 10. — "W. Gorrie, Esq., Vice-
President, in the chair. Communications read:— I. On tkt
Glumacta of Otago, New Zealand. By Dr. W. Lauder Lindsay.
In this paper the author included the natural orders
Juncacea;, Restiacese, Cyperacea;, and Grauiineie, and enume-
rated the different genera and species he met with, and
recorded the localities inwhi:hthey occur. Buchanan is of
opinion that some of the more fibrous Grasses (species of
Triticuin, AM^'ostis, Arundo, Lantlionia) which abound on the
lower hill ranges, at elevations over 1000 feet, might be used oa

130

THE GARBENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTTJEAL GAZETTE

[PEBIiTTAET 9. 1867.

a source of supply of paper material. But there are various
strong reasons wliy it is extremely unlikely these native
Grasses should be able successfully to compete with other paper
materials which ai'e both much more abundant and cheaper.
Several Grasses are recoi'ded as indigenous by Dr. Hooker,
which arc also British : not a few British Grasses have,
undoubtedly, been introduced, and are now, more or less,
extensively naturalised ; while some are probably hoth indi-
genous and introduced. The problem here offers itself for
solution to the local botanist—viz,, whether, or how, it is
possible to distinguish the native from the naturalised con-
dition of the same species ? for, on one hand, Grasses regarded
by Dr. Hooker as introduced occur under circumstances in
which it is, to say the least, extremely difficult to conceive
of their diffusing from remote stations ; while, on the other,
those recorded as indigenous are found in localities which give
rise to the legitimate conjecture that they have been 'intro-
duced. For instance, two British species of Festuca occur in
Otago (F, duriuscula, and F. bromoides). The former is
recorded by Dr. Hooker as native; the latter as "certainly
introduced and nowhere native." I found them growing in
the same habitats, and intermixed ; it was impossible to de ter-
minp that the one was native and the other introduced.
So far as regards their botanical characters, they appear
identical with British specimens, and from theu* occur-
rence on the sheep and cattle runs of settlers were
pi'obably introduced rather than indigenous. Again,
Kofleria cristata is recorded in the Hand-book Fl.
K"o. 3 (p. 335), as native, though Dr. Hooker adds,
it is *' probably introduced only," But in a letter
[Jan, .31, 1865] be says of it, " I have inereasmg reasons for
considei-ing it introduced," Nevertheless the plant occurs
high on the Alps (4000 feet) of Canterbiu-y and Otago> most
remote from cultivation or settlements, Poa annua is regarded
as introduced, but it was the most extensively distributed
Grass I met with in Otago, growing in a great variety of
habitats, and in a corresponding multiplicity of conditions.
Pbalaris canariensLs was gathered by Foster in 1772, being
before the colonisation of New Zealand (Otago was colonised so
recently as 1847), but three years subsequent to Cook's first
voyage (1769), It is difficult in .such a case to understand how
it came to be introduced, and yet it is included in Dr. Hooker's
list of naturalised Gi-asses, I found it gi-owing in Otago
apparently as wild as those British Grasses to be hereafter
mentioned, which are considered truly indigenous. Anthox-
anthum odoratnm has been gathei-ed at elevations of 3000 to
4000 feet on the glacier Mount Cook (13,000 feet high). It is
extensively distributed throughout New Zealand, and it is one
of the Grasses I found growingin great profusion and luxuriance
in several parts of Otago. Specimens indistinguishable as to
size and general aspect f rom^ my Otago plant were collected by
myself in 1850 on the meadows bordering the Elbe, Holstein.
It is included, however, in Dr. Hooker's categoiy of naturalised
Grasses, as is also Bromus mollis, which has been found on
the Canterbuiy Alps at 4000 feet. On the other hand, the
following are recorded by Dr. Hooker as native;— Agrostis
canina, Alopeeums geniculatus. and Deschampsia cEespitosa.
I do not think the problem is now capable of satisfactory
solution in all eases, In certain cases there may be a strong
probability that the plants were introduced, such as Lolium
perenne, Anthoxanthum odoratum, or Poa annua, but I do not
admit the conclusiveness of the evidence according to which
certain British species of Festuca, Agrostis, Alopecurus, and
Deschampsia ai'e determined to be native, and those of
Kceleiia, Pbalaris, Bromus, and Festuca to be merely natu-
ralised. It is equally impossible to assert that the former are
not native, or the latter also native ; .all that I hold ia that in
the present stage of colonisation — in the present state of our
knowledge of the botany of New Zealand— proof of a sufficient
or satisfactoi-y kind to establish either one set of propositions
or the other, is probably impossible of attainment. The New
Zealand Griimineffi illustrate wellth.at continuity of variation,
so characteristic of New ZeaLand plants in general, which so
frequently sets at defiance aU the efforts of the systcmatist
to classify particular plants or forms, whether as variety,
species, or even genus. It seems to mc a fruitless and
absurd effort to name separately the infinite and incon-
stant variation-forms of the supposed species or type,
while the supposed book-species, and even in certain
cases genera themselves, are much too nvimerous for

the proper purposes of science or the student.

il. Notice of a species of TricJtosci/pka, anrVof a species ofSarcoce-
pJialus from Old Calabar, sent by the Rev. A. Robb. By Prof .
Balfour.' — —III. Notes on Vellozia elegans, from the Cape of
Good Hope. By H. Fox Talbot, Esq ; communicated Tiy Prof.
Balfour. Mr. H. Fox Talbot transmitted to Dr. Balfour some
time ago a flower and leaf of a plant which had lieen
sent to him. There was some difficulty in determining
the genus and species at the time. Mr. T,, however, at his
suggestion, had taken a living specimen to Pi-ofcssor Oliver at
Kew, who was enabled to decide that it was a Vellozia, and
Mr. T, proposed to have it ere long figured m the " Botanical
Magazine" under the name Vellozia elegans. Mr. T. has
presented a living plant to the Edinburgh Royal Botanic

Garden. IV. Remarks on a Substance called Puttoo Man f/a,

found in the IVhite Ant Nests in Travancord. V. 'Ou

the Varieties of Variepated (rreens, d-c, as Oniamental Plants.
By Mr. M'Nab.— Mi. M'Nab exhibited a beautiful scries of
specimens from Mr. P. S. Robertson, Tiinity Nursery, of the
variegated, triple-curled, laciniated, and proliferous Rale
pLints, in colours varying from almost pure white and green to
beautiful rose-pink, purple, and red. For bringing into more
general notice the cultivation of these new favourites, the
coimtry is particularly indebted to the energetic labours of
Miss Frances Hope, cf Wardie Lodge, whose garden at this
season is a perfect marvel of beauty, and has been so during
the winter months for several years. Mr. Melville, the
gardener at Dalmcny Park, has also done much to improve the
breed of this now useful race of winter decoration plants.
For a long time the tall cut-leaved varieties were very
generally gi-own in gardens and shrubberies, but now we have
four distinct races, classified by Mr. Gorrie imderthe foUowhig
heads:— Laciniated, plumose, ramose, and proliferous or
composite. The latter is certainly very pccuUar, the pro-
liferous growths proceeding, as they do, in compact clusters
from the piimary and .secondary ribs of all the leaves. The
colours in most of the above classes are also very lich, and
when artistically arranged— more particularly as the cold
season advances— a veiy pleasing effect is given to the flower
garden. In the selection of plants to be seed-prod neors, very
great care is i-equired to see that all possess good quiUities
either in colour or style of leaf ; as one with bad properties, if
allowed to get into a flowering state, will have a tendency to
destroy a whole breed. But what will be found much more
destructive to the successful saving of pure seed is the seeding
of a field of any of the Brassica tnbe in the neighbourhood,
more particularly if they happen to be the common German
Greens, or any of the Savoy tribe. If such should happen to
be the case, the progeny of the new ^'.arieties, which have
been obtained with care, will veiy soon become degenerated
and worthless. Any veiy choice variety (after it has done its
duty in the flower garden) should be planted at the base of a
wall to seed, and separated from all other kinds ; but even
this caution will not always produce a satisfactory result. The
only method to preserve a favourite variety is to take the
leaves and tops off, which will cause them to make numerous
side shoots, which, when removed, are rooted as cuttings.
All the ordinaiy good vaiieties intended for seed-bearing
plants should also be placed against a wall, covciing them

with a net, but just before the sced-vcsscls ripen, to prevent
them bccomuig a prey to birds. It is not absolutely necessary
that the plants be protected while in bloom. If good kinds
are selected and placed side by side to flower, a slight intcr-
mixturo will have a tendency to produce novelties ranch more
than by isolating them. While pLantmg the young seedlings
in rows for the purpose of bringing them forward, previous to
taking their place in the flower garden, any that appear infe-
rior should be thrown aside. The young seedlings generally
succeed best in an open, aiiy field, where they are less liable
to become leggy or drawn up, as happens in a close walled
garden. On the return of autumn, selections can be made
suitable for the various clumps, agreeable to the taste of the
party in charge of the an-angement. After running through a
course of gaiety, and the season over, the dupUcate plants (not
required for seed) may be boiled, and economically employed

for feeding pigs. VI. Notice of the State of Open-Air Vtoe-

tdtioii in the Royal Botanic Garden. By Mr. M'Nab. Since the
last meeting of the Botanic Society (December 13, ISG6) the
weather up to the end of the month was unusually mild, as
indicated by the following observations ; — The thermometer
on the night of the 18th of December stood as high as 54°, on
the 21st of December at 50°, and aU other nights to the end of
December it varied from 36° to 47°, except on the Slst Dec.,
when the night temperature fell to 31°. Owing to this veiy
mild state of the weather, attended with a succession of heavy
rains, the le;if-buds of many j>lants swelled much more than is
usually seen at this period of the year. Up to the 31st Dec,
Scarlet Pelargoniums were standingahnost untouched, and with
flowers seen here and there on them. Verbenas .and other summer
decoration plants were in the same state, as well as Chrysan-
themums, Stocks, Wallflowers, Gentianella, Purple Aubrietia,
Primroses, Oxlips, Hellebores or Chi-istmas Roses, Garrya
elliptica, Jasminum revolutum, Polygala Chamjebuxus, and
many autumn-flowering Roses. Since the 1st of January a
very great change has taken place. Heavy snow fell on the 2d,
which was followed by intense frosts, thus putting a stop to
all the early symptoms of vegetation. The following will
show the minimum temperatures during each successive night
since the commencement of the year : January 1st, 25° ;
2d, 16° ; 3d, 19° ; 4th, 19° ; 5th, 11° ; 6th, 26° ; 7th, 31° ; 8th, 33° ;
0th, 32°; 10th, 30°.

Noticts of iSooSg*

A Journey to Jshango-Land, tf-c. By Paul B. Du

Cliaillu. With Maps and Illustrations. 8vo. pp. 501.

London: Murray.
In a modestly written preface the author of the above
work sets forth the objects that induced him a second
time to undertake the fatigues and perils of a journey
to Western Equatorial Africa. Insutliciently prepared
in his fii'st journey as a scientific observer, with imper-
fect appreciation of the importance of rigid accuracy
in all matters pertaining to science, it is hardly to be
wondered at that many statements in his former
book were received with incredulity, and that the author
was criticised with some severity. Being desirous of
freeing himself from the aspersions cast ujion him, he
resolved, before undertaking a second journey, to make
himself familiar with the use of scientific instruments,
and thus to be enabled to record his observations in a
manner less open to hostile criticism.

Unfortunately the whole of the photographs taken
by jM. Du Chaillu during this second journey, as well
as many of his observations, were lost during a retreat
that he was compelled to make from the territories of
an infuriated and savage tribe. Enough remain not
only to show the author's good faith and diligence, but
to be of service in fixing the latitude and position of
more than one locality in this all but imknown region.
To some of his observations on temperature we shall
allude after we have attempted to give the reader a
general idea of the contents of the book before us. The
record of the journey itself bears a somewhat wearisome
likeness to the details given us by other travellers; the
same low cunning, the same bad faith, the same lying
propensities, the same inordinate love of other people's
aoods, seem to characterise the tribes with whom
M. I>u Chaillu came into contact, as were met
with, with some exceptions, in the natives of whom
Barth, Livingstone, Speke, and other African travellers,
tell us. These qualities, unfortunately, are not wholly
unknown amons; oi»'selves, and the reader will find
mentioned in M. Du Chaillu's hook, more than one
])oint in which these outer barbarians not a little
resemble ourselves ; for instance, in the matter of
chignons, now so generally worn by ladies, and which
M. Du Chaillu found to be quite as general among the
belles of the Ishogo tribe. Another custom, not wholly
unlike one prevalent amongst ourselves, is mentioned
in the following terms :— " The tree is a kind of Pious,
with lai'ge thick and glossy leaves. It is planted as a
sapling when the village is first built, and is considered
to bring good luck to the inhabitants as a talisman — if
the sapling lives, the villagers consider the omen a good
one ; but if it dies, they all abandon the place and
found a new place elsewhere. This tree grows rapidly,
and soon forms a conspicuous object, with its broad
crown yielding a pleasant shade in the middle of the
street."

The glimpses of animal life which our author afibrds
us, are such as to show that in a natural history point
of view; there is abundant novelty. M. Du Chaillu
has much to tell of the Pangolins, or African ant-eaters,
— toothless quadrupeds, provided with long extensile
tongues covered with viscid mucus, by means of which
the animals catch theirprey. Unlikethe South American
ant-eaters, which are hairy, the Pangolins have an
armour of overlapping scales, so loosely packed that
the animal can readily coil itself into a ball, and thus
escape annoyance from an enemy.

Of chimpanzees, gorillas, and similar man-like apes,
this district of Africa isthe head-quarters, and thereader
will find much information concerning these creatures
in the present work. One of the chimpanzees sent
home by M. Dvi Chaillu formed, till destroyed in the
recent lamentable fire, one of the many attractions of
the tropical department of the Crystal Palace.
An otter-like animal, Potamogale velox, met with by
M. Du Chaillu on his first journey, formed the subject
of some unfa.vourable comments till the author
succeeded in this second voyage in obtaining more per-
fect specimens, which suffice to confirm his origmal

statements. The entomological reader too wiU find
an interesting chapter on the habits of various ants,
specimens of which it is to be regretted were lost in the
meUe above referred to. Some interesting ethnological
notices are given towards the close of the book, and
Professor Owen has contributed an appendix on the
conformation of the skulls brought home by M. Du
Chaillu.

Of more interest to horticulturists are the details
given concerning the climate of this district. Western
Equatorial Africa, so far as M. Du Chaillu describes it,
appears to be a vast forest, interspersed here and there
with prairies, and with ranges of high ground in the
interior. Such "a district would naturally be not only
hot, but wet ; indeed, the amount of rain seems to be
enoi'mous ; while in some parts the year may he '
divided into two seasons — a ramy season extending from
September till May, a dry season lasting from June to
August — in others it may be almost said that there is
a continuous rainy season all the year round. The
temperature M. Du Chaillu considers as not so high
as that of other tropical regions, probably from the
humidity and cloudiness of the atmosphere. The
lowest degree of cold noted by the author was 64' P. ;
the maximum temperature 92' P. ; but at the same
time that the temperature of the air was registered at
92° P., that of the sun when unclouded amounted to
146"', some 40' higher than has been noticed in
this country. M Du Chaillu more than once
remarks upon the effects of a clouded sky in lowering
the thermometer, and the similar abatement in
the temperature in the forests, as compared
with that of the open country. While in a
village the thermometer registered 92° P., the
temperature in the forest, at the same time,
was 10° less. "The great humidity of these dense
shades," says M. Du Chaillu, "causes an agreeable
coolness, and I have noticed that when rain has fallen
during the night, there often remains some moisture on
the surface of the leaves at 2 p.m., showing how slow,
comparatively speaking, is the evaporation in these
shady places."

M. Du Chaillu does not gives us many details con-
cerning the vegetation of these regions, which we the
more regret, as the researches of Mann, a little to the
northward of the district traversed by Du Chaillu,
have been exceedingly productive of rare and interest-
ing forms of vegetation. Some of the Sterculiaceous
plants collected by Mann would form most desirable
additions to the list of stove foliage plants, from the
grandeur of their leaves, which are often of silvery
whiteness on the under surface.

Orchids, says M. Du Chaillu, abound near the sea ;
no doubt among them are many novelties and beauties
worthy the search of an experienced collector. One of
these latter has been recently figured in the " Botanical
Magazine," under the name of Angrcecum ChaUluanum.

We have said enough to show that there is in this
confessedly fragmentary record, much to amuse and
instruct the reader, and to stimulate naturalists to
further investigations in these remarkable regions.

Books Eeceited. — iZbic to Use the Barometer
(Bemrose). A useful guide to the novice in meteoro-
logical investigations, and as such we have had in

former years to mention its predecessors. Colenso's

SJtiUlng Arithmetic (Longmans) is rather more
attractive than such books usually are, ;is the examples
are more amusing and more like ' normal occurrences "
than those which are given in other books. Of the
practical value of the work it is needless to say anything,
such is the repute of the author ; we may, however,
express our regret that there is not a section devoted to

the metrical system. -First Steps in Reading and

Learning, by A. K. Isbister (Longma,ns). A great
improvement on the old-fashioned spelling-books, and
calculated to diminish much of the drudgery of the
pupil and of the teacher.

Catalo&ues Heceivei).— Seed Lists continue to
pour in upon us; the following, which we can only
briefly mention, though many of them deserve com-
ment, are now before us: — W. Thompson's (Ipswich)
Descriptive Catalogue of Flower Seeds (good, and
arranged botanically) ; Foioler S( Co's (Glasgow) Select :
Catalogue ; Charlwood 4* Cummins' (Oovent (warden)
List (the specialty here is tree and shrub seeds) ; E. O.
Senderson S( Sons' (St. John's Wood) Catalogue (full
of information) ; A. Henderson's (Thornton Heath)
Catalogue; J. CatteU's (Westerham) Catalogue; T.
Fierpoint's (WaiTington) Spring Catalogue; Fuller,
McCulloch Jf- Co.'s (Covent CJarden) Spring Catalogue
(full of information) ; Toole 4'- Co.'s (Dubhn) Spring
Catalogue (ample, and very neatly got up) ; F. S.
Roltertson 4' Co.'s (Edinburgh) Catalogue; L. Tan
Soutte's (Ghent) Frix Couranl de Oraines (includes
bulbs and tubers). Tick's (Rochester, N. York) JWi«'-
trated Ghiide{a.seei\\it).F.A.Saage's{'Si'ciar\.) SeedList
and C. Huher 4* Cie.'s (Hyeres) Catalogue de Graines,
are the lists of extensive seed-growers. J. Fraser's
(Lea Bridge Road) General Descriptive Catalogue is a
most complete list of indoor and outdoor subjects.
L. Tan Houtte's Catalogue d'Arhres, ^"c, contains
Conifers, Rhododendrons, Roses, &c. F. S. Solertson's
Catalogue of Forest Trees, &c.

sfPlcrfets' d?Ioloer!S.

The already extended and rapidly extending class of
Pelaegoniums presents such a wide field for the
critic, that one is ready to ask " Who is sufficient for
these things p " There are many new flowers of 1867,
of that division commonly termed show, or large-
flowering Pelargoniums, and yet of these only the
flowers raised by Messrs. Poster and Iloyle have been
subjected to the judgment of the Ploral Committee
at South Kensington. This season, show Pelargoniums
were not exhibited to so large an extent as usual. It
would appear that they bloomed somewhat earlier than

Febbttabt 9, 1S67.]

THE CtARDENEES' CERONIOLE AN!) AGRTCULTURAT. GAZETTE.

131

inordinary seasons, ami theroforo their ilowonng perioa,
from some cause or other, was circumsoribed. I'rau
1853 to 181)5 the improvement made m the lorm ot tlio
Pelargonium has been of a very marked charaotor ; and
with this there h:is also been a great advance in the
production of colour, though colour and form have not
been always associated in the same flower. 1 he late
Air Foster evidently centred his attention on the
production of colour ; and from Phaeton on to Lord
Clyde, the work was jiersistently imd most successfully
developed. Mr. lloyle's forte was the production of
size and form, generally in flowers ol' a lighter colour.
A skill'ul and very successful combination of these
finalities resulted in such splendid flowers as Mary
Hoyle, "William Hoyle, and Charles Turner. Tho
productions of tho present Mr. Foster partake of this
character. They are llowors of large size, excellent in
form and substance; but deep colours do not pro-
dominate, as in t he ease of his late father's breeding.
His three flowers of ISCiG. to which Pirst-classCertilicates
have been awarded, were Archbishop— soft rosy pink,
with dark crimson blotch on tlie upper petals,
large white centre ; flowers very large, of excellent
substance, and forming logothor what may be truly
I termed " a noblo exhibition flower." The habit
appeared to be all that could bo desired, and the
variety seemed also to be a free-blooming kind.
Perfection lacks a kind of regality that belongs to the
foregoing ; it is however a very beautiful llowcr, and
promises to become a standard exhibition variety. The
lower pelals aro rosy iiiuk with a slight admixture of
violet, and aro pencilled with bright crimson ; the top
petals have a dark blotch with a fiery edging, and a
margin of pale pink. Its beauty is of a dehcato type,
and it is an abundant bloomer. Milton is a large and
stout well-formed flower ; the lower petals warm
purplish rose pencilled and blotched with crimson;
top petals black with a narrow edging or margin
of rosy purple, and large white throat. It is a
flower of excellent properties, and promises to
boeome an e.stablishcd favourite. Eeauty of Windsor,
also one of Mr. Foster's flowers, received a Second-class
Certificate. Tho colour of the flower is carmine-rose
suffused with orange, and pencilled with crimson ; dark
maroon top petals shaded off to the margin with orange-
rose ; white throat, and of full size. It was very smooth
and fine. Negress was commended for its singularly
dark colour, but though of good size it lacked substance
.and smoothness ; combined with a conspicuous white
throat, the intense depth of dark colour made it a very
novel looking Ilower. The raiser's name did not
appear, and as Mr. Turner does not catalogue this
variety.itwouldscemthatitiswithheldfromdistribution
at present. Shakespeare (Foster) is one of those curious
looking stained or veined flowers as they are usually
termed, presenting the appearance of a veined erup-
tion. The ground colour is lilac purple, veined and
blotched with crimson, white throat, and dark top
petals. It can certainly claim novelty of colour, and
it is also the best stained flower yet sent out. King of
Floners (Foster) is of a bright carmine scarlet shade,
faintly suffused with crimson, and has a white throat
surrounded with a purple glow. It is a medium-sized
flower, of good form and very free. Betrothed (Foster)
is a largf , stout, and well-formed flower, of a pleasing
shade of rose, with dark maroon top petals, very free-
blooming. Congress (Hoyle) is of a very unique shade
of colour, bright carmine maroon, mth dark top petals
margined with fiery crimson ; white throat, very fine,
and quite novel in appearance. Gold Button (Hoyle)
has the lower petals of a beautiful shade of colom-, viz.,
bright rich orange, tinted with carmine ; glossy dark
top petals margined with bright orange crimson. It
is a smooth and well-formed fiower, very free ; and, I
think, should have been recognised by the Floral
Committee, although the care they evidently betray
not to give certificates to large-flowering Pelargoniums,
except for special merits, is highly commendable. In
the present stage of Pelargonium-r.aising, when ahnost
every flower has even something more than "ordinary"
merits, a very nice discrimination is required in the
selection of flowers for certificates. Mongini (Hoyle)
is a very free-blooming variety, the lower petals are
bright rose, pencilled with reddish crimson ; top petals
dark maroon margined with rose. Peri (Foster) has
warm ■ rose lower petals, mottled with purplish
crimson; dark maroon top, with a margin of pink
around the whole flower— altogether a striking
and handsome variety. Turban (Hoyle) is a
commanding flower, with pale bright rose lower
petals, dark reddish rose and dark crimson tip, petals
margined with fiery orange, white centre, good form.
i and very smooth. Favourite (Hoyle) is a fine and
' striking flower of a similar build ; full warm rose lower
I petals, streaked and dashed with deep red ; top dark
I maroon, with a bright carmine crimson margin, free-
1 blooming, and a vcrj' promising variety for purposes of
1 exhibition. Alfred (Hoyle) has lower petals of a rosy-
lilac shade, tinted with a dullish vermilion ; rich dark
maroon top petals, mth a well-defined margin of rosy-
i cannine. Having fine substance, and large size, and
' being very smootli, it promises to be a flower of no mean
I pretensions.

Of the flowers to be sent out by Messrs. F. & A.
I Smith and Mr. Bull I am unable to speak, not having
' seen them. The former growers catalogue a great
; many, apparently of their own raising. Nor am I aware
of what ilr. Beck may have produced last season, as
i no list of his flowers has been announced as yet, as far
as my observation has gone, nor have they appeared at
! the exhibitions or meetings of the past year. JR. JD.

Gladiolus l^oiviensis v. hrenchler/ensis. — I am
glad to see Messrs. Touell writing in behalf of their
favourite brenchleyensis ()ip. 80, 81); none have
better reason to do so, for jirobably novvhere is this
variety grown better, or in larger quantities, than»at
Yarmouth. As in most other cases there are doubtless

two sides to this question. In the same Number of
your Paper in which Messrs. Youell's communication
apjiears, the well-known Cottagers' Kale is pro-
noun<»d by ono authority to be tho hardiest of all
winter Greens, and by anotluir, to bo virtually just
tho contrary ; both may bo right in their respec-
tive localities. Messrs. YouoU assert tliat there is a
great difference in the colour of these two varieties of
Gladiolus; here a casual observer would pronounce
the sorts identical, so slight is the dillbrenee in colour.
Again : Messrs. Youell recommend decayed manure ;
I obtain satisfactory results from strong raw manure.
1 got late blooms by planting in February ; Messrs.
Youell obtain the same result by iilantingin July. My
spawn (size of Peas) of lircMKOileyensis did not give
me 5 per cent, of blooming ]il:nits whicli were fit to
take up in October; wliilc limvionsis, in tlie same
quarter, was in full bloom in November. I have no
intention, generally, of pitting these two varieties
against each other ; but I must endorse all I have
already said in favour of Bowiensis. Has no one
else anything to say on the subject? I believe Mr.
Barnes, of Camberwell, grows Bowiensis extensively ;
what is bis opinion of it? JFm. Wiiidehank, jwn.,
Bcpois MoHiii Nursery, Soulhampion.

Nadirs.— In answer to your correspondent "A. B."
regarding nadirs (see p. 31),iin his case, with9-inoh
boxes, and the bottom one having considerable honey
in it, I should have been inclined to take the top box,
preserving all the empty combs that were of a fair
colour (providing it was heavy in proportion to the
nadir) ; but in cases where the nadir is to be removed,
it ought not to be taken away until the bees have
carried up all the unsealed honey. Empty combs are
better than full ones for nadiring in spring. I would
in no case detach combs from the bars or top of the
hive, where they can possibly be kept fixed ; neverthe-
less, where frames are used, there is no harm in cutting
them out, as they can be so easily fixed again. I am
certain that "A. B." would be more satisfied if he
would adopt the shallow Stewarton boxes, as the deep
ones throw by far too much honey to the body of the
hive, consequently ' preventing the super being filled ;
besides, with shallow boxes, depriving can be carried to
a far greater extent than with deep ones. I may here
remark that where hives are not in houses, exposing
them to a hot sun causes the slides to run easy.

In regard to the time of year when nadirs should be
given, in some cases we may give nadirs with combs
about the beginning of April ; but it is useless to nadir
at that time with empty nadirs. About the end of
April or beginning of May is a common time ; but the
fact is there is no use in nadiring until the bees
require it, that is, when the stock hive is about full.

The sign of the proper time for giving the second
nadir is ' the same ; that is, when the first given is
nearly full. Of course the windows will be of some
help to ascertain this ; but I may venture a word of
advice here ; to take care not to be keeping on nadir-
ing and omitting supering. As a rule, after supering,
nadiring is only resorted to for the purpose of inducing
the bees to carry on their breeding below and prevent
their clustering. ,

To the skilled apiarian there is not much difficulty
in ascertaining the presence of the queen; ocular
demonstration is doubtless the best; still there are
other signs, viz., the well-known hum of the bees,
their alacrity in clearing out their hive, and carrying
pollen abundantly, and their proneness to gather water
for breeding purposes, particularly when in cold
weather unfavourable to their going abroad, they may
be seen licking it from the floor-board.

The absence of a queen is sometimes more
diflicult to ascertain when, in consequence of the
want of frames, the interior cannot be inspected
(although I may say I am not aware of ever being
myself deceived, there being a peculiarity observable
about them, particularly in the movement of then-
antenna?, which I am not able to describe); for although
the description given above answers to the bees having
a queen, they sometimes, when queenless, pursue
almost the s<ame course; still their humming is quite dif-
ferent, sometimes bursting out into high irregular notes
—it may be termed a wailing rather than a hum.
Queenless stocks frequently carry as much pollen, and
can then scarcely be detected from thase having a
queeu. Again, in a queenless stock the bees have a
more careless manner in leaving their hive, and they
may be noticed tr.ying to enter other hives.

In the early spring, when I detect the absence of a
queen in ahive, Ijoiuthe bees to another; if the spring
is well advanced, and there be no brood in the doubled
stock, I give a small piece of brood comb. I may here
remark, that often at the time of the loss of their
queeu, a very great commotion takes place, particularly
at dusk. It is very seldom that I am troubled with
queeuless stocks. Willium Thomson, Blantyre.

Garden Memoranda.

WOOLVEBSTONE PaEK, THE SEAT Or JOHN
Beknees, Esq.— Proceeding along the road by the
Orwell Biver from Ipswich,weenter through very hand
some gates at a new .stone lodge of great beauty, and at_
once seem to plunge into the park. The first thing
observed is a number of youngConifers dottedabouthere
and there, with space suflicient to allow thorn to grow to
perfection. The fine new carriage road, which runs along
by the river pretty closely, pierces through a well wooded
cliff. Here and there large breadths of Rhododendrons
and other shrubs, young specimen Conifers, and other
trees appear ; in fact it seems that the common planta-
tion is everywhere receiving the polish which a rarer
and choicer vegetation can hardly fail to impart to old

woods. Tho scenerjj all along is superb. On the loft,
within a tew yards, is the liroad noble Orwell, with tliu
trees on each side beniling down ;us if to taste tlu! sail
water ; and on the right a bold, well-wooded clifl",
rising to a heiglit of from 101) to 200 foot. Presently a
green knoll appears, surmounted by a very liigh liouse
or tower six stories high. This is the famous Feston
Tower. It is a very antique building, jjrobably erected
for a watch tower. It seems almost impossible it could
over have been used for a dwelliug house; for oaoh
story consists of a single room, 10 feet by 12 ; and there
is no fire-place, except on tlic ground floor, and that
seenLs a modern innovation. The host room is on the
fifth story. The whole is finished off vvilti a turret at
each angle, terminating in pinnacles. Tlie winding
staircase on the eastern side proceeds right to the top,
and terminates in a lantern. It has an antique, almost
weird appearance from tho carriage road, and in the
gloamin might readily he peopled with the busy spriten
of bygone ages. Proceeding around or past this tower
through scenery of a woodland character, another more
rustic-looking lodge is reached ; the road sweeps boldly
round to tho right, tho river is left behind, and the
park proper is entered. Great skill has been used in
choosing the right line here. The bend at this point
up the side of a beautiful valley is worthy of the genius
of Nosfield, by whom it was formed. Proceeding with
a bold curve the road reaches to the highest level of
tho ground by turning to the loft, and flowing— that
is the best name for its graceful lines— onwards
through nearly the centre of the park, it proceeds
towards the mansion. On the top of the rising knoU
four things claim attention all at once. These are the
exquisite undulations of the surface, the magnificent
round-headed Oaks, the beautiful spotted deer, and the
long-tailed Welsh sheep. Leaving ,this medley of
beauty to make its own impression, we proceed onwards
towards the house. On the right the kitchen garden
is observed embedded on the park side in evergreens.
A clear space is however reserved for a beautiful
cottage, embowered with flowers, and, as we were told,
replete with comfort for the gardener.
• A few yards further a pretty church and churchyard
appear nearer to the carriage road, and entirely
surrounded by the park. It is a very pretty feature
here. Some 80 years ago a north aisle was built, and
quite recently a new chancel and memorial window
have been added, at the cost of Mrs. Berners. Bearing
still to the left, the carriage road joins another that
proceeds straight to the house. A httle further on
capacious, entirely detached stables are observed
peepmg through almost a perfect screen of trees. The
house with its projecting wings is close at hand. Here
a fine massive iron fence has recently been Put to,
enclosing all the space between the two wings. The
carriage passes through an ornamental gate and sweeps
round well-kept turf to the front door.

Returning to finish the park before entering the
gardens, another fine carriage road, about a mile in
length, is seen to wind away to Holbrook, and the
park itself proceeds onwards in much the sanie
style of undulating finely wooded beauty towards
Pin Mill by the side of the river. Looking from
the carriage front, the straight line of road by
which we enter seems too short. It stops short
abruptly, and diverges to the right and left without
any obvious reason. Were it to proceed right across
and lose itself in a small belt of wood at the extremity
of the park adjoining the public road it would have
a nobler and grander effect. The Ipswich carnage-
road by which we entered is one of the finest approaches
we have ever seen ; it is neariy 2 miles long, and of
course the scenery is unique for its beauty and
grandeur, but much skill is also apparent in its grace-
ful lines of beauty. The straight extension that I have
ventured to recommend would be more for ornament
than use. It might, however, be useful in wmter as
forming a straight short out to the public road. It
would leave the two grand entrances — those from
Ipswich and Holbrook— exactly as they are at present.
At some distance from the house, on one of the
highest parts of the park, a fine obelisk of freestone,
about 100 feet high, is erected, and was built in 1793
by Charles Berners, Esq., in memory of his lather,
Wm. Berners, Esq., wdio died in 1783. The top is
surmounted with a globe encircled with rays, which often
sparkle hke burnished gold in the setting sun. Return-
ing to the house, with its thriving shrubberies at each
end, it is impossible not to he impressed with the
extraordinary improvements effected here withm a
comparatively short period. Woolverstone Park could
never be aught but beautiful. The form of the ground
and its position impart extraordinary charms. It has
long been well -wooded. But a few years ago the house
stood in the middle of the park without a shred of
Evergreens or a single flower to light up its dead
weight. An immense mass of white, and therefore
cold-looking brick seemed to crush the fine round-
headed and other short Oaks into the very earth. The
whole thing was heavy, bleak -looking, and cold. Not-
withstanding the exquisite arrangements of the rooms
tlie exterior looked emphatically comfortless. The
ruminants in the park grazed up to and poked then-
heads into the windows— not the most welcome nor sate
visitants, one would suppose. The garden was nearly a
quarter of a mile distant, and could only be reached by.
crossing the open, unprotected nark. Even the view ot
the river was neariy shut out. Under the then existing
circumstances perhaps this was wise. Some thousands

of feet of white brick, dressed with white stone-facing,
was cold enough, without adding a band of silver a mue
broad and two or three mUes long. Either on tms
principle, or by mere accident, one of ^e finest views
in England was almost lost. Such was Woolverstone
a few years ago. It is just the.opposite "f^iU this now
Passing tbi-OTgh the fine thriving shrubbenes at one
end of the house we pass on to the garden front. The
sight thrills one like a burst of genuine eloquence, or a

132

THE CtApbenei^s' Chronicle and AGrvicuLTDEAL gazette,

[FEBEtJAET 9, 1867.

picture by a great master. One of the Tery best and
largest of Nesfield's gardens is spread down at our feet.
Of this garden I hope to give some account next week.
The distant prospect is indescribably grand. F.

Miscellaneous.

&arden Productions of Natal.— Most of the
European yegetables can be grown in the uplands of
Natal. The Beetroot and Turnip thrive in many
districts. Beans, Peas, Onions, Cucumber, Cauli-
flower. Cabbage, and Lettuce in every variety are
common in the gardens. The Pumpkin flourishes like
a weed, and yields the most astonishing crops. The
Tomato and Capsicum ripen in luxuriance. The
Capsicum is grown for commercial purposes, 18 cwt. of
Cayenne Pepper, worth 80^., was exported from Natal
last year, in addition to the quantity consumed in the
colony. The Pine-apple, Papaw, and Banana are
common everywhere on the coast. The Orange is
found in great plenty in certain districts ; there are
individual trees in the colony that yield 45 bushels of
fruit. The gardens of Maritzburg furnish Peaches,
Apricots, Nectarines, Apples, Mulberries. Medlars,
Grapes, Raspberries, Pigs, Guavas, the Granadilla,
Loquat, and St. Helena Peach. Ginger and Turmeric
are common productions in many gardens. The Tea
plant grows readily in the lands that are suitable to
the Coflee. It has not hitherto been planted in any
quantity, and a gentleman near Durban is now making
arrangements to see what may be done with it on a
somewhat large scale. Indigo grows everywhere.
Arrowroot has long been manufactured in some
quantity in the coast district, and would be very largely
produced but for the limited and uncertain market
that it commands. Natal Arrowroot is now known in
the English markets as being of unexceptionable
quality. Natal Zand Settlement Pamphlet.

Storing of Seeds.— Seeds of the Brassicas will keep
for a very long time. Atkin's Matchless Cabbage that
had been properly dried, bottled, and kept in a cup-
board of uniform temperature in a dry room, grew
perfectly when 14 years old. It was a few days longar
in starting, but scarcely a seed failed. In fen drains,
r.iilway cuttings, and even well and coal-pit sinkings,
the common Charlock springs from soil which has not
seen the light since the Deluge ; and near to Bishop
Stortford we knew a field which for 10 years to our
knowledge produced every time it was ploughed a crop
of "White Turnip. The fact was, a crop had been
allowed to run to seed, and shedding in the field, it got
so intermixed with the soil that every time the seed
came sufficiently near the surface, it vegetated and
produced a crop. The crop we saw was in the eighth
year, and we heard years afterwards that the field still
continued to produce some Turnips every time it was
ploughed. So much for the vegetative powers of the
Turnip, and the preservative influence of the soil.
Nottinghaynsliire Guardian.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
AncEctoehili should now undergo the preliminaries
necessary to their Intended propagation. Carefully
turn each pot or pan upon its side, and with the handle
of a budding knife or other smooth implement clear
away from the surface of the soil, around the plants,
any Moss or fungoid growth likely to hold moisture,
rsturning the plants to their original positions, where
t'aey should remain without further watering until the
soil has become moderately dry, when it will be safe to
proceed. With a keen-edged knife sever in two the
older or back portions of any rhizomes which will
admit of it. Endeavour to have a root attached to each
piece, being careful not to operate upon the rhizome
too near the growing shoot. Cut a portion off one of
the two ends formed by each wound, and in order further
to aid the process of healing, keep them as dry as pos-
sible for a week, after which the ordinary treatment
may be continued for a short time. These remarks will
apply equally well to Ooodijeras and similar plants. A
fewotlierO)'cAi'rfjf,suchasOncidiums,Cattleyas,&o.,raay
iDe induced to push latent buds by a similar severing of
older growth from the young. It will not always be
s lie however to cut in two the main stems nearer than
tivo leaves from the younger growth. Many Orchids
which may not have needed potting this season will be
benefited by having a little fresh peat and sphagnum
placed around the younger portions of them ; but care
will be needed to see that no tender buds at the
base of these are buried too deeply. Any portions
of the old soil which may be loose should be removed.
Poinsettias, the flowers upon which are getting
shabby, may for convenience have some of the longer
shoots reduced to one-half their length, laying the
pots upon their sides in a position where the balls will
become moderately dry, when they can be placed in
any dry temperate corner — if constantly dark it
matterB not— to undergo a season of rest.

Bulls in Pots, such as Hyacinths, Tulips, and
Narcissi, having formed roots and established them-
selves under coal ashes or other light material, should
be instantly removed to a cool airy situation. These
■ are ofttimes wrongly treated, even by professional
men. They are placed under coal ashes or
other open material for the puri)ose of keeping
fie bulbs firmly in their proper position whilst
tliey are forming roots, otherwise the latter, which
emanate in great numbers simultaneously from the
bise of the bulb, would certainly force it up out of the
soil, and thus derange the whole matter ; and to leave
t-iem under these materials beyond the time necessary
for this purpose, with the idea that it draws the spike up
to a more advantageous height, and thus to loso the far
greater and more beneficial infiueuces of light and air,
is an evident fallacy. Add to this too the unnatural

growth, blanched throughout, and the shook received
by simultaneous contact with both light and air when
exposed, independently of the incapacity of the
blanched leaves to turn to account the rich soil in
which the roots are growing. Give to all such when
fairly growing, alternate waterings of manure water.
FORCING HOUSES.

As the berries hanging upon late-fruited Vines are
likely to become more or less shrivelled, through the
large amount of artificial heat required to keep the late
severe frost out, so also in all probability the sap in the
parent Vines has advanced a stage beyond what is
customary at this season. No delay should therefore
take place in the pruning the moment they are free of
their crop. Pines when in flower must not be syringed,
and see that no drip or other moisture approaches them
at that time, as wet in any form causes the flowers to
become abortive ; alternate waterings of weak clear
manure-water might be given them. Farhj Figs
advancing in growth should have the points of the
shoots pinched out beyond the fifth leaf, except
where it is necessary to furnish unoccupied spaces.
Peaches and Nectarines having fruit set and growing,
may be frequently copiously > syringed. Should green
fly appear, fumigate.

French Beans which were sown in 60-sized pots
will require potting into those called 16's. A good
stiS' loam, with; leaf-mould, firmly placed around
them, will suit them. Do not water too freely
at first. "Where pits in Cucumber houses are heated
with pipes or fl aes, the bottom of the soil may have
become too dry, in consequence of the late excessive
fires. See therefore that the plants do not suffer from
this cause. In making beds up for Cucumiers and
Melons to be grown in frames, let them be from
•1 to 5 feet high, and just sufficiently large for the frame
to stand firmly on them, putting a good layer of leaves
upon the upper portion of the bed. Tilt the lights day
and night to allow all excess of steam and moisture
free egress, and for the same reason turn the surface
over every other day in fine drying weather.
HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Saspierries may be safely pruned and trained now,
as it will be easily seen whether any are injured or not
by the frost. In training them I do not .advise retaining
the whole length of the canes ; on the contrary, I prefer
cutting them down to within 4 feet of the ground, as
thereljy the riper buds upon the firmer lower portions
of the cane are forced to grow and fruit, in lieu of those
on the upper less ripened portions. Besides, high stakes
or trellis work are thus not required. Where the
stool has become very large, and is likely to throw up
many suckers in the ensuing summer, it is better to
remove some portion of it with a spade. These
portions removed v.'ill be found useful for filling up
vacancies occurring in other parts, or to extend the
plantations. Cut away all the lesser canes from a stool,
choosing four of the strongest to tie to individual
stakes. They might be five inches apart when trained
to trellis work. I never dig between rows of Raspberries ;
on the contrary, I rather encourage surface rooting, by
giving them a slight mulching annually. Espalier Pears
require all young growths to be cut away, save the
extremities. Young shoots should be trained horizon-
tally, as advised for walls last week. Any espaliers
deficient in fruiting-wood should have some of the
stronger shoots upon the upper horizontal growths
brought abruptly down across the lower branches
perpendicularly, at about a foot apart. The retrograde
motion of the sap thus induced gives productiveness to
the tree. Prune and nail Cherries. These require little
knife work, except it be cutting back the points of long
shoots, removing unhealthy portions, or here and there
a branch, as the eye may suggest, for the purpose of
duly balancing the tree. In young trees, Morellos, &o.,
there may be a portion of the apex of last year's shoots
to remove in instances where the young growths
started farther back than was intended. Remove all
such with a sharp-edged knife close to the base of the
younger growths, and cut away any parts which fruited
last year, and that show little signs of vigour this.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Ground may he prepared for renovating or enlarging
an Asparagus bed. I do not advise making the old for-
mal beds; Iratherpreferplantingin rows,acro.ssa chosen
quarter, in number according to the quantity required.
This system is especially adaptable to small gardens,
and where room is scarce. Trench a space at least 2
feet deep, by 5 feet wide, for a single row, or 9 feet for
two rows, and so on, planting each one 3 feet apart.
"Where plants are not in hand, seed sown down the row
instead, will often make a better plantation. It is not
yet time to employ either, however. Add abundance
of manure to the soil in process of trenching. The sad
ravages made by late frosts with Oreen Crops, such as
Broccoli, Cabbages, &c., enable us the more readily to
form our plans for the in-coming summer's crops ; and
as much is due to a studied system of successional
cropping, any details thereon are worthy of note.
Onions succeed well after Celery, being very deep
rooters ; the lower the ground is dug, or trenched, the
better, bringing the old manure up out of the Celery
trench, and spreading it over the surface, as a top
dressing to aid the young plants in their earlier stages
of growth. Do not sow early in March, a too common
practice ; the future crop gains nothing by having its
embryo growth stunted by March frosts, and harsh, dry
winds. Ground previously occupied by the sprouting
remains of last spring's Cabbages, should be well
manured. This will then do for Peas in succession to
the earlier crop. Place any fresh manure intended for
plots to be occupied by Carrots, at a good depth, as
well-groivn roots need assistance where the fibrous
roots are to be found, whilst manure in any form, in
absolute contact with their upper surface, entails
disease. Tf. F,

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK. NEAR LONDON,
FortheWeek ending Feb. G, 1867, as observed at the Horticultural Gardens.

TEMPEIIA.TDBE.

■Wind

Jan.
and Feb.

P

EinOMBTER.

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

n

1

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

Ifoot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thurs. 31

25

30.122

29,985

45

32

38,5

46

43

\V.

.10

Fi-iday 1

2G 130.062

30.0-31

4H

40 44.0

s,w.

M

27 30.413

30.176

4H

25 36.5

43

vr.

.(Ml

2fl

■M 4,'.7

HI)

29 39..^

K.

,01

Moil. 4

ftt

29,700

29,462

51

32 415

S-W.

,(W

Tues. 5

1

29,417

29.014

50

33 415

,14

Wed. 6

2

29.056

28.B08

5L

31 41.0

43

N.W

.04

Average .

29.991

29.676

49,0

31.7 1 40.3

45.3 1 43.0

.37

Jan. 31— Fine ; -verv clear ; overcast ; rain at night.
Feb, 1— Hazy ; drizzly and fog?y; overcast.

— 2— Fine ; exceedingly fine throughout.

— 3-Clear and frosty; very fine ; overcast.

— 4— Densely clouded ; very boisterous and wet ; fine at night.

— 6 -Pine ; rain ; boisterous ; hurricane in the night.

— 6— Boisterous and wet; clear, cold, and boisterous; fine.
Mean temperature of the week 2 l-5th deR. above the average.

STATE OF THE "WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Feb. 16, 18S7.

ix^i'S^

Wed. ,
Thurs. ,

Friday ,
Satur. ,

44 0

45.3
46 3

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

0.52 in.

0,50
0 26
0.37
0.50
0.35
0.24

Prevailing Winds.

The highest temperature during the above period occurred c
10th, 1831— therm, 65 deg.; and the lowest on the 13th, 1855-t

Notices to Correspondents.

Books : F F S. We know of no book which will givo you the
information desired ; you must select it from various
sources. Thompson's " Gardeners' Assistant " will give you
a good deal of help. We do not reply privately. — Young
Gardener. Such aid as books can give, you will find in
Kemp's "How to Lay Out a Garden" and Repton's or
Downing's works on Landscape Gardeuing, all of which ai-e
of tolerably easy access. — Mari/. Moore's "Handbook of
British Ferns."

Bdry Horticultural Show. — We should have stated that the
gross sum collected for special prizes was 260?., and not
•2801. , as mispiinted at p. 72, though the expenses, which
were not charged against the fund, but were liberally
thrown in by Mr. Fish, together with the gratuitous services
of the Bury papers, would have brought the total up to the
amount,stated, namely, over 300^

Emigration: Emigrant. We must decline the responsibility of
advising you in such a case. To your four questions we
answer — 1, no ; 2, no : 3, no ; 4, probably America.

Grafting Vines : Ainateitr. You can ^aft an old Vine
growing on a S.W. aspect; but the grafts will sooner
efficiently cover the space if you cut back the stock, and
work say half a dozen of [the strongest and most ehgible
branches, which graft by the mode of whip-grafting ; and
this should be done just after the buds have pushed a little,
not before, or the Vine will bleed, and the grafts will prove
a failure. The sort you name, or the Royal Muscadine, or
Frankenthal vrill be suitable. You may work both the last
two, which you may obtain anywhere. ||

Hardy Trees ; Cui Bono seems to overlook the object of the
papers on this subject, which is to give a selection of the
best materials for planting, arranged under certain distinct
heads of classification. Subjects that do not fall under
these heads would not therefore be apposite.

Legal Questions ; Constant Reader. We cannot ^flfer legal
advise on particular cases. We do not object to give informa-
tion on legal topics of general interest to our readers, but to
all such specific questions as yours, our answer always is you
must consult a sohcitor.

Meteorological Instruments: Asa Kingshury, Mt. Auburn,
Mass., U.S. Your request has been attended to. ||

Names of Frdits : J P, Chejistow. Your Pear resembles a small
specimen of the Bergamotte d'Esperen, and, Uke many of the
new Pears, is of little account in this very exceptionable
season. ||

Names of Plants: Constant Reader. Some Canna, but which
of them it is impossible to say from a leaf alone.— M />.
Thyrsacanthus rutilans. — C L. YourOrchidis a SaccoLabium,
probably new, but certainly not worth growing. — B S Z.
Libonia fioribunda. — P C. Probably Cupressus fragrans of
Kelog, but we must again protest against the expectation
that we can name Cypresses with any certainty from a mere
morsel of twig, without a word of information as to the
locality or history of the plant. In common fairness our
correspondents should give us every information they
themselves possess.

Pet'iole, Pet'iolate : S 0. The first e, the i, and the o in
these words are all short, the words should therefore be
pronounced as above marked. The words are derived from
the Latin petiolus, a stalk.

Roman Hyacinth ; J C. The pretty little bulb now so much
gi'own mider the name of Roman Hyacinth is not, as you ,
seem to suppose, the Hyacinthus romanus. That is a very '
different thing, and is now usually referred to the genus
Bellevalia. The plant in question is rather a miniature
variety of the Hyacinthus orientalis, and we venture the
supposition that it has been obtained by "selection," in the
same way as the Pompon Dahlias— indeed, it would have
been better called Pompon Hyacinth.

Saundersonia aurantiaca : Amateur. This pretty tuberous-
rooted greenhouse perennial, introduced from Natal in ISC'3,
is stUl cultivated at Kew, but we do not know whether it ia
to be found in the nurseries. Should any one have plants to
dispose of, he will perhaps advertise them. It is not an
evergreen, but a deciduous plant, and at this season is at rest.

Sorghum tartaricum : J 0 Boshaia, There is no such recog-
nised species. What is meant is probably the Sorghum
sacchaxatmn. It is a very good fodder plant in favourable
seasons, but in this country of no use whatever as a bread
com. Our own columns will show what rcUance is to be
placed on Mr. Hullett's statements.

Trees and Shrubs : RI) S. The following ought to succeed
tolerably well in such a situation as you describe:— Acer
Lobelii and others, Tilia argeutea, iEsculus rubicunda, i
Gleditschia triacanthos, Amygdalus communis, Cytisus
Laburnum, Cerasus Pudus, Thonis of various kinds, Cotono- ;
aster affinis, Pyrus salicifolia. Viburnum Opulus, Populus
argeutea and tremula. Lilacs of sorts, Berberis Aquifoliuni ;
and of Willows, Salix pentandra, S. alba, S. viteUina, and
S. americana pendula.

CoMMUSi CATIONS RECEIVED.— W. F. R.— J. V.— Prof. Morren.
—J. B —J Webster.— C. Turner.— W. E,— W. Kobnison.—
J. Fi-aser.— H. Cannell.— W. P. Avres.— D. T. Fish (xilans).—
A. Forsyth.— J. Anderson.— W. Paul.— J. Fleming.— Reseda
(we will endeavour to get the information desired).—
W. Miller (next week).— D. Lumsden. — W. Smith.— A,
Macfarlaue.— W. Dawson,— E, Welch, -G. TeUer,

Feuduaey 9, 1867.J

THE GAKDENEKS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTtlRAL GAZETTE.

133

HIGIILAJfD :ind AGRICUT,TTrUAL SOCIETY.
AGIUCULTUllAI. EDUCATION.
Tho EXAMINATION of CANOl DA TKS l\n- tho SOCIETY'S
AG1UCULTURALCKRT1I''ICATK iiii'l lUl'I.t iM A will tiiko pliico
in 6ho Hull, No. 3, Ucor«o IV. llridgo, EdiiibiuBli, oa WKDNESDAY,

Candidates must lodgo intimation, uii or boforo lat M;irch. with
the Socretarr.ft-jm whom lui-thor infonimtion may bo obtiilnod.

F. N. Mknzies, Secretary.
3, Georga IV. Bridge, Edinburgh, 1st February, 18G7.

LAND DRAINAGE.— This work, in any quantity,
from 20 Acres upwnrds, UNDERTAKEN on a cuinmlsiiioii
of 6^. per Aero. A largo Staff is iimlutaincii for tho purpose by
Mr. Bailkv Dknton, 2'_>, Whitohall Flace, London.

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY.
Incorporated by Special Act of rarllaniont In ISM.
To Lanuownehs, the Ci-rnny, Estate Aoent8, Survktohs, &c., if*

En(ilani» and Wales, and in Scotland.
The Company advances money, unlimited in amount, for tho
Wlowing works of AKricultural Improvement, tho whole outlay and
wxpeuses In all eases being Ucjuidatecl by a rent-charge for 'Jo years.
1 Drainage, Irrigation, and Warping, Embanking. Inclosing,
Clourlng, Roclnmation, IMiintliig. tor any buneflcial purpose,
EuKlneaor Machinery for Drainage or Irrigation.

2. Faim Roads, Tramwaysand Railroads for agricultural or farming

purposes.

3. Jetties or Landing places on the sea-coast or on tho banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Erection of Farm Houses, Lobourera' Cottagea, and other

Buildings roquirod lor Farm purposes, aud tho improvoniont
of and additions to Farm Ilousoa aud other buildings for
Farm purposes.

Landowners assessed under the provisions of any Act of P.aiiia-
ment, Uoval Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
yeneral wurks of Drainage or other improvements, may borrow their
proportionate share of tho cost, and charge tho samo with the
expenses on the lands iuiprovod.

The Company will also negotiate the Rent-charges obtained by
Landowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 18G4, in respect of
Iheir Subscription of Shares iu a Railway or Canal Company.

No investigation of title is required, and tho Company being of a
strictly financial character, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of tho Works, which are controlled only by the Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissioners.

Apply to Ghantille R. Rydek, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
meat Street, London, S.W.

pOCOA-NUT REFUSE

^-^ is becoming scaboe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
IGs., 2 for 'Ms., 60 for 66«., 100
for £6.

P'ourpenco allowed for each
bag returned c.irriage-paid,

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-offlce
Order, payable to J. Barsham A
Co.. Kingston-on-Thames, S.W

Sutton's Grass Seeds for All Soils, Carriage Free.

QTJTTON AND SONS having received their supply of
lO NEW GRASS SEEDS in fine condition, are now prepared to
qnote prices for the same, which will depend on the nature of soil
to be laid down, and tho quantity of toeed required.

Prices and full particulars gratis and post free.
SoTTON & Sons, Seed Growoi-s, Reading, Berks.

Sutton's Home-grown Seeds for Export

Carefully Pacred and Deliveukd FittE to Snip's Side.

QUTTON AND SONS beg: to inform those who may
lO be about to send or take Seeds to the Colonies, that their
NEW GRASSES and other kinds of FARM and GARDEN SEEDS
are now ready for delivery, rrices and particulars of which will be
lorwardcd on application. Ihe followine are among Testimonials
recently received as to the Superior Quality of their Seeds to those
usually exported from this country, as well as to the very elBcieQt
manner in which their export packing is effected : —

From J. W. .SnEPPARn, Esq^, Secrefary Azimourh Public Gankns,
A^mgurh, N.W.P. India, March 28, 18(i(i.

" The Vegetable Seeds which you supplied last year turned out
well ; the quality of the vegetables was very good."

From Major J. Michael, Hon. Sec. Oovernment Farm, Madras,

A2>ril 14, 18C0.
" You sent out some Seeds to my predecessor. Major Shaw Stewart,
wbich have given gioat satisfaction, '

From Jlvr.n Romsat. Esq., SJtanghae, China, Mat/ 5, 18C0.
The box of Seeds and Roots has arrived, and nothing has given
me greater pleasure for a long tune than the excellence of these seeds."

Frnm Mr. Jas. Dale, Orange, New South Wales, S^itember 20, 1S60.
" I have the pleasure to inform you that your Seeds have given
great satisfaction, and I now send you a larger order."

From Capt. M'Nair, Executive Engineer, Singapore, India,

Api-il 9, ISOIJ.

" I duly received tho case of Sueds, and am much pleased with

your selection ; many of them I planted at once, and tboy have all

come up well."

From J. RicnARDsoN, Esq.. OtOiio, Dunedin, New Zealand,
November 15, 1865.
"The Grass Seeds which you sent me some time since have
ftiiswered most fully."

Prices and full particulars gratis and post free.
SuTToif & Sons, Seed Growers, Readius.

The New Forage Grass (Bromus Schraderl).

SUTl'ON AND SO^NS li;ivo imported a Uir;:c supply of
True Seed of the ahuvo, and otl'or It at 2j?. l\d. per fb.. orclio'uper
in largo quautltloa. Qjantfty roi|mrod pur aoro, .1(1 lb. Lowest price
|iLr cwt. and iiistnictioiia on cultivation may bo had on appUcatlou.
SuTTuN k Sons, Sood Merchants, Reading.

Improvement of Grass Lands.

at from f>s. to 10.''. per acre.

VJUTTON'S RENOVATING

•^ MIXTURE

SooDLD Now UK Sown,

0 to 12 lb. per aero.

Price lOrf. per lb. Cheaper by tho cwt.

If these Seeds arc sown oarly in the season,

the improvement In the land will bo very

groat, and at a small expense.

This Mixture should be bush-harrowod In,
and rolled afterwards.

SuTTdN 4 Sons,

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment,

Reading;.

S^iie Agricultural (Baiette,

SATUHDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1867.

•

Neaklt two years ago, in the latter part of
Juno 1865, the Cattle Plague appeared in the
Metropolis, and it is now a matter of public
notoriety that tho first attacks occurred among
Mrs. NicuOLLs' cows at Islington. In what
way tho infection was communicated there is no
absolutely direct evidence to show ; but certain
foreign cattle which about that time were
being imported from the homo of the pest
are not unreasonably charged with the
introduction of the plague. We do not
care to select the particular cargo in which
the infected beasts might have been ; nor is it
important to determine the exact date of their
arrival. A few cases of Cattle Plague may have
happened, and the victims have been consigned
to tho knacker or the butcher, before even a
suspicion of the natm-e of the disease existed,
and it may be therefore that the first cases are
not on record. It is, however, beyond question that
cattle from an infected country came into England
about thel middle of June, 1865, and that during
the last week of the same month Cattle Plague
appeared in the vicinity of the market to which
some of those cattle were sent. Over the whole of
the metropolis, and fi-om thence in radiating
lines which reached to the extreme limits of our
island, tho disease spread with extraordinary
rapidity, and in a few months the losses among
the cattle were so severe as to produce a complete
panic in the agricultm-al world.

After a long period of worse than inaction,
during which every experiment that either science
or ignorance could suggest was tried, we adopted
the system which had always succeeded on the
Continent, and with some blundering and a good
deal of hesitation the disease was " stamped
out," or so nearly that it ceased to be any longer
a serious or even generally engrossing question.
The metropolis, which was the centre of the
infection, suffered severely ; to the extent,
indeed, of something like two-thii-ds of the dairy
stock. For some months past no trace of the
pest has existed in tho neighboui-hood of London,
and dairymen have been actively engaged in
refilling their empty cow-houses, in the belief
that Cattle Plague was a thing of the past. The
newly restored confidence has been rudely shaken
by the events of the past week. Cattle Plague
has again appeared in the metropolis, and in the
exact locality in which it was detected in
Juno, 1865.

On Sunday, Jan. 27, one of the cows in Mrs.
NionoLLs' dairy was observed to bo ill, and on
the following day the indications of plague were
well defined. A cow that had been suffering from
lung disease for a long time, by a singular
coincidence died on that day, and considerable
confusion has arisen in consequence, tho popular
imagination having indulged in much speculation
in regard to the exact position which the said
cow occupied in reference to the outbreak of
plague. It may therefore be necessary to state,
that the cow that had been affected some time
previously with disease of the lungs was not the
one which was found to be the subject of plague
on Monday, Jan. 28, and which up to the
previous day had not been suspected to be
diseased.

The cow afi'ected with plague had been
herded with over 40 others, and it was not there-
fore remarkable that several animals in the shed
gave evidence of being infected, and, as we have
frequently observed, those beasts which had been
in closest contact with the diseased one were not
the first to be attacked ; on the contrary, some
of those which were nearest were apparently
healthy, and others on the opposite side or at

the further end of the shod were afl'octed. Day
by day fresh cases were detected, and by tho end
of tho week, out of 46 animals, 27 had succumbed
to the disease. Early in tho week the process
of digging a pit was comniouced, in order
to bo ready for tho reception of tho con-
demned cattle, and during last Saturday night
tho whole 27 cows which had been attacked with
plaguo were securely covered over with tho
proscribed quicklime and so many feet of earth.

The cows which were fit for tho butcher had
been slaughtered during tho week ; and the out-
break, so far as Mrs. Nioiiolls' own premises
and property are concerned, was at an end. All
that science can do for tho purpose of preventing
any further extension of the disease we may
premise has been done, and all tho protection
that disinfection can give we will assume has
been sectu'ed ; but there is something yet to be
considered in which cattle-owners are interested—
tho outbreak had an origin, aud it concerns us to
discover it, if possible, in order that it may bo
guarded against in tho futui'e.

It appears from the inquiry we havo made
that there had been no new purchasses of cows
later than the last week of December, and the
animals thon bought were not the first to
be attacked. Taking this fact in con-
nection with the period that elapsed
after their introduction into tho shod before
any disease manifested itself, wo may fairly
exonerate those animals from the charge of
having been in any way connected with the
outbreak, except being among its victims, and,
leaving them out of the question, there is nothing
upon which the attention can be fixed beyond
the cu'cumstanco that foreign cattle, and indeed
cattle of all sorts, are constantly, to the extent of
eight or nine hundred a week, put into Mrs.
NiCHOLLS' lairs both before and after they have
been in the Metropolitan Market. We know that
Cattle Plague prevails over a considerable part of
the Continent ; we hear of it in Ehenish Prussia — in
Hasselt some hundreds of cattle have been
slaughtered; in HoUand it has existed for
months ; and in Belgium all fairs and markets
have been stopped by a recent order. It is
not, therefore, difficult to imagine that some
infected animals may have been landed in our
country, and found their way to the lairs in
the Liverpool Eoad, which are in the some-
what anomalous position of being on the premises
where dairy cows are kept. Supposing that the
law relating to foreign animals landed in
England has been obeyed, all the cattle
which were in the lairs at the time of the
outbreak, and previous to it, have been
slaughtered, and by this time consumed, and
wo may hope that the energetic measvu-es
which have been adopted will prevent the
extension of the disease ; but on the other hand,
should it be the case, that in the anxiety to
obtain a forbidden thing, some of the very cattle
which introduced the disease have been taken
into any of the cow-sheds in the metropolis, or
have been "smuggled" out of the district, we
may yet have to record more disasters.

It seems strange that men will incur unneces-
sary risks, but so it is, and neither respect for
the law nor the fear of penalties will deter
them, when what they may consider a favour-
able opportunity for replenishing their stock
presents itself.

Whatever shape legislation upon the subject
of cattle traffic may take during the present
session, it is too much to hope that any efficient
protection can bo secured unless those who are
most directly interested, will take some care to
protect themselves.

We have yet something to say upon tho
subject of importation of cattle during the
existence of plague in those countries from
which we chiefly draw our weekly supplies.

The need of Eoad Reform seems more than ever

urgent. Chambers of Agriculture and local Farmers'
Clubs have lately been discussing rather the hardship
which is looming in the distance, in connection with
the toll-bar system, than the great evil which it at
present does ; but both on the score of that absohite
injustice which is always inflicted on the expiry of
any local trust, and on the ground of that check which
turnpikes put upon the free intercommunication,
which is the very purpose of the road, they are all
agreed on the need of some other plan than at present
exists for dealing with the subject. As soon as a trust
expires, and it depends simply on the will of Parliament
whether the time Acts, on which they depend, shall
from time to time be renewed, the maintenance of the
road falls upon the parishes. And one of 8ir G. Jen-
kinson's chief objects, in his very full and exhaustive
lecture on Monday evening before the London

134

THE GARBENMS' CHRONICLE AND AGTJlCULTUIlAl GAZETTE.

[fEBJltJAliT 9, 1867.

Farmers' Club, was to urge that the Acts relating to
all turnpike trusts should be made to lapse together.
For as soon as any single trust is dissolved, not only
is the charge of the roads to which it refers at once
laid upon the parishes, but traffic, not properly be-
longing to that district, is attracted through it, or
rather driven into it by the tolls maintained elsewhere,
and thus the district has to bear a double and improper
charge. — The discussion following the lecture did
not add much either in the way of suggestion
or of history to existing knowledge. Mr. Howaed
said that a E-oyal Commission had long ago
reported on Scotti.sh highwaj's and turnpike-roaels, and
a similar Commission ought to issue for England
before any legislation was attempted. Mr. Ceosseill,
referring to the proposal to charge the roads upon a
county rate, declared that that must not be allowed
until ratepayers had some control over the expenditure
of county rates, and he did not believe that Parliament
could ever allow any charge connected with local roads
to rest upon the consolidated fund. Mr. RejVD, M.P.,
asked why should not Government liquidate the
existing debts, and said the answer simply is — " They
won't." Ever since he could think, charges had
increasingly been put upon the land, and every year
witnessed the process still continuing. If a Com-
mission were to issue, let the inquiry be immediate,
and action on it be taken at once. Mr. Pell stated that
the costs of management are at present so great that
trusts ought to be amalgamated ; and he urged that
boroughs should he rated as well as county districts for
their future maintenance. The general impression was
that considering Government had always claimed free
use of turnpike roads for mails, and soldiers, and her
Majesty's servants in general, there was now a fair
claim on them in return to take the hiu'deu of existing
debt upon themselves : and as regards future mainte-
nance the mode of raising funds, it was insisted,
should immediately be made the subject of Parlia-
mentary inquiry. — On the following day (Tuesday)
a meeting of the Central Chamber of Agriculture was
held, to consider the same question, and a large
number of members of both Houses of Parliament and
others representing local Chambers, assembled under
the chairmanship of Mr. Albeet Pell. After a long
discussion the following resolutions were carried ; — 1.
" That, as two committees of the House of Commons
one in 1836 and another in IS&i — have, after full
inquiry, reported that the turnpike system is vexatious
and expensive, and that under certain conditions the
abolition of tunapike trusts as at present existing would
be beneficial and expedient ; anci as some trusts are in
course of abolition, thereby inflicting serious hardship
and injustice on certain parishes; it is the opinion of
this Chamber that turnpike trusts should he abolished
simultaneously, and that provision for the future
maintenance of all public roads should be settled by
legislation on a fair and equitable basis." 2. " That, as
much of the expenditure in the formation of turnpike
roads was incurred for imperial purposes, it is the
opinion of the Chamber that the Consolidated Fund
should aid in the liquidation of the remaining debt,
when that debt has been fairly appraised and valued
by competent authority." A deputation was appointed
to lay these resolutions before the Home Secretary.

> "We have the mournful task of recording this

week the death of the Reverend Samuel Smith,
M.A., Vicar of Lois-Weedon in Northamptonshire.
Amongst the names of those to whom the science of
Agriculture has been in our own day indebted for
illustration and advancement, it would be difficult to
find one more deservinj^ of note, more entitled to
lasting honor and appreciation. Those only who have
read his brief lint most remarkable little work on " Lois-
Weedoii Husbandry " can form any judgment of the
valuable qualities of mind and powers of observation
which he gave to the task he undertook, viz., of
vindicating and practically exhibiting the Truth that
lay partially developed in Tull's theory of the
nutrition of plants ; and those only who have
enjoyed the privilege and pleasure of visiting the
scene of his admirably-conducted and successful
course of experiment, can form an idea of the deeply
penetrative mind and the impressive sweetness of
disposition of the ripe Scholar, and Christian gentle-
man. It is not possible in the few brief lines
with which we are just able to make this
sad announcement, to do more than allude to the fact
of the loss we have sustained. The words which record
death are short; but those which should adequately
recount the years of devoted and persevering care
given to the labours of his sacred calling, and the
inestimable value of a leisure so spent as his in the
cause of humanity and science, admit of no epitome.
During the later years of his useful life, Mr. Smith
performed a tour, accompanied by his devoted wife,
thiough^the Holy Land and to Rome; following, and
tracing, the steps of the Great Master whom he served
so faithfully, and of His Apostles. His published
works give au interesting narrative of his travels,
originally addressed in the form of Sunday lectures
to the Parishioners whom |he never forgot during
these enforced pilgrimages, and who will long
remember with deep gratitude their gifted instructor
and friend.

DO POULTRY PAT?
In these few remarks I do not intend giving an
account of each of the different breeds, but simply to
describe the " manners and customs of ye farm
poultry." All the remarks I shall make are from close
observation of their habits for some years. The much
disputed subject and often times repeated question is —
Do poultry pay? This is what I want to explain:
by paying, of course I mean, that over and above what
is given to them in the shape of food, rent of house,

repairs to house, coops, &c., something remains to the
credit of the poultry-keeper. My idea and opinion
on the subject is that with moderate care and attention
they may bo well worth keeping, not taking into
account the infinite pleasure they give to people in
general and young people in particular. As I have
observed, it is my intention to lay before you my
accounts for the past year and the manner in which I
rear my poultry, hoping by these means to convince
your readers that mixed poultry kept on a farm will
pay.

My stock of birds is 56 in number, 50 hens and
pullets, and 6 cocks of different breeds. During the
year I rear over 100 chickens for the table. I keep
Golden and Silver Hamburghs, Black Spanish (not
pure), Dorkings, &c. If it is wished to keep the
breeds distinct, it will be better to have separate houses
for each breed. And then again comes that awkward
question — does it pay ? No, most decidedly not, except
when prizes are obtained at poultry shows for them,
and then the profits, if any, first in getting a pure
breed, then in keeping them in good condition, and
lastly sending them to these shows, will be very greatly
diminished. No ; if you wish poultry to pay, have
mixed breeds, with full liberty to roam over the whole
farm. By this I do not mean to say that confined
poultry do not pay— far from it, but still I maintain
that when poultry are at large they require less looking
after, less feeding, they lay better, and keep themselves
in as good, if not hetter, condition.

My intention is to^ follow a hen and her offspring
through the whole year, beginning at the sitting
and hatching. This time is generally rather
late in February in our part of the country
(St. Asaph, North Wales). After laying well the
latter half of Januai-y and the whole of February,
those hens that intend to sit will now show signs
of so doing. The surest sign is when the hen
about to sit, makes the same clucking noise as if she
had young ones and was calling them ; she should then
be watched, after meal times especially, to discover
where her nest is, for hens at this season of the year
are very subject to lay and sit out of their houses,
under trees, bushes,'in hay and straw lofts, &c. Having
found the nest with a certain number of eggs in, say
13, which is the most common number, it would be
hetter, if it is wished to bring out a good brood, that all
the eggs .should be changed for eggs laid that very day, or
hetter still, new-laid eggs from a little distance, as those
in the nest may be at least a fortnight old. Having
put fresh eggs under the hen, it is now mth anxious
excitement that the 21 days of incubation is looked
forward to to be accomplished e'er you may expect
your brood. This period may be more or less, but the
hen should not be disturbed till she has hatched all her
eggs, and the little chicks are perfectly dry, for if taken
out of the nest before quite dry they are almost sure
not to live. During the time of incubation
the hen should he left to herself, and
it will he found that she will come off her nest
pretty regularly onee a day to eat, drink, and clean
herself in a dust bath, which, judging from appearances,
she enjoys very much.

When the chicks are quite dry the hen should be
gently lifted off the nest, by taking hold of her wings,
and removed to the hen pen, shelter, or coop, and
afterwards her chicks should he put very carefully into
a basket, and conveyed like this to the mother. Before
proceeding any further I will describe the kind of
shelter used, which I think is a very good one, and
not generally known, or else it would he more
universally used. This kind of pen was fully
described in the AgncuUural Gazette of last year, but
for the benefit of my readers I will try my best to give
a description of it.

The shelter which I use as a substitute for the
common coop consists of a small house 2 feet by
2 feet 2 inches, with a roof sloping from front to hack,
2 feet 1 inches in the highest part, and 1 foot 2 inches
in the lowest ; to this is attached a wooden yard
covered with wire netting, 3 feet by 2 feet 2 inches ;
there is an opening from the house to the yard large
enough for the hen, followed by her brood, to walk in
and out at pleasure ; also another opening leading out
into the open air.

The advantages of this shelter over the coop generally
in use are many ; amongst |them, that of having the
mother and young ones always togetluer. I made two
last year, each costing about Gs.

To return to the subject. I will now suppose that
the hen and chickens are in the sleeping apartment or
house of the shelter, with some nice clean short straw,
not hay, to rest on ; the yard outside must be thickly
strewed over with sand or ashes (I prefer the former) ;
having placed it in the sunniest part of the poultry
yard, and administered to their small wants, they must
then be left to regain their strength.

One word about the food. I have heard and read
about all sorts of messes being given to newly hatched
chickens, but of all the numerous concoctions given
and recommended, I find they thrive on nothing better
than bread crumbs, cold boiled rice, and water. After
having attained the age of three weeks, during which
time they ought to he fed regularly three times a-day,
they will hegin to eat the corn that is given to the
mother, and may have meat bones to pick, which they
like very much. On fine warm days they may he let
out for a few hours in the middle of the day, and it
would he advisable if, for the first time or two, they
could be watched ; when the sun is near setting they
should be gently driven back into their shelter, which
will at first be foimd rather a difficult task, but they
soon get accustomed to it, and are then driven very
easily.

The best times for feeding are as soon as it is light in
the morning, at noon, and after turning them inatnight.
In another month they may be let out directly after
their morning meal, if the weather is not wet, and their

noon meal may then be discontinued. It will be found
that at dusk they will all return to their shelter with-
out any driving.

During this period other hens will have sat and
hatched, so as to keep up a succession. At the age of
three months they are old enough to go about hy them-
selves, and it is then that the mother leaves them, and
begins to lay again, and, if a good hen, will again sit,
and perhaps a third time. In July those hatched in
March will he ready for the table, but if economy he
studied the young cocks should be kiUed, and reserve
the pullets to lay when most of the adult hens have
left off. The time varies with diU'erent breeds, but on
an average it may be reckoned that chickens hatched
in March will lay in November, and continue lay-
ing every other day through the winter ; but this is not
always the case — for instance, during the hard frost in
January last a whole week elajised without one egg
being gathered. Having brought my chickens to this
state, I shall leave them and proceed to the accounts.
These are my accounts for 1866, which v/as an average
poultry year. But before I begin I will make a few
remarks on the food given to the hens, also the number
of eggs gathered, and the number of young ones reared.
Barley is the principal food I have given them,
which cost me from 8s. to 10s. a hobbit (North Wales
measure), or 24s. to 30s. a quarter. They also have the
scraps from the kitchen, and full liberty of the farm.
The number of eggs laid in 1866was 3862, which were .sold
on an average of rather more than 'id. each. Eighty-one
cocks and pullets were killed for the table, yielding
61. 2s. 6d. The payments include food, mending of
pens, &c., rent. I shall put nothing down for the
poultry-keeper, for the pleasure it gives me pays ine
well for the trouble I have with them.

Receipta. Paymenta.

January £18 0 .60 0 OJ

February 1115 000

Maicli 2 16 SJ 2 18 OJ

April 21 Oi 0S7

May 1 13 6 0 7 84

June 2 4 .-!} 10 6

July 230 056

August 14 4i 070

September .. .. 0 12 5 0 10 0

October 16 7i 000

November , . ..0177 006

December .. .. 1 5 II 1 18 2

S Oi

£19 6 3i
Profit, 12;. 2s. 9(!.
Frederieh T. Tyndall, Bafod-y-Coed, St. Asaph.

MR. J. J. MECHI'S ADDRESS

ON THE CONDITION OP BRITISH AGRICULTURE AS
REGARDS ITS PRACTICE AND ITS GENERAL
POSITION IN RELATION TO OUR OTHER IN-
DUSTRIAL OCCUPATIONS.

[Given at the request of tbe F.aringdon Farmers' Club, at
tlieir- Library, in Faringdon, Berks, Feb. S, 1867.]

^ The subject upon which I propose remarking to-
night is so large a one that I must confine myself to a
consideration of a few of its most important parts, with
a view to stimulate experiment, discussion, inquiry,
and comparison. Au unprejudiced inquirer, taking a
general view of British agriculture as a whole, would
naturally compare its condition with that of our other
industrial occupations to see whether a due and propor-
tionate amount of skill, capital, enterprise, and general
intelligence characterises its operations. Let us test
this by comparative results. By the extensive use of
costly steam engines, complicated machinerj', and
scientific inventions and discoveries, and, by enormous
investments of capital, every necessary of life (except-
ing food) has been increased ia abundance, and greatly
cheapened in cost. No such resuli has taken place in
agriculturalhomeproduction,for agriculture languishes
in the trammels of antiquated customs and strong
depressing influences.

Ageicultueal Statistics.

So far as our imperfect statistics of agricultural pro-
duce can be relied on, the evidence is that our produce
has very slightly, or not at all, increased, and that,
instead of having become cheaper, our meat, butter,
cheese, and milk, have all greatly , advanced in price.
In spite of extensive areas of old pasture having heen
hroken up and worked out with corn crops, we are
dependent on foreigners for an average annual
importation of 6,500,000 quarters of Wheat alone
(that quantity being increased this bad harvest to
8,000,000 quarters), while our average annual home-
growth of Wheat is only 12,000,000 quarters —
12,000,000 of quarters over an area of nearly 60,000,000
of acres ! Can anything that I may say add to the
disgrace and humiliation of such a statistical fact,
seeing that we are so overdone with surplus capital
that our loans to foreign nations, independent of other
foreign investments, may be probably 200 millions
sterling, and that in home railways alone we have an
investment of 500,000,000?. Our natural production
of Wheat, at the average of 56s. per quarter, presents
the ridiculously comparative sum of 34,000,000/. ! This
for the daily bread and annual feeding of 30 millions
of people ! On my poor farm of 170 acres the annual
production of Wheat is more than 250 quarters, and
other grain in proportion ; so that if the rest of the
kingdom did its duty equally with my poor soil, our
annual produce of A^Tieat, instead of 12,000,000 of
quarters, might be 88,000,000 of quarters. This is uo
comparative exaggeration, for of my 170 acres
(landlords' measure), only 50 are annually in Wheat.

Of course from the area of 00 millions of
acres must be deducted the space occupied by
our urban population in their towns and cities,
and a large space for climate unsuitable to
the growth of WTieat, but, with the most liberal
deduction, there is the evidence of my farm that pro-
fitably we could enormously increase the food of man

Fedeitaey 9, 1867.J

TEE GARDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

135

and benst, wcro iro inclined so to do, and cull to
our aid liir this imriioso an imracnso increase of capital
and intolliKiMicc.

If 1 Imd any doubt as to tho slow gonoral in-ogross
of British agriculture it would be removed by the
census fact tliat our at^ricultural labour population is
either stationary or decreasinK. My experience has
taught me that increased produce cannot bo obtained
without increased labour ; for, leaving out of considera-
tiou the immense amount of labour expended upon
drainage and landlnnls' i)n])rovemouts, the current
labour of my lUrin is iloublcd as compared with that
used before the improvements, and this too in the face
of steam power, reapers, horse hoes, &c.

Taking our production of Wheat at 13 millions of
quarters, it goes a trillo over 15 bushel per acre over
our CI) millions of acres. On my farm, over the whole
area, 170 acres landlords' measure, wo have nearly 13
bushels ])or iw'rc, and a proportionate increase of meat.
I spcalc of my own farm reluctantly, and with no view
to biiastinj;, but ainlmiinil to (|Uotc it as an illustration,
to show our iiaf iunal ;igii('ultnr;il shortcomings.

Now, wilhout any desire to hud fault, 1 am bound
in honesty to say that our general agriculture presents
a most uncomiuercial and luibusiness-like appearance,
both as regards landlords and tenants. 1 hope that no
one will take this remark as applying individually or
pcrson.ally. for I know plenty of agriculturists who are
:i credit and honour to their country, and it is because
1 know this that I am, on publir gnamils, anxious that
wiiat is now the exception should hereafter become
the rule. Many reasonable excuses may be found for
our general backward agricultural condition. AVe are,
as it were, only just emerging from feudalism — the
(lays when the lord or landowner and his tenants
aud dependants had to fight together in mutual self-
defence, and when each estate was a little kingdom,
where tho lord w.as somewhat of a Paterfamilias to his
tenantry and their labourers, having and exercising an
undeniable control over them. Under such circuni-
stiinccs, without roads, railroads, or canals, such a
jirimitive and uncommercial condition could hardly
surprise us ; but all that is changed now ; and although
the natural good-will and re.spect as between landlord
and tenant should still exist, and, I believe, docs so,
still agriculture should now become a business, and
requires to be treated on true commercial
jn'inciples, if both landlord and tenant are to
attain to a good pecuniary and social position. For
see what is taking place elsewhere than in agri-
culture — merchants, traders, and manufacturers,
freed from antiquated prejudices, availing themselves
largely of modern improvements and scientific dis-
coveries, have thus realised princely fortunes, and by
these means and this acquiescence in change and pro-
gress, are gradually becoming owners of some of the
finest estates in the kingdom. As a natural conse-
quence, they acquire very increased political influence.
So long as our estate owners, actuated by a most kindly
but mistaken feeling, entrust their farms to retired
superannuated gamekeepers, or other menial depend-
ants, and are content with an unimproved rental in
lieu of seeking for men of capital and practical intelli-
gent knowledge, so long will their estates present, as
they do in too many instances, a melancholj^ evidence
of neglect and nou-pro,gression as comi)ared with others
where a difl'erent system has not only provided more
ample food for the people, but has, concurrently, greatly
increased the rental aud value of the estate.

My brother agriculturists must forgive me if I say
that they, too, have a good de.al to answer for. They
have not yet quite shaken off the mantle of old
customs and prejudices, aud they are a good deal
inclined to " snub " myself and many like me who
sincerely desire to see them in a more intelligent and
(as a natural consequence) a more profitable position.
I know of so many cases where landlords, being willing
to invest capital in the improvement of their land,
provided the tenants will pay a fair .and proper inte-
rest for such investments, have met with doubt, disbe-
lief, and in fact discouragement, and non-acquiescence.
lu my own county, for instance, it is only after 20 years
of h.ard fighting and discussion that some of my agri-
cultural friends are beginning to believe that it is
advantageous to drain those extensive stiff, collapsing,
unctuous tile earths which suffer so much from wet
sea.sons. In fact it was only a few days ago that a
wealthy landowner told me that his principal tenant
declined to have his land of that quality drained, for
the water went off quickly by the stetch furrows and
water furrows. Tet that landlord had gained a con-
siderable sum by selling an estate in another county
after he had enlarged the fields, drained them, cleared
away the timber, and erected proper buildings, I
reaUy'ought to apologise for insisting here so strongly
on agricultural progress, seeing that in this very
neighbourhood is one of the most bold and grand
instances of change and progress that has ever graced
an English estate— and I will venture to hope that if
that estate were to be sold t,o-raoiTow it would realize
a sum commensurate with tlio improvement which has
come over it since its reclamation from a neglected
condition. I feel that I am in Berkshire, where the
necessity for improvement is cheerfully accepted and
anted upon. In confirmation of my opinion of the
advanced condition ol Berkshire agriculture, I have
only to refer to tho following comnarative statistical
Tables ;-
Poor Lnv> Board Jteturn, 1854. Catilt Censwt, 18C6.

Cattle, 14,024 .TO,149

Slieep, 144,26a 827.316

Pigs, 24,S88 41,^6ii

The increase of live stock is a certain test of agricul-
tural progress.

In this respect Berkshire stands pre-eminent; in-
finitely beyond many other counties. Can we forget
that the good and lamented Prince Consort gave, by
his example aud patronage, an immense impetus

to agricultural progress ? I romember seeing,
at Windsor, farm buildings and raachinory th.at,
for utility and economy, might be safely adoiiloil
by many a landhtrd and practical fanner. The
late Mr. Pusey, Sir .lohn Conroy, the proscul Earl
Eadnor, and many others in this county, have done
much to incroa-so tho food of the people. There is a
growing faith in drainage, deeper cultivation by steam
power, covered yards, less timber, enlarged fields, bettor
roads, more manure and less seed, reainng and muwiug
machines and better imi)lement3. AH this is encou-
raging, and gives us hoi)c of a better future.

Agriculturists begiu to feel ashamed that they have
for so long a time opposed statistical iiilorinalion. much
to their own disadvantage. Public opinion, acting
through our Ije"islaturo, has given to us a Government
liegistratiou Office for Land, so that a title once well
proved will be no more endangered by the loss by lire
or otherwise of some one or two old musty parchments,
deeds, or wills. In that now but wonderful country,
America, our intelligent cousins, who have still one
thousand millions of acres of maiden land to dispose of,
have had them all carefully surveyed, measured,
mapped, and registered in a proper Government Office
(what an extent of country as compared with the
77 millions of acres of our United Kingdom !)

Thecosi of transferring land is in this country out-
rageously great, and the delay proportiouatc. I w'ill
illustrate it by a recent case that came under my
observation. A farm, nearly all freehold, worth about
GOOD/., which liad been occupied by the owner for more
than 20 years, was mortgaged. The costs wore 200?.,
and the time occupied nearly three months. The same
farm was transferred about two years later, and,
although the former investigation of title had been
most rigorous, again the process was gone through at
an expense of more than 200?., and another delay of
three months. Who would buy landed property ?
said a friend of mine, used to commercial and prompt
transactions.

I am told, on reliable authority, that in any portion
of the United States a property may be transferred
or interchanged^ in a few hours at the local office,
after proper notice has been given, at a mere nominal
cost. It will take us a long time in this country to
arrive at such a sensible mode of dealing willi lauded
property. It is generally acknowdedged that facility of
transfer or exchange would enhance the value of land
10 per cent., and, no doubt, from changing hands occa-
sionally, it would be more likely to undergo improve-
ment.

Agbictultubai, Education.

We are also beginning to believe that it is as much
to our advantage to well house our agricultural
labourers as it is to well stable our farm horses. I
believe statistics would show that more than three-
fourths of all the miserable huts or tenements occupied
by our agricultural labourers, are owned not by the
landowner but by itinerant individuals, who only look
to their rent, and have neither the inducement nor the
inclination to initiate an amended shelter. Health,
physical and moral, are thus alike sacrificed at the
shrine of a ne.gleot, which is the parent of large poor
rates and a demoralised and deteriorated population.
If all the evils and sorrows arising from bad water,
damp undrained liouses, and indecent propinquity,
could be accurately ascertained and v.alued, a frightful
sum total would be placed to the debit and cost of land-
holder and tenant.

It is not in labourers' cottages alone that reform is
required, for many of our ancient farmhouses are
fatally unhealthy. Built upon the bare, wet, undrained
clay, the water rises by capillarity up the walls (as it
does in many of our churches) ; the result is a musty,
clammy atmosphere in " the best room," and
rheumatics or consumption among its inmates. I have
seen the papering of the walls detached by the damp.
Again, too often a moat of stagnant water surrounds
the house, or it is shut in by dense foliage of trees, most
injuriously to the occupants.

The .interesting fact that I am now, for'the first time
in my life, speaking upon agriculture in a Farmers'
Public Library, in a country town, naturally suggests
to me the question of our general education. Can ?ny
one present tell me how many Farmers' Public
Libraries there are in the United Kingdom ? I fear
they might be counted on one's fingers; if so; honour
and merit are due to the farmers of Faringdon for being
foremost in the rank of intellectual progress. Here
let me thank an intelligent Berkshire farmer, Mr.
Spearing, for his able report on the " Fanning of Berk-
shire," in the 21st volume of the Eoyal Agricultural
Society's Journal.

Education for our labourers will dispel the clumsy
and costly ignorance which too tften obstructs agri-
cultural progress, and the rising race of farmers will
have educational opportunities, wnich were denied to
their'forefatliers. Thanks to my dciir departed friend
Richard Garrett, and many other good and wise men,
the Suffolk Jliddle Class College will do wonders for
the farmers of Suffolk; 300 boys, well fed, lodged, and
educated for 25?. per annum, is, indeed, a boon, socially
and nationally, for that example will soon be followed.

But educ;ition has no value if it is not used. I too
often see youths return to their farm from a good
school, and find at home nothing to read, except per-
haps the local weekly paper. Their learning becomes
rusty for want of use, for it is painfully true that an
agricultural library is rarely to be found in the house
of the British farmer. A 30?. note invested in Morton.
Stephens, Caird, Ilham,Liebig, Johnston, or, by annual
subscription, the Journal of the English, Scotch, and
Irish Societies, the " Fanners' Magazine," and other
publications, would pay a large though indirect profit.
For my own part, I am always a leanier. Ignorance
is not bliss, even in agriculture ; and I am pleased to
see that the old cuckoo cry against " book " farming is

gradually, though slowly, dying out. What can be
mon^adv.-inliigcous to agriculturists' progress than that
tlicy slioiiid iiieit ■• on imper," and there detail to each
other I III' iJiulilablcoruuprolitidjloresultsof their varioua
expernneuts '( The great secret of American ])rogrc.s8
is tho general or rather universal use of education by
tho people. They have 12U,0U0 public si-hools and
colleges, whore every person can be educated at free
cost in a manner suited to his position. The Americans
have always freely taxed thcmselvos for these noble
and useful institutions; and wdienover a new district
is populated, tho first thing done is to provide amjile
lauds and funds for tho erection and endowment of the
schools. Our good friend Mr. Howard told us on his
return from America, that because the people are
all educated they are all great readers. Long
before ours their cheap untaxed ncwsijapers
circulated to such an extent in projiortion to tho
population, that although coiniiarisons may be deemed
odious, I am bound to say we are, in comjiarison, a
most uureading set, especially in agriculture; and yet,
from the nature of the fanner's occupation, he must
have much more time to read than the townsman,
whose late hours at the desk or counter militate
against his^opportunities for study.

Tho mere reading of what is going on in other
countries would enlighten our minds, stimulate our
progress, and in some respects correct any over-
estimate we may have formed of ourselves and of our
doings. There is evidently great room for amend-
ment in British agriculture if it be true (which I
believe it is) that our gross produce per acre is only
3?. 15s., and our capital only 4?. My own capital is
quite 15?. per acre, and I must increase it with a view
to enlarge my profits. Besides, a great deal of money is
lost annually in farming. I will speak of amateur
farmers by and by, but I now allude to what are called
practical farmers. On poor sti If clays and inferior soils,
badly farmed, I see their capital wasting away under
the influence of non-drainage, deficiency of capital, and
the short-comings of both landlord and tenant, and
still they come, one after another, to be, as it were,
swallowed up in the insatiable vortex of non-improve-
ment. All this is very painful and it is owing to my
seeing these disasters that I feel impelled to endeavour
to stimulate to a better state of things.

As to amateur farmers (what a sentiment of glee I
fancy must be felt at these words by some of my
practical friends present ! ), I am constantly hearing of
their going into farming with high spirits, and coming
out with melancholy pockets, and I will tell you why
it is so. They do not consider that farming is an art—
a business, in fact, that demands great practical
knowledge, some of which lean only be got by long
observation and experience. Their expectations [are
often too sanguine, and when I tell them that 1?. to
30*. an acre, or 10 to 13 per cent, for their farming
capital, is all they have a right to expect, even with
good management, they seem surprised. They often
begin by paying too high a rent, and are "let in" by
an over-valuation; and, unless they underst;ind their
business, or have an honest bailifl' who does, they buy
live stock and everything else probably 10 per cent, too
dear, and sell their produce another 10 per cent, too
cheap. In the order and management of labourers and
other things there may again be a heavy percentage of
loss. All this soon brings amateur .farming to a
collapse.

It is all very well for gentlemen to buy " pedigree "
stock at fancy prices, but they must also sell their pro-
geny at fancy prices too, or their " live stock balance-
sheet " will show an unpleasant result. They have to
contend with men who have a rare eye for every point
in an animal, and who will, by their superior judgment,
almost create a pedigree stock. Instead of making
20s. an acre, they often lose 30s. or lUs. Thej; should
also learn most particularly to distinguish, in their
investments, between permanent improvements and
current farm e.xpenditure. The former should be
compensated by an increased charge for rental, the
latter by annual profit. Nevertheless, I know
many intelligent shrewd gentlemen, who, as
amateur farmers, have not only made it pay,
but have, by their good example, raised the
standard of farming of the district around them.
In fact we know that in farming, as in other arts,
many of the greatest improvements have been intro-
duced by non-practical men. No greater difficulty
attends the amateur fanner than that of getting an
honest as well as able bailiff; one who can neither be
corrupted by buyer nor seller, and who will devote
himself entirely to his master s interests. Bad book-
keeping, or too often no book-keeping at all, is, in agri-
culture as in many other trades, a great failing.

Farm Accoins-TS.

I annex, as it may be useful, a copy of my accounts
for the last two years, 1S65 being a good crop and low
price, and ISGG a middling crop and a better psice.

Although these years are by no means so good as
many I have had previously, they will tend to di.spel
the too prevalent notion that Mr. Mechi's farming
does not pay, and that it is the business in town that
supports the farm. AVithout stock taking, a knoivledgc
of how much is owing to me, how much I owe, and
how much cash is in hand at the end of every year, I
should be '' all at sea," and equally necessary is it that
I should know how the live stock account stands, for
that is the key of the position as regards the well-being
aud well doing of the farm.

A reference to my accounts will show that my larm
capital is about 15?. per acre ; that the rent I have to
pay myself as landlord of my 138 acres before I can
claim any farm profit is 40s. per acre; and that while 1
pay 20s. per acre for 45 acres of land adjoining mine,
which I have since improved, my own land has been
assessed by three eminent valuers at 4%. per acre

136

THE GAEDENERS' ClffiONICLE AND AGRICULTUBAL GAZETTE.

LTeBETTAET 9, 186?.

rental, being 36j. for the land and buildings, and 4!. for
the use of steam engine and irrigating apparatus.

My farm profit is therefore lot per cent., about
11. lis. dd. per acre, on my farm capital during these
t™ years (they have been frequently much larger).
A house, rent free, and some other conveniences, may
be taken as another 2 per cent.

I was a Rood deal amused when reading a recent
paper on Book-keeping (Croydon Farmers' Club). A
farmer said he had lost 250?. last year. " How about
the living ? " asked another. His reply intimated that
he lived out of the farm, but did not reckon that as
profit. What would bankers, merchants, manufac-
turers, and traders say to this? They would not
endorse that theory, for too many of them know that
"a living" is all that they can get, and sometimes a
very hard matter to do that. My farm accounts show
the actual produce, and the money received for it.
What I buy off the farm for my own use I pay for at
the price it would bring in the ordinary market.

1 would advise amateur farmers who have improved
their land by drainage, &c., to have the improvements,
when completed, valued, and the rent set upon the
farm by competent valuers, just as if it was to pass into
the hands of an ordinary tenant. This rent they would
be bound to pay to themselves before they claimed any
farm profit. This was my plan ; indeed, it was impera-
tive, because I was so frequently told that my improve-
ments were no improvements at all— a statement
rebutted by the valuation. I should also recommend
gentlemen farmers to have a proper valuation of stock,
crop, implements, tillages, &c., made 'every year by a
competent public valuer, and if they found the farm
did not pay, such a person might be fairly asked to
give a report upon the causes of such non-profit. The
cost of all this would be trifling compared with its
advantages. The live stock account should always be
kept separate, as in my case, for it is too often there
that mischief arises.

I hope that my statement of accounts may prove
useful. The question of Capital in proportion to land
is an important one. I have satisfied myself that less
than lU. per acre would in my case be unsatisfactory.
Imagine my having to farm three times the extent of
my present holding with the same gross amount of
capital, which would then be only 51. per acre— where
would be my live stock— the very soul of the farm ?

As an average my live stock represents a capital of
6Z. per acre. I am afraid that the live stock capital of
the kingdom has only a value of 1?. 10*. per acre, or
equal to one sheep or lamb per acre on arable land.
As an easy example of accounts, every transaction for
cash should be entered in the cash book in detail,
from which it would find its way to the ledger. I need
hardly mention the necessity for a labour book, field
book, and general journal of everyday transactions, not
entered in the cash book at the time.

Mr. Elliott, in his book, " Credit the Life of Com-
merce " (quoted by John Stuart Mill), says—" It is not
too much to say that one-half of all the persons engaged
in trade, even in London, never take stock at all ; they
go on year after year without knowing how their
affairs stand, and at last, like ;the child at school, they
find to their surprise but one halfpenny left in their
pocket. I will venture to say, that not one-fourth of
all the persons in the provinces, either manufacturers,
tradesmen, or farmers, ever take stock, nor in fact do
one-half of them ever keep account-books deserving any
other name than memorandum .books."

Mesioeajtda.

I attribute the small amount of our national annual
produce to a want of suflicient; live stock, for, if our
recent statistics are dependable, our cattle, sheep, and
pigs (reduced to sheep), would only give one full-
grown sheep to each arable acre. This is evidently very
insufiicient as a manurial agent, and not more than a
third of the quantity on my own farm, although I
have so little permanent; pasture. I have, therefore,
three times as much annual manure as the average
of the country, and my corn icrops are benefited
accordingly.

In searching for agricultural knowledge I have been
struck with the difficulty of obtaining satisfactory
replies. For instance, if I ask " How tmany pounds
weight of meat per acre do you iproduce over your
■whole farm, landlords' measure ? " I can rarely obtain
the information I desire.

Labourers' Wages.— \ make a point of not paying
more per piece or per day than my neighbours do ;
)'"t I almost invariably employ my men piece-work.
The consequence is advantageous to me— it enconomizes
time, diminishes the number of men, increases their
means, and thus improves their physical and moral
condition. I think there must be some exaggeration
in the statements about agricultural labour. I find that
each of my men earn ZU. per annum, independent of the
earnings of their wives and children, harvest gleanings
and beer. Farmers suffer materially by day-work,
lose many opportunities, and keep their men in a low
physical condition. Manufacturers have no such
weakness. My men Ihave free access to small beer (1
bushel of malt to the hogshead) and an occasional pint
of stronger. At harvest they have 6 pints of best beer
(4 bushels to the hogshead). My farm beer costs about
20Z. annually, or 2s. id. per acre, or about 1*. per week
for each labourer.

One of the most important 'causes of success in agri-
culture is to adapt your crops and animals to the
climate and soil. An infringement of this natural law
is sure to be attended with loss. I remember that a
main part of the loss in my famous balance-sheet
(1851) arose from having a large breadth of Potatos
(272 acres), tempted thereto by the success of a similar
cropping on the Auchness farm. Potatos love a humid
climate and a friable and calcareous soil. In our stiff,
cold, non-calcareous, ferruginous, collapsing clays we
are safe with Beans, Mangels, Cabbage, Clover, Wheat,

and Oats, but we must leave Barley and Turnips to
lighter, warmer, and more calcareous soils, and per-
manent pasture to a more humid climate, or to the
borders of streams.

The recent agricultural census is instructive in this
respect. We there see that humid and mild Ireland
has of her com and root crops-

Per cent.

Per cent.

78.1 Oats

70.9 Potatos

13,8 Wheat

21.0 Turnips

7.0 Barley

, ,

91.9

98.9

Scotland : —

Per cent.

Per cent.

73..'; Oats

72.2 Turnips and Swedes

IS.e Barley and Here

21.6 Potatos,

8.1 Wheat

03.8

97.7

Wales :-

Per cent-

Per cent.

48.3 Oats

44.8 Turnips and Swedes

28.1 Barley

31.8 PotitoB

21.8 Wlieat

78.6

98.2

England :—

Per cent.

Per cent.

42.7 Wheat

58,2 Turnips and Swedes

25.4 Barley

11-3 Potatos

20.3 Oats

9.2 M.angel3

6.7 Beans

4,2 Peas

78.7

Many sanguine persons, who bring over to this
country seeds of luxuriant foreign plants, do not con-
sider the difference in climate and soil. Cobbett tried
in vain to acclimatise Maize, which requires a high
ternperature and abundant moisture. One can
easily comprehend that hair-covered animals are
better suited to a wet mild climate like Ireland than
woolly animals. Hence, we find by the census that
Ireland has 3,742,932 cattle and only 4,270,027 sheep ;
while England has only 3,420,044 cattle, but 15,124,541
sheep. For the same reason Ireland is superlative in
pigs.

Agricultural Statistics. — The difference between
landlord's measure and the actual available space is so
considerable, that I hope, in future statistical returns,
we shall get a statement of the space occupied by
fences, by homesteads, by roads and waste — all this is
charged with rent, although no return is derived from
most of it, I think it adds quite 10 per cent, to the
rental. In my own case, after removing nearly all
internal fences, the loss of space is quite 5 per cent. If
the area of the United Kingdom is 77s millions of aores,
and the recent returns only account for 44 millions,
can it be that nearly one-half our land is unavailable
for production ? Ought we not to know how these
extra 33 millions of acres are appropriated ?

It has been stated on good authority that one-half
the land of England is owned by only about 150 indi-
viduals, while one-half Scotland belongs to only 12
owners. If these estates are all entailed it must
certainly somewhat restrict a great investment in
improvements, although a recent Act of Parliament
enables owners to charge their entailed property with
a certain amount annually for improvements. Some
great estates are very admirably farmed.

Long Tallow. — The recent agricultural statistics
show that we have still in Great Britain (leaving out
Ireland) 964,937 acres, or 1200 square miles of land
cultivated but uncropped. Is this necessary ? I reply,
certainly not, provided there is a sufficiency of live
stock or manure. When I take two heavy Wheat
crops in succession, or Wheat, Beans, and Wheat, I
am asked " Ah ! but what' do you do after that ? " I
reply, " Best the land by taking 30 tons of Mangel per
acre." This is the fact, and it is simply a question of
plenty of manure, deep cultivation, and ample horse-
hoeing. I speak of my own poor heavy land. The
land may be kept clean by proper cultivation without
a long, unproductive, and costly fallow.

Chambers of Agriculture and a Minister of Agricul-
ture are now strongly advocated. On the first there
can scarcely be a doubt as to its necessity and utility.
The latter, I think, must be given up, for, if carried,
we must also have a Minister for Commerce, another
for Manufactures, Trade, Shipping, &c. A department
of the Board of Trade and Agriculture would do all
that is required.

Leases. — While manj; absurd restrictions in leases
might be dispensed with, we rarely see one most
important duty enforced, namely, that the mouths of
the drains and ditches into which they discharge
themselves should be kept constantly free and open.
I have witnessed such culpable and suicidal neglect
in this particular that I am induced to allude to it.

Whenever a spring drain gets choked by a water-
plant or roots of a tree or shrub, it should at once be
attended to, or an extensive area may be damaged, for
I water will head back in the laud for miles by such a
stoppage and neglect.

Arable or Grass Land ? — This question, which is
much discussed when Wheat is cheap and meat dear,
must be determined by soil and climate. On our stiff
Essex clays, under a dry, hot, cereal climate, pasture
should be the exception, arable the rule. Out of
170 acres that I farm, I have only 14 acres of perma-
nent pasture as a run for my breeding stock. So much
of our heavy tile earth contains iron and no lime, that
the Grasses produced on it have no fattening quality,
while the quantity is small. This is what makes me
somewhat doubtful about _ the Buscot pastures.
Irrigation, natural or artificial, very much alters the
case. It 13 better, therefore, onl^suoh soils to grow

Clovers, Tares, Mangel, and Beans, the latter making
excellent summer green food. On such soils I have
this year realised 21/, per acre in Wheat and its straw,-
and 14/. per acre in Beans, and 12/. in Oats (besides
the straw), where we should only have obtained 5/. to
71. in Grass or hay.

Ireland, with its mild and humid climate and lime-
stone formation, is essentially a Grass and Potato
country. Its cereals should be Oats. Cornwall,
Devonshire, Somersetshire, and all the western side of
our island, whose hills arrest and condense the warm
Atlantic clouds, are much better adapted for grazing
than our eastern coast. It could scarcely be believed
in our eastern counties, where the rainfall is under
20 inches annually, or 2000 tons per acre, that as much
ds, 180 inches (18,000 tons per acre) have fallen in one
year at Seathwaite in Cumberland, where the average
is 127 inches.

The general mismanagement of our Grass lands is
notorious; they are starved and robbed instead of
being well manured, and in that state are best broken
up for corn growing. Grass land is easily improved by
ample cake and corn feeding, artificial manures, and
by hoeing and spudding out bad Grasses and weeds, and
sowing annually or occasionally good Grass seeds and
white Clover. There is nothing, however, so remune-
rative or nutritious as Italian Kye-grass, provided it is
irrigated with sewage. After two years of such treat-
ment the land is in first-rate order for pulse and then
grain crops.

^ In the management of our farm we have often con-
sidered the question of laying down to Grass, and have
satisfied ourselves that our present mode of manage-
ment is by far the most profitable. Plenty of well-fed
stock, some purchased manure, and maximum crops of
com and straw, as well as of roots. Pulse, Clover, and
Tares, are best suited to our soil and climate.

Town Setvage.—Tweaty-toni years ago, when I first
insisted on the propriety and profit of a national
economy of our voidances, I almost despaired of its
being carried out in my time ; but great changes have
come over the public mind, and false delicacy has
succumbed to common sense— witness the Sewage
Congress held lately at the fashionable town of
Leamington.

The profit of 'such an economy is now no longer
denied. Our towns and cities will require, and no
doubt obtain. Parliamentary powers for the purchase
of lands for the purpose of sewage irrigation, and then
let them at improved rents, ■■u I hope, that the great
company forming to apply the sewage of the northern
side of the metropolis to agricultural purposes may
meet with success. Already they have made a
beginning, on rather a large scale, so that the farmers
through whose lands their great tunnel will pass (being
practically convinced) may tap its contents and turn
them to profitable account. Had they my practical
experience of 18 years in this matter, they would
hasten eagerly to apply for such a boon. I am
glad to know several large farmers who are looking
forward to use it extensively. Our country ought to
be constantly improving in fertility, for we not only
consume all we grow, but also devour untold millions
of foreign produce, solid and liquid— I believe to the
worth of 70,000,000/. annually. Surely the life-blood of
the nation wiU no longer be permitted to rush in
wasteful streams thi'ough our sewers to poison our
rivers and ourselves.

Scotch Farming.— 1 was very much struck when in
Scotland by the enterprise of Scotch fanners. It is no
uncommon thing to see a tenant at the commence-
ment of a lease of 19 years, investing some 10/. to 15/. per
acre on drainage, liming, and other improvements.
No doubt it is the lease that gives him and those who
aid him with capital confidence of a profitable return ;
but beyond this, there is the intelligence resulting
from a better education than is customary further
south, and an appreciation and exercise of tliis educa-
tion. This remark will apply also to the farm servants,
labourers, and shepherds, who can all read and write.
A southerner wonders how the Scotch can pay such
high rents ; but they waste no land in hedge rows and
ditches, small fields, and timber. Scotch farmers, used
to a moister climate than ours, do not always succeed
so wellisouth and east. They complain, justly, of the
want of intelligence in our labourers, and of insuffi-
cient house-room and accommodation for both man
and beast. My Scotch friends are appreciating more
aud more oil cakes as feeding substances and no longer
scold me for recommending plenty of cake-feeding as a
sure means of growing plenty of com.

Before I come to the conclusion of this long paper,
let me entreat you to consider the unfortunate position
of those unhappy farmers whose 3,000,000/. worth of
cattle have been swept away by dire disease. The
Eoyal Agricultural Benevolent Institution presents a
medium for some alleviation of the misery resulting
from such a dreadful calamity.

Conclusion. — The Results of Agricultural Imiirove-
ment are cheering, individually and nationally. They
increase the landlord's rent, the farmer's profit, and the
food of the people. They elevate us in influence and
position. The wholeneighbourhoodis benefited, machine
and implement makers thrive, the shop-keepers; and
tradesmen find; their receipts and profits enlarged, but,
above aU, there is a great increase in the employment of
labour. Not only does this take place in the drainage,
building, &c., but the permanent labour on my farm is
doubled, although I use steam power and machineiy.
Other evidences of progression and improvement are
exhibited in a new and newly-endowed church, a
rectory, and school. A smaU dissenting chapel has
been rebuilt on an enlarged scale, new cottages have
been built, and the physical, moral and religious con- ■
dition of the population considerably improved.

I am now G5 years of age— my time is getting short.
When it pleases God to call me, I shall, on my last

FEBntrART 9, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICITLTURAL GAZETTE.

137

Pail).

Paid.

1866.

1866.

£827 12

0

£1144 If)

(1

20 0

0

20 0

1)

124 0

0

1S4 0

0

472 111

9

601 18

4

286 4

0

2.V.' 18

0

435 11

G

430 0

0

3G9

pillow, bo comforted with the conviction that my efforts
to beneet my fellow -creatures, as well as myself, have
not been entirely in vain.

TiPTEEB Accounts

Jan. 1— Valuation :—

Live stock

3^1 fowls

7 bnrses, 1 donkey

Tlllagos, manure. Ac

Hay. corn. &,c. (unsold) ..

Implements

Fixed 8 team -engine and irriga-
tion pumps, Ac, valued in
estate.

Com and bay for IIvo stock,
produco of farm, charged at
market prices

(.'i.iru, cake, maltconibs, bran,
Ac,, purcliiised for live stock ..

(Irindinjf com for livo stock liy
(lur own engine at tbo usual
prices charged to others

Sundries for live stock

Veterinary

Medicals

Live stock purchased

riovigh horse piu-chasod . .

Horse food purchased from farm

nitto purchased elsewhere

Farm lalwur, including engine-
driver and working bailiff

Kent of chapel land, 4.5 acres

Tithes, taxes, poor, highway,
church, and cotuity rates

.Mlowod for wear and tear and
depreciation of machinery and
implomonts

t'oals for stcam-cngino

Tradesmen's Bills : — Wheelwright,
blacksmith, founder, harness-
maker, bricklayer, carpenter,
painter, b:»sket-maker, cooper

Malt and hops for beer for
labourers

Purchased seeds and plants

Do. of our own growth

Purchased manures
Do. straw

Miscellaneous petty expenses : —
Mole and rat catching, mending'
sicks.postagestamps, stationery
and farm account books, oil,
candles, cart-grease, tallow,

2.1 15

10

7 10

0

1 12

6

2 16

0

281 0

n

47 12

6

114 0

0

15 0

0

386 16 11

45 0

0

82 4

5

25 0

0

51 10

0

0 188 14 0
0 418 3 7

16 n 0

4 4 0

1 15 0

185 15 11

15 15 0

105 16 0

42 1 0

35S 12 6

45 0 0

25 (I 0
31 7 11

My Annual Course or CRorpiNO : —

22 0

0

21 0

6

33 1

4

28 15

0

29 7

0

42 10

0

10 17

10

78 0

f

16 8

0

6 0

0

packing for engine

8

1

10

5 10 0

Thatching

7 15

(1

5 9 0

Thatching stuff

1

2

U

10 0

Com-Uowmg machine ..

1 1 0

Sheep troughs

2 10 0

£4208 15

5

£4235 16 11

Received.

Received.

ecember 31.— Valuation :—

1866.

1806,

Live stock . .

1144

10

0

854 0 0

Poultry

20

0

0

30 0 0

Horses and donkey

:-54

0

0

130 0 (1

Tillages, manure, Aic.

501

18

4

489 7 8

Corn and hay, &c., unsold

252

18

0

636 12 6

Implements ..

430

0

0

425 11 6

Corn sold for monev

601

5

10

478 19 9

Com and hay sold to live

stock

OS per contra

301

0

0

1S8 16 0

Peaa (for picking) sold

44

0

0

2 0 0

Home-grown com used as

seed

and charged per contra . .

27

2

0

42 19 0

Oat-^, Beans, and hay, hume-grown.

sold to our horses, and charged

per contra

114

0

105 16 0

Hay sold

72

17

0

10 2 6

Mangel roots and seeds sold

39

17

l;

91 10 3

813
19

1
10

0
0

1123 7 11

Wool sold

54 1 1

Poultry and eggs sold

44

10

9

43 15 0

Grinding for hire . .

73

15

4

32 5 3

Grinding for our own stock

25

15

0

16 4 0

Milk and butter

11

5

0

12 0 (1

Rent of cottages

15 17

0

15 17 0

9

4707

2

4781 a 5

Paid

4208

15

5

4255 16 11

£498 7 4 £528 11 6
Balance for rent of 128 acres and profit on '25001. farm capit.il.

Live Stock. Paid. Paid.

Jan. 1.— To valuation of bullocks. 18G5. 1866.

sheep, pigs, and poultrj' now in

hand £847 12 0 1164 10 0

Hay and com purchased from our

own farm at market prices . . 301 2 0 188 14 0
Com, cake, raalt combs, bran, Ac,

purchased elsewhere . . . . 369 7 0 418 3 7

Grinding com by our own engine 25 15 o 15 0 0

Veterinary medicine and sundries 12 7 6

Jiivo stock purchased .. ,. 281 0 0 185 15 11

£1837 3 6 1972 3 6

Live Stock. Received. Received.

December 31— 1865. 1866.

Mcatsold £813 1 0 £1092 9 11

■Wool sold 19 10 0 54 I 1

PorJtry, eggs, &c,, sold .. .. 44 10 9 .55 15 0
Valuation of bullocks ; —
Sheep, pigs, and poultry iu

hand 1164 10 0 884 C 0

£2941 11 9 £2086 12 0

Capital Account. Dr.

Dec. 31". — Sundry unpaid .accounts owing by the

farm . ,

Farm Capital ;~ Ci\

Valuation on the 3l8t Dec 2561 17 6

Cash in hand or at banker's

Outstanding unpaid accounts owing to the

farm

Apportionment of Farm Capital.

Live stock £6 o o

Horses 10 0

Tillages 210O

Implements and machinery . . . . 2 10 o
Hay, corn, &c., unsold .. .. .. 3 0 0

£15 0 0

Wheat

Ilarloy

Oats

Hcans

Peas

Clover

Permanent pasture . .

Sowaged It.alian Rye-grass

Mangi'l Wurzcl ..

Calibago

Winter Tares for feed..

Can'ota

Swedes

Available acres

Cabbago after Tares, second crop,

same year
White Turnips and Rape after Teas, ]

second crop
Swedes after Tares, sceond crop . . |

42
12
14i
174

8

13i
141
12i
16J

3

6

1866.

Acres,
55i
12i
12
64
81
204
141
12

inj
1

6

1

1807.

Acres.
50i
11

n

1,31

17

I2i

141

12

II

1

4
i

1

100

Available acres 100

Fences, ditches, and road 5

Ditto on my own farm 7

Huildincs, stackyard, Ac. . . . . . . 2

IMvate house, garden, and shrubberies . . 3

Total landlord's measure 177

Whore White Turnips .arc taken after, the Peas arc removed
directly they are cut and made on another field. This gives
more time for Turnips.

In 1865 the live stock left about 61. 10s. per acre for
the root and green crop,s consumed, after pnying for all
purchased food. In 1800 they only paid 5?. per acre,
because corn cake, &c,, wore all dearer than iu 1865,
although meat was, if anything, rather cheaper. The
labour attendant on stock is charged in the general
labour account. If it and the engine coals, &c., were
charged to the live stock account, very little would be
left for the green and root crops ; and yet I consider
it is this great consumption of purchased food and
consequent manure that makes the farm pay — without
it, it would not pajfc

The tillages comprise the cultivation, seeding, and
manuring. Our preparation for the Mangel crop,
including rent, &c., costs about 12/. per acre. Beans
are also well manured ; so are Cabbages. The land for
Mangel and Cabbage is always deeply trench ploughed
after being manured. The preparation for JIangel is
always before Christmas, Wheat is manured for with
3 cwt. of guano and some salt when taken after Beans,
Roots drawn off, or Wheat. Peas are taken after two
years Italian Rye-grass. White Turnips on tlie light
land are fed off early, and followed by either Wheat or
Barley. 1400 loads of good rich manure were produced
on the farm last year and applied to the soil. At
present we see no mode of farming this land likely to
be more remunerative than our present system
Much straw is used as food cut into fine chaff and
mi.\ed with pulped roots, ground corn. Rape, Linseed
or Cotton-cake, malt combs, and bran. Our farm
horses have all their food prepared and comminuted.
They are rarely turned out, except sometimes at night
during harvest.

The practice on my farm is based upon the theory
that the growth of corn and other agricultural products
is made to depend upon the making of meat. There
is a great advantage in this system, for when corn is at
a low average price I sell it to my live stock, and thus
increase my store of manure, and, pro tanto,
prevent overstocking the corn market. Last year, when
llevett Wheat was only 36s. per qr,, or 1*. per stone of
141b,, I ground it up for luy bullocks, mi.xed with
other substances. This year, with the same Wheat
selling at 55«, per qr., I sell it to the miller or factor,
because, meat being rather cheaper than last year, it
would not answer at such an improved price to
consume it. The same remark holds good for Barley,
We invariably consume all our Beans and Oats— sell
them, in fact, to our stock. This high system of
farming keeps the land always ready for a good breadth
of Wheat when it is dear, and forces maximum crops
at all times. I entirely dissent from the modem
theory that we must make meat only and depend on
foreigners for our Wheat. On the contrary, I grow
more Wheat and make more meat concurrently. This
I have proved to be a sound and profitable practice.

The foregoing live stock balance-sheets confirm, in a
remarkable degree, my celebrated live stock balance-
sheet that created such a furor in 1851 (see p. 188 of my
book) ; they prove that if you charge the live stock
account with the cost of green and root crops, attend-
ance, labour, ' interest of capital, rent for shelter, in
addition to the purchased food (as was all done in the
1851 balance-sheet), the livestock accounts will show
a considerable loss. In the present balance-sheet these
expenses are charged in the general farm account. That
live stock account was almost as favourable as my recent
ones taking into account the enormous quantity of
purchased food. The wisdom of those large investments
in purchased food is confiiined by the very much
greater consequent yield of every crop.

SOLAR RADIATION IN RELATION
TO CROPS.

[The following address was given the other day by the Marquis
uf Tweedd.ale, before the Scottish Meteorological Society,]
This subject has at different times, and in all
countries, engaged the most serious consideration of
philosophers, who have all treated it iu a purely
scientific and theoretical manner. They do not seem
to have been possessed of any series of observations
such as I should wish to see recorded, and I have
been unable to find that much practical benefit has
been derived from their researches. In the " Ency-
clopKiia Metropolitana " it is said "that to accom-

plish an analysis of all the coinphcated pi
of the atmosphere into simple and original principles
ought to be the aim and object of tlie philosopher;
but to ]iroceed with success, it is necessary to have
certain fai'ts before we begin to rea.son, ami to avoid
generalising in every instance until we have com-
pletclj; secured the ground we have gained." It is
on this^ account, and because it appears to mo tliat
this Society is possessed of the best means for developing
the subject, that I have introduce! it, and hojie
that it may become an interesting brancli of our
proceedings. The only practical result which ha.«
hitherto attended the investigations on this subject
is the discovery that the rays of the sun, tmnsmitted
through glassesof difl'ercnt colours, produco very marked
differences in the vegetation of seeds and the subse-
quent growth of the plants. Thus it was found by Mr,
Hunt, an acknowledged authority on this subject, that
blue, indigo, and violet rays arc the most active in
producing the germination of seeds and assisting the
young plant up to the perfect development of its first
leaves. After that period these rays become tooexciting,
producing the same effects on plants as pure oxygen
gas would on animals. They induce rapid growth, and
the leaves of the plant assume a healthful colour, but
the perfect development of its parts is prevented, and
the flowering and fruit-bearing processes are checked —
in many cases destroyed— the plant perishing rapidly
after a certain period of its growth. Mr. Hunt also
found that with orange and yellow rays, seeds would
not germinate, and tliat for the proper ripening of
grain and fruits red rays were necessary. This
discovery has been of great use to horticul-
turists and to seed merchants, as they are
enabled in a rapid and satisfactory manner
to test the vitality of their seeds and to
ascertain their commercial value. Another result of
Mr, Hunt's discovery was the glazing of the Palm-
house at Kew with glass of a green tint, which prevents
the sun's rays scorching the leaves of the plants, with-
out interfering with their growth, I made similar
experiments myself in 1S52, and to the same effect. It
is a fact well known to all practical men that the seed
of plants will vegetate in the dark, provided the
necessary heat and moisture are supplied, and that the
plants will continue to grow in the dark for a short
time, though in a sickly state. Plants placed in a spot
shaded from the sun's rays will grow luxuriantly
under the influence of light, heat, and moisture up to
a certain stage, but unlessithey are exposed to the direct
rays of the sun they will not produce ripened seed. If
these rays are temporarily obstructed in any way, so
will the seed produced by the plants be deteriorated in
quantity and quality. Light alone, without sunshine,
will not cause a plant to produce ripened seed. The
period when sunshine is absolutely necessary is at the
time of flowering— if at this stage the weather is dull
and cloudy, an inferior yield of grain is certain to follow.
During the development of the seed, although sun-
shine is preferred, still it does not seem to he so
essential, but immediately preceding harvest, sun-
shine is again required for the proper maturing of the
grain. Wheat is found to require more sunshine for
its proper development than any other grain ; Barley
next, and Oats least of all. Experience has taught
farmers that grain grown under the shade of trees, or
on steep land having a northern exposure, is always of
inferior quality, and never fuUy ripened, from want of
the direct action ofthe sun's rays. The greater amount
of rain and cloud in Ayrshire than in East Lothian
(obstructing the sun and absorbing its heat) is sup-
posed to be the cause of the superiority of the gram
grown in the latter county. The thermometric obser-
vations published by the Society show that the mean
temperature of Ayrshire is at least equal to that of East
Lothian, the effects of the Gulf Stream keeping up the
temperature on the west coast of Scotland. Grasses and
all other succulent plants on pasture lands, which are
not required to produce seed, and which do not, there-
fore, require so much sunshine, grow more luxuriantly
on the west coast than on the east. In some seasons the
excess of sunshine and want of moisture on the east
coast causes these plants to ripen and produco seed
prematurely. In the county of Fife it is found that
grain grown at equal elevations with East Lothian
will not ripen properly, nor be of such good
quality, and this is attributed to the want of
sunshine, it being observed that very frequently
when the sun is shining in East Lothian, it is
obscured by clouds in Fife. I think Mr. Russell,
Pilmuir, will corroborate me in this. The thermo-
metric observations recorded by this Society are
taken from instruments placed in the shade, and
therefore in a light in which it is known that plants
will not produce and ripen their seed. It therefore
appears to me to be well worthy the serious con-
sifleration of this Society whether 5ve should not
extend our observations to thermometers placed in the
open air and fully exposed to the sun's rays, as well as
to take note of the exact duration of sunshine and
cloud. Such information seems to me to be essen-
tially necessary before any exact conclusions can be
formed on the subject or any practical benefit derived
from its discussion. We have between 70 and 80
observers in various parts of Scotland, men of ability
and experience in the duties they have to perform,
and who will willingly carry out any instructions
they may receive from the men of science of whom
this Society is composed. In the absence of facts,
I can only venture to offer a few suggestions for carrying
out the object under discussion. 1st, It is necessary
to ascertain whether, while Wheat can he grown on
the east coast of Scotland of good quality, it can be
grown on the west coast of the same quality, or what is
the real difference between them. 2d. Haying ascer-
tained this, we ought to ascertain the daily average
temperature of the two localities and the average
temperature of the soil, on drained or undrained laud.

138

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONIOLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE [Pebeuai^y 9. w.

at a depth where the roots of the plants lodge, in both
cases below the surface, and at certain selected points
in each locaUty, the average temperature shown by
thermometers exposed to the direct rays of the sun. On
both coasts the soil on which the Wheat is planted
must be as nearly as possible of the same quality and
culture. The results of these observations must be
tested, not by the return of grain alone, the amount
and quality of the farina and gluten in the flour must
be taken into account, as well as the quality and
chemical composition of the straw. 3d. The same
experiments should be made, on a small scale, in those
parts of a field that are shaded by a plantation mth
those that are not. In this case it will be essential to
find out, in the first place, whether there is any
difference in the temperature of the atmosphere in the
shaded or in that of the exposed part of the field, and
to make allowance (if it exists) in calculating the
effect produced by the du-ect rays of the sun either on
the quantity or quality of the grain. Prom_ the time
the Wheat is sown (say in spring) till it is cut, an
observation should be made, at least twice each day, ot
the difference between the exposed and the shaded
thermometers, and the result tested in the same way
as the first observation. An experiment on a sniall
scale would be of little value to establish the point,
and any such arrangement as would shut out, from
a mere patch of growing corn, the direct rays of the
sun, would otherwise so hamper and interfere with
it as to make it no true experiment. But under the
head of experiments something might be done to
determine— 1st, What portion of the value of the sun s
direct rays is due to heat, and what to light ; and
2d Whether the heat is of value as applied to the roots
in' the soil, or to its stimulating effects on the plant
above ground. Perhaps the first object could only be
gained by growing Wheat under glass, one house freely
to transmit the light, the other to have the glass to
some extent obscured. The second object could be
pained by comparing the product of two patches ma
field, one of which should be exposed to the sun s
rays, and the other in a shaded part, but to which
latter heat should be artificially given to the roots. I
think you will agree with me that the details of this
Rubject, from its novelty, had better be left to the
Council ultimately to deal with. I have endeavoured
to show that there are no facts to guide us, the result
ot experience— that instruments in new forms and in
new positions in relation to the standing crops, are
necessary for making correct observations ; and that it
will require the united experience and scientific attain-
ments of the members of the Meteorological Society to
lay down a definite plan for attaining our object.
Besides the observations of the temperature of the
atmosphere as affected by the sun's rays, it appears to
me that it would be of gi-eat consequence to know the
effect of the sun's rays on the temperature of the sou
at different depths, and to have these observations taken
in soil under crops of corn. Turnips, and Grass, note
being taken of the nature of the soil, whether drained
or undrained, and the depth to which it has been
cultivated for the reception of the roots of the plants,
as well as the kind of manure employed. Perhaps it
may be considered that I have introduced points of
inquiry which are scarcely within the province of a
Meteorological Society, but to some extent they
undoubtedly are so ; and I have no doubt that
the co-operation of the Highland and Agricultural
Society of Scotland could be obtained to assist
us, if necessary.

Dr Kkith Johnston moved a vote of thanks to the nolnc
Chaii-maii for his address. He remarlced that the Marquis of
Tweeddale had introduced a question of gi-eat importance to
the Society, and through the Society to the country ; that he
had opened up a subject hitherto obscured by darkness, and
paved the way to what might lead to a great increase of our
agricultural produce. _ j, . ^ j j.

Professor Balvoiiii seconded the motion, and pomtcd out.
as an inducement to follow up this branch of science, the
results of late discoveries of the action of the sun upon plant
life. Ho hoped the Society would take the m,atter up .and
prosecute it to a successful issue.

Professor W11.SON said that if tbc experiments theoretically
made were carried to a practical test, the agriculturists of
Great Britain would be greatly indebted to the Society.

Mr. Russell likewise was convinced that useful results
might be attained if the inquiiy was carried out.

itfr. Hope said ho would not like to say much on the
subject, as he was a stranger to its scientiiio bearings ; but m
practice he knew they requu-ed the rays of the sun in order to
havo a good crop of gi'.ain. He had always found that sim-
shine before harvest was of the utmost consequence, for if
they had cloudy weather they had always an inferior crop.
At the same time, a considerable degree depended on the stiite
of the atmosphere, for in a very dry season the grain was often

Mr H051E thought that vapour had a great deal to do with
the matter. In cold northern countries, where there was less
vapour to absorb the sun's rays. Wheat and other plants
ripened more quickly than in warmer latitudes.

Home Correspondence.

Sieam CuUimtion hij Companies— In your replies
to correspondents on Jan. 13, 1 find you have honoured
me with the title of secretary to a Steam Plough Com-
pany, a title which however I have never been in a
position to claim, not having been able ever to get a
company to back me up, for when I purchased my two
double-engine sets of tackle three years and a hall ago,
it was quite enough to do to find people in this neigh-
bourhood with suflicient faith in steam cultivation to
employ them, to say nothing of investing money in
their purchase. I don't know however that i have
much cause to regret this, for according to the pub-
lished accounts of the different companies, by the time
all the working expenses are paid, and the 10 per cent,
put by for wear and tear, there does not appear to be
very innch to divide between the secretary, directors,
and shareholders ; and having now had some consider-
able experience in letting out steam ploughs, I am
come to the conclusion that it is a business which

never ought to be in the bands of a company at all,
though a private individual might do ver.y well at it,
and for this reason, that from the very nature ot the
investment the shares are taken up by large farmers
living perhaps 20 or 30 miles apart— and these are tlie
directors, who must be served flrst-and probably
these all want serving at once, just alter harvest,
when the tackle is occupied in travelling from one
director to another full halt its time, and must leave a
quantity of profitable work on its road. This is one ot
the great reasons why companies don t pay ; another is,
that " what is everybody's business is nobody s ; there-
fore the tackle often goes to places where it never
ought to go, hindering a great deal of valuable time,
and causing many expensive breakages. Whereas a
private individual like myself has no one to consider
but his own interest ; and my tackle never goes past
work, nor moves two miles when there is work to be
had within one. Nevertheless I don't wish it to be
understood that I consider mine the best managed set
of tackle in the country, for having a good deal of
business to attend to that takes me much away from
home, besides occupying two farms 25 miles apart, i
have never been able to give that strict personal
superintendence that is absolutely required to ensure
perfect success ; hut still I am very well satisfied that
any private energetic individual who would devote his
time and capital entirely to letting out steam tackle,
mioht show a dividend treble in amount to what any
of the companies have done yet; and notwithstanding
that your constant correspondent, Mr. VV. Smith, ot
Woolston, con.siderately warned me m one of your
Papers in the autumn of 1865, "to take care of my
halfpence, as letting out steam ploughs bad done rip
the contractor before now." I have not found it
necessary to squeak yet, and in conclusion, if your
correspondent has any idea of starting a Steam Hough
Company, mv advice to him would he to he his own
company, and he will find that there might be many
worse investments than buying a set of I'owlers
double-engine tackle to let out for hire. Joseph
NMolls, Drainage Engineer and , Contractor, queen
Camel, Somerset. .

Hals ami If/cr.— These Uttle animals are often most
destructive pests upon our farms, and very little is
either said or written about them. If more interest
was excited, either by the pen, or otherwise, more care
would be taken to keep these vermin under or rid the
farm entirely of them. The rat-tnbe is ranch more
easily got rid of than the mouse colonies. Their habits
are very peculiar. They occasionally como^ and go, no
one knows how. I have experienced this upon my
own farm. By care and perseverance they have been
destroyed or banished altogether, and their runs and
burrows have been broken up and rendered desolate
and unattractive. After the lapse of a few years, some
two or three fresh comers have been noticed, and as
these were only occasionally seen, they were not
molested for a short time. Within a few months the
premises have been overrun with them, and it has
taken veais to be wholly rid again. When once they
succeed in gaining a footing under stacks, barn-floors
or permanent buildings, they are dislodged with great
trouble and difficulty. The rat-catcher is the best
remedy ; poison is both dangerous and uncertain, lo
be constantly harassing and destroying them is the
only sure way of a full riddance. Those not destroyed
become disturbed and alarmed, and before long will
take their departure to some more comfortable quarters.
They should be constantly hunted by ferrets, their
runs in the ground should be saturated wrth tar or
lime-water, or be made otherwise uncomfortable ; tneir
runs about the buildings should he smeared with tar
or other noxious ingredients. They are cleanly creatures
and cannotabidesuchapersevermgsystemof annoyance,
and therefore quit their usurped homes. Everything
should be done that good judgment dictates to make
their return as miserable and uncomfortable as possiljle.
My own bam has a deep coating of rubble^ mixed with
"lass around the foundation, which has for more than
20 years prevented any burrowing there, and as soon as
any of these audacious gentry make their appearance
we take good care they shall not have much rest ;
believing this, that if left awhile in quiet they soon
attract plenty of their fellows. With great care and
persevering annoyance no farm need be pestered witli
rats Jfffft— These are such pretty little animals it
seems a pity to destroy them so recklessly, but really
they are so numerous and destructive that all pity lor
them has long died away, and few animals have fewer
friends. Dogs, cats, poultry, birds, weazels, rats, &c.,
are all enemies to the poor Mttle mouse, and lar more
destructive to them than the farmer's wnfe with her
numerous traps. The increase of these httle things is
astonishing. If only a pair or two succeed in getting
into a Wheat stack built unon safety hovels, they mlf
often do great injury by their extensive breeds and
feeding ; but in stacks built upon the ground, with free
access, their numbers and destruction they make is
often deplorable. I have "seen stacks so thoroughly
eaten through that the workmen at threshing day has
sunk deep in amongst what should havejbeen sheaves,
but were all eaten to a kind of powder and chaff. Ihey
are far more injurious to corn stacks than rats, and no
ferret hunting or ordinary means can be used to destroy
them— hence the chief resort has been to poison, ihis
modeofdestroyingmicehasbecomeabusmess; numbers
of men travel the country with mice poison to dress
stacks with it, or place it dexterously and subtilely m
poor mouse's way, so temptingly that his destruction is
sure- strychnine, phosphorus, and arsenic being f,he
chief ingredients. If the stack-dresser is clever at his
business, it is marvellous what havoc his poison makes
with the little creatures. Prequently upon threshing
none are to be found alive, but vast numbers dead.
Great care of the poultry is required for a short time
after the stacks are dressed. Many mice eitto fall
from the stacks dead or creep out to die. PoiUtrj- are

very fond of them, and often eat ithem to their own
destruction. O. F. , , „ * ,

Bread without Teast. — To every half-quartern of
flour add one teaspoonful of carbonate of soda and half
ateaspoonful of salt; mix all together; then, to the
water suflicient to make a dough, add half a teaspoonful
of tartaric acid; put into the oven at once, ihis
makes beautiful sweet bread, but the question is— is it
wholesome? Laura. [Perfectly.]

BOTAL AGRICULTUKAL 01? ENGLAND.
Monthly Council : Wednesday, Felrmry B.--
Present, Mr. Thompson, President, in the Chair, Jiarl
Cathcart, the Earl of Powis, the Earl pi Shrewsbury
and Talbot, Lord Berners, Lord Chesham, Lord
Tredegar, Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood, Sir
Massey topes, Bart., M.P. ; Sir A. K. M^cdonald.
Bart. ; Sir T. Western. Bart., M.P. ; Mr. Bowly, Mr.
Cantrell, Colonel Challouer, Mr. Davies, Mr. Druoe, i
Mr. Brandreth Gibbs, Mr. Holland, M.P. ; Mr.
Hornsbv, Colonel Kingscote, M.P. ; Mr. Milward, Mr.
Pain, ifr. Eandell, Mr. Bead M.P ; Mr Eigden,
Mr Sanday, Mr. Shuttleworth, Mr. R. Smith, Mr. Torr,
Major Wilson, Mr. Jacob Wilson, Mr. Prere, and Dr,

The following New Members were elected :—
Clarke, .John, Tlie Boos, Saffron Walden
Hall-Dare, Robert Westley, Newtonbany House, Ireland
HaiTison, Daniel, Kendal t j w

Kingsbury E, W., 38, Bryanston Street. London, w.
Leamon, Robert, WhitweU, Rcepham, Norfolk
Marshall, William Francis, Branston, Lincoln
Martin, James, Wainfleet, Lincolnshire
Miles, Joseph Tmeman, Husband's Bosworth, Rugby
Nixey Wm. George, Ujjton Court Farm, Slough
Oldfleld, Edward, Pouldon, Northwold, Brandon
Bammell, Wm. L.ake, Stun-y Court, Canterbury
Haynbii-d, WUham. Heugxave, Bury St. Edmund a
Rivington, Hari-VnCoUege F.arm, Cirencester
Bust, Edward, Clevedeu College, Northampton
Willson, Thomas, ICn.aptoft Hall, Rugby
On the motion of the President, seconded by Major-
General the Hon. A. N. Hood, his Grace the Duke ol
Devonshire was unanimously elected a Meiuloer of
Council, in the room of Sir Edward Kernson, elected
a 'Vice President.

PiNANCES.— Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood,
Chairman of the Finance Committee, presented tbe
Seport, from which it appeared that the Secretary s
receipts during the past two months had been examined
by the Committee and by Messrs. Quilter, Ball, & Co ,
the Society's accountants, and were found correct, the
balance in the hands of the bankers on January 31 -was
1 tlG? is lOrf. The balance-sheet for the quarter ended
December 31, 18CG, and the statement of subscriptions
and arrears, were laid upon the table ; the amount ot
arrears then due being 1293Z. Two hundred and three
members have given notice during the past year ot their
withdrawal from the Society.

JouKKAL.— Mr. Thompson, Chairman, reported that
in consequence of the unfavourable character of the
autumn and winter, the inspeclion of ,Steam Cultiva-
tion has been so much delayed that it will not be
possible to have the reports ready for insertion in
the next Journal if published in Pebrnary. The Com-
mittee recommended that the Weekly Counci s before
Easter, at which there shall be discussions or lectures,
shall be (Wednesday, the 27th February ; T\ ednesday,
20th March ; and Wednesday, 10th April ; and that
Professor Simonds be requested to open the discussion
on the 27th February, by reading a paper On some of
the Causes which produce Disarrangement of the
Digestive Organs in young Sheep." This report was
adopted. , ^-r,

BuET St. Edmund's Meeting.— The Eari of Powis
stated that Mr. Eandell and Mr. Torr had been
requested to correspond with the local secretary as to
details of forage and straw required; also respecting
corn for threshiug. , The Committee recommended
that the President be requested to imte to the Chau--
manofthe Great Eastern Railway Company, to uige
the immediate formation of the sidmg on to the
ground as otherwise the contractor will be muoti
inconvenienced. The Secretary had been directed to
write to the bandmasters of the Cold.stream Guards
and of the Eoyal Artillery, to inquire as to the
probable cost of a military band for the showyard.
Mr Clav, the local secretary, had repoi-ted that Mr.
AV'N kiu" East Barton, Bury St. Edmunds, had
been appointed Steward of Forage. The plan of boxes
for ponies, by subdividing the ordinary sheds, was
approved. This report was adopted.

Show Taed Conteact.— In consequence of the,
illness of Mr. PoUard, the Committee recommend that f
the contract entered into with him both for show-yard i
works and portable buildings be transferred to Mr.
Penny and an'agreement has been accordingly prepared
for the due fulfilment by Mr. Penny of those contra/its,
ivith security to the amount of lOOUi. The only changes
bein" a provision that a portion of the work shall be
completed by the 30th April instead of 31st May, and
that the payments on account be also brought forvvard.
That the horse rmg have a post and single rail fence
round it. ., , i „p

That in order to mdicate the several classes ot
horses and the number of the animals to which _
premiums have been awarded, as was done at the blion
of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society, Mr. Parrington,
the secretary of that Sooiet.v, be requested f;o procure a
set of nnmijers for the Royal Society similar to those
in use at York last August. ^, ^, . . c „

That the Secretary apply to Mr. Edgmgton foi a
roval standard, to be fixed over the mam entraiices.

That the seal of the Society be this day aflixed to the

agreement above referred to. i „«+!,„

This report was adopted, and the common seal ot the

ir? '

w

Ik '

M. '

6Hif

IssH

IM
\W.
[fti

3i

Fbbrttart 9, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTiniAL GAZETTE.

139

Society wiiA then aflixed to tlio agreement by tlie
Secretary.

Steam Cultivation.— Mr. Thompson stated that
the Committeo have to report that notwithstanding
tlio nnfavourahlo -weather tlic inspootion of steam
ciiliivation is nearly completed.

yU\ Howard lleod and his coailjutors, Mr. Ilomsley
:iii(1 Mr. Hiukoii. liavo insponted ^8 larms, at a co.it of
"i^.'p/. 3a\ G(/., and this report is now in the printer's
iKinds.

Mr. .1. A. Clarke and Ihis collcau;nes, Mr. Leeds and
JVir. Nieholson. have visited 50 Ovrins. for the sum of
277/. 10,v., and ^Mr. Coleman, with Jlr. Thompson (IJad-
miuton), and Mr. TurubuU, have eompleted one short
round of visits, and hope to oomplelo their final one
next week.

It is expected that all the reports will bo in the
Society's hands by the end of this mouth, and that the
cost of this innuiry will not materially exceed iiOi)/.
irrespective of the reports, which Avill probably not fall
far short of 200/. more, against which will have to he
placed the ordinary charge for providing an equal
number of sheets of matter for the Journal, which
would cost fully that sum.

This report w:vs adopted.

roULTKY Snow. — Major-neneral the Hon. A. N.
llotid reported the recommendation of llie Committee
tliaiasum of 200/. be devoted to this portion of the
l)ii/o sheet, which has been prepared by AV. W. Baily,
nf Mount Street, and adopted with some few altera-
lidiis. The pens should consist of one cock and one
hen, one drake and one duck, or ono gauder and one
g()o-;o. The rules should remain the same as on the
t 'hosior prize sheet. If birds he intended for sale, the
\>v\i-r. to bo stated on the ccrtilioate of entry. A charge
of 10 per cent. Avill be mado for all birds sold. The
Cnnunittoe recommended that the pens of the Ipswich
Ponhry Society bo hired if they would adapt a lastcn-
\nn, lo them. This report was adopted.

Announcement of the decease of the Marquis of
ivxcler, K.G., a vice-president of the Society^ and of
.Sir John Villicrs Shelley, liart., a trustee, havuig been
made, notice was given that elections of Governors to
lill these vacancies would take place at the Monthly
Council in March.

Meeting of ISGS.— Tho district comprising the
counties of Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham,
:mi(I Rutland having been selected, it was resolved that
cMpios of the Country Meeting Queries be sent to the
authorities of Derby, Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham,
:iii(i of any other town in the district that might apply
U> Um Secretary.

< 'ouNTiiY jrEETiNG QUERIES. — Mr. Eraudroth
Cil)bs stated that the Committee recommended that
tlie queries be adapted to the year 1S08, and to add '" as
In making roads up to the entrances, &c., if required,"
TiMMuit the queries "as to rooms for meeting, &c.,
Iliiso not being required." To add a query, " askini^
it authorities will provide horses and drivers for the
dials of implements, the Society paying the men's
\va:^cs and the keep of the horses;" and to ask for
-0 acres of light laua instead of 25. To omit all the
queries for medium land, and to nsk for heavy land to
till.' extent of 100 acres instead of 15, one-half of this to
be iu Clover lea. To insert a query as to the supjily of
water for the steam cultivators. This report was
adopted.

The Council having resolved itself into a Committee
on the Cattle Plairue, it wjls resolved that a letter be
written to the Privy Council, i-equesting that the pro-
hibition to import Dutch hay may be made absolute so
long as the Cattle Plague exists in Holland.

f'ENTKAL : i^^'Z-. 4'.~lioad Reform.— At the first
ruc'lang of the season, Mr. Little, of Chippenham,
i'rr-'ident for the year, in the chair. Sir G. Jenkinson,
iJart.. of Eastwood Park, Gloucester, read a paper
on this subiect, from which we make the following
extracts; He said:— It appear.s that two committees
of the House of Commons, one in 1830, and the other
in isr.l.iiave inquired into the subject of the abolition
of turnpikes all over England; and they seem to have
reported that in their opinion it would be greatly for
the advantage of the community if turninkes were
abolished throughout the country. The next phase of
ihr subject was connected "with a circular issued by the
l:iic (Tovernment iu the month of February, 1S66, just
a M-ar ago. That circular was to the ell'ect that it was
IHcpofied to discontinue the Acts of all those trusts
\\l;ich were free from debt, and that information was
npiired from the trustees in such cases, tending to
>l)n\v whether or not there were any special circum-
- lances which should induce the Government to
maintain the Acts instead of discontinuing them.
Now, that circular was the first thing that set
WW to work on this question. It appeared to
nic, from circmnstances which came to my know-
Icfb-^c, that a very great injustice was about to be
fUaio to certain parishes, which would still have the
cxpuusc of maintaining roads, by the abolition of the
turnpikes, and by the maintenance of turnpikes in
adjacent trusts. As all of you who are familiar with the
practical working of the roads must be aware, it is the
practice of hauliers and carters to go miles round, in
order to avoid a turnpike ; and therefore, though to
]!' rsons living in London, and having no local knowledge
<>t tlie working of the system, it might seem a simple
iiiaitor of justice that when a trust debt has ceased
llii' Act should cease also, in point of fact there are
inany parishes in which the result of discontinuing the
tolls would be to inflict great injustice on many
parishes. Take, for example, the case of a parish which
abounds in limestone or marl. If the tolls be removed
in such parishes the traflic will be taken off the roads
of the adjacent parishes wlierc tolls still exist. Persons
will poach, as it were, on the roads of parishes which
are free from tolls, thereby not only luflictjng great
damage on those roads, but diminishing the amount

received for tolls in the adjacent parishes, and j)ropor-
tionately diminishing tho po\vor of thfiso parishes to
pay olf their trust debt. That is an evil which struck
me very forcibly when 1 was lirst led to apply my
mind to this subject a year ago. It occurred to me,
therefore, to give a notice of motion on the subject for
tho Quarter Sessions of the county in whinh 1 reside,
namely, Cloucestorshiro. Tuclvo montlis since I gave
notice to this effect, that i wuuld at the Quarter
Sessions in tho succeeding April eall tho attention of
tho court to the proposed abolition of tolls in certain
parishes, and that I would ask the magistrates of tho
county of Gloucester to express their opinion by a
memorial to the Secretary of State for the Home
Department, that looking to the probability of turnpike
trusts being partially abdli.shcd iu some i)ari.sliGS, the
fairest and most equilablu modo of maintaining the
publiu roads of the country would be by a general county
rate in every county. Now, that proposal of mine that
the roads should be maintained by a general eounty rate
has not exactly met with general approval ; and I feel
bound to say that the arguments which have been used
in opposition to it have so far alfected the opinion
whieli I first held as to have modi lied it, but only to
this extent, that whereas I see a strong opinion very
genondly prevailing that the Consolidated Pund should
take upon itself a portion of the debt— that was, in tho
lirst instimce, very much my own opinion, though I
did not venture to express it ])ublicly. Ultimately the
result wa.s the unanimous adoption, by the Court of
Quarter Sessions of Gloucestershire, of a'memorial to
this effect, to tho Principal Secretary of State for the
Home Department: "It was moved by the Right
Hon. tho Earl of Ellenhorough, seconded by the E-ight
Hon. the Earl of Ducie (Lord-Lientcnant), and
unanimously agreed, that the following memorial
be presented to Her Majesty's Principal Secretary
of State for the Home Department; That the Court,
taking into consideration the grievances arising
out of tho i)resent management of the roads through-
out England, and the expenses about to be thrown
upon certain parishes by the immediate and partial
abolition of tolls iu particular districts, earnestly
presses upon the Government the expediency of taking
into their early consideration the wuolc subject, with
the view of submitting to Parliament a sj'stem which,
without injustice to existing rights, may provide for
general relief from tolls." That was the result of my
motion before the court of Quarter Sessions for Glou-
cestershire. I am happy to think, gentlemen, that
from that time to this, the ball which I humbly set
rolling has not been allowed to remain stationary. The
question has been taken up by many Chambers of
Agriculture, Paianers' Clubs, and Unions. I will
now, for the purpose of discussion this evening, divide
the matter into different heads. The tirst point which
seems to me to claim your attention is the origin and
purpose of turnpike-roads. Secondly, we shall have to
consider the advantages derived from the creation of
turnpike - roads by the various interests of this
kingdom ; thirdly, the expense of maintaining turn-
pike-roads iu repair, and of the extra money required
to pay for tho establishments for that purpose
under the existing system, and also for the payment
of the trust boards and debts ; fourthly, the
necessity for the total abnlition of tolls and
the reasons for such necessity in view of the
altered state'of traffic ; fifthly— and this is the keystone
of the subject to be considered,— the payment of the
remaining portion of the debt; and, sixthly and lastly,
the best plan that can be adopted for the maintenance
of the roads in an equitable and efficient manner after
the tolls shall have been abolished. [Of these we refer
this week to the 2d, 3d, and Gth.J

2, The Advantages derived from tlie Creation of
Turnpike Roads hi/ the various interests of the
Kingdom.- —

I think that the interests benefited by the creation of these
roads may be divided into three classes— imperbil aud
national interests, the interests of towns, and the interests of
tho land. As to the imperial and national view of the
question, I would ask, first of all, what has the imperial or
national interest ever contributed towards the expenses of
maintaining; the great arterial roads of the kingdom? In
olden times the royal journeys were all performed upon these
roads ; everything appertaining to royalty always passed
toll-free. Whether it was his Majesty's eoach of state, or
whether it was his Majesty's mail, whether eonveyed by four
horses or by one, everything connected with royalty passed
free. There can be no doubt that without these main roads
royalty could not have travelled from one end of the kingdom
to the other in the way that It did travel, and in a way that
all loyal subjects must have wished that it should travel.
With regard also to the transmission of the mails along the
roads, we aU know that they were always transmitted toll-
free. Wo all know, too, that one of the principal objects of
the creation of turnpike roads was the transmission of mails,
this being an object in which .all the subjects of tlie realm
were interested ; and it may fairly be argued that the interests,
imperial and national, which were served by the creation of
these turnpike roads wore such as fairly to demand that a
portion of the expense should be borne by the national
cxclief|ucr. I think, therefore, it is only reasonable to say
that the imperial and national interests promoted ought to be
taken into account in any future consideration of tho payment
of the remainder of the debt. There is one other very
important item connected with national and imperial
interests ; I refer to the movement of troops. Now, on this
point 1 speak as one who has used these roads very much as a
soldier. I have marched almost from one end of England to
the other several times, both on foot and horseback. We sJl
know that without turnpike roads the movement of troops in
this country would be absolutely impossible ; we also know
that for various imperial puri'oses the movement of troops
has always been a necessity, and that it might become a gi-eat
and pressing necessity. And consequently the point which I
wish to press upon your attention, is that the interests of the
kingdom, in a national and impciial point of view, arc very
largely concerned in these roads, and we have a fair claim
upon them for a contribution towards the payment of the
remaining portion of the debt. All the objects that I have just
meutioucd— the royal journeys, the transmission of mails,
the movement of troops— all these national purposes were
accomplished over roads free of tolls ; and there would not
have been this travelling for royal and national purposes |

from ono point of tho kingdom to another, but for tho
uxistonco of voadfl which wore originally mado by the
landowners ; I therefore ask why the hnpurial treasury did not
now coutrllmte Momcthiiig towards thu payment nf a debt
which has arisen from imperial interests? The second cLafw of
interests served is that of towns. I nhould like to know what
town can deny that it has derived Ijcnoftt from the turnpike
r(>;ulH in its vicinity; and how can any town rcpiuUato the
(il»]i(;atlun to contribvito towards tho liquidation of a debt
iucuirod in ohlen times, as nnich for the benefit of towns m
for that of any other portion of the country? I,et us Imaginu
towns without roads to them. Why, they wouM biieomo
perfectly useless for want of feeders. No further nr^'umont
can bo required to show that towns havu at all timos boon
nnmensely benefited by roads; ami therefore it is not from
any town that we should expect to find dissent from a
doctrine which I have laid down, that the inii)erial cxchcqnor
nught to bear Its share of the cxpouHo of those roads by which
towns so largely benefit. The next interest to which I fthall
allude is that of tho land. Now I need not way to those prcstnt
that tho land will never shirk any duty that fairly devolves
upon it. The land is that interest which cannot run away ;
and when there is nobody else to pay for anything, it Is
generally put upon land. In this case land is made tu pay for
tho whole— for the past, present, and future maintenance of
the roads. By tho common law, tho general charge of repair-
ing all highways lies on tho occupiers of land in the parish
wherein tho highways arc. And not forgetting this, let me ask
you also to bear in mind that turnpike roads arc highways, and
the parishes in which they arc situate arc liable to be indicted
for their non-repair. The pruiciplc of the common law by
which, whenever a highway was out of repair, the inhabitants
of the parish were bound to reinstate it in ^'ood order, has
alwaj's been, and still is, applicable to turnpike roads ; and
hence It will be seen that turnpike trnsts, aud the moneys which
they raise .and expend in keeping turapike roads in good con-
dition, were in fact established " in case and relief of
parishes, and not as an absolute discharge of their liability."
You vnW perceive then that the land is at this moment liable
for the repairs of all turnpike roads, as well as of the parish
highways, and that in the event of tlie tolls being foimd
insufficient, it is bound to provide tho money required for that
jiurpuse. Let me give an instance, The Ciloucestershlro
Chamber of Agiiculturc sent a certJiin number of questions on
this .subject to individual occupiers of paiishcs. Among the
answers received there is one from Mr. John Wells, of
Hampnct, near Northleach. Besides being asked, Wh.at is
tlie rateable value of his farm ? he is aaked, " What is about
the average amount of tolls you jiay per annum?"
Answer : " 25^ per annum, besides a contribution "—
mark this, gentlemen — "besides a contribution to the
turnpike-ti-ust of 3fi(. per annum." Ilere we have a
striking illustration of what I said just now about theland not
being able to shirk its obligation in this respect. This case
clearly shows that the land is primarily responsible for the
repair of the turnpike roads, in addition to tho highway roads.
I have here (holding up a book) some very valuable statistics
relating to this siibject, all tending to show the liability of the
land. We first got information from LIO fai-ms in Gloucester-
shlro ; but it having been objected when I first introduced
tlic subject at the Quarter Sessions that 20 farms afforded no
criterion, we sent out the questions to no less than ^53 farms,
extending over 120 parishes. The total ratealfle value of all
those farms is 84,fj80^ 4«. 2d ; the total amount of tolls paid
by them is 1065i. 6s. 2d. The total rateable value divided by
tlie total amount of tolls paid gives a rate of about 3?'^ Citing
those figures, I remarked at the Quarter Sessions when tho
subject was last discussed that 1 estimated the entire amount
of tolls at 50,000?., adding that I thought what was paid on the
average by the whole county for the roads was equ.al to a Id. rate.
At tho same time I proved by figures that the whole expendi-
ture on the roads iu Gloucestershii-o was under 3O,0O0f. per
annum, showing a difference of 20,000?. between the amount
raised and the amount expended on the roads. It showed
that a Ad. rate, which woidd raise f 30, 000/. a year on the
rateable value, would amply pay not only the whole expendi-
ture for the maintenance of tho turnpike roads, but also
the interest on the ti-ust debt of the county ; so
that the i-atepayers might be benefited by the saving
of at least 'id. in the pound. What I have thus men-
tioned may be taken as a fair criterion of the wasto of
public money in Gloucestershire ; and, from information
whicli I have received, I infer that there is almost an eqUEil
amount of waste going on in almost every other coimty in
England. The expenses of tho toU-gates, the profits of lessees,
.and incidental charges must be much the same iu all counties ;
and I think, therefore, great national benefit must arise from
tho abolition of tolls and the adoption of a fair mode of levying
the cost of roads. I think that the future maintenance of
turnpike roads ought to be arranged so as to be in conjunction
with that of the highway roads. I think the Consolidated
Fluid ought to liquidate, by annuity or otherwise, the umall
remaining debt.

3. The Sxjyen-se of Maintaining the Turnpi/ce Roads
in Repair —

As to this, and the money required to pay the establishments
kept up for that purpose under the existing system, and also
for the payment of the trust bonds and the trust debts , I have
shown, with regard to the comity of Gloucester, the diiference
between the amomit raised annu;Uly, which is 50.000/., and
the amount required, which is something like 28,000i, ; I
have before assumed it to be 30,000/. Tho amount of the
revenue from tolls in England was, according to the last
otficial return, which was mado in 18(32, 1,429,000/. The
number of turnpike trusts in England is about 1000.
The total amount of the bonded or mortgage debt ia
4.137,876/. But it has been stated that the amount of the
debt may, in fact, be fairly reckoned at something like
;-t, 000,000/. j For it is an obvious truth, that it is not every debt
that can be reckoned at par. Now, suppo.sing the Government
were to take the burden of that 3,000,1)00/. upon itself, in tho
shape of an annuity of 3 per cent, for 20 years ; and, remcm-
bei-ing that these turapike bonds were originally granted to
individuals who lent their money at a high rate of interest,
that they were renewed from time to time as they ran out,
and that tho pei'sons who advanced money did ii for a large
rato of interest, and with their eyes open, well knowing that
the trust v/as only for a limited period ; I think they might
well Consider this a fortunate settlement of their claims.
Reckoning the total debt, I say, at 3.000,000/., an annuity of
3 per cent, would be something like 9u,O0O/. a year. Now, I
do not think 90,000/. a year would be a very large sum for tho
nation to pay for the remaining debt of those turnpike trusts,
considering how very much, as I have already pointed oufr.
Imperial interests have benefited by these tm-niiike trusts,
and thatthey have never contrlbutedtowards their maintenance.
I think a contiibution of 90,000/. a year for 20 years to expunge
the debt, leaving the roads possibly to be maintained by the
counties through which they pass, would be a fair and proper
settlement ; and I do not think any one could grumble at such
a small boon being awarded to tho landed interest throughout
tho countiy.

6. The Future Management of Turnpike Roads—
Tliis brings me to the subject of highway boards. If my
l)lan wore adopted, it would V>c ncceR>iary that highway boarda
should be made general throughout th'.' country : and 1 believe
that if the management of all roads were thrown upon the

140

THE GAI^DENEES* CMONICEE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Febetjaet 9, 1867.

highway boards, and if thoii- powers were so extended as to
embrace all the roads in the kingdom, using the existing
staff of the highway board in every conntj*, you would save
all the expenses of the turnpike-gates, the present district
road surveyors — in short, all the expenaes of turnpike-road
machinery, amounting, in my own county, to 20,000^ a-year.
I believed that the roads would in that case be better
looked after under such a system than they were at present —
that the supervision would be far more effectual. In order to
carry out my suggestion there would be required an extended
Highway Act following upon the entire abolition of the
existing Turnpike Acts. 1 think that the whole county should
pay for the roads of the whole county ; I do not think that a
certain number of parishes should pay the whole expense,
while other parishes pay nothing at all. I should wish a
county-rate to provide for the repair of all the roads in the
county, the existing Acts being all merged in an enlarged
Highway Act. With regard to the question of a county-rate
being levied for the payment of all the expenses of roads
within the county, the present tumpike-roatls as well as the
highways, some persons have thought that it would be better
to impose a special tax upon hauliers and other people of that
kind, who keep horses and carts for the carriage of coal,
limestone, and other heavy substances. That is a proper
matter for discussion; and the whole question of the
best mode of maintaining roads might be sSfely left, I think.
for the decision of a committee of the House of Commons.
The resolutions which I would submit are (1) " That the
aboUtion of turnpike-tolls would be a benefit to the commu-
nity ; that, being as they are, costly in collection and unequal
in their pressure, they ought to be abolished ; and that the
abolition should be simultaneous, and not partial." (2) "That
all the remaining debts should be made a charge on the Con-
solidated Fund, because imperial and national interests have
80 largely benefited by turnpike-roada, without having contri-
buted to the cost of makinir them, or the annual expense of
their maintenance." (.3) "That the future maintenance of
turnpike roads would bo best effected by amalgamating them
luider one enlarged Highway Act. to be carried out by the
existing Highway Boards, or by similar Boards to be estab-
lished where necessary throughout the country; and the mode
of raising the necessary funds for the extra expense thus
incurred should be settled upon an equitable basis, by a Com-
mittee of the House of Commons appointed to investigate and
consider the matter." These resolutions embody the substance
of the changes which I have suggested ; and I thuik that, if
something of this kind were adopted by the Legislature, it
would be very likely to lead to beneficial results.

Journal of Agriculture. Feb., 1867. 150, Fleet Street.

The agricultural character of the periodical is main-
tained by Mr. Ewart's article on the Permanent Im-
provement of Estates, and an anonymous paper on
Storing of Turnips. There are besides these very
interesting papers on social life a century ago in
Scotland, on Shetland, on Talpicide, &c. We extract
a pas&age from the article on Moles : —

" Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, was also opposed to
talpicide, having obsen'ed that in lands tenanted by
the moles the foot-rot in sheep was much less prevalent
than where they had been extirpated. Moreover, a
"wealthy proprietor in our neighbourhood assured us that
so convinced was he of the utility of moles that he
never permitted them to be injured. All this induced
us to cease following the common usage of the district.
When the mole-catcher came to repeat his operations,
and claim his annual allowance for the same, we
astonished him not a little by offering to buy live
moles, and announcing that for the future we were
carefully to preserve them. The evident gain is this :
for 15 years we have not paid a certain number of
shillings to our itinerant trap-bearing acquaintance;
we have saved the lives of we know not bow many
moles, which have been the death of an unknown
multitude of earthworms, voracious insects and their
larvsc, as well as birds, mice, snails, &c., on all of which
they gluttonously feed, according to the testimony of
thebest writers on natural history.

" Well, mole-murder being put an end to, and the
* brutes being permitted to spread over the land.' we
are bound honestly to declare that we are not aware of i detected.

thousands of drawers, bins, and pigeon holes, labelled,
and furnished with every convenience that expe-
rience could suggest. This department is exclu-
sively devoted to the execution of garden seed
orders, and from its extent and commodious arrange-
ment we were not surprised to hear how large a number
of orders are safely executed and packed in it during a
single day. The system of labelling and checking
every article greatly facilitates despatch. Proceeding
through an extensive paper room, we come to the
packing sheds and agricultural seed order department,
and here we found the same precautions as we had
noticed elsewhere. There was a separate division for
every article, with a large ticket at the head of each
sub-division ; the sacks also had a label affixed to each.
A memorandum showing the particular parcel of seed
sent to each customer is duly entered in the warehouse
book for future reference. We next came to an exten-
sive block of buildings in the King's Road, which
proved to be the warehouses for Grass seeds,
Mangel Wurzel, and Turnip seeds. If at the Market
Place premises we were struck with the minutiee of
detail, the magnitude of the operations here is not
less remarkable. Entering a three-storied warehouse,
we find it possessing the advantage of one of a five
or six-storied building, without its concomitant draw-
backs. For instance, after passing along what may be
termed long aisles, between an avenue of sacks or bales
of Grass seeds, stacked high above the head on each
side, and coming, as we supposed, to the end of that
particular class of seeds, it was only to find ourselves
entering another compartment on the same level, but
with a current of air passing directly through that
portion of thebuilding, andwheremightbe seen the same
kinds of seeds undergoing the process of cleansing, by
means of the various sorts of machinery found by
experience to be most adapted to the particular form
of seeds requiring to be put through the process. In
this way we have one floor in its two compartments,
occupied chiefly with Grass seeds of both home and
foreign growth ; in another Turnip seeds ; and in a
third Mangel Wurzel ; and those in stack after stack in
such quantities, that we are led to inquire where they
were all harvested, and upon what thousands of acres
they are to find a seed-bed before many months have
elapsed. In this part of the establishment the more
extensive export orders are executed, and here we
found a large quantity of Grass seeds packed in stout
hogsheads and zinc-lined cases ready for exportation to
New Zealand.

In the plant nursery^ is an additional house recently
greeted and heated with hot-water expressly for the
purpose of testing the germinating powers of new
seeds received from growers employed by Messrs.
Sutton. We were informed that upwards of 8000 acres
are in this way occupied every year with seeds for the
great Reading firm ; their practice being to select roots
perfectly true to their kinds, from which they save seed,
which choice seed is subsequently distributed among
the 'different persons employed by them to grow the
required quantities.

At the time of our visit we noticed numerous kinds
of liroccoli. Cabbage, Brussels Sprouts, AVinter Greens,
itc, planted for trial at the sample grounds in the
Kendrick Road, but perhaps the most interesting to an
agriculturist was a collection of about 200 species of
Grasses for permanent pasture and other purposes.

At the Manor Farm, "Whitley, we also found many
acres of Mangel Wurzel, Swedes, Turnips, Kohl Rabi,
Drumhead Cabbage, &c., all growing in one large field,
one "land " or portion of " land " being devoted to each
variety of Turnip, Mangel, &o., all having been sown
under similar circumstances of soil, manure, and
treatment, by which means their respective merits
are subsequently determined, and any improvement
or any deviation from the normal form is at once
Here we particularly noticed Sutton's

Sutton's Prize Cucumber Seeds,

any damage thence ensuing. As to the common

assertion of farmers, that moles frequently throw out

large numbers of young Turnips by carrying their run

right along the top of a drill, we can only say that we

^ave never observed that occurrence. Our moles are

not addicted to work in the line of the drill ; and when

they happen to take that direction, plants enough are | ducing a great weight per acre,

left to insure a crop ; in fact, believing that the plants ' selection from the Greystone.

selected Yellow Globe Mangel, a variety beautiful in
shape, and of extraordinary size; also, their new
Yellow Intermediate Mangel, a kind remarkably free
from coarse roots. Sutton's Champion Swede, an excel-
lent and hardy sort, was also here, together with
Purple-top Mammoth Turnip, a very large kind, pro-

and apparently a

are more apt to suffer from overcrowding than from
being too sparse, we are disposed to maintain that a
mole working along the drill would do very little harm,
perhaps none at all ; and assuredly none which would
not be far more than compensated by the destruction
of injurious insects."

SUTTON AND SONS can supply SEED of all the best
kinds of CUCUMBERS, including Berltahire Challenge, Berk-
Bhire Cliampion, and many othera. For List and prices of which
see Mtssns. SUTTON'S CATALOGUE for 1867, which will be for-
warded gratis and post free on application.

Sdttok & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment.Readlng.

Cucumber, Telegrapi.

ROLLISSON'S YaRIETY has been proved the best
Cucumber in cultivation for Winter or Spring use, especially for
Krowing in houses ; an immense cropper, producing six at ajoint,
length 18 to 26 inches. In sealed packets, 2s. fSd. each. See merits
of " Winter Cucumbera," in Qardaurs' Chronicle for Jan. 12, 1867.
William Rollisson & Sons, The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.

FEARNOUGHT CABBAGE, DALMENT SPROUTS,
and COTTAGERS' KALE are the hardiest and best Winter
Greens. Sow in March.

Sutton & Sons can supply the above (True), in packets at Gd. and
Is. each, Post Free.

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Farm Memoranda.

I The following notes of a visit to a large cst^iblishment in the
Seed trade may interest agricultural readers.]

Messes. Sutton's Royal Berkshire Seed
Establishment, Reading. — The entire establish-
ment is divided and subdivided into numerous
departments, over each of which skilled foremen
preside. The number of warehousemen, clerks, and
others employed during the busy season is upwards
of 100, and it will be seen, by referring to page 1222
of last year's volume, that the comforts of these are
not overlooked. Among other advantages (which in
this " pushing " age are too often forgotten), they have
their Saturday naif-holidays and short hours in the
summer, and what is by no means unimportant, com-
modiousand well-ventilated offices. There is also a large
reading room, which is open during meal times, and
after business hours, supplied with the daily papers and
other periodicals, to which is attached a well-furnished
library. Passing on to the executive department, it was
evident that the old seed rooms had been exchanged
for lofty, large, and airy new ones, since our last visit.
The principal " order room," which is nearly 100 feet
in length and more than 30 feet in width, is con-
veniently fitted up with long rows of counters and

Elsewhere trial-grounds are occupied immediately
the new seed is ripe for the purpose of thoroughly
testing the correctness of the various sorts before send-
ing them out to the public. The early Pea Ringleader
was first tested here in conjunction mth its several
competitors. Here also the choice dark-red Beet known
as Sutton's, the Student Parsnip, and other new and
distinct vegetables and flowers, have from time to time
been raised. Near this sample ground is a piece of
Italian Rye-grass and Alsike Clover, sown six years
ago, and occasionally renovated ; together with several
plots of Bromus Schraderi, sown at different times
during the past 12 months. This latter plant
grows here vigorously on very poor gravelly soil,
and Messrs. Sutton have discovered _ that the
great secret of success in its cultivation is
constant cutting or grazing. If allowed to stand
more than three or four weeks it runs to seed, and
then ceases to grow ; but on being cut, it immediately
sprouts again, and continues growing almost through-
out the winter, a great adv.antage in a forage plant.

Nearer the town, at Portland Place, is a consider-
able piece of nursery ground, on which is grown a good
stock of Fruit trees, Roses, Conifers, &o., furnishing
suflicient supply for a good local business, which is all
that is encouraged, the chief trade of the Firm being
seeds, of which enormous quantities are annually dis-
tributed throughout all parts of the world.

To Farmers, Gardeners, and Others.

EXCELLENT CABBAGE PLANTS (Stocks not to be
surpassed), may be had ia any quantities !is follows : —
ENFIELD MARKET (cash price), 25. 6d per 1000
THOUSAND-HEADED (cash price), 3s. .per IflnO
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION, true (cash price), 2s. 6rf. per 1000
DRUMHEAD (cash price), 2s. Crf. per 1000
BED DUTCH, lor Pickling (cash price). 5.s. per 1000

(Special offers made to large purchasers).

A CATALOGUE of GENUINE NEW SEEDS, onopplicatioo. A

remittanco or reference is requested from unknown correspondents.

Fredk.. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Bodfordshire

To Market Gardeners and Otliers.

CABBACtK plants. — EAST HAM, ENFIELD
MARKET, ROBINSON'S DRUMHEAD, 2s. par 1000 ; RED
CABBAG E PLANTS, extra fiao, 4s. per 1000. Ktock true and can ba
■warranted, and all grown by

Richard Waleeu, MarketGardenerandSeed Grower, Biggleswade,
Beds. 1 will challenge England with Plants. Terms cash.

THREE-YEAil ASPARAGUS PLANTS, ISs. per XOOO,
2s. per 100 ; fine double Hollyhocks, a splendid .•strain, 30s.
per 100; Box Edginc, 3s. per doz. yards; Box Trees, 18 or 24 in..
16s. per 100 ; Kohl Rabi Seed, green. Is. per lb. ; White Spanish
OnioD Seed, Is. Srf. per lb. Terms cash. All genuine.
R. W. can supply any Orders for Seeds at lowest possible prices.
RicuARD Walrer, Market Gardener and Seed Grower, "' ''
wade, Beds,

Nuneliam Park Onion.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON have great gratification in
announcing that this SUPERB NEW ONION has in ever?
instance, ivbero sUown, obtained the first prizes, and numerous testi-
monials nave been sent to them from various parts of the Lountry,
cuiitirming the opinion that it is the largest and heaviest cropper or
all Onions. It is also of exceedingly mild flavour, and keeps as long
as any variety extant. In Sealed Packets I's. M. each.
Trade price on application.
Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

H

ENRT'S PKlZfcl HYBRID LEEK.— The Largest

variety in cultivation; grows 10 inches in length of blanch,
and lOJ inclies in circumference. Has carried off che First Prizes at
the loading Shows in England and Scotland.

Sold in Sealed Packets at Is. each by
Dow.NiE, Laird, & Laino. 17, Frederick Street, Edinbxirgh, and
Stanstead Park, Forest Hill, London, S.E.

POINTER'S EARLIEST and BEST PEA, tho
hardiest and earliest out, price only Is. 3d. per quart. See
Advertisement, p. 1180 of Gardeners' Chronicle for 18G6

To be obtained Retail in London of Messrs. Jas. Veitch & Sons.

Chelsea, S.W. ; and Mr. B. S Williams, Holloway, N. ; and

through any Seedsman, in one quart packages only, with Trade

Mark, the Crown and Royal Oak, and blue label. None other genumo.

Robert fl. Poynter, Seedsman, &c., Taunton, Somerset.

Garden Seeds.

CHARLES TURNER'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
and may be had on application.
The Best three WRINKLED MARROW PEAS are—
LITTLE GEM, Early, 1 foot high.
ADVANCER. Second Crop.
PREMIER, Summer and Late.
Seo full descriptions in C. Turner's CATALOGUE, now ready.

SNOW'S BROCCOLI, True.
HEUSOR WINTER CUCUMBER.
BAILET'S SUPERB CABBAGE.
All the cstablislied varieties of Vegetables from the best sources ;
also the Novelties in Flower I'ieeds.

The Hoyal Nurseries, Slough.

/ ^ATTELL'S I'XLIPSE BROCCOLI, per a oz. P«cket,

KJ Is. M; post free.— The hardiest and latest Whittj Broccoli in
Cultivation. Obtained the 1st Prize at the Intematinnal Ilonicul-
tur»l Exhibition, South Kensington, May, 1800. The Joltowing
notice of the above is taken from the Gardeners' Ckrontit. Juno 3,
ISO;'):— "The specimens of your Eclipse Broccoli werev^-liii"; tho
heads large and compact, the te.\tiiro delicate, aodlWw^lav.jur
e.\cellent ; these qualilies, together with the late season atip»ich it
comes into use between the orainary late Broccoli and Gituliflowdr, and
its extreme hardiness, combine to make it a very useful vanety."
See also Garclcneni' Chronicle, June 9, 1860, page 540 :— "Tho lioiida
in question were good in colour, tender, and excellent." This refers
to some fine heads sent lo the Editor as late as the 5th of June.
Trade prices on application.
The following Firms have already had a supply : —
Messi^s. J. &C.Lee,Hammersmith i Messrs, Hogg & Robertson,

Notices to Correspondents.

Wheats : M A S. It ia a coaree browii white chaff Wheat, and
may be Hallett's, but wo cannot cortainly say.

„ Fisher HuImes&Co.,Shefaeld
", J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea
„ J. Backhouse 5: Son, York
„ T. Kennedy & Co., Dumfries
„ Barr & Sugden, 12, King

Street. Covent Garden
„ T. Buuyard & Sons, Maid-
stone
„ T. Bunyard& Sons, Ashford
„ W. Drummond & Son, Stir-
ling
„ Lucombo,Pince&Co., Exeter
„ E. G. Ilendorson & Son,

St. John's Wood
„ T. Jackson & Son, Kingston
„ Hurst & Son. 6, Leadenhall

Street, London
., J. Dickson &, Sons. Chester
„ Stuart & Mein, Kelso
„ Cooper i Bolton, 162, Fleet
Street, Lonoon
Sutton K Sons, Reading

22, Mai-y Street, Dublin
„ Fraser, Goad, & Ratford,

82, Bishopsgato St., London
„ G. Gibbs & Co., 2t>, Jjown

Street, Piccadilly
„ Hamilton & Wright, Croydon
„ J. Garaway & Co., Bristol
Mr. Chas. Turner, Slough
„ R. Parker, Tooting
„ Wm. Paul, Waltham Cross
,, Wni. Barnes, Canibojwell
,, Stephen Brown, Sudbury
,, James Ricketta, Deal
„ William DUhstone, Siblo

Hedingham (Thames

„ H. McMillan, Kingstun-on-
„ Thos.Cripps.TonbridjieWells
„ John Farquharson, Dundaik,

Irelaod
,, F. Darby, R. Cirencester
,, John Scott, Yeovil
„ J. W. Mackay, Dublin

JOHN CATTELL'S CATALOGUE of SEEDS for the KITCHEN
GARDEN, FLOWER GARDEN, and FARM, may be had oa
application.

Addres--, Joun C.*.TTtLL, Seed Giowor, WesterUam, Kent.

Febeuart 9, 1867.]

THE GAKDENERS' CHEONIGLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

141

PRIZE MEDAL VEGETABLE SEEDS.

yOR ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY.— Nos, 1, 2, and 3, Carriage Free— see Terms.

No. 4 COLLECTION £11

No. 5 ,, 0 \r,

No. 1 COLLECTION £3 3

No. 2 „ 2 2

No. 3 „ 1 11

No. G

0 10

Proportionate Collections for Larger Gnrdens, from £1 is. mul ujiwarils.

:hiit
(Fc

I have Iho pleasure to state that these Collections continue to give satisfaction, as only really good productive
■ ' included. (For time of Sowing, Testimonials, Terms, &c., see body of Priced Descriptive

sorts for succession are incl ^ — -- -^ — „, , , , ^ .

Catalogue, post free on application). Should any of the following varieties not be required, others of equal value
may be substituted. I would, however, advise, where a profepsional gardener is employed, that he should make his
own selection, being better able to judge, from tlie nature of the soil and the wants of the family, what seeds ai-e
required to crop the garden.

For that purpose a printed Order Sheet may be had on application, by which much labour is saved in writing,
and the correct execution of orders facilitated.

(For COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, &c., see CATALOGUE).

ItKANS, tho best nelected for succession
iflCANS. KIDNEY, Uwurf and ltuiiuei.s

BEET, choicost varieties

IfOKECOLK imd SuioiitinR KALE
UKUsSELS Sl'KOUTS, Importod. &o. ..
U IIUCCOLI, carelully selected . .

CAitHAGR

CAPSICUM

CARROT, for emly use and storint;
CAULIFLOWER, Walclioren. Ac. .

CRLEKY. Brnwii'a Paragon, &c

COUVETHONCllULiA. ic

CHESS. Plain and Curled, ic

CORN SALAD

CUCUMBERS, for Frame. Ridyo, &c. . .

ENDIVE

GOURD, Mixed

HERBS

LEEK, Sorts

LETTUCE, Brown's Monstrous Coa, Ac.

MUSTARD

MELON, choice varieties

ONION, for Spring and Autumn . .

PARSLEY, Browi.'s Prize, kc

PARSNIP. Student. &c

PEAS, the mo-st approved for Euccoasion

RADISH, in Sorts

RAMPION

SAVOY, Sorts

SPINACH, for summer and winter

SALSAFY

SCORZONERA

TOMATO

TURNIP, for succession crops
VEGETABLE MARROW

No. 1.

10 qts.
« pt8.

3 puts.
5 ])1:ts.

1 put.

8 pkts.
8 j'kla.

2 pkta.
10 or..
2 pkts.

2 pkls.
1 pkt.
14 Pt.

;: pkts.

4 pkts.
'2 pkts.
ipkt.

5 pkts.
•A pkts.

6 pkts.
1 quait

3 pkts.
14 oz.

3oz.
Ooz.
21 qts.
14 tn.

1 pKL.

3 pkts.

3pts.

1 ukt.

Ipkt.

ipkt.

Ipt.

Ipkt.

No. 2.

No. 3.

(J qts.
4 pts.
2 pkts.
4 pkts.

1 pkt.
li Dkla.

0 pkts.
Ipkt.
Ooz.

2 pkts.
2 pkls.
Ipkt.
8oz.

2 pkts.

3 pkts.
2 pkts.

1 pkt.
l> pkts.

2 pkts.

4 pkts.

1 pint

2 pkts.
8uz.

13 qts.
1 ID.
1 pkt.
3 pkts.

lipt.

1 pkt.
1 pkt.
Ipkt.

ipt.

Ipkt.

4 qt.s.
3 pts.
'i pkts.

3 pkts.
lukt.

4 i-kts.
C> pkts.
1 pkt.
Uoz.

1 pkt.

2 iikts.
Ipkt.
Uoz.
Ipkt.

3 pkts.
Ipkt.
1 pkt.

4 pkts.
1 pkt.

3 pkts.
§ pint
1 pkt.
lioz.

1 oz.

4 oz.
10 qts.

8oz.

1 pkt.

2 pkts,
G oz.

1 pkt.
1 pkt.
Ipkt.
(t oz.
Ipkt.

No. 4. No. 5.

3 qts.
2 pts.

1 pkt.

2 pkls.
I pkt.

4 pkts.
4 pkts.

2 1 oz.
1 pki.
1 pkt.

1 pkt.
4 oz.
Ipkt.

2 pkls.
Ipkt.
1 pkt.

3 pkls.

1 pkt.

2 pkts.

4 oz.
Ipkt.
3oz.
Ipkt.
3oz.

7 qts.
Ooz.

Ipitt.
4 0Z.

Ipkt.
Ipkt.

2 qta.
1* I't.

1 pkt.

2 pkts.
1 pkt.

3 pkls.

3 iikts.

U oz.

1 pkt.
1 pkt.

3oz.

1 pkt.

2 pkts.

1 pkt.

2 pitts,

1 pkt.

2 pkts.
2 pkts.

2 oz.

1 pkt.
2oz,

4 qts.
4 oz.

1 lit.

3 0Z.

3oz.
Ipkt.

No. 6.

2 pts.
Ipt.

1 pkt.

2 pkts.
1 pkt.
2pkt-i.
Ipkr.

1 oz.

1 pkt.

3oz.

1 i>kt.

2 pkts.

1 pkt.

2 pkts.
1 pkt.

U'nz.
Ipkt.
1 oi:.
4 pie.

3 oz,

1 pl;t.
2oz.

2 oz.
Ipkt.

The Liverpool Horticultural Society's First Prize, for the BEST COLLECTION of VEGETABLES, has been
awarded several years in succession to tlie produce of Seed supplied by H. B. Also, numerous First and Kxtra Prizes
from other Societies.

H. BROWN, NURSERYMAN and SEEDSMAN, 4, COMMUTATION ROW, LIVERPOOL.

J. C. WHEELER & SON, Gloucestee,

HAVE MUCH PI.KASURE IN CALLING ATTENTION TO THE

GLOUCESTERSHIRE KIDNEY POTATO.

A few seasons since we had the pleasure of sending- out this very Early Potato— it has gained a high character
SB being one of the earliest Potatos in cultivation, as well as a most excellent cropper. It is so far superior to the
Ashleaf Kidney that persons who have tried it greatly prefer it for a tirst crop. The tubers are a good size and the
flavour excellent.

Price 3s. per peck.

The following are a few from the vast number of Testimonials we have received in its favour : —

" I much prefer the Gloucestershlro Kidney to the Ashleaf, for
although I planted the lormer sonio tn-o or three weeks after the
latter, they were fit for the table quite aa BOon, with at least
doubU tlie crup ; and I may add, that the Flukes were superior to
any I have ever seoD, both lor qxiantity and quality." — HeKry ALlen,
Neath Abbty.

" I am mnch pleased with the Potatos. The Gloucestershire
Kidney I consider to be one of the best, being early, a heavy cropper,
and of flrst-raie quality."' — Thomas TL-nNER,

" The Gloucestershire Kidney 1 had from you was a handsome
Bpecimen ; it produced a most excellent crop. They eat now as well
as any late Potato grown," — T. C AnMhTRONa, Pinyed House.

" The Gloucestershire Kidneys I had from you were not only
excellent lu flavuur but were also abundant croppers, and my
Gardener cnnsiUers tbey are the bijst early variety grown." — Chas.
AxTHONT, Mansion House, Hereford.

" The Gloucestershire Kidneys were excellent, and produced a
laree crop."— Rev, E. Vacuuan, LanticiC Ma,}or I'icarage.

" Tho Gloucestershire Kidney gave me great satisfaction, being
hoth early and a large cropper, entirely free from disease, and a.s an
early Potato everything that can be desired. The Milky White is a
good variety and flrst-class Potato ; It only requires to bo known to
be properly appreciated."— Jon m Creed, Whiddon.

^" I can with pleasure speak in high terms of the Gloucestershire
Kidney. It is very early, a good cropper, very short in the haulm,
and also very dry and mealy. I had very few diseased." — E. M
Rowland, Homestay.

"Your Gloucestershire Kidney turned out remarkably fine, large
and well flavoured."— H. Rtcs, Rectory, Great Risstrigtoii.

" I have much pleasure In teUing you I had an excellent crop of
your Gloucestershire Kidneys, They are remarkably tine, and very
good on the table."— William Spearing, Kennett.

J. C. WHEELER and SON, SEED GROWERS, GLOUCESTER.

PotatOB for Planting.

MESSRS. SUTTUN'S DKSCIIUI'TIVE IJST i» now
ready, and may be had Krallp. and pcMt-frDO. Tholr Htock of
rotatoi lias lioen selected witli yreat care, and can ho rolled on as
(lorfoctly true to name. Lowobt price per cwt., sack, or ton,
lorwardud on application.

WuTTi.N k Sons, Sood Growers, ReadlnR.

Seed Potatos.

HAND F. SIIAUrE iiro now ofTcrini; MYATT'S
. I'llOLlKIC KIDNEV, IJAINTRKK'H EAIILIEST
WEBB'S IMl'ElllAL KIDNEY, EORTY-EULl), EUX'.S SEED-
LING, EAKLY UX FORD, and manv other Early and Late varieties,
flnu in quality, free from diseiuio, ana at low prices.

Heed OrowInK EstabllMhmont, Wlaboch, OaiubrldKOsblre.

Seed Potatos.

GEO. SIBBALD, Druiiiiicith, by Dimdi<c, N.B., has
fur Sale about 100 Tons of tho fnllowlnK klmlH of his own
growing. Prices on application : — EARLY UALMAIIUY, DAIN-
TREE'S EARLY, CUISWlCK CLUSTER, EARLY (IXKORD.
EARLY RED EYES, WALKER'S REUENT, ENULIBlI
EMPEROR, ELUKE KIDNEY, MVATTS PROLIEIC, and
PATERSUN'S EARLY' RED KIDNEY.

PATEllSON'S FAMED SEEDLING POTATOS.
\Vu ftKain offer our Seedling Potatos to the public.
PATKRSON'S VICTORIA.— Tho demand for this Potato for seed
is now BO great that oiirly applxations will bo necessary. It is oue of
the best m cultivation us a reslster of dihonso unU fur its quality, and
ha3 realised In London last year 40». per ton more than Flukes for
tabU use. Price Lists and Testimonials to be had at

1, Union Street, Dundee, and from our Agents.

TVEIIS' ASIILKAF TOTATUS, 205. ner sack of
16 stone ; Webb's Imperial, 17k. do.; Prince of Wales Kidney,
21*. do. ; Altringharn (JaiTut Seed, la. per lb. ; Jamea'ti Intermediuto
do., la. per lb. ; Yellow Globe Mangel Seed, fit/, per lb. ; Green Kohl
Rabi, Is. per lb,, per cwt. lUOa. : very strong 'i years Asparagus Plants,
\s. (irf. per 100, 10*. per 1000. New 'lib. 4 bushel Backs \a. od. each.
Itetail Price LUts on application. Remittances to aecouipany orders.
CanisTUAs QuiNcsr, Seed Grower, Peterborough.

Seed Potatos.— Early Reliance.

HMINCHIN can recomnu-iul the above POTATO as
• being verj" productive and of flr.st-rate quality, '6s. Qd. per
peck of 14 lb.

The following Testimonials are from well-known persons, who have
gi'own it and are prepared to supply it.

"The Royal Nurseries, Slough. Oct. 12, 18CC.
"Dear Sir, — Tho Potato wo found a very good one; as a cropper
It is very guodj m flavour, ic, it is a very capital variety.— Yom-a
very truly, ' "Charles Turnes."

"I have gTOH-n your Early Reliance Potato, and I And it very
prolific and of good quality.— Voura respectfully,

" JouN JEMNisu8,Nurser>inan, Shlpston-on-Stour."

Myatt's Prolific, Royal Ash-leaf, Glouceaterahiro Kidney, Klnii of

Potutos, Webb's Imperial, Fluke Kidney, Paterson's Victoria, Larly

Red, Regent, and Blue, and several other varieties.

PRICE LISTS on application to

n. MiNcuiN, The Nurseries, ilook Norton, Oxon.

Seed Potatos. -Edgcote Second Early Kidney.

PJ. PKRKY, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant,
• Banbury, his much pleasure in introducing the above valuable
Potato, which may be described as tbe finest favoured and most
productive Second Early variety in cultivation.

It was raised by Mr. Neale, Gardener to Aubrey Cartwright, Esq.,
Edgcote House, near Banbury, by whom it was exhibited at the
Roy.il Horticultural Society's Great Show of Fruit and Vegetables,
Saturday, July 22, 1IHG5. and was awarded First Prize in Class 7.

The Gardeners' Cltronick, July 29, 1865, in noticing the above
Show, sUates: — "Potatos: The.se were largely contributed, and
many o{ them were unusually hne for the season of the year. Among
Kidneys the most valuable was Edgcote Second Early, u very perfect
Potato, which obtained the First I'rizo for a single dish."
Price per peek, including bag, 6a.

P. J. Perbt has also a limited stock of tho following valuable
varieties to offer : —

NE PLUS ULTRA.— The earliest Potato In cultivation.

ROYAL ALBERT.— One of the finest and most productive Early
White Round Potatos known.

EARLY EMPEROR, or SOMERSET RED.— Of this Potato, Mr.
Dean, of Maybush, writes, in Gardeners' Cfironicle, October 6, 186ti,
p. 945:— "This miy be described as one of the best Second Early
Round Potatos known. It has a beautifully netted skin, hoila
perfectly white, and the flavour is all that can be desired,'* &c.
Price of the above three sorts, Cs. per peck.
The Nurseries, Banbury.

HAND R. STIRZAKER can supply in very large
• quantities as follows, quality good, and nricos very low:—
ALDER. AtiH. BIRCH, BEECH, ELM, CHESTNUT (Horse and
Spanish), HAZEL, LARCH, OAK (English and Turkey), POPLAR
(Ontario and Black Italian), PRIVET (Evergreen, li to 3 feetl,
SPRUCE FIR, SILVER Fl% SYCAMORE, WILLOWS, THORNS.
YEW (English), splendid stuff, in sizes of 1, 2, 3, i feet, and upwards.
Special quotations for free delivery on application.
Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

T

RANSPLANTED FOREST TREES.

Hazel, 2 to 3 feet and 3 tn 4 feet
Larch, 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, and

4 to 5 feet
Pinus austriaca, li to 2 feet

Sfeet

Alder, 3 to 4 foot and 4 to
Ash, 3 to 5 feet

Birch. 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, and
4 to 5 feet

The above are stout and well rooted. Samples, with prices,
delivered free at the nearest Railway Stations, may be had on appli-
cation to Waterek & GuDFREV, Kiiap Hill Nm-sery, Woking, Surrey.

Huntingdon Nurseries.

WOOD AND INGRAM oH'tr the following at extremely
moderate rates, according to the quantity taken : —
ASH, 2-yr. Seedling, and in Drills, 11 to 2 feet
BLACKTHORN. 1-yr., fine

CHESTNUT, HORSE, 1-yr., and 0 to 8 feet, transplanted
ELMS, NARROW-LEAVED ENGLISH, 2 and 3-yr. Seedling and

transplanted, li to 2 feet
FIR, SPRUCE. 1 to li, li to 2, 2 to 3. and S to 4 feet
FIR, WHITE and BLACK AMERICAN, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, and

5 to 0 feet
FIR. BALM of GILEAD, li to 2, and 2 to 3 feet
FIR, WEYMOUTH PINE, 2 to 2i, 4 to 6, and 6 to C feet
HAZEL, li to 2, and 2 to 2i feet
GORSE, 1-yr. Seedling
HOLLY, 3-vr. bedded, transplanted, 0 to 9 inches, 9 to 12 Inches,

1 to li, li to 2, and 2 to 2i feet

HOLLY, VARIEGATED, 6 to 0, and 9 to 12 Inches

MAPLE, COMMON. 1} to 2 and 2 to 2i feet

MAPLE, COMMON, 1-yr. Seedling, extra fine

JUNIPERS, 2ito3,3to3i. 3i to4,&4to5ft. ; extra fine, and bush?

OAKS, 2-vr. Seedling, and drills, 2 lo 3 and 3 to 4 feet

OAKS, TtJRKEY, 2-vr. Seodling, fine

POPLAR. BLACK ITALIAN. 2to3, 3 to4, 6 to6, Cto 7, & 8 tolOft.

POPLAR, ONTARIO or AMERICAN, 2 to 3 and la to Ifl feet

WHITE THORN QUICK, 3.yr. Seedling

ARBORVITVt:, AMERICAN, U to 3i feet

ARBORVIT^ LOBBII, extra line specimens. 3 to 7 feet

ARBORVIT.*:. SIBERIAN, 1 to IJ, li to 2. 2 to 2i, and 3 feet

AUCUBA JAPONICA, extra fine hardy specimens, 1 to li, li to 2,

2 to 2i and 3 feet

BEECH. PURPLE and COPPER. 5 to G, and 6 to 8 feet
BERBERIS DDLCIS, 1 to 2, and 3 to 4 feet
BERBERIS AgUIFOLIDM, 1 to U, U to 2, and 2 to 2i feet
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, very fine. 3 to 4. and 4 to 6 feet
CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA, potted. 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet
LAUREL, COMMON, I to li and 2 feet
LAUREL, PORTUGAL, very fine, 1 to 4 feet
PLANE, ORIENTAL, 2 to 3, 4, and fi feet ; extra, 9 to 10 feet
PLANE. OCCIDENTAL, 3 to 4, 5 to 0. 6 to 7. and 8 to 0 feet
YUCCA RECURVA, fine specimens, U to 2i feet
ROBINIA INERMIS, fine Standards, ti to 7 feet sterna
WILLOW. WEEPING. 6 to 7 feet, and fine Standards.

N.B. CATALOGUES sent free on application.

l42

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Febettaet 9, 1867.

^ T*ni6 EnglisTi Elms,

PSriTABLE FOR AVKNOE AND Hedqe RoW PLANTING.
J. PEKKT, NuKSERYJiAN, Banbury, haviug a large
• Stock of the above, will be pleased to lUmish size and price
per 100 or 1000 on application.

The Nurseries, Banbury.

EYEEGREENS, for immediate effect, perfectly
uninjured by the late severe weather, consisting of 50,000
LAURELS, 2 to 5 feet; 20,000 LAUHUSTINUS. 1 to 3 feet; 10,000
BAIS, 1 to 5 feeb; 10.000 TREE 130X, 1 to 3 feet : and several
Thousands of EVERGREEN OAK ; also a fine lot of SPRUCE FIR.
3 to 6 feet. Tho whole of the above in fine stout, pood-rooted plants.
Purchasers of largo quantities for C:ish will bo most liberally
treated with. Price, with samples, may be hnd on application to
R. Gadd & Sos, SaMtigton Nurseries, near Worthing,

FIVE HUNBRED THOUSAND SPRUCE FIR,
li to 2 feet, and 2 to 3 feet, twice and thrice Transplanted, for
Coverts and Plantations.
500.000 LARCH, 2 to 3 feet, and 3 to 4 feet (some are twice Trans-
planted), very strone, with good leads.
GOO.OOO very strong QUICKWOOD, 3, 4, and 5-vr. Tr-ansplanted.

Wu, Jackson Si Co., Nm-serymen, Bedalc, Yorks, have the above,
of excellent quality, to offer at very moderate prices, which will be
sent on application. The Larches escaped the Spring frosts of last
year, and are very fine.

300,000 Hazel, Transplanted.

J SCOTT, Merriott, Somerset, has the above to offer,
• in fine condition, 2 to 2i ft., 25s.; 2i to 3 ft,, 27s. Gd. ;
3 to 31 ft., 30s. ; 3i to 4 ft., 35s. ; 4 to 5 ft., 40s. per 1000.

FOREST TREES, twice and thrice Transplanted, in all sizes.
Catalogues gratis,

CEDRUS DEODARA, 3 to 4 ft., 4 to fi ft., 5 to C ft., and C to 7 ft.,
from 30s. to 60s. per dozen.

_^ GREEN HOLLIES, 20,000 well-rooted, from 2 to 3 tt., and from
308. to 40s. per 100.

FRUIT TREES in 2000 sorts, and in all manner of training. The
most complete collection in England.

A 92-page CATALOGUE, with large Supplement full of Emit Tree
Information.

Tansley Nurseries, near Matlock, Derbysliire.

JOSEPH SMITH, Sen., invites Planters and the
Trade to inspect his Nursery of SO Acres of high land. The soil
Is of a fibrous nature, and the Plants take up with excellent roots,
such aa to ensure the best success In their removal.

The Nursery contains manv Hundred Thousands of RHODODEN-
DRONS, COMMON and PORTUGAL LAURELS, BOX, BROOMS,
BERBERIS, HOLLIES, PRIVETS, YEWS, Ac. The FOREST
TREES are very extensive, of all the leading kinds ; there are
16 Acres of LARCHES, of different sizes, and all others in propor-
tion. Prices moderate, which can be had on application as above.

Game Covert, Forest Planting, &c.

JA M: E S S ai I T H offers the following :—
The RHODODENDRONS are fioo bushy well-rooted Plants,
fit either for Woods or Pleasure Grounds; the LARCH .are fine
Btout Plants, better cannot be prown; also PRIVETS, LAURELS,
BERBERIS (m sorts), SCOTCH, SPRUCE, and SILVER FIRS,
ASH, OAKS, BEECH, BIRCH, PINUS AUSTRIACA, &c.. all
strong well-rooted plants, a PRICED CATALOGUE of which will
be forwarded on application.

LARCH, good stout plants, per 1000 :—U to 2 feet, 14s. : 2 to 3 feet,
ICs. ; 2i to 3i feet, 18s. ; 3 to 4 feet, 20s.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, bushy, well-rooted plants, C to
12 inches, 105s. per 1000.
Do. do., 9 to 1.5 inches, 18s. per 100; 160s. per 1000 ; per 10,000, £70.
Do. do., 1 to li foot, 23s. per 100; 220s. per luOO ; per 10,000, ilOo.
Do. do., li to 2 feet. 30s. per 100; 290s. per 1000.
Do. HYBRIDUM, 6 to 12 ins., 3os. per 100 ; 290s. per 100.
Price to the Trade on application.
James Smrn, Darloy Dale Nurseries, near MatlocR.

w.

VIRGO AND SON having a larg-e Stock of the
following, can offer them at very low priced ;—
FOREST TREES.

Fir, Scotch, li to 2 ft., extra fine

„ Spruce, 3 to 4 feet, c.\tni flue

„ Larch, 2, 3, & 4 ft., extra fine

Hazel, 2i to 3i feet, extra fine

Holly, Green, IJ to 2 feet, bushy

Laurel, Common, 2i to 3 ft., bushy

„ Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. bushy

Privet, 2 to 3 feet, extra bushy

Alder, .3 to 5 feet, extra strong
Ash, 18 inches to 2 feet
Beech, 2 to 3 feet, very good
Uerberis dulcis, 2 to 3 feet

„ Aquilblium, 1 to li foot
Cheatnut, Horse, 2 to 4 feet, and
6 to 0 feet
,t Spanish, 2 to 3 feet

Strong CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS,
Strontr MANETTl STOCKS.
FRUIT TREES.
Apples, Standards and Dwaifs, veiy strong
Cherries. Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, e.xtra flna
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dwarf-tiained, extra fine
Pears, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine ■
Nectarines, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra tlno
Kentish Filberts, 4 to 5 feet, extra fine
Crab Stocks, 2 years Seedlings

PRICED LIST or samples on application at
The Nui-sery, Wonersh, near Guildford, Surrey,

Guaranteed of the Finest Quality.

CHARLES NOBLE oilers the following HALF-
MILLION PLANTS to the notice of purcha.soi-s. They must
be cleared hy April to make room for other stock-s. Prices, on appli-
cation, will be found lower than ever before offered for the same
quality.

200,000 1-yr. SPANISH CHESTNUTS, fine.
20,000 1-yr. TURKEY OAKS, flno.
IfiO.OOO 1-yr. THORNS, fine.
fi.OOO 2-yr. BERBERIS .TAPONICA.
50,000 MANETTl STOCKS, very fine.
20,000 DEUTZIA CRENATA FLORE PLENO.
15,000 ERICA HERBACEA.
XO,000 SPRUCE FIRS, U to 3 feet.
3.000 ARUNDO CONSPICUA.
3,000 PICEA NORDMANNIANA, U to 3 feet.
10,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 15 to 20 inchoS, and as far

through.
20,000 finest named RHODODENDRONS.

10.000 HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES, the finest kinds known, and
supposed to be the finest plants in tlio tirade
1,500 DWARF MAIDEN PEACHES and NECTARINES,
particularly fine and well-grown.
fiOO GRAPE VINES, Hambm-gh and other kinds, from Eyes,
ripe, close-jointed wood ; very fine indeed.
Special quotations for hirgo quantities.
TRADE and RETAIL CATALOGUES free on application.
Bagshot, February 9.

Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN,, has to offer at very moderate
prices TRANSPLANTED ASH, ALDER, BIRCH. HORSE
CHESTN UT, ELM, broad and narrow-leaved : SILVER and
SCOTCH FIRS, WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE, HAZEL OAK
POPLAR, PRIVET, \VEYMOUTH and AUSTRIAN Wnes'
THORN QUICKS, HUNTlN(iDON and DUTCH WILLOWS
LARCH, good stout plants, IJ to 2 feet, I2<i. ; 2 to 2J feet, I'Sa. ; 2 to
3 feet, 14s. ; and 3 to 4 feet, 10s. per 1000, NORWAY SPRUCE FIR
6 to 9 inches, Cs. ; 9 to 12 mches, 9s. ; 1 to IJ feet, 14s. ; n to 2 feet
21s. : and 2 to 2* feet, 30s. per 1000. COTONEASTER MICRO-
PHYLLA, 1 to IJ feet, 20i-. per 1000 ; 1§ to 2 feet. RIBES in sorts
atoSft.. 20s. per 1000. SNOWBERRY,2to3ft., 20s. per 1000. BROOM
WhiteandYellow,transplanted,15s.perl000. LAURELS. BERBERIS.
ARBOR-VlTiE, Sc, Sbedling ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CHESTNUT,
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 years ; ELM, 2 years, £5 per imi.iiOO. OAKS.

1 and 2 years; OAK, EVERGREEN, 1 year; PRIVET, 1 and

2 years; SYCAMORE. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 2 years,
65.; 4 years, 8s. per 1000 ; 3 years, and 1 year transplanted, 18s,;

3 years, and 2 years transplanted, 25s. ; 0 to 9 inches, fiOs. ; and
9 to 12 inches, 60s. per 1000. IVice-transplantod, and bushy, 4 to
8 Inches, 70s. ; S to 13 inches, 95s. ; 9 to 15 inches, 140«. ; 1 to 1* feet
180s. ; and IJ to 2 feet, 260s. per 1000..

A PRICED LIST forwai-ded on application. Price to tho Trade
on application.

Joseph Smith, Jun,, Moor Edge Nursery, Tansley, near Matlook-
Derbyshire,

To the Trade— Contractors and Builders.

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND COMMON LAURELS,
fine bushy plants, from 3 to 7 feet lii.L^h ; giiod for Blinds,
particularly for newly laid-out Grounds and Buildings, These
Laurels are very fine, and have not sufi'^rod from the frost.

Also 5,000,000 of Two-year SEEDLING ASH and CHESTNUTS,
ROSES, and other varieties of Shrubs.

Abel Faihall, .'-^tanliopo Nurseiy, Westorham Hill, Kent.

Very Early Sheep Feed. ~~ " "

BUTTON'S Bti'KOVED ITALLIN RTE-GRASS.—

O This " lmproved"Itali;m Rye-grass is recommended in prefer-
ence to every other variety, producing three or four heavy crops in
one summer, and being almost if not strictly perennial.

At a Meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society, on March 10, in
a Lecture delivered by Alfred Hughes, Esq., late of Thorness, Isle of
Wight, Mr. Hughes said :—

" I always reserve a portion of Oat land to lay do'^\'n with Sdtton's
Improved Italian Rye-grass, the most reliable plant I have come
across for some years for Ewes and Lambs in tho Spring. When 1
tell you that I put it in in thespring, and dressed it after harvest with
guano, and that in the autumn, when my Sheep fed it off, it was
up to their knees, and that I fed it off again this spring with Ewes
and Lambs, I think you will agree that this is a crop of very great
value. The Italian Rye-grass which is sold by Sctton, of Reading,
is a most astonishing vigorous plant ; inaeed, I never saw anything to
equal it in thecoursc of all my experience."

Sdtton & Sons have a fine stock of their Improved Italian Rye-
grass, which is a very different and superior article to much that
is sold as Italian Rye-grass.

Present price Gs. 6rf. per bushel , cheaper in quantities over 5 qrs.
Carriage-free in qup-ntities of S bushels and upwards.

Quantity required per acre, if sown alone, 3 bushels.
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading,

SELECTED SILVER SAND, PEAT SOIL, LOAM,
Sandstone, Garden Pots, Vases, Tazzas, Figures, Gravel, Garden
Implements, and Materials of all kinds for Sale in any quantities.
By Railway, Canal, and Ship to all parts of the United Kingdom.
W. Short, Horticultural Depot, Reigate, Surrey.

Vineries and Orchards.

GREAT VALUE of " APHIS WASH."
*' A T the first opportunity Paint the Trees with a

-t\. solution of 'APHIS WASH,' prepared at the City Soap
Works ; it not only destroys the Brown Aphis which Infests Poach
Trees, but also Scale, and every other pest capable of lodging in tho
bark."— Extract trom Gardeners" Maijazin-e, Januaiy 5, 1867.

"For strengthening tho growth and effectually destroying all
forms of blight, the 'Aphi.?Wash' supersedes every other prepara-
tion."—See Gardeners' Chronicle, August 19, 18G5 ; and G'urdcyiers
Magazine, July 1, 1SC5.

Sold by Chemists and othei's, in Is. bottles, and 2s. C(/. a gallon,
with full directions for use.

Wholesale at the City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.C.

Fumigate your Greenhouse with

TOBACCO TISSUE.

—Win Destroy all the Insects and not Injure Ihe Plants; is
entirely free from paper or rag, and will bum without blomng.

Price 3s. Gd. per lb., carriage free. To be had of Messrs, Roberts
& Sons. Tobacco Manufacturers, 54, St. John Street, Clerkenwell,
E.C„ and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen

OHN "WARNER and SONS,

8, Crescent, Cripplegate, London, E.G.,
BELL and BRASS FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTY.

No. 35.

Gl S H U R S T
COMPOUND, whether
used against Insects and
Mildew, on Growing Plants, or
aa Wmter Dressing on Trees at
rest, should be dissolved 48
hours before use. This gets rid
of smell, and if the Solution be
decanted, prevents any staining
of I'oliage. A stren4th of from
1 to 2 oz. to the gallon of water
is recommended for growing
Plants; one from 4 to 10 oz. for
Trees at rest.

Sold Retail by Nurserymen
and Seedsmen, in boxes, Is.,
3s,, and los. Cd. each.

Red
Spider

Magni-
fied.

Wholesale by
PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE COMPANY
(Liuited),

By Royal Appointment

To HER Majesty, ^^.J^^^J^ To the PaiNCE or Wales,

By Special Warrant, 'i^A^W^ By Special Warrant,
dated December 27, 1SC5. ^^^^^§^^ dated February 10, 1806.

DAY, SON, AND H E "W I T T,
Original and Sole Proprietors of tho STOCK-BREEDERS'
MEDICINE CHEST, for DISORDERS in HORSES, CAITLE.
CALVES, SHEEP, and LAMBS.

Patronised by upwards of Seventy Thousand o( the princlp,al Stock
Breeders, Horse Proprietors, and Agriculturists of England, Ireland,
Scotland, and Wales.

The only TruoandOriginal-'DAY'S CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS"
are prepared expressly by us. The Chest contains tho following
matchless preparations : —

Half a Dozen CHEMICAL EXTRACT, at 30s, per dozen.
One Dozen GASEOUS P'LUID, at 20«, per dozen.
Ono Dozen RED DRKNCHES, at 13s. per dozen.
One Dozen RED PASTE BALLS, at 78. Grf. per dozen.
Adapted for all ailments among Stock during tho present season.
Price of Chest complete, with Shilling Book on Farrieiy, £2 lOfi. Gd.,
carriage paid. Either preparation may be had separately in boxes.
Testimonials.

T!te Lambing Season,— The "Chemical Extract" is uneqimlled far
bad cases in drawing Lambs, and to stop hearing and straining. Mr.
Woods, in his Lecture on the " Breeding and Management of Sheep,"
savs — " My shepherd declares it to be worth a guinea a bottle."

The "Gaseous Fluid" is famous for debility and exhaustion in
Ewes after Lambing ; for diarrhoea in Calves and Sheep, and for
colic and gripes In Horses and Cattle. Mr. Bowick, in his prize
essay on the "Rearing of Calves," say-s — "The Gaseous Fluid is
sufficient for all the ills that Calfbood is liable to. I have reared 20
calves this vear, and by the use of the ' Gaseous Fluid," I have not
lost one," Mr. Thos. Rigby (Cheshire), in his Lecture on " Summer
Grazing of Sheep," says — " Day, Son, & Hewitt's Gaseous Fluid is tho
best corrective of scour in Sheep I have ever tried. I can strongly
recommend their ' Medicine Chest' as a most valuable auxiliary to
stock-koepers of all kinds, but especially to shepherds. With the
medicines they give plain directions for use, which any man may
understand."

Ordei-s sent by Post ivill be promptly attended to if addressed—
Day. Son, &. Hewitt, Animal Medicine J'actory, 22, Dorset Street,
Baiter Street, London. W. ; or Wantage, Berks,

"Woods on bheep, ' five stamps; "Bowick on Calves," throe
tamps, both free by post.

PATENT CAST-IRON
PUMP, fitted with J. W. & Sons'
Metal BucUot and Valve, which
cannot clog in action, for Wells
not exceeding 2.5 feet.
Diam. Height,

24 in. short . . 1 11. 7 in.
24 in. long . . 3 ft. 3 in.

3 in. long .. 3 ft. G in.
3iin- long ..3 ft. C in.

4 in. long .. 3ft. Gin.
24 in, short, with 15 feet

of lead pipe attached,

ready for fixing ..2 0

2 in. long, do. do 2 14

£ s. d.
.110
.18 0
.2 10
.2 r> 0
. 2 14 0

"WARNERS* PORTABLE EIRE or GARDEN ENGINE.

LOCK'S PATENT POTASH MANURES.

Tliis is the only ^'pe-rfeet" MANITRE ever yet offered to the Agricultural Public,
coutaiuing, as it does, that most important ehment of every cultivated plant — Potash.
It is far superior in efficiency to Peruvian or any other Guano, as it supplies every
constituent requisite for each Special Crop.

Each Manure is specially prepared for the Crop for which it is intended, and is
sold in Bags containing the necessary Dressing for One Acre,

The WHEAT, BARLEY, and OAT MANURE ^vill effectuaUy prevent the
LODGING of the Corn, so frequent on lands deficient in SiUca.

The CLOVER MANURE is a certain cure for Clover sickness, so prevalent in some Counties.

The GRASS MANURE contains an abundance of Silicate of Potash, which is by far the predominating
dement in all Grasses, and which has never before been offered for Sale by any Manufacturer.

No. 42.
IMPROVED LIQUID
MANURE or GENERAL
PORTABLE P U M P.— These
Pumps are fitted with J. W. &
Sons' Patent Bucket and Valve
and cannot clog in action. Tho
Barrel 13 made of Galvanised
Iron, not likely to corrode, and
can bo raised or lowered at plea-
sure on tho stand, the legs of
which fold together, and it ma^
be carried with ease by one man
to tank or pond.

Price of 4i-inch Liquid Manure Pump, with legs, £2 15s. ; 2-iiich
Flexible Rubber and Canvas Suction Pipe, 2s, M. per foot. The
Barrel is 27i inches long, and the lc;;3 arc 0 fuet high.

No. GCSi.

For use bv one Person price £2 2s.

No, fi47n, "ditto ditto, on Wheels „ £2 10s.

The above are complete in themselves, and may be always kept
filled with water, and ready for use.

Letter to The Times, July 23, 186C./rom Earl Essex.

A Real Fibe EsTiNonisnEii.

To the EditM- of The Times.

" Sia, — I feel sure yon will kindly allot a small snace in tho Time3
to these few lines, as the best medium through wtich I would urge
every householder who dreads fire to have on each floor of his house
ono or more small Garden or other Engines onwbeols, always charged
and in good order, in case of fire.

" Last night, just as I was golnjf to bed. I was startled by that most
fearful of all ci-ies, 'Fire, flrel' i soon learned that a fire was raging
in a large two-windowed unoccupied bedroom. How caused is to ua
all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of those small
Engines on each floor. In two minutas I was in the room with ono
of them. It was like a furnace. The curtains, shutters, casements,
and cornices of both windows were bm-ning and cracking from floor
to ceiling. I was quite alone at the moment, yet before assistance
arrived (most of the servants having gone to bed), I liad completely
subdued the fire of one window without exhausting tho Engine, and
when a.ss!stance and more water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other.

'* So fierce was the fire that the lead of the casements was melted,
and the casements themselves were burnt off their hinges.

" I -wMX only ada, that by God's mercy, the house was saved by this
small Engine. Had it not been at hand and in order, most assuredly
Cassiobury would be now a heap of ruins. — Yours faithfully,

"Cassiobury, Watford, July 20. "Esse.-s.

"The Engine, even when full, runs so light on the floor, that any
woman mignt draw it, and also work it."

For full particulai-s see Circulars, for which apply to the
SOUTH of ENGLAND MANURE COMPANY, LIMITED, REDBRIDGE, HAMPSHIRE^

who are the Sole Manufactttrers.
*#* AGENTS "WANTED for the UNITEB KINGDOM.

February 9, 1867.]

THE GAT^DENET^S' CnEONICLE AND AGRICULTUIUL GAZETTE.

i43

HOT-WATEH APPARATUS, of every description,
flscd coini'lote in aay part of tlio country, or the materials,
viz. Bollera, I'lpos, Ac., delivorod to fiiiy Station.

Efltliimtoa (in iipf!'
J. JonrbA Sons, li, H^uksiili.-. Smi

;itt'">ii.

:iwiii'k, London, S.K.

Heating by Hot "Water. ^

WJ. HOLLANDS, I HON Merchant,
, 31. Banksido. London, S.E.
HOT WATER. riFliS, tiom StocK, pur yard :— 2-lncb, l,t. 2((. ;
l.inoh Is. lUd. : and J-lncb, 2.*. Ad. IJKNPS, IVom Stock, Is.Cd., lis. M.,
ftnd3s each. THKOTTL]': VALVES, lO.t., 13«., and 14s. oacli. Uthor
Connexions at oqually low pncos, and all goods of llrst-cliisa inann-
liicturo. Estimatoa gtvon, and orders by post pnnctually attended to
tbesanioday^ _^

J"TmES watts ani> CO., HoTiiousH Builders iiiid
noT-WATKii APPAnAToa MANUJ-ACTDnER-s, 35S, Old Kent Road, S.E.
TWO IlirNDREI) CUCUMIiHi: and MELON BOXES and
LIGHTS and n-um 4110 to .Mil> Lli ; iri'Sfur I'lTS nnui SlZKSkcptln
STOCK Liliizud and I'aintod cnmplot,', n-iuiy ("V Iniuuidiiito mo.
Packed nnd bOiiL to all parts ul' tUo kingdom, l^ublio and I rivato
Bulldlni'9, Wurohousos, &c.. Heated on tlio most apyroved sclontlHc
und economical principles. Roleronces to the Nobility, Gentry, and
Trade in most ot tlio Counties in England^ ^ _

0^ 'i^A M a'^tTT) ^C 0 M P a N Y,

CoNSKRVATORT and llOTnousK Builders, &C.,
iron Works, 2, Winsloy Street, Oxiord Street, Loudon, W.

SADDLE BOILERS. *^

20 24 30 inohea long. [[| --■ - ■■:.^ i^^^^.

46s, Cfc. i)2s. (i<?. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is, M. 2s. \<\. Is, 9(1. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Eatimatoa given fixed com-
pleto to Plan, on application to
UOTTAM & Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsloy Street.
\ oppiisito tho Pantliooiil,
Dxlord Street, London, W.

c

OT WATER APPARATUS

By Her Majesty's Royal Letters Patent.

THK TERMINAL SADDLE BOILER
proves itself to be equal to any form now in i^e for ecou()niy
ftnd power; whilo tho simplicity of its construction gives it tlio
advantage over all others. See testimoni.ils.

J. iRKLANit, Edward Street, Bronghton Lane, Mancbcater.
London Agont : K. Hkmming, 01. Loadonbail Street, Pi.C.

CR A N S T ON' S P at EN T ' BUILDINGS tor
HORTICULTURE.
** Dry Glazing without Putty."
*' Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticnltm-al Society, South
Ken.sington.

T>ROWN'S FLORAL SHADING, for ShadinR Plants
y under Ola.NH and protecting Wall TreoM iVoni frust.— Sold by all
Nursorynioii aod SoedHiueii. No. 1 at (Vs, K(f. ; No. 2 ut 7". per pioco,

20y:u'dn long, .'(M Inclloa wide; No. Tt at l).i. 'M. per ploco, is yitrds

long, rill inclioH wido,

Sarnplus on upplicatloii to Ciiarlkh Mkown. fUreoiiboys, MaiioliCHtor.

~^ Caution to Gardeners.— W Hen you ask for

QAYNOK AND COOKE\S WARitANTED PRIZE

O PRUNING and BUDDING KNlVhS, see that you get thorn.
Olisorve tho mark s.wNoit, also Lite corporate mark Outain
vVABRANTKn, wlthout whlcli none aro gunuiuo.

S, & C reLTOt having lo caulluu Gardonyrfl and others, but aro
compelled to do so, in conauquence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold Ibr the gunulno one, and which hiLi caused
many complaints to bo made to them of Kntvoa which wero not ot
their make, all of wliloli aro warranted both by Sellora and MakoiM.

S, & C.'s Pruning and Budding Knives aro tho DesL and the
oheopest in the market.

Ptutton Works Sholfiold. Established upwards of 125 years.

;^_- — ^"^ ;-y vjMti^ T- -t -^ ^.,

plans and Estimates Ii e on application Descriptive B-^ok filly
lllustratt^d, post Iree for ''n stamps tiomthe Author and Patentee,
James Cbanstom, Architect, Bhnnngham,

Works : Highgate Street, Binningham.
Henbt J. GnowTAQK, Manager. 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

GREENHOUSES, 42 feet by 13 feet wide, .ioO ;
21 feet by 13 feet wide, £28 ; 12i feet by 10 feet wide, £15,
^azed ready for fixing. ORCHARD-HOUSES, 10 per cent, cheaper.
A handsome CONSERVATORY, 36 feet by 1!) feet, £120. Estimates
for any branch in Iron or Wood.

H. Eiikkman'h Works, Triangle, Hackney, N.E.
Establiehed 26 years,

(GREENHOUSES, Span or Lean-to, Ornamental or

VT Plain, always in Stock, Glazod with 2l-02., and Painted ready

for Fixing. To be seen erected.
Span-roof, plain, 20 feet 9 inches long, by 13 feet wido. . £31 0 0

A ditto of same sizo, ornamental 35 0 0

A ditto 33 feet long by 13 feet wide, plain 47 0 0

A ditto same size, ornamental 54 0 0

Also a Loan-to, 23 ft. long by 12 ft. 6 in. wide, plain . , 34 0 o

A ditto, same size, ornamental 3!) o o

Also, a Jvoan-to 10 feet long by 10 feet 0 inchea wido . . 22 () 0
A ditto 28 feet long by 10 feet 9 inches wide . . . . 32 0 0
Also a large Stock of various nhapes and sizes, of I, 2, 3, and

4-Light Garden Frames, some made portable, ready for use, and a

large Stock of Greenhouse and Pit Lights.
Greenhouses made to order. Glazed with 2I-oz., painted three

times, at Ix. 3d. per square foot. Two-inch Lights mado and Glazed

with 21-oz., painted throe times, at 9(/. per square foot,

W. S. uses only tuo best Vellow Deal for Horticultural Work

Estimates given ior effectually Heating by Hot Water.
Address Wm. Smith, Hothouse Builder. IVmham Green, W.

IpOWLERS PATENT STEAM PLOUGH^'tind
! CULTIVATOR may be SEEN at WORK in every Agricultural
County in England.

For particulars apply to .Ton n Fowler & C-o., 71, Comhill, London,
R.C. ; and Steam Plough Works, Leeds.

Important Reduction In the Prices of Portable

Engines for 1866.

pLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH and CO., Engineers,

\J Manufacturers of Portableand Fixed Steam Engines, Machinery
tor Pumping, Hoisting, Grindmg, Sawing, &c. ; Engines for Steam
Cultivation, Self-moving Engines ior Common Roads and Agricultural
Purposes generally.

Stamp End Works, Lincoln ; and 73, Lombard Street, London ;
also at Lowongasso No. 44, Landstrasao, Vienna ; and Gegonuber

'dem Bahnhof, Pesth. (i^-uu^.

Descriptive, Illustrated, and Priced Catalogues Free per Post.

Bpecial Dra^vinga when required. The best Steam Threshini

rmochlnery made. ;

OU Paint no longer Necossaiy.

.•-K'W^..»^^«^sg;::<::^o

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish ts an
excellent substituto for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary Labourer
requires no mixing or thinniuK, and is used cold. It is used In tlie
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Garden.^, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and geutrj',tVoni whom the most flattering
testimonials have beon received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
application.

From Major Rr. Bell, SamVwe, Northumberland.

" I have much pleasure in saymg I have known your Black Varnish
to be used for some time by friends of inino, and they all speak
highly of it, which hiis induced mo to got the quantity 1 have from
you. That I have used looks remarkably well."

Sold lu ca.sks of about 30 gallons cacu, at 1.'*. Gd. per gallon, at the
M2i:ufactory, or Is. 8rf. per gallon paid to any Station in the kincdom.

Apply to Hill &. Smith. Brierlv Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
11. Cannon StreotW.ist, EC. from wh.-ni on'- ' - "- "^ "

riiHE SMOKER'S BONBON eireotu.illv REMOVES

X tho TASTIO and SMELL of TOHACtJO from tlio MOUTH and
IJREATH, and rondorH Smoking agrooalilu aiiil safe. It la very
ploaaant and wliuioHomo. I'renared by n patont procoHH Irom tho
recipe of an eminent physician by Srnoni.iwo & Co,, WhuloHalo Con-
foctioneri', Itutlmiil (iicun,, Loudon, N.E,, In Sixpenny and ShlUinK
Boxes ; post I'roo, 7 and U Htiimp.s,

Hold by OhonilsCs, TobacconlHts, &c.

Winter Ribbon Garden

JOHN ROSS, Surhitoii, Surrey, S.W., ia prepared to
LAY OUT every De.Hcrlptloa of PLEASURE GROUND,
SCENERY. I'botographs of Ribbon Planting may bo had for

inspection.

JOliiN G1JSS0^, JuN., bcRH to :tniiounc'e that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mannlons and Villa or other
Reaidence-H, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS, and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. Jonu GmsoN, jun., Surrey Lane, Ifatteraea, S.W.

1 be obtained

The Best English Watches.

GOLDSMITHS' ALLIANCE LIMITED, Watou-
MAKERS, 11 & 12, Comhill, London, E.C., request tho attention
of purchasers to their stock of London-made PATENT LEVER
WATCHES, which are manulactured by themselves on the premises.
A Pamphlet, expl.aining the various constructions, with a List of
Prices, will be forwarded gratis and post free on application.

BEDSTEADS, BATHS, and LAMPS.— WILLIAM S.
gHURTON ha.s Six Large Show Rooms devoted exclusively to
the sep.arate display of Lamps, Baths, and Metallic Bedsteads. The
stock of each is at onco the Inrgest, newest, and most varied ever
submitted to the public, and marked at prices proportionate with
those that have tended to make his Establishment tho most
distinguished In this country.

Bedsteads, from 128. M. to £20 Os. e.ach.

Shower Baths, from 8«. Oii. to £6 0,s\ each.

Lamps (Moderateur), from .. 6*. Od. to £8 106-. each.

(All other kinds at the sania rate).
Pure Colza Oil .. 4s. Ot^ per gallon.

WILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING
IRONMONGER, by appointment to H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, sends a Catalogue giatls and post paid. It contains upwards
ot COO IlluBtratious of his unrivalled Stock of Sterling Silver ftnd
Electro Plate, Nickel Silver, and Britannia Metal Goods, Dish
Covers, Hot Water Dishes. Stoves, Fenders, Marble Chimney-jiieces,
Kitchen Ranges, Lamps, G.aseliers, Tea-trays, Urns, and Kettles,
Clocks, Table Cutlery, Baths, Toilet-ware, Turnery, Iron and Brass
Bedsteads, Bedding, Bed-room Cabinet Furniture, tte., with Lists of
Prices ana Plans of tho Twenty Large Show-rooms, at 39, Oxford
Street, W. ; 1, 1a, 2, Z, and 4, Newman Street; 4, 5, and 0, Perry's
Place, and 1, Newman Yard, London.

G

starch Manufacturers

TO H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES.

LENFIELD STAKCH,

Exclusively Used rs the Rotal LAounRT,

and Awarded Prize Medal, 1802.

Sold by all Grocers, Chandlers. &c.

Bt* e 3.1^ f 3. s t

EPPS'S COCOA (also cfiUcd E P P S ' S
HOMCEOPATHIC COCOA).— The very agreeable character of
this preparation haa rendered it a general favourite. Invigorating
and sustaining, with a rehned and gi'atoIVil tlavour, developed by tho
special mode of preparation applied, this Cocoa is used a.s their
habitual beverage for breakfast by thousands who never used Cocoa
before. "Cocoa stands very much higher than Tea or Coffee," Dr.
Ilassall says, "and contains every ingredient necessary to the growth
and .sustenance of tho body."

It is made simply by ponrhig boiling water or milk on tho
Preparation as sold. \ lb., ^ lb., iiiul 1 lb. Packets.

Tea Cheaper than Ever.

PHILLIPS AND C0MPANY;S TEAS
ARE BEST AND CHEAPEST.
STRONG BLACK TEAS, Is. Orf., 2s.. 2s. 4d.
Very Excellent BLACK TEA is now only 2s. ed. per lb.
PniLLiPs a Co.. Tea Merchants, y, King William Street, City,
London, E,C.

Rare choice genuine COFFEE, \r. 4rf. per lb.

A Price Cu-voiit post free. Sugars at Market prices.

iiLLirs & Co. have no Agents,

PuiLLiFS £ r ,nd all Goods carriage free by their own V.ans,

within eight n'' 'o. 8, King William Street. City; and send Teas,

Coffees, and t ,iirrlagQ free, to any Railway Station or Market

Town In thf [ingdom, if to the value of 405. or upwards.

rpo Py

X Yout
for tbeir
MACA!-

beautlf
skiu a*^
LAN I
beaut

pensp

and GUARDIANS.— The return of
tspectivo Boarding Schools induces a solicitude
.umfoib and attraction, and PvOWLANDS'
jr accelerating tho growth and improving and
ROWLANDS' KALYDOR. for improving the
, and removing cutaneous eruptions, and ROW-
'or Pearl Dentifrice, for rendering tho Teeth
d preserving the gums, are considered indis-
ents.
^d Perfumers. Ask for Rowlanhs' articles.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, tho largest and most productlvo

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and itOUKN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA. CllEVECOiUR, and LA FLECUE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Li.sts and P^stlmatos on ai>plication.
JonN Baily it Son, 113, Mount .Street, London, W.

Nursery and Seed Business.

TO BE SOLD, the Entire STUCK in TRADE and
GOODWILL of an old Established Provincial Concern, Average

Sales for the la.st few years about £Niino per annum. A llrst-rato
opportunity for two or three practical Young Men.
Applj, by letter only, to Nemo, care of Measra. Hurst tt Son,

(I, Loadenhall Street, E.C.

To Nurserymen and Florists.

TO BE DISPOSED OF, with inimedintu possession,
onaccount of the .loath of the Proprietor, the LEASE. STOCK,
TRADE, and OOOD-WILL of a First-Cla,ga NURSERY GAR-
UKNER'S BUSINESS, in one of tho principal thoroughfares at tho
West-end of London.

For particulars apply to Mes.srs, PoTMEfARv & Pa.\on, Auctioneers
and Surveyors, 13, Malda Hill.

jalcs 6^ Auction*

SALE THI.S DAY, AT HALF-PA.ST TWELVE O'CLOCK.

Consignment of Roses and Fruit Trees from France.

MK. J. C. STKVKN'S will SDLL l>v AUCTION, at
his Cre.at Uooiiis, 3K, King Street, Covent Garaen, W.C,
THIS IIAV, SATURDAY, at linlf-iiast 12 o'clock precisely,
Ziillll InVAKF llIHl STANDARD RO.SES, 1500 PYRAMID antl
lAVAlU- FRUIT TREES, RASPBERRY CANES, CURRANTS,
IliVliDl' SHRUBS, DUTCH BULUS Ibr S]irmK Plantins, RUSTIC
SEATS and VASES, ORNAMENTAL WILlii-WORK, &o.

On view tho Moraing of Sale, ami ^'atalugues had.

OrcUds and Seeds.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will KELL by AUCTION, at
his Groat Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
TUESDAY, February IL', at half-past 12 o'Clocll precisely, a
(luautity of choice imported ORCHIDS from New Granada and
other parts, and about loo lots of HARDY CONIFEROUS SEEDS.
On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Hardy Plants and Bulbs.

ME. J. C. STEVENS will BELL by AUCTION, at
bis Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY', Fobruarv 13, at half-ijaat 12 o'clock precisely, a line
lot of Dwalf-trained FRUIT TREES, Dwarf ROSES, LAURELS,
RHODODENDRONS, HOLLIES. VINCASj FILBERTS, RUSTIC
SEATS VASES and STOOL.S, WIRE BASKETS, and a quantity
of BULBS for spring planting.

Oh viuw the Morniu,< of Sale, (and Catalogues had.

Consignment of Plants from Ghent.

ME. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY, February 111, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely, a
consignment of oliOJca CAMELLIAS, AZiLEAS, RHODODEN-
DRONS, LILIUMS. ROSKS, and avariety of other Plantsfrom one
of the first Nurseries in Ghent.

Ou view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Lllium auratum— Several Thousand Imported Bulbs.

H. J. C. STEVENS will SKLL bv AUCTIIlN, at

M^

bis Great Rooms, "'^, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
THURSDAY, rebruaiySl, an immense number of fine BULBS of
LILICM AURATUM.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

'S FLUID MAGNESIA.—

ly for Acidity of the Stomach, Heartburn,
'. Indigestion; and the best mild aperient
)ns, especially adapted for Ladies, Children,

72, New Bond Street, London, and of

^TOUGHST COLDS,' and HOARSE-

OCOCK'S PULMONIC WAFERS.— From

, Auctioneers, Leek : " Sir,— The benellcial

com your Pulmonic Wafers, make ua feel it

gi'atuitou 8 testimony to their superiority

■e have ever tried lor Colds, Coughs, and

roublesome to our profession They have

all Druggists at Is. IJd., 2s. W., is. Gd.,

Sale of very handsome Englisli-grown Camellias. &c.

MESSKS. I'UOTUEKOE and MUUKIS will SELJi
byjAUCTION, at 3S & 31.1, Gracechurch Street, Citv, E.G., on
THURSDAY, Feb. 28, at 1 o'clock precisely, about 200 Choice
DOUBLE CAMELLIAS, beautiful compact plants, 1 to 6 foet,
abundantly furnished with bloom buds; fine AZALEA INDICA; a
superb assortment of about 300 very handsome STANDARD and
DWARF ROSES, including the best varieties in cultivation ; choico
hardy AMERICAN PLANTS, comprising Ghent and other Azaleas,
Hybrid Rhododendrons, Kalmias, Andromed.as, &c.; some fine
Bulbs of LILIUM AURATUM, LANCIFOLIUM RUBRUM,
ALBUM and PUNCTATUM ; ERICAS, EPACRIS. &c.

Mav be viewed the Morning of Sale. Catalogues may bo had at
the City Auction Rooms, as above; or of the Auctioneers and Valuers,
American Nurseries, Leytonstone, Essex, N.E.

Ramsgate.

Pheliminary Notice of a Vtnv Imimktast axd Extensive Sale
OK Vallahle NuiisERV Stock.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS have received
instructions from Mr. James Turroll to SELL by AUCTION
on the Premises, Providence Nursery, High Street, Ramsgate, close
to the I'tailway Station, on MONDAY, March 4, and following days,
at U o'clock each day, without the least reserve, the ground being
immediately retpiired for Building purposes, the whole of tho Valuable
NURSERY STOCK, Including thousands of tine Evergreen Conifers
and Deciduous Shrubs, Standard and Dwarf Roses, Ornamental
Fi-uit and Forest Trees, a quantity of Box edging. Full particulars
of this extensive stock will be given in future Advertisements. Lots
will bo arranged to suit private Buyers aa well as the T'rade.

May bo viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may bo had,
tirf, each, returnable to purchasers, on the premises ; of the principal
Seedsmen In London ; and of the Auctioneers and Valuers,
American Nursents, Leyt'instono, E^sex. ____^^_

Wavertree, near Liverpool.

Clearance Salk ok Ni.'k.si;hv .srurit, Choick Grehnhoose Plants,

GREENlIOUaKS, &C.

MESSRS. TROTHEKOE and MORRIS are directed
by Mr. Isaac Davies to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premisen,
Larkfield Nursery, Wavertree, near Liverpool, on TUESDAY,
March 12, and lollowing day, at 11 o'clock each day, without reserve,
the Lease having expired, necessitating an immediate clearance,
the whole of the Valuable NURSERY STOCK, comprising
about 50U0 best worked Hollies, 10,000 Rhododendron, including 1200
R, pr:ecox(so highly ahdjustly esteemed for its profuse lioweruig habit)
and other lending kinds, 15(hj Hardy and Ghent Azaleas, a large variety
of Evergreen Conifenn and Deciduous Shrubs, Ornamental Forest
and Fruit Trees, Climbers in Pots ; also a choice Collection of
Greenhouse Plants, comprising 1600 Azalea iudica, 400 Ericas,
Acacias, Cyclamen, Cytlsus, &c., together with Three newly-erected
GREENHOUSES, Pits, Boxes, Seeti Drawers, Seeds, and numeroua
other items, which will be more fully detaUed in future adver-
tisements. ,. l j *i.

May be viewed, and Catalogues, when ready, may be had on the
Premises, and of tho Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytohstone, Essex.

144

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE 'AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Febeuaet 9, 1867.

HOTHOUSES FOR THE MILLION,

PORTABLE AND ECONOMICAL.

INYENTED AND PATENTED BY THE LATE SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.

\fi^<!r^v^n■v^,■D^va (LONDON; NEWTON in CAETMEL, LANCASHIRE;
MAJNUiACiOKIES:j(jj^QP(,j,g^j,jj COVENTET; PAISLEY; and ABERI

ABERDEEN.

COMBINE

SIMPLICITY,

CHEAPNESS,

AND

DURABILITY.
{See Testimonials.)

FULFIL

ALL THE

REQUIREMENTS

OP

HORTICULTURE.
{See Testimonials.)

*' "Without any pretence to liigh finish or elaborate workmanship, wliich in such structures represent a mere waste of money, they are perfectly well made. Their
arrangement is as simple as ingenuity can render them. No rafters obscure the light and make them cumbrous. No sashes hare to be pushed up or let down by ever-breaking
lines and weights, or by expensive mechanical contrivances; and yet all the ventilation requisite in such buildings is as perfectly secured." — Dr. Lindleu in " Tai
Gardeners' Chronicle," Jvli/ 2Sth, 1860.

" Nothing can be more easy than to build them, nothing more simple than to remove them." — Saili/ News, May 22, 1862.

RECENT TESTIMONIALS.

" Ne^vtoD Nurserlea, Chester, January 20, 1865.

" Sirs,— Tho 'Span-roofed House' you sent U3 Is all we could wish, and suits us very well. We
do not grow Grapes a^id thureforo cannot apeak as to its efficiency in fruit growing, though we see
nothing in the formation of the hou3o to lead ua to fear it would not jrrow anything as well as a
' Lean-to Roof." * * » Tho House came to us In perfect order, and not a pane broken, and was at
once put up and at work,— Yours, Ac.,

" Messrs. S. Herfuan & Co." " James Dicksos & Sons."

" Kingfield House, Carlisle, January 27, 1860.
"Gentlemen, — 1 am glad to say the VlnBry gives great satisfaction, has been very successful, and
gave extraordinary good crops for the last three seasons, and ecLcli of the last two crops I am sure
would pay for the house. I must also add that tho quality of wood and workmanship was far above my
expectations. — I am, &c.,

" Messrs. Hereuam & Co." " Martin Sutuerlakd [Gardener to J. Ewort, Esq,]."

" Killamey Gardens, February 1, 18CG.

" Gentlemen,— I have pleasure In giving you my report in favour of your excellent Hothouses.

" In the range erected January, 1865, I had fine Peaches and Nectarines last August, and my trees
have every appearance of an abundant crop this year. With the new sashes you lately supplied, the
range is now 232 feet in length, and I consider it a moat useful addition to these gardens. Your Houses
have many advantages ; tdey are light in appearance, and effectually exclude wet with the small slips ;
the ventilation is excellent, and readily opened with the machinery. Thoy are easily erected and very
cheap, and have given perfect satisfaction. I shall feel a pleasure in recommending them.~I am, Jcc,

" Messrs. Hereuan & Morton." *' Georoe Breeze [Gardener to Viscount Castlerosse]."

" Wickham Coiu-t, Bromley, Kent, Ju le .30, 18CG.
" Colonel Parnabt Lennaro bogs to inform Messrs. Hereuas & Morton that the Loan-to Houses
put up by them, answer very well.—thoy are used as Vinerie? and Peaoh Houses." i

" 2, Old Palace Yard, S.W., July 2, iSCfl.

" Sirs,— In fepiy to your enquiry I have great pleasure In stating that the Glass House you erected
for me about three years ago, answers its purpose admirably. It is nearly flO feet long— divided in half
by a glass partition— one end is warmed and used as a Vinery, tho other end is used as nn Orchard
House. The apparatus for opening the ventilators acts very well in every respect, and saves the time
of the gardeners. — Yours faithfully,

" Messrs. Hekeuan & Morton." " W. H. Barlow."

" Breitery, Spitalflelds. July 5, 18G6.
" Gentlemen,—! am directed by Sir Fowell Buston to say that he has much pleasure in bearing
testimony to the excellence of the Lean-to Glass Roof, which you put Up for him at Warlies.

" Mesara. Hereman & Morton." ■< Your obedient servant, W. Stokes."

ILLUSTRATED CIRCULARS with LISTS of PRICES of the i\
ESTIMATES given for HEATING APPARATUS, ORNAMENTAL CONSli

I^ Plans prepared to suit different styles of Mans(

HEREMAN and MORTON, 7, PALL M)

, j

The SECOND EDITION of A HANDBOOK of VINE and PRUIT TREE CULTIVATi/
Hints for Heating Houses, and General Directions for Cultivation, &c., «

" The portion of the Book devoted especially to the Cultivation of Fruits will be found pa^
they may be, but may gain some hints from it which may be of infinite service."— i5'(!ora^ }Forll

*' Claphara Pork, July 14, 18C0. "
*' Gcntlemcn.'^Io reply to your note, I am well pleased with tho work you did, It has thoroughly
answered the purpose and has stood the weather well.— Yours faithfully, *' F. W. Cosens."

" Faversham, July 17, 18C0.
" Gentlemen,— 1 have much pleasure In reporting that the patent Glass Roof which you euppliexj
me some four years since has givon perfect satisfaction.— Very truly, yours,

" Messrs. Hereuan & Co." " Fred. W. MonK."

•• Sydenham, Lew Down, Devon. Jaly 18, 1800.

" In reply to your letter of the 16th, 1 beg to say that 1 am much pleased with the Span-roofed
House which you sent me for this place, and which 1 use as a Greenhouse for keeping bedding pianta Id
winter. The Lean-to Houses which you sent to me in Cornwall are used os Vineries. * « * There
ia no doubt that your system of Greenhouses combines great Ughtnsss and cheapness of construction,
and they possess moreover the great merit that tenants are able to remove them at tho expiration of
their tenure of hired houses.— Yours faithfully,

" Messra. Hereman & Morton." " John Tre.mavnk."

*' Bideford, July 18, 180C.
** Sirs,— I have great pleasure in answer to your request in saying that tho two houses 1 have iiad
from you [at Ringwood, Hants] have answered their purpose in every respect.— Your obedient servant,

" Henry Hamlvn FANE,"tM.P.]

*• Pickhuiflt Manor, July 24, 186(1.
" Sirs.— The Patent Gloss Roofs for Vineries and Cu;umber Houses, with which you ftimiahed ou.
have fully answered my expectations, and I can recommend them with perfect confidence.

" Messrs. Hereman & Morton." ** Yours very faithfully, [The Hon.] A. Kinnaird," [M.F.]

" St. Wolstatis, Celbridge, County Dublin, August 17, 1860.
" Mr. Cane is perfectly satisfied with the House erected for him three years ago, which ia now ftill
of fruit, and very much admired. The small Forcing Pits also answer very well. * • * He will be
very happy to bear testimony to the merits of their work when required."

. " Onslow, Shrewsbury, October 11, 1860.
" Sirs,./ have great pleasure in adding my testimony to the practical utility of the 72 feet of Glass
Roof, anr*' 'wo Span-roofod Forcing Houses which have been supplied to me by you. They art
light and/ vnd the ventilation is good.— Your obedient servant,

" C. WlNflPIELD."

*,OOFS can be had on application.
S, GREENHOUSES, &c., to Special Designs.
^articular dimensions.

T, LONDON, S.W.

the above Patent Hothouses, containing Illustrations, '
3EREMAN, price Is. ", post free, 1». Id.
Amateurs, and there are few Gardeners, howevei practic«l

SJiiffji"',,'*'?"'^.';'"'™'' "''°'''? '^ addressed to " Ilie Editor ; " AdTertisements and Bmlmess Letters taj " TbieJPabl)
OfBce Nn <i^w1mi?.J™'J.""".''»' "l? 9'S?'.S' Mesa's- fl«iMii»T. Evuis,* Co, . Lombard street. Precinct of WmU
umce, NO. 41, Wellington btreet, Parish of St, Paul's, CorentOarden, In the eald County—SiTvanit, February 9, 1887/

rtan street, Coveot Garden, London, W.C. at tbi

'J Co, o( iVUddlcjei, and Published b/ the said Julll MkTTBBiT?, at in.

/^

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 7.— 18(J7.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 16.

/Price Fivepenoe.

(Stamped Kdition, 6A

INDEX.

kRrlculture.Chambflrot 166 a

Viiglcrs' Diiiry 16C r

)eea,!iWHn»inf;of 155 c

— if.fdingo( 156 c

llOOd Ui7 b

iwiksnoticed 154 c— 1«G r

■flttle breeding ftnd renrinp.. UJti b

Sitllo pliittuu 15ft c-UU b

'Uiiiiibcr (if Aftnculturc 1(15 n

'dIUkcv MiclilRiin I(i7 a

ivti. miillciouBly Injui'iiiK .. 1('><> 'i

Muii 107 b

l.trv.Prof. 151 b

111 ifjc, Huulon's li>3 n

I iiK 159 6— nil b

iiM'is' Clubs 1U5 f

I Ml tneniomiida lU' a

II. 's 165 c

s. 1 liiiiii, death of Loril .... ICO b

II l^. insular 152 a

H N lfi(i C

lilt, storing 1B7 6

ii-i, toot 153 a

nil covert 153(1

- f:n;indbotwatev pipes.. 163 a

i-L^ for Australia IIH n

it,iadiationof 153 b

-ui.ii- Vlorns 152 o

iciLi^Ltionnl Exhibition
urplU3 151 b

Intoniatlonal Exhibition

report 151 b~\M c

Lawn, land 159 i— IH a

OrchidH, now 161 b

Paris Exhibition liw 6

Pelargoniums, ti'lcoloured.... 163 n

Pink, the 156 n

Potntos, to store 1C7 b

Prizes, French ICO b

Hiunfnll 163 6

lloot Fungi 153 n

Salads 152 c

Seeds, vitality of 168 n

— Sjwine of 158(1

Sewage, Liverpool 162 6

.Society, Uoyal Hort. . . 151 a~153 6

— Gondhui-st Ifi4 b

Sorghum. Mr. Huiletfs 151 b

Steam engiufi 163 n

Steam plough companies .... 164 &

Stock feeding IGM c

Switzerland, letters from .. .. 160 c

T.ill.jw tree 158 o

Vine culture, rival systems of,

151 f— 153 a

Vineyards, Swiss 160 c

"Wages, hinds' 164 a

■\Veather.Iato severe 152 c

%Vood<), niauagement of 153 (?

"Wolverston Park 15C o

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S GARDENS,
' Regent'd Park.— EXHIBITIONS of SPRING FLOWERS,
■^ATUPUAVH, Rlarcli ■2:(, April 13. and April 2". Tickets. 2s. 6rf. each.
iENEKAL EXIIIHITIONS, We:DNKSUAYS. May 20, Juuo 19,
iml July 3, Tickets, •!.•(. each. Tickota are nnw being issued, arid can
oa obtained at the Gardens by Orders from Follows of the Society,

yOULUGlCAL GARDENS, CLIFTON.

/J HORTICULTURAL MEETINGS, 1867.

SPRING SHOW, MAY 23. I ROSE SHOW, JUNE 2fi.

AUTUMN snow. AUGUST 29.

Scliedule of Prizes may be obtained on application to the Secretary,

Mr. J, T, Jacrson, Zoological Gardens. Clifton.

s

s

UTTON'S AMATEUR'S GUIDB

IS NOW READr.
Price Ono Shilling. Gratis lo Customerg.

UTXON'S'KEW >ARirS£Kl) LIST, lUustrated.

Is now ready, gratis on application.

WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of GENERAL
NURSERY STOCK, contaloing Oti pages, nmy bo had post
dlcation to
uoMAS Crifps, The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells.

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTliUSa AND SOiN'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post ft'ee on
application. Higbgate, Loudon, N.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

C CHARLES SHAKPE and CO. beg to intorm the
J Trado that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,

Being Issued.-First Edition 25,000.

ARR AND SUGDKN'S GUIUE to the KITCHEN
and FLOWER GARDEN. A copy will be presented to each
customer, and also to Intending purchasers on sending their address,
BAnii & Sdoden, 12, King Street, Covent Gardon, W.C.

B^

B

3. WILLIAMS' NEW PRICED GENERAL SEED
CATALOGUE now ready, forwarded free to any address.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

WBEELER'S LITTLE BOOK, the Queen of Seed
Lists, price Gd., post free, .contalnn a Descriptive List of

post free, .contains a Descriptive List of
Seeds, also a List of the best Seed Potatos

price
Vegetable and Flowei
in cultivation.

J. C. Wheeler & SoK, Seed Growers,- Gloucester.

A VAN GEERT, Nuksekyman, Ghent, Belgium,
• begs to announce that his CATALOGUE of PLANTS may
be obtained free on application to his Af^ents, Messrs, K. Silukurad
& Sons, 5, Harp Lane, Tower Street, London, E.C.

/CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.

V^ Second Edition. By Jonx Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

w

Koses.
M. PAUL'S PRICED DESCRIPTIVE

CATALOGUE of ROSES is now ready, post free on application.
Paul's NurHerios, Waltliam Cross, N.

Dwarf Hybrid Perpetual Roses.

HUSSEY AND SON invite attention to their
Collection of the above, consisting of all the popular varieties,
which they are now offering at 6s. per dozen. List of sorts upon
application. MUe End Nursery, Eaton, Norwich.

WANTED, strong, clean-grown MANETTl STOCKS.
—Apply, with lowest price per 1000, to Wh. Wood It Sox,
Nurseries, Slaresfield, Uckfleld, Sussex.

NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, 1867-
—The above EXHIBITION will Open at Manchester on
JUNE 7, and continue till JUNE 16.

Schedules, &c., may be obtained ou application to Mr. B. Findlav,
Curator, Botanic Garden, Manchester; or from the undersigned,
Henry Wuitworth, Secretary.
Carlton Buildings, Cooper Street, Manchester.

EST 7f ENGLAND ROSE SHOAV.—

The FIRST ANNUAL SHOW will be held at HEREFORD,
in the Shiro Hall, on TUESDAY, July Otb. Honorary Secretary,
Rev. C. H. BuLMER, Credenhiil, Hereford. i

Grane Vines

JOSEPH ^[EREDITH has a beautiful Stock of VINES '
for Sale, propagated from Vines which have home the fruit
which has taken from time to time so many First Prizes. |

The Vineyard, Garston, U' ar Liverpool.

Late Grape Vines.

ALICANTE, LADY DOWNES*. and MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA.

J MEREDITH has a splendid Stock of the above
• sorts for Planting.

The Vineyard, Garston, near Liverpool.

RAPE VINES.— Strong, well-ripened, short-jointed

Canes of all the leading sorts for planting out or fruiting in
pots. Price on application.

John Butchkr. Nurseries, Stratford-on-Avon.

IHES, VINES.— Strong Planting and Fruiting Canes

of all the leading kinds. Prices on application. _ ^ . — _„^^^

B. S. Williams. Victoria and F.-tradise Nurseries. Upper Holloway.N. "plBBON BORDER (six Colours), German and French,

NEAV STRAWBERRY, THE LADY (Underbill's). ' XVcoLLECTiONS.andalispecialueaworthgrowing. SeePovNTER's
—Plants of the above for general crop, also a few strong plants LIST. Robert H. Poystkr. Taunton. _

which will bring good fruit in the coming sea.son, can be had on

To the Trade.— Golden Chain Geranium.

HUSSEY AND SON beg to offer fine strong Plants
ol the above, from store pots, ot 14s. per 100.
Mile End Nursery, Eaton, Norwich.

ILIP L ADDS Ts now""sending out GEORGE

SMITH'S LE GRAND GERANIUM, the finest bedding

Nosegay ever raised, in 6l)-size pots, at 12^. per dozen. Package

PHI
X SI

included.

Usual discount to the Trade. Terms cash.
Nursery, Bexley Heath, Kent.

CHOICE CINERARIAS, in 4 and 6-inch pota.
Very line Plants just coming into bloom.
Also CALCEOLARIAS and CHINESE PRIMULAS. Prices
per dozen or per 100 on application to

Jamks Dickson & Sons, " Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

application to

James Myatt, Offenhani, Evesham.

To Forcers of Early Strawberries,

WANTED, 6 lb. of STRAW BliiRRIES for the
2Sth day ol Februai-y, 1807. Address, stating particulars, to
James Brooue & Co., lUf, Victoria Street, Manchester.

To the Trade only.

C,UPRESSUS LAWSONIANA SEED (True),
6s. per oz. ; 32s. per 8 oz. ; GOs. per lb.
Thomas Cbipps, The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells, Kent,

Fruit Stocks for WorUlng.

CRAB and PLUM STOCKS, extra strong.
ASPARAGUS ROOTS 2yr., &c., &c.
Harrison & Son, Leicester.

w

EBB'S PRIZE COB. FILBERT and other PRIZE
NUT TREES. LIST of varieties arid prices to be had of
Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the above may
now be bad at 10s. Gd. and 21s. each ; the usual discount to the

NOTICE.— 60U extra strong fine Plants (over-stock) of
COLEUS VERSCHAFFELTIl and MARMORATUS, &c.. In
3-iDch pots, 4s. per dozen ; or £1 8s. per 100 ; £7 the lot.— Terms Cash.
Apply to G. K., Post Office, Dorchester.

Railway Planting.

FIVE MILLION Transplanted UCICKS, of superior
growth. Samples and prices on application to
John Hkmsley, High Fields. Melbourne, near Derby.

Trade.

Pete

-- , I discount to the

: Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and London.

DESSERT ORANGE TREES. — Including the
TANGIERINE, MALTESE, SAINT MICHAEL'S, and other
lice varieties. A CATALOGUE on application.
Cari'iiige paid to London.
Tnos. Rivers & Son, Nui-series, Sawbrldgeworth.

FRUIT TREKS.— lUO Acres devoted to their culture.
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE on application.
Carriage paid to London.
Thqs. Rivers & Son. Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth.

Strong Quick.

AND F. SHARPE have lor Sale a fine Lot of 3-yr.
Transplanted QUICK, 3 to 4 feet high, and well-rooted. Price
very moderate.

Nursery and Seed Establishment, Wisbech.

H.

Spruce for Cover.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Chester, has a very large Stock
of the above, from IJ to 31 feet. To Induce largo orders, the
prices (which may be had on application), have been greatly reduced.

ORCHARD-HOUSE TREES, including VINES from
Eyes, and FIGS in pots. 40,000 feet of Glass devoted to their
cultme. A CATALOGUE on application.

Carriage paid to London.
Thos. Rivers & Son, Nurseries. Sawbridgeworth.

MACLURA AURANTIACA, or OSAGE ORANGE,
introduced some years ago for Hodges. WANTED, either in
Trees of some size or Young StocK,

Apply, by letter, to Mr. GeOhqe Roberts. 9, Rood Lane, E.C.

GLADIOLUS, NEWEST and BEST FRENCH
VARIETIES.
PRICE LISTS gratis and post free on application to
James Carter & Co., Seed Merchants and Nurserymen 237 Hieh
Holborn, London, W.C. '

To the Trade, &c.

GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS
GLADIOLUS GANDAVENSIS.
Surplus Stock Cheap.
Apply to Thos. SiikrmaN, Seedsman, &c., 59, Newlngton Butts, S.

TREES and PLANTS of all sorts and sizes in very
great quantity, of best quality and at moderate prices.
PRICED LISTS post-free on application.
James Dickson & Sons, (" Old Eslabtiahed Nursery and Seed
Business"] The ■' Newton" Nurserle.-., Chester.

Planting.

WM. PAUL begs to refer intending Planters of
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, &c., to his Advertise-
ment of December 1, 18r>6.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross. N.

EVERY GAKDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stocli .it
Carter's New Seed WarehotiHO. 237 & 238. HlKli Hulboni, Londoi),

G

i O O D GARDEN SEEDS. Carriage free.
Sutton & Sons, Sood Growers, Heading.

RESENT PRICES oI-'FARM" S E E D S^

bee Messrs. Sutton's Large AdvortlMomunt, page 160,

SELECTED FARM SEEDS. Carriage free.
Sutton & Sons, Seed Growurs, lioadlng.

0:1 ENUINK FARM SEEDS at Reasonable Prices.
X PRICE LISTS gratia and post (^-eo on application to
Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 2^7 and -2^8, High
Holborn, London, W.C.

^^ARTER'S NEW GARDEN SEEDS for 18G7—
V^ PRICE LISTS, containing all the NOVELTIES of the season,
gratis and post free.

James Carter & Co., 237, High Holborn, London, W.C,

~~~ — 1867." '

VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS of ^est
Selected quality.
James Dickson k Sons, 102,Eastgiito Street, Chester.

Somersetshire Prize Seeds.

GENUINE GARDEN and FLOWER and FARM
SEEDS of the finest stocks and quality ; LISTS now ready,
Robert H. Poynter, the County Seed Establishment, Taunton.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

JAMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farueks, Merchants, and Nobserymen,
237 i 238, High Holborn, London. W.C.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON. Seed Growerh and
Merchants, 7, Borough Market, London, S.E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWEH
SEEDS. Special prices and advantageous offers on application.

V

LARGE EVERGREEN TREES and SHR0BS
in great variety, for iminedlate eflfect, from 4 to 8 feet high, and
handsome ; frequently transplanted. Uninjured by the late frost.
Apply. James Bird, Nurseryman, Dow[iham.

To the Trade.

STRONG 2-3T. SEEDLING OAK, and fine 2-yr.
SEEDLING SCOTCH FIR, also TRANSPLANTED LARCH,
at very moderate prices,
Edward .Samq U Sows, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy,

SPLENDID LARCH, 3 to 4 ft., at unpn-cedented prices;
HAWTHORN QUICK, do. do.; AVENUE TREES; large
EVERGREENS and CONIFERS; magnifloent TRAINED PYRA-
MID and STANDARD FRUIT TREES. Special prices given,
OeoRaE Daviso!*, Hereford,

ELARGONIUUS. — Show, Fancy, French, and

Zonal in great variety, fine Plants, at moderate prices.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE now ready.
Charlks Turner, The Royal Nurser)', SJough.

ERBENAS, SCARLET, WHITE, and PURPLE.

Established Plants, 2s. per dozen,
Cqild's Nursery, Rye Lane, Peckhain, S.E.

Verbenas, Verbenas.

PHILIP LADDS is now sending out a good supply of
the above, strong plants, in thumb pots, including 40 varieties
of 1868, at 2s. per dozen, uackage included. Terms caab.
Nursery, Boxley Ile.itb, Kent.

The very Earliest and Best Pea in Cultivation.

SUTTON'S RINGLEADER.

Price 2s. per quart.

To the Trade.

HE ESSEX RIVAL PEA, in any quantity.

For price, &c., apply to
Thos. Elet, Sible Hedingliam, Halstead, Essex.

T

To the Trade.

TNVINCIBLE SCAKLFT SWEEI' PEAS, true and

-L pure stock, every grain new seed. Price for any quantity on
application to

HiiorEH & Co., Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

WHEELER'S MILKY WHITE POTATO. — The
demand for this celebrated Potato has been so great, that
we are unable to supply any more orders this season.

J, C. Wheeler & Sun, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

PATERSON'S VICTORIA POTATOS.— The heaviest
croppers, the finest flavoured, and the best keepers, Seed
direct from Mr. Patersos. Price on application to
Mr. Pearce, Meashaui, Athei'stone.

Early Potatos for Planting.

YATT'S PROLIFIC ASH-LEAF KIDNEY, and

MONA'S PRIDE, can be had on application to
James Mvatt, uffenham, Evesham.

M

W

HEELER'S TOM THUMb LETTUCE,

Is. per packet, post free.
J. C. Wheellr & Son, Seed Gi'owers, Gloucester.

w

Wood's Frame Radish.
OOD AND INGRAM beg to ofler the Trado their
pure and original stock of the above. Price on application,

^ Nurseries, Huntingdon,

To the Trade-

RAPHANUS CAUDaVIUS. — Price per 100 or
1000 Seeds, on application. Fine large sample, saved In the
open border, and warranted true.

Stuart & Mein, Kelso, N.B.

ERUSALEM ARTICHOKES.

A quantity to offer at a moderate price.
St DART & Mein, Kelso, N.B.

FEARNOUGHT CABBAGE, DALMENY SPROUTS,
THE ALBERT SPROUT, have withstood the late severe frosts
without injury. From the Original Stocks as sent out by us.
Per Packet, 6d. each.
Stuart ft Mein, Seedsmen, Kelso, N. B.

BROCCOLI, The HORTICULTURAL SUPERIi LATE.
— It is satisfactory to know that this variety, sent out by us, has
withstood the late severe frosts without, the slightest injury. In use
April and May. Per Packet, Is.

Stuart & Mein, Seedsmen, Kelso, N. B.

CONQUEROR BROCCOLI.— The finest Broccoli in
Cultivation is BARCHARD'S CONQUEROR. See large

Advertisement in the Uai-dnit:rs' Chronii^le, Decenitier 8, 1860,
WiTTv & Son, Seed Establishment, Cottinghaio, near Hull.

CatteU's Eclipse Broccoli.— To the Trade.

WHORLEY has a few pounds of Seed of this fine
• LATE BROCCOLI to offer. Price and particulars ftee by
post on application. Toddington, Beds. '

To the Trade.

CHOICE stocks of GREEN-TOP SWEDE and
PURPLE-TOP YELLOW SCOTCH TURNIP.

Price on application.
jAUXi DicisoN & Sons, Seed Merchants, Chester.

G'^'ENUINE SCOTCH PERENNIAL RYE-GRASS.
Special offers of abr-ve with samples on application to
MuNBo Bhothers, Seed Merchants, Inverness, >.B,

146

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[1?EBRITAI?Y 16, 1867.

tarly Spring Flowers.

WEBB'S GIANI POl//AlSTHa.S find CO'WSLTP,
with all the best varieties of L^oiiblc and Sinfilo PRIMROSES,
3?ANSIES, &c., with Seeds of single varieties. LIST of prices of
different kmdG on application to

Mr- Werh, Calcot Gardens. Reading.

Wholesale Catalogue of Nursery Stock.

GEORGE JACKMAN and SON'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 186(3 and Spring 1867, cMi
be had fiea on application, comprising Fniit Trees, Roses, American
Plants, Conifers, Clematises, Evergreen and Decidious Trees and
Shrubs, and transplanted Forest Trees, &c., &c.

Woking Nursery, Surrey.

NEW S E E D S . ~ Eor a *' weli-arrangecl,
comprehensive, and trustworthy " CATALOGUE of
FLOWER, VEGETABLE, AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, and
GARDEN REQUISITES, see J. Scoti'b PRICED CATALOGUE,
pplication to
. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

IjTRENCH ASTKRS.;— TrufFaut's Reine Marguerite,
Ju direct from the Continent, the most beautiful Aster grown,
500 Seeds, Is, TnifTuufs Dwarf Preony-flowering, mixed, colours 500
seeds. Is. Crown Globe Aster, new, purple and crimson, with white
centres, 500 seeds, !■■;. Also Dwarf Ton-week Stocks, extra double,
18 colours, mixed, 500 seeds. Gd. All genuine imported seeds. Free
by p03t. Mr. Hammond, Bedwin Street, Salisbury.

YIULA CORNU TA (True), the quickest and best way
of getting into a large and tme Stock.— One Hundred Plants of
Mr. Bennett's variety of the above beautiiul and hardy Bedding
Plant sent on receipt of Post office Order for 12s. 6d , package
included. The plants are nice acd tufty. By separating them now,
and by Cuttings, the above quantity could be made into thousands.
Apply to Stuart & Meik, Nurserymen and Seedsmen, Kelso, N. B^
Post Paid.

Viola corimta, var. I'urple Queen,

l.s'. and '2s. Gd. per Packet.

BS. WILLIAMS has purchased Mr. Bennett's entire
• stock of the above. None genuine unless in Packets bearing

B, S. W.'s name and address.

VIOLA CORNUTA, var. MAUVE QUEEN, M., Is., and 2s. Gd.
per Packet.
B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, N,

'Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLARD, Seed Giiower and MehchanTj
20, Quai de la M^gissfirie, Paris, France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEEDS, in English weights
and money, post free on application.

To tUe Seed Trade.— Continental Flower Seeds, ac.
'\J^ W. WENDEL, Seed Gkoweu, &c., Erfurt, Prussia,
Jj • begs to announce that his WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of
the above is now ready, and may be had free and post paid on
application to his Agent,
Geo, MACiNTosn, Seedsman, &c.. High Road, Hammersmith, W.

New Iris Ksempferi.

EH. KEELAGE and SON, NuRSERT^rEN,
• Seedsmen, and Florists. Haarlem, Holland, beg to offer
three splendid new varieties of the IRIS K_ffiMPFERI, introduced
from Japan by the late Dr, von Siebold, and of which thev possess
the stock, viz., LE SOUVENIR, 4s. each; ALEXANDER VON
SIEBOLD, 5s. ; ALEXANDER VON HUMBULDT, C.f. The set
of the tbree, 12s. tirt. These Inses are figured in " Neerland's
PlantentTiin," and two of them mentioned in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, 1807, No. 4, p. 75.

GLADIOLUS BOWIENSIS, the finest variety for
Grouping (see Gardeners' Clironicle, pp. llflG-7, 1860). Good
blooming roots, 6s., Ss., and lOs. per 100. The latter extra large.
Febniary is the best month for planting.
WiNDEDANK & KiNosBURY, Bcvols Vallcy Nursery, Southampton.

GLADIOLI. — Collections containing all the finest
varieties in cultivation, many new, and offered for the first.
time, 1053., 63s., 42s., 30s., 25s.. 20s., 15s.. 12s. BRENCHLETENSIS,
the most showy of all, extra strong roots, 3s. per doz., 20s. per 100.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LISTS free on application.
Butler, McCullpch & Co., South Row, Covent Garden, W.C.

New and Choice Flower Seeds.-

Free by Post on Rail.

QtJTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of

O FLOWER SEEDS are sent free by Post or Rail. Prices

as under : —

No. 1 Collection of the best English and German varieties,

with instructions on cultivation

No. 2 Collection of ditto ditto

No. 3 Collection of ditto ditto

No. 4 Collection of ditto ditto

No, 5 Collection of ditto ditto

Small and useful Collections can also bo had from 2s. to 7s. Gd.,
free by post.

For particulars of the above, see SUTTON'S DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE, gi-atis and post free on application.

SoTTON & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

£2 2
1 11

0
G
0

0 16 0
0 10 0

THE CZAR VIOLET is still finely in BLOOM,
uninjured by the late Frosts below zero. The flowers are
nearly twice as large as the old Russian, on very long stout foot-
stalks.^ \ Awarded First-class Certificates and Prizes wherever
exhibited. Strong plants in Bloom, lOs. per dozen, prepaid, may be
had of Mr. John Graham, Cranford, Hounslow. The usual allowance
to the Trade.
Also fine RASPBERRY CANES, of sorts, 4s. per 100.

Chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemums,
Chrysanthemums.

ADAM FOESYTH'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For-
warded to all applicants for one stamp.

Brunswick Nursery, Stoke Newington, London, N.

RICOLOR PELARGONIUM

Mrs, Pollock, 7s. and 9s. per doz. I Sunset, 21s. per doz.
Italia Unita, 21s. per doz. | Mrs. Benyon, 24s. per doz.

In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package included,
Remittimce reqviived from unknown Correspondents.

iLFRED Fkyeb, Nursories, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

Geraniums, Geraniums, Geraniums.

JC. PADilAN, Nurseryman, Seedsman, Florist,
• &c., Boston Spa, Tadcaster, Torkshire, begs to offer the
following 12 varieties of ZONAL and other GERANIUMS for 12s.,
package included : — Sunset, Mrs. Pollock, Rose Rendatler, Pink
Stella Variegated Stella. Amy Hogg, Glory, Wiltshire Lass, Le
G-rantl, Virgo Marie, Miss Parfltt, and Mr. Wni. Paul.

J. C. P. has a large stock of Pink, Scarlet, White Zonal, and other
O^eraniums, including fiiany of the best varieties with variegated
f Jliage, all good strong plants.

Cash or reference from unknown correspondents.
Post-office Orders payable at Boston Spa.

THE best FLOWER SEEDS, iu Economic Packets,
free by post.— The following superb GERMAN ASTERS and
STOCKS, in separate colours.

ASTERS.— 20 var. Truffaut's Ppeony Perfection, 3s. 4d. ; 12 var.
Dwarf Chrysanthemum, 2s. ; 12 var. Globe, 2s. ; 12 var. Quilled, 2s. ;
C var. FEeony-flowered Globe, Is, ; 6 var. Victoria, Is. ; 6 var. Rose, Is, ;
6 var. Boltze's dwarf Bouquet, Is. ; 6 var. Crown or Cocardeau, Is. ;
' var. Glinti Emperor, Is. Gd.

STOCKS. — 24 var. Dwarf Ten-week, 4s. ; 20 var. Large-flowering
do., 3s. 4d. ; 4 Var. Dwarf Bouquet do.. Is. ; 8 var. Intermediate,
Is. \d. ; 0 var. Emperor, Is. ; 6 var, Brompton, Is. ; Double German
Wallflower, 10 var.. Is. 8d.

Any less number than those named, sent if required. Mixed
nackets of any of the above, 3d. andOd. each.

Choicest PHLOX DRUMMONDII, LARKSPURS, MIMULUS,
PETUNIA, &c., in packets, Grf. and Is. eaeh.

PRIMULA, CALCEOLARIA, CINERARIA., and BALSAM, in
packets. Is. and 2h. 6d. each.

See PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, tree by post.
James Tvnan, Seed Wflrchouse, es, Great George Street, Liverpool

GARDEN SEEDS.

WILLIAM PAUL,

(Son and Suc(;essor to the late A. Paul),
PAUL'S NURSERIES and SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.,

BEOS TO ANNOUNCE THAT HIS

SELECT LIST OF VEGETABLE, FLOWER SEEDS, ETC.,

IS NOW EEABY, AND WILL BE FORWARDED POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

Tlie following Novelties recently introduced by Hm have already become standard varieties, and the
Seeds now offered have been saved from pure original stocks : —

i

PAUL'S "WALTHAM BRUSSELS SPROUTS. — This variety is
quite distinct, the Sprouts possessing the valuable quality ot
being green to the centre, and retaining the same colour when
cooked. Is. per packet,

PAUL'S WALTHAM MARKET CABBAGE. — Large, very even
growth, early and fine, mild flavour ; pronounced by all who

liave seen it the finest sort in cultivation. Is. per packet.
PAUL'S IMPROVED TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER. —This is a
prodigious bearer, frequently producing four or five fine fruit at
a joint; very handsome, and excellent flavour; particularly
recommended for a house or winter forcing. Is. per packet,

PAUL'S SELECTED EXTRA CURLED PARSLEY.— Large and
very superior ; pronoimced by all who have grown it firom my

stock the best in cultivation. 6d. per packet.

SUPERB DWARF HERTFORDSHIRE CAULIFLOWER. —Very

large, pure white close heads, remaining fit for use much longei'
than most other sorts; very hardy, having ftequentlj stood in
winter under a south wall witliout aiiy other protection.
Is. per packet.

BROCKETT HALL BROWN COS LETTUCE. -Very hardy, large,
crisp, and excellent flavour ; stands a long time aAer most other
sorts without running to seed ; good for sowing at any season ;
the finest Lettuce gi-own. Is. per packet,

PAUL'S SUPERB CRIMSON BEET.— This variety as improved by

me is unsurpassed in colour and flavour. Is. per oz.

PAUL'S IMPROVED LATE CURLED BORECOLE.— Unsurpassed
as a " Curled Green," very hardy ; very productive, and continues
in fine condition for use till the end 01 April. Is. per packet.

COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS, 10s. Sd., and upTvai'ds.
COLLECTIONS of FLO'STER SEEDS, 5s. and upwards.

#* All Seeds Carriage ^'ee.

ESTABLISHED UPWARDS OF A CENTURY.

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, & CO.,

SOUTH ROW, COVENT GARDEN MARKET, W.C.

SEEDSMEN TO HER MAJBSTTS COMMISSIONTSRS OF WOODS AND FORESTS, TO THE COMMISSIONERS FOR
THE COLONIES, TO THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES OF THE PUNJAUB, BOMBAY, ETC., ETC.

Holders of Prize Medals from International Exhibitions of botli 1851 and 1862.

NEW GARDEN SEEDS (Crop 1866)

IN COMPLETE COLLECTIONS FOR ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY.

No. 1, £3 8s. ; No. 2, £2 2s. ; No. 8, £l lOs. ;
No. 4, £l Is. ; No. 5, lOs. 6d.

PRICED CATALOGUE, containing details of at)ove
Collections, also full descriptions of all Vegetable and Flower
Seed Novelties of tliis season, Post Free.

Orders amounting to 21s, sent Carriage Paid. All Packets of Flower Seeds sent Post Paid.

GENUINE SEEDS, CARRIAGE FREE.

B. S. WILLIAMS'

NEW GENERAL PRICED AND DESCRIPTIVE SEED CATALOGUE

FOR 1867

CAN BE HAD FEEE ON APPLICATION.

THE VEGETABLE SEED PART

CONTAINS

LISTS of the best Tarieties of cacli kind of VEGETABLE. Only those sorts are recommended that can be
elied upon for producing sure and good crops. Especial attention is directed to the following NEW and CHOICE
KINDS, fuU descriptions of which will be found in the Catalogue.

WILLIAMS' ALEXANDRA BROCCOLI, 2s. M. per packet I NUNEHAM PARK ONION, 2s. (W. per packet

WILLIAMS' MATCHLESS RED CELERiMs. per packet ,; MALVERN HALL MELON, la. Od. per packet

ORANGEFIELD DWARF TOMATO, 2s. per packet I DIG&WELL PRIZE ENDIVE, Is. per packet

RAPHANUS CAUDATUS (The Wonderftll Radish), Is., 2s., and fis. per packet.

COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GAEDEN SEEDS, to suit Gardens of rarious sizes, for Contents of

wliich see page 44 in Ciitalogue ; —

lOs. 6d., 21$., 42s., 63s., 84s. each.

THE FLOWER SEED PART

CONTAINS

Imnorted and English-grown FLOWER SEEDS, in Collections.

The Best of the New Introductions, 1866, in ANNUALS, BIENNIALS, and PERENNIALS.

Choice ^ains of FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

The following are unequalled

PRIMULA (WiLLiiMs' superb strain, the finest in cultivation).—
Red, White, or Mixed Seed, 2s. M., 3s. eii., and is. par packet.

CALCEOLARIA (JiJiis's strata, the best variety tor exhibition).—
Colours are exceedingly rich, profusely spotted and veined
2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., and 6s. per packet.

BALSAM (Williams' finest strain). ~A stand of flowers, the pro-
duction of this strain, was exhibited at the July Show of the
Royal Botanic Society, and was the adnilration of all. Is. and
2s. Qd. per packet.

CINERARIA (Weatherill's extra choice strain). — This is the mos
popular strain in Corent Garden Market. 3s. Od. and 6s. per pkt

LILIUM AUKATUM (a large importation of this beautiful Lily just received).— Strong Bulbs, 3s. 6d., 5s.,
7s. 6d., and lOs. 6d. each.

VICTOMA and PABADISE NUESERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

Februauy ir>, 18C7.J

THE GARDENERS' OHRONTCEE ANT) AfiRTOIIT.TlIRAL GAZETTE.

147

THE LONDON SEED COMPANY,
(18, Wolbock Street,

CuvciidiHli Square, W.

HE~ LcIn 1> 0~N "see D COM pXn Y.~

Tlio Ooiiuiftl "I'KU'K CURRKNT of GARDEN and VARM
SEEDS "fH now nm,ly, iukI ctm bo IkmI onanpllcatlLiii.GnitiH, nmtbovo-

HE L 0 N D O N SEED C 0 M P A N Y'S

COLLICCTIONS or SEEDS.

No. 1.— Completo Colloution, Biiflloloiit for a large Garden £.T 0 ft

No. 3.— Comiiloto Oolluctioii Hir a niodorato sizo Oardon .. 2 0 (t

No. 3.— Completo CDiloctiuii in mjidiII tiuantitioa . . . . 1 " 0

No. 4.— Conipluto t'oUcctloii I'ur asnmll Giirdcii .. .. Q In 0

No. 6,— Coin pi 0 to CulluctliJii fur a BiiiaU Gardeu . . . . 0 10 0

LISTS cau bo bad on applioatiun fioLu the above addrcKa.

TnB ~L 0 N b 0 N '~s ¥?:!> company.
CARRIAGE ARRANGEMENTS.
The Directors biivo nmdo nrraiigeuients with all tUo Railway and
StO'ini Companlt's to deliver all Suods, with the exception of heavy
articloti, such an Grain, Turus, &o ,

CARRIAGE FREE
for oil Orders of the value of Mi^.. to any Railway Station in England
and Wales, or to ntiy Stcani Tort in England, Waios, Ireland, or
Scotland, GuoTDsey. or Jersey.

IMPOitTANT ANN OUNCEM ENT.- A Discount of
10 per Cent, will bo allowed bv the London Seed Company on all
Ordei-H abnvo £10 ; 16 per Cent, above £50 ; liO per Cent above £100.
It will, therefora, be desirablo for ft-icnda to unite logettier in a
District or Neighbourhood, and so obtain those liberal Diacounta.

TEN. FIFTEEN, und TWKNTY PER CENT.
DISCOUNT will lie alUnved on all Orders given to tho "London
Seod Conip.iny" above £10, £50. and £UHt respectively.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM LMii now semi, post free for six postage
I stamps, Part I, (British FurdS and their varioties. .10 patres,
inol idiiiK prieuii of Hardy ExoLic Ferns) of his NEW and TRICED
DE-^CKIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.R,, a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Lint: of South Eastern Railway.

Xilium speclosum var. vestalis.
/1E0RGE WHEELER respectfully announces he ie
vX now prepared to sond out the above very desirable New LILY.
It is early, blooms 'profusely, and is of a more dwarf and compact
habit than others of the lancifoliuni tribe to which it 'belongs, it is
verv swpet. of a pure white, and the petals being regularly refloxod,
makes tho form of tho flower unexi;eptionable. Stiong Flowering
Roots may now be had in a dry &tate, if ordered immediately, price
10s. Cd. each. Remittance must accompany the Order from unknown
correspondent?.

Warminster Nurseries.

Ranunculuses, Flower Seeds, &c.

CTYSO, Florist. "\V:\lliu?ford, Berk^, off.irs, from
• unrivalled Collections : —

* RANUNCULUSES. 50 fine sorts, named, £1.

* 25 splendid Seedlines, £1 5^,

* DOUBLE ANEMONES. 25 fine varieties, 6s. Gd.
•IMPORTED GERMAN SEEDS — Asters. Ralsama, Stocks,

Poppies, Phloxes, Larkspurs, Wallflowers, Zinnias, &c., in named
nfsortments. from \.t. to da. each.
•CHOICE ANNUAL SEEDS, 25 varieties, f.,5.

CATALOGUES griitis, or post free for one stamp.
Tiiubo articles can be forwarded by post.

American Plants, &c.

WATERFR AND GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGDE of RHODODENDRONS

and other American Plants for this Autumn, will be sent on
application. The CataloKUo also gives a summary of their General
Nursery Stock, probably tho most extensive in tne kingdom.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

Rhododendrons.

JOHN AVATEKER'S Dil;:^CRlPTIVE CATALOGDE
of HARDY SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS is now
published, and will be lorwarded on application. It faithfully describes
the colours of the new v.irieties exhibited by him at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. An Abridged List of popular
CONIFERS .with heijihts and prices, is likewise combined.

The Amencan Nuraei-y, Bagshot, Surrey, near Sunningdale Station,
South-Western Railway.

Hardy Scarlet and other Rhododendrons.

WH. ROGERS, Red Lodge Nursery, Southamptou,
• can offer splendid named varieties of the above, strong
bushy Plants, well .set with blooming buds, at £10 per 100, or selected,
SfiR. per dozen; also a general NURSERY STOCK of FRUIT,
FOREST, and ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS, extending
over GO Acres. Detailed CATALOGUES and every information
may be had on application.

Nursery and Seed Establishment, Dumfries.

THOMAS KENNEDY and CO. will be glad to send
the following CATALOGUES to any address on application :—

Xu. II. CATALOGUE of FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL
TREES, &c. [&c.

No. III. CATALOGUE of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS,

No. IV. CATALOGUE of AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, &c. (pub-
ished end of February).

"The fulness, expansiveness, and selectness of the Catalogues of
Messrs. Thomas Kennedy & Co. proclaim in loud language, their
honour and respectability, and also the wide-spread nature of their
dealings. We can only reiterate our former favom-able commenda-
tions, and say to ail who may be disposed to deal with the Arm that
they will, under all circumstances, be treated in all integrity and
uprightness." — The FleM.

*»" As the season for executing Garden Seed Orders is so very
1 liintod, T. K. & Co. would feel particularly obliged to those friends
wlnF intend favouring them with their Orders to let them have them
at their earliest convenience.

I'uKtDtLivKaT. — Garden and Farm Seeds, under certain limitatioDB,
•Ai-j delivered Free of Carriage at all tho Railway Stations ss formerly^

V molCETraNG^-FlXrWE'RING HARDY PLANTS.

AUllICITLAS, finest Alpine, per dozen, 6s.

CHRISTMAS ROSE, HELLEBORCS NIGER, per dozen, 9s.

IIEPATICAS, Double Red, per dozen, is.

,, Single White, per dozen, Os.

,, Single Blue, per dozen. 48.

,, Double Blue, Is. (id. each; single Mauve, new, each. Is. 6rf.
HELLEBORUS ATBORUBENS, Red, per dozen. 18s.

,, OLYMl-ICUS, Pink, per dozen. Us.

PRrMROSES, Double, in 3 fine sorts, per dozen, Os.
POLYANTHUS, finest mixed, per dozen. Zs.
PAMPAS GRASS, extra fine, 403. per 100; per dozen, 6.«.
VIOLETS, Double Red, White, Blue, Lilac and Striped, two of
each for 7s. Urf.
„ Sini;le vaiietioR, White. Blue, Striped, THE CZAR and

THE GIANT, two of eich for Ss.
WALLFLOWKKS, Doublo G 'Men Yellow and Dark, per dozen, 63.
POUGET-MK-NOT, " true." Myosotis palustris, per dozen, is,
ffiNOTHERA M1SSOORIE5^SIS [EVENING PRIMROSE),

per dozen, Gt.
CAMPANULA PYRAMIDALIS, per dozen, Os.
IJAISIES ill 6 choice kmds, per dozen. 4s.

N.B. The following additional Nurserymen have ordered the
magnificent New Violet QUEEN of VIOLETS, For full description,
4c., see Oardenera' Chronidc of December 1, 186G, p, 1134:—
Cattell, Mr. Jolin, Westcrham, I Miller, Mr. W., Andover, Hants.

Kent. McHattie. J., Chester.

Wrii^ht, Mr. W., Retford, Notts. 1 Hanuaford, W.. Toignmouth.

Strong Plants for Spring Flowering, Is. Orf. each, 18s. per dozen,
JE6 per 100. With usual allowance to Trade.

CATALOGUES for one Stamp. Post Office Orders on Caatl-
^QdlDgham

Wu. DiLU&TOKE, Slble QediQgbam, Essex

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

.JuHt Piiblishod, post freo, 12 stamps (gratis to customers).

CARTER'S UARDENKRS' and FARMERS' YADE
MECUM for 1807.
In consequence of tho incr aslng interest taken in Subtropical
Plants and in tho (Itior Kordor Flowers, Jasies C'AaTF.n & Co. hiivj
dovotod special attention to those subjects in their now issue of tho
above work, and tho following original and practical articles plainly
mdlcato the roiidlest way to got up a stock of these subjects In tho
most ocononiical way : —

On tho Cultivation of Hardy Flowers froia aeed.
How to raise Hardy Flowors irom .^eed.
Ornamental Annmils.
Flno-follagod Plants fVom Seed. Also,
On Laying Down Grass S^ud for Permanent Pasture, &c.
Forwarded for 12 htanips on application to Carthr's Groat London
Seod Warobou'io, '237 and 23B, High Holbom, Loudon, W.C.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

pARTER'S COLLECTIONS of GARDEN SEEDS for

Vy 1867 will produce a supply of tho best Vegetables "all tho

year round" for large, medium, small, and very small families.

No, 4. 0:is. ; No. 3, 42s. ; No. 2, 21s. ; No. 1, 10s. Gd.

(These prices include box and packing.)

*»* Any of tho above lorwarded without d> lay on i-ecelpt of Post-

oflice Ordor, PRICE LISTS graiis and post free on application to

Caut^r's Groat London Seed Warebouse, 237 and 238, High
Holburn. London, W.C. ^___

rp.0YD0A/ New Garden Seeds.

^-TT^rj^^^ ARCHIBALD HENDER-

/V^^i-7rr^Qy\ f^ON'S DESCRIPTIVE

/ .^^/^>iLlL-^^'^^^ PRICED CATALOGUE and useful

/^/l' © (6\^\ ^'^f^^EN ALMANACK is now
I _2 fiilV ^*' ^*' ^^\in ^ I Published, containing much useful
\ '* Wt ^sJfc "^^ III 7 -5 / information. Can be had gratis and
\ C^vs^ g^-_ _jf-/ <4/ / post free on application.

\v /^ C r c rj •**/ Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath,

/rlTr^*"™^— r'^^^^^iTT^ Surrey ; and at the East Surrey

''^.^^gl ' SH £P_(^|y Seed Warehouse, College Grounds.

^^ ^^ North End, Croydon.

High Beech, Essex.

CnoiCE RnouoDENniiONS and Azaleas, Hardy.

JAMES CRAWFORD has many fine Plants to dispose
of, some of them in ftill Bloom; one has 30 Bunches now open,
and Was in f-'lower at Chris'mas. He is also gay with other Flowers,
such as HYACINTHS, DEUTZIAS, HB:ATHS, EFACRLS, POLY-
GALAS, AZALEA INDICA, THOP^OLUMS, PRIMULAS,
CROCUS, &c. He mo.st respectfully solicits inspection.

T A S. G A R A AY A Y and C 0.,

fJ NuasEHVMXN and Seedsmen,

Durdham Down Nm-series, Bristol.

QEEDS for the KITCHEN GARDEN.
T A S. G A R A W A Y and CO.

U EEDS i^ the FLOWER GARDEN.
T A S. G A R A W A Y and" C~0.

O E E D 5 for the FARM.
Q E E D S, Best Quality, at Cheapest Kates.
T A S. G A R A W A Y and G^

"DRI CED CATALOGUES, Post Free.
T A S. G A R A W A Y and Fa

/carriage PAID of all ORDERS oyer 20s.

J' ITS. G A R A W~XY and C O.,

Nurserymen and Seedsmen,
Durdham Down Nuraeries, Bristol.

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, &;c.

ROBERT PARKER begs to announce that his
CATALOGUE, containing "olect DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
tho finest kinds in cultivation of tho above-named is now published,
and will be forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from the best possible sources, all are warranted
genuine, and are offered at the lowest possible prices. Inteuding

gurchasers are requested to compare the prices with those of other
ouses. Exotic Nmsery, ToKtinii. burrey, S.

Prize Medal Seeds.

COLLECTIONS of VEUETABLE SEEDS for ONE
YEAR'S SUPPLY, at Moderate Prices. Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4,
Carnage Free. For particulars and quantities contained in each,'see
large A'lvertisemeiit in the Oard£7urs' ClironicJe of February 9tn. or
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, which will be sent free
by post on application.
No.

1. For One I'ear's supply £3 3 0

2. ,, proportionately reduced 2 2 0

3 ,; ,. ,. Ill 6

4 110

6 ,. 0 16 0

G. ' " ;; 0 10 6

TOBACCO PAPER, per lb. 9d
TOBACCO CORD, extra strong, per lb. Is. 6rf.
TOBACCO JUICE, per Gallon, 2s. 9ti.
TOBACCO WATER, per Gallon, Is.
Henry Brown, Nui-serymau and Seedsman, 4, Commutation Row,
Iilverpool

PAUL AND SON'S SEED CATALOGUE will be sont
wltli pleasure to any apnlleaiit It cuiitaliis, with unual nuittor,
Doacrlptlvo Priced I-lHta ol carufully solwctod NoVLltlos in Socji ;
SoodR of Ornamental FfiliaKod Pliints lor Subtropical Flowor GajdWi-
liiK ; Gladioli, witlj original Notes on tliolr CulLuro.

Tho Old Cliohhunt Nur-^orios and SoodHliop, Chouhunt, N.

T- 0 W E It

SEEDS.

CuUoctlon of 20 Choice VariotloH —
., Frt-noh Asti^rs

„ Crown Aators

„ Gorniau Siocku

20 choice varlotiofl of !■
TUoaboveaoIoctlon, of t,ho cbolcost varlutios and tho Ilnwit quality,
sent on receipt of pMHt-ullloo order Tor KSk

J. C. WiiKri.Kn fi, Son, Heed OmweiH, Gloucester,

1 oz. Mlgnonotto

1 oz. Nomophlla Innlgnli)

) pint Sweet Poan

Flower .Seeds for ISs.

General Plant Catalogue.

BS. WILLIAMS' PRICED CATALOGUE,
• cuutaiiilng Select Lists of Cboice Exotic Orcbids, Foms.
Stovo and Grc-iihouso Plants, Indian Azaleas, V.ariegatod ana
OritanK-ntal Foliauied riants. Fuchsias, Polargonliims, Rhododen-
dronB, VorhoniiH, Poturihis, Phloxee, Cinerarias, ChrysanthemumP,
Hardy Variegated Plants, Roses, tVult Trees, Vines, &c. ; also a
DcMcrlptlvu Llht of New luid Rare Planta.

Can bo had i)ost Ireo on application.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upper Holloway. London, N.

RICHARD SMl'Iirs SKKD CATALOGUK uontaine a
Calendar of Tlmo for Sowing, particulars of Collections, with
Prices, Directions for Cropping well and economicjiUy. Soli, Manure,
Depth, Distance. Season, llardlnefis. Duration, Form, Height,
Coliur, Storins, Use, Flavour, and other quaUtios. described.

Tilts List Free by Post for ono stamp. Seeds direct IVora the
Growers the surest way to succos'^.

RiruAHD Smith, Seod Merchant, Worcester.

New Descriptive Lists.

DOWNIE, LAIKD, anu LAING, Nursfuymen,
Si:kusmen, Fi.ojti.'-Tf.. and Nhw Pi.\mt Mkrcuants, 17, South
KiL-ticnck Struct, Edtnlmrgh ; and Stanstead Park, Forest IIlll,
l.nTMinn SE, respectfully beg to Intimate that their NEW
DKSCKIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES ofFLORIST FLOWERS,
(iAitOKN. FLOWER, and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, GLADIOLI,
ROSES, itc, are now ready, ;ind may tj'.> had hcu on application.

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Road Nurseries,
Y'eo-'il, Somerset, begs to intimate that his CATALOGDE of
SKEDS for tho GARDEN and FARM is now ready, and can be
obtained free on application. It contains a .Select and Choice Stock,
everything being ol the best quality, and are offered at unequalled
low prices.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited,
Corn, Seed, Manure, and Oilcake Mebcdants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.G. ; or Ba-singstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, ie.1I,
for Wheat 1S02, lor "Excellent Seed Corn and Seeds."

300.000 Hazel, Transplanted.

T SCOTT, Meiriott, Somerset, has the above to offer,
• in fine condition, 2 to 2i ft., 25s. ; 2* to 3 ft., 27«. Crf. ;
.3 to 34 ft., SO.'*. ; 31 to 4 ft., SS.-;. ; 4 to 6 ft., 4us. per 1000.

FOREST TREES, twice and thrice Transplanted, in all sizes.
Catalogues gratis.

CEDRUS DEODARA, 3 to 4 ft., 4 to 5 ft., 5 to 0 ft., and C to 7 ft.,
from 30.S. to GiW. per dozen.

GREEN HOLLIES, 20.000 wcll-rooted, irom 2 to 3 ft., and from
30s. to 40s. per lOO.

FRUIT TREES, in 20O0 sorts, and in all manner of training. The
most complete collection in England.

A 92-page CATALOGUE, with large Supplement ftill of Fruit Tree
Information^ ^^_^_

Guaranteed of the Finest Quality.

CHARLES NOBLE offers the following HALF-
MILLION PLANTS to the notice of purchasers. They must
be clertred by April t.j make room for other stocks. Pi'ices, on appli-
cation, will be found lower tban ever before offered for the same
quality.

200,000 1-yr. SPANISH CHESTNUTS, fine.
20,000 1-yr. TURKEY OAKS, fine.
150,000 1-yr. THORNS, fine.
6,000 2-yr. BERBERIS JAPONICA.
50.000 MANETTI STOCKS, vu»v fine.
20.000 DEUTZIA CRENATA FLURE PLENO.
16,000 ERICA HEKBACEA.
10,000 SPRUCE FIRS, IJ to 3 feet.
3,000 ARUNDO CONSPICUA.
3,000 PICEA NORDMANNIANA, U toSfeet.
10,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 15 to 20 inches, and aafar

through.
20.000 finest n:uned RHODODENDRONS.
10,000 HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES, the finest kinds known, and

supposed to be the finest plants in tne trade.
1,600 DWARF MAIDEN PEACHES and NECTARINES,
particularly fine and well-grown.
500 GRAPE VINES, Hamburgh and other kinds, from Eyes,
ripe, close-joiuled wood ; very fine indeed.
Special quotations for large quantities,
TRADE and RETAIL CATALOGUES ft-ee on application.

Bagshot, February 10.

YIRGO AND SON having a large Stock of the

following, can ofter them at very low prices : —
FOREST TREES.

Fir, Scotch, li to 2 ft., extra flue

Spruce, 3 to 4 feet, extra fine

„ Larch, 2, 3, & 4 ft., extra fiue

Hazel, 2i to 34 feet, extra fine

Holly, Green, IJ to 2 feet, bushy

Laurel, Common, 2\ to 3 ft., bushy

., Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. bushy

Privet, 2 to 3 feet, extra bushy

w,

Alder, 3 to 5 feet, extra strong
Ash, 18 inches to 2 feet
Beech, 2 to 3 feet, very good
Berberis dulcis, 2 to 3 feet

,, Aqulfolmm, 1 to IJ foot
Chestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 leet, and
6 to 6 feet
„ Spanish, 2 to 3 feet

Strong CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS.
Strong MANETTI STOCKS.
FRUIT TREES.
Apples, Standards and Dwarfs, very strong
Cherries. Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dwarf-tramed, extra fine
Fears, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Nectarines, Dwarfs and. Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Kentish Filberts, 4 to G feet, exti-a tine
Crab Stocks, 2 years Seedlmgs

PRICED LIST or samples on application at
The Nursery, Wonersh, near Guildford, Surrey.

Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., has to otter at very moderate
prices TRANSPLANTED ASH, ALDER, BIRCH, HORSE
CHESTNUT. ELM, broad and narrow-leaved; SILVER and
SCOTCH Flks, WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE, HAZEL OAK
POPLAR, PRivET, WEYMuUTH and AU-STRIAN PINES.
THORN QUICKS, HUNTINGDON and DUTCH WILLOWS,
LARCH, good stout plants, li to ■- f'^of^. l'"^- : 2 to 2i feet, 13s. ; 2 to
Sfeet, 14s ; and 3 to 4 feet, 168 per 1000. NORWAY SPRCCE FIR,
6 to 9 inches, 6s. ; 9 to 12 mches, 9s. ; 1 to Rleet lis. ; li to 2feet,
■ns ■ and 2 to 2* feet, 30s. per 1000. COTONEASTER MICRO-
PHYLLA, 1 to U feet, 20s. per 1000 ; IJ to 2 feet. RIBES in sorls,
2to 3 ft.. 20s. per lOOO. ^NOVf BERRY. 2 to 3 ft., 2iJs^ Zf}^^^^^^S}k
WhiteandYellow,transplanted 15.^perlOOO.LAURELb, BE^^^^
ARBOR-VIT^, ac.Seedhng ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CHEbTNUT.
SPRUCE. 3 and 4 years; ELM, 2 years, ^5 PO' I'^^'WO. ^f^f^t
I an.l 9 Tnari- OAK EVERGREEN, 1 year; PRIVET, 1 and
2y°a^/ibTcAM0BE. RHODODENDRON PONTICDM 2yeaT»
Cs' ; 4 ye.^rs, is. per 1000 ; 3 years, and 1 So^"- '^Pi"".''?-. ^°'rf
3 years and 2 years transplanted, 26». ; 6 '» » >»=^°»i '"if. ■ /"J*
9 to 12 mohes, 6Us. per 1000. Tmce-transplanted, and toUy, 4 to
8 inches, 70«. ; 8 to 12 inolies, 95«. ; 9 to 15 incnes, U0». ; 1 to It leet,
'*Si.ScB?r£lVltre'dK"2ppUoation. Price to the Trade

°°jS«1m,n, Jan., Moor Edge N.rsery, Tansley, near Matlook,
Derbyshire. - _

148

THE GAIIBENETIS' CHTJONICLE AND AGMCTJLTtJRAL GAZETTE.

[I^EBETTAET 1(5. 1867.

STRONG and EXTRA STRONG FRUITING VINES.
—Upwards of 2000 from Eyes, including all the leading varieties,
with stout close-jointed thoroughly ripened Canoa, many of wliich,
if fruited In pots, will produce trom 8 to 10 bunches of Grapes next
season. Prices, &c., upon application.
James Dicksom & Sons, " Newton" Nursories, Chester.

PVEAMID APPLES, PEAKS, PLUMS, CHEKRIES.
Beautifal Trees for Garden or Orchard Houses.
Richard S«ith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Dwarf-trained Trees by tlie 1000, 100, or dozen.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, (JHEKKIES, PEACHES,
and NECTARINES. Fine, flat, well-trained, or best quality
and true to name.

Richard Smitb, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Fifty Acres of Fnilt Trees,

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS in every form desired for
Fruiting.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant. Worcester.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting In Pots.
REACHES, ^EuTAKINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,

PLDMS, PKARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RionARD Smith. Nur3er>-man and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

I^RUIT TREES, for Walls and Espaliers.— Upwards of
60,000 to select from, carefully trained, and in the healthiest
cnnditi'ju for planting.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

WALL-TRAINED TREES of BEARING SIZE.— uur
Wail-Tramed Fruit Trees this season are very fine, and
Include PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, and FIGS, suited
for planting in houses for immediate Fruiting. An inspection is

respectfully invited.

T. JACK.30W it Son, Nurseries, Kingston, Surrey.

G Large Fruiting Morello Cliemes.

EO. CLARKK has to otfer a few very handsome
TREES, now growing on -a wall and in the best possible state
for removal. They measure 12 to 18 feet through, are young, well
formed, and infruitful condition. Any person requiring such Trees
for immediate effect has an opportunity seldom to be met with.

Price ou application.
Geo. Clarke. Nunnery, Streatbam Place, Bristoa Hill, London, S.

Fruit Trees, &c.
APPLE, PEAR, PLUM and CHERRY TREES, best

-LX. kinds, strong Standards, 6 feet stem, per dozen, 12s,
CURRANT »nd GOOSEBERRY TREES, alt the best, strong good

plants, per 100, 12s. 6tf.
GIANT ASPARAGUS, strong ; 3 years, 3s. ; 4 years. 4s. ; 5 years, 5s.
■SelA KALE, strong, 3 years, fys. ; 4 years, 7s. ; 5 years, 10s. per 100.

The above are of excellent quality, and will give every satisfaction.
W. Jacksow & Co., Nurseries, Bedale, Yorks.

W Fruit Trees.

OOD AND INGRAaM wish to call the attention of
Planters and the Trade to their large stock of the following,
which they are prepared to supply at very moderate rates, accoiduig
to tho quantity taken :—

APPLES, Standards, Half Standards, and Dwarfs.
APRICOTS, Dwarf Maiden, cut back, and trained,
CURRANTS, fine busby plants, all the best kinds.
GOOSEBERRIES

GRAPE VINES, from Eyes, Planting and Fruiting Canes.
„ Layers, well-rooted. Canes 1 inch round.

NUTS and FILBERTS, all sizes up to 4 to 5 feet.
PEACHES, Dwarf Maiden, cut back and trained.
PEARS, Standards, Dwarfs, and Pyramids.
PLUMS, Standards, Half Standards, and Dwarfs.

CATAiOGUES and Prices on application.
The Nui'series, Huntingdon.

Maiden Fruit Trees.

Trde to Name, and of Excellent QcAtrTv.

JC. WHEELER and SON offer to the Trade fine
• Maidens of the following leading sorts :—

APRICOTS.

I Moorpai'k

Musch Musch
I Roman
PEACHES.]

Red Nutmeg
Padley's Seedling
Red Magdalen
Ronald's Purpie

Sub-tropical and Ornamental Foliaged Plants
from Seed.

WILLIAM ROLLISSON and SONS' NEW and
GENERAL SEED CATALOGUE, containing a List of tho
above, can bo bad on application to

The Nurseries, Tooting, London.

THIRTY THOUSAND 2-yr. SEEDLING THUJA
LOBBII. 3 to 4 Inches high, fine, distinct, and perfectly hardy
Arborvitaj. Foliage deep grass green, rapid growth, woU adapted
for hedges, &c., and will bear piunmg. Price (on apiiHcatlon) by
100, 1000, or GOOO.

Geo. Jaceman & Sok, Woking Nursery, Surrey.

JOHN WATERER has to offer a quantity of very
handsome AUCUBA JAPONICA, the whole of which are
profusely covered with Berries.

1st Size are Plants 2 feet high, bearing 150 to 200 Ben-los.
2d Size, 1 foot 6 mches, with 100 to 125 Berries.
3d Size, 1 foot, with 40 to 50 Berries.

Price from 10s. 6d. each and upwards.
The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey. _

True Englisli Elms,

Sditable fob Avenue and Hedge Row Planting.

P J. PERRY, NtTKSEiUMAN, Banbury, having a large
• stock of the above, will be pleased to furnish size and price
per 100 or 1000 on application.
^ The Nurseries, Banbury.

{\0 M M 0 iN LAURELS, well furnished plants,

w 3 to 4 feet, 20s. per 100, 190s. per 1000 ; 2 to 3 feet, lis. per ICO,

130s. per 1000.

LAURUSTINUS, busby plants, 18 inches to 30 inches, 28s. per 100.

Cash or reference from unknown correspondents.

R. Hatnes, Henwick Nursery, Worcester.

Tansley Nurseries, near Matlock, DerbysMre.

JOSEPH SMITH, Sen., invites Planters and the
Trade to Inspect his Nursery of 80 Acres of high land. The soil
Is of a fibrous nature, and the Plants take up with excellent roots,
such as to ensure the best success in their removal.

The Nursery contams many Hundred Thousanos of RHODODEN-
DRONS. COMMON and PORTUGAL LAURELS, BOX, BROOMS,
BERBERIS, HOLLIES, PRIVETS, YEWS, &c. Tho FOREST
TREES are very extensive, of all the leading kinds; there are
15 Acres of LARCHES, of different sizes, and all others in propor*
tion. Piices moderate, which can bo had on application as above.

CHAELES CLARKE, Windmill Hill Nursery,
Graveseud, Kent, can supply, on cheap terms, Large EVER-
GREENS, as Laurels, Box, Arbutus, Yews, Hollies, Phillyreas,
Portugal Laurels, Aucubas, Ivies, &c., all very handsome, and move
well. Also lOrnamental specimen Forest Trees, Scarlet Chestnuts,
&c ; Gooseberries and Currants, best sorts ; large Quick, Standard
Apples, Pears, and Plums ; Dwarf-tramed trees, all sorts, very fine;
large Asparagus for Forcing, Box Edging, &c. Evergreens uninjured
by the ttost. Parties treated liberally with, taking a quantity in
variety.

LT. DAVIS offtTs the following, prices of which can
• be had on application : —

2-yr. Bedded HIGHLAND SCOTCH FIR, very fine.
DOUBLE WHITE and DOUBLE LILAC PRIMROSES (hardy).
HEPATICAS, in 4 sorts.

WANTED, DOUBLE YELLOW PRIMROSES and SINGLE
WHITE HEPATICAS.

Ogle's Grove Nursery. Hillsborough, Co. Devon.

To the Trade— Contractors and Builders.

ONE HUNDRliD THOUSAND COilMUN LAURELS,
fine bushy plants, from 3 to 7 feet high; good for Blinds,
particularly for newly laid-out Grounds and Buildings. Theso
Laurels are very fine, and have not suffered from the frost.

Also 5,000,000 of Two-year SEEDLING ASH and CHESTNUTS,
ROSES, and other varieties of Shrubs.

Abel Fairall, Stanhope Nursery, Westevham Hill, Kent.

SAMUEL FINNEY and CO. have a surplus stock of
tho following, which they can offer to the Trade at very
low prices: —

ASH, Transplanted, from 3 to 5 feet

ELM, WYCH, Transplanted, from 2 to 3 feet and 3 to 4 feet
FIR, SCOTCH, Transplanted, from 15 to 24 inches
HOLLY, COMMON GREEN, Transplanted, from 1 to IJ foot and
OAKS, ENGLISH, Transplanted, from 2 to 2i feet [H to 2 feet

PINUS AUSTRIACA, Transplanted, from 1 foot and U foot
LARCH, 1-yr. Seedling, fine

Prices on application at
The Nurseries, Gateshead, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

CEDRUS DEODARA. — 100, 6 to 8 feet; also
160. 4 to 6 feet. The above are in perfect health, well
furnished, and lift with good balls ; every plant a perfect specimen.
The Advertiser also offers from 6000 to 8000 "splendid LARCH,
well gi'own ; height, trom 4 lo 6feet.

In order to clear the ground the above will be sold cheap on
application to
William Hendehson, Oxton Hill Nursery, Birkenhead, Cheshire.

HAND R. STIRZAKEa can supply in very large
♦ qu:intities as follows, quality good, and prices very low—
ALDER, ASH, BIRCH, BEECH, ELM, CHESTNUT {Horse and
Spanish), HAZEL, LARCH, OAK (English and Turkey), POPLAR
(Ontario and Black Italian), PRIVET (Evergreen. 11 to 3 feet)
SPRUCE FIR, SILVER FIR, SYCAMORE, WILLOWS, THORNS
YEW (English), splendid stuff, in sizes of 1, 2, 3, 4 feet, and upwards.
Special quotations for free delivery on appliciition.
Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

Carter's Grass Seeds for the International
Exhibition at Paris, 1867.

Breda
Hemsklrk
Red Masculine

Avant Red
Bellegarde
Chancellor
Double Montague
Kew Purple
Madeline de Courson
Smith's Newiugton

Sulhnmstead
Vanguard
NECTARINES.

I Grosse Violette
Rivers' Victoria

Due de Teliers

Temples , »w.d.=, v.uoumv

(Price and quantities will bo forwarded on application.
J. C. Wheeler & Sow, Nui-serymon. Gloucester.

H

TRAD E.

ALDERS, li to 2 feet, and 2 to 3 feet.
ELM, WYCH, U to 2 feet, 2 to 3 feet, and 3 to 4 feet
PRIVET, Box-leaved, IJ to 2 feet, and 2 to 3 feet
THORNS, BLACK, U to 3 feet.
QUICKS, li to 2i feet.
HUNTINGDON WILLOWS. 3 to 4 feet

PEARS, STANDARD and PYRAMIDAL ; strong ditto

Dwarf-tiained. '

LILACS. SYRINGA, GUELDER ROSE, and other deciduous

Shrubs.

Price on application to John Carter, Nursei^man. Heiehlev

\ orksUire. ' ^ ■>

Huntingdon Nurseries.

WOOD and INGRAJl offer the following at extremely
moderate rates, according to the quintlty taken:—
ASH, 2-yr. Seedling, and in Drills, 1* to 2 feet
BLACKTHORN, 1-yr., fine

CHESTNUT, HORSE, 1-yr., and 6 to 8 feet, transplanted
ELMS, NARR0W-LEAVE6 ENGLISH, 2\nd3?yr. Seedling and

transplanted, li to 2 teet °

K'5' gF.?5,5,^' ' '» 'I' '* '<> 2. 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet
'"'; 7'?F^ """^ BLACK AMERICAS, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5 and

5 to D leet '

FIR, BALM of GILEiVD, 1) to 2, and 2 to 3 feet

H i'*^'^T.'I°?^^ ,^o'?"?> 'i "> 2*. 1 "> 6. "nd 6 to 6 feet
HAZEL, IJ to 2, and 2 to 2* feet
GORSE, 1-yr. Seedling

"°^toiM'Ho1f;?nd'2\oS?S'='' ' ""'""='"'• » iolZino^e,.
HOLLY, VARIEGATED, 6 to 9, and 9 to 12 Inclic?
MAPLE, COMMON, u to 2 and 2 to 21, feet
MAPLE, COMMON, 1-yr, SeedUnj?. extra fine

/>'{Sy"'E''^'="''i'r'^'°=!-f*'° *'""<""■ : "i^tra fine, and bmhv

OAKS, 2.yr. Seedling, and drills, 2 to S and 3 to 4 feet

OAKS, TURKEY, 2.yr. Seedling, fine

POPLAR, BLACK ITALIAN, 2t03, 3 to4, 5to6 Oto7 ftstolnft

POPLAR, ONTARIO or AMERICAN, 2 to 3 and 12 toll feet

WHITE THOR.V QUICK, 3-yr. Seedlii.

ARBORVITiE, AMERICAN, IJ to 3i feet

AUBORVITjE LOBBII, extra Une specimens 3 to 7 feet

ABBORVIT^, SIBERLIN, 1 to Ij, I( to 2, 2 to 21 and 3 feet

^°2 t 2J ■''d^'l'* t^'*'' °'"'''' ^"^ '""'*'^ apeclmons, 1 to IJ, Ij to 2,

BEECH, PURPLE and COPPER, 6 to 6, and 6 to 8 feet

BERBERIS DULCIS, 1 to 2, and 3 to 4 feet

BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM, 1 to IJ, IJ to 2, and 2 to 2» feet

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIaWa, very fine, 3 o 4. and 4 to 6 feet

CUPRESSUS MACROCAKPA, potted, 2 to 3, ind 3 to 4 feet

LAUREL, COMMON, 1 to IJ .and 2 feet

LAUREL, PORTUGAL, very floe, 1 to 4 feet

PLANE, ORIENTAL, 2 to 3, 4, and 6 feet ; extra, 9 to 10 feet

PLANE, OCCIDENTAL, 3 to 4, 6 to 6, 0 tJ 7, and 8 to 9 feet

rUCCA RECURVA, flno specimens, ij to 2J feet

BOBINIA INERMIS fine Standards, 6 to 7 feet stems

WILLOW, WEEPINlJ, 0 to 7 feet, and floe Standards

H,B. CATALOGUES sent free on aiipUoatlon

LARCH and SPKUCK FIRS.— Extra strong stout
transpl.anted LARCH FIR, 3 to 4 feet, 218. per 1000.
SPRUCE FIR, stout and busily, 3 to 4 feet, 20s. per lOO ; 2 to 3 feat,
12.S'. per 101),

Hkwry Minchin, The Nurseries, Hooli Noi-ton, Oxon.

To Planters.

LARCH, SPRtrCE FIK, and all the leading FOREST
TREES ; BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM, and all the leading
Covert Plants, in very great quantity and in excellent health and
condition for removal. Special Prices for large lots on application.
James Dicasos & SioNS, " Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

A R C^E and TH CTRN Q TTI C liTs:^

Splendid 2-yr. Transplanted LARCH, 3 to 4 feet, clean, stout,
and well rooted, cannot De surpassed ; Ditto 2 to 2i feet THORN
QUICKS, 5-yi'. old. Transplanted, free and very fine. Prices very low.
FiELn Brothers, Tarvin Road Nursery, Chester.

ARCH,

SILVER

FIR,

& c .

LARCH, U to2feet, Ss. per 1000; 2 to 3 feet, 10s. ; 3 to 4 feet, 12s. Gd.
SILVER FIR, 6 to 12 inches, 4s. per 1000.
SCOTCH FIR, native, 6 to 12 inclies, 6s. per 1000.

LIST of other TREES sent on application.
Apply, with reference, to J. Riddell, Park Attwood, Bewdley,
Worcestershire.

Planting Season

LARCH (Native and Tvrolese), SCOTCH FIR (True
Native). SPRUCE. OAK, ASH, ALDER, BEECH, PRIVET,
and all kinds of FOREST and ORNAMENTAL TREES and
SHRUBS. ROSES, FRUIT TREES, fine specimen ARAUCARIAS
and DEODARS, and large TREES for Park Planting, now in flue
condition for reraoval.

CATALOGUES, with sizes and prices, sent ftee on application to
DicKSONS & Co., Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists, 1. Waterloo
Place, Edinburgh.

Strong Larch, Native Scoicli, Englisli Oak, Thorns,

&C., ALL TaATISrLAKTEn.

G:i EORGE CHIVAS, Chester, soUcits the attention of
J Planters to his very great Stoclt of LARCH, 2 to 4i feot;
NATIVE SCOTCH, li to 3 foot (a portion of which was Ti-ansplanted
last spring for the second time); ENOLISH OAE, 2 to 4 feot, and
THORNS of great strength, with an extensive and general assort-
ment of other TYees and i'lants. The quality is unexceptionable,
and tho prices much in favour uf the buyer.

TAlfES CARTER and CO. have the satisfaction to

I tJ announce that the Imperial Commissioners of the Paris luter-
; national Exhibition of 1867 have granted to them the coocesslon of
supplymg the GRASS SEEDS for the purpose of forming tho Sward
of ihe Park round the Exhibition Building in the Champ de Mara
The honour conferred on their House wilt be more readily appre-
ciated when they state the gratifying fact, that they are tqk omly
English House entrusted with the Imperial CoaiiissiowEBs'

I COMMANDS FOR THIS PURPOSE.

I James Carter Sc Co. are prepared to supply Mixtures for Perma-
nent Pasture, Park Lawns, &c., of the moat nutritious und valxiable
Grasses, specially mixed to suit the variations of climate and soil
Price according to quality, from 26a-. to 36s. per acre. PRICED
I LISTS gratis and post-free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn

I London, W.C. '

Grass Seed packed for Exportation.

(^RASS SEEDS f^

PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at modei-ate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See ** WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

EA'EKGREENS, for immediate effect, perfectly
uninjured by the late severe weather, consisting of 50,000
LAURELS, 2 to 6 feet; 20,000 LAURUSTINUS, 1 to 3 feet ; 10.000
BAYS, 1 to 6 feet ; lO.UCO TREE BOX, 1 to 3 foet ; and several
Thousands of EVERGREEN OAK ; also a fine lot of SPRUCE FIR,
3 to 6 feet. The whole of the above In fine stout, good-rooted plants.
Purchasers of large quantities for Cash will be most liberally
treated with. Price, witu siimplos, *nay be had on iipplication to
R. Gadd & Son, Salviiigtou Nurseries, near Worthing.

rpo BE SOLD unusually cheap, 200,000 strong
X LARCH, 3 and 4 years old, splendid stufl. No reasonable
oCfer will be refused.

BLACK ITALIAN POPLAR, 3 to B feet, 16s. per 1000.

SEEDLING ILEX OAK, 12s. per 1000.

MANETTI STOCKS, 25j{. per 1000.
For samples apply to W. Treseder, Nurseryman, Cardiff.

rp 0

U E

SOLD

CHEAP.

J. C. Wheeler & Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agiicultural Society.

A large quantity of I-year SEEDLING LARCH and SCOTCH FIR.
3-yr. Transplanted ELM. I 4-yr. Transplanted LARCH.

4-yr, Transplanted SCOTCH FIR. | 30 Bushels of HOLLY BERRIES.
6cwt. LONG RED MANGEL WURZEL SEED.
5cwt. YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL WURZEL SEED.
For samples, with prices.apply to
D. H. HiaoiNs, The Nurseries, Clonmel, Ireland.
Put free on board at Waterlord.

NEEDLING, and TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES.

SEEDLINGS.— Ash, 1 yr.. Is. ; Boech^ 2 yr., 3s. dd. ; Elm, 3 yra., 2s. ;
Norway Maple, 2 yr., 7s. Gd. ; Oak, English, 1 yr., Is. Gd. ; 2 yr.,
fine, 4s. ; Silver Fir, 4 yr., 0 to 12 inches, 4s, ; Norwj^y Spruce, 4 yr.,
2s. Gd. ; Crab, 2 yr,, 2s. 6d. ; Pours, 2 yr., 3d, 6d. ; Sycamore, 2 yr,,
2s. 6d. per 1000.

I- TRANSPLANTED.— Alder, 1 to 2 ft., 7s. 6d. ; 2 to 3 ft, 10s. ; 3 to
4i ft.. 16s. ; 4 to 6 ft., 20s. ; Beech, C to 12 in., 7s. 6d. ; Chesnut,
Spanish, 1 to 2 ft,, 17s. 6d. ; Elm, 12 to 21 in., Ss. ; Hazel, 11 to 3 It.,
17s. 6d. ; Oak, English, G to 12 in., 7s. 6rf. ; Balm of Giloud, 4 to 8 in.,
7s. Gd. ; Cembra, 0 to 12 In., 100s. ; Larch, 1 to li ft., 6s. ; li to 2 ft.,
8s. ; 2 to 3 ft., 10s. ; 3to4ft., 14s. ; Scotch Fir, 2 yr. bedded, 6 to 12 in,,
5s. ; Silver Fir, 9 to 16 in., 12s. 6d. ; Spruce, Norway. Cln. ,6s. ; 1 toll ft.,
10s. ; Thorii,Quick, 9 to 18 in,, 6s. ; Sycamore, 1 to IJ ft., 7s. iid. :
Walnuts, 6 to 15 in , 20s. per 1000.

RHODUDENDRON PONTICUM, 4 to 6 in., 6s. per 100.
"•Apply, with refi-rence, to J. Riddell, Steward, Park Attwood,
Bewdley, Worcestershire,

Croquet Grounds.

For the Improvement of Croquet
Grounds and Lawns,

T C. WHEELER and SON,

" • Seed Growers, Gloucester, can
recommend a Mixture of the finest
LAWN GRASS SEEDS, which should
now be sown at the rate of about
10 lb. per acre, with a top-dressing of
soot, guano, or superphosphate. The
Lawn or Croquet Ground should then be
thoroughly well rolled.
The price of the Seed is Is. 3d. per lb.

J. C. Wheeler Sc Son,
"" Seed Growers, Gloucester.

Very Early Sheep Feed.
BUTTON'S IMPROVED ITALIAN RYE-GRASS.—

k3 This" Improved" Italinn Rye-grass is recommended in prefer-
ence to every other variety, producing three or four heavy crops in
one summer, and being almost if not sLnctly perennial.

At a Meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society, on March 16, In
a Lecture delivered by Alfred Hughes, Esq., lateofThorncss, Isle of
Wight, Mr. Hughos said :—

" 1 always resiirve a portion of Oat land to lay down with Sutton's
Improved Italian Rye-graas, the most reliable plaut I have come
across for some years for Ewes and Lambs in the Spring. When 1
tell you that I put it in In the spring, and dressed it after harvest with
guano, and that in the autumn, when my Sheep fed It off, it was
up to their knees, and that 1 fed it off again this spring with Ewes
and Lambs, I tuiuk you will agree that tnis is a crop of very great
value. The Italian Rye-grass which is sold by Sotton, of Roadmg,
is a most astonishing vigorous plant ; Indeed, I never saw anything to
equal it in thecourso of all my experience."

Sdtton & Sons have a fine stock of their Impreved Italian Rye-
grass, which is a very different and superior article to much that
is sold as Italian Rye-grass,

Present price 6s. 6d. per bushel , cheaper tn quantities over 5 qrs.
Carriage-free in quautities of S bushels nnd upwards.

Quantity required per acre, if sown alone, 3 bushels. |

Royal BerKshlrd S9Q<X f)Btabllshment, Reading, I

February 16, 1367.]

THE GAT^PENEl^S' OnKONICLE A^J) AGT^TCTIETTIT^AE GAZETTE.

149

To Farmers, Gardeners, and Others.

EXCELLKNT CAUIUUK PLANTS (Stocks not to be
RurpASflorl). nmv be hid in nny riuanHttoB ns follovrs : —
BNFIKLD MARKKT (onsh i-rioo). 2«. M per 1000
THOOSAND-HEADKn (cash vrlco). 3s. nt>r 1000
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION. truo(cn8h price), 2.1. 6rf. p or 1000
DRUMHEAD (cMh price), 2it. fid. per 1000
RED DUTCH, for Plckllnp (cnsh pncy). fi.«. per 1000

(Special offora mn'lo t.<i Inrfje pnrchneors).

A Ci\TALO0UE of GENUINE NEW SEEDS, onappUcatlon. A

ramlttanco or roferonco Is roqiiostcd from unknown corrpspondents,

Tkkdk. Okk, Soud Merchant and Grower, BIggloswado, Bodfordshlro I

Nuneham Park Onion.

WM. CUTHUSII AND SON huvo tn-mt prratifiration in
announcinK that thin SUPERB NEW ONrON has In over v
tiiBtanoo. whore shown, obtained tho first prizes, and numoronn tewtU
monlala nave been sent to them fiom varlovin parts of the (.ountr>,
Lv.riflrmlng tho opinion that It la the lurffest ann hoaviont cropper of
nil Onlnns. It Is also (if exceedlDRly mlla flavour, and koops as long
na any variety extant. In Sealed Pnokets lis. Oil. each.

"■" Owing to tho groat doraaud, no nioro can bo suppltod to tho
Trado this uoason.

Ilighgato Xuraerlos, London, N.

NEW ROSES FOR 1867.

JOHN FRASEK,

OF THE LEA BRIDGE ROAD NURSERIES, N.E.,

HAS MUCH I'LEASUUE IN ANNOUNCING THAT HIS

DESCRIPTIVE LIST of CAREFULLY SELECTED NEW ROSES for 1867

IS NOW BEADY, AND WILL BE FOEWARDED ON APPLICATION.
1^* T/te Flanis are this Season unusually strong and healthy.

PETER LAWSON & SON,

THE QUEEN'S SEEDSMEN,

LONDON and EDINBURGH

FARM, VEGETABLE, and FLOWER SEEDS.

FOREST TREES AND SHRUBS OF ALL KINDS.

CATALOGUES sent free on aiiplication.

28, KING STREET, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.G.

GENUINE iEEDS, OF SUPERIOR STOCKS.

FRANCIS & ARTHUR DICKSON & SONS,

THE OLD ESTABLISHED SEED WAREHOUSE, 106, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.

THE BEST EARLY PEA IN CULTIVATION,

DICKSON'S "FIRST & BEST."

Retail Price, Is. 6d. per Quart. Price to the Trade on application.

See Large Advertisement^ January 19.

CATALOGUE OF VEGETABLE & FLOWER SEEDS, &c., FOR 1867,

with Practical Cultural Directions, will be sent Post Free on application.

Their Seeds are of the most select character, each being saved from the Best Stuck known of its kind.

1^^ All Setds of £2 vahie delivered Carriage Free.

Flower Seeds sent Post Free, except heavy articles, such as Sweet Peas, Lupins, &c.

Improvement of Orass Lands,

at frum t<H. to IUh. per aero.

BUTTON'S KKNOVATING

^-^ MIXTURE

Should Now uk Sowm.

II to 1211). per ftoro.

Prioo lOrf. per lb. Cheaper by tho cwt.

If thcflo SocdH aro sown oarlv in the senson,

tho improvement In the land will he vory

great, and at a small expunge.

This Mixturo nhnnld ho buNh-harrowod in,
and rolled aftorwiirds.

SuTTiiN li. Sons,

Royal Borkahira Seed EstuhliNhiacnt,

Reading.

Potatos for Planting.

MESSRS. SUTTON'S DESCKIPTIVK LIST i.^ now
ready, and may bo had gratis and jioatfico. Their htock of
Potatoi has lieon selected with great care, and can bo relied on as
perfectly tnie to nnnio. Lowest price por cwt., sack, or ton,
forwardod on application.

SuTTiiN & SoN8, Seed Orowora, Reading.

ATEItSOSrS FAMTTI) SKblDLING POTATOS.

Wo agiin 'itTer our Seedling Potato.") to tho public.
PATERSON'S VICTORIA, —Tho demand for this Potato for
Seed is now ao groat that o irly applications will bo necessary. It Is
one of the bust in cultivation as a resister of diseuso and for its
quality, and realised in London List seaflon 40«. per ton m"r8 than
Flukes for table iise, Prico Lists and Tffltimoninl.s to be had at
1, Union Street, Dundee ; and from onr Agents.

HOOPRR AND CO. an- the LOND'N AGENTS for
PATERSON'S SEEDLING POTATOS. and deliver them
freo to any Railway Station in London. Lists may be ha<l.
Seed Merchants, Covunt Garden, London, W.C.

Seed Potatos.

HAND F. SHARFE are now r^ffering MYATT'S
• PROLIFIC KIDNEY. DAINTREK'S KARLIEST.
WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY, FORTY-FOLD, FOX'S SEED-
LING, E A RLY OXFORD, and many other Early and Late varieties,
fine in quality, free from disease, and at low prices.

Seed Growinfi Establishment, Wi&bech, Cambridcefihlre.

HEELER'S

W

GLOUCESTERSHIRE KIDNEY
Is one of tho very Earliest, mott
Productive, and best fluvoured Potatos
in cultivation.

Price 3s. per peck, 10s. Hd. per bushel.

J. C. WuEKLEH &, Son,
Seed Growers, Gloucester.

Seed Potatos. -Edgcote Second Early Kidney.

PJ. PERRY, NuKSF-RYMAN iiud Seki) Mekchant,
• Banbury, his much pleasure in introducing the above valuable
Potato, which may be described as the finest flavourud and most
produ< tive Second Early variety in cultivation.

It was raised by Mr. Nenle, Gardener to Aubre-y Cartwright, Esq..
Edgcote Hou.se, near Banbury, by whom it w;is exhibited at tho
RoyalHorticuliur.il Society's Great Show of Fruit and Vegetabl"J5,
Saturday, July 22, 18C6. and was awarded First Prize in Class 7.

The Gardeners^ Chronicle., July 20, 1806, in noticing the above
Show, states: — "Potatos: These iverc largely contributed, and
mativ ot them were unusually fine for the season of the year. Among
Kidneys the most valuable was Edgcote Second Early, a veiy perfect
Potato, which obtained the First Prize for a single dish."
Price per peck, including bag, 6s.

P. J. Pehrv has also a limited stock of the following valuable
varieties to offer : —

NE PLUS ULTRA.— The earliest Potato in cultivation.

ROYAL ALBERT.— One of the finest and most productiva Early
White Round Potatos known.

EARLY EMPEROR, or SOMERSET RED.— Of this Potato, Mr.
Dean, of Maybush, writes, in Gardtners' Chronicle. October 6, 1S66,
V. 945: — "This niiiy be described as one of the best Second Early
Round Potatos known. It has a beautifully netted tkin, boUa
perfectly white, and the flavour is all that can be desired," kc.
Price of the above throe sorts, bs per peck.
The Nurseries, Banbury.

To Market Gardeners and Others.

CABBAOK PLANTS. — EAST IfAM. ENFIEI.T)
MARKET, ROBINSON'S DRUMHEAD, 2.« p'^rlOOO: RED
CABBAGE PLANTS, extra flue, 4s. per 1000. Stock true and can be
warranted, and all grown by

Richard Walker, MirketGardenerand Seed Grower, Biggleswade,
Beds. 1 will challenge England with Plants. Terms cash.

TABEK'S EAELY PEEFECTION PEA.

CAUTION.

IT HAVING COME TO MY KNOWLEDGE THAT SOME PARTIES HAVE BEEN SUPPLYING

A PEA PROFESSING TO BE MY NEW EARLY PERFECTION

WHO HAVE NOT PURCHASED ANY OF ME,

I find it necessary for the protection of those who have received it from me to reprint a List of Names, I having supplied it to the Following Firms only :

Messrs. Barr & Sugden, Covent Garden, London

,, J. Backhouse & Son, York

,, Cblvas & Weaver, Chester

„ Cutbush & Son, Hlghgate, London

„ Coopur & Bolton, 162, Fleet Street, London

„ Drummond & Son, Dublin

„ James Dickson & Sons, Chester

,, Drummonii A Son, Stirling

„ E. P. Dixon & Son, Hull

„ Francis 4 Son, Hertford

„ Freer & Son, 28, Digbeth, Birmingham

„ Fisher Holmes i Co., Handsworth, Sheffield

„ Fraser, Goad, li Ratford, Bishopsgate Street, London

„ Farroll A Co., Dublin

„ Geo. Gibbs k Co., Down Street, Piccadilly, London

„ Harrison & Sons. Leicester

„ E. G. Henderson & Son, St. John's Wood, London

„ A. Henderson 4 Co., Pine Apple Niirsery, Edgwaro Road,
London

Messrs. Hamilton & Wright, Thornton Heath

,. Hogg & Robertson, Dublin

„ Peter Lawson & Son, London

„ Lowe & Co., Wolverhampton

I, J. & C. Lee, Hammersmith. London

„ Minier, Nash, & Co., 60, Strand, London

,, Osbom & Sons, Fulham, Londun

,, Sutton & Sons, Heading

,, Saltmarsh & Son, Chelmsford

„ Snuthers & Crltchton, Finsbury Square, London

„ J. Shepherd i Co , Bolton

„ Toole & Co., Dublin

„ Tremble & Sons, Pennth

„ James Veitch & Sons, Rojal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea,
London
Mrs. G. W. Dixon, 48a, Moorgate Street, London
Mr. James Bird, Downham Market

„ S. Brown, Sudbury

„ T. A. Baker, Grosvenor Street, Chester

Mr. T. Brigden, King William Street, London

„ S. H. Clarke, Edgware Road, London

„ W. Coker, Taunton

„ B. R. Cant, Colchester

„ A. Dancer, Fulham, London

„ F. Gee. Biggleswade

„ R. W. Ker, Ba-snett Street, Liverpool

„ J, McHattie, Chester

„ J. W. Mackey, Dublin

,, Oakley, Southampton

„ C. Quincey, Peterborough

„ W. Skinmg, Liverpool

„ Smale, Torquay

„ I. Thompson. 20, High Street, Birmingham

„ C. Turner, Royal Nursery, Slough

„ E. Taylor. Maiton

„ R. T. Veitch, 54, High Street. Exeter

„ T. Whalley, Liverpool

„ T. Warner, The Abbey, Leicester

/ beg to Sfif/, in answer to tiumerous applications^ that I do not Retail the above JPea, I supply it to the Trade only.]

GEORGE TABEB, RIVENHALL, WITHAM, ESSEX.

150

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Pedrhaet IC, 1867.

SUTTON'S GRASS SEEDS FOR ALL SOILS.

MESSES. SUTTON

PREPARE MIXTURES FOR THE FOLLOWING DESCRIPTIONS OF SOILS, BEING THOSE GENERALLY KNOWN, THE NATURES OF WHICH ANY ONE ACQUAINTED
WITH FARMING OR GARDENING IS CAPABLE OF FORMING A CERTAIN AND READY CONCLUSION.

1. STIFF CLAYS.

2. STIFF or HEAVT LOAM.

3. GOOD MEDIUM LOAM.

4. LIGHT SANDS.

5. SHAEP GRAVELS.

6. CHALKY SOILS.

7. SHEEP DOWNS.

8. EIVER FLATS or "WATER MEADOWS.

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE OF PERMANENT PASTURE GRASS AND CLOVER SEEDS

(Two Bushels of Grasses and 12 lb. of Clorers per acre).

Prices for Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, 36s. per Acre. For Wo. 8, 30s. per Acre (Carriage Free).

1^ CHEAPER MIXTURES can be Supplied at from S6s. to 30s. per Acre (Carriage Free).

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of CLOVERS and GRASSES for 2 years, for the
above soils. 18s. 6(^. per acre. Carriage free.

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of CLOVERS and GRASSES for 1 year, for the
above soils. 14s. 6d. per acre. Carriage free.

GRASS SEEDS for Cultivation with Sewage and other Liquid Manure. (Sow
3 bnshels per acre). Price 8s. per Bushel. Cheaper by the quarter.

SUTTON'S RENOVATING MIXTURE for the above-named soUs, pnce lOrf. per lb.,
or cheaper by the cwt. By sowing this ML^tui-e in February and March and after
Hay-can, at the rate of 6 to 12 lb. per acre, a great improvement will be made in
the Pasture, and at small expense.

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of CLOVERS and GRASSES for 3 or 4 years, for the
above soils. 24s. per acre. Carriage free.

SUTTON'S SELECTED FARM SEEDS— PRESENT PRICES

Good Seeds carriage free.

SUTTON'S

PERMANENT

GRASSES

AND

CLOVERS

Fur all soils.

SUTTON'S SELECTED
TijLLOW GLOBE MANGEL.

Price Is. per lb.
Saved from large loota, a heavy
ci'opper, thrives in all soils.

SUTTON'S

SELECTED

MANGEL WURZEL

AND

TURNIP SEEDS.

5 per cent, discount allowed
for cashpttymcnt.

SUTTON'S CHAMPION SWEDE.

Good Seeds carriage free.

GOOD
CLOVER SEEDS

At Market Prices.

ALSO

FINE CLEAN

ENGLISH AND SCOTCH

RYE GRASSES.

SUTTON'S

CHOICE

VEGETABLE

AND

FLOWER SEEDS.

6 per cent, discomit allowed
for cash payment.

SUTTON'S LARGE KOHL EABI.

Price 2s. &d, per lb.

Sow in March to transplant, or in Api-U
and May in drills.

Cheaper hy the Cwt,, Bushel, and Quarter. Special Contracts made for large quantities.

Mangel Wurzel.

Per \h.-:

GOOD YELLOW GLOBE

;, ORANGE GLOBE

„ RED GLOBE

,, LONG RED

SUTTON'S SELECTED YELLOW GLOBE
YELLOW INTERMEDIATE..
;, MAMMOTH LONG RED

MAMMOTH LONG YELLOW

„ SELECTED ORANGE GLOBE

BERKSHIRE PRIZE (in 81b. bags onll) . .

FISHER HOBBK' ORANGE GLOBE

YELLOW OVAL, or OLIVE SHAPED ..

ELVETHAM LONG RED

STRiTTON'S RED GLOBE

RED INTERMEDIATE

LONG YELLOW Oii. and

Kohl Rabi.

LARGE GREEN

LARGE PURPLE

NEW LARGE GERMAN (ft-esh ' imported)

Field Carrot.

WHITE BELGIAN

YELLOW BELGIAN

LARGE GREEN-TOP ORANGE BELGIAN
NEW WHITE INTERMEDIATE ..

RED INTERMEDIATE

ALTRINGHAM

LONG RED CATTLE

Co-w Cabbage.

LARGE DRUMHEAD

ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD

OXHEART, NEW EARLY

DRUMHEAD SAVOY

THOUSAND HEADED

LONDON MARKET, and others ..

Turnip Seeds.

SWEDISH TURNIPS.

For lb— ». d.
SUTTON'S CHAMPION (very hardy ; has
gained numerous Prizes again this season) 1 0

NEW GIANT TANKARD 16

HARDY PURPLE-TOP 0 9

SKIRVING'S 0 9

HARDY WHITE 13

KING OF SWEDES 10

HALL'S WESTBURi' 10

GOLDEN MELON 0 10

YELLOW-FLESHED TURNIPS.

SUTTON'S GREEN-TOP YELLOW

HYBRID 10

WAITE'S ECLIPSE 10

YELLOW SCOTCH PURPLE-TOP . . . . 0 10

„ „ GKEEN-TOP .. .. 0 10

„ TANKARD 10

ORANGE JELLY' 10

WHITE-FLESHED TURNIPS.

SUTTON'S RED PARAGON, or IMPROVED

LINCOLNSHIRE RED GLOBE .. ..010
SUTTON'S IMPERIAL GREEN GLOBE.. 0 10

OLD GREEN ROUND 0 10

SUTTON'S NEW PURPLE-TOP MAM-
MOTH .. ..10

POMERANIAN WHITE GLOBE .. .. I
NORFOLK WHITE GLOBE . . " .. 0 10

RED TANKARD 10

WHITE TANKARD 10

GREEN TANKARD 10

GREY STONE, or MOTTLED GLOBE . . 0 10
WHITE STONE, or STUBBLE . . . . 0 10
SUTTON'S EARLY SIX WEEKS . . ..10

Clover Seeds.

.Samples and lowest price per cwt. on application.
Per lb.— s. d.
COMMON BED, or BROAD, finest quahty,

lOd. to 1 0
YELLOW TREFOIL, or HOP, finest quality,

6fl. to 0 0

WHITE, or DUTCH, finest quality. Is. 2(i. to 1 4

ALSIKE, or HYBRID, finest quality, 2s.0d.to 2 G

COW GRASS (True Perennial/ Is. 2(1. to 1 G

COW GRASS CLOVER 10

PERENNIAL WHITE (or White Suckling) 1 G

MIXED PERENNIAL.forPennaiientPasture 1 6

„ CLOVERS, for Alternate Husbandry 1 0

,, ,, for Lawns 1 G

ITALIAN CRIMSON (Trifolinminoamatum)

id. to 0 6

YELLOW SUCKLING (Trifolium minus) .. 1 6
LOTUS CORNICULATUS (Birdsfoot

Trefoil) 3 6

RIB GRASS, or PLANTAIN . . . . 6ti. to 0 r

BOKHARA CLOVER 2 6

MALDEN'SNEW WONDERCLOVER,2s.to2 3

English, and Scotch Rye-grasses.

Samples and lowest price per qr. on application.

Per bushel.— s. rf.

PERENNIAL RYE-GRASS, heavy seed ..70

„ ,, lighter seed, 5a. to 6 0

PACEY-S PERENNIAL RYE-GRASS,

6s. 6rf. to 7 0

EVERGREEN RYE-GRASS 7 6

SUTTON'S DWARF PERENNIAL RYE-
GRASS ;—
ANNUAL or COMMON, best quality ..66

,, ,, lighter seed, 5s. to 6 0

Italian Rye-grasses.

Samples and lowest pnce per qr. on application.
Per bushel. — s. d.
ITALIAN RYE-GRASS,goodEnglishseed6sto6 0
SUTTON'S IMPROVED ITALIAN RYE-
GRASS 6 G

FRESH IMPORTED SEED, cleaned ..70

Fine Lawn Grass Seeds,

For making New or Improving Old Garden Lawns
(3 bushels or 601b. required per acre), is. 3((. per
lb. ; 24s. per bushol.

BROMUS SCHRADEkl (the New Forage
Grass), 2s. Grf. per lb. ; cheaper by the cwt.

Potatos, for Field Culture.

The best kinds at raodemte prices, which may bo
had on application.

Miscellaneous.

Per lb.— 6', d. I Per lb.— 5. d.

New Purple Beet. . 3 6 Melon (Blundell's

" 0 Cattle) 17 6

0 Maize

Mustard 0 5

Parsnip, Common 1 3
6j ,, Large Guernsey 1 G
o! „ The Student ' "

9 R.ipe, or Cole. .
0 Serr.-idella
0 Sheep's Parsley

Sunfiower
6 Yarrow .. ..

White Sugar ditto

Broom

Buckwheat, 9s. per

bushel

Chicory

Fenugreek . . . .
Furze, or Gorse . .
Holcus sacchaiatus

Lettuce

Linseed

Lucerne, Is. 3d. to

EARLY RACEHORSE PEA, 12s. per bushel.

LDPINS, Y'ELLOW, 17s. 6<i. per bushel.

„ BLUE, 12s. Gd. per bushel.

10

For further particulars see

SUTTON'S NEW MEM SEED LIST FOE 1867 (illustrated),

CONTAINING ORIGINAL NOTES ON CULTIVATION, WITH MUCH OTHER USEFUL INFORMATION.

GRATIS AND POST F&EE ON APPLICATION,

All Goods Carriage Free (except very small parcels).

■5 per cent, discount allowed for prompt payment.
A BBFERBNOE OR REMITTANCE REQUIRED FROM UNKNOWN CO-RR-ESBONDBNTS. .

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

Febeuary 1G, 1867.]

THE GAEDENEl^S* CHEONICT.E AND AORTOULTURAL GAZETTE.

151

Oood Seeds

Carriage Free.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of
SEEDS lor OXK YEAR'S SUPPLY.
' For the KiTt:riKN Gakdkk.

1?0. 1 CoUootion, oarriago free £3 3 0

No. 2 Collection, carringo froo 2 3"

No. S C^lloottOD, cniTliit;o floe 1 U l>

No. 4 Collection, carringo froo lid

IfO. fiCLiIleotlon, carrlivgo free 0 Ifi (i

No. 6 Collection 0 10 fi

For tok Flowbr Garden.

No. 1 Collection, freo by post or rail £2 3 0

No. 2 Collection, free by jiost or rail 1 11 fl

No. 3 Collection, Iroo by port or rafl 110

No. 1 Collection, froo by poat or mil 0 15 f>

No, fi Collection, froo by post or niU 0 10 H

PRICED CATALOGUES Rratis and post free. IFh'o per Cent.
Discount allowed for Cash payment.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Growors. Readinp:.

DUNDEE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—
GRAND FLORAL FKTE, it. honour of the visit to Dundee of
the British Association, to bo hold in tho Hnxter Park, oti
WEDNESDAY. TTIURSDAY, FRIDAY, and SATURDAY. Ith.
6th. 6th, and 7th September, Iflfi?. £300 sterling offorod as Prize
Dioney,

Scheduler and Terms ol Subscrintions to be had of Mr. Jamej
Hahmc, Treamirer, 08, Pfothergato ; Or Mr. W. R. McKelvik,
Seoretary, 10. Rolomi Street.

RAND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION

at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with tha

SHOW of tho ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 15. ISflr, and four following Days.
Amongat vdrious Special Prizes, amounting in vahio to nearly
£300, and exoluaive of tho ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20.
will bo off-irod by the Proprietors of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ano AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for tbo best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to be mude up ag follows :—
Of FRUITS, ftnv Five of tho following Eight kinds, one Dish of
each : — Grapes, Melons (2 fruits). Strawberries, Goosebon-ies, Cur-
rants, Cherries, Raspberries, or Apples (of the crop of WiG).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of the following Fourteen kinds.
one bnskot or bundle of each : — Peaa, French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners), Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, Cucurabers (brace), SumniL-r
Cabbages. E;icly Carrots. Turnips^ Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rhubarii, Potatos. or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will ho open to Competttiin amongst Amatpur or Pro-
fesslonal Gardeners, of all grades, with Fi-uit and Vogefc-iblea of their
own growing, but any artiole otherwise obtained will disqualify the
exhibitor.

Efit ®attreneriS'Cfirontcle.

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSTJINQ WEEK.

UoKDAT, Feb» 18-EntomiiloKir.il '.. 7 F.M.

( Royal Horticultural (Fruitand Floral Coin-
TossDAT. — 19^ mitteps). lit South Kensington .. ..11*.«,

I Ditto (Scientific DiscuBsioQ) 3r.H.

Tbcbgd^t, — 21— Linncan 8p.m.

To those interested in the PROCEEDnros of tho

EOTAL HORTICFLTURAL SOCIETY — we might
almost have said, to those interested in tho
advancement of Horticulture, the Annuai.
Report of the Society is looked forward to with
as much interest as is the Queen's Speech by
politicians. In either case it is rare that every
one should be satisfied. Too much or too little,
it is averred, is said ; this or that topic, it is
alleged, is not fairly dealt with. In either case
the words are addressed, not to an individual,
but to a communit}'. On the other hand, the
criticisms that are evoked are of a far more
personal and individual character. This state of
things is perfectly legitimate, and few would
wish it otherwise ; nevertheless, the true state of
the case is too often overlooked, and undue stress
is laid on the faults of centralisation on the one
hand, and the partial criticisms of individuals on
the other. Our present purpose is not to attempt
the difficult, if possible, task of holding the balance
evenly between the two parties, but to con-
gratulate the Fellows on the brighter prospects
and improved position of the Society. The
financial condition, it is true, is stUl far from
satisfactory, but it is better than it has been ;
while on the whole tho work of the Society has
been satisfactorily carried on. The Tuesday
meetings especially deserve mention as a most
important and valuable feature, advancing the
interests of Horticulture, and with them the
interests of the Society, in a very marked degree
at comparatively very little cost.

Those, too, who so bitterly grieved over the
loss of the Library and the Herbarium which the
Society once possessed, wUl learn with pleasure
the good prospects there are that a good Library,
of which the Lindley collection wlU form the
nucleus, will be secured for the free use, if not
the absolute possession of the Society. Bearing
in mind the fate of the former Library, it will be
at once seen that a precautionary measure
against any future contingency of a similar
character will be, to say the least, an act of
prudence.

The successful inauguration of the Examina-
tions for young gardeners is also a matter for
congratulation, as there is no doubt that as time

foes on, more experience will be gained as to the
est methods of carrying out this most desirable

object, of which the Society will not bo slow to
iivnil itself.

The arrangements for the coming season
having been alluded to in our coluiuns on
|)i'oviou3 occasions need no further comniont at
present, but wo venture to thi'ow out as a more
suggestion for considoration, the desirability of
exorcising very great oaro in carrying out
measures of retrenchment and economy, how-
ever desirable, lost the result prove an e.xamplo
of false economy. Placud as the Society is, in a
peculiar position, having many distinct yet
mutually related interests to consider, it must be
very difficult to secure due attention to one without
impau'ing, or appearing to impair, the efficiency
of others. Still tho Horticultui'al Society is not
tho only body that has to meet the demands at
once of the dilettante or tho lounger, and tho
urgent claims of practical and scientific men.
The Zoological Society, it must be owned, does
as much for tho pleasure and amusement of tho
people, fashionable or unfashionable, as the
HorticuUiU'al, while its services to science are
far greater than those rendered under e.xisting
circumstances by tho Horticultural Society.
Sooner or later we are convinced that the question
will arise as to whether the latter Society has
not much higher functions to fulfil than to pro-
vide an agreeable lounge for its Fellows, desirable
though this bo, or to give costly rewards to the
wealthier classes of horticulturists for the success-
ful prosecution of their own personal interests,
commercial or otherwise, which is, to say the
least, less desirable.

We may also express our regret that the
noble and learned President does not follow the
example set by the Presidents of kindred societies,
in giving an annual address, containing a sum-
mary of horticultural progress during the year,
or one devoted to some general questions relating
to the interests of scientific and practical horti-
culture.

"We le,arn that at a meeliug of the Executive

Committee of the Intebnatiojjal Hobticultdeal
Exhibition and Botanical Congeess, which touk
place on the 14th inst., the que.stioa of the disposal
of the surplus funds, which had already occupied
attention, again underwent discussion ; and the follow-
ing resolution, which had been placed on the minutes
at the meeting held ou the 20th of November last, and
stood over for further consideration, w,is unanimously
adopted : — " Tliat a communication he made to the
Commissioners of the Exhibition of 1851, informing
them that the Committee of the International Horti-
cultural Exhiljition have now remaining a balance of
eigliteen hundred pounds (ISOO?.), which sum they are
willing to invest in the purcha,so of the LiNDLEY
Lil>rary and other Ijoolis, to form the foimdation of a
Botanical and Horticultural Library, to be attached
to the Royal Horticultural Society, provided Her
Majesty's ComHii.ssioners. who are interested iu the
advancement of the South Kensington Estate, are
willing to provide a suitable Readin" Room, with
glass cases, for the reception of such Library. The
lloom and Books to be for the use of Fellows of the
Royal Horticultural Society, Members of other Societies,
and Gardeners generally, under such Rules as may
be agreed on. The Horticultural Society to nominate
one of its oWcers or a clerk to look after the same. The
Room and Library to he invested iu the names of
seven Trustees— two appointed by the Commissioners,
two by the Royal Horticultural Society, two by the
International Committee, and one by the six above-
named."

We are requested to state that tho Report of

the late International HoHTicuLrnRAL Exhibi-
tion and Botanical Congbess, mention of which
is made iu another column, is now in course of distri-
bution to those entitled by the decision of the Execu-
tive Committee to receive it. Among these are the
various officials, the jurors, and the foreign visitors,
while a certain number are to be presented to the
libraries of various horticultural .and scientific bodies
of this country and on the Continent. In the selec-
tion of recipients the precedent set in the distribution
of the bulletins of the Congresses of Brussels and
Amsterdam has been followed.

We are informed that several interesting New

Orchids will be sent from the Meadow Bank
collection to the meeting of the Royal Horticultural
Society on Tuesday next, the 19th inst. Amongst
them are to be included a spike of the Onoidium
Dennisonianum, Batem., alias O. Phalsenopsis, Linden,
alias O. nnbigeuum, Lindl.; also a spike of a new
caulescent Epidendrum, with lilac flowers smelling as
sweet as Jasmine; a new Warsoewiczella from New
Grenada, and several others.

It is stated that Professor Db Baey will

succeed the late Dr. Schlechtendal in the chair of
Botany at Halle, as also in the editorship of the
Botaniscfie Zeiiung.

So far as we have been able to ascertain from the

specimens forwarded to us, the seeds of the Sorghum
tabtaricum, so called, bekmg to three distinct
varietie.s, horrioulturally, if not botanically, of the
genus Sorghum. Whatever use may be made of the
leaves and stems of these plants as food for cattle, there

can be no doubl that in tliis country thoy will bo
wortlile.ss _ as sub.4itut6s fur grain crops. Mr.
lIuLLUTT's statements in our contemporaries as to
this point are as little trustworthy as those made by
hiiu With refei-onco to tho Mansosteens and tho
wonderful Siamese "annual fruit," with numerous
seeds, each as large as a child's head.

THE RIVAL SYSl'EMS OF VINE CULTURE.

Hurricanes come upon us unawares, and with
them often w.xstc and desolation. I have si>metiines
succeeded iu moving a fly by blowing upon it suddenly
but on again trying, it was not so easily done. When
the lly was on the move, it might be more readily
disturbed ; but then I found it got so wary that it was
prepared for the blast even when on the hop. It is
absohitoly necessary in these stormy times, that we
should, like tho fly, firmly establish one foot before
moving the other, as there are in these days horticul-
tural blasts so strong that had they come from some
(luarlcrs, and been pitched at a proper elevation, they
could not have lulled to take our breath away, as well
as take us oif our legs. The last blast of liJUZ, from
the trumpet of Mr, Cannell (seep. 101) is aimed at a
host of practical men of great and lengthened experience
in this country, but I fear that for want of shot his
powder has been lost, and that the report will but echo
over our heads with as little harm " as tho receding
wave after having burst upon the seashore.

It is a sad tale for Mr. CannoU to tell of
himself, that he allowed the Vines at Portnall Park
to die when under his own immediate care, at
the green ago of 21 years. I have not yet lived long
enough here to prove whether the Vines which I
have planted, will die when they arrive at that pre-
mature age or not, but according to the theory of Mr.
Caunell, they must be dying now. Their decay must
however be very slow, for on the IGth of January last,
I carried upon a pole into Berkshire, for the wedding
breakfast of my noble employer, 0 bunches of Black
Grapes, weighing collectively .301b.; and two years ago
I carried to the Royal Horticultural Society of Ijondou,
also suspended from a pole, 6 bundles of Black Grapes,
weighing collectively 36 lb., and which afterwards
ornamented the wedding breakfast of the Earl of
Coventry. These results were obtained under the
so-called restrictive system.

In the old houses which I pulled down here, the
Vines were from 60 to 80 years old. One Vine was
planted to each rafter, and treated on the rc.strictive
system. The Vines were in tolerably good condition,
and my predecessor, Mr. Oliver, olteu took local prizes
with them. There is a very old Vinery in the old
garden at Hamilton Palace, ivhich Mr. Mitchell
showed me when there the other day, in ivliicli the
Vines are yet healthy, and in a very fruitful condition.
If Mr. Mitchell anticipated their death, I should
think he would soou make short work with them, so
as not to have it said that they died under his
fingers. I have lived at places where the Vines were
considered old, but I never happened to be at a place
wliere they died out, or were even allowed to approach
such a condition.

The finest black Grapes that have ever been grown
in this, or in any other country {since the days of the
children of Israel, when the spies " at the brook Esliool
cut down a branch with a cluster of Gi'apes, and they
bare it between two on a staff), were grown iu Mr.
Meredith's Vineyard, at Garstou, near Liverpool. I
have been through that Vineyai'd, and I did not see
any other but the restrictive system throughout the
establishment. It seems strange that so shrewd a man
as Mr. Meredith should not have adopted ere now the
extending system, but, judging from the thriving
condition of both Mr. Meredith and his establishment,
the restrictive system of Vine growing appears to have
answered his purpose remarkably well. If, moreover,
fortunes are to be made more easily by adopting the
extending system, it is a pity Mr. Meredith had taken
so much pains in arriving at the position he has now
obtained. Notwithstanding the successes of Mr.
Meredith and the failures of Mr. Cannell, we are,
according to the latter, to consider Mr. Meredith a man
of the old school ! Mr. Thomson has already given us
an able treatise on the management of the Grape Vine,
and I wish that Mr. Meredith would sit down
and do likewise ; for were he to do so, his acknowledged
experience, success, and celebrity in Vine culture
would be suflicient to guarantee a sale for his work,
not far short of that of " Miigby Junction."

That all the old large Vines in the country are a
grand sight I admit, and I am as pleased to see them
as any one can be ; but I certainly admire them more
for their extent of branch, than for their size of bunch
or general weight of fruit. In September 1884, when
I saw the Hampton Court Vine, it was carrying
1250 bunches, and from previous years' calculation, the
aggregate weight was computed to be 8 cwt., or
sOfi lb., which makes the average of each bunch to be a
little over 11 oz. : not very prodigious this ! But
according to the advocates of the extending system,
and the age of the Vine (99 years), the bunches by this
time ought to weigh as many pounds. If I could not
have put upon the table, a la Busse, Grapes better than
those produced by the Vine at Hampton Court, I
should not have had paid me the many compliments
which I had from my late and much-lamented
employer, the Earl of Craven.

Win Mr. Cannell tell us how many of the large old
Vines to which he alludes are forced, and their fruit
ripened, say even in June, much less in March or
April, when some of our houses are brought m with
hard forcing, and much artificial management ; also,
whether he thinks that the fact of their not being
forced, contributes anything towards their health or
longevity? Vines coming away natmally with the
season require no great amount of sagacity from the

152

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTUIUL Gt^ZETTE,

[I'ebhuaet 16, 1807.

hands of the horticulturist. But Vines with hard
forcing require some considerable amount of skill to
produce fruit in March or April, besides having
in view the keeping them healthy to carry
crops for many successive years yet to come—
and this necessary management does not
appear to have been forthcoming at Portnall Park.
No wonder the proprietor of that establishment thought
much of his big Vine, and with such mishaps it is less
to he wondered at, to find Mr. Cannell advocating so
strongly the large Vine sy.stem, as being more simple
and less expensive than any other.

The nine stages of decay as given by Mr. Cannell
I cannot accept as resulting from the " unnatural
and barbarous" system of close pruning; nor shall I,
wiohout further explanation, believe those symptoms
to have arisen from other than great mismanagement.
Mr. Cannell reasons somewhat illogically when he writes
"Do not trimyour Vine rods up every year like rafters.
If you do, prune the roots also ; if not they will he sure
to rot and create all kinds of disease, and then you will
■wonder what is the cause of it;" and then again
goes on to say, "plant one main Vine in the middle of
the house ; let it have a fresh rafter to fill after the
third year every season ; and if any more are planted,
pull them up as this main one extends, and you will
soon have a Hampton Court or a Cumberland
Lodge Grape Vine." We are not told positively
what are the diseases he apprehends from the
rotting of the roots, resulting from the Vines being
trimmed up every year like rafters. Probably he
regards parasitical Pungi as one source of alarm. If this
be what he is in dread of, he must have a better method
than I have of pulling out the roots of temporary
Vines to make room for permanent ones, if he can
ensure that every rootlet is got out. Purther on, and
while still treating of the close pruning system, he
agrees that it is "essential not to injure the roots;"
but how Mr. Cannell can say prune the roots, and in a
sentence immediately following add, it is essential not
to prune the roots, is to me incomprehensible.

If Mr. Cannell gave his opinion from practice
directly under his own management, and had himself
achieved that which he holds forth to others, then I
should be inclined to believe that he practises what he
teaches, and himself trusts in that which he attempts
to make others believe^ but I fear he has little faith
in his statements. I fear, too, that the advocates of
the parasitical Pungi theory have as little faith in their
doctrine. Let the advocates of the one-Vine system
first reduce their theory to practice, and give to the
gardening world conclusive proof of its adaptability as
well for forcing as summer culture ; and in the event
of their succeeding they will have but little difficulty
in disposing of the present system. They will, of
course, before going further with the subject, choose a
better base for operations than the swampy quagmire
on which Mr. Cannell placed his redoubt. Wm. Miller,
Combe Ahhej/ Gardens.

[Mr. Miller's arguments are, as is well known,
backed up by results showing no ordinary amount of
success. We trust that other correspondents will
state their views, so that the question may be
thoroughly investigated. Eds.]

DE. HOOKER ON INSULAE PLOEAS.

As I have paid a good deal of attention to the geo-
graphical distribution of animals and plants, I hope
you will allow me to make a few remarks upon Dr.
Hooker's Lecture on Oceanic Floras, in compliance
with the desire expressed by him to see his statements
inve.5tigated by others, and more facts accumulated, so
as to aid him in treatmg the whole subject of Oceanic
Floras comprehensively at some future time.

In regard to the details, I am especially pleased to
find him more favourably disposed than I had antici-
pated^ to the conclusion that the facts ob.served in
oceanic islands are inconsistent with the possilsihty of
their having been peopled by accidental introductions. I
had ta,ken up the notion, partly perhaps from his
general adoption of Mr. Darwin's views, and partly
from what appeared to me the undue weight which, in
hisprevious writings,he seemed disposed to giveto these
introductions, that when he did pronounce, he would
be found m the ranks of those who believed that
oceanic islands were peopled by them. It is with
satisfaction that I find my anticipations so far disap-
pointed, and that, although somewhat grudgingly, still
in point of fact he does refer the origin of the Floras of
these islands to former union with other countries
which has since been interrupted by the sinking of the
land between them.

At the same time I cannot but see, and see with
regret, that Dr. Hooker is anything but a voluntary
convert, for while practically accepting the theory with
the one hand; he throws cold water upon it with the
other hy such expressions as " The naturalist who takes
nothing for granted finds insuperable objections to the
ready acceptance of either;" ''It proves too much-"

It rnay be said to account for everything, but to explain
nothing," &c.

Now as a friend of that theory, I object to its
character being thus damaged by a side wind ; facts or
arguments against it may be met, hut what
possible reply can be made to an objection that " it
accounts for everything, but explains nothing." The
vagueness of the charge alone makes it formidable. The
expressiouisaoontradiotion interms. The accountiugfor
a thing includes the explaining it, as the greater does the
less. If the expression has any kernel at all, it probably
IS that Dr. Hooker has still some lingering doubts on
the subject, but he is too truthful and honest to main-
tain his objections in the face of facts which he cannot
deny, and whose bearing he is too able not to perceive •
hence perhaps his mingled phase of wholesale doubt
and retail belief.

Dr. Hooker is by no means the only naturalist o

eminence who evinces this hesitation. There is a similar
hanging back on the part of Sir Charles Lyell and Mr.
Darwin, whom one would not, a priori, expect to he
startled at any large or wide-reaching hypotheses. I
cannot understand their reluctance to admit the recent
submergence of Atlantic or Pacific continents, for
the former and comparatively recent existence of
such continents presents itself to my mind not as a
possibility or probability, but as an absolute physical
necessity. It seems to me, that although not a single
fact in distribution had ever been observed, tending
that way, an Atlantic continent must ha,ve existed,
and we should then have had to exercise our ingenuity in
explaining why no facts in distribution indicated it,
instead of showing how the facts correspond with it.
These gentlemen know that, since the Miocene epoch,
the greater part of South America, a portion of N orth
America, the most of North Africa, including the
Sahara, the greater part of Europe, and the greater
part of Northern Asia have all been raised from the
bosom of the deep. It is part of their creed too, that
for every band of elevation of land a correspond-
ing depression takes place alongside of it, and yet they
hesitate to apply their own principles simply on account
of the grandeur of the scale on which the operation
has been conducted. If I take an inflated India-rubber
ball and make a dimple in it with my finger, the parts
around my finger rise up in compensation of the
pressure ; so, if the North Atlantic is depressed, up
must rise Europe and America ; or if, reversing the
illustration, Europe and Asia rise, down must go the
Arctic Sea, the North Atlantic, the North Pacific, and
the Indian Ocean. It may be said that a general
depression may take place from the shrinking of the
earth under the process of cooling; but as the total
amount of sea remains the same, this would only add
to the ground under water instead of diminishing it,
and consequently make the submergence of continents
the more likely. Both Lyell and Darwin ground their
hesitation on the enormous depth and width of the
Atlantic as too great to be depressed in the time
allowed, but if there has been time to raise the corre-
sponding quantity of dry land there must have been
time for the submergence of that now under water, the
one being the counterpart of the other, and conse-
quently the action must have been simultaneous.

Next to his reluctance to accept the theory of former
union of the islands to main lands, the least satisfactory
point to me in Dr. Hooker's lecture is the limited
extent to which he has availed himself of the collateral
information drawn from the Faunas of the islands of
which he has spoken. No doubt that was, strictly
speaking, beyond his province (Floras). It is true that
he has done all he promised ; but it is not the less true
that any one reasoning as to the geographical affinities
of oceanic islands may !find their conclusions,
although sound as regards the Floras, by no means
sound as regards general results. The character of the
Flora of a place may differ from that of its Fauna,
and one portion of the Fauna may differ from
another, and a combined view of both may lead to a
different conclusion from what an isolated view of
either would give. This I consider a very important
point to be kept in view by all students of geographical
distribution, and as Dr. Hooker does not touch upon it,
and there is a very general impression that the Floras
and Faunas always harmonise with each other, perhaps
you will allow me to give one or two illustrations of
differences between them, which I shall select as much
as possible for the bearing they have upon the islands
specially treated of by Dr. Hooker.

The geographical distribution of plants and animals
in Greenland, although not within his scope, is a case
too pertinent to be omitted. In treating of it I have
shown that while the plants and the insects of that
country are of European types, the birds and mammals
are of American, indicating, as I think, that Greenland
after its denudation by the glacial epoch was first
united to Europe, but aftenvards severed from it before
birds and beasts had made their way to it.

Japan furnishes another instance. There, for
example, the larger proportion of the butterflies and
moths is of the Northern Europeo- Asiatic faoies. So
are the beetles. With the exception of a small proportion
of species either actually Chinese or of a Chinese facies,
the Engli,sh entomologist would find nothing but
species either identical with English ones or obviously
closely allied to them. But when we come to the
Hymenoptera (the bees, wasps, and ants) the case is
wholly changed; they are all Chinese. So far as we
yet know, not a single Hymenopterous insect of a boreal
or European facies occurs in Japan. Mr. Fred. Smith,
the first hymenopterist of the day, informs me that
none have ever reached the British Museum. I can only
see one way of accounting for this most remarkable dif-
ference, and if my explanation is the true one, it speaks
trumpet-tongued against the whole theory of islands,
whether oceanic or near the land, being ever peopled
by colonisation or accidental introductions.

My idea is that prior to the glacial epoch and the
alterations of level which then took place, Japan was
united to Northern Asia. The whole of the country
which was above w-ater from Ireland to Japan had,
both before and after the glacial epoch, one Fauna and
one Flora ; although they might be different after from
what they were before, still at both periods they were
one in themselves. Dr. Hooker can bear evidence to
the identity of the substratum of the Floras of these
lands. Dr. Sclater has spoken to that of birds. I may
be allowed to refer to my " Geographical Distribution of
Mammals " as showing the same thing in that class,
and here I shall only refer to one other class, the
Coleoptera, regarding whose geographical distribution
we have some numerical details. In them one facies
extends over the whole of Northern Europe and Asia,
and many of the species are identical the whole way,
the most distant points having of course the fewest in
common. So strong is this unity of Fauna, that out of

320 species collected by Schrenck in Amourland (the
extreme eastern coast of Asia, directly opposite the
northern half of Japan) there are actually 96 species
identical with British species, 126 identical with those
found in Gerfnany, and 140 identical with those from
the districts lying next to the east of the Ural Moun-
tains. Similar statistics have not yet been worked out
for Japan, but that a similar facies and many identical
.species exist is undoubted. This European facies of the
Japanese beetles is a mere continuation of what occurs
on the mainland, indicating union (according to my
view) at the time that Japan received the insects of
that facies. Andreiv Murray.

{.To be Continued.)

SALADS, AND HOW TO GEOW THEM.— No. I,
^ Undeb this head I purpose to give, from time to
time, a few hints which may be serviceable to instruct
the uninitiated, and if I judge rightly, may also
improve the cultivation of Salads in the hands of those
who are only partially acquainted with their proper
treatment. There are, I apprehend, very few persons
but can enjoy what is commonly called a good salad ; I
mean by this a dressed salad — such combinations as are
recommended in the various cookery books, the good
quality of which must, of course, chiefly depend upon
the superiority of their component parts. The separate
ingredients are, as we all know, also highly appreciated.
My province, however, in these papers will be, not so
much to speak of their uses as of their cultivation,
though I believe there are few things more conducive
to health during the summer months than the
moderate use of these cooling vegetables. Their
refreshing properties seem to invigorate the animal
spirits and to give an extra tone to the system, more
easily felt than described. Our labouring population
takes full advantage of them during the time of their

freatest plenty, judging from the demand and sale in
jondon, and the large manufacturing towns.
The quantity supplied to the London markets alone
would surprise any one not cognisant of the fact. There
are hundreds of waggon loads consumed weekly in
London during the months of May, June, and July,
the quantity gradually decreasing until October, after
which, as a matter of course, salads become more scarce,
and are considered greater delicacies. The supply is
generally well kept up, if the weather be mild, until
Christmas, after which we get some kinds imported,
in addition to those of home-growth. [The French
then partially supply the London markets with
Radishes, both Long and Turnip, with Cos and Cabbage
Lettuces, and with Endive. Radishes are also sent to
London from Cornwall at the same season. During
the first two months of the year we are actually supplied
from the remote region of Algeria with "Lettuces,
beautiful in quality, indeed almost equal to our own
summer growth.

I purpose in these articles to write on the cultiva-
tion of those salads which are generally used, or are
more generally known, and trust therefore to be excused
if I seem to omit some that are appreciated only in
certain localities, though it will be my endeavour to
speak of all those which are of any note. I may
promise, moreover, that if the general instruction's
which will be given, are carried out, a good salad will
not be wanting, or at least will be obtainable, nearly
all the year round. James M. Mason.

Home Correspondence.

The late Wiulerlij TTeatlier.—TXris has caused sad
havoc here, both in the kitchen garden and pleasure-
grounds. Brcccolis of all sorts, Albert Sprouts, Dal-
meny Sprouts, and Brussels Sprouts, are very much
cut up. I am glad to state that Cottagers' Kale has
withstood the storm, and that it is quite fresh. Buda
Kale, also, is unhurt. Too much cannot be said in
favour of this useful vegetable : it comes in season
when nearly all other Greens are over, sending up
sprouts in April and May, which are most delicious.
Melville's Variegated Kale has also stood the severe
weather both in the kitchen and flower garden. Of
the Albert Sprout I cannot speak highly, although it
shows its parentage. I do not see one plant with heart-
ing sprouts. They are all open like an inferior Brussels
Sprout, and I can only say the same of the Dalmeny
Sprouts. Osborn's Winter White Broccoli came out
last year as a very fine new hardy sort. With us it is
not hardy, being as tender as a Cauliflower ; every
plant was killed by 5° of frost on the 1st December,
1866. The thermometer used here is one of Negretti
and Zambra's, placed at 4 feet from the ground ; the
reading being taken every morning at 7 a.m. We have
not had so much frost as in the neighbourhood of
London, but as our situation is low and wet we sufl'ev
more. First storm, January 1st, 12° of frost; 2d, 20";
."id, 17° ; 4th, 22' ; 5th, 15°; 6th, 8° ; 7th, heavy rain.
Second storm, January 12tli, 17' ; 13th, 18° ; 14th, 20" ;
15th, 17°; 16th, 12°; 17th, 8°; 18th, 9°; 19th, 12'; 20th,17';
21st, 7° ; 22d, 17° ; 23d, 7' ; 24th, showery and mild, snow
going fast. D. Immsden, Bloxholm Ball, Sleaford,

Lincolnshire. The following have been killed to

the ground in our garden, viz., Euonyinus europa>us,
Laurustinus, Bays, two fine large trees of Cedriis
Deodara (others much injured), Araucaria imbricata,
Phillyreas, all the Double Furzes, of which we had
many large plants ; all Tea Eoses, with the important
exception of Gloire de Dijon ; Cupressus senipervirens,
and Berberis Darwinii. The following have been
damaged, viz., Common Laurels, many Hollies, Por-
tugal Laurels, and hybrid Ehododendrons. Arbutuses
have escaped uninjured. Scotch Kale, Broccoli, and
all Greenslare quite dead, with the exception of Cattell's
Eclipse Broccoli and autumn-planted Cabbage. The
soil is a stiS' brown loam with bright yellow clay
beneath : it is drained 3 to 4 feet deep, — too deep, I
think, as the surface water never reaches the drain, and

Febbuaet ig, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

153

it is always very wet in winter. The lowest point reached
bv the thermometer wa.s 3° below zero. Some ol our
iipiL-hboiirs on Wimbledon Common have escaped
daraace altosether. There the soil is sand witli a
uravellv subsoil. C/i<ri-!es n'uodhains, gr. to J. Ouniei),
Esq., Wisl Jim. Piilneil. .

Root Fuiiril.—l Wis much mtercsted in the commu-
nication of " Shannon " on Root Fungus, which aiipcared
in your number for Jan. 2(!, but would be glad o an
explanation of his last sentence,—" I remark, too, that
I seldom or never observe it to arise from the roots ol
a growing tree, cut down to make room for younger
plants." Does he mean by this that he does not
observe it when healthy trees have been cut down, and
young plantations made immediately, or almost imme-
diately, in their place ? One would suppose so but lor
the latter part of a previous sentence, "the mischiel
invariably arises from the roots of former trees being
decayed, and I find that it is always worse where the
previous plantations have been old and decaying, than
where the trees were young and vigorous." It appears,
then, that he does observe it to arise, though m a lesser
degree, from the roots of a young and vigorous previous
plantation. As " Shannon's" experience m the matter
lias been so extensive and prolonged, a more exact
explanation of his meaning would oblige. A. B.

Management of Woods. — XWow me to thank Mr.
Irvine (see p. U.'i) for the trouble he has saved me by
replying to Mr. Brown's remarks on this subject. I
have spent upwards of 50 years in woods and gardens,
and I have seen something of what is required in some
of our best places, but I never met with a place in
which the gardener was not competent to manage
woods. We must not be too hard, however, on Mr.
Bro^vn, as perhaps, alter all, he is only acquainted with
such gardeners as we see occasionally advertised for m
your pages— for instance, there is one wanted this
week '' A first-class Gardener, who must understand
Eoses and bedding-out perfectly. He will also have to
mind, and milk a cow." If these are the kind ol
gardeners of whom Mr. Brown speaks, we must allow
his remarks to pass without further notice. I hope,
however, that he will not speak so disrespectfully of us
as a class in future, for I am happy to say tliat I know
many who do not deserve it, and who are better able
to stand up in their own defence than your old corre-
spondent, Jasper Standstill.

Tricoloured Felanjoiiiiim-^.—Mr. Grieve says (see
p. lOi), " that he believes that there is not a golden
tricolor-leaved Pelargonium in cultivation, that has
not, directly or indirectly, sprang from Mrs. Pollock or
Sunset. As I have raised some of the brightest y-et in
that class, and as the aggregate of science is made up
bit by bit, allow me to add my mite thereto, for the
information of Mr. Grieve and Professor Morren also.
In the first place I never possessed either of the Pelar-
goniums just named, neither have I ever used their
pollen ; but they may be made out of the most comnion
material, and with as much certainty as that 2 and 2
make 4, and equally as simple, because like begets like.
Now then. Tricolors for the Million. Ladies and gen-
tlemen, professors and tyros, may all try in the coming
spring— ripen seed, sow the same, aud prove it before the
autumn. Now for the way to go about it. Take the
pollen of Golden Chain, and with it fertilise any zonal
you think proner ; the result will be a tn-coloured
seedling. It may not be up to your wishes, but having
taken the first step in the right direction, if you
understand what is meant by breeding in-and-in, the
way is plain before you to make it exactly as you
would like to have it, and if that end is not attained, it
is entirely the fault of the operator. Scio.

Vine Growing.— B.O-W are we, if we cut out all our
Vines, save one in each house, to put up collections of
Grapes for exhibition ? Or are such exhibitions to be
disfavoured in the future, and our prize Grapes to be
limited to one kind ? S. D. [This is supposing an
extreme case. It is by no means likely that even the
most strenuous advocate of the extending system, would
adopt it throughout the whole of a large establishment,
although perhaps, in pushing his ex cathedra argu-
ments "in its favour, he might omit to make such an
admission. For variety's sake alone, mixed houses will
ever be desirable. We may remind our correspon-
dents generally that there is a mean between the
two extremes— not only as regards the application
of the system to a whole establishment, but also as
regards carrying it out in a single house. Suppose
a Vine had three or four rafters to cover instead
of one; might not that be advantageous? Even
then, so far as we understand the issue raised, there
is no doubt as to how the finest samples may be pro-
duced ; the question turns upon the point of conti-
nuity, that is, continuity combined with sufficient
excellence, and this is the question which we particu-
larly desire to see thoroughly discussed by our most
experienced growers. What says Mr. Meredith on
this point? Eds.]

Berheris Aqvifolium as Game Covert. — Your corre-
spondent (see p. 105) is sliglitly incorrect in his
remarks in reference to this Berberis as a plant for
coverts at Nuneham Park. It was I who planted, or
at least superintended the planting of it on a rough
piece of woodland, where it could not be expected to
make much growth. After the dry autumn of 18G5 all
the plants of it were mostly alive, but rather sickly.
No rabbits had touched them then, although plenty
were at hand. When fox-hunting began, the fence got
broken down, and unfortunately a flock of over 200
sheep got in and laid upon the plants all night, and
being only small twigs, they ate them nearly all
within a few inches of the ground. I am therefore not
surprised to hear that no amount of cleaning has
failed to recover them. O. Telfer, late of Nuneham
Park.

Gas Tar and Hot Water Pipes. -Allow me to tell
your correspondent (see p. 128) to butter or grease his
pipes thoroughly, and the vile tar will at once relax

its grasp, and can readily bo scraped, or even rubbed
oir. While it continues in its soft, buttery motid, take
water, as near boiling as it can be used, with plenty ot
soft soap, and scrub off every atom of it. 11 the
pipes are milk-warm, tho grease will operate a tlie
bettor ; but they must not be made hot, or it will run
olf witliont softening tho tar. The washing must also
bo well done, or the smell will continue for years,
although tho tar would probaby cease to be dangerous
after the scraping or rnlibing. Qkotus. ^^

Itinliation of dIeat.— V\M\ this subject Quercus
(see p. 127) invites an explanaticm of certain eli'ects of
the late frost upon Laurels ami other trees. If his
observations have been correctly made, they are cer-
tainly very singular. lie finds that within one foot ol
the ground the buds [branches were meant] of
Laurels are all killed, while at the height of six
feet the trees are alive and well. He connects
these observations with an idea that at the distance
of six feet " terrestrial radiation ceases,"— an idea
which I recommend him to dismiss. I may also
venture to recommend him to extend his observations
before assuming as " beyond controversy," that the
frost " wielded its most destructive force within a toot
of the ground," the facts he has observed being the
reverse of everything seen elsewhere, and being incon-
sistent with well-ascertained thermal laws. That the
late frost was the result of radiation is proved by the
fact that the leaves and branches of trees were much
colder than the surrounding atmosphere, which fact is
proved by their condensing from the atmosphere a
beautiful crop of hoar-frost crystals. That the radia-
tion was greatest, and the damage done to plants was
greatest, not near the ground, but at their highest and
most exposed parts, is proved by the blighted and
withered condition of the upper parts of Laurustmus,
Laurus nobilis and Deodars ; the two last being, in
most cases, entirely denuded of leaves for several feet,
from the top downwards, while their lower portion,
near the ground, is comparatively green and unhurt.
It is possible that in open situations completely
exposed to the sky, the air in contact with a grassy soil
may become colder than the air a few feet above it,
but not colder than the Grass, nor colder than the top
of a tree, equally free as the Grass to radiate or emit
its heat. An Amateur, Clapham Park.

Rainfall.— The following is the monthly depth of
rain which fell at Bloxholm Hall, near Sleaford, in the
year 180G :—

Till

Inches.

J.imi.iry . . . . ^^.50

February .. .. 2.00

March 1.20

AprU 110

May 1.50

Juno 3.00

July 3.10

Inches.

August 3.60

September .. .. ^-62

October 2.05

November .. .. 2.22
December . . . . l.TO

Total

29.49

Taken by Casella's C-inch rain-gauge. S. Lumsden,
Bloxholm Kail, Sleaford.

iitiucil, in t)ie duKirc of fi.-iving from heavy Iohh ttione who
II liberally f^vcn their names aH the ^uarant'irH of an
uniiertakinK devoted to the intereHts of liortieiiUure, at onco
aeeeded to tho request, and, from tlic sorioUH fln.ancial failure
which it threatened to become, tho undertaking was converted
into a brilliant sucecHS.

C. A further deficiency in tho receipts, as compared with
those of 180r), w.aa occasioned by the abolition of the cheap
admissions, in compliance with the wish expressed by tho
Fellows at tho last aimual general mcctint;, and uiifortini.ately
the free admissions which were granted to the public in lieu
of them were not so successful as to induce the (Jinincilto
repeat thorn. They were taken advantage of less by the ehisses
for whom the boon was intended, than by those whose rresoneo
in the (iardens the Council had no desire to encourage.

7. It may bo remembered by the Fellows that tho Library
of tho late Dr. Lindley was hrst year .announced for sale, and a
proposition was made that tho Fellows of tho Society should
bo invited to subscribe for its purchase. Tho Council, however,
h.avinc boon given to understand that its purchase was con-
templated by the Committee of the International Exhibition,
thought it needless to bring it before the Fellows. Pending a
decision concerning tho mode in which so desirable an object
w.as to be .attained, the Council decided to advance the money
for it, and they h.ave now reason to believe that a portion of the
Bunilus from the Intcm.ational Exhibition wUl be appUod to
the formation of a Horticultural Library at South Kensington,
commencing with the purchase of the Lindley Collection.

8 In carrying out the scheme tor the year's anangemonts,
tho CouncU have reduced the oxpendituro wherever it could
bo done without impeding tho oncetivo working o' the
Society, .and an .analysis of the accounts put into the hands ot
tho Fellows will show th.at the strictest economy has been
exercised Tho expenditure for the maintenaneo and improve-
ment of Chiswick, .and for assistance given by the scionlihc
staff will hereafter yield its duo return in increased produce
in tho garden and in reputation to the Society, whilst to
have stopped tho work which is being so ably earned on
would have been very injurious to it. For fuU information on
this head FeUows are referred to the .annexed Report of the
Chiawiek Board. In speaking of Chiswick Gardens, the
CouncU think it right to call the attention of the FeUows to
the fact that Mr. Thompson has now for a period of 4o years
rendered very valuable services to the Society, the greater
p.artotthotimoa3thc Superintendent ot tho fruit and vege-
table department. His great ago requires that he should now
have some rest from his labours, and, pendmg the adoption ot
any ulterior measures that m.ay be t.aken for his advantage,
tho Council propose to continue to pay him tho fuU .amount
of hts present salary, leaving it to himsell to determme what;
he can best do to assist tho Society. .

9. The Education scheme for gardeners is workmg witn
success. Tho examinations held this year have resulted m
13 young men receiving certificates either for Gonculture or
fruit and vegetable culture. Five of these gardeners are
employed at Chiswick, five at the Roy.al Gardens at kew, and
three were from priv,ate establishments. Of those who
presented themselves f jr examination, three had previously
obtained certificates or prizes from the Society of Arts,
examining on behalf of the Roy.al Horticultural Society, iwo
also showed themselves worthy of election as Associates.

10. In their .arrangements for the present year the Council
have been induced to try the experiment ot extenduig the
duration of the First Great Show to four days, and the
principal exhibitors have promised their support in makmg
the experiment a success. It is proposed to hold the greater
p.art of the Exhibition in the Great Tent, and in some addi-
tional canvas covered spaces. The more dehcate plants wiu
be shown in the Conserv.atory. , , -

11 Relations have been entered into with the Royal Agri-
cultural Society for holding an Autumnal Fruit and Flower
Show in the provinces in connection with their annual
Agricultural Show, and arr.ingements have been made with
them for a conjoint Exhibition at Bury St. Edmunds in July
next. Tho horticulturists of that jilace and of the adjoining
counties have entered into tho scheme with a degree of spint.
which Indicates that the guarantee from loss stipiilated

Societies.

EovAL HoRTiCDLTURAL I Fib. 12 ( Annlvcrsary).- Tho Duke

of Buccleueh, K.G., in the Chair. ^ , .

The minutes of the last meeting having been re.ad .and

rrsTnd- the wCtTor mtm^berfc^i' CoTinSffi'S^^^ ^rby tie C=il Is a condition- of holdmg the Show, is not

proceeded ^th and rSuTted in the election of the Duke of likely to bo called into requisition In a '>=.';y,;™ "'''^^;=Jr»°>
S?ccl™ch^ P-esidont ■ Mr 6. F. WUson, F.R.S., Treasurer ; 1 the announcement of the CouncUs ™t=nV? ^i ,^? „,^»d
frCoTscSt RE Secretary -ilr. Wilson, Col. Scott, and tionsto the gu.arantee fund amounted todoubletho sum named
Mr Hen^ Cole,' cVb, Spouses Committee men: and Mr. asnecessary ■and.inadditiontothepnzesoflered^^^^
Jas. NidSison, Mr. .John Gibson, and Mr^RobertHudson, ! cups, &e.,to the value^of no less than 226j.l^3.>«e_boe^^^
Auditors.

s^brriT j^'s^ ^^Tr^»^^^ ; S^»i^ <^g:i^-^itex^«^^

Mr Weutworth W. BuUer, were elected Members of Council
in tho place of the followmg vacating members, viz., Mr.
W, WUson Saunders, F.R.S. ; Sir A. BuUer, and the Rt. Hon.
W. Cowpor, M.P. , „ . , T> -*

The Assistant Secretary then road the Annual Report as
follows : — ,. . , ^,_ L

1 Notwithstanding the monetary distress of the past year,
the CouncU are able to report to tho FeUows an increase in tho
amount of annu,al subscriptions. Tho sums paid by Fellows
as subscriptions in 181)5 amounted to V>173(. Is. Id., and, .as
wiU be seen by the statement of receipt and expenditure, their
annual subscriptions rose to 8176(., 9». CJ. ml86S.

2. Tho rents for tho Arcade lettings to Horticultural imple-
ment makers have also increased more than 80 per cent,
suice tho year 1863, and during tho last 12 months. 320!.
h.ave been paid to the Society under this head, in addition to
the sum of 149(. 17j. received for her Majesty's Commis-
Bionera ot 1851 for the staUs in the South-Eastem Arcade.

3 The s.ales of Garden produee from Chiswick for 1866 have
likewise exceeded those of the previous year. In 1S65 these
sales brought in 050i 3,.. 8d. ; in 1866 they amounted to
V17i 15s 'mI But for the faUuro of a considerable portion ot
the Fruit crops-a faUure under which aU gardens in and
about London sufiered-the receipts from this source would
have been considerably greater. .

4 It wUl be seen, therefore, that in the sources of income
least Uablo to fluctuation, the Society h.as made decided
progress, and although the receipts from exhibitions .and for
daUy admissions have fallen considerably below the average,

tbp Council are of oninion that the allairs of the Society, i.*. auu v.v,iii.^u.».i. ...^.-.f. "..-t-- -- d *i.., nT,or,

thoughTquSng'stifct economy, are in an encouraging | tobacco, purchased for horticu2tur.al^pun«ses, and th^^

The Council eonfidontly expect, therefore, that the Show at
Bury will not only exercise a beneficial influence on Horti-
culture, but that it wUl conduce also to the reputation of the
Royal Horticultunal Society. , „ „ ., ^ ,vi!,i,

12. It was originally the intention of tho Council to publish
four numbers of tho Journal annuaUy, to be paid for by sub-
scriptions from such FeUows as might wish to receive a copy
of the work. The additional subscription did not, however,
find sufEcieut f.avour with the FeUows to enable the Council
to pubUsh the Journal on this foottag; and the LouncU,
unwilUng to give up a plan which appeared to thorn to be so
important an aid to the objects of the Horticultural Society,
h.ave determined to do what is possible towards it by bringing
out the numbers of the work at longerintorvais, and supplymg
them at tho expense of the Society to the whole of its members.

1 3 These .and other proposed alterations and reduetions m the
expenses of mamagement wUl, it is hoped, effect aU that is neces-
sary in the way of s.aving, without trenching on thcpnvUeges
and the pleasures of the FeUows : but the CouncU desire to impress
upon every subscriber tho .advantage to the cause of Horncul-
turo of inducing his friends to take a warmer interest in tho
work of the Society, and to enrol themEclves,amom;stlts t eUows.
No better w.ay of effecting this offers itself than that of brmging
them to visit the Tuesday Fruit and Floral Exhibitions of the
Society. Under this beUef the CoimcU have given to the
FeUows the fuUest privileges for these Shows, and they have
also raised tho payment for admission to the Gardens on these
occasions, to enh.ance tho adv,antages which the IcUows
privUege of admitting friends enable them to confer.

14 The CouncU are taking stops to get the tax removed from

position for these deflcieneies are tr.aceablo to causes which
have affected every undertaking, whilst tho progress made
can only be attributable to the mereasing popularity of the
Society, and to the daUy increasing number of wealthy
residents in the neighbourhood of the G,ardens. .

5 Tho faUing off in tho receipts for exhibitions and
admissions to the Gardens is in part al.so .attributable to
another cause which wiU not probably be of frequent reour-
rencc. Although a payment was made to the Society from
the funds of tho International Horticultural Exhibition— and
this payment was equivalent to that which is generaUy
cleared by the First Groat Show of tho Society, the place of
which it took-it by no means represented the whole diminu-
tion which it occisioned, directly and mdirectly, to the
receipts of tho Society. It was proposed, ^hen this arrange-
ment was made, that the Intemiitional Exhibition should be
open for four days only, but at the end of the four days its
receipts fcU so far short of tho anticipations of its promoters
that they found it necessary to apply to the Council for an
extension of the time for which tho Gardens were granted.

• [This is not strictly accurate. The International Executive
decided on the second day of the Show to extend the duration
of the Exhibition, and decided also that the arrangement with

cellor of 'the Exchequer has signified to the CouncU that he is
ToiT wUUng to receive a deputation of the Society on this
subject. Ho wUl fix an early day for the purpose,, and the
deputation wUI be headed by tho President of the Society, His
Grice the Duke of Buccleueh. It is the mtention of <^';
CouncU to invito the leadmg Horticulturists of the country to
join in it.

BEPOET OF THE CHISWICK BOARD.

The attention of the Chiswick Board of Directors has, during

the past year, been more especially directed towards restoring

respect to the use of the Garden by themselves shouM.ceaso

wTth the original barg.iin, but they suggested to the ofccials of
the Royal Horticultural Society whether an arran|ement
beneflciil to both parties might not he ■"■r'^', ''.^ r^Vil
Society would make a charge to those who ™fJ''fS*° S
from the Tent into the Garden durmg the t™" "f ^"™ «t™f
sion. This the CouncU did not approve °'^ ?°'L"f '^f.^^^l!'"!
made the Committee the further.offer which was the basis ol
theamingcment ultimately adopted. The Executive Committee
'd^rnTt fhe"oToro "apply'to th^o CouncU for an ex^nsi» of
tho time for whieh the G.ii-dens were granted, and the tKuis-
action md not take place " at the end of the foiu- days. Ed=.].

154

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Febeuast 1G, 1867.

tbeGa,rdens totheirformerstateof efficiency, so thiit little, com-
paratively, has been done of a strictly scientific nature. Some
successful {sic} attempts at Hybridising however, have been
effected, the success of most of which is at present uncertain ;
one, however, a cross between the Ivy-leaved Pelargonium and
.some of the best zoned varieties, has been happUy accomplished,
and it is hoped that out of the numerous seedliugs some
striking novelties may be ijrodueod.

Attempts have also been made towards the cultivation of
Truffles and different kinds of Mushrooms. Tho Truffle bed
has not yet been disturbed, but a better result than has
attended other attempts is scarcely to be hoped for. It was,
however, thought right that it should be tried on the best
principles ; and should it not succeed, they will not be
deterred from further attempts. So little at present is known
of the growth of Tmffles in tho infant state, that we must be
content to work a good deal in the dark. As regards the
Mushrooms, it cannot be known till next autumn whether any
success has been obtained,

A valuable series of observations on Radiation, and other
cognate matters, has been made at tho suggestion of Mr.
Hadwen, which wQl shortly be published in the Journal.

Great pains have been taken in verifying some of the doubt-
ful plants in tho collection.

The Directors feel great pleasure in reporting tho great
success which has been achieved, as regards making the
Gardens a school of Horticulture, by the employment of
students in the work of the Garden. The results of the Lite
examination are also very encouraghig, and they think it may
be advantajreous, both to the Society, and to young men
entermg on the profes.sion of gardening, if the number were
extended as opportunities permit.

POMOLOGICAL SECTION.

Pi'itit Department. — With the view of continuing the
experiments in the comparison of the numerous varieties of
fruits now in the collection at the garden, and especially in
the vast number of Vines, the glazed wall was converted a few
years ago into an experimental Vinery, whera ail the varieties
are trained against the wall on the "single-rod" system, by
which means no less than 128 varieties have been planted.
The last was the first season in which any great number of
these Vines produced fruit, and many important observations
were made which, however, it would be premature at present
to announce, until they have been confirmed by the expe-
rience of another season. It is believed, from what the Board
have seen, that many of these so-called new varieties will
prove to be old kinds under new names, some will be found to
be entirely worthless, while not a few must become useful and
permanent additions to those already in cultivLition.

Great confusion exists among the large section of Grapes
included under the name of Chasselas ; and for the purpose of
throwing as much light as possible on the subject, plants of all
tie varieties known to belong to that section have been propa-
gated and grown in pots, and in the ensuing year the whole
collection will be fruited, and many points on which much
doubt has hitherto prevailed will be cleared up, and this impor-
tant section of the Grapes will be reduced into proper order. '-•^.
Another very important subject which has engaged tho
attention of the Board is the collection of Figs, of which
there are now 7-1 varieties in the garden. Since the last report
was made, the house in which the Figs were usuahy grown
has been entirely re-glazed ; every alternate sash-bar has been
i"emoved from the lights, and the small squares of dirty glass
with their numerous overlajis have been supplanted by squares
of large dimensions, thereby introducing a flood of light,
which is essential to the successful perfecting of the fruit of
the Fig. Considerable progress has also been made in the
identification of old varieties under new names, and in tho
fruiting of others that have not hitherto been mtroduced to
this country ; but, as in the case of all new fruits, great
caution is required in coming to any conclusions on the subject,
and, therefore, before any report is made, the Board consider
it judicious to repeat their observations another season, when,
judging from the promising appearance of tho trees, they
expect to derive greater facilities for comiug to a satisfactory
conclusion than have hitherto been afforded.

For the last few seasons repeated attempts have been made
to investigate the collection of Strawbenies, but without
effect ; the plantation which existed in the garden having, in
common with others throughout the country, suffered from the
successive effects of Late spring frost and summer droughts, it
became necessary to form an entirely new collection, iuclud-
iug- in it all the varieties that were known to exist either in
this country or the continent. Through the liberality which
always characterises the nursery trade in its relation to the
Society, the Directors have the pleasure to report that the new
plantation, which has been formed on a newly-prepared piece
of ground, now includes no less than 286 varieties ; and it is
hoped thiit in the year 1SI3S, should no imtoward event
arise, a rare opportunity will be afforded to the Fellows of the
Society and those interested in the subject to study this
extensive collection.

It has been found that the old collection of Apples on
Paradise stocks which occupies the borders of the orchard and
Idtchen garden, and which is coeval with the existence of the
garden, is rapidly fallmg into decay, and although by certain
treatment the trees might be renovated and rendered healthy
and fruitful, the expense and labour that would be incurred
in aniving at this result are so great, that steps are being taken
to gradually remove these old trees and to form a new
collection with others of a younger and more healthy growth.
Another and perhaps the greatest objection to the continuance
of these trees is the fact that most of tliem are grafted with
several distinct varieties, which in many instances have been
double worked, and the evil results that arise from this
circumstance, where so many applications for grafts are
furnished to the Fellows from these trees, are iu themselves
sufficient to justify the course which the Board propose to
carry out. Every care has been taken to preserve the full
collection, and, in anticipation of the destruction of the old
trees, scions have been taken from them and worked upon
.stocks which have now grown into handsome young trees ready
to take the place of their predecessors.

During the past season the Plum and Cherry crops have
hoen an entire failure, and for all practical purposes have been
productive of no useful result. The great uncertainty there is
in securing a crop of Cherries, whether from the damage done
to tho bloom by late spring frosts, or by birds when a crop has
been obtained, has induced the Board to institute a course of
experimental examinations, by growing the trees in pots, and
cultivating them under protection. This appears to be the
only alternative where a large collection has to be dealt with,
and where it is impossible to protect every individual tree
when out of doors. The Board, therefore, propose in future to
grow all new varieties that may be received in ijots, and to
add to them when young trees can be obtained all the old
varieties in the garden, so that future experiments may be
carried out with some reasonable prospect of success.

Every opportunity is taken of securing the novelties which
are announced, and it is the object of the Directors to render
tho collection of fruits in the Chiswick Garden as complete as
it is possible to be, so that it may become a centre of reference
*^>dn all subjects relating to fruits and to fruit tree culture.
It ts with much pleasure that they have to record the great
liberality of the Rev. John Huyshe, of Clysthydon, near
Kxeter, who has been the successful originator of several valu-
able varieties of Pear bearing his name. Among these
varieties was one of unusual size and excellence, which hai

been named Huysbe's Prince Consort, and the entire stock of
that variety Mr. Huyshe has placed at the disposal of the
Society. Upwards of 100 young trees have been propagated of
it in the garden, and these, along with 200 or .300 scions sent
by Mr. Huyshe, have been distributed in tho first ballot of
this year.

It is gratifying to see the unabated interest which the
nursery tirade and others connected with the pursuit of horti-
culture in the country manifest in the maintenance and success
of the operations at the garden, as exemplified in the liberal
donations of any novelties they may possess, and the desire
that the Society should have an opportunity of comparing,
examining, and pro%'ing the various subjects of horticultural
interest. It is also an encouraging sign, and an evidence of
the important services the Society can render to horticulture,
to find so many applications from so many of the professional
as well as amateur Fellows of the Society for scions and seeds
of fruit and ornamental trees, either for the augmentation of
their collections or for the careful preservation of the nomen-
clature of the subjects of which these collections are
composed.

Vegetable Department. — In the vegetable department the
experiments in proving the varieties of new vegetables and
comparing them with the old have been continued. In the
past season the Board resolved to investigate the varieties of
garden Peas, and with this view obtained, through the
liberality of the nursery and seed trade, the seeds of con-
siderably upwards of 100 sorts, all of which were sown
on ground skilfully and carefully prepared. Unfortunately,
however, the ravages of slugs and of other predatory insects,
which resisted every means adopted to exterminate them,
were such as to entirely destroy the whole crop, and this
h.aving occurred a second time Tvith a crop sown after the
destruction of the first, the desired result was not obtained.
The attempt will be made again this season, when it is hoped
that better fortune will attend our labours.

The crops of which successful examinations have been

made are Onions, Beet, and Celery, and of these the reports

will be published in the Journal of the Society in due course.

Floral Section.

As regards the Floral Department, while the supply of

Bedding plants for South Kensington, as well as of Flowering

and other Ornamental plants for the decoration of the con-

' servatory, has been maintained, other plants of interest have

' from time to time, so far as the glass accommodation has

permitted, been sent from Chiswick to the Tuesday Meetings

and Saturday Promenades. A new lean-to house has now

been erected, and a second house is in course of removal from

I Kensington, for the purpose of more fully carrying out this

\ latter object. These rtdditions, and some niodificatioos with

' respect to the older erections, will not only much facilitate

I the keeping up of these several suppUes, but will also give, to

some extent, the increased facilities that were necessary for

experimental cultivation, and for supplying plants for the

1 ballot distributions.

I The cultivation of New Flowers for examination by the

i Floral Committee has been carried on as usual. In the course

! of the season, the trial beds have not only proved attractive

I to those who visited the Garden, but have afforded valuable

information, to many persons who sought it, as to the habits,

\ quahties, and colours of the different plants. To the trial

\ beds of former years was added, during the past year, a series

of beds for the growth of examples of the now fashionable

group of Sub-tropical Plants so much used for summer garden

: decoration, and a very interesting collection of these was

: brought together, The thanks of the Fellows are due to those

gentlemen who were good enough to contribute these various

subjects, intended either for experimental culture or for pur-

I poses of pubUc reference.

j A considerable space of ground, which had been previously
prepared for the purpose, was during the past season planted
with a choice collection of Conifers presented to tho Society
'< by Messrs. Veitch i; Sons, Messrs. Waterer it Godfrey, Messrs.
Lee, Messrs. Osbom &. Sons, Mr. Dancer, Mr. Standish, and
Mr. W. Paul. When established, these will afford useful infor-
} mation to those gentlemen who may wish to make selections
for ornamental planting. A collection of Roses was also con-
tributed by Mr. W. Paul, Mr. C. Turner, Messrs. Rivers & Son,
and Messrs. Wood & Son.

It is yet too early to ascertain tho amount of damage
occasioned by the excessive cold to which tho Chiswick
Garden was exposed during the frosts of January, 18G7, but it is
to be feared that half-hardy subj ects wi] 1 have suffered severely.

1 The Rev. George Cheebe then moved that the Report of the
' Council bo received and adopted.

I Mr. Harry Chester said there were two points in the
; Report of great interest. As regarded one of them he was
himself concerned, having been the first to bring the matter
' before the Society, and that was the education of gardeners.
I The scheme had been well received by the Council, and he had
I the pleasure of serving on the Committee who investigated
that and other matters. There were some who had doubts as
^ to tho possibility of the Council carrying out the scheme
' recommended by that Committee, but the majority were in
favour of it. A very considerable portion of the scheme had
been carried out, and it was satisfactory to find that it had
been attended with excellent results. That was one point ;
the other was the relations that existed between tho Royal
florticultural Society and the late great International Horti-
cultural Exhibition, As regards the surplus arising from
that exhibition, he said there was no doubt the money had
been given by a great many people, and it was difficult to say
what the Committee were to do with it. They had thought
proper to make a grant of 1000/. to the Gardeners' Royal
Benevolent Institution ; of that he did not complain, but what
he wished to inquire was, whether the Committee of the Inter-
national intended to give the Society any of the surplus they
had in hand ? It seemed to him that according to the under-
taking that had been entered into, the Society ought to have
some. It was said that it was proposed to invest a portion of
that surplus in the purchase of the Lindley Library. No
doubt it might be desirable that should bo bought, but
it seemed to him that it would be only right that the surplus,
or, at all events, some of it, should be handed over to tlie
Society, and then by an arrangement it might be agreed
between the Society and the Committee of the International
Exhibition that the Lindley Library might be purchased out
of that surplus, and become the property of the Society. There
was another body who treated the International Exhibition
Committee with great liberality. Ho (Mr. Chester) referred to
her Majesty's Commissioners of the Exhibition of 1851, who
gave the use of the ground without any charge, * but they
were not in a position to ask the Committee of the Inter-
national Exhibition to give them any portion of the surplus,
nor, indeed, didhe suppose thatthey would do so; and, in fact, if
they did tho Commissioners would not take it, but the Society
was indebted to the Commissioners, and if the Society could
got any of that surplus, it would in their present financial
position be of great use, as it could be handed over in part
payment of the amount in which tho Society was indebted to
the Commissioners of 1851.

Mr. Edgar Bowbing said the Council submitted to the
Expenses Committee their estimates of tho receipts of the
year 1&66, and on that statement i tho Expenses Com-
m.ttee based their corresponding expenditure. They have no

legal control over the application of their receipts, but they
have over their expenditure. In the anticipated receipts
there were three matters which they took into account— the
exhibitions, the promenades, and the special fetes. Now
the total estimate under these heads for the year 1865
was 2630/., and for 18C6 only 2180i., or 450/. less than
in 1865, .and it seemed that if the Society took a
sum of 300/. in return for the large sacrifice they would
sustain in not holding their Summer Show, and allowed this
in the estimate, that would meet the case. Therefore the
estimate was passed by the Expenses Committee with only
the difference of 150/., that being the absolute amount of
difference between the two years. He (Mr. Bowring) would
not deny that bad weather affected the receipts of the prome-
nades, though not to such an extent as might have been
expected, because the class of persons upon whom the Society
chiefly relied for that source of income, had left town when the
very bad weather set in. The Expenses Committee knew
very well that as far as the special fetes were concerned the
funds must suffer seriously, and it could not be denied that
the monetary panic which had prevailed had made a great
difference in the receipts. All those matters had been
detrimental, and it was now found that the receipts
had been 930/. less than the estimate, and that being added
to the amount short already indicated of 150/., showed
a deficit of 1080/. as contrasted with the previous year.
The International Horticultural Exhibition Committee had
given the sum of lOOO/. to the Gardeners' Royal Bene-
volent Institution, No one had any right to find
fault with this, as every subscriber had had his
quid pro quo. With regard to the Lindley Library, it
was veiy important to the interests of [the Society if it
could be secured. If the Society obtained the Library, it
would be better that it should not be held as the property of
the Society, for fear of what might by any mlschanoo
occur, and they would do better to act in the position of
trustees, so that if by any accident the Society should be
broken up, it would still be a property available for thepurposes
and benefit of horticulture. With regard to the International
Horticultural Exhibition Committee, they had, he believed,
a surplus of 3000/. They had already given away 1000/., leaving
2000/. in hand. Now, if the sum of 600/. was paid for the Lindley
Library, there would then be about 1400/. left. No doubt
thero were some outstanding debts, which probably would
amount to a few hundreds, so that there would still be a sum
of about 1000/. left, perfectly nett ; and it certainly did
appear to him that if the Committee of the International
Exhibition considered how much their receipts had been
affected by what the Society had done, some of the surplus
in question should be given to the Society. There was another
matter in 'which he thought there should be a more liberal
concession by the Society towards those who had done so
much for them. He spoke of the debenture-holders. There
had been 50,000/. raised, and they pay 4 per cent. Originally
they paid 5 per cent., and there were free admissions to the
amount of 2/. 2s. per annum ; that made in reality 7 per cent.
Subsequently it was agreed to take 4 per cent., receiving the
same Garden benefits, or 6 per cent, instead of the 7 per cent.
He (Mr. Bo\vring) thought there might be some arrangement
by which tho debenture-holders could be further recognised,
and if they could have further admission — say to 4/. 43. per
annum, with 3/. in cash, it would benefit the Society, and tho
I debenture-holders would not be displeased. He begged to
recommend that to the consideration of the CouneiL

After several letters relating to the agreement subsisting
between the Society and the Committee of the International
Exhibition of 186G had been read— from which it appeared that
there had been a misunderstanding between the two bodies,
owing, as it seemed, to the fact that the one party considered
as official some statements that were merely of a private or
conversational character-
Colonel Challoneb said he could not but congratulate the
Society on the improvement which was visible in the finan-
cial statement, which, however, he cotdd not help observing
was still simply a cash account. He wanted a statement of the
liabilities which the Society was now under, in order that
the Fellows might know how much they were in debt.

Mr. Wheble desired to suggest that there should be some
alteration in the rules with regard to the Gardens at Chiswick,
so that Fellows, if they asked for anything, might more
' easily obtain it.

Mr. Wilson Saunders said that the Council were most
desirous that members should be suppUed with what they
wanted from the Garden.

The President said that application must be made to
Mr. Barron, the head gardener, and that none of the under
gardeners had power or authority to give anything away.
His Grace felt quite sure that members of the Society would
see how important it was that the sole power of giving away
buds or cuttings to Fellows should be vested in one responsible
person ; but if there was any difficulty about it the Council
would see into the matter, and put it on a proper footing.
It having been moved that the Report be received, be asked
some gentleman to second that proposition.

Colonel Challoner said he had much pleasure in seconding
the motion that the Report be received and adopted.

Major Trevob Clarke, before the Report was adopted,
wished to say a few words as to the Lindley Library.
There was no doubt that it was very valuable, not
only from its own intrinsic merit, but from old asso-
ciations. The Fellows would remember it was not
the first time the Society had been in possession
of a fine library. They had now a second chance, a
chance of obtaining a most valuable one, and he heard vrith
pain that the Society could not afford to buy it. He would
suggest that the Lindley Library be not sold, but that the
Society become the guarantors, and surely they might arrange
to pay for it by the end of next year if they could not do so
now. For his own part he should be glad to give a 10/. note,
and he had no doubt there wovUdbe many who would come for-
ward and preserve so very valuable a possession for the Society.

The President observed that the question was whether the
Society was in a peeuniary state to enable them to keep the
Library. Had they in the present condition of the funds
power to lay out 600f. ? If they were able to do so. every one
must f oel it was very desirable that it should be preserved for
the Society. The Council would be most willing as well as higi-
self (the President) to do anything that should be deemed
advisable to assist in the important object suggested. His
Grace then put the question before the meeting, which was
carried unanimously.

Colonel Challoner proposed a vote of thanks to the Chair-
man, which was seconded by Mr. Harrv Chestf.r.

His Grace expressed his thanks for the compliment, and
the Meeting ended.

* [The use of the ground was granted by the Government,
to whom it belongs. Eds.]

5<rottcts of a3oofes(.

Report of the Proceedings of the International Korti-

cuUural JSxhibition and Botanical Congress field in

London, May 1866. Eoyal 8vo, pp. -124, tab. 13.

In conformity with the precedent set at the two

preceding Congresses at Brussels and Amsterdam, the

Committee of tlie "London International" has just

issued a volume of Proceedings, which we believe will

be found in no degree inferior to its predecessors.

FEnniJAET 10, 18C7.]

THl^ GABDENERS' OTTKONIOLE AND ACiRKlUlTUliAL (iAXETTE.

166

Those who took part in the Exhibiliou and Congress,
cither as vvilliuK labourers or merely as spectators, will
not soon forKct the sensations ol' astonishment and
delight which they experienced on a first walk through
Mr. Gibson's "three acres of Eden;" still less, if
possible, are they likely to forget the hearty good lyill
the thorough ('tirdialily and enthusiasm (hat prevailed
aniOHRst all classes uriilaiil. lovers, Brilisli and foreign,
wlio wore drawn toiicthcr on this ineniorablo occasion.
It was felt aiming Eii:.,'lislinien that English horticul-
ture was called on to fuUil two imperative duties — to
luanifest its resources and its powers in friendly rivalry
with foreign competitors, and to discharge a debt of
courtesy and hospitality to the horticulturists of the
Low Countries. How the.se duties were fullilledcau he
far better appreciated by the memory of those who
took part, in any way or degree, in their fullilmont,
than by the bare record afforded us in the pages of the
volume before us. Jlinutes and jynvix are exceedingly
useful, no doubt, but even when duly "read and con-
finned "they merely supply a spiritless outline which
must be enuipleted by the recollections or the imagina-
tion of the reader. The Kcport, then, to which we
now allude, ojiens with a Summaryof General Proceed-
ings condensed from the minute book. This sum-
mary gives in brief the history of the scheme, from
its original conception to its brilliant consummation.
It gives details of the necessary arrangements that had
tci be made; and it supplies a brief record of the pro-
criMlings .at the Guildhall Banquet, the Conver.sazionc,
and at the meetings of the Congres.s. Prom these
details we gather that the area covered by canvas was
no less than 3 acres, 3 roods, and 38 poles, to fill which
space some 301 exhibitors contributed. The Exhibition
embraced 2:i8 classes, distributed in 10 sections, the
aggregate number of entries having been 1751, though
from various causes the actual number of completed
entries only amounted to 11.57. The revenue derived
from all sources amounted to upwards of 10,000/.,
while the expenses, up to the date of i)ublication of
the Ileport, amounted to over 12,500/. In another
column it may bo seen how it is proposed to ajipropriate
the outstanding surplus.

To the Summary of General Proceedings follows a
similir abstract of the operations of the Congress, with
a full list of the various subjects proposed for discussion,
and of the papers presented. A selection from these
papers was in the first instance made by the Congress
Committee, so as to pick out those that appeared to be
the most desirable to be brought forward at the two
meetings of the Congress, a selection rendered the
more necessary from the limited time at the disposal
of the assembly. At the close of the meeting, a
Committee of Reference, consisting of M. De Candolle,
the President of the Congress, Sir C. W. Dilke the
Chairman of the Executive Committee, Messrs. J. J.
Bennett, J. Miers, T. Rivers, Vf. Paul, and the three
Secretaries, was appointed to consider which of the
papers should be published in the Report. It is to
these gentlemen, then, that we owe the selection of
papers and memoirs in the present volume. It will be
seen that all the papers are mentioned, of some,
abstracts are given, while in other cases the entire
paper is printed in the language in which it was
written. Of these French and German papers, a
condensed abstract in English is also supplied. The
memoirs that are printed in full are appropriately
headed by the luminous and philosophical discourse of
M. De Candolle, and this is followed by the various
horticultural and botanical papers, abstracts and
translations of many of which have already been
given in our own columns, and from which we
shall probably make further selections; hence it
is not at present necessary to do more than to
mention among others the names of Anderson,
Rivers, Caspary, Reichenbach, Moore, Koch, Howard,
Morren, and Sohultz Schultzenstein, as sufficient
guarantees for the value of the communications pub-
lished in this Report. Lists of the Foreign Visitors, of
the Exhibitors and Jurors, as well as of the Subscribers
and Guarantors, will be found in the volume before us,
as well as a revised and completed Catalogue of the
Exhibition; so that the Report will not only be
valuable as a memorial, and for the intrinsic value of
its scientific portions, but it will also serve as a
valuable guide to those who may be engaged in the
organisation of similar Exhibitions hereafter.

We have only to add that the book is illustrated
by 13 lithographs, and that its size and general aspect
are in conformity with the similar records of the
meetings at Brussels and Amsterdam.

Calalogiis Phmtarum Cubens'mm,exhibeiis Collecfionem
Wrighiianum aliasque minoresex Insula Cuba missas:
guas recensiiH A. Grisebach, Professor Gottingensis.
LipsiK : Engelmanu. 8vo. pp. 301. (Williams and
Norgate).
This useful little book for students of West Indian
botany, consists of an enumeration of the plants
collected in Cuba by Wrigbtand others, with characters
and descriptions of the new species, a considerable pro-
portion of the space being occupied by the latter. The
numbers of the plants in the collections enumerated
(chiefly those of Wright) are very carefully quoted, so
that the book will be a most useful key to those
■who are working with these materials at hand, at the
subject which it embraces.

/y^E borrow the following interesting reminiscences
of the Pink, written by our intelligent correspondent

Quo," from a recent Number of the Florist and
I'omologist -.—The "old florist," just such a one as
you would picture to yourself as you perused a volume
of the FloricuUural Cabinet, or one of the earlier
numbers of the Florist, has not yet quite died out.

although the species is rapidly becoming extinct. Ilcre
and there one can bo met with, scarcely known with-
out the boundaries of his immediate .sphere, and .vet a
great uiau within it, a "man of mark" at the ilori-
cultural tournaments at which ho occasionally figures,
and among the florists of the district in which he
resides. If he excels iu the cultivation of any one
particular flower, what an oracle ho instantly becomes !
— a veritable autocrat in matters of opinion respecting
his "own" flower. And when a si'cdling is iiniducod
for the first time at a local show, hou eagerly and
anxiously is his opinion sought and waited fur, :iiid
this, wdien once announced, is generally regarded as
final. A "Floral Committee" in himself, his approval
is t.aiitamoimt to a First-ckuss Certific;ito in the judg-
ment of the exhibitor, and a flower thus distinguisheil
by him is pretty certain to become a " hot favourite"
in contests for the coveted honour of " first prize."

l>uring a country ramble I lighted on one of these
worthies in a locality, somewhat unexpectedly (to me)
prolific of them, lie was one of Nature's gentlemen
—rough in his exterior, but at the core a kindly, gene-
rous, and true man; manly, out-spoken, and sincere;
loving Nature with an unselfish regard, and his imme-
diate floral pets with a steady enthusiasm no calamity
seemed to weaken. Sitting down with him and some
of his brother amateurs to spend an hour or two, I was
forcibly reminded of an illustration that appeared in
one of the early volumes of the Florist, entitled
" Florists in the Olden Time." We were just such
a cosy, comfortable-looking set, but with more of
younger blood infused into our circle than appears in
the illustration just referred to. Each oue had some
reminiscences of his floral career to detail, and very
instructive and ofttimes amusing they were. My host
had been a grower of the Pink for nearly half a
century, and he discoursed of flowers and events that
have long passed away. No conservative was he,
though ; for he marched with the times, read with
avidity anything bearing on the cultivation of his
favourite flower, eagerly seized on any hint that he
could translate into his cultivable process, and had in
his collection all the leading flowers of the day. He
could speak of the ancient distinctions of "purple-
laced," " red-laced," "black and white," " roseleaf/' and
"large-leaved flowers;" of such varieties as Davy's
Eclipse, of Lady Wharnoliffe, of Davy's Duchess of
Devonshire, Venus, and Countess of Bridgewater,
Salter's Lord Nelson, Dakin's Burdctt, of George the
Fourth, Humphrey Cheetham, Beauty of Flora,
Claudius, and other flowers that in their day and
generation were the best varieties in cultivation of
what old Thomas Hogg once termed "that pleasing
little flower, the Pink."

Perhajis in no flower have the conditions of success-
ful cultivation so little varied during the last 50 years
as in the case of the Pink. The season for planting-out
into the blooming-beds— September or October; the
raised beds of 6 or S inches above the alleys — "to
enable the heavy rains to pass off during the winter ; "
the compost — yellow garden loam, sand, and well-
rotted manure ; the top-dressing— early in May ; the
time for piping — the end of June ;— these I learned
were the rules observed at the commencement of the
present century, and they are acted on now.

Much of our conversation on this, to me, important
occasion, had reference to the men who in their day
had made Pink-growing famous, and gained a place of
renown in their local annals, who are now passed away
from amid their florioultural colleagues. How
tenderly, and even lovingly, was the memory of that
father of Pink-growing— old Thomas Hogg— touched
on by these worthies ! His " Treatise on the Growth
and Culture of the Pink, Carnation, &c.," was prized
by them as a very floricultural evangel ; dear to them
for the sake of its acceptable contents ; dearer still as a
memorial of the hero, as it were, who wrote it. Other
names had their meed of praise, and sometimes a very
little blame. Gratefully were Mr, Turner's great
services recognised, and the patience and enterjmse of
Dr. Maclean, the raisers of so many of the very best
modern flowers.

I asked for a list of the best twelve varieties for
exhibition purposes, and was furnished with the
following, being informed, however, that a very few
newer flowers would be subjected to a further trial ere
their merits or demerits were finally stated : — Beauty
(Maclean), Clara (Maclean), Dr. Maclean (Turner),
Exquisite (Turner), Invincible (Kirtland), James
Hogg (Bragg), John Ball (Maclean), Marion (Turner),
Mrs. Maclean (Turner), Rev. George Jeans (Turner),
The Pride of Colchester (Maclean), and Tietjens
(Kirtland).

The general hints that will assist in the successful
cultivation of this flower were of the nature of the
following: — The bed .should be made iu a part of
the garden that is tolerably dry. The ground should
be well trenched, and a soil, somewhat alter the
character of that already mentioned, should be pre-
pared for the reception of the plants. Planting-out
for blooming purposes should be done late in Sejitember
or early in October, as later planting will often afl'ect the
proper " lacing " of the flowers at the blooming season ;
and a liberal top-dressing of some well-rotted manure
that has been passed through a sieve, should be given
at the end of April. When blooms are required for
exhibition, three or four flower-stems only should be
allowed to each plant, and the buds should be thinned
out to about the same number on each plant. Water
freely should dry weather set in ; and tie the buds
with a piece of matting, to prevent them from bursting
on plants that show a tendency to do this. The piping-
bed should be made about 2 feet from the ground, and
the pipings should be covered by hand-glasses, and
when rooted and capable of being removed, they should
be planted out into store-beds preparatory to being
placed in their blooming quarters.
I Coming away from the society of these veterans

and from the bearing of their jilcasant recollections,
I could not help thinking of the wonderful charm a
simple flower had I'm- tliCM- men, and how powerful an
inlluouco it exerted on Iheiu.

AETlFiciAli SWAHMS.— Wishing to iirepare early for
the coming campaign, I write to knowil^l may com-
mence forming artificial swarms by driving straw hives,
say a set of three, as soon as droues are perceived on
the wing with an abundant population, in one only
of the hive.s, taking it for granted that there is "an
abundance of brood, in all stages of development," when
the two first-mentioned signs are apparent. Sometimes
this may happen with one hive before another is in
the same state, that is, before the second, which is to bo
displaced for the first driven one, has drones appearing
from it; does this make auy difierence?

I suppose that by this method of working a triplet of
hives one can not only save himself the trouble and
risk of watching for swarms, but also get swarms earlier
than they come off naturally. If so, will you give an
instance of this? How much time might one calculate
on .saving?

When directing, at p. 3G8 of 18G5, how to go through
the process, you say there need now be no difficulty
in the procuring of spare royal cells, or young queens,
for the purpose of fi xing in B." These are, of course, to
be got froin A, the first driven hive. You would
oblige by giving particular directions where to look for
both of these, and what to do with them in each case
when found. Is there no danger of depriving A of
■what it wants, if more than oue royal cell be taken ?
The getting of " young queens " appears a formidable
job. And directions, at all events, for fixing iu even a
royal cell are mi«;li wanted.

Having only two straw hives, I must bring the hive
of a neighbour about a mile off into the rank. I suppose
this can be done, carrying the driven hive on a hand-
barrow, and stopping up the entrance to keep the
brood warm, A. B.

[If we desired to make the most of our three hives,
that is to obtain the greater number of really strong
and prosperous artificial swarms, we should not recom-
mend proceedings to be commenced by driving out the
bees of either, until drones had made their appearance
from the others also, or at least from one of them.
You certainly could obtain one good swarm from the
hive that was most forward, but the less populous
stock, from which the driven hive may have been
supplied with a suflicient number of bees to hatch out
the brood, would be so injured by depopulation, and
the deposit and maturation of brood be so retarded,
that it would be many weeks before the stock would
sufficiently regain its strength to allow of further
operations being effected with it. In all probability
the laying of drone eggs would be discontinued
until there might be a more abundant poinilation.
Too early, or too severe a weakening of a hive, wil'.
materially afl'ect the fecundity of the queen, and th a
amount of brood which may be brought to perfection.
It is better therefore to have two at least out of the
three hives, suflioiently forward and strong before
beginning to force artificial swarms.

The gain in time by adopting this principle of
forming artificial swarms may average about a fort-
night ; so at least we have found it in our own practice.

You will see, if you refer to the article on the forma-
tion of artificial swarms at p. 368 of the year 1865, to
which you aUude, that it is recommended to commence
by previously raising a few royal cells in a nucleus box
with a diminutive artificial swarm. If you follow this
plan there need be no difficulty in having at your
command either royal cells, or fully developed queens.
We recommend this course of procedure to your con-
sideration. By adopting it you may probably gain
another fortnight in the time of your young queens
becoming fertile mothers.

There is no difliculty in the insertion of a royal cell.
It must be carefully cut out from its original position,
attached to a wedge-shaped piece of comb. An aper-
ture of a similar form is cut out from the comb, to
which it is desired to attach the cell, which cell is then
gently pushed into its intended place. The 'bees them-
selves will complete the fixing. Of course the proper
position of the cell must be retained.

In all cases of removal of hives, be sure that ample
means of ventilation are afforded. At this season of
the year but little precaution need be taken other
than this.]

Feeding Sees. — I find that owing to the long-
continued cold and unfavourable weather, bees generally
have consumed an unusually large quantity of their
food, so as in many cases to be reduced to the verge of
starvation. Unless judiciously supplied with artificial
food in moderate quantities for the next month or twa
I fear that a large number of hives must perish. I
would therefore advise all apiarians who value the
safety of their colonies to pay them a timely
visit, and having ascertained the state of their
stores, supply any that may require assistance.
The quantity of sugar syrup administered to each hive
may be small, not more than two or three ounces,
about twice a week. This is the best proportion for
spring feeding, as at this season of the year the bees
cannot well store and seal a large amount gjven
quickly. A little care now may be amply repaid by
the greatly increased strength of the Kives, when the
time may arrive for reaping the full benefit of the
linney harvest. A hive, weakened by starvation now,
although it may survive, will, in all probability, be
unable to raise up a suflicient population to take
advantage of the earliest abundant secretion of honey.
Although such a hive may become very strong before
the end of the summer, yet it will prove almost, it not

156

THE GAIIDENEHS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTUKAL GAZETTE.

[FEBEtTAEY 16, 18G7.

quite, unremunerative to the owner, storing but little surplus honey, and
giving either no swarm at all, or only a very late one, ij'hich may or may not
be able to collect sufficient for the succeeding winter. Apis.

Garden Memoranda.

WOOLVEKSTONE PAEK, THE SEAT OP JoHN BeKNEES, Esq. (continued,
from p. 132). — I have never seen a happier combination of Box embroidery,
flowering plants, gravel, and Grass than in the garden at Woolverstone. It is
perfect of its lund. Mr. Nesfield will excuse me for saying it is the master-
piece of all his productions, and I have seen many of them. Annexed is tlie
plan and bedding-out for last year [see opposite page], so your readers will be
able to judge for themselves as to the effect wliich the arrangement produced.

The size of this parterre is perfectly adapted to the position, neither too
large nor too small. It is about 1.50 feet long and 250 wide. Even the retaining
wall appears to have been specially designed for Woolverstone— just the right
thickness, weight, &c. The only possible fault I could discover was that
probably the first raised terrace at the base of the house is too narrow. Had
that terrace been wider, and the main gravel walk thrown further back, the
house would have had a nobler base, and the effect would have been perhaps
more perfect. With this single exception the garden seems perfection itself;
it is 6 feet below the house, and can therefore all be seen at once. The beds
of shi'ubs and evergreen trees prove a refreshing setting for the bright coloured
gravel, brilliant flowers, and massive grandeur of the steps, wall, and house.

ornamental girders, resting on light iron pillars. The back ; is an opaque
distempered wall, the wall thrown into panels, each panel being planted with a
distinct kind of creeper. The front is glazed with British plate-glass tp the

I

<

As a further relief the mass of tUriving shrubberies come in well at each
end, and carry the eye from the brightuess within the garden to the tops
of the trees in the park. The distant water also pomes in as a modifier
of any tendency to excessive brightness, and the whole is finely blended
into such a liviug picture of light and shade as is seldom seen. The water
in the centre is only a basin for convenience, not a fountain. The latter would
have been a mistake in the presence of the noble Orwell. It is impossible to
convey by description any true idea of the grandeur of the views : there are five
grand openings to the Orwell, which open out the best points of the river
nearly the entire distance frojn Ipswich to Harwich. The house and garden
have an elevation of 100 feet above the Orwell, and the former is placed at
about 200 yai-ds from the river. The situation therefore commands not only
the river itself, but the opposite bank. The whole of the opposite side of the
river, from Dowuham Reach, near Ipswich, to Livington Creek, getting towards
Harwich, is nearly an uninterrupted line of wood and pai'k scenery. The fine
seat of George Tomline, Esq, of Orwell Park, is right opposite Woolverstone ;
further down the river is Broke Hall, embosomed in sheltering woods, and
presenting a pretty front towards the river. In fact it is impossible to conceive
of a richer or better clothed landscape than that which stretches out in all
directions from Woolverstone, like a boundless panorama of satisfying beauty.
Eetracing our steps towards the house, we enter a fine span-roof conservatory,
which fomis one wing of the house, and is reached from the billiard room ; it
is 70 feet long, 22 feet wide, and IS feet high. The roof is supported by

3

ground, the lights being made to ooiTss]5ond with the windows
The conservatory is slightly curved from the billiard-room to the

of the mansion,
other extremity,

rEDKUAKT IC, 1867.]

THE GAUDENMUS' ('IIIUINICLI'; 7\NI) AGRlCHLTUlJAL (iAZKTTI

157

wliicli gives it an adililional chanu, A patli, 4 1't. ('. in.
wide, of tesselated imvomeut, edged witli a '.)-in.
edgina of blue lias, runs down through the centre.
The floor itself is formed of polished stnno, edged in the
same manner. On the right of the patliway is a row of
uoble stone vases, 2 leet (i inches high, and 1 feet
6 inches in dianictci'. These are filled with very line
pyramidal ('anu'Ili:is, in the most lu.xuriiuit hcaltli, and
hdou witli lloncr Imd.s. They are from (1 to 7 I'crt liigh,
and nearly as much through, and are uiaguilicent
cxamiiles of good cultivation, liotwccn the Camcllia.s
are placed some of Jlinton's Oak and Ivy-patterned
vases for specimen plants. On the left of tho pathway
there is a row of handsome jardiniers, for the
grouping of flowering plants, and between those terra
cotta and china vases are placed, for single plants, or
filling as ma.sses. No common earthenware pots are
admitted, as they woidd be altogether out of place in
this elegant floral promenade. Nothing could bo
more cllcctive than .some of these jardinettes, tilled
with Begonia Saundersiana, Lininn trigynnm. Salvia
splcndens, small Chry.santhemums, Euphorbia jacqui-
niflora, or small Fuchsias and Pelargoniums. Others
were tilled with liegonias and Caladinms mixed
with l''crns, and nothing could be more beautiful.
Achimenes are also
lovely in such posi-
tions. Some fine
hanging baskets of
Achimenes or Ferns
are generally sus-

f ended from tho roof,
noticed two largo
basketsofNephrolopis
tuberosa at the time
of ray visit. The roof
is further furnished
^\illi climbers, which
arc, however, kept
thin, to show the
architecture and re-
\cal the structural
beauty. The follow-
ing creepers are
grown either on the
liack wall or on the roo f
of this fine eonacrva-
tory : — Tecoma jas-
minoides, Bignonia
capreolata and ve-
nusta ; Tacson ia man i -
cata, mollissima, and
Tan Volxemii; Passi-
flora racemosa, Col-
villii, and others ;
Jasminum graeilc,
Ehyuchospermnni
jasminoides. Kenne-
dya Marryattfc and
coccinea, Stigmaphyl-
lon ciliatum, Choro-
zema Henchmanni,
Cantua dependens,
and Vaccinum rotnn-
dil'olium. The finest
climber herCjhowever,
is the Lapageriarosea.
Planted against one
of the panels of the
back wall, it has com-
pletely covered itwith
its dark foliage and
brilliant large blos-
soms. Long branches
have also found their
way acro.ss the roof.
Few things can equal
in effect the fine
dependent racemes of
bloom of this charm-
ing plant, some of
them producing as
many as 20 or 25 single
flowers. It is also
admirable for decora-
tive purposes in vases,
as the consistence of
the flowers renders
them durable. "VVe learned from Mr. Sheppard,
the clever gardener, that it is planted in rough lumps
of fibrous peat, and liberally watered during the
growing and flowering periods. An opening at
the far end of the conservatory leads into a most
etfeotive and beautiful Fernery. It is formed of
foundry refuse and other materials put together in a
highly artistic manner in the form of arches, stalactites,
and natural rocks. At the entrance there is a rocky
recess, with water trickling down at pleasure, and some
bold arches lead in a winding direction through a
delightful Fern passage out to the shrubbery at the end
of the fiovver garden. In the artificial rock large
chasms are left for the introduction of Ferns, ami
some fine specimens of the following varieties furnish
these rocks with a covering, and adorn them with
beauty :—"\Voodwardia radicans, Cibotium princeps,
liomaria maaellanica and chilensis, Onychium Inci-
dum, Asplcuium llanidum and;canariense,Phlebodium
areolatum, Lygodium palmatum and scandens, and
Cyrtomium lalcatum, the latter very striking and
distinct. Altogether this is a most successful
creation, and forms a charming link between the
highly dressed polished conservatory and the garden
outside.

From the inside Fernery we proceed across the
Park, about a quarter of a mile, to the outside Fernery
on the clilf. Nature has fonned the ground here, with
apparently an express reference to the growth of Perns.
Taick shady woods, rich black bog^ soil;^ trickling

streamlets from springs that never cease flowing-
all these invite tho companionship of Fcrus. It is tho
liigliest praise to state that art here has kept pace and
taken counsel with the grandeur of Nature. l!y tho
formation of winding walks on the side of tho clitf, tho
diversion of streamlets to lea|) down where they are most
cH'cctivc. the formation of artificial rocks to resemble
niiliiial ones, and most of all by a skilful selection and
di-piisiliou (if suitalilc 1'la.uts, a scene of rich rural
licaut\ Ikis itcon formed, w liich can scarcely bo c(|uallcd,
anil iirnlKilily lias never been excelled. Air. Slicp]i:ird
has lately built near tlio extremity of tho Fernery a
very fine example of what might bo termeil castellated
rock, which with its rich clothing of Ferns and constant
sol^t music of falling water seems to bathe one's spirit in
cool satisfying pleasure and delightful repose. Another
line point is the summer house. I noticed some extra-
ordinary siiecimens here of the small-leaved Bamboo,
liandnisa gracilis, :!i> IVcl high and 20 feet through, the
finest iu lOiigland 1 Ijclicvc They have a grace and
beauty all their own, and could scarcely grow faster
nor look healthier in any climate. One fine group of
foliage was formed thus : near a Tulip tree a fine mass of
Osraunda regalis was growing ; close at hand was the
Abutilon vitifolium, Hydrangeajaponica, and Skimmia

water until they begin to riiieu ;

1, Colcus Verscbaffeltii

2, Bijou Peliirgouium

3, PLH7»le King Verbena

4, Indian Yellow Pel.%i-goninm

5, Andr6 Verbena

Circle of Aurea fioribunda
Calceolaria

6, Lady Middleton Pelar-
gonium [goniuni

7, Orange Nosegay Pelar-

8, Flower of the D.^y Pclargo-
d, TropEColum elegans [nium

10, Stella Pelargonium

It, Amarantlius'melancliolicus

12, Mrs. Polloclj Pelargonium

13, Purple King Verbena

14, Centaurca caudidissima
l.j, Cbristinc Pelargonium

16, Ariosto Verbena, edged
wxtli Golden Chain
Pelargonium

japonica. Near the summer house there were splendid
groups of Athyrium Filix-fcemina and Lastrea FUix-
mas, backed up with Castor-oil plants. Pampas Grass,
and New Zealand Flax. There was also growing iu great
luxuriance the Gunnera scabra^ with its great rough
leaves and its extraordinary spikes of flower, which
resemble abullock'sheart richly embellished with succu-
lent downy red Fern fronds. There are also largo groups
of flue Rhododendrons, and I noticed two nice specimens
of the fiue Pinnses Sabiniana and macrocarpa. Carex
paniculata, Cannas of sorts, and Polygonum Sieboldii also
do well on the clitf. A fine plant of Dicksouia antarc-
tica has stood out for several years. It is protected
during the winter, and makes very fine leaves every
summer. The Woodwardia radicans succeeds well
under the same treatment. I have never seen finer
foliage than this lovely Fern produces out of doors at
Woolverstone. The crested varieties of the Lastrea
were fine on the clifl', and I also observed good speci-
mens of Onoolea sensibilis, Polystichum setosum, and
Struthiopteris gennanica.

Leaving the clitf Fernery, we proceed across the
park to the kitchen garden. It is in the form of a
parallelogram, and is divided by walls into several com-
partments. A green Grass walk runs right through
the centre of the long square, from one extremity to
the other. A herbaceous border, that used to consti-
tute the sole flower garden at Woolverstone, bounds
each side of the green path. Most of the herbaceous
plants still remain, and it has also been thinly

ribboiu!!! among these with bedding plants during tho
sununer mouths.

The kitchen garden is about <1 acre.s in extent. It 'w •
a light loam, resting on a subsoil of sandy gravel.
Within a few years it has all boon deeply trenched,
now soil and liberal dressings added where necessary,
and the whole tilth very much improved. Tlie excel-
lence, abundance, and healthfulncss of tho crojis show
that thoy appreciate aud pay for deep cidtivation.

Tho walls are well furnished with Pear, Plum, Peach,
Apricot, and. other trees. The fruit-treo borders are
formed of sound loam. Jlr. yiiopiard has no
nostrums for fruit trees, neither out nor in.
Loam, pure and simi)le, is his one and simple basis of
success in fruit culture. The Woolverstone loam is of
a yellowish, friable, and somewhat unctuous character.
A gardener ha.s only to handle and smell it to bo
satisfied. For Peaches, Apricots, and all other trees,
this i.s used without any addition whatever; for Vines
a few broken bones are sometimes added, but these are
not considered essential to success. The borders soon
become pretty firm ; they are well drained, either
naturally or artificially. As soon as stone fruit is set
thoy are freely watered with both clear and manure

water is then entirely

withheld. A similar
course is adopted with
Vines. Theso have all
been fresh planted in
new borders within
tho last eight years;
they are now in tho
highest health and
luxuriance ; they have
also a top-dressing
annually of night-soii
treated with dry soil
on the mode so
strongly advocated of
late in connection
with earth closets.
This, after being kept
in a dry shed for about
a year, forms an admi-
rable top-dressing for
Grape Vines. The
Grapes were very fine
in bunch, berry,
colour, and quality,
and they will doubt-
less put in an appear-
ance at the Great
Show at Bury next
July.

The Peach trees
under glass, and espe-
cially in a new Paxto-
nian Peach house,gaye
abundant evidence of
satisfaction with their
treatment. They are
trained up a neat wire
trellis, and some of
them had made from
3 to S feet of good
bearing wood this
season. Mr. Sheppard
prefers planted-out
trees to those in pots,
and roof trellises to
any other form or
mode of training.

We noticed the
following houses in
different parts of the
garden ;— An Early
Peach house, 27 feet
long by IJ wide ; a
Paxtonian ditto, 61 ft.
by IU ; a Fig-house,
27 feet by 10; three
Vineries, one a very
long narrow house,
70 feet by 6 wide for
late Grapes, the other
two are 20 feet each
by 11 feet 0 wide.
They look remarkably
well in this narrow house, as it has a steep pitch,
and there is no damp, for the small amount of air
is easily kept dry. There is also a large span-roofed
house, 60 feet by 18 feet, chiefly used for Azaleas and
other hard-wooded plants ; a large greenhouse, 40 feet
by 14 feet, and replete with flowering stuff for supplying
the conservatory and for cut flowers ; a stove 48 feet
long by 11 feet 6 inches, in three divisions, for winter
Cucumbers and stove plants ; and a longer hot-house
48 feet by 11 feet 6 inches, for Ferns and fine-foliage
plants. In this house there were some handsome
specimens of Gymnogramma pulchella, peruviana,
chrysophylla aud Laucheana, Goniophlebium subpe-
tiolatum and subauriculatiun, Davallia polyantha,
and some fine Blechnums. A large portion of
the roof was covered with Bougainvillffia speciosa and
B. glabra, two of the most beautiful and useful plants
for ornamenting a house or for vases or bouquets.
The front wall of this house is furnished in a very
effective manner with outjutting rocky pockets for
Ferns. I called at Woolverstone some years ago ana
found Mr. Sheppard engaged in roughing the bricl£-
work, and attaching artificial rock-work, m the torm
of projecting rustic pots, or baskets, all over the wall
with the aid of nails and cement. Of course the
nails are entirely covered, and the whole ol ine
wall is now a rough, re«Z-looking rock, coveiea
from end to end, and from top to bottom, with
Ferns of great rarity and beauty. There is also the
accessories of pits, for bedding and other plants, 1 also

18, Calceolaria.aureafforibunda

19, Seedling Verbena

20, Countess of Warwick Pelar-

gonium

21, Coleug Verscbaffeltii

22, Golden Chain PeUirgonium

23, Lobelia 9P,ecio3a

158

The gaeDeners' chronicle and agHIcultural gazette.

[Febeuabt ig, 1867.

noticed two pits about 50 feet long, heated with hot
water, for growing Melons, French Beans, &c. One of
these pits was filled with Linum trigynum, Justicia
flaTicoma, Salvia splendens, and other winter or spring-
flowering plants for the conservatory. Even the stove
plants grown are used mostly, for conservatory pur-
poses. Hence large quantities of Poinsettia pulcher-
rima, Scutellaria " macrantha, Sericographis Ghies-
breghtii, Cyrtanthera magnifica. Euphorbia jacquini-
flora, Caladiiuns, Dracaenas, Achimenes, Gloxinias,
Begonias, Ferns, and Lycopodiums, are provided for
these objects. I noticed in the conservatory two
of the finest pyramids of Lycopodium fonnosum that
I have ever seen. Mr. Sheppard also grows Achi-
menes remarkably well in large wire baskets for sus-
pension in the conservatory. In one of the stoves I
noticed an extraordinary seedling Gloxinia, with one
side of the midrib green and the other variegated.

I cannot conclude this hurried notice without
acknowledging the skill and courtesy of Mr. Sheppard,
the gardener, and the taste and munificence of the
proprietor. Within these few years Woolverstone has
been re-formed, the Ipswich and Holbrook carriage-
drives made, new flower-gardens designed and executed
the noble conservatory and several other new glass-
houses built, both Ferneries formed, extensive farm
buildings renewed, lodges erected, much planting done,
and last, but by no means least, several model cottages
—models of inward comfort as well as of outward form,
provided for the labourers on the estate. F.

Miscellaneous.

Vitalift/ of Seeds. — In a paper addressed to the
Academy of Sciences, M. Pouchet, the celebrated
physiologist of Eouen, gives an account of some experi-
ments of his on the vitality of theseeds of the Medicago
americana. A vast quantity of wool is received at
Elbosuf, from Brazil ; but it is in a very dirty state,
and contains, amongst other impurities, the seeds of
various plants. M. Pouchet was told by several credible
witnesses that the seeds mixed up with this wool would
strike root and grow upjinto plants even afterundergoing
a few hours' ebullition during the various operations
of dyeing. This was a startling assertion, it being
admitted on all hands by physiologists, from Spallanzani
downwards, that the vitality of seeds is utterly
destroyed in boiling water. M. Pouchet resolved
to verify the truth of this alleged fact, and accord-
ingly boiled some of these seeds for exactly four hours
without any interruption. After this operation the
seeds of the Medicago were found to be enormously
swollen ; the water had become mucilaginous, and it
was with no great faith in the success of his experiment
that our author put these disorganised seeds into
flower-pots containing earth utterly free from any
seeds of the same kind. Nevertheless, in the course
of from 10 to 20 days, several plants sprang up ; and
this experiment was repeated more than 20 times with
equal success. After minutely examining all the cir-
cumstances, M. Pouchet at length found that among a
large number of seeds in a state of utter disorganisation,
there were yet a few that had successfully resisted the
action of boiling water. They had, indeed, borne the
temperature of 100° Centigr. for the space of four hours,
but the outer tegument had proved watertight by some
unexplained circumstance. Our author immediately
concluded that such must also be the case with other
seeds, and he accordingly tried with Wheat, Barley,
Millet, &o., but without success; for the present the
seeds of the Medicago are the only instance of this
wonderful vitality. Galignani.

I Seed Saving.— As the season is now at hand when
seed growers will be selecting their stocks for planting
or sowing, to grow seed for another season, we should
C9unsel great care in the selection, and also in planting
kinds_ that are likely to cross with each other, at
sufficient distances apart to prevent the bees and other
winged honey-gathering insects from having free
access to them. It is quite certain that the Brassica
famlly-Cauliflower,Broccoli,Cabbage,Savoys,Brussels-
sprouts, Kale, &c., &c., cannot be properly saved in the
same garden, yet in Essex, Bedfordshire, or Eomney-
marsh, it is no uncommon thing to see acres of each,
all in bloom at the same time, the ingenious theory
«f the growers being, that where there is such
a quantity, insects are comparatively powerless to
do material injury. This to some extent may be
true, but still we find "rogues" in plenty among
our plants, and they would not be there if more
care were taken in saving the seed. What we want
IS first a careful selection of plants, to see that none
but the true kmd are left for seed, and secondly, care-
ful protection from the access of insects. This is more
particularly necessary with Cauhflower and Broccoli,
and if eight or ten gardeners who are favourably
situated for seed-saving, would each seed a score or
hundred plants of a distinct kind, and nothing more
that season, pm-e stocks would be secured and perpe-
tuated. For many years past we have scarcely had an
autumn or Early .Winter Broccoli that we could depend
upon, except the Waloheren, and Snow's Winter
White, but we had for two seasons consecutively from
one of the most respectable houses seed of the Winter
White, which did not come into use until May, instead
of from November to March. Mr. Snow sells all he
can possibly raise, and old as the variety is, the leading
houses in the trade do not hesitate to give him 30s. to
40s. per pound for it, while the variety so called is
oSered by the wholesale trade at Ss. to 13s. per pound.
2fotts Q-uardian.

The TaUoiv-tree.—1\ns tree, which is the source of
a great trade in the northern parts of the empire of
China, has been introduced into India, where it grows
with great exuberance in the north-western provinces,
and also in the Punjab, where there already exists in the
Government plantations, more than 10,000 of these
trees, which yield tons of seeds, Dr. Jameson has

prepared a quantity of tallow from this seed, and he
has sent a portion of it to the Punjab Eailway, in order
that its lubricating properties may be tried in the
machinery employed on the railway. The tallow is
excellent to burn, giving a clear brilliant flame, and
being inodorous and without smoke. Les MomUs.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing weeJc.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Liliums should be potted into fresh soil without
delay. The varieties of L. lancifolium are all worthy
of more care and attention than they generally receive.
Canker is one of the greatest enemies we have to
contend against in reference to Lily culture ; this is
often caused by excess of moisture, though other
circumstances tend to produce it, such as placing
decomposing materials, dung, &c., in absolute contact
with the bulbs. To this they have a decided aversion,
consequently it must at all times be avoided. Care-
fully remove all old soil from living roots which may
be attached to the bulbs, and cut away all symptoms of
canker, if any should exist. Lilies thrive more or less
luxuriantly in different kinds of soils ; good loam suits
them, though I have come to the conclusion that peat
soils are best. To good rough peat, well chopped up,
add a fifth of silver sand, and a liberal allowance of
potsherds broken rather small. "V\Tien well mixed
together, divide Ithis into two parts, adding a third
part of well-decomposed leaf-mould to one, and a little
more sand to the other. Choose 10-size pots, in which
put good drainage, at the same time keeping it as
shallow as possible; over the drainage place a thin
layer of leaf-mould, then half fill the pot with the
richer soil, placing a laj^er of the crude peat and
sand above all, in which the bulbs should be
firmly fixed. The number of bulbs placed in one pot
must be regulated according to the shoots individual
bulbs are likely to form ; five or six such shoots will be
ample in each pot. Let the apex of each bulb be an
inch below the rim of the pot, covering each bulb over
in such a manner, as will enable one just to see it, and
no deeper. When potted, place them for a time in any
cool, airy situation, giving them no water for at least a
fortnight, or until the surface of the soil has become
dry. Lilium auratum does best under treatment like
that just recorded, though a quantity imported direct
from Japan lately, appeared to have been grown wholly
in an adhesive loam, having a quantity of soft, floury
3'ellow sand intermixed with it. Ci/clameii persicitnt, and
varieties, showing a few flower-buds above the leaves,
will be much improved if placed in an intermediate
temperature — say from 50' to 55' — until the flowers are
expanded, when they may be returned to the green-
house. Should any of them be doing indifferently, it
will be better at once to examine the balls, and if few
roots only appear, shake the old soil away very care-
fully so as not to injure the roots'.that are present, re-
potting them into pots a size smaller, containing equal
parts of fibrous peat and leaf-mould, with a little sand.
Cyclamens never succeed well if the pots are not well
filled with healthy roots. Where it is necessary to
increase the stock of FiicJisias — cuttings not having
been struck in the autumn — a plant of each variety
should now be placed into moderate warmth to be
pushed forward gradually. They will produce cuttings
shortly, which, if struck quickly and grown on, make
the best of plants. Encourage any young shoots that
Tritoiiia aiirea may have formed, to make a good growth,
by potting when necessary, and watering freely. If
any pots are too full, carefully remove some of their
young growths with roots attached, and pot them into
half peat and loam, not too thickly ; six growths will
suffice for a 32-sized pot, and so on, in proportion. All
Bedding Plants except any which it is desirous to propa-
gate from, should be kept cool so as not to excite them
to grow yet. A pot each or more of those from which
cuttings are required, should be placed in a little
warmth.

FORCING HOUSES.

Fines, the flowers having set, will require an abun-
dance of atmospheric moisture ; this should be regu-
lated, however, according to the state of the weather,
and the ability at command to give air. Upon bright,
sunny days, syringe the plants well at shutting-up
time, and carefully test the roots, to see that none are
suffering from the want of water. Peaches and Nec-
tarines, set, and with the fruit swelling, will be much
benefited by frequent and copious syringings with
water not below 45°. Commence thinning the fruit,
stopping, disbudding, &c., by slow degrees, doing a little
upon each tree at intervals. Pinch all well-placed and
desirable shoots back to two or three eyes, severing
others which may not be required close to the main
branches, and so treating the whole as to insure an
evenness of growth over the tree. Carefully guard all
such against draughts ; this is best done by giving air
in one position only, in the earlier part of the day, at
the back, closing these ventilators should the sun show
about 11 A.M., and throwing the lights well open in
front. Observe scrupulous cleanliness as a preventive
of future ills, such as red spider, &c., aided' by abun-
dance of moisture at this stage. Habituate the inmates
of the orchard house to a free circulation of air. Water
and syringe freely as they grow, giving all the night air
possible. Sow French Beans as often as more advanced
ones show first symptoms of flowering. Strawberries
for succession must be brought in, so soon as others are
in bloom. Syringe freely each of these as soon as the
bloom is set ; dash the water forcibly against them,"to
assist in freeing them from decayed florets.
HAEDT FRUIT GARDEN.

Apricots should have the process of pruning and
nailing performed with as little delay as possible.
Avoid by every means the too free use of the knife.
Never sever any large limbs, however badly placed they

may he, from the parent stem, as they invariably
sooner or later cause the decay of all other parts.
Apricots require but little pruning generally, which
should be at all times performed with a well-tempered
knife, having a keen edge. Cut away all ill-placed
woody foreshoots evenly, shortening the more promi-
nent points of flowering spurs, and small shoots of the
late season's growth, having flowers at their base, back
to within an inch and a half of the main stems. Any
decayed parts observable upon older spurs should be cut
clean away down into living parts ; it is better to arrest
decay by making a clean wound, in the hope that
it may heal over, than permit its certain further
progress. It may be difficult to give the distance each
shoot should be apart in a tree of such branching habit,
but permit none to be nearer than an inch asunder,
however small the growth ; a good uniformity of
foliage and of fruit is attainable when the standard of
separation is about three inches. With these reniarks
as a guide, remove carefully all lesser shoots likely
to overcrowd any portion of a tree. Encourage all
young growths which may start from the bottom.
Black Currants, though they require little use of the
knife, are much benefited by having a little of the
oldest growth removed annually. Cut away down at
the base the whole of two or three shoots upon each
tree, selecting such as are ill-placed or overcrowded,
removing or tying up any branches which are likely to
brush the ground when laden with fruit in the ensuing
summer.

KITCHEN" GARDEN.

Trenches may now be prepared for a fresh plantation
of Sorse-radisJi— these should be 18 inches deep and a
spade's width across. Make them as close together as
possible, and loosen the soil at the bottom to a good
depth. Bfiularb should be planted shortly where
needed. Prepare a piece of ground (if rows are pre-
ferred) three feet wide ; where more than one row is
needed, each row should be three feet apart also.
Trench this two feet deep, adding abundance of manure.
Should this latter cause the soil to lay higher than that
surrounding it, do not remove any, as it will aid in
draining off excessive rains of future winters ; too much
wet, combined with the attacks of ground insects, often
cause the stools to rot at that season. Divisions from
old stools should be planted at the above distances
apart. The best plantations, however, are often formed
by sowing seed in drills a like distance apart. This
should bedone as soon as convenient. Sow the seed along
the whole length of the row, thinning the plants out to
proper distances when sufficiently large to determine
their qualities of individual robustness, as they often
vary much in that respect. The Victoria is the most
desu'able variety. Another sowing of Farty Peas
should be made now. They will furnish a more sub-
stantial supply than earlier sown ones. Choose a dry
day for sowing upon heavy soils, and do not trample
the ground beyond what is really necessary. W. F.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAK LONDON,
For the Week ending Fet. 13, 1867, as obsei-vctl at the Horticultural Gardens

=1 a;

1"

TEMPEHiTUBE.

Wind

Fel>.

Barometer.

Of the Air.

OftheEai-th

Max.

Win.

Max.

Min.

Mean

1 foot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

.1

29,406

29.026

51

36

45.0

44

43

W.

4

?!l HHl

29.328

HA

46.5

a

29.768

fiS

42

4H.t>

44

S.VV.

Sunday 0

«

;ti) Hi I

29.913

55

35

45.0

46

43

S.

Mon. 1

7

30.160

29.911

S3

40

^,

30,168

30.152

hh

42

48 5

Wed. 3

■M-aii

30.161

62

43

47.5

Avnraffp .

;w 02.5

29.7.13

53.8

39.7 1 46.7

45.7

43.7

1

Feb. 7 -Clear, with scattered white clouds ; rain at night.
6— Very boisterous and showery ; fine ; lightning at night.

— 9— Fine ; very fine ; densely overcast.

— 10-Cloudy; overcast; boisterous, with rain at night,

— 11— Quite clear ; fine, with clouds ; slight rain.

— 12-Overcast ; uniformly overcast ; cloudy-

— 13— Slight drizzle ; hazy ; densely overcast.

Mean temperature of the week 6 9 10th dcp. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,

During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Feb. 23, 1867.

Sunday . .17
Mon. ..18
Tues. ..19
Wed. . .20
Thurs. ..21
Friday ..22
Satur.

H^3^

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained,

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

0.44 in.

0.30

060

0.51

0.20

0.29

0,44

Prevailing Winds.

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
21st, 1859, and 21st, 1846-therm. 58 deg. ; and the lowest on the 17th,
1855 -therm. 2 deg. _______^_^^___^

Notices to Correspondents.

Beoonia digswelliensis : J F. Tour letter is an advertise-
ment.

Meteorological Observations: J S J S. Those at CMswick
relating to the barometer are taken three times a day, viz.,
moniing, noon, and night, about 8 a,m,, 1 p.m., and 9 p.m. ;
the highest and lowest of these three are taken for the
maximum and minimum, and each observation is coiTected
for temperature, capillary action, and capacity of cistern.
The instrument is one of Newman's construction. The
registering thermometers are by Negretti & Zanibra, aud by
Casella, on Rutherford's principle. They are situated on a
level open space ; the maximum about 3 feet from the
ground, sheltered from the sun's rays ; the minimum quite
exposed, about a foot from the ground. These instruments
are away from the radiation of heat from walls or other
objects. Besides the above, a registering maximum thermo-
meter on Professor Philips' principle is used. It, answers
well, and is not liable to get out of order. R T.

Names of Plants : W R. Imantophyllum miniatum.—
A Rough. 1, a Gymnogramma, but which it would be
impossible to say without a more complete specimen ; 2,
Blechnum cognatum ; 3, Adiantum CapiUus-veneris ; 4,
Pteris tremula.

Transplanted Shrubs : J K L. We cannot form an opmion
from the facts before us.

Errata.— P. 131, col. c, for "Feston" Tower, read "Preston.'
In "A Query for Philosophers," p. 127, col. c, for Portugal
Laurel " buds," read "branclies,"

Fjbbttaet le, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CITRONTCLE AND AGMOUETURAE GAZETTE.

159

LA WES' MANURES.

Tho Mnnures mamirncturod by J. D. Lawks for tho prosoiit
season of 1800 mo now roMiy for doUvoi7 nt his laotorloa, at tuo

loIlowinK prices, per ton ;—

LAWF-^' rA'fl'.NT TlIllNir MANURE, and BONE i e. d.

SUrKIU'llliSPllATH "I I.IMK ,„ •• 0 0 0

lAVVKK' SLIl'lilll'Ilu.Sl'ilATI': of ],IME fl'om BURNT

BONEoi- MINi-UlAI, F11USPI1ATE,S .. „■■,„••,'> ^ "

LAWES' WHEAT, BAHLEV, GRASS, and M.iU«OIlL

MANURES .. •• •• ..800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURE.. .. 12 0 0

Tlieso Manures can be obtained of Mi'. Lawls, or tnrongn tho
appointed AKOuts in all parts of tUe United Kiusdom, at prices
varying according to cost of carriage. *„, , ,

Genuine I'eruvian Guano direct iroin tho Importers. Nltrato ot
Sodli, Sulphate of Araniouia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cakes at market prices.

Address, John Bennet Lawks, 1, Adelaide riaco, London Bridge,
B.C. ; and 22, Eden Quay, Dublin.

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(EsTADLtSHED 1840).

Have now ready for delivery in dry fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pastui-Q Lands
SUPElirllOSPII ATES of LIME
PREPARED GU.\NU
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AJIMO.MA, FISUERJ
SALT, 4c. 'E. Purser, SocreU.ry.
Offices, llfl, Feuchurch Street. E.C.

OIIAJIS'S NlTlm-l'llllSPlIATE for CORN.
miAMS'S N-l'l'lKil'llii.sl'jlATB for ROOTS.
oli,\:\l-^s lilssiti,\'i;ij HONES.

ODAMS'S SUl'EKriloSl'll.VTE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

MANUFACTUREn

TKE PATENT NITHO-PHOSrHATE OR BLOOD
MANUUE CUMTANY (Limited).
Chief Offices— lOil, Fenchurch Street, Loiidon.
Western Counties Unmch— Queen Street, Exeter.
Irish Uranch— 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.

DlRKi-TOnS.

Chainmin — John Clayden, Littiebury, Essex.
Vejjuly-C'hnirnmn^ John Collins, Argyll House, IXoUoway.
Edward Bell, 4S, Marino Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot. Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Middlesex,
llobert Leeds, West Lexhani, Norlolk.
George Saville, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Essex.
Charles Dorraan, l.'3, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomas Webb, Htldersham, Cambridgesliire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Mana(iiiig Director— James Odams,
Bankers— "SlessTS. Bametts, Hoaros, & Co., Lombard Street.
5ofici(t>/-s— Messrs. Kingsford & Donuau, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

Auditor— J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company w;is originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz.— "The Tenant Farmers' Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for years under mmagement with Manures of their
own manufacture. Tho consumer, therefore, has tho best Kuaruntoo
for tlio genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Cimpany.

i'aiticulars will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, or
mnv oe had of the Local Agents. C. T. Macadam, Secretary.

Chief Offices— 109, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C.

SOMBRERO GUANO.— This article has proved itself
.'■niiioriov to Peruvian Guano, and is 25 per cent, cheaper. For
Gnis.s Lund this Guauo should be used during February and March.
Sole Agent, W. Pickford, 148, Fenchurch Street. London, E.C.

To those who have a Garden.

THE BOUTIN MANURE will bo found most
invaluable for Kitchen and Flower Gardens, Conservatories, &c.
It stimulates the healthy action and rapid growth of Plants, and
incicases their products. It also destroys American Eti-jht, and
Pi "it and Leaf Insects of every description. It has no offensive odour.
Si>lil in bottles. Is. Gd., 2«.9t/., and4A'. Gd. each, with full instruction.s.

SuM Wholesale in Casks by tho Company, 117 & IIS, Leadonhall
Street, E.C.

Agents in London:—
Messi-s. Hurst Sc Son, Seedsmen, &c., G, Leadonhall Street, E.C.

„ C:^rter & Co., Seedsmen, &c., 237, 238, and 2G1, High Hotboru, W.C.

„ Flannagan & Son, Seedsmen, &c., 98, Cheapside, E.C.

„ Barclay & Son, 95, Farringdon Street, E.C.

„ Smith & Co., Seedsmen, Sec, Floral Hall, Kingsland, N.E.

,, Dixon & Co., Seedsmen, 48, Moorgate Street, E.C.
Mr, J. Brigdeo, Seedsman. &c., London Bridge Station, and King
William Street, E.C.

„ B. S. Williams, Paradise Nursery, Highgate Hill, N.

,, R. Wood, Nurseryman, Haverstock Hill, N.W,

„ F. Bax, Corn and Seed Merchant, Bishopsgate Street Without, E.C.

,, J. Musket, Seedsman, &c,, 90, High Street, Clapham, S.

SELECTED SILVER SAND, PEAT SOIL, LOAM,
Smdstone, Garden Pots, Vases, Tazzas, Figures, Gravel, Garden
Implements, and Materials of all kinds for Sale in any quantities.
By Railway, Canal, and Ship to all parts of the United Kingdom.
W. Short, Horticultmal DepOt, Reigate, Surrey.

By Royal Appointment

To HEU Majesty,

By Special Warrant,

dated December 27, 1S65.

To THE PniNce op Wales

By Special Warrant,

dated February 10, 1800.

DAT, SON, AND HEWITT,
Original and Sole Proprietors of the STOCK-BREEDERS'
MEDICINE CHEST, for DISORDERS in HORSES, CATTLE,
CALVES, SHEEP, and LAMBS.

Patronised by upwards of Seventy Thousand ol the principal Stock
Breeders, Horse Proprietors, and Agriculturists of England, Ireland,
Scotland, and Wales.

The only True and Original "DAY'S CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS'
are prepared expressly by us. The Chest contains tho following
matchless preparations :—

Haifa Dozen CHEMICAL EXTRACT, at 30s. per dozen.
One Dozen GASEOUS FLUID, at 20a. per dozen.
One Dozen RED DRENCHES, at 13s. per dozen.
One Dozen RED PASTE BALLS, at 7s. Gd. per dozen.
Adapted for all ailments among Stock during the present season,
Price of Chest complete, with Shilling Book on Farriery, £2 Ids. 0</.,
carriage paid. Either prepai-ation may be had separately in boxes.
Testimonials.
77te Lambing .S'msoK.-Tho "Chemical Extract" is unequalled for
bad cases in drawing Lambs, and to stop heaving and straining. Mr.
Woods, in his Lecture on the " Breeding and Management of Sheep,"
says—" My shepherd declares it to be worth a guinea a bottle."

The "Gaseous Fluid" is famous for debility and exhaustion in
Kwes after Lambing ; for diarrhcea in Calves and Sheep, and for
colic and gripes in Horses and Cattle. Mr. Bowick, in his prize
essay on the "Rearing of Calves," says — "The Gaseous Fluid is
Eufflcient for all the ills that Calfhood la liable to. I have reared 2G
calves this year, and by the use of the 'Gaseous Fluid,' I have not
lost one." Mr, Thos. Rigbv (Cheshire), in his Lecture on "Summer
Grazing of Sheep," says — " Day, Son, & Hewitt's Gaseous Fluid is the
best corrective of scour in .Sheep I have ever tried. I can strongly
recommend their ' Medicine Chest' as a most valuable auxiliary to
stock-keepers of all kinds, but especially to shepherds. With the
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understand."

Orders sent by Post will bo promptly attended to if addressed —
Day, Son, & Hkwitt, Animal Medicine Factory, 22, Dorset Street,
Baker Street, London, W. ; or Wantage, Berks.

"Woods on Sheep," five stamps; "iiowick on Calves," three
taiops, both Iree by post.

Good Clover Seeds at Market Prices.

SUTTON AND SONS Clin BUpijly tho above, ol beat
quality. Samples and pricuH may bo had gratia and poat free
on aiinllcatlon. , ,, ,

SuTTuN^St SoN.s. Sood i..Miwrr-.. K.MdniK

' The NewTbrage Grass (BromuB Schraderi).

SUTl'ON ANIJ SONS hnvc imin-rhHl ii Iim-c supply of
True Sued of tho above, and olVor it at 2h. Or(. per lb,, or ohoapor
in largo quantities. Quantity required per aero, 30 lb. Lowoat price
per cwt and Instructions on cultivation may bo had on application.
Sutton & Sons. Sued Merchants, Reading. _

rpUE lanTTs^im rroVe M Ii: N T C 0 m p a n y".

J Incorporated by Special Act of Parliament In 1853.

To LANtlOWNMtS, THE Cl. IIUV, ESTATK AueNTS, HuRVEYOKS, &C., IN

Enolank ANit Walks, anu in Scotland.
Tho Company advances money, unlimited in amount, for the
following works of Agrlculturnl Improvement, tho whole outlay !ind
oxponaos lu all cases being llquidatud by a rent-charge for 2(i youra.
1 Drainage, Irrigation, and Warping, Einbanktiig. lucloslng.
Clearing, Reclamation, Planting, for any beneficial purpose,
Engines or Machinery li>r Drainage or Irrigation.

2. Faim Roads, Tiamw.a; sand Railroads for agvicultvual or farming

purijoses. .,. ■. ■ r

3. Jetties or Landing places on the aea-coast or on tho banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.
4 The Erection of Farm Houses, Libourora Cottages, and otlior
Buildings required lor Farm i)urpoae8, and the improvement
of and additions to Farm Houses and other buildings lor
Farm purposes.
Landowners assessed under the provisions of .any Act of I'.arlia-
ment. Royal Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
general works of Drainage or other im pro voni outs, may borrow thoir
proportionate share of the cost, and charge tho sauie with tho
expenses on the lands improved. .,.,.,

The Company will also negotiate tho Rent-ch.irges obtained by
Landowners under tho Improvement of Land Act, 1NG4, in respect of
their Subscription of Shares in a Railway or t:anal Company.

No investigation of title is required, and tho Company being of a
strictly financial character, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of tho Works, which are controlled only by the Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissioners. « „ ,-

Apply to Granville R. Rvdek, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street, London, S.W.

THE GENERAL LAND DRAINAGE and
IMPROVEMENT COMPANY. Offices. 22. Whitehall Place.
Under this Company's Act Tenants for Life, Trustees, Mortgagees,
Guardians, Committees of Incompetent Persons, Beneficial Los-sees,
Corporations (Ecclesiastical or Municipal), Incumbents, Charitable
Trustees, &c., may effect tho following Land Improvements, and
charge the outlay and expenses on tho estate improved, by way of
rontcharge, to be paid bv half-yearly instalments, viz. :—

1. All works of Drainage, Irrigation, Warping, and Embankment.

2. The Erection of Farmhouses, Cottages for Agricultm-al
Labourei-s, and all kinds of Farm Buildings.

3. The Construction of Roads.

4. The Grubbing and Clearing of old Woodlands, Enclo Ing.
Fencing, and Reclaiming Land.

The owners of Estates, not entailed, who may be desirous to avoid
the expense or inconvenience of a Legal Mortgage, may also charge
their Estates with an Outlay in Improvements under the simple and
inexpensive process of the Company s Act.

The Term of Years for the Rentcharge is fixed by the Landowner,
so as to adapt the amount of Annual Payment to the circumstances
of the Tenants.

No Investigation of Title being required, and the Charge not being
affected bv Encumbrances, no Legal Expenses are incurred

The Ai-rangements for Effecting Improvements are threefold -

No. 1. The Works may be Designed and Executed entirely by the
Landowner's Agent, and the Company employed only to supply the
Loan and conduct the matter through all the official Forms for
Charging the Outlay on the Estate.

No. 2. The Company will supply Plans, Specifications, and Esti-
mates for any Improvements to be executed by the Landowner's
Agent as under No. 1. In each of these cases the Landowner will be
solely under the control of the Enclosure Commissioners.

No. 3. The Company will undertake the entire responsibility of the
Improvements, prepare the Plans, execute the Works, and finally
charge on the Estate the actual amount expended, with their Com-
mission thereon, approved by the Enclosure Commissioners.

Landowners may thus obtain what a-ssistance they require from
the Company, and no more, in cflecting the objects in view.

Works of Drainage and other Improvements are aiso executed on
Commission for Landowners, who merely require the skill and
experience of the Company's Officers and a Staff in constant practice.

Applications to be addressed to Horack BitOKE, the Socretary, at
the Office of the Company, 22, Whitehall Place, London, S.W.

Jlive ^grtcttltural ©ai^tte.

SATVUDAT, FEBRUABY 16, 1867.

*

It i.s poor work criticising after-dinner
Speeclies : as a general rule thoy are allowed to
have their little hour ; and except when Her
Majesty's Ministers visit the Mansion House
or the occasion is such that public notice is
expected, and prepared for, they are better left
to their own evaporation with that of the
' ' applause ' and ' Loud Cheers ' which on such occa
sions are sui-e to follow the most exaggerated
declamation. But when the houi-s of relaxation
and conviviality are made use of to pander to
prejudices instead of correcting them, to propa-
gate error by making it the yoke-fellow of truth
and_ patriotic sentiment, it becomes a duty — too
late' perhaps, for the antidote can never overtake
all the poison, still it is a duty to correct it.

At the Dinner of the Goudhurst Agricultui'al
Association, Mr. Beresfokd Hope, the President,
in a kind of thii'd-personal reply to an unnamed
foe, Ml'. Bright, undertook the defence of the
Land laws of England, especially the system
known under the name of * Kntails.' After first
informing his hearers that there were no entads,
except in such cases as those of Blenheim,
Strathfioldsaye, and a few other National Grants
of similar kind, ho went on to say (as reported)
that " the rest wo hear spoken of are not a bit of
entail. It is simply a business transaction by
which a person may secure the suceessimi of his
■propeHy for two or three yenerations hy a Deed."

A mere trifle this, no doubt, and in the
speaker's eyes, and phraseology, " not a bit of
entail." One should have imagined that if not
an entail, in the full sense of his own point of
view, "a bit of entail" was exactly what it is.
But de minimis non curat Lex : three generations,
(commonly estimated at 90 years,) do not lock
up the ownership of land o hit !

Neyertheless this is what most people do

understand, and rightly uudiii'Htaiid, as an
Entail. It is what Amonca never would suitor,
and what our Colonies have per.iistoiilly refused-
It i.s what has caused us iuuxprossiblo trouble in
India and iu Irolaiid, and wherever wo have
oudcuvoured to inflict our Land laws upon
subject races : and it is what emasculates tho
proprietorsliip of land at homo, cutting it up into
' estates for lil'o,' powerless for improvement, and
ine.xpansive to tho demauds of modern agricul-
tui'O ; until tho various Land-improvoiuout
Companios came to tho rescue, under tho
authority of .special Acts of Parlianiout, enabling
thorn to do for land what tho nominal owner
was debarred from tho power of doing, viz.,
making the soil the Hocui'ity for its own
improvement.

But on this matter opinions may and do
differ. Money may bo tied up as well as land ;
though with much loss iutorforenco with public
convenience, and the rights of posterity. Yet
Mr. Bright may be justified in thinking that a
less aristocratic Houso of Commons might have
little sympathy with a law which forbids each
generation in succession fi-om calling the earth
its own, and keeps tho parents' interest in
perpetual bondage and postponement to that of
tho ofl'spring, even to a ijciuration uiihorn.

" Any number of lives in hciny that you
please," says the American law, "but no
meddling with unborn generations." " Any
number of lives in being," says the English law
of entaO, " and twenty-one years _ afterwards."
Nations have a right to their opinion as well as
individuals : probably the question with Mr.
Bright is whether this, or that, is really the
opinion of the English nation.

"I do not hold up America as an example,"
.says Ml'. Bereseord Hope, "but iu America
though in many of the States they are afi-aid to
make an eldest son, they are not absolutely
obliged to cut up theii- property as they are in
France. * » • Calling it an 'estate' is a
joke, I should say that patcli which not their
father hid the law rjives them over their father's
head, and which they take without gratitude to
him from whom it came. * * * Marriages
become a mere matter of bargain; sons' sons
go on making these sorts of marriages, and thus
you see how this villainous system poisons the
very bu'th-springs of human Ufo."

Some of this is singular language from
an advocate of the English system of Entails ;
and most of it might have been almost borrowed
direct from the phraseology of the opponents of
entail and lu'imogeniture, including names no
less distinguished than those of AJDAit Smith,
and John Stuart Mill.

Nor is this so wonderful as it seems. Those
who, like Mr. Beresford Hope, raise up the
French law of Morcdlement, as the bugbear to
frighten people into favour with the English land
laws, are simply making use of what Wilvtely
describes as ' the vulgar Fallacy of Contraries,'
each erring in its own extreme, while the ti'ue
principle may be lying quietly somewhere
between them : nearer a good deal we hope and
believe to our own side, yet still leaving it
possible for each extreme to be deprecated by its
opponents with the same formulas of speech.
" Shall the son be a beggar because the parent
is a fool ?" says the advocate of Entails : " Shall
all the other children be beggars in order that
one may be made rich ?" says their opponent.

And thus men go on, in a sort of artillery
duel, Bounding away in long shots at extreme
quarters, as though it was quite out of concep-
tion or possibility that land could exist -without
either a Napoleonic law, on one side, or English
Entails on the otherto substitnte its natural distri-
bution and succession. Land is one of the forms
of capital and nothing more ; one of the many
modes, perhaps the safest of anj', in which wealth,
the offspring of labour, may be invested and
represented. Its antiquity, as tho original only
form of capital has handed it down to our day
loaded with many curious old laws, customs, and
prejudices : and those who cling to old laws
customs and prejudices will not be convinced,
though a Manchester nullowner should buy out
a Peer or a Squire, every day before their eyes,
and tho MiUowner's son be swallowed up by the
Squire's, in tui-n,— that land can take care of itself
as well as any other ' property,' without either
the mincing-knife of a French " Morcellemeut
or tho family Go-cart of an English Entail.

Since the slaughter of the cows at Islington
no reports have reached us of the presence of
Cattle Plague iu the Metropolis. In reference

160

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRTCIILTIIRAL GAZETfK

[Pbbeuaet 16, 1867.

to the cause of the outbreak no further evidence
of any importance has been obtained. The
medical officer of the district, ia a letter to the
Times of February 9, attributes the disease to
the use of some bricks which had been taken
from a shed in which cows sick of the plague
had been kept and treated during the outbreak
in 1865. At first the suggestion did not seem to
be very imreasonable, Ijut after investigating
the circumstances, we were compelled to admit
that the idea of the contagion having been com-
municated by the bricks from the hospital shed
was opposed to the facts. In the first place a
period of nearly IS months has elapsed since
diseased animals stood upon those bricks, and
.setting all other considerations aside, there is no
proof that infectious matter will retain its vitality
for so long a time, particularly when no attemjit
is made to preserve it. Secondly, diseased
animals stood in the other .sheds at the
same time, and when all the stock, or nearly all
of it, was removed, and the plague had run its
course, the usual system of disinfection was
adopted : the floors we are told were washed, and
then .sprinkled with chloride of lime, and after-
wards covered with quick lime ; the bricks in both
sheds were taken up, cleaned, and stacked ready
for use ; in fact, we cannot discover that there was
any difference in the method used in preparing
the bricks, excepting that those from the
principal shed were stacked in the open yard,
while those in the hospital were piled up in '
the shed, which has doors at either end, and is well I
ventilated. "Whether the chloride of lime and '
quicklime are the best agents to employ in the
disinfection of premises may be an open question.
We can state, however, from our own observa-
tion, that there are numerous sheds in various
parts of the country in which cattle died, or were
killed, in consequence of being aSected with
plague, where this process has been used, .and in
our judgment not in the most careful manner, but
■where nevertheless healthy cattle have been
introducedaftera dangerously short interval, often
no more than five or six weeks, and have remained
free from disease. But the crowning point in
the argument is, that since last June cows have
been put at different times in all the .sheds on
the premises at Islington, and yet no outbreak
of plague happened until Jan. 27'last, about which
time it was l-nown to exist in countries from
which we receive large numbers of cattle. On
Jan. 28 we received telegraphic information
from Belgium indicating that the Cattle Plague
had appeared in Hassalt. On Jan 30, another
telegram asserts its existence in Ehenish Prussia.
How the pestilence originated in these countries
can only be a matter of conjecture, but it is not
an unusual event for the disease to follow in the
line of marching armies.
_ In HoUand Cattle PlagTie has raged for a long
time past, the number of cases in the first week
of December last amounting to nearly 8000 ;
since then it has gradually declined, but still
prevails to a serious extent : the last retui'ns which
we have seen give the numbers nearly 4000. It is
quite true that some preventive measures
are adopted in reference to the importation
of cattle from the infected districts, but we have
reason to believe that the restrictions may be
evaded abroad as well as at home, and it would
hardly excite any surprise if it were proved that
infected animals from Prussia or Belgium have
reached our shores, and been placed in the lairs
adjoining the dairy at Islington. Indeed aU the
regulations which are in force in reference to
foreign stock are based upon a tacit admission of
the probability of such an event as the introduc-
tion of infected beasts happening — else why the
. necessity for the slaughter of imported animals
withm the four- days from the time of their being
landed, and the prevention of their removal aUve
from the town into which they are brought by
sea ?

Carcases of animals which are slaughtered in
infected counties and even from the districts
where the disease exists, are regularly sent to
England. A writer in the Thnes of Pebruaiy 8
quotes from the Eiuile Beige, to the effect that all
the 364 animals which were slauaitered at
Hassalt were infected, 149 had to be buried, and
the remainder Itaviny only the germs of the disease,
were in the opinions of all the veterinary surgeons
present fit for consumption, and accordingly the
greater part of the meat was nicely packed, and
sent with all convenient speed to London via
Antwerp. Wo have thus the gratification of
kno-sving that the meat of animals admittedly
diseased to a certain extent, is considered fit for
our consumption.

Experiments have proved that so soon as
36 hours after inoculation the blood of an infected
ox will carry the disease to a healthy animal,
and it therefore follows that the risk of the
infection being conveyed by means of the flesh
of diseased animals is in exact proportion
to the probability which exists of any por-
tion of such meat, or of the blood which
flows from it, coming in contact with healthy
cattle during its transit or after its arrival in our
country. No steps on oiu- part have been taken
to prevent the importation of cattle from Prussia
or Belgium, nor is it likely that any restrictions
will be put upon the trade with these countries
unless a very urgent necessity shall arise. We
can ill afford to diminish our present supply of
meat, and if the regulations affecting the
importation and subsequent treatment of
animals intended for slaughter be properly
carried out, we incur no great amount
of danger, even if cattle come to us from
other countries where cattle plague is rife.
It is beyond dispute th.at we must obtain
from foreign sources large supplies of meat for
our population, and with this understanding we
must accept the risk and provide against it.
Eat stock, or at least what passes as fat stock,
viz., animals not intended for store purposes, we
can deal with easily. The grand difficulty lies in
the question of store stock ; how and where are
we to obtain the proper beasts, and imder what
restrictions ? These questions are now under-
going anxious consideration, and unite, with the
subject of quarantine, to form a problem the
solution of which must bo left to time.

himself a constant attendant and almost universally a
successful exhibitor. Lord Peveeshah was a trustee
of the Royal Agricultural Society, and its President in

ises-i.

The plan of the Agricultural department of the

Great International Exhibition at Paris has been
already issued. Daily trials of the implements exhi-
bited will take place in the Isles of Uillancourt and
Seguin, and each class will moreover be speci;illy tested
once every fortnight. The live stock exhibition take.s
place at Billancourt fortnightly throughout the period,
according to the following programme; and as fort-
nightly sales will be permitted, the whole affair will no
doubt be a great periodical market. The following is
the scheme under which the different exhibitions will
be classed ;—

April: 1st fortnight — Sheep e.'jpccially .id.apted for mutton;
breeding stock. 2nd fortnig'ht — F.ittened stock.

ilay ; Ist fortnight— Daily stock. 2ud fortnight— Sheep for
wool.

Jime : lat f ortmight — Dr.uight horses. 2nd fortnight —
Poultry.

July : 1st fortnight— Dr.iught cattle ; breeding stock. 2ud
fortnight — Huntex's, saddle and cirri.ige horses, ponies.

August : 1st fortnight — Dogs. 2nd fortnight — Working
oxen, exhibited in p.airs harnessed, as they will be tesfied by
work.

September : 1st fortnight— Pigs : breeding stock. 2nd fort-
night-Asses, mules, and mule-breeding stock.

October : ist fortnight : — Fat animals, 2nd foi-tnight —
Animals that have been or arc susceptible of being .accli-
matised.

The animals exhibited during the first fortnight of each
month must be sent so as to arrive on the 1st or 2d, .and
removed on the 12th : those shown in the second fortnight
should .an-ive on the IGth or 17th, and be taken away on the
27th. But exception to this rule will be made in favour of
animals competing at Poissy and other local exhibitions.

The following rewards, among others, are announced ; —

A great prize (a work of .art of the value of lO.OOUf.) to the
exhibitor whose articles prove him to have rendered the
greatest service to agricultiire.

For methods and specimens of culture, and for agricultural
instruments, seven Gold Medals of the value of lOOOf., 50 Silver
.and 50 Bronze Med.als,

For the .animals exhibited, 20 Gold Medals (lOOOf.), 150 SUver,
and an eciual number of Bronze Medals, in addition to
honour.able mentions and valuable objects of art, which will
be given as additions to 40 of the Medals.

The Scientific Association of Prance will this

year award several important prizes. Two prizes of
the v!ilue of 500 francs will be given for the two best
papers on the Application of Meteokologt to
AGKicuLTpEE. Gold Medals, from 100 to 300 francs
in value, will be awarded to the best series of meteoro-
logical obseiTations made on the sea, or in place,? whose
climatology is little known. Last year 28 gold medals
were given for works of this kind. Papers and obser-
vations wdll.be received at the Imperial Observatory of
Paris by the Secretary of the Scientific Association,
but not later than the 28th of Pebruary, 1S67.

Mr. H. EoAKE, jun., of New Haw F-irm,

Chertsey, advertises that some miscreant on the
11th of December entered one of his cowhouses and
broke the leg of one of his cows ; and again that on
the 20th of January the same shed was again entered,
and the leg of another cow broken ! What may be the
legal punishment allotted fur this miserable barbarism
we do not know ; but it is hard to conceive any crime
which more deserves severity, whether on the score of
its malignity or its recldess cruelty ; and we hope that
the reward of 100 guineas which is offered may lead to
the conviction of the wretclied perpetrator.

We sincerely regret to announce the death after

a very short illness of Lord Feveesham, which took
place last Monday, at his residence in Great Cumber-
land Street. Constant in his attendance at meetings
of the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society of
England, and one of the most active and useful of its
leading members, he will be greatly missed not only by
his colleagues in the management of the Society but
all who annually visit its Show-yard, where he was

LOST LETTERS.— No, III.
I MUST not leave Switzerland without saying a few
words about the Vintage. I mean the actual process —
the conversion of Vine into Wine ; though this is more
properly an Italian theme, on which there wdl be more
to say hereafter. But looking at those districts in
England where Cider, and Perry, are an important local
manufacture, and the practice there persisted in by the
many, and deprecated by the few, of giving Fermen-
tation its full fling, I should like to record that I have
found ,just the same scrupulous anxiety, in the
Neufch.atel and Yvorne districts, in watchin.g, modera-
ting, and even checking this capricious process, as
formerly at Funchal, where, to the prince-merchant of
Madeira it seemed a matter if not of life and death, at
least of *' death's counterfeit," sleep — and waking.
For, the watching of the casks and vats went on day
and night, long after the Vintage, until the exact
medium was arrived at, the Tinous medium, between
the saccharine and the alcoholic conditions. In
Devonshire and in Herefordshire, and even in Somer-
set's fair Vale of Taunton where the best Cider I
ever tasted in England was made, I have almost felt
sometimes as if the chemical process was eatchimj, and
my own mind approaching the awfoiM state — to witness
the stolid indifference with which Fermentation, is
allowed to drive its headlong course, I need hardly
say that there is no specific difference between the two
fruits— the Apple audtheGrape—tojustify this variety
of treatment ; except indeed that the apple can less afford
to part with what little 'body' it possesses, and lies
nearer to the fatal brink of— Viueg.ar. Why then is it
not thought worthy of more care — during the mystic
transmigration which first promotes Sugar to Alcohol,
and then degrades Alcohol to Vinegar — to " seize the
moment as it Hies" when the Vinous — I should perhaps
say PoiHrtccoKs— point is reached, and not allow another
step to be taken in the downw.ard course that leads
first to throat-flaying acidit.v, and ends in a ' mortuum
caput ' ? I wish we could have a ' Cider Conference'
in Englfind, as they do now and then in Normandy, to
discuss this ill-used manufacture, and import a little
common sense into it ; now that, thanks to the Loco-
motive, the counties that make theCiderare not the only
ones punished by drinking it. Formerly, it was simple
Nemesis ; and no one had a right to complain— except
perhaps the Haymakers, whose threats however are
mostly Vitriol-proof by the end of the season.

But all this need not be : and what an aggravation
it is to think that, after all, that diabolic sourness is
nothing but sugar that has run mad, and literalli/
" Wasted its sweetness on the desert air."
The Vineyards of the Cote d'Or, and indeed of all
Burgundy and Ssyitzerland, from Dijon to Geneva, are.
Gibbon tells lis, as old as the time of the Antonines, *
Seventeen hundred years is time enough to teach
Fermentation. We need not surely be ashamed to take
a lesson.

A late Autumn keeps people still lingering on the
north side the Alps ; and then the first break in the
weather sends theiu helter-skelter over the Passes.
And thus it happened that the lovely and protracted
season kept me too long in sight of Titlis and the
Jungfrau.andwhen Imoveddownatlast towards the foot
of the Simplon, I found myself detained near the walls
of Chillon's dungeon, au outside 'prisoner,' laud-
weather-bound, waiting for a 'clear bill' of the P,iss,
which had become snow-stopped. Instead of better, it
grew worse and worse ; and at last, to my mortification,
judgment was given in full conclave for going by
Mont Cenis. So it was necessary to cross the Lake to
Geneva.

Even this was denied. The day before starting, there
was such a ' storm in the teapot' that the Boat from
Geneva was actually put back into port ! Will it be
believed of placid Lake Leman ?

This gave the opportunity of what I had never seen,
and had longed to see, a Lake in a passion : and what I
saw surpassed all expectation. The West-Bay at Port-
land, which receives the mighty throb of the Atlantic,
might not be ashamed of the white-horses' that toppled
over each other along the shore from Montreux to
Villeneuve. The sight of Chillon with the white spray
dashing up nearly to the top of its crenellated w.alls as
if the old Tower was doing duty for a modern Lake .
Lighthouse, was a sight not often to be seen, nor readily

forgotten, But I did not expect to find myself

indulging travelling exclamations before I was across
the Alps.

, Well ; as the hold mariners of Leman declined the
voj'age from Geneva to Villeneuve on Monday, it
followed that there was no boat to navigate its appeased
waters on the return passage to Geneva on Tuesday ;
an extra journey by Rail was the consequence : and
though the Line goes round the outer semicircle of the
crescent Lake, and the Boat across its blue waters, still
" the longest way roimd" — kept up its ancient charter

To a climber fresh from the Oberland, poor Mont
Ceni.s, which is usu.ally snubbed by being passed over
by night, does not certainly otter any special attraction
or novelty. As however I wished to make my first a
daylight acguaiutance with it, I passed the night at
Modane in preference to that noisy du-ty town of
DUigences and Vetturini, St. Michel, There is another
reason for this. Between the two places you fall in
with what is likely to become ' the greatest bore on
the face of the earth,' cahed the Mont Cenis Tunnel, —
because it does not pass through Mont Cenis. The works
can be visited by the public only once a month, by an

• Decline and Fall, Vol, 1, 2 (i). 62). The district from
which wc get the justly celebrated Beaune wine, is said by
M, D'Anville, the well-known Geographer, to be the Fagus
Arebrif/mts of the Romans.

Pebbuaiu- 10, l8f)7.1

THE fiAP.OENERS' OMONIfiLE AND AOTaCUI^TUIiAr, GAZETTE.

IGl

order from Turin. Tlioy are almost wortli a jounioy
from Eni^lanil, for tlio eNpress imrpose. Tlio clovur
way ill ^vllil!ll the water-power has boon oiuployod, for
ventilation, and tlio bold insonuity of the liopeless-
lookiiig bill by no means hopeless task, are almost
nniqne, oven in this wonder-working age. Tho system
by wliu'li (bo roek is pierced, is the same ^vlll(■h
you put in pructiee— or rather, cn'oy the ivsult
of_overy time you divide your poslanc stamps.
"Shade of Hannibal!" Sydney Smith would surely
have said, " Shall tho Alp.s bo transpierced by ai-upuiw-
iurtitioH !"

Yet .so it is : the tunnel arch is jiatternod out by
drilling gimlet-holes into the solid Quartz rock,
and then the pieces chiselled, or blasted, out, aocording
to their nature. Slow work, of course : e pur xi iiinoiv .'
it (,'cls on : for tho candle burns at buUi Uie ends,
French, and Italian ; each prudently working nit-liill,
so that the water, and 'siioil'run theiiisi'lv(S oiil;
and in live years hence,— for the ' Ton-years' siege ' is
now half over,— North and South will meet. Wliat a
day it will be, or night— ( what matter, Ihere, which ? )—
when I'rance shall hear the " knocking at the South
entry," and Italy " finds the Gaul is at her gale," and
tw" nations come face to face in the bowels of the
eartli, as two historic foes have never met before, since
i( c:ime from the hand of ils Creator.

I hi the 1st of January, l.si'ril, llie Tunnel had been
opened to a distance of iiOi! metres from Jlodaue, and
3087 from liardonneche, altogether 5309 metres out of
12,320 the total length. By a convention concluded
at Paris, the French Government is to pay half a
mill ion of francs for every year after completion short o/
twenli/-J!ve from January, 1802: and for every year
s/ior/ of fifleen a luindred thousand francs more. The
(engineering) Directors are to have half this conditional
premium. Not a bad pattern of a mainspring !— by
which, at llie latest estimate, the Tunnel is expected to
bo opened by October, ISn,

Further up the Tass, beyond Lanslebonrg, the new
line of triple Kail had been laid for a eonsider.ablc
distance, along the (outev) edge of the road. It looked
rather in an abandoned state, and at Turin was
actually annouuccil to me to bo so, on account of the
great dilliculty presented by the zig-zags, especially on
the Susa, or Italian, side ; but this it seems has been
surmounted, and it is now under contract, and pro-
gressing. Theinsertion of the centre railhasbeenspoken
of with the applause of an Invention. It is simply a
contrivance,— the common ' dumb-bell ' rail laid side-
ways, instead of on edge, preseutiug what would be its
upper and under surfaces to a pair of horizontal wheels
adjusted for the purpose under the Locomotive, which
climbs the bill by biting its way, very much as you see
a parrot do up the side of its cage, using its beak as a
third leg, a ' double-third' rather, if such a thing may
exist— out of Oxford.

The ' Pass ' proper begins at Lanslebourg. As I per-
formed it, magnified by a large party of iriends who
had joined mine for escort, nothing short of a Pindaric
poem could do it justice. Sing then, O Goddess, the
praises— but you must begin by setting the multiplica-
tion-table to music — the praises of Ticelve Mules !
which, on emerging from our hotel in the rain, we
discovered to have taken the place of our leaders,
with a driver half German-Swiss half Italian, whose
vigour' and activity, and wdiip most crepitant,
were equal to all the responsibilities of the
post, and something over. Former experience of
the tractive powers of twelve horses, in an agricul-
tural Trial (Horse-power versus Steam-power), had
made me distrustful of the ' pull all together' to be got
out of such a team. But to live is to learn: especially
if you travel with Mules.

Most people would describe the driving-box of a
carriage as a place to sit upon, and drive from : to our
energetic Jehu it was simply a post of occasional obser-
vation : he was up, and down^ in rapid alternation, his
eye, voice, and every feature m personal rapport with
every mule in his extended team. Bach had his proper
name, and seemed to know it, too, together with the
most astonishing vocabulary of epithets, German,
French, and Itahan, aflLx prefix and suffix, a,s occasion
might require to be coupled with it. Did one mis-
taken wretch try a moment's experiment of slack trace,
— with a prompt Italian salutation as :iu ' accursed
hog of the body of Bacchus,' bang went a whip-cord
thunderbolt into his side that sent him, dragging all
his neighboiu-s, right across the road in bewildered
consternation: another, "trying with false surmise to
interjiose a little ease," had his "frail mind"
electrified by the German title of a 'black-hearted
3V«/fWJegotteu Thunder-Son,' followed by a heavy
quartz pebble on his ham, sent with the force of a
Catapult. These private attentions would be succeeded
by a general shower of polyglot execration discharged
like a bouquet of lire-works, that appeared to sting
the ears of the w^hole team with the liveliest excite-
ment, very much as if a nest of hornets had suddenly
alighted on them.

At length the tiresome ascent, and the long zigzags
ended. The level is gained ; and the mules parted
with: and a long dead level it is, shewing first
a dark Lake that wears its great-coat of ice for seven
months out of the twelve ; then an enormous barrack-
like Monastery with one fat monk at the door who
came out, eating. Was it an invitation ? on the prin-
ciple of that kilted Highland gentleman whom we
remember, somewhat wooden of complexion, cheerfully
taking a large pinch, out of a roomy-looking powder-
horn, at the door-post of our friend the tobacconist.

But eventwo-horse-and-twelve-mule-pQwer straining
up zigzags, with a heavy carriage behind, is no match
for one pair of farm-legs fresh from the Aletsehorn,
cutting across them : so I early released myself
from the rather sickening spectacle of Mules' -Purga-
tory, and was soon watching the weary struggle going
on far below mo ; and then, making my way through

the clouds that bad been fro^vning and weeping upon
our whole morning's journey, came out, all at once
into the bright laughing Sunshino, rellected by^ the
dazzling snow that now lay, and rose around, in thicker
and thicker masses. W/uil a change !

Ah ! if all our dark thick clouds could he surmounted
Ihus !— how men's limbs would strive, and hearts would
strain, to reach that blessed laud of Sunshine, above
:uid far beyond the frowns and the pitiless storms, and
the shar|i, and ever sharpening angles of //ml our gre;it
Zigzag which life presents to some !

Tell me, you unapproachable mountaiii-Summits —
eternal snow-crowned Vestals, whose spotless thrones
towering higher and higher, seem to iiresent the one
great Temple, to which all men, once at least in life,
hasten from the surrounding ll:ils and plains of Euroj)e,
to bring the triijiit.e of their wmsliip to tho lofty shrine
of nature's Sulilimit ii-s— tell me, ;irp there indeed .towc
— perhiips loTig-liived— and hi.-t— nlinse gentle eyes look
down with sympathising gliuiee, with tho tuiieh of
tendercst pity, upon the toiling brotherhood of Man,
struggling up— struggling on— with blind and weary
hearts, below ?

Silvery Vapour! floatin}? like an cartli-mcteor far
above me — wandering capricious, a mere thin scarf of
lleecy light, cutting tho deep Blue, from crag to
pinnacle ! Tell me, are these l.iright altitudes tho type
of weary JIan's release, and Rest, from the toil, the
heart-sore conflict of the life beneath ?

No answer !— Nature is silent. iSiich a silence it
is, — where nolhinij but the echo of the distant
Avalanche, dying away— firinter, and fainter— is eoer
heard ! No half-hour's sermon here, no fifty-minutes'
lecture, no glib homily to 'expound' the mysteries
which force themselves direct upon the mind from the
awful grandeur, that lies around, from this impres-
sive, s]ieechless, crushing Vastness.

Nature is silent. There is no answer : but

'Man must Toil, and Tuust' ! and the latter is the
harder lesson ! for how often has the hand that phints
the grain a task far easier than the eye that must
watch its ripening, and count the sheaves, and garner
in the Crop, and look far on, ahead; with anxious
reckoning, lest after all is done, and toiled, and
struggled, and surmounted, and the laborious Mind
that planned and directed all, asks for its wages, its
bare requital at the hand of Nature, there.be found —
' No Answer.' C W. II.

CHESHIRE.

Cheshiei!, although a small county (extending to
707,078 acres;, has sutfored so heavily by the cattle
plague, that more than an ordinary interest is felt in
regard to it, and the question very naturally arises.
Wliat state can a county be in that has lost within a
year about 50,000 head of cattle, or upwards of half
its entire stock, besides many hundreds (of which we
have no statistics) that were sold at oue-half, one-
fourth, or one-fifth of their ordinary value, and killed
—many of them being heavy in calf— upon the near
approach of the fatal disease ? Before we answer this
query, we may observe that another question is often
imt, '\Vby did Cheshire sutler more than other counties ?
'There are more reasons than one that may be given as
probably contributing to this result. The principal
one I believe to have been the state of public opinion
at the time the visitation broke out in Cheshire— the
local newspaper press being taken as the exponent of
public opinion. The whole county may be said to
have risen up against the idan recommended by all
veterinarians who had had an opportunity of forming
an opinion on the probability of treating it. The
inhumanity of the poleaxe ivas a fruitful theme for
paragraphs during the dull season. The common-
sense teachings of experience took root only in the
far north. Your Aberdeenshire friends laid good hold
of them, and acquitted themselves to the admiration
of all, and greatly to their own advantage.

The largest and most influential landlords in
Cheshire took the popular view, and generally made
their tenants to understand that no compensation
whatever would be allowed for any animal killed, in
anticipation of the disease. The diseased animals were,
therefore, allowed every chance to live and propagate
the disease. Every nobleman and gentleman turned
enthusiastic quack doctor and had some unfailing
specific to recommend. From their position their
prescriptions were tried by all their tenants ; and after
one great remedial bubble recommended by a lord had
burst, there was always another ready from some high
quarter. The enormous amount of money that was
spent in supposed cures it is impossible to tell. The
homfcopathists reaped a particularly rich harvest.
'Their never-failing assinicum was largely advertised,
and used as a never-faihng preventive and cure. But
what has all this to do with the losses ? Much, very
much. The disease was spreading, and being spread,
while men were encouraging each other to find a cure,
and not only killing, for many animals would have
lived if left to nature that were killed by outrageous
doses, or worried to death by the incessant repetition
of infinitesimal doses.

So much for the past mow as to the present, Cheshire
is a pastoral county, the greater part of the land being
in permanent Grass. The farmers do not think they
could pay their rents by cropping, and the reason they
give is that the laud is too stiff and wet. Much of the
laud is strong clay and undrained, and the country
generally being very level, it is not so susceptible of
being drained as where the surface is of a more undula-
ting character. Certain it is, that if the north of
Scotland were as wet, it would be of very little value ;
but the higher temperature of the climate seems to pre-
vent tlie souring tendency that is so prej udicial to vege-
; tatiou on undrained land in Scotland. Proprietors are
\ even more averse to ploughing than the farmers, and
give no encouragement to break up the old fields, as

they seem afraid of the land being sooner exhausted.
There is, however, more land ploughed than there used
to bo. I'ields that have been under (jrass for 200 years
vverelastyeargrowing Beans, Wheat, or Potatos;but thin
is by no means so common asono miglit have exjiected,
sheep and hay-making being resorted to as a temporary
substitute for cows. Of sheep, the great majority of
daii-y farmers knew nothing, and many of tlicni' bought
siu'ep at a very high price in May, and after keei)ing
them all sumincr on the best of their land, have had
to .sell them for less m<mcy than lliey cost them, the
fall in the market value of wool, and the Privy Council
regulation that prevented sheep being taken out of an
infected county, having helped to produce such a
result. Hay was not a heavy crop in the county, tho
month of May being too dry for it. Much of it, how-
ever, was harvested in very excellent condition, and
there is a steady market for it, delivered .at any railway
station for Liverpool, Mnnchester, Birmingham, or
London, Ac, at \n-\rv^ iliat are not high, but are better
than, under (.'ii-eiunsttuiees, could have been looked for,
viz., 2/. 15s. to 'Al. 10.!., according to quality Jicr ton; old
hay 1/. per ton.

A voluntary subscription was raised among wealthy
symjiathiscrs on behalf of those who lost their cattle
previous to the 20th February, and 27,000/. or upwards
was collected. This fund, however, only amounted to
ISs. per cow: 10s. per rising two-ycar-old-heifcr, and
5.«. per rising year-old. The relief from this source was
rather horaiio]iat hie. After tho 20th February, those
catth^ killed liy the inspector were paid for half value
(tlnit is if N/.,'to which the local authorities restricted
it, could be called half value) for all cows, some of them
worth in ordinary times 20/. or %U., with .3s. Cxi. a-head
for burials. To meet these half-price payments, the
Government lent the county 270,000/., or, if I mistake
not, 300,000/., if it is required, for which the county
assessment stands good, and it requires to be p;rid up
within the next .30 years— interest, however, not being
asked for the first ye.ar or two. Those who lost their
cattle previous to this arrangement coming in force will
pay their increased rates with very ill-will. They
cannot see the justice of helping to pay their neigh-
bours' cattle while they lost their own, and get nothing.

Some spirited individuals bought cattle in some of
the countias in Wales where plague did not reach
shortly after the scourge passed over them, and have
fortunately escaped ; but others, less lucky, had a
renewal of the plague, and lost their new stock. This
w.as a great damper for some months, and purchases
have been made very cautiously— one or two at a time,
'riie plague has now entirely left the county, and stocks
would be rapidly filled up, were it not that the new
stock that are mostly from Ireland are, in many
instances, proving to be infected with pleuro-pneu-
monia, and not only die themselves, but cause the loss,
by contagion, of the scanty remnant left by the plague.
'The Cheshire farmers are at present in anything but
a happy position. Turn themselves as they may, only
loss seems to meet them. Still, upon the whole, they
do not complain or grumble. If it is any consolation,
they are pretty nearly all alike in their losses, and losses
they are accustomed to, for many farmers, not very old
men, have lost, two .and three times over, their cattle
by pleuro, and have managed to renew them, and they
reasonably hope that what they have done before they
1 may do again. The landlords have generally shared
with the tenants in meeiing their losses, some return-
ing on rent day \l. for every cow lost, others deducting
a fourth or some proportion of rent due, also intimating
that future favours may be looked for if there is any
necessity for them. The common opinion is that it
must be a few years ere the county recover its former
position. BauJJ's/tire Journal.

THE CHEMISTRY OF STOCK-FEEDING.

[The following paper tva.s road last Thursday, Ijefore the Ncw-
Ijmy Farmers' Club, by Mr. AVariugton, of tho Royal Agri-
cultural College, Cirencester.]

AJJIMAIS are fed on a farm for two purposes— either
with a view to increase the animal frame, or to obtain
from the animal a certain amount of mechanical work ;
increase or work is the result the fiirmer looks for as
the return for food consumed. The subject being a
very large one, only the first division, the chemistry of
building up the carcase, can be now discussed.

"The point to be first understood is the nature of
the structure we have to build. Ten years ago it would
have beeu impossible to state with any accuracy the
proportion of the various materials which make up the
body of an animal ; but now, thanks to the laborious
investigations at Rothamsted, we can do so with con-
siderable exactness. The animal frame contains a great
number of substances ; they may be arranged, however,
under three heads : —

Store
Sheep.

' Fat
Sheci).

Very fat
Sheep.

Nitrogenous substances

Pat

Mineral substances

Water

1.5.7
19.9
.3.4

ei.o

13.0
37.9
3.0
40.1

11.5

48.3

\ 3.1

37.1

1,00.0

100.0

lOO.Q

The nitrogenous substances (those containing nitro-
gen) include the constituents of muscle, sinew, skin,
wool, hoi-n, and some other parts : the miner.al matter
consists princinally of bone ; the salts of the blood
and flesh forming but a small proportion of it. J he
simplest view of the Table is to take the hg"™-' as
representing the proportions of muscle, fa.t, and bone:
this, though not quite exact, is snfficientfy so for tue
present purpose. . „ ,

When an animal is fattened the amount of muscfe
increases, but the fat increases at the same time so
much more rapidly that the proportion of muscfe is
much smaller in a fat animal than m a lean one.

162

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

LFebettaIiy 16, 1867.

From the figures before us it is easy to calculate the
proportion of muscle to fat iu the increase of a sheep
while fattening. Suppose the sheep weighs 100 lb.,
and after fattening weighs 150 lb., what is the
composition of the 50 lb. put on ? The mean of
extensive calculations gives the following : —
Increase of a Sheep while Fatteuinff.
Nitrogenous substances . . . . . . 7.5

Fat 63.0

Mineral substances '. . 2.0

Water -27.1

The increase of other animals while fattenhig is very
similar. The greater part of the increase is seen to
be pure fat; the nitrogenous substance (muscle) is
only 72 per cent, of the whole ; by bulk, however, it
will amount to a much larger quantity, the water
being associated with the muscle of the carcase and not
with the fat.

We have now some idea of the structure to be built.
"What then are the materials out of which it can be
raised? What, chemically speaking, is the food of
animals ?

We spoke some time ago of the food of plants, and
saw that out of two simple gases, water and a few salts,
vegetation was capable of producing forests and Wheat
harvests, and all the glories of a tropical Flora. A
plant was constructive : from^ simple food it built up
complex products. The nutrition of animals was the
reverse of this. When an animal forms muscle it is
simply transferring the albumen of the vegetable frame-
work to its own frame-work. The albumen in the
food is dissolved, passes into the blood, is deposited as
tissue; but the albumen of the tissue is chemically
identical with the albumen of vegetable food. It is
true there are a great number of new substances formed
by the animal from its food, but the.se are all simpler iu
constitution than the materials they are made from.
The animal forms its new substances by taking from,
not by building together. The animal economy is, in
fact, destructive, not constructive.

It is clear then, that the food of animals must
contain the substances which compose muscle, fat, and
bone, or at least materials that can be very readily
turned into these. The following Table shows the
composition of some of the commonest foods. The
constituents of these foods are the constituents of all
food.

■Water

Nitrogenous substances . .

Fatty matter

Sugal", starch, cellulose, &c.

Woody fibre

ilinem matter

89.0
1.4
.3
7.8
.9
.0

100.0

Meadow
bay.

IG.O
9.0
2.5
41.7
24.2
6.0

100.0

Barley.

18.0
10.0
2.0
C4.7
4.5
2.2

100.0

ICO
23.3
1.5
49.6
4.5
3.1

100.0

The Table shows that food contains nitrogenous,
fatty, and mineral substances in various proportions.
Each of these the animal will of course put to imme-
diate use. The bulk however of vegetable food is
made up of such substances as starch, sugar, and cellu-
lose (woody fibre was comparatively insoluble cellu-
lose), and these are bodies quite absent in the animal
structure. To what use, then, can .these be put by
the animal ?

To understand the use of the difierent ingredients of
food we must go a little further. We mu.st recollect
that besides increasing its weight of carcase the animal
has to support life. Take an animal not increasing iu
weight, what purposes does its food serve ? Princi-
pally three :— 1, renovation of tissue ; 2, production of
muscular force ; 3, production of heat.

The structures of the body undergo a slow but con-
tinual waste ; the old matter is dissolved by the blood,
burnt, and removed from the system ; new matter is
deposited in its place.

Our idea of muscular work must not be limited to
mere external exertions, as the raising of heavy
weights ; a vast deal of muscular work is done within
the body. It has been calculated that the work of the
human heart in one day would suffice to raise its own
weight 90 miles. In the same way the muscles of the
chest perform a great deal of work. Other muscles are in
constant use merely to keep the body erect. A great
deal of light has been thrown of late years on the
origin of muscular force ; it now appears that muscular
force is produced by the combustion of food in the
system— that, in short, the animal machinery derives
its power in the same manner as a steam-engine.

_ Heat is necessary for the performance of all the
vital processes ; it makes life possible in various seasons
and climates.

With an animal not increasing in weight, the whole
of the food will be consumed in supplying these three
requisites; where the amount of food exceeds that
required for these purposes, the excess may be stored up.
In what manner do each of the various ingredients
of food minister to the wants of the animal ? The
nitrogenous substances supply waste of tissue— if given
in excess to a fatteniug animal a portion will be stored
up and the rest burnt, thus producing heat and
muscular force ; the nitrogen, however, is not burnt,
but leaves the system iu the form of urea : it is important
to remember that all the nitrogen of the food not stored
up passes into the manure. The fat contained in the
food is burnt in the blood ; the excess, if any, is stored
up. The fat is as truly burnt in the blood as in a
lamp or candle— the products of combustion are
chemically the same in both cases. Sugar, starch, and
digestible cellulose, are burnt in the blood ; this is
one important use of these substances ; they largely
contribute to the formation of heat, and muscular
force.

The combustion in the blood is a most wonderful
operation. If the chemist cannot imitate the con-

structive powers of a plant, neither can he imitate
the destructive powers of an animal; he can only
observe and admire.

If the food supplies an excess of starch and sugar,
what will the animal do P — it cannot store", them up.
They are converted into fat. The formation of fat by
animals is perhaps best illustrated by one of the experi-
ments made at Eothamsted. Two pigs from the same
litter, and of almost equal weights, were taken ; one
was killed, and found to contain 22 lb. of fat : the
other was fed for ten weeks longer, and then killed ;
it yielded 78 lb. of fat : 56 lb. of fat had thus been
stored up in the ten weeks ; the food of the pig during
this time had, however, contained only 14 lb. of fat ;
42 lb. had thus been actually formed by the animal.
Beasoning we need not enter on has proved that fat
is formed from starch and sugar, but it is also possible
that the nitrogenous part of food when burnt in the
blood might contribute to form fat. Chemical calcula-
tions have likewise shown that 2i parts of starch
are about the smallest quantity from which 1 part of
fat could be produced; 2i is thus said to be the
" starch equivalent " of fat.

The mineral substances in food being incombustible
are of no use in the production of heat ; they serve to
build up bone, and assist in many of the vital processes.

What have we now learnt about food ? It appears
that, excepting the mineral matter, all the con-
stituents of food are capable of furnishing beat and
muscular force, those two primary necessaries of
animal life. That, where an excess of nitrogenous
food is supplied, a portion is stored up as muscle, wool,
&c., while the excess of sugar [and starch is converted
into fat.

It is important to remember that it is only the
excess of food which is stored up as increase. To
have as large a proportion of the food stored up as is
possible, it is necessary to limit, as far as can be,
the consumption of food for the mere production of
heat or muscular energy ; this is accomplished by
keeping the animals warm and quiet. In liberal
feeding a larger proportion of the food is excess ;
liberal feeding is thus true economy. Fattening is
most economical when done in the shortest time. An
ox weighing 1000 lb. or more, has through its whole
life to be kept at a temperature of about 98° Fahr. by
the combustion of food, which costs the farmer a good
deal, but as thus consumed makes no return ; the
sooner the animal can be made prime the smaller is
this expense. Experiments at Rothamsted have taught
us, that even when an animal is fattening under
lavouring circumstances, one half its food is consumed
to supply heat, &c., and does not minister at all to the
formation of increase.

The manure obtained by feeding stock was employed
as food for plants ; its value would therefore depend on
the amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash,
which it contained ; the value was practically depen-
dent upon the amount of nitrogen present. With
fattening animals about 90 per cent, of the nitrogen in
the food appeared in the manure : the more nitrogenous
was the food, the more valuable was the manure. The
manure obtained from different foods is thus of unequal
value, and the value of the manure must be taken into
account in determining the worth of any food. For a
farmer to know what is really the cheapest food in
different states of the market, he must know the
chemical composition of foods, and thus be able to
take into account the worth of the manure obtainable
from each.

[At the close of the lecture a vote of thanks was moved to
Mr. Wariugton, and a short discussion followed on the
subject of the lecture, after which the meeting adjourned.]

LIVEEPOOL SEWAGE.

[We reproduce here the .address of Lord Robert Montagu on
this subject, at a meeting held in Liverpool some weeks
ago.]
His lordship stated that 15 years ago he himself tried
the utilisation of sewage upon land, and so astonished
was he with the results that he then determined that
if ever an opportunity offered he would do all in his
power to urge the general utilisation of sewage
throughout the country. He spoke therefore from
experience. They remembered that in the year 1864,
when the House of Commons gave him a Committee
to investigate the whole subject, and on that Com-
mittee some of the most able members of Parliament
consented to serve, they were unanimous in the
decision to which they came. The result of it was
that in the succeeding year, 1865, he introduced two
Bills to the House. One received the assent of
the Government, and passed without opposition— he
alluded to the present Sewage Utilisation Act. The
other Bill was of too large a scope. It was for
erecting Boards for the management of the whole of
the watersheds throughout the kingdom. That Bill
had been put aside, but it had been since used with
respect to the Thames watersheds. He proposed to
show, first, the absolute necessity of utilismg the
sewage of towns; secondly, the enormous gain that
might be expected to accrue from such a practice.

If they went back to ancient times it would be found
that before there was any written law every man had,
l3y common law, a right to pure water and pure air.
The first statute which applied to the subject was as
early as the 12th Kichard II.— a statute enjoining all
mayors of towns to forbid the throwing of any filth,
offal, or noxious matters into the sewers, water-courses,
river.s, or ponds of water. Until the year 1847 the
plan was for scavengers to take the excretions out of
the town in carts. What was the result of that system ?
Why, those tremendous zymotic diseases which spread
all over the country, and carried off tens of thousands
of people. There were various visitations of cholera
before the year 1840, and the Government were induced
to turn their attention to the subject of the health of
towns. Boards of health were appointed, commissioners

were engaged in investigating the subject, scientific
men turned their attention to it, and the result was
the elaborate report of the sanitary board of 1842. In
consequence of this it was resolved that the cesspits of
houses should be done away with. The plan first
used was to put water into the cesspits and then pump
them out into the sewers. In the year 1817 the Board
of Health advocated an efficient water supply, and a
complete sewerage for every town in the kingdom.
Then, instead of separate cesspits for each house, the
houses were connected by means of di'ains with the
sewers. Thence sprang a very great evil. As the houses
were purified, as the air was rendered pure, the rivers
became impure.

They had before them the choice of two evils or two
benefits. The two evils were poisoned rivers and a loss
of valuable manure, and the two benefits fine rivers
and great agricultural prosperity. From poisoned
rivers they got infected air and infected water, the
consequence of which was disease and the concomitant
evils, drunkenness and crime. The conclusion he drew
was, that the excreta must be removed from the houses
as speedily as possible, and he maintained that the
excreta must be removed by means of water. Then
arose the first point of discussion with the advocates of
earth closets. It was merely the old question between
sewers and cesspits — whether these excreta should be
removed by the hands of man or by the agency of water.
The earth closets had been tried at Aldershott, and
had failed, besides entailing a cost upon the War Oflice
of 600?. a-year. The earth closet was the invention of
the Eev. Mr. Moule ; and he had stated that 3,000,000
tons of dried earth would he requii'ed annually for the
3,000,000 inhabitants of London. The meaning of that
was, that they would have every year to dig a hole
1 foot deep over an area of 1516 acres. Dr. Hawkesley
had advocated the same system at Liverpool ; but his
figures only went to the extent of showing what an
enormous obstruction to the traffic of the streets, and
how enormously costly such a system would be. The
other proposition was the removal of the excreta by
means of water. He maintained that such a means
would be not only easier than removing it in carts, but
much cheaper. The reservoir of the West Middlesex
Waterworks had become silted up to the extent of
4 feet. Estimates were sent iu for removing this by
hand, in a period of four weeks, at a cost of 400Z. A
young engineer, however, bethought himself that, as
the water had carried in the sediment, it might carry
it out ; so he set a few Irishmen to puddle it, and let
the water carry it out. The consequence was that it
was got out in four days at a cost of 40Z. The conclu-
sion of this and other experiments was, that it would
be cheaper and better to remove the excreta by means
of water.

They then came to the alternative, what was to be
done with the sewage when it was in the sewers?
Engineers who were called upon to purify the town
of its sewage natur.ally looked to the river, which would
necessarily be in the lowest part of the town, to extri-
cate them from their difficulty, and into the river the
sewage went. What did they find was the result of the
pollution of the rivers ? The same as that arising from
the pollution of the air. Dr. Acland, the Eegius
Professor of Physic at Oxford, had stated that if disease
was not actively propagated by the rivers, the popula-
tion inhabiting their banks got into a low state of
health, and constantly required stimulants. Dr. Simon,
the medical officer of the Privy Council, had stated
that the di.arrhoeal or choleraic state of towns was
attributable to the quality of the drinking water used
in those towns. Dr. Simon had been the first to show
that the presence of cholera in London was due to
impure water. The statements of these gentlemen had
been fully borne out bytheEegistrar-General's returns
with respect to cholera in London. Where the impure
water of the East London Company was drunk, there
cholera prevailed ; where the East London water mixed
with that of other companies had been used, the disease
prevailed in a less degree. The same evidence had been
supplied at North Shields, in the case of the water
from the Preston Pits. " Cholera and diarrhoea never
destroy people where water is pure " says the Eegistrar-
General in his report. Dr. Ackond has stated that the
Thames was a disgrace to the nation. The people of
London were compelled to drink the sewage of between
800,000 to 1,000,000 persons— a thing which no amount
of filtration could prevent. It was the same thing
with respect to the Tame at Birmingh am. Mr. Eaw-
linson, the Government engineer, had stated that no
words could describe the abominable state of the rivers
of Lancashire. The evil of this was one which touched
their pocket;. The municipalities who used to resort
to the rivers for water supply had been obliged to spend
enormous sums in waterworks. Since the year 18 IS
a sum of over 22 millions had been spent in this
way. Further expenditure was considered necessary.
Stupendous schemes, such as th.at for supplying Liver-
pool from Bala Lake, and London from some place at
the back of Plinlimmon, at the expense of 10,000,0007.,
had been propounded. That was the fine they had to
pay for polluting their rivers.

It might be said that the sewage could be deodorised
or disinfected. That had been tried at several places
and had failed signally. They came then to this con-
clusion, that the sewage must not be poured into rivers,
and to the alternative that it must be put on land.
That was the conclusion to which the nation had come,
which was proved by recent legislation, such as the
Thames Navigation Bill and other measures. He would
proceed to show how such a proposal would be a
means of enormous gain. Irrigation by pure water,
without the advantage of the manurial elements, was
practised with the greatest benefit in Mexico, Ceylon,
and China. Millions of acres of Grass land were irri-
gated every year in the plains of Lombardy, and it was
found that every acre of Grass land so irrigated pro-
duced a corresponding profit. If that was the case

rBDBPABT 16, 1S67.]

THE GAKDENEKS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTl

163

with respect to irrifjation by pure water without
sewage, the sewage irrigation should a fortiori bo iiiucli
more bonelicial in its cllbets. Tliey took away from
the laud every year the elements ol' fertility, and unless
these were restored to the ground in somo shape, the
ground of necessity grew jjoorer. The most natural
course, therefore, was to return the natural elements
to the land, instead of pouring them into the river.
They were paying away 4,00l),000/. yearly for guano,
and 1,-100,000/. for artificial manure. When they added
to this the 10,000,000/. which they paid away for corn to
America and the Danubian Principalities, and which
sura ounht to go into tho pockets of the English farmer,
Uioy had a waste of nearly 22,000,0110/. a-year, besides
which we had to imiiort cattle from abroad. In lielgium,
where the sewage was utilised, the laud supported 10
people more per square mile than in England. Besides,
on the English system, as tho population increased, the
expenditure for artificial manure" and the rest increased,
but, if they utilised their sewage, as the population
increa.sed, their fertilising agencies would increase
with it. , . Ti 1 J

Tho results of the experiments made in England
might, perhaps, bo received with incredulity. But so
were tho statements of Mr. Stephenson ; so were the
annouucements on the introduction of gas. But these
statements were made upon the testimony of some
men, among others, who at all events would not be
prejudiced in favour of tho sewage scheme. He read
from the report of the Commissioners of last year. The
amount of Grass obtained from an acre of unsewaged
land in the year 18IH was 9 tons 5 cwt. 3 qrs. ; from an
acre on which GOOO tons of sewage had been spread,
27 tons 1 cwt. ; and from an acre on which 9000
tons had been spread, 32 tons 16 cwt. 3 qrs. Similar
results had followed in 18G3 and 1803, with the dififer-
enee that the productiveness of the sewage land
increased, while that of the unsewaged land diminished.
With respect to milk the results were the same. In
1862, after the system had been in operation for two
years, the production of milk from an unsewered acre
during twelve weeks was 131 gallons, and from a sewered
acre 11-15 gallons. He would next go to the actual
experiment which had been made in other towns, At
Edinburgh the result of the experiment had been that
the land which came under the sewage let at an
enormously increased rental, and the same thing had
occurred at Croydon, where, after many difficulties,
they had been compelled by injunction so to utilise
their sewage. Land at Croydon, which formerly let
for 30s. an acre, was now being let for 5/. and upwards.
Experiments had been made at \yorthing with o
similar result. Let them reflect that if they only put
the value of the sewage at 6s. for each inhabitant in
Liverpool, it would be worth 150,000/. a year, which
would accrue as profit to the town if the sewage were
utilised. He besought them to turn that which was a
source of nuisance throughout the country into a source
of wealth, to remove the inl'ection of the air, the poison
from the water, and by so doing to obviate evils which

his principles to tho construction of mechanical engines.
Fortunately for himself, lor us also, perhaps, he was a
well eduimted man, a skilled craftsman, and a cunning
incchanician, and ho was able to add to the merit ol
original discovery the claims of a mechanical inventor,
and to reap tho fortune of a successful patentee.
The Ste.vm Engine nEi-onn W.vtt.
Fortunately for the world there survives a monument
of the state of mechanism and steam machinery at the
precise date at which James Watt had to fight out his
own battle of invention and discovery. In tho imme-
diate vicinity of that beautiful marble monument by
(Miiintrey which decorates tho museum of that
University within whoso walls the young Watt found
shelter from the jealous antipathy and crafty persecu-
tion of rival mechanics, there still stands, preserved
by tho proud care of that alma mater which has
scut out into Scotland so many well-educated mer-
chants, mechanics, engineers, and statesmen, a perfect
model, showing what tho steam engine was before
it came into the hands of James Watt. I remember
when I had the good fortune to be a student in that
University, with what pride our professor of natural
philosophy laid his hand on that model, and said to
us—" This is the model which the University placed
in the hands of James Watt." It was a model of the
steam engine of Newcomen, as then employed m
pumping some of the mines of England. It was a
model of one of those huge, ugly, ill-formed machines
of which some survived even in my youth, and my
contemporaries here may remember with what amaze-
ment, as boys, they used to stand in front of a big
engine-house to see how the pumps of the collieries
near Parkhead were made to draw the water from
those (even then) extensive coal mines. Do you
remember how out of a round arch, in the end of an
ugly brick tower, there used to project a gigantic
deformed elephant's head, black and clumsy ; how it
used first to stoop its head very slowly, gradually down,
reaching with its long trunk as far as it could stretch
in to the well of the mine ; once down it took a long
rest, and then, with a painful, slow, creaking, com-
plaining, jerky motion, gradually and fitfully got up its
head again to its original position, bringing with it the
pump rods and the water of the mine ; how we used to
watch it a long time, standing at the top of its stroke,
wondering to ourselves if ever it could or would recover
strength to make one effort more, and how at last it
began to show symptoms of life, and creak, and jerk,
and groan its way down again to take once more its
long rest and recover strength for a new effort ? Do
you remember also how when the engine once more
got to the bottom and rested there was a huge roar
ifrom the safety valve of the adjacent boiler, which had
held its breath so long and so hard in the previous
effort that it seemed to puff it out breathless from sheer
exhaustion? But it was not the boiler which was

failing, never-ending reservoir of vacuum, was Jamca
\\'att's achievement.

Applications of nis Discoveey.
I will now proceed to go over with you what ha.s
si nco been done in the aiiplications of James Watt's
inventions to tho subject of steam navigation, and we
shall see how far in tho various steps of our progress
wo have fulfilled the duty of applying tho discoveries
of Watt in the best manner, and from that considera-
tion we may draw conclusions as to what still remains
for us to do in the future. 1st. In the boiler ; I think
James Watt was himself one of the first to make the
great improvement of putting the fire into the middle
of the boiler, instead of merely setting the boiler on the
fire. Henry Bell built brick walls about his fire,
and set the boiler on the bricks. Watt very
clearly saw that to prevent waste he should set
the fire so that whether the heat went up or down, or
right or left, or end on, it should every way find water
round about it, and so every way give its heat out
usefully into heating water for turning into steam.
To this day a marine boiler has an inside furnace, and for
tho most part is surrounded on the bottom also with
water. In like manner I think it was James Watt
who introduced the practice of passing the flame and
smoke and hot air in its way from the furnace to the
chimneys, so as to travel in long metal tubes or flues
through among the water of tho boiler— tho object of
this being that nothing should be lost, and all tho heat
going out of the fire should be thrown into the water,
so that the air and smoke on reaching the chimney
should have the least store of heat to carry off. We
have retained this invention. We have carried it out
to the greatest useful extent. I do not see much room
for hope to improve steam navigation by changes on
the construction, forms, or proportions of boilers. I
do not expect a new James Watt to do much for us
here. I think we have done all he could have hoped
or desired, as far as boilers are concerned. I next ask the
question whether and what we have done to make the
marine steam engine worthy of the legacy Watt has
left us ? I must begin by admitting that we have been
very slow and reluctant in turning James Watt's
legacy of knowledge to best account. He taught us
the great benefit of keeping our cylinders jacketed
and not ; how slow we have been to use it ! He said,
surround your cylinder by a jacket of steam. He
said, work steam expansively. He showed how you
could double your power from the same fuel and the
same steam. He showed that by high pressing the
steam you could double it again ; how slowly we have
done it ! Thirty years ago, the power got out of a
marine engine was only two real horse for one nominal.
We slowly took his advice and cut off. We got three
horse-DOwer out of the same fuel. Later, we took his
advice' further, raising slowly the pressure and working
more expansively, and we got four horse-power per

until the engine could get once more ready to take in
steam, then the expansion cylinder once more

had already grown to be unbearable. They infected , swallowed the steam and prepared for another huge
the air, and the air revenged itself upon them ; they t effort. All this the Professor explained the meaning
polluted the water, and the water punished them. The ^^j j^e purpose of in the wonderful model I have

land was crying out to be enriched; and if they poured
upon it that sewage which was now being worse than
wasted, he promised them that unbounded wealth
would be their reward.

Mr. J. F. Bateman, C.B., said the expeiimeBts made showed
that where sewage h.ad been utilised tho result had been a
considerable improvement in tho value of land. The work
proposed to be tried in Liverpool was extremely simple. It
was not proposed to caiTy out the whole scheme, but merely a
portion of it, so as to enable the public to realise the fact that
sewage could be utilised. The company formed in Liverpool
intended to try two or three hundred aere.s, or more if neces-
sary, at the north end of the town ; to place the pumping-
station at Sandhills ; and to put down suflicient pumping
power to raise a million gallons of sewage ; and the ground, so
far as his information enabled him to judge, was very suitable
for the experiment.

Mr. R. Neilson thought it might not be generally known
what was the actual weight of water distributed over an area
of land during a heavy shower of r.ain, An inch of water oyer
an acre represented t\iG weight of 100 tons ; notwithstanding
we had had such heavy floods during the last month, on
no rne d.ay had one inch of rain fallen. Any gentlem.an
acciuainted with land knew the v.alue of water ; and consider-
ing the matter merely as a question of water, it would bo
highly beneficial to the agricultunst to p.ay even a very large
l>iemium upon the cost incurred by the proposed company in
distributing the sewage on the land. As to the land on which
the experiment was to be made. Major Blundell had promised
to support the experiment in the most liberal manner. He
(Mr. Neilson) had, as a farmer, tried irrigation in a small way,
and Mr. Harold Littledale had tried it to a still greater extent,
and in both ca^es the result had been most beneficial. After
the very lucid, clear, and exhaustive statement of Lord
.Montagu, they ought to thank his lordship for the very kind
manner in which he bad come forward with the view of giving
them important information.

Mr. Thomas Weld-Blundell seconded the motion, which
was carried by acclamation.

exhausted but the engine ; the steam had to roar off [ nominal horse-power. We went a little further and
■ ' ■ ,.,,•- 1 j.g^pg|j jjjg benefit of five horse-power, and now, only a

century after his discovery, we have at least begun to
get six indicator horse-power out of one nominal. It
has taken us a century to realise in steam navigation
the benefits predicted by James Watt from the proper
and full employment of steam, without waste in the
cylinder. ... I now come to the last great member
of the steam engine— the condenser. I think I may
say that from the earliest trials of steam navigation on
the Clyde— and the Clyde is the cradle of steam navi-
gation in Europe, as well as the birthplace of the
modern steam engine : I say that Watt's isolated con-
denser was from the beginning a characteristic feature
of Scotch and English steam navigation. But although
we have adopted Watt's isolated condenser with con-
summate success^ it is wonderful how much we have
tried to improve its anplication and how little we have
succeeded. Watt himself kept his vacuum at 100° of
temperature, and he tried to gain good by getting it much
lower, as we have tried after him, and he soon found, as
we have found, that small good was to be had that way.
He too tried to get rid of the large air pump which
clears the condenser of air and water, and he found
like us how little good came of that. He too tried
to make a tubular condenser, without cold water
jet, and soon found out how difficult that was. I
think that for the last forty years, during which I
have known steam navigation here on the Clyde,
we have been always trying to better condensation from
where Watt left it, and have been very unsuccessful.
Let it be our comfort that James Watt tried most
of these plans himself, before he gave us that which
we now retain. A good sized condenser, a good sized

THE STEAM ENGINE.

fWc t.ako from^ the North British Dailt/\Moil. the following
extracts from <a lecture on this subject given on Monday,
Janu.ary 21, by Mr. John Scott Russell, before the Greenock
Philosophical Society.]

James Watt discovered the great principle of
isolated condensation — I may say of isolated instanta-
neous condensation, for if there be anything more
surprising than the perfection of his isolated condensa-
tion it is its instantancity, which even at the present
day, and after my personal long famiharity with it, I
find to be still astonishing, even if not inexplicable.
Watt made this great discovery, which was enough to
have made him celebrated as a philosopher, even if he
had been ignorant as an inventor, and incapable as a
mechanic. Had he not added invention to discovery,
it is probable that other peonle among the multitude of
ingenious mechanics and aaroit inventors would have
invented, patented, and profited by the application of

already named to you, which he placed before us in the
hall of the University.

What Watt did.
Dr. Black discovered the latent heat of steam. Dr.
Cullen and Professor Robison its ebullition in vacuo at
low temperature. The elastic powers of steam were
known to Hero of Alexandria. Steam engines were
invented by the Marquis of Worcester, Savary, Papin,
and Newcomen. Boilers, cocks, regulators, and pumps,
were things generally known ; an air pump, with a
piston rod moving through a collar, was in existence ;
a cylinder and a moveable piston, with working beam
and working gear for opening and shutting, were parts
of Newcomen's engine : and a jet of cold water inside
vessels, and the application of cold water on the outside
of vessels, and, in short, cold bodies of any kind, were
known before the time of AVatt, and with the modesty
of true genius, he himself disclaims his title to any of
those inventions. What he claims to have discovered
is the true nature of steam. This he learnt by a series
of long and Ipainstaking experiments; by this know-
ledge ne was able to detect the errors of the e-xisting
mode of its application ; and from it he was a.ble to
deduce laws for the further economical application of
it in all time to come. For the purpose of condensation,
said he, everything in and about the condensing vessel
must be kept always cold, just as everything in and
about the boiler must be kept hot. The condenser
must be, therefore, a separate vessel closed in on all
sides, just as the boiler must be a separate vessel closed in
onallsides. "To heat the boiler as effectually as possible
I put a furnace in the inside, and carry the hot air and
flame all round it ; to keep the condenser as cold as
possible, I put a jet of cold water on the inside, and I
put cold water continuallj^ changed all round the
outside. Thus, on one side where everything is
kept hot, water is boiled into steam, and a
steam chest or reservoir of steam is kept con-
tinually full, ready for its superabundance to
rush into the cylinder and fill it up with
hot steam. In like manner on the other side,
in my cold-water cistern or condenser, I have a
reservoir of cold vacuum where steam is no sooner
introduced than it is annihilated, that is to say, steam
which fills this condenser is instantly shrivelled up
into a few drops of water, whence it came, and the
whole space it occupied is left empty. This becomes
then a reservoir of vacuum, for immediately after it
had been filled with steam and that steam has been
annihilated, it is ready to be filled with steam again,
which in its turn is again shrivelled up into a few drops
of water, and this process, as you see, can go on for
ever." This great discovery of the annihilation of
steam in a separate vessel, so as to make it a never-

air pump, a good sized rose and jet, and a temperature
not mucn below 100°, that is what we started with, and
what we for the most part now retain.

Home Correspondence.

3Ir. Sanlon's Drainage— li is very desirable that
your informant in your Paper (see page 111) as to the
case of Mr. Hanlon, who at a local agricultural
meeting in Ireland complained that he had to give up
a field he had drained at his own cost as tenant, should
tell us how many years Mr. H. had held the field since
he drained it, and how far it had repaid him for his
outlay. Noihing can be more right than that a tenant
should be well repaid for any outlay ; but there is an
opinion in Ireland, that however well he may have
been repaid, even twice over, he has still a claim as
good as ever. Every drainer knows that some lana
will repay all the cost in three years, and it is a very
exceptional case in which from seven to ten years will
not repay it. It is a safe rule evep'where, that all the
facts of a case should be known, but m no part of the
known earth is it so important as m Ireland. 1
observe that this point is especially kept out
of sight in the statement m question. 1
; remember a case where a tenant under ejectment

164

THE GAUDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Febbttaet 16, 1867.

swore he had spent iOOl. on the land. As the land was
only eight acres, near a town in which he was a wealthy
shopkeeper, and was sound upland of good quality,
paying 35s. per acre rent, with no buildings on it, and
no place for permanent improvements, e.xcept in
remaking the fence by a road that ran along one side,
and which might have cost perhaps 5/., the statement
caused much, surprise till it was found out that he
included in the 4001. all rent, taxes, and expenses of
cultivation, and of all sorts, since he hired the land
12 years before, and gave no credit whatever for its
produce during that time. As this produce, at
only 41. per acre for the 12 years, came to 396?., it
gave a very different colour to the story. An Irish
I^andlord,

Grasses for AusiraUa. — In your issue of the 2d inst. I
observe in " Notices to Correpondents," a reply to " H.,"
concerning Grasses for Australia, and being recently
returned from that country, where I have been for
15 years, the greater part of which I have been engaged
in the seed trade, I will endeavour to throw some light
on the subject of your correspondent. It is quite true,
as you observe, that "colonial seedsmen are awake to
the wants of their customers," and if your correspon-
dent will put himself in their hands he will find him-
self better suited than were he to purchase. in England.
Imported Grass seeds generally arrive in bad condition
and don't grow more than from 10 to 20 per cent.,
which makes the price rather high when you add the
cost of freight and labour of preparing the land for no
crop. I shall now proceed to advise your correspondent
which I consider the Grasses most suitable for the
colonies, and will be glad to furnish him with any
further information in my power. Prairie Grass
(Bromus unioloides) stands heat well, yields abun-
dantly, and should form a prominent part of all mix-
tures for permanent pasture. Perennial Eye-grass
(Lolium perenne) is much used, stands well on any
ordinary soil, either to graze or cut. Italian Eye-grass
(Lolium italicum) is used both to cut and graze, but
does not stand drought so well as the perennial Rye-
grass ; it is however a valuable Grass in moist situa-
tions. Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) stands well
through severe droughts, but stock are not fond of it
■where other Grasses are obtainable. Soft Grass (Holcus |
lanatus) is a very desirable variety ; it stands well, and
stock will eat it greedily. Couch, or Indian Doob
Grass (Cynodon Dactylon) is getting into favour of
late years ; it is a creeping Grass, and of much value '
on dry sandy soils. Timothy, Fescues, Poas, Dog's-tail,
Fox-tail, Sweet Vernal, and Eib Grass all stand
tolerably well, but as they do not yield so heavy as the
Grasses first mentioned, they are but lightly used. Of
Clovers the White, Cow-grass, Alsike, and Trefoil
stand well, and are used more or less in all pastures, i
except where White is naturally in the land. All the |
above seeds can be had of colonial growth at prices
only slightly in advance of English seedsmen, and one
bushel of the colonial article may fairly be estimated
as worth 4 or 5 bushels of imported seed. Machinery
has been imported from this country for cleaning all
sorts of seeds, and samples that would bear comparison
with anything in this market are to be found in any
respectable seed warehouse in the Antipodes. Hoping
my remarks may be of some use to your correspondent.
W. Somner, Kelso, N.Ji. : of Lau\ Somner^ ^ Co.,
Seedsmen, Melbourne, Sydney, and X>unedin. [Many
thanks.]

Hinds' Wages. — Owing to my not seeing several of
last autumn's impressions of the Agricultural Gazette, i
I have only just seen thata "Merse Farmer" attempted j
{Agricultural Gazette, Sept. 22) to correct me on this
subject. ^ "Merse of Berwickshire" states that "he
must notice one item in Mr. E.'s account, involving, as
it does, a manifest reductio ad ahsurdum. The
bondager's board, lodging, and washing, he puts at
6r. a week." I cannot recite all I have previously
written upon this subject, but I will refer my opponent
to my letter in the Agricultural Gazette of July 7, 1866,
where he will find that I anticipated his objections,
by stating in the second sentence following the tabular
account : — " Aware that 6s. a week is too high an esti-
mate of the cost to a hind of a bondager's board,
lodging, and washing, I put that sum against the former
to meet the losses to the hind through his bondager
not working full time ; e.g., it requires the bondager
to earn 16Z. 2s. to make the aggregate gross total equal
to 42^. 10s. lOd^d., and the perquisites named." The
" Merse Farmer " concludes with the statement that
" I can have his name if I think it worth while." I
pledge myself to act with good faith towards him if he
will give me his address. I would send him a copy of
my Eemedy for the Bondager System ;" and would
enter into details which it would be injudicious to
submit to the public. The following is the postscript
to my letter of July 7, which was republished in the
Kelso Chronicle,

" Tliere is an article on Berwickshire and the Lothians in
■the Agricultural Gazette of August 26, by one of the Professors
of the Royal Agricult^iral College, at Cirencester, ivho gives an
account of the Berwickshire hind's wages in a tabular form,
where he states that a hind's wages for the twelvemonth .are
equal to 40?. 4s. Gd. Hence my reasons for asking you to
republish the above article. Although I h.avc stated repeatedly
that a good cow well fed and a good crop of Potatos make each
of a good many hind's incomes equjil to more th.an 40L a-year,
it does not necessarily follow that 40i. is the market value to
farmers of what they pay each of their hinds for a twelve-
month's service. It cannot be denied that a hind's wages
support a family much more comfortably than the money
■w.ages paid to the ordin.ary run of operative tr.adesmen in
Kelso ; but the farmers are not entitled to much credit for
that. The hind receives his wages in a crude, undeveloped
state, which require the efiEorts of a healthy, industrious wife
to convert them into cash.— r. W R."
The " Merse Farmer " tries to make out that my calcula-
tions imply that the aggregate gross total is equal to
an. 8s. per annum. I state in my letter of July 7 that
a farm steward showed me a list of the yearly earnings
of the bondagers for 12 years, the highest of which did

not amount to 13Z. per annum. If the " Merse
Farmer" will refer to my letter of October 27,
he will observe at p. 1027 that the market value
of a Eoxburghshire hind's wages was only
Ul. 13s. lOJA, and a house and garden free, the
cartage of coals, and the liberty to feed a pig or pigs.
Mark, each of too many hinds had to pay the half of
the retail price of 5 tons of coals at the railway stations,
say \l. 12s. 6rf. out of the '2-il. odd in my tabular account
referred to. I beg the " Merse Farmer " to inform me
how he can make less than 23^. for the hind's wages,
and less than IZl. for the bondager's earnings, equal to
an aggregate gross total of W. 8s. ? I need not say
more on a subject I regarded as threadbare several
years ago. T. W. Sutherford, 22, Forest Field,
Keho, N. B.

Steam Plough Companies. — "Mr. Joseph Nicholls,
draining engineer and contractor. Queen Camel,
Somerset," has done me the honour of calling my
attention to some information that he has forwarded
to you for the use of the agricultural world. The
summary of it is that he is not a secretary of a steam-
plough company, but a private worker, who hears that
company work does not pay the shareholders, and that
steam tackle " never ought to be in the hands of a
company at all." This is evidence on my side, and
well supports these words of Mr. Savidge : " those
who wish to benefit by steam must not depend upon
steam ploughing companies." Mr. Nicholls now finds
that shifting tackle a long distance is not only costly,
but wasteful of valuable time " just after harvest."
Why ! sir, he is one of my best witnesses. The 15
months' practice he has had'since his letter of Nov. 25,
1865, has done him no end of good. In it he spoke
of my " complimenting " steam ploughing companies.
Here is my "compliment" to which he then^referred.
"Money vested upon such slippery tackle is very
slippery stuff itself. The Gloucester and Durham
Companies have found it so ; the Wakefield Company
is now getting into the same boatj; and if we wait but a
little we shall see the Shropshire men all rowing with
them together. I hope Mr. Nicholls will take care of
his halfpence. . . . Nov. 11, 1865." Well, when he says
that tackle never ought to be in the hands of companies
at all,;l think he pays it quite as high a " compliment "
as I did. I am glad to find that he has taken
care of his " halfpence." He has not told us what he
has done, giving us all particulars proving that high-
priced tackle is the most suitable for private workers.
That's ivhat we want to know about. He lets us
know of the value of steam power just after harvest,
but he gives us no information as to whether high or
low-priced tackle is the best by which to procure it.
I see that the Eoyal Commission has very nearly com-
pleted its work ; no doubt that will tell us all about
this very knotty point, if Mr. Nicholls can't. William
Smith, Woolston, Bletchley Station, Bucks, Feb. 11.

Socfctfes.

GOTJDHTJEST, February 1 : The Land Laws of
England, France, and America.— A.t the annual dinner
of this Agricultural Association, the President, Mr.
Beresford Hope, M.P., said :— The great thing that has
made England so great has been the perfect freedom of
rich and poor to dispose of their own as they like ; the
power of buying and selling and making wills as they
like. When the gentry and nobility of France stuck
to privilege, and brought about the French Eevolution,
that power of making wills, which is the true freedom
of man, and the right of disposing of his own, was
abolished ; the law came in and decided it for him, that
his property was to be cut up among the dutiful and
undutiful— that they were all to share alike, not because
there was any good in them, but because the law saw
no means of setting up liberty other than by trampling
down independence and making a dead level ofi
equality; and all this because they could not brook!
there should be any distinction of good or bad in the
land. Again, I ask, what are the land laws of England ? '
We hear a great deal about tyranny and oppression by I
the landed gentry, and all because they have been
content to be groping up to the true laws of economic
science. The protected classes were some time before
they saw that protection did more harm than good ;
but everybody was alike, for the farmer stuck to
protection, and so did the manufacturer. The science
of free trade is like the science of gunnery, or anything
of that sort which has made great development in our
times ; but the man who stands up and always accuses
the agricultural classes of malignity and hatred because
they were slow in learning the laws of free trade is as
foul-mouthed a misrepresenter of things as the man
who would get up and say that the Duke of Wellington
was a traitor to England because he saw the merits of
" Brown Bess," and could not understand what a rifled
breech-loader could do. What are these land laws?
They are the laws which established perfect free trade
in the land, and which allow a man who has money to
buy land, and allows him who is hard up to sell his
land. They are those laws which allow the farmer and
landlord to deal with each other in the position of the
man who lets and the man who takes a tenancy at will,
and the man who lets or takes land on lease, as the case
may be. This_ system, I say, is the most perfect and
elastic system in the world, and one existing in different
countries under different tenures. Then people talk of
entails, but what is entail ? A great deal of nonsense
has been talked about entails; but the fact is, as all
people ought to know, there are in all England only
about one dozen entails. " Entail " means land that
must go from one successor to the other. Among the
few entails in England, there are those of the Duke of
Marlborough, the Duke of Wellington, Lord Nelson
(given for magnificent public services). Lord Shrews-
bury, Lord Abergavenny, Lord Pembroke, and a few
others ; but the rest we hear spoken of as entails are

not a bit of entail. It is simply a business transaction,
by which a person may secure the succession of his'
property for two or three generations by a deed, which
deed those who come after him, under most circum-
stances, may break, if they like. What is commonly
called an entail is as much a business transaction as a
time-bargain or any other thing which cannot be
settled on the nail this very afternoon, but must take
some littleltime to run out. Then, again, we hear a great
deal about the accumulation of land in private hands ;
and no doubt this does take place here and there, but
it is generally in the case of those persons who have
made their money in trade— and quite right too, for
having made their money honestly, why should they
not invest it in the purchase of land ? But those people
who talk of the great accumulation of land don't say
anything about the many old estates which are broken
up. Perhaps there is an old place some five or sir
miles from London or Birmingham which is broken
up, and then, perhaps, built up again, and then pulled
down and turned into villas, just as population fluctu-
ates. And that is just as it should be, and is a means of
making money cheaply. But people say, " Just alter
the law a bit, and let a man's land be cut up if he
chooses without a ■will." But. what would follow?
Why, you set up a prejudice against a man leaving his
land as he likes. Perhaps a minor dies — the last heir
of a grand old property, which he cannot leave by will,
because he is not of age, and thus, in spite of himself,
the property has to be cut up to gratify a few people
who wish to level the system of England to that of
France. I assure you, gentlemen, if it were only to
have led the House of Commons to a successful
resistance in the last Session to a Bill for making that
change in the law, I should have been glad that I came
into Parliament at the last general election, for I am
satisfied it would be the begmning of the end. And
what is that end ? It is the French system. I don't
hold up America as an example, but in America,
though in many of the States they are afraid to make
an eldest son, they are not absolutely obliged to cut up
their property, as they are in France. America being-
such an enormous country, and so thinly populated, a
man who wants land can go and buy it ; in fact, he can
have it almost for the asking ; so that a system which
would be very troublesome here would not have the
same effect in America, England being an old country,
with a teeming population and a limited acreage-
According to our system, they say that every man
cannot get his piece of land. That may be, and it may-
be a hardship in some cases, but in many cases it is a
useful hardship, because it drives men to emigrate to
Australia, Canada, or New Zealand. It may drive a.
man to the United States, and I don't blame him for
going there, but I should rather wish that he went to
some place over which the good old Union Jack still-
waves. There he becomes a thriving citizen and the
owner of hundreds of acres of land. Whereas, if it
were the law to divide the land, we should have lazy
fellows hanging on for the third of a Cabbage garden
which might come to them by their father's decease.
That system of the division of the land has utterly
reduced the peasantry of France, morally and intel-
lectually. They have a craving hankering after the
land which they have no capital and no enterprise to
cultivate. There is a sort of feeling on their part that
they must have their land, aiid that they must use
their land, and so, accordingly, instead of going out, as
they might do, and gaining an honest livelihood, they
eke out a miserable subsistence on a small estate ; but
calling it an " estate " is a joke ; I should say that
" patch " which not their father but the law gives them
over their father's head, and which they take without
gratitude to him from whom it came. The effect this
system has in demoralising the country is dreadful to
reflect upon. It is a thing^ almost too dreadful to say,
but I believe that the diminution of the population of
France is a great deal owing to the fact that the
parents don't like to see their land cut ud into nothing,
and accordingly we have families of three and four
children only. Why only three or four? It is a dark
mystery. Certainly human nature is human nature ;
but the maternal nature and the paternal nature are
steeled in France to the desire of seeing many rosy
infantile faces round their hearths. That is a known
fact, and there are things which cannot be spoken of
except very guardedly, and only in meetings of men,
and I believe a great deal of it is attributable to that
infemous system of the necessary division and sub-
division of land and property among all the offspring.
Marriages become a mere matter of bargain ; the man
has a third of his father's property, and the woman he
takes to wife has a third or a quarter of a half of her
father's property ; and so it is simply a union of two
misbroken halves put together. Sons' sons go on
making these sorts of marriages, and thus you see how
this villanous system poisons the very birth-springs of
human life and human morality in every shape ; and
it is what we are to come to— equal division of land and
universal suffrage. France got an equal division of
land 70 years ago, and universal suffrage 19 years ago ;
and then the third thing came — Napoleon's heel on
the neck of the people. Napoleon there, and universal
suffrage and a universal division of property not
abolished, not altered, but maintained, because they
were the right arm and the left arm with which a
tyrant and a despot maintained his power. This, too,
is what you are promised if " the million " are allowed
to seize the sceptre which you have had for 200 years.
This is against the system of free England, against the
mutual dependence of classes — mutual favours from one
class without insolence, and gratitude without servility
from the other. Freedom to make your money,
freedom to spend your money, freedom to buy land,
freedom to sell land, freedom to marry, freedom to
make your will, freedom to travel, freedom to breathe,
freedom to worship your God as you like, freedom in
all things, with order and due subordination every-

Febeuabt 10, isor.j

THE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE AND ACilUCUl/rURAL (iAZETTE.

ir.j

where — llml is tlic lOnglisli system wliiuli tliis man is
to rise from tlie dciid and say shall ho aholishcd ; this
I is that system which tlio House of Commons, whicli is
"paralysed for pood," hns ever kept up. I eall on you,
I pay, not as Conservatives, not as Liberals, not as
TVhigs, not as Tories, but as Englishmen wlio love old
England, to stand lugetlier and see that that man, the
national eiieniy, dncs not load his hordes on to tear us
down and establish llio grievous tyranny of a donui-
oratic equality in ils place.

LlNCOLN.sniKE ('lUMDEl! OF AURICULTiniE : Feb. 1.

— At a meeting held in the Guildhall, Lincoln, to
consider the desirability of forming a Chamber of
Agriculture for the county, in connection with the
Central Chamber of Agricultui'o in London (one of
tho^ largest and most intluential gatherings of agricul-
turists which have taken place for many yeais in this
city)—

Mr. John Cuiike, of Long >Sutton, said; He
was a raendier of the Central Chamber of Agriculture,
and, as far as he understood, the main cause of the
formation of such bodies all over the country was the
fact that farmers were so isolated and so separated in
their dill'erent localities that they had never yet had the
means of associating together so as to bring political
power to bear upon the Senate. The tenant farnun-s
were a very important class. Their property, according
to the last :i:.;rirult nralstatistics,amoiuited to something
like 400,0OU.UUil/ , and ho did not think they had been
properlj represeutcdin Parliament for the last fewyears.
They had entrusted their interests to the nobility and
country gentlemen, ^\ho, because they had not been
supported as they ought to have been by the tenant-
farmers, had not upheld their interests as they ought
to have been. The consequence was that the farmers
had lost most of the privileges they formerly pos-
sessed, and still retained all their burdens. Kow,
the object of Chambers of Agriculture was to
take care, at least, of what was left. Chambers
of Commerce looked after everything connected
with the interests of commerce. They not only
looked out for new fabrics and new means of
manufacturing their goods, but they sought out new
markets ; and the Chambers of Agriculture would do
the same. For instance, they would make inquiries
about any new discoveries of guano deposits. They
would open up a correspondence with all parts of the
world, and disseminate the information they obtained
among the members of all the Chambers throughout
the kingdom. Other classes of the community bad long
ago adopted the principle of combination. The Trades'
"Unions numbered 250,000 members. The agricul-
turists, or those who got their living by farming,
numbered some 800,000, and they employed some-
thing like 3,000,000 of labourers, and paid some-
thing like 75,000,000/. a year in manual labour,
and yet they had no combination or means of
united action. He would mention some of the
mattere wdiich Chambers of Agriculture would
take action upon, at home or abroad. The first thing
the Central Chamber had taken up was the means of
guarding the farmers against the importation of cattle
diseases. That in itself, he considered an object
important enough to induce them to combine, in order
that they might procure information from every
quarter, and furnish it to the Central Chamber, whicli
would be always on the watch, and which would then
be in a position to advise the Government what action
to take, and to press it to act promptly. Another
subject he — speaking for himself— believed the
Chamber would probably take up was the equalisation
of poor-rates. It w;is his opinion— in e.xpressing which
he did not wish to commit the Central Chamber
at all— that farmers were unfairly dealt with in the
a.ssessment of poor-rates, and that they ought to press
Pariiament for redress iu that matter. Everything
was formerly laid upon the laud, and everything
seemed to be kept there. Take this city of
Lincoln, where thousands of hands were employed
in the foundries. When any of those became inca-
pacitated for work, or when work became very scarce,
they were thrown upon the rates, and the chief of
the burthen fell upon the occupiers of land. He did
not say that he advocated an assessment of the profits
of trade to the poor-rate, but he did say that what be
had referred to was an evil which the farmer ought to
get .rid of it if they could, and there was no hope of
their doing so unless they combined so as to make
their influence felt by the legislature. Then there was
the matter of corn averages. The railway system had
altered the cost of the carriage of corn. The railways
charged so much per quarter, whether the corn weighed
30 stone a quarter or 36. Now, the farmer sold his
corn at so much weight to the quarter, and rather
above the natural weight. Wheat would not average
more than 60 lb. the bushel, and if they sold it at
18 stone the sack, the corn average was l-18th higher
than it ought to be, and the clergyman got l-18th
more than he was really entitled to. Turnpikes were
another matter. In his district they had got rid of
turnpikes, and the maintenance of the roads wa.s
thrown upon the parishes. He did not think any of
them liked that system. There was another question
which he presumed the Chamber of Agriculture
would take up — that precious Malt Tax. There
could be no doubt it was a tax upon the land. He
knew that on the arable land he occupied it cost him
from Zs. to 5s. an acre in beer, and he should like to
have his beer cheaper. In every department of labour,
beer was taken into consideration as part of the work-
ing expenses. He had been very much surprised at
one thmg he had heard of since he had been in the
room, and that was that there was an apprehension in
the minds of some that these Chambers of Agriculture
intended to interfere between landlord and tenant.
He wished to dispel that notion at once. There was
not the slightest intention of the sort. Their object

was simply to Bet all the information they couhl, and
to dilfuse it among the tenant-farmers, and by that
means promote improvements in the culture of the
soil. In his neighbourhood there were two or three
really a.stonishing instances of what could be accom-
plished by a liberal outlay of money. A landlord had
a right to prescribe the conditions on which ho let
his land, and the way in which tho tenant should
manage it, but the tenant might say to him, "If
you will allow nie to do so-and-sn, I will give
you so much more rent." That was merely a matter
of arrangement between tho two. The Chamber
of Agriculluro did not intend to go any further
than to take up everything which was fpr the
im])rovcment of agriculture, and consequently for the
nud-ual benefit both of landlord and tenant. It vyas
impossible to enumerate all the subjects with which
Chumbers of Agriculture would have to deal ; they
would watch everything as it came up ; and if the
Liucoln Chamber or any other provincial Chamber
suggested any subject, its deputies would bring it before
the Council of the Central Chamber. He had himself
put down as questions likely to engage their attention,
agricultural statistics, local education, arterial drainage,
laws of distraint, the highway boards, union rating, the
beer tax, 4c. Some said they ought to take up the
game laws. It depended, however, on themselves
what questions should be taken up. The Central
Board were only their servants and assistants
ready to take action in any matter the provincial
Chambers wished to have discussed. For instance, in
Kent there was some discussion about the sale of Hops,
and they had meeting after meeting. The Central
Chamber intimated that it was willing to become the
focus of the movement, and the farmers of Kent at
once formed themselves into two Chambers of Agri-
culture, and entered into communion with the Central
Chamber. There were now, he believed, 25 Chambers
of Agriculture in different counties in connection with
the Central Chamber. The subscription to the Central
Chamber was only 3/. or 5?. a year, and the deputies
from the local Chambers were on an equal footing with
the members of the Council, which consisted of 24 gentle-
men, of whom 8 had to retire every year, and to make
room for 8 fresh members. He thought that in Lin-
colnshire they ought to have local committees in
connection with their Chamber in Boston, Grantham,
Stamford, Grim-sby, Louth, Brigg, Gainsborough,
Market Easen, Horncastle, .Spilsby, Spalding, Sleaford,
and Long Sutton, each with a corresponding secretary.
By that means, and through their deputies who would
represent them on the council of the Central Chamber,
they could .at any time deluge Parliament with
petitions when a question arose on which it was
desirable for them to make their wishes and opinions
emphatically known. Mr. Clarke concluded by moving
" That a Chamber of Agriculture be established for the
county of Lincoln."

The Chairman tboupbt the matter w.is brought before
them in a rather crude fomi, and suggested a postponement
of the meeting until they were iu possession of more
infoiraation.

Mr. TORR said that though they were not without informa-
tion on the subject, they had not bad time to ripen their
knowledge. He did not think united action was so easy a
thing as some people imagined, even if tbey got .a Cbaml^er of
Agriculture in every county, for what would suit Devonshire
would not do for Lancashire, .and what would be right for
Westmoreland would not be fit for Norfolk. He was rather
jealous, too, of any meddling' between landlord and tenant.
He thought the farmer was intelligent enough to be able to
make his 0%vn bargain with the landlord, .and that any legis-
lative interference would be a bad thing. It would, however,
be a decided advantage if they coulJl have an association
where they conld discuss subjects which could not be dis-
cussed at the meetings of their agiicultural .societies, where
.anything in the shape of politics ought never to be allowed.
But he doubted whether these Ch.ambers of Agricvilture would
have much practical utility unless they could induce the
Government to appoint a Minister of Agriculture. Foreign
Governments had such a Minister, and he did not see why
there should not be one in our own country.

Col. Amcotts, in taking the chair, said he certainly thought
that as there was so Large a number of very influential gentle-
men present, it would be a pity if they did not come to some
decision as to whether a Ch.araber of Aericulture should be
formed .at once, — or whether the proposition shoidd be post-
poned for futtue consideration. It seemed to bim that it
would read rather absurd in the newspapers that a large
meeting like this stultified itself by coming there and then
going away without doing anything.

Mr. J. Sharplev (Torrington) said ho had great pleasure in
seconding Mr. Clarke's motion. He was glad that the farmers
of this very important county bad begun to feel the necessity
of taking action. It bad long been proverbial that they were
a race of grumblers— grumbling over their taxation .and other
gi-iev.ances at their markets, their ordinaries, and over their
firesides ; and he was gLad that the time was come when they
were going to awake from the torpid state they had been in so
long, and show to the world that they could do something as
well as grumble, and that farmers miited could exercise such
an influence as had never been felt before. The fanners were
a vast aud enormously wealthy community, and there could
be no doubt that if united they could bring to bear on the
public such an influence as had never been dreamt of.

The Chairman (Col. Amcotts, who had succeeded Mr.
Melville) wished to say one or two words before he put the
motion. He came to the meeting entirely ignorant of the
matter in hand, tiut be had heard enough to convince him that
any Chamber of Agriculture established in this county would
never come to good luiless they all — landlords, tenant f.armers,
freeholders — all the various classes of which their agricultural
commonwealth was made up, pulled heartil.v and well together
without any je.alousy of each other, but acting on the honest
belief th.at they were all rowing in the same boat and all
interested in the success of agi-iculture. He was sorry, then,
to hear a remark fall from 5lr. Clarke — which he (the Chair-
man) perhaps misheard or perhaps misrecoUected— to the
effect that the tenant farmers had committed their interests
in Parliament to the nobility and the gentry of England, and
that the latter had failed to look after those interests.
[Mr. Clarke : Because they were not supported by the tenant
farmers.] He thought there was enough in those few words,
unless Mr. Clarke qualified rhem in some way or other, to sow
dtssension at once in any Chamber of Agriculture which might
be established.

Mr. TORR quite agreed in the remarks made by tho Chair-
man with respect to landlords and tenants. Lincolnshire was

tho last county out nf the Wl in ICtigliuid where atenant farmer
had any reason to say anything against a Landlord.

Mr. Cl-AliKic, in explanation, liahl he regretteil that, being
hut an indifferent speaker, ho hIkkiPI have exprcHsud himself
in such a way as to lead CoL.nel Amcotts \m nilsunderstalid
Ills meanini;. ilo did iKjt intend what bo said at all in the
sense in which Colonel Anicntts had taken it. What ho meant
was that the tenruit farnicrH had not been uphold in the IIoUNC
nf Cnnuinais in the way they would have been had flM'y acted
in conibiiiatiun as they were now going to do. He did not
blame the nobility and gentry ; he blamed tile fanners them-
selves fi>r not sntliciently support in g those who had the iHiwer and
the inclinati,in to advance their interests in Parliament. Thoy
all knew what Mr. IJisiaeli said the other "day to the anti-malt
tax deputation — that if the agriculturists had Kupjiortud him
some years ago in the way they ought to have done, half the
malt tax would have been taken off then, and by this time
it would have .all gone. He should be very soiry imlecd if
.anything went abmaii tending to create jealousy or dissension
between tho landlords of Lincolnshire and thoir ten.ants.

Colonel Amcotts expressed himself thoroughly satisfied with
the explanation made by Mr. Clarke, whom he had evidently
misunder.stood.

The motion for estabhshing a Chamber of Agiiculturc was
then put and carried with acclamation.

Farmers' Clubs.

WlNFHITH: "Lire llethjes" and ''Dead Fences."
Mr. Bates said : Live hedges are those which we all
naturally, and from experience, best like to se?, and I
think I shall be borne out by the meeting in saying
that one of the things that first strikes the eye of the
practical man in looking over a farm or tract of country
IS the appearance of the hedges. AVell-grown and
well-kept hedges not only improve the appearance of
the landscape, and indicate fertility of soil and climate,
but, beyond being useful as barriers or boundaries, are
of great value for purposes of shade and shelter to stock
and crops, particularly in the more exposed situations,
to which many of us are not strangers. These are
some of the reasons why it is of importance to the
farmer to know the best mode of planting and rearing
young fences, and of improving those he finds in exis-
tence wdiere he is iu business, and, generally speaking,
the latter is the most difficult case to deal with in
practice. There are many different plans adopted by
different persons, aud possibly each has some peculiar
' advantage ; and I think we may now discuss the
! subject, and get possession of all the advantages, and
i try to avoid the disadvantages. In the first place I
[ will assume a good Thorn hedge is the most desirable.
When plants are put in they must be jirotected until
they are out of the way of weeds and other enemies :
consequently the faster they can be made to grow
the sooner they will be out of the way, and this
expense got rid of. I have, iu my experience,
found the autumn, as soon as the leaves turn colour,
the time best suited for planting Red or Black Thorns,
and, if upon a new bauk, a.fter it is partly settled.
Many persons advocate cutting the plant down to
I within fl or 8 inches from the roots before planting, but
I do not consider this advisable. AVhere it isnece&sary
to have a bank and ditches on one or both sides, it is
j very important that the bank should be made wide
' enough at the top, and have time to settle before the
plants are put in, or it will be so light and open in the
summer that the plants will die for want of moisture.
^ The top of the bank where the Thorns are planted
should be hollow, rather than rounded, as they too
commonly are made, and thereby the rain runs off
instead of running into the bank for the support of the
! plant. Keeping down the growth of weeds and Grass
from the roots of the plants is of importance, and a
good coat of short dung placed on the surface round
the plants will to a great extent keep the weeds down
and the ground moist in summer, besides materialjy
helping the growth of the fence, for Thorn ]diiuts will
pay for manure as well as any other plant that is grown.
The plants should be cut otf, and the ground carefully
forked early in the second spring after they are planted
in the autumn, turning the manure under as much as
practicable, and it will be found to thicken the plant
and strengthen the growth. I prefer but oiie line or
rank of plants from 1 to 6 inches apart, and in mode-
rately good situations this mode of treatment will
bring up afair fence in four years, so as to do without
guards, unless at weak or defective spots. Great care
should at all times be taken to keep sheep from feeding
upon young hedges, for I have frequently knowni well-
grownandgood young Thorn hedges spoiled from folding
sheep against them. The Blackberry Briar is a common
and fatal enemy to Thorn hedges, and should be care-
fully kept under, which may be done by cutting them
off near the surface of the ground in the spring. Witt
reference to Blackthorn fences, I think they may be
grown with advantage in some of the more exposed
situations iu Dorsetshire, if planted in the autumn,
and treated in the same manner a,s I have described for
Red Thorns. They are of much slower growth, but
make a good fence. They are much used in Shropshire,
and I have seen some very strong useful fences of them
where the Eed Thorn would not grow. I hope to hear
from this meeting what their views are in reference to
their being suitable for hedges on the high down-land
of this district. So far it appears easy enough for any
one to raise good hedges, and the want of them is a
frequent source of annoyance to neighbours and injury
to ourselves. But it is an unfortunate fact that most
of us have to contend with fences which we find upon
the ground, many of which are either all or partly dead,
and if alive are composed of different sorts of plants,
not over suitable, and frequently entirely unsuitable,
to make a good fence against stock, with numerous
gaps of dead hedge or banks filled with weeds and laid
out in all sorts of unreasonable forms, anything but
straight or decently curved, and these I conceive are
the most difficult of all fences to convert into live
hedges with any satisfaction or benefit to a tenaiit;
the banks being defective, dry, and overrun vntb weeds,
utterly prevent the growth of Thorn plants in such
cases, aud I believe the best thing an improving tenant

166

THE GARBENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Pebeuaey 16, 1867.

can do in such cases is to look out for a better line
and plant a new fence wlaolly; or such parts as can be
done with advantage, for nothing can be more unsatis-
factory than the constant attention, expense, and damage
toadjoinini^crops, injury to stock, &c., than this class of
fence entails on the farmer. Then comes the question
of layins and trimming hedges, which to a great extent
must depend upon the situation and other local
circumstances. For instance, where shelter is required
moat, the hedge as a rule will least bear topping ; but
side trimming will in all cases keep the fence thick in
the bottom, and prevent its covering too much ground.
On the other hand, where circumstances permit, the
appearance of a laid and neatly-trimmed hedge, with
oc9asional standards left growing, is very pleasmg, and
it is to a certain extent shade and shelter ; and, when
the standards become sufficiently grown, they add
greatly to the appearance of the landscape, with this
advantage over timber trees planted in hedge-rows,
that they are improved by occasional judicious lopping,
and do not encourage the practice of shard making,
but provide material for repairs when required. The
Elder is a very injurious thing in hedges, and will
extend itself at the expense of nearly every other hedge-
row plant. Briars and weeds allowed to grow on the
banks and hedges, and round the ditches, prevent the
growth of the hedge, and encourage rats and rabbits,
which work and breed in the banks, hollowing them out,
and stopping up the ditches so as frequently to prevent
their carrying away the water they collect, and for which
they should form carriers or open drains for the land. On
the subject of dead fences I will not saymuch,but simply
introduce the question with the hope of gaining some
valuable information. One kind of dead fence, or
semi-dead I may call it, is the high clot bank, with
sides too upright for the turf to grow and too dry for
any available hedge to live on, and looking like a thick
mud wall, with here and there a tuft of furze growing
on the top. These are frequently made at an expense
of Is. or Is. Bd. per perch, and, taking up a width of
some 10 or 12 feet of land at the base, are, I may say,
the worst of dead fences. Again, we have a bank of a
somewhat smaller description, with a post-and-rail
fence on the top. Next we have a post-and-rail fence ;
or, as I have frequently found in this district, piles and
hoop irou, with little or no bank; and of all the forms
in which iron is used for fencing, I think that of
ribbons or hoops is the worst. You have the minimum
of strength or resistance with the maximum of surface
exposed to the wind and the oxidising influences of the
atmosphere acting upon it. They are also weakened
by the perforations for nails, and all of the above are so
many elements of destruction constantly in force. If
dead fences we must have, and I fear that is a necessity
we cannot at present escape, I think the most econo-
mical and useful fence we can fix is a strained wire
fence of five or six wires fixed with loops to Oak or
Larch piles at 7 to 8 feet spaces, the whole coated with
black varnish, many descriptions of which are valuable .
protectors of bo*h wood and iron.

Mr. T. H. Saunders objected to cutting a new fence too
close to the ground ; but he h.ad found it do much good to cut
off the tops of the plants at the height of a foot or 18 inches,
when they came to "Lay " in about half the time of the others.
One thing he certainly objected to, and that was forking
them diuing the early stages of their growth, for he believed
it injured the little fibres of the roots ; whereas, by merely
pulling out the weeds and manviiing, the plaut-s wuuld grow
much better. In planting, he found that they could not tread
the soil too hard : the harder they were trodden, the better
they took. He also considered that a middling high bank
was bettor than a low one— say two "clots" and a "turn-
clot." He always put his hedges on a bank ; but once he put ■
a portion of a fence on justatm-n of the furrow, perhaps about
.1 clot high ; but, in the other parts where it was put on a
bank, the difference could easily be seen, the former never
coming to half a fence. As llr. Bates had said, where they
wanted shelter the hedges should not be topped, and trimming
them on each side was the best way to make them gi'ow well.
In this district they wanted shelter, and he had found that
they could not get so good a fence frcm east to west as they
could from north to south. He liked a double plant for this
locality ; but in a good strong country, where tho hedges were
not cut by the wind, a single row would do, and it could be
kept much cleaner than a double row. With, regard to Black-
thorns and Whitethorns (or red, as Mr. Bates called the latter),
he had sometimes put a few of the former here and there in
his Whitethorn fences, and when these died off the Black-
thorns filled up thcu- places. Wherever be h.ad what was
CftUed "a weather bush "(that is, a bush staufling out from
the fence), he could never get his fence to prow, although he
had found that not a single root went into the bank. Whore
they had a bad old fence they had better get a little way off
and plant a new one ; and, if the landlord would find Thorns
and " wi-iths " for the first fence, he would rather undertake
the labour than be plagued with it. Wherever the sheep
could get they could not grow a fence, for the sheep's grease
seemed as if it poisoned the plant, in answer to Mr. Udall,
the Vice-President said that in this country he should always
recommend them to have their hedges up to " plash," and in
six years tbey could get a hedge plashed well. As to dead
fences, where they were a necessity on some of these hills, he
liked the strained wire with holes bored through the piles,
which would do very well ; but wherever they could get a live
fence to gi'ow it was much the best. On an old bank he could
never got the new plants to grow witiiout first diggmg down
about 2^ feet deep.

Mr. Reader, the hon. secretary, said he had had a little
experience in planting fences. When he first entered upon his
farm there was not a single fence on the place, except rovmd
the boundaiy. He had planted some miles, and he preferred
the Whitethorns, for the Blackthorns would not bear plashing.
Perhaps, however, tho latter would do on the hills, where they
had a difficulty in getting fences. He should plant there very
differently than on the low lands. In some directions it was
very difficult to get a hedge to gi-ow at all on the hills. He had
tried tho French fashion by planting on the north-Oi^st side of
tho bank, and thus h-id got one or two tolerably good fences,
much better than where they were planted on the top ; but,
to show how the south-west wind affected the hedges, they
never wanted trimming on that side. From south to north
they might get a hedge to grow pretty weU. On the hills he
bad planted in a ditch, and the lower the better; and they
would earth-up afterwards. He must agi-ee with Mr. Saunders
that maniuing plants did better than forking them ; and in
certain places chalk was better than manure for one year — in
fact, if the land wanted chalking for root-s or com, it would do
more goo"d to the fences in one season than all tho manure they

could put. As to dead fences, they had been in tho habit of
making dead " wi-ith " fences at a great expense : but the best
was strained wire \vith oak or larch piles ; and he preferred
going to a little extra expense for a stouter wii'e than was
generally used in this neighbourhood. A weak wire would give,
and the shee_p soon learnt to get through. He should also put
a little bank to the wire fence.

Mr. Marke gave a few particulars of some extraordinary
fences he bad seen in Sussex. On the farms he alluded to
they were single-row plants, but it was on a "stone brash"
soil, and great attention was paid to the Laying out and
planting. The fences were never plashed ; but by cutting and
trimming tboy were so close and compact that nothing could
get through, and would shake for some distance when
touched, so closely had tl^e plants grown, into each other. Ho
did not, however, say it would do for this locality. He
considered fences were a landlords' and ten.ants' question :
and they must work together, or good fences could not be got,
unless they had long leases. On the hills there was nothing in
the end so cheap and durable as strained wire ; and if, after
the fence was made, they threw up a little soil from each side,
it would make a rough stony place to keep the sheep off. If
they put in a little Furze here and there it would grow up
and create shelter, as well as protecting the wires from the
stock. He would not have it too wide, so as to be a harbour
for rats and rabbits.

The Chairma-n proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Bates. He
thought it was the unanimous opinion that if they had a half
live and half dead fence it was better to pxit up a new one at
once. Mr. Saunders had given an instance to show that it
was much better to put a fence on a bank rather than to plant
on the surface ; and it was reasonaible, bec;mse they had
double or treble the quantity of soil for the plants to feed
upon in their early stages. He, however, differed on one
point, and that was in reference to cutting the plants. His
impression was that if they cut at a height of two or three
eyes above the surface, the shoots were stronger, and the
fence was ready to plash two or three years sooner than if they
did not cut at all.

Mr. Bates returned thanks. Mr. Saunders had had a great
manyyears' experience — much more than he had, especially in
this district, and there were no doubt peculiarities in diffei'cnt
localities. As to planting young Thorns, he was quite satisfied
that in this case, as well as in that of Pollards or Firs, the first
year's wood was very little and sickly. If planted early in the
autumn the sap descended from the branches, and roots were
thus made, so that to cut the plants when they wore put in
was to deprive the roots of much of their sustenance. For the
first year, therefore, he did not believe they could do better
than leave nature to take its own course. As Mr. Saunders
had said, too muijh forking did injury ; but it was, perhaps,
desirable to loosen the soU so that it might take in more
moisture. He had found one row of plants better than tv/^o,
because they had a better chance of keeping the fence clean ;
and by cutting it was always thick enough. He had tried
this plan on a poor soil at Lulworth, and the fence was going
on very well. He was glad to hear what Mr. Saunders had
said about the Blackthorn ; and he believed that on the hill-
land they would do better than the Whitethorns. They did
not require plashing like the Whitethorn ; and where pro-
perly attended to ho was not quite sure they would not make
a better fence. Where new fences were required, the best
way was for the landlord to meet the tenant, and tho latter to
take care of the fences when done, for everything depended
upon the attention which was afterwards bestowed upon them.

Teviotdale : Whether is it more pro/itahle on a
purely arable farm to breed a7id rear cattle for
fattening purposes, or to buy iliem ready to put into the
curtabis to fatten. — After some preliminary observa-
tions, Mr. Haddon, of Honeyburn, stated the foUowing
case : —

Say a calf is purchased in the beginning of March at £2 0 0
And it gets 13 weeks' milk at Us. Zd. (three times

a-day at 3ii.) 383

Four months' Grass, with 10s. cotton and Rape cake 1 12 6
Seven months' keep, from 1st October to 1st May,
including straw and Turnips, one feed, and

2 lb. cotton and Rape daily 3 0 0

Plvo months' Grass on farm 3 0 0

Total £13 0 0

These figures will, no doubt, undergo considerable
criticism. But there is one very important item
which I have not included in this estimate, viz., that
of disease and death, the mortality amonj,' calves being
often very great, as many can testify. Yet from my
own experience I am satisfied that, by proper attention
to cleanliness and ventilation, by regulating the supply
of milk and giving it always newly drawn from the
cow, and, if scour should appear among the calves,
immediately removing the healthy to another place,
and treating those having scour with the proper
remedies, that much of the mortality might be avoided.
I have, you will observe, put down IO5. for cotton and
Rape-cake, to be given on the Grass after the calves
are deprived of milk, as I consider this a most critical
period ; and by this practice I have been amply repaid
for the small outlay. I have not put down anything
for extra food given during the 13 weeks the calf is on
milk, nor for interest of money ; so that I think 13/. is
a very moderate estimate of the cost. On the other
hand, I am satisfied that stirks of the same age as those
stated, of very good quality, can be purchased for 11^.,
and in many instances, by taking advantage of
markets, at a much lower figure. It mnst also be
quite evident that there are districts of this country
much more suitable to the rearing of cattle than
arable farms, where a regular shift husbandry is carried
on. By purchasing cattle and not rearing, the arable
farmer can feed a much larger number; and there is
no doubt that a short and good keep is by far the most
profitable. Having, however, had some experience in
breeding, I would strongly urge upon the members of
this Club who prefer to breed and rear cattle, the im-
portance of having calves from good bulls, as if it will
not pay to rear good animals, it must be a great
loss to rear such miserable specimens of the bovine
race as we see exhibited at many of our markets.
It may be said that it will pay much better now than
formerly to rear cattle; but if lean stock has risen
in value, so has the fat animal in like, if not in larger
proportion.

Mr. TttenbulLj Spittal, said : Neither the farmer
nor the butcher wants tho coarse-boned cattle Ireland
sends us. Neither does the country want the imported
herds of grazing cattle from the Continent, carrying
pestilence and infection wherever they go. Our home

supply consists of cattle reared in a few grazing
counties in England, or on those farms which have
both wintering and grazing qualities. But this is
obviously a very limited and uncertain source, and
the only remedy lies in the arable farmer providing
grazing accommodation, and breeding as many of his
feeding cattle as he possibly can. This I believe to be
the safest and most profitable way of obtaining our
feeding cattle.

Mr. Scott, Burnhead, thought when stirks could
be had at U. lOs. to 71., it was most profitable to buy
them, but when they cost 10?^. IO5. to \ll., it would pay
the farmer to rear as many as he could accommodate.

Mr. Amos, Earlside, said Mr. Haddon had estimated
the cost of a stirk reared on the farm at 13^. and if this
was correct, there could be no question that it would
be very much cheaper to buy lean stock for feeding
than to rear it. But he knew many got no more than
\\l. for their six-quarter old beasts, and considered
themselves very well paid at that. There was this in
favour of rearing cattle in his experience, that those
reared on the farm did much better than those
which were bought. Strange beasts were sometimes
long in getting accustomed to the place, and made very
little progress for some time. He had had them for
three or four months, and they did very little good.
When it was possible to breed and rear, it would be
found advantageous, as the beasts reared came soonest
to maturity.

Fowls; a Plain, and Familiar Treatise on the Prin-
cipal Breeds, Jj-c. By John Baily, 113, Mount
Street, Grosvenor Square.
According to a cottage authority some time sinoo
quoted in these columns, fowls begin seriously to the
work of egg-laying on Valentine's Day, and it is there-
fore now the season "when poultry-keeping becomes
interesting, and when the annual sale of Mr. Baily's
book recommences. We have no hesitation in pro-
nouncing it one of the simplest, most practical, and
best of its class. And though only a small octavo of
120 pages, it contains all on houses, food, diseases,
rearing and breeding, sorts, and preparation for exhi-
bition that any ordinary poultry keeper is likely to
require. "We quote a passage from the chapter on food.
" It is difficult to assign any portion of food as a suf-
ficient quantity for a given number of fowls, because
so much depends on the nature of their run, and the
quantity and quality of food to be found. Por instance,
in a farm-yard where the barn-door is always open, and
threshing "continually going on, adult birds require
little or no feeding, but if this supply be stopped, then
they must be fed by hand ; again, if they have free
access to stubbles, they will get a good portion of their
food there. I had some fowls a few years since turned
out in some stubbles I rented for the purpose — they
roosted in the hedge-rows, and were only fed a little
night and morning for the sake of getting them together
to count them. I never had any do so well, but this
will only last till the beginning of November ; by that
time they have picked the stubble clean, and indeed
from the middle of October the quantity of food given
had to be increased daily. A good healthy growing
fowl will consume weekly two-thirds of a gallon of corn.
Wheat or Barley; and if the bird come from a walk
where it has been badly kept, it will for a time eat
more than this ; but after it has got up in flesh and
condition, it gradually eats less, and two-thirds, or even
half the quantity, willkeep it in good condition. Again,
the weather must be consulted ; in mild damp weather
they prowl about and pick up maViy things, as insects,
worms, young herbage — these all assist ; but in frost,
and above all in snovv, they require generous feeding.
To use a very homely poultry wife's expression, there
is then ' no scratch ' for them."

" No plan is so extravagant or so injurious as to
throw down heaps once or twice per day. They should
have it scattered as far and wide as possible, that the
birds may be long and healthily employed in finding it,
and may not accomplish in a few minutes that which
should occupy them for hours. Por this reason every
sort of feeder or hopper is bad."

" The advantage of scattering the food is, that all then
get their share; while if it is thrown only on a
small space the master birds get the greater part,
while the others wait around. Indian Corn has been
much used of late ; the result of all my experiments
has been, that it is useful for a change, but it is not
a good food by itself. Fowls are very fond of it, and
once or twice per week it may be advantageously
given. The best argument for its use is that the
small'birds cannot eat it. Many have been discou-
raged, and some deterred from keeping fowls by the
expense of feeding. If they will themselves attend to
the consumption for a week, and follow the method
I have pointed out, they may arrive at a fair average,
and they will be surprised to find how much greater
the cost has been than was necessary. It is most essen-
tial not to invent or to supply imaginary wants in
fowls— they do not requirecoaxing to eat, and wherever
food can be seen lying on the ground in a yard, there
is waste and mismanagement."

The Angler's Biary. By J. E. B. C. "Field" Office,
346, Strand, W.C.
There is a sheet folded into 16 pages full of details
useful to any one desirous of selecting a fishing station
in any quarter of the globe ; and there is another sheet
of ruled paper, blank, with columns presenting in as
many pages an opportunity of recording the fortunes
of the fisherman dav by day after he has reached the
station he may have selected. These are stitched
together and placed within a stiff cover. They seem
very fairly to justify the title under which ' J.B. B.C.
offers them to the reader,

Febkfaby 1G, 186".]

THE GARDEiNKHS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTUllAL GAZETTE.

1G7

Farm Memoranda.

■\VK8TEB Ross : F,-h. 11.— In the nnrtli of Scotland
wo iiavo not had a wintoi' so severe for many years.
During the months of Novonibor and Deconibcr, as if
to make up for tho dolicicnoy in summer, it rained
almost continuously, and kept tho soil sothorouj;hly
saturated, that Wheat-sowinR was almost a hopeless
operation. January lu-ousht us a sovero snow-storm,
with intense frost, wliicli continued for some throe
weeks. Since then we have had repeated ajternations
from frost lo tliaw, and (rem snow to rain; and even
now tlu^ weatlier is as unsettled as ever. The Wheat
sown in Ortoljcr brairded i-lnsely and regularly, and
althoii|{h it has made littlo proRress, and is m«ch
withered by the severity of tho weather, is yet in a
hopeful condition. Wheat, however, sown after the
beBiiuiiui; of November has now lam three months
in tlie ground, and, except in dry land, and favourably
situated, is not yet fairly brairded ; and there is abun-
dant reason to iear that much of our Wheat that has
lain for mouths in pools of water, save when these pools
were frozen over, will, when fairly above ground,
exhibit a braird as thin as iftheseedsownbad been only
1 peck per acre. A\ e will (bus for once apparently have
an undcsidcratod experience of thin brairdiug in the
worst cirrunistances. Far more desirable would it be
to have a licld early and well laid down, althoush very
thinly seeded, than to have it more thickly sown at a
later season, and in a condition so deplorably bad, that
a large proportion of tho seed must perish. In the
former there would be far more hope than in the latter
of tillering in spring, and an abundant crop in harvest.
Although there was aconsidcrable breadth of Wheat sown
in aul umn, the usual winter sowings after Turnips have
been iirevented, consequently the breadth now sown is
consiilerably smaller than it would have been had the
winter been milder. Our last year's Wheat crop, as
we anticipated, threshes out well, and is of excellent
quality, much of it sufficiently fine to top any market
in the south. Our Barley was not of first-rate quality,
but, being neigbbour-like, it fetched a good price.
Oats are threshing out very ill, are of poor quality,
and yield little meal ; and as this, too, is the staple croj)
with crofters, they will reap little benefit from the
high prices that are going. As the last was the third
consecutive dry season we have had, our stock of hay
and straw is reduced to a minimum, and both are
selling at exorbitant prices. Fortunately our Turnip
crop was a first-rate one, and has stood a large amount
of eating. At one time it was supposed that they
would scarcely he all consumed, but the severity of the
winter has assisted in rectifying the matter, first by
necessitating the down-bringing to the low country of
a larger number of sheep than was at first intended,
and, secondly, by a considerable proportion of the
Turnips yet a-field rotting with the intensity of the
frost. After the long-continued severity of the weather,
we anticipate a spring so fine as to admit of the speedy
accomplishment of out-door labour, of which there is
so much to do, and of our labourers making up some-
what for their winter deprivations.

Miscellaneous.

Tlie Michigan Agricidturitl College.— The College
went into operation May 13, 1857. The College Farm is
three miles from Lansing, the capital of the state, and
contains 076 acres, 275 of which are under cultivation.
The buildings consist of a college building, 50 by 100
feet, a boarding hall 43 by S3 feet, each three stories
with basement, four houses for professors, all of brick
a house for the foreman of the farm, and the needful
barns and stables. The faculty of instruction consists
of the president, secretary, five professors, an assistant
professor, and a foreman of the farm. The number of
students in 1866 was 108. Tuition is free to all students
from Michigan, and 320 per year to all others. A
visitor is at once impressed with the fact that very
much has been done in a short time. Ten years ago
nearly all ,of the farm was covered with heavy
timber ; now 275 acres will compare favourably with
any farm in Central Michigan in all the appearances
of general good culture — tho arrangement of the
fields, the condition of fences, &c. The grounds
under the charge of the superintendent of the garden
comprise about 80 acres, and show a high state
of cultivation. A large number of interesting and
instructive experiments as to manures, modes of
culture, characteristics of varieties, &c., are each
year made. These entire grounds present a very
pleasing appearance. The houses of the professors are
neat and tasteful in their design, are surrounded by
very pretty grounds, and, without being more costly
than the houses of well-to-do farmers often are, add
much to the appearance of the grounds. The college
building, of plain but pleasing appearance, is well
arranged. It contains a suitable number of lecture and
classrooms, a chapel, the laboratory, and library and
reading-room^ which contains some very useful works,
aud is supplied with most of the agricultural and
horticultural periodicals. The chemical laboratory is
the best in the State, except that of the State
University, and in some respects equals that. The
basement of this building is used as a tool-house, in
which implements used in the horticultural depart-
ment are kept very neatly stored away, each in its
appropriate place. The boarding hall is a very respect-
able building, to which but one serious objection exists
—that of being too small for the number of students in
attendance, all of whom are required to board there,
except by special permis.sion. The barns, stables,
&c., are large, substantial, well-arranged buildings
—the sheep barn being one of the best in the
West. The students, generally, seemed well fitted for
their supposed future — that of educated fanners.
They were mostly between the ages of 18 and 22, and
seemed possessed of, certainly, fair mental abilities, and

wore the happy possessors of healthful bodies and a fair
degree of physical stronglh and develoiunont. Each
student is required In labour at least three hours daily
in tho garilon or on I ho farm. It is, perhaps, a qiieslion
whether siuh a <'ourso is not ailvisable, simply Irom its
etlect on the health of the students, without reference
to its olhcacy as a moans of acquiring or applying
knowledge. The course of study extends through five
years, one preparatory, and four in the regular college
course. No language, savo the English, is taught, and
special attention is given to the study of the physical
scienc&s. It is no part of the design of this article to
.liscuss the merits of the instructors in the College. It
may be said, however, that some of them are well and
favourably known, not only in Michigan, but otiier
States. Thus far the College has not been self-sust;iin-
ing. Its revenue from tuition fees is almost nothing,
the students are boarded at cost, giving no revenue, and
the lands belonging to the College have not been put in
market. Its friends, however, believe that the sale of
these lands will soon relieve tho institution from
dependence on legislative aid. Western Sural.

Blood has numerous u.ses in the arts and in domestic
economy. It is a very important alimentary sub-
stance, especially that from the pig. A very nutritive
bread is prepared in Sweden for the lower classes with
the blood of animals and the ordinary dough made of
flour. In Italy, and in central France, it is used in a
coagulated state fried in grease. Laplanders often
drink the blood of reindeers, and they also frequently
preserve it in the bladder of the animal, exposing it to
cold, and letting it become solid ; when they want to
make soup they cut off what they require, and boil it
with fish. Black puddings are made of pigs'-blood.
The blood of bullocks, when dried, constitutes a very
liowerful manure, and when fresh is a very valuable
clarifying agent to the sugar-refiners, because of the
great proportion of albumen it contains. The Paris
refiners employ annually the enormous quantity of
1,100,000 kilogrammes of it, which costs 6 fr. 50 centimes
the 100 kilogrammes ; 30 grammes of dried blood is
sufficient to clarify a hogshead of wine. In England
it is not so much used, probably because of the little
certainty there can be of its being exempt from adul-
teration, owing to the absence of public abattoirs, and
of the great number of private slaughter-houses which
are under no supervision. Blood is also employed in
dyeing cotton goods, aud it produces that magnificent
dye called Turkey red. A large quantity of blood is
consumed in the manufacture of the prussiate of
potash, and for making Prussian blue. La Science
pour Tons.

Cream in Cold Weatlier.—A mistake very often
made is that of putting too much milk in the pans.
Experiment has proved that if we take two equal
quantities of milk and place one in pans to the depth
of 6 in., and the other to the depth of only 21 in., the
latter will yield from 7 to 8 per cent, more cream than
the former. This is the case more particularl.y in cold
and damp weather, and at this time the mistake is
most commonly committed. The temperature of the
surrounding air has also a great eflect upon the lime
required for the rising of the cream ; experiment has
demonstrated that the process is more rapid in warm
than in cold weather. With the thermometer at
80 detrrees, all the cream will rise in 10 hours.
77 „ „ „ 12 „

68 „ „ „ 18 „

S.5 „ - „ „ 24 „

m „ „ „ 36 „

45 „ „ „ « „

Sprengel found that if milk was kept at a temperature
as low as 37^ but little cream would rise in three
weeks. In order to avoid the trouble of keeping the
cream at the proper temperature, it is customary in
some dairies to churn the whole milk. The advan-
tages claimed by those who follow this plan may be
briefly stated thus : the proper temperature can be
readily obtained both in summer and in winter ; five
per cent, more butter can be obtained from the same
milk ; the butter is not only of the same quality while
fresh, but if properly managed will keep much better.
This plan would not work so well in the neighbour-
hood of a good market for skim milk, but when cheese
is an object, there would be little or no difl'erence, for
the buttermilk will make as good cheese as skim milk.
In summer it is difficult to reduce the state of the
temperature of the cream as low as 55°,but the whole
milk need only be reduced to 65', to which most
cellars, without any difficulty, reduce it. In Brittany,
the milk of the previous evening is mixed with the
morning's milk, and after standing a few hours, the
whole is churned, and is said to produce a large amount
of butter, of a better quality, and will keep longer.
Oermantown Telegraph.

To Preserve Fruit or Potatos. — Apples, Pears, or
Potatos may be easily preserved in the following
manner:— A dry and well-ventilated place should be
chosen, if possible on the ground-floor ; on this a layer,
about four inches thick, of Rye straw is spread, then a
layer of fruit or Potatos of the same thickness, aud
this is sprinkled with powdered plaster of Paris ; on
this another layer of straw, then fruit sprinkled with
plaster, and so on, till five or six successive layers of
straw, fruit, and plaster have been formed. In this
manner, Potatos may be kept fresh for some time, and
the growth of the long white shoots, so detrimental to
their nourishing qualities, and which render them
unfit for planting, is prevented. Journal of Society of
Arts.

Notices to Correspondents.

Cownoi'HEs: U'C, Bffori). Apply to Mr. Avis, at Lodge Fiimi,

nc^r Barking, who has erected several capital cowsheds

withiu the past three mouths.
LiJiEKiLxs: lottnff Farmer. We do not suppose t^t the

neighbourhood of Limekilns will have an injurious effect on

a field of Potatos.

rnURNER'S COTTAOERS' KALE.

X. TUKNKR'S INCOMrAllAIU.K WIHTK CELKRY.
TLIRNER-.S SC'AKI.K'I' UKJl MKLON
rRUGMDRl! I'ROTECTINU IIROCCOH
(111 SlillllnnPackoH.)
Tlio above have proved to bo tlio bust of tholr rospectlvo claiwcM.
.Seed of the triio Stock may be bad of

CiiAittEii TiiiiNKii, Tho Royal Nurfierlos, Slougb.

tTioTcy'S NONSticii Lettuce, the b7»t Summer

A Vnrioty In cultivatinn ; will Hlmid u month longer than any
other kind without running to aood ; 1». tier imcktt. syalmi with
Initials W. 1.

Al30 IVKRVS NONSUCH CELRUY, acknowJodgeU to bo tho
lluoBt flavour known. (W, i)er packet.

Price to the Trade on appHcation.
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUtt of CHOICE SEEDS may ho
had post free.

William Itewt, Hanover Nursery, Pecktam, S.E.

THREE-YEAR ASPARAGUS PLANTS, 15.». per 1000,
2fl, per IrtO ; fine dnnblo HoUyhncks, a splendid Btrain, 3o«.
per 100; Box Eifcin'T. ^- pof '!«■•'•■ yards; Box Trees, 18 or 21 In.,
lfi«. per KHi ; Kohl Rahi .Stsod, Rreon, U. per lb. ; White Spanish
Onion Seed, \x. M. per Ih. Terms ca.sh. All gonuino.
R. W, can supply any Ordor.s for Soerla at lowest possible prices.
RicHAnn Walkbh, Market Gardener and Seed Grower, Blgglea-
wade. Bods.

Cucumber, Telegrapli.

ROLLISSON'S Variety has bctm proved the boat
Ciicnmber in cultivation for Winter or Spring uso, especially for
KTOwing in houses; an immense cropper, producing six at a. joint,
length 18 to 2ti inches. In scaled pacltots, 2a. M. each. See meriU
of " Winter Cucumbei-s," m GanUiu^rs' C'hronicJe for Jan. 12, 1807.
William Rolli&son & Sons, The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.^

ENRY'S~P1(IZE"hYRr'iD leek.— The Largest

variety in cultivation ; grows 10 inche.'^ in length of blanch,
and 101 inches in circumference. Has carried olT the First Prizes at
the leading Shows in England and Scotland,

Sold in Sealed Packets at Is. each by
DawNiB, Laird, & L.Mnn, 17, Frederick Street, Edinburgh, and
Stauatead Park, Forest Tlill, London, S.E.

ARTHUR HENDERSON and CO. beg to announco
that their CATALOGITE of KITCHEN GARDEN and
FLOWER SEEDS for 18C7 is now ready, and will be forwarded free
on application.

NEW MELONS.
ERIDGE CASTLE PERFECTION.— This is a ^een-fleshed variety,
of excellent flavour, thia skin, medium size, with a delicious
melting sugary flesh. One of the beat sorts over raised. 2a. M.

THfe GUILDHALL PRIZE.— Scarlet flesh, a very quick grower and
a great cropper, weight 3 to 6 lb. Early, excellent shape, richer
and superior in flavour to Turner's Gem. Skin very thin. A
seedling between tho Scarlet Gem and Egyptian green-fleshed.
2s. Gd. per packet.

HENDERSON^S CuM PACT-TOPPED PINE-APPLE BEET.—
True (our own saving).

Pine-apple I'mce, Edgeware Road, London, N.

S'

COTT'S NEW VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS.

COLLECTIONS of VEGETABLE SEEDS, carriage paid.
No. 1. Complete ..£.1 0 0 1 No. 3. Complete

No. 2. „ .. .. 2 0 0| No. 4.

No. 6. Complete, 10s. Qd.
COLLECTIONS of CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS, free by post or rail.

0
0 15 0

No. 1. Complete
No. 2. „

No. 3. „

0 0 I No. 4. Complete .. £0 10

.. 1 1 0 No. 5. U 7 15

.. 0 16 0 I No. G. „ .. ..050

No. 7. Complete, 2s. C>d.
HARDY ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS.
No. fl. 12 Varieties .. £0 1 0 1 No. 11. 50 Varieties ..£0 5 0
No. y. 24 „ ..026 No. 12. 75 „ ..070

No. 10. 36 „ . . 0 3 C I No. 13. 100 „ . . 0 10 6

Collections of Half-hardy Annuals, &c., at equally low prices, see
Catalogue free on application to

J. Scott, The Seed Stores. Yeovil, Somerset.

ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD
OS CABBAGE SEED.
The following Seedsmen are the purchasers &om Mr. S. RoBI^80N
of this fine Stock of Ox Cabbage Seed, the growth of 1866.1
London :— T. Gibbs ft Co., Hall Moon Street, Piccadilly.
G Gibbs & Co., Down Street. Piccadilly.
Beck, Henderson St Child, Upper Thames Street.
„ Cooper & Bolton, Fleet Street.

„ Lawson & Son, King Street, Cbeapside.

Chester :— James Dickson & Sons, Eastgate Street.
Nottingham : — Hutchinson & Armltage.
Newark :— Capam, K.lrk-gate.
Birmingham :— Thompson. High Street.
Aberdeen :— W. Smith & Son.
Three to Four ewt. of this Seed left, price to the Trade £7 per cwt.
Mr Robinson has also a fine Stock of LARCH to Dispose of, 2i
to 5 feet Price 12s. 6d. to £1 per 1000, accordtuu to size.

Three years Bedding and Transplanted QUICK, from 6s. Gd. to
7s. M. uer 1000.
Bushy SPRUCE, for cover planting, 18 in. to 3 feet.
Fme HOLLIES, for cover plantinp, 2 to .5 feet.

Shaw House, Melbourne, Derby.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^-^ is becoming scarce, the
old reserves will soon bo gone.
Now sold in b.ags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
Iflfi,, 2 for 30s., 50 for 60s., lOO
for £6.

Fourpence allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post^ffioo
Order, payable to J. Babsbam ft
Co., Kingston^n -Thames, S.W

THOMSON'S STYPTIC prerents the Bleeding of
Vines after Pruning or Grafting, the Damping of Geraniums
and other Cuttings alter they are potted; and it has been used
successfullv in Grafting Fruit Trees of all descriptions.

Manufactured and sold Wholesale by John Young & Son, Dalkeith,
N. B. , and may be had of all Nurserymen and Seedsmen in bottles o b
3s. each, with directions for use. None is genuine without tho
signature of Wm. Thomson.

Red
Spider

{^ 1 S H U R S T

vT COMPOUND, whether
used against Insects and
Mildew, on Growing Plants, or
as Winter Dressing on Trees at
rest, should be dissolved 48
hours before use. This (,'ets rid
of smell, and if the Solution be
decanted, prevents any staining
of foIi.age. A strength of from
1 to 2 oz. to the gallon of water
is recommended for growing
Plants; one fi'om4 to 16oz. for
Trees at rest.

Sold Retail by Nurserymen
and Seedsmen, in boxes, Is,,
lig., and 10s. 6d. each.

,, . Wholesale by

^te" PBICE-S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY
(Liuited).

168

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Pebeuaey 16, 1867.

Fumigate your Greenliouse wltli

TOBACCO TISSUE

—Will Destroy all the luEccts and not Injure Iho rinnts; is
entirely free from piper or rag, and will burn witbout blowing.

Price 3s. dd. per lb., cjirriago free. To he baU of Messrs. Roberts
& Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers, 64, St. John Street, Clerkenwoll,
B.C., and of all Seedsmen and Nurserjmen

Vlnerlnq and Orcliards.

GREAT VALUE of "APHIS WASH."
"AT the first opportuTiity Paint the Trees with a

-Ti. solution of 'APHIS WASH,' prepared at the City Soap
Works ; it not only destroys the Brown Aphis which Infests Poacn
Trees, but also Scale, and every other pest capable of lodging In thw
bark." — Extract trom Gardeners^ 3Iagazine, Januaiy 6, 18G7.

"For strengthening the growth and effectually destroying all
forms of blight, the 'Aphis Wash' supersedes every other prepara-
tion."—See Gai-dencrs^ Vhronicle, August 19, 18C6 ; and Qardeiur^
Magazine, July 1, 1805.

Sold by Chemists and others, in Is. bottles, and 2*. fld. a gallon,
with full directions for use.

Wholesale at the City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.G.

YE'S HYACINTH SUPPORTS and GLASSES,

BtJLB VASES, &c., in gieat variety.

Claddet, Houghton, k, Son, SO, High Holbom, W.C.

Price List free on application.

T

Caution to Gardeners.— When you ask for

SATNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Say nor, also the corporate mark Obtain
Warranted, without which none are genuine.

S, & C. regret having to caution Gardeners -and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of whloh are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s Pruning aud Budding Knives are the DesE and the
cheapest in the marKet.

Paxton Works Sheffield- Established upwards of 126 Tears.

r^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITEU

cow SITTINGS.

Their advantages are— Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Hack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs Water CistoiTi, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being alt of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, 66s,

Prospeciuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
in Stable Fittings ju£t secured by Patent.

GALVANISED "WIRE CABLE STRAND FENCING,
for FARMS, PARKS, and GARDENS.
The ORIGINAL INVENTORS and MANUFACTURERS.

The CHEAPEST. STRONGEST, and NEATEST FENCING in USE

THOUSANDS of MILES of this FENCING have been SUPPLIED
by UB at homo and abroad. It suataiua no injury by being
trespassed upon.

Price, with five lines of Strand and Iron-pronged Standards, and
one straining post, btay and screw bolts to every 120 yards. Is. per yard.

Five lines ot Cable Strand and Staples for wooden posts. 6d. per yard

HURDLES, HURDLES, HURDLES, Is. Od. to 35. Sid. per yard.

CONTINUOUS IRON FENCING, GATES of all kinds.

PATENT STRAINING PILLARS, &o.

GALVANISED WIRE NETTING for POULTRY, ic

GALVANISED SWING WATER BARROWS.

GALVANISED IRON WATER CISTERNS.

GALVANISED IRON PUMPS.

LAWN MOWERS. GARDEN ROLLERS.

ASPHALTE ROOFING FELT. Id. per square foot.
MoTLKY & Green.
Illtistratod Catalogues and Estimates free on application.
12, Great George Street, Leeds.

OU Faint no longer Necessary.

-^yi wAvi-_^/)iTvw'v,-^_2>^25

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish Is an

excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixmg or thinning, and is used cold. It is u.sed in the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, (Vom whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
application.

From tJie Right Hon. Lord Gheenoce, Wood End, Tkirsk.

" Lord Greenock has seen the Patent Black Varnish made by
Messrs. Hill & Smith, applied with success, and has heard it highly
recommended by friends who have tested it extensively. '

Sold ID casks of about 30 gallons each, at la. 6d. pgr gallon, at the
Maiiufactory. or Is, 8rf. per gallon paid to any Station (n the kingdom.

Apply to Hill & Smith. Brierly Bill iron Works, +iear Dudley, aud
i!2j Cannon Street West, E.O., from whom only It cim be obtained.

LOCK'S PATENT POTASH MANURES.

This is the only "perfect" MANUEE ever yet offered to the Agricultural Public,
containing, as it does, that most important element of every cultivated plant^PoTASH.
It is far superior in efficiency to Peruvian or any other Guano, as it supplies evert
constituent requisite for each Special Crop.

Each Manure is specially prepared for the Crop for which it is intended, and is
sold in Bags containing the necessary Dressing for One Acre.

The WHEAT, BARLEY, and OAT MANURE will effectually pkbtent the
LODGING of the Coni, so frequent on lands deficient in Silica.
The CLOVER MANDEE is a certain core for Clover sickness, so prevalent in some Counties.
The GRASS MANURE contains an abundance of Silicate of Potash, which is by far the predominating
element in all Grasses, and which has never before been offered for Sale by any Manufacturer.

For full particulars see Circulars, for which apply to the
SOUTH of ENGLAND MANUEE COMPANY, LIMITED, BBDBBIDGE, HAMPSHIRE,

who are the Sole Manufactiieees.
•,» AGENTS WANTED for the UNITED KINGDOM.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Ciass IX., No. 2119.

Mb. gray begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to hia

NEW OVAL TUBTJLAK BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with
one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from Report in Gardeners' Chronicle of International Exhibition, May 24, 1862, page 476.

" The upright form of Boiler is usually made on a circular plan, rather than a square, it seems feasibie that the Boilers on the oval

but the oval form Ki^en to llr. Gbav'b variety of it is said to be plan should brin^ the tubes more completely within range of the

Dieferable in consequence of its bringing the tubes in closer contact burning fuel ; and this being so, tho change, though a slight one,

with the fire. The usual form of a fiunace boing a parallelogram is no doubt an miprovement.

^^ Thiy are made of all siseSj which^ with prices^ may be had on application,

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DAN VERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

HOWAKDS'

STEAM CULTIVATING APPARATUS.

REPORTS RECErVED THIS TEAR.

Scotland.

" Barrogill Castle, Wick, N.B., January 7, 1867. _

"Gentlemen,— HavtiiR DOW had good, and certainly trying experi-
enco of your Steam Cultivating Brachinory, sent me in 1804, 1 must
Bond you a few lines to say how much I admire and like it.

" I have used it under circumstancoa of no ordinary kind, in taking
in new land, and ploughing whtre no horse could put a foot, on
moss 14 feot deep. It has made land and taken in a large faim for mo,
in, I am told, three years' less time, than if I had used horaes, if
they could havo gone over the land.

" Your Steam Harrows are wonderfni, and mako land that looks
impracticable fit for work in a very short time, as I had proof of laat
year.

" 1 havo had no trouble with any part of the machinery, and my
mon learned to work it all in a few days.

" 1 like the whole thing so much that I think it but fair to send
you this letter, and you may mako what use of it you see best.—
Believe me, yours sincorely, " *^* '"T" nks?*."

•'Mcasi-s, J. & F. HowAKD."

"Caithness.'

War w ickshire .

" Jlorton Hall, Warwick, January 8, 1867.

" Gentlemen. — Alter an experience of four years, it is very
gratif^in^ to mo to bo still enabled to report most favourably of the
bteam Cultivating Apparatus with which you supplied me.

" Every part of it has stood remarkably well, and my rope, even now,
is in capital condition ; and although I never fail to use the Apparatus
whenever I possibly can, my breakages have been very trifling.

" 1 told you before I had materially reduced the number of my
horses, and yet I am always forward with my work ; the land being
BO much benefited by the thorough cultivation I am able to give it,
and by the longer exposure to the weather which it uecessarllv receives.

"There are so many sets of your Tackle In this neighbourhood,
that ynu may suppose it is very generally approved of; and I am
very pleased on my own account, as well as yours, to assure you of
rav perftcE and continued approbation. — I am. Gentlemen, yours
faithfully, *' Jons Fobd."

"Messrs, J. & F. Howard."

" Dunchurch, Rugby, February 2, 1867.

" Gentlemkn,— I am more than ever convinced that yours is the
best principle of applying steam power to the cultivation of land,
esi^eciall-y when it is laid out In small and irregularly-shaped
enclosures,

*' I have had excellent work done with the Cultivator, so deep and
so thoroughly pulverized that 1 have no fear of the fields on hunting
days, as no good horseman would attempt to ride across any heavy
land that has been deeply steam cultivated and thoroughly saturated
with snow and rain.

'* I have thoroughly cleaned some very heavy blue lias clay land,
which I never could possibly do with horse power, as it always
became too fine on the surface before I could get it dry deep enough
to de&tioy the twitch. Last autumn, owing to the wet, I preferred
turning over the land, and made some verj* good work with the
3-Furrow Plough, and such that »ery few people wiio knotv the land
think could possibly be done ; and what is better, in walking over
the land ploughed by steam, and the s.ame kind of land ploughed by
horses, the dinerenc^ is at once perceptible, even to a blin'^ man, as
in the latter every time a step is taken the water can be heard
moving in the soil, whereas this is not the case once in a hundred
yards on land ploughed by steam. This Is on land ploughed at the
same time and equally well drained ; in fact, in every p^ioular the
same, except that steam instead of horses had been used m the
ploughiog.

"The wire rope I had from you in May, 1864, has not been broken,
neither is it likely ; it appears now nearly ae good as new, though it
has been put to very heavy strains, generally working up to 80 lb. of
steam with a 12-H.P. Engine.— 1 remain, yours very truly,

"Messrs. J. & F. Howard, Bedford," " Johk Hickek."

Scotland.

"Fenton Bams, Drem, January 8, 1867-

"Dear Sina.— 1 have great plea.surB in stating that your Steam
Cultivator continues to give me entire satisfaction.

" We havo had no diflaculties whatever m working it ; and wo
have gone over upwards of 1200 acres since first starting with it I'l
September, 1863.

" I may mention that the quantity of boulder stones which havo
been struck is Immense, and several hundred cartloads of them have
been removed from the ground ; still we have had almost literally no
breakages.

*' The wire rope la beginning to wear, and may soon require to bo
renewed; but tho engloe, windlass, and other chief parts of tho
Apparatus seem to bo as good as aver.

" We are now enabled to get all our crops sown in good time ; and
I frequently wonder how we should get on, if again restricted simply
to horse power. — I am, dear Sirs, yours faithfully,

" Messrs. J. & F. Howard.'* " Gkorgb Hope."

Wiltsliire

"Little Langford, Heytesbury, January 10, 18C7.
" Okntlemek,— I purchased one of your Steam Cultivators,

Michaelmas, 1861, since which time we have cultivated the following

area ; —

1861 108 Acres.

1862 «6 «

1863 395 „

1864 180 „

1865 303 „

1866 140 „

Total ., .. 1372

■' The quantity of work done last year would have been more thin
doubled had the autumn been favourable.

" The more I use tho Apparatus the better 1 like it ; and it appe-irs
to mo that I could not farm advantageously without it. From using
it the land is in a mrch better state, and more fully cropped.

" The machinery has proved to have been well manufactured, as
the breakages have been few, and the blacksmith's bills light.— I
remain. Gentlemen, yours very truly, "T. P. Galpin."

•'Messrs. J, & F. Howard."

Surrey.

" Tolworth Dairy Farm, Kingston-on-Thames, Jan. 18, 1867.

"Dear Sirs,— I was induced to purchase a Set of your Steam-
Cultivating Apparatus in consequence of my brother-in-law, Mr.
Pike, of Stevington, ha\-lng succeeded so well with the Set you
made him.

" Having now had two years' experience with it, I am pleased to
Inform you that 1 have derived considerable advantages from its use.
and would not now be without it.

" I cannot, owing to the high price of labour and coal in my dis-
trict, work BO cheaply as some of the repyorts in your Catalogue ; but
I am quite satisfied in my case it is a great saving, both in the sub-
sequent work as well as m expense, when conlpared with my old
system of horse work.

" It enables me to obtain crops of roots which, under the old
system, I failed to do ; and this crop to me as a dairy farmer is of
tne greatest importance,

'"I may just observe that I have had neither breakage loss, nor
trouble witn Engine or Tackle since I commenced to work them.--.
J am, dear Sirs, yours truly, " William Hipwell,*^

!■' Messrs. J, & F, HowaW. Bedforc^."

Pebbcabt 16, 1867.J

THK GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

169

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWEES FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED FREQUENTLY DURING THE PAST THREE SEASONS BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY, | HIS MA.TESTY THE KING OP HOLLAND,
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA,

AND AMONGST THE DISTINGUISHED FOREIGN NOBILITV,

THE DUCHESS DE CAMBACERES, THE MARQUIS DE BOISSY, MARSHAL CANROBERT, &c., &c.

Every minute point in the way of
iprovement has been carefully considered
id adopted, and as A. S. & Son have for
lOrc tlian a quarter of a century devoted
leiv attentim to this particular bruncli of

their business, the Nobility, Gentiy, and
Gardeners may rely on the MACHINES
hey may order, to be such as to ensure
lasting satisfaction, and to stand the wear
and tear of many years.

PATENT HAND MACHINE.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

AEF, IN DAILY USE IN

ALL THE EOYAL GARDENS; IN THE HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUNDS;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;

And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

These are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

TSESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOW PROPERLY WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OP LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWEES are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shan/is' Patent Lawn Mower will Mow on uneven as well as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, in referring to their IMPROVED LAWN MOWERS for 1867, doubt not but that tlie preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in effecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. AND SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an extent as possible in the construction of their Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery are employed in manufacturing the various parts, ."ind this applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S. AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWEES, -which will enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM
SHANKS' NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Easily Worked Silent Movement.

XSi/ a Lady

U-inch Machine 5 10 0 By a Boy

Wldtb of Cutter.
10-inch Machine £3 10 0

12-inch Machine 4 10

4s. extra.

Width of Cutter. Easily Worked Silent Movement.

16-inch Machine ..£6100 Bif a Man or Two Boys t . .

19-inch Machine 7 12 6 By a Man and Boy ( '"■ '"""•

22-inch Machine 8 7 6 \ s„ Tu'o Men i ^s. 6rf.

24-inch Machine 8 17 6 ] J^il ■'^■o Men .. | ^^j^^_

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE.

Width of Cutter,
io-inch Machine £12 10 0

If with Patent Delivering Apparatus.
,, 2-5s. extra.

23-inch Machine 14 10 0 .. .. 30s. „

30-inch Machine 15 15 0 .. .. 30s. ,,

Silent Movement, 12s. 6d. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE

Width of Cutter.

30-inch Machine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0

42-inoh Machine 26 0 0

48-inoh Machine 28 0 0

If with Patent Delivenng Ai;paratoa.
. . 30s. extra.
.. 30s. ,,
., 40s. „
.. 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

N.B. — A. S, 4" Son spec-tally announce to their numerous Patrons that they have a staff of experienced Workmen at their London TJ'arehouse, thorouyhly acquainted with all
the details of their Machines^ so that they are enabled to repair Lawn Mowers in London as well as at the Manufactory.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

<(^^ 27, Leadenkall Street is the only place in London whei'e intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers can choose from a Stack of from 150 to 200 Machines*
All sizes kept there^ whether for JSorse^ Pony or Satid Fower,

170

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GAZETTE, [Febeuaey ic, ise?.

OTHOUSES

for the MILLION,

invented by the late
SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.
Manufactories : London, Newton in Cartmel
(Lnnciusbire), Gloucester, Coventry, Aberdeen,
nnd Paisley only.

Illustrated Circulars, with revised List oi
Prices, will be sent on prepaid appUcition to
Messrs, ISereman & Morton, Head Offlce,
7, Pall Mall East, London. S.W.

HOT-WATEK APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the materials,
Tiz.. Boilers, Pipes, &c.. delivered to any Citation,

Estimates on application.
J. JowES & Sons, G, Bankside. Southwark, London, S.E.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31, Banl'side, London, S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, hum StocK, per yard :— 2-incb, Is. 2d ;
3-inch, Is. lOrf. ; and 4-inch, 2s. id. BENDS, from Stock, Is.Cd., 2s. 6rf.,
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s., and 14s. each. Other
Connexions at equally low pnces, and all goods of first-class manu*
facture. ELstiraates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

GKKENJIOUSES, 42 feet by 13 feet wide, £50;
21 feet by 13 feot wide, £28 ; 12i feet by 10 feet wide, £16,
glazed ready for flxinR. ORCHARD- HOUSES, 10 per cent, cheaper.
A handsome CONSERVATORY, 36 feet by 19 feet, £120. Estimates
for any branch in Iron or Wood.

H. Freeman's Works, Triangle, Hackney, N.E.
Established 25 years.

c

0 T T A M AND COMPANY,

Consertatout and HOTnousE Builders, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Wlneloy Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

30 inches long,
45s, C5s. 92s. Cf^ each.

HOT- WATER PIPES.*
2 3 4 inch.

3s. C'7. 2s. Id. 2s. 9d. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,

2, Winsley Street.

opposite the Pantlieon),

Oxford Street, London. W.

GREENHOUSES, Span or Lean-to, Ornamental or
Plain, always in Stock, Glazed with 21-oz., and Pafcnted ready
for Fixing. To be seen erected.
Span-roof, plain, 20 feet 9 inches long, by 13 feet wide. . £31 0 0

A ditto of same size, ornamental 35 0 0

A ditto 33 feet long by 13 feet wide, plain 47 0 0

A ditto same sjze, ornamental 54 0 0

Also a Lean-to, 23 ft. long by 12 ft. 6 in. wide, plain . . 34 0 0

A ditto, same size, ornamental 39 0 0

Also, a Lean-to 19 feot lon^ by 10 feet 9 inches wide . . 23 0 0

A ditto 28 feet long by 10 feet 9 inches wide . . . . 32 0 0

Also a large Stock of various chapes and sizes, of 1, 2, 3, and

4-Light Garden Frames, some made portable, ready for use, and a

largo Stock of Greenhouse and Pit Lights.

Greenhouses made to order. Glazed with 2l-oz., painted three
tmies, ac Is. Zd. per square foot. Two-inch Lights made and Glazed
with 21-oz., painted throe times, at M. per square foot.

W. S. uses only the best Yellow Deal for Horticultural Work.

Estimates given tor effectually Heating by Hot Water.
Address Wm. Smith, Hothouse Builder. Turnham Green, W*

H A

Important Notice.

FOR SALE, a Great Bargaioj One GREENHOUSE, 60
feet long : one ditto, 30 feet, with Boiler-house, Boiler and Hot-
water Apparatus, Iron Tanks, Ornamental Paving, Gratings, &c , all
complete. Also 14 of the Choicest VINES, planted last year, and
about 40 LOADS of good rich SOI L. The Greenhouses were ea'ected
last year. The above to be Sold for £110.

Apply to J. B. Looker, Esq., Solicitor, Banbury, Oson.

Preserve your Trees from Frost.

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON, of 2, Duke Street, South-
wark, has a Larse Stock of NEW and REPAIRfeD TANNED
NETTING, COTTON BUNTING. HALL'S COTTON NETTING
PRIGl DOMO, &c. Samples free bv post. Marquees, iTeuta, and
Temporary Rooms on Hire, lined, boarded, lighted and comfortably
warmed.

Address, Besjamis EnciucTOif (onlv), 2, Duke Street, London
Bridge, S.E. No other establishment.

HOT WATCa APPARATUS

for

CKiNSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS
HORTICULTURE.
" Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Laps,"
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South
Kensington.

PRIZE MOWING MACtllNES, FIELD and GARDEN
ROLLERS; CHAFF CUTTERS, from 45s. Lawn Mowers
Garden Engines, 'Parkes' Cast Steel Digging Forks and Garden
Tools, Improved Wire Netting, Wheelbarrows. Corn Bins, Churns
Sausage and Mincing Machines. PRtCE LISTS per post.

Bdrgess k, Key's Agricultural Implement and Machinery Ware-
house, 95, Newgate Street, London, E.G.
Worka: Brentwood, Esses.

Lawn Mower Repairs.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and bON would suggest to
their numerous friends the desirability and importance of
having their Lawn Mowers put into proper order before the com-
mencement of the Mowing season. If attention be paid to this
request some disappointment may be avoided, because va the early
spring the necessary time for repairing Machines is to some extent
denied them, on account of the press of business connected with the
manufacture and despatch of new Machines.

Machines for Repair can be addressed, Ale.i;. Suanss & Soy
'> Leadenhall Street, London, E.C. (where Repairs are executed) ;
or to the Manufactory, Dons Iron Works, Arbroath, N.B.

W ' 8 TIFF

For samples and prices apply to
J. Shaw & Co.. 29, Oxford Street, Manchester.

A N T.I

OHAWS TIFFANY. — Reduced Prices, 7*. -
O Mineralized, 8s. ; Double Strength, 9s.; Treble ditto, lOe per
piece. An excellent substitute for Mats in protecting the Blooiii ot '
Wall Trees.

The Garden Repository, 32. James Street, Covent Garden, W.c.

Price Lists for all Garden Requisites m ly be had on application.

BRO WN'S Fl.ORAL SHADING, for Shading pianta
under Glass aiid protecting Wall Trees from frost Sold by all

Nurserymen and Seedsmen. No. 1 at 6.-i. 8rf. ; No. 2 at 7s. per piece
20 yards long, 38 inches wide ; No. 3 at 9s. Zd. per piece, 18 yards
long, .39 inches wide.
Sainples on application to CnAKLES Brown, Greenheys, Manchester.

New Arcbangcl Mats.

STXJAUT AMD MEIN, Kelso, N.B., have received
a fresh importation of the above, of first-class quality. Price '
on application.

Asphalte Eooflng Felt.

, ONE PENNY per Square Foot.

CEOGGON AND CO., Manufacturers,
r63. New Earl street,) ,„„,,„„ „„
t34. Bread Street, ^wndon, Ji.u
69, GEORGE SQ., GLASGOW ; 2, GOREEFIAZZ AS, LIVERPOOL.

TANNED GARDEN NETTING for preserving Seed
Beds, Fruits, Strawberries, from Frost. Blight, Birds, &c., and
as a Fence for Fowls, &c. 1 yard wide, lit/. ; 2 yards, 3d. : 3 yards, '
^d. ; and 4 yards, 6rf. per j-ard ran in any quantity, may be had at
CoAs. Wright s, 376, Strand, W C.
VARNISHED FLOWER STICKS :— 1 foit, Zd. ; IJ, 4fZ. ; 2, Sd. •
2i, ^d. ; 3, lOrf. : 4, Is. 6(Z. perdozen. DAHLIA do., per dozen:— 3(1.!
Is- 6rf. ; 4, 2s. Zd, ; 5, 3s. ; G, 3s. Qd. An allowance to Nurserymen.

1^ T. AECHER'S "FRIGI D 0 M 0."
■^ • Patronised by Her Maje-sty The Quoen, the Duke of North.
umberlanri for Syon House, His Gr'.ca the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultuml Society,
Sir Joseph Paxton for the Ciystal Palace, Royal Zoological Society, &c.

PROTECTION from COLD WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.

" FRIGI DOMO," a Canvas made of Patent prepared Hair and
Wool, a perfect Non-conductor of Heat ana Cold, ke'euing, wherever
It is applied, a fixed temperature. It is adapted for all HorticultursU
and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and Flowers from
the Scorching Rays of the Sun, from Wind, from Attacks of Insects,
and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any required lengths.

Two yards wide Is. 9d. per yard run.

Four yards wide 2s. Qd. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. ^d. per yard.

Au unproved make, 3 vnrds wide . . 2s. Sd. per vard run. Also

FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, 2 yards wide. Is. 6^. per yard run.

ELisiiA TooMAS Arcqer, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all NurseriTuen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

*' It is much cheaper than Mats as a covering."

Pli 'i 1 1 11 pt e Book fully

llustratei i ost fieef r ht ps tium tho Author and Patentee
James Cranston Aichitoct Blnnmghim,

Woils Hlfehgate Street Binninpham.
Henry J Grohtaqf Manager 1 Temple Row West, Birmingham.

Lawn

GREEN'S PATENT.
SHANKS' PATENT.

Mowers.

I SAMUELSON'S PATENT.
I BARNARD'S PATENT.

DEANE & CO.,

46, KING WILLIAM ST., LONDON BRIDGE.
Horticultural Tools, &c.

LAWN MOWING MACHINES, 60«., 70s., 90s., HOs.

GARDEN BARROWS, Iron and Wood, from 2ls.

GARDEN ENGINES, Galvanised Iron. Prices 55s,, C5s., 78s., 90s., 100S..U0S.

GARDEN ROLLERS, £1 lus., £1 14s., £2, £2 7». 6|J., £2 12s. 6iZ., £3 2«. M.

STEEL DIGGING FORKS, SPADES, SCTTHBS, &c.

GREENHOUSE SYRINGES and GARDEN POMPS.

WIRE NETTING and ORNAMENTAL WIRE WORK.

GARDEN SEATS and CHAIRS.

FLOWER STANDS, Cast-iron .and Wii-e.

STRAINED WIRE FENCING and IRON HURDLES.

nOT-WATER FITTINGS for GREENHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES,
FORCING PITS, kc.

Dearths New Ilhisfraied Horticultural Catalogue
post free on application.

Established A.n. 1700.

DEANE Msx> CO., 46, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, E.C.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

IMPROVED LAWM MOWING MACHINES.

EVERY MACHINE WAEEANTED.

PRICES.

Delivered Free to any Mailwaij Station in Great Sritain.

Cutting 12 indies' wide £4 10 0

Cutting 14 inches wide 550

Cutting 16 inches wide .. .. .. .. ..600

Cutting 19 inches wide . . 6 10 0

Cutting 22 inches wide 7 10 0

Cutting 25 inches wide 12 0 0

Cutting 30 inches wide 15 0 0

Cutting 36 inches wide 18 0 0

Gre.it iniproTemmls have hecn made in these Machines during the last few yeavs, in regard to all those small but important points of superiority which the practical working
of a Lawn Mower suggests ; while for elegance of appe.arance, lightness of draft, and efficiency in working they cannot be excelled. They possess the following advantages :—

Ist. Motion is given to the Cutting Appai'atus by toothed gearing, which experience has proved to be by far the best method of driving.

2d, The whole of the Driving Wheels are on one side of the Machine, a point of great importance in preventing damage to Shrubs and Flowers, when mowing round the
edges of beds.

3d, All the smaller working parts of the Machine are made of Malleable Iron, and are not liable to break.

1^ Illustrated Price Lists, with selections from several Thousand Testimonials, Free hy Fast on application.

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS. BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE : 10, LATJEENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.C.
AGENTS —Messrs. TANGYE BEOTHKES and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE AND CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DRAY
Taylor and CO., London Bridge; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.C, ; and all respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom,

February Ifi, 186?.]

THK GARPENEIW OHKONlflLE AND AGRTCULTlnUE fiA^^ETTR

171

CHN WARNER and SONS,

8, Croscent, Crlpploynto, London, K.C,
BKLL and BHASS I'OUNDERS to HEH MAJESTY".

I

PATENT CAST-IRON
'UMP, Ilttod with J. W. & Suns'
total Bucket and Valve, whlnh
niiujt olog in HCtion, for Wolls
..[ c\cecdin|j 26 foot,

Diam. Iloiglit. £ 8. d.

I iii.Hbort .. lit. 7iu. ..1 1 0
i in. lung .. 3 ft. 3 1n. ., 1 8 G

iu. long .. 3ft. (!iu. ..2 1 0
! in. long .. 3 ft. (J in. . . 2 (l 0

in, long .. 3 ft. (Jill. ..2 14 0
) in. sliort, with 16 feet
of lend pipe attaobed,
ready for lixing ..2 0 0

in. lonp, do. do,.. ..2 14 0

No. 42.
IMPROVED LIQUID
MANURE or GENERAL
PORTABLE P U M P.-Those
Pump.s ftio fitted witU J. W. &
Sons* Patent Bucket and Valvo
and cannot clog in action. The
Barrel la niado of GalvaniBed
Iron, not likely to corrode, and
can bo raised or lowered at plea-
sure on tho stand, the legu o
wlilch fold together, and it ma^
bo carried with ease by oqo man
to tank or pond

Plica of 4i-inch Liquid Manure Pump, with legs, £2 I5s. ■ 2-inch
luxihlo Rubber and Canvas Suction Pipe, 2s. 5d. per foot. The

iarrel is I'Ti Inches long, and the lega are 5 feet high.

YARNERS' PORTABLE FIKE or GARDEN ENGINE.

No. 568 i.

For use by one Person price £2 2s.

No, ,Wb, ditto ditto, OQ Wheels „ £2 10s.

Thu above are complete in themselves, and may be always kept
illij'l with water, and ready for use.

Letter to The Times, JtiUj 23, 1866. /rom Earl Essex.

A KsAL Fire Extinguisher.

To the EiUtor of The Times.

"Sin,— I feel sure you will kindly allot a small space in the Times

o these few lines, as the best medium through which 1 would urge

/very householder who dreads fire tn liave on each lloor of his house

me or more small Garden or otlier Engines on wheels, always charged

ind in good order, in case of fire.

"Last night, just as I was going to bed, I was startled by that most

fearful of all dies, 'Fire, fire!" 1 soon learned that a fire was raging

■n a loTiie two-windowed unoccupied bedroom. How caused is to us

t ill a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small

^ Engines on each floor. la two minutos I was in the room with one

I afthem. It was like a fm-uace. The curtains, shutters, casements,

^ ^nd cornices of both windows were buraing and cracking from floor

to ceiling, I w.is quite alone at the moment, yet before assistance

arriTBd (most of the servants hsving gone to bed), I had completely

subdued the fire of one window without exhausting the Engine, and

when assistance and more water did arrive, we verj' soon extinguished

the other.

" So fierce was the Are that the lead of the casements was melted,
and the casements themselves were burnt oflf their hinges.

" I wiU only ada, that by God's mercy, the house was saved by this

small Engine. Ha!d it not been at hand and In order, most assuredly

Cassiobury would be now a heap of ruins.— Yom-s faithfU.lly,

" Cassiobury, Watford, July 20. " Essex.

"The Engine, even when full, runs so light on the floor, tbat any

woman niignt draw it, and aJso work it,"

BEUSXEADS, BATHS, and LAMPS.— WILLIAM S.
BURTON has Six Large Show Rooms devoted exclusively to
the separate display of Lamps, Baths, and Metallic Bedsteads. The
stock of each is at once the largest, newest, and most varied ever
submitted to the public, and marked at prices proportionate with
ihnso that have tended to make his Establishment the most
liisiiiyyuished in this country,

BuListeads, from 12s. 6d. to £20 Os. each.

Shower Baths, from 8s. Od. to £G Qs. each.

Lamps {Moderateur), from . . G*. Od. to £8 10b. each.

Llll other kinds at the same rate).
Pure Colza Oil 4a. Orf. per gallon.

WILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING
IRONMONGER, by appointment to D.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, sends a Catalogue gratia and post paid. It contains upwards
ot COO Illustrations of his unrivalled S'.ock of Sterling Silver and
Electro PUte, Nickel Siivei", and Britannia Metal Goods, Dish
Covers, Hot Water Dishes. Stoves, Fenders, Marble Chimney-pieces,
Kitchen Ranges, Lamps, Gaseliers, Tea-trays, Urns, and Kettles,
Clocks, Table Cutlery, Baths, Toilet-ware, Turnery, Iron and Brass
Bedsteads, Bedding, Bedroom Cabinet Furniture, 4c., with LisLs of
Prices and Plans of the Twenty Large Show-rooms, at 3'J, Oxford
Street, W. ; 1, 1a, 2, 3, and 4, Newman Street; 4, 6, and C, Perry's
Place, andl, Newman Vard, London.

rpHli SMOKER'S BONBON effectually REMOVES
X the TASTE and SMELL of TOBACCO from Ihe MOUTH and
BREATH, and renders Smoking agreeable and safe. It is V017
pleasant and wholesome. Prepared by a patent process from the
recipe of an eminent physician Oy Schoolino & Co., Wholesale Con-
fectioners, Bethnal Green. London, N.E., in Sixpenny and Smiling
Boxes ; post free, 7 and 14 stamps.

Sold by Chemists, Tobacconists, &c.}

DINNEFORD'S FLUID MAGNESIA.—
The best remedy for Acidity of the Stomach, Heartburn,
Headache, Gout, and Indigeslion: and the best mild aperient
for delicate constitutions, especially adapted for Ladles, Children,
and Infants,

DiNNEFORn & Co., 172, New Bond Street, London, and of
all Chemists

Tea Cheaper tban Ever.

T:)IIILLirS AND COMPANY'.S TEAS

J- ARE HKST AND CHEAPEST. '

STRONG BLACK TEAS, U. (M., 2h., 2«. Ad.
Very Excellent BLACK TEA in now oiilv 'ia. M. per lb.
Piiri.i,[ps & Co.. Tea Morchauts, 8, King \fllllam Street, City,
Loudon, E.G.

Rare choice genuine COFFEE, Is. Ad. pur lb.

A i'rico Currout post free. Sugars at Market prices.

Piiii,Lira& Co. have no Aguiits.

PiiiLLirs k Co. send all Goods c^iiTlage fjeo hy their own Vans,

within ulglit miles of No. ^t. King William Street. City; and semi ToaH,

CnlluoH, and Splcea, carriage free, to any Railway Station or Market

lown In the United Kingdom, if to tho value of 4Ua. or upwards.

Breakfast.
"Ij^ r P S ' S COCOA (i.lsn called E T T S ' S

-L'J IIOMGCOPATinc COCOA). -The verv ftgroeahlo character of
this preparation has rondorod it a general favourite. Invigorating
and sustaining, with a rollnod and gratoAil flavour, developed by tho
Hpoolal mode of preparation appliod, this Cocoa Is used as tlijjli'
habitual beverage for breakfast by thousands who never used C(tcoa
before. "Cocoa stands very much higher than Tea or Coffee," Dr.
Hassall says, " and contains every ingredient necessary to the growth
and sustenance of tho body,"

It ia made simply by pouring boiling water or milk on tbo
Propftration as sold, i lb., j lb., and I lb. PackoLs.

Sauce.-Lea & Perrins'

WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE.-

This delicious Condiment, pronounced by ConnolsBcurs
"THE ONLY GOOD SAUCE," ia prepared aolelv by Le* tc PERniNs,
Tho public are respectftilly cautioned against worthless imitations,
and should see that Lka & Perrins' Names are on Wrapper, Label.
Bottio, and Stopper. Asr for Lea & Perrins" Sauoi,

•»* Sold Wholesale and for Eiport, bv the Proprietors, Worcester ;
Messrs. Crossk & Blackwkll ; Messrs. Barclay h SoKS, London, &c.,
and by Grocers and Oilmen uuivorsally.

Starch Manufacturers

TO H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES.

LEN FIELD STARCH

Exclusively Used in the Royal Laundry,

and Awarded Prize Modal, 1602.

Sold by all Grocers, Chandlers. &c.

G

WHITE and SOUND TEETH arc indispensable to
personal attraction, and to health and longevity, by the
£ roper mastication of food. ROWLAND'S ODONTO, or Pearl
lentifrice, preserves and imparts a pearl-like whiteness to tho Teeth,
eradicates Tartar and spots of incipient decay, strengthens the Gums,
and gives a pleasing fragrance to the Breath. Its truly efficient and
fragrant aromatic properties have obtained its selection by her
Majesty the Queen, and the Sovereigns and Nobility thruufihout
Europe. Price 2s. Od. per box. Sold by Chemists and Perfumers.
'«' Ask for " Rowlands' Odonto.'

NO MEDICINE for the CURE of ASTHMA, CON-
SUMPTION, and COUGHS, was ever attended with such
speedy and unfailing success as DR. LOCOCK'S PULMONIC
WAFERS. In every newspaper and periodical in the kingdom may
be seen Testimonials of their wonderful efficacy. To Singers and
Public Speakers thoy are invaluable lor clearing and strengthening
the voice. Sold by oil Medicine Venders. Price Is. Hd. per bo.\.

Kennlne^on.

Cleahan.;k Walk .... NoiiSKnr Siocn,

M^^^}L,i;tJ"??;$^"!i..-" ^X'^yiS wUI HELL

r(!HltrVll Mii> irp.M,.,.! 1........ I. ' .. . '

Place, Koiiiiliigton Park,

o'clock, without thu leiiRt, r(;«orVy, the KnMiiiirb^T,Vr,;,,T.'.;,ii7,, u*;

GREKNr, iimongHt which miy bo montlouod ^.luij UumIiv A u c i ha
japonlcis from to U feet ; Euonymu., Lllac«. &c.. Kt; i^,i,frr'an3
Dwarl Roses, Box K-lglng, &«, ; ftl^o 2-Llgl.t Ih.xos [tv ^^

BrIckB, Sashes, two Iron Rolleis. sundry \VLod, UaSou TouIh a.»l
sundry ellects. '"• """

On view, and Catalogues had on tho PromiseB ; thu florn-, Knn
nington ; and of tho Auctioneers, American Nurseries, Loytou'stono]

Annual Sale of very handsome Engilah^grown
Camellias. &c.
TVfESSRS. PROTHEROE anu MORRIS will SELL
^„-?r, ^y AUCTIUN. at an 4 :iM Gracechiuch Street, City, E C on
?, r^nr'J'V.\.*,'V^,Tf'.J'\^^'^''^'=.'' preciHoly, about ^00 Choice
DUUBLE CAMELLIAS, heautiful compact plants, 1 to f. foot
abundantly furniHliod with hluoin buds; tine AZALEA INDICA- a
superb assortment of almut ■.m) very handsome STANDARD and
D\\ ARE ROSES, including tho best varieties iu cultivation ■ choice
hardy AMERICAN PLANT.S comprising Ghent and other Azaleas,
Hybrid Rhododondruus, Kalmias, Andromedas, &c.* some fine
Bulbs of LiLlUM AURATUM. LANCll-OHUM RUBRUM
ALBUM ana PUNCTATUM; ERICAS, EPACRlS. ic

May be viewed the Moitiitig of Sale. Catalogues iii.T.y bo had at
the City Auction Rooms, as above ; or of the Auctioneers and Valuern
American Nuraorles, Lovtonhtone, Esaox, N.E. '

Ramsgate. " "

Pheliminaiiy Notice of a Vtav Ish-ortant and Extembivb Sale
or Valkaule NuuarRY Stock.

MESSRS. TROTHEROE AND MORRIS have received
instructions from Mr. James Turroll to SELL by AUCTION
on the Premises, Providence Nursery, High Street, Ramsg.ite. close
to the Railway Station, on MONDAY, March 4, and following days
at II o'clock each day, without the lo::st reserve, the ground being
immediately required for Building purjtoses, the whole of tho Valuable
NURSERY STOCK, including thousands of fine Evergreen Couifera
and Deciduous Shrubs, Standard and Dwarf Rosw.s, Ornamental
Erult and Forest Trees, a quantity of Box edging. Eull particulars
of this extensive stock will be given in future Advertisements. Lota
will be arranged to suit private liuyers as well as the 'Trade

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had,
iici. each, returnable to purchasers, on the premises ; of the principal
Seedsmen In London ; and of the Auctioneers and Valuera,
American Nurseries, Leytonstouo, E.-sex,

Tlie Best Remedy for Indigestion.

NORTON'S CAMOMILE PILLS are confidently
recommended as a simple but certain remedy lor Indigestion.
They act as a powerful tonic and gentle aperient ; are mild in their
operation ; sale under any circumstances ; and thousands of persons
can now bear testimony to tfhe benefits to be derived from their use.
Sold iu Bottles at Is. l\d., '2s. ild., and 11^. each, in every town in the
kingdom. Caution.— Be sure to ask for "NORTON'S PILLS," and
do not be persuaded to pm'chase the various Imitations,

JOHN GIBSON, Jtjn., begs to announce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAY'ING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Resmences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS, and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John GinsoN, jim., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W,

MR. GLENN Y, Author of "The Properties of
Flowers," "The M.anual of Practical Gardening," "The
Gardener's Every Day Book," "The Handy Book on Gardening," and
other popular .standard works, continues to give ADVICE on the
Improvement of Estates, and to Purchase ana Sell on Commission
Nurseries, Gardens, Private Residences, and Land, and to value all
Properties connected therewith, and will attend as Judge or other-
wise at Horticultural Meetings, A List of the best CO Sorts of
FLOWER SEEDS for Amateurs to choose from, selected from the
thousands catalogued by the Trade, sent free on receipt of a directed
envelope at his Office. Duugannon House, Fulham.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and moat productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAIIMA-PuUTRA. CREVECGiUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on appUcatlon.
JoBN Baily & Son. 113, Mount Street, London, W,

Wavertree, near Liverpool.

Clearance Sale oi' NuubtKv Htuck, Cuoice Ghekhhoosk Plants,
GUEtNlUjUSES, &c.

MESSRS. PROTIIEUOE and MORRIS are directed
by Mr. Isaac Davits to SELL by AUCTION, on tho Premises
Larklield Nursery, Waverlree. near Liverpool, on TUESDAY
March l',;, aud lolluwing day, at H o'clock each day, withuut reserve'
the LeiibB having expiwea, nocesaitatlng an immediate clearance.'
tho whole of the Valuable NURSER.V SIOCK, comprising
about 50<J0 best worked Iloili&s, lO.iiOO Rhododendron, including 1200
R. pr;ijcox(sohighIyandjustlyesteemodfor its profuse flowering habit)
ana other leading kinds, ICUU Hardy and Ghent Azaleas, a large variety
of Evergroeh Conifene and Deciduous Shrubs, Ornamental Forest
and Fruit Trees, Climbers in Pots; also a choice CoUectiou of
Greenhouse Plants, comprising I6OO Azalea indica, 40U Ericas,
Acacias, Cyclamen, Cytisus, kc, together with Three newly-erected
GREENHOUSES, Pits, Buxea, Seeu Drawers, Seeds, and numerous
other items, which will be more fully detailed m future adver-
tisements.

May be viewed, and Catalogues, when ready, may bo had on tho
I'remises, and of the Auctioneers and Valuera, Leytonstone, Essex.

SALE THIS DAY', AT HALF-PAST TWELVE O'CLOCK,

Consignment of Plants and Bulbs from Belgium,
Holland, and France.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C , on
SATURDAY, l-obruary IG, at half-past II o'clock precisely,
300 CAMELLIAS, tine plants, with buds; 2fi0 INDIAN AZALEAS
■MO Uardy KHODODENDRONS, 2M PYRAMID PEARS, 2U0
DWARF l'LUM:?,^()U LILIUMS, Hardy AZALEAS, DRAC/ENAS.
PIMELEAS, ORANGE TREES, CONIFERS. DWARF ROSES
I2,U0U choice GLADIOLI, named varieties; RUSTIC SEATS,
STOOLS, VASES, kc.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Dwarf Roses, Fruit Trees, and otlier Plants
from France.

MR. J. C. STEVExNS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms. 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C , on
WEDNESDAY, February 2o, at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely,
2000 splendid DWARF ROSES from France, mcluding most of the
new viurietles; Specimen CONIFERS; STANDARD, PYRAMID,
and DWARF-TRAINED FRUlT TREES, choice named
GLADIOLI, HARDY SHRUBS, RUSTIC SEATS, STOOLS,
YASES, &c.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

TO BE LET or SOLO, an Excellent NURSERY
(owing to the death of the Proprietor, and winding up of the
Estate), well situated, not far from London, and well stocked with
4I>,()U0 Fruit Trees, Evergreens, Shrubs, &c. 1601. will buy Stock,
Lease, ftc.

For particulars apply to Messrs, Hy. Clarke Sl Sons, 3D, King
Street, Covent Garden, W.C; or to S. Cuandlep, Esq., Solicitor,
Basingstoke.

TO BE LET, the HOME FARM of MILNE GRADEN,
near Coldstream, Berwickshire, containing about 134 Acres of
Tillage, to which about 130 Acres of old Grass Parka can be added
If wished.

The Dwelling House is built in a superior style, containing three
Public Ro->ms and four good Bedrooms. A garden well stocked
with Fruit Trees adjoinS.

The Offices contain capacious Cattle Byres, Sheds, and Curtains :—
Threshmg-mill, Saw-mill, Tumip-pulper, Straw-cutter, Cake-bruiser,
Mill Stones, Manure Tanks and Pumps, with Pipes for irrigating
about 70 acres. This machinery is driven either by a Steam-engine
or by a Water-wheel.

Persons wishing to see the Farm must apply to Mr. Huttok,
Factor, on the Estate, or in his absence to the Farm Steward.
Heads of a Lease will be shown to intending offerers by Jamkb
BowniLL, Banker, Ayton. Otfers must be lodged with him on
9th March. — Paxton House, Berwick-on-Tweed, Feb. 6.

Scales 6b Auction.

Hammer Bmith.

The Stock, ok a Grkkkhocbb and Uortioultdbal Bdildlii.

MESSRS. R. T. SWAIN and SON have reeeivea
inatructiona from the owner, Mr. Joseph Smith, to SELL by
AUCTION on the Premises, Pino Cottage, Hammersmith, W. (cloio
to the 'Queen of England'), on WEDNESDAY, Febniary 27, at
1 o'clock, the whole of nis weh-seasoned STOCK of GREENHOUSES,
consistmg of Span and} Lean-to Roof, with Ends, Doors, Sides, and
Stages. 4U feet by 12 feet, 33 feet by 10 feet, 30 feet by 10 feet, 23 feet
bj? 12 feet 0 inches, 24 feet by y feet (i inches, and others of smaller
dimensions: 1, 2, and 3-Light Frames; a large quantity of Lights
and EQects.

May be viewed the Day prior and Morning of Sale. Catalogues
had on the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, The Lodge, Netting
Hill, London, W,

LUium auratum.

15,000 FINE BOLBS JUST ABKIVKD PER OvERLAIlD MaIL.

R. J. C. STEVENS wUl SELL by AUCTION, at

bis Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
THURSDAY', tebruary IJl, at half-past U o'clock precisely, without
reserve, 15,0Uu splendid BULBS of LILIUM AURATUM, being pro-
bably the last ConsigDiiieiit tli:a will arrive Overland this season.
On view the Murniiijj. ut ttalo, and Catalogues had.

M

Important Sale of Plants and Bulbs for Spring

Planting.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at hi
Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
1^ RIUAY'. February a2, at half-past i:; oCiock precisely, 600 LOTS of
caoIuE HARDY PLANTS and BULBS, consisting of apecimea
Conifers, Laurels, Berboris, Phloxes, Fuchsias, HoUies, Cotoneasters,
Ribes, Tree Violets, Pcutstemons, Carnations, Picotees and Pinks,
Geraniums, Au^ubas, Labmnums, Ptoses, Fruit Trees, Gladioli, 4c.
On view tho iloruing of bale ; and Catalogues had.

Trained Fruit Trees, Gladioli, Roses. Shrubs. &o.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SiiLL by AUCllUN, at
his Great Rooms, 33, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY, February 23, at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, a
quantity of UARDY TREES and SHRUBS, Dw.arf-trained FRUIT
TREES, Cnolce GLADIOLI, RANUNCULUS, and other BULBS,
Dwarf ROSES, RUSTIC SEATS, &c.

On view the Morumg of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Coniferous Seeds.

MR. J. C. STEVEJNS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
MOM DAY', February 26, at halt-past 12 o'clock precisely, an
Importation of CALIFORNIAN and other CONIFEROUS SEEDS,
coiihisLing of Welhngtonia gigantea, Cupressus Lawtioniana, Abies
Meitensiana, Finus Benthamiana, P. insignis, Picea Nordmaoniana,
Abies onentabs, A. ccerulea, A. Dou^lasii, Picea Pinsapo, aud a great
variety of other seeds.

On view the Mornins; of Sale, and Catalogues had.

M

Preliminary Notice.

iHroRTANT Salb OF Orchids, Stove and GaEENnonsE Plants, at
HioucBOVE, Reading, Berks.

R. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at

the Gardens, Highgrove, Reading, Berks* early in April, the

valuable Collection of ORCHIDS, STOVE and GREENHODSE
PLANTS, ftirmed by the late J. J. Blandy, Esq., Vice-President of
the Royal Horticultuial Society of London, comprising a great
variety of fine Plants, many of which have been exhibited and
carried off prizes at the various Metropolitan and Provincial Shows.
Also several Greenhouses, Exhibition Van, kc. Catalogues are
preparing and wUI be ready 14 days before (price Gd. each, to admit

Sarties to the Sale), which may be had at the Gardens ; also of
[essrs. Cooper a Gouldiko, Auctioneers, Marketplace, Reading;,
and of Mr, J. C. Stevens, Horticultural Auctioneer and Valuer
38, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

172

THE GAliDtXeS' CERuMCLE AXP AGPJCtLTrRAL GAZETTL rr^^rj^r u. ise:.

prize medals awarded to
CtEEEN'S patent LAWX MOWEES and CtAEDEX eollees.

ISO, IS^ aadljES.

SOdKCE BOTALS UXXLETSB,

GEEE^S

PATEST

LAWN
=^- -S ' MOWERS

hare proTied to be the
best, and earned on
erray Pnze that has
been given in all cases
of ocHEq»etitioii.

THOS. GREEX axd SOX,

SinTHFIEIJ) mox WORKS,

LEEDS;

54 & 55, BLACKFRIAKS ROAD,
L0^"D05^, S.

JBnri/ JfmMme ii umiimulei it girt entire mtirfa€iiui, ami if mt
mppnmd if emx he r^vrmed Mme^etiitiwuUy.

ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPUCSATION

KA>'rs "'r^--^~"v

Xii, n'.'V. lios^

9en, >~«.ti,'WcKi«taKSIlM^FKBki(St.Fn:^,Ceri=t ej3«i, ir ae aii ceaST.-

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General Newa.

No. 8.— 1867.]

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23.

(Price Fivepence.
Is

(Stamped Edition, Gd»

Ajrrlcultural stati&t'cs 188 a

AtnocpIiiTio moisture 163 c

BM>hmT* IW <■

Book! notirt-d 1S5 n— 193 a

Bmd. arreted iw '■

Oabbaire. Fe&TuuUgbt tvt

— clutibing of l^

OtttlO plHKue coniponsation.. 1-^^ ■
Chimouainlliiu rra^rsn^. strik-

iagoi I'-O a

Joncms, French IWtanica) .. 190 a

CODifrra, hei«bU of 1^ r

Cropfi. culture or grceo \y2 b

Curumbvi* \M a

fiducMiun. fnctorjr iSS a

Eak^raothus quintiuttloruj.

■triiingof ISO t

Finii.srwaj^tsl . 193 b

— Bluebell in >'at»l m *

ranuprs" Clubs 131 b

Fljrs. sraftinfT 1« e

Flonis. insular 151 fc

Food subAianri's, Tosetfible . . 187 6
Forest destruction, injury

done by 189 fc

Game cwvi-rt ISi t

Gentiu.u» Furtuni 163 e

GrafUtiKF.ss 186 c

Grape. Koyal Black Itu a

InsuUr Fluias 1^1 t>

Iniemntionol Exbib.tiun

surplus 179 d

INDEX.

8 a 1 T^andlordt and t»ant«, Irish ■ 189 a
LlchoDs and Mossw 186 fl

s and Licbcns

I'f^ llullettianum

1 \fiibition

iitus. tricoloured ..

183 <

GOOD GARDEN
SCTTOS k Soss, S.

SEEDS. Carriage free.

Seed GrQgera. Uoftding.

VERY G A r"d"e N ll E Q U I S 1 T E

kept in Stock ftt
Carteb's Sew Seed Warehouai!, g37 i 238. Hint Ilolbom. Londop.
1867.
EGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS of Best

Sblbcied mialitr,
Jauci Dicril.sn!<*^OM,J02^i^S;''t« Street. Chester.

SomeTsetshiTe Prize Seeds.

GENUINE UAKUEN :md I'LOWEU and FARM
SEEDS or the flncst stocks nnd quality ; LISTS now ready.
Robert H. PoT^TEB. the County Seed Establishment, Taunton.

E

Cart

i» b

la) 6

i'oixin.a new Ib6 n

Fotato. sweet l^ '

Uooks 190*

Roses ana the late fnwt 163 i

Ka:c show. "West of England . 180 b

skinner, iht late Mr IS) 6

Smith, the late llcT. S 190 6

Society. Royal Hort IM *

— iloathlej- 100 t

Statistics, agricultural 183 o

Steam culti\ation 19* <

Student*, Chiswick ISO »

— lecture to ii»ricultunil.. 18S 6

Sugar for brewers IM e

Thermometers 184 a

Vanda Bensoni 1») 6

A'egctablc food substances . . 187 6
Vine crowinK, rival systems of.

isl 6-lfi;

^Sefr^o3^''':''.::::::::S«; CULTURAL directions for the rose.

Woods, manasrment of ISJ a \^j Seconii Edition. By Joiis Ch.vsstos, King's Acre Nurseries.

VTcolverstoae Park IfS e near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Selected farm seeds. carriage free.
Scnox A Sosa, Seed Growers, Keadiug.

RESENT PRICES of FARM SEEDS.

bee Messrs. Sltion's Large Advertisement, page 150.

GENUINE FARM SEEDS at Reasonable Prices.
PRICE LISTS gratis and post iVee on application to
Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 233, High
isi 6-'lfi2 b Holborn, London, W.C.

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S GARDENS,;
RegoDfs Park.— EXHIBITIONS of SPRIXO FLOWERS,
SATURDAYS. Mnrch 23, April 13, and April 27. "Tickets. 2*-. Od. each. >
GENERAL EXHIBITIONS, WfiDNESDAYS, May 29. June 19, '
and Julv 3. Tickets, is. each. Tickets are now being issi.ied, and can
be obtained at the Gardens by Orders from Follows of the Society.
The number of Specimens required in the Collections having been
reduced, will enable a larger number of Exhibitors to compete.
Schedules of Prizes. Ac . may be bad on application. |

NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, 1867.
—The alKtve EXHIBITION wdl Open at Manchester on
JUNE 7. and continue tUl JUNE 15.

Schediiles, &c., may be obtained on application to Mr. B. Fisdiu.t,
Curator, Botanic Garden, Manchester ; or from the undersigned,
Hesrt WuiTwoRTH, Secretary.
Carlton Buildings, Cooper Street. ManchcLSter.

M

ANETTI STOCKS, established in siuuU pots, ready

for immediate use, 20,1. per 100.
Marsh £ Perk.i:<s. 42, Drapery. Northampton.

RIBBON BORDER (six Colours), German and French,
COLLECTIONS, and all speciaUies worth growing. SeePoi>TER'fl
LIST. Robert H. Pov:«ter, "I'aunton. ^__^

MiE BEST WHITE LOBELIA, MISS MURPHY,

a large healthy stock, at reduced prices.
DoBSON & Soss, Isieworth, London, W.

EW FUCHSIAS of 1866. — Philip Ladds is now

_ . sending out 18 Varieties of the NEW FUCHSIAS of 1866.
Free by post for 5s. Terms casb.— Nursery, Beiley Heath, Kent.

N

TREES and PLANTS of all sorts and sizes in very
great qviantity, of best quality and at moderate prlco*.
PRICED LISTS post-free on application.
Ja«e9 DiCRSOS * Soss, t" Old EsUihliihtd Xuratru and Setd
Bugi7UJis,"i The " Newton Nurserlae, Chester. _^^

Spruce for Cover.

GEORGE CniVAS, Chester, has a very large Stork
of the above, from 1) to 3\ feet. To Induce Inrgo orders, Iho
prices (which may be had on application), have been greatly reduuod.

~" Railway Planting.

FIVE MILLION Transplanted UUICKS, of superior
growth. Samples and prices on application to
John HEsisLKr, Iilgh Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

A

BIES DOUGLASII, all sizes, in quantity.

Wholesale and Retail by
DicKSos it TcRSBCLL, NurserymOD, Perth.

G

BAKER AND SON beg to ofier a few Thousands of

• very fine ALDER, from 4 to 6 feet. Price on application.
American Nursery, Bagsbot, Surrey.

c

DAHLfA POT ROOTS.— A great vaviety, at 6s. per | ^
do2en, including Leah. Lady Herbert, Prospero. and other i J^

WEST of ENGLAND
The FIKST AX
in the Sliire Hall.
Rev. C. H. Bl-lmeb. Credenhill, Hereford

ROSE SHOW.-

favourites of ls65 j also a smnll quantity of chuice seed. 50 lor is. tkt.
Geo. Rawliscs, Waterloo Road, Romford. E.

B

s'NUAL SHOW will be held at HEREFORD. T)ELARG0N1UMS. — bhow, Fancv, French, and
I TUESDAY, July 9th. Honorary Secretary, _|7 Zonal in great variety, fine Plants, at moderate prices.
"" " """ DEbCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE now ready.

CoAELts Tlkner, The Royal Nursery, Slough.

LARGE EVERGREEN TREES and SHRUBS
in great variety, for immediate eflect, from 4 to S feet high, and
handsome; frequently transplanted. Umnjured by the late frost.
Apply, James Bird, Nurseryman, Downham.

"' To the Trade only.
UPRESSUS LAWSONIA.NA SEED (True),

fi*. per oz, ; 32'\ per 8 oz. ; GO*, per lb.
Thomas Ckifps, The Nurseries, Tunbndge Wells, Kent.

i L I U M A^^ A T U M.

Fine Bulbs to Dispose of, cheap. Apply
J. Ptle, Jus., Florist, St. John's Nursery, Jotm Street, Upper

Hoiloway, N.

OTICE.— 600 extra strong fine Plants (over-stock) of

COLEUS VERSCHAFFELTIl and MARMORATUS. i;c., in

3-iDch pots, 4s. per dozen ; or £1 Ss. per 100 ; £7 the lot.— Terms Casu.

Apply to G. E., Post Office. Dorchester.

A/lUtiOlA GLALl'OPHVLL.i.— The Advertiser will
be glad to EXCH.^NGE one or two of these Planta for
ORCHIDS of the same value. Addre^,
Amaiecb, care of E. Granville. Esq., 62, Moorgate St., London. E C.

UTTON'S GRASS SEEDS for all SOILS.

For Prices, see page 187-
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

ENUINE SCOTCH PERENNIAL RYE-GRASS.

Special offers of above with samples on application to
MvNRo Brothers, Seed Merchants. Inveruess, N.B.

G

S. -WILLIAMS' NEW PRICED GENERAL SEED

• CATALOGUE now ready, forwarded free to any address,
Victoria and Paradise Nurse'ries, Upper Hoiloway, London, N.

UTTON'S AMATEUR'S

» IS NOW READY.

Price One Shilling, Gratis to Customers.

GUIDE

WM.
VI

Genuine Garden Seeds.
CUTBUSH AND SO.N'S CATALOGUE of

VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. Highgate, London, X.

HOLE SALE CATALOGUE of GENERAL

XURSERV

CHEAP HARDY FLOWER ROOTS, for Roek Work, 1
Shrubberv Walks. Sc, S». per 100. 30s. for 500, 60a. for lOOO,
In from 20 to 30 varieties. My selection from Printed List, which
can be had on application to
, Thomas S. Wabe, Hale Farm Xursery. Tottenham. Middlesex, y.

RAPE VINES. — Strong, well-ripened, short-jointed
Canes of all the leading sorts for planting out or ftuilinp in

G

pots.

Price on application.

John BcTcuta, Nurseries, Stratford-on-Avon.

free on application to

STOCK, containing 66 pages, may be had post

OSI.A.S Cripps, The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells.

VINES, VINES.— Strong Plantin* and Fruiting Canes
of all the leading kinds. Prices on application.
B. S. Williams. Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upper Hoiloway, N.

Grape Vines.

JOSEPH MEREDITH has a beautiful Stock of VINES
for Sale, propagated from Vines which have borne the flnilt

"XTTBEELER'S LITTLE BOOK, the Queen of Seed _ ^ . -„

T V Liits. price 6d., post free, contains a Descriptive List of which baa taken from time to time so many First Prizes.

Vegetable and Flower Seeds, also a List of the best Seed Potatos The Vineyard, Garston, near Liverpool.

J. C. Wheeler & Sos, Seed Growers, Gloucester. ^^*® Grape VlneS.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from tbe Growers.

CdAKLES SHARPE and CO. beg to inlorm the
Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.
beed Warehouse, Sleaford.

"WATCHORN, NuRSERTMAN and Florist,

Ashby Nursery, Essex Road, Islington, N.
Gardens laid out and attended to.

E.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds, I ^^ „ ^ « t^ . t^ t^

AMES CARTER and CO., | fTHOS. P APE

Seed Farmers, Merchasts, and Ncesertiibs, I ^;frnr. .rS*^^r'°w,.? ci^ivi-r " ...i 'TAMATr-ic

237 4 238, High Holborn, London. W.C. ' 3ERRAT. BLACK PRINCE, and^JAMAICAS.

ALICANTE, LADY DOWNES", and MUSCAT of ALEXANDRLi. !

J MEREDITH has a splendid Stock of the above
• sorts for Planting. I

I The Vineyard, Garston. near Liverpool. |

I ~~ To^the Trade,

ARCHIBALD HENDERSON can offer from bis
SELECT LIST, STRONG FRUITING VINES of aU the
leading varieties. Price on application.

A. Henderson, Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath, Surrey, 3.

I ~ ^ Pine Plants.

eiiu supply strone Fruiting and
X Succession PINE PLANTS, o*f PROVIDENCE,

lANT ASPARAGUS.— 2-vr., strong Roots, 2*. 6ii. per

' 100; 208. per 1000. 3.yr., very strong. 3s. 6d, per 100; 303. per lOOO.

' JouN Crasston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

' To tlie Trade.

TNVINCIBLE SCARLET SWEET PEa\S, true and

I pure stock, every grain new seed. Price for any quantity on

application to _ ,

Hooper 4 Co., Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

HEELER'S MILKY WHITE POTATO. — The

demand for this celebrated Potato has been so great, that
we are unable to supply any more orders this season.

J. C. WactLER Jit Si>x, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

ATERSU.N ' S YlCTOKLi" POTATOS.— The heaviest
croppers, the finest fl.ivoured, and the best keepers. Seed
direct from Mr. Pater3os. Price on application to

Mr. Pe-^rce, Measham, Atberstone^

iUOOPER .VXD CO. are the L^'DON AGENTS for

XX PATERSON'S SEEDLING POTATOS, and deliver them
free to any Railway Station in London. Lists may be had.

Seed Merchants, Covent Garden, London, W.C. ^

ANTED, the True Old BLACK KIDNEY and
CUMBERLAND .BANGER POTATOS.— Whoever has got
these for Sale, please to address, stating price per bushel,

JoDM Lewis, Gardener, Whitland, Narberth. South Wales.

UCUMBEK SEED.— Long Gud, Black Spine, Tek-
eraDh. Highland Marv, and Prince Albert, Is. per packet each.
Best MUSHROOM SPAWN. STRAWBERRY PLANTS.
Pamphlets on Gardening, &c.
James Cctbili., Camberwell, London, S.

SlONT-

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Merchants, 7, Borough Market, London. S.E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTUR^VL, GARDEN, and FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and advantageous offers on application.

Undercliffe Gardens, Bradford, Yorkshire.

A VAN GEERT, NtTRSERTMAK, Ghent, Belgium,
• begs to announce that hia CATALOGUE of PLANTS may
be obtained free on application to hia Agents, Messrs. K. Silberrad
ft Soss, 5, Harp Lane, Tower Street, London, E.G.

1867.

WILLIAM BARRON'S PRICED CATALOGUE of
CONIFER.E ar.d other ORNAMENTAL PLANTS,
ROSES, RHODODENDRONS. FRUIT TREES. &c., &c., for
Spring 1867, is now ready, and mav be had post free upon Application.
Elvaslon Nursenes, Rorrowash. near Derby.

Verbenas, Verbenas.

PHILIP LADDS is now sending out a good supply of
the above, strong plants, in thumb pots, including 40 varieties
of 1866, at 2s. per dozen, package included. Terms cash.
Nursery, Beiley Heath, Kent.

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the above may
now be had at lOs. 6d. and 2ls. each ; the xisuat discount to the
Trade. Peter Lawson 4 Sox, Edinburgh and London.

w

HEELER'S TOM THUMB LETTUCE,

Is. per packet, post free.
J. C. WflEELEH 4 Sos, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

w

w

EBB'S PRIZE COB, FILBERT and other PRIZE

NUT TREKS. LIST of varieties and pnces to be had of

Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

Wood's Frame Radish.
OOD AND INGRAM beg to offer the Trade their
pure and original stock of the above. Price on application.
Nurseries, Huntingdon.

E

To the Trade.
APH.\NUS CAUDATUS. — Price per 100 or
1000 Seeds, on application. Fine large sample, saved In the

GLADIOLUS, NEWEST and BEST FRENCH
VARIETIES.
PRICE LISTS gratis and post free on application to
James Carter 4 Co., Seed Merchants and Nurserymen, 237, High
Holborn. London, W.C.

CHOICE CINERARIAS, in 4 and 6-inch pots.
Very fine Plants just coming into bloom.
Ako CALCEOLARIAS and CHINESE PRIMULAS. Prices
per dozen or per lUO on application to
James Dicksoh 4 Sons, " Newton " Nurseries, Chester.

RHODODENDRON, for Cover or Underwood Planting,
or otherwise.— Fine strong Plants, Layers from Stools of the
common varieties, Irom 12 to 18 mches high, prico £5 per 1000, cash.
Saoaplea sent if required.

Apply to Mr. Ehwako ilAKLir, £ccle6toa Lodge, Marley.

DWARF TRAINED

O APPLES and PEARS: fine Transplanted LARCH FIR, from
U to 5 feet ; a choice collection of CONIFERS and EVERGREENS,
and a General Nursery Stock. Prices on application.

Charles Bdrgesi, The Nurseries, London Road, Cheltenham.

Fruit Stocis for Worlrtng.

CRAB and PLUM STOCKS, extra strong.
ASPARAGUS ROOTS 2yr., tc, ftc.
Harrison 4 Sos, Leicester.

open border, and warranted true.

Stl-art 4 Meis, Kelso, N.B.

E R U S A L E SI

ARTICHOKES,

A quantity to offer at a moderate prico.
Stuart 4 Mtis, Kelso, N.B.

DESSERT ORANGE TREES. — Including the
TANGIERINE, MALTESE, SAINT MICHAEL'S, and other
fine varieties. A CATALOGUE on application.
Carriage paid to London.
Thos. Rivers 4 So.v, Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth.

FRUIT TREES.— 100 Acres devoted to their culture.
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE on application.

Carriage paid to London.
Tho3. Rivers 4 Sos, Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth.

ORCHARD- HOUSE TREES, includmg VINES from
Eyes, and FIGS in pots. itt.OOO feet of Glaiis devoted to their
culture. A CATALOGUE on application.
Carriage paid to London.
Tboi. Rivers 4 Sow, Nurseriea. Sawbridgeworth.

J HARRIS AND SON have for disposal a quantity
• of very fine LARCH, from 4^ to 5 feet high, and all well
grown bushy Plants. As the above must be disposed of, no reasonable
offer will be refused. Apply to
1 Jos. Harris 4 Sox, Cheltenham Road Nur3eri»9, Bristol.

fpEARNOUGHT CABBAGE. DALMENY SFhOUTS,
' THE ALBERT SPROUT, have withstood the late severe frosts
without injury. From the Original Stocks as sent out by us.
Per Packet, 6d. each.

SvuABT & Meis, Seedsmen. Kelso, N._R

BROCCOLI. The HORTICULTURAL SUPERB L.Vl'E.
—It is satisfactory to know that this variety, sent out by us, has
withstood the late severe frosts without the slightest injury. In use
AprU and May. Per Packet, U.

Stl-art 4 Mti^, Seedsmen, Kelso, >. R

CatteU'3 Eclipse BroccolL— To the Trade.

WHORLEY has a few pounds of Seed of this hne
• LATE BROCCOLI to offer. Price and particulars free by
post on application. Toddington, Beds^

CONQUEROR BROCCOLI.— The finest Broccoli in
Cultivation is BARCHARD'S CONQUEROR. bee large
Advertisement in the Gardeners- aironicle. December s, isbo
WiTTt 4 Sos, Seed Eatablishnient. Cottingham, near HulJ.

To the Trade
/CHOICE stocks of GREEN-TOP SWEDE and

^_y""'^ppjlPLE.XoP YELLOW SCOTCH TURNIP.
Price on application.
Jinis Dicsioa * SoMB, Seed Merchants, Chester.

174

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND TIGPJCULTURAL GAZETTE.

tPEBETTAKY 23, 1867.

General Plant Catalogue.

BS. WILLIAMS' PKICED CATALOGUE,
• containing Select Lists of Cboice Exotic Orchids, Ferns,
Stove and Greenhouse Planta, Indian Azaleas, Variegated and
Ornaraentat Foliaged Plants, Fuchsias, Pelargoniiuna, Rhododen-
drons, Verbenas, Petunias, Phloxes, Cinerarias, Chrysanthemums,
Hardy Variegated Plants, Roses, Fruit Trees, Vines, &c. ; also a
Descriptive List of New and Rare Plants,

Can be had post fi'ea on application.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holioway, London, N.

"pICHARD SMITH'S SEKD CATALOGUE corituins a
-LV Calendar of Time for Sowing, particulars of Collections, 'vvith
Prices, Dii'ections for Cropping well and economicalli'. Soil, Manure,
Depth, Distance, Season, Hardiness, Duration, Form, Height,
Colour, Storing, Use, Flavour, and other qualities, described.

This List Free by Post for one stamp. Seeds direct fiom the
Growers the surest way to succes!^.

Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

First Prize at the International.

HCANJSELL'S SELECT and DESCRIPTIVE
• CATALOGUE and i AMATEUR'S and GARDENER'S

FLORAL GUIDE loi- 1857, is now ready, free for four stamps, with
every particular how to Grow, Show, and get the First Prizes for
Fuchsias and Verbenas,, &c. A full and correct description of all
Bedding Gems for the Season.

Fuchsia Nursery, Woolwich, S.E.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

CARTER'S COLLECTIONS of GARDEN SEEDS for
1867 will produce a supply of the best Vegetables " all the
year round" for lar^'B, medium, small, and very small families.
No. 4, 63s. ; No. 3, 42s. ; No. 2, 2l3.; No. 1, 10s. Qd.
(These prices include box and packing.)
*»* Any of the above fon\'ardeu without d> lay on receipt of Post-
office Order. PRICE LISTS gracis and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Wareiiouse, 237 and 238, High
Holborn, London, W.C.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

.Tnst Published, po.st tree, 12 stamps (gratis to customers).

CARTER'S GARDENERS' and FARMERS' VADE
MECOM for 1SC7.
In consequence of the increasing iuterest taken in Subtropical
Plants and in the finer Rorder Flowers, James CAntKn & Co. have
devoted special attention to these subjects in their new issue of the
above work, and the following original and practical articles plainly
indicate the readiest way to get up a stock of these subjects in the
most economical manner : —

On the Cultivation of Hardy Flowers from ^eed.
How to raise Hardy Flowers irom seed.
Ornamental Annuals.
Fine-foliaged Plants from Seed. Also,
On Laying Down Grash Seed for Permanent Pasture, &c.
Forwarded for 12 stamps on apptic:itinii to Cahter's Great London
Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High Ilolbora. L<..ndon, W.C.

Chrysantnemums, Chrysanthemums,
Chrysanthemums.

ADAM EORSYTH'S CATALOGUE ig now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum, For-
warded to all applicants for one stamp.

Brunswick Nursery, Stoke Mewjngton, London, N.

c,

Ranunculuses, Flower Seeds, &c.
TTSO, Elorist, Wallingford, Berks, offers, from
unrivalled Collections :—
•RANUNCULUSES. 60 fine sorts, named, £1.

* „ 25 splendid Seedlings, £1 5».
*DOUBLK ANEMONES, 25 fine varieties, Gs. 6d.

« IMPORTED GERMAN SEEDS — Asters. Ralsama, Stocks,
Poppies, Phloxes, Larkspui-s, Wallflowers, Zinnias, &c., in named
assortments, from Is. to 6s, each.

* CHuICE A.NNUAL SEEDS, 25 varieties, 6s.

CATALOGUES gMtis, or post free for one stamp.
* Tucoo articles can be forwarded by post.

UEEDS for PRESENT SOWIl^G",
i!3 all fine quality, post free.

AMARANTHUS MELANCHOLICUS RUBER, Cd. and Is.
LOBELIA SPECIOSA and PAXTONIANA, 6(1. and Is.
ASTERS, Imported. Is., 2s. 6(f., 3s., and 5s.

BALSAMS, DOBSON'S Eipht splendid varieties, 2s. ; Mixed, U
CALCEOLARIA, DOBSOiN'S UNRIVALLED, Is. 6rf. and 2s (kl
CINERARIA. DOBSON'S PRIZE, Is. 6ri. and 2s. Cri.
HOLLYHOCKS, V2 varieties, separate, 23. 6d. ; Mixed, Is.
MIMULUS CUPREUS, exci^llent for Pots, Is.
MATTHIOLA BICORNIS, Gd.
ANTIRRHINUMS, choice Mixed, 6d. and U
SCARLET INVINCIBLE SWEET PEA, 6d. and Is.

„ INTERMEDIATE STOCK, 6rf. and is.

MAUHANDYA BARCLAYANA, Is.
LOPHOSPERMUM HENDERSONl, Is.

All the HARDY ANNUALS in 2d. packets.
DoBsoN' & SoKB, Seedsmen, Isleworbh, London, W.

LOWER

S E J;; D s.

1 oz. Mignonette

1 oz. Nemophila insignis

i pint Sweet Peas

rpHK best ELOWER SEEDS,
J_ ft-ce hy post.- ""' --'--—■

Collection of 20 Choice Vai-ieties— I
„ Frencb Asters '

„ Crown Asters

„ German Stocks

20 choice varieties of Flower Seedg for 13s.
The above selection, of Lhe choicest varieties and the finest qualiby

sent on receipt of Post-offlce order for 13s. ■" '

J. C. Wheeler & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

, in Economic Packets,
-The following superb GERMAN ASTERS and
STOCKS, ill separate coloiii's. ■ .

ASTIlRS.— ^;y v;ir. Truffaut's Pffiony Perfection, 3s. 4rf. ; 12 var.
Dwarf Chrysanthemum, 2s. ; 12 var. GloJie, 2s. ; 12 far. Quilled, 2« •
6 var. Pajony-flowered Globe, Is. ;6 viir. Victoria, Is. ; Gvai-. Rose, Is. ■
0 var. Boltze's dwarf Bouquet, Is. ; 0 var. Cvown or Cocardeah, Is. •
6 var. Ginnt Emperor, Is. fid. ■ '

STOCKS.— 24 v.'^r. Dwarf Ten-week, 4s. ; 20 vaj-. Large-flo:K-eriDg
do., 3s. id. ; 4 var. Dwarf Bouquet do., IB.; 8 var. Intermediate,
Is. id. ; G var. Emperor, Is. ; 6 var. Brompton, Is. ; Double German
Wallflower, 10 van. Is. &d.

Any less number than those named, sent if required. Mixed
packets of anv of the above, 3d. and Gd. each.

Choicest PHLOX DRUMMONDII, LARKSPURS, MIMULUS,
PETUNIA, &c., in packets, Oc?. and Is. eaeli.

PRIMULA, CALCEOLARIA, CINERARIA, and BALSAM, in
packets, Ic. and 2s. Gd. each.

See PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, free by post.
JAMtb TvNAw, Seed Warehouse, 68, Great George Street, Liverpool.

GENUINE FARM SEEDS.

JAMES YEITCH & SONS

' BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT T^IEIR

CATALOGUE OF AGRICULTURAL SEEDS FOR 1867

is now publislied, and -will be forwarded Free on application.

Special attention ia devoted to the preparation of GRASS SEED MIXTURES to suit all Soils and situations.

These Mixtures cannot be surpassed in quality.

TURNIP, MANGEL 'WimZEL, and other SEEDS from the most carefully gi-own and best selected stoelta.

1^" JFhere large quantities are required, J. V. and SONS will have mttclh pleasure in quoting special prices.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.

GENUINE SEEDS, OF SUPERIOR STOCKS.

FRANCIS & ARTHUR DICKSON & SONS,

THE OLD ESTABLISHED SEED V7AREH0USE, 106, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTEE.

THE BEST EABLY PEA IN CULTIVATION,

DICKSON'S "FIRST & BEST."

Eetail Price, Is. 6d. per Q,uart. Price to tlie Trade on application.

CATALOGUES OF NEW & SELECT AGRICULTURAL, VEGETABLE, &
FLOWER SEEDS, &c., FOR 1867,

will be sent Post Free on application.

Their Seeds are of the most select character, each being saved from the Best Stock known of its kind.
I^° All orders of £2 raliie (Grain, ^r., cicepled), will be delivered Free at the principal Eailway Stalioiis
in th( Kingdom. Flotcer Seeds scut Post Free, excepl heary articles, such as Sweet Peas, Lupins, ^r.

ESTABLISHED UPWARDS OF A CENTURY.

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, & CO.,

SOUTH ROW, COVENT GARDEN MARKET, W.C.

SEEDSMEN ^O HER MAJESTY'S COMMISSIONERS OP WOODS AND FORESTS, TO THE COMMISSIONERS FOB
THE COLONIES, TO THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES OF THE PUNJAUB, BOMBAY, ETC., ETC.

Holders of Prlzo Medals from International Exhibitions of both 1851 and 1862.

■flEW GABDEN SEEDS (Crop 1866)

IN GOMPLETE COLLECTIONS FOB ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY.

No. 1, £3 3s. ; No. 2, £2 2s. ; No. 3, £1 10s. ;
No. 4, £1 Is. ; No. 5, lOs. 6d.

PRICED CATALOGUE, containing detaila of abore
Collections, also full descriptions of all Vegetable and Flower
Seed Novelties of this season, Post Free.

Orders amounting to 21^. sent Carriage Paid. All Packets of Flower Seeds sent Post Paid.

GARDEN SEEDS.

WILLIAM PAUL,

(Son and Stjccessok to the late A. Paul),
PAUL'S NTJBSERIES and SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.,

BEGS TO ^JlTNOONCE THAT HIS

SELECT LIST OF VEGETABLE, FLOWER SEEDS, ETC.,

IS NO'W EEAHY, and will be FOWAEDED post free on APPLICATION.

The foUo'sjing No^eltiea rgc^intly mtroduced by him have already become standard yar|^ties, and the
" Seeds now offered have been saved from pure original stocljs :—

PAUL'S WALTHAM BRUSSELS SPROUTS. — This Taiiety is
quite distinct, tbg Sprputs possesaiiiK tla© laluable quality ot
Dt^iii!? green to the centre, and retaining the same colour when

CQoked". Is. p^r packet.

PAUL'S WALTHAM MARKET CABBAGE. — Large, very even
growth, early and fine, mild HaTour ; pronounced by all who
have seen it tli6^nest sort iii cultivation. Is. per packet.

PAUL'S IMPBOVED TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER. —This i? a
pmdigioya bearer, frequently producing four or five fine fruit at
.1. joint ; very Ixaodsome, ami excellent flavour ; particul:irly
recommended foe ft bouse or winter forcing Is. per packet.

PAUL'S SELECTED EXTRA CURLED PABSLEy.— Large and
TBjj'y superior; pronounced by all who b^vj gtowu itfrpmtbj
stock tli6 best in cultivation, 6ri. per packet.

SUPERB DWARF HERTFORDSHIRE CAULIFLOWER. — Very

large, pure wbit? close beads, remaining Ht for »ise muoli longer
than most other sorts; very bavdy, having frequeqUy stobi.1 m
winter unrier a south wall without any other protection.
Is. per packet.

BROCKETT HALL BROWN COS LETTUCE. —Very hardy, large,
crisp, and excellent flavour ; stands a long time after Wioat other
sortH without running to seed ; good for sownig at any seae6n;
thaflnest Lettuce grown. 1?. per packet.

PAUL'S SUPERB CRIMSON BEET.— This variety as improved by
me ia unsurpassed m coloiu" and flavour. Is. per oz".

PAUL'S IMPROVED LATE CURLED BORECOLE— Unsurpassed
as a " Curled Green," very hardy ; very productive, and continues
in flue condition for use tlU' the end or April. \a. per packet.

COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS, lOi. 6(/., and upward
COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS, 5s. and upwards.

*** ^U Seeds Carriage Free,

PEBHrABY 23, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

i?*

VINES-SURPLUS STOCK

OF THE FOLLOWING SELECTED VARIETIES, TRUE TO NAME, EXTRA STRONG,
WniCH WERE GROWN FOR PRUITIKQ IN POTS,

Can now be supplied at the Planting rate of Prices, viz., 5s. to Ts. 6d. each.

fipecial Prices girni idine 25 or more are reqiiireil. A fne oppdrluniltj for (lewtlemeii wishing to Plant liirr/rhj.

BLACK IlAMBnROU

„ MUSCAT

„ ALICANTP3

UARBAUOS^A
BUCKLAND'S SWEETWATER
BIDWELL'S SKEDLINQ

CllARSELAS MOSqUK

FKANKENTHAL

FOSTER'S WHITE SEEDLING

PRONTIGNAN, WHITE

„ GRIZZLY

„ VIOLET

QOLIIEN HAMBDRGII

GRAHAM'S MUSCAT MT.'iCADlXE

LAD\' DOWNES

MUSCAT OF ALEXANinUA

WHITE TOKAY

WEST'S ST. PETER'S

.TAMES CAKTER and CO., SEED MERCHAJSTTS and NURSERYMEN,
237, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.

NEW ROSES FOR 1867.

JOHN FRASER,

OF THE LEA BRIDGE ROAD NURSERIES, N.E.,

HAS MUCH PLEA.SirRF, IN ANNOUNCrNO THAT HIS

DESCRIPTIVE LIST of CAREFULLY SELECTED NEW ROSES for 1867

18 NOW READY, AND WILL BE FORWARDED ON APPLICATION.
1^" The Plants are this iSeason unttfttuiUtj strong and htalthy. «

PETER LAWSON & SON,

THE QUEEN'S SEEDSMEN,

LONDON and EDINBURGH.

New and Choice Flower Seeds.

Vnv.r. iiv I'uBT on Uaii..

OTJTTON'S COMn.ETK COLLECTIONS of

kH FLOWIfii: SEEDS are 80nt iroo by Puat or Ilull, Priced

jis iindur : —

No. 1 Culltirtlon ortheboHt EukIIkU and Gi)rmau va|-Ietles,

Willi IllttrUCtlOllH oil UUlLlVUtlUU

No. 2 Collecit'Hi ot ditto ditto

N.t. ;iCo)locttonor ditto ditto

N'l. 4 CJkctluuof ditto ditto

Nn. r. CllceLlonof ditto ditto

Smull mid Ub^lul Collectluua can also bo tiiid from 2«. to ?». Oc/.,
ffoo by post.

Km- paitiouhira of tlio above, .neo SUTTON'S DESCUIPTIVB
CATALOUUE, gratis iind I 'Oat Irue ou iii'ijllciition.

Sutton &_S<)ns. Send GrowerH, Roudlng.

li 8
1 It

0 15

0 10

Oood Seeds

Carriage Free.

QUTTON'S COMPLETE COTXKCTIONS

O SEEDS for ONE YEAH'S SUPPLY.

i-'oK THE KlTCIIKN tiAttDKN.

No. 1 Collection, carriage free £3

No. 2 Collection, carrloRe free 2

No. ;! Collection, carnago free 1

No. 4 Colluction, cJUTiiigo free 1

No. 6 Collcctlou, carriage frea

No. 6 Collection '..

For tub FLOwnn Gardek. »

No. 1 Collection, free by pout or rail

No. 2 Collection, free by post or rail

No, 3 Collection, free by post or rail

N o. 4 Collectiou, free by post or rail

No. 6 Collection, free by post or rail 0

PRICED CATALOGUES gratis and post. free. , Five per
Discount allowed lor Cash payment.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Growera. Reading.

0 IG

fl Jil

£2 2
1 11
1 1
0 15

0

u
(1

VIOLETS.— The GIANT, NuW iii FULL JtLOOM.
Fine strong Roots can bo had at l!i.s. per dozen ; also a larjje
Btock of all kinds of VIOLET PLANTS in first-rate condition for
planting out. Samples of Tlie Giant can be seen at the Crystal
Palace THIS DAY, SATURDAY, opposite the Concert Room.

Sample bloom ol Giiint and LIST of PRICKS on receipt of stamp
for poHtage.

John Strdman, Violet Growor, Thornton Heath, Surrey. S.

FARM, VEGETABLJl, and FLOWER SEEDS.

FOREST TREES AND SHRUBS OF ALL KINDS.

CATALOGUES sent free on application.

28, KING STREET, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.G.

GENUINE SEEDS, CARRIAGE FREE.

B. S. WILLIAMS'

NEW GENERAL PRICED AND DESCRIPTIVE SEED CATALOGUE

FOR 1867

CAN BE HAD FEEE ON APPLICATION.

THE VEQETABLE SEED PART

CONTAINS

LISTS of the best varieties of each kind of YEGrETABLE. Only those sorts are recommended that can be
relied upon for producing sure and good crops. Especial attention is directed to the following KJl'VV and CHOICE
KINDS, full descriptions of which ynW be round in the Catalogue.

WILLIAMS' ALEXANDRA BROCCOLI, 2«. Gd. per packet I NUNEHAM PARK ONION, 2«. 6rf. per packet

WILLIAMS' MATCHLESS RED CELERY. Is. per packet MALVERN HALL MELON, Is. U. per packet

ORANGEFIELD DWARF TOMATO, 2s. per packet I DIGSWELL PRIZE ENDIVE, Is. per packet

RAPHANUS CAUDATUS (The Wonderful Radish), Is., 2s., and 6s. per packet. '

COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS, to suit Gardens of various sizes, for Contents of

which see page 44 in Catalogue ;—

IDs. 6d., 21s., 42s., 63s., 84s. each.

T^E ELOWEE. SEED PART

CONTAINS

Imported and English-grown FLOWER SEEDS, in Collections.

The Best of the New Introductions, 1866, in ANNUALS, BIENNIALS, and PERENNIALS-

Choice Strains of FLORISTS' FLOWERS.

The following are unequalled

PRIMULA (Williams' superb strain, the flnett In cultivation). —
Ited, Wliite» or Mixed Seed, 2s. 6d,, 33. M., and 6s. per packet.

CAI^EOLARIA (jAUts'a strain, the best variety for exhibition).—
L'olourfl are exceedingly rich, profusely spotted pnd veined
2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., and 5». ppr gacket!^

UALSAM (WiLLjAUs' finest strain).— A stand of flowers, the pro-
duction of thia strain, was exhibited at the July Show of the
Royal Botanic Society, and was the admiration of all. Is. aUd
2a, od. per packet. '

CINERARIA (Weatoehill's extra choice strain). — This la the most
popular strain in Coveut Garden Market, 'ds. Qd. \xTxd be. per pkt.

LILIUM AURATUM (a large importation of thi^ beautiful Lily just received).— Strong Bulbs, 35. 6d., 55.,
7s. Gd., and lO*. 6d. each.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON^ N.

THE CZAR VIOLET is still finely in BLOOM,
uninjured by the late Froata below zero. The flowers are
nearly twice as large as tbe old Russian, on very long stout foot-
stalka.S t Aw.arded First-class Certificates and Prizes wherever
exhibited. Strong plants in Bloom, 10s. per dozen, prepaid, may bo
had of Mr. John UaAnAM, Cranford, Hounslow. The usual allowance
to the Trade.

Also fine RASPBERRY CANES, of sorts, 4s. per 100.

Lilium speciosum var. vestalls.

GEORGE WHELLKU rusptrtfully anuounees he is
now prepared ,to aend out the above very dusirablo New LILY.
It is early, blooms 'profusely, and is of a more dwarf and compact
habit than others of the Inncifolium tribe to which it 'belongs. It Ih
very sweet, of a pure white, and the petals being regularly teQexed,
makes the form of the flower unexceptionable. Stiong FlOweriri«
Roots may now be had m a dry htatc, if ordered ininieaiately, price
10s, Gd. each. Remittance iiuL-it accompany the Order ftoin unknown
correspondents.

Warminster Nur-'Cries. •

E W HARD T OLESIATISES.

N

CLEMATIS UUBELLA.— Very rich velvety claret ; the deepest
coloured Clematis yet offored. Very distinct, and havhig the
advantage of flowering 00 to 70 per cent, of blooms, with live and
six sepals. First Certificate, Royal Horticultural Society.
CLEMA'lIS PRINCE of WALES.— Large flowers, of a rich deep
violet purple, with red bars down the centre of each seual ; a
decided improvement on C. rubro-violacea, First Certilicatog,
Rnyal Horticultural Society.
MosRs. GEORGE JACKMAN axi. SON have much pleasure in
announcing that they are sending out the above Clematises, and cari
with confidence recommend them " amongst the best of hardy
Climbers." Strong Plants, with bine, li to 2\ feet, 2l8. each.
The usual allowance to the Trade.
Coloured Drawings, by Ajidrcws, for 24 stamps.

Woking Nursery, Surrey.

T

RICO LOR PELARGONIUMS.

Mrs Pollock, 7s. and 9s. per doz. I Sunset, 2ls. per doz.
Italia Unita, 21s. per doz. I Mrs. Benyon, 24s. per doz.

In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package included.
Remittance required from unknown Cortespondents.

Address, Alfbed Fryer, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambndge.shir^

Geraniums, Geraniums, Geraniums.

JC. PADMAi<, JNuu.sEKYMAN, Seeussian, Florist,
• &c , Boston Spa, Tadcaster, Yorkshire, begs to offer the
following 12 varieties of ZONAL and other GERANIUMS for 12*.,
package included : — Sunset, Mrs. Pollock, Rose Rendatler, Piilk
Stella Variegated Stella, Amy Hogg. Glory, Wiltshire Lass, Lo
Grand, Virgo Marie, Miss Parfitt, and Mr. Wm. Paid.

J. C. P. has a largp stock ol Pink, Scarlet, White Zonal, and other
Geraniums, Including many of the best varieties with variegated
foliage, all good strong plants.

Cash or reference iVoui unknown correspondents.

Post-uffico Orders payable at Boston Spa.

The New English Hybrid Perpetual Eoaes and
Zonal Geraniums.

ROBERT WARD, Raiser ol !:!:e celebrated ROSE
JOHN HOPPER, begs to anmuiice tuat nis SEEDLING
ROSES, MRS. WARD, MRS. JOHN BEKNliRS, anu iPSWICH
GEM' will be sent out in the spring. Also GROOM'S ZOUAl,
GEKANIUM.S MI>.b MARTIN, SlR FITZUOY KELLY, and
ILOKIBUNDUM ALBUM NANUM. The Set of Roses, 21«. ; the
Set of Geraniums, lUs. Gd., package included.

See jQunial of Hvrdculturc, June 2fl and July 31 ; also Floral
Maga-ine for September and October, in which they are figured.

A DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULAR will be sent on application.
Beautiful Illustrations, each 13 stamps.

The following Firms have already ordered a supply:—
Ireland, Mr. J., Bumstaple
Jackman & Sou, Messrs., Woking
Jenkinsou & Son, Messrs., New-
castle
Knight, Mr. W., Hailsham
Low & Co., Messrs. Hugh, Clapton
Lucorabe, Piuce, & Co., Messrs.,

Exeter
Leicester, Mr. C, Macclesfield
Marsh & Perkins, Messrs., North-
ampton
Mitchell, Mr. J.. Piltdown
Mann, Mr. John, Brentwood
Martin, Mr. F.. Hull
Oeborn & Sons, Messrs., Fulham
I'aul & Son, Messrs., Cheshunt "
Paul, Mr. WiUiam.Waltham Cross
Prmce, Mr. G., Oxford
Pettit, Mr. R., BiirJ St, Edmund a
Rea, Mr. R., Ipswich
Saltraarsh & Son, Messr-S,,

Chelmsford _^

Smith, Mr. Richard, Worcester
Stuart & Meio, Messrs., Kelso
Smith, Messrs. F. & A,, Dulwich
Small it Sun, Messrs., Ilkeston
Veltch 4 Sous, Messis., Chelsea
Van Houttw, Mr. Louis, Ghept
Wood & Son, Messrs., Maresfleld
Warner, Mr. Thos., Leicester
WiUiams, Mr. B. S., Holloifay
Walton, Mr. H.,Edgond,Maria9n

Bull, Mr. William, Chelsea
Ballautyne i Son, Messrs., Dai-
Bell, Mr, John, Norwich fkeith
Bunyard & Sons, Messrs., Maid-
stone
Barrett, Mr. J., Bury StEdmund's
Cant, Mr. B. K^ Colchester
Cranston, Mr. John, Hereford
Cooling, Mr. Edwin, Derby
Caoipbell & Son, Messrs,, Dublin
Chater, Mr. William, faaflron

Wiilden
Chater, Mr, J. J., Cambridge
Dickson i Sons, Messrs. F. & A.,
Chester [Chester

Dickson & Sons, Messrs. J.,
Downie, Laird, & Laiug, Messrs.,
Forest Hill [I'yne

Dewar, Mr. H., Newcastle-ou-
Draycutt. Mr. Wm., Leicester
Day, Mr. John, Dartford
Edwards, Mr. P., Dublin
i'aiibau-n, Mr. E. !•', , Carlisle
Francis, Mr, E. P., Hertford
Fletcher, Mr. W., Chertsey
Godwin iSon.Messrs., Ashbourne
Gadd 4; Son, Messrs., Worthing
Gilbert, Mr. J., Ipswich
Henderson & Son, Messrs. E. G.,

St. John's Wood
Hollamby, Mr. E,, Tunbridge
Hajnea, Mr. R,, Heuvnck [Wells

RoBfcRT Ward, The Rosery, Ipswich.

lie

THE GARDENERS' CBRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GAZETTE.

[Febeuaey 23. 1867,

GLADIOLI BTJLBS,

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
23. 6d., 3s. fid., 5*. 6d., 7s-. Orf., 9*., and 123. per dozen.
103. ad.. Us., 21)!., 25s. to 100s. per 100.
BARn&SDGDEN^Seed, Bulb, and Plant Mercliants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C. i > o >

I L I U

M A U K A T U M. —

Largo Consignment just received, 2s. 6rf., 3s. 6d.. 6s. 6d., and

78. t'rf. per Root. Extra large selected Bulbs, 10s. Od,, 12s. Cd.. 15s..

nnd 21a. '

Barh &. Sl-gden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merclianti", 12, King Street.

Covent Garden, W.C. . - t.

Lilium auratum. Golden-rayed Lily of Japan.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have just received splendid
BULBS of the abovn, in finer condition tlian any imported for
bome time, anda4d to contain many highlj-- coloured varieties. Tliis
incomparable Blly has for some time been very scarce, but we can
now offer fine Flowering Bulbs, true to name, at ttje following prices •
— lat size, 3s. 6d. ; 2d, 2s. Gd. ; extra strong largo Bulbs, 1st size, 7s. 6d ;
2d, 5s. ; a few of the finest, very large and strong, 10s. Cd. each.
Price to the Trado on application.
James Carter & Co., Seed Mercbanta and Nurserymen, 237 and
238, High Holborn, London. W.C.

Sub-tropical and Ornamental FoUaged Plants
from Seed.

W"1LLIAM ROLLISSON and SONS' NEW and
GENERAL SEED CATALOGUE, containing a List of the
above, can be had on application to

The Nurseries, Tooting, London.

HARDY PLANES.- ^ ,

P. acerifolia giandifolia, and P. pyramidalis!

Platanus palmata, P. acenfolia,

,, , , -I, find P. pyramidalis. The above are

all perfectly hardy and beautiful varieties. Average height, 6 feet
Price 258. per 100. A few of the two first named can be supplied
10 to 12 feet in height. Carriage paid to London.
Tnos. Rivers & Son, Nurseries, Sai^bridgeworth.

JOHN WATERER has to offer a quantity of very
tJ handsome AUCUBA JAPONICA, the whole of wliich are
profusely covered with Berries.

l8t Size are Plants 2 feet high, bearing ITO to 200 Ben-ios
2d Size, 1 foot 6 Inches, with 100 to 125 Berries
3d Size, 1 foot, with 40 to 50 Berries.

Price from lOs. dl. each and upwards.
The American Nursery, Ba^shot, Surrey.

J.

Beech, Scotch and Spruce Fir.
SCOTT, Merriott, Somerset, has to offer
BEECH, 2fr,.. 3 ft., 4 ft., 6ft., and 6 ft,, fine plants.
SCOTCH FIRS, lift., 2ft., Sift.. 3ft, and 3ift., cheap.
SPRUCE FIRS, li ft., 2 It., 2^ feet., and 3 ft., cheap.

Special Oflfer to the Trade.
riLLIAM KLISHFOKTH, Nursruyman,

WILLIAM RLISHFOKTH, Nursruyman, Leeds, begs
„ to offer the following at the annexed prices per 100:—

CARNATIONS and PICOTEES. named, 25s • DOUBLE
ROCKETS, 21.^.; DOUBLE BLUE VIOLETS, in Pols, 21s-
SP^*^^ ELEGANS good. 30s. ; TRITOMA UVARtA, good, 30s.
FASTOLFF RASPBEKRIES,65- ■ OOO.^iRhf.rrips t,'o?«^,i' in.
AUCUBA JAPUNICA, fine, 3 's.

; GOOSEBERRIES, named, 10s.

gTANDARD and HALF-STANDaKD ROSES.

Good varieties by name, our selection from a large collection,
chiefly Hybrid Perpetual ; good stems and heads, per dozen l'>8 ■
per 100, 84s. i - >

Kw A oT'^'"'®"®^' P®*" t^ozen, 15s. to 21s. ; per 100, 100s. to 140s.

UWARFS.— Fine varitties byname, per dozen, 9s. to 12s ; per 100.

OOfl. to 80s. '

Packnge free for cash with order.

DESCBIPTIVI^ PRICED LIST upon application.

.Tab. BiCEnousE k Son, York Nurseries.

QPLENDID LARCH, 3 to 4 ft., at unprecedented prices;
O HAWTHORN QUICK, do. do.; AVENUE TREES- large
EVERGREENS and CONIFERS; magnificent TRAINED PYRA-
MID and STANDARD FRUIT TREES. Special prices given.
Gkorue DAVEsoy, Hereford.

To Planters.
SPRUCE PIK, and all the leadin- FOREST
BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM. and all Ihe leading

LARCH,
TREES ;
Covert Plants,

condition for removal.' Specia'l Prices for large loUon appFicarion!
James Dickson & Sons, " Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

COMMON LAURELS, weU" furnished" nh^,
3 to 4 feet, 20s. per 100, 190s. per 1000 : 2 to 3 feet. 14s. per ICO
130s. per 1000.
LAURUSTINUS, bushy plants, 18 inches to 30 inches, 28s. per 100.
Cash or reference from unknown correspondents.
R. Hayhes, Henwick Nursery, Worcester.

ry great quantity _and in excellent health and

W Fruit Trees.

OOD AND INGRAM wish to call the attentioa of
Planters and the Trade to their large stock of the following
which they are prepared to supply at very moderate rates, accordtnic
to the quantity taken :— » m(s

APPLES, Standards, Half Standards, and Dwarft.
APRICOTS, Dwarf Maiden, cut back, and trained.
CURRANTS, fine bushy plants, all the best kinds.
GOOSEBERRIES

GRAPE VINES, from Eyes, Planting and Fruiting Canes.
«.t™ " Layers, well-rooted, Canes 1 inch round.

NUTS nnd FILBERTS, all sizes up to 4 to 6 feet.
PEACHES. Dwarf Maiden, cut back and trained.
PEARS, Standards, Dwarfs, and Pyramid?.
PLUMS, Standards, Half Standards, and Dwarfs.
CATALOGUES and Prices on application.
The Nurseries, Huntingdon.

TO RE SOLD, m quantities to suit purchasers
.'lOO extra-sized Dwarf-trained PEAR TREES.
■'>00 » „ CHERRY TREES.

fiOO „ „ PLUM TREES.

500 „ „ APPLE TREES.

Ihc above are all beautifully traiued bearing Trees, and are offered
at remarkably low prices.

Also Dwarf-trained PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS

Standard and Pjramid PEAR, PLUM, and CHERRY TREES, Ac.

jontj Cran-ston. King's Aero Nurseries, near Hereford.

W VIRGO AND SON having a large" Stocic of the
• following, can ofl'er them at very low prices : —

Alder, 3 to 5 feet, extra strong
Ash, 18 inches to 2 feet
Beech, 2 to 3 feet, very good
Berberis dulcis, 2 to 3 feet

,, Aqulfoliura, 1 to H foot
Chestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 leet, nnd
6 to C feet
., Spanish, 2 to 3 feet

FOREST TREES.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE. BOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited,
CoEH, Seed, Manure, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals. 1851.
lor Wheat ; 1602. for "E.xcellent Seed Com and Seeds."

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine

R Plants, &c.

OBERT PARKER begs to announce that liis
CATALOGUE, containing (■elect DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds in cultivation ot the above-named is now published
and will be forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from the best possible sourcts, all are waiTanted
genuine, and are offered at the lowest possible nrices. Intending

Eurchasers are requested to compare the prices with thoso of other
ousea. Exotic Nurserv, Tooting, Surrey, S

New Descriptive Lists.
T^OWNIE, LAIRD, and LAING, Nurserymen,

JLy Seedsmen, Flokis,T3, and Ntw Plant MEnunANTs, 17, South
Frederick Street, Edinburgh : and Stanstead Park, Forest Hill
f^^'l.^S'.Tv^T^A ^?^P^'=*'^*^'y ^^5 ^° Intimate that their NEW
^?^^^^J£^iy^ PRICED CATALOGUES ofFLORIST FLOWERS,
GARDEN, FLOWER, and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS. GLADIOLI
ROSES, &c., are now ready, and may be had free on application.

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Road Nurseries,
Yeovil, Somerset, begs to intimate that his CATALOGUE of
SEEDS for the GARDEN and FARM is now ready, and can be
obtained free on application. It contains a Select and Choice Stock
everything being of the best quality, and are offered at unequalled
low prices.

L^ cor

W S E E D S . — For a " well-arranged,
comprehensive, and trustworthy" CATALOGUE of
FLOWER, VEGETABLE, AGRICULTURAL SEEDS and
GARDEN REQUISITES, see J. Scott's PRICED CATALOGUE

oint-. frpn nn !ipp|]catiOn tO

. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

J^ARCM, SILVilR FIR, &c.

LARCH, IJ to 2 foet, Ss. per 1000; 2 to 3 feet, 10s. : 3 to 4 feet 12s 6d
SILVER FIR, G to 12 inches, 4s. per 1000.
SCOTCH FIR, native, Gto 12 inches, 5s. per 1000.

LIST of other TP.EES sent on application.
Apply, with reference, to J. Riduell, Park Attwood, Bewdley.
H orcostorshire.

L Planting Season

ARCH (Native and Tyrolese), SCOTCH FIR (True
Native), SPRUCE, OAK, ASH, ALDER, BEECH, PRIVET
and all kinds of FOREST and ORNAMENTAL TREES and
SHRUBS, ROSES, FRUIT TREES, fine specimen ARAUOARIAS
and Dl?:ODARS, and largo TREES for Park Planting, now In fine
Condition for removal.

CATALOGUES, with sizes and prices, sent free on applicitlon to
DicKsoNS St Co., Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists. 1. Waterloo
Place, Edinburgh.

Strong Larch, Native Scotch, English Oak, Thorns,

&c., ALL Transplanted.

G;.EORGE CHIVAS. Chester, solicits the attention of
X, /rr,.?,'?,^'*'''^ ^° ^^^ ^'^^ ^^^^^ Stock of LARCH, 2 to 41 feet:
NATIVE SCOTCH, IJ to 3 feet (a portion of which was Transplanted
last spring for the second time) ; ENGLISH OAK, 2 to 4 feet, and
THORNS of groat stretigth, with an extensive and general assort-
ment of other Trees and Piant.i. The quality is unexceptionable,
and the pnces much in favour of the buyer,

HP 0 B E SOLD CHEAP.

Fir, Scotch, IJ to 2 ft., extra fine
„ Spruce, 3 to 4 feet, extra fine
„ Larch, 2. 3, & 4 ft., extra fine
Hazel, 2i to 3i feet, extra fine
Holly, Green, IJ to 2 feet, bushy
Laurel. Common, 2i to 3 ft., bushy
„ Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. bushy
Privet, 2 to 3 feet, extra buahy
Strong CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS.
Strong MANETTl STOCKS.
FRUIT TREES.
Apples, Standards and Dwarfs, very strong
Cherries. Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dwarf-tiained, extra fine
Pears, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Nectarinas, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra flna
Kentish Filberts, 4 to 5 feet, extra fine
Crp.b Stocks, 2 years Seedlings

PRICED LIST or samples on application at
The Nursery, Wonorsh, near Guildford, Surrey

O To the Trade— Contractors and Builders.
NE HUNDRl^D THOUSAND COMMON LAURELS,
fine bushy plants, from 3 to r feet high; good for Blinds
particulariy for newly laid-out Grounds and Buildings Those
Laurels are very fine, and have not suflT^red from the frost

Also 5,000,000 of Two-year SEEDLING ASH and CHESTNUTS

ROSES, anil other varieties of Shrubs. '

ABE^FAiBALL^Stanhopo^ursery, Westerham Hill, Kent.

LT. DAVIS offers the following, prices of which can
• be had on application :—

2-yr. Bedded HIGHLAND SCOTCH FIR, very fine
DOUBLE WHITE and DOUBLE LILAC PRIMROSES (hardy)
HEFATICAS, in 4 sorts. • >

YELLOW PRIMROSES and SINGLE

WANTED, DOUBLE
WHITE HEPATICAS.
Ogle's Grove Nursery, Hillsborough, Co. Down.

A large quantity of I-yoar SEEDLING LARCH and SCOTCH FIR
3-yr. Transplanted ELM. I 4-vr. Transplanted LARCH.
4-yr Transplanted SCOTCH FIR. | 30 Bushels of HOLLY BERRIES
6cwt. LONG RED MANGEL WURZEL SEED
6cwt. YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL WURZEL SEED.
For samples, with prices, apply to
D. H. HioGiNs, The Nurseries, Clonmel, Ireland.
Put free on board at Watcrtord.

_ To Nurserymen.

GEEDLINGS.— 1 and 2-yr. Larch, 2-yr. Scotch FSr.

►J 2-yr. Hazel, 2-yr. Plane, 2-yr. HoUy, &c.

TRANSFLANTED.-Larch, all sizes ; Norway Spruce, 9 to i& in •

Silver Fir, 9 to 15 inches nnd 15 to 24 inches ; Irish Junipers, all sizes -

Irish i ews, of sizes ; Cedrus atlantica, Thuja Wareann ka

ROYAL ASH-LEAP KIDNEY POTATOS

Above alt of excellent quality, and will be quoted cheap.

W^ P. Laird St Siwolaik, Nurserymen, Dundee, N.B.

T? V £ R G R E E N S7~Ior immediate effect, perfe"ctly
J-J uninjured by the late severe weather, consisting of 50 000
LAURELS, 2 to 6 feet ; 20.000 LAURUSTINUS, 1 to 3 feet ■ 10 000
BA1S. 1 to 5 feet; 10,000 TREE BOX, 1 to 3 feet- and sevenU
Thousands of EVERGREEN OAK ; also a fine lot of sf-RUCE FIR.
3 to 6 feet. The whole of the above in fine stout, good-rooted plants
Purchasers of large quantities for Gish will be most liberally
treated with. Price, with samples, may bo had on .application to
R. Gadd & Soy, Salvington Nurseries, near worthing

H.

flint freo on apprioition to
J. Sec

PGeimlne Garden Agrloultural. and Hower Seeds.
AUii lULLAKU, Seed Growek and Merchant,
20, Quai de la M0gtsB6rie, Paria, France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEEDS, In Encllsh woiKhta
and money, post free on application.

SPLENDID fresh-imported CALIFORNIAN SEEDS,
warmnted growth of 186P.
PICEA NOBILIS, Ss. M. per oz , 17». dd. per 4 oz.
SEQUOIA SEMPEKVIRENS. Is. 6d. per oz , Ss per 4 oz
LIBOOEDRUS DECURRENS, 6s. per oz., 20s. per 4 oz '
ABIES DUUGLASII, 6s. per oz., los. per 4 oz.
ABIES LASIOCABPA, 7s. ad. per oz.; 26». per 4 oz.
Terms Cash Dollvered free in London or Hull; the above mnv
also be had of Mr. W. G TcKKinT, Lelth, our Agent for Great
Uritaln.

Peter Smith & Co , Seed Merchants. Hamburgh.

Game Covert, Forest Planting, &c~
AMES SMITH oiTers the folio

Jji jji JO o o lu 1 1 n oners tlio lollowm? .
The RHODODENDRONS are flue bushy woll-rooted PKints
fit either for Woods or Pleasure Grounds : the LARCH are fino
ittout Plants, better cannot be Rrown: also PRIVETS. LAURELS
BERBERIS (m sortsl. SCOTCH. SPRUCE, and SILVER FIRS
ASH, OAKS, BEECH, BIRCH, PINUS AUSTRIACA, 4c.,^i
strong well-rooted plants, a PRICED CATALOGUE of which will
be forwarded on application.

LARCH, good stout plants, per 11X10 :— 1) to 2 feet, 14j. ; 2 to 3 feet,
163. ; 21 to 3i feet. 18s. ; 3 to 4 feet. 20s.

RHODODENDRON PONTlCUk, bushy, well-rooted plants, 6 to
12 Inches, 106s. per 1000. '

Do. do., 9 to 15 Inches, 18s. per 100 ; 160s. per lOOO ; per 10 000, £73
Do. do., 1 to li foot, 23s. per 100 ; 220s. per 1000 : per 10 000 £105
Do. do., li to 2 feet. 30s. per 100; 290s. per 1000.
Do. HYBRIDUM. 6 to la ins.. 30s. per 100 ; 290s. per 100.
Price to the Trade on application.
Jaues Suitu. Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock.

QEKDLING and TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES.

SEEDLINGS.— Ash, lyr.ls. ; Bsoch, 2yr.,3s. 6ii. ; Elm.3yia , 2s ■
Norway Maple, 2 yr.. 7s. 6d. ; Oak. English, 1 yr.. Is. 6rf. • 2 yr '
line, 4s. ; SilTer Fir, 4 yr., G to 12 inches, 4s. ; Norwtiy Spruce 4 yr '
2s. Cd. ; Crab, 2 yr., 2.s. fid. ; Fears, 2 yr., 3s. Od. : Sycamore' 2 vr'
2s. fld. per 1000. • J ■•

TRANSPLANTED.— Aider, 1 to 2 ft., 7s. 64 ; 2 to 3 ft. 10s -3 to
41 ft., 16«. ; 4 to 6 ft., 20s. ; Beech. 0 to 12 in., 7s. 6d. ; Chesnut
Spanish, 1 to 2 ft., 17s. 6d. ; Elm, 12 to 21 in., fis. ; Hazel, li to 3 It '
17s. 6d. ; Oak, English. 6 to 12 in., 7s. 6tl. ; Balm of Qllead, 4 to 8 in'"
7s: ed. ; Cembra, 0 to 12 in., 100s. : Larch, 1 to li a.. 6s ; li to 2 ft'*
8s.; 2 to 3 it., 103. ;3to4(t., 14s. ; Scotch Fir, 2 yr. bedded, 6 to 12 In''
6s. : Silver Fir, 9 to 15 in., 12s. 6d. ; Spruce, Norway. OIn., 63. ; 1 to It ft *
lOs. ; Thorn i^uick, 9 to 1* in., 63. ; Sycamore, 1 to li ft., 7s Gd •
Walnuts, 0 to 15 in , 20s. per 1000. ' '

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 4 to 6 in., Os. per 100.

Apply, with reference, to J. JtinDELL, Steward, Park Attwood
BewUIey, Worcestershire.

LANE AND SON h.iving a SURPLUS STOCK of

the following, beg to olTer to the Trade :—
ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA. very fine, 2 feet to 14 foet
CUPRESSUS LAMBERTIANA, 2 feet to 6 feet

„ LAWSONl ANA, very fine, 2 feet to G feet

JUNIPERUS CANADENSIS, compact and good, 2 feet to 5 feet
„ ._ CRACOVIA, compact and good. 2 feet to 5 feet
„ UIBEKNICA. compact and good. 2 feet to 5 feet

„ PENDULA, compact and Bood, 2 feet to 6 feet

„ SWEDISH, compact and good, 2 feet to 6 feet

PICEA NOBILIS, 2 feet to 7 feet

,, NORDMANNIANA, flno specimens, 1 foot to C feet
ABIES MORINDA. 4 feet to 12 feet
THUJA AUBEA, 1 foot to 2 feet

,. GIGANTEA, line. 1 foot to 5 feet
„ LOBBII, 1 foot to 5 feet

„ OCCIDENTALIS VARIEGATA, 3 feet to 6 feet
,, SIBERIAN, 2 feet to 6 feet
THUJOPSIS BOREALIS, bushy and fine, 2 feet to G feet
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, 2 feet to 5 feet

1, „ fine, in baskets, 3 feet to 5 feet

WHITE CEDAR, good. 2 feot to 6 leet
YEW, GOLD STRIPED, bushy and line, 1 foot to 3 leet
„ IRISH. 3 feet to 8 feot

„ SILVER STRIPED, bushy and handsome, 1 foot to 3 feet
,, GOLDEN and SILVER, grafted upon Irish, 4 feet to 6 feot
ACACIA, COMMON, C feet to 12 feet
ALMOND, Single. Standards
BIRCH. COMMON, 8 feet to 12 feet
CHESTNUT, HORSK. 6 leet to 14 foet
HAWTHORNS Standard, in variety
LAUREL, COMMON, bushy and fine, 2 feet to 6 feet
MAHONIA AQUIFOLIUM
POPLARS, of sorts, fine, 6 feet to 16 feet
IVY, IRISH

RHODODENDRONS, named varieties and Seedlings
PORTUGAL LAURELS, Standards
CHESTNUT, SPANISH, 4 foot to 7 feet
ELM, ENGLISH and HUNTINGDON, 8 feet to 15 feet
FIR, SCOTCH, 4 feet to 0 foet
SPRUCE, 1 foot to 3 feet
,, LARCH, 2 feet to 6 feet
HAZEL, 2 feet to 3 feet
HORNBEAM, 2 leet to 4 feet

APPLES, Dwarf-trained, Pyramids, and Standards, extra fine
CHERRIES, Dwarf-trained, Pyramids, and Standards

.. Pyramids, upon the Mahaleb stock, very fine

PEARS, Dwarf-trained, Pyramids, and Standards
PLUMS, Dwarf-trained, Pyramids, and Standards
ORCHARD-HOUSE TREES, in pots, viz. ;_Applos, Cherries, Figs
Nectarines, Peaches, Pears, and Phmis, extra fine, in a bearing
stale
FILBERTS, extra strong

PLUM STOCKS, PEAR STOCKS, and QUINCE STOCKS
MAIDEN APPLES, CHERRIES, PEARS, and PLUMS of the

leadmg sorts
VINES, all the best kinds, strong
INDIAN AZALEAS, in variety, all sizes
ROSES, Standards and Dwarfs

TEA ROSES, MARfiCHAL NIEL, extra strong, in pots, worked
and upon own roots
The following CATALOGUES may be had post freo upon applica-
tion, viz., Rose, Tree and Shrub, Fruit, and Azalea.

Ths_ Nurseries^ Gre»t Berkhamstead, Herts.

CHARLES CLARKt;, Windmill HUl Nursery,
Gravesend, Kent, can supply, on cheap terms. Large EVER-
GREENS, as Laurels, Box. Arbutus. Yews. Hollies. Phillyreas
Portugal Laurels, Auoubas. Ivies, Sc, all very handsome, and move
well. Also .Ornamental specimen Forest Trees, Scarlet Chestnuts.
&c. ; Gooseberries and Currants, best sorts ; large Quick, Standard
Apples, Pears, and Plums ; Dwarf-trained trees, all sorts, very fine-
large Asparagus tor Forcing, Box Edging, 4c. Evergreens uniiiioi'ed
by the frost. Parties treated liberally with, taking a quantity in
variety.

^ Guaranteed of tlie Finest Quality.

/CHARLES NOBLE offers the following HALF-
V^ MILLION PLANTS to the notice of purchasers. They must
be cleared by April tomakeroomforotherstocks. Prices on appli-
cation, will bo found lower than ever before offered for the sama
quality.

200,000 1-yr. SPANISH CHESTNUTS, fine.
20,000 1-yr. TURKEY OAKS, fine.
150,000 1-yr. THORNS, fine.
6.000 2-yr. BERBERIS JAPONICA.
50,000 MANETTl STOCKS, very fine.
20.000 DEUTZIA CRENATA FLORE PLENO.
16.000 ERICA HEUBACEA.
10,000 SPRUCE FIRS, u to 3 feet.
3,000 ARUNDO CONSPICUA
3,000 PICEA NORDMANNIANA, U to 3 feat
10,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 16 to 20 Inches, and a. far

through,
20,000 finest named RHODODENDRONS
10,000 HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSKS, the finest kinds known, and

supposed to be the flnestjiants in the trade
1,600 DWlfeF MAIDEN PiTaCHES and NECTARINES
particularly fine and well-grown. *
600 GRAPE VISES. Hamburgh and other kinds, from Evaa.
npe. ciose-jointcd wood ; verj- fine indeed.
Special quotations for large quantities
TRADE and RETAIL CATALOqCe?; free on application
Bagsbot, February 16.

Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., has to otter at verv moderate

CHeItNUT "tfff^^t^L^" -S^"^' ^'''^'=«' ^«CH, HORSI
CHILSINUI, ELM, broad and narrow- eaved • SII.VFR onrt
SCOTCH Flks, WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE HAZEL OAK
POPLAR, PRIVET, IVEYMOUTH and AUSTRIAN tlNFS
J'fg?,'; '^".i^'fS HUNTINGDON aSd DUTCH VVlLLOwl
LARCH good stout plants, li to 2 feet, 12s. ; 2 to 2( feet, 13s ; 2 t
Sfeet, 14s ; and 3 to 4 feet, 16s. per 1000. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR
6 to 9 inches, Cs.; 0 to 12 inches, 9s. ; 1 to li foet. Us. ; U to 2 feet

v^i-<fi , fS «*/°f' 'o^^"'- P'""^ 'o™- cotoneast'er micro

PHYLLA, 1 to li feet, 20s. per 1000 ; U to 2 feet RIBES hi sorU
2to p.,20s. per 1000. SNO#BERRl',2to3fl.,2Ss.perlSBR5oM
?BRnp°v}TL°";"^g'P!.'i°""'l'i'^P'"'"™'-I'*'J''fiLS. BERBERIS.
^J\,^,9r?fe^.F'*'i*?' Seedhng ASH. CRAB, SPANISH CHESTNUT
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 years ; ELM. 2 years, £6 per 100.000. OAKS

1 and 2 years; OAk. EVERGREEK 1 yearV PRIVET. 1 anl

2 years ; SI CAMORE. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM 2yeats
6s. ; 4 years. 8s. per 1000; 3 years, and 1 year transplanted. 18s -

3 years, and 2 years transplanted, 26«. ; 6 to 9 mches, 5O3 ■ and
9 to 12 mches, 60s. per lOOO. Twice-transplanted, and bushy 4 to
8 Inches, 703. ; 8 to 12 inches, 95s. ; 9 to 16 inches, 140s. ; 1 to 11 feet
180s. ; and IJ to 2 feet, 2G0s. per 1000.. ^i ixoi^.

A PRICED LIST forwarded on application. Price to the Trado
on application.

Joseph Smith, Jun., Moor Edge Nursery, Tansley, near Matlock
Derbyshire,

I

FEBRUARY 23. 1867.J THE GARDENERS' CTTRONTCEE ANT) AORTCULTURAL GAZETTE.

177

Planting.

WJkl. PAUL begs to rofer intending Plantcra of
ROSES, FRUIT TREKS, HHRURH, &c., to Ins AdvortHo-
I moot of Doconiber 1, IBflfi,

PRICED UESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.
I Paul's Niiraorloa, AVftltham Cross, N.

To the Trade.

STRONG 2-Yr. SEEDLING OAK, nnd fine 2-vr.
SEEDLING "SCOTCH FIR, also TRANSPLANTED LARCH,
at very moderate prices.

EpiTAiin Sano a Sons, Nursorynion, Kirkcaldy.

OBSERVE.— LAURKLS, LAURELS, LAURELS, the
finest Lot of Pliints In EiifilAnd, not cut with tho frost, arc now
; bolng sont ti all parts of tlio ciuntry in any quantity, to the Trade or
I othorwiso, from 3 to 7 and « foot, fine biiflhv plants. Can bo Hoen any
I time, and bo doIlTerod to tho Railway Stations at Bromley, Croydon,
I ondEdonbridge, to ro to all parts Particulars apply to
' Abel Fairall, Nurseryman, Wostorham IIUI, Kent.

Tansley Nurseries, near Matlock, DertoysWre.

JOSEPH SMITH, Si:n, iiivitrs Pliintors an<l the

?/ Tra-lo to Insjioct lil-s NiirsL-ry of s(l Arros of hleh land. Tho soil
is of ft fibrous nature, and tlio Plants take up with excellent roots,
•uch ft-H to ensure tho best success in thoir removal,

Tho Nursorv contains many Hundred Thousands of RITODODEN-
DRONS. COMMON nnd PORTUGAL LAURELS, BOX, BROOMS.
BERRERIS, HOLLIES, PRIVETS, YEWS, Ac. Tlio FOREST
TREES aro very cxtonstvo, of all tlio loading kinds ; there arc
16 Acres of LARCHES, of difforont sizes, and all others in proper-
tlfin. Prices modorato, which can bo had on application as above.

UAMUEL FINNEY and CO. have a surplus Btock of

O the following, which they can offer to tho Trade at very

low prices:—

ASH, Transt'lanted, from 3 to ft feet

ELM, WYCII, Transplanted, from 2 to 3 foot and 3 to 4 foot

FIR, SCOTCH, Transplanted, from 15 to 24 Inches

HOLLY, COMMON GREEN, Transplanted, from 1 to U foot and

OAKS, ENGLISH, Tmnsplanted, from 2 to 21 feet [li to 2 foot

PINUS AUSTRIACA, Transplanted, from I foot and li foot

LARCH, 1-yr. Seedling, fine

Prices on application at
Tho Nurseries, Gateshead, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

G'REAf~KEDUOTON~hrTRiaE~^f NUESERY
STOCK.
LARCH, Tr ansplanted, fine, 3 to 4 feet, 8^. per 1000.
SPRUCE, ditto, 1 to li foot, 9s. per 1000.

LAUREL BAYS, ditto. li foot. 405. per 1000.
SCOTCH FIR, Native, 2->t. SeedltoRs, Qno, 180s. per 100,000.
LARCH, ditto ditto. 1-yr. SoedlinRs, &c., flOs. per 100,000.
Samples sent. Tenn^, Cash.
Joseph Robson & Sow, Bank Foot .Nurseries, Hexham,
Northumberland.

300,000 Hazel, Transplanted.

J SCOTT, Merriott, Somerset, has the above to offer,
• in fine condition, 2 to 'JJ ft,. 25>-. ; '2\ to 3 fc, 27*. 6rf. ;
3 to 3i ft., 3(1.*. ; 3i to 4 ft., 35s. ; 4 to .S It., 4o.'i. per 1000.

FOREST TREES, twico and thrlco Transplanted, in all sizes.
Cata'oeues gratis.

CEDRUS DEODARA, 3 to 4 ft., 4 to 5 ft., 5 to C ft., and 6 to 7 ft...
from .Ws. to ii<'.«. per dozen.

GREEN HOLLIES, 20,000 well-iooted, from 2 to 3 tt., and ftom
30«. to 40s. nor 100.

FRUIT TREES, in 2000 sorts, and in all manner of training. The
inr>st complete collection in England.

A tt2-page CATALOGUE, with large Supplement full of Fruit Tree
inf'imi'ition.

Sutton's Early Racehorse Potato.

MESSRS. SUTTON n'gret o.xwedingly that they
cannot execute any more Orders for this very early Potato,
tho demand having proved lar greater than tho supply. A fow sacks
are roservod for pluntinij to ensure a stock for the oxocutlou of all
ordora received in good lime next season.

Royal Berkshire Seed EHtabllslmiont, Reading^

riMlE '' COLl)STREAM"EARLY '' POTATO, whieli

JL rccolvod a First-class CortHlcato at the International Ilorticul-
tur.xl Exhibition at South Kensington, Is the Earliest and Ucbt
round Potato In cnltlTation. See Largo Advortlsoraent. 6«. per pock,
18a. per bushel. Trade price on application.

Apply to Hofifi A Wood, <-:iildatrearo. N.B.

Seed Fotatos.

HAND F. SHARPE are now offering MYATT'S
• PROLIFIC KIDNEY, OAINTREE'S EARL1?:ST,
WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY. FORTY-FOLD, FOX'S SEED-
LING, EARLY OXFORD, and many other Earlyand Lato varieties,
fine ill quality, free from disease, and nt Mw prices.

Seed Growing Establishniont, Wisbech, CambrldKesblre.

Seed PotatosT

r^ EC. SIBRALD, Drunipeitli, by Dundee, N.Tl., hns
V X Ibr Sale about 100 Tons of tho following kinds, of his own
growing. Prices on application :—EAKLY DALMAIIOY, DAIN-
TREE'S EARLY, CIILSWICK CLUSTER, EARLY OXFORD,
EARLY RED EYES. WALKEICS KEGENT, ENGLISH
EMPEROR. FLUKE KIDNEY. MYATT'S PROLIFIC, and
PATERSON'S EARLY RED KIDNEY.

w

H E E L E E

GLOUCESTERSHIRE KIDNEY
Is one of tho very Earlloit, most
Productive, and boat flavoured Potatos
in cultivation.

I'rico Ss. per peck, 10b. Qd. per bushel.

F

ORES

TREE

400,000 ALDER, li to 2. 2 to 3, and 4 to S feet.
100,000 ELM, W'YCH, 1) 10 2. and 2 to 3 feet.
lOO.OdO HAZEL, li to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
ftO.OOu OAK, E., li to 2, 2 to.t, and 4 to 5 feet.
100 000 PRIVET, KverL'reen, li t" 2, and 2 t* 3 feet.
100.000 SYCAMORE, li to 2, 2 to :i, and 3 to 4 foet.
1,000.000 LARCH, fine, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, and 4 to 5 feet.
100,000 DO., extra fine, moved Ia.st season, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet,
200,000 SPRUCE FIR, 1 to U. IJ to 2, and 2 to 2i feet.
20,000 WILLOW, Huntingdon. 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
20,000 POPLAR. B. Italian, li to 2, and 2 to 3 feot.
50,000 ASH, li to 2, 2to3, and 3 to 4 fect.
The above will be offered at such prices as will induce to order, all
being of excellent quality. Apply for terms to

H. & R. SriBZARER, Skcrton Nurseries, Lancaster.

Huntingdon Nurseries.

WOOD A^J^ INGRAM ofter the following at extremely
moderate rates, according to the quintity takon : —
ASH, 2-Tr. Seedling, and in Drills, 1) to 2 feet
BLACKTHORN. 1-yr., line

CHESTNUT, HORSE, l-vr, and 0 to 8 fect, tr.insplanted
ELMS, NARROW-LEAVED ENGLISH, 2 and 3-jr. Seedling and

transplanted, U to 2 i^eet
FI R, SPRUCE, 1 to li, li to 2, 2 to 3. and 3 to 4 feet
FIR, WHITE and BLACK AMERICAN, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, and

6 to 6 feet
FIR, BALM of GILEAD. li to 2. and 2 to 3 feet
FIR. WEYMOUTH PINE. 2 to 2i, 4 to 6, and 6 to G feet
HAZEL, li to 2, and 2 to 2i feet
GORSE. 1-yr. Seedling
HOLLY, 3-vr. bedded, transplanted, G to 0 Inches, 9 to 12 inches,

1 ti li. ij to 2, and 2 to 2i feet

HOLLY. V.ARIEGATED, 6 to 9, and 9 to 12 inche;

MAPLE. CtiMMUN, li to 2 and 2 to 2i feot

MAPLE, COMMON, 1-yr. Seedling, extra fine

JUNIPERS, 2i io3, 3to3*. 3ito4, & 4to5fl. ; extra fine, and bufihy

OAK.S, 2-vr. Seedling, and drills, 2 to 3 and 3 to 4 feet

OAKS. TURKEY, 2-vr. Seedling, fine

POPLAR, BLACK ITALIAN. 2 to.3, 3 to 4, .'i toC, 6 to7, & 8 tolOft.

POPL.4R, ONTARIO or AMERICAN, 2 to 3 and 1".; to 10 feet

WHITE THORN QUICK, 3 yr. Seedling

ARBORVIT.E, AMERICAN, li to 3i feet

ARBORVn\E LOBBII. extra fine sjieciniens, 3 to 7 feet

ARBORVITVE. SIBERIAN, 1 to li, li to 2. 2 to 2i, and 3 feet

AUCUBA JAPONICA, extra fine hardy specimens, 1 to 1), IJ to 2,

2 to 2i and 3 feet

BEECH, PURPLE and COPPER, .5 to 0, and 6 to 8 fect
BERBERIS DULCIS, 1 to 2, and 3 to 4 feet
BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM, 1 tn ij, !{ to 2, and 2 to 2! feet
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, vcrv fine, 3 to 4. and 4 to 5 feot
CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA, putted, 2 t j 3, and 3 to 4 feet
LAUREL, COMMON, 1 to 1) and 2 fect
LAUREL, PORTUGAL, very fine, 1 to 4 foet
PLANE, ORIENTAL. 2 to 3, 4, ani 6 feet ; extra, 9 to 10 feet
PLANE. OCCIDENTAL, 3 to 4, 5 to G, C to 7, and 8 to 9 feet
YUCCA RECURVA, fine specimens, li to 2i feet
HOBINIA INERMIS. fine Standards, 6 to 7 feei seems
WILLOW, WEEPING. G to 7 feet, and fine Standards.

N.B. CATALOGUES sent free on application.

J. C. Wo>;ki,kr & Soy,
Seed Grower.'', Gloucester.

Seed Potato B7-Edgcbte Second Early Kidney.

PJ. PERRY, Nurseryman and Ski;i> Mi:uchant,
• Banbury, his much pleasure in Introducing the above valuable
Potato, which may be described rh the finest flavoured and most
productive Second Early variety in cultivation.

It was raised by Mr. Neale, Gardener to Aubrey Cartwrlght, Esq.,
Edgcote House, near Banburv, bv whom it wis exhibited at the
Royal Hortlcultuial Society's Great Show of Fruit and Vegetables,
Saturday, July 22, 1865. and was awarded First Prize in Class 7-

The Gardeners' Chronicle, July 29, 1865, I11 noticing the above
Show, states:— "PoTATos : These were largely contributed, and
manv ol them were unusually fine for the season of the year. Among
Kidneys the most valuable was Edccote Second Early, a very perfect
Potato, which obtained the First Prize for a single dish."
Price per peck, including bag, 6-i.

P. J. Perrt has also a limited stock of tho following valuable
varieties to offer ; —

NE PLUS ULTRA.— The earliest Potato in cultivation.

ROYAL ALBEKT.— One of the finest and most productive Early
White Round P.itatos known.

EARLY EMPEROR, or SOMERSET RED.— Of this Potato. Mr.
Dean, of Maybush, writes, in Hardeners' Chronicle, October G, 1806,
p. 945: — "This m'^y be dcBcribed as one of tho best Second Early
Round PntatoR known. It has a beautifully netted Bkm, boils
perfectly white, and the flavour is all th.at can bo desired," ic.
Price of the above three sorts, 5s per peck.
The Nurspvi&s, Banbury.

CI^COTT'S NEW VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS,

COLLECTIONS of VEGETABLE SEF.DS, carriage paH.
No. 1. Complete ..£3 0 01 No. 3. Comiiloto ..£1 0 0

No. 2. , 2 0 0| No. 4. ,; .. .. 0 15 0

No. 5. Complete, 10^. 0'(.
COLLECTIONS of CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS, free by mst or rail
No. 1. Complete . , £2 0 0 1 No. 4. Conipluto ..£0 10 S

No. 2. „ .. ..110 No. 6 070

No. 3. , 0 15 0 1 No. 0. „ .. ..050

No. 7. Complete, 2^. Orf.

iiaudy ajjnual flower seeds.

No. S. 12 Varioties ..£0 1 0 1 No. II. 50 Variotlon ..£0 5 0
No. 0. 24 „ ..020 No. 12. 75 „ .. 0 7 fi

No. 10. 30 „ .. 0 3 0| No. 13. 100 ., . . 0 in 0

Collections of Half-hardy Annuals, &c., at equally low prices, »oo
Catabguo free on application to

J, 8i;oTT, Tho Seed Stores, Yeovil, Bomersot.

rPHKKE-YEAR ASPAUvGUS PLANTS, 1.55, per KJOO,
X. 2.S-, per 100; fine double Hollyhocks, a splendid strain, .lOs.
per 100 ; Box Edginc, 3s. por doz. yards; Box Tree.i, IS or 24 in,,
IGs. per 100 ; Kohl Rabi Seed, green. Is. per lb. ; While Spanish
Onion Seed. Is. bd. per lb. Terms cash. All genuine.

R. W, can supply anv Orders for Seeds at lowest possible prices.

BicHARD Walker, Market Gardener and Seed Grower, Biggles-
wade, Bed-s,

SPARAGUS PLANTS.

Prize Medal Seeds.

COLLECTIONS ..f VEUETABLE SEEDS for ONE
YEAR'S SUPPLY, at Moderate Prices. Nos. 1. 2, 3. and 4,
Carriage Free. For particulars and quantities contained in each, see
large Advertisement in the Gardeners' Chronicle of February 9th. or
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, which will be sent free
by post on application.

1. For One Year's supply £3 3 0

2. „ proportionately reduced 2 2 0

3. „ „ „ I 11 6

4. „ „ .. 110

6. „ „ „ 0 16 0

C. „ ., „ 0 10 6

TOBACCO PAPER, per lb. 9rf
TOBACCO COKD, extra strong, per lb. 1«. 6rf.
TOBACCO JUICE, per Gallon, 2s. 9d.
TOBACCO WATER, per GalloD, Is.
Hehbt Brown, Nurseryman and Seedsman, 4, Commutation Row,
Liverpool.

Strong 3-yr. ASPARAGUS PLANTS

15.*. por 1000.

Small quantities, 2s. per 100.

F. G. Godwin,

3 and 4, Norfolk Market Hall,

Sheffield.

EDWARD TAYLOR, Nuksfuy^iax, Walton, York-
shire, o'Ters as undei :—
2-yr. GIANT ASPARAGUS ROOTS, U. M. per 100, 10s. per 1000.
3-vr. GIANT ASPAKAGUS ROOTS. 2.-;. per 100, Us. per lOO'i.
GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSLS, 10.s. per 100, 815. per 1000.
RED and BLACK CURRANTS, in varieties, fine strong plants, 8s.

per 100, 70.-*. per 1000.
RUSSIAN SHALLOT.S33, rer stone of 14 lb.

Dwarf-trained MOORPARK APRICOTS, ISs- per dozen. £7 per 100.
Transplanted HOLLIES, v.irious Kizes ; CRAB STOCKS; 2-ys.

Seedling ASH, &c. Prices on application.

To Cucumber Growers.

C^ "WALKLTNG. Sei-dsmav, Florist, and Cucumbeu
T. Growkr, begs to offer CUCUMBER SEED of tw- first-cKs^
rwrts at l.«. Grf. and 2,s. fit', per packet. WALKLING'S PROLIFIC,
nnd WALKLING'S SOLID GREEN. Likewise Plants of the two
kinds, in large or small quantities.

North Row, Lewisham, S E.

Cucumber, Telegrapli

ROLLISSON'S VaHIETY h.is been proved the best
Cucumber in cultivation for Winter or Spring use, especially for
growing in houses; an immense cropper, producing six at a, joint,
length 18 to 20 inches. In sealed packets, 2.?. Grf. each. See liieiits
of " Winter Cucumbers," in Gardeners' Chronicle for Jan. 12, 18G7.
William Rollisson & Sons, The Nui-series, Tooting, London, S.

FiTET dTd" ' F RXftf iT " c"u" c (f u bIe rs^

S'

COOLING'S DERBYSHIRE HERO— One of the handsomest and
best in cultivation. It grows from 20 to 30 inches In length, very
straight, and is covered with a beautiful bloom. In flavour it is
unsurpassed, and is remarkably free and prolific. Is. Gd. per i)kt.

COOLING'S FEARNOUGHT.— Colour bright green, smooth and
well formed, perhaps the longest Cucumber grown, many of the
fruit cut la&t summer measured 30 to 31 inches in length. Is. Gd.

per packet.
OOL

C0(3LIN'G'S PROLIFIC— This is the most abundant cropper in
cultivation, often producing from three to six fine fimts at a
joint ; length 18 to 24 inches, flavour crisp and good. A very
harny, free, and thoroughly useful kind. Is. per packet.

INTERNATIONAL PRIZE CALCEOLARIA. 2s. Gd. per packet.
COCKSCOMB (Cooling's).— Dwarf crimson ; the flnest in cultivation.

l.*. per packet.
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA.— Extra fine strain. 2s. Gd.

per packet.
CINERARIAS from named Flowers, 2s. Gd. por packet.
All Iree by post.
N.B.— The Trade supplied by Messrs. Hurst & Son, L-^ndon, who
are the only Wholesale Agents.

Epwi.v Cooling, Seed Merchant, Derb>-.

Garden Seeds.

CHARLES TURNER'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
and niav be had nu application.
The Best throe WRINKLED MARROW PEAS are—
LITTLE GEM, Early, 1 foot high.
ADVANCER, Second Crop.
PREMIER, Summer and Late.
Seo nUl descriptions In C, TiniKtu's CATALOGUE, liow roaly.

SNOW'S BROCCOLI, True.
HEDSOR WINTER CUCUMBER.
BAILEY'S SUPERB CABBAGE.
All tho established varieties of Vegetables from the boat sour-es
ako the Novelties In Flower Seeds.

The Royal Nurtiories, Slough.

iTit N E R ' S C 0 T T A G E 11 S' ICXITK

TDRNER'S INCOMPARABLE WHITE CELERY.
TURNER'S SCARLET GEM MELON.
FROOMORE PROTECTINQ BROCCOLI.
(In Shilling riicke'«,)
The above liave proved to bo tho best of tiieir respective claaaca.
Seed ol the true Stock may bo hari of

CiiAULKs TuHNKu, Tho Roy.al Nurserieii, Slough.

TVERY'S NUNS IJCHTEITUCE, the best Summer

J- Variety in cultivation ; will stand a month longer than anv
other kind without running to seed ; Is. por packet, scaled with
initials W. I.

Also IVERY'S NONSUCH CELERY, acknowledged to bo the
flnoBt flavour known, Gd. por packet.

Price to the Trade on application.
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE SEEDS may be
had post free.

William Ivert, Hanover Nursery. Peckbam, S.E.

HENRY'S PRIZE HYBRID LEEK— The Largest
variety in cultivation ; grows 10 Inches in length of blanch,
and lOi Inches in circumference. Has carried ofl^ the First Prizes at
the loading Shows in England and Scotland.

Sold in Sealed Packets at U. each by
DowME, Laird, & Laino, 17, Frederick Street, Edinburgh ; and
Stanstead P.irk, Forest Hill, London, S.E.

Nuneham Park Onion.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON have -reat gratification in
announcing that this SUPERB NEW ONION has in every
instance, where shown, obtained tho first prizes, and numerous testi-
monials have been sent to them from various parts of the touutry,
c'tntirming the opinion that it is tho largest nnd heaviest cropper of
all Onions. It is also of exceedingly mild flavour, and keeps as long
as any variety extant. In Sealed Packets 'is. Gil. e.ach.

•,* Owing to the great dem-ind, no more can be supplied to tho
Trade this sea.von.

Highgate Nurr.cries, London, N.

To Market Gardeners and Others.
/1ABB.\(1K J'l.ANTS.— KASr HAM, IMBINSON'S

Kj DRUMHEAD, 2s. p>r 1000; RED CABBAGE PLANTS,
extra fine, 43. per luOO. Stock true nnd can to warranted, and alt
grown by

Richard Walker, Market Gardenoraad Seed Grower, Biggleswade,
Bods. 1 will challenge England with Flant.s. Terms cash.

To Farmers, Gardeners, and Others.

EXCELLENT CABHAaE PLANTS (Stocks not to be
surpassed), nviv bo had in any quantities as follows :—
ENFIELD MARKET (cash price), 2s. Gd per 1000
THOUSAND-HEADED (cash price), 3s. per 10<X)
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION, true (cash price), 2a. Gd. per 1000
DRUMHEAD (cash price), 2fi. 6rf. per 1000
RED DUTCH, for Pickling (cash price), 5«. per 1000

(Special offers made to large purchasers).

A CATALOGUE of GENUINE NEW SEEDS, onappllcation. A

remittance or reference is requested from unknown correspondents.

Fredk. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire

ARTHUR HENDERSON and CO. beg to announce
that their CATALOGUE of KITCHEN GARDEN and
FLOWER SEEDS for 1867 is now ready, and will be forwarded free
on application.

NEW MELONS.
BRIDGE CASTLE PERFECTION.— This is a ^een-fleshed variety.
of excellent flavour, tliin skin, medium size, with a delicious
melting sngarj- flesli. One of the best sorts ever raised. 2s. Gd.
per packet.
THE GUILDHALL PRIZE.— Scarlet flesh, a very quick grower and
ft great cropper, weight 3 to & lb. Earlv, excellent shape, richer
ami superiur in flavour tn Turner'.s Gem. Skin very thin. A
seedling bcLweon the Scarlet Gem and Egyptian green -fleshed.
2«. Gd. per packet.
HENDERSON'S COMPACT-TOPPED PINE-APPLE BEET.—
'Ituo (our own saving).

Pine-apple Pmce. Edgeware Road London. N.

OBINSON'S ~ cilAMPION DRUMHEAD

ox CABBAGE SEED.
The following Soed^men nre th) purclia8'.:rs from Mr. S. Rouihson
of this fln« Slo k of Ox Oibbaee Seed, the growth of 1806,
London :— T. Glbbs & Co., Half Mcon Street, Piccadilly.
G. Gibhs & Co., Down Street, Piccadilly.
,, Beck, Henderson ft Child, Upper Thames Stieet.

„ Cooper & Bolton, Fleet Street.

,, Ijawson & Son, King Street, Cheapside.

Chester :~JameB Dioksou & Sons, Eastgate Street.
Nottingltani :— Hutchinson & Arnntage.
Newark:— Caparn, b.lrk-gato.
Birmingham :—Thomp,son, High Street.

Proctor & Ryland.
Reading; — Suiton & Sons.
Aberdeen :— W. Smith k Son.
Three to Four cwt. of this Seed leit, price to the Trade £7 per cwt.
Mr. Robinson has also a fine Stock of LARCH to Dispose of, 2|
to 5 feet. Price lis. Gd. to £1 per 1000, according to size.

Three years Bedding and Transplanted QUICK, from 5«. Gd. to
7a-. Gd. per 1000.
Bu^hv SPRUCE, for cover planting, IS in. to 3 feet.
Fine HOLLIES, fi>r orniinontal planting, 2 to 5 feet.
Show House, Melbourne, Derby.

Croquet Grounds.

For tho Improvement of Croquet
Grounds and Lawns,

T C. WHEELER and SON.

^ * Seed Growers, Gloucester, can
recommend a Mixture of the flnest
LAWN GRASS SEEDS, which should
now be sown at the rate of about
10 lb. per acre, with a top-dressing of
soot, guano, or superphosphate. The
Liwn or Croquet Ground should then be
thoroughly well rolled.
The price of the Seed is 1«. Zd. per lb.

J. C WflEtLER&SoK,

Seed Growers, Gloucestor.

178

THE GAEDENERS' CERONIOLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE. [Febkuaey 23, ise?.

GLADIOLI. — Collections containing: all the finest
varieties in cultivation, many new, anri offered for the first
time, 105s., C3s., 42;*., 30s., 25s., 20s., 16s., 125. BRENCHLEYENSIS,
tbo most showy of all, extra strong loots, 3s. per doz., 20s. per 100.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LISTS free on application.
Bdtler. McCulloch & Co., South Row.Covent Garden, W.C.

W Early Spring Flowers.
EBB'S GIANT POLYANTHUS and COWSLIP,
with all the best varieties of l^ouble and Singlo PRIMROSES,
PANSIES, &c., with Seeds of single varieties. LIST of prioea of
different icinds on application to
Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardsns, Reading,

To tlie Trade,

(^ALCROLARIAS. — AURKA FLORIBITNDA,
J PRINCE of ORANGE, and KAYI, weU rooted, ready for
pottinK, 36s. per 1000.
Thomas S. Wabk, Hale Farm Nursery. Tottenham, Middlesex, N.

PAUL AND SON'S SEED CATALOGUE will be sent
with pleasure to any applicant. It contains, with usual matter,
Descriptive Priced Lists of carafully selected Noveltiea in Seeds ;
Seeds of Ornamental Foliaged Plants lor Subtropical Flower Garden-
ing ; Gladioli, with original Notes on their Culture.

The Old Cheshunt Nurseries and Seedshop, Cheshunt, N,

CALCEOLARIA, Herbaceous, of choicest strains,
established plants in small pots, 203. per 100. Also stronger
plants in 4-inch pnts, 30s. per 100.

M0N0CH.^7rUM SERICEUM MULTIFLORUM, blooming
plants, Os. per doz.

MONOCH^TUM ENSIFERUM, 6s. to Os. per doz.
H. & R, HTIRZAK.ER, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

Carnations and Flcotees.

GEORGE EDWARDS is now offering his surplus
stock of the above, with which he gained the 1st Prizes at all
the leading Shows last year.

12 "Varieties of CARNATIONS, ISs. | 12 Varieties of PICOTEES, 18s.

A remittance is respectfully solicited from unknown Correspondents.

Clarence Nurseries, York.

FRENCH ASTKRS. — Tmffaut's Keine Marguerite,
direct from the Contment, the most beautiful Aster grown,
600 Seeds, Is. Truffaut's Dwarf Preony-flowering, mixed, colours 500
seeds. Is. Crown Globe Aster, new, purple and crimson, with white
centres, 600 seeds, Is, Also Dwarf Ten-week Stocks, extra double,
18 colours, mixed, 500 seeds. G(/. All genuine imported seeds. Free
by po3t. Mr. Hammond, Bedwin Street, Salisbury.

Post Paid.

Viola cornuta, var. Purple Queen,

Is. and 2s. 6d. per Packet.

BS. "WILLIAMS has purchased Mr. Bennett's entire
• Stock of the above. None genuine unless in Packets bearing
B, S. W.'s name and address,

VIOLA CORNUTA, var. MAUVE QUEEN, 6d., Is., and 2fi, 6d.
per Packet.
B. S. Williams, Victoria and Parad^e Nurseries. Upper Holloway, N.

VIOLA CORNUTATCTrue), the quickest and best" way
of getting into a large and true Stock.— One Hundred Plants of
Mr, Bennett's variety of the above beautiml and hardy Bedding
Plant sent on receipt of Post office Order for 12s. 6d., package
included- The plants are nice acd tufty. Ev separating them now,
and by Cuttinga, the above quantity could be made into thousands.
Apply to Stdart & Meiw, Nui-servmen and Seedsmen, Kelso, N. B.

)YRAMID APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES.

Beautiful Trees for Garden or Orchard Houses.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Dwarf -trained Trees by the lOOO, 100, or dozen.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHEKIUES, PEACHES,
and NECTARINES. Fine, flat, well-trained, of best quality '
and true to name, ,

Richard Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester. j

Fifty Acres of Fruit Trees,
A PPLES. PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES* '

XX NECTARINES, and APRICOTS in every form desired for
Fruitinfc,

Richard S-mitd, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant. Worcester,

_^ Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.
TDEACHES, NEi;TAKINES, APRICOTS, CHliRRIES.

X PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.

. Richard Smitu; Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester,

American Plants, &c.

WATERER AND GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS

and other American Plants for this Autumn, will be sent on
application. The Catalogue also gives a summary of their General
Nursery Stock, probably the most extensive in toe kingdom.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for sLk postage
stamps. Part I. {British Ferns and their varieties, 36 pages,
including prices of Hardv Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Craj Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Rhododendrons.

JOHN CATERER'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
of HARDY SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS is now
published, and will be torwarded on application.- It faithfully describes
the colours of the new varieties exhibited bv him at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. An Abridged List of popular
CONIFERS .with beishts and prices, is likewise combined.

The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey, near Suuningdale Station,
South-Western Railwav.

To the Seed Trade.— Continental Flower Seeds. &c.

171 AV. "WENDEL, Sf.ed Gkower, &c., Erfurt, Prussia,
. • begs to announce that his WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of
the above is now ready, and may be had free and post paid on
application to his Agent,
Geo. Macintosh, Seedsman, &c.. High Road, Hammoramith, W.

Hardy Scarlet and other Rhododendrons.

WH. ROtiERS, Red Lodge Nursery, Southampton,
• can offer splendid named varieties of the above, strong
bushy Plants, weU set with blooming buds, at £10 per 100, or selected,
30s. per dozen ; also a general NURSERY STOCK of FRUIT,
FOREST, and ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS, extending
over 60 Acres. Detailed CATALOGUES and eveiy information
may be had on application.

High Beech, Essex.

Choice Ruododendross and Azaleas, Hardv.

JAMES CRAWFORD has mauy fine Plants to dispose
of, some of them in full Bloom ; one lias 30 Bunches now open,
and waa in K'lower at Chnsf.mas. He is also gay with ottier Flowers,
such as HYACINTHS, DEUTZIAS. HBATHS, EPACRIS, POLY-
GALAS, AZALEA INDICA, TROP^OLUMS, PRIMULAS,
CROCUS, &c. He most respectfully aolicita inspection.

FRUIT TREES, for Walls and Espaliers,— Upwards of
60,000 to select from, cai-efully trained, and in the heaUhieat
condition for planting.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Q H E R RT TREES, i^^ 60 sortfeT

FINE DWARF-TRAINED, 6 to 10 branches, 4 to 5 ft. long. 23. each.
FINE PYRAMIDS, full of flower buds, 5 to 6 ft. high, S.',-. each.
FINE STANDARDS, 5 feet stems, voung and healthy. Is. 6d. eacB
Upwards of 2000 MAYDUKES and MORELLOS, cheap to the Trade.

92-page CATALOGUE on applicntion to
^__^ J. Scott, Merriott, Somerset.

Orchard-House Trees, in Large Pots.

FOR SALE, the property of a Gentleman, 32 TREES,
grown by Mr. Rivers, consisting of PEACHES, NECTARINES,
CHERRIES, &c. Price £S the lot. Apply to

Mr. Lawrence, Head Gardener, Hunsdon Bury, near Ware.

Arborvitses, Aucubas, Box, Yews, &c.

THOMAS WARNER begs to remiud intennin^c planters
and the Trade, that he has a verv extensive stock of the above
all in fine health and vigour. See CATALOGUES; Wholesale or
Retail. Leicfster Abbev Nurseries.

Scarlet Chestnuts, Standard Elms and Thorns, &c.

THOMAS WAUNER begs to refer i)urchaseis of the
above to the extremely low prices at which they are quoted
for the present season. See CATALOGUES. Wholesale or Retail.
Loicester Abbey Nurseries.

Maiden and Dwarf -trained Fruit Trees, &c!

THOMAS WARNER be-s to state that he has still
an extensive stock of the above, more particularly of APPLES,
CHERRIES, PEACHES, and NECTARINES. Also oi

HOUGHTON CASTLE CURRANTS.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
Loicester Abbey Nurseries.

CATTLEYA iDOWIAirA.

HUGH LOW & CO.

HAVE KECEIVED BY KOTAL MAIL STEAM SHIP ATJiATO, EROil THEIR

COLLECTOR iH COSTA RIGA, A QUAf^TITY OF CATTLEYAS,

WHICH, JUDGING FEOM HIS DESOBIPIION AND THE APPEARANCE OF THE PLANTS, ABE THE

MAGNIFICENT SPECIES RECENTLY NAMED CATTLEYA DOWIANA.

INDEED THEY HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED AS THIS SPECIES BY THE MOST EMINENT AUTHORITIES.

H, L. & Co. offer them simply as Cattleyas from Costa Eica, at 63s. per Plant.

I;^" If taken by the Dozen or Hundred special qmtatmis will be made^ and in the Importation are included a limited number of extra large Specimens^ tvhich arc
on Sale at reasonable prices.

Also to hand by same opportunity, CHOICE TEICHOPILIAS in quantity.

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

THE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, STIRLING, N.B.

WILLIAM DEUMMOND & SONS

GENTLEMEN IN WANT OF REALLY GENUINE

FAEM SEEBS of the VERY FINEST QUALITIES that can be PEODUCED,

AND AT REASONABLE PRICES, ARE INVITED TO

APPLY FOE OUR DETAILED CATALOGUE,

WHICS WILL BE FORIVAMBED IEEE.

Permanent Grasses.

Throughout a period of 40 years we bave devoted special attention to the Graaaes and other forage
plants best adapted for laying down land to permanent pasture or meadow, and hare during that time
supplied many noblemen and gentlemen throughout the kingdom. Our Assortments this season will
coat from 20s. to 29s. Cd. per statute acre, according to the nature of the land. These for quantity,
quality, and selection, cannot be surpassed at any price.

Black Tartarian Oats.

An ujiusually fine sample l3 ottered for immediate orders. Samples and price on application.

Drummond's Extra Improved Swede,

Largo handsome oval-shaped bulb, with a clear purple skin, and may be confldently relied on aa
the most robust grower and heaviest cropper in cultivation. This Swede has again, and for the third
time, won the Fifty Guinea Cup for the best 10 acres, open to all Ireland, for which there were many
competitors. It has also taken numerous First Prizes tm-ougliout the kingdom.

Is. per lb.
Green Top or Aberdeen Yellow Improved.

A large handsome solid bulb — very nutritious, and an excellent keeper, and is, as now improved,
decidedly the best Yellow for winter and spring me In cultivation. This is lams aa sappliAd td
M.r. McComble of Tillyfour, and other stock breeders in Aberdeenshire.

\Qd. per lb.

*■** Stirliug

WILLIAM DRUMMOND and SONS, SEEDSMEN and NURSERYMEN, STIRLING.

(And 58, DAWSON STKEBT, DUBLIN).

is most favoiu-ably situated in point of Railway accommodation, there being direct and constant communication to all the principal Stations in England.

All Seeds {'Grain and Tares excepted) are delivered QarHofje F&id.

l^EBKUARV 23, 13G7.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND Ar;]>a(:Ui;riii:AE (lA/ETTi'

179

Carter's Grass Seeds for the International
Exhibition at Paris, 1867.

&

JAMES CARTER and CO. hnve the satisfaction tn
Announce that the Imperial CommlsBionerB of tho Paris Inter-
nationnl Kxliibition of 1807 have uraiitOfl to thorn the concession ol
MUiplylng tho GRASS SKEPb lor tho i-urposoor formUigthe Swurd
of ihe Purk vouiid tho Kxhibitlon BuiMing in tho Chnnip do Mars.
Tho honour conferred on their House will be more rcudily api're-
I'inted when they state the gratil^ing fact, that they luo tiik onlv
Enulisii Housk entiidstkd with TlIK Isn-hHIAL CuMMlsaiOKEUS

I COMMANDS FOR TniS niH'OSE. , „

jAMita Cartkr & Co. are prepared to supply MixturtB for Perma-
iiOBt Postme, Park Lawns, &o., of the most nutritious and valuable
Qnisscs, specially mtxtdto suit tho variations uf climate and noU.
Priro accorduiK to quality, from '26s. to 30.^. per aero. PRICLD
LlSTH gratis and pust-freo on application to

C*iiT»;us Great London Soed Warehouse, 237 &. i;38, High Ilolborn,
Luiidou, W.U.

Grass S^od packed for Exportation.

/ -< KANl) FLORAL FETE (NINTH YliAR) YORK,

V_T .lUNlfilOand 211, 1807.— Schedules now ready. In addition to

the u>u:il Libonil Piizes tho followins EXTRA PHIZES are offered :

For 10 ORCHIDS, distinct varieties, a First Prize of £10, given by

Mr. U. S. Wilii:»ins, Nurseryman, Hnlioway, London; and

Nfcond and Third Prizes of £0 and £4, given by tho Society.

l\.r COLLECTION of FRUITS, in eight varieties, open to all,

Fii-st Prize, £10 10s. ; Second, £6 C«, This Pdze is given by the

t'lluwiiig Nurserymen and Seedsmen : —

Messrs. J. Veitch & Son, Chelsea, London £.5 6 0

Messrs. P. Lawson t Sons, Edinburgh and London ..220

Messrs. H. Lows Co.. Clapton, London 2 2 0

Meesrw. Hurst & Son. Loadeuhall Street, London ..220

Mr. B. S. \Villiams, Ilollowav, Loudon 2 2 0

Mr. C. Turner, Sloujjh, Windsor 110

Mr. J W'rlght, Pontefract 110

Mr. W, Dean, Shipley, Bradford 110

13, New Street, York. Jso-TVilsok, Secretary.

DIT N D E ]^H0 UT r CULTURAL SOCIETY.—
GRAN'D FLORAL FETE, tii hO;iour of tlio vi^t to DmK'eo of
the British Association, to bo held in the Ba.x'cr Park, on
WEDNESDAY. THURSDAY, FRIDAY, and SATURDAY, 4th.
fitli, 6th, and 7th September, 18'17. £300 sterling offered us Prize
money,

Schetluica and Terms ot Subscriotions to be had oF Mr. .Tames
Harhic. Treasurer, ^f^, Nelhergate ; or Mr. W, R. McKelvie,
Secrotm -y, 4ti, Relorm Street.

RANI) HOUTiCULTURAL EXHIBITION

at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with the
SHOW of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 15, 1RG7, and lour following Days.
Amongst various Special Prizes, amounting in value to nearly
X.3i"i, and exclusive of the ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP. VALUE £J0.
will bo offered by the Proprietors of tho
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GA.ZETTE
for the beat COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to be made up as follows ; —
Of FRUITS, any Five of the following Eight kinds, on© Dish of
each : — Grapes, Melons (2 fruits), Stra\vberrie3, Gooseben'ies, Cur-
rants, Cherries, Ritspberries, or Apples (of tho crop of 18fi6).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of the following Fourteen kinds,
one basket or bundle of each : — Peas, French Beans (or Sctrlat
Runners), Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace), Summer
Cabbages, Early Carrots, I'uruips, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Ilhuharh, Potatos, or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will be open to Competition amongst Amateur or Pro-
fessional G.irden>'i-s, of all grades, with Pruit and Vegutables of llmr
omt fjro)i:ing, but any article otherwise obtained wil! disqualify the
exhibitor.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—
Tho EXHIBITIONS for 1»6V will bo HELD in tho
SOCIETYS GAHDENS, SOUTH KENSINGTON, ou tho followmg
TUESDAYS :—

SPRING SHOWS :— CAMELLIAS, HYACINTHS, anrt other
SPRING FLOWERS, March 19." AZALEAS, ROSES, and other
SPUING FLOWERS, Ajjrll IC. SPECIAL PRIZE SHOW, May r.
GREAT SUMMKU SHOW, Juno 4, 5, 6, 7, aud 8.
ROSE SHOW, July 2.

GREAT SHOW at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, July 15th to tho 10th.
^g" Schedules are now ready, and can be had on appliCJitiOD.

Elxt (BarlreneriS'Civronicle.

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 1867.

Aj^ ecclesiastical dignitai-y of our acquaintance,
and who, in the course of his daties as incumbent
of a large Loudon parish, as well as of the less
onerous functions of a provincial canonry, was
necessarily called on to take an active part in the
working of many societies, charitable or other-
wise, and in the proper application of their funds,
once made the remark that charities were never
so flourishing as when in debt. We believe that
the managers of the late Intebnational Hohti-
ctJLTUKAl, Exhibition could to some extent
endorse this statement ; at least we suspect they
would have found less difficulty in discharging a
debt, than they have done in the disposal of theii'
Surplus. It needs no great powers of imagina-
tion to conceive the nature and the number of
the applications that have been made to parti-
cipate in the proceeds — some of them, no doubt,
reasonable ; others, we may be sure, without
any claim to that appellation.

Before the disposal took place, the question was
indeed mooted as to whether the Committee had
the right to appropriate the profits or any portion
of them. Ought not the money to have been
returned to the subscribers ? The answer to this
is obvious, that each and every subscriber had
his equivalent — had, that is to say, the piivHeges
in full, ou the faith of receiving which he had
paid his subscription ; while as to the

guarantors, fortunately thoy were never called
on to redeem their promise to become guarantors,
still less to fulfil any obligations that might have
presented themselves. So that as to the legality
of the acts of the committee, there is no room
for question, except it be in tho minds of those
who sharo the confused opinions of a speaker at
a recent meeting of tho Uorticultmal Society,
who sotting out by impugning tho lawfulness
of the committee bestowing in any quarter any
of the funds in its hands, followed up the
exordium by gravely stating his opinion that it
should hand over the money to tho Society,
or to tho Commissioners of 1S51 , by whom, he said,
the use of the show-ground had been granted free !
As regards the Koyal Horticultural Society,
we are certainly of opinion that any obli-
gation, expressed or imjilied, should bo liberally
met on the part of the International Com-
mittee, and this we consider has been done
by the resolution put upon the minutes of tho
Committee several months since, and recently
adopted and acted on.

Granting this, however, and holding no un-
friendly feeling towards the Society, in whose
prosperity, indeed, none can feel more interested
than ourselves, we may be allowed to express
some surprise at the terms iu which the Inter-
national Exhibition and its Executive are
mentioned in the Annual Eeport of the Society,
and fi'om which an outsider might imagine
that the Society had not been liberally dealt
with by the International Committee. We do
not here refer to the dili'erent interpretation put
upon certain memoranda by the two parties —
which interpretation is the correct one, is really
a matter of no moment, since it had been laid
down as an admitted principle by both that
" something should be done for the old Society,"
and as we are infoi-med long aud reiterated dis-
cussions have been going on for months past as
to what that "something" should be ; but we
allude to that paragraph wherein the falling off
of the Society's receipts is attributed to the Inter-
national Exhibition. The payment of the stipu-
lated 'MM. is indeed alluded to in that paragraph,
but there is no mention made of 300/. more paid
iu hard cash for music, and of the very liberal
privileges as to admission that were accorded to
the 5000 tickets of fellows and debenture holders
of the Society, both on a half-guinea and a half-
crown day, not a word said as to the lavish way
in whicii those privileges were used, and
which, if they could be expressed in £ s. </.,
must have amounted to several hundreds more
■ — at a rough computation to a sum not less
than 3500i. Hence we can but think that
the framers of the Society's Eeport, and specially
those gentlemen who in the discussion that
ensued upon it, took upon themselves, evidently
without sufficient knowledge of the facts of the
case, to comment upon the relation between the
two bodies, were very ill advised, and that their
course of action was far more likely to repel
than to encourage the fiieudly intentions of
the International Committee.

Be this as it may, it wiU, we think, be
admitted that the resolution at which the Com-
mittee have ultimately arrived, is one which, if
it can be carried out, will serve both the
interests of the Horticultural Society, and those of
the horticultural world in general, in no ordinary
degree. A first-class libraiy, open to the garden-
ing community generally — for this is made a
stipulation — will of itself be no small boon,
but we shall hope in the future to see springing
up, in connection with it (and something of the
kind is, we know, in contemplation), some such
institutions as these :— Scholarships for deserving
young aspii-ants, and Prizes or Medals for the
encouragement of those who may advance horti-
cultural practice or horticultural science in any
of their branches, such as by the introduction of
valuable new plants, or improved methods of cul-
ture ; by the production of scientific monographs
on groups of plants having special horticultui-al
interest, such as Orchids, Ferns, &c. ; or by
expeiiments on acclimatisation or the adaptability
of certain plants for profitable culture in our
climate, oron other points of vegetable physiology.
These are the kind of things that we should Uke m
the futiue to see grow up along with the Library,
and in connection with, or under the auspices
of the Horticultur-al Society. And if even a
fragment of these schemes can be successfully
carried out, it wiU form an appropriate memorial
Of that " International " which we venture to say
has been as a first Eeform BiU towards the im-
provement of similar Exhibitions, has advanced
he interests of horticulture to no slight degree,

afTordcd delight and instruction to thousands,
cemented friendships and alliances between
scores of Britirth aud foreign devotees of
Hoiticulture and Botany, anqily fulfilled the
obligations of hospitality and of charity, and no#
shows itself still mindful of the lirinciples upon
which it was established by endeavouring to
secure iu perpetuity some tangible benefits for
the horticulturists of the future. But in the
pieantimo we await the result of the application
to the Commissioners of the Exhibition of 1S51.
Those gentlemen haviugboeuiu a similar difficulty
themselves, ought to londa helping hiindto others,
and as theii- own interests will be served by
so doing, we can scarcely doubt that their reply
will be favourable.

■ — ■ AVe have just received from M. Babillet the
following important coinmuiiic;ition, relating' to the

HOETICULTUEAL DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSAL

Exhibition of Paris, from which it appears that,
owinR to the dissatisfaction expressed by many
Exhibitors, the Imperiul Commission, desirou.s of pro-
moting, as far as possible, the interests of horticulture,
has left to the Jury the power of awarding recompenses
to all the products considered by them to be worthy of
such distinctions. The following letter has accordingly
been addressed by M. Le Play, Councillor of State and
" Commissaire General " of the Imperial Commission,
to the President of the Horticultural Department:—

" Sir, — I have laid before the Impeiial Commiseion tho
observations contained in the letter you did me the honour to
.^ddre3s to me on the 30th of November last, in the name of
tho ' Commission Consultative " of the E.xhibition of Horti-
culture. You point out that the amount of awards appropriated
to Exhibitors is msuflicient when tho large number of ' concours '
(competitions), which are to take place every fortnight during
the period of the Exhibition is cousidei-ed ; and you call
my attention to tho difference e-\isting between the Large
Gold Medal of the value nf 10l)<> francs, the highest class of
reward, and the Silver Medal, which comes next in order-
You tnansmit to me a proposition in accordance with your own
opinion from the Commission of Advice (Commi>sion Con-
sultative), to the effect that theie should he specially devoted
to Horticulture a Gold Medal of the Second Class, and that
the number of Silver and Bronze Medals should be largely
increased, appropriating for this purpose the portion of the
sums in money, which will be devoted to the Horticultural

" Lastly M. le President, you ask me that, without pre-
iudice to the course which the Jury will follow, it should be
well vindoi-stnod that the Medals shall not be exclusively
awarded with reference to the sum of prizes obtained in each
special competition, but also in reference to the impoi-tance
of tbo competition, and the degree of superiority that the
Exhibitors shall manifest therein. ,^ . ^

"The Imperial Commission fears that the Horticulturists,
of which the Commission is the organ, have not exactly appre-
ciated the importance of the competition open to them, and
the proportionate value of tho awards. Horticulturists
render indisputable services, which I do not wish in any way
to underrate ; nevertheless they are far from occupj-ing the
first rank in importance among the Exhibitors. They ought,
therefore to feel honoured to receive the awards accorded to
the most' important industrial establishments in the world-
and it appears that the general importance of the competitions
would be decreased if a special set of awards wore oxclu.sively
made 'for Horticultiu-e. The general rei-ulations of the
Imperial Commission are opposed to the desiie you express,
a fact I am desired to communicate to you.

" It is to the interests of the Horticulturists, as well as that
of tho other industrial groups, that the number of the Medals
should not be increased. To do so would obviously be to
diminish their relative value and Importance. [Horticulturists
should not lose sight of the fact that a Bronze Medal, or even
a mere mention in the immense competition of all br.aiiches of
human intelligence .and human activity, sui-passes aU the Gold
Medals of ordinal? Horticultural Exhibitions.

"The value of tho Gold Medal should, moreover, be well
appreciated, as that is the great prize, equivalent to the Medals
of Honour {medaiUee d'lwimeuy) iu the other departments of the

Exhibition. , ., .^. r „ .- ,i l u

"I am desirous that the exhibition of Horticulture should
be so remarkable in its character as to determine the augmen-
tation of the Medals of this nature that may be devoted to it,
and 1 am disposed to promise you my mfluence with the
Imperial Commission, and with the Jury, if the Jury shall
demand a larger number of these Medals for,the.Horticultur.-d

" But it is desirable that Horticulturists should know that
the tme recompense tor industry of every description, that
which tho lepresentatives of the greatest industries of the
world wUl be happy to obtain, is the SUver Medal. The
number of these latter will be sufficient to give satisfaction to
the legitimate ambition of Horticulturists ; and I am moreover
inclined to do for these SUver Medals as I have promised to
do for the Gold ones. „ j . a

" A3 to the classification of the Jury, it is well understood
that the number of prizes obtained iu each competition will
not be the only way of obtaining Medals, and that the Jury
will bear in mind the relative importance of the concours.

*' I add, moreover, that the Imperial Commission is
disposed, in the case of Horticulture and of Agriculture, to add
to the number of Medals in accordance with what has been
done under analogous exceptional exhibitions in the 'Grand
Concours ' of Agiicultnre.

" 1 beg you, Sir, to make these explanations known to
horticulturists in any way you thmk fit, and 1 hope that they
will find in them evideuco of tho interest which the Imperial
Commission feels in a branch of industry interesting iu s-J
many ways. Receive, Arc,

" Le Conseiller d'EtJit, Commissaire G^n^ral,

(Signed) " F. Le Play."

We shall probably have occasion to speak of thesa
modifications at a future time, meanwhile it is to some
extent satisfactory to know th^t the arrangements
which are so distasteful to foreign, and, as it appears
also, to French Exhibitors, are not attributable either
to the French Horticulturists or to the BritisU
Executive, but that it is the Imperial Commission
itself which is responsible for them. We do not see at
a first glance that the objections raised by us on beUall

* M Le Play does not st.ate that tho Competitors ui other
depari^ments of the Exhibition are to be ''honoured by
ha^g the trouble and expense of makin? a new display once
a fortinight. as long as the Exhibition lasts if they would
»Und well for gaining the Medal of Honour. Eds.

ISO

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANI) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Febbuaet 23, 1867.

of foreign (other than French) exhibitors are fairly met
in the letter we publish above. Ifous verrons.

Some time since we announced that the

Botanical Society op Feance intended to organise
a Botanical Congress during the time of the Ureat
Exhibition, which will soon be inaugurated. We
have now the pleasure, thanks to the kindness of
Dr. EusfeNE FoUBNiEE, of announcing that
the Society will establish an Inteenational
Botanical Congsess, to which botanists of all
nations will be invited. The Congress will open
on the 26th of July next, and will last for a month.
Meetings will be held every Friday evening at the
Society's rooms, 81, Eue Grenelle St. Germain. On
other days during the period, visits will be made to the
Exhibition, to the Museum of the' Jardin des Plantes,
to private collections; and excursions will bemade in the
neighbourhood of Paris, especially during the latter
part of August. It is probable that the several French
Eailway Companies will, as usual, allow excursionists
to travel at half-fares.

The following Caution appeared in the Times

of the 16th instant. It is hardly to be wondered at that
delay should occur in responding to the communications
addressed to him, as, according to Sell's Messenger,
Mr. HULLETT has received no less than 20,000
applications ! —

A CAUTION.
To tie Editor 0/ the Times.

Sir, — Some days ago a letter appe.ired in your journal from
a person signing himself " J. HiiUett, Clarence Lodge,
Cosham, Hants," stating that he would forward to any one
who sent to him a stamped directed envelope a few seeds of
" Chinese Sugar-giass."

I immediately sent an envelope as directed, but have had
no reply. Upon mentioning the matter to some of my friends
I find that they have aU been treated in a like manner.

I underst.ind that a similar letter appeared last autumn in
one of your contemporaries, and that those of my friends who
replied to, it received no .answer to their applications.
Your most obedient servant,

Feb. 14. Cauoht.

*„* We have received at least a hiindred letters tuning the
same tale.

A day or two subsequently, appeared the following
letter :—

CHINESE SUGAR GRASS.
To the Editor of the Times.
Sir,— "With reference to a note headed "Caution," in the
Times of the 16th inst., in justice to Mr. J. Hullett, of Clarence
Lodge, Cosham, Hjmts, I beg to say he forwarded to me
25 seeds within ten days of my sending him the stamped
envelope. Accompanying the seeds w.as a short note -"Sow
in March. The number of applicants exceed 9,000. I can't
reply to aU at once." 1 have not the pleasure of the gentleman's
acquaintance, but a sense of fair play prompts me to ask you
to publish this statement.

Your obedient servant,
J. D. Shakespear, J. p., Licutenant^Coloncl.
^Vitham, Essex, Feb. 16.

"Save me from my friends," though a trite quotation,
is sometimes very appropriate, and we imagine that Mr.
IIuLLETT will not fail to adopt it, on reading the above.
Colonel Shaeespeae, with true gentlemanly and kind
feeling, gives a well-intentioned certificate in favour of
Mr. H. which "amounts to just this and nothing
more," that by means of a short note to the Times, the
gentleman at Cosham has contrived to nett, according
to his own showing, just thirty-seven pounds, ten
shillings (371. 10s.) which he doubtless considers by no
means a bad investment. 'We do hope that the
numerous exposures that have been made of Mr.
Hullett's peculiar ways of doing business will induce
the British public to heed the above caution.

In our last volume (p. 1091) will be found

some particulars respecting some New Grapes
raised by Mr. Standish. Several of theso have
turned out to be worth proving, and one of them, to
which the name of Eoyal Black has been given,
possesses so many good points, that Mr. Standish
IS growing a whole house of it this year, with the
view of affording every facility for its being seen and
thoroughly tested during the coming season, by all who
are interested in fruit culture. A few days ago,
on the occasion of a visit to the Ascot Nursery, we
had an opportunity of examining this variety in the
early stages of its development, and for prolificacy,
we are bound to admit that we have never seen any
early Grape that at all approaches it. Very commonly
throughout the house the young shoots each show four
strong bunches ; on one 2-feet length of last year's
cane we counted 20 such, and on one 6-feet cane we
were told there had been originallv 40 ; the bunches
themselves too being remarkable for size, s '.urdiness, and
vigour, although the Vines arenotyet over strong.having
had but one yeai's growth since planting. With such
qualities as these, and provided its fruit proves as good
as it was last year (which there will be abundant oppor-
tunities of a.sceitiining, should all go well), this will be
a most valuable acquisition for early forcing, on account
of its bearing heat so well, and yielding such abundant
and vigorous promise of an ample crop. Singularly
enough, though itself an early Grape, and perfectly
a lapted for forcing, as the above facts testify, its
parents were both late varieties ; while perhaps more
singular still, though itself a jet-black Grape, both its
p irents are white sorts. The last year's fruit, which
we did not see, was described a-s being in size and
character very much resembling the Muscat of Alex-
andria, but of an intense black colour, and possessing
an excellent flavour, in which a slight musky dash
is present. The parents were the Bowood Muscat and
the Trovdren.

We have to record two striking instances of

success in Peopagation by Cuttings. The first
example is that of the Chimonanthus fragraus, as
referred to in our report of the Horticultural Society's
meeting (p. l&l). Here Mr. Bause, the foreman of the

of the just matured young wood, put in about July,
and kept on a bed of ashes, without bottom heat, under
hand-lights in a temperate propagating house. In
November the cuttings, when examined, were found
to be callused but not rooted ; but since that time they
have made strong branching roots of six or eight
inches in length. The other example is that of the
Enkyanthus quiuqueflorus, of which Mr. Standish's
propagator succeeded in rooting four out of five
cuttings formed of young wood when it had just
acquired firmness.

We are informed that the West of England Rose

Show is postponed from the 2d of July to the 9th,
owing to the Grand National Rose Show at South
Kensington taking place on the former date.

We understand that Mr. Baeeon has, or

shortly will have, one or two vacancies to fill up
amongst the student gardeners employed at Chiswick.
Those young men who may be desirous of securing the
advantages which this position affords, should obtain at
once the necessary forms for application.

NevT Plants.

Vanda Bensoni, Veitch S: Rchb fil. ; (an Sateman,
Bot. Mag. t. 5611).

Foliia lorato-ligulatis apice attenuatis, obliquis, altero latere
obtusilobis, dente medio, altero latere oblique excisis ;
racemis plurifloris, sepalis petalisque cuneato oblongis
obtuse acutis unduLatis, petali.s subhastatis, labelli auriculis
triangulis acutis, calcari compresso conico, ovario pedicellato

was to be the scene of the chief events and labours of
his life. Here he entered into partnership with Mr.
McKlee, for many years charge d'affaires for Hanover
and Prussia— and thus arose the well-known mercantile
house of Klee, Skinner, & Co., of Guatemala.

Mr. Skinner had not resided long in his adopted
country when he became deeply impressed with its
vast resources, nearly all of which in its then unsettled
state, were allowed to run to waste. He it was who
first set on foot the extensive cultivation of Indigo and
Cochineal, which are now among the staple exports of
the Repubhc. Other projects followed, but these were
continually thwarted by the incursions of savage Indian
hordes, under their famous chief Carrera, who kept the
peaceable inhabitants in a state of chronic terror. They
fought— Mr. Skinner among the rest— bravely and
well under President Morazan, but despite all their
efforts victory at length declared for Carrera, who took
possession of the capital and having once secured the
reins of power, never relaxed his grasp of them till the
day of his death. Under the new regime Mr. Skinner
was treated with marked respect by this extraordinary
man, who never failed to consult him in all matters of
difficulty or delicacy throughout the whole of his long
tenure of power. These however are passages in my
friend's career on which I must not now dwell, the
object of the present memoir being simply to record
some of the many important services that he rendered
to natural history, especially to botany, during 35 years
of his active and eventful life.

From achildhewas an ardent lover of Nature,butthis

multo breviori, lamina subpandurata, antice dUatata feature ot his character had small chance of developing

reniformi biloba, callo bilobo in basi, caiinia obliteratis
quinis radiantibus, lateriilibus minoribus.

This is a very interesting novelty, since it affords us
auite a new type amongst Vandas. We have not seen
the growing plant, but we believe it to be in the way

of Vanda concolor,BI. The flowers are comparable to
those of a well-developed Vanda Eoxburghii, R. Br.,
white outside, yellow inside, spotted and streaked with
broivn. The lip is ruby, with some purple and yellow
spots. The flowers smell like sliced Cucumbers. No
doubt the next neighbour of this species is Vanda f urva,
BI., a rare plant, of which we obtained a garden speci-
men from Messrs. ThibautA. Keteleer, of Paris, six years
since. The novelty in the shape of the flowers alluded
to consists in two features, the combination of hastate
petals, with a most peculiar lip, dilated at the end like
a mallet, or the tail of a heath-cock.

The introduction of a new Vanda marks a red-letter
day in the annals of Orchidology, and we feel happy to
congratulate Messrs. Veitoh on having introduced this
interesting novelty. These gentlemen have proposed
th? dedication of the species to Major Benson, of H.M.
Indian Army, who, we believe, was the happy dis-
coverer of it in India. Echb. f.

THE LATE MR. G. XJRE SKINNER.

[Substance of .an address delivered before the Royal Horticul-
tural Society at South Kensington, on Tuesday, Feb. 19, 1867,
by James Bateman, Esq., F.R.S.]

Geoege Uee Skinneh, F.L.S., second son of the
Very Rev. John Skinner, M.A., Dean of Dunkeld and
Dunblane, was born March IStli, 1804. His grand-
father was the Primus of Scotland (Scotch Episcopal
Church) and Bishop of Aberdeen. His great grand-
father, the Rev. John Skinner, the well-known
ecclesiastical historian of Scotland, was one of the best
Hebrew and Latin scholars of his day. In early youth
George was bent on entering the Navy, but gave up the
idea in deference to his father's wishes, and became a
clerk in the banking house of Barclay, Bevan, & Co.,
of London. Subsequently he removed to Leeds, where
he embarked in the general business of a merchant.
Leeds however did not retain him long, for there
happening in the year 1831 to be a prospect of opening
up a trade with the Republic of Guatemala he at once

floral department at Chiswick, succeeded with cuttings | set Sail for that little-known country, destined as it

itself in a City bank or a Leeds warehouse, and it was
not until he landed in the New World that it showed
it.=.elf in all its strength. Guatemala was at that time an
unwrought mine in natural history— its Fauna and
Flora being alike unknown ; whatever, therefore, was
sent to Europe was almost sure to be new. Mr.
Skinner took to shooting the birds and catching the
insects of his adopted country before he meddled with
the plants, and it was in connection with some treasures
of the former kind which he had sent to the Museum of
Natural History at Machester, that I first heard
his name. The Orchidomania was now rapidly
spreading, and, as one of its earliest subjects,
I was of course ready enough to seize the first oppor-
tunity of getting acquainted with the vegetation of a
new country, especially when, as in the case of
Guatemala, the climatal and other conditions were
such as seemed to promise a rich harvest of my
favourite tribe. So I wrote to Mr. Skinner, explaining
to him by means of description and of a few rude
sketches the sort of plants in which I sought to interest
him. My letter, dated March 1", 1S34, reached him in
due course, and, as he was never tired of telling me, the
day of its arrival was as it were a new birthday, for it gave
a fresh interest to his life, which never left him even to
its very latest hour ! By a sort of instinct — though no
botanist— he at once recognised the Orchids, of which ho
was now told for the first time, and in which Guatemala
proved to be unusually rich. He set about collecting at
once,and sent me by the first opportunityabox of plants
most carefully packed, and which came to hand in
the best possible condition. Never shall I forget
my intense delight in the opening of that box !
Though gathered at random, every plant was new !
Here were strange-looking masses of the now well-
known Barkeria Skinneri, which as it was the first to
flower I gladly called, or rather asked Dr. Lindley to
call, after its discoverer. Then there were divers
Epidendra (E. aromaticum, E. aurautiaoum, &c.),
Oncidium Cavendishianum and O. leucochilum, and
though last not least, Odontoglossum bictoniense, the
first member of that now popular genus that ever
reached England alive. When Mr. Skinner heard of
the brilliant success of his first essay, his ardour knew
no bounds, and it very rarely happened that a mail left
Guatemala without a letter, announcing some fresh
discovery, from my enthusiastic friend, while it was
my own delightful task to keep him constantly informed
of all the Orchid news on our side of the Atlantic,
particularly what pertained to the plants introduced
by himself. ^ I cannot now attempt to enumerate all
these — the list was a long and glorious one— but I may
specially mention a few of the most remarkable. Besides
the species already referred to, Mr. Skinner was the
first to find Odontoglossum grande (his own particular
pet), O. Uro-Skinneri, 0. rubescens, and O. pulchellum,
with its small though lovely and deliciously-scented
white flowers. The Cow's-horn Orchis (Schomburgkia
tibicinis), Epidendrum Stamfordianum, and E. alatum,
were all detected in the Gulf of Dolce, while not far
from the same coast the charming Cattleya Skinneri
was discovered. Here, likewise, he met with various
Stanhopeas, of which S. saccata was not the least
remarkable. To the genus Cyonoches he added
C. ventricosum and C. Egertonianum, the latter
notorious even among Orchids for its extraordinary
metamorphoses. The noble Lailia superbiens, and the
stately Epidendrum cnemidophorum (his latest
discovery), were met with at much greater elevations,
as was likewise the invaluable Lycaste Skinneri, which
now enjoys, and, indeed, richly merits, an amount of
popularity — a popularity that is ever on the
increase — such as has not been accorded to any
other Orchid with which I am acquainted. Besides
the above he added to our catalogues about 50 species
of lesser note. He was also the first to introduce, if
not strictly to discover — for Humboldt and Karwinski
had here anticipated him— Oncidium ornithorhyuchum
and Sobralia macrantha. But though Orchids were
his favourite plants, he did not neglect other tribes,
as is attested by such names as Aquilegia Skinneri
and Uro-Skinnera speciosa, given by Dr. Lindley to
some of his introductions. Such are a portion of the
obligations that Botany owes to Mr. Skinner. Orni-
thology also owes him miich, for, as Mr. Gould assures
me, certainly not less than 20 species of birds— many

FEBnUABY 23, 18C7.]

TlIK GAKPENEllS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

181

'.of them most remarkable-were lirst sent over by liim*
Ainongthesol need only pavtieular.se t ,e rammtani
Cur™sow,Oi-eopUasi3 Uerbeianus, so callc.l alter tho

^fotlier of iur present noble Vrenncr, who entortanieil
the l.iK .est resard for Mr, Skinner, nnd kept up a

i re-uar correspondence with him. The Honduras
Turkey ami the marvellous Quosal, Troson rclvilgens ol

'i'urKev. ami mo in:ii vi-nuu^ v,;My.-»i, ^•-/•^ ,v "-

Gould (I'ivin^'ilsnamoto the provuiceoKJuesaltenanRO,

where alone' it is found), and many other strikmg
sneoics, were scarcely known in this country till Mi.
Skinner sent them over the seas m abundance.

It must however bo borne in mind that the list-
extensive as it is-of his actual contributions to natural
history gives but a very inadequate notion ol his
services to science generally, for lie was always ready
to lend a helping hand to any naturalist or traveller
who might come in his way, rejoicing no less heartily
at the succe.s.ses of others than if tlie.v had been his
own Thus he wa,s ready to assist Mr. O.. fealyin-now
one of onr most eminent ornithologists— in his earliest
(Juatomala wanderings, and equally ready was he to
assist him in equipning the collector Arce tor that
rxi.cdition to Veragua in which the latter is .still
ni ■a.'ed It was through him that Captain Dow, ot the
Vuierican Tacket Service, and many niauy more were
lirst led to lovo and study nature. Nor can I lorget
his kindness in ISiiO to my eldest sou who being bent
on seeing the New World, gladly placed himself
under the care of Mr. Skinner, when the latter was
rotnniiug to Guatemala after a lengthened visit to
this country. ,,.,-, , i

This memoir would be incomplete if I were to make
no allusion to those useful Orchid sales in Stevens s
llooms which have now become quite an institution,
and of which Mr. Skinner was the originator. There, il
in England, he might always be seen. Few persons
have any idea of the amount of labour required m the
sorting, "arranging, and cataloguing a cargo of
imported Orchids ; but the labour was a labour oi loye
to him, and he was quite as ready to undertake it m
behalf of a stranger as for himself,— always, however,
claiming a few specimens as perquisites, where-
with he might make presents to his friends. He had
the entire disposal of the extensive collections made
by Warscewicz in Peru, Veragua, and New Grenada,
biit as these were all " cool " Orchids, and therefore then
looked upon as unmanageable, they were almost given
away. All this occurred about a dozen years ago, and
from that time until the system of cool tieatment came
to be understood, the Orchid mania sensibly decbned.
It has now, I need scarcely remark, revived in more
than its former intensity, a fact which had not escaped
Mr Skinner's notice, and which gave him the keenest
deli'dit When in town he would often be found at
the E.xotic Nursery, King's Eoad, where a house for |
the accommodation of his own importations had been
generously placed at his disposal, but his sympathies
seemed to embrace the whole body of Orchids lu that ,
vnst establishment. There indeed he had become
thoroughly domesticated, and beyond the circle of his
immediate relatives, bynonewill his loss be more deeply ,
felt than by the Messrs. Veitch. With a nature
so gentle and so unselfish, and so ready- as I myself have i
often found— to assist in every pious or charitable
work go where he would he could not fail to make 1
friends ;— that he ever made an enemy I have yet to :
learn ! To me indeed his loss is quite irreparable ; but l
we shall all miss his honest cheerful countenance^ as
ho sat in his accustomed place at the Tuesday meetings
at South Kensington, taking the liveliest interest m
all our proceedings, and quite brightening up whenever
Orchids were the subject of discussion.

I now approach the last chapter in his blameless lite,
which was brought to an unexpected close, far away
from home and in a foreign land. He was now past
60 and having worked hard all his life began at length
to desire repose ; he therefore had resolved to retire
from business, and to settle for the residue of his years
in his native land. With this purpose in view he sailed
on the 2d December last for Guatemala, with the inten-
tion of winding up his affairs, and then returning to
England in the autumn of the present year. Had he been
permitted to carry outthese plans, he would have crossed
the Atlantic forty times: but this was not to be He
reached Colon, or Aspiuwall, in excellent health, the
first week in January— thence he crossed by rail to
Panama, but finding that the first ship leaving that port
for the Pacific was over-crowded, he decided to waitr—
it would only be a week— for the next, and m the
meantime set about collecting plants and birds with
all his wonted enthusiasm. He returned, howeyer, to
Aspinwall— where there was a Church service— to
spend his Sunday, and dined on the evening of that
day on board the ill-fated Danube. Here he is supposed
to 'have caught the seeds of yellow fever, for on Monday
he felt uncomfortable, was very ill on Tuesday, and
died on Wednesday, the 9th of January. His last
letter— written in the highest spirits and full of plant-
gossip— was addressed to his old. friend Mr. Veiteh ; it
was written on the 4th, with a postscript added on the
morning of the Gth, but the mail that bore it home
was also destined, alas! to carry across the melan-
choly main] the sad and unexpected tidings of
his deaths

Mr. Skinner had been a widower for many years.
Two daughters, the only issue of his marriage, are left
to bewail his loss ; so likewise is his aged mother.
They have all for some time resided with the Eev. Jas.
Skinner at Newland, near Malvern, and our dear
departed friend had looked forward to joining the
family circle on his final return from America, and to
spending in their loved society, and in peace and
serenity, the evening of his well spent life, but Deo
alilcr visum : His will be done !

VINE GROWING.
In reference to Mr. CannoU's system of cultivating
tho Vine, I beg to say that tlio experience we are
gathering year by year instructs us that no system
of fruit culture, however successfully practised in one
favoured locality, can be safely reooinmeiided lor
general adoption until fairly tried in various parts ol

'There are' few countries that present within the same
limited area so many marked and diverse geological
features as our own, and with considerable irregularity
of surface and much disturbance and displacenientol the
earlier deposits, by drift and other causes, we have, as a
consequence, greater variety in the character and quality
of soils than generally falls to the lot of cultivators As
the circumstanoesof soil andsub.soilmateriallyallecttlie
cultivation of the Vine, it may readily be inierred that
greater natural difficulties exist in some places than in
others We can secure all the essentials of climate lor
a Vino by the erection of a vinery, and by an arrange-
ment for supplying heat. Surely Mr Cannell does not
I pretend to maintain that Vines trained on the extending
system will succeed in all positions, irrespective ot the
natural suitability of soil and subsoil ? Borders pro-
portionate to the presumed exten.sion of the roots would
liave to be provided in most places ; and if a second
Hampton Court Vine were coveted, the preparation ot a
suitable border, where the circumstances demanded it,
would be a very serious business indeed. It will De
instructive, and it will illustrate my argument, if we
note as iMr. Glaisher might do in one of his aerial
flights, the successive changes that are presented to
us in a line of country, say from Sussex to Notting-
hamshire We may first notice the chalk downs,
representing theCretaoeous system, largely developed in
the south-western counties ; next succeeding thiswe hnd
wide tracts overspread with gravel and sand and scar,
making what is called the Bagshot Sand formation ;
next succeeding this, we may remark a washed and
intractable clay, concealed here and there by dnlts ot
"ravel loam and sand, without London clay ^nd this
extends into Hertfordshire. Before leaving Hertford-
shire we meet the swelling chalk hills again, and then
in parts of Bedfordshire we find great accumulations ot
drift sand, loam and gravel. In Huntingdon extensive
tracts of level, low-lying, water-logged lands are met
i with, and reaching Lincolnshire bog land again occurs;
I and as the land Irises, lias, clay, and oolitic limestone
i "ive a new character to the scenery, and form the base
of the cultivated soil of a large district. In Notting-
hamshire, the gypseous marls appear in theval eys and
the light sandv loams characterise the uplands where
I the new red sandstone exists ; and further on, the mag- ,
' nesian limestone gives an altered character to the soil
Slixed up with the yarious formations I have uamed ,
are' innumerable varieties of land — sandy, gravelly,
tenacious, dry and wet, which take their character
in some degree from the hills and subsoils ol
the neighbourhood in which they occur On i
how many of the soils thus lightly indieated
will the Vine grow as it does at Cumberland Lodge or
Snnningdale, without the assistance the gardener gives
in the preparation of a border? It is important to
inriuire what natural circumstances are lound, tor
example, at Cumberland Lodge-a dry .slope formed of
compact beds of calcareous gravel and sand, ori which
rests a shallow siliceous soil enriched by cultivation.
Under such a favourable combination of advantages a
Vine requires but little artificial assistance m the con-
struction of a border. The roots of a Vine so situated
may without restriction be allowed to spread through a
"reat extent of the shallow surface soil, and the more
the roots spread, the greater the extension of branches.
It thus seems the. most natural thing m the world to
let a Vine expand itself, when planted in a spot so
favourable to its natural habit of growth, and it would
be iniudicious,as it was at Sunning Hill, to attempt to
grow Vines on the rod-and-spur system. But try the
extension system, without preparation, on the London
ciay or the shallow loams with wet gravel beds beneath,
or ou the peat beds of the fens, or the oolitic limestone,
or lias clay or marls of the red sandstone, and unripe
wood', shanked Grapes and mildew, will be the result

I am very willing to concede thus much to Mr.
Cannell Wherever the natural circumstances are
favourable the extension system may be practised, but
wherever quick cropping, variety m the quality ot
Grapes and a tolerable certainty of a crop are conside-
rations' the rod-and-spur system may with propriety be
preferred The extension system is that which preceded
the plan of rods and spurs, and the very fact of its
displacement by the more modern system is the best
confirmation of the correctness of my position.

To sum up the arguments on each side, Mr. Cannell
contends that because the large Vines at Cumberland
Lod^e Sunning Hill, and Hampton Court thrive best
on the extension system of management, that system
is the best, and should be generally adopted. I main-
tain that the fact of the exceeding vigour of the great
Vines he instances is due to the accidental occurrence
of soil and position naturally congenial to the Vine,
and that the system has not the same recommenda-
tions as that called the restrictive, because similar
circumstances of soil, position, and climate occur but
in few places in England; and to pursue the extension
plan successfully such must exist and be employed.
William Ingram, Belvoii; Grantham.

Mr. Salrtn tells me tliat 20 is much below the m,ark,
and as he was always a 'particular friend of Mr. ;Skiniier's,
he had peculiar opportunities of judging.

DE. HOOKEE, ON INSULAR FLORAS.

(Co'iicludcil froiii p. 152).
My belief is that at the time referred to (see p. 1.53) the
Hymenopteraof Japan had the Europeo- Asiatic iacies
too The changes of level of the glacial epoch next
separated Japan from Northern Asia. The cold came,
and I ima"ine dealt difievently with the Hymenoptera
than with other classes of insects. I have not space here

to go into details to provo this, but any one that knows
the habits of the Hymenoptera and their dependence on
dowering jilaiits for subsistence, will be able to see that
cold might bo fatal to the one class of insects and not
to others. A single season wholly without flowers
would kill all tho bees for example, whereas wood and
bark-feeding insects would bo none the worse. Not
only the perfect insect but tho larva; of bees are depen-
dent on flowers for subsistence, which is the case with
no other class of insects that I remember. At tho
close of that period, therefore, the insect Fauna of
Japan would be of tho same type as berore, except
those which were killed olf; and one portion of what
was killed oil' would appear to have been the
Hymenoptera.

It would only be on the return of heat that it
received the Chinese element ; and the advocates of
peopling by introduction may say, what so natural
as that all the Hymenoptera having been killed off,
the new ones and the Chinese beetles have flown
over from China. But if so, how CPmes it that no
Hymenoptera have flown over from the northern part
of Asia, which lies as much opposite the northern half
of Japan as China does opposite the southern half.
The explanation is obviously insufficient. No! Japan
must have been united to the land from which these
introductions have come; and the total absence of
northern Hymenoptera is a significant example of how
futile all attempts at explaining colonisation m any
other way tlian by actual continuity must be.

Recent investigations into the marine Fauna of the
Pacific, west of Central America, furnish another
remarkable instance to the same effect. A large pro-
portion of the fishes lately collected by Mr. Salvin
there (no less than IS out of 158) have been found by
Dr. Gunther (contrary to all anticipation) to be
identical with species in the Caribbean Sea, while
scarcely a single shell is the same in two seas.
Naturalists have been trying to find an explanation of
this in supposed error ot determination by the con-
chologists who have described the Pacific species ot
shells, but without success. The fact is as stated, and
the explanation is to be found in the difference ol the
character of the coast on each side of Central America^,
the east coast being shoal and the west abrupt and
perpendicular ; so that an elevation of the land there
would destroy the living and breeding ground of the
molluscs on the one side and not on the other, while
such an event would be less fatal to fishes from their
greater facility of locomotion. . . ,„, a- ■

St. Helena is another instance in point. The atimi-
ties of that island are by no means so plain-sailing
as one might suppose from the statement ot them
given by Dr. Hooker. In truth there is a regular
! conflict of affinities in it ; one pointing to Europe one
I to Africa, and one to South America, and all
very faint and indistinct. Dr. Hooker awards
\ the Flora a South African relationship. I do
not dispute that he is correct in this, and when
i he says so I believe it; but in a case of contra-
dictory testimony on the part of the I annas and
Floras themselves, it is uot wholly irrelevant as
'bearing on the weight to he given — even by Dr.
Hooker himself to his own determination— that an
equally great authority. Dr. Robert Brown, acknow-
ledged that he was in the dark on the subject—
"Neither a single indigenous species, nor any ot the
principal genera characterising the vegetation of that
island, have been found either on the banks of the
Congo, or any other part of the coast of Africa.
That Dr. Hooker is able to settle now what puzzled
Robert Brown in 1818 is of course due to the greater
material and better knowledge which botaoists in
these days have of the Flora of different countries, a.s
well proiDably as their better understanding of botanical
affinities. But the difficulty is worth noting— ra(ra('
quantum. ... „ , . ^i

Dr Hooker, however, gives his proofs by naming the
African genera on which he rests his opinion ; and it is
beyond dispute that the genera Pelargonium, Mesem-
! bryanthemum, Osteospermum, and Wahlenbergia are
as decidedly South African as any one could wish to
name. But while I object to the colonising theory by
flotsam and jetsam as wholly inadequate to account lor
the peopling of these or any other islands, 1 h.iye
never disputed that exceptional cases ol the estaiilisli-
ment of species by chance iutroduction, especially
among plants, do occur ; and it may be that we should
look to that as the source of some of these South
African types in St. Helena. „ , , , ^ .,,

When wecometotheFaunas, however, wefind that the
land shells, which like the plants are all peculiar, belong
to the genera Bulimus, Helix, and Succinea, which are
scarce in Africa ; and although found in Europe and
other countries, occur in greatest numbers in North and
South America, and four or five of the species found
in St. Helena have actually a perceptible affinity to the
character of South American species ; and it is to be
remembered that, as is admitted by Dr. Hooker, there
is also evidence of an unaccounted-for South American
element among plants too.

Then again, among the Coleoptera, we find a peculiar,
fine large Carabus, Aplothorax Burchellii, a member of
a genus of the northern temperate world, not found
in Africa at' all— that is, Africa proper, viz., south
of the Sahara. Now this is not a matter of questionable
affinity that can be explained away by chance iutro-
duction—it is an insect which cannot have been
transported by flotsam and jetsam. It belongs to the
Geodephaga, a family of which Mr. Wollastou in his
list of Madeiran Coleoptera. remarks that if; is the only
one which does uot make a single contribution towams
the list of naturalised forms in Madeira, and as he
justly says, their habits and constitution (insects ol
prey, hunting on the ground) sufficiently show why
It is right here to tell the non-entomological readei

It IS riiitiij litjit; ivj fcii I'll':; iwij ^ (J

that although the genus Carabus is a uorthera tem-
perate species (ch?efly found in Europe, North Asia,

182

THE GAEDENERS' CHEQNICLE MJ) AGEICULTUIUL GAZETTE. [Febextaey 23, w.

and North America) it does run down the Andes, and
two or three species occur in Chili, which have some-
thing of the peculiarities of form of this St. Helena
species. I do not however dispute the conclusion arrived
at by Professor Lacordaire, (perhaps the first of living
Coleopterists), that its nearest affinities are with species
now found in Switzerland and Asia Minor. I own that
I should be more disposed to do so were it not for the
occurrence of boreal species of plants on the Cameroon
Mountains, which indicate a connection between
Europe and the coast of Africa which may have
extended to St. Helena.

^ We have thus apparently three lines of affinity in
St. Helena— Africa, South America, and Europe — and
there is no impossibility in this island having at some
time or other been connected successively with all
three. The possibility of such successive connections
with different independent countries is, I think, not
sufficiently contemplated by natm-alists. But it is to
it that we must look for the explanation of such
complicated affinities as those of St. Helena.

If oceanic islands are remnants of submerged lands,
they are the peaks of their mountains, and we may
give a good guess at the line of the range by connecting
them together. By doing so here we bring Madeira,
the Canaries, Cape Verd Islands, and Ascension Island,
St. Helena, and Tristan d'Acunha into a line having a
curve not unlike, and not much greater than, that of
the Cordilleras in South America ; and although they
may not have all been present from the commencement
(Cape Verd Islands, for instance), they all occur in the
line of their range or band of elevation. By such a
range of mountains, modified European forms might
have reached St. Helena before the chain was severed.
"We see that colonists from South Africa have in this
waypenetrated intoEgyptby theAbyssinianmountains.
So have South American forms penetrated into North
America by the Isthmus of Panama, which has more
than once served as a bridge to cross, or a ditch to stop,
all passage. If such an Atlantic range ever existed
and came to be severed, there is little doubt that
it \yould be so north of the Cape Verds, the
affinities of which are African, and south of the
Canaries, the affinities of which and of Madeira are
Mediterranean and European. This gap must thus
have been in the line of a depression which seems to
extend, with few interruptions, almost all round the
globe about the 20th degree of north latitude. In it lie
the Sahara, the desert of Ehoba el Kali in Arabia, the
desert of the Indus, and the sandy plains of the Ganges ;
and whether any transverse depression exists in the
same line in the bed of the Pacific between China and
Mexico, we do not know, but there is every reason to
believe that such a one does occur in the Atlantic. In
that line no rocks or vir/ies occur, while to the south of
it various do, not to speak of soundings of no very great
depth which are said to occur in some parts to
the south-west, and we see the same depression
prolonged into the American continent in the shape
of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. The inter-
ruptions of these depressions are the Abyssinian
Mountains, Birma and China, and Central America;
and a sunken Atlantic chain may possibly have
lieen another.. When the Atlantic began to sink,
and a gap similar to what once existed at the
Isthmus of Panama had taken place, St. Helena would
be cut off from Europe, but might be connected
alternately with Africa and South America.

I do not offer these speculations as a deliberate
and settled hypothesis. I reserve the right to
discard them to-morrow. Thej; are merely crude
hints, indicating one way in which it is possible to
account for some of the facts which puzzle us, and
offered more with the view of illustrating the bearing
of these and similar facts than anything else.

Turning to Madeira and the Canaries, we have another
instance of incongruity between I'auna and Flora,
although less marked. If we look to the beetles of the
Azores alone we find no Miocene or American ele-
ment. The type is wholly European and Mediterranean,
and the Mediterranean element where present is chiefly
of the North African type. The plants, on the other
hand, in addition to the mass of European types, have
among them a very few American forms. But
a few plants and insects of a similar nature, i. e., of
Miocene and American type, have been preserved in
the Mediterranean district, and Madeira when united
to it may have drawn from thence the few which it
possesses, although they may have since become extinct
in Europe. In the Canaries on the other hand there
are traces of the American element among the insects,
for example the genus Temnochila is truly American,
about 20 species being known, all from America,
except one, T. cccrulea (Oliv.) from Europe and
another, T. Pini (BruU.) from the Canaries.

But I must not forget that my purpo-e in taking up
my pen was not to write a paper on Oceanic Islands
myself, but only to make a remark or two upon Dr.
Hooker's lecture, and more especially to express the
gratification which I have received from its perusal.
Andreio Murray.

Home Correspondence.

Management of Woods.— In your Paper (see p. 128)
Mr. Walter Irvine, of Birchwood, makes some com-
ments on my article on this subject, published in
your columns on Eeb. 2d. I presume that Mr. Irvine
is a gardener, and I think that it does him credit to
speak for his class when he considers it to be ill-used.
I did not mean to put gardeners, carpenters, and
coachmen on a par with each other, when I stated
in my former letter that it was an error to give
either a gardener, carpenter, or coachman the manage-
ment of woods. I stated it as a fact, that I know estates
at the present time where the woods are under the
management of such men, and I know from experience,
that it is very injudicious as a rule to give gardeners the

management of plantations where they have the
management of the garden at the same time. I
know several highly qualified men as foresters
now, who were gardeners at one time ; and I believe
that if a gardener gives up the gardening pro-
fession and takes to that of arboriculture he makes
a very good forester; and this just bears out my
own assertion that foresters ought to have a know-
ledge of botany, for it is the knowledge of botany
which enables a gardener to make a good forester. I
repeat that what I mean to state is, that it is a great
error to allow a gardener to have the management of
woods while at the same time he has the management
of the garden ; he is almost sure to do well to the one,
and neglect the other. Mr. Irvine states that " it
seems obvious enough that even a garden labourer,
who is necessarily acquainted with the works of
sowing and planting, the use of the spade and axe (?),
has qualifications for the manual practice of forestry
superior to the men whose business is entirely uncon-
nected with the management of land." When I write
the word " forester " I do not mean men who are mere
day labourers in the woods, but men who occupy a good
position on an estate, and who have to do the work of
the mind more than that of the body, although there
are labouring men on estates who have a good know-
ledge of wood management, and I dare say I could
turn out a few on this estate who would be more than
a match for Mr. Irvine in tree management. Mr. I.
seems to think that because a gardener has the ability
requisite to produce rare exotic fruits, he should, from
that knowledge alone, be able to manage woods. Does
Mr. Irvine know anything at all of either "exotic
fruits or timber trees?" If he does, he ought to
know that they are very different from each other, and
that they require very different treatment. For his
information I may state that the former in this
country are usually grown under glass with a heated
temperature, and that the others are grown in the
open air on our own hills and dales. Further,
Mr. Irvine thinks that Mr. Frost, of Dropmore, must
be a good wood manager, because he has done much to
prove the capabilities of the newer Coniferte. It may
be well to state, in reply to this, that a man may
be a first-rate manager of British woodlands and
still know little of new Couifera; ; and on the other
hand, any one may have a fair knowledge of the capa-
bilities of the Conifers;, but know nothing at all of the
proper management of British woodlands. Although
Mr. Irvine and Mr. Mechi may think that trees are
not a shelter to our farms, that does not necessarily
prove that they are not. I could point out districts of
country which have been ruined by an excessive
clearing of timber upon them, and I could also tell Mr.
Irvine of districts where the farming land has increased
one third in value from the sole cause of young planta-
tions rising up and sheltering the farms. Hedgerow
timber I do not refer to, but plaiitations. In conclu-
sion, he states that a person with the necessary amount
of education which I state a thorough good arboricul-
turist should have, would find something better to do
than to thin plantations. If Mr. Irvine will come for-
ward and prove himself to have the necessary educa-
tion referred to, combined with a thorough practical
knowledge of wood management, I am quite confident
that I can find him a situation as wood-manager, quite
equal to many in other professions, and who have got
the same amount of education. MoheH JS. IBrown,
Wass, Yorlcshire. [Mr. Irvine needs no eulogium
from us either as a forester or as a gardener; in both

departments he excels. Eds.] 1 beg- to heartily

thank Mr. Irvine for the able and practical reply he
has given to Mr. Brown's remarks on the management
of woods by gardeners. I have at present the manage-
ment of all the woods, roads, hedges, and ditches on
four different estates ; three in the County Wexford
and one in the County Waterford ; also the regulating
of trees and screens on some thousands of acres of
tenants' holdings. The plantations are on a very large
scale ; their thinnings yield some COOZ. or 700/. annually ;
still, I can find time to have the thinnings cut into
01 feet lengths, and have them conveyed to different
seaports for shipment to Wales as pit wood. I can
also find time in the proper season to strip and save Oak
bark, and my noble employer has never once found fault
with any thinning, pruning, planting, or selling ; yet I
am gardener where both forcing, flower gardening, &c.,
are carried on to a great extent, and where some 14
hands are constantly employed iu the gardens. Of
course I have a qualified foreman in the gardens
capable of executing my orders, consequently I am able
to spend three-quarters of a day in the woods. With
regard to Sir. Brown's statement that a forester ought
to be a botanist— why, the very first act of a young
gardener beginning life is studying botany. And with
respect to his being a geologist and a chemist, Mr.
Brown must be aware that large plantations are gene-
rally put on the worst land — such as a hill-side or
brow, and very often in planting, a forester has hardly
time to try whether the soil is composed of peat or
fuller's earth. With regard to lawn trees, Conifera-,
however, I dare say Mr. B. is also aware that no man
ought to be better qualified to know the soil best
adapted for growing them to advantage than a gardener.
A. J?., one of the Unfortunates.

The Rival Sjistenis of Vine Culture. — As Mr. Miller
(see p. 151) asks for proof as to what has been done
by the extending system of cultivating the Vine, I
would direct his attention to the success of Mr.
Henderson, of Cole Orton Hall, who, I believe, has
taken more prizes for Black Hamburgh Grapes than
any other man in the kingdom ; and Mr. Henderson has
not a single Vine under his charge cultivated upon the
restricted or spur system ; on the contrary, a strong
Vine is gradually allowed to take the place of the
weaker ones, thereby keeping that fine balance of
power between root and branch which is so essential to
success. I believe that great judgment is "required in

prunmg on the extending system, and Mr. Henderson
would do much good if he would give us a treatise on the
subject. I have seen some of the fine Grapes that
have been grown by Mr. Meredith, and I have no doubt
that Mr. Miller has been very successful ; but upon
what system of cultivation has this success been
obtained ?— certainly not by means of restrictive treat-
ment, for both Mr. Meredith and Mr. Miller have
been taking their fine Granes from young Vines that
have been gradually extending themselves. What
therefore will be the result when no more room can
be found for young wood, and when the Vines shall
have to be trimmed up like whip handles every year;
large well-coloured bunches will then cease to be seen',
and too often the Vines are destroyed before they are
even out of their teens. E. Sage, Gopsall Hall,

Atherstone. Mr. MiUer's counterblast seems, to

me at least, to be as rash as Mr. Cannell's
"hurricane," and not quite so philosophical. The
horticultural skill of this great gardening com-
munity has been for many years past expended upon
the small-rod system of Vine-growing, which is
practised by hundreds of intelligent cultivators in every
county in England, with every advantage of soil, good
advice, and experience. The extending system is
only seen in very few places— generally without any
good preparation having been made. Mr. M. makes
a very common mistake with those who oppose meri-
torious innovations— he contrasts the best results of the
established system, with those obtained by perhaps one
or two specimens of the new one, and not only does
that, but compares the best known example of the
common mode, with what is far from being the best of
the large Vines in this country— for the Hampton
Court Vine is quite inferior to that at Cumberland
Lodge, and both, though much larger, are insignificant
in respect of size of bunch and berry, compared to
that iu Kay's Nursery at Finchley. Now, perhaps there
never was an establishmentwheremoreskill or attention
was paid to the Vine, than in the Vineyard at Garston t
economically applied, it is true, and with a splendid
result. But our object should be simplicity of culture,
and we are bound to compare the expense and attention
given to these, with what are applied to a good example
of a large Vine. The best I know of is at Finchley.
Its border, made in a simple way, receives no attention
except being covered with manure in the winter, in the
old-fashioned way ; the nursery is not specially devoted
to Vine-growing ; the border is not raised above
the level ground, and therefore the roots are in a more
"uncongenial" medium than in most good Vineries
on the small-rod system. At Garston the borders are
elevated above the level in most cases, and every
precaution taken that enthusiasm, great skill, and
great practice can give. The borders of some of the
more important houses, and particularly that from
which some of the largest bunches of Black Hamburghs
that Mr. Meredith has shown, were out, are protected
with glass coverings. There is one Vinery at Finchley
— there are a host at Garston. Is there any one Vinery
at Garston, seen in its best dress, so strikingly fine, as
regards bunch and crop, as that at Finchley ?
Certainly not. What^about all the miserable failures
of the one-rod system that may be seen all over the
country? Roots of dwarfed restricted plants may do
very well where they receive the attention of first-rate
gardeners hke Mr. Meredith and Mr. Miller, whereas if
planted in an ordinary way, and exposed to vicissitude
or cold, they may perish or cause some of the ills that
Vines are heir to. Before now we have had the good
results produced by a complicated system at least
equalled by one much more simple and economical.
May it not be so with the Vine ? I am fully aware of
the excellent results produced by our first-rate Grape
growers, but it is certain that, so far as we have evidence
of the large development plan, it tends to assure us
of the great desirabiUty of giving it a fair trial, and I am
confident that if Mr. Meredith or Mr. Miller gave it
the same attention they do to the usual system, they
would produce a grand result. Mr. 51. thinks bat
little of the Hampton Court bunches. Are there not
thousands of Vines on the one-rod system infinitely
inferior to that ? The largest crop of large bunches I
have ever seen was at Finchley during the past season.
This, and the few other striking results obtained from
large Vines, with which your readers have been made
familiar during the past year or two, will, I am confident,
encourage them to allow an old Vine to assume what
may be called a natural development. Time will tell

the rest. Stef. The article (see p. X25) on the evil

effects of limiting the extension of Vines approves itself
to common sense. It has occmTed to me that the same
argument might apply also to the modern system of
closely pinching the Peach, at least when the tree is
planted in a border ; where the roots are confined to a
pot, there will not be the same want of reciprocity
between the roots and the foliage, yet one can hardly
expect from such an unnatural system a long-lived
tree. S. JB.

Berherls Aquifolium as Game Cover. — I was pleased
to see Mr. Telfer's remarks upon this subject. I love
this Berberis. It is one of the most delightful shrubs
we have. The foliage displays every hue, _ from the
darkest green to the brightest crimson ; 'while the
flowers sport their soft yellow colour, and sweet honeyed
perfume, and the clusters of berries their bluish tints,
so rare and striking, themselves so refreshingly acid on
a hot day. And it will grow almost anywhere, in the
densest shade and the brightest sun, in peat, leaf-mould,
and all kinds of loam, and will even live in clay. No
frost ever seriously injures, no drought withers,no water
can wash out its beauty, and until your correspondent
told a different tale, I should have declared that no
game would touch it. I have seen it often in
woods, with rabbits as thick as Blackberries, where
Hollies, Portugal and common Laurels, and bitter
Cypresses were cut down like mown Grass, and not a
leaf nor a branch injured. So I hope your first corres-

FEBEtTAEY 23, 13C7.]

THE GARDKNKKS' OMONICLE AND AfirJClILTUlIAL CAZETTR

183

, pondeiit was mistaken,; and that the ^amo will con-
tinue to have good taste enough to allow their wood-
land dwellings to bo carpeted with the green verdure,
enriched with the gay blossoms, and jierfumed with the
sweet odours of this most charmingof all uudcrgrowths,
the Berboris Aiitillnliuni. It should be t'ithor sown
where it is to remain, or ii-;nisplaniod ulicn very .vniiiig.
It is a curious thin:; In uidvc whru niicctUu plants arc
established, and if brought largo out of a shady jilacc
I intothesun,it will probably die. I fmditdoessplendidly
when planted thickly— say a foot or IS inches apart,
and allowed to form masses of from 1 to 20, or any
number of yards square. Those who have only seen
it as isolated plants can hardly imagine its striking
beauty and grandeur when planted thus in good soil,
and freely exi)osed to the siin. It also does exceedingly
well beneath the shade of trees in woods. In such
positions, however, it seldom shows any crimson tints
m the leaves, and neither flowers nor fruit are so
abundant. I have said that water cannot wash out its
beauty. The Berberis never looks so beautiful as after
heavy rains. It must not, however, be supposed that
it likes stagnant water. It may exist for a time, but
d"03 not thrive in such positions ; and if it is desired to
gnnv it in low dampsituations, the stagnant water must
lirst bo drained ofi*. One word about the common
I K-rberry. Have any of your readers ever seen a single
plant of this, say 3 yards high and as much through,
as a " starer " on a lawn, laden with fruit ? If not, let
Ihom set to work forthwith to manufacture one; and
1 will warrant them, if they succeed, more pleasure
from the sight than it is possible to derive from any
ol her single plant whatever, while the berries will prove
valuable !is a preserve, and give a colour, richness, and
ologanco of garnish to a dessert such as nothing else can

impart. D. T. F. 1 beg to say from experience and

• lose oljservation that Berberis Aquifolium answers
admirably for this purpose, being a low, spreading
I'lant, and hearing an abundance of berries which are
highly rolislicd by yihcasants. I can recommend it as
nucoflho btsi shrubs I'nr coverts where rabbits are very
luuucrous; (hough wlion they are pushed by extreme
hunger, from the elVects of a long storm of frost and
snow, they will undoubterlly nibble and bark its young
^lioots. Nevertheless I consider it to be one of the
.shrubs they dislike most, and unless under the circum-
stances I have mentioned, the injury done to it by
those vermin will be very slight. I may add, that I
have found lihododcndron ponticum ;and Daphne
Laurcola (Spurge Laurel) to withstand the nibbling
and barking propensities of rabbils better tlian any

oihor shrubs. O. Berry, M'a.ts, Yorkshire. Although

in one instance Berberis Ayuifolium (see p. 153) was
destroyed by sheep, that does not prove that rabbits
\\ ill not eat it; for there are plants in the wood hei'e
I'rom 5 to 0 feet in height barked round by rabbits, and
small plants cleared off quite as effectually as they
could have been by sheep. This Berberis, as well as
other plants, may escape where rabbits are not nume-
rous, but I consider it to be quite useless to plant
Berberis, under the impression that rabbits will not
eat it. James Taphn, Chafsivorth.

Roses and the Frost. — It is onl^ after the effects of
such frosts as we experienced during the first week of
the present year that amateur Rose-growers have the
means of discriminating between the consumptive and
robust occupants of their Koseries, and nurserymen
the opportunity (and I trust they will take a lesson)
of disencumbering their catalogues of many third-rate
varieties ; and although the frost brings its trials for us
both, " as out of good there cometh evil," it must be
somewhat of a satisfaction to all to have the invalids
and rubbish so_ speedily selected and disposed of by
such an impartial test. During the nights of the 1st,
2d, 3dj and fth of January my thermometer registered
here, m a w^alled garden at 5 feet from the ground, and
in the open, 23", 21", 22*, and 22' of frost respectively.
My soil consists of a light, well-drained, highly-manured
old town-garden humus overlying the oolite rubble.
The garden is surrounded E., N., and AY. by high walls
and buildings, but open to and sloping towards the
south, within a few hundred yards in which direction
is an overflowed meadow, at about 12 feet lower eleva-
tion. The snow here froze on the branches, and was
3 inches deep on the ground Below this line a good
many dwarf Roses on the Jlanetti and tlieir own roots
are uninjured. I see my lists below do not in every
instance correspond with those already published in
your Paper; but I know that we have suffered here
very severely, probably from the situation and the
nature of the soil. We are about three or four miles
from the fen district, which continues open thence to
the North Sea. My list of uninjured (No. 1), may
therefore be relied updn a^ containing only thoroughly
hardy sorts. The varieties that are only partially
injured are contained in list No. 2; and list No. 3
includes all those that are either killed in toto, are
irrecoverable, or are destroyed down to the snow-line.
I am sorry to include in the latter list Comtesse de
Chabrillant, Senateur Vaisse, Prince Camille de
Rohan, Le Rhone, Rushton Radclytfe, and Madame
Charles Verdier, which must be placed here amongst
the most delicate. I lost plants of the two latter
varieties also from frost during the winter of 1SG5-6,
although they were then protected by a slight covering
of Brakes. This year my plants were entirely exposed,
and all were on the Manetti ( I hope yet to see the Rev.
W. F. RadclyffeRose-father to a better Rose, English
bred and with a better name). Celine Forestier, which
has been so beautiful with me during the past two
seasons, has suffered much, the wood being even blacker
than that of Cloth of Gold. Nearly every unprotected
plant of Devoniensis is killed ; on the other hand, John
Hopper is A 1, and Madame Rivers, Madame Vidot,
Prince Lepn, and Madame Purtado, four Roses which
I have hitherto looked upon as amongst the most
tender, have stood the cold fairly without any pro-
tection. My observations have been taken (except as

to the varieties of tho past year) in most c:u^os from
several plants of each variety, and in many instances I
am confirmed by results in another garden somewhat
dillcrently situated. I find that, as a rule, the old
wood and iM plants especially have suflered inost,_a!id
that dormant buds have weathered best. Those of the
x-M'Vi (d' General Jacqueminot appear particularly
impatient of frost. The lists are long, but a perusal
may save some trouble and incouveuienco to amateurs,
an(l ])orliaps some annoyance to growers for sale, if
they will discontinue (as I intend to do) t() plant and
]iropagato oven those varieties only in lists Nos. 2 and 3,
the dowers of which are not beyond mediocrity, and
those that arc worthy of propagation on account of
their beauty can in future receive some slight
protection, a course which cannot be resorted to in
many gardens with respect to all sorts indiscriminately.
List No. I. — Roses Uninjuhed.

Ujihrid PcrpetuaU.
John Hopper
La Ville do 8t. Hcnia
IHadamo Knurr
Cantlinc do Saiisal
Victor Verdier
Jean GoiijoH
Charles Lcfcbvro
Madame Rivers
Rev. ii. D.irabraiii
Madame Victor Vcrdioi"
Trinmpbo do Paris
Alpnide do Uotalier
Madaiiio AndriS Loroy
Princess Mary of Cambridg'
Ducbesso do Medina Ct-oli
Bertha LcvOquo
Prudence Reason
MarcmJritu de St. Amand
Comtesse do Paris
Seniiraniis
Jean Cherpin
Aiiguate Rivi&re
Raron de Rothschild
Madame Fillion
Ilippolyte Flandrin
JIadame Elise Vilinorin
List No.

Ilvhrid Periiclitah,
Win. Grifliths
Baron Prevost
Madame Vidot
Madame Boll
Ban in de Noirmont
Jladame Rontiu
Madame C lillot
General Pellissier
Mathurin Regnicr
Comte de Naiiteuil
Alexander Fontaine
Baron A. do Rothschild
Loniae Odier
Baron Gouella
Virginal

G^ant des Bataillca
Sceur des Angea
Due de Rohan
Andre Lei'oy
Lord Clyde

Ifi/briil Perpcttutlf.
Charles Wood
Kina's Aero
Deiiil do Prince Albork
Dr. Andry
Souvenir d'un M^rc
Mar^chal Souchet
Princess of Wales
Belle de Prlntempa
President Lincoln
Beautu Franqaiso
Due d'Anjou
La Globuleuso
Catherine GuiUot
Marguerite Apport
La Tour de Crouy
La Tour d'Auvergno
Alphonsc Karr
Marechal Forey
Rcine de Castillo
Madame Domago
Triomphe de I'Expositlon

Other Varieties.
Mavechal Niel
Gloire de Dijon
Charles Lawson
Roses Pautiallv Ikjured.

Jhjhrid Perpttaals.
Madauie Furtado
Prince Leon
Madame Julie Darau
Vieomtc Vigier
Triomphe des Beaux Aits
Louise Darzens
Charles Margottin
MademoiseUo Marguerite

Dombrain
Due de WelUngton
General d'Hautpuult
Duchcsse do Caylus
Souvenir de Wm. Wood
Exposition de Brio
Alfred Colomb
Fisher Holmes
Chevalier Nigi-a
Chas. Rouillardl
Souvenir de Dr. Jamlu
Dr. Lindley

List No. 3. — Veev Tendkr Roses.

Hybrid Pcrpetitalg.
Prince Camillo do Rohan
Lselia and Louise Pcyronjiey
Comtesse de Chabrillaut
Senateur Vaisse
Le Rhone
Annadc Diesbach
Mademoiselle Bonnniro
Louis XIV.
Beauty of Waltham
Madame Masson
Due de Oazes
Madame C. Crapelot
Duchess of Sutlicrland
Pieri'e Notting
Madame Charles Verdier
Ruahtou Radclyffo
Lord Palmerstoii
Souvenir de Leveson Gowcr
General Jacqueminot
Professor Roche
Francois Lacharme
Marechal VaUlant
Olivier Delhomnie
Souvenir de Comte Cavour
Eveque d« Nimes
Franijois I.
Monsieur Ravel
Emptjrcurde Maroc
Francois Arago
Eugene Appert
Lord Raglan
Gloire do Santenay
Jean Bart
Anna AlexiefE
La Reine
Souvenir do la Relnc

d'AnglotoiTO
Gustavo Rosseau
Senateur Favre
Duchesse d'Orleans
Leon des Combats
Queen Victoria
Madame Vigneron
Adulphe Bossange
Madame Charles Wood
Francois Lou vat
MaJamo Clemeuco Joig-

ueaux
Belle do Bourg la Reine
Clement Marot
Maurice Bernardiu
Barou d'Heckcren
Madame Guinoisaeau
Turennc

Princesso Mathildo
Alphouso Damaizin
Madame WUIiam Paul
Triomiihe d'Angers |

Thomas Laxton, Stamford.

Hybrid Perpttaals.
La Esmeralda
Laurent Descourt
George Paul

Souvenir de M. Rousseau
Madame Dorrcux DonvUio
Claude Million
Piinccss Alice
Marechal Canrobert
Madame Freeman
Pavilion de Pregny
Madame Souppert
Gloire de Sacre Ccour
Eug&ne Verdier
Mrs. Dombrain
Souvenir de Chaa. Montault
Alfred do Rougcmont
Madame Eugfene Apport
William Paul
Gcuvge Pruico
Leopold 1.

Madame Herman Stenger
Jean Touvais
Murillo

Bernard Pallissy
Souvenir de Bernardin St.

Pierre
Achillo Qonod
Madlle. Am^Uo Halpheu
Lord Herbert
Lord Macauhiy
Xavicr Olibo
Madame Morcau
Belle Rose
Monsieur Boncciino
Elizabeth Vigneron
Le PhociJene
Margui^rite Bonnet
Josephine de Beauhamais
President Mas

Other tender varieti^lA
Devouiensia
Rubena

Madame WiUcrmoz
Safranot

Mar*?chal Bugeaud
Triomphe de GuiUot Fila
President
Souvenir d'un Ami
Triomphe de Rennes
Ci^line Forestier
Modfele de Perfection
Louise Margottin
Acidalie
Malmaiaon
Paul Ricaut
Victor Emmanuel
La Quint inie

* In the above list are included some of the newer varieties,
tho powers of endurance of which 1 cannot thoroiighly testify
to, having only one plant of each.

t I have not had the means of testing any other Tea-scented
varieties, as they were mostly protected.

Allitiiihnal ll<ilio-^ of Moisture in the Atmosphere.—
I lave these any e.vistouce on a small scale ? I>oes tho
quantity of aqueous vapour vary, for instance, with
each meitsuremont of 1 foot from tho surfiLce to (»(> feet ?
Also, what is tho innuenee of various tomporaturoa
ranj^ing from ao" above to ;ii|* hrdow thu freezing point
on the aqueous vapour of tlie atmosphere within such
low altitudes as 50 or HO feet of the surface of the
earth ? Have any experiments been made on theso
subjects : by whom and whoro are they recorded ?
Would Professor Tyudall, Mr. Glaislier, Mi*. Robert
Thompson, J. S. fSecundiis, or any of your readers,
oblige by answering these questions i" The e.xneriments
would be more useml if the first foot from tlie surface
could be divided into inches, and the first (i feet into
half feet. Tho possession of such an inde.'^ of tho
aqueous vapour of the atmosphere reaching over that
range of temperature would be invaluable, and explain
many facts upon the seemingly capricious ell'ects of
cold, that are, without such knowledge, altogether
inexplicable. QuercKs.

Tricoloured I'elar'jonlams. — AVliat a pity it is that
" Scio " (see p. 153) has not jiractised what he teaches.
He might easily have made a fortune. Mrs. VoUock and
others of this class still keep up their price. Lucy Grieve
camo out last season at two and three guineas
respectively per plant. Lady Cullum will come forth
this year at probably a little less, as her ladyship is a
splendid grower, as well as the most beautiful that has
yet come out. IJut what is " Scio " about all this time,
thatlie does notstock the market andbring down prices ?
Ho has been trying for several years, and there has
been much cry and little wool. I have the pleasure
of knowing Mr. Grieve ; he deserves all the credit he
ha.s claimed. He originated the Tricolor Pelargoniums,
and more, he still keeps the lead in them. I
have never seen any of " Scio's," and but few of any one
else's,'fit to stand beside Mr. Grieve's, although he parts
with his best annually. I believe he will beat "Scio" for
the ten-guinea prize at Bury next July, At all events,
I hope "Scio " will come, and teach by example. At
present I am thoroughly sceptical of his powers, and
know by experience that to obtain fine varieties is not
quite so easy. However, we are willing to be convinced
by actual results. Even Mr. Grieve, although an
enthusiastic hybridiser, is no monopolist, and I believe
few things would give him more pleasure than to see
such plants by tlie million, adorning every cottage
window. Even then,however, "honour to whom honour,
&c." — and Mr. Grieve will for ever have the honour of
raising the first tricoloured Pelargonium, and showing
others— probably "Scio" among the rest— the way to
do it. D. T. F.

Woolverstone. — 13y some unaccountable oversight.
No. 1/ bed in Woolverstone Elower Garden was over-
looked in the list of bedding plants. It was filled with
Tom Thumb Scarlet I'elargonium. The enlarged
centre on page 157, is given to exhibit the Box
embroidery, and the bedding out. Of course the two
sides of the garden were tilled exactly alike. F.

Fearnought Cabha-je. — The specimens of the above
hardy vegetable, which I send, are from a garden
where Broctxdis and Borecoles were almost all destroyed
while the Pearnought Cabbage stood comparatively
unscatjied. It is of a very dwarf and compact habit,
and occupies but little room in the garden. When
cooked it is very tender and delicious. If sown in
March it comn^ences to turn in in January, and as soon
as the heads are removed, it sprouts freely from the
stalk. From a packet of seed sown in ISGl, there
sprang a motley crew ; only a very few plants were true,
and these having been carefully selected from, and
seeded each year, there has I'esnlted Cabbages of the
charactei'of those sent, and the plant now appears to be
permanently fixed. The heart of the Cabbage comes
much whiter than in the form produced in ISGi, but
this may be its true character, as I have not seen any
form of it other than my own selection. Tho specimens
shown at the meeting of the Fruit Committee, on the
19th inst,, at South Kensington, were thought by many
to have been blanched, so white were they at the
heart. Richard Bean, Ealing, W. [A useful Cabbage
with somewhat curly, purplish-tinted leaves, and small
open yellowish hearts ; when cooked they were tender,
and the flavour was agreeable. Eds.]

Conifers. — At Tew I'ark, Oxfordshire, one "Welling-
tonia gigantea measures 22 feet in height; the circum-
ference of the trunk at the base is 4 feet 5 inches, and
it was planted in 1851. One Cupressus macrocarpa
is 3.'5 feet in height, and the circumference of the trunk
at the base is 3 feet. One Sequoia sempervirens is 33
feet in height, and the circumference at base of the
trunk is 3 ieet 5 inches; in Pebruary, 1801, the wind
broke about 5 feet olf the top of this plant. Another
Sequoia sempervirens is 33 feet in height, circum-
ference of base 4 feet ; this is a most beautifully fur-
nished plant, which has been removed four times
during the past 12 years. Cryptomeria japonica is 38
feet in height, and the circumference at the base is 3
feet. A. Macfarlane.

Clubbing of Cabbage. — For several seasons past I,
in common with many neighbours, have suffered great
loss, not only in the shape of Cabbage, but also in that
of the Brassica family generally, from this pest. After
trying many things, it occurred to my mind that when
living in the chalky localities of Sussex I never remem-
bered to have seen a case of clubbing. I therefore
resolved to try chalk, which, I am happy to say, proves
to be a perfect cure for the evil. The chalk is broken
up in small pieces^ and a good top dressing is put on
when the ground is being dug. R. G., Wandsworth.

Gentiana Fort unci. ~V^\\\ someone of your readers
kindly oblige me with his experience in regard to the
culture of this P Some years ago I obtained a very
small, leafless plant of it from Mr. Noble, of Bagshot,
at the rather large cost of 10a\ Gd., as it had then
j only recently been introduced, but I could not get it to
grow. At a subsequent period I again applied to Mr,

184

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONTCT.E A^'D AGMCUl.TimAL GAZETTE.

[FEBKtTAKT 23 1867.

Noble for .another plant; he informed me that he had
also lost the whole of his, and I learnt from a friend
lately that no better snccess had attended one which he
had got. My plant was received in March, and potted
in a mixtnre of loam, sand, and thoroughly decomposed
dung, from an old hotbed, placed in a cold frame, and
planted out from the pot early in May, when it had
only .iust begun to .show signs of yegetation, which did
not afterwards increase, and on examining the roots, 1
found that they were rotten . As I understood it to be
a perfectly hardy perennial from the north of China, I
confess I was .surprised that such treatment should not
have answered. Would peat earth be more suitable,
and from whom can I now procure a plant, because, if
to be had, I should like to try it again, the bloom
being, I am told, exceedingly beautiful. Amateur.

Cucumbers. • — There is now so great a variety of
Cucumbers in existence that it is difficult for amateurs,
and even some gardeners who are not well acquainted
with them, to know what to select, when they have a
catalogue before them with some 50 or 60 sorts, unless
they have any old favourite which they know to be
good ; for some of them vary in length from 9 inches to
a yard ; and I see by an advertisement that you can
have them to weigh 5 or 6 lb. Now, I do not profess
to know the tastes of people who like Cucumbers, but
I certainly should not think one of 5 or 6 lb. weight a
very desirable sort to grow. I saw Cucumbers at a
neighbour's place last summer, that were oyer a yard
in length, and as large as a man's arm ; they were the
largest I ever saw, but as to flavour they were worth-
less ; in fact, I know of no large Cucumber that is good
except to look at, or to make a show on an exhibition
table. To think of sending them to a gentleman's
table would be absurd. Another reason why I do not
like them is, that one gets so few from a plant of the
large sorts ; where my neighbour cuts one I cut a dozen
from a sort called Glory of Hants (Dean). This is the
best medium-sized Cucumber with which I am
acfiuainted. I might also add that I grew last season the
following sorts, viz., Hedsor Winter Prolific, Turner's
Champion, Syon Hou.se, Hamilton's Invincible,
Berkshire Champion, Star of the West, Cuthill's Black
Spine, Taylor's Favourite, and Empress, and my
employers said that Glory of Hants was the best of the
lot. It is a good bearei', with a strong constitution,
a free setter, and fine in flavour. Another I should
recommend is the variety called Empress, which is
similar to the other, except that it is not quite so
dark in colour, and it is rather smoother. It will be
found excellent for winterl cultivation. J. C. Siggs,
Crabioood, near SoidJiampton.

Weai/ier Meeords. — I was glad to see that your corre-
spondent, Mr. Anderson, has called Mr. E. J. Lowe to
account for his sweeping assertion that gardeners'
records of the weather are not to be depended upon.
There is no doubt that in some cases these records
are fallacious on account of the inaccuracy of the
instruments used, from their not being properly tested,
or froni the situations in which they are placed. The
generality of gardeners, however, in large places are
now beginning to see the advantages of gaining a correct
knowledge of the temperature of the seasons, as well as
of ascertaining the monthly falls of rain, as guides to
practice. They are, therefore, turning their attention
to having correct thermometers and rain gauges made,
and to registering lengthened meteorological records in
their different localities, of which your columns have
lately given proof I know of some gardeners who
from daily jiractice, both in forcing-houses and in the
open, can tell within a few degrees the amount of
heat or cold without consulting thermometers at all ;
what class is, therefore, so able to give correct accounts
of the temperature in severe winters ? Can any of the
learned savaus show more interesting or accui'ate
records of the weather than those which are given
weekly and yearly from the Royal Horticultural
Society's Garden at Chiswick by Mr. Thompson, who
is a thoroughly practical gardener? With all their
correct instruments fixed in thermometer stands
anemometers, hygrometers, and ozone test paners, did
any of our great meteorologists predict the late severe
weather in January p or have they advanced any
correct data as yet in ascertaining the probable state
of the weather for more than a few hours in advance ?
Mr. Lowe states in his communication to a gardening
newspaper that he had 21 instraments at work on the
4th and 14th of January, but many gardeners had
considerably more to attend to on these evenings, as they
have also in all times of severe weather. All ithrough
January I myself had 29 thermometers to attend to in
different positions, and ought therefore to be able to
know pretty nearly the correct temperature, both in
the open air, and in heated or unheated houses. A
Gardener.

Thermometers.— M.T. Ingram says (see p. lOi), "I am
inclined to question the accuracy' of the thermometers
which have furnished your correspondents with such
alarmingly low readings as have been recorded ; " but
if from height of situation, or other cause, Mr.
Ingram has been favoured more than many of us, he
should not condemn all other instruments, because
they have truly recorded more frost than he has had.
Facts speak for themselves. Mr. Ingram says neither
shrubs nor vegetables have suffered with him, which is
proof that the frost has not been so severe as with
others. Here the thermometer fell to four degrees
below zero, and at Scruton Hall, a distance of five
miles off, Mr. Cox, an old Chiswick student, saw one of
Negretti & Zambra's spirit thermometers, marking six
degrees below zero at 12 o'clock on the night of the 3rd of
January. Scruton Hall is situated near the river Swale.
Very few vegetables have escaped here. Whole pieces
of Broccoli have been completely destroyed ; half the
Brussels Sprouts are killed, and even Borecole has
suffered severely. Laurustinus, Sweet Ba.ve, and
Arbutuses are killed to the ground. Berberis Fortuni
and a fine plant of Pinus insignis have shared the same

fate. Laurels are much browned, and all late-grown
shoots are quite killed. Many other shrubs are much
cut up, especially Taxodium sempervirens. This place
is situated 170 feet above the level of the sea. It may
be worth knowing that Sciadopitys verticillata has
stood without protection unharmed, lletinospora
obtusa and E. pisifera also stood at the back of a north
wall, with the pots plunged in leaves, without injury.
William Culveru'ell, Thorpe Perrow, North Yorkshire.

Royal Horticultural : Feb. 19 {Scientific Meeting). —
W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. (who had been re-elected into the
Council in the room of Lord Grosvenor, "who had resigned), in the
chair. After the election of 24 new members, and the affiliation
of 6 Societies, the awards of the Floral and Fruit Comroittees
were announced, and the Rev. M. J. Berkeley offered a few
remarks on the different subjects exhibited. He first alluded
to a vanety of Weeping Ash, which possessed the peculiarity of
producing poUeniferous flowers only, and therefore never
bore seed. Reference was then made to the fine specimen of
Saccolabiuni giganteum which was shown by Slessis. Veitch
at one of the Society's meetings in December last. This he
had carefully compared with S. violaceum, with which it had
been said to agree : but he (Mr. Berkeley) had found it to be
veiy different from that species, not only in the shape of the
lip, but also in other important particulars. Mr. 13evkeley
had been appUed to ^ by Lord Powerscourt for the correct
name of the Thuja cultivated in gardens under the name of
T. Lobbii. In answering this question Gordon's Pinetum had
been appealed to, but there the genus Thuja seemed to be in
inextricable confusion ; on consulting the Kew Herbarium,
however, he found thatT. Menziesii, T. Lobbii, and T. gigantea
were all identical, while what is called T. gigantea in gardens
was identical with Libocedrus decurrens, the latter a plant
which obstinately refuses to be propagated by means of
cuttings, and of which seeds cannot always be had. Some
years ago it was thought to be impossible to strike cuttings
of Chimonanthus fragrans, and a reward had been offered
by the late Dr. Lindlcy to any person at Chiswick
who could accomplish the operation. Last year, however,
Mr. Bause, a skilful propagator in the Society's
Garden, managed to strike the Chimonanthus, and he (Mr.
Berkeley) hoped that he might also be equally successful in
the case of Libocedrus decurrens. After adverting to some
fine Araaryllids that were shown by Messrs. Gai-away & Co.,
of Bristol, and to a small plant of Griffinia Blumeuavia, to
which a Second-class Certificate was awarded, some plants
from Mr. Wilson Saunders, singularly suitable for table orna-
ments, came under notice. Among these were Sonchus
arboreus, from Teneriffc, in the fonn of a graceful standard,
with a beautiful head of finely-divided leaves ; S. laciniatus
and S. pinnatus ; the little Simdew called Drosera dichotoma,
and a sjjecies of Nidularium. To a stove climber in the form
of a species of Bryonia, from Jlr. Earlcy, bearing fiiuged
snow-white flowers, attention was next directed. Of this it
was stated that it produced as many as a dozen fresh blossoms
every day foi- weeks together, and that they were very
useful for bouquets. It was remarked that they closely
resembled those of the Snake Cucumber. Allusion was
next made to a most beautiful collection of Cyclamens from
Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son, and also to the sweet-smelling
Gardenia citnodora; and then a dish of Mushrooms, shown by
Mr. Earlcy, came under notice. Mushroom-eaters are per-
haps aware, said Mr. Berkeley, that the only Fungi admitted
into the Paris markets are Truffles, Morels, and Mushrooms, the
finest of the latter coming from the Catacombs. In this counti-y
a notion prevails that our safest Mushrooms arc got from beds
si^awncd artificially, but the examples now shown were Mush-
rooms raised under these circumstances, and nothing could
bo more bard or indigestible than they were. The .°oi-t
alluded to, he said, belonged to Agaricus arvensis (not cam-
pestris), and had a yellow tinge, while in shape they wore as
regularly formed as if they had been turned in a hitho. In
order to obviate having mixed spawn, and thus to avoid
injurious effects from bad Mushrooms, glowers were recom-
mended to prepare their own spawn, which might be got in
the first instance from the fields in the autumn, and after-
wards kept true to its kind. By that means an improved
strain might be obtained. Mr. Berkeley then made a few
statements in reference to the effects of the late frost in the
valley of the Thames. At Chiswick, he said, the thermometer
fell ll" below zero, and at Kew 4". At the former establishment
a fine tree of Cupressus macroearpa has been killed, and Pinus
insignis and Deodars are much injured, while a vaiiety of
the Deodar called robusta, similarly cii-cumstanced, has
almost wholly escaped, a fact worthy of remembrance.
Allusion was made to the amount of protection
afforded by snow to vegetation, and it was said that plants
which survive harder winters than those of England in their
native countries, not imfrequently perish here for want of a
snow covering, or at least from having nnly imperfect protec-
tion in that way. He then asked for information as to the
effects of the late frosts on the ti-unks of hardy timber trees,
as it was a fact that even Oaks suffered in that respect in the
severe winter of 1860-61.

Mr. Wilson Saunders produced illustrations of the effects of
frost on Deodars, Garryas, and other shrubs, and he agreed
with Mr. Berkeley that snow formed a great protection to
vegetation. He added that variegated plants were not so able
to resist the effects of a hard winter as the green types from
which they spi-ung. Certain individuals of the same species,
as for instance the Deodar, were also, even under the same
eircinu stances, less hardy than others. He therefore urged the
necessity of propagating only from such kinds as were found
to possess a thoroughly hardy constitution.

Mr. Berkeley said the frost in the valley of the Thames
seized upon vegetation full of sap. and thei-efore when it was
least able to resist its evil effects. In its native country the Deodar
was prepared, by means of cold rains, for any severe weather
which might foUow them.

Major Trevor Clarke remarked that the African Disa
grandifioi-a had stood out of doors with him three winters, and
that therefore it must be considered a usefid addition to our
hardy plants.

Mr. Bateman stated that on this occasion there was quite an
inundation of Orchids, and among Cattley as especially a smai-t
competition, but that among the latter the palm must be
awarded to a variety from Mr. Bamet, of Blaekheath. Next
came some exti'emely interesting examples of Orchids from
Mr. Anderson, gr. to T. Dawson, Esq., of Meadow Bank, near
Glasgow, some of which were shown for the first time. " This
little flower," he said, "which I hold in my hand, comparatively
insignificant though it be, is nevertheless highly interesting,
inasmuch as it lives at a higher altitude than that of any
other Orchid, viz., 14,000 feet above the level of the sea. It
was therefore well named by Dr. Lindley Oncidiiun nubigeuum.
Another Orchid to which I wish to direct attention is Batemania
Beaumontii, the second species of the genus yet introduced. In
compliment to myself the late Dr. Lindley founded the genus
Batemania and named the first species Colleyi, in honour of my
collector, but having been only furnished with dried flowers,
he was not then aware that it possessed so unsavoury an
odour as to banish it from the society of all respectable
Orchids. The advent of a second species was therefore hailed
by me with dehght, but my disaj^ointmeBt was eori'e-

spondingly groat when I found that it smelt even worse than
the first." To Epidendrum Coopeiianum, with lil.ac flowers,
a figure of which will shortly be given in the "Botanical
Magazine," attention was next directed, as well as to Vanda
gigantea, a plant of striking beauty. Warrea discolor
was much commended. Of Lajlia superbicns Jlr. Anderson
furnished a fine spike, and it was stated that this plant
was one of the grandest discoveries of the late lamented
Mr. Skinner, who, when he saw it, was struck with amaze-
ment at its wondrous beauty, which in the clear atmosphere
of Guatemala was conspicuous at an almost incredible
distance. Of this Mr. Rucker also fumished an iUus-
tration in the shape of a cut spike. A good specimen of
Dendrobiiim speciosum was shown by Mr. Wcntworth BuUer,
who had also an interesting new Dendrobium, which had been
named, in compliment to Mr. Buller,"D. JBuUei-ianum. JFrom
Mr. Penny, gr. to H. Gibbs, Esq., Regent's Park, came the
finest examples of Lycaste Skinneri perhaps ever seen.
Messrs. Low sent Lreha furfuracea in gi-oat beauty ; and
among divers Oncidia, one from Mr. Day in the way of \
0. pehcanum was new. From the same firm also came the
rare Odontoglossum maeulatum, a yellow-flowered kind,
spotted and stained with reddish brown. Mr. Day furnished
a new and pretty white Odontoglossum, allied toO. nebulosum.
From Mr. Wilson, gardener to AV. Marshall, Esq., of Enfield,
came one of the finest series of Cattleyas ever seen, and it
served to prove the truth of a suspicion which Mr. Batemau
had entertained, viz., that C. paUida, Trianaai, quadiicolor,
Wagaieri, and Warscewiczii were all one and the same kind, a
fact which should not be forgotten by purchasers of Orchids.
Dr. Pattison and Messrs. Veitch sent beautifully-flowered
plants of Lycaste Skinneri, of which, as a posthumous compli-
ment to Mr. Skinner, there was quite an unprecedented
display. Fruit of the Kum-quat (Citrus japonica), from
Mr. Bateman's garden at Knypersley, next occupied atten-
tion. The tree which produced it was stated to be trained
over the back wall of a stove, or rather warm greenhouse,
and when covered with its golden fi-uit it had a most
lovely appearance. It was first exhibited from the
Society's Garden at Chiswick in 1854, and was then
described by the late Mr, Beaton as the smallest Orange
in cidtivation, in shape not unlike an Ashleaf Kidney Potato,
and having a fragrant rind. Dried fruits of it, from Messrs
Fortnum & JIason, were also shown to the meeting. Mr.
Fortune states that this Orange is largely cultivated in
China, especially in the more central and northern parts,
and that he is of opinion that it is more hardj' than
the common Orange. He adds that the rind is sweet, but
that the interior is very acid. It has this peculiarity, that it
refuses to strike by means of cuttings, and that it can only be
increased by grafting it on Limonia trifoliata. Jlr. Bateman
next refened to Mr. HuUett's ofifer in the Times to supply two
or three seeds of what he had been pleased to call a new food,
i.e., the Chinese Sugar Gniss, which was to be fivo times more
productive than Wheat, to all who might favour him with a
stamped and directed envelope. Of these Mr, H, declared (in
SclVs Messenr/er of the 11th iust.) that he had received over
20,000 in one week, which he pleaded as his apology for not
answering all at once. As a gauge of the measure of Mr.
HuUett's Hbevality, Mr. Bateman stated that he had ascertained
that Messrs. Clai'ke, of King Street, Covent Garden, were now
selling the same thing at a rate that would give all Mr. HuUett's
20,000 applicants their 2 or 3 seeds a-piece, at the moderate sum
of one shillmfj ! The whole thing was, to say the letist, a gross
absurdity. The plant had been tried a dozen years ago at
Chiswick, at Messrs. Sutton's at Reading, and elsewhere, and
had always failed except on rare occasions to riiaen its seeds in
this country, through want of sufficient summer heat. Mr.
HuUett's real motive in seeking extensive notoriety appeared
clearly enough in a smaU printed memorandum that accompanied
the seeds when sent out, and which contained an offer of
further packages at Is, and 5s. each ! No doubt — thanks to the
ignorance of the public— Mr. HuUett's " new food " will bring
plenty of grist to his own miU. Mr. Batem4n hoped that before
the next meeting at South Kensington, further information
would be had from Fellows and others on the subject.

Mr, Bateman then gave a highly interesting account
of the life and discoveries of his frienti Mr. Skinner, of whom
a memoir will be found in another column.

Mr. Wilson Saunders proposed a vote of thanks to
Mr. Bateman, which was unanimously accorded by one
of the most crowded Tuesday meetings which have over
been held.

Among the visitors in the early part of the afternoon were
their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Cambridge and the
Princess Mary.

Feb. 19 {Floral Committee), — Of a group of Cut Orchids,
from Mr. ioiderson, of Meadow Bank, mention has already
been made, as well as of a spike of LseUa superbiens from
Mr. Rucker. To the Cut Blooms of -Lycaste Skinneri, shown
by Mr. Penny, a Special Certificate was awarded. Messrs.
Veitch also received a Special Certificate for their lai'ge and
beautiful coUection of Lycaste Skinneri. To Mr. WUson, gi". to
W. Marshall, Esq., a Special Certificate was also awarded for his
group of Cattleyas. The same awai'd was likewise made to
Messrs. Low for collections of Lycaste Skinneri and of Onci-
diums. Dr. Pattison, of St. John's Wood, received a Special
Certificate for a coUection of Orchids, among which was a
smaU plant of a variety of Odontoglossum Warncrianum.
The same award was made to Messrs. E. G. Henderson
&L Son for their Cyclamens. First-class Cei-tifieates were
awarded to an Oncidiiun shown by Messrs. Low, and to
the same for Odontoglossum maeulatum superbum, a
selected variety; and to Messrs. Gaxaway ife Co,, Durdham
Down, Bristol, for the following varieties of Am;iryUis,
viz. : — Olivia, rich scarlet and crimson shaded, pure light
throat ; Cleopatra, bright orange scarlet, shaded and veined
with glossy crimson, the colour reaching to the base of
the segments ; H. Gibbs, carmine ciimson, with white stripe
and margin ; and Helena, orange-scarlet, with slight
shading of crimson. A Second-class Certificate was awarded
for Juhet, bright orange-scarlet, shaded with purpUsh crimson ;
and a Special Certificate to 'six plants of A. Ackermanni
pulcherrima. Second-class Certificates were awarded to a
variety of Aspleuium diffoi-me, from New HoUand, shown by
Messrs. Veitch — it was considered by the Committee to be a
good basket Fern for a hardy greenhouse ; and to Griffinia
Blumenavia from Messis, E. G. Henderson iz Son. A
simUar award was made to 3Ir. Earley, of Digswell, for his
Bryonia, having fragrant white blossoms with a curious
thread-like frmge. jVlso to Oncidium species, fi'om New
Granada, in .the way of O. sphacelatum, from Messrs. Low.

Special Certificates were awarded to Mr. Sherratt, gr, to
James Bateman, Esq., for fruit of Citrus japonica, or Kum-quat,
which it was thought might be cultivated out of doors in the
warmer portions of the south and west of England, To a
magnificent truss of Rhododendron argenteum, from Mi*.
iSquibbs, gr. to Mrs. Turner, Hook's Nest, Godstone. To
Dendrobium speciosum, from. Mr. Builer, and to Messrs.
Veitch for a handsome standard Aucuba japonica vera, in a
tub, covered with its brilliantly-coloured berries.

Among other subjects'of interest were Begonia digswelliensis
from Mr. Earley : a large plant of CameUia Mathotiana, from
Messrs. Veitch ; cut flowers of the old Canarina CampiUiiUa,
from Mr. Davis, gr. to W. Stride, Esq., Redbridge, Southamp
ton ; some plants of Fuchsia Cloth of Silver, a sport of a
yeUowish-green colour, but too young to judge of its merits ;
Ireaine Herbstii splendida, a weU-coloured specimen of I.
Herbstii, not distinct enough to be classed ag a variety ; and

FEBntTiBT 23, 1867.]

TTTE GACTENET^S' OTTT^ONICT-E ANT) AOl^TrTILTimAL GAZETTE.

18S

I Horbstii aiiroo-roticuliita with jjale-grocn leaves veined witli
creamy yoUow, tlio thi-eo httor troiu Messrs. E. G. Uenflei-suTi

and Sun. , „ t. c 4 i

FrI'. 10: (Fniil r^nmmiCw).— Several coUoctlona of Ajiplea
wore oxliiiiiterl, .amonfr whieli one from Mr. Whiting, of tho
Boepdcne, Dorking, obtained a Special Cortilicalo ; it com-
prised fine examples of Adame' Poarmain, lilonlionn Pipitin,
ami Alfriston. Mr. Parsons, gr. to W. J. Make. Ksc)., Huies
bnry had a similar award for nnmci-ons dishes m execlleiil
condition, and anions them lilonheiin Pippin was especially
fine, both in size and coL.ur. Mr. Eailoy oontribnted Sam
Voung, Cockle Pippin, Feavn's Pii'iiin, and Drudge's Fame, as
well as a very good dish of Ashmcad's Kernel from Glovieester-
shirc. T. Laxton, Esq., of Stamford, sent two seedling Ai'ples,
named respectively Stamford i'ippiii and Welland Pip)>in,
neither of which, however, was considered of such mei-it as to
deserve a Certificate ; and from Mr. T Shortt, gr. to Visconnt
Eversley, Heckfteld, came Melon .\pplo, a showy Americaii
variety of excellent quality, ripened ou a hivlf stiuidard in an
orchard.

Among Vegetables, Mr. Earley oxllibited excellent Shallots,
and a collection of Potatos, tho best of which appeared to be
Hard Cash. Queen's Own, Siena's IMde, Royal Ashleaf, and
Myatt's Ashleaf Kidneys ; and of Round Varieties, Qi.ant
King, Sixlen's Early Oxford, and Victoria. Fiom Mr. Dean,
CiHng, came Fearnought Cabbjlge, from a garden in the south
.1 llaiop-shirc, wljere Broccoli and Kales wci-e much injm-ed
.. the severity of the lato frost, whilst the Fearnought Wiis
. iicely tonehcd. It is described a^ being tho result of a cross
1.1 ween tho Dwarf .and tho Hearting Kales. M. Emst
1: iioy, of Erfurt, contributed large ex.amples of Celeriae,
w hicli is much used in Germany: but tboy wore pithy, and
nut i^ood either raw, iu salads, or boiled.

Kotkeg of JiJoofes.

Tlir Miniahirc Friiil Oarilen, S,-c. By Thomas Rivers.
Ijongmans. 1 Uli edition. Small Svo, pp. 1 12, lig, 20.
A liook in its fonrtconth erlltion needs no formal intro-
iluction ; il3 is an old and valued friend, always ready to
r(unmnnieate any additional infnrm:if ion Ihat time and
('X]ierience may have snoigcsted. Amruii,' tho additions
111 the present issne is a soetion ou " diagonal single
rordons," a method of training which Mr. Eivers
rri'ommends speciallj^ in the case of the Apricot, a,s
oljviating the disappointment often felt in summer by
large and apparently healthy branches dying oif
suddenly. "Above all," says the author, "it does
away with the tiresome annual necessity of ' laying in'
shoots and pruning and nailing in winter. The single
diagonal tree merely requires three or four stout
shreds, or what would be a decided improve-
ment, the same number of bands of india-rubber,
to fasten the stem to the wall." The system is so
simple that it may be recommended to amateurs, as the
apparent disadvantage of having to purchase several
trees instead of one is outweighed by the considerations
which we have mentioned. Mr. Eivers speaks favour-
ably of the German plan of lifting Fig trees at the end
of October, placing tliem in dry cellars with earth over
their roots, and replanting them in May, when they

theirbriglit-ycllow flowers form an excellent and strikhig
contrtst with the cnl.mrs prcseuled hy ..(her gomni,
while their gra(H'lully droiuung sjukos render tlioiii, in
many instances, most useful lor grouping, home ol
them have flower-stems a.s much as 10 feet iii length;
and such a-s these, when introduced amongst the
foliage of l''orns, or of other Orchids not in bloom,
produce a charming ell'cct. Their blossoms, moreover,
last a long time in perfection, both ou tho plant, and
when cut and placed in water. A few years since fine
specimens were fi'ec|ucntly seen at our exhibitions, but
now they are seldom shown, cultivators appearing to
think more of the smaller kinds of rare Orchids, of
which, however, few are really tit subjects for our largo
e.-vhibitions. These largo massive Oucidiums ought to
be encouraged in order to make up a grand display, for
their flowers are generally showy and elfectivo ; more-
over, when they are grown into such large masses, they
form a good background to other plants, and yellow,
wdiich predominates amongst them, is a colour always
welcon\e in a collection of these flowers, which it serves
to enliven.

" We have already mentioned that the species now
before us is of compact growth. Tho niiiss of bulbs
and leaves grows nearly a foot in height, the leaves
being of a light green colour; and the llower-spike is
branching, and 3 feet in length, proceeding from the
side of the pseudobulb. As to the colour of the' flower,
the sepals and petals arc of a light green, bordered with
red, and the lip is of a clear bright yellow. Tho plant
continues in bloom for several weeks."

dflorists' HFloloag.

The introduction from Mexico of the beautiful
Pentstemon properly nahied Hartwegii, but to which
in error is sometimes applied the name of gentianoides,
which belongs to a kindred species— the introduction of
this free-blooming and showy plant indicates the
starting-point in the production of tho present race of
florists' Pentstemons, which alreadj; show a very great
advance on the original form, and still go onimproving.
The bushy free-flowering habit of this original, and
the size of its flowers, left little to be desired on these
heads, and in respect to variations of colour, changes
were soon brought about under the hands of the
florist. By following these up, and by intercrossing
with-other species, not only has very great variety of
form and colour been secured, but the size of the flower
has gone on increasing, and latterly a very great
advance has been made by the expansion of the limb
segments, which gives to the flowers a bolder and more
imposing character.

Among the novelties of last season improvements
of the character of those just indicated were very
strongly marked. The new sorts possess large Fox-

culture. A cool but airy place is one of the jirineipal
requisites, and with this must be comliiuoil abundance
of light, so that crowding must be avoided, or vigorous
growth and large blooms will not be obtained.

subjected to the same routine of culture. This ' glove-like flowers, and leave the varieties of
' ' " .... . .. fufmer years very far behind them as regards the

size and form of the individual flowers, while they
also show a manifest improvement in regard to the
style of their foliage and their habit of growth.^ These
recent acquisitions, moreover, possess what is very
desirable in the case of flower-garden plants— a vigorous
habit, and hardy constitution.

We have been kindly favoured by Mr. John Fraser,
of Lea Bridge Road, who grows an extensive collection,
with the names of the following varieties, which he
regards as the cream of the novelties in question, and
all first-class flowers ;—

Alfred De JlfiKse^.— Reddish-crimson, with beauti-
fully pencilled throat.

Edmond ^6o«i.— Scarlet, with large white throat.

Oeorijes /j'urerf.— Bright purplish-lilac, with large
white pencilled throat.

Indispoisahle.—'Pmi&i rosy white ; throat veined
with rich crimson.

John Booth.— &\ch. crimson carmine, with beautiful
pure white throat.

i'^/;-jc«/«e.— White, tinged with lilac violet, hand-
some throat.

Melanie Lal^auette.— Fine delicate rose, fringed with
carmine ; white pencilled throat ; dwarf habit, extra.

Pauline iJiimoii^.— Light rosy crimson, with white
pencilled throat.

SoHi'enir de Malthieti Fernet. — Amaranth purple ;
throat white, veined with crimson.

SoKveuir de St. Paul. — Rich purplish crimson, with
white pencilled throat.

Surpassc Jlcfor Hugo. — Fine reddish scarlet, with
pure white throat, extra.

frequent removal induces great sturdiness of growth
and the formation of a large mass of fibrous roots.

.Mr. Rivers' observations have the more value as
hnving been made without reference to this or that
flienry of plant life. LIntraramelled by scientific
hi:is. Mr. Rivers, in carrying out his experiments, and
in recording his observations, has always had a practical
aim in view, and an excellent illustration of his
sagacity is allordcd by the fact, that while the value of his
labours is admitted on all hands by practical gardeners,
however they may difl'er from him in minor details,
the methods he has pursued in his investigations, and
the importance of his contributions to the history of
plant-life, are equally recognised by physiologists.

Select Orchidaceous Plants. By Robert Warner.

Second Series. London : Reeve & Co. Folio.
The First Series of Mr. Warner's handsome illustrated
work on Orchids, comprised forty plates, representing
some of the more choice and beautiful of these eminently
beautiful plants. The Parts heretofore published were
from time to time, noticed in our columns, and we
h.ave had frequent occasion to remark ou the admirable
execution of most of the plates, while the practical
nature of the cultural notes especially recommended
them to the attention of Orchid growers.

We find that in this Second Series, the general
character of the former series is preserved. Both the
size and the style of the work are the same. Mr.
Fitch's facile and faithful pencil still furnishes the
illustrations ; Mr. Williams still supplies the practical
information ; while the ample stores in the Broomfield
and other collections furnish appropriate subjects. In
the two parts which are already issued are charmitig
pictures of Cypripedium caudatum, Phalsenopsis
intermedia Portei, Dendrobium lituiflorum, A'^anda
Lowii, Oncidium curysothyrsus, and La;lia crLspilabia.
We quote the following from the account of Oncidium
chrysothyrsus, a really handsome and entirely new
Brazilian species, so named, we observe, by Professor
Reichenbach.

" The Oncidium family forms a very large group of
Orchids, some of the species of which are extremely
showy and free-flowering, and, we may add, among the
most usefiU of Epiphytes. The species we now figure,
which is a genuine representative of this charming
genus, ranks as one of the most beautiful of the whole
family. One of its good qualities is, that it is a
compact grower ; for it must be admitted that many of
the Oncicls are of straggling habit, and at the .same
time not so free-bloeming as the one before us. 'Phis
plant comes from S. Pedro, the m<>st southern district
of Brazil, and may be found a .short distance from Port
Alegre on Lake Patos. It is to be hoped that some
collector may find it, and .send a good supply.

" Oncidium chrysothyrsus, although now a very rare
plant, should find a place in every collection as soon
as a plentiful suj^jly can be introduced. It is much to
be regretted that tlie species of Oncidium are at
j^resent so little generally cultivated, for they
^D(^oubtedly include some of tho most showy of Orchids ;

A correspondent asks for information how to grow
the Passt successfully, by which, we presume, he
means for exhibition purposes. We have now the
pleasure of supplying him with the following instruc-
tions, from one of our best authorities: — Healthy
cuttings should be selected and planted in a cool place
in July, and another set in October. A north border
is the "best situation for them, and they should be put
under glass, in order to keep heavy rains from rotting
them, but this covering should not be a close frame or
pit ; hand-glasses do exceedingly well if they are
removed for a short time night and morning. Light
soil must be used, and both the cuttings and the
young plants after they have rooted are to be kept
clean of all dead foliage.

If required for very early bloom, or to be exhibited
in pots, the strongest young plants are to be selected
and potted into 4-inch pots ; they are to be placed in a
cold frame, for the pui'iiosc of keeping off any excess of
rain, but must have all the air jiossible. In December
they are to be repotted into 7-iuch pots, using rich soil.
The plants generally make several leading shoots, but
four or five are sufficient, and from these the small
branches or side shoots should be removed as they
grow, in order to throw strength into tho principal
shoots, and by this moans to ensiu'e large blooms.

Similar treatment will be successful for oat of door

Bee Cui.'ri'EE: JIives (eonlinned from jt. 616,
ISfili). — Vour apiarian readers may remembor that
during the early half of last year, I gave a series
of descriptions of various hive.s which 1 had myself
proved, or which from the experience of olliers I knew
to be good in the hands of })r:u:tical working bee
keepers. These pajjcrs were discontinueil when tho
summer became too far advanced to allow of any
description of fresh hives to be made available for tliat
season. It appeared to me more likely to be useful to
intending constructors if I deferred tho remaining
papers on this subject until the present spring. Ahsence
from home during several weeks prevented mo from
earlier carrying out my intention.

To Mr. George Fox, of Kingsbridge, Devon, is due
the credit of having invented a principle with regard
to the adjustment or gradual enlargement of supers,
and of having adopted an admirable ari'angement for
this purpose, which he named " The Adjuster Hive,"
tho merits of which have not, I think, been sufiiciently
appreciated by apiarians. The hive consists of a stock
box in which the bees are originally domiciled, and a
super made so much larger as to fit as nearly as possible
outside it, and be capable of being moved ui 1 or down
as may be desired. 1 have made some small alterations
in the dimensions and the details of the hive to suit
my own requirements. As I have found these
to be improvements, the hive about to be described
is according to the plan now adopted by me,
and in use in my own apiary. The stock box is
made of ?-inch wood, well dovetailed together, and
secured at the corners with long iron pins, in the
manner previously described : it is i:! inches square by
8J inches in depth. It is fitted with nine bars, the
same in every respect as those which fit my compound
frames, similar, but of slightly different dimensions, to
those described at p. Glo in, the volume for last year.
These bars are sunk in grooves, cut down into a rabbet
I of an inch below the top of the box, so that there
will be I of an inch space between the tops of the bars
and the cover or adapter. This adapter is of half-inch
wood, properly clamped at the sides to prevent
warping. It is made of the exact outside dimensions of
the box. Two slits for communication, about 'J inches
long by i inch wide, are cut out near the two sides
parallel with the direction of the bars. When
not in use these may be covered by a second
solid top, or by loose strips of wood. The
floor-board is made of stout material, also well
strengthened underneath by stout cross pieces.
It is about 2 inches wider than the box on
three sides, but at the front projects 6 inches, for the
purpose of forming an alightiug place. It will be found
most convenient to fasten this board to the box with
four screws. The entrance in the stock box may be
from 4 to 7 inches wide by i inch high. At the back
is a window, 74 inches wide by 5 inches high. A shutter
of very stout zinc is so fitted as to slide up and down
in grooves nearly flush with the outside, passing
through a narrow slit in the floor-board. When in
position it is secured by a button underneath the floor-
board. The outer box, or adjustable super, is made
from 1.3 to 15 inches deep, by 14j inches square, inside
measure. These dimensions will permit of its being
slipped down outside the stock-box with the smallest
possible waste of space between the two. This box
may be furnished with nine or ten bars, 1.5 inches
in length, fitted exactly like the others in the stock
hive, that is to allow of a space of § of an inch between
the top of the bars and the cover. A window of the
same width as that in the stock-box, but some inches
deeper, is cut in the back. When the zinc slide
belonging to the inner box is drawn down, the interior
of both stock and super can be seen. Any ordinary
kind of shutter can be adapted for the outer box or
adjuster.

Instead of the adjuster being constructed of wood,
I have them made also of a carefully constructed
mahogany frame, glazed on sides and top. It is quite
necessary that the glass is fi.xed as closely to the inner
surface as possible. A super such as this when being
nicely worked in, or when filled, is a most beautiful
object. The stock box is peopled tvith a strong
swarm in the usual way, the bars having previously
been furnished with suitable worker-colled guide
combs. When sufficiently filled, either the same
season or in a subsequent one, the cover over the
adapter (which adapter is usually kept screwed down)
is removed, and the adjuster is slipped down over the
hive until it rests on the floor-board. The bars in
this box also are furnished with clean small-celled
honey comb. There will thus be a space of about 4 or

0 inches for the bees to commence operations. As they
progress the super is gradually raised, usually about

1 inch at a time, and may be retained in position by
blocks of wood, or by pins let into holes made in the
stock box. As the weight may become very great I
prefer four blocks of wood, varying in length according
as the super is raised.

As the honey season draws near its close, considerable
judgment will be necessary to determine the room to
be afibrded by raising the super. If too much is given,
the bees may work in wax, but will be unable to fill
and seal the combs. It is better to stop short, giving
rather too little than too much space. The amount ot
space given, and the time for increasing it, must depend
on both season and district.

Frommy adjuster-hives I have taken large quantities
of honey in supers more or less filled, according to the
seasons, of 35 lb., 40 lb., 50 lb., and G3 lb. uett weight,
all perfectly sealed, and of first-rate colour and quality.

186

THE GAEDMEBS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[pBBEtrAnT 23, 1867.

Mr. George Fox has taken supers weighing, exclusive
of boxes, 09 lb., 109 lb., and 112 lb., from some of his own
hives, worked on this principle. I think, therefore, these
facts justify me in describing this form of hive as one
worthy of notice by the majority of scientific apiarians.

Of course some kind of outer case is necessary for
protection from the weather. This may be made of a
somewhat similar plan to those already described in
these papers, which will be found more convenient than
a single fixed case or shed, with immoveable roof
attached.

If I have not sufQciently explained all the various
details of this admirable hive, I shall be happy to afford
further information, but space compels me to draw this
paper to a conclusion. S. Sevan Fox.

Miscellaneous.

A Neto Foison. — In a paper addressed to the Academy
of Sciences, Drs. PechbUer and Saint Pierre give an
account of a poisonous plant called Boondoo by the
natives of Gaboon, and which belongs to the Apocynea;,
like the Rosebay (Nerium Oleander), a shrub which few

?eople know to be poisonous when taken internally,
t is a curious fact that "judgments of God," so common
in Europe during the middle ages, exist, and, for aught
we know to the contrary, may have existed _ for
thousands of years in Africa. Boondoo is the poison
used for the purpose in Gaboon. The prisoner is made
to swallow a dose of it ; if he dies, he is deemed guilty,
and if he recovers, innocent. Of course this sort of
trial is subject to countless frauds, and we doubt not
that the black gentleman entrusted with the adminis-
tering of the drug makes a good thing of it. However
that may be, our authors having succeeded in obtaining
a few roots of this shrub, have instituted experiments
with a view to ascertain the nature of the poison.
They had not substance enough to enable them
to separate the active principle by chemical
treatment, but were obliged to 'imit their
experiments to the aqueous and alcoholic extracts,
the poisonous effects of which they tried on
rabbits, dogs, and frogs. The results obtained are as
follows: — 1. The Boondoo plant contains a poisonous
principle, which is soluble both in water and alcohol ;
2. This poison operates much in the same way as Nux
Vomica ; that is, it chiefly acts on the sensory nervous
system; 3. Administered either by the stomach, or by
subcutaneous injection, it at first increases the
frequency of respiration and pulsation of the heart,
and then causes a diminution of both these functions;
4. This poison at the same time increases sensitiveness
considerably, then causes tetanic convulsions, insensi-
bility, paralysis and death ; 5. It only acts secondarily
on the motor system of nerves, does not act on the
contractility of the muscular system, and it is not a
poison of the heart, that organ continuing, on the con-
trary, to beat for some time after death ; (i. In many
cases in which very serious symptoms had been pro-
duced, and even sudden apparent death, and animal
was observed to recover slowly, but definitively. And
this is most probably the reason why this poison has
been selected for judicial purposes. Oalignani.

Lichens and Mosses. — Meek creatures ! the first
mercy of the earth, veiling with hushed softness its
dentless rocks; creatures full of pity, covering with
strange and tender honour the scarred disgrace of ruin,
laying quiet finger on the trembling stones to teach
them rest. No words that I know of will say what
these Mosses are ; none are delicate enough, none
perfect enough, none rich enough. How is one to tell
of the rounded bosses of furred and beaming green, the
starred division of rubied bloom, fine-filmed, as i f the rock
spirits could spin porphyry as we do glass ; the traceries
of intricate silver, and fringes of amber, lustrous
arborescent, burnished through every fibre into fitful
brightness, and glossy traverses of silken change, yet
all subdued and pensive, and framed for simplest,
sweetest offices of grace. They will not be gathered,
like the flowers, for chaplet or love-token ; but of these
the wild bird will make its nest, and the wearied child
its pillow ; and as the earth's first mercy, so they are
its last gift to us. "When all other service is vain from
plant and tree, the soft Mosses and grey Lichens take
up their watch by the headstone. The woods, the
blossoms, the gift-bearing Grasses, have done their
parts for a time, but these do service for ever. Trees
for the builder's yard, flowers for the bride's
chamber, corn for the granary. Moss for the grave.
Yet, as in one sense the humblest, in another they are
the most honoured of the earth-children. Unfading
as motionless, the worm frets them not, and the autumn
wastes not. Strong in lowliness, they neither blanch
in heat nor pine in frost. To them, slow-fingered,
constant-hearted, is intrusted the weaving of the dark,
eternal tapestries of the hills ; to them, slow-pencilled,
iris-dyed, the tender framing of their endless imagery.
Sharing the stillness of the unimpassioned rock, they
share also its endurance, and while the winds of
departing spring scatter the white Hawthorn blossom
like drifted snow, and summer duns in the parched
meadow the drooping of its cowslip-gold, far above,
among the mountanis, the silver Lichen-spots rest, star-
like on the stone, and the gathering orange-stain upon
the edge of yonder western peak reflects the sunsets of
a thousand years. Buskin's Modern Painters.

Garden Operations.

(For the ensuing weeJc.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Some Orchids and other Sto ve Plants, not previously
referred to, and which in order to grow them success-
fully require rather more care and attention than
others, may now be potted with safety. Among the
former are mcludedPhal£enopsids,Burlingtonias, Sacco-
labiums, SobraMas, Vandas, and similar genera. Of
these the Phalsenopsids succeed bestfirluly fixed on the

end of a piece of cork sufficiently large to rise from the
bottom of the pot to some 1 or 5 inches above the rim,
securing this firmly in the centre by means of pieces of
half-burnt charcoal, filling in all intervening spaces
with clean dry sphagnum, and finishing all off, as if a
cone of pure sphagnum was all the plant rested upon.
Use water very sparingly until active growth has com-
menced. Sobralia.s, Burlingtonias, and others of
similar habit require fibre and sphagnum, with pieces
of broken pots all well intermixed, potting them as
firmly as the material will permit. Saccolabiums and
Vandas require similar treatment to that previously
recommended for Aerides, using however rather more
sphagnum. Amongst stove plants I may instance
Alocasias, Bertolonias, Dieflenbachias, Sarracenias,
Sonerilas, Brunsfelsias, Ixoras, and similar genera,
which require all our skill to treat successfully.
Any of these quickly succumb to anything in
the way of unwholesome moisture, whether caused
through want of proper drainage, a too tenacious
soil, or other mismanagement. Endeavour, there-
fore, to form a compost, so free and open as to
drain away every particle of water given to the ball,
except what is wanted to keep up the necessary amount
of moisture to maintain the roots in a healthy thriving
state. This, however, must be borne in mind, that a
compost, formed of four parts good peat and one of
silver sand, is well adapted to the purpose. Sela-
ginellas will also require potting into fresh materials,
and to this class of plants the above remarks apply with
even greater force ; as, provided you have an efficient
open compost, and good drainage, these cannot be
watered too copiously during the height of their grow-
ingseason. S.lajvigata (cassia arborea), with lengthened
main stems, should have these latter twisted round
inside the pot, and pegged down, so as to bring the
growing portion'.into more immediate contact with the
soil, carefully buryin" all roots therein. S. uncinata
(ca!sia) should have all |the older grosvth of the previous
season removed, when it is desirable to divide into two or
more separate portions, the multiplicity of young
shoots at the base. Such kinds as delicatissima, varia,
lepidophylla, &o., do best elevated upon a mixed com-
post containing rather niore silver sand than has been
named, and they should be placed in shallow pans.
S. pubescens (Wildenovii), however, likes a deeper,
firmer soil than these.

FORCING HOUSES.

Pines in small pots, rooted suckers, &c., will now
require potting. Even a few of larger growth will be
benefited by a shift, should any showing unhealthy
symptoms be found to be in an unprogressive state at the
root. The proper soil, prepared as previously advised,
should have a sixth of small pieces of charcoal and well-
decomposed manure added thereto. Crock the pots
moderately, yet efficiently, placing over them a handful
of the coarser lumps, upon which the ball is to be
firmly fixed, ramming the soil well down around it.
Syringe the tops ofall freshly potted plants occasionally,
but withhold water from the roots for at least a couple
of days. Farhj Vineries will now require constant
attention. Bub off all superfluous sboots as they
appear, stopping all divisional ones upon the younger
growths just beyond the first leaf; keep all mternal
surfaces, except pipes or flues, constantly moistened.
Where any vines are planted inside the house, or
where roots are likely to exist in the borders beneath
these should have a good soaking of weakly diluted
manure-waterabout onceaweek. Avoid draughts or too
suddenchangesoftemperature, especially at this season,
when keen easterly wmds often prevail. Increase the
heat a few degrees by closing the house early \ipon
sunny afternoons, and allow the proportionate advance
of moisture. Figs planted out in early houses where
a good drainage exists may also be well soaked at the
root. Avoid, however, making the lower soil too wet
in inefficiently constructed borders, which had better
be over-dry than too wet. Soap-suds are excellent
things for I'igs when they can be given to them freely.
HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

Roses will now require pruning. Hybrid Perpetuals
may be freely cut-in to from 3 to 6 buds, according to
the need of duly balancing one shoot with another
upon each plant. All well placed shoots of robust
growth should be permitted to retain one or two more
eyes than less vigorous ones, which are too weak to
carry so many successfully. Remove all ill-placed
shoots, by severing them in two as close to the base
as possible. Above all things, in all such operations,
try to duly balance the upper growth with the strength
of the roots : accordin g to the amount of space occupied
by the one, so should be the comparative surface of the
other. IPrune rather closely. Tea-scented and China
Roses, except where strong, well-ripened shoots exist ;
reduce these a third, making them when convenient a
basis for an extension of surface. Noisettes and
Bourbons, which are generally robust growers, need
not be pruned so closely. Cut them back to seven or
eight eyes. Some varieties, such as Blairii, may have
well-developed shoots laid in almost entire, as they
flower profusely along such wood. Austrians need
only have the small spray removed, just shortening the
points of longer shoots, whilst Ayrshire and similar
climbing varieties do best managed upon the spur
system. Lay all young shoots in where needed, and so
treat divisional growths, that when headed back they
will constitute permanent flowering spurs. Cut back
all young shoots upon Jasminums to within two or
three eyes of the older wood, except where it is necessary
to fill more room than is at present occupied.
HARDY FRDIT GARDEN.

Finish pruning all wall fruit trees as quickly as
possible, especially Peaches and Nectarines, the buds
upon which are becoming rather prominent in con-
sequence of the late favourable change in the weather.
Thin out all small spra.v, and cut away any ill-matured
wood bodily. The points of shoots which are to remain

will also in most instances require cutting down to
well-ripened growth, which will be easily discovered
by its colour and general appearance. Do not over-
crowd the branches ; on the contrary, give to each a
uniform space to grow in throughout— a mode of
treatment which greatly enhances the appearance of
the trees. Where it may not be possible to give
proper attention to these during then' more active
season of growth, apply to the wood now an admixture
of flowers of sulphur, soft soap, soot, and a little clay,
formed into a paint, with a large soft painter's brush
painting the branches upwards from the base.
Gooseberries, which we delay pruning to so late, on
the defensive system as regards birds, which destroy
the buds, should now have that operation performed.
It will only be necessary to thin each bush out so that
light and air may be admitted into all its parts. Let
no shoot cross another, but cut away all ill-placed
ones within an eye or so of the parent stem, and
shorten all that are likely to sweep the ground when
laden with fruit. It will be understood that as the young
shoots of last year's growth are those which bear fruit,
these should not be shortened, but should be allowed to
remain as they are, when the bush is properly
thinned out.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Peas sown in bo.xes may be planted out in favourable
situations should the weather prove fine, dividing them
with the utmost care, in order that no roots may be
broken. Earth them well up as soon as planted, giving
them a good watering to settle the soil around them ;
and where convenient put sticks to them at once, so as
to form a kind of protection should harsh weather
ensue. Earth up all Peas well above ground, drawing
the soil lightly up to them on any favourable occasion
when the ground is moderately dry. Chance sowings
should now be made of Padishes, Early Horn Carrots,
and Titrnips, especially the latter, which are in
constant request. They should all be sown upon a
south border, or in some other sunny aspect. If a few
branches are placed lightly over the seed beds, they
will, by breaking the harsher winds, aid the plants in
their earlier stages of growth. Among Turnips, the
Ped American is one of the best for early work.
Place any spare hand-lights, or similar protections,
over beds of Mint ; these, by forwarding early growth,
will give a more permanent supply than is attainable
from forced plants. W. B.

STATE OF THE "Vl
For tlic A\'oe]c ending F

^EATHEU AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,

cb. 20, 18«7, iis obseiTCil at the Ilortifultiival Gardens

"a A

Ba.BOMB'TEB.

TEMl-KR.vrUBE.

Wind

Feb.

Of tile Air. |Oftl.cEai-th

1

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

»->J»'

2 feet
deep.

Tlmrs. U
Fiidiiy 15
Satur. K;
Sunday 17
Mon. 18
Tucs. 11)
Wed. 20

10

11

12
13
•
15
IG

30.281
2!).998
2!), 774
30.138
30.il2
30.3(J8
30.173

30.194

2!l.710

29.7ia

29.S79
30.0(!l
30.280
30.407

54
58
5i)
53
48
54
58

34
45
40
3(i
42
45
41

41.0
51.5
411,5
44.3
45 0
4i)5
49.5

48
47
4»
50
49
4!)
49

41
44
4C
4G

4l>
4G
40

E.
S.E.
SW.

E.

i:.

S.E.

.00
.10
.33

.00
.00

.IK)

.1X1

Averase .

30 207

30.037

54,8

40.4 1 47.6

48.7

4,^.4

0 48

Feb. U-Fop

py; hB

zy i vcr

yfine

at night.

— 15-Fine. very line; cloudy; rain.

— IG— Kain ; fine; lieavy rain at niglit.

— 17— Foggy and mild ; fine ; cloudy.

— 18— Dense foe ; lia/y; overcitst at night.

— 19— Hazy and damp ; fine ; ovcreast and mild,

— 20— Hazy; line; slightly overcast and line at night; liaronietor

very liigli.
Mean temperature of the wccU fIJ deg, below the average.
STATE OF THE -WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During tlie last 41 years, for tlic ensuing ■Week, ending March 2, 1867.

a?^

SSx

it

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain.

Prevailing Winds

Feb. and
March.

2
4
3

1
2
3

-c

Q

7
7
9
7
8

1
7
5
6
5
(i
G

1

1

2

til

G
5

3
3

x

"g

11
8
S
11
13
9

1

5
8
G
5
6
7

Suaday ..24
Mon. ..25
Tues. ..2U
Wed. ..27
Thurs. ..28
Friday .. 1
Satur. .. 2

47.3
■17.0
47.7

4n.o

47 0

4«S

32.5
32.4
33.2
33.4
33 0
33,5
318

39.1;

39.8
40.1
40 5
41,0
40.0
41.8

20
21
21
20
15
15
10

OGOin.

0,92

0 48

0.40

0.81

0.45

0.22

The highest temperature during the above period occuiTcd <
28th, 1846-therm. 64 dcg. ; and the lowest on the 28th, 186G-tI
17 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Books : S /. Apply to the Author, Doumark HUl, Camber-
well, S.

Figs, Graftino of : Constant Reader. The Fig may be cither
grafted or budded : but it strikes so readily from cuttings
or suckers that other modes of propagation are seldom
resorted to, But more directly to your question : white
sorts will take on black, and via: versd. Mrs. Loudon saw
in Italy above a dozen different sorts on one tree. Graft as
you would Vines, immediately after the buds have burst
into leaf— before this is the cose you need not attempt iC. ||

Gas : A B. The presence in any quantity of sulphuretted
hydrogen from an escape of gas into a room where Camellias
and Pelargoniums are kept \viH certainly throw off the buds
of the one, and injure, if not destroy, the leaves of tho
other. We cannot say how much, or rather how little,
would be hui-tful ; it will be best to exclude it altogether.

Names of Fruits: T Davies. Apparently Adams' Pearmain.

Names of Plants: T B, Alton, The Abies of which a twig
has been sent is quite unknown to us. We should be glad
if you would give us some deUtils regarding your plant and
where it came from ; 2 is apparently Eugenia australis. —
JO S. 1, Cheilanthes elegans ; 2, Cyi'tomium caryotideum ;
3, Pteiis hastata.

Pelargonium: An&tui <i: McAdaa. The leaves of the variety,
CastlemUk, were a good deal bi'uised, but enough remained
to show that the white edging is broad and very pin-e. If a
good grower, it will be an undoubted acquisition. You
should send it to Chiswick for trial and exhibition there.

Sweet Pot.\to : C C, Pot the tubers, and start them m heat.
Grow on in a warm genial atmosphere, and harden off to
plant on a warm sheltered border, heated by some means —
pipes or fermenting material— in June, when the weather
sets in warm.

Theobroma : J B, Ri/de. We much fear from the sample of
Cocoa beans that you forwarded that none of them will
germinate. The best means of transmitting them to luclia
is in a laroperly-constructed Ward's case, placed imder the
charge of some careful and experienced person. Tho seeds
may be sent also in slightly damped Moss, or in powdered
charcoal.

FEBRtTAIIT 23, 18C7.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

187

GOOD
SEEDS,

CARUIAGJE

FREE.

SUTTON'S GRASS SEEDS

FOR ALL SOILS.

MESSRS. SUTTON

SprritiUy prepare MIXTURES for every description of
scil ; tlicreforo in ortlcrins it is only necessary to stnto Iho
ii;iture of soil, nml suitiible Seeds will be supjilied. Tlio
following i\re the popular chissificntions of soils : —

r.. SHARP OKAVELS
G. CHALKY SOILS

7. SHKEr DOWNS

8. RIVKK FLATS, or WATER.
MEADOWS

STIFF CLAY
STIFF or HEAVY LOAM
CiOOD MEDIUM LOAM
LIGHT SANDS

Carter's aenulne Seeds.

i^-IAUTEll'S SELKCT LIST of GENUINE FARM

\y SKEDS. at inoiloiato prices, in now ready, and iii.iy bo had post
froBonappUcaUou to

CAiiTEii'a Groat London Seed WurohoUBO, 237 and 238, High
Ilolborn. London, W.C.

/"ij. U A S S SEEDS for

^-^ PERMANENT PASTtTUE, of tbo
finest (luality, at moderato pricca
oftrcfully Bolcctod on a now, natural, and
scientiflc syatem.

Soo " WHEELER'S KOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tlona and Deacriptlona of the most
suitable Gi-asaos for Ptrmanent Pnaturo.

J. C. WiiKELEn & Sum,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to tlio (ilouceaterahiro
At;i-icult'ir.Tl Snciety.

S1;TT0N'S best MIXTimE of PERMANENT
(IRASSES and CLOVEUS.— Prices for Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,
.'). fi, and 7 (2 bushels of Grasses, and 121b. Clovers per
acre), 36.?. per acre, carriage free.

C HEAPER MIXTURES, 26s. to 30.?. p. acre, carriage free.

Fnr No. 8, 305. per acre, carriage free.

From many Letters before us wc present one only for
r;uh description of Seeds.

Frnni Mr. Joun Towi.e, jrdrs and llinck&ey MUU, near Oxford.

April II, 18(i(!.—" Some live or six yonra hack I hail fiom you Por-
ninnent Gi-aas Seeds for 40 acres, and tlieannie quantity froiu another
I>:irty ; while yours hna now a good sward upon it, the oLlier is worn
iilriio'st to iiot'liing."

SUTTON'S RENOVATING MIXTURE for the above
SOILS, price 10(?. per lb., cheaper by the ewt.— If
thiti* Seeds are sown early in the season, the improve-
ment in the Pasture will be very great, and at small
expense. (5.s. to 10s. per acre.)

F^-om W. G. QouLBouRN, Esq., North Minims, Hatjkhl.
March 15, 18GC.— "The Renovatiny Mixture 1 had last year hna
already niado an impoit;int improvement both m quality and
quantity of crop."

Improvement of Grass Lauds,

at from fis. to 10s. per aero.

SUTTON'S RENOVATING
Ml XT ORE
SnouLO Now UE Sows.
6 to 121b. per acre.
Price lOd. per lb. Cheaper by the cwt.
If these Seeds are sown eiirly lu the soiiaon,
the improvemoiit in the hind will be very
great, and at a small expense.

This Mixture should bo buah-harrowod In,
and rolled aftunvards.

Sutton & Rons,
Royal Berkshire Seed Estublishment,

ReadiiiK.

Sutton's Prize Mangel Wurzel,

TURNIP, IMPROVED KOHL RAIU, kc, &c.

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE for PARK LAWNS,
BOWLING GREENS, CRICKET GROUNDS, for
the above Soils, price 18s, per bushel. Sow 2 or
2h bushels per acre.

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of GRASSES and
CLOVERS for Foin- Years' Lay, 245. per acre, can-iage
free. Second Quality cheaper.

F»'om JosEPn KtaKnAM, Esq., Jun., Ta-rington.
M.-irch 28, 18GC.— "The Four Years' Lay Seeds I had from you havO
answered well ; and although 1 had a heavy crop of Oats, there has
been more feed than I ever saw before. I have had 100 ewes and
lambs on the 10 acres for a long time, but it appears to grow almost
as fast as they eat it."

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of GRASSES and
CLOVERS for Two Years' Lay, 18s. Qd. per acre,
carriage free. Second Quality cheaper.

From Mr. "William Josks, Aqent to E. P. Monkton, Esq.,
Firicshade Abbey, Waiis/ord.
May 5, 1866.— "The Clovers and Grass Seeds supplied by you
during ray lesidenee here (1SC4 and 1865), have given everj- satisfac-
tion ; indeed, in 1805, when all seeds around me were a failure, I had
Buch an abundant crop uf your 'Two Years' Lay Seeds," that out of
CO acres I mowed 20 acres twice in that season, and the mowings
togother averaged quite three tons per acre."

SUTTON'S BE?r MIXTURE of GRASSES and

CLOVERS for One Year's Lay, 15s. per acre, carriage

free.

From 11. Bird Thompson, Esq., Free Chase, Slanyham, Crawley.

Jan. 19,1807. — *'The seeds for one year's lay had from Mes.sr9.
Sutton turned out wonderfully. The mowers stated they had not
Been such a crop for years, and that it was like cutting Into a w.ill.
They said it was 4 feet high. Ceitaiuly it was the finest crop Mr.
Bird Thompson ever saw."

SUTTON'S MIXTURES of CLOVERS and RYE-
GRASS for One Year, 12s. to 145. per acre, can'iage
free.

From Mr. E. Nkal, Steu^ard to the Hon. J. K. Howaiid, Ho-ielby.
June 27, 186C.— "1 have harvested 3 acres of Clovers and Italian

Rve-grass from seed jou sent mo last year, which has been the

ndniiratioii of the neighbourhood,"

GOOD CLOVER SEEDS at market prices. Samples
and lowest price per cwt. on application.

SUTTON'S SELECTED MANGEL WURZEL,
TURNIP, and other FARM SEEDS, as see

SUTTON'S NEW FARM SEED LIST,

Gratis and Post Free on application.

I^° All Goods Carriage Frec^ except very small parcels.

Five per cent, discount allowed for Cash Payments.

SUTTON AND SONS,

ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT,

READING.

For PRICES, see

SUTTON'S NEW FARM SEED LIST, which may be
had gratis and post free on application to
Sutton & Sons, Royal_Berkshirc^ceil_Establishmont, Reading.
OYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.

BURY ST. EDMUND'S MEETING. 18G7.
STOCIC. POULTRY and IMPLEMENT PRIZE SHEETS are
now ready, and will bo forwarded on application to

Hanover Square, London, W. H. Hall Dabe, See.

Wi\t ^sricttUtttal (Bajette,

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 1867.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

( Lcctiirp by rroft'.sor SiuONns licfoie the
WEfSEBDAY.Feb. 27< KoTal Auriiultural Society of Engkmd,
{ Qt 12. Hanover S{iuare-Noon.

At a time wlien so many Potatos have been
frosted, and bread is rising, and the more
common garden esculents have been spoiled, it
becomes a matter of importaiice to inquire into
the nature and properties of the commoner
articles of diet, with a view, if possible, to point
out the principles which should guide us in find-
ing a substitute for any crop that may hayo
failed us.

If we inquire into the nature of vegetable food
substances we shall find that thoy contain the
following proximate principles : —

1. Nitrogenous or ilesh-forming constituents;
those which aid in tho formation and restoration
of muscle.

2. Substances not containing nitrogen, as
starch, sugar, vegetable fibre. These are fitted
to support respiration or to lay on fat.

3. Ashes. Tho earthy materials which are
left after burning.

4. Water.

Now, these principles exist in very varied
proportions in different kinds of plants and
their products, and it will be fountl that such
products are more or less valuable for different
puiiioses, according as one or other of tho desired
ingredients prevails : — thus, Barley-meal will bo
found to contain 69J per cent, of fat-forming
elements, and Potatos only 2U per cent, of the
same. 13arley-meal, then, compared weight for
weight with Potatos, will bo found to afford
moi-e than three times the fattening materials of
the fresh Potato. Again, Peas contain nearly
234 per cent, of flesh-forming matter, while
Barley affords but 13, Wheat 14, and Potatos
only 2^ per cent. — figures which enable us to
estimate the differences which prevail in this
respect ; whilst in tho matter of water wo find
that Potatos contain nearly 75, Oats 12, and
Peas a little over 14 per cent, of this fluid. Now,

as tho keeping up of tho muscle of an animal on
theono hand, and duly balancing the fit-forming
and rosjiiratory functions on tlio other, are
important to tho doyelopmont and well-being of
all animals, including tho highest, it follows that
if chemical principles and analyses are to bo
depended upon, these will give ns at least an
approximate method of estimating tho relative
value of different food materials.

I'lxpnrienco soon teaches us tho valno of this
guide in purchasing and selecting food for tlio
growth anil fattening of inferior aniniuls, and
we cannot help thinking that with regard to
man himself it is no unimportant matter for his
consideration — what is food ?

In order then to this inquii'y, wo shall lay
before our readers a tablo of tho proximate
analyses of different substances, mostly compiled
from BoussiNOAULT, and then inquire into thoir
value as food.

Ttthle of the General ComposUion of some CenaLi, djc.

Constituents.

rotutos,

fresh.

Oats,
air dry.

Carlcy,
air dry.

Whcit
Hour.

Peas,
air dry.

1. NItrogenxaod 1
orilcsh-forming J

2. Fjit-foruiing ..

3. Ashes . .
1. Water ..

2.49

21.68
0.90
74.95

100.00

13.0

70.3
3.3
12.8

13.0

69.3
3,.5
14.0

14.6

09.8
1.0
14.0

23.4

60.0
2.5
14.1

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

It would appear then from this Tablo, that
Potatos can only be considered as food in a
highly diluted stato, whilst, comparod with
Peas, the latter can only bo viewed as concen-
trated food. If then wo inquire into the relative
feeding value of meats, and find pork to bo tho
lowest of all, it will .at once acquaint us with tho
cogency of mari-j-ing I'oas-puddiug to boiled
pork. On the other hand, wo are enabled to
trace how it is that Potatos have become
popular at the tables of the rich, as, mixed with
a generous meat diet, they are of importance to
aid in its dilution. Peas again have .almost
disappeared from the tables of tho poor as well
as the rich. Prom the latter advisiibly so, as
they induce flatulency or indigestion, but for the
poor man to discard them is altogether unwise,
as his object is too frequently not how to obtain
luxuries, but how to live.

To make this reasoning appear moro clearly, it
will be necessary to point to the ascertained fact,
that 3 ounces of flesh-formers aro required to
restore tho daily wasto of the body ; if, then,
these be forthcoming in meat rations, to get
them in addition in Peas must create indigestion,
and the inconvenience of this would be felt most
by those who have done growing and tho idler.

If any one will examine the tables in the Pood
Department of tho Kensington Museum he will
find amongst them the following, which they tell
us has been arranged upon certain assumptions.

Table of Cost of Rive Ounces of Flesh-formers,

lb. oz.

Avorago cost.

WheaJ flour

Barl^ meal

2 1

09. Ud,

2 6

0 4i

Oatmeal

1 13

0 4J

MaiKO

2 9

0 7i

Rico

4 13

1 2

Peas

1 S

0 2i

Potatos .. _

20 13

0 7

The assumptions alluded to are the following : —
In nutrition, the tissues of the body can only
be produced by the agency of Plesii-formers,
already tho samo in composition as the flesh
to bo formed. Different kinds of food v.ary much
in their amount of flesh-formers, some, as
Legumes (Peas, Beans, &c.) being rich in them,
while others, as Potatos and Carrots, are poor.
An adult labouiing man must have five ounces of
flesh-formers supplied daily in food to restore the
waste of five ounces of the organicparts of his body.
It becomes important to know what quantities
of each kind of food ho must consume to supply
tho normal waste of five ounces, and what would
bo the cost to him of restoring tho waste by tho
several kinds of food in common use. The dif-
ferent quantities of food shown in tho Tablo all
contain tho same amount (five ounces) of flosh-
formors; and they must be eaten as tho day's supply
to enable the labourer to do a day's work ; their
relative^cost for restoring the daily waste of tissues
is the money paid in purchasing tho amount
exhibited. Experience, however, has taught
man that he should mix food so as to ensure a
proper balance between the heat-givers and flesh-
formers, and not to depend upon one kind of
food for the exclusive supply of either.

It follows then from the above Table that Bice,
which is so much resorted to in times of scarcity,
is Ihe dearest of all food, and next to it, if they

188

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTtlRAL GAZETTE.

[Pebettabt 23, 1S67,

have to be bought, rank Maize and Potatos, and
Potatos are now dear to the Londoner, and they
are by disease and frost nearly lost to the cottager,
so that of necessity he must iind some substitute.
Bread of com-se will bo had recourse to, to make
uj) this deficit, but it follows from our argument
that at the present price of Peas, 7s. per bushel,
(and we can spare them to our labourers for 6.5.,)
they will be a sub.stitute for Potatos and a food
for the poor man which should not be overlooked.
The farmer, again, mil find them, when compared
with other feeding stuffs, particularly valuable
and highly profitable, more especially for working
animals on the one hand and gi'owing creatures
on the other.*

The 36th legislative attempt to regulate the

relations of Landlord and Tenant in Ireland is made in
a new Tenant Eight Bill, which was introduced last
week by Lord N Aj\.s, and is thus described by the Times,
" The chief feature of the measure is, that it enables a
tenant to obtain compensation for drainage works, the
reclamation of waste land, and the removal of stones
or other useless materials from the soil, without con-
sulting his landlord, but subject to the approval of a
Government official. For this purpose the functions
of the present Board of Works in Ireland are extended
by appointing a special commissioner, with power to
make advances to tenants on the same ge neral terms
as to landlords under the Land Improvement Acts. A
tenant desiring to borrow money for any improvements
of the kinds already specified would present a memorial
to the Commissioner, who would thereupon give notice
to the landlord, and Institute proper inquiries into the
expediency of the intended outlay. Having satisfied
himself on this point, he would give his sanction to the
improvement, and grant the required loan at his own
discretion, with or without the landlord's concurrence.
The tenant would receive a certificate, in a simple
form, binding him to repay the principal by instal-
ments withiu thirty-live years, and making the repay-
ment a charge on the land. Nor is this all, for, by
another provision of the bill, a tenant who happens to
have capital enough to execute improvements for him-
self has only to obtain authority from the Commis-
sioner, under the conditions, and thenceforth becomes
entitled, on eviction or voluntary departure, *to go and
receive back from the Commissioner the money charged
upon the land in a lump sum, minus only those instal-
ments which he should have paid had he borrowed the
money in the ordinary way.' The Bill, however, dis-
tinguishes for purposes of exception another class
of improvements for which the landlord's consent
shall in all cases be required. This class includes 'the
erection of farm buildings and dwellings, the making of
fences, and the construction of farm roads.' Of all so-
called improvements the erection of farm buililings is
that which is of the most doubtful utility to the land-
lord, and which is most likely to create a claim for
compensation. It is generally the landlord's object to
favour the gradual absorption of small into large hold-
ings. Now, it is obvious that if homesteads, barns, and
sheds are built on every little farm of 10 or 20 acres,
the process of conversion will entail a considerable
sacrifice upon some one. The value of a house, or even
of a stone wall, is not exhausted in a generation. The
landlord, therefore, will frequently be called upon to
pay for what does not increase the letting value of his
property, if it be not a positive encumbrance upon it.
There is, then, sufficient justification in equity for the
line drawn by Lord Naas between improvements in
the land and improvements on the land. '\Vhether in
practice the arbitration of Government, if invoked at
all, can be kept within moderate and safe limits, is a
subject which deserves consideration. "

On Monday it was stated, in answer to a

question by Mr. M'Lagan, that it is the intention of
the Government during the ensuing session to adopt
the same means for the collection of Agricultural
Statistics in England and Scotland as last year.

On Tuesday Mr. Fawcett gave notice that on

going into Committee of Supply next'Friday he would
call the attention of the LLouse to the importance of
extending the Education clauses of the Factory Acts to
children employed in agriculture.

The following particulars relating to Cattle

Hague compensation have been elicited by questions
addressed to the Government during the past week.
Arrangements have been made for compensation for
diseased animals slaughtered under the authority of
the Orders in Council between the 26th August, ISflo,
and the 23d of the following November, on which
occasion the slaughtering power was revoked on the
recommendation of the Commissioners. From the
23d November to the pas.sing of the Act at the
beginning of last session the inspectors had no power
to order the slaughter of diseased animals, and con-
sequently the Government did not propose to grant
compensation for that period. The rate at which
the compensation will be made from August to
November, ISiiS, will be the same as that fixed by
the Act of last session— that is to say, one-half
the value of the animal, less any amount received
from insurance, local rates, or the sale of the carcase.
The special claims of Cheshire for compensation in
respect of carcases which had been buried under
Orders of Council, to the loss of any possible profit
which might have been made from them between the
Order of IJhe 23d of November and the passing of tlie
Act of last Session, had been stated to the Govern-
ment by an influential deputation from that county ;
and it was shown that the inhabitants of Cheshire had

suffered a very severe calamity, which had fallen upon
them particularly during this period ; but it has been
found impossible to make any exception in favour of
Cheshire to the rule above stated.

lectures will be made as practical as possible, yet it ig
not from advice alone that a man becomes "a good
fanner. The above-named qualities may be developed
by a course of study, but the student still requires a
personal experience before he is to be considered as
fully understanding his business.

Here, no doubt, lies the mistake which many people
make regarding the agricultural education as conducted
here and in similar institutions. They want to see
men turned olf from such colleges thorough long-
headed, shrewd farmers. Now this is impossible.

You may see, and I have frequently met with,
shrewd bargain-making young fellows, who were well
up in selling and buying, and also in the routine work
of a farm, but I contend that to attain this skill at a
very early age requires too frequently a great
sacrifice of noble qualities, and a degradation of the
man into a mere bargain driver. It is always melan-
choly to see a man with a greater amount of capital
than of education— a condition more common among
farmers than other classes. The object sought after in
this College is both general and individual improve-
ment ; while the private advantage of each student is
considered, the public duty of advancing agriculture
must not be lost sight of. Now, if the private interest
of individual farmers is theonly object of the instruc-
tion given here, I think I am right in saying that so
high a scientific education is hardly necessary. Any
man who will take the trouble to read agricultural
periodicals will have all the new and scientific
appliances regarding agriculture placed before him ; and
by advising with those who have already tried them, he
may adopt those which seem most suitable to his
exigencies. In this way a man of judgment and prac-
tical knowledge of farming may reap the advantages
of scientific discoveries without understanding the
principles upon which they are founded. This is a
good result as far as it goes, but it does not need many
words to prove that such imitation is not the true
spirit of advancement which undoubtedly characterises
modern agriculture.

Men holding the Diploma of this College should be
among the leaders of scientific agriculture, and the
knowledge of principles attained here will enable them
to do their part in advancing this, the most important

* Read Mr. Cox's paper on Food for Laboui'ei'S, in anotoer
column.

The Times correspondent at Paris quotes an

address by the Prefect of the Lozere to the Agricul-
tural Society of the department, in which tlie injury
done to that country by the wholesale Destruction of
Forests is well illustrated: — From the nook where the
Lot has its source along to Barjac the traveller sees
nothing but rock, with here and there a few stumps of
trees, as if to show that in former times there was
vegetable soil, fair woods, and great forests. From
Mende to Florae, more than 22 miles, there is the same
desolation. In former times those steeps were shaded
by Fir trees, Beeches, and Oaks, and now, nothing but
rocks. When the storm rushes down, the roads are
covered with their fragments, the circulation is inter-
rupted, and year after year the State is called upon to
spend immense sums to re-open it, which would be
more advantageously employed in improving the high-
ways. The communications; remain interrupted for
weeks, and the fanner is ruined because he cannot
reach the towns to dispose of his produce. The Prefect
quoted one instance of recent occurrence : —

"I visited duiing the last siiramer the south-east of this
department. An elevation attracted my .attention. Its
northern slope was covered with rich Grass and trees, while
the other waa a sh.apeless mass of rock. The soil had dis-
appeared. Low walls had served as the boundary between
both. Ala.s ! there was no longer .any need of them ; the
boundary was sufficiently m.arked by this contrast of a rich
vegetation with a stony surface. I inquired the cause, and
learnt that the northern side belonged to an intelligent m.au,
who had carefully preserved the Gr.ass and the trees, the
inheritance of his fathers. The southern part belonged to the
commune. The inh<abit.ants of the commune had divided it,
cut down the trees, ploughed up the tui-f, .and sowed com in
it. Snow and r.ain came on in due course. The soil by little
and little melted away, and was can-ied off into the valley,
and in ten years there was nothing left but rock. The
commune is now completely unproductive ; on the contr.ary,
the rest of the hill has greatly increased in value. The
intelligent proprietor is grown rich, and the commune poor.
The inhabitants had, indeed, for a few years the pleasure of
getting in a trifle of Rye. Now they get nothing whatever,
and they are in a st.atc of destitution."

A hundred and fifty years ago the Gevaudan. a sub- , i i ■ , - , u- r j

division of the Lozere, was covered with forests, and ! "' ™"^" ™«^° "^^^ cultivated,
had a population of 150,000 souls. The Lozere has a
more extensive superficies, and its population, according
to the last census, was only 13.o,000. The result of the
present census is not known, but what is known is that
from 18.50 to 1860 the department has lost 1,000 each
year. If the increase of the population of France,
which in the 18th century was only 18 millions, and is
now more than 30, be taken into account, the Lozere
should now have more than 300,000. The soil is
impoverished, the crops and the cattle are every year
more scanty, the soil no longer suffices to feed" the
inhabitants, who are leaving the country. The
population is so reduced that there are not enough
for tillage ; the land is left waste ; and if some remedy
be not applied to the department of Lozere in the
course of the century, it will have to be partitioned
among the neighbouring departments and blotted out;
as a distinct division from the map of France. The
Prefect says : —

'" God made of your department a country of timber, of
pasture land, .and of earth. To each eoinitry Ho has traced its
way ; that was yours. You have changed it. You have
uprooted the trees ; you have ploughed up the soil ; and on
these precipitous heights you wanted to grow Rye and Wheat.
You have acted .ag.ainst the decrees of rro\'idenee .as well .as
against the Laws of common sense, .and yon are now ciaielly
punished for it. . . The turf .and the trees which you thus
recklessly destroyed kept in by means of their roots the r.ain
water. That water, a portion of which was thus .absorbed,
could only flow off slowly. The rivers did not swell with the
rapidity and the violence which now make of them formidiible
toiTents. The soil kejjt on our mount.ains w.as not swept
aw.ay into the v.alleys ; it did not i-aise the beds of our rivers :
it did not make them overflow. Not only did the trees retain the
water .and absorb a gi'cat p.artof it, biit they made it peneti-ate
to a certiiin depth in the soil, .and their roots opened the rock
phaced under it and formed small reservoirs in which the
w.ater was lost. Now the ton-ential rains .at once cover the 20
or 30 centimetres of vegetable soil. Below it they find the
rock, flow over it, and carry off the earth. Do you want the
proof of it ? Go over these devastated cantons, and you shall
everywhere see the fresbly-sown fields cut up into ravines,
while the neighbouring fields, which their herbage covers, do
not appear to have been even touched by the storms. All
that was timber, all that was Grass, has been preserved ; all
that was sown is cut up, .and it is this e.arth detached from
the mountains -it is these m.asses of water which there is
nothing to rct^iin that have made our brooks overflow, and
have left the department of the Lozfere a ruin.'
The prefect concluded by strongly recommending his
hearers, if they could not repair the mischief already
done, at all events to provide against the future by
sowing Grass and planting.

PROP. WEIGHTSON'S INTRODUCTORY
LECTURE TO AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS.

[The Roy.al Agiicultural College .at Cirencester opened for the
Spring Session on Monday, the 11th inst. On Tuesday
Professor Wrightson addressed the following remarks to the
Students, who had just commenced their studies : — ]

In commencing a course of lectures on Agriculture,
it is well to state at the outset that the object of the
course is to give you such an insight into the nature of
farming, that when you begin business for yourselves
your minds may be free from prejudices, that you may
oe able to silt the false from the true, to stimulate you
to observation, to give you a systematic method of
investigating contending opinions, and to induce you to
take a keen interest in farming matters, whether in
books or on the farm. You will also have suoh
statistics placed before you regarding labour, stock
feeding, and crop growing, as will serve as bases for
numerous calculations.

Let us, however, remember one imijortant fact in
oonneotion with our subject, viz., that although these

Ageicultueal Edttcatiost.
Although you will have the opportunity of much
practical instruction, both in the lecture room and on
the farm, yet it is elsewhere, and especially, I say,
when you begin business for yourselves, that you will
attain that knowdedge which will make you pass among
men as shrewd, intelligent, and successful farmers—
and for this reason, that it requires frequent contact
with men and the knowledge and tact requisite to make
a bargain— ay thousands of bargains, before a man can
farm profitably. A young gentlemau commencing
farming is too apt in buying cattle to think it is hardly
worth while to haggle with the dealer for the 5*. a head
which prevents the consummation of the bargain ; and
again, 5s. or 10.s. a head is hardly and perhaps success-
fully fought for by the bntcher,who buys the same cattle
fat. The profits of farming are not so large that they
can thus aflbrd to be trifled away. It is not only in
selling and buying that the peculiar tact only arrived
at by experience is required. It is in contriving
work and managing workmen, in watching markets
and in constant attention to little things— little losses,
little wastes, that the successful differs from the
unsuccessful farmer.

Now no system of scholastic education will give
these qualities, but an institution of this kind has, eveu
here, an immense advantage over any system of farm
pupilage, because by encouraging industry, regularity,
and a systematic mode of portioning time, a foundation
of good habits is laid which will contribute largely to
the after success of our students.

It is highly probable that when many of you begin
to farm yon will find your neighbours, and even your
best workmen, better versed in the minutia; of daily
work than yourselves, and you will then have to give
your utmost attention to the mastering of details.
And no wonder ; much more surprising would it be
if the two years spent here, and perhaps other two
years with a farmer, could give you an advantage in
such matters over men who for perhaps 20 or 30 years
have been fighting their way in the world, working for
the subsistence of their f:imilies, and reasoning by the
logic of the pocket. Those who make the comparison
between an experienced old-fashioned agriculturist
and our young scientific farmer just beginning busi-
ness, to the disparagement of the latter, are not acting
fairly — they are looking for too much from our system
of education — they are looking for more than is expected
from any other professional education. AVho expects
that a young engineer from King's College, London, is
capable of at once taking charge of work where prac-
tical difficulties are constantly to be met with? Who
would rely entirely upon the opinion of a young phy-
sician fresh from the schools, however high he had
passed in examinations ? The opinion of an old hospital
nurse might perhaps be as valuable. I have heard a
young doctor say that when he commenced practice,
he felt as if he knew nothing ! I have been told by an
attorney that it was only when he sat down to his own
desk in his own oflice that he began truly to learu his
business !

But will any one dare to say that the long course of
previous study which those men had gone through is
fruitless—that they might as well have bought a
practice or opened an olfice without it ? No : it only
proves that however extensive the knowledge, expe-
rience is still requisite before full use can be made of it.

So it is with farmiqg — we want knowledge and
experience; the former you can get here, the latter
you must seek elsewhere. We have then to do with
the attainment of knowledge. Those of you who have

Pbbettabt 23, 1807.]

just cntorcil on your sl.iulios, have two years, in wlucli
you will liayo pllu-oil boforo you a most, extensive view
oftlictioUofknowloikiM-etiuisitotoyouasaprioulliinsts.

Ill tlio iTiTiit pronross of agricultiiro much lias been
contrilnitfd by lau'l-owuers and farmers, but, besides
■what tlmy bavc ibiiic, numerous discoveries have been
made by men of various oci'upations. insomuch that
the kno'wledse \yliich tliey have broii-lit to bear upon
tiio subject, has become agricultural knowledge.
Surely Fowler, Howard, Itaiisoiue, Garrett, Clayton, are
to be considered as amonK the great reformers of aKiicMil-
ture,andinscnsiblyunciigincerinf:elDmenlisintroducc(l,
so tliat in judging of the merits of the unpleuicnts
brought out by these and other eminent firms, con-
siderable engineering skill is requisite. A man farming
on alarge scale is often thus called upon to decide upon
the nicst fitting inaeliincry for this purpose; and not
only this, but to find out the most economical modes
of applying force and fuel, and hence the importance
of a knowledge of mechanics and physics, in order to
use machinery to the best advantage. In these days of
steam-threshing and sleam-ploiighing it is needless_
further to insist on the importance of a knowledge of
engineering to the farmer.

As agriculturists we must pay attention to the study
of i he soil, but here also we find others besides ngricul-
I mists engaged. Physicists and chemists have shown
the iiioiH-rties and composition of the soil in a way
whicli wiiuld have been quite impossible without their
as<is!anre, so thtit whether we study the soil as a
nuurisher and suiiporter of plants, or in its relations
to various manuring agencies, we find chemistry
taking the lead in the investigation. The questions of
the ultimate exhaustion of the soil, of mineral rei-sus
anunoniacal and organic manures, of the beneficial or
prejudicial ellbcts of certain manures sometimes called
stimulating, cannot be answered without chemistry.

Influence of Science.

The solution of the above queries shows the iniportTiut
riMiclinn wliich this science has yet to e.xercise upon
a;;riruUure, while the numerous portable manures
now in use, and the valuable key to their composition
furnished by analysis, rank amongst the most
important benefits which agriculture has already
derived from its study. Passing from the region of
deail matter we enter into that of living matter, both
animal and vegetable, and here we find forces more
complex and requiring more patient and elaborate
investigation than before. Here we find the chemist
unable to proceed but by the help of another science—
jilnsiologv. The study of the roots, and the modes of
absorbing' nutriment of dilferent plants, can only be
jn osecuted by an intimate knowledge of these sister
M ieiices. The investigation on the right proportions
m1 nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous constituents in the
innd i,r dilferent animals, in order to produce the largest
l.iddiirtion of fat; the clearing up of the difticult
question regarding the feeding value of the three ana-
logons hydro-carlions— fat, sugar, and starch ; all are of
vital imiiortancc to the stock-l^cedcr, and are among
tlic most import.int questions which science has
answered or bivs yet to ansvi'er.

It is in the study of plants that physiological botany
plays an important jiart. This is well shown in Liebig's
" Laws of Husbandry," wdiere great importance is
attached to the amount of root surface presented by
each plant to the soil, the direction in which the roots
grow, and the length of time each season during which
they remain active.

Tou will, during your Course, have the opportunity
of studying veterinary medicine, a science which has
made most rapid progress lately, and which must be
important to all owners of stock, teaching them not
only the treatment of disease but the conditions of
heiuth. .

These aj-e by no means all the branches of science
■which have, during late years, been brought to bear
upon agriculture ; ray object in bringing them before
you no\y is not to exhaust the subject, but to show you
the harmony wdiicli subsists between the various
departments of this (College, and that they must all be
viewed as bearing upon our intention, namely, to give
you a sound practical and scientific agricultural educa-
tion. The time is short, the knowledge is extensive,
and the most industrious can only hope to get au
extended view of the bearings of science upon agricul-
ture, but such a view, ive hope, as may stimulate him
to pursue some one branch tiboroughly, and finally to
leave behind him something added to the stock of
knowledge which already exists.

Lectuees, Booes, Obseevation.

Eegarding the lectures on agriculture, I would here
observe that my wish is to induce obsei-vation and
Btudy, rather tlian a slavish adherence to the notes
■which you may take at the lecture hour. From time
to time you will be directed to peruse the works of our
standard agricultural writers, and it is upon such works
as well as from notes taken during lectures that your
opinions must be based. Note-taking is an art which
requires considerable experience before a man can
attain a great proficiency in it, and it is important in
an opening lecture to make a few remarks upon the
best mode of taking a note.

I have seen some men writing as it were against
time during the whole lecture, apparently struggling to
take down, word for word, all that was said by the
lecturer, and it is really astonishing what voluminous
notes they obtain. Now this system of note-taking,
although very praiseworthy, indicating to say the least
an industrious man, yet is very faulty.

No man can give all his energy to two things at
once, and if so much physical and mental force is spent
over a sort of high pressure dictation exercise, you
will have all the less to give towards following the
lecturer in his subject. Everything is not worth
noting down, and even striking facts need not, provided

THE CtARDENEES' CimONICLE ANB AGRICULTTJEAL GAZETTE.

189

Kome book is known which contains the same informa-
tion. In such a case, however, it is well to mention
the book, .and what subject you wish to refer to. For
instance, in a lecture on Clover, Liehig's views would
most probably be given as to the nature of Clover sick-
ness The only note here necessary would be, ' Clover
sickness, Liebig's views, 'Laws of Ilusbaudry, to be
read." In taking a nolo first hear what is stated, and
then make your note as concisely as possible, leaving
nothing to memory. You will find it very serviceable
to keep a book by you when you are reading, in which
you may condense into a few words what has taken
up many pages of the work you are studying ; thus
the conclusion como to after a long investigation or
argument may be put down, and supported by the
name of your authority.

"While reading agriculture, I would impress upon
you the importance of observation on the farm. It is
of no use to be able to describe an operation or an
implement and vet be unacquainted with the practical
working of what you describe; and yet this is (juite
possible. Those of you who have studied chemistry
must know the importance of work in the laboratory
in order to fix the chemical relations of bodies in the
memory. It would require great power of language on
the pai't of the teacher, as well as attention on the
part of the student, to obtain even a distant idea of the
difference between the precipitate known as chloride
of silver, on the one hand, and oxalate of lime on the
other ; and yetby seeing the two precipitates but once,
I am sure that no student would be in danger of mis-
taking the one for the other. So it is with farm work ;
the teacher may t^lk, and the pupil may listen as well
as read ; but senses as well as reason must be exercised
before he obtains a just appreciation of what he wishes
to master. He may be thoroughly acquainted with the
fact that the great secret of managing clay soils is to
keep off them when they are wet— that cattle are most
remunerative when sold at such a stage of fatness that
they just command the highest price per stone— that
corn or hay should be carted home in such and such a
state ; but unless he has paid attention to the state of
land while walking over it, handled fat and lean oxen
until he has learnt to know at once whether an animal
is prime fat, and felt until he is familiar with it the
characteristic warmness and fitness which shows hay
or corn to be in a suitable condition for carrying, his
knowledge of the above facts will be of little avail.
Observe further, that a man with such knowledge
would be able to write a good examination paper, and
to talk well about farming, but he runs the risk of
failure, and of being looked upon as a mere theorist
when he begins to farm on his own account. There is a
difliciilty here, gentlemen, which must be grappled
with by each, and it is this— that sedentary study tends
to diminish the powers of observation, while, on the
other hand, keen observation does-not accord well with
abstract study. The practice of farming principally
requires observation, but your presence here shows a
wish on your part to attain a knowledge of the sciences
and their relations to agriculture, and this requires a
considerable amount of abstract study. "While you
study in-inciples do not forget daily observation of
farm work-criticise it, find fault with it (if you like),
argue about it— in fact, keep up a lively interest in the
progress of work, and in the development of both stock
and crop. Let the study of principles and observation
of facts go hand in h,and, for as surely as your know-
ledge of principles is worthless without the power of
application, so is observation utterly futile unless
exercised with a view to the establishment of some
principle. In this way the intelligent student cannot
but proceed rapidly in his attainments, and although,
as we before said, experience, and the great secret of
success, how to make a bargain, can hardly be attained
here, yet he will learn something valuable and interest-
ing every day, and be well prepared to take up any
other branch of knowledge which his after position may
require.

The subject of agriculture is so large that ■when the
boundaries of its empire are pointed out, those who
have hitherto regarded it as a somewhat humble sphere
of employment are astoni.shed at itsVvastness. Com-
merce itself may be con.sidered a-s the handmaid of
agriculture, whose office it is to transport the agricul-
tural produce of one country ■n'here there is a super-
abundance, to another where there is a deficiency.
Agriculture in!this country embraces the cultivation of
certain plants and animals too well known to be
mentioned here. The wine we prize so highly— the
tea, coffee, sugar, rice, tobacco, cotton, oil, &c., which
add so much to our comforts as well as to the liveli-
hood of the many thousands, nay .millions of those
who are employed in their cultivation and in their
preparation, all show the vast importance of the culture
of the field. Look round a well-furnished room— it is
full of the monuments of what once was agricultural
produce— the carpet, the paper on the wall, the carved
furniture, and many of the most beautiful ornaments,
are all of agricultural origin, and still further the
decoration which adds so much to the charm, are no
less than imitations of fruits, flowers, and animals.
Agriculture is the art of turning the bounty of Nature
into channels where it may be most conducive to the
well-being of men. "We cannot here consider agricul-
ture in its widest limits, but must confine ourselves to
that of this country ; and you will do well if you
master this small department of our subject.
Ageicultuke an Aet.
Agriculture is both an art and a science, and to say
so seems to be only expressing a truism with which
every one is familiar. It is equally true that to gain
a real knowledge of agriculture, attention must be
given to both these sections. Now the real meaning
of this is, that while practice, imitation, and observa-
tion form one part of agriculture, the other consists
of seeking for the reason of what is done by investiga-

seeks for no causes, and is content to do what it is told,
or what it has seen. It is onposed to speculation.
Science has been beautifully nefincd by many ablo
writers." I)onaldson incidentally does so in liis new
Cratylus (page fi), when he says " that a methodical
comprehension of general laws and principles is
science." "Webster's definition of science is in a
general sense— certain knowledge; philosophically "a
collection of the general princi]des or leading truths
relating to any sulijei't arranged in systematic order."

Johnson says, " In general an art is that which
depends on performance or practice, and .science that
which depends on abstract or speculative principles."
Music is an art as well as a science. The theory of
music is a science— the practice of it is an art. So
with agriculture. Looking back to what has been done,
the art follows the best known methods and adopts the
most famous recipes— works well in the path already
trod, but is unable to strike out any new one. The
science of agriculture is shown in that element of
inquiry which is constantly asking the question
" Why? " Practice may tell you that stiff soils must
be worked dry, that light soils may be worked wet, that
autumn tillage is excellent, or that trenching and sub-
soiling are followed by great results; this is all that prac-
tice ean tell you. Suppose nowthe question be started,—
" Mr. A. has found trench-ploughing answer on his farm
—what guarantee have I that I shall find it equally
beneficial on mine ?" The first step to the solution of
the question is to find the reason why the operation
was so beneficial to Mr. A.'s farm. On examining Mr.
A.'s farm it is found to consist of deep soil of unifonn
quality for 2 feet deep ; it is an alluvial deposit, and
contains an abundant store of plant food to the depth
above stated. Up to Mr. A.'s occupation the soil had
never been stirred deeiier than 6 inches, but by the
use of the trench plough the depth of tilled land and
plant-feeding ground has been trebled. On turning to
the farm on which a similar operation is contem-
plated, we find a li.ght-topped soil, resting on a hungry
gravel. The upper soil is 6 or 8 inches deep, and to
the present time no tillage implement has pierced
more than 5 inches. "What will be the consequence of
trench-ploughing? "Without hesitation I should
answer that the elfect would be injurious. If you open
up still further the already too open subsoil, the result
may be very pernicious, from allowing manure to wash
too quickl.y through the soil, while from the barren
nature of the subsoil no good can possilily follow. This
is a scientific; view of the ease— not deeply so, but
nevertheless it is scientific. It is a methodical compre-
hension of laws and principles. Having found the
reason why the operation had proved useful on the
first farm, we proceed to apply the same reasoning to
the second, and finding the conditions to beditlbrent,
we conclude that on no known principle can a similar
course of action give similar results.

Ageicultuee a Science.
Let me give you an example as to how Science goes
to work in order to find out the cause of phenomena.
Practical knowledge finds that Red Clover should only
be sown once in eight years on the same land, because
if sown oftener, it is apt to fail. Science or scientific
men immediately ask ''Why ?" and not only a,sk a.s an
idle inquiry, but instantly set to work to discover and
to bring together every fact bearing on the subject.
In the first place they ask whether Clover sickness is
an universal sequence of its too frequent culture. If
they find a piece of land which is free from the evil,
they take every condition into account, and seize on
those which are peculiar. The next question asked is
whether this peculiarity is the cause of the immunity
enjoyed in this single instance, and if such is thought
to be the case, whether the same conditions will give
similar results in other cases.

If a similar result is obtained by so doing, it may bo
assumed th.at the explanation is found, and an hypo-
thesis may be built on these facts, though it still
requires further confirmation. If subsequent facte
disprove the former conclusions, the hypothesis is
deserted, and a new explanation sought for, and when
propounded a similar sifting takes place, and ends either
in the hypothesis being proved true, or by a second
abandonment and a fresh search after truth. Now,
this method of procedure is unknown to unscientific
men. They have frequently mistaken these hypotheses
for settled truths, and, building expensive practice
upon them, have often been disgusted at their possible
failure, and have laid all the evil consequences of their
own precipitancy at the door of Science. Nor are
scientific men totally free from blame— the very love of
their pet idea— their new explanation, causes them
frequently to have too much confidence in its truth,
and while using every argument to prove their hypo-
thesis true, they succeed in making more disciples than
they otherwise would have done had their readers been
more deeply vei-sed in scientific reading. As this is,
I believe, the chief reason why Science lias fallen into
disrepute among a large class of practical farmers,
I shall further enlarge upon it by giving an example.
Fully imbued with a certainty of the truth of what
certain agricultural teachers have enforced, a farmer
builds a malting-house, takes out a licence for brewing,
and at great expense proceeds to convert his Barley
into malt, for the purpose of increasing its nutriment
as a cattle food, and of supplying himself and his
neighbours with a means of fattening animals superior
to oil-cakes or any other food. . , , , n

Our farmer derives great credit for Ihis bold outlay

of capital, and is looked upon as one of those advanced

agriculturists who are making use of the discoveries of

modern science. . ,

It would give me little surprise, however, to near

that after a protracted trial, first his neighbours, ana
finally our scientific agriculturist hunse 1, had given
up the expensive process of malting, and, reverted to
the simpler mode of grinding their Barley into meal or

01 SCOKing lOr tue reason Ol Wliau is none uj iuvesmB,! kuo oimiJici luwuv u. •= mi a. * ■ , tliamoiirlilimirVinnil

tion. "Practice is synonymous with performaooe, I selling it to maltsters. The effect in the neighbourhood

190

THE GAEBENEBS' CHtlONlCLE AND AGMCULTtJBAL GAZETTE.

[Pebeuaet 23, 1807.

where this grand experiment was conducted would be
that considerable coudolcnoe would bo expressed for
the projector of the scheme, while the deserted malting
house \would be pointed out as a monument of the
danger of attending to what book-men t«ach. And so
far the impression would be correct. Much discrimi-
nation is reciuired, and some knowledge of the state of
a scientific question, before a man is fit to adopt the
suggestions which abound in agricultural literature.
Most good chemists and phj'siologists would have
Isoked with suspicion on the somewhat rash expendi-
ture of capital above-named, knowing full well that
there was not any certainty as to the feeding value of
sugar being greater than that of starch, while a decided
loss of weight accompanied the change. Do not
understand me to state that such failure would
inevitably follow a scheme for the malting of Barley
for feeding purposes— the increased feeding value of
sugar over starch is looked upon by many men as
incontrovertible, but I merely use the above as an
illustration of how an unscientific man may " burn his
fingers " by dabbling in scientific questions. Agricul-
tural science is not by any means to be ranked among
the exact sciences ; above all others it requires rigid
experiment, extending over many years and numerous
localities, before anything like precision is attained.
Science has done much for agriculture, and is destined
ta do incalculably more.

Those who shako their beads at the apnlication of
the natural sciences to agriculture do so because they
do not understand the tendencies of the age in which
thsy live. Agriculture is no exception to the grand
rule which is observed in all occupations at the present
d^y. Increased knowledge enables, and competition
cadpels men to be rigidly economical in the prosecution
of their businesses. The calculation is made and the
cost counted, and if any saving can be effected or an
increased per centage obtained upon outlay, old
machinery is superseded by new, old processes con-
signed to oblivion, waste products analysed for valuable
constituents, and such a system of books is kept that
the profit or loss in any department is readily ascer-
tained. Now the same restless spirit is gradually
creeping into the cultivators of the soil; the increased
competition from foreign markets, the same element
at home keeping up and increasing rent, the increasing
wants of a higher social position, are compelling our
farmers to the same system of economics in the pro-
secution of their business. They want data to found
their calculations upon, and this is what Science, the
great systematiser, is doing for them. It is no
impertinent interference of scientific men with a
business whose details they are ignorant of, but a
co-working of practical and scientific men for one great
end— economy.

That agriculture requires the infusion of such a
spirit few will deny. It is indeed lamentable to see the
want of exact knowledge in this branch of industry.
Most farmers are guided by loose notions rather than
by weighty reasons ; and although we can give them
great credit for shrewdness, and the possession of a
certain incommunical)le knowledge relating to the
management of land and stock, yet an intelligent and
exact knowledge is possessed by only a small minority.
It is to this minority we look for light and improve-
ment. Never yet in the history of the world did the
masses of a people rise spontaneously to a higher level
of social importance or knowledge. But the history of
mankind is the history of its leaders. So it is with any
class of men. We cannot look for the mass of farmers
throughout this country to at once change their habits,
and the principles upon which up to this time they
have conducted their businesses. But there are men
whose names we shall have to refer to throughout this
course who have acted, and are acting, as pioneers and
reforniers, and whose writings cannot fail to be of
inestiiiiable value to agriculture.

Among the most important of the elements destined
to improve the cultivation of the soil, education must
take a high place, and hence we find that, accompany-
ing the great improvements which have lately been
made in agricultural appliances, is an increased atten-
tion to the subject of agricultural education. The
purely scientific man does not enough appreciate prac-
tical difficulties. The practical farmer does not under-
stand the essentials of a good experiment. We want men
combining both qualities, who while they understand
farming, are also able to investigate and make allow-
impes for altered condition. It is:the forming of minds
upon this model that is the aim of this Institution.

There is another point to be attended to in the
application of principles to farming, namely, the
different conditions resulting from the variations in
climate and relative position. Every neighbourhood
hasats peculiar prejudices, and in learning farming you
are .almost sure to contract some of those peculiar to
the district where the farm is situated. Nothing tends
30 much to dispel these as travel. I have been
frequently astonished to find a practice which was
considered essential in one neighbourhood totally
neglected in another, or even an opposite course of
conduct in vogue. Such changes in practice and
opinion are sometimes the result of a mere empiricism
but more frequently are caused by real differences'
either in the nature of the soil, the climate, or the
stock peculiar to the district.

No doubt a too close attachment to the peculiar
views of a certain district is the cause of a farmer losing
money when he begins farming in a different county to
the one in which he was brought up. Hence it is a
matter of common observation that a man must be
careful before he transgresses the customs prevalent in
a certain district, however slovenly or unnecessary he
may think them. Let me warn you not to contract
any of these prejudices. The best safeguard against
them is found in triivel, good reading, and experiments
to prove the truth or falsehood of any such dubious
custom. It is one of the objects of the instruction

given at this College to give such an extensive know-
ledge of farming that you may be released from the
thrall of such prejudices.

Home Correspondence.

The Hook and his Doings. — Although I by no means
class " old John Crow " in the same category with the
mole or rats .and mice, yet he is often convicted of
doing much damage on our farms. lie is a most
audacious fellow ; he cares very little for the " scare-
crow," but pursues his depredations with great courage
and impunity upon the newly-sown grain, and in spite
of the " crow boy " and his " Yalloway ! yalloway !
birds and crows, come no more till Barley grows," &a.
Indeed his impudence is astonishing, almost amounting
to intelligence. If you are unarmed, he will permit
you to come within a very short distance of him, but if
you display a gnu or a stout walking-stick hi is off in a
twinkling. Whole flights of these rooks will quickly
take their departure from the scene of their spoils upon
observing any one creeping or bending low, as if secretly
approaching them. This is one of the best ways of
alarming a flock of rooks from a distance, and is often
resorted to, to their no small discomfiture. It is
supposed by many, including some of our best writers
upon natm-al history, that the rook does not feed upon
grain, but only pulls up the plant— the Wheat and
other corn plants— in order to get at the destroying
grub beneath. Every farmer can contradict this
supposition, and can also bear testimony to the useful-
ness of the rook as a consumer of every kind of grub.
The small bronze-coloured grub of the Daddy-long-legs
is an especial favourite. I have frequently seen fleUs
and parts of fields denuded of Grass by the double
attack of rook and grub. It is marvellous how soon
the rook will discover his prey in the Grass field, and
presently large plots are " billed up," the finer Grasses
to be extirpated, and give place to the coarse and
stronger rooted, to the permanent injury of the pasture.
Their attacks upon wire-worms are also very persistent,
and it is no uncommon thing to see the pknts of
whole fields of corn torn up by the roots in search
of these hardy little fellows. In this way they do great
damage to the growing crop, whatever subsequent
benefit may accrue. The greatest damage done by
them to our Turnip and Mangel crop within my
memory was experienced in ISGl. Tlie large drab-
coloured grubs of the harvest-bug tribe appeared
among.rt our Turnip and Mangel crops in such numbers
as to bid defiance to any means adopted for tlieir
destruction or prevention. The rook undertook the
business, and truly he and his fellows did their work
effectually by destroying the crops in the first place,
and subsequently, by their continuous perseverance,
the fields were cleared of the grub. 1 had clear
evidence and experience of this on my own farm. One
field of 24 acres was sown with Mangels, and a few
Swedes and Cabbages. A beautiful full plant was the
result, and I deemed myself fortunate. They grew
prosperously, and were hoed out. Presently I dis-
covered these Large grubs at work in amazing quantity.
Mr. Rook was not unobservant ; in fact, he had already
preceded me in the discovery, for it w.as owing to his
movements that I became aware of something being
wrong. In two or three weeks every plant of Mangel
and Swedes was pulled: up, and the field appeared as a
dead fallow. A field of 23 acres nearlv adioining was
also sown with nearly equal breadths o"f Mangels and
Swedes; these were lef^t to run almost wild before
setting out with the hoe, &c. The rooks, however,
aided us, for they were continually at them in large
flocks, and we rarely disturbed them. The consequence
was that we did save a parti.al crop of inferior roots,
which, however, proved very useful, as no green food
was to be had elsewhere. The rooks kept up their
attacks throughout the winter, and when the fields
were under the spring cropping a grub could scarcely
be found. The soil of both fields was rendered light
and open, so that the rooks could " bill " down to the
requisite depth to find the grubs. The rook thus
proves himself a helper to mankind, notwithstanding
his thievish propensities. O. F.

Ill Meinoriam.— Haying observed in your Journal a
notice of the recent decease of the Rev. Samuel Smith,
the vicar of Lois-Weedon, I beg leave to add a few
lines respecting his worth, so far as I could judge
during a sojourn of some duration which occurred a
few years since at a house in Beyrout, which place
Mrs. S. and himself visited for the sake of his health.
He gave me an account of the Lois-Weedon husbandry,
and he was a social and well-informed companion,
from whom I parted with reluctance. His manage-
ment of the services at Beyrout, which he conducted
ou Sundays for the English residents, especially
deserved praise. In addition to works upon agricul-
ture and divinity, he published, in the form of lectures,
which he had previously delivered in the church of
Lois-Weedon, an interesting account of the tour
undertaken by Mrs. Smith and himself during the
year 1863, in Palestine, which merits perusal, espe-
cially with respect to his description of Jerusalem.
Later still, he published a work on Naples and Pompeii,
which places he visited with Mrs. S. in ISW, and he
delivered pulpit lectures upon this visit also, to his
parishioners. Chr. Cooke.

Aerated Bread. — I cannot endorse your answer to
"Laura" (p. 138). The bread will contain tartrate of
soda, which I admit is not poisonous, but it is medi-
cinal, slightly purgative, and no medicinal substance
ought to be employed in food, except in cases where
its use is indicated. Muriatic acid neuiiralises soda as
well as tartaric, and the resulting compound is only
common salt. I have made such bread, .and where
yeast cannot be got this mode of making it is
valuable. -S. JS.

Mice.— While perusing a little work (published by
Routledge) entitled "Common Objects of the

Country," at page 11 I found the following, which I
tliink might be useful to your Hanoverian corresnon-
dent. Referring to the mice which infested Dean
Forest, it says :— " Various modes of destroying the
maraudars were put in practice, such as tr.aps
poison, &o., but the most efi'ectual was, as cQeotuai
things generally are, the most simple. A great number
of holes were dug in the ground, about 2 feet Ion"
13 inches wide, and IS inches deep. This is tlie
measurement at the bottom of the hole; but at the
top the hole was only 13 inches long and 0 wide
so that when the mice fell into it, they were unable to
escape. In these holes upwards of 40,000 mice were
taken in less than three mouths, irrespective of those
that were removed from the holes by the stoats,
weasels, crows, magpies, owls, and other creatures.''
J, Jj,

SerwicJcsMre Wages.— In your Paper of Saturday
Mr. Rutherford professes to answer a statement of
facts as to Berwickshire wages, and in his reply he
travels out of the record. My statement is ' yet
untouched, and it would be well if he would carefully
read it over. Perhaps I ought to repeat the substance
of what I then, from personal knowledge, stated to be
the facts of the case. Referring to Professor Wright-
son's statement of wages in 186(), the value assigned to
cow's keep and Potatos is that which is actually paid
in cash (when the hind so desires it) in commutation
of the same. The prices alBxed to the corn portion of the
" gains " are those actually obtained for a portion of the
same,sold in public market at the time. In discussing the
wages of 1886 it is out of the question to adduce tables
founded on the prices of 18G3. And beside.?, Piars
(or aver.-ige) prices are no rule for the hind's " gains,"
when he gets the best corn grown on the farm. The
reductio ad absnrdum in the matter of charging Os. a
week for bondager's keep is as plain as ever; for
Mr. R. had, iu his tabular statement of day's work,
already discounted any "losses to the hind through his
bondager not working full time." Mr. R. attributes to
me certain inlentions which .are news to me, and I
need not .attempt to follow that part of his letter. As
for bondage, it is abolished ; and when a hind wishes
his youug people to work (as who doesn't?) their w.ages
are specially bargained for, and paid entirely iu money.
James Tkomsoii, Uliinrjo's Walls, Diiiise, Feb. 18.

SiOtittits,

ATest Hoathly, Sussex. — At the late annual
ploughing-match of this Associatiou, Mr. George
Head, in proposing "Prosperity to the West Hoathly,
Ardiugly, East Grinstead, Worth, and Horsted Keynes
Agricultural Association," said : He took a great
interest in agriculture, and he was glad to say'that
there was a movement now going on iu favour of estab-
lishing a Board of Agriculture, upon the same principle
as the Board of Trade. He thought there would be no
difficulty iu showing the necessity for it. Looking
back some twenty or thirty years, when he first attended
agricultural meetings, they had a protective duty
on imjiorted corn, and it was generally considered
that Wheat was the article of produce on which
the farmers depended to pay their rent and wages,
and maintain themselves and families. At that
time corn and Wheat bore a very different pro-
portion to each other to what they do now. Wheat
was sold at about IU. a load, and beef and mutton
about As. a stone: but great changes had taken
place, and, taking the average. Wheat now fetched
about V)l. or 11^. a load, and beef about 5s. Gd.,
and mutton Gs. a stone. This change had rendered
an alteration iu the system of farming desirable,
becausse arrangements which were suitable for the
production of \\^heat— the most valuable crop 30 years
ago— were not at all suitable to the rearing and fatten-
ing of stock, the most profitable produce at the present
time. They knew perfectly well that valuations iu
Sussex were principally based upon the Wheat crops.
Therefore, if a man took a farm, and wished— .as who
would not ?— should he leave it, to realise the same
valuation as he paid when he went in, he must keep up
the rotation of Wheat and other crops as they did 20
years ago, notwithstanding that th.at system would
prevent him from rearing any large quantity of stock.
This he thought was a great drawback to farmers,
because in the present day they must not go on placing
any great dependence on corn crops as a source of
profit. Under the present system of valuations in
Sussex and some other counties, if a m.an laid down a
large portion of his farm for Grass, and got into a con-
dition to enable him to produce beef and mutton in
larger quantities than had before been attempted, and
was to leave it, he would lose the greater portion of his
valuation, notwithstanding that he had rendered it
more profitable than it was before he took it. Now,
he considered that a man was as much entitled to a
valuation upon a meat-producing farm as he was to a
valuation upon a farm producing Wheat. This was a
question which required attention and might advan-
tageously be brought before a Board of Agriculture,
should such a body be established. Another matter
which demanded attention was the custom which
prevailed upon several extensive estates, especially iu
this neighbourhood, of preventing the tenants from
selling hay and straw. That he thought was a very
objectionable plan, and founded upon wrong principles.
From his own observations and from the obser-
vation of others better informed than himself,
he had ascertained that if a man was allowed
to sell a portion of his hay and straw he would,
from the money it sold for, be enabled to purchase
three times as much manure as he would have
obtained had he converted that hay and straw into
manure upon his own farm. He had information that
it took 20 trusses of straw to make a cartload of
manure. Twenty trusses of Wheat straw weighed

Febbcaby 23, 1807.J

THE riARDl-.NKRS' GIIUONICLE J\NI) AfiUICULTUKAr, GAZETTK

mi

about 7 cwt. or 8 owt., therefore it was not extra-
ordinary that they would onh' produce a cartload.
Now, a farmer might go to London and purchase
manure at 3*. a ton, and ho might get it delivered on
to his farm for 'is. a ton more, making Os. altogether— a
very small cost compared to that of making straw into
manure upon tlio farm. Of course he did not advocate
that a man should sell all his hay and straw ; a large
portion was required for his own stock, but what he
maintained was this, that the tay and straw thrown
down, trodden under foot, and wasted in consequence
of the present system of not allowing the sale of hay
and straw, was like casting money on the dirt to be
trodden in. This custom of the country was worn out ;
it required amendment, and he was of opinion if they
could get a comuiiltee of the House of Commons, or a
Uoard of Agriculture, to go into the whole question of
valuations, and tlio prohibited sale from certain
farms of hay and straw, much good to the
agricultm-al interest would result. Tlie Chair-
man then pointed out that in Surrey if a man
left his farm in a condition to produce meat he _was
allowed a fair valuation, hut in Sussex ho got uothing ;
he thought the Surrey plan was much the best, and
li(qied ere long it would come into general practice.
Another question which claimed serious attention was
llic maintenance of the roads. If they lived ten or
l«('Ive years longer, a toll-gate would be almo.st
unknown, and turnpikes would be totally abolished ;
they were disappearing very rapidly at the present
time, and the cost of maintaining the roads was thrown
upon the rates. It was, he considered, very unfair that
I ho land should be called upon to bear such heavy
liixcs, and he would for one moment ask them to look
:il the difl'ercnce in proportion of rates paid by the
I'aimers as compared with those borne by tradesmen.
T" lake the case of a tradesman living in the town, he
iiiiL:ht have a family to support, and he hiredahou.se
at ZDl. a year, which was rated at 15/. Even at this
linv rental the tradesman had a better chance of
su]i])orting himself and family, and bringing up his
children respectably, and leaving something to them
artcr his death, than a farmer occupying a hundred
acres of laud, and contributing to the public rates upon
a net rental of GO/, a year. A farmer was no more
interested in keeping up the roads than a tradesman,
and yet the former had to pay four times as much as
the latter for that puiijose. Again, w hy a farmer should
pay heavier police rates than a tradesman he was at a
loss to understand. No doubt they were entitled to
ask for redress in these matters, but be did not know
where they could get it. If they went to Mr. Dodson
or Lord Edward Cavendish, the members for East
Sussex, they would probably tell them, and he (the
Chairman) feared with some justice, " Your complaints
are all very well, and it may be as you say, but there is
a town called Brighton in this district, which goes very
far towards returning us to Parliament, and we are
obliged to look to the interests of those who were
principally instrumental in returning us." Brighton
liad the privilege of returniug two members to Parlia-
ment, with the election of whom the county had
not hing whatever to do, and, therefore, he thought they
had no right to corns out of their district to vote for
the county members. They were on the eve of a
lleform Bill, and he fervently hoped some measure of
reform that would do justice to the landed interest.
They were told that protection was put on corn to
benefit the farmers and landoivners, but this he denied ;
they were all free traders now, but nevertheless he
would maintain that protection was imposed for the
benefit of the country. In this opinion he was borne
out by some of the most learned, deep-thinking, and
far-sighted men of the present day, who told them that
nothing could compensate a country for depending
upon other countries for the food consumed by its
people. Therefore it could not be said that the corn
laws were put on with the \iew solely of benefiting the
farmers. He had taken up more of their time than he
ought perhaps to have occupied — but he considered
that all were interested in the inatters to which he had
rel'erred. If 50,000 people were gathered togeiher,
they could make a much greater noise than 50,000
people distributed over a wide area, and unless they
took advantage of such occasions as the present for
ventilating their grievances, they would not get redress.
Agriculture w-as of great importance to this country,
and they had reason to expect that they should have a
ilnard of Agriculture as well as a Board of Trade.
The Chairman then gave the toast he had mentioned
at the commencement of his speech ; it was drunk with
great cordiality.

The Vice-Chaibman (Mr. Lilley) then referred to
the position Sussex occupied compared with other
counties as a meat-producing district, and adduced
figures to show that it was below the average. He
found from statistics recently issued, that last year on
every hundred acres in Sussex there were 13 bullocks
and 34, sheep, whereas the average throughout the
counties was IS bullocks and OS sheep. Cornwall stood
very high ; upon every hundred acres there were no less
than 30 bullocks. Now, he would ask, why cannot Sussex
produce more meat ? It should be considered that the
greater the number of beasts in a county the greater
will be the wealth of that county ; because, it is not
only the owners of the stock that experience the
advantage — the benefit is spread over the whole dis-
trict. Why should not Sussex do as much as other
counties ? In conclusion, he proposed " The health of
Mr. Head."

The Chaibman acknowledged the compliment, and
read a letter he had received from Mr. Dudgeon (who
had great experience in Scotland, and, no doubt, in
many other parts of the kingdom), who refei-red to a
very important subject : —

" Piercelands, West Hoatlily, Jan. ;!9.
*' Dejir Sir,— I am sorry I am unable to do myself th6 plea-
sure of dining witli the members of tlio association this after-

noon, and I rcgrot this the mor(>, ns(vonturiiiK on my po.'iition
of c.v -president) 1 bad projiosod. if ]»resent, to rceifiniuond to
tlio members a little extension of their proeee.liuKS ; to
embrace occasional meetings for the discussion of practical
subjects in agriculture, and more especially 1 felt desirous to
have directed the attention of the Society now to a matter
hero which it has struck mo sadly interferes with the progress
of agricultural improvements as involving' the comfort JUid
amelioration of that class on whose etliciciicy the success of
the farmer so much depends - 1 allude to the unsuitable
nature of the engagement of master and servant, caused in
great measure by the waul of siulieient aecoTiunodation and con-
veniently situated dwellings for those directly employed in
the cultivation of the land. From the increasing dcjnand for
labour and competition from other quarters, Iho time seems
come when, in self-defence, the proprietors of land aro called
upon no longer to del.iy undertakuig a duty whicU it is
evident cannot fail, under juiy eireumstances, to redoimd to
their advantage. It is an important and rather wide subject,
and, I fear, could not have been entered upon so fully as it
desei-vcs at a convivial meeting, lint if the association should
think it worthy special attention, I will endeavour to he pre-
p.ared to read to the mcmliers a paper on the matter to which
I have now generally alhi led, in the eovirse of the spring,
when and where it may best suit their convenienee.— I

am, ttC, ".loHN DCDGEUN."

" To the Chairman," Ac.

The Chairman continued that no doubt the labourers
would be much better situated if they lived upon the
land they assisted in cultivating, and a better under-
standing would exist between master and man. He
was glad to s.ay that the authorities had placed the
Court House at their service gratis, and he would
suggest that Jlr. Dudgeon be asked to read his paper
to the members of the association on some Thursday
evening alter the market, when a considerable attend-
ance of farmers might be secured.

Farmers' Clubs.

KiNGSCOTE, GlOUCESTEBSHIEE : Feb. IS.— The
Physical Condition of the Agi-icuUnrai Labourer.— Jiir.
Henry Cox read the following paper on this subject :—

It has been the fashion of late at many public
meetings to discuss the well-doing of the agricultural
labourer, and various have been the panaceas recom

they are very valuable, supplying carbon for respiration,
as well as some of the most im)iorlant mineral sails
required in the building, it is the over use, or rather
abu.se of them I condemn ; it is like building a mud
wall and expecting it to stand the rudo blasts of the
elements as thougb it had been built with granite. It
is facts such asl have witnessed in very many cases
that has rendered such food dangerous to our well-
doing; they contain just enough nitrogenous matter
to keep life going to form the slim walls of the cells of
the body, but supply much more than is necessary of
those elements wdiich may bo tcruu:d fuel, and wdiich
if not used m respir.ation or perspiration or for the
purpose of keeping up tho animal heat, take the place
that should be occupied by muscular or nitrogenous
compounds. Ihave sometimesput the mattersomething
in this way: "John, Ihave often wondered how you
manage to find so much money for the ale-house, with
your largo family of small children." — " Oh gie \im a
good belly vnll a' taters, and zum fat over 'um and
thaie'ul do very wcdl— just zee how well the' do look
wi 't!" Yes, there is tlie danger : " how well they look
with it." Parents are satisfied with the well-doing of
their children, if their faces look fat and chubby ; they
are doing well enough ; and they are satistied to
partake largely of the same dangerous fare thcruselves
in order to pander to their wish for luxuries in the
shape of stingo, stout, and tea. It has been written " that
time was, 'ere England's woes began, when every rood
of ground maintained its man." It seems very evident
that the time here alluded to was when more animal
food was consumed by the labouring classes th.an at
present, and at a time when the food of those animals
was not taken into account as regards the rood of land.
But at a still later period, and even in the recollection
of some of our old men now living, the practice of
fatting animals was not of so much consideration as at
the present daj'. One of my men told me the other
day that when he was a boy his leather used to buy an
old cow for a very trifling sum, whicti was killed, and
cured, and dried somethmg in the same way we now
serve bacon ; this served the family in various ways for

mended for the evils which attend him. Education, j many months m wniter, and he recollected the time
commodious residences, teetotalism, strikes and unions, ' when in spring you might buy many a good calf for 5s.
and co-operative societies have all been advised. I do , ,oi- Gs. Tea and Potatos were then only used as
not deny that any of them, excepting strikes and ' luxuries and white bread was unknown amongst the
unions, are good "in their way, yet I cannot help i POor. Well, we see men in those days had no need to
thinking there is one thing which has been omitted— I study the properties of food, because it would appear
one in which the farmer is particularly interested, I there was (barring accidents, such as wars and
being the actual material used in the building up of i famine ) a pentilul supply ol the right sort withm
that most noble of all the works of the Creation, an easy reach. The times, however, are altered now ; the
upright honest man. The agriculturist is especially immense increase of population, coupled with the
interested in this aspect of the subject, for he is : increase of riches and high living in towns, has rendered
engaged in producing material for the building up not ' it Quite impossible for the labouring community to
onfy of his own labourers, but of every labourer in I obtain a full supply of animal lood. 1 he luxurious
every class, from the Queen on her throne to the ' habits of the town epicures have compelled the farmer
sweeper on the crossing. We find men continually ^ to lay on his animals inuueuse quantities of fat; they
aiming and striving to make the farmer appear as , like the lean of fatted animals; and if the labourer
the oppressor of the labouring class generally, get a portion of meat from a healthy animal at all,
and selecting some cases of low wages and small it is this refuse fat, which, for purposes of strength
or inconvenient cottages and crowded rooms, as samples, IS nearly useless ; and does it not seem absurd
of the whole. I will not set up in comparison the and ridiculous that in this time of science
frequent and horrible cases we hear so much of and nicely of knoiyledge when even the very air we
in towns, because I know there is much room breathe is analysed to the niinutest atom — does it
for improvement amonsst ourselves, but let the : not seem ridiculous that the masses of our rural
stati.stics of the country ^be studied honestly, and it ! labourers should be so much in ignorance of the
will be found that the health and longevity of the rural ' material required to give health and strength to his
labourer are much in advance of most other classes of , body, and to the bodies of his olfsprmg, as to fancy he
the population, while for real solid strength and can lay a good foundation with Potatos and fat, or with
„„j„„„„„„ „„„,.„ «*!,„,. oi„„= ;o ;m,„o,>=.,rnbK. boliind i whitewashcd bread, tea, aud sti'ong bcer .^

But I fancy some one saying, " How is the farmer to
remedy all this 'f " Gentlemen, that is the very thing
I hope to learn from the discussion to foiiow these few

them. Somehow, however, it begins to be a question
whether we shall continue to enjoy this supremacy.
Everywhere, when a few employers of labour meet
together, you hear it asserted that their labourers
cannot do the same amount of work in a given time
as was formerly the case, and I have thought the

remarks so loosely and imperfectly brought before you.
I will, however, not shirk my own feeble ideas in the
matter. Although I am well aware a very great

material for building-np tliose bulwarks of our sung dWers^ity of opinion exis^^^^ °° i''!.:,^;^^^;!^,',',] I'ojflr'

little island, the labouring population, has much to do
with the question.

Payment in Kind.
If we inquii'e wdiy the labourer of the present
day lacks the strength, energy and endurance of
his predecessor, we shall find that just in the same
ratio that payment in kind has given way to pay-
ment in money, so has the stamina of the labourer

now that the strength and endurance of tho labourer
had receded as payment in kind had given way to
payment in money, but 1 by no means recommend or
hold that we should return to that system of payment
in kind, though the experience of the last few years
has convinced us that if we would keep our best men
on the land we shall have in some way to pay higher
wages, in order to make it worth their while to retain
their present employment, and I think we might

degenerated, and the reason is obvious enough— because advance the cause I now advocate by supplementmi

.. " .,.,,,, 1 »i . 1 ii . tlirt ,ii./icQi-if , unfair i-ioi'nicnT. hv •! Tinrtl/^Tl nt fiUC

the money goes partly to the ale-house and partly to the
tea-chandler's, and instead of the good wholesome loaf
of home-made bread from home-grown corn, they get
an admixture of flour, alum, plaster of Paris, and
nobody knows what besides; and this, supplemented
with Potatos, has formed the chief food of many of our
labouring population. Now, we all know that white-
washed bread is not so nutritious as a good brown loaf,
or as any of the grain used for food, and that Potatos
are of very little value as an article for supplying the
sinews and muscle of those required to perform laborious
exercise. Cobbett many years ago called the Potato a
nasty weed, the curse of Ireland, and a curse to
England, and Dr. Lyon Playfair says a man must eat
14 lb. of Potatos to get a sufficient quantity of nitro-
genous matter from it to sustain the wear and tear of
the muscular system for one day. No wonder, then,
that the Daibj Telegraph should designate us as thin-
legged and big-bellied, with empty brain-pans. I shall
not easily forget the outburst of indignation uttered by
an old gentleman upon seeing some farmers' men clad
in what he called long-sleeved breeches ; he declared
their only use was to hide the deformity of calfless
pedestals. I ventured to assert then, as I do now, that
it was not the fault of the owner that those pedestals
were calfless, because the right materials had not
been used, or, at all events, not in the right propor-
tion, in the building up of the structure. I am not
about to go so far as Cobbett in denouncing
Potatos, because, as an article of diet used
with other things rich in nitrogenous compounds.

the present money payment by a portion of such
material as we know to be most required in filling up
the void caused by the drain of animal food into other
channels.

Education.
I know it is very hard to alter a system so firmly
established as the beer and tea drinking of a com-
munity, and I never expect to see the day when people
will study their health and strength sufliciently to van-
quish their greatest enemy, aluxuriousa]ipetite. The first
and great point I would suggest, is that every child, in
every village school, should be taught the principles
and the chemistry of food. I wo dd not make them all
chemists in the .sen.se of manipulation, such as the
nicely folding of a filter paper, or the knowledge of
finding out all those things lor themselves, by mere
chemical tests, but they should know intimately the
great truths that have been taught and handed down
to us by distinguished men of science, who have made
this question the especial study ol their lives. They
should know that on the same principle as you camiot
have a coat from the hack of a naked man, so they
cannot get the right sort of nutiimeiit from those
bodies that do not contain this nulrimeiit ; they should
know that strong drinks and tea (thou'^h perhaps more
pleasant) act in the same way as the whiii, that is as
stimulants, and contain a very small portion, it any,
real nutritious matter. They should know that 1 otatos
and fat meat, though very good lor luel, or to keep up
the animal heat, and give fond for the respiratory
organs, give little or nothing to the muscular system,

192

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

LFebettaet 23, 1867.

consequently cannot support strength. They know too
well already that animal food in sufficient quan-
tities to support the muscular system is out of
their reach, but they should know where to
find the cheapest and best substitutes for this substance
— that all the component parts of our bodies are originally
derived from the earth by plants, and are rendered by
plants in a fit state for the nutrition of our animal
frame. Some of those plants give a large proportion of
carbon, or fat-forming matter, while others give a large
portion of nitrogen, or flesh-forming matter. Dr.
iJuckland has shown that Peas formerly constituted
an important part of the diet of the people of this
country, at a time, too, when our forefathers were more
hardy than ourselves. Those legumes are undoubtedly
the cheapest and best means of supplying nutritious
matter. Their value has been known from the very
earliest times, and before the introduction of the Potato
they formed the staple article of food of our soldiers
and labourers, and were not then banished from the
tables of the rich. Peas and other legumes, if eaten
by themselves, will produce flatulence ; but if eaten, as
they should be, with Potatos, fat meat, or other
carbonaceous substances, such is not the case. An
adult labourer in full work is estimated to consume
about #ounces of muscular tissue and about 23 ounces
of carbonaceous matter in the various offices of
respiration, perspiration, oil for the joints, &c., so that
you see the system require about six times as much
carbon as nitrogen ; but the legumes containing more
than half as much nitrogenous matter as carbonaceous
show that this flatulence arises merely from its over
richness in flesh-formers, and not from any injurious
substance in their component parts. And here again
we see why the fat of animals should be consumed j
with Peas or Beans and not with Potatos or white
bread. Now I think it will be conceded as a national
question that if we would have our labourers strong
and muscular and fit to perform a good day's work, we
should endeavour to supply them in some way with I
material to assist in this object ; and I would suggest
whether in supplementing their pay we could give
them a sack or two of white Peas or Pea-meal,
stipulating that it should be consumed in their own
families, and not exchanged for luxuries. Somebody
said to me one day, " Bless you, it would be no good to
have Peas at our house, because the children would
eat them all raw if they could get at them, and we
have no place to lock them up, and so they would be
all wasted." Now there could be no greater mistake ;
the very craving of children for these things would seera
to show their need of them. And I do not stand alone
in the opinion that children should have more
free access to food in its raw state. Dr. Lankester
says to preserve health there should be a certain
quantity of raw food eaten every day, because most
of the mineral substances so necessary to our existence
are washed out or otherwise destroyed by the cook ;
for besides the four elements of which all nature is
composed— and there can be no life, either animal or
vegetable, without them— the human body contains the
following inorganic substances, and the absence of
either one of them endangers health and engenders
disease. Taking the human body to weigh H stones, it
would contain : —

Phosphate of lime, formmg the principal lb. oz. gi*.

ingredleut of boue 5 13 0

Oai-bonate of do. .also in do. . . . . . 1 0 0

Fhioride of calcium do. . . . . . . 0 :J 0

Chloride of sodium 0 .T .370

Sulph.ate of soda 0 1 170

Carbonate of do. . . . . . . . . 0 1 72

Phosphate of do. 0 o 400

Sulphate of potash 0 0 400

Peroxide of iron .. .. .. ..0 0 150

Chloride of potassium (I 0 lij

Phosphate of pot.ash 0 0 100

,, of magnesia 0 0 75

Silica . . . 0 0 .1

And we must obtain these salts by our daily bread, as
presented to us through the medium of plants. The
art of the chemist has not yet arrived at sutficient
perfection to present them to us in proper quantities,
or in the right shape, in any other way. The Scotch
bothy system will never be imitated in this part of the
country; yet every one knows that the system of
feeding on Oatmeal and milk has produced
some of the finest specimens of humanity. One
of our old Generals (I think Mackenzie) used to be
very fond of relating how he became acquainted with the
finest man in the Guards. He saw him stone-breaking
by the side of the road, and struck with his symmetry
and application questioned him as to his manner of
living, and he answered— " Porridge for breakfast,
porridge for dinner, and porridge for supper : " the
wonderful endurance of the Scotch Highland regiments
when on foreign service, who we are told take a little
raw oatmeal from their meal-bag, and stir up with
water from the brook or pond, is another proof of the
value of this grain. Indeed I believe there is no other
food to be found so capable of sustaining health and
strength as oatmeal and milk, the latter containing all
that is retiuired, even to the water and salts, and the
former being so nicely balanced as regards its carbon-
aceous and nitrogenous matter as to require very
little addition, being 102 flesh formers, and 68 fat and
heat-formers, being very near what science has taught
us is wanted for wear and tear, leaving a very small
portion of fat to be deposited for emergencies of heat
and cold. Some one will say we shall never get the
Englishman to eat porridge or oatmeal cake ; neither
do I recommend them to iri/. What I want is that we
so arrange our fcod as to get the right proportions
for flesh (as a model) and fuel, and the Oat gives them
— both in practice and theory, and I know of no other
way of adding the proper amount of flesh-formers to
our a.lready superabundant fat-formers, except through
the legumes; .seeing that it is impossible to olrtaiira
sufficient quantity of lean meat or good cheese
for the purpose. The great demand for butter has

rendered the chief substance on which the hard-
working labourer for the most nart depended
very dear, or all but indigestible. Not but what skim
cheese is as rich in nitrogen as the best, perhaps more
so : but then the loss of oily jjarticles, which render it
both palatable and digestible, have left it so hard that
it has been said of it if drought overtake it before the
knife, dogs bark at it and pigs grunt at it, but neither
can eat it, and of course I need not tell you an indi-
gestible article cannot afford nutriment to the body,
and this brings us to the consideration whether we
should give our labourers a portion of this skim milk.
While its nitrogen is digestible there are many ways it
would benefit them, aud in the end we should be no
losers.

I will not detain you longer than just to remind
you that I do net set up this theory of food in
opposition to education and better homes, and work
by piece, &c., but as one link in the chain of improve-
ment, for depend upon it the subject of food is one
deserving our most serious consideration and attention.
V I quote the words of Dr. Lankester, when I say the
question of food lies at the foundation of all other
Questions. There is no mind, no work, no health, no
life, without food ; and just as we are fed defectively or
improperly, so are our frames developed in a way
unfitted to secure that greatest of all earthly blessings
— a sound mind in a sound body.

Midland : Cultivation of Green Crops. — At the late
monthly meeting of the Midland Farmers' Club, Mr.
J. K. Fowler, of Ayle-sbury, read a paper on the
'■ Cultivation of Green Crops." He commenced with
an allusion to the wide scope and interest of the subject,
to the importance of keeping up the supply of animal
food ; and to the remuneration attendant upon the
breeding and rearing of live stock, which had caused
agriculturists to devote much of their energies and
skill to raising crops which might be cither fed off or
carted away for consumption in the fold-yard. There
was but little difiiculty on Grass farms in procuring
the necessary food, but his attention would be chiefly
directed to the consideration of the supply from arable
or mixed farms. He believed that more stock and
meat might be produced, acre for acre, on arable than
on Grass land. There were two distinct heads to which
he proposed to direct his remarks — first, the production
of green food for the summer aud early autumn
months ; and secondly, that for winter and earl.yspring.
In the first list he classed winter and spring Vetches,
Eye, winter Oats, Trifolium incarnatum, Lucerne,
Uape, White Mustard, and some few others ; in the
last, the various sorts of Turnips, Swedes. Kohl Rabi,
Cabbage, and Mangel Wurzel. They would, therefore,
see how great was the range, how difficult the task, of
going through the culture of the whole of these plants,
and in addition to that, what time he should consume
were he to go into detail of feeding them off and their
chemical constituents. His plan, therefore, was to state
the resultsof his own experienGe,and give afewgleanings
from observations he had made in various parts of the
country. As soon as harvest was completed he drew
on to his land from 15 to 20 loads of good yard dung to
the acre, and then with Smith's steam tackle smashed
the land up ; this on an average of seasons killed what
Couch-grass, Thistles, Docks, and other noxious weeds
were found in the stubbles. On a certain portion
intended for green crops, which in his neighbourhood
for mixed farms of strong land, arable and Grass, was
about one-sixth — say 16 acres out of 100— he sowed
2 acres broadcast with 2 bushels of Eye to the acre,
6 acres of winter Vetches, drilled with 21- bushels to
the acre, 6 acres being left for spring Vetches, and
about 2 acres for Mangels. With regard to the Eye
and Vetches, about the middle of April, or even earlier
— as soon as there is a bite — the sheep are folded, and
half a ]iint of Oats and a little Clover or hay chaff
daily. The Eye grows rapidly, and by the time it is
fini.shed the Vetches are ready. The sheep continue
on these, and the first piece of Eye is ploughed up, and
sown with white Turnips. The piece of winter Vetches
is also broken up, and the strings of Couch-grass
which are found carefully picked out, and then
sown broadcast with Eape. Both are again fed off by
sheep, and by that time the spring Vetches are ready,
and will carry the sheep on into August. That he
found was the best plan for his strong clay lands. If
there isnot dung enough for the spring Vetches in the
autumn, a dressing is put on in the spring before it is
prepared for seed. The advantage of this plan was that
it involved no carting of roots off the land except the
Mangels, and little expense of hand culture. He was
convinced that growing roots on strong tenacious
clay, except a few acres of Mangels, which should be as
near home as possible, was a mistake. He had seen
extraordinary elfects from rolling down Vetches and
ploughing them into the land green ; one of the finest
pieces of Wheat he ever saw following such a pro-
ceeding. With regard to winter Oats, he had some-
times grown them on land prepared as for Vetches,
and drilled about 2V bushels to the acre, and had had a
month's excellent feed for ewes and lambs in the early
spring, and then had 8 quarters of very heavy corn to the
acre afterwards. They are also excellent as horse corn.
The simplicity of the culture of Trifolium incarnatum
commended itself to their attention. He merely sowed
broadcast on the Wheat stubble 20 lb. of seed to the
acre, and had never failed to have an excellent spring
crop for early cutting for horses in the yard and for
sheep till June. Theseedsliouldonlybeslightly scratched
in the ground with a light harrow or horse-rake. This
is an excellent plan for filling up deficiencies in
Clover plant. Lucerne should be sown in May after a
fine seed bed has been prepared. It may be cut three
times a year and will last eight years. White Mustard
may follow Vetches and be eaten otf in autumn ; or it
mny be sown when the first stubbles are broken up
after a fair dressing of .stable dung, and fed off by

sheep. In treating the second part of his subject— the .
general root crops— he must go back to autumn culti-
vation, as he felt convinced that, with scarcely an
exception, most of the land in England should be
broken up in autumn. He recommenced every
occupier of 200 acres to sell a third of his horses
and get a set of steam tackle, and in two years he would
wonder how he ever got on without steam. In ordinary
years he had broken up and cross cultivated 300 acres
of land, and packed up his steam apparatus by the
middle or end of October, so as to have his horses iu
use for drawing out the dung, breaking up the
Clover, and sowing bis Wheat. As to root culture,
his remarks would be addressed more particularly
to those who hold light and less tenacious lands
than to strong clay farmers, and who for the
purposes of the meat market and for manure depend
greatly on a winter supply of food. He commenced for
Swedes by first drawing on the land from 15 to 20 cart
loads (one-horse carts) of dung, which average about
15 cwt. each, and spread it at once on the stubble, the
corn having been " fagged," i. e. cut close to the ground
by hand labour, and then with steam tackle smashed'
up the land at once, generally about 9 to 10 inches in
, depth. It breaks up in large pieces, the manure is
i parti.ally drawn in to the land, and it lies in a good
! rough state to receive the winter frosts. For all his
' root crops, as well as Vetches, that was his first prepa-
I ration. Things remained thus until the end of
February or beginning of March, and then he put a
cultivator worked by horse-power over the soil, and he
found it wanted but little doing to it. What weeds
are found are picked out, and after that 2 cwt. of best
Peruvian guano to the acre, or 4 cwt. of Proctor and
Eyland's or Griflin and Morris's Turnip manure are
added. Nothing suited his land so well as Peruvian
guano. This is sown broadcast and harrowed in, and
in some instances, after a light ploughing, the roots are
drilled in on the fiat, but he oftener used a double
mduld-board plough, and threw the land up in ridges,
27 inches apart. If on the flat, he drilled Swedes 24 inches
apart, about the first week in May, using as much as
5 lb. or 6 lb. of seed to the acre. This was on account
of the fly, for since he adopted the plan of thick sowing
he had never lost a crop. There were some dis-
advantages attending this, such as making the plants
spindly if you did not put the hoe in soon enough, aud
the great difficuity of singling them; but he had often
adopted a plan first practised by Mr. Pusey many
years ago, and which was so good that he must mention
it. When the land w'as fine, and the rows straight
and even, he sent the horse-hoe across them, and cut the
plants out about 15 or Ifi inches apart, aud left them
in buuches, which were easily thinned by boys. They
then grew rapidly, and after one or two more horse-
hoeings, and perhaps a turn twice with the hand, the
crop was fairly on its way to maturity. He was as
much in favour of the ridge system as the flat,
and was guided by circumstances as to which
he preferred. Should he be unable to manure
the land in autumn he preferred the ridge, as
he was enabled to put in the dung and cover it
up better by that means, but he was convinced that if
took at least six loads per acre more manure for the
ridge than the flat. He had not time to go into the
various diseases which affect the Turnip, but he might
state that once he was in danger of losing his crop —
about 10 acres, the best he ever grew- by the black
caterpillar, when he turned in about 100 young ducks
and about 150 chickens, with a boy to keep them
moving, and inafewdays they had destroyed every cater-
pillar in the field, the crop being thereby entirely saved,
Mr. Fowler then proceeded to state his plan of
nulling, carting, and storing the crop. He calculated
his expenses for a crop of Swedes and Mangels at
ISl. 7s. 6d. He considered 25 tons per acre a large crop.
He had often heard of larger, but as a rule this was a
great quantity to get off an acre of land. He was
of opinion that it was not an advantage to grow
immense roots. They were difficult to consume, i. e.,
to cut up either in a cutter or pulpers, and were not
generally so nutritious. On the other hand, a small
Swede was the worst root almost they could give to
[ cattle, as it was all outside and as hard as a stick, and
; no real value in it. A good Swede of from 3 lb. to 4 lb.,
i' if they got an average, was the best of all, but how few
crops ever attained that weight.— He then gave a
short statement of the best mode of feeding off a crop oT
Swedes, which varied in difl'erent districts, and was
much guided by the purposes for which the land was
intended for the next crop, and also the sheep which
were on it. He thought Skirving's King of the Swedes
gave the heaviest roots, Sutton's Charainou the most
even crop, and Dickson's (of Chester) Purple-top the
handsomest. With regard to what he considered, for
good deep land, the king of roots — the Mangel Wurzel
■ — he need not go again over the ground about prepa-
ration, as it was essentially the same as for Swedes, and
the same observations might be made as to the advan-
tages of 'the ridge or flat systems. He generally
endeavoured to get his land ready by the end of March,
or early in April, drilling in about G lb. to the acre.
This was again a large quantity, but of late years so
many new insects had attacked the young plant that he
had adopted this plan for safety : as soon as the rows
appeared they were horse-hoed, and when fib were singled
and set out about 16 inches apart, the drills being
27 inches. Besides the horse-hoeing nothing need be
done to them till harvest, except perhaps once or twice
being hoed over by hand. Should there be an occasional
string of Couch-grass found, he sent a man over with
a fork just before pulling them when the leaves arc
withered, to pull it out. After the roots had been
stored and the store ewes run over the land, when they
ate a great portion of the leaves and small roots which
are left in the ground, the land was immediately
ploughed up aud sown with white Chidham Wheat.
With regard to the Kohl Eabi, a most excellent root.

Febbuaet 23, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZKTTR

193

which was rapidly making its way in this country, iio

liked it better every year he grew it. The same

preparation as was described for Swedes and Mangels

must bo followed. In conclusion be asserted that the

basis of all pood farming was the successful cultivation

; of a first-rate root or green crop, and his general course

of cropping, by which they would see ho drove his

land very liard, was first greon or root crop heavily

I manured ; Wheat; IJarloy, dressed with IJ cwt. of

I guano: Beans, twelve loads of dung to the acre; AVheat;

I Clover mown twice and carted home ; and lastly

Wheat ; and instead of his land going back each year

it was in better cultivation and the produce greater.

Mr. Ualdwin was in favour of growing Swedes ami Turnips
iti ridges 3 ft. apart and 1 ft. between the roots, by which
moans ho could giow 30 tons to the ncro. the avcr;»KO of the
roots 5 lb. each. For 24 years be bad never grown less than
20 tons to the acre. He did not mean this was an average,
but the lowest be bad grown during that period. Uo cou
tended that upon tbo ridgo system tho manure was conccn-
trntcd under the roots, and that the larger the amount of soil
and manure rcund the roots, the better they would grow.
While the soil was sinkmg it was pressing the food to tbo
plant, and the space they were set at allowed tbo sun to got
to the bulb as well as the top. It also allowed space for the
dropping of leaves to collect the dew, which, by the action of
tltcir rising in the morning was nin down to tbo root and fed
it. Ity this plan he also avoided exposing the whole of tbo
iii;inure to tbo action of the sun. But early planting was
( ^j.sential, and you would not do any good unless the bulbs
WLigbed 1 lb. each on the 1st of August.

Mr. Bhawn moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Fowler for his
;il>le paper, which conveyed to them a great deal of infonna-
tiiii on a most important subject. He was glad to hear from
liini that be thought tbo growth of green crops the foundation
cif iJritisb farming, because many <»f their friends were dis-
jxised to place that foundation upon the plan of consuming a
vast amount of corn by their cattle. This was like com-
mencing to build a bouse with the chimney-pot. If by the
purchase of 4,*. worth of super-phosphate of lime, Peruvian
guano, artificial or any well-known special manure, they pro-
duced one ton of roots, which he held they could, and that ton
was worth 9s. for consumption by their stock, then the raising
of their green crops must ever be the foundation of agricul-
tural progress and improvement. Mr. Fowler said that imme-
diately after harvest betook an early opportunity of manuring
and breaking up bis land, He should be sorry to make the
objection, but would explain his own plan. After harvest he
attended to the cleaning of such stubbles as might need them,
but afterwards ho devoted bis attention to the sowing of
Wheat, Then he spread the manure on the stubble land which
was thoroughly clean, and turned it in about 41 inches with a
pair of horses, which was very light work. He followed that
up by a subsoil ploughing, which distributed the manure in
oqual quantities, giving a broken soil of nine inches. Mr.
Fowler would tell them he would eomplfite that operation at
much less expense, but he held his system was in one way an
advantage, as his manure was placed midway in the soil. He
w.is not one of those who yet thoroughly conformed to the
M|>iiiion that it was safe to spread manure on the .surface,
]i iving it uncovered by soil. The quantity he applied was
..i>iiut \2 tons per acre, but he did not restrict it to that
<|iMntity if more was to be bad. As the time for sowing
I itnips airived, he had theui sown broadcast, with some
. I vt. of specially prepared Tuniip manure on the sui-faeo,
aii'l ridged up that ^itU a double mouldboard plough. He
b "I .sown the seed in less quantity than recommended by
>tr. Fowler, and he mu.st say his experience as regarded
l'ra;idcast sowing was not satisfactory. He did not agree with
]Mr. Baldwin as to wide ridging, fie generally found that
Liud which w.is ridged two inches under two feet brought a
gre^Uer weight of Swedes per acre than that which was two
inches over the two feet.

Mr. Masfen, in seconding the proposition, said the seed Mr,
Fowler applied per acre was in excess of what he used. How-
ever, very much depended upon whether the seed was home-
grown or obtiiined from a seed merchant, for he could assert
that 2 lbs. of home-grown seed was equal to 5 lbs. of purchased
seed. With regard to the distance between the ridges, that
depended on the cultivation of the land. If the land was in
good condition it was not necessary to havo the ridges too
wide. On strong land the ridges should be wider than on
light. Ho had the testimony of a friend that in nine eases out
of ten, ridges 22 inches apart and 12 inches between the bulbs,
was almost always successful. The paper was of a thoroughly
practical character, and he thought the club were greatly
indebted to Mr, Fowler for it.

Mr. LvTHALL would like to have heard from some gentleman
present a few remarks on the growth of root crojis imder
circumstances of rather more difficulty than those stated in
Mr. Fowler's paper, which descriljed the cases of farms close to
towns, where an unlimited supply of manure was attainable.
Perhaps a few words would not be out of place in regard to the
method pursued in growing a crop of Swedes, successfully
pursued for many years some ten or twelve miles from any
important to^Ti in the hilly district, about three miles from
Nurtblcacb, where there was very little straw indeed, and on a
large out-lying farm where carting manure was expensive.
The quantity of seed sown rarely exceeded 1 lb. or li lb. per
acre, and be understood the crops had always been good. He
believed if they could distribute the seed equally, and that of
a proper description, two ounces per acre would be ample. Of
CI Hirse he was not calculating for the fly, to combat which they
\i:<ed a water drill which gave the plants such a start as soon
I>laced them out of reach of the insect. With regard to the
di.'-tance that the ridges should be apart, he thought the
di.scussion tended to show it varied according to the tenacity
and quality of the soil. About two feet and an inch or two
jLppeared to be the average.

Lord Sani'On said they must all agree that Mr. Fowler's was
quite a model paper— full of facts. His lordship, in resigning
the cbaii-, gave a resi'.i.ie of the questions which had been
raised by the papers, and discussions which had taken place
during the past year. The proceedings shortly after terminated.

The Economy of Waste Manures. Py John Hannam.
Longmans, &c.
The hest ap'icultural writers are those who declare
a personal experience ; and, failing the?e, we must
place next upon the scale of merit those whose teach-
ings have been subsequently realised in a successful
career. Thus it is that many of our best books are
written by men who now rarely take the pen in hand
for the publisher. Their hands now wield a more
profitable tool ; but their gain is certainly our loss.
We may judge thus, because the works published
20 years ago are many of them more deserving of
reprint for agricultural readers than those of the
current years. The little book, for example, named
above, published 23 years ago by a gentleman who is
now, we believe, in active business as a land agent in

Yorkshire, and was then, and for many years afterw.ards,
Si'.Tclary of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society, is as
deserving the attentive study of the young farmer now
as it was then ; and he will find that no bettor on
its subject has appeared during the long interval
wliich has elapsed since its first appearance. "Whether
it bo still in jiriiit we do not know, but we cainiot
doubt that good service would be done by the issue of
another edition. Its pages were written, wc arc
informed in its Preface, " at the request of the York-
shire Agricultural Society,— a request made in pursu-
ance of ' a principle to which they attach great
importance, namely, the circulation of information
amongst the members of the Society,'— the ' especial
object ' contemplated by the Council being 'toalford
assistance to those who are lea.st capable of assisting
themselves,'— to point out to the farmer ' a remedy for
some of his difliculties— a remedy within reach of his
means— a remedy which consists mainly in a belter
economy of tho.se fertilisers which he already
possesses.' "

Keeping this end in view, the author did not confine
himself to the circumstane^es of the farmer, farm by
farm, but he called attention to sources of fertilising
matter open to British agriculture generally which
were, at the date of his publication , generally neglected.
And many of his urgent representations, both a.s
regards farm and town mismanagement, are as much
deserved and required in 1807 as they were in 1813.
We recommend Mr. Hannam's little book to the
attention of agricultural readers as strongly now as we
did nearly a quarter of a century ago,

McLean (?• Hope's Descriptive Catalogrie and Price
List of Feeding Stuffs and Manures. Timber Bush,
Leith.
This annual trade list contains a great deal of valuable
agricultural information besides that which guides the
dealings of customers, and we may hereafter from time
to time e.xtract some of the useful material here
collected for agricultural readers. To-day we extract a
list of varieties of Beans and Peas whose seed time is
already upon us : —

" Oranton Large Bf oh.— This Bean, now well known
throughout Scotland and part of England, wa-s intro-
duced from Poland seven years ago by Mr. M'Dougal,
of Granton Mains. The Bean is large and plump ;
straw strong, i and 5, and sometimes even C feet long.
It does not tiller much, nor pod low on the stalk, ripens
early, and has invariably produced from eight to
twelve bushels more per imperial acre than the small
or Scotch Bean, besides being a higher price.

" PUton Bean (or, as it has been called by Mr. Hope,
of Fenton Barns, Oranton or Pilton Bean) is merely a
selected description of the old Scotch Bean ; it is rather
small and plump in appearance, the straw from 2 to
1 feet in length, tillers well, pods very near the ground,
and requires rich early soil.

" Common Scotch, or Horse Bean.— 'Vhh sort is most
cultivated in Scotland. Straw 4 to 5 feet in length ;
pretty prolific. The Bean is large and flattish, rather
irregularly compressed and wrinkled on the sides, of a
whitish colour, and black eye. Average weight, 62 to
65 lb. per bushel.

" English, or Small Bean.— Thh variety^ is grown to
a considerable extent in East Lothian, is shorter in
straw than the common Scotch, hut more prolific. The
13ean is jilumpor and better filled, and weighs from
03 to 07 lb. per bushel. It is not, however, quite so
early.

" Common Tick Bean..— Tins sort is seldom cultivated
in Scotland. It diS'crs from the common Scotch Bean
in shortness of straw, and in being more prolific. The
Bean is smaller, and weighs from 6-1 to 68 lb. per
bushel.

" Pea— Common Gray Field Pea.— This is a late
description of Pea, generally sown in the earlier
districts, mixed with Beans, for which it is well
adapted, ripening about the same time as the Bean.
The straw is highly esteemed for horse fodder, and is
considered superior to any of the other varieties. The
Pea is large and well filled, spotted with a bluish-green
colour. Weight, 02 to 6i lb. per bushel.

" Farly Tweeddale Gray Peas. — This variety is still
cultivated to a considerable extent along Tweedside.
The straw attains a heiaht of from 2 to 3 feet. It ripens
early, and is rather prolific. The Peas are small, round,
and gray spotted, and are still in request in the south
of Scotland for human food.

" Partridge, or Gray Maple Peas. — This variety
grows more straw than the preceding, and is about a
week later. It is most extensively cultivated in the
earlier districts. Pea largish, round, and of a lightish
yellow colour, with gray spots.

" Gray Giant, or Sutch Pea. — This variety is little
known in Scotland; it is the tallest-strawed, latest, and
largest of our field Peas ; length of straw 0 to 8 feet.
Pea flat, wrinkled, and of a dunnish gray colour, with
dark eye. This being a late variety, can only be culti-
vated in the earlier parts of Scotland.

" Hog, or Tare Pea.— This variety we imported last
season from Prussia, and were substituted for Tares,
being suitable for green cutting, owing to their pro-
ducing propensities. The Pea is about the size of a
Tweeddale Pea, beautifully marked with purple and
black spots."

Farm Memoranda.

An Ideal Sew aged I'abm.- Let us imagine the
case of a 200-acre farm near the town, one half
of which, or nearly, is commanded by the outfall
sewer, so as to receive the town drainage by gravi-
tation in the ordinary water-meadow fashion. We
will suppose that about 90 acres are thus capable of
being watered, and that there is a paddock or two of
old meadow besides 100 acres of arable land. As Italian
Eye-grass, which is the crop best adapted for sewage.

will not last over a third year, one-third of the sewagod
land will every year bo ploughed up for a summer
crop of 1 oots and rcsown ; and thus 00 acres in first and
second year's growth o( Italian Hye-gra,ss will be the
extent over which every year's sewage will be poured.
If it may be fairly assumed that every 100 tons of
sewage properly anplicd will produce a ton of Grass
beyond the natural growth of the climate and the soil,
then lOOU tons of sewage per acre should add .10 tons of
Gra.ss per acre to the natural growth of, say 10 t»n8 ;
and there will be CO tons per acre, or 3000 tons
of Gra.ss in all from 60 acres, obtained by the use of
1000 tons per acre, or 210,000 tons of sewage.
The principal question to be determined by the expe-
rience of this larra, and to bo discussed in the follow-
ing estimate, is, whether in order to the produce of
these 00 acres of Italian Rye-grass we can profitably
spend 1000/. (10/. 1.3.«. id. per acre!) in manure, for
that is what 210,000 tons at Id. per ton amount to.
It .seems an outrageous expenditure, and any attempt
to show that it is likely to be repaid will necessarily bo
received wilh great doubt by any one acquainted with
the experience of only ordinary agriculture; and
therefore in the following remarks we must state the
circumstances and be guided by the facts already to
some extent realised upon a farm on which sewaged
Grass is being grown by these dressings and consumed
in cow houses on the land — the milk produced being
sold on the premises for lOd. an imperial gallon.

The cows receive daily during wmter about 7 lb. of
hay apiece as hay, and as much as chafi' mixed with
about 00 lb. of pulped Mangel Wurzel— and they
havo about 3 of a bushel of distillery grains daily.
During summer they will consume about f of a
bushel of grains and 120 to 1.30 lb. of Grass, or
other green food. Those cows which are gradually
drying off their milk receive, in those cases where
they are to be sold fat, 3 or 4 lb. of meal or cake
along with their food ; and probably one-third of
the number, the best milkers, will be kept over
and calved on the premises. Two-thirds will be sold
at a loss of probably 3/. a head upon their purchased
price alter, say nine months milkuig, and during that
period they will have consumed about 200 bushels of
grains, at a cost of 11/. on the premises, and 50». worth
of meal ; and, taking summer and winter together, 10
cwt. of hay, costing 2/. on the premises. During that
period they will have yielded on an average probably
3 gallons a-day during the first 7 months, 2| gallons
a-day during the next month, and probably l! gallon
a-day during the last month, or 700 gallons in all,
worth 7000^. or 31/. 13.s. 4rf.

In order to ascertain the costs and produce per stall
per annum, we must add one-third to thee items, which
represent the cost and produce of 9 months of the cow
that is sold fat. The food consumed per stall thus
amounts to, —

Hay £■: 13 4

Meal 3 6 8

Grain 14 16 8

Litter, say 134

Loss on 8.iles . . . . 4 0 0

£26 0 0
and the produce is about 42/, 10.s. The difference.
10/. 10s., is the price obtained to pay for costs of
attendance, risks of losses, and for about 3i tons
of Mangel Wurzels and 124 tons of Grass. Deduct
21., or 10 per cent, on the value of the cow, to repre-
sent risk of loss by disease or death, and 2/. lOs. for
attendance, and there will remain 12/. for the net
annual produce of each stall, in which 3^ tons of
Mangels and 121 tons of Grass have been consumed ;
and if 30s. be put down as the consuming value of
the roots, we shall have 10/. 10s., or about Ws.fjd. a ton
for the Grass, together with the manure that is made.
Take now the case of those stalls which retain their
cows from year to year. These are the selected cows
of the herd, and we may assume, therefore, that they
i will yield as much milk per diem as the others, not-
I withstanding that they receive no meal. The annual
' deterioration in their value may be nothing at all
i during the two or three years they are kept, or at all
j events the calf will pay for any amount of diminished
' value they undergo. We put the milk down for a
longer period, or say about 300 days at 11 quarts =
3300 quarts = 825 gallons, which, at lOd. a gallon, are
: worth about 3 U. 10s.

The annual cost will be less by about 40 bushels of
grains, or 1/. during the time they are dry, by say 3/.
1 for meal, and 4/. for loss, or 8/. altogether ; so that the
annual expenditure beyond Mangel Wurzel andGrass in
their case is 18/., leaving nearly 16/. 10.?., about the same
as the other, to set against losses and attendance and food
produced upon the farm. The cost of attendance, how-
ever, will be rather less, as during the time they are
dry they will be kept in the paddock instead of being
fed in the stalls. Upon the whole, therefore, there is
no great difference in tlie two cases, and we may
assume that for the farm produce consumed in each
stall, there will be an annual return of 12/. together
with the manure, and that is equal to 9s. a ton for
the Mangel Wurzels, which is their value in ordinary
fai'm experience,and aboutlOs.or 17s.a ton for the Grass.
AVe have now to inquire how many cows can be kept
upon this farm of 200 acres, of which 00 acres are in
sewaged Grass, hay and grains and meal being pur-
chased. ,
Beginning to cut the Grass about the middle of JIarch
we shall find under ordinary circumstances that 'here
will be a weight of 6 or 7 tons per acre on the land
then, and it might well answer the purpose to apply
sewage continuously, or at very short intcrrals during
winter, in order to got the earliest possible gro\yth over
a sufSoient extent for the earliest possible spring use.
We will suppose that 15 acres thus treated yield 7 tons
an acre in March, and that other three equal portions
come into use during April in succession, so as to yield
8, 10, and 12 tons per a«re respectively dunng that

194

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZKTTE. [Febbua^y 23, iss?.

month. The probable periods of the subsequent cuttings,
with tlie probable crop per acre at these cuttings, may
be represented as follows ;—

Plots of 15 Acres each.

Month.

"Week of Month, and Tons per Acre.

Total

A.

B. ' C.

D.

Tons.

March

4

r

_ 1 _ 1 _

105

April

_-

1

8 1 2

10

.1

12

450

May

1

n

3

12 1 4

10

.

.510

June

3

12

4

10 i —

—

1

12

SIO

July

4

10

—

- 1

0

2

9

460

August

~-

—

«

8 1 3

•7

4

7

330

September. .

2

7

a

r 4

fi

300

October . .

8

S

4

5 —

2

(i

240

November . .

■^

—

5

75

Total . .

-

53

- ! 50 1 -

47

-

46

2970

Let us now compare this yield with the quantity of
green food needed to keep 300 cows during the
suinmer mouths.

The green and succulent food consumed by 300 cows
may be estimated as follows :— in Grass, during March
till November, and Mangel Wurzels during Decem-
ber to March, both being helped by Cabbages from
July till December. The monthly allowance for a cow
is put at 16 cwt. of Mangels, or 33 cwt. of Grass, or
28 cwt. of Grass and Cabbages together.

January . .

February

March

April

May

June

July

August . .

September

October . .

November

December

Total

Mangels.

Tons.
250
2S0
200

100
200

Grass.

loo

500
500
500
450
300
300
200
150

Cabbage.

Tons.

60
150
150
220
150

To provide this quantity of food will require at least
60 acres of sewaged Grass, as above estimated, 40 acres
of Mangel "Wurzel, and nearly 30 acres of Cabbasres.
This is 130 acres in all, leaving 70 out of the farm'for
grain crops, and for Potatos and Cabbages for market.

It is probable that the portion of Italian Eye-grass
which will every autumn be ploughed up to be made
ready after a fallow for a fresh sowing of the same crop
again, will be best used after a heavy dressing of dung
by taking a crop of early Potatos. These will be
cleared in July and August, in ample time for the best
possible seed time for Italian Rye-grass, and in time to
yield a full crop in May and June of the following
year. And Potatos will be as valuable a crop as can
be taken in the time. But there are many other crops
which would be suitable. I'lax, for example, might
very well be grown, and it is probable that it woiild
prosper under sewage dressings ; or Cabbages, Winter
Broccoli, and Greens of all kinds might be taken, and
they generally bear a high value near towns.

The returns from the farm will be— (1) from 300 cow
stalls ; (2) from 30 acres of fallow and other crops on
the sewaged land ; and (3) from 40 acres of grain crops.
The returns from the stalls were estimated at

12(. .apiece £3600 0 0

The straw .ind grain of 40 acres of grain crops may

produce, after deducting seed . . . . , , 500 0 0
The crop off 30 acres of Potatos and other market

crops, after deducting sets or seed . . . . 500 0 0

The whole farm produce £4600 0 0

This sum has to bear the cost of—

Rent and rates

SeiW!7C, 210,000 tons at M

Seed —

30 acres of Italian Rye-gi-ass £30

40 acres Mangel Wurzel 15

30 acres Cabbage 5

labour —

Of 60 acres of sewaged land—

Watering

Cut and carried five times

£600
1000

.. £100
.. 200

£300

Of 40 acres of Mangel Wurzel, at 4^. an acre 160

Of 30 acres of C.abb.-ige, at 3i. Us. Sd. . . 40

Of 40 acres of grain crops 120

Of 30 acres of Potatos . , . , . . 120

Extra for many sundries 160

Tradesmen's bills, probably
Poi-tion of horse labour
Farm Bailiff

£900
140
100
100

£2900
Only a partial charge is made for horse keep, for
most of this is included in the labour cost of the crops,
or in the charged cost of bought food for cattle. Nothing
is charged for manure; this is abundantly supplied
from the cowhouse. The total charge is thus 2900^.

And there remains about 1700/. of the farm receipts
after these sums are deducted.

The Farm Capital may be—

For six pairs of horses and harness £500

For implements . . . .

For six months' labour, say . .

For seed, say

For cost of draining and laying out 90 acres of land

for m-igation . .
For cow shedding, if that be provided by tenant,

say

ForSOOoows

300
450
80

1000
6000

Total farm capital £9230 0 0

Nothing is charged under this head for rent or
sewage, or tradesmen's bills, or for more than six
months' labour, because the receipts from the cows
come in at once, or month by month, and at once begin

to supply the means out of which these and a good
deal even of the other items of expenditure can be
met.

The result of the calculation leaves the tenant with
an income of about 1700/. for the use of a capital
of something like 9000/. The maintenance of so much
of his capital as is invested in cows is provided for out
of the return from the cows before the net profit per
stall is estimated; but there are other items in the
capital account — as for horses, and implements, and
cowsheds, and irrigation works — amounting to 2700/.,
the annual depreciation and discharge of which must
be put at 15 per cent, on the value, and this takes
400/. from the net income just stated, and leaves only
1300/. as the net annual return for the use of 9000/.
This is certainly a good deal more than would generally
be obtained in ordinary farming for the use of that
sum of money. And it will, we think, be admitted
by those who are acquainted with town dairy
management that the produce of the cows is put
if anything below the average experience. And if in
place of 42/. per stall the pi-oduce should be what in
Colonel Talbot's cow-houses it was declared to be, in
the paper read before the Society of Arts on London
milk, it is plain that a much larger return would be
realised. From 80 stalls at Sudbury 4090?. were
realised, the produce per stall having been nearly
1100 imperial gallons per stall per annum, which,
at lOd. per gallon, the price we assume, would yield
close upon 46/. a stall, instead of 42/., at which we have
put it. And this over .300 stalls would considerably
increase the net return to be derived ^from the
undertaking.

Bluebell Faem, Colenso.— Captain Hamilton
says, " I farm 5000 acres of land, about 30 of which are
under cultivation. I came here in 1861, and com-
menced to grow Wheat, Oat-forage, mealies, Tobacco,
and Potatos.

" In 1861 1 sowed 10 acres of land with 5 muids of
' klein corn,' or Leydenburg Wheat. The crop yielded
60 muids. The following year I ploughed it extra,
manured well, and tilled as in Scotland. From the
same extent, and equal quantity of seed, I reaped 100
muids of beautiful Wheat, which fetched 32s. per
rauid. The average quantity of Wheat grown per acre
during the last three years is 9 muids. The crop just
reaped will, I think, give 11 muids per acre, and will
make the quantity of Wheat raised in four years
amount to 500 muids.

" I sow Wheat and forage in May, and reap about
the end of October. For a summer crop, the best time
for sowing cereals is in January and early in February ;
mealies (Indian Corn) ought to go in in October, and
Tobacco early in January. To explain my mode of
cultivation — I have an artificial dam for irrigation in
dry seasons, 250 yards long, 40 wide at the top, 60 in
the middle, and 80 at the lower end, where a solid stone
wall, 15 yards broad, and IS feet high, forms the
embankment; and the depth of water is 14 feet in the
middle, 6 to 8 feet in other places, constantly fed by a
small stream of water. There is sufficient water to
irrigate 30 acres four times over during the dry season.
Although it is ray belief you could take seven crops in
succession off the land without manure — in fact, they
improve after the third— yet I find you cannot manure
too highly for Wheat, provided you cultivate deeply,
and work up the subsoil. A little judgment and
experience is necessary in irrigation, to allow the water
to settle evenly and regularly over the land before night,
in case of frost. I begin at the lower end, and work
upwai'ds each day, taking care to preserve the whole of
the solubleelementsupontheland. I have crown Wheat
upon 20 acres of land only, and the only alternate crop
used has been mealies and Pumpkins. The mealie
stalks I leave until thoroughly dry, then burn in heaps,
and spread. After the Pumpkins are re.iioved (I use
them for feeding sheep in tlie mnter months, shred
like Turnips, which they relish much), I plough in the
vegetable matter as green manure. I put about 4 tons
of manure per acre for Wheat every second year, and,
in addition, when I irrigate the second time (about
three weeks after the first), the braird being some
3 inches high, by throwing manure into the course as
the water passes the kraals. I put on liquid manure
about an inch deep over all. I have also folded sheep,
at the rate of 300 to the acre, for six nights on the
Wheat land with great advantage, and find that three
good crops of Wheat in succession, without further
manuring, can be raised by this process. I once grew
Wheat on an acre of ground after Potatos; I found the
result was all straw— very little head.

"As I find lime exists in the soil some 12 inches
from the surface, I use a heavy plough, with eight
oxen, for suhsoiling, and go as deep as I can the first
ploughing ; a light plough and six oxen are used for
the second ploughing.

" I conclude, from the chemical analysis of the
component parts of Wheat straw, that one of the most
useful constituents of Wheat soils — silica— exists in
the ash of the straw to the extent of 81 per cent. To
obtain this, therefore, and utilise the straw, which,
from my primitive mode of threshing— treading out by
horses — is so cut as to be useless for fodder, I cart the
.straw in heaps to the field, and burn it, along with the
long stubble purposely left, spreading the ashes evenly
over the surface. I also consider the absence of silica
in the soil a predisposing cause of rust. As a precaution
against rust in Wheat and forage, I dissolve about
20 ounces of bluestone (sulphate of copper) in 24
gallons of water, made warm, steep the seed in this
solution for half an hour, removing the floating seeds,
drain in a basket, and sow almost immediately. I find
the above produces short straws and a heavy head, also
a crop at least one-third heavier than that grown from
unsteeped seed. Birds, vermin, and insects won't
touch it. In 1863 I steeped my Wheat and Oats in a
pickle of salt strong enough to float an egg, allowed it

to remain for 24 hours, strained through a basket, aiid
dried on a floor by riddling quicklime over it. From
this process I got 10 muids of Wheat and 3500 lbs. of
Oat forage, sold at 7s. per 1001b., off the acre, 16 bundles
to the 100 lb. I have grown Wheat and forage without
the slightest drawback, and never had the least rust in
either.

"It is quite evident that on the tillering or branch-
ing of Wheat all depends as to a good or bad crop ; and
this results from the vigour of the plant, procured by
frequent deep and clean cultivation, a total absence of
weeds, and an occasional top-dressing of manure
(sheep's, if possible).

" In regard to Oats, I have grown ofl' 10 acres of land
during the last four years 370 muids, sold at 22*. and
25s. per juuid. The cultivation of Oats does not
require such attention as Wheat. I allow half of my
Wheat land to rest every three years. High manuring
requires much less seed per acre. I find my average
produce of Oats per acre is about 12 muids.

" Barley grows very well, but there being no demand
for it, I only grew a little for my own use.

" Mealies (Indian Corn) — no return of crop.

" Tobacco yielded me 1600 lb. to the acre, sold at 8d.
per lb.

" Potatos yield per acre quite as much as at home.
In 1862 I dug 60 cwt. Potatos of a blue variety ofl' an
acre.

"Turnips and Beet do very well, but I have not
grown them to any extent. Vegetables of all sorts do
well, put down in September or January.

" My stock, which run on my farm winter and
summer, and which I do not consider half stocked,
consists at the present time of 121 head of cattle, 500
sheep, and 2 horses.

" I commenced with 50 milch cows. In three years
my increase was 120 head ; in fact, I only lost three
calves during the whole time. I have made aud sold
during that time 2500 lb. of butter, sold at lOrf. and Is.
per lb., from these cows, besides supplying my estab-
lishment ; and I have drafted out 20 head of old cows,
so many a year, from the herd. I milk at present 30
cows, and expect to sell this year 10001b. of butter,
besides rearing calves, feeding pigs, and keeping the
house. I inoculated my whole troop of 130 head in
1884, only losing niue head previously, and six head
from the eflects of inoculation.

" My mode of management of young stock I have
found by experience. I always keep the calves in a
covered place from" the sun until they are two months
old, giving them butter-milk in the middle of the day;
then let them run out four hours in the morning,
house during the heat of the day, aud out again in the
cool of the afternoon.- They have a coustant supply of
salt in their kraals. I inoculate every year when the
calves are a year ohl Having heai'd considerable dis-
cussion in the colony as to the best method of butter-
making— churning only the cream, or churning the milk
altogether — and the majority preferring the former
method, I give you the result of an experiment made :
No. 1 — I put 104 quarts of milk into pans, and when
the cream had risen it was churned in the regular way,
yielding 9 lb. of butter. No. 2—1 strained 104 quarts
of milk into churns or vessels, which, as soon as it
became sour I churned, aud the result was 11 lb. of
butter, showing a large per centage in favour of
the entire milk; and I think that, as a whole, its
quality is better, its flavour more delicate, and that it
will keep longer fresh than that produced from the
cream alone. I consider my cows pay me 60 per cent,
per annum.

" Sheep did very well up to the commencement of
the present year, when I lost, like my neighbours,
from bluetongue. Up to 1865, the few I had paid me
75 per cent, at least. On the 1st January, 1865, 1 had
739 head, all told. During the three months, January,
February, and March, I lost 280 head from what they
call here bluetongue, or inflammation of the monyplus
of the stomach. After three months I got through it.
" I do not breed horses.

" I would double my stock and cultivation depart-
ments on the same acreage, were it not for want of
capital; so must get on by degrees. I knock 500/.
a-year out of them together." From the Natal Agri-
eultiirist, quoted hy the Natal hand Company.

Miscellaneous.

Sugar for Breioers. — The gi'cat scarcity of both
English and foreign Barley fit for malting purposes has
compelled some of the brewers to purchase low sugars
for brewing purposes. That really fine Barley will be
a scarce commodity for several months is evident from
the damp condition in which the bulk of the crop has
been secured. The result of an inferior crop of Barley
is that the best parcels are worth 54s., and even 56s.,
and the best pale malt, so much required by the pale
ale brewers, 80s. per quarter. With the exception of
about 20,000 quarters of fine Barley imported year by
year from the Danish islands, the whole of our vast
supplies, from the Continent and elsewhere, are com-
posed of qualities only fit for grinding and distilling
purposes. Continental countries do not jjroduce a
quality of Barley which can be converted into good
saleable malt. Journal of Society of Arts.

Steam Cultivation. — The Eoyal Agricultural Society
undertook a task of some magnitude when it sent
forth its inspection committees over steam-ploughed
farms in all parts of England. Such a mass of detail
has been collected from the counties already visited
that, in order to get it moulded into readable "reports,"
in time for the next issue of the " Journal," a further
division of labour has been i'ound necessary, aud a
third committee is now starting upon a final tour of
eight or ten days. Its members are Mr. John Thomp-
son, of Badminton, Gloucestershire (the Duke of
Beaufort's agent), andMr. George Turnbull, of Belford,
Northumberland ; with Mr. John Coleman, of Escrick,

FEDEtJAET 23, 1867.]

TTTE GArvDENERS' OTTTIONTCLE ANT) AGRKJUT-TUIIAE GAZETTE.

196

I York (l;ito Profossoi- of Agriculture at tlio lloval
At!riouU-unil College), as secretary and reporter; ami
the iusiicction will extend over between twenty and
thirty larnis in the counties of Leicester, Nottingham,
Stall'oiil, Salon, Wilts, Somerset, Dorset, Durham,
Cumberland, I;aneasliire, and Wales, Of necessity, the
half-yearly "Jnnrnnl" cannot appear on February 1,
its usual dale of jiublicatiou ; but at the dose of the
month, or whenever it does eome out, it will bo a
"thiekish niunber" if it contains much besides the
three " steam reports." The value of the third com-
mittee consists in the cumulation of iTulependent
testimony which it will afford, so that "the pre.sent
aspect" of steam-power husbandry w^ill appear in
print guaranteed by the signatures of no fewer than
10 auriculluiisls chosen from light-land and heavy-
land occn|Kili"us in widely separated (|uarters of the
kingdom. The sleani-plonijh commitlec of the High-
land anil Agricultural Society of Scotland, appninlod
inxlve numths ago, have not yet presented their full
i< |iort. The circular of questions sent out by them
must have elicited a great deal of very minute iuforma-
iion; their pir.sonal inspection of farms, we believe,
li:i^ been limited to a few localities on their own side
rithe liorder. Daili/ Telegraph.

The New Forage Grass (Bromuo Soiraderl).

SU'l'I'ON AMI SO.NS liavi' iin|i"rtJ..l a large supply of
Tnio Sco.l nf UiO iili'.v.., iiiul .,m.r It ill •.'«. M. yor lb., or oliuiipor
in liMKo (iimiitllk.B. ((.iiintlty roiimioil Imr nci-o, »ilb. l,owoiit T.rloo
nor owt, luul li.Btmotions "ii cuttlviitliiii limy bo iKicl on nimllcatlon.
Sutton A Sons, Sood MercliiuitH, Reiullnt,'.

s

Calendar of Operations.

Jl.vKcu.— The yoinig AMioats may be hoed when the
l;nid is dry, either by hand or by hovse-hoe ; and this
may be iireredcd or followed by the roller.

finla slidultl be sown this month.

Ilarli-n may bo sown, 3 bushels per acre, during the
iiHiulh, on the gravelly and sandy classes of soils, when
llu. land is dry.

Grass and Clover seeds should be sown towards the
cud of this mouth, with either Wheat, Oats, or Barley.
The broadcast sowing machine will sow any quantity
Irom 8 to 18 lb. of the mi.\ed Clover seed, and at a
second going over from 3 to i pecks of Gr»ss-seed per
acre. The land is then to be harrowed, or bush-
harrowed, across the drills of corn, if these are up, and
rolled.

Potalos should be planted either on manure in the
drills, in rows 21 to :iU inches apart, or they may be
dibbled by a foot dibble where the land is very soft,
w hich will cost about -is. per acre ; or they may be
planted by spade, at a cost of Os. to lis. per acre. In
this case the land is manured, the lirst trench made by
die spade across the ridge, the sets then planted by a
child, the second trench then made, the earth taken
out of it beiug used to fill the first, the manure, how-
ever, lying on the surface betweeii the two, being first
rlianed off it on to the top of the first row of sets. In
li:jht shallow soils, it is a good plan to plough-in the
s Is and the manure every ihird furrow. The dung is
hid in heaps, 5 or 0 yards apart, in parallel rows, at
:iliiint the same interval, in the dii-ection in which the
belli is to be ploughed. When the ploughs are started,
biur people have an equal portion of the field allotted
(u them, and plant the sets in every third furrow; an
eiiual number of ))eople carry the manure from the
heaps, aud spread it above the seed, finishing 3 acres
a tlay.

Carrots.— The land for this crop having been deeply
ploughed and manured in the autumn, may receive a
scarifying and harrowing towards the end of this
mouth. On light soils a good preparation for Carrots
is a clean crop of Turnips fed off on the land.

Farsnips may be sown in the beginning of this
month, on deeply and cleanly tilled and well-manured
land, of the stifier class of soils. Sow 5 lb. per acre, in
shallow drills, 18 inches apart.

ISpi-hiij Tares may be sown this mouth.

Fens should be sown during March.

Sow Calbai.ie for transplanting in the field in May.

if/aj;.— Land may be scarified and well cleaned now
for this crop— should be of a loamy character, rather
adhesive than otherwise. It may be manured with
^^X'll-rotted dung now, but should have been manured
in autumn. Rape-cake is a good manure for it ; sown
broadcast now,

Clocer Fields should be cleared of all large stones
and rolled.

Land intended for Mangel Wurzel may receive a
ploughing, which, if on dry land and in dry weather,
may be deep, across the autumn ridges ; but if the
ground he clayey or wet, the ploughing should be
1 i.inlined to the splitting of the ridges, taking care to
keep open furrows. Dig out patches of root-weeds
from those fields which are to bear fallow crops. The
llowers of the Coltsfoot must be pulled.

Manure heaps in the fields must be turned for use
on the JIaugel Wurzel crop. The whole mass may be
well broken for from Id. to id. per cubic yard.

niTTIlN'S t'lNti; i.AWN liH;\S.S fnr Making New

IiiiDi-ovUiK iilit Uni'lun I.iiwiis, Ci-oi|iiet Grounds, &o. iVloo

H nj nor imtnil llti pur tiUHhol, ciu-ilUKO Ireo. For roriidiiK Now

ijiwiis or Cmipiot Uiouiida tliroo Inwliijls, or 00 lb., aro roqulrod por

Aero, or I Balioli to Stx Uods of Ground.

from Hill Hov, K. .r. Qoblino, M.A., rimplalH lo the Ouunly ami,

AVii' DiHithl. Ilvad, Moiimituth.
Nov ». rillll.—" 't'lio Lnwii Socils I Imd from you in tlio Bjirlok- Imvo
l\illy tortllled to tlio truth of Ml tlmt hiw boon wild in praino of tbora,
J''ri>ln II. R. Tmii, Kmi,, 82, Iliirlhnliiintw Itaail Nortli,
KfiitUh Toirii, Lmidoii.
AuRUstS, 18110,— "Tbo Liiivu Grass Sond Is sxoollont; grows vary
quiokly liidood, and produooa beautiful lino Grass, such as we nevor
had bol'oro."

From IlniiT. J, Stkoman. Ksq„ SIiantbroDk, ni:(l/oftt.

Jan. 13, 1800,_' Tho lawn I laid down last spring with your Grass

Soods answored wondorluUv. It looks mw as if it had boon itono

with old Turf, rorsons who seo it acarcoly boUeve it was obtained by

.sowiUK."

From Maiitin CoooiiKii, Esq.. M.D., Bai/tan Villa, Oli/toilron-Tcmc,
irorcMfiir.
Oct, 0, 1800,—" On tho inth or rith of June I sowed the Lawn
Grass Seed, and though the plantlne was so late, the Lawn now
piosents auiiifoi-m luxuriant appoaiance of a beautiful tint, and looKs
as thouiih It had boon planted two years. Of course, attention has
been paid to niowinj,' and rolling."

PlllCED LISTS gratis and post free.
Sutton & Sons, Koyal BLU-kshire Seed Establishment. Rending.

'^p 11 K

Notices to Correspondents.

Pehuviak Guano : Scipio. Apply 3 cwt. per acre, broadcast,
previously mixed in a cartload of earth, over every acre of
Grass-land iu wet weather next month. Or 1 cwt. each of
Peruvian guano, superphosphate, and nitrate of soda, would
probably lie more efficient.

Splenic Apoplf,.xv : Eit'pdrer asks : Can any of your readers
throw any light, or make any suggestion, as to the above
Insidious disease ? Having to manage a small grazing farm
in South Northamptonshii-e, and having suffered from the
above, I should feel obliged to any one to give their experi-
ence, or make any practical suggestion, having unfortunately
lost two beasts this year— one last week aud auother in
Janu,ary, (<Jn one occasinii two years ago we lost two .splayed
Welsh heifers in one week). 1 have consulted the best
veteiinary sui-geou of the distiict, and Uo is unable to give
any clue as to the cau,se or prevention. I may add our hand
18 high lying and rather wet, particuLarly this winter. Our
firbt attack occurred four years ago next August, in the dry,
hot weather, so it does not seem to be owing to the wetness
of the land. Tho water rising on it supplies the fields below,
which arc stocked with horned stock, and the.v have hitherto
escaped. In each case tho beasts have only lived a few
hours after they have been noticed amiss.

Very Early Sheep Feed.
OUTTO^'S IJU'KOVEl) ITALIAN RYE-GltASS.—

to This" Improved" Italian Rye-grass i.s reoommondod in prefer-
ence to every other variety, producing three or four heavy crops in
ouosumnier, and bolngalinostifnot strictlyperennial. , ,„ -

At a Meeting of tho Roval Agricultural Society, on March 10. in
a Lecture delivered by Alfred Hughes, Esq., late ol Tnorness, Islo of
Wight, Mr, Ilnghos said ;— , ,^,, c,

" 1 alw.ays reserve a portion of Oat land to lay down with Sutton s
Imymveii Italian Rye-grass, the most reliable plant I have come
across for some years for Ewes and Lambs in the Spring, When I
tell you that 1 put it in inthespring, anddressed it alter hai-vest with
Kumio, and tlmt in the autumn, when my Sheep fed it off, it was
up to their knees, aud that 1 fed it off again this spring with Ewes
and Lambs, I tliink vou will agree that this is a crop ol very great
value, Tho Italian Itye-grass wliich is sold by Sotton. of Reading,
is a most n.stonishing vigorous plant : ind:ed, 1 never saw anything to
equal it in tiiocouiso of all my experience," „ t^ ,- n

Sutton & Sons have a fine stock of their Inipreved Italnan Uye-
grass, which is a very different and superior article to much that
is sold as Italian Ryegrass,

Present price Os, Od. per bushel , cheaper in quantities over & qis.
Carriage-freeinquantiliesof 8 bushels Hiifi upwards.

Quantity required per acre, if sown alone, 3 bushels.
Royal Berkshire Seed Eslablishinenl, Reading.

SeedlCorn from the Chalk.

All the most ArpaovED Varieties Supplied by

RATNBIRD, CALDRCOTT, BAWTUEE,
BOWLING. AND COMPANY. Limited,
Address, Basuigstoke ; or 80, Seed Market, Mark Lane, London, E,C.

•»• Samples and prices on application,

OMBllEU"0~GUANO^This article has proved itself

superior to Peruvian Guano, and is Uo per cent, cheaper. For

Grass Land this Guano should be used during Febni.ary and March.

Sole Agent. W, PicKioaD, 113, Fenchurch Street. Loudon, E.G.

LONDON MANIIKK COMPANY

(ESTAllLIHIIKI) IHai).

Have now roaily fur delivery iii dry line condition,
CIUIN MANUHI.:, for Spring U»o
DISNiil.VKIi Ilii.VKS, for OrossUig Pasture Lands
StirKKI'lliisrllATESof LIME
PRKl'AKKI) IIUASK)
MA.NUKLaiid POTATO MANURES
Also Ooniiino PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock WarohoiLse; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY
SALT. &c, IE. PcasEa. Socretury.
Offlces. no, Fonehnrch Street. E.G.

A W " l'r~S~ MANURES.—

The Manures nmnufiicturod by J, B, Ijawes for the preiont
Be:ison of 1307 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at tho
lollowing prices, per ton :—
LAWKS' r,\TKNT TURNIP MANURE and BOMR £ ». i-

SIIl'|.;lU'lliisl'Il,STK i I I.IME 0 0 0

LA\Vl.;sM:iM.;KlMlnsl'IIA'rK of LIME from BURNT

ISIINK ..r Ml.MKKAl. PIli ISIMI ATES 6 6 0

LAWE.S' WIIKAT, liARLKV, GRAS.S, and MANGEL

MANURES 8 0 0

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES ,,12 0 0

These Manures can be obtained of Mr, Lawes, or through the
appointed AgenU in all parts of tho United Kingdom, at prlcei
varying according to cost of carriage,

Gonuiiio Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers, Nitrate or
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other C ikes at market prices

Address. Jiiiiw Bennet Lawes. 1. Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E,c, ; 22. Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

GEl.ECTKli SSILVKR SANO, I'EAT SOIL, LOAM,

iO Siiiclstone. Garden Pots, Vases, Taz-ias. Figures, Gravel, Garden
Implements, and Materials of all kinds lor Sale in any qi^inlltios.
ByWilway. Canal, and Ship to all parts of the United Kingdom.

W, SiioaT, Horticultural Depfit, Reigate, Surrey,

ODAMS'S NITRO-PHUSPHATE for CORN-
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPIIATE for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

MANUFACTUaED

THE PATENT NITRO-PliOSrHATE OR BLOOD
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).

Chief OMcea— 101), Fenchurch Street, London.
Western CL<untie3 Branuli— Queen Street. Exeter.
Irish iiriineb— 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin,

DiRKCTOriS.

C/iairjjian— John Cl.iyden, Littiebury, Esses.
Deputy-Chninnan—Jo\\n Collins, Argyll House, Holioway.
Edward Bell, 48, Marino Parado, Brighton.
Kicbaid Hunt, Stanstead Abbot, Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, MiddUsex.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Noi iolk.
Ueorge Saville, Ingtborpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Orange, Es^ex.
Charles Dorman, -23, Essex Street, Strand.
Tbomaa Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Rosa, Lincolnshire.
iJ/fiHflfl'"!/ iJ/recfor— James Odams.
iJuji7.:<;rs— Messrs. Burnetts, Hoaros, & Co., Lombard Street.
Solicitors— Messrs. Kingsford & Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

Auditor— 5. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturislB, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz.—" The Tenant Fanners' Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 60,000 acres of land
which has been foi- years under mmagement with Manures of their
own manufacture. The consumer, therefore, has tho best Ruarantee
for the genuineness and efficacy of tho Manures manufactured by
this C:):npaiiy.

Paiticulars will bo forwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may oe had of the Local Ayents. .C. T. Macadam, Secretary,
Chief Offices — lOU, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C.

T?IBIU)US PEAT of tiist-class quality for Orchids,
1_^ Heatbs, American Plants, and all pottmg purposes, may be
obtained by application to Mr. Tiu.mas Jessof, Famingham Wood
Kent U is despatched bv tho London, Chatham, and Dover Kail-
wav in trucks of 16 vards, about 6 tons, to any Station about London,
and on the Great Northern, Midland, and Great Western Railways ;
or fetched in carts fi-om the wood. It is extensively used and appre-
ciated in the London Nurseries, and in the Royal Parks and Gardens.
Price 6a. per cubic yard, at Karninghain station.

COCOA-NUT KEFUSE
is becoming bcarob, the
old reserves will soon bo gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for ts., 10 for
16^-., 2 for 30s., 50 for 663., 100
for £6.
/ '^dif'"'^^^^^^ ^ ^ rf Fourpence allowed for each
f J^^^^f'-^^^M^l^^*^^^ ^^ returned carriage-paid.

*" ' "^ - ■ "^ • ^ Railway Truck-load (not iQ

bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-of&ce
Order, payable to J. Barsham &
Co.. KingstoD-j^n-Tlmmcs, S.W

C"tlSEURST COMPOUND.— Used by many of the
T leading Gardeners since 1859, against Red Spider, Mildew,
Thiips. Green Fly. and other Ulight, in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to tho gallon of soft water, and of fiom 4 to lb ounc<s8
as a Winter Dressing for Vines and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations int-^nded to supereode it. , , - ,

Sold Retiul by Seedsmen, in boxes. U., 3s.. and lOs. Crf.
Wholesale by Prkl's Patent Cakdle Comfasv (Limited) London.

Fumigate your Greeuliouse witli
m 0 ]i A 0 C O T I b S U hi.

J_ —Will Destroy all the lustcts aud not Injuve the Plants; is
entirely free from p iper or rag, and will burn witbour blowing.

Price 3s. Gd. per lb., carriage free. To f.e had of Messrs. RuntRxs
& Sons, Tobacco M.inuficturers, S4, St. John Street, Clerlienwell,
E.C, and of all Seedsmen ami Nurserimen

ORNAMENTAL liUSTIC THEE STUBS.
40 remarkably handsome Rustic Tree Stubs, suitable for
mixing with RUCli WORKS. FERNKRIES, &c.. for SALE. Some
of the Stubs are of a largo size, witb Muss growing on them.
W. SuoRT, Horticultural Depot, Reigate. Surrey.

BOSTON'S Nl-; PLUS ULTRA, for tlie Destruction of
Mealy Bug, Scale. American Blight, tic, OQ Stove and Green-
house Plants, Fruit Trees, Vines, itc. In bottles, with full mstruc

tions for application, price S«. Crf., 5fi., and 10s. 6ti.

jAMts Cabthi &Co. beg leave testate that ihe present time Is moat
suitable for J.pplyiog tho above genuine Specific before the com-
mencement of the growing season, thereby preventmg the rai.id
increase ofthe above pe-ts which would otherwise take place. The
mfalbble properties of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapid y
becoiiing^fulV recognised. J. C. & Co. havmg already sold near y
''OOO bottles since its first introduction in the spring ot ISbO.
N iimerons testimonials hava been received, and not a single complamt

loS'rgSit^jI.ES Cakthr & Co., 237 .nd 238, High Holbom, W.C.
• * The Trade supplied on liberal terms.

Vineries and OroliardB.

GREAT VALUE of "APHIS WA.SH.

"AT the tiist onpurtunitv V:mt the Trees with a
A. solution of 'Al'HlS WASH,' prepared »' tlj^ C'ty Soap
Works . It not only destroys the Brown Aphis which Infests Peach
Trees tut also Scale, and every other pest capable of lodging in the
bark "—Extract Irom Gni-deiiei-s' Jl/«!)iisine, JanuiiT 6, 18b7.

"For strengthening the Krowth and efrcctually destroying all
forms of bight the 'Aphis Wash' supersedes every other prepara;
K"-Se6 SanfcMrs' Chro,iicle. August 19, 1S66 ; and Gardeners'

^S5Wb^'Ch"e'£[ii'sts*'and others, in Is. bottles, and 2s. 6ci, agaUon,

"'^Vb?l'e^'lo"'at'?S:uty soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.C.

LOCK'S PATENT POTASH MANURES.

It is far Superior in efficiency to Teru^ian or any other Guano, as it supplies eveey
constituent requmte for each bPiiCiAL Crop.

Each M.™ure is specially prepared for tire Crop for which it is intended, and i^
sold in Bags containing tile necessary Dressing for One ^cre.

The WHEAT, BARLEY, and OAT MANURE will effectuaUy pkeveni the
LODGING of the Corn, so frequent on lands deficient in biUca.
The CLOVEK MANURE is a cektais cure for Clover sioiujess, so prevalent in some Counties.
The GRASS MANURE contains an abundance of Silicate of ^^'^'^'^^j^l '^' *" prcdcmnaUns
dcmtnl iu all Ukasses, ami whicli has never before been ofiered lor bale by any Mauutaauiei.

For full particulars see Circulars, for which apply to tlie
SOUTH o£ ENGLAND MANUKE COMPANY, LIMITED, BEDBRIDGE, HAMPSHIRE,

who are the Sole MANUEAcrimEns.
««» AGENTS WANTED for the UNITED KINGDOM.

196

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Febeuakt 23, iser.

BY HER MAJESTY'S

ROYAL LETTERS PATENT.

OEMSON'S

MEW PATENT WROUGHT IRON MULTITUBULAR HOT-WATER BOILER.

I

SAFETY, EFFICIENCY, POWER, AND ECONOMY.

MANY or THESE BOILERS HAVE NOW BEEN FIXED.

AND HAVE IN ALL INSTANCES GIVEN THE

GREATEST SATISFACTION DURING THE LATE SEVERE WINTER.

THE GREAT ADVANTAGES OF THIS,

BOILER ARE :—

Isi. Being entirely of Wrought-Iron,
its safety firom leakage and cracks (from
expansion or contraction), a danger to
which all Cast-iron Boilers are moie or
less liable.

2d. An immensely increased surface
exposed to the direct action of the fire,
which passes through the tubes, thereby
giving a wonderfully increased amount
of power,

.,3d. A great saving in the consumption
of fuel. - Its facility for banking up the
fire. Its peculiarly well-adapted con-
Btruction for slow combustion, and
burning many hours without attention,
at a trifling expense.

4th. Its extraordinary power and
safety. for carrying out the One-Boiler
System, and small space and depth
for setting.

>yi 00/1^ ..

NOT A SINGLE INSTANCE OF FAILURE IN ANY RESPECT.

■k *«* nw

-5^

■tjffy

ELEVATION.

On^ of these BOILEES Heated the
GREAT ORCHID TENT, 660 feet long,
and 40 feet wide, at the INTER-
NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL
EXHIBITION, with a remarkably Email
quantity of fuel, and gave the greatest
eatisfaction. Was highly approved of
by many Scientific Men and Practical
Horticulturists.

The great Power, Economy, and
Safe Working of these BOILERS has
been thoroughly tested for the last
18 months at the Horticultural Gardens,
Chis\vick, where they may be seen in
action, and also at other places in
various parts of the country.

UNDERSIDE OF BOILER AND PLAN OF TUBES.

TBEY AXE MADE OF VARIOUS SIZES. PRICES ON APPLICATION.

tg^ Plans, Specifications, and Estimates on application.

HENRY ORMSON, F.S.A,

HOETICULTUBAL BUILDER TO HER MAJESTY, AND HOT-WATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURER TO THE COMMISSIONERS OF HER MAJESTY'S
,; ■■■•'■^- ■'' • KOTAL PALACES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS, AND TO THE ROYAL HORTICULTUR.-IlL SOCIETY,

STANLEY BRIDGE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W. . .. -

FiBBUABT 23, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

197

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWEKS FOR 18G7.

PATRONIZED FREQUENTLY DURING THE PAST THREE SEASONS BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY, | HIS MAJESTY THE KING OP HOLLAND,

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA,

AND AMONGST TllK 1I1STIN0U1.SII15D KUllEION NOUILITV,

THE DUCHESS DE CAMBACERhS, THE MARQUIS DE BOISSY, MARSHAL CANROBERT, &c., &c.

Every minute point in the way of
improvement haa been carefully considered
and adopted, and as A. S. & Son have fur
more than a quarter of a century devoted
their attention to this particular branch uf

their business, the Nobility, Gentiy, and
GardenerB may rely on the MACHINES
they may order, to be such as to ensure
lasting satisfaction, and to stand the wear
and tear of many years.

PATENT HAND MACHINE.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

AKE IN DAILY USE IN

ALL THE KOYAL GARDENS; IN THE HOETICULTURVL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GEOUNDS ;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;

,. , And in almost all the principal Public Parks an J Gardens in the KingJom.

These are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

THESE ARE THE OXLY MACHINES THAT If ILL MOW PROPERLY WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OP LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shanks' Patent Lawn Mower will Mow on uneven as well as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, in referring to their IMPROVED LAWN MOWERS for 1867, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has inrariably
leen given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in effecting iinprovementa compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. AND SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an extent as possible in the construction of their Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery are employed in manufacturing the various parts, and this applies not only to the Horae and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S. AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWERS, which will enable them to feieduttj Otders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANT RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.
SHANKS' NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

width of Cutter.

10-inch Machine £3 10 0 i „ ^ ^

! By a Lady
12-inch Machine 4 10 0 /

14-inch Machine S 10 0 By a Boy

Easily Worked SUent Movement.

4s. extra.

Width of Cutter. EusUy Worked SUent Mofement

16-mch Machine £6 10 0 By a Manor Two Boys \. ^^^^

6 By a Man ana Boy t '

19-inch Machine 7 12

.22-inch Machine % .1. I \ By Two Men

24-uich Machine 8 17 o ) '

i 7'-
I exi

6<;.

extra.

SHANES' NEW PATENT PONT and D0NEE7 MACHINE.

If with Patent Delivering Apparatus.
.. '2o3. extra.

Width of Cutter.

25-inch Machine £12 10 0

28-ijich Machine 14 10 0 ., .. 30;. „

30-inch Machine 15 15 0 .. .. 30*. ,,

Silent Movement, 12*. 5i. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HOBSE MACHINE.

width of Cutter.

30-inch Machine £19 0 0

36-iuch Machine 22 0 0

42-inch Machine 26 0 0

48-inch Machine 28 0 0

If ffith Patent Delivermg A|.paratu
., 30s. extra,
.. 30s. „
.. 40s. „
.. 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

N.B.— ^. S. ^ Son specially announce to their numerous Patrons that they hme a staff of experienced Workmen at tiidr London Warehouse, thoroughly acquainted with all
the details of their Machines, so that they are enabled to repair Lawn Mowers in London as well as at the Manufactory,

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS:

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

^ 27, Leadenhall Street is the only place in London where ititending purchasers of Lawn Mowers cdn Hhoose from a Stock oj from loO to 200 ae met.
All tilts kept there, whether for Horse, Pony or Hand Pother.

198

THE GARDENERS' CFTRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[Pebhtjaet 23, 1867.

c

■^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITEU
COW riTTIKGS.

Glass for Garden Purposes.
AMES PHILLIPS akd

beg to submit their REDUCED PRICES as follows ;-

PROPA&ATIira

C 0.

Their advantages are — Portabihtv not Fixtures removable at
pleasuie no Wiodwork cr Partitions to impede \ei til it on or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as lumecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Clsteni, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanh', durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Pi'ice of Fittings per Cow, bUs.

Prospeciuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, Loudon, W., wliere the
above are exhibited, together with several important improvements
In Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

.ALVANISED

WIRE

NETTING.

PRICES of NETTING. 24 inches hioq.

Size of
Mesh.

2\ inch
2 inch
1 j inch
l\ inch

Proof against

Hares, Dogs, Pouliry, &c, 3ld.

All kinds of Game .. 3jd,

Small Rabbits, Hares, &c. 4irf.

Ditto Ditto . . I f>id.

Light,

per
Yai-d.

Me-
dium,

per
Yard.

4hd.
ihd.
5irf.

strong,

Bid,
5id.
6id.
8d.

Extra
strong

per
"Yard.

Gid.
7d.
Sd.
lOd.

100 Yards and upwards Carriage Free.
GALVANISED IRON WATER CISTERNS.
GALVANISED CABLE STRAND FENCING.
GALVANISED IRON PUMPS.
GALVANISED SWING WATER BARROWS.
GALVANISED IRON HOOFS atid BUILDINGS.
LAWN MOWERS, GARDEN ROLLERS.
ASPHALTE ROOFING FELT. Id. per square foot
HURDLES, HURDLES, HURDLES, Is. Qd. to 3s. Qd. per yard.
Motley & Green.
Hlustrated Catalogues and Estimates free on application.
12, Great George Street. Leeds,

Each,
2 inches in diameter

12 inches in diameter

HYACINTH and FLOWER DISHES.

6 inches diameter .. .. is. Od. | 9 inches diameter .. ..10

12 inches diameter . . . . 2s, 6rf.

Hyacinth Dishes are intended to contain a number of Roots

Bedded in and covered with Moss, instead of the common Hyacmth

Glass,

LACTOMETERS, for Testing the Quality of Milk,

Four Tubes . . . . 4s, 6d. | Six Tubes . , . . e.% Gd.

With Stands complete.

HAND
GLASSES,

WITH
OPEN TOPS.

12 inches
14 »
16 „

7 6

Each. — s. d.
..9 6

BEST LA-^N MOTVING MACHINE for 1867 is the
PATENT FLEXIBLE LAWN MOWING MACHINE with
WROtJGHT-IRON SIDES. ILLUSTRATED PRICE LIST, with

Testimonials aud full particulars, free by post on application to
Messrs. B. Hirst & Sons, Britannia Works, Halifax.
A Drawing of the above will be inserted m this Paper Next Week.

405.

OWING WATER BAKROW, price

O Carriage prtid to any Station in England.

The above is very cheap, and
inv.duable for carrying Liquids
of all kinds. No Garden, Furm,
Stable, or Kitchen Yard should
be without one. A Lad can
easily work it ; but if required to
travel long distances over rough
ground, a Pony can be attached.
The wheels and caiTiage are
wroucijt iron, and the tub oak.
The water may be dipped out,
or the tub tilted and poured out,

or by raising tlio handle it can be placed on the erouud and the

frame detacued.'
Powerful GARDEN ENGINE, suitable for the above, price 453.,

cairiage paid. WATER and LIQUID MANURE CARTS.
Illustrated Catalogues of abuve, also of WIRE NETTING,

FENCING, &c., sent free on appUcation.

W. S. BouLTOK, Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

. 11
, 12

Boxes 2s. each, retuniable at full price.
Paiuted and Glazed with 16-oz. Sheet GLiss.
London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, Carson's PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground readv for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizps
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATK, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAlilENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best ManiUacture. at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillips & Co., 180, Bishopsgate Street Without, E.G.

Caution, to Gardeners.— Wlien you ask for

SAYNOR AND COOKE'S AVARRANTEU PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Say nor, also the corpoitite mark Obtain
Warranted, without which none are genuine.

S. & C. regret having t,o caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequeuce of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S, & C.'s Pruning aud Budding Knives aie me best and the
cheapest in the market.

Paxton Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 125 years.

[.ARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great

variety of patterns and material, the plainer sorts being
_,^ especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as

■i^tf't^^^!^'^Js^ they harbom- no Slugs and Insects, take up little
v^lt ,' HfW I'oora, and once put down incur no t\irther labour
\vi*-' HI,/ and expense, as rto "grown" Edgings, conse-

quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., in
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosHER, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAYING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, CoiTiuui-s, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stono, in blue, red, and buff coIoui'k, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHJTE GLAZED TILES, for Lining WnMs of Dairies, Lardera,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved ;;nd other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Dmin Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtfuned of F. & G. Rosder, at their Premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. & G, Kosher. — Addresses see above.

N B, Orders promptly executed by Railway.

J .iii 'ifO

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

PATENT LAWN MOWING and ROLLING MACHINES.

EVERY MACHINE WARRANTED.

TO BE OBTAINED 01"

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA. WORKS, BANBURY.

LONDON TFAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.G.

AGENTS :— Messrs. TANGTE BROTHERS ajto HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London Bridge; Messr?. DRAT,
TAYLOR AND CO., London Bridge; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.G. ; and all respectable Seedsmen and ironmongers throughout the Kingdom.

t*f « *'reitt^znm^ jv

S. OWENS & CO.,

(Late CLINTON and OWENS),

MANUFACTURERS OF |l||

PUMPS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY, '

WHITEFHIARft STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

THE LANDSCAPE SKETCH shows an adaptation of THE IMPROVED HYDRAULIC
RAM for Forcuig Water to considei'able Heights and Distances to supply Mansions, Farms, &c., where rt
few feet fall can be obtained. Full particulai-s of this useful Self-acting Macliine can be had on application.

No. 4. Useful YARD, GARDEN, and COTTAGE PUJIPS, from £1 os. each.
PORTABLE LIQUID MANURE PUMPS, with Flexible Suction Pipe.
DOUBLE-ACTION PORTABLE FORCE PUMPS and FIRE ENGINES for

WATER or LIQOID IMANURE.

No. .50. IMPROVED (HOLMAN'S PATENT) DOUBLE-BARREL FARM FIRE

ENGINES and IRRIGATING PDMPS,

GARDEN ENGINES of all sizes.

No. 38.
No. iSa.

No. 49.

No. 49a.

No. 49«. IMPROVED SWING WATER CARRIERS, holding 24 and 35 Gallons, for

GARDEN USE.

No. 49<;. INDIA RUBBER HOSE and FITTINGS for WATERING GARDENS.
1^" Further particulars. Estimates, and Illustrated Price Lists on application.

FeBHUARY 23, 1867.]

THE OAllDENET^S' CnPONICLE ANT) AOTJTrTILTTT-RAL HAZETTR

100

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VAUNISH
for proscrving IroD Work, Wood, or Stone. This Vamisli is an
excellent suhstitiilo for oil piimt un till out-door wurk, ami is IXilly
two-thirds clietiuor. It may ba applied by an ordinary i;ibourt'r
requires no mixing or thinuiuK. and is uj.ed cold. It is used lu tlie
grounds at Windsor Castlo, Kow Gaidena, and at tho aoats of many
nuufireds of the nobility and Kuiitry.fi'oni wliom the most ilnttorinE
tustunonlals havo been rocoived, which Hii-l & Smith will forward ou
Hiiplication.

F}\nit T. A. Tavlor, Esii., Stvensham Court.

"In answer to your inauritis. I bei; to inlorm ymi I find your Black
\:uii!hIi an excellent siibstituto for oil paint upnu iron and wood
uiir nf doors, and have found the iron Barrow mth apparatus
ts^tMitial In applying tho Varnish to Hnos of fencing. I can strongly
icrnmnioiid the Black Vainish for all out-door work as superior to
anvt.liing 1 have yet used for tho purpose, and it can be applied with
Ki L-it, economy by caretXil labourers.'

Sniii in caslts of about 3u Kallons each, at Is. 6d. pev jjalion, at the
:\' v^ufactorv, or Is. B<i. per gallon pixid to any Station in the kinKdom.

Apply to lliLL A Smith, Itrierly llill iron Works*, near Dudley, and
■?". I'luinon Stri>«t. West. R,(!.. tVi.ni whom onlv it. can he obUiinod

U il N \V A It N Ji: U AND SUNS,

8, Cresrent, Crlpplegatu, London, E.G.,
BELL and BltAS.S FOUNDERS to llElt MAJESTY.

PATENT CAST-IBON
PUMP, fitted with J. W. & Sons'
Metal Bucket and Valve, wliich
cannot clog in action, I'or Wells
not exceeding 2ft feet.
Diam. Height.

S| in. short . . 1 ft. 7 in. . .
21 Iq. long .. 3 ft. Sin. ..

3 in. long .. 3 ft. G in. ..
31 In. long ,. 3ft. 6in. ,.

4 in. long . . 3 ft. C in. . .
24 in- short, with 15 feet

of lead pipe attached,
ready for lixing . . 2 0
2 in. long, do. do 2 14

TOFTN GIBSON, Juuf., begs to jmnounce thut lie is

tJ proparod t'l FurniHh PLANS and KSTIMATKS ftir LAYING
OUT OROUND nttachod to ManHion.s and Villa or other
HuHKioncos, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIO PARKS or
(JARDICNS, and to carry out tho Hanio by Contract or othorwlHo.
Addrcs.s Mr. John Gihson, juu., Surrey Lano, Battorsua, S.W.

ME. GLENNY, Author of "The ProiierticH of
Flowors," "Tho Manual of rracticat Gardening," "The
Oardoper's Every Day Rook," "The Handy Book on Gardening," and
other pnpidar standird works, conLiuues to give ADVIOK on tho
Iinpravoment of EsthteB, and to rurchaaeand Sell mi C<)iiinil>8lon
Niir«t!l'les, CJardons, Private Kcsidoncos, and Land, and to vnluo all
l'ro|iei'ti"'s connected therewith, and willatte'id as Judgo or nthur-
wiso ut Horticultural Meeting?, A List of Lho boat (»> Sorts of
1''L0\VKII SF.KDS lor Aiuatours to i-liooso from, nelectod from tho
thousands cutaloyuod by tho Tr.ade, sent free on receipt of a directed
envelope at his Olflce. Uungannon IIouno, Fullmiii.

Farm Poultir-

GREY DORKING I'OWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbora.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

broeil known.
InipiMved NLUJl'OLK 'i'ni!KI'',YS, largo, hardy, and good breeders.
An-ESr.URY ai.d K(UI|-,N IdJCIvS.

Imported MKLdlAN KAUl': 11 ABIUTS, for size and early maturity.
BRAlIMA-roUTUA, UKKVECUCIJU, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
fur constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Baily & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

West End Nursery and Florist's Businesa.

FOR I.\IMI';iilAri'. lU.YNSMOK (l>v Jiin-rtiou of the
Executiixl. the (JUODWILL, SfOUK, iic, of an Established
and Lucrative CONCERN— position first in all London. Preniisos
are spacious, Glass Erections of good class. Lease at low rent, Returns
considemble. Price moderate.
F. W, Seaklb, Horticultural Agent, Marsh House, Tottenham, N.E.

Kent.

TO bo SOLD, a capital and secure FREEHOLD
INVESTMENT, situated near GRAVESEND, consisting of
about 5i Acres of productive Garden Land, stocked ^with superior
Fruit Trees and Bushes of best marketable sorts. Standing on above
ground, well-budt Twelve-roomed House, Four good Cottages,
Stable, and Coach-house, and other Buildings. All let.
Apply by letter to D. W., i'ost Office, Ealing Co:nmon, Middlesex.

£ s.

<J.

1 [

(1

I H

(1

i 1

<l

2 (I

(1

•I 14

0

No. 42.
IMPROVED LIQUID
MANURE or GENERAL
PORTABLE P U M P.— These
Pumps are fitted with .1. W. &
Sons' Patent Bucket and Valve
and cannot clog in action. The
Banel la made of Galvanised
Iron, not likely to corrode, and
can be raised or lowered at plea-
sure on the stand, the lej^s o
which fold together, and it mav
be earned with ease by one man
to tank or pond

Price of 4i-inch Liquid Manure Punip. with legs, £2 16s. ; 2-inch
Flexible Rubber and Canvas Suction Pipe, 2s. bit. per foot. The
Barrel is ■ll\ inches long, and the lei:s are 5 feec high.

WARNERS' PORTABLE EIRE or GARDEN ENGINE.

No. 5081.

Foruse by one Peraon price i2 2a.

No. 647b, ditto ditto, on Wheels „ £'l\U.

The above are complete in themselves, and may be always kept
filled with water, and ready fur use.

httttr to The Times, July 23, 1860, /rom Earl Essei.

A Real Fire Extinocishek.

To the Editor of The Times.

"Sir,— I feel fiui-o you will kindly ullot a small space in the Times
to these few lines, as the liest medium through which I would urge
every householder who dreads flre to have on each floor of Ids house
one or more small Garden or other Engines on wheels, always charged
and In good order, in case of fire.

" Lafit night, just as I wait going to bed, I was startled by that most
fearfhl of ail cries, ' Fire, fire ! ' 1 soon learned that a fire was raging
in a larue two-windowed unoccupied bedroom. How caused is to ua
all a great nijsteiy. It is my custom to keep one of these small
Engint;s on each floor. In two miniitaa I was in the room with one
of thorn. It wus like a funiace. Tlie curtains, shutters, casuinents,
and cornices of both windows were burning and cracking tVom floor
to ceiling. 1 was quite alone at the moment, yet before assLstanco
arrired (most of the servants having gone to bed), I had compietoly
subdued the fire of one window without exhausting the En^riiie, ami
when assistance and more water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other.

" So fierce was the fire that the lead of tbe casements was melted,
and the casements themselves were bmiit off their hinges.

" I will only a<la, that by God's mercy, the house was saved by this
small Eneine. Had it not been at hand and In order, most assuredly
Casswbury would be now a heap of lulns,— Yours faithfully,

** CasBiobury, Watford, July 20. *' Essex.

"The Engine, even when full, runs so light on the floor, that anj
froman might draw it, and also work it."

ri^O BK LET or SOLD, an Excellent NURSERY

J- (owing to the death of the Proprietor, and winding up of tho
Estate), well situated, not far from London, and well stocked with
■liJ.OUO Fi-uit Trce-s, Evergreens, Shrubs, &c. ISO/, will buy Stock,
Lea.se, &c.

For particulars apply to Messrs. IIv. Clarke & Sons, 39, King
Street, Covent Gai'den, W.C, ; or to S. Cuaudleii, Esq., Solicitor,
Basingstoke.

TO BE DISPOSED OF, a SMALL FLORIST'S
BUSINESS, 10 miles fl-om London.— The Premises consist of
Cottajie and Garden (no Glass), witli good Frontage on Main Road,
Rent £14 per annum. Tho above would be an excellent opening for
an industrious Man, who is .anxious lor a good Jobbing connection,
the situation being in the midst of a highly respectablo and
improving neighbourhood, no other business of tho same kind being
at hand. Price for Stock, Lease, &c., £76.

Ap ply to A., Post Office, Roxetli, Harrow-ou-the-Hill, N.W.

TO BE LET, the HOME FARM of MILNE GRADEN,
near Coldstream, Berwickshire, containing about 134 Acres of
Tillage, to which aljout 130 Acres of old Grass Parks can be added
if wished.

The Dwelling House is built in a superior style, containing three
Public Ro ras and four good Bedmums. A garden well stocked
witli Fruit Trees adjoins.

The Offices contain capacious Cattle Byres, Sheds, and Curtains :—
Tlireshing-mill, Saw-mill, Turn ip-pul per. Straw-cutter, Cake-bruiser,
Mill Stones, Manure Tanks' and Punips, with Pipes for irrigating
about 70 acres. This machinery is driven either by a Steam-engine
or by a Water-wheel.

Persons wishing to see the Farm must apply to Mr. Hctton,
Factor, on the Estate, or in his absence to the Farm Steward.
Heads of a Lease will be sho^vn to intending ofi"erers by James
BowiriLL, Bunker, Ayton, Offers must be lodged with him on
9th March. — Paxton House, Berwick-on-Tweed, Feb, 6.

Be William Hunter, Nurseryman, Barnard Castle.

Salj; of NuHStav Stocr.

TO BE SOLD, ut the Nurseries, Baniard Castle, on
WEDNESDAY, March 13, unless previously disposed of by
Private Contract, the whole STOCK ot TREES and SHRUBS
belonging to the Bankrupt Estate of William Hdnter, ^u^sery-
iiian. To any one wishing to commence the Nursery Business this
would be an eligible opening, as the Stock will ba disposed of on
very reasonable lencs.

For further particulars, apply to Messrs. W. W. & G. Watson,
Barnard Castle ; Messrs. J, & K. S. Watson, Solicitors, Newcastle-
on-Tyne; J. W. Samcel Simpson, Solicitor, South King Street,
Manchester; Mr. Ralph Robs>on, Hexham; or Mr. M, Brown, of
DicKsoNS & BuowN, Seed Merchants, Manchester.

palest 6j5 gluctiott.

Hammer smith.

The Stock, of a Greenhouse and Horticcltdral Bdilher.

MESSKS. R. T. SWAIN and SON have received
instructions from the owner, Mr. Joseph Smith, to SELL by
AUCTION on the Premises, Pine Cottage, New Road (close to the
' tiueeu of England'), on WEDNESDAY, Febiuarv 27, at 1 o'clock,
the whole of his weU-seasoned STOCK of SPAN and LEAN-TO
GREENHOUSES, fitted with Ends, Sides, and Stages : 1, 3, and 3-
light Garden Frames ; Vineries j a lai'ge quantity of Lights, Hor-
ticultural Appliances, and Effects.

% May be viewed the Day prior and Morning of Sale. Catalogues
had on the Premises; and of the Auctioneers, The Lodge, Netting
Hill, W.

Burgliley Park, near Stamford.

IiipiiBTANT Sale of Suort-hohneu Cattle.

MR. STRAFFURD is favoured with instructions from
the Executors of the late Most Hon. the Marquis of Exeter,
K G., to otfer for SALE by AUCTION, without reserve, on
THURSDAY, March 14th next, at the Dairy Farm, Burghley
Park, the entire Herd of PURE-BRED SHORT-HORNS, consisting
(if nearly 00 head of Bulls, Cows, and Heifers; many ol them are
descended from animals of longstanding m this valuable and old-
established Herd, which has been bred with great care for m.'arly 50
yenrs ; the most fashionable Bulls have been used during this
period, and latterly the lar-famed Fourth Duko of Thorndale (17,750),
who is included among tho Bulls, and is likewise the sire of several
of the Young Stock, which are very promising.

Catalogues, witu Pedigrees and other particulars, may be had on
application to Mr. STRAFvniiD, \3, Euston Square, Loudon, N.W. ; or
of Mr. Walton, the BailiU', at Biughk-v Park, S.amlbrd.

Maindee House, Newport, MonmouthsMre.

Important Salk of Short-hukneu Cattj-e.

MR. STRAFFuRD begs to announce that he has
received instructions from Juhu Logan, Esq,, to Si'^LL by
AUCTION, wilhout any reserve, at Maindee House, Newport, Mou-
iiiuuthshire, on WEDNESDAY, the 20th March next, his entire
Herd of FIRST-ULAfcS SUOKT-HORNS, con^^isting of about 60
hoad of BULLS, COWc^, and HEIFERS, that have been selected
and bred from some of the most fashionable blood of the d.ay, the
far-famed Killerby and Warlaby sorts being the pronilueut feature
in tht! breeding ot the herd ; the Young Stock are chiefly by Prince of
tlie Empire (20,67B), which Bull is now in service.

Catalogues, with Pedigrees and other particulars, may be had on
application to Mr. Straffoiid, 13, Euatun Square, Loudon, N.W. ; or
>.>!' Mr. SiLiNMLR, the BailiU, at Maindee House, near Newport,
Monmouthshire.

SALE Tins DAV, AT IIALF-P.VST TWELVE O'CLOCK

Trained Fruit Trees. Gladioli. Roses, Shrubs. &c.

M^V."^^*^\F^^'^^^ '"•" ^''^1^'^ I'V AUCTION, at

dA-riiiJr.AvTS^'"'""'' f' Kii.g Street Oovont (hirdon. W.C., on
SAIURDAI . l-ehrmiiv 23, at lialf-piifit 12 o't^lock i rcclticlv n
quantity of HARDY '/RKi-IS an.l SIl'lUIBS. Dwarf.traiiJd FRCIT

^^__ _p" viewtho M'.niiiin ..f S:ii^>, luid Ciitalngucs had.

M

Coniferous Seeds,
R. J. C. STKVKNS will SFIJ, by AUCTION, at

,. ,,,,-,,--,,,- ■ . I<"iK street, Covont Garden, W.C.

MONDAY. February 1'.'., at f.ril|.|i - •

his Groat Ruom
....,., JAY. February 1'.'. at linll-pust 12 o'ClocIt prcdHolv an
ImportiitionofOALlFoRNlAN and otiier CONIFEROUS SEliuK
conHlfiling «d' Wclllirgtnnla gigiuitcu, Cupreasus Lawijoniima, AbicH
MortoLS'ana, Plnus Boiitlmmiana, P. liiHignlft, Picea Nordmanniana
Abies orlontaliB, A. ciL-ruIoa, A. Doiiglasli, Picea PiLsapo.ai.d a gren{
vanoty of other seeds.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Consignment of Plants from Holland.

MR. J. C. STEVICNS will SKIJ, by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, Kln^ Street. C'>vciit Garden, W.C. on
WEDNESDAY, Fobniarv 27, at hnlt-iost in i.Tlnck precisely, a fine
a.s'-oitment of SPECIMEN CONIKKIt.s ;u,d HARDY SHRUBS
STANDARD and DWARF lUisKS, RIIi)DODENDR(JNS, and
other Plants from Holland; a quantity ol HARDY TREES and
SHRUBS from Middlesex; DWARF-TRAINED and PYRAMID
FRUIT-TREES, Choice GLADIOLI lor Spring Planting, RUSTIC
SEATS, STOOLS, VASES, &c.

On view the Morning of Sate, and Catalogues had.

Important Sale of Cattleya Dowlana, Vanda
coerulea. and other fine Orchids.

MR. J. C, SIKVENS will 8ELL by AUCTION, at
his Groat Rooms, 3is, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
THURSDAY, February 28, at half-nast 12 o'clock preclselv, a con-
signment of magnificent Plants of the true CATTLEYA DO WI ANA,
received direct from Costa Rica, in the finest possible condition.
These Plants are from the same locality as those bloomed last year
by Mr. Bateman, and may theiefore be relied on as being quite t ue.
Also some imported Plants of VANDA C*ERULEA, and some
splendid specimen-, of ONCIDIUM CKISPUM and other choico
Orchids from Brazil.

On view the Mommg of S.ale ; and Catalogues had.

Preliminary Notice,

Imtortant Sale: of Orohids, Stove and Gbkkniiodsb Plants, at

HllillOROVE, RiCADING, BkRRS.

MR. J. C. STKVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
the Gardens, Highgrove. Reading, Berks, early in April, the
valuablo Collection of ORCHIDS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, formed by the lute J. J. Blandy, Esq., Vice-President of
tho Royal Horticultural Society of London, comprising a great
variety of fine Plants, many of which have been exhibited and
carried off prizes at tho various Metropolitan and Provincial Shows.
Also several Greenhouses, Exhibition Van, &c. Catalogues aro
preparing and will be ready 14 days before (price Qd. each, to ;idmtt
parties to the Sale), which may be had at the Gardens ; also of
Messrs. Co)jri:u & Godldino, Auctioneers, Marketplace, Reading ;
;ind of Mr. J, C. Stevkns, Horticultural Auctioneer and Valuer,
3S, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Eennlngton.

Clearance Sale ok Norskry Stock.

MESSRS. PROTHIiUOE and MORKIS will SELL
bv AUCTION, on the Premises, Sewell's Nursery, M.-inley
Place, Kennington Park, S., on WEDNESDAY, Feb. 27, at 11
o'clock, without the least reserve, the ground being immediately
required for Building. Tho Stock comprises a Variety of EVER-
GREENS, amongst which may be mentioned 2000 bushy Aucuba
japonica, from 1 to G feet ; Euonyraus, Lilacs, &.c.. Standard and
Dw.irt' Roses, Box Edging, &c. ; also 3-Ligbt Boxes, quantity of
Bricks, Sashes, two Iron Rollers, sundry Wood, Garden Tools, and
sundry effects.

On view, and Catalogues had on the Premises ; the Horns. Ken-
nington ; and ol the Auctioneers, American Nurseries, Leytonstone,
Es-^iex.

Annual Sale of very handsome English-grown

Camellias, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEKOK and MORRIS will SELL
by AUCTION, at 38 » 39, Gracechurch Street, City. E.C., on
THURSDAY, Feb. 28, at 1 o'clock precisely, about 200 Choice
DOUBLE CAMELLIAS, beautiful compact plants, 1 to 5 feet,
abundantly furnished with bloom buds; fine AZALEA INDICA ; a
superb assortmeot of about 3U0 very handsome STANDARD and
DWARF ROSES, including the best varieties in cultivation ; choice
hardy AMERICAN PLANTS, comprising Ghent and other Azaleas,
Byhrid Rhododendrons. Kalmias. Andromedas, &c. ; some fine
Bulbs of LILIUM AURATUM, LANCIFOLIUM RUBRUM,
ALBUM ana PUNCTATUM ; ERICAS. EPACRIS, &c.

May be viewed the Morning of Sale. Catalogues may be had at
the City Auction Roonjs, as above ; orof the Auctioneers and Valuer.-i,
American Nurseries, Leytoobtone, Essex, N.E.

Ramsgate.

Very Important AND Extensive Sale op Valuable Norsery Stock.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS have received
instructions from Mr. James Tiu-roll to SELL by AUCTION
on the Premises, Providence Nursery, High Street, Ramsgate, close
to the Railway Station, on MONDAY, March 4, and following day,
at 11 o'clock each day, without the lecst reserve, the groimd being
irciniediateiy required for Building purposes, the whole of the Valuable
NURSERY STOCK, comprising Evergreens and Deciduous Shrubs
of various sizes (including specimens admirably adapted for effective
purposes), viz. : — 31)00 bushy LauriLstinus, beautifully in flower, from
2 to 3 feet ; 2500 Green ana Vanegated Euonymus ; 1500 Sweet Bays,
1 to a feet ; 1500 Box ; Hollies ; Yews, 4 to 6 ,feet ; Laurels ; Thuja,
sorts ; Spruce and Scotch Firs, Ac. ; 3000 Privet ; oOO Lilacs ; very fine
Standard and Dwarf Roses; Orniimi.ntal, Forest, and Fruit Trees;
Beds of Asparagus; 1500 yards Box Edging, Ac.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had on tho
Premises ; of the principni Seedsmen in London ; and of the
Auctioneers and Valuers, American Nurseries, Leytonstone, Essex.

N.B.— The whole of the Choice Collection Of GREENHOUSE
PLANTS will be oflered the latter end of April.

Kilburn Nursery.

Preliminary Notice of an Imi'oktant Sale,

MESSRS. PRUTHEHOE and MORRIS are instructed
to ofler for UNRESERVED SALE, on the Premises, Kilbum
Nurserv, Kilburn, Middlesex, about the middle of March, tho
whole of the Valuable Collection of EVERGREEN, CONIKER.+:,
and other SHRUBS: ORN^MENTAl^, FOREST, and FRUIT
TREES, some GREENHOUSE PLANTS, quantity of LOAM,
MANURE, and Sundry Effects, particulars of which will shortly
appear, American Nurseries, Leytonstone.

Wavertree, near LiverpooL

CL^ARA^'CE Sale of Ncrsebv Stock, Choice Greenhouse Plants,
Greenuoosbs, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are directed
by Mr, Isaac Davies to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises,
Liirkfield Nursery, Wavertree, near Liverpool, on TUKSDAY,
March 12, WEDNESDAY, March 13. and THURSDAY. March 14.
at 11 o'Ciuck each day, without reserve, tho Luaae havinil
expired, necessitating an immediate clearance, the whole of the
Valuablo NUKSEft.y STUCK, comprising about 5000 best
worked Holiles, 10,000 Rhododendrons, including 12o0 R. prsecoi
(so hignly and justly esteemed lor its profuse flowering habit), and
other leading kinds, 1600 Hardy and Ghent Azaleas, a large variety
of Evergreen Conifeno and Deciduous Shrubs, Ornamental Forest
and Fruit Trees, Climbera in Pots ; also a choico Collection of
Greenhouse Plants, comprising 1500 Azalea iudica, 400 Ericas.
Acacias. Cyclamen, Cytisus, &c., together with Three newly-erecled
GREENHOUSES, Pits, Buxes, Seea Drawers, Seels, and numerous
otner items, which will be more fully detiiled in future adver-
tisements. ^ u J 11.

May be viewed, and Catalogues, when ready, may be had on the
I^remiBes, and of the Auctioneers and Valueri, Leytonstone, BgMX,

200

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[rBBEUABV 23, 1867.

J. JONES & SONS' HOT-WATER APPARATTTS.

No. 7.

No. 8.

No. 9.

No. 10.

No. 11.

size ot House.

Price

20 by 10 feet

£9 0

0

30 „ 12 „

12 0

0

40 „ 15 „

15 0

0

50 " 15 "

18 0

0

60 „ 15 „

20 0

0

70 „ 15 „

22 0

0

80 „ 15 ,,

24 0

()

100 „ 15 „

26 0

0

Price

£9

0

0

12

n

0

15

0

0

18

0

0

20

0

0

22

0

0

24

0

0

26

0

0

£13

0

0

17

0

0

21

0

0

24

0

0

27

0

0

30

0

0

33

0

0

36

0

0

Price.

£14 0
19
24
28
32
36
40
44

Price

£15

0

0

21

0

0

25

0

0

29

0

0

33

0

0

37

0

0

41

0

0

45

0

0

No. 12.

No. 13.

No. 14.

No. 15.

No. 16.

Price.
Same as No. 11.

Price.
Same as No. 11.

Price.
Same as No. 11.

Pi-ice.
Same as No. 11.

Price.
Same as No. 7.

No. 17.

No. 18.

No. 19.

No. 20.

No. 21.

Size of House.

Price.

Price.

20 by 10 feet

£9 0 0

£14 0

0

30 „ 12 „

12 0 0

19 0

0

40 „ 15 „

15 0 0

24 0

0

50 „ 15 „

18 0 0

28 0

0

60 „ 15 „

20 0 0

32 0

0

70 „ 15 „

22 0 0

36 0

0

80 „ 15 „

24 0 0

40 0

0

100 „ 15 „

26 0 0

44 0

0

Price

IS

10

0

24

0

0

29

0

0

34

0

0

39

0

0

44

0

0

49

0

0

54

0

0

Price

£23 0

0

30 0

0

36 10

0

42 10

0

49 0

0

56 0

0

63 0

0

70 0 0

Price.

£23 0 0

30 0 0

36 10 0

42 10 0

49 0 0

56
63
70

No. 22.

No. 23.

No. 24.

No. 25.

No. 26.

Sze of aousB.

Price

20 by 10 feet

£15 0

0

30 „ 12 „

21 0

0

40 „ 15 „

25 0

0

SO „ 15 „

29 0

0

60 ;, 15 „

33 0

0

70 „ 15 „

37 0

0

80 „ 15 „

41 0

0

100 „ 15 „

45 0

0

Price.

£25 0

0

32 0

0

38 10

0

44 10

0

61 10

0

58 0

0

65 0

0

72 0

0

Price.
£25 0
32 0
38 10
44 10
51 10
58 0
65 0
72 0

Price

£18 10

0

25 0

0

30 0

0

35 0

0

40 0

0

45 0

0

50 0

0

55 0

0

Price

£14

0

0

19

0

0

24

0

0

28

0

0

32

0

0

36

0

0

40

0

0

44

0

0

J, Jones & Sons will be happy to supply HOT-WATER APPARATUS for HOUSES according to any of tlie above Plans, delivered Free to any Station in England
»t ttie w-ices named, which include strong CAST-IRON CYLINDER or SADDLE BOILER, FURNACE DOORS, FIRE BARS, SOOT DOORS, CISTERN and DAMPER,
4-inch H.OT- WATER PIPES and CONNECTIONS, all of the best quality; or mil forward ESTIMATES for WORK erected complete, with WROUGHT or CAST-IKON
BOILER of spy sort, at a small addition to the above prices.

1^" The Slack Circles on Sections of Mouses show the arrangemeM of Pipes.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES and further' particulars Post Free on application to

JONES AND SONS, IRON MERCHANTS and HORTICULTURAL ENGINEERS,

6, BANKSIDE, LONDON, S.E.

Editorial CommuQications shoultl be addressed to " The Editor ; " Advertisements and Business Letters to " The PablUher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London. W.C.

Printed by Ja.mes Mattubws, at the Office of Messrs. Bbadbubt, Etans, & Co., Lombard Street. Preclact oT WhiteCrlara, City of Loadon, In th« Co. of tUiddlesex, and FabUibed by tbe laid Jambs MATrBifra,3t tbe
Office, No.il, WelUngtou Street, Pariab of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, In the lold County.-SATuaoAT, February 23, 18^7.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 9,-1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, MARCH 2.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, Qd,

INDEX.

AchymnUics nureo reticulata
AdvcrtiienienU, A^uericau ,,

A pavt', American

Atci'iculturikl statistics

lliirk, iDdiiui

UutkeriEi tikiiiiiGrI

Uurley.to »ow

Ki'c lilvoa

C.'kbbn^tCH, clubbing nf

Oduaima Campanula

CbhiKinaatliua, to strike . . . ,

Cjiiifeni

Corn , Lent

Drains, choknd

DycUla rju'itiora

Education . fnctory

Eupborbin Tulgcna

Fnrm Icusca

farm, BtutrortlsbirR dairy ....

Farmers' Clubs 2!il 6-

Frost and its ciTct'ts

Funiti. root

Qardena, PariBian , ,

Gentiann I'ortnnci

Grass land ^

Harvest, Inst year's

Har LodRC, Edinburgb

Italy, letters from

lAinb disease

Leases, form

316 6
213 b

21C c

Letters , lost

Lettuces

Moles

Musliroom Insects

0/oufi

Parasites, ain'icultural

l';iriit, letters from

I'ear tiei.' iufeects

Pelarcoiiiuiiis, tricoloured ..

— liii'Ketluwerinn

Phalacnopsis , monstrous

PiKS, Mr. Howard's

Plants, triiusplnntod woody v.

frost

PotJitos, enrly ,.

Hoot Fungi

Koses and the frost

Siilads

Society, Ilotanical of Edin-
burgh

— Boy al Bucks

Khorthnms

Statistics, agricultural

Stmwberries, early

Strawberry forcing

Tendrils

Warscc wioji; . dejth of

Water supply

Weather records

Woods, ruanag*>inent of .... ;

207 <i
'J 19 a

208 <i

2t)7 c
220 b
210 b

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KRNSINGTON.
NOTICE.— A MEETING of the FRUIT and FLORAL COM-
MITTEES will be held on TUESDAY NEXT, March fi, at
11 o'clock ; LECTURE at 3 o'Clocit.

E""OYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S GARDENS,
• Regont'a Park.— EXHIBITIONS of SPRING FLOWERS,
SATUKDAYS, March 2;t, April n. and April 27. Tickets, 2*'. fid. each.
GENERAL EXHIBITIONS. WEDNESDAYS, May 29, June 19,
and Jul^ 3. Tickets, 4it. each. Tickets are now being issued, and can
be obtained at tho Gardeus by Orders from Fellows of the Society.

CRYSTAL PALACE. — The DATES FIXED for tho
FLOWER SHOWS this Season nre as foltows ;—
GREAT KLOWEB SHOW, SATUKDAY, May 25.
GREAT ROSE SHOW, SATURDAY, June 2a.
By Order.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY of LIVEKPOOL.—
Tbe rlFTH GREAT EXHIBITION of HYACINTHS and
SPRING FLOWEKS will be hold in St. George's Hall, on
WEDNESDAY, Marcli 13. Entries close March 11. For Schedulea,
apply to R. W. Kkr, Hon. Sec, 0, Baanett Street, Liverpool.

s

UTTON'S AMATEUR'S GUIDE

IS NOW READY.
Price One Shtllinfr. Gratis to Customers.

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTTiUSIl AND SOiN'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, poat ft'oe on
application. lligbgato, London, N.

WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of GENERAL
NURSERY STOCK, contalniUB 00 pages, may be had post
froo on application to

'ruoMAS Criiprs, Tbe Nnrscrlos, TunbrldKo Wclla,

]TEELER'S~L1TTLE BOOK, the Queen of Seed

Lists, plica Cd., post froo, containa a Descriptive List of

id Flower Seeds, also a List of tho best .Seed Potatoa

w

Vegetal)l6 am
In cultivation,

J. C. WllKF.LER &. So

, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from tlie Growers.

CHARLES SMAUl'E and CO. hcg to iniorni tho
Trodo that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST l9 now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.
Seed Warehouse, Sleaford.

B

S. WILLL'VMS' NEW I'RICED GENERAL SEED
• CATALOGUE new ready, forwarded freo to any address.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upper Holloway, London, N,

VERY G~A RDEN KKUUISITE
kept in Stock at
Cartku's New Seod Warehouse, 237 & 238, HJRh Holbom, London.

ToTvy ag1u"c"u l t u r a l s e e b s,

JLOVf I of best selected quality, aud rarriagt/ru,
PRICED LIST on application.

Jakes Dicilsopj & Sons, 102. Eafltgate Street. Cheater.
._ -^^^

VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS of Best
Selected quality.
James Diceson & Soxs, 102, Eastgato Street, Cheater.

HALF SPECIMEN TEA-SCENTED ROSES,
in 6-incli pots, now reariy to aend out.
SVu. Wood St Son, Nuraerles, Maresflold, nciir Uckflold, Siissoir

npHE CHOICEST 12 NHW ROSES for 1867. with

I, strong healthy growth, luiuHually fine plants, ho 6oon ai
weather permits. Price •12m. imr dnzen.

Ricuard SuiTri, Nuraoryiiiaii nuA Sci.'<l Slorchant, Worcester

Roses on Own Roots.

HLANE ANn SON )vivv- still :i liirpe nunntitv lo
• offer of TEAS, HYBRID PKRl'ETUALS, IloURBONS,
CHINAS. &c.; also TKA MARKCHAL NIEL, strong, on MauettI,
In pots. CATALOGUES free by post on application.

Tho Nurseries, Gient Berkhampstead, Hertn.

/"lULTURAL DIRECTIONS fur the ROSE.

\^J Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurserlea,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Planting.

WM. PAUL begs to refer intending- Planters of
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, &c., to his Advertise-
ment of December 1, ISiiS.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross. N.

Male Aucuba Flowers.

JOHN STANDISH, Royiil Nursery, Ascot, having a
largo number of MALE AUCUBAS In fl-jwor, will bo happy
to send tho blooms pnst freo at tho followiog rates: — 0 flowers In.,
15 for 2s., and 20 for 2.';. Cd., with directions for uso.

)•,

GOOD GARDEN SEEDS. Carriage free.
SoTTON k Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

JAMES CARTER and

Sezd Farmers, Merchakts, and Ndrsertubn,

237 & 238, High Holbom, London, W.C^

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, SekiTGrowem and
Merchants, t, Boronah Market, London, S.K.
Now and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, ana FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and advantageous otfers on application.

SomeraetsUre Prize Seeds.

GENUINE GAUUEN and FLOWER and FARM
SEEDS of the finest stocks and quality ; LISTS now ready.

PRESENT P R I C E S of F A B M S E E D S . I Ronsai H. Foii.TEn, the County Seed Est.iblishnient, Taunton.
See Messrs. Sctton's NEW LIST, now ready. 1 Good Clover Seeds at Market Prices.

SELECTED FARM SEFIDS. Carriage free. QUTTON and SONS can supply the above, of beat
Sutton 4 Sons, Seed Growers, Reading. I *--> quality. Samples and prices may be had gratis and post trae

GENUINE FARM SEEDS at Reasonable Prices,
PRICE LISTS gratis and post free on application to
Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238,
Holbom, London, W.C.

on application.

Sdtton & Sons, Seod Growers, Reading.

HiBh' QUTTON'S GRASS SEEDS for all SOILS.'

° I O See page 816.

NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, 1867.
—The aboTe EXHIBITION wUl Open at Manchester on
JUNE 7, and conUnue till JUNE 16.

Schedules, &c., may be obtained on application to Mr. fi. Findlat.
Curator, ijotanic Garden, Manchester ; or from the imdersigned,
Henry Wuitwobtb, Secretary.
Carlton Buildings, Cooper Street, Manchester.

T~OUrS VAN HOUTTE, NurspTrYaMAN, Ghent, begs ' /"^lENUINE SCOTCH PERENNIAL RYE-GRASS.
J-J to announce that his CATALOGUES, No. 113, 116. IIC. 117, vJ Special o^ei^ '^fj^J''^^^ _",'th aamples on appltcatmn to

and 118, are to be had either from himself or from Messrs. R.
SrLBKRRAD & SoN, 6, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street, London, E.G.

A^HBIES DOUGLASII, all sizes, in quantity,
Wholesale and Retail by
Dickson & Turnbull, Nurserymen, Perth.

TTINES, VINES.— Strong Planting and Fruiting Canes

V of all the leading kinds. Prices on application,

B.S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upper Holloway, N.

Grape Vines.

JOSEPH MEREDITH has a beautiful Stock of VINES
for Sale, propagated from Vines which hare borne the fruit
wUoh has taken from time to time so many First Prizes.
The Vmeyard, Garston, near Livorpool.

Late Grape Vines.

ALICANTE, LADY DOWNES", and MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA.

J MEREDITH has a splendid Stock of the above
• aorta for Planting.
Tbe Vineyard. Garston, near Liverpool,

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the above may
now be had at Ids. Cd. and 21s. each ; the usual discount to the
Trade. Petzr Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and London.

w

EBB'S PRIZE COB, FILBERT and other PRIZE

NUT TREES. LIST of varieties and prices to be had of
Mr. WzBB, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

RIBBON BORDER (sii Colours), German and French,
COLLECTIONS, andall specialties worthgrowing. SeePoTNiKa's
LIST, Robert H. Poynter, Taunton.

PELARGONIUMS. — Sho-sv^ Fancy, French, and
Zonal in great variety, fine Plants, at moderate prices.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE now ready.
Chahleb Tdrner, The Royal Nursery, Slough.

RWATCHORN, Ashby Nursery, Ashby Road,
• Essex Road, Islington, has 2000 Store Pota (48'6) of
VERBENAS to Dispose of.

VERBENAS, Autumn-struck, in 60-pot3 and thutnba,
DEFIANCE, FIREFLT, and BRILLANT DE VAIZE,
it. per dozen.
Child's Nursery, Rye Lane, Peckham, S.E.

Verbenas, Verbenas.

T>HILIP LADDS is now sending out a good supply of

-M~ the above, strong plants, in thumb pots, including 40 varieties

Of 1660, at 2a. per dozen, nackage included. Terms cash.

Nursery, Beiley Heath, Kent.

Monro Brotuers, Seed Merchants, Invumess, N.B. .

G' lANT ASPARAGUS.— 2-yr., Strong Roots, 2s. 6d. per
100 ; 209. per 1000. 3-yr., very strong, 3s. Cd, per 100 ; 30a. per 1000.
I John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

Al
, ,,

I • very fine ALDER, from 4 to 6 foet. Price on application,
American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

SPARAGUS PLANTS, strong, 1, 2, and 3 yearp.
Price on application.
60,000 EVERGREEN OAKS, 1 year, fine.
Wm, DiLLiBTONE, Miinro Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

LARGE EVERGREEN TRKES and SHRUBS
in great variety,for immediate effect, from'4 to 8 feet high, and
handsome ; frequently transplanted. Uninjured by the late frost.
Apply, James Bird, Nurseryman, Dowiiham.

WHEELER'S TOM THUMB LETTUCE,
Is. per packet, post free.
J. C. Wheeler & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

ANTS of all sorts and sizes in very V_>'lgraph,\IIighland Mary, and Prince Albert, l.*. per i
r, of best quality and at moderate prlcee. V Best" MUsS ROOM SPAWN STRAWBERRY ]
LISTS nost-free on acDlication. , *■ -^ ' Pamphlets on Gardenmg. &c.

TREES and PL.
great quantity,

PRICED LISTS post-free on application.
Jaues DioKfloN tc SoNa, (" Old Established Nursery and Seed
Business") The " Newton" Nurseries. Chester.

GORSE, FURZE, WHIN, for COVER.
26,000 to 30,000 of the above, 2-yr. old, at 3«, per 1000,
Offered by Wm. Urqcdart & Sons, Dundee.

F

Railway Planting.

IVE MILLION Transplanted QUICKS, of auperior

growth. Samples and prices on application to
JoBM Heuslxt, High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

r^UCCMBER SEED.— Long Gun, Black Spine, Tele-

■ " ..... packet each.

PLANTS,
Pamphlets on Gardening, &
James Cdthill, Camberwell, London, S.

EW FRAME CUCUMBER, GLORY of~^ANTS

(Dean).— See Gardeners' Chronicle of February 25.
Tho stock of this fine Cucumber is entirely in the handa of
Richard Deak. Prico per packet, 2a. fjd.

Depot for New and Choice Vegetable and Flower Seeds,
Ealing, London, W.

To the Trade.

STRONG 2-yr. SEEDLING OAK, and fine 2-yr.
SEEDLING SCOTCH FIR, also TRANSPLANTED LARCH,
at very moderate prices.

Edward Sang 4; Sons, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy.

Spruce for Cover.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Chester, has a very large Stock
of the above, from IJ to 3i feet. To induce largo orders, the
prices (which may be had on application), have been greatly reduced.

Beecb, Scotcb and Spruce Fir.

SCOTT, Merriott, Somerset, has to offer
BEECH, 2 rr., 3 ft., 4 ft., 6ft., and 6 ft., fine plants.
SCOTCH FIBS, li ft., 2 ft., 2i ft., 3 ft., and 3i ft., cheap.
SPRUCE FIRS, lift., 2(t., 2§ feet., and 3ft.. cheap.

To tbe Trade.

pALCEOLARIAS. — AUREA FLORIBUNDA,

V^ PRINCE of ORANGE, and KAYI, weU rooted, ready for
potting, 353. per 1000, ^

Thomas S. Wabe, Hale Farm Nursery. Tottenham. Middlesex, N.

ONE-YEAR SEEDLING LARCH FIR.
For price apply to
[Wm. Wood & Son, The Nurseries. Maresfleld. near Uckfleld, Sussex.

_ To the Trade only.

pUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA SEED (True),
V^ bs. per oz. ; 325. per 8 oz, ; 60«. per lb.

Thomas Cripps. The Nurseries, Tunbrldge Wells, Kent.

FOR SALE, several fine Specimen STOVE PLANTS,
including the flnest plant in the country of the SCREW PINE
CPANDANUS ELEGANTISSIMUS), RHOPALA CORCOVA-
DENSE, THRINAX ELEGANS. &c. May be seen on application to
The Gardener, at R. Barclay's, Esq.. West Hill, Hlghgate, N. W.

W' ANTED, 2U0,U00 2-yr. SCOTCH FIR and
BEECH MAST, Send lowest cash price to
George Frost, Nurservman, Bampton, Devon
G. F. has to offer 1-yr. QUliJK, 1 and 2-yr. ENGLISH OAK
l^r. EVERGREEN OAK, l-yr, GORWE, and Transplanted SYCA-
MORE, 2 t* 3 f««t.

To tbe Trade.
A MILLION 2-yr. SeedUng SCOTCH FIRS for Sale,

XX also a large quantity of Transplanted SPRUCE and SCOTCH
FIR. Apply to

Mr, John Hollowat, Holmsley Lodge, Burley, Ringwood.

FOREST TREES,— Strong Transplanted Larch, Scotch
Spruce, Elm. Ash, Sycamore, Poplar and Thorns, at Low Prices
J. HoDDART, Farington Hail Nurseries, Preston, Lancashire.

Transplanted Larch.

FOR SALE, in quantities to suit purchasers, about
100,000 3 to 31 feet Transplanted LARCH, of excellent
quality, at 63. 6d. per 1000.

Edward Sano i Sons, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy, N.B.

SPLENDID LARCH. 3 to 4 ft., at unprecedented prices;
HAWTHORN QUICK, do. do.; AVENUE TREES: larg*
EVERGREENS and CONIFERS; magnificent TRAINED PYRA-
MID and STANDARD FRUIT TREES, Special prices given.
George Davison, Hereford,

To Planters.

LARCH, SPRUCE FIR, and all the leading FOREST
TREES ; BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM, and aU the leading
Covert Plants, in very great quantity and in excellent health and
I condition for removal. Special Prices for large lots on application.
' Jamib DiaKSoN & w«NS, " N0Wt*n " NHrierisa, Cbestsr.

HOLLOW-CROWNED PARSNIP SEED.—
A very superior kind, saved from the stock of a celebrated
grower. Price OtJ. per lb, — Address,
JouN Hooker, Farmers' Club, Salisbury Square, London, E.G.

CatteU's Eclipse Broccoli.— To tbe Trade.

WHORLEY has a few pounds of Seed of this fine
• LATE BROCCOLI to offer. Price and particulars free by
poat on application. Toddington, Beds. _^

CONQUEROR BROCCOLI.— The finest Broccoli In
Cultivation la BARCHARD'S CONQUEROR. See large
Advertisement in the Oardeners' Oimnicle, December 8, I8C6.
Witty & Son, Seed Establishment, Cottlngham, near Hull,

EED~POTAtOS.— Myatt'"s"ProUfic, Early 0.^ord,
Napoleon Kidney, Pink Kemp, and Flukes, all at low prices.
J, HuDDART, Farington Hall Nurseries, Preston.

WHEELER'S MILKY WHITE POTATO. — The
demand for this celebrated Potato has been so great, that
wo are unable to supply any more orders this season.

J, C. Wheeler i Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

PATERSON'S VICTORIA POTATOS.— The heaviest
croppers, tho finest fiavoured, and the best keepers. Seed
direct from Mr. Fatebson. Price on application to
Mr. Pearce, Measham, Atherstone.

HOOPER AND CO. are the LONDON AGENTS for
PATERSON'S SEEDLING POTATO.S, and deliver them
freo to any Railway Station in London. Lists may be had.

Seed Merchants, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

WANTED, 3000 SEA IvALE CROWNS, medium
size. Send Samples and Prices to
John Sealet A Son, St. George's Nurseries, Bristol.

To the Trade.

CHOICE stocks of GRKEN-TOP SWEDE and
PURPLE-TOP YELLUW SCOTCH TURNIP.

Price on application.
Jambb D1CI.8ON & Sons, Seed Merchants. Chester.

ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE.
Six Bushels of the above. New Seed, to be Sold cheap,
PriceonappllcationtoH. K, Hemstkd, Seed Grower. Hidgwell. Essex.

^— — —^ — ' CHALK.

the

SEED CORN from
All the most approved varieties supplied by
Ratnbird, Caldecott. Bawtree, Oowliwo. 4 OoMPAHT.umitoa.
Address, Baeingstoke ; or 8», Seed Market, Marie Lane, London, Jl.C,
•,1* ttarapUs and pricss on application.

202

TBE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[March 2, 1867.

PAUL AND SON'S SEED CATALOGUE will be sent
with pledHure to iiny applicant. It containa, wltli usual matter,
Bescriptivo Priced Lists of carefully selected Novelties in Seeds ;
Seeds of Ornamental Joliaged Planbs for Subtiopical Flower Garden-
ing ; Gladioli, with original Notes on their Culture.

The Old Choshunt Nurseries and Seedshop, Cbeshunt, N.

ICHARD SMITH'S SEED CATALOGUE contains a

Calendar of Time for Sowing, particulars of Collections, with

Prices, Directions for Cropping well and economically. Soil, Manure,

Depth, Distance, Season, Hardiness. Dumtion, Form, Height,

Colour, StonnK, Use, Flavour, and other qualities, described.

This List Free by Post for one stamp. Seeds direct from the
Growers the surest way to success.

Richard Smith, Seed aierchant, Worcester.

DWARF B.RDDING DAHLIAS.

ALBA FLORIBUNDA NANA, 2* feetl
LITTLE NAJADE, white cherry tips, 2i feet
PURPLE 2ELINDA, 2 feet

Stront' Ground Roots, 10s., 8s., and (^s. per dozen.
The above have proved to be flrst-class for large beds or ribbon borders.
CnAnLKs Shilling, Hill Nursery, Wincbfield, Hants.

Geraniums, Geraniums, Geraniums.

JC. PADMAN, Nurseryman, Seedsman, Florist,
• 5:c., Boston Spa, Tadcaster, Yorkshire, begs to offer the
following 12varitties of ZONAL and other GERANIUMS for ISs.,
package included : — Sunset, Mrs. Pollock, Ro^e Rendatler, Pink
Stella Variegated Stella, Amy Hogg, Glory, Wiltshire Lass, Le
Grand, Virgo Marie, TVIiss Farfltt, and Mr. Wm. Paul.

J. C. P. has a largf stock of Pink, Scarlet, Wliite Zonal, and other
Geraniums, including many of the best varieties with variegated
foliage, all good strong plants.

Cash or reference from unkno^vn correspondents.
Poat-office Orders payable at Boston Spa,

rpEICOLOR PELARGONI U M S.

Mrs. Pollock, 7s, and 9s. per doz. I Sunset, 21s. per doz.
Italia Unita, 21s. per doz. I Mrs. Benyon, 24s. per doz.

In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package included.
Remittance required from unknown Correspondents.

Address, Alfred Fryer, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambndgesbire.

CALCEOLARIA, Herbaceous, of choicest strains,
established plants in small pots, 20s, per 100. Also stronger
plants in 4-incli pits, 30s. per 100,

MONOCH^TUM SERICEUM MULTIFLORUM, blooming
plants, 9s. per doz.
MONOCH.ETUar ENSIFERUM, 6s. to 9s. per doz,

H. & R. Stirzaker, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

To the Seed Trade.— Continental Flower Seeds, &c.
TjT W. "WENDKL, Seed Grower, &c., Krhirt, Prussia,
Jj • begs to announce that his WHOLESALE CATALOGCTE of

the above is now ready, and may be had free and post paid on
application to bis Aj^ent,
G'Eo. Macintosu, Seedsman, &c„ High Road, Hammersmith, W.

100,000 Camellias without Flower Buds.

JOSEPH B A U AI. A IS' N, N etkreryman, Ghect,
Belgium, bogs to offer for Sale—
100 CAMELLIAS, best sorts. £4 i 100 CAMELLIAS, best sorts, £5

100 CAMELLIAS, best sort-s, £f..
They will have flower buds in Aneusb.

^URPLTJS STOCK.

ROSER. — Strong plants of Hvbrid Perpetuals on their own roots, of

the leading varieties, at 5iJs, por 100.
CARNATIONS nnd PICOTEES. — The very finest vaneties, at

6s, per dozen pairs.

Allowance to the Trade.
B. WiiiTnAM. The Nurseries, Reddish, near Stockport.

Carnations and Picotees.

GEORGE EDWARDS is uow offering his surplus
stock of the above, with which ho gained the 1st Prizes at all
the leading Shows last year.

12 Varieties of CARNATIONS, I8s. | 12 Varieties of PICOTEES, ISs.
A remittance is respectfully solicited from unknown Correspondents.
Clarence Nurseries, York.

To Gentlemen Amateurs, &c.

CARNATIONS and PlUOTJi:i?;S in unequalled Variety.
First-class named Varieties of the above in strong robust Plants.

CARNATIONS, 12 varieties, in pairs, Os., 12s., and 15s,

PICOTEES, 12 varieties, in pairs, 9s., 12s., and 15s,

PINKS, 12 varieties, in pairs, Qs. and 9s.

PANSIES, per dozen plants, 12 varieties, 4s. and 5s,

PHLOX KS. per dozen. Gs.

Lnncasliire Shnw GOOStBERRT TREES, best vara., Cs. per doz.

APPLE TREES, in any variety, Standards, Is. to Is. 6rf. each;
Dwarf, Od. to it. Gd. each.

CURRANT TREES, best sorts, 2s. to 4s. per doz. plants,

GREENHOUSE and EEDDIN^G PLANTS. &c. &a.

CATALOGUES may be liad on ai plicauon. Post-office Orders
payable at Mid'lleton, Lancashire.

Speoi,\l Offer to the Trade.

CARNATIONS, named varieties, not kss than 50 pair, 50s. per
100 pairs.

PICOTEES, named varieties, not less than 60 palrfi, 50s. p. 100 pairs.

Also L ncashiro Show GOOSEBERRY TREES, true to name,
303. per 100.

(Selections oi the abovo left to J. J. H.)

John J. Haslam (hite John Hollaudt, Bradshaw Gardens, Chaddor-
ton, uoar Mancrioster.

HK be^t FLOWER SEEDS, in Economic Packets,
free by post.— The foUowins superb GERMAN ASTERS and
STOCKS, in separate colours.

ASTERS.— 20 var. Tiuffaut's Pieonv Perfection, 3s. 4d. ; 12 var.
Dwarf Chrysanthemum, 2s. ; 12 var. Globe, 2s. ; 12 v.ir. Quilled, 2s. ;
C var. Pivjony- flowered Globe, Is. ; 6 var. Victoria, Is. ; C var. Rose, Is. ;
6 var. Boltze's dwarf Bouquet, Is. ; 6 var. Crown or Cocardeau, Is. ;
6 var. Giimt Emperor, Is. 6U.

STOCKS.— 2i var. Dwarf Ton-week, 4s. ; 20 var. Large-flowering
do., 3s. id. ; 4 var. Dwarf itouquet do.. Is.; 8 var. Intermediate,
ls',4d. ; 0 var. Emperor, Is. ; G var. Brompton, Is. ; Double German
Wall-flower, 10 var.. Is. 8(1.

Any less number than those nnmed, sent if required. Mixed
packets of anv of the above, 3d. and Gri. each.

Choicest PHLOX DRUMMONDH. LARKSPURS, MIMULUS,
PETUNIA, &c., in packets, firf. and Is. eaeh.

PRIMULA, CALCEOLARIA, CINERARIA, and BALSAM, in
packets, is. and 2s. Gd. each.

See PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, free by post.
Jamfs Tvkan, Seed Wnrehouse, PS. Great (Jeorgo Street, LiverpooL

T SCOTT'S CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS

^ • Post Fi-ee. Per pkt s. d.

STOCKS.— Imported Dwarf German lo-week, 24 vai-s 10

„ Newest large flowering German 10-werk, IS vars. .. !' 1 0

„ New Tree, or Giant, German, lO-week, 6 vara. . ' 1 0

ABTERS.—New Globe QuiUed Garman, 24 vars, ., . "cd, and 1 0

„ Reid's linproveil Qnilled German, 12 vars 10

„ Truffaut's French Pcony-flowerednewestP6rfection,24vars 1 0

„ Chrysanthemum-flowcrLd, dwarf, 12 vara 10

,, Cockade, or Crown-flowerud, 12 vars " !i 1 0

„ French Giant Emperor, 12 vars !! 1 0

,, New Victori;!, 8 vars. . . \ .'. 1 G

„ Ori^mai Cliinise, (5 vai s " " " i 0

BALSAM,— Dwarf, double, a superb strain '.'. Wis and 2 C

HEARTSEASE.— Choicest English and fancy mixed .. i o

PHLOX DRUMMONDIL— Very siilendid, 12 vars. .. ..10
,. „ Mo:^t brilliant scarlet .. " 1 0

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBKIATA.-Amostsuperbstraiu;

cannot be surpassetl, S vars, Is 6d and 2 6

ZINNIA ELEGANS, FL.-PLENO.~Extra fine, S vars,,' 6d. and 1 0
For Collection of any of the above sorts, see Catalogue

.SWEET PEAS.— Invincible Scarlet 10

VIOLA CORNUTA— Mauve or Purple Queen, each .. " 1 0

MAIZE, JAPANESE.— Now striped-leaved 10

For a Select List of other Ilower Seeds, Vegetable and Farm
Seeds, &c., see CATALOGUE post free on application to
J. ScoiT, The Seed Stores, Yeovil. Somerset.

Ulium auratum, Golden-rayed Lily of Japan.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have iust received splendid
BULBS of the abovo, in finer condition than any imported for
some time, and s lid to contain many highly-coloured varieties. This
incomparable Lily has for some time been very scarce, but we can
now offer fine Flowering Bulbs, true to name, atthefollowing prices :
— 1st size, 3s. Cd. ; 2d,2s. 6ii. ; extrastrong large Bulbs, 1st size, 7s. Gd.;
2d, 5s. ; a few of the finest, very large and strong, 10s. Cd. each.
Price to the Trade on application.
James Carter & Co., Seed Merchants and Nurserymen, 237 and
238, High Holborn, London, W,C.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

Just Published, post free, 12 stamps (gratis to customers).

CARTER'S GARDENERS' and FARMERS' VADE
MECUM for 1867.
In consequence of the incrensing interest taken in Subtropical
Plants and in the floor Border Flowers, James Carter & Co. h.ive
devoted special attention to these subjects in their new issue of the
above work, and the following origmal and practical articles plainly
indicate the readiest way to get up a stock of these subjects in the
most economical manner : —

On the Cultiv.ition of Hardy Flowers from Seed.
How to raise Hardy Flowers irom Seed.
Ornamental Annuals.
Flne-foUaged Plants from Seed. Also,
On Laying Down Grass Seed for Permanent Pasture, &c.
Forwarded for 12 stamps on application to Carter's Great London
Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High Holborn, London, \V,C.

CpOYOov

New Garden Seeds.
A RCHIB.ILD HENDER-

"^SON'S DESCRIPTIVE
PRICED CATALOGUE and useful
GARDEN ALMANACK is now
Published, containing much useful
information. Can bo had gratis and
post free on application,

Sion Nursery, Thornton Ileatb,
Surrey ; and at the East Surrey
Seed Warehouse, College Grounds,
North End, Croydon.

NEW WHITE LOBELIA, MISS MtJRPHT,— This
beautiful and best of all White LobeIi,as was sent out by ua last
year, and pronounced as such by all who have seen it. The plants
exhibited at the Royal Botanic by Messrs. Dobson were supplied to
them by us, and oi>tained a First-class Certificate. Price 50s. per 100,
usual discount to the Trade,
Apply, Martin it Son. Cottingham.and No, 7, Market Place, Hull.

AMARYLLIS. — They must now be potted and plsieed
in a frame. I have numerous Mules or Hybrids for sale at 21s,
the do/en and upwards, delivered free (in the steamer) at London,
Harwich, Goole, Midclk>borongh-on-Tees, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Leith,
or Liverpool. The Bulbs are lai'ge, sound, and in the best con-
dition ; varieties in tho finest mixture.
LooisVan Hootte, Ghent, Belgium.— Febniary, 1867.

Superb Double Hollybocka.

WILLIAM CtlATKli bi'gs to rt-miud the admirers of
this beautiful Flower that now ia the best time for piantlng
It out, to ensure fine Spikes and Blooms this season,

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, with instructions for its cultiva-
tion, also Prices of Plants per doz., lOt), or 1000 may be had on
application.

Seedlings from best named Varieties, -is. per doz., or from 20s. to
30s. per lOO.

Bloomed Secdlmgs with colours namerl, very fine, 6s. per doz, ; or
from 30s. to 40s. per 100

Seed saved from the finest named Varieties, vei7 choice mixed, Cs.
and 2,1. Od. per packet.

Jn CoUectioiiB of 12 separ.ate named Varieties, extra &ne, lOs,
Six Varieties extra, 5s.

Twelve Named Varieties, all good show fiowers, 78. 6d.

Six Named Varieties, all good show flowers, 4s.
William Chatek, Nurseries, Saffron Walden,

Now Kead3[, In Strong Plants.

THE MAGNIFICENT NEW VIOLET,
QUEEN of VIOLETS. '

The following additional Nurserymen have ordered Queen of
Violets. For full list see Oardejiers" Chronicle, December 4, 18C6.
Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son. Chelmsford
Messrs, Chalice & Son, Plympton
Messrs. Transon FrOres, OrleaDs, France.
Mr. J. Elcombe, Southampton
Mr. W, Church, Mulbartou.
Strong Plants, Is. Crf. each; 18s. per dozen. Usual allowance to
the Trade

VIOLETS, NEW DOUBLE RED, Is. Grf. each ; 12s. per dozen
„ SINGLE CALIFORNIAN Species, Is. each : 9s. per dozen,
„ DOUBLE NEAPOLITAN, 9d. each ; 6s, per dozen.
„ DOUBLE BLUE, G(i. each ; 4s. pel dozen.
„ DOUBLE WHITE, Gd. each ; 4s. per dozen.
„ SINGLE D K VOIM lENSIS, extra fine, fid. each ; 6s. per dozen
,, THE GIANT, extra fine, 9d each : Cs. per dozen.
HEPATICAS, DOUBLE and SINGLE RED, 4s. per dozen.
„ DOUBLE BLUE, Is. Gd. each

-„ SINGLE BLUE. 4s per dozen.

„ SINGLE WHITE, 9s. per dozen.

„ MAUVE, NEW. Is. Gd. each.

CHRISTMAS ROSE (HELLEBORCrS), WHITE, 9s. per dozen.

., .. .. RED, ]8s. per dozen.

PRIMROSES. DOUBLE LILAC and WHITE, 6s. per dozen.
POLYANTHUS Uuest mixed, 35. per dozen.
PAMPAS GRASS, extra fine. Ga. per dozen.
WALLFLOWER, DOUBLE GOLDEN, YELLOW and DARK,

6s. per dozen.
FORGET-ME-NOT (PALUSTRIS), 4s, per dozen.
DIELYTKA SPECTAHILIS, strong, 6s. per dozen.
ROCKETS, DOUBLE WHITE and YELLOW. Cs. per dozen.
NEW PINKS, ANNE BOLEYN, improved, and EXCELSIOR,

Is. per pair.
100 'HARDY HERBACEOUS and ALPINE PLANTS, in 60 varie-
ties, 259.
CATALOGUES for ono Stamp. Post Office Orders on Castle
Hedingham.

Wm. DiLLiiTONE, Sibla Hedingham, Eisex.

STRONG and EXTRA STEONG FRUITING VINES.
—Upwards of 2000 fi-om Eyes, including all the leading varieties,
with stout cloee-jointed thoroughly ripened Canes, many of which,
if fruited in pots, will produce trora 8 to 10 bunches of Grapes next
season. Prices, Ac, upon application.

James Dic&iON & Sons, "Newton" Nursories, Chester,

YRAMID APl'LKS, FEAHS, I'LUMS, CHEKRIKS;

Beautiful Trees for Garden or Orchard Houses.
RicHAttD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Dwarf-trained Trees by the 1000, 100, or dozen.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, UHEKRIES, PEACHES,
and NECTARINES. Fine, fiat, well-trained, of best ciuality
and true to name.

RicBAan &MiTn, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Fifty Acres of Fruit Trees,
A PPLES, PEARS. PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,

-tX. NECTARINES, and APRICOTS in every form desired for

Fruiting.

RicHAHD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Orchard-tiouse Trees Fruiting in Pots] "

PEACHKS, iNEuTARlNES, APRICOTS, CHhlRRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
Richard Smith. NurseriTiian and Seed Merchant, Worcester,

FRUIT TREES, for Walls and EsnaUers.—Upwards of
50,000 to select from, carefully trained, and in the healthiest
condition for planting,

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

HLANE AND SON, who have taken several
• First Prizes for Vines in pots at the following ExhibitiooB,
viz. :— Royal Botanic, Royal Horticultural, Crystal Palace, London
International, Edinburgh International, United Horticultural,
Manchester, Leeds, Clay Cross. &c., &c., beg to offer well ripen&d
CANES of the leading varieties of GRAPES for fruiting in pots or
planting out, at moderate prices.

CATALOGUES free by post on application.
The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

Superb New Late Grape.— Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat.

LUCOMBE, PINCE and CO, beg leave to call the
attention of the Public to this exceedingly fine and highly-
valuable GRjVPE, which may now be seen in great perfection at
their Nursery.

It has been awarded a First-class Certificate by the Royal Horti-
cultural Society of London, and elicited the praises of numerous
eminent Horticulturists.

It is essentially a late Grape, possessing high Muscat flavour. It
will keep in perfection until April,
Undoubtedly the very best lute Grape, with true Muscat flavour.
Vines will be ready to send out in August 1807. at the lollowing

prices:— STRONG CANES £1 1 0 each

FRUITING CANES 2 2 0,,

Extra STRONG FRUITING CANES 3 3 0 „
Orders will be executed in strict rotation as received.
Copies of the numerous Testimonials now in their possession will
be forwarded upon application.

Exeter Nursery, Exeter.

EXTRACTS FROM TESTIMONIALS.

Mr. T. RivEits. Saii'bridgeivorth, Jan. 12, ISCr.

" It is settled that no late Grape of equal quality exists. Pk'nso

send me five good Vines."

Mr. J. Meredith, Oarston, Jan. 7, 1S67.
" Many thanks for the berries. 1 have no doubt that it will keep
as a rule, and will bo a great acquisition. Please set me down six
good Vines,"

Mr. J. Keynes, SalisJmry, Oct. 29, 1SG6.
" It seems to me that it muse prove one of the most valuable
Grapes we have. I have seen no late Gr.ipo to equal it. Please Koad
me SIX Vine^j, and don't delay sending them out,"

Messrs. Garaway & Co., Bristol, J^ov. 23, 18G6.
" We have no hesitation in saying that it far surpasses in qualify
any Grape at present in cultivation. Please send ua eevon Vines
instead of three."

The Journal of Horticultdbe and Cottage Gardener, Jan I, 1S67.

" Mrs. Plncu\s Black Muscat is one of the most valuable acquiaitious

in the way of Grapes which has been introduced for many years."

Mr. A. MacGregor, Gardener to Sir L. Palk, Bart., Ealdon J/oiwc,

near Exeter.

" It is decidedly a good G-rape, and tho best that has been sent out

for many years,"

Mr. T. Filler, Gardener. LlanatlocJ: Park, Crickhowell, Bee. 22, ISCiJ.

*' I consider it tlie best late Grape yet introduced."

Mr. D. D. Da VIES, Gardener to Lord Bridport, Cricket Gardem,

Chard, Dec. 10, 18C6.

*' I believe It will proveaverj- valuable addition to our late Grapes."

Mr. C. Tdrneb, Slough, Dec. 3, ISGG.

" It fully maintains its character as one of our best lato Grapes."

The Gardeners' Curoniolb, Nov. 26, 1305.

" The fii-st-ckss certificate given to it was well deserved."

The JooBNAL OF Horticultdre, Nov. 28, 1805.

" It is a true Black Musc^it, producing berriesand bunches as large

as those of the Muscat Hamburgh."

Mr. R. Parker, Tooting, July 1, 1806.
" I believe it to be a valuable acquisition to our late hanging
Grapes,"
Mr. R, Sn&wden, Qwrdener to A. H. Campbell, Esq., Werr'mgton
Park, Launceston, Dec. 13, I860.
" It is the best late Grape I ever tasted."
Mr, 8, Bray, Gardener to T. Daniel, Esq,, Stoodleigh, Tiverton,
Dec. 14, 1800.
" It is a Very excellent variety."
Mr. P. Frost, Gardener to Hon. G. M. Forteacue, Dropmore,
Dec. 24, 1808.
*' It is one of the best flavoured Grapes I ever tasted,"
Royal HorticuUural Society, Ohiswick Gardens, W., Jan. 2G, 18t'.7.
*' Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat Grape, which tho Committee i,s of
opinion deserves conmiendatlon on account of its keeping qualities
and rich flavour. It had previously obtained a flrst-class certificate,
otherwise it would have been awarded one on tliis occasion."
Royal Exotic N-urserp, Kino's Kaad, Chelsea, Eeb. 0, 18C7.
" Please reserve for us 25 strong Canes,Iand 6 Fruiting of Mrs.
Pince's Black Muscat Grape."

TREES, in 60 sorts.

H E E R Y

c

FINE DWARF-TRAINED, 5 to 10 branches, 4 to fl ft. long, 2s, each.
FINE PYRAMIDS, J\dl of flower buds, 5 to 6 ft, high, 2s. each.
FINE STANDARDS, 6 feet stems, young and healthy. Is. 6d. each.
Upwards of 2000 MAYDUKES and MORBLLOS, cheap to the Trade,

TO BE 80 LD, in quantities to suit purchasers,
500 extra-sized Dwarf-trained PEAR TREES.
600 „ „ CHERRY TREES.

500 „ „ PLUM TREES.

600 ,, „ APPLE TREES.

The above are all beautifully trained bearing Trees, and are offered
at remarkably low prices.

Also Dwarf-trjiined PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS,
Standard and PjramidPEAR, PLUM, and CHERRY TREES, &c.
Jobs Cranston, King's Aciu Nurseries, near Herfford.

i^EEDLlNG and TRANSPLANTED E0KK8T TKKES.

SEEDLINGS.~Ash,lyr..ls. ; B-ech, 2yr..3s.6d. ; Elm.Syrs., 2s. ;
Norway Maple. 2 yr., 7s. Gd. ; Oak, English, 1 yr.. Is. Gd. ; 2 jr.,
floe, 4s. ; Silver Fir, 4 yr,, 6 to la inches, 4s. ; Norw .y Spruce, 4 yr.,
2s. 6d. ; Crab, 2 yr., 2s. 6ri. ; Pears, 2 yr., 3s. 6rf. ; Sycamore. 2 yr.,
2s. Gd. per lOOO.

TRANSPLANTED.— Alder, 1 to 2 ft., Is. Gd. ; 2 to 3 ft. 10s. ; 3 to
4| ft.. 15s. ; 4 to 6 ft., 203. ; Beech, 6 to 12 m., 7s. Gd. ; Chesnut,
Spanish, 1 to 2 ft,, 17s. Gd. ; Elm, 12 to 21 in., 6s. ; Hazel, 1^ to 3 It.,
17s. Gd. ; Oak, English, G to 12 in., 7s. Gd. ; Balm of Gilead, 4 to 8 in.,
7s. 6rf. ; Cembra, 6 to 12 Im, 100s. : Larch, 1 to IJ ft., 6s. ; IJ to 2 fc,
Ss. ; 2 to 3 ft., 10s. ;3to4ft., 14s. ; Scotch Fir, 2 yr. bedded, 6 to 12 in.,
6s. ; Silver Fir, 0 to 15 in., 12s. Gd.; Spruce, Norway, 6 in., 5s, ; Itoljft,,
10s. ; Thorn .Quick, 9 to 18 in., 6a.; Sycamore, 1 to li ft., 7«. Gd. ;
"Walnuts, 6 to 16 In., 20s. per 1000.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 4 to 6 in., Gs. per 100.

Apply, with reference, to J. Riddkll, Steward, Park Attwoofl,
Bewdley, 'WorceBterahire.

Mabch 2, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' OTTRONTCLE AND AGRK^UTTURAL GAZETTE.

203

Alpine Plants and Hardy Perennials.

J AS. ItACKHOUtSE AND SON hcii; to ciill jiUi-ntion
to a Now Kditloii of tholr CATALOGUE of tho iibovo litglily
' iDtorcBtlDg riiuits, with UuHcrlptivo and Cultunil NotoH. Mmiy goiiis
I ftoin the SwisH i\ini tYoiioh Alps, Orocco, liuMn, aud Nnitli Ainorica,
I not beforo olVorud. A List nl" Hardy Orchids nnd Iliirdy Foriis is
appcndod. I'cr post fur six ataiiiim ; free to purclinsors.

Jam. Hacriioose & So^f, York^ _

s

'TAN13ARD and IIALF-STANDaKD ROSES.

Ill vftrlotioa byimnio, our solectlnn from a largo collection, chlisfly
I vi'rld I'orpotuiil ; good stums iiiid heads, par do?.,, V2s, ; per luu, 84j,
wur Viirlotloa, per dozoii, ICts. to ills. ; poi- 100, 100s. to I40f,
Paok»KO froo for cash with order.
DESCRIFTIVK PRICliD LIST unon application.

Jas. IJicRiiouHE ft SoM, Yorli Niirsorios.

Arlaorvltses. Aucubas, Box, Yews, &c.

TnOMAS WAltNKU hv;:^ lo rotmtul inU-ii.tinp; nliintoi-s
and tlio Trado, Mint ho h;i8 a vorv oxloiiaivu atuck of tlio above.
all 111 lluo lioiUlh ;iml vl>;..ur. Sou fATALOG UlCS, Wholosalo or
Retail. l.oU-istLT Atihuy Nurseries.

Scarlet Chestnuta, Standard Elms and Thorns, &c.

I'lUOMAS WAUNEU bc-a to refer puroluisers of tho
nbovo to tho o\ti'onioly low prices nt which they arc quoted
nn tho prosout season. Sue CATALOGUES, Wholosalo or Retail.
Loicoater Abbey Nursorloa.

Maiden and Dwarf-trained Fruit Trees, ficc.
^IMKLMAS WAltNKR begs to stute thnt he lian still

I :in I'xtoiisivo Mtock nf tlio iibuvo, niort- piirLlculnrly of APPLIES,
> II I';i:R!KS. PIOACHKS. and NECTARINES. Also ot

Ih'UGIITON CASTLE CURRANTS.

See CATALOGUES, Wholoaalc or Rotall.
Loicyator Abbey Nurseries.

AV,

VlKliO AND SON having a large Stock of the
following, civu offer them at very low prices:—
FOREST TREES.

Fir, Scotch, li to 2 ft., extniflne
„ Spruce, 3 to 4 feet, extm flue
„ Larch, 2, 3, & 4 ft., extra fine
Hazel, 2i to 3^ feet, extra 6ne
Holly, Green, H to 2 feet, bushy-
Laurel, Common, 21 to 3 ft., busby
., Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. buahy
Privet, 2 to 3 feet, extra bushy

AIiIlt. 3 to 6 feot, extra strong
A'-li, IS inches to 2 feot
lioL'iii, 2 to 3 feot, very good
lierberia dulcis, 2 to 3 feet

,, Aq\iifoIium, 1 to li foot
Cliestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 feet, and
6 to 6 feet
„ Spanish, 2 to 3 feet

Strong CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS.
Strong MANETTl STOCKS.
FRUIT TREES.
Apples, Standards and Dwarfs, very strong
Cherries. Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Poacliea, Dwarfs and Dwarf- trained, extra fine
Peai-s, .Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Nectarine.'!. Dwaris and Dwarf-trained, extra &ne
Kentish Filberts, 4 to S feet, extra fluo
Crp.b Stocha, 2 years Seedlmgs

PRICED LIST or eamplea on application at
The Nursery, Wooersb, neai- Guildford, Surrey.

Strong Larch, Native Scotch, English Oak, Thorns,

&C., ALL TRANSrLANTKD.

GEORGE CHIVAS. Chester, solieits the attention of
PUntera to his very great Stock of LAP^-CH, 2 to 4i feet;
NATIVE SCOTCH, l\ to 3feet (a portion of which was Transplanted
laet spring for tho second timu) ; ENGLISH OAK, 2 to 4 feet, and
THORNS of great strcngi-h, with an extensive and general assort-
ment of other Trees and Pianta. The quality is unexceptlouablB,
aud the prices much in favour of the buyer.

Planting Season

LARCH (Native and Tvrolese), SCOTCH FIR (True
Native), SPRUCE. OAK. ASH, ALDER, IJEECH, PRIVET,
and alt kinds of FOREST and ORNAMENTAL TREES and
SHRUBS. ROSES, FRUIT TREES, fine specimen ARAUCARIAS
and DEODARS, nnd large TREES for Park PlanUng, now in fine
condition for removal.

CATALOGUES, with sizes and prices, sent free on application to
DiCRSONS Si Co., Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists, 1, Waterloo
Place, Edinburgh.

s

U R P L U S

STOCK.

LARCH.— Well-rooted, extra strong. 2} to 3i ft. high, at 12.'?. per 1000.
AUSTRIAN PINES.— Fine strong well-rooted plants, three times
transplanted, from U to 12 in,, 12 to 18 in., 18 in, to 2ft, high.
Prico on application to B. Whitham, Reddish Nurseries, near
Stockport.

FIR,

6c c ,

T A R C H, SILVER

LARCH, U to 2 feet, 85, per 1000; 2 to 3 feet, IQs.; 3 to 4 feet, I2t. Gd.
SILVER FIR, 6 to 12 inches. 4s. per 1000.
SCOTCH FIR, native, 0 to 12 inches, 5s. per 1000.

LIST of other TREES sent on application.
Apply, with reference, to J. Riddell, Park Attwood, Bewdley,
Worcestershire.

COMMON LAURELS, well furnished plants.
3 to 4 feot, 20s. per 100, 190s. per 1000 ; 2 to 3 feet, 148. per 100,
130s, per 1000.
LAURUSTINTJS, bushy plants, 18 inches to 30 inches, 289, per 100.
Cash or reference from unlinowu correspondents,
R. Hatnks, Henwick Nursery, Worcester.

F

0 R li S

R E

400,000 ALDER, l\ to 2, 2 to 3, and 4 to 6 feet.
100,000 ELM, WYCH, li lo 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
100,000 HAZEL, li to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
50.000 OAK. E., li to 2. 2 to 3, and 4 t6 5 feet.
100 000 PRIVET, Evergreen, li to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
100,000 SYCAMORE, li to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
1,000,000 LARCH, fine, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, and 4 to 5 feet.
100,000 DO., extra fine, moved last season, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet,
200,000 SPRUCE FIR. 1 to li, li to 2, and 2 to 2i feet.
20,000 WILLOW, Huntingdon. 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
20,000 POPLAR, B. Italian, li to 2, and 2 to 3 feet,
60.000 ASH, li to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
The above will be offered at such prices as will induce to order, all
being of excellent quality. Apply for terms to

II. & R, STIRZAK.ER, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

BIRCH, 3 to 5 feet, fine, twice transplanted,
45s. per 1000
HAZEL, from Spanish Seed, 2 to 3 feet, fine, once trans-
planted, 18s. per 1000
SPANISH CHESTNUT, 1 to 2 feet, once transplanted, 18s. per 1000
HOTISE CHESTNUT, 1 foot, once tv.anspl anted, ISs. per 1000

Samples sent on application.
T. Jackson & Sow, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W.

LT. DAVIS ofi'ers the following, prices of Which can
• be had on application : —
2-yr. Bedded HIGHLAND SCOTCH FIR, very fine.
DOUBLE WHITE and DOUBLE LILAC PRIMROSES (hardv)
HEPATICAS, in 4 sorts. __^_

WANTED. DOUBLE YELLOW PRIMROSES and SINGLE
WHITE HEPATICAS.

Ogle's Grove Nursery, Hillsborough. Co. Down.

Forres Nurseries, Scotland.

JOHN GRIGOR and CO. have for S.\LE several
Millions of very superior LARCH, onc-yoar old Seedlings ;
alao one-year transplanted plants, grown fVom seed oNtracted from
healthy trees, which form the fourtn or fifth generation of the Larch
since its introduction into Scotland. Suohplanta being acclimatised
are found to be far hardier than those raised from imported seed.

According to Mr. Grigor'a Report on "the Larch Forests of
Scotland," for which the Highland ani^ Agricultural Society of
Scotland has recently awarded the Gold Medal, acclimatation forms
the basis of all successful cultivation, and ia the only means of
atertlng tho numerous casualties to Which Larch plantations are
■ubject.

NATIVE HIGHLAND SCOTCH PINE, 1-year seedling.

FOREST TREIES in general.

Strongplantaof AQUIL'tlGIA GLANUULOSA.

Prtcei OD application.

TOHN "NVATERER has to oflbr a quantity of very

fl handsome AUCUllA JAPONICA, tho whole of which are
profuaoly cnvoied with HerrlcH.

iHt Size aro Plants 2 feet high, bearing IfiO to 200 Borrlos.
2(1 Si/-o, 1 foot G luohuH, with Hid to 12f) Berries.
3d Size, 1 foot, with 40 to f>0 Hurries.

Price tVom Kw. iitl. each and upwards.
Tho American Nuiaory, Hn^nliot, Surrey.

MATHIOLARICORNIS, lianly nit;hl-s,ente.l STOCK,
of IVeo growth, llowerlng abuiidanlly, delightfully fragrant.
Continues through tho aummor. 0(/, i)or paclcot.

Jas. Backuoubk & Son, York.

VE'R O N I C A G L'A U C A. — Lovely dccn blue.
Hardy, early, and very free lloworlug. M. per packet,

Jah. IJAcaiioiisi; ti Kun, York,

'.. per packet. Is. Grf. per ounce.
Jas. Backhouse & Son, York.

A

N N U A L S, Choiee Hardy and Half-hardy,

3d. per packet, 23. Gd. per dozen.
Choice T-*nder, Od. per packet, fis. uer donon.
Choice Biennials, id. to (id. per pacltet, 4«, per dozen.

Jas. Bacriiouhe & Sun, York.

Qn nnn ^-y- SEEDLING THUJA LUBRII,

Oyj •\jyj\J 3 to 4 inches high, fine, distinct, and perfectly
hardy Arborvitro. Foliage deep grass groen, rapid growth, well
adapted for hedges, &c., and will boar pruning. Price (on appli-
cation) by 100. low, or 6000.

Geo Jackman & Son, Wokim; Nursery, Surrey.

To the Trade— Contractors and Builders.

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND COMMON LAURELS,
fine busby plants, from 3 to 7 loot high; K"Od fur Blinds,
particularly for newly lald-out Grounds and Buildings. These
Laurels are very fine, and have not suffered from tho frost,

Alao 5,000,000 Of Two-year SEEDLING ASH aud CHESTNUTS,
ROSES, anri other varieties of Shrubs,

Abel Fa.irall, Stanhope Nursery, Westerham Hill, Kent.

— To Nurserymen.

SEEDLINGS.— 1 aud 2-yr. Larch, 2-yr. Scotch Fir,
2-yr. Hazel, 2-yr. Plane, 2-yr. Holly, &c.
TRANSPLANTED.— Larch, all sizes ; Norway Spnice, 0 to 15 in. ;
Silver Fir, 0 to 15 inches and 15 to 24 inches ; Irish J unipers, all sizes ;
Irish Yews, of sizes ; Cedrus atlantica. Thuja Wareana, &c,
ROYAL ASH-LEAF KIDNEY POTATOS.
Above all of excellent quality, and will be quoted cheap.
W. P. Laikd & Sinclair, Nurservnien, Dundee. N.B.

SAMUEL FINNEY and CO. have a surplus stock of
the following, which they can offer to tho Trade at very
low prices: —

ASH, Transplanted, from 3 to 5 feet

ELM, WYCH, Transplanted, from 2 to 3 feet and 3 to 4 feot
FIR, SCOTCH, Transplanted, from 15 to 24 inches
HOLLY, COMMON GREEN, Transplanted, from 1 to li f »ot and
OAKS, ENGLISH, Transplanted, from 2 to 2i feet [H to 2 feet

PINUS AUSTRIACA, Transplanted, from 1 foot aud li foot
LARCH, 1-yr. Seedling, fine

Prices on application at
The Nurseries, Gateshead, Newcxstle-on-Tyne.

Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., has to oiler at very moderate
prices TRANSPLANTED ASH, ALDER, BIRCH, HORSE
CHESTNUT, ELM. broad and narrow-leaved; SILVER and
SCOTCH FIRS, WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE, HAZEL, OAK
POPLAR, PRIVET, ^VEVMOUTH and AUSTRIAN PINES
THORN QUICKS, HUNTlN(JDON .and DUTCH WILLOWS
LARCH, good stout plants, li to 2 feet, 12s, ; 2 to 2i feet. Us. ; 2 t
Sfeet, lis. ; and 3 to 4 feet, lOs. per 1000. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR
G to 9 inches, 6s. ; 9 to 12 inches, 9s. ; 1 to li feet, 14s, ; li to 2 feet,
2ls, : and 2 to 2i feet, 30s. per 1000. COTONEASTER MICRO
PHYLLA, 1 to li feet. 20s. per 1000 ; li to 2 feet. RIBES in sorts
2to3ft SOs.perlOOO, SNOWBERRY',2to3ft., 20*;. per 1000. BROOM
White and Yellow.transplanted.lS^.perlOOO. LAURELS, BERBER13,
ARBOR-VIT^, &c., Seedling ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CHESTtNUT,
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 vears ; ELM, 2 years, £5 per 100.000. OAKS,

1 and 2 years; OAK, EVERGREEN. 1 year; PRIVET, 1 and

2 years; SYCAMORE. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 2year3,
Gs. ; 4 years, 8s. per lOOO ; 3 years, and 1 year transplanted, ISs ;

3 years, and 2 years transplanted, 25s. ; 6 to 9 inches, 60a. ; and
i) to 12 inches, 60s. per 1000. Twice-transplanted, and bushy, 4 to
8 inches, 7us. ; 8 to 12 inches, 95s. ; 9 to 13 inches, 140s. ; 1 to li feet,
180s. ; and H to 2 feet. 2aOs. per 1000..

A PRICED LIST forwarded on application. Price to the Trade
on application,

Joseph Smith, Jun., Moor Edge Nursery, Tansloy, near Matlock,
Derbyshire.

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Road Nurseries,
Yeo-Jil, Somerset, begs to intimate that his CATALOGUE of
SEEDS for the GARDEN and FARM is now ready, and can be
obtained free on anplication. It contains a Select and Choice Stock,
everything being 6i the best quality, and are offered at imequalled
low prices.

New Descriptive Lists.

DOWNIE, LAIRD, and LAING, Nurserymen,
Seedsmen, Florists, and New Plant Merchant'^, 17, South
Frederick Street, Edinburgh: and Stanstead Park, Forest Hill,
London, S.E., respectfully beg to Intimate that their NEW
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES of FLORIST FLOWERS,
GARDEN, FLOWER, and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, GLADIOLL
ROSES, &c., are now ready, and maybe had free on application.

RAYNBTRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited,
Corn, Seed, Manuhe, and Oilcaee Merchants,
Address, SO, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C, ; or Basingstoke,
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wlieat ; 1*62, ior "Excellent Sued Corn aud Seeds."

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, Sac.

ROB F,RT PARKER begs to announce that his
CATALOGUE, coutainlng i^elect DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds in cultivation of tho above-named is now published.
and will be forw.arded to .applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from the best possiblo sourcts, all are warranted
genuine, and are offered at the lowest possible prices. Intending
purchasers are requested to conipare tho prices with those of other
nouses. Exotic Nursery, Tootinp, Surrey, S.

To Market Gardeners and Others.

CABBAGIil PLANTS.— EAST HAM, ROBINSON'S
DRUMHEAD. 2s. per 1000; RED CABBAGE PLANTS,
extra fine, 4s. per 1000, Stock true and can be warranted, aud all
grown by

RiOHAHD Walrer, MftTkct GardenerandSeedGrower, Biggleswade,
Beds. i will challenge England with Plants. Terms cash.

ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD
OX CABBAGE SEED.
The following Seedsmen are the purchasers from Mr. S. Robikson
of this fine Stock of Ox Cabbage Seed, the growth of 1S6G.
London :— T, Qibbs & Co., Half Moon Street, Piccadilly.
„ G. Gibba & Co., Down Street, PiccadiUy.

„ Beck, Henderson & Child, Upper Thames Street.

„ Cooper* Bolton, Fleet Street.

„ Lawson & Son, King Street, Cheapside.

Chester :— James Dickson & Sons, Eastgate Street.
Nottingham ;— Ilutchinson & Armltage.
Newark: — Capam, Kirk -gate.
Birmingham :— Thompson, Higli Street.

Proctor & Ryland.
Reading:— Sutton & Sons.
Aberdeen : — W. Smith &. Son.
Three to Four cwt. of this Seed lert, price to tho Trade £7 per cwt.
Mr. RoBrNsoN has also a fine Stock of LARCH to Dispose of, 2i
to 5 feet. Price 12s. 6d. to £1 per lOOO, according to size.

Three years Bedding and Transplanted QUICK, from 53. 6d. to
78. 6rf. ner 1000.
Bushy^SPKUCE, for cover planting, 18 in. to 3 feet.
pine HOLLIES, for omamenl^l planting, 2 to & feet.
Show HouBe, Melbourne, Derby,

Good Seeds

Carriage Free.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of
SEEDS for ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY.

Fon TlIK KlTOHKH Uaiidek,

No. 1 Collection, carriage I'rco £3 3 0

No. 2 Collection, carriage free " 2 2 0

No. 3 Collection, carrlngu free .' \\ 1116

No, 4 Collection, currlagu froo ,', 110

No, 6 Colloctlon, carriage froo " o 15 o

No. (J Colluctlon 0 10 li

Felt TUB Floweh Gaiiukn.

No. 1 Collection, frou by poht or rail £2 2 0

No. 2 Collection, free by post or rail Ill 0

No. 3 Col lection, free by powt or rail I 1 u

N o. 4 Collection, free by post or riul 0 IJl 0

No. 6 Collection, fiuo by post or rati 0 lo 0

PRICED CATALOGUES gratis and post free,-. Five per Cent,
Dlscouut allowed for Cash payment.
Sutton k Sons, Seed Growers. UeadlDC.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

CARTER'S COLLECTIONS of GARDEN SEEDS fur
18C7 will produce a supply of the bc&t Vegotablon "all tho
yeir round" for large, medium, small, aud very sin ill families.
No. 4, 03s. ; No. 3, 42s ; No, 2, 1\s. ; No. 1, lOs. m.
(These prices include box and packing.)
*^' Any of the above forwarded without d> lay on receipt of Post
office Order. PRICE LISTS graus and post free on application to

Caster's Great Londou Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High
Holborn, London, W.C.

Prize Medal Seeds.
/COLLECTIONS of VEGETABLE SEEDS for ONE

KJ YEAR'S SUPPLY, at Moderate Price;, N03. 1. 2, 3. and 4
Carnage Free. For particulars and quantities contained in each see
large Afivertisenient in the Gardeners' Chronicle of Februiirv 9th or
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, which will ba sent freo
hy post oa application.
No.

1. For One Tear's supply £.J 3 0

2. „ proportionately reduced .. .. , '. '. . "2 2 0

3- .. .. .. I II 0

*• " .. .. 110

^- " . " .. 0 IS 0

6. ,1 „ „ 0 I'J C

i'OBACoO PAPER, per lb. Qd
'TOBACCO CORU, extra strung, per lb. 1;;. Cif.
TOBACCO 0 UICK, per Gallou, 2s. 9(/.
TOBACCO WATER, per Gallon, Is.
Henrv BitowN, Nurseryman and Seedsman, 4, Commutation Rjw
Liverpool.

T'a'S^ G a R a W A Y and c 0.

t-' XuBstRVMG^' and SiiCDsilKV,
Durdhagi Dowu Nursuriei, Bristol.

QEIiDS fbr the KITCIiJiN GAltDE.V.
JAS. U A K A W A Y aTnIj CU".

Q E E D S for the F L 0 W Ji 11 e A II U E N.
JAS. G AK A -W A Y a m D cTa

U E E D S for t h e F A li M.
Q BEDS, Best Quality, iit Cheapest Hates.
JAS. e Ail AW AT AND c~a

pRICED CATALOGUES, P^it Free.
JAS. G A K A W A Y Tnd C^

/CARRIAGE PAID of all ORDERS over 20s.
JTW. G A R A W A~Y AND C 0.,

NuBSCRYMEN and Seedsmes,
Durdham Down Nurseries, Bristol.

RTHUR HENDERSON and CO. beg to announce

that their CATALOGUE of KITCHEN GARDEN and

FLOWER SEEDS for 1807 is now ready, and will be forwarded free

on application.

NEW MELONS.

ERIDGE CASTLE PERFEOTION.—This is a green-fleshed variety,
of excellent flavour, tliin skin, medium size, with a delicious
molting sugary flesh. Oue of the best sorts ever raised, 2s. Cd.
per packet.

THE GUILDHALL PRIZE.- Scarlet flesh, a verv quick gr'twerand
a great cropper, weight 3 to 5 lb. Early, excellent, shipe, richer
and superior m flavour to Turner's Gem, Skin very thin. A
seedling betweon tlie Scarlet Gem and Egyptian green-fleshod.
2s. 6(i. per packet.

Fine FRUITING VINES, in pots, well ripened Canes of the lead-
ing and best varieties.

Pine-apple Place, Edgware Road, London, N.

Cucumber, Telegraph.

ROLLISSON'S Variety has been proved the best
Cucumber in cultivation for Winter or Spring use, especially for
growing in houses ; an immense ci^opper, producing sixat ajoiut,
length 18 to 26 inches. In sealed packets, 2s. Gd. each. See meiits
of " Wmter Cucumbers," in Qardenerti' Chronicle for Jan. 12. 1807
William RoLLissoN & Sons, The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.

QPLENDID ERA ME CUCUMBERS.

COOLING'S DERBYSHIRE HERO.— One of the handsomest and
best iu cultiv.Uion. It grows from 20 to 30 inches in length, very
str.aight, and is covered with a beautiful bloom. Iu flavour it is
un.iurpassed, and is remarkably free and prolific. Is. Qd. per pi;t.

COOLING'S FEARNOUGHT.— Colour bright green, smooth and
well formed, perhaps the longest Cucun-bcr grown, many of the
fruit cut last summer measured 30 to 34 inches in length. Is, Cd.
per packet. ,

COOLING'S PROLIFIC— This is the most abundant cropper Iu
cultivation, often producing from three to six fine Iruits at a
joint ; length 18 to 24 Inches, flavour crisp and good. A very
baroy, free, and thoroughly useful kind. Is. per packet.

INTERNATIONAL PRIZE CALCEOLARIA. 2s. M. perpacket.

COCKSCOMB (CooLiNo's).— Dwarf crimson ; the finest in cultivation.

PRImKa^^SINENSIS FIMBRIATA— Extra fine strain. 2s. £W.

per packet. , .

CINERARIAS from named Flowers, 2s. 6d. perpacket.

All free by post. . „ , , ,

N.B,— The Trade supplied by Messrs. Hurst k Son, London, who
are the only Wholesale Agents. r>„,.>,„

Edwin Coolino, Seed Merchant, Derby.

204

THE GARDENEHS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 2, 1867.

TURNER'S COTTAGERS' KALE.
TDRNER'S INCOMPARABLE WHITE CELERY.
TDUNER'S SCARLET GEM MELON.
FROGMORE PROTECTING BROCCOLI.
(In Shilling Packcls.)
The above have proved to be the best of their reapeotivo classes.
Seed of the true Stock may bo had of
CuARLEs Tdrner, The Royal Nuiseries, Slough.

Garden Seeds.

CHARLES TURNER'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
and mav be had on application.
The Best three WRINKLED MARROW PEAS are-
LITTLE GEM, Early, 1 foot high.
ADVANCER, Second Crop.
PREMIER, Summer and Late.
See full descriptions in C. Tdrner's CATALOGUE, uow ready.

SNOW'S BROCCOLI, True.
IlEDSOR VVINTEK CUCUMBER.
BAILEI'S SUPERB CABBAGE.
All the established vaxioties of Vegetables from the best sources
also the Novelties in Flower Seeds.

The Royal Nur-^eries, Slough.

To tlie Trade.

RAPHANUS CAUDATUS. — Price per 100 or
1000 Seeds, on application. Fine largo sample, saved in the
open bordLF, and wiirranted true,

Stuart & MtiN, Kelso, N.B.

EllUSALEM ARTICHOKES.

A quantity to offer at n moderate price.
Stuart i Mein, Kelso, N.B.

FEAKNOUGET CABBAGE, DALMENY SPKOUTS,
THE ALBERT SPROUT, have withstood the late severe frosts
without injury. From the Orisinal Stocks as sent out by us.
Per Packet, Gt?. each.

Stuaht & Mein, Seedsmen, Kelso, N. B.

BKOCCOLI.The HORTICULTUUAL SQi^EHB L.Vi'li.
— It is satisfactory to know that this variety, sent out by lis. has
■withstood the late severe frosts without the slightest injury. In use
April and May. Per Packet, Is.

Stuaht & Jltm, Seedsmen, Kelso, N. B.

THREE-YEAR ASPARAGUS PLANTS, 15s. per 1000,
2s. per 100; fine double Hollyhocks, a splendid slr.ain, 30s.
per 100 ; Box Edging, 3s. per doz. yards ; Box Trees, IS or 24 in.,
16^-. per 100 ; Kohl Rabi Seed, green, Is. per lb. ; White Spanish
Onion Seed, Is. 6c/. per lb. Terms cash. All genuine.
R. W. can supply any Orders for Seeds at lowest po.ssible prices,
Richard Walkeh, Market Gardener and Seed Grower, Biggles-
wade, Beds.

SPARAGUS PLANTS,

Strong 3-yr. ASPARAGUS PLANTS,

los. per 1000.

Small quantities, 2s. per 100.

i\ G. Godwin,

3 and 4, Norfolk Market Hall,

ShefBeld.

EDWAKU TAYLOR, Nurseryman, Malton, York-
shire, offers as under : —
2-yr. GIANT ASPARAGUS ROOTS, Is. 3d. per 100, 10s. per 1000.
3-yr. GIANT ASPAKAGQS ROOTS, 2s. per 100, los. per 1000.
GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS, lOs. per 100. 84s. per 1000.
RED and BLACK CURRANTS, in varieties, flne strong plants, 8s.

per 100, 70s. per lUOO.
RUSSIAN SHALLOTS, 3s. per stone of 14 lb.

Dwarf-trained MOOKPARK APRICOTS, 18s. per dozen. £7 per 100.
Transplanted HOLLIES, various sizes; CRAB STOCKS; 2-yr.

Seedling ASH, &c. Prices on application.

THE " COLDSTREAM EARLY " POTATO, wMcli
received a First-class Certificate at the International Horticul-
tural Exhibition at South Kensington, Is the Earliest and Best
round Potato in cultivation. 6s. GU. per peck; 18s. per bushel.
Including bags. Trade price on application.

Apply to HoGO & Wood, Coldstream, N.B.

Potatos for Planting.

MESSRS. SUTTON'S DESCRIPTIVE LTST'is now
ready, and may be had gratis and po.st-free. Their stock of
Potatos has been selected with great care, and can be relied on as
perfectly true to name. Lowest price per cwt., sack, or ton,
forwarded on application.

Sutton & Sons. Seed Growers, Reading.

Seed Potatos.

HAND F. SHARPE are now offering MYATT'S
• PROLIFIC KIDNEY, DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY, FORTY-FOLD, FOX'S SEED-
LING, EARLY OXFORD, and many other Earlyand Late varieties,
flne in quality, free from dise.ase. and at low prices.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire.

Sped Po"t3.tn^

GEO. SIBBALD, DrumgeitU, by Dundee, N.B., has
for S^o nbout 100 Tons of tho following kinds, of his own
giowinit. Prices on airolication :— EARLY DALMAHOY, DAIN
TREE'S EARLY, CHISWIOK CLUSTER, EARLY OXFORD,
EARLY RED EYES, WALKER'S KEdENT, ENGLISH
EMPEROR, FLUKE KIDNEY, MYATT'S PROLIFIC, and
PATERSON'S E.ARLY RED KIDNEY.

w

HEELER

GLOUCESTERSHIRE KIDNEY
Is one of the very Earliest, most
Productive, and best flavoured Potatos
n cultivation.

Price 3s. per peck, lOs, dtl. per bushel.

if. C, Wheeler & Sox,

Seed Growers, Gloucester.

Turnip Seed.

HAND F. SHARPLY are prepared to make special
• offers of all the principal sorts, SWEDISH and other varieties,
of TURNIP SEEDS of IfciOtt growth, grown from finest picked
bulbs, at low prices.
Seerl Growing Establishment. Wisbech.

HENRY'S PRIZE HYBRID LEEK.— The Largest
variety In cultivation ; grows 10 inches in length of blanch,
and lOi inches in circumference. Has carried off the first Prizes at
the leading Shows in England and Scotland.

Sold in Sealed Packets at Is. each by
DowNiE, Laibd, & Laino, 1", Frederick Street, Edinburgh ; and
Stanstead Park, Forest Hill, London. S.E.

Nuneiiam Park Onion.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON have great gratification in
announcing that this SUPERB NEW ONION has in every
instance, where shown, obtamed the first prizes, and numerous testi-
monials have been sent to them from various parts of the country,
confirming the opinion that it is the largest and heaviest cropper of
all Onions, It is also of exceedingly nnld fiavour, and keeps as long
as any variety extant. In Sealed Packets -is. &d. each.

*<L* Owing to the great demand, no more can be supplied to the
Trade this season.

Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

ESTABLISHED UPWARDS OF A CENTURY.

HOLDERS- OF PEIZE MEDALS FKOM EXHIBITIONS OF BOTH 18-51 AND 1862.

BUTLEE,
McCULLOCH, & CO.'S

CHOICE

COLLECTIONS OP FLOWER SEEDS.

r. d.

1.5 Varieties, Selected Hardy Annuals .. ,.2 6

SO „ „ „ „ .. .. .5 0

oC ,. >, „ , 10 0

100 „ „ „ , 20 0

12 Varieties, Selected Half-harily Annuals . . i 0

25 „ „ „ „ ..7 6

io „ „ ,, „ .. 15 0

100 „ ,, „ „ .. 30 0

6 Vai'ietiesj extra selected New Annuals 1867

12 5» „ t. y) )i ,)

15 Varieties, selected Hardy Perennials . ,

~'^ )J » J> M

^0 ,, „ ,, ,, .,

100 „

12 Varieties, selected Halt'-iiardy Perennials
25

COMPLETE COLLECTION of VEGETABLE SEEDS for ONE TEAE'S SUPPLY, 6.3s., 42s., 30s., 21s., &
Orders amounting to 2\s. and upwards sent Carriage Faid.

. 5

0

.. 10

6

.. 3

6

.. 6

6

.. 12

6

.. 26

0

. 4

0

.. 7

6
d

CATALOGUE containing details of above Collections, Post Free.
COVENT GARDEN JIAKKET, LONDOISr, W.C.

GARDEN SEEDS.

WILLIAM PAUL,

(Son and Suocessob to the late A. Paul),
PAUL'S NURSERIES and SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.,

BEGS TO ANNOUNCE THAT HIS

SELECT LIST OF VEGETABLE, FLOWER SEEDS, ETC.,

IS NOW EEADY, AND WILL BE FOEWAEDED POST PEEE ON APPLICATION.

The following Novelties recently introduced by him have already become standard varieties, and the
Seeds now offered have been saved from pure original stocks ; —

SnPEKB DWARF HERTFORDSHIRE CAULIFLOWER. — Very
large, pure white close heada, remaining flt for use much longer
than moiit other sorts ; very hardy, having frequently stood in
winter under a south wall Without any other protection.
Is. per packet.

PAUL'."? WALTHAM BRUSSELS SPROUTS. — This variety is
quite distinct, tl.e Sprouts possessing the valuable quality ot
being green to tho centre, and retaining tho same colour when
cooked. Is. per packet.

PAUL'S WALTHjUI market CABBAGE. — Largo, very even
growth, enrly and line, mild fiavour ; pronounced by all who
have seen it the Unest sort in cultivation. Is. per packet.

PAUL'S IMPROVED TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER. — Ibis is a
prodigious bearer, frequently producing four or five line fruit at
a joint ; very handsome, and excellent flavour ; particularly
recommended for a house or winter forcing. Is. per packet.

PADL'S SELECTED EXTRA CDRLED PARSLEr.— Large and
very superior ; pronounced by all who have grown it from my
stock the best in cultivation. 6d. per packet.

BROCKETT HALL BROWN COS LETTUCE. —Very hardy, large,
crisp, and excellent flavour ; stands a long time after most other
sorts without running to seed ; good for sowing at any season;
the finest Lettuce grown. Is. per packet.

PAUL'S SUPERB CRIMSOS BEET.— This variety as improved by
me is unsurpassed in colour and flavour. Is. per oz,

PAUL'S IMPROVED LATE CURLED BORECOLE.-Unsurpassod
as a " Curled Green," very hardy; very productive, and continues
in flne condition for use till the end of April. Is. per packet.

LILIUM AUltATUM,— Flowering Bulbs, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., and 5s. each; 24s., 36s., and 48s. per dozen. Very large
Bulbs, 7s. 6d. to 10s. &d. each ; £2 to £3 per half dozen.

COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GAEDEN SEEDS, 10s. M., and upwards.
COLLECTIONS of FLOWEE SEEDS, 6s. and upwards.

*,* AH Seeds Carriage Free.

GENUINE SEEDS, CARRIAGE FREE.

B. S. WILLIAMS'

NEW GENERAL PRICED AND DESCRIPTIVE SEED CATALOGUE

FOR 1867

CAN BE HAD FEEE ON APPLICATION.

THE VEGETABLE SEED f AKT

CONTAINS

LISTS of the best varieties of each kind of VEGETABLE. Only those sorts are recommended that can be
relied upon for producing sui-e and good crops. Especial attention is directed to the following NEW and CHOICE
KINDS, full descriptions of which ■\\dll be found in the Catalogue.

WILLIAMS' ALEXANDRA BROCCOLI, 28. M.. per packet 1 NUNEHAM PARK ONION, it. U. per packet

WILLIAMS' MATCHLESS RED CELERY, Is. per packet , MALVERN HALL MELON, Is. 6<J. per packet

ORilNGEFLELD DWARF TOMATO, 2s. per packet I DIGSWELL PRIZE ENDIVE, Is. per packet

RAPHANUS CAUDATUS (The Wonderful Radish), Is., 2s., and 6s. per packet.

COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of KITCHEN GAEDEN SEEDS, to suit Gardens of various sizes, for Contents of

which see page 44 in Catalogue ; —

lOs. 6d., 21s., 42s., 63s., 84s. each.

THE FLOWER SEED PART

CONTAINS

Imported and English-grown FLOWEE SEEDS, in Collections.

The Best of the New Introductions, 1866, in ANNUALS, BIENNIALS, and PEEENNIALS.

Choice Strains of FLOEISTS' FLOWEES.

The following are unequalled : —

PRIMULA (Williams' superb strain, the finest in cultivation).—
Red, White, or Mixed Seed, 2s. Cd., 3s. flrf., and 6s. per packet.

CALCEOLARIA (James's strain, the best variety for exhibition) —
Colours are exceedingly rich, profusely spotted and veined
2s, 6d., 3s. 6d., and 6s. per packet. ^

BALSAM (Williams' finest atraln).— A stand of flowerj, the pro-
duction of this strain, was exhibited at the July Show of the
Royal Botanic Society, and was the admiration of all. Is. and
2s. (id. per packet.

CINERARIA (Weaiuekill'b extra choice strain).— This is the most
popular strain in Covent Garden Market. 3s. 6rf. and 6s. per pkt.

LILIUM AUEATUM (a largo importation of this beautiful Lily just received).— Strong Bulbs, 3s. &d., 5s.,
7s. 6d., and 10s. 6d, each.

VICTORIA an(J PARADISE NURSERIES,. UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N,

Ma ech 2, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CTIKONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZllTTE.

205

Carter's Grass Seeds for the International
Exhibition at Paris. 1867.

JAMES CAKTER and CO. have the eatisfiution to
Announce tliHt the Imptrial Commisstonors of tho P.iris Inter-
patiotinl Exhibition of ISC" havo firnntod to them tho concession of
supplying tho GRASS SKED.S for tho (nt'Toseof fotming tlio Swuicl
ofiho Piirk round tho Exhibition Building In tho Cliimip do Mars.
Tho honour conferred on thoir Unuso will ho nioro rcndily appio-
eUited when thoy state the gnitifl'inK fact, that thoy aro tiii. hnlv

EnGMSU IldtSt; KNTrtl'STKD WITil TUB ImCKRIAL CoMM r^SIONKH!)'
OOMMAKUS ton TIEIS rUlll'OSK.

Jamts Cahtkr & Co. are prepared to supply Mixtures for rernin-
nent Pa&turo, Piirk Livwns, &c , of tho most nutritious find valuable
GrASscs, specially mixed to »uit the vnruitions of clunatc and Snil.
Price according to quality, from '2(>s. to :!iiN. per acre. PRICED
IiLSrs gratis and post-free on api)licatlon to

CARTEn's Great London Sood Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Ilolborn,
London, W.C.

Grass Seed packed for Exportation.

Croquet Grounds.

Fur tho Iiiiprovontoiit of Croiuot
UrouudH and LawnB,

T C. WIIRELER and SON,

^ • Skkii OiiowKRS, Gloucester, can
iccommond a Mixture of tho (IncHt
hAWN GRASS SEKDS, which should
now bo Bown at tho rate of about
in lb, per aero, with a top-ciresslng nf
BOot, guano, or Buporpliosphato. Th-.-
Ijjiwn or Croquet Ground should then bo
thoroughly well rolled,
Tho price of tho Seed is Is. 3r/. per lb.

J. C WniM.mkSns,

Seed Giiiwors. Gluucister.

SUTTON'S FINK LAAVN GRASS for Makin- New
or Improving old Garden Lawns, Croquet Grounds, &c. Pilco
1>, 3(i. per pound, 2fi. per busliel, carriage Iree. For forming Now
Lawns or Croquet Grounds three b\Lshols, or (JU lb,, «re required per
^cre, or 1 gallon to Six Hods of Ground.
From the Rev. E. J. Goslinc, M.A., Cimplahi to the County Oaol,

NctP Disdin Road, Monmouth.
Nov. 8, ISOfi,— " Tho Jiiiwn Seeds 1 had from you in the sprine havo
fully tostifled to tho truth of all that has been said in praise of them."
From H, E. Tuck, Eho., ^2, Bartholomew Ruad North,
Kentish Town, Lo/idon.
August 8, 180C.—" Tho Lawn Grass .Seed is oscoUent; grows very
quickly indeed, and produces beautiful flno Grass, such as we never
Bod bef jre."

Frovi RoBT. J, Steoman, Esq., SharnbrooJi, Bedford.

Jan. 13, 1866.—" Tho lawn I laid down last spring with your Grass

Seeds answered wonderlully. It looks n-^w .^s if it h:id been done

with old Turf. Persons who seo it scarcely bcllevo it was obtained by

sowing."

From Martin Coucher, Esq., M.D., Bayton Villa, C'lijton-uit-Teme,
Worcester.
Oct. (>, 1860.—" On Uie 10th or 12th of June I sowed the Lawn
Grass Soocl, and though the planting w^s so late, tho Lawn now
presents a uniform luxuriant appearance of a beautiful tint, and looks
SB though it had beon planted two years. Of course, attention has
been paid to mowing and rolling."

PRICED LISTS gratis and post fVoe.
Slttos & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Improvement of Grass Lands,

at from fm. to 10.i. por acre,

BUTTON'S RENOVATING

^ MIXTURE

Snoui.n Now nv. .s.iwn.

0 to 121b. per acre.

Prlca lOd, per lb. Chi aper by tho cwt.

I r these Seeds aro sown oirly m tlio season,

tho uoprovement in the land will bo very

great, and at a snmll expense.

This Mixture should bo bush-harrowed In,
and rolled afterwards.

SuTTOM & Sons,

Royal Berkshire Seed Eitublishment,

Readnu,

Very Early Sheep Feed.
UUTTON'S nrPKOVED Il'ALl.VN RYE-GRASS.—

iO This " Improved" Italiin Rye-grass is rocomniendod in prefer-
enco to every other variety, producmg throe or four heavy crops in
one summer, and boing almost if not strictly pcronnial.

At a Mooting of tho Roval Agricultur.'vl Society, on March 16, in
a Lecture delivered by Alfred Hughes, Esq., late ofThorness, Islo of
Wight, Mr. Ilu^hcs said : —

" 1 always reserve a portion of Oat land to lay down with Sutton's
Improved Italian Rye-grass, the most reliable plant I have come
across for some years for Ewes and Lambs in tho Spring. When 1
tell you that I put it in in the spring, and dressed it after harvest with
guano, and that m tho autumn, when my She op fed it off, it was
up to their knees, and that 1 fed it off again this spring witli Ewes
and Lambs, 1 think you will agree that this is a crop of very great
value. The Italian Rye-grass which is sold by Sotton, of Reading,
is a most astonishing vigorous plant ; indoed, I never saw anything to
equal it in tliocou'-ne of all my experience."

Sutton & Sons have a flno stock of their Improved Italian Ryo-
grn.^s, which is a very different and superior article to much that
is sold as Italian Rye-grass.

Present prico Os. Gd. per bushel , choapor in quantities ovor 5 qrs.
Carriage-free in quantities of 8 bushels and upwards.

Quantity required per acre, if sown alone, 3 bu>iliols.
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. licading.

Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLARD, Seed Grower and SIfiichant,
20, Quai do la M6j:;issCTie. Paris, Franco.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEELS, in English weights
and money, post free on application.

PETER LAWSON & SON,

THE QUEEN'S SEEDSMEN,
LONDON and EDINBURGH

FARM, VEGETABLE, and FLOWER SEEDS.

FOREST TREES AND SHRUBS OF ALL KINDS.

CATALOGUES sent free on application.

28, KING STREET, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.G.

PJCHAED DEAN'S

LIST OF SPECIALITIES IS NOW READY,

AND CONTAINS ALSO SOME ORIGINAL TAPERS OF GREAT VALUE TO THE AJLVTEUR GARDENER.
RICHARD DEAN'S NOVELTIES IN VEGETABLE SEEDS COMPRISE—

S,,,'?;'*^ S^'" Forage Grass (Bromus Schraderl).
UllON AND SO.\S liiive iii,|„.ilud !i hir-u supply of
Tnio SuuU ct ibo ab'jvo, im-l olVor it iit '.;«, |J((. pur lb., or clioipor
In lurgo tiuiiiitlLlcH. (iiiiiiLlty n;()uiru(l per iioro, 'M lb. LowcHb prico
per cwt, una bif*triicttoii8 on i:nltiViitJon iririy bo bad on (ippllcatlon.
ficTTi.f* & Sons, Scod MerclinntH, UoiwiliiR.

^Ul'EKIOE NEW VARIETIES of OAT.

s

EARLYFELLOW.— Tho Grain of this variety Is short and plump,
resembling the I'otato Oat, with a broader leaf, stouter and longtr
Straw, and ripening earlier than any Oat cidtlvatod in Scotland, with
the exception of tho Georgian, now called Canadian Oat, I'rioo 40*1
per quarter, cash,

LONG KKLLOW.— Length of Straw characlerhOB this varlotv, being
from 6 to la iNcriKH tallkii than any variety In cultivation. ' On all
dry snlls, and wherever Straw is an object, Longfellow 1h truly
valuable. Tho grain is hng, lull of ktrnel, suitable for nilllluK, and
especially so lor horse feed. Although too late for the liigliCHt landn,
It ripens well at all medium elevations, In 18!ir> thin Ojit was the b-jsb
quality in a collection of thirty named vailetien, but the gr:iln of hm-.,
yo ir's crop Is umaller than usual, from tho ravages ol wlrowomi.
Price 44». i)er quarter cariU, Sainplea tnuifimlttod by post to Intflndlng
purchasers Patriok, SniidiKFir

Haddington, Fob. 25, 1867.

N.B.— EARLY ANGQS, rained from one plant, :i'<n. per qr.

V^

is becoming scarce, tho

old reserves will noon bo gone.
Now sold In bag«, 1 for 2^,, 10 for
10s., 2 for 30»., 60 for OO.i., 100
for £0.

Fourpcnce allowed for enoh
bng returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not ;
bags), 40/*.

Postage Stamps or Post-offlci
Order, payable to J. Babsuam &
Co., Kingston-on-ThameB. S.W.

A W~~E S' M A N U it i:' S. —

The Manures niiinufiictured by J, B. Lawes for the present
seison of 18ii7 aro now ready for delivery at his Factories, at tho
following prices, per ton:—
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ 8. d.

SUPERPHOSPIIATK .'f LIME 6 0 0

LAWES- srPKlU'iio-^rilATlC of LIME from BURNT

BONK or MINKRAI, I'lIOSPIIATES ft 6 0

LAWKS' WHKAT, LA KLKY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURKS 8 0 0

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES . . la 0 0

These Manures can be obt.iined of Mr. Lawks, or through the
apoointcd Agents in all parts of tho United Kingdom, at prices
varying accordioK to cost of carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulp'jato of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other C ikes at market price=.

Address. John Bennbt L.*.wk5, I, Adolaide Place, London Bridg",
E.U. ; 22, Eden Qnay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrcusbury.

Wk lon uun man u im c u m f a js Y

(ESTABLISHEO 18401.

Have now ready for delivery in dry flne condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUFERPnOSl^riATESofLIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISHERY
SALT, &c. 'E. PuRSEK, S'JcroUrjr.
Offices, 116, Fenchuroh Street. E.G.

KEW MELON, DR HOGG.— A most valuable ncinisition,
altogether A 1. The fiuit is of a nood medium size, handsome
oval shape, brownish yeilow skin, and pale green flesh, very
solid and luscious, r'ch i.ronia. A free setter and a eoodkeeper,
a floe and sure exhibition variety. Per packet, l,t. 6d. and 28. Od.

NEW CUCUMBER, GLORY of HANTS (Dean).— A very first-rate
black-spined variety, long, handsome, and very prolific; flrst-
rate for either ho'uso or fr.nmework; a thoroughly reliable
variety, whether for table or exhibition. It has been very care-
fully selected and grown t-pecially for K, Dean. Seed very
scarce. Per packet, 2s. Gd. I

BROCCOLI, DEAN'S PREMIER EARLY WHITE.— Unquestion- I
ably tho largest and best of all the Early White Broccolis. .
Heads large, very fine and white; quite hardy, A variety that
can be depended on, as it is entirety free from any impregnation .
of the character of the White Cape, Should be sown in March, '
and will flower in tho March following. Per packet. Is. 6d, and
2s. 6rf. j

BROCCOLI, IMPROVED KIDDERMINSTER.-A variety that
has been very carefully selected by Richard Dean. Dwarf [
growing, late, well protected white flower, symmetrical shape,
(food size, and very hardy, .'■hould he sown in March, and will
be ready for use end of April and May. Per packet, Is.

CABBAGE, DEANS ONWARDS.— A very greatly improved'
vanety of the large Cabbages, as represented by the Enfield
Market. Very early, compact grower, and delicious'y tender.
Per packet. Is.

CABBAGE, PRESIDENT EARLY DWARF.— A very early Dwarf
Cabbage, medium size, gond close heart, excellent marrow
flavour. A capital sort for winter work. Per packet, Is.

LETTUCE, ACME WHITE COS,- A very large variety, superior
in quality to the Paris White Cos, from which it also differ-s in
colour and habit. IIeart.s well, does not require tying; very
crisp and sweet, and as hardy as any Lettuce in cultivation.
Invaluable for summer or winter giowth. Per packet, Is.

LETTUCE, LEYDEN WHITE DUTCH.- A splendid Cabbage
Lettucp, the very finest in cultivation. It produces large close
he.ads, literally all heart ; flavour excellent and very hardy. Per
packet. Is. and 2s. M.

The following fine Selections are uonfidently offered : —

Per packet.— a, ri.
BROCCOLI, DANCER'S IMPROVED PINK CAPE,. .. 1 (i
„ DILCOCK'S BRIDE, truo selected stock ..10

EALING EARLY, DWARF WHITE ,. ..10
CABBAGE, CHILTON EARLY' SPRING, DWARF .. ..10
CAULIFLOWER. NEW EARLY' DWARF MONMOUTH .. 1 C
ENDIVE, DIGWELL PRIZE. GREEN CURLED ., ,,10

ONION, DANVER'S YELLOW 0 0

„ NEW VENETIAN GIANT, TRIPOLI 10

TOMATO, POWELL'S EARLY DWARF RED Of

TURNIP, CESTRIAN GOLDEN STONE Of

DEAN'S IMPROVED SNOWBALL Of

VEGETABLE MARROW, PRINCE ALBERT 0 6

ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPHATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPllATE for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES,
ODAMS'S SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

MASUKACTUHED

THE PATENT NITRO-niOSPHATE OR BLOOD
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief OfHces—100, Fenchurth Street. London.
Westera Counties Branch— Queen Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch— 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.
Directors.
Cliainnan — John Clayden, Littiebury, Essex.
Deputy-Clinirmaii— John Collins, Argyll House, HoUoway.
Edward Bell, 48. Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot, Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Middlesex.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Noriolk.
George Saville, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Es^ex.
Charles Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomac Webb. Hildershani, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross. Lincolnshire.
Manacling Director— Jnraes Odams.
BflHfco-s— Messrs. Bametts, Honi-os, & Co., Lcmbard Street.
Sohcilors— Messrs. Kingsford & Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

^«di(or— J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge,
This Company was originallv formed by, and is under tho direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz. — "The Tenant Fanners" Manure Company."

Its members ara cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acroi of land
whicli has been for yeirs under management with Jlanures of tbtii-
own manufacture, Tho consumer, therefore, has tho best suarau-eo
for thi genuineness and effluacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Company.

Paiticuiara will bo forwarded on application to the Secrotaiy, 'T
niav be had of the Local Agents. C. T. Macidam. Secretary.

ChiL-f Offices— 109. Fenchurch Street, London, E.C.

OMBRERO GUANO.— This article has proved itself
superior to Peruvian Guano, and is 25 per cent, cbeaupr. For
Gi-ass Land this Guano should be med during February and March.
Sole Agent, W. Pjirkord, 148, Fenchurch Street. London, E.C,

THE" PAXTuN'(iARUEN MANURE will be Tound"
a most valuable and economical preparation to all who wsh
to have Fruit, Flowers, or Vegetables in perfi;ction— inodorous and
specially suited for Amateur Gardeners.
Sold by all the principal Seedsmen in town and country, in pactats

atls. aiid2.s. Orf, or whole.'sale by A, ' '" '"'^ ''" ^ '

Street, Old Street. E.C.

For fnU descriptions^ see LIST of SPECIALITIES, Fost Free on application.

DEPOT FOR NEW AND CHOICE VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS,
EALING, LONDON, W.

NDEa & Co., 22, James

Vineries and Orchards.

'A'

GREAT VALUE of "APHIS WASH."
T Ihc first opportunity Paint llie Trees with a
JTi. soliitioii of •APHI.'S WASH,' prepared ,».'";' rS''>'„™P
Works : it not only destroys the Krown Aphis wbich lofesls Prach
Trees, but also Scale, and every other pest capable of lodaing m tno
onrk."— Extract trom Oardmers' Magazine, Januai-y ^l*';'' „

"For strengthening the Rrowth and effectually i<"s'ro>rog all
forms of blight, the 'Aphis Wash' f -P^f f =\"??,fJ'SZ« V
tion."-See Oardacn' Uhromclr, August 19, ISfo ; and haraem, ,

"Sordt'cffiilt^'fnd others, in 1.. bottles, and 2.. 6<i. a eallon,
with full directions lor use. c„^± t ft«^«« w n

Wholesale at the City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.C.

206

THE GAEDENEES' CBEONICLE AND AGEICULTDEAL GiZETTE.

[Maech 2, 1867.

New and Clioice Flower Seeds.

Fuee by Post or RAtL.

BUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of

O FLOWER SEEDS are sent free by Post or Rail. Prices

as under : —

No. 1 Collection of the best English and German varieties,

with instructious on cultivation £2 2 0

No. 2 Collection of ditto ditto .. .. 1 11 6

No. 3 Collection of ditto ditto .. .. 110

No. 4 CcUection of ditto ditto . ■ . . 0 15 0

No. 5 Collection of ditto ditto . . . . 0 10 C

Small and useful Collections can also bo liad fiom 2s. to 7s. Gd.,
fi-ee by post.

For mrticulfirs of the above, see SUTTON'S DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE, gratis and post free on application.
^ Sdttos & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

F

L 0 W E K

S Ji E U S.

NOTICE.-NEW ROSES FOE 1867.

tORTT-TWO VARIETIES, being the CREAM ONLY of the BEST NEW KINDS KNOWN oa the CONTINENT,
NOW READY IN MAGNIFICENT STRONG HEALTHY PLANTS,

WHICH TTILL BE ELIGIBLE POR SENDING OUT AS SOON AS THE WEATHER WILL PERMIT.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES GRATIS on application to

WILLIAM WOOD and SON,

WOODLANDS NURSERY, MABESFIELD, NEAR UCKFIELD, SUSSEX.

1 oz. Mignonette

] oz. Neinophila iosignis

I pint Sweet Peas

Collection of20 Choice Varieties—
,, French Asters

,, Crown A.sters

,, Gennan Stocks

20 choice varieties of Flower Seeds for 13s.
The above selection, of Mie choicest varieties and the finest quality,
sent on receipt of Post-offlce order for 13s.

J. C. WnEELEB & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

NEW S E E D S . — Por a " welUarranged,
comprehensive, and trustworthy" CATALOGUE of
FLOWER, VEGETABLE, AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, and
GARDEN REQUISITES, see J. Scott's PRICED CATALOGUE,
sent free on application to

J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Teovil, Somerset.

pBEAP HARDY FLOWER ROOTS, for Rock Work,

\y Shrubbery Walks, &c., 8.^\ per 100, SOa. for 500, 50s. for 1000,
in from 20 to 30 varieties. My selection from Printed List, which
can be bad on applicition to
I TuoMAs S, Ware, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, Middlesex, N.

Early Spring Flowers.

WEBB'S GIANI' POLYANTHUS and COWSLIP,
with all the best varieties of L^ouble and Single PRIMROSES,
PANSIES, &c., with Seeds of single varieties, LIST of prices of
different kinds on application to
Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardens, Reading,

^1867; "

WILLIAM BARRON'S PRICED CATALOGUE of
CONIFERiE a'^d other ORNAMENTAL PLANTS,
ROSES. RHODODENDRONS, FRUIT TREES, &c.. &c., for

Spring 18C7, is now reaiiy, and may be had post free upon application.
Eivas'-Oa Nurseries, Rnrrowash, near Derby.

Wiiolesale Catalogue of Nursery Stock.

GEORGE .lACKMAN am) SON'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for ISflG and Spring 1857, can
be had free on application, comprising Fruit Trees, Roses, American
Plants, Conifers, Clematises, Evergreen and Decidioas Trees and
Shrubs, and transplanted Forest Trees, &,c., &c.
Wokint; Nursery, Surrey.

PAUL & SON,

OLD CHESHUNT ITORSERIES, CHESHUNT, N.,

BEG SPECIALLY TO OFFER

DWARF STANDARD HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES,

On 1 to 1^ feet stems, their selection, £5 per 100.
DWARF ROSES on own roots and otherwise in any quantity.

THEY ALSO "VliNTTTEE TO CALL ATTENTION TO THEIR LARGE COLLECTIONS OF

HOLLYHOCKS AND HARDY HERBACEOUS BORDER FLOWERS,

Prices of HOLLYHOCKS, 9j. to 2is. per doz.

LAURELS and other large EVERGREENS uninjured by frost.

Prices on application.

I

NEW ROSES FOR 1867.

PLANTS ALL HARDENED AND FIT TO SEND OUT.— ORDERS EXECUTED THE DAY RECEIVED.

General Plant Catalogue.

1) S. WILLIAMS' PRICED CATALOGUE,
-> • containing Select Lists of Choice Exotic Orchids, Ferns,
Stove and Greunlionsc Plants, Indian Azaleas, Varieprated and
Ornamental Founded Plants, Fuchsias, Pelargoniums, Rhododen-
drons, Verbenas, Pi;tunias, Phloxes, Cinerarias, Chrysanthemums,
Hardy Variegated Plants, Roses, Fruit Trees, Vines, &c. ; also a
Descriptive List of New and Rare Plants.

Can bo h.id post free on application.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

i^^^HARLES TURNER has a large healthy stock of the
VV followins, of finest named varieties ; —

CARNATIONS, 18s. to 21s. per doz. pairs.

PICOTEES, 18s. to 24s. per doz. pairs.

PINKS, 8s. to 12s. per doz, pairs.

TREE CARNATIONS, Is. Gd. each, or 15s. per doz.
Tho Ro\:il Nurseries, S'nugh.

Chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemums,
Chrysanthemums.

ADAM FORSYTH'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For-
warded to all applicants for one stamp.

Brunswick Nursery, Stoke Newington. London, N.

rnHE CZAR VIOLET is still finely in BLOOM,
X uninjured by the Into Frosts bolow zero. The flowers are
nearly twice as large as the old Russian, on very lone; stout foot-
Btalks,^ I Awiirded First-class Certificates and Frizes wherever
exhibited. Strong plants in Bloom, 10s. per dozen, prepaid, may be
had of Mr. John Qbadam, Cranford, Hounslow. The usuul allowance
to the Trade.
Also fine RASPBERRY CAHES, of sorts. 4s. per lOQ.

Hardy Scarlet and other Rhododendrons.

WH. ROGERS, Red Lodfje Nursery, Southnmpton,
• can offer splendid named v.arieties of tho above, strong
busby Plants, well set with blooming buds, at £!upor mil, or .selected,
30s.- per dozen; also a general NURSERV STOCK of FRUIT,
FOREST, and ORNAMENTAL TREKS and SHRUBS, extending
over 60 Acres. Detailiid CATALOGUES and every information
may be had on application.

BENJAMIN E. CANT

-?

ST. JOHN'S STREET mJHSERY, COLCHESTER,

Has much pleasure in announcing that he has VERY STROKG PLANTS (bbttee than usual) of the
following Sorts now ready, at 36s. per dozen : —

Tea.

MADAME MAKGOTTIN

Hybrid Perpetual.

ADKIEN MAEX

ALBA CARNEA

ANTOINE DUCHER

CHARLES VERDIER

COMTE LITPA

GLOIRE Lie MONTPLAISIR

HORACE VERNET

Hybrid Perpetual.

MAJDAME MARTIN DE BESSE

PULLIAT

RIVAJL
MADEMOISELLE ANNIE WOOD

JEANNE MARIX
PAUL VERDIER
PRESIDENT PORCHEB
SOUVENIR DB MONSIEUR ROLL
THOKIN

The usual Discount io the Trade.

RhododenOrons.

JOHN "WATEREK'tJ DESCRIPTIVE CATALOSUE
of HARDY SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS is now
publisliefl, and will be forwarded on application. It faithfullydescribes
the colours of the new v.arieties exbiblted by liim at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. An Abridged List of popular
CONIFERS .with heights and prices, is likewise combined.

The American Nnrsei-y, Bagshot, Surrey, ne;ir Sunuingdale Station,
Soutb-Western Railway.

American Plants, &o.

WATERER AKi) GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOG DE of RHODODENDRONS
and other American Plants for this Autumn, will be .sent on
application. The Catalogue .also gives a summary of their General
Ifursery Stock, probably the most extensive in trie kingdom.
Knap Hill Nursery. Woking, Surrey.

VIOLA CURNDTA (True), the quickest and best way
ol getting into a large and true Stock.— One Hundred Plants of
Mr. Bennett's variety of the above beautiml and hardy Bedding
Plant sent on receipt of Post ofBce Order for 12s. Qd., package
included. The plants are nice and mfty. By separating them now,
and by Cuttings, the above quantitycould bo made into thousands.
Apply to STDAitT & Mei>-, Nurserymen and Seedamon, Kelso, N. B.

Post Paid.

viola cornuta,, var. iiurple Queen,

Is, and 2s, Gd. per Packet,

BS. 'WILLIAMS has purchased Mr. Bennett's entire
• stock of the above. None genuine unless in Packets bearing

B. S, W,'s name and address,

VIOLA CORNUTA, var, MAUVE QUEEN, 6<J,, is,, and 2s. eS.
per Packet.
B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, N.

Brltlsli Fern. Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for sit postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 36 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS
No, r.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S,E,, a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

MRS. POLLOCK.— Specimens 3 feet in circumference,
and a quantity .smaller from 7s. per dozen; also Gold and
Silver ZONALS.

FUCHSIAS, in 12 free-blooming good hibitod varieties.
VERBENAS, in Scarlet, Purple, and White.
Strongly rooted plants of both delivered free to any post town,
at Is. 6d. per dozen, larger at 2s. perdo^en.

J, PooNos, Church Lane, Hendon, Middlesex, N.W.

VINES.-SURPLUS STOCK

OF THE FOLLOWING SELECTED VARIETIES, TRUE TO NAME, EXTRA STRONG,
WHICH WERE GROWN FOR FRUITING IN POTS,

Can no'w be supplied at the Planting rate of Prices, viz., 5s. to Vs. 6d. eaob.

I^" Special Prices given ti'here 25 or more are requirei. Afine opportunity for Gentlemen wishing to Plant largely.

BLACK HAMBURGH
„ MUSCAT

ALICANTE
BARBAROSSA
BUCKLAND'S SWEETWATER
BIDWELL'S SEEDLING

CHASSELAS MUSQUfi
FRANKENTHAL
FO.STER'S WHITE SEEDLING
FRONTIGNAN, WHITE

GRIZZLT
„ VIOLET

GOLDEN HAMBURGH

GRAHAM'S MUSCAT MUSCADINE

LADY DOWNES

MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA

WHITE TOKAY

WEST'S ST. PETER'S

JAMES CARTER and CO., SEED MERCHANTS and NURSERYMEN,
237, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.

GENUINE SEEDS, OF SUPERIOR STOCKS.

'Si*.

FKANCIS & AETHUE DICKSON & SONS,

THE OLD ESTABLISHED SEED WAREHOUSE, 106, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.

THE BEST EARLY PEA IN CULTIVATION,

DICKSON'S "FIRST & BEST."

Ketail Price, Is. 6d. per ftuart. Price to the Trade on application.

CATALOGUES OF NEW & SELECT AGRICULTURAL, VEGETABLE, &
FLOWER SEEDS, &c., FOR 1867,

will be sent Post Free on application.

Their Seeds are of the most select character, each being saved from the Best Stock known of its kind.
I^" All orders of £2 value {Grain, ^-c., excepted), will be delivered Free at the principal Railway Stations
in the Kingdom. Flower Seeds sent Post Free, except heavr/ articles, such as Sweet Peas, Lupins, ^e.

Mabch 2, iser.j

THE GARDKNKRS' CIIRONIOLK AND A(ilU('Ui;rUltAr- f;j\ZETTR

207

/-^ LADIOLUS, NEWKST and BEST FllENCH

VT VARIETIES.

PRICE LISTS crfitis and post freo on nppllciitloii to
.lAMRS Cartkr & Co., Sootl MoFchiintB and Nursorymon, 237, High
(Iiilborn, London. W.C.

/ ■< LADIOLT. ■ — Collections containinf? nil tho fincRl
\T vAiiutics In cultiviition, many new, nutl offered for tho tlrnt
moo. Itl6a C3a.. 42.1.. 30s.. 26.1.. 20.1., 16»., 12». BRKNCHLEYISN.SIS,
tiio most Bliowv of !»II oxtriihtrnnR roots. :is, pei'do?.., 20.i. per JliO.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LIST.S freo on nppliciitlou.
BiTTLKR, McCuLLoon & Co.. South How. Covent Garden, W.C. ^

Gladioli.

JOHN ST.ANDlSH, R.ivnl Nursovv, Ascot, mn Bupplv
tlrjo FLCIWERING OUtliS of Ins unrlviilloa oollootloii in
splendid r'iTidtli..ii. CATALOGDES of these iiud of bis GENERAL
NnRSEKY .STOCK on iippliciiion.

/' L A i) 1 U 1- I BULBS,

^ T for .Summer. Autumn, and Winter Plowerinp.

2.1. Ctl., 3^. ad.. 6.1. Cd.. 7.1. 6d., !)«.. and 12a. per dozen.
10.1. tSd., l.'n.. 21.1.. 2fjM. to lOOfl, por 100.
Harr.^ SonoKfi. Sued, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Cov.-iiC llirden. TV.C.

LI 1, I U M A U K A T U M. —

Largo Consipnnient just received. 2.i. OJ.. 3jt. Qd.. f'S. Grf., and
7*. Prf. per Root. Kxtrit largo selected Bulbs, 10a. Od., 12*. 6d., 16s.,
nni1 -iU.

Ha mi .t Si-oDKN. Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12. King Street.
I\ ivonl. l!;irden. W C.

Sub-troplcal and Ornamental Follaged Plants
from Seed.

W'lLUAM ROLLI.s.SdN and SONS' NEW and
GENERAL SEED CATALOGUE, conlalulng a List of the
above, can be had on application to

The Nui-series. Tooting. London.

jP"rand ho" rtTc u l t it r a l exhibition

\ T at BURT ST. EDJItJND'S. in connection with tho
SHOW of the ROYAL AQRIcaLTUHAL SOCIETY,
JULY 15, 1SG7, find four following Days.
Amongst Tnrio;is Special Prizes, amounting in value to nearly
£300, and oxclusive of the ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVKR CUP, VALUE £20.
will bo olTored bv the Fropriet'irs of tho
(;.\RDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for the best COLLECTION of FRQITS and VEaETABLES,
to be niado up as follows : —
Of FRUITS, any Five of tho following Eight kinds, one Dish of
nach : — Grapes, Melons (2 fruits). Strawberries, Goosobciries, Cur-
t nits, Chcrrie!!, Raspberries, or Apples (of tho crop of ISfii!).

'If VKGETADLKS, any Eicht of the following Fourteen kinds.
niio basket -ir bundle of each; — Peaa, French Beans (or Scarlet
i:iiiiners). Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace), Summer
< liibages, Early Carrots, IMrnips, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
i:iiiih:irii. Potatos, or Mixed Saladlng.

This Cup will bo open to Corapelltl^n amongst Amnt'.'ur or Prn-
-lonal Gardenei-s, of all grades, mth Fruit and Vegetables of their
( groinng ; any article otherwise obtained will disqualify the
:i!bitor.

Ei\t <5ar&enersJ'Clirontcle.

SATU&DAT, MARCH 2, 1867,

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING tVEEK.
MoNnvT, Slarch 1 — Entomolo;iicaI .. .. 7 F.M.

( Itoyal Hoi-ticultural{FruitandFleraICom-
Tuesday. — 6^ niittres). lit South Kensington .. ..11a.m.

f Ditto (Scientific Discussion) 3p.m.

Thcrsday. — 7— Linncan 8 p.m.

More than 30 years since, in a paper contri-
buted to tho " Philosophical Transactions,"
Professor Daubexy demonstrated tha general
correctness of the opinions held by Peiestlet
that PL.iNTS tended to purify the Atiiosphbre
vitiated by animal contaminations, by means of
the oxygen gas -which they emit so freely from
their tissues, under the influence of solar Ught.
Though often contested, this statement has now
taken its place as a generally accepted fact in our
text books. It is made use of to point many a
moral ; it serves to illusti'ate many a theory.
Amongst other things it is made to account, at
least indu'ectly, for the warmth of polar bears,
and the luxiu'iance of equatorial forests. Bruin
and his fello-sv denizens of the Arctic circle require
a large supply of oxygen to keep them warm.
How are they to get it from the scanty
vegetation of those all but herbless regions ?
Theory says they get it from the tropical forests,
which yield abundance of oxygen, and this,
borne by the heated currents of the atmo.sphere,
finds its way to the poles, while a counter current
moves to the tropics to be warmed and decar-
bonised. In this way, in part, meteorologists
account for tho wind, which now a-days can
hardly be said to blow where it listeth. Be this
as it may, and setting aside all the more or less
plausible theories that have been buQt on it, the
fact remains that plants do give off from their
herbaceous organs, and in the sunlight, oxygen
gas, either pure, or, as Boussinoaitlt has
A-eceutly shown, mixed with carbonic oxide and
carburetted hydrogen gases. Assuming the cor-
rectness of these observations of the eminent
French chemist, plants would seem to emit at the
same time the puie and the impure, the wholesome
and the noxious gas, " a mingled yam, good and
ill together ; " and our theorists have to show
whether, and, if so, how, the poisonous gases
are lost on their road, or whether the quantity
is too small to hurt our polar friends — assuredly
even a walrus would not be uninfluenced by a
full dose of carbonic oxide.

But there is another point connected with the
emission of oxygen, and concerning which

enough is known to afford a ba.sis for abundant
experiment and still more extensive RpecuUtlion,
and that is OzoxE, It can hardly bo said to be
proved that 'any such substance as ozono really
exists, as the indications .and manifestations sup-
posed to denote tho existence of this supposed
modified form of oxj'goii arc considered by many
to be the result of some other agency. But if this
bo so, this agency, call it what you please, has
]ioworful oxygenising pi'0]iorties, and therefore
serves to remove anil destroy noxious organic
matters. Moreover, it is provable that this agent,
whatever it is, is generated whenever oxygen gas is
liberated from combination with a base, anil hence
it occurred to Professor Daubeny that as the
green parts of plants ilo, when exposed to sunlight,
give off oxygen gas, so the}' might also yield ozone.
To test the correctness of this surmise, Professor
Datjuent has instituted a series of experiments,
the record of which may bo found in a recent
number of the Journal of the Chemical Society,
and tho results of which seem to show that when
proper precautions are taken to exclude direct
solar rays, and to m.ake allowances for the effects
of difl'used sunlight (light of itself producing
similar effects on tho test paper to those pro-
duced by ozone), the green parts of plants do
give off ozoue. This emission of ozone by plants
was shown even more conclusively when means
were taken to prevent any ozone reaching the
test paper, except from the plant. Supposing
these experiments to be unvitiated by any
fallacy, the inferences to be drawn from
them cannot be better given than in the
Professor's own words, who hopes that his recent
researches may serve as an appropriate supple-
ment to those earlier ones to which we have
above alluded, "by showing that vegetable life
acts as the appointed instrument for counter-
acting the injurious effects of the animal
creation upon the air we breathe, not merely by
restoring to it the oxygen which the latter had
consumed, but also by removing, thi'ough the
agency of the ozoue it generates, those noxious
effluvia which are engendered by the various
processes of putrefaction and decay."

riponod by favourable conditions of soil and
climate, and hence made more capable of booi-iug
extreme cold with impunity.

Woody Plant!? of moveable size, which are
liable to suffer injury fi'om frost in severe winters,
should as a safeguard be Transplanted in
autumn. This we believe may be laid down as
an axiom in modern horticulture, for various
independent facts may be referred to in direct
support of it. Let us quote a few of those
which have come within our own knowledge.

Beginning with the severe winter of 1860,
when Eoses generally were severely punished.
Ml'. A., having just then transferred his plants to
new ground — having consequently transplanted
them, in the autumn, ju.st before the severe frosts
of that year occurred — scarcely lost one, while
other Eose-growers suffered very heavy losses.
The same thing occurred with tender fruit-trees,
as Peaches, &c. The experience of the present
winter tells the same tale. Mi-. B., whose garden is
in a low-lying station, finds his Rose trees, which
have been standing undisturbed, most severely
punished, but a batch which had been taken up
and laid in by the roots, escaped uninjured.
Ml'. C, awa3' down in the Midland Counties, had
bought [in a considerable number of the best new
Eoses, which had been received in November,
and had been laid in by the roots, and these too
escaped without damage, in a locality where it is
reported the Eose loss will, under ordinary con-
ditions, be great. Mr. D., in a bleak exposed
district, where Araucarias are sadly disfigured, if
not destroyed — too commonly the case, we fear — •
yet finds amongst a considerable number which
were lifted in autumn, a few which are quite
unharmed, and many which are but very sHghtly
damaged. Such instances might be multiplied
indefinitely.

Tho reason why transplanted trees of the
character referred to, should escape injury from
excessive cold, while the same kinds remaining
undisturbed suffer more or less severely, is not
difficult of explanation. In brief it may be thus
stated. The untransplanted trees not having
received any check at the root are still full of
sap, if not in active growth, while the trans-
planted trees, having had theu- supplies cut off,
are brought into a state of rest. The difference is
similar to that which occurs in the ca,s6 of
ripened and unripened wood ; the flow of sap
having been arrested, the wood of the tree has been
rendered comparatively inactive, by having been
brought into a condition almost exactly resem-
bling that of wood which has been thoroughly

Wk resret to have to announce tlio Death of

tho vicll-knovvn botanicil travellor and collector
"Josef Ritter von Rawicz Warscewicz" at
Cracow, Avliere ho held tho post of IiiMpcctor of the
Imperial liolanic.tl Garden. JIo died afkT a short
illness on the -*Itli of December last, in llic ."itth year
fif liis a^o. 'l^o Orchid Krowcr.s ho will Ion;i lio held in
grateful recoiled ion forllie many fine thinjis iutioduccd
l)y him. and distributed in this country mainly Ibroii^li
tho ajicncy of the late Mr.SKiNNEK. Sovoial Orchids,
includins the well-known Cattleya Warsccwiczii, a
line Canna, and other plants, will perpetuate his name
among plant lovers.

A practical gardener, unversed in the mysteries

of that department of Botany correspondinR to what
in the sister science of Zoology is called Transcendental
Anatomy (!) would either feel himself insulted, or
woultl have doubts a.s to the sanity of the questioner,
if he were asked whether or no he knew what the
tendril of a Melon or Cucumber was. And yet, in tho
whole rangeofdebatedmattersin Vegetable Morphology,
there is scarcely any one thing concerning which so
many diverse opinions have been, and still are, held,
as the Tendril of the CucukbitacE/E. We do not
intend to raise the question here, but we may in brief
say that the tendril of the Gourd family has been
considered as a root, as a branch, as a flower-stalk,
as a leaf, as a stipule, as a bud, as a terminal
shoot displaced so' as to become lateral, as a mixed
or composite organ consisting of a fusion of shoot
and leaf, or by those desirous of cutting the
Gordian Knot, as an organ sui generis, wholly distinct
from any other. Latterly, M. Chatin, re-en(.ering an
arena in which he was an actor many years since, has
been led to tho conclusion, from the internal
anatomical structure of the organ in question in
several of the genera of this important family, that the
tendril in the Cucurbitacere is a modification of the
flower-stafk, its branches, when present, being either
repetitions of the main branch, or the homologues of
bracts, or fl<iral leaves. The facts and arguments
adduced by M. Chatin in support of his opinions are
very cogeiit, and, assuming them to be correct, it is
clear that the matter is not merely one of purely
scientilio interest, but that it concerns all thoughtful
growers of Melons or Cucumbers, and suggests the
question whether or no it be possible to convert a
rudimentary and imperfect fruit branch into a
productive one by means analogous to those employed
by the pruner of fruit trees.

M. Bossix, in a recent number of the Eevue

Sorticole, speaks very positively of the advantages to
be derived from planting EiHLY Potatos as contrasted
with late ones. By planting in February, or as soon
as the frost will allow, varieties which may bo dug in
July and August before the Potato disease manifests
itself, Ifl. BossiN asserts that he is enabled to secure
an abundant crop; while those who depend on the
later varieties lose, in some seasons, half or two-thirds
of their crops.

We not unfrequently have to make comments

on the terms in which lonii Jide Advertisements
are couched, and which, to say the least, are injudicious,
as leading to hostile criticism. Onr American cousins,
however, " whip us " in the matter of advertisements,
and we question whethtr any respectable English firm
would have the bad taste to issue such an advertise-
ment as that we subjoin, and which is taken from a
trans-Atlantic seed catalogue. We suppress the correct
names of the individuals referred to :—

" Words from the Departed.

" With great pain we receive every year, information from
loving friends of the departure of some of our best customers
—names familiar and ever dear. They are cherished in our
memory. It is a ple.asiu-e to be remembered by them iu their
last moments, and to know that though gono where flowers
will ever bloom, they yet speak for us - a joy to feel that we
have done something to afford them pleasure during their
sojourn here.

" From A. B.. Esq., Hulberloyi. N. Y., April 9, 1866.

" My father-in-law, and your patron and friend. Abijah
Wright, departed this life on Mond.ay, April 2d. aged 84 years
and 17 days. His love for flowers and .all that was beautiful
on earth, made him a great admirer of Nature and Nature's
works. He often refen-cd to his satisfactory dealings with
you. and the unfolding of many a rare seed to beauty and

fragrance would cause the remark. ' Mr. never deceives

me.' His departure from earth is but .another addition to the
world above, where all is sweetness and praise.

" From C. D. £., Catlin, III, May 1, 1860.

" I write to thank you most sincerely for filling duplicates
for flower seeds, the original order, accompained by the
money, h.aving gone astray through the mails and never
reached you. Sly wife has been ordering flower seeds of you
for the past four years. The seeds obt.ained from you always
gave entire satisfaction, proved as good, if not better, than
recommended, and .afforded much pleasure to us .and our
visitors ; many came on purpose to see and admire our fine
displav of choice flowers. My dear companion was a great
lo^er of flowers, and displayed great ability and fine t.iste in
their cultivation. But she has now gone borne to that brighter
and better land where flowers bloom for ever. She died
of consumption, ere the earliest wild flowers h.id bloomed
along the bill sides. Always a great admirer of you as the
Prince of Caterers to the best t,aste rmd adornment of rural
life, slje enjoined me to continue to patronise you. .and teach
our darliOL' infant boy a love of flowers and the beautiful in
Nature, that he may grow up with refined sentiments and
noble aspirations. From this on I will cultivate flowers,
sacred tti the memory of the de.ar departed, because they were
her favourites and pets, and for the sake of our d.arhng Jesse
whose infantile mind now goes into ecstacies at the sight of
Nature's beauties."

From a " Report of an analysis of a fifth remit-
tance of Bark from India," by Jlr. Howabd^^ we
quote the following with much satislactiqn :— On
the whole, the present remittance of barks is unques-

208

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Makch 2, 1867.

tionably the most encouraging that I have had the
opportunity of e.xamiuing from India,"

We are informed that among other rare Orchid.s

and new plants, Mr. Bull will, on Tuesday next,
exhibit at South Kensington the rare Cypeipedium
Datanum in flower.

-■— With the view of more thoroughly marking the
origin of the New Gkape mentioned by us last week,
Mr. Standish has determined to name it the Eoyal
Ascot, instead of the Eoyal Black.

STEAWBEEEY FORCING.

In packing Strawberries I have this season been
using the leaves of French Beans. They are much
softer than those of the Strawberry itself and less
liable to injure the fruit, which, when well developed
and perfectly ripe, is very susceptible of injury.

In forcing Strawberries I have had far better success
since I adopted a plunging bed of leaves for the purpose
of starting them. Thus situated they soon push, and
throw up their leaves and flowers with such vigour and
kindness, that they seem to say, " What a delightful
situation we are in ! " Having set their fruit in the
leaf bed, they are next moved on to an airy shelf in a
■warmer house, where they are allowed to remain until
swollen and coloured, nearly to maturation. They are
at this stage moved on to a light cool airy shelf, for the
purpose of flnishing them off, both as regards colour
and flavour.

I have tried an arrangement of wooden shelves fixed
near to the glass ; also placed them on shelves with turf
under the pots, and in saucers filled with water
standing on inverted saucers, all which plans I have
given up in favour of the old bed of leaves. The leaves
m the bed are occasionally turned, and a few fresh ones
added, mixing at the same time with them a little
soot and lime for the purpose of destroying slugs,
which are brought in amongst them, and in conse-
quence of the genial warmth aflbrded them, soon
become very troublesome and destructive.

Part of my success in Strawberry culture consists in
my having a commodious house, in which the plants
are housed in autumn, and where they get sufficient
heat only to keep out frost ; they also get plenty of air,
and require but little water. From this place they are
introduced to the leaf bed, and onwards in regular
succession. Wm. Miller, Comic Abbey Oardens.

ness of arrangement or culture was apparent in these
fine houses, and the same is true of the whole.

Its contents are clean, well-grown, and well-arranged!
I don't think I have ever observed such efScient

LETTERS FROM PAEIS.-No. I.

Lb Jaedin Fleueiste de la Ville de Paeis.
Though hybernating here for a month past, with a
view of awaiting the opening of the Exhibition, and
fludying French horticulture generally, I have not yet
seen much of it, the weather having been fully as dis-
agreeable here as in England, but the Lilac buds
are now beginning to swell; there are a few spring
flowers to be seen in the Jardin des Plantes; the Wall-
flowers and various other spring-blooming things,
considerably used in Parisian squares, &c., are assuming
a deeper green preparatory to blooming ; the birds are
singing merrily in the Tuileries Gardens ; the Parisians
beginning to crowd the Avenue des Champs Elysces
on flue days ; in short, one is pleasantly reminded that
" To mute and to material things,
New life returnintj Summer brings ; "
and the bright blue sky and gladdening sun of this
morning reminded me that it was a capital one on
which to see the establishment from which many of
the gardens, parks, avenues, and squares in and around
Paris, are supplied with plants.

Many English horticulturists have an idea that
French gardening is " behind the age." A single visit
to this establishment would leave a very diflerent
impression. I understood it to be a large propagating
establishment, but was surprised to find in it, in addi-
tion to the plants used for bedding, a magnificent
collection of exotics, which would do credit to any
national botanic garden. In fact so extensive is the
establishment, and so full the collections, that I can
hope to give your readers no idea of plants of peculiar
merit or novelty, or do any more than take a rapid
survey of the establishment. In summer I hope to
meet all the plants used for open-air decoration in their
allotted places, and there to judge of their merit, as well
as to frequently visit this fine establishment to examine
its vai5t interest more minutely.

Imagine yourself prepared to visit a "propagating
establishment," and then ushered into a magnificent
span-roofed curvilinear Camellia house— quite a grand
conservatory of Camellias, and in connection with it on
one side a great conservatory filled with Aralias,
1 iiccas, Eeaucarneas, Tree Ferns, Nicotianas, Dasy-
hrions, Dracrenas, and a host of such plants all in fine
condition, and arranged as closely and well as possible
everything being clean and orderly. Then, on the
other side, another very fine span-roofed structure for
Palms. And such a noble collection of healthy Palms in
a fresh green state !

They were arranged in three longitudinal beds, while
all round the house ran a belt of the smaller and
younger kinds, plunged in tan to give them a little
encouragement. To look along the pathway between
each of these rows was like glancing into a fresh young
tropical Palm grove, in such perfect health were the
plants. When it is considered that many other great
houses were in sight, and a large field of pits and
frames, the reader will agree that examining or relating
the particular interest of the subject was out of the
question on a single morning, though that it is worthy
of study Will be conceded when I state that there are
nearly 400 kinds of Palms and closely-allied plants in
this establishment. Though it is essentially a business
garden, and one in which an almost innumerable host
of plants have to be annually developed, no slovenli-

eoonomy of space in an English garden as in these
houses. Under the benches are packed quantities of
Caladiumsj Fuchsias, Cannas, and hosts of things that
ma,y be efficiently preserved in such places in winter,
and even aiter the great Arums, &c,, receive their
first pot of the season they are thickly stood under-
neath for a short time— every available inch being
taken advantage of Some of the houses
are large lean-tos, and instead of the back
vvall of such being left naked, or with one shelf
placed against it at the top, there are a series of shelves
one above another— six altogether, and on these a
multitude of plants are accommodated— Coleuses, &c,,
in the warm houses, Lan tanas, and the like, in the cool ;
they keep readily enough on such during the winter,
and if drawn a little or discoloured, a few weeks of
bright sun in spring in the frames before putting out
in the open air, soon puts that to rights. In the
large span-roofed curvilinear houses, with a narrow
passage through the centre, there are a series of shelves
affixed to erect irons on each side, and on these a great
number of plants are stored, so that every space is
taken advantage of without in the slightest degree inter-
fering with the health of the stuff, which is indeed
admirable. But doubtless it is necessary thus to
economise space, for the enormous number of nearly
three million of plants is annually required from and
furnished by this establishment for the embellishment
of Paris and its environs. These are raised at the
average rate of two centimes a plant— a cost which to
your leastFrenchandnon-decimalreadersI may describe
as about equivalent to the ghost of a farthing. And
observe that many of the plants are such as would be
fit to embellish any exhibition, numbers of them being
Palms and fine-leaved plants, while of course the least
valuable are simply bedding plants, from Nierem-
bergias to Pelargoniums, of which last there are
annually sent out from hence 400,000 plants !

Without seeing the houses or plants the potting-
shed would tell of extraordinary horticultural opera-
tions, for in the centre there is a great wide
bench, around which 60 men can work. Ordinary
bedding plants seem to me to be kept here at an extra-
ordinarily cheap rate— I think more economically than
I have observed them in English gardens. A very
large space of ground is covered by parallel lines of
rough and rather shallow small wooden frames, very
simply and cheaply made. They are rather closely
placed, and the pathways between, and, in fact, all the
spaces around them, filled up with leaves and mossy
rakings from the adjacent Bois de Boulogne. These
are nearly or quite filled up to the edge of the frames,
and of course keep them warm and snug through the
winter. In winter the interior of the frames is low,
in spring their bottoms are raised so as to bring the
foliage of the plants right up to the glass; and they are
now engaged in doing this by putting in a quantity of
the now pretty well consolidated leafy stuff before
named. IVhen this gets decomposed around the rough
and simple frames it is taken away and preserved for
potting purposes, making, of course, excellent leaf-
mould. Among its other remarkable and excellent
features, this great nursery garden possesses a colossal
and tempting heap of leaf-mould, which would be
appreciated in the most leafy parks of England. With
the frames thus plunged in a comforting mass of
genially warm leaves, and the plants lowered inside in
winter, protection is a matter of easy accomplishment.
They were crammed with healthy bedding plants— the
most precious of the variegated Pelargoniums, &o., being
of course in the houses ; but the great mass of bedding
stuff is grown in this way in miles of cheap framing.
There is no means of heating these otherwise than by
the leaves ; and as it would in any case be very desirable
to accumulate a goodly store of leaf-mould, that means
is anything but expensive.

But though the ordinary dwarf bedding plants are pre-
served in vast quantities in thisway,it is not the cheapest
way in which they do things here, as we shall presently
see. Ton have heard of the grand and graceful use
made of the Cannas in Parisian gardening. These are
preserved in a most eflicient way, in caves or catacombs
under the garden. After the stone is taken out of the
ground for building purposes, they leave an odd rough
propping column here and there, and thus wide and
equably heated " stores are left underground. These
are in this case about 7 feet high, and used as a great
store for plants that may be well preserved without
light in the winter. You descend by a sloping tan-
covered passage, and ten to one but you imagine your-
self in a large Potato store immediately you get down,
even if you are acquainted with horticulture, I did,
and was it any wonder, when heaps of different kinds of
Canna, and tho.se by no means common kinds with us,
were spread upon the floor a yard or more deep, and 20ft.'
long ? The ' tubers " of some of the large kinds were
from 5 to 8 inches long, and the men were turning
them over just as they would the contents of a series
of Potato-pits. Here, too, in wide masses against
the wall are arrayed quantities of Aralia papyrifera,
the handsome and full-grown kind so useful for " sub-
tropical gardening." It seems in perfectly firm and
safe condition, growing in this dark, or rather gas-
lighted climate, and sends out long blanched leaves of
a delicate lemon colour, which will of course soon
acquire a healthy green when the plants are placed in
the open air. Thus they preserve Aralia papyrifera
in all sizes, and this fine thing is turned out for garden
embellishment almost as cheap as Wallflowers. Of
course analogous protection could be given to such
things in many English gardens where space may be
limited, and much expense out of the question. In
these caves were also preserved Brugmansias, American
and other Agaves, DahUas, Fuchsias, &c., ad lib., and |

ilace I had ever seen

it seemed to me about the best •
for storing such plants.

I' is astonishing the quantities in which you see
good things, and new bedding plants here. Houses, 80
and 100 feet long, are flUed with new Alternantheras ;
houses equally long, devoted to the raising of seedling
Palms, &c., in quantity. If a plant be considered
worthy of attention at all it is propagated by the
thousand ; 50,000 being the opening quantity for a new
thing of any promise. Dracrenas are grown here more
abundantly than variegated Pelargoniums in many
a good English bedding garden, and they have, I
believe, the finest collection of such in existence.
In one house a specimen of each kind has been
recently planted out in the central pit, and among
them some handsome and noticeable kinds to which I
cannot now allude.

About the slightly embellished Avenue d'Eylau
entrance there is not a little hardy plant interest—
among others, a collection of Bamboos put out to test
their hardiness ; and that out of door matters are not
forgotten will be apparent when I state that there is a
frame-light over one collection of Tulips as big as a large
consei-yatory, and every sign of a most extensive Tulip
collection, which, of course, I shall have a quiet look at
by and by, and then also attend to any other out-door
matters of interest. It is a favourite plan here to devote a
house to a special subject. Thus there is a large and fine
span-roofed stove for Ficuses ; a house for the collec-
tion of bedding Musas, with a line of thirty healthy
plants of Musa Ensete, forming its backbone, so to
speak ; a very large and high curvilinear stove for the
great collection of Solanums; special houses for Arums,
Galadiums, &c,, and a winter garden about 120 feet long
by 40 wide, well stored with a healthy stock of usual
conservatory plants, with here and there fine-leaved
things like Phormium tenax, a very effective plant
when well grown in pots and tvibs, and of which they
have here more than 2000 plants of various sizes. Of
course all this vast collection cannot be and is not used
for summer decoration. It is employed for the decora-
tion of the Hotel de Ville, where 10,000 plants are
sometimes required upon a sinde occasion. I met one
of the vans returning from town with plants. It was
fortified with a neat little stove at one end, flat hot-
water pipes passing round the interior of the van, and
thiis, while space was not curtailed, the van was most
efliciently heated, and tender plants could be conveyed
by it in safety in the depth of winter. However, I hope
to see I'Hotel de Ville in full dress ere long.

Entering from the Avenue d'Eylau,' one of the first
things you meet with is a magnificent block of cur-
vilinear span-roofed houses— ten in a mass, divided
only by a narrow covered way which you enter, and
through which only you communicate with the houses
which it divides— five on each side. These con-
tain a vast amount of interest and a great number
of rare and new plants. One is the largest,
and most perfect propagating house I have ever
seen, being more than 80 feet long and 24 wide, or
thereabouts. Prom this house 80,000 plants are turned
out in the course of a year, and observe that numbers
of these are large-leaved Ficuses and plants difiicult to
strike, as well as Begonias, bedding plants, and free-
rooting stuff. It contains three central and two side
beds, the central pits well elevated, every space in
active work, and the whole presenting a most imposing
array of large bell-glasses.

The propagating seemed most successful. Thev do
not do it as we do. No pans were used in this house,
but very minute pots, a shade larger than a thimble,
and into each a cutting is placed, the li*tle pots placed
on the tan, and covered with large circular bell-glasses.
The greater part of the house is occupied with these,
all of a size, but there are some special arrangements
for propagating the more difiicult subjects, and among
these I noticed what appeared to be an improvement-
bell-glasses, somewhat of the ordinary type, with an
aperture in the top about two inches in diameter, into
which a moisture-absorbing bit of sponge was
squeezed. Nothing could be more business-like than
the arrangements for propagating in this house.
Great quantities of Hibiscuses are grown here,
treated somewhat like Fuchsias— they exist without
leaves or any trouble in winter. They are now being
started gently in warm houses, and prepared for
planting out. The bedding-out in and around Paris is
something enormous. It is not confined to grand
avenues or parks, or great centres, as with us, but is
dotted about wherever there is an open space ; every
small square has its garden, each distinct in design, I
believe ; and a round open " Place," its large circular
beds now filled with spring flowers, and by-and-by to
be prepared for subtropical plants I presume. But I
shall see all these things in due time. Already I see a
great deal to admire in the way they bring healthy
trees into the heart of Paris, and plant them by
hundreds of thousands along the Boulevards, go where
you will, I have never before seen such pains and
successful efforts made to induce trees to make perfect
specimens, and to keep them free from danger. Each
tree is protected by a neatly made cage, either of sticks
or thin strips of iron. Each is staked when young,
and cut so as to induce it to make a straight lead, and
thus they have the Planes with trunks as straight
as a gun-barrel, and heads with as healthy and
vigorous-looking growth as you could desire in a 'fertile
quiet glade. Each tree is protected at the root with a
wide circular grating, and to supply these alone must
have caused vast expense. This grating efficiently
preserves the ground round each young tree from
being trampled on, and gives full facilities for watering
or any other attention that the young tree may require.
In one high house devoted to tall Palms and other
effective-leaved plants I noticed a good specimen of
Musa superba; they cultivate 16 or 17 species of this
genus. In fact, the place oflfers you more facilities for
ascertaining the most valuable members of some

J'lABcn 2, 1SG7.J

THE GAEDENEES' CHKONICLE AND AGBICULTURAL GAZETTE.

209

important genera tlian my I avu acciuaiutcd with
The boilers of some of the smaller prppasatmg and
otLr houses are heated by gas, and in this way a very
0, liable temperature is preserved. It may give your
re'iders some idea of the colleetion, when I state that
there are in cultivation here between 30 and 10 kinds
of \ralia, 13 of Oreopanax, 3G of Anthuniim, 15 ol
Pothos 30 of Philodendron, nearly 120 of Canna, 18 of
Zamia. and 10 of Pi.Mis ! That among sueh a ooUection
I shali hereafter lind much of interest to linglish
"ardeners, there can be no manner of doubt while ol
course the summer is the season to judge ol the best
of those used for out-door decoration.

I cannot conclude this notice without an acknowledg-
ment ofthe courtesy and assistance I have received Irom
allFrench horticulturistslhavemet andmthismstaiice
the more particularly to M. Barillet and. M. Andre.
Ill others, and generally, M. Henri Vilmoriu has. been
e.'itremelv kind in renderms mo every assistance in his
power towards seeing elUciently the horticultuial
interest of Paris and its environs. IN or vvould it be
just to conclude without testifying to the distinguish-
ing ability and energy manifest in everything under
AI Barillet's control, from the grounds and gardens in
and around the Exposition, to the remotest gardens ol
the environs. I was surprised at the sums spent in
gardening by La Ville de Paris, but not when I found
how well and .judiciously they were disposed, .and
how excellent is the result produced by M. BariUet.
JF. S; Feb. 16.

SALADS, AND HOW TO GEOW THEM.
Cos Lettuces.— These rank among the chief of
salad materials, both at home and on the continent i.e.
if we may judge by the large quantities ol them which
are imnorted from Algeria for the Paris markets, ihey
also find their way from Algeria to the London markets,
and from thom to nearly all the principal towns in
England. Our object at present is. however, more
particularly to speak of their culture m England than
to advert to their uses ; though, by the way, we may just
mention a fact which is overlooked by many ol our
English cooks, viz. their great value for stews, for which
they are admirably adapted. , ,, ^. ,

Lettuces, with proper care and attention, may be
obtained nearly, if not quite, all the year round from
our own gardens. To do this we must begin with the
year and follow up the months in succession. Let me,
therefore commence with January ; though, perhaps,
I should more properly begin with those so\yn in the
autumu as the latter are, of course, the first to come
in for table. I will, however, start with the year.
Cos Lettuces, then, should be sown about the second
week in January, after the following manner:— Let a,
•slight hotbed be made of say one foot and a halt ol
well-worked stable manure. I mean by well-worked
that which has been several times turned over, so that
the rank steam has had opportunity to pass ott. ihe
"round for this bed should be thrown out, which is
tetter than making it on the surface, as the wind.5 m
March are often so drying that the young plants suBer
very much at the roots if the bed be made above
ground The bed having been made of the requisite
depth, place your frame upon it, and cover the dung
with six or eight inches of light mould, pass your spade
over this in order to make the surface even, then sow
the seed, sift over it lightly fine mould about halt an
inch in depth, put on the glass, and cover with straw
or some other litter. It will require watching, lor, if
the weather should be mild, the young Lettuces are
likely to come up very quickly. As soon as they show
themselves let them have all the air you can When
not frosty pull the lights quite off, in order that they
may have the full benefit of both sun and air It the
weather be such that you cannot give theni this treat-
ment (for, mind, they must not be allowed to get wet
from rain or other causes, otherwise they will, what we
term "canker," and be useless), they will get long in
the leg To overcome this, sift very carefully with a
fine sieve, some dry sand or other light mould over
them as often as they require it, taking care, however,
not to choke their hearts. Let the young plants
be well thinned as soon as they have grown out ol then-
seed-leaf They should stand at least two inches apart
each way in the seed-bed, as it is next to impossible to
get good Lettuces if the plants are not strong and
healthy when planted out. When they have
grown sufficiently to have made three or four leaves
if the weather be mild let them have the benefit ot
showers, but not so much as to saturate them. Other
beds should be sown in the same manner as before
stated about a fortnight after each other until the
middle of March, in order to keep up a good succes-
sion A sowing may also be made in the open ground
about the latter end of February where they are to
stand, but these are not to be depended upon, as the
ron"h weather may kill them. After the middle ot
March sow every fortnight until the third week in
July, in good open ground. They should be sown
very thinly. As soon as the young plants have made
four good leaves, in addition to the seed ones, they
should be planted out, as a great deal depends upon
getting that done before they have grown too large ;
indeed, if the weather be propitious, they cannot well
be planted too small. Plant them in rows, 15 inches
apart every way, on a good open piecj of ground which
has been well dunged and trenched the preceding
autumn or winter. It should have been thrown up m
ridges roughly. It must now be lightly forked down
level If the ground be very light previous to planting
it should be rolled rather firmly, or perhaps a better
way is to tread the lines. , ,, . ,

The seed beds in the open ground may be thinned
out to the same distance from plant to plant as
• those that have been planted ; sometimes these will do
better than the latter if the summer be very dry. as
their tap root is not so easily affected by the hot

weather. I may just remark hero that i the Irequent
sowings before mentioned be not made, it will be
imiiossible to keep up a good succession as Lettuces
will run to seed in the summer mouths almost as soon
as they have arrived at the proper state lor table.
During these months it will be advisable to give them
some good waterings. It is a good system to plant
among other things, as they are a ver.v quick crop,
such as everv alternate row among Leeks, young
planted Mint," Cauliflowers, Sea .Kale, Parsnips .&c.
As soon as the Lettuces are sufhcicntly grown which,
if the foregoing instructions have been attended to, the
first sown will have become by the beginning ot J une,
they should be tied with bast in dry weather for a lew
days or a week ; they will then be ready for use. I the
weather be hot and humid they must not be tied too
long a time, or they will rot. . ^ . ,

Those sown in July will be ready for use in October.
These .should be planted in some sheltered grouna
where they may be protected from the early autumn
frosts, or they may be taken, up Irom where they
have grown, and placed in a pit or other
place (not too damp) where they can be secured from
frost; they will bear the moving well, although they
may be fully grown. If kept moderately dry these
will be fit for table until Christmas. .

Having advanced this much respecting spring and
summer-sown Lettuces, I will now proceed to say a
little about autumn-sown ones. Tliesort giomi lor
the London market is called Hardy Whie but there
are other kinds of winter Lettuce ; the old Brmvu Cos
is a good sort for winter, and more hardy than the
first-named, quite as good eating, but not so sightly ;
there are also many other varieties ol winter Lettuce,

but these are the two best. , ,, „ . , , ,

Sow them in the open ground the first and second
week in August ; plant out as soon as ready on warm,
dry land, in rows at the distance of a foot, and let each
plant stand C inches apart. This .is much too thick
ibr them to stand for a crop, but it is best to put them
in thus thickly, .s the winter usually makes sad havoc
among them. '. hey should be thinned out m *e ear ?
sprini to a foot apart ; these will be ready for table m
the latter end of April, and beginning of May

Let me now speak of the mam crop oi Lettuces ioi
summer consumption. Three sowings of these should
be made, namely in the second, third and last week
in October. Let some good loam be prov ded (it will
be better if it has been turned over a few tunes) ; put
your frame in some sheltered spot facing south or
fouth-east, and raise the back of it so that it stands at
an angle if about 40'; then throw in about 10 inches
of loam, rake and smooth the surface as before directed;
then Tow the seed, and sift with rather dry, sharp
sand to keep down worms, which are often very
iJoublesome during winter. As soon ^*e plants show
their heads give them the full beneht of the an, hut
keep them di"y ; if the plants become long sift with the
SSof sand as before; theliBhtsmustbekeptopeu
on all occasions when it is not rainy or frosty; they will
require a good covering of straw over the glass to keep
out tie atter. These plants should be very carefully
thinned in the seed bed, so that the air may have tree
cSation among them or they will dam,, oil during
the winter months; if the weather be suitable, these
^11 be ready to plant in the fo.Uowmg .February ; treat
them according to former instructions ; they will
in most seasons be ready for use from the
end of May until Midsummel^ 'f be best sort 1
to sow from October to July, is the London White Cos ;
Paris White and Paris Green are .also good varieties;
these last two grow best if sown in the open ground
about Midsummer. There are also some very coarse
varieties such as Mammoth, Monstrous and others
but ?heir flavour is not so good I think hey are not
worth growing, except for the sake of variety. In my
next I shall have something to say about Caobage
Lettuces. J. M. M.

THE AMEEICAN AGAVE.
" The following is the mode adopted for the extra,c-
tion of the juice of the Maguey plant, and for the
manufactur ng from it of pulque, which denomination
dSes from the time of the Spanish occupation of
Mexico, the derivation of the word appearing to be
totally unknown, the beverage being known under the
denomination of 'neutli' 'in the time of the Aztecs
So soon as the leaves begin to turn yellow a small
concave aperture is scooped out by means of a keen-
ed^ed knife in the core of the plant, which is usually
about 18 to 20 centimetres in diameter, a.nd this
aperture is gently scraped round, care being taken that
no ncisionbe made in the leaves or fibres .around it,
for fear of imparting a bad taste to the .juice. This
operation produces a sediment,tl.irough which the juice
"enerally known underthe technicalnameof aqua-niiel
Sfhoney-water, exudes from the grooves of the plant,
which juice is extracted by the llagiiey labourer by
means of an elongated gourd formed into a tube the
Srhi which is exhausted .by suction, ™<1 winch he
thrusts into the incision m the core of the plant
stopping the aperture at one end with his finger, and
enJ tying its contents into his 'zurron,' a sort o
"ZeTv ous sheepskin bag inserted in a net and strapped
t^ h s back. Each labourer has. usually the care of
from 50 to CO plants, from which he extracts from
about 110 to 120 arrobas of honey-water P.e/ weeli.
As soon as his 'zurrou' is full, he carries it to the
' finical' or pulque manufactory very commonly
returning to each plant and perfermmg the same
opemtioS of scoopmg round the incision and exhaust
ing the juice it contains twice in the day taking
particular care to cover up the ai;e'-ture with leave
ind stones, lest the cattle, dogs, or ' caygottes, .a small
species of jackal which infests the country m large
numbers, should get at the juice. .

" As we have before seen, the honey-water vanes m

quantity, colour, and quality, according to the siiecietf
(variety) of the plant, the producing time of which
may be said to extend on an average to about three
months, although .some sorts only yield juice during a
jieriod of 20 days, and other sorts arc so exuberant that
they yield it during six months, anil that in largo
quantities. The average quantity yielded by eaoU
lilaut, one with another, may be roughly estimated
at about 100 arrobas.

" The pulque manufactories of the different Maguey
jjlautations consist of a long covered-in gallery, well-
ventilated, and containing rows of vats made of
bullocks' hides stretched over a modern framework,
and smeared over with lime on the outside, into which
the honey-water is emptied so soon as it is brought
in from the plantations, and which, in about 3() hoiir.s
begins to ferment, casting up large bubbles ol Iroth,
losiiv its pristine transparent colour, and assuming a
milky whitish tint which it permanently retains. It
was formerly the habit to throw lime, or a plant called
'Ocgractli' "into the honey-water, in order to produce
a greater degree of fermentation; but now, a small
quantity of ' maduc del pulque,' or Jiulquc already
manufactured, is poured into the empty vats, which
quickly deposits a thick and whitish coloured sedi-
ment, upon which the new juice or honey-water is
thrown in. The mixture after feimentation being
ready for use, is then sent off to the city of Mexico,
Puebla, or the nearest market, the pulque very
commonly undergoing a considerable dilution of water
by the way at the hands of the carriers, who convey it
in sheepskin bags upon mulesor donkeys. The quantity
of it which thus annually enters the city oi Mexico
alone may be estimated on the average to be about
2 000,000 arrobas, and that which enters Puebla to be
about 500,000 arrobas, and the cost of transport alone
has been calculated, taking the approximate average of
1 real a~ that of each arroba, to represent the sum oi

:jl-' Inlliu-s; not less than 20,000 mules and donkeys

laden with the beverage entering the city every month
bv the gate leading to the Maguey districts. Iq the
quantity paying duty must also be added a consider-
able quantity which is smuggled m, and including this
it may he calculated that about 50,000,000 bottles are
now annually introduced int" ^^^e e'^y of *^<"'i™,'
Humboldt having fixed the number at 41,.000 000 ; and
the amount of money annually expended in the drink,
at the average rate of about a, quarter of areal jier
bottle, to be about 1,600,000 dollars aiiniia ly. The
number of pulque stores within the capital (which in
the year 1771, when the increa,sing iiopularity of the
beverage compelled the Spanish \ iceroy to issue
special regulations respecting licences to sell it, i:c.,
amounted to 34, afterwards increasing to 80) now
amounts to 513. These stores are usually painted in
gay colours outside, the wall behind the counter almost
mvariahly exhibiting to view a rudely-executed
allegorical fresco setting forth the 'Power of Love
under the stimulating effects of the Maguey plant,
Venus, Bacchus, and the nymphs occupying prominent
positions in the background, whi st a little image ol
the Virgin with a lamp burning before it sometimes
occupies a retired corner ofthe estabishment.

"From a chemical analysis of pulque it is found to
contain, in difi'erent proportions according to its
quality, alcohol, mnoilaginous feeula, sugar, water, and
potash It has been observed that the drunkenness
produced by it, under its different varieties is of a less
violent descrijrtion than that produced by another
common beverage of the country-brandy made from
the Sugar-cane; and that delirium tremens is rarely
produced by the immoderate use of the former, though
Sften by that of the latter. It is also aflirme.d that
the pulque drinker is eommonly long-lived, whilst the
reverse s the case with regard to those addicted to the
Su-'ar-cane brandy, and that the former beverage, not-
withstanding its somewhat acid taste, «. P™baby on
account of the feeula contained, in it, peculiarly
beneficial to women suckling their infants and to
those peVe whose constitution requires a wholesome

'^'^ThTexeesses committed by the lower .orders during
a riot occasioned by the high jirice of Maize m the city
of Mexico in the year 1602 being ^tt"b"ted to pulque
drinking, the Count de Galvez consulted the Royal
uSversity, as well as the College of Jesuits, as to the
expediency of prohibiting the use of it altogethei^
Especially among the Indian population, and the
Eeport upon the subject, which was issued by. each ot
these learned bodies, is a most curious specimen ot
cholastic pedantry and monkish logic, the prohibition
being finally determined upon. It was removed, ho-n -
ever within a short time afterwards and the Crovra of
Spain allowed the sale of the popular beverage again
under certain restrictions, incorporating the tax upon
it with the other colonial imposts, m which in course
of Hme it became a highly ™P"tant item in^oducing
in some' years a sura of more than 1 000,000 dollars to
the Treasury From that time to the present it has
contiS^o fall until it has now reactied the com-
pa?atWe1y low average of about 200,000 d?ll=>'-sf ^»™%;
the cause of so sensible a diminution being attributable

consumption as to produce so bigli ^^ ^0™,*^*°^^;'^
Treasury as that of former t'^es ; but t ,s i^mimea oy
competent judges, that ^ere it honestb ami P ^^^

'^^^:^^^^^ - -"""'

amount of 600.000 dollars. Mexico, before

" The eollecting 0 the pu que t^ m Me^^^ .^^^^.^^

210

THE GABDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICTILTUEAL GAZETTE,

upoa whom no other duty was imposed, there beina _
?AEf?'i, °"®'^*' '"^ Administrator, with a salary of
1000 dollars each, with minor officials in all the towns
where the beverage was drunk ; the whole number of
emplo!/es amounting to 64, and their united salaries
amounting to about 20,000 dollars " J

[Maboh 2, 1867.

NOTES ON CONIPEES.-No. XV.
Taxodium disticha (The Deciduous Otpkess).

{Continued fro'iR p. 10.'J.)

All trees have an individual character of their own
home have it so marked that they impart a character
to the whole scenery m which they occur, but few have
It in such a degree or of such an impressive nature as
the Deciduous Cypress. The gloomy brakes in which
It stands up to the "knees " in water combine with it
to make a scene of desolation and awe overpowering to
the human mmd. We remember a collector who went
out to Brazil, and was e.xoeptionally unsuccessful.
Ihe forests which yielded so much to others seemed to
yield nothing to him. It was a puzzle at the time

but long afterwards (long after the poor man was in i ' '

his grave) we learned the cause from one who had met ! Weather Secords.—
i"' i°- SP^''- ^^ '^""''^ °°* ^'^i"! *e Brazilian i Culverwell (who finds
lorests. There was nothing in them to harm him and ^^^^ I '"'^ inclined to
he knew it, but they frightened him; their awful
silence, dim obscurity, and impressive height took
possession of his soul, and filled it with fear and
trembling. AVith a companion he did well enough
but alone they scared him. If that is the impression
lett by the Brazilian forests, we may guess how much
more the gloomy Cyprieres, with their alligators, and

mersion are m fact, eight months of the year, almost
totally deprived of water for the ordinary necessities of
animal existence. This observation will be found cir-
cumstantially correct in all the range that divides the
delta from the prairies, or heights, to eight or ten miles
distant froni either." At the other season all is
Changed, and one universal inundation covers every-
l /■ ,S'°°^*'' raontlx of the Courtableau to the
head of the Cow Island, the breadth of the overflow
between the Atchafalaya, Opelousas, and Allacapas is
about eight miles wide. This space is an immense
lake tor many months ; the currents of the smaller
bayous are lost m the maze, and only remain distin-
guishable by the openings of their channels. The many
lakes that mingle with the outlets of the river, and
with each other, render this region most incon-
ceivably intricate It is with the utmost difficulty that
the real channel of even the river can be distinguished
from the number of outlets and inlets that wind in
every direction. A. M.

Home Correspondence.

Weather iJecorrfs.— Permit me to explain to Mr.
'"'^" js-j^ f^ylj ,,pjjjj jjjg for having said
-__. ^ .._. ,„„„„^.» „„ question the accuracy of some
of the alarmingly low weather records published in your
columns), that my remarks had reference to the reports
sent from the south-western and home counties Let '
me also say that the expression " being inclined to i
question the accuracy of an assertion" is not con- I
demning it. I am not sure that it can be stated as a
^uio uiie gloomy uyprieres, with their alligators, and ''"le. o"' I do not think that I am wide of the mark in '
countless creeping and slimy accessories (imaginary or assuming a depression of V of temperature for each '
not), must weigh upon the spirits. To form an idea of degree of N. latitude (inland). As this station is about
tnese regions we are told.we must visit the spot itself- 2° N. of Greenwich it was fair to infer that we should
we may imagine but we cannot realise their oppressive l^^™ suffered during the severe weather in January a
silence, their awful lonesomeness, and their dreary Skater degree of cold by 2° than was felt at Greenwich
aspect. Animated Nature is banished, life itself seeins Comparing the mean temperature of the air at the
1 ' "H , ^Y, ^P'^^"^ °'' *^^'' alligator wakens the J^°y*l Observatory for October, November, and Decem-
eonoes through the long canals, arched over like lofty 5®''' ^^^^' "''*'^ "^^ ™8™ ** Belvoir for the same months
lopy of thick boughs of the ^ "°d '1^^ difl'ereuce a little less than 2°:—

the view of obtaining facts bearing on these subjects
which are of the utmost importance in the prosecution
01 the study of meteorology, upwards of 50 gentlemen
residing in difi-erent parts of the kingdom make careful
daily records which are sent every month to Mr
Glaisher, of the Royal Observatory. Observatories are
also stationed in every habitable country, and many
captains of ships are enlisted in the labour of investi-
gating weather during their voyages to distant
countries. ^ Should the labours of such men, who give
their services ungrudgingly and gratuitously, and
whose object is solely to obtain facts which may iJeneflt
their tellow men in future generations, be depreciated?
-Certainly not! and least of all by "A Gardener."
Another Gardener, hut not a Spirit Mijiimmn

Moses and the Frost.— I have not the pleasure of
knowing Sir Laxton, of Stamford, but I presume from
the tone of his article (see p. 183) that he is a youn"
amateur.full of amiable enthusiasm, and "ever anxious"
to save his brother rosarians from frost-wreck
It his lists of condemned and half-condemned Eoses
had been confined to the columns of his county paper
so that amateurs living in his neighbourhood under the
same circumstances of site and soil might have gathered
the knowledge useful to them as Eose cultivators, all
would have been well; but to give his experience of th&
late Irost as of value to the liose lovers of England is
altogether a mistake, and his lists of "uniniured
partially injured, and very tender" Eoses ar&
likely to needlessly alarm the Eose-loving public
It seems that at Stamford, as at Belvoir, the weather
was not of extreme severity ; from 22= to 23' of frost
seem to have been the average at both places, yet at
the former ruin to Eoses followed, while at the latter
no injurious consequences to vegetation seem to have
aone so. Here our minimum was 4°, or 28" of frost •
severe enough, if we follow Mr. Laxton, to kill all the'
Hybrid Perpetual Eoses known ; yet I have to look
most diligently to find one dead tree among some
thousands. All those "nartiallv iniured " n.nH "vom.

Eoyal Observatory.
' Mean.

October 51.3

November.. .. .. 44,3

December 42.9

aisles by the g oomy canopy of thick boughs of the
Cypress. Not that natural beauty is wholly wanting ■
Ihe varied windings and intricate bendings of tSe
lakes, says Darby, relieve the sameness, whilst the
rich green of the u.xuriant growth of forest trees, the
Ion" line of woods melting into the distant sky the

multifarious tints of the Willow, Cotton, and other I 46 5 \

fluviatic trees, rendered venerable by the long train of wi,p„ no, „^ .,„, , „,„ ' „ , .
waving moss, amaze the fancy."-Darbv's" Lmiisiana", ? 1' ■ °^^°^ ^^"^ freezing point, was

p. 69. ■^ -"""J^" Louisiana, reported as occurring near London, and when my

One not unfrequent incident in the life of the Swamn ' wrf^T"'" ™'^ ^corded r or 23; of frost, I think it
Cypress is its growing on floating islands in the creeks ^ v r ^""''^ unreasonable thing to express an
connected with the Mississippi: and by felon" roots ™''f^t'™ '» q.^^V™ *e. accuracy of sucli reports.
„„„!,„„:„„ j.i,„ J __. 1,1. , luu uyi to loua roots By the_ same rule of reasoning I should e-xpect to find

Belvoir.

Mean.

October 60.0

November.. .. ., 43,3
December ! 4l!8

45.1

anchoring them and converting fhem' in time "into
stationary and. "One, of my fellow passengers." says
T T ■ = T* ' (S<=™'"i Visit, II., p. 186), " urged me to visit
Ijake bolitude, because,' said he, ' there is a floating
island in it,_ well wooded, on which a friend of mine

that a greater degree of cold had been experienced in
the northern counties, and I am not in the least
disposed to doubt Mr. Culverwell's account of the
destructive action of the frost in the locality from
which he writes. The excellent and clearly stated

once landed from a canoe, when" to his"sur"nriTp"it """^'n^ '^^ "'"'l^^^ '+''!'' excellent and cl(
began to sink with his weight; In -reat alarm he S'^*''"" ^T'^ .furnished by Mr. Challis, of Wilton
climbed a Cypress tree, which al 0 began immedStely STfhi'^fL??"''! °^^^' correspondents, satisfy me
to go down with him as fast as he ascended Hp ■ I- }, "°^^ '° •'^''"uary was unusually and excep-
moLinted higlier and higher into its bou'hruntilnt *'°°^r^ 'Tk'' i° * *'"; • sou^-^'estern and home
ength it ceased to subside, and lookin ™ound he 'aw wi "f'f ' T-« '^f '™5 'o° ?f shrubs and Conifen-e
in every direction, for a distance of 50 yards the whole ^Pf ^ave hitherto withstood our climate tell the tale
wood in motion.' On inquiry Sir Charles learned the * seventy but too truly. The injury to trees was

explanation of this marvellourtale It appeTs t^at : "r?,*'"" """ll V^" '*"°™l<=?t and immature character
there is always a bayou or channel conneotKurini *'^ °ITJ^}^ m,"^' ^\^,'^^ ''""°- ^^'^ ^et and cold
floods each deserted^ bend T lake wfth th°e S .T"" °V^®''- ^^ ^^'^^ "/ *'^'' '^^""^^^ ^^^ s^PPHed
river, through which large floating logs may m s i ^^n^ instances ot very low temperature ; the greatest
These often form rafts and become covered^lth so 1 ' o?!'^?^'^'" H™''f" °,°'°.'''^^
supporting shrubs and trees. At first sucr^rcen t ^fl-i'\rrj' '"'T''''??^''"'* ^^^^^^^
islands are blown from one part of the lake to anSthe? ' ?!™ 1 'i* -f*'"^"' T"^ P"'""?" °? '°°^' «l™*te would be
bv «,„ ^,i,„u. . i„.ni,. j.-:i. "^"iBiaKeboanotuei , revealed if records were simultaneously made on cold

by the winds; but the deciduous Cypress, if it springs
up in such a soil, sends down strong roots, many feet or
yards long so as to cast anchor in the muddy bottom,
rendering the island stationary."

It is to such a locality as this that M. Bossu refers
when one day he had the misfortune to see his boat
hemmed in by the branches of a tree that was set under
water; he was benighted in this disagreeable situation
and obliged to wait for the break of day. But as this
river rises and falls by the floods, he found himself
quite in the air in his boat. They were 25 leagues
from the mouth of the river, but the Mobilian savages
that accompanied him comforted him by the hope that
the next tide would set him afloat again, and really
the tide mounting up the river from Mobile Bay
" 'KZf'''i ti™ f'-om Ills disagreeable situation (Bossu's

Travels through Louisiana," p. 227, 1781)
iJu """-p} description of the great raft, 10 miles in
length, winch, choked the Atchafalaya, gives us a
more pleasing idea of such an island than we should
have expected:-" In the fall season" says he, "when
the waters are low, the surface of tiie raft is perfectly

tlT'ifJ'J ^^^ T'*'i '^'^""f"' fl°™. "■•i°«« varied dyes!
and the hum of the honey bee, seen in thousands
compensate to the traveller for the deep silence and
lonely appearance of Nature at this remote spot The
smooth surface of that part of the river unoccupied by
the raft, many species of papilionaceous flowers, and
the recent growth of Willow and Cotton trees, relieves
the sameness of the picture. Even theaUigator other-
wise the most loathsome and disgusting of anhnated
beings, serves to increase the impressive solemnity of
the scene. "^

But it must not be supposed that in all these
Cyprieres the ground is perpetually a swamp ; some are
but many are so only for a portion of the year. Darby
tells us that the lands that are inundated by the
spring freshes in the low lauds of the Atchafalaya
remain almost entirely devoid of water on the retiring
ot the floods. No portion of wood-land in America
IS more completely without water in the fall season
than this. Miles in succession of those regions
that we have in former times consigned to eteinal .sub-

r " ■:^'^ ^^"^"^'"vLicuuaij' iiiuue on coin

low-lying spots, and others more elevated, and free from
the presence of water. Gardeners are more interested
in observing variations of temperature in diSerent
altitudes and positions than any other class of men
and 1 am glad to hear that the importance of makiu"
carefifl weather records is appreciated by so many
intelligent members of the profession I wish
sorne one would undertake the task of writing the
history of the late frost, giving a full account of its
varying severity indifl^erent localities, and its effects on
vegetation throughout the kingdom. Such a history
wou d be instructive to gardeners, and valuable to
gentlemen about to buy land, or choose sites for
houses or gardens. While on the subject of the
weather allow me to say that it is time that
the valuable services of Mr. Thompson, of Chis-
wick, in horticulture and meteorology, should receive
the public acknowledgment of a testimonial from his
iellow labourers m those sciences, and from the public
he has bpueflted by his quiet, unobtrusive, but not the
less efficient labours. I have expected each week to
see the announcement that a definite arrangement
had been made and a committee formed for the purpose
1 shall be glad to ofi'er my mite, and I shall consider it
a privilege to be allowed to do auything in furtherance
of so good an object as the presentation of a testimo-
nial to Mr. Eobert Thompson. W. Ingram, Belvoir

A Gardener'' (see p. 181), after expressing his
satisfaction with Mr. Anderson's comments ou Mr
Lowe's article on the inaccuracy of common thermo-
meters and the carelessness of observers, sarcastically
alludes to ' learned savans," provided with thermometer
stands, correct instruments, hygrometers, ozone test
papers, &c., and asks how it is that they have not been
successful in predicting weather. Let me tell "A
Gardener " that before laws can be promulgated they
must be made. Before the very difficult science of the
weather can be mastered, every fact relating to the
laws which direct air currents and govern storms, to
the influence of electrical action, to temperature, to
the influence of seas, mountain ranges, and a multitude
01 other causes which control or modify local climate
must be carefully noted, recorded, and studied. With

——- -.-.fiv-ii^Y uu uuu oiio ueau ^ree among some
thousands. Al those "partially injured" and "very
tender Eoses that long and frightful (to the Eoseist)
list of wounded and cripples in p. 183, are here
Budding most vigorously, and give promise of
a healthy growth; in fact I have never seen
the buds of Hybrid Perpetuals look more promis-
•°°;i. V"'* °' ™'* ™°^' remarkable facts I have observed
K, that str9ng trees of the Tea-scented Eoses, Climbing
Devonieusis and Gloire de Dijon, standing where they
were budded, and with stout shoots from 4 to 6 feet iu
length are unharmed, as are trees of Celine Forestier,
Acidahe, Ophirie, Souvenir de la Malmaison, Madame
VViUermoz, and many others. On looking at trees,
dwarfs and standards, of many of those very beautiful
Eoses classed as ' very tender" by Mr. Laxton, I cannot
find one injured. Ought I not, then, to proclaim
to the Eose worid, and to tell the nurserymen—" I trust
they will take a lesson"— that all the "very tender
lapses m List No. 3, p. 183, are as hardy as those in
List No. 1, and have stood 28° of frost ? I think it is
my duty to do so. I feel it to be a duty I owe to
many charming old friends such as Senateur Taisse
JJrani-013 Lacharme, the dear old " General Jac "
iTi^W "' ^ altham, and a score or two of other fine
oJdtellows to protest against their being trampled upon
by one who is so strongly inclined to put dear livin"
triends down among the dead men." Now
then tor the reason why Mr. Laxton's Eoses have
suflered so much from the frost early in last January
In January, 1838, after a long series of mild weather
the temperature from Christmas, 1837, to January 4
1838, ranging from 50' to 55", the birds singing and
trees budding, there commenced on the 6th a frost
ot great severity, which lasted to the end of February
the thermometer registering from 4° to 5» below zero
Iremember observing at the advent of this terrible
visitation, that all :the climbing Eoses, such as varie-
ties ot Ayrshires and Eosa semperflorens. Hybrid China
Eoses, Noisettes, and even Damask Eoses, were all
budding, some of the buds the length of one's nail-
scarce a Eose or Eose bud escaped. January 1855 the
weather was mild, with southeriy and south-westerly
winds up to the 17th ; a severe frost then commenced,
lasting till far into February. Eoses of all kinds sufi'ered
to a great extent— the mild weather had excited them so
that the buds had burst hence their inabilityto resist
trost. Mr. Laxton's garden, as described by him, has a
, loose warm soil, is perfectly sheltered by walls from cold
winds, and has a northern exposure ; his Eoses were
consequently excited into premature growth by the
mild weather of last December. They of course
suflered much more from 23° of frost than they have
here from 28' ; the reason why is soon told. My Eoses
are cultivated in a rich clayey loam ; the surface was
quite solid from the eflect of the heavy rains of last
autumn, consequently they were dormant and
not a bud had moved. It would, however, be
very impolitic if I told all my friends that
the lea-scented and other tender Eoses named
above are perfectly hardy, and will stand 28° of frost,
because from the peculiar circumstances of soil and
tree exposure, they have borne it this season— the
assertion would be as unwise as the recommendation
ot Mr. Laxton to expunge from our collections many
ot the most robust-growing and beautiful Eoses we
possess, for in 1868, 20' of frost in February after mild
and exciting weather in January may destroy them all.
ihe truth is, all our fine hybrid Eoses are excitable,
trom their partaking largely of the ever-growing
nature of the China Eose, and the only true method
of protection is to cover them with some non-
conducting material early in December, so as to
keep them as nearly as possible in a dormant
state; dry straw tied tightly round the heads
ol Eoses, so as to exclude wet (after bringing their
shoots together), is perhaps the best of all protectors.
I have been induced to trouble you with my experience
in Eose growing, feeling that Mr. Laxton's article
would create needless alarm among amateur Eose

Maecu 2, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

211

growers. The only Rosos that deserve to be expunged
from our collections are : (1), those that are weakly iu
their habit ; (2), those older varieties that are now
surpassed bv newer kinds of the same colour. No
robiist-growlnp Hybrid Perpetual Roseshouldbe thrown
out because it is supposed to bo less hardy than others.
Tlioy diirer but very lilllo in that respect, for I know
from long e.xijerienee tliat some kinds of Roses in say
two consecutive seiusons will survive most severe frosts,
yet perhai^is the tbinl season, with frost of only mode-
rate severity, they will succumb. In most cases niiich
depends upon the state the individual plant is in ; if
in a warm garden and in an iucipient state of growth,
a hardy variety becomes tender. There is somothiuK
also iu the kind of stock used, some apparently being
more lexcitable than others. Owing to this, I have
seen Roses of the same kind growing in the same row
sufler most unequally, some being entirely killed by
frost, while others escape. This I have attributed, and
I think justly, to the different state the trees were in
— one budding, ihe other dormant. Thos. Sioers, Sam-
brkhjeii-orlli. ' [This is doubtless the real secret of life
or death so mysteriously resulting to different plants
from the same severe frost. Eds.]

Acki/raiilkes aureo-relicidata. — I enclose a piece
of the new gold-veined Achyranthes. which, except in
colour, is a counterpart of the well-known A. Ver-
schaffeltii (Iresine Herbstii), and will doubtless prove a
most valuable plant for decorative and flower garden
purposes. The contrast of the stem of the plant with
the foliage is very striking and attractive. I also
enclose a piece of a variegated Euonymus (nearly
hardy). This is another plant that cannot be too
highly spoken of for bedding purposes ; it is certainly
the most beautiful plant of its colour, resembling
Graptophyllum pictum in the markings of its foliage.
I aUo enclose the Coleus Gibsonii, a plant I shall
extensively use during the present season. All the
above will prove acquisitions. Edwd. Bennett, gr. to
6. S. Foljamhe, Esq., Osberlon Hall, Worksop. [All
no doubt useful iu their way. Eds.]

Tl:e Erosf and its Effects.— '!>Sot\\mg can be more
interestiuij to the practical horticulturist than to mark
the variation of temperature, and the results of this
variation in different districts. I can now remember
three "hard" winters— ie37-3S, 1860-61, and 1866-67.
I will confine my remarks at present to the two latter.
In the winter of 1360-61 the minimum temper,ature
registered here was 5' below zero; iu the present
winter the minimum was 1° below zero. In the winter
of 1860-61 vegetation in this valley of the Lea, which is
north-east of London, appeared to suffer more than in
any other part of England. I remember seeing, soon
after the frost had gone, a huge Oak, the bole
of which was so riven that you might place
the arm in it, and many fruit trees were killed.
Trees and shrubs which had been removed prior to the
frost escaped, owing, doubtless, to the drying up of the
sap as a natural consequence of removal. But in that
winter (I speak from actual observation) vegetation
south and west of London sufl'ered less than here ; in
this winter the reverse seems to bo the case. In the
winter of 1860-61 the only H. P. Roses iu my nursery
that escaped was a collection on their own roots which
I had planted out in the previous summer ; this winter
only a few tender varieties of Roses are injured, and out
of 650 plants on their own roots, comprising some 200 or
300 sorts, there about 30 destroyed, or not quite 5 per
cent. The Roses in bud (except those removed prior
to the frost) killed iu 1860-61, are now safe. Araucarias,
Euonymus, Laurustinus, and a few of the Mexican
Pines, are the only things that have suffered seriously
here this year. Cryptomerias, Cedrus Deodara (in
part), and Laurels are uninjured. Rose amateurs
should have one plant of each of their chief favourites
at least on its own roots as a safeguard against winters

such as this. JTm. Paul, Waltham Cross, N. Having

been laid up for some time, I could not go out to see the
effect of the frost upon my Rose tre&s. I had several
hundreds of the best sorts doing well, and the frost
has killed all the early buds ; but those done in August,
whose buds had not burst, are safe. This is worth
recording. But I have thought, could we not, with
rough flax tow, which is of little value, protect them ?
But then we must keep it in some manner dry, else it
would be worse or as bad as exposure. Pear buds and
grafts are safe. T. Beale Browne, Salperton Parle,

Andoversford. The late frost has done little or no

harm here, beyond browning the foliage of some plants,
such as ^ eronicas, Dracasna indivisa, and Phormium
tenax, which will all recover. On one night the
thermometer was as low as 10°, or 22^ below freezing.
The following is a list of trees and plants which were
injured in 1860, but are not injured now, viz. : —
Picea religiosa, a very fine Aralia Sieboldii
tree, over 30 feet in height ; Olea capensis
leader injured in J8C0— not , New Zealand Pittosporum (a

frost here occurred on the morning of the 17th January.
Our thermometer indicated on that morning 12" below
aero. It is an instrument I purchased about a year
ago, made by Yoates, of Dublin, and appears to bo
perfectly trustworthy ; it is fixed on the nnrl;h wall of
tlio garden, at 5 feet from the ground. 1' armors are
comiSaining sadly hero about their Swedes. From
what I have seen, I should say that at least one-half ot
the Swede crop is completely ruined by the frost. J.

Dour/las, Kilkea Castle, Kildare. The following is

a list of overgreeus (Conifers and others), with the pro-
portion of injury which they have relatively suffered
from the January frost. My thermometer indicated
—2' on the 3d. If no mark is appended, the plant has
been entirely uninjured. The proportional amount of
mischief is indicated by asterisks :—

Abies cophalonica (conod last
year)

Pieea nobilia

CephalotAxus Fortuuei

Thujopsis borealis

Cuprcssus macrocarpa**" (ono

dead)
Ar.aucaria imbricata", every

tip browned

Cedrus Deodar.a***

Ci*yptomeria japonica
... ij. . . .

Pinus insignis, killed in 18G0

and this year also
All other Pinuaes uninjured
L.aurcls****
Laurustinus" "•"
Berberis IJarwiuii*"*"
Berberis Bealii
Quorcus Ilex"*
ilex latifolia**"'*

WclUngtonia gigantca

Biota orien talis"

Junipenis rccurva*

Abies liouglasii

T. Bell, The Wakes, Selborne, Alton, Sants.

The Effects of the Late Frosts at Different Keights.—
lam obliged to "Au Amateur" for endeavouring to
answer my questions (see p. 127). The worst of it is,
however, that he has not answered them ; neither can I
understand how the facts I recorded— and I have seen
many similar since— viz., that the frost exerts its
greatest power within a foot of the surface, are incon-
sistent with well-ascertained thermal laws. May I
venture to ask what laws ? Certainly not the following,
established by direct experiment by Mr. Glaisher. Tho
result of exposing glassthermometers at different heights
above the surface of a Grass field were as follows ;—
On long Grass tho radiating power was . . . . 1000
Above the points of tho Grass 1 inch .. .. 671

2 inches . .

.. 570

3 inches . .

.. 477

6 inches . .

. . 282

1 foot

.. 120

2 feet ..

86

4 feet . .

63

6 feet

52

8 feet ..

17

very beautiful shrub)

Escallonla niacrantha

Arundinaria falcata

White Arum, planted out In
the water (the large tufts of
this beautiful Water Lily
were shut in by 5 inches of
ice : the foliage was killed
to the level of the water,
but fresh foliage has already
grown up vigorously).

Dr. Wells also found by direct experiment the surface
of the ground often much colder— once 15' colder— than
that of the air 4 feet from the surface. These facts
would certainly point to my observations being correct,
aud would also go a long way to explain the destruc-
tive energy of Frost on or near the surface. They
will also show to " Au Amateur" aud others that the
surface of the ground is much colder than the top of a
tree, although the latter is equally free to radiate heat.
But I do not care to enter into these matters. What
I really wish to know is what intercepts radiation at
any particular height, and why the interception is
weakest at the surface, where it might be presumed
aqueous vapour is most copious. Quercm.

Barkeria Skinneri.— This is one of the best of all
Orchids for lovers of that class of plants to grow ; it is
indeed a gem that can be had in bloom for three months
in succession iu the dead of winter, when flowers are
scarce, aud it is also a worthy living monument to the
memory of the late lamented Mr. Skinner. 1 had
upwards of twenty of its beautiful flower spikes in
bloom iu our Orchid house for more than two months ;
but not wishing to impoverish the plants, I cut them
off, and they have remained fresh iu my employer's
dining-room for six weeks. It will be seen, too, by
the spikes enclosed, that they would have lasted still
longer had they been allowed, and their beautiful
colour, when mixed among flowers of other kinds, gives
quite a charm to indoor floral decorations. Jamet
Hodges, Gardener to Edwin Wright, Esq., G-ravelly
mil, Birmingham.

Tricoloured Pelargoniums. — I cannot agree with
your correspondent "Scio" (see p. 153), as to hii
mode of breeding Tricolor Pelargoniums for the
million, as he terms it. I admit that ladies and gentle-
men, professors aud tyros, may all try, but what will
be the result ? I am sure that out of every 50 seed-
lings raised between Golden Chain and any zonal,
not more than three or four decent tricolors will be
obtained, if so mauy. If " Scio " does understand the
art of breeding iu-and-iu, as he terms it, I am certain
that he cauuot always make sure of tricolors — no,
nor yet zonals. He will have plenty of plain, green-
leaved seedlings, and some variegated, together with
some zonals, but, I fear, few tricolors worth having.
I have seen the pollen of Mrs. Pollock applied to
Burning Bush, Quadricolor, Sunset, Madame Yaucher,
and mauy others having variegated and zonal leaves,
and some of the seedlings have never had a spark of
variegation about them. I have likewise seen the
pollen of many of the best zonals applied to Mrs.
Pollock, Sunset, Golden Chain, and others, and what
has been the result ? Why, all sorts of colours, viz.,
green-leaved, white-leaved, yellow-leaved, striped-
leaved, &c. And I have seen seed saved from Mrs.
Pollock just as it ripened, without any artificial
hybridising whatever, produce plants even more beau-
tiful than the parent, but still I know that by careful
hybridization with the best sorts now in cultivation
you may expect to have something good. No one,
however, can tell whether the result will be zonals,
tricolors, plain leaves or not, until they see the
plants, and then we have often variegated kinds from
zonals, and zonals from variegated sorts. AVhat says
our most successful hybridist, Mr. P. Grieve, in regard
to this point ? He has been the raiser of all the best
tricolors yet in cultivation, and I think he ought to

in 1867

Cupressus lusitanica (Cedar
of Goa)

Ilex cdulis

Magnolia grandiflora (Ex-
mouth variety)

Camellia japonica, of many
sorts, and very largo bushes.

Metrosidcros

Tea tree

Edwardsia, a large standard
tree, over 30 feet through i

Shannon, Castle Martyr, Cork. Jack Erost

has committed sad havoc here ; and great numbers

of shrubs are killed. I fear also that the greater

number of our standard Roses are gone. Broccoli

and Borecole are completely destroyed ; but it

is rather singular that a crop of Peas sown in

November, and three inches above ground at the time

of the frost, escaped comparatively unhurt. This I

attribute to two causes— they were sown in the bottom ........ — j„. ... , . t . , ,-, ,.

of trenches about 6 inches deep, and were covered with have credit for the success which has attended His

snow at the time of the greatest frost. ,The heaviest 1 operations. Blue Apron, Cambridge. 1 can assure

yourcorresjiondent " D. T. F." that tho conclusions at
which I have arrived were obtained through a regular
set of experiments, costing much care, as they extended
over a groat length of tinio. Perhaps he may some day
liavc ocular dcuinnstrati<jn of my lubnurs. but not at
tho coming show at liury ."irt. Edmund's, as ho suggests
(for I am not allowed tho privilege of showing my
productions) ; and as I am not able to maintain my
interest in them, I give the result of them freely to
tho public. I give ' D. T. F." credit for more general
knowledge than I possess, but the wisest of us are
liable to err, aud very often on the point on which we
think there is the least cause for fear. I can easily
understand your correspondent's failure ; I had a great
many myself; but I have now reduced the operation of
raising tricolors to a simple but positive fact, and I ask
him and the public also to try it, for the sake of veri-
fying my statements. " 1). T. F." is wrong iu terming
it hybridising ; it is only cross-breeding. Neither can
I think for a moment that tho first tricolor Pelar-
gonium was anticipated, or that Mr. Grieve had the
slightest idea of what it would be until he saw it

gradually develop its beauties. Scio. 1 have

much pleasure in endorsing all that your corre-
spondent " I). T. F." (see p. 183) has stated respecting
tbe honour due to that onthusiastic and successful raiser
of new plants, Mr. Grieve, to whom we are indebted for
the first tricolor Pelargonium ever raised, and for the
mauy beautiful varieties which he has since originated,
viz., Lucy Grieve, Italia Unita, Lady Culluiu, &c,,
among which are the brightest and most distinct
tricolors yet iu cultivation, not even excluding those of
"Scio," who, by-the-by, has, I think, somewhat
exaggerated facts when he states (see p. 153) that" they
may be r.aised for the million," and that with com-
parative ease ; for, says ho, " if this is not attained it is
entirely the fault of the operator." This is a bold
statement; for to secure such brilliant varieties as
tliose raised by Mr. Grieve requires no small amount
of patience, 'skill, and perseverance. Vindicator,
Cambridge. . ., .

Canarina Campanula. — the flowers of this old
greenhouse herbaceous perennial, which were exhibited
at the meeting of the Floral Committee at South
Kensington on the 19th inst., having aroused some
interest in this heretofore almost forgotten plant, I
may be allowed to state that the blooming sprigs were
given to me wheu at Southampton a few days before,
by Mr. Davis, gr. to W. Stride, Esq., of Redbndge,
Southampton, in whose conservatory a large specimen
of it was freely blooming. As it would appear that
the specimens evidenced a much more successful mode
of cultivation than has usually been attempted, I may
say that I was informed by Mr. Davis that the only
amount of heat applied is that necessary to keep
out the frost from the conservatory. Here, somewhat
crowded, it was growing freely, and blooming well.
The plant dies down in May, when it is placed out of
doors under a west wall for rest. Iu August it com-
mences to grow, and, if removed to a greenhouse, flowers
at Christmas. It will not stand frost, but, as stated
before, only requires warmth sullicient to keep the
frost from the house. It should be propagated by
cuttings from the root in the manner of Dahlias.
Bichard Dean, Ealing, W.

Singular deviation from Normal Structure in a Bloom
of Phalanopsis Schilleriana.—l have now a spike of
Phatenopsis Schilleriana iu bloom, in which the ter-
minal flower differs entirely from all the others;
instead of the peculiar labellum there are three petals
all cvactli/ alike, and three sepals also exactly alike ; the
petals resemble those of the other flowers of the spike,
and the upper sepal also ; but the two lower sepals
have no spots, and are not reflexed as iu the ordinary
way : thus, these six parts of the flower are all in one
plane, and being close together at their edges, make
almost a full round flower ; the columu is the same as
usual, and pollen-glands likewise; there is no defor-
mity about this flower, aud no spots whatever, not even
on the (petal which is substituted for ;the labellum.
J. T. B., Spondon, Derby. [This peloriated condition is
not unasual in Orchids, but it is none the less
interesting. Eds.]

Euphorbiafidgens {Jacquinia:Jtora).—lha.ve often left
surprised, while visiting good garden establishments,
at not seeing this old favourite plant more universally
grown than it is. The plants we cultivate here, have
continued to produce a succession of blooms from
November to the present time, thereby giving our
stove a gay appearance during the three dullest months
of the year. The season and duration of blooming
alike contribute to make this Euphorbia very desirable,
especially to gardeners, who have to aim at supplying a
large quantity of winter flowers. John Braddick,
Easttoood Gardens, Berkeley.

Boot Fungi.— In your Number of the 16th ult. 1
perceive (see p. 153) a query from " A. B.," as to what
I intended to express by "remarking that I seldom
or never observed loss by root Fungus to arise from the
roots of a growing tree, cut down to make room for
younger plants." I wished to express, that when a
plantation is thinned, I never see the remaining trees
to be affected by the roots of those cut down. 1
generally plant Larch or other Firs as nurses
to Coniferous trees of the rarer kinds, and
when cutting down the nurses, never see any ill effects
on the plants left standing. Shannon. „ , ,

Management of Woods.— I am glad to find from
Mr Brown's explanation (see p. 182) that he did not
mean to put gardeners, carpenters, and ooachmeu on a
par with each other as regards ability and qualifications
to manage woods. Mr. Brown now admits inai
gardeners are capable of managing woods, and tnac
they do their work, when so employed, ethciently ; ims
is what I endeavoured to maintain. Mr. Brom
further explains that he meant to say that gaidenere
ought not to be allowed to have he management of
both woods and gardens: as that is a question very

212

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL Gy\ZETTE.

[Maech 2, 1867.

muoli dependent on the ability of a man, and the
relative size and importance of gardens and woods, and
conveys no reflection on the character of gardeners, I
need not more particularly refer to it. Mr. Brown
wishes to ^ive hie a lesson, and informs me that
there is a difference between exotic plants and hardy,
as if it were a question of cultivation that I adverted to.
I presume he means to argue that the laws which
govern vegetable growth are partial and variable, and
that the great principles of cultivation cannot be
applied equally to English and exotic trees. Mr.
Brown's experience of woods and their influence I pre-
sume applies particularly to certain elevated districts
in the North Biding of Yorkshire. I can well under-
stand that the stock-rearing farmers of the Yorkshire
hills, appreciate the shelter afforded by plantations. I
wonder what the farmers in the corn-growing districts
of Bedford, Lincoln, and the Lothians, would say to an
agent who would propose to raise woods and rents for
their benefit. I am reminded of an anecdote of the
North Riding — " How many sheep do you consider fair
stock to the acre ? " asked Sir John Sinclair during one
of his visits to the hills. " Eh, mun, ye begin at wrang
end," was the answer ; " ye should ax how many acres
till a sheep ? " Of such land as this, the North Biding
contains 400,000 acres. Walter Irving.

Clulhing of Cabbages.— A strong dressing of quick
lime dug into the ground will invariably keep off this
disease. JEbor.

Mushroom Insects. — "We have been very much
pestered with a small insect in the Mushroom house
here during the last fortnight ; it has destroyed the
young Mushrooms by wholesale before many of them
have attained the size of Peas. I have enclosed some of
those running over the beds, and also of other smaller
ones secreted inside the Mushrooms, and feeding upon
them. They make complete skeletons of the smallest
Mushrooms, and, as you will detect upon closely
examining the sample, the smell is most offensive.
I have used chloride of lime, and have fumigated the
house with tobacco paper twice, but all to no pui-pose.
W, C. [The small Mushrooms sent were much infested
with vast numbers of a minute Podurideous insect,
which we believe to be the AchorutesAgaricorum. They
were of a dirty flesh-colour, but were all dead. One of
the Mushrooms also contained the small white footless
grub of a gnat. In the box were also contained several
specimens of two different species of Molobrus, two-
winged midges, of which the larva; live in decaying
vegetable matter ; also two or three specimens of a
species of Borborus, and of a small black-winged
Anthomyia, which also reside in the preparatory
states, in rotting vegetable manure and dung. We
presume the chief mischief has been done by the Podura,
in which case we know no other remedy than to destroy
the present bed, and make another with new soil and
droppings. JF.]

Pear Tree Insects, — I have sent you a branch of a
Pear tree, in the inside of which you will find
an insect ; it had found its way fully a metre up the
branch from which this was cut. I do not know if it
occurs in England ; at all events it is uncommon
here. "We have moreover, a grub, which bores the
bark in a zigzag way, but it is not the same as that
sent. II. Knight, Chateau de Pont chart rain, Seine
et Oise, Feb. IS. [The Pear shoot was infested by a
nearly full-grown larva of the destructive wood leopard
moth, Zeuzera ^Esculi. JF.]

Forced Strawberries. — It may interest some of your
readers to know, that on the 3d January this year
Mr. Chapman, gardener to his Grace the Duke of
Buckingham, at "Wotton House, near Aylesbury,
supplied his employer's dessert table with a dish of good
forced Strawberries. Is not this very early ? An Old
Subscriber.

Chimonanthus fragrans. — This will strike from
cuttings as easily and as quickly as Fuchsias do. Take
just now into a propagating house a small seedling or a
young plant of it, propagated from a layer, and when
it has pushed young shoots, remove them from the
plants and strike them, just as you would cuttings of
jPuchsias. In a few days they will emit roots. Joseph
Paumann, Ghent.

Qentiana Fortunei. — This grows freely in rich deep
peat, and it should be slightly protected with a little
fern in winter. It may be styled the queen of the
genus. Nurserymen possessing it should advertise it.
Seejcjield.

Dychia rarijlora. — "Will you kindly correct a
reporter's error in your account of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's meeting at South Kensington, on
Tuesday, the 19th ult. It was Dyokia rariflora which
I mentioned as having stood several winters, and not
Disa grandiflora. H. T. Clarke.

BoTASicAii OF Edinburgh : Feb. 21. — W. Gorrie, Esq., V.P.,
in the chair. Tho followhig communictitiona were read : —
I. Obituary Notices of James Smith, JEsq., of Jordanhilt ; of ]>r.
G. A, Martin, hit of Wight : and of George Vre Skinner, Esq., of

O^iatemala. By Prof. Balfour, II, Notice of some Diato-

■macece from Iceland. By Dr. W. R, M'Nab. III. Soyne

Account of Botanical Travels in Oregon. By Mr. Robert Browii.
Communicated by Mr. J. Sadler. In this communication,
dated Victoria, Vancouver's Island, 0th Feb., 1866. Mr. Brown
gavo an account of his botanical travels in Oregon between
2d Sept. and 9th Oct., 1865. The part of the coxmtry travelled
embraced from Rogue River Valley over the mountains to
Crescent City in California, and from thence by San Francisco
to Victoria. He noted tho various features of the country and
manners of the people, and recorded tho more interesting
plants he met with. He concluded by giving the measure-
ments of the sizes of the principal Wellingtonia trees in the
famed Calfomian grove, as taken by Dr. Chas. J. Jackson and

Mr. Joseph B. Meader in August 1865. IV. Notes regarding

Pohjpodiion calcareum as a Scottish Plant. By Mr. Sadler,
Mr.' Sadler stated tha lthc discoveiy of Polypodium calcareum
near Aberdeen inl8Cl,by Mr. John Sim, and near Aberf eldy in
18G6, by Mr. Ramsay, and recorded in tho Transactions of the
Society, had given lise to doubts in the minds of some as to

tho plant being indigenous in these localities. He had
investigated the subject as far as possible, but could find
no traces of its having been Introduced in either instance.
The Aberdeen plants were found growing in an old
limestone quarry on Scotston Moor, and the Aberfeldy
plants abundantly on decomposed micaceous atone. Pro-
fessor Dickie was inclined to believe that the Aberdeen Fern
bad been planted, and Mr. Taylor, of AHan Vale, says that a
gentleman's gardener planted Asplenium Trichomanes on the
wall at Scotston Gate, where it now grows plentifully. Mr.
Sadler exhibited specimens of the plant from both localities,
and concluded by reading extracts from letters on the subject
which he had lately received from Mr. Ramsay, Mr. Sim, and

Mr. Taylor. V. Report on the State of Open Air Vegetation

in the Royal Botanic Garden. By Mr. M'Nab. Mr. M'Nab
remarked :— My last report to the Botanical Society was on
the 16th Januaiy, 1867. The ground at the time, and for
nearly two weeks afterwards, was covered vdth snow, and a
succession of frosts of different degrees of intensity pre-
vailed, but on no occasion did the thermometer fall so low as
on the night of the 4th of January, when it intlicated ll",
being ^1° below the freezing point. The lowest thermometer
markings since the 16th of January are as follows :— On tho
17tb, 20th, 21st, 22d, and 23d of January, falling respectively to
24°, 23", 20°, 15*^, and 25° ; the lowe.st since the beginning
of February being on the 11th, when the morning temperature
marked 32°, The highest monimg temperatures since the
Januaiy meeting were on the 24th, 25th, 28th, and 29th
indicating respectively ZT, 36% 43° and 41° ; while the
highest since February commenced were on the 1st, 2d, 3d,
4th, 9th, and 13th, marking 39°, 37°, 36°, 47®, 37°, and
47'. As much discussion has recently taken place about
the time the thermometer was at its lowest during
the month of Januaiy, the following readings of the ther-
mometer in the Edinburgh Botiinic Garden may be worthy of
notice, and tend in some districts to settle this point. During
the early part of the night of the 4th of January tho ther-
mometer was observed to be gradually falling, and had every
appearance of reaching a very low point. It fell to 11' at
9.39, and remained the same till 11.30 ; at 12 o'clock it rose to
14", at 3 A.U. to 20°, and at 7 a.m. to 27°, Readings on
register thermometers are generally taken at daylieht
during the winter months, as the lowest points are
generally about that time. If it had not been for a
constant watch over the thermometer duiing the above
night we would not have known the time it was at the
lowest point, and marked it as if on the morning of the
5th. During the time the second snow-storm eame on, the
ground was hard with frost, which greatly retarded the progress
of oui- sprmg herbaceous vegetation. The first Snowdrop seen
in bloom was on the 31st day of Januaiy, and that only on a
south exposed Grass-bank, where the frost got speedily out,
but in all other situations thi-oughout the garden it was the
5th day of February before they began to show flowers
profusely. The first flower of Eranthis hyemalis and Hepatica
triloba appeared on the 2d of February ; Sisyrinchium grandi-
florum on the 4th ofj February ; Leucojum vemum and
Galanthus pUcatus on the 5th of February ; Helleborus
piirpiu-ascens and Arabis albida on the 6th of February,
and Crocus susianus on the lltii of February. It
appears that the temperature of the 4th of January was much
lower in many parts of England than what we experienced,
even below what was obsci-vcd on the morning of the
24th of December, 18G0, when— 6° was the lowest point
indicated. In some parts of England the thermometer
during tho January frost fell from 4° to 10° below zero, and
the damage to vegetation, as notified in the leading horticul-
tural journals, has been very considerable. The extent of
mischief done by frost does not show to its fullest extent for
days and often weeks after, the injury depending much on
the state of the weather. If followed by a few warm sunny
days, the mischief done will show itself at once : but if duU,
cloudy, and cold weather should follow, weeks often pass
before the full extent of tho losses can be ascertained. As
far as we can yet judge of the amount of damage done at
Edinburgh, it may be considered as trifling. Amongst herba-
ceous or suffruticose plants, Stocks and Wallflowers which
stood above the level of the snow have suffered severely. The
various species of Tritomas have been much cut up. Veronica
Andersonii, lobelioides, and saUcifolia are also much injured,
as well as Pentstemons and perennial Lupines. Amongst
shrubby plants none of the Conifers show any symptoms of
injury. The leaves of the common Laurustinus in somelocalities
are more or less blackened, as well as the leaves of some of
the delicate hybrid Rhododendrons. The young and tender
leaves of variegated Hollies are likewise much browned. The
plants which as yet show the greatest amount of injury are
the Cork trees and evergi-een Oaks ; the leaves appear very
white and much twisted, particularly the leaves of those
trees partially injured but not cut down after the frost of 1860.
The cut down specimens soon became covered on the sinface
of the groimd with a dense gi-owth of healthy vigorous shoots,
none of these in the meantime show signs of injury. The
Garrya elliptica, which was in full flower on the 4tb Januaiy,
looks very bad in some places, all the flowers desti-oyed, and
the leaves on many of the plants look very sickly. Some of
the soft growths on Roses are a Httle injured, but the ordinary

spring pruning will put them right again. Miscellaneous

Papers and Communications. Michael Connel, Esq., Glasgow,
presented raw and refined specimens of Beetroot Sugar, and
remarked that the demand for this article at present in the
market was very great. In 1S6C there was imported into the
Clyde alone 25,285 tons. This principally came from France,
but a proportion of it also from Belgium, Germany, and
Austria. The approximate sum paid to the continentjil
growers for this quantity is 610,000^ The probable import
into tho United Kingdom during 1866 was about 35,000 tons in
all. Mr. F. O. Lieht, of Magdeburg, estimates as follows the
continental Beetroot crop, as compared with the ascertained
production of former seasons, showing a diminution in the
probable supply of about 60,000 tons.

Estimated Ascertained Productions.

1866-67.

1865-66.

1864-65.

1863-64.

Tons.

Tons.

Tons.

Tons.

Zcllverein

200,000

185,695

170,660

155,180

Fi-ance

200,000

274,000

149,014

108,467

Austria . .

65,000

70,000

S4,664

60,916

Kussia

65,000 1

50,000

42,500

35,000

Belgium ..

27,500

41,560

21,864

20,031

Poland and

Sweden

16,000

15,000

11,595

10,000

Holland . .

4,000

3,500

2,600

2,500

Total tons . .

576,500

630,745

482,697

368,094

Professor Balfour stated that so extensive had the trade in
Beet-sugar become, that there was now a French magazine
on that one subject published every month. — Mr, Alex.
Craig Christie explained a new mode of preparing museum
specimens of wood. The specimens which he exhibited
showed the wood in ti-ansverse and longitudinal section,
rough, pohshed, and turned by the lathe. 3. Mr. D. W.
Roberts exhibited a series of nature-printed leaves and
flowers, which he had prepared according to the process
patented by Dr. Dresser and Dr. Lyon Playfair. Oil paint,
according to the colour of the impression wished, is placed
over a sheet of paper, and the leaf or flower is then pressed on

this paper until every part of its surface comes in contact with
thepaint.— It is then carefully transferred to a sheet of smooth
soft cartridge paper, on which it is rubbed with the painted
surface next the paper. By this means a pretty accurate
impression of the leaf or flower is obtained. — Thomas Patton,
Esq., presented two cones of Pinus monticola, ripened at
Glenalmond, Perthshire. One eone was of a red colour, while
the other was of a yellowish brown. They were taken from
different trees, the cones of which are invariably the same
every year as the two exhibited.

dFIorfgts' dPlotocrg,

Hatino glanced at novelties amongst the Show
or Laege-floweeed Pelaegoniums, as they are
termed, of 1806, it may be stated in continuation, that
the spotted class furnish no new aspirants for honours,
save a hybrid variety, named grande odoratum, which
was so deserving of merit as to be awarded a First-class
Certificate. The flowers are not unlike those of
Guillaume Severeyns, being of a deep rosy lilac colour,
shaded with dark crimson, though somewhat wanting
both as to size and substance compared with this showy
spotted kind. The character of the foliage is what is
generally denominated '• oak-leaved," the leaves being
broad, stout, and fragrant. It is a highly desirable
hybrid, and will make an admirable conservatory plant.
It is in the hands of Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son.

The Fancy kinds still show the march of improve-
ment, Mr. Turner having obtained two or three " good
things," the result of his own raising. Before passing
to a notice of them, it may be stated that Mr. Bull, of
Chelsea, announces a set of four new fancy Pelar-
goniums, but they have not been publicly exhibited.
Three of Mr. Turner's new varieties are very fine, viz„
Duchess of Buocleuch, a finely-formed flower of a
delicate lilac shade, with throat and margin of white,
free blooming, and the habit correspondingly good;
Liberty, rich bright rosy crimson, with conspicuous
white throat owing to the vividness of the surrounding
hue, dwarf bushy habit, and a very free-blooming
variety ; and Sylvia, delicate rose or pink, a beautiful
shade of colour ; also margined with white, the throat
of the same colour, habit good. The first and last of this
trio receivedlFirst-class Certificates. Mr. Turner has also
Andromeda, upper petals veined rose, the lower a kind
of mottled lilac, white throat, and narrow edging of the
same; Beatrice, pale flesh colour, with blotches and
spots of purplish crimson ; Imperator, a blush ground
flower, with bright lake upperpetals,lowerpetals mottled
with crimson, a large bold flower; Memnon, bright
crimson, with blush centre, the lower petals dashed
with carmine ; Mirella, glowing rosy lilac, light throat
and edges, very free blooming ; and Princess Helena,
upper petals violet rose, white under petals, varied with
rosy purple, a very pretty variety.

The huge mass of what are usually termed Bedding
Pelargoniums, comprising as itdoes so many differences
under a general denomination, is extremely difficult
to dissect. The very large number of new varieties proves
at least how intent raisers are on the improvement
of this class, and how generally good the qualities are
IS apparent to all who are in the habit of seeing them
when shoivn for Certificates. Prom such a cursory
inspection the difliculty of selecting is indeed great, as
no evidence can be gleaned of their adaptability and
relative value as bedding kinds. Under the ' very
general heading of Variegated Pelargoniums, I purpose
to instance a few varieties that appear to possess good
qualities, subject to qualification hereafter, when they
are subjected to a trial out of doors.

Messrs. E. G. Henderson k Son offer the following :
—Caroline Longfield, considered by them to be an
improvement on Italia Unita, the ground-colour of the
leaf pure white, with olive brown zone, margined with
lively carmine rose, reputed to be a very effective
bedder; Edward George Henderson, a variety in the
way of Beauty of Oulton, but superior to it, ground-
colour of leaf golden yellow, with rich broad dark zone,
close and yet vigorous habit, and having a very
striking appearance, awarded a First-class Certificate ;
Glen Eyi'e Beauty, ground-colour white, with bold
zone of olive brown, margined and lobed with bright
carmine rose ; Lady Cullum, acomparatively well-kno\ra
(though being only now sent out) and very handsome
variety, olive brown zone, with rays of a deeper
shade and bordered with a brilliant flame colour, a
robust free-growing kind, which has proved highly
effective as a bedder, awarded a First-class Certificate ;
Mrs. Byre Crabbe, glowing brimstone-yellow ground
margin to leaf, distinct olive brown zone, richly
bordered and streaked with carmine ; Princess of
"Wales, an improved form of Circlet, ground-colour
of leaf pale green, tinted with gold, very narrow but
pure and distinct red zone, pencilled with a dark shade ;
and Velvet Cushion, creamy - white ground colour,
and striking zone of olive -brown, with margin of
bright rosy carmine. Messrs. F. & A. Smith's large
group of tricolor-leaved Pelargoniums at the Inter-
national Horticultural Exhibition of 1865 will long be
remembered by those who are interested in this
division. They have been very successful iu the pro-
duction of fine free-growing kinds, and this season they
send out a large batch of new varieties. Some of the best
looking, at least, are comprised in the following : — Alpha,
deep yellow margin, "with broad zone of rich glossy-
brownish red and black, strong and vigorous grower,
leaves very lai'ge, and large trusses of bright scarlet floAvers;
Amulet, broad margin of deep yellow to leaves that
are very large and unusually thick, striking zoneof deep
black edged with bright red, habit free, a very showy and
striking variety ; Aurenm, creamy gold-leaved, having
a broad bronzy zone, dwarf and very neat habit,
promising to be a very efiective bedder; Beauty of
Surrey, a very striking and beautiful variety, leaf-
margin rich yellow with strongly-marked zone of
brownish black, and deep carmine red, excellent habit ;
Defiance, leaf border pale yellow, with broad rich zone
of carmine red and black, with glossy deep crimson

Mabch 2, 1867.]

THE GAEBENET^S' CnPiONICLE AND AGUICULTURAL GAZETTE.

213

tinting, very handsome and showy, and free grower ;
Echpse, conspiovious for its vivid zone of glowing
vermilion red, and its largo indented leaves margmed
with yellow, a most striking variety, good habit ; Glory
of Pvdwich, leaf-margin clear yellow, with distinct
broad zone of crimson red, changing to a deep rosy
carmine red and intense black, very handsome and
showy ; Jason, another of the " golden-leaved " varieties,
having a striking zone of fiery red and pale bronze,
■with a leaf-margin of pale green changing to yellow ;
jetty Lacy, one of tho very finest of the batch, leaves
margined with bright golden yellow, having a zone of
glowing chestnut red and deep black, habit free, and
yet very compact, awarded a First-class Certificate i
King of Tricolors, broad clear leaf-margin of bright
yellow, bright red zone overlaid with black, free and
compact lialiit, very .showy and striking appearance;
l/onisn Siuitli, a beautiful and distinct variety, leaf-
margin clear yellow, with striking bright red zone,
leaves large and bold, and habit remarkably good;
Mrs. Charles IJarry, a splendid variety of the gold-
leaved" class, colour light yellow, with rich broad
reddish brown zone, and very light margin, habit free
and compact, yielding plenty of trusses of rich scarlet
flowers; Murillo, leaf medium size, neatly margined
with light yellow, pale cerise red and black zone,
changing to magenta, close neat habit; and Queen ofthe
Fairies, Icaf-iiiargiu white, changing to creamy blush,
deep rosy lake and black zone, habit free, yielding an
abundance of lateral shoots which form a compact
blooming bush, very showy and elfective. .Silver Cloud,
a " Silver-varieg_atedrclargonium "as it has been termed,
produced by Messrs. Windebauk & Kingsbury, of
Southampton, but now in the hands of Messrs.
F. & A. Smith, is a very handsomely variegated
form of the old Sheen Rival, tho leaves deep green,
■with a broad margin of creamy white ; the^ flowers
cerise scarlet, produced in good-sized trusses ; it is said
to be a first-class kind botli for pots and beds. They
have also Souvenir de Sir Joseph Paxton, which has a
bright yellow leaf-mareui, with conspicuous zone of glow-
ing crimson red and intense black, the red softening with
age to a magenta shade; a very handsome decorative

filant, having such a peculiarly distinct marking to the
eaves ; Triumphant, another very showy variety, leaf
margin of deep yellow, intensely marked broad zone of
rich deep carmine red and black, the margin and zone
occupying a more than usual space on the leaves ;
Vandyke, a fine golden-leaved variety, ground colour
light "gold, with neat broad zone of rich deep brown,
colours well-defined, gi-owth compact, a free bloomer,
flowers rosy-salmon, awarded a Second-class Certificate ;
and Wonderful, a very rich-looking and striking plant,
leaf-margin very bright yellow, with broad zone of
;lowing magenta-red, flaked and overlaid with intense
ilack, foliage large and bold, habit exceedingly good.
Messrs. Saltmarsh k Son, of Chehnsford, have a very
handsome variety named Meteor, with a clear gold
leaf-margin, and zone of very dark bronze and fiery
red, and blotched with pale green ; the colours are
very distiuct, which makes the plant showy and
attractive ; awarded a First-class Certificate. Messrs.
J. Caraway & Co., of Bristol, have a "golden-leaved"
variety raised from Cloth of Gold, named Bronze
Queen, having a distinctly marked dark bronze zone,
dwarf habit, free grower— has been tried and found a
good bedder, and yields plenty of trusses of showy
scarlet cerise flowers ; and Queen of Tricolors, said to
be a marked improvement on Mrs. Pollock, from
which it is a seedling, the colours being much more
vividly expressed, blooms more freely, and the flowers
of a deeper shade. Mr. George Smith, of Islington,
has Princess Alexandra, a " silver-variegated " variety,
having bright green foliage, with broad margin of pure
white, excellent habit, and very effective as a bedder ;
and Mr. Smith also offers Mr. Cunningham's excellent
variegated Ivj'-leaved variety L'Elegante, foliage
bright green, with broad edge of creamy white, an
abundant producer of trusses of flowers similar in
colour to those of the white Ivy-leaved Pelargonium,
of which this is evidently a sport— awarded a First-
class Certificate.

Silver Gem is auother variegated " Ivy-leaf," ha^vmg
bright green leaves, heavily margined with white, and
slightly zoned with pink, which disappears with age ;
the flowers rosy lilac, with crimson purple blotches in
the upper petals ; the flowers larger a.nd stouter than
are generally seen on the Ivy-leaved kinds.

Mr. Chafer's Senior Wrangler is an exceedingly
fine variety, with hold leaves and well-defined strongly
marked colours of the golden tricolor character ; both
this and Mr. Groom's Miss Turner won First-class
Certificates at the Great International Show.

Messrs. Carter & Co. are also moving on in the way
of producing strongly marked varieties of the tricolor
section, as well as of the golden-leaved. At the June
Show of the Eoyal Botanic Society they produced a
batch of one-year seedlings, some of which were plants
of great promise, but the colours could scarcely be
said to be permanently fixed. An opportunity of
inspecting their new plants will be offered shortly, and
their leading kinds shall be noticed as a supplement to
the foregoing Ust. S. D.

havo found a narrow strip of list tacked on all four
sides, near the toi) of the stock box, to answer the
purijoso of preventing cilher the bees descending, or of
loo free admission of air. In the case of a framed glass
super being used, there is more difliculty in having
the four panes of jlass suflicienlly close to tho sides of
tlic slork box. Bees will, under such circumstances,
force lliciiisclves down between, and, unable to escape
one way or tho other, there they will die; dirt and
waxen particles will find their way there, so that the
appearance of the super will be greatly spoiled. .With
glass adjusting boxes greater care, therefore, will be
necessary in applying the list. Finding this somewhat
troublesome, and to interfere with easy shifting, I have
lately adopted another plan. "When the stock is
sufllciontly forward to require additional room, I

hi

:iently _ .- .-,

remove the cover and all the bars from the super,
then, having taken off the cover or covers of the adapter
ofthe stock box, I slip the super down over the latter
until in its proper place, I then fasten with fine tacks
four slips of thick cardboard about 2 inches in width,
cut mitred at the corners, on the top of the adapter, so
as to approach the glass in all parts to within 1-lGtli of
an inch. It is best to avoid actual contact, a.s the bees
will attempt to unite with propolis the edges of the
cardboard to the glass, which wUl materially spoil its
appearance. "While this operation is being performed,
narrow moveable slips of wood may be kept over the
openings for communication, to prevent annoyance by
the bees. Tho cardboard slips being in position, the
bars arc inserted, and the cover screwed down. Timid
operators, in addition to wearing a bee dress, may
adopt the following plan of giving tho adjuster super.
The cover of tho stock box being of no larger dimensions
than the adapter, can be easily removed through the
super when in position. Having first loosened the
screws by which the cover of the stock box is secured,
the super, without bars or cover, is slipped down to its
proper place. The top of the inner box is quickly but
gently drawn up through the inside of the super, the
bars and cover of which are to be properly adjusted ;
the object being accomplished, probably, without
annoyaiice from a single bee. If the season should
prove to be propitious, it is desirable to watch the hive,
and observe almost daily the progress which may be
made in comb-building. If the bees show much
disposition to bring down their combs and attach them
to the upper surface of the adapter, it will be necessary
to raise the super a little, in order as much as possible
to prevent their doing so. An addition of half an inch
will often be sufficient.

If such attachment take place to a considerable
extent, it may be found impossible to raise the super
without considerable fracture of the combs. Never-
theless, as previously stated, it is advisable not to err on
the side of affording space to an undue extent, or too
rapidly. Some apiarians in districts which are not
considered very favourable for bees, may imagine it to
be advisable to adopt a smaller-sized hive and super.
Though still thinking the larger-sized hive to be the
best even under such circumstances, the following may
suit the ideas of such individuals, having also the
merit of being a really efficient hive. The former may
be 12 inches square by 8J inches deep, fitted with
eight bars; the latter, 1.3^ inches square by Vi\ inches
deep, carrying eight or nine bars, accordingly as thicker
or thinner combs are desired. The dimensions given
are all inside measure, and the hive is constructed
exactly as previously described. The depth of the
super may be increased, if thought desirable, to
15 inches, such being the depth of my own. If a glass-
sided super is used, it will be necessary that it should
be well protected both from light and changes of
temperature. For this purpose I usually have a thick
woollen hood, cut and sown together in a square form.
This can readily be slipped on or off aa may be required.
The outer, or weather case, must be made of suSicient
internal dimensions to allow of this hood being used,
and with at least another inch of space to spare ; or the
hive may be located in a shed, bee-house, or room of a
dwelling-house, when the simple woollen hood will be
sufficient. S. Sevan For.

Bee-cultfbe : Hives.— In addition to the descrip-
tion of the Adjuster Hive given last week, I have a
few remarks to make. The wood used in the formation
of the inner or stock box being of what is called three-
quarter stuff, is, as is well known, when planed, only
about J-inch thick. This will allow of l-16th of an
inch on all sides, between this box and the outer one,
supposing such outer box to be made, as recommended,
14| inches square inside measure. This will be found
to work properly. If by any mischance there should,
when completed, be more space between the boxes, I

Garden Memoranda.

Hay Lodge, Trinity, the Eesidence oe
Isaac Anderson Henry, Esq. — This ch.arming
villa residence is situated within a couple of miles
of Edinburgh, in the midst of that salubrious sub-
urb.an district called Trinity, which overlies the
shores of the Frith of Forth. As a villa residence,
with suitable .accessories in the shape of a little
of all kinds of gardening, it is quite a model in its
way— just the sort of thing that any one might e.xpect
who knows by^ reputation or experience the_ horticul-
tural tendencies of its indefatigable proprietor. As
a cross-breeder of Rhododendrons, particularly of the
Himalayan breed, and a careful hybridiser of most
subjects that captivate his fancy, he has been well
known for many years, both to scientific botanists, and
to horticulturists of every grade. Gentlemen of his
position generally rest contented with giving instrnc-
tions as to the carrying out of their several plans and
projects ; but Mr. Isaac Anderson (a name by which
he is best known) is so wedded to this branch of
natural science, that he prefers acting as his own head
gardener. Naturally endowed with a plodding,
practical, and industrious turn of mind, he has
persevered and succeeded, in some instances, where
others have failed in effecting somewhat difficult
crosses. Horticulture is, therefore, under a debt of
obligation to him, and on that account your readers
will be all the more anxious to make his acquaintance,
and to have some idea ofthe field on ivhich he labours.

A square block of ground, judging by the eye
scarcely an acre in extent, with a handsome residence
planted in the centre, forms the groundwork of the
property. A neat wall .surrounds it, the foi-mality of

wliich is scrcenccl from observation by irregular
hcltiiigs of siilfruticose plants, comprising both ever-
green and deciduous shrubs. The propriety of judicious
selection in a small holding is fitl^ recognised.
To have planted forest trees that attain gigantic staturo
would have been injudicious, and however uiiobjcction-
ablo they might havo been for "immediate effect," in
time they would have been totally out} of place,
dwarfing instead of improving tho appearance of tho
grounds which it was intended tiicy should decorate.
Much judgment and considerable experience in tho
selection of subjects is of tho utmost importance in
dealing projicrly with villa residences. Lawn forms tho
principal groundwork of the "dress" portion of
tho grounds. Flower iilots, as it were, are inserted
into it at intervals round the margin, being sunk like
panels, which has a twofold advantage— affording
protection, and yielding an enhanced effect. Coniferso
of various sorts are dotted in salient spots, comprising
some of the more rare, as well as examples of the more
common and beautiful. The true Thuja Craigiana was
here, and it is a most elegant plant, quite distinct from its
congener and companion, T. Lobbii, and really the
more beautiful of the two. Even the best of the
Lycopods, in point of grace and form, could not vie
with this. Another subject in this way I cannot
help alluding to is Cupressus fragrans, which here has
reached tho height of G feet. Its fragrance is unques-
tionable, although it is evidently a subforni of
Lawsoniana, of a pale green texture. It was sent home
from British Columbia to the proprietor by Mr.
Thomas Thomson.

The walls of the house are utilised for climbers,
which are planted in a narrow border in which some
choice things grow. Foremost among the objects of
interest is Rubus leucodermis, or the biflorus of Mr.
Bateman. This plant was presented to Mr. Henry
by Dr. Hooker. The most wonderful feature about it
is, that the stems are coated as if with a thick crust of
whitewash, and to those who have never seen (he plant
before, they would imagine it had been so dealt with—
a delusion excusable in this instance because the gable
on which it is growing had been washed with lime and
water. It seems a capital ground-woi-k on which to carve
monograms, which, according to Mr. H.'s experience, it
takes years to obliterate. The fruit of it, we were told,
forms a most excellent jam; its propagation, therefore,
might be turned to good account, not only as regards
supplying our large gardens, but for the benefit of the
humble classes of the country. To give some idea of its
reproductive yield, a plant, covering about 13 square
feet, produced fruit sufficient to fill eight large pots of
jam of excellent quality. Ceanothus Veitchiana is one
ofthe more handsome of the Rhamnads, and was full set
with bud, standing out, so far, unprotected. The Holly-
looking Desfontainea spinosa, trained as a wall plant,
was vigorous. A very promising seedling "Veronica of
the lobelioides (Hort.) type, a cross between speciosa
and the Falkland Island one, decussata vol elliptica, was
growing into form and size. It was the more remark-
able from the shortness of the internodes and the
peculiar whorl-hke character ofthe leaves, set so densely
and assuming so rigid a character. If the inflorescence
be at all decorative, it will be a valuable addition.

Turning our attention to the indoor department, wo
find several houses devoted to plants which are seldom
found in any private collections, and among these are a
host the seeds of which have been sent from the State
of Ecuador, and raised under the eye of Mr. Henry.
Many of these possess considerable interest generally;
others again are only of botanical value. One very
interesting type of a Melastomaceous plant, evidently a
Lasiandra, from Cuenca, with an ovate acuminate leaf,
and a dense hairy surface, like Bentham's Pleroma, is
growing into a handsome plant, and gives promise ot
being a useful acquisition. Himmerus [?] Mutisn, so
called in honour of the Spanish botanist of that name,
h.as a fine handsome pale green ovate serrated leaf,
producing fine white flowers with a pink eye, and i9
apt to be confounded with another one from the same
quarter, of more pigmy habit, with a very tiny leaf.
Both are good plants, and ivorthy of extended culti-
vation. Coriaria thymifolia is rather diminutive-
looking in point of foliage, but it is remarkable
in this respect, that it produces berries the
juice of which, we were informed, had beeq
used for writing Spanish records, and it was found
on comparison to be far more indelible than the ink
generally in use. A species of Graultheria from the
same quarter, of graceful habit, with pale claret-coloured
stems, was an object of attraction. One could not fail
to be struck with a species of Solanum, the fruit o{
which is oblong, like a Cucurbit, and might turn out
to be far more serviceable and palatable than the over-
estimated Raphanus caudatus. It is regularly sold in
the market of Quito,and the fruit is eaten by the natives
in an unripe state. Whether it undergoes any process
of cooking, I am not in a position to say. The
plant has a blackish stem and trifoliate leaf, and like
the other members of the family, is easily recognised.
Another species of Solanmn has tendrils, and would
cling to the crevices of a wall like Ivy. Several Fuchsias
of distinct species, of vigorousshrubby habit, are growing
from seed found in the Andes of the Ecuador, and
niiaht with advantage be crossed with some of those
that are all but worn out with in-and-in breeding.
They generally produce the crimson tube common
to many, with green points. In point of habit
and foliage they will bear comparison with the
best in existence, and it might be alvautageous
largely to infuse new blood in a race that has been much
traflioked upon. Melaleuca purpurea is growing a^way
nicely, and presents itself conspicuous among not a few
as a good example of the Myrtaceous order. Avery
striking form of Gentiana captivates the senses, having
pale lilac flowers, like a handsome Dianthus, and
flowering at the wintry period of the middle ol J anuary,
it ought'not to be lo.st sight of.

214

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 2, 18C7.

In Clematises, for which Mr. Henry has clone so
much and so well in hybridising, there are many
examples. Regina, of course, is one of his own hybrids.
C. sericea, from Ecuador, and the only variety known
in that district, has never flowered in this collection.
Mr. H. has endeavoured to cross many of the sorts, both
original and garden varieties, and has done so with
much success ; but he finds the old Viticella, which is
the best in point of colour, to be a most difficult
subject to manipulate upon. As was observed,
a cross effected with this and Fortunei or Begina
would most likely yield some marked progeny. All
the Sikkim Ehododendrons you can mention, and
many hybrids, occupy not only one house, but are here
and there for different ends— some in the seed-pan,
others pricked off and growing away, and the
established plants for flowering purposes. A variety
of eximium, of the argenteum type, is a noble-looking
plant, and showing well for a yield of trusses. Another
very good hybrid in the way of Princess Alice, but
considered to be finer than that choice variety, stands
prominently out. The beauty of most of the hybrids
is in the great freeness of their inflorescence, which is,
after all, the most important point to he gained. A
very marked instance of the success of the careful
hybridizer is shown in a hybrid a double remove from
Edgworthii, between it and virgatum. The progeny has
not yet flowered, but plants are uncommonly promising.
What a lovely thing jasminiflorum is, blooming
early, and as sweet as a Jasmine, with flowers six
times the size. But I might go on discoursing ad
infinitum upon batches of interesting hybrids, did not
space forbid.

Among other things of interest in the half-dozen
houses devoted to plant cultivation is Eugenia hybrida.
It is a smaller leaved variety than Ugni, but the fruit
is larger and the flavour decidedly better. It is a fine
ruby crimson, and when eaten reminds one of the
brisk aroma of the Queen Strawberry, very juicy
indeed, and palatable. Veronica Hulkeaua is a hand-
some bush form, with ovate denticulate leaves. Hoya
bella was better grown here than I have seen it for
many years ; indeed I question if specimens of this
difficult plant were ever so well cultivated by any one
as by Mr. Dymont, who exhibited them periodically at
Leeds 10 or 12 years ago. Mr. H. had his growing in
good fibry peat, with good lumps of white sandstone
mcorporated, and it was really a vigorous plant.
Calceolaria hyssopifolia is figured in the " Botanical
Magazine," I think, and is undoubtedly worth trying
in bedding out, as it is of shrubby habit, and likely to
stand well out all weathers. The foliage, of itself, is a
recommendation. What a remarkable plant is Gaul-
theriafurens ! If evertherewas anything real that looked
artificial, which is the inverse estimate of things
generally, this is the plant. It flowers in abundance at
the axils of the leaves, which are stiff and dry, and not
at all like any other foliation. It is comparatively
hardy, requiring slight protection in winter. Here is
also a species of an improved Ostaomeies, a spiny fellow
of the self-protecting order ; but it is beggared in com-
parison with CoUetia cruciata in that respect, a berry-
bearing plant, but a Rhamnad instead of a,n Apple-
wort. The foliation, in this instance, which is of
cruciate form, is furnished with spines, like the points
of tiny spears, in all directions. A very handsome
indoor decorative plant, of comparative hardiness,
presents itself, called Beschorneria yuccoides. Its
Aloe-like leaves are soft but not spongy, of a pale
yellowish green hue.

Many of the recent Japan novelties are dotted here
and there about, some out of doors, for permanent
decorative purposes, as Mr. Henry himself said,
like the cloth of gold in heraldry ; others are nursed
on in the houses. A very large form of Ilex from
Japan was observable growing indoors, the leaves four
times the size of the normal species, and quite as
virescent. Nor was the Himalayan Aucuba less
notable for the gigantic proportions of its foliage, and its
glossy finished appearance. As will have been observed
by the careful reader, a great number of the more
choice things that have been enumerated have been
raised from seed, necessitating more than the " ordinary
run" of care and vigilance, which none but an enthu-
siast, with an innate love for plants, could have success-
fully carried through. A.

Miscellaneous.

Lilium auratmn. — We are informed that at three
recent sales at Stevens', of bulbs of this beautiful Lily,
imported direct from Japan, no less a sum than
3686Z. 19s. 6d. was obtained, the total number of bulbs
sold having been 34,000. Each bulb therefore fetched
as nearly as possible 2*. 2f?., or 36s. a dozen.

Garden Operations.

i^For the ensuing weeh,)
PLANT HOUSES.
As most Glass Structures will now be more or less
gay, too much cannot be said as to the desirability
of tastefully contrasting one plant with another, with
the view of setting each off to the best advantage, and
at the same time endeavouring to realise a harmonious
whole. Let the best plants always stand well out as
prominent objects. Let plants of stiff erect habit
contrast favourably with others of more graceful
outline, but allow none to rise higher than the rest,
except it be some specimen of graceful outline, placed
prominently in a position pleasing to the eye. Let
all gradations towards the front be uniform throughout.
The care necessary to produce plants in good condition
at this season certainly demands all our attention as
regards tasteful arrangements. Camellias ivith long
ill-placed shoots should have them cut down to a
height somewhat in conformity with others, as soon as

they have done flowering. Even shoots not particularly
ill-placed, breaking only at the upper bud or so, should
have these buds removed, which will induce the plants
to break further back, and cause them to become more
bushy. From large plants of bad form, old branches
may now be removed, as they break freely if kept rather
dry at the root, and slightly moistened overhead for a
time. Choose also occasionally a fine drjdng day upon
which to give all such plants a good syringing, which
will, by well washing them, give them a more healthy
tone at the commencement of their active season of
growth. Baphnes should receive similar treatment,
except that old wood must not be cut too freely;
remove the young shoots, which it will be seen sur-
round the flowers, and should the plants be getting too
thinly furnished, cut the later growths back a few
inches. Do not place them in warmth, but let them
break, and grow gently in a cool house. Indian Azaleas
should now be pushed forward in a uniformly moist
temperate atmosphere, syringing them overhead occa-
sionally. Thus treated the flowers will be finer than
when they are left to develop themselves in a cooler
situation. Primulas^ having the pots well filled with
roots, if not past their best, will be benefited by an
occasional watering with weak manure-water. Tri-
coloured Pelargoniums, such as Mrs. Pollock, may now
be safely propagated in a dry position over a flue, or
pipes, in a temperature of 55 or 60" ; procure at all
times, where ^possible, strong flrm-wooded cuttings
which when cut off close below a joint and made in the
usual way should be laid in a dry situation until the
wounds have become perfectly dry. Two cuttings may
then be placed upon opposite sides of large 00-sized
pots in a free open sandy soil. Place them at once in
a dry place, such as that just named, and do not water
them until the soil has become pretty well dry in the
pots. Do not shade them ; on the contrary, let the sun-
shine fall upon them w'here possible. Cinerarias
should now receive abundant waterings with liquid
manure not too strong. Keep the surface soil in pots
containing Auriculas freely stirred, giving occasional
waterings of sheep manure, perfectly settled and clear.
Keep the lights off in dry weather, tilting them both at
back and front if frosty or wet weather prevail, i. e.,
provided the former is not too severe.

Hoses, when once fairly started in heat, should be
freely syringed, and grown in an atmosphere highly
charged with moisture. Minutely search all young
growths frequently for grubs, which may be in process
of formation thereon; these generally firmly envelop
themselves in the young leaves, and if left, quickly
destroy the flower buds as they appear. Shorten all
flowerless shoots back to two or three leaves ; and tie
out neatly all others needing separation or support.
Lilij of the Vallet/ will now force freely. Where not
previously potted, clumps of it may be taken up in
sizes suHiciently large to fill any pans or boxes that
may be at hand. Or these may be divided, choosing
the larger crowns only, which when placed thickly in
32-sized potsandbronght on quickly makea good display.
JBouvardias, Salvias, and similar plants which have
not started into growth should be placed in a little
heat. Dahlias should also be brought to light and
potted or placed in any position where warmth and
moisture can be applied in order to induce them to
break freely. The diSerent varieties of Celosia should
be sown, especially C. pluniosa, which is not generally
grown successfully. Our best growers sow them
early, and the success which attends their treat-
ment is doubtless greatly owing to this fact. Those
who may not have autumn-formed plants of Lohelias
(speciosa, &c.) should sow seed forthwith in finely-
sifted surface soil, placing it in a slight amount of
heat only.

FORCING HOUSES.

Mushroom beds in a bearing state should be fre-
quently just surface-sprinkled with tepid water. In
gathering, take hold of each Mushroom, and by
giving it a quick twist free it from the bed, at the base.
Always gather Mushrooms as soon as they begin to
expand ; as if left beyond that stage they exhaust the
spawn more quickly. Any beds which are becoming
shy in bearing will be benefited by a good soaking of
weak manure-water; that strained from sheep-drop-
pings is best. Give air upon all favourable occasions,
and a certain amount of light daily, at all times where
convenient. Capsicum or Chili seed might now be
sown, and placed in a little heat. It is better to defer
these, and many similar sowings, however, for a week
or two, if you will not be able to do them justice when
ready for potting off from want of room, or other
circumstances. Cucumbers and Melons might be ridged
out in pitsor frames previously prepared forthem. Bear
in mind, however, that it wiU be too early to ridge these
out, where it may not be possible, by means of a
constant supply of fresh sweet fermenting materials,
to add to the linings, and thereby keep up a brisk
uniform heat. Place soil, half leaf-mould and half
good turfy loam, well mixed together, on the bed under
the centre of each light, so as to form a conical mound.
Into this firmly press the ball of the plant. Should
these mounds become too hot, or exceed a maximum of
from 85° to 90°, their temperatures in the immediate
neighbourhood of the roots may be reduced by shght
excavations in one or more places, so as to leave a clear
opening through which the heat may escape. Give all
the night air possible in mild weather, and maintain an
average temperature of 65°. A Uttle Celery should also
be sown where an early demand for it exists.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN AND SHRUBBERIES.

Any shrubs which have been killed by frost should
be replaced by fresh ones at once. Complete aU
planting operations, pruning, &c. Cut away all small
spray, old flower stalks, &c., upon Wistarias, removing
all lengthy young growths of last summer, by severing
them in two at the base. Thin out and tie up
Clematises, Soneysuckles, and similar plants. Common

and Portugal Laurels should be cut back and thinned
out; they will then break and grow away freely, but
take care always to leave an opening in the centre of
large specimens, to admit light and air, which assist in
hardening the wood.

HARDT FRUIT GARDEN.

Prune Red and White Currants; this should be
done by cutting away all young growths, except the
foreshoot, within an inch of the main stems ; and even
the foreshoot might be cut back to within 4 or 5 inches
of the latter. Should any tree be ill formed, owing to
the decay of a portion of it or otherwise, choose a
young shoot to fill up the deficiency. A well-trained
hush should have about 6 inches of clear main stem,
from which it should divide into from 6 to 10 branches
of uniform distance apart, and all of one height, with
a clear opening in the centre, where no shoot should
exists. These main branches or ribs should be spurred
in annually, and thus become the fruiting parts.
Eradicate all shoots, should any appear, which grow up
directly from the roots.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Trenches prepared for Horse RadisJt should now
be planted with sets, made from cuttings of the
crowns of established plants, from 2 to 3 inches
long; these may be dibbled 16 inches apart in
the bottom of the trenches ; press the soil firmly round
them, leaving the tip of the shoot in such a position
that ili will readily rise when growth commences. Do
not fill in the trenches, but let all remain as it is for the
present. Cauliflower plants not in a position to stand
and flower, or any which need thinning, should now be
planted into the richest quarter at about 26 inches
asunder — well watering them in after the soil has been
pressed firmly around them. Any crowns of Seahale
which it is intended to force, and which are fully
exposed to the outer air, should have some covering
placed around them immediately, which will keep the
air from them ; place every spare pot or pan pro-
curable over them, and upon these leaves or other
litter should again be put. The least growth made
by Seakale, under full e.'cposure, is sure to be badly
coloured, and to taste strong when cooked. Finish off
all arrears of work, without delay ; for as the days
lengthen, so will demands upon time increase, and
if left to accumulate, will become hereafter an obvious
cause of want of success. W. H.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
For the "Week ending Feb. 27, 18(j7. a3 observed at the Horticultural Gardens.

Feb.

is.
1"^

£A.ROMEXEa.

TEMPEaA.TDRE.

Wind

Of the Air.

OttheEartli

i

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min,

Mean

1 foot' 2 feet
deep. 1 deep.

Thurs. 21
Friday 22
Satur. 23
Sunday 21
Mon. 25
Tucs. 26
Wed. 27

17

18
19

20
21

1

30.485
30.412
3U,436
30.210
30.146
29.990
30.017

30.428

30.328
30.406
30.133
29.965
29.960
29.990

67
52
56
54
50
4.5
44

37
36

30
35
38
35

32

47

11

13

14.5

44

40

38

49
19
49
48
IS
47
17

46
46
46
46
45
45
45

SW.

s.w.

N.W.
S.W.

W.

W.
N.E.

.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
.00

Average .

30 215

30.168

61.1

34.7

13

48.1

45.5

.05

Feb. 21— Uniformly overcast; overcast throughout.

— 22-Overcast ; densely overcast at night.

— 23— Fine throughout; mild at night.

— 24— Densely overcast ; fine throughout.

— 25— Fine ; very fine; densely overcast ; rain.

— 26— Drizzly; tine; overcast.

— 27— Hazy clouds ; dry haze ; overcast at night.

Mean temperature of the week IJ deg. above the average.

STATE OF THE -WEATHEU AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending March 9, 1867.

Sunday .
Mon.
Tues. .
Wed. . ,
Thurs. .,
Friday .,
Satur. ■

<^^fi^^

No. of
Years in
which it
Kained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Kain

0.48 in.

0.40

0.47

0.26

Prevailing Winds.

The highest teinperatu
4th. 1860-tlicrm. 70 deg
14 deg.

? during the above period occurred on the
and tbe lowest on the 3d, 18G2— therm.

Notices to Correspondents.

Fuchsia Golden Fleece. — We are requested to state that tbe
variety mentioned in our report of the Royal Horticultural
Society at p. 1^4, under the name of Cloth of Silver, and
said to be a sport, is a seedling raised between Cloth of
Silver and Enoch Ai-den, and is named Golden Fleece. It
■was shown by Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son.

Glass : W. The best gardeners are, we believe, quite agreed
that though corrugated glass may be suitable for the growth
of foliage plants, and even for certain kinds of flowers, yet
that clear glass is preferable where the ripening of fruit ia
concerned. We advise you, therefore, to select clear glass
for your Vinery. The difference between close modem
glazing and the open laps of former days must not be
overlooked in the management of the Vines.

Hyacinths : Old Subscriber. The bulbs wiU not bloom so finely
the next year as when newly Imported, but sometimes they
will bloom fairly as outdoor flowers. So far as treatment
can help them, it should go to aid the full development and
perfect maturation of the leaves. Consequently, when out
of flower they must not be thrust aside into a dark comer,
nor too suddenly exposed ; while those flowered in glasses
must be potted or planted in a favourable situation.
Imported bulbs are now, however, to be had at so reasonable
a price that it is seldom worth the trouble to preserve the
old ones.

Name of Fruit : Iri^h Subscriber, Name unknown.

Names of Plants '. H I C. 1, CaUitris quadrivalvis, from
Barbary. — T B. We behove this to be nothing but a stunted
variety of Abies excelsa — ff S. Sterijihoma cleomoides.

Roses: J P. Bud on the young wood of the present year,
when it has become Srm, the stock being cut close down
now. You would find them more convenient to handle if
they were grown in pots.

Communications Received.— W. Miller. — R. D.— W. Dean.—
W. R. (thanks ; shall be attended to).— D. T. Fish.— W. BuU.
— E. M.— Karl Koch.— E. M. C— W. Earley.— W. TiUery.—
E. G. Henderson & Son. —A. Fettigi-ew.— H. M.— A. Godwin,
—J. M. M.

,\l\nc!i 2, 180?.J

THE GARDENERS' OMnNTOLE AND AflRTCTJLTURAE GAZETTE.

215

SUTTON'S GRASS SEEDS

FOR ALL SOILS,

Carriduv J'

MESSRS. SUTTON

SiicciaUy prepai-o MIXTURES for every description of
• ii ; ihorefo'ro in orderinj^ it is only necessary to state the
iiture of soil, and suitable Seeds will be supplied. The
ill.iwing are the popular classifications of soils : —

STIFF CLAY
STIFF 01- ULAVY LOAM
i.;c)OD MEDIUM LOAM
LIGHT SANDS

6. SHARP GRAVELS
(J. CHALKY SOILS

7. SHEEP DOWNS

8. RIVER FLATS, or WATER

MEADOWS

.SI '1T0^"S BEST MIXTURE of PERMANENT

liKASSES and CLOVERS.— Prices for Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4,

-J, 0, and 7 (2 bushels of Grasses, aud 121b. Clovers per

;uie), 366'. per acre, carriage free.

CHEAPER MIX ITRES, 26«. to 30.«.p. acre, carriage free.

For No. 8, 30s. per acre, carriage free.

From many Letters before us we present one only for
each description of Seeds.
Fi-nm Mr. John Towlk, Weirs and Hhickse]! Mills, n(ar Oxford.
April 9, 18CC. — *' Some five or six years back I bad from you Per-
manent Grass Seeds for 40 acres, and the s:inio quantity from another
party ; ■while yours has now a good sward upon it, the other la wora
almost to notUiug."

SUTTON'S RENOVATING MIXTURE for the above
SOILS, price \{id. per lb., cheaper by the cwt. — If
tliese Seeds are sown early in the season, the improve-
ment in the Pasture will be very great, and at small
expense. {5s. to 10*. per acre.)

From W. G. GtiDLBouRS, Esq., North Munms, Hatfield.
March 16, ISGG. — "The Rouovatiug Mistm*e I bad last year has
already niadfj an important Improvement both in quality and
quantity of crop."

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE for PARK LA"WNS,
BOWLING GREENS, CRICKET GROUNDS, for
the above Soils, price I85. per bushel. Sow 2 or
2| bushels per acre.

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of GRASSES and
CLOVERS for Four Years' Lay, 24*. per acre, carriage
free. Second Quality cheaper.

Fi-ovi Jos^:plI Krussam, Esq., Jun., Terrington.
March 28, IbUG.— "The Four Years' Lay Seeds I had from you have
answered well ; and although I had a heavy crop of Oats, there has
been more feed than 1 ever saw before. I have had ioo ewes and
lambs on the lu acres for a long time, but it appears to grow almost
as fast as they eat it."

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of GRASSES and
CLOVERS for Two Years' Lay, I85. 6rf. per acre,
carriage free. Second Quality cheaper.

From Mr. William Jones, Agent to E. P. Monkton, Esq,,
FinesiiOile A bh<:ij, Wansford.
May B, 1866.— "The Clovers ana Grass Seeds supplied by vou
during my residonca here (1804 and 1865), havo given every satisfac-
tion ; indeed, in 1865. when all seeds around me were a failure, I bad
such an abundant crop of your 'Two Years" Lay Seeds,' that out of
60 acres I mowed 20 acres twice in that season, and the mowings
together averaged quite three tons par acre."

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of GRASSES and
CLOVERS for One Year's Lay, \os. per acre, carriage
free.

From R. Bird Thompson-, Esq., Free Chase, Slangham, Crawley.
Jan. 19, ISCr.— "The seeds for one year's lay had from Messrs.
SuTTO.v turned out wonderfully. The mowers stated they had not
seen such a crop for years, and that it was lllte cutting into a wall.
,,■ Z™"^"^ ^^ ^™^ '* ^^^^ ^^S^- Certainly it was the finest crop Mr.
mra ihompson ever saw."

SUTTON'S MLXTUKES of CLOVERS and ETE-
GEASS for One Tear, 12s. to lis. per acre, carriage
free.

From Mr. E. Neil, Slocard to the Hon. J. K. Howaud, HazeRiy.

June 27, 18GG.~" I havo han'ested 3 acres of Clovers and Italian
Kye-gras..} from seed jou sent ine last year, wUich has been the
admiration of the neighbomhood."

GOOD CLOVER SEEDS at market prices. Samples
and lowest price per cwt. on application.

SUTTON'S SELECTED MANGEL WUEZEL
TURNIP, and other FARM SEEDS, aa see '

SUTTON'S NEW FARM SEED LIST,

Gratis .and Post Free on application.

Ig^ All Goods Carriage Free, except very small parcels.

Five per cent, discount allowed for Cash Payments.

SUTTON AND SONS,

ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT

READING.

r^ E A S S SEEDS for

^^ I'KKMANENT rASTUUE, of tho
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on anew, natural, and
scientlllc i^ystem.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
BUltablo Grasses for I'ermanont Pasture.

J, C. WuKixKn & SoH,

Gloucester,

Seodsmon to the Gloucosterahlro
Agrloulturnl Sm;ie^^

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

CAKTEll'S SELECT LIST of GENUINE FARM
SKEIIS. at moderate prices, is now ready, and may bo had post
free on applicaiion to

Cautek'.s Groat London Seed Warohouso, 237 and 238, High
Holbom, London, W.C.

Sutton's Prize Mangel Wurzel,

TURNIP, IMPROVED KOHL RAlil, 4c., &o.

3
For PRICES, sco

SUTTON'S NEW FAUM SEED LIST, wliicli may be
had gratis and post free ou application to
Sutton & Hons, [loyal BerKsliire SeeJ EsLabli.shniiint, Reading.

r~">lJYTL"AGiaCtJLTlI!lAL"SO(J["KrY oT"KKGLANiJ.
t BUUr ST. EDMIINU'S MKKTINP.. 18(17.

STOCK, POULTUY .and IMl'LEMKNT PRIZE SHEETS are
now ready, and will bo forw.irded on application to
12, Ilauover Mciuare, London, W. H, Hall Dare, Sec.

Wi\t Agricultural Safette.

SATURDAY, MARCH 2, 1867.

MONDA

■Wednesday,

■MEETINGS FOIt THE ENSUING "WEEK,

,(^,„L , I Central Farmors' Club (llev. G. .Smj-thies On

fliartn 4 1 EniiKration), at Salistniry Hotel-6 p.m.

6 — Royal Agri. Society of England— Noon,

On AVednesdaj', at the Eooms of the Koyal
Agricultural Society, ia Hanover Square,
Professor Simonds gave an address ■which had
been duly aunouncetl in the monthly reiiort of
theCouncU, and subsequently advertised in all the
agricultural papers. The diseases of lambs and
of j'oung sheep, from which thousands of stock-
owners annually suffer immense losses, formed
his very important subject : aud it was treated
with that fluency of speech and that fulness of
practical and of scientific knowledge for which
the lecturer is so highly distinguished. Tho
lecture was delivered before exactly five ordinary
members of the Society ! — one of whom,
Ml-. Eamsay of Newcastle, occupied the
chair. Neither President nor Vice-President
nor any member of the Council did the
Veterinary Professor the honour of attendance.
There were, however, two gentlemen seated at
the table, who represented probably 20,000
readers, and to them accordingly were addressed
the remarks, which might, however, with almost
equal utility have been spoken to either of
them alone seated at his desk at home.
Is it a hopeless task to attempt to get an
agiicultural audience together at midday in
London ? There was no lack on tho part
of the office-bearers of the Society. The
Secretary, the Editor, and tho Professor of
Chemistry were all present to listen to their
colleague, and Dr. VoELCKEK gave us some very
valuable information bearing ou Professor
Simonds' subject. But it is hardly likely that the
ordinary members of the Society ■svill assemble in
any number on these occasions, if those whose
proper business it seems more especially to be to
make a House, are unanimously absent.

The following is the substance of the address
which they would have heard had they been
present on Wednesday last: — (1.) The earliest
disease to which lambs are liable is indigestion,
arising from too rich a condition of the mother's
milk. When ewes are richly fed, the colostrum
present in unusual quantity in the first milk,
induces fermentation and the formation of lactic
acid, 'giving rise when the milk reaches the
stomach of the lamb, to a curd so hard that the
gastric juice is unable to deal with it, and the
consequent indigestion may result in inflamma-
tion of tho mucous Lining of the intestine. The
remedy is to alter the food of the mother, putting
her ou poorer food, and while the milk is altering

111 quality taking away tho lamb and giving it
well boiled Oatmeal gruel as i'cjijd, aiid as a
medicine antacids, to chock tho o.vces.sivo action
of the lactic acid, with it gontlo aiioii.Mit and
mild carmiuativo ; 1 scruple of bicarljunato of
potasli, 10 grains of Ilhuliailj, ami .j to 10 grains
of Nutmeg, in a hltlo i'eppermiut water, are a
dose for a lamb.

(2). Before weaning, whilo owe and lamb aro
still on Tiunips, the latter getting through the
hurdle to crop the Tuniip shoots, it ia a"aiu
liable to diarrhoea. This is the result of imma-
ture food. If tho Turnip is boginningto blossom
it is not so likely to cause this diarrhcoa as if it
is still in rapidly growing succulent shouts. Tho
remedy is to alter the food, to take tho Hock olf
tho Turnips, and give cako and corn to both owe
aud lamb.

(15). Lambs suffer sometimes from collections
of tho vegetable hairy matter of Clover leaf
which rolls together in tho form of a ball,
obstructs the action of tho stomach, and may
sometimes choke tho animal in the attempt to
pass it with tho other contents of the first
stomach back to the moutli for rumination.
There is no remedy for this risk, nor any indica-
tion by which the existence of the mischief can
with any certainty be known.

(4). Diarrhcoa is frequently a mere symptom of
othervriso deranged health. It is, for instance,
often symptomatic of lung disease, as when the
bronchial tubes being infested with the worm
called Filaria Bronchii, the lung is no longer
able fuUy to discharge its functions, and general
ill-health ensues. Treatment for diarrhcoa would
here be a mistake — tho disease exists not in the
stomach or intestines but in the lung. And there
the evil may possibly be dealt with by the use of
anthelmintic medicines, of which turpentine is
the principal ; for it, when taken internally,
seems very soon to p."'rmeate the whole system,
revealing itself by its smell almost immediately
in the breath, the urine, and tho milk. This,
and inhalation every day or every other day of
medicated ail', as the fumes of burning tar on
which sulphur is thrown, will tend to expel the
young worm, and to give notice to the older ones
to quit. Treatment of this kind, united with
good food and good nursing to strengthen the
constitution, may cui'e the lung disease, and so
the diarrhoea.

(5). The natural history of many of the
entozoa, to which, as they exist in the stomach
and intestines, diarrhoea is sometimes directly
due, was described to us, and the mystery which
still surrounds the subject of theii' growth ii-om
the egg stage to that mature and in many cases
enormous development in which alone they are
known, was dwelt upon. When the sheep, while
suffering from diarrhoea, otherwise retains its
health, and in marked degree its appetite, the
disease may be put down to worms. Salt was
recommended as a preventive, and balls made of
turpentine, sulphate of iron, and gentian, were
recommended as a remedy.

After Professor Simonds' lectui'o, which entered
into great detail on all the points just n.amed,
and especially described those internal parasites
whose natural history had been the subject of
his own elaborate research, Dr. VoELOKER
referred to the laxative effect of certain succu-
lent aud immature food, lie told us that
diu'ing the process of growth one form after
another of vegetable acid rapidly succeed each
other ; the oxalic acid of the young shoot
becomes altered, often in a few weeks, into citric
or malic acid, then into some non-acid substance
of less definite character and composition, and
lastly into sugar or starch ; and the mischievous
efi'ects which sometimes attend excessive suc-
culence of food may be attributed, not to the
general washy character of it, but to tho du-ectly
poisonous, or at any rate medicinal effect of that
special chemical compound, the product of
vegetable growth, which is characteristic of the
particular stage of growth to which the plant may
at the time have attained.

As the season for sowing of Lent Corn has
again come round, we purpose offering a few
remarks upon our crops of 186(5, as wo did on
those of the previous year ; for as cu-cumstances
in the two years differed so widely, it may be
well to see, if, after all, we havo arrived at any
fixed principles.

The result of our several fields of 1865 seemed
favourable both as to quality and quantity, in
proportion to the earliness of oui- sowing ; for
while the field sown ou the 16th of March yielded

216

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

40 bushels per acre, fetching 39s. per quarter, that
sown on the 2d of May yielded only 22 bushela
per acre, sold at 30s. per quarter. In the Barley
crop of 1866 prices have been altogether excep-
tional; at the same time, the following Table
of the results of our crops wiU be found on the
whole, when rightly understood, to tally pretty
nearly with those of the previous year, in so far
as general principles are concerned :—
Eesults of Bakley Crop fob 1866.

[Maech 2, 1867.

Number of

When

gl -SI U

Field.

Sown.

<

Remarks.

w

UH

fic

s. a.

No. 3

Mar. ir

7

Aug. 14

48

46 0

After Ttttnips.

„ u

April 4

il

„ 29

m

SI 0

After Wheat.

8|^
Sectionl j

Mar. ' 23

8

„ 23

37

54 0

( After Mangel
i Wurzel.

"

1. 27

8

„ 24

37

S4 0

After Swedes.
After Winter
Barley; sheep

AprU C

8

" '

35

51 0

folded on the
shed Barley
ploughed in.

„ 16 3

„ 24

37

54 0

After Swedes.

J. 5

„ 19 r

„ 24

3.i

54 0

Ditto.

,. c

„ 28

3

„ 31

33

54 0

Ditto.

Our first field was sown on the 17th March on
what our neighbours term "brine sand," and
for being first here wo got tolerably well quizzed.
It was said to be too poor and too cold to be
sown early, but as we could not find that eai-ly
sowing had ever been tried, whilst we had seen
a sowing in May by our predecessor almost a
failure, we determined to try it, upon the principle
that poor land in cold situations can hardly be
expected to ripen a grain crop in three mouths.
Here our crop, which was the astonishment of
all, was the largest in the parish. As regards
its price it was the first threshed out, or its price
would have been higher ; but with all it should
be remarked we were fortunate to secure the
crops without the sbghtest injury from wet.

The other crops after roots wore unusually
good in quality, but the yield was less in sections
of the same field according to the lateness of
sowing, and as a rule we are quite sure that
later sown crops are thinner and poorer in the
grain.

There is another matter connected with early
sowing, and it is that Barley sown in May
requires nearly double the seed for the crop, the
theory being that if shortness of time be allowed
the plants cannot tiller, but will send up one,
two, or three heads only, and this on poor lands
is only aggravated ; it has hence foUowed that
garden experiments with thin seeding.jwhere you
can command your soil, its state of cultivation, and
the time for putting in the seed, have shown that
crops can bo secui-ed with a minimum of seed,
but where you are dependent upon entirely
different conditions, it is found that liberal
seeding is necessary. Now in our largest yield
of 48 bushels per acre, sown in March, we only
used eight pecks or two bushels of seed per acre ;
later we used ten pecks, and still later twelve
pecks. But one of the largest crops in the
district was that of a neighbour who sowed a
sack per acre at the end of April.

As experiments, then, of what may be done
with a little seed, we are thorough converts to
thin-seeding, but we cannot from this conclude
that anything like the thin-seeding that is
practicable in some circumstances is advisable
where you cannot always do as you would, but
must accomplish what you can.

Still the motto, " Try again," is never out of
place on the farm. Farmers should ever look to
principles. We are constantly being told this,
that, and the other, is wrong to be done, but on
asking if it has over been tried, wo usually find
that it has not, so strong has prejudice been
agamst any departure from a preconceived
notion.

The truth is, a neighbouring fair, or the
progress of some tree, have ever been held as
better gmdes as to the sowing of seed than are
the facts connected with the cultivation of the
land. Thus in Gloucester and Worcester we are
told —

When the Elmon leaf is as big as a mouse's ear,
Then to sow Barley never fear ;

and little anxiety is felt upon the matter ; but.

When the Elraen leaf is as big as an ox's eye
Then says 1, hi boys hi ! '

Yes, seldom do people hurry in the matter
until the leaves begin not merely to shoot but
to grow; but it should be remembered that if
we can get corn in the position to make head
when the genial rains of April are bringing out
the leaves, its leaves too will grow, and its

fruition be aU the better from its having had in
our^ changable climate the requisite amount
of time. B.

Me. Steaffokd has his hands full :— On the

Uth of March he will sell by auction at Burghley
Park, the entire herd of pure-bred Shorthorns belong-
ing to the executors of the late Marquis of Exetek
which not only traces back to the early part of the
century, but claims relationship with the most fashion-
able blood of more recent date. On the 20th he will
sell the herd of Mr. Logan, of Maindee House, 'New-
port, Monmouthshire, which has long been successful
m the show yards of the West of England. On the
1st of May the herd belonging to Mr. E. L. Betts will
be sold at Preston Hall, near Aylesford, Kent ; and on
the following day the Havering Park herd, belonging
to Mr. McIntosh, to which we have already referred
IS to be disposed of Mr. Betts' herd includes all the
celebrated Grand Duchesses bought at such enormous
prices at Willis's Rooms two years ago. It also
includes splendid specimens of the " Cambridge " and
Bed Rose," and other Kirkleavingtou sorts, some of
the choicest animals of the Townlet herd, and many
other remarkable animals. We shall next week give a
more detailed account.

ledge, one of the very best pen of pigs I ever saw m mvlifc
were disqu.aUfied at the last Birmingham Show I will Mt
again allude to my own case of the year before, more than to
say that nothmg would induce mo to again exhibit subject toa
similar ordeal. If from circumstances such as the proved iin
just disquaUflcation of the Messrs. Howaeds' pigs last vear
and of mmo the year before, the authorities may be mduccdto
amend their regulations, so that exhibitors should no loneer
be at the mercy of a single inspector, who may or may Sot
know what he is doing, then I shaU feel some consolation tor
the vexation 1 felt at being so unjustly treated, and I am sure '
the Messrs. Howakd will look at the matter in the same light. '

LOST LETTERS -FROM ITALY.— No. IV.
If a man may judge from personal experience I
think it not a bad thing for a traveller, whether
journeying for health, or holiday, to have a special i

The reports just published of last year's har-
vest, being the returns from upwards of .500 correspon-
dents of the Mark Lane Express in all parts of the
country, fully confirm the general impression which
has obtained of the character of the crops. Of 574
reports of the Wheat crop only 20 state it to be over
average, and 328 declare it to be below an average. In
like manner, 73 and 191 reports out of 533 of Barley
declare that crop to have been over and under average
respectively. And 5 1 and 183 reports out of 513 of Oats
were over and under average. The following gives the
whole return in a tabular form :—

Wheat.

Barley.

Oats.

Beans.

Peas.

Under average . .
Average ..
Over average . .

328
225
20

171
269
73

183
276
64

101
240
56

63
239
123

Total

574

533

613

397

425

Our own reports, published in August last, were as
follows : —

Under average , .
Average , .
Over average . .

63
95
21

Barley.

22
102
45

60
84
29

29
65
19

It appears from this that the threshing out of the crop
has generally shown a poorer yield than was anticipated
at harvest time.

■ The story of Mr. Howaeb's pigs is at length

completed by the publication of a correspondence,
giving the result of examinations by Professors Law and
SiMONDS. Mr. AiLENDEE, who has himself suffered
from the decision of the veterinary referee at Birming-
ham, thus sums up the affair in a letter, which
appeared in the Mark Lane Express of this week :

" I was present when Professor Gamgee explained to Mr.
James Howard the reason why the disqualification had been
made. Professor Gamgee distinctly stated that he had dis-
qualified the pen of pigs on account of the irregular develop-
ment of the premolars, asserting most positively that he had
never known an exception to the rule that, when a pig shall
h.ave arrived at the age of just balf-a-year, certain little teeth,
called ' premolars,' immediately make their appearance. Are
we, then, to understand that the rules obtaining in the denti-
tion of pies are. according to Professor Gamgee, so clear, and
so imdoubtcdly and unexceptionably correct, th.at the various
changes take place to the day ? If so, how would the case
stind where the sow has a protracted accouchement, and the
event comes off about midnight, just six months prior to the
Birmingham Show ? Some of the litter might have to rank
over six months old, while their brothers and sisters would
pass muster. This is a ridiculous supposition, it will be said.
Vei-y good ; then we are to be allowed a little grace, and the
cli.ange does not take place instantaneously. Once admit an
exception, and allow a few days, most practical men will con-
tend that, the exception once admitted, the extent will be
influenced by breed and feed.

" Pigs compete imder different conditions to any other
animal usually exhibited at our shows ; th.at is, in classes
differing only by a few months, or at so many months old —
four, six, eight, as the case may be— whilst other animals have
at least a year between class and class. Once, therefore, admit
that there is any exception to a positive rule— and he
must be a bold man to deny it— then undoubtedly other
evidence than the ipse dixit of any one ' professor ' or ' expert '
should be required before exposing honourable men to the
vexation, .annoyance, and loss of having their animals unjustly
disqualified upon a point which after all is only a question of
degree and a rnatter of opinion.

"If the present .accepted rules of dentition arc to be con-
sidered unaltcr.^ble in the face of any amount of evidence,
then in common justice let the prize sheets be revised, and
instead of shomng in classes of .ages, let exhibitors show in
classes of teeth— a premolar and a non-prcmolar class, a
coi-ncr iueisor and a non-comer incisor class. This could be
understood.

" Let us see how this case of Messrs. Howard stands.
" Professor Gamgee, of Birmingham, disqualifies Messrs.
Howard's pigs, exhibited as under six months old, because
some of them h.ave put up their premolars, asserting that this
rule is positive.

" Professor Law goes to Bedford, .and unfortunately discovers
that the mother of the s.aid pigs has not got the said premolars.
Upon this, we are informed by Professor Gamgee th.at
Profes,sor Law was not aware th.at these animals shed these
said premoLars when they arrive at the age of 20 months. Pig
dentition was perhaps not Professor Law's department ; there-
fore that little difficulty is removed.

Unfortunately Mr. Howard, being a persevering man, com-
municates with Professor Simonds, who goes down, and finds
itco and rtrce-year-old pigs whose premolars have not dropped
out. Professor Simonds also finds that .\lexandra, the mother
of the disqualiiied Binningham pigs, whose mouth Professor
Law pronounced clear of premolars, is furnished with one of
those teeth. Upon rulea based upon sueh uncertain know-

subject of observation mainly present to his mind. It
does not, to my thinking, interfere with other points
of interest of a more general kind; on the contrary it
rather forms a solid nucleus round which ordinary
observation gathers and arranges itself, in a healthy
kind of way • and rescues the thinker (and it may be
tha writer,) from that sort of 'bald disjointed chat'
that I have sometimes felt almost indignant at having
even to turn over, in the Journals of tourists who
realise the I'etat c'est mot iii every land they go
through, themselves the foreground of every landscape
and hero of every tale. I must say an agricultural eye
goes far to save one from this form of idleness ; and
indeed I hardly know any noint of view from which
if you choose, you may see so much of a country as the

agricultural; physically of course that may verge

on truism — but I mean generally. AU national
employment, all wealth, habits and manners, artistic
skill, even genius, arise directly, or secondarily,

from the soil, what it produces, suggests, or

compels. You laugh at my including geiiitis 1 Well
wait a bit: let us keep that for discussion hereafter:
Italy IS the very ground to settle that quarrel upon.

Meantime, having left the high Alps behind, and
bowling along the level for many a mile before you
begin to descend the other side, it is impossible not to
be struck by the cruel change in the character of our
road. Since the cession of Savoy, the Emperor of the
Irench and Victor Emmanuel share the Pass between
them, not as 'joint-tenants,' or even 'tenants in
common,' I am sorry to say, but as half and
half Coparceners. In fact the place where
we dropped our mules was I think the halfway
house, where ' Imperial ' ends and ' Royal ' begins, in
everything; Road, alas, not inclusive. From chattering
over a hard weU-formed elliptic arch, at least such an
ellipse as a perfect road should be, you drop or droop
into a slushy grinding hollow, mocked and sometimes
half intercepted by great stone-heaps of excellent

metal, partly iro/rai, — and left, pink-veined

sienite and marble. Yes! left there, half broken,
and half over the road, and half everything it
ought to be, and ought not to be ; a sound sleeper,
inside, would not need to be told that we had passed
tho French barrier. The voice of the wheels would be
quite enough. We are in Italy ! What a portraiture
of a country, or even of any district, lies in its roads !
it almost seems to convey too much : the observation
of the eye is so rapid, and so unsparing, and so unable
of course to allow for accidental causes.

Well; such in truth must be done here. The
incessant pressure of the traflio day and night, in

every description of weather, for this is the only

certain pass from North to South for this part of Europe
—makes it exceedingly difficult to keep the road what
it should be ; and I must add that in no country in
the world are there finer roads to he found than Italy.
The fine old Roman model is not lost. The Simplon
road, from Arena to Duomo d'Ossola, is a perfect work
of art. Turned to a nicety in point of bow-shaped
form, with granite metal, granite posts .about every
lOyards, and tall granite telegraph-columns of an elegant
tapering form, not merely stuck in the ground, but each
like a well stepped mast set in a square socket of four
stout granite posts, that seem framed for eternity,
were it but a httle broader, it is indeed a road for a
nation to be proud of It is not difficult to see in poor
Mont Cenis the hard-worked carthorse, and in the
Simplon the well groomed but after all not so handy or
sure-footed hunter.

And now we begin to descend : zigzags again ! and as,
to obviate their extreme shai-pness, the horses take as
wide a sweep of each turn as thej^ possibly can, and
the pace is tremendous, you instinctively 'hold on'
and hold hard,' scarcely confessing to yourself what
thai means, viz. that you are contemplating a header
down a thousand fathoms as an immediate possibility.

For there, below you, actually under your gaze, as if
you could pitch a cricket-ball deftly into it, lies the
town of Susa glistening in a sort of air-bafcli of pink and
yellow colouring that is new to the northern eye. It is
all you can say, that you see into Italy ; for the prospect
to the south is shut out by the dark mountain-.spur of
the Roccia Melone, the very brow from which the
Carthaginian after leading his troops that wonderful
journey through Spain and over the Pyrenees, is said
to have feasted their eyes with the promised spoil of
Italy lying at their feet. But the modern invader
must wait a bit : and be content for the present to look
down into a sort of lighted up cul-de-sac, the illumi-
nating point of which is concealed from him. It is
not much but it is Italy : and we are going to, not from
it. — ' Rest and be thankful ' !

But this will hardly be, if by any accident, as in my
own case, you have to pass your first night on Italian
ground, at Susa : for in th.at case your report of an
Italian Inn would I think find vent in an expression
that I saw used in the freedom of a priv.ate letter
written thence, the night I dropped into it, as, to
one who sees it for the first time ' incredible.' Descrip-
tion can only convey details : nothing but the senses,
can convey to the mind the general effect. And I

, MAEcn 3, 1SC7.]

THE (iARDENERS' OIIRONrCLB AND AORTOULTtlRAI, OA^I'/l'TE.

217

lointedly include them all ; for all are appealed to
limultaneously. IJut it is always dangerous to geno-
alise too fast : it is the traveller's bane and stumbling
Iilock ; always, ovorywliero. Yet bero it is irresistible.
la five minutes you seem to read off a people. It may
1)6 very unpbilosopbical, very wrong. Vou soon learn
jo bo more patient, and discriminating : but at the
lirst experience everything seems to give way before
|,he crushing novelty of sight and sen.sation. A lady's
iuaid going out of the door of her mi.strcss' bedroom,
ind fmding herself oj^ening plump upon the stable-

lyard, her look, her attitude, the w.ay she rolls her

I'lnglish eyes around, in apiralled inquiry and dismay,
s the nearest approach to a figure that I can bring to
nind to picture brielly the impression made. And
.vhat I name by way of instance as a figure, is not the
ess a fact. Within the hour of our arrival, I .saw it.
iVhethcr this made more impression than a bedroom
lot only uncarpeted but paved with naked bricks, it
cvould be hard to say : but the English abigail is
luzzled, almost past her wit.s, by being compelled to
I'-knowledge that this out-o'-door looking apartment
s furnished with one grandeur, in the shape of a bed
hat might have been furnished for royalty itself.
<ucli was my first /«»-experience of a land that has
lie finest hotels in Europe !
It has taken a good many centuries to grow Susa
'ut of ' Segvsio,' the ancient name of this once
mportant little Ligurian town, the key of the
Vlpine road to Gaul. But I think I may venture

0 say that there is one thing ivhich has under-
.'(me no change there whatever during all that
imo, and that is the Plough. In the course of an
;arly morning walk in search of a rather celebrated
narble arch that stands outside the town, I came upon

1 man ploughing. At first it was too like certain
lictures we have all been bored with, in certain ancient
II inks — to believe it solid. But when I wa.s compelled

0 do this, — then, by the force of contraries I suppose,

1 longed for a Photograph ! I should have liked
xucedingly to send it to decorate— or desecrate — your

pages. It was the identical article ! the very thing
m archtcologist or antiquary would give his little
linger for, — a genuine specimen— the short-beamed,
Hooden-coultered, no mould-boarded, curled up,
crooked impracticable-looking thing with one stilt,
t liat your eyes are familiar with under the august name
of a— Bonian plough.

It w.as iu a little square patch of ground of rather
stifl' soil. As "there's Husbandry iu He.aven," why
not 'Masonry' on e,arth, at least among those of the
~ame craft? and so thinking, I was soon over the
narrow ditch, the only separation it had from the road,
:ind pacing alongside of the Susan husbandman. It was
rurious to see tlie furrow-slice rise as well as it did to
such an instrument, while it took all the man's strength
and attention, anparently, to keep in the ground by
pressing with all his weight upon his single stilt,
ivhinh in spite of all his efforts jumped and danced up
imder him, with all the violence that two stout oxen
could impart to it. This effect was increased by the
excessive shortness and sharp curve, of the part meant
for a mouldboard, tlae action of which in turning off the
slice, struck me as the best illustration possible of
'transition' in things agricultural. If you take a
spade, pass a chain round, just above tho blade, and
gear on a yoke of oxen, then let them pull at the
blade, curved a little outward, you holding on like grim
death, at the handle,— you get the first step to which the
Roman plough (Susa pattern) forms the second, at no
great interval.

Nevertheless I am afraid I have seen in certain
higher latitudes, a less clean-laid furrow-slice ; and it
was as straight as an arrow ; in a word my Susan
acquaintance was not (le!irio!is,iind Aiinot prevaricate.*
On my venturing a word of commendation— adding
that the English plough difl'ered something from tkdt
pattern,— the answer I got was, " Ah, you've plenty
of Ships in England, but little enough cultivation, I
take it."

■ tJ^^"^^ """^^ ''■ <^h^"™Se ! Yet, bearing in mind a certain
Eeport' that had been made by the First Lord of
the Admiralty as to the state of our Reserved Fleet,
coupled with the last quotations of the Corn-market,
I could not help half wishing it was half true. But
how to answer it? Here was an Italian peasant's
notion of Great Britain. Ships and Commerce in
plenty, but Utile enough cultivation ! "How absolute
the knave is," too ! He gioes the information,'does pot
ask for any ! His ignorance is no negation, it takes a
positive tone !

^ Is it not always so ? Did you ever try to gauge an
Ignorant mmd, and find it empty ? Does not tho
Spirit of Ignorance alicai/s take unto himself the
Seven spirits of Prejudice, and fill— from garret to cellar,
the abode where Knowledge has not taken up its
abode ? Does it not terribly aggravate the responsibility
of having an ignorant class, to know that the mind is
just as greedy as the body— for food of some sort,—
and that there is no such thing as ignorance in the
commonly accepted sense of— Emptiness ; but that
if wholesome food be not swallowed, garbage
will be ? that every acre, every square yard,
not sown with Truth, becomes a natural Seed-bed of
error, and falsehood. How many of my fellow-country-
men of the same class with this simple Susan, would
speak of France or any other 'foreign parts' more
wisely than he of England ? Not many weeks before,
in conversation with an Englishman of higher status
than this poor peasant, I had ventured (for my sins)
into a little comparison of the merits of French and
Engh.sh cookery, " Can't know much o' Cooking, sir
should think, where they're forced to heat the Frogs ! "'

V\ ell iwell ! we must live in Hopo, and patience.
Perhaps my Englishman may yet dine at the ' Trois

* 1^0 words in Italics aro both derived from crooked
ploughing. The classic reader ivill forgive the explanation.

Prores,' or tho Cafo Richelieu ! Perhaps— who can
tell ? — a Piedmonteso peasant may some day visit j/our
Farm, my Friend 1

Pondering such things I turned towards the town ;
not without an idea or Breakfast; for my w.alk had
been long, and the scent of tho fresh turned earth had
somehow wrought a sensation under my waistcoat that
even tho Swiss mountains had not so awakened :
when suddenly turning a sharp curve between high
vineyard walls, [ stumbled on — the Gemof Hiisa! a once
wliilo marble ari;h, of tli<! time of Augustus, now the
colour and almost trausijareucy of amber. There it
stood before mo like a vision— a lovely and unexpected
vision. It is iinpo.ssiblo to describe the effect upon tho
mind of a work of high art encountered thus in a spot
where there was nothing to lead to or in tho least
prepare one for it. In form, in colour, in exquisite
proportion, it stands in such utter contrast to every-
thing near or in sight of it, that I stood transfixed for
a moment with an inward burst of admiration. On
closer inspection it shews some (hoarseness of detail ; the
figures of the Frieze reminding one of the carving on
a Norman doorway or tympanum, — awkward men
hunting awkward beasts : but this rather accords with
its history ; having been erected by Cotius, a barbaric
chief, in honour of tho conquering Emperor to whom
he had yielded without dishonour; and ever from that
time (b.o. 9) was the entrance to the Alpine road
traversed by tlie Roman legions on their way to Gaul,
— and to Britain. What Englishman could look at it
without deep thought and interest !

I fear I was very late for breakfast. It was my first
sight of classic Roman workm.anship in situ : and I am
free to confess that, after all the glories of "The
Tribune," and the Sculpture-Gallery of the Vatican, I
recall with the sense of intense enjoyment, the first
sight that convinced me of classic ground — the
charming symmetry and skill of that noble arch,
standing all alone, iu the now wild and deserted
environs of Susa. C. W. B.

SHORT TIME IN THE FIELDS.

[Tbe following is an abstract of the debate in the Ho'use of
Commons on Wedneaday last on Mr. Fawcctt's motion,
" That it is expedient to extend the educational clauses of
the Factory Acts to children who are employed in agri-
culture :— ]
Mr. Fawcett said : Tho report of tho Children's Employment
Comniisaion disclosed the frightful fact that the lives of thou-
sands of children were being sacrificed, and the bodies and
minds of tens of thousands -were being ruined by premature
employment when young. When the Factory Acts were first
introduced they were met by two objections. In the first
place it was a;xid that such an interference with particular
trades would jeopardize their prosperity, and, secondly, that
special and exceptional legislation with regard to certain
trades was exceedingly unjust. The first objection had been
refuted and silenced by the progressive prosperity of the
textile manufactories of the country to which those Acts had
been experimentally applied, but the second objection
remained in full and increasing force. The right hon. gentle-
man, in proposing his own Act, would find that the trades
touched by it would ask why he sought to bring them alone
under its operation, and why he did not introduce a measure
which should embrace all trades throughout the coimtry,
modified so as to meet the different cireumstances of each
trade, and based upon the one general and Important principle
that no child under 13 years of age should be permitted to
work unless it attended school a certam number of days in the
week. He wished to point out what appeared to him weighty
and conclusive reasons why, at any rate, the half-time system
should be applied to agi'iculture. The agricultural popidation
were in a state of deplorable ignorance, and there was this
melancholy fact besides, that many of those agencies at work
to improve the condition of the people did not provide a
guarantee for their improvement. There were many circum-
stances that tended to cast a meretricious gloss over tho
ignorance of the rural districts. We had a State educational
dep.artmcnt, we had increasing Goverament grants, there was
great zeal on the part of ministers of religion, and there were
many admirable schools ; but, with all our schools and aU our
zeal to educate the young, he knew villages in the West of
England where there were admirable schools and plenty of
money for educational purposes, and yet there was scarcely a
youth in those villages who could read sufficiently well to
understand what he read. If a child was taken away from
school at eight or nine years of age he was certain to forget
tho Uttle he had learned, and grow up in a state of ignorance.
All the agencies that might be applied to correct the mischief
had little effect, for it was found that the first rudiments of
learning became difficult to acquire in after life. But it was
said there were practical difEcultics in the way of applying the
half-time system to agriculture that could not bo surmounted.
Yet, if they were earnest in the cause, they would not be
dismayed by those difficulties. At a meeting recently held
upon this subject at Wolverhampton, Lord Lichfield made a
most admirable speech. That nobleman knew something of
agriculture, and he pressed most forcibly that the Act should
be immediately extended to the rural districts. But the case
was stronger than this, Mr. Paget had tried the half-time
system on his own farm for many years, and he found it
worked with the most signal success. But it was said that the
Factory Acts applied only where labour was concentrated,
while in the case of agi-iculture the school -house was often two
or three miles from the boy's homo, and perhaps his work two
or three miles farther off. This diSiculty might be overcome
by adopting tho plan of Mr. Paget, who introduced the alter-
nate day system, letting the boys be at school one day and at
work the next. Or if the alternate day system was not liked,
the alternate week system might be adopted. It might be
said that in dealing with the agricultural population they
were dealing with a class so poor that they could not
afford to do without their children's work. The loss, how-
ever, which would be inflicted on the parent by depriving
him of a portion of his child's labour would not be so great
as might in tho first instance appear ; for if this legislation
were made general, they would diminish the su^rtply of
juvenile labour, and increase its efliciency, thereby at the
same time increasing its value ; so that the child would
receive gi-eater remuneration. It might be said that some
of the labourers in the worst-paid agricultural districts
were in such a state of poverty that they could not
spare even the slightest reduction iu their wages. It might
be said with truth, that if they took \». or 25. a week from
tho Wiltshire or Dorsetshire labourer who was dragging out
a miserable existence on 9». or lOs, a week, he would posi-
tively starve ; but from this fact, melancholy as it was, the
greatest consolation might be drawn. Why were wages in
Dorsetshire and Wiltshire exceptionally low ? Because the
Iftbourera were so ignorant, and conseq.uentIy so devoid

nf ontcrpriHo, that they wore almoHt ftfl completely iHoluttJ3
fi-um the rcat of Enffhmd m if thoy lived in a
diHtjint country ; and therefore Ihcir wiigos wuro not
aHucted by tho gonorul labour market of tho country. In
those countioM wagcH wore ulwayy ut tho minimum Thoy
woru not detomnued by competition, but by oiiHidcrinff on
what the family cuM live; and in these calculatlonu tho
w.'igcH of tho bovH wore not omitted. lly knuw thoso
labuurors well, and ho aflirmcd thitt it was iniiWHuiblo (or
tlieiii to bo iu a worse cundition. It might bo huM that tho
rcHull, of tliia legirtlatiun would bo to increaao the price of
labour and thruw a new bunlcii im Iho landlord and tho
tenant. But this would bo compensated by other groat
advantages. No branch of indvistry sufTurcd more than agrl-
cultvu'o from the ignorance and consequent iucflleiuncy of
labour. If thoy increased the intelligence of tho laVjouror
thoy wovdd increase his efficiency, niako his labour more
productive, and there would be more to bo distributed aa rent
to the landlord, profit to tho tenant, and wages to the labourer.
Agriculture was becoming each year more and more a skilled
industry, through the euiployment in it of cxpenaivo
machinery, which could not be safely trusted to tho hands
of i>^norant workmen. Foreign coiupetition could bo mot only
by imyn'oving the education of the people; abuses of trade
combinations were duo to ignorance ; and if tlie country had
beuii shucked by outrages at Sheftiold, the Children's Employ-
ment Comniiasion disclosed hon'ors with regard to tho town
that made it matter of surprise that outrages were not moio
frequent. Sometimes it was said, " Compel landlords to
improve cottages ;" but educate the people and raise their
tastes, and they would not live in miserable two-roomed
hovels. Tho philanthr'opy of a nation was sometimes appealed
to on bohalf of a wretched peasant who was starving with his
family on 8«. a weak ; but he would not do so if he could read
the papers and learn of tho demand for labour in other parta
of the country. IIow much wiser would it be boldly to strike
at that ignorance which was the root of pauperism and crimo
than to struggle under tho burden of these evils ! It w;\s
chiefly by the Conservative party that the first Factory Act
was carried ; their policy in this respect had conferred ines-
timable blessings on the nation. Let thera continue the good
work and prove their sincerity to tho nation by conferring
the same blessings upon the industry with which they were
more intimately connected. Personallj', he was pledged to do
what he could to improve the condition of tho agricultural

Eoor, among whom he ha<l lived all his life, and he was con-
dent that if he coidd do anything to promote their education
he should bo assisting effectually to lighten the burden of
poverty which oppressed them, and to make their condition
more worthy of the nation, and to the wealth and greatness
of which their class hid contributed so much, and from
wliose advancing civilisation and increasing prosperity they
had derived so slender a share of augmented happino.ss.

Colonel Akroyd, in seconding the motion, said that hlg
experience might possibly have some weight with those who
had not the same opportunities of witnessing tho beneficial
results of factory legislation. The first step towards national
education was taken 30 years ago, when the Factory Bill waa
opposed by the mill-owners, with certain exceptions. He
joined in opposition, not from any unwillingness to shorten
the hotirs of labour, but from a conviction that legislation for
a particular class of employers was one-sided and unjust.
Having at first opposed the Act, he wished joyfully to offer
his testimony to its beneficial results. In his own neighbour-
hood a squalid population had been succeeded by a healthy
one, and the whole aspect of the district had Ijcen changed
by the operation of tho Act. Now, we seemed to have
arrived at the half-way house of national education, and if
the measure of tho hon. member for Brighton received the
assent of the agricultural gentlemen, we should have solved
the problem of national education, and little more would
remain to be done. What objections could be raised by tha
country gentlemen? Was there anything in the condition of
children employed in agriculture which forbade the application
of this Act to them? From his own observation ho would say
that there were many reasons why this Act was more
imperatively called for in agrieultinal than in manufacturing
districts. The children of farm labourers were taken from
school early, left the parental roof, and were hired by farmers
from year to year; and he eould confirm what had been said
by the hon. member for Brighton as to the ignorance of
children in agricultural populations compared with that of
children in manufacturing populations. Farming, however,
was now a very different thing from what it had been ; clod-
hoppers could not be trusted to de.al ■with costly instruments,
and farmers must of necessity have skilled labour ; and on
these and other grounds a good case was made out for the
extension of the Factory Act to the children emploj'ed in
agriculture.

Mr. GoLDNEY said that the coimtry gentlemen did not fear
the extension of education among their labourers, for no class
of men had endeavoured to do so much in their position
towards establishing schools and encouraging education as the
country gentlemen. Speaking for the county of Wilts, at all
events for the northeni portion of it, in which he had lived all
his life, he could say that in no part of it had the education of
the agricultural population been neglected ; on the contrary,
it had been provided for in the most ample maimer. The
great difliculty that was experienced was in getting the
children tu school. In some cases, no doubt, the parents were
desirous of adding to the comforts of their families by the
earnings of the children, but in most instimces the children
stopped away because they preferred to go bird-nesting, or
rabbitinjf, or something of that sort, and the country gentle-
men had even offered premiums for getting them to school. It
was a trying time for a child to be taken from school at 11.
He believed it was Dr. Johnson who said that no one learnt
anything before 12. What he ^^dshcd to point out in the first
place was that there was no objection on the part of the
landed interest to have the children well educated. But the
mere fact of preventing fanners from retaining the labour of
those children for more than half a day or half a week would
not meet the evil ; there must be some compidsory power, as
in Prussia and other parts of Germany, to keep the children at
school, or all other efforts would be vain. The extension of
tho Factory Acts to the agricultural population would not give
the results they desired. And now a word with regard to
payment for labour. In the northern portion of Wilts they
had a large railway, thoy had quandes and factories ; labour
there was in great demand, and men were employed at very
high rate.s. But what did they find to be the practical result
Why, that labourers, after having been employed on the rail-
way, in the quarries or factories, at high wages, come back to
the farmers and say that they prefer agi'ieultural work, even
though ■with lower wages. Agricultural labourers did not
expend such an extraordinary amount of strength as was
required in other employments. It was not from ignorance,
therefore, but from choice that these men, having tried other
occupations, went back to farm labour. In the northern portion
of Wilts agricultural labourers were, he believed, as happy, as
well educated, and as well disposed as in any other part of
Englaml, and both landed gentry and fanners were ready^ to
do everything iu their power for the purpose of encouraging
education.

Mr. Trevelyan said it had been stated that counti-y gentle-
men as a class were favourable to education. They bad
shown, when the Factory Acts were vmdor discussion, a
disposition in favour of tho education of factory children ; lat
them now extend tho benefit of those Acts to their own

218

THE GAUDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGUICULTtlRAL GAZETTE,

[Maech 2, 18G7.

labourers. The hon. geiitleniau cited the authority of Dr.
Johnson to the effect that a chUd learned nothing before 12.
There was a good deal of truth in the remark with respect to
the higher species of education, but the Education Commission,
over which the Duke of Newcastle presided, found that though
after the age of 10 a child was more capable of understanding
the higher bnuiches of learning, it was quite possible that
before that age he might learn to write a letter and add up a
sum. The resolution of his hon. friend had given satisfaction
to all who hoped for the removal of ignorance from the land,
MTien the light hon. gentleman brought on his Bill for the
improvement of the Factory Acts they v/ould hear a good
deal about the Manchester and Salford Education Society.
That Society divided Manchester and Salford into 144 squares,
and made a diligent house canvass, and the result of
their inquiries might be summed up in this — that half
the childi-en between the ages of thiee and 10 were rimning
about the streets, no more educated than Caffrcs. If that
was the state of the case in cities whoso names were synony-
mous with English progress, how must it be in agricultural
districts— not in such districts as that where the hon. mem-
ber for Chippenham (Mr. Goldney) resided, but in others ?
In 18.59 an examination, instituted by the military authorities,
showed that out of 10,000 soldiers, taken at random, 2675
were unable to write, and 2080 unable to read. A large
proportion of the recruits came from the rural districts, and
the cause of this ignorance was that poor parents, in order
to augment their small eai-nings, removed their children
from school, and set them to perform agricultunal operations
suited to their tender years. The only hope for the exten-
sion of education rested in an educational rate, for schools
only existed at present in a small majority of the country
districts, and for the support of these the clergy in many
cases taxed themselves to the extent of 20 per cent, of
their stipends, while the landowners contributed much
less liberally. Indeed, in one district in the centre of England
169 clergymen subscribed on an average teu guineas each per
annum, while 400 landowners, whose united incomes amounted
to GiO,000(., gave only 200/., or 10s. each. Education in the rural
districts depended so materially on the clergy that he could not
find it in his heart to enforce the conscience clause so long as
such a burden rested upon them. An educational rate would
oblige all classes to bear their fair share of the expense, and
would, moreover, act as an indirect compulsion on parents
to send their children to school, for the experience of
Canada and Australia showed that when people were taxed
for the support of any institution, they were almost certain
to avail themselves of its benefits. In Prussia, out of 100
recruits only two were unable to read and write, and wc,
who had abundance of money and possessed the spirit of local
self-government, advantages which foreign" nations lacked,
ought to be able to keep up with them iu the race. He hoped
that in the next or following Session, or at the first
opportunity after the flood of Reform had subsided, the
advocates of a comprehensive scheme of national education
would unite in passing a measure which would show that our
ancient and time-honoured institutions were compatible
equally with those of Germany, Switzerland, Holland, and
America, with the universal diffusion of morality and religion.
Mr. Read thought the uumber of children under nine
years of age employed in agricultural pursuits had been
exaggerated, for children so young wovild generally be of no
uso. It was only exception^Iy that they were engaged in
bird-keeping, hop-picking, and minor operations in the
harvest field, and then it was generally at a time when the
schoolmaster was taking his holiday. In factory work
seasons, weather, and daylight were of little consequence,
whereas on the farm everything depended upon them.
Moreover, a child taken out of a factory had to go but a very
short distance to school, whereas iu the rural districts a chUd
on an average would be obliged to walk considerably more
than a mile. It was impossible, therefore, to give half a
day to school and the other half to work on the farm, and
the best plan seemed to be to devote half the week to
the former and half to the latter. Great benefit had
accrued to the rural districts from night schools, not merely
in keeping up the slight elementary education which farm
boys received, but in preserving them from bad company and
employing their whiter evenings. Too often, however, few
persons besides the clergyman and a few irregular volunteers
took 'an interest in them. He thought the Government
would do well to giant a little pecuniary assistance to the best
of these schools.

- Sir F. Ckossley said the Factory Act had operated very
beneficially, and the principle of that Act had been applied to
many other trades, and he was not aware of a single failure.
Beneficial results had invariably followed. He himself had a
farm at Somerleyton, in Suffolk, but, though a day-school was
established there, he found there was a great difficulty in
getting the children to attend it, because their parents
persisted iu sending them to work in the fields at
too early an age. He once suggested to his manager
that the children should labour and go to school
ou alteraate days, but the reply was, " Well, sir,
if I do that, I shall not be able to make the farm pay." If
boys and girls in agricultural districts were better educated,
they would have chances of rising in life which they had not
under the present .system, and for his part he did not believe
that a man would be dissatisfied with labour because he had
received a good education. He hoped this subject would be
well pondered over. He felt satisfied that if the principle
were adopted that children under 1.^ years of age should not
be employed in agricultural pursuits, unless they had a
certificate showing that they attended school, the most
beneficial results would follow.

Mr. M'LAfiAN, i as one who was more connected with
agriculture than with any other profession, tendered his
thanks to the hon. momber for Brighton for having introduced
this subject. It was evident some measures, compulsory or
otherwise, must be adopted to enable the agricultural
labourer to keep pace in education and intelligence with other
laboui-ers, and this was the more necessary now that the
model system of farming had been inti'oduced, and machinery
was being so extensively employed iu agricultm-al operations.
But before a man was compelled to educate his children it
ought to be ascertained wbethei' there were menns sufficient
for the purpose. In some districts there was a woful
deficiency in the means of education, though iu other districts
where the means were abundant there existed great apathy
on the part of the parents in sending their chUdi-en to school,
and this was the more perceptible where there was a great
demand for children's labour. He did not see how the plan
proposed by the hon, member for Brighton could be applied
to at^riculture. Taking labourers away ou alternate days
would interfere with the working of the farm, while the
educiition would not be what it ought to be, because teaching
to be effectual should be continuous. Altogether he thought
the plan of the hon. member who last spoke much more
feasible than that of the hon, member for Brighton,

Mr. Bruck: Agricultural labourers are of very different
classes. Labourers in the neighbourhood of populous cities
are comparatively well off. In my part of the country, for
instance, few labourers ]-eceive less than 3s. a day, and in many
parts of Yorkshire agricultural laboui*ers are well off. They
may want, and I believe they do want, improved education,
but all that you need do with respect to them is to see that
further means are taken for the education of their children.
My hon. friend the member for Chippenham has stated that
in the north of Wiltshire the coaUitiou ot tho agiicultural

labourers is very different from that described by tho hon.
member for Brighton, but I think the hon. gentlemen may
have had in their mindg two different classes of labourers.
During the winter months it is usual to ^ive steady employ-
ment to the married labourers, while a large portion of the
unmari'ied labourers are thrown upon the poor-rates. It is so.
elsewhere. I offered to find employment for 100 labourers in
one part of the country, who I was told had to subsist upon
8s. a week wages. That showed something radically wrong.
It arose from the same cause which has created that misc/able
state of society in Spitalfields and other parts of the country —
the improper distribution of manufactui-ing labour ; and this
arises from ignorance. I believe that the emigration which
has done so much for Ireland may be traced far more to the
increased knowledge of the people in regard to the resources of
other countries than even to the misery which has been
experienced. I agreo with the hon. member for Halifax that
much of the success which has attended our factory legislation
is owing to the fact that we have proceeded gradually and
cautiously. At the same time, I think that the amount of
experience we have gained justifies a much bolder application
of the principle. No doubt we shall hear from the right hon.
gentleman at the Home Office that it will be his happiness and
privilege to introduce a measure which will affect millions of
our working population. It will probably have a wide scope,
and embrace all but the agricultural population, and when that
is done it will be impossible to keep out the agricultural
population.

5lr. Walpole : I will not disguise from the House that
I do think that the general question of education must
come, and at no distant period, under the immediate con-
sideration of the House, for the purpose of extendini; rhe
benefits of education, especially in those poorer districts,
where the means of education are less generally pro-
vided. But I wish to ask the hon. member for Brighton
whether there are not conditions and circumstances connected
with trades in large towns which make it difficult to extend
the operation of those Acts to rural districts, even in regard to
compelUng the children to receive education, I will not say
that those Acts may not be extended to the rural districts in
some of their provisions, bu t taking the words of his motion, I
would suggest that the condition and circumstances of tlie
rural districts are such that the provisions of the Factory
Acts, even in regard to education, are not so applicable
to agricultural districts as to the Larger towns.
Just consider what the principles of the Factory Act are with
regard to education. They are that the children engaged in
factories shall be corapulsorily required to attend school— that
they may attend those schools either on alternate days for not
less than 5 J hours, or on every day in the week for three hours
at a time at one part of the year and two hours at another.
These provisions are enforced partly bj' penalties on the
parents, partly by certificates ; and the means by which these
penalties are enforced is by a general inspection. This can be
done in your larger towns where the houses of the parents of
the children are not far removed from the place of work,
where the schools are known, and the means of inspection
either insure proper attendance of the children, or prevent
them from working in the factory. But when you apply these
conditions to the nnal districts the reverse is the case. The
houses of the parents are removed from the fields in which
they are employed. The schools will also often be distant, and
if you adopt the system of morning and evening attendance
there is a danger of their not being enforced unless there is a
danger of their not being enforced unless there is some one to
see them carried into execution. I have some apprehension,
recollecting an observation made at this side of the House,
that it is essential for the early education of the young that
instruction must be as continuous as you can make it. If
there be any interruption or break in the instruction it must
impede the progress of the child in his educational studies.
Let not my hon. friend the member for Brighton suppose that
in making that observation I wish to thwart him in the object
of obtaining a bettor education for the children in agricultural
districts. I rather think the suggestion of the hon. member
for the West Riding would probably meet tho difficulties
better than any other I have heard made — namely, that when a
child is required to work at agricultural labour, as children
are in the factories, there should bo a certificate given to state
that tho education of that child is going ou at the same time.
I will frankly add that, having gone carefully through the
reports which have been made, I have arrived at the conclu-
sion that some of the principles of the Factory Acts you will
have to extend to the agricultural districts. Whether it will
be necessary to extend the power of the Commissioners, so
that they may inquire not only into cases iu which children
are employed in gangs, but also into cases in which they are
employed not coUectively, is a question on which I should
rather the House would not expect me to give any opmion
now. I mention these matters now to show my hon. friend
that none of the topics which are material for a consideration
of tho subject have escaped the attcntiou of her Majesty's
Government ; but, looking at tho terms of the proposal, and
having made the declaration I have made, I trust my hon.
friend won't think it necessary by an absti-act motion to press
his proposition to a division.

Mr. Fawcett, in replying, said it bad been far from his
intention to ignore the xcal shown on behalf of education by
many (country gentlemen and ministers of religion ; and,
indeed, the very persons among these classes who had
bestowed most time and attention upon that cause were
precisely those who in all parts of the country had most
emphatically implored him to stir in the matter. He had
been greatly pleased with the whole tone of the discussion,
and felt particularly gratified by the speech of the Home
Secretary, not only because it was very kuid and courteous
towards him personally, but also because the right hon.
gentleman had evidently considered the practical difficulties
of the subject. There were, however, none of those practical
difficulties which had not been carefully considered by him-
self, and therefore he was tho more confirmed iu the opinion
that the educational clauses of the Factory Acts might, with
modifications, be appHed to agriculture. He should be sorry
to impede the passing of the measure for the extension of the
Factory Acts which the right hon. gentleman bad promised to
bring m. He believed the measure would be most valuable,
and ho thanked the right hon. gentleman for undertaking to
introduce it. But after that discussion it was his present
intention, with the assistance of his friends, to frame some
clauses affecting agriculture which he desired to add to tho
right hon. gentleman's Bill. But although he thought those
clauses might be adopted, yet, if ho found when the Bill was
discussed that they would in the least degree jeopardise the
passing of the Government measure, he pledged himself at
once to withdraw them.

FAEM LEASES.
(1). It must be remembered that a tenant has gene-
rally the greater part of his capital invested in the
live and dead stock of his farm ; and it is not only from
the crops which he grows from year to year that he
expects to get a return for his capital, but it is the
investment of that capital in the particular sort of
stock most suitable for the requirements of the farm
the tenant has to consider ; and how is he to do this
to the best advantage if be has no security of tenure ?

It is, I believe, too often forgotten that the investment
of a tenant's capital is not altogether in the land, but
also in the stock which he feeds, and a farmer does not
realise a return for his capital — more particularly iu
the case of breeding flocks and herds— for some years
after its investment. It is for this reason I consider a
tenant should have security of tenure : and I do not
know how this is to be accomplished so well as by long
leases.

(3). Assuming, then, that leases are preferable to a
yearly tenure, the first question which arises is, which
is the best time of entry ? I believe the sooner the
outgoing tenant is out, and the incoming is in, the
better for all parties concerned. A Michaelmas entry
facilitates this as well as any, especially if the outgoing
tenant sows the Turnips which the incoming tenant
takes off at Michaelmas, so that all the outgoing tenant
has to do after that time is to thresh out his com, and
the incoming tenant enters upon the whole of the laud
at once. The tenant having entered on the farm, the
question arises, under what restrictions ought he to be
with regard to its cultivation ? and the landlord has to
take care — first, that his rent is punctually paid ; and,
secondly, that his farm is managed in such a manner
that it shall not deteriorate in value. With regard to
the question of repairs I do not enter into it, as that
must be a question between the individual parties.
However, I think that in the case of a short lease.or of a
yearly tenancy, the repairs ought to fall more upon the
landlord than in the case of a long lease, as it would be
very foolish for a tenant to enter a farm where repairs
are much needed, and to pay a good share of those
repairs, unless he had a certainty of reaping a benefit
from them.

(3). How is the farm to be cultivated ? I suppose
neither landlord nor tenant will deny that the farm
should be kept as clean as it is possible under
ordinary circumstances to do, for in some seasons
it is almost impossible to do as one could wish.
What I say is, allow the tenant to pursue what course
of cropping he likes, only restricting him as to the
number of acres of exhausting crops which he shall
grow. X shall assume that, as a general rule, only .these
crops are exhaustive which ai-e sold o[f the farm ; and
supposing the tenant is allowed to sell only the produce
of white-straw crops, I Avould say that in no one year
shall the tenant grow on more than one-half of the
arable land white-straw crops ; that is, supposing the
farm to be 400 acres of arable land, only 200 acres
should be in corn ; but I would not restrict him as iio
what particular fields shall he sown in each year.
Circumstances may arise in which a tenant may find
it advisable to repeat a crop or to leave one out, and the
tenant ought to be the best judge how the land should
be cropped. Of course, in the last year of the
tenancy, provision should be made that the land should
he left in its regular course.

(4). Then, as to the remaining half of the arable land,
we assume it to be in some green or forage crop, to be
consumed on the farm, believing as I do that the suc-
cessful cultivation of a farm, and the providing food for
the greatestnumber of stock on that farm, depends on the
growth of the greatest quantity of feeding stuffs which
this part of the cropping is capable of producing, and
this great quantity of feeding substance is not to be
obtained without a corresponding outlay in manure to
promote the growth of the same. And, further, I
believe that the true rationale of successful manuring,
so as to keep up the continued fertility of a farm,
depends — notwithstanding what has been said to the
contrary — on the mineral ingredients we supply in
manure. It is true, that by the application to the soil
of jnitrogenised and other organic substances we can
increase our crops ; but we must remember that it is
at the expense of the other constituents of the soil ; for
instance, supposing the normal yield of the soil to be
eight sacks per acre, this quantity takes from the soil say
200 lb. of its mineral constituents, and by the applica-
tion of ammoniacal manures only we can increase the
produce to 10 sacks per acre, carrying off 250 lb. of
mineral constituents of the soil. It is evident the soil
must be proportionately exhausted by the difference
between 200 lb. and 250 lb. In fact, if any one wants
to exhaust a soil indefinitely, let him manure that soil
with organic manure free from mineral ingredients,
and he will do it quicker and more ellectually than by
a system of starving crops without manure at all. But
what has this to do with the production of forage
crops ? Simply this, I would say, assuming that the
tenant is at liberty to crop what part of the farm he
likes with corn, so that he does not grow more than
the allotted quantity, I would oblige him to manure
the remaining part of it with manure which shall
permanently mcrease the fertility of the soil. Thus,
assuming the remaining 200 acres to be iu some green
crop, we suppose one-half of this, that is 100 acres, in
Turnips; these Turnips should be manured with
two sacks of bones to the acre, or their equivalent
in phosphates ; that is, the farm shall be manured
annually with 200 sacks of bones, or their equi-
valent m superphosphate, or some other phosphatio
manure, irrespective of the farmyard manure
which may be made on the farm ; and if these Turnips
are fed on the farm, the land must become richer m
these mineral ingredients, Now, with regard to the
liay. On many farms there are restrictions as to selling
the bay, and I am not prepared to say this is not wise,
except ^under certain - conditions. But then the
question arises whether it would not be advantageous
to the tenant, and, at .the same time, not detrimental
to the farm, if the tenant were allowed to sell a certain
portion of the hay or straw, on condition of bringing
back to the farm its equivalent in cake, or some other
feeding stuff. Again, if any Peas or Beans are
grown on the remaining one-fourth of the land,
these should be fed on the farm and not sold off.
Circumstances may arise, such as the failure of
the Clover plant, in which it would pay the tenant

Mabch 2, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANI) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

219

better to i)l;uit with some Pulse crop ; still, these
crops should bo reckoned as forage crops, and as such
be consumed on the farm.

(5). With regard to the question of tenant-right, it
has been said that a well-devised tenant-right
would do away with any necessity for leases;
but I cannot see that this is the case, as what a
tenant requires is not altogether to be paid for what
he has done for his own advantage, but the great
thing he requires is security of holding.
True it is that, under some of our large landlords,
especially in this county, tenants have held, or froni
generation to generation, without leases and without
changes, and where a tenant gets under such landlords
he is generally safe ; but this is no argument against
the granting of leases in general, and my object has
been briefly to state my opinion that, whether by the
granting of long leases, or a weil-digested system of
tenant-right, the great thing which a tenant has to
look to is security of tenure, in order that he may
freely invest his capital. But does the granting
of leases do away with the necessity of tenant-
right? I think not. If the argument holds good
that the farmer in the last years of his lease is apt
to take out of the farm what before he had been
putting into it — make it worth his while to continue
his good management whether ho leaves it or not, and
if there are any permanent improvements made by the
tenant during the latter years of the tenancy, he should
be partly reimbursed for his outlay.

(G). With regard to game, I look upon this as
?eally a question between landlord and tenant,
which ought to be settled when the bargain
is first made. If tenants will take gan\e farms, know-
ing them to be such, whom have they to blame but
themselves if they do not take them at proportionate
rents ? It is absurd to think, as some people do, that
the Legislature should step in and restrict the quantity
of game. Cannot a man do what he likes with his own ?

If Lord chooses to stock his estate with rabbits

instead of with sheep, let him do so ; but at the same
time let him farm it himself, and not let his land to a
tenant and then stock it himself. The great cause of
disagreement between landlaud and tenant with respect
to the over-preservation of game is this ; — A farmer goes
to look at a farm ; the farm pleases him, but he sees
there is game. He mentions this to the landlord. The
landlord says, "Well, I know there is game ; but as to
the rabbits, I will do my best to keep tfiem down, so as
not to do you any harm." On this understanding the
farm is taken : but the rabbits are not killed until they
have done the damage. After the corn and Grass are
eaten the rabbits are destroyed. " After the horse is
stolen, the stable door is locked." There is nothing
more annoying to a tenant than to go round his farm
day by day and see the destruction occasioned by rabbits
aud hares and be powerless to prevent it.

[llic above is a, p;tpcr read by Mr. G;ilpin, of Brockh<impton,
l.Llore tho Dorchester Farmers' Club.]

The smaller ones have no sucking organs, but aro what
are called masticators, feeding upon the e.xudations
from the skin, produced by their own irritation. They
lie close to the body, and wlien they aro numerous at
times aro dillicult to detect, but if your suspicions are
aroused place the animal in the sun, and the parasites
will then quickly come to the surface. Innutritions
and insullicieut quantity of food, inclement weather,
dirty skins— in fact, anything which tends to ])overty,
predisposes all animals to attacks of these i)arasites. 1
have Ircquently seen animals that were supposed to be
labouring under some serious disease, accompanied with
so much debility and jirostration that they could scarcely
get up when down, which was attributable solely to the
attacks of these jiarasites. Animals frequently require
to be dressed two or three times before these parasites
aro got rid of, /or unless the ova is destroyed a fresh
batch of young ones will be produced. Infusions
of tobacco and mercurial applications are best to
destroy these parasites, but in tho use of the latter
care uuist be taken, or serious mischief will frequently
result.

T/ie Tick is another blood-sucking insect that infests
most of our domesticated animals, but principally the
dog and sheep ; there are many varieties, which are to be
met with in all localities, but principally in light warm
sandy districts, where plantatioi^ and woods abound.
The peculiarity of the dog-tick is its rostrum or sucking
proboscis, which it inserts into the skin, and being
barbed or roughed, it retains its hold of the animal
without any e,\ertion on its part; its body consists of
a large oval sac, in which it can retain large quantities
of blood for its future sustenance. The sheep tick,
commonly so called, is a ditl'ereut insect from the
foregoing, and passes through a variety of metamor-
phoses. Eggs are laid, larytc are produced, and they
pass on to the pupa or third stage of reproduction
before leaving the parent. This insect, although
looked upon in this neighbourhood as comparatively
harmless, is in some districts very troublesome, and it
is of paramount importance that they be got rid of
both as regards the comfort of the sheep and the
pocket of the owner. Sheep dipping is universally
admitted to be the most effectual as well as the !
most economical mode of getting rid of these !
and all other epizoa that attack sheep, not for- \
.getting the acari, which cause the disease known '
as scab in sheep, the itch in man, and the man

there to be fully matured into tlio adult lluke. 1 have
thus shown you its lifu cycle, and being so diffused on
the face of the earth you may naturally ask how it is that
other aiumals aro less liable to its attack than the sheep.
It may be presumed it is because the sheep bites its
food close to tho ground, where tho penultimate form
of tho lluke abounds in wet, warm seasons, and, being
a ruminating animal, these encysted germs may remain
in the rumen, or hrst stomach, for a long time, and
aro not there subject to the action of the gastric juice,
which, I believe, destroys a vast number when taken
into the stomachs of non-ruminating animals, and this
will account for horses grazing without risk in pastures
that are certain to rot sheep. To produce rot we must
have a great amount of moisture with an elevated
temperature, and then millions of these germs come to
])erfection which would otherwise remain dormant
or decay. It is stated that sheeji fed upon the salt
marshes never take rot; and this i believe to be true.
And why is it ? Because the penultimate form of tho
fluke cannot live there. No egi!s, no embryos, no
sporocyst, or germ sacs, no cercaria; are to he found
here. The earth, and consequently the herbage, con-
tains so much saline matter that if placed here they do
not come to perfection, but die. Now this precept
from nature teaches us a most important lesson— how,
in a great measure, we may prevent sheep from being
alfected with this disease. If any of you hold lands
that are likely to produce this di.sease, have j'our sheep
located on the highest and driest parts of your farm ;
have them folded every night, and feed them with
dry succulent food, with which mix a moderate
quantity of connuon salt. This will in ,a great
measure prevent the formation of flukes by destroying
them in their early stage of development. I have no
hesitation in saying that by allowing sheep to feed for
one hour on some situations, sufficient amount of
mischief may be done to produce " the rot." Take
care of your sheep, and prevent them as much as yoa
possibly can from taking this disease ; for remember
this, that when once it is generated there is no cure.
Palliative measures may be adopted in the early stages
with considerable benefit ; but when once a rotten
sheep, always a rotten sheep.

The Tape-worms are easily distinguished by their
elongated flat bodies being divided into several joints
or segments. The head is furnished with suckers, so
that it can hold to the intestines of the animal in
horses and other animals. Various formularies which it may be placed. This parasite is very widely
have been advocated for dipping compounds; they diffused, and has been found uniformly distributed
may be divided into two classes — vegetable decoction j throughout the animal kingdom ; it may be said to
and mineral solutions ; there is much less danger form a colony in itself, for every joint or segment is
to be apprehended from the use of the former than | supplied with reproductive organs. These segments
that of the latter ; for some short time since we were j are called zooids, in which eggs are formed and embryos
constantly hearing of deaths occurring either to men, are developed. Before it leaves the body of the worm.

A PAPER ON PAEASITES.

[The following is an abridgment of a paper on Parasites and
Parasitic Diseases .as they affect our domesticated Animals,
read at List week's meeting of the Royal and Central Bucks
-Agricultural Association, by Mr. George A. Lepper, of
Aylesbury.]

Parasites thatarelocatedon the body,are called epizoa;
those that are internally placed, entozoa ; and those
that are sometimes in, and at other times. out of the
body, ectozoa. As a matter of course those that are
int«rnally placed will occupy the greater part of our
attention this evening, because we, as agriculturists,
suB'er most from their ravages.

Epizoa.

The flea is the most active of these. There are about
25 varieties of this insect, and we are all aware of the
extraordinary agility with which it is endowed. It is
said that a flea can jump 200 times its own length, and
raise a weight equal to five or six times its own. The
female lays eight or ten eggs, which hatch in about
12 days, and give birth to a larva, which is somewhat
of a very small caterpillar shape, thin, tapering, and
divided into segments ; it has neither legs nor eyes, but
crawls like a worm ; at its caudal extremity or tail two
booklets are placed to enable it to retain its position
and prevent its falling from the animal while moving
about. The larva; pass on to the third stage called pupa
or chrirsalis, and tliey, by changing their skins two or
three times, lose the form of chrysalis and assume that
of the .flea in active life. The irritation produced by
these insects on the skins of some animals is very great,
so much so that I have seen dogs brought almost to
death's door by its effects. I would recommend those
of you who keep fancy dogs to make them frequently
sleep on fresh yellow deal shavings ; they will then have
no fleas ( o annoy them. When it is necessary to use
any application to the skin, dissolve 2 ounces of
sulphide of potassium in a pint of cold water, and
apply two or three times a-day.

The Lome attacks all animals ; birds also suffer
very much from its ravages, There is a great
variety in this class, depending on the animal on which
they are located, aud at times there are two or three
different species to be found on the same animal, but
there is a i^eculiar characteristic appearance about the
whole family, with their round heads, ilat bodies, and
short legs, that after having once been seen they
cannot be mistaken. They multiply to an astonishing
degree, laying eggs, which are commonly called nits,
from which the parasite comes direct, and merely
changes its skin two or three times. There are two
distinct kinds occasionally met with on the horse,
which some of you may have noticed. The larger ones
of the two are darker in colour, and are supplied with
a rostrum or sucking or^au, which, when introduced
into the skin, produces a great amount of irritation.

horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs, through the carelessness |
of those who had the care of the dipping apparatus, or ,
by inadvertently throwing the solution, after being '
used, into a ditch, to which the animals had access :

these zooids pass out of the animal with the egesta,
and then have an independent existence ; but it is of
short duration. By the growth of the large number of
embryos it contains it soon bursts, and the embryos

but 1 am pleased to say that these matters are better \ are thus scattered in all directions. After a time pigs,
arranged now than formerly. The vegetable decoctions , dogs, or some other animals get them, being mixed
are principallj; derived from Tobacco, Henbane, Helle- [ with their food, into their stomachs, where some
bore, and Digitalis or Foxglove, and the active agent i remain, but others bore their way through the animal
in most of the mineral solutions is arsenious acid. 1 tissues, and locate themselves in the fatty parts of the
There are also compounds in which carbolic acid takes , body. Should it be in that of a pig, we get what is
a leading part, but not having used it myself, I am | usually called " measly pork." This meat, being eaten
unable to form an opinion of its value, but whatever ; by man or some other animal in an imperfectly cooked
the formulary may be, the compounds of sulphur j state, replaces them in their natural home, where they

again become fully developed into the tape-worm.

Many of you have noticed those little bladders of

ought always to enter largely into it.
Entozoa.

The Liver FluJce, with which I am fearful that
many of you will shortly be too familiar, having had a

water, as they are called, situated in diflerent parts of
the body, more particularly on the liver and lungs.
They are "hydatids," and are also products of the

few cases of rot brought to me already. This disease ^ tape-worm, and if taken into the body or intestines of
is; less frequent in its attacks than formerl.v, conse- other animals again assume their primitive form. In
quent on the improved,' state of agriculture, deep ' some localities these parasites are a great annoyance to
drammg, &c. About 100 years ago the sheep in this , flock-masters on account of the injury they cause to
Vale were visited with a very severe attack of rot, his young flock ; and knowing how subject the dog is
and there have been many outbreaks since, but at ■ to these insects, consequently a great distributor, I
that time some farmers lost the whole of their , would suggest that he be allowed to remain near the
flocks, and it is said of others that they lost two , flock as little as possible, and his food ought always to
flocks during 12 months, and many persons were ; be well cooked. Various medicinal agents have been
entirely ruined by it. At Stewkley, or as it was recommended for the destruction of these parasites,
then called, fetutely, a farmer drove the whole of such as the root of Shield Fern, the seeds of the
his flock, consisting of 100 sheep, to Leighton Buz- Pumpkin, the oxide of silver, &c., but I know of
zard market, and sold them at M. per head rather nothing more eflectual than the various preparations

Uhan have them back again and see them die. I of turpentine, in conjunction with mineral tonics : and
venture to say that at that time store ewes, if I prefer those of iron, because it enters very readily in
sound, would not have made theu- 3/. and il. a head, ! the composition of the blood, thus giving additional
as lu the present day. Flukes, I need scarcely say, are tone to the system

generally found in the biliary ducts of the liver, but I Mound Worms, like the tape-worm, deposit eggs,
they have been discovered in neariy every part of the I and the migratory system, as it is called, takes place,
animal tissue ; both sexes bemg combined in one They leave the parent stock, become attached to water
insect. \V hen matured they lay large quantities of insects, &c., and are again returned to their ultimate
eggs, and these pass from the liver into the alimentary I destination. They are to be met with abundantly in
canal, and are eventually cast out with the egesta, and : the intestines of all carnivorous animals, also in the
it IS away from the parent, if I may so term it, that horse, cattle, sheep, and poultry. It is stated that

I the ^reat metamorphosis of these parasites takes place, there are 800 species of these parasites, but Cobbold
During their transtormations they are to be met with reduces them to 550. Each species is generally met
in most^tagnant waters, ponds, and m all low wet situa- with in its own peculiar situation. Thus we have the

tions. There are supposed to be -100 kinds of fluke,
and they are wonderfully distributed, being found in
birds, fishes, reptiles, and in all animals, more abun-
dantly in those that ruminate. The egg of the distoma
or fluke gives birth to an embryo, in the interior of
which is developed an organism called a germ sac, and
at its first sejiaration from the embryo no distinct form
can be traced, but very quickly after the head, body
and tail can be distinguished, and in a short time
another organisation may be seen within the cavity of
this body in an advanced state of development. These
very quickly after they leave the germ sac attain their
full development. As soon as this is completed they
locate themselves within the body of some aquatic
insect, where they remain dormant. This constitutes
the pupa or third stage of the fluke, and it is at this
stage of its development, and by this means, it is con-
veyed into the body of some higher order of animals.

ascaris lumbricoides in the small intestines of horses;
ascaris vermicularis in the large intestines and blood
vessels ; strongylus tilaria; in the bronchi and air
passages ; also in the eyes of many animals, and thus we
might go on ad infinitum. We will select

The Filaei^ Beonchialis, oe Woems in the
AiE Passages.

These parasites are met with in most animals, and
are a source of great annoyance and loss to farmers.
They, "like the tape worm," are introduced into the
system principally with the food and water ; by sorne
helmiuthologists they are supposed to get to their
destination through the circulation of the blood; by
others during respiration. We find that young animals
are more subject to their attacks than older ones ; and
that generally during the first year of their existence.
I Kuminants are most susceptible, but we do find them

220

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 2, 1867.

in other subjects, for instance, in poultry they are very
destructive, producing in them that disease known as
"the gapes." During the winter of 18G5 and the
spring of 1866 many thousand tegs were lost in
Honiney Marsh alone, through these parasites, and
many other places were eqiially unfortimate. The
great question is — hovv^ are these attacks to be avoided ?
I believe that calves weaned early, liberally fed,
comfortably housed during the winter, and not early
depastured in the spring, so as to check that gradual
improvement and development of the system which
has been going on, will so fortify the animal against
these attacks, that they will often pass over unnoticed ;
tut should they make their appearance, they will be
more subject to remedial measures, and the great losses
vphich are sometimes sustained will be avoided.
Various have been the suggestions for the destruction
of these parasites, such as the inhalation of gases, tarring
the animal's nose, physic and bleeding, large doses of
sulphur, &c. ; but we must have recourse to those

their flocks next year. He firmly believed tliat the basis of
prevention of the disease was deep di'aina<^e — a thorough
drawing off of the water from the land. Mr. Freeman had said
that the green Grass grew through the gi-eeu film which lay in
the fuiTows ; and he — Mr. Fowler— believed that was one
cause which generated parasites. The damp situation had
•something to do with it. He thought there was much justice
in Mr. Lepper's remark as to the impoverished state of cattle.
This was the case vdih the production of the louse. So it was
with the human frame ; the poorer the person or the poorer
the district, the more general they would find the state of the
inhabitants usually called " lousy." Then, as he had had some
experience in poultry reaiing, he would say it was of equal
importance to look at the poultry yards. 5lr. Lepper had
mentioned parasites in fowls. They all knew how fowls loved
to get to a bit of dust and would dust their feathers, and if
they could find lime or ashes, how they would dust themselves !
But they understood what ashes meant, and that they were
perfect preventives of the flea and the louse. As to gapes,
thousands of chickens and turkeys were lost from that cause.
It was a small worm ; and it was thought that by passing a
small feather dipped in tui-pentine down the throat it would
draw up the worm. But the worm did not exist there ; it was
to be found in the air tubes, where it was generated. Mr

powerful anthelmintics, the compounds of turpentine j Lepper had alluded to the use of salt. He (Mr. Fowler) thought
and mineral tonics, not forgetting a liberal diet, and it was of advantage to lay salt in the fields, in the feeding
these should be resorted to in the early stage of the houses, ic, for their animals. They scarcely knew how foud
attack, before the parasite becomes fully developed ; it they were of it, and how they Ucked it up. They know, in
is then more easily destroyed, and there is not that
great debility produced in the patient which often
requires weeks or months to counteract.

Home Correspondence.

Cholced Drains.— 1 have just opened a [drain made
about six years since, 3 feet deep, and was much sur-
prised to find it quite choked with roots. I had no
idea that the usual herbage of a pasture field could
penetrate to such a depth ; but it is a matter of much
importance, for one would hesitate much before one
laid out much money in draining pasture land if
aware that the drains would become so choked in
five or six years as to require renewal. I inclose a
specimen of the root. Cor.

The Gad Flies have the appearance of ordinary large
flies, but their bodies are frequently ornamented with
various colour?, and many of them are covered
with hair. They deposit their eggs on the bodie.? of
animals, and each species attacks its own peculiar
quadruped. Thus we have the £estru<i ovis, or sheep
fly ; oestrus bovis, or cattle fly ; and asstrus equis, or
horse fly. The changes which these parasites undergo
are peculiar.

Most of you have noticed the little yellow deposits
on the hair of horses when at Grass during the
summer, placed more particularly about the fore legs
and shoulders. These are the eggs of these insects;
after remaining there a few days the larva is hatched,
which by its motion produces an itching sensation,
which causes the horse to nab or bite himself; by this
means it is taken into the horse's mouth, and passed
on into the
means of
placed, and

summer, wheu ii reiea^ies ils nuiu, auu nassus uuu ui , , " ^ , u- 4. p -.,+.,„ .,^.,^1..

the body with the egesta, in which it continues a few ; 'Hi™":^!^"'^^,'^''' jL^IK ,1 i?M ^ into
weeks, and assumes the pupa or chrysahs form, the water supply 1. naturallj divided into

outer covering being hardened by exposure. The fly
bursts from its confinement, in a few hours takes wing,

^.ernetul/rireVf kenrur''' ^'^°''^'^- ""'^ *"' *' j natural process 6f inversion sinking into and accumu-
perpetual circle is kept up. ^^^^ .^^'^^^ permeable or porous soil, when that soil

JEstriis :Bpvis.--This follows the same metamor- I ^.^^^ 4° j^.^ ^^^ j.gj^j^ ^^ more water in suspension,
phosis, but IS not taken into the alimentary canal, m^,^;^ jj^g to^^, j i.^i„faii at 21 inches in this

Eggs are deposited m the sKin, on the backs of cattle, ' - ■■■ _...■.■'..

which accounts for the great ex "

The Gault clay, which underlies the upper green
sand, here as in other localities, presents a flat
surface, covered in some places with drift or gravel
which, when of suflicient depth, will hold water.
With this exception, the only perennial supply is tiaat
which issues from the chalk and green sand, and flows
into streamlets across the Gault, which occupies
one-fourth of the whole surface of the Vale. To the
south-west portions of the lower green sand outcrop
under the Gault, in other places patches of this
previous stratum overlie the Portland or Aylesbury
oolite, which immediately overlies the impervious
Kimmeridge clay ; where this occurs certain quantities
of perennial water will be found, though seldom more
than sufficient to supply the wants of the inhabitants,
who, evidently attracted by these sources of water, are
found in the greatest number on either of the outlying
portions, as Brill, Thame, Chilton, Long Credon,
Bierton, or on the outcropping portions, as Cuddesdon,
Haddenham, Dinton, Little and Great Milton,
Cudditgtou, Garsington ; whereas on the Kimmeridge
clay the villages are few and far between, except where
on the banks of the main river or its affluents.

It is probable that a town was built on this spot,
because the knoll of oolitic rock retained the water
percolating its surface in sulBcient quantities for
its first inhabitants, supplemented by the small stream
that conducts the water from the chalk. The former
is utterly inadequate to the present wants of the town,
and the latter, turned partly to other purposes at its
source, is, like streams of the present day, made the
carriers of various impurities. As another instance, it
will be remembered that about 1-3 years ago an attempt
was made to supply the Stone Lunatic Asylum with
water by boring through the Kimmeridge clay, which
is the great feature of the Tale, and which, excepting
where covered with drift or gravel, yields no perennial
water. It was thought that water might be oljtained
from the coral rag beneath the clay. " Unfortunately
the geological condition of the locality did not warrant
this supposition ; it was found that the middle oolitic
SOftftfES rock did not intervene betweeen the Kimmeridge and

,^uvii;.it<(P« Oxford clays, and though the lower oolitic rock was

EoTAL AND Centeal Bucksj^ Water Supply— A.t , reached at about .550 feet, no available water was found.
""'"'"" T " - -- • ..... . , _^^

ich

ale,

--- .... . . the

He said : — All recommendation of experiments being made with a
vrauci oupi^ij lo i,uuL......j u...u^i. .Jto flood and : view to obtaining a siippl.y. To return to the case of

perennial ; the flood thrown from or stagnating on the ' the Lunatic Asylum. Fortunately it was found that
surface so soon as the impervious or clay soil is 1 other and higher sources were available. On examina-
saturated to repletion ; the perennial by a simple tion it was discovered that from the peculiar geo-

fact, better than their owners what they w.anted. As a practi-
cal turn to the paper he would ask them to see what they
could do by putting rock salt especially .about their fields.

produces among them. The larva is produced and
remains until spring, suppurative action is set up, the
hole by which it entered enlarges, it falls out, assumes
the form of chrysalis, this bursts, and another fly is
the result.

JEstrus Ovis. — This insect deposits its eggs within
the nostrils of sheep, which causes them during the

logical condition of the hillock to the north of the
Asylum it contained two distinct and well defined beds
of water, which issued by springs at different levels

„ .. . . from the lower greensand, Purbeck, and oolitic beds

liiie DacKs 01 ^^™^i locality, or 2 feet in depth over the whole surface, the which here overlie the Kimmeridge clay. A section
citement lue gaany pj-Qporjion either thrown from the surface in flood, or ' made at the time shows that a bed 0'

^... . . , .. of fine white sand,

sinking through and retained in the soil, will probably quarried for commercial purposes, is separated by a

vary from 5 to 7, or an average of 6 inahes per annum,
though the quantities and variations will in some
seasons far exceed those figures.

The Uiver Thame, by which the Vale is drained,
runs south-west, with a tortuous course — a com-

clay bed, probably of the Purbeck, from the underlying
oolitic rock ; this upholds the water in the sand, as the
Kimmeridge clay upholds tihe water in the oolite ; this
singular geological condition is a veiy interesting
illustration of the character of the water supply from

mon characteristic of rivers which find their bed, detached portions of porous strata overlying impervious

summer to congregate and hide their heads under each ^s this does, almost entirely on clay, with a slight fall, 1 clays. The middle oolite forms a considerable portion

other, so as to resist the attack of these insects
Embryos are produced, which find their way into the
frontal sinuses, where they remain their appointed
time, become removed, and eventually form flies again.
The larva of this insect was at one time supposed to
penetrate the central cavities and cause gid, sturdy, or
turnsick, as it is called, but we now look to the
systicercus or hydatid state of the tape-worm to
produce this disease.

DiSOCSSION.

shown by the small number of mills on the main ' of the surface of the district to the south-west, included
stream. It joins the Thames near Dorchester, in within the limits assigned to the Vale of Aylesbury,
Oxford.shire. It receives the greater part of its and is marked by the same water-bearing properties as
perennial water from several small affluents which the upper or Aylesbury series ; it is underlied by the
issue from the lower chalk or upper green sand. There Oxford clay, which forms a small part of the surface of
are seven of these streams of sufficient power and fall the district to the north-east, and as a general rule
to supply mills within a short distance of their i forms its northern boundary.

several sources; whereas it does not appear that the] The subject of water supply has been treated,
water of any of the numerous streams or water-courses perhaps, too much as a geological question. But the
supplies such power from the north and north-east, expensive failures and mistakes which have come
Mr. E. Freeman said : In the course of seven or eight years 1 Thus the chalk, with its underlying green sand, is under the notice of the writer in an experience of a
he had lost two or thi-ce flocks of sheep from rot. On one I shown to be the great water-bearing stratum, taken as quarter of a century have convinced him that the
occ.asion he happened to h.ave his oiill owes put on some Swede I supplying pprennial water to the Thame, or as a siipply greater part of these are due to an imperfect know-
^ ;§ Ifi^. w; \°to^r^!J?Il"'' ''tr'r"' '°^^^^^ ledge of the geological condition of the locality

November aid kept on them all ?he wiS[er and proved ' would be sorely short of water ii seasons of drought. , where water is "sought to be obtained ; hence it has

- -' " ■ Doubtless in many places the water accumulates been made a leading feature in trying to treat of
gravel overlying the clay, which, 1 the water supply in a district wherein

rotten. Now, these ewes must have rotted .after November.
In his opinion it did not matter what the season of the year
was, provided there was wet liuid. He had not an acre of
flooded land on his farm, but only wet clay land where the
water stagnated in the furrows and was covered with a gi'cen
scum, and the Grass grew through it. Those were the circum-
stances under which sheep would rot, no matter what season
of the year it might be. He had lost nearly one hjilf of his
lambs one year from tape-worm, and no remedies that he
applied were of any avail. He had seen a tape-worm at least
six yards in length brought out of a lamb, all in one piece.
When, they got these parasites in almost endless numbers
inside of a sheep, they knew what the consequences must be.
In his opinion nothing would prevent their doing mischief
moi'e eSecttially than a generous diet given to them in the
younger peiiod of theii- growth. With regard to parasites in
the lungs of .animals, he might s.ay the same. Calves were more
subject to the disease than other animals, but he would s.ay,
keep them on dry food from August until October, and you
will not have very much husk. He believed a generous diet
was the main preventive of these diseases. There was no doubt
that draining was the principal cure of the Land.

Mr. J. K. FoWLER.ihaving been a serious sufferer from sheep
rot, could say th.at it w.as a matter of the deepest import-
ance to them not only individually, but to the whole public at
lai-ge. They had had recently a remark.ahle season. Indeed,
they had had two seasons of excessive rain — from about last
October twelvemonth to the present time, there bad scarcely
been a di-y fortnight, and it behoved them all to watch with
the greatest care then- flocks. When the rot in .sheep w.as very
prevalent some time ago— in 1853 — he unfortunately lost a
whole flock of 100 ewes. He sold 70 othei-wisc v.aluable tegs
for 40^ He used to go into his sheepfold in a morning and
sec, out of 120 of them penned on Swedes, six, or eight, or ten
of them dead. This went on daily. The disease was so
insidious in its advances that young farmers could not count
its effects until the whole flock was destroyed. He mentioned
this to show that Mr. Lepper was right when ho said that
when sheep once had the rot it was impossible to eradicate it.
It would have its cotn-se and destroy the animal. That ye.ar
he lost from 300?. to iOQl. worth of sheep. It behoved them to
ipok caref,i?l!y to the methods by which they meant to tend

in drifts of gravel overlying the clay, which, 1 the water supply in a district wherein a very
where they are found, retain water suflicient for | complicated geological condition exists, as all difficulty
ordinary domestic and other purposes. The main 1 is removed when this condition is taken into account,
drainage of the chalk is in the same natural direction I A good supply of water is all-essential to the in-
as the dip of the strata, to south and south-east. 1 habitants of any district. As we cannot increase
Hence the waters of the Misboum, Chess and | the supply derived from the rainfall, to which all
Bulbourn, affluents of the Colne, which, with the ] water, flood or perennial, is due, our duty is to regulate
Wycombe stream, are afiluents of the Thames. The ' and economise its use. The supply of water in London,
surface of the water which accumulates in the chalk ' and very many of the great towns, is one of the problems
would be described by an inclined line rising from the \ of the day. The water springing in any district only
outfalls which constitute the sources of these streams, i so far belongs to its inhabitants as their necessities
and culminating, say, halfway between these sources and comforts and interests require ; as they receive it
and those which deliver their water under the escarp- j in its purity, so should it be transmitted to others, and
ment of the chalk overhanging the Vale, towards which though this has become the subject of legislative
this line dips. There is no reason to enter into the enactment, the moral obligation founded on the great
engineering question of a scheme for supplying Ayles- Christian axiom is in nowise set aside— to do to others
bury ; the amount of water to be raised need not be ' as we wish they should do to us. Whether hereafter
great for the wants of the population of Aylesbury, not | the necessities of the Metropolis will claim the storage
more than that consumed at a first-class railway 1 of the water of the Thames with a view to their
station ; and, moreover, any waste is guarded against economy it were hard to tell. That improvements in

by the expense of lifting the water a considerable " '-- ^.^^■^■- <■ ji ..j.j :_

height, though in this, as in all cases, any unnecessary
waste is miibh to be deprecated. There aro many
points under the escarpment of the chalk and upper
green sand where the water, issuing from the numerous
sources, mi.ght be profitably utilised. At Addwell
House, near Tetsworth, the mansion is supplied at
high service from sources immediately above the Gault
clay, in which no water is found, and from which the
soa'kage is impregnated with many chemical impurities.
On the property of the Earl of Macclesfield the chalk
or green sand water has been profitably utilised in the
vale below, a process which might be extended
in other places, care being taken to allow all the
overflow to find its way to feed the river below.

the carrying capabilities of the river are needed in
some places is a self-evident fact, and it is equally
plain that this cannot be accomplished without the
united action of the oivners and occupiers of the soil.
Land drainage as an artificial process does not come
within the scope of this paper, but natural carriers
must be adapted to artificial necessities. In conclusion,
looking at the natural phenomena of the rainfall, the
way in which it is received, the ground on which it
falls, either flowing directly from the surface or sinking
whither it is stored in the earth and delivered again as
regulated by the laws of geological hydraulics, by the
action of which our streams are made practically
perennial — all these phenomena present a subject of
exceeding interest to the philosopher or moralist, and

March 2, 1SC7.]

THE CAT^OKXl'T^S' riTRONICI.E AND AGT^IOTTLTTmAL C.AZETTE.

221

bear tiie plainest marks of that wisdom and lovo by
which the laws of Nature are ruled by Nature's God.

In ampliflciitlon of tlio roniarks in tbo paper, tho lecturer
wont in considerahlo detail into the eircunistnnccs of the
borinjj tho Artesian well at tho Stone Lunatic visylvun, where,
nfter boring through tho Kimmcridge clay in tho expectation
of findins water in tho coral raff underneath, it was found that
that stratum wns entirely wantiuR, and they came upon the
Oxf'jrd clav. "liso an impervious stratum. Tbo chemical
character oHhe water which comes when yo\i get through the
first clay into the Oxford is such, having a strong irony t:\ste.
that it is utterly inipossiblo for any one to use it except for
i medicine. It happened that when Dr. Bucklatid, tho great
geological authority at Oxford, was in a state of health in
which it was impossible to take hiii opinion, Mr. Towor, nu old
friend of mine, asked mo if I would give an opinion on the
boring which had already been bcgvm. I name this because I
have spoken about "expensive failures." I said, " I have no
objection," and I came. When I saw how much they had
; bored, I was asked, "Whathad we bettor do?" Isaid, "Since
' you have gone so deep and spent so much money, it would

fcrhaps be worth while to go on and see if you can get water."
made a calctdation, judcring from the levels of the railroads
: and from other sources nf information, that tho oolite would
' be reached at 520 feet. I think it was reached at 530, which
I was tolerably near. Thoy did reach the oolitic rock at last,
j but it was found that no water came. Mr. Miller, who was
1 then at the Asylum, was a very intelligent man, and I observe
I that they gave him the credit of having discovered tho water
' with which the Asylum Is now supplied. But I cannot say
tliat is the case. I have found a little diagram and section
wliich I made in 1S54, and when they talked of it in 185G they
)i;id forgotten this little section, giving the whole thing.
However, people do fortret, particularly when other men's
. I brains are conccnied. 1 had given my opinion very strongly
that there was another supply of water to be had, and Mr.
Simpson, the great water engineer, and Professor Phillips.
now at Oxford, (then at York) had given their opinion. I
remember seeing Mr. Simpson and saying "What do you think
of it now ?" He said, " Well, if they had asked you to look at
it before, they would have saved 2000/." So that there are
such things as exijcnsive failures. It was thought that
London could be supplied from undergrovmd, from the chalk
which lies under London. Now I havo always combated the
notion that there is such a thing as an inexhaustible supply of
water. I havo said, " Give me steam power enough, and I will
demonstrate the fallacy." The supply of London at this
moment is some 100,000,000 gallons daily. Reduce that to
cubic feet, and see what space that would occupy. And that
must bo pumped into London every d.ay. The Thames cannot
supply it. The water which passes down the Tbaraes, in its
low tioie, is not more tban is pumped up at Kingston to
■^npi'ly London. With reference to the chalk, I will only say
in general terms, that if anybody says the chalk can yield any
'iu.-intity of water you like to take from it, that is not true.

Mr. Hn:\iERSHAM said, as to London being in want of water,
he would state that there was not the slightest diSieulty in
getting any quantity of water, nor as regarded the quality.
N^o town in the world was so well situated as to getting a
sufficient supply of good wholesomu water for all its require-
ments as Loiidon. 'Iho Kont Water Company, until within
the last G or 7 years, took their supply from the river Ravcns-
b.^nrne, — water of very bad quality, contaminated by sewage,
.siuHi as ouijht not to be supplied to any house. The parishes
-^'f rhunstead. Woolwich, and Charlton decided not to put ui^
with the quality of the water ; they got together a company
{■• sink a well into the chalk, and supply the district with
l^nt !_■ water. Luckily, in the parish of Plumstead. they found
a landowner who was wilUng to let them have the land they
1 required without tbo necessity of going to Parliament. If
' tht;y had been under that necessity, in all probability they
would have spent 7000?. or 8000?., and their Bill would have
been thrown out. Tbey obtained permission from the local
authorities of Woolwich, Plumstead, and Charlton to lay their
pipes in the ground. They proceeded to construct their
works, tho water being taken from the chalk, and softened by
Dr. Clark's process. In the course of :( or 4 years, 00 out of
every 100 houses in the three parishes took the new company's
Water, and gave up taking that drawn from the Ravensbourne.
The Kent Company, seeing how fast they were losing customers,
s.ink a deep well into tlic chalk, which cropped out on their
own land, and set up a powerful engine, with the idea that
they would drain the well of the newly- established company.
The works of the new company were then under his (Mr.
Homersham's) direction, and he was frequently meeting
Mr. Morris, the engineer of the Kent Water Company, who
said " As soon as you have 1000 customers we shall begin our
wells, and drain yours," They put up an expensive engine,
and pumped a million and a half or two million gallons of
water per day, but it did not affect the new company's well in
the slightest degree. Under advice they put up another
powerful engine, and pumped from four to five million gallons
per day, sinking two wells within 150 yards of each other.
These wells were kept at work not at first for the purpose of
supplying the consumers, for the water ran back into tho
R-ivensbournc, but to drain the wells of the competing
company. But the latter never felt the effect of their opera-
tions at all. Then the Kent Company began to try experi-
ments on their own two wells, 150 yards apart, and to their
utter amazement when they pumped from one it did not aflFcct
the water in the other, and they became certain that they
could not affect the water of the new company's works.
Eventually they bought the Plumstead Company's Works,
giving up the supply from the Ravensbourne, and the whole
of this district is now supplied from these wells, sunk in the
chalk, including some 31,706 houses, according to a recent
retvirn published by the House of Commons. The company
now supply some 8 or 0 million gallons per day, .and only on
the previous evening, at the meeting of the Institute of Civil
Engineers, he met Mr, Monis, who told him that they had
sunk two or three additional wells, and could, if required,
supply \5 million gallons per day. As to the supplj' of water
to London from the chalk, he might state further that the
New River Company, as fast as they required more water, sank
more wells, the water from which was thrown into their open
cut— a very bad w.ay of bringing it to London, by the way. They
found no difficulty in getting any quantity they required.
' The Rev. J. C. C'LUTTERBfCK said ho had come to read a
paper on the water supply of the Vale of Aylesbury, and he
did not intend, except so far as the V.de might bo called upon
to supply water for London, to touch on the question of the
, London supply. Some objection had been made to what he
said on "inexhaustible supply" of wator. He did not hesitate
! to say, in the face of all the engineers in England, that, xmless
from the ocean, there was no such thing. Of course (referring
to some of tho springs from tho Chiltem Hills never being
dry), he spoke of exhaustion not by natural but by artificial
I means. Mr. Homersham had told them a good deal about
j Kent, and he remembered having remarked, in a discvission
at the Institute of Civil Engineers, that if there was one dis-
trict with which he was acquainted, in which the pumping
I from wells would less affect tho district than another, it was
1 the Kont district. But they must recollect that the sources
which flowed from tho chalk were but the surplus of a
subterranean body of water, and if in the neighbourhood
of any river they puQiped up a sufficient body of water they
would drain the river. It was a fact that at on© time the
' water le\el in the neighbourhood of London, was at Trinity

high wator mark. Now it was GO foot below that. Tho reason
wan that the lircwcrics and other gruat ustabllshmcnts had
pumpcil down tho level to that extent. About 1810 ho had
aceesa to tho records of tho well sunk by the New River
Company iu Tottenham Court Road, and ho could tell at
what periods pumpuig was going on at Reid's browcry in
Liquorpond Street, Christmas, Kastcr, and Whitsuntitlu
woro all marked as distinctly as possible. IIo was bold to say
that if Mr. Homorsham would pump eight million gallons
daily from any single chalk well, bo would undertiiko to drink
it. With roforeneo to tho Water Com ]>any fur Aylesbury, tliey
took au insignificant quantity, and they would do no mischief,
but as to pumphig anything like clf^ht million gallons, they
could not do it. As to the supply in Essex, which had been
mentioned, that had novor bcun tested, but he thought that
if it wore posfiil)lo to take eight million gallons from that
source, tho East London Water Companies would not bo going
to Parliament for power to take ton million g.allons from the
Thames. He wished they could have kept to tho water supply
of the Vale of Aylesbury, but he protested aaainst the idea
that such a quantity as 8,000,000 gallons could bo taken from
any well in tho world. Aylfi^hv.vii Paper,

Farmers' Clubs.

DonciiESTER : AoncnUitral StatUlics.—Ai a recent
meeting of this Club Mr. G. Homer read a paper on
this subject, from which we make the following
e.xtracts :—

1. Political Uses of >S'/ff//*^/oj.— Statistics have been
described as that department of political science which
is concerned in collecting and arranging facts ilhustra-
tive of the condition and resources of a State. In order
to legislate wisely it is necessary for a Government to
obtain correct information on all those subjects upon
which they are required to legislate. Sound statistical
information is therefore indispensable to sound legisla-
tion, whether the subject relate to agriculture, manu-
facture, or commerce. Partial or limited statistics can
never impart sound information. They can only lead
to injustice and deception. The bulk of multifarious
quality can never fairly be represented by sample ; it is
necessary to have full and complete returns where tho
qualities are so various. McCuUoch says; "Observa-
tions are scarcely ever made or particulars noted for
their own sakes. It is not until they begin to be in
request, as furnishing the only test by which to ascertain
the truth or falsehood of some popular theory, that
they are made in sufllcient numbers and with suOicient
accuracy." And for the collection of them in sufliciont
numbers, and with sutlioient accuracy, nothing less
than the authority of Government is required. It is
equally evident that, upon all subjects on which
they are called to legislate, requiring such extensive
information, it is their boiinden duty to obtain it, care
being taken that all unnecessary exposure of private
circumstances should, as far as possible, be avoided.
The observance of such rules as these will go far to do
away with the objections which have been urged against
the collection of statistics ; indeed, it may be asked, why
should exposure be feared in this case more than in
tho.se of the adjustment of poor rate or income tax?
Until lately very little importance has been attached
to statistical inquiry; but recently the more careful
study of political economy has brought out its import-
ance, and almost every civilised nation addresses itself
to the subject. Indeed it has been said that the civili-
sation of a country may be measured by the complete-
ness of its statistical returns. There is in this country
a statistical department in connection with the Board
of Trade, the province of which is to arrange the collec-
tion of statistical evidence on all subjects required by
the Government. The most ancient statistical record
in this country is the Domesday Book, completed in
1086, and this work, as might be expected at a time
when manufacture and commerce were in their earliest
infancy, has special reference to agriculture. It
contains a complete record of a survey of the whole
country, giving the names of the owners of all lands,
the number of tenants and others of various ranks and
callings, the quantity and value of lands, and whether
in forest, pasture, arable, or waste. In some counties
the numbers of cattle, sheep, swine, and workinghorses,
are given. Surely it is somewhat strange that, although
nearly 800 years have passed, this continues the most
complete survey of the whole country yet made. This
fact alone speaks volumes as to the fertility of our
resources, the industryof our farmers, and the bounties
of Providence towards us. Had periods of scarcity and
famine been frequent, this important subject would not
so long have remained in abeyance.

2. Unpopnlarittj of an Agricultural Stallstical
Inquiry. — it is useless to attempt to disguise the fact
that this question has been a most unpopular one with
the agricultural body. The principal causes which
have led to this feeling are, I believej the following : —
Firstly, the injudicious way in which it has been
proposed that agricultural statistics should be collected.
Secondly, because those at present collected are, either
wilfully or from apathy and ignorance, most deceptive,
and calculated only to mislead and to injure. Thirdly,
the little confidence felt by agriculturists in that
department of the Government to which their interests
are confided — I refer to the_ Board of Trade. The
schemes proposed for obtaining agricultural returns
have been very numerous, and all that I have seen
contain some objectionable feature. In a Bill brought
into the House of Commons by Mr. Caird it was pro-
posed "that in case the occupier did not make the
return, any person duly authorised by the Board of
Trade might, after three days' notice, take the neces-
sary steps for obtaining the required information by
other means, and for that purpose enter upon the
land without being liable to an action for trespass ! "
In a Bill which passed the House of Lords the com-
pulsory clauses were still more objectionable. Again,
it has been proposed that the county police force
sliould be emiiloyed in this work, the plain inference
being that whilst these country gentry are looking
after rogues and vagabonds on the one hand, and esti-
mating the derelict crops of husbandjnen on the other,

they are engaged in employments very nearly akiu*
Surely it can be no impossibility to frame some
practicable measure free from such objectionable
features as these.

3. The Corn A cernf/es.—X have said that tho stati.stics
of agriculture at ]>resent collected are fulse and
deceptive, and in saying this 1 specially refer to the
system at present adopted of arriving at the corn
averages. I need not further insist upon tho necessity
of correct returns, since on these are founded tho
varying annual amount of tithe rent-cliarge, the corn
rentals of farms, and the valuations of outgoing and
incoming tenants. This question was so ably brought
before you about two years ago by a gentleman whom
I now see amongst us, that only the ^Tcat importance
of tho subject justifies me in reviving It. It was then
clearly shown that not one-half of the AVheat grown
in this country found its way into these returns, less
than one-fourth of the Barley, and even far less than
that proportion of Oats ; that the corn which got
returned was nearly all of superior quality, and conse-
quently that tlie average of prices Avas far above what
they ought to be. The arguments and facts brought
before you were so unanswerable and so convincing,
that this Club, in common with others, presented a
memorial to the 15oard of Trade upon the subject ; and
with what result? At that time the returns were
professedly made Jrom 290 towns, which number
was rather more than half of the corn markets of
England ; but of that number some were shown to havo
dwindled to comparatively small dimensions, and others
were obsolete. Our memorial to the Board of Trade, asking
for more complete returns, was answered (and I would
call particular attention to the fact) by the reduction of
the number of 290 towns to that of 150. Upon what
principle, I would ask, can the smaller number of
market towns carry the more complete returns ? If
this be the reply of tlie Board of Trade, how can we
interpret it but by calling it mere mockery? ijetus
examine how this system works in the adjoining county
of Wiltshire. In that county there are but two or
three towns where these returns are made, and in these
markets (perhaps on account of convenient railway
accommodation) higher prices are generally obtained
than in other and smaller markets. In consequence of
this, and from the imjiortant fact of none of the
secondary qualities finding their way into the markets,
the corn averages in ordinary seasons stand at several
shilling-; per qr. more than the average prices actually
obtained or obtainable by corn growers. This is the
casein ordinary seasons; but this year, from special
causes, the injustice is of peculiar magnitude. You
are aware that but a sniall proportion of the Barley
grown this year in Wiltshire was harvested in a fit
state for malting purposes, by far the greater propor-
tion of it being deteriorated in value by the weather to
the extent of about 20-?. per qr. In order to obtain
correct averages it would be necessary that the variors
qualities of Barley should be returned iu the same
proportions as thoy were grown. But what is tho
real state of the case ? The returns are made up
partly upon the Barley grown in that neighbourhood,
which was harvested with but little or no injury
from weather; but in a large proportion upon the
choicest samples of Dorsetshire Barley taken to these
markets for sale by growers and dealers. There can be
no doubt that the corn averages for the county of Wilts
will, for Barley, stand at from 10.?. to 15.^. per qr. higher
than the actual market value of Wiltshire Barley. You
know that it is customary for an incoming tenant,
upon taking ofl" a crop, to pay for it by the averages of
a neighbouring market. Thus a tenant, entering upon
a farm, say in the neighbourhood of Warminster, would
now, by the averages of that market, have to pay for the
Barley crop which he takes off from 10.?. to \os. per
quarter more than the average value of the Barley
grown in the county of Wilts. Can we imagine a raer-
chantj a manufacturer, or even a tithe rent-charge
proprietor, remaining passive under a grievance so
patent and so painful ? And surely if the jjatient
endurance of the bucolic mind can sufler such injustice
without demand for reparation, it is worthy of all the
ignominy which it ever and anon receives. In order
that the most reliable information may be obtained,
and also that it may be rendered in the most prac-
tical form, it is needful that the authority engaged
in the work should have a competent knowledge of
the subject itself, as well as of the object it is intended
to secure. Now, if we are to judge by the treatment
which farmers have received from the Board of Trade,
we can come to no other conclusion than that they
possess neither the one nor the other. As an illus-
tration of the judgment that they have not understood
the subject itself, I would simply refer to the returns
called for by them in the spring of this year, in which
they required the number of neat cattle, calves, sheep,
and lambs kept on each farm. Now this return, be it
observed, was to be made at that particular time of the
year, viz., the calving and lambing season, when a
farmer might possess 10, or even 20, per cent, more live
stock in the evening than he did in the morning. Is
is wonderful that the agricultural body should have so
little confidence in that department of Government
which manages these affairs ?

4. Need of a Board of A'ji'icul fit re. —The beneficial
offices of a Board of Trade no one would attempt to
denv; but we may well question its utility when trans-
formed into a Board of Agriculture. The latter is
needed as much as the other : but they cannot ne
blended into one department without the suffering of
either the one or the other. Now we think we have
good reason to complain that in recent legislation the
interests of agriculture have been too much disregarded,
while those of commerce and mannfantnre have Doen
treated with favour. The Board of Trade may be in
truth and in efficiency what its name imports ; as a
Board of Agriculture also, we deny its qualifications.
It has been said that it was rather the province of a

222

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGllICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[Maech 2, 1867.

Farmers* Club to point out a grievance than to suggest
a remedy ; but in this case the course is so plain that
it would be mere affectation if we did not state at once
what we require, viz., that a Board of Agriculture
should be formed, separate and distinct from the Board
of Trade, with its President taking part in the Councils
of Parliament, as well as in the Councils of her Majesty.
To such a Board we might unhesitatingly confide our
interests.

5. Plan of Collecting Agrioultural Staiistics. — My
purpose now, gentlemen, is to shadow forth to you what
I conceive to be the proper plan of collecting agricul-
tural statistics. Por my purpose I will take it for
granted that a Board of Agriculture is formed, pos-
sessed of the necessary qualifications for its ollice.
Local knowledge and authority are requisite also for
the completion of the scheme. Perhaps we could not
find more competent bodies for this purpose than
Boards of Guardians, since they are generally selected
as men of business, and represent every parish in the
kingdom. Their imperative duty would be to collect
from evety farmer in the union the acreage of his com
sown. Let the Boards of Guardians select an appraiser
of qualities, who should proceed to estimate the per-
acreage growth from a general survey of crops. The
farmers' returns he would have to make up and send
to the Board of Agriculture a week before the harvest.
Be it observed, that under the proposed an-angement.
private affairs would not be exposed to individual
members of the Boards of Guardians — they would be
known only to the appraiser, who might be sworn to
secrecy. As it regards live stock, each farmer should
be requested to fill out a return of all that is on his
farm at Michaelmas in each year, and send it to the
Board of Guardians, and with regard to these
returns it should be the duty of the appraiser to
sort and arrange them so that they mny be present-
able to the Board of Agriculture. We now come
to the question of the corn actually grown in the
country, and its actual market value. I propose that
every farmer should keep an accurate account of all corn
he has disposed of throughout the year, and at a specific
time make a return thereof to the appraiser. It may
possibly be thought that the farmer would consider
this duty too onerous ; but it must be remembered on
the other hand that he would scarcely neglect it when
he considers that his interest is so deeply involved in
the correctness of his account. Then as to the corn
consumed at home, which is generally of the inferior
quaUty, a mixed sample might be furnished to the
appraiser, that it might appear at his valuation in the
returns to the Government. I would now endeavour
to concisely sum up the advantages whicli would accrue
if Agricultural Statistics could be collected in an
accurate and popular manner. First of all then, it
would tend to eusure correct legislative action on the
chief questions of the day affecting the farm ing interests,
such as the malt-tax, the basis on which our rates are
collected, and the rules and precautions to be adopted
with regard to the importation of live stock. It would
tend to equalise prices, and prevent excessive importa-
tion or exportation of grain. It would afford most
valuable information on what is becoming a most
imiiortant question— the demand for and supi)ly of
agricultural labour, and would open the eyes of land-
owners as to the imperative necessity of providing more
and better habitations for the labourers. It would
assist in arriving at correct conclusions as to how far
machinery may be profitably exchanged for muscular
labour, and one rotation of crops substituted for another.
It would afford correct data on which rent charges
might be assessed, corn rents paid, and crops be taken
by valuation. Lastly, and above all in a political point
of view, it would furnish Government with the means
of estimating and supplying the wants of the people,
and thus go far to secure plenty, peace, and prosperity
to the nation at large.

The Chairman suppoi-tod the three resolutions proposed :
First, as to the desirability of establishing a Board of A^cri-
culture ; secondly, as to coi-n averages; and, thirdly, on the
mode of getting a sood system of agricultural statistics. He
proposed : "That it is desirable that a Board of Agriculture be
established by ( the Government, which should take the
management of all matters relating to that branch of the
national industiy."

Mr. Galpin seconded the resolution. He agi-eed with Mr.
Hoiuer, that the Board of Trade was hardly the body to which
farmers should look for the redress of grievances, and for con-
sidering subjects relating to their interest ; but he had hopes
from the Chambers of Agriculture which are being formed,
that through them they might get such a Board of Agriculture
as exists in several foreign countries. He was surprised that
in England, a country which depends so much upon agri-
culture, thesubjeet had not been long before this time brought
before the Legislature.

The resolution was carried unanimously.

Mr. Damen proposed the second resolution with respect to
the corn retui-ns. Only about 75,000 quarters per week are
returned as sold in 140 towns, or about 3,750,000 a year,
'whereas the Wheat grown must be something like 12,000,000
quarters, because they know the consumption of .10,000,000
people would be about 20,000,000 a year, for a pei-son will con-
sume a pound of Wheat per day, giving about G bushels a year,
and, as a sack of flour produces 90 loaves, the consumption
must be at least 20,000,000 quarters a year, making allowance
for Indian Corn used in some parts aud Oatmeal in Scotland.
The importations for the last 10 years had been, in round
numbers, 7,500,000 quarters a year, therefore about 8,000,000
quarters could not have been returned at all, aud the present
statistics could not be relied on. Many might contend that
these facts are not useful ; but it would be monstrous for the
Englishman to be kept in the dark as to how he is fed. In
foreign countries, as in France, they have the most perfect
returns, and so they know immediately if there is enough food
for the people, or how much it is deficient ; and they had even
come into England, and bought large quantities, while we
have had afterwards to purchase to make up our deficiency at
much higher prices. It was much better to have a fair price,
and no class were injured more than agriculturists themselves ';
for every now and then a feelim,' would go abro:vd that we
want Wheat, and more is imported than we I'equire, then that
must be sold at any sacrifice, and this keeps prices down.
Agriculturists would therefore be benefited more than any
other class of the community by reliable statistics. As to the
possibility of obtaining such, he thought Mr. G, Homer had

shown that nothing is more easy, and what could be better
than that Boards of Guardians should meet .and fix the
returns ? They might not be exactly right ; but if done every
year, they would be near enough. Ho had a groat objection
for the_ police to be so employed, aud wished there were no
necessity for any policeman. In other counti'ies, where there
is not that great middle-class that exists in England, every-
thing must be done by the police ; but as a freeman and an
Enghshman he wished they could be done without. In Scot-
land returns had been collected for many years by the High-
land Society of Scotland, and until the Government interfered
there was no reason for questioning them. In Ireland, also,
although, he admitted, by the police, it had been succeanfuUy
dono. And why could not some satisfactory plan be adopted
in England? Memorializing the Board of Trade would be, he
believed, of no use, if they could not get their ai^ricultural
members to interfere, and it seemed a proper preliminary to
get an agricultural board, because row, except the county
members, they seemed to have no one to whom to appeal.
Mr, Damen then moved " That the present system of obtain-
ing corn averages is altogether objectionable and most
in-egular." He knew that it was so, because he had known
millers who 'had boasted that they never made a return in
their life. There was, it is true, a 10^ penalty for not doing
so ; but he never knew of but one person who was summoned
for it. Of Barley thej' knew something from the consumption.
75,000 quarters per week are returned in six months. Yet
5,000,000 quarters are malted in this coimtry, and everyone
knew that double the quantity is ground. In conclusion, he
expressed his opinion that it was only a question of time
before the present prejudices would be worn away.

Mr. Chapman Saunders briefly seconded the resolution,
which was unanimously carried,

Mr. H. Lock did not approve of a person being appointed
valuer. The farmer should make a return at the end of the
year of what he actually got for the com sold. (No, no). It
was not fair to the community that the corn consumed by
pigs should be brought into the average. If the Wheat was so
inferior that it could not be made into bread it ought not to
qo into the returns. Corn sold to the labourers who consume
it for bread should be brought into the return at the end of
the year.

Mr. J. HoMEE said the first question was. Will this collec-
tion of agricultural statistics bo a benefit to the community at
large ? Supposing that Parliament carried a measure that the
com statistics of this country should be taken, could they be
obtained in such a manner as to make good ground for
Parliament and corn .speculators to act on ? If they had a
better harvest than nsual, and grew 14,000,000 quarters, it was
doubtful whether 8,000,000 w^ould be brought into the market
that year, because, whenever low prices prevailed and the
quality was good, it was customary to hold it over on specula-
tion. Next year there might be a bad crop, and statistics
would not be taken till about a week or so before harvest :
but long before that the farmers would know whether they
had a good crop, and the corn-factor would discover what the
prospect was ; and is it not likely that the whole Continent of
Europe would know before the statistics were taken ? He
believed it would be known before the statistics were in
possession of the Government. Therefore he doubted whether
the community would gain the expected advantage from
statistics, Mr, Daraen had quoted Fr.ance. The French
Government, knowing nearly what quantity of com is
required, obtained sufficient for the food of the country. But
France is not a free-trade country, and while England goes to
the cheapest market, and sells in the dearest, in Fr.ance he
believed they had sometimes prohibited the exportation of
corn, so that he believed we should not bo in a better position
unless we could get fairly at the whole consumption, and that
the produce were to be consumed the same year. But who
could make the farmer bring his corn to market in the same
year? Supply and demand would govern him at all times.
But he would be the last, if it were for the benefit of the
country, to say th.at statistics should not bo taken. They
would most likely differ on the mode in which it should be
done, but lie would give them his own thoughts. That district
surveyors should make returns to Government was very
objectionable, he thought, and nothing would be so correct as
to take the estimates locally. If two men were appointed to
look over a union, would they know the quality of tlie land,
and what it would produce, as well as a man who lived there
all his life? He would propose that a vestry should be held a
fortnight before harvest, and one or two men bo appointed to
look over the parish, and send in their estimate of its produce
in gi-oss, stating the number of acres of Wheat, Barley, Oats,
pulse, &c., which return should be sent to the clerk of the
Union, who should add up the returns for the whole union,
and make a gross return to the Board of Trade, or the proposed
Board of Agriculture, so that no names or particulars but tho
gross totals should reach the Board. For a wet harvest, of
course, there must be an allowance made. This would do
away with anything inquisitoiial, to which there was so much
objection, for only the parish officer would know who had the
best corn. Mr. Homer then proposed the third resolution,
"That a well-considered and accurate system of collecting
agricultural statistics would materially further the cause of
agriculture, and be beneficial to the country at large,''

Dr. Aldridge seconded the resolution, thanking and
complimenting Jti*. G. Homer for bis manner of introducing
one of the most interesting subjects that could be brought
before the Club.

Mr. Damen, in reply to Mr. J. Homer, thought that, except
in a few favoured counties, very little com could be kept in the
farmers' hands. They were either too poor or too prudent to
do ao, and it was a fact that, after two or three harvests with
low prices, scarcely enough was ever left for three months'
consumption, and the usual fault, if any, was to sell much too
early. It showed the necessity of statistics that the price of
com varies move here than in any country in the world. It is
true that corn-factors do get information of short supplies ;
but if they had proper facts to go upon, they would not import
at a loss. He disagreed with the plan of the farmers valuing
their own produce ; when ho was a young farmer he found he
f^ften estimated his crops at two-thirds more than they
produced, and there was amongst others a tendency to
estimate the crop less than his. As to two persons valuing the
parish, he had heard that there could not be two great men in
one parish ; but if there should be, he considered great
numbers of the growers quite incapable of valuing their own
crops, and it was better to leave it to people quite above
suspicion. The estimates should also bo taken twice, before
and after harvest.

A discussion followed on the propriety of memorialising the
Government to establish a Board of Agriculture, and it was
agreed that the secretary communicate with other farmers'
clubs known to them, and with the Central Farmers' Club, in
order to obtain their co-ojjeration.

Upton : Cultivation of Grass Land.— Mr. Stenton
endorsed the statement of the Chairman that it was a
most extraordinary tiling that the leading men of the
county never showed at the meetiug of those institu-
tions, and one particular class of those men were always
conspicuous by their absence. AYith the exception of
Mr. Barrow, who had uniformly supported the Society
since its establishment, and had, ho believed, attended
pretty nearly every meeting, they never saw a member

of Parliament at their annual gatherings. Nottinf^ham-
shire was a fine agricultural countj'^ ; but he did not
think they would find any other where the members of
Parliament kept away from the meetings of the
farmers so studiously as in that. Of course it was their
own affair, and their own look out; but he could not
help thinking that some day they might wish they had
shown their faces among their constituents rather more
than they had done. Jle then mentioned that owing
to some remarks which ho made at the last two
meetings, in responding to the toast, he got into
"lumber" with a cerlain class of individuals. 5^wo
5'ears a^o he ventured to make a few observations on
the subject of education ; but for that down came a
dignitary of the Church upon him with what he
supposed would be called a " bull " in Roman
Catholic times. All the papers, he believed, in the
county set this wonderful " bull " at him ; but the
only harm it did was to give him a little notoriety for
the time being, and to convince him that what he said
on that occasion was pretty well endorsed by every
farmer. Again, last year he got into "lumber" with some
brother-farmers, because he ventured tosaythat with the
high price of TVheat, and the relatively high price of
Barley, they might cultivate "Wheat upon some strong
lands at a comparatively low rate. He got desperately
rated for that. One gentleman much amused him by
taking him to task the next morning, and saying that
it was perfect madness to talk of cultivating Wheat at
the price mentioned. He (the speaker) asked him how
much his laud would grow, and he replied from three
sacks up to three quarters. He retorted that it was
perfect madness to cultivate such land at all, and he
would not do so if it were given to him. He knew
what such men as the Duke of Portland would do with
that man's farm. He would take it into his own
hand, efficiently drain it, and lay it down upon a dead
lallow as permanent Grass; and with a little lime or
bone put upon it, it would no doubt ultimately become
of some use. He was convinced that there were many
acres of land in their own district which ought to be
laid down as permanent Grass. The speaker concluded
by relating the results of two successful experiments
he had made for the improvement of some land of his
own, and upon whieh he had produced capital crops of
Clover and Trefoil at a nominal cost.

The Chairman said : Whether Mr. Stenton was
right in respect to w'hat he had said about the
improvement of Grass land he did not pretend to be
sufficiently a judge to say ; but he could only say that
in a solitary case which had happened to himself he
found that land could be much im])roved and made to
produce a greater quantity than before. He was quite
satisfied that there was nothin^g in which they made
so great a mistake as in neglecting the cultivation of
their Grass land. With the present price of meat, he
thought it would be useless to suggest to any gentle-
man that it would be more remunerative to feed cattle
than to grow corn ; but at the same time he was satis-
fied that if they took more pains in dressing their Grass
lands with composts of some kind or another it would
be much better for them. It was a great pity that they
threw into their rivers, and through them into the sea-,
a large portion of that sewage Avhich would form a
valuable manure for their land. That morning he was
engaged in a discussion as to a mode of utilising a part
of that sewage which now tormented their cities and
towns, destroyed the fish in the rivers, and then ran t<)
waste in the sea. The discussion was as to whether
they should introduce earth closets into the prison,
and thereby produce some equivalent for the food
which the people confined there got. He had a strong
suspicion if those closets were introduced, the manure,
if pulverised and reduced to that state that it could be
run through a drill when they sowed their Turaips,
would prove as valuable as guano. At Dorchester, he
believed, they sold the manure collected in the earth
closets for a considerable sum. He confessed that he
expected to see greater pains taken for the utilisation
of the sewage which at present flowed into the Trent
and other rivers ; and if at first it did not result in a
saving of money, the manure would at all events be
extremely useful in improving iheir Grass land.

Farm Memoranda.

A Staffoedshiee Dairy Parm.— I can _ best
explain my views by describing somewhat in detail the
system of management with which I am most familiar,
taking the case of a farm of cold strong land, situated
in the Midland Counties, containing 300 aoi'es, let for
about '60s. per acre, of which two-thirds are pasture
and meadow, and the remainder arable. The land is
not well adapted to sheep, and the pastures are not
sufficiently rich to fatten cows or bullocks, without
the aid of a considerable quantity of artificial food.
I think I can show that by far the most profit-
able mode of occupying such a farm (provided that the
ordinary requirements are supplied) will be by keeping
a large dairy of cows, and endeavouring to make whole-
milk cheese of first-rate quality. If the arable land be
thoroughly drained, it will provide straw and roots for
the winter's keep of the dairy cattle, and Clover,
Italian Rye-grass, "Vetches, and Cabbage, for their use
in summer and autumn. Without such drainage cold
clay land cannot be cultivated in an efiiuient manner.

The 200 acres of turf land may be divided as follovys :
^120 acres, in convenient enclosures, and well supplied
with good water, shade, and shelter, as the regular
summer pasture for the dairy cows ; 30 acres as perma-
nent meadow, to be manured every yeai', and mown
for hay; the remaining 50 acres, least conveniently
situated, and leai.t adapted for dairying, will provide a
summer's run for the yearling and two-year-old
heifers, and farm-horses, and for a moderate quantity
of sheep. By the use of cake and crushed corn to the
value of, say lOOZ., 50 dairy cows would be well kept,
besides rearing from 12 to 20 heifer-calves every year, -

March 2, 1867.]

Ti!E GARDENERS' (JllRONICEE AND AGRICULTUML GAZETTE.

223

I lay piivticular stress upon this point in conse-
qiionce of tho serious losses to wliicli dairymen have
l»'Cii of late years subject from infectious diseaso— a
ninsideralion which has acquired additional force
since tho outbreak of tho catflo murrain. Tho foot
.iiid mouth complaint, whicli is very prevalent
iinoQf?st drift eattlo every spring, and liiRhly conta-
-iiius, is a very serious complaint when it attacks cows
in full milk ; and sliould tho owuer bo so fortunate a.s
to escape the loss of any of tho animals affoetod, it still
entails a great diminution in tho yield of milk, even if
the animals are not lost. Again, I'rom pleuro-pneu-
monia the dairy-farmer has much more to fear than
the grazier, liecauso his cattle are necessarily congre-
gated together, and they cannot bo so readily disposed
of to the butcher. When this dise.a.se attacks a dairy-
man's herd, it is uot uncommon for him at once to send
all the apparently healthy animals for sale to a distant
market, and thus the disease is spread.

My father and myself have for many years had
upwards of 100 dairy cows, but by adopting the plan of
rearing a sulUcient number of heifer-calves, and
scarcely ever buying stock in the nmiket, we have been
most fortunate in escaping iulcctinus disease. One or
two partial attacks of the fool ami mouth complaint
have occasioned us slight losses, but from more serious
disea.se we have altogether escaped. The spread of
contagious disease is greatly dne to the filthy state of
tho trucks used in the conveyance of cattle by railway.
I regret that the Cattle Diseases Bill, introduced last
session of Parliament, wa.s not allowed to become law.

The greater portion of the cows calve in March and
April. Tho best and earliest of the heifer calves are
reared ; they will require their mothers' milk for two
or threo weeks at least, and may then bo fed either
with skim-milk and oatmeal, or sweet whey and
wheaten or rice flour, with what hay and oilcake they
will eat. Care should bo taken to keep the calf
houses clean and well ventilated. jVs soon as the
weather becomes warm, the calves should bo allowed
to run in a sheltered paddock ; at three months old
the suckling may be discontinued, but they should
stilUiave an allowance of i lb. to lib. of Linseed-cake
per day. If they are kept healthy and growing from
birth, as they may be by a judicious use of Linseed-
cake, the best of them will be big enough to come into
the dairy at 2 years and 2 months old. If kept uni-
formly well, they will then be as good as those a year
older in ordinary condition, and will prove more profit-
able to the dairyman. A few of the calves, at the
commencement of the season, which are not wanted
for rearing, may be fattened ; but, when cheese-making
is in full operation, all the remainder of the calves will
bo sold as soon as dropped, at about 1/. each.

The cows, alter they have calved, should have a daily
allowance of -i lb. or 5 lb. of crushed corn or cake, with
hay and roots or grains, until there is an abundant
supply of Grass for them. They will then have the
run of the 120 acres of pasture, but they should be
divided into at least two herds. Dairy cows do much
better in not very large herds ; they tread the ground
less, and the weaker ones aro uot so much knocked
about. Should they require it, they will be supplied
with mown Clover, Rape, and Vetches, or other green
food, in the summer and autumn, until the middle of
September, when the Cabbage will be ready for use.*
This is a most valuable food for dairy oow.s, and by its
aid a large quantity of cheese may be made in the last
three months of the year, when otherwise the cows
would be almost dry. The Cabbage grown from
autumn-sown plants will generally be best for early
consumption in the months of September and October,
afterthat time it will be over-ripe, and its quality will
be deteriorated. Autumn-sown plants should be
planted nearly a yard apart every way. Where Cabbage
IS spring-sown, those kinds should be selected which
are of early maturity. The Sweden burgh Cabbage
I consider the best for this purpose. The seed should
be sown on a warm border early in March : 1 lb. of
seed will produce plants enough to set out 2 acres.
The plants should be planted, about 2 feet apart, in the
latter end of May or beginning of June, damp weather
being chosen for this purpose. If the winter be mild,
Cabbage will keep till February or March, but ex-
posure to severe frost damages its quality very much.
Cabbage is a gross feeder, and will repay a dressing of
■i ewt. per acre of Peruvian guano, in addition to a fair
coat of farm manure. Where the land is perfectly
sound, I prefer planting on the flat, the crop is less
liable to suffer from drought.

Six shifts of 16 acres each, distributed as follows, will
meet these requirements : —

Acres
(I.) l(i Wlieat
/*> \ f 6 Cabbage

■' X 10 Turnips, Swedes and Mangel
(3.) 16 Oats or Wheat, with seeds
/. \ f 8 Italian Rye-grass, mown or fed

18 Red Clover, &c., twice mown
(5.) 16 Oats

8 Oats and Vetches, for green fodder in July and
August
Rape .and Vetches, for green fodder in August and
September

The cows are allowed to go dry soon after Christmas,
a rest from milking of two or three months being
indispensable. They will then be fed principally on
straw, with roots. Should the supply of roots be
scanty, the deficiency may be supplied by the use of
brewers' grains, cake, or corn, in addition if required.
I do not recommend cooked food for store cattle, it is
unnatural, and weakens the digestive powers, so that
the stock do not thrive so well alterwards when turned
out to Grass, Where the supply of good straw and

roots is abundant, the extra expense entailed in the
chijpping straw for dairy stock is not always repaid.
If besides whole roots twice a day, jilenty of straw be
given them in the racks, they will pick out the best ol
tho straw, and the striimps will be available for litter.
In exceptional seasons, like that of 18IU, when tho
utmost economy had to be exercised in the use of
fodder, tho benefit of chopping was undoubted.

Tho extra expense entailed by milking dairy Ciittlo
muft not bo overlooked. Five or six ell'ective milkers
will bn required for 50 cows ; and it is important that
all should milk quickly and thoroughly well, other-
wise Iho cows become dry much sooner, and great loss
is occasioned. Tho ina,ster's superintendence is neces-
sary to see that this is jn'operly carried out. This
expense cannot be put at less than 'Ml., or 5/. for each
ellbctive milker. It is an oiicnilinn that must be
performed with regularity, and every other farm-
work must give place to it. The milking-machines
vet brought out, however ingenious^ have at present,
I regret to say, entirely failed to achieve the desirable
result of lessening tho labour of this process. When
an equable temperature of from IJO° to 70' is required
in the dairy and store-room, this can best bo main-
tained by the use of warm-water pipes placed round
the walls, communicating with a boiler at the back of
the kitchen fire. When this cannot bo conveniently
arranged, a separate boiler may be set up for the pur-
pose of heating the water. The first cost of the pipes
IS somewhat heavy ; but when, as in many cases, the
water can be heated without extra fires, the advantage
is very great, the dust, trouble, and expenditure of
fuel from a stove being .avoided. These remarks,
however, apply rather to making butter than cheese. _

Skilled dairy servants readily and deservedly obtain
high wages; their cost, including board, &c., on the
farm in question, would not be less than bOl. per
annum. This, with a charge of 30^. for milking, of
20/, lor wear and tear of dairy utensils, heating appa-
ratus, &c., would bring the extra expense attendant
upon dairying on this farm to 100?. per year, or 21.
per cow. I have taken the average yield on such a
farm at dg cwt. per cow, or 161. per head per annum,
although where a very superior quality of cheese is
made, an incre<ased return would be obtained, with
some aid furnished by the arable land, &c. The
amount realised from cow-stock alone on this farm
would therefore be —

Produce of ,50 cows, at 16^ each .£800

Bale of .35 young calves, at 1^ each .. .. .35

15 cows sold every year, at IH. each .. .. 165

Deduct extra expenses of dairying . . 100

Or 18/, per cow. £900

3L: Carringion in Journal of English Agriniltural
Socielif.

(«■) j

" The danger of "hoove" from grazing Clover with dairy
cows is so great, that it should be mown either for hay or for
immediate consumption. It may be grazed by young stock if
itatandefor a second year; the Alaike is especially adapted
to this purpose.

Miscellaneous.

Moles. — Here we have l-o do ivith a creature wliose
activity and stroQffly-developed propensity for the flesh
of numerous pests of the forest, the lield, and the
garden, fit him for hecoming a valuable ally of man.
Has it any power of doing mischief more than suffi-
cient to counterbalance the benefits which it is capable
of rendering? Our experience and observation induce
us decidedly to answer in the negative. Moles, for 15
years, have been permitted to do as Nature prompted
them in our garden and in our fields. In the former,
their tunnels, carried under beds of Carrots and
Onions, as well as of Carnations and Mignonette, have
certainly done no more harm than to occasion a slight
unseemliness. But looking on each little mound as a
monument raised over slaughtered foes, such as wire-
worms, we were not discomposed, but placidly content,
notwithstanding the wrath of the gardener, and the
annoyance of our better-half, who, for the time, could
not be styled ' phicens uxor.' The evil of a house
divided against itself was happily avoided by her con-
version to our opinion, notwithstanding the seductive
influence of the gnrdener. That worthy one day, in
our absence, being caught in the act of culpable talpi-
cide, was rebuked by his mistress for disobeying his
master's orders. Bi'ooding over our incomprehensible
folly, and hoping for the sympathy of our spouse, he one
day, some time afterwards, thus solemnly addressed her:
' Mem, I want to speak to you. Could pou make ony-
thing o' him ? What's to come ow'r 's if thae brutes are
allowed to spread ow'r the land?' The poor man's
despair wa^ ludicrous when his mistress informed him
of her conversion to our views. ' Oh ! ' exclaimed he,
'sin' that's the way o't, I maun gie't up.' Journal of
Agricidtit re.

Notices to Correspondents.

Cheese: Williani Hinfon. The following are receipts for cream
cheese and Bath cheese, the one a rich and the other an
ordinary curd :— Cream cheese : take a quart of cream, or
if not desired very rich, add thereto one pint of new milk ;
warm it in hot water till it is about the heat of milk from
the cow, add rennet (a table-spoonful), let it stand till thick,
then break it slightly with a spoon, and place it in the
frame in which you have previously put a fine canvas cloth,
press it .slightly with a weight, let it stand a few hours, then
put a finer cloth in the frame ; a little powdered salt may be
put over the cloth. It will be fit for use in a day or two.
Baih cheest : to one gallon of new milk add two quarts of
cold spring water, rennet sufficient to turn it (not hard) ;
take it gently out with the skimming dish and lay it in the
vat xmtil fuU ; put a weight upon it, and apply dry cloths
for a day or two when turned out on a plate with another
over it, and turned occasionally. They are ready in about a
fortnight.

Guano : X Y. Guano, if genuine, should not weigh more than
70 to 72 lb. per bu.shel. 13y drjung and burning Pei-uvian
guano should lose from 55 to 60 per cent, of its weight. Its
ash should be white, and should dis.solve readily, and without
effervescence, in dilute muriatic acid, leaving insoluble
residue, which should not amount to more than 2 per cent
of the weight of the guano. Mixed with quick-lime it should
give a strong ammoniacal odour.

Fumigate your Groenhouae Witt
riT 0 ]{ A C (J U TISSUE.

A. "Will DoBtroyiill thu liiKtcLs luxl md Injuro Uio ririnta; ll
ontiroly free from papor or run, im^l will Imrn wiUmut blowing.

Price :to. 0(/. per lt>., carrliiKo I'roo. 'l\> lio UuU i.l Mewra, IloniinT*
St SoN«, Tobacco Munur-icturorN, M, ist. .John Stroot, Clerlioawoll,
K.O., and of all HooJunion and NurMjrjmon.

/'ilSHURST CUMrOUNlJ.— U"tiiid by many of tho
V J luadlrig Oardonora uluco IfiilU. tiBulriBt Itod Bptdor. Mildew,
TliripH, (iiooii Fly. and ottiur Ulinfit, lii solutions at" irom 1 to
'J OLUicoH to tlio gallon of soib wiiLor, and of lium ■! to Id ouncoa
as a Winter Diuttalng for Vliiea and Fruit Treou, Has oiibllvod
UKUiy propKiaLiona Intondod to HuporBudo it.

Hold Ilytatl by .Socdsrnuii, in buxcs, 1h., ;!«,, and hiH.nd.
WlioK'siilu by Phick'm Patkht Camih.i; Companv (Limiti:i>|, London.

j">OSl(:iN'S NlH/LUS [JLT\i\Viov tlic DestrucSTof
Jl ^ Mouly Kiig, Scalo, Aiiioiican ltli)'ltt, kc. on St'iveaud Oroen*
liouHO I'liiiitH, Fruit Trouh, Vinos, kc. In bottles, with full lOiitruC'
liuiiH lar application, prico .1^. 6d., Gs., and His. (id.

,l\\^^H Uahter & Co, beg luavo to hLiito that the present tltoe is most
suitable for applying the ubovo gunu'no Speoiflu beforo tho coin-
menccraont ot the growing Hcasoii, tlioroby piuventing tho rai>ld
increase of tho above pestn which would otherwise talie place. Tho
nifnlilble properties of BOSTON'S NB PLUS ULTRA aro rapidly
becoming fully recognised, J, C, it Co. having already wold nearly
2000 buttles since its first introduction in the spring of iSflfl,
NumorouH testinionlals hiivaboen received, and not a sioglo complaint
of iLa InelUcienoy.

Sole Agents, Jamks C\itTEii & Co.. 237;ind 238. High Holbom.W.C.
'.* Tho Tradu supplied on liberal terms.

By Royal Appointment

;i?^£,^'% To TiiK Phikoe of ■Wales,
Hy Special Warrant,
dated February 10, 1806.

To iieu Majesty,

By Special Warnrnt,

dated December 27, 1866.

DAY, SON, AND HEWITT,
Original and Solo Proprietors of the STOCK-BREEDRRS'
MEDICINE CHEST, for DISORDERS in HORSES, CATl'LE,
CALVES, SHEEP, and LAMBS.

Patronised by upwards nf Seventy Thousand of the principal Stock
Breeders, Horse Proprietors, and Agriculturists of England, Ireland,
Scotland, and Wales.

The only True and Original "DAY'S CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS"
aro prepared oxpresiily by us. Tho Chest contains the following
matchless preparations :—

Haifa Dozer. CHEMICAL EXTRACT, at 30s. per dozen.
One Dozen GAbEOUS FLUID, at 2()«. per dozen.
One Dozen RED DRKNCHES, at 13«. per dozen.
Oce Dozen RED PASTE BALLS, at 7m. fid. per dozen.
Adapted for all ailments among Stock during tho present season.
Pnce of Chest complete, with Shilling Book on Farriery, £2 lOs. Crf.,
carriage paid. Either preparation may be had separately in boxes.
Testimomals.

Tlie Lamlnng .?ea5on.— The "Chemicjil Extract" is unequalled for
bad cases in drawing Lambs, and to stop heaving and straining, Mr.
Wood.s, in his Lecture on the " Breeding and Management of Sheep,"
says — '• My shepherd declares it to be worth a guinea a bottle,"

The "Gaseous Fluid" is famous for debility and exhaustion in
Ewes after Lambing; for diarrhtea in Calves and Sheep, and for
colic and gripes in Horses and Cattle. Mr. Bowick, in his prize
essay on tde "Rearing of Calves," saya — "The Gaseous Fluid is
sufficient for all the ills that Calfhood is liable to. I have reared 'IC
calves this vear, and by tho use of the ' Gaseous Fluid,' I have not
lost one." Mr. Thos. Rigby (Cheshire), in his Lecture on "Summer
Grazing of Sheep," says — " Day, Son, & Hewitt's Gaseous Fluid is the
best corrective of scour in Sheep I iiave ever tried. I can strongly
recommend their 'Medicine Chest' as a most valuable auxiliary to
stock-keepers of all kinds, but especially to shepherds. With the
mediciues they give plain directions for use, which any man may
understand."

Orders sent by Post will be promptly attended to if addressed^
Day, So{j, & Hewitt, Animal Mediciue liactory, 22, Dorset Street,
Baker Street, Loudon. W. ; or Wantage, Berks.

"Woods on bheep, five stamps; "Bowick on Calves," three
stamps, both ftee by post.

Asphalte Roofing Felt,

ONE PENNY per Square Foot.

CROGGON AND CO., Manupactu kers,
ffi3. New Earl street,) T^_.„_ ^p
i 34, Bread Street, / London, E.G.
60, GEORGE SQ., GLASGOW ; 2, GOREE PIAZZAS, LIVERPOOL.

^■WINGr WATER Ji AliKU W, pnce 45*;
O Carriage paid to any Station in England.

The above is very cheap, and
invaluable for carrying Liquids
of all kinds. No Garden, Farm,
Stable, or Kitchen Yard .^^hould
be without one. A Lad can
e-asily work it ; but if required to
travel long distancts over rough
ground, a Pony can be attached.
— The wheels and carnage are
S wrouKlit iron, and the tub oak.
The water may be dipped out,
or the tub tilted and poured out,
or by raising the handle it can be placed on the ground and the
frame detacned.

Powerful GARDEN ENGINE, suitable for the above, price 45s.,
carriage paid. WATER and LIQUID MANURE CARTS.

Ilhistrated Catalogues of above, also of WIRE NETTING,
FENCING, &c., sent free on application.

W. 8. BouLTON, Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works. Norwich.

;:_ALVANISED IRON WATER CISTERNS.

Cheap, light, and durable, will not rust or corrode, and
keep water perfectly sweet.

G

To hold

Each.

30 gallona,

20s

Hd

60 gallons.

24»

lid

SO galloiLS,

32«

M

100 gallons,

3Ss

M

125 gallons,

45s

Od

150 gallons.

49s

Od

200 gallons,

65s,

M.

250 galloDB,

73s

Od.

300 gallons.

81s.

Od.

With Lid and

Brass Tap.

GALVANISED WIRE STRAND CABLE FENCING.

GALVANISED IKO.S ROOFING

IMPROVED GALVANISED WIRE NETTING.

HURDLES, HURULE.S, HURDLES, Is. Sd. to 3s. Od. per ysid.

PATENT STRAINING PILLAR.S, 4o.

GALVANISED IRON PUMPS.

GALVANISED SWING WATER BARROWS.

LAWN MOWERS, GARDEN ROLLERS.

A&PHALTK ROOFING FELT, Id. ]jor square foot.

MOTI.EY SL GllEKN.

Illu„trated Catalogniis and Estimates free on application.
12, Great George Street, Leeds.

224

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 2, 1867.

TREE and PLANT LABELS.— 10,000 Clotli Punched
Labels, 3 inches long, for 16s. ; 6 Inches long, 253. Delivored
free in London. Samples sent on receipt of Id. stamp.

John Fisher & Co., West Road Works, Boston, Lmcolnsliire.

Caution to Gardeners.— When you ask for

SATNOR AND COOKE'S WAKRANTEU PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNlVtS, see that yon get them.
Observe the mark Saynor, also the corporate mark Obtain
WAnBANTED, witbout whlcfa none are cenuino.

S. & 0. regret having to caution Gardener."! and others, bnt are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for tbe genuine one, and which has caueed
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not ol
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers,

S. & C.'s Pruning and 33udding Knives are tbe oesc and the
cheapest in the market.

Paxton Works, ShefBeld. Established upwards of 125 vears.

c

^OTTAM'S

PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

cow riTTINGS.

Their advantages are— Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and Impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of Sittings per Cow, 65s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite tbe Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., wliere the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

Oil Faint no longer Necessary.

LOCK'S PATENT POTASH MANURES.

This is the only "perfect" MANURE ever yet offered to the Agricultural Public,
containing, as it does, that most important element of every cultivated plant — Potash.
It is far superior in efficiency to Peruvian or any other Guano, as it supplies every
' constituent rcquiaitc for each Special Crop.

Each Manure is specially prepared for the Crop for ■which it is intended, and is
sold in Bags containing the necessary Dressing for One Acre.

The "WHEAT, EAELET, and OAT MANUKE will effectuaUy prevekt the
LODGING of the Com, 60 frequent on lands deficient in Silica.
The CLOVER MANURE is a cektain cure for Clover sickness, so prevalent in some Counties.

The GRASS MANURE contains an abundance of Silicate of Potash, which is by far the predominating
element in all Grasses, and which has never before been offered for Sale by any Manufacturer.

For full particulars see Circulars, for which apply to the

SOUTH of ENGLAND MANURE COMPANY, LIMITED, KEDBRIDGE, HAMPSHIRE,

who are the Sole MANur.ACTUEEiis.
*,« AGENTS WANTED for the UNITED KINGDOM.

»

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mr. gray begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to his

NEW OVAL TTJBULAR BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judg:e3 to be a great imjirovement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with,
one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from Eeport in Gaudenehs' CiiitoNrcLE of International ExhiUtion, May 24, 1862, page 476.

rather tban a square, it seems feasible that the Boilers on the ova
plan should bring the tubes more completely withiD range of the
burning fuel; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,
13 no doubt an improvement.

"The upright form of Boiler is usiialiy made on a circular plan^
but the oval form given to Mr. Gbav's variety of it is said to be
^referable in consequence of its bringing the tubes in closer contact
with the fire. The usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VAKNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stnne. This Varnish is au
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may bo applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used In the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the scats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from wliom the moat flattering
testimonials have been received, wnich Hill & Saixn will forward on
application.

From CiiAs. E. B. Smehlet, Esq., Tltc Orange, near Boston.

"1 have much pleasure in giving you a reply to your inquiries about
the Black Varnish I have had from you for the lost two years. It has
answered my expectations fully, and as far a.s I am ablo to judge, it
is the best material for preserving iron fencing, gates, and other wood
work exposed to theair ; and I can with safety recommend it as the
best and cheapest article that is yet out. Wishing you every success,"

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at la. 6(t. per gallon, at the
Maiiufactory, or Is. fid. per gallon paid to any Station in the kimrdom.

Apply to Hill & SMiin. Brierly Uill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.G., fVom whom only It can be obtained.

j^' Thdj are made of all sizesy which^ with prices, may be had on applicaiion,

JAMES GRAY, HOKTICULTURAL WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAP, CHELSEA, S. W.

DEANE & CO.,

4G, KING WILLIAM ST., LONDON BRIDGE.

Lawn

GREEN'S PATENT.
SHANKS' PATENT.

Mowers.

I SAJiaELSON'S PATENT.
I BARNARD'S PATENT.

DEANE AND CO..

Horticultural Tools, <S;c.

LAWN MOirING MACHINES, 60s., 70s., 00s,, HOs.

GARDEN HARROWS, Wood and Iron, 21s. ana 26s.

GARDEN ENGINES, Galvanised Iron. Prices .55s., 65s., 78s., 90a., 100s.. 110s.

GARDEN ROLLERS, £1 10s., £1 14.!., £2, £2 7.s. Cli., £2 l'2s. 0(1., £3 2s. 6«.

Sl'EEL DIGGING FORKS, SPADES, SCYTHES, 4c.

GREENHOOSFi SYRINGES and GARDEN POIMPS.

WIRE NETTING and ORNAMENTAL WIRE WORK.

GARDEN SEATS and CHAIRS.

FLOWER STANDS, Cast-iicn and Wire.

STRAINED WIRE FENCING .and IRON HDRDLES.

nOT-WATEK FITTINGS for GREENHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES,
FORCING PITS, Sic.

Dcane's New Illustrated Horticultural Catalogue
post free on application.

Established a.d. 1700.

46, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, E.G.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

IMPROVED LA.WN MOWING MACHINES.

EVEKY MACHINE WAEKANTED.

PRICES.

Dclieered Free to any ItaiUcny Station in Great Britain.

Cutting 12 inches wide £4 10 0

Cutting 14 inches "wide 550

Cutting 16 inches ■wide 6 0 0

Cutting 19 inches wide . . , C 10 0

Cutting 22 inches wide 7 10 0

Cutting 25 inches wide 12 0 0

Cutting 30 inches wide 15 0 0

Cutting 36 inches wide IS 0 0

Great improvements have been made in these Jtachines during the last few years, in regard to all those small but important points of superiority which the practical working
of a Lawn Mower suggests ; while for elegance of appearance, Ughtness of draft, and efficiency in working they cannot be e-'jcelled. Ihey possess the tollowing advantages : —

1st. Motion is given to the Cutting Apparatus by toothed gearing, which experience has proved to be by far the best method of driving.

2d, The whole of the Driving Wheels are on one side of the Machine, a point of gre.at importance in preventing damage to Shi-ubs and Flowers, when mowing round the
edges of beds.

3d, All the smaller working parts of the Machine are made of Malleable Iron, and are not liable to break.

1^ Illustrated Price Lists, with selections from several Thousand Testimonials, Free iij Post on application.

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS. BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE : 10, L.WRENCE TOUNTNEY LANE, E.G.
.VCENTS ;— Messrs. TANGTE BKOXHEES and UCILMAN, 10, LAUBEKCE POXJNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DEAY,
TAYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BKADEOiiD, 63, Eleet Street, E.C. ; and all reatiectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom.

Mabch 2, 1867.]

THE GAllDENEllS' CimONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

225

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MQWEBS FOB 1867.

PATRONIZED FREQUENTLY DURING THE PAST THREE SEASONS BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY, | HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND,

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA,

AND AMONGST THE DISTINGUISHED FOREIGN NOBILITV,

THK DUCHESS DE CAMBACERES, THE MARQUIS DE BOISSY, MARSHAL CANROBERT, &c., &c,

Every minute point in tlio way of
impvovcnient lias been carofuUy considci-cJ
anil adopti'd, and as A. S. & Son liave for
more than a quarter of a ocutiiry devoted
tlieir attention to this particular braneh of

tlieir business, tlie Nobility, Gentry, and
Gardeners may rely on the MACHINES
they may order, to be such as to ensure
lasting satisfaction, and to stand the wear
and tear of many years.

I'ATENT HAND MACHINE.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

ARE IN DAILY USE IN

ALL THE ROYAL GAKDENS ; IN THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON ; CRfSTAL PAL.iCE COMPANY'S GROUNDS ;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;

And in almost all the principal Public Parks anil Gardens in the Kingdom.

TLese are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.
THESE ABE TEE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOW PSOPERLY WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OP LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS .are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shanks' Patent Lawn Mower will Mow on uneven as well as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, in referring to their IMPROVED LAWN MOWERS for 1867, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in effecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. AND SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iroli to as gl'eat an extent as possible iu the construction of theii- Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery ai-e employed in manufacturing the various parts, and this applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S, AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWERS, "which will enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

Width of Cutter.

10-inch Machine £3 10 0 i „

t Bu a Lady
12-ineh Machine 4 10 0)

14-inch Machine . . , , . , , . 5 10 0 By a Boy

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Easily Worked Silont MoTomont.

4s. extra*

Width of Cutter.

Easily Worked Silent Movement

16-inch Machine £6 10 0 By a Man or Two Boys I ^^ ^^^^^

19-inoh Machine 7 12 6 By a Man and Boy i ^ ^^

•• •• ^ j^ ^ ^By Two Men .. {

22-inch Machino
24-inch Machine

7s. 6cl.
extra.

If with Patent Delivering Appariitus.

. . 2os. extra.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE

Width of Cutter.

25-inch Machino £12 10 0

28-inch Machine 14 10 0 . . . . 30s. „

30-inch Machine 13 1.5 0 .. ,. 30s. ,,

Silent Movement, 12s'. 6d. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22j. per set
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

Width of Cutter. „„ „ „ It with Patent Delivermg A,;parata

30-inch Machine £19 0 0 .. .. 30s. extra.

36-inch Machine 22 0 0 .. .. 30s. „

42-inch Machine 26 0 0 . . . . 40s. „

48-inch Machine 23 0 0 .. .. 40s. „

SUent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

N.B,— ^. S. i Son specially amiomiee to their numerous Patrons that they have a staff of experienced Workmen nt their London Warehouse, thoroughly acquainted with all
the details of their Machines, so that they are enabled to repair Lawn Mowers in London as well as at the Manufaeior^y.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

1^ 27, Leadenhall Street is the only place in London where intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers call choose from a Stock oj from loO u -
^It sites kept there, wltther for Horse, Pony or Sand Power,

'226

THE GARDENEES' CHEONlCLE iNB AGRlCtJLTtmAL GAZETTE,

[MiECH 2, 1867.

G

AEDEN EORDER EDGING TILES, in great

variety of patterns and mnterial, the plainer sorts being
especially suited for KITCHEN GAKDENS, as
they harbour no Slups and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "pro'ivu" I^ldginga, conse-
quently being much cheaper,

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., in
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosHER, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriare, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Koad, Kingsland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLEyS PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS, Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
flails, CoiTiaors, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
StonOj in blue, rod, and bu£f colours, and capable of forming a variety

of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the .itcve.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F, & G. Rosukr, at their Premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTti, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. P. & G, Kosher. — Addresses see above.

N B. Orders promptly executed bv Railway.

PATRONIZED BY
HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY

AND HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
THE LATE PRINCE COKSORT.

GREENING & COMPANY'S

PATENT MACHINE -WOTEN

WIRE HARE AND RABBIT-PROOF FENCES

ABE SIX TIMES AS STRONG Mi THE VERY BEST WIRE NETTING.
Only li inch apart in the Meshes, and therefore proof against the smallest Rabbits.

PERFECTLY REGULAR IN PATTERN.

Of a neat and very ijleasing ajy'pearmice, and most moderate in lirice,
NO. 4 VARIETY.

OHN WARNER and SONS,

8, Crescent, Cripplegate, London, E.G.,
BELL and BRASS POUNDERS to HER MAJESTY.

No. 35.

PATENT CAST-IRON
PUMP, fitted with J. W. h Sons'
Metal Bucket and Valve, which
cannot clog in action, for Wells
not exceeding 1h feet.
Diam. Height.

2i in. short . . 1 ft. 7 in.

JE s. (i.

No. 42.
IMPROVED LIQUID
MANURE or GENERAL
PORTABLE PUMP.-Thoso
Pumps are fitted with J. W. &
Sons' Patent Bucket and Valve
and cannot clog in action. The
Barrel is made of Galvanised
Iron, not likely to corrodo, and
can be raised or lowered at plea-

21 in. short, with 15 feet t"h>h°? i^^ "'m ^' ^''!, ^-^'^ "

of lead pipe attached, wHich lold together, and it raav

ready for fixing .,200 ^^ carried with ease by one man

in. long, do. do 2 14 0 to tanlt or pond.

Price of 44-ioch Liquid Manure Pump, with legs, £2 15s. ; 2-inch
.Flexible Rubber and Canvas Suction Pipe, Is. &d. per foot. The
Barrel is 27i inches long, and the le«s are 6 feet high.

2^ in. long

. 3 ft. 3 in.

. 1 8

3 In. long

. 3 ft. 6 in.

.2 1

3) in. long

. 3 ft. C in.

.2 a

4 in. long

. 3 ft. 6 m.

.2 U

WARNERS' PORTABLE FIUE or GARDEN EJ^GINE.

No fiOSJ.

For use by one Person price £2 2s.

No. 647b, ditto ditto, on Wheels ,, £2 10s.

The above are complete in themselves, and may be always kept
filled with water, and ready for uae.

Letter to The Times, July 23, IS&G, from Earl Essex.

A Real Fire Extinguisher.

To the Editor of The Times.

"Sib, — I feel aui'e you will kindly aUot a small soace in the Times
to these few lines, as the best meiiium through which I would urge
every householder who dreads fire to have on each tloor of his house
one or more small Garden or otherEngines on wheels, always charged
and in good order, in case of fire.

" Last niglit, just as I was going to bed. 1 was startled by that moat
fearfld of all cries, ' Fire, fire ! ' 1 soon learned that a fire was raging
In a larae two-windowed unoccupied bedroom. How caused is to us
all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small
Engines on each fioor. In two minutas I was in the room with one
of them. It was like a furnace. The curtains, shutters, casements,
and conaices of both windows were bui-ning and cracking from floor
to coiling. I was quite alone at the moment, yet before assistance
arrived (most of the servants having gone to bed), I had completely
subdued tlie fire of one window without exhausting the Engine, and
when assistance and more water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other,

'* So fierce was the fire that the lead of the casements was molted,
and the casements themselves were bm-nt off their hinges.

*' I will only ada, that by God's mercy, the house was -saved by this
small Engine. Had it not been at hand and in order, most assuredly
Cassiobury would be now a heap of ruins. — Yours faithfully,

" Cassiobury, Watford, July 20. " Essex.

" The Engine, even when full, runs bo light on the floor, that any
woman might draw It, and also work It."

Copi/ of TesUmomal from the Head Gardener to His Grace the Duke of Eutland, Belcoir Castle., Grantham,

" I find it extremely convenient, elegant in appearance, and perfectly efficient as a Eabbit Pence. I shall

certainly employ it in preference to the usual wire netting, whenever I require anything of the kind. I will forward

you the amount of your bill immediately. If you have not already sent a book of patterns to Her Majesty's gardens

at Windsor, {terhaps you will be good enough to' do so; my father, Mr. Ingram, has frequent occasion for such fences.

" I am, Gentlemen, yours most respectfully, William Ingham."

GREENING and CO., LIMITED, Manufacturers of IRON GATES, FENCES, PALISADES,
ESPALIERS, HURDLES. TREE GUARDS, GARDEN SEATS, VERANDAHS, VASES, FOUNTAINS, TOMB
RAILINGS, STABLE FITTINuS, GARDEN ROLLERS, POULTRY HOUSES, EMIGRANTS' HOUSES,
BRIDGES, CORN RICK STANDS, &c. ; also of Wire Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Moveable
Fences for Railways, Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Couits, Sheep Walks, &c. ; also of Wire
Netting, Plant Guards and Protectors, Garden Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviarits, Pea and Plant Trainers,
Pheasantries, Hen Coops, and Garden Lounges.

GENERAL PRICED CATALOGUE in Royal 8vo, 72 Pages and Wrapper, with 33 Illustrations (together with
SUPPLEMENT of TESTIMONIALS from the leading Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom, to the
quality of G. & Co.'s Manufactures), forwarded on receipt of Two Stamps to defray postage.

GREENING and COMPANY, LIMITED, VICTOKIA IRON and WIRE WORKS.

OFFICES : 4, WAKREN STREET, MANCHESTER.

BEARD'S PATENT.

GREAT INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION ck BOTANICAL CONGRESS.

I

The nisi 111 i\J\ Ill/L n n It thc-ibiYt EXHIBITION fw thbLLbi MLIHUi) oi \ENrrLATM)N
for PLANT STEUCTURES, was .iwurded to

MESSRS. SANDERS, FREWER, & CO.,

VICTORIA WORKS, BURY ST. EDMUNDS,
FOR THEm MODEL of

BEARD'S PATENT METALLIC NON-CONDUCTING GLASS HOUSES,

Showing the Tatent System of perfect Tentilation and Patent Method of Glazing, whereby breakage from
expansion and contraction is prevented, and facility given for immediate reparation hy any ordinary labourer.

Messrs SANDE RS FREWER, and CO. beg to call special attention to the high value of these great improvements
in the VENTILATION &c., of UORTICULTDR.iL ERECTIONS, which are alsoapplicableto all WOODEN HOUSES,
as well as to CHURCHES, RAILWAY STATIONS, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, MANUFACTORIES, &c. ; and have
received the highest recommendation from many of the first Horticulturists and practical men of the United Kingdom.
The system is invaluable also for AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS, as by it abundant Light and Air can be
obtained and the Ventilation regulated to the utmost nicety in the Tops and Roofs of all Structiu-es, where, as is well
kno^vn, Impure Air constantly accumulates, and where the ordinary system of Ventilation is impracticable.
EuU particulars and descriptions may be obtained on application to
MESSRS. SANDERS, FREWER, and CO.,
VICTORIA HORXICDLTUHAL AND ENGINEERING WORKS, BURT ST. EDMUNDS.

AGENT rOR LIVERPOOL : ME. "W. BENNETT, JUN.

MakcH 2, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CT1RONTOT,E ANT) AORTCTTETTTRAE GAZETTE.

227

OTHOUSES

fov tho MILLION,

liiVQntmi by the Into

Sill JOHKl'H TAXTON.

Manufiiotoriofit London, Nowton In Ciirtniul

{LnnciLsliiro), Gloiicostor, Covoiitry, Abordoun,

juid i'lilsloy Doly.

llliistnttoU Circul!u-w. with rovlscri LIht of
I'rlcoH, will be sent on pri-p.-ilil application to

7, PftU Mult F,aHt, London. S.W.

OT^WATKH APPARATUS, of evory desorinlion,
llxod coniploto in iitiv piirt of tho couutiy, or the matoriiilB,
tIz., lioUors, TipuH, 4c.. dolivorod to luiy Station.
EHttiiKitoa on iipiiltciition.
J, JnsEsA; Sonh. It. Hnnk-^i.l.j. Southwftik. LondoD. S.K.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Ikon Mekchant,
• 3\, Haol Bldo, London, S.E.
HOT WATER I'lPKS, tiuni ytocK, per yard :— 2-lnch, l.i. 2rt ;
Ma-li 18. lod. ;ftTid4-ini!li, '>n. id. BENDS, from Stock, Is.Ctl., 'As. fir?.,
and ^ix. eiioh. TIIROTTLK VALVES, 10s., l3fi..and Un. each. Otlior
Oomiuxlons at oqiuilly low pncoa, and all gooda of flrst-cliua niauu.
ftio.iiro. EstiiuatcB given, and oidora by post punctually attended to
tUo Baino day.

SO
46s,

OTTAJl AND COMPANY;

CoNSLiivATourand Hotuousf. Builders, Ac,
Iron Works, U, Winsloy Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILEUH.

30 inclios long.
02s. iid. each.

HOT-WATEU riPES.
2 3 4 inch.

la. 0'^ 23. 1(/. 2.1. nrf. pur yard.
Matoriala supplied aa above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on iipplicntlon to
COTTAM k Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winslcy StriJot.
opposite the Pautheonl,
Oxford Street, London, W.

=a

g) ^B^0^

HOT WATER

CKAKSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
HORTICULTURE.
*' Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Lapa."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultuml Society, South
KenBinifton.

Plans and Estimates free on application. Descriptive Book fUlIy
Uustrated, post ll'ee for 20 stamps, ft-om the Author and Patentee,
JAUza Cranston, Architect, Birmingham.

Wiirks: Highgate Street, Bii-minghara.
TJgKRT J. GRonTAQE, M:iuaf;er, 1. Temple Row West, BirminRham.

REKNHOUSESr~Span or Lean-to, Ornamental or
Plain, always in Stock, Glazed with 21-oz., and Painted ready
fiar Fixing. To be seen erected.
Span-roof, plain, 20 foet 9 inches long, by 13 feet wide. . £31 0 0

A ditto of same size. oro:imental . , ' 35 0 0

A ditto 33 teet long by 13 feet wide, plain 47 0 0

A ditto same size, oruameDtai 54 0 0

Also a Le.in-to. 23 ft. long by 12 ft. 6 in. wide, plain . . 34 0 0

A ditto, same size, oniamental 39 0 0

A3so, a Lean-to 19 feet lon^ by 10 feet 0 inches wide . . 22 0 0

A ditto 2S feet long by 10 feet 9 inches wide . . . . 32 0 0

Also a large Stock of various chapes and sizes, of 1, 2, 3, and

4-Ligbt Garden Frames, some m;ide portable, ready for use, and a

large Stock of Greenhouse aud Pit Lights.

Greenhouses mudo to order, Glazed with 21-oz., painted ihrco
times, at is. 3d, per square toot. Two-inch Lights made and G'lazed
with 21-oz., painted three times, at 9d. per square foot.

W. S. uses only tue best Yellow Deal for tloiticultural Work.

Estiraat-js given lor effectualiv Heating by Hot Water.
Addre?^3 Wm. Smith, Hothouse Builder. Turnham Ureen, W.

PRIZl^ MOWING ]\[ACi-fINES, FIELD and GARDEN
ROLLERS; CHAFF CUTTERS, from iSa. Lawn Mowers,
Garden Kiigmes, Parkes' Cast Steel Digging Forks and Garden
Tools, Improved Wire Netting, Wheelbarrows. Corn Bins, Churns,
Sausage and Mincing Machines. PRICE LISTS per post.

BoROKss & Key's Agricultural Implement and Machinery Ware-
house, 95, Newgate Streof., Loudon, E.C.
^ Works: Brentwood, Essex.

TAMES PHILLIPS and 0 0.

tJ boK to Bubmlt their pricos im foUorts :—

GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSKS,
As supplied by thoni to Mr. Rivers, to the Koval Horticultural Society,
and to moat of tlio Nobility, Clergy, and Gentlemen of the United
Kingdnni.

KucU Box contains 100 feet. The prices oidy apply to tho slzea stated.
SquaroB 20 by 12, 20 by 13. 20 by 14, 20 by 15.

10 oz. to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth miallty .. .. 168. Orf Wh. M

Third ditto 17s. 0(1 22«. IW.

Seconds 18». GtJ 2tis.Qd.

ICngUsh aO». Od 27«. Od.

The above prices Include the boxea, which are not returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes. 10-oz.. in 100 foct boxes, boxes included.

These pricos only apply to tho sizes stated.

10 to 17 07.. to the foot.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.

In 100 feet Boxes.

Gby4 nihy4i 7 by ft 7 i by 50 lo^ cd

8 by G Si by 0| 9 by 7 H* by 7i J *' '■^- ""*

10 by 8 lOjbySi •• 13s. (id.

Boxes 28. each, returnable at full price.

London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH

LINs'eED OIL, Qennitie WHITK LEAD, Carson's PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHKKT aud ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all .slzps,
BKITISU PLATE. PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATK, CROWN
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL. COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at. the lowest
terms. Lists of prices aud estimates forwarded on application to
Jaues Phillips ftCo.,18Q, Biahopagate Street Without. E.C.

THE IMPROVED TANNED LEATHER DRIVING
STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
without lap or cross joints— superior to all others for Portable
Eoginee. Prime STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

Price Lists sent free by post.
The Tanned Leatber Cosipant, Tanners, Curriers, &c., Armit
Works, Greenfield, near Manchester ; Warehouse, 81, Mark Lane,
London, E.C. Mr. tl. Ferrabee, Agent.

Horticultural Improvements.

READ'S NEW PATENT HYDRAULIC SUCTION
PUMP.— This Pump is highly approved by the Nobility,
Genrry. and by the principal Horticulturists, Ac, throughout the
Kingdom; also by Shirley flibberd, Esq., F.R.H.S., the late
Professor Lindley, and many others connected with Horticulture, i-c.
Mr. Read has also a larpe assortment of GARDEN ENGINES,
MACHINES and SYRINGES, upon the most approved principle.
Manufactured by the Patentee,
RicuARD Read. .^5, Regent Circus, London, W.
%* Drawings sent pust fiee.

E.

T. ARCHER'S

■ F R I G I D 0 M 0.'

LJ« Patronised by Her MMesty The Queen, tho Duke of North-
omberland for Syon House, His Grr^ca the Duke of Devonshire for
wilswick Gardens. Professor Liiidlcy for the Horticultural Society,
NT Joseph Paxtou forthoCi'ystat Palace, Royal Zoological Society, &c.

PROTECTION from COLD WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.

"FRIG! DOMO," a Canv;is made of Patent prepared Hair and
Wool, a perfect Non-coniluctnr of Heat ana Cold, koemng, wherever
It la aiiplted, a fixed temperature. It is adapted lor all Horticultural
and Floncultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and Flowers from
the Scorching Rays of the Sun, from Wmd, from Attacks of Insects,
and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any required lengths.

Two yards wide 1«. M. per yard run.

Four yards wide Ss. &d. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. Od. per yard.

An imbroved make, 3 yards wide . . 2*. 8d, per yard run. Also
•FRIGl DOMO" NETtlNO, 2 yards wide, Is. 6d. per yard run.

Elisha Tbohas AaciiKR, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Camion Street, City, E.C, and of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It la much cheaper than MatB aa a covering.*

11 by 0

12 by 0

13 by 0

14 by 9 l

12 „ 10

IS „ 10

14 „ 10

13 „ 11

11 „ 11

11 „ 12

If. „ 12

If. .. tl

10 „ 11 >

18 „ 12

10 „ 12

10 „ 12

17 ., 12

10 „ 13

17 „ 13

20 „ 12

)

10 „ H

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

f

17 „ H

18 „ 14

•■

20 ,. 14

R

R

ROLLERS FOR THE FARM.

ROLLERS FOR THE GARDEN.

ROLLEHS FOR THE LAVVN.

ROLLERS FOR CRICKET GROUNDS.

ROLLERS FOR PARKS.

ROLLERS FOR RACECOURSKS.

ROLLERS FOR ROAD MAKING.
The best and cheapest are tho Patent Adjustable WATER
BALLAST ROLLERS, made only by

Amiks, Barkoud. & Co., Agricultural Engineers, Peterborough,
who will forward Price Lists and all particulars on application.

TOHN GIBSON, Jun., beg:s to announce that he is
tl prepared in Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
1 esidencos. or for the FORMATION of POBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS, and to carry out the sanio by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Giiison, pm., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

Farm Poultry.
( ^ REY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any

^ X numbers.

I ]_ rted TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
In piuved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
ULESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

I p rted BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
EKAHMA-POUTliA. CREVECCEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,

lor constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Baily & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W,

C:i OLD and SILVER PHEASANTS (Seven Hens of
X the former, one year old ; Two Hens and one Cock of the
latter, two years old), to be Disposed of; all warranted very strong
and healthy. Gold, li guinea per bird; Silver, five guineas for tho
three birds.

Inquire of A. Ingram, Gardener, Highgrovo, Reading. Berks.

IpOR SALE, or TO BE LET, a HOUSE and GARDEN,
with Strible, Coach House, and Premises, and about .5 Acres
of Grasi Land, sitTiate in a village about 3 miles from Cirencester,
Gloucestershire. The House consists of Drawing-room, Dining-room,
and Servants' Offices, four Bed-rooms, and four Sei-vants" Bedrooms.
Kent £fiO a jear. For further pailiculars apply to
Messrs. Bhaveniier& Son, Land Agents and Surveyors, Cirencester.

TO BE LET, the HOME FARM of MILNE GRADEN
near Coldstream, Berwickshire, containing about 134 Acres of
Tillage, to which about 130 Acres of old Grass Parks can be added
If wished.

The Dwelling House is built in a superior style, containing three
Public Ro ms and four good Bedi-ooms. A garden well stocked
with Fruit Trees adjoins.

The Offices contain capacious C-tttle Byres, Sheds, and Curtains :—
Threshmg-mill, Saw-mill, Turnip-puiuer, Stiaw-cutter, Cake-bruiser,
ilill Stones, Manure Tanks and Pumpa, with Pipes for irrigating
about 70 acres. This machinery is driven either by a Steam-engine
or by a Water-wheel.

Persons wishing to see the Farm must apply to Mr. Hi-tton,
P'actor, on the Estate, or in his absence to the Farm Steward.
Heads of a Lease will be shown to intending offerers by James
BowuiLL. Banker, Ayton. Offers must bo loilged with him
9th March. —Paxton House, Berwick-on-Tweed, Feb. 5.

Re William Hunter, Nurseryman, Barnard Castle.

Sale of Nuhbluy Stock.

TO BE SOLD, at the Nurr^eries, Barnard Castle, on
WEDNESDAY, March 13, unless previously disposed of by
Private Contract, tho whole STOCK ot TREES and SHRUBS
belonging to tho Bankrupt Estate of William Hunter, Nursery-
man. To any one wishing to commence tho Nursery Busine;s this
would be an eligible opening, as the Stock will ba disposed of on
very reasonable LerLcs,

For further particulars, apply to Messrs. W. W, & G. Watson,
Barnard Castle ; Messrs. J. & K. S. Watson, Solicitors, Newcastle-
on-Tyne; J. W. Saudkl Simpson, Solicitor, South King Street.
Manchester; Mr. Ralph Rohsok, Hexham; or Mr. M. Bkown, of
DicRso.\3 Si Brown, Seed Merchants, Manchester.

palest 6b Auction.

Peremptory Sale.

To NoRSERViiEN, Flmrists, and Others.

MR. RETN0LD5 will SELL by AUCTION, on the
Premises, Prospt-ct House, EnfleldHighway.near theOrdnance
Factory Station, on THURSDAY, Marcli 7, at 12 o'Clock precisely,
the STOCK ol a NURSERYMAN, comprising about 170o Aucuba
jivponica, 400 Ti-eo Box, 300 Hollies, lOUO Rnodouendrous of the
choicest sorts, 5U0 Arbor-vitEO, 22uO Spruce Fu's, 300 Trained and
350 Stundnr I Fi'uit Trees, 800 Limes, Poplars, and Laburnums,
1000 Standard Rose Ti-ees, 350 ditto in Foes, 300 Dwarf Rjbes
Camellias, Rose Briars, Araucarias. Irish I'ews, Pyrus japonicjt
White and Yellow Jasmines, Laurels, Arbutus, Hollyhocks, Wellinj^
tonia gigantea, Red Cedars, Ivies, Weeping Ash, Black'WriluWs, Ash.
Beech, and Thonia, Chestnuts, Vinca variegata. Wistaria sinensis.
Honeysuckles, Box Edging, British Ferns, Piimroses, Ilydnuigeas,
Sc, ; a capital Bay Mare, rising five years, two excellent Van Horses.
Spring Van, Oat Bruiser, Handlights and Frames, SOO cast of Pots,
Meadow Hay, Garden Tools, Iron Roller, and few Lota of Furniture.
Viewed Day before and Morning of Sale, Catalogues of the
Auctioneer, 142, Bishopsgate Street Without, E,C.

Ramsgate.

Very Important and Exti:nhivk Halk of Valuaulk Ndubkuv Broci.

MESSKS. PROTHKROr-: AND MORRIS have rfioeived
luKtructioiis from Mr. .lanieH Tunoll to SKLL by AUCTION
on tho ProiiitmM, I'rovidenco Niimery, Utnh Street, Ratnhgiite, clone
to the Railway Station, on MONDAY, Murch 4, and loll-.wing day,
at II o'Ulock ouch d'ly, without tho loiiHt rchorve, tho ground being
immediatoiyri'qutri'd lor Huildliig purposuH, tho whole of tho Valuable
NURSERY sroCK, lonipriMiig Evorgrcons and Declduoua Shrubs
of various sizes (li)cludliiK "pocliiions admirably adapted for cfTuctlve
Ijurposuh), VIZ. :—.'iOi)i) bushy Lauruntinus, beautifully in llowrr, from
2 to 3 feet; 2500 Green and Vrirlegatod Euouymus; 1500 Sweet Bays,
I to 2foot; 1500 Box;IIolllua; Vow-, 4 to 0 .feet ; LaurolB ; Thuja,
sorts; Spruce and Scotch Firs, Ac. ; 20iio Privet ; 600 LIIilcb; very lino
Standard and Dwarf Robob ; Ornann-utal, Forest, and Fruit TrooB;
Beds of Asparagus; 1600 yards Box Edging, &o.

May bo viewed prior to tho Sale. Catalogues may be had on tho
PreniLsea ; of tho princip;il Seedsmen In London ; and of the
Auctioneers and Valuers, American Nurseries, Loytonstone, Efaex.

N.B— The whole of tho Choice Collection of GREENHOUSE
PLANTS will bo oflered tho latter end of April.

Sale Of very liandsome English-grown Camellias,
Fruit Trees, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL
bv AUCTION, at 36 Jit 39, Gracechurch Street, City, E.C, ou
FRIDAY, March 8, at 1 o'clock precisely. Choice DOUBLE
CAMELLIAS, beautiful compact plants, 1 to 5 feet, abundantly
furnished with bloom buds; fine AZALEA INDICA; a superb
aRsnrtmcnt of about 300 very handsome STANDARD and DWARF
ROSES, including tho best varieties In cultivation ; choice hardy
AMERICAN PLANTS, comprising Ghent and other Azaleas,
selected FruitTreei, Hybrid Rliododeudrnns, Kalmias, Andromcdas,
&c. ;somo fine Bulbs of LILIUM AMRATUM, LANCJFOLIUM
RUBRUM. ALBUM and PUNCTATUM ; ERICAS, EPACRIS,&c.

May bo viewed the Morning of Sale. Cataloijues may be had at
the City Auction Rooms, as above; or of the Auctioneers and
Valuers, American Nur&eries, Leytonstone, Essex, N.E.

Wavertree, near Liverpool.

Clearance Sale of Nursery Stock, Choice GREENnocsE Flantb,
Greenhoukes, &c.

MESSKS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are directed
by Mr. Isaac Davies to SELL by AUCTION, on tho Premise.i,
Larkfleld Nursery, Wavertree, near Liverpool, on TUESDAY,
March 12. and throe following days, at 11 o'Clock each day, without
reserve, tho Lease having expired, necessitating an immediate clear-
ance, the whole of the Valuable NUKSERY STOCK, comprising
.ibout 3500 Variegated and other choice Green Hollies ; about 10,000
Rhododendrons, includin'.^ 1000 llybriil Catawbiensf, 1 to 6 feet;
1000 R. ponticum, 300 R. clliatum, 300 R. dauricum, 300 R. dauncum
hybridum, 400 Crimson and White Seedlings, 2000 other choice
named varieties, and 1200 R. prrocox, one of the many highly

esteemed varieties raised by Mr. Davies; SOO Portugal atid Con m

Laurels, 1 to 4 ft. ; 1500 Azalens ; 1000 Golden, American, Siberian,
and other Arbor-vitto, 1 to 7 ft. ; 1200 English and Irish Yews, 2 to
6 ft. ; COO Pinus excelsa, Cembra, and others, 2 to 9 ft. ; 500 Cedrus
atlant-ca and Deodnra. 2 to 7 ft. ; 500 Cupressus Lawsoniana, 2i ft. ;
Araucariaimbricata, Thujopsia borealis, Juniperusexcclsa, Arbutus
Croomii, scarlet aud commtan, in pots; Lilacs, Weigeias, Standard,
and Dwarf Roses, Skimmia japonieu, Kalmlas, Leduuis, Hardy
Heaths, Pernettyas, &c. ; Forest, Fruit, and Ornamental Trees, con-
sisting of worked Thorns. Scarlet Chesnut, Purple Beecli. Tulip
Trees, Ailantua glandutosa, Double-floweringCherri*es, Laburnums,
Willows, large Weeping Elms and Ash ; Standard, Dwarf-'raiued and
untrained Pears, Plums, and Cherries ; Gooseberries and Currants.
Wistaria sinensis, Lonicera, variegated Ivies, and other Hardy
Climbers; also a choice collection of Greenhouse Plants, including
1500 fine Azalea indica. 400 EricaR of sorts, a quantity of Acacias,
Cyclamen, Cytisus, Geranium-j, kc. ; together with three Green-
houses in excellent condition ; one lO-Iight Pit, ten 2-light Frames,
five 1-Ugl.t Frames, a Nest of 124 Seed Drawers, with Bins, Counters,
Seeds, Garden Pots, Implements, and other eSects.

May be viewed any diiy prior to tho Sale. Catalogues may bo had,
6d. each (returnable to purchaser.'-), on the Premises; and of the
Auctioneerj and Valuers, Leytonstone, Essex.

Waterloo Nursery, Kilburn.

Important Sale of Nursery Stih-k, Greenhouse Plants,
Gheenhouseb, Pits, &c,

MESSRS. PROTHEROE anu MORRIS are instructed
to offer for UNRESF.RVRD SALE by AUCTION, on tho
Premises, Waterloo Nursery, Kilburn, Middlesex, close to the
Edgeware Road Railway Station on the North London Railway,
on MONDAY. March 18, and following day, at 11 o'Clock ouch d-.y,
without reserve, the LEASE having been disposed of with reversion,
necessitating an immodiato clearance, tho whole of the valuable
NURSERY STOCli. Evergreen, Conifers and Deciduous Shrubs,
including large quantities of fine bushy Green and Variegated Box;
Thuja sorts ; splendid Irisli and English Yews, 2 to C ft. ; Spruce
FirR, 2 to .'» ft. ; Aucuba ; Common and Portugal Laurels ; Berberis ;
Green .and Variegated Hollies; Cot^neaster, Phillyrea, Cupressus
Thuiopsis, Cedms. Lilacs, Weigela, Althtea (rutex, Syringa, l-orsylhia.
Sweet Bilar, kc. ; fine standard and dwarf-trained and untralntd Pears ;
Apples, Plums, Walnuts, Fruit Trees in pots for orcnard houses,
&c. ; Ornamental and Forest TrecR, viz., Limiis, Planes, Elms,
Thorns. Acacias, Poplars, Birch, Sycamore, Maijles, Chestnuts,
Oaks, iVsh, fitc. ; a choice collection of modern Strawberries, Goose-
berries, Currants, Rhuburb ; a rich assortment of American Plunts,
embracing named and Hybrid Rl ododendrons. Azaleas. Kalmi^is, &c. ;
quantities of Ivies, Virginian Creepers, Clematis, Pyrus japoniii, and
other hardy Climbers ; Yuccas; Climbing and other Roses ; thousands
of yards of Box-edging, &c. ; also about 1000 choice Greenhouse and
Stove Plants, viz.. Camellias from 3 to 8 ft. ; 200 Azalea indica, well
set with bloom buds, including many specimecs; Rhododendron
Nuttallii.jasminiflorum. aud Ed£;worLhii;Araucana,Epncns, Daphne,
Gardenia, Begonia, Ixora, Hoya, Eucharis, and Ciipe Bulbs;
together with tho erection of 4 Greenhouses, of which one span roof
is nearly new. Pits, Boxes, Hot-water Piping, Rricka, and sundry
effects.

May be viewed prior to tho Sale. Catalogues may bo h.id. C'(. each
(returnable to purchasers), on tho Promises ; of tho principal Seedsmen
in London ; and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, American Nurseries,
Leytonstone, Essex, N.E.

Standard and Dwarf Roses from France.

Hardy .Suruiis, Frlit Trees, Bulbs, &c.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Cuvent Garden, W.C, on
MONDAY. March ,4, at half-pist 12 o'Clock precisely, COO
STANDARD and DWARF ROSES from France, P>*rami i and
IJwarf t-'ruit Trees, specimen Conifers and Hiudy Shrubs, Carna-
tions. Picotecs, and Pinks, choice named Gladioli, and a variety of
other Bulbs and Plants for Spring planting.

On view the Mornmg of Sale ; and Catalogues had.

Californian Tree Seeds.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garf^en, W.C. on
THURSDAY, March 7, at haif-past 12 o'Clock preciieiy, a variety of
valuable CONIFER SEEDS, just arrived, in good condition.
On view tho Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Preliminary Notice,

Important Sale of Orcuids, Stove and Gueeshouse Plants, at
HiGHGROVE, Reading, Bkrks.

MR. J. C. STIiVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
the Gardens, Highgrove, Reading, Berks, early in April the
valuable Collection of ORCHIDS. STOVE and GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, fnrmed by the late J. J. Blandy. i-Isq., Vice-Pre-sident of
the Royal Horticultural Society of London, comprising a great
variety of fine Plants, many of which have been exhibited and
carried off prizes at the vario'us Metropolitan and Provincial Shows,
Also several Greenhouses. Exhibition V.au, &c. Catalogues are
preparing and will be ready 14 days before (price 6d. each, to admit

Sarties to the Sale), which may be had at the Gardens ; also of
essrs. CooPKR k GuuLDiNG, Auctionoors, Market Place, Reading ;
and of Mr. J. C. Stevens, Horticultural Auctioneer and Valuer,
38, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

228

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 2, 1867.

PRIZE MEDAIS AWARDED TO

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWEES AND GARDEN ROLLERS.

SOCI£t£ KOTALE LINNfiENNE,
1861, 1302, and 18G3.

GREEN'S

PATENT

LAWN
MOWERS

have proved to be tlie
best, and earned off
every Prize that has
been given in all cases
of competition.

S0CIETJ3 ROYALE LINN^ENNE,
1801, 1802, and 1803.

THOS. GREEN and SON,

SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS,

LEEDS ;

AND

54 & 55, BLACKPRIARS ROAD,
LONDON, S.

Every Machine is warranted to pive entire satisfaction, and if not
approved of can be returned unconditionally.

ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

DUBLIN, 1866.

Editorial Communications should bo addressed to " The Editor ) " Advertisements and

Printed hy JuiES MATTnawe, at the Office of Messrs. Bbadsdbt, Etam8,& Co., Lombard , -

Office, No. 41, WaUin^n Street, Parish of St. Faul'a, Crent Qarden, In the said County.— Satprbit, March a, 1H7.

HAMBURG GRANDE EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLB
D'AQRIOULTURE ET D'HORTICULTUBE.

Business Letters to" The PabUsher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Str»t,CoTont Garten. I^ndon.W.a M.ir„„.,t (ha

bard Street, Precinct of -Whltetlrlan, Olty »f london.ln the Co. of Middlesex, and PablUhed BymeBalo jiMie miir»i«r»,« v»»

/ /

^HE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

/

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 10.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, MARCH 9.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, Qd,

Amlinpnpyrlfora

Mcwli trees, death of

ltt>cti iu Yorkshire

Iluoks noticed . . . .240 b, 211 a,
Cfdnr of LebauoH.growtU of

( '( 'I I;iKera' K^rdens

<'ii«' keeping, hinds'

I i.itL'i'hampla Hoe/linnu rosea

I Mwiiie, Laird, <& Laing's
nurseries

1 .d ucation , factory

iiuiKration

I'iirmers' Cluba

I ern.coloiirlesa

I'liiwei-a, HprJiig

<;:iniL-UlW8

(;;irilening, winter

(riuft hybrids

I I oat, radiation of

Iliads' cow keeping

H.illyhock

ilouses, ventilation of

dwelliii);

liiiils, vunegated

INDEX.

Labourers, food of 243 c-

Lambs. management of

Law of master and servant ..

Libocedrus decurrens

Luculia.the

Milk for labourers

— Dublin

Mole.tlie

Plants, new

— neglected

— hardy hcibuceous

Roses and the frost

Society, Royal Hort. ..235 b-

— Ltnnean]

— Hoyal Agricultural ....

— Bath Agricultural

Straw, substitutes for

Strawberry forcing

Sugar-cane

Ta\odium disticha

Trees, hardy pictorial

Veuetation, sua-eoatt

■Weather in Yorkshire

Winter, eflfecta of the late....

237 <

233 c

241 a

251 a

238 c

242 n

245 a

■I'M a

241 b

214 f

248 c

248 c

238 0

23ii b

240 a

236 b

23i 6

238 e

245 a

24U c

5:>1 b

236 b

-217 b
247 a
244 c
238 e

237 c

237 a

238 c

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—
FIRST SPRING SHOW, CAMELLIAS. HYACINTHS, ic,
on TUESDAY, March It), doora open at 3 ; Band, 3 to 6.30.
A.lmisaion by Privileged Tickets. 2s. 6d. ; Public, 3s. 6d. (to be
liuugbt prior to the day), or by payment at the Galea, 6s.

13 0YAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S GARDENS,

Xt Regent's Park.— EXHIBITIONS of SPRING FLOWERS,
y ATUP DAYS, March 23, April 13, and April 27. Tickets, 2s. 6d. each.
GENERAL EXHIBITIONS, WRDNESUAYS, May 20, Juno I'J,
ami July 3. Tickets, 4s. each: to bo obtained at the Gardens by
Orders from Follows of the Society. The NEXT MEETING of
FELLOWS for the Election of New Candidates, SATURDAY
NEXT, March 16.

c

IKYSTAL PALACE. — Tlie DATES FIXED for the

FLOWER SHOWS this Season nre as follows :—
GREAT FLOWER SHOW. SATCTKDAY, May 25.
GREAT ROSE SHOW, SATURDAY, June 23.

By Order.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT of LIVERPOOL.—
Ths FIFTH GREAT EXHIBITION of HYACINTHS and
SPRING FLOWERS will bo held in St. GooreB's Hall, on
WEDNESDAY M.irch 13. Entries close M.ircb 11. For Schedules,
apply to R. W. Kkr, Hon. Sec, 6, Basnett Street, Liveipool.

NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, 1867-
—The aboTo EXHIBITION will Open at Manchester on
JUNE 7, and continue till JUNE 15.

Schedules, &c., may be obtained on application to Mr, B, Findlat,
Curator, Botanic Garden, Maucboster ; or from the undersigned,
HtNRT WitiTwoiiTH, Secretary.
Carlton Buildings, Cooper Street. Manchester.

ALL the BEST NEW ROSES of 1867.
Extra strong well-grown Plants,
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application to
Wii, Wood & Son, The Nurseries. Maiesfleld, near Uckfleld, Sussex.

THE CHOICEST 12 NEW ROSES for 1867, with
strong healthy growth, unusually floe plants, so soon oa
wefti-her permits. Price 42.*. per dozen.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester,

ALF SPE CIMEN TEA-SCENTED ROBESJ

in 6-inch pots, now ready to send out.
Wm. Wood & Sow, Nurseries, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld, Sussex.

Strong and Extra Strong Vines.

JAMES DICKSON and SONS can still Supply fine
FRUITING CANES of MUSCATS, and aeveral other varletlea.
Newton Nurseries, Chester.

Qrape Vines.

JOSEPH MEREDITH hua a beautiful Stock of VINES
for Sale, propagated from Vines which have borne the Iruit
which has taton from time to time so many First Pnzea.

The Vineyard, Garston, near Liverpool.

Late Grape Vines.

ALICANTE, LADY DOWNES'. and MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA.

J MEREDITH has a splendid Stock of the above
* sorts for Planting.

The Vineyard, Garaton, near LlTorpooI.

INES, VINES.— Strong Planting and Fruiting Canes
of all the leading kinds. Prices on application.
B. S. Williams. Victoria and Paradise Nurseiies. Upper Holloway.N.

Queen Pine Plants.
/"CHARLES TURNER has a fine healthy lot of Fruiting,
V_y Succession, and Suckers of the above to dispose of at very
reasonable prices, which may bo had on application.

The Royal Nursery, Slough.

PINES, "VI N E S, and ASPARAGUS.—
Pines (Queens), very flne, in all sizes. The Vines (Hamburgh),
2-yr. old, fine Canes. Asparagus (2, 3, & 4-yr. old), very flue. All cheap
M. RocBFORD, Market Gardener, Page Green, Tottenham. N.

N" ' EW" STRAWBMRYrtHF LAi)T"CUNiJERH[LL's) .
—Plants of the above for gener.il crop, also a few strong
Plants, which will bring good fruit m the coming season. Price on
application to jAuts Mvatt, Otfenbam. Efesbam.

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the above may
now be had at 10«. Cd. and 2ls. each ; the usual discount to the
Trade. Pktkr Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and London.

w

EBB'S PRIZE COB, FILBERT and other PRIZE

NUT TREES. LIST of varieties and prices to be had of

Mr. Webb. Calcot Gardens, Reading.

PYRAMID APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES.

Beautiful Trees for Garden or Orchard Houses.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Dwarf-trained Trees by the 1000, 100, or dozen.

APPLES, PEARS. PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
and NECTARINES. Fine, flat, well-tmlned, of best quality
and true to name.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Fifty Acres of Fruit Trees,

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS In every form deeired for

Fruiting.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant. Worcester.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEAR.S. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
Richard Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

H

FRUIT TREES, for Walls and Espaliers.— Upwards of
50,000 to select from, carefully trained, and In the healthiest
condition for planting.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Roses on Own Roots.

HLANE AND SON have still a large quantity to
• ofl'erofTEAS, HYBRID PERPETUALS, BOURBONS,
CHINAS, Slc. : also TEA MARECHAL NIEL. strong, on Manettl,
In pots, CATALOGUES free by post on application.

The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

RlliBON BORDER (six Colours), German and French,
COLLECTIONS, and all specialties worthgrowing. SeePoTNTER's
LIST. R<.BERT H. PoTNTER, Tauuton.

M

JELARGON lU MS . — Show, Fancy, French, and
Zonal in great v.iriety, flne Plants, at moderate prices.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE now ready.
Charles Turneb, The Royal Nursery, Slough.

ESSRS. BREFFIT have for Sale a quantity of
Soft- wooded ERICAS in Store Pots, Price from £5 to £6 per lOOX
Barnes Terrace, Surrey, S \V.

SHOW DAHLIAS, in strong plants, now ready.
._ i:^ Varieties, named, 4s.. or 24 Varieties, named, 8«. Term.s cosh.
John J. Haslau, late John Holland, Bradshaw Gardens,
Chadderton, Manchester.

Verbenas. Verbenas.

PHILIP LADDS is row sending out a good supply of
the above, strong plants, in thumb pots, including 40 varletlea
of 1866, at 2s. per dozen, package included. Terms cash.
Nursery, Bexley Heath, Kent.

PHILIP LADDS is now sending out G. Smith's
LE GRAND GERANIUM, the finest Bedding Nosegay ever
raised, in GO-kizo pots, at 12.'!. per dozen. Usual discount to the
Trade, Package included. Terms, cash.
Nursery, Bexley Heath, Kent, S.E,

To the Trade.

G.ERANIUMS of the following Varieties, in good
Plants, at 7s, 6rf. per 100:— Stella and Carmine Nosegaya, Tom
Thumbs, and Punch. A variety of other Plants cheap.
W. GiiovE, Tapsley Nursery, near Hereford.

Gladioli.

JOHN STANDISH, Royal Nursery, Ascot, can Bupply
fine FLOWERING BULBS of his unrivalled collection In
■plendld condition. CATALOGUES of these and of his GENERAL
NURSERY STOCK on application.

TREES and PLANTS of all sorts and sizes in very
great quantity, of best quality and at moderate prlcoe,
PRICED LISTS post-free on application.
James DicRsoif 4 Sons, J" Old Established Nursery and Seed
Bitsitiess") The " Newton Nurseries. Chester.

Planting.

WM. PAUL begs to refer intending Planters of
ROSES. FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, &c., to his Advertise-
ment of December 1, 1806.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.
Padl'b Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

G

BAKER AND SON beg to offer a few Thousands of

• very fine ALDER, from 4 to 6 feet. Price on application.

American Nursery, Bogshot, Surrey.

F

RaUway Planting.
IVE MILLION Transplanted QUICKS, of superior

growth. Samples and prices on application to
John Hemglev, High Fields. Melbourne, near Derby.

Beech, Scotch and Spruce Ftr.

SCOTT, Merriott, Somerset, has to offer
BEECH. 2 ft.. 3 ft., 4 ft., 5 ft., and 6 ft., flno plants.
SCOTCH FIRS, 11 ft., 2 ft., 2i ft., 3ft, and 3^ ft., cheap.
SPRUCE FIRS, li ft., 2 ft., 2i feet., and 3 ft.. cheap.

A

To the Trade.
MILLION 2-5T. Seedling SCOTCH FIRS for Sale,
also a largo quantity ot Transplanted SPRUCE and SCOTCH

FIR. Apply to

Mr. John Hollowat, Holmsley LodRe, Burley, Ringwood.

To the Trade.

STRONG 2-yr. SEEDLING OAK. and flne 2-vr.
SEEDLING SCOTCH FIR, also TRANSPLANTED LARCH,
at very moderate prices.

Edward Sanq & Sons, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy.

LARGE EVERGREEN TRKES and SHRUBS
in great variety, for Immediate effect, from 4 to 8 feet high, and
handsome ; frequently transplanted. Uniiyured hy the late Irost.

Apply, Jauis Bihd, Nurseryman, Downbam.

ONE-YEAK SEEDLING LARCH FIR.
For price apply to
Wm. Wood & Son, The Nurseriea. Maresfleld. near Uckfleld, Sussex.

To tlie Trade only.

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA SEED (True),
6jt. per oz. ; 32n. per 8 oz. ; 6O3. per lb. >
Thouas Cripts, The Nurseries, Tunb^id^;o Wells, Kent.

Mag:nolia erandlfloxa Exmouth (true variety).

EP. FKANCJS AND CO. have to ollVr fine Plants of
• the above, from 1 to 4 foet in height, established in pots,
frlce on application.

Nurseries, Hertford, Herta.

F

Transplanted Larch.

OR SALE, in quantities to suit purchasers, about
100.000 3 to 3J feet Transplanted LARCH, of excellent

quality, at 58. Cd. per 1000.

Edward sano A Sows, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy. N.B.

To the Trade.

WILLIAM BARRON is otfering 1 and 2.Tr. old
PICKA NOBILIS, very cheap. They are remarkably flno
well-rooted planta. Price per 100 or 1000 on application.

Elvaston Nurseries. Borrowash, Derby^

Male Aucuba Flowers.

JOHN STANDISH, Royal Nursery, Ascot, having a
large number of MALE AUCUBAS in flower, will he happy
to send the blooms post free at the following rates;— 0 flowers !«.,
15 for 2«., and 20 f(?r 2e. Cd., with directions for use.

s

UTTON' S AMATEUR'S

IS NOW READY.
Price One Shilling. Gratis to Customers,

GUIDE

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSd AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post fioe on
application. Hlghgate, London, N.

H 0 L E S A L E"~ C A TA L 0 GU E of GENERAL

NURSERY STOCK, containing 60 pages, may be had post
lYee on application to

Tbouas Cripps, The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells.

WHEELER'S LITTLE BOOK, the Queen of Seed
LUta, price 6d., post free, contains a Descilptlvo List of
Vegetable and Flower Seeds, also a List of the bout Seed Potatoa
In cultivation.

J. C. WHEELtR & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

G

OOD GARDEN SEEDS. Carriage free.

Sdtton Sl Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn. London.

V

1867.
EGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS of Best

Selectkd qiiality.
Jaues Dicksoh & Sons, 102, Eastgate Street, Cliester.

lft^7 AGRICULTURAL SEEDS,

J_OvJ f of best selected quality, and ron-tape/ree.
PRICED LIST on application.
James Dicrson & Suns, 102, Eastgate Street, Chester.

Somersetshire Prize Seeds.

GENUINE GARDEN and FLOWER and FARM
SEEDS of the finest stocks and quality ; LISTS now ready.
Robert H. Potntkr, the County Seed Establishment, Taunton.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Sbsd Faruers, Merchants, and NoRSERyueN,
237 & 238. High Holborn, London. W.C.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON. Seed Growers and
Merchants, 7, BorouRh Market. London, S.E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, ana FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and advantagoous offers on applicjition.

"Genuine "Garden , TAgri cultural . and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLARD, Seed Grower and Merchant,
20, Quai do la M6giss<5rie. Paris, France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEEDS, in English weights
and money, post free on iipplication.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CdARLES SHAHFE and CO. beg to Inform the
Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST Is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.
Seed Warehouse, Sleaford.

SELECTED FARM SEEDS. Carriage free.
Sdtton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

PRESENT PRICES of FARM SEEDS.
See Messrs, Sutton's NEW LIST, now re.idy,

ENUINE I^RM SEEDS~^rReasonable Prices.

PRICE LISTS gratis and post free on application to
Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 23S, High
Holborn, London, W.C.

ASPARAGUS PLANTS, strong, 1, 2, and 3 years.
Price on application.
50,000 EVERGREEN OAKS, 1 year, flne.
Wh. Dillistone, Monro Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

lANT ASPARAGUS.— 2-yr., strong Roots, 2s. Gd. per

100;20s. per 1000. 3-yr., very strong, 3s. 6d. per 100 ; 30s. per 1000.
John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Herefora.

G

Y

Giant Asparagus.— To the Trade.
OUELL AND CO. beg to offer strong Phmts of the

above at the foUowtnc low prices : —

2-yr., very flne, lOs. per 1000 | 3-yr., extra flne, 153. per 1000

Royal Nurseries, Great Yarmouth.

CONQUEROR BROCCOLI.— The finest Broccoli in
Cultivation is BARCHARD'S CONQUEROR. See large
Advertisement in the Oardeners' Vhronicle, December 8, ISCO.
Witty & Son, Seed Eatablishnient, Cottingham, near Hull.

" "H E E L"E R" * S TO "M~ T H U M B~ L E T T U CE,

W^

TOM THUMB

Is. per packet, post free.
J. C. Wheeler & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

Notice to the Trade. -Nuneham Park Onion.

WM CUTHUaH AND SON beg to announce that
they CAN SUPPLY NO MORE of the above this season.
Highgate Nurseries. London, N.

SCARLET BEANS.— Eifht or 10 Bushela of Scarlet
Beans to be SOLD for SEED. As the owner does not know the
value ho is open to an offer. Samples will be aent on application.
Stamped envelope for reply.

Address Chari.es Tcffin, Butcher, Beiley Heath, S.E.

SEA KAIL for PLANTING.— A quantity of the above
for Sale. For samples, price, 4 c., apply t,o
Ale.^. Dancer, Nursery, tSilham, S. w,

ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE.
Six Bushels of the above. New Seed, to be Sold cheap.
PriceonappHcationtoH. K. HeasTED, Soed Grower. Ridnwell, Essex.

To the Trade.

CHOICE stocks of GREEN-TOP SWEDE and
PURPLE-TOP YELLOW SCOTCH TURNIP.

Price on application.
Jahes Dicebon & Sons, Seed Merchants, Chester. ^^

WESTMORELAND-GROWN ITALIAN SEED.—
The Trade wanting home-grown Italian, must send for
samples to JosEPu Dixon, Seedsman, Kendal.

•»'* Present prices. 21s. to 26s. per quarter.

A^

BIES DOUGLASII, all sizes, iu quantity.

Wholesale and Retail by
DicRSON * TuRNBULL, NuTserymon, Perth.

CHEAP HARDY FLOWER ROOTS for ROCKWORK,
SHRUBBERY WALKS. &c., Bs. for 100 in 10 varieties ; 30s. fof
600, In 20 varieties; 60a. for 1000, in 30 varieties. My selection, from
printed list, which can be had on application to ,,. , j,

TaoMAS S. W4BS, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, MiddUaes,

230

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 9, 1867.

STRONG STANDARD and DWARF - TRAINED
APPLES and PEARS : flue Transplanted LARCH FIR, from
1\ to 5 feet ; a choice collection of CONIFERS and EVERGREENS,
and a General Nursery Stock. Prices on application.

CsARLES iinncEss, The Nursorieg, London Road, Choltenham.

HLANE AND SON, who have taken scTcval
• First Prizes for Vines in pots at the followmK ExhibitioaB,
viz. : — Royal Botanic, Royal Horticultural, Crystal Palace, London
International, Edinburgh International, United Horticultural,
Manchester, Leeds, Clay Orosa, Ac, &o., beg to offer well ripened
CANES of the leading varieties of GRAPES for fruiting in pots or
planting out, at moderate prices.

CATALOGUES free by post on application.
The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

Orcliard-liouse Trees in Pots.

HLANE AND SON have to offer extra strong Plants
• of the following, well set with Bloom Buds, at moderate
prices, viz., APPLES. PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
NECTAKINES, and APRICOTS | also well-established fruit-bearing
FIGS, &c., CATALOGUES of which may be had post freo upon appli-
cation. The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

*' rpHE LADY," a SEEDLING STRAWBERRT,
J- raised by Mr. Ukdehhill, who was the originator of
" Sir Harry."

Plants are now ready to be sent out (in lots not less than 20).

All applications must be accompanied by a Post OfQce Order, on
Birmingham, Postage Stamps, or Cash, to receive attention.
Prices of The Laut Stbawuerrt Plants, from July, 186C,
to August, 18S7 :—

ONE HUNDRED ..£3 1 0 1 SIXTY £.2 b Q

EIGHTS' .. .. 2 15 0 FORTY 1 12 6

TWENTY s£l 0 0

Plants in Pots (not less than 10) at \s. 6d. each. Packages of all the
above Includod.

Mr. Underhill's Treatise on the Cultivation of Strawberries
(either in English, French, or Gennan), may be had through the
Post, price la.

address— Mr. Richard TJnderbili., Sir Harry's Road, Edgbaston,
Blimingham.

N.B.— The "Sir Harry" being now in general cultivation, Mr.
Unperuill intends reserving for a few years plants for those persons
who may prefer having them direct and genuine from himself,
iqpurlous varieties having been so often substituted for the original.

The permanent prices of " Sir Harry" tor the luture wul be:
20 (not lesH), 10s. ; 40, 18f. ; 00, £1 6s. : SO, £1 14a. ; 100, £1 ISs.
Plants in Foes (not less than 10), la, 6d. ench, packages included.

TO BE SOLD, in quantities to suit purchasers,
600 extra-sized Dwarf-trained PEAR TREES.
500 „ „ CHERRY TREES.

500 „ „ PLUM TREES.

600 „ „ APPLE TREES.

The above are all beautifully trained bearing Trees, and are offered
at remarkably tow prices.

Also Dwarf-trained PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS,
Standard and PjramidPEAR, PLUM, and CHERRY TREES, &c.
John Cbanston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Iloreford.

c

H E K R Y

T K E E S, in 60

sorts.

FINE DWARF-TRAINED, 5 to 10 branches, 4 to 5 ft. long, 2s. each.
FINE PYRAMIDS, full of flower buds, 5 to G ft. high, 2s. each.
FINE STANDARDS, 5 feet stems, young and healthy. Is. m. each.
Upwards of 2000 MAYDUKES and MORELLOS, cheap to the Trade.
92-page CATALOGUE on application to
J. Scott, Merriott, Somerset.

w.

VIRGO AND SON having a large Stock of tlie
following, can offer them at very low prices; —
FOREST TREES.

Fir, Scotch, li to 2 ft., extra fine

„ Spi-uce, 3 to 1 feet, extra fine

„ Larch, 2, 3, it 4 ft., extra fine

Hazel, 2\ to 3i feet, extra fine

Holly, Green, li to 2 feet, bushy

Laurel, Common, 21 to 3 ft., bushy

„ Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. bushy

Privet, 2 to 3 feet, extra buahy

Alder, 3 to 5 feet, extra strong
Ash, 18 inches to 2 feet
Beech, 2 to 3 feet, very good
Berberia dulcis, 2 to 3 feet

„ Aqulfolium, 1 to 1| foot
Chestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 feet, and
6 to 6 feet
„ Spanish, 2 to 3 feot

Strong CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS.
Strong MANETTI STOCKS.
FRUIT TREES.
Apples, Standards and Dwarfs, Very strong
Cherries, Dwarfs and Dwarf -trained, extra tine
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Peai'a, St9ndards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Nectarines, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra tiuo
Kentish Filberts, 4 to 6 feet, extra fino
Crab Stocks, 2 years Seedlings

PRICED LIST or samples on application at
The Nursery, Wonersh, near Guildford, Sm'rey.

Abies Douglasil.

WILLIAM BARRON bi-gs to offer beautiful well-
grown and finely rooted Plants of the above as under : —
ABIES DOUGLASII, a to 3 feet, 90s. per 100.
„ „ 3 to 4 feet, 18s. per doz.
BERBERIS DARWINII. 0 to 9 inches, Gs. per 100.
„ WALLICUIl, 2-yr., Os. per lOu.
Both flue lor lawn and cover planting; bearing a profusion of
orange-coloured fiowera and purple berries, of which pheasants are
lemaikably fond.
Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby.

300.000 Hazel, Transplanted.

J SCOTT, Merriott, Bomoi-set, has the above to offer,
• in fine condition, 2 to 2i ft., 258.; 2* to 3 fc., 278 flrf •
3 to 3i ft., 30s, ; 3i to 4 ft., 368. ; 4 to 5 ft., 40s. per 1000.

FOREST TREES, twice and thrice Transplanted, In all sizes.
Catalogues gratis.

CEDRUS DEODARA, 3 to 4 ft., 4 to 5 ft., 5 to 0 ft., and 0 to 7 ft ,
from 30e. to Cos. per dozen.

GREEN HOLLIES, 20,000 well-rooted, from 2 to 3 It., and from
30s. to 40s. per 100.

FRUIT TREES, In 2000 sorts, and in all manner of training. The
most complete collection in England.

A 92-page CATALOGUE, with large Supplement full of Fruit Tree
information.

F

ORES

E E E S

400,000 ALDEE, 1) to 2, 2 to 3, nnd 4 to 6 feet.
100,000 ELM, WYCH, 1| to 2, and a to 3 feet.
100,000 HAZEL, 11 to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
60,000 OAK, E., 11 to 2, 2 to 3, and 4 to 6 feet.
100,000 PRIVET, E^erureen, 11 to 2, and 2 to 3 feet.
100.000 SYCAMORE, U to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet
1,000,000 LARCH, fino, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, .ind 4 to 6 feat.
100,000 DO., extra fine, moved last season, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feot.
200,000 SPRUCE FIR, 1 to 1), 1( to 2, and 2 to 21 feet.
20,000 WILLOW, Huntingdon, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet
20,000 POPLAR, B. Italian, II to 2, and 2 to 3 feet
60,000 ASH, H to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet.
The above will be offered at such prices as will Induce to order RH
being of excellent quality. Apply for terms to
H. & K. Stirzaker, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

J^^ Game Covert, Forest Planting, &o.
AMES SMITH otters the foUowins:—
The RHODODENDRONS are fine bushy well-rootod Plants,
fit either tor Woods or Pleasure Grounda- the LARCH are fine
Rtout Plants, better cannot be grown; also PRIVETS LAURELS
BERBERIS (in sorts), SCOTCH, SPRUCE, nnd SILVER EIKs:
ASH, OAKS, BEECH, BIRCH, PINUS ADSTRIACA, &c idi
strong well-rooted plants, a PRICED CATALOGUE of which will
be forwarded on application.

LARCH, good stout plants, per 1000 ;— 11 to 2 feet, 143. ; 2 to 3 feet
16s. ; 21 to 31 feet, 18s. ; 3 to 4 feet, 20s. '

RfiODODENDRON PONTICUM, bushy, well-rooted plants, 6 to
12 mches, 106s. per 1000.
Do. do., 9 to 15 inches, 18fi. per 100 ; lOOs. per 1000 ; per 10 000, £79
Do. do., 1 to 11 foot, 23s. per 100; 220s. per 1000 : per 10,000, £106
Do. do. , 11 to 2 feet, 30s. per 100 ; 290s. per 1000.
Do. HTBRIDUM, 6 to 12 ins^^ 30«. per 100 ; 200s. per 100.
Price to the Trade on application.
Jauss SuiTii, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock,

VINES.-SURPLUS STOCK

OP THE FOLLOWINa SELECTED VARIETIES, TRUE TO NAME, ESTEA STEON(J,
WHICH WEBE GROWN FOR FRUITING IN POTS,

Can now be supplied at the Planting rate of Prices, viz., 5s. to 7s. 6d. each..

Special Prices given where 25 or more i

BLACK HAMBURGH

„ MUSCAT

„ ALICANTE

BARBAROSSA
BUCKLAND'S SWEETWATEK
BIDWELL'S SEEDLING

re required. A fine opportunity for Gentlemen wishing to Plant largely.

CHASSELAS MUSQUfi GOLDEN HAMBURGH

FRANKENTHAL GRAHAM'S MUSCAT MUSCADINE

FOSTER'S WHITE SEEDLING LADY DOWNES

MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA
WHITE TOKAY
WBST'S ST. PETER'S

FRONTIGNAN, WHITE

GRIZZLY
„ VIOLET

JAMES CARTER ash CO., SEED MERCHANTS and NURSERYMEN,
237, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.

CARTER'S GENUINE SEEDS.

THE NEW CEREAL (SORGHUM TARTARICUM ? ),

A SUBSTITUTE FOR "WHEAT.

JAMES CARTER & CO.

Are in a position to supply a moderate quantity of tlie above '^
important NOVELTY. They have not as yet proved its qualities, \
but if the following description (which they have received from a
most reliable source) is correct, they have no hesitation in stating
that it will become one of the most important additions to Agri-
culture which has been introduced in the present century ; —

*' I received a packet of the Seed fi-om China (where it is used largely as an article of food), and grew about
100 square feet of it last season ; and notwithstanding the cold wet Summer and Autumn, the I'esults were wonderful.
It is quite hardy, and wet does not hui-t it. The Seed should be sown the end of March or in April, on stiff land ; it
is ready for harvest in September, The average produce will be 60 bushels (of 39 lb.) per acre. As an article of
food the Bread is more palatable than Wheaten Bread, and it contains more nourishment than any other Cereal
whatever. A small Loaf went four times aa far as an equal one made of Wheaten Flour.

" As a Forage Plant, from the sweet succulent nature of the leaves and stems, all kinds of Stock thrive on it in
a surprising manner. Cows will produce a double quantity of Milk, and it fattens Pigs in a given time as nothing
else would."

A Trial Packet forwarded on receipt of 30 Postage Stamps, on application to

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 <fe 238, HIGH HOLBORN,

LONDON, W.C.

PETER LAWSON & SON,

HHinmBitiiBii

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THE QUEEN'S SEEDSMEN,

LONDON iind EDINBURGH

FARM, VEGETABLE, and FLOWER SEEDS.

FOREST TREES AND SHRUBS OP AXL KINDS.

CATALOBTJES sent free on application.

. 28, KING STREET, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, E.G.

EICHAED DEAN'S

LIST or SPECIALITIES IS NOW READY,

AND CONTAINS ALSO SOME OBIGINAL PAPERS OF GREAT VALUE TO THE AMATEUR GARDENER.

BICHARD DEAN'S NOVELTIES IN VEGETABLE SEEDS COMPBISE-

NEW MELON, DR, HOGG.— A most valuable acquiaitiOQ,
altogothor A 1. The fruit is of n good medium size, handsome
oval shape, brownisb yellow skin, and palo green flesh, very
solid and luscious, rich aroma. A free setter and a Roodkeeper,
a fine and sure exhibition variety. Per packet. Is. 6d. and 2a. Oti.

NEW CDCtTMBER, GLORY of HANTS (DeanJ.— A vorj; firat-rate
black-spined variety, long, handsome, and very proliflc ; first-
rate for cither house or framework; a thoroughly reliable
variety, whether for table or exhibition. It has been very care-
fully selected and grown sp^icially for R. Dean. Seed very
scarce. Per packet, is. 6d.

BROCCOLI, DEAN'S PREMIER EARLY WHITE.— Unquestion-
ably the largest and best of all the Eai'ly White Broccolia.
Heads large, very fine and white ; quite hardy. A variety that
can be depended on, as it is entirely free from any Impregnation
of the character of the White Cape. Should be sown in March,
and wi!l flower in the March following. Per packet. Is. 6d. and
2s. 6rf.

BROCCOLI, IMPROVED KIDDERMINSTER— A variety that
has been very carefully selected by Ricqard Dean. Dwarf
growing, late, well protected white flower, symmetrical sliape.
good size, and very hardy. Should be sown in March, and will
be ready for use end of April and May. Per packet. Is,

CABBAGE, DEAN'S ONWARDS.— A very greatly Improved
variety of the large Cabbages, as repi-esented by the Enfield
Market. Very early, compact grower, and deliolousiy tender.
Per packet. Is.

CABBAGE, PRESIDENT EARLY DWARF.— A very early Dwarf
Cabbage, medium size, good close heart, excellent marrov?
flavour. A capital sort for winter work. Per packet, Is.

LETTUCE, ACME WHITE COS.— A very large variety, superior
in quality to the Paris White Oos, from which it also differs in
colour and habit. Hearts well, does not require tying ; very
crisp and sweet, and aa hardy as any Lettuce in cultivation.
Invaluable for summer or winter growth. Per packet, 1*.

LETTUCE, LEYDEN WHITE DUTCH.- A splendid Cabbage
Lettuce, the very finest in cultivation. It produces large close
heads, literally all heart ; flavour excellent and very hardy,
packet, Is. and 2s. M.

Per

The following fine Selections are confidently ofiered :—

Per packet. — s. d,
BROCCOLI, DANGER'S IMPROVED PINK CAFE . . ..10
„ DILCOCK'S BRIDE, true selected stock ..10

„ EALING EARLY, DWARF WHITE .. ..10

CABBAGE, CHILTON EARLY SPRING, DWARF . . ..10
CAULIFLOWER, NEW EARLY fJWARF MONMOUTH ..10
ENDIVE, DIGWELL PRIZE, GREEN CURLED .. ..10

ONION, DANVER'S YELLOW 0 G

NEW VENETIAN GIANT, TRIPOLI 10

TOMATO, POWELL'S EARLY DWARF RED 0 G

TURNIP, CESTRIAN GOLDEN STONE 0 6

„ DEAN'S IMPROVED SNOWBALL 0 6

VEGETABLE MARROW, PRINCE ALBERT 0 6

For full descriptions, sec LIST of SPECIALITIES, Fost Free on appUcaiion.

DEPOT FOR NEW A]SI) CHOICE VEGETABLE AM> FLOWEB SEEDS,
lEALINa, LONDON, W,

MABcn 9, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

231

GENUINE SEEDS, OF SUPERIOR STOCKS.

FKANCIS & AETHUli DICKSON & SONS,

THE OLD ESTABLISHED SEED WAREHOUSE, lOG, EASTGATE STREET, CHESTER.

THE BEST EARLY TEA IN CULTIVATION,

DICKSON'S "FIRST & BEST."

Retail Price, Is. 6d. per Quart. Price to the Trade on application.

CATALOGUES OF NEW & SELECT AGRICULTURAL, VEGETABLE, &
FLOWER SEEDS, &c., FOR 1867,

will bo eent Post Free on npplication.

Their Seeds are of the most select character, each being saved from the Best Stock known of its kind.
1^ AU oriers of £2 value (firain, i-c, excepted), will be delivered Free at the principal •Railway Stalions
in the Kingdom. Flower Seeds sent Post Fi-ee, except heavy articles, such as Sweet Peas, Lupms, ^e.

GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS.

YOUELL & CO.'S

JOHN "WATKRER has lo offer a qimntity of very
ImntiHoimo AlKMIItA JAPONICA, Iho whuly of wliloh aro
Iirofiutoly covered wlHi ItuiriuH.

Jhl SIzo luu i'hiiitM 2 lyoL IiIkIi, bciiriiiK K-O tu 2(K) IJorrloH.
2<1 BIku, 1 I<K)t (1 iiio){uH, witli liiu lo I'^G Uurrlun.
8d aiKo, 1 root, wlLh -lo to m JJunioH.

I'rliiu Troni Hw. lii/. uiicli mid ujiwarilH,
Tlio AiiiDllcau KiirHury, IIh^jkIioI, Miirroy.

Arborvitffls, Aucubas, Box, Yews, &c.

n[1H0MAS WAKNKU Ih-k^ L<> rftmml intcnuinf!; ulanters
X and tlio TriiiJo, thiit ho has a vory wxtenhlvu stock of tlio abo?6,
nil in lliio hualth and vigour. Koo CATALUOUKS, WliOlonalo or
Retail. Lolci'htor Abbey Nursorlua.

Scarlet Chestnuts. Standard Elms and Thorns. &c.

rilJJORIAS WAUNKU hi-^n to refer i)unlias..ts of tho

X above to tliu oxtvpinuly low prices at whicb lliuy aro quoted

- ■ (iHoii. tsuo CATALOGUKS. Wholeaale orUytatl.

Loicc^itor Abbey Nuiaerlea.

for tho present f

Maiden and Dwarf-trained Fruit Trees, &c.

THOMAS WARNER be^B to state that he has etill
an oxtenfiivo slock of tlio abovo, more particularly of APPL.KS,
CUKRRIES, I'EACIIE.S, and NECTAKINE8. AkO of

HUUOHTON CASTLE CURRANT-S.

Seo CATALOGUES, Wbolcsule or Rotait.

Leiceatur Abbey Nurseriea^

(COMMON LAUREL a, well furnished plants,
J 3 to 4 feet, 20s. per 100. lOOs. per 1000 ; 2 to 3 feet, 14fl. per 100,
ISOs. per 1000. , ^

LAURUSTINUS, bnahy plants, 18 inches to 30 inches, 288. per 100.
Cash or reference IVum unknown correspondents.

R, IIavni.s, Iloiiwick NiiFBery, Worcester^

To the Trade— Contractors and Builders.

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND COMMON LAURELS,
(Ino busby plants, from S to 7 feet high; good for Blinds,
Particularly for nowly laid-out Grounds and Buildings. Those
fturels aro very lino, and have not sutfiivod from the frost.
Also G,flOO,000 of Two-year SEEDLING ASH and CHESTNUTS,
PTOSES, and other varieties of Shrubs.

Abel Fairall, Stanhope Nurseiy, Westei-bam Hill, Kant.

s

U K P L U S

STOCK

ROYAL NURSERIES, GREAT YARMOUTH,

.^TILL STANDS UNRIVALLED

FOR THE CULTURE OF GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS.

Some idea may be fomied how highly this variety is esteemed, wlien they state that this Season they have
supplied upwards of 150,000 BULBS of the above, which is the finest and handsomest of tlus magnificent class. It
is the MOST BRILLIANT and showy variety suited for SUMMER and AUTUMN DISPLAY, as the following Keport
from the Gardeners' Chronicle of September 8, 1866, will testify : — .

" Mcsssrs. TouELL & Co.— The spikes of Brenchleyensia are magnificent. Among showy Autumn sorts this stil
stands in the foremost rank."

T. AND CO. are still in a position to supply extra strong and sound Roots of the above at the following prices :—

No. 1 Size, SOs. per 100 ; 3s. per dozen. | No. 2 Size, 18s. per 100 ; Ss. ed. per dozen.

I@° A very liberal Discount to the Trade.

TOUELL AND CO. beg to intimate that they are in a position to supply the most choice kinds of this
beautil'ul tribe, in strong Flowering Bulbs, as follows : —

No. 1 Collection contains 100 Bulbs, in 60 of the most choice and handsome kinds, with names

Half No. 1 Collection contains 50 Balbs, in 25 ditto ditto

No. 2 Collection „ 100 Bulbs, in 30 ditto ditto

Half No. 2 Collection „ 50 Bulbs, in 15 ditto ditto

No. 3 Collection „ 100 Bulbs, in 25 ditto ditto

Half No. 3 Collection „ 50 Bulbs, in 12 ditto ditto

Fine Selections left to us, 9s., 12s., 18s., and SOs. per dozen

CATALOGUES POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

LABCH.— Well-rooted, extra stiong, 2) to 3) ft. high, at 12s. per 1000.

AUSTRIAN PINES Fine strong well-rooted plants, throe times

transplanted, from 0 to 12 in., 12 to 18 in., IS in. to 2 ft. high.
Price on application to iJ. Woituam, Reddish Nurserios, near
Stockport.
J^AR CH, SILVER FIR, &c.

LARCH, li to 2 feet, 8s. per 1000; 2 to 3 feet, 10s. ; 3 to 4 feet, 12». Od.
SILVER FIR, C to 12 inches, 4s. per 1000.
SCOTtJU FIR, native, 6 to 12 inches, 5s. per 1000.

LIST of other TREES sent on application.

Apply, with reference, to J. Riddell, Paik Attwood, Ijewdley,

Worcestershire.

S 0

0

2 10

0

3 1.5

0

1 17

6

2 10

0

1 5

0

ROYAL NURSERIES, GREAT YARMOUTH.

GENUINE SEEDS, CARRIAGE FREE.

B. S. WILLIAMS,

VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

GENERAL PRICED CATALOGUE of FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS

FORWARDED FREE TO ANY ADDRESS.

It contains, in addition to the best of the established and indispensable varieties of VEGETABLE SEEDS,
the following ^|EV KINDS ;—

THE ORANGEFIELD DWARF PROLIFIC TOMATO, 2«. per plst.
WILLIAMS" ALEXANDRA BROCCOLI, 23. 6d. per packet
WILLIAMS' MATCHLE.SS RED CELERY, Is. per packet

DIQSWELL PRIZE ENDIVE, Is. per packet

N0NEHAM PARK ONION, 2«. U. per packet

RAPHANUS CADDATDS (The Wonderful Radish), Is.per pkt.

Also the following NOVELTIES in FLOWER SEEDS :—

Planting Season

LARCH (Native and Tyrolese), SCOTCH FIR (True
Native). SPRUCE. OAK, ASH, ALDER. liEECU, PRIVET,
and all kinds of FOREST and ORNAMENTAL TREES and
SHRUBS, ROSES, FRUIT TREES, fine specimen ARAUCARIAS
and DEODARS, and large TREES for Park Plantmg, now in flue
condition for removal.

CATALOGUES, with sizes and prices, sent free on application to
DicRSONS & Co., Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists, 1, Waterloo
Place, Edinburgh.

fRC H, 3 to 5 feet, fiue, twice transplanted,

45s. per 1000
HAZEL, from Spanish Seed, 2 to 3 feet, fine, once trans-
planted, 18s. per lOOO
SPANISH CHESTNUT, 1 to 2 feet, once transplanted, 18s. per 1000
HORSE CHESTNUT, 1 foot, once tnansplanted, 18s. per 1000
S.ampleB sent on application.
T Jacksov & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

Choice Calif ornlan Seed -To Gentlemen Planting.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have just received fresh
SEEDS of tho undermentioned hardy CALIFORNIAN
CONIFERS in fine condition. This is a fine opportunity to procure
tho Seeds of clioico Conifers at reasonable rates. Prices on applica.
tion;-WELLlNUTONIA GIGAUTEA, fine seed ; PINUS SEN-
THAMIANA, CUPRESSDS LAWSOnIaNA, PINUS INSIGNIB,
and PICEA GRANDIS.

V Price to the Trade on application.
237 and 238, High Holbom, London. W.C.

Finest New Hardy Plant of the year.

Paul's New Double Crimson Thorn. Colour, brigot crimson,

RRIGHT ANO nOOBLE.

Awards : Fii'st-class Certificates International Exhibition and
Royal Botanic Societies.

PAUL AND SON beg to invite orders ere close of
planting season tor this unique novelty. The following Nur-
serynien have already ordered it, as well as many of our leadmg

APLOPAPPUS RUBIGINOSUS, Is. per packet

ARUNDO CONSPICUA, Is. per packet

AUBRIETIA GR^CA, Is. per packet

BLACK EGG.PLANT, from Japan, Is. per packet

PINK.FLOWERING CANTERBURY BELL, Is. per packet

CHRYSANTHEMUM LOUISE HONNORATT, U. per packet
STRIPED-LEAVED JAPANESE MAIZE, Is. per packet
NASTURTIUM TOM THUMB ROSE, Is. per packet
VIOLA OORNUTA, PURPLE QUEEN, Is. i 2s. Cii. per packet.
„ MAUVE QUEEN, M. & Js. per packet

Also the following well-known STRAINS of FLORISTS' FLOWERS :—
WILLIAMS' superb strain of PRIMULA, Red, White, or Mixed, 2«. 6d., 3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet
WILLIAMS' superb strain of Camellia-flowered BALSAM, the finest in England, Is. and 2s. 6d. per packet
JAMES'S CALCEOLARIA, finest for exhibition, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet
WEATHERELL'S Choice CLNERAEIA, 3«. 6d. and 5s. per packet

A full description of each will be found in the Catalogue.

I®" All Packets of Seeds Free by Post.

LILIITM AURATUM (a large importation),— Strong Bulbs, 3s. 6d., Be., and Is. Gd. eacil,
GLADIOLI, English-grown Seedlings, splendid assortment, 8s. per dozen; 50«. per 100.
„ Named varieties, 6»., 8s., and 12s. per dozen.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAt, LONDON, N.

Amateurs :■

Me3.srs. Austin & Mc Asian,
Glasgow
„ Backhouse & Son, York
„ Ballantyno & Son, Dalkeith
Mr. R. Buist, Philadelphia, U.S.

„ Barrett, Wabefleld
Messrs. Bunvard & Son, Ashford
Mr. T. Crippa. Tunbridge Wells
R. Darby, Cirencester
W. Dillistone, Siblo Hed-
iDcham
„ J, Eraser, Lea Bridg e
Messrs. Fisher, Holmes & Co.,

Sheffield
Mr. J. Fells, Hltchin
Messrs. A, Godwin & Son, Ash-
bourn
„ Gray fit Son, Brox
Mr. R, JoyninR, Euflold
„ S. Hill, Stono
„ J. & C. Leo, Hammersmith
„ Lane tt Son, Bcrkhampstead
Old Nurseries,

Mr. R. Laing, Twickenham
Messrs. R. Lowe, & Co., Wolver.
harapton
„ Marsh & |Perklna,l North-

ampton
„ Osborn & Son, Fulham
Mr. 1. Pearson, Chilwell [N.B.
Messrs. Palmer it Son, Annan,
Mr. F. Perkins, Northampton
Messrs. T. Rivera & Son, Saw-
bridgeworth
„ Sang & Sons, Kirkcaldy
Mr. J. J. Smith, Tansley

„ S. Smith. Darley
Messrs. Stuart & Mein, KeUo
Mr. C. Turner, Slough
„ J. Tresedep, Truro
Messrs. Transon & Brothers,
Orleiins
„ Urquhart & Son, Dundee
„ Louis Van Houite. Ghent
„ Wheeler & Son, Wai-mmater
Clieshunt, Herts.

Forres Nurseries, Scotland.

JOHN GRKiOU AND to. have for SALE several
Millions of yeiT superior LARCH, onc-ye^ir old Seedlings;
also one-year transplanted plants, grown from seed e.stracted irom
healthy trees, whicli fbrm t&e fourth or fifth generation of the Larch
since its introduction into Scotland. Such plants ^eins acclimatised
are found to be far hardier than those r.iised ft;o'»/°lP?,'^??^ff ®5 J
According to Mr. Grigor's Report on "the Larch Fo.ests of
Rcotl-and •' for which the Hiehland and Agnculluial Society o:
sSnd'hairec^S^wardedfthe Gold Modal accliniatatjonf^^^^^
the basis of all successful cultivation, and is the only means of
averting tho numorous casualties to which Larch plantations are

'"''^"native HIGHLAND SCOTCH PINE, Lyear seedhng.
FOREST TREES in gener^
Strong plants of AQUILEGIA pLANDtTLOSA.
Prices on application.

232

THE GARDENEHS' CHRONICLE AKD AGUlCtlLTtlML GAZETTE.

[Mahch 9, 1867.

QEEDLING and TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES.

SEEDLINGS,— Aah.lyr., Is. ; Beech, 2yr..3s. Cd. ; Elm.Syrs., at. ;
Norway Maple, 2 yr., 7s. 6d. ; Oak, Englisb, 1 yr,, Is. Gd. ; 2 jr.,
floe, 4s. ; Silver Fir, 4 yr,, 6 to 12 iQches, 4s. ; Norw.iy Spruce, 4 yr.,
2s. Gd. ; Crab, 2 yr., 2s. Gd. j Pears, 2 yr, 3s. Gd. ; Sycamore, 2 yr.,
2s. Gd. per lOOU.

TRANSPLANTED.— Alder, 1 to 2 ft., 7s. Gd. ; 2 to 3 ft. lOs. ; 3 to
4i ft.. 15s. ; 4 to 6 ft., 20s. ; Beech, 6 to 12 in., 7s. 6d. ; Chesnut,
SpaQlsh, 1 to 2 ft., 17s. Gd. ; Elm. 12 to 21 in., 6s. ; Hazel, IJ to 3 tt,,
17s. Gd. ; Oak, EQglish, 6 to 12 in., 7s. Gd. ; Balm of Gilead, 4 to 8 in.,
7s. Gd. ; Cembra, 6 to 12 in., 100s. : Larch, 1 to li ft,. 6s. ; 1} to 2 ft.,
8s. ; 2 to 3 ft., IDs. ;3to4ft., 14s. ; Scotch Fir, 2 yr. bedded, C to 12 in.,
Cs. ; Silver Fir, 9 to 16 in., 12s. 6d. ; Spruce, Norway, Gin., 5s. ; 1 to lift.,
10s. ; Thorn Quick, 9 to 18 in., 6s. ; Sycamore, 1 to U ft., 7a. Gd. ;
"Walnuts, G to 15 in., 203. per 1000.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 4 to 6 in.. 6s. per 100.

Apply, with reference, to J. Riddell, Steward, Park Attwood,
Bewdley, WorcsBtershire. __^^_^

WANTED, a DOZEN well-grown, bushy Common
YEWS, for a screen, 7 feet high. Also a few well-ripened
CANES of VINES, for Planting, and for Pot Culture. Estimates
of the price of each delivered free at Sunningdale Statioo, South
Western Railway, to be addressed to

Z., Englefiold Green, Staines. ^^

TURNER'S COTTAGERS' KALE.
TURNER'S INCOMPARABLE WHITE CELERY.
TURNER'S SCARLET GEM MELON.
FROGMORE PROTECTING BROCCOLI.
(In Shilling Packets.)
The above have proved to be the best of their respective classes.
Seed of the true Stock may bo had of

Cbarles Tdrner, The Royal Nurseries, Sloughy

CHARLES TURNER'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
and may be had on application.
The Best three WRINKLED MARROW PEAS are—
LITTLE GEM, Early, 1 foot high.
ADVANCER, Second Crop.
PREMIER, Summer and Late.
See full descriptions in C. TuasER's CATALOGUE, now ready.

~i, SNOW'S BROCCOLI, True.

HEDSOR WINTER CUCUMBER.
BAILEY'S SUPERB CABBAGE.
All the established varieties of Vegetables from the best sources ;
also the Novelties in Flower Seeds.

The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

EW FRAME CUCUMBER, GLORY of HANTS

(Dea\).— See Gardeners' Chronicle of February 23.
The stock of this fine Cucumber is entirely in the hands of

N

Richard Dean. Price per packet, 23. 6rf.

Depot for New and Choice Vegetable and Flower Seeds,
Ealing, London, W.

YOUELL'ti NORFOLK HERO CUCUMBER.—
Without exception the ver>' best Cucumber for open ground
cultivation that hus yet been offered, and they have much pleasure
ia submitting the following report :—

" Alburgh Rectory, Feb. 27. 1867.
" Gentlejien, — I have now grown your Norfolk Hero Cucumber
for four years, and have found it far the best ridge C'lcumber I ever
met with.— Yours faithfully, " (Signed) J. A Coombe.

" Messrs. Youell & Co., Royal Nurseries, Great Yarmouth."
It is a moat prolific bearer, as handsome aa any frame variety, and
Js as delicate in point of texture, the fruit measuring 16 to 20 inches.
Packets containing 12 Seeds, Ij*. ; 30 Seeds, 2s.

Royal Nurseries, Great Yarmouth.

LAING'S MAMMOTH RED CELERY.— This is
considered the largest yet grown, attaining the extraordinary
weight of from 10 to 12 lb., and is at the same time perfectly solid.
It In nearly perennial in its habit, aa it will not under any circum-
stances run to seed the firet eeason, and it is difficult sometimes the
second, when plautt^ out for that purpose. In colour it ia a bright
red. In flavour unsurpassed, if equalled. It has been seen growing
by many practical Gardeners, who deem it a new feature in the
[avden, from the fact that you may have it nearly aU the year.—
!n packets, Is. each.

Youell & Co., Royal Nui-series, Great Yarmouth.

fi

c

H 0 I C

per pkt.-
Broccoll, Snow's Imperial

Winter

Albert Sprouts
Cauliflower, Early Erfurt . .
Celery, Manchester

Champion Red . .
Cucumber, Smith's Fine

Frame

Cucumber, TeleRraph
Leek, Henry's Prize
Endive, Digswell Prize ..
Onion, Nuneham Park
Parsley, extm fine curled . .
Raphanus caudatus (new

long-podded Radish)
Ciistard Marrow
Melon, Malvern Hall
Tomato do Layo
Cauliliower, The Mammoth
Richard Smith,

E

Post
■«. d.

0 6

1 0

Seed

SEEDS.
Free.

Per pkt,— fl. d.
Moore's Vegetable Cream 0 6
Beet, Perpetual Spinach ..06
„ Nutting's Superb

Red 0 6

Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom

Thumb 0 6

Radish, French Breakfast 0 6
Aster, Truffaut's Superb

French, 12 vara, mixed ..10
Afiter, Victoria, 6 vars.

mised 10

Stock, improved large-
flowering, 12 vars. mixed, 1 0
Balsam, Camellia-flowered,

6 var. mised , . ..10

Balsam, Rose-flowered, 8 vars.

mixed 10

Phlox Drummondil, 12
splendid varieties .,10

Merchant, Worcester.

GENUINE FARM SEEDS.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THEIB

CATALOGUE OF AGRICULTURAL SEEDS FOR 1867

is now Publislied, and will be forwarded Free on application.

Special attention is devoted to the preparation of GRASS SEED MIXTUKES to suit all Soils and situations.

These Mixtures cannot be surpassed in quality.

TUENIP, MANGEL WUEZEL, and other SEEDS from the most carefully grown and best selected stocks.

1^" Where large quantities are required, 3. Y. and SONS will have much pleasure in quoting special prices.

EOYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.

J. C. WHEELER & SON, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

RYE GRASS
CLOVERS (•
TREFOIL

COW GRASS

ALSIKE

LAWN
GRASS

WHEELERS
IMPERIAL

SWEDE
TURNIP,

HEELERS' lUustrated BOOK on GRASSES.

CONTENTS :

ON LAYING DOWN LAND TO PERMANENT PASTURE.

TABLES AND PRICES OF GRASSES, CLOVERS, ETC., NATURALLY ADAPTED FOR LAYING DOWN TO
PERMANENT PASTURE LAND ON THE FOLLOWING GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS :—

I.CHALK— Uppek Cretaceous.— York, Norfolk, Suffolk,
Herts, Susses, Berks, Wilts, Hants, Dorset. Per acre,

medium soil

II, CHALK — Upper and Lower Green Sand. — York,
Norfolk, Cambridge, Beds, Bucks, Berks, Wilts. Dorset,
Surrey, Kent, Sussex. Per acre, medium soil ..

III LONDON CLAY.— Sussex, Essex, Surrey. Berks, Hants,
Dorset, Kent. Per acre, medium soil

IV GREAT and INFERIOR OOLITE— Cornhrasii, Forest
Marble.— North Riuing of York, Lincoln, Rutland,
Gloucester, Northampton, Oxford, Barks, Wilts, Dorset.
Per acre, medium soil

V OXFORD CLAY— Oolitic AND JuRASsic-Oxford, York,
Lincoln, Huntingdon, Bedlord. Bucks, Berks,
Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset. Per acre, medium soil
VI UPPER and LOWER LIAS and MARLSTONE.—
Gloucester, Leicester, Lincoln, Northampton, Oxford,
Rutlana, Somerset, Warwick, Worcester, York. Per
acre, medivmi soil

8. d.

36 r

35 4

35 0

32 2

36 0

table. s. d.

VIL NEW RED SANDSTONE and KEUPER MARL.—
York, Notts, Stafford, Leicester. Derby, Warwick.
Worcester, Cheshire, Flint, Gloucester, Devon,
Somerset, Per acre, medium soil 36 10

VIIL CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE. — York, North-
umberland, Westmoreland, Monmouth, Derby, Somer-
set, Cornwall, Gloucester. Per acre, medium soil ..31 4

IX. OLD RED SANDSTONE.— Devon, Cornwall, Hereford.
Monmouth, Brecon, Carmarthen, Pembroke, Somerset,

Salop. Per acre, medium soil 36 0

X. UPPER SILURIAN. — Hereford, Lancaster, Radnor,

Denbigh, Salop, Carmarthen, Per acre, medium soil .. 31" 0

XI. LOWER SILURIAN.— Pembroke, Carmarthen, Cardi-
gan, Montgomery, Merioneth, Denbigh, Worcester.
Per acre, medium soil 34 8

XII. POST TERTIARY. — Alluvial Deposits. — Sides of
Rivers, Rich Loams, Light Sands, Poor Soil on
Clay, lie., &c.

Illustrations, Descriptions, and Prices of the most valuable Grasses for Permanent Pasture and alternate husbandry,

A PRICED LIST OF FAEM SEEDS.
A Copy will be sent Post Free on receipt of 5 stamps. Gratis to Customers.

J. C. WHEELER and SON,
SEEDSMEN TO THE GLOUCESTERSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, STIRLING, N.B.

WILLIAM DEUMMOND & SONS.

GENTLEMEN IN WANT OF REALLY GENUINE

FARM SEEDS of the VERY FINEST aUALITIES that can be PRODUCED,

AND AT KEASONABLE PRICES, AEE INYITED TO

APPLY FOR OUR DETAILED CATALOGUE,

WEICE WILL SE

Permanent Grasses.

Throughout a period of 40 yeai^ we have devoted special attention to the Grasses and other toi^ge
planta best adapted for laying down land to permanent pasture or meadow, and have during that time
Bupplied many noblemen and gentlemen throughout the kingdom. Our Assortments this season will
cost fl-om 26j{. to 29s. Gd. per statute acre, according to the nature of the land. These for quantity,
quality, and selection, cannot be surpassed at any price.

Black Tartarian Oats.

An unaiually fine sample ia offered for immediate orders. Samples and price oh application.

forwamdej) fees.

Drummond's Extra Improved Swede.

Lai-ge hahdaOme oval-shaped bulb, with a clear purple akin, and may be confidently relied on as
the most robust grower and heaviest cropper in cultivation. This Swede has again, and for the third
time Won the Fifty Guinea Cup for the best 10 acres, open to all Ireland, for whicn there wore many
competitors. It has also takou numerous First Prizes throughout the kingdom.

Is. per lb.

Green Top or Aberdeen Yellow Improved.

a large handsome aohd bulb— very nutritious, and an excellent keeper, and is, as now Improved,
decidedly the best Yellow for winter and spring use in cultivation. This la same as supplied to
Mr. McCombie of Tillyfour, and other stock breeders in Aberdeenshire.

IM. per lb.

WILLIAM DRUMMOND and SONS, SEEDSMEN and NURSERYMEN, STIRLING,

(And 58, DAWSON STREET, DUBLIN).

•j,f* Stirling is moat favourably situated iu point of Railway accotntnodation, there being direct and constant commumcatioQ to all the principal Stations in England.

AU Seeds fGrain and Tares exceptedj are delivered Carriage Paid,

Mabch 9, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CIIRONIOLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

233

IPotatos for Planting.

MESSRS. SUTTON'S UESCUIPTIVE LIST is now
re»(iy, and may bo had gratis and post-free. Their stock of
rotfitofl has been selected with great care, and can be relied on aa
norfoctly true to nnnie. Lowest price per cwt., sack, or ton,
forwarded on application.

Sdtton & Sons, Seed Growora, Heading.

I ANT ASPARAGUS

PLANTS

Seed Potatos.

HAND F. SHARPE nro now offoring HYATT'S
. PROLIFIC KIDNBV, DAINTRKE'S EARLIEST.
WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY. FORTY-FOLD. FOX'.S SEED-
LING, EARLY OXFORD, and manv otlur Enrlyand Late varieties,
fluo in quriltty. tVeo from diacaao, nna at low prices.

Seed Growing Establlahiuont, Wisboch. Cambridgeshire.

" ' COLDSTREAM EARLY " POTATO. whicK

rocoivod a First-class Cortlflcate at the International Ilortlcul-

tiirAl Kxhlbitlon at South Kon.sington, U the Earliest and Host
round Potato in culU?atlon. 68. M. per peck; 183. per bushel,
including bags. Trade price on application.

Apply to HoQo & Wood, Coldstream, N.B.

vT tho best that money can procure. 2«. ad. per 100. — This
dollolous vogotablo does not roqulro half tho oxponso visually
Incurred In planting It.

Soo RIcflARD SMITH'S SEED LIST for 180r.
Extra stronK SEA KALE. 2a. ner doz.
RrciiAny Smith, Nursorynian, VVorcester.

(tOAMS'S NITRO I'll tisi'IlAtE'for CORN.

(H)AMS'S NITKC Piiosl'MATE for ROOTS.

OIJAMS'.S DISS!. I, V I'll 1 HiiNES.

ODAMS'S SUPKRlilosniATK of LIME.

ODAMS'S PREPARED I'i':RUVLAN GUANO.

THE
1

W HEATH has a few Sacks of the undernamed
• POTATOS for Sale ; they are clean and free from
dUea.se:— Fluke Kidneys, 6s,; Alma Early, Cts. ; Gloucestershire
Kidney, true, fl.t. ; Pink-oyed Regent, splendid cropper, fwf. Bags
not charged for If returned within one week In good condition, and
doUvorod free to any Railway Station in Choltonham.
College Nurfiery, Cheltenham.

H

Seed FotatoB.
SlINCHIN has for Sale I he following kinds, true

to name, and of yond duality ; —

EARLY RELIANCE, one onho

best earlv kinds
PATERSON'S VICTORIA
KING of FOTATOS

PATEUSON'S REGENT
FLUKE

PATERSON'.S BLUE,
anJ EARLY

T

PRICE LISTS on application.
Tho Nurseries, Hook Norton, Oxen.

HEELER

GLOUCESTERSHIRE KIDNEY

one of the very Earliest, most

Productive, and best flavoured Potatos

in cultivation.

Price 3a. per peck, 10«. Gd. per bushel.

J. C. WuhELtR & Son,
Seed Growers, Gloucester.

s

STOCK

Nonpareil Peas.
General Havelock do.
Ne Plus Ultra do.
Champion of England do.
M 'Lean's Wonder do.
Climax do.

Veitch's Perfection do,
British Queen do.
Pricoa on application to James Fairukad & Son, Seed Merchants,
7, Borough Market, S.E.

U R P L TJ S

of~

Early Ashleaf Kidney Potatos.
Essex Wonder do do

Myatfs PH)liflc do do

Handsworth's Early Round

Potatos
Early Shaw Round Potatos.
DaJmahoy do Ho

Dwart. Kidney, and Scarlet Beans

UANUPACTURED

HE PATENT NITHO-PHOSPHATE OR BLOOD

MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief Offlcca—lffl), Fenchurch Street, London.
Western Counties Branch — (^ueen Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch— 40. Westmoreland Street, Dublin.

DritECTORS.

CTiairmart— John Claydon, LIttlobnry, E-ssex,
Deputy-Chn iriiian— J o\\i\ Collins, Argyll House, HoUoway,
Edward Bell, 48, Marino Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstoad Abbot. Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Middlesex.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Norfolk.
George Snville, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrlshall Orange, Esiex.
Charles Dormon. 23, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomas Webb, Hildoraham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Mananitiff Director— J a.m^s Odams.
BanJcers—'McssTii. Barnetts, Hoaros, & Co., Lombard Street.
Suhc((0)*— Messrs. Klngsford & Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

AiMlUor-—J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz.—" The Tenant Farmers" Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for yeara under management with Manures of their
own manufacture. The consumer, therefore, has tho best guarantee
for the genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Cjmpany.

Paiticulars will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may bo had of the Local Agents. ,0. T. Macadam, Secretarj'.
Chief Offices— lOIl, Fenchurch Street, London, E.G.

rpHE

LONDON MANURE COMPANY

(ESTAULIBIICD 1840),

Have now ready fur dotlvury in dry flno condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
nissoi^VEI) HON EH, for Dressing Pasture Lands
HUl'EllPHOSI'lIATESofLlME
PREPARED UUASO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Oonuino PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warohouae; SULPHATE of AMMONIA. FISHERY
SALT, Ac. 'E. PuttSKR, Socrotur/.

Offices. 110, Fenchurch Street, E.G.

THE PAXT(JN GARDEN MANURE will be found
a most valuable and econom\cal preparation to all who wlJth
to have Fniit, Flowers, or Vegetables In perfection- Inodorouu and
specially suited for Amateur Gardeners.
Huld by all the principal Seedsmen in town and country, In packetit,

atl.H. and 2«, «(/., or wholesale by A. * "■ '^' '*'•' "

Street, Old Street, E.G.

ALKXANutR Sl Co.. Ti, James

SOMBRERO GUANO.— This article has proved itself
superior to Peruvian Guano, and Is 26 per cent, cheaper. For
Grass Land this Guano should be iwod during February and March.
Sole Agent, W. Picrforu, 148, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C

LA W E S' MANURES.—

The Manures munufactured by J. B. Lawes for tho present
season of 1807 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
following prices, per ton :—
LAWES* PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s. d.

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME 6 6 0

LAWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or througli the
appointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying according to cost of carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Gikes at market price's.

Address, John Bennet Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E C. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

5 0

0 0
0 0

To thOBQ wlio liave a Garden.

THE BOUTIN MANlIRIi will be found most
invaluable for Kitchen and Flower Gardens, Conser\-atories, &c.

COCOA-NUT REFUSE
Is becoming boarok, tho
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold In bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
168., 2 for 308., 60 for 6fl«., 100
for jE6.

Fourpence allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not
bags), 40«.

Postage Stamps or Post-offlca
Order, payable to J. Barsham 4
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

GENUINE TOBACCO PAPER at \0d. per lb.
Terms Cash.
W. DoDosoN, at Messrs. Jackson & Sons, 29, Lady Lane, LeodB.

TOBACCO PAPER.— Genuine extra strong Tobacco
Paper, double the strength of that usually supplied ia sold at
Is per lb. (cheaper in quantities) by Samuel May. 180, Wade Lane,
Leeds. Price to the Trade on application. _^

Fumigate your Greenliouse with

TOBACCO TISSUE.

—Will Destroy all the Insects and not Injure the Plants; m
entirely free from paper or rag, and will burn without blowing.

Price 3s. 6(/. per lb., carriage free. To he had of Messrs. Roberts
& Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers 112, St. John Street, Clerkenwell,
E.C., and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

ROLL TOBACCO CLOTH.— The cheapest and best
article for Smoking Greenhouses and destroying tne Fly ; equal
to Tobacco in strength. Is. 4d. per lb. ; over 10 lb., I.'*. Id

Joseph Baker. 10, Oough Square, Fleet Street, E.U

Post Office Orders payable Fleet Street.

FIBROUS ^EAT of first-class quality for Orchids,
Heaths, American Plants, and all potting purposes, may be
obtained by application to Mr. Thomas Jessop, tarningham »o«d.
near Famingham Station, Kent. It is despatched by the

I London.

HENRY'S PKIZE HYBRID LEEK.— The Largest
variety in cultivation ; grows 16 inches In length of blanch,
and 101 inches in circumference. Has carried off the First Prizes at
the leading Shows in Englaud and Scotland.

Sold in Sealed Packets at Is. each by
DowNiE, Laird. & Laino. 17, Frederick Street, Edinburgh ; and
Stanstead Park, Forest Hill, London, S.E.

To Market Gardeners and OtherB.

CABBAGE PLANTS. — EAST HAM. ENFIELD
MARKET, 2s. 6d. per 1000; RED CABBAGE PLANTS,
extra fine, 4s. per 1000. Stock true and can be warranted. KOHL
RABI SEED, green. Is. per lb. ; WHITE SPANISH ONION
SEED, Is. 8d. per lb. ; all genuine. Terms cash. Richard Waleek
can supply any orders for Seeds at lowest possible prices.

Richard Wal&eb, Market Gardener ana Seed Grower, Biggleswade,
Beds.

■ invaluable lor n.iicnen ana r lower waruBus, »^<JUbBiv^i.uiica,a.i-. near rarningnam .-^wn-iuci, n-oun. n- la v.^o»/..u — v... .-j ------ - .

It stimulates the healthy action and r.apid growth of Plants, and Chatham, and Dover Railway in trucks of 16 yards, ?bout b tons, lo

increases their products. It also destroys American Blight, and niost Stations in the Kingdom, or fetched in carts from^tne wooa.

Root and Leaf Insects of every description. ' " "" " ''"' " '" '" —"■>■•

_ _ _ It has no offensive odour.

Sold'iiT bottles, l5r6d.,2s.9(i'., and 4s. 6(i. each, with full instructions.
Sold Wholesale in Casks by tho Company, 117 & 118, Leadeoball
Street, E.G.

Agents in London :—
Messrs. Hurst & Son, Seedsmen, &c., fi, Leadenhall Street. E.G.
„ Carter & Co., Seedsmen, &c., 237, 238, and 261, High Holbom,W.C.
„ Flannagan & Son, Seedsmen. Sc, 98, Cheapside, E.G.
„ Barclay k Son, 95, Farringdon Street. E.G.

Smith & Co., Seedsmen, &c.. Floral HalJ, Kingsland, N.E.
Dixon fit Co., Seedsmen, 48, Monrgate Street, E.G.
„ Ponsford & Son, Seedsmen, &c.. Loughborough Park, Brixton, S.

Butler, McCulloch, tt Co., Seedsmen, ic, Govent Garden, W.C.
Ml- J Brigden, Seedsman. Ac, London Bridge Station, and King
William Street. E.G.
., B. S. Williams, Paradise Nursery, Highgate Hill, N.
R. Wood, Nurseryman, Haverstock Hill, N.W.
F Bax, Com and Seed Merchant. Bi&hopsgate Street Without, E.G.
' J. Musket, Seedsman, ic, 90, High Street, Clapham.S.

J. Kernan, Seedsman, &c., 4, Russell Street, Govent Garden, W.C-

itTs'eVtensiveiyusedand appreciated in the principal Nurseries, and
in the Royal Parka and Gardens. Price 5s. per cubic yard, at
Farninghacu Station. ^

B

OSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA, for the Destruction of

" - stove and Green-

with full mstruc-

Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, fiic. on Stove and Green-

TMYAMm

GRASS SEEDS,
AGRICTILTTTBAI, SEEDS,

( CORNEB of ^B\ STBEET.")

Trade Mark.

KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS,
FLOWER SEEDS.

house Plants, Fruit Trees, Vines, &c. In bott

tions lor application, price 3s. 6rf., 68., and IDs - „ ,

jAMia CiKTEn i Co. beg leave to state that thoprosent time is most
suitable for applying the above genuine Speoiflc belore the coin-
msuocment of the growing season, thereby preventing the rajna
increase of the above pests which would otherwise Uke place, rhe
Sfallible properties of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapid y
becoming fully recognised, J, C. St Co. having already sold nearly
2000 bottles since its fust introduction in the spring of ISOd.
Numerous tes,tiiuonialshavjboen received, and not a single complaint

°Solo'ASonts?jL,:s C»B„;1. i C"., 237 and 238, High Holborn.W.a
• .* The Trade supplied on liberal terms.

Vineries and Orcharas.

GREAT VALUE of " APHIS WASH."
"AT the first opportunity Paint the Trees with a

XI. solution of ' APHIS WASH,' prepared at the City Soap
Works ■ It not only destroys the Brown Aphis which Infests Poach
Trees, but also Scale, and every other pest capable of lodging m the
bark "—Extract from Oiirdmers' Mayazine, .lanuaiT 6, 1867.

"For strengthening the growth and effectually destroying all
forms of blight, tho ' Aphis W.ash' supersedes every other prepara;
tion."— See Qardcneri^ Chronicle, August 19, 1896 ; and Gardeners
MtKiazine, July 1, 18G6. ., „ «j ii„„

Sold by Chemists and others, in Is. bottles, and 2a, w, a gallon,
with full directions for use.

Wholesale at the City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.C.

Catalogues forwarded post free to any address on application.

LOCK'S PATENT POTASH MANURES.

This is the only "perfect" MANUKE ever yet offered to the Amcultural PubUc,
containing, as it does, that most important element of .^^"■■y^'>'^''''^''=4 Pl'^'r-f "J^"-
I It is far superior in efficiency to Peruvian or any other Guano, as it suppUes every
I constiluetit requisite for each Special Crop.

Each Manure is specially prepared for the Crop for which it is intended, and is
sold in Bags containing the necessary Dressing for One Acre.

The WHEAT, BAKLEY, and OAT MANURE mil effectually prevent the
LODGING of the Com, so frequent on lands deficient in Silica.
The CLOVER MANURE is a certain ctre for Clover sicilness, so prevalent in some Counties.
The GRASS MANURE contains an abundance of Silicate of Potash, which is by far the predominating
element in all Grasses, and which has never before been ofi'ered for Sale by any Manufacturer.

For full particulars see Circulars, for which apply to the
SOUTH of EKGLAND MANURE COMPANY, LIMITED, BEDBRIDGB, HAMPSHIRE,

who are the Sole Manufactiiueks.
•,» AGEIsTS WANTED for the UNITED KINGDOM,

GI S H U R S
COMPOUND.
Used by many of tho leading
Gardeners since 1.^59, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thnps,
Green Fly. and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
wateivand of from 4 to 16 ounces
,13 a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations Intended to
supersede It.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes. Is., 3«., and lOs. 6rf.

Red
Spider

Magni-
fied.

Wholesale by
PRICE'S PATENT
CANDLE COMPANY
(LiMiTEn)^

Caution to GardenerB.-Wlien you ask for

SATNOR ANB COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZb
VrUNINO and BUDDING KNIVB.S see tb.t yoj^.et^theni^
Observe the mark Savnor, also the corponii-w
WAaRASTEO, without whlch nObO are «DUine^
S. S C. regret having to «»""»"; ^ardenersjinao of common

compelled to do so. In "i'h«.«l''"°f,,i'Lne S^d which has caused
quafity, having been sold for the genutoeonft and wmc ^^^^ ^^^ ^^

many complaints to be J'J'1» i° '»=5'b„ti "y Sellers and Makers.
''■rTc^s pi^L^r^rBTSdrng^Kes Le the best and tho

, """Kton Worki; Shc'iaeld. Established upwards of 125 years.

234

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AOT) AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[MAECH 9, 1867.

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, Sec.

ROBEKT PAKKER begs to announce that his
CATALOGUE, contalninc i-elect DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds in cultivation ot tlie al^ove-nanied is now published,
and will be forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from tho best possible sourcts, all are w;uTanted
genuine, and are offered at the lowest possible prices. Intending

guTchasers are requested to compare the prices with those of other
ouses. Exotic i'ursery. Tooting, Surrey, S.

N

EW HAKBT CLEMATISES,

CLEMATIS RUBELLA.— Very rich Telvety claret ; the deepest
coloured Clematis jet offered. Very distinct, and having the
advantage of flowering 60 to 70 per cent, of blooms, with Bve and
six sepiils. First Certificate, Royal Horticultural Societr.
CLEMATIS PRINCE of WALliS.— Largo flowers, of a rich deep
violet purple, with red bars down tne centre of each sepal ; a
decided improvement on C. rubro-violacea. First Cortlficates,
Royal Horticultural Society.
Messrs. GKORGE JACKMAN and SON have much pleasure m
announcing that they are sending out the above Clematises, and can
with confidence veconimend them " amongst the best of hardy
Climbers." Strong Plants, with bine, IJ to 2i feet, 21s. each.
Tho usual allowance to the Trade.
Coloured Drawings, by Andrews, for 24 stamps.

Woking Nursery, Surrey.

Carter's Grass Seeds for the International
£x]ill)itlon at Paris. 1867.

GERANIUMS, GERANIUMS, GERANIUMS. —
Amy Hogg, Black Dwarf, Chancellor, Cloth of Gold, Donald
Beaton, Indi;in Yellow, Le Grand. Miss Parfitt, Mrs. Milford, Mrs,
Wm. Paul, Mrs. Pollock, Paul' I'Abb^, Roi d'lt.alie, Rose Randatler,
Tiiomphe de Gergoviat, double, Victor Emmanuel, Virgo Maria,
Wiltshire Lass— in all 18 good plants for 12s., hamper and package
included. May be had at

J C. Padiian's, Nurseryman, Boston Spa, Yorkshire.

SPRING CATALOGUE, now ready, and may be had on applioation.

1000 DAHLIAS in Pot Roots, cheap.

Notice.

THE SIX finest TRICOLOR and VARIEGATED
GERANIUMS extant, for Bedding or Pot Culture, are—
ITALIA UNITA | MRS. MAXWELL HATTON

SUNSET V/\HIEGATED LITTLE DAVID

BICOLOR SPLENDENS | MRS. LONGFLELD

The above, one of each, good plants, for 10s.
Twelve of the finest ZONAL and NOSEGAY GERANIUMS of
18CC, i n 12 sorts, distinct, for 10s,

Post Office Orders on Castle Hedingham.
Wm. Dillistone, Munro Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

New White-flowered Ivy-leaved Pelargonium,
L'Elegante.

W. CUNNINGHAM will bo prepared to send out on.
and after April 20 the above noat and beautiful GERANIUM.
It is the exact type of the well-known favourite white-flowered Ivy-
leaved Geranium, having the leaves neatly margined with creamy
white ; free and constant.

It was Exhibited at the ! Birmingham Rose Show, July 6 and 6,
where it obtained a First-class Certificute. (See Gardeners*
Chronicle, pa^e 660, July 14.) Likewise at the Floral Committee of
the Royal Horticulturil Society, September 4, where it again
received a First-class Certificate. [See Gardeners' Chronicle, page
864, September 8 ; also " Journal of Horticultm'e," page 108,
September 11.)

It will prove a great acquiaition as a decorative plant, either for
Hanging Baskets, Pots, Ribbon Borders, Vases, Bloaks, or as a
" specimen plant for Exhibition.

Retail price, 10s. 6d. each ; Sis Plants for 60s.
W. C. has likewise much pleisure in offering for the first time the
following FOUR NEW GERANIUMS, which will be ready for
dehvery samo limeastheabovo.iFor distinctness of colour and abund-
ance of bloom they are unsurpassed by any otbei-s in their class,
W. C. having proved them for two years against the very best
Eedding Geraniums sent out up to the present time. Derbyshire
Hero and Stafford Gem are likewise first-class varieLics for pot
culture, forming nice compact specimens with abundance of large
trusses of flowers ; they bloom freely during the mnter months.
DERBYSHIRE HERO (Zona ll).— Bright cerise with clear white
eye in the way of Roi dTtalie ; of. great substance and fine
form : very smooth intextiu-e : habit free, dwarf, and compact,
STAFFORD GEM {Zon ale).— Same habit as above, and equally
free m blooming ; flowers bright orange-scarlet, with clear white
eye ; very distinct,
SCARLET CHRISTINE (Plain-leaved).— Flowers bright cerise,
shaded with purple ; abundant bloomer ; habit and foliage same
as Christine — when not in flower one cannot be distinguished
fl-om the other: it will make a fine companioQ for the well-
known pink variety.
ROSE MAGENTA (Nosegay).- Colour as name implies, producing
abundance of large trusses ; habit of Stella. A fir.st-claBa bedder,
and very distinct.

Retail price, 5s. each ; the set of four for 15s.
Post-oflUce Orders payable at Biu-ton-on- Trent. Cash or reference
fiom unknown CoiTespondents.

W. CuNwiNGHAM, The Forge Nurseries, Burton-on-Trent.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have the satisfaction rto
announce that the Imperial Commissioners of the Paris Inter-
national Exhibition of 1867 have granted to them the concession of
supplying tho GRASS SEEDS for the purpose of formmg the Sward
of tne Park round the Exhibition Building in the Champ de Mars.
The honour conferred on their House will be more readily appre-
ciated when they state the gratifying fact, that they are the onlt
Enolish Hodse bntrdsted with the Impeeial Com-missiosebs'
commands fob this fdrpose.

James Carter & Co. are prepared to supply Mixtures for Perma-
nent Pasture, Park Lawns, &c.j of the most nutritious and valuable
Grasses, specially mixed to suit the variations of climate and soil.
Price according to quality, from 26s. to 36s. per acre. PRICED
LISTS gratis and post-free on application to

Cahter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 2374; 238, High Holbom,
London, W.C.
Grass Seed packed for Exportation.

T.ninm auratum, Golden-rayed Lily of Japan.

Good Seeds

Carriage Free.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of
SEEDS for ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY.

For the Kitouen Garden.

No. 1 Collection, carriage free X3 3 0

No. 2 Collection, carriage free 220

No, 3 Collection, carriage free Ill 6

No. 4 Collection, carriage free 110

No. 5 Collection, carriage free 0 15 0

No. 6 Collection 0 10 6

For the Flower Garden.

No. 1 Collection, free by post or rail £2 2 0

No. 2 Collection, free by post or rail . . . . . . . . 1 11 6

No. 3 Collection, free by post or rail 1X0

No. 4 Collection, free by post or rail 0 15 0

No. 5 Collection, free by post or rail 0 10 6

PRICED CATALOGUES gratia and post free. Five per Cent
Discount allowed for Cash paj-ment.
SoTTON & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading:.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

pARTER'S COLLECTIONS of GARDEN SEEDS for

\y 1867 will produce a supply of the best Vegetables "all tho

year round" for large, medium, small, and verysmall families.

No. 4, G3s. ; No. 3, 42a. ; No. 2, 21s. ; No. 1, lOs. 6d.

(These prices include box and packing.)

*^'* Any of the above (orwardeU without d- .lay on receipt of Post

oflce Order. PRICE LISTS gratis and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238. High
Holborn, London, W.C.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have just received splendid
BULBS of the abovn, in flner conditton than any imported for
some time, and said to contain many highly-coloured varieties. This
incomparable Lily has for some time been very scarce, but we can
now offer fine Ilowering Bulbs, true to name, at the following prices :
— 1st size, 35. 6d. ; 2d,2s.6rf.; extra strong large Bulbs, Istsizo, 7s. Cd.;
2d, 58. ; a few of the finest, very large and strong, 10s. 6rf. each.
Price to the Trade on application.
Jameb Carter & Co., Seed Merchants and Nurserymen, 237 and
238, High Holbom, London. W.C.

gCOTT'S NE"W" YEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS.

COLLECTIONS of VEGETABLE SEEDS, carriage paid.
No. L Complete ..£3 0 0 1 No. 3. Complete ..£1 0 0

No- 2. „ . . .. 2 0 0 I No. 4. „ . . . . 0 15 0

No. 5. Complete, lOs. fid.
COLLECTIONS Of CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS, fi-ee by post or rail.

MGUE:N0T, Seedsman, 6, Quai Lepelletier, Paris.
« (Estabhshed 1780.)

SPECIAL FRENCH COLLECTIONS.
CHINA ASTERS, Truffaut's varieties, 20 splendid varieties, 10 francs;

10 splendid varieties, 5 francs.

CEILLETS DE FANTASIE (PICOTEES, &c.), 3 varieties, 3 francs.
CEILLETS DE FLAMAND (CARNATIONS, &c.), 3franos per pkt
Extra Double CAMELLIA BALSAMS, collection of 20 varieties,

6 francs; 10 varieties, 21 francs.
Speciality for GLADIOLUS. The General and Descriptive Catalogue

of Gladioli, as well as that of Seeds, Plants, and Bulbs, will be

forwarded on application.
ARGENTEUIL AfePARAGUS true and improved variety, very

large .and very early, 2-iT. old plants, extra fine, 6 francs per 100.
CHINESE YAMS, very fine root". 3 francs per kilogramme.
Mixed Collection of GRASS SEEDS for Lawns and Meadows,

11 franc per bllogramme (2_L lb. noarly); or 100 kilogrammes
(220ilb.), 140 francs. = *

Azaleas, Epacris and Ericas.— To the Trade.

YOUELL .SJ^D CO. beg to inform the Trade that they
abound in many Thousands of the above, all of which are
well-grown, healthy and bushy stuff. They beg to offer them at the
following low prices: —
AZALEAS, of sorts, fine bushy plants, in 32-sized pots, 24s. per doz. ;

48-stzed pots, 18s. per doz,
EPACRIS, ln48-sized pots, consisting of hyacinths Bora, hyacinthco-

flora candidissima, and all the loading kinds to name, well set

for bloom, 6s. per doz, 40s. per 100.
ERICA HYEMALIS, in 48-8ized pots, in and coming into bloom,

6s. per doz., 403. per 100; 60-sized pots, 4s. per doz., 30s per 100 ■

of sorts, in 48-sized pots, 7s. per doz., 45s. per 100; of sorts. In

60-sized pots, 4s. per doz., 30s. per 100.
A very extensive and Choice CoUeotion of GREENHOUSE

PLANTS to name, 93. per doz., 70s. per 100.
The above are well desurnng the attention of the Trade.
Royal Nurseries, Groat Yarmouth.

Choice Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following : —
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATE, of the finest possible strain.

Red, White, or Mixed, 23. Gd., 3s,, and 6s. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James choice strain, very fine, 2s. 6d,,

3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet.
CINERARIA, fi-om aamed flowers, 2s. Orf., 3s. Od., and 5s. perpacket.
SNOW'S WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C. & Son's own

saving, 2,f. 6d. per packet.
NUNEHAM PARK ONION. 2s. 6d. perpaoket.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free.
Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

No. 1. Complete .. £2 0 0 1 No. 4. Complete

No. 2. „ .. .. 1 1 0 No. 5

No. 3. „ .. „ 0 15 0| No. 6. „
No. 7. Complete, 23. 6d.
HARDY ANNUAL FLOWER SEEDS.
No. 8. 12 Varieties ..£0 1 6 1 No. 11. 50 Varieties
■No. 9. 24 „ ..036 No. 12. 75

No. 10. 36 „ . . 0 3 C No. 13. 100

. £0 10 6
T 6

.£050
.076
0 10 G

Collections of Half-hardy Annuals, &c., at equally low prices, see
Catalogue free on application to

J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Prize Medal Seeds.

pOLLECTIONS of YEGETABLE SEEDS for ONE

vy YEAR'S SUPPLY, at Moderate Prices. Nes. 1, 2, 3, and 4,
Carriage Free. For particulars and quantities contained in each,'see
large Atlvertiaement in the Gardeners' Chronicle of February 9th. or
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, which will bo sent free
by post on application.
No.

1. For One Year's supply £3 3 0

2. „ proportionately reduced 2 2 0

6.

1 11

X I 0

0 16 0

0 10 G

First Prize at the International.

HCANNELL'S SELECT and DESCRIPTIVE
• CATALOGUE and i AMATEUR'S and GARDENER'S
FLORAL GUIDE for 1857, is now ready, free for four stamps, with
every particular how to Grow, Show, and get the First Prizes for
Fuchsfas and Verbenaa,^ &c. A full and correct description of all
Bedding Gems for the Season.
^ Fuchsia Nursery, Woolwich, S.E.

RAYNBUtD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLLNG,
AND COMPANY Limited,
Corn, Seed, Manure, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.G. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1862, for "Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

Now Ready, in Strong Plants.

THE MAGNIFICENT NE"W YIOLET
QUEEN of VIOLETS.
The follovring additional Nurserymen have ordered Queen of
Violets. For full list see Gardtners' Chronicle, December 4, 1S06
Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son. Chelmsford
Messrs. Chnllce k S m, Pfympton
Messrs. Transon Frtircs, Orleans, France.
Mr. J. Elcombe, Southampton
Mr. W. Church, Mulbarton.
StronK Plants, Is. 6d. each ; 18s. per dozen. Usual allowance to
the Trade.

VIOLETS, NEW DOUBLE RED, Is. Cd. each ; 12s. per dozen
„ SINGLE CALIFORNIAN Species, Is. each ; Os. per dozen
„ DOUBLE NEAPOLITAN, 'M. each; 6s. per dozen
,, DOUBLE BLUE, Od. each ; 4s. pei dozen.
„ DOUBLE WHITE, 6d. each; 4s. per dozen.
„ SINGLE DEVONIENSIS, extra fine, 9d. ejich ; 6s per dozen
„ THE GIANT, extra fine, 9d each : 6s. per dozen
HEPATICAS, DOUBLE and SINGLE RED, 4s. per dozen
„ DOUBLE BLUE, Is. 6d. each

„ SINGLE BLUE, 4s per dozen.

„ SINGLE WHITE, 9s. per dozen.

MAUVE, NEW, Is, Od, each.
CHRISTMAS ROSE (HELLEBORUS), WHITE, 9a. per dozen

„ » M RED, 18s. per dozen.

PRIMROSES, DOUBLE LILAC and WHITE, 6s. per dozen.
POLYANTHUS, finest nuxed, 3s. per dozen.
PjVMPAS grass, extra fine, 65. per dozen.
WALLFLOWER, DOUBLE GOLDEN, YELLOW anfl DARK.

6s. per dozen.
FORGET-ME-NOT (MYOSOTIS PALUSTRIS), 4s. per dozen
DIELYTRA SPECTABILIS, strong, 6s. per dozen.
ROCKETS, DOUBLE WHITE and YELLOW, Qs. per dozen.
NEW PINES, ANNE BOLEYN, improved, and EXCELSIOR,

Is. per pair.
100 HARDY HERBACEOUS and ALPINE PLANTS, In 50 varie-
ties, 2&1.
CATALOGUES for ono Stamp. Post OflElce Orders on Castle
Hedingham.

Wm, Dillistone, Sible Hedinghani, Esse?.

New Descriptive Lists.

DOWNIE, LAIRD, and LAING, Nurserymen,
Seedsmen, Florists, and New Plant Merchants, 17, South
Frederick SBreet, Edinburgh; and Stanstead Park, Forest Hill,
London, S.E., respectfully beg to Intimato that their NEW
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES ofFLOHIST FLOWERS,
GARDEN, FLOWER, and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, GLADIOLI,
ROSES, Jic, arenowready, and may be had free on application.

To Nurserymen.

SEEDLINGS.— 1 and 2-yr. Larch, 2-yr. Scotch Fir,
2-yr. Hazel, 2-yr. Plane, 2-jt. HoUy, ic.
TRANSPLANTED.— Larch, all sizes ; Norway Spruce, 9 to 15 in. ;
Silver Fir, 0 to 16 inches and 15 to 24 inches ; Irish Junipers, al! sizes ;
Irish Yews, of sizes ; Cedrus atlantica, Thuja Wareana, &c.
ROYAL ASH-LEAF KIDNEY POTATOS.
Above all of excellent quality, and will be quoted cheap.
W. P. Laird & Sinclair, Nurserymen, Dundee, N.B.

TOBACCO PAPER, per lb. 9d
TOBACCO CORD, extra strong, per lb. Is. 6d.
TOBACCO JUICE, per Gallon, 2s. 9d.
TOBACCO WATER, per Gallon, Is.
Henry Brown, Nm-seryman and Seedsman, 4, Commutation Row,
Liverpool.

Established Upwards of a Century.

Holders of Prize Medals from Exhibitions of botu 1861 and 1882.

BUTLER, McCDLLOCH, and CO.'
CHOICE COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS.
15 Varieties, Selected Hardy Annuals .. .. 26 6d

30 .. ,. » » 6"o ■

,50 „ „ „ „ 10 0

100 ., „ ,. „ 20 0

12 Varieties, Selected Half-hardy Annuals . . . 4 o
25 „ .. „ „ .. ..7 6

15 " » -> „ .... 15 0

100 .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 0

C Varieties, extra selected New Annuals 1867.. ..5 0

12 „ ,, ,. ,, „ „ .. .. 10 6

15 Varieties, selected Hardy Perennials . . . . 3 6

25 .. » „

50

100 „ „

12 Varieties, selected Half-hardy Perennials
25

.. 12 6
.. 25 0
..4 0
..7 6
SEEDS for

Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., has to offer at very moderate
prices TRANSPLANTED ASH, ALDER, BIRCH, HORSE
CHESTNUT, ELM, broad and narrow-leaved; SILVER and
SCOTCH FIRS, WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE, HxVZEL, OAK,
POPLAR, PRIVET, IVEYMOUTH and AUSTRIAN PINES.
THORN QUICKS, HUNTINGDON and DUTCH WILLOWS,
LARCH, good stout plants, l\ to 2 feet, 12s, ; 2 to 24 feet, 13s. : 2 to
3 feet, 14s. ; and 3 to 4 feet, ICs. per 1000. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR,
6 to 9 inches, Gs. ; 9 to 12 inches, 9s. ; 1 to Itfeet, 14s. ; ij to 2 I^et,
21s. ; and 2 to 2i feet, 30s. per 1000. COTONEASTER MICRO-
PHYLLA, 1 to li feet. 20s. per 1000 ; li to 2 feet. RIBES in sorts,
2to 3ft.. 20s, per 1000. SNOWBERRY,2to3ft., 20s, per 1000. BROOM,
White and Yellow,transplanted,16s.per 1000. LAURELS, BERBERIS,
ARBOR-VIT^, &c., Seedhng ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CHESTNUT,
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 years ; ELM. 2 years, £5 per 100,000. OAKS,

1 and 2 years : OAK, EVERGREEN, 1 year ; PRIVET, 1 and

2 years; SYCAMORE. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 2y6ars,
6s. ; 4 years, 83. per 1000 ; 3 years, and 1 year transplanted, ISs.:

3 years, and 2 years transplanted, 2fis. ; 6 to 9 inohee, 50s. ; and
9 to 12 inches, 60s. per 1000. Twice-transplanted, and bushy, 4 to
S inchea, 70s. ; 8 to 12 Inches, Qbs. ; 9 to 15 inches, 1408. ; 1 to IJ feet,
180s. : and li to 2 feet, 260s. per 1000..

A PRICED LIST forwarded on applioation. Price to the Trade
on application.

Joseph Smith, Jub., Moor Edge Nursery, Tanaley, near Matlock,
Derbyshire.

COMPLETk COiLECTIO?J of VE&ETABLE
One Year's Supply, 63s., 42s., 30s., 2Is., and 10s. 6d.

Orders amounting to 21s. and upwards sent Carriage Paid.
CATALOGUE containing details of above Collections, Post Free.
Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Road Nurseries,
Yeovil, Somerset, begs to intimate that his CATALOGUE of
SEEDS for the GARDKN and FARM is now ready, and can be
obtained free on application. It contams a Select and Choice Stock,
everything being ot the best quality, and are offered at unequalled
low prices.

ARTHUR HENDERSON anb CO. beg to announce
that their CATALOGUE of KITCHEN GARDEN and
FLOWER SEEDS for 1S67 is now ready, and will be forwarded free
on application.

NEW MELONS.
BRIDGE CASTLE PERFECTION.— This Is a green-fleshed variety,
of excellent flavour, thin skin, medium size, with a delicious
melting sugary flesh. One of the best sorts ever raised. 23. 6d.
per packet.
THE GUILDHALL PRIZE.— Scarlet flesh, a very quick grower and
a great cropper, weight 3 to 5 lb. Early, excellent shape, richer
and superior m flavoul: to Turner's Gem. Skin very thin. A
seedling between the Scarlet Gem and Egyptian green-fleahed.
2s. 6d. per packet.
Fine FRUITING VINES, In pots, well ripened Canes of the lead.
Ing and best varieties.

Pine-apple Place, Edgware Road, London, N.

MAECn 9, 1867.]

THE GAEDENEl^S' CMONTCLE AND AflT^TCTTLTlIRAL GAZETTE

235

GLADIOLUS, NEWEST and BEST FRENCH
VARIKTIES.
PRICE LISTS ftralis ftud jiost froo on appltcntlon to
James CAiiTiii & Co,, Sood Morclmnta and NiirBoryniOQ, 2Z1, High
nolborn, London. W.C.

GLADIOLL — CollectionB containinK (ill the finest
Tftrietles In cultivation, many new, and oflTorod for tho fliRt
time loS,03s..42...,30«.,a6/.20....16«..12^. IJRKNGHLEYICNSIS,
tho most sliowv ofall, oxtra strong roots. 3vi. |>ei- .inz, sOs. por loo.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LISTS fruo on application,
Butler, McCullocb&Oo., South Row. Oovont Oiudon, W.C.

7^ L A 1) I 0 L I BULBS,

VT for Sumnior. Autumn, and Wlntor FloworinR,
25 8d.. 3s. Oct., 6». Gd., Is. M., 9s., and 123. per dozen.
IQn. ikl., Ifiji., 21s., '26n. to lOOa. per 100.
Babk*Soopen. Sood, Hull>, and Tiant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Oarden, W.C.

L" I L I U M"" A U R A T U M. —
LarRO Conslgiuuent just reoelvod, 2s. Ort., 8a. 6d.. As. 6rf., aud
U. ed. por Root. Extra largo eolooted BvUbs, 10s. Oii., 12«. Gd., Ifis.,

B*iiii & SinoBV. Seed, Bvilb, and Plant Morcliants, 12, King Sti'oot.
Oovont Oardon. W.C.

Early Spring Flowers.

WEBB'S GI,\Nl' I'OIA'ANTHUS iind COWSLIP,
with all tho bu-st varieties of I'oublo ami Hiuglo PBIMROSKS.
PANSIES, &o., with Saodn of hlugla varlotioB. LIST of prloea of
tllfforout kuida mi application to

Mr. WBiin, Caloot Gardens. Reading. ^_^___^

100,000 Camellias without Flower Buds.

TO SK I'll HAUMANN. Nvkseuyman, Ghent,

f I Hflijiiini, boi;s to otVor tor Sjile—

100 CAMELLIAS. be.-4t, sorts. £.\ \ IW CAMELLIAS, best Borts, £6
100 CAM KLLIAIS. bobt sorts, £0.

Thoy will have (lower buds in August J

ATHIOLA lUCORNlS, hordynigU- scented STOCK,
of free growth, flowering abundantly. doUghtfuUy fragrant.
CoDtinuos through tho summer. Oct. por packut.
Jas. Backiiousb & Son, York,

V

ERONICA CrLAUC A. — Lovely deep blue.

Hardy, early, and vory ft-oo floworing. (kl. por packet.

Jas. Baokhousv. &. Son, York. ____^^

"NVINCiBLE SCARLET SWEET PEA,

per packet, Is. Gd. per ounce.
Jas. Biciim'i'SE k Sos, York.

'. pel
Jas

A

N N U A L S, Choice Hnrdy and Half-hardy,

3rf. per packet, 2.s\ Gd. j-er dozen.
Choice Tinder, Qd. per packet, 5s. per dozen.
Cholco Biennials, 4rf. to Orf. per packet, 4s. per dozen.

Jas. BacriiodseJe Sou, York.

CHARLES TURNER has a large healthy stock of the
following, of finest named varietiea :—
CARNATIONS, ISs. to 24s. per doz. paii'S.
PICOTEES, les. to 24s. .per doz. pairs.
PINKS. 8fl, to 12s. per doz. pairs.
TREE CARNATIONS, Is. Crf. each, or 16s. per doz.
The Royal Nurseriea, Slough,

DWARF BE D D I NG DAHLIAS.

ALBA FLOBIBUNDA NANA, 2^ feet
LITTLE NAJADE, white cherry tips, 2i f^t
PURPLE ZELINDA. 2 feet

StrouK Ground Roor,a. 10s., 8s., and fis. per dozen.

The above have proved to be first-class for large beds or ribbon borders.

CB-iRLKs SuiLLiNQ. Hill Nursory, Winchfiold, Hants.

RICO L"0 R "PELARGONIUMS.

Mrs. Pollock, 7s. and 9s. per doz. 1 Sunset, 21s. per doz.
Italia Unita. 21s. per doz. 1 Mrs. Benyon, 24s. per doz.

In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package included,
Remittance required from unknown Correspondents,

Address, Alfukd Frter, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

CALCEOLARIA, Herbaceous, of choicest strains,
established plants in small pots, 20s. per 100. Also stronger
plants in 4-inch pots, 30s. per 100.

MONOCH-ETUM SERICEUM MULTIFLORUM, blooming
plants, Bs. per doz.
MONOCH^TQM ENSIFERUM, 6s. to 9s. per doz.

H. & R. Stibzaeer, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

s

U R P L U S

STOCK

ROSES.— strong plants of Hybrid Perpetuals on their own roots, of

the leading varieties, at 50s. per inc.
CARNATIONS .ind PICOTEES. — Tho very flnoat varieties, at
fis, per dozen pairs.

Allowance to the Trade.
B. Whitham, The Nurseries. Reddiali, near Stockport. "

Carnations, Picotees. and Pinks.

Y QUELL ANP CO. beg to olier strong; healthy Plants
of the above at the undermentioned prices :—
CARNATIONS.— Finest first-ciasa varieties, by name, 18a. and 24s.
. per doz. pairs. [per doz. pairs.

PICOTEES. — Finest flrst-class varieties, by name, 18s. and 24s.
PERPETUAL-FLOWERING or TREE CARNATIONS.— Flowering
summer and winter ; the choicest and leading kinds to name,
12s. and 18s. per doz. plants. [doz. pairs.

Also a Choice and extensive Collection of PINKS, 95. and 12s. per
Royal Nurseries, Great Yarmouth.

1867.

WILLIAM BARRON'S PRICED CATALOGUE of
CONIFER.TE and other ORNAMENTAL PLANTS,
ROSES, RHODODENDRONS, FRTHT TREES, &c., &c., foi
Spring 1867, isuowreatly, and may be had post free upon application.
Elvaston Nurseries, Rorrowash, near Derby.

Chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemums,
Chrysanthemums.

ADAM FORSYTH'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For-
warded to all applicants for one stamp.

Brunswick Nursery. Stoke Newington. London. N-

THE CZAR VIOLET is still finely in BLOOM,
uninjured by the late Frosts below zero. The flowers are
nearly twice as large as the old Russian, on very long stout foot-
stalks,' Awarded First-class Certificates and Prizes wherever
exhibited. Strong plants in Bloom, lOs. per dozen, prepaid, may be
had of Mr. Joun Grauam, Cranford, Hounslow. The usual allowance
to the Trade.

Also fine RASPBERRY CANES, of sorts, 4s. per 100.

Rhododendrons.

JOHN WATERER'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
of HARDY SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS Is now
published, and will be torwarded on application. It faithfully describes
the colours of the new varieties exhibited by him at tho Royal
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park, An Abridged List of popular
CONIFERS .with heights and prices, is likewise combined.

The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey, near Sunningdale Station,
South-Western Railway.

American Plants, &c.

WATERER AND GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS
and other American Plants for this Autumn, will be sent on
application. Tho Catalot,'ue also gives a summary of their General
■nreery Stock, probablv the most extensive in tne kingdom.
Knap Hiil Nmsery, Woking, Surrey.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM ian now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varietiea, 36 pages,
Including prices of Hardy Exotic Feme) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNB.
No, 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S,B., a mile ft-om Sidcup Station of New
Horth Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

PAUL AND SON'S SEED CATALOGUE will bo sent
with ploasuro to any applicant. It oontalna, with usual nmtter.
Doscrli>tlvu Priced Listn ,il' i^irefiilly Holuctnd Novelties in Soods ;

Sood.4 ofoni ii.ir[a:ii l'\.li:i,i"i l'l:iii( , ii-r Si.i-i i .i|iical Flowor Garden-
ing ; GhKllnh, MIM ■Mii.H Nnl.. i.ii I -nllurO.

Thu uhl < iir-.iHiiii. \iii-i>iir^ :,[,■[ ^.■i-ll ,Imi]., Choshuot, N.

RICHARD SMITH'S SKi;D CATALOGUE contains a
Calendar of Time fnr Sowing, piirticuliirs of Colleotlnns. with
Prices, Directions for Croppl»^; well and coononilcally. Soil, Manure,
Depth. Distanco, Season, Uardlnosa. Duration, Form, Height,
Colour, Storing, Use, Flavour, and other (pialitios, de.scrlbed.

This lil.4t Froo by Post for one stamp, Sootla direct fVom tho
Growors tho suroat way to buccobr.

RiouAiiD Smith, Sood Merchant, Worcester.

F

LOWER

SEEDS.

1 oz. Mignonetto

I 07.. Noinophlla inaignlfi

\ pint Swout Peas

Colleotion of 20 Choice Varlotlos-
„ French Asters

„ Crown Asters

,, Uermau Stocks

20 choice varlotloa of Flowor Seeds for 13.«.
The above Boioction, of tho choicest varietiea and tho finest quality,
Bont on receipt of Post-ofBco order for 13s.

J. C, WnEKLKR Si Son, Seed Growers, Glouooster^

New and Choice Flower Seeds.

Free iiv Post or Kail.

QUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of

O FLOWER SEEDS are sent IVeo by Post or Rail. Prices

as under ; —

No. 1 Collection of the best English and German varieties,

with instructions on cultivation £2 2 0

No. 2 Colleotion of ditto ditto .. .. 1 11 6

No. 3 Collection of ditto ditto . . . . 110

No. 4 Collection of ditto ditto ., .. 0 15 0

No. ft Colleotion of ditto ditto . . . . 0 10 6

Small and useful Collections can also bo had from 2s. to 7s, 6rf.,
free by post.

For particulars of tho above, see SUTTON'S DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOQUE, gratis and post free on application.

ScTToN & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

i^RAND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION

VX at BURT ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with tho

SHOW of tho ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 15, 1607. and four following Days.
Amongst various Special Prizes, amounting in value to nearly
£300, and exclusive of tho ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20,
^will be offered by the Proprietors of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for the best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to be made up as follows :—
Of FRUITS, any Five of the following Eight kinds, one Dish of
each :— Grapes, Melons (2 fruits). Strawberries, Gooseberries, Cur-
rants, Cherries, Raspberries, or Apples (of the crop of ISflG).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eicht of the following Fourteen kinds,
one basket or bundle of each : — Peas, French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners), Broad Beans. Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace). Summer
Cabbages, Early Can-ots, Turnips, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rhubarh, Potatos, or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will be open to Competition amongst Amateur or Pro-
tessional Gardeners, of all gmdes, with Fruit and Vegetables of Iheir
own groxring ; any article otherwise obtained will disquaiiiy the
exhibitor.

Eiie i?lattrenersl'€hrtintcle<

SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 1867.

As may be seen from our report in another
column, the Ttjesday Meetings of tho Eoyal
HoRTicuLTTjBAL SOCIETY amply keep up their
interest. On the last occasion the show of
Orchids was not, it is true, so large as on the
preceding gathering, stiU there was an abundance
of Orchids, as well as of other plants of great
beauty and interest — some not only beautiful but
novel; others, such as Mr. Cheere's Mignonette,
of remarkable excellence in a cultural point of
view. We may also note with satisfaction the
increasing number of objects sent for the purpose
of eliciting discussion. The value of such illustra-
tions, bearing as they do, on cardinal points in
cultui-al physiology and botanical science, can
hardly be over-estimated. Thus, Mr. Lee's russet
Apple produced on the Orange Pearmain, opens
up the question of graft-hybrids. Is it or is it not
true that an intermediate form, a sport, or a
reversion to the characteristics of either stock or
scion, may be produced by grafting ; and if so,
under what conditions ? Professor Caspaby, in
a paper published in our columns (see p. 849,
1866), inclines to the view that graft hybrids are
possible, and attributes the peculiar appearance
of the well-known Cytisus Adami to this cause.
Others have assigned the phenomenon to that
separation of elements which, as Naudin and
others have shown us, takes place frequently in
hybrids and cross-breds. Tho Cyclamen shown
at the meeting is a case in point ; from the same
stock proceeded white and pink flowers, the one
with the form of the persicum strain, "the other
with that of the Coum. Similar sports are
well-known to ovx Chrysanthemum growers
and indeed to gardeners generally, but we know
far too little of the why and wherefore, and
for this reason illustrations of this kind should
be brought forward whenever possible. A
short time since Mr. Standish exhibited an
hermaphi'odite Aucuba, and on Tuesday the same
able horticulturist laid before the meeting com-
pletely unisexual plants, some male, others
female, raised fi'om seedlings of an hermaphrodite
Skimmia oblata. In certain groups of plants such
changes are far from uncommon, but they are
nevertheless of very great physiological interest.
Major Claeke's observations on the culture of
certain Bromeliads in the open air will afford a
new sensation to people fond of their gardens

and wUl lead, wo should hope, to many other

trials and exporimoula in this direction.

Wo allude to those matters in this cursory
manner, at present, merely for the sake of
showing how rnucli i-oal, practical and scientific
gcjod may bo got out of the Tuesday m<«tings
when woU conducted. That thoy will benefit
llorticulturo is obvious ; that they will further
the interests of scientific Botany is scarcely loss
certain ; and they wUl also teach the general
public that, contrary to tho opinions of a recent
writer in the Pall MnU (iiizrtte., Botany comprises
something more than tacking "now and hard
names to familiar things," something fjoyoiid
the identification " of unknown woods by their
descriptions in a barbarous tongue." That tho
wiitor in question should have mistaken tho
moans for tho end is not sui-prising, and to a
certain extent our English botanists are answer-
able for tho. prevalent error.

Aftee the LATE Seveke Winter, though
confined to some particular parts of England, it
is a matter of some interest to ascertain what has
been tho ultimate effect in those districts which
suffered most in the winter of 1860-61. We say
the ultimate effect, so far at least as is manifest up
to the present time, because it is far from being
the case that all tlie mischief appears at once.
We know, for example, that herbaceous plants,
if not of a very susceptible constitution, appear
for a time likely to recover, but ultimately fail
from the effects even of moderately sharp frosts.
Much more is this the ease with trees, the wood
of which is partially affected , and the taint of whose
dead tissues is gradually communicated to those
which were stUl healthy, so that ultimately the
fa-ee either whoUy or partially decaj-s.

The subject has been more forcibly brought
before our notice in consequence of a communi-
cation last December from Professor Babington,
who reported to us that some Beech trees in
Derbyshire had died, as he believed, "fi'om the
effect of ft-ost, the dead parts being occupied by
Fungi, which had probably completed the
mischief.

We have now before us specimens of the bark
and wood, together with some valuable notes as
to tho trees. Our correspondent remarks — ' ' the
winter of 1860 was very severe indeed in this
region. On Christmas Slve the thermometer in
my garden (in Derbyshii'e) was at — 2^, and in
several places, especially in Needwood Forest,
Hollies and Oaka, many hundi'ed years old, were
lulled in quantities. My trees, however, generally
escaped very well, I suppose because I Live in a
high situation ; some trees were more or less
cracked by the frost, and have since recovered.
In particular I have noticed several Beeches, the
bark of which was marked by long vertical
cracks. These were of no great width, and as
you say there was an attempt to heal over. Two
or three Oaks in a low situation, near tho Eiver
Derwent, were not actually killed, but so seriously
injured as entirely to stop theii' growth."

As regards the Beeches, when cut down it was
found that they were apparently healthy quite
close to the ground, and no white spawn was
found upon the roots, a cii'oumstance which
occurred in the case of Beeches that have died
in other parts of the country. The death of the
trees is not, therefore, to be attributed to myce-
lium. Is it then certain that they have perished
fi-om frost ? Wo should have been inclined to
think that this was undoubtedly the case had not
all the portions which have been sent to us been
infested by a little coccus which produces a
quantity of white smooth hyaline threads which
are often mistaken for a Fungus, and were
described as such under the name of Psilonia
uivea by Professor Fries. The cocci are not
visible at first even under a lens, but if the flame
of a lamp is applied for a second to the bark, so as
to destroy the white mould-like substance, the
cocci appear in numbers. It becomes then a
question whether the cocci or the frost were really
the cause of death. It is not very likely that they
should take up their abode on dead bark. There
are some of them on the living rind of tho pieces
of root, and it is a matter of interest to ascertain
whether these cocci are capable of desti-oying the
bark so as to affect the subjacent wood, for if
that be the case, they should be exterminated as
soon as they make their appearance. It is a
pointto which our attention will be drawn. It
Is, however, possible that they had estabUshed
themselves on the bark before it was affected by
frost, and that they have lived and died upon it
since. The wood, it should be observed, was in

236

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 9, 1867.

some oases dead under the patches of decayed bark
to the extent of half the thickness of the trunk.

Whether frost or insect has been the real
cause of evil, Fungi have not been slow in
aggravating it. We find the mycelium known
under the name of Ehizomorpha subcorticalis on
the under side of the dead bark, and from that
running dovm to the still healthy roots, and
establishing itself upon them, doubtless to their
speedy destruction, had not the tree from which
the specimen was taken been felled.

The whole subject is full of interest, and it is
to be hoped that our correspondents will keep
their eyes upon it, noticing first whether they
have seen instances of Beeches being destroyed
by the little coccus, and secondly, what effect the
late frost has had on the partial or complete
destruction of forest trees. M. J. B.

We are requested to state that the Duke of

BuccLEUCH, President of the Royal Hokticultubal
Society, has nominated the following gentlemen
Vice-Presidents for this year, viz. : — Lord Heney
Gordon Lennox, M.P. ; Mr. James Bateman,
F.R.S. ; Mr. Heney Cole, C.B. ; and Mr. W. Wilson
Saundees, r.E.S.

We learn that Dr. Masters has con.sented to

give a few short lectures on " Plant Aechitectuee"
at the Royal Horticultural Society's Rooms on Satur-
days at 3 P.M., commencing on the last Saturday in
March.

and will render the plant acceptable in our stoves, and
specially in bouquets and for purposes of table deco-
ration.

We are informed by Mr. Bull that the Dalechampia
blooms so freely that plants a few inches in height are
now full of flower. Moreover, it seems to produce
its flowers throughout the year, while the individual
blossoms retain their beauty for several weeks, owing
to the persistent nature of the coloured bracts. M. T. M.

New Plants.

Dalechampia Roezliana, var. bosea. Mull. Arg. ;
D. C. Prod., vol. XV., sect, posterior., faso. 2, p. 1233.

Caule erecto ; foliis brevisaime petiolatis, obovato spathulatis,
membranaceis : atipulis oblongato-trianfrulari-ovatis ; ovario
dense sericeo pubescente, stylorum columna gracillima,
apice hand crassiore obtusa, tenuiter puberula.

a rosea foliis supenio groase incise dentatis ; involucri
foliolis argute denticulatis, pulcbre roseis, calycis foeminei
roseo viridis, laciniis acutissimis, basi, et versus medium vel
supra_ medium, utrinque subulato-glanduligeris, glandulia
superioribus subinde membranaceis et Lacinulam simu-
lantibus.

Numerous specimens of the very pretty plant, of
which the above is the technical description, were
exhibited by Mr. Bull, of the King's Road, Chelsea, at
the last Tuesday meeting of the Horticultural Society,
where they deservedly attracted great attention. The
plant was, we believe, in the first instance detected by
Roezl iu the province of Vera Cruz, Mexico, and living
specimens of the rosy'variety, as well as of the green-
bracted kind, were sent to M. Ortgies, and by him
communicated to M. Van Houtte and other con-
tinental horticulturists. Mr. Bull is, if we mistake
not, the first among our British exhibitors to show
the plant.

Before giving a description of this novelty, it may be
as well to say a few words relating to its botanical
history, as it is one which would be very likely to
perplex a student into whose hands it fell. The vast
order Euphorbiaceae, according to the most recent
revision of M. Muller in the "Prodromus," is first of
all divided into two series, the one in which the
cotyledons or seed-leaves are narrow, the other in
which those organs are broad. This latter series, to
which our present plant belongs, is subdivided into
nine tribes, according to the number of ovules in each
compartment of the ovary, the way in which the parts
of the flower are folded, and other minor points.
Thus the tribe Dalechampise may be easily recognised
by the presence of a single ovule in each compart-
ment, by the anthers being erect in the bud, by the
segments of the calyx in the male flowers touching by
their margins (valvate), and by the two-leaved involucre
enclosing flowers of both sexes. As there happens to
be only one genus in the tribe, the characters of the
tribe serve also for the genus.

Most of the species have palmate leaves, which,
together with the large leafy bracts, produce a great
resemblance to the Mallows, so that, on a first glance,
were it not for the climbing habit which most of; them
have, they might be mistaken for some Gossypium. Of
course the slightest examination would suffice to dissi-
pate this superficial impression, though there are points
of resemblance also in the flower. The species before us
differs from the great majority of its congeners in its
erect, not climbing stem, and in its undivided leaves. It
is an erect low-growing perennial or under-shrub, with
broad, leafy, egg-shaped stipules. The leaves are
5 to 9 inches long, 1 to 3 inches wide at the
widest portion, are very shortly stalked, sub-
cordate, obovate or spoon-shaped, tapering towards the
base, acuminate at the apex, and smooth or nearly so
on both surfaces. The peduncles are slender, thread-
like, angular, slightly downy stalks, 2 to 3 inches long ;
they bear at the top, two small ovate bracts placed
at the base of two large, broadly egg-shaped, acuminate,
denticulate, rosy-pink floral leaves Within these
two latter are other smaller bracts placed around
and among the male and female flowers, some
of them thick and club-shaped, and bearing
at the top a fringe of short, yellow, waxy-looking
threads, which give a singular appearance to the
blossoms. These filaments have been regarded as
abortive flowers or anthers by Midler, while Baillon
considers them to be modified bracts. The male
flowers have a 4 — 5-leaved calyx, inclosing a number of
stamens united into a column, as in Mallows. The
female flowers have a similar calyx, and a 3 — 4-celled
ovary surmounted by an equal number of confluent
styles.

The large rosy bracts recall those of Bougainvillea,

profoundly ignorant ; and this ignorance of their value
and great beauty, and their culture, tends to their
being so little met with. I keep a collection of these
things for pleasure— for no nurseryman finds them pay,
so little is the demand, but I hope some day to find all
these treasures of our gardens more generally appreci-
ated. W. Dean, Shipley, Yorkshire,

THE WARDIE LODGE VARIEGATED
BORECOLES.

Notices of Miss Hope's bijou garden at Wardie
Lodge, Edinburgh, have frequently appeared in the
gardening periodicals, chiefly in reference to the sur-
prisingly beautiful variegated forms of Kale originated
and grown there. We are quite familiar with the
ordinary forms of the Variegated Borecole, but the
Wardie Lodge strains are far ahead of all others, and
judging from some beautifully selected new varieties
I saw in pots for seeding from, we know as yet very
little about their beauty and utility. The white
variegated form is the most plentiful at present, but
there are numerous shades of colour in the variegation
which may be perpetuated by cuttings and careful
seeding ; and I am persuaded that if by and by, when
seed can be had of Miss Hope's stock, and their
culture is imderstood, gardeners do not use them for
winter decoration, they will make a great mistake.
At present seed of the Wardie Lodge strain is not to
be obtained, but I hope by next season the gardening
portion of the public may have a supply.

There seem to me, so far as I can judge, and glean
from a chat with Mr. Thomson, of Dalkeith, two
methods of managing this plant to avoid coarseness
in growth, preserve the colours, and obtain a low
compact habit of growth. First by sowing and plant-
ing in very poor soil and avoiding manure, and secondly,
to obtain a. low squat plant, by planting as much of
the stem as possible in the soil. I saw in Mr. Peter
Robertson's Nursery, a little design on a sloping bank,
worked out with these Kales, and I was very much
struck with the beautiful appearance it had. The
flower beds at Wardie Lodge have been very gay
with these beautiful Crucifers, and the great variety of
other variegated and coloured-leaved plants which
Miss Hope uses for the winter display. Aucubas are
used, and some of the forms of variegated Ivies have
a very striking appearance. Some of the large beds
have broad borders of Snowdrops now in full oeauty,
and they alone were worth a trip from our smoke-
bound district to see, so pure was the colour, and so
bright the display. These are never disturbed, but in a
month or two away go all the Kales and many other
plants to their summer quarters, to make room for the
usual bedding stufi'. To my mind, however, the
garden can never have so pleasing an effect as it has
just now, for the repose and quiet beauty of a mid-
winter garden, such as that at Wardie, is seldom
to be met with.

Whilst on this subject pardon me for saying that I
think as a class we ought to be ashamed of ourselves
for neglecting the decoration of our flower gardens in
winter. Ever since I first became acquainted with
Cliveden and Cooper's Hill, some 12 or 13 years ago,
both places in the neighbourhood of Windsor where
winter and spring gardening was then and still is I
believe, carried out on^ a large scale (everybody knows,
at all events, that it is at Cliveden), I have been an
advocate for winter and spring gardening, and often
urge friends to go into it more, but the prejudice .against
the extra trouble and expense, and the fact that many
people do not see examples of it, prevent its being
more universally adopted.

When I was in Me.ssrs. Lawson & Son's nursery last
winter or early in spring I was struck with a beautiful
gold-tipped variety of the common Stonecrop, which
gave so bright an appearance in a mass, that I at once
secured and took home a batch, and iu about 50 years'
time I shall bring it out as another of the horticul-
tural wonders of the day, and get my friend Mr. Bull
to give me a large sum of money for it— if I can. By
that time we shall know its value, and I think it will
be more appreciated than some of the novelties we have
lately had, and are still getting. No one need fear losing
it after they get it, for, like the common Stonecrop, its
less brilliant brother, or father, or mother, or any thing
you like to consider it, you cannot lose it. I have a
mass of it now, which even in the midst of our
smoky district sparkles amongst the dingy green
which surrounds it. It will have to be advertised at a
guinea a plant, however, before the public will believe
init !

Of course no one will expect me to say a word about
spring-blooming plants without bringing in the Pansy.
I am supposed by some to spend the chief part of my
time in ftmsy beds, though I really see less individually
of these plants than of anything I have; but if anyone
doubts the utility of Pansies as spring decorative
plants, let them drop in at Shipley in April and May.
Not only do they make a brilliant display in spring, but
with the variable climate of the northern counties,
few bedding plants are more to be depended upon for a
summer display. In this district I know where there
are huge beds of the lovely Scilla verna, which form a
mass of coerulean blue (and what more beautiful?);
and when taking a passing glimpse in Messrs. Lawson's
nursery the other day of a batch of the glorious
Leucojum vemum, I mshed I had a large bed
of it in front of my bed-room window iust now — an
oasis in our smoky desert. There are tne Saxifragas,
the procumbent Phloxes, such as Nelsoni, fruticosa,
procumbens, verna— all little gems loi sight of by many,
owing chiefly to'the prevalent rage for those masses of red
and yellow for a summer month or two. Well, I lived in
the time when these little pets were not so unheeded,
and of which the majority of our young gardeners are

NEGLECTED PLANTS.
The Luculia.

In the garden of her Majesty at Progmore there has
been blooming during the past winter a large specimen
of this truly magnificent plant, and as the notices
which have appeared are creating quite a sensation
about it, perhaps a few remarks respecting its manage-
ment may not be without interest to many of your
readers. A quarter of a century ago, or more, when
some of the great London cultivators — the late John
Green, Falconer, the Barneses (James and William),
Upright, Bruce, &c., used to vie with each other in the
cultivation of this plant, it was no unusual thing to
see at the Regent Street meetings of the Horticul-
tural Society and Mr. Glenny's Shows at the
Egyptian Hall, handsome pot-grown specimens with
from 12 to 20 or 30 of its magnificent trusses of
flowers upon a single plant; but now it appears
to have gone almost out of cultivation, and, with
the exception of an occasional half-starved stock
plant in the nurseries, it is rarely to be met with.
Why it should not be grown in the conservatories of
the country, where, either planted out as a bush
specimen or trained to a wall, it would flourish exceed-
ingly if properly planted, is incomprehensible. In
the conservatory of the Horticultural Society at
Cbiswick, prior to its being converted into a Vinery,
there used to be a fine bush specimen which annually
delighted thousands with its macnificent blossoms;
that is gone, a thing of the past. But beauty lingers,
and we can look back to that plant as an old acquaint-
ance, which it delighted us annually, when the storm
beat wildly upon the outer world, to admire and
reverence. Dr. Lindleyused to writeof burying one'sfaoe
amid the petals of the Tea Roses in the same house,
which to some extent might be a figure of speech ; but
to bury one's face in a truss of Luculia gratissima, and
inhale its delicious fragrance, would not be a diflicult
matter. As theremay be readers who do not know the
plant, they have only to imagine a rather loosely-
grown specimen of Hydrangea hortensis, with the
flowers of the natural rosy pink or flesh-coloiu ; and if
they will please ideally to invest that with a most
grateful and delicious scent, and remember that it
blooms through the dead months of winter instead of
in the summer and autumn, they will have some idea
of what the plant under notice really is.

As an illustration of the fragrance of the Luculia, I
may mention that at the time L. Pinciana first bloomed,
Mr. Pince sent or rather took it to Sir W. Hooker,
at Kew, to have it figured for the " Botanical Magazine."
So chary, however, was he of the plant, that he would not
trust it out of his sight, not even in the Royal
Gardens ; and hence he took apartments in one of the
taverns on Kew Green, and remained there until the
drawing was completed. Calling at the house at the
time, my olfactories were most agreeably saluted with
the odour of the Luculia, and looking round I con-
cluded the barmaid had accepted a truss of that fiower
from one of the numerous young gardeners in the
neighbourhood. But I was mistaken ; not a flower
could be seen, and still the fragrance came floating upon
the breeze. Fairly puzzled, I asked for an explanation,
when I found some one was making a drawing for the
" Botanical Magazine" from a plant which a gentleman
had brought from Exeter. The mystery was unravelled,
as I had heard that a new Luculia was blooming
with Mr. Pince. As the odour of this plant fairiy
filled the whole house, despite tobacco smoke and the
smell of spirits, some idea may be formed of the power
of the odour ; and still it is not offensive, for as with
the grateful fragrance of the Rose or Violet, you rarely
feel disposed to say, enough !

Unfortunately, however, it is not quite so easily grown
as the Hydrangea ; though when planted out in a con-
genial soil and situation it requires very little atten-
tion beyond the annual pruning and watering ; but in
pots it requires treatment different to that generally
accorded to it, or we should see it more frequently, and
better done than has been customary of late years.
The fact is, it is in plant growing as in human occupa-
tions—those that will work may work, and among
plants those that will grow without much trouble are
grown ; but if a plant oflers any difficulty, as in the
case of the Luculia, it is throivn aside as requiring too
much attention. Are we, or is the rising generation
of gardeners, falling back in energy? It certainly
seems so. At the commencement of the Cbiswick
exhibitions it used to be the pride of gardeners to grow
what no one else could grow, but now cultivators
appear to pin their faith to a certain class of plants
which, without much attention or any particular skill,
give a blaze of Ijloom when it is required, and hence
the Luculia has fallen out of cultivation. This may be
politic, but it is not energetic.

I will now endeavour to contribute an instalment
towards rescuing the plant from the obscurity into
which it has fallen as a pot specimen, and if the plants
can be procured, and the directions are followed, there
is more than a probability that ere long some decent
small specimens may be placed before the public.
And here I would remark, en passant, that if the Royal
Horticultural Society, and even country societies hold-
ing a Chrysanthemum show in the autumn, would offer
special prizes for this and other neglected autumn-
blooming plants— Euphorbia jacquiniflora, Poinsettia
pidchemma. Begonia nitida, and many Gesneriads,
so as to bring them out in first-rate style at that season,
they would be doing a real service to decorative

March 9, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' OIIRONICEE AND AGRTCUETURAL GAZETTE.

231

gardcnin);, and bring really good plants ouce more into'
prolitable cultivation. , „ ^, , r , t

The Luculin is a native of Nepal, from whence L.
aratissimawas introduced in 1818, and L. Pinciana in
1813 In their native habitats they are, no doubt,,
exposed to considerable solar influence, and hence the
reiSon why what gardeners call stove treatment suits
them in the growing season, while they bloom beauti-
fully in a warm greenhouse through the winter.
Presuming that you can procure plants, and that you
liavo nice healthy specimens, (1 to i) inches high, in
. 1-inch pots, the first thing to do will be to place them m
a plant stove for a week or l(t days until (hey get accus-
tomed to the soil and situation. The temperature I
will presume will not fall much below GO" by night,
and average C5° to 75", according to the brightness, by
day. The atmosphere will bo moist but not wet, and
lienco in such a situation the sap will get into ho:ilthy
action. Such being the ca.se, the next thing will be to
prepare to lay the b.-usis of the future specimen.
Assuming that the young plant has two shoots, each
with eight good-sized leaves, cut olf each shoot, leaving
the four liollnm leaves, and convert the tops into
cuttings as will bo directed hereafter, and leave the
plants until they begin to break young shoots from the
base of the leaves retained. Water must be cautiously
given, and the plants should be kept rather dry than
otherwise, as too much moisture may cm i-e them to
start the upper joints prematurel.v, and tlio secondary
ones will not break at all. An Old Subscriber,
Midland Counties.

(To be Conti<itiei-l.)

UABDY PICTORIAL TREES.— No. III.
Trees and Siieubs with Pueple Leaves.

Acer Pseiido-Platanm purpurea (the Purple Syca-
more).—Deciduous. Height, 40 feet. A distinct
variety of the common Sycamore ; the underside of
the leaves purple, deepening in colour as they advance
in age. Acer japonicum rubrum should be a valuable
plant here, but from what I have hitherto seen of it
the growth is delicate.

Berberis culgaris foliis purpureis (the Purple Ber-
beris).— Deciduous. Height, 10 feet. A very distinct
and beautiful shrub, the numerous yellow flowers con-
trasting admirably with the reddish-purple leaves in

Cori/lus AivUaiia purpurea (the Purple Nut).—
Deciduous. Height, 6 feet. A valuable shrub, with
broad, dark purple leaves.

Daphne Mezereum foliis purpureis (the Purple
Mezereiim).— Deciduous. Height, 4 feet. Free only
in warm loamy soils, but desirable for the colour
of its leaves.

Euoni/mus atropurpureus. — Deciduous. Height,
C feet. A very distinct and effective shrub, occasionally
presenting a mixture of green, scarlet, and purple leaves.
Far/us sj/hmllca purpurea (the Purple Beech. — Deci-
duous. Height, 40 feet. The monarch of purple-
leaved trees, well suited for parks and the outline of
shrubberies. There are many varieties of this tree,
shading from copper-colour to blackish purple.

Quereus niijra (the Black Oak).— Deciduous. Height,
30 feet. This beautiful tree is at present but little
known ; the leaves are as dark as those of the Purple
Nut, and there seems aprobability that if it does not
rival it will at least take a place beside the Purple
Beech in the future of gardening.

Ulmus Montana purpurea (the Purple Elm). — Deci-
duous. Height, 30 feet. This tree is less marked iu
colour than mo.5t of the preceding, yet when it becomes
of some size the effect is sufficiently striking to make it
desirable.
Trees and Shrubs with Leaves Yellowish

ob goldex.
Aucuha Japonica maculata (male and female.) —
Evergreen. Height C feet. Very useful and orna-
mental in beds or shrubberies, and stands the smoke of
large towns better than any other evergreen. The
female plant bears an abundance of scarlet berries. Of
other golden-leaved Auoubas the best are limbata,
bicolor, and latimaculata.

Buxus semperoirens aurea (the Gold-edged Box). —
Evergreen. Height, 8 feet. An invaluable and very
hardy evergreen of formal growth, that may be clipped
at pleasure.

Chammcuparis sph(£roidea varieoata. — Evergreen.
Height 10 feet. A graceful Cypress-like plant. Leaves
green, beautifully blotched with gold.

JEleagnus pnngens variegata. — Evergreen. Height,
S feet. Leaves green, broadly and distinctly margined
with bright gold.

JBuoni/mus j'aponieus aureo-variegatus. — Evergreen.
Height^ 8 feet. Leaves dark green, with bright yellow
blotch in centre, very beautiful. Euonymus japonicus
aureo-marginatus is also a beautiful variety of this
plant, the leaves being regularly edged instead of
Idotched with gold.

Hex Aquifoliuni aurea (the GoldHolIy). — Evergreen.
Height, S to 20 feet. The old Gold Holly is perhaps
the best for general purposes, because it grows so freely.
Of others picta, flava, aurea angustifolia bicolor,
speciosa, and obscura are the best ; aurea nana and
aurea pumila are beautiful dwarf kinds of great value
in ornamental gardening. In the garden and in
shrubberies these Gold Hollies can hardly be omitted.
Juniperus virginiana aurea (the Golden Cedar). —
Evergreen. Height, 20 feet. Leaves green and gold in
patches ; an effective and beautiful small tree.

Ligustrum japonicum variegatuni (the Variegated
Japan Privet).— Evergreen. Height, 6 feet. Leaves
dark green, beautifully blotched with gold.

Ligustrum lucidum variegatuni (the variegated
Chinese Privet). — Evergreen. Height, 8 feet. Leaves
green, much larger than the preceding, evenly and
broadly margined with gold. A very showy plant.

IMino.ipora pisifera ««;•«(.— Evergreen. Height,
0 feet. A .lunipor-like plant, of a golden hue.

Rhododendron ponlieum foliis a«;-ew.— Evergreen.
Ileiglil, i; feet. Leaves green, well edged with gold. A
briglit-liHikiiig and beautiful evergreen.

Td.rns Imceata aurea (tlio Golden Yew).— Evergreen.
Height, 20 foot. A very hardy and eflbctive gold-
coloured tree.

Thuja aurea (the Golden Arbor-vitse).— Evergreen,
llciglil, 1. feet. A dwarf compact golden-hued plant of
great bcatity.

Thuja orienlalis foliis aureis. — Evergreen. Ileiijht,
10 feet. Leaves green and gold in patches, very ellbctiye.

Castanea nesca variegata (the Variegated Spanish
Chestnut).— Deciduous. Height, 10 feet. Leaves
green, broadly margined with bright gold, very
beautiful in curly spring.

Fagus si/luatica foliis aureis (the Variegated Beech).
—Deciduous. Height, 20 feet. There are several
varieties of variegated Beech, the one much hand-
somer than the rest, the leaves distinctly edged with
bright gold.

FrarinusaucuhafoUa.— 'D&adLViOUS. Height, 30 feet.
Leaves green and marbled with gold, as in the Aucuba ;
very graceful.

Hibiscus syriacus foliis variegatis. — ■ Deciduous.
Height, 4feet. A beautiful dwarf shrub, well v.ariegated.

Ligustrum vulgare variegatuni (the Variegated com-
mon Privet). — Deciduous. Height, G feet. Leavesgreen,
regularly margined with bright gold, very effective.

Frunus Padus aucub^folius.—Deoiduous. Height,
2.") fji-t. Leaves green, distinctly spotted with yellow ;
a very interesting tree.

Quereus Cerris rariegata (the Variegated Turkey
Oak).— Deciduous. Height, 30 feet. Leaves green,
well margined with yellow. A distinct, handsome tree.

Sanibucus nigra foliis aureis (the Golden-leaved
Elder).— Deciduous. Height, 20 feet. Leaves green,
margined with gold.

Spircea opuUfolia luiea. — Deciduous. Height, 5 feet.
Leaves yellow. A most beautiful dwarf shrub in early
spring.

Sg inphoricarpos culgaris foliis aureis. — Deciduous.
Height, G feet. Leaves green, edged with gold. A very
pretty shrub.

Weigela rosea variegata. — Deciduous. Height, 4 feet.
Leaves green, well edged with gold. A beautiful plant.
William Paul^ PauVs Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS.-No. I.
In the selection of these plants for ornamental
purposes more care is required than is the case with
any other class. We take care that the Orchids, stove
plants, &c., introduced and cultivated, are of a high
character; or if not, they soon disappear from cultiva-
tion, but it is to me a source of wonder that while we
find persons going to great expense to build a glass box
wherein to preserve a little of the pretty vegetation of
New Holland and other warm climates, and which is of
necessity always in a condition less satisfactory than
vegetation flourishing in the free air, we may seek
in vain in their gardens for a group of the noble hardy
Lilies, for the vividly-coloured and beautiful early
spring flowers of northern and temperate climes, or for
any interesting and beautiful hardy vegetation. We
live in a country which is, on the whole, better
calculated for the successful culture of the most
beautiful vegetation of northern and temperate climes
than any on the face of the earth, and at present we take
as mucii advantage of it as if we lived iu one where,
from extremes of some sort, such vegetation could
not exist, and where extraordinary and expensive
artificial means were recpiisite for the enjoyment of a
That the natives of cool lati

which have not yet been attemiited iu British gardens
generally, are quite possible with them. Men have
built roi'kworks, and we have all seen the lamentable
result of their labours; but a naturally made rockwork
arising out of a British garden may, and has
been made as beautiful, if possible more so, than
the choicest bit of Alpine Gentian or Primula
ground ever seen, and that surely is a consuiiMnatiiin
worthy of our best efforts in l-liis direction. We may
have isolated beds of the noblest character, easily and
simply niade, and giving no I rouble or anxiety for years
aftor being once carefully planted ; we may add not a
little beauty to the bedding-out department proper by
the use of the more continuously blooming kinds, and
the many things among hardy plants useful as edgings,
&c., and in several other ways in which such subjects
have not yet been employed in British gardens. But
the subject does not need further discussion here; to
consider it fairly we should investigate the source or
the causes of beauty, value, and interest in a garden or
in auglit else. My present object is to select the very
best of the hardy plants comprised under the terms
herbaceous, alpines, and bulbs. Aware that our leading
flower gardeners are giving the subject newly awakened
attention, and that people generally are beginning to
take an i iterest in it, the papers will doubtless he
acceptable, aud I trust serviceable in saving us from the
wretchedly gawky and ill-weed-growing-apace masses of
rubbish that have disgraced the mixed border, and
ousted for a time many precious gems from our flower
gardens.

Nature does not draw any very .shaiT) line between
herbaceous and evergreen herbs, and I will not vainly
press her in the matter. With the truly herbaceous,
I shall include a few evergreen herbs like the larger
Iberises, Alyssums, &c., which are comparatively large
in size, vigorous and free to flower'.

The plants under discussion are calculated to do
more for our gardens than any others in existence.
They are loved and cultivated by the highest in
the land ; they may be grown with hardly any
expense, without much care beyond that bestowed by
the elements ; and are the chief or only ones which the
largest class of the garden community can well afl'ord
to enjoy. Jf. 21.

(To bs Continued.)

ARALIA PAPYRIFERA.

The Chinese Paper-plant, as this Aralia is commonly
called, is a plant of regal aspect, and may, I think,
be considered as the most strikingly beautiful of all
the fine foliage plants used for the decoration of the
sub-tropical garden. It has been used for several
years past in the public gardens of Paris, where it
attains such a degree of vigour and size of foliage, as
was never seen during the period it occupied a place
in our stoves. Though a native of the island of
Formosa, the stove is not its proper place. In such a
situation its leaves are always a rendezvous for
the mealy bug; and there it also lacks that
robustness of character which is /constantly observed
when it is grown in the sub-tropical garden,
in which its leaves are perfectly free from that
abominable pest of our stoves, and where moreover it
appears to revel in all its native luxuriance. In the
autumn of 18G1 I saw beds of this plant in the gardens
of Paris : they were of all sizes, from 3 feet to 8 or
9 feet high. In all cases they stood alone for beauty of
foliage and nobleness of aspect, the leaves often
measuring 1 foot G inches in diameter.

I was delighted last summer (despite the unfavourable
weather) to see these plants gi'owing in the sub-tropical
garden at Battersea Park, almost as vigorously as in the
Paris gardens ; and a few small plants turned out in the
Horticultural Society's Gardens at South Kensington,

little vegetable beauty.

tudes are of an inferior degree of beauty cannot bo , - . . , , • ^ -i • -
admitted. Travellers who love many aspects of vege- grew vigorously, and quite covered the bed with their
- . _ . . .^^ I ' he.althy leaves early in the autumn. It must be most

tation give the palm to that of the Swiss mountains,
believe, and certain it is that the finest Orchids of our
stoves do not surpass in beauty Lilies and Irises, that
are as easily grown as the common Seakale. The
only feasible reason that can possibly be urged against
the free use of hardy perennials, is that they do not
remain so long in flower as what are called bedding
plants. But it is a groundless objection, or if not,
why not apply it to the contents of the greenhouse and
stove ? There it would be sad to think that any one
aspect of vegetation'should obtain for months at a time,
and why should not the same taste be exercised in
some select spot in the open garden ?

The culture of the finest hardy perennials need
not interfere in the slightest degree with that of
bedding plants, or anything else— indeed, it would
enhance thebeauty of all ; and iu almost every garden there
is, goodness knows, an abundance of room for improve-
ment of this kind. To discuss this subject from the basis
of the " mixed border," is completely to beg the question,
and in any remarks which I have observed your corres-
pondents make about the matter, the old mixed border
seems to represent their ideal of hardy plant beauty.
To me it has a very diS'erent and a very much wider
and nobler aspect. I have been somewhat surprised
that they have spoken so encouragingly of the matter,
considering the point of view. During the past five
years I have sought after hardy plants of all kinds
unremittingly, and previous to that I bad seen a few
good old-fashioned mixed borders ; but at no time
have I ever seen anything in this way that displayed
a tithe of the beautiful plants which it might display,
or was in any way worthy of a beautiful garden.
Assuredly a well arranged mixed border would be one
of the most interesting things ever seen in a garden,
but to make it well would require a selection of plants
which very few priv&te gardens at present possess, and
more taste and knowledge of plants than any other
arrangement whatever. But it is not alone in that
way tbnt the plants under discussion may be made
availalile. t'omhinations of the utmost beauty, and

gratifying to all lovers of sub-tropical gardens to know
that this beautiful plant can be grown successfully in
this country.

Sir W. Hooker informs us in the " Journal of Botany"
that this Aralia was sent to Kew by Sir John
Bowring, then Governor of Hong-Kong, and that a
plant 5 feet high produced blossoms in December, 185.5,
but owing to the unfavourable season of the year the
flowers damped off, and did not develop fruit. Sir
John Bowring describes a plant in Hong-Kong^ as
being 7 feet high, with a circumference of terminal
branches of 20 feet, throwing out from 12 to 14 panicles
of flowers, drooping in magnificent plumes and in
regular form over its dark palmate leaves.

I am not aware that the plant produces its flowers in
the summer season in Europe. As soon, however, as
they are lifted in the autumn and placed in the houses
they throw up a number of flower-stems, but I fear,
from the unfavourable season of the year, that the
flowers rarely become developed. A greenhouse tem-
perature is all that is requisite during the winter
months ; indeed, the ))lants look much healthier in a
greenhouse than in the stove. It is readily increased by
cutting up the roots aud planting them in rich light soil
in heat ; the young shoots will also take root freely. The
plants should be strong and well hardened off before
turning out, and the soil in the bed should he of a light
and rich character. F.

Home Correspondence.

Ta.Todinm " distieha."—! have read with pleasure
the " Note; on Conifers " which have appeared in your
pages. It is interesting to know the relations of livme
plants to forms of vegetation which have long passed
away, though one is tempted to wish that the geological
record had been a little less imperfect. But is the
learned author of the "Notes" correct in writing
Taxodium distieha? Richard, the author of the name
Taxodiuiii. Endlicher, and Lindley all write Taxodium

238

THE GARDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 9, 1807.

disticlium. So does Loudoiij ia his "Encyclopajdia of
Trees and Slirubis." I can find no authority for T.
disticha, except in nursery catalogues, which in such a
matter have not much weight. I am disposed to think
that the grounds on which "A. M." has come to his
decision are worse than his mistake, as they not only
contradict the ordinary rules of grammar, but tend to
subvert the whole nomenclature of botany. The
Linnean terminology, it is well known, is based on the
principle that the generic names are nouns substantive,
and the specific names are adjectives, agreeing with
the former in gender, number, and case. In a few
instances both names are substantives in apposition, such
as Datura Stramonium, and Viburnum Opulus, when
each retains its original gender. This is not the place
to discuss the theory of Latin genders, but I may
remark that though the genders apparently follow
certain terminations, they seldom ^ do so without
e.Kception, and that the whole affair is under the
regulation of usage. Nouns in -uin, whether names of
trees or other things, are invariably neuter; and this
is precisely the rule which "A. M." proposes to violate.
Nouns in -vs are mostly masculine, but not always,
even in common names. The names of trees in -us
are feminine, with a few exceptions; and this rule, as
well as its exceptions, Linnaeus, who was a better
classic than most botanists are now, very carefully
observed. "A. M." is rather unfortunate when he
says, " Pinus is not feminine, and yet all the specific
names are put in the feminine gender. So with
(,>uercus, and so with all trees." In classical Latin
these two names are invariably qualified by feminine
adjectives. Thus Horace, in the 14th Ode of the First
Book, says :

Quamvis Pontica pinus
Silvse filia nobilis.

Ag.ain, in the 12ih Ode of the same book :
Blandum et auritas fidibua canoris
Ducere quercus.

Besides other instances in Horace, I could cite at least
a score from Virgil to the same eflijct. It may be that
this usage was originally determined by the gender of
tlie common name arbo:- ; but that does not account
for the exceptions— for example, Ehamnus is always
masculine; Cytisus, Eubus, are mostly masculine;
Lotus is masculine or feminine according to the plant
it denotes, for in ancient authors it stood for three or
four. If the gender of arbor is to rule the names of all
trees, by a parity of reasoning the gender of plaiifa
would rule the names of all plants, of whatever
description. Or looking at subordinate divisions, as
Frutex, Museus, Lichen, Fungus are all masculine, the
specific names would be masculine too. This would
introduce a confusion which no scholar ivould endure
for a moment. We are bound, I think, to follow
classical usa"e when we can find it; and in other cases
to be guided by the analogy of the terminatious. It
must be admitted that in constructing new names
botanists have iud ulged in curious freaks. Thus, the
Greek antJws, a flower, is neuter; yet wo have the
following compounds : Helianthus and Lisianthus,
masculine ; Calanthe and Uhodanthe, feminine ;
Doryanthes and Zephyranthes, also feminine; and
Helianthemum and Chrysanthemum neuter. This
is a diversity which might match the riddle of the
Sphinx herself. At the same time it is evident that
our only safety is in adhering to the gender of the
generic names, however capriciously formed. Fixed
names, if at all correct, are of great importance in
systematic botany, and they should never be changed,
except for valid, or rather urgent, botanical reasons.
Without doubt they are attended with difficulties to
those who have not had a classical education. In my
youth gardeners used to swear by the"HortusK6wensis"
( rise catalogue) or Bonn's " Hortus Cantabrigiensis."
Sweet's and Loudon's Catalogues, the latter i)articu-
larlj', were extremely useful. IJnfortuaateI.y, the
last Sumlement of Loudon's book is dated March.
1839. Who will bring it up to the present day, or
give us something better ? J. S. IE.

Hoses and the Frost.— I am glad to find by Mr.
Rivers' letter (see p. 210) that all Rose-growers have
not suffered so severely as I have done, and that he has
escaped with so little injury as to experience difliculty
in finding a single dead tree amongst some thousands
(? standards). I simply gave the lists of sound,
disabled, and killed varieties in order to show the
results here of a test of 23' of frost, wdiich happily does
not often occur, and in the hope of obtaining through
the same source the experience of others; at the
same time I wished to remind amateurs, ami dealers
also, that all Roses, especially Hybrid Perpctuals, arc
not alike hardy here, if indeed they are in the
extremely flivourable soil and climate of Hertford-
shire. Mr. Rivers charges me with enthusiasm, and
to this I must plead guilty; but surely Mr. R. will
not maintain that such H. P. Roses as Anna de
Diesbach, Mdlle. Bonnaire, Ljclia, Souvenir de la
Reine d'Augleterrre, and Le Rhone, are even in Hert-
fordshire or elsewhere under ordinary circumstances
equally hardy as standards with La Ville de St. Denis,
Triomphe de Paris, John Hopper, Rev. H. Dombrain
and (to my discredit, I ought not to have omitted him)
Reynolds Hole ; and that Cloth of Gold aud Devo-
nieusis or Rubens arc as hardy as Marechal Niel,
Gloire de Dijon, or others in my No. 1 list ? Mr'
Rivers wrongly assumes that my Roses had started
into growth, and thereon founds his reasons for my
losses ; although at the same time last year such was
the case, this year not a bud had started, the old foliage
being to a considerable degree still persistent. The real
cause seems to be that the wood, from too much mois-
ture and shade, owing to a comparative want of sun-
light last year, coupled with a want of free exposure,
was overcharged with sap which had not yet descended.
I am confirmed in this opinion from the old wood
being much injured. I see also that shoots of the

common Briar in the hedgerows in this neighbour-
hood are much discoloured, and from examination of
the pith they seem to have suffered in a similar
manner. Conifers and evergreens are also a good deal
injured here, and although Belvoir lies probably within
a radius of 20 miles of u.s, it has the advantage
of a much more exposed and elevated situation.
Such a position is doubtless much more eligible for the
ripening of the wood of Roses and shrubs, their best
protection against frost. I trust my brother Rose-
growers who are more advantageously situated than I
am, will not be unnecessarily alarmed by what has
taken place here, and that none will discard many of
the beautiful yet tender moderate-growing varieties in
Lists Nos. 2 and 3, some of which are worth any amount
of care aud protection. I never intended this, but
urged discrimination ; whether, however, your readers
take robust growth, powers of endurance against frost,
or other qualifications as the test in selecting, must
depend upon their tastes, the situations, or the purposes
for which their Roses are required. I should not like,
under auy circumstances, to part from such friends as
Senateur Vaisse, Beauty of Waltham, Madlle. Bonnaire,
Anna de Diesbach, Madlle. Furtado, and many others
inmyListsNos.2and.3,w'nichuudoiibledlyincludesome
of the most beautiful Roses known. I would ask my
brother growers, under ordinary circumstances, if
they value such Roses, to make a distinction between
them and others in No. 1. There are many in Lists 3
and 3 still remaining in the nurserymen's catalagues,
which the frost will induce me not to replace— but
every one to his taste. Thomas Laxfon, Stamford. In
p. 210, by a misprint, Mr. Laxton's garden is described
as having a " northern" exposure. It should be
southern. I have omitted to say, that in 1855 we had,
in February, only 21' of frost, yet Roses suffered here
to as great an extent as described by Mr. Laxton. T. S.

The Mole. — Not only has the mole been recently
vindicated by his learned champion. Dr. Gloger, of
Berlin, from the imputation of many injurious
practices, the blame of which lies at others' doors, but
the same observant naturalist gives us a list of the
mole's good qualities, long enough, one would think, to
secure him from further persecution. Besides waging
constant war with rats and mice, whom he has been
falsely accused of aiding and abetting, ho gives a home
to their deadliest enemy, the weasel, and to his own
nearest relation, the shrew-mouse, together with other
useful little beings who are in need of a lodging, but
unable to prepare one for themselves. Amongst these
are the ants, which destroy large numbers of young
caterpillars of the green-fly, and other mischievous
insects. A forsaken "mole's rim," adapted according
to their wants, is well known to be their favourite
dwelling. Biit especially is this the case, and necessarily
so, with the humble-bee, that chief instrument in the
fertilisation of the Red Clover, Peas, Beans, &c. To
labour in behalf of the humble-bee, by furnishing it
with a fit dwelling, is undoubtedly one of the tasks and
special offices of the mole in the economy of Nature,
amongst whose all-wise contrivances one of the mjsL
marvellous is, that an animal whilst working for itself
frequently works at the same time for others, and of
different kinds. The mole, as said above, does this for the
humble-bee, which in a flat country could hardly exist
without him and his earth-works; for it has scarcely
any power of digging holes for itself, and though it
often lives in the crevices of rocks and in stone fences
(dykes ?), neither of these is often to be met with in a
Hat country. Nor does the humble-bee find them
nearly so comfortable or so nicely arranged as the
dwellings of the mole, with their delightful suites of
apartments, cushioned and padded with dry roots, or
little bits of strasv and Moss ; besides which, in the
absence of rocks and stone fences,nootherlodgingaffords
the same needful protection. A phenomenon is thus
accounted for which has puzzled many a continental
agriculturist, namely, that in some localities the Red
Clover ordinarily produces a great quantity of seed,
w'nilst in others it habitually produces very little. In cer-
tain districts it now produces so much less than it
formerly did, that it is found the best plan, instead of
lettingthecropstandforseed, to purchase seed elsewhere.
In flat tracts of land, where the mole has been constantly
trapped, and every bush on every bank destroyed, it
succeeds but indifferently. Dr. Gloger, who is writing
for Germans, repeatedly recommends the English
fashion of hedges, and of a solitary tree here and there
in the fields, chiefly as affording shelter to the farmer's
best friends, the small birds. In some parts of England,
however, hedges are beginning to disappear, so that
slugs and caterpillars are likely to have a happy time
of it. In consequence of the practice of trapping moles
but few eyea of the moss-humble-bees can exist in
such localities, since they make nests amongst the
bushes for themselves on the earth. Whilst on the
contrary, in districts where there has been no mole-
trapping, aud which have escaped this odious " clear-
ing" process, the Red Clover seeds well enough, and
often very well in favourable seasons, the same as in
hilly and mountainous districts where the fields are
enclosed within stone fences. For, be it reriembered,
that each humble-bee in her search for honey and
pollen, fertilises in one long summer day several
thousands of Clover blossoms; and if there is no
Clover, she does the same for other and still more
important crops, which at least are more indispensable
to the human race. -E'. M. C.

Jiemar/cs on Forcing the Sfrawherri/. — In substantia-
tion of the excellent plan of forcing Strawberries
adopted and described by Mr. Miller in your columns
(see p. 208), allow me to remark that the self-same
method has been practised by my father, who is
gardener to Sir G. R. Phillips, Bart., Weston House,
Warwickshire, with uniform success for several years
past, and latterly by myself. I may add that, in addi-
tion to soot or lime, mixed with the leaves or other
fermenting material, with a view to the extermination

of worms, &c., I have found a layer of sand or coal
ashes, an inch or two thick, strewn in the trench, for
the reception of the pots, prove thoroughly effective
in the exclusion of worms. For later crops, satisfac-
tory results may be obtained by allowing the
plants to remain in the plunging material
until the fruit is ripe, thus lessening a vast
amount of watering, and affording a more
continued and genial temperature to the roots than
when removed to the bare shelves, &c., in Vineries or
other convenient structures. With reference to the
shelf system, I have found it an excellent plan to^
employ sparred shelves, with their outer edges turned
up, say from 2 to 3 inches, so as to form, as it were; a
long box, to contain a layer of fresh horse-droppiugs,
on which to set the pots ; the interstices between the
spars ensure ample drainage, and the ammoniacal
fumes evolved by the droppings afford a supply of food
evidently much relished by the leaves of the plants ;
this mode I consider far preferable to the use of turf or
pans. I have, h jwever, lately adopted the system of
using pans half filled with coarse sand, by which
means the bottom of the pot can be kept constantly
moist, and without undue saturation of the roots.
This mode is, I conceive, merely a slight modification
of that adopted by Mr. Ingram, of Balvoir Castle,,
which was described and figured in one of your lasl;
year's numbers (see p. 1116). In conclusion, I may add
that I entertain a high opinion of Mr. Ingrain's
ingeniously constructed pans, aud will venture to
predict that, were some enterprising manufacturer
induced to turn his attention to them, they would
command a ready sale. W. Gardiner, Eatington Parh,.
Stratford-on-Avon.

Growth of the Cedar of Lebanon. — Having frequentlj*
seen in your pages particulars of remarkable trees, I
send you some admeasurements of a Cedar of Lebanon
on my lawn, which tends to show that a common
impression that this beautiful tree is of slow growth is
not well founded. It was planted about 4 feet in
height in the autumn of 1828, as a supernumeraiy,
where it was not intended to remain permanently in
that which I considered indifferent soil. It grew so-
handsomely that it was suEfered to remain. The
following are its dimensions after the lapse of less than
40 years. The circumference of the stem at 2 feet from
the ground is 9 feet. The height, 48 feet. The branches
cover an extent of 48 feet 6 inches. I accompany this
by a photograph, by which it will be seen that the
extent of the growth is uniform throughout. Charle.i
Lawrence, Cirencester, [The photograph shows a very
symmetrically-grown, well-furnished tree. Eds.]

Eadialion of Meat.— One word in reply to " .Quercus"
(see p. 211) upon this subject. The answer to his
question is, that, in the experiments quoted from Mr.
Glaisher, radiation was not intercepted at all. Air does
not radiate heat, nor is its temperature affected bj""
rays ^ of heat passing through it. In the case under
consideration, the radiating body, i. e., the ground, or
the Grass, lost heat, and became cold ; while the air in
contact _with the refrigerated Grass was cooled by
conduction; a process altogether different from radia-
tion. " The interception of radiation," when it takes
place, preserves heat, aud does not produce cold. A
tree will radiate and lose its heat in the same manner
as Grass, in proportion to its free exposure to the sky ;
^vhile the ground under the tree and the lower and
interior branches will be comparatively warm and
uniujured, the reverse of what is imagined to be the
case by " Quercus," who is evidently misled by the term
" radiating power," professed to be quoted from Mr.
Glaisher. If he will read instead, " refrigerating
power of the Grass surface," there will be an end of
his difficulty. An Amateur, Clapham ParJc.

Sea-coast Vegetation. — Several of us amateur gar-
deners living near the sea on this north-east coast, will
feel greatly obliged if any of your correspondents will
favour us with a list of ornamental trees, shrubs, and
flowc.s most suitable to the district. TF. R. S., West
Sartlepool.

Colourless Fern. — A friend of mine had a silver
Fern in a pot under a glass, which last year died. The
pot was left in the room unnoticed for some weeks.
When the owner was about to throw it away, he found
that a dead-looking bit of the stalk of a frond, about
half an inch in length, was sticking to the side of the
glass, and from it was be.^ianing to grow out, adhering
to the glass, a frond, which has gone on increasing to a
good large size. This frond is perfectly colourless —
more resembling the skeleton of a frond than anything
else. The piece of stem from which it has grown has
not put out the slightest root. What is the solution
of this mystery ? S. Andrews. [We cannot solve the
mystery from your description. Eds.]

Libocedrus decurrens : Propagation. — With regard to
Thuja gigantea of gardens, or Libocedrus decurrens
(see p. 184), I have rooted upwards of 100, but I con-
sider it a " slow coach," and by grafting it upon Biota
orientalis, or Chinese Arbor- vitac, I have plants in one-
third of the time. I consider Thuja Lobbii and Thuja
Menziesii to be the same plant, and one very easily
rooted from cuttings. I have had cuttings of Thuja
gigantea in the propagating bed for upwards of a year,
and with a callus as large as a hen's egg before
rooting. J. G.

The Weather in Yorkshire.— In this part of: York-
shire we have had some very severe frost during the
last week. On Tuesday morning, the 26th of February,
one of Negretti & Zambra's proved thermometers
indicated 13' of fro.t; Wednesday, 16°; Thursday,
14°; Friday, 15°; Saturday, 14'; Sunday, 1S=, with
bright sunshine during the day. The land is, however,
very dry, and therefore little injury has been done to
fruit trees, although the fine mild weather of the pre-
vious fortnight had brought the buds to nearly the
bursting point. One large Apricot tree is nearly in full
bloom, and had to be protected. Crocuses in flower
have been spoiled. Polyanthuses in beauty in the

MakciI '.I, 1SG7.J

THE r.AnBEN^S' rni?ONlCr,E AKT) AOnTClIT.TTl'RAT; GAZETTE,

2;jo

open \mU Ii.tvo snil'orod considerably. Tlio fall of vain
in llio lirst two weeks of February was one inch and a
half; sincn then wo have had no rain, so that Hya-
cinths and Tiiliiis, just coniiiib' np, have not snllcrod.
I agree with Mr. Ingram (see p. 21(1) that it miKht
bo reasonable to allow a depression of one degree o(
tomporatnro for every degree of north latitude on the
averat!0 of the year, but not on one night's frost, the
extreme .severity of which is generally local, and
depends a good deal on the lowness of situation and
contiguity to large (iiiautities of fresh water. I nave
known tlie temperature vary several degrecson the same
level within a very short distance. Tlie garden lier(> ish.alf
surrounded with lakes; consequently the trnipcralnro
is lower than in any other part of the neib'hl>"urhood,
excepting the valley of the river Swale, where it often
falls froni four to six degrees lower than that with us.
In 18G0 tho thermometer here fell to 12° below zero,
while at Scruton, a distance of six miles north of this
place, it fell to over 1.3' below zero. At Firby, a dis-
tance of one mile north of us, evergreens and other
trees were not injured. At Watlass, a place two miles
west of this, and a little higher than we are, evergreens
and trees escaped unhurt, and the thermometer did
not fall so low at the two last-named places by sever.al
degrees. Mr. Ingram will at once see by this state-
ment that his argument of an equable depression of
temperature northwards does not hold good, and pro-
bably nearer tho river Swale the degree ol cold was
much greater than at Scruton for on passing there
in the following summer, I found several fine
young Oaks dead, and scores nearly leafless, appa-
rently p.ast recovery. The havoe made here by the
frost of 18G0 can never bo recovered. I took down in
the past week the last Walnut tree wo had left ; one
was killed entirely at the time, others were so injured
thnt they have died one after another, until tho last is
now gone; six line Quince trees were killed, old
Portugal Laurels, with stems 2 feet in diameter ;
Hollies and Conifers by scores shared the same fate.
All this loss occurred within two miles of a place where
evergreens were not even browned. I am glad to see
that Mr. Ingram has brought under notice Mr.Thomp.
son's claims to apubliotestimonial. Having spent more
than three years in the Gardens at Chiswick, I can
speak as to his great kindness and readiness to impart
information to all who require advice. I shall, there-
fore, be glad to hear of some recognition of his services
by the public generally. I shall be ready to follow
Mr. Ingram's ex.ample, and will add my mite. William
Culvenodly Thorpe Perrow.

^OCtttt'CS.

RoVAL TTortkultuiial: March i> (Siieiitiflc Mreting). — Sir
Philip do Malpns Grey Eiitcrtoii, Bart.., M. P., F.R.S., in the Chair.
After tho election of 13 new Fellowa, and the affiliation of
two Societies, tho awarda of tho Floral and Fruit Committees
were iinnovniced. The Rov. M, J. Berkeley then offered a few
remarks on the different subjects exhibited. A white-flowered
plant shown at tho last meeting by Mr. Earley, of Digswoll,
and supposed to be a species of Bryonia, wns now stated to
be the Trichosanthos cucumerina, an Asiatic climbing plant
of considerable beauty. A collection of Cyclamens from
Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son receired especial notice, not
only on account of their great beauty, but also because of
one of them producing both roso-toloured and white blossoms
fiom the same bulb, tho former approaching the peraicuni,
tho latter the Coura tj'po. Skimmia obLata, from Mr. Standish,
formerly produced hermaphrodite flowers, and an abundant
crop of berries, which latter had yielded plants, of which
about one-half wore females approaching near to tho mother
plant, tho floweriS of which had latterly borne less perfectly
developed stamens, and tho other half wero exactly like
S. fragrantissimji, of which only tho male bad been known,
thys confirming a growmg conviction thnt S. oblata and
8. fragrantiasima were tho two sexes of one dueclous species.
A Euphovbiaceoua plant, from Mr. Bull, named Dalechampia
Roezliana rosea, of which a notice is given in another
column, received a First-class Certificate. Like some
other plants belonging to the same family, aa Poinsettia
puleherrima, tho beauty of this new introduction to our
gardens consists in its bracts, which in this case consist
of two rather large ovate bright rosy organs, which protect
the blossoms, the most conspicuous parts of which are confused
trusses of abortive stamens, constituting bright yellow spongy
masses. It comes from Vera Cruz, one of the hottest districts
of Mexico, and will therefore require stovo treatment in this
country. Tho Herb Patience (Rumex Patientia) was shown by
Mr. Earley as a new kind of Spinach, for which it has long
been used on the Continent, as well as in some parts of
England, and it was stated to make a tolerable substitute for
that esculent. It was originally employed on tho Continent
as a medicine, and it was stated to have received the name of
Patience from tho long time which those who partook of
it had to wait before any good effect was produced by it,
A m'lgnificent head of flowers of Brownea grandiceps was
shown from the garden of Sir Hugh WilUams at Bodelwyddan.
Tho tree which produced it was stated to be of consider-
able age and of large size, so much so indeed that the
house in which it is growing has had to be enlarged once
or twice, in order to give it sufficient room. It has long
pinnate leaves with about 1:3 pairs of leaflets, and axillary
or terminal bright crimson flower-heads 6 or 8 inches in
diameter. The flowers are very numerous, and are arranged
in tiers, aa it were, round a conical axis, the outer ones
expanding first. This species is a native of Venezuela, where
it is called Rosa del Monte or Palo de Crux, and was intro-
duced into this covmtry some 40 years ago. It is nearly
related to Amherstia and Jonesia, and besides flowering with
Sir Hugh Williams has also blossomed at Chatsworth,
Glasnevin, and other places, in which for its great beauty it
has been much admired. A dish of Apples was shown by Mr.
Lee, of Cliveden, consisting of Orange Pearmain, but among
them was a variety from the same tree thickly russeted all
over, and altogether different from the kind just named. This
was imagined to be produced by cell grafting analogous to that
which is supposed to happen in the case of the common yellow
Laburnum and Cytisus jiurpureus producing C. Adami ; and
it was thought that it might bo interesting to determine on
what stock the tree was grafted. In reference to Grapes, Mr.
Arthur Trollope, of Lincoln, had, it was stated, thrown out the
suggestion that it wovdd be a step in the right direction
if a raeo of Grapes without seeds could be raised,
and he thought this might bo effected by crossing
the Sultana with tho Monukka. As the Sultana is however
somewhat unpopular, Mr. Berkeley thought it would be better
lo cross the Monukka with the Black Hamburgh. If seedless
Grapes could be raised in this way, they would, it waa con-

wldorod, be an ini)>ruv.imimt on cxiHting kinds, as tho onorgioB
"f tho Vino, now expended in a great incasuro on tho jirudue
ti.ni nf MccdH, would bo applied to tho formation of pulp, and
tints rinor fruit would bo tlio result.

Maji>r Trevor Clarko said that Mr. Borkolcy's rcmarUw
rrMpccting that parodo.\ical plant Cytisus Adamt recalled tn
IiLh reciullcctiMn tUu fact that ho had oncu an example of it on
a cdinnion I_,aburuuni, and that not only tho l.attor and
('. purpurcum produced scods. Ijut -.ilm tho intermediito form
in seasons In which tho latter ripened seeds, however, ho
romarkocl that the flowor-stalks were what botanists term
persistent, that they kept green during winter, and that from
ovory place from which a blossom had fallen a shoot was pro-
duced wliich in all cascn proved to belong to Cytisus pur-
purcus. At tho last meeting of the Society, he .said, he had
occa.sion to mention tho hardy character of Dyckia rariflora,
a plant belonging to a family perhaps one of tho last wo
should look to for such a tendency, tho Bromcliads being
tropical or semi-tropical plants, but it was certainly hardy in a
warm place. He now produced another member of the same
class which had stood one winter covered only with a handful
of Moss. And more than this, it flowered vigorously in tho
succeeding summer. In the spring following the next or
second winter, tho main stem or crown was found to have
perished ; but a small sucker remained alive, and did in fact
grow on healthily till destroyed by accident. He was not
quite certain of the name of the plant, but ho thought it
belonged to the sceti-m of Bromotiads called Puya. Another
of them, and a very fine one, P. Altenstcinii, grew freely with
him in tho open air during the summer. Then bo had
another, quite a little pot, bnt ho was not sure of tho hardi-
ness of this member of tho family; and he next produced
another specimen of tho same plant which had been wintered
Jn tho greenhouse, and which was consequently dormant, but
it would flower by-and-by in tho warm summer time even in
the greenhouse or conservatory. Two other Bronieliads,
Bilbergia purpurea and an old zebra-striped plant of which
ho had forgotten tho name, served to make up a little
collection of interesting tropical plants grown in common Moss
—three of them at .least greenhouse plants as to habit, two
hardy under careful treatment, and all thrivhig in glass cases
kept in a sitting-room. Uo had also brought with him a cut
spike of an old African phint, Antholyza pra^alta, a most
l)icturc:M'iue plant, but rarely seen in flower. Unfortunately
its hsliit nf b<.xdiiMinff to grow at the end of tho year and pro-
duciiii; its hi U.S. >ii .Ills in early spring, added to a total mability
to stand a few degrees of frost, will always be against its culti-
vation in the open air, except in the south of England or in
very favourable spots near the seaside. He well remembered
the fine effect of some patches of it in the garden of the Chiaya,
at Naples, on one fine February sunset. The ne.xt morning
every plant was killed by frost. He mentioned this because
every now and then tho Antholyzas cropped out in the
catalogues as plants cultivable out of doors.

Mr. Bateman directed attention to a dish of Grapes that
wero sho^vn by his gardener from Kuypersley. They consisted
of a variety called Ahbce, introduced by Col. Sykes from tho
Deccan, to the Society some years ago, and by that body dis-
tributed to its members. Though somewhat shrivelled they
were still in good condition, and they were stated to be superior
in keeping and juicy qualities to both Lady Downes' Seed-
ling and the Barbarossa [Gros Guillaume], while as regards
beauty of appearance it had no equal among Grapes. He had
often admired the lovely tints of such fruits in old Dutch
and German paintings ; but he had never seen anything at all
equalling them in subjects under cultivation until this
variety of Grape had come under his notice. With tho excep-
tion of Muscats, magnificent ex.amples of which were shown
about this time last year by Mr. Kelk's gardener, Mr. Tillyard,
he knew of no Grape so good as the Ahbee at thisseasun. He
therefore recommended that it should be largely propagated
in the Garden at Chiswick for redistribution. He was
gratified to find that Major Ciarko had taken an interest
in what Mr. Berkeley had said In reference to cell grafting.
This was as it should be ; for some time past the discussion at
these meetings had been too much confined to what he termed a
duet between himself and Mr. Berkeley ; but he was anxious
that all— even ladies— should take part in the proceedings at
these meetings, and thereby advance their utility. Tho tran-
sition from Bromehads, to which Major Clarke had alhided,
to Orchids was easy, for tliey always grew together on tho
trunks of tropical trees. Among the latter was furnished a
cut spike of the white variety of Epidendnim macrochilum,
flowered in a Pino stove by Jtr. Warren, gr. to T. J.
Levctt, Esq., Wychnor Park, Bui-ton-on-Tront. Though
now-a days it Is foimd that most Orchids may be grown
with much less heat than furmcrly was considered necos-
saiy for them, and for which the East India house, though suffi-
ciently hot, is too damp ; yet there are still a few Salamanders
among them, and this plant, coming as it does from tho
Caraccas, is one of them. All know how difficult it is
to cultivate Orchids successfully along with Pine-apples, yet
g. Pine stove is just the place for such a warmth-loving plant
as this. Who, for instance, can grow Broughtonia sanguinea
well?— yet in tho dry warmth of a Pine stove it might perhaps
be induced to succeed. Novelties, with the exception of a new
Lycasto from Mr. Wright, of Gravelly Hill, Birmingham, and
Laelia Pilcheri, the latter one of Mr. Dominy'a hybrids, were
not plentiful. Of Dendrobium luteolum, from Mr. Bateman's
garden, it was remarked it was only beginning to fight its way
into notice, and next year he hoped to be able to exhibit it
with a dozen spikes In a pot. Mr. Bull's Cypripediums
wero then referred to, and nothing, Mr. Bateman said,
would please him better than to see 10 or 20 species
aho\vn at the same time, for there wero as many as
a score of species already in this country. Of Odonto-
glossum Alexandrte, of which two or three small plants
came from Mr. Bull, it waa remarked that it ia ono of
the easiest of Orchids to flower. Ccelogyne crista-ta, from
Messrs. Veitch &, Sons, was a most meritorious example of good
cultivation, being quite a cascade of white andgold flowers. As
regards cultivation, it only required to be kept healthy at all
times, and cool when not gi-owing, to induce it to flower
well. Another beautiful Orchid of the same class, and
requiring similar treatment, was Cymbidium eburneum,
which had the merit of continuing long in beauty. Messrs.
Veitch had also a remarkable spike of the golden-flowered
Dendrobium Farmeri, and one or two good Cattleyas - among
them Cattleya Trianjei, a name which, as stated at the last
fortnightly meeting, could not be retained. One other of
Messrs. Veitch's plants was the lovely and sweet-scented Tri-
ehopilia suavis, to which a painful association was attached,
for it had been sent to this country by Von Warscewicz,
to whom wo are also indebted for TrichopUia coccinea
and other Orchids. After noticing the fact of Warscewiez's
death following so soon after that of his friend and ally,
Mr. Skinner, ^^r. Bateman said that although Warscewicz had
travelled over a great portion of New Grenada, Quito, and Peru,
he had scarcely left us more than half a dozen Orchids ; not
because he was not indefatigable, but owing to our ignorance
of how to treat those which he sent home, most of which
required cooler treatment than that which had been afforded
thorn, and consequently they wore lost. There was one other
plant which must bo mentioned, tho lovely PhalMuopsis
Schilleriana, exhibited by Mr. Cooper, after whom had been
named at tho last meeting Epidendnim Cooperianum.
Flowers of tho Phahienopsls had never before been seen so
large or ao beautiful as these wero.
I Tho next subject to which allusion was made waa Mr.

HuIlett'H "New Food." Mr. llulk-tt had written to nay that
ho tliought it cruel of Mr. iiatonum to sjiy what lie hsid
lionu at Ilio tuMt meeting rcHpecting this food, leading-
pcuj.lc to ioiaglno that tho seed ho nont out was only that of
I lolcuN HaccharatuB. Ho sent tho black seed to no one
nvnpt to fthow thti difference between It and tho true
IhiiigfMi.rghum tartaricurn), which has white seed, and this
Iio sent to over 10,000 applicants; tho rcMiduo had a variety
with lirown seed, which is even hardier than tho whito,
both were grown by him at Waterloo hiHt year, and
Itoth wore perfectly hardy, which tho other (with black
sued) ia not. "So much for Mr. llullett's statement,"
said Mr. Batem.m; "now for my defence. In the only
two collections that I had the ojiportunity of cxamlnlngf
(those sont to tho Royal Horticultural Society, and to
mysclO in which all tho three varictioK (white, brown,
and black) wero included, not a hint was given which
was tho tnio Simon Pure. I was, therefore, obliged to find
th.'it out for myself, and my only chanco was to go ti> the seed-
shops ; and at half a dozen around Covent Garden I asked for
tho Chinese Sugar Grass, and in eveiy case a packet of the
black seed was handed to me." Mr. Bateman therefore con-
cluded that tho black seed was the right sort, instead of which
tho whito or tho brown ought, Mr. H. now says, to have
been selected. So much for the colour question ; now for the
question of names. As Mr. Hullett in bis letter to the Time*
joined tho " Chincso Sugar Grass" with Sorghum tartaricurn,
it was natural to infer, according to botanical usage, tlmt
Sorghum tartariciim was but another name for tho Chinese
Sugar Grass, a well-known X'hint in this country, which Mr.
Uullett'a S. tartaricurn certainly was not. But if S. tartari-
curn was not tho Chincso Sugar Grass, why did Mr. H. in his
Tiinti letter load us to infer that it was V And if not that,
what waa it? Whence did ho get tho name (S. tartaricurn")?
Who gave it tho name? Ho (Mr. Bateman) had spent severil
hours lately at tho Linnean Society's Library, and with the
assistance of Mr. Kippist, had tried to discover some traco of
S. tartaricvim, but all to no purpose. Neither among tho
Holcuses, nor tho Sorghums, nor tho Andropogons, a genus
in which tho former are sometimes included, was there any
tartaricum to bo found, so that if any Tartar was to bo
caught, Mr. Hullett must catch him himself.

With regard to tho Sorghum, Mr. Bateman had collected the
following information. Mr. Fortune stated that at one time
the French wero very hopeful it might turn out a substitute
for tho Sugar-cano, and tried it extensively in the south of
France, but it falied. It might be useful as a fodder for
cattle, but it requires a climate like that of Tien-tsin or Pekin,
and where Rice would not grow, its place was taken by tall
kinds of Sorghum, some aa much as 12 or \r> feet high. It
was from the long stout stubble of this Grass that our cavalry
horses in the late Chinese war suffered so severely. Mr.
Thompson remembered it many years ago in the Society's
garden, and about an acre of it was grown near Chiswick by Mr
Jessop, and who had it cut for cattio in pieces a foot long. Mr.
Bateman also quoted'Dr. Roxburgh as to the uses the Uolcus
or Sorcrhum is put to, as well as Dr. Royle, who says that hi*
differout kinds of Sorghum (called durra by the natives).
Great or Indian Millet, is an important bmnch of IndLan
tivation. The species most commonly grown were S. vultfaro
and S. bicolor ; but in another list all were classed together^
viz., S. album, rubens, nigrum, nigricans, and nigerrimum.
Ho had also examined the speeimeus in the possession of the
Linnean Society, arranged by Dr. Wallich, and which formed
part of tho East Indian herbarium, and all were treated aa
mere varieties of tho s.ame species. These, with their black,
brown, and whito seeds, were then exhibited to the meeting.
Mr. Bateman concluded by expressing a hope that Mr. Hul-
lett, who seemed now to be in a cooimunicative mood, would
tell the Society, and it was the third time of asking,
where Pasaiflora HuUettii (fruit of which had been pronounced
superior to the Pine-apple) had fruited; where and when the
Durion had been fruited ; and where and when the Mango-
steens and Mangos, which according to his own account he
cut in dozens and sold at 2«. Gd. a-picco, had been produced.
Until these questions had been satisfactorily answered he
would recommend people to be cautious how they meddled
with Mr. HuUett's "New Food."

Major Clarko remarked that ho had known Sorghum sac-
charatum grown as food for cattle, and that there wore
several black-seeded Sorghums which were not S. saccharatum,
one of which was grown in Italy aa food for chickens.

Dr. Masters asked Major Clarko if he had succeeded in
raising seeds from all three forms of Cytisus Adami ?

Major Clarke said he had saved three packets of seeds from
the three different forms of Cytisua ; that he had sent them to
Dr. Lindley, who had given them to Mr. Gordon ; and that the
seeds of the Cytisus Adami, or "hybrid portion," had pro-
duced yellow blossoms like tho Laburnum. He thought, how-
ever, that some amount of confusion had crept mto the
experiment.

Sir Philip Egerton remarked that these fortnightly meetings
constituted the very heart's blood of the Society ; he was glad
to see thorn so well attended, and he hoped that Mr. Bateman's
invitation, as regards discussion, would be productive of good
results. He then invited Mr. Murray to make a few observa-
tions on somo Conifora) that were exhibited in the form of
cut branches : and :ifter Mr. Murray had noticed two or three
specimens, tho names of which were doubtful, Mr. Bateman
announced that Dr. Ma.sters would give a few elementary
lectures on Botany, beglnnmg on the last Saturday in March.
The meeting then adjourned to Tuesday, tho 19th of March.
March 5 (Floral Coiiimittee).—The supply of Orchids on this
occasion was again excellent, and there wero also many other
' interesting planta, among which some wonderfully fine speci-
mens of large-ftowering Mignonette were exhibited by the
Rev. G. Cheere, Papworth Hall, St. Ives. These consisted of
single plants in 48-pota, literally masses of bloom. The seeds,
we understand, were sown last August, and a httle bone-dxist
was mixed with the soil at the time of potting. They were
sown in pans, the seedlings being potted off into thumb-pota,
and then transferred to 5-Inch pots. A Special Cei-tificate
was deservedly awarded for them, and the same award was
given for some fine specimens of Anne Boleyn Pink from the
same gentleman. Messrs. Veitch received a First-class
Certificate for Lielia Pilcheri, a beautiful hybrid, already
refened to ; also Special Certificates for Cymbidium ebur-
neum, Coilogyne cristata, and for a general collection of
choice ami rare plants, among which were Achyranthes
Verschaffeltii aureo-retieulata. Camellia Stoiyi, and others.
For three beautiful specimens of Phalaenopsis Schilleriana, with
unusually large flowers, Mr. Paiks, gr. to G. Cooper, Esq.,
Old Kent Road, received a Special Certificate, and the
Committee also recommended them to the Council for the
Lindley medal. Mr. Bull contributed largely to the exhibition,
and among his productions was the Dalechampia Rcezliana
rosea, noticed in another column, whose rose-coloured-floral
leaves remain bright in colour for six weeks, and after the
flowers have died away still give a cheerful appearance to
the plant; a First-class Certificate was awarded to it. Among
other plants, Mr. Bull sent Samyda nobiUs, Odontoglossum
gloriosum, and others, for which a Special Certificate was
awarded. Messrs. E. G. Henderson sent an interesting collec-
tion of Cyclamens and Primulas, for which a Special Certificate
was awarded. A collection of cut Orchids was contributed

* [We find a Sorghum tartaricum in more than one seed
catalogue now before us. Ed.=^.]

240

THE GAEDENEES' CBEONICLE AND AGEICULTDEAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 9, 1867.

by J. Bateman, Esq., wMcb received a Special Certificate. A
collection of Orcliids was sent from the Society's gardens ; also
cut specimens of Camellia reticulata.

March 5 (Fruit CommiUee). — Prizes were offered on tliis
occasion respectively for the best three dishes of Dessert and
of Kitchen Apples, and were awarded to Mr. Whiting, The
Deepdcne, Dorking. His Dessert Apples were Adams's Pear-
main, Mickleham Peannaiii, and an unnamed kind having
some resemblance to the Federal Pearmain ; the kitchen
varieties were Alfriston, Devonshire Bucklaud, and a late
kitchen Apple believed to be the London Pippin. These were
all in an excellent state of preservation. Mr. Ford, gr. to W.
E. Hubbard, Esq., St. Leonard's Lodge, Horsham, sent three
seedling Apples, which, however, were not considered of
sufficient merit to deserve a Certificate. Mr. Stanton, gi-. to
J. Bateman, Esq., Biddulph Grange, sent dishes of home-
gi'own Oranges and Lemons ; and Mr. Sherratt, gr. to the
same gentleman at Knyporsley, furnished bunches of Ahbee
Grape, referred to above. Mr. Wells, Holme Lacy Gardens,
exhibited what he believed to be a new variety of Sea -kale,
with yellow instead of purple tips to the leaistalks, but the
Committee did not consider it distinct from ordinary Seakale.

LiNNEAN : Feb. 7.— G. Bentham, Esq., President, in the
chair. Mr, D. Hanbury exhibited herbaiium specimens and
specimens in alcohol illustrating the genera Papaya and
Jaracatia, collected by Sefior J. Correa de Mello, in South
Brazil. The following papers were read : — 1. Notes oti
Papayacece, by Joaquim Correa de Mello, and Richard Spruce ;
communicated by D. Hanbuiy, Esq. The authors describe
three form s under which the common Papaw (Caiica Papaya, L.
=Papaya vulgaris, DeC.) occur at Campinas, in the province
of Sao Paulo, Brazil. All these ai-e exactly alike in external
appearance, and in the size and form of the leaves, but one is
altogether female, another heiinaphrodite, and the third male.
The Papaw is thus trioicous or trimorphous. The Brazilians
call the plant Mamoeiro, and the fruit MamSo (plural Memoes. )
The second genus of the order Vascoucella, the authors regard
as untenable ; but the third, Jaracatia, they believe vrill retAin
its rank, the aculeate stem, digitate leaves, with distract
stipellate leaflets, and the luiion of the filaments into a short
tube free from the corolla being legarded as sufficient to
substantiate it. "The ease with which the Papaw is culti-
vated, and the beauty and singularity of its aspect, have
conduced, more perhaps than its large luscious but unsub-
stantial fruit, to render it a denizen of every warm country in
the world. The fruit, although lightly esteemed by those
who are new to it, is one of the most wholesome of tropical
fruits. In South America it is eaten less aa a dcssei-t fruit
than as a 'fresco' or grateful 'cooler' in the heat of the day,
hke Water Melons and Cherimoyas. It varies in flavour ui
different localities, being very insipid in .some but in
others very sweet. At Guayaquil the perfectly ripe fruit
is still so milky, that after being sliced, and the seeds
cleared out, it is usually put in water a short while to
allow the milk to drain away, which would otherwise scorch
the lips like wild Pine-apples. Not that this acrid and slightly
bitter milk is unwholesome ; on the contrary, its weU-knovni
anthelmintic properties furnish the reason why eating the
Papaw fruit is not known to produce ascarides, as indulgence
in many other tropical fi-uits, such as Mangos, is apt to do."
The fully grown, but not ripe fruit, is an excellent vegetable
cooked in che same way as Vegetable Marrow, which it much

resembles in flavour. 2. Oil Nutr/ieff and other cultivation

in Singapore, by Cuthbert Collingwood, M.B. The cultivation
of the soil has been carried on in this island with great
industry and enterprise, and for a while with success,
but unfortunately, after, huudi-eds] of thousands of dollars
have been spent upon it, the planters have learned too late that
neither soil nor climate are favourable to the growth of those
productions, such as Nutmegs, Cloves, Cotton, Sugar,
Coffee, &c., upon which their money has been expended. The
climate of Singapore is very peculiar, being marked by an
absence of seasonal change. There is no regular recurrence of
winter and summer, no distinctly dry and wet season, but a
i"emarkable equality all the year round. Rain is capricious,
and the aoO. is poor, so that nothing but plenty of
manure will induce the growth of remunerative crops.
Foremost amongst these crops was the Nutmeg, which
once promised a harvest of prosperity, but which ended in
nttcr disappointment. The trees were not left to the natural
powers of the soil and climate, but were richly manured, and
forced into yielding heavy crops. To the manner of doing this,
and to the extent to which they were forced into luxuriance,
may probably he traced the catastrophe which blotted out
Nutmeg cultivation from tlie settlement. Around each tree,
and just level -with the outer branches, a ti-ench was dug, about
1 foot deep and 1 foot wide, and this was filled with manure
(cow dung). The result was that the trees for a time grew
luxuriantly and yielded large retui-os, hut in 18C0 a blight
appeared among them, the destructive effects of which could
not be arrested, nor its soiu'co discovered. In the night a tree
would be attacked, and in the morning its topmost branches
would be withered, the leaves soon falling away. No insect
or fungus has been discovered to account for the damage. It is a
curious fact, however, observed the author, that many of the
abandoned trees around which has now spning up a thick
jungle of undergi'owth, have recovered since they have been
left to themselves, a fact which seems corroborative of the
idea that the disease was one of exhaustion and decay arismg
from unnatm*al forcing. Another significant fact is, that
while at Penang, where the cultivation as described was
can'ied on with the greatest vigour and the greatest expendi-
ture, the destruction has been most complete aird marked, in
Malacca, where the people could not afford to manure the trees
so hit^hly, they have not suffered so severely as at Penang and
Sitigapore, At the present moment there is no such thing as
Nutmeg cultivation in the two latter islands. The author then
referred to other crops cultivated in Singapore. Of these, he said,
Cotton and Coffee failed from the absence of regular seasonal
changes ; Cinnamon, which grows beautifully, would pro-
bably have been remunerative, but for the expence of manu-
facturing it ; Sugar fails from natural causes, chiefly the
poorness of the soil ; Gutta Percha, though hitherto abundant
in the forests, must faU m time, because the tree is cut down
to get the juice ; Gamboge has never been regularly culti-
vated, but some experimental trees have been found to thrive
well ; and Gambir and Pepper have been largely planted by the
natives, though their growth is now on the decline. The one
tree in which is centered the promise and the hope of the
Singapore planter, is the Cocoa nut, the original plantations
of which are yielding golden returns.

Feb. 21.— G. Bentham, Esq,, President, in the chair. Mr.
J. G. Baker exhibited a dried specimen of Potatnogeton
decipiens, a native of Sweden, Denmark, North Germany, &c.,
gathered by Mrs. Hopkins in the canal at Bath. The follow-
ing papers were read : — 1. On the Cultivation of Cinchona in
the East Indies. By J. E. Howard, Esq. The author observed
that the remarkable plan of successful cultivation by renewal
of the bark in reference both to C. succirubra and C, officinaUs,
var. Bonplaudiana, has long been practised at Loja, but Mr.
M'lvor has been the first, so far as he was aware, to .save the
plant itself from the injurious results of the process. As
regards the hark of C. Pahudiana, the results of his recent
examination of samples derived from the Government planta-
tions at Ootacamund, arc new aud striking, indicatuig a
mean between the extreme depreciation in which this sort
has been held by some, and the commendation lavished on it

by others. It appears to be rather superior in point of produce
of alkaloid to the fine bark of Loja, the C, crispa or Quina
fina as grown in India. Sir, Howard thinks that a wise
selection should be made of these sorts which have proved to
be most advantageous, and that these should he "planted in
perhaps a quincuncial arrangement, or at least one which
might afford to the tender C, Calisaya the advantage of a
slight degree of shade and protection from the more hardy

sorts, such as C. succirubra." 2, Additions to the Lichens of

Ncxo Zealand. By the Rev. W. A, Leighton.

Nottag of JSoofes.

Memoire sur le G-roupe des Tiliaeees. (On the Group

Tiliaoese, &o.) Par H. BooijuiUon. Paris : Bailliere,

1867. 8vo, pp. 48.
Originally published in the " Adansonia," a French
botanical journal conducted by M. Baillon, the memoir
above-named has lately been separately issued. It is,
we believe, the first of a series of papers that Dr.
Bocciuillon intends publishing upon the Lindenworts
(Tiliaceaj), and is therefore of a general character. It
comprises an historical sketch of the family, from the
time of Adanson, 1763, to that of Bentham and
Hooker a century later. A second chapter is devoted
to the enumeration and description of the various
genera, and a third to the consideration of the natural
alliances and afSnities of the group as a whole. In this
place we cannot, of course, enter into any detailed
exposition of the views of M. Bocquillon, nor dilate at
any length upon the many features of interest presented
by the order Tiliacese as at present constituted. The
greater number of its members can hardly be considered
as of general interest. Nevertheless, a family which
includes the graceful, honey-blossomed Lime tree has
special claims on the attention of horticulturists, as
from the bark of the tree in question are made those
" mats " which gardeners find so useful.

Humble, weedy-looking plants are the species of
Corohorus, another genus of this order, very unUke in
general aspect to the lofty plume-like Lime trees, but
similar in the construction of their flowers, and like
their soaring neighbours yielding excellent fibre, which
under the name of jute is made use of to a vast extent
in India for the fabrication of " gunny " bags for rice,
and which is used also for carpets, for paper-making, and
other purposes. The trade in this material is of recent
growth so far as this country is concerned, but its
magnitude may be appreciated by the fact that in 1858
the quantity imported into Great Britain was valued
at considerably over 600,000/., while in 1SG5 " Jute
and other vegetable substances of the nature of Hemp "
(exclusive of Hemp itself and Chinese Grass), was
imported to the computed value of 1,793,029/.

Viewed as ornamental plants, the group Tiliaoese
contributes little except the Lime trees to the decora-
tion of our gardens. The old Sparmannia africana is,
however, occasionally seen, and assuredly deserves
better treatment at the hands of the gardening
fraternity, for its soft velvety foliage and its graceful
clusters of snowy flower.s, relieved by the purple aud
yellow of the singularly-formed stamens, render it not
only an interesting, but also a very ornamental plant.
But poor Sparmannia is generally seen at the back of a
crowded stove, drawn up, "leggy," and often a prey to
mealy bug.

The West African Glyphtca ha^ also been introduced
as a stove plant. It has yellow flowers, somewhat after
the pattern of those of Sparmannia, but decidedly less
attractive. Another West African plant that collectors
should have in view is the Honkenya ficifolia, wliose
bold Fig-like foliage and large purple flowers, set off by
bright yellow anthers, would form a desu-able addition
to our collections of stove plants.

Structurally the Tiliacea; come so close to the
Mallows and Sterculias, with their satellite groups of
Byttnerias, Bombaceie, &c., that except for purposes
of practical convenience it would hardly be right to
keep them distinct. As to this point we fully coincide
with the opinions of M. Bocquillon, who lays stress,
moreover, on the intimate relations that exist between
them and the Bixacese. In the first stages of the
flowers of the two groups the conformation is identical.
It is clear, however, that we must deal with plants as
they are for purposes of classification, not as they have
been. The study of the infa,ntile construction of flowers
is a matter of very great importance, but except to a
limited extent it can never be made available for
purposes of classification. The data furnished by
organogeny are too recondite and too uniform to
furnish characters that can be made easily and usefully
available in the separation of one group from another.
It may be that systematic botany suffers, and that the
so-called natural system is rendered less natural than
ever from this enforced comparative disregard of the
labours of the organogenist, but practical convenience
in such a matter is of greater moment than rigid
accuracy of detail, which after all is unattainable.

We add a few remarks on some points in the
structure of Tiliacea;, suggested by a perusal of M.
Bocquillon's memoir. In the Malvales, as has been
mentioned once or twice in our columns, the stamens
are compound, these compound stamens, or in other
words, the bundles of stamens are placed immediately
in front of the petals, while the petal-hke barren
stamens or staminodes, which sometimes exist, are
almost invariably placed in front of the sepals. There
is scarcely an exception to this state of things among
Malvales, but in Tiliaoese, where a similar conformation
of the stamens exists, the position of the organs in
question, as is well remarked by M. Bocquillon, is
variable; sometimes the fertile stamens are in front
of the petals, at other times in front of the sepals,
the position of the barren stamens being varied
correspondingly. These barren stamens in the Mallows
we consider to be in most cases the central or
terminal lobe of a lobed or compound staminal leaf; and
we have been led to that conclusion by the consi-
deration of their structure, and specially by the

regularity of their number and the constancy of their
position. On the other hand, in some Tiliacese the
barren stamens are often variable in position aud very
numerous, e. g,, Sparmannia, Honkenya, Leptonychia,
&c., and in these instances we should be inclined to
regard the barren filaments as lateral lobes of the
staminal leaf, and as such liable to variations in position
aud number. In the American species of Lime, on
the other hand, the five barren stamens probably
represent the central lobes of the staminal clusters.

The fruit of some of the Tiliacea: is curious. We
can only now refer to that of a new genus deseribed by
M. Bocquillon, from West African specimens collected
by Mann, under the name of Besplatzia, w^hich has a
large oblong fruit with a leathery rind, enclosing a
large quantity of fibrous or corky material, something
similar to that forming the husk of the Cocoa-nut, and
in which the seeds are imbedded. M. Bocquillon does
not appear to have seen the seeds, but those that we
have observed have been provided with a large wing-
like appendage, which is particularly curious, as no
other Tiliacea that we call to mind has such a seed ;
and, moreover, it forms an exception to the fact
noticed by A. De CandoUe, that winged seeds are found
only (chiefly) in dehiscent fruits. Why this should be
so as a rule is obvious ; it is not so easy to see why a
fruit that does not split open should yet be provided
with winged seeds, as is the case in this Desplatzia.

In the establishment of tribes and genera M.
Bocquillon has followed sound morphological principles,
but this is a branch of the subject upon which we
cannot here enter. We merely add our wish that
M. Bocquillon may soon give us a monograph of the
genera of this family, some of which — e. g., Grewia—
stand greatly in need of such a revision.

Black's Ouide to Faris. Edited by D. T. Ansted.
Edinburgh : A. & C. Black. Pp. 75 ; maps.
Considering the few pence this little volume costs,
and bearing in mind the large amount of useful
information contained in it, it may well be called
cheap. We should, however, strongly advise that no
one attempt to follow the whole of the injunctions laid
do^\m in the Itinerary for a visit of one week.
Supposing that any one were rash enough to make the
attempt, we fear before the week was ended he would
have to seek the nearest lunatic asylum, no particulars
of which are, however, given. What will Parisian or
London botanists say to the following ? " The collec-
tions of dried plants are quite unrivalled. They
include 1.3,000 species " !

dFlorigts' dflotoerg.

The Hollyhock belongs to the Malvaceae, an order
consisting for the most part of showy plants generally
of the easiest cultm-e. They are moreover useful to
man, as their names imply, for the name of Mallow, the
type of the order, is said to be taken from malasso, to
soften, on account of its emollient qualities ;_ and
Altha!a, the generic name of the Hollyhock, is said to
come from alt/ieo, to cure, on account of its medicinal
qualities. What most concerns us here however is
the free-growing habit of the family to which the
Hollyhock belongs. We read in Holy Writ of the
Mallows as troublesome weeds, requiring to be cut up
^ust such treatment as we give to the common
Ragwort now-a-days. When, however, we have got a
plant producing a grand display of flowers, and find
that it belongs to such a free-growiug family, it is just
the specimen to put iuto the hands of beginners to
experiment upon, m the same way as the schoolmaster
puts large-text copies into the hands of those who are
eventually to write small-hand. There is a prejudice
against large flowers as if they were coarse, and against
hardy flowers as if they were common ; but whoever
has had to decorate a church or some large hall with
flowers has found that the vastness of the edifice has
required large flowers in masses to produce the desired
efieet; and as regards plants being common, it merely
amounts to the simple fact that where plants of any
particular genera abound, they have got the elements
necessary for their free development. If we take
a very simple test, borrowed from the region of the ear
instead of from the region of the eye, we find that at a
musical festival the dull bass notes bear their part
in the general harmony, and that the clamorous drum,
and even the brazen trumpet are wanted, as well as the
lighter swells and falls of sweeter instruments, for it is
not in items, as they stand alone, that either the
harmony of flowers or the harmony of sounds can be
judged, but by what has gone before, and what accom-
panies or follows.

Everybodv knows how easily Hollyhocks are obtained
from seed. 'The almanacks tell us to sow biennials (of
which the Hollyhock may certainly be said to be the king)
in summer ; plant them out in autumn to flower the
following year : so sayeth the " Voice of the Stars "
("Vox Stellarum," 1867), published annually at the
modest price of Id. With such high authority I am
certainly not prepared to cavil, but I must add that
my individual case could not be met by adhering to
this general rule, for the summer and the autumn had
both gone by before I had any idea of wanting Holly-
hocks, and about the end of February I found that I
should require some hundreds of them to flower
strongly that very year, so I set to work with seed
sown in shallow pans, and placed with a brisk bottom-
heat in a frame, where in a few days I had some
hundreds of seedling Hollyhocks. These had to he
pricked oflT into thumb-pots, and after they had
got well rooted in the hotbed were hardened
off by degrees in the cold frame, so that by bedding-out
time in June the Hollyhock plants were quite as fine
as the Dahlias, and all went out together, and the
Hollyhocks bloomed admirably.

To those who have no regard for single flowers I

MAncn 9, 1867.]

THE GARBENEKS' CHEONICLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

241

must stiilo as briefly as possible the manner that a
raii^aillccnl disiibv of double Ilollylioeks, all duly
iiiiineil, nas oljlaiucd. Tlio border was treuehod a loot
deo|), and plenty of Rood manure was put iu, and as the
eoUeetion bad 'licen inu-eliaspd, tlie i)lants were all iu
pots and labelled witb tlie names and colours. It was
llierelbre an ea.sy matter to place the plants elleetiyely.
The colours of Hollyhocks are so diverse, that it is no
oxafiser.ation to say that they have all the colours of
tiie rainbow, and some are as nearly approaching to
black as they can well be. The Hollyhock crop is
truly a heavy one, being about six times tho height of
a crop of hay-grass and quite three times tho height
of Wheat ; it is theroforo clear that where a grand
display is wanted, niamire must be forthrnniing in no
stiiiteil proportions, ami water should be iiiven freely ;
for although Illallows abound in tlie chalky pastures.
the Marsh Mallow (Althiua) retiuires great depth of
tillage, and as its naiuo implies, no stint of moisture.

In the valley of the Thames and in other parts of
Middlesex and Kent, the common Mallow is generally
to bo found iu all old gardens, coming up of its own
accord, realising the poet's words in tho " Deserted
Village "-

" Nciu- yonder copso where once :i g.avdeu smiled,
And still wliero many a garden llowor gruwa wild."
But it is not to Mallows generally, but to that particular
Mallow, the Hollyhock, that I would now direct atten-
tion, and it is of their great height and their importance
in this respect that I would say something. As a back-
ground to Ualilias they are well-known, but they are not
sullicicntly appreciated in places beset with walls such
as town gardens. Planted against a dead wall they
retiuire no tall costly prop, and will rise to the height
of 10 feet in a season'; and as they rise will flower of all
hues, and as double as if a globe were cut in two, with
tho guard petals beneath it, so as to be laid on the table.
Hohyliocks succeed well planted in the open ground
in circles of, say J, feet in diameter, supported by three
stakes and a wire ring. It is never iu the stalk that the
Hollyhock breaks ; it always breaks off at the collar.
and hence if it is supported up to 3 feet it will stand all
reasonable strain above that. A. Forsyth.

Bee-keeping in Yoeeshire. — Seeing in your
columns a week or two ago some remarks on the effect
of the recent cold weather on your southern apiaries,
perhaps I may be allowed to say what my experience
has been further north.

Of 11 hives set up for the winter, 10 have come safely
through; the one that has succumbed being only a
nucleus with which I was experimenting. The only
hive that has suffered from dysentery, and that but
very slightly, is a colony received quite unexpectedly
from Switzerland as late as the first week in November.
Being able to spare no more than two sealed combs of
honey, it was necessary to feed freely for eight or ten
days. The weather fortunately continued mild, so that
on most days the bees were able to fly out. On the
breaking up of the frost the hive was very damp, but
internally there were no other signs of mischief, and
the colony is now in a very fair condition. My
Egyptian stock is by far the strongest of any, and is
to-day as populous as it wa.s in August. This is the
more satisfactory because the bees showed a remarkable
disinclination to venture out during the autumn
months. They were closely watched on favourable
d.ays, and though it is quite possible that during so
long an interval they have escaped attention, yet I feel
satisfied that during live months they were strictly
confined within their hive, namely, from the middle of
August to the third week in January. I purposely
molested them on two fine days in November to induce
them, if possible, to turn out in a body, but although
they resented the intrusion with their usual energy,
they quickly settled after each attack, and I left them
to what seemed their inevitable fate. To my great
surprise, on changing the floor-board on the first fine
day after the frost had gone, there was not a trace of
dysentery or mischief of any kind. With the exception
of a few dead bees, certainly not more than a score, the
board may be said to have been quite clean. The hive
was perfectly dry, and I shall be very well content if in
two months time my other hives are as populous as this
is now. Certainly, the more I see of the Egyptian bee,
the more I am convinced of its many valuable qualities,
and the impunity with which it bears detention and
withstands our English climate is not the least of them.
The only drawback is its savage disposition. It
should be added that the weather has been as severe in
this neighbourhood as in most other parts of the
country. The temperature registered here during the
first five nights of January were 12', 21', 10°, 18°, and
17° Fahr. F. H. West, Potterneifton, Leeds.

The Management of Bees. By W. J. Petti tt. Second

and enlarged edition. W. Brett, Dover.
This book, which is published in a pamphlet form,
partakes almost entirely of the character of a Trade
Catalogue. Iu addition, however, to copious illus-
trations of various hives which are supplied and sold
by the author, there is a moderate amount of letter-
press giving descriptions of the same, and treating of
the history of bees, and of judicious modes of manage-
ment, with a short account of the Liguriau variety.
"With regard to the introduction of this latter species
into England, Mr. Pettitt states only a part of the
truth. He withholds the acknowledgment of tho
credit of the successful fulfilment of the experiment
from whom it is really due. As it is not our intention to
enter into an argument on this head, nor to enlarge on
the merits of the various hives and bee-apparatus
portrayed, we have only to add that this little book
may be found useful by many bee-keepers, or by
persons intending to become such,

Garden Memoranda.

DOWNIE, LaIIU), AND LaI.NO's Xu USEUIE9, EdIN-

liuuoir.— Eroin small beginnings this firm has been
cxtcnuliiig its sphere of usefulness in catering hir
tho supply of growing public demands. Conliiicd
origin:illy within tho circumscribed boundaries of West
Coatos Nursery, at all times a famous einpiirium for
the breeding, rearing, and propagixting of florists
flowers, business exigencies have compelled the iirm
to extend their acreage by four times tho original
area, and glass erections have been added even to a
much greater proportion. West Coates is now grown
from a small field under 10 acres to a largo one of 30,
and consists of a lino blackish loam, suitable for general
culture. Situated as it is upon the borders of tho
suburban district of the city, it is of (convenient access,
and very much adorned by the ;vsllietii; proiiortions
and gigantic appearance of Donaldson's Hospital, one of
the " lions of tho city." Pinkhill, disl;iiLt about two miles
further west, although only 7 acres in extent, is con-
sidered an invaluable auxiliary for producing Holly-
hocks, Dahlias, and Roses in the highest possible pitch
of excellence. It is situated at the b,^se of the Corstor-
phine range of hills, and has a splendid tilth consisting^
of marly loam— something in fact like a mi.xture ol
sand, clay, grit, and rotten trap, which along with any
artificial manures that are introduced is capable of
doing duty towards tho growth and perfection of any
article of Wsbandry or other objects of beauty that do
not come within that category. These nurseries are
under the immediate superintendence of Messrs.
Downie & Laird, while that of Stanstead Park, near
London, is managed by Mr. Laing.

West Coates is the head-quarters of the establish-
ment, and is very efliciently managed by Mr. M'Keith,
who, along with good business habits, possesses an
attachment for flowers of an enthusiastic character.
The outdoor department is of a general nature, com-
prising most things of a remarkable character in the
way of forest trees and shrubs, both deciduous and
evergreen, in a very excellent state for transplanting.
This point, however, cannot be taken up, owing to the
many interesting things in the florist way that must
pass under review. It will be consulting the interests
of the general reader to deal more particularly with
the specialities of the firm or firms from time to time
taken up.

With this apology I proceed with some statistics
of the Hollyhock. On examination it w.as found
there were some 5000 plants potted off singly into from
1 to 5-inch pots. These plants in the beginning of the
year were all nicely established, and looked as if they
had been systematically and correctly dealt with. It
is no easy matter to have such a colony of them so
uniform, and so dwarf. The lanky b.are-legged stems
common to a number of autumn-struck cuttings were
not visible ; and I was curious in particularly observ-
ing this, and pleased to see the foundation of
vigorous plants so well laid. On inquiry I found that
about 1000 of them were struck from eyes of all the choice
varieties in existence, and the other thousand were
made up of grafted plants. A great number of your
readers will probably be as averse to a grafted Holly-
hock as they would be to a grafted Conifer— Picea
nobilis, for example — and why? If to a proper union
you add a better or a hardier constitution, surely there
is a decided gain ! In the matter of Hollyhocks we
were told that some of the best spikes in Messrs.
Downie & Co.'s winning stands were from grafted
plants I The modus operandi is simple enough ; take
cuttings from the most vigorous seedlings, get them
rooted as early as possible in autumn, head them
across on the dawn of early spring, and perform the
simple operation of wedge grafting a little below the
surface, and ninety-nine out of every hundred will
succeed. The house this batch was growing in was a low
span-roofed structure, about 80 feet long, with a
sunken path and a bed on either side, in which the
cutting pots were plunged. All that was deemed neces-
sary was to ward olf frost by means of a single hot-
water pipe surrounding the interior of the house.
Seedlings were making then- appearance in great
batches in another house with a little more fire-heat,
several hundreds being annually planted out to undergo
the probationary trial, necessary at Pinkhill, before
being Certificated. The three best last year's seedlings
which obtained First-class Certificates, were William
Thomson, James Anderson, and Mrs. Hastie, all
flowers meriting that front-rank distinction. Others
are spoken favourably of, but they must yet be sub-
mitted to the severe test all florists' flowers of the
present day have to pass.

Messrs. Downie & Co. have had similar success
with Pansies. We have Chater and others that have
done battle vigorously and successfully against them
with Hollyhocks, but in the matter of P.ansies they
seem to maintain an unimpregnable position. At Edin-
burgh or London their stands figure conspicuously at
the head of all competitors ; nor are they less successful
with those gaudy butterfly subjects— the fancy division,
and that not only as growers, hut as rearers of the
best brood ; it seems a pity that some one should
not occasionally wrest a laurel from their grasp.
Talk of florists' flowers getting out of date, and
this one in particular being depreciated in public
estimation — go and ask the salesman of the firm,
Mr. M'Keith, who, from the glib way he talks about
them, must have a pedigree book I The sales are
largely' on the increase, and although they have had so
many as 20,000 plants in stock of all kinds, they are
generally tolerably well cleared out. Beds and beds
of them in long lines, in the rudest health, meet the eye
as you pass over the nursery. There seems to be a
very large stock of Imperial Blue, a variety which will
figure prominently as a massing plant, and will prove a
regular beat iu point of colour and form on the best
Cliveden Blue. In last year's novelties the following

were first-rate sorts :— John Inglis, a bright golden
yellow; J. B. Downie, yellow and bronze belting; Lina,
a lino yellow, with purple belting and a dense blotch ;
and Yellow Queen, one of the richest yellow solfs grown.
In Fancies there arc a few a stride in advance of
(lie best older sorts.— Thomas Downie, Ninian Niven,
Miss J. Kay, and Hugh Adair. In the matter or
growth and culture they do not seem to approve of
striking the shoots that some practise. Tliey only
thin out superfluous shootlets and encourage strong
well favoured flowers of substance. No one but au
expert in the culture of this iiietty subject could fancy
the amount of labour and pains-taking care necessary
for securing flowers fit for exhibition .stands, the grower
having to do battle against too much sun-heat, too
little sun-heat, too much drought, and too much mois-
ture, with all necessary precautions against an invading
force of slugs.

Tho Dahha ground is fully a quarter of an acre in
extent, not to speak of tho trial ground for the
periodical planting of 2000 seedlings. Estimate by
this the amount of labour necessary for securing
probably not above half a dozen A 1 flowers, and there
IS not so much wonder at the half-guinea fixed rate for
desirable novelties. The old roots were being started
during January iu a moderate heat, so as to have good
stools for working at by way of propagation during
tho bu.sy months of February and March. Tho trade
in this flower alone, by this house, is stated to bo close
upon 9000 annually. The wonder is, taking all other
houses that do largely in this article, where .all tho
plants go to.

Roses are everywhere in the ascend.ant ;_ the extent
of their cultivation, were we to have statistics of what
is annually sold in this and other countries, must be
somewhat fabulous as tonumbers, Thereare 6000 budded
here annually, chiefly on the Manetti stock. Noisettes
and Teas are found to do best either on their own
roots or on the Briar, and the exceptions in the Per-
petual section in favour of the Briar as a stock were
stated to be Olivier Delhomme, Lord Raglan, and
M.adame Furtado. All the dwarfs are mostly budded
at from 3 to -1 inches from the collar, and they
undoubtedly form a splendid array of well-managed
plants in this way. All had been lifted in November,
laid-in in order, and arranged alphabetically. Some
of the standards were protected at the j unction between
the stock and scion, which was a wise precaution,
particularly so during the severe weather. It seems
that Madame Vidot and Madame Rivers always produce
their best blooms from one-year-old budded plants ; and
we have seen Senateur Vaisse and Charles Lefebvre iu
a similar way with blooms even superior to those from
older established plants. There was a vigorous plant
in one of the houses of Marechal Niel, budded as a
standard on the Briar, and it was uncommonly pro-

Cinerarias were numerously represented, ana a
splendid batch of winter and spring-flowering plants
they are. As hints about them just now will prove
seasonable, 16 of the very best in the house allotted to
them may be named :— Clara Oswald, one of the best,
if not the best, blue in cultivation ; Andrew Johnson,
a white, with slight margining of rosy purple ; Queen
of Spring, something of a like character to the above,
but, upon the whole, the best of the two, the habit
being better; Eev. H. Dombrain, white, with a broad
edging of crimson of the richest character, a desirable
novelty, and a good large trusser ; Constellation, white,
with heavy edging of rosy crimson ; Blue Beard, a novelty
in the tribe, having a tricoloured zone, first blue, then
crimson, and next white ; Rev. C. Padley, white, with
purple edge, large flower; Mrs, Moore, a very large
flower, of excellent substance, rich shaded crimson,
with white ring and dark disc; Flower of the Day, the
most distinct and beautiful of the tricolors ; Lady of
the Lake, Neptune, Conspicua, splendid rosy crimson,
with white ring ; Achilles ; Picturata, a fine plum
colour, with white ring, and a lilac disc, novel and
pleasing ; AUce ; and Prince Alfred, all superior
varieties.

Pentstemons, Antirrhinums, and Phloxes are largely
grown, and many young plants, both in and out of
doors, were visible, as also was a large lot of Pyre-
thrums for bedding-out purposes. The trade in the
above for general supply must be large, judging from
tho amount of stock being propagated. Pelargoniums
of sorts occupied several houses ; some of them were
being advanced as specimen plants to grace the show-
houses during the summer months. Fuchsias were
in great variety. The Russian Violet, Czar, was
blooming rather profusely, and it is an agreeable com-
panion to the Neapolitan, both of which are well
deserving of a more extended cultivation for their
beauty and fragrance. Chrysanthemum Sensation was
being largely propagated, and so far appears to be an
acquisition to bedding out. The Aubrietia purpurea
variegata is a pretty subject, although it seems
somewhat shy. Humea elegans, so well named as
a tribute to its handsome inflorescence, appears
to be in great demand, as every available nook
was occupied with samples to supply a steady demand ;
while Verbenas, both for bedding-out and for their
merits as trussers .and as varieties, were represented in
numbers proportionate to a great florist establishment.

Then we have stove houses. Azalea houses. Camellia
houses, and others of a nondescript character, all filled.
The show house is a well-proportioned building, suitable
for setting off to the best advantage the various articles
in succession that adorn it. Adjoining it is a very
well-arranged Fernery. The plants are growing some in
pots, some in an artificial rockery, the former arranged
on tiers of brick terraces. Conspicuous among the
plants are several forms of Athyrium, which is multi-
plying to an almost indefinite extent ; Lomatia elegan-
tissima (not a Fern, however), Lomaria gibba, several,
Adiantums, Davallia (Odontosoria) tenuifoha stricta,
with beautifully cut handsome fronds, &c. These pots

242

THE OAHDENERS' CHl^ONIGLE AND AGRICIILTMAL GAZETTE.

[March 9, 1867.

covered as they were on the surface with the dense
liycopodium, and the more trailing and shaded-coloured
caesium, looked extremely pleasing.

The hardy evergreen shrubs and the Coniferix! at
Pinkhill were more vigorous than those at West
Coates. Such grand Couilers as Picea Nordmanniaua,
Pinsapo, and nobilis, as well as AVellingtonias, and
Cypresses of sorts, were pictures of vigour and sym-
metry. Rhododendrons were equally at. home, splen-
didly set with buds. The Hollies, gold and silver
variegations, evidently fed with avidity upon the
nutriment furnished by the red sandy loam, and their
foliage was nicely protected from the biting blasts by
the contiguous hills. Peach trees luxuriated upon the
walls, and there was a houseful of " riders," which
were finely finished, and the state of whose wood
promised an abundant crop of blossom. Tea and phioa
Roses of sorts were coming away satisfactorily in the
low, span-roofed structures in whicli they were housed.
There are some 320 feet of house accommodation in
this nursery, and speaking in general terms, nearly
1000 feet at West Coates, the greater portion of which
is devoted to the accommodation of florists' flowers
and bedding-out stock. J. A.

BSiscellaneous.

Cottage Garden Societies. — With a view of pro-
moting a good cause, Messrs. Sutton, of Reading, have
liberally supplied the members of the Cottage Garden
Society, of Bradford Abbas, through Professor Buck-
man, the Secretary, with upwards of 200 packets of
vegetable seeds. We trust the result will show that
the recipients appreciate the gift.

The Sugar Caiie. — The Sugar Cane is one of a genus
of many species of tall Grasses. Like most cultivated

Slants, it consists of several permanent varieties,
ifiering in size, in the colour of the epidermis, and in
the proportion of saccharine matter they contain.
Like most of the cereals, the Sugar Cane has not been
traced to its wild state. In its cultivated state it lias
been found in many independent places, often remote
from each other, and bearing independent names. Its
geographical limits are nearly the same as those of
Cotton ; that is, extendin." from the etiuator to about
the .loth degree of latitude. Like Cotton, its culture
has been pushed up to the 40th degree, but even with
less success, for the cane takes a year to arrive at
maturity, and is therefore liable to be cut off by severe
frosts. In what country the Sugar Cane was first
cultivated it is out of our power to discover ; but, as
far as we know, it has been immeraorially cultivated
in the tropical and subtropical parts of Ilmdustan, in
the Hindu-Chinese countries, in the tropical and sub-
tropical parts of China and Japan, in the Malay and
Philippine Archipelagos, and in the tropical islands
of the Pacific. There is no evidence of its having been
cultivated in any country west of the Indus. It was
unknown as a wild plant in Australia and New
Zealand, and is unquestionably an exotic in America.
The Greeks and Romans knew nothing of sugar but as
an article of trade. They were uncertain about tiie
country which produced it, and ignorant of the plant
which yielded it. The Arabs, on the contrary, brought
the plant itself from India, with the Indian name
of its produce, cultivated it in Syria, in Egypt,
in Greece, in North Africa, in Spain, in Sicily, and
in Southern Italy, manufacturing sugar from it
in all these places. At what time the Arabs
introduced the culture of the Cane and the manu-
facture of sugar into Syria and Egypt is unknown,
but it is ascertained that sugar was imported into
Venice from the countries enumerated at the end of
the 10th century. The Crusaders found the Cane
cultivated in Syria as early as the beginning of the
12tli century. In the year 1420, or 72 years before the
discovery of America, the Portuguese carried the
Sugar Cane to Aladeira. In the 15th century the
Spaniards carried the Cane and manufacture of sugar
to the Canary Islands, from whence they wore con-
veyed to tropical America and its islands. In 1503,
or about 11 years after its discovery, the culture and
manufacture were fully established in Hispaniola.
Sugar was, however, an article of consumption in
Western Europe long before the discovery of America.
England was supplied from the emporia of Venice and
Antwerp, and in the time of Shakspeare the name of
the article was so familiar as already to have its
secondary or figurative meaning, as in the expression,
" sugared words." Mr. Craufnrd on the Migration of
plants.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing weeh.)
PLANT HOUSES.
The beautiful Cape terrestrial Orchid, Bisa grandi-
Jlora, if in need of larger pots through the thriving
state the roots may be in, or owing to the soil com-
posing the ball having become more or less soured, had
better be seen to about this time. When in a growing
state, turn the ball out of the old pot witli tlie utmost
care, so as not to injure any roots around its inner
sides, or any root shoots which may be imperceptibly
about to emerge from its base around the upper edges
of the pot. Give only a small shift at a time, into a
compost formed of one part silver sand, three of fibre
abstracted from good brown peat, and one consisting of
sphagnum, chopped small, and minute particles of pot-
sherds—the whole being well intermixed together.
Place one substantial crock at the bottom of each pot,
adding a goodly quantity of others, broken small, and
of uniform size, which, with a tliin layer of spliagnum
placed over all, will sutfice. Pot only moderately firm,
giving all a soaking of water when finished. l3o not,
however, allow any water to stand in the ])ans beneath
the roots for a time. It has been observed that this
plant will grow, and even do well, nt one end of a

house, whilst, placed in a similar position at the other
end, it will live only a short time ; hence those who
aiay not have succeeded with it hitherto, should try
such changes as the suggestion just given may afl'ord.
Cut back the points of all strong-growing Kalosant7i.es,
which will break if that operation is done forth-
with, and produce fine heads of bloom. Keep them
dry for a fortnight or so afterwards, exposing them
freely to the sun.

All seed vessels should be carefully picked off plants
of MonochcEtuni as soon as tlie plants have done
fiowering ; pot anj^ wliich may Irave become pot-bound,
placing them all in a light, airy situation, in which
there is moderate warmth. They thrive well in an
admixture of peat and sand. Many plants, not
requiring shifts, will be benefited by surface dressings
at this season ; this should be formed of good rich
composts, prepared to suit individual species. Pirst,
loosen the surface of the balls, adding the fresh material
suilicient in quantity to admit of space for water after
the soil has been well rammed down, and made to
amalgamate thoroughly with the old mould. Such
dressings are of great benefit to EuphorUas, Palms,
Cycads, Agaves, Dracaenas, Yuccas, and similar plants ;
where loose soil exists upon the surface, it will be best
removed in order to make room for fresh material.
Ctianthuses, which will now be Making growth prepa-
ratory to flowering, should be freely watered at the
root. A moderate amount of manure water will benefit
all such plants when moderately pot-bound. Keep
down the temperature in all intermediate and cooler
structures, to the very lowest point possible, without
running unnecessary risks ; protecting with coverings,
instead of keeping fires, whenever possible. Such houses
might be even closed a little earlier, with tiie view of
retaining some amount of the sun's warmth, to meet
any anticipated fall in the niglit temperature. Where
Iresine Herbstii is in demand for bedding purposes, it
should be propagated in sufficient quantities forthwith ;
it will strike most freely in very moderate warmth.
The same applies also to the several varieties of Colevs,
which if not struck now, and grown on from cuttings,
seldom attain a uniform goodly growth. The milfy
Tropa'ohtm elegans will strike freely now with ordinary
care, and should likewise be propagated without delay.
FORCING HOUSES.

P;«e.5, where a proper successional stock exists, will
now require dividing into some three sections, namely,
those in a progressively fruiting state, those which are
to succeed these, and the younger stock generally.
Those in fruit will now require a good maximum heat,
with abundance of atmospheric moisture. Give air
only in the forenoon early, shutting up at 1 o'clock,
and moistening all internal surfaces thoroughly. Ho
not keep water standing too frequently upon the fruiting
portion ; but rather moisten all other parts of the plant
at syringing times, avoiding these where possible. In
order to induce those required for autumn and winter
use to show flower in or about May, it will be necessary
to keep them short of water at this time, with less
moisture in the atmosphere. Bo not reduce the
temperature, however ; and do not allow the requisite
bottom heat to fall below 82' or 84'. Such as are fresh
potted keep closer, with anice moist atmosphere, shading
at all times when the sun shines. Vines.— As the days
lengthen, heat may be slightly increased ; bear in mind,
however, that whether it may be possible to increase
the heat by day or not, the temperature should receive
no sudden increase by night. A natural night heat,
it will always be observed, is a minimum one,
which is productive of robust, well-matured growth,
both of fruit or wood. French Scans will be
assisted by having any strong young shoots, which
overtop the flowering parts, pinched back. Apply
manure-water freely to all in a fruiting state, aided
by frequent and copious syringings overhead. See
that the heat in Cucumber and Melon frames or pits
does not fall below a minimum of 65^ by night. Keep
well sweetened— by means of fermentation in the
ordinary way — litter always on hand, with which to
add to linings, should sudden changes occur.
Prepare a quantity of the same, corresponding in
amount to the number or size of your frames, for the
purpose of potting-ofl' store pots or recentlj; struck
cuttings of plants intended for bedding-out in May,
bearing in mind that only half the quantity required
for early Cucumbers, &c., will suffice for these.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN AND SHRUBBERIES.
Pruning having been performed, it will be seen what
vacancies have been caused through the late severe
frosts. All such deficiencies should be filled up without
further delay, choosing for the purpose at all times
where convenient, plants of a hardy constitution. For
the purpose of clothing naked walls, even in shady
places, few plants are possessed of finer foliage than
the Joy, named Hedera Rojgneriana ; or can boast of
more striking beauty than the variegated H. canari-
ensis marmorata. Another thoroughly hardy plant is
Lonicera aureo - reticulata. L. flexuosa, though
having a plain leaf only, is, however, more fragrant,
and is equal to the former in point of h,ardihood, and
Uke it is a semi-evergreen. These are all obtainable at
a shilling or so each, and are worthy of far more atten-
tion than they get. Plant out Manunculus and
Anemones in beds or patches where they are to flower.
They look well planted in patches of six or eight,
various colours. Myosotis, Cliveden Pansies, Silenes,
and many other plants used in out-door early spring
decoration, it in store beds, should now be placed
in more permanent flow'ering quarters. Make up all
vacancies found during the winter in autumn-planted
sheds. Many Merhaceous plants will now require
dividing, such as Belphiniums, Phloxes (decussata).
Ribbon Grass, and others of similar habit. Enrich the
soil around the base of the remaining portion of the
old stools, especially those of Phloxes, which greatly
mpoverish the soil in their immediate neiglibourhood,

Good varieties of Pansy should have the soil firmly
pressed round their base, placing slight mounds of
finely sifted leaf-mould afterwards around each plant
in order to steady them from wind waving, and to
induce a free emission of roots into the fresh soil.
Harden off, previous to planting out, all Carnations,
Picotees, Rolhjhficlcs, &0., by free exposure to the air
when the weather is moderately fine.
KITCHEN GARDEN.
No portion of this department should remain undug
or not trenched at this time, if free from crops. Where
fresh plantations of Sealcale are required it will be
time to set about planting them ; choose an open, airy,
sunny situation, a moderate amount of manure will
do. In poor soils add a good quantity. Good planta-
tions might be formed either from seed, or by means of
divisions from older roots. In shallow soils the last
are best, as seedlings are more prone to form perpen-
dicular tap roots, which push down into the poorer
lower strata. Whichever is used, however, they should
be placed in rows 20 feet apart, and some 20 inches from
stool to stool. Bear in mind, the smallest bit will
grow, though the larger the better. Plant three
crowns in a place at about 4 inches apart. Defer
sowing the seeds for a few weeks longer, where it is
intended to adopt that mode of cultivation. Place
anything in the shape of pots, tubs, or boxes over
Rhubarb stools, the object being to form, as far as
possible, an air-tight sjiace, in which the sticks are
drawn up tender, and brought forward quickly to an
edible size. Any old Onions commencing to grow
should be planted at once in the open ground, some
0 inches deep. They will serve as scallions, where
these latter are not habitually cultivated. Remove
the litter placed over Globe ArtichoJces, as that will
aid in hardening any young growths they may have
formed, preparatory to an early spring growth. W. E.

STATE OF THE ^^

:, NEAR, LONDO>

EATHER AT CHIS"\VICI

r.

For the Week ending March 6, 1867, as obsRrved at the Horticultural Gai

liens

. 1

TeMPERATDRE.

Fob. mid

OftlieAir. |OftheEai-tli

"VVinil

'

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Ar^ « 1 foot

2 feet
deep.

Thurs. 28

■>i

30.344

30.ie2 ( -15

23

34.0

46

45

E.

.l>iP

Fridity I

25 30.565

30,472 1 45

?S

36.5

44

44

N.E.

.Oil

Satur. 2

afi

30.GS7

30.G55 i 40

?5

32.5

43

43

N.E.

m

■.'.7

■dOMG

30.518

45

30

37.5

42

N.E.

VH

30.-138

30.''33

47

as

40,0

42

i".

N.E.

m

I'uos. 5

2!)

30.12.5

■'9.974

4a

25

3/ 0

41

42

N.E.

oil

Wed. C

9

29.BI0

29.657

42

2/

34,5

42

42

N.E.

.00

Average .

30.378

30.238

44.7

27.3

36.0

42.8

42.8

■(■/■. 1

March 1— Partially overc:tst; dusky clouds; overcast.

— 2— Foggy i cold, hazy eloud-s, with dry easterly ^vinds,

— 3— Dry and frosty ; line ; overcast ; slight rain at night.

— 4— Hazy and cold ; fine, but cold and dry ; overcast,

— 6— Densely ovcicast; fine; very fine ; slight frost at night.

— 6— Overcast; sky of gloomy dusky hue ; sun eclipsed, at times

distinctly visible ; clouds ;in strata, the lower fioating
dark and low ; the upper stationary.
Moan temperature of the week 4 6-lOthdeK. below the average.
STATE OF THE WEATHER. AT CHISWICTK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending March IC, 1807.

^"^r

tiSp

CP.

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Kain

Prevailing Winde.

March.

m

^3h

Sh

1
2

1
4
3

I

~S
5
5

7
9
11

p4
1

3
3
6

5

4

a

ao

4

5
4
3

1

1

(0

1
3
4
3

6
i

fl
16
12
11
13
7
11

4
4

7
6

7
8
5

«

Sunday.. 10
Mun. ..11
IHiea. ,.12
Wed. ..13
Thurs. ..14
Friday ..15
Satar. ..16

49 7
49.2
50.6
fiO.7
51,0

50 8
514

316
32.1
32.0
33,8
34.7

33 9

34 3

40.7
40,7
413
42 2
42,9
42.3
42, !1

15
17
19
14
li>
20
14

0.69 in.
0.33
0 2{

0.36
0.70
0.37

0.68

7
3

2

2
4
3

The highest temperature during the above periodi
10th. 1826. lith. 1841, audl5th. 1828-tberm. C7deff.i
on tlic luth, 1847 -therm. 7 deg.

occurred on the
and the lowes

Notices to Correspondents.

Books : Jersey Subscriber. Hogg's Tre.atise on the Carnation,
Pink, Jic, is an old book, long out of print, but it may
occasionally be met with seconcMiand.
Concrete Walks ; J C S. Either your Portland cement was
effete, or you had too much of the earthy or finer particles
in your gravel. The gravel should consist entirely of small
atones— no sand, the foundation being also firmly made of
hard material. The gi-avel should be dry, and the cement
fresh, and these should bo mixed together before being
moistened, and then used immediately, so that the cement
may "set."
Microscopes: H M. "Without seeing the instruments we can
hardly advise you. No. 114 appears from the description to
be the best and most convenient for use.
Names of Plants: J Horner, Seems to be Pinus parviflora,
from Japan. But we were not aware that that species had
been long enough introduced to have fruited in this country.
Perhaps Mr. Honicr would mention where he got it, when
he got it, and anything else ho knows about it. A M. —
S Garland. We believo your Fern is an undescribed one, to
which, if such ultimately proves to be the case, the name of
A. spbenophyllum may be given. Send a scrap of the scaly
rhizome and of the sterilo pinnules to T. M., Botanic Garden,
Chelsea, S.W.
Painting Hothouses : W C. Dry summer weather is not only
best for the work, but most convenient for the plants, when
these have to be shifted about and accommodated in other
hou.sc3 'i.'hile the work is in progress, as is generally an
absolute necessity.
Percentaqes and Fees : Subscriber. We are unable to say
how far percentages are usual, the arrangement, when it
exists, being generally a private one, and taking various
forms. Strictly, they are not, we think, defensible on
principle, but where remuneration is so low, the existence
of such a custom is not to be much wondered at. As to
fees from uuder-gardeners, if the master instructs he may
fairly claim to be paid ; besides, the pupil need not
continue unless he is content. Both customs, where they
do exist, arise out of the fact that gardeners are badly paid.
Transplanting Pines: TA. If your Pinsapo is a valuable
plant, as, being rather large, wo conclude it ia, and sinco
you say it must be removed, you had better employ some
practised planter like Mr. Barron than trust to any
instructions we can give you. Favourable weather either in
autumn or spring would be alike suitable, success depending,'
mainly upon how the work was done. If the weather
proves moist and calm, the tree might be moved any time
within the next month. The same remarks apply to the
Cembras.
CoMMUNicATioi^R RECEIVED. ~M. do Jonghe.— J. S.— r. T. F.
~H. .M.~~W. B.— W. G.— Isabella (next weok;.

Makch 9, 1807.]

THE GARDENEHS' CMONICLE AND A(ilU(nfI,TnUAL (iAZKTTK.

243

SUTTON'S

SELECTED EARM SEEDS.

CARRIAGE FREE.

JFroin Mr. Joiri*
B B o D A L L,

Beeches, mar
BuntiiiU/'ord.

Jan.lO, ISiili,—
"'Tlio Mangels I
giew iroa your
aeod last year
were by fur tlio
boat, iu tliis
Dolghbourbooil,
and indeed tlie
bost I walked
into oi- sftw all

From

Ml'. RonT. Bova,

Eastbourne.

March 7, ISOfl.
"Tlio Suloctod
Yollow Globe
Maogol Wurzol
Seed I had of you
U-st year iurnod
out the best I
over grew. I am
certain I could
' get up 100 tons
of that root
whllo I was get-
ting up 00 of tlio
Old Yellow
Globo."

tlio aeasOD."

Sutton's Prize Mangel Seed.

SUTTON'S SELECTED YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL,

Is. pin- lb. Cheaper by the cwt.

BUTTON'S yp:llow inteumkdiate mangel

(st'i'd very searoe), Is. dd. per lb. Cheaper by the cwt.

From Mr. W. Whiteoiuucu, Uoxhnrxt Farm, M'icken,

mar Newport, Esscc.

Nnvoiuber 23, ISCG.— "Tbe Yellow Inteniiediato Mangels are much

superior to any other kind I have ever grown, being very largo, and

fieo iroui tops and roots."

SUTTON'S MAMMOTH LONG RED,

ana

SUTTON'S MAJ[M0T1I LONG YELLOW,

jirice Is. Gd. per lb. Cheaper by the cwt.

These are superior new varieties, growing to an enor-

iiiniis size, without beiug coarse; and producing a much

greater weight per acre than tlie cominou kinds.

The following are good useful sorts, cheaper by the cwt. : —
rerlb.— s. d. I Per lb.— s. d.

GOOD YELLOW GLOBK 0 !) GOOD RED GLOBE ..0 1)
GOOD ORANGE ditto ..0 0 GOOD LONG RED .. 0 a

SELECTED ORANGE dn. 1 0 GOOD LONG VELLOW. . 0 9
ELVKTHAM LONG RKD 1 0 STRATTON S RED GLOBE I 3
RED INTERMEDIATE.. 1 C YELLOW OVAL .. ..10

Lowest price per cwt. ou application.

SUTTON'S

GRASS SEEDS FOR ALL SOILS.

Mcssi-s. Sunoy specially prepare ^[IXTUKES for every
description of soil; ihoreloie in ordering it is only neces-
sary to state the nature of soil, and suitable Seeds will
be supplied.
SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of PERMANENT

GRASSES and CLOVERS (2 bushels of Grasses, and

12 lb. Clovers per acre), 365. per acre, carriage free.
C HEAPER MIXTURES, 26s. to ZOs. p, acre, carriage free.

Also MIXED GRASSES and CLOVERS for 1, 2, 3,
or 4 Years' Pasture or Hay, at equally moderate
prices, as see

SUTTON'S NEW FARM SEED LIST,

Gratis and Post Free on application.

SUTTON'S CHAMPION SWEDE.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

CARTER'S SELECT LIST of GENUINE FARM
SKEDS. Rt tnoderato prices, Is now ready, and may bo had post
ft'ee on appltcalion to

Cahtkh'3 Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High
Holboru, London, W.C.

Croquet Grounds.

For the Iniprovoment of Croquet
Grounds and Lawns,

WHEELER AND SON,

J.^;

recommoud a Mixture of tho finest
LAWN GRASS SEEDS, which should
now bo sown at tho rate of about
10 1b. per aero, with n top-dreastng of
800t, RUtiiio, or Biiporphoaphato. Tho
Lawn or Croquet Ground sliould then bo
thoroughly well rolled.
The price of tho Seed is la. 3(7. per lb.

J. C. WnFKLER tc Soji,
Seed Growers, Gloucester.

i^-^ R AS S SEEDS for

^^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
ftuoat quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
aeientiflc system.

Heo " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which containa Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. Wheeler k So>-,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agi-icultural Society.

JC. WHEELER and SON, Seed Growkus,,
• Gloucester (Seedsmen to tho Gloucestershire A^jncultural
Society), can very strongly recommend tho following Mixtures :—
CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS for ONE YEAR'S LAY.
J. C. WiiKci.Kii & Sun can supply this excellent Mixture— all of the
finest quality— carriage free by Railway, at 16s. per acre.

lb.

3 Italian Rye-grass, Lolium

Italicum.
1 Cocksfoot. Dactylis glomorata
1 Timothy, Phloum pratenso

lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L, som

pervirens
7 Red Clover, Trifolium pratenso
7 Trefoil, Medicago lupmina

A cheaper Miituro at lua. Gd. per acre.

CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS for TWO YEAKS' LAY.

J. 0. WiiEKLKK & Son can supply this excellent Mixture ior Two

Years' Lay— all of the finest quality— carriage free by railway, at

ISs. Gd, per aero,

lb.

Perfectly hardy,

Stores exceed-
ingly well.

R.'uoly, if ever,

ciifiers from

Mildew.

SUTTOJ^'S CHAMPION SWEDE.

1^* AU Goods Carriage Free, except very small parcels.
Five per cent, discount allowed for prompt payment.

SUTTON AND SONS, SEED GROWERS,

RRADING.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L.perenne
4 Italian itye-graas, L. italicum
2 Cocksfoot.'DActylis glomerata
I Timothy, Phleum pratenso

3 Red Clover, Trifolium pratODSO
3 Cow Grass, T. pratense perenne
3 White Dutch, Tr. repens

^ 4 Trefoil, Medicago lupulina

A cheaper Mixture at HJ.-*. Sd. per acre.
CLOVERand GRASS SEEDS fOr THREE or FOUR YEARS' LAY
J. C. Wheeler & Son can supply this excellent Mixture- all of the
finest quality— carriage freo by Railway, at 21s, per acre,
lb. j lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L. sem- E Timothy, Plileum pratenso

pervirens 3 Red Clover, Trifolium pratense

4 Pacey's Perennial, L. Pacey- ' 3 Cow Grass, T. pratenso perenne
niium [cum i 3 White IIone>sucKle, T. repeiis

3 Italian Rye-grass, Lolium itaii- 1 Alsike, Trifolium hybridura
a Cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata 1 4 Trefoil, Medicago lupulina
A Cheaper Mixture at 2l3. per Acre.
J. C. Wheelkh & Son's CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS aro of
excellent quality, very moderate in price, and 5 per cent, discount
is allowed tor cash.

J. C. WnEEMH & Sns, Seed Growers, Gloucester^

BUTTON'S FINK LAWN GRASS for Making New

O or Improving old Garden Lawns, Croquet Grounds, &c, Prico
Is. 3rf. per pound, 24«. per bushel, carriage free. For forming New
Lawns or Croquet Grounds three.busliols, or GO lb., are required per
Acre, or 1 gallon to Six Rods of Ground.
Frcm the Rev. E. J. Gosling, M.A., Cltaplain to the Comity Gaul,

Xew Dindiii Road, Monmouth.
Nov. 8, Isr.G.- " The Lawn Seeds 1 had from you in the spring have
fully testified to the truth of all that has been said in praise of them."
From II. E. Toes., Esn,, 32, Bartholomew liooil North,
Kentitih Titwii, London.
August 8, ISGiJ.—" The Lawn Grass Seed is excellent; grows very
quickly indeed, and produces beautiful find Grass, such as we never
had before."

From Rnnr. J. Stedmax, Esq., Sharnhrook, Bed/oi-d.

J.in. 13, 13GC.— " Tho lawn I laid down last spring with your Grass

Seeds answered wnndevlully. It looks now lis if it had lieen done

with old Turf. Persons who see it scarcely believe it was obtained by

sowing."

From Mabtis Codcqer, Esq., M.D., Bayton Villa, CliJlon-on-Teme,
Wurcester.
Oct. G, 1800.— " On the 10th or 12th of June I sowed the Lawn
Grass Seed, and though the planting was so late, the Lawn now
presents auniformlnxuriantappearanceof a beautiful tint, and looks
as though it had been planted two years. Of course, attention has
been paid to mowing and rolling."

PRICED LISTS gratis and post free.
Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Very Early Sheep Feed.

BUTTON'S IMPROVED ITALIAN KTE-GRASS.—

k3 Thi.s " Improved "Italian Rye-grass is recommended in prefer-
ence to every other variety, producing three or four heavy crops in
one summer, and being almost if not strictly perennial.

At a Meeting of tho Royal Agricultural Society, on March IG, in
a Lecture delivered by Alfred Hughes, Esq., late of Thorness, Isle of
Wight, Mr. Hughes said : —

" 1 always reserve a portion of Oat land to lay down with Sutton's
Improved Italian Rye-graas, the most reliable plant I have come
across for some years for Ewes and Lambs in the Spring. When 1
tell you that 1 put it in in thespring, and dressed it after harvest with
guano, and that m the autumn, when my Sheep fed it off, it was
up to thoir knees, and that 1 fed it off again this spring with Ewes
and Lambs, I think you will agree that tnis is a crop of very great
value. The Italian Rye-giaas which ia sold by Sutton, of Reading,
is a most astonishing vigorous plant ; Indeed, I uevor saw anything lo
equal it in the course of all my experience."

Sdtton & Sons have a fine stock of their Improved Italian Rye-
grohs, which is a very difteront and superior article to much that
is sold as Italian K>e-grasa.

Present prico 6j.'6(/. per bush 01 , choaper In quantities over fi qr.s.
Carriage -fi-ee In quantities of 8 bushels and upwards.

Quantity required per aero. If sown alone, 3 bnahtls.
Royal Berlcshlro Seed Estnblishnioiir, Rcailii^'.

Good Clover Seeds at Market Prices.
(JUTTON ANn SUNS .;im Kupply tlio ali .vo, of hest
yj quality. SainploH and prices may be had gratU and iwst freo
on application.

Sutton i SfiKB, Seed Growers, Roadlll^;.

The New Forage Grass (Broinus Schraderl).

^JU'l'lON ANiJ SONS h:ive iiuportod a lar;;.; supply of
O True Seed of tho above, and olTer it at 2j*, nd. per lb or chyupor
in largo quantities. Qjantity required per acre, 3() lb. Lowest price
per cwt. and iuistructiouH nw cultivation may l»u hud on apollcatron.
Sutton & Sons, Seed Mercliants, RoadliiK.

Improvement of Grass Lands,

at from Cm. to 10.s, pur a';rc.

UTTON'S RENOVATING

MIXTURE

Should Now be Sown.

G to 121b. per aero.

Price lOd. per lb. Clieaper by the cwt.

If these Seeds aro sown early in tho aoiiHun,

the improvement in the land will bu very

great, aud at a small expenao.

This Mixture should bo bush-han'owod in,
and rolled afterwards.

Sutton tc Sons,

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment,

Readinjf.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

Juat Published, post free, 12 stamps (gratis to customers).

riARTEU'S GARDKNERS' nnd FARMERS' VADE

\^J MECUM for 18G7.

In consequence of the mcrorising ibterest taken in Subtropical
Plants mid in the finer Border Flowers, Jamrs Cautkr & Co. hjiv)
devoted apocial attention to these sul>jects in thoir new issue of tho
above work, and the foUowing original and practical articles plainly
Indicate tho readiest way to get up a stock of these subjects in the
most economical manner : —

Ou tho Cultivation of Hardy Flowers from Scod.

How to raise Hardy Flowers irom ceed.

Ornamental Annuals.

Fine-foliaged Plants from Seed. Also,

On Laying Down Grass S>;ed for Permanent Pasture, &e.
Forwarded for 12 stamps on application to Cahter's Great London
Seed Warehouse. 237 and 2.3.S. High Jlolborn. London. W.C.

Seed Corn from the Chalk.

ALL the MOST Ai'PRO\L-D VAKIl-mES supplied bv
RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING, and
COMPANY, Limited.

Address, Basingstoke ; or ^9, Seed Market, Mark Lane, Loudou, E.C.
•,* Samples and prices on application.

ROYAL AGRICUI/rURAL SOCIRTY of ENGLAND.
liURY ST. EDMUND'S MEETING, 1807.
STOCK, POULTKV ami IMPLEMENT I'RIZE SHEETS aro
now reiidy, and will be forw.irdeil on application to
12, Hanover .Square, London, VV, H. Hall Dare, Sec.

Wfxt ^gricttltutal (Ba^ette.

SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 1867.

The valuo of milk for tho purpose of paying
the agricultural labourer in kind, or helinng
him with food at a low " first-hand" jsrice, Joes
not seem to have received tho con.sideratiou which
it deserves.

The greatest difiiculties with which capitalists
will henceforth have to contend in this country,
at least for some time to come, will belong to the
labour question. This proposition applies
especially to tho present jiosition of fanners, and
the relation in which they stand to those whom
they emploj' ; for the stimulus which has been
given to manufacture.s, trade, and commerce
during the fiscal and financial changes of the
last 25 years has enabled town employers to
compete for labourers, and to pay increased
money wages ; and at the same time the farmers
of this country have probably had upon the whole
a proportionate diminution of means for employ-
ing labour. Thus, while " opeiutives " and
" artizans" have increased, the peasantry have
diminished, and farmers h.ave had to take up
with machinery more and more in self-
defence, till in many parts of this country
the business of farming is left with by far too
few hands for its proper prosecution. We do not
anticipate that for many years to come the situa-
tion in this respect will bo improved ; for how-
ever much it may be evident that many towns
are overdone with the unskilled labour' which
would have been well adapted for agricultural
operations, it is not likely that these superfluous
hands will return to the villages and farms from
which they migrated.

When illiterate folks have been exposed for
a time to town sights and temptations, they
become sijoiled for the more monotonous, though
moi'o healthy occupations of rural districts.
Besides, when increased monej' wage.? have been
■eeeived, it is difficult for the labourer to believe
that a less wage, under other conditions, might
be of greater valuo to him.

Thus the present situation is both complex and

244

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRlCtJLTtlRAL GAZETTE,

[Mabch 9, 1867.

critical. If, therefore, any indirect advantages,
in the form of personal comforts, can be bestowed
on the labourers who yet remain in agricultural
districts, and they can thereby bo persuaded to
remain ; or if any similar inducements can be
held out to youths or men, who have left their
village or cottage home, to retiu-n to agricultural
pursuits, not only will it be for their good, but
the farmers of this country, and the^ whole
nation, wiU be at once largely, and ultimately
very largely, benefited.

Payments in kind, properly administered,
have a power of begetting friendly feeHngs,
which hard cash, by itself, never can produce.
Some few years ago this closer relationship was
much less common. Now, unfortunately, it
too often happens that native husbandmen conie
upon the farm as strangers would do; their
work is allotted them, or bargained for ; it is ill
or well done, their money is paid them, and off
again they go. This may bo expedient, and it
majr have been mutually agreeable for a season,
but if it be desired that the confidence which once
existed should return, past social relations must
be resumed and made more intimate. There is no
fear of "strikes" among husbandmen, but the
spirit of Trades' Unionists may, and will take
deep root, unless it be guarded against by
masters, and the present small profits on capital
employed in farming may thus be further
decreased.

The old and homely axiom — "It is cheaper to
buy milk than it is to keep a cow," undoubtedly
holds good in very many cases ; but where
mUk is not to be bought the principle falls
through, and it becomes an important economical
question whether it would not be advisable to
set up an establishment of one or more milk-
yielding animals. The value of milk as an
article of diet is not half appreciated in many
parts of this country. Where pure milk is
abundant, children are ruddy in the face and
their bones and muscle are well grown. A large
dairy farmer said — " Milk and eggs are the stuff
to feed growing folks on ; and if you want a
confirmation of this — there's my son," who
certainly, in size, and substance, and form, did
credit to his father's creed.

Cheshire presents agricultural features besides
its great dairies. A large number of its cottagers
keep one or two cows. The cottages of the
county are scattered about by the roadside and
up lanes, and to them there are generally attached
two or three crofts from 1 to 2, 3 or 4 acres.
By means of these crofts the cottagers keep their
cow or cows, and pig or pigs. A part of these
crofts are under Potatos and Eye, alternately,
for a few years, when another part is broken up
and the late cultured part is allowed to return to
the indigenous plant of the county — Grass.
The milk from these cows is hand-churned in
the cottage, and the proceeds are taken to the
neighbouring town, be it Nantwich, Malpas,
Chester, Whitchurch, Or elsewhere, on market
days, and sold from the basket, which in a
general way is placed on a three-legged stand
lent by the general shopkeeper, over whose
counter the money taken is expected to be spent
as far as a supply of his goods is required. These
cottagers' wives and daughters stand in long
rows in the open street in some towns, in others
shelter for thetn is provided.

The comforts which are thus derived from a
small plot of ground give these people an air of
respectability which the inhabitants of many
other districts can never attain out of the wages
which agriculture pure and simple can afibrd to
pay. The butter not required at home is sold ;
the biitter milk is looked forward for as a treat
for the bairns ; while skim milk is always, or
nearly always, being produced, or it is readily
obtained at a neighbouring cottage where a cow
is " in flow." The pigs partly kept on the refuse
are general^ one or two for making bacon hogs ;
or several for growing to 4 or 5 scores each, for
selling to go to the dairy farms, whUe the flush
of cheese-making continues. Fowls are also
kept by these cottagers, and when grown taken
to market with the butter and eggs. Thus the
townspeople and other residents in Cheshii'e are
well supplied with fresh butter, eggs, and
poultry at moderate prices. Dealers from
Manchester, Birmingham, Wolverhampton, and
other large towns also attend and buy up the
surplus of these productions at low prices.

A custom prevails in Cheshire which facilitates
the keeping of cows by cottagei-s. It is that of
" making a ley," viz., setting a park or range of
the poorer pastures for taking in cattle at so

much per head from Old May Day to October 12,
the prices being — for yearlings 28s., and for
two-year-olds 40s. The cow is sold sometimes
in the autumn, and the heifer kept to calve
down, a bull being provided by the owner of the
"ley." Or if the crofts have yielded enough
hay, and a little straw can begot, and a fewTurnips
or Mangels have been grown, both heifer and cow
are nursed through the winter. The attention
which the cottagers' wives pay to these animals
is of the most sedulous kind, and their reward is
great in the extra comforts or savings thus
derived.

A case worth noting we may relate. The wife
of a cottager, who had two big bairns to keep,
"took 10s. a-week out of Chester" for many
week in the spring, with the butter she made in
excess of the family wants. The plan of feeding
adopted was to chail so much hay and straw,
mash up fine so much Mangel, and add to it so
much meal of some kind till a large bucket was
filled. Then a kettle fuU of boiling water was
put over the whole. This was done twice
a-day for a morning and evening meal, the
remaining food being rough hay, some roots,
and millers' offal, and straw. But for making
the milk abundant in the winter, when the
cow was always in the stall, gi'eat value was
attached to the pail-full of scalded food night and
morning.

When cottagers have not crofts, and work on
dairy farms, they generally get "suppin," that
is, butter-milk, skim-milk, or whey, in abund-
ance. Per as calves cannot be timed to a day,
week, or even a month in all cases, there is
mostly a weekly make of " boosey " butter, and
perhaps cheese throughout the winter months.

Many points of evidence might be given did
our space permit, to show how greatly our fore-
fathers appreciated the quaUties of milk. The
ancient charter of some boroughs, to which
common lands are attached, gives to the freemen
the right to turn out a cow under given regula-
tions. Sudbury in Suffolk is one of the boroughs
where this boon, now overdone and much abused,
continues.

In some parts of Scotland a custom, to which
reference is made in another page, prevails of
allowing ploughmen to keep a cow as a part of
Iris yearly payment of wage. Shepherds have
the liberty of keeping so many score sheep.
Single men and strangers have an allowance of
three pints a milk a day for use with 'porridge
morning and evening. The uoui'ishing and
strengthening qualities of milk thus used are
demonstrated during harvest, for the Irish
labourers who used to migrate to do the reaping
and mowing generally fattened in the face, and
gained several pounds weight dui-ing the month
or so of their stay ; and this, notwithstanding
that their physical exertions were doubled and
tripled.

In the Eastern Counties the price of skim-milk,
when sold at the farm houses, is a penny a quart.
Butter milk is there looked upon in the light only
of pig-food. We have never heard of its being
eaten, much less preferred. But this is a great
mistake. Nothing is more wholesome than fresh
butter-milk, although of course it is not so
nutritious as the natural and complete article.
It contains however all the bone and muscle-
forming qualities of cheese, while its agreeable
lactic acid is in chemical quality more like the
gastric juice of the human stomach than any
production that can be found in nature or pro-
duced by art. Cheshire men take a small
quantity with a hot Potato to restore the
appetite, or as a stimulant to sharpen their taste
for dinner. The effect of it when not regularly
practised is something marvellous. Polks in
other parts who have a "weak digestion " may
take a hint fi-om this custom.

There are many other points which we might
relate, and we have other facts in store, but we
have already occupied the space at our command.
The conclusions to be drawn seem to us to be
that in many parts of this country, in arable
districts as well as Grass "countries," the
practice of cow-keeping may be extended, as
much for the indirect advantages which it would
give to the peasantry as for anything else. In
arable districts, cottage dau-ying cannot be
returned to extensively ; but while the future
price of butter will surely be high enough to
make home-made butter directly profitable to
the farmers' household, the disti-ibution of mUk
at a low price cannot fail to be immen.sely
serviceable indirectly, in the way it will cause
contentment among farm labourers. Even the

Malt-tax question does not possess points of more
importance than does that which asks — How can
an increased supply of milk bo produced ? O.

The Law of Master|and Servant was the subject

of conversation in the House of Commons the other
eveninjx. The state of the law at present is that for a
breach of contract a servant may be seized, handcuffed,
taken before a magistrate, and sentenced to imprison-
ment with hard labour. Last Session a Committee,
which inquired into the law regulating contracts
between master and servant, unanimously recom-
mended certain amendments, and their resoUitions had
been substantially approved by a committee represent-
ing the united trades of the country, A general
feeling prevails that the law which imposes only a
civil penalty upon employers for a breach of contract,
while it sends the workman to prison, is unequal, and
ought to be amended, Mr, Walpole said that the
subject is engaging the attention of Government, who
will do their best to bring in a Bill on the subject this
session. The report of the committee referred to
above was thus discussed in the Pall Mall Gazette
at the time : — •

"In the year 1S64 there were no less than 10,246 cases of
prosecution under the existing laws relating to masters,
servants, .and apprentices. In 1863 there were S504, and in
1862 there were 7C37. In such a state of affairs, no words are
necessary to pi-ove that there must be something radically
wrong, either in the Laws themselves, or in the soci.al condition,
which prompts so formidable and so rapidly-increasing an
amount of litigation, A select committee was .appointed by
the House of Commons to inquire into the working of those
laws in March last ye.ar. The case is as clear as the day. The
law, as it now stands, has been manufactured altogether in the
interest of the employer of labour, and it has been one of the
most prolilic of causes in creating and stimulating .an iU -feel-
ing in the artisan world against the middle and higher classes.
Its nature cm be stated in a single sentence, A breach of
contract by .an employer— technically called the " master" — is
treated bj' the law as a civil offence, while a breach by the
jjeraon employed — technically called the " serv.ant " is treated
as a Clime. In the former case there is, therefore, a small
pecuniary penalty exacted from the master, by wliich the
employed is compensated for his actual loss ; in the latter the
employed is sent to gaol and punished heavily for a crime.
The arrangement is so glaringly unjust that we are not
surprised to find that it is represented by those who know
most of the feelings of the working men and of the facts of
the case, not only as a fertile cause of strikes, but as the
source of that violence and savagely with which at times
these ti'ade disputes are embittered. It is not so much the
prevalence of actual oppression as tho knowledge of what the
law is, and of the degradation and wrong to which tho work-
man may be subjected, which creates anger,"

It is certain that tlie existing law will shortly be
amended in aocordauce with a more evenhanded justice
than that which it now displays,

The Meld gives a useful list of Substitutes for

Straw : — Ashes, whether from coals, wood, or burnt
clay, make capital litter when covered with straw, or
with certain otlier substances softer than themselves.
We have ourselves this winter saved much straw by
their use. — Earth, even if not burnt to ashes, yet, if
dried and pulverised by heat and exposure to tlie air,
can be used in the same way, — Sand may be used by
itself, and is of a cleansing nature to the skin, — Leaves
should be collected soon after they fall, and removed
from the Grass, which they injure, to heaps under
cover, — Sawdust is an excellent absorbent, and may be
used next the skin of the animal whose bed it forms.
Like sand and ashes, however, it is itself of no mauu-
rial value, — Feni, dried and stacked, is most usefully
employed as bedding, — Tan will absorb much moisture,
and last as long as litter. — Jiad hay of less feeding value
than good straw may be substituted for it. And lastly —
the shrewdest remark of all, — straw is a substitute
for much of itself when used economically.
And then follow remarks on the best means of
increasing tlie growth of .straw — as dressings of nitrate
of soda, sulphate of ammonia, guano, &c, — and on tlie
best means of saving it all, mowing it close to the
ground — and on the best means of keeping it sweet and
stiff, .stocking your corn on the crown of the ridge
instead of the furrow, and thatching it when threshed.
To this we may add tliat it is economised in use by
cutting it into chaff, so that only those parts which are
soiled are removed in the dnng. Sawdust we find a
capital bedding stuff for cows, costing about one-halt as
much as straw at present prices, and keeping the cattle
cleaner and as comfortable,

The very interesting discussion in the House of

Commons last week on Professor Pawcett's proposal
to extend the Factory Acts to the case of children
employed in the fields, recalls to recollection the
experience of Mr, Paget, of Buddington Grange, late
M,P, for Nottingham, on the subject of Half-time
Schooling for the children of farm labourers, It is
very desirable that we should know how the plan
continues to answer the benevolent aim of its
promoter ; but meanwliile we reproduce the following
statement made by Mr, Paget before the Liverpool
meeting of the Social Science Association : —

" The tioys work ,andgo to school on altei-nate days : — ' They
are never weary either of school or of work. Their progress is
found to be very nearly equal to that of those whose sole busi-
ness is attending school. At 14 years they have received not
only a fair amount of the rudiments of school-leaniing, but
they have also acquired a knowledge of the business of lite,
and are ready to cuter into service with all that skill arising
from habits of labour, combined with hardihood from ex-
posure in out-of-doors work, which the fiirmer who hh-es them
has a right to expect. They are much better servants than
the mere schoolboy could be. Their school-life being com-
pared, not with a hohday, but with a day of labour, they look
upon it as a rest, and their associations with books are not
irksome, but agreeable : so that, as a rule, they will retain
what they have acquired. The schoolmaster also feels the
adviintage of this system. The boys attend more regularly
than the average of children ; and, remaining to a later age,
their attainments .are higher, and they give a higher tone to
the school. The best evidence I can give of the value enter-
tained by the labouring classes for this system, is the state-
ment that they volunt.arily adopt it in theii' own arr.ange"

March 9, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

345

raonts. Ill adcUtioi. to 16 who ;ire working a,, «n3 m
nrrionltMml labour, thoro are aovornl pairs employed in thu
wtadh V m 1 soan.ln^-. LLdoUK-inK t.. tlio Blocking nmnnfactory,
,u! 1 R, i 1 ,'irN wlii. assisi tlio mother in her donientrc dntle»
altemalelv ; and I h,.vo Kood reason to believe that in both
these eases the system works very satisfaetorily.

Mr Pagkt evidently thinks much better of boys
than 'farmiirs generally do :-" One boy is a boy-two
bovs aro liaU' a, hoy-and throe bo^s are ne er a boy at
all'" That is the usual rate at which their nsefulness

iiirm labourers is estimated. Properly superintended,
hard at school, and hard at work on alternate

as
and

days, there' is no reason why they should not be as
energetic, purpose-like, and nsel'ul as their seniors.

We regret our inability to give this week the

detailed report, promised last week, of Mr. Betts
herd of amnd Vuelwsses at Preston Hall, near
Aylesl'ord, Kent, tho sale of which is to be conducted

by Mr. Straffokd early in May, " ' " "

soon as possible.

It shall appear as

HINDS' COW-KEEPING IN SCOTLAND
I prnPOSE placing before you tho statements of
several agriculturists of high standing, and shall con-
clude with a working man's views of the advantages
derivable from a cow's keep being part ot a married
ploughman's wa^jcs.

A report was given in the Scotsman of January 10,
18(il of a meeting held in Edinburgh on the ' Condi-
lion of Rural Labourers in Scotland." I send you the
report of the resolution which was moved and sup-
ported by M r. Hope, of Fentonbarns, in wduch you
will find 'Mr. Hope is, an intelligent, zealous advocate
of the advantages to hinds derivable from a cow being
part of a hind's yearly wages.
Mr. George Hope, Fentonbarns, moved—
" That as improved cnltiration necessarily implies an
increase in the amount and quality of the labour employed,
it is the duty and interest of both landlords .and tenants that
a sufficiency of cottage accommodation be provided on every
farm, thus removing at the same time an impediment to tho
formation of those domestic and family ties_ so essential to
the happiness and welfare of the human race."
In supporting this resolution he spoke as follows :—
I am not one of those who think the world is going back-
wards and that people are worse now, either socially or
morally, than they were in former times. " Macaulay's
History," "Cockburn's Jlemorials," "Dr. Carlyle's Biography,"
imd similar works, cleai-ly show that this countiy has
improved, and is improving. Within tho iMt few ye.ars we
have made greater and more rapid stiides ul material pros-
peritv th.an in any other period of recorded history. But in
this very conilition thcr.- aro doubtless great dangers. <>nr
material wealth ni.ay extin{<uish our spiritual life, without
which no community can really prosper. Unhappily, recent
reports of the Registrar of Births, Jlarriages, and Deaths
reveal a very p.ain1ul state of matters in many of our riir.ai
districts. It is obvious, also, that the mor,al state of some
counties is worse than others. By a careful consideration of
the cu'cumstanccs affecting each, we may be able to discover
whether this arises from the natural disposition of the
people in such districts, or from unfortun.atc influences
under which thoy m.ay bo placed. I will therefore endeavour
to state as sliurtly as I can the position of the rural labourers
in East Lotliian, with which I am best acquainted. Almost
all the ploughmen there .are married men, hired from Whit-
sunday to Whitsunday. Their wages aro generally 9 quarters
of Oats. 2i quarters of B.arley, 1 qu.arter of Be.ans, the keep of
a cow, cottage (with garden and pigstye), land for Potatos, a
small sum of money, food in harvest, co.als driven, &c., worth
something like lit. Ci;. or 1.3.t. per week. I have never yet seen a
more respectable class of labourers than these men who are
paid in produce in any part of Scotland, or England either. I
attach very gre.at importance to every man liaving a cow of
his own. It is of gre.at advantage to him in bringing up his
family, by the .abvnldance of wholesome food it supplies, and,
from his wife's skilful management, he is besides enabled to
sell produce often to double the v.alue of the cow's keep.
Before a man sets up as a hind he requires to h.ave saved
something like 301., to pay for his cow .and furniture, and few
of them maiTy until they h.ave done so. We aU know the
feeling of self-respect which property invariably gives. No
man with a good cow in the byi-e readily takes to petty larceny
or poaching. Nothing pleases me more than the intense
interest displayed by evei-yman, woman, and child in the welfare
of theii- cow. "l h.ave heard it alleged by farmersiwhere it was
not tho custom for labourers to h.ave cows and pigs, that it
tempted them to pilfer. After a pretty long experience I
can affirm that this is not the ease ; I hold the cow and the
pig to be pledges fur their honesty, neither would I have about
me men I suspected of dishonesty. I believe every way it makes
them better and more thoughtful servants, and I h.ave 1.1 men
in my employment who have cows of their own. I should not
like a man without a cow to be in any charge, or to drive
horses belonging to me.

I am glad to furnish you with the concurrent testi-
mony of Mr. Scot Skirving in " Landlords and
Labourers." He says : —

" None of Lord Kinnaird's vtf5Ws is more to he regretted
than his opinion as to the inexpediency of allowing farm-
servants to keep cows. In nothing are masters .and servants
more entirely unanimous than in .acknowledging the great
beneftt derived from this system, wherever it is in oper.atioii.
The cow is supposed to cost the ni.aster 5!., which forms part
of the hind's wage, but the adv.ant;ige to the servant is not
easily estim.atcd. "rhe peenni,ary return from the sale of
butter or milk is of coui-se various. It depends on the qusility
of the cow. upon management, situation, and the size of the
family ; but in all cases the benefit derived is very much
gi-eater than could be represented by 5/,, and double that sum
Wjuld he nearer the mark. '•

Besides tho wholcsoino fond drawn directly from tho cow,
she supplies tho family with animal food as well, the pig beiiig
in no small measure supported by the cow, and liork is tho
only butchcr-mcat thoy ever sec. Then carefulness, clcanll
ncSB, and g.iocl house-keeping are necessary to malto Iho little
dairy )>rolVlablc, whilst a good run of pastm-e fo? a cow forms
an additional motive for remaining in a situation. I know not
how it may bo in other cottage districts, but I deeply rcgi'ct
that farmers who havo recently eomo into East Lothian from
counties whore cows arc not kept, decline in m.my cases to
ffi'ant this most valuable privilogo. Tho nia.stcrs arc no gainers
certainly by the innovation, and the best 8crv.ants aro not
likely to sulnnit to tho wjint.

Lord Kinnaird thinks that tho death of tho cow would be
a great i»oiamiary blow to tho labourer, but were ho to ask a
farm servant what happened in such a case, or had Mr. llobb
.asked the question, ho would probably have received for
answer— "On, sir, she's i' the bo.x : " meaning that tho cow
was insured. Every hind insures his cow, in assurance
societies admirably managed by themselves, and provision is
made to moet the case of the animal's permanent ill-health as
well as of its death. I h.ave little doubt that in the " cow,"
coupled with the system of payment in "kind," is to be
found the solution of the mystery already .alluded to, of the
farni-serv.int .so frequently being able to board out a son, or to
sustain other expenses, which set all calculations, based on
the nominal .amount of his wages, at defiance.

The Rev. Harry Stuart, of Oathlaw, states in his
address to the Forfarshire farmers, which was published
in the iiamphlct form in 1857 :— " The best and most
unquestionable feature of the Lothian service economy
is that of the cow, and which, if well managed, -ivould
foster many of those social and economical virtues
which are now at such a low ebb among our serving
pea.santrv." " They have almost all cows," says Mr.
ITowdcn', an old East Lothian farmer, in his evidence
before the Poor Law Commission. " Witness is satisfied
that this is an excellent practice."

The Rev. Harry Stuart follows up with his own
remarks thus:— It is too much to expect of any
ordinary woman, that she can make a good farm-
servant's wife in all the retiuisites, and rear and
train children who shall also make farm-
servants, and good rural economists as wives, if
you do not give her a good cow. I plead for the cow ;
iiot so much on account of the health of her children,
—although this of itself is a mighty matter in rearing
stalwart ploughmen for you— as for the training of her
children, especially the girls. Why, in this county,
instead of the cow— the health-giving, ro.sy-eheeking,
and interesting cow— it is all the dirty, dusty, clacking,
antl pale-facing loom that the farm-servant's wife has
in general given to her to try and make a penny by.
And then how, with a loom in it, can her house be
kept nice and clean ? how are her husband's dinners
cooked, aud how dry and pOor are his meals ? and how
are his children kept and looked after ? and what kind
of serving girls are his daughters in an establishment
where cows are kept, and a dairy has to be managed'?
These, and many such questions as these, deserve the
most serious attention, if you would see a better state
of things in the quarter we are looking to :— and
whether it is to be the cow, or the loom, with a bare
allowance of milk, will be decided a vast number of
these questions, either for or against the social well-
being of your labourers. To support what I now assert,
I cannot do better than quote from a letter by another
extensive Lothian farmer to Mr. Cowie, Mains of
Halkerton, and quoted by him in his very excellent

cultivated distrii^t, it is the general rule for each hind
to bo the proprietor of tho cow whioh the fanner finds
a-s part of tho hind's wages; and sucdi importance is
attached to the cow as part of the payment in kind,
that a good niauy farmers " put on a cow " to each
hind who cannot purcdiase— that is, the farmer gives
the hind the milk of the cow. The farmer keeps tho
calf, which is very g(tod interest for the money invested
in tho price of tho cow — say 121. — and each hind's wife
milks her own or tho " puttin' on " cow.

The farmer and the resident married servants and
cottagers on each farm form a community by them-
selves. As a general rule, there is at least one grocer
in every village. A good many of the village grocers
have hucksters' licences, and traverse their r sijootive
districts with a horse and cart. These hawking grocers
aro designated " cadgers." So many now try to make
a living by "cadging" (hawking groceries) that some
farm steadings are visited every week-day by at least
one cadger. Thus the hinds' wives dispose of the
butter in exchange for the groceries and other house-
hold requisites; but a good many of the hinds' wives
carry the Initler to the nearest provincial town in their
respective districts, where they get one penny per lb.
more for the butter than the cadgers can pay the wives.
The cadgers expect to reali.se a profit of Irf. per lb.
and the grocers in the provincial towns like Kelso also
If/, per lb. Thus hinds in close proximity to towns
like Kelso, Jedburgh, and Coldstream, themselves
pocket the profits which the cadgers realise from the
I'arms six and seven miles from towns. A good many
of the hinds' wives go direct to the middle-class
families, who give the wives the current retail price
of good butter.

The Rev. Harry Stuart gives at page 19 of his
Address part of the evidence of Mr. Grey (late of
Dilston) before a Committee of the Hou.se of Lords,
to whom Mr. Grey stated that it is generally on object
with the hind to have such a proportion of the earn-
ings of his family paid in kind as will keep him out of
the market for such articles as meal, Potatos, cheese,
b.acon, milk, &o. ; and notwithstanding what economists
say about money being the only proper medium ot
exchange for labour, as well as for other things, the
custom of paying farm labourers in kind works well
for both master and servant. The produce of his
garden, his small Potatos, and the refuse of his dairy,
enable the hind to fatten two pigs. In this way habits
of industry and of economy are promoted, and domestic
and social'virtues aro engendered aud preserved, in a
manner, and to an extent unknown in those districts
where the younger members of a family are early
driven from the shelter of the parental roof and the
control of a parent's eve."

The Rev. Harry Stuart adds:— "Alas! this last
remark gives the real root of the evils now under
consider.ation ; having no cow, and no work for their
children at home, parents must let their children go
before tliev have got any schooling or training that can
be lasting 'for use, to herd the cow of the stranger."

I shall now show the supposed approximate cost to
farmers of a hind's yearly wages :—

£!..!.
Five loads (bags), 280 lbs., of oatmeal, at 21 2s. Bd. .. 10 13
Eighteen bushels of Barley, at 1/. lOs. 3d. per qr. . . 4 1
Six bushels of Peas, at H. 15s. per boll of 6 bushels. . 1 15

address of March last year, on the same subject to the ' Sheep-money .. .._ .. .._ 5

the Kincardineshire Farmers' Club, , Farmers' money-substitute for cow's keep

Club stamped Mr. Cowie's , proposal ] "tod^'J^^^l ^ ^^farm^s^^of i,500 lmealyard.s of

* Very various estimates are formed as to the v.alue of a
cow to a hind. In " The Cottage .and the Bothy " the author
generally sets it down at 5^, the estimated cost to the f.armer.
In Forfar ho states that this is reckoned 4^ to 5/. higher than
in Eoat Lothian, and he puts it down at from 91. to 10/. in
that county. But this must have been a calculation of its
worth to the scrv.ant, not the expense to the master. Few
hinds, even in indifferent milk dLstricts, could reckon their
cow worth less than 9/. ; whilst in dairy districts 131. is not
too high an estimate. On this subject " A Factor," writing
from Ayrshire in the North liritiih Ayricalturht, saj's, — " I
am not favourable to the reintrodnction of the crofter system
into the well-cultivated districts, although I think it would be
very beneficial that all cottars who wish it were .allowed
enough of pasture and meadow to enable them to keep a coW.
I 8.aw a cow the other d.ay kept in that way which has pro-
duced within the last 1'2 months 320 lb. of butter. Now,
putting the profit out of view, what an amount of occupation,

meeting of
and which _

of giving cows with its approval— only the cow
to belong to the servant himself :— " I have thirteen
married servants," says this Lothian farmer, " who
have all cows of their own ; they could not bring up
their families without them. I am sure their having a
cow each lias a most beneficial effect on themselves,
their wives, and their children. Besides the feeling of
self-respect whioh property engenders, it gives them
habits of forethought, and also of kindness to animals.
I have several times a,ssisted individuals with a loan to
enable them to purcha.-5e a first cow, and they have
always speedily repaid me. 10?. a-year would not
repay them for the want of a cow, although what they
actually make depends very much on the industry of
the wife. I know some of my people make the sum I
have named, besides supplying themselves with milk.
It improves or excites the energy and activity of the
mother, and through her the whole family ; so that
whether servants are disposed or compelled to have
cows of their own, they are much superior as a class to
those who have none. I am sure all my people have
my interests as much at heart as I have myself. I have
never changed one for many years. I never think of
their going away. Some of them have been on the
farm for 30 or 10 years, and never worked for any one
except mv father and myself."

The Rev. Harry Stuart adds :— " And it must be
so, in the very nature of things, th.at where a man has
got a cow well-letliered on a farm, he is himself in a
measure well-tethered — voluntarily bound— there also
with her ; for it will cost him a vast deal more anxious
thinking and looking about to get a good place for his
cow, than it will to get a good place for himself, as the
whole comfort of the family will in a great measure
depend on the good keeping of the pet cow."*
With regard to a general account of this highly

0
c 0

2 10 0

0 16 0

of thrift, of interest, pleasure, and exercise of economy, must
that animal havo created to tho household ! It has become a
serious grievance to the rural working class in many localities,
the difficulty they find in procuring a supply of milk for theii'
f.amilie.s— sometimes they cannot get it at all, in other cases
they have to send their children miles, through wet and cold,
to procure it from some old fashioned farmer or farmer's wife,
even when there are large dairies at their very door, but in
which it does not suit the management to supply them. All
this might be remedied by proprietors giving pasture for single
cows more freely."

* " Agi'icultnral Lshotircrs, as they Were, Are, .and Should
Be in their Social Condition." By the Rev. Harry Stuart,
Oathlaw. WilKam Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London.
Price Is,

Cost to Larmers of a hind's food for a month's food in
harvest

And perquisites of a house and garden free, the
eartage of coals, and the hind's lilierty to feed a pig

or pigs, at his own expense.

£30 15 10

Several of my recently published letters in the
Aqricultural Qazette having been republished in the
Keho Chronicle, a master-tradesman stated to me tha
up to a recent date residents in Kelso got Potatos
planted on the surrounding small farms at 8rf. a score
of lineal yards, i know of one who had CO bushels of
Potatos for 21. The hinds' wives aud famihes assist
with the planting of the Potato seed, and each hind
and his family do the manual labour connected with
the cleaning of the Potato drills and the lifting the
Potato crop.

I am surprised at so few public speakers and writers
omitting to point out to quack reformers of farm
labourers that the payment of hinds' wages partly in
kind secures to hinds the adv.antages of crofters without
crofters' and small farmers' risks. The foregoing
tabular account is the general rate of 'vages. The
substituting CO bushels of O.ats instead of the 5 loads
of Oatmeal ; .'i qtiarters of Barley instead of the
18 bushels ; 11. for the cow's keep, and what I treat as
perquisites— house and garden free of rent, the cartage
of coals, and the liberty to feed pigs— give hinds of the
present day a princely income when compared with
the crofters of Dr. Begg's good old times.

I deem it an impo;-tant matter to show the scope
hinds' wives have for acting the part of a farmer's
wife in developing the resources of the cow's produce,
and in manufacturing pork for family use and for sale ;
also, that the fluctuating yearly averages give the hinds
a proportional share of a well organised sy.stera of rural
economy. But too many farmers' treatment of the
hinds' cows is very discouraging to hinds. My state-
ments, which you published at pages 810 and 82G for
1857, are yet too applicable to tco many farmers' treat-
ment of hinds' cows. Since the hinds ou a farm where
the cows exist during winter on straw and water and
4 cwt. of oilcake, refused to accept of 8?. as a money-
substitute for the cows, cows which are constantly kept
in good milking condition are worth much more than
the general money substitute, &1. .

Owing to cows so poorly fed not costing farmers
more than U. and 5/. per annum, and as the cow part
of payment on some farms is put equal to lo/. a year^
the cow is a source of a deal of dissatisfaction ;

but I

246

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 9, 1867.

trust I have adduced sufficient expression of the
advantages to hinds derivable from placing them in
the position of crofters without crofters' risks.

So many being opposed to field work for single
women, the 6i. substitute for the cow leaves abroad
margin for giving an industrious wife an opportunity
of earning a female field labourer's wages in connection
with her ordinary household duties. My letter in the
Agricaltural Gazette of July 28 (page 717), will read
as a continuation of the foregoing. Thomas Waugh
Rutherford,, 22, mrest Field, Kelso, N.B.

THE GAME LAWS.

[The following is tlie very adtairable speech of Mr. MacLagan,
M.P., in the House of Commons on Tuesday evening last, on
moving for leave to bring in a Bill to amend the laws relating
to the preservation of game in Scotland : — j

He said the object of this Bill was to remove some of
the causes of that discontent about game which, not
unreasonably, in many instances prevailed among the
tenantry of Scotland. Of late years several circum-
stances had tended to increase that dissatisfaction.
The relationships between the different classes con-
nected with laud had been considerably modified. The
modern system of farming rendered a farmer more
subject to loss and annoyance from game. Eents had
been much increased, and farming had been conducted
on more strictly commercial principles. The palmy
days of fiirming were past, and the tenant was obliged
to calculate on every small return which he might
obtain from his outlay ; this being the more necessary
when this annual outlay on manures and feeding stuffs
often exceeded the rent paid to the landlord. Con-
temporaneously, however, with this increase of rent
and expenditure and diminution of profits, there had
been an immense increase in game, caused by excessive
preservation ; and if to these causes of dissatisfaction
were added the difference in the mode of conducting
the sport from that in which it was formerly carried
on, the discontent which prevailed could be no matter
of surprise. Formerly the sportsman, content with a
moderate amount of game, rejoicing in the healthful
e.xercise which he was obliged to take in pursuit of it,
and knowing that he had always the good-will of the
tenant on whose farm he shot, was always sure of a
pleasant day's sport, and never forgot to give a kindly
greeting at the farmhouse, and deposit some of the
spoils of the day. Now, however, in too many
instances the object of the sportsman appeared to be to
have a large bag with as little trouble as possible. For
months the game had been strictly preserved ; and at
the propel- time he sallied forth accompanied by his
keepers, his beaters, his dogs, and the game cart.
A wholesale slaughter took place, and the game car);
was filled and despatched to the nearest poulterer or
game-dealer, without the slightest acknowledgment to
the tenant on whoso crops the game had been reared.
Irritating as such conduct must be to a tenant of
spirit, over; when the sportsman was the proprietor of
the landSj it was still more so when he was a stranger,
who, paying a rent for the game, endeavoured to re-
imburse himself by selling most of what he shot. No
wonder a tenant felt discontented when he saw the
fruits of his great outlay, his anxieties, his skill, and his
labours not merely eaten up, but destroyed by animals
which he himself had not the power to keep within
reasonable bounds, but which were a source of income
and profit to another.

It was said, however, that a tenant had no cause
of complaint, since, when he took his farm, he
agreed to conditions reserving the game to the land-
lord, and depriving himself of all claim to compensa-
tion on account of any injury done to his crops by that
game. In some leases, indeed, the tenant was
converted into a gamekeeper, and was bound to
preserve game and to prevent poachers entering on his
farm. But before condemning them for signing clauses
so derogatory to their position as independent yeomen
and as men of intelligence and capital, it should
be remembered that there was at present a very
great competition for farms, owing to many who had
made money in other occupations becoming compe-
titors for farms. Moreover, these clauses were stereo-
typed and unalterable in the leases of many estates,
and were till recently, and even now, in some instances
regarded by competitors for farms as mere formal
sentences which, owing to the great competition, they
were inclined to overlook or consent to. They were
induced the more readily to agree to them, because, on
examining the farm, with the view of giving an offer
for it, they observed no unusual number of game, and
trusted to the honour of the landlord that, at all events,
there would be no increase of it so as materially to
damage their crops. It had been argued that a tenant
on looking over a farm should have satisfied himself as
to the amount of game on it, but this was impossible,
for, at particular hours of the day, the game retired to
the covers, or might, for the occasion, be driven off the
farm by the keepers. He knew a case where a tenant,
himself a sportsman, having year after year had fields
of turnips destroyed by the deer and hares, complained
to the landlord of the superabundance of the game, and
the landlord, who lived at a distance, resolved to have
a day's shooting on the farm to reduce the numbers.
An intimation was being sent to the keepers, but when
he made his appearance very little game was seen.
The tenant afterwards discovered that previous to the
arrival of the landlord the keepers had driven the game
off the farm, so that their master might not have cause
to complain of their excess of zeal in preserving it. In
too many instances, indeed, the keeper was the sole or
main cause of disagreement beliween landlord and
tenant ; and so great was the damage done to a tenant's
crops that he was under the necessity of giving up his
farm if the evil were not soon remedied.

It was alleged by some that tho damage done to the
crops by game, even on strictly preserved estates, was

immaterial. Such, however, was not the opinion of
gentlemen well qualified to judge. He knew a case in
which the damage done to the crops and the expense
of protecting the crops from the game on a farm of 560
acres amounted to upwards of 9001. for the last two
years. The late Mr. Pusey, once a member of this
House, and an eminent agriculturist, gave evidence
before a Select Committee of this House on the Game
Laws, about 20 years ago. He said that he was once
a strict game preserver, but, seeing the evils that arose
from the system, he discontinued it ; and, by so doing
he had more satisfaction in the farming of his estate,
and his tenants were more contented. His principal
reason for ceasing to preserve game was that he was
convinced the farmers had grounds for complaining
of the quantity of game that wa,s kept, and of the
injury which their crops suffered from hares and
rabbits. He also stated that game had become a source
of serious loss and annoyance to tenants in those
parts where it was highly preserved and that the
landowners would find great advantages from re-
laxing the protection, or abandoning it altogether.
This evidence of Mr. Pusey was corroboralied by
that of Lord Hatherton, given before the same com-
mittee. His lordship was at one time a strict game
preserver, before he became an eijtensive improving
farmer, when he had seldom less than 2000 acres of
land under improvement. He stated in evidence that
a very extensive and strict preservation of hares and
rabbits was most injurious to land in every way, and
he found that to pursue the two occupations— a rigid
preserver of hares and game generally, and an improver
of his land by planting and farming— was perfectly
incompatible. He soon found as a far.ner desirous of
introducing among his tenantry and into the neigh-
bourhood a better system of cultivation, that it was
utterly hopeless to do so unless he completely destroyed
the hares; and, again, he should have thought it
perfectly idle to invest capital in the improvement of
land if he had not the power of destroying hares. The
Duke of Grafton also stated before the same committee
that he had destroyed all the hares on his estate in
Suffolk on account of the injury they did to the
crops of the farmers. Sir Harry Verney also stated
it as his opinion that the preservation of game in
great abundance was a serious discouragement to
good farming.

All practically acquainted with agriculture agreed in
the opinion of these noblemen and gentlemen that the
animals most destructive to the crops of the farmer
were the hares a,nd rabbbits. It was difficult, if not
impossible, to estimate the damage done by hares, for
their depredations were not confined to one place, but
extended sometimes for miles ; and it was not so much
what they consumed as what they destroyed. He had
seen a field of Turnips destroyed during frost by the
hares passing along the rows and taking a bite out of
ahnostevery Turnip, thus exposing it to the frost and
rendering it useless when the fresh came. He had seen
fields of grain cut up with their roads and the ground
strewn with the he.ads of grain which had fallen from
the straw being gnawed through at the joints by these
pests. He had seen fields nearly ready for harvest
trampled on and beaten to the ground by them in their
mischievous gambols. He had seen a young plantation
of firs irreparably injured by the tops of the finest
plants being cut off by them. He had seen pastures
so polluted by their manure that more useful animals
refused to graae on them. He knew some farms
where cerfcam crops such as winter Vetches, could
not be cultivated. His observations and expe-
rience had led him to the same conclusion
arrived at by Lord Hatherton— that the preservation
of hares and the improvement and proper farming of
land were incompatible. Various estimates had been
given as to howmany hares were equal to one sheepin the
amount of food destroyed by the one and consumed by
the other. The estimates had varied from two to six and
eight hares for one sheep ; and he was certain thaiL if he
took into account the damage done to the different
crops mentioned, the lowest estimate would be much
nearer the truth than the higliest. He recently read
of an estate in Aberdeenshire on which 30,000 rabbits
and 1-100 hares had been destroyed annually for the
last 20 years. Suppose that three rabbits were equal to
two hares, and four hares to one sheep, and that there
must have been fed on the estate at least double the
number annually destroyed, we had a number of hares
and rabbits kept constantly on that estate which would
be equivalent to about 11,000 sheep. The estate con-
tained about 6000 arable acres, about 3000 acres of hill
pasturS, and about 5000 acres in wood. Thus, there
would be as much food destroyed by hares and rabbits
on that estate as if nearly two sheep were kept on each
arable acre, or about 1} on each acre in cultivation and
in hill pasture. Lord Hatherton, in his evidence before
the committee, stated that : —

" He would be extremely glad to see hares taken altogether
out of the class of frame, and put on the same footing .as
rabbits. He believed it would correct a great amount of evil,
affecting material interests both of tenant and landlord, and
affecting the moml condition of the lower orders ; and it was
the simplest and greatest improvement that could be made in
the Game-laws."

Fully sympathising in these views he proposed that
hares and rabbits should be dropped from the game
list. It might be said that rabbits were not game ;
but they were included in the Act 2 and 3 William IV.,
cap. 68, or the Day Trespass Act; in the Act
9 George IV., cap. 69, or the Night Trespass Act ; and
also in the Act for the Prevention of Poaching
of 1863. He proposed, next, to abolish cumulative
punishments — that was, punishments imposed by
several statutes, under each and every one of
which a person might be prosecuted and convicted
for one single act. Contrary as this was to the prin-
ciples of justice and jurisprudence, and opposed as it is
to the spirit of our laws, it was no less true. For
instance, under the Game Qualification Act of 1621, no

man could hunt, or hawk, " who hath not a plough-
gate of land in heritage " under a penalty of 81. 6s. Sd.
A ploughgate varied from 50 to 100 acres, so that not a
few members of this House rendered themselves liable
to be punished when enjoying their autumnal sports
on the Highland hills. Then if the unqualified
person committed the offence, or wilfully took,
killed, destroyed, or had in his posse.ssion any moor
fowl or ptarmigan out of the proper season-
that is to say, between the 10th of December and
the 20th of August, he was liable to be fined both
81. 6.9. 8d., under the Act of 11521, and 51. for each bird
he killed or had in his possession, under the Act the
13th of George III., cap. 54, and at the same time to
forfeit his gun under the Act 1707. Further, if he
were a trespasser, and he was convicted before a justice
of the peace of being in the pursuit of game between the
beginning of the first hour before sunrise and the end
of the last hour after sunset he would forfeit and pay
51., or in default be imprisoned under the Day Trespass
Act of the 2d and 3d of William IV., cap. 68. But if
he were convicted of being in the pursuit of game
between the expiration of the first hour after sunset,
and the beginning of the last hour before sunrise, the
the 9th of George IV., cap. 69, or the Night Trespass Act,
with imprisonment with hard labour for three mouths ;
trespasser would be visited for the first offence, under
and he would be bound to find caution for 10^. that he
would not trespass again for one year, or, if he could
not find caution, he must suffer imprisonment with
hard labour for an additional six months. For a
second ofi'ence the penalty is doubled, and for a third
offence he may be transported. And lastly, if the
trespasser had not taken out the game certificate, he
would have tho punishment imposed on him under the
Game Certificate Acts.

The next clause of the Bill dealt with the tribunal
before which all offences against the Game Laws were
tried. At present these were all within the jurisdic-
tion of the j ustices of the peace. In nine cases out of
ten the justices before whom these offences were
brought were game preservers, or, at all events, being
proprietors of land, were interested in the supply of
game being kept up. It was very like appointing a
man to be judge in his own case. Under the Day
Trespas ! Act a trespasser was liable to be brought up,
and, on the oath of the gamekeeper, to be convicted
before the master of the keeper, who was at the same
time the proprietor of the land on which the trespass was
committed. Every gentleman acting as a justice of the
peace under the circumstances would conscientiously
discharge the duties which the law had imposed on
him, and would endeavour to decide according to the
Act. But he could not change his human nature, and
it could not be denied that a game-presei-ving justice
was very apt to be prejudiced against a poacher ; and
the sentence, even if according to law, might on that
account be unduly severe. This appointing a man to
be a judge in his own case was, fortunately, quite an
anomaly in our legislation, and is quite at variance
with the spirit of all recent enactments. For instance,
no road trustee, who was generally a justice of
the peace, could act at Quarter Sessions in an appeal
from a meeting of road trustees of which he was
a member. No occupier, or father, son, or brother
of an occupier, could act as a justice of the peace
under the Factory Act ; no coalmaster or tenant of
coal works under the Mines Act ; no miller or baker
under the Bread Act; and no brewer under the
Licen.sing Act. It is proposed to remove all Game-law
cases from the jurisdiction of the justices of the peace
to the sheriffs of the county in which the offence was
committed. This met the wishes of many justices of
the peace, who were desirous of being relieved of what
to them was an invidious and irksome task. In most
leases there was a clause law reserving the game to the
proprietor, and frequently there was such a large
increase of game during the currency of the lease as to
involve a serious loss to the tenant. At present the
tenant had his remedy at law if he had not signed some
foolish clause depriving him of his rights. But litiga-
tion was generally so expensive, from each party
having a right 1;0 appeal to a higher court, that few
tenants were willing to raise an action for damages
from game. The clause provided that the amount of
damages in cases of injury caused by increase of game
during the currency of the lease should be determined
by the sheriff, whose decision should be final. An
objection was made to this clause, that the increase of
g.ame might have been caused, not by the landlord of
the tenant suSering the injury, but by a neigh-
bouring proprietor. It was not sufficient to dis-
tinguish a game-preserving landlord who would
encourage an increase of game and one who was
contented with a moderate amount of game ; and the
decision of this point might safely be left with the
sheriff. He asked the House to consider the provisions
of the Bill in a fair, generous, and conciliatory spirit,
remembering that if any concessions were to be made,
they must be made by that class which was most
powerfully represented in that House to a class whose
peculiar interests were but poorly represented. He
trusted he had said nothing that would tend to stir up
class against class, or to increase the heartburnings
which, unfortunately, in too many instances existed
between landlords and tenants on account of this
question. His object had been, not to widen but to
repair the breach between them. He might have
detailed many cases of great hardship to the tenant
from excessive game preservation ; but he only touched
on such, preferring to leave his case more to the love of
justice and the generosity of the landlords. Legislation
could do much in this question, but liberal concessions
in private agreements could do quite as much. Let us
not be too tenacious of our rights, when these opei-ate
to the loss of others and the injury of the country.
Among no class of the country was it so desirable to
have an amicable understanding as among those con-

■jMabcii 0, 1587.]

THE GAKDENERS' C1^;0^'1CLE AND AGlilCUETUliAL GAZETTE.

2-17

nccted with the hind; fov, upon a tlinviii;! ancl
intelligent tenantry, ami a coutcuted and educated
peasantry, depended tlio property of the landlord and
tlie success of agriculture.

MANAGEMENT OF LAM15S.

li.ad not a lane, Briar.-i, small Oak bou;ilis with the
leaves upon them, and Lurch-tops might be spread
about the field, and they would also prove bcnelicial.
Wr. Nicholson then gave some recipes for mixtures
which he said ho had used with great success ; strongly
recommended the use of cod oil, which is 5s. a gallon ;
and after giving some particulars with respect to his

LTIi

Yorkshiru

following Icctuio was givon Homo tiino since by Mr. Ur.idy system of feeding with Turnips, he proceeded to say

' " "' v,.,.i„i that under the method he had iihiecd before them he

had produced at an early age animals as good as most
men in Yorkshire, upon land that is not good for sheep,
having a bad lairage. The animal that he recommended
to breed for profit and early maturity was a cross with
a Leicester ram and a Lincolnshire ewe, for he
considered that cross would produce the greatest
quantity of wool and mutton at an early .age. In
concluding, Mr. Nicholson said he trusted his feeble
cllbrts might be of some use to his hearers; and if such
was the case, and the suggestions he had thrown out
were the means of saving life and increasing the supply
of mutton, be should be amply repaid for bis trouble
in preparing the paper. Journal of AgricuUure.

Nicholson, of Stuuiton Griino, a woU-known
fiU-nier, before the WaUcilcM l''iu-nior.i' Club ]
Mu. Nicholson, in commencing, .said that the subject
bo had chosen to address them upon was one of the
greatest importance to all breeders of sheep, for gene-
rally the greatest loss in lambs occurs from the time
of weaning to the time when they arc placed to feed
nimn Turnips. The loss is not alone in the deaths of
tlio animals, but in the great deterioration in their
weight and condition ; an<l bo had no doubt that that
(lay there were thousands of lambs in Enslaud which,
in consequence of misman:i;;ementand disease, weighed
very little more than they did on the day wlien they
wore separated from their dams. Farmers should use
the greatest foresight and care in this important
matter, .and he presumeil, considering the present
" go-ahead age," and the desire to produce animals in
the greatest' perfection ready for the market at the
earliest period, that breeders must have given their
uwcs and lambs artificial food during the time of suck-
ing ; but if such bad not been the case prior to weaning,
he would most certainly recommend that the animals
shoulil be taught to eat artificial food as soon as they
are removed from their dams. Mr. Nicholson impressed
upon those present that it is most essential to their
future success that the animals should perfectly learn
this part of their education, and then said that it is
impossible to have fat hogs in the spring if they started
with ])Oor, weak, and unhealthy lambs in the autumn.
The artificial food that be would recommend was a
compound consisting of two parts malt (if the ta.x was
<mly repealed), two of green cotton-cake, one of"
Linseed, one of bran, two of Locust-meal, and two of
malt-cooiuhs, giving the animals the compound twice a
day in such quantities as they would eat.

The pasture to place lambs in after they had forgotten
their dams should be a second crop of Red Clover,
sufficiently old, then Tares or Rape, Cabbages planted
in February, and Turuips sown in April. If they
were not plagued with game, an acre of Cabbages
l)lanted in February would be ready for iiuUing in
J uly and August ; and the more changes of food f;he
animals had, the greater would be the rapidity with
which they would gain flesh. If they had Grass which
was not too rich and lu.xuriant, and the season was
dry, they might change them on to it ; but in very dry
seasons there is not much danger, it being the
continuous wet weather that is the cause of the
mischief. After saying that they should avoid w'eaning
unless they had a course of food in preparation, so as
to carry the lambs forward to Turnips, Mr. Nicholson
ivent on to remark that some years the animals
commence dying when sucking the ewes, but this is
seldom the case, provided they have artificial food as
well as a good supply of salt to run to. After separating
the lambs from the ewes, and getting some food ready
for them, he generally dipped the lambs as soon as
weaned. For dipping be recommended 1 lb. of arsenic,
1 lb. of carbonate of potash, 1 lb. of soft-soap ; the
arsenic, potash, and soft-soap being boiled, and then a
sufficient quantity of water added. Should the
lambs be struck with fly, the best remedy was
mercurial ointment run in a circle round the maggots,
which were filled by it. Caps should be placed on all
lambs that had a tendency to sore heads; and if the
head iras sore, a Dock leaf might be placed under the
cap. If they had the scab among their sheep, he
advised them to procure 1 gallon of tobaceo-iuice,
which would cost 10s., and to add to it 15 gallons of
warm water, and a pint of oil of tar to the score, with
about 2 lb. of common salt.

They should be cautious when they first stocked a
pasture that the food was dry, particularly if it was
Bed Clover, and they should not keep the lambs too
long upon it for the first few days. They should also
use the greatest care not to let the lambs fall back
upon the over-eaten land, particularly if it has been
cropped once and strikes up again in a few hours, for
that sort of food would bring on diarrhcea. Lambs
should never be allowed to be depa.stured upon new seeds
after the corn has been taken ofi', but they should be
got upon Turnips as soon as possible, a few being placed
upon the pasture where they are feeding, and 10 or
12 old sheep put with them to teach the lambs to bite
the Turnips. If the Turnips were lu.xuriant in the
tops, they should be pulled a day or two before being
given to the animals ; and after about a fortnight of this
treatment the animals would be ready to be placed upon
Turnips; and if afterwards their food was cut, and the
plans which he had suggested were adopted, health,
success, and rapid improvement would be the result.
If any of the gentlemen present had no Red Clover, if
their Grass was unsuitable for lambs, and w.as not
Turnip land, theirs were not breeding farms ; but if
persons so situated were determined to try breeding,
ne advised them to sell their lambs to the butcher
before weaning. After remarking that, if the season is
a wet one, feed upon a wrong pasturage would be
attended with disastrous results, Mr. Nicholson gave
an instance of the result of a wet summer, and the
want of proper food, that had come under his own
observation ; and after giving another instance of a
somewhat similar character, in both of which the losses
of the farmers had been enormous, he said that he was
happy to say that out of 540 lambs he had not lost 20.

With respect to the treatment of disease, he recom-
mended the removal of the animals from the disastrous
pasture into a lane where there are plenty of Briars,
for they would eat the le.aves and young shoots with
avidity, and they would receive much benefit. If tliey

festive gathering.-, its value is incalculable; and though
more costly than Nature's best tliirst-eiuencher, cold
spring water, still its cost, as com])arcd with intoxicat-
ing liquors is a very trifling consideration, and would
liccomo merely nominal if only theCJovcrnmont would,
in consideration of tile moral and domestic well-being
of the iieoplc, heartily apply to it the principle of free-
trade and allow it to come into the country duty free.
Improved morality, as tea took the place of gin and
beer, leading to increased comniercial prosperity, would
soon make up the deficit through the increased income-
tax paid by prosperous tradesmen, and the gain to
domestic comfort, education, religion and true national
stability would be beyond calculation. Samuel
FoUwrtjill, Somersel House, Shirlei/, Hants.

0.—
The

Home Correspondence.

The Food of the Lnhourer.—l have read with great
interest and pleasure your very opportune article fin
the food of the poor, and the very able and equally
opportune paper of Mr. Cox, reported in the same
number of your valuable Paper. It is a subject that
cannot be too seriously regarded at the present moment,
and one which, if carried to its practical issue, vv'ould
do much not only to increase the physical well-being
of the poor, but also to iiromote their social and moral
advancement, for it is impo.ssible for any man whose
entire earnings are swallowed up in the attemijt to
provide the mere necessaries of life, to devote any share
of his time, his thought, or his earnings to the pro-
vision of suitable supplies for the higher wants of bis
intellectual, his moral, and his spiritual nature. "NYliat
Mr. Cox has said is said well, and needs no confirma-
tion from me ; but there is one point on which be hivs
touched which, I think, requires still further develop-
ment. It is the inseparable connection of the food
question with that of what people are to drink. I am
very much gratified to find that Mr. Cox so unequivo-
cally condemns beer as an investment for the working
man. He is perfectly right in denouncing it as
incapable of giving any adequate sustenance or
strength, and the most extensive experience now
fully establishes the position that every kind of
labour, as well as exposure to the extremes of
heat and cold, can be belter endured without
any portion of strong drinks than with them,
wlietljer in larger or smaller quantities. It will be
seen at once how intimately this question is con-
nected with the food question, if we take two circum-
stances into account. The first is, the fact that all
alcoholic beverages are manufactured out of that
which, as it comes from the hand of Nature, is most
valuable food ; and though a portion of the grain thus
employed is utilised in the feeding of pigs and cattle,
still the waste in the process of malting and of brewing,
and the deterioration of the refuse from the brewers'
mash-tub, are equivalent to the absolute destruction of
an enormously great quantity of good, wholesome
grain. Barley, as shown by one of the tables you
produce, is one of the best and most economical kinds
of food, and when properly prepared it is truly palat-
able. The terrible injury inflicted on the country by
its conversion into beer, gin, and whiskey, cannot be
better proved than by the simple mention of the fact
that the quantity destroyed every year in this country
for those purposes, is equivalent to all the addition to
our food supply which resulted from the repeal of the
corn-laws. The second consideration to which I refer
is the fact that from the peculiar influence of beer and
other strong drinks on the brain, and through it, on the
moral and social nature, people are tempted to
spend in those drinks an amount of money utterly
disproportionate to their means and to their require-
ments, even supposing a moderate proportion of them
to be desirable. To diminish the resources of the
working man or to raise the price of the necessaries of
life, is alike disastrous. The drinking system does
both. The price of bread is raised by the wasteful
destruction of corn, and bis power to buy food is
lessened by his inordinate expenditure in drink ; and
this, altogether independent of the further mischief of
wasted time, injured health, ruined character— all
lessening his usefulness in the world, and his power to
command and to deserve an amount of remuneration
for his services adequate to his real requirements. I
think that in view of these considerations, it is not too
much to say, that no plan for increasing the comforts
of the poor, and securing for them that first requisite
of true progress, an abundant supply of cheap and
wholesome food, can be considered comijlete, unless it
includes measures to protect the working man from
the snares and temptations of the public-bouse, and to
teach him the true philosophy of thirst-quenchers, as
well as the chemistry of muscle-forming and heat-
sustaining food. I rather regret that Mr. Co,x has
coupled tea with beer in his animadversions. Not
that anything can be said in its favour as food, but
because of its domestic and social associations. If it
does stimulate at all, it certainly does not intoxicate. It
does not torment the reason, or inflame the passions, or
tempt the consumer to reckless extravagance, or place
him at the mercy of evil men or women, or render
him incapable of taking care of himself. Though not
supplying nourishment in any appreciable quantity,
yet there are medical men of high standing, who
assure us that in some way it favours the assimilation
of other food; and Professor Liebig states that, on
account of the nitrogen it contains, it forms a valuable
addition to the ordinary vegetable aliments. As a
substitute for beer and wine and gin at social and

Mr
Mr
Mr.
Mr.

St.

g'octetfcs.

ROYAL AGRICUI.TUUM, 01' ENGLAND.

Monthly Council : IVednesday, 3Iaivh
Present, Mr. Thompson, President, in the chair.
Duke of Devonshire, K.G. ; the Earl of Powis, Lord
IJeruers, Lord Chesham, Lord Tredegar, Sir J. V. B.
Johnstone, Bart., M.P. ; Sir A. K. Macdonald, Bart.;
Mr. Amos, Mr. Bowly, Colonel Challoner, Mr. Davies,
Dent, iM.P. ; Mr. Druco, Mr. Brandreth Gibbs,
Holland, M.P. ; Mr. Wren Iloskyn.s, Mr. Hornsby,
Hutton, Colonel Kingscote, M.P. ; Mr. Milward,
..... Pain, Mr. Pope Mr. Randell, Mr. Read, M.P. ;
Mr. Rigden, Mr. Sanday, Mr. Shuttleworth, Mr. Torr,
Mr. Wallis, Major Wilson, Mr. Jacob Wilson, Pro-
fessor Simonas, and Dr. Voelcker.

Lord Tredegar, Sir John TroUope, Bart., M.P., and
David Reynolds Davies, Esq., were transferred from
the class of Members to that of Governors. Head worth
David Barclay, Esq., ofEastwick Park, Leatherhead,
was elected a Governor.
The following New Jlembers were elected : —
Andrews, Onslow, Bradbourne, Asbford
Ai'dley, Thomas, Long Mclford, Suffolk
Barton, George, Tottington, Thetfurd
BiMdley, Alex.inder, Whcpstcad, Suffolk
Broraley, Nathaniel W.. Baiisfield Hall, Newmjirket
Bullock, Alfred, Chedburgh H.ill, Bury St. Edmund's
Bunbury, Sii* Ch.arlef, Bart., Great Barton, Bury

Edmund's
Bnrrell, Robert, Westley Hall, Bury St. Edmund's
Burrell, Walter. Fornb.im St. Martin, Bury St. Edmund's
Clayton, Eld Edmund, Bury St. Ednmud's
Clements, Samuel, Bury St. Edmund's
Coe, Walter, St. Andrew's Street, Bury St. Edmund's
Cooke, Charles, Livermere Parva, Bury St. Edmund's
Cornish, George, Bury St. Ednuind's
Crowe. Daniel, Giiywood, King's Lynn
D^-in, Thomas, Mold, Flints
Dennis, Henry, Hafod-y-Cwch, Rhu.ibon
Downing, Isaac, Turner's Hill, Rowley, Stafford
Eagle, Alfred, Boxted, Burj- St. Edmund's
Freeman, John G., Aspall House, Debenham
Fysou, Edward, Higham, Bury St. Edmund's
Gaudin, Philip, St. Martin's, St. Helier's, Jersey
Gibbs, Charles E., Icklingham Hall, Mildenhall
Gittus, Robert, "West Row, Sobam, Suffolk
Golding, Thomas M., "ft^alsham-le- Willows, Ixworth
Goldsmith, Harry, Bury St. Edmund's
Goodchild, Robert, G.arijoldisham, East Harling
Greene, E. Walter, Bury St. Edmund's
Grout, John, WoodbrifJge
Gwilt, Robert, Icklingham, Mildenhall
Harvey, William, Timworth, Buiy St. Edmund's
Hitchcock. WilUam Henry, Miserden Park, Cirencestel
Hudson, Charles H., SandaU Grove, Doncaster
Jillings, John, Little Sa.\h.am, Bury St. Edmund's
Jillings, Frederick Viner, Saxham, Bury St. Edmund's
Jillings, William Harvey, The Nunnery, Bury St. Edmund's
Jonas, George, Duxford, Cambridge
Jone-s, J. Bowen, Ensdon House, Baschurc'n, S.alop
Josselyn, John, St. Edmund's Hill. Bury St. Edmnnd'a
King, Arthur C, Desnlng Hall, Higham, BurySt. Edmund's
King, Frederick Wm,, St. Mary's Square, BurySt. Edmund's
Knowles, William, Barton Street, Gloucester
Le Grice, Henry, Bury St. Edmimd's
Manfield, WUliam, Rattlesden, Woolpit, Suffolk
Montgomery, Sir Henry, Bart., Maidenhead
Mundy. Charles James Massingbred, Ormsby Hall,Alford
Kash, "Thomas, Carlton Grange, Newmarket
Neild, Henry, Worsley, Manchester
Norfolk, Richard, Beverley
Nunn, Frederick, Bury St. Edmund's
Nunn. Frederick, Rougbam, Bury St. Edmund's
OrbeU, William, H.awstead, Bury" St. Edmund's
Paine, William Denton, Ohovington, Bury St. Edmund's
Parker, John Oxle^, Drinkstone, Woolpit
Pasbley, Alexander William, TivetshiiU, Scole
Patmore. James, Bishop's Stortford
Bead, William, Bury St. Edmund's
Rands, Joslah, Ipswich
Rands, William, Ipswich
Itayner, Henry, Smethwick, Birmingham
Reeve, James, Snettertou Hall, Thetford
Robins, George F., isleham, Soham
Rogers, John, ChelUngton, Bedford
Roper, S. Craske, Rougham Place, Buiy St. Edmund's
Rudwick, Frederick F., Donnington, Chichester
Scott, J. Steam, Lavenham Hall, Sudbury
Sheldrake, Edward, Ixworth Thorite, Ixworth
Sbrubb, John Lane, Lymington
Simpson, John, Buckenham, Attleborough
Smith, Percy Lionel, Great Peathing Lodge, Lutterworth
.Stephenson, Christopher, Park Farm Office, Woburu
Sturgeon, Joseph, Norton Hall, Woolpit
Stutter, Cawston, Kilns Farm, Woolpit
T.aylor, Edwin, Bury St. Edmund's
Thorn, Charles, Norwich
Thornhill, Thomas, juu., Pakenham Lodge, Bury St.

Edmund's
Thornton, Thomas, C.avenham House, Wereham, Stoke Ferry
Waite, John Newm.an, Martham Hall, Great Yarmouth
Wells, Henry, Occold, Eye

Wigston, Richard, Hcningshcath, Bury St. Edmund's
Wilson, George Henry, Morston, Thetford
Wright, J. E., Preston, Lavenham
Y'oungman, Philip, W.alsham-le-Willows, Ixworth

Finances.— Mr. Torr presented the Report, from
which it appeared that the Secretary's receipts during
the past month had been examined by the Committee,
and by Messrs, Quilter, Ball & Co., the .Society's
accountants, and were found correct. The balance m
the hands of the bankers on February 23th was

248

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[March 9, 1867.

1382?. 17.!. 8d. The Committee have to report the
death of Sir John Shelley, Bart., one of the trustees of
the funds of the Society, and they recommend that the
name of the Right Honour,abIe the Earl of Powis be
substituted in the banlv books. The Committee again
wish to draw the attention of the Council to the great
inequality of the charges for advertisements, and also
whether the present selection of newspapers might not
be improved. This report was adopted, and a com-
mittee consisting of the Chairman of the Finance
Committee, the Chairman of the Journal Committee,
the Chairman of the General Bury Committee, the
Earl of Powis, Mr. Brandreth Gibbs, Mr. Wren Hos-
kyns, Mr. Eandell, and Mr. Torr, was appointed to
consider this subject.

Journal. — The President announced that the
reports on Steam Cultivation have all been sent in ;
that one is now in type, and a second in the printer's
hands.

DisctJssioNS AT Weekly Councils. — The attend-
ance at lectures or discussions at Weekly Councils has
been so generally meagre and unsatisfactory, and on
the last occasion was so complete a failure, notwith-
standing the ability of the lecturer and the interesting
character of the lecture itself, that the Committee invite
the special consideration of the Council to the question \
before any further appointment of subjects and
speakers be decided upon. Mr. Holland, M.P., having
moved that the subject selected for agricultural dis- '
cussion be duly advertised for the first Tuesday in i
month of the Society's season, at S o'clock in the
evening, and that gentlemen conversant with this
selected subject, whether members or not, be specially
invited by the Secretary to take part in the discussion ;
also that a similar announcement of the subject of
lecture or discussion shall be placed on the Agenda
paper of the Council ; the Report and Mr. Holland's
motion were adopted.

Chemical,— Mr. Wren Hoskyns reported that the
Chemical grant for 1866-7 had been awarded to
Dr. Voelcker for his papers in the last number of the
Journal on

1. Field E-tperiments on Clover Seeds.

•2. Improvement of Grass-land on the Manor Farm,
Braydon, Wilts ; and in the forthcoming number, on

1. The growth of Clover, and the changes it under-
goes in Hay-making both in the Field and in the stack.

■2. Potash experiments on Mangels. ]

The Professor proposes to draw up some directions
as to the preparation of Samples lor analyses, viz.
of Soils, Feeding Materials, and Manures. The subjects
for lectures in 1867 named by Dr. Voelcker and deter-
mined by the Committee are— 1. The relative value of
different kinds of purchased Food, with especial refer-
ence to their manurial properties. 2. The chemical
changes in Haymaking, in the Field, and in the Stack.

This report was adopted.

Vetekinaey.— The Committee report that they
have elected Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood, ■
Chairman of the Committee.

They have considered the report of the Governors
of the Eoyal Veterinary College, referred to them by :
the Council. This report difl'ers from any previous ■
reports in not being as heretofore drawn up entirely '
by Professor Simonds.

The earlier portion of it deals with the continued
efforts of the College to provide educated members of
the Veterinary profession, and asks the assistance of
this Council in obtaining from the Legislature a
recognition of the position of Veterinary Surgeons.

Professor Simonds's report deals at considerable
length with the several diseases which have been rife
amongst domestic animals during the last year. After
referring to the Cattle Plague and its extension to
sheep, the Professor expresses a hope that the disease
may now be considered almost at an end in this
country.

Diarrhcea in sheep has been very prev.alent, and being
a constant accompaniment of cattle disease in those
animals has caused some doubts to arise as to the
existence of cattle disease amongst sheep. Means have
been suggested with success for the prevention and j
treatment of this disease.

The attacks of pleuro-pneumonia and foot-and-
mouth disease have very much decreased, mainly
arising from the restrictions in the inovement of cattle,
and the precautious taken against the cattle plague.

Twelve cases of small-pox in sheep have occurred,
eleven clearly traced to foreign importation. The
Professor recommends further experiments in inocula-
tion with the virus of small-pox and cattle plague, in
order to test the length of time during which the poison
lias an active existence.

Cases of rickets in lambs have been admitted to the
College, hut for this disease at present neither curative
nor preventive treatment have been found satisfactory.

Dr. Cobbold and the Professor have been occupied
in important investigations into diseases connected
with entozoa: no less than 42 animals have been
treated, and 150 administrations of the parasites have
taken place under the joint-superintendence of the
above-named gentlemen. Important information has
been acquired which may lead to valuable suggestions
both for prevention and cure. Winged fowls feeding
on trachinous flesh are not subject to the disease,
hence game and poultry are a safe food for human
beings.

Gastro-enteritis and splenic apoplexy have been
frequent, and the Professor has been enabled to
suggest preventive treatment in several cases.

The Committee recommend that the whole report
of the Governors of the Royal Veterinary College be
referred to the Journal Committee to publish such
portions as they may think fit.

Of one of the cases of splenic apoplexy visited by
Professor Simonds where pigs, sheep, and cattle were
affected, he has promised to afford this Committee
a detailed report before their next meeting.

BUKY St. Edmund's Meeting.— Lord Tredegar,
chairman, presented the Report of the Committee,
stating that the setting out of the railway siding was
already commenced. They recommended that chains
and locks for the poultry pens should be provided by
the Society. That the band of the Coldstream Regi-
ment of Foot Guards be engaged to play in the Show-
yard at a cost of about 1701. That the General
Regulation, No. 8 of the Prize Sheet, be altered so
that horses may be admitted up to 4 P.M. on Saturday,
the 13th July. That b.idges for Slembers of Council
have the word "Council" printed on them; and that
the Surveyor go down as soon as possible to set out the
Showyard. This Report was adopted.

Education.— The Earl of Powis presented the
Report of the Education Committee. The Committee
have to report the results of the Cambridge Local
Examinations held in December, 185S :—

I. Mechanics applied to Agriculture. — The examiners report
th.at only nine candidates attempted these papers, and that
they are unable to recommend any of them for the prize.

Chemistry applied to Agriculture.— The ex.aminers report
that only seven candid.ates offered themselves. They recom-
mend R. M. Swannick, of the Royal Atjricultural College,
Cirencester, for a secondary prize of 2/.

II. Candidates who obtained Certificates, regard being had
to their place in the general Class List. — Sejtiors : a 1st prize of
51 : 18 were examined. The 1st prize is .adjudged to C. J.
Langley, of Abington House School, Northampton.
Secondary prizes of 2/. each to H. T. Bovey, of Clevedon
College, Northampton : Thomas Hill, of Grammar School,
Wolverhampton ; William Waterhouse, of Grammar School,
L,ancaster. Five others are reported to have done creditably,
and only one to have iailed.—Jitniors: a 1st pnze of 51.;
44 were examined. The 1st prize is adjudged to E. King,
Abington House School, Northampton. Second.ary prizes of
21. each to J. E. Betts, of Mr. Durham's, Northampton ; H.
Gooch, of Mr. Durham's, Northampton ; E. B. Hunt, Clewer
House School, Windsor ; F. W. Weaver, Gr.ammar School,
AVolverhampton. Ten others arc reported to have done credit-
ably, and four to have failed.

III. To candidates who (having p.issed the preliminary
examination) are distinguished in any of the following special
subjects ; —

Section E. Pure Mathematics — a Isfc prize of 5^, adjudged to
C. J. Langley, Abington House School. We recommend H. T.
Bovey for a secondary prize of 21. I!) were examined.

Applied Mathem.atics. -A 1st prize of 51. adjudged to H. T.
Bovey, of Clevedon College, Northampton. We recommend
C. J. L.angley, of Abington House School, for a secondary prize
of 21. 10 were ex.amined.

Section F. Chemistry, a 1st piize of 51. No name is pub-
lished by the examiners .as distinguished in this section, and
we are therefore unable to recommend any candidate for a 1st
prize. As however T. W. L. Hay, of Beewood Grammar
School stands 1st in this section, and in Section G. 1, (Zoology),
we recommend him for a secondary prize of 21. "Three were
examined.

Section G. 1, Zoology, a 1st prize of 51. ; 2, Botany, a 1st
prize of 51. Two were examined in zoology ; three were
examined in botany. No name is published by the examiners
as distinguished in either of these classes. We recommend
W. P. Reynolds, of Clewer House, Windsor, for a secondary
prize of 2t. in Botany.

Secion G. 3, Geology, a 1st prize of 51. Tho 1st prize is
■adjudged to W. Waterhouse, of the Grammar School,
Lancaster. We recommend W. H. Chippenall, of Grammar
School, Lancaster, for a secondary pi'ize of 2^ Five were
examined.

Juniors.

Section 7. Pure Mathematics, a 1st prize of 51. The 1st
prize is adjudged to W. S. Waymouth, of Montvidero House,
Torquay. We recommend J. E. Betts, of Mr, Durham's,
Northampton, and E. King, of Abington House School,
Northampton, for secondary prizes of 21. Forty were
examined, and two others were reported to have done
credit,ably.

Section 8. Mechiinies, a 1st prize of 5?. The 1st prize was
adjudged to E. liing, of Abington House School. We recom-
mend \V. S. W^.aymouth, of Montvidere House, for a secondary
prize of 21. Eight were examined.

Section 9. Chemistry— a 1st prize of 51. Tho 1st prize was
adjudged to J. E. Betts, of Mr. Durham's, and we recommend
R. Cambridge, of the Liverpool Institute, for a secondary
prize of 2t. Three were examined.

Section 10. (a) Zoology — a 1st prize of 51. The 1st prize is
adjudged to R. Capron, of Fullard's School, T.aunton. We
recommend Frank Hicks, of Clewer House School, Windsor,
for a secondary prize of 2/. Three were exjimined. (b) Botany
—a 1st prize of 51. The 1st prize is adjudged to H. Cooch, of
Mr. Durham's. We recommend E. B. Hunt, Clewer House
School, Windsor, for a secondary prize of 21.

Senior Scholarship.

No candidate complied with the conditions for this scholar-
ship. Four junior schoLarships. These arc adjudged to
E. King, of Abington Hotise School, Northampton ; E. B.
Hunt, Clewer House School, Windsor ; J. E. Vidl^r, of Clewer
House School, Windsor ; C. A. D.ay, of Clevedon College,
Northampton, Charles Higham, of Clevedon College, also
distinguished himself in the examination. Seven were
exiimined.

The Council will notice the smallness of the number of
competitors for Mechanics, as applied to Agriculture :
Chemistry as applied to Agriculture ; Chemistry, Zoology,
and Botany among the Seniors, as comp.arcd with those for
Pure Mathematics and Applied Mathem.atics. The Com-
mittee consider that this is explained by the specLal nature of
these studies and the short time that has elapsed since the
attention of teachers and pupils has been specijilly directed
to these branches of knowledge. The position of Geology is
more satisfactory.

In Class II. the number and position of candidates who
obtained certificates .are very satisfactory.

The junior examin.ations throughout are s.atisf.actoiy, and
afford promise of improvement among the seniors in future
years. The Committee regret that no candidate appeared for
the Senior Scholarship, by which they had hoped to promote
the union of agricultural with generiil education. They .are
happy to report that the examinations passed for the Junior
Scholarships were highly satisfactory.

This report was adopted.

On the motion of Mr. Dent, M.P., ^seconded by Mr.
Read, M.P., a Fifth Junior Scholarship of 201. was
awai'ded to Charles Higham, of Clevedon College, who
distiaguished himself in the recent examination.

Steam Cultivation. — JMr. Thompson reported that
the Committee had resolved that Mr. J. A. Clarke and
Mr. Jacob Wilson be requested to go down to Hereford
and see Mr. Howard's double tackle at work, and
report before the general Report is published.

Committee of Selection. — Mr. Thompson
reported that the Committee recommend that Lord

Tredegar be requested to allow himself to be elected a
Governor, and on his consent being obtained, that he
be recommended to Council to fill the vacancy cau.sed
by the death of Sir J. V. Shelley, Bart., a Trustee.
That printed lists of the Society's county districts be
prepared, showing the counties of which each district
is composed, with blank columns for number of
Members of the Society, number of Members of
Council, and names of the members of Council in each
of these districts respectively.

On the nomination of the President, seconded by
Sir John Johnstone, Bart., M.P., the Right Hon. Lord
Tredegar was unanimously elected a trustee of the
Society, in the room of the late Sir John Shelley Bart.,
for which honour his lordship made his acknow-
ledgments.

Letters from the Foreign Office, enclosing Reports
from the Argentine Republic, and from the Supreme
Council of Agriculture of Belgium, were read, and the
thanks of the Council were accorded for these com-
munications.

Bath and West of England Agricultueal. —
At the last monthly meeting of this Society the Secretary
having read a letter from the Right Worshipful the
Mayor of Salisbury, announcing that as yet there is no
authorisation to re-open the Cattle Market, it was
resolved " That a deputation, consisting of the Pre-
sident and others, be requested to apply to the Lord
President of the Council for authority to hold a
meeting for the exhibition of stock in the week com-
mencing the 10th of June, and that the Mayor of
Salisbury be requested toco-operate in the application."

On the opening day (June 10th) of the Salisbury
Meeting the Mayor of Salisbury, accompanied by the
Town Council, &c., the Bishop, the Dean, and the
other cathedral dignitaries, the Members of the county
of Wilts, and the Members for the city of Salisbury, are
invited to be present.

A committee was appointed to co-operate with the
Salisbury Local Committee, in considering how the
objects of the Society may be promoted during the
week of the show by the reading of papers, the giving
of lectures, conversazioni, &c. The Committee sub-
sequently met, and the Chairman (Mr. Cotterell) was
directed to communicate with the local authorities
at Salisbury with the view of arranging for an evening
meeting or conversazione, on Wednesday or Thursday
evening, at which information on local agricultural and
other kindred subjects may be afforded. It was also
directed that inquiry be made as to whether an
excursion can be arranged to any object of agricid-
tural interest in the vicinity during the week of the
show.

Central : March i.— Emigration.— The Rev. E.
Smythies said : Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, the
; subject which I have the honour to bring before you
! this evening is entered upon the card in the following
j terms ; " Emigration ; what to do, and where to go."
I The Chairman, in taking his seat at the first discussion
1 of the year, remarked :— The Committee are taking
1 a wider range than usual in the subjects selected for
j this session, and have placed some topics on the list of
i a character somewhat different from those which are
! ordinarily brought before this Society. There are,
I think, obvious advantages in thus, occasionally at least,
enlarging the circle of the subjects discussed amongst
us ; and, if any apology be needed fur the question
which I have been requested to_ introduce to your
notice, it will, I think be found iu one or two facts
which I will shortly mention by way of introduction.
It will be in the recollection of those who were present
at the meeting of last November, when Mr. Howard
delighted and instructed us with his admirable paper
on " Things in America," I took occasion to make a
few remarks in connection with what Mr. Howard had
said about the prosperity which generally attended
Englishmen who went out as settlers to the Far West,
and I ventured to throw out a suggestion that emigra-
tion for farmers and farmers' sons would not be an
inappropriate question for this Club to discuss. The
Committee were pleased to adopt the suggestion, and,
I suppose, failing to findabetter man, although I think
they might easily have done so, they have asked me to
introduce it. That was the origin of this question
being placed upon the card. Another circumstance,
which may tend to show that this is not an unsuitable
subject to engage our attention, is this : From the time
of our meeting in November down to the present
moment I have received numerous letters asking for
information as to the particular part of the world to
which I then referred as a desirable field for emigration,
and for information also, if I had any to give, as to the
best mode of proceeding. So numerous, indeed, have
been these letters, and so manifold the questions they
asked, that it has been quite out of my power to answer
them all. Many of them would have required a
paper almost as long as this to answer them fully ; and
my own regular associations and duties are such
as wholly to preclude my undertaking such a
task, much as I should have been pleased to assist
— assuming that to have been in my power — my
numerous correspondents in the object they had in
view. Should these words meet the ej'e of any
of those who honoured me with their inquiries,
I trust they will accept this statement of simple
truth as my apology. I would gladly have written
to them at the length they requested had it been
in my power to do so without neglecting other and
imperative duties. But the circumstance of my having
so many letters from intending emigrants of the class of
society of which this Club is chiefly composed, to one
single part of the world, goes, I think, to show that
emigration amongst the middle .and upper classes of
this country is a subject of large and increasing inte-
rest, and is therefore one, which, however feebly and
imperfectly it may be introduced, is, nevertheless, a
very fitting subject to engage the attention and elicit

Mahcu 9, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' OTTRnNTCLE AND AORTOULTURAL GAZETTE.

249

the information of the Central Farmers' Club. One
fact more I will mention confirming the same view.
Just about the time of our last November raeetmR.a
book entitled tlie " States of the Kiver Plate," by Mr.
Wilfred Latham, was published. It is a thoroughl.v
plain, practical, business-like work, upon sheep anil
cattle farming in the provinces of Central South
America. The .Igricnltiirtd Oazette, in reviewing this
book, was pleased to saj; that the few words I uttered
in this room, in speaking upon Mr. Howard's paper,
would probably act as a capital advertisement of Mr.
Latham's book. The first intimation I had of the
existence of this book was from reading the review. I
sent immediately to Longmans' for a copy, but the
answer was that not a single copy was left ; the whole
edition of a thousand had been sold off in an incre-
dibly short time. A second edition was published
before the end of the year, and that I trust is going oil"
as rapidly as its predecessor. For it is a good useful
book on the sub,iect^-just the sort of book the intend-
ing settler and future sheep or cattle farmer requires
for his guidance before laying out his money. I shall
be not a little indebted to it for much of the informa-
tion I propose laying before you this evening.

But before we come to that, I must say one word on
emigration in general. Nine-teuths of the books which
have been published on this question, so far as my
experience goes, treat of emigration as if it was solely
applicable to what are called the " labouring" classes.
The Coloniiation Circular and other papers issued by
the Gk)vernment Emigration Oflice, Emigrants'
Manuals, Handbooks upon Australia, New Zealand,
and so forth, for the most part are taken up with
urging the advantage of emigration to the agricultural
labourer, the carpenter, the blacksmith, the wheel-
wright, and artisans generally, ignoring almost entirely
the desire to emigrate of men of education and capital,
be it more or less. 'Those in the position of life of
members of this Club might wade through volume after
volume of Colonisation Circulars and Emigrants'
Manuals, and find very little information adapted to
their wants. They would be carefully instructed as
to how many fustian jackets and gowns of cotton print
they had better take with them, and how many shirts
and chemises of strong unbleached calico they will want
for the voyage, and how important it is to have a good
suiiply of marine soap to wash them with ; but they
will be told very little as to the best part of the world
to which to take five hundred or a thousand pounds, or
the best mode of laying it out when they got there.
As regards the Government oflice, this may be all very
right, because that department was created for the
express purpose of promoting and assisting the emigra-
tion to our colonies of the families of labouring people,
who either could not, or would not, emigrate without
such assistance. But as regards the other works of
which I have spoken^ there appears to me to be a
great oversight in this respect, a general omission of
information suited to the man who goes out more in
the character of an employer than as a labourer. 'To
this rule, so far as my experience of such works goes,
there are two eminent exceptions— Sidney's " Three
Colonies of Australia," and the book to which I have
already referred, Latham's " States of the Eiver Plate."
Both of these books, but especially the former, are
characterised as much by sound good sense as for the
extensive and varied practical information which they
convey to the capitalist, whether large or small,
equally as to the artisan and labourer. The former
book, moreover, has a charm of style about it which is
seldom to be found in works upon colonisation and
emigration. Now, I shall endeavour to avoid the defect
of which I have spoken, and shall speak of emigration
as applicable to the middle and upper-middle classes of
this country. It would be a waste of time to discuss
the question as it applies to the artisan and labourer. If
it is a useful subject to us who assemble in this room,
itmust be treated of as applicable to ourselves. Shortly
to sum up, then, these introductory matters, there can
be no question, I think, that emigration is a subject
of very great interest to the farmers and gentry of tlais
country ; that many a tenant farmer, and not a few
landed proprietors also, and gentlemen, of independent
means, especially those who have large families, would
be thankful to know of some plan by which, either in
one of our colonies or elsewhere, he could establish one
or luore of his sons in a useful and honourable position
of life as a settler, with a prospect of a fair income,
without descending to menial employment, and with
a reasonable hope of laying by something " in the
days of his youth, while the evil days come not, nor the
years draw nigh when he shall say, ' I have no pleasure
in them;'" that the usual run of publications which
treat of our colonies and emigration convey very scanty
infOTmation of the kind needed by this class of
emigrants ; and that this want of information is a want
very widely felt.

^Vllat fo Do.— The first practical point, then, for our
consideration is brought before us by the words " What
to do." By this I mean, What should the young
emigrant from either of the classes I have described
go out to do ? To what channel will he best devote
his energies and capital, so as to have the best chance
of getting a living without descending to the condition
of a mere labourer ? To this question I answer, not
in agriculture; not in any trade or commerce; still
less in gold digging ; but in sheep and cattle farming in
those parts of the world where pasturage on an
extensive scale can be obtained with the least possible
employment of labour. And of these two, sheep farm-
ing is unquestionably the best. The great obstacle to
the success of the emigrant, who either hires or
purchases a certain quantity of land for cultivation in
any of our colonies, is the necessity of employing
labour. Hired labour eats him out of house and
home. It seems likely ere long to do this pretty much
for the farmer in this country, but it is tenfold more
destructive in the colonies. The reason of this, of

course is, that hired labour in all countries where the
supply of labourers falls so far short of the demand is a
very expensive commodity ; and from the peculiar
circumstances of the case, the labourer not only
receives a high money wage, varying from -M. to
no/, a year from his employer, but is generally
boarded, lodged, and even sometimes clothed besides.
The one main ditliculty, indcoil, in the path of the
emigrant who enters upon agrii^iitlural pursuits, is the
high price of labour in all our eiilnnits, and, indeed, in
many of them the very great (lilliriilly of obtaining
any hired labour at all that is worth having. It had
better bo understood broadly at the outset that emigra-
tion from England to any part of the world is not only
not for the fool, as has been very justly said before now
in this room, but it is also not suited for the indolent
and luxuriou.s, who require to have everything done for
llicm by others, and who cannot shift for themselves.
Many a gentleman settler, who has deiiomled upon hired
labour for all that was necessary to be done, has found
himself after a year or two in this position— that whilst
he furnished the capital which set the whole machine
of the station going, and had all the care and anxiety of
the concern to himself, his farm-servants reaped all the
profit. One gentleman in Canada, after carrying on
the experiment for a few years, sums up his balance-
sheet in these terms : " I raise all the simple necessaries
of life, it is true; but I have little or nothing to sell,
because my servants and family consume all I grow; and
I find that, besides this, I have to buy numerous barrels
of flour and other provisions to eke out our own pro-
duce. The money for this has to be furnished out of
my capital," It is clear that business did not answer ;
and although I am quite ready to allow that there
are some parts of our colonies where the hard-working
young farmer, who takes out his small capital, and hires
20() of 300 acres of land, may obtain a fair livelihood by
the ordinary processes of agriculture, still I must main-
tain that the raising of cereal crops is very far from the
best thing he can do, and this for two reasons— flrst,
because the cost of the necessary labour for this pur-
pose is, as I have already said, too great ; and secondly,
the export of grain from such distant parts of the
world as Australia and New Zealand to this country is
too precarious and expensive to leave a suflicient
margin of price for their profitable cultivation.
Stock-farming, on the other hand, as the least costly
for labour, produces by far the most rapid increase
upon the capital originally invested. The produce can
be transported across the seas at far less risk of injury
to its quality ; and the value being much greater in
proportion to its bulk and weight, the cost of transit
for many miles by land down to the seaboard, and
thence by ship across the seas to England, bears a less
proportion to the price ultimately realised. I am well
aware that these are trite and obvious truths ; but inas-
much as many persons do go out to our colonies with
the intention of occupying, either by rent or purchase,
a small quantity of land, and farming it much in the
same way in which they would in England, and then
find they have made a great mistake in so doing, I
thought it not out of place to show why, as I conceive,
the raising of cereal crops must necessarily be
less profitable to the emigrant than stock-farm-
ing. The increase of flocks and herds, such as
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob had of old, fed upon the
natural pasturage of an extensive run, with the least
possible amount of tillage, is the true thing to look to for
profit, and is what I think the emigrant should aim at,
who can command the necessary capital to hire or
purchase an extensive tract of wild land, and to place
upon it the pro|ier amount of stock. Indeed, I think
we may claim on behalf of sheep-farming, as compared
with tillage, something inherently good and amiable :
the sweetness of disposition which the former pursuit
seems lo foster, in contrast with the latter, being due
in some measure, no doubt, to the former being asso-
ciated with greater profits and fewer vexations. At all
events, I can claim, on behalf of my position, an illus-
tration of the highest authority and antiquity. Abel,
let me remind you, was a keeper of sheep ; whilst Cain
was a tiller of the ground. I would strongly recom-
mend all young men who intend to emigrate to aim,
industrially as well as morally, at walking in the steps
I of Abel, and not of Cain.

Wlicre to Go.— But I must hasten on to the third
point. Where to go, which will probably appear to
1 most as the pith and marrow of the whole question,
I assuming that there is any marrow at all in the case.
I The usual fields for British emigration are, first of all,
certaiu of our colonies, such as Australia, Van Diemen's
Land, New Zealand, the Cape of Good Hope, Canada,
British Columbia, including Vancouver Island, and
a few other settlements of less importance in this
point of view, such as British Guiana, the Falkland
Islands, and some others. Then there are the United
States of North America, including California; and
last, but by no means least, the vast plains of Central
South America, known generally under the name of
the provinces of the Argentine Confederation. Even
if time permitted, and this were a suitable occasion
for doing so (which it is not), it is not my intention in
this paper to attempt to cover all the ground which
might otherwise be properly included in a treatise on
emigration. My object, to-night, is simply to call
attention to a part of the world as a field of emigration
for English farmers and English gentlemen, which is
not so well known as it might be, and the advantages
of which, especially to the man of small capital, have
not hitherto been appreciated as they ought to be. I
do not deny the advantages of many of our colonies for
settlers ; but I think that in many respects they have
seen their best days as outlets for emigrants of the class
of which I am specially treating to-night. There is no
doubt an almost inexhaustible demand for artisans
and labourers as immigrants in our colonies ; and no
doubt the great majority of the men of this class
who go out considerably improve their circumstances

in life by so doing. But I do not think there arc the
same openings for the white-handed emigiantin either
Australia or New Zealand, or indeed in any of our
i;olonies, as there were formerly. In Australia th6
best districts for the pasturage of sheep and cattle near
the sea coast, and along the course of the few great
rivers that there are, have long since been occupied;
and to obtain anything like a ((ood— that is, a well-
watered and well-situated— run, it is necessary to pay
either a very high price, or else to go a long way up
the country into wild and unsettled districts, far from
roads and rivers and all the conveniences of civilisation.
Hcsides, I believe the great joint-stock principle has
been largely introduced into the sheep farming
business in Australia. Many of the great squatters
have done what many of our old private banks have
done — converted their interests and business into
joint-stock concerns. These joint-stock companies,
having^ great command of capital, have obtained
possession of vast tracts of country, and no small
portion of the best runs and sheep walks at high
prices. One result of this has been to shut out the
private iiersou and small capitalist, and greatly to
narrow the field for individual enterprise and invest-
ment. About a year and a half ago I made careful
inquiry respecting Australia from persons of expe-
rience in the matter, some of whom had been out
there a good many years; and the general result
was, that it was not much use going to Australia for
sheep farming, unless you could command 7000/. to
10,000/. ; that numbers of young gentlemen, who had
gone out there, from inabihty to command the
requisite capital to obtain a run and flock of their own,
had sunk into the condition of mere labourers and
stockmen, and that a few thought themselves
very fortunate in obtaining situations as managers or
superintendents in the properties of the great joint-
stock companies, at a moderate annual salary. Whilst
I believe this to be true of the greater part of the older
colonies of Australia, an exception should be made in
favour of Queensland, the newest of all the settlements
of Australia. This colony coraprises|the entire north-
eastern portion of the Australian continent. On the
10th of December, 18S9, it was formerly proclaimed a
separate colony, under letters patent from the Crown.
It contains an area of 678,000 square miles, and is
therefore more than five times larger than the United
Kingdom, and three times larger than France. This
settlement seems to be better watered than many other
parts of the continent, five navigable rivers emptying
themselves into Moreton Bay alone. The upland
plains and downs of the interior are said to afford
excellent cattle and sheep pasture throughout the
year; and the agricultural capabilities of the colony
seem to be very great, the Wheat especially, even in
that country of fine Wheat, being pre-eminent for its
quality. But I need notoccupy your time with a detailed
description of this, or indeed of any of our colonies,
because those who may wish to go to any of them can
obtainthe fullestinformation from many of thenumerous
handbooks on the subject of emigration, or from the
Colonization Circular, issued by tlie Emigration Com-
missioners. But there is one pursuit, about which
I can find nothing in the books, which seems well
adapted to Australia, and which I have reason to think
would be at least as profitalrlc as any, and more profit-
able than many, especially in Queensland, and tliat is
the breeding of horses from the best blood procurable
in this country. This is a pursuit which may have an
attraction for some young men, who have a soul
altogether above the more humble occupation of sheep
or cattle breeding, and who might find it an
advantageous business, albeit there are no noble dukes
or sporting marquises out there to buy the yearlings
at 2000 or .3000 guineas a-piece. There seems to be a
large demand for the best class of horses, not only for
export to India, but for home consumption in Brisbane
and other towns of the settlement ; and I may mention
one fact— not perhaps generally known, but which was
stated to me by a friend, who had carried on horse
breeding extensively in a district adjoining to Queens-
land—that he found the natives made particularly good
grooms and jockeys ; that they were very careful of their
horses, became very fond of them, and rode to admira-
tion. I should not be surprised if some of those of the
present day, who are fond of doing sensational things
on the turf, were to import two or three little Australian
piccaninnies, who could ride from 4 to 5 stone each, and
give them a mount at Newmarket and Epsom. The
Australian natives would considerably astonish our
own. I think^ to return, however, to the graver
matters of which I was speaking, I have the less
need to enter upon further details relative to Queens-
land, because here, as in all the other colonies of
Australia, I believe, the system prevails of selling the
Crown lands by auction at a minimum price of \l.
per acre, and the prohibitions under the land-granting
system, of any man having, either by purchase or lease,
or both combined, an occupation exceeding 320 acres.
In other words, the design of the local legislature,
who are the authors of this act, is to promote the
tillage of land, and therefore small occupations. How-
ever desirable this may be in their eyes, it is not so
in ours; it would be fatal to the emigration of all
except those who are half- labourer, half-farmer. But I
must hasten on. I have already dwelt longer than I
ought on the negative view of the subject. It is
unnecessary that I should go through the hst of all our
colonies seriatim, and point out why, in my humble
judgment, they are not the best parts of the world
for the settler of the description of which we are
treating to-night to betake himself to, and there
to invest his capital. The same grand objection
which bars Australia applies also, with some rnodifica-
tions, to our other colonies. However desirable as a
field of emigration New Zealand may have been 30 or
even 20 years ago, it is not so now. Not even in the
Canterbury Settlement can good-sized runs for the

260

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Mi.EOH'9, 1867.

pasturage of sheep be obtained now at a moderate cost,
For here, also, the same fatal system of the sale of the
Crown lands at 1^ per acre, initiated by Gibbon "Wake-
field I believe, still prevails. Canada again is a country
of vast forests, and rigorous winters. The mere clearing
of the land alone would absorb all the capital of the
settler of moderate means : whilst the seven months'
winter would be an insuperable obstacle to the inex-
pensive maintenance of a large stock. At the Cape of
Good Hope the soil is of rather a sterile character, and,
I imagine, is not well adapted to a superior class of
sheep. The sheep of the country seem to have a
tendency to concentrate all their fat in their tails. If
we see an estate advertised for sale somewhere — say,
amongst the romantic hills of Wales, where it turns
out that 1000 acres are let for a rent of 150Z, a^year, we
can form a pretty shrewd guess of the quality of the
land without going to see it ; and so, when we know
that the upset price of Crown lauds in Australia and
New Zealand is 11. per acre, and tlieu find tliat under a
similar Government rule at the Cape and in Natal the
price is only is. an acre, we cannot form a very exalted
opinion of its fertility,

I pass now from our colonies to the United States.
I have here some papers which were kindly forwarded
to me by a member of this Club, and which set forth
very fully the terms on which land, principally in the
Western States, can be obtained. Mr. Wilson, the
Commissioner of the General Land Otfice in Washing-
ton^ explains in his letter very clearly the States in
which good land well situated, can still be obtained at
the price of 1} dollar per acre. This is in what are
called the Public Land States, and of these there
appear to be only the States of Upper and Lower
Michigan and Wisconsin east of the Mississippi,
whilst west of that river there is almost an unlimited
amount of unoccupied territory. Still the same policy
in regard to the disposal of lands seems to prevail here
in the main as in our own colonies, viz., that of forming
small farms, to be occupied by a class of settlers who
would cultivate them chiefly by their own labour.
East of the Mississippi the public lands are subdivided
into tracts of from 10 to 80 acres each, and in some of
the States they run as large as IGO acres. Now this
system of small farms, to be brought more or less under
the plough, for reasons I have already stated, does not
fulfil my ideal. Besides, I confess to some little
prejudice about the whole political system of the
United States. A boot-maker in New York, taking off
Charles Dickens's boot to measure him for a new pair,
held it up, and surveying it with supreme contempt,
remarked through his nose, " I pity the man who lives
under the institution that produced that boot." Now
quoad the boots, I care nothing for the institutions,
provided only the boots fit and wear well; but I
confess to a dislike to living under the institutions
which have produced the whole state of politics at
present e.\isting in the United States. I should be
sorry to see either our own institutions at home, or
our young settlers abroad, Americanised. I would
rather, speaking for myself, take the chance of our own
colonies than go to the States, although I am quite
willing to believe that they present a fine field to the
enterprising settler.

The Argentine Confederation.— I come now to speak
of the CQimtry which I believe to be, beyond all others,
best calculated to fulfil the conditions of the hypothesis
upon which I have all along proceeded — the provinces
of the Argentine Confederation in South America.
The country known as the Argentine Confederation or
Republic lies on the southern bank of the great river,
or rather estuarj', of the Eiver Plate, and west of the
Uruguay.^ It lies between the 25th and .3.5th degrees of
south latitude, is bounded on the east by the river
Uruguay, and on the west by the Cordilleras, or the
great line of the Andes ; it extends over about a million
of square miles. [Mr. Smythies frequently referred
to an excellent map of South America, lent for
the evening to the Club, with one of North
America, by Mr. Edward Stanford, the eminent
Map Publisher,] It includes the following fourteen
provinces : Buenos Ayres, Santa P(5, Cordova, Meudoza,
San Juan, Santia.go, Tucuman, Salta, Eioja, Cato-
marca, San Luis, Potosi, Eutro Rios, and Corrientes,
its chief city and port being Buenos Ayres. Besides
these fourteen provinces, which constitute the Argen-
tine Confederation, there is the small independent
State called the Banda Oriental, or the RepubUc of
Uruguay, for it is known by both names indifferently.
This State lies on the southern limits of, and is bounded
by, the Brazilian Empire. Its eastern coast lies on
the Atlantic, the river Plate washes its southern shore,
and the magnificent river Uruguay forms its western
boundary. The whole of this vast territory is watered
by some of the noblest rivers in the world-the Rio
Negro, running through the centre of the last-named
province ; the Uruguay, separating the Banda Oriental
from the Argentine Confederation ; the Parana, passing
througli the centre of the finest provinces of the
Republic, and having a navigable cour.se of over one
thousand miles ; the Lalado, and several others of less
note. The estuary of Plate, or La Plata, bears the same
relation to these rivers that the Humber does to
the Trent, the Ouse, and other streams, constituting
the great central river basin of England. Mr. Latham
says : " The delicious and salubrious climate, the
extreme fertility of the soil, the wide range and capa-
bilities of production, and the imsurpassed adaptability
of these countries for stock breeding, as well as the
extent of their river system, mark thom out as
eminently favourable spots to receive an European
emigration, and ofler many opportunities for the
advantageous investment of European capital. The
naijural richness and extent of these resources, the
facilities of water transit, and the paramount desire
for progress which animates the influential portion of
the population, their commercial tendencies, the
unfeigned welcome and protection extended to foreign

settlers, and the full recognition of the advantages
derived from immigration and foreign enterprise,
are in themselves guarantees both to settlers and to
individual or Stock Exchange investments. More-
over, the recognition and thorough comprehen-
sion on the part of the governing classes of the
importance and polusy of national good faith, is a fea-
ture which necessarily must weigh with capitalists, and
produce its fruits in the development of the incalculable
resources of the country." As security for investment
will always be a primary consideration in determining
the choice of the emigrant, the following resume of the
constitution by which the Confederation is governed
may be useful : That the inhabitants of the State have
a right to be protected in the enjoyment of their life,
honour, liberty, and property, and that no one can be
deprived of these, except conformably to law. That
slavery has no exi.stence, and that the introduction and
sale of slaves be for ever prohibited. That all men are
equal in the eyes of the law, both in its protection and
penal consequences, no other distinction being acknow-
ledged but what may proceed from talents or moral
worth. That men in their private actions, when they
do not infringe on public order, and are not prejudicial
to a third person, are responsible to God alone, and are
exempt from any magisterial authority. That inter-
communication, by discourses, by private writings, and
publications of the press, is entirely free on all subjects,
the author and the printer being held responsible before
the law for any abuses that may be committed. That
any individual may devote himself to any business,
trade, or branch of industry that suits him, if it is
not contrary to the public good. That every indi-
vidual is at liberty to enter, to remain in, or to
depart from the territory of the Republic, when and
how he pleases, so long as he complies with the laws,
and does no injury to others. The laws on commerce
are in strict bearing with this political liberality, and
the port laws equally favour and protect shipping.
The utmost religious freedom and toleration exist
throughout the Republic, and in the chief towns there
are English and Scotch Protestant churches.

I will now proceed to give a general outline of the
country and the nature of the soil. A large portion
of the country is peculiarly favourable for farming
operations. There are vast plains extending for a
great number of leagues as level as the table before
me. My son writes to me that I can hardly conceive
the levelness of the country and its freedom from
timber. Compare these plains with the bush of
Australia, or the mountainous land of New Zealand
or the Cape, and you will see how greatly the
advantage as regards surface is in favour of South
America. The soil of these level plains is an alluvial
soil ; and I am told that if a native, in riding over a
distance of 100 or 150 leagues, finds his horse's foot
kicking against a stone, he gets down and puts it in his

Socket as a rarity. I am not speaking now of the
ianda Oriental. Speaking generally, however, I may
remark that the soil is well adapted for pasturage, and,
with a little management, an acre will support a large
number of sheep. I do not like to trust myself to give
figures ; but it is calculated that an acre there will
carry twice as many sheep as an acre in Australia,
and nearly three times as many as an acre in New
Zealand. No doubt some parts of the country are
better adapted for cattle than for sheep. The
vicinity of Buenos Ayres, which has been the
longest settled, is best suited for sheep, and sheep-
farming is most carried on, that part being
further than many others^from the tropic. Climate
has, of course, a good deal to do with the success
of the sheep farmer. The land of Buenos Ayres
being so well situated, the price places it beyond the
reach of many emigrants. Land is sold there, both by
the Government and by private individuals, by the
square league, no heed being taken of quantities of
less than 6 acres. It is difficult, it appears, to obtain
land in the province of Buenos Ayres under from
5000Z. to 70001. the square league. Further to the
north, in Santa Pe, Cordova, Tucuman, and other parts,
there are large districts whioh are naturally well adapted,
first of all for cattle, and afterwards for sheep. The
country having a rich virgin soil, the first thing
necessary is to graze it with cattle, and after that there
springs up a fine sort of herbage, well adapted for
sheep. In the north land is very much cheaper than
in the south ; but, on the other hand, there are some
disadvantages. One of these is the existence of what
is called Arrow-grass. It is so called in consequence
of the seed-pods being almost as hard as a pike of
steSl. Many sheep are wounded by this Arrow-grass,
and, of course, wounds are more dangerous in propor-
tion to the heat ; but this difficulty may be got over
by means of the careful grazing of cattle in the first
instance. Great care is necessary in the purchase of land
from private firms or individuals. ^ My son had a very
narrow escape from beiu" taken in by certain land-
jobbers in Buenos Ayres, tor jobbers are by no means
confined to Capel Court. There is a well-known
Scotch firm who have grown rich in that trade. There
are many Scotch firms, and therefore no firm can sue
me for libel (laughter); but it is notorious that the
firm to which I allude have taken in numbers of young
Englishmen, and obtained their money for the pur-
chase of laud which was absolutely worthless. My son
and his friends had almost signed an agreement, but
happily they found out the mistake they were making
just in time. Those emigrants who land at Buenos
Ayres will soon find out the name of the firm in ques-
tion, and therefore I need not bring myself under
the clutch of our somewhat peculiar libel law.
Let me now mention a few practical points with
regard to the best mode of proceeding. By all means
let the young emigrant purchase, if possible, and if
he has not capital enough himself for that purpose, let
him unite with others. Indeed, so far as I can learn, it
is always the best course for three or four emigrants

to unite, and put their capital together, selecting one
of their number as captain before they go out, and
abiding by his orders. There are many social and mate-
rial advantages in that course. It will be a protection,
and save a vast amount of trouble and expense. On
arriving, let them first of all obtain an introduction to
some settlers who have gone out before them. Persons
having letters of introduction would receive an invita-
tion from settlers, who would, for a certain period, find
them all they wanted— bed, board, and a horse to ride
upon — in return for their services ; and, in a few
months, the new emigrant would have obtained know-
ledge and experience whioh would enable him to keep
clear of land-jobbers and land-sharks generally, and to
commence for himself with a fair chance of success.
Above all, let the emigrant avoid the common practice
of taking a lease of land. He oau only obtain a lease
for three years ; and the mere fact of his occupying
it with cattle or sheep for that period will "make
it worth a great deal more ; and, at the end of the
three years, the occupier will either have to pay
an enormously increased rental, or to begin again.
The price to be paid for land is a very diflicult
question ; but, so far as I can gather from my
son's letters and from Mr. Latham's book, if a man
goes a moderate distance up the country, he can get a
square league of good land, well situated and well
watered, al; from iOOl. to 600Z. My son and his partners
gave 600/. for the three square leagues which they
possess. As I have before intimated, if an emigrant
cannot find persons to unite with him, he should, at
all events, place himself for a few months with some
respectable settler, and he will then be enabled to judge
of the value of land before purchasing. ^ The price
increases enormously with farming operations. That
which was sold for 6001. this year will fetch 9001. next
year. By all means, I would repeat, let emigrants
purchase, instead of taking leases ; but there is nothing
lost by their looking around them for a few months,
and seeing where they can purchase a good flock of
sheep, and lay out their money most advantageously.
Then as to the cost of sheep : that varies like the price
of land — it varies from 3s. to lOs. a-head ; 10s. a^head is
the price of what may be called improved sheep, that is,
sheep bred from rams carefully selected, either imported
rams or rams bred there for the special purpose of
improving sheep. And here comes in a question of
increasing interest to all English settlers, namely, what
breed of sheep it is best to import. I feel totally unable
to say whether it is best to import the Lincoln ram, or
the Leicester, or the Southdown .

Mr. CoNGBEVE, of Rugby : Southdowns.

The Rev. J. Smythies : I am very glad to have
elicited that opinion from so practical a man. We all
know that if Lincoln sheep are removed to the Midland
Counties a great deal of the lustre of the wool and
other qualities is lost. There are peculiarities of
position and soil which affect the quality of wool, and
I think what the settlers of Australia, New Zealand,
and the Argentine Confederation want to know is, what
breed of sheep will, if imported under varying cir-
cumstances of soil and climate, show the greatest
utility and stability of character, and be most likel;y to
transmit any merits that it may possess to its offspring.
I am inclined to think that the Southdown is, on
the whole, the best to import. But on the other hand,
it should be borne in mind that a short-wooUed sheep
of this country yields fine wool, and that what settlers
want is length and vigour of staple. A sheep
that produces a fleece of only 3 lb., selling at from old.
to 6rf. per pound, certainly admits of great improve-
ment, and this is one of the wants of the day. Another
desirable improvement is a better classification of
sheep. At present the rams are too often allowed to
mixwith the ewes indiscriminately,and the consequence
is a great deterioration in the quality of wool. I believe
that a very large margin of profit is to be obtained by
attention to these points. At present I believe a very
good flock of sheep, taking all that walk, that is one
with another, may be obtained in the Argentine
Confederation at about Bs. Od. a head. Let me now
say one or two words about the increase. I have
prepared a statement taken in a great measure from
Latham's book, and based upon actual experience, of
what actually occurred on a fair average run. Supposing
that in January, 1865, there is a flock of 4000 breeding
ewes and 1000 ewe lambs, the result will, according to
my table, be as follows : —

18G6.— 4000 owes will have yeaned uif 1,600 male lambs,
April and May ., ..( 1,000 ewe lambs.
Original stock 5,000

1867. — 5000 ewes will yean
Previous year's stock

-6600 ewes will yean
(6000 and 16,000)..
Previous year's stock

::{

8,200 head.

f 2,000 males.
{ 2.000 ewe lambs.
8,200

12,200 head.

2, GOO males.
2,600 ewe lamba,
12,200

18C9.— SGOO ewc3 will yeau '
(5000, 1600, and 2000)
Previous year's stock

1870.-11,200 ewes will yean . .

(.5000, 1600, 2000, and 2600)
Previous year's stock . .

Total head at shearing time . . 33,240 head.

This is calculated at 80 per cent, increase. Losses will he
more than replaced by the excess of a great increase — over
80 per cent.

I have entirely left out the great beef question. A
great deal has been said in modem days about the

17,400 head.

. f 3,440 males.

. ( 3,440 ewe lambs.

, ir,400

24,230 head.

. ( 4,480 males.

. \ 4,480 ewe lambs.

. 24,280

Mabch 9, 1867.]

THE GAEDENEl^S' CHl^ONTOLE ANT) AGRTCULTUHAL GAZETTE.

261

utilisation of the beef of Soutli America by importing
it into tliis country. On this point tlicro is, I niay
rcniarit, a general misapiireliension. It is not the long
transit by sea that constitutes the great difliculty, but
it is the fact that the cattle have to be driven so far
before they reach the slaunliterins places that the beef
ia in a very bad condition before it can be salted. The
remedy is not to bo found in science, but in a better
s\ stem of manaj^oment ; and with this, South American
lircl' might perhaps arrive hero in a perfectly good con-
ditii>ii. Homo of you may have heard of llio mode of
preserving by covering the beef over with paraffin.
If there ho one thing more horrible than another to
our olfactory nerves it is perhaps parallln; but it is
said that when the beef thus jjreserved has been
washed over with water it is perlectly sweet. I have
no doubt that we are entering on a new era in this
respect, but the first thing to bo done is to improve the
system of management, including feeding, the slaugh-
tering, and tho packing. I will now bring these desul-
tory remarks to a conclusion by saying that I think
that many young men, with some command of capital,
if they cont'd make up their minds bravely and honestly
to go out to sui.'h a country as tho Argentine Confede-
ration—and surely there are in many districts farmers'
sons who do not know what to do with themselves,
liow to walk in their fathers' steps, or to obtain a decent
livelihood at home — would have reason to be more than
^atis^cd. No one can feel more than I do that it is
lot want of time but want of ability that has caused
iiv remarks to extend to such a length ; but if it should
iini out that I have said onew^ord to assist the class in
A h.isc behalf I have been s|)eakiug I shall be thankful.
11 I should have put it in the power of any individual
(1 uiiitify the feeling so beautifully described by one of
uir poets : —

" Tho pride to rear .in independent shed.
And ^vo the lips wc lo^e unborrowed bread.
To slcirt our home witli harvests widely-sown.
And call the smiling landscape all our own.
Our children's heritage in pru.spcct long — "

[f I have done that, I say, I shall bo most thankful for
laving had an opportunity of bringing this subject
)efore tho Club. Gentlemen, I thank you for the great
latienco with which you have listened to my long and
lesultory remarks.

(During tho discussion which onsuod, valu.able information
vas given by Mr. Parish, H.B.M. Con.sul for Buenos Ayres, for
vhOBO speech wc sb.ill find room next week.]

The Journal of Agriculture. March, 1867.
150, Fleet Street.

A very iuterestiug number. The opening paper,
vliich considers the question — Have our seasons
'Uansed ? — is a particularly interesting account of a
lumber of winters during the past three centuries ;
ind the result is reached that " the avei'age tempera-
ure of the seasons in Britain has not permanently
ihauged. More than once within the last ten years
lill stock has been reduced to extremities; and the
leaths would have been greater but for the increased
acilities for getting supplies of food from a distance.
There is more feeding of sheep even iu the upland
iistricts than there was 20 years ago; and as a conse-
(ueuce, both life and strength arc preserved in cases
vhere formerly there would have been pining and
ieath. Besides better feeding, the sheep have better
Doting, for the land almost everywhere is more or less
b-ained. But in spite of all appliances, there is still
)ccasional difficulty from prolonged snow-storms or
excess of moisture ; and the farmer's object must be to
juard against the evil effects of severe weather, instead
)f resting in the coutidence that the seasons have
become milder. Much has been already done to render
tgriculturists less dependent on the weather; but
cience may still do a great deal more iu the same
lirection. In the mean time it is the duty as well as
he interest of farmers to contribute each, according to
)pportunity, to the increase of knowledge regarding
'he best mode in which a hard season can be success-
ully endured."

Then follows a good " Lecture upon Eggs," translated
rom the French, which will deserve perusal, and from
vhich we shall hereafter give an extract. A further
ccount of some of the Northern Islands, a useful paper
>n farmyard manure^ a natural history of birds in
\ inter, the Veterinarian, and the Farmers' Note Book
na]<o up the pamphlet.

Miscellaneous.

Adulteration of Milk in Duhlin.— Several dairymen
-ppoared before the Lord Mayor's Court last week in
Dublin, on summons, served on them at the instance
if Messrs. Noonan and Webb, deputy clerks of the
Qarkets, to answer complaints against them on account
>f adulteration of milk. (1). The first case called on
vas that of Mr. Benis M'Cann. of Denzille Street,
dr. Timothy Murphy deposed that he bought a pint
if milk for Ihd. from the defendant; he put it into a
lottle and gave it to Mr. Webb ; this milk was bought
t the rate of Sd. a quart, the price for which be
onsidered first quality could be purchased.

The defendant said he got 4'1. a quart for his first quality
lilk, and that Lord James Butler was having first quality
lilk solfl about the city at 4-/. a quart. The Lord Mayor
sked Mr. Webb whether he had tested the niilk with a
Lctometer.— Mr. Webb : I havo. my lord.— The Lord Mayor :
'hat was its quality?— Mr. Webb: It contained, my lord,
oly a very smaU portion of cream — not three degrees ; it was
^:ccssively badly made up.— The Lord Mayor: In your
pinion it was fraudulently made up?— Mr. Webb: I should
ly so, my lord.— The Lord Mayor : I h?ive seen that milk
lyself, and from my experience as poor law guardian of
iveral unions, I am able to say that it was about the
orst quality of milk I ever saw. Unless you sold all
ater you could not have given worse milk.— Defendant :
our lordahip knows tho high prlco of fodder, and that we

havo to pay a great deal in houno rout and taxes, and, there-
foro. wo could not afford to ecU firnt quality milk at '-id. a
quart. Thoro are parties living outside ihv. t-ity who havo not
to pay such high rent and tuxoH, and who can better aff'ird
to sell good milk at 3d. a quart.— Tho Lord Mayor : Though
you pay rent and taxes, I suall not allow you to adulterate
youv milk. I never saw milk 8ui)plicd of such a character aa
that which you appear to havo sold, . Dr. Cameron, city
analyst, although much indisposed from ill health, attended
in court to give ovidonoo in this .ind tho following cjiscs. IIo
.said that ho got tlie bottle marked number thrco from Mr.
Wubl), and that ho mado an analysin of tho milk which it
contained.— Tho Lord Mayor; ^Vhat proportion of adulteration
wa.H iu it?— Dr. Cameron: Mter making all allowances for
ovory possible variation iu tho condition uf good milk, I can
aay that this milk must at least havo contained 4ii per cent, nf
water. Having tried it by tho lactometer, I found that tho
result which 1 obtained was fully borne out. It contained
barely three degrees of cream, while good milk averages from
nix to eight, and oven up to 20 per cent. — The Lnrd Mayor (to
defendant) : What do you say to this ?— Defendant : I'll submit
to your lordship' .s decision ; but this is the first time, my lord.
— Tho Ijord Mayor : As Clerk of tho Markets, I must protect
the pviblic. It is of very groat importance that tho public
.should bu Hupplicd with good milk. It was found that one of
the causes which operated most injuriously to young children
was their bcuig given bad milk. A very large number of tho
deaths of young children in workhouses was attributable to a
supply of bad milk. Is not that true, Dr. Cameron?— Dr.
Cameron : It is, my lord.— Defendant : I ehall submit to your
lordship'a decision, and shall be more watchful for the future
over the party who measures it. — The Lord Mayor : Your
selling at 'iil. a quart milk which contiins 40 per cent, of
water is certainly neither honest nor proper. — The Lord
Mayor (to Dr. Cameron) : Were there any other foreign
ingredients in it besides water? — Dr. Cameron : No, my lord.
—Tho Lord Mayor : If this were not tho first time you havo
been complained of, I should fine you 5/. However, as it is
QUO of the worst eases I ever knew, I shall fine you 20^. and
costs : but I warn you that if you are summoned before me
again for a similar offence I shall fine you 5/.

(2.) James Dowling, of Britain Street, next appeared on
summons, Mr. Murphy deposed that the milk which
he bought at defendant's shoji he put in a bottle,
number four, and gave it to Dr. Cameron. Dr. Cameron
said that he found this milk contained about 17 per
cent, of water more than was usually found iu pure
milk.

Defendant said that it was impossible that there could be that
amount of water in it. If his lordship wished ho (defendant)
would send for a quantity of milk taken direct from the cow,
and havo it submitted to Dr. Cameron, for the purpose of
showing that the mUk analysed by Dr. Cameron did not con-
tain so high a percentage of water beyond that contained in
the milk taken direct from the cow.— Dr. Cameron : My lord,
that is not a largo percentage of water. This person's milk ia
much better than the average. — Tho Lord Mayor : I am aware
of that.— Defendant: My lord, I shall endeavour to get Ad.
a quart for my milk, and sell it as it comes from the cow. I
have had to compete with my neighbours. — The Lord Mayor :
In consideration of your milk not being as bad as that in the
last case, and of your undertaking to sell it pure for the
future, I shall only now fine you 2s. G(/., but if you are brought
up again before me I shall fine you 5i. — Defendant : Thank
you, my lord.

(3.) Mr. Lynam, of Pill Lane, was nest called. The

milk sold by Mr. Lynam wa-s put in a bottle marked 5,

and Dr. Cameron stated that it was about the same

quality as that sold by Mr. Dowling.

The Lord Mayor fined the defendant 28. 6d., and cautioned

him.

(4.) Charles Meehan, of Middle Abbey Street, was
next called, but did not appear.

The Lord Mayor : Go on with the cxso.— Dr. Cameron said
that the milk in this case was about the same quality as that
in the two Last cases. — The Lord Mayor : Well, as he has not
thought proper to attend in court, I shall inflict the same fine
as iu the first ease : 20s. — A man in court, apparently a friend
of defendant's, said that Mr. Meehan was put out of court by
the police constable on duty, because he was drunk.— The
constable said the man was drunk. — The Lord Mayor : He has
no right to be drunk. If he came before me drunk I -should
fine him 405. I wish to state here that I am determined, as
Lord Mayor and Clerk of the Markets, to put a stop to all
frauds in the sale of milk and coal and other articles in trade,
and that I shall endeavour to discharge this duty for the
benefit of the public. — Mr. Meehan, the defendant in the last
case, now came into court, apparently under the influence of
diink, and, addressing the Lord Mayor, said, I beg pardon,
air, am I drunk ? — The Lord Mayor : You are drunk, sir.
(To the constable)— Take that man to the station. — The con-
stable on duty then led Mr. Meehan out of court.

N'eed of Ventilation in Dwelling -ho uses. — See the
quaint words of William Grant, quoted by Dr.
Murchison: — "If any person will take the trouble to
stand in the sun and look at his ovra shadow on a
white plastered wall, he will easily perceive that his
whole body is a smoking dung-hill, with a vapour
exhaling from every part of it. This vapour is subtle,
acrid, and offensive to the smell ; if retained in the
body it becomes morbid ; if re-absorbed, highly dele-
terious. ' If a number of persons, therefore, are long
confined in any close place, not properly ventilated, so
as to inspire and swallow with their spittle the vapours
of each other, they must soon feel its bad effects. Bad
provisions and gloomy thoughts will add to their
misery, and soon breed the seeds of a pestilential
fever, dangerous not only to themselves, but also to
every person who visits them, or even communicates
with them at second hand. Hence it is so frequently
bred in gaols, hospitals, ships, camps, and besieged
towns. A seed once produced is easily spread by
contagion." Sundar/ Magazine.

C

^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

cow I'lrriNOs.

Notices to Correspondents.

Bitter Bdtter : Emigrant. Put a bit of saltpetre, about the
size of a nut, to every quart of cream, as soon as it is taken
off the milk ; and then, the day before you chum, put the
whole crock to stand iu a furuaco of bnUing water for half
an hour, stuTing it frequently whUu it is m the hot water,
and afterwards till it is cold. There are many other recipes.
A good deal depends on the hot water and steaming to get
rid of the aroma.

Hops : Progress. Brown Hops, if better than green, [are only
80 from "having arrived at fuller maturity, and even then
they must be of sound and healthy growth, and not have
lost colour from blight or disease. The finer colour must, in
any oose, be used for dolicate ales.

Their iidvantagea are — Portability, not iixinii, i. u,'
ploasuio, no Woodwork or Partitions to lni|"jili: \'iiiiil;tnni
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with a,» uunoco8nary, iiicruased width
and depth of Feeding Truugba, Water Cistern, and I'atent Drop
Cover to prevent over-KorginK. Cleanly, durable, and inipervioua '
Infection, being all of Tron. Pi-ice of y ittiuKs per Cow, Urm.

ProHpecuiHOs free of Cottau & Co.. Iron Works, 2, Winaley Street
(opposite tho Pantheon), Oxl'ord Street, London, W,, where tho
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvoraeuts
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

to

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Apply to I. James, Tlvoli Works, Cheltenham.

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General Catalogue for 1866, in royal 8vo., 72 pages and wrapper,
with 33 illuBtrations (together with Supplement of TestimonlaJa from
the leading noblemen and landowners of the United Kingdom to the
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252

THE GAEDENEl^S' CHEONICLE AND AGEICUT.THEAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 9, 1867.

BY HER MAJESTY'S

ROYAL LETTERS PATENT.

OEMSON'S
NEW PATENT WROUGHT IRON MULTITUBULAR HOT-WATER BOILER.

SAFETY, EFFICIENCY, FOWER, AND ECONOMY.

MANY OF THESE BOILERS HAVE NOW BEEN FIXED,

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THE GREAT ADVANTAGES OF THIS
BOILER ARE :—

I St. Being entirely of Wrought-Ieok,
its safety from leakage and cracks (from
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2d. An immensely increased surface
exposed to the direct action of the fire,
which passes through the tubes, thereby
giving a wonderfully increased amount
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3d. A great saying iu the consumption
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4th. Its extraordinary power and
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The great Power, Economy, and
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been thoroughly tested for the last
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UNDERSIDE OF BOILER AND PLAN OF TUBES.

THEY ARE MADE OF VARIOUS SIZES. PRICES ON APFUOATION.

Flans, Specifications, and Estimates on application.

HENRY ORMSON, F.S.A., .

HORTICULTURAL BUILDER TO HER MAJESTY, AND HOT-WATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURER TO THE COMMISSIONERS OF HER MAJESTY'S I
ROYAL PALACES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS, AND TO THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
STANLEY BRIDGE, KING'S ROAD, CHEJjSEA, LONDON, S.W,

Mabch 9, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

253

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED FREQUENTLY DURING THE PAST THREE SEASONS BY

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lasting satisfaction, and to stand the wear
and tear of many years.

PATENT HAND MACHINE.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

ARE IN D.\ILY USE IN

ALL THE ROYAL GARDENS; IN THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUNDS;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;

And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

These are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.
THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT IVILL MOW PliOFEIiLY WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPriNO, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OP LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shanka' Faient Lawn Moiver will Moiv on uneven as zvell us on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, in referring to their IMPROVED LAWN MOWERS for 1867, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in effecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. AND SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an extent aa possible in the construction of theur Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery are employed in manufacturing the various parts, and this applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S. AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of theii- celebrated LAWN MOWERS, which will enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

Width of Cutter.

PRICES, nSCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HAND 3MCACHINE.

Eaeily Worked Silent Movement.

i By a Lady

10-inch Machine £3 10 0

12-mch Machine 4 10 0

14.inch Machine 5 10 0 By a Boy

4*. extra.

Width of Cutter.
16-inch Machine . , . , . . » » £6

19-inch Machine

2;
24

Easily Worked Silent Movement

:6 10 0 By a Man or Two Boys i . .^^
7 12 6 By a Man and Boy \ ^*' ^^^^^

ItSchM::^::: :: :: :: I'l l]^yT.oMen .. { - -■

Is. &d.
extra.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE.

width of Cutter. „„ ,„ „

25-iaoh Machine £12 10 0

If with Patent Delivering Apparivtoa.
. .. 25^. extra.

28-inch Machine 14 10 0 , . . . 30j. „

30-inch Machine 15 15 0 .. .. 30s. ,,

Silent Movement, 12*. &d. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22«. per set
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE UACHINE

Width of Cutter.

30-inch Machine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0

42-inch Machine 26 0 0

48-inch Machine 28 0 0

If with Patent DellTenng A^paratu
. , 30s. extra.

.. 30». „

.. 40s. „

.. 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

N.B.— .4. S. ^- Son specially announce to their numerous Patrons that they have a staff of experienced Workmen at their London Warehouse, thoroughly acquainted with all
the details of their Maehines, so that they are enabled to repair Lawn Mowers in London as well as at the Manufactory.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANTIFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHA.LL STREET, E.G.

1^ 27, Ltadmhall Street is thf only place in London where intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers can choose from a SlDck o] from 150 (o 200 Machines.
AU sites kept there, whether for Horse, Pony or Hand Power.

264

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AM) AGRICtJLTimAL GAZETTE.

[MabCH 9, 1867.

GREEN'S IMPROVED NEW PATENT
GARDEN ROLLER.
The above Rollers possesa many advantages over all othera. They
are made in two parts, and are free to revolve on the nsis, affording
itreater tacilities for turning, and the onter edges are rounded off or
turned inwards, thua avoiding the unsightly marks left by other
toilers.

Diameter, 30 inches ; Length 32 inches, £7 10 0

„ 24 „ „ 26 „ 4 10 0

„ 20 „ „ 22 „ 3 10 0

„ 16 „ „ 17 „ 2 15 0

Prices for Rollers fitted with Shafts suitable for Pony or.Horse

Power, free on application.

Ltelivered carnage paid to ail the principal Railway Stations and
Shipping Ports in England.

Thomas Qrees &, Son, Smlthfield Iron Works, Leeds; 64 and 65,
Elackfriars Road, London, S. ; and 19, Eden Quay, Dublin.
N.B, All Orders executed on the day they are received.

OTHOTISES for the MILLION,

Invented by the late
SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.
Manufactories : London, Newton In Cartmel
, (Lancashire), Gloucester, Coveatry, Aberdeen,

and Paisley only.
' Illustrated Circulars, with revised List of
Prices, will be sent on prepaid application to
Messrs. IIereiian & Morton, Head Office,
7, Pall Mall East, London. S.W.

PRIZE MEDALS AWARDED to GREEN'S PATENT
LAWN MOWERS.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1862.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, DUBLIN, 1865.
The above Lawn Mowers have proved to be the best, and have
earned off every Prize that baa been given in all cases of Com-
petition.

Sold by all respectable Ironmongers, Seedsmen, &c,, In the
Kingdom. Illustrated Priee Lists free on application.

AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTURAL
IMPLEMENTS and MACHINES of every description.
IMPROVED IRON STABLE FITTINGS.
HURDLES and CONTINUOUS IRON and WIRE FENCING.
Palisading Entrance and Field Gates. Plain and Galvanised

Wire Netting.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS and GARDEN ROLLERS.

Garden Engines, Syrinpes, Water Barrows, Ornamental Garden

Seats, Chairs, Tables, Iron Fountains, Vases, &c.

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS, m great variety.

Washing, Wringing, and Mangling Machines.

IMPROVED SAUSAGE MACHINES and FILLERS.

Separate Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

TnoMAB Green & Son, Smithfield Iron Works, Leeds.

Show Rooms opposite the Smithfield Cattle Market, North Street,

Leeds; 64 and 55, Elackfriars Road, London, S. : and 19, Eden

(^uay, Dublin.

PRIZE MOWING MACHINES, FIELD and GARDEN
ROLLERS; CHAFF CUTTERS, from 45.s-. Lawn Mowers
Garden Engines, iParkes' Cast Steel Digging Forks and Garden
Tools, Improved Wire Netting, Wheelbarrows, Com Bins, Churns
Sausage and Mincing Machines. PRICE LISTS per post.

BcRGEss & Key's Agricultural Implement and Machinery Ware-
house, 95, Newgate Street, London, E,C.

Works: Brentwood, Essex.

TEE IMPROVED TANNED LEATHER DRIVING
STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
without lap or cross joints— superior to all others for Portable
Engines. Prime STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

Price Lists sent free by post.
TuE Tanned Leathkr Compant. Tanners, Curriors, ftc, Armit
Works, Greenfield, near Manchester; Warehouse, 81, Mark Lane,
c Ai Mr. H. Ferrabee. Agent-

London, E.C.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixing or thinninK, and is used cold. It is used in the
grounds at Windsor Cistle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom tho most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Suith will forward on
application.

jr^om. RicnARD Hemming, Esq., Bordesley Park, Worcestershire.
r 'Gentlemen,—! havo great pleasure in stating that I highly
approve of your Black Varnish, as a substitute for paint for farm
buildings, barn doors, gates, and especially when the wood has been
previously painted in the usual wav a few vears bolbre ; in this par-
ticular case it leaves a very nice glazed surface, than which nothing
could be better. The same observation also applies to ironwork ot
every description, such as iron hurdles, &c. The Wrought-iron
Barrow with apparatus for heating gas tar has been found most
useful, and so great a convenience do I consider it that I shall beg
you to send me another, as well as a cask of the Black Varnish, for
the use ot the jnoperty which I have in Warwickshire. Please to
send the whole by the same conveyance as before."

Bold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. 6d. per gallon, at the
Ma-^ufactory, or Is. 8rf. per gallon paid to any Station in the kinedom.

Apply to Hill & Smith. Brierly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.G., from whom only it can bo obtelned.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the materials,
VIZ., Boilers, Pipes, &c.. delivered to any Station.

Estimates on application.
J. Jokes & Sons, 6, Bunkside, Southwark, London, S.E.

__ Heating by Hot Water.

\\r J. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,

»▼ • 31, Bankslde. London, S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, from StocK, per yard :— 2-inch, Is. 2d. ;
3-inch, Is. lOd. ; and 4-inch, 2k. 4d. BENDS, from Stock, Is.Gd., 2s. 6d.,
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s 13s., and 14s. each. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of fli-st-class manu-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

By Her Majesty's Royal Letters Patent.

^ ^

WELLS'S PORTABLE GROUND VINERY, for
Growing and Ripening Grapes without Artificial Heat.
Awarded a Silver Medal at the International Exposition of
Horticulture, held at Nice, April, 18G5.

Drawings and Instructions c.^n be had of the Patentee
Steam Works, 24, Bouverie Street, London, E C.
Agents :— B. J. Edwards, 25, Bishopsgate Street Within, E.C.
J. R. Tanton, Epsom, Surrey.
Drummond Brothers. 52, George Street. Edinburgh

JOHN

WARNER AND "S 0 N S,

8, Crescent, Cripplegate, London, E.C,
BELL and BRASS FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTY.

'HE I'ERMINAL SADDLE BOILER

proves itself to be equal to any form now in use for economy
and power; while the simplicity of its construction gives it the
advantage over all others. See testimonials.

J. Ireland, Edward Street, Broughton Lane, Manchester.
London Agent : R. Hemmino, 61, Leadenhali Street, E.G.

c

OTTAM AND COMPANY,

Conservatory and Hothouse BoiLnEas, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.
20 24 30 inches long.
i-je, C5s. 92s. 6d. each.
HOT- WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. Gd. 2s. Id. 2s. 9d. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to
Cottam !c Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street,
opposite the Pantheon),
Oxford Street, London, W. hot water apparatus

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
HORTICULTURE.
" Dry Glazing without Putty,"
" Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal HorticultxuTxl Society, South
Kensington,

No. 35.

patent' CAST-IRON
PUMP, fitted with J. W. & Sons'
Metal Bucket and Valve, which
cannot clog in action, for Wells
not exceeding 26 feet.

Diam. Height.

2} in. short .. 1 ft. Tin.
2i in. long , . 3 ft. 3 in.

3 in. long .. 3 ft. 6 in.
3i in. long .. 3 ft. C in.

4 in. long .. 3 ft. 6 in.
2i in. short, with 15 feet

of lead pipe attached,
ready for rising ..200
2 in. long, do. do 2 14

No, 42.
IMPROVED LIQUID
MANURE or GENERAL
PORTABLE P U M P.-These
Pumps are fitted with J. W. &
Sons' Patent Bucket and Valve
and cannot clog in action. The
Barrel is made of Galvanised
Iron, not Hkely to corrode, and
can be raised or lowered at plea-
sure on the stand, the legs o
which fold together, and it mav
be can-ied with ease by one man

- I to tank or pond.

Fiice of 4i-mch Liquid Manure Pump, with legs, £2 15s. : 2-inch
Flexible Rubber and Canvas Suction Pipe, 25. 5tf per foot The
Barrel is 27i inches long, and the legs are 5 feet high '

WARNERS' PORTABLE EIRE or GARDEN ENGINE.

£ 3. d.

. 2 fi 0
. 2 14 0

Plans and Est mates free on appi cat on Descr pt e Book fu ly
illustrated post Iree tor 0 stamps from the Author and Patentee
James Cranston, Architect, Blmnngham.

Works: Hlghgate Street, Birmingham.
Hbnrt J. Growtage, Manager, 1. Temple Row West, Birmingham.

QWING WATER BARROW, price 45^.

KJ Carriage paid to any Station In England.

The above is very cheap, and
invaluable for carrying Liquids
of all kinds. No Garden, Farm,
Stable, or Kitchen Yard should
be without one. A Lad can
easily work it ; but if required to
travel long distances over rough
ground, a Pony can be attached.
The wheels and canuage are
wrouebt iron, and the tub oak.
The water may be dipped out,
or the tub tilted and poured out,
or by raising the handle it can be placed on tho groimd and the
frame det.iclied.'

Powerful GARDEN" ENGINE, suitable for the above, price 4ds.,
carriage paid. WATER and LIQUID MANURE CARTS.

Illustrated Catalogues of above, also of WIRE NETTING,
FENCING, &c., sent free on application.

W. S. Bodlton, Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

No. B68i.

For use by one Person price £2 23

No. 64711, ditto ditto, on Wheels ,, £2 lOa'.

fl,, J® ?*jovo are complete in themselves, and may be alwava kept
filled with water, and ready for use.

Letter to The Times, July 23, 1806,/rom Earl EsaEx.

A Real Fire Extingdisher.

To the Editor of The Times.

"Sir,— I feel sm-e you will kindly aUot a small soace In the T'muB
to these few lines, as the best medium through which I would urge
every householder who dreads Ore to have on each floor of his house
one or more small Garden or other Engines on wheels, always charged
and in good order, in case of fire.

"Last night,just as I was going to bed, I was startled by that most
fearfiil of all cries, 'Fire, fire 1 ' 1 soon learned that a fire was raging
in a large two-windowed unoccupied bedroom. How caused is to ua
all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of those small
Engines on each floor. In two minutas I was in the room with one
of them. It was like a fm-nace. Tho curtains, shutters, casements,
and cornices of both windows were bui-ning and cracking from floor
to ceiling. I was quite alone at tho moment, yet before asslstanca
arrived (most of the servants having gone to bed), I had completely
subdued the Are of one window without exhausting the Engine, and
when assistance and more water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other,

" So fierce was the fire that the lead of the casements was melted,
and the casements themselves were burnt oflf their hinges.

" I will only ada, that by God's mercy, the house was saved by thiB
small Engine. Had it not been at band and In order, most assuredly
Casslobury would be now a heap of ruins. — Yom-s faithAilly,

"Cassiobury, Watford, July 20. "Esski.

"The Engine, even when full, runs so light on the floor, that any
woman mignt draw it, and also work it."

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

PATENT LAWN MOWIFQ and ROLLING MACHINES.

EVERT MACHINE "WAHKAUTED.

TO BE OBTAINED Op

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS, BANBURY.

LONDON ■WAEEHOUSE : 10, LATOENCE POTJNTNET LANE, E.C.

n,..>^T9>^^^®'~*'^''^°''^' TANGYE BROTHERS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNET LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., tondon Bridge; MeBsra DRAT,
iAXLOK AND CO., London Bridge; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.C. ; and all respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom,

MABcn 0, 1867.]

THE GAUDENEKS' Oni^ONTCLE AND AGHTCULTURAL GAP^ETTE.

2SS

R

0

E

K

S

ROLLBllS FOB THE FARM.

HOLLERS FOR THE (lARUEN.

IIDLLMIS FIIR TIIK LAWN.

l!l II, Mills KIIR C'llll'KCT (IROUNDS.

HIil.LKIl.s H.it r,\IIKS

UULI.KItS Fdit I!A(.'l';t;uUKHRR.

RdLLKIlS FOR ROAD MAKING.
Tho host mill cliii;i|iLiH(. lire tlio Fatont Adjnstablo WATKR
llALLAST HDLLKUK, iiiiulo only by

Amii:.s .lUmiiHii. & Co.. AKitclUtuml Enginoora, Peterborough,
who will r.iiwiiiil I'rico LiHta and all particulars on applicntion^

T^'V1U)KN LABELS aud FLOWTkK StTCKS.

G"

I'AINTED WOOD LABELS, 31 Inch, Cii. : 4i Inch, Orf. ; C inch, Is. ;

t) incli, 'is'. ; la Inch, '2«. 0(/. per 100. 4 inch for Biisponding, 1«. C((. ;

r> hioli, 2s. per imi, chonpor by tho 1000.
ZINC LAUELS for Pots, Ofirdou, or siispontlhip on Fruit Troos,

Hosos, Ac, 2,f., Us. Od., .1^., :i.t. Gd., ami 4«. por 100.
INDELIULE INK, M. nml U. nor bottle.
SOFf noKTICULTUKAL WlllE, la., Is. 3d., \s. Cd., and Is. 'Ml.

for lb. coil, iiccordlnp to fllzo.
VANIZED WIRE PINS for Vorbonns, Cftniations, &c., la. per

Is. oa.

por 100.
PATENT EVKLET WALL NAILS, single 28. por;gr08S j double,

3.S. per Kro.sR.
GREEN PAINTED VLOWEll STICKS, 1 foot, 2(1. ; IJ foot, 3d. ; 2

foet. ■!((. ; '-'i Itit, r„l. ; :i foot, titi. por dozen.
BROWN VAKN'lsIl Kl t S'I'iCKS. 1 loot, 3d. ; li foot, 4(1. ; 2 feet, 6(1. ;

2) ffot, 7i'. ; ;i fi.i'1, III''., por dozen.
DAHLIA and ROSE STAKES, square, green painted, 4faet, 2». 3(1. ;

f. foet, dn. : 0 foot, 3*. Qd. per dozen.
DAHLIA and ROSE STAKES, brown, vamishod, same sizes and

/ncoa.
Edwards, 229. Strand, W.C., and 2i's Bishopsgate Within, E.G.

By Royal Appointment

To THE Prince of Wales,

By Special Warrant,

dated February 10, ISIJG.

To HER MaJESTV,

Ry Spoctal Warrant,
dated Deoeiubor 27, 18C5. ja^^-w i-

DAT, SON, AND HEWITT,
Original and Sole Proprietors of tho STOCK-BREEDERS'
MEDICINE CHEST, for DISORDERS in HORSES, CATTLE,
CALVES, SHEEP, and LAMBS.

Patronised by upwards of Seventy Thousand o( the principal Stock
Breeders, Horse Proprietors, and Agriculturiats of England, Ireland,
Scotland, and Wales.

Tho only True and Original "DAY'S CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS"
are prepared expressly by us. The Chest contains the following
matcQloss preparations : —

Half a Dozer. CHEMICAL EXTRACT, at 30s. per dozen.
One Dozen GASEOUS FLUID, at 20s. per dozen.
On 0 Dozen RED DUKNCHES, at 13s. per dozen.
( Hio Dozen RED PASTE RALLS, at 7s. 6d. per dozen
Ailnptod for all aliments among Slock dxiring the present season.
J'tiL-o of Chest complete, with Shilling Book on Farriery, £2 IGs. Gd.,
i"ii I lage paid. Either preparation may be had separately in boxes.
Testimonials.

Tl>e Lamlnitg Season.— The " Chemical Extract " is unequalled for
had cases in drawing Lambs, and to stop heaving and straining, Mr.
Woods, In his Lecture on tho " Breeding and Management of Sheep,"
^:\vs— " My shepherd declares it to be wortn a guinea a bottle."

'rho "Gaseous Fluid" is famous for debility and exhaustion in
F.wes after Lambing; for diarrbosa in Calves and Sheep, and for
onlic and gripes in Horses and Cattle. Mr. Bowick, in his prize
ofisay on tlie "Rearing of Calves," says— "The Gaseous Fluid is
sufllcient for all the ills that Calfhood is liable to. I have reared 2G
calves this vear, and by the use of the 'Gaseous Fluid,' I have not
lost one." Mr. Thoa. Rigby (Cheshire), In his Lecture on "Summer
Grazing of Sheep," says— "Day, Son, & He^vitt's Gaseous Fluid is the
best corrective ot scour in Sheep I have ever tried. I can strongly
recommend their ' Medicine Chest' as a most valuable auxiliary to
stock-keepers of all kinds, but especially to shepherds. With the
medicines they give plain directions for use, which any man may
understand."

Oraers sent by Post will be promptly attended to if addressed —
Dav, Son, & Hewitt, Animal Medicine Jactory, 22, Dorset Street,
Baker Street, London, W. ; or Wantage, Berks.

"Woods on Sheep,*' five stamps; "Bowick on Calves," three
stamps, both free by post.

Farm Poultry-

GREY DORKING FOAVLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-FUUTRA. CREYECOiUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Baily & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

TO BE LET, a FARSrCOTTAGE RESIDENCE,
and 4G ACRES, 21 mites from a Station on the Main Brighton
Line, aud from a Market Town ; 30 miles from London, and near
a Church, Shops, and Post Office.

Apply to Mr. Thos. C. Scott, Land Agent, 19, King's Arms Yard,
Moorgate Street, London, E.G.

I rr\0 BE LET, for a Term of Years, vnth Immediate
j X Possession, a SEEDSMAN'S and FLORISTS' BUSINESS, situate
j in one of the most fa^hionable parts of tho West-end. It is well
I worth the attention of any Nurseryman requiring a West-end branch.
I For particulars apply to Mr. Ker, Land Surveyor, &c., 17, Con-
' naught Terrace, W.

inOR SALE, or TO BE LET, a HOUSE and GARDEN,
with Stable, Coach House, and Premises, and about 6 Acres
of Grass Land, situate in a village about 3 miles from Cirencester,
Gloucestershire. Tho House consists of Drawing-room, Dining-room,
and Sei-vants' Oftlces, four Bed-rooms, and four Servants' Bed-rooms.
Rent £50 a year. For further particulars apply to
Messrs. Bkavbndeb&Son, Land Agents and Surveyors, Cirencester.

NURSERY and SEED BUSINESS for SALE.— A
good going Nursery and Seed Business in the North of
England will be disposed of on very moderate terms to any party
who c'ln take possession at an early date. There is a considerable
breadth of glass, almost new, and well stocked with first-rate sale-
able plants, for which there is a great demand in the district. In
the Seed department there is an excellent connection, which is
iucre;tsing yearly. Most sutisruotory reasons can be given for the

; present proprietor having resolved to relinquish the above.

I Apply by letter only, address " Business for Sale," care of Messrs,

I Peter Lawson & Son, Edinburgh.

S'aUg 6b Auction.

Valuable Nursery Stock

I» THB QnOnNDS ATTAOUED TO " YiNE LoDQE," SUBBITON KOAD,

JOHN DAWSON ANrSON' -wili SELL by AUCTION
on the premises as above, on MONDAY, March 18, at 11 o'clock

(Mr. Ross's lease having expued) all his choice NURSi':Ri' STOCK,

which will be arranged in lots to suit private purchasers, as well as
I Nui-serymcn, and among which will be found varieties and of quality

seldom otfetcd in this neighbourhood, comprising fine specimens ot
' the GOLDEN YEW, IRISH YEWS, 10 feet high ; elegant specimens
I of Thuja am-ea, Grtjon and Variegated Bos, 7 feet high; Welling-

tonia, 7 feet ; Weeping Laburnum and Weeping Ash, Picea
1 Nordmanniana, Picea Pinsapo, Irish and Chinese Junipers, Deodaras,
■ fine Standards of Portugal Laurel, Box, Rhododeudi'ons, and of the
[ new Variegated and Weeping i Holly. Also Peach, Nectarine, Plum,

Pear, and Apple Trees, and Standard Currants, &c.
I Maybe viewed on Saturday, March 16; and Catalogues may be

obtained at Vine Lodge; and of John Dawson & Son, Auction

Office, Kingston-on-Thames, and Marlborough Chambers, 49,
, Pall Mall, W.

BurgMey Park, near Stamford.

Uii'iiktant Salk or SiioBT-iioRNEn Cattlb.

Mil. RTRAFEOHD is favoured with instructionfl from
tho KxMciitors of tho lato MoHt Hon. tho Marquis of Exeter,
K (I , to olVor fiir SALE by AUCTION, without roHorvo, on
TiniUSDAV, March Mth next, at tho Diilrv Fnnn, MurKhloy
Park, tho ontiro Herd of PURE-URED SI!uRT-HtJKN.4j conslfttlng
of iioai'ly lin head nf BuIIh, (Iowh, and HoUorHj many ol thum are
doHcuiidinl Irniii aiilniiilmil long standiiig In this valuable and old-
eHtaljllHln>.l lliinl, wlilch lias lioon bred with groat caro for noarly M
yuni'H ; l.lm muni liihliLinahlo Mulls liavo boon used during thin
period, and latterly tlio Ihr-famed Fourth Duke of Thomdalo(17.7fiil)
who Ih Incluflod among tho Biilirt, and Is llkowleo iho siro of Hovoral
of the Young Stock, wliloh aro very proniiflliiK-
CatalnuuoH, with Pudlgroos and other piirticiitars, may bo had on
(,o Ml- SruAfM.ui., i:i. Kusloit S-|u;u-i', Loiiilori, N.W. ; or
U.S. till. Miilliir. lit, IluLKlil'V^ l':i-rk. S.iiiiirunl,

Malndee House, Newport, Monmouth a hire.

OHTANT SaI.H OV .SllOnT-llOKN KD CaTTLK.

R. STRAFFORD begs to aimouncc that be has

received Instructions from John Logan, Esq., to SELL by

AUCTION, wilhout any rosorvo. at Malndoo House. Newport, Mon-
mouthshiro, on WJiDNESDA^, tlio 20th March next, his entire
Herd of FIRST-CLASS SHOHT-IIORNS, consisting of about 60
head of BULLS, COWS, and IIKIFKRS that have been selected
and bred fiom some of tho most fjvhhionaljlo blood of tho day, tho
far-famed Killerbyand Warlaby sorts being tho prominent feature
in the breedmg of the herd ; the Young Stock are chiefly by Prince of
the Empire (20,ri7fi), which Bull is now in seiwice.

Catalogues, with Pedigrees and other particulars, may be had on
application to Mr. Strakkord, 13, Euston Square, London, N.W. ; or
of Mr. Skinner, tho Balttfr, at Maiudee House, near Newport,
Monmouthubiro.

apnlK.K.ln
of Mr. Wa

M

AN EXTENSIVE SALE bv AUCTION, on FRIDAY,
April 12. ie(>7, at Providence ttursery, Boston Spa, Yorkshire,
of SPECIMEN and HALF SPECIMEN, STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, ORCHIDS, kc.

The Plants aro all in first-rate condition, and can be seen on the
Ground any day (Sunday excepted).

Catalogues on application to J. C. Fadman.

Roses, Shrubs, Fruit Trees. Bulbs. &c.

MR. J, C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his (Jreat Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on
WEDNESDAY, March 13, at hidf-past 12 o'Clock preciselv, 1000
First-class STANDARD and DWARF ROSES from France;
STANDARD. DWARF. PYRAMID, and TRAINED FRUIT
TREES, SPECIMEN CONIFERS, HARDY TREES and SHRUB.S,
GLADIOLL RANUNCULUSES, RUSTIC SEATS, STOOLS,
VASES, TABLES, &c.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Important Sale of Plants.

MR. J, C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on
THURSDAY, March 14, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely, a fine
Assortment of CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, and PINKS. TREE
VIOLETS, DAHLIAS, FUCHSIAS, GERANIUMS. DEUTZIA.S,
AURICULAS, DOUBLE PRIMROSES, ROCKETS. PHLOXES,
DAPHNES, PENTSTEMONSj GAJZANIAS, IRIS, CLEMATIS,
VERBENAS, ROSES, HARDY SHRUBS, FRUIT TREES,
GLADIOLI, &c.

On vievi tho Morning of Sale, and Catalogues bad.

Imported Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS has been favoured with
instructions to SELL by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms,
38, King Street, W.C. on MONDAY' the 18th inst.^ an important
consignment of ORCHIDS, received by tho last Mail from Mexico,
comprising .several plants of a handsome new ARPOPHYLLUM, of
dwarf habit, and very free blooming ; Odontogloasuni nebulosuni,
Odontoglossum hastiiabium (?), Odontoglossum maculatum, Epiden-
dinim vitellinum majus, Epidendrum aromaticum, La^lia furfuracea,
Cattleya citrina, Oncidium oblongatum, (?) and a handsome new
Terrestrial Orchid, Dried Specimens and Drawings of the Arpo-
phyllum and the new Terrostrial Orchid will be shown at the Sale.
On viuw tliui Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Preliminary Notice of an Important Sale of Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS has been favoured with
Instructions to SELL by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms,
38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, wilihout reserve, early in
APRIL, First-class ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS consisting of
Duplicates, amongst which are many magnificent Specimens of all
the best Varieties, from ihe well-known Collection of A. Basset, Esq.,
of Stamford Hill, who is changing his residence.

The D.ays of Sale will be announced in future Advertisements.

Preliminary Notice,

Important 'Sale of Oruhids, Stove a\d Greenhodse Plants, at

HlOHOROVE, REAniNO, Berks,

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
the Gardens, Highgrovc, Reading, Berkg, early in April, the
valuable Collection of ORCHIDS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, formed by the late J. J. Blandy, Esq., Vice-President of
the Royal Horticultural Society of London, comprising a great
variety of fine Plants, many of which have been exhibited and
carried ofi' prizes at the various Metropolitan and Provincial Shows.
Also several Greenhoases, Exhibition Van, &c. Catalogues are
preparing and will be ready 14 days before (price Gd. each, to admit
parties to the Sale), which may be had at the Gardens ; also of
Messrs, Cooper & Gocldino, Auctioneers, Marketplace, Reading ;
and of Mr. J. C. Steven6, Horticultui*al Auctioneer and Valuer,
38, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Sale of very handsome Standard Roses, Camellias.
Fruit Trees, &c.

MESSRS. PUOTHEROE and MORIITS will SELL
by AUCTION, at 38 &;t!l, (Iracuchurcli street. City EC (Jn
•^.'VMM'^^y^^^'''*^''., "'■,'''• * ""^''"^^ Pi'oclNoly. Choice ijOUliLE
CAMKIXIAh iHiiiutlliil compart jilm.ts 1 to 4 li:ot, abundantly
lurniMhcd with bloom I.U'Im ; lino A/ALKA INDICA; a suporf)
ahH'.rl.inoiit ol ahuut :iiH) vory Ijandm.mo STANDARD and DWARF
RUSKS. liii;luil!Hg l.lio bout varluLioH in cultivation: clioico liiinly
AMIORICAN PLANTS. .^nNiprlNing Uhciit and other Amloan,
Holcctcd Fruit TicoM, Hybrid Rliududondronn, Kalmlaa, AmlrnmudjiM.
Jco. ■ Hunio (Ino lliillm of LI LI UM AURATUM and LANCIFOLlU&l
ALBUM, ERICAS, EPACRIS, DAHLIAS, &c.

May bo vlowed tho Morning of Hale. Catalogues may bo hod at
tho City Auction Rooms, an above ; or of tho Auctlonoor« and
ValuerH, Amorlcan NnrnorloM. Luvtonntono, Ehhcx, N.K.

Important Sale

Waterloo Nursery, Kllburn.

Nt Ksi

a he K.I

<ini.ENnOU8H PLANTfl,

MESSRS. niOTHEIlOK and MORRIS are instructed
to ollor for UNREHERVKD SALE by AUCTION, on tho
Promises, Waterloo Nursury, Kllburn, Middlesex, close to tho
Edgewaro Road Railway Station on tho North London Railwav,
on MUNDAY, March IH. and following day, at 11 o'clock each d(iy,
without rcservo, tho LEASE having been dtHposed of with reversion,
necessitating an Immodiato clearance, the whole of the valuablo
NURSERY' STOCK, Evergreen, Coniforto and Deciduous ShruhH,
Including large iiuantlttes of fine biuthy Oreon and Variegated Box ;
Thuja sorts ; splondld Irish and English Yews, 2 to 6 ft. ; Spruce
Firn, 2 to 5 ft, ; Aucuba ; Common and Portugal Laurels ; Berberis ;
Oreon and Variegated Hollies ; ;Cotoneaster, Phillyrea, Cuprcssus,
Thuiopsis.Cedrus, Lllacs,Woigela, Althsea Irutex, Syringa, Foreythla.
Sweet Briar, &c. ; line standard and dwarf-trainedanduntramcd Pears ;
Apples, Plums, Walnuts, Fruit Trees in pots for orchard houses,
&c. ; Ornamental and Forest Trees, viz.. Limes, Planes, Elms,
Thorns, Acacias, Poplars, Birch, Sycamore, Maples, Chestulits,
Oaks, Ash, &.C. ; a choice collection of modern Strawberries, O'lose-
berries, Currants, Rhubarb ; a rich assortment of American Plants,
erubracing named and Hybrid Rliododendrons, Azaleas, Kalmlas, &c. ;
quantities of Ivies, Virginian Creepers, Clematis, ^rus japonlca, and
other hardy Climbers ; Yuccas : Climbmg and other Roses ; thiusand^
of yards of Box-edging, &c. ; also about 1000 choice Greenhouse ami
Stove Plants, viz.. Camellias (Vom 3 to 8 ft. ; 200 Azalea Indica, well
set with bloom buds, including many specimens; Rhododendron
Nuttallii, jiusminiflorum. and Edgworthii ; Araucaria, Epacila, Daphne,
Gardenia, Begonia, Ixora, Hoya, Eucharis, and Capo Bulbs;
together with the erection of 4 Greenhouses, of which one span roof
is nearly new. Pits, Boxes, Hot-water Piping, Bricks, and sundry
effects.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had, 6f^ each
(returnable to purchasers), on the Premises ; of the principal Seedsmen
in London ; and of the Auctioneera and Valuers, American Nurseries,
Leytonstone, Essex, N.E.

Wavertree, near Liverpool. ZZZT

Clearance Sale of Nursery Stock, Choice Greenhouse Plants,
Greenhouses, kc.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are directed
by Mr. Isaac Davies to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises,
Larkfleld Nursery, Wavertree, near Liverpool, on TUESDAY,
March 12. and three following days, at 11 o'Cloct each day, without
reserve, the Lease having expired," necessitating an immediate clear-
ance, the whole of tho Valuablo NURSERY' STOCK, comprising
about 3500 Variegated and other choice Green Hollies ; about 10,000
Rhododendrons, including 1000 Hybrid Catawbiense, 1 to 6 feet;
1000 R, ponticum, 300 R. ciliatum, 300 R. dauricuro, 300 R. dauncum
hybridum, 400 Crimson and White Seedlings, 2000 other choice
named varieties, and 1200 R, precox, one of the many highly
esteemed varieties raised by Mr. Davies ; 500 Portugal and Common
Laurels, 1 to 4 ft. ; 1600 Azalens ; 1000 Golden, American, Siberian,
and other Arbor-vitsB, 1 to 7 ft. ; 1200 English and Irish Yews, 2 to
6 ft. ; GOO Pinus exoelsa, Cembra, and others, 2 to 9 ft. ; 600 Cedruji
attantica and Deodara, SJ to 7 ft. ; 500 Cupressus Lawsoniana, 24 ft. ;
Araucaria imbricata, Thujopsis borealis, Juniperusexcelsa, Arbutus
Croomii, scarlet and common, in pots ; Lilacs, Weigelas, .Standard
and Dwarf Roses, Skimmia japonica, Kalmias, Ledums, Hardy
Heaths, Pernettyas, &c, ; Forest, Fruit, and Ornamental Trees, con-
sisting of worked Thorns. Scarlet Chesnut, Purple Beech, Tulip
Trees, Ailantus glandulosa, Double-fioweringCherries, Laburnums,
Willows, large Weeping Elms and Ash ; Standard, Dwarf-trained and
untrained Pears, Plums, and Cherries ; Gooseberries and Currants.
Wistaria sinensis, Lonicera, variegated Ivies, and other Hardy
Climbers; also a choice collection of Greenhouse Plants, including
ir,00 fine Azalea indica. 400 Erica,s of sorts, a quantity of Acacias,
Cyclamen, Cytisus, Geraniums, &c. ; together with three Green-
houses in excellent condition ; one lO-light Pit, ten 2-light Frames,
five 1-Iight Frames, a Nest of 124 Seed Drawers, with Bins, Counters,
Seeds, Garden Pots, Implements, and other eflects.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had,
Gd. each (returnable to purchasers), on the Premises; and of the
Auctioneers and Valuci-s, Leytonstone, Essex.

Re William Hunter, Nurseryman, Barnard Castle. ,

.Sale of Ndbsery Stock.

TO BE SOLD, at the Nurseries, Barnard Castle, on
WEDNESDAY', March 13, unless previously disposed of by
Private Contract, the whole STOCK ot TREES and SHRUBS
belonging to the Bankrupt Estate of William Hunter, Nursery-
man. To any one wishing to commence the Nursery Business this
would be an eligible opening, as the Stock will be disposed of on
very reasonable terms.

For further particulars, apply to Messrs. W. W. & G. Watson,
Barnard Castle ; Messrs. J. & R. S. Watson, Solicitors, Newcastle-
on-Tyne ; J. W, Samuel Simpson, Solicitor, South King Street,
Manchester; Mr. Ralph Rukson, Hexham; or Mr. M. Brown, of
DicKSOKS & Brown, Seed Merchants,Manchester.

NEW ORCHIDS.

JAS. BACKHOUSE & SON

HAVE INSTBUCTED

J. C. STEVENS TO SELL BY AUCTION, WITHOUT RESERVE,

on the 21st inst.,
THE FOLLOWING ORCHIDS,

EECErfED DIRECT FROM THEIR OWN COLLECTOR ON THE CORDILLERAS OP ECUADOR.

A large proportion of these are entirely new, and hate never j'et been offered ; and they hare every confidence in
the correctness of names where names are attached. Nearly the whole are in fine condition, and some, received
several months ago, are already established, and growing luxuriantly.

The Collection includes a new and fine SELENIPEDIUII, described as having " yellow " sepals, " with darker
green aud white veins," and " red (probably pink or rose) petals;" the new .and charming ODONTOGLOSSUM
KOSEUM, with self-coloured deep rose or rosy-crimson flowers with white column, liorne 12 to 20 on the spike ;
the new ODONTOGLOSSUM ilULTIFLEXUM (Echb.J, bearing enormous br.inching spikes covered with a vast
profusion of small golden flowers blotched with brownish purple; the recently described ONCIDIUM
NUBIGENUM, forming slender spikes of 6 to 12 flowers, resembling small Odontoglossum Phalrenopsis, growing at
•an elevation of 12,000 to 16,000 feet ; MESOSPINIDIUM SANGUINEUM; flne plants of the true ONCIDIUM
JUACRANTHUM ; ANOTHER allied but still finer SPECIES Qudging by the dried specimens and glowing descrip-
tion) ;^ also a THIRD vciy distinct SPECIES of the same section ; strong and healtliy Plants of the wonderful
"NASONIA SPLENDEINS," with enormous purple-crimson deeply fringed labellums ; a new and very distinct
ONCIDIUM, with violet and white blossoms; nn ANGULOA, described as having white flowers with rose-coloured
veins; a magnificent NEW ONCIDIUM, or ODONTOGLOSSUM, from 12,000 feet elevation, with branched spikes
of 100 to 1.50 brilliant red-orange flowers with yellow, creuatcd labellums ! Numerous Plants of ODONTOGLOSSUM
BREVIFOLIUM (or fcoronarium f) ; an EPIDENDEUJI, or LJJLIA, bearing spikes or corymbs of fine fragrant
golden flowers; a LYCOMORMIUM, with pendent spikes of eight or more waxy Anguloa-Uke fiowers, white
shaded with yellow and spotted with purplisli crimson ; ONCIDIUM CUCULLATUM : the new EPIDENDRUM
IBAGUENSE, ONCIDIUM HOLOCHRYSUM, and other Plants of much interest.

266

THE 6ARDENEKS' CHRONICLE AKD AfirJOtll.TURAL CAZKTTE.

[Maech , 18C7.

HEATING BY HOT WATER.

It is now generally admitted tbat Buildings of auy kind can be more effectually "Warmed by Sot "Water", than by any ottiei* means ; biit as ^o much depends on
the way in which the Apparatus is fixed, it is of the greatest importance that it be done by experienced men.

J. JONES '& SONS. • "'■

. - HAVE EVERY FACILITY FOR

EXECUTING WORK IN THE BEST MANNER

AT A MODERATE COST, AND HAVING THE ' . .'

LAEGEST STOCK IN THE KINGDOM OF BOILERS, PIPES, ETC.,

THEY CAN COMPLETE WORK WITHOUT DELAY.

Their great experience in Hot "Water Heating enables them in all cases to supply an Apparatus best suited to tlie purpose for which it is intended, and they wil
be happy to send to any part of the Country at a moderate charge, to take particulars of work, and prepare Plans, &c., or oa receipt of particulars per post, they
will forward Estimates free of charge.

J. JONES AND SONS having been so extensively patronised for many years by the Nobility, Clergy, Geatry, and others, are enabled to give ref«ren'c?s to work
done in nearly every part of the Kingdom.

J. JONES & SONS

ARE PREPARED TO ESTIMATE FOR WARMING, TO ANY EXTENT-

CHUROUES
CHAPELS
SCHOOLS
LECTURE HALLS
BANKS

PCBLIC OFFICES

WAKEHOUSES

FACTORIES

GREENHOUSES

CONSERVATORIES

VINERIES
HOTHOUSES
FORCING PITS
PINE STOVES
PEACH HOUSES

ORCHARD HOUSES
HALLS and PASSAGES
PICTURE GALLERIES
MUSIC ROOMS
BILLIARD ROOMS

BATHS

DRYING CLOSETS
COACH HOUSES
HARNESS ROOMS

J. JONES AND SONS' APPARATUS is simple in construction, moderate in cost, and economical in working.

It is equally avaUable for the AMATEUR'S GREENHOUSE, or the longest range of FORCING HOUSES ; for the smallest Chapel or the largest Church ; for
Private Offices, or those of Public Companies.

It is admirably adapted for DWELLING HOUSES, as coils of pipes can be placed in any part, for warming the various rooms. One or more Baths may be
heated from the same Boiler, and a constant supply of hot water obtained in any part of the house.

For WAREHOUSES and WORKSHOPS this system of Heating is unsurpassed as, unlike Stoves and Hot Air Flues, the circulation of Hot Water in Pipes is
perfectly safe, and the Management of Apparatus can be left to any ordinary workman.

J. JONES & SONS

HAVE LATELY

FIXED THEIR HOT WATER APPARATUS IN OR NEAR THE FOLLOWING

AND THE WORKING OF THE SAME HAS IN ALL CASES GIVEN THE GREATEST SATISFACTION.

PLACES;

Abbey Wood

Canterbury

. Famworth

Lutterworth

Abergavenny

Cardiff

Faversham

Lymington

Abingdon

Carshalton

Finchley

Lynn

Addlestone

Caterham

Gloucester

Maidenhead

Aldershot

Cheltenham

Gljmde

Malvern

Alton

Chepstow

Go"dalming

Manchester

Ascot

Chertsey

Godstone

Marlow

Ash

Chester

Gomshall

Middletou

Atherstone

Cirencester

Grantham

Minster

Aylesbury

Congleton

Gravesend

Nantwich

Balham

Cookham

Guildford

Newbury

Banburj'

Coventi-y

Hailsham

Newhaven

Baraes

Cowes

Hammersmith

Newnham

Bath

Crawley

Hampton

Newmarket

Battle

Crovdon

Hanworth

Newport
Northampton

Beckenham

Culham

HaiTOgate

Beecles

Darlington

Haslemere

Noi'thwich

Bedford

JJartford

Hastings

Norwich

BexhiU

Datchet

Hatfield

Nottingham

Bickley

Deal

Haj^vard's Heath

Oswestry

Birmingham

Derby

Hereford

Oxford

Bishop Stortford
Blackheath

Dingwall

Hertford

Paris

Diss

Hitchin

Pembroke

Blandford

Dorchester

Horsham

Petersfield

Blisworth

Dorking

Hull

Pinner

Bournemouth

Dover

Huntingdon

Poole

Boxmoor

Down ham

Inverness

Pottpi-'s Bar

Bracknell

Dublin

Kettering

Rarasgate

Brentford

Eastbourne

Kingston

Reading

Bridgend

East Grinstead

Knaresboro*

Reigate

Bridgenorth

Edenbi-idge

Leamington

Richmond

Brighton

Edmonton

Leeds

Riekmans worth

Bristol

Elgin

Lewes

Ring wood

Broadstairs

Ely

Leytonstone

Ross

Bromley

Enfield

Limerick

Rugby

Bros bourne

Epsom

Liphook

Rushton

Buckingham

Erith

Liss

Ryde

Burton

Exeter

Liverpool

Sevenoaks

Bury St. Edmxmd's

Famborough

Ludlow

Shiifnal

Cambridge

Farnliam

Luton

Shrewsbury

Solihull

Southampton

St. Albans

St. Asaph

Stafford

Stamford

Stanstead

Stone

Stonehouse

Sti'oud

Sunninghill

Swansea

Teddingtou

Teignmouth

Thame

Thetford

Tongham

Torquay

Tunbridge

Tunbridge "Wells

Twickenham

Uck&eld

Uxbridge

Vii-ginia Water

Wallingford

"Waltham

Walton

Warlingham

Wanington

Watford

Wellingborough

Welwyn

Weybridge

Wejnnouth

Wimbonie

Windsor

Wolverhampton

Worcester

Wisbeach

York

J. JONES AND SONS,
IRON MERCHANTS and HORTICULTURAL ENGINEERS, 6, BANKSIDE, SOUTHWARK, LONDON. S.E.

EditorlalCommonications should be addressed to" The Editor;" Adyertisements and Buainew Letters to "The PabliBher," at the Offloe,41, WeUingtoa Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed by Jlves M»TTBBwi, at the Office of MeBsra, BakoaoRT, Evans, & Co., Lombard Street. Precinct of Wbitefriara, City of LoQdoa.la the Co. of aiiddlesflx.aad Publishad by tho flald Jambs HMraBWd,at ihQ
OIBce, No. 11, WelUngton atreet, Parish of St. Paars, Covent Garden, in the eaid County,— Smobdat, March 9, 1667.

'^1

HE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 11.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News,
SATURDAY, MARCH 16.

(Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, 6i.

AiUantum Gr^ucweE;iiti)URi ..

AiKUbii. liennnnhrodite

Auriculas, SL'i'dlinK

llf(-hlvi.-»

BoiirtftKore

llo.kl uotlootl 2U8c-

Hurj iihuw BcliCiluIcs

CithpA, touring

CiMinn* >i( Lebanon

Club, np>T plant

Cui-uuiUers

D:i OL'tmn)i>la

Drninnur

Jiundoe FlorHl Fot(!

Ediicntlon. ngricultural

KmiKHiLinn

FiiiinH, subnrhnn

— West rtiis*cx

Fond coinn)ittcos

(iniden fnvouiltes, old

Graft iug, rout

Ciru1)H

Hnythoru.dcftthof Mr

HindB

}loi-sc shows

Imports, Hfiri cultural

Kew Oardon Kcport

Land URonry

lettuces, Cabbage

Luculia, the

364 a
264 n
269 a
3G9 b

278 6
27ti n
273 h
2G7 b

275 a

230 a

27-i f

277 c

279 b
26G a
2V b
Slid b
263 c

Mullow, bTbrld 2<

Milk.Dubliu 2:

Orchids, terrestrial 21

— at St, Putistan'9 21

Palm.hybiid 2(

rarlD. lettflra Tiom 21

I'ear, Iteurr* Clttlrgeau 2(

Planisnoff 2

— neglected 2i

Plant c ub, new 2i

Plant portraits 2

Root grafting 2i

JLrtses and the frnst 2

Kiiladc, and how to grow them 2

Ship w jrmi 2

Siinreoi testimonial 2

Smilhti-ld Olub 2

Society. LinncAn 2

— Entomological 2

— Balliueen 2

Stock, live 2'

StrawbeiTy Sir Harry 2

Tradelists 2'

Vines for Vineyards 2

Vinogrowing,rivalBy6temsof 2

■\Valks, gravel 2

Weather, the 2

Winter, the late. In Kent .... 2

■Wircworma 2

■\Voims,ship 2

ROYAL HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—
Tho EXHIBITIONS for 1S67 will be HELD In tbe
SOCIEl'VS GAKDENS. SOUTH KENSINGTON, oo the following
TUESDAYS:—

SPRING SHOWS:— CAMELLIAS, HYACINTHS, and other
SPRING FLOWERS. March 10. AZALEAS, ROSES, and other
SPRING FLOWERS, April 1». SPECIAL PRIZE SHOW, May 7.
GREAT SUMMER SHOW, June 4, 6, 6, 7, and 8.
ROSE SHOW. Julv 2.

GREAT SHOW at BURY' ST. EDMUND'S, July 15th to the 19th.
^S" Schedules are now i eady, and can be had on application.

OYAL H0RTICUi7tURAL SOCIETY.—

FIKST SPRING SHOW, CAMELLIAS, HVACINTHS, &c.,
on TUESDAl', March lU, doors open at 2 ; Band, 3 to 5.30.
Admission by Privileged Tickets, 2«. ticJ. ; Pubhc, 3s. Cd. (to be
bought prior to tUo day], or by payment at the Gates, bs,

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S GARDENS,
' Regent's Park.— SATORDAY NEXT, March 23. EXHIBI-
TION of SPRING FLOWERS HVACINTHS, CAMELLIAS,
PRIMROSES, 4c. Ticket3 to be obtained ftt the Gardens by
Orders from Fellows of the Society, price 2«, Cd. each. Gales open
ftt 2 o'clock. Band will pl::y from 2.30 to 6.30.

NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, 1867
—The aboTo EXHIBITION will Open at Manchester on
JUNE 7, and continue till JUNE 15.

Schedules, tc, may be obtained on application to Mr. B. Fiwdlat,
Curator, Botanic GardoD, Manchester ; or IVura the undersigned,
Henrt Wuitworth, Secretary,
Carlton Buildings, Cooper Street, Manchester. ^_^__^__^

U T T 0 N ' S AMATEUR'S GUIDE

IS NOW READY.
Pi'ice One Shilling. Gi-atia to Customers.

G

GOD GARDEN SEEDS. Carriage free.

SuTTos & SoN3, Seed Qrowera, Reading^

E

VERY GARDEN REQUISITE

kept In Stock at

Carter's Now Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238. Higb Holbom. London,

Genulue Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTHUSH AND SOiN'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post ftoo on
application. Illghgatc. London, N.

V

1867.
EGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS of Best

SrLzcreD quality.
Jakes DicneoN & Sons, 102, Eastgate Street, Chester.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from tlie Growers.

C1HAULES SIIAUPE and CO. beg to infoi-m the
-' Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST Is now ready,
and will bo forwarded post free on application.
Scod Warehouse, Sleaford.

Somersetsliire Prize Seeds.
f^ ENUINE GARDEN and FLOWER and FARM

VT SEEPS of tlio finest stocks and quality ; LISTS now ready.
Rohkrt H. I'orNTKit, tho County Seed Establishment, Taunton.

Unadulterated Garden" and AgrlciUtural Seeds.

SM I T H E R S AND C K I C H T 0 N,
Seed Mekchants, Bunhill Row, Finsbury Square. London, E.C.
CATALOGUES post free on application^

Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLARD, Seed Grower and Merchant,
20, Quai de la M6giss£-rie. Paris, France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEEDS, in EngUsh weights
and money, pofit free on application.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Sbed Faruebs, Mercqaitts, and Nursertueh,

23T 4 238, High Holbom, London. W.C.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Merchants, 7, Borough Market, London. S.E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and advantageoiis offers on application.

s

RIBBON BORDER (six Colours), German and French,
C0LLECTI0N3,ftndall specialties worth growing. SeePoTKisB*!
LIST. RonERT H. Potntkr, Taunton.

HODODENDRON SEED, carefully gathered from the
beat named varieties, well cleaned and pure. Price on applica-
tion to B. Whitoam, Reddish Nurseries, near Stockport.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARl'K'S WHOLESALE SPRING
> PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of 1S66 growth ia now
ready and may be had on application.

Seed Growing IiLitablishment, Wisbech.

R E S E N f" PR ICE S^f FARM SEEDS.

See Messrs. Sutton's NEW LIST, now ready.

-| Q/^7 AGRICULTURAL SEEDS,

iOLl I of best selected quality, and rarriage/z-ee.
PRICED LIST on application.
James Diceson k Sons, 102, Eastgate Street, Cheater.

THE CHOICEST 12 NEW ROSES for 1867, with
strong healthy growth, unusually fine plants, no soOu as
weather permits. Price 4'2s. por dozen.

IticuAKU SutTM, Nurseryman and Sood Merchant, Worcester.

^ " XO~ S P E C I iVlE N ^E .\-S C i' Nl^K iTKObirs,

in 6-luch pots, now ready to send out.
W«. Wood & Son, Nuiaonen, Maresfiold, no:tr Uckflold. Sii.ihcx.

H

rjMIE BKST and MOST CHOICE NEW ROSES for
JL 1807, in oxtra-strunK well-grown Plants, now raady at 42s. per
dozen. A very Itboral allowance to the Trade.
Wh. Wood i Son, The Nurseries, Maresfiold. near Uckfleld, Sussex'

y^lJLTUXAiriirRECTrONS for the ROSE.
\^J Second Edition. By Jous Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by po.st from tho Author for 20 stamps.

Roses on Own Roots.

HLANE and SON have still a large quantity to
• offer of TEAS, HYBRID PERPETUALS, BOURBONS,
CHINAS, &c. ; also TEA MAKEOHAL NIEL, strung, on Manotti,
In pots. CATALOGUES free by post on application.

Tbo Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

CHEAP HARDY FLOWER ROOTS for ROCK WORK,
SHRUBBERY WALKS, &c., 8s. for 100 in 10 varieties ; 30s. for
6iX), in 20 varieties ; fiO«. for 1000, in 30 varieties. My selection, from
prmted list, which can be had on application to

TiioMAG S. Ware, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, Middlesex.

Planting.

WM. PAUL begs to refer intending Planters of
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, Ac, to liis Advertise-
ment of December 1, 1866.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

rriREES and PLANTS of all sorta and sizes in very
JL groat quantity, of best quality and at moderate prlcee.

PRICED LISTS post-free on application.
James Diceson & Sons, (" Old Establisktd Nursery and. Seed
Busiiitss,") Tbe " Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

H

Forest and Ornamental Trees.

AND R. STlRZAKER are ottering in large

PELARGONIUMS, — Show, Fancy, French, and
Zonal in great Tarioty, fine Plants, at moderate prices,
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE now ready.
Cqarlc Turner, The Royal Nursery, Slough.

CALCEOLARIA, Herbaceous, of choicest strains,
established plants in small pots, 20$. per 100. Also BtroDger
plants in 4-inch pots, 30s. per 100.

H. k R. Stirxakeb, Skerton Nurseries. Lancaster.

LOBELIA MISS MURPHY.— The finest "WHITE
LOBELIA in cultivation. First-class Certificate, R.B.S. ; also
see " Gardeners' Oracle." &s. per dozen ; 40^. por 100.
Martin & Son, Hull.

237 and 238. Higli Holborn, London, W.C.

CARTER'S SELECT LIST of FARM SEEDS, at
reasonable prices, forwarded gratis and post t^ee on application to
Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 23r and 238, High
Holborn, London. W.C.

F^" ARM SEElTLISTTfllie LONDON SEED COMPANY
is now published, and can bo obtained fVom tho
Manager, 68, Welbock Street, Cavendish Square. London, W.

KIRVING'S SWEi)E~TURNIP, 31*. per bushel.

Fine selected stock, from the
LoNDOK Seed Company, 08, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL, 50*. per cwt.
Fine selected stock, from the
LoMDON Seed Company, flS, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

' To the Traded

CHOICE stocks of GREEN-TOP SWEDE and
PURPLE-TOP YELLOW SCOTCH TURNIP.

Price on application.
Jameb Dickson & Sons, Seed Merchants, Chester.

WANTED IMMKDIATKLY, 60 LIME TREES, not
less than I'J feu-t lii^'h, fur planting an Avenue. Fine strong
trees. Apply to Mr. Suahp, Gr., Lougmead, Bishopatoke, Hants.

Specimen Horse Chestnuts.

W ANTE 11, a few Hundred Specimen HORSE
CHESTNUTS. Stems not less than 10 feet, with good bushy
Heads, State numbers and lowest CLish pric j to

A. McKknzie, Muswell Hill, London, N.

Railway Planting.

FIVE MILLION Tntnsjjhuited QUICKS, of superior
growth. Also 100,000 LARCH, very good plants, 4 to 6 t^eet, at
14*. per 1000. Samples and prices on application to

John Heugley, High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

EVERGREENS.— One Hundred Strong Planta of the
above, 1 to li foot in height, m twenty varieties and species, for
4Us., packing included. These are really good plants. A remittance
or referenco from unknown correspondents.

Field BitoTUERs, Tarvin Road Nui-sery, Chester.

BTE S do U G la S II ,~all sizes, in quantityT
Wholesale and Retail by
DtoESON & TuRNouLL, Nurserymou, Perth.

SHOW DAHLIAS, in strong plants, now ready.
12 Varieties, named, is., or 24 Varieties, named, 8«. Terms cash.
JoBN J. Hasla'u, late John Holland, Bradsbaw Gardens,
Chadderton, Mimcheater

Gladioli.

JOHN STANDISH, Royal Nursery, Ascot, can supply
fine FLOWERING BULBS of hia unrivalled collection In
splendid cnnditlon. CATALOGUES of these and of hla GENERAL
NURSERY STOCK on applicatloiL _^___

WESTMORELAND-GROWN ITALIAN SEED.—
The Trade wanting home-grown Italian, must send for
samples to Joseph Dixon, Seedsman, Kendal.

*,'• Present prlce.'j, 21a. to 25s. per quarter^

ASPARAGUS PLANTS, strong, 1, 2, and 3 years.
Price on application.
60,000 EVERGREEN OAKS, 1 year, fine.
Wm. DiLLiBTosK, Munro Nursery. Stble Hadlngham, Essex.

G

lANT ASPARAGUS.— -i-yr., strong Roots, *2*. 6d. per

100 ; 2Qs. per 1000. 3-^r., very strong. 3». 6d. per 100 ; 30s. per 1000,
John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford,

GLADIOLUS, NEWEST and BEST FRENCH
VARIETIES.
PRICE LISTS gratia and post free on application to
Jaues Carter & Co,, Seed Merchants and Nurserymen, 237, High
Holborn. London, W.C.

GLADIOLI BULBS,

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2s. Gd., Zs. 6rf., 63. Cd., 7s. 6d., Oa., and 12*. per dozen.
10s. Cd,. 15fi., 21s., 265. to 1008. per 100.
Barr&Scqden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, Klpg Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

GLADIOLI. — Collections containing all the finest
▼arieties in cultivation, many new, and offered for the first
time, 1064., 63s., 42s., 30s., 25«., 20s., 16s., 12s. BRENCHLEYENSIS,
the most showy of all, extra strong roots, 3s. per doz.. 20s. per 100.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LISTS free on application.
Bdtler. McCuLLOcii & Co., South Row, Covent Garden, W.C.

Early Spring Flowers.

WEBB'S GIANT POLYANTHUS and COWSLIP,
with all the be&tvarietles of rouble and Single PRIMROSES,
PANSIES, Ac, with Seeds of single varieties. LIST of prices of
fUfferent kmds on applicati " ""
Mr. WEr-

Mr.

EBB, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

Male Aucuba Flowers.

JOHN STANDISH, Royal Nursery, Ascot, having a
large number of MALE AUCUBAS In flower, will bo happy
to send the blooms post free at the following rates:— 6 flowers la.,
16 for 28,, and 20 for 2s. Qd., with dir«cUoQii f»r us*.

CONQUEKOR BROCCOLI.— The finest Broccoli in
Cultivation is BARCHARD'S CONQUEROR. See large
Adrertisement In tho Gardeners' Chronicle, December 8, 1866.
WiTTT & Son, Seed Establishment, Cottingbam, near Hull.

UTTON'S PERMANENT GRASS SEEDS,
2C3. to 36s. per acre, carriage free.
SUTTON'S MIXTURES for 1, 2, 3, or 4 years, 143. to 24s. per acre,
carriage free.

Bromus Schraderl.

MESSRS. SUTTON and SONS invite inspection of
their several plots of BROMUS SCHRADERI, growing in
their Trial Grounds at Rofiding, in juxta-poaitlon with ITALIAN
BYE-GRASS and ALSIKE CLOVER.

Transplanted Larch.

FOR SALE, in quantities to suit purchasers, about
100,000 3 to 3i feet Transplanted LARCH, of excellent
quality, at 6.s. 6d. por 1000.

Edward Sano & Sons, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy, N.B.

nfvNVO THO U SA N dTaRD S of D W A rFTJOX for
JL Edging, of a good green colour. Sample yard sent if required,
and price. Apply to
Geo. T. Fox, Tue Nurseries, Wetley Rocks, near Leek, Staffordshire.

A

LOT of FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, and CUMBERS

to be Sold verv Cheap, as they must be cleared off In a few days.
At Prospect House, Enfield Highway, N. ^^^

PYRAMID APPLhS, PEAKS, PLUMS, CHERRIES.
Beautiful Trees for Garden or Orchard Houses.
Richard Smith, NurHeryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

~ Dwarf- trained Trees by the 1000. 100, or dozen.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
and NECTARINES. Fine, flat, well-trained, of best quality
and true to name.

RicBARD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Fifty Acres of Fruit Trees,

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS in every form desired for
Fruiting.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merch/mt, Worcester.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
Riobard Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Good Clover Seeds at Market Prices.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply the above, of best
quality. Samples and prices may oe had gratis and post free
on application.

Sdtton & Sons, Seed Growers. Reading.

PICEA PII^ SAPO.— Imported Seed of the above,
fii ■ -' " -" ---' '- ^^- '"--'- -* '■•" —

pound.

JL firat-rato quality, will be supplied to the Trade at 12s per
Pktkr Lawbon it SoM, EdinbuTEh.

Magnolia grandifloia Exmouth (true variety).

EP. FRANCIS AND CO. have to otler nno Planta of
• the above, from 1 to 4 foot in height, estabiiabed in pots.
Pi'ice on apphcation.

Narseries, Hertford, Herts.

Verbenas, Verbenas.

PHILIP LADDS is now sending out a good supply of
the above, strong plants, in thumb pots. Including 40 varieties
of 186c, at 2s. per dozen, package included. Terms cash.
Nursery, Bexley Heath, Kent.

FRUIT TREES, for Walls and Espaliers.- Upwards of
60,000 to select from, carefully trained, and in the healthiest
condition for planting.

Richard Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester,

' Strong and Extra Strong Vines.

JAMES DICKSON and SONS can still Supply fine
FRUITING CANES of MUSCATS, and several other varieties.
Newton Nurseries. Chester.

VINES, VINES.— Strong Planting and Fruiting Canes
of all the leading kinds. Prices on application.
B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upper Holloway, N.

Queen Pine Plants.
/^^HARLES TURNER has a fine healthylot of Fruiting,
\y Succession, and Suckers of the above to dispose of at very
reasonable prices, which may ba had on application.

The Royal Nursery, Slough.

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— PWts of the above may
now be had at 10s. Cd. and 21s. each ; the usual discount to tho
Trade. Peter Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and London.

EBB'S PRIZE COB, FILBERT aud other PRIZfi

NUT TREES. LIST of varieties and prices to bo had ol
Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

258

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mabch 16, 1867.

s

U K P L U S

STOCK.

ROSES.— StroDK plants of Hybrid PerpetuaU on their own roots, of

the leading varieties, at 60.s, per 100.
CARNATIONS and PICOTEES. — The very flneat Tarieties, at
6s. per dozen pairs.

Allowance to the Trade.
B. WniTHAM, The Nurseries, Reddish, near Stockport.

JOHN KEYNES' NEW VERBENAS for 1867.

COLESHILL {EcRFono).— Intense scnrlet, with lemon eye, pips

large, very smooth, ono of the finest Verbenjis. Eirst-class

Certificate at the Royal Horticultural Society. 5s. each,
UMriRE (EcB. FORD).— Large cerise purple, the largest truss and

flower in cultivation, very showy. 6s. each. Certificate at the

Royal Horticultural Society.
TANNT MARTIN (Eckfohd).— Beautiful clear rose, very pleasing,

large and fine. Certificate at the Royal Horticultural Society.

6s. each.
EARL OF RADNOR (EcitFOBD}.— Most beautiful clear rosy scarlet,

with lemon eye, good habit, and free bloomer. Certificate at the

Roval Horticultural Society, 6a. each,
WILLIAM DODDS (Eck. ford).— Light purple, with white eye, most

perfect flower, exquisite form, grand flower either for bedding or

show. 5.t. each.
MR. ELLICE (Eckford).— Peach colour, quite new, a most beautiful

variety, not to be surpassed. 5s, each.
These six varieties are of the finest quality, and will be found quite
equal to those sent out last season from tne same Grower. They
have been selected with the greatest care.

The SIX VERBENAS of last year have proved to be of fiiBt-rate
quality. They can now be had fine plants, and consist of

John Keynes I Mr, Gladstone [ King Charming

Lady Jane Ellis I Isa Eckford | George Eckford

Many testimonials respecting these Flowers have been received by
J, Keynes, all having given great satisfaction. 9s, per dozen.

CRIMSON KING (Methven's), having proved all that was said of
it, may be had 9s. ^per dozen. The fine&t crimson bedder in
cultivation.

A fine collection of the best BEDDING VERBENAS at reasonable
prices, The usual Discount to the Trade.

Castle Street, Salisbury.

s

U E P L U S

STOCK.

Now Ready, in Strong Plants.

THE MAGNIFICENT NEW VIOLET
QUEEN of VIOLETS.
The followlnp; additional Nurserymen have ordered Queen of
Violets, For full list see Qardeiurs' Chronicle, December 4, l&m.
Messrs. Saltmarsb & Son, Chelmsford
Messrs, Chalice & Son, Plympton
Messrs. Transon Frdres, Orleans, France.
Mr. J. Elcombe, Southampton
Mr. W. Church, Mulbarton.
StroDfZ Plants^ Is. 6d, each; 18s. per dozen. Usual allowance to
the Trade.

VIOLETS, NEW DOUBLE RED, Is. 6d. each ; 12s. per dozen,
„ SINGLE CALIFORNIAN Species, Is. each ; 9s. per dozen.
„ DOUBLE NEAPOLITAN, flrf. each ; 6s. per dozen,
„ DOUBLE BLUE, 6d. each ; 4s. pei dozen.
„ DOUBLE WHITE, Gd. each ; 4s. per dozen.
„ SINGLE DEVONIENSIS, extra fine. Qd. each ; 6a. per dozen.
,, THE GIANT, extra fine, 9rf each ; 6s, per dozen,
HEPATICAS, DOUBLE and SINGLE RED, 4s. per dozen.
„ DOUBLE BLUE, Is. M. each

„ SINGLE BLUE. 4s per dozen.

„ SINGLE WHITE. 9s. per dozen,

,, MAUVE, NEW, Is, Gd. each.

CHRISTMAS ROSE (HELLEBORQS), WHITE, Os. per dpzen.

,, „ „ RED. 18s. per dozen.

PRIMROSES, DOUBLE LILAC and WHITE, Gs, per dozen.
POLYANTHUS finest mixed, 3s, per dozen.
PAMPAS GRASS, extra fine, Gs. per dozen.
WALLFLOWER, DOUBLE GOLDEN, YELLOW and DARK,

6s. per dozen.
FORGET-ME-NOT (MYOSOTIS PALUSTRIS), 4s. per dozen.
DIELYTRA SPECTABlLIy, strong, «s. per dozen.
ROCKETS, DOUBLE WHITE and YELLOW, Os. per dozen.
NEW PINKS, ANNE BOLEYN, improved, and EXCELSIOR,

li. per pair.
100 HARDY HERBACEOUS and ALPINE PLANTS, in 50 varie-
ties, 255.
CATALOGUES for ono Stamp. Post Office Ordora on Caatle
Hedingham.

Wu. DiLLiBTONE. Sible Hedingham, Essex.

PRINCESS of WALES STKATvBERRT. -This fine
variety is now proved to be the best early variety ever pro-
duced, either for Forcing or for general Early Crop. See Qardeners'
Chronicle of May 12, 1866. p, 437. Good Plants can now be supplied
tiom the true stock, at 6s. per 100, from the raiser,
B. W. KmouT, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

HLANE AND SON, who have taken several
• First Prizes for Vines in pots at the following Exhibitions,
viz. ; — Royal Botanic, Royal Horticultural, Crystal Palace, London
International. Edinburgh International, United Horticultural.
Manchester, Leeds, Clay Cross, &c., &o,, bee to offer well ripened
CANES of the leading varieties of GRAPES for fruiting in pota or
planting out, at moderate prices.

CATALOGUES tree by post on application.
The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts,

Orcliard-liouse Trees in Pots.

HLANE AND SON hLive to oHbr extra strong Plants
• of the following, well set with Bloom Buds, at moderate
S rices, viz„ APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
■ECTARINES. and APRICOTS : also well-established fruit-bearing
FIGS, &c., CATALOGUES of which may be had post free upon appli-
cation. The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

TO BE SOLD, in miajititics to suit pmchaaers,
500 extra-sized Dwarf- trained PEAR TREES.
600 „ „ CHERRY TREES.

600 „ „ PLUM TREES.

600 „ „ APPLE TREES.

The above are all beautifully trained bearing Trees, and are ofl'ered
at remarkably low prices.

Also Dwarf-trained PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS,
Standard and Pjramld PEAR, PLUM, and CHERRY TREES, &c.
John Crakstok, King'g Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

To Grape Vine Growers.

"OEQUIRED, for Tliree New Vineries now ready for
■ \) Planting, a quantity of FRUIT-BEARING CANES. The
JSamea of the Itinds and Price to be forwarded to

J. W. Thomson, Landscape Gardener and Garden Architect,
Hortulan Lodge, I'enge, nuar Sydenham, S.

Planting Season

LARCH (Native and Tyrolese), SCOTCH FIR (True
Native), SPRUCE. OAK, ASH, ALDER, BEECH, PRIVET,
and all kmds of FOREST and ORNAMENT.1U. TREES and
SHRUBS, ROSES, FRUIT TREES, fine spociraen ARAUCARIAS
and DEODARS, and large TREES for Park Planting, now m flue
condition for removal,

CATALOGUES, with sizes and prices, sent free on application to
DiOKSONS & Cri., Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists, 1, Waterloo
Place, Edinburgh.

QEEDLING and TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES.

SEEDLINGS,— Ash, lyr.. 13, ; Beech, 2yr.,3s. 6(i. ; Elm,3yrs., 2,t, ;
Norway Maple. 2 yr., 7s. 6d. ; Oak, English, 1 yr.. Is. 6ti, ; 2 yr.,
line, 4s. ; Silver Fir, 4 yr., 6 to 12 inches, 4s, ; Norway Spruce, 4 yr
29. 6d. ; Crab, 2 yr,, 2s. 6rt. ; Pears, 2 yr., 3s, Qd. : Sycamore, 2 yr .
2a. 6tt. per 1000. ■ J »

TRANSPLANTED.— Alder, 1 to 2 ft., 75. 6d. ; 2 to 3 ft. 10s. ; 3 to
4i ft.. 16s. ; 4 to 6 ft., 2O3. ; Beech, 6 to 12 in., 7s. Gd. ; Chesnut,
Spanish, 1 to 2 ft., 175. fid. ; EIra, 12 to 21 in., 65. ; Hazel, \\ to 3 It.,
17s. 6d. ; Oak, English, 6 to 12 in., 7s. 6rf. ; Balm of Gilead, 4 to 8 in.,
78. 6rf, ; Cembra, 6 to 12 in., 100s. ; Larch. 1 to IJ ft., 6s. ; li to 2 ft
^s. ; 2 to 3 ft., 10s, ; 3 to 4 ft., 14s.; Scotch Fir, 2 yr. bedded, 6 to 12 in.,
6 J. ; Silver Fir, 0 to 16 in., 125. Gd. ; Spruce, Norway, Gin. ,6S, ; Itoljft
10«, ; Thorn Quick, 9 to 13 in., 65, ; Sycamore, 1 to Ij ft., Is. Gd •
Walnuts, 0 to 16 in,, 20s. per IflOO.

RHODODENDRON PONTICU^f, 4 to C in., 65. per 100.

Apply, with reference, to J. Riddbll, Steward, Parli Attwood,
Bewdley, Worceatershire,

Fir, Spruce, 3 to 4 feet

„ Larch, 2 to 2\ feet
Hazel, 2i to 3i feet, extra fine
Holly, Green, IJ to 2 feet, bushy
Laurel, Common, 2 to 2i ft., bushy

„ Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. bushy

Alder, 3 to 5 feet, extra strong
Ash, 18 inches to 2 feet
Berberia dulcis, 2 to 3 feet

,, Aquifolium, 1 to li foot
Chestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 feet

„ Spanish, li to 2 feet
Fir, Scotch, 1 to li foot

Strong DRUMHEAD or CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS. '
FRUIT TREES, as annexed.
Apples, Standards and Dwarfs, very strong
Cherries, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Pears, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Nectarines. Dwarfs and Dwarf- trained, extra fine
Kentish Filberts, 4 to 5 feet, extra fine
Crab Stocks, 2 years Seedlings
PRICED LIST or samples of the above on application to
W. Vmoo & Sons, The Nursery, Wonersh, near Gmldford, Surrey,

i> U R P L XT

STOCK.

200,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM and HYBRIDS, bedded,

2 to 3, 3 to 4, and 4 to 6 inches, finely rooted.
100,000 SEEDLING COMMON ASH, 1 yeai\ fine.
50,000 „ „ „ 2 years.

60,000 „ CRABS (true wild) 1 year,

6,000 SORBUS DOMESTICA (true), 2 years' Seedlings,
6,000 ARIA THEOPHRASTA. 2 years' Seedlings, fine.
10,000 BERBERIS EMPETRIFOLIA, 3 yeais.
60,000 „ AQUIFOLIUM, 1 year.

Transplanted.
30,000 BEECH. 2 to 3 and 3 to 4 feet.
30.000 HUNTINGDON WILLOWS, very fine, 4 to 6 feet.
40.000 HAZELS, 2 to 3 feet.
6.000 BERBERIS ACJUIFOLIUM, 1* to 2 feet, bushy.
N.B. — Samples will be gent of any of tlie above on application.
For Speci.1I Prices, which are low, apply to George T. Fox, The
Nurseiies, Wetley Rocks, near Leek, Staflordshire.

Finest New Hardy Plant of the year.

Paul's New Dodblk Crimson Tbohn. Colour, bbiobt criusok,

vivin AND double.

Awards : First-class Certificates International Exhibition and

Royal Botanic Societies.

PAUL AND SON beg to invite orders ere close of
planting season for this unique novelty. The follcwing Nur-
serymen have already ordered it, as well as many of our leading
Amateurs :-

Messrs. Austin & McAstan,
Glasgow

,, Backhouse & Son, York

„ Ballantyne & Son, Dalkeith
Mr. R. Buist, Philadelphia, U.S.

„ Barrett, Wakefield
Messrs. Bunyard & Son, Ashford
Mr. T. Cripps, Tunbridge Wells

,, R. Darby, Cirencester

„ W. DilliBtone, Sible Hed-
ingham

„ J. Praser, Lea Bridge
Messrs, Fisher, Holmes & Co,,

Sheflaeld
Mr. J. Fells, Hitchin

„ G. T. Fox, Wetley

„ J. Frettingbam, Nottingham
Messrs, A, Godwin & Son, Ash-

,. Gray & Son, Brox [bourn
Mr. R. Jovning, Enfield

„ S. HiiVStone

„ J. & C. Lee, Hammersmith

Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, Herts.

Messrs. lAne & Son, Berkhamp-
stead
Mr. R. Laing, Twickenham
Messrs. R. Lowe, & Co., Wolver-
hampton [ampton

„ Marsh k 'Perkins, North-

,, Osbom & Son, Fulham
Mr. I. Pearson, Chilwell [N.B.
Messrs. Palmer & Son, Annan,
Mr, F. Perkins, Northampton
Messrs. T. Rivers & Son, Saw-
bridgeworth

„ Sang & Sons, Kirkcaldy
Mr. J. J. Smith, Tansley

„ S, Smith. Dariey
Messrs, Stuart & Mein, Keho
Mr. C. Turner, Slough

,, J. Treseder, Truro [Orleans
Messrs. Tr.anaon ± Brothers,

„ Urquhart & Son, Dundee

,, Louis Van Houtte. Ghent
Wheeler & Son, Warminster

To Large Planters.

Hardy Trees and SunuBs in fine Movino Condition.
PRICE LISTS on application,

PAUL AND SON be^ to invite attention to their large
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK. Of the following they have
large quantities : —

Per 100— £ s. d.
ROSES, dwarf Standards 1 k n n

„ dwarfs, their selection / o u u

ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA, li toSfeet .. . . 12 0 0
ARBOR-VITyE. transplanted Siberian, 3 to 4 fee . . C 0 0

RED CEDARS, 3 to 4 feet 5 0 0

,, ,, 6 to 0 feet 7 0 0

CUPRESSDS LAWSONLANA, 2to3feet ,, . . 3 16 0

3 to 4 feet 5 0 0

LAURELS, 3i to 4 feet 300

„ 4 to 5 feet 3 15 0

„ 6 to Gfeet 600

,, Higher at proportionate prices.

„ PORTUGAL, 2 feet 2 10 0

„ 2§ to 3 feet 3 16 0

YEWS, verv bushy, 3 to 3i feet 10 0 0

PINUS CEMBRA, 3 feet 7 10 0

„ INSIGNIS, 6 to 8 feet 16 0 0

WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, 2i feet ., . . 12 0 0
„ „ S to Si feet . , 16 0 0

Larger to 7 feet on application.
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS, of sorts, 2 to 3 feet .. 2 10 0

ACACIA, 8 to 9 feet 3 10 0

PLANES. 10 to 12 feet TOO

CHESNUT, Scarlet, 9 to 10 feet 10 0 0

ELM. Narrow-leaved, 10 to 12 feet 7 0 0

POPLARS, Balsam and Xjombardy, 10 to 12 feet . . 3 10 0

LIMES, 8 to 10 feet 700

WEEPING TREES, of sorts 10 0 0

ORNAMENTAL. LEAVED TREES, as List,
Planting by Contract, or Estimated for special quantities.
The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, N. (one mile from Cheshunt
Station, G, E. R.)

Forest Trees, &c.

MARTIN AND SON, Cottingham and Hull, can yet
ofler a few thousands of very excellent quality. Price on
application,

ASb, common, 3 to 4 feet.
Alder, 3 to 4 feet.
Elms, Wych, 3 to 4 feet.
Elms, English, 3 to 4 feet.
Larch, 3 to 4 feet.
Spruce, 1 to 2 feet.
Thuiopsis boreatis, 2 to 4 feet.

Wellingtonias, 2 to 3 feet.
Cupressus Lawsoniann, 2 to 6 ft.
Plums, splendid Victorias, and

others, 4 to 6 feet.
Beddmg Plants, Zonal and

other Pelargoniums, in any

quantity.

P LINCOLNSHIRE GEM PEA.— The very finest Dwarf Wrinkled
Pea in cultivation, 28. Gd. per quart. See Testimonials.

Apply for WHOLESALE and other CATALOGUES, with prices,
to Maktin & Son, Seed Merchants and Nurserymen, Cottingham,
and 7, Market Place, HuU.

N

0 PERSON should OVERLOOK the foUowing
OFFER at this favourable season for PLANTING :—

20,000 1 year English Laburnums
10,000 1 ye. Spartium junceucn
20,000 1 yr. Berberis Darwiuii
20,000 lyr, Mahonla Aquifolium
10,000 lyr. Berberis japonica
100,000 1 yr. Thorns
1)66,000 1 yr. Spanish Chestnut
50,000 1 yr. Cupressus Law-

soniana
10,000 1 yr, Spanish Oak

The above are Seedlings.
10,000 Berberis japonica, 6 to

12 Ina.
10,000 Skimmia Japonica, 6 to

9 ins.
10,000 Erica herbacea
15,000 Deutzia crenata flo.-pleno,

12 to 30 ins, bushy
2,000 Armido conspicua

5,000 Spirsea caliosa, strong
5,000 ThnjopBis dolabrata, 4 to

12 ins.
10,000 Spruce Firs. I4 to 3 feet
2,000 Picea Nordmanmana, li
to 3 feet
20,000 Rhododendron ponticum,
15 to 20 in,, .isfarthrnugh
10,000 Larch Fus, 2 to 2i feei
10,000 Quicks, strong
6,000 Dwarf H P. and other

Roses, fine
1,000 Grape Vines from eyes.
Black Hamburgh, and
good kinds
3,000 Lihum gigauteum, strong

bulbs
20,000 Finest named Rhododen-
drons

JOHN "WATERER has to offer a quantity of very '
handsome AUCUBA JAPONICA, the whole of which are
profusely covered with Berries.

1st Size are Plants 2 feet high, bearing IfiO to 200 Berries.

2d Size, 1 foot G inches, with 100 to 126 Berries. ,

3d Size, 1 foot, with 40 to 60 Berries.

Price from 10s. Gd. each and upwards. j
The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey, ,

ArborvitsBs, Aucubas, Box, Yews, &c.

THOMAS WARNER begs to remind intending planters ,
and the Trade, that he has a very extensive stock of the above '
all in fine health and vigour. See CATALOGOES, Wholesale or
Retail. Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

Scarlet Chestnuts, Standard Elms and Thorns, &c.

THOMAS WARNER begs to refer xjuvchasers of the
above to the es.treraely low prices at which they are quoted
for the present season. See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

Maiden and Dwarf-trained Fruit Trees, flee,

THOMAS WARNER begs to state that he ha-* still
an extensive stock of the above, more particulariy of APPLES,
CHERRIES, PEACHES, and NECTARINES. Also ot

HOUGHTON CASTLE CURRANTS.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

QA C\C\C\ 2-yr- SEEDLING THUJA LOBBIT,

^\J ^yjyjyj 3 to 4 inches high, fine, distinct, and perfectly
hardy ArborvitEe. Foliage deep grass green, rapid growth, well
adapted for hedges, 4c., and will bear prunmg. Price (on appli-
cation) by 100, 1000, or 6000,
Gko Jackmaw & Sow, Woking Nursery, Surrey.

Sub-tropical and Ornamental Foliaged Plants

Fk'JM Seeu for Flower GARnEN Decobatiok.

WROLLISSON AND SONS' GENERAL SEED
• CATALOGUE, containing a List of the above, can be had

on application. The Nurseries, Tooting, London,

A General Aasortmont of NURSERY STOOK.

TRADE and RETAIL CATALOGUES po«t free on application.

C. NoBLii, Nursery, Bagshot.— March 16,

BIRCH, 3 to 5 feet, fine, twice transplanted,
453. per 1000
HAZEL, fi-om Spanish Seed, 2 to 3 feet, fine, once trans-
planted. 18s. per 1000
SPANISH CHESTNUT, 1 to 2 feet, once transplanted, 18a. per 1000
HORSE CHESTNUT, 1 foot, once transplantecf, 18s. per 1000

Samples sent on application.
T. Jackson &. Son, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W,

& C .

JjARCH, SILVER FIR,

LARCH, U to 2 feet, 8s. per 1000 ; 2 to 3feet, 10s, ; 3 to 4feet. 12«. 6d.
SILVER FIR, 6 to 12 inches, 4s. per 1000.
SCOTCH FIR, native, C to 12 incbes, 65. per 1000.

LIST of other TREES sent on application.
Apply, with reference, to J. Riduell, Paik Attwood, Bewdley,
Worcestershire.

Tree Ferns, &c.

FOR SALE, a very tine ALSOPHILA AUSTRALIS
and CYATHEA MEDULLARIS ; also an ARAUCARIA
EXCELSA, 10 feet high, in fine condition. For particulars and
price, apply to
W, Dean, Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

300,000 Hazel, Transplanted.

J SCOTT, Mtrriott, Somerset, has the above to offer,
• in fine condition, 2 to 2i ft., 2fis. ; 21 to 3 ft., 27s. 6rf, ;
3 to 3i ft., 30s. ; 3i to 4 ft., 36s. ; 4 to 5 ft., 408. per 1000,

FOREST TREES, twice and thrice Transplanted, in all sizee.
Catalogues gratis.

CEDRUS DEODARA. 3 to 4 ft., 4 to 5 ft,, 5 to fl ft., and 6 to 7 ft.,
from 30«. to ens. per dozen,

GREEN HOLLIES, 20,000 well-rooted, from 2 to 3 ft., and from
30s. to 40s. per 100,

FRUIT TREES, in 2000 sorts, and in all manner of training. The
most complete collection in England.

A 92-page CATALOG UE, with large Supplement full of Fruit Tree
Information.

Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., has to offer at very moderate
prices TRANSPLANTED ASH, ALDER, BIRCH, HORSE
CHESTNUT, ELM, broad and narrow-leaved: SILVER and
SCOTCH FIRS, WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE, HAZEL, OAK,
POPLAR, PRIVET, \VEYMOUTH and AUSTRIAN PINES,
THORN QUICKS, HUNTINGDON and DUTCH WILLOWS,
LARCH, good stout plants, li to 2 feet, 12s. ; 2 to 2^ feet, 13s, ; 2 to

5 feet, 14s. ; and 3 to 4 feet, Itis. per 1000. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR,

6 to 9 inches, 6s. ; 9 to 12 inches, 9s. ; 1 to IJ feet, 14s. ; li to 2 feet,
21s. : and 2 to 24 feet, 30s. per 1000. COTONEASTER MICRO-
PHYLLA, 1 to li feet. 20s. per 1000 : 11 to 2 feet, RIBES in sorts,
2to 3 ft.. 20s. per 1000. SNOWBERRY,2to3ft., 208. per 1000. BROOM,
White and Yellow.transplanted, 15s. per 1000. LAURELS, BERBERIS,
ARBOR-VIT^, &c.. Seedling ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CHESTNUT,
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 years ; ELM, 2 years, £6 per 100,000. OAKS,

1 and 2 years; OAK, EVERGREEN, 1 year; PRIVET, 1 and

2 years; SYCAMORE, RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 2 years,
6s. ; 4 years, Ss. per 1000 ; 3 years, and 1 year transplanted, IBs.:

3 years, and 2 years transplanted, 26s, ; 6 to 9 inches, 60s, ; ana
9 to 12 inches, 60s. per 1000. Twice-transplanted, and bushy, 4 to
8 inches, 70s. ; 8 to 12 inches, 95s. ; 9 to 13 inches, 140s. : 1 to li feet,
180s. ; and IJ to 2 feet, 260s. per 1000. .

A Priced list forwarded on application. Price to the Trade
on application.

JosEPD Smith, Jun., Moor Edge Nursery, Tansley, near Matlock,
Derbyshire.

TAS. GARAWAT and

t7 NoRsEHTUEN aud Seedsmen,

Durdhara Down Nm-series, Bristol.

CO.,

gEEBS for the KITCHEN GAKDEN.

TAS. GAKAWAY and

CO.

OEEDS for the FLOWEK GARDEN.

TAS. OAKAWAT and

C 0.

QEEDS for the FA

R M.

Q E E D S, Best Quality, at Cheapest

Rates.

TAS. GABAWAT and

C 0.

pEICED CATALOGUES, Post

Free.

TAS. GAEAWAT and

C 0.

(CARRIAGE PAID of aU ORDERS over 20».

TAS. GARAWAT and

tf NuKSERTWEN and Seedsmen,
Durdham Down Nurseries, Bristol.

CO.,

RAYNBIED, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
CoRW, Seed, Manore, and Oilcake Mebohamts,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C, ; or Basingstoke. ,-
Samples and Pricea'post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 18C2, for "Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

MABcn 16, 18C7.]

THF, GAT^DENT'lT^S' CnrvONTCLE AND AGRTCULTURAL GAZETTE.

25!l

CARTER'S GENUINE SEEDS.

THE NEW CEREAL (SORGHUM TARTARICUM ? ),

A SUBSTITUTE FOR WHEAT.

JAMES CAETER & CO.

Are in a position to sujiply a moderate quantity of tlio above
important NOVELTY. They have not as yet proved its qualities,
but if the following- description (whicli they have received from a
most reliable source) is correct, they have no hesitation in stating
that it will become one of the most important additions to Agri-
culture which has been introduced in the present century ; —
"I received a packet of the Seed from China (where it is used largely as an article of food), and grew about
100 square feet of it last season ; and notwithstanding the cold wet Summer and Autumn, the results were wonderful.
It is quite hardy, and wet does not hurt it. The Seed should be sown the end of March or in April, on stiff land ; it
is ready for harvest in September. The average produce will be 60 bushels (of 39 lb.) jjer acre. As an article of
food the Bread is more palatable than "Wheaten Bread, and it contains more nourishment than any other Cereal
I whatever. A small Loaf went four times as far as an equal one made of Wheaten Flour.

" As a Forage Plant, from the sweet succulent nature of the leaves and stems, all kinds of Stock thrive on it in
' a eurprising manner. Cows will produce a double quantity of fililk, and it fattens Pigs in a given time as nothing
else would."

A Trial Packet forwarded on receipt of 30 Postage Stamps.

PRICE LISTS of FARM SEEDS, at reasonable prices, forwarded Post Free on application to
CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN,

LONDON, W.C.

GENUINE SEEDS, CARRIAGE FREE.

B. S. WILLIAMS,

VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLO WAY, LONDON, N.

tJENERAL PRICED CATALOGUE of FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS

FORWARDED FREE TO ANY ADDRESS.

It contains, in addition to the best of the established and indispensable varieties of VEGETABLE SEEDS,
he following NEW KINDS :-

THE ORANOEFIELD DWARF PROLIFIC TOMATO. 2s. per pkt.
WILLIAMS' ALEXANDRA BROCCOLI, 23. 6(1. per packet
iVILLIAilS' MATCHLESS RED CELERV, Is. per packet

DIG&WELL PRIZE ENDIVE, Is. per packet

NDNEHAM PARK ONION, 2s. 8rf. per packet

RAPHANUS CAUDATUS (The Wonderful Radish), Is. per pkt.

Also the following NOVELTIES in FLOWER SEEDS :-

APLOPAPPUS RUBIOINOSUS, Is. per packet

ARUNDO CONSPICUA, Is. per packet

AUBRIETIA OIUECA, Is. per packet

SLACK EGG-PLANT, frooi Japan, Is. per packet

PINK-FLOWERING CANTERBURY BELL, u. per packet

CHRYSANTHEMUM LOUISE HONNORATY, Is. per packet
STRIPED-LEAVED JAPANESE MAIZE, Is, per packet
NASTURTIUM TOM THUMB ROSE, Is. per packet
VIOLA CORNUTA, PURPLE QUEEN, Is. & 2s. 6<i. per packet.
„ MAUVE QUEEN, M. S Is. per packet

Also the following well-known STRAINS of FLORISTS' FLOWERS :—
WILLIAMS' superb strain of PRIMULA, Red, White, or Mixed, 2s. Gd., 3s. 6a., and 5s. per packet
WILLIAMS' superb strain of Camellia-flowered BALSASI, the finest in England, Is. and 2*. 6d. per packet
JAMES'S CALCEOLARIA, finest for exliibition, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6(1., and 5s. per packet
WEATHERELL'S Choice CINERARIA, 3s. 6d. and 5s. per packet

A full description of each will be found in the Catalogue,
1^ All Packets of Seeds Free by Post.

LILIUM AUEATUM (a large importation).— Strong Bulbs, 3s. 6d., 5s., and 7s. 6<;. each.
GLADIOLI, English-grown Seedlings, splendid assortment, 8s. per dozen ; 60s. per 100.
„ Named varieties, 6s., 8s., and 12s. per dozen.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

KICHAKD DEAN'S

LIST OF SPECIALITIES IS NOW READY,

iND CONTAINS ALSO SOME ORIGINAL PAPERS OF GREAT VALUE TO THE AMATEUR GAEDENER.
RICHARD DEAN'S NOVELTIES IN VEGETABLE SEEDS COBtPRISE—

■<EW MELON, DR. HOOG.-A most valuable acqulSTtlon,
altogether A 1, The fruit ia of a good medium size, handsome
oval shape, brownish yellow akin, and pale green flesh, very
solid and luscious, rich aroma. A free setter and a EOod keeper
a ane and s-are exhibition vailety. Per packet. Is. M.. and 2s. Gd.

1(EW CUCUMBER. GLORY of HANT.S (DEi»l._A veiT flrst-rate
black-spmed variety, long, handsome, and very prolific ■ flrst-
rate for either house or framework; a thoroughly reliable
variety, whether for table or exhibition. It h.^is been Terv care-
niliy selected and giown specially for R. Dean. See'd very
scarce. Per packet, 2s. 6d.
IROCCOLl, DEAN'S PREMIER EARLY WHITE,-Unouestion-
ablj the largest and best of all the Early White Hroccolis
Heads large, very flne and white ; quite hardy. A variety that
can be depended on, as it is entirely free from any impregnation
„i^,? .'^''°'°'' of tbe White Cape. Should be sown luMarch,
and will flower in the Match following. Per packet, Is. 6(!. and

2s. 6d.

llROCCOLI, IMPROVED K1DDERMINSTER._A variety that
has been very carefully selected by Rioaian Dead Dwarf
growing, late, well protected white flower, symmetrical shape,
good size and very hardy. Should be sown in March and will
be ready for use end of AprU and May. Per packet, Is
ABBAGE, DEAN'S ONWARDS.-A very greatly improved
mK "^i^" '"'■«," C'"'>»'e<'>. »= represented by \he EnfleW

' Pe/^cket ll'' ' """P"'" grower, and deUdously tender.

Kp?^i?^' PIIE.SIDENT EARLY D-WARF.-A very early Dwarf
a«vour. A capital sort for winter work. Per packet. Is.

LETTUCE, ACME WHITE COS.— A very large variety, superior
In quality to the Paris White Cos, from which it also differs in
colour and habit. Hearts well, does not require tying ; very
crisp and sweet, and as hardy as any Lettuce in cultivation.
Invaluable for summer or winter growth. Per packet, Is.

LETTUCE, LBYDEN WHITE DUTCH.-A splendid Cabbage
Lettuce, the very flnest in cultivation. It produces large close
heads, literally all heart; flavour excellent and very hardy. Per
packet. Is. and Is. Grf.

The following fine Selections are confidently offered :—

Per packet.-

BROCCOLI, DANCER'S IMPROVED PINK CAPE
DILCOCKS BRIDE, true selected stock
EALING EARLY, DWARF WHITE
CABBAGE, CHILTON EARLY SPRING, DWARF
CAULIFLOWER, NEW EARLY DWARF MONMOUTH
ENDIVE, DIGWELL PRIZE, GREEN CURLED
ONION, DANVEK'S YELLOW

NEW VENETIAN GIANT, Tripoli"

TOMATO, POWELL'S EARLY DWARF RED
TURNIP, CESTRI AN QOLUEN .STONE . .

DEAN'S IMPROVED SNOWBALL "
VEGETABLE MARROW, PRINCE ALBERT .. .'.

For full descriptions, see LIST of SPECIALITIES, Post Free on application.

0 0
0 0

DEPOT FOR NEW AND CHOICE VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS,
EALING, LONDON, W,

CHOYOOiV

New Garden Seeds.

^UCLIlBALb HKNDEU-

SUN'8 UKSUUIPTIVE
rmCKD CATALOGUK uiiU u«efUl
GARDEN ALMANACK U now
I'ubllHhod, containing much uaeftil
inforumLlon. Cau bo had gratl» aod
post froo on aiipUcatlon.

Hioii Nursery, Thoruton Hoath,
Surrey ; and at tho East Surrey
Seed Warehouse, Collogo Grounds,
North End, Croydon.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

CARTER'S COLLECTIONS of GARDEN SEKDS for
18C7 will produce a Rupply of the best Vegetables •'all tho
year round" for large, medium, small, and verysmiill families.
No. 4, ()3s. ; No. 3, 4'Js. ; No. 2, 21s. ; No. 1, 10s. 0(/.
{These prices Include box and packing.)
*,* Any of the above forwardeif without di 'lay on receipt of Post-
offlue Order. PRICE LISTS graiis and post free on appbcation to
Cabter'h Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High
Holborn, Loudon, W.C.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

Just Published, po6t free, 12 stamps (gratia to customers).

CARTER'S GARDENERS' and FARMERS' YADE
MECUM for 1867.
In consequence of the incrensing interest taken in Subtropical
Plants and in the finer Border Flowers, James Carter & Co. have
devoted special attention to these subjects in their new issue of the
above work, and the following origmal and practical articles plainly
indicate the readiest way to get up a stock of these subjects iu tho
most economical manner : —

On the Cultivation of Hardy Flowers from Seed.
How to raise Hardy Flowers from Seed.
Ornamental Annuals.
Fine-foliaged Plants from Seed. Also,
On Laying Down Grass Saed for Permanent Pasture, &c.
Forwarded for 12 stamps on application to Carter's Great Londou
Seed Warehouse. 237 and 23S, Hiyh Ilolbora, Londou. W.C.

Establislied Upwards of a Century.

HoLnERS OF PRizt: Medals FUua Exuibition3 of uotu 1851 AKn 1802.

BUTLER, Mcculloch, and co.'s
CHOICE COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS.

15 Varieties, Selected Hardy Annuals 2s. 6d.

30 „ „ „ „ 5 0

60 „ „ ,i „ 10 0

ino „ ,, „ „ 20 0

12 Varieties, Selected Half-hardy Annuals .. ..4 0
25 „ „ „ „ .... 7 6

16 „ M n i> .... 15 0
100 „ „ „ „ ,. ., 30 0

C Varieties, extra selected New Annuals 1867 . . ..6 0

12 „ .. ,. „ „ , 10 8

15 Varieties, selected Hardy Perennials 3 6

25 „ „ „ „ 6 6

50 „ „ „ „ 13 0

100 „ ,, ,, 26 0

12 Varieties, selected Half-hardy Perennials . . ..40

COMPLEfk COLLECTION of VE&ETABLE SEEDS for
One Year's Supply, 63s., 42s., 30s., 21s., and 10s. 6d.

Orders amounting to 21s. and upwards sent Carriage Paid.

CATALOGUE containing details of above Collections, Post Free.

Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

Good Seeds ^i^^3^ Carriage Free.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of
SEEDS for ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY.

For toe Kitcben Garden.

No. 1 Collection, carriage free £3 3 0

No. 2 Collection, carriage free 220

No. 3 Collection, carri;ige free 1116

No. 4 Collection, carnage free 110

No. 5 Collection, carriage free 0150

No. 6 CoUection 0 10 6

For the Flower Garden.

No. 1 Collection, free by post or rail iE2 2 0

No. 2 Collection, free by poat or rail 1 11 6

No. 3 Collection, free by poet or rail 110

No. 4 Collection, free by post or rail 0 16 0

No. 6 Collection, free by post or rail 0 10 6

PRICED CATALOGUES gratis and post free. Five per Cent.
Discount allowed for Cash payment.
SuTTuN t SuNS, Seed Growers. Reading.

KEYK'S EARLY PROLIFIC TOMATO. - A new
American variety, 30 days earlier than anv other. Plant
dftarf, compact and vigorous, producing immense crops. Tomatoes
of medium size, round, brilliant red, quite smooth and free from
riba, perfectly solid, and of the most excellent flavour. They are
produced In large clusters of lu to 20 each, with from 7 to 20 clusters
on each Vine, and ripen up together, so tnat the main crop is ripe
and ready for m.arkot 30 days earlier than any other kind. The
foliage has no odour. The Early I'rolific is the most distinct and
valuable Tomato yet produced. Price per packet. Is., forwarded on
receipt of 12 stamps.

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn,
London, W.C.

Price to the Trade on application.

260

TilE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 16, 1867,

THE " COLDSTREAM EARLY " POTATO, which
received a First-clasa Certificate at the lotematiODal Horticul-
tural Kxhibition at South KenBlngton, is the Earliest and Ue&t
round Potato In cultivation. 6s. Gd. per peck; 18s. per bushel,
including bags. Trade price on application.

Apply to Hogg & Wood, Coldstream, N.B.

QPENCER'S KING POTATO.— This excellent Potato
lO having withstood the disoise better than any other variety last
season, the Subscriber has to offer about 300 Bushels ot fine clsan-
groivn Tubers, perfectly sound and free from disease, which he can
with coiifidonco recommend. For price, apply to
Geokoe T. Fox, The Nurseries, Wctley Rocks, near Leok, StaffordBh.

Seed Fotatos.

HAND F. SHARPE are now offering MYATT'S
. PROLIFIC KIDNEV, DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY, FORTY-FOLD, FOX'S SEED-
LING, EARLY OXFORD, and many other Early and Late varieties,
fin© m quality, free from disease, and at low prices.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech. Cambridgeshire.

H

Seed Potatos.
JIINCHIN has for Sale the following kinda, true

to name, and of good quality:-

KARLY' RELIANCE, one of the

best earlv kinds
PATERSON'S VICTORIA
KING of POTATOS

PATERSON'S REGENT
FLUKE

PATERSON'S BLUE, RED,
am EARLY'

PRICE LISTS on application.
The Nurseries, Hook Norton, Oxon.

-Tin- HEELER'S

GLOUCESTERSHIRE KIDNEY
Is one of the very Earliest, most
Productive, and best flavoured Potatos
in cultivation.

Price 3s. per peck, 10s. Qd. per bushel.

J, C. "WnEELEU & SOIT.

Seed Growers, Gloucester.

s

U R P L U

Eariy Ashleaf Kidney Potatoa,
Essex Wonder do do

Myatt'u Prolific do do

Hands worth's Early Round

Potatos
Eariy Shaw Round Potatos.
Dalmaboy do iio

Dwarl, Kidney, and Scarlet Beans

s

of

STOCK

Nonpareil Peas.
General Havolock do.
No Plus Ultra do.
Champion of England do.
Si'Lean's Wonderdo.
Climax do.

Veitch's Perfection do.
British Queen do.

Prices on application to James Pairiikad & Son, Seed Merchants,
7, Borough Market, S.E.

GIANT ASPARAGUS PLANTS,
the best that money can procure. 25. Cd. per 100. — This
delicious vegetable does not require half the expense usu^tlly
Incurred in planting it.

See RICHARD SMITH'S SEED LIST for 1867.
Extra strong SEA KALE, 2s. per doz.
RioQABD SuiTB, Nurserymau, Worcester.

To Cucumber Growers.

GTIVALKLING, Seedsman, Florist, and Cucumber
• GRowKtt, North Row, Lewisham, S.E., begs to offer
CUCUMBER SEED of two first-class sorts at Is. M. and 2.1. Cd. per pkt.
WALKLING'S PROLIFIC, and WALKLING'S SOLID GREEN.
Likewise Plants of tho two kinds, in large or small quantities.

Cucumher, Telegraph.

ROLLISSON'S Variety has been proved the beat
Cucumber In cultivation for Winter or Spring use, especially for
K owing in houses ; an Iromenso cropper, producing six at a joint,
ngth 18 to 20 inches. In sealed packets, 2s- 6d. each. Seo merits
Of" Winter Cucumbers," in Qardencrs' Chrunicle for Jan. 12, 1867.
William Rollisson fit Sows, The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.

TURNER'S COTTAGERS' KALE.
TURNER'S INCOMPARABLE WHITE CELERY.
TURNER'S SCARLET GEM MELON.
FROGMORE PROTECTING BROCCOLI.
(In Shilling Packets.)
The above have proved to be the best of their respective classes.
Seed of the true Stock may bo had of

Cuarleb Turner, The Royal Nui-aeries, Slough.

Garden Seeds.

CHABLES TURNER'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
and may be had on application.
The Best tbroo WRINKLED MARROW PEAS are—
LITTLE GEM, Early, 1 foot high.
ADVANCER, SqcoucI Crop.
PREMIER, Summer and Late.
See Ml descriptions in C. Turner's CATALOGUE, now ready,

SNOWS BROCCOLI, aYue.

HEDSOR WINTER CUCUMBER.

BAILEY'S SUPERB CABBAGE.
' AU the established varieties of Vegetables from the best Sources ;
also the Novelties in Flower Seeds.

The Royal Nui-sories, Slough.

c

H 0 I C

Per pkt.—
Broccoli, Snow*B Imperial

Winter

Albert Sprouts
Cauliflower, Early Erfurt . .
Celery, Manchester

Champion Red ..
Cucumber, Smith's Fine

Framo

Cucumber, Telegraph
Leek, Henry's Prize
Endive, Digswoll Prize
Onion, Nuneham Park . .
Parsley, extra fine curled . .
Rapbanus caudatus (new

long-podded Radish)
Custard Marrow
Melon, Malvern Hall
Tomato do Layo
Cauliaower, The Mamm:)th
Richard Smith,

E SEEDS

Post Free.

Per pkt.— s. d
Moore's Vegetable Cream 0 i
Beet, Perpetual Spinach . . 0 i
„ Nutting's Superb

Red 0 ■

Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom

Thumb 0

Radish, French Breakfast 0
1 0 Aster, Truffaut's Superb
1 0 French, 12 vara, mixed . . 1
Aster, Victoria, 6 vars.

railed 1

StoRk, improved large-
flowering, 12 vars. mixed. 1
Balsam, CamelUa-flowered,

6 var. mixed .. ..1

Balsam, Rose-flowered, 8 vara.

1 6 I mixed 1

0 6 Phlox Dnimmondii, 12

1 0 splendid varieties .. 1
Seed Merchant, Worcester.

RED CABBAGE PLANTS, extra fine, 4s. per 1000.
WHITE SPANISH ONION SEED, Is. 6rf. per lb.
KOHL RABI SEED, green. Is. per lb.

All new and genuine. Terms cosh.
R, W. can supply any orders for Seeds at lowest possible prices.
RiCHABD Walker, Mtirket Qardenerand Seed Grower, Biggleswade,
Beds.

" Seed Corn from tHe Chalk.

ALL tlie MOST APPROVED VARIETIES supplied bv
RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING, and
COMPANY, Limited.

Address, Basingstoke ; or 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, Loudon, E.C,
*«* SampleH and prices on appllcatioQ.

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Koad Nurseries,
Yeovil, Somerset, begs to intimate that his CATALOGUE of
SEEDS for the GARDEN and FARM is now ready, and can be
obtained free on application. It contains a Select .and Choice Stock,
everything being oi the best quality, and are offered at unequalled
low prices.

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, £ec.

ROBERT PARKEK begs to announce that his
CATALOGUE, containing t-elect DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds in cultivation of the above-named Is now published,
and will be forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from tho best possible sourct-s, all are wan-anted
genuine, and are offfered at the lowest possible crices. Intending

Eurchasers are requested to compare the prices with those of otheT
ousea. Exotic Nurserj', Tooting, Surrey, S.

New Descriptive Lists.

DOWl^IE, LAIRD, AND LAING, NrngERYMEjr,
Seedsmew, Florists, and New Plant Merchants, 17, South
Frederick Street, Edinburgh ; and Stanstead Park, Forest HilL
London, S.E., respectfully beg to intimate that their NEW
DESCRIFflVE PRICED CATALOGUES of FLORIST FLOWERS.
GARDEN, FLOWER, and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS. GLADIOLI
ROSES, &c., are now ready, and may be had free on application.

HENRY'S PRIZE HYBRID LEEK.— The Largest
variety In cultivation ; grows 16 inches in length of blaoch, '
and lOi inches in circumference. Has carried off the First Prizes at
the leading Shows in England and Scotland.

Sold in Sealed Packets at Is. each by
DowNiE, Laird, & Laino, 17, Fredenck Street, Edinburgh ; and
Stanstead Park, Forest Hill, London, S.E.

VINES.-SURPLUS STOCK

OF THE FOLLOWING SELECTED VARIETIES, TRUE TO NAME, EXTRA STRONO,
WHICH WERE GROWN FOR FRUITING IN POTS,

Can now be supplied at the Planting rate of Prices, viz., 5s. to 7s. 6d. each.

' Special Prices given where 25 or More are required. A fine opportunity for Gentlemen wishing to Plant largely.

BLACK HAMBURGH
„ MUSCAT
„ , ALICANTE
„ ' BARBAKOSSA
BUCKLAND'S SWEETWATER
BIDWELL'S SEEDLING

CHASSELAS MUSQUS
FRANKENTHAL
FOSTER'S WHITE SEEDLING
FRONTIGNAN, WHITE

„ GRIZZLY

VIOLET

GOLDEN HAMBURGH

GRAHAM'S MUSCAT MUSCADINE

LADY DOWNES

MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA

WHITE TOKAT

WEST'S ST. PETER'S

JAMES CARTER and CO., SEED MERCHANTS and NURSERYMEN',
237, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.

J. C. WHEELEK & SON, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

RYE GRASS,
CLOVERS,
TREFOIL,

COW GRASS,
ALSIKE,

LAWN

GRASS

A* -t- >J,

HEELERS' lUustrated BOOK en GRASSES.

CONTENTS :

ON LAYING DOWN LAND TO PERMANENT PASTURE.

TABLES AND PRICES OF GRASSES, CLOVERS, ETC., NATURALLY ADAPTED FOR LAYING J>OVfi^ TO
PERMANENT PASTURE LAND ON THE FOLLOWING GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS :—

TABLE.

I. CHALK— Upper Cretaceocs.— York, Norfolk, Suffolk,
Herts, Sussex, Berks, WULs, Hants, Dorael. Per acre,

medium soil

II. CHALK — Upper ard Lower Green Sasd. — York,
Norfolk, Cambridge, Beds, Bucks, Berks. Wilts, Dorset,
Surrey, Kent, Sussex. Per aero, medium soil . .

III. LONDON CLAY.— Sutsex, Essex. Surrey, Berks, Hants,

Doiset, Kent. Per acre, medium soil

IV. GREAT and INFERIOR. OOLITE— CoRNBRAsn, Forest

MiRnLF..— North Bming of York, Lincoln, Rutland,
Gloucester, Northampton, Oxford, Berks, Wilts, Dorset.

Per acre, medium soil

V. OXFORD CLAY— Oolitic AND JuRASsio.—Oxford, York,
Lincoln, Huntingdon, Bcdiord, Bucks, Berks,
Gloucester, "Wilts, Dorset. Per acre, medium soil
VI. UPPER and LOWER LIAS and MARLSTONE.—
Gloucester, Leicester, Lincoln, Northampton, Oxford,
Rutland, Somerset, Warwick, Worcester, York. Per
acre, medium BoU

s. d.

30 7

35 4

35 9

Table. s. d.

VH. NEW P.ED SANDSTONE and KEUPER MARL.—
York, Notts, Stafford, Leicester. Derby, Warwick.
Worcester, Cheshire, Flint, Gloucester, Devon,
Somerset. Per acre, medium soil 30 W

VIII. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE. — York, North-
umberland, Westmoreland, Monmouth, Derby, Somer-
set, Cornwall, Gloucester. Per acre, medium soil ..31 4

IX. OLD RED SANDSTONE.— Devon. Cornwall, Herolord,
Monmouth, Brecon, Carmarthen, Pembroke. Somerset,
Salop. Per aero, medium soil 30 0

X. UPPER SILURIAN. — Hereford, Lancaster, Radnor,

Denbigh, Salop, Carmarthen. Per acre, medium soil . . 37 0

XI. LOWER SILURIAN.— Pembroke, Carmarthen, Cardi-
gan, Montgomery, Merioneth, Denbigh, Worcester.

Per acre, medium soil 34 8

XIL POST TERTIARY. —Alluvial Defosits.- Sides of
Rivers, Rich Loams, Light Sands, Poor Soil on
Clay, 4c., &c.

lllmtrations, Descriptions, and Prices of the most valuabk Grasses for Fermamnt Pasture and alternate husbandry.

A TRICED LIST OF FAEM SEEDS.
A Copy will be sent Post Free on receipt of 5 stamps. Gratis to Customers.

J. C. WHEELER and SON,
SEEDSMEN TO THE GLOUCESTERSHIRE AGKICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LOCK'S PATENT POTASH MANURES.

This is the only ''perfect'' MANURE ever yet offered to the Agricultural Public?,
containing, as it does, that most important element of every cultivated plant— Potash. '■
It is far superior in efficiency to Peruvian or any other Guano, as it supplies evert
constituent requisite for each Special Croj)'

Each Manure is specially prepared for the Crop for which it is intended, and w
sold in Bags containing the necessary Dressing for One Acre.

The "WHEAT, BARLEY, and OAT MANURE wiU eflfectuaUy prevent the
LODGING of the Corn, so frequent on lands deficient in Silica.
The CLOVER MANURE is a certain cure for Clover sickness, so prevalent in some Counties.
The GRASS MANURE contains an abundance of Silicate of Potash, which is by far the prcdomiiiating
element in all Grasses, and which has never before been oflered for Sale by any Manufacturer,

For full particulars see Circulars, for which apply to the
SOUTH of ENGLAND MANURE COMPANY, LIMITED, REDBRIDGE, HAMPSHIRE,

who are the Sole Manufacturers.
•»* AGENTS WANTED for the UNITED ElNGDOM.

MARcn m, isf.7.J

THE GAllDENET^S' CTIT^OXTCLE AND AriPJCTH^TrnAL HAZETTR

2G1

Carter's Grass Seeds for the International
Exhibition at Paris, 1867.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have the satisfaction to
announco that the Iniperlftl Commissioners of the P.iris Intor-
'nfttlonnl Kxhibltloii of 1807 havo Rrnntotl to them the concession of
supplying tho GRASS SKKDS for the purposcof forming the Sward
of the Park round the Kxhibltlon Building In tbo Champ de Alars.
Tho honour conferred on their House will bo moio readily apprc-
ciated when thoy state tho gratif^'ing fact, that they are xirc onlt

RyOLTGU HOUBK ENTIll'STED WITH TIIK ImfEHIAL COMUISBIONERS'
COMMANDS FUR THIS I'l'Ul'OSF.

Jaufs Cartkr a Co, are prepared to supply Mixtures for Porma-
nont PawUiro, Park Liwns, &o., of tho most nutvitlovis and valuable
Ontsacs, specially mixed to suit the variations of climate and soil,
Prlco according to tpiality, from 20s, to 36s. per acre. PRICED
LISTS gratis and posi-froo on application to

Cartek's Great London Socd WarcUouso, 2374 238, Iltgh Ilolborn,
London, W.C.

Grass Srod pnckod for E>;portntion.

The New Forage Grass (Bromus Schraderl).

SUT'l'ON AND 8*,t.NS have iiiiportc'd a larLce supply of
True Seed of the ftb.tve, and ulfor ib at 2s. Qd. por \b., or ohonpor
In large quantities, (^.miitlty required per aero, at) Ib. Lowe.'it prico
per cwt. and instructions on cult)vatlon may be had on application,
SuTTdPt & Sows, Seed Morohants, Reading.

BUTTON'S FlNbl LAWN GHASS for Making New

C^ or Improving old Garden Lawns, Crnquot Grounds, &o, Price
J^, 3rf. per pound, SK per bushel, carriage Iree. For forming New
Lawns or Cronuot Grounds throe bushels, or 60 lb., are required per
Aero, or 1 galfon to Six Rods of Ground.
Frcm the Rov. E. J. Goslino, M.A., Cliaplatn to the County Oaot,

New Disiiin lioad, Monmouth.
Nov. 8, 19flO. — " The Lawn Seeds 1 had from you In the sprinc have
fidly tesiiticd to the truth of all that has been said in praise of them,"
From l\. E. Ttcn, E.sri,. 32, BartholOTneto Road North,
Kentim Tovut, London.
August 8, Ififlfl.— " Tho Lawn Grass Seed is excellent ; grows very
quickly Indeed, and produoea beautiful fine Grass, such aa wo never
had before."

Fro7n RoDT. J. Stkomaw, Ksq., Shamhrook, Bedford.

Jan. 13, 1866.—" Tho lawn I laid dowo last spring with your Grass

Seeds answered wonderfully. It looks now as if It had been done

with old Turf. Persons who see it scarcely believe it was obtained by

sowing."

From Mabtin Coi-cdlr, Esq.. M.D., liayton Villa, C'li/toii-oii-Teine,
Ji'orccsler.
Oct. C, 1606.—" On the 10th or 12th of June I sowed the Lawn
Grass Soed, and though the planting was so late, the Lawn now
presents a uniform luxuriant appearance of a beautiful tint, and looks
as thouffh it had boon plantod two years. Of course, attention has
been paid to mowing and rolling."

PRICED LISTS praLis and post free.
SoTTON & Sons, Riiv:i1 Prrkslnro Socd I'stablislinient, Reading.

Very Early Sheep Feed.
UUTTON'S Utl'KOVKl) IIALIAN RYE-GRASS.—
*0 This" lmprovoil"ltali:in Rye-grass Is recommended in prefer-
ence to every other variety, producing three or four heavy crops in
one summer, and being almost if not strictly perennial.

At a Meeting of tliB Royal Agricultural' .Socier.y. on March Ifi, in
a liccture delivered by Alfred Hughes, Esq., late of Thomesa, Isle of
Wight, Mr. Hughes said : —

" I always reserve a portion of Oat land to lay down with Sutton's
Improved Italian Rye-grasa, tHe most reliable plant I have come
across for some years for Ewes and Lambs in the Spring. When 1
tell you that I put it in in the spring, and dressed it after harvest with
guano, and that in the autumn, when my Sheep fed it off, it was
up to their knees, and that 1 fed it off again this spring with Ewes
and Lambs, I think you will agree that this is a crop of very great
value. The Italian Rye-grasa which is sold by Suttom. of Reading,
is a most astonishing vigorous plant ; indeed, I never saw anything to
equal it in thecourso olall my experience."

bDTTON & Sons havo a fine siock of their Improved Italian Rye-
gr»^s, which is a very different and superior article to much that
is sold as Italian Ryegrass.

Present price tis, 6d. per bushel , cheaper in quantities over 5 qra.
Carriage-free in quantities of 8 bushels and upwards.

Quantity required per acre, if sown alone, 3 bushels.
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

/^OCOA-JSUT REFUSE

^^ is becoming scarce, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 23., 10 for
Ifi/)., 2 for 30s., 50 for 66»., 100
for £6.

Fourpence allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A R.ailway Truck-load (not
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Fost-offlce
Order, payable to J. Babsham &
Co., KinKstonon-Thamas, S.W,

T^OSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA, for the Destruction of

L_> Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, &c., on Stove and Green-
house Plants, Fruit Trees, Vines, &c. In bottles, with full instruc-
tions for application, price 3s. G(/., fts., and lOs. Gd.

James Carter & Co. beg leave testate that the present time is most
suitable for applying the above genu-no Specific before the com-
mencement of the growing season, thereby preventing the rapid
increase of the above pests which would otherwise take place. The
mfallible properties of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becoming fully recognised, J. C. & Co. having already sold nearly
2000 b'lttlcs since its first introduction in the spring of 1866.
Numerous testimonials havabeea received, and not a single complamt
of its inefBciency.

Sole Agents, James Carter & Co., 257 and 238. High Holbom, W.C.
*.* The Trade supplied on liberal terms.

Vineries and Orchards.

GREAT VALUE of "APHIS WASH."
"AT ihe first Opportunity Paint the Trees with a

Xi- solution of 'APHIS WASH,' prepared at the City Soap
Works ; It nut fuly destroys the llrown Aphis which Infests Peach
Trees, but also Scale, and avery other pest capable of lodging in the
bark." — Extract Irom Oardener^' Magazine, Januai? 5, 1867.

*' For strengthening the growth and effectually dsstroying all
foims of blight, tho 'AphisWash' supersedes every other prepnra-
tion."— See Ouydcnerfi' Vhroiitcle, AiigUHt 10, 1805; nnd Gurdeiiers'
Magazine, July 1, 1865.

Sold by Chemists and others, in l-i. bottles, and 2s. C(i. a gallon,
with ftill directions for use.

Wholesale at the City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.C.

SOMBRERO GUANO.— This article haa proved itaelf
8U|)orlor to Poruvian Guano, and la 26 por cent, cheaper. For
Grass Laud this Ouano should bo used during February and March.
Solo Agent, W. I'lcRKuaD, 1 1«, Fonchurch Street. London, E.C

'^[^H lii L 0 N D'^^ M a JS U K K COMPANY

J (KsTAni-isiiKD 1840).

Have now rea-ly lor delivery in dry One condition,
CORN MANLIKE, for Mprinn U.ie
DISSOLVED KdNES. for Dro.iHing Paaturo Lauda
SUPERPllosrilATESof LIME
PRKl'AKKD (IIIANO
MANUKI, aiirl POTATO MANURES
Also Gonuino PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Waruhouso; SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISHERY
SALT. &c. IE. PuRSKR, Secrotiiry.

UtBeos, 116, Fonohuroh Street. E.C.

LA W E S • M A N U R E 8. —

The Manures niunufacturod bv J. B. Lawks for tho present
season of 18C7 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
lollowiiig prices, per ton : —
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ «. d.

SUPERPIinspII ATE nf LIME COO

LAWKS' SUPKUPriOSPllATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 5 6 0

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES . , 12 0 0

These Manures cau be obt.vtned of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying according to cost of carriage,

Goiiuiiio Peruvian Guano direct ft-om the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other C:ikes at market price-J.

Address, Ji.un Benkkt Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

To those who have a Garden.

THE BOUTIN MANURE will bt^ found most
Invaluable for Kitchen and Flower Gardens, Conserv.atories, Ac.
It stimulates the healthy action and rapid growth of Plants, and
incieasfs their products. It also (lestroys American Blight, and
KootandLeaflnsects of every description. It has no offensive odour.
Sold in buttles. Is. M.,2s. 9ii., and 4a. 6d. each, with full instructions.
Sold Wholesale in Casks by the Company, 117 & 118, Leadenhall
Street, E.C.

Agents in London:^
Messrs. Hunst & Son, Seedsmen, Sc, 6, Leadenhall Street, E.C.
„ Carter & Co. , Seedsmen, 4c., 237, 238, and 261, High Holborn, W.C.
„ Flannagan & Son, Seedsmen, ic, 98, Cheapside, E.C.
„ Barclay & Son, 05, Fariingdon Street, E.C.
„ Smith & Co., Seedsmen, &c.. Floral Hall, Kingsland, N.E.
„ Dixon & Co., Seedsmen, 48, Moorgate Street, EC.
„ Ponsford k Son, Seedsmen, &c., Loughborough Park, Brixton, S.
,, Butler, McCulloch, & Co., Seedsmen, &c.j Covont Garden, W.C.
Mr. J. Brigden, Seedsman, &c., London Bridge Station, and King

William Street, E.C.
„ B. S. Williams, P.ar,adise Nurscrv, Hlehgato Hill, N.
,, R. Wood, Nurseryman. Ilaverstock Hill, N.W.
„ F. Bax, Corn and ,Seed Merchant, Bishopsgate Street Without, E.C.
„ J. Muhket, Seedsman, &c., 00, High Street, Clapham, S.
„ J. Kernan, Seedsman, &c . 4. Russell Street, Covent Garden. W.C.
ODAMS'.S~NlTR(l rUiisPlIATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NlTRO.pilusril.vTE for ROOTS,
ODAM.S'S DISSCJLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

MAM'FACTCRKD

THE TATENT MTRO-PHnsPHATE OR BLOOD
MANURE COMPANV (Limited).
Cliiof Offices— 100, Fcnchurth Street. London.
Western Cnuutios Br.anch — Queen Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch — 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.

DlRKCTORS,

Chairman — John Clayden, Littlebury, Essex.
Depxtty-Chnirman — John Collina, ArgjU House, Holloway.
Edw,ard Boll, 48, Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abhdt. Herts,
Thoni.aa Knight, Edmonton, Miadksex.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Noilolk,
George Saville, Ingthorne, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Essex.
Charles Dorraan, 23, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomaa Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Managing Director — James Odams,
Bankers — Messrs. Barnetts, Hoania, & Co., Lombard Street.
Sohcilors — Me&srs. Kingsford & Dorman, 23, Es-sex Street, Strand.

Auditor— -J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge,
This Company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz. — " The Tenant Farmers' Manure Coiripany."

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for years under management with Manures of their
own manufacture, Tho consumer, therefore, has tho best guarantee
for the genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Cimpany.

Paiticulars will bo forwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may be had of the Local Agents. ,C. T. Macadau, Secretarj*.

Chief Offices— 100, Fenchurch Street. London, EC.

T

QELECTED SILVER SAND, PEAT SOIL, LOAM,
O SANDSTONE, GARDEN POTS, IMPLEMENTS, VASES,
TAZZAS. and FIGURES, &.C., for SALE in any quantities. By
Railway, Canal, and Ship, to all parts of the United kingdom.
W, SnoRT, iloiticultural DepOt, Reigato, Surrey,

GENUINE TOBACCO PAPER at 10^. per lb.
Terms Cash.
W. DonoBOw, at Messrs. Jackson & S\ ns, 20, Lady Lane, Leeds.

riX) ii AC'CO T*APERy^Oenuine e'xtnTltTnng Tobacco
-L Paper, double the strength of that iLsually supplied, ts sold at
Is per lb. (cheaper in quantities) by Samuel May. 180, Wade Lane,
Lee'l.s. Piice to tho Trade on application.

"pOLL TOBACCO CLOTH.— The cheapeat~and "best
X ii article for Smoking GroL'nhouscsand destroying the Fly ; equal
to Tobacco in -strength. Is. ■Id. per R, ; over 10 lb.. Is. Irf.

JosEPB Barer, 10, Gough Square, Fleet Street, E.C,
Poi^t Office Orders payable Fleet Street.

Fumigate your Greenhouse with

TOBACCO TISSUE.

—Will Destroy all the iLsrcts and not Injure the Plants; is
entirely free from piper or rag, and will burn without blowing.

Price 3s. 6d. per lb, carriage free. To be hai I of Messrs. Roberts
k SoN3, Tobacco Manuficturers, 112, St. John Street, Clerkenweli,
E.C.. and of all Seedsmenand Nursersmen.

/^ 1 S H U H S T

VT COMPOUND.

Used by many of tho leading
Gardeners since 1&59, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green Fly, and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water,,and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Haa outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede It.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes, Is., 3s., and lOs. 6d.

Red

Spider

Msgni.
fled.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY"

(Limited).

YE'S HYACINTH SUPPORTS and GLASSES,

BULB VASES, ice. In groat variety.

Claudlt, ii-vfimoN, k Son, RO, High Holborn, W.C,

Prlco List free on ai>pltcation.

Seed Fans, Garden Pota, Edging Tiles, &c.

MESSRS. BONSEY BROTHERS bc-R to nlfcr to
fienttomon, their Oardonors, and tho Trado, GARDEN
POTS, SEED PAN.S, and EDGING TILES, of all hIzoh, of hard
and duniblo quality and in-iilurato iirl^-o.
AddroKH Messrs. I!(»nu.v HmiTimtH. Hr^x Pntterles, Cliortscy, Surrey,

" Caution to Gardeners.— When you as fltbr ~
QAYNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
O PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you got them.

Ohsorvo tho mark Savnor, also tho corporate mark Ohtaim
WARRANTrn, without which none are Konuine.

S. & C, roiirot having to caution Gardt-ners and othern, but aro
compelled to do so. in consequence of an Imitation, of common
qiinlity, having boon sold for the gonuino ono, and which has cause*!
many complaints to bo made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of whloh are warranted both by Sellers and Makers,

S. k C.'fl Pruning and Budding Knives aro the nest and tha
cheapest in the market.

Paxton Works, Sheffield. EstahllRhod upwards of 12fl years.

TANNED GARDEN NETTING for preservinf? Seed
Beds, Fruits, strawberries, from Frost. Blight, Birds, Ac, and
as a Fence for Fowls, &c. 1 yard wide, Hd. ; 2 yards, 3d. : 3 yards,
iid. ; and 4 yards, f^d. per yard run In any quantity, may bo had ot
CiiAfl. WnionT s, 376. Strand, W C,
VARNISHED FLoWER STICKS :— 1 fo. t, 3d. ; IJ, 4d. ; 2, H't. ;
2i. 7d, ; 3. 10(/. : 4, Is. fid. perdnzon. DAHLIA do., perdozen :— 3ft.,
Is- Gd. ; 4, 2s. 3d. ; 6, .'is, ; 0, 3,s-, 6i/. An allowance to Nurserymen.

Garden Netting

JOHN EDOINGToN and CO. supply TANNED
NHTTINi! fr«r the I'n.toction of Fi'ult Trees, !</,. per squnre yard.
Anv duantiLv. SCUIM CANVAS, &c. ; TULIP COVERS and
GREENHOUSE SHADES. SUN BLINDS, &c, MARQUEES'
TENTS, and FLAGS for FETES. FLOWER SHOWS, ko.

JoiiM EoGiNQTON & Ct»., (Tout MakoFS to the Royal Family), 48,
Long Lane, Smlthflold, E.C. anri 18, Piccadilly, W.

?^'XRDEN~ NETTING (at Reduced Price), for tho
vT Protection of newly-sown Seeds from Frost, Blight, and Birds;
also as a Fence for Poultry, Rnbbits, and Sheep, Id. per square yard,
carriage free, in quantities of 260, 600, or 1000 yards.

SCRIM CANVAS, for Wall Fruit, Greenhouse .Shades, Tulip
CoverV

HAYTHORN'S and WALLER'S NETTINGS, sample of material
free on application.

PERUVIAN GUANO, and every other kind of Artificial Manure
in Stock. Be particular.

Frederice EDGiNOTOif & Co.. Marquce, Tent, Flag, and Rick Cloth
Manufacturers, 00 and 62, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.

A Liberal Discount to the Trade.

ETTING for FRUIT TREES, SEED REDS, RIPE

STRAWBERRIES, Ac— TANNED NETTING for protecting
the above from Frost, Blight, Birds, &c,, 2 yards wide. 3(i. per yard,
or 100 yards, 20s ; 4 yards wide, Gd. per yard, or 50 yards, 20s, NEW
TANNED NETTING, suited for any of the above purposes, or a.q a
Fence for Fowls, 2 yards wide, 6rf. per yard ; 4 yards wide. Is. per
yard ; J-inch meth, 4 yards wide. Is. Gd. per yard. Can be had in
any quantity of

Eaton & Deller, fl and 7. Crooked Lane, London Bridge, E.C.

N

HAW'S TIFFANY.

For BaiQpleB aod prices apply to
J. Shaw & Co.. 29, Oxford Street, Manchester.

EW AKCHANREL CARGO and HEAVY

DUNN.4GE MATS.
R. M. MrTTON, 1, Pnivpnto Dock, Upper Th.^nje3 Street, London.

Asphalte Roofing Felt,

ONE PKNXY ner Square Foot.

CROGGON AND CO., Manufaotukeks,
f03. New Earl Street,) , „„ho,i e r
i 3i. Bread Street. } London, E.C.
69, OEOROE SQ., GLASGOW ; 2, GOREE PIAZZAS, LIVERPOOL.

T" "KEE and PLANT LABELS.— 107000 Cloth Punched
Labels. 3 inches long, for 16s. ; 6 inches long, 26s. Delivered
Crco in London. Samples sent on receipt of l(i. stamp.

JiiHN Fisher k Co., West Road Works, Boston, Llncolnsbire.

F.

A. HAAGE'S WOOD GARDEN STICKS and

TALLIES, commended by the Royal Horticultural Society,
acknowledged to be the neatest, cheapest," and best Training Sticks
and Tallies made.

The above can now be had of alt sizes. Wholesale, of Betham &
BLAtRiTH, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames Street. London, E.C; and
Retail of the principal Seedsmen and Florists.
Price Lists on application.

GARDEN LABELS and FLOWER STICKS.—
PAINTED WOOD LABELS. SJ inch, Gd. : 4} inch, 9'^ ;
6 inch. In. ; 9 inch, 2s. ; 12 inch, 2,s-. 9(^ per 100. 4 inch for suspending.
Is. 6d. : 5 inch. 2s. per 100, cheaper by the 1000,
ZINC LABELS for Pots, Garden, or suspending on Fruit Trees,

Roses, &c., 2s.. 2s. fid., 33., 3s. Qd., and 4s. per 100.
INDELIBLE INK. Od. and l.-;. per bottle.
SOFT HORTICULTURAL WIRE, Is., Is. 3d., Is. 6d., and U 9rf.

per lb. coil, according to size, [grosa

GALVANIZED WIRE PINS for Verbenap, Carnations, Ac, Is. per
FLAT METALLIC PEGS for Verbenas, Caniations, &c , Is. 6d.

per 100. f3s. per gross.

PATENT EYELET WALL NAILS, single 2s. per giosa ; double,
GREEN PAINTED FLOWER STICKS, 1 foot. 2d. ; IJ foot, 3d. ; a

feet, id. ; 2i feet, M. ; 3 feet. Gd. per dozen.
BROWN VARNISHED STICKS, 1 foot, 3(/. ; li foot, 4d. ; 2 feet,6rf. ;

2\ feet, 7rf. ; 3 feet, lOd per dozen.
DAHLIA and ROSE STAKES, square, green painted, 4 feet, 2s, rd. ;

6 feet, 3.f, ; 0 feet, 3n. fifJ. per dozen. [pnce-s.

DAHLIA and ROSE STAKES, browTi, varnished, same sizes and
B. J. EnwARns, 222, Str.and, W.C,, and 25, Bishopsgata Within, E.C.

(^ARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in groat

V_T variety of pnttems and material, the plainer sorts being
especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, aa
they harboiu- no Slugs and Insects, take up little
jj ,j, room, and once put down Incur no further labour
S tJN and expense, aa Ho "grown" Edgings, consa-

jm quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, Ac, in
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. A G. RosRER. Manufacturrrs, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLErS PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Tmde supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Cornaors. Balconies, Ac, ae cheap and durable aa
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of DaiHes, Larders,

Kitchen Ranpiis, Baths, Ac. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of gieat dund)ility, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Dniin Pipes, Slates, Cements. Ac.

To be obtained of F, & O, Rosrer, at their Premises aa above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATK, best quality), at the above
_ rtddrcsses—ll.s.pcr Ton. or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton estra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Whaif.
Quantities of 1 Tons, 1,«. per Ton Ifs.".

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. A G. HosBiB. — Adrlro'sos see f.bove.

N B. Order? promptly executed by Railwny.

262

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AOT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 16, 1867.

Wholesale Catalogue of Nursery Stock.

GEOHUK JACKMAN ajjd SON'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 1866 and Spring 186?, can
be had froe on application, comprising Fruit Trees, Roses, American
riants, Conifers, Clematises, Evergreen and Decidioua Trees and
Shrubs, and transplanted Forest Trees, &c., &c,
Woking Nursery, Surrey.

_ Choice Seeds.

T\7"M. CUTBTJSH and SON strongly recommend the

' » following :—

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATE , of the finest possible strain,

Red, Wbite, or Mixed, 2s. Gd., 3s,, and bs. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very fine, 2s. 6d,,

3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet.
CINERARIA, from -aamed flowers, 2s. 6^., 3s. ed.jjind 5s. perpacket.
SNOWS WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C. & Son's own

saving, 2s. fid. per packet.
NTJNEHAM PARK ONION, 2s. Gd. per paoket.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free.
Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

dirysanthemums.BCiirysantlieniums,
CHrysauthemums.

ADAM FORSYTH'S CATALOUUE is now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For-
warded to all applicants for one stamp.

Brunswick Nursery, Stoke Newington, London, N.

100,000 Camellias without Flower Buds.

JOSEPH BAUMANN, Nurseryman, Ghent,
Belgium, begs to offer for Sale —
100 CAMELLIAS, best sorts. £4 | 100 CAMELLIAS, best sorts, £5
100 CAMELLIAS, best soits, £6.
They will have flower buds in August.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

Choice Californian Seed-To Gentlemen Planting.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have just received fresli
SEEDS of the undermentioned hardy CALIFORNIAN
CONIFERS in fine condition. This is a fine opportunity to procure
the Seeds of choice Conifers at reasonable rates. Prices on applica-
tion;—WELLINUTONIA GIGANTEA, fine seed j PINUS BEN-
THAMIANA, CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, PINUS INSIGNIS.
andPICEAGRANDlS.

%* Price to the Trade on application.
^_^_^__ 237 and 238, Higb Holborp, London, W.C.

Lllium auratum. Golden-rayed Lily of Japan.

JAiyrES CARTER and CO. have just received splendid
BULBS of the abovo, in flner condition than any imported for
some tmie, and snid to contain many highly-coloured varietits. This
incomparable Lily has for some time been very scarce, but we can
now offer floe Flowering Bulbs, true to name, at the following prices :
— 1st size, 3s. Gd. ; 2d, 2s, Gd. ; extra strong large Bulbs, 1st size, 7s, Gd.;
2d, 5s. ; a few of the ftneat, very large and strong, 10s, Qd. each.
Price to the Trade on application.
James Carter & Co., Seed Merchants and Nurserymen, 237 and
238, High Holborn. London. W.C.

Superb Double HollyhoclEs.

WILLIAM CHATER begs to remind the admirers of
this beautiful Flower that now is the best tune for planting
it out, to ent-ure flne Spikes and Blooms this season,

DESCBIPTrVE CATALOGUE, with instructions for its cultiva-
tion, also Prices of Plants per doz., 100, or 1000 may bo had on
application.

Seedlings from best named Varieties, 4s. per doz., or from 20s. to
30s. per 100.

Bloomed Seedlings with colours named, very fine, Cs, per doz, ; or
fi'om 30s. to 40s. per 100

Seed saved fi'om the finest named Varieties, very choice mixed, Ss.
and 2s, Gd. per packet.

In Collections of 12 separate named Varieties, extra fine, 10s.
Six Varieties extra. 5s,

Twelve Named Varieiiea, all good show flowers, 7s, Gd.

Six Named Varieties, all good show flowers, 4s.
William CnATEit, Nurseries. Saffron Walden.

MGUENOT, Seedsman, 6, Quai Lcpcllctier, Paris.
• (Established 1780.)

SPECIAL FRENCH COLLECTIONS.
CHINA ASTERS. Tniffaut's varieties, 20 splendid varieties, 10 francs;

10 splendid varieties, 5 francs.
CEILLETS DE FANTASIE (PICOTEES. &c,}, 3 varieties, 3 francs.
CEILLETS DE FLAMAND (CARNATIONS. Ac), 3 francs per pkt
Extra Double CAMELLIA BALSAMS, collection of 20 varieties,

5 francs; 10 varieties, 2i francs.
Speciality for GLADIOLUS, The General andDescrlptive Catalogue

of Gladioli, as well as that of Seeds, Plants, and Bulbs, will be

forwarded on applicition,
ARGENTEUIL ASPARAGUS, true and improved variety, very

large and very early, 2-yT. old plants, extra fine, 6 francs per 100.
CHINESE YAMS, very flne roots, 3 francs per kilogramme.
Mixed Collection of GRASS SEEDS for Lawns and Meadows,

1} franc per kilogramme (211b. nearly); or 100 kilogrammes

(220i!b.), 140 francs. '^

SCOTT'S CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS

• Post Free. Per pkt.— s. d.

Si'OCKS.— Imported Dwarf German 10-week, 24 vars 10

,, Newest larf^c flowering German 10-week, 18 vars 10

„ New Tree, or Giant, Genuan, lO-week, C vars 10

ASTERS.— Now Globe Quilled Gei-man, 24 vars. . , . .Gd. and 1 0

,, Reid's Improve' 1 Quilled German, 12 vars 10

„ Ti'uffaut'3Fr6nchPeony-fiowerednewestFerfection,24vars. 1 0

,, Chrysanthemum-flowered, dwarf. 12 vars 10

,, Cockade, or Crown-flowered, 12 vars 10

„ French Giant Emperor, 12 vars 10

,. New Victoria, 8 vars. 10

„ Original Chine.'ie. 0 vars , .. 1 o

BALSAM,— Dwarf, double, a superb strain .. . . l5. and 2 6

HEARTSEASR.— Choicest English andfancy mixed .. .,10

PHLOX DRUMMONDII.— Very splendid, 12 vars 1 o

,. ,. Most brilliant scarlet .. .,10

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA— Aniostsuperbstrain;

cannot be surpassed, 8 vars. Is. Gd. and 2 6

ZINNIA ELEGANS, FL.-PLENO.— Extra fine. 8 vars., Gd. and 1 0
For CollectioD of any of the above sorts, see Catalogue.

SWEET PEAS.— Invincible Scarlet 10

VIOLA CORNUT A.— Mar.ve or Purple Queen, each .. ..10

MAIZE, JAPANESE.— New striped-leaved 10

TAGETES SIGNATA. orange Gd. and 1 0

For a Select List of other Flower Seeds, Vegetable and Farm
Seeds, &c., see CATALOGUE post free on application to
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset,

FLOWERING PLANTS of AUCUBA JAPONICA VERA MASCULA.

MESSES. JAMES VEITCH & SONS

HAVING NOW COJnNG INTO FULL FLOWER A QUANTITY OF

MALE PLANTS OF THE TRUE GREEN AUCUBA JAPONICA,

BAISED FROM SEED IMPOBTED DIRECT FROM JAPAN,

beg to offer them at the followiBg low prices : —

First Size, 7s. 6d, each. | Second Size, 5s. each.

Each Plant has a fine spike of Bloom, and will impregnate a great number of Female Plants.
^g" The usual Siacmmt to the Trade, with One Plant over when Six are taken.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.

GENUINE FARM SEEDS.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THEIR

CATALOGUE OF AGRICULTURAL SEEDS FOR 1867

is now Published, and will be forwarded Free on application.

Special attention is devoted to the preparation of GRASS SEED MIXTURES to suit all Soils and situations.

These Mixtures cannot be surpassed in quality.

TURNIP, MANGEL 'WURZEL, and other SEEDS from the most carefully gi-own and best selected stocks.

1^ Where large quantities are required, J. V. and SONS will hare much pleasure in quoting special prices.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.

wm/um

GRASS SEEDS,
AGRICTJLTURAL SEEDS,

^ ( COENEB ^ ^^ STBEET.'^

Trade Mark.
KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS,
FLOWER SEEDS.

Catalogues forwarded post free to any address on application.

SPECIAL OFFER OF FARM SEEDS

THE LONDON SEED COMPANY,

68, WELBEGK STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

SKIRVING'S SWEDE TURNIP
WHITE, GREEN, and RED GLOBE
SCOTCH PURPLE and GREEN-TOP

LONG RED MANGEL ,

YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL ..

RED GLOBE MANGEL

FISHER HOBBS'S ORANGE GLOBE
WHITE BELGIAN CARROT ..
YELLOW BELGIAN CARROT..
ITALIAN RYE-GRASS
PERENNIAL RYE-GRASS ..

Bushel.

£1 U 0
1 11 0
1 10 0

Cwt.
2 U
10
14
10
15
0

Half Bushel.

£0 16 0
0 16 0
0 16 0

Half Cwt.

Peck.

£0 8 6

0 8 6

0 9 0

Quarter Cwt.

0 1.5 0

0 15 0

0 15 0

1 0 0
1 2 6
I 10 0

Gallon.

£0 4
0 4
0

14 Ih
0 8
0 8
0 8
0 10
0 12
0 17

4 6

MIXED GRASSES, for PERMANENT PASTURE

6s, per bushel, or 38s. per quarter.
55. „ 38s. „

12s. ,, 90s. „

This Company was formed by the purchase of the Business of one of the Oldest Established Firms in the
Kingdom, of more than Eighty Years' standing.

COPIES of the FARM CURRENT will be foi-warded Postage Free to any Address, as the Company desire that
their terms and mode of business should be extensively known.

I^" Samples of all kinds of Seeds can be had on application, to prove their growth, 4'c.

SEEDS FOR EXPORTATION.

Seeds packed in cases for exportation. Great attention is paid to this department of the business. The Seeds
are placed in air-tight cases, and will reach their destination with their growing qualities unimpaired.
For CATALOGUES and PRICE CURRENTS apply to
LONDON SEED COMPANY, 68, WELBECK STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

Mabch 10, 18fi7.1

THE GARDENERS' CHROXTCLE ANT) AGRTCULTTIRAL GAZETTE.

263

LII, lUM AHRATDM. -

hnno ConslRnmonl just, loooivotl, Z«. Or(., 3«. (Id., fij. »d.. nnti
7«. M. per Rooi. Kxira Jingo noloiitorl Iliilbs, 10... M., 12». Od., 16».,

""BAiin * SooDBH, Sood, Bvitb, and Plant MeroUant", 12, King Streot,
Cnvont Oardou. W.C.

rTc OLOIl PELARGONIUMS.

T

Mrs. Pollnck, 7«. (intl Ofl. per doz. I Sunset, 2U. per doz.
Uftlla UnlLu. 21*. per do7,. I Mrs. Bonyou, '2ts. per doz.

lu strong plftiilH lit tho ftbovo prlcos for Ca-sh, package Included.
Romlttanoo roqiilrod from miknown Corroapondents.

Address, Alfukd Fuver, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cainbridgeshtre.

JANSIES" foi- SPRlNli BLOOMING.

A lafRO stnok of flnost Mixed PANSl ES, very strong planta, 15s. per 100.
AOBRIETIA PUUi'URKA. for spring bloominR, 3*. per doz.
PHLOX VKKNA, fur siiriiic blooming, 'is. por doz.

William Dkan, IJradlord Nursery. Shipley. Yorksblre.

NEW BKPDING PLANT: IRESINE HERRSTIT
AUREO-RETICULATA,— PlanU of the above distinct and
heauttful variety (wlilch ohtalnod a First-class Certificate at South
KensUipton Jast wook) 2j(. G-l. oaob, !«». por dozen, with usual
discount to tlie Trade.

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA SEED of good growing quality.
Price on applioatlon,

Tuo.M*8 Ckiits. The Nurseries, Tupbridgo Wells, Kent.

Brltlsli Fern Catalo^e.

ROBERT SIM om now send, poet free for six poBtage
Btnmpfl, Part I, (Urttiah Kerns and their varieties, 30 paROB,
tncUulliiK piicus of Hardy Exotic FernB) of his NEW an<( PRICEF)
DESCRlPl'lVK CATALOCJUE of nRITlS!! and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray N\irsorv, S.I-'., a mile from Sidcup Station of Now
Nortli Kent, LiiK- uf «..nMi Knsleru Rjiilway^

RTCHARDNMirirS SKI'JI^^CATALOGUEoontainaa
Cftlendiir of Time for Sowinc, particulars of Collections, with
Prices, Itireotions for CrnpptnE well and oconomiciiMy. Soil, Blanure,
Depth, Distance, Soa:^on, HarUinGss. Duration, Form, Height,
Colour, StorinK, Use, Flavoiu-. and other qualities, doaoribed.

This List Froo by Post" or one stamp. Seeds direct ftom the
Groovers the siiront way to success.

RicitAnn Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

TTTreNCH ASTERSr— TRUFrXUT'S REINE

i MAKC51TER1TE, direct fiom tho Continent. Reine JlarKiierite
is tho moat beautiful AKter grown ; 600 seeds, U. TRUFFAUT'S
DWARF PRONY-FLOWERINO, mixed colours, 600 seeds. Is. Also,
DWARF TEN-WEEK STOCKS, extra double; 500 seeds, M.
Choice Double BALSAMS, 6rf. per packet. All genuine Imported
Seeds. Mr. Hammond, Bidwin Streot, Salisbury^

TLOCKHART, Florist and Seedsman, Walham
• Green. Fulhani, S.W., begs to offer collections of larce-
flowered GERMAN STOCKS, In 12 varieties, and CHRYSANTHE-
MUM ASTERS, In 12 varieties, at 28. 6d. each ; also 24 varieties of
the most showy hardy ANNUALS, at 3s. per dozen ; Choice CAL-
CEOLARIA. Is. and Bs. 6-*. per picket ; and the BLACK PRINCE
WALLFLOWER, U. and 2s. Gd. per packet.

Post-office orders requested, payable at Walham Green. Postage
stamps taken in payment.

UCUBA.S, FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUjis7&c.

A

0 Varieties AtJCUBAy. 3 Male, .3 Female, for 21s.
12 Select NF.W FUCHSIAS of ISiai for 6s.
12 Select NEW ZONAL OERANIOMS of 1666 for 6s.

6 Select DOUBLE MIMULUS for 3,1.
12 Select CHRYSANTHF.MUMS of 1866 for 45.
12 Varieties JAPAN KUONYMUS. very fine, 65.
12 fine Vurietiei DWARF PERPETUAL ROSES. 65.

3 Varieties NEW JAP.\N OSMANTHUS. quite hardy. 5s,
NEW WHITE LOBELIA MISS MURPHY, 4s. per dozen.
B. W. KsiGHT. Nurseryman. Battle. Sussex.

N

EW IVY-LEAVED PELARGONIUMS.

L'ELEGANTE.— Leaves green, margined with creamy-white; flowers

white. Iftf. Cxi. each; six plant-s, £3.
DERBYSHIRE HERO (Zonal).— Bright cerise.
STAFFORD GEM (Zonal).— Orange-aoailet.
SCARLET CHRISTINE (Plain-le.ived).— Bright cerise, shaded with

purple.
ROSE MAGENTA (Nosegay).— Fine habit, goodbedder.
5.1. each, set of four for IFm.
The above to be sent out after April 20.
DE.SCRIPT1VE PRICED CIRCULARS to theTmde on application.
See Oankners' Oltronkte, p. 234, March 2.
W. CcNNiNGUAM, Tho Forgo Nurserlcs, Burton-on-Trent.

New and Choice Flower Seeas.

KhKI^: IIY PtJMT 1)11 Raii,.

QCTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of
i^ FLOWER SEEDS are aoiit IVeo by Post or Rail. Prlcen
as under : —
No. I Collection of the best EngllMh and German variotlea,

with InntmctlonB on oultWation * ,? I,

No. 2 Cnllootlou of ditto ditto .. .. Ill «

N". :i (^olloctlon of ditto ditto . . . . 1 J "

Nu. ■JCulleotlonof ditto ditto ,. .. 0\& 0

No. 5Collootionof ditto ditto .. .. 0 10 0

Small and useful Collections can also be had from 2«. to 7fl. m-,

*^ForVHrtlculars of the above, see SUTTON'S DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE, gratis and post free on application.

HuTTON tt Sons. Seed Growers. Reading.

T

0

THE

T R AD E .

rOLYSTICnUM niRSUTUM, good plants, Os.pdozon.
SCOLOPENDHIUM MARGINATUM, good plants, 0». per dozen.

INCISUM, good plants, Os. per dozen.
ATIIYRIUM F.-F. MULTICEPS. good plants. Os. per dozen.
LA8TREA F.-M AS CRISPA, good planta, 9s. per dozen.
CYRTOMIUM FALCATUM, good plants, (I*, per dozen.

,. CARYi >T1 DEUM. good plants, 6s. par dozen.

COTONEASTKR SIMMONSII, .is. to fl.v. per dozen.

At W. lI.ipwiioD ti Son, .Teraoy Gardens, Cheltenham.

Rhododendrons.
TOHN "CATERER'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

O of HARDY SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS is now
piibllRhod, and will bo torwardod on application.' It faithfully describes
the colours of the new varieties exhibited bv him at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Rogont's Park. An Abridgod List of popular
CONIFERS .with hoiKhts and prices, is likewise combined.

The Amenain Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey, near Sunningdale Station,
South-Woatern Railway.

American Plants, &c.

WATERER AND GODFREY'S PRICED ami
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS
and rtber American Plants for thi.s Autumn, will be sent on
application. The Catalogue also gives a summary of their General
Nursery Stock, probably the most extensive in tbe kingdom.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

Zonal, Nosegay, and Tricolor Geraniums for
Bedding and Pot Culture.

JELCOMBE AND SON, Nuh.shuymen, Seedsmen,
• and Florists, beg to offer the following in strong and healthy
Plants:- NEW ZONAL and NOSEGAY GERANIUMS of lfi66,
including La Gnmd, Rebecca, Wiltshire Lass, SirR. Peel, Chieftain,
&o., 9s. per dozen -, Mrs. Pollock, Os. and 9s. per dozen ; Sunset,
9s. and 12s. per dozen No charee for packing. Terms cash.
Nursery and Seed Establishment, Romsey, Hants.

GERANIUMS, "^GERANIUMS, GERANIUMS. —
Amy Hogg, Black Dwarf, Chancellor, Cloth of Gold, Donald
Beaton, Indian Yellow, Le Grand. Miss Parfltt, Mrs. Mllford, Mrs.
Wm. Paul, Mrs. Pidlock, Paul I'AbbO, Roi dltalte, Hose Randatler,
Ti'iomphe de Gergoviat, double, Victor Emmanuel, Virgo Maria,
Wiltshire Lass— In all 18 good plants for 12s., hamper and package
included. May be had at

J C. Padman's, Nurseryman, Boston Spa, Yorkshire.
SPRING CATALOGUE, now ready, and may be had on application.
1000 DAHLIAS in Pot Roots, cheap.

Notice.

THE SIX finest TRICOLOR and VARIEGATED
GERANIUMS extant, for Bedding or Pot Culture, are

ITALIA UNITA I MRS. MAXWELL HATTON

SUNSET VARIEGATED LITTLE DAVID

BICOLOR SPLENDENS | MRS. LONGFIELD

The above, one of each, good plants, for 10s.
Twelve of tho finest ZONAL and NOSEGAY GERANIUMS of
1866, in 12 sorts, distinct, for lOs.

Post Oflilce Orders on Castle Hedingham.
Wm. DiLLisTuNt:, Munro Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

QUPERB VARIEGATED GERANIUMS.

BICOLOR SPLENDENS i ITALIA UNITA

MRS. LONGFIELD MRS. BENTON

LUNA MRS. POLLOCK

GOLD PHEASANT YELLOW BELT

GLOWWORM CLARA

LITTLE PET I PICTURATUM

One each of above, IS.-:.

BEAUTY of OULTON I BEAUTY of GUESTWICK

LIGHT and SHADOW GENERAL LONGSTREET

BOPHIA CUSACK | SOPHIA DUMARESQUE

One each, 42s., package included.

Remittance requested from unknown Correspondents.

Ca3hi>> & .Son, Gravel Walk Nuisery, Peterborough.

The New English Hybrid Perpetual Rosea and
Zonal Geraniums

ROBERT WARD, Ritist-r of the celebrated Rose John
Hopper, boas to announce that his SEEDLING ROSES. MRS
WARD. MRS. .rOIIN BKRNERS. nnd IPSWICH GEM will be
sent out in the Spring- Also GROnM'S ZONAL GERANIUMS
MISS MARTIN, SIR FITZROY KELLY, and FLORIBUNDUM
ALBUM NANUM. The sot of Roses, 21s. ; the sot of Goraniuiii-s,
ln«, O'i.. package included.

See " .Totirual of Horticulture," .Tune 20 and .Tuly 31 ; also " Floral
Magazine" for .September, October, and the present month, in
which they are figured.

A DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULAR will be sent on application.

Beautiful Illustrations, by Andrews, each 13 stamps,

RoBBRT W^np, The Rosery, Ipswich.

Rhododendron pontlcum for Woods and Plantations.

MESSRS. JAMES VEITCH and SONS having a
large quantity of very good bushy well-rooted RHODODEN-
DRON PONTlCUM, suitable for Planting in Woods and Covers,
beg to offer them at the following prices : —
9 to 15 inches, bushy, 16s. per 100 | 18 to 24 inches, bushy. 30s. per 100
15 to 18 inches ., 21s. per 100 | 24 to 30 ins., very fine. 60s. per 100
Also a splendid lot of HYBRID RHODODENDRONS, raised
from the finest named kinds: —

6 to 10 ins.. 26s. to 30s. per 100 I 18 to 24 ins., 100s. to 150s. per 100
10 to 15 ins.. 40s. to 50s. per 100 24 to 30 ins., very fine, 18s. to 24s.
15 to 18 ins., 75s. to I00«. per 100 | per dozen

Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea, S.W.

GRAND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION
at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with tho
SHOW of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 15, 1807, and four following Days.
Amongst various Special Prizes, amounting in value to nearly
£300, and oxclusivi of the ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20,
'will be offered by the Proprietors of tho
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for the best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to he made up as follows : —
Of FRUITS, any Five of the following Eight kinds, one Dish of
each :~Grapes, Melons (2 fruits), Strawberries. Gooseberries. Cur-
rants, Cherries, RHspberries, or Apples (of the crop of 186H|.

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of the following Fourteen kinds,
ono basket "r bundle of each ; — Peas. French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners), Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace), .Summer
Cabb.iges, Early Carrots, Turnips, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rhubarb, Potatos, or Mixed Saladlng.

This Cup will be open to Competiti"n amongst Amateur or Pro-
lessional Gardeners, of all grades, with Fi-uifc and Vegetables of Ikeir
own gfoicino ; any article otherwise obtained will disqualify the
exbibltor.

Efit (»larlrener!S'€ftrotttcle.

SATURDAY, MARCH W, 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK,
Monday, March 18— Entomological; .. ^, ., .. ..7 p.m.

/ Uoyal Horticultural (First Spring Show),

I at South Kensington 2 P.M.

ToESBW. — 19,; Royal Horticultural (Fruitand Floral Com-

i mittees), lit South Kensington .. ..11a.m.

V Ditto 'Scientilic Discussion^ 3p.m.

TnoRBnAY. — 21— Linncan 8pm.

.Satorday, — 23— Itoyal Botanic (First Spring Show) .. 2p.m.

The ravages committed by Ship-worms on
wooden marine structures of various kinds,
especially on the piles of jetties and piers, are
unhappily matters of notoriety. A proposition
was made in 1860 by the British Association for
the Advancement of Science, to our Government,
for permission to make a series of experiments
with a view to find some remedy against these
destructive animals, but though it was at first
favourably received by the Port Admiral, Sir
Thomas Pasley, it was ultimately refused. It
is scarcely conceivable on what grounds the
refusal rested, as at Plymouth and Devonport
alone, the damage in a single year amounted to
no less than 8()()0/. We can only ascribe it to
the sad indifference which has often been shown
to subjects of natural history by our public men,
an indifference which has fi'equently led to very
serious difficulties. Our Dutch neighbours
have shown a wiser choice in this matter, and
we have now before us in the ' ' Annales des
Sciences Naturelles," published in Nov. 1866
(vol. vi.. Series 5), a report of the labours of tho
Commission which was instituted in the winter
of ISJH, to investigate the natural history of
the ship-worm, aud to suggest, if possible, some
remedy.

As regards the nature and habits of the

difToroiit species of ship-worm, we must refer to
tho pajior in quoBtion, or to Mr. OKOltaB
JKFFKEVa' third volume of his " British C'on-
chology," where an immense mass of information
will bo found. It must suffice here to state that
the previous details as to the free motions of tho
fry in the waters of our harbours arc fully
confirmed, and it is placed beyond doubt that tha
process by which they bore into tho wood is
simply mechanical. It is not, however, wood
alone which is subject to their ravages, for their
close ally Xylophaga has been found burrowing
into tho tarred hemp coating of the Mediterra-
nean eloctic telegraph cable.

Ship-worms are not equally active every year.
In certain seasons their ravages are far greater
than in others. In Holland it has been found
that tho conditions favourable to their increase
are a deficient rainfall and depression of th6
surface of the inner waters, with a consequent
greater proportion of saline constituents.

The investigations with respect to the dia-
covoiy of some remedial measures wero directecj
to three points ; first to e.xternal applications or
treatment of the surface only ; secondly to impreg-
nation of tho wood with various chemical sub-
stances ; and thirdly the substitution of exotic
kinds of wood for those of our own quarter of the
globe.

The exact composition of some of the substances
employed under the first head was not known, as
they wore trade-secrets, but they all equally
failed with those whose nature is patent to every
one, as paraffin, coal tar, paints of various kinds,
including those of a poisonous nature, or finally
external combustion. Even the practice of
studding the whole surface as far as practicable
with broad-headed nails, a very expensive one,
was found to be ineffectual, as the minute fry
established themselves in the interstices, and so
penetrated into the heart of the wood, taking, it
may be observed, the course of the grain as soon
as practicable, JPiles were found with a coat of
rust more than a third of an inch in thickness,
which nevertheless were pierced with ship -worm.
A complete coating of metal was found to be a
perfect security so long only as it remained
uninjured, but no sooner was the surface broken
than the piles wore subject to injury. A coating
of barnacles, or certain moUusca, should they
chance to gain possession before the ship-worms,
has often been found to be a natural but efficient
protection.

Tho substances injected into the wood were
sulphate of copper, gieon vitriol, acetate of lead,
water glass, and chloride of calcium, coal tar, and
creosote. The ship-worms do not seem to be
very easily affected by poisons, and the
mechanical action by which the wood is per-
forated, presents tho fragments in such minute
particles that they are easily ejected, and indeed
probably never enter the stomach at all, while
the solubility of the salts soon renders the degree
of impregnation comparatively weak and
harmless. The only substance which seemed
to be really preservative was creosote, and this in
exact proportion to the degree in which it had been
incorporated with the substance of the wood,
aud the purity of the liquid.

As rogiird.s tho third point, the number of
experiments is at present insufficient ; but as
some of the hardest kinds of exotic wood were
not exempt, there is not much hope that any
efficient remedy will be found in this direction.
As the soft wood of our resinous trees, as for
instance the Larch, imbibes the creosote more
perfectly than some of our harder woods, their
emplojnnent for piles and other structures is
especially indicated. M. J. B,

In order to obviate possible misunderstanding

of a phrase in the account of the Dalechampia given
by us last week, we have to state that Mr. Bull is the
sole possessor of the stock, no other horticulturist, con-
tinental or otherwise, having the plant for disposal.
Possibly in the future, the pink colour of the bracts
might bo heightened. Il would be worth while to try
to do this, and to effect if possible, reciprocal crosses
between this plant, and the Poinsettia, or Euphorbia
jacquiniflora. There ought to be no great difficulty in
the matter, and the result might b excellent.

At a recent meeting of the Soci^t^^Centrale et

Imperiale d'Horticulture de rrance, M, Gaudais, of
Nice, exhibited a very curious Hybrid Mallow, the
produce of fertilising Hibiscus Moscheutos wit.li the
pollen of Malvavisous arlioreus (Achuuia Malvaviscus).
The hybrid was obtained three years ago, but it has
only this year produced its flowers. It has the habit and
foliiige of tbe mother plant, like which it loses its
leaves annually. Its flower is white at the base, as in
Hibiscus Moscheutos, but it is doable, aud the male
parent has imparted to it some of its own nch vei-

264

THE GAEDENERS' CHROMCLE AND /GPxICULTURAL G'ZETTE.

[Maech 16, 1807.

mihoQ tints. H. Moscheutos haa solitary axillary
flowers ; the hybrid has both terminal and axillary
blossoms, the latter forming a kind of umbel at the end
of each flower stalk. It remains for a long time in
flower, but its leaves are slowly and gradually shed at
the approach of winter, those of the male plant being
persistent during that season, while the female plant
sheds it« leaves at the beginning of that period.
Other intermediate characters are cited, but the
most singular circumstance appears to us to be the
formation at once of double flowers as the result of a
cross between two single flowers belonging to different
genera. ^ No details are given in the Journal of
the Society as to whether the flower was com-
pletely double, or whether there were suflicient
stamens and pistils left unchanged to insure fertilisa^
tion. It would be very desirable to ascertain, if
possible, what sort of seed-vessel would be produced,
that of Hibiscus being dry and capsular, that of Malva-
Tiscus succulent and berry-like. Equally desirable
would it be to trace the characters of the seedlings
derived from the hybrid. It is to be feared, however,
that neither seed-vessel nor seedlings will be pro-
duced.

■ • At an early meeting of the Linnean Society

there will, we believe, be exhibited some fruits of a
Htbeid Palm grown at Hyferes by M. Denis, and
communicated to Br. Hookeb by M. Naudin. The
plant in question has been obtained by fertilising
Chamserops humilis var. arborescens with the pollen
of the Date Palm, Pbcenix dactylifera ! The leaves are
described as like those of the male parent, as also are
the small orange-coloured ovate. Date-like fruits. The
seed, however, occupies nearly the whole of the interior
of the fruit, is rounded or ovate in form, not grooved
as in the Date, and the embryo, instead of being in the
centre, is at one end of the bard albumen.

In a recent number of the Mevtie BorticoU'

M. Delchetalekie, one of the officials at La Muette,
gives an account of a method of Boot Grafting,
which he, following a practice often employed in the
United States in the case of trees, has adopted with
success in various stove plants, especially in such as
aredifllcultto raise from cuttings. For the stock he
takes a small portion ofthe younger growing part of the
root, and on it grafts a scion of the same species. He
mentions, as having been grafted in this manner, Cofiea
arabica, Nauclea undulata, Strychnos colubrina, Aralia
trifoliata, leptophylla, and crassifolia, and the Rose
known as " Rose du Roi." Care must be taken that
the graft be not too long exposed to the air, and that
the roots be perfectly healthy. The mode of grafting
adopted depends upon the diameter of the scion and
stock, and other considerations which will readily
suggest themselves to the practical gardener. By
adopting with due precautions this method, plants may
be obtained within a very short time at any season,
while cuttings of the same species often take a year or
more to root, and even then the majority perish.

- — In reference to the Hehmaphhodite Aucuea
recently exhibited by Mr. Standish, M. Lemaike
mentions in the January number of L' Illustration
Borticole, that ho had already in a former issue of
that work (May, 180e) recorded an example of the
same kind, which had been obtained in the early part
of 1866, by M. Naecisse Gattjaed, a zealous nursery-
man of Ghent. In this case the hermaphrodite plant
bad been obtained from a seed of the ordinary female
Aucuba, and had developed a luxuriant panicle of
flowers, which were all hermaphrodite. It is not,
however, stated whether this plant perfected any
fruits. Mr. Standish's experience with his Skimmia
oblata, formerly hermaphrodite and self-fertilising, but
subsequently requiring artificial fecundation, rather
militates against the permanent hermaphroditism of
these Aucubas, though we mzy hope the results will
prove otherwise. The matter is of so much interest,
that we shall be glad to hear how Mr. Standish's
plant is progressing as regards the maturation of fruit.

Dr. Eegel describes in the Gartevjlora a new

Adiantum Ghonewegianum, received from M.
Gkonewegen, of Amsterdam, as A. venustum, from
which he states it is quitedifferent, approaching nearest
to A. affine, the A. setulosum of many gardens. It is
distinguished, he says, by having thick hairs on the
footstalk and on both surfaces of the pinnules, by
producing only one pair of pinnae, and bv the pinnules
being unequally and sharply serrated. It is said to be
a pretty small decorative Pern for the hothouse.

Though the culture of Teekesteial Oechids

(Erdorchideen) and similar subjects, can be carried on,
under certain conditions, with perfect success, it often
fails through giving them a light peat soil mixed with
moss. Dr. Regel finds them to succeed best when
planted m open turfy loam without admixture of
any other earth. The difi^erent kinds of Bletia,
Sobraha, Disa, Stenorhynchus, Calanthe, Ac., he
observes, do well with this treatment. Bletia
hyacinthma, and its varieties Gebina and albo-striata,
pretty sprmg-blooming plants for the greenhouse or
forcing house, are particularly recommended for this
mode of culture.

The Dundee Horticultural Society contemplate

holdmg a Grand pr nnAL Fete in honour of the visit
to Dundee, during llie present year, of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science. The
Show, which is to be held in the Baxter Park, and is to
commence on the 1th and close on the Sth of
September, is open for competition to the United
Kingdom. The prize schedule may be had on appli-
cation to the Secretary, Mr. McKelvie.

"We are requested to state, in reference to the

Schedules of the Buet Show, issued by the Royal
Horticultural Sociely, that the note to the effect that
' Money will be paid in most cases in lieu of Cups, if

preferred " which occurs on p. 4, at the foot of th¥list
of Special Prizes in some of the copies first sent out,
was inserted by en-or.

New Plants.

PHAJUS lEEOEATUa (Sy}.).
Sepalis extus minutisslme puberulia petalisque pauIo latioribus
oblongia apiculatis, labello rotundo, irua b.aal columnar
adnato, antice crenulato cri.qpulo, plicia duabus liiailientibus
quasi trilobo, carinia tribua obacuria ante baain labelli,
columnas trigouo subclavata, calcari pilosulo compresao
filifermi, apico retuao bilobo, ovario pedicellato tertia
breviori.

This is one of the beautiful evidences of Mr.
Dominy's unrivalled talent in hybridising Orchids in
Messrs. Veitch's Royal Exotic Nursery. According
to the nomenclature of AViegmann it must be called
Phajus vestito-Tankervillisc, being an offspring of the
so-called Calanthe vestita. Wall. (Phajus vestitus,
nobis) and Phajus Tankervillire, R. Br. The creamy-
white flowers are intermediate between its parents as
regards their expansion. Both sepals and petals have
a rosy hue over the limb, and there is a pale yellow hue
over the disk of the lip. The sepals and petals are
oblong lanceolate, apiculate, with very prominent

median nerves. The lip is nearly circular. There are
three obscure keels on the base. The anterior part is
somewhat crisp, and there are two folds in lieu of the
lobes of Phajus vestitus. The spur is somewhat com-
pressed and bilobed at the apex, hairy, as is also the
stalked ovary. The column is club-shaped, trigonous,
white, yellow inside at the base. S. O. Echb.f.

in habit, with pyriform pseudobulbs, supporting each
one ligulate leaf, and an arching spike of about half-a-
dozen amethyst-purple flowers, the lip of which is
closely rolled in at the base, white in the centre, and
edged with deep amethyst. Supposed to be from
Mexico. Cultivated by the late Mrs. Lawrence, and
subsequently by R. "Warner, Esq.

Oncidiusi CHEYSOTHTEStTS. — Warner's Select
Orchid. PL, 2 ser., t. 5. Orchidacese. A very hand.some
newspecies with oblong, compressed, two-leaved pseudo-
bulbs, and a branched panicle, .3 feet high, bearing
very numerous flowers, of which the sepals and petals
are small, greenish, spotted with brown, and the lip is
large, and of a clear yellow colour. Its golden thyr.soid
inflorescence is hence very effective. Native of S. Pedro,
in South Brazil. Flowered by R. "Warner, Esq.

Pear, Betjeeb Claiegeau.— J'^orw* and Pomol.,
vi., 45. A very handsome Pear, which for the dessert
has few rivals, being in size one of the largest, in colour
one of the brightest, in form one of the most graceful,
and in quality, in certain situations, one of the most
excellent sorts grown. The tree is fertile: and the
season of maturity in the fruitextends from November
till January, so that it is invaluable for keeping up a
supply. [See M. De Jonghe's letter in another column.]

Pelaegonidm (inquinans) Gloiee de Nancy.
—La Belg. Sort., 1866, t. 18. Geraniaceje. The finest
of the double-flowered scarlet Pelargoniums yet made
known. It is of vigorous growth, has soft, hairy, plain
green leaves, and the flowers, which form a truss of
considerable size, are individually full double, and of a
deep crimson scarlet colour. The flower-trusses resemble
the heads of a double scarlet Lychnis. Raised by M.
Lemoine, of Nancy.

Pleboma saementosa. — Bot. Mag., t. 5629. Melas-
tomacese. A beautiful greenhouse shrub, with sar-
mentose branches, shortly stalked ovate or ovate oblong
acute leaves, and trichotomous panicles of large deep
violet flowers, two and a half inches in diameter, con-
sisting of fine broad obovate cuneate petals. Native of
the cool valleys of Peru. Flowered by Isaac Anderson
Henry, Esq.

SlPHOCAMPYLUS HUMBOLDTIANUS.— 5l)<. Mag.,

t. 5631. LobeliaccK. An elegant warm greenhouse
plant, known in gardens as S. fulgens. It has pubescent
stems and branches, ovate-lanceolate leaves, and
axillary pedicels supporting each a drooping decurved
bright scarlet flower, of which the tube is nearly
2 inches long, and the limb consists of five triangular-
lanceolate segments spread out like a star. Native of
Peru. Flowered by Mr. Bull.

Ulmus campesteis adeea.— i(j Belg. Sort., 1866,
t. 19. Ulmacese. A hardy deciduous tree, of a very
ornamental character, the leaves, which are strongly
toothed, being of a deep golden yellow, here and there

j breaking into grc n, or bronze, and very constant.

I Cultivated by M. Ros.seels under the name of Ulmus
antarctica.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

COTONEASTEE FoNT.VNESIT.— Jfpii. Sort., 1867, 33.
Ro.=acere. A handsome shrub, forming a roundish
bushj with numerous branches, and oval elliptic leaves,
whicii are greyish-green above, and silky below. The
flowers are numerous, smiiil, whitish, in small
glomerules, and are succeeded by spherical fruit of a
coral-red colour, to which the plant owes its beauty.
French gardens.

Dahlia FLAiiBEAr.— J'/oraZ Afa<)'.,t.326. Compositfe.
A handsome novelty, with the flower-heads deep chrome
yellow, tipped with bright red^ described as being a
constant variety, and effective either for the garden or
for exhibition. Flowered by Mr. Turner.

Dendeobium litdifloeum. — Warner'.^ Select
Orchid.'Pl., 2 ser., t. 3. Orchidace^e. A fine species,
remarkable for its trumpet-shaped lip. The stems are
slender, pendulous, the leaves oblong lanceolate, the
flowers 4 or 5 inches across, rosy lilac, the lip convolute,
white edged with rose, and having a deep violet eye.
Native of India.

Geiffinia Blttmenavi.a.— JJ<?ti. Sort., 1867, 32.
Amaryllidacese. A pretty little bulbous plant, with
small ovoid bulbs, few ovate-elliptic leaves, and a scape,
6 or 8 inches high, supporting an umbel of white flowers,
of which the upper segments have a broad central
stripe of delicate rose-colour. Native of Brazil, whence
it was introduced by Dr. Blumenau. Sent out by
MM. Haage k Schmidt.

Hemeeocallis Middendoepii. — Oartenfiora, '
t. 522. Liliacea;. A hardy perennial, known also as
H. Dumortieri, and H. Sieboldii. In habit it resembles
H. fulva, having long carinate leaves, nearly an inch
broad; the golden yellow flowers, brighter than in the
other species, and growing three or four together
in a compact head, have the nerves of the inner
segments ramose. Native of Siberia, extending to the
Amoor and Japan. Flowered in the St. Petersburg
garden. Dr. Regel recommends it for the margins of
lakes or streams of water.

Jasminum officinale aueeo-vaeiegatum.—
Floral Mag., t. 327. Jasminacese. A variety of the
common Jasmine, with the leaves handsomely blotched
and variegated with golden yellow, the flowers being
white, exactly as in the normal state of the plant.
A seedling raised by Messrs. E. P. Francis & C!o., of
Hertford.

L.ELIA CEISPILABIA. — Warner's Select Orchid. PI.,
2 ser., t. 6. Orchidacea^. This pretty and distinct
plant has been grown under the garden name of
Lajlia Lawrenoeana. ] t is rather slender and elegant

LETTERS FROM PARIS.— No. II.

Floeal Decoeations at the Hotel de Ville.

Tou can grow good plants in England without
doubt — nobody denies that merit to English gardeners,
but now-a-days, when the taste for having plants
indoors isbecoming so prevalent, it is not enough to have
good specimens ; we should know also how to arrange
them tastefully. That in England conservatories are
occasionally well arranged is as much as we can say,
for the absence of the itlants that are indispensable to
good arrangement, is too prevalent to permit of that
being at all general. And as for indoor decorations in
London or elsewhere in Britain— well, of course some
nurserymen who " furnish " extensively, can and do
arrange plants nicely for balls, ka. ; but it is rare
to see anything really well done in that line, while
the way plants are arranged at the Linnean and Royal
Societies and other important places, on special
occasions, is almost sufficient to prevent people tolerat-
ing plants indoors at all. As compared to the plant
decorations of the last ball of the season at the Hotel da
Tille, anything I have seen in the British Isles was very
poor indeed. And observe, the plants were not better
than may be seen in England in good gardens. The
difference was caused by exceedingly tasteful, and I
may add, peculiar arrangement. Yes, it was by far the
prettiest and most graceful combination I have ever
seen produced with plants under a roof. And why ? —
because all the beauty which the plants were capable
of producing was tastefully disposed, and the very
artificial and very awkward conditions which generally
surround pot plants were not even suggested.

Entering the Salle St. Jean, the eye was immediately
attracted by a charming display of vegetation at one
end; while on the right and immediately in front of
and around a large mirrored recess was a very tasteful
and telling display made as follows : — In front of the
large and high mirror stretched forth a bank of Moss,
common Moss underneath, and the surface nicely
formed of fresh green Lycopodium denticulatum, the
whole being dotted over with the variously-tinted
Chinese Primulas— a bank of these plants in fact, high
enough in its back parts to be reflected in the mirror
with the taller plants which surrounded it, gradually
falling to the floor, and gradually merging into the
groups of larger plants on either side of the bank, the
whole being enclosed by a low gilt wooden trellis- work
margin. Then the groups at each side contrasted most
beautifully with this. (Jreen predominated, but there
was a sufliciency of flower, while beauty of form was
fully developed. In the centre and back parts of these
groups were tall specimens of the common Sug.ar-cane
(Saccharum ofBcinarum) which hdd their long and
boldly arching leaves well over the group, and these
were supported by Palms, which threw their graceful
lines over the specimen Camellias, these being in their
turn graced here and there by the presence of aDracajna
or Dwarf Palm, and so down to the front edge, where

Maech 16, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS' CIIEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

265

Cinerarias, forced bulbs, I'rimuliis, and Firns Iniishcd
oirthe groups, all very closely plawd, sotliat ncillierUie
lower part of the stems, nor a iiarticlc of any of the pots,
could be seen, any interstices that happened to remain
between the bases of the plants being compactly
filled with fresh sreen Moss, which was also pressed
against tlio little gilt trellis-work which enclosed the
\vhoIe, so that from the uppermost point of the Cane
leaves to the floor, nothing was seen but fresh green
leaves and graceful forms, oushroudini,' the ordinary
flowers of our greenhouses, which are uilinitely more
attractive when thus set in the verdure of which Nature
is so profuse, and which is always so abundant where
her vegetable beauties are at their highest.

A scene such as this explains tue prevalence of
these graceful and noble-leaved plants in Paris
gardens and in Parisian flower-shops and windows, for
you may frequently see graceful little Dracaenas orna-
menting windows here, and as they look as well at
Christmas as at midsummer, I need hardly suggest how"
highly suited they are for purposes of this kind. The
number of Dracaenas cultivated in and around Paris
is something enormous, and among the newer species of
these— I do not allude to the coloured-leaved kinds-
are some that combine grace with dignity, as no other
plants combine them. They are useful for the centres
of noble groups of plants in their larger forms, and the
smaller species may be advantageously associated with
the jiaidcu-hair Fern and the Cinerarias on the front
of the conservatory bench. They arc of the greatest
utility in these decorations, and are largely used in all
parts. So are most kinds of line-leaved plants, from
Phormium to Picus. In my last letter it was stated
that they cultivated 10 species of Ficus at Passy— that
was a misprint for 100, and I said lOU to be safely
within the mark, for there are nearly a dozen more
species, or supposed species, in the collection than that
number. Therefore with such materials they have but
little trouble to find plants for this kind of embeUish-
ment. The wide staircase ascending from this salle
had also a charming array of plants so placed that
the visitors seemed to pass through a sort of floral
grove— fine leaved plants archingoverbut not rising very
nigh, and having a profusion of flowering things among
and beneath them. As the bank of Primulas and the
groups of tall plants were placed oppo.nte this staircase
and reflected in the great n.irror behind, the efleet
when descending the staircase was fascinating indeed,
A still more noble effect was produced in a salle uear
the great dancing saloon, and through which the
invites passed to the magnificent ball-room. Against
each pillar in this saloon was placed a tall Palm with
high and arching leaves as in Seaforthia elegans, and
others with longer leaves and pendulous leaflets.
These meeting, or almost meeting across, produced a
very graceful and imposing efleet, while around them
were arranged other plants distinguished either by
beauty of leaf or flower, and the groups at each pillar
connected by single rows of dwarf plants, closely placed
however, and well mossed in, as in the case of the more
important groups. The very close placing of the plants
is the peculiar part of the arrangement— you cannot
notice any dividing marks or gaps, j'et there was no
awkward crowding. The fact is that with an abundance
of plants distinguished by beauty of form, it is almost
impossible to make a mistake in arrangement.

Trellises covered with artificial Ivy, and dotted here
and there with artificial flowers, were a useful aid in
these decorations ; placed behind the groups of plants
and on the walls near them, their effect was very good,
and of course these Ivy-covered trellises were carried
far above the plants — to the top of the walls in fact.
So you see they do not spare a little artificial aid,
although so well fortified with a supjily of fine plants.
I saw other evidences of this at La Muette — another
name for the establishment described in my last. A
lot of respectable-looking evergreens of pyramidal
outline were thrown aside. On closer examination
they proved to be composed of boughs cut in a healthy
plantation of evergreens, and then tastefully disposed
and tied firmly on a strong stake or small pole, which
was plunged in a pot filled with a sort of rough and
ready mortar, which soon hardened round the stake
and kept it perfectly firm. These were employed
durin" the coldest weather, and doubtless it was
thought better to act thus, than to expose valuable
shrubs to risk of loss from gas and other evil influences.
The fine-foliaged things gener,ally. Palms, Ficuses,
and such things, are as remarkable for bearing a great
deal of removal, and for not suffering much from the
drj'ing atmosphere of rooms, as for their grace and
verdure. The Camellias were also more fully embel-
lished with flowers by the aid of a little management.
Of course there were plants in plenty in full bloom at
Passy which were not required at the Hotel de Ville,
and from these, numbers of blooms were taken off with-
out any stem, thus saving the buds immediately below
the bloom, while the flowers werebronght into Paris in
shallow boxes, a slender wire slipped through the base
of each, turned down a little on the other side, and
then pulled back, the flower being then seated upon a
couple of leaves on or near the apex of a shoot on one
of the plants already in position, and fixed by a twist of
the wire. In this way a great number of blooms were
added for the night without touching a wood-bud of
the specimens upon which they grew.

Undoubtedly the great want of British gardens at
present is a far greater proportion of fine-leaved and
graceful plants. With them it is astonishing how
much more may be made of flowering plants. We
have so long sought after "perfection" of blooming
qualities— after masses of bloom, that frequently a show
house may be seen with nothing but bloom, in which
the culture and the training are so " superior " that
leaves have almost totally disappeared. AVe have seen
how highly the beauty of such finely-grown and
brilliant specimens is increased when associated with
subjects of graceful habit and form at some of our

recent exhibitions ; wc have seen how much those fall
Tree Ferns and fine-leaved plants, sent from the
Crystal Palace and elsewhere, tended to embellish tlie
liikrnalional Exhibition, but the gardener in ajirivalo
place, who h;us, of course, full control over his materials,
lias oiiportunitics of making combinations superior to
most that have yet been made at a flower show, though
on a small scale ; and doubtless when ho knows fully
the glial advantages of such plants, from Dracx'nas to
the hardier I'alms — knows how useful they are at all
seasons lor the embellishment of the house or the
conservatory, how many of them may be utilised in
the llouer-garden in suinnier, from whence they may
bo taken back again, cleaned and refreshed by the
summer rains, to ornament the conservatory when the
flower-garden ofl'ers no attractions, and how easy they
are of culture, and how they keep in good condition for
almost any length of time, ho will cultivate them largely.
Doubtless we shall then see a great improvement in
the aspect of English conservatories, now so generally
well supplied with flowering plants. At present in
numerous cases, even in jilaces distiiignislicrl for good
gardening, the conservatory is tim oltcii liUed with
very ordinary and graceless vegetation. /C. li.

carefully si'Ii' llliijilicbcst c-v.Ty yrar, a< lliity arc apt to
runout. W'li. utile sci;(l is ripe kci-p birds' from it ; a
good plan is to jnill the stems u|i by the roots as soon
as the first heads are ready, and to place them in a
greenhouse to 'cotton' or ripen jircvious to rubbing
it out. This of course ajijilies to both Cos and
Cabbage Lettuce seed. J. M. M.

SALADS, AND HOW TO GROW THEM.

Cabbage Lettuces. — In my last I promised to give
some instructions regarding the culture of Cabbage
Lettuces, which are not only useful but ornamental,
especially when planted on the margins of beds, such as
those of Onions or of other autumn crops. They have \
also a pretty appearance on nice borders,. Of this kind
of Lettuce there are many varieties, the best of wdiich
are Neapolitan, the Hammersmith Hardy Green, and
the London Market. There are, moreover. Brown
Dutch Cabbage, Silesian, Drumhead or JIalta,
Victoria, Tcnnisball, and many others, and last and
least, but not in quality, Wheeler's Tom Thumb,
which is a very useful variety for gentlemen's gardens.

Cabbage Lettuces are not generallyso highly esteemed
as their taller brethren of the Cos section ; but they are,
nevertheless, very valuable additions to the class of
esculents to which they belong, and in some hard
winters, when the Cos kinds have been cut off, these
bushy little plants have been found to weather the
storm, and to have received but little injury
from the ordeal through which they have passed ; for
owing to the plants growing close to the ground they '
are often protected by snow.

The best time to sow for the main crop is about the
second or third week in August, but this must depend
upon the nature of the seed bed. On very poor land
they may be sown earlier, say, the last week in July
or first in August ; but the produce of this sowing is
not to be depended upon, because if the weather in
autumn should be mild and of a growing character,
they will get too forward and run to seed. As a suc-
cession to the main crop sow again in the end of the
last week in August. If it is intended toarow them
through the following spring, sow in the s^ond week
in October in frames, as previously direcwd for Cos
Lettuces. Those sown in July will he ready to plant in
about three weeks from the time they are sown, and
mil be fit for use in the autumn. They must be planted
in good open ground in rows a foot apart, and 9 inches
asunder in the row. See that they do not sufl'er from
want of water, and use the hoe freely among them, to
keep down weeds, which are usually very abundant
towards autumn. ]

The main sowing should be planted out, as soon as [
the plants are large enough to handle, in rows G inches
apart each way, on ground that has been well manured,
and deeply dug. The character of the soil is not of
much importance, provided it is tolerably well drained.
I have known Lettuces to do well on strong tenacious
clay soil, when in the same season the winter has killed
'those on lighter land. If kept free from weeds, and ■
' properly cared for they will make good Lettuces for
Christmas, as well as for the first tour months of the
year, by which time the Hardy White Cos, spoken of ,
in my last, would be ready for eating. We may thus
have, as I before said, Lettuces all the year round.

In order to get Cabbage Lettuces in winter of a
superior quality, I would recommend the most forward
[ilants of those sown in the middle of August to be
planted on a sloping bed, facing the south or south-
east, made about a foot above the ordinary level of the
ground. This will keep them well drained. They
should stand about 9 inches apart, in order that air
may circulate freely among them. On the first
appearance of early frosts place boxes and lights over
them, and do not let the glass be more than 6 inches
from them, but open the lights on all occasions when
there is no rain or frost. This will keep them dry,
which is what they require. In frosty weather the
frames must be well protected with litter. These will
be found very useful when others in the open ground
cannot be easily obtained, and of course, owing to the
extra care bestowed upon them, they will be found to
be very superior to such as h.ave received less attention,
their leaves being much more tender and of larger size.

The best sort to sow in frames for spring planting is
Wheeler's Tom Thumb. Plant it out in March
6 inches apart. It is very compact in growth, and
stands a long time without running to seed. I have
seen the hearts of this v,ariety become as hard as a
leathern ball, and to keep in that condition for weeks;
indeed it is diflicult to obtain seed from this kind afi
all. There are some good soft-le.aved varieties useful
for summer growth, but I do not think they are worth
growing when Cos Lettuces do so well. I do not con-
sider brown Cabbage Lettuces worth cultivation ; some
of them are, however, ornamental, while others are
large in size, and on that account are cherished by
some as a matter of fancy.

My advice to all who would grow good Lettuces is
this : having obtained a good sort, to save their own seed,

NEGLECTED PLANTS.
TnE LucuLiA.

(Conctmlcd/ram puftc 2.'J7.)

While the plants are breaking and forming now
shoots preparatory to Spotting, let us see what kind of
soil or compost is the most suitable, and here, looking
to nature, we should most likely select something rich
in vegetable deposit. This, however, is wrong, and is
the rock upon which more Luculia plants have been
wrecked than any other. The finest .soil is rich tough
turfy loam, and rather hard turfy peat intermixed with
sand, charcoal, and half-inch bones. The turf and peat
should be broken into ])icces about the size of walnuts,
and after that the finest of the soil should be taken
away through a fine sieve; and the charcoal should
be broken to the size of horse Beans. Then take
the following proportions :— Turfy loam, 1 peck;
turfy peat, i peck : silver sand, 1 pint ; charcoal, 1 pint ;
I)one-dust, i pint. Mix the whole intimately together,
and if dry and warm it is fit for immediate use. In a
fortnight from the time of stopping, each branch will
have broken, say four shoots, and these wiU be from
half an inch to one inch long, and the plants in
a fit state for shifting. If the plants are ia
1-inch pots prepare some perfectly clean 6-inch
ones by draining them thoroughly with potsherds;
then take the plants, and, turning them out of their
pots, examine the roots closel.v^ removing drainage and
any inert soil, but not disturbing the roots too much ;
then transfer them to the new pots in the compost
specified above, and make it as firm as you can without
resorting to fhe ramming system to compress it. The
}dants may then be returned to the most moist and
shady part of the stove or forcing-house, be shaded for
a few days, if necessary, until they make fresh root, and
then be exposed to full light. The Luculia, however,
under artificial treatment does not like an excessive
glare of sunlight, as the leaves quickly burn and
become yellow, therefore, it is necessary to use during
bright sunshine, a .slight shade, such as tiffany or
Nottingham lace. If to be had, a bottom-heat of
80° to 90' to plunge the plants in will be found an
additional stimulant ; and if with this, water is
cautiously applied and a moist atmosphere maintained,
with a free circulation of air, free growth is certain.
As the plants progress tie out the young shoolxs, and
depress the leading ones, so as to give the secondary
branches a fair share of the sap. When in free growth,
and the first leaves have assumed full proportioiLs,
weak liquid manure may be given alternately with
clean water, but care must be taken not to overwater
at any time, or the leaves will turn yellow and fall off.

The Luculia is rather subject to insect enemies,
such as thrip and red spider ; and the mealy bug is
particularly fond of the flower trusses. Keep a
watchful eye, and use the usual remedies, tobacco
fumes or water for thrips, sulphur for red spider,
and catching and killing for mealy bug and scale.
Watchfulness and a healthy atmosphere are the great
checks against insects, and if the syringe is freely used,
there will rarely be much to fear from them.

When the young plaiits have progressed so far as to
have formed six full-sized leaves upon each shoot, it
will be time to stop them, so as to induce another
increase of branches. For a week before stopping the
shoots, which must all be beheaded at the same time
down to the three pair of leaves, it will be well to
decrease the supplj; of water, and the supply should
also be limited until such time as the young shoots
begin to present themselves. The object in keeping
the plant rather dry after stopping the shoots is to
allow the sap to accumulate and start all the buds at
the same time, whereas if the excitement was kept up,
the chances are that the two leading buds upon each
shoot would start and the others remain dormant. As
the buds swell, increase the supply of water and syringe
freely. The bottom-heat should also be kept to
83° or 90'.

When the young shoots are fully formed, say an
inch or so long, it will be time to think of shifting the
plants into larger pots. If the directions of this
article are followed out early, the chances are that
the plants will be ready_ for their second shift by the
end of March or beginning of April, and if the growth
is strong and the plants well rooted, they may be
removed into pots 13 inches in diameter; but if not,
what are called 11-inch pots will be sufficiently large.

In shifting be very particular in ])roviding drainage.
The same kind of soil must be used, but this time a few
larger pieces of charcoal, the size of a walnut, may be
intermixed with the soil, and there will be no harm in
throwing a srnall handful of half-inch bones among and
over the drainage. Compress the soil firmly, give a
little tepid water, and replunge the plant in the stove.
Water at the roots must be cautiously given until the
plants get into free grovrth, but they may be dewed
over twice or thrice a day with a fine syringe, espe-
cially if the weather is bright and sunny ; and vyhen
the plants get into free vigorous growth an occasional
soaking of w*eak manure water made from Standen's
manure, will be a material assistance.

Now, as the blooming of the Luculia, like that of
the Hydrangea, depends upon the proper maturation
of the wood, it will be necessary to bring the growth
into a state of comparative rest, so that by the end of
July it will be sufliciently matured to warrant the
]dauts being placed in the open air on a west aspect,
where the wood will mature completely. In such a
situation some of the leaves will turn comparatively

266

THE GAEDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 16, 1867.

yellow, but if the plants do not suffer from the want of
water these will soon recover when they are returned to
the conserv.atory or greenhouse. While the plants are
in the open air care must he taken not to expose them
to drenching rains. If early bloom is wanted the
temperature of 55° will be necessary, but in the ordi-
nary greenhouse or conservatory the plants will come
into bloom from January to March.

This brings the plants to the end of their first season
of blooming. If stock is wanted, cut out the flower
trusses and the extreme points of any shoots that have
not bloomed, place the plants in a temperature of from
55" to 60^, and in a fortnight or three weeks you will have
upon the point of each branch a lot of shoots about
two inches long. Then prepare some propagating
pots in the usual manner, covering the surface of each
with an inch or so of silver sand ; take off each cutting
with a "heel" of the old wood: insert firmly in the
sand, water with tepid water, cover with a bell-glass,
and plunge in a bottom heat of 80' to 90°, shade from
the sun, and dry the glass daily. The Luculia is a slow
rooting plant, but, with good healthy cuttings and a
nice moist bottom heat, they should be rooted and
fully potted off in two months. In potting the young
plants off, use the greatest care, and nurse them ten-
derly until they start into fresh growth, when they
may be grown on as before described.

When suflicieut cuttings have been procured the old
plants mu.st be pruned boldly back, and when they
nave broken plenty of shoots reduce the ball and pot
into fresh soil, using precisely the same treatment as to
temperature as in the preceding year. In the second
year, plants that will produce 30 heads of bloom may be
readily grown, and such plants, blooming from
November to March, are something fit to look at.
Observe the same rules as to ripening and setting the
bloom in July and August. Without this precaution
plants grown in heat will not bloom at all, and hence
the reason why so many fail to flower the plant in a
satisfactory manner.

In growing the Luculia in the open border of the
conservatory or greenhouse, perfect drainage must
be secured, and the same compost must be used.
Plants in the conservatory, unless it is kept very warm,
must not be stopped in the young growth, hut after
blooming the shoots must be cut boldly back before
they are started for the second season's growth. To
the plants thus situated manure water must be liberally
administered during the growing season, and if
every spring the surface is removed and replaced by
fresh compost without injuring the young roots it will
be well.

L. Pinciana is equally sweet, but it does not bloom
quite so freely as the original species, neither is it quite
so good a grower. An, Old Subscriber, Midland
Counties.

EOTAL GARDENS, KEW.

[The following is a condensed abstract from Dr.
Hooker's Report on the progress and condition of the
Royal Gardens, Kew, during the year 186G. Eds.]

The year 18(iC commenced with a Larger mimber of visitors
than any previous one, amounting during the first quarter to
18,000 persons more than during the same period in 1865.
Owing, however, to the bad weather of April, June, July, and
September, there was so scanty an attendance during these
months, that the tot.al number during the year fell 14 000
short of 1865. During each of the other eight months the
attendance was much above that of the corresponding ones of
the previous year. The following is the number of visitors in
the year 1806-488,765.

On being appointed to the directorship I was instructed to
carry out various changes in the staff and .administration of
the Royal Gardens at Kew, which came into full operation at
the commencement of the present financial year.

The principal of these were, the abohtion of the cur.atorship
of the pleasure grounds, and the eonsoUdation of its duties
with those of the curatorship of the Botanic Gardens, and
the providing a staff of foremen who should be responsible
under the Cur,ator, not only (as hitherto) for the keep of plants
in their ch.arge, but for their good oultiv.ation, and the
improving of their several departments in every way, so that
the Instruction.al, Scientific, and Ornamental objects of the
whole establishment should be advanced by their efforts, as
well as by those of their superiors. At the same time the
Museums, Libr,ary, and Herb.aria were placed under the
immediate control of the Keeper of the Library and
Herbarium [Professor Oliver], whose dep.artment was charged I
with the naming of the whole collections in the Giirdens and
Museums, and a scientific assistant was added to this
department.

l\irther, a storekeeper was appointed ; also a foreman for the
nurseries, arboretum, &c., in the Pleasure Grounds. The
wages of the young gardeners and labourers were r.aised, and
a small increase given to four of the best labourers, who act as
overseers to detached g.angs, and are responsible for their
activity.

Hitherto the above changes have worked well ; the eon-
soUdation of the Pleasure Grounds and Botanic Gardens has
saved much labour, expense, and confusion ; it has en.abled
both to be much better served, and many improvements to
be made, without the extra grants hitherto called for A
very great many of the plants have been accurately named
and conspicuou-sly ticketed.

Ordinary iroi-is.— Borders have been made round the stoves
and plant houses, box-edged, and filled with tender rare
shrubs, &c., which being tr.imed against the w.alls improve
their appearance. Beds of Ranunculuses, Tulips, Anemones
and Gladiolus have been made, and preparations for sprin"
gardening during the ensumg season. °

In the P.alm house the whole collection has been re-an\anged
and m gi-eat p.art named. Avenues have been opened dowii
the wings, and many floweiang plants introduced on the
shelves. I regret to add, that owing to defects in the heating
apparatus now employed in this building, many most mteiest-
ing tropical plants (as the Mango. Cocoa-nut, Chocolate, Bread
fruit, i^c.) can no longer be cultivated in it.

The tropical Pern and Aroid houses are in the finest condi-
tion ; but the Tree-ferns are so crowded that the pubhc cannot
see them. Were the present small Tree-fern house to be con-
nected with tho other Fern house, which is close by, ample
space would be gained, and the whole would present ama-yni-
ficent appearance. °

The celebrated collection of succulent plants has been con-
siderably increased, and is in very good condition in all
respects.

The Orchids have received the Curator's special attention.

and .are greatly improved ; the collection has been doubled by
correspondence, chiefly with the East and West Indies ; it is
still, however, far below wh.at these gardens should possess,
in extent and in the size of the plants.

The Hardy Herbaceous Plants, to which much importance
is attached by students, iic., and by means of which many
hardy ornamental plants should be introduced into this
country, is in a very unsatisfactory state, A new foreman has
lately been appointed to this department, and the whole is in
process of rean-angement, in a foi-m that will enable them to
be better cultivated and inspected.

The collections of Stove Plants have been well cultivated,
.and the stock of duplicates for exchange largely increased,

A smiill house devoted hast year to Economic Plants has
proved very successful .and atti-active ; it is, however, much
too small, both for its purpose and for the convenience of the
public, so that in another year it will probably require
enlargement.

The Temperate House for Winter Garden) has been placed
under a new foreman, whose first duty has been to rearr.ange
most of the large specimens planted in the ground ; this is
because when originally put in the earth, four or five years
ago, their rjites of growth were nut knovm. This operation
has been conducted with ability and success, .and the four rows
of Arauearias, half-hardy Palms, Tree Ferns, Dracajnas,
Dammaras, Gum Trees, &e., planted down the grand centre,
have a magnificent effect, whether from the walks or gallery.
The collections of Japan and colonial plants on the shelves,
destined by my predecessor for the wings, are in excellent
condition, and I ventm-e to hope th.at the completion of this
grand structure, by f.ar the finest in Europe, wiU not be long
delayed. By devoting one of the contemplated wings to the
pLants of our Northern colonies and possessions, and the other
to those of the Southern, and arranging the plants in them by
countries, a succession of views of the vegetation of these
regions would be produced, that would be equally insti'uctivc
to the public, and gratifying to the colonist on his visiting
England,

The Arboretum and Nurseries in the pleasure grounds have
also been placed under a new foreman, and the latter are now
being put into thorough order.

Very much remains to be done to the trees and plantations
over nearly 300 acres of the pleasure grounds. The trees,
chiefly Beeches, Elms, and Oaks, which had been neglected
for nearly half a century previous to my predecessor's taking
office, are dymg annually by hundreds, and the ground (sharp
sand and gravel) is so full of fungused roots that everything
planted near them of late has dwindled or died. Of the once
beautiful Cedar gi-ove at the Pagoda only four trees remain.
The new plantations made by my predecessor by the river are
flourishing, but require thinning, and the good trees to be
supplied with better soil. To accomplish all that is required
in the pleasure grounds, .and lay out the ground properly, will
require a large outlay of time and money, and 1 would propose
that a sum be annually .applied to this purpose, and the work
be proceeded with systematically.

New Works dKrinfj the Year. — A good mess-room has been
built for the Labourers, who have hitherto congregated in the
stoke-holes and other unwholesome and unsuitable places for
their meals. The neeess.ary rules respecting its use were at
first grumbled at, but are now unanimously approved.

A gravelled w.alk, 030 y.ards long, 12 feet wide, has been
made from the Lion to the Unicom Gates, par.allel to the Rich-
mond Road, B,(Vnother, from the Temperate House steps to the
Richmond Road, 160 yards long by 25 feet wide. The sheds
and builder's lumber have been removed from opposite tho
Temper<ate House, and a gravelled path, 400 yards long by
12 feet wide, c;irried round the ten-aces, which also have been
turfed and gravelled, A. new walk, 500 yards long by 12 feet
broad, has been made from the Brentford Ferry Gate to the
m.ain w.alk in the Botanic Gardens, the ground cleared and
levelled on both sides, the old shrubs removed from the haw-
haw bounding the Palace Gardens, .and the fine lawns in its
proximity impi-oved and brought into view from the walk.

The celebrated old Arboretum in the Botanic Garden has
been cleared of its dying and dead trees, preparatory to
trenching the ground and replanting it.

In the P.alaco grounds tho worn-out shrubberies within view
of the garden walks have been removed, as have various old
trees that were injuring the buildings or hindering the deve-
lopment of better trees,

IForis in Progress.— The most important is the enlargement
of the yard for coke, soil, &c,, &c., which was greatly needed,
and which enables us to improve the walks .about the lake by
the Museum No. 1, and its banks, which are being w.a.shed
aw.ay ; also to make a place for the water-fowl and for planting
deciduous Cypresses and other trees of which there are no
specimens in the gardens.

Museums.— Ihtve has been no change of importance in this
department.

Herbarium and Lihrarij. — In my last year's report, I dwelt
at length on this department, the donations to which had
been unprecedented in extent and value, amounting to nearly
100,000 specimens. During this year the ofiicers have been
actively employed in arranging tliese, in preparing to distri-
bute the duplicates, and in naming garden plants, Mr,
J. G, Baker, .an accomplished botanist, has been appointed as
first assistant in the Herbarium, About 12,000 specimens
have been added to the Herbarium during the jircsent year
from various sources,

Bistribuiions. — When clearing out the old nurseries and
plantations m the pleasm-e grounds, means were taken to turn
the surplus stock to account; and the same was done with
regard to the "bedding-out plants " when they were lifted in
•autumn. The following distributions have been made :^

Aldershot camp, shrubs and trees 7,705

Other barracks and public places 5,10.5

Bedding-out plants to Aldershot 12,000

Bedding-out plants to London poor 3,800

Miscellaneous living plants distributed to correspon-
dents in exchange, &c. 2,598

Total 31,208

Ward's eases, chiefly of trees, &c,, sent to the

Colonies, &c 29

Packets of seeds 1,603

Jos. D. Hooker, Director.

Home Correspondence.

nival Si/stems of O-rape Q-roioing. — It is very
certain that neither hard words nor flne words
will prop an argument, be it right or wrong.
And as we have had no thunder and lightning during
the last fortnight, I think that the electricity of my
friend Mr, Miller must have been exhausted by
the hurricane from Gopsall Hall (see p, 182). Mr,
Miller remarks that according to my theory his Yines
that produced those splendid Grapes he carried on a
pole, must be dyingnow. Well, iftheyarenotaotually
(lying, they are, according to Mr, M,'s own words,
fast declining, for what does he say ?— that last January
he carried into Berkshire six bunches, weighing 30 lb, ;
and two years before he carried to the Royal Horti-
cultural Society the same number of bunches weighing

36 lb, I conclude, therefore, that the Vines have
reached the top of the house, and have seen their best
days, for the loss of -J lb, from a bunch of Grapes each
season is something considerable; if they go on diminish-
ing at this rate they will soon become inferior to those
at Hampton Court. Will Mr, M. be good enough
to inform the readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle
whether these Vines were more than five years old at
the time he cut the heaviest bunches he speaks of.
If this question is not satisfactorily answered, I must
conclude that the finest bunches were grown under
the system I recommend— that of extension, and the
smaller ones under the restrictive treatment. If so,
Mr. Miller has yet to learn the cause of those fine
bunches. Mr. M. appears to think I have little faith
in my system. If Mr, M. were to follow the extending
system, combined with his other admirable treatment,
he would produce grand results. Again, he seems to
have great doubts whether Vines grown on the extend-
ing system would stand hard forcing at all. My
answer to this is, decidedly yes, and even better than
those grown on the opposite principle, for I contend
that where Grapes are ripened in the month of May
and June, the Vines receive better and more con-
genial treatment in this country than when the crop
is ripened in September. At any rate, we are accus-
tomed to see the finest fruit exhibited at the mid-
summer shows, and it is fair to conclude that the
largest and finest fruit being produced at this period,
the Vines must be in the most perfect health ; this-
perfect state of health being produced by the most
natural and congenial treatment. I know this to be quite
contrary to the notions of many blue aprons, hut is it
wrong or right ? One word more. Many thanks to
Mr. Ingram for his geological observation, but if the
gravelly or poor peaty hungry soil of Windsor Forest
and Chobham; Common are so beneficial to Vines,
that these fine examples have been producing ton,«
weight of good Grapes every season, have we not during
the last 20 years been making our Vine borders of the
wrong kind of soil ? Our Government has foreseen
the advantage of cultivating the Quinine plant in India,
and reducing the enormous price of that valuable
remedial agent for the benefit of the human race. And
if this system of extension pruning, as applied to the
Vine, were fully understood, we should have five
times the quantity of Grapes that is now pro-
duced by the old system. Would this not be con-
ferring a blessing equally great, on the many poor
creatures daily dying amongst us of consumption?

S. Cannell, Fuchsia Nursertj, Woolwich. The

innumerable treatises and metliods that have lately
been promulgated about Vine growing, make it an
almost hopeless task to advance anything new on the
subject, unless it happens that some daring cultivator
like Mr. Cannell startles gardeners with his 100^. gratis
hint. There has perhaps been no plant so much
experimented upon as the Vine, from Speeohley's
time, when carrion of all kinds was buried in the
borders, to our own times when more congenial
mixtures are used by good cultivators. AU good
Grape growers know how well Vines prosper in
shallow, well-drained borders ; and by yearly adding
to their wants as the Vines increase in size and age,
and by judicious pruning they may be kept in a first-
rate bearing state for a lengthened series of years, even
when there is a Vine to every rafter. In short, a pot
containing a peck or two of earth, with a young
healthy Vine in it, will almost produce as great a
weight of Grapes as the weight of the soil which grows
them. At Clumber, in Nottinghamshire, are two very
large old Vineries, and the Vines planted in them must
be above 80 years of age. They consist of Muscats,
Hamburghs, Frontignans, and other sorts, one to each
rafter, I have known these Vines for these last
30 years, and they have generally produced good crops,
with fair-sized bunches and berries. They have been
planted outside the houses, and every winter or spring
the stems are covered with litter or Pern up to where
they enter the houses, and on its being cleared away
in the summer, the stems of the Vine look very
rough and gnarled from the remains of fibres grown
into the covering materials. Many of these Vine
stems on the outside must be from 15 to IG inches in
circumference, and the old stems inside the houses are
thick in proportion, Mr. Moffatt, the late gardener at
Clumber, believed that when these Vines were planted
they never had had any regularly made border;
the roots have consequently had to rough it ever since
over the kitchen garden near them, which is regularly
dug and planted with crops. There is likewise a broad
gravel walk which passes in front of them, and which
never has been disturbed. The soil of the kitchen
garden at Clumber must, however, be suitable to the
Vine, for it is of a rich sandy nature on a gravelly
subsoil. Here, then, is an instructive instance of the
longevity of Grape Vines under the system of restricted

f Tuning, and of confining them to one rafter. When
came to Welbeck in 1837 there were three very old
Vines in a small low Vinery which had been planted by
Speechley. They were named the Black Tripoli (which
I now believe is only the true Frankenthal) ; and they
had been lifted by Mr. Mearns, and replanted in a
chambered border, with turfy soil, taken from a lime-
stone rock, and only 15 inches in depth. They annually
bore good crops, neither the bunches nor berries being
very large, but they were highly coloured, and the
flavour was the most rich and vinous of any of the
Hamburgh sorts which I ever tasted. I have no
doubt that these Vines would have gone on bearing
well for years, but they had to be destroyed when the
old gardens were done away with. This is another
instance of a highly restricted system being pursued in
regard to the growth of Vines, where both roots and
braucheswere confined toasmall space, and their fertility
had to be kept up by adding fre.sh soil every other year.
The late Mr. Dowding, when gardener at Oakhill, near
Baruet, has perhaps never been surpassed for the

MiBCtl Ki, 1SG?.J

THE GARDKNKIJS' CIIUOKICLH AND ACUlCUl.TUHAL r.AZKTm

267

erowtli of Himiburgli Grapes, both as regards size of
hnni'li nnJ berries. His system was to grow a plant In
every rai'tor. And as tor iiriiiiiiiK I was amazed wlicu
i lirst went tliero to know where the fruit was to come
from, for lie out so cloao to the old wood that hardly
tlio v'estigo of a bud was to be seen. His large bunches
grow on the top of tho rod, where about a foot of young
wood was annually left. One of these hunches, nearly
9 lb. in weiglit, was exhibited at Chiswick. Mr.
Dowding never considered this restrictive system
would hasten the de(!ay of his Vines, and only com-
plained of his early Vinery (where ripe Grapes were
wanted in March) getting gradually weaker through
their unnatural course of forcing. Mr. Cannell nuist
have been a perfect fatalist to look on and see the
Vines at Portnall I'ark yearly peri-hing before his eyes,
without doing something to restore them. An ener-
getic cultivator, by lifting them gradually, would have
soon ascertained the state of their roots— whether
brought about by bad drainage or poisoned by garbage,
and have acted accordingly in renewing them or
planting lyoung Vines in their places. His Vines at
Portnall Park had by his own account nine stages in
their 20 years' growth (two more than in Shake-
speare's Seven Ages of Man), which might be rendered
thus :—

The Vine Ims many woeg,
And ftU its history tells of hits or fiiiliirea
From enrly infancy to gradual decay.
Kxteiifling to nine atagos : — At first tho oyog.
Cut off and itlantcd into little thumb-pots.
And ably cultured, soon bear splendid bunches,
Docm'd m perfection, after four years' growth
For prizefruit : after that the bunches dwindle
To smaller size, and lose their bloom and colour.
Then that little pest the spider sucks the juiee,
And browns tho leaves, making in tho next year
A sad and .signal failure in the crop.
The next st.age shifts into the shanking one.
For roots .and branches do not act together.
And footstalks of the half-ripen'd berries
Look brown and .«ihrivcll'd up ; and then the mildew
' Attacks them badly in their weuken'd state.
The seventh is niark'd by general loss of flavour
In all tho bunches ripen'd ; and in the eighth
The rods are far too weak to be.af .a bunch.
Or furnish healthy leaves. Last stage of .all
That ends their str.angc eventful history.
Is that the shrunk-up rods refuse to break, —
Sans roots, sans leaves, sans fruit, sans everything !
It is no doubt a fine sight to see the grand old Vines
at Hampton Court, and other places mentioned by
Mr. Cannell ; but their fruit, I am afraid, would have
little chance of taking prizes, or even of gracing a first-
rate dessert at the present time. Nor is this extension
system of grape-growing likely to produce so many
Grapes as where the \'ines are restricted to one rafter,
and properly attended to as regards drainage and root-
action. \Villiam Tiller:/. Welbech. With reference to

theextendedsystemof Vineculture J'fj'sKstherestricted,
as advocated by Mr. Cannell, this much may probably
be learned, i. e. that a too rigid restriction of the foliage
undoubtedly must prove very prejudicial to the Vines;
at the same'time it is evident that the restricted system,
judiciously carried out, is very far from effecting the
ruin pointed out by Mr. Cannell. One of my nearest
neighbours has a Vinery, which has now been planted
for upwards of 12 years : the Vines have been ab.so-
iutely restricted to single rafters, and the same
rods spurred from the very commencement.
The border is all outside, and the only pro-
tection afforded to the roots is a good thatch put
over the border during the winter. The fourth year
after planting, the largest bunch (a Black Hamburgh)
weighed 71b. 12 oz. ; and last year (186G), the largest
bunch (also a Black Hamburgh) weighed 81b. 4oz. ;
and the average weight of the Black Hamburgh
bunches all through the house was little, if at
all, under 6 lb. This certainly does not look like
deterioration. The largest bunch of a Black Frontignan
was also at least from 5 lb. to 6 lb., but unfortunately
its weight was 'not actually ascertained. Walter
Sriscoe, Thornion Hall, Neston, Chester.

Cedars of Lebanon (see p. 238). — The following are
the dimensions of a few which are growing on the
lawns here. These were planted in their present
positions by the late J. E. Shirley, Esq., in 1827, and
having assumed a symmetrical and most robust growth,
are now objects of so much admiration and wonder
that the statement of their age is received with some
amount of incredulity. Concurrently with Mr.
Lawrence, I am cognisant of the prevailing idea
that this noble Conifer does not readily acquire
a rapid growth in this country. Facts, however,
prove the contrary, as the following details
will serve to show : — No. 1, 2 feet from the
ground, circumference of bole, 10 feet ; No. 2, 8 feet ;
No. 3, 9 feet; No. 4, 7 feet (i inches; the diameters
through the graceful branches of Nos. 1 and 2 are
respectively GO feet and .50 feet, and the heights of the
whole vary from 15 to 50 feet. The soil in which they
are growing is a dark friable loam on the white lias
formation. I may add that my employer, E. P.
Shirley, Esq., is so prepossessed in favour of that gem
among Coniferce, Picea Pinsapo, which flourishes so
luxuriantly here, that he has commissioned me to pro-
cure several more to plant in the pleasure grounds.
It may not be irrelevant to remark that No. 1 Cedar
presents a remarkable contrast to its fellows on account
of its more rigid style of growth and glaucous but
less ample foliage, thus bearing a strong resemblance
to its near relation, the Atlas Cedar. So much, indeed,
is this the case, that more than one nurseryman has at
first sight mistaken it for an immense specimen of
that variety; its age and size, however, soon dispel
that idea — the Atlas only having been introduced into
this country about 21 years ago. Purthermore, in
contradistinction to its more umbrageous and dark-
green leaved companions, it has during the last five
years assumed a fructiferous habit in an eminent
degree, which its associates have not, and it also

posses.ses a less hardy cou.stitution than the others, so
imich so, indeed, that the severe frosts in .lanuary
last denuded it of a i-onsidorablo portion ;if its
liiliage, tluis causinii' it to assume a blighted
appearance, whereas its more fortunate brethren
pa.sseil llirougli that trying ordeal with impunity. 1
may also remark that a healthy, but coniparalrivcly
small plant of tho beautiful Pinus insignis escajicd
tuihurt, excepting a few leaves on the more exposed
shoots, which have thereby assumed a scorched appear-
ance. The tree in question produces a remarkably
liictorial effect in the landscape, backed as it is by
masses of evergreens and tall deciduous trees. With
reference to the more extensive adoption of the
Coniferous tribe of trees in our gardens and parks
from what has been adduced by past experience I
think we shall not err in giving prominent countenance
to the Cedar of Lebanon. TJ". Oardiner, Eatington
Park, Stratford-on-Ai'on.

Effects of the Late Winter in Kent.—YoVi may like
to know what eflect the late severe winter had in Kent
about 10 miles south of Tonbridge, from 50 to 80 feet
above the valley, and about 200 feet above sea-level.
Subsoil, Hastings sands, alternating with Weald clays.
Wellingtnnia gigantea, Abies Douglasii and cepha-
lonica, Taxodium sempervirens, Thnjopsis borealis.
Thuja gigantea, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Cryptomeria
japonica are uninjured; Araucaria imbricata is little
injured, except one or two specimens in which the
points are drooping ; Cupressus Lambertiana is much
injured, one killed ; Pinus insignis much injured, two
killed, the recovery of many others doubtful ; Cedrus
Deodara is killed; Magnolia grandiflora little injured ;
Laurustinus, Sweet Bay, Escallouia macrantha, and
Cotoneaster are killed to the snow line. In the same
neighbourhood, but from 100 to 150 feet higher, the
Laurustinus and Sweet Bay are uninjured. W. C. M.

Roses and the Frost.— I believe that I was your first
correspondent who pronounced Mardchal Niel to be
perfectly hardy, and subsequently I have been much
pleased to see, without a single exception, this opinion
confirmed by others. I imagine your readers will not,
however, all' be prepared to iridorse such a sweeping
denunciation as to tenderness of different kiods of
lioses as your Stamford correspondent has made (see
p. 183). Our situation is quite as bad as that
described by Mr. Laxton, yet we have by no
means suffered so severely. We have no shelter,
and are close to water in a valley. The soil is, how-
ever, a good strong, sound loam, lour correspondent
quotes 23"^ as the maximum of frost in his locality. On
the same night and on the same occasion we had 6'
below zero, and while Marechal Niel was in no way
injured, on the same spot, and close to it, Noisette
Triomphe de Rennes, Climbing Devoniensis, Celine
Forestier, Cloth of Gold, Princess Augusta, and similar
varieties perished entirely. Not so Hybrid Perpetuals;
__ „_ eat portion of the sorts named in your correspond-
ent's Lists 2 and 3 are now pushing vigorously. The
only ones which appear to have been injured are
Eugene Appert and General Jacqueminot, the latter
very slightly. Whoever before heard of Baron Prevost,
Madame Boll, Duchess of Sutherland, Queen Victoria,
and others of a similar type, having been seen,
even partially, injured by frost? May not a "light,
well-drained, highly-manured, old town garden humus,
overlaying the oolite rubble," be favourable to
incipient consumption" iu your correspondent's case;
and might not John Frost thus have found readier
victims to his cold embrace than he could have
secured in less favoured localities? A. Oodwin,
Ashbourtte.

Old Garden Favourites. — There is another reason
why such little gems as Phlox Nelsoni, fruticosa,
procumbens,andvernaare so seldom met with in gardens
besides that assigned by Mr. Dean (see p. 236) ; iu many
soils and aspects they will not live through the summer;
sunlight and dry weather are too much for them in
high situations on the gravel. For the same reason,
combined perhaps with the winter cold, I have had to
give up Lychnis Haageana, Pentstemon Wrightii, and
P. Murryanus. And notwithstanding the assertion of
some of the seedsmen that the following are hardy
perennials, I find that, as a rule, the first winter
invariably disposes of them, viz., all the varieties of
Antirrhinum, Cineraria maritima, and Delphinium
sinense and varieties. The following also will not
outlive the winter— viz., Dianthus sinensis and all its
varieties, including lieddewigii and laciniatus, also
the Queen, Brompton, and Emperor Stocks. Alfred
Copland, Chelmsford.

Gravel Walks.— I should feel much obliged by any
of your correspondents informing me of the best way
of making durable gravel walks in a damp shrubbery.
What is the proper method of making them with
gravel and Portland cement, or anything less expensive
which is of a good colour ? Ought the walks to be
hoed up first before laying on the gravel and cement?
Full particulars will much oblige. A. T.

Vines for Vineijards. — I have recently acquired a
property in Berkshire, on part of which is a steep hill,
sloping to the Thames, with a south-eastern aspect.
The soil is pretty good, about 10 inches in depth, the
substratum being chalk. I am anxious to establish a
vineyard thereupon, but know not the sort of Vine to
cultivate. That the soil and situation are not unfit for
the out-of-door growth of Vines has been proved, for I
well remember some 40 years ago the existence of a
vineyard on theabove-mentioned site,and so precipitous
is the descent that the Vines were grown on terraces.
I should like to grow both black and white Grapes.
Can any of your readers advise me ? E. J. [See p. 1220
of our last volume, where several suitable varieties are
mentioned. Miller's Burgundy, Esperione, Sweet-
water, and Bnyai Muscadine may be particularly
recommended. Eds.]

Beurre Clairgeau Pear. — In the last number of the
I'ltTist and Pomologist" is given a good figure of

this Pear, siicdi as is proiIiUTd when the variety is
grown on tlio (,)uiiice, as a pyramid or as an espalier, in
a goorl siluati^)u. ^ )ii the Pear stock the fruit does not
attain the same dimensions. In form it approaches tho
(^cihnar, and iil the time of gathering it is almost green.
This description is verifuid by my own cxpcricrii'i;. and
by tli.'it of some .50 amateurs, who have lar.n sujiitlied
by 1110 during the last 12 years. In Kngland Messrs.
Voitch, Low, Henderson, Rivers, and viui'jns amateurs
can aflirm the same thing. From Holland, Denmark,
Germany, Hungary, and the southern provinces of
Russia, a favourable report has also been obtained.
The variety iu question has been considered to be very
productive, and as yielding on the Quince a handsome
fruit of excellent quality, according to the care
bestowed on the planting and cultureof the tree. I add
some details as to the proper management of the Beurre
Clairgeau as grown on the Quince. AMiatever be the
nature of the soil, sandy, gravelly, alluvial, or whatnot,
do not fear to plant Pear trees worked on the Quince,
especially such sorts as the Beurre Clairgeau, which do
not extend much even after 12 or 15 years of culti-
vation. Let a number of holes be dug about 1 feet
square, and 2! feet deep; at the edge of each hole
place a cubic metre of a compost made of one-third
good kitchen garden mould or loam, and two-thirds of
street-sweepings, whereon kitchen refuse is thrown,
and in which may be found a quantity of wood and
coal-ashes, of sand and of horse-droppings. [In this
country we should have to go to the dust-bin for some
of these ingredients ; our street sweepings, as a rule,
are not of so composite a nature ! Eds.] Presuming
the tree to have been grown in the nursery three
or four years, and to have been lifted once or
twice, it will have a quantity of fibrous roots,
which will greatly increase in such a compost as
that just described. The planting should be done
in autumn, after the fall of the leaf, in winter or in
spring, even up to April The trees intended for
spring-planting should be lifted in December or
January, and laid-iu in a dry light soil till the proper
time comes. Before planting, a heap of the compost
must be placed at the bottom of the hole, and in it the
lower roots of the tree must be placed. The comjiost
should be sifted iu between and among the roots, so as
to allow the latter to be placed near together in a
somewhat oblique direction, but they should not be
placed too closely together. It is, moreover, very
important to keep the grafted portion at about a foot
above the surface of the ground. If this precaution
be neglected, or if the grafted surface be allowed to
come into contact with the compost, it will throw out
roots above those emitted by the Quince stock,
and these will get the upper hand of them, and
ultimately cause them to perish. The adventitious
roots, springing from the grafted portion, take an
oblique or slightly horizontal direction, and produce
but few rootlets. In the next year the scion acquires
more vigorous development, and either ceases to pro-
duce fruit, or, if fruits are produced, they are hard and
bad. After the complete destruction of the Quince
stock the scion becomes cankery, and is liable to be
blown over by the wind if not protected by a solid
guard or support. If, on the other hand, the Quince
IS too much raised above ground it is exposed to the
action of frost, and it is well known that the Quince
suffers under the influence of a temperature of —15°
Centigrade (:= 5° P.), and is killed by — 17' C,
especially in an exposed situation, and when, after
a damp autumn, severe frosts occur in the winter.
These conclusions are derived from very numerous
and exteus ive observations under many different
conditions during many years. When the planting
has been done, care must be taken not to prune
the stem or the lateral branches iu autumn, winter,
or spring, but that operation should be deferred until
the month of March in the following year. This
pruning has one sole object, the consolidation of the
wood of the tree. If the pruning be done before the
time stated the shoots that are produced are likely to
be weak, and the flower-buds are rendered abortive.
This pruning is done above a wood-bud, which may
readily be discovered in the month of March on the
side shoots and laterals. This pruning is repeated
every year at the same time, taking precaution to
mastic the wounds at first, so as to preserve the vigour
of the young tree. It must be understood that these
precautions apply to the tree when cultivated as a
pyramid. In the case of trees planted against walls or
as espaliers, the pruning may be done with the
same precautions a month earlier, and in a good
situation before or during the winter. It is not necessary
to add that at the time of pruning the spines, the
" darts" and the "brindilles " should not be interfered
with. Indeed they are not touched during the whole
year. If after the amputation of a large or small
branch {hranehe-rameaux) which is misplaced, "gour-
mands" are produced on the branches of the tree,
they should be removed at the end of July by cutting
them off, not level with the bark but just above it
{jusque prks de Veynpatenient). On either side may be
seen some small rudimentary or latent buds, which
when developed usually grow into spines or " darts ;"
they form at their extremity, during the second year,
a fruit bud, and continue to do so for many years.
To prevent the formation of " gourmands " on the
branches or on the main stem, they should be
shortened so as to leave at the end a " chicot "
or stump about the length and size of the first finger.
This pruning should be done with a sharp knife, but
not with pruning shears (secateur), however well con-
structed, as the I'ompression exercised by them, always
leaves a wound difiicult to heal over. So much for the
culture of the Beurre Clairgeau and other similar
varieties on the Quince, as pyramids or espalier trees.
The health of the tree, the abundance and quality of
the fruit, &c., undoubtedly depend much on climate,
season, situation, and such like. Nevertheless, in our

268

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GA2ETTE.

[Maech 1(5, 18G7.

generally temperate, but variable and sometimes
rigorous climate, demanding special care, we may hope
to obtain results such as could not be hoped for in too
hot or too dry latitudes. Among the varieties of Pear
introduced into cultivation for various reasons, which
cannot be overlooked with impunity, there are some
which require to be planted (in order to yield the
desired result every year), either against a wall or
in a situation sheltered from the north, north-east
and east winds. The Beurre Clairgeau is one of these,
and^ many excellent French and Belgian varieties are
in like case. The Beurr^ Clairgeau does not require to
be nailed against a wall or espalier ; it is sufficient to
place it in a sheltered situation, and to treat it as above
directed. Moreover this variety is far from having a
constitution hardy enough to resist the inclemency of
our winters in an unsheltered position. During the
winter of 1860 I lost the seedling mother-plant,
although it had been planted with much care in the
middle of the garden, in the best compost, and in a
good but unsheltered situation. In the nurseries I lost
during the same winter 500 strong examples of it,
grafted on the Pear stock and on the Quince. On a
tall stem on the Pear stock, the fruit, by reason of its
weight, is likely tobe blown olf by the wind m September.
Grown as a pyramid on the Pear stock, the variety
does not form a good " charpente," as the stem is then
badly provided with lateral well placed branches.
Hence it should be cultivated by preference on the
Quince stock. As to thequalitylof the fruit the opinion
expressed in the " Pomologist" is far from being in con-
formity with that of tbe Pomological Committee of the
Horticultural Society, which, judging from an isolated
case (from fruits sent from Staplehurst, and possibly
from a young tree too recently planted, and to which
the necessary attention had not been given, or in an
unfavourable situation) expressed too hastily the
opinion that this fruit was " flat and watery." I pro-
tested against this decision at the time, and I sent to
my friend the late Dr. Lindley, two fruits gathered
in my garden. The Doctor, after tasting them,
pronounced them very fine, and among the best
of the season. After many protestations that have
appeared in the horticultural journals since that time
from English grower.'!, I was truly surprised to see in
the third edition of the " Fruit Manual," p. 255, this
passage, — " Its appearance is its greatest recommenda-
tion." I think that in the fourth edition of this useful
book, this opinion will be modified in confonnity with
the notice inserted in the " Pomologist " for this month.
I think, moreover, that the Pomological Committee of
the Horticultural Society will reconsider its verdict,
given too hastily, in my opinion, in April, 1865, con-
cerning two of our best Pears, the Bezy Mai and the
Poire Basiner, fruits of which gathered from seedlings,
and from the crop of 1861, were submitted to it. This
opinion is not in conformity vrith that of the Societe
Imperiale et Centrale de France, still less with thatof the
Pomological Committee of the Royal Liunean Society
of Brussels, which is composed of amateurs and practical
men. The members of this Committee knowthe seedlings
in my establishment, and the trees produced from
these varieties in my nurseries, the hardiness of the
plants, their beauty when worked on the Quince, and
their fertility on that stock as well as the beauty of the
fruits, and they declared at one of their meetings
unanimously that these tivo varieties of Pears, as late
varieties, were the best that had been submitted to
them up to that time, and that the two varieties in
question deserved to be generally planted in the garden
of the amateur. Ten years will not be required to
prove which of the three committees of taste was in
the wrong. J. de Jonghe^ Brussels.

New Vlant Cliib. — Many of my flower-loving lady
friends have formed a club or association, with rales
hitherto strictly abided by, through which we are
enabled to obtain many novelties that otherwise, from
the high prices they bear, we could not hope to pcssess ;
and since it has proved so eminently successful, I am
authorised to communicate with such other ladies as
may desire to proceed on the same footing as ourselves,
but I beg leave to observe, it will be left to our option
to forward our rules only where we can, through the
means of friends, ascertain from whence and from
whom the applications proceed. I have only to remark
that by the combination of friends we are enabled to
procure such plants and seeds as are most desirable,
and which by propagation and division we can all
participate in ; and thus we all become possessed of
new and choice varieties at very trifling cost, some of
our gardeners being, I should say, good propagators,
and soon getting up the required number of plants.
Should any one of yoru- numerous friends feel desirous
of following oiu: example, they will please apply
through you. Isabella, Salisbury. [Will our fair
correspondent favour us with her full name and
address, and with a copy of the rhles of her Exchange
Club ? Judiciously managed we have no doubt that
such a club would work well. Eds.]

Cttcumhers. — A gi'eat deal has been written in your
' columns of late respecting the merits of the different
varieties of Cucumbers now in cultivation: their
names are legion, and their qualities are extolled by
different vendors to such an extent, that it is a difficult
task for the vminitiated to select from a list the sorts
which may be wanted. The startling names of Long
Gun, Fearnought, Derbyshire Hero, Telegraph, Sir
Colin Campbell, &c., are being continually advertised.
I have no doubt; these have all merits, more or less, to
recommend them, but why keep adding fresh names
yearly to the already over-swollen list, more especially
when the new kinds.'are seldom so good as the old sorts ?
I have tried a great many varieties for the last few
years, and I find none to equal Eollisson's Telegraph,
both as a summer and winter Cucumber ; in fact, my
employers have requested me to grow no other variety
but Telegraph in future. The true variety, for there
are several under the same name, belongs to the white-

spined class. It is a free bearer, thin-skinned, and
produces fruit from 20 to 25 inches in length, of
excellent flavour, and handsome in shape. A. Fetliijrew,
Richings Parh, Colinbrook, Bucks.

Sir ilarrij Strawberry. — In an advertisement which
appeared in your Number of last Saturday (see p. 230),
Mr. Underbill states that spurious varieties are often
sent out by nurserjTuen for his Sir Harry. This is
true, but I believe they all originally came from him.
When Sir Harry was first advertised I wi-ote to Mr.
Underbill for two or three dozen plants, which I
received from him in a few days. When they fruited
the following season I found that only five or six were
true to name ; all the others being a worthless kind
unknown to me, but which I have since been told is
Hooper's SeedUng. I wrote to Mr. Underbill on the
subject, and in his reply to my letter he said that Sir
Harry sported, and advised me to destroy the spurious
plants. I received a letter from M. Gloede, of Sablons,
last autumn, in which he said that he found it almost
impossible to get the true Sir Harry from England,
and wished to know if I could spare him a few more
runners of it ; he saw it growing in my garden two or
three years since. I mean to give The Lady another
trial this year, as last season was not a favourable one
for Strawberries, and I hope that I shall be able to
report more favourably of it than I could last summer.
Henru Doubleday, Epping.

Societies.

Linnean: March 7. — G. Bentham, Esq., President, in the
Chair, "W". R. Winch, Esq., was elected a Fellow. Dr. Hooker
exhibited specimens of the Myrmecodia tuberosa (Nidus
germinans formicarum of Rumphius) from Malacca, sent by
Mr. C. CoUingwood, and now Uving, though in a very feeble
condition, at the Royal Gardens, Kew. The stem of this
remarkable plant, which is tuberous and covered with spines,
is invariably filled with ant galleries, and is never known in
any other condition. The gEdleries are lined with a coating of
animal matter of such extreme tenacity that, as the tuber
decays, the galleries may be removed entire, and resemble
branching Alg^je. A flower and leaf of the beautiful Dale-
champia Roezhana, var. rosea, recently introduced into this
country by Mr. Bull, was exhibited by Dr. Masters, who made
some observations on the structure of the flowers. The
following communications were read : — \. Notes on the Structure
and Fertilisation of the Oenits Bonatea, icitJi a Description of a-
Species found at Bedford, South Africa, by T. P. Mansel Weale,
Esq. This plant is nearly aUicd to B. speciosa and Habenaria
(? Bonatea) Saundersite, to which List it is most closely con-
nected, although differing in the very important point of its
petals being divided. It is also in some respects allied to
B. Boltoni. The flowers, though smaller, are much more
conspicuous than those of B. speciosa, and evidently depend
principally upon Rhopalocera for their fertilisation. The
flower resembles a white lepidoptera, such as Pieris or
Anthocharls, and might tridy be called the Butterfly Orchis
of S. Airica. The sepals arc bright green, the lip and anterior

portion of the petals pure snow-white. 2. List of the Mvsci

collected b>/ the Rev. Thomas Powell in the Navigators' Islands,

by Wm. Mitten, Esq. 3. A Letter from Cuthbert Collingioood,

Esq., M.B., to the Secretary/, F. Ciirrey, Esq., giving an Account
of a Luminous Fungus from Labiian. — —4. A Letter from
Thomas Moore^ Esq., to the Secretary, F. CuiTey, Esq., on Living
Plants, exhibited by Mr. Standish, of Two Fornix of Skimmia.
These had been originally regarded as distinct species, and
described under the names of Skimmia oblata and S. fragrantis-
sima, but had eventually proved to be merely the two sexes of
tbe same plant, as mentioned at p. 235. The parent plant,
S. oblata, had some two or tlu*ee years since borne a
crop of berries, which, as no other Skimmia was at
the time in bloom, must have been fertilised by its
own pollen. At a later period S. fragrantissima blossomed,
but the flowers proved to be absolutely male. In subsequent
years the mother plant above mentioned bad not borne
pollen,) and in order to secure a crop of hemes required
to be fertilised by some other kind, and recourse had been
had to S. fragrantissima with fuU success. Thus the male
plant only of S. fragrantissima and the female (or sometimes
hermaphrodite) only of S. oblata were supposed to be in culti-
vation. The seedling plants from the self-fertilised berries
above alluded to having now blossomed, solve the mystery ;
males hke fragrantissima and females like oblata being pro-
duced among them in about equal proportions, thus conclu-
sively proving that the two supposed distinct species are but
the two sexes of one plant, which is sometimes hermaphro-
dite, though it would seem commonly unisexual.

ENTOaiOLOGiCAL : Februar;/ 4.— Professor Westwood, F.L.S.,
in the chair. The Pi-esident, Sir John Lubbock, by letter
nominated Messrs. Westwood, Smith, and Stainton as Vice-
Presidents for the ensuing year. The Secretai-y annoimced
that the prize for a memoir on Economic Entomology for the
past year had been awarded to Dr. Wallace for a memoir on
the Oak-feeding Silkworm of Japan, Satiu-nia Yama-mai, and
that the Council had offered a similar prize of five guineas for
the present yeai* to be given for the best memoir on some
beneficial or obnoxious species of insect. Mr. F. Bond exhi-
bited specimens of a Lasiocampa, the golden-coloured larvre
of which had been foimd by Mr. Mitford on the Kentish
coast, and which had produced moths apparently distinct
from the ordinary L. Trifohi ; also some specimens of fritillaries
with distorted wings, and a specimen of the rare Dianthtecia
Capsiucola. He also stated that the Humming hawk moth
frequents sunny walls in order to find a crevice in which it
may take its ordinary mid-day siesta, a statement confirmed
by Dr. Wallace. A remarkably small specimen of Mimestra
Brassicje, captured by Mr. Briggs, of St. John's College,
Oxford, was exhibited. Mr. Janson exhibited a box of Coleo-
ptera ^from Vancouver's Island, iucludmg several very interest-
ing forms. Mj-. W. W. Saimders exhibited a curious insect-nest
from St. Paolo, Brazil, and Dr. WiiUace a specimen of Platyp-
teryx Sicula from the collection of Mr. Bree, of Stowmarket,
and read an extensive series of notes made during the past
year on the AHantus silk -moth, of which he exhibited a
vei-y remarkable collection of specimens, together with
their cocoons. He considei-ed S. Ricini to be a local
variety of S. Cynthia, and noticed the curious fact that the
eggs of this species make a small clicking sound, often
repeated. A paper by Mr, Wilson, of Adelaide, was read,
containing further notes on the Buprestida;, and also on
Ceraptei-us MacLeayi and Calosoma Curtisii. Mr, Gould exhi-
bited specimens of Hylurgus piniperda, which have proved
extremely injmious to plantations of Pinus insignis in Corn-
wall ; also a collection of insects formed by Mr. W. Prior at
Shanghai, almost identical with British species.

February 18. — Sir John Lubbock, P.R.S., President, in the
chair. Mr. F. Moore exhibited a number of specimens of a
minute wood-boring beetle, Tomicus monographus, which
attacks the oaken staves of the casks of malt fiquora in India,
often causing a loss of the liquor to the extent of 50 per cent.
The species has not hitherto been discovered to be a native of

this country, and the injuiy was first observed In Burmah,
More than a million of the buiTows of the insect have been
found in a single cask. iMr. Newman exhibited a garden-door
lock filled with the mud nests of a maaon bee, Osmia bicornis ;
also some stems of Sallow infested by the larvas of Sesia
bombyciformis ; also specimens of a large ant, Formica
pnbescens, said to have been taken at Kinloch Rannoch, in
Perthshire, each being affirmed to make a cell for itself in
rotten Oak wood ; also a specimen of Naclea aneiUa, taken at
Worthing. Mr. F. Smith exhibited two boxes of Hymenoptera,
containing many new and interesting species captured at
Champion Bay, on the North-West Coast of Australia, by Sir.
De Boulay, Mr. Stainton exhibited two species of Miero-
lepidoptera which he had rcai-ed from OUves at Mentone.
Professor Westwood mentioned the capture by Professor
Rolleston 'of a specimen of Vanissa Urticie on the Tthinst.,
which proved to be a male, and to have the abdomen filled
With oleaginous matter. An important memoir on the
Pierideons Butterflies of the Malayan Archipelago was read by
Sir. A. R. Wallace, likewise a very elaborate memoir on the
distribution of Lepidoptera in Great Britain and Ireland, on
the plan^of the " Cybele Britannica " of Mr. H. C. Watson, by
Herbert Jenner Fust, Esq. ; and thirdly, a memoir on the
Species of Buprestidse captured at Penang by C. Lamb, Esq.

Notices of JSoofes.

TAe North-West Beninsida of Iceland. "By C. W.

Shepherd, M.A., P.Z.S. Small 8vo., tab. 2, pp. 162.
This book opens appropriately enough with the follow-
ing quotation from the " Ingoldsby Legends : "

" And they who'd the charge of them wrote in the logs,
Wind N.E. — blows a hm-ricane— rains cats and dogs,"
for a more dismal, dreary journey, as far as weather is
concerned, was surely never undertaken, even by
enthusiastic Englishmen. The north-west peninsula of
Iceland, though its coasts are occasionally visited by
British and French fishermen, seems never to have
been previously explored, and the record of the present
attempt is not of such a nature as to induce many to
follow the same track, at least in the spring of the year.
One of the main purposes of the author's journey was
to settle some ornithological questions, and hence there
will be found in this volume much matter of
value to those who pursue that branch of natural
history. Here is an extract that will interest the
general reader. Speaking of the island of Vigr the
author sajjs ; — " The shore was the most wonderful
ornithological sight conceivable. The ducks and their
nests were everywhere, in a manner that was quite
alarming. Great brown ducks sat upon their nests in
masses, and at every step started up from under our
feet. It was with some difliculty that we avoided
treading on some of the nests. * * * On the coast
was a wall built of large stones, just above the high
water level, about 3 feet in height, and of considerable
thickness. At the bottom, on both sides of it, alter-
nate stones have been left out, so as to form a series of
square compartments for the ducks to make their
nests in. Almost every compartment was occupied; and
as we walked along the shore a long line of ducks flew
out, oneafter another. The siu-face of the water also was
perfectly white with drakes, who welcomed their
brown wives with loud and clamorous cooing. * * *
The farmhouse itself was a great marvel. The earthen
walls that suiTOunded it, and the window embrasures,
were occupied by ducks. On the ground the house
was fringed with ducks ; on the turf slopes of the roof
we could see ducks, and a duck sat in the scraper ; a
grassy bank close by had been cut into square patches,
like a chess-board (a square of turf of about IS inches
being removed, and a hollow made), and all were filled
with ducks ; a windmill was infested, and so were all
the outhouses, mounds, rocks, and crevices, — the ducks
were everywhere." It appears that the produce of
down per annum is about 100 lb., each lb. fetching
from Vis. to los.

But few details are given of the vegetation of the
districts traversed, for the best of aU reasons ; but at
Akreyri, the second town in the island, there are two
trees which every visitor is bound to admire. They
are Mountain Ashes, and are about 25 feet in height.
Near Hals there is, moreover, a forest of Birch trees,
many of them 15 feet in height. It is curious to
compare the statements of Icelandic manners and
customs in this book with those in the late Sir W.
Hooker's Eecollections of Travels in Iceland in 1809, so
little have the people changed in the interval.

Madagascar Revisited. By theUev. W. ElHs. Murray,
1867. 8vo, pp. 502. Maps and Illustrations.
To those of our readers who are familiar with the
long-tailed Angrreoum and the net-leaved Ouvirandra,
plants of which were brought to this country by the
author of this book, and who may be desirous of
knowing more about the vegetation of this little-
known island, the present handsome volume will
be of little service, as it is mainly devoted to political
matters, and to the prospects of missionary enterprise,
and it will prove most valuable for reference on such
points.

CataiogtJes Eeceited.— The following Seed Lists
are before us:— TF". Cutbush Sr Son's (Highgate)
Catalogue; S. Broicn's (Liverpool) Descriptive Spring
Catalogue; Peter Zawson iSr Son's (Edinburgh) List;
Little if Ballaniyne's (Carlisle) Descriptive Catalogue;
Harrison tf Son's (Leicester) Catalogue; Mrs. Dixon's
(Moorgate Street, London) Select List; W. RoUisson
Sc Sons' (Tooting) Floricultural and Culinary Seeds ;
T. Bunyard 4" Sons' (Ashford) Descriptive and Priced
Catalogue; W. Hooper's (New Wandsworth) Cata-
logue; F. S( A. Dickson &; Sons' (Chester) New and
Select Seeds; Cliarltcood 4" Cummins' (Covent Garden)
Tree and Shrub Seeds; Vilmorin-Andrieux 4' Cie's
(Paris) Ext rait Oineral des Catalogues; also Catalogue
des Oraines de Plantes, Arbustes, 4'c., and Supplement
aux Catalogues; Haage et Schmidfs (Erfurt) Seed
List; also Extrait du Catalogue General des Graines ;
Fontaine 4' Dtitloi (Paris) Supplement aux Catalogues.
We have also received the following lists of Plants ;—

Maeoh IC, 18G7.]

tut: GAT^MNET^R' OnT?ONICIi; A^'r) AOllTCULTTmAT, G.AP^ETTE.

^69

James Bnrhlmuse 4" Son's (York) Alpine Plants, ..
most valuable and very extensive descriptive list-
T. Builiianl Sj- Sons' List of Otndioli, ,\-c. ; CI. Smil/i's
(llornsey Road) JJesfri/i/iiv Calalo^iw of Florists"
Flom-rs, as usual full of choice (liinRs; Tliiliaut ,'l
Keleletr (Paris) Caialoijue Ui'm'ral das Planles ;
Louis lie Smet (Gand) Pri .v-Conrant pour I'Amu'-e ISll?
—this coutaius an extensive descriptive list of Agaves,
Yuccas, &o. ; Adolplie Slelzner (Gand) Cataloijue de
Planles Nouvelles, i\'c.

Till! raising of seedling Auktculas having become
a favourite jiursuit, the following instructions may he
of service to those persons who are desirous of trans-
mitting their names to jiostcrity as the originators of
a few first-class flowers; hut let me here advise the
raisers of seedlings not to be discouraged should their
first eflbrts prove a failure. The secd.of the Auricula,
oven when saved from the very choicest flowers, is very
uncertain as to its produce. I consider myself very
fortunate when I get a first-class show flower from a
thousand plants.

The most suitable time to sow the seed is about the
beginning of February, and tlie best site for the pan is
the Iront shelf of a greenhouse. Persons who may not
have t,his convenience, may place the pan in a window
ol a lire room, looking to the south, a.s frost must not
bo allowed to act upon it. The pan or box will require
to bo either 3 or 1 inches deep, and of a size propor-
( lonate to the quantity of seed to be sown. Fill the pan
with the usual compost to within J an inch of the
top and press the surface perfectly level. Then water
Willi tepid water apjilicd by means of a fine rose or a
.-^"1 1 hiusli ; wlien the latter is used, shake out the water
and strike the bristles with the hand, so that the
miQv: may lall like fine dew on the surface of the soil.
Miould there be any inequalities on the surface after
\yateriiig, fill up the cavities, and have it perfectly level.
J^ow the seed carefully, not too closely, and mereb/
Oliver It with some of the compost finely sifted. When
the seed is sown, water again as above directed, and
lilace a piece of glass over the top of the pan. This
obviates the necessity of watering often, keeps ofl' dust
and accelerates the vegetation of the seed. Never allow
the soil in the seed-pan to become dry.

In about a month or .six weeks at farthest the young
seedlings will begin to come up. They will then
require to bo looked over daily, for when they come
up they almost invariably throw themselves out of the
soil with a jerk, and must be replanted immediately
otherwise they would he lost. This can he done
TJy- "^1**^ the point of a penknife. Make a small
celt in the soil, lift the young plant with the point of
the knile, and replant it root end downwards, and close
the soil about the neck of it.

After the plants are up, give air for a few hours
when the sun is upon them. In April remove the
pan into the shade where they will get the morning
sun till about 10 o'clock. Whenever the young plants
have six leaves, shift them into pans or pots and
when they again get crowded shift again.

When they have attained to bloomingsize, pot three
plants round the edge of a 5-inch pot. From Ion"
experience I have found this the best method of treating
them. Ihen as they bloom in the spring, all the useless
sorts niust be taken out of the pots; these willdoto plant
in the borders. Thosethatpromisewell are to be repotted
in pots ol a suitable size ; but they must not be over-
potted, and when they bloom the following year and
prove to be really good stage flowers, they must be
taken care of Too often the raiser is disappointed in
the quality of seedlings that he anticipates will prove to
be first rate. Often they degenerate and turn coarse
alter blooniing extra fine in the first years of their
existence. Is o dependence can he placed on an autumn
bloom. A spring bloom is the only sure test. I have
now been raising these flowers for the last 46 years,
and the information contained in this article is the
result thereot.

I think I ha,ve tried every sort of experiment in the
Way of fertilising, but the most successful was fertilis-
ing Chapman s Maria with the pollen of his Sophia
Ihese flowers are both beautiful violets. From this
seed 1 got what have proved, after years of blooming
five first-class varieties-one of them a self, and I think
about the finest I ever saw, but after growing it for
10 years 1 have not yet had any increase from it. The
others are all very beautiful violet-ground sorts, causin"
me to rejoice at having attained the object at which I
Wasaiming. Itiscuriousthat among the .seedlings raised
trom this fine seed there were some Primulas, althou"h
I have none of either them or Alpines near me for
tear of spoiling the seed. Oeorge Lightlodi/, Falkirl-

^ ?I^ S^tr^iP- Hives -In the year 1860 1 obtained
a copy of the Kev L h. Langstroth's valuable book on
the Honey Lee, which had been published in the same
IfnL {uf,?-^ ""?" forcibly impressed with the con-
viction that_ the main principles of the moveable frame-
nue described by him were admirable, and exactly
adapted, not only to my oto wants, but to those of all
other bee-keepers who aimed at more scientific modes
01 management than those generally practised The
ainP^vT'"""' r d'^S'^nbed by Mr. Langstroth, did not
appear to me to be of the dimensions best suited to
Dees in our cli.nate, and there were also minor details
which I believed to be either totally unnecessary, or
which might be altered, omitted, or simplified I
quickly set to work, and, early in the spring of isGi
nau a lot of hives constructed with the modifications
which appeared to be desirable. Having had
remarkable success with these hives, I do not hesitate

to give a detailed description of them. They do not in
their main features vary greatly from the hive known
:i.s the "Woodbury Hive, brought out sub.sequently.
■Since my first lot was constructed, I have adopted some
of the improvements invented by the talented con-
structor ol tho last-mentioued hive. These have, I
believe, beeu already described in foregoiug papers, b'lit
I may have to refer to them again in connection with
the details of my own hive. I wish it to bo understood
that I do not claim for my hive any great superiority
over tho Woodbury Hive. I believe the last to be
almost as perfect a hive as can bo made, very far
suijcrior to the majority of those which are brought out
as improvements. Among these so-called improve-
ments, are frames whose tops project beyond the
outside of the box, the avowed object of which is to
promote facility of handling. This plan involved the
invention of metallic frame rests, wdiich, in my
opinion, are an expensive and totally unnecessary
adjunct. Then, again, wo have another improver
advocating frames tapering towards the lower portion,
with tho object of jiromoting facility of withdrawal :
together with his insisting on the necessity of there
being a rest or stay at the bottom of the box to prevent
the frames shifting. While thinking both of these
modifications to be unnecessary, I am not disposed to
condemn them as being utterly useless. In the year
1S18 I invented a frame hive very nearly akin in
principle to those ndiich have of late been so largely
adopted. I made ample drawings of its details at
that time, but did not, owing to change of residence,
thoroughly carry out the invention. It is somewhat
.singular that one main feature in the plan consisted of
frames contracted an inch in width at their lowest
part.^ As I have no doubt that if my plan had been
published at that time, I should now have the honour
of being considered tlie originator of moveable frame-
luvcs, I am induced to give an extract from the
description in my note-book written in the year
mentioned.

" The Improved Grecian Hive has for its chief
objects the easy removal of a portion of its surplus
contents, and allowing the bees and their works to be
all connected within one receptacle, instead of being
separated by wooden partitions."

" The present hive is made of such a length that a
portion only would be required for breeding purposes,
and the rest,— generally the ends,— would be used for
the construction and storing of honey combs, wh'ch
can be removed as fast as filled."

" The inside diameter of the box is about 215 inches
long by i) inches or 10 inches deep, and 12 inches
broad at the top, diminishing in width at the bottom
from an inch to an inch and a half. A rabbet is run
on the inside of the back and front sides to receive the
ends of the frames. A raised ledge is formed by
screwing an inch rim on all four sides, so as to 'be half
an inch higher than the toj) of the box. The frames
are IJ inch wide by i inch thick, and are to be
furnished with guide combs. They are made to slip
easily within the box, and ought to be more than a
quarter of an inch from its sides. There are 15 frames
to this box, but it would be advisable to have several
spare ones to insert in the place of any removed"
ihe frames were constructed of a shape narrowing
towards the bottom, to correspond with the natural
dimensions of the liox. There were also movable
partition frames capalile of being inserted at any part
ot the hive, for affording the bees more or less space
according to their requirements. " When first stocked
the bees are confined to the seven centre frames to
which guide combs have been attached. As they 'fill
these more room is added at either end, until the
whole extent of the interior be given."

The tons of the frames were, iu addition to the
outer and more solid top, covered by an adapter
formed of narrow slips of wood, so adapted that the
removal of one or two exposed the frame immediately
underneath for manipulation, without unduly disturb-
ing the bees by opening the entire surface of the frames
Narrow slits m the centre of each slip served for com-
munication with supers, feeding, ventilation, ic

I think I have said enough to show that the idea of
the construction of hives with moveable frames is
not one of the last few years only. It was early in my
career as a bee-keeper that I was impressed w'ith the
conviction that a system which aflbrded such facilities
or inanipulation, must be a good and a sound one ■
butit was not, as I said before, until the perusal of
L/angstroth s book, that I was made fully alive to all its
wonderful advantages, I then saw how much I had lost
by not more thoroughly carrying out my owu invention,
ihe improvements on my idea, which were at once
obvious to me as pertaining to the Langstroth hive
together with what I consider ,^s improvements on
that arrangement, subsequently adopted by myself and
otliers, leave me with no wish to return to my own
hrst love. In my next paper I hope to give a detailed
ttescrijrtion of the construction and dimensions of the
franie hive which has been substituted for my some-
what crude invention. S. Sevan Fox

Garden Memoranda.

I "^^f Oechid-s at St. Dunstan's.— It need hardly
be related that some of the best finished groups of
Urchids that have been seen at our London shows for
some years past, have been grown here in the collection
ui • , ,^^'^' -^^l" ^y ^^i'- Penny. These groups,
altbough they may not in every case have displayed
pl.aiits ol the great size of those sent from old esta-
blished collections, yet always manifested a degree of
reshness and vigour of growth rare indeed in the
argest Orchid-growing places ; and those who know the
little collection in the Regent's Park well, know also
that s^me of these plants which were admired by our
best Orchid growers, have been grown from very smaU
I bits witlun a very few years.

The houses devoted to Ondiids'hero are comnara;
tively small and low-for the '• warm ones " a leSTf

Or^L-'ullMt^ll '"V "T^ .™3 for\l,T^'c»
urcliius 10 feet by 12, lu two divisions. The first of

he lne;"'(v':n''-^ l' '■"'"■■"'^ "^'^ <^'^'«"}' devoied 0
llic iMiei (.v|,n|H,,|,„„is, in prune health- Aerides
and niisc- laneous k,„,|s, including Uendfob uin pri mS
hnuin and 1 alcouen both dmnu well in garde is^ucers
with half a dozen holes in tho Utom, andfi edwfth
sphagnum and .sand Angriccumsesquipedalewasinfiiie
owcr here, and a few of the Aerides were rema ka o
for healthy and persistent growth. It is not, however so
generally useful to give the size of jilants as to iridicita
the peculiar treat nieiit which causes them to be in such
irreproachable health, and here, so far as I could see it
consists in Baviiig the pijies so arranged that the (irv
air passing from them does not directly touch the
plants. The pipes, with troughs on them, are not as
usual under the benches, or in a position from whence
the heated air could arise, but just a little below the
wall plate, and have tiles and slates so placed that the
heaj cannot .spread out laterally among the i.lants on
the benches, but must all rise and flow upwards
over the tops of the plants in the first instance.
In addition to this, the trellis on which the plants stand
has a cemented shallow tank beneath it, iu which the
(trippings from syringing, &c., accumulate and remain
giving oil at all tunes abundant moisture. In addition
to this every surface is sprinkled with rough gravel or
shell, which loosely retains a body of moisture at all
times, and thus as much humidity is produced as in
the most reeking of moist and warm woods. So much
for the first house, the only one in which the pipes are
arranged as described, though Mr. Penny would apply
It to all if convenient. The second is distinguished by
^'!« Il!''^f';,»f'<-'.'>f ]'lia,l«nopsids in beautiful health, aplant
otP.!^chlllerlauallavlngwhenIsawitata;landspl-eadin.'
branch with nearly 100 shining buds preparing to open"
and with the leaves 10 inches long and 1 across! I
think I have never seen Phatenopsids grown so freely
into fane specimens from such bits, bought at Steven.s''
as here by Mr. Penny. In every case lie encourages
the roots outside the pots as much as possible, and it is
interesting to notice how well they avail themselves of
permission to crawl there, some of the pots bein"
nearly covered with the roots that flatten themselves
lilce a sfug against them, and go round and round in
a snake- ike manner. These plants require and get but
very littfe air, except what is necessary to sweeten the
atmosphere a little now and then. P. Liiddemanniana
was here throwing up a spike about 2ft inches long and
near it the very fine piece of Trichopilia crispa w'hich
was shown so nicely at the International ; it has now
lb growths, 13 m the greenest health, and is finer now
than the plant from which it was taken three years
ago, then a smaU piece. In this house the shelves the
sides of paths, indeed every available surface, is covered
witfi an inch, or an inch and a-half of sea-
.shell, which, being constantly charged with moisture
IS a great help towards keeping the house naturally
huinid at all times. Cleanliness is of course a law here
as in every really well managed Orchid house. " Health
IS lioliness ' says Carlyle ; " cleanliness is next to
godliness ; and with plants as with the " lords of
creation, sy.stematic sponging tends very much to all
sorts of beatitudes. In these houses the La;lias and
Cattleyas are remarkably fine, nearly all the Cattleya
Mossia) beginning to make a good second growth
within the year, the roots of many of the Cattleyas
clinging round the pots in profusion, and Ljelia
purpurata being in rude health.

Between two of these small wanner houses there is
a division lobby, into which the door enters that admits
to the range in the first instance; and here a few Ferns
are placed to fill up, and among them two of the best
cool Orchids— Odontoglossuiu Phala;nopsis and O
najvium. They are here because they require a few
degrees more heat just now, than is given to the cool
house, which we shall enter presently. O. Phakenopsis
IS a large and beautiful .specimen, potted iu sphagnum
and a little sand, the pot being as full of roots as that
of a healthy Rhododendron. The first-mentioned
plant IS worth SO guineas, and is a fine specimen of
successful culture.

The cool house is about 40 feet long and 12 feet wide
and in the first division contains greenhouse Ferns, &c.,'
on one hand, and on the other a lot of the finest piants
and the fiuc-st flowers I have ever seen of Lycaste
hkinneri— flowers and foliage enormous. The house
was at about 48° at the time of my visit (the day of the
great faff of snow), and it is generally kept at from 50°
to 5o . Here again broken shell is spread over the
benches a,nd all surfaces, so that abundance of moisture
is at all times given off. The Lycaste leaves are now
as green as Grass ; they are potted in peat and moss,
half of each, with a little sand. The bulbs are 4 inches-
deep and 2 through. In the same house Odontoglossum
nebulosum has bulbs 3 inches deep and 2J across- the
large variety of O. grande is of rema'rkable size;
O. hastilahium has bulbs 5 inches deep and 4 across,
and in O cordatum they are equally fine; Odonto-
glossum citrosmum roseumis nearly 2 feet across the
mass of bulb.s, the bulbs themselves 4 inches deep
and nearly 3 across; and so on. I have never
seen cool Orchids so successfully grown. In the
middle of summer this house is most agreeably
cool, and iu ordinary days in winter the transition
from the open air to its interior is barely more than
noticeable. It has at all times an atmosphere which
the most fastidious could enjoy, and remain to work
or sit in with pleasure. Like the other houses here,
the cool one is kept thoroughly moist, in addition to
the surfacing of broken shell's on the benches, by well
syringing three or four times a-day every available space
between the pots, also the paths, and indeed every
surface, except that of the plants themselves.

It is very encouraging to see so much success attend
the culture of these Orchids iu a cool temperature.

270

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAiiETTli

[March i6, l8Gf.

Tiie collection, as most Orohid-growers are aware, is
quite a young one, and is entirely indebted to Mr.
Penny's cultural skill and love of plants for the
position it has ah-eady talcen. The finest kinds have
grown with rapidity and perfect firmness of texture,
and, with other instances of cool Orchid culture, this
seems to point to a new and cheering phase in our
indoor gardening, one in which the exquisite Orchids
of elevated regions may be enjoyed in company with
a host of graceful Ferns, filmy and otherwise. Viator.

Miscellaneous.

The late Mr. Sai/tJiorii.—'We regret to have to
announce the death of Mr. John Haythorn, at the
advanced age of 85, which took place at Notlringham on
the 10th inst. Mr. Haythorn had been head-gardener
to three Lords Middleton at Wollaton Park, but for
the last 10 years had resided in Nottingham with his
son, who is well known as the manufacturer of Hay-
thorn's hexagon net.

Presentation to Mr. Simpson.— Oa the evening of
the Gth inst. a deputation waited on Mr. Simpson,
gardener to Lady Maria Molyneux, Stoke Farm,
Slough, and, in the name of the young gardeners who
have served under his charge, presented him with a
handsome microscope. In handing it over to him, the
deputation expressed the very great pleasure it aflbrded
them thus to bear testimony to the high esteem in
which Mr. Simpson was held by those who had served
under him, and to .show their appreciation of his worth
as a horticulturist. Mr. Simpson thanked the deputa-
tion, and, through them, the absent subscribers, for
their kindness, and said that he hoped by the faithful
discharge of his duty towards his men, to perpetuate
the good feeling made manifest by the much-valued gift.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
jFra7jcisceas which have done flowering should have
all old flower-buds removed as soon as the plants have
ceased blossoming. This is best effected by taking off
a leaf or two at the tips of the flowering shoots bodily
with the old buds, an operation which will materially
aid the over-worked plants in their eUbrts to make
fresh wood. In about a fortnight after this opera-
tion has been performed, those which require larger
pots should receive a slight shift. They like a rich
flbry soil, intermixed with silver sand. When fairly
started syringe freely, giving them, where practicable,
a slight amount of bottom-heat. A few Orchids, such
as Dendrobium nobile, and others of similar habit
that have been grown amongst mixed stove plants, or
in similar adverse positions, will now be much bene-
fited by a little judicious thinning out of the started
buds. First cut away at the base all semi-lifeless
growths, then wholly remove any weak, overcrowded,
or misplaced young buds formed at the base of other.s,
with tile view of directing the whole strength of the
plant to the few that have been selected to remain.
At this time, when Orchids are commencing their most
active season of growth, every possible precaution should
be taken to keep off insects, which habitually devour
the roots ; and it should be borne in mind that roots
destroyed at this season in all probability represent the
loss of so many flowers hereafter. Cockroaches and
woodlice are the greatest pests with which cultivators
have to contend. The former often do much mischief
before their presence is suspected. Being nocturnal in
their habits, they should be sought after late at night,
when they will be found issuing cautiously forth from
their retreats, to browse upon all that is young and
tender, more especially growing roots of Saccolabiums
and Phala^nopsids as well as the young leaves of those
and of many other kinds. They may, however, be
destroyed as follows. Upon ordinary unpainted flower-
stakes, some 3 feet in length, place neat square pieces
of well-toasted bread, having butter, of which they
are very fond, spread over its upper surface. One of
these should be fixed in a slightly slanting direction
in any pot likely to be infested. Late at night set a
light quietly in any position from which it may be
possible to perceive any which may be feeding upon
the bait. When so engaged, quietly approach them ;
with one hand hold a bowl or other utensil filled with
water immediately under the bread, and gently tap the
base of the stake with the other. The slightest tap
causes them to be thrown completely into the water,
when they may be easily destroyed. Of woodlice
there are two distinct varieties— the armadillo, or
large woodlouse, though very destructive, is not nearly
so much so as the smaller ones, which move about with
such great rapidity that they baffle the quickest fingers
in their efforts to destroy them. These latter too
increase with such unexampled speed that no effort
should bo lost in destroying them. This may be done
by keeping a warm corner dry, and placing over it a
small wisp of sweet hay, in which they harbour ; they
are readily destroyed by quickly removing the hay
occasionally, and well deluging all that can be detected
with scalding water. AmanjUids which have flowered
should have all the sun possible now in order
to duly ripen the bulbs in their latter stage of
growth. Procure and place upon a moisst warm surface
for a week or so, the necessary supply of Italian
Tuberoses, to be potted at a later date. Some kinds of
bulbs might be had in bloom longer than they are, if a
few of each sort were now placed in a slight amount of
extra heat. Among the kinds to which I allude, are
Liliums, of the lancifolium section, auratura, &c.,
Triteleia unijlora, Lachennlias, SpreJcelias, and similar
plants. Lachenalias showing flower-spikes and having
the pots well filled with roots, will improve greatly
by being supplied occasionally with slight^ waterings of
liquid manure. Serbaeeous Calceolarias, if well grown,
should now receive their final shift into rich soil in

which there is a good supply of yellow loam, potting
only moderately firm. Where specimen Chrysanthe-
mums are needed, cuttings should be put in at once.
Sow seeds of Thunbergias, Impaiiens (Balsams) and
Indian Ipomeas, for stove decoration ; also the Inter-
mediate Stock, and a little Aster seed for flowering
in pots.

FORCING HOUSES.
JEarli/ Vines swelling fruit, and just before the
process of stoning takes place, whether planted inside
the house or in pots, will be much benefited by
having a moderate quantity of fresh soot dusted over
the whole surface of the soil in the evening, to be well
watered on the following morning, giving, during the
operation, such copious drenchings that every root will
he made to feel its direct influence. Take care to
maintain an even temperature at this stage, guarding
alike against sudden draughts, caused by fluctuating
weather and bright sunshine. Pines swelling fruit
should be examined to see whether gills, or side shoots,
emanate from the footstalk of the fruit, or from its
immediate base. When suSiciently large these will
snap off readily by pressing them downward with the
hand ; be careful, however, not to slit them down, in
such a manner as to injure the footstalk, which may be
done if they are taken off when too young. Do not use a
knife in the operation, as even worse consequences may
foUow its use. If any of the younger stock, through
some check which it may have received during the late
harsh weather, or otherwise, should show symptoms of
flowering, give a small shift at once; potting the plants
into a good loam, and firmly, taking every care not to
injure any roots formed around the sides of the ball. It is
advisable to give all such a thorough soaking some eight
or ten hours previous to potting them, and to give every
encouragement by means of root warmth to help them
to successfully ripen their prematurely-formed fruit.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.
Flower beds, composed of light gravelly soils, should
have their latest digging performed about this time,
in order that they may settle down firmly before
l3edding-out time ; under this treatment they retain
moisture better throughout dry summer months,
than when they are dug at the last moment, and
kept loose. "Where the stock of Viola cornuta
consists of old stools or edgings, these should be
divided upon the first favourable occasion, and dibbled
out thickly in any sheltered position. "Where seed-
lings alone are depended upon, sow forthwith in a
gentle warmth. Variegated Arabis should now be
increased where further demand for it exists. Divide
and dibble into store beds any pieces procurable
sufficiently large for cuttings, which will root and
grow freely. Pinch off all flowers as soon as they begin
to show themselves upon plants in beds or edgings,
where they are only required in the shape of foliage
plants. Roll Grass lawns thoroughly, dusting wood
ashes freely in all places where Moss exists ; finish all
fresh turfing where practicable, this month.

HARDY FRDIT GARDEN.
Besides Apricots, the covering of which should not
be delayed a day longer. Peaches and Nectarines should
also have the materials got ready for their early
protection. Frigi Domo, though far inferior to what
it was originally, is purchasable in widths of from 2 to

4 yards, and is still the most handy kind of protection.
I run mine upon iron rods, in the way ot curtains :
drawing them aside daily, and tying them when rolled
up to a strong post fixed in the border some 3 feet
from the central base of the trees, thereby saving much
labour, besides wear and tear of material. Tiffany
is more economical, though less efficient ; it is pro-
curable in CO feet lengths by 38 inches wide, at about
9s. ^ Upon very cold wet days, and during hail or
similar weather, the trees are best left covered, more
especially when the pollen is ripe for fertilisation.
Many Filberts and other Nuts, though well furnished
with female blossoms this year, are deficient in
catkins; therefore well dust the trees with any which
may be upon them, procuring where practicable a
bunch of catkins from wild hedge-row Nuts, in order
to assist more certainly in securing a crop.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Plant out Jeriisalem Artichokes for autumn
cropping. Any odd piece of ground will answer, pro-
vided it has a moderate sunny aspect. In moderately
good soils they require little or no manure. They are
generally planted in rows a given distance apart ; as
this however tends to increase size and height above
ground in summer, without a corresponding increase
at the root, it is better if the ground has been well dug
to dibble them in all over the quarter, some 5 or
6 inches apart, treading the soil afterwards firmly with
the feet. Plant out Shallots in deep well-manured
ground. Press each bulb firmly down into the soil
some 8 or 10 inches apart, according to the strength of
the bulb, and draw a little soil firmly over the shoulder
of each to keen it from being forced out of the ground
by the action of the roots in the process of growth.
The main crop of early Kidney and other Potatos
may now be planted. In deep light haulm-producing
soils it is best to simply press each tuber firmly down
upon the surface of the soil :in rows some 10 inches
apart all ways. The intervening soil should afterwards
be neatly placed over them so as to form a ridge, some

5 or G inches high, leaving all in the form of a ridge
and furrow for a time. Moderate-sized sets are to be
preferred, eradicating all minor eyes except such as
appear to be the points or more prominent growing
parts, from whence the strongest shoots may be antici-
pated. AVhen, owing to the size of the tubers, it is
necessary to cut them, let this be done at all times
a few days before they are required for planting.
Do not dust them over with lime or other matters ; on
the contrary let them dry gradually so as to induce

them to heal over naturally. Sow a succissional crop of
Peas to succeed those which are up. Maclean's
Wonderful and Prince of Wales are excellent varieties,
3 feet only in height, and requiring short sticks;
while Dickson's Favourite is a very prolific sort of
stronger growth, say from 4 to 5 feet in height. Sow a
little Bound Spinach in a row between the first crop of
Peas. Plant out a few Lettuces which have stood the
winter, in a similar position ; they will succeed others
which do not need transplanting.

In forming Seakale plantations (see p. 242 last week),
for " rows 20 feet apart by 20 inches, &o.," read 2 feet
apart by 20 inches, &o. W. E.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
For the Week ending Mar. 13, 1867, as observed at the Horticultural Gardens.

. !

Temperitdre.

Wind

March.

\i.

BXROUBTKR.

Of the Air. 1 Of the Earth

s'-

Max.

Min.

Max.

Miu.

Mean

1 foot' 2 feet
deep. 1 deep.

Thurs. 7
Friday 8
Satur. D
Sunday 0
Mon. I
Tues. '2
Wed. 13

J

29.5J13
29..570
29.318
29.456
29.682
29 741
29.891

29.583
29.466
29.202
29.121
29.561
29.646
29.633

37
40
H
45
41
39
34

28
26
35
33
32
27
30

32.5
33.0
39.5
39.0
36.5
33.0
32 0

42
42
45
42
42
42
40

42
41
41
42
42
42
41

N.E.
N.E.
N.E.
N.E.
N.E.
N.E.
E.

.00
.08
.46
.03
.04
.06
.40

Average .

39 63S

29.461

40.0 I 30.1 ' 35.1

42.1

41.5

1.07

March 7— Hazy ; snow in l>road flakes ; snow at nieht.

— 8— Snowing in broad Hakes . cloudy and cold ; overcast.

— 9— Slight haze; boisterous; heavy rain at night.

— 10— Hazy and damp ; drizzling rain ; densely overcast at night.
~ 11— Hazy throughout ; drizzly rain at night.

— 12— Sleet; boiiterous; overcast at niijht.

— 13— Frosty ; cold and overcast ; snow at night.

Mean temperature of the week 5 8.10th deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the lost 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending March 23, 1867.

March,

Hi lit

go.

Eh

No. of
"Years iu
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain.

Prevailing Winds.

a'

~5
3
5
3
9
9
7

1

9
6

6
10
4
H

W

^_

- 6
2 2
i -l

2 -

3 4
•I \
2 2

i

aj

G

10
14
2
8
12

~1
12

7
6
7
5
5

Sunday ..17
Mon. ..18
Tues. ..19
Wed. ..20
Thura. ..21
Friday ..22
Satur. ..23

49 9 : 32.6
fi().3 ' 33.3

51.3 33.2

51.4 33.8
50.7 1 32 4
60 4 34 2

50 5 33 0

41.2
41.8
42.2
42 6
41.5
42.3
41.7

13
13
14
16
18
19
17

0 37 in.

0.24

0 33

Ml

0.21

0.44

0,60

3

3
3
6
2
5
4

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
19th and 20th. 1836, —therm. 69 deg. ; and tbe lowest on the 20th, 1845,
— thenn. 16 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Azalea indica : S S. If the growth is partifil and di.sfigiire3
the plants, it may be got rid off by plnchhig in ; but if it is
general, this cov.ld only be done at the risk of throwing back
the plants, perhaps for a whole season, unless, indeed, they
are in a state to bear a moderate cutting-in after blooming,
and before renewing their growth. Further advice we
cannot give, as we are ignorant of your special object, and
of the condition of your plants.

Bone-dust : T. Delta. A moderate sprinkling of fine hone-
dust, lightly forked in over the surface of the border, may be
beneficial, but we should prefer applying it later, when the
berries commence swelling, and not just at the critical
blooming period. As, however, the Vines are healthy, do they
want anything beyond mulching with short dung ? If the
border wan ta renewing, would it not be better to defer the
operation till autumn, and then carefully lift the roots, and
give new compost, in which crushed bones may be very
beneficially incorporated.

Books ; CB F. Pamell's Grasses of Britain will best suit your
purpose. — fl C. The Journal of the Royal Horticultural
Society may be had by gardeners at a reduced price on
application to the Secretary, at the Gardens, South
Kensington,

Conifers: J F. Those mentioned may he sown at once in
loamy soil, iu a cold frame, either in pans or boxes, or in a
prepared bed of soil.

Fio Tree : AstUy. If the tree is over luxuriant, prune its roots,
and make the soil as hard as possible beneath them. Figs
on walls are very apt to grow rank, and to be too much
crowded mth shoots which never ripen. Endeavour to
obviate this by giving the branches plenty of space, so that
the leaves arc not crowded. Rub off all the fruit which forma
during summer on the young wood, as early aa it can be
seen ; this wood should bear the following year.

Names of Plants: H St Clair. Your Dendrobium is new to
us ; but it is impossible to speak positively on such matters
if people will not send us any account of the native country,
leaves, and habit of their plants. — Geo Smith. 1, Zygo-
petalum Mackaii ; 2, one of the innumerable varieties of
Oncidium harbatum. — F B. Even when a careful descrip-
tion is given of their habits and habitats, Cattleyas are very
difficult to make out ; but when— as in your case— these
particulars are withheld, their determination is almost an
impossibility. If your Cattleyas come from the northern
parts of South America, and have one-leaved stems, they
are probably varieties -and very poor ones, too— of what
was once called C. Triaua?i ; if they have two leaves, and
come from Bahia or Brazil, they may be poor varieties of
C. elegans, but this is mere guessing, — C S. Paiilownia
imperial is.

Percentages and Fees: Subscrtber. We have already stated
that iu our opinion the receipt of percentages is not defen-
sible on principle, and pointed out what we believe to be
the chief cause of the existence of £uch a custom. Fees for
instruction given, are on the contrary quite legitimate. It
is no part of a gardener's professional duty to teach his
subordinates their business, though under kind considerate
employers, and when comiortably placed, many of them
willingly io so.

Skeleton Lbaves : J S. These are prepared by maceration in
water for several weeks. The remains of pulp are then
removed with brushes, and the whole is bleached with
chloride of hme, or with the fumes of chlorine or sulphur.

Sugar Cane : Jamaica. Sea water is injurious to most plants,
except sea-weeds. The Sugar Cane appears to be also an
exception, for Uumboldt states, that " of all the plants
cultivated by man there are only the Sugar Cane, the Plan-
tain, the Jlammee, and the Avocado Pear which endure
equally irrigation with fresh and salt water." Watering
with an infusion of dung in salt water is employed in the
West Indies as an unfailing remedy against the blast, which
is a withering of the plants. How much salt water the
plant will bear we cannot say.

Vines Bleeding ; E M R. Use Thomson's Styptic.

Watering Orchard House ; D. The Portable Engines con-
stantly advertised in our columns seem to be just the sort
of thing you require.

Communications Received.— W. R.— G. Lightbody.— T. Paul.
— H. Cannell.— Prof. Asa Gray.— W. T.— J, S.— J. Sheppard,
-J. N. H,— Another Old Sub,

ir.rn iG, ISfi?-.]

THE GAllt)ENKliS' cnnoNlCLE AKD AOUlcLILTUiaL (iA^.KTTl

371

SUTTON'S GRASS SEEDS

FOR ALL SOILS.

CARRIAGE FREE.

]\IESSRS. SUTTON

Specially prepare MIXTURES for every description of
loil; therefore in ortUTins it is only necessary to state
,ho nature of the soil, nnd suitable Seeds will be supplied.
rhe following; are the popular classifications of Soils : —

fl. RHARr GRAVEL3
0. CHALKV SOILS

7. SHEEP DOWNS

8. RIVER KLATS.orWATER
MEADOWS

1. STIFF CLAr

2. STIFF or HEAVY LOAM
S. GOOD MEDIUM LOAM
4. LIGHT SANDS

The undermentioned kinds of GRASSES and CLOVERS
ire included in SUTTON'S MIXTURES for PER-
MANENT PASTURE and other purposes, and which

, ire viiricd both in sorts and proportions according to the

I lui-pose for which the Seeds are required.

\)opecnnis pratonsls . , . . Moadow Foitail

(Vntlioxnnthiini (idoratuni . . Sweet Venml

VgroBtls stoloiilfertt CreeplDR Bent Grass

WetiH llAvescena .. .. .. Yellow Oftt Orufis

-VHosuriia criatfttus Crested Dogatuil

Jiictvlis glontenita Round Cocksfoot

Koatuca duriuacula Hard Fescue

„ eliitior Tall Fescue

,, heterophylla . . . . Varloiia-lesivod Feacus

„ pmtenais Meadow Fescue

„ tivina Sheep's Feacue

„ rubra Reddish Fescue

,, teiuufolla Fine-leaved Fescue

„ lollacea Darnel-leaved Foacuo

Mvcerla aquatlca Water Sweet Graas

Lolium Italicum Italian Rye-grnsa

,. pcroQuo Perennial Rye-grasa

„ „ Suttonil .. .. Sutton's Perennial Rye-xraas

„ Paoeyauum .. Pacey'3 Perennial Ryo-grass

,, „ seiupervlrena ., Evergreeu Rye-gr.iss

L'lilL-um pratenso Timothy

I'oa pratensis Smooth-stalked Meadow Grass

,, tnvlalis Rough -stalked Meadow Uras9

„ neinoralis Woodside Meadow Grasa

,, fortius Fertile Meadow Grass

„ aemperviren3 Evergreen Meadow uraas

„ aquatica Water Meadow Grass

P.antago lanceolata. . . . . . Plantiiiu or Rib Grass

Trifolium pratcnse Hrnad Red Clover

„ „ perenno .. Perennial Red Clover

„ repena perenue. . .. Perennial White Clover

„ hybridum .. .. Al si ke Clover

„ minus Yellow Suckling Clover

Medicago lupulina Yellow Trefoil

Lotus uurniculatua Bird's-foot Trefoil

The above vai'ieties may he had separafehj^ of best
quality^ and carefully cleaned, at very moderate prices^
which may be had on application.

Prices of Messrs. Sutton^s Mixtures : —
SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of PERMANENT
GRASSES and CLOVERS, for Soils Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
and 7 (2 bushels of Grasses, and 12 lb. Clovers per acre),
36*. per acre, carriag;e free.

CHEAPER MIXTURES, 26*. to 30*. p. acre, carriage free.

For No. 8, 30*. per acre, carriage free.

SUTTON'S RENOVATING MIXTURE for the above
SOILS, price \Qd. per lb., cheaper by the cwt. — If
these Seeds are sown early in the season, the improve-
ment in the Pasture will be very great, and at sraaU
expense. (5«, to 10*. per acre.)

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE for PARK LA"WNS,
BOWLING GREENS, CRICKET GROUNDS, &c.,&c.,
for the above Soils, price 18s. per bushel. Sow 2 or
2\ bushels per acre.

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of GRASSES and
CLOVERS for Three or Four Years' Lay, 24*. pe r acre,
carriage free. Second Quality cheaper.

SUTTON'S BEST iflXTURE of GRASSES and
CLOVERS for Two Tears' Lay. 185. Qd. per acre,
carriage free. Second Quality cheaper.

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of GRASSES and
CLOVERS for One Year's Lay, 155. per acre, carriage
free. Second quality cheaper.

SUTTON'S MIXTURES of CLOVERS and RYE-
GRASS for One Tear, 12*. to 14*. per acre, carriage
free.

Good Clover Seeds

at Market Prices.
Saraples and lowest price per cwt. on application.

SUTTON'S SELECTED MANGEL "WURZEL,
TURNIP, and other FARM SEEDS, as see

SUTTON'S NEW FARM SEED LIST,

Gratia and Post Free on application.

l|^ All Goods Carriage Free, except very small parcel*.
Five per cent, discount allowed for Cash Payments.

SUTTON AND SONS,

ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT,

READING,

i^X R A S S S E K D S for

^^ PERMANENT PASTURl-:, of the
fineHt quality, at niodorato prlcea.
carefully neloctud on a now, natural, and
soloiitlfio eystom.

Soo "WHEELER'S BOOK on
URASSES," which contaliia IlluHtra-
tlons and Descriptions of tho most
suitable Qrasioa for IVrmrvnent Foaturo.

3. C. \VnnF.i.KH & Son,
GloucOfltor,

Seedsmen to the (ilMucestershlra

Agricultural Sncloty.

Croquet Grounds.

For the Iniprovemeiit of Croquet
Urnunds and LawDS,

JC. WHEELER and SON,
• Seid Growers, Glouceater, can
recommend a Mixture of the flneat
LAWN GRASS SEEDS, which should
now bo sown at the rat© of about
10 lb. per acre, with a top-dresoing of
Boot, guano, or Bupen>ho3phate. The
Lawn or Croquet Gruund should then be
thoroughly well rolled.
The price of the Seed ia Ij. Zd. per lb.

J. C. Wheklrr & Sow,
Seed Growers, GloucMtor.

JC. WHEELER and SON, Sked Growrks,
• Gloucester (Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire At,'ricultural
Society), can very strongly recommend the following Mixtures :—
CLUVER and GRASS SEEDS for ONE YEAR'S LAY
J. 0. WuLELER & Sun can supply this excellent Mixture— all of the
finest quality— carriage free by Railway, at \b». per acre,
lb. lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L. Bera-

pervirona
7 Red Clover, Trifoliumpratense
7 Trefoil, Medicago lupulina

Lol lum

8 Italian Rye-grass.

italicum.
1 Cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata
1 Timothy, Plileum praten.>iO

A cheaper Mixtureat lOa. 6d. per acre.

CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS for TWO YEARS' LAY.

J. C. WiiEEi.ER & SoK can -supply this excellent Mixture for Two

Years' Lay— all of the finest quality- carriage free by railway, at

18s. Qd. per acre

lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-gra.w.L.perenno
4 Italian Rye-grass, L. italicum
2 Cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata
1 Timothy, Phleum pratense

3 Red Clover, TrifoUum pratense
3 Cow Grass, T. pratense perenue

3 White Dutch, Tr. repena

4 Trefoil, Medicago lupulina

A cheaper Mixture at IGs. 8(i. per acre.
CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS for THREE or FOUR YEARS' LAY-
J. C. WnKELKR & Sow can supply this excellent Mixture— all of the
finest quality— carriage free by Railway, at 24s. per acre,
lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L. sem-

pervirene
4 Pacey's Perennial, L. Pacey-
anum rcuiu

3 Italian Hye-grass, Lolium itali-
'i Cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata

A Cheaper Mixture at 2\s. per Acre.
J. C. WiiiELtR & Son'i CLOViCR and GRASS SEEDS are of
excellent quality, very moderate in price, and 6 per cent, discount
Is allowed lor cash,

J. C. WubelehA Son, Seed Growers. Gloucester.

_ Timothy, Phleum pratense
3 Red Clover, Tnfolium pratense
3 Cow Grass, T. pratense perenne

3 White Hon6>sucKle, T. repens
1 Alsike, Tnfolium hybridum

4 Trefoil. Medicago lupulina

PASTURE LAND. — The great b^'neiit derived by
Sowing down Land intended for Permanent Pasture wtth
Natural Gra«s Seeds cannot be over-estimated, the triflmg coat of
KENNEDY'S MIXTURES for PERMANENT PASTURE over
that of Common Rye-grass and Clover being far more than compen-
sated by the much greater .abundance of Herbace produced, of a
more nutritious and permanent kind. These Mixtures ore mad© up
in every case to suit the particular soil, situation, or purpose for
wnlch they are required.

A DESCRIFl'lVE PRICED CATALOGUE of NATURAL
GRASSES as well as of CLOVER. TURNIP, and other EARM
SEEDS, may be had on application to Thomas Kenneut & Co.,
Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and l-lorists, Dumfries.

^^ CATALOGUES may also be had of VEGETABLE and
FLDWER SEEDS, and FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL
TREES, &c.

Free Delivery. Farm and Garden Seeds Delivered at nearest
Railway Station under certain limitations, as formerly.

Carter's Genulno Se6dd.

Improvement of Grass Lands,

at from 5s. to 10s. per acre.

UTTON'S RENOVATING

MIXTURE

SboulT) Now be Sowit.

6 to 121b. per acre.

Price lOd. per lb. Cheaper by the cwt.

If these Seeds are sown early m the season,

the improvement in the land will be very

great, and at a small expense.

This Mixture .should be bush-harrowed In,
and rolled afterwards,

SuTTOK &, Sons,

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment,

Reading.

!UT

TON'S PRIZE MANGEL SEED.

Cheaper by the Cwt. pjf ii,._,, d.

Good YELLOW GLOBE.. 0 0
,. ORANGE GLOBE.. 0 9
„ RKD GLOBE ..0 9

„ LONG RED .. ..0 9
„ LONG YELLOW ..0 0

SUTTON'S
Selected Mangel Seed

From Selected Roots.

Per lb — s. d.
SUTTON'-S SELECTED

YELLOW GLOBE ..10
Do. do. ORANGE GLOBE 1 0
FISHER IIOBBS'

ORANGE GLOBE ..10
STRATTON'S RED
GLOBE 13

surroN'S elvetham

LONG REU .. ..10

SUTTON'S MAMMOTH

LONG YELLOW ..10

NEW YELLOW INTER-
MEDIATE .. ..19

Do. RED do 16

SUTTON'S MAMMOTH

LONG REU .. ..10

BEKKSEIIHE PRIZE or
SUTTON'S YELLOW OLOBE, SUFFOLK CHAMPION.

Price 15. per lb. Now, in 81b. bags ..2 6

Cbeftper b.7 the Cwt Lowest Price per Cwt. oQ application.
ScTTon Jt Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Eatabllshment, Reading.

pAETER'S SELECT LIST of GENUINE FARM
\j SEEDS, at moderate prlcoR, ifl now re.idy, and may bo had post
(Vooon application to

Cxhter's Groat London Seed W.iroliouse, 2.17 and 238, High
Holborn, London, W.C.

Sutton's Prize Mangel Wurzel,

TURNIP, IMPROVED KOHL RABI, 4c., io.

For PRICES, aoo

SUTTON'S NEW FARM SEED LIST, -which may be
had gratis and po.st free on application to
SrTTOM Si SoKs, Royal Herk.shire .Seed EHtablishmont. Reading.

New Mangel Wurzel Seed.

HAND F. SIIARPK liiivc th.' following Varieties,
• raised last season on tlioir own Seed Farm from fine selected
Bnlbs, which they can olTer to the Trade at Low Prices, to be had
on application : —

SHARPE'S SELECTED ORANGE GLOBE.
FISHER HOBBS' ORANGE GLOBE.
LARGE YKLLOW GLOBE.
ELVETHAM LONG RED,
SELECTED LONG YELLOW.
SELECTED RED GLCJBE.

Seed Growing Establishinont, Wisbech.

Kew Turnip Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE ort'LT the fallowing varieties to
• the Trade at low Prices. They are all of IMOO growth, raised
from the finest selectoil Stocks: —

SHARPE'S IMPROVED PUKPLETOP SWEDE.
SKIRVINQ'S " KINO ol the SWEDES."
IMPROVED GREEN TOP SWEDE.
LINCOLNSHIRE BED GLOBE.
IMPROVED GREEN NORFOLK.
DEVONSHIRE GREY STONE.
And many other Yellow 'and Whito.fieshed sorts. Prices may be
had on application. Seed-growing Establishment, Wisbech.

SoTfT H li RN C 0 a N TIe S ASSOCIATION.
President I806-'i'>7 — His Grace ini Dukk of RicHMONn, K.G.
The ANNUAL EXHIBITION of STOCK, POULTRY, IMPLE-
MENTS, FLOWERS. WORKS of ART, Sc, will be HELD at
BRIGHTON, on the 24th, 25th, 2Cth,'27th, and 'JSthoIJUNE NEXT.

SUMMARY OF PRIZES OFFERED:—
CATTLE.— Shortrhorns. £1'J5; Su-ssex. £125; other Breeds, £59.
SHEEP.— SouthJowns, £iJ'J ; Hants Downs, £90 ; Oxford Downs, £90

Kent Sheep, £90.
HORSES.- Agricultural, £110: Hunters, £95; Hacks, £16; Ponies,
PIGS.— Berkshire, £32; other ijreeds, £22. [£10.

POULTRY.— Various, £93.

The PRIZE LIST may be obtained of the Secretary.
By order of the Council,
Yately, Farnborough, G. B. H. SurTc, Secretary.

AGKICULtUUAL HALL.— HOUSE SHOW. — The
FOURTH ANNUAL UORSE SHOW will be HELD in the
DERBY WEEK. Prize Lists will be ready early in April.
Offices -. Bikrford Street, IslingtoD, N.

By order, S. Sipset, Secretary and Manager.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.
BURT ST. EDMUND'S MEETING. 18G7.
STOCK, POULTRY and IMPLEMENT PRIZE SHEETS are
now ready, and will be forwarded on application to
12, Hanover Square, London, W. H. Hall Dabe, Soc.

Wxt ^grtcttltural (Sajett^.

SATURDAY, MARCH 16, 1867.

The Report last week of the Monthly Council
of the Royal Agricultural Society included a
number of interesting particulars. In the first
place the discussions at the Weekly Council
Meetings are admitted to have entirely failed to
collect satisfactory audiences, anil at Mr.
Holland's suggestion evening meetings are to
be tried. Dr. Voelcker's lecture on Foods, and
their influence on the richness and fertilising
value of the animal's manure, is to be given at
the Society's Rooms, not as announced, but at
8 P.M. on the evening of the first Tuesday in
April. This is probably the most convenient
hour for gentlemen resident in London ; but
it is too late for most suburban members. Cer-
tainly, however, the attempt to make these
meetings useful deserves to be supported, and we
hope that the Rooms of the Society may be
better filled next Tuesday fortnight than they
have been hitherto.

But by far the largest portion of the Report is
occupied with the subject of agricultural educa-
tion ; and here, as heretofore, we have long lists
of candidates who have distinguished themselves,
not in connection with any agricultural subject,
but in their knowledge of I'uro Mathematics !
Scholarships had been offered, one of 50^. and
four of 2W., to the sons of tenant farmers
occupying under 500 acres who had acquitted
themselves best on the lists of the Cambridge
local examinations, and who should be prepared,
the one to enter for a year upon an approved
farm or at one of the Agricultural Colleges
for agricultural instruction, and the four to
spend a year at an approved school for general
education. Not a single candidate appeared
for the first or senior scholarship. Only seven
appeared for the four junior scholarships. It
is however e-yident that those, and indeed the
whole scheme of prizes for general attainments,

272

THE GARBENErvS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICITLTTTUL GAZETTE.

[Maech 16, 1867.

have no connection -whatever with agricultui'e,
excepting only those accidental cases in which
the boys trying for them may hereafter become
farmers.

The English Agricultural Society labours in
its proper vocation when engaged (1) in publish-
ing, whether at first-hand or not, that which
"has been proved by practical experience to be
useful to the cultivator of the soil." Does not
this strikingly illustrate the limited and profes-
sional intention of its formation? It is also
working within its proper jui'isdiction (2) when
engaged for mutual instruction in correspondence
with other Agricultural Societies, (3) when
employing practical men to make and report
experiments on points in farm practice, (4) when
encouraging and dii-ecting the attention of men of
science to agricultural mechanics and chemistry,
(5) when promoting the discovery of new varieties
of gi-ain and other vegetables useful to man, (6)
when collecting information on arboriculture,
(8) when engaged in improving the veterinary
art, (9) when endeavouring to promote an
improved cultivation of the land and improve-
ments in the breeds of the stock upon the land,
(10) when helping to promote the comfort of the
labourer ; and 7thly, putting this particular
purpose out of its place ilpon the list which the
Charter specifies, when taking measures for the
improvement of the education of those who
depend upon the cultivation of the soil for their
support.

To most of these objects its attention has
been directed with great efficiency and success.
A good deal has been done to publish the stores
of agricultural infoi-mation, osistrng both in
independent experience and in books — something
has been done in correspondence and co-opera-
tion with other societies — a little in the earlier
years of its history was accomplished in the way
of setting its members to work upon a uniform
plan of field experiment — men of science have
been employed successfully as investigators,
exemplars, and instructors — the relativo agri-
cultural values of different plants and
varieties of plants have been constantly
the subject of discussion and report — arboricul-
ture, perhaps, has scarcely occupied its attention
so much as it should have done — the Veterinary
College hag been encoiuaged by an annual
subsidy, and for much useful information in that
class of subjects we have to thank the Society's
Veterinary Professor — a very great deal indeed
has been done to improve the cultivation of the
land and to improve our breeds of live stock —
many of the topics afi'ecting the welfare of the
labourer have been represented with urgency in
the Journal. What has been done for ' ' the
improvement of the education of those who depend
upon the cultivation of the soil for their support ?"

Let us see : — -The Eoyal Agricultural College
was established very shortly after the Society
was founded. The Eoyal Veterinary College,
ah'eady in existence, was, in accordance with
the eighth of the Society's purposes, subsidised
and brought into immediate connection, an ofiicer
selected from its staff was made the Society's
Professor, and a standing committee was
appointed to work and utilise the connection thus
established. The Eoyal Agricultural College,
ec[uaUy with the other incorporated under
Eoyal Charter, equally with the other, and even
more exclusively than it, dii-ectly representing
one of the ten objects for which the Society was
incorporated, has, one may almost say, never had
its existence in any way acknowledged. You
may search the index of the 23 volumes of the
Journal in vain for a single line which shall
direct you to an account of it. At Glasnevin,
Grignbn, Hohenheim, Florence, Pavia, at
the very ends of the earth— at Keszthely,
wherever that may be — there are, it appears.
Agricultural Colleges, and if you wish for infor-
mation about any of them you will find a line
for it in the Index, and a reference to the pages
where information is given in the Journal ; but
our own Eoyal Agricultui-al College was
altogether ignored dming its first 20 years of a
struggling existence when, by itself and its
disinterested promoters, it was labouring almost
without companionship for the improvement of
agricultural education in this country. Let us
thankfully acknowledge that the first volume of
the new series of the Society's Journal opened
with a full account of this National institution,
and that at length (two years later) for the first
time in aii ofiicial announcement,* the existence
of the Eoyal Agricultural College has been

' Sea Report of CouncU, Dso. 1866.

acknowledged, even though it be only classed
as " one ' of the agi-icultural colleges, Ciren-
cester, Glasnevin, &c." No one, however, who
looks back on the history of the Royal Agri-
cultui'al Society since its commencement, keep-
ing in his mind the while the seventh object for
wluch, according to its Charter, it was founded,
can hesitate to say that its refusal of relations
with the Eoyal Agricultural College has been
altogether blameworthy.

This seventh object in its Charter had indeed
been all along forgotten, but even now, when
the attention of the Society has been at length
directed to it, just as it had been originally
directed to the eighth, nothing can be more
diverse than the plans adopted with regard to
them respectively. The existing institution for
the special promotion of the object in the one
case has been helped and used, and in the other
it is still neglected. The very principle indeed
on which the conduct of the Society is based is
as opposite as possible in the one case from what
it is in the other. The veterinary profession ,
equally with the agricultural, would benefit by
that good preliminary education which seems to
be the sole end at which the Society is aiming
for ' ' those who are dependent on the cultivation
of the land for their support : " — Why is
the professional object in the one case so
strictly kept in view, and in the other so
utterly ignored ? The Agricultural College,
equally with the Veterinary, is directed to its
proper professional end: — Why is the one so
entirely disregarded, and the other so petted and
encouraged ? The inconsistency is complete.
The fact seems to be that the Agricultural
Society, led in the outset by practical advisers —
Earl Spenoeb, Mr. Pusey, Mr. Hakdley — -was
originally content to labour patiently at the set
tasks it had proposed to itself. The less definite
of its objects no doubt thus remained neglected,
but those which had been clearly indicated were
undertaken and pursued as belonging to the
definitely hedged professional field to which the
Society most properly confined its operations.
But when the educational purpose of the Society
at length was recognised, it accepted the guidance,
not of a practical adviser acquainted with the
professional wants of agriculturists and with the
professional limits of the Society's proceedings,
but of — an enthusiast.

Mr. AcLAND has, no doubt done, and is
doubtless doing great service in the pro-
motion of middle-class education. No one
could be better as the adviser of a Uni-
versity, or of any other great educational
institution — no one more efficient as a Commis-
sioner of Inquiiy into general education. But
his guidance of the Society out of its proper
field, where it might have worked effectively in
the humbler sphere of professional and technical
instruction, into a field, extra-professional and
boundless, where it is necessarily incompetent, is
leading us all astray. A few more such Council
Eeports as that of last December — when the
farmers of England were called together to hear
that Smith and JoifBS and the others — boys of
1 2 and 14 years of age — had gained their 31. and
il. prizes for attainments in "PureMatheinatics ! "
— and either the Education Committee or the
Society must go. And we add — a few more such
Eeports from the Education Committee as the
last (see page 248), and immense mischief will
be done. They will very soon convince us all,
as, apparently, they already have convinced the
Council, that agi-icultural education is a dream,
and agricultural students a mere myth ! Boys
crowd together with their Euclids and their Latin
grammars before the University examiners; but it
seems impossible to collect an agricultui'al class
who shall take a paper in Mechanics or in
Chemistry. There are plenty of candidates for
scholarships which shall help small boys at
school, but none for one of 50i. a year which is
offered to young men about to spend a year at
any of oui- agricultural colleges. The Society
has, in fact, purposely got out of the agricultural
groove, and now it wonders that it cannot meet
with agricultui-al students. Its Education Com-
mittee has gone to the Universities and to
schools, not to the agricultural colleges and to
farmers' clubs, and it laments the failure of its
attempt to promote the union of agricultural
with general education !

Six scholarships of 30/. a year are offered
annually at the Eoyal Agricultural College for
' ' students intending to follow agriculture as a
profession, who have obtained certificates as
seniors at the University Local Examinations."
We wonder if these have been uncompeted for.

— The best thing, we believe, that could at present
happen in the interests of agricultural education
would be the "winding-up" or resignation of
the Agricultural Society's Education Committee,
followed by a Eesolution of the Council to divide
its present education vote into half-a-dozen
scholarships, and offer them through the proper
professional channels in exactly the terms just
quoted from the advertisement of the Eoyal
Agricultural College.

• Does anybody remember such a March as this ?

■x-Snow falling in the southern counties, 2 or 3 inches
thick, and lying for two or three days together ! We
are perched where the sky line at its utmost is 30 miles
away — and even the oldest inhabitant, we should
think, never before had seen the landscape, including
most of Middlesex, much of Surrey, and parts of
Oxfordshire and even Hampshire, wrapped up in snow
during the equinoctial month as we have seen it during
the past 10 days. The land, which was dry and even
dusty, is once more sodden, except where it is frozen ;
and spring work is checked — spring growth also, which
is on the whole an advantage. The planting of early
Potatos and sowing of Lent corn and Grass seeds had
been rapidly progressing, but they are stopped for
the present ; and that which has been accomplished
will probably be no earlier than what may be
sown and planted a fortnight hence. The cold east
winds which nip and even destroy much young Ufe,
both animal and vegetable, serve a useful purpose in
hindering growth and preventing that succulence
which a mild and sunny February sometimes produces,
but which falls an easy prey, often with very disastrous
consequences, to the severity of April or even May —

" A February spring is good for «o-thing— "
and March and even April are none the worse for being
backward.

The various quarters of the globe to which the

English agricidtural emigrant may go with the proba-
bility of success, were more fairly represented in the
discussion which followed Mr. Smtthies' paper on the
subject, reported last week, than they were in the
paper itself. In Mr. Howard's account of American
agriculture to which we listened last December, so
much was uttered in praise of the United States,
that Mr. SMTTHIES felt bound to intimate that other
stations on the great Western Continent were equally
promising, and that in the experience of his son
the River Plate country had proved a most profitable
and satisfactory station for the sheep farmei'. Although
therefore some attempt was made in his own lecture,
then suggested, to give the variety of answers of which
the question — Where to go ?— admitted, yet attention
was for the most part directed to this one only. And
it was not till other speakers had followed the intro-
ductory lecture that the merits of some other stations
were fairly represented. Mr. G. M. Allendek
referred especially to the Western States of America,
Mr. Hall to f;he Cape of Good Hope, and Mr. Sidney
to the Australian Colonies.

Mr. Allender, from information'obtaincd directly from tUo
United States Commissioner of Immigr.ation, had icii-ned
that though in the older settled-land States of Ohio, Indiana,
and lilinois, the public Lands generally have been disposed of
to actual settlers, yet tracts to .an immense extent of good
land, weU situated, may be obt.ainod in the States of
Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Kansas, in the
valley of the Mississippi River, in the State of Michig.an, in
the vicinity of the great Lakes, in California .and Oregon on
the Pacific, and in the territories of W.ashington .and Nebraska.
Such Lands are now subject to sale at priv.ate entry at 1 dollar
25 cents, per acre ; and in the five first-mentioued States, and
in Nebi-aaka, the soil and climate arc held to be admii-ably
adapted to sheep farming. Here, then, they had 5s, per acre
for Land in the United States, ag.ainst 1^. per acre quoted by
Mr. Smythies as the price of any farming land within a
reasonable dist.auce of any town in South America ; and let it
be borne in mind that in the latter there were nothing like
such means of transit as existed in the former. He had
received letters from South America wbicli .showed that on
one of the points referred to by Mr. Smythies — viz., horse
breeding — the advantages possessed by English settlers were
very doubtful. It was there stilted that the horses even of
English settlers had been taken forcibly for war purposes to a
very great extent. There were three ways of obtaining land
in the United States. One w.as by the homestead law, xuider
which any emigr.ant, on signifying his intention of becoming
an American, could claim 160 acres of Land free for ever, after
he had resided on it for five years. Another mode was to settle
on any of the unsurveyed lands ; in "which ease, when the
Government surveyor came, the squatter had the pre-emptive
right of purchasing the land at the upset price of 5s. per acre.
L.astly, any man with sufficient money in his pocket coiUd at
once pm'chase of the Government some of the Land which was
offered for sale every mouth at a dollar and a quarter per
acre, if he were the highest bidder. This, too, was in a
country whielj w<a3 within a 10-day^' voyage of our own
land.

Then followed Mr. Parish, who had passed many
years of his life at Buenos Ayres, latterly as H.M.'a
Consul there ; —

With regard to that part of South America as a field of
emigration, speaking from his own experience, and from
those generill impressions which a man must obtain from such
close connection as he bad been brought into with his own
countrymen during a long series of years and undtr different
circuinst.ances, he should say there w.as no part of the world
where the emigi'ant was better received and better protected
by the laws of the country, or where there was less of invidious
distinction di-awn between him and the native of the country.
He believed also that there was no country in the world which
offered a more extensive field for man's intelligence .and
labour. Some capital was requisite to ensure a f.air chance of
uccess ; and as reg ards the farmer class, he was of opinion
that no man would find himself in a position to prosper if he
lowered himself to the condition of a common labourer, and
had to fight ag.aiQst difficulties of .all kinds, which would in; all
probability bre.ak his back before he had begun to [make his
fortune. He had, during his long residence thei-e, observed
many parties of emigrants who had gone to South America, .and
had seldom seen a man return to his own country discontented,
while on tlje other hand he had met with many who had
made large fortunes. People from England now occupied

MATirrt IG, 1867.3

TI115 GAliDENER^* onilONtCtJ; AND AOl^lCtlLTtmAli rrA^KTTl?.

273

b.1:^

most influential positions as capitaUstw, niorcbimta, tmdcrs,
or landUtwnors. In somo parts of tho country you mi^'ht
travel for 50 or CO miles continuously over Englishincn's
land, which was, of course, a (ifrcat advaiiUijie as a nuiiluus for
fresh Hottlera. IIo believed that if Uio part uf South America
in question wore better known it would Ijo I)etti3r appro -
ciatod ; but unfortunately tho history of that country was a
history of civil wars, and, considering how largo a, portion of
tho world Wius now open to oniigrantfi, it was not surprisinp
that little was known of tho Ai-^fentino Confederation beyond
the outlines of its history. The position of that country,
howovor, had altered very much of lato years ; there wiis a
.steady progress going on under a must liberal Government,
which Jiffordod a full amount of prutcction, and ovcry
reasonable facility to the foreigner, in earning his living, luid
assistijig the native population in doveluping tbo resources of
tho coiuitry. Tho temire of land was one gi'cat attraction.
Tho system of registration, which formed tho basis of the old
Spanish title, was far more simple than anythmg of tbo kind
in this country. Thoro was in short no difficulty in buying
land with a good title. As to tlie price of laud, it was
infinitesimal. In rofcrcnou to a remark made by Jlr.
Allkndkr on this subject, he might observe that ho could cite
instances in which land had been Sdld within lIO or 25 miles of
a railway at Is. per acre, which land was now occupied by
Engliahmon of good f.amily. If settlers did not mind exposing
themsolvoa to a little danger from tbo Indians by settling on
the frontier, they might get land almost for nothing ; but
even within tbo range of civilisation, in well popxUatod
districts, tho average price of tho most eligible and most
favourably I situated land was 20k. per aero, and that land
would bear three sbeep per acre. Probably in tho coiu'so of
a few years, as population and the .snpj'Iy uf labour increased,
nmch of tho laud now used for pastoral w.aild be employed
for agricultural piu^joses, .and a largo porliou nf tbo plains of
the province of Buenos Ayres, consisting of rich virgin soil,
whijh, with proper cultivation, w;us capable of bearing any-
thini;, would assume a vci-y different character and value.

A representative of tho South African colonies
followed Mr. Pakish .— ■

]\lr. Hall, from tbo Capo of Good Hope, said ho had
resided for nine years in that colony, where he was exten-
sively engaged in sheep-farming and horse-breeding. The Cape
wa.-i in tlio samo latitude as tho River Plate, and had, ho
1 irlicved, the samo kind of climate. Sheep-gi*azing was carried
ill 1. a very large extent ; and, as they were of course aw.are,
ir. Mil the returns of the wool sales, it was a very large wool-
v;i.'\viiig colony. It was also a very large cattle and horsc-
lincding country. It was, in fact, becoming a depOt for tho
supjily of .the Indian army with horses ; and, being only
half the distance from Australia, it was inucli more av.ail-
ablo for that supply. Having resided at the Cape for nine
years, and purchased a large quantity of land, intending to
return and carry on oper.ations on an extended scale, he must
.say that ho felt sure that as nuich money was to be made
there as in any other part of the world, provided a man took
out capital, was careful in the selection of his land, .and kept
out of the bands of land speculators, who abounded in all
parts of tho world ; and the sooner ho became connected witli
siunc one who had had some years' experience in farming, and
the less ho had to do with land-jobbers or colonial merchants,
or anybody connected with ti'ade or bankers, the better
chance would he have of getting on. He bad purchased a
largo quantity of good land at the Cape, at from Gs. to 1/. per
acre. He had recently bought, for another person, a sheep
farm of 1500 acres for 150i. ; and that land would carry one
and a half sheep per acre. As regarded the importation of
sheep from this country, Mr. Smytfiies recommended the
Southdown. From his experience as a colonist, ho should say
that the Southdown was about the worst sheep for imptti-ta-
tion. For the meat, the animal was not worth killing in a
wool-growing countiy ; and in South Africa they had fomid
that Negretti and Rambouilli, and long-woolled rams answered
best. With a flock of sbeep numbering about 2000, the
increase in his case had been from 85 to 90 per cent, for each
UlO owes ; but he had taken gie.at care of his sheep. He had
employed Englishmen, at high wages, to look after them ; and
tho sheep were counted every night, to prevent theft. If
English sheep were impoi-ted, they would require Grass to be
laid down for them ; and that had never been attempted,
except in Australia and New Zealand. The average vreight of
sheep in the colony, clean meat, was 401b. ; the value from 8s.
to SO.f., and that of the wool about !.«. 6('. to 3.?. 6rf. per head.
Horses were bred in very large quantities, particularly up the
country, in the neighbourhood of the Orange River, where
some settlers had as many as from 1200 to 1500.

Mr. Samxjel Sidney 'referred to his book on
Emigration, named by Mr. Saiythigs, which had been
widely published many years before. He said : —

He then thought there could be nothing more delightful than
for a young man to leave his country .and go to auotber. He now
looked upon emigration with dift'orent eyes, as a sort of thing
that must sometimes be taken like physic, but which one
would be much happier for doing without. He thought
it was most important that farmers and fanners' sons
should be warned that, although five-and-twenty years a^o
young people going out to a colony with a little money in
their pocket and intellect to guide them were almost sure to do
well, the case was different now. The colonists would not
tell them that, for they were very anxious to have among
them hardy and well-to-do young follows who might assist
them ; but many emigrants had leamt to their sorrow that a
young man going out with a small cajntal had no chance of
contending against the competition to which he was exposed.
Take the case of Australian sbeep-f arming. If a man got his
land cheap, and if he had three or four thousand pounds, and
a great many good qualities which were not to be found in
everybody, he would perhaps succeed ; but ho had heard that
many Australian sheep-farmers were turning theii* attention
to the River Plate country. With regard to Queensland, he had
read that the colony was only just recovering from the effects
of a fearful drought. One firm of fjiverpool had lost 20,i000
sheep by drought alone. As to New Zealand, it appeared th.at
the settlers who were doing best there were the industrious
Germans, who went out with strong wives, and well under-
stood agricultural econoniy. i^uch people worked in tho night
when it was too hot to work in tho day, and made tbeir wives
Wt^rk too. They chose very fertile land, got capital prices for
all th.at they produced, and were many of them making
money very fast. Still there was a general deficiency of water,
and there were occasional droughts ; and though a great many
people who worked very hard did well, the country was cer-
tainly not an El Dorado, With respect to the Plate, be had
seen a letter from a young gentleman, a settler there, which
mentioned two drawbacks, one being that the overseers were
very much given to drink, and the other that nearly all neces-
saries were very dear. The writer said you could not open
your mouth under a dollar, and it took two dollars t fill it. It
was quite clear f.hat no one eould hve in the towns there
without gre.at expense. People who went out there sbould go
with their minds like a blank sheet of paper and learn their
busmess on tho spot. When he first began to deal with the
suliject of emigration, he was as confident as most people;
ho did not thiiik even their friend Mr. Mechi laid down his
opinions \vith more authority ; but he had since leamt to be
more doubtful, and he would now recommend a young man
yiho went out as ap ^migrant to go with ng fixed ideas,

We do not apologise for roproducinK iicro ho much
that was thus instructively prosontcd to the Farmers'
Chii) oil Kmigration; f(ir the ipicstiou ha-s imitortant
a;.,'ricull'Ur.i! rclationstothiscouutry. It maybe supposed
to 1)0 an odd subject for discussion before a Farmers'
CUub— U.S thouKh one should say, " Knglish agriculture is
exhausted, no profit cau bo mado of it: let us try
another nountry altogether." Yet Engiisli farmers, as
well as their sons, are interested in it. This was well
pointed (lut by Mr. Allendeu, who began his speech
with snyiug that tho only remedy that he could .sec for
the increa-sed value of land in (his <Miunlry, the benefits
of which wore almost entirely n.nihiod to the land-
owner, was to encourage emigration on an extended
scale amongst tenant farmers.

In reference to the cases of adulterated milk at

Dubhn, reported in our last week's Paper, the Dublin
Fanners* Gazette points out how a substance, of which
only a small percentage is nutriment, is especially open
to fraudulent dealing. Only 12 per cent, of good milk
is food — tho rest is water; and 11 per cont. may
represent a milk of fair quality ; but see what a door is
thus onened to dilution. A milk containing 12 is
reduced to one containing 11 by adding 8V of water ; or
to one containing 10, by making 0 pints into 7.
Six samples of milk examined by Dr. Cameron for tho
Lord Mayor of Dublin afforded the following curious
results : —

1. PcBE Milk.

Water „ .. „ 87.2

Butter, &e. .. ^ 12.8

Degrees of cream, 11. 100.00

2, Pure Milk.

Water 87.8

Butter, &c 12.2

Degrees of cream, SJ. 100.00

Showing that thejlactometer is of little service, depending for
its indication apparently on a variety of circumstances besides
the quantity of butter which the milk contains.

3, Milk adulterated with 40 per cent, of water — degrees of
cream, 3.

4. Milk adultei-ated with 17 per cent, of water— degrees of
cream, 10.

5. Milk adulterated with 33 per cent, of water— degrees of
cream, 4.

6, Milk adulterated with 17 per cent, of water— degrees of
cream, 22.

Thus it will be seen that a sami)le of milk adulterated
with 17 per cent, of water yielded no less than 22' of
cfeam, or three times the quantity required to pass
milk at the union'workhouses. Dr. CaMeeon states that
the percentage of cream in pure milk varies from 5° to
26'' on the lactometer. Agitation increases the amount,
so also does the heat of boiling water to the milk,
because the heat coagulates the casein, which rises
along with the cream to the top of the vessel.

FOOD.

[The following conversation before the Food Committee of the
Society of Arts, is reported in last week's Journal of th.^t
Society. We have somewb.at abridged it here.]

Food Committee. — The Sub-Committee on Meat
Supply met at 10.30 a.m. on Wednesday, the 27th
Februarv. Present: — The liicrht Hon, H. A. Bruce,
M.P. (Chairman), Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., Mr. Harry

Chester, Mr. Benjamin Shaw, Mr. Edward Wilson,
and Mr. James T. Ware.

Dr. THUDrcHUM having attended at the request of the
Committee,

Mr. Chester said on the last occasion the Committee had
before them specimens of i-aw meat from South America,
preserved by Dr. Morgan's process, also by the paraffin pro-
ces.s of Professor Redwood ; but the Committee did not .at
present see that in either of those specimens there was a
complete substitute for sucb meat as was required for the food
of the people in this country. They had also before them a
specimen of Dr. Hassall's flour of meat, which might be a very
useful diet under certain circumstances, but was hardly a
form of preparation that could be employed when meat was to
be brought to this country from such distances as Austi'alia
and South America. The Committee also had before them
specimens of Dr. Liebig's Extraction, carnis. They thought
that was a good thing as far as it went, but they wished to
ascertain from scientific opinions how far they were justified
in recommending experiments to be made upon these foods,
on a large scale, in any of the public establishments. Possibly
experiments might be tried in the Navy by feeding the crews
of the vessels on this Extractiuii carii-is in connection with salt
meat. In this way it might be ascertained whether tho
nutritive properties, of which salted meat was s.aid to be
deprived, could be compensated by the partial use of the
Extracti'.iii cornia. The Committee wovJd be glad to have the
opinion of Dr. Thudicbum, on these various scientific points.

Dr. Tnirnic HUM— Allow mo, in the first place, to make a dis-
tinction between extract of meat .and meat itself. Extract
of meat lacks the essential properties of nutriment. There is,
I know, a very prevalent but erroneous opinion that extracts
of moat, particularly that prepared on Dr. Liebig's plan, are
nutritious. Of course, before I go further with that, I must
define the tcnn "nutriment." We know that the body wants
in every 24 hours a given quantity of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,
hydrogen, phosphates, &e. Now, whereas Liebig's extract of
meat contains these elements only in very small quantities,
and that mostly in an oxydised condition, it is clear that any
practical amount of Liebig's extract would not nourish in the
least. Hence this extract, or any simil-ar extract, ciinnot be
called "food." We have to look upon extracts of meat simply
as stimulants. Tea and coffee will not nourish a man ; but
both tea and coffee are strong stimulants of the nerves of the
heart and the brain ; and it is likely, I think, that the exti-acts
nf meat contain a substance which is somewhat similar in its
effects to these stimulants. It may contain other substances
which we do not know about, but the universal use of decoc-
tions of meat, such as beef-tea, is only to be regarded in the
same light as the habit of drinking tea or coffee. These aro
liquids containing an amount of nervous stimulant, and in
that sense only Liebig's extract of meat must be considered.
That is the view which I believe Liebig himself takes of his
extract. He does not regard it as nutritive ; on the contrary,
he says it is astonishing that any liquid matter containing so
small an amount of solid substance as broth should be by
universal consent taken as a restorative, or for some purpose
which wo cannot define. If the Committee desire to know
whether I sbould recommend them to have experiments
madg upoQ the extract of meat of liebig (which in fact ia

nothhig but condensed bcof-tca), i must answer that I do not
«<(; that any experiments aro necessary, unless tlioy wish to
o|"n the entire question what Is tho Henno of our drinking
buuf-toa ur drinking broth.

Tho Chaikmam— What would bo tho diiTcrcnco of effect pro-
ducod by drinking a cup of beef-tea and a cup of tea?

Dr. TiiniiicKUM— TbocffoctMof tea and V'ccf-tca are, perhaps,
rather analogouH, though ■l.'poiidciit, upun dilfcrc-nt chemical
-agoutH. The olTcct of tea wuuld be in.iiiily duo to tho thoino
which it coutiiins, and would cunhLst in an accolcnition of tho
heart's action, and greater vivacity of tho nienhil powerH. A
siinUar effect would be produced by boef-toa, but not mo much
througli its influence upon tho heart as through its inllncnco
ui»on the nerves of taste and digestion, and upon tho muscular
sense, or sonso of strength.

Mr. CiiKsTKR— We aro now dealing with tbo subject of meat.
You say, as 1 understand, that the extract of meat is not
nutritive ?

Ur. TiiUDicHtTM — There is ho Httlo nutriment, that if you
dissulve a teaspoonful of tho extract in a cup of water, and
drink it, you wovUd not receive ho much imtriment as you
would derive from a single nioutlifi:l of meat.

Tho (JirAiitMAS— Then in the jjractico of giving boef-toa to
dijli(.:atu chill h'cn and sick persons altogether a mistako ?

Or. TnurncFiDM- That I do not say. It seems to have an
import.ant ottcct, but the effect is not in tho sense of nutri-
ment. It is due to tho specific effects of certain ingredienta
contained in it, especially croatino. tbo action of which, in
some degree, resembles that of theobromine, found in cocoa,
Tho creatine, which when in tho system is changed into
creatinine, has, perhaps, an action upon the heart, and upon
the muscles, of which it is a constituent. Then we have in
beef-tea potassium salts, which the body requires for tlie pro-
duction of muscular power. Potash is as essential an element
in the chemistry of tho muscles as in that of the blood. Tho
chemical .substances carried by the blood cannot pass into tho
muscles without the assistance of the potassium .salts. Then
there are contained in beef tea ccrtam acids, of which lactic
acid is one, and inosic .acid another. If we look at the history
of food among men, we find they have at all times made pro-
vision for acids in their food. The ancient Romans wore
acquainted' with sauerkraut, or fermented Cabbage. In
Prussia and many parts of Germany they have a food made of
fermented Beans ; and in Holland and many parts of southern
Europe they have a preparation of fermented Cucumbers ; and
many other vegetables arc used in an acid state. This
Cabbage, or sauerkraut, is a strong acid, and so with tho
Beans. These various foods contain lactic acid. This acid, or
one identical with it in composition, though differing slightly
in other properties, para lactic acid, is contained in me.at.
There is no question tb.at the fine flavour of meat — tho
osmazome^which provokes appetite, is due, in p.art, to the
action of this lactic acid. If there is an absence of flavour in
any kind of meat, lactic acid, if mixed with the gravy during
preparation, acts as a substitute, and produces a relishing
flavour. We find, besides, that lactic acid is useful for
digestion. "Then we have another acid in various kinds of
meat, called inosic acid ; of that the properties are not well
known. I have do doubt it has a similar action to lactic acid.
Heyond that there are indefinable matters in beef-tea, or
extract of meat, of which wc cannot say that they are not
useful, l>ut we know little of their effects. We have, therefore,
as far as our present knowledge goes, to rely for an explana-
tion of the efficiency of beef-tea upon these principles— viz. :—
Creatine, or creatinine, paralactic acid, inosic acid, inosite and
potassium salts. Which of these are essential, and which not,
we cannot at present tell. When extract of meat is mixed
with water for use the solution should not be too strong. It
ia a common eiTor, in making beef-tea, to put in an extra dosa
of this extract, but that is a mistake. Too strong a solution of
extract of meat is as bad as too strong tea or coffee.

Mr. SfiAw— Are there nut carbonaceous matters in beef-tea ?

Di. Thudi CHUM— All these preparations contain carbon, but
that carbon does not form food in the sense of the carbon in
.alliumcn, fat, or starch.

The CHAIRMAN— These preparations, then, you admit to be
useful as aids to digestion, if they liave not the necessary
nutriment for the proper sustentation of the human frame.
Salt meat being an imperfect food, may I .ask you whether
this extract of meat would form a complement to that?

Dr. THUDioerM — I do not think so, because salt meat has
been deprived of a certain amount of albumen. I think, how-
ever, the loss of nutritious value from salting meat is not very
great on the whole. The deleterious effects of the long use of
salt meat seem to be due to the effect of tho excess of chloride
of sodium.

Jfr. WA.RE — What nutritive qnalitie.q arc there in meat itself
which the extract does not contain?

Dr. TnunicHUM — In fresh meat there is albumen, which is
very nutritive in this sense, that it supplies the material
which is necessary for the production of all the organs of the
body. It is also useful in supplying heat, but not so much so
as other constituents. We cannot build up the muscles, or the
blood, or tho eyes, or any other part of tho body, without
albumen. Next we have muscular fibrine, also termed
syntonine. When we mince me.at, and extract the albimicn by
means of water, there remains this syntonine undissolved, btrt
when mixed with dilute acids it becomes a. thin jelly, and is
afterw.ardfl dissolved. Next wo have myochrome— that is the
colourmg matter contained in the muscles — and this is
identical, in chemical composition, with the colouring matter
contai:ied in the blood.

The Chairm.\n— Is that an essential clement ?

Dr. Thudichum — Yes, it acts in the breathing of the muscles
during life, and for some time after death. As long as meat Is
in an eatable condition, this matter remains, so to say, alive ;
it takes up oxygen, and oxydises the no.x:ious products of tho
spontaneous decay of albumen, giving out carbonic acid.
Hence a butcher takes care to let his meat " breathe." If tho
meat were shut up close after being killed, it would become
putrified in a few hours. This myochrome is a compound
h »dy, containing a quantity of iron. It is dissolved with the
albumen, and precipitated with it during boiliner. Besides
albumen, syntonine, and myochrome, meat contains a very
Uttlc gelatine, which, in the shape of connective tissue, binds
together the muscular fibres. When you stew meat a long
time the gelatine is dissolved, and you have nothing remain-
ing but a bundle of hard fibres. Then we have the other sub-
st;uieeM I ennmemted before as ingredients of beef-tea, .viz.,
creatine and lactic and inosic acids, potassium salts, and
finally wc have a brown syrupy matter, which is not more
definable at present. I have already mentioned inosite, a kind
of sugar, met with in French Beans, as being also contained in
muscle. There is another similiir substance, sometimes con-
tained in muscle, and that is animal dexti-ine or hepatin, or
glycogenic substance from tho liver. But this ingredient
varies in a manner wliich is as yet unexpLained. Sometimes,
in working up half a hundred -weight of meat, the chemist
may get a pound of this matter, at others he may not obtam a
trace. Now, when beef-tea is made, the albumen and myo-
chi-ome of the meat are made insoluble by boiling; the sjTito-
nine also remains imdissolvcd ; the fat fuses, and of tho
gelatine a smaU portion is dissolved. After strainmg there is
nothing loft in beef -tea but inosite, creatine, creatmme, lactic
and inosic acids, and potassium salts, and the brown syrupy
matter. In ca<5e hepatic glycogen was present, this also
would be contained in the beef tea. But I imagine that such
glycogen would not remain in tho extract aa prepared by

2?4

THE GAUDENEliS' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[MaecS 16. 18C7

Liebig's company, for during evaporation this dextrine
firms skins on the ailrface, like the skins on milk, which have
to be removed, as they prevent evaporiition. LIobig'H extract
would therefore probably never contain glycogen or animal
dextrine, while fresh beef tea might aomotiniea contain it. It
might perhaps yield the material for the change which ia
known as the "turning sour" of beef-tea. I may add that
meat contains V5 per cent, of water, and 25 per cent, of solids
or residue after drying. Of these 25 per cent., lo to 18 are
insoluble in water, 7 to 10 soluble in water ; but of these 4 to4i
become again insoluble by boiling, so that it is not far wrong
to say that only from 3 to 5^ out of 25, or from one-eighth to
one-afth of the whole of the solid constituents of meat pass
into extract or beef-tea. From four-iifths to seven-eighths of
the solids are rejected. i

The Chairman — Do you look upon meat as essential to
human food ?

Dr TnuDicHUM— Certainly.

The Chairman— If this bo so, how is it that the ox, which
grows so fat and strong, and which furnishes the richest meat,
feeds entirely upon vegetable food?

Dr. Thudichum— Briefly, the ox has a different masticating
and digestive apparatus from those of man. The food which
the ox tiikes cont^iins all the elements of the food on which
we live. If we analyse Grass, we find it contains albumen
and other compounds from which blood can be made. The
stalks, leaves, and seeds contain all the ingredients which the
body wants for living, particularly one essential matter called
cerebric acid, which is the highest organic compound known.
That is contained particularly in grain seeds, especially in
Indian Com ; eggs also contain it.

Mr. Ware— Chemically, there is no difference between
vegetable albumen and the animal albumen on which man
feeds ?

Dr. Thudichum— They have the same percentage composi-
tion, though perhaps not the same atomic weight. We find
cerebric acid, which forms brain matter, has an atomic weight
of 2007 ; fibrine, about 2000 ; albumen, 1608 ; and caseine, 807.
Vegetable albumen might differ from animal, as caseine does
from albumen.

Mr. Shaw— While these substances differ so little chemically,
and yet their effects upon tho frame are so dilTerent, does this
not show that there is something in the question worthy of i
further experiment, and that chemical analysis is hardly i
trustworthy as to the effects of these matters upon the human
frame ? |

Dr. Thudichum— With regard to the custom of drinking i
beef tea, there is much to be inquired into. I

The Chairman— Following up what I have asked you with |
regard to the ox, it is clear we have not got the apparatus for ■
converting vegetable food into what we require as th« ox has. [

Dr. Thudichum— No.

The Chairman —With regard to vegetarians ; in what respect [
do you consider their diet to be deficient? j

Dr. Thudichum— We can easily adopt a diet of vegetables ;
only which will fully support our body, even in the wear and i
tear of London life. The vegetarians, here and in America, j
are a small example of the people in the world who live upon
vegetable food. The Japanese as a people eat no meat, but in
that country the cultivation of food seed plants has reached [
the highest point of perfection. It is by the use of seed plants i
especially that man is enabled entirely to do without animal l
food ; as the organic functions of the plants attain the highest i
perfection, the seed is formed which contains all the essential i
elements of food. In this country there are great numbers of
people who chiefly subsist upon vegetable food, in the form of
bread. The Shakers, the Japanese, and many other peoples in
different parts of the world, are practically vegetable feeders,
and there is no difficulty in explaining how they manage to
keep their bodies at the same weight and strength, and
perform all the functions of life. There are some seeds which
contain a largo quantity of fibrine, albumen, caseine, and
other ingredients, besides oil, acids, and starches. There is,
for instance, Indian Corn ; that is remarkably adapted to the
maintenance of the body. Then, again, we have the Bean
fruits ; but they do not grow well in this country, because the
heat is not sufficient ; but Beans in the warmer climate of the
south are a magnificent food, and too much neglected in this
country. Then, in addition, there are Peas, Lentils, and
Millet seed. These, tiiken together, will fully feed a man.

Tho Chairman— He nmst take a large bulk of such food?

Dr. Thudichum -No doubt. It is the advantage of meat
that it supplies food in the smallest compass, and is dissolved
early in the digestive canal. Vegetable food requires more
digestion. Hence the carnivorous animal has a short intestine,
the herbivorous a long one. The house cat has gradually had
its intestine lengthened, to adaptit to the digestion of bread
and Potatos, and in exactly the same manner is the intestine
of human vegetarians lengthened and widened to accommo-
date the greater bulk of their food. If sufficiently fed,
vegetarians become big-bellied.

Mr. Chester — Are Beans, Lentils, and auch food, easy of
digestion ?

Dr. Thudichum — There you have touched upon a difficulty
In their use ; these seeds require careful preparation. If not
properly prepared, they pass through the stomach undigested.
That is the main objection to the use of grain foods by tho
common people. They have neither the knowledge nor the
means of properly cooking such food ; therefore, practically,
there is nothing like bread for them. It is soft ; it is that
which gives them the least trouble ; it is most easily digested,
and no other grain food can enter into competition with it.

Mr. Chester— What the Committee want to know is, what
it is necessary to add to the Extvactum carnis to give it the
nourishing properties of meat, the supply of which is so
deficient.

Dr. Thudichum— If you add eggs to beef tea you produce an
equivalent, in a nutritive sense, to meat. That would make
up fully f or^ the loss sustained by the solid materials being
rejected. You might also boil Beans with the extractum, or
add Peas, Lentils, or Millet. Practically, it would be best to
boil these seedi in soft water, or in water made soft by the
addition of a crystal of soda, a sufficient length of time, and to
add the extractum at the end of the boiling, just before
serving. Seed one year old only should be used ; weed two
years old is not good. By Isuch meansj beef-tea or extractum
may be made equally nutritive to meat.

Mr. Shaw -Have we not now arrived at a point at which
experiments with regard to dietaries might be made with the
Extractum carats and the seed vegetables which Dr. Thudichum
has spoken of ?

The Chairman- No doubt experiments of this kind might be
made, but I doubt whether these vegetables covdd be got in
sufficient quantity, or at sufficiently low price, to form a staple
article of food in this country. Is Indian Com equally nutritive
in its young and soft state as in its hard and ripened con-
dition ?

Dr. Thudichum— No ; in its young and soft state it has not
one-fourth the amount of solid substance which it possesses in
its ripe state,

Mr. Chester— Is it possible to preserve albumen for any
length of time ?

Dr. Thudichum- Mbumen, when kept from the air, may be
preserved for a long time. We can preserve it in eggs for a
year or two ; but though it may remain unchanged in its
essential properties, it loses its appetising qualities. That is
the difficulty with preserved foods, that though apparently In
a good state of preservation, they lose tho qualities which
make them acceptable to appetite,

Mr. E. Wilson— Would not these qualities be restored by
the addition of appetizing condiments ?

Dr. Thudichum— To a groat extent, no doubt ; but that pre-
aupposea a knowledge of tho art of cookery. As the common
people do not know how properly to cook the simplest thing,
they would not succeed in imparting appetizing qualities to
preseiTcd food materials.

Mr. Shaw — Is it your opinion that the theory of cooking
shouM be taught in schools, and perfected by practice
afterwards ?

Dr. Thudichum— I would let the theory of cooking enter
into the teaching of tho schools, and that would open the
minds of the children to the fact that cooking is one of the
most essential things to be learnt.

Mr. SiiAW— I have mentioned this matterin connection with
the educational examinations of the Society of Arts, but the
opinion generally expressed was that cooking could not
be properly taught apart from actual practice.

Mr. Chester — I assisted In the establishment of an
Industrial School at Highgate, where all the girls were taught
cooking and house work generally.

The Chairman — Do you not think it would be possible to
prepare a catechism of cooking, or a few short, practical
chapters, applicable to the condition of the poorer classes in
this country, and which might be communicated to the upper
classes before they left school without difficulty?

Dr. Thudichum— Undoubtedly. I have for a long time con-
ceived the idea of preparing a little book, which might be
called " The Spirit of Cookery," and which should contain the
elementarj' principles of cooking.

The CHAiRMA2i— What I should suggest would be a pam--
phlet of five or six pages, containing a few essential rules of
cookery, applicable especially to the poorer classes.

Dr. Thudichum — Those rules would be very useful ;
but their execution would have to go hand-in-hand with
a number of other practical improvements calculated to
minister to the welfaf e of the lower classes. Vou have not
only to give to them rules how to cook, b\it to put within their
reach the necessary apparatus with which to cook, for the
success of cooking is dependent upon proper apparatus for the
purpose. No good and economical cooking can be done on
grates as they are at present conati-ucted. The introduction of
a really practical and economical cooking apparatus for the
poor would be a great boon,

Mr. Chester suggested that every good apparatus which was
introduced might bo tried in the first instance in the model
lodging-houses, such as those founded by Mr. Peabody. He
also suggested that a very useful charitable association would
be one for the distribution of iron pots among the poorer
classes.

Mr. C. Wilson —I would ask one question of Dr. Thudichum.
Have you given any attention to the subject of the rate at
which, running over the whole scale of articles suitable for
diet, sufficient quantity could be purchased for a man in
health to fill his stomach comfortably, as any one of us would
do at an ordinai-y dinner?

Dr. Thudichum— He could probably do so at the cheapest
rate upon bread and cheese.

Mr. E. Wilson— I presume yon mean that that would be the
lowest rate now, with the present limited choice of articles of
food ; but, supposing he had the whole range of diet available,
and was educated in the proper preparation of food, would he
not be able to fill bis stomach with food cheaper than bread
and cheese?!

Dr. Thudichum— I am not able to answer your question off-
hand ; it is a subject that would require investigation.

Mr. E. Wilson — In the East various kinds of bulbs are
eaten, cooked with a little fat. I am sure a meal may be
made from them cheaper than with bread and cheese.

Dr. Thudichum— Possibly such forms of vegetable food
might be imported with advantage, but we have cheese in this
country, which they have not in the East ; and the cheese,
though taken in small quantity, affords an amount of nutri-
ment which the other kind of food does not supply. I may
add another consideration ; no doubt, Beans and Peas, Lentils
and Lupins, are a good kind of dried seed food, and cheaper
than any other description ; but when the question arises of
producing them in this country the laws of agriculture
interfere, and it Is found that here it will not pay the farmer
to grow anything except the best grain. Lupins would be the
last resource of agriculture. Where the soil was insufficient
to grow Wheat and Beans and Peas you might grow Lupins,
because the roots of these plants strike deeply into the
subsoil, and gain what nourishment there is there.

Mr. Shaw -Are there not vast extents of such land abroad,
where they would be glad to grow such grains for exportation ?
and they might be grown in places otherwise unproductive,
if the demand was sufficient to induce a large amount of
cultivation.

Mr. Read — Dr. Thudichum has told us of the difference
between the nutriment contained in tea and beef-tea. will he
bo good enough to tell us the difference between the nutriment
in malt liquor and bccf-tea?

Dr. Thudichum- Tho nutriment in malt liquor is greater
than in beef-tea ; it contains alcohol, which is food. I will
state the grounds on which I base that assertion. Last summer
I performed an interesting experiment. I invited my class in
pathological chemistry to meet mo one afternoon in the
gardens of the present St. Thomas's Hospital, formerly the
Surrey Zoological Gardens. There were 33 in number,
including myself. We di-ank, from two o'clock in the after-
noon till seven in the evening, 4-1 bottles of wine, consisting
of white and red Hungarian, Burgundy, and Sauteme, The
wine had been previously analysed, and the quantity of
alcohol it contained determined. The 44 bottles of wine,
dnink by the 33 persons, contained, in the aggregate, 4000
grammes of absolute alcohol. The whole of the urine passed
by these people from two o'clock in the afternoon till six
o'clock the next monilng was collected and distilled. There
were 24 distillations : and there were left, after the last
dIstlUato had been dehydrated, 10 grammes of alcohol, the
rest having been burnt up in the system. Supposing that
10 grammes more passed out with the breath and through the
poros of the skin. It would give only 5 grammes out of every
1000, or a-half per cent., as the quantity which was left
unused by the economy. We have here a direct proof that
out of the whole quantity of alcohol drunk only a quarter per
cent, was excreted by the kidneys.

Mr. E. Wilson — Is it quite certain that all the alcohol
th.at was retained was beneficially used up 7

Dr. Thudichum- I have no doubt all was beneficially used
up. I do not say that for a man to drink a bottle and a
quarter of wine is beneficial to him, but I say this, that
whatever alcohol It contains has a stimulating action, and,
moreover, a warming action.

Mr. Critchett — Against this experiment may be placed
some investigations made by two French chemists, MM.
Lallomand and Perrin, and supported by Dr. Edward Smith,
tending to show that as soon as alcohol is taken it at once
begins to pass off, through the skin and otherwise, perfectly
unchanged.

Dr. Thudichum— These experiments are quite inconclusive,
as no estimation of the quantity of alcohol passing off had
been made, which I regard as very small. Besides, alcohol
contains sugar and gum. It also contains albuminous matters,
which cause it to ferment ; they are digestible. Then it
contains phosphates in considerable quantity. The phosphates
aboimd in fruit and grain. In bread, and in meat, and no
doubt they are of jptaX importance in th« animal economy.

Then there are in beer certain undefinable substances— the
brown syrupy matter, which we cannot define. There is also
acetic acid in beer, and the extract from the hops, which are i
to a slight extent nai'cotic, something like tobacco.

Mr. Chester — There is no nutriment in hops ?

Dr. Thudichum- No ; it merely has a soothing effect upon
the brain.

The Chairman mentioned that the result of an experiment
tried by a contractor with a number of navvies working at
night at a tunnel, one gang being supplied with bread and
butter and coffee, and the other with bread and cheese and '
beer, was, that the larger amount of labour was performed by
the men who took the bread and butter and coffee.

Mr. E. Wilson remarked upon this that the men put upon
the coffee regimen might not have confined themselves to that
beverage, while with the others it might have been a question
of an extra quantity of beer, and it would not be known what
quantity of beer the men might have drunk in the day time.

Dr. Thudichum— There is no doubt whatever that alcohol
dnmk at certain times, in certain conditions of the body, ;
takes off the edge of the understanding, and should not^ '
therefore, be taken early in the day. On the other hand, if
a man is tired from a morning's work, and has taken as much '
food as he requires, he feels a craving for something which I
more food would not supply, and that is gicen in alcohol.

The Chairman— What do you say to the particular experi- !
ment with the navvies which I have mentioned?

Dr. Thudichum— The experiment you have related it is
imiwssible to judge of, for this reason, you do not know what
the precise condition of those men was. You do not know
what they had eaten and drunk the day before, and what
they were accustomed to eat and drink. One set of men may
have been accustomed to beer and the other to coffee. To one
set of men it may have been so much extra beer acting upon
what they had previously taken.

The Chairman — A priori do you assume, supposing the men
to have been moderate in their previous living, that the bread
and cheese and beer would be as good food for them as the
bread and butter and coffee ?

Dr. Thudichum— I have no doubt of it.

Mr. Read— Suppose a labouring man, whose chief diet was
bread, were to drink a glass of beer, would that be a substitute
for the meat which he could get for the same money ?

Dr. Thudichum— It would be but a poor substitute. Tho
nutritive value of the beer would be very small compared with
that of the meat. If a man spent id. in beer he would not
obtain half tho nutriment he could get if he spent the same
amount of money in meat.

(Dr. Thudichum, having received the thanks of the Com-
mittee, then retired).

Mr. Philpott, having been introduced to the Committee,
sUited that he bad been in the habit of melting down 1000 to
1500 sheep per day in Australia, for four months together, but
he had tried in vain to discover any process by which the
meat could be preserved for food, except, perhaps, in the form
of the extract. He had bad great quantities salted, but it did
not succeed.

The Chairman— Supposing a means were discovered of
preserving meat in a fresh state for many months, could such
a supply be obtained from Australia and other parts as would
make the business commercially successful, and afford such a
supply of meat as is required in this country ?

Mr. Philpott— An unlimited supply of the very finest
quality of meat could be obtained. We only want the means
of preserving it. Throughout the vast tracts from Victoria to
Brisbane there are no means of disposing of the carcases
except by melting them down.

The Chairman— You know of no means of preserving the
meat so as to make it a useful and valuable article of export
to this country ?

Mr. Philpott said he knew of none except Liebig's process
used by Mr. Tooth. If the extract of meat were made upon a
very large scale, he thought it could be sold at half the present
price in this country, seeing that a bullock cost only about 3/.
or 4/. in Australia; but be could not state the quantity of extract
which such a carcase would yield. At present the meat itself
could only be preserved by salting it so intensely that people
would not eat it in this country ; and he was not aware of any
means by which the salt could be extracted from the meat on
its arrival here. Legs of mutton salted were sold at 'Ss. per
dozen, and they were the finest quality of meat, but they had
become hard by the salting. He believed if a process of
preservation were discovered to enable meat to be brought
from Australia or Buenos Ayres. in such a condition as would
lead to its use In this country, it could be sold with profit to
the producer at 2^d. to 3rf. per pound.

Home Correspondence.

The Bondager Si/stem and Minds' Wages. — I send
you a report in tlie Kelso Chronicle of Feb. 16, 1S67
which I shall feel obliged to you for publishing, as a
satisfactory proof that the bondager system is still in
full force on too many farms in Berwickshire :—

"Meeting of Ploughmen. — A meeting of ploughmen was
held at Clinkimin, parish of Lauder, ouiFriday evening last to
consider the evils of the bondage system— James Bell in the
chair, who opened the meeting with some appropriate remarks,
and called on James Halliday, who moved the first resolution*
viz. :— ' That this meeting of ploughmen, knowing from their
own experience the oppressive nature of the bondage system
and that although it has been abolished on some farms it yet
on others remains, we therefore resolve to maintain against it
a perpetual war until it is abolished.' George Rutherford
moved the 2d resolution, which was— 'Should any farmer in
the meantime find it inconvenient to provide himself with
workers, owing to a deficiency of cot-houses or otherwise, in
that case we object not to keep a worker, but as a lodger only,
the master paying her wages, and also the ploughman a proper
allowance for her board, that ; allowance not to be less than As.
per week, and that whether she be a hired girl or the hind's
own daughter.' James Robertson moved the third resolution—
' That we form ourselves into a self-protecting association, and
should any enrolled member, throuKfh his steadfast adherence
to our foregoing resolutions, be thrown out of service we
agree to assess ourselves to a small amount, and naise a fund
out of which such member shall have his house rent paid for
at least one year, such rent not to exceed three pounds a year.'
All the resolutions were carried unanimously."
I trust this report will satisfy Englishmen that I am
dealing with facts, and not attempting to substitute
opinions for them. Mr. Thomson unwittingly corro-
borated my statements in the Agricultural Gazette of
Sept. 10, 18GG, which he attempted to correct in his
letter of Sept. 22, He states in his letter of Feb. 23: —
" In discussing the wages of 1866 it is out of the
question to adduce tables founded on the prices of
1863. And besides, liars {or average) prices are
no rule for the hind's ' gains,' when he has
the best corn grown on the farm." Instead of
putting down the Roxburghshire money value of
the Oatmeal in 1863 and 18&4— 6/. 13*. Ad.—m
my disputed letter of September 10, I put 9^. hs.
against the hind for the meal produce of 60 bushels of

March IC, 18C7.J

THE GARDENEES' GimONICLE AND AGllK'llLTURAT; GAZETTE.

27 i:

■fi

R.

d.

II

3

0

0

.1

0

0

3

0

0

G

H

£ ,1.

d.

]0 18

i-'h

4 1

a

1 11

B}

S 0

(1

6- 0

u

2 10

0

0 17

92

Oats. I bes to stiite tliat. 1 v. i)d. iiml Is. Bd. were the
Berwicksliiro yoarly n VL'rai,'(i prices of an iiuiiorial stone
of Oatmeal in 18C3"and ISM respectively. The follow-
ing are the yearly averages struck at Dunso on the
2f.th of February, 18ii". As Sir. Thomson fnids it
convenient to state that the averages only represent
prices of " horse-oorn," I am glad to find that the
averages of Morse and Lamraermuir Oats and Barley
are given :— Wheat, per imjierial quarter, 2/. I".', -tr".'/. ;
Merse Oats, U. 7.?. !),V(/.; Merse liarley, 1/. Ws. Ul.;
Teas, 2/. 2s. Sd. ; Lammermuir Oats, 1/. U. 2y'.,f/. ;
Lanunermuir liarley, U. 8s. 4,",trf. ; Oatmeal, per un-
porial stone, 2.?. 2\^.d. Mr. Thomson has failed to
prove that I give the' hind a large discount in connec-
tion with the yearly averages, exclusive of what I refer
to in the paragraph preceding the tabular account in
my letter of July 7. I stated in my letter of Sept. 10,
that tlic hind's food in harvest consists of porridge
and milk for breakfast; a lO-ounce loaf and a bottle of
beer for dinner, and six pecks of Barley as a substitute
for 2 !■ suppers of porridge and milk. A quarter stone
m 11).) of Oatmeal makes me six lireakfasts ol' jwrridgc ,
and 1 1 imperial stones (I'.U'i lb.) being the weight of my
tabernacle, what satislios me is suUicient for the
ordinary run of hinds. Proof of the foregoing :—

24 Bi-eakf.ists of porridge and milk . .
24 Sixtcen-ounce loaves at '2^d.

24 Bottles of boor at 1 Jrf

Si.x pecks of " supper Barley " at 4s. b'ii?. por
bushel

Cost to .1 farmer of a hind's food for a month

in harvest 0 17 93

I beg to contra.st this with the disputed statement in
the AtirhuUural Gazette of August 25, 1866.
Hinds' wages for the twelvemonth ending May 23,
1867— calculations .based on the averages struck at
Dunse on the 26th of February, 1867 :—

100 stones of Oatmeal at is. i\{d

21 Quarters of B,arley at 1/. 16s. id. per qr.
6 Bushels of Pe.as at '21. 2s. 3(^ per qr.

Sheep money

Money substitute for a eow's keep . .
Market value to farmers of 1.500 liue.^1 yards

of Potato drills

Hind'3 food for a month in harvest. .

A hind's w.-xges consist of a house and
garden, free of rent, the cartage of coals,
the liberty to feed pigs, and . . . . 30 19 9? J^

I send you a list of the averages struck at Dunse, to
show you that a distinction is made between Merse
Oats and what Mr. Thomson calls " horse-corn," the
latter of which averaged only 1?. ts. 2/5^. per quarter,
whereas the Merse Oats averaged 1/. 7.s. Qy'wrf.
per quarter. I am glad to find that Englfsh
farmers are becoming aware of the value
of a cow as part of a married ploughman's wages. I
deem it judicious to be careful in estimating the cost
to farmers of a hind's wages in kind. I beg to contrast
my estimate in the tabular form in this letter with that
of August 23. I take no note of the market value of
the Potatos grown on 1500 lineal yards of drills
30 inches wide, of a well-fed cow's produce, and of the
quantity of pork which a good cow, a good crop of
Potatos, and the meal enables an industrious wife to
produce. My letter of July 28 shows that hinds have
the advantages of crofters without crofters' long hours
of toil. Having sent Mr. Thomson a copy of my
essay on the Remedy for the Boudager System, I beg
to direct his attention to the first and second para-
graphs of page 3. T. W. Rutherford, Forest Field,
Kelso, N.B. [Much abridged.]

Grnh and Wire-worm. — The grub and the wire-worm
are upon many farms far more injm-ious (particularly
to the various growing crops) than moles, rats, mice,
and rooks all put together. Their numbers are so great,
and their attacks so stealthy and unlocked for, that
farmers for the most part look upon their losses from
these causes as great disappointments. Their insidious
attacks upon a prosperous crop are very trying and
vexatious. No one appears to know the theory of
these visitations. We pass over several years without
experiencing any material injury, when anon thousands
upon thousands of these little but destructive enemies
are to be found either at the roots of our crops, or
feeding upon the plant itself. Take the summer
of 1861, what thousands of the large brown or drab
grub, of the May bug or brown clock tribe, devastated
our Mangel and Turnip crops, and occasionally we
sufl'er greatly from wire-worm after the same order,
and again we are free for years. Now, the wire-worm
is a more dreaded pest than the grub, in consequence of
his longevity ; he is said to abide four or five years in
the same locality before his transformation to his
beetle life. It is said there are no less than 73 varieties
of this species of root-destroyer known. The true wire-
worm is the grub of a small beetle (Elator segetes, or
click beetle), and it derives its name from its slender
form and uncommon hardness. This is a most
destructive class of insects, and feeds alike upon the
roots of Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rye, Grasses, etc., and is
' chiefly found in newly brokeu-up land. These beetles
I lay a number of tiny eggs, presently they hatch, and
little thread-like worms soon attach themselves to the
fibres of the roots of the plants above-named, where
i they grow and thrive, and the particular species just
I named live five years before assuming their chrysalis
I state. They have many enemies, but they elude them
i all for the most part. The rook, mole, birds generally,
and one or two of their own tribe of insects, destroy
I them, but all to very little purpose. Woe be to the crop
I when once subjected to their attacks ! The chief aim
of the farmer should be to make the land unpleasant
or loathsome to the little beetles if possible. They will
then at their emancipation from their chrysalis state
take wing and find a home elsewhere, their instinct
teaching them where to rest and deposit their eggs

with the best prospect of an abundance of food for
their progeny. This may appear absurd, if not
ridiculous, but it is not so. Some years ago these
little destructives paid a live years' visit to a farm
managed upon modern and liberal ]irinciples. There
were at all times some excellent croiis, with plenty of
mots for their sustenance. These they continued to
attack till most serious injury wa.s done. On the
adjoining farm layingalongside, of like land, the manage-
ment was of the old-fashioned order— no aroma from
guano or suporpliosiihatn; no v.ariety in the cropping
and but little i)rospcct of a ronifortable home for these
little gentry— consequently the preforeiu:e was given to
the highly cultivated farm, and there they revelled for
their usual term, and then, for the most part, took
their departure, not, however, till from (lontinuous
culture, horse-hoeings,hand-hoeings, and rolling, their
home was made uncomfortable. This may seem un-
reasonable, but it is no uncommon occurrence. These
insects do so, and this may be presumed to be the cause
— instinct guiding their movements. There is no ;
cll'ectual means of ridding the land of them by artificial
aids — no poisoning, no collecting, no destroying them.
Heavy rolling, when it can bo properly done, is jierhaps
the best preservative for a growing crop. Deep winter
ploughing or deep trench ploughing and continuous
culture is most disturbing to them. To put in a great
abundance of seed is a good way to insure a plant. In
green crop culture it is desirable to drill in Mustard
seed with the Turnips or like seeds. It acts as a
partial preservative. Where these little rogues much
abound, it is right to drill altern.ato rows of common
and Swede Turnip seed. The wire-worm mil feed upon
the earlier common sort, and give time for the Swedes
to gather strength of plant. No dressings of seed or
nauseous manures will deter their attacks. It is good
practice to take a Potato or a Cabbage crop upon lands
sadly infested. Pulse crops withstand their ravages.
Dead fallowing is destructive to them; continuous
culture and constant exposure of them effects the best
riddance. O. F.

Deep and S'liallow Drainage. — Everything having
been said with tongue and pen that need be said about
the comparative merits of deep and shallow drainage,
it is very tantalising to men in any position attempting
to make out that draining engineers, farmers, and
operative drainers are now ashamed of their published
statements in defence of deep drainage. For example,
"A Bewdley Forester" states in the Gardener of
January : — The above items of an almost inexhaustible
subject have, in another form, been some years before
our southern audiences, and I now venture to submit
them to pass before the northern critics in the culture
of the earth's surface. As to the southern ^critics, if
not convinced of their error in draining the fourth
foot, they have become silent — no more boasting of
their accomplishments now." In early manhood, as
I stated in the Scottish Farmer of Dec. 3, 1802, I was
much prejudiced against the deep system of drainage
when it was introduced ; but I now regard it a waste
of money putting 30-inch drains in strong clays or
porous soils. This is the opposite of " becoming
silent;" and ought to show the " Bewdley Forester "
that northern and southern critics are prepared
to criticise his advocacy of shallow drainage.
To show the need of calling this would-be authority on
drainage to order, he states^ " Though he should not
adopt extremely shallow drains, yet this kind of land —
a subsoil which is drier than the surface— would be
just as dry by being drained 1 foot deeper than the
sole of the plough as if it were drained 10 feet deep.
But, behold! our 'new school" of drainers have
passed this 4-feet-deep gridiron drain through tens of
thousands of acres of clayey soils." The January
impressions of the Agricultural Gazette for 1858
contain amply sufficient materials for a fitting reply.
As a proof of it, a canny Scotchman stated at p. 76 for
1858, " I had hoped, with steam cultivation staring us
in the face, the members of the Central Farmers' Club
would have been more inclined to discuss whether or
not 30 inches of active soil was not to be more the
order of the day than 30-inch draining." Mr. Bailey
Denton, who is a good authority on the subject, stated
in 1858, in his remarks at Hinxworth : " Lord Tweed-
dale had been subsoiling 2 feet 8 inches deep, and was
it not plain to every reflective mind that if Lord
Tweeddalo had been subsoiling to that depth, without
the aid of steam power, he would with that aid
reach the depth of 3 feet ; and then what would
become of the pipes used in the 3-feet drainage ? "
The " Bewdley Forester " believes that deep
drainage robs the subsoil of its native quantity of
water ! He states : " Now, as the expense in cutting a
drain 4 feet deep is about double that of cutting one
3 feet deep, and as from the above evidence the
former drains cannot make the land drier than the
latter drain obtains, it is evident that there is a dead
loss incurred. Supposing that fourth foot could be
robbed of its native quantity of water, it is an
unquestionable fact that the crops would sustain an
injury in dry weather ; for though the roots of Wheat,
&c., may not always reach the fourth foot, yet they
receive assistance in dry weather from that wonder-
fully clever root-waterer, called by some radiation ;
and the more water there [is in the fourth foot, the
better will the crops succeed." The " Bewdley
Forester " has yet to learn that 4 feet drains are better
adapted for conveying moisture to the requisite depth
than what 3-feet drains are, and also for storing
supplies in winter for the summer droughts. I invite
him to read a letter by Mr. Bailey Denton ; Lord
Palmerston's letter to Mr. Denton ; and the articles
on drainage by "J. C. M.," in the Agricultural
Gazette of Feb. 10, March 24, and July 7, 14, and 21
for 1866. As those I am addressing keep the back
numbers of the Gardeners' Chronicle, directing their
attention to the articles obviates the need of my quoting
extracts from the articles referred to. T. W. S.

^ocmits*

Smtthi-ielo: 3/nn-// .'"i.— At the last meeting of the
Couui-il III this Chill, JMajor-Ccueral the Hon. A. N.
Hood, I'ri'sidciit, in llu^ chair, the minutes of the last
Council Meeting were read and confirmed. Mr. John
Painter, of Forest Road, Nottingham, and Mr. Thos.
Duckham, of Baysham Court, Ross, Herefordshire,
wore elected Stewards of Live Stock for the ensuing
year, to succeed the two who retire by rotation. Mr.
Sanday and Mr. Robert Overman were re-elected
Stewards of the Implement Department. The prize
sheet for the present year was considered, and it was
determined to omit the 2d prizes in the division for
cattle of the Long-horn breed. It was resolved, " That
a list of the winners of Gold Medals and Silver
Cups at the past Shows of the Club be printed at the
end of the Annual Prize Sheets, the same to be _ a
reprint and continuation of the tabular statement in
the Appendix to the Hon. Secretary's ' History of the
Smithfield Club.' " Also — " That tho President's
suggestion, 'that an annual report on the animals
exhibited at the Club Shows should be prepared and
published,' bo referred to a committee for con-
sideration." Also—" That a list of the members of the
Club be printed at the end of tho Prize Sheet."
Also—" That the annual dinner take place on the
Monday of the Show week at 6 o'clock finstead of the
Wednesday, as heretofore) ; and that the President
and Stewards be requested to revise the toast list, and
make such other arrangements as may appear advisable
in reference to the dinner." Also—" That none but
the official placard respecting the food on which
animals have been fed be allowed to be placed over the
heads of animals or about tho Hall."

The Implement Committee was reappointed, with
the addition of Mr. Richard Hornsby in lieu of the
late Mr. Garrett. The Committee to have tho same
duties as heretofore.

Mr. Samuel Jonas, of Ghrishall Grange, Saffron
Walden, was elected a Member of Council, to supply
the vacancy caused by the election of Mr. Torr as a
Trustee at the last meeting of the Club.

The deaths of the Right Hon. Lord Feversham and
C. T. Tower, Esq., Vice-Presidents, were announced.
The vacancies will be filled up at the next Council
meeting.

A Committee was appointed, consisting of the
President, the Trustees, the Implement Committee,
including all the Stewards, to consider and confer with
the Directors of the Agricultural Hall Company on
the subject of increasing the Implement galleries, and
to report to a meeting of the Council to be summoned
for that purpose. The same Committee to consider
the President's suggestion as to a report on the animals.

The following were duly elected Members of the
Club :— Wm. Pritchard. of the Royal Veterinary
College; Wm. Henry Hitchcock, of Miserden Park,
Cirencester ; W. Wells Kilpin, of Bedford.

The best thanks of the meeting were voted to the
President for his able conduct in the chair.

Ballineen : Rearing and Feeding Live Stoclc. — At
the late monthly meeting of this Club Mr. Hooper, of
Devonshire, read a paper on this subject, from which
we make the following extracts : —
I 1. The Cow and Calf.— The calf being dropped, this
' is to be borne in mind— that from that moment until
it arrives at maturity it must be kept progressing,
' improving, growing; in no other way will it pay. The
question is, how is this best to be done ? Now, of
course, the best food for a calf is that provided by
Nature — the pure, sweet milk of the cow ; but dairy-
men and dairy farmers have proved by experience
that an ordinary calf will not pay for new milk, or, at
least, that the consumers of inilk and butter in our
towns will pay a better price for it ; and we also find
by experience t'nat a calf will grow and be healthy on
milk from which all the cream has been taken ; and, in
my opinion, no better plan can be adopted to rear
calves profitably than to give them plenty of thick
milk (a thing almost unknown in England, I believe,
but decidedly better food for calves than skimmed
milk which has not turned thick and sour). [What is
" thick milk ? " Is it sour or lappered skim milk that
Mr. Hooper speaks of? If so, it would be just poison
to an English calf, if, indeed, it could be induced to
take it. Ed.] But this feeding should be continued
longer than is usual, say for at least five months.
The calf should not be allowed to run out too
young. I am convinced a great many of the calves
belonging to some of the smaller farmers of my
neighbourhood receive a check from which they
never recover by being exposed to the cold and wet
before they are able to bear it. The calf should be
kept in a loose box, with plenty of light and air, and
a little fresh hay given him now and then, which he
will soon learn to eat ; then, at six or eight weeks old,
he may be let out for a short time on a fine day, and
the time increased by degrees as the weather permits.
I believe some good authorities object to giving young
calves hay, thinking it too binding for them ; but I
suppose this must be when the calves are reared on
new milk; for I have always found the calves that
eat most hay to be the healthiest and do the best.
When there is abundance of milk the calves may be
reared at very little cost, but they may also be reared
very profitably even where there is a scarcity of milk.
A Mr. Ruck in Gloucestershire (as I see from a report
of the Cirencester Farmers' Club), rears from 60 to
55 calves annually, and he only keeps four cows.
This he does by using hay te.a, with the addition of a
little oilcake mixed with gruel; his calves cost him
Is. Gd. or Is. 9d. a week each. I am myself rearing some
calves now with very little milk by the help of hay
tea and oilcake, and I find that they cost me about
the same. The hay tea is made either by boiling
some hay, or putting some in a tub and pouring

276

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE,

[Maech 16, 1867.

boiling water on it : the former plan is the best. We
allow each calf four pints of skimmed milk at a meal,
and add enough hay tea to make the quantity up to
8 or 10 pints, according to the size and appetite of the
calf; into this we put a little oilcake, which has been
previously made into a paste with hot water, in the
proportion of 2 lb. of cake to fire calves ; and they are
doing very well. I may here mention what appears to
me to be a great advantage in rearing calves at this
time of year; all the time they are livin" on milk_, and
the little bite of hay before mentioned, there is no
Grass ; but when the Grass comes in the months of
April and May, they are ready to eat it; and the
difference between them and the summer calves the
following winter is remarkable. The latter never over-
take them, and one would scarcely think they were
calves of the same year. I think at the present price
of stock any good calf, dropped from November to
May, should be reared.

There is not a ready market in these parts for
the prime veal that fetches so high a price in
London and Dublin; but a paper on feeding cattle
would not be complete without some mention of the
fattening of calves. I have occasionally fattened an
early calf, and they have paid me very well for the new
milk they drank ; but I have found that I was quite at
the mercy of the buyer, and always felt in taking a
fat calf to Cork that I was running the risk of having
almost to give him away. I may here mention, that
to fatten a calf most profitably he should be dropped
not later than January, as the price of veal becomes
much lower after March. As reg.ards the mode of
feeding for veal, I cannot do better than to quote the
account given by a Mr. Dowdall at the Ballymahon
Farmers' Club, in the county Westmeath. He lets
the calf suck the cow morning and evening, and gives
it a midday meal from the pail^ which after a while has
an egg beaten up with the milk. At a month old he
sops white bread in the milk, and at eight weeks old
he has a well-finished calf worth 61. I feed mine three :
times a day from the pail, but I consider Mr. DowdalFs \
a better plan, and were I fattening another I should j
adopt it. j

B iWe now come to the weaning of the calf. I find !
my calves" do best on a Clover stubble ; that is j
on the stubble of a Barley or Oat field that is
laid out with Clover and Grass seeds ; and I do
not find that such light stock do any harm to the
young Clovers, provided they are not kept on them
longer than the 1st of January. On whatever kind of
pasture they are weaned, however, the milk should not
be taken from them too suddenly ; they should get a
meal of milk in the middle of the day for a week or
10 days after being turned out to Grass, and the
quantity of this should be diminished by degrees.
When the nights begin to get cold, generally some
time in the month of October, they should be housed
at night ; but, in my opinion, should be allowed out
by day the whole winter, and therefore should not be
kept in too close or warm a house by night. I have
kept them in close houses, and only let them out for a
few hours on fine days; and I have kept them in
altogether day and night the whole winter, some tied
and some in loose bo-xes ; but I find them thrive and
grow best on the system I have adopted for the last
three or four years, and that is to tie them up at night
in a shed open to the south, and let them out the whole
day in all weathers, excepting, of course, when the ground
is covered with snow, and they could get nothing to eat.
If they could be put into a yard at night with sheds
around itj perhaps it would be better still, as some have
an objection to tying up young calves ; but if it has its
disadvantages, it has also its advantages, one of which
is, that they are much quieter when tied up the next
winter, at which age I fatten off my young stock ;
whereas I find those I buy take some time to get
accustomed to the chain and trough, and lose time
accordingly. As to the feeding of calves, the first
winter I find they do better, with the outrun I have
spoken of, on hay alone, than ou hay or straw and
Turnips. Some may think this unreasonable, but I
can only say that I have wintered calves for eight
years with Turnips, and for four years without them,
and I have no intention of altering my present system.
Mr. Buck, whom I quoted before, who rears calves with
so little milk, winters them on pulped Mangels, mixed
with straw-chaflT, oilcake, and crushed corn, and
he says, reckoning 5 cwt. of straw-chafi' at 5.?.,
10 cwt. of pulped Mangel at 5*,, 1 cwt. of oilcake
at 10s., and 4 cwt. of mixed crushed com at 30s., he
has 1 ton of food for 50s. equal to the best hay.
But as our hay is seldom worth even as much as
this in our own yards, I do not think we should gain
much here by the adoption of his system, which is
certainly, though, a great improvement on the ordinary
one of whole or sliced Turnips and hay or straw. I
make no difference in the wintering calves intended
for beef and those intended for the dairy — no matter
what a calf is intended for, he should be well fed the
first winter, or he will receive a check from which he
will never recover. To proceed with my own system.
I give my yearlings the best Grass I have all the
summer, and fatten them off the following winter ;
selling them when 24, 25, and 26 months old. I
give them oilcake to the amount of 30s. a head
(beginning with 1 lb. a day and increasing gradually to
3 lb.), and hay or straw, and Turnips ad libitum ; and
the best fetch from 18^. to Wl. a head, and the
smaller ones from 151. to IGl. ; that is, at the present
and recent high price of beef. My cattle get three
feeds of sliced Turnips in the day, the fii'st between
five and six, the next at 11 (immediately before
which they get their oilcake), and the third and last
at five, or later as the days get longer. At each of
the meals if any animal has finished before the others,
or show any desire for more, more is given till they
are satisfied. The cleaning out of the stall and curry-
ing of the cattle keep them disturbed a good part of

the time between the first two meals ; but after the
second meal they are left to rest till the third, and
after that are left undisturbed for the night. The
racks placed above the troughs are [filled with hay or
straw as often as may be required. At whatever age
cattle are put into the stall they should have some
Turnips given them on the Grass for a week or two
before they are put in, to accustom them to the change
of food. The heifers that appear best adapted for
the dairy I sell as springers in October and November,
when two and a half years old. In my opinion
this is young enough for even the largest and best
heifers to calve ; and smaller and weaker ones should
not calve till they are nearly or fully three years old,
according to their size and strength.

With regard to the feeding of dairy cows, every one
knows that the better you feed them the better they
will pay, and I am sure they would pay for a little
Linseed or Rape cake in addition to the best food the
farm affords. I "let" my dairy cows, and have not
had any on my own hands for some years; but I am
keeping a few now, chiefly for the purpose of rearing
calves, which have of late years increased so much in
value, and I mean to try 2 lb. of Hape cake daily to
each cow. The cost of this will be about 2d., and I
feel sure the cow will give an increase of 1 lb. of butter
per week, besides being kept in a healthy state, and
the rest of her food doing her more good. Por I find
that cattle getting oilcake not only improve in con-
dition faster, but their general health is better, and a
change of food does not affect them as it does those
not getting it. Many have used oilcake and other
artificial foods extravagantly, and that has set farmers
against their use altogether; but I believe, used with
caution, and as auxiliaries to other feeding, they v/ell
repay the outlay.

But to resume : as I said before, every one knows
that the better a milch cow is fed the better she will
p,ay, and there is little fear but that her owner will
give her plenty to eat, if he can, as long as she gives
him milk and butter ; but some are apt to shorten the
supplies of food during the time the cow is necessarily
dry before calving. This is a great mistake, and tells
against the owner in many ways : it weakens the cow
at a time when she requires citra strength. This has
such au injurious effect on her constitution that it
lessens her supply of milk for the ensuing season, and
above all it injures the calf; there is no surer way of
having strong, healthy calves, than to feed your cows
well when they are dry.

2. The JSwe and Lamh. — As I have just remarked
with regard to the feeding of the cow, so I will say the
only way to ensure strong, healthy lambs is to feed
your ewes well up to lambing time. I have found
nothing so good for ewes during the winter as hay
given in racks on the pasture. If the pastures are
very bare, and a sufficient quantity of hay cannot be
spared, a few Turnips will be necessary ; but I do not
like them for ewes if it can be helped ; and if they
must be given, would prefer Aberdeens to Swedish
Turnip. After lambing, unless a better pasture can
be provided for them, they should get an increased
supply of hay and a few Mangels (not too many) ; and
in any case, half a pound of Oats each every morning.
I believe no man ever took his Oats to a better market
than to give them to a flock of ewes with a good crop
of lambs for a month or six weeks after lambing,
according to the season and the growth of Grass.
The whole cost is nearly repaid in preventing the
ewe from shedding her wool, as so many are apt
to do after lambing, especially those that have
twins; and the effect on the lambs is simply in-
credible, except to those who have tried it. If cir-
cumstances permit, those sheep that have twins should
be kept separate from the rest of the flock, and have
better keep ; by this means you will have a more even
lot of lambs at weaning time. The middle of February
is early enough for the first lambs to be dropped ; and
Jlr. Davidson, Athy Farmers' Club, says he does not
like to begin lambing before March, and that any lambs
dropped before April 20th are soon enough, and often
beat the March lambs. At whatever time they are
dropped, however, this is certain, that a late lamb that
has received no check is much better than an early
lamb that has been stunted.

Supposing the lambs, then, to have been dropped
through the month of March, they will be ready to
wean during the month of July. For this purpose
neither young Grass nor Clover nor old pasture are
suitable— either would scour them : but a field two or
three years in Grass that has not been fed with sheep for
the past twelve months, or the aftermath of an old
Grass: field, wiU generally keep them healthy. If the
lambs are intended for the butcher as hoggets they
should now get a liberal allowance of corn or cake,
which they should have been taught to eat before
being taken from the ewes. This will bring them in
good condition to the Turnips, a most important point,
for if put on Turnips weak, many of them wih die, and
many more not improve for some time. Before being
put altogether on Turnips, a few should be given them
on the Grass, to teach them to eat them and to
accustom them to the change of food. About the
middle of October they should be put on Turnips alto-
gether ; and then, no matter what their allowance of
oilcake may be (and some will be required to get them
fat by the spring), they should get from half to three-
quarters of a pound of Oats daily. Until I began this
system I lost a large percentage of sheep on Turnips.
They should also have a constant supply of good oaten
straw or hay in racks ; I prefer the former, and if a
little is trodden into the ground it is not of so much
consequence. The Turnips should be out in pieces the
size of a man's finger, by a machine made for the
purpose, and given to them in troughs. By this treat-
ment lambs bred from the common sheep of this
country by a good ram will come to IS and 20 pounds a
quarter at 14 months old.

If fat lambs are desired to sell to the butcher at a few
weeks old, I have found it a good plan to have them
dropped earlier — say at the end of December or begin-
ning of January. When dropped they should be kept
in a sheltered field (or, better still, one with a shed in
it) with their dams, and the latter should have a
constant supply of good hay, a few sliced Turnips, and
a liberal allowance of corn and cake. By this means
the lambs will be ready for the butcher in about eight
weeks ; and the ewes, if they were in good condition
when they lambed, very soon after.

3. The Soio and Pig.— A. good breeding sow will pay,
and a pig that lives on the refuse of the house, helped
out with a stone or so of meal or bran in the week, is
a profitable animal to keep ; but as a part of the live
stock of the farm I have very little worth hearing to
say about them. I will, therefore, read you an extract
from a letter which appeared last year in the Fanners'
Oazetfe, from Mr. William Joyce, of the Abbey Farm,
Waterford, a most successful breeder and exhibitor of
Berkshu'e pigs. He says :— " There is no animal that
will put on the same amount of flesh in a given time
with the same amount of food as the highly bred
pig. The Berkshhe pig is a particularly thrifty, strong,
hardy animal, and can bear any sort of weather ;
he does not want a sunshade iu summer to keep him
from the sun, nor ;a greatcoat in winter to keep him
w.arm ; and another great advantage is that no pig will
feed on the Grass like him. My breeding sows nearly
live on the Grass aU the summer, even up to this time
(November) they get only one feed of pulped roots iu
the day, besides what they get on the Grass fields. I
never cook any roots (except Potatos), but give every-
thing in a raw state to cows, horses, and pigs. I have
at present over 50 pigs, and every one that is able to eat
gets pulped Turnips : I find they do well on it, and the
saving in labour and fuel is something considerable.
People who come to see my pigs are greatly surprised
to see them eating raw Turnips, and to see them in
such condition. I do not feed them ou Mangels if I
can avoid it till some time after Christmas. The way
I use my pulped food for the pigs is by putting the
pulp into a large cask, and pouring over it a few
buckets fuU of boiling porridge, made from Indian
meal, leaving it a few hours to cool, and then it is fit
for use."

To this I ivill only add that the remark I made that
all young animals should be kept in an improving
state applies with equal, if not with greater force, to
the pig. From the time of his birth to the time he is
slaughtered he should increase daily in size and weight
— every day that he does not do so he is a loss to his
owner.

4. The Mare and Foal. — ^We now come to the
rearing and feeding of the horse— the animal of most
interest to the general community, if not to the
agriculturist. The farmer may not have all the
appliances and arrangements of a stud farm, with
its paddocks, open yards, loose boxes, &c., still he
may like to rear a foal or two every year ; and,
without entering deeply into the question whether
it pays to breed farm horses, I think most will
agree with me that it is better for a farmer to
have horses to sell than horses to buy. Moreover,
few farmers can afford to give up the whole time
of their brood mares to breeding, nor do I see
any reason why they should. Neither the mare
nor the foal she is carrying will be any the worse
for her regular work on the farm ; provided she
is well fed, and not put to extra hard work, nor
to work to which she has been unaccustomed. Of
course, the nearer tlie mare gets to her time of foaling,
the lighter must be the work required of her ; and a
week or two before the time she should be left perfectly
idle, especially if not in high condition. If the mare
foals very early in the season, and the weather is bad,
she and the foal should be put into a loose box at
night, and allowed as much liberty by day as the
weather wiU permit ; but if she does not foal before
the month of April, she may be kept in a sheltered
field day and night, and, unless the pasture is very
good, a feed of Oats should be given her eveiy
morning. Now, we all know that the foal would be
better if his dam had nothing to do but to suckle him
until he is old enough to wean ; but I am speaking of
rearing horses on farms where the work of the farm is
of primary and the rearing of foals of secondary
importance. In general, then, the mare may be put to
work a fortnight after foaling, and when she is at
work, the foal should be shut up in a light airy,
loose box, and the mare taken in to suckle him
at intervals of not more than 2 hours. Of course,
the mare must be highly fed when doing this double
work, and should have as much green food as
possible. In addition to thel^dam's milk I always give
the foals of my working mares a quart of cow's milk
brought to a natural heat— a pint about au hour and
a half after the mare has gone to work in the morning,
and a pint in the afternoon. At first the young thing
is very shy, and is frightened at being caught and
having his nose held into the milk ; but lie soon learns
to expect it, and will come and drink it out of the
vessel when held to him. When the Turnips are all
sown, and there is very little work for the horses, the
foal can get two or three months of uninterrupted
liberty with his dam. I find the most convenient time
to wean is when the working horses are brought into
the stable at night, by that time the foal is accustomed
to the company of the other colts (or a donkey will
answer the purpose if there are no other colts on the
farm), and will stay quietly with them without his
dam. In about another month (according to the sea-
son) I bring him in also at night, putting him with
another of the same age, or not more than a year
older, into a loose box, and giving them as much
chopped furze and hay as they will eat, and 3 or
4 lb. of crushed Oats ; and here let me remark,
there is no time of his life at which a horse gives a ,

THE GAIiDl'Xl'RS- TMOXK^LK AND AnRirULTUTiAL CAZV.nV,.

Mabch 16, 1867.J ^

better return for a few Oats than Hie first winter. I
turn them out the whole day m all weathers except
very hard frost or snow, and put them out altoRethcr
as soon as the weather and Grass are good enouKh.
The feeding the second winter is merely a repetition
of the first. , , , , , • i i •

And now, having reared the horse, let us consider his
feeding after ho has arrived at maturity j and as wo
are sneaking only of the rearing and feeding of farm
stock, I shall confine myself to the feeding of farm
horses. . , , . , ■ ,

Now, a farmer not only requires to feed his horses
well, so as to keep them uji to their work, but al.so
economically. To this end, it is indispensable, in my
opinion, that he possess two machines- viz., the Furze-
cutter and Oat-bruiser : the price of the hay and Oats
saved will soon repay the cost of both. I find that my
horses do as well on lOj lb. of crushed Oats as on 11 lb.
of whole Oats.

They are fed in the following manner;— Irom the
time they are put to regular work after harvest, and
stabled at night, they get :i\ lb. of crushed Oats the
first thing in the morning (at live o'clock in the
autumn and spring months, when they go to work at
half-post six; and at six, or a little before it, in the
dark winter mornings, when they cannot work till
after seven), about an hour and a half before they go
to work. At twelve o'clock they get another 3S lbs.
of Oats and a pannier of chopped furze, and at night
another .3i lb. of Oats and two full panniers of
furze, oil this feeding I have kept several horses in
really good working condition all this winter; but
I have some horses (not of my own rearing) vyhich
will rot eat enouah furze, and to them we give a
little bay in addition. About the end of Mar(;h the
furze becomes less nutritious, and we substitute hay
for it ; and as the days aro then long, and the work
hard, we give, in addition to the three feeds of Oats, a
small bucketful of boiled Swedes, mixed with a little
meal or bran, to each horse at 8 o'clock in the evening.
I do not allow the cost of the meal or bran to exceed
Is. per week for each horse, so that the feed, including
Turnips and firing, costs something less than a feed of
Oats. If the Turnips are finished before we can cut
any Grass or Vetches, I give a feed of boiled Barley
instead ; this costs as much as a feed of Oats, exclusive
of the firing. As soon as Grass or Vetches can bo
substituted for the hay, I find two feeds of Oats
suflicient without any boiled food. As soon as the
Turnips are all sown I turn my horses out ; and as
th ere is then very little work to be done, and only one,

or at most two, are required to be at work at the same _, ^

time till harvest, I give them no more Oats. This run | a^ent] Mr. Grev having' managed the Earl of Derby's

277

out to Grass during the summer months I consider is
e.ssential to the horse's health.

T he cost of each horse per annum will thus be as
follows: — lOilh- of O.'its a day, reckoning the Oats at
the extreme price of l.t. a stone, will be 9(f., /. p.,
5s. Zd. a week, or 6/. l(3s. 6d. for 2fi weeks. The cost of
the furze is merely the rent of the land on which it
grows, as there is no expense attending its cultivation ;
the cost of preparing it is about Is. a horse per week ;
this gives 26s. to be added to the Gl. IGs. 6d., making
the cost of feeding for 26 weeks from October to
March, 8^. 2s. 6d. 'We now come to eight weeks
during which the horse is fed on hay, and has an extra
feed of boiled food at night, to be reckoned at the same
price as a feed of Oats ; this will give Is. a day then
for the four feeds, /. e., 7s. per week, or 2^ 16s. for the
eight weeks. As for the h.iy, I must confess I have
never weighed it, but I think we m.ay put it at IJ cwt.
a week, say 4s., this gives .S2s. to bo added to the
21. 16s., making il. 8s. for eight weeks from the
beginning of April to the end of May. We have
still some four weeks left during which the horse
requires two feeds of Oats a-day ; these at 6d. a-day
Tfill amount to Us., and reckoning the cut Grass at 3s.
per week, will make 12s., or 1?. 6s. for the four weeks'
feeding. During the remaining 14 weeks of the year
the horse gets no com except a few sheaves of Oats in
harvest time, and, perhaps, a feed of corn now and
then, if he has to go a journey, which I think need not
be reckoned in the cost of his keep. Valuing his
pasturage, then, at 2s. Gd. per week, we have the sura
of 1^. 15s. for the remaining 14 weeks' keep. "\Ve have
then SI. 2s. Gd. for 26 weeks; 4/. 8s. for eight weeks ;
11. 6s. for four weeks; and 11. 15s. for 14 weeks' pastur-
age; giving the cost of each horse for the year
151. lis. Gd. To this must be added something for the
Furze (a horse will eat about a quarter of an acre), and
something for the wear and tear of the Furze-cutter
and Oat-bruiser (I have had mine in constant use for
ten years and they are doing their work as well as
ever). With whole Oats the cost would be 11. more on
each horse per annum.

I do not know that I could add any more on the
rearing and feeding of live-stock from my own experi-
ence : I will, therefore, conclude with an extract from
an American paper, tho Connirij Oentleman :—" \i \s,
perhaps, well for the cause of good management that
all neglected treatment of animals should result in loss
to the owner. If he has starved his cattle, sheep, and
pigs for a year or more, he cannot atone for it i)y
sudden attempts to push them to fatness. On tlie
contrary, the only way is to see that growth continues
without cessation, summer and winter, from the
earliest period of their existence till they are finally
sold in the market. A single check given to this
continued progress may arrest or retard it for months.
Our own observations lead us to the conclusion that
the whole profits resulting from rearing and fattening,
when this continued progress is keptup by careful^
regular, but not extravagant feeding, are at least triple
the amount realised from early neglect and heavy
ffcding afterwards and often the difference is many
times greater than liere stated."

There is nothing that should be more strongly
impressed on the mind of the young farmer, who

reach of the estate as a country agent, his business is
apt to degenerate into ollice work, and his visits to
tho estate and intorcourse with tho tenants to become
more formal than those of an agent residing on
an estate and moving about constantly in Iho
country, and generally such agents depend much more
on reijorta from subordinates and interviews with
tenants at their town ollicos than agenfs who meet
tenants in their own fields and homesteads, and judge
from their own observation."

As to the mode of romunorating agents Mr. Grey
ooiiilcnins tho per-centage system of payment, which
is often dispro|)ortioiiate to tho duty performed. 'IMicir
services should be mea.sured by t be value of the work
done. An agent with a fi.vcd salary and without per-
quisites has no temptation to act except for the benefit
of the estate. An Irishman.

Journal of the Bnlh and West of Jingland Sotiefi/,
Vol. IV. W. Ilidgway, 169, riccadilly.
The editors of our agricultural annuals seem to bo
all behind. The volume just issued by Mr. Goodwin
is the number for 1866, and the first part of the volume
wo are still expecting from Mr. Frere generally
appears long before this time. The Bath Society's
annual volume this year contains fewer original articles
than usual. Mr. Buckman on the Geology of Dorset-
shire, Professor Brown on Sheep Diseases.Dr. Peard oa
Aqueculture, and Reports of the Salisbury meeting,
make up the original part of the work the remainder
being reprints of articles which have already appeared
in the Journal of the English Agricultural Society and
other periodicals.

We extract a passage from Mr. Corbet s account of
the conduct of a Horse Show.

"So soon as 13 or 2 o'clock comes, so surely do the
people gather round the horse ring. The Short-horn
breeders fairly forsake the prize bull. Captain Davy
turns his back on the Devons, and Mr. Steam, for the
nonce, becomes oblivious of the white sow and her
wonderful litter. Even the implement makers desert
their stands, for, as one of them confessed to me, ' It is
of no use our stopping here while the horses are out ! '
Care, then, should be taken, in the first instance, to
provide a good roomy ring, tho larger the better, m
which two or three classes, if found necessary, may be
exhibited at the same time, but, above all,, with the
object of giving the spectators plenty of space to dispose
themselves at the sides. As a rule, the rings, however
equal to the business of judging, are too small for the
afternoon parade, when the crowd has increased and
come to a focus hereabouts. In the next place, the
horses should enter strictly according to their numbers
on the catalogue, while these should be plainly
discernible on each side of the horse's head. The
parchment label soon curls up, and the best insignia of
the sort I have seen aro small metal plates, with the
black figure painted on a white ground. These, of
course, could be returned at the close of the meeting,
and made use of year after year. I hold it, however,
to be very essential that the horse should have his
number on either side, as this plan must save a deal of
trouble in the way of cross questions and crooked
answers, for a man naturally gets sick of saying this is
one hundred and twenty-five ' a hundred times over,
particularly if he has not taken a prize. The prize
., V , It II - • -i *i horses must be further distinguished by winning
the absentee agent, who seldom or never visits the , ^"'"^^J and it would be very convenient if the Societies
estate, Mr. Grey condemns as unqualifiedly had. It is , cimcums, d,iiu i^ .v^<uiu o j .„

makes the feeding of animals a prominent part of his
business, than the importanco of keejiing up an
unremitting growth throughout tho whole course of
their existence. _^

Land Agenei/ : its Nature and Pidies. By C. G. Grey,
Esq., Dilston. Vuurant Odice, Hexham.

Amongst the most useful institutions of our day that
of Farmers' Clubs holds a distinguished rank. Papers,
carefully prepared by gentlemen only possessing sudi-
cient literary power for embciilying tliiir expressions
and suggestions in clear and intelligible language, and
practical knowledge of the subjects on which they treat,
aro frequently laid before the reading portions of the
agricultural classes through the media of these clubs
and the agricultural periodicals which report their
proceedings. The Agricultural Gazette has borne no
inactive part in communicating matter theoretically
and practically souml and liciiclicial, which had for its
origin and cradle a Farmers' Club.

The writer of the present remarks has been led to
offer them from having recently read the report of an
admirable lecture, recently delivered by C. G. Grey,
Esq., of Dilston, President of the Hexham Farmers
Club, upon an important subject, and yet one seldom
brought under consideration in detail. To an Irish-
man, taking deep interest in the agricultural progress
of his country, the subject of Mr. Grey's address appears
especially important at this time, when there is reason
to exrect that increased legislative encouragement vyill
ba alTorded for improvement in and on land, including
even the abolition of irregular and ineCfectiye and
extravagantly numerous fences and the formation of
new ones. An increased stimulus may be confidently
expected to arouse landlords, owners, and tenants to
undertake every sort of land improvement ; and it is
obvious that the responsibilities and duties of land
agents will be proportionally increased. The want of
active and personjil superintendence of tenants' hold-
ings, by agents of Irish estates, or well qualified subor-
dinates, is the general rule in Ireland. There are many
exceptions, and particularly on the largest and least
encumbered estates ; hut in most cases the agent is
merely a receiver of rents.

The suggestions of Mr. Grey, independently of their
intrinsic force and reasonableness, claim peculiar con-
sideration to an Irishman, from the fact that he unites
in himself the two-fold character of a gentleman of
land estate, closely connected with the landlord interest
in the north of England, and of an experienced Irish

..;tates in the south of Ireland during 12 years. He is
a qualified judge of the subject, on which he has
written with perspicuity and succinctness of style, but
copiousness of involved matter.

We can only touch upon the salient points of the
pamphlet,* in which form the lecture is now presented
to the public.

First, the importance of the office of land agent is
pointed out with regard to the position of the land-
owner and that of the agent himself, who according to
the circumstances and position of his principal or
employer, may be placed in a position of much or little
liberty of action. Of all classes of managers, that of

but one branch of an agent's work to receive rents and
make agreements and sign leases. In Ireland he will,
it may be assumed, have much to do of work which
hitherto has comparatively occupied but little of his
time : " he will have to decide where new or additional
buildings are most needed, and advise the owner which
apniications for such to comply with, and which to
refuse : he has then to arranae and plan those that are
to be made so as to be most useful to the occupation of
the farm, keeping carefully in view the future prospects
of the farm, as well as the present wants of the tenant.
It is not enough that the tenant should say, ' I am
willing to pay 5 per cent, on the cost ;' the agent must
satisfy himself that the ultimate benefit to the estate
will represent that interest or more. * * The agent
should himself decide on all alterations to fields by new
fences or otherwise * * when farms are out of lease
or opportunities offer, making such alterations of
boundaries as will improve the occupation of the
farms and facilitate the keeping of good fences."

The special education and training for the office of
agent are minutely dwelt upon ; and intellectual
requirements are enumerated to an extent w^hich will
alarm many readers, yet the accomplished agent and
well educated country gentleman will not deem any of
them superfluous or needless. In discussing the
disqualifications he adverts specially to the following : —

" Special training in many other professions and pur-
suits IS a disqualification. Retired soldiers and sailors
do not generally make good agents, though they have
some qualities which are useful, such as punctuality
and carefulness. Head clerkspromoted from the office are
very apt to find themselves in a position for which they
are unfit, having been too much bound to routine and
detail to take large views of management. Lawyers,
attorneys, and writers, though frequently entrusted
with the management of estates, are about the most
disqualified. Their educational bent of mind, legal way
of reasoning and treating all questions, are a positive
bar in the management of estates. Landowners in
Scotland and Ireland, I believe, more than in England,
commit the mistake of making such appointments.
To this rule, however, I know some distinguished
exceptions in men who, having a taste for country
pursuits, spend more of their time in the country than
in their offices. A town residence, though not an
absolute disqualification, is a great disadvantage to a
land agent; for though he may he within as easy

* Printed at the Courant Office, Hexham.

of the kingdom would agree to some uniform recog-
nition of what these rosettes should stand for. Let us
say purple for first, crimson for second, and green for
third. Any lighter hues, such as pale blue, white, or
yellow, soon become discoloured, especially in wet
weather, when they are not ea,sily noticed. Some
years since I recommended the use of a telegram
board, something similar to that on race-courses,
upon which the winning numbers should be placed so
soon as a decision was arrived at, and this plan is now
adopted at the Yorkshire Agricultural Society's
meeting, and also in the Agricultural Hall. If, how-
ever, the colours be given out at the time, there is not
so much call for the telegram ; and, indeed, I suggested
its use rather where the ribbons were not handed oyer,
as was then the case with one or two of our leading
Societies. Further, no horse should be suffered to
leave his box out of his turn or his class, for if such a
privilege be granted to one, others will be sure to claim
it, and the wliole business quickly come to confusion.

"Of perhaps the most popular feature of the horse
show, that is, the 'jumping' of the hunters, I hardly
know how to speak. It may sound like afTectation,
but for my own part, I would prefer to judge a hunter
without seeing him jump in the ring rather than after
going through such a performance. As a matter of
proof it really stands for little or nothing. Old
seasoned hunters would be above such a business
as charging hurdles 20 times in succession, and for
young horses the test is still more unfair, with
thousands of people shouting and yelling in their faces,
and none of the legitimate incentive of hounds running
to carry them over their fences. One of our best judges
recently paid me the compliment of asking me how they
should act in a difficulty of this kind, ' "We should give
the chestnut horse the prize if he would only jump, to
which I answered, ' Give him the prize first, and see if
he will jump afterwards'— as, with much persuasion, he
eventually did. Still there is no denying that such a
placard as that ' the hunters will be jumped at one
o'clock' draws with the public, and if this said jumping
were confined to the hunters there would be no great
barm done. But with the jumping the great Order ot
Misrule too often commences, and it would be ainiost
impossible to do justice to some of the scenes ot t^liis
sort that have occurred during the past summer, ijet
the bushed hurdles be only once put up, and every-
body straightway does anything be chooses. , Horses
that will, and horses that will not fence, ponies, cobs,
colts harness horses, and I am not quite certain but

278

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 16, 1867.

that some of the stallions, were all in the iring at the
same time, and valiantly ridden at ' the leaps/ The
very stewards joined in the fun, which created a deal
of laughter certainlj^ but was about as great a burlesque
upon the business of a horse show as it would be
possible to imagine. It is significant that in the rules
of the Yorkshire Agricultural Society there is one
prohibiting the jumping of horses upon any pretence
whatever ; and I would not recommend the West of
England Society to introduce such an attraction, even
if the Council should extend the classes of hunting
horses.

" Co-equal in importance with the appointment of
stewards must be the selection of judges, and, as a
principle, it is better that these should come from a
distance. It is rarely that a man can give satisfaction
when he is busy over his own friends' and neighbours'
entrieSj and where the award is often enough attributed
to the influence of some interested feeling or assumed
partiality. It would, of course, be next to impossible
to nominate any man but who would recognise some
of the animals brought before him ; though the less he
knows of them the better, and for this reason I do not
advocate the more recent plan of placing the complete
catalogue, with the names of the owners and horses, in
the judges' hands. Many a timid or otherwise incom-
petent man might be induced to act with such informa-
tion at his command, and in one or two cases these full
particulars have had a deal more to do with the
decision than anything else. It is even something to
say that this cob belongs to the celebrated Mr. So-and-
so. The services of the veterinarian I have always
advocated, that is in his proper place as an inspector,
but not as a judge. The very education of this gentle-
man prompts him to look rather for flaws than beauties,
and, like Mr. "Weller, his 'wision is limited.' The
horse dealer, again, is a still more objectionable autho-
rity. He is, the rather, a little too knowing in his way,
while his only standard of excellence is that
' The real value of a thing
Is just as much as it will bring'; '

and his invariable^argument, ' Well, I only know that
I would give more for this horse than for any of the
others,' without often condescending to look into the
conditions of the class. I remember once being taken
to task in the eastern counties for putting aside —
' never noticing,' as he said — two dealer's horses that
he declared ' were worth all the others put together.'
And very possibly, as they were a pair of great, banging,
young carriage horses, entered for a premium which
was at any rate intended to be given to the best hack !
I have also seen the first prize for a stallion to get cobs
and ponies duly awarded to a coach horse standing
nearly 16 hands high, with two out of the three judges
in 'the profession:' and apparently for no other
reason than that tnis animal's money-value to sell
again was greater than that of any of the clever cobs in
the class. ' I should never do for a judge,' I once
heard a London dealer remark, with a pride that aped
humility, as he hung over a coarse under-bred beast that
he no doubt knew where to place, but that had not been
selected as the best specimen of the modern hunter.
And he was right, for, if this was his ideal, he would
have not done for a judge. Dealers, buyers, or agents,
are still more out of place in the ring, particularly
when called upon to officiate in districts which they
are in the habit of visiting, and I have heard a good
story of how one of these commissioners said to his
colleague, ' We'll give this mare the prize, and I'll go
and buy the other ! '

" I have been induced to say thus much, as the Horse
Show is worth doing well, conducive as it may be made to
the national advantage."

The Searing of Calves. By Thomas Bowiok. Bedford :

Thomas Bowick, Wholesale Agent for Phospho

Guano.
This is another of those standard agricultural essays,
to one of which (Mr. Hannam's, on Waste Manures)
we referred last week. It takes its place, beside Mr.
Wood's lecture on the management of sheep, as a good
pi-actical account of calf management to which
attention may be usefully directed at this season of
the year. Mr. Bowick has for many years managed
the Home farm at Kenilworth, and latterly the farm
of Mr. Howard, of Bedford. He has been distinguished
all these years not only by his intelligent and
industrious farm management, but by his warm-
hearted and laborious energy for the good of the
labouring class around him. During the past year he
■ has been laid aside by illness, but we are glad to see by
the advertisements that he is again actively engaged.

The tract which he has here reissued will serve, we
hope, as an efficient trade introduction ; and, anyhow,
its publication having reached its .32d thousand, it
must be largely serviceable to its readers.

We quote a passage on feeding from the pail.

"Not much trouble is generally experienced in
getting the calf to take to the pail. We hnd it better
to miss the evening's meal, and next morning a very
little attention induces the majority of them to partake
of what is set before them. At most, the guidance of
the fingers may be wanted for the first meal or two.

" As regards the quantity of milk which is needful to
keep a moderately bred Short-horn calf in a thrivingcon-
dition, we have found the following allowance to come
pretty near the mark, although the appetite of calves
Taries,both in individuals and at different times with the
same animal :— 1st week with the dam ; or i quarts per
day, at two meals ; 2nd to 4th week, 5 to fl quarts per
day, at two meals ; 4th to 6th week, 6 to 7 quarts per
day, at two meals. And the quantity need not, during
the ensuing six weeks (after which it is weaned),
exceed a couple of gallons per day. This implies that
the calf is fed upon new milk only, and that no other
feeding liquids are employed. But, in addition to the
above, the calf will, towards the fourth week, begin to

eat a little green hay ; and in a week or two later some
sliced roots, or meal, or finely-crushed cake, mixed
with hay chaS'; and if really good, creditable beasts are
wanted — such as will realise 251. a head from the
butcher when turned two and a-half years old — a little
cake or meal in their early days will be found a
desirable investment. In fact, we doubt not but
one pound of cake per day to the calf will make
as much flesh as triple the quantity of cake at
any period of after life. As regards meat, if
that is given with the chaff, we prefer Oatmeal, or
Barley-meal, or wheaten flour, but not the meal of
Beans or Peas. Others may see it difierently, but we
believe Beans to be too heating for any class of young
stock. For roots, the best we know of is the Carrot,
grated and mixed with the chalf, or sliced thin with a
knife and given alone. It is also, of all roots, the one
which we find them most fond of, and which they will
most readily take to. As soon as they can eat them
freely, an immediate reduction in the supply of milk
may be made.

In most articles it holds good in the end that " the
best is the cheapest." So with the rearing of calves ;
the best class of food, or that above referred to, is
found to give the greatest ultimate satisfaction. But
practically the question often is, how to rear good
calves with comparatively little new milk, a condition
which circumstances often render almost imperative ;
for where dairy produce, in any other form, is the
chief object, the calves stand in a secondary position,
and are treated accordingly. But let us ask whether
you cannot rear good stock under such circumstances
also ? We believe that this may be, and often is done.
We manage to turn out from 25 to 30 calves annually
— such as will pass muster anywhere — and never use
at any one time more than six gallons of new milk
daily. Por this purpose, as well as to obtain a regular
supply of milk for other purposes, the calves are
allowed to come at different periods, extending from
October to May."

Farm Memoranda.

SuBUKBAN Paem.— I venture to ofier the result of
25 years' experience on a gravelly soil liable to bum, in
the immediate vicinity of a borough of upwards of
20,000 inhabitants. I shall have to consider the advan-
tages attendant on such a situation with its accompany-
ing drawbacks, that I may assist owners and occupiers
of land under the like circumstances, in turning the
one to the best account, and in making light of the
other.

But first it will be well for me to explain what I
mean by a farm, and by farming profitably. It is well
known that in the immediate neighbourhood of every
town small portions of land can be let for large annual
rents, from four to five pounds per acre higher than
those paid for the same class and quality of land some
seven or eight miles further off. These rents are given
gladly by gentlemen for the purpose of keeping their
cow or pair of horses ; by butchers for a lair for their
stock till the killing day ; by nurserymen and market
gardeners, and many others, who use the land merely
as a part of the premises necessary to carry on their
retail trade. Of these the market gardener makes the
nearest approach to being a farmer, but differs from
him in that he makes his profit (and consequently his
rent) not by the production of the crops he grows, but
by their retail delivery— of which more hereafter. I
shall exclude these, as also cattle dealers and small
milkmen, who keep a cow or two for the supply of the
shop, or to carry round milk, &c., to their customers,
for the same reason ; reckoning as farmers those only
who make a living by the land they cultivate, and get a
sufficient return from it to live as farmers — employers
of labour, not labourers themselves. Again, as regards
the returns or profits of the method of farming I
recommend, I think I shall best avoid a very uncertain
and unsatisfactory discussion by giving, not the actual
figures of a balance sheet, but the extra results arising
from improved methods, which any one experienced in
farming can add to the average prices of his own
neighbourhood, and compare with the different values
of land and produce which there prevail, according to
soil, climate, and situation. The reader will thus be
enabled to adapt my suggestions to his own individual
position, and will not so readily take exception to
figures which, however correct in my case, may be
quite inapplicable in another's, or to profits which may
be as unreasonably large in one man's opinion, as they
are small in that of another. I shall also assume (as
the Chancellor of the Exche(juer does) that a sum
equal to half the rent is a fair annual profit for a
tenant.

Nearly 30 years ago I was forcibly impressed with
the fact that land let to a farmer on one side of a
boundary hedge fetched about 30s. per annum, and the
adjoining land, in precisely the same circumstances,
was taken by a market gardener at 51. ; while the latter
was making money, the farmer could barely get a
living. I therefore determined to try for myself
whetlier, without losing my position and independence
as a farmer, I could not realise some advantage from
having a large body of consumers in my immediate
neighbourhood, and, luckily, began with a few acres at
first to learn my lesson and put my ideas to the test of
practice. My first efforts were, as is usual with young
beginners, unsuccessful. I endeavoured to grow vege-
tables for sale, supplied straw to butchers and horse
keepers, receiving dung in return; but I soon dis-
covered, what I now find to be a general rule in all
trades, that the retail dealer — i. e. the middle man
between the producer and the consumer — reaps all the
profit. I grew some excellent crops of vegetables, but
could not sell them unless I went about myself with a
hand barrow. Por Cabbages — sold in the shops at 2rf.
a head, or Turnips realising M. a bunch, which at this
rate would have realised 20/. per acre— I was offered

Zd. or 4d. per dozen by the greengrocer. This, with
the trouble of weeding out all the inferior ones, and
the drawback of cleaning and delivering in small lots,
and waiting for the money, at last produced a worse
return than I could obtain by feeding cows. Early
Peas gave the same result. A fine crop, which at the
greengrocer's price of Is. per dish would have made
401. to 501. per acre, only brought me many shillings
less than I made eventually by selling the produce as
seed.* This was my first disappointment. I now find
that I can sell a fair quantity of Potatos during the
winter, and now and then a few tons of Mangel Wiirzel
or Carrots in the spring, at very remunerating prices ;
but as soon as there is any general demand for these,
the farmers at a distance glut the market, and reduce
the price to little over the feeding value.

My next disappointment was my dung-heap. Though
I got for the straw some hard cash besides the manure,
this barely covered the expense of getting it out of the
pit (always up a narrow courtyard) and loading. And
after all it was not spit-dung ;' some was only dirty
straw, and had to be used again under my own cattle :
some was so heated and fire-fanged that it was not fit
for the heap — all had to be turned over once or twice
before it was fit to plough in ; so that it cost me full
5s. a cartload by the time I had spread it ; and I found
I could make my own straw into dung at that price. I
now sell all the straw I can spare at from 50s. to 60s.
the ton, and buy good spit-dung, fit for use, as I want
it — that is to say, when I have leisure to fetch it, and
land ready to receive it. Having bought thus much of
experience, I took in hand the rest of the farm, con-
sisting of 100 acres of arable, and rather more of
meadow land, from which I have succeeded in reaping
a considerable increase, if not the full amount of my
hopes, in rent and profit. Two objects have been kept
constantly in view — to increase the quantity and quality
of the dung ; and, as a consequence, to grow the utmost
amount of saleable produce. I now keep a herd of
above 30 cows, or about 25 in full milk all the year
round. These are soiled in the house, except from
Midsummer to Michaelmas, when they go out into
the meadows. They are fed in winter on chopped hay,
straw, and roots, with bought grains, malt-dust, and a
little meal. The milk is sold to milkmen, who fetch it
from the cowhouse door, and pay 2d. a quart, ready
money. Each cow produces 20/. per annum, which, I
reckon, pays for her keep, leaving me the dung for the
litter. This latter I economise as far as possible by
running all the liquid into a t.ank, to be drawn over the
Grass-land ; a very smdl quantity of straw is then
required to absorb the remainder. This is further
improved by the manure of 100 pigs fatted every winter.
With this, and the help of four cart horses, I am
enabled to thorom;hly dress one-third of my arable
land every year. I plough it in 14 inches deep, with a
second plough following in the furrow of the first, and
thereby secure very large crops of roots : these are
nearly all drawn for the cows or for sale, the tops and
refuse being left to be penned over by sheep ; the
second year, Wheat ; the third. Barley, partly after
stubble Turnips fed off. After 20 years repetition of
this three-course rotation, I now get an average of
40 bushels of Wheat, and the same of Barley, the latter
of prime malting quality, unless where the sheep,
remaining too long on the Turnip.s, have made it rank.
By thus keeping two-thirds of my laud in corn, I get a
large quantity of Wheat-straw for sale, of Barley-straw
for fodder for the cows, besides a few acres of Potatos
and roots for sale. The horses and cows eat about
three-fourths of the meadow hay, and leave the rest for
sale. The meadows mown every year are kept in con-
dition by refuse ashes, road dirt, and inferior dung
bought in the town, of which large quantities can be
procured for less than 2s. the one-horse load, or about
21. per acre, every third or fourth year.

In assessing the profits of my farm, I shall compare
it with 200 acres of similar land at a distance, the
arable being supposed to be farmed highly on the four-
course system, and cows kept for the sale of butter or
calves, or beasts fatted in yards with the same amount
of purchased food : —

Net produce of 30 cow.s, at 20^ per cow . . . . .-£600

Deduct usual produce of do. at 14i 400

Leaving a profit on selling milk . . . . £200

Arable produce of 33 acres of Wheatx 5 qr. 165 qr.
Instead of 25 acres do. x 4 qr. . . 100

Increase 65 qr.
Profit on 65 qr. at 55.^ average price (nearly) . . 180
Add 8 tons of Wheat-straw 20

— 200
Produce of 8 acres of Barley additional^ 40 qr. , 37fi. 75
Potatos or roots sold, say 5 acres net . . . . 50
Hay sold, say 10 tons only 50

575

Deductions. — Extra rates .£.50

Do. cost of labour . . .. .. .. .. 100

Manure purchjised 50

200

Leaving as clear profit of suburban farm over the
same under the usual management . . . . £375

In order not to burden the above account with any
unnecessary figures, I have omitted all mention of
profit from sheep or pigs, which in my case is pretty
much the same as in that of other people. I fat off
about 100 pigs and wethers, and lamb down 100 ewes,
which are sold with their lambs in the spring. The

* I am informed on good authority that near Tamworth the
farmer makes about 121. 10s. for a good crop of green Peas,
sold standing in his field. They are grown to supply Birming-
ham. Sangster's No. 1 is a favourite variety. The proximity
both of canal and railroad is favourable. Several gardeuci's in
this neighbourhood hire 40 or 50 acres, at rents varying from
SL to 1()[. per acre, and employ from 20 to 30 men. The dry
sewage refuse and sweepings of Birmingham are here rising in
repute both for garden crops and for pasture ; at Tumworth
such manure often sells for 4s. per ton, little more than cost of
c.arriage by barge— the supply exceeds the demand. P. H. F.

Mahch Ifi, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CTTRONICLE AND AGRICULTITRAL GAZETTE.

279

28 acres of roots which enable me to keep this stock,
besides supplying some BOO tons of Mangels, Turnips,
&o., to my ao cows, manifestly give as good a return as
50 acres of fallow crops imdor ordinary management.

1 como now to the deductions, with which I have
debited the account. I lind the general rateable value
of a farm situate as mine is to be about t^ per acre
more than if it were away from the town, and the
rates, including a borough rate instead of county rate,
to be somewhat higher ; I have, therefore, deducted
50?. on that head. I And, too, the labour bill is large.
House rent near towns is very high. Common labourers,
through the summer, can get their half-crown or more
per day, and consequently will not work at fanners'
prices, even for constant employment. There is also a
little more e.xpense incurred in mending fences, bird
keeping, &o. The 50/. worth of ashes, &c., is as much
as we have time to cart home in the course of the
winter. After m.aking these necessary allowances, the
handsome balance of 37r>l., or nearly 2?. per acre,
remains to be divided between the landlord and the
tenant. I have obtained this result now for a series of
years with great regularity ; indeed there is very little
ttifference in the amount of the corn crop between good
years and bad years,

Tn («iinparing this system with others that have been
reconiincudcd, I am convinced there^ is none more
protitablc. more easily adapted to all circumstances of
soils, seasons, or markets. If two successive corn crojis
to one root crop bo thought too scourging, nevertheUss
my experience toils me, that with thorough deep culti-
vation and a plentiful supply of manure, the land,
which was naturally poor, lias improved under such
treatment. I find also that I can make this manure
cheaper on my own premises, taking into consideration
all the attendant expenses, thau I can purchase it.
Indeed, on this latter point I believe that farmers very
generally deceive themselves. Partly owing to prohi-
bitions in their leases to sell straw, and partly from a
habit of looking at the size of their dung heap, instead
of calculating its quality, they have been content with
spreading ten cart loads per acre of dirty litter from a
foldyard, and calling it a dressing ; whereas, if they
were allowed to sell a part of it, and were to cut up a
good portion for cattle food, mixed with bought cake or
meal and chopped roots, they would still find that
enough remained, if used economically, and under
cover from rain, to absorb the excreta of three times as
much stock as they now keep loose in a strawyard.
The same number of cart loads per acre would then
double the amount of the crops produced, and even at
present prices leave a very handsome balance to the
farmer. While meat and wool are dear and offal corn
so cheap, I believe that manure cau be made for
nothing ; deep cultivation, therefore, with thorough
manuring and great attention to cleanliness, will enable
any man to follow my rotation with the same result.
As roads improve and railway stations multiply, every
farm is becoming comparatively more suburban — that
is, nearer to the dearest market for sale of bulky
produce, and to the cheapest for the purchase of feeding
stuffs or manures. AVith this encouragement, let the
agriculturist deepen his soil gradually, using an admix-
ture of the siibsod to freshen the top soil ; he will then
find his crops annually increasing, and his land less
dependent on a wet or dry season. When he realises,
as I have attempted to show he may do, a net increase
of 305. to 40.?. per acre, he will not grudge his landlord
an extra rent. Should he succeed in so doing, he will
be ready to thank me for publishing my experience.
Should he fail on the first trial, as I did, let him not
despair nor charge the drought or the blight with
having caused his ill-success ; but, putting his faith in
the bounteous gifts of Nature, let him redouble his
efforts after clean, deep cultivation, with high manuring,
and he will assuredly not lose his reward. Journal of
English Agricultural Sociefi/.

West Sussex: March 12.— We have had a very
changeable winter, and the spring does not promise to
be very forward ; but work is well advanced, as there
has not been much to hinder field operations.

The Wheat plant generally looks well and not too
forward, and the Clovers have stood well. The frost
has injured the roots to some extent, especially the
Turnips, and feed will not be so abundant as was at
one time expected ; so that lean sheep have rather
fallen in value, though they are still high. The
lambing season is over, and has, so far as I hear,
not been so prosperous as usual, although the weather
has been favourable.

There have been a few cross-bred lambs in market, and
sold at about Is. per lb., which is lower than last year ;
but it is yet early, and few are wanted. Mutton does
not sell quite so well ; we have a good supply. And
we have got our cattle market open again and well
supplied with both fat and lean.

Corn has commanded a better price this year, and
the consequence is that there is not so much uu-
threshed as usual at this time. The quality has gene-
rally been good, but the quantity not up to" an average
on the best Wheat lands. Barley has yielded well, and
the price has been high, about 50s. per quarter, and
some as high as 54s., and Oats have sold about 24?.
to26f.

, Barley and Oat sowing is now our principal work,
and as the land is easily worked, there will not be any
difficulty in keeping up close to the sheep. O. S.

Notices to Correspondents.

Glycebinte : MAR. It is in a. certain sense s. refuse of the
candle manufacture, being that part of natnr.al fatty matters
the separation of which is one of the objects of the mann-
facturer. Its non-illiiminating power renders its pre unco
wndosirable, and its uses for i.tber piu'poses in.ake its separa-
tion a doubly important consideration. Among its uses is
said to be its fitness for pig feeding, which is being tested in
Edinburgh in comparison with cod-liver oil.

Crortfio ; Fnx. IToo In 20 lb. of seed in rows about 18 inches
apart. It is to bo done roughly with the boo, each row
being covered with tho oartb taken in making the next
drill. And you may drill 3 bushels of Oats per aero in
rj-inch rows across tho field in any direction, afterwards, aiul
harrow it all In.

iMruiira or the Two Past Years : R.

I, Ai-ticlei Free <if Duly.

Animals, living—
0.xen, Bulls, and Cows . . . . No,
Calves ., ,, ,, .. i>

Sheep and Lambs . . . . ,,

Hwino and Hogs .. .. .. ,,

Ashes, Pearl and Pot . . . . cwt.

IJark, for Tanners' or Dyers' use , ,
Peruvian .. ,. ,

Bonos (burnt or not, or as Animal
Charcoal) tons

Flax and Tow or Codilla of Flax ;— From

Itussia cwt.

Holland

Belgium .. •• ,

Other Countries .. .. .. ,,

Guano, from West Coast of Africji tons

United states ,,

Peru . . .. . . . . - . >,

Bolivia . . . . . . . . „

British and West India Islands „
( tthor countries .. .. .. ,,

Hemp .and Tow or Codilla of Hemp ;

from Russia . , . . . . cwt.

Austrian Territories and Venetia ,,

British India . .

Philippine Islands .. .. „

Other Coimtries ,

China Grass „

.Jute and substances of the nature
of Hemp

Hides, Uutanned, dry :— From British

India cwt.

Other Countries ". ,,

Wet ;— From Argentine Confederation
and Uruguay . . . . . . cwt.

Brazil

Australia , , , . , . , . „

Other Countries „

Tanned, Tawed, Curried, or Dressed
(ex. Russia) . . , . . . lb.

Hops cwt.

Oil Seed Cakes tons

Potatos cwt.

Provisions: — Bacon and Hams ,, ,,

Beef, salt „

Pork, salt ,

Butter ,

Cheese

Eggs No.

Lard cwt,

S.altpetre .. ., ,, ■- ,,
Cubic Nitre

Seeds :— Cotton tons

Clover cwt.

Flaxseed and Linseed . . . , qrs.
Rape ,,

Tallow, from Russia , , . . cwt,

Australia ., .. .. ,. ,,
South America ,, ,, .. ,,
Other Countries .. .. .. ,,

Wool, Sheep and Lambs' : From

Europe _ lb.

British Possessions in South Africa ,,
British India .. .. ., ,,
Australia .. ., .. ,. ,,

Other Countries ,,

Alpaca and tho Llama Tribe , , ,,

Yeast, dried cwt,

II. Arlides Subject to Duty.
Com : — Wheat from Russia , cwt,

Denmark . , „

Fi-ussia , , .. . . ■ ■ ,1
Schleswig, Hoi., and Laucnburg ,,

Mecklenburg

Hansc Towns .. .. .. ,,

France . . . .

Tiu'kcy .and W.alla. and Mol. . . „

Egypt

United States ,,

British North America , , . . „

Other Countries ,,

Barley ,, ., ,,

Oats „

Peas ,.

Beans , , . . . , , , . , ,,

Indian Com, or Maize

Whcatmeal and Flour, from Hanse

Towns , , . . , . , , cwt,

France ,, ,, ,, ,,

United States

British North America ,, ., ,,

Other Countries ,

Indian Com Meal ,

importations.
1805. I 1866,

227,.528i
55,743!
ai4,17l)|
132,943,
14:i,77ir
430,810;
15,510

74,307

1,444,4851

169,087

202,606

',■6,354

4,274

1,082

210,784

7,468

5,075

8,710

636,929
170,649

17,867
191,846

45,414
19

173,451
119,300

208,701
137,964
138,661
189,983

7,131,128
82,479
109,962
807,259
713,346
228,296
183,155

1,083,717

853,277

364,013,280

136,898

311,390

1,020,383
114,851
214,071

1,435,414
206,111
693,483
117,729
411,228
138,808

209,171
28,368

790,880
73,873

104,073

543,097
13,797

80,316

1,245,509

68,474

148,590

85,025

1,533

2,197

109,142

1,334

3,213

18.278

636,393
183,946
•26,875
95,488
59,396
1,314

189,281
81,363

359,187
12.5,927
117,410
183,475

8,448,677
85,687
129,023
738,115
635,782
178,398
178,548

1,165,081
872,342
438,878,880
228,459
34.5,152
966,358
93,95'
226,014

1,158,736
474,667
753,073
25,438
381,805
16-2,161

34,668,134 42,808,264
29,220,323 29,249,000
17,105,617 25,079,969

109 734,261

18,684,914

2,793,498

115,

8,093,879
641,273

5,403,914
254,139
647,685
486,069

2,252,873
574,183
10,063

1,177,618
306,765

1,114,480

7,818,404

7,714,230
783,135
959,362

7,096,033

247,796
3,044,823
256,769
177,363
177,730
7,227

113,772,694

24,431,174

3,617,588

114,064

8,937,199

506,236

4,401,409

187,938

733,571

878,912

3,473,130

528,433

33,831

635,239

8,789

2,831,642

8,433,863

8,844,586

1,211,835

1,324,173

14,322,603

347,012

3,640,320

280,792

40,630
663,606

12,241

EXPOETS,

Articles,

Bacon and Hams cwt.

Caoutchouc , ,

Cheese . ,

Corn :— Wheat
Wheatmeal or Flour

Guano , , , . , , . . . . tons

Hemp and Tow cwt.

Jute , , , . „

Saltpetre . , . , ,

Seed : — Flax .and Linseed , , , , qr.
Rape . . , .

Wool, Sheep and Lambs', Brit, Pos, :—

H, Towns lb.

Belgium ,. -,

Franco

United States „

Other Countries ,, ,, ,, ,,

Wool, Sheep and Lambs', Foreign :—

I lanso Towns lb.

Belgium ,, ,, ,, ,,

France , , , . , , , , ,,

United States ,. ,, ,, „
Other Countries , , , , , , „
Alpaca and the Llama Tribe .. ,,

Quantities Exported.
1865, 1866,

4,569

66,700

26,060

24,990

10,733

10,102

27,124

40,813

21,072

18,305

9,342

7,197

149,518

152,709

417,981

410,352

23,649

l:i,10G

146,798

17,034

84,950

127,499

5,350,579 3,412,390
12,035,133 6,189,234

47,624,819 46,156,582
2,609,2811 1,352,992
3,050,414 1,696,397

214,308
3,106,810
2,504,354
4,734,984
1,153,0731
1,175'

244,019
1,928,394
1.180,764
3,106,712
1,234,429
5,575

TTiOWLRR'S PATliNT STEAM PLOUGH and

X' Car/nVATUlt may bo SKKN at WORK Id ovory Agrloultuwl
County In KiiRlniid.

For piirtlciihirKiinply tf> JoriM Fowler & Co., 71, Comhlll, London.
E.G. ; iiml .Stoiuii rlonKli Wurks, Loodn,

TT^UR SALE, a' IjlUjllLE CYLINUEH LAND
X- UOLIiKU, 3 foot throuKli, weighing 2 tonn. Framework and
Sharts iill liow. Ai'ply to
Mr. MmHijAN, Whoolwri>;lit. Wllloadon Groen, WlMosflon, Middlesex.

OU Paint no longer NecesBary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Vamiah Is an
excellent Bubstitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixing or tliinuing, aud i8 used cold. It is used la the
grounda at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
bundreda of the nobility and gentry, from whom the moat flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smitu will forward oa
application.

From Rout. Rairfs, Esq.. East Dale, near Brough, Yorkshire.

" I have used your Black Varuish for park palings and cunsldor It
to be tho moat durable and be-st thing of the kind 1 have over seen,
I think it might bo applied vrith still greater advantage to iron
fencing instead of paint, and it ts my intention so to employ it In
future."

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at la. 6rf. per palloa, at the
MenufactorT, or Is, M. per gallon paid to any Station In the kingdom.

Apply to fliLL & Smith. Briefly Hill iron Works, near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.C., from whom only it can bo obtained.

IRON^^HURDLES (Silver Medal of tho Royal
Agricultural Society).
SHEEP, 3.?. 5d, ; CATTLE, 4s. 2d. : OX, 5«. llrf.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St. Fancras Iron Work Company. Old St. Pancras Road, London, N.W.

ALVANISED WIRE NETTING,

100 Yards and upwards Carriage Free.
GALVANISED IRON WATER CISTERNS.
GALVANISED CABLE STRAND FENCING.
GALVANISED IRON PDMPS
GALVANISED SWING WATER BARROWS.
GALV.VNISED IRON ROOFS and BUILDINGS.
LAWN MOWERS, GARDEN ROLLERS.
ASPHALTE ROOFING FELT. Id. par square foot.
HURDLES, HURDLKS, HURDLES, Is. M. to 3s. M. per yard.
Motley 4 Gkeen.
Illustrated Catalogues and Estimates free on application.
12, Great George Street, Leeds.

w,

S. BOULTON'S 36-gaUon SWING WATER

BARROW. Price 4o.t.
Can'iago piid to any Station in England.

Tho above is very cheap .ind invaluable for carrying Liquif's of all
kinds. No Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard should be with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Carriage at a small
additional coat. A L;id c:in eiMdy work it ; but if required to travel
long distances over rough ground a Pony ,cxn be attached. The
wheels and carrla^'O are wruuglit iron, and the tub oak. The fo -
lowing, out of many Te8timoni;il9, have been received :—

From Lord Oino Fitzqeralo, West Park, Salistruriu

" Sir,— You Jtre wolcniiie to mike use of my letter recdruendlng
your Watur Barrow. I find it of great u,se, and stronger, bu'ttcr,
lighter, and more serviceable than one I had mide in the neigh-
bourhood, the carnage alone of which, without the barrel, cost mo
£3 10.1. I unfortunately ordered It before I saw your advertisement.
—I am, yours obediuntly. " O. Fitzqeb .ld.

"To Mr. W. S. BouLTON."

From Tnos. Inole, Esq,, M.D., Emmmrth, ffnnfs, June 24, 1868.

■'Sill,— Tho Swing Water Barrow is in every re-spect ".most admir-
able improvomont on all I have hitherto used m my Gardens. All
parties who have seen it. Gentlemen as well as Garden>-Ms pave
hestnwea upon it their unqualifled approval, ivnd several sari Ihey
would order them of you.— Voara truly, "Teos Ivqle, m.u.

*' To Mr. W. S. Bodlton."

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

280

THE GARDiNEES' CIIEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mabch 1G, ISC".

GEEEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOE,

OB

NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, EOLLING, and COLLECTING MACHINES.

PATRONIZED BY

HEE MOST GKACIOTJS MAJESTY THE QUEEN ^^5?^^ THE KING OF THE BELGIANS.

ON TWENTY-NINE DIFFERENT OCCASIONS. _ S^^^&^%t « "^^^ EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH.

H.E.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. '^^^^^j^^S THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.

AND MOST OF THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, in introducing Iheir PATENT LATYNT MOWERS for the present season, beg to state that they have no Novelties to report. Tho fact is,
that after the severe tests their Machines have been subjected to since they added their latest improvements, they have been found to meet all the requirements for which they
are intended, viz. : — the keeping of Lawns in the highest state of pekfection.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease than any other Lawn Mower extant ; and in proof of their
superiority, 36,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

THEY AKE THE ONLY MACHINES IN CONSTANT USE AT

THE ROYAL HOETTCULTUKAI, SOCIETY'S GARDENS. SOUTH KENSINGTON

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK

THE CRY-STAL PALACE COMPANY'S GARDENS, SYDENHAM

BUCKINGHAM PALACE GARDENS

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE

THE HYDE PARK GARDENS

THE WINTER PALACE GARDENS, DUBLIN

THE DUBLIN BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LIVERPOOL BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LEEDS ROYAL PARK

THE HULL BOTANIC GARDENS
THE BOTANIC GARDENS. BRUSSELS
THE SUNDERLAND PARK
THE PRESTON PARK

AND IN MOST OF THE PRINCIPAL PARKS,' SQUARES, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

GREEN'S

PATENT

LAWiN MOWERS

have proved to be the best, and
carried off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of com-
petition.

T. GREEN & SON

w.irrant every Machine to give
entire satisfaction, and if not
a;provcd of can be returned
uncondilionally.

TRICES of HORSE, TONY, and DONKEY MACHINES, including Patent Self-deUvery Box; Cross Stay complete; suitable for attaching to

ordinary Chain Traces or Gig Harness.

PONY AND DONKEY MACHINES.

To Cut 26 inches £13 0 0

,, 28 „ 15 0 0

„ 30 , 17 0 0

Leather Soots for Donl:ey^ 18s.
Leather Boots for Fony, 22s.

HORSE

To Cut 30 inches
It 36 „ ..
„ 42 „ .,
,. 48 „ .,

MACHINES

£•21 00"^
21 0 0
27 0 0

30 0 0

Leather Boots for Sorse, 26i.

Both the Horse, Pony, Donkey, and Hand Machines possess (over all other Makers) the advantage of Self-sharpening. The cutters being steel on each side, when they
become dull or blunt by running one way round the cylittder, can be reversed again and again, bringing the opposite edge of the cutter against the bottom blade, when the
Machine will cut equal to new. ArrangeraeDt3 are made that the cylinder can be reversed, by any inexperienced person, in two or three minutes.

HAND MACHINES.

To Cut 10 inches ..£3 10 0 Suitaile for a Laiij

„ 12 „ .. 4 10 0

„ 14 ,, .. 6 10 0 Suitable for One Terson

» 16 „ .. 6 10 0

To Cut 18 inches .. £7 10 0 Suita^efor One Person.

„ 20 ,,..800 Suitable for Two Person.
„ 22 „ .. 8 10 0 „ „

„ 24 „ .. 9 0 0 „ „

Packing Cases are charged at the following low rates, viz. ;— for the 10 and 12-inch Machine, 3s. ; U and 16-inch, 45. ; 18 and 20-inch, os. ; 22 and 24-inch, 6s. Parties
providing themselves with Lawn Mowers are recommended to purchase the oases in which to stow them away, when not in use, to prevent them from getting damaged ; if
returaed, two-thirds will be allowed for theiu.

The above MACHINES are made from the best materials, and of superior workmanship ; are delivered Carriage Free to all the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Ports
in England.

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of, can be returned unconditionally.

Having above 3000 Machines in stock at our Leeds and London Establishments, we are in a position to execute orders on the day they are received.

1^ Illustrated Price Lists, and Sheet of Prize Medals awarded to GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS, /m on application.

T. G. AND SON having taken very extensive Premises in London, are now in a position to do all kinds of Repairs there, as wall as at their Leeds Establishment.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS;

and 54 and 00, BLACKf EIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

March 16, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

281

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mh. gray begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nuraerymen, Giirdencrs, &c., to hia

NEW OVAL TUBULAR BOILER,

AcknowleJKcd by pmcticnl judges to be a grent improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for ciuioknoss of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with
one-third loai the amount required by any other.

Extract from Report in Gardhners' Chronicle of International Exhibition, May 21, 1S62, page 476.

"Tho uprtubt form of Dollor \a usually ninde on a circular j'lan,
but the oval form glyen to Mr. Obat'h variety of It Is eald to be
prefurablo In consequence of Its bringing the tubes In closer contact
with tbo Are. Tbe usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram

rather than a square, It seems feasible that the Bollei-s on the ova
plan should bring the tubes more completely within range of the
burning fuel ; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,
ia no doubt an Iniprovoment,

^g" They are made of all sizes, ivhich, tvith prices, may he had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

Tiico Llfltu Bont Troo by pout.
The Tanned LKATiirn Comfant, TannorH, CurrioM, ic. Armit
Wurks, Clroonuom, u«ar Uanchofttor ; WarofiouNo 81 Murlt Lauo
i«,.,i«« Kw. Mr. II. FunitAiiKr, Agout. '

Loudon, E.G.

BEST LAWN MOWINfi MACIIINK for 1867 is the
PATENT FLEXIBLE LAWN MUWINU MACHINE with
WltOUOnT-IRON SIDES. ILLUSTRATKU PRICE I>IST, WiLh
TestltnouiulH nnti full particiilHra, IVoo by pout on aDpllcittlon to
Messrs. G. Hirst & Sons, Britannia Works, Halirux

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

IMPROVED LAWN MOWING MACHINES.

EVEEY IIACHINE ■WAEEANTED.

PRICES.

Delivered Free to any Railway Station in Great Britain,

Cutting 12 Inches wide £4 10 0

Cutting 14 inches wide 550

Cutting 16 inches wide .. .. 600

Cutting 19 inches wide 6 10 0

Cutting 22 inches wide 7 10 0

Cutting 25 inches wide 12 0 0

Cutting 30 inches wide 15 0 0

Cutting 36 inches wide 18 0 0

Great improvements have been made in these Machines during the last few years, in regard to all those small but important points of superiority which the practical working
of a Lawn Mower suggests ; while for elegance of appearance, lightness of draft, and efficiency in working they cannot be excelled. They possess the following advantages ; —

1st, Motion i3 given to the Cutting Apparatus by toothed gearing, which experience has proved to be by far the best method of di-iving.

2d, The whole of the Driving Wheels are on one side of the Machine, a point of great importance in preventing damage to Shi-ubs and Flowers, when mowing round the
edges of beds.

3d, All the smaller working parts of the Machine are made of Malleable Iron, and are not liable to break.

1^ Illustrated Price Lists, with selections from several Thousand Testimonials, Free by Post on application.

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS. BANBURY.

LONDON WAEEHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE POTJNTNEY LANE, E.C.

AGENTS i-Messrs. TANGYE BROTHERS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNET LANE; Messrs. DEANE ANB CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DRAT,
TAVLOK AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.C. ; and all respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom.

S. OWENS & CO.

(Late CLINTON ahd OWENS),
MANUFACTURERS OF

PUMPS and HYDRAULIC MACHINERY,

WIUTrrRTARS STREET, LONDON, E.C.

37.

fpHE LANDSCAPE SKETCH shows an adaptation of THE IMPROVED HYDRAULIC RAM. This is a simple-

J- Self acting Machine, suited for raising a Supply of Water for use in Public and Pi-ivate Estabiisbmenta. Its adoption is not coufinoa to
positions as shown, but it is suited for any situation where a Fall can be obtained from a Stream, Brook, or Spring.

S. OWENS AND CO. have filed a great many in Tarious parts of the country for raising from 000 to 0000 or more Gallon* Der day to.
elevations varying from 30 to 300 feet, and forcing through Main Pipes 60 yards to several miles in length.

No. 37. IMPROVED TREBLE BARREL PUMPS, with HORSE GEARING for Raising Water from DEEP

WELLS, for the supply of MANSIONS and PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

No. 283. DOUBLE BARREL PUMPS for HAND-POWER for similar purposes.

T T- ^.'r.*^.^'^^'^ ***" ^^- Manufacture and Erect every description of Engineer's Work required in Public or Private Establishments such as
AiVfSrm^yS'i^SfS™"'^^""'?'^'""' smallest scale, STEAM ENGINE.S, WATER WHEELS, TURBINES, WAKMING and flRVIHQ
AI PARATUS, BATHS, GAS WORKS and FITTINGS. Estimates furnished from Plaua or on inspection of position.

1^" Illustrated Catalogues Free on application.

282

THE GAT^BENFKS' CHRONICLE AND A&RlCtJLTDllAL GAZETTE.

[Mabch 16, 1867.

PRIZE MOWING MACHINES, FIELD and GARDEN
ROLLERS; CHAFF CUTTERS, from 45,";. Lawn Mowers,
Garden Engines, Parkea" Cast Steel Digging Forks and Garden
Tools, Improved Wire Netting, Wlieelbarrows. Corn Bins, Churns,
Sausage and Mincing Machines. PRICE LISTS per post.

Burgess Si Key's Agricultural Implement and Machinery "Ware-
house, 96, Newgate Street, London, B.C.

Works: Brentwood, Esses.

^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

COW riTTINGS

c

Their advantages are — Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasm-e, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. CleanJy, durable, and impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Pi-ice of Fittings per Cow, 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

OHN "WARNER and SONS,

8, Crescent, CTipplegate, London, E.C.,
BELL and BRASS FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTY".

No. 35.

PATENT CAST-IRON
PUMP, fitted with J. W. & Sons'
Metal Bucket and Valve, which
cannot clog in action, for Wella
not exceeding 26 feet.
Diam. Height.

21 in. short . . 1 ft. 7 in.
"■ ' ' - 3 ft. 3 in,

2\ in. long . .

3 in. long .. 3 ft. G in. .
Si in. long .. 3 ft. flln. ,

4 in. long .. 3 ft. 0 in.
21 in. short, with 16 feet

of lead pipe attached,
ready for tixing ..2 0
2 In. long. do. do 2 14 0

£ s.d.
.110
.18 0
.2 10
.2 0 0
,2 14 0

No. 42.
IMPROVED LIQUID
MANURE or GENERAL
PORTABLE P U M P.-These
Pumps are fitted with J. W. &
Sows' Patent Bucket and Valve
and cannot clog in action. The
Barrel is made of Galvanised
Iron, not likely to corrode, and
can be raised or lowered at plea-
sure on the stand, the legs o
which fold together, and it mav
be carried with ease by one man
to tank or pond.

Price of 4i-inch Liquid Manure Pump, with legs, £2 15s. ; 2-inch
Flexible Rubber and Canvas Suction Pipe, 2s. 5d. per fooD. The
Barrel Is 271 inches long, and the legs are 5 feet high.

WARNERS* PORTABLE FIRE or GARDEN ENGINE.

No. 5681.

For use by one Person price £2 2s

No. 647b, ditto ditto, on Wheels , „ £2 10s.

The above are complete in themselves, and may be always kept
filled with water, and ready for use.

Letter to The Times, July 23, l866,/ro7?i Earl Essex.

A Rkal Fire Extingdishek.

To the Editor of The Times.

" Sir,— I feel sm-e you will kindly allot a small snace in the Times
to these few linos, as the best medium through which I would urge
every householder who dreads fire to have on each floor of his house
one or more small Garden or other Engines on wheels, always charged
and in good order, in case of fire.

" Last night, just as I was going to bed. I was startled by that most
fearful of ail cries, 'Fire, fire ! ' 1 soon learned that a fire was ragmg
In a larfte two-windowed unoccupied bedroom. How caused is to us
all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small
Engines on each floor. In two minutas I was in the room with one
of them. It was like a furnace. The curtains, shutters, casements,
and cornices of both windows were bmning and cracking from floor
to ceiling, I was quite alone at the moment, yet before assistance
arrived (most of the servants having gone to bed), I had completely
subdued, the flro of one mndow without exhausting the Engine, and
when assistance and more water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the otjher,

'* So fierce was the fire that the lead of the casements was melted,
and the casements themselves were burnt off" their hinges.

" I will only add, that by God's mercy, the house was saved by this
small Engine. Had it not been at hand and in order, most assuredly
Cassiobury would be now a heap of ruins. — Youi-a faithfUily,

" CaasioDury, Watford, July 20. *' Essex.

"The Engine, even when full, runs so light on the floor, that any
woman might draw It, and alao work it."

OTHOTJSES for the MILLION)

invented by the late
SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.

Manufactories : London, Newton in Cartmel
L (Lancashire), Gloucester, Coventry, Aberdeen,

and Paisley only,
' Illustrated Circulars, with revised List of
Prices, will be sent on prepaid application to
Messrs. Hgrkuan & Morton, Head Ofl9ce,
7. Pall Mall East, London. S.W.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of tho country, or the materials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, &c.. delivered to any Station,

Estimates on appUcation.
J. Jones & Sons, 6. iJankside, Southwark, London, S.E.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION,

Heating fey Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31, BanlfSlde, Loudon, S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, from StocK, per yard :— 2-inch, Is. 2d ;
3-inch, Is. lOd. -and 4-inch, 2s. id. BENDS, from Stock, Is.Gd., 2s. 6d.,
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s., and 14s. each. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of first-class manu-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post puactxially attended to
the same day.

c

OTTAM AND COMPANY,

Conservatory and Hotuouse Builders, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

I

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Construction, and
Ap-Dlication of WROUGHT-IRON tn Horticultural Buildines

OtTR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRI^IE MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT "WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmospheric conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofe, are a complete
arrant; ement.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailim: result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GERANIUM
and PLANT HOU.SES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
improved system.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the crowth of first-class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRUN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty.

These Houses are now protected by three Roval Letters Patent,
and from the complete adiustment of their constructional parts will
vie most favourably with wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Dennis & A. Scrudy, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
HORTICULTURE.
" Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticuluu-al Society, South
Kensington,

Plana and Estimates free on application. Descriptive Book fully
illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Architect, Blrmmgham.

Works : Highgate Street, Bii-mingham.
Henry J. Growtaoe, Manager, 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

20
45s, 65s.

HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. 6d. 2s. Id. 2s. 9d. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to
COTTAU & Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street,
opposite the Pantheon),
Oxford Street, London, W.

sQI

HOT WAIEB APPARATUS

Midland Steam Power Horticiatural and Hot Water
Works, Lougnborougli,

nn G. MESSENGER, Midland Steam Power

andVal^e^MSrcSlrS^"'^'"' ^°"e^'^«^'>"e'^' Hot-Water Apparatus
Honourable Mention awarded at the Interna tional Exhibition. 1862.

f^?fp^^l^^?"J'''^?^^'''J'^'°°•^^'^^: also a Flrst-dass certificate by
the Royal Horticultural Society.

T G. Messe.voer Patentee of many important improvements in
Buildings and Implements connected withTlorticulture, and which
meet with unqualified approbation, is prepared to give reference to
r^^™^ of works entrusted to him and pre-eminently anaworing
the purpose for which they were constructed.

Any House Glazed single or double, with or without putty

The mode adopted by T G Messenger for Heating and Ventilating
Forcing Houses is particularly successftil. ^^^^^i^^iun

Houses are constructed by his Patented Ventilating principle to
open the whole of roof and sides as though the glass were entirelv
removed, at once placing the plants in the external atmosphere

T G. Messenger's Boiler possesses all the advantages of tho
Tubular and Saddio combined, has hollow furnace b.ii-s, requires but
*/i'v"°«" stokehoK-, and exposes as much surface to the direct action
of the fire as can possibly be obtained, the whole of which can be
easily cleaned ; and it is an important fact that out of upwards ot
crack? '" ^ "^°^ ^^^ improved principle not one has

T. G. Messenger's Valve (single or double) is effective simnlo
easy to work, and as dm-able as the pipe to which it is attached *

Designs and Estimates supplied for all kinds of Horticultural
Works, and guaranteed to answer the purpose for which thevmav
be intended. ■' ^^'

OMOKY CHIMNEYS.~The best cure is

►^ the PATENT ALBERT CHIMNEY CAP.

300 on Buckingham Palace; 80 on Windsor Castle
100 on St. James's Palace ; 120nn Claremont Palace;
230 on the Western Heights Ban-acks, Dover; and
hundreds also on the Halls and Mansions of the
Nobility, Public Buildings, &o.

Price, Painted Wrought Iron, 26s. each ; Galvanised
d tto, 30s. each.

James Barton, Iron Works and Patent Stabl
Fitting Manufactory, 370, Oxford Street, W.

Xn 1 ARCHER'S "FRIGI D 0 M 0."
jL J • Patronised by Her Majesty The Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, His Gracs the Duke of Devonshire for
Ch swick Gardens Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
S r Joseph Piiton for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological Society, &c.

PROTECTION from COLD WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.
FRIGl DOMO a Canvas made of Patent prepared Hair and
Wool a perfect N n-conduct(»r of Heat and Cold, keeping, wherever
it satp ed a fixed temperature. It is adapted for all Horticultural
and Flon ultunl purposes, for Preserving Fruits and Flowers from
the Scorch ng Rays of the Sun, ft-om Wind, from Attacks of Insects,
and from Mom ng Frosts. To be had in any required lengths.

Two yards wide Is. 9d. per yard nm.

Four yards wide 3s. M. per yard.

An mproved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. 9d. per yard.

An improved make, 3 vards wide . . 2s. 8d. per yard run. Also
•FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, 2 yards wide. Is. 6d. per yard run.

Elisua Thouas Aboiier, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C., tind of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen tliroughout the Kingdom.

*' It ia much cheaper than Mats as a covering.'

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS

HAVE PBOVED TO BE THE BEST, AND HAVE CARRIED OFF EVERY PRIZE THAT HAS
BEEN GIVEN IN ALL OASES OF COMPETITION.

3,000 Machines in Stock, Ready for Delivery.

Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

THOMAS GEEEN and SON, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS :
54 and 55, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

and

, Xiawn

GREEN'S PATENT.
SHANKS' PATENT.

Mowers.

I SAMUELSON'S PATENT.
I BARNARD'S PATENT.

DEANE & CO.,

46, KING WILLIAM ST., LONDON BRIDGE.

Horticultural Tools, &o.

LAWN MOWraO MACHINES, 60s., 70s., 90s., 140s.

GARDEN BARROWS, Wood and Iron, 21s. and 20s.

GARDEN ENGINES, Galv.iniaed Iron. Prices 55s., 65s., 78s., 90s., 100s., 110s.

GARDEN ROLLERS, £1 10s., £1 lis., £2. £2 78. 6li., £2 12s. 6<i., £3 25. M.

STEEL DIGGING FORKS, SPADES, SCYTHES, &c.

GREENHOaSE SYRINGES and GARDEN PUMPS.

WIRE NETTING and ORNAMENTAL WIRE WORK.

GARDEN SEATS and CHAIRS.

ELOWER STANDS, Cast-iron and Wire.

STRAINED WIRE FENCING and IRON HURDLES.

nOT-WATER FITTINGS for GREENHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES,
FORCING) PITS, So.

Dean^s New Illustrated HortieuUural Catalogue
post free on application.
Established a.d. 1700.
DEAIfE AND CO., 4G, KlNG WILLLAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, E.G.

i

Mabch 10, 1867.]

THE GAT^BENKl^S' CIIR0NIC[,K AND AGUUmLTUHAL (iAJ^MTTR

283

JAMES PHILLIPS AMD CO.
beg to submit their prices as follows :—
GLASS for CIllCnARD HOUSES,
As supplied by thoni to Mr. RlvorH, to the Hoya! Horttculturftl Society,
and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentlemen of the United
Kingdom.

Eaoli Box contJiluB 100 foot. Tho prices only apply to ttio sizes stated.
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 16.

10 oz. to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth quality . . . . Ifis. Ori 10s. Orf.

Third ditto 17». 0<i H'- ^,-

Seconds 1««. C.i 20a. Oii.

English aw. 0(1 2r». Oii.

Tlie above prices Include tlio boxes, which are not returnable.

nollTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stoclc sizes, lo-oz., in 100 feet boxes, boxes included.

These prices only apply to the sizes stated.

Uby

12 „ I

13 ., 1

12 by 0

13 by 0

IS „ 10

14 „ 10

14 „ 11

16 „ 13

IS „ 11

10 „ 12

10 „ 12

17 „ 13

20 .. 12

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

17 „ 14

18 „ 14

20 „14

14 by 9
16 „ 10

Srds.
«. li.
16 6

10 to 17 oz. to the foot.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feot Boxes.
0 by 4 Ct by 41 7 by 6 7i by 51 > ,^ g^

8 by 6 81 by d| 0 by 7 9| by 7i / " ^"^- **"•
10 by 8 lOJbySi .. 13«. fld.

BoxpsS:), oacli, roturnablo at full price.
Lou'lon AgeotB for UAUTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT RODGB
PLATE.

LINSKED OIL. Qomitno WHITE LEAD, Carson's PAINTS,
FAl NTS of various colours, ground rendy for use.

SHEET and UOUGH PLATE GLA.SS, SLJiTES of nil Hizea,
BRITISH PLATE. PATENT PLATE. ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL. COLOURED, and
©very descriiition of GLASS, of tho beat MamifacLuro. at the lowest
terma. Llstfi of prlous luid OHliiiiates foi-wardod on application to
Jamks I'uiLLira &Co., ISO, IfiahopsKate Street Without. E.G.

Great International Horticultural ExMbltlon 1866.

First akd oult Prize awardkd to

BEARD'S VATENT METALLIC NON-
CONDUCTING GLASS HOUSES.
Perfect System of Ventilation and Glazing.
Manufactured bv Messrs. Sandkks, Fbeweb, & Co., Victoria Hort
cultural Works. Burv St. FMmund's.
See largo Advertis'emeot in tjardentrs' Chronicle of March 2. 1857.

R

0

K

S

ROLLERS FOR THE FARM.

ROLLERS FOR THE GARDEN.

ROLLEKS FOR THE LAWN.

ROLLERS FOR CRICKET GROUNDS.

ROLLERS FOR PARKS.

ROLLERS FOR RACECOURSES,

ROLLERS FOR ROAD MAKING.
The best and cheapest are the Patent Adjustable WATER.
BALLAST ROLLERS, made only by

AuiE3, Bauford, & Co.. Agricultural Engineers, Peterborough,
who will forward Price Lists and all particulars on application.

Winter Ribbon Garden.

JOHN ROSS, Surbitoii, Suirey, W., is prepared to
LAY OUT every description of PLEASURE GROUND
SCENERY. Photographs of Ribbon Planting may be had for
inapection as above^

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., begs to announce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Resiaencos • or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. Joun Qioson, ]un,, Surrey Lane. Battersea, S.W.

f^ GLENNY, Horticultural Agfnt and Valuer,
V3r« continues to PROCURE and SELL on COMMISSION every-
thing appertaining to the Garden. His LIST of the best 60 sorts of
FLOWKR SEEDS for amateurs to choose from, with a Lesson on
Sowing, sent free on receipt oi a directed envelope to

G. Glenxy, Dungannon House, Fulham, S.W.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING EOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breen known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breedera.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA, CREVECtEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers,

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Bajlv & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W,

W' ANTED IMMEDL\TELY, within 8 or 10 Miles of
London, THREE or FOUR ACRES of good GARDEN LAND

in a dry situation. Apply by letter, stating Rent, &c., to
T. G., Oardeiiers' Chronicle Office, W.C.

OBELET^ small NURSERY and SEED BUSINESS
—Age causes Retirement from a first-rate situation, where the
Houses and Grounds are in good condition and well stocked In-
doors and out. Stands in a Qne situation for business.

For particulars, apply by letter to C. J., Mr. C. Hunt, Post Office,
Lougbton, N.E.

A large stock of BEDDING PLANTS. &c., cheap.

NURSERY and SEED BUSINESS for SALE.— A
good going Nursery and Seed Business in the North of
England will be disposed of on very moderate terms to any party
who can take possession at an early date. There is a considerable
breadth of glass, almost new, and well stocked with first-rate sale-
able plants, for whujh there is a great demand in the district. In
the Seed department there is an excellent connection, which is
increasing yearly. Most satisfactory reasons can be given for the
present proprietor having resolved to relinquish the above.

Apply by letteronly. address •* Business for Sale," care of Messrs
Peter Lawson & Son, Edinburgh.

Mts 6b gluction.

Valuable Nursery Stoclc

In the GROUhDs AiTACSLn TO " Vine LonoE," Suhbitok RoAn,
SunniTON, S.W.

JOHN DAWSON and SON will SELL by AUCTION
on the premised as above, on MONDAY, March 18, at 11 o'Clock
(Mr. Ross's lease having expired) all his choice NURSEPvY STOCK,
which will be arranged in lots to suit private purchasers, as well as
Nurserymen, and among which will be found varieties and of quality
seldom offered in this neighbourhood, comprising fine specimens of
the GOLDEN YEW, IRISH YEWS, 10 feet high ; elegant specimens
of Thuja flurea. Green and Variegated Box, 7 feet high ; WelUng-
tonia, 7 feet ; Weeping Laburnum and Weeping Ash, Plcfta
Nordmanniana, Picoa Pinsapo, Irish an*l Chinese Jui.ipers, Deodaras,
fine Standards of Portugal Laurel, Box, Rhododendrons, and of the
new Variegated and Weeping 'Holly. Also Peach, Nectarine, Plum,
Pear, and Apple Trees, and Staurl.T.rd Currants, &c.

Maybe viewed on Saturday, March IG; and Catalogues may be
obtained at Vine Lodge; and of John Dawson & Son, Auction
Office, Kingstou-on-ThameB, and Marlborough Cbambers, 49,
Pall M»U, W.

Valuable Live and Dead Farming Stock,

On Pakk Farm, Lowkh BttniNo, Two MiLts vrou rut West
Grinstead Station.

MR. JOHN PLUMKR is favoured with instru.'tions
from Mr. Scarth, to SELL by AUCTION, on THURSDAY.
March 'Jl, 1S07, at 1 o'Clock precisely, the MACHINERY and
IMPLEMENTS, compriHing a Traction Steam Engine, by Clayton &
Shuttloworth, almost now: a 3-fQrrow .Steam Plough, by Howard,
of Bedford, nearly new ; a Steam Cultivator, Windlaas and Rope
PortorH, iiiid everything requisite for utoam cultivation ; Threshing
Miiclilno, by Horusby ; Reaping Machine with Sheaf delivery, by
ilornsby. quite new; 2 of Wond's Mowing Machines, Corn Drill,
Turnip Drill, Horse Rake. Tedding M.ichlno, Iron Ploui^lis, Harrows.
Wmnowliigiind Blowing Machines, WaRgnns, 2-horso Van, Manure
Ciirta, Scotch FrtiiHOs forCurts, Scotch Cart complete, 2 Water Pipes
on Wheels. Canibridiro Roller, Wood and Land Rollers, Chain
Harrows. Oilcake BiuiHor, and a variety of Iluabamiry Tackle;
10 useful DRjVUGHT HORSES, all good workers; a YEARLING
NAG COLT, almost thorough-bred, got by W. W, Smith, Esq's,
horse, " Morgan Lightfoot, out of a thoiough-bred mare ; Bay
Carriage Horse, rising 7 voiua old, 10 hands high ; 3 Cobs, Pony,
Handsome Brown Colt, by "Froginore," rising 2 years; Donkey.
Cirt, and HameHs, good assortment of Harness, Wattles, Sheop
Troughs, Dairy Utensils. The NEjVT STOCK includes a Sussex
and a luixod-bred Cow and their Calves, excellent Poll Cow, good
milker, calved in February ; Aldemey Cow expected to calve In
April, Barren Cow, Y'oarling Wusscx Bull, .SI Short-horn and mixed-
bred Heifers. 0 Ycnrling Steei-s: SOUTHDOWN SHEEP, about
160 Ewes with Lambs and in Lamb, 6 Rams and Ram Lambs, White
Swine, 100 head of Poultry; Prongs, Rakes, and Garden Imple-
ments, Whitecbapel Cart, Plated Harness, Saddle, Bridle, and Iron
Corn Bin.

Catalogues may be had at the Ofllce, or by Peat, of the Auctioneer,
Horsham.

Stock of a Greenhouse Builder,

'J0&, KiNti Sthkkt WtsT. HA-Msif:RsMlTn.

1 anpG. bond will SKLL by AUCTION, as above,

O • on WEHNESDAV, March 1:7, at li for I o'clock, several well
construoto'l OltEKNIIOUSES, various siaes. from 14 feet to 30 feet
in lomitli; a LE.\N TO PIT. 20 leet ; GLAZED ROOF, 21 feet;
100 PIT and ORKKMIoUSE LKUIT.S. 30 GARDEN FRAMES,
HAND-GLASSES, IJOOR.S. STEPS, and Sundries.

Catalogues of the Auctioncerd, Hammersmith Road, W.

Imported Orcnlds.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Groat Rooms, 38, Kii'g Street, Covent Garden, W.C. on
MONDAYS March IS, at half-past 12oClock precisely, an imiiortant
Consignment of ORCHIDS, received by the lixal Mail from Mexico,
comprising several plants of a handsome new ARPOFHYLLUM, of
dwarf habit, and very free blooming ; Odontoglos.sum nebulosum,
O. haatltablum (?). O. maculatum, Epidendrum vitelllnum majus, E.
aromaticuni, Liolia iurfuracea, Cattleya citrlna, Oncidium oblonga-
tum (?), ana a handsome now Terrestrial Orchid.

On view the Muriiing of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Consignment of Plants from Ghent.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, Ss, King Street, Covetlt Garden, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, Marjh 20, at half-past 12 o'Clock preciselv. fine
DOUBLE CAMELLIAS, INDIAN AZALEAS. Hirdy RHODO-
DENDRONS, Pyramid and Dwarf Named FRUIT TREES. '200
LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM. Hardy and Ornamental SHRUBS,
ROSES, GLADIOLI, AMARYLLIS. RANUNCULUS, Ornamental
WINDOW BOXES. RUSTIC GOODS, WIRE BASKETS, &c.
On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Waterloo Nursery, Kllburn.

luronTANT Sale w Nuubmit Stocr, UiiLtunouBS Plantb,
GniEKUouHtB, Pith, to:

MESSRS. PROTHEKOE ani> MORKIS are inHtructod
to offer for UNRESERVED SALE by AUCTION, on the
PromiBCM. Waterloo Nursory Kllburn, MlddloHux, ctoso to tho
Edgowaru Road Railway .Station on tlie North London Rallwav
on MONDAY. March 18, and following day, at 11 o'Clock each day
without roaervo. tho LEASE having been dfspoHed of with reversion,
nocoHsitating an Immedlrite clearance, the whole of the valuable
NURSERY STOCK. Evergreen, Conlfeno and Dfcidiioun ShrubB
including large (niantitles of fine bushy Uruon and Viirtegated Boxi
Thuja HortH ; Hplendid Irish and Engllwh Y^ows. 2 to a ft.; Spruce
I-'irM, 2 to [> ft. ; Aucuba ; Common and Portugal Laurels ; BorhorU •
Green and Variegated Hollieii: Cotdneastur, Phlllyrea, CuproxHUB!
Thuio|>,sls, Cedrus, Lilacs, Weigula, Althwa (rutex, Syringa Fornythla.
Sweet Briar, &c, ; 1) tie standard and dwarf-trained and untrained I'ear'j ■
Apples, Plums, Walnuts, Fruit Trees in pots for orc'mrd honaes'
ftc. ; Ornamental and Forest Tree**, viz.. Limes, Planew, Elmil
Thorns, Acacias. Poplars, Birch, Sycamore, Maples, Chestnuti^
Oaks, Ash, &c. ; a choice collection of lOiidorn Strawberries, Guoso'
berries, Currants, Rhubarb ; a rich assortment of American PlnntH,
embracing named and Hybrid Rt ododendrons. Azaleas, Kalmlas, &o. :
quantitleaof Ivies, Virginian Creepers, Clematis, Pyrus japonlca, and
other hardy Climbers ; Yuccas : Climbingand other Rosea ; th^_.nHaiidf
of yards of Box-edging, ic. ; also about 1000 choice Greenhouse and
Stove Plants, viz., Camellias from 3 to S ft. ; 200 Azalea Indlca, well
»ot with bloom buds, Including many specimens ; Rhododendron
Nuttallli, ja.'jminlfiorum. and Edgworthii ; Araucana, Epacris, Daphne,
Gardenia, Begonia, Ixora, Hoya, Eucharis, and Cape Bulba ;
together with tho ereciion of 4 Greenhouses, of which one span roof
Is nearly new. Pita, Boxes, Hot-water Piping, Bricks, and sundry
effects.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had, ad. each
(returnable to purclia,sors), on tho Premises ; of the principal Seedsmen
in London ; an-l of tho Auctioneers and Valuers, American Kurserios,
Leytonstnne, E,sbo3C, N.E.

Sale of very handsome Standard Roses, Camellias,
Fruit Trees, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL
by AUCTION, at 38 & 30, Gracechurcli Street, City, E.G., on
SATURDAY, March 23, at 1 o'clock precisely, Choice DOUBLE
CAMELLIAS, beautiful compact platits, 1 to 4 fset, abundantly
fdrniahed with bloorn buds; fine AZALEA INDICA ; a superb
assurlment of about 300 very handsome STANDARD and DWARF
RO.SES. including the beat varieties in cultivation ; choice hardy
AMERICAN PLANTS, comprising Ghent and other Azaleas,
selected Fruit Trees, Hybrid Rhododendrons, Kalmias, AnrironiedaH,
&c. ; some line Bulbs of LILIUM AURATUM and LANCIFOLIUM
ALBUM, ERICAS. EPACRIS, DAHLIAS, &c.

May be viewed the Morning of Sale. Catalogues may be had at
the City Auction Room-^, as above ; or of the Auctioneers and
Valuers, American Nurseries, Leytonstone, Essex, N.E.

Important Sale of Plants.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
bis Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
FRIDAY. March 22, at b.ilf-pnst 12 o'clock precisely, a fine
Assortment of CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, and PINKS. TREE
VIOLETS, DAHLIAS. FUCHSIAS, GERANIUMS. DEUTZI AS,
AURICULAS. DOUBLE PRIMROSES. ROCKETS. PHLOXES,
DAPHNES. PENTSTEMONS. GAZANIAS, IRIS, CLEMATIS,
VERBENAS, ROSES, HARDY SHRUBS, FRUIT TREES,
GLADIOLI, &c.

On view, and Catalogues had.

Consignment of Plants from Holland.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY, March 23, at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely. First-class
Specimen VARIEGATED and GREEN HOLLIES, STANDARD
and WEEPING ROSES. CONIFERS, RHODODENDRON.S,
LAURELS, and a variety of other Hardy and Ornamental Shrubs,
choice Gladioli and Ranunculus. Rustic Seats, Stools. Vaaeo, ic.
On view tho Morning of Sale, and Catalogues h;id.

Preliminary Notice of an Important Sale of Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS bas been favoured witb
Instructions to SELL by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms,
38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, without reserve, early in
APRIL, First-class ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, being part of the
well-known Cnlleciion of A, Bisset, Esq., of Stamford Hdl, who is
reducing! his Collection for a short time owing to change of residence.
The Plants consist of Duplicates, amongst which will be found many
magnificent Specimuns oI all the best Varieties.

More detailed particulars m future A'lvertisements.

Choice Established Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS wiU SELL by AUCTION early
in May, a Small Collection of Established ORCHIDS, in fine
health, the property of a Gentleman. Further particulars in futuie
Advertisements.

38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. March 16.

Preston Hall. Aylesford, Kent

lurOHTANT SaLK 01" SilOKT-HORNEn CATTLE.

MR. STRAKFUHD has the honour to announce that
he is instructed to SELL by AUCTION, without reserve,
on WEDNESDAY'. May 1 next, at the Preston Hall Farm,
Aylesford. Kent, the retiowned HERD of FIRST-CLASS SHORT-
HORNS belonging to Edward Ladd Betts, Esq., which consists of
about 70 Head of Bulls, Cows, and Heifers. This magnificent Herd
has been bred with great spirit for several years, regardless of
expense, from the first sources in the country. It comprises the
whole of the far-famed "Grand Duchesses" and some "Grand
Dukes," several splendid specimens of the " Cambridge" or " Bed
Rose " tribe, and other fine Kirklevington sorts, as well as some of the
choicest gems from the Towneley Herd, with 'manymore remarkable
animals. Bulls of the highest character have been used : the young
Stock are by the celebrated Bulls Sistli Duke of Airdrie (r9,C02),
Third Duke ot Thorndale (17,749), Fourth Grand Duke (19,874), Impe-
rial Oxford (18,084), and Fourth Duke of Thorndale (17.750). The
Sires now in use are Grand Duke 4th (19,874), Lord Oxford 2nd
(20,21S), and Grnnd Duke liUh.

Catalogues with jicdigrees are in preparation, will shortly bo
iaaued. and further particulars given in future Advertisements.

Havering Park, near Romford, Essex^

I.MroiiTANT Kale of Suonr-noKNtn Cattle.

ME. STKAFFOKD is houourL^d with instructions
from D.ivid Mclntoah. Esj., of Havering Park, Essex, to
SELL bv AUCTION, without reserve, on THURSDAY, Mav 2
next, hisentireand well known HERD of FIRST-CLASS SHOllT-
HORNS, comprising 66 Head of Bulls, Cows, and Heifers, that have
been bred with great judgment and care lor more than 20 years from
some of the purest and best strains in the kingdom. The anmials
are principally of Mr. BH.tes's far-famed Kirklevington blood, whereof
many fine specimens of the " Oxford," " Barrington." and
"Waterloo" tribes will be found, besides some of the celebrated
" Princesses." from which family Belvedere (1700) was bred. There
are also several excellent representatives of Sir Charles Knightlev's
"Fillet" and "Rosy" tribes, and a few "Charmers." Third Dulte
of Thorndale (17,749) has lately been used and F.-urth Grand Duke
(19,374) is the sire of the young Stock. "Baron Oxford," a splendid
young Bull, by the noble Duke of Geneva (19,614) and from the
iht Prize Heifer, " Lady Oxford 5th," at the Worcester Royal, is at
presebt in service.

Citaloaues with Pedigrees are now being printed, and will shortly
be ibsuud.

N EXTENSIVE SALE by AUCTION, on FRIDAY",

April 12, 1867, at Providence Nursery, Boston Spa, Yorkabire,
of SPECIMEN and HALF SPECIMEN, STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, ORCHIDS, &c.

The Plants are all in first-rate condition, and can be seen on the
Ground any day (Sunday excepted).

Catalogues on application to J. C. PAnuAK.

NEW ORCHIDS.

JAS. BACKHOUSE & SON

HATE INSTRUCTED

J. C. STEVENS TO SELL BY AUCTION, WITHOUT RESERVE,

on the 21st inst.,
THE FOLLOWING ORCHIDS,

EECEIVED DIEECT FROM THEIR OWS COLLECTOR ON THE CORDILLERAS OF ECtJADOR.

A large proportion of these are entirely new, and liave never yet been offered ; and they have every confidence in
the correctness of names where names are attached. Nearly the whole are in fine condition, and some, received
several months ago, are already established, and growing luxuriantly.

The Collection includes a new and fine SELENIPEDIUM, described as having " yellow " sepals, " with darker
green and white veins," and *' red (probably pink or rose) petals;" Ihe new and charming 01)0NT0(jL0SSUM
UOSEUM, with self-coloured deep rose or rosy-crimson flowers with white colunm, borne 12 to 20 on the spike;
the new ODONTOGLOSSUM IIULTIFLEXUM (Echb.), bearing enormous branching spikes covered with a vast
profusion of small golden flowers blotched with brownish purple; the recently described ONCIDIUM
NUhlGENUM, forming slender spikes of 6 to 12 flowers, resembling small Odontoglossum Phaltenopsis, growing at
an elevation of 12,O0U to 16,000 feet ; ME&OSPINIDIUM SANUUINKUII; fine phints of the true ONCIDIUM
MACRANTHUM ; ANOTHER allied but stUl finer SPECIES Gudging by the dried specimens and glowing descrip-
tion) ; also a THIRD very distinct SPECIES of the same section; strong and hcllthy Plants of the wonderful
"NASONIA SPLENDENS," with enormous purple-crimson deeply fringed labellums ; a new and vtry distinct
OiNCIDIUM, with violet and white blossoms; an ANGULOA, described as having white flowers with rose-coloured
veins; a magnificent NEW ONCIDIUM, or ODONTOGLOSSUM, from 12,000 feet elevation, witb branched spikes
of 100 to 150 brilliant red-orange flowers with yellow, crenated labellums ! Numerous Plants of ODONTOGLOSSIJM
ISKEVIFOLIUM (or coronarium ?) ; an EPIDENDRUM, or LJiLIA, bearing spikes or corymbs of fine Jragrant
-olden flowers; a LYCOMORMIUM, with pendent spikes of eight or more waxy jVnguloa-Uke flowers, white
shaded with yellow and spotted with purplish ciimson; ONCIDIUM CUCULLATUM ; the new EPIDENDRUM
IBAGUENSE, ONCIDIUM HOLOCHRTSUM, and other Plants of much interest.

284

THE GARDENERS' CITRONICLE AND AGRlCtTLtimAE GA^EI^TE.

[ilABCH i(5, 186?.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED FREQUENTLY DURING THE PAST THREE SEASONS BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY, | HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND,
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA,

AND AMONGST THE DISTINGUISHED FOREIGN NOBILITV,

THE DUCHESS DE CAMBACERES, THE MAEQUIS DE BOISSY, MARSHAL CANROBEET, &c., &c.

Every minute point in the way Of
improvement lias \>xn carefully considered
and adopted, and a3 A. S. & Son have for
more than a quarter of a century devoted
their attenti m to this particalar branch of

theu- business, the NobiUty, Gentry, and
Gardeners may rely on the MACHINES
t'ley may order, to be such as to ensure
lasting satisfaction, and to stand the -wear
and tear of many years.

PATENT HAND MACHINE.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

AEE IN DAILY USE IN

ALL THE EOTAL GAEDENS ; IN THE HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETY'S GAEDEN3 AT KENSINGTON ; CEfSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GEOUNDS ;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;

And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

These are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT JFILZ MOW PROFEBLY WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE ABE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHODT STOPPING, THUS SAVINS AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shanks^ Patent Eaten Motv&r will Mow on uneven a€ well as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, In referring to their IMPEOVED LAWN MOWERS for 1867, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in effecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. AND SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to na great an extent as possible in the construction of their Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery are employed in manufacturing the various parts, and this applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S. AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWEES, -which will enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CAERIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPFINQ PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

Width or CuttOT.

lO-inch Machine ifiS 10 0

12-inch Machine 4 10

H-inch Machine 5 10 0 Bi/ a Boy

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Easily Worked Silent Movement.
\By a Lady

is. extra.

Width of Cutter Eaally Worlted Silent Movement.

16-mch Machine £6 10 0 By a Manor Two Boys t. .

19-lnch Machine 7 12 6 By a Man and Boy p»-«=i"»-

22-iach Machine ^ '^ ^ \ Tiu Tuio Men i 7». f"

24-inoh Machine 8 17 6 j ""^ •'*"" ^'^ " ( exti

extra.

If with Patent Delivering Apparatus.
. . 26s. extra.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE.

Width of Cutter.

26-inch Machine £12 10 0

28-inch Machine 14 10 0 . , . . 30j. „

30-inch Machine 15 15 0 .. ., 30s. ,,

Silent Movement, 12s. Qd. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set
Ditto for Donkey, 18s, per set.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

width of Cutter.

30-inch Machine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0

42-inch Machine 26 0 0

4S-inch Machine . . " 23 0 0

If with Patent Dellvenng At;parata
, ,, 30s. extra.

.. 30s. „

.. 40s. „

.. 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

N.B.-^. S. i- Son specially announce to their numerous Patrons that they have a staff of experienced Workmen at their London Warehouse, thoroughly acquainted with all
the dttaik of their Machines, so that they are enabled to repair Lawn Mowers in London as well as at the Manufactory.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

1^ 27, Leadenhall Street is the only place in London where intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers can cJtoOse from a Stock of from 150 to 200 Machines.
All sizes kept there, whether for Horse, Pony or Hand Power. ■ ■

Editotial CommnnlcaUoni ihould be addressed to" The Editor i" AdvertHements and Business Letters to " The PebUsher," at the OSoe.il, Wellington Street, Oovent Garden, I^ndon.W.O. m. ..„,„, »t the

Prhited by Ji>cn MiirmMs, at the Office of Meisra. BaiijaiiaT. Ey»»a, i Co. . Lombard street, praclnot of Wbitelriars, City of London, In (be Co. of iUddleaei, and Published by the said JiMEs M»trB«wa,at the
Office, No. 11, Welilngton Street, Porlih of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the sold Ootmty.— Satoesxt, March 16, 16fl7.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL CxAZETTE.

No. 12.— 1867.]

A^lculiural cduciition 3fMi n

Air. moist nnd dry 'ili-l <•

Heea, confliicmcnt of ^97 c

Books noticed 2il(! c-3ci5 c

Cattle plaitue pcnnltiea HOti (i

Crom.tho 301 b

Dralnnice pipen 301 (

Education . nRricuItural 300 a

— French horticultutal ,. -'92 I

Ellman. death of Mr 300 t

Food, immuturo vegetable .. 2ti9 i

— Importsof 300 n

Forests, itiisslaii 198 a

Hinds' wanes 3iH «

Hyai'iiitlis, new 2ai c— aM '

Hypothi'o, iKwof 301 (

Italy, letters from 300 I

KnleH, viiriPKUtcd 2'M t

Kpw Ontdens 2!il t

Labourers, farm 301 <i

IjHw of Hypothec 304 (

l.ucutla rniccanu 201 t

Makoy.M.J 2fri 8

Oichnnii, Hereforfihlre ^tlfl n

Paris, lcttei-9 from...: 293 a

Peal's 291 b

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News*

SATURDAY, MARCH 23.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, Qd.

PelorgonJumSinew bedding .

rcntstcmona, new..

Pinks, hardiness of

Plants, neglected

Plant portraits

Potatos 299 6-

Priniulas, new Chinese

Hoses, prunini;

at. Peteraburffh Botanic

Garden

Sheep, diseases of

SlUKS

Society, Royal Hort. ..291 6-

— Jloynl Caledonian

— Liverpool Hort

— Koyal Ai-ricuhurnl ....

Spinach, Australian

Steam culture

Strawberries

Trees, old and rem ark able....
Vine growing, rival svstoms

of 293 c-

"Waces, hinds'

"Walks, gravel

^Vi^e«'orms

301 b

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
Promcnado and Hand every Saturday Afternoon throughout
the year.

NoTiciT.— Dr. MASTERS will civo a short LECTURE on PLANT
ARCUlTECrDRE on MARCll 3o, and the FOUR succeeding
SATURDAYS, at Three.

■poifAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

-Lt SOUTH KENSINGTON. W.

Mr. WILLIAM PAUL'S SHOW of SPRING FLOWERS, from
March 20 to April 6.

Onrdeua open to the Public on payment daily from Ten to su nsct.

NATION^vracTHTTCULTURAL KXHlBlTIUiN, 1867.
—The abOTO EXHIBITION vUI Open at Manchester on
JUNE 7. and continue till JUNE 15.

Schedules, &c., may be obtained on application to Mr. B. Findlat,
Curator, Botauio Garden, Maucbester ; or from the undersigned,
Henry Whitwokth, Secretary.
Cai'Iton Buildings, Cooper Street. Manchester.

Genuine Garden Seedsi

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post fi-ee on
appllcatioii. Higbgate, London, N.

1867,

"VTEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS of Best

V Sblectkd quality,
J.VMES Dickson & Sons, 102, Eastgate Street, Chester.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from tlie Growers.

Cl^AKLKS SHAR}'K and CO. beg to inlorm the
-* Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,
and will be forwarded post IVeo c!i application.
Seed Warehouse, Sle.alord.

SomersetsMre Prize Seeds.

GENUINE GARDEN and ELOWER and FARM
SEEDS of the finest stocks and qualify ; LISTS now ready.
Robert H. Potkter. the County Seed Establishment, Tauuton.

s

Unadulterated Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
■ M 1 T H E R S AND C R I G H T 0 N»

Seed MtrirnANTs, Bunhill Row, Finsbury Square, London, E.G.
_^^__ CATALOGUES post free on application.

MISS MURPHY, the beat WHITE LOBELIA for
edging. First-class Certificate to J. Dobson & Sons. Strong
Plants, -'3s. per lOU ; cheaper by the 1000.

Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W,

OHN UOBSON'ano 80NS~were awarded a FIRST-
CLASS CERTIFICATE at the Royal Botanic Exhibition In
July last for LOBELIA MISS MURPHY. Strong plants, from
cuttings, now ready, at 'Ss. Gil. per dozen ; 25s. per 100.
Woodlands Nursery, Isltworth, W.

LOBELIA MISS MURPHY.— The finest WHITE
LOBELIA in cultivation, First-class Certificate, R.B.S. ; also
see " Gardeners' Oracle." ds, per dozen ; -lOi*. per 100.
Martina Hon, Unll.

RIBBON BORDER (si.K Colours), German and French,
COLLECTIONS, and all specialties worth erowiog. See Potntkr's
LIST. iloitKiiT II. PoYNTER, Taunton.

RHUDOIJENDKON SKEO, carefully gathered from the
best nnmcd varieties, well cleaned and pure. Priceon applica-
tion to B, WiiiTiiAM, ReddiKh Nurseries, near Stockport.

^HOW DAHLIAS^ in strong^'plants, now ready.
O 12 Varieties, named, 4^,, or 24 Varieties, named, 8s. Terms cash.
Jobs J. Haslam, late John Holland, Bradshaw Gardens,
Chadderton, Mnnchoster.

Verbenas, Verbenas.

PHILIP LADDS is now sending out a good supply of
the above, strong plants, in thumb pots, including 40 varieties
of 1866, at 25. per dozun, package included. Terms cash.
Nursery, BB-iiley Heiitb, Kent.

CALCEOLARIA, Herbaceous, of choicest strains,
established plants in small pots, 20s. per 100. Also stronger
plants in 4-inch pots, 30s. per 100.

H. He R, STIRZAE.ER, Skerton Nurseries. Lancaster.

D

ORSON'S SPLENDID PRIZE CALCEOLARIA

SEED, the admiration of the world.
Per packet, is. (id., 2s. ikl., 3s. 6d., 6s.
Dobson & Sons, Isleworth, London, W.

DOBSON'S PRlZhl CINERARIA SEED, unequalled
for quality and variety. Is., 2s, Orf., 6s.
Donsos & Sons, Isleworth, London, W.

DOBSON'S SPLENDID FIMBRIATED PRIMULA,
very choice quality, la., 2.t. Gd., 5s.
DoHSoN & Sons, Isleworth, London, W.

D

OBSOIS'S SUPERB BALSAM, remarkable for their

fine l.irge double flowers, l.s-., 2s.
Dobson & Sons, Isleworth, Loudon, W.

w

F

ANTKB, TWO DUZHN ITALIAN TUBEUOSES.

Address Wood & In<;ram, Nurseries, Huntingdon.

OR SALE, a Unantity of very fine DUTCH BOX
EDGING.
Apply to W. M., Post Office. Whetstone, Middlesex.

TRICOLOR GERANIUMS. — Italia Unita, Stella,
Variegated Topsy, Rainbow, Fontainebleau, Gold Pheasant,
Mrs. Polloclc, Sunset. Tho above, one of each, good plants,, 123.
T. J. Booth, Rainhtll Nursery, Rainhill, Lancashire.

Zonal and other Geraniums.

THOMAS J. Booth begs to otfer to the Trade, for
cash, good Plants, in 3i-inch pots, of CHIEFTAIN.
CHRISTABEL, GLADIATEUR. GREAT EASTERN, SIR R
PEEL, LE GRAND, anU PINK PERFECTION, at 7s. per dozen.
Rainhill Nursery, Rainhill, Lincolnshire.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, Merchants, and Ncrservuem,

1^37 & ■j:JS, High Holborn, London. W.C.

Dwarf Standard Roses, 1 to 1^ feet Stems.
)AUL AND SON bej; to otlL-r the abuve by the Dozen,

Hundred, or Thousand, of the leading Hybrid Perpetuals.
The Old Nurseries, Cbeatnuit, N.

Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLARD, Seed Grower and Merchant,
20, Quai da la Mfegissf-rie. Paris, France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEELS, in English weights
ana money, post free on application.

_ Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

XT AND F. SHAUPE'S WHOLESALE SPRING

J-X* PRICED LIST of tho above Seeds of 1806 growth is now

ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

1867

A G K I C U L T U K A L

of best selected quality, and '•arriagejree.
.1ST on • *

SE isD S,

PRICED L]
James Dickson & SoNi

on application.
Eastgate Street, Chester.

bpARiU SEED LlbTof theLONDuN ShiED LOMPANY
is now published, and can be obtained from the
Manaoer, BS, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, London. W.

rpriJG; BEST and MUST CHOiUK NEW ROSES for
JL 18G7, m extra-strong well-grown Plants, now ready at 42s. per
dozen. A very liberal allowance to the Trade.
Wh. Wood & Son, The Nurseries, Mareslield, near Uckfield, Sussex

pULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the RUSK.
\_y Second Edition. By Jons Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from tho Author for 20 stamps.

TDK CHOICEST U NEW ROSES for 18t>7, with
strong healthy growth, unusually fine plants, so soon as
weather permits. Price 42s. per dozen.
RicuARD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester

DKLPHTNIUM FORMOhUM, LAVt^NOEK. and
SOUTHERNWOOD, 40^. per 1000; stronger, 5)s. per lOClO
Thomas S. Ware, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, Middlesex.

>ANS1ES for SPKINU BLOOMiNO.

SKIRVINli'S SWEDE TURNIP, 31s. per bushel.
Fine selected stock, from the
London Seed Company, 68, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

VELLOW OLOBE MANGEL, 50*. per "cwt.
-*- Fine selected stock, from the

London Seep Compant, 68, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

^~ To the Trade. ~ "

CHOICE stocks of GREKN-TOP SWEDE and
PURPLE-TOP YELLOW SCOTCH TURNIP.

Price on application,
.Tames Dickson k Sons, Seed Merchants, Chester.

A SPARAOUS PLANTS, strong, 1, 2, and 3 years.

-* i- Pric« on application,

60,000 EVERGREEN OAKS, 1 vear. fine.
Wit. DiLLisTONB, Munro Nursery, Sible ^edingham, Essex,

/ 1 lANT ASPARAGUS.— '2-vr., strong Roots, 2*. 6d. per

V I 100 ; 20^. per 1000. 3-yr., very strong. 3s. Gd. per 100 ; 30s. per 1000.
John Cranston. King's Acre Nurseries, near Herefoia.

/ lONtiUEKOR BROCtOLL— The finest Broccoli in
V7 Cultivation is BARCIIARD'S CONQUEROR. See large

AdverLisenient In tlie Gardeners' ChrtmicUt December 8, 186G,
WiTTT & Son, Seed Establishment, Cottingham, near Hull.

PaTEKSON'S VICTOIUA PUTATOS.— The heaviest
croppers, tho finest flavoured, and the beat keepers. Seed
direct from Mr. Paterson. Price on application to
Mr. Pbarce, Measham, Atheratone.

SEED POTATOS.— Rivers' Royal Aahleaf, Myalt'a
Prolific, Dalmahoy.
Charlf.8 Srarpe & Cn,, Seed Merchants, Sleaford, have a Surplus
Stook of the above to offer Cheap.

A large stock of finestMixed PANSIES, very strong plants, 155. per 100.
AUBRIETIA PURPUREA, f.-r spring blooming, 3^. per doz
PHLOX VERNA, lor spring blouuilng, 3s. per doz.

William Dean, Bradlord Nursery, Shicley, Yorkshire.

100,000 Camellias without Flower Buds.

JOSEPH BAUMANN, N uksekvman, Ghent,
Belgium, begs to offer (or Sale —
100 CAMELLIAS, beat, sorts. £4 | loO CAMELLIAS, best sorts, £5
100 CAMELLIAS, be^t sorti. £6.
They will bavo flower buds in Augxist,

Early Spring Flowers.

WEBB'S GlANl POLYANTHUS and COWSLIP,
with all the best varieties of Double and Single PRIMROSES,
PANSIES, &o., with Seeds of single varieties. LIST of prices of
different kinds on application to
Mr, Wehb, Calcot Gardens. Reading.

GLADIOLUS, NEWEST and BEST FRENCH
VARIETIES.
PRICE LISTS gratis and post tree on application to
James Carter & Co., Seed Merchants and Nuiserymen, ^37, High
Holborn, London, W.C.

GLADIOLI RULBb,

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2s. (id., 3s. 6d., 6s. fid., 7s. Od., 9s., and 12s. per dozen.
10s. 6d.. 1.5a., 21s., 2Ss, to lOOs. per lOO.
Barb&Sdodcn, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchajits, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

/ 1 Lx\.DiOLl. — Collections containing all the finest
VJX varieties in cultivation, many new, and offered for the first
time, 106s., 63s,, 42s., 30s., 268., 20s.. 163., 12s. BRENCHLEYENSIS,
the moat siiuwy of all, extra strong roots, 3s. per doz., 20s. per 100.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LlSf.S free on application.
BuTLKR, McCuLLoou tt Co. South Row, Covent Garden, W.C.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn, London.

BUTTON'S H~0"Mli -GROW N~" SEEDS.

><--y Prices and particulars on application.

J U T T O M ' S

A .VI A T E U K ' S (i U 1 D iS

IS NOW READY.
Price One Shilling. Gnitis co Cufltomers.

BromuB Schraderl.
ESSRS. SUTTON and SONS invito inspection of

their sBvenil plots of BUOMUS SCIIRADERI, groffing in
their Trial Grounds itt Koridlne. In iuxta-posltlon wltb ITALIAN
RYE-GRASS and AI.SIKP; CLOVEk.

M

SUTTON'S PERMANENT GRASS SEEDS,
26s. to .'JO^. per acre, carriage free.
SUTTON'S MIXTURES for 1, 2, 3. or 4 years, 14s. to 249. per acre,
carriage free.

DICKINSON'S ^ITXLIAi'r^irYE-GRASS SEED,
grown by him and sold to Agriculturists this season at 348. per
quarter, or for 6 quarters SO.-f. per quartor. Apply to

Mr. Tho9. Stanrridoe, Bailiff, Now Park, Lyminzton, Hants.

JAMES FAIKHEAU and SON, Seed Groweks and
Hi:rchantb, 7, BorouRh Market, London, S.E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER
SEEDS, Special pncea and advantageous offers on application.

GJRAPK VINKS.— too Rbck Hamburgh Vines,"struek
' from Eyes last year, now in 6-inch pots, to bo Sold at 5,j, per
dozen. The Vines the Eyes were from now to bo seen in luU
bearing ; the finest crop of Grapes in England.
Apply to J. C, Horticultural Works, Stamlord Hill, Middlesex.

AF'TE D;~1 00" PINE S"U C KER~Q U E E N S.

Please to address, stating price,
A. B., Mr, DiLLisTONE, Nurseryman, Royston, Herts.

w

PKINChSS of WALKS STKAWBEKKi'. — This tine
variety is now proved to be the best early variety ever pro-
duced, either for Forcing or for general Early Crop. See Gardeners'
Chronicle of May 12, lSt36, p. 437. Good Plants can now be supplied
from the true stock, at 6s. per 100, from the raiser.

B. W. Kniodt, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the above may
now be had at 10s. Gd. and 21s. each ; the usual discount to th«
Trade. Peter Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and London.

EBK'S PRIZE COB. FILBMt and other PRIZE
NUT TREKS. LIST of varieties and prices to be had of
Mr. Wkhb, Calcot Gardens, Reading,

w

PilRAMlD APPLKS, PEAKS, PLUMS, CHERRllDS.
Beautiful Trees for Garden or Orchard Houses.
RiOQARD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Dwarf-trained Trees by the lOOorioo, or dozen.

APPLES, PEARS. PLUJMS, UHKRRIES, PEaCHKS,
and NECTARINES. Fine, flat, well-tniiuod, of best quality
and true to name.

RicuARD &MiTn, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Fifty Acres of Fruit Trees,

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIKS, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS in every form desired for
Fruiting,

RicuARD Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant. Worcester.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHKS, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHKRRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RiOBARD Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

FRUIT TREES, for Walls and Espaliers.—Upwards of
60,000 to select from, carefully trained, and in the healthiest
conditiou for planting.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

REES"and^PLANTS of all sorts and sizes in very
great quantity, of bpst quality and at moderate prices.
PRICED LISTS post-free on application.
Jahes Dickson & Sons, (" Old Established Nursery and Seed
Business") The " Newton" Nurscr;e.s, Chester.

Planting.

WM. PAUL begs to refer intending Planters of
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, &o., to his Advertise-
ment of December 1, 1806.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

Finest New Hardy Plant of the Year.

PAUL AND SON'S N*;w DOUBLK CRIMSON THORN,
colour bright crimson, vivid and double. Pilce 10s. 6d. each ■
Three for Two to the Trade.

Old Nursenes, Cheshunt, Herts.
•»• By an oversight the price of this was omitted in former
Advertisements.

LACK 1 lALlAN POPLAR, 4 to 5 feet, 25*. per lUOO.
YELLOW ANTWERP RASPBERRIES, fine Canes, first

size, 35,s-. porlOiiO; secnnd S'ze, 25a. jier 1000.

Thomas S. Ware, Hale F.irm Nursery. Tottenham, Middlesex.

E^ VKRGREENS,— One Hundred Strong Plants of the
above, 1 to \\ foot in height, in twenty varieties and species, for
4us., packing included. The.se are really go'od plants. A remittance
or reference from unknown correspondents.

^ Field Brothers, Tarvla Road Nursery. Chester.

Forest and Ornamental Tree^
AND R. STIKZAKKR are offering in largg
• quantities of all sizes of the above, at very low prices.

Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

H

Railway Planting.

FIVE MILLION Transplanted QUICKS, of superior
growth. Also 100,000 LARCH, very good plants, 4 to G feet, at
\is. per lOOO. Samples and prices on application to

John Hemslet, High Fields, Sielboume, near Derby.

To the Trade!

WILLIAM RARRUN is ollering 1 and 2-vr. old
PICEA NOBILIS, very cheap. They are remarkably fine
well-rooted plants. Price per 100 or 1000 on application.

Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby.

Tree Ferns &c

FOR SALE, a very tine ALSOPHILA AUSTRALIS
and CTATHEA MEDULLARIS ; also an ARAUCARIA
ESCELSA, 10 feet high, in fine condition. For particulars and
price, applv to

W. Dean, Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire,

286

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 23, 1867.

Choice Seeds.

WM. CUTBTJSH AND SON strongly recommend the
folloiring :—
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBKIAT^, of the finest possible strain,

Red, White, or Mixed, 2s, 6d., 3s,, and Us. per packet,
CAliCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very fine, 2s, Gd.,

3s. Gd., and 5,s. per packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowere, 2s. Gd., '.is. Gd., and 6s. perpacket.
SNOWS WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C..& Son's own

saving, 2s. Gd. per packet.
NUNEHiVM PARK ONION, 2s. Gd. per packet.

For other Clioice Seeds sea CATALOGUE, post free.
Highgate Nxirseries, London, N.

Superb Double Hollybocks.

WILLIAM CHATER beg:s to remmd the admirers of
this beautiful Flower that now is the best tune for planting
it out, to en&ure fine Spikes and Blooms this season,

LESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, mth instructions for its cultiva-
tion, also Pi'ices of Plants per doz., 100, or 1000 may be had on
application.

Seedlings from best named Varieties, 4s. per doz.^ or &om 208. to
30s. per 100.

Bloomed Seedlings with colours named, very fine, 6s, per doz. ; or
from 30s. to 40s. per 100

Seed saved from the finest named Varieties, very choice mixed, 5s.
and 2s, Gd. per packet.

In Collections of 12 separate named Varieties, extra fine, lOs.
Sis Varieties extra, 5s.

Twelve Named Varieties, all good show flowers, Is. 6d,

Six Named Varieties, all good show flowers, 4s.

William Chater, Nurseries, Saffron Walden.

Netv Descriptive Lists.

DOWNIE, LAIRD, and LAING, NrESERYTHEN,
Seedsmen, Flori&ts, and New Pi,ant Mehcha?!tb, 17, South
Frefierick Street, Edinburgh; and Stanstead Park, Forest Hill,
London, S.E,, respectfullv beg to intimate that their NEW
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES of FLORIST FLOWERS,
GARDEN, FLOWER, and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, GLADIOLI
ROSES, &,c., aie now ready, and may be had free on application.

Now Ready, in Strong Plants.

THE MAGNIFICENT NEW YIOLET,
QUEEN of VIOLETS,
The following additional Nurserymen have ordered Queen of
Violets. For full list see Gardeners' Chronicle, December 1, 1866,
and last three weeks ;—

Messrs, Gasbon & Son, Peterborough
„ Peter Lawson & Son, Edinburgh
„ Drummond Brothers, Edmbm-gh
„ E. P. Di.\on & Sons, Hull
„ Stuart & Mein, Kelso
Mr. John Carter, Keighley
,, Wm. Fletcher, Chertaey
„ Jotin House, Peterborough
Strong Plants, ls,Gd. each; 18s. per dozen. Usual allowance to
the Trade.

VIOLETS, NEW DOUBLE RED, Is. Gd. each : IS*- per dozen
„ SINGLE CALIFORNIAN Species, Is. each ; t)». per dozen
„ DOUBLE NEAPOLITAN, 9rf. each ; 05. per dozen
„ DOUBLE BLUE, Orf. each ; 4s. per dozen,
„ DOUBLE WHITE, Gd. each ; 4s. per dozen.
„ SINGLE DEVON lENSIS, extra line, 9d. each ; 6s. per dozeiL
„ THE GIANT, extra fine, 9d each ; 6s. per dozen
HEPATICAS, DOUBLE and SINGLE RED, 4a, per dozen.
,, SINGLE BLUE, 4s per dozen.

„ MAUVE, NEW, Is. Gd. each.

CHRISTMAS ROSE (HELLEBORUS), WHITE, 9s. per dozan.

.1 ,. M RED, 18k, per dozen,

PRIMROSES, DOUBLE LILAC and WHITE, Gs. per dozen
POLYANTHUS, finest mixed, 3s. per dozen.
PAMPAS GRASS, extra fine, 6s. per dozen.

WALLFLOWER, DOUBLE GOLDEN, and YELLOW Gs ncr doz
FORGET-ME-NOT (MYOSOTIS PALUSTRIS), 4s per dozen
DIELYTRA SPECTABILIS, strong, Gs. per dozen,
ROCKETS, DOUBLE WHITE and YELLOW, Os per dozen
NEW PINKS, ANNE BOLEYN, improved, and EXCELSIOR

la. per pair.
100 HARDY HERBACEOUS and ALPINE PLANTS, in CO vario-
ties, 25.9.
CATALOGUES for one Stamp, Post Oflace Orders on Ctxst\&
Hedingham.

Wa. DiLLisTONE, Sible Hedingham, Essex,

"t K E T N E S , Salisbury.

f • NEW DAHLIAS for 1SC7.

FLOSSY GILL (Keynes) — A beautiful lighc groimd, edged s d

with pink, first-class foi-m. s ft. to 4 ft. 10 0

Cektificates, — Brigbtou Horticultural Society," Royal
Horticultural Society, Bath, SiWisburv, Dorset
VICE-PRESIDENT (Keyuos).-A decided improrement oa
Chairman, not requiring cutting out, very constant, finest

form, greatly admired, bright orange. 3 ft 10 (J

First-class CERiiricATts — Ci7stal Palace, Burton-on-
Trent, Bath, Wiochester, Dorset, Brighton, Salisbury
2d, Royal Horticultural Society.
LADY JANE ELLIS (Eoklord).— Creamy white ground

tipped with purplish rose, fine show flowor. 3 ft. to 4 It. 10 6
Cehtjficate.— Royal Horticultural Society.
CLARA SIMONS (Keynes) — Pure white, with deep crimson
edge, one of the most exquisite Sowers grown. Must have
no cuttiogout,oneof thegenisof J. Keynes'Seedllngs 3fc 10 6

FiRST-CLASS Certificates.— Royal Horticultural Society
Glasgow, Salisbury, Dorset. The Money Prize at Trow-
bridge, beating all the seedlings exhibited.
PARADISE WILLIAMS (Keynes).-Th6 flower of the season
—unqualified approbation everywhere— clear clarat. quite

a new colour. 3 ft 10 6

First-class Certificates.— Royal Horticultural Society
Crystal Palace, Brighton, Bath, Dorset, Salisbury
HARRIET TETTEKELL (Keyncs|._Biush giolnd, very
deeply margined with dark pmple. A standard flowor for

many years. 3 ft. to 4 ft . . . . 10 G

Certificates.— Royal Horticultural Society! Troivbridco'

Eurton-on-Trent, Winchester. '

PEDSCESS of WALES (Keynes). _ Blush ground, slightly

edged with lilac. A seedling from Anna Koyiies, but more

constant— most beautiful form, not to be cut out 3 It 10 6

First-class Certificates.— Royal Horticultm-al Society
Crystal Palace. The two greatest trials for seedlings in

MEPHISTOPHELES (Heatley). _ The flnest black flower

grown. 4 11 ""=' j^ |,

GAZELLE (Keynes).— Clear fawn of the finest quality very

constant, no cutting out. 4 ft. . . . 10 6

CiiiTiFicATEs.— Royal Horticultuial Society, Salisbury
Trowbridge, Brighton, Winchester. ''

^"^li ™i"',?''''-4 (J^'taeldl—A beautiful feather-edge Uke
Mrs. Trotter. Very light pink, equal to any Picotee-
requires cutting out, but a much larger flower than has vet
been seen of its character. It was much admired at the
Crystal Palace, where it obtained a Certificate. 3 It lo B

These Ten b loweirs are Standaids, and have been selected,' and all

giown and proved, by John Keynes, who wan-ants them all ks Flrat'

class Show Flowers. •" tw. na j: util-

^„™„„„„ ''^^ FANCY DAHLIAS.

BUTTERFLY (Koynesj.—Scarlet and broivn crimson strines

S?,.,!,''''?''^^™™''' ^"'^ '*°= flower; large, full, and s. d.

penect, oic. ••...,... lO r

First-class Certificates — Royal Horticultural siciety

Trowbridge, Sahsbury, Crystal Palace, Burtou-on-Trent"

Hampshire. '

BESSLE WYATT (K6ynes).-Whlte and rod striped, full show

flower. 3 It. to 4 ft Hi 6

iiriooS??,™"*!"' — ^''*™'>'' Burton-on-Trent, Hampshire.' '
MISS RUTH (Eckford).— Yellow tipped white, a flower loig

wished for, constant, which is the character of this

flowor. 3 ft. to 4 ft 10 II

Fi rst-class Certificate.- Brighton.
MRS. GOODWIN (Goodwin) Fawn ground, strioed Willi rod

—very fine flower. 4 ft "; . . lo 6

PLAUSIBLE (Keynes).- Red and crimson, with purple strines

-very iirst-class flower. 4 ft 10 6

SALAMANDBB (KeyneB)._The best character to give this

flower is to call it a striped Charles Turner-it must not be

cut out. 3 ft. . , ; , . . . . , 10 fi

VINES.-SURPLUS STOCK

OF THE F0LL0WIN6 SELECTED TAMETIES, TRtTE TO NAME, EXTKA STRONG,

WHICH WEBB GHOWN FOR FRUITING IN POTS,

Can now be supplied at the Planting rate of Prices, viz., 5s. to 7s. 6d. each.

Special Frices given where 25 or mors arc required. A fine opportunity for Gentlemen loishing to Flant largely.

BLACK HAMBURGH

„ MUSCAT

„ ALICANTE

BARBAROSSA
BDCKLAND'S SWEETWATER
BIDWELL'S SEEDLING

CHASSELAS MUSQUE
FRANKENTHAL
FOSTER'S WHITE SEEDLING
FRONTIQNAN, WHITE

„ GRIZZLY

VIOLET

GOLDEN HAMBURGH

GRAHAM'S MUSCAT MUSCADINE

LADY DOWNES

MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA

WHITE TOKAY

WESrS ST. PETER'S

JAMES CABTER and CO., SEED MERCHANTS akd NURSERYMEN,
237, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.

FLOWERING PLANTS of AUCUBA JAPONICA VERA MASGULA.

MESSES. JAMES VEITCH & SONS

HAVING NOW COMING INTO FDLL TLOWEK A QTTANTITT OF

MALE PLANTS OF THE TRUE GREEN AUCUBA JAPONICA,

KAISED FROM SEED IMPORTED DIRECT FROM JAPAN,

leg to offer them at the following low prices : —

First Size, 7s. 6d, each. | Second Size, 5s. each.

Each Plant has a fine spike of Bloom, and will impregnate a great number of Female Plants.

I^° The usual Discount to the Trade, with One Plant over when Six are taken.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.'

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM for WOODS and PLANTATIONS.

MESSES. JAMES VEITCH & SONS

HAVINO A LARGE ftUANTI'IY OP VERY GOOD BDSHY

WELL-ROOTEO RHODODENDRON PONTICUM,

Suitable for Planting in "Woods and Covcra, beg to offer them at the following prices : —

9 to 15 inches, bushy, 16s. per 100 | 18 to 24 inches, bushy, 30s. per 100

15 to 18 inches, bushy, 21s. per 100 | 24 to 30 inches, very fine, SOs. per 100

ALSO A

SPLENDID

LOT OF HYBRID RHODODENDRONS,

Eaised from the finest Named lands : —

6 to 10 inches, 25s. to SOs. per 100 I 15 to 18 inches, 75s. to 100s. per 100

10 to 15 inches, 40s. to SOs. per 100 | 18 to 24 inches, lOOs. to 150s. per 100

24 to 30 inches, "Tery fine, 18s. to 24s. per dozen.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.

GENUINE SEEDS, CARRIAGE FREE.

B. S. WILLIAMS,

VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

GENERAL PRICED CATALOGUE of FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS

FOEWAKDED FREE TO ANY ADDRESS.

It contains, in addition to the best of the established and indispensable Taiieties of VEGETABLE SEEDS,
the following NEW KINDS :—

THE ORANGEFIBLD DWARF I'ROUPIO TOMATO, 2s. per pkt.
WILLIAMS' AJ.EXA:SDRA BROCCOLI, 2e. Gd. per packet
WILLIAMS' MATCKtESS RED CELERY, Is. per packet

DIGSWELL tBlZB ENDIVE, Is. per packet

NUNEHAM PARK ONION, 2s. M. per packet

RAPHANU3 CAUDATUS (The Wonderful Radish), Is, per pkt.

Also the following NOVELTIES in FLOWER SEEDS :—

APLOPAPPDS RUBl»INOSTJS, Is. per packet

ARDNDO CONSPISUA. Is. per packet

AUBRIETIA GR.a;CA, Is. per packet

BLACK EGG-PLANT, from Japan, Is. per packet

PINK.FLOWBBING CANTERBURY BELL, Is. per packet

CHRYSANTHEMUM LOUISE HONNORATY, Is. perpacket
STRIPED-LEAVED JAPANESE MAIZE, Is. per packet
NASTURTIUM TOM THUMB ROSE, Is. per packet
VIOLA CORNUTA, PURPLE QUEEN, Is. & 2s. M. perpacket.
„ MAUVE QUEEN, 0<J, L Is. per packet

Also the following ivcll-kno™ STRAINS of FLORISTS' FLOWERS :—
WILLIAMS' superb strain of PRIMULA, Red, White, or Mbced, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet
WILLIAMS' superb strain of Camellia-flowered BALSAM, the finest in England, Is. and 2s. 6d. per packet
JAMES'S CALCEOLARIA, finest for exhibition, 2s. &d., 3s. 6d., and 6s. per packet
WEATHERELL'S Choice ■CINERARIA, 3s. M. and 5s. per packet

A iuU description of each will be found in the Catalogue,
l^" All Fachets of Seeds Free by Fost.

IILIUM ATJRATUM (a large importation),— Strong Bulbs, 3s. &i., 5«., and Is. &d. each.
GLADIOLI, English-gro'wn Seedlings, splendid assortment, 85. per dozen ; SOs. per 100.
„ Named variotiofi, 6s., 8s., and 125. per dozen.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

MaECU 23, 1867.]

TnE GABBENERS' CITRONTCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTlv

287

GRASS SEEDS,
AGRICULTURAL SEEDS,

r CORNER of Iv/.il STREET.")

\fi- -..v

;v.

Trade Mark.

KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS,
FLOWER SEEDS.

Catalogues forwarded post free to any address on application.

GENUINE FARM SEEDS.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

DEO TO ANNOCNOE THAT THEin

CATALOGUE OF AGRICULTURAL SEEDS FOR 1867

ia uow Published, and will bo forwarded Free on applicatiou.

Special attention is devoted to the preparation of GRASS SEED MIXTURES to suit all Soils and situuti o ns
These Mixtures cannot be surpassed in quality.
TCRNIP, MANGEL 'WUKZEL, and other SEEDS from the most carefully grown and best selected stocks.
I^" micre largo quantities are required, J. V. and SONS tvill have much pleasure in quoting spetial prices.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.

CARTER'S GENUINE SEEDS.

THE NEW CEREAL (SORGHUM TARTARICUM ? ),

A SUBSTITUTE FOR WHEAT.

JAMES CARTER & CO.

Are in a position to -supply a moderate quantity of the above
important NOVELTY. They have not as yet proved its qualities,
but if the following description (which they have received from a
most reliable eoiu'ce) ia coirect, they have no hesitation in stating
that it will become one of the most important additions to Agri-
culture whiuh has been introduced in the present century : —

" I received a packet of the Seed from Cbina (where it is used largely as an article of food), and grew about
100 square feet of it last season; and notwithstandinj; the cold wet Summer and Autumn, the results were wonderful.
It is quite hardy, and wet does not hurt it. The Seed should be sown the end of Jlarch or in April, on stiff laud ; it
is ready for harvest in September. The average produce will be 60 bushels (of 391b.) per acre. As an article of
food the Bread is more palatable than Wheaten Bread, and it contains more uourishmeut than any other Cereal
whatever. A small Loaf went four times as fai* as an equal one made of Wheaten Floui".

"As a Forage Plant, from the sweet succulent nature of the leaves and stems, all kinds of Stock thrive on it in
a surprising manner. Cows will produce a double quantity of Milk, and it fattens Pigs in a given time as nothing
else would."

A Trial Packet forwarded on receipt of 30 Postage Stamps.

PRICE LISTS of FARM SEEDS, at reasonable prices, forwarded Post Free on applicatiou to

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN,

LONDON, W.C.

RICHARD DEAN^S

LIST OF SPECIALITIES IS NOW READY,

AND CONTAINS ALSO SOME OKIGINAL PAPERS OF GREAT VALUE TO THE AMATEUR GARDENER.

RICHARD DEAN'S NOVELTIES IN VEGETABLE SEEDS COMPBISE-

NEW MELON, DR, HOGG.~A most valuable aoqmsitlon,
altogether A 1. Tlie fruit is of a good medium size, handsome
oval ahape, brownish yellow skin, and pale green flesh, very
solid and luscious, rich aroma. A free setter and a Rood keeper,
a fine and sure exhibition variety. Per packet. Is, M. and 23. Cd.

NEW CUCQMBEU, GLORY of HANTS (Dkan).— A very first-rate
black-spined variety, long, handsome, and very prolilic j lirst-
rate for either house or fnmework ; a thoroughly reliable
variety, whether for table or exhibition. It has been very care-
fully selected and grown specially for H. Dean. Seed very
scarce. Fer packet, 2«. 6«.

BROCCOLI, DEAN'.S PREMIER EARLY WHITE.-Unquestion-
ably iho larRest and best of all the Early White Broccolis
Heads large, very fine and white ; quite hardy. A variety that
can be depended on, as it is entirely free from anv impregnation
of the character of the White Cape. .Should be soivn in March
and will flower m the March following. Per packet. Is. Gd. au(i
2s. Cd.

BROCCOLI, IMPROVED K1DDERMINSTER._A variety that

, has been very carefully selected by Richard Dean. Dwarf

growing, late, well protected white flower, symmetnoal shape

good size, and very hardy. Should be sown in March, and will

be ready for use end of April and May. Per packtt. Is.

CABBAGE, DEAN-.S ONWARDS._A very greatly improved
vanety of the large Cabbages, as represented by the Enfield
Market. Very early, compact grower, and deliciousiy tender
Per packet, U.

CABBAGE, PRESIDENT EARLY DWARF.-A very early Drt-arf
Cabbage, medium size, gond close heart, excellent marrow
flavour. A capital sort for winter work. Per packet. Is.

LETTUCE, ACME WHITE COS.— A very large variety, superior
in quality to the Paris White Cos, from which it also differs in
colour and habit. Hearts v?ell, does not require tying ; very
crisp and stveet, and aa hardy as any Lettuce in cultivation.
Invaluable for aummor or winter giowth. Per packet, Is.

LETT0CE. LEYDEN WHITE DUTCH.^A splendid Cabbage
Lettuce, the very flnost in culUvatiou. It produces large close
heads, literally all heart ; flavour excellent and very hardy. Per
packet, Is. and 24'. fid.

The following fine Selections are confidently offered : —

Per packet. — s. il.
1 C
1 C

BROCCOLI, DANCER'S IMPROVED PINK CAPE
„ DILCOCK'S BRIDE, true selected stock

„ EALING EARLY, DWARF WHITE .. ..10

CABBAGE, CHILTON EARLY SPRING, DWARF .. ..10
CAULIFLOWER, NEW EARLY DWARF MONMOUTH ..10
ENDIVE, DIGWELL PRIXE. GREEN CURLED .. ..10

ONIUN, DANVER'S YELLOW U C

„ NEW VENETIAN GIANT. TRIPOLI 10

TOMATO, POWELL'S EARLY DWARF RED 0 6

TURNIP, CESTKIAN GOLDEN WTONE 0 6

DEAN'S IMPROVED SNOWB^VLL 0 C

VEGETABLE MARROW, PRINCE ALBERT 0 6

\^ For full descriptions, see LIST of SPECIALITIES, J^ost Free on application.

DEPOT FOR NEW AND CHOICE VEGETABLE AND FLOWER SEEDS,
EALING, LONDON, W.

Carnations, PlcoteeB. and Pinks,

YOUELL AND CO. be- to .pII'.t Mrnii- h.-iilthy Plants
of t lie above at ttiu iiii'lerinoiit toned prices :—
CAKN ATluNS,— Ij'inest fitbt-clasB vailotlos, byname, Ifj^. and 24«.
jic-r (III/., |-;i!rH. [per do/,. palrH.

PICd'l hll'-s. - - [■iiioBt (Irst-claas varlutieH, by name, IBw una 'On.
PERPETUAL- FLOWERING or TREE CAUNATIoNS.-Flowering
huniniur i.nd winter ; the choicest and leading kluds to uamo,
V2.t. and IHn. pur doz. plants. [do». palni.

Also a Choice and exteuHlvo Collection of PINKS, %: and 12s. per
Royal Nurnurles, Groat Yarmouth.

Azaleas, Epacris and Ericas.— To the Trade!

YOUELL AND CO. b('S to iTilonn ihu Trade that they
abound in many ThousandH of the above, all of which arc
well-gruwn, healthy and bushy stufl. Thoy beg to offer them at the
following low prices:—
AZALEA8, of Blurts, line bushy plants, in Sli-aizod potb, 21#. pordoz. ;

4w-sized pois, 1S«. per doz.
EPACRIS, in 4S-uized pots, consisting of liyacintliri.>(lora, hyaclnthuj-
flora candiUi&eima, and all the leading kindii to name, well set
for bloom, Qs. per doz., 40s. per 100.
ERICA HYEMALIS, in 43-size(l pots, in and coming into bloom,
Q». per doz., 40». per 100 ; OO-sized pots, 4^. per doz., 3o.v per 100 ;
of sorts, in 4a-sized pots, Is. per doz., 45s. per 100; of sorts, m
(lo-sized pota, 4s. per doz., 30s. per lOU.
A very extensive and Choice ColleetioD of GREENHOUSE
PLANTS to name, Os. per doz., lOts. per 100.
The above are well deserving the attention of the Trade.
Royal Nurseries, Great Yarmoath.

MGUENOT, Seedsman, 6, Quai Lepelletier, FotIb.
• (Established 1780.)

SPECIAL FRENCH COLLECTIONS.
CHINA ASTERS, Tnifi'aut'8vari6ties,i;osplendld varieties, lOfTancs;

10 splendid varieties, 6 francs.
CEILLETS DE FANTASIE (PICOTEES, &g.). 3 varielias, 3 francs,
<EILLETS DE FLAMAND (CARNATIONS. &c.), Sfrancs i>erpkt
Extra Double CAfilELUA BALSAilS, collection of 2u varieties,

& francs 10 varieties, '2^ francs.
Speciality for GI^ADIOLUS. The General and Descriptive Catalogue

of Gladioli, as well as that of Seeds, Plants, and Bulb.-i, will bo

forwarded on application.
ARGENTEUIL ASPARAGUS, true and improved variety, very

larpe and very early, 2-yr. old plants, extra une, 6 francs per 100.
CHINESE YAMS, very fine roots. 3 francs per kilogramme.
Mixed Collection of GRASS SEEDS for Lawns and Meadows,

1\ franc per kilogramme (2L lb. ne^ly); or 100 kilogranunes

(JiOjlb.). 140 francs. ^

Fines.

HLOW AND CO. havL- for SALE the following,
• which thev waiTant clean and healthy, viz. ; —

IS JRUITING SM'OOTH CAYENNE
6 SMALL ,. „ about 15 Utcbes hiuh.

3 FRUITING PRICKLY CAYENNE
40 STRONG SUCCESSION QUEEN
70 SUCKERS rooted in pots, ditto

1 STRONG SUCCESSION "CHARLOTTE ROTHSCHILD"
1 „ „ BENNEIT'S SEEDLING

A new and very fine variety.
The above, being the Surplus Stock of one of the first Growera in
Britain, will be sold at very moderate prices.

Clapton Nursery, London, N. E.

" rpHE LADY." a SEELLING STRAWBERRY,

J- raised by Mr. Undbbhill, who was the originator of
" Sir Harry."

PlantB are now ready to bo sent out (in lots not less than 20),

All applications must be accompanied by a Post Of&ce Ordar,
Birmingham, Postage Stamps, or Cash, to receive attention.
pJUCES OF Tub Ladt Strawbebby Plants, from July, lfi68,
to August, 1807:—

ONE HUNDRED ..£3 7 G| SIXTY £2 5 0

EIGHTY .. .. 2 15 oi FORTY 1 la C

TWENTY £10 0

Plants in Pots (not less than 10) at la. iid. each. Packages of all the
above included.

Mr. UNDtBH ill's Treatise on the Cultivation of Strawberries
either in English, French, or German), may be had through tho
Post, price Is.

Address— Mr. Richard Ukdebhill, Sir Harry's Road, Edgbaston,
BirmmghH.m.

N.B.— The *' Sir Harry" being now in general cultivation, Mr.
Undebhill intends reserving for a few yeara plants for those persona
who may prefer having them direct and genuine from him&elf,
spurious varieties hiviug been so often substituted for the original.

The permanent prices of " Sir Harry"' tor the luture will be:
20 (not ies!s), lOf. ; 4l», l^s. ; BO, £1 Ga. : 80, £1 lis. ; lOO, £1 lUx.
Plajits in Pols (not It-ss than 10). la. tid. cich, packages incluiled.

Orchard-house Trees In Pots.

HLANE AND tiOiS have to otH-r e.vtra strong Plants
• of the following, well set with Bloom Buds, at moderate
prices, viz., APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERKIES, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS ; also well-estabhehed fruit-beanng
FIGS, &c., CATALOGUES of whichmay be had pout free upon appli-
cation. The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

TO BE SOLD, in qiiantitii.'s to suit piu'chaaers,
fiUO extra-sized Dwarf-trained PEAR TREES.
6U0 „ „ CHERKY TREES.

600 „ „ PLUM TREES.

600 „ „ APPLE TREES.

The above are all beautifully trained bearing Trees, and are offered
at remarkably low prices.

Also Dwarf-tiained PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS.
Standard and Pji-auiid PEAR, PLUM, and CHERRY TREES, ic.
JyuN Chasston, Kliiti's Acre Xurstries, ntar Hereford. _

Under the^Patronage of Her Majesty the Queen,
and H.K.H. the Prince of Wales.

THE SEEDLING APPLE LORD BURGHLET.—
Awarded a Firstrclass Certificate by the Royal Horticultural
Society, March i;i, ISiio, For full particulars seeCfurdeiiers' Cltroniclc,
Dec. », Ie6l3; " Cottage G.ardener," Dec. 11, IStiG : '* Gardener.^'
Magazine," Dec. "JO, 1800 ; " Floral Magazine," January, 1867 ;
" Florist and Pomologist," February, ISO? ; " Garden Oracle," 1807 ;
" The Gardener," Janiiary, IS67 ; also " Hogg's PYuit Manual," p. 2'.'.
Price of tine Maiden Trees, 6s. each.
Immediate appUcation 14 requisite to secure them for plantin^i
this season.

J. House, Eastgate Nursery, Peterborough. ^^^^^

International Telegraph Cucumber.

JHOUSK has a lew ShLltS m1 tlu- above, saved
• by himself ft-im the same Stock with which ho obtained the
First Prize at the International Show, May, ladO, and has proTCd
them to be Tbuk ; also one of the best and most prolific fur Winter
and Summer growth. Is. per Seed, or Three for I's. lid.

Eaatgate Nursery, Peterborough. _

s

U K P L U S

STOCK.

Fir, Spruce, 3 to 4 feet

,, Litrch, :i to 2| feet
Hazel, -ii to 31, loet, extra fine
Holly, Green, li to 2 feet, bu.shy
Laurel, Coinuioii, 2 to 2i ft., bushy

„ Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. bu«hy

Alder, S to 5 feet, extra strong
Ash, 18 Inches to 2 teet
Berberis dulcis, 2 to 3 feet

,, Aqmfoltum, 1 to 1} foot
Chestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 leet

„ Spaniiih, IJ to 2 feet
Fir, Scotch, 1 to It foot

Strong DRUMHEAD or CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS.
FRUIT TREES, as annexed.
Apples, Standards and Dwarfs, very strong
Cherries, Dwarfs and Dwarf- trained, extra fine
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dwarf-tiained, extra fine
Peai-8, Swindards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Plums, Standards and Dwai'fs, extra fine
Nectarines, Dwarti and Dwarf- trained, extra fine
Kentish Filberts, 4 to 6 feet, extra fine
Crab Stocks, 2 years Seedlmgs
PRICED LIST or samples of the above on application tol
W ViRoo & Sows, Tiie Nursery, Wonersh, near Gmldford, Surrey

288

THE GAKDENEES* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 23, 1867.

Finest New Hardy Plant of tlie Year.

PAUL'S NEW DOUBLE THORN.-Colour briglit
crimeoD, vivid, and double, IOj*. Gd. each, usual allowance to
Trade when three are taken.

Awards : First-class Certificates International Exhibition and
Royal Botanic Societies.

Padl & Son beg to invite ordara ere close of planting season for
this unique novelty. Since lust Advertisement the following leading
Nurserymen have ordered it :—
Fletcher, Ottershaw [ Lucombe, Pince & Co., Exeter

Jackson &. Sons. Woking Smith, R., Worcester

Lawson & Son, Edinburgh | Veitch ii. Son, Chelsea
Old Chesbunt Nurseries, N.

Arborvlt®, Aucubas, Box, Yews, &c.

THOMAS WARNER begs to remind intending planters
and the Trade, that he has a very extensive stock of the above,
all in fine health and vigour. See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or
Retail. Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

Scarlet Chestnuts. Standard Elms and Thorns, &c.

THOMAS WARNER bogs to refer jturchasers of the
above to tho extremely low prlce.s iit which they are quoted
for the present season. Si:e CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
Leicester Abbey Nuraeriea.

maiden and Dwarf-trained Fruit Trees, &c.

THOMAS AVARNER begs to state that he has still
an extensive stock of the above, more particularly of APPLES,
CHERRIES, PEACnES, and NECTARINES. Also oi

HOaGHTON CASTLE CURRANTS.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
Leicester Abbey Nuraeries.

Abies Douglasil.

WILUAM BARRON begs to offer beautiful well-
grown and finely rooted Plants of the above as under:—
ABIES DOUGLASII, 2 to 3 feet, 90s. per lOD.
„ „ 3 to 4 feet, 18s. per doz.

BERBERIS DARWINII. 6 to 9 inches, Gs. per 100.
„ WALLICHIl, 2-yr., 9s. per 100.

Both fine for lawn and cover planting; bearing a profuaion of
orange-coloured flower.! and purple berries, of which pneaaants are
remarkably fond.

Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby.

BIRCH, 3 to 5 feet, fine, twice transplanted,
45s. per 1000
HAZEL, from Spanish Seed, 2 to 3 feet, fine, once trans-

pLinted, 18s. per 1000
SPANISH CHESTNUT, 1 to 2 feet, once transplanted, 18s. per 1000
HORSE CHESTNUT, 1 foot, once transplanted, 18s. per 1000
Samples sent on application.
T. Jackson As Son, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W.

ARCH, SILVER FIR,

&c .

LARCH, U to 2 feet, 83. per 1000; 2 to 3feet, 10s. ; 3 to 4feet, 125. Qd.
SILVER FIR, C to 12 Inchss, 4s. per 1000.
SCOTCH FIR, native, Oto 12 incbes, 53. per 1000.

LIST of other TREES sent on application.
Apply, with reference, to J. Riddell, Park Attwood, Bewdley,
Worcestershire.

Planting Season

LARCH (Native and Tyrolese), SCOTCH FIR (True
Native), SPRUCE. OAK, ASH, ALDER. BEECH, PRIVET,
and all kinds of FOREST and ORNaMENT.LL TREES and
SHRUBS, ROSES, FRUIT TREES, fine specimen ARAUCARIAS
and DEODARS, and large TREES for Park Planting, now m flue
condition for removal.

CATALOGUES, with sizes and prices, sent free on application to
DioKsONs & Co., Nui-serymen, Seedsmen, and Florists, 1, Waterloo
Place, Edinburgh.

To the Trade— Contractors and Builders.

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND COMMON LAURELS,
fine bushy plants, from 3 to 7 feet high ; good for Blinds,
particularly for newly laid-out Grounds and Buildings. These
Laurels are very flue, and have not suif.red from tho frnst.

Also 6,000.000 of Two-year SEEDLING ASH and CHESTNUTS,
ROSES, ana other varieties of Shrubs,

AuEL Faihali,, Stanhope Nursery, Westevliam Hill, Kent.

300,000 Hazel. Transplanted.

J SCOTT, Mfetriott, Somerset, has the above to offer,
• In fine condition, 2 to 2i ft., SS-t. ; 2i to 3ft.. 27s. 6ri. :
3 to 3i ft., 30s. ; 3i to 4 It., 36s. ; 4 to 6 It., iOs. per 1000.

FOREST TREES, twice and thrice Transplanted, in all sizes.
Catalogues gratis.

CEDRUS DEODARA, 3 to 4 ft., 4 to 5 ft., 6 to G ft., and 6 to 7 ft.,
from 30s. to 6Us. per dozen.

GREEN HOLLIES, 20,000 well-rooted, from 2 to 3 it., and from
30s. to 40s. per 100.

FRUIT TREES, In 2000 sorts, and in all manner of training. The
most complete collection in England.

A 92-page CATALOGUE, with large Supplement full of Fruit Tree
information.

JOHN WATERER has to offer a quantity of very
handsome AUCUBA JAPONICA, the whole of which arg
profusely covered with Berries.

1st Size are Plants 2 feet high, bearing 160 to 200 Berries.
2d Size, 1 foot 0 inches, with 100 to 125 Berries.
3d Size, 1 foot, with 40 to 60 Berries.

Price from 10s. 6d. each and upwards.
The American Nursery, Bagsliot, Surrey.

Game Covert, Forest Planting. &c.

JAMES SMITH offers the following :—
The RHODODENDRONS are fine bushy well-rooted Plants,
fit either for Woods or Pleasure Grounds; the LARCH are fine
Rtout Plants, better cannot be grown; also PRIVETS, LAURELS,
BERBERIS (ra sorts), SCOTCH, SPRUCE, and SILVER FIRS,
ASH, OAKS, BEECH, BIRCH, PINUS AUSTRIACA, &c., all
strong well-rooted plants, a PRICED CATALOGUE of which will
be forwarded on application.

LARCH, good stout plants, per 1000 :— li to 2 feet, 14». ; 2 to 3 feet.
16s. ; 21 to 3§ feet, ISs. ; 3 to 4 feet, 20s.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, bushy, well-rooted plants, 6 to
12 inches, 105a, per 1000.

Do. do., 9 to 15 inches, 18s. per 100 ; 160«. per 1000 ; per 10,000, £79.
Do. do., Ito IJ foot, 23s. per 100; 220s. per 1000; per 10,000, £106.
Do. do.. 1* to 2 fe^, 30s. per 100; 2908. per 1000.
Do. HTBRIDUM. 6 to 12 ins., 30s. per 100 ; 2y0s. per 100.
Price to the Trade on application.
James Smito, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock.

Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., has to offer at very moderate
prices TRANSPLANTED ASH, ALDER, BIRCH, HORSE
CHESTNUT, ELM, broad and narrow-leaved; SILVER and
SCOTCH FIRS, WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE, HAZEL. OAK.
POPLAR, PRIVET. WEYMOUTH and AUSTRIAN PINES.
THORN QUICKS, HUNTINGDON and DUTCH WILLOWS.
LARCH, good atout plants, li to 2 feet, 12s. ; 2 to 2) feet, 13s. ; 2 to
3 feet. 14s. ; and 3 to 4 feet, IGs. per 1000. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR.
6 to 9 inches, fls. ; 9 to 12 inobes, 9s. ; 1 to li lett. 14s. ; 1^ to 2 feet,
21s.; nod 2 to 2\ feet. 30s. per 1000. COTONEASTER MICRO-
PHYLLA, 1 to li feet. 20s. per 1000 ; li to 2 feet. RIBES in soi La.
2to 3 ft.. 20s. per 1000. SNOWBERRY.2to3ft., 20s. perlOOO. BROOM,
WhiteandYeilow.transpIaoted, 15s. per 1000. LAURELS, BERBERIS,
AReOR-VIT.iE,Ji[c.,St;edlmg ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CHESTNUT,
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 years; ELM. 2 yuars, £6 per 100,000. OAKS,

1 and 2 years; OAK, EVERGREEN. 1 year; PRIVET, 1 and

2 years; SYCAMORE. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 2year3,
fls. ; 4 years, Ss. per lOOO ; 3 yearo, and 1 year transplanted, ISs ;

3 years, and 2 years transplanted, 26s. ; 0 to 9 inches, 60*. ; and
9 to 12 Inches, ttOs. per lOOO. Twioe-tranaplanted, and bushy, 4 to
8 inches, 70s. ; 8 to 12 inches, 95s. ; 9 to 15 IncUea, 1403. ; 1 to li feet,
ISOs. ; and U to 2 feet. 2ti03. per 1000.

A PRICED LIST forwai-ded OQ application. Price to the Trade
on appi ICHtion.

JosKPH Smith, Jun., Moor Edge Nursery, Tanaley, near Matlock,
Dubyahlro.

Sub-tropical and Ornamental Follaged Plants

Fruu Seed tor Flower Garden Decoratioh.

T\T ROLLISSON and SONS' GENERAL SEED

VV • CATALOGUE, containing a List of the above, can be had
on application. The Nurseries, Tooting, London.

OEEDLING and TEANSPLANTED FOREST TREES.

SEEDLINGS— Ash, lyr.. Is. ; Beech, 2yr.,3s. 6(1. ; Elni,3yrs.. 23. ;
Norway Maple, 2 yr., 7s. 6d. ; Oak. English, 1 yr.. Is. 6rf. ; 2 yr,,
line, 4s. ; Silver Fir, 4 yr., 6 to 12 inches, 4s. ; Norway Spruce, 4 yr.,
2s. 6t/. ; Crab, 2 yr., 2s. Gd. ; Pears, 2 yr., 3s. Gd. ; Sycamore, 2 yr.,
2s. Gd. per 1000.

TRANSPLANTED.— Alder, 1 to 2 ft., 7s. 6d. ; 2 to 3 ft. 10s. ; 3 to
4i ft., 16s. ; 4 to 6 ft., 20s. ; Beech, 6 to 12 in., 7s. Gd. ; Chesnut,
Spanish, 1 to 2 ft., 17s. Gd. ; Elm, 12 to 21 in., 65. ; Hazel, IJ to 3 tt.,
173. Gd. ; Oak, English, 6 to 12 in., 7s. Gd. ; Balm of Gilead, 4 to 8 in.,
7s. 6d. ; Cembra, G to 12 in., 100s. ; Larch. 1 to U ft.. 6s. ; IJ to 2 ft.,
8s. ; 2 to 3 It., 10s. ; 3to 4 ft., 14s. ; Scotch Fir, 2yr. bedded, 6 to 12 In.,
6s. ; Silver Fir, 9 to 16 in., 123. Gd. ; Spruce, Norway. 6 in., 5s. ; Ito lift.,
10s. ; Thorn Quick, 9 to 18 in., 6s. ; Sycamore, 1 to li ft., 73. Gd. ;
Walnuts, 6 to 16 in., 20s. per 1000.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 4 to 6 in., Cs. per 100.

Apply, with reference, to J. Riddell, Steward, Park Attwood,
Bewdley, Worcestershire.

Forest Trees, &c.

MARTIN AND SON, Cottingham and Hull, can yet
offer a few thousands of very excellent quality. Price on
application,

A.sn, common, 3 to 4 feet.
Alder, 3 to 4 feet.
Elms, Wych, 3 to 4 feet.
Elms, English, 3 to 4 feet.
Larch, 3 to 4 feet.
Spruce, 1 to 2 feet.
Ttiujopsis borealis, 2 to 4 feet.

LINCOLNSHIRE GEM PEA
Pea in cultivation, 2s. Gti. per quart.

Wellingtonios, 2 to 3 feet.
Cuprcssus Lawaoniann, 2 to 5 ft.
Plums, splendid Victorias, and

others, 4 to 6 feet.
Bedding Plants, Zonal and

other Pelargoniuma, in any

quantity.
-The very finest Dwarf Wrinkled

See Testimonial;

Apply for WHOLESALE and other CATALOGUES, with prices,
to Martin & Son, Seed Merchants and Nursei"ymen, Cottingham,
and 7, Market Place, Hull.

s

tJ R P L U S

stock:.

200,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM and HYBRIDS, bedded,

2 to 3, 3 to 4, and 4 to 6 inches, finely rooted.
100.000 SEEDLING COMMON ASH, 1 year. fine.
50,000 „ „ „ 2 years.

60,000 „ CRABS (true wild) 1 year.

5,000 SORBUS DOMESTICA (true), 2 years" Seedlings.
6,000 ARIA THEOPHRASTA, 2 years' Seedlings, fine.
10,000 BERBERIS EMPETRIFOLIA, 3 yeai's.
50,000 „ AQUIFOHUM, 1 year.

Transplanted.
30,0fH) BEECH. 2 to 3 and 3 to 4 feet.
30,000 HUNTINGDON WILLOWS, very fine, 4 to 6 feet.
40,000 HAZELS, 2 to 3 feet.
6,000 BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM, IJ to 2 feet, bushy,
N.B.— Samplea will be sent or any of the above on application.
For Special Prices, which are low, apply to George T, Fox, The
Nurseries. Wetley Rocks, near Leek, Staffordshire.

N'

0 PERSON should OVERLOOK the following

OFFER at this favourable season for PLANTING ;—

20,000 1 year English Laburnums
10,000 I yr. Spartium junceum
20,000 1 yr. Berberis Darwinii
20,000 lyr. Mahonta Aquifolium
10,000 1 yr. Berberis japoiUca
100,000 1 yr. Thorns
160,000 1 yr. Spanish Chestnut
60,000 1 yr. Cupresaus Law-

Sfiniana
10,000 1 yr. Spanish Oak

The abovu are Seedlings.
10,000 Berberis japonica, 6 to

12 ins.
10,000 Skimmia japonica, 6 to

9 ins.
10,000 Erica herbacea
15,000 Deutziacrenataflo.-pleno,

12 to 30 ins, bushy
2,000 Aruudo coospicua

A General Aasortment of NURSERY STOCK.

TRADE and RETAIL CATALOGUES pot free on application,

C. Noble, Nursery, Bagshot. — M^rch IG.

S.OfK) Spinsa callosa, strong
6,000 Thujopsis dolabrata, 4 to

12 ins.
10,000 Spruce Firs, IJ to 3 feet
2,000 Picoa Nordmanniana, 1*

to 3 feet
20,000 Rhododendron pontlcum,
15 to 20 in., asfarthrougH
10,000 Larch Firs, 2 to 21 feel
10,000 Quicks, strong
5,000 Dwarf H P. and Other

Roses, fine
1,000 Grapd Vines from eyes.
Black Hamburgh, and
good kinds
3,000 LDium giganteum, strong
bulbs

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Road Nurseries,
Yeo'Jil, Somerset, begs to intimate that his CATALOGUE of
SEEDS for the GARDEN and FARM is now ready, and can bo
obtained free on application. It contains a Select and Choice Stock,
everything being ot the best quality, and are offered at unequalled
low prices.

Giant Asparagus.— To the Trade.

YOUELL AND Co. beg to offer strong Plants of the
above at the following low prices : —
2-yr., very fine, lOs. per 1000 | 3-yr.. extra fine, 163. per 1000
Roy-al Nurseries, Great Yarmouth.

GIANT ASPARAGUS PLANTS,
the best that money can procure, 2s. Gd. per 100. — This
delicious vegetable does not require half the expense usually
Incurred in planting it.

See RICHARD SMITH'S SEED LIST for 1867.

Extra strong SEA KALE, 2s. per doz.

RicDAHD S.MITH, Nur6ei7man, Worcester.

EDWARD TAYLOR, Nurseryman, Malton,
Yorkshire, offers as under :—
2.yr. GTANT ASPARAGUS ROOTS, Is. 3d. per 100: 10s. per 1000.
3-yr. GIANT ASPARAGUS ROOTS, 2s. per 100 ; 15s. per 1000.
GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS, 10s. per 100: 848. per 1000
TRITOMA UVARIA. 48. per dozen ; 25s. per 100.
DWARF-TRAINED MORELLO CHERRIES, 16s. per dozen.
PRIZETAKER GREEN MARROW PEAS, hand picked, 93. per

bushel ; 70s. per qr.
DEAL-WOOD LABELS, 3§ inches long, 2s. per 1000 ; or Is. 9d. per

1000 if20,000 are taken.
Transplanted GRKEN HOLLIES, Seedling and Transplanted ASH,

LAHURNUMS, LILACS, &c, Piice.on application.

TYERY'S NONSUCH LETTUCE, the best Summer

J- Variety in cultivation ; will stand a month longer than any
other kind without running to seed; Is. per packet, sealed witii
initials W. I.

Also IVERli-S NONSUCH CELERY, acknowledged to be the
finest flavour known. Gd. per packet.

Price to tUe Trade on application.
A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE SEEDS may be
had post free.

William Ivf.by. Hanover Nursery, Peckham, S.E.

Cucumber, Telegrapli.

rfOLLISSON'S Variety has been proved the best
V Cucumber in cultivation for Winter or Spring use, especially for
growing in houses ; an immense cropper, producing six at a joint,
length IS to 2G inches. In sealed packets, 23. Gd. each. See merits
of " Winter Cucumbers," in Gardeners' Chronicle for Jan, 12, 1867.
William Rullissox & Sons, Tbe Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.

YOTJELL'S NORFOLK HEEO CUCUMBER.—
Without exception the ver>' best Cucumber for open ground
cultivation that baa yet been offered, and they have much pleasure
in submitting the following report :—

" Alburgh Rectory^Feb. 27. 1867.
" Gentlemen, — I have now grown your Norfolk Hero Cucumber
for four years, and have found it far the best ridge Cncumber I ever
met with. — Yours faithfullv, " (Signed) J. A. Coombe,

" Messrs. YouELL & Co., Itoyal Nurseries, Great Yarmouth."
lb is a most prolific bearer, as handsome as any frame variety, and
is as delicate in point of texture, the fruit measuring 16 to 20 inches.
Packets containing 12 Seeda, Is. ; 30 Seeds, 2s.
Royal Nurseries, Great Yarmouth.

LAING'S MAMMOTH RED CELERY.— This is
considered tho largest yet grown, attaining the extraordinary
weight of from 10 to 121b., and is at the same time perfectly solid.
It is nearly perennial in its habit, as it will not under any circum-
stances run to seed the fli-st season, and it is difficult sometimes tha
second, wnen planted out for that purpose. In colour it is a bright
red. In flavour unsurpassed, if equalled. It has been seen growing
by many practical Gardeners, who deem it a new feature in the

fai'den, from the fact that you may have it nearly all tbe year.—
n packets. In. each.

YouELL & Co., Royal Nurserios, Great Yarmouth,

RED CABBAGE PLANTS, extra fine, 4s. per 1000.
WHITE SPANISH ONION SEED, Is. 8ti. per lb.
KOHL RABI SEED, green. Is. per lb.

All new and genuine. Terms cash.
R. W. can supply any orders for Seeds at lowest possible prices.
Richard Walkeh, Market Gardener and Seed Grower, Biggleswade,
Beds.

HENRY'S PKIZE HYBRID LEEK.— The Largest
variety in cultivation; grows 10 inches in length of blanch,
and 101 iuclies in circumference. Has carried off Che first Prizes at
tbe leading Shows in England and Scotland.

Sold in Sealed Packets at Is. each by
DowNiE, Laird, & Laing. 17, Fredenck Street, Edinburgh ; and
Stanstead Park. Forest Hill, London, S.E.

s

U It P L U

Early Ashleaf Kidney Potatog.
Essex Wonder do do

Myatt's Prolific do do

Handsworth's Early Round

Potatos
Early Shaw Round Potatos.
Dalmaboy do no

Dwart, Kidney, and Scarlet Beans

Prices on application to James Pairhead & Son, Seed Merchanta,
7, Borough Market, S.E.

STOCK

Nonpareil Peas.
General Havelock do.
Ne Plus Ultra do.
Ch'impion of England do.
M'Lean's Wonder do.
Climax do.

Veitcli's Perfection do.
British Queen do.

GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS.

YOUELL & CO.'S

ROYAL NURSERIES, GREAT YARMOUTH,

STILL STilKDS UNEIVALLED

FOR THE CULTURE OF GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS.

Some idea may be formed how highly this variety is esteemed, when they state that this Season they have
supphed upwards of 150,000 BULBS of the above, which is the finest and handsomest of this magnihcent class. It
is the MOST BRILLIANT and showy variety suited for SUMMER and AUTUMN DISPLAY, as the following Keport
fi'om the Gardeners' Chronicle of September 8, 1866, wiU testify : —

" Messrs. Touell & Co.— The spikesof Brenchleyens is are magnificent. Among showy Autumn sorts this still
stands in the fokemost rank."

T. AND CO. are still in a position to supply extra strong and sound Roots of the above at the following prices :—

No. 1 Size, 20s. per 100 ; 3s. per dozen. | No. 2 Size, 18s. per 100 ; 2s. 6d. per dozen.

I^° A very liberal Discount to the Trade.

TOUELL AND CO. beg to intimate that they are in a position to supply the most choice kinds of this
beautiful tribe, in strong Flowering Bulbs, as follows : —

No. 1 Collection contains 100 Bulbs, in 50 of the most choice and handsome kinds, with names .,£&(> 0

Half No. 1 Collection contains 50 Bulbs, in 25 ditto ditto 1 Is n

No. 2 Collection „ 100 Bulbs, in 30 ditto ditto 7 J, a

Half No. 2 Collection „ 50 Bulbs, in 15 ditto ditto i TA n

No. 3 Collection ,, 100 Bulbs, in 25 ditto ditto , 2 n

Half No. 3 Collection „ 60 Bulbs, in 12 ditto ditto 15U

Fine Selections left to us, 9s., 12s., 18s., and 30s. per dozen,

CATALOaUES POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

ROYAL NURSERIES, GREAT YARMOUTH.

Makch 23, 18C7.]

THE GAEDENEKS' CHEONICI/E AND AGKTCULTITRAL GAZETTE.

289

KEYE'S EARLY PROLIFIC TOMATO.

A now American variety, 30 days earlier tlian any other. Plant dwarf, eompnet and vif^orous, producing
immense crops. Tomatoes of medium size, round, hrillinnt red, quite smooth and free from riba, perfectly solid, and
of the most excellent flavour. Thej' are produced in larfre clusters of 10 to 20 each, with from 7 to 20 clusters on
each Vine, and ripen up together, so that the mnin crop is ripe and ready for market 30 days earlier than any other
kind. The foliage has no odour. The Early Prolific is the most distinct and valuable Tomato yet produced.

Price per Packet, Is., forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps.

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.

Price to the Trade ov appHeatmi.

SPECIAL OFFER OF FARM SEEDS

THE LONDON SEED COMPANY,

68, WELBECK STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

SKIEVING'S SWEDE TURNIP
WHITE, GKEEN, and RED GLOBE
SCOTCH PURPLE and GREEN-TOP

LONG RED MANGEL

YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL ..

RED GLOBE MANGEL

FISHER HOBBS'S ORANGE GLOBE
WHITE BELGIAN CARROT ..
YELLOW BELGIAN CARROT..
ITALIAN RYE-GRASS
PERENNIAL RYE-GRASS . .

Rushel.

£1 11 0

1 11

1 10

Cwt.

2 14
10
14
10
15

0

Half Bushel.

Peck.

£0 16 0
0 16 0
0 16 0

Half Cwt.

1 8 0

1 7 6

I 8 0

1 17 6

2 0 0
2 15 0

£0 8 6
0 8 6
0 9 0

MIXED GRASSES, for PERMANENT PASTURE

Quarter Cwt.
0 15 0
0 15 0

0 15 0

1 0 0
1 2 6
1 10 0

5s. per bushel, or 38s.

5s. „ 38s.

I2s. „ 90s.

Gallon.

£0 4 6
0 4 6
0 4 6

141b.
0 8 0
0 8 0
0 8 0
0 10 6
0 12 6
0 17 6
per quarter.

This Company was formed by the purchase of the Business of one of the Oldest Established Firms in the
Kingdom, of more than Eighty Years' standing.

COPIES of the FARM CURRENT will be forwarded Postage Free to any Address, as the Company desire that
their terms and mode of business should be extensively kno\vn.

1^^ Samples of all kinds of Seeds can be had on application, to prove their groxvih, ^c.

SEEDS FOR EXPORTATION.

Seeds packed in cases for exportation. Great attention is paid to this department of the business. The Seeds
are placed in air-tight cases, and will reach their destination with their growing qualities unimpaired.

For CATALOGUES and PRICE CUERENTS apply to

LONDON SEED COMPANY, 68, WELBECK STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

J. C. WHEELEE & SON, Seed Geowers, Gloucester

HEELERS' Illustrated BOOK on GRASSES.

CONTENTS :

ON LAYING DOWN LAND TO PERMANENT PASTURE.

TABLES AND PRICES OF GRASSES. CLOVERS, ETC., NATURALLY ADAPTED FOR LAYING DOWN TO
PERMANENT PASTURE LAND ON THE FOLLOWING GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS:—

TABLE. S. a.

1. CHALK— Uppkb Cretaceods.— York, Norfolk, SuCfolk,
Herts, Sussex, Berks, Wilts, Hants, Dorset. Per acre,

medium soil 36 7

IL CHjVLK — Upper and Lower Green Hand. — York,
Norfolk, Cambiidge, Beds, Bucks, Berka, Wilts, Dorset,
Surrey, Kent, Susaox. Per acre, medium soil . . . . 35 4

IIL LONDON CLAY.— Sussex, Essex, Surrey. BerkB, Hants,

Dorset, Kent. Per acre, meflnmi soil 35 9

IV. GREAT and INFERIOR OOLITE-Corndrash Forest
Marble. — North Ri'Jing of York, Lincoln, Rutland,
Gloucester, NorthHiiintoQ. Oxford, Berks, Wilts, Dorset.

Per acre, medium soil 32 2

V. OXFORD CLAY— Oolitic ANRjoRAssic.—Oxford, York,
Lincoln, Hnntiugdon, Bedtord, Bucks, Berks,
Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset. Per acre, medium soil . , 36 0

VI. UPPER and LOWER LIAS and MABLSTONE.—
Gloucester, Leicester, Lincoln, Northainptoa, Oxford,
Rutland, Somerset, Warwick, Worcester, York. Per
acre, medium soil 3(i 0

TABLE. 8. d.

VII. NEW RED SANDSTONE and KEUFER MARL.—
York, Notts, Stafford, Leicester. Derby, W»rwick.
Worcester, Clieshire, Flint, Gloucester, Devon,

Somerset. Per acre, medium soil 36 10

VIII. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE. — York, North-
umberland. Westmoreland, Monmouth, Derby, Somer-
set, Cornwall, (iioucester. Per acre, medium soil . . 31 4
IX. OLD RED SANDSTONE.— Devon, Cornwall, Hereford,
Monmouth, Brecon, Carmarthen, Pembroke. Somerset,
Salop. Per acre, medium soil 36 0

X. UPPER SILURIAN. - Hereford, Lancaster, Radnor,

Denbigh, Salop, Carmarthen. Per acre, medium soil .. 37 0

XI. LOWER SILURIAN.— Pembroke, Carmarthen, Cardi-
Kan, Montgomery, Merioneth, Denbijjb, Worcester.
Per acre, m<:dmm soil 34 8

XII. POST TERTIARY. — Alluvial Depobits.— Sides of
Rivers, Rich Loams, Light Sands, Poor Soil on
Clay, &=., &c.

lllmtratitns. Descriptions, and Prices of the most vahmhie Grasses for Fermanent Pasture and alternate knsbandry.

A PRICED LIST OF FAEM SEEDS.
A Copy will be sent Post Free on receipt of 5 stamps. Gratis to Customers.

J. C. WHEELER and SON,
SEEDSMEN TO THE GLOUCESTERSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

rrwrn *' COLDSTREAM EARLY" POTATO, which

. /i^^i^ul!^ First-clans Cortlflcato at tho Icitornatlonal Horticul-
tural JCxhlbltlon at So.ith Koimlncton, is tho Karllefit and Best
round Potato In cu tlTatlon. fis, (W. |.ur pock; ISa. per buiihei,
including bagn. Trado price on application.

Apply to Hofio & Wood. Cotdntroam. N.B.

UPKNCEK'S KING POTATO.-This rxcf'llcnt Potato

»- -^ havloR wlttiHto'^d tho dlscnno hotter than any other vnrlctv laat
loanoii, tho Sub.icrlbcr hiis to offer about 300 Biishols o( fine clean-
ii;rown Tubers, perfuctly Hounri and free from dlsoafio, which ho can
with confldenco recommend. For price, apply to
Georob T. Fox, The Nurseries, Wetley Rocks, near Loek, HtafTonJuh.

Seed Fotatos.

HANn F. SHAUPK are now ofrcring MYATTS
. PROLIFIC KIDNEY, DAINTREF/S KARI.IF.ST
WEBB'S IMPKRIAL KIDNEY, FORTY-FOLD. FOX'S SKED-
M NG, EA RL Y OX FORD, and many other Early aud Late varieties,
fine m quality, free from diaeafio, and at low prices.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire.

^^ HEELER'S

GLOUCESTERSHIRE KIDNEY , fa
Is one of the rery Earllent, most
ProductiTe, and best flavoured Potatos
in cultivation.

Price 3/*. per peck, Km. Qd. per bushel,

J. C. Wbeeleb&Son,
Seed Growers, Gloucester.

Per pkt.-
Broccoli, Snow's Imperial

Winter

Albert Sprouts
Cauliflower, Early Erfiiil . ,
Celery. Manchester

Champion Red . .
Cucumber, Smith's Fine

Frame

Cucumber, Teleirraph
Leek, Henry's Prize
Endive, Digswell Pnze ..
Onion, Nunehnm Park
Parsley, extra fine curled ,.
Raphfinus caudatus (new

long-podded Radish)
Custard Marrow
Melon, Malvern Hall
Tomato de Layo
CauliLlower, The Mammoth
RicBARD Smith.

E SEED

Post Free.
-H. d. i Per pkt.—

Moore's Vegetable Cream
1 0 Beet, Perpetual Spinach . .

0 6 „ Nutting's Superb

1 0 1 Red

' Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom

0 fi 1 Thumb

Radish, French Breakfast

1 0 Afiter, Tmfl'.iut'a Superb

1 0 French. 12 vars. mixed . .
0 f> Afiter, Victoria, C vars.
0 6 mixed

2 6 Stook, improved large-
0 6 flowering, 12 vai-s. mixed.

, Balsam, Camellia-flowered,
2 R fi var. mixed

0 (j I Balsam, Rose-flowflred, 8 vars.

1 6 I mixed

0 fi \ Phlox Drummondii. 12

1 0 splendid varieties

, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

I 0
1 0
1 0

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
ANr> COMPANY, Limited.
Cork, Seed, Mandke, and Oilcake JIerchamts,
AddresB, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.G. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; I?g:;. for ''Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

Seed Establishment, Dumfries.

PASTURE LAND. —The great beiu'tit derived by
Sowing down Land intended for Fermanent Pasture with
Natural Gra^s Seels cannot bo over-ettimated, the triflmc cost of
KENNEDY'S MIXTURES for PERMANENT PASTURE over
that of Common Rye-grnss and Clover being far more than compen-
sated bv the much greater abundance of Herbage produced, of a
more nutritious and permanent kind. These Mixtures are ma'le up
in every case to suit the particular soil, situation, or purpose for
which they are required.

A DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUE of NATURAL
GRASSES as well as of CLOVER, TURNIP, and other FARM
SEEDS, may be had on application to

THOMAS KENNEDY avd CO.,

NoRSERTMENand Seedsmen, Dumfries.

r?> CATALOGUES may also be hid of VEGETABLE and

FLOWER SEEDS, and POREfcT, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL

TREES, &2.

Free Delivery. Farm and Garden Seeds DeMvered at nearest
Railway Station under certain limitations, as formerly.

MALDEN AND SON, Agricultural Seedsmen
Biggleswade, Beds., are now snpphdng the 18B6 growth of
Seed from MALDEN'S NEW CLOVER (Trifolium striatum) It
will grow one-third greater woight of Hav per acre than any other
variety, and of more nutritious quality. It is suited to all sods, and
is particularly recommended for lands which are Clover side. An
account of the Plant and its introduction mav be found first on the
descriptive list of *' New Agricultural Plants " in the " Farmers' and
Gardeners' Almanack" for 186fi, published at the Farmer Offices,
1511, Fleet Street. Ijondon, pago Gl.

Specimens of Hay mav be seen at Messrs. Lawson & Son, 28, Kmg
Street, Cheapside. Seeil can be obtained, price 2s. per lb. from our
establishment, Biegleswarie, Beds, ; of Slessrs. Peter Lawson & Sons,
Seedsmen to the Queen, Edinburgh and London ; Messrs. Sutt'-n &
Sons. Royal Seed Establishment, Reading ; Messrs. Hurst & Son,
Seedsmen, No. 6, Loadenhalt Street, London ; Mr. J. Scruby, Mer-
than .&c., Epping, E^aox.

To prevent disappomtment early Orders are respectfully invited.

JC. "WHEELER and SON, Seed Growers,
• Gloucester (Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire Agricultural
Society), can very strongly recommend tho following Mixtures :—
CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS for ONE Y'EAR'S LAY.
J. C. WHEELEa & Son can supply this excellent Mixture — all of the
finest quality — carriage free by Railway, at 15^1. per acre,
lb.

3 Italian Rye-grass, Lolium

italicura.
1 Cocksfoot, Dacty lis glomerata
1 Timothy, Phleura pratense

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L. sem-

pervirens
7 Red Clover, Trifolium pratense
7 Trefoil, Medlcagolupulina

A cheaper Mixtureat H)s. fid. per acre.

CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS for TWO YEAKS' LAY.

J. C. Wheei.er & Son can supply this excellent Mixture for Two

Years' Lay— all of tho finest quality— carriage free by railway, at

18s. fjrf. per acre.

lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L.perenne
4 Italian Rye-grass, L. italicum
2 Cocksfoot, DactyliB glomerata
I Timothy, Phleum pratense

lb.

3 Red Clover, Trifolium pratense

3 Cow Grass, T. pratense perenne

3 White Dutch, Tr, repens

4 Trefoil, Medlcagolupulina

A cheaper Mixture at ir.,>--. M. per acre.
CLOVERand GRASS SEEDS for THREE or FOUR "i-EARS' LAY.
J C. WBEELEa&SoN cansupplythisexcellent Mixture— all of the
finest quality— carriage ft-ee by Railway, at 24s per acre.

i lb-

:; Timnthv. Phleum pratense
I 3 Red Clover, Tnf"llum pratense
, 3 Cow Grass, T. pratense perenn«
3 White Hone\sucKle, T. repens
1 Alsike, Trifolium hybndum

4 Trefoil. Medicago lupulina

A Cheaper Mixtmo at 21s. per Acre.
J. C. Wheeltr & SON'S CLOVBR and GRASS SEEDS are o
excellent quality, very moderate in pnce, and 5 per cent, discount.
|g allowed for cash.

J. C. WREEr.ETi & fTov, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L. sem-
per vi re ns

4 Pacoy's Perennial, L. Pacey-
anum [cum

3 Italian Rve-grass, Lotium itali-

2 Cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata

290

THE GAEDENEES' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 23, 1867.

rriRICOLOR PELARGONIUMS.

Mrs. Pollock, 75. and Ss. per doz. I Sunset, 21s, per doz.
Italia Unlta, 2Is. per doz. | Mrs. Benyon, 24s. per doz.

In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package Included.
Remittance required from unknown Correspondents.

Address, Alfred Fbyeb, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

^vteW ity-leated pelargoniums.

L'ELEGAHTE. — Leaves green, margined with creamy-white ; flowers

white. 10s. 6rf. each ; six plants, £3,
DER.RTSHIRE HERO (Zonal).— Bright ceriso.
STAFFORD GEM (Zonal).— Orange-scailet.
SCARLET CHRISTINE (Plain-leaved). —Bright cerise, shaded with

purple.
ROSE MAGENTA {Nosegay).— Fine habit, good bedder.
fls. each, Get of four for 15s.
The above to be sent out after April 20.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CIRCULARS to thoTrade on application.

See Oardejiers" Chronicle, p. 234, March 2.
W. CuwwinGHAM, The Forge Nurseries. Burton-on-Trent.

To the Trade.

■ . t Bins. POLtOCK, AND SdSBET GeRANIDMS.

TJ. BOOTH solicits Orders for the above, to
■ deliver on and after the first week in May. Nice plants, with
6 to 10 leaves, well up in colour, for cash, per dozen, 7s. ; 100, BOs. ;
500, £12 ; 1000, £22. SUNSET, 18.t. per dozen ; £6 per 100.
Rainhill Nursery, Ramliill, Lancashire.

ERANIUMS, GERANIUMS, GERANIUMS. —

Amy Hogg, Black Dwarf, Cbancellor, Cloth of Gold, Donald
Beaton, Indian Yellow, Le Grand. Miss Parfitt, Mrs. Milford, Mrs.
Wm. Paul, Mrs. Pollock, Paul' rAbb6, Roi d'ltalie. Rose Randatler,
Triomphe de Gergoviat, double, Victor Emmanuel, Virgo Maria,
Wiltshire Lass— in all IS good plants for 12s., hamper and package
included. May be had at

J. C. Padman's, Nurseryman, Boston Spa, Yorkshire.

SPRING CATALOGUE, now ready, and may be had on application.

1000 DAHLIAS in Pot Roots, cheap.

Noticed ~~

THE SIX finest TRICOLOR and VARIEGATED
GERANIUMS extant, for Bedding or Pot Culture, are—
ITALIA UNITA 1 MRS. MAXWELL HATTON

SUNSET VARIEGATED LITTLE DAVID

BICOLOR SPLENDENS ] MRS. LONGFIELD

The above, one of eacli, good plants, for 10s,
Twelve of the finest ZONAL and NOSEGAY GERANIUMS of
1866, in 12 sorts, distinct, for 10s.

Post Office Orders on Castle Hcdingham.
Wm. Dillistone, Munro Nursery, Sible Hediogham, Essex.

QUPERB VARIEGATED GERANIUMS.—

O BICOLOR SPLENDENS, MRS. LONGFIELD, LTTNA, GOLD
PHEASANT, GLOWWORM. LITTLE FET, ITALIA DNITA,
MRS. BENTON, MRS. POLLOCK, YELLOW BELT, CLARA, and
PICTD R ATUM. One oncli of above. 15.^.

BEAUTY of OULTON,^ LIGHT and SHADOW, SOPHIA

CUSACK. BEAUTY of GUBSTWICK, GENERAL LONQSTREET,

and SOPHIA DUMARE.SQUE. One each, 42,^., package included.

Remittance requested from unknown Correspondents.

C.\sHorf & Son, Gravel Walk Nursory, Peterborough.

INTS on the CULTIVATION of TRICOLORED

GERANIUMS.
See F. &. A. Suith's NEW CATALOGUE for 1867.

Dulwich, Si-U-rey,

New Tricolored Geraniums.

FAND A. SMITH'S CATALOGUE for 1867,
• contaming descriptions of their splendid varieties of the
above, which have obtained the following awards : —

Two £5 Prizes for the Collection . . ... Crystal Palace.

A Prize for the Collection Liverpool.

A Prize for tho Collection Manchester.

A Prize for the Collection Leicester,

A Prize for the Collection Birmingham.

l-lve Certificates Peterborough.

Five Certificates Nottingham.

Six Certificates Brighton.

One Certificate laternational.

May now be had on application,
Dulwich, Surrey.

New Bicolored and Zonal Geraniume.

FAND A. SMITH'S CATALOGUii for 1867 is now
• ready, containing descriptions of the above, which h.ave
obtained Thirteen Certificates.

Dulwich, Surrey.

New Roses, 1867.

FAND A. SMITH'S DESCRIPTTVE CATALOGUE
• of the above may be had on applic.^tion.

Strong seasoned Plants now ready,
Dulwich. Surrey.

J SCOTT'S CHOICE SEELS, post frec^

pj • Per packet — s. d.

STOCKS, newest large-dowering ,Ten-weolc, IS varieties 1 0

ASTERS, best Quilled German, 24 varietie.s. Grf. and ..10

„ newest PEKFECTION French Exhibition,

24 varieties 10

„ „ French Giant EMPEROR, 12 vars... 1 0

VICTORIA, C varieties . . ..10

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, a most superb

strain, and cannot be surpassed. 8 vars. Is. Qd. and 2 R
CALCEOLARIA, Scott's superb strain . . l.'t, and 2 G

MAIZE, new stripod-lenved 10

PHLOX DRUMMONDll, 12 varieties 10

„ „ brilliant Scarlet .. ..10

SWEET PEAS, Invincible Scarlet 10

BEET, Scott's Crimsnn Dwarf 0 6

CUCUMBER, Enfield Surprise 10

„ Kirklees Hall Defiance 10

„ Scott's Market Ridge . . firf. and 1 0

CINERARIA, extra fine Is. and 2 fi

TAGETES SIGNATA 0 6

VIOLA CORNUTA 10

ZINJS lA, superb Double, 8 vaiieties . . Gd. and 1 0

„ ,, Single, C varieties 0 6

LETTUCE, Victoria NVhite Cos 10

Wheeler's Tom Thumb 0 6

MELON, Pruices'i Aiico 10

KAPHANUS CAUDATUS 10

For descriptions of the above cheap Collections, &c,, see SELECT
SEED LIST, free on application to

J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

A UOUBAS, FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &o.

6 Varieties AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.
12 Select NRW FUCHSIAS of 18^6 for 6s.
12 Select NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS of 180C for 6s.

6 Select DOUBLE MIMULUS for 3s.
12 Select CHRYSANTRKMUMS of 1866 for 4s.
- 12 Varieties JAPAN EUONYMUS, verv fine, 6s.
12 fine Varieties DWARF PERPETUAL ROSES, 63.

3 Varieties NEW JAPAN OSMANTHUS, quite hardy, 5s

NEW WHITE LOBELIA MISS MURPHT. 4s. per dojion.

B. W. Knigbt, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

^e New English Hybrid Perpetual Roses and
Zonal Geraniums.

ROBERT "WARD, Kaiser of the celehrated Rose John
Hopper, bcKS to announce that his SEEDLING ROSES, MRS
WvVRD. MRS. JOHN BERNERS, and IPSWICH GKM will be
sent out in the Spring. Also GROOM'S ZONAL GERANIUMS,
MISS MARTtN, SIR FJTZROY KELLY, and FLORIBUNDUM
ALBUM KaNUM. The set of Rosea, 21s. ; the set of Geranivims,
20s. m., package included.

Sec '* Joarual ofHorticnltiu-e," .June 26 and July 31 ; alao "Floral
Magazino" for September, October, and the present montn, in
which they are figured.

A DESCRIPTIVE CIRCULAR 'Will be sent on application.

Beautiful Illustrations, by Akdrbws, each 13 stamps.

Robert Ward, The Rosery lpswich.j

WClioice and Cheap Flower Seeds.
OOD AND INGRAM offer the following Collections
of FLOWER SEEDS, Pnst-freo :— s. d.

12 Fine Selected Varieties of HARDY ANNUALS . . ..16
25 „ ,, ., „ ....3 0

12 „ „ of BIENNIALS and PERENNIALS ..2 0

18 „ „ „ ,,....3 0

12 „ „ of HALF-HARDY ANNUALS .. ..3 0

25 „ ,. ,. „ ....6 0

12 „ „ of TENDER ANNUALS 4 0

BROWN'S INVINCIBLE SCARLET SWEET PEA, per

packet, (if/. ; per oz. 14

Postage Stamps received in payment.
The Nm^erles, Huntingdon,

LUium auratum, Golden-rayed Lily of Japan.

JAMES CARTER and CO. hare Just received splendid
BULBS of the abovo, in finer condition than any imported for
some tmie, and said to contain many highly- coloured varieties. This
incomparable Lily has for some time been very scarce, but we can
now offer fine Flowering Bulbs, true to name, at the following prices :
— 1st size, 35. 6(i. ; 2d,2s.6d. ; eitrastrong large Bulbs, Istsize, 7s. 6d.;
2d, 5s. ; a few of the finest, very large and strong, 10s. &d. each.
Price to the Trade on application.
James Carter & Co., Seed Merchants and Nurserymen, 237 and
238, High Holbom, London, W.C.

Carter's Genuine Seeds

Choice Callfornian Seed-To Gentlemen ''Plantins.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have just received fresh
SEEDS of the undermentioned hardy CALIFORNIAN
CONIFERS in fine condition. This is a fine opportunity to procure
the Seeds of choice Conifers at reasonable rates. Prices on applica-
tion-.—WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, fine seed j PINUS BEN-
THAMIANA, CUFRESSUS LAWSONIANA, PINUS INSIGNIS,
andPICEAGRANDlS.

*,'* Price to the Trade on application,
237 and 238, High Holbom, London, W.C.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

CARTER' SrCOLLECTIONS of GARDEN SEEDS for
1867 will produce a supply of the best Vegetables "ail the
year round" for large, medium, small, and verysmall families.
No. 4, 63s. ; No. 3, 42s. ; No. 2, 21s. ; No. 1, 10s. Cd.
{These prices Include box and packing.)
*«* Any of the above lorwardod without dvlay on receipt of Post-
office Order. PRICE LISTS gralis and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 23S, High
Holborn, London. W.C.

Established Upwards of a Century.

Holders of Prize Medals from Exhibitions of both 1851 and 1802.

BUTLER, Mcculloch, and co.'s
CHOICE COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS.

16 Varieties, Selected Hardy Annuals 2s. Gd.

30 „ „ „ „ 6 0

50 „ „ „ „ 10 0

lUO „ „ ,, „ 20 0

12 Varieties, Selected Half-hardy Annuals . . ..40
25 „ „ „ „ .... 7 6

15 „ „ „ ,. .... 16 0

100 „ „ „ „ .. ., 30 0

6 Varieties, extra selected New Annuals 1867.. ..5 0

12 „ „ , , 10 6

15 Varieties, selected Hardy Pei-onmals 3 6

25 „ „ „ , 6 G

50 „ „ „ „ 12 6

100 „ „ „ 26 0

12 Varieties, selected Half-hardy Perennials . . ..40

25 ., ,, „ ,. .... 7 6

COMPLETE COLLECTION of VEGETABLE SEEDS for

One Year's Supply, 63s., 42s., 30s., 2ls., and 10s. Crf.

Orders amounting to 21s. and upwards sent Carriage Paid.

CATALOGUE containing details of above Collections, Post Free
Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

HEODORE LOCKHART, Florist and Seedsman,

Walham Green, Fulham, S.W.,begB to offer collections of large-
flowered GERMAN STOCKS, inl2 varieties, and CHRYSANTHE-
MUM ASTERS, in 12 varieties, at 2s. (id. each ; also 24 varieties of
the most -showy hardy ANNUALS, at 3s. per dozen ; Choice CAL-
CEOLARIA, Is. and 2s. 6d. per packet ; and the BLACK PRINCE
VS^ALLFLOWER, Is. & 2s. 6d, perpckt. Post-office ordei-s requested,
payable at Walham Green. Postage stamps taken in payment.

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, &c.

r> OBERT PARKER begs to announce that his
\j CATALOGUE, containing hclect DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest i;inds in cultivation ol the above-named is now published,
and will be forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have aU
been procured from the beat possible sources, all are warranted
genuine, and are offered at the lowest possible prices. Intending'
purchasers are requested to compare the prices with those of othei
houses. Exotic Nureer>% ■Tooting, burrey, S.

New and Choice Flower Seeds.

Free bt Post or Rail.

QUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of

O FLOWER SEEDS are sent free by Post or Rail. Prices

as under : —

No. 1 Collection of the best English and German varieties,

with instructions on cultivation £2 2 0

No. 2 Collection of ditto ditto ., .. 1 11 6

No. 3 Collection of ditto ditto . . . . 110

No. 4 Collection of ditto ditto ., .. 0 15 0

No, 5 Collection of ditto ditto ., .. n 10 6

Small and useful Collections can also be had from 2s. to 73. Gd.,
free by post.

For particulars of the above, see SUTTON'S DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE, gratis and post free on application.

Sdtton &, Sons. Seed Growers. Reading,

L ILIUM AUEATTTM. —

Large Consignment just received, 2s. Crf,, 3s. Gd., fis. Qd,, and
7s. 6d. per Root. Extra large selected Bulbs, 10s. 6d., 12s. 6d., 16s.,
and 21s.

Barr & SnoDEN, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

TACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, and otlier

SPRING FLOWERS. See Wm. PAUL'S SPRING SHOW
at the Royal Horticultural Gardens, South Kensington, W., OPEN
from the 2Gth March to the 6th of April inclusive.

pOSES for FORCING.— See Wm. PAUL'S SPRING

JL \i SHOW, at he Royal Horticultural Gardens, South Kensington.

HAEBT SHRUBS for FORCING.— See '^'m. PAUL'S
SPRING SHOW, at the Kojal Hortleultm-al Gardens. South
Kensington, W.

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN. — See Wm.
PAUL'S SPRING SHOW, at tho Royal Hortioultuial
Gardens, South Kensington, W.

MALE and FEMALE AUCUBAS. in Flower and
with Berries.— See Wm. PAUL'S SPRING SHOW, at the
Royal Horticultural Gardens, South Kensington, W,

STANDARD GERANIUMS. — See "Wm. P.WL'S
SPRING SHOW, at the Royal Hoi-ticultural Gardens, South
Kensington, W.

FIFTEEN FIRST PRIZES and TWO SECOND
PRIZES were awarded to the above on the 19th nf March last.
Plants on Sale and Orders taken from the 2flth March to the
6th April; both days inclusive.

FOUR~caJNDRED and FIFTY RHODODENDRONS,
1 ft.. 16s. per 100 ; 350 AUCUBA JAPONICA, 1 ft., IGs. per
100; 150 JUNIPERS, 3-years Transplanted, 8s. per 100; 6.';0 RED
CEDARS, 3-years Transplanted, 12s. per 100; 1900 SILVER FIRS,
3-vears Transplanted. Is. per 100 ; and 200 PORTUGAL LAURELS,
1 ft., 3s, per 100.

Apply to Henry Clarke &S0K3, 30, King Street, Covent Garden,
London. W.C.

American Plants, &e.

WATERFR AND GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS

and other American Plants for this Autumn, will be ."^ent on
application. The Catalogue also gives a summary of their General
Nttrsory Stock, probably the most extensive in tbe kingdom.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

Rhododendrons.
TOHN "WATERER'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

fj of HARDT SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS is now

published, and will be forwarded on application.' It faithfully describes
the colours of the new varieties exhibited bv him at tho Royal
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. An Abridged List of popular
CONIFERS .with heights and prices, is likewise combined.

The Amencan Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey, near Sunmngdale Station,
South-Western Railway.

FINEST RHODODENDRONS. — Seedlint^s, raised
exclusively from finest named Plants, of all colours, wiil be
fi^rwarded, post free, at the following rates: — 50 2-yr. old, 3s. 6d. ;
50 l-yr. old, 2s. 6d., on receipt of Postage Stamps for the amount,
addr ssed to

Miss S. Davies, S, Merrion Square North, Dublin, Secretary to
The Bird's Nest, the Sale being for the benefit of destitute children.

FRENCH ASTERS. — TRUFFAUT'S REINE
MARGUERITE, direct from the Continent. Reino Marguerite
is the most beautiful Aster grown ; 500 seeds. Is. TRUFFAUT'S
DWARF PEONY-FLOWERING, mixed colours, 500 seeds. Is. Also,
DWARF TEN-WEEK STOCKS, extra double; .500 seeds, Gd.
Choice Double BALS.'VMS, M. per packet. All genuine imported
Seeds. Mr. Hammond, Bfdiviti Street, Salisbury.

Calceolaria Ambassador (Sang).

EDWARD SANG and SONS, Nursektjien and
Sefd MEnuANTs, Kirkcaldy, N.B., offer strong autumn struck
Plants, in single pots, of this new welt-known and universally
admirer! BEDDING-OUT CALCEOLARIA. Piice 123. per dozen.
Early orders will oblige and have their careful attention.

Tbe Trade supplied^

f^AMELLIAS, AZALEAS, and ORANGE TREES just

Vy imported from Ghent.— A quantity of fine young FRUIT
TREES. WEEPING TREES, SHRUBS, and CLIMBERS, to be
Sold very cheap ; must be cleared forthwith, the space being required
for otlier purposes. _^

R. Geeen, The Bedford Conservatories, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

Verbenas, New and OlcL
"VT7TLLIAM KNIGHT is now sending out strong

VV established Plants, m small pots, of 30 finest Varieties for
E'^hlbltors or Beddine, tor 10k. Od., package included. Terms cash.
DESCRIPTIVF, CATALOGUE free.
Floml Nui-sery, TTailHhara, Hurst Green, Susses.

Clirysantliemums, Clirysantliemums,
Chrysanthemums.

ADAM FORSYTE'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on tho Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For-
warded to all applicants for one stamp.

Brunswick Nursery, Stoke Newington, London, N.

British Fern Catalo^e.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post tree for sis postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 56 pages,
including prices of Hardv Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway. „_^__^^_^

RICHARD SMITH'S SEED CATALOGUE contains a
Calendar of Time for Sowing, particulars of Collections, with
Prices, Directions for Cropping well and economically. Soil, Manure,
Depth, Distance, Season, Hardiness. Duration, Form, Height,
Colour, Storing, Use, Flavour, and other qualities, described.

This List Free by Post or one stamp. Seeds direct from the
Growers the surest way to succes?.

Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester. . .

NEW BEDDING PLANT: IRESINE HERESTII
AUREO-RETICCLATA.— Plants of the above distinct and
beautiful variety (which obtained a First-clnss Certificate at South
Kensington last week) 'Is. Gd. each, ISs. per dozen, with usual
discount to the Trade.

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA SEED of good growing quality.
Price on application.

Thomas Crippb, The Nurseriee, Tunbridgo Wells, Kent.

Maecti 23, 1867.J

THE GAr.DENET^S' OFROmOEE ANT> AOMCTTLTTTT^AL GAZETTE.

291

BAEK & SrGDEN,

THE JtETKOrOLITAN SEED, BULB, AND PLANT
WAREnOUSE,

]2, KING STREET, COVBNT GABDEN, W.C.
♦—

FLOWER SEEDS.— Tlic licst sorts for present sowing,
as supplemental where there is a delicieney of Be^dding-
out Plants, Bent post paid, in CoUoctinns, 3j. Od., 5.v. Gii.,
7t. Sd., ids. Cd., loj., and 21s.

KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS.— Tlio best varieties in
Collections, 10s. Gd., 15s., 21s., 30.«., 42s., and 63s.

FARM SEEDS, saved from pnvo etoeks.— Mangel
Wnv7,el, Swedish Tnrnip, Yellow-flesh Turnip, White-
flcah Turnip, Carrots, Parsnip, Cabbage, iBlundcll's Cattle
Melon, Marrow, &e.

GRASS SEEDS and CLOVERS, finest sorts only, for
Laying Down Permanent Pasture on Light, Heavy, or
Medium Soils, mth or without a crop, 32s. nad 36«. per
aero.

Finest LAWN GRASS, Is. 3d. per lb.

The GUIDE to KITCHEN and FLOWER GARDEN
presented free to intending purehasors.

K'

STANDEN'S- " GARDENERS' and AMATEURS'
FRIEND." ft higlily Coneeutrated Inodorous Artificial
Manure, in all cases inducing free vigorous growth, and
promoting early maturity. This Manure is now largely
used by Nurserymen in growing pot Vines. They can
produce finer canes with it than with liquid manure, and
at a less cost, the price not being one-tenth the expense
of labour incurred in applying the latter ; and besides
this, there is not that variability in the results of the
"Gardeners' and Amateurs* Friend," as there is in those
of liquid manure. Tliis Manure is now used by the
leading exhibitors.

DiUECTiONS FOR TTst:.

FOR. PLANTS in POTS— Such as Camellias, Azaleas, Eriostemons,

Acacias, Cbrvsantliemuras, Roses, Ixoras, FranciBCcas. Alia-

mnndas, Dipladenias ; fine foliage plants, as Palms. Rhopalas,

Dracwoas, &c., anry^H plants wliicb aie booefited by Manure.

Sprinkle the Manure on the surface of the soil, in the proportion

of a large-sized table-spoonful to a, plant in a 19-inch pit. The best

time to apply the Manure to most plants is when they are startinR

Into growtlj,'but in the case of Allamandas, Dipladenias, and plants

which are apt to make too much wooii before setting for bloom, it

should not be acplied until the bloom-buds are fmrly set. Strong

growing plants, a.s Camellias, Azaleas, &c., should have several

applications during the season, at intei"vals of a few weeks, while

weak-growing plants will not require mora than one application

during the fie.^son. In applying the Manure it should not be allowed

to touch the foliage, and special care should be taken for the first

few waterings after the Manure has been applied, not to float it over

the edge of the pot.

FOR FRUIT TREES and ROSES in POTS-Suoh as Vines and
Orchard-house Trees generally.
Sprinkle the Manure upon the surface of the soil, at the rate of a
large tiLble-spoooTul to a plant in a liVinch pot, and reneat the
application several times during the season, at intervals of about a
fortnight or three weeks. Care should be observed in watering not
to float the Manure out of the pot. particulaily for the fii-st few
waterings after it has been applied. To growing Vines it should be
given as soon as they are fairly started into growth ; while to Vines
and other fruit-bearing plants in pots carrying a crop, it should be
given after the fruit is fairly set. to assist the swelling and maturing
of the crop. To Roses in pots the Manure should be given as soon
as they are fairly started into growth, and again after the buds are
set. If a second bloom is expected, a third application will be
deeirable.

For TINE BORDERS and PLANTS in the OPEN GROUND—

Such a-s Apples, Pears, Peaches, Gooseberries, Strawberries,

Standard and Dwarf Roses, Celery. Onions, Cauliflower, and all

Vegetables and Flowers which will require abondance of Manure.

Sprinkle the Manure upon the sxirface of the soil, over the roots,

at the rate of a large table-spoonful to a squaia yard, and rake or

boe it in, and repeat the application two or three times at intervals

of a few weeks. Young trees, if more inclined to make wood than to

set fruit buds, should have the Manure applied as soon as they are

feirly in leaf, or not at all ; while to trees carrying heavy crops It

should be applied later in the season, to assist in swelling and

maturing the fruit. To Vine borders it should be applied after the

fruit is stoned, watering it in, if the border is dry, and two or three

applicationsshould be given at mtervalsof about afortnight. To Roses,

apply it as aeon as they are fairly started into growth, and again after

the tirst hloom, and w.ater it in if the soil is dry. It should be given

to vegetables as soon as they are fairly started into growth, repeating

the application two or three times at short intervals.

FOR LAWNS where the GRASS DOES NOT THRIVE.

Mix the Manure with an equal quantity of dry soil or sand, and
BOW it over' the surface in showery weather, at the rate of 1 oz. to the
square yard; or, if the weather be dry, water freely two or three
times after applying the Manure.

Sold in Canisters at Is. and 29. CcZ., and in Bags, 65. Gd., 10s. Gd.,
and 2U.

The above valuable Manure may be had of the leadine Nurserymen
and Seedsmen in England, Ireland, and Scotland. The following are
mentioned as a few of the appointed Agents :—

OYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.-

SIIOW of CAMKLLIAS. HVACINTHS, and SPRING
FLOWEK.S, TUESDAY, March 19.

AWARDS of the JUDGES.
Class 1 —18 HYACINTHS, distinct. (Nursorymon.)
1st Prize Mr W. Paul, IVuVh Nur.scrics. Waltham Crnsa N. . «1 10*.
2il, MdMrira. W. Cutbush & Son. Nnrscrymou, Hlghgato, N., £1.
■Ml, Mr. W. Cutbush, .lun. Nursorymnn, Darnet, IOn. ,
Kcjuitl do., Mr. .T. Lvlrtlftiid, Albtou Nursery, Stoke Nowington, lOs.

Class 2.— 12 HYACINTHS, (t kinds. (Amateuifl.)
3d, Mr. W. Bartlett, Hhaaoabnry Road, Hainraorsmlth, IO9.

Class 3.-finVACINTnS,diHtinct. (Open). .

lat, Mr. W. Paul, M. I ^'L Mr. W. Cutbush. .Tumor, 1&8.

3d, Mr. T. Klrtland, 10s.

Class 4.-fi HYACINTHS. dlHtlnct. grown In Windows, in Pots.

(Amateurs. I

1st, Mr. .T. Beach, Gr. to C. J. Ilerrles, Ewq.. St, .Tullans, Sovenoalts, *1.

2d, Mr. W. Uartlett. lfi.«.

ri,ARs r..— 0 HYACINTHS, crowninWindowfl, in Glasaos. (Araatoura.)
1st, Mr. W. Rumsov, Waltham Crows, jEl.
3d, Mr. J. neach, i6m.

Class fl.— 6 HYACINTHS, now kinds of 1880-07. (Opon.)
lat, Mr. W. Paul. il.

Ci-Ass r.— fi NARCISSI, distinct. (Open.)
Iflt, Messrs. AV. Cutbush ft Hon, £1.
2d, Mr. W. Bartlett, Ifis.

Class 8.-12 POTS of TULIPS. 0 kinds (NurserymcnJ

ist, Mr. W. Paul. £1 10». | 2d. Messrs. W. CutbuKh & Son, £1.

Equal 2d, Mr. J. KlrLland, £1.

Cl^ss 0.— 12 rOTS of TULIPS, 4 kinds. (Amateurs.)

iRt. Mr. W. Bartlett, £1 10s.

Class 10.— CROCUSES, Colleotlon of. (Nurserymen.)
Ifit, Mr. W. Paul, 1&*.

Class U.-CROCUSES, 12 POTS Of. (Amateurs. )
1st. Mr. W. Bartlett. irvs.

Class 12.-G FORCED HARDY SHRUBS (Open.)
1st, Mr. W. Paul. £X I 2d, Mr. W. Bartlett. £2.

Class 13.-6 POTS of LTLY of the PALLET. (Open )
1st, Mr W. Howard, Gr. to J. Brand, Esq., Bedford Hilt, Balham, £1.
2d Mr T Tndman, Gr. to R. Hudson, Esq.. Clapham Common, I6s,
Equaldo..Mr.W. Paul, 15s. ^^ ^ -r, ^^ vi- » r^

.-id, Mr. VV. Cutbush, .fun . 10s. | 4th, Mr. W. Bartlett, 7s. C^d.

Class 14 —0 CHINESE PRIMULAS, various Colours. (Open.)
1st, Mr. .F. Wiggins, Gr. to W. Beck, Esq., Worton Cottage, Isle-

worth, V)S.
id, Mr. G. Fairbaim, Sion House Gardens, Isleworth, Ittt.
3d, Mr. T. Todmao, 5n.

Class 15.-3 CHINESE PRIMULAS. (Open.)
lat, Mr. J. Wiggins, lOs. 1 2d, Mr. T. Todman, 6s.

3d, Mr. G. Fairbairn, 3s. 6rf.
Class 1G.— 12 CAMELLIAS, Cut Blooms, distinct, (Open.)
lat, Mr. W. Paul, £1. j 2d, Mr. T. Todman, 15s.

Class 17.-6 CAMELLIAS in FLOWER, distinct. (Open.)
Class 18.— 3 CAMELLIAS in FLOWER, distinct. (Amateurs.)
Class 10—4 CAMELLIAS in FLOWER, distinct. ^Nurserymen.)
1st, Mr. W. Bull, Nurseryman, Chelsea, £2.

■' Class 20.— CAMELLIA, Single Specimen. (Open.)
1st, Mr. W. BuU, £1.

Class 21.— 3 GREENHOUSE ACACIAS, distinct. (Open.)
Class 22.-3 EPACRISES, distinct. (Open.)
Class 23.-6 CYCLAMENS. (Amateurs.)
1st. Mr. J. Wiggins, 15s. J 2d. Mr. G. Fairbaim, 10s.

3d, Mr. T. Todman, 5s.

Equal do., Mr. J. Butter, Gr. to B. Hooke, Esq., Morville Lodge,

Fulham, 5s.

Class 24— COLLECTION of CYCLAMENS (Open.)

1st, Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son. Wellingt:*n Nxirsery, St. John's

Wood. £1 10s.

2d, Mr. J. Wiggins, £1. I 3ri, Mr T. Todman, 10s.

First-class Certificate. Mr. J. Butter.

Class 2.-5.— MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTION of PLANTS in

FLOWER. (Open.)

1st, Mr. W. Bull, £1 10s. I 2d. Mr. W. Cutbush, Junior, £1,

3d, Mr. W. Bartlett, 10.*.
Extra, Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, for CoUecti(m of Pot

Roses, £1 10s.
Extra, Mr. W. Paul, for Collection of Hyacinths, £1 10s.
Extra, Mr. W, PiUil, for Collection of Tulips, £1.
Extra, Mr. W. Paul, for C'.llection of Narcissi. £1.
E^trs, Mr. W. Paul, for Collection of Roses, £1 10s.
Extra, Mr. W. Paul, for Collection of Cut Roses, £1.
Extra, Mr. W. Bartlett, for Collection of Spring Bulbs, 10s.
Extra. Mr. W. Bartlett, for Collection of Filmy Ferns, lOs.
Extra, Mr. W. Cutbush, Jun., for Six Pots of Mignonette, 10.?.
Extra, Mr. W. Ball, for Two Aucubas, 10s.
E.\tra, Mr. T. Todman, for Collection of Pot Roses, 10s.
Extra, Mr. T. Todman, for Collection of Small Azaleas, 10s.

GRAND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION
at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with the
SHOW of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 15, 1367, and four following Days.
Amongst various Special Prizes, amounting in value to nearly
£300, and exclusive of the ordinary Prize Schedule.
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20.
'Trill be offered by the Proprietors of the
GARDENERS* CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for the best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to be made up as follows : —
Of FRUITS, any Five of the following Eight kinds, one Dish of
each :— Grapes. Melons (2 fruits), Strawbemes, Gooseben-ies. Cur-
rants, Cherries, Raspberries, or Apples (of the crop of 186G).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of the following Fourteen kinds,
one basket or bundle of each :— PeaH, French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners), Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace). Summer
Cabbages, Early Carrots, Turnips, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rhuhai'b, Potatos, or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will be open to Competitif^n amongst Amateur or Pro-
tcssional Gardeners, of all gi-ades, with Fi-uit and Vegetables of titeir
own grotcutfj ; any article otherwise obtained will disqualify the
exhibitor.

Messrs. James, Veitcli & Sons,

Chelsea.
„ E. G. Henderson & Son,

St. John's Wood.
„ Hugh Low & Co., Upper

Clapton,
Mr. John Standish, Ascot.

J, Charles Turner, Slough.
Messrs. James Carter & Co., High

Holbom.
„ Downie.Laird&Laing.Forest

Hill and Edinburgh.
,, Hooper& Co.. Covenl Garden
„ J. & C, Lee. Hammersmith.
„ B. S. Williams, Paradise

Nursery, Holloway.
„ W. Dean, Bradford.
„ C. FeUon, Erdington, Bir-
mingham.
„ S. May, Leeds.
„ W. Dillistone, Hedinghoni.

E^sex.

Mr. F. G. Godwin, Sheffield.

„ J. Scott, Yeovil, Somerset.

„ J. J. Chater, Cambridge.

., Charles H. Dickson, Man-
chester.

,, R, Dean, Ealing.

„ William Cutb'ish, Bamet.

„ Macintosh, Hammersmith.

„ W. Barnes. Camberwell,

„ George Davies, Nursery-
man, Old Swan, Liverpool.

„ Richard Smith,Worcf8ter.

„ Cooling, Derby.
Messrs. Smith & Son, Aberdeen.

„ John Kearsley & Sons,
Leeds.

„ Jackson & Son, Kingston-
on-Thames.

„ Dickson it Brown, Man-
chester.

„ J. & W. Shaw, Swansea.

„ Stuart & Mein, Kelso.

SATURDAY, MAIICK 2S, 1867.

MEETINGS rOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

( Royal Horticultural (Mr. Wni. PauVs

TuBBDAT, March

Lecture on Spring Flowersj, at South
K«n8in^u 3 P.M

"^(Djtto (Mr. Wm. Paul's Exhibition of
SiTn,».T7 April 6l SpriuB Flowers), at ditto.

31, ( Ditto. (D!

TrESDAY,

HXTCBDAT, Mai«h ;

Masters' Lecture on Plant
Architecture), at ditto S P.M,

BAER AND SUGDEN,
12, King Street, Ccvcnt Garden, 'V^.C.

The Florai, Campaign of 1867, -srhich, as far
as the metropolis is concerned, began on Tuesday
last at South Kensington, and in the Scottish
capital on the following day, has opened under
conditions brilliant and pleasant enough, so far
as the array of flowers in-doors was concerned,
but finding a disagreeable contrast in the war of
the elements which for the greater part of the time
raged on the outside; blinding snow-flakes, biting
easterly -winds, and pitilessly pelting sleet storms,
havinghad complete ascendancyintheouter-nrorld.

Ijet UB hope that trao to its proverbial character,
tho present month, ha-ving spent its fury, may
in tho end become poaooablo and lamblike, and
that such a change for the better in tho condition
of March weather may typify moro gonial days
for flower Shows diu'ing tho rest of the season.

Tho leading foatiu'o of the exhibitions of
flowers hold at this season of tho year is usually
presented by Dutch bulbs, and that of Tuesday
was no exception to tho rule, though these were
supplemented by a charming display of T'l-imnlas,
Roses, Cyclamens, Lilies of the Valley, and such
liko spring flowers. Tho Hyacinths sho-wu by
growers for salo woro especially fine ; those whic^
formed the principal pi-izo group, furnished by
Mr. W. PattIj, being maiToUous examples of high
cultivation, quite ecUpsing thoadmirablo examples
showm in previous years, both by himself and
by his principal opponent, Mr._ CiiTBUSTr, who
on this occasion was completely distanced. There
was observablo in those -winning flowers that
■vigour of growth, that richness of colouring,
that symmetry of spike, that boldness of " pip,"
and altogether that perfection of finish, which,
while it delights tho eye of the critical cultivator,
never fails to charm tho admu'ing -visitor. Tho
details of the display of bulbs will be found at
p. 29.5, but we may in this place refer to some
remarkable novel Hyacinths, also from the
collection of Mr. W. Paul, which attracted much
observation. Foremost amongst them on^ the
score of quality was one named Blondin, a silver
grey, quite a novel colour am.ong these flowers,
being many shades paler than the lightest
of the grey-blues pre-viously gro-wn, the tmt-
iag, pale though it is, being rather of violet
than of azTtre. This excellent variety has
a , remarkably bold spike, and the individual
flowers, or "pips," are large, smooth, and well
recurved, just thick enough to stand closely, but
■without crowding, on the spike, which is thiis
rendered complete and perfect. It is perhaps m
quality, taking all poiats into -view, the finest
Hyacinth known. Prince Albert Victor is
another acquisition of sterling merit, not quite
so bold in character as Blondin, but equally
smooth in the flowers, which form a close symme-
trical spike, and are of a rich sanguineous tint,
■with a darker streak on each segment. Another
called Linnceus, a rich magenta crimson, is most
attractive in colour, but like the bright-coloured
Vuurbaak of last year (generally mis-spelt
Vunxbaak, but properly Vuurbaak, or Pire-
beacon) has the fault of crowding in the spike,
and of incurving at the tips of the too narrow
segments, which gives undesirable roughness to
the spike; these qualities, however, seem at
present to be inherent in the class of high-
coloured reds. Prince Albert Victor being a
notable exception. Linnteus -will, we doubt
not, find many admirers on account of its
brilliant colour. A fourth very distinct sort,
valuable on that very ground, though not per-
fectly novel, was named Lord Shaftesbury ; it is
a white, and has probably the largest bells of any
Hyacinth— bells, too, of iine shape and substance,
presenting a grand and noble appearance ; but
like those of most of the larger-flowered sorts,
hanging rather too thinly on the stem. These
four, -with the acquisitions of last year, show
that the Dutch bulb raisers are moving onwards
■with the age, though the rearing of new
Hyacinths for the market is slow and tedious
work for them.

To-day the Royal Botanic Society holds its
first Spring Show, and Mr. Cutbush opens a
grand Exhibition of Bulbs at the Crystal
Palace; while on Tuesday next Mr. TV. Paul
inaugurates his fortnightly Show of Spring
Flowers at the Eoyal Hortictdtural^ Gardens.
Thus the floral campaign has opened in earnest,
and exhibitors wiU now have little rest till the
Show season is over. Fortunately for them, as
also for sight-seers, it closes early in London,
but it is a hard fight while it lasts, and none
should grudge the -winners either their honours
or their rewards, ^___

It may, we think, be laid do^wn as a principle
in gardening, that, §iven a certain average
amount of care and skill, tho reputation of the
gardener vnll be maintained and enhanced m
direct proportion to the success with which ho
carries out some one or more special objects.
In private gardens or in smaU estabUshments
this combination of general good management,
with more than average exceUence in some one
or more departments, is.'not infrequent, fit i"!
the case of large pubUc establishments, like the
Botanic Gardens at Eew, the Annual Report

292

THE GARDMEES' CHEONICLE Am iGRICULTlTEAL GAZETTE.

[Maeoh 23, 1867.

concerning which we published last week (see
p. 266), or Glasnevin, or Edinburgh, not only is
a high general standard of excellence demanded,
but also special attention to a great number of
matters which do not come within the scope of
ordinary gardens. If success be obtained in
such cases, large is the merit, great the honour.

A garden such as those we have mentioned
should present an epitome (in so far as it is prac-
ticable) of all departments of Botany" and
Horticulture — scientifio, practical, and Eesthetic
or_ ornamental. Obviously, in a scientific
point of view, the aim should be high,
because no private or small establishment
is capable of carrying out the desired ends
except on a very small scale. Under this head
may be included the cultui-e of such plants as
afford good illustrations of the ordinary
floral structure and conformation ; and if in
such a garden examples of the general structure
of flowers be desirable, how much the more
requisite is it that those unusual and often most
instructive forms, which the student is not likely
to be able to procure for himself, should be
included ? A similar remark of course applies in
the case of systematic botany ; selected speci-
mens of as many of the great groups as possible
should be grown, and as a rule it would be
better to have a large number of the main
groups fairly illustrated than to have a small
number of sections with very numerous
illustrations of each. This multiplication
of individuals of one family is laudable
enough in the case of small establishments,
where it may not be possible to have repre-
sentatives of many families ; but even then
the disproportionate representation of some one
or two families gives rise to a false impression
as to their numerical importance and value.
Under this head, too, may be discussed the
geographical distribution of plants. Not only
is it desirable for botanical purposes that an
attempt should be made to arrange plants
according to the regions whence they come, but
much general interest is thereby excited. Many
who know little about botany or horticulture,
yet have their attention arrested by well-arranged
groups of Australian or Japanese, of arctic or
of tropical plants. Question some of the more
intelligent sightseers who visit Kew for instance,
and inquii-e what departments strike them most,
and in most cases it will be found that the
greatest gratification is derived from those por-
tions where some principle of arrangement, other
than those of mere convenience of grouping, is
followed — for instance, the Succulent House.
What an excellent idea is there conveyed of the
vegetation of hot, dry countries. What a repro-
duction of one of those " aspects of Nature" on
which Humboldt loved to dwell! And on a
smaller scale, and in a less degi-ee, the houses
devoted to the Begonias, the Heaths, the Mesem-
byanthemums, &c. Here are chapters on
systematic and geographical botany illustrated
far more completely than in any book. To a
great extent then, it is obvious, notably so in
the case of Ferns, that the scientific and the
sesthetic portions go hand in hand.

The difiiculties in the way of getting together
even a tolerably complete collection of wild
plants seem only to be exceeded by the difficulty of
keeping them when they have been obtained,
and from the many failures we have seen in
various gardens in the attempt to illustrate oui-
national flora, we should be inclined to advocate
the abandonment of the attempt, except in so far
as illustrations of the orders are concerned. In
connexion, however, with wild plants, there is one
thing that would be as well, if not better, carried
out in a small establishment as in a large one —
the proving of specific forms. Cultivation often
obliterates the distinction between so-called
species, or at other times it confirms their
independence. Still, as a general rule, the study
of wild plants can be better carried on in the field
or in the herbarium, than in the garden.

"Economic plants," those which minister
directly to the wants and luxuries of mankind,
should be as fuUy represented as possible. The
collection at Kew is already attractive to visitors,
but is on a scale too small to be commensurate with
the intrinsic importance of the subject, or to be in
due proportion to the other departments of the
garden. This deficiency is to some extent com-
pensated for by the extent and excellence of the
Museums, which furnish the best answers that
can be given to the cui bono class of people. It is
only to be i-egretted that the collections cannot
be massed into one large building, instead of

being scattered over three. There are other
points in connection with the special relations of
botanic gardens to horticulture and to physio-
logical science that we must leave for the
present, in the hope of soon reverting to them.

We are requested to bring under the notice of

our readers the fact that the Municipality of the City
of Paeis has recently decided that a number of young
men shall be received as Pupils in its Hokticul-
TUKAL Establishments, where provision is made
for that purpose. Students should have some slight
knowledge of practical horticulture, and should not be
less than 18 years of age. They must be of ^ood
character, and will have to conform to the regulations
of the establishment, and will be allowed remuneration
for their work at the rate of 65 francs a month. The
arrangements are so framed that each pupil will be
enabled to study all branches of plant culture. Appli-
cation should be made before the 1st of March in each
year, or in the case of the present year before the
31st inst., to M. Alphand, Ingenieur en Chef, Avenue
d'Eylau 137, Paris.

. — - We have been favoured by a correspondent
with the following account of the Impeeial
Botanic Gaeden of St. Peteesbuegh -.—After
the death of Gael Aston Meyee, Dr. Fischee's
successor in the direction of the Imperial Botanic
Garden, the duties of the office were divided
between two persons, a scientific Director, Dr.
Eegel, to whom the strictly botanical department
and technical operations were confided, and an official
Director, Baron Kustee, who conducted the financial
and administrative business ; and over them both was
a general chief, at first Count Peeowski, and after-
wards Councillor VON Meyendoeef. At Meyen-
dohff's death, in 1864, he was replaced by M.
Teautvettee, well known for his botanical labours,
and who had been many years at the head of the
University of Kieff, and afterwards of the Agricultural
Institute of Gorki. As the previous division of labour
and double direction had been found to work very
badly. Baron KusTEE's place was suppressed, and the
whole administration placed in the hands of M. Teaut-
vettee, with Dr. Regel as scientific Director under
him. Teautvettee then proceeded to remodel the
whole establishment, and a body of new regulations
received the Imperial sanction in November, 1866.
Under this new organisation the entire management is
under the control of the Director, " His E.xcellency the
Conseiller d'Etat actuel and Chevalier von Teaut-
vettee." He is to have under him three botanists in
chief; one for Plant Cultivation, a second for Syste-
matic Botany, the third for the Glyptological Depart-
ment (!) Underthem there are three botanists or conser-
vators, and a librarian, besides a secretary or clerk for the
correspondence and accounts, a house steward, and the
requisite number of foremen and gardeners. Dr. Regel
is one of the botanists in chief; and as at the present
moment the money is not yet forthcoming for the
salaries of the other tw'o, Dr. Regel has in the interim
to do the duties of the three. The garden is large, with
a considerable range of plant houses, very good
Director's house, &c. ; and there is likewise a very rich
herbarium and botanical library quite distinct from
those of the Imperial Academy, which are at a con-
siderable distance from the garden, in the heart of the
town.

The King of Belgium has, we learn, just

honoured M. Jacob Makoy, the well-known horti-
culturist of Lifege, with the Cross of the Knights of
the Order of Leopold.

We learn that Mr. Wm. Paul has consented

to deliver a short lecture on Spring Flowers on
Tuesdav next, the 26th inst., in connection with his
exhibition of early flowering plants, which, as else-
where mentioned, is to be opened to the public in the
gardens of the Society at South Kensington on that day.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

AntHUEIUM PEDATIFIDUM.— Oartetijlora, t. 501.
Orontiacece. A fine-leaved stove perennial, belonging
to the group Schizopleurum of Schott, and allied to A.
pedato-radiatura. It has a very short stem, and elongated
terete leaf-stalks supporting large laminas which are
roundish reniform in circumscription, and pedately
divided beyond the middle into from 9 to 11 segments,
which are narrow lanceolate, acuminate, and entire. The
peduncle is much shorter than the leaf-stalk, and the
spathe lance-shaped, green. Native of Brazil, whence it
was introduced by JI. Linden. Flowered in the St.
Petersburgh Botanic Garden.

Bletia HY'ACINTHINA albo-steiata.— ffaj-feis-
Jfora, t, 527. Orcbidacea3, The species is well known
as a highly ornamental greenhouse perennial, bearing
rich carmine purple flowers. The present variety
differs in having the leaves elegantly striped with
white. Introduced from Japan by Dr. Siebold. Flowered
by M, Laurentius, of Leipsig.

Camellia Mes. Dombeain.— i'JflKs<ra<joB Sorf.,
t. 488; Floral 3Iag., t. 330. Ternstromiaceaj. A rather
distinct-looking and pretty variety, with flowers of a
delicate pink colour, paler at the edges of the petals,
which latter are small and neatly imbricated, but
become rather too long and pointed in the centre of
the flower. The leaves are pointed, and often unequal-
sided. Raised in Belgium by M. Van Eeckaute,
Flowered by M, A, Versohaffelt.

Cypeipedium CAUDATUM. — Warner's Select Orchid.
Fl., 2ser., 1. 1. Orcbidaceae. A very fine figure of a most
curious Orchid, more highly coloured than usual,
especially in the lip, which is richly stained with
reddisb-purple. Native of the Andes of South
America. Flowered by W. Marshall, Esq,

Dalechampia Roezliana rosba.— Garteitflora,

t. 532. Euphorbiacea!, Of this remarkable plant,
which has been fully noticed at p, 236, a characteristic
figure is given in Dr, Eegel's work above quoted. It
is said to require a temperate stove, and a compost of
rich earth,

EupATOEIUM EIPAEIUM, — Gartenflora, t, 525,
CompositaB, A rather pretty sub-shrubby half-hardy
or cool greenhouse plant, growing from 1 to 2 feet high,
with opposite oblong-lanceolate, stalked, coarsely-
toothed leaves, and terminal corymbs of many small
roundish capitules of white flowers. Of easy cultiva-
tion, and flowers freely in May. Supposed to be of
American origin. Flowered in the St, Petersburgh
Botanic Garden,

Hemekocallis FULVA Kwanso, — Oartenfiora,
t, 500, Liliacese, This fine hardy ornamental herba-
ceous perennial, introduced by Siebold, and grown in
gardens under the name of H. Kwanso flore-pleno, is
merely a variety of H. fulva, with the leaves more
or less distinctly marked with white stripes, and
the tawny-red flowers filled out with a tuft of smaller
petaloid segments in the centre. It blooms in July,
and is a good acquisition amongst hardy perennials.
Native of Japan. Flowered at the Botanic Garden of
St, Petersburgh.

Htdeangea paniculata floeibunda.— Gorfen-
flora, t. 530. Hydrangeacea;. A fine deciduous shrub,
as hardy as H. Hortensia, growing froni 8 to 12 feet
high, and having opposite (or in threes) ovate-
oblong, acute, scabro-pubescent leaves, and lateral
cymes of white flowers, disposed in a great terminal
leafy panicle a foot long or more, consisting of openly
arranged small white star-shaped fertile flowers,
intermixed throughout with sterile ones, more than an
inch across, consisting of four or five (rarely three)
elliptic-orbicular sepals. The pyramidal outline of the
inflorescence must render this a very elegant and
sho(vy plant. Introduced from Japan, where it was
found by M. Maximowicz in a nursery garden.
Flowered in the St. Petersburgh Botanic Garden.

Oncidium seeeatum. — Bot. Mag., t. 5633.
Orchidacese. A fine stove epiphyte belonging to the
Cyrtochilum section, and having taU oval two-leaved
pseudobulbs, rigid acute leaves narrowed to the
base, and twining flower scapes 8 to 10 feet long,
supporting the rather lax many-flowered panicle. The
flowers are large, the parts all chocolate brown, tipped
and margined with yellow, the sepals crisped and
serrated, the upper one kidney-shaped, the lateral ones
much elongated, the petals ovate acute and connivent,
and the lip small and hastate. It is the 0, diadema of
Linden, and requires moderately cool treatment.
Native of Peru, Flowered by the Bishop of
Winchester,

Pelargonium (Zonal) Miss Maetin, — Floral
Mag. t, 332, Geraniacese. This is a line-looking
va^iet3^ described as of dwarf, vigorous, free-blooming
habit. The leaves are somewhat lobed, and heavily zoned
with deep brown, and the flowers are large and well-
formed, rosy-pink with a small white eye. Raised by
Mr, Groom, of Ipswich.

Pelaegonium (Zonal) Village Maid. — A plate
of this novel variety has been issued by the raiser.
The leaves are obscurely lobed, and marked with a
heavy dark brown zone. The flowers are in bold
trusses thrown well up, and are individually large, well-
formed, and attractively coloured, the ground-colour
being a clear rosy-pink, the effect of whicli is heightened
by alarge and abruptly defined blotch of pure white at
the base of the two upper petals. Raised by Mr.
W. Paul, of Waltham Cross.

Platyckatee aeguta. — Oarten/tora, t. 516.
HydrangeaceaB. An erect, branching, hardy shrub,-
growing 3 feet high, with stalked oval-lanceolate sharply-
serrated leaves, and terminal corymbs of four-pctaled
white flowers, not of a very showy character. Native
of Japan, Flowered in the St, i?etersburgh Botanic
Garden,

Saecanthus eeinaceus.— io?. Mag., t. 5630.
Orchidacefe. A very pretty small-flowered stove
epiphyte, with oblong ligulate, distichous leaves, and
axillary pendent flower spikes, of which the rachis is
red and hairy, as are the ovaries; the flowers are
about half an inch broad, numerous on the spikes,
white with a prettily rose-tinted lip. It has borne tbe
garden names of Aerides rubrum and dasypogon, and
was to have bad that of Sarcanthus Stowellianus, had
not the above designation had the precedence by earlier
publication. Native of Moulmein. Flowered at Kew.

VaNDA Lowii. — Warner's Select Orchid. Fl., t. 4.
Orchidacese. A capital figure of a very singular and
noble plant, whose flower-stems are sometimes 10 or
12 feet long. One of its great peculiarities is the
dimorphism of its flowers, the two basal ones being
quite dissimilar to the rest. This is not accidental, as
the dissimilarity always occurs ; nor is it functional as
the two kinds of flowers, which differ in shape and
colour, have been fertilised each by tbe other, and have
always produced ripe fruits. Native of Borneo.
Flowered by R. Warner, Esq.

RIVAL SYSTEMS OF GRAPE GROWING,

Mb. Cannell is to arms again, sounding his lOOZ.
trumpet. He thinks that the hurricane from Gopsall
Hall must have exhausted my electricity, and after
waiting for me a whole fortnight, he has been obliged,
lame and reluctantly, to attempt another sortie from
his own swampy redoubt, after a lull on his part of
about four weeks. In coming to his rescue the argu-
ment which Mr. Sage brings forward will not stand
fire, Mr, Sage grudges us the very ordinary method
of lengthening our rods by a yearly advance of about
2 feet. How otherwise are we to get our rods to the
top of the house ? Mr, Meredith once told me that he
did not always get his best bunches from off leading
shoots, and my own experience, though much more
limited, has taught me the same lesson.

Maech 23, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CTTRONTCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZEHE.

293

The number of prizes taken by Mr. Henderson, of
Cole Orton Hull, is not sufficient proof that he should
on this account be admitted the best authority on
Grape-growing in the kingdom. Had all the fine
Grapes in the country been brought forward for com-
petition at the places where Mr. Henderson showed
his and had he then maintained the lirst position, we
eho'uld have readily granted him the position which Mr.
Sage claims for him ; but there are many line Grapes
in the country which never appear on a provincial or a
raetropohtau exhibition table. It is notvery diUicult
to point to some celebrated e-K-gardeners, who made it
almost a rule to send fruit wherever there was the
chance of a reasonable prize, and in event of better fruit
not being there, the prize was secured— much after
the manner of a poor but scheming traveller, of whom
I have road and who made his way through a country in
Asia, by selling bread-and-water pills. He first came
to the conclusion that in all cases of illness the
patients either died or recovered ; that if they died
there could be no help for it, and that in the case of a
recovery he got the credit, and his pills consequently i
maintained a reputation sufficient for his purpose.

The extending system of Mr. Henderson, of Cole
Orton Uall, must be a very limited extending system ,
indeed, and unfit to be held up to us an example.
In a leading article in the Oardeiiers' Chronicle
<see p. 1137, 18GC), our attention is drawn to a Vine j
at Santa Barbara, m California, the stock of which is
stated to be 10 feet in circumference, while the
branches are trained on a trellis GO feet in diameter,
and the crop, consisting of several thousand bunches,
has been estimated to yield 18,000 lb. of fruit. Although
we are cautioned as to the amount of credence we are
to put in the existence of this enormous Vine, it is
nevertheless held up to us as an example of the natural
■development of the Grape Vine, and by the same
principle we are equally at liberty to use it by way of
drawing comparisons between the restrictive and
extending systems of management. Hence we are
obliged to look upon the extending system as practised
at Cole Orton Hall, from a point similar and quite !vs
ridiculous, when compared to the Vine at Santa
Barbara, as that of the frog in " Jisup's Fables " which
tried to distend itself to the size of the ox.

Mr. Cannell wishes to dispel my doubts a.s to the
adaptation of large Vines fur earl.v forcing, and gives as
his opinion that they are " decidedly better" May and
June are not very early, but for the sake of argument,
we will suppose that Mr. Cannell with his extending
system can bring to bear suflicient interest to pro-
cure for him the management of one of the large
Vines. Let it either be that at Finchley, Cumberland
Lodge, or Hampton Court. The first year I will ask
him to ripen the Grapes in June, the next in May, the
next in April, and the last four years in March. The
latter is what in gardening is really called forcing, and
I shall require Sir. Cannell to guarantee that at the
end of the seven years' forcin};. he should leave the
Vine in the same healthy condition as when he took
to it. Observe, my reason for asking for one of those
large Vines is to enable Mr. Cannell to substantiate
the theory which he has advanced by practice, and in
the aid of science is it unreasonable to expect that
such a request should be granted ?

My carrying Grapes on poles up and down the
country appears to have taken the attention of
Mr. Cannell, and elicited from him some considerable
amount of approbation, for the co-credit of which he
fancies he sees in my system of management something
approaching so near to his theory (not his practice)
that he has a right to pass down to posterity through
the gardening world tacked to the tails of my coat.
I should have thought that Mr. Cannell, after having
entered the higher ranks of the nursery trade, would
have had no desire to cling so tenaciously to the tails
of one of the " blue apron order."

None of my Vines are yet five years planted. The
first six bunches formerly alluded to, and weighing
36 lb., were cut from one Vine exactly two and a-half
years after planting. The following year I had on the
same Vine more bunches, and similar weights. This
year, and also on the same Vine, I allowed an excess of
bunches, which resulted in somewhat lighter weights
of the bunches individually, although upon the aggre-
gate there was a greater weight of fruit than I ever
had before on the Vine. Some of these bunches were
grown on leading shoots, and the others on laterals.
There are in this house U other Vines. These
Grapes were ripe in November, but I had to keep
them until the 17th of January last, which no doubt
detracted considerably from their original weights.

If there can be any further proof required of the
lameness of the theory of Mr. Cannell and his philo-
sophical coadjutor " Stet," it is to be found in their
attacks on long-acknowledged good principles. But
the former, when he had the chance, failed ; and the latter
holds forth nothing of his own to substantiate the cause
he has, in such a hap-hazard sort of way, leaped into, and
taunts me with making the common error of opposing a
meritorious innovation. " Stet," I hope, understands
that I do not wish to oppose his meritorious innova-
tion, but before adopting it I must have conclusive
proof that it is really a meritorious innovation ; and
both "Stet" and Mr. Cannell may find opportunities
enough to test their young idea, without advising me
to gratify their whim by disturbing my hitherto
successful Vines. JFm. Miller, Combe Abhey Gardens.

LETTERS FROM PARIS.-No. III.

As for bouquets, and the materials of flower-shops
generally, so far as I have yet seen, they do not present
much plant interest beyond what may be seen in
Covent Garden. In most of them you notice Yuccas,
Dracaenas, and young Palms for sale, as well as flowers,
attesting how thoroughly the French people are awake
to beauty of form. I hope these will soon be offered

cheap by English nurserymen. As for flowers, there
seems to bo a great run upon a few kinds, or at least so
it has been for the past six or eight weeks. The usual
spring bulbs of the English forcing garden are to be seen,
with a great quantity of forced Lilac, and particularly
of white Lilac. Primroses and hardy spring flowers
gcnerallymeet with much favour, but the Violet— /«
I'ioletlK— is the darling. The flower-shop windows are
rich with its two, wide barrows in the streets are
covered with it, the very street seems full of its
fragrance betimes. Some buy large rich bunches as
wide as a tea-saucer, while old flower-women divide
the larger bunches into very small ones, to suit poor
purchasers, putting a couple of Snowdrops, a Cycbi-
men or two, or Primrose, or some other flower in the
centre of each little bunch.

I have not here .seen any of those ridiculous bunches
of Everlastings and Grasses which have been sold in
some London seed shops during recent winters, the
"Everlastings" of wliich are mostly Marigolds,
Geraniums, and Double Zinnias, &c., starched into an
ugly persistency by some valueless process, and the
Grasses mostly of a weedy type. Very few would
appear to know anything about the beauty, the extra-
ordinary beauty that may be made by a combination of
the best of both. The Parisians use but a few kinds—
the old Stipa and the fairy-like Agrostis nebulosa, with
one or two more; but they arrange these in bunches
almost as graceful as the tail of a bird of paradise. As
for the Everlastings I have met with none worth
speaking of. The quantity of the flowers of the sand
Gnaphalium that is here woven into wreaths, or
immortelles, for placing on and about the tombs in the
cemeteries is something astounding. Next to seeing
the contents of a hundred morgues " laid out," the
great spread of decaying Everlastings is the most
ghastly sight. They hang them on the poor little
wooden crosses, they pile them inside on the covered
tombs, they hang them on the few green bushes, they
sling them under little spans of glass placed purposely
over many tombs to protect the immortelles from the
weather, and in every other way, till in every part, and
particularly the part where the second and third class
departed are buried, there is scarcely anything to be
seen but Everlastings in every stage of decay, the coup
d'ceil being most depressing to anybody used to green
English or Irish churchyards. The way the poorer
people, or the third class, "bury their dead out of
their sight" here is the most business-like mode of
sepulture I have yet seen. A wide trench is cut,
wide enough to hold two rows of coffins placed
across it, and 100 yards long or so ; here they
are stowed in rapidly one after another, just as
nursery labourers lay in stock "by the heels," only
much closer, because there is no earth between each
coffin, aud wherever the coffins (they are very like
soap-boxes, only somewhat less substantial) happen to
be short, so that a little space is left between the two
rows, those of children are placed in lengthwise
between them to economise space ; the whole being done
exactly as a natty man would pack together turves or
Jlushrooiu spawn bricks. This is ihe fosse commune,
or grave of the humbler class of people, who cannot
afl'ord to pay for the ground. I am not certain whether
they are converted into an artificial manure after
the lapse of a short time, but by some means or other
the ground is soon prepared for another crop. On this
principle, "the rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep "
but a very short time in their last bed, and there is a
very wide diflerence indeed between "sickle and crown "
in Pere la Chaise. But do excuse the divergence — I
must not stray away from vegetable tissue, though I
could relate some things quaint and interesting.

The Chestnut tree which comes in leaf and
flower before its fellows in the garden of the Tuileries
(ie Marronnier du vinc/t Mars, as the French call it),
came out earlier than usual, though for its own
sake it is to be hoped it will be cautious and slow about
it, for the wind in Paris during the past week or
two has been a sharp and attenuated variety of
that known to the Iri.sh as " fit to cut the pearl of a
blind piper's eye." And snow has fallen often here of
late, so that I begin to thinkthat any of your readers who
come to the opening of the Exhibition, may require
a layer or two over the clothing usually required at
flower shows. If there be any bouquets here better or
as well made as those in Covent Garden I have as yet
failed to discover them. I notice the Spiraea or Hoteia
japonica forced a good deal in the flower shops, and
need hardly tell your readers what a pretty thing it is
for that purpo.se — it is much better suited for forcing
than for the herbaceous border in England generally.
On the whole the French display very much better
taste in arranging their plants than we do. Of course I
have had little opportunity of judging of this, compared
with what I shall have by-and-by, but you can see it even
in the way they utilise the common Ivy. It is used very
extensively to make rather wide and neat edgings to
the borders, &c., in the gardens round the Louvre and
many others, and also in several other ways, notably to
cover with dense green sheets the iron railings. Thus
about Passy and in other neighbourhoods some of the
iron railings in front of houses and gardens are closely
but densely sheeted over with Ivy, except the tops of
the spikes, and this forms an agreeable wall of verdure
along the boulevards where it occurs, while it may also
be useful in keeping out the heavier rushes of dust in
summer to some extent, and altogether I think it is a
custom which might be well adopted in suburban
gardens about London. I expect a Kreat treat in Lilacs
by-and-by : they grow the Lilac very largely, training,
pruning, and thinning it as carefully as you would a
favourite Pear tree. You see it in abundance in the
State gardens, trained into low globular-headed half-
standnrd bushes, every shoot distinct and with a fat
flower bud at its apex.

The works at the Exposition are progressing
rapidly, but the grounds are scarcely in condition to

describe, tliough some of your readiMs may liavo long
ago read descriptions of them with the lisli gliding about
in aquariums that were not then even moist. I may
however safely say the permanent or out-door features
of thogiirdeningpart of thisgreat Exhibition will be both
interesting, beautiful, and instructive, quite indepen-
dent of anything that may bo sent to the consecutive
shows. There is quite an exhibition of glass structures
nearly finished — 20 in all, from handsome large con-
servatories to plant and propagating houses. But the
whole will not bo seen in perfection for two months
to come. Jy. R.

MOIST AND DRY AIR.

I WISH, in reverting to this subject, to protest
against the advice given by some one that practical
men should confine themselves solely to practical
matters. Take the general destruction of Broccoli by
the late frosts, an intensely practical matter that,
surely. What of the causes of that destruction ?
These may have to be sought for deep in the earth
beneath or high in the heavens above, or possibly
in the nature and properties of the light or heat of the
sun himself. Now, who is to reveal these hidden
causes ? The question has virtually been answered in
your columns. The man of science, who is able to bring
the sun.himself to book, and weigh, measure, or separate
its lij^ht and heat for the instruction or amusement of
admiring thousands at the Royal or kindred Institu-
tions. These experiments are very striking, and it is
impossible to over-estimate their value. They are
almost sublime in their daring temerity, and reach
to nearly mathematical demonstrations in the cumu-
lative certainty of their results.

But their practical application is quite a different
matter. And who is to apply them ? Can the previous
education of the Professors or their studious habits
inform them whether Broccoli can be rendered hardier,
or whether skilful culture can enable plants to resist
or modify the tremendous energies of such natural
forces as heat or cold ? The charge of ignorance cuts
both ways. But why make it at all ? 'Po unlock the
hidden mysteries of life, to unravel the still tangled
skein of influences by which the sun quickens, clothes,
moves, and beautifies the earth, is surely labour enough
for the highest science and the lowliest practice.
Neither will such work ever be accomplished until the
labours of all classes of workers are thankfully received
into Truth's common storehouse. Practical men
must be welcomed into the walks of science, and
scientific men invited into the plodding fields of prac-
tice. If possible the qualities that distinguish each
should be combined in both, for as a rule the purely
scientific man does not sufficiently appreciate practical
difficulties, nor the plodding practical man make
enough allowance for altered conditions, while both are
too prone to exalt their own special pursuit at the
expense of its complementary parts. Both science and
practice suffer grievous loss in this way, and neither
can make the progress that it might and should unless
heartily united in sympathy and aim. As from our
limited powers this union is not always possible in the
same person, perhaps the next best thing is that they
should be united through the same medium, and I
know of none iDetter than the Gardeners' Chronicle for
this purpose. Practical to the backbone, and scientific
to the core, the votaries of science and practice may
here freely meet on common ground for mutual gain.

Having thus claimed the right of practical men to
intermeddle with all knowledge, I pass on at once to
the subject under discussion— the relative powers of
dry aiid moist air as conservers of heat. Of course the
terms are not used in an absolute sense. Perfectly dry,
and absolutely saturated air are seldom or never found
in our climate. Neither is it my intention carefully to
indicate any particular amount of moisture. My
object is not to measure its volume, but to estimate its
force. One can hardly fail to note in passing, how-
ever, the small ijroportion that the aqueous vapour of
the air bears to the whole mass of the atmosphere. Of
100 parts of atmospheric air over 99i are gases, and only
a part of i per cent, is vapour of water. And yet
this suffices to water the earth, and to regulate and
modify its warmth. Whether water is looked upon as
tending most to the husbanding or dispersion of caloric,
none can doubt its ceaseless activity and mighty
power. It is constantly disturbing or restoring the
balance between heat and cold. Sometimes it appears
as a warming agent. Streams of hot brine, freighted
with tropical heat, lave our coasts and leave their
warmth behind them. Or hot drops come tumbling
down from warm strata of air, and carry their warmth
down into the earth's cold bosom. Or the heat that
carried the water forth, is set free to warm the air. Or
it may be, that the water itself is spread out like a
transparent or visible screen to hinder the heat of the
sun from being dissipated through space during the
night. Or water may give out the heat that it has
stored up in the summer to temper the rigour of winter.
On the other hand, water becomes a cooling power
by placing itself between ns and the sun, and
shutting out a large portion of his energy.
Or it descends from cold regions of the air,
and carries the cold down with it into the earth. It
may also impress all the heat it can find on the surface
of the earth, to lift itself up again into the air, thus
cooling it by evaporation. It comes down upon every
cold surface, and renders it still colder by its conden-
sation as dew, or refrigeration as hoar frost, or by its
energy as a radiant. Possibly also it may absorb part
of the energy of the sun's rays on their passage
through it as invisible vapour, as well as shut them
back by its thicker curtain of clouds. It seems almost
certain that water W more of a cooling than a heating
power. Professor Tyndall says, at page .■500, of Heat as
a Mode of Motion, that "No doubt can be entertained
that the extraordinary energy of water as a radiant nt

294

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 23, 1867.

all its states of aggregation (the italics are his), must
play a powerful part ia a mountain region. As vapour
it pours its heat into spase, and promotes condensa-
tion; as liquid it pours its heat into space, and pro-
motes congelation ; as snow it pours its heat into space,
and thus converts the surfaces on which it falls into
more powerful condensers than they otherwise would
Ije." Of the numerous properties of water, not the
least important is this extraordinary power which it
possesses of discharging the motion of heat upon the
interstellar ether. And hence one might be tempted
to infer, the more water in any given atmosphere the
greater the amount of heat dispersed and of cold
induced. But not so Tyndall. He contends that the
freedom of escape does not take place at the surface of
the earth. The aqueous vapour prevents it. It
absorbs the heat and radiates it down again to the
surface. Instead of becoming a source of cold, the
vapour becomes a husbander of warmth, and "its
removal for a single summer's night would be attended
by the destruction of every plant which a freezing
temperature would kill," (page 397.) Perhaps the two
views upon the influence of aqueous vapour upon heat
could not be placed in stronger contrast than in these
two extracts from Tyndall's work. In the one water
is the heat preserver, in the other the heat disperses.
In the latter water is the great warmer ; ^ in
the former the great chiller of the world. Which
is it? It will be observed that I no longer
confine the question to the energy of water as a
radiant. Neither do I presume to question Professor
Tyndall's experiments; they seem conclusive of the
fact, that moist air radiates heat with many times
greater force than diy air. But these experiments,
valuable as they are, do not appear to cover the
whole ground. They certainly seem to {irove that
the aqueous vapour of the air becomes a protect-
ing screen to keep in the heat of the earth. Un-
fortunately, however, another class of experiments,
on a much larger scale, seem to demonstrate with
equal clearness and more force, that the aqueous
vapour forms an open door to let the heat out or the
cold in. Taking the la-st class of experiments first; we
note first their number, and next their exactness. They
surround us on all sides by hundreds and thousands,
and they are ivithout flaw. The great experimenter,
Nature, makes no mistakes ; she completes her work
in spite of disturbing causes, and sets accidents at
defiance. She has left the marks of her experi-
mental energy in every deep valley, low and undrained
park or pleasure ground, and by the side of every
fresh-water stream, pool, or lake. And what do
we find in these localities ? The debris of dead
plants, shrubs, and trees. ^ And why? ChieHy because
such positions are invariably the coldest. Could one,
as Mr. Ingram proposes (p. ISl), in connection with
the geology of "V ine growing, take a flight with Mr.
Glaisher it would be easy to note each spot where the
destructive energy of the frost has been most felt. And
could the balloon be stopped at our bidding, a halt
would be called at every place where the aqueous
vapour was the thickest. Here we should find the
lowest temperatures and the greatest proportion
of deaths. Doubtless I shall be told that the
number of plants destroyed affords no correct criterion
of the amount of cold. I admit that they do not give
an absolutely correct measure, much depends upon
the state of the plants themselves. Fast-grown plants
will not resist cold so well as those more slowly grown ;
neither will those grown in low situations resist the
same amount of cold as others grown in higher lati-
tudes. Aqueous matter within the plant has perhaps
equal ov more influence in the matter than the aqueous
vapour in the air without. If the latter invite the
attack of cold from without, the former is a traitor
within, and opens up the very citadel of life to the
ingress of the enemy. And yet when we approach
towards a few degrees on either side of zero, many so-
called hardy plants do become tolerably correct indices
of the measure of cold. Life and death is then sus-
pended on a scale of 5" or 10^ Fahr. Five either way
often decides the vital question. And the 5 or 10 is
invariably on the wrong side of zero where there is the
greatest proportion of aqueous vapour in the air. It
is not only, therefore, that plants where there is most
moisture will bear less cold, but it is also that they
have to endure more — and hence their destruction.
Proofs of this are strewn around us now as thick as
Blackberries. They were still more numerous during
the severe winter of 1860-1861; Cedars of Lebanon,
Spanish Chestnuts, even English Oaks, of a century's
growth, were killed in wet localities ; and Hollies,
Evergreen Oaks, Laurels, and even Laurustinuses
escaped only about 50 feet higher up on soils with a
dry chalk bottom, with scarcely 50 square yards of
water within sight. The same thermometers indi-
cated from 5" to 10^ more frost in the wet localities
than on the dry ones. I find, within a mile of this
place, near the side of the river at Bury, there is
constantly a difierence of from 5° to 10' against
the low lands, and the destruction of plants there,
that escape here, is in proportion with this depression.
I think the valuable lists of temperatures that have
recently appeared in the Gardeners^ Chronicle will con- I
firm the fact that where the aqueous vapour may reason-
ably be expected to have been the thickest, there the
temperature has been lowest. And certainly the
recent destructive experiments do not tend to establish
the fact that the aqueous vapour of the air keeps in the
heat or out the oold.

Let us take another experiment. We are all familiar
with the practice of covering the surface of glass as a
means of preserving the heat. We also know some-
thing of the efficacy of dry mats or dry straw. But
what of wet ? Does the aqueous vapour that may be
held to be present in the interstices of the straw tend
to preserve the heat? Supposing it to increase the
energy of radiation, would that be a good thing under

the circumstance ? Would it not rather be a waste of
heat ? Would the heat not be radiated, or at least
removed faster out of the frame than it would be into
it ? But then is not radiation and absorption exactly
alike, and reciprocal ? — is not radiation equal in all
directions ? &c. But how, then, does the frame cool ?
That it does cool ; that it cools faster when covered
with wet material, aqueous vapour notwithstanding,
than with dry, is proved by the life-long experience of
every gardener.

Take one more experiment. Two uncovered glass
frames on a frosty night — one with a saturated atmo-
sphere, the other as dry as the absence of water can
make it : which will be the coldest ?

I offer one more illustration from Nature. It may
be stated thus :— Cold air holds less vapour than hot
air; the amount of vapour hold increases with the
tempera,ture ; therefore it follows that if aqueous
vapour is such a powerful conserver of heat, that least
of it is present when it is most needed, and vice versa,
and such a disposition, I had almost said misdirection,
of force is certainly not like Nature's usual mode of
procedure. D. T. Fish.

{To be Continued.)

Home Correspondence.

Neglected Plants. — An " Old Subscriber " inquires
(see p, 236) what has become of the beautiful Luculias
that were frequently exhibited some 25 years ago. May
I also ask where are now the splendid plants of
Leschenaultia formosa and biloba, Hovea Celsi and
pungens, Pimelea spectabilis, &c., which about the
same time were exhibited by almost ever.ybody ? Are
they neglected, and have they disappeared as being too
common for the present race of cultivators, or as unfit
for exhibition, or from what other cause have they got
out of cultivation ? It cannot be that the men of the
present day, with all the scientific knowledge which
they possess, and all the improved means and
appliances which they have at command, are unable
to produce them ; that is a supposition not to be
tolerated for a moment, especially when we recollect ^
magnificent specimens of them seen by the dozen at j Sterckmans,

every metropolitan exhibition about the time named,
and grown by men with hardly a tithe of the advan-
tages possessed by cultivators of the present day ; and
these men, unlike the present generation of cultivators,
had to grope their way to success, andnotunfrequently
in direct opposition to the light derived^ from their
teachers. For instance, in growing Cacti they were
taught, that like Dickens' Ivy— for them the brick
must be crumbled, the mortar decayed, &c. They.

other day in the Florist. I have Dr. Hogg's invaluable
present of the 3d edition of his " Fruit Manual," and
I agree in most particulars with his description, which
runs thus (see page 25 1) : — " Fruit largo and very
handsome, curved pyriform. Skin smooth and shining,
of a fine lemon-yellow colour, and with a tinge of
orange-red on the side next the sun; it is thickly
covered all over with large russety dots and patches of
thin delicate russet, particularly round the stalk.
Eye small and open, level with the surface. Stalk half
an inch long, stout, and rather fleshy, with a
swollen lip on one side of it. Flesh white,
crisp, or half-melting, coarse-grained, juicy, sweet,
and slightly musky. A handsome and showy Pear,
ripe in November. Its appearance is its greatest
recommendation." From the words " it is thickly
covered," down to " ripe in November," I can recollect
nothing. My impression of the Pear was that it was
simply not a bad one, and certainly a long way infe-
rior to Beurre Superfin, Josephine de Malines, and
Doyenne d'Alencon, the three best Pears I have ever
yet eaten. The centre one is the very best of all, but
only a trifle superior to the first. The last is quite A 1,
but early in its blossoms and tender ; it requires a wall
and protection. I have no doubt that M. de Jonghe's
testimony is quite truthful. Pears and certainly Straw-
berries, are best tasted in loco. The climate of France-
and Belgium is doubtless superior to ours; and this
will account for discrepancy of testimony. Mr. Rivers ■
has just added to his kind present of 52 bush Quince
Pears, 13 most beautiful Quince Pear Pyramids, viz., ■
Doyenn'5 du Comice, Beurre Clairgeau, Dana's Hovey,
Gratioli of Jersey, Huyshe's victoria. La Soeur,
Gregoire, Bergamotte Hertrich, Conseiller a la
Cour, Summer Beurre d'Aremberg, Doyenne-
d'Alen(;on (against south wall). Passe Crassane, and Mr.
Ingram's British Queen. These were kindly sent to
complete a list of 53 bush Quince Pears (now groaning
with buds) previously presented to me. In addition,
to those three Pears, recommended above, I can
strongly recommend the following as most excellent in
their seasons, viz., Bergamotte d'Esperen, Bezi
d'Esperen, Beurre de Ranoe, Beurre Diel, Beurre-
Bon Chretien, Comte de Lamy, Glou

Morceau, Marie Louise, Marie Louise d'Uccie, Passe
Colmar, Peach Pear, St. Michel Archange, and Vineuse.
For a July Pear, not equal to any ,of the above, I
recommend Doyenne d'Ete. I have others yet under
trial, but not a word will I say till I have tasted, W. F.

Eadchjffe, Oieford Fitzpaine. In the impression

of my letter respecting Beurre Clairgeau Pears (see
p. 287), it is statsd by mistake that the junction of the
stock and scion {le eolet de la grejfe) should be about

however, speedily discovered that Cacti were foud of a /oo^ above the surface; it should have been about an
far more stimulating condiments than bricks and inch. Again it was the Committee of the Pomological
mortar ; in lieu of which they were supplied with i Society, not the Pomological Committee of the Horti-
,;ood strong loam, broken bones and pigeon.s' dung, and ' cultunal Society which expressed the hasty opinion
that not in stinted quantities, and the result was that the fruit in question was " flat and watery," /. de

gorgeous banks of bloom at Chiswick in days gone
by, equal to those of the Azaleas of the present time.
Why, therefore, should they not produce the same
now, when variety is as much needed as then ? I would
also ask where now is the glorious bloom of Ixoras
which used in those days to astonish visitors to
our great shows ? We still see good plants, but

Jonghe, Brussels.

Bival Si/stems of Grape Groioing. — In considering
this matter I think we should leave out of the question
Vines required for very early work, and those from
which large-sized bunches are wanted. Let us suppose
a case in which Grapes are expected to ripen in the
beginning of May, and throughout the season, the

there is neither size of truss nor colour about them j bunches to be of ordinary size, say from 1 to 2 lb. each
equal to what were then furnished. There are in weight, which after all is the most useful size^
many other plants which have either disappeared j would it be an advantage to give the Vines more room ?
altogether or are only occasionally seen, and that ' I contend that it would. I have a Vinery under my
in anything but flrst-class condition. Even among '■ care which was planted 14 years ago, and which bears
Orchids, who now-a-days ever sees anything ! good crops under the restrictive system. In the early
like the Cyrtopodiums exhibited at Chiswick abouii ; house is a Muscat of Alexandria, which throws out
the time quoted ? Truly, notwithstanding all the strong shoots from the stock. I have allowed it four
glorification about our late great International Exhi- ' rods, and two more have yet to be selected. It has
bition, I fear that as regards plant growing we are not 60 good bunches on it, yet it is as strong or stronger
much ahead of the first half of the present century. ' than ever, and I believe that if it were allowed further

Anot/ier Old Subscriber and whilom Exhihilor

The Luculia. — I -n-as rather amused at reading in
one of your late numbers a remark under the heading
of Luculia Piuceana, that Mr, Pince so prized the
plant that the specimen brought to he figured in the
Botanical Magazine" some 23 years ago, was not
suS'ered to leave his surveillance, but had to be figured
in a public-house in Kew, wherein he was located;
and when the writer of the aforesaid article states,

extension itwould be an advantage toit. In our late house
the Vines grow very strongly ; the amount of moisture
which collects on the points of the young leavea is
surprising, and if not watched carefully in damp
weather we should lose half the leaves. If the Vines
could speak I imagine they would say-^" Give us more
room." Two years ago, after the Vines had grown
some 18 inches, I cut off a small branch from one of
them. It bled very much, and no more moisture

with much collateral circumstance, that he smelt it ' collected on the points of the leaves, but the Grapes

far above the powerful odour of tobacco, &c. This i
a very singular fact, seeing, that as the artist who
figured the plant upon that occasion, I must say I have
no recollection of doing it where your correspondent
states; it was brought to Sir W. Hooker's to be
sketched, like any other respectable individual. Verily,
your correspondent's olfactories must be unusually
acute, or the fragrance of L. Pinceana must be
marvellously powerful. A plant that could diffuse so
delicious an odour in a house wherein it was not,

set better, and the bunches were more compact than
those on any of the other Vines. J. D.

Strawberries.— \ have no doubt that Hooper's Seed-
ling was sent out for Sir Harry. Dr.Hogg's book,hesides
the opinion of two amateurs, assures me of it. The
following agrees with my untrue Sir Harry, page 403 of
" Fruit Manual : " — " Hooper's Seedling : fruit large,
conical, rarely flattened, but sometimes deeply flattened :
skin dark red, assuming a very deep blackish tinge as it
ripens." I recognise it by the black tinge, which took

might well rise superior to the fumes of tobacco, past ! place with me when it began to turn colour. It looked

like Prussian blue-black at the commencement of
ripening. I had the true Sir Harry afterwards, but it
did not answer. The Lady has wintered well, and has
fine crowns ; she is a quick and abundant rooter, and
hardy, but her running strings are very brittle, though
very stout. I will also report. Her colour appears to be
(by portrait) « eak ; still we want variety in colours.
W. F. Sadch/ffe, Okeford Fitzpaine.

Pruning of Roses, and Soil suitable for their Culti-
vation.— As long as English gardens afford examples of
beauty and cultivation for the rest of the world, so
long will the Rose maintain its place as the most
popular of all our garden favourites. It is indeed the
emblem of the country itself; no other flower is so fit
a representative of an English garden, and no other
flower has stronger claims to embellish the architec-
ture of an EngUsh home. Since, then, the Rose is so
much and so justly esteemed, it is not surprising that
_ its cultivation should be carried on to an extent
sent me a specimen of the Beurre Clairgeau Pear, ' commensurate with its great merits. I fear, however,
much like in size and appearance the one figured the ■ that the late frosts will have made sad havoc among

or present. W. M. F.

Tlie Variegated Borecoles at Wardie Lodge. — M.y
remarks on these beautiful Kales have led to the receipt
of a letter from Mr. Peter Robertson, which, contain-
ing as it does a few hints of general interest, I send
on to you. Mr. Robertson writes : — '" I quite differ
from you as to growing them without manure. My
experience for several years leads me to think that they
are best grown on dry rich soil, and fully exposed to
sun and air. In order to get them dwarf I have found
no way to succeed but to Ijreed from dwarf plants. It
is a curious fact that the whites and magentas do not
readily cross, though grown beside each other ; but
one plant of either will taint an acre of pure Green or
common Purple German Greens. I have found it so
to my cost in saving fine self stocks." W. Dean,
Shi pie I/.

iPeara,— Some years ago, Mrs. Clements, wife of the
rector of Warleggan, near Bodmin, Cornwall, kindly

Maucu 23, 1867.]

THE GAEUENEKS' CHRONICLE AND AGKICULTUMI. GAZETTE,

295

them, more especially the Teas, many of which are
quite dead, and others have heen injured to such an
extent as to check their progress for some considerable
time. On the other hand, every one must rejoice to
know that tlioso two charming Tea Roses, our old and
popular friend ' Gloire de Dijon, and that lovely new
llose, Mar&hal Neil, have stood. the repeated attacks
of the enemy, and appear to be none the worse for
them. The soil most suitable for tho cultivation of
the Rose is a rich deep loam of a rather stiff character,
but free from stagnant moisture. Kinds on their own
roots will, however, succeed in lighter soils than sorts
budded on tho Dog Rose, which naturally grows in stiff
land. To light soils a dressing of good strong loam
would bo of great advantage if applied along with cow
dung or night soil ; the latter however is the best
manure that can possibly be used in any but very rich
soils, but it must not under any circumstances bo
applied e.tcept in a well-decomposed state. It is best
when mixed with a quantity of loam laid up at least
for a year or two, and occasionally turned before it is
used ; in heavy soils, peat, or burnt earth, leaf-mould
and stable dung would be most suitable. The Rose
likes an open spot, exposed to either south or east, and
sheltered from strong winds, but not shaded by trees.
Tlio pruning of Roses is best left until spring ; autumn
pruning has many disadvantages. A few mild days in
winter often induce the buds of autumn-pruned Roses
to push, and if severe weather follows, the young
shoots become frosted, and as a matter of course the
hlooni is injured. Tho chief advantage of spring
pruning is, that the dower shoots are placed beyond
the reach of frost. If any buds push in winter in
unprnned Roses they are those at the end of the
branches, which would be removed in pruning ; but
spring, like autumn pruning, has also its disadvantage,
as the buds on the ends of the shoots are often in leaf
before the work of pruning is commenced ; the tree
then receives a check, the lower buds find themselves
in contact with a great supply of food ; soon one or two
buds take up the work, they swell apace, but those
below remain dormant ; consequently spring pruning
does not form so neat and coraiiact a tree. It will thus
be seen, as I have just said, that spring, like autumn
pruning, has its disadvantages ; but under all circum-
stances and disadvantages I prefer spring pruning to
that of autumn. 7/'. C. BranOield, near Hertford.

Oravel JFn/fo.— Let your correspondent (see p. ^Iv),
who wishes to walk dry-shod on his sylvan walks,
attend to the following method, and his desire will be
attained. In the absence of any data from him, except
that his walks are not what they should be. I will
suppose them to be from 4 to 6 feet in width. My
first operation would be to remove the surface and
the sub-strata to the depth of 1 foot in the centre,
sloping to G inches at the sides. Then to form a drain,
by taking 9 inches in breadth by C in depth out of
the centre, and the whole length of walk, also making
cross drains every 15 yards. If the ground be stiff and
not likely to wash, I would cover these with stones ;
if otherwise, the better plan would be to take out more
ground and build the drains with stones or brick,
filling the bottom up to within 2 inches of the top with
stones, &c., and observing to keep the centre at least
3 inches higher than the sides. All would now be ready
for the gravel or other material intended for the
surface. This might consist of limestone broken very
small, mixed ivith coarse sand or gravel, all heavily
rolled, or it might be asphalt. The former
makes a very durable and pleasing walk, without
that disagreeable though not unhealthy smell
which the latter emits in hot weather. To make
walks of asphalt two mixtures are required — coarse
and fine. The first may consist of stones, furnace
' crosils,' &.C. Ashes or smaU grit stone will do for the
second. These should be well saturated with boiled
coal-tar before being applied. The coarser layer need
not be above 2 inches thick, and well rolled. The finer
from a J to J inch, spread very evenly, with some white
spar, or other light-coloured material scattered on the
toptoenliventhe effectsof thetar,and all should benicely
rolled. To prevent the roller from gathering, wisp it
now and then with a wet broom. I need scarcely add,
that the mouths of the drains ought to be furnished
with stone or metal sockets, and laid flush with the
walk. Brassica.

Chinese Pinks. — "Y our correspondent, Mr. Alfred
Copland, of Chelmsford, complains of the varieties of
Dianthus sinensis, including Heddewigii, &c., not out-
living the winter. I have, for some years past, grown
a choice stock of D. sinensis. I always sow in the
autumn as well as in spring, and I never have found
the seedlings to fail surviving the winter. I have also
two or three plants of D. Heddewigii growing in a wire
basket only 1 foot deep, and 7 or 8 inches throu.ali,
fixed against the top of a wall, where they have been
now three winters, and at the present time they are
alive and growing. In January last my thermometer
egistered as low as 5°. S. S., Camberwell.

RovAL Horticultural : March 19 {First Spring Show),—
Notwithatanding tho occurrence of a snow storm in the
morning, and cold north-easterly winds and showers of sleet
during the afternoon, this first display of spring- flowering
plants was most satisfactory, a circumstance which does credit
to the courage uf all who showed their really beautiful pro-
ductions under such trying circumstances. Hyacinths,
Narcissi, Primulas, Lily of the Valley, and Ruses were won-
derfully fine considering the season, and there were large and
gay exhibitions of miscellaneous plants.

Hyacinths, as usual, formed the most important feature of the
Show. Of these Mr. William Paul, of Waltham Cross furnished
most beautifiU specimens, which were superior to those
of any of his competitors. In the class of 18 he waa 1st
with magnificent spikes of King of the Blues, Princess Mary of
Cambricige, Blundiu, Charles Dickens, Van Speyk, Baron Von
Tuyll, General Havelock, Feruck Khan, Solfaterre, Koh-i-Noor,
Macaulay, Vuurbaulc, Prince Albert Victor, Sir Henry

llavoluck, GraiiilLiir li Mcrvfillo, Snuwball, Moiit Blaiic, luid
I,;i (inllld^lj^^n. Am. iMg thL■^<e wero as largo and lino sjiikcM uf
tilnurii nH l-vlt fjriiccd an i.'xliniitioii, Messrs. Cutbusb, uf
lliyligatu, wuru llil with a collection in which weru Baruii vun
Tuyll, Clmrlea Uickons. Grand Lilas, General Havoluck,
('avaiL'iiuc. Von Schtllor, Oigantoa, Princoas Clothilde, Florence
Nightingale, Im Prophfeto, Grand Vainqueur, Macuulay, Due
lie Malakoif, Mrs. Janios Cutbush, Mont Blanc, .Snowball,
j'rineesa Holona, and Haydn. Mr. .1. Kirtland. Albion
Nursei-y, Stoko Ncwingtoii, and Mr. William Cutbush, of
Biiniot, wore equal :id, witli collections cont;iining good
examples of Von Schiller, SvUtan's Favourite, Charles Dickens,
Grand LilaH, Baron von Tiiyll, Orondatca, Mimosa, Argus,
(Juojn of tho Netherlands. Maria Cathaiina, and Ida, the last
still onuof tho bcstyelliAvs.

In tho AmatourM' Class fnr \2 Hyacinths of six kinds, Mr.
Bartlctt. Shaftesbury lload, HammerHmith, had a 3d prize;
iind in the ojicn class for six kijids, Mr. Paul was Ist, with
splendiil examples of Grandeur ii MervcUle, Prince Albert,
Maciiulay, King »if the Bhies, Lord Cowley, a fine kind; and
Victor Emmanuel, p.alo crimson, striped with deeper crimson.
Mr. W. Cutbu.'^h, of Bamet, was 2d, with good examples of
General Havelock, Macaulay, Mont Blanc, Couronne do Cello,
Alba maxima, and Von Schiller, Mr. Kirtland was 3d.

Hyacinths grown in pots and glasses in windows were not
equal to what might have been expected. Some fair specimens
in 48-pots from Mr. Beach, gr. to C. J. Herries, Esq., Seven-
oaks, wcro awarded a 1st prize ; and Mr. Bartlett^vas 2d, with
rather unequally -grown examples in 32-8ized pots. For
Hyacinths in gliisses Mr. Rumsey, Waltham Cross, had a 1st,
and Mr. Beach a 3d prize.

In tho Cla.ss of (J Hyacinths, new kinds of 186C-67, the only
exhibitor was Mr, William Pant, whose varieties were alto-
gether of first-class quality. They consisted of Lord Shaftes-
bury, a kind with very largo single white bells airanged in a
somewhat loose spike ; Blondin, a variety in tho way of
Princess Mary of Cambridge, but paler, fine spike, largo bells ;
and Priiice Albert Victor, a dark purplish red single flower of
great beauty. These all received First-class Certificates,
Luinaius, a brilliant deep single crimson fiower, had a Secoud-
cLass Certificate ; it would doubtless have had a higher position
had its form been at all equal to its rich colour, which was
not the case. There were also Bird of Paradise, a fine yeUow,
which has been described by us on previous occasions; and Sir
Henry Havelock, a charming plum-coloured kind which
cauuot fail to be a favourite.

In addition to his other fine collections Mr. W. Paul exlii-
bited in tho Miscellaneous class upwards of a hundred pots of
Hyacinths, for which an extra prize was awarded. Among
Blues in this yroup were splendid examples of Argus, King of
the Blues, Baron von Tuyll, Couronne de Celle, Grand Lilas,
Blondin, Leouidas, and Bleu Aimable ; nearly Black kinds con-
sisted of Feruck Khan and Prince Albert ; Whites, Mont Blanc,
Snowball, and Alba maxima ; Reds. Von Schiller, Howard,
Garibaldi. Princess Clothilde, Macaulay, Due de Malakoff (buff
striped with red) ; Haydn, mauve ; and Ida and Bird of Para-
dise, yellow.

Tulips made a fine display. Mr. W. Paul was 1st for 12 pots
of six kinds, consisting of Proserpine, violet shaded ruse ;
Keizer Kroon, deep red, edged with yeUow ; Couleur Cardinal,
deep scarlet shaded with violet, small but effective ; Fabiola,
rosy purple and white ; White Pottebakker and Van der Neer,
violet shaded rose, Messrs. Cutbush were 2d with Tournesol,
Vermilion Brillant, Couleur Cardinal, Globe de Rigaud ; and
Duke of York, red edged with creamy white. Mr. Burley,
Bayswater, also furnished a collection injwhich were Queen,
white feathered with crimson ; and Bride, crimson and white,
both pretty sorts. In the Amateur class for 12 pots,* four
kinds, Mr. Bartlett was 1st with Keizer Kroon, Vermilion
Brillant, White Pottebakker, and Globe de Rigaud. A fine
collection of about 100, from Mr. W. Paul, received an extra
prize.

Narcigsi were also shown by Mr. Cutbush and Mr. Bartlett,
Among them were Bazelman Major and Lord Canning, white,
with a yellow cup, both fine large flowers : Cleopatra, with an
orange cup ; and in the a.ame way, but with smaller flowers,
Jocrisse, Parfaite, and Regulus. Mr. Bartlett had, among
others, Grand Monarquo and Gloriosa, the latter a fine white,
with a deep yellow cup.

C'rnciu<e.i. — A beautiful collection of these was furnished by
Mr. Wm. Paul, and received a 1st prize. Conspicuous among
the diffei-ent kinds were Sir Walter Scott, a large variety,
lilac striped with white; Cloth of Silver: Mammoth, large-
flowered white ; Princess of Wales, a tine pure white ; Princess
Alexandra, white, pencilled with purple ; Prince of Wales,
bluish violet ; David Rizzio, and Sir John Franklin, purple ;
and Golden Yellow. Mr. Bartlett, of Hammersmith, had a
Ist prize for good examples of Albion, Sir W. Scott, Victoria,
and others.

Ci/cliuneii3, especially a large and fine collection from Messrs.
E. G. Henderson, formed a prominent feature of the Show.
Good collections were also furnished by Mr. Wiggins, gr. to
W. Beck, Esq., Isleworth, and others. For 6 kinds, Mr.
Wiggins was Ist ;,Mr. Fairbaim, Syon, 2d; and Mr. Todman, gr.
to R. Hudson, Esq., Claphain Common, and Mr. Butter, gr.
to B. Hooke, Esq., Fulham, equal 3d ; whilst for collections
not limited as regards number, Messrs. B. G. Henderson were
1st. Mr. Wiggins 2d, and Mr. Todman 3d,

Chinese Primulas made a great display. For 6 plants
of Williams' strain, Mr, Wiggins was 1st, Mr. Fairbairn 2d,
Mr. Todman 3d ; and for 3, Mr. Wiggins was 1st, Mr. Todman
2d, and Mr. Fairbaim 3d.

Lily of the VaUe-^.—iir. Howard, gr. to J, Brand, Esq.,
Balham, contributed magnificent examples of these, for which
a first prize was awarded. Mr. W. Paul's plants, to which the
2d prize was awarded, contained a great profusion of bloom,
but they were scarcely forward enough. Mr. Todman, Mr.
Cutbush of Bamet, and Mr. Bartlett also received prizes.

Camdlias. — Mr. W. Paul received a 1st prize for a box of
Blooms, consisting of Ochroleuca and Fimbriata, white ;
Eximia, Mathotiana, and Belle Jeannette, red ; LaviniaMaggi,
Prince de Canino. and Princesse Clothilde, carnation -striped ;
and La Reine, delicate pink. Mr. Todman, who had also good
blooms, was 2d. For four plants in flower, Mr. Bull, who was
the only exhibitor, received a 1st prize for Valtevaredo, Sarah
Frost, Tentonia rosea, and another ; and a similar award was
made to him for a single specimen of Piincess Bacciochi.

Of 'forced shnibs the best six came from Mr. W. Paul, who
had a fine specimen of the fragrant white-flowered Raphiolepis
ovata, the variegated Weigela rosea, and Rhododendron
Schilleri, both in fine bloom ; Deutzia gracilis, Double Pink
Thorn, and lastly a half standard Genista purgaus, worked on
tho Lab\irnum, with its head one mass of yellow flowers.
Mr. Bartlett was 2d with Kalmia latifulia, a white variety of
Rhododendron catawbiense in profuse bloom : Rhododendron
Everestianum, Deutzia. and Yellow Ghent Azalea.

In Miscellaneous collections of plants in fiower, the 1st prize
was awarded to a numerous one from Mr. Bull, containing six
beautiful specimens of the charming Odontoglossum Alex-
andra, the brown-spotted O. gloriosum and maculatum, a
variety of Pbajus gnmdifolius having the leaves very distinctly
striped with creamy-yellow, several Lycastes, Cypripediums
Dayanura, Lowii, hirsutissimum, and concolor, Phalaanopsis
Schilleriana, Rudgea leucocephala, the showy Imantophyllum
miniatum, variegated Selaginella denticulata, Palms, Dra-
ctenas, fruiting Orange trees, variegated Euonymus, several
plants of the small but useful white*flowered Rhododendron
virgatum, and various Aucubas in flower and fruit, one of
which, the common variegated, covered with fine berries and

utuiidiDg about 4 fuut liigh, received an extra prize. Mr. W.
Cuthuali, uf Btiniut, tuuk the 2nd prize with a small well-
bluuiiind I'ullection, containing Tutratheea ericyjfolla, Boronla
pinnata, (,'inonirlaH, Cy tiHUS raccmusus, Miirnunutte, uud fruit-
ing .Vucubas ; and Mr. Bartlett was 3rd with Aadea ivma-nu,
Cinerarias, llyacuiths, and Tulips.

Amuiig MiHcellaneouH Hubjcuts were beautiful collectiuna of
RoKus in i'ots from Mr. W. Paul and Messrs. Paul & Son, to
both uf whom extra jirizeH were awarded. Mr. W. Paul's
plants were rcrnark.'dilu for fine foliage, and were in excellent
bloom, especially Madame Victor Verdicr, President, Paul
do la Moilleru/,, Alba Rosa, Le Rhone, and Madiiino WillcrmoK.
McMsrs. Paul & Hun's plants were likowieo good, Cbpecially
Princess Mary of Camliridge, an excellent sort for forcing,
Lurd Knglau, (lluiru .|u Dijuii, Devoniensis, Souvenir d'Eliao,
Mauriru Hi-niardiii, and Anna Alcxieff were also finely iii
bloom. Mr. W. Paul contributed, besides, several boxes of
cut Ruses, many uf which were excellent ; among them were
fine buds of Marvchal Nicl, Narcisse, Safranot, and Madame
Falcut. Pierre Notting was remarkable for its fine violet-
shaded deep red colour, and that old favourite, Gluiro de
Dijon, was also fine. Mr, Bartlett, besides wire-baskets filled
with Hyacinths and Tulips, had a highly creditable sot of
Filmy Ferns, for which ho received an extra prize ; and a
similar award was made to Mr. Todman for Azaleas ; and to
Mr. W. Cutbush for half-a-dozen pots of Miynonette trained
so as to form pyraiuids from 18 inches to 2 feot high, and
about 18 inches in diameter at the base.

Among subjects which came specially under tho notice of tho
Floral Committee wore small specimens of a seedling
RetinoHpora from Mr. Sheuton ; Azalea Hector, a very dark
red kind with .spotted upper petals, from Messrs. Smith, from
whom also came a»cullection of golden Zonal Pelargoniums.
Mr. Fairbaim, gr. to tho Duke of Northumberland, sent a
seedling Ciuerana, named Duke of Northumberland, which
appeared to be an acquisition in poii^t of colour. Messrs. E. G.
Henderson exhibited a nice plant of Rudgea leucocephala,
which also came from Mr. Bull under the name of Psychotria
macrophytta. The last-named exhibitor also sent Aucuba japo-
nicii macrcdontii mascula ; Aralia spathulata, a very curious
pLint, with^oug deflexed spotted leaves ; Aralia crassifolia
similar in character ; Agave macracantha. a curious new form
of this section of plants, with short thick leaves furnished with
sharp teeth, pointed with a sharp awl-Uke spine ; lm.anto-
phyllum miniatum superbum, a very slight improvement if any
on the species. Messrs. E. G. Henderson had six seedling tricolor
Pelargoniums, all of which were very promising, aud which we
hope to see later in the season. Pyrethrum Golden Feather
was sent by the same exhibitors, but not in a conditiou to
display its merits as a bedding plant. Mr. Cruickshanks, gr.
to W. Jones Loyd, Esq., Langleybury, Watford, furnished
12 trusses of his new Verbena, Lady of Langleybury, a pale
lilac-striped variety, which was awarded a First-class Certifi-
cate last summer; this being a sport from Purple King, wUl.
doubtless, be a useful bedding plant. Messrs. Veitch di Sons
exhibited a new Orchid, probably a Mormodes, but distinct
from others now in cultivation ; also Hippeastrum pardinum,
a beautiful new form of Amaryllid, which was awarded a
First-class Certificate. It has a pale creamy ground colour,
thickly spotted with red dish -brown. Mr. Cannell, of Wool-
wich, exhibited for Mr. Bennett, of Osberton, a few flowers of
a yellow Violet, which it is expected may become a good
compaiiion for Viola cornuta.

As regards Fruit, Mr. Johnson, gr. to the Marquis of
Ailesbury, Savemake, sent Lady Downes' Grape, still in
excellent condition ; and Mr. Holliday, gr. to H. E. Walmsley,
Esq., Acton, had a very good fruit of the Ripley Queen Pine,
apparently upwards of 3 lb, iu weight. For this a Special
Certificate was awarded. Mr. Lydiard, Eatheaston, sent
Asparagus, and from Mr. Budd came a Cucumber, the result
of a cross between Telegraph and Munru's Prolific. James's
Long-keeping and Brown Spanish Onions came from Mr.
Whiting, The Deepdeno ; and that called Nuneham Park, from
Messrs. Cutbush. Mr. R. Holliday, 2 a, Portobello Terrace,
Notting Hilt, exhibited a contrivance called " Paxton'a
Strawberry Crinoline," consisting of a horizontal circular
table of galvanised wire set on feet, and dividing in th«
middle, in order to admit the plants. Its fitness for the
purpose must, however, be submitted to the test of experience.
Fourteen new candidates were admitted Fellows on this
occasion, and one Society — the Worksop Floral and Horti-
cultural—was afliliated.

RovAL Caledonian Horticultural {Spring SUotc), March 2i',
— As usual, this Show was held in the Music Hall, The
weather was very unpropitious, frost having prevailed,
accompanied by cold searching winds, which deterred many
objects specially prepared from being shown. As a Hyacinth
show it was very good, growers and judges being unanimous
in believing that, particularly in the first prize collections,
samples were staged superior to anything of the kind ever
before cxliibited in Scotland. In the general show, there
were many noteworthy examples, but the whole was scarcely
up to the average.

In Hyacinths, for Nurserymen, Messrs. Downie, Laird, &,
Laing contributed Lord Wellington, which was the best double
in the hall ; Solfaterre, in better conditiou as to size and
colour than usual ; Grand Lilas, Grandeur k Merveille, Charles
Dickens, Von Schiller, which was best siugle ; Auricula, very
dark violet pips, with radiating white or pale eye of great
substance ; Gigautea, Koh-i-Noor, General Havelock, Macaulay,
Queen of the Netherlands, Prince Albert, Lord Palmerstou,
Mont Blanc, Noble par Mt^rite, and Baron von Tuyll. Mr. R.
M'lntosh, of the Dean Nursery, stood 2d. Many of the varieties
in his group were very rare, but their being, as is usual
with rarities, rather smaU in the spike, told against them, thus
showing that even first-rate new varieties cannot hold then-
own against standard sorts of older date. The best novelty
was Josephine, being of a very rich dark vermUlon, and pips
of fine substance ; De Caudolle, very pale blue, good ; Snow-
ball, one of the best of the whites ; Milton, fine deep ruby red ;
Pieneman, a very large individual pip of great substance, but
appearing to disadvantage by being loose or thinly scattered
in the spike ; Lamplighter, blackish blue, with pale eye ; and
several unnamed seedlings.

In the practical gardeners' class Mr. Cowe, gr. to H. W.
Hope, Esq., Luffness, had 18 remarkable plants; for general
points of excellence as to culture, including condition of
fohagc and density and size of spikes, they were universally
admired ; they comprise mostly older sorts, well known by
name to all Hyacinth growers, — Lord Wellington, Grandeur i
Merveille, Charles Dickens, Howard, Mimosa, Grand Lilas,
Seraphine, Von Schiller, Koh-i-Noor, Alba superbissima, Mont
Blanc, Baron Tuyll. Macaulay, Lina, beautiful in finish and
colour ; and duplicates of some of the above to complete the
group. Mr. Henderson, gr. to J. Christie, Esq., Millbank, had
agoodlot, comprising, amongst others, fine spikes of Alba super-
bissima, Miss Nightingale, Grandeur li Merveille, Chas. Dickens
Mimosa, Maaiulay, Lord Palmerston, Victoria Regina, Grand
Lilas, Howard, Prince Albert, Leonidas, Le Prophfete, Mont
Blanc, and Duke uf Wellington. Mr. Alexander McKenzie, gr.
tu Dr. Lowe, had also a collection. In the CLass for 12, Mr.
Wm. Young, the Assistant Secretary, had 1st prize, with good
spikes of Macaulay, EmmeUne, Grandeur a Merveille, Mont
Elanc, Cavaignac, Dickens, SchUler. Mimosa. Wellington, Lilas,
and Maria. Others were shown by Mr. David Ker, Glencarse,
and Mr. A. Dunlop, gr. to D. McLaren, Esq., M.P.. Newington
House. In the Class for 6 Hyacinths, Mr. John Froser, gr. to

?96

THE GAEBENEKS' CTTRONICLE AND ArTRICITT>TTJEAT; GAZETTE.

[Mauch 23, 1867.

Jas. Hope, Esq., fielraont ; Mr. John Jones, gr. to Captain
Bolton. Bana;holme ; and Jlr. Wm. Laird, Kinellan, Murray-
fie^ld, exhibited. Other first-rate sixes in a different class
were contributed by Mr. Cowe, and Mr. 'Jas. Henderson,
Gorebridge. The six shown in glasses by Mrs. Vair, Easter
Bush, Edinburgh, were fair samples.

In Narcissus the following sorts were furnished by Mr.
Henderson, gr. to Professor Syme, Millbank, and by Mr.
Henderson, gr. to J. Christie, Esq., Millbank, Gorebridge :
Grand Monarque, Gloriosa, Paper White, and Jaune Supreme.
In Tulips the same growers furnished some good potfuls of
tlie yellow and common shaded variety of Tournesol, Cardinal,
Queen Victoria, the Monument, Vermilion Brillant, &c. In
Lily of the Volley there were many creditable specimens, the
best coming from Mr. Anderson, gr. to the Earl of Stair,
Oxeuford Castle, who showed them to much advantage in
shallow pans. The 2d prize lot was furnished by Mr. Goraen,
gr. to A. Wanchope, Esq. , Niddiie House.

In Hardy Bulbs and other Spring Flowers there was a most
interesting assortment, which for effect and quiet beauty
would grace any arrangement where beauty and elegance were
the primary object desired. Messrs. Dickson 6z Co., Leith
Walk Niu-series, sent various Scillas, the Dog-tooth Violet,
Double Snowdrops, and Ornitbogalum exscapura. Mr. Han-
daayde, Musselburgh, had a splendid lot, and encased the
common eai-thenware pots with fancy wooden guards, which
had a '"plea.sing effect. They consisted of Saxifraga oppositi-
folia, with its fine sessile, puipliah flowers in abundance, as
well as the white variety ; the white variety of Scilla bifolia,
the Dog-tooth Violet, the charming Ii-is reticulata, with its
dwarf habit and intense blue flowers ; Muscari botryoides alba,
the showy blue Siberian SciUa, and the two-leaved species.

In Azaleas there was a spirited competition ; but many of
the larger plants entered had to be kept a^ home owing to the
weather, ilr. Cowe was successful with four pi'etty uniform
plants of Model, Iveryana, Dr. Livingstone, and Duehesse
Adelaide de ^Nassau, as well as being placed 1st with a nice
specimen of Criterion, as a single specimen plant. Mr. Colin
M'Farlane, gi-., Moredun ; and Mr. Gorden, Niddrie, exhibited
with success. Downie &. Co. had the best specimens in the
Nurserymen's Class. Camellia plants were not a flh-ge exhibi-
tion, Peter Lawson & Won being 1st among Nurserymen ; and
Mr. Colin M'Farlane, gr. to D. Anaerson, Esq., Moredun, as
also Mr. Allen, gr. to S. Hay, Esq., Trinity, were prize-
takers in the Gardeners' Classes. In the matter of Camellia
blooms Messrs. James Dickson & Sons had a good assortment,
the best of which were Old White, Reine des Fleurs, Jenny
Lind, Carswelliana, Henri Favre, Feastii, Cap of Beauty, Fim-
briata, and Lowii. Mr. James Henderson, MiUbank, had Candi-
diasima, Storyi, Maria Teresa, Duchess of Buecleuch, Jubilee,
and La Eeine, particularly good. In Rhododendrons there
■^ere no gi-eat samples of particular merit, the best by far
being contributed by Mr. R. M'Intosh, of the Dean Nursery.
It was Falconeri, with five immense tnisses, beaiing about 20
flowers of a fine paper-white, with crimson markings
towards the base of the corolla. It was gi-owing as a standard,
and, as is to tie expected, was a theme of general comment.
Dickson & Co, had several weU-flowered plants of the common
order, as well as some good cut trusses, sharing the Ist prize
tinder this section with Mr. Anderson, Oxenford Castle. The
besttnisses were Brayanum, Vicar of Wakefield, Everestianum,
John Waterer, Nobleman, Victoria (Waterer's), and Nero.

Roseis and Geraniums were only feebly represented. Cine-
Varias were a very good exhibition, especially those from Mr.
T. M'Gargan, who had Blue Bonnet, Duchess of Cambridge, and
Queen Victoria, very good. Primulas were well shown by Mr.
James Henderson ; and a charming batch of Primroses in shallow

Sots or pans were sbown by Mr. Anderson, consisting of the
onble white, yellow, purple,, and flesh. Mr. David Marshall,
gr. to Miss Hay, Kingston Grange, had several pans, densely
flowered, of the double French Violets, but they lacked the
fragrance with which their name is ever associated.

The Orchestra had been elegantly decorated with trappings
of tapestry,among which nicheshad been arranged withstatuary
suitably introduced, the whole forming a sort of Chinese -looking
background to the various examples of Couifene and other
plants of decorative importance, furnished and put up by
Peter Lawson & Son. On the table confi-onting this were plants
in great variety suitable for conservatory decoration, consist-
ing of Palms, Arads, Pandanads, and some miscellaneous
flowering plants, not the least useful among them being Eurya
latifolia variegata, which to a suitable habit has a fine golden
and green ovate leaf, commending it to the attention of all
decorative plant growers. Carstairs &: Sons, and Drummond
Brothers, had miscellaueous assortments of plants suitable for
general decoration.

Mr. Wm. Campbell, gr., Castlemilk, exhibited a plant of the
seedling Pelargonium named Castlemilk, but it did not
obtain the notice of the judges; shown mider better circum-
stances it may prove a useful variety, but time will tell. Mr.
Lees, gr. to the Earl of Haddington, Tyaminghame, showed a
panicle of by far the largest flowered variety of Phalaenopsis
achilleriana we have ever seen exhibited, which received a
special award.

The exhibition of Fruit was not very large, but it was
invested with a considerable degree of interest as showing the
late-hanging qualities of various Grapes shown. Black
Alicante, furnished by Mr. Anderson, Oxenford, was good in
bunch and berry, but on comparison with the Lady Downes'
shown by the two Dukes' gardeners, Messrs. Thompson and
Mitchell, it had not the freshness nor plumpness observable
in either of the dishes which respectively obtained 1st and 2d
prizes. The flavour, however, of the Alicante is good, taking
all things under consideration; but it seemed to be an
impression that to Lady Downes' we must look for the best
keeping Black Grape. Mr. Wm. Thompson staged a couple of
yery handsome bunches of a white seedling, as plump and
fresh looking as if they had been presented in October. It
was moderately shouldered, and made up of a round berry of a
yery rich amber colour ; and being a cro.ss between Muscat of
Alexandria and Lady Downes', it slightly partakes of the
Muscat aroma, while it hasa most agreeable flesh, and altogether
isa Grape that excited no little amount of sensation from its con-
dition. It had been gi-owing in a cool house at Dalkeith, grafted
on the stem of Lady Downes'. In point of finish it was clearly
first-rate, and we would suggest that it should be distinguished
as the Amber Lady Downes'. It received a First-class
Certificate. A couple of good Queen Pines were shovm by Mr.
Mitchell, Hamilton Palace ; and a couple of large good-looking
fruit of Smooth Cayenne came from Mr. Foulis, gi-., Tordell,
Inverkeithing. They received an equal award. Mr. Anderson
had three dishes of Pears, consisting of Buchanan, Spi-ing
BeiUTe, Easter Beurr^, and Glou Morceau. Mr. Cowe had a
fine collection of kitchen Apples. Mr. Pow, gr., Hanley u.nd
Mr. Jas. Mitchell, gr. to Sir David Bah'd, Newbyth, had very
fine dessert Apples, consisting of splendid Golden Pippins,
Blenheim Oi-ange, and Luflness Seedling, a handsome conical-
looking Apple, with a russety cheek. Good Strawbenies came
from Mr. Thompson, Dalkeith.

In A'egetables there were several good collections, that from
Mr. Thompson consisting of good new Potatos, Asparagus,
French Beans, Cucumbers, Mushrooms, Brussels Sprouts'
Rhubarb, and Sea Kale. '

Liverpool Spring Snow; Wednesday, March 13.— The day
fixed for the Spring Show at Liverpool was as unlike a spring
day as it possibly could be, a fierce biting cold wind having
taken possession of all available space outside, where every-
thing indicated severe winter. The most sanguine supporters

of our spring floral displays could not, under such reverses,
anticipate the attendance of the ladies, but they came out
nevertheless, fearless of the weather, and detei-miucd to see.
There was a biilliant attendance in the afternoon, for in truth,
the Liverpool Shows in St. George's Hall have a reputation
which ensures a company, unless the weather is absolutely
drenchnjg. The floral display was also a brilliant affair, the
Grand Hall being so well adapted f^r a flower show, and so
'perfectly warmed, and again did Liverpool turn otit an
Exhibition which of the kind has not yet been equalled
elsewhere. The great feature of the Exhibition was the mag-
nificent display of Hyacinths, and although we have seen more
there, we never saw so many fine ones ; and such is the decided
progress made in their culture about Liverpool, that a bad
Hyacinth could not found. We have no hesitation in saying
that the same number of extra fine Hyacinths were never seen
before.

In the Nurserymen's Class for 24 and 12 Hyacinths, Mr. Cut-
bush, of Highgate, and Mr. George Davies, West Derby, Liver-
pool, met again for theii- annual fight ; and although our
Highgate hero had a fine lot, his opponent had a finer, and so
took the 1st prize in each class. Mr. Davies' lot were even and
well-grovm, and had in almost every case faultless spikes. Mr.
John Gray, West Derby, was third in each class. Mr. Davies'
24 consisted of Amphion, in wonderfully fine character; Mont
Blanc, Haydn, Alba Maxima, Baron von Tuyh, Van Speyk,
Grandeur a. MerveiUe, Noble par M^rite, in fine trim ; W. E.
Gladstone, a seedling S. B. of a peculiar shade of slaty blue,
with a grand spike ; Gigantea, a graud Lord Macaulay, Nim-
rod, a superb Laurens Koster, Grand LUas, Lady Derby, a fine
seedling single white, which seems to be identical with
Mont Blanc ; Emmeline, Due de Malakofi', in superb cha-
racter ; Cavaignac, Mimosa, an extra fine Le Prophfete,
Iving of the Bluas, gi-and, a superb spite ; General Havelock.
Von Schiller, and Duke of WoUington, Messrs. Cutbush's
24 were Von Schiller, Grandeur Jl Merv.eille, Grand Lilas,
General Havelock, Solfaterrc, Charles Dickens, Mrs. James
Cutbush, a most superb single white ; Ida ; Princess Clotilde,
very fine indeed ; Duke of Wellington ; Florence Nightingale,
in grand character, a wonderfully fine spike ; Princess
Alexandra, a fine S.W., but not so smooth in petal as Mrs.
James Cutbush ; Haydn, fine ; Macaulay, fine ; Baron Von
Tuyll. Gigantea, Mont Blanc, Cavaignac, Bleu Aimable,
Mimosa, Snowball, fine; Le Prophfete, very fine; Duke of
Malakoff, and Auricula Eye, a very distLnct and fine single
blue. Sir. Davies' 12 consisted of Noble par M«rite, Charles
Dickens, Nimrod, Howard, very fine; Alba Maxima, Lady
Derby, a splendid Genei-al Havelock, Van Speyk, very fine ;
Duke of Malakoff, Grandeur H MerveiUe, a splendid Von
Schiller, and Laurens Koster, very long in spike. Mr.
Cutbush's 12 were Von Schiller, fine ; Grandeur Jl MerveiUe,
Duke of WeUington, Charles Dickens, Nimrod, another
superb Florence Nightingale, General Havelock, Princesse
Clotilde, Baron von Tuyll, Princess Helena, Mimosa, and
Gigantea.

There was a spirited competition in the Amateur Class, and
a lot of extremely fine flowers were shovm. For 24 Hyacinths,
1st, Mr. Dimbar, gardener to F. Braim, Esq., with Amphion,
Bleu Aimable, Charles Dickens, Koh-i-Noor, Kroon Princess,
a very fine ScMUer, Mont Blanc, Ida, a grand Prince Albert,
Laurens Koster, Baron von Tuyll, Grand Lilas, Macaulay, very
fine ; Howard, Emmeline, Grandeui* 3, MerveUle ; a grand
General Havelock, Ticonidas, Gigantea ; a good Agnes, single
red ; Prince of Orange, Duke of Wellington, and Princess
Charlotte. These were a very fine lot and weU done. 2d, Mr.
Maunderson. gr. to R. H. Jones, Esq., with Nimrod, General
Havelock, Mimosa, Baron von TuyU, Mont Blanc, Seraphine.
Queen of the Netherlands, Prince Albert. Charles Dickens, a
very fine Cavaignac, Mirandoline, Grandeur a, MerveiUe,
Laurens Koster, Ida, Grand Lihis, Howai-d, Gigantea, Lina, a
very fine Lord Macaulay, Alba auperbissima, a superb Von
Schiller, and Bleu Aimable. 3d, Mr. Cahill, gr. to W. NichoU,
Esq., in whose lot wore veiy fine Mimosa, Mai-ia Catharina,
Cavaignac, Louis Spohr, a very fine shaded single blue ; Le
Prophfete, Due de Malakofi, and Grandeur a MerveiUe. For
18 Hyacinths : 1st, Mr. Dimb^r ; 2d, Jlr. Wilson, gr. to J. E.
Reynolds, Esq. ; 3d, Mr. Cahill. In these lots were very fine
examples of Von Schiller, Feruk Khan, Gigantea, Malakofi,
Queen of Hyacmths, Lord Macaulay, and Sultan's Favorite.
For 12 Hyacinths: 1st, Mr. Cahill; 2d, Mr. Kneale, gr.
to J. Bateson, Esq. In the first lot, which were superbly
grown, were fine examples of Henrietta Elizabeth, a distinct
and peculiar Hght striped single blue ; Gigantea, and Duke of
Malakoff. In the second lot were very good Queen of Hyacinths,
Laurens Koster, and Le Prophfete ; in fact this altogether was
a clean well-grown lot ; 3d, Mr. Dunbar. For 6 Hyacinths : 1st,
Mr. Turner, gr. to E. Bates, Esq., and in this lot was a noble
Gigantea; 2d, Mr. Hignett, gr. to C. Rowe, Esq., whose
General Havelock and Queen of Hyacinths were very fine ;
3d, Mr. Maunderson, who had a good Macaulay. The best
single Hyacinth staged for t^ie Single Hyaemth prize was
an unusually fine Gigantea, exhibited by Mr. Tumor. Von
SchiUer and Gigantea were generaUy good. Idas, not so fine
as usual. Amphion (or Lady Sale) was also excoUent. Lord
Macaulay was also generaUy very weU shown.

Polyanthus Narcissuses were poor compared with those of
previous years, but there was a good display of Tulips. The
best doubles were Leonardo da Vinci, red with yeUow border ;
Duke of York, Yellow Tournesol, La Candeur, Touraesol,'
Imperator Rubromm, and Gloria SoUs. The best singles were
VermiUon BriUant, AVhite Pottebakker, Wouverman, Keizer
lu'oon, jRosa Mundi, Rose Pepin, Proserpine, a superb kind ;
Duehesse de Parma, SteUa, not so bright as VermiUon
BriUant, but a capital kind ; Canary Bird, Due d'-iVi-emberg,
and Cramoisie Superbe, which resembles VermiUon Brillant in
habit, but is of a much Ughtcr colour.

Some good Azaleas were exhibited. Mr. Williams, gi-. to D*
James, Esq., was placed 1st for six and three, and the plants
were fine and weU flowered. Mr. Oit, gr. to H. Pierce, Esq.,
was 2d for six, with smaUer but admii-ably bloomed plants.
A few tine Rhododendrons were exhibited, chiefly from Mr.
Williams ; Mr. WOson, gr. to J. E. Reynolds, Esq. ; Mr.
Maunderson, and Mr. Ashcrof t. A superb example of Rhodo-
dendron formosum, a mass of flower, was sent by Mr. Orr,
and a magnificent Acacia Drummondi by Mr. Dunbar. A
few fort;ed hardy shrubs in good character wore shown, the
most striking being Prunus triloba, Prunus sinensis fl.-pleno,
and Ghent Azaleas. It is very early for Roses in pots at an
exhibition, but some very meritorious plants were exhibited
by Mr. Orr and Mr. Dunbar. An extremely!fine Phalsenopsis
SchiUeriana with 37 expanded blossoms, sent by S. Maclure,
Esq., Claughton, was much noticed. Cinerarias were pooidy
rcpi'csented, and with the exception of the 1st prize lot from
Mr. Jamieson, gr. to R. C. Naylor, Esq., they were very
inferior indeed.

Standard Mignonettes are always weU shown here, and Mr.
WilsoUj gi-. to J. E. Reynolds, Esq., took the Ist prize.
CameUia flowers look weU in boxes of green Moss, and were
much admired. The Bouquets were good, and the three pans
of Lily of the VaUey, exhibited by Mr. Maunderson, were
marvels of good cultivation.

Mr. Meredith offered special prizes for two bunches of Black
Alicante Grapes, and for two bunches of Bhxck Grapes, any
variety, crop of 18GG or 1867. The 1st prize in both cases was
gained hj Mr. Freeman, gi-. to the Earl of Derby, the former
with two very large weU-eoloiu-cd bunches, and the latter with
Lady Downes' ; an extra prize for good Black Alicanto and
Lady Downes' was awarded to Mr. Hill, Keele HaU.
A model of one of Beard's Patent MetaUic Non-conductiiag

Glass-houses was exhibited. IngLozIng, the use of putty is dis-
pensed with, .and the glass is placed between strips of a durable
elastic non-conducting material, and a cap-bar is screwed on
by means of a metal cap nut. We expressed a fear that these
nuts would rust up, but were told they do not. However, the
principle deserves every attention at the hands of horti-
culturists.

Much credit is due to Mr. R. W. Ker, the active Secretary,
Mr. Tyerman, and aU who work so well in keeping up the
prestigfi of the Liverpool Spring Shows, not an easy thing to do
after the loss sustained by their Rose Show last year, and in
the face of such weather as was encountered.

Nottas of SSoofejs.

Elements de Sotanique, etc. Par P. Ducliartre, de
rinstitut. 2de partie. Paris and London ; BailliSre,
1867. 8vo, pp. 463.

Some time ago we had occasion to announce the
publication of the iirst pai't of this, the most recent and
most complete text book on .structural and physio-
logical Botany ; and now, after no Jong interyal, we
have the pleasure to call attention to the second and
concluding portion which has just been issued.

The anatomy of plants is resumed in this part,
which opens with the description of the various kinds
of fruits and the changes they undergo during the
transition from the immature to the ripe condition.
We are glad to find that the author does not in his
classification of fruits adopt any of the ingenious but most
impracticable arrangements that have been proposed,
but limits himself to the two main groups of apocarpous
and syncarpqus fruits, according as the constituent
portions are isolated one from another or combined
together, and under these heads arranges a few of the
generally met with, easily-determined kinds. This is
far better than the plan of cumbering the text-books
with a long series of terms which are seldom or never
made use of by working botanists, and which are
scarcely to be found in any otber than text-books,
where they add no little to the details of an already
over-loaded terminology. With the account of the
seed, is completed the description of the various
organs of the plant, and of their special functions,
and in the succeeding chapters M. Duchartre treats
of the general phenomena of vegetation, or those
manifested specially in the nutrition of the
plant. We may here remark en passant that M.
Duchartre admits that the sap passes up through the
vessels as pointed out amongst others by Mr. Herbert
Spencer, whose experiments are alluded to in the
present volume, though, strange to say, not a word
is said about Mr. Spencer's views as to the influence
of mechanical compression in propelling tjae sap
through the plant, though that is an explana-
tion that we beheve has been given by no
other author, and, though certainly not suiiicient
to account for all the phenomena witnessed, is at
least a suflSciently plausible view to have found a place in
M. Duchartre's digest. In the chapters on classifica-
tion M. Duchartre gives very briefly the characters of
the principal natural orders, arranging the latter
according to the system of M. Brongniart, which is an
excellent one in many respects, though occasionally
bringing very difl'erent groupsinto close proximity. As to
the question of species, M. Duchartre leans to the old
notion of the permanence and limited variability of these
groups,and considers that positive science, and especially
systematic botany, so far from being gainers by the
derivative hypothesis, are obliged to leave it on one
side, in order not to sacrifice precision to vagueness,
and in order not to have their foundations based upon
an ever moving quicksand.

Now, it is quite clear, leaving the Darwinian theory
out of consideration, that iftbis principle of conser-
vatism had been acted on, we should still be of opinion
that the earth was flat and immovably fixed in the
heavens ; we should see and believe that apples fell
from the trees, but we should be loth to beheve
in the important deductions from that fact; we
might, perchance, bring ourselves to believe that
there were such things as valves in the veins and
in the heart, but we should reject the inferences
derived from those facts ; — in truth we should have to
assume that we had arrived at such a degree of per-
fection that no new fact and no new mode of inter-
preting facts could really be of any use to us. Surely
this is not what M. Duchartre intends ; surely he is not
so wedded to the doctrine of the fixity of species as to
make it a reproach to science that she moves on — that
the stand point of to-day is necessarily abandoned
to-morrow.

It is not so much a question as to which hypothesis
or which theory is the true one. Absolute truth being
of course unattainable by mortal thinkers, however
eminent, the main points, as far as concerns naturalists,
are these; which hypothesis oflers the greatest facilities
for advancing and extending knowledge ? — which gives
the most reasonable explanation of the facts that we
are already in possession of? The answer to these
questions will of course depend upon the tone of mind
of the individual, or his prejudices perhaps, and the
peculiar sphere of work in which he may be engaged.
To many of our readers, accustomed as they are to the
infinite variations of plant life, an hypothesis which
will give a reasonable explanation, even if it be
professedly imperfect, will be preferred to one
that says plants (or animals) vary simply because
they have in them a principle of variability,
just as the pupil when asked why opium was narcotic,
replied, " tjuia est in eo virtus clormitiva" So far from
sharing M. Duchartre's views as to the inapplicability
of the derivative theory of species to systematic
botany, it has always appeared to us tljat one of the
most valuable chapters in Mr. Darwin's work was that
upon clas.sification. We have always considered that
by the aid of the hypothesis in question, a clearer idea
of the relation that one living creature or group of
creatures bears to another can be obtained than by any

March 23, 1867.]

THE GAETtENET^S' OHEONICEE ANT) ArTl^TCUT.TERAT, GAZETTE.

297

other mean.< : and that not only is the degree of rela-
tionship niiiilo more evident, but that the extent and
cause of MKidilii'iition is more clearly explained than by
the notion of the comparative immutability ofso-callod
species.

In arranging the niultitudmous forms they study,
naturalists have often to sot a.side, for the sake of
expediency, tho.se principles on which they believe a
natural system should be based ; in fact, they often
have to rely upon characters of little physiological
importance, upon points of diseriminatioa which appear
to be tridiii'-;, liul wliicli are nevertheless sufficiently
constant for I he drsii-cd purpose. In such cases the
Darwinian hypothesis comes to the rescue, and vindi-
cates the importance of the despised " character " by
showing it to ho an integral portion of the genealogical
tree, though ])ossibIy long since , detached by the
chapter of accidents from the main branches. The
Darwinian hypothesis adds a reality to the so-called
natural system that no assumed morphological types,
no arraii'-teuicnt according to physiological manifesta-
tions, could of tliemselves give.

Wo have only to notice the issue of a Ninth Edition
of Mr. llivers' Sose Amaieurs Ouide (Longmans), as
it is clear that the work in cpiestion is something more
than a nine days' wonder. At any rate the statement
on the title page, and which is confirmed by the sub-
sequent pages, shows that this well-known little book
has been " enlarged, corrected, and improved," so that
it is now more than ever a guide for the amateur.

A Pupid'/r Ihiihrnif Q-iiide on apian inteUlciihle to
all (31 Bride Lane, Fleet Street), is as much a boon to
lesser as to greater travellers, if not more so. ^ The
specimen before us is certainly much more intelligible
tnan the ordinary time tables, and is printed in clearer
type. The plan will not come into full opera/tion till
the first of April.

The group of Beddinq PELiRooNiuMS which
includes lioth the zonal and plain-leaved kinds is one
of enormous proportions, for at every exhibition
during ISfin new varieties were continually turning up,
sadly overtaxing the memory, and encumbering the
memorandum books of many a " chiel " whose task it
was to " make a note " of them. As a matter of
course nothing definite can be said, except in cases
where there has been given unimpeachable testimony
to their fitness, in regard to their v.alue as bedders,
until they have been subjected to some reliable trial,
such as that afforded at Chiswick or elsewhere ; only
in a few cases, therefore, in the following notes will
evidence be offered in proof of the bedding qualities of
the subjects mentioned.

Mr. Salter, of Hammersmith, whose name is inti-
mately as.sociated with this class of Pelargoniums,
offers among others the following "good things:" —
Aurora, stout foliage, with well-defined zone ; flowers
orauae-verniilion, produced in large trusses ; petals
broad, stout, and well-formed ; habit dwarf and good.
Imperial, a magnificent zonal variety, colour vivid
orange-scarlet : flowers of fine form and substance ;
well-defined foliage ; awarded a First-class Certificate.
Phcenix, a plain-leaved variety, scarlet upper petals,
the lower jietals slightly shaded with crimson ; flowers
large and of fine form. Pink Pearl, a pleasing shade
of rosy pink, the upper petals blotched with white ;
large and of fine form; foliage plain. Queen of
Denmark, deep pink, a darker shade of colour than
that of Madame Barre, and without the white blotch,
a colour much desired; habit dwarf and free ; trusses
of flower good.

Mr. George Smith, of Hornsey Road, maintains his
well-earned reputation with the following: — Hector,
foliage slightly zonate ; flowers bright scarlet, very large,
and of fine form and substance. Pink Globe, pale
zonate foliage ; colour rosy pink ; trusses extra large and
showy; habit good. Prince of Wales, distinct dark zone ;
colour rosy salmon ; very large trusses ; habit free and
compact. Heralia, slightly zonate ; colour glowing rosy
scarlet with clear white eye, finely formed flow^ers, and
excellent habit. Warrior, foliage slightly zonate ; colour
brilliant scarlet; pips of great size and substance, and of
fine form, forming immense trusses ; a variety of excel-
lent qualities.

Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son, of St. John's Wood,
announce a sterling novelty, namely Christine Nose-
gay, an exeellent variety, having a close and compact
habit, and freely producing large trusses of bright rosy
pink flowers ; awarded a Pirst-class Certificate. Also
Elegans, a white-flowered variety with showy rosy
salmon centre, of good form and substance, and having
j striking zonate foliage ; the habit dwarf and close.
1 Floribunda, foliage bright green, with a dark zone and
• disc of iiale green ; pure rose flowers and good habit.
' Mr. William Paul, of Waltham Cross, has some fine
j things for 186", including some of Beaton's race of
hybrid Nosegays. Among them are— Autocrat, foliage
with distinct zone ; flowers bright orange, the pips
I very large and of good form ; a free-blooming
variety, and very attractive. Blue Bell, deep rose
sufl'used with blue, described by Mr. Paul as of
a bluish lilac shade ; flowers of good form ; habit
dwarf and free. Crimson Queen, very deep shade
of crimson, and j'et not wanting in vividness;
"the flowers large but somewhat loose, and yel,
more than compensated for by the profusion in
which they are produced on the truss ; " good foliage,
distinctly zonate. Crusader, a very showy variety ;
flowers crimson-scarlet, with distinct light eye, large
and of good form, in bold trusses, zonate foliage. Dr.
Hogg, bright rose, distinctly shaded with purple, a tint
very oBcetive out of doors, where it should be seen to
be appreciated ; the petals largo and stout ; the trusses
large, very showy, and freely produced ; in its depth of

colour it certainly differs from Amy Hogg, as well a* in
the breadth and size of the florets ; the foliage is marked
with a distinct dark-brown zone. Enchantress, rich
deep magenta, with a shading of purplish-crimson, the
upper petals being of a bright deep scarlet ; habit very
close and desirable, large bold trusses, and distinct
zonato foliage. Glory of Waltham, a remarkably fine
Nosegay variety of a very showy scarlet ; flowers large
and of fine form, in large trusses; habit dvvarf and
strong. Lilacinmn, foliage zonate ; colour glowing dark
lilac of a quite novel shade ; good trusses, and excel-
lent habit. Ossian, colour rich crimson-scarlet, slightly
sufl'used with violet; medium-sized trusses very freely
produced ; leaves pale golden green, with a slight zone ;
an excellent variety for pot culture, and a promising
bodder. There is already another zonate varietynamcd
Ossian in existence, though it does not appear to be
known about London. In this, as in Mr. Paul's Ossian,
the flowers are deep scarlet, the bottom petals having
some amount of lilac spread over them. It is said to
be an excellent bedding kind, and much
used in the locality where it is found. I do not see it
catalogued in any metropolitan list, so probably it is of
provincial derivation, and has as yet only a local
notoriety. Mr. Paul's variety will be easily known for
its peculiar Cloth of Gold foliage. Village Maid will
prove a very u.seful bedding kind, and be strikingly
effective ; colour deep rosy pink, with clear white
centre, a beautiful shade of colour ; the white, more-
over, is so distinctly separiited from the pink as to give
it a very striking appearance ; habit good, and a free
bloomer. Waltham Nosegay, upper portion of the
flowers scarlet, the lower magenta; foliage distinctly
zonate ; a very useful and effective bedding variety.

Mr. C. Turner, of Slough, has Countess of Sefton, a
very free blooming Nosegay variety, producing good
trusses of bloofn ; the colour a rosy scarlet ; and Inter-
national, likewise a Nosegay variety, considered to be a
marked improvement on Black Dwarf, both in the
substance and colour of the flowers ; the colour is a
rich crimson scarlet, the florets broad and stout, the
trusses large and very showy.

Messrs. Downie, Laird, & Laing, of Sydenham, have
the following: — King of the Nosegays (Bartleman),
colour orange-scarlet, very large and showy trusses of
bloom ; habit excellent, a very promising variety ;
awarded a First-class Certificate. Mrs. Laing. also a
Nosegay variety, colour bright scarlet ; petals broad and
well formed ; trus.ses large and bold ; dwarf free habit,
and very effective as a bedder. Mrs. Menzies, flowers
rosy salmon, large, and of fine form ; very fine for pot
culture. Sambo, very finely formed flowers of a
bright deep glossy scarlet colour ; large compact
globular truss ; a very distinct and splendid variety ;
awarded a First-class Certificate.

A few other promising flowei-s may be briefly
summed up as follows :— Dwarf Queen of AVhites
(Mann), zonal foliage, colour pure white, good trusses
and habit. ' Felix CTirebuck), a zonal variety, good
habit, and large ti-usses of pals pink flowers ; awarded
a Seeond-class Certificate for its obvious good qualities.
Salmon King (Batley), colour clear salmon, tinted and
pencilled with carmine; good habit, and very promising ;
also awarded a Second-class Certificate. Messrs. F. &
A. Smith offer a large batch, but not having seen them,
I am unable to report on their qualities.

Mr. B. S. Williams has a vigorous-growing and very
free-blooming double variety named Tiieophrasta
flore-pleno, the colour bright deep scarlet, rayed with
carmine ; produces huge trusses of bloom. Mr. Bull is
growing on for another year's trial a great quantity of
double varieties, many of w'hich promise to be greatly
in advance of those now gro^vn.

In regard to the Pentstemon, the advance made is
marked both by variation of colours and improvement of
form, so that this is now a really valuable summer-
flowering plant. A variety called Sceptre was exhibited
at one of the meetings of the Floral Committee
during 1860, and received a Second-class Certificate ;
the colour of the flower was purplish-crimson, the
lower lobes marked with large and distinct dark
spots ; fine form and stout texture. Glaber, a North
American species, pale lavender largely suffused
with blue, finds its great recommendation in
its peculiar colour ; it is in the hands of Mr.
Thompson, of Ipswich. The following, from a batch
to be sent out by Messrs. Downie Laird & Laing, are
really fine things : — lona, tube and exterior of lobes
crimson, the latter large and well expanded ; pure
white throat veined with crimson. James Douglas,
tube pale bluish purple, pure white throat spotted
with light blue, a very attractive and novel flower.
James Laing, dark violet purple, white throat, pen-
cilled with crimson, distinct and striking.

A very flue variety was added last season to the list
of Pinks, namely. Princess of Wales, a flower of large
size, and heavily laced with dark rosy crimson ; fine
for exhibitions. It came from Mr. Turner, and was
awarded a First-elass Certificate. An invaluable early
forcing variety named Rubens, is also in Mr. Turner's
hands; colour, pale lilac, close dwarf habit, very free
blooming and richly fragrant, a capital market kind.
Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son have a perpetual-
flowering kind named Most Welcome, producing fine
pure white flowers, laced with dark reddish crimson,
and very fragrant.

The Primula sinensis, in both single and double
varieties, has undergone a marked advance (thanks to
careful and persistent hybridisation) during Iftie past
year. The results are so important that they will shortly
form the subject of a separate paper. The magnificent
varieties of P. oortusoides introduced from Japan
by Messrs. Veiteh & Sons, are well represented by
amcena, a variety producing large umbels of rich rosy
purpleflowersouslenderfoot-stalks, which are largerand
nuich more showy than those of the original species.
P. intermedia (Fuller) is a hybrid between P. ciliata
*ad P. minima; it is a vigorous hardy variety, producing

good trusses of flowers of a brilliant purplish crimson,
and will be a valuable addition to the early flowering
plants u.sed for spring garden decoration. Both ot
those were awarded First-class Certificates. R. I).
I^To be ContinaeU.)

Selk-Cdnfinement Of Bees.— Hoping that some
otiier apiarian might have a few words to say on tho
account given us by Mr. West (see p. 241) of the
extraordinary self-immolation of the bees of his
Egyptian hive during a period of five months, I have,
till now, deferred making any remarks on the subject
of his observations. The disinclination to stir forth,
and voluntary confinement for so long a time, and
more especially in the fine weather which prevailed
during a portion of the autumn mouths, manifested by
the bees of this particular Egyptian hive, is certainly a
very unusual and curious circumstance. _ It must be
remembered that the hive was, and is still, very
populous, and was well supplied with provisions. This
state of afiiiirs commonly induces a disposition to
activity, particularly in tlie way of attenipts to rob
ol>ber stocks. Besides which, even if there is no forage
to be obtained by working in the fields, bees generally
like to take advantage of some part of every fine warm
day to "play out," as it is called here, and bask in the
sun. Why this particular hive should have persisted
in following a totally difl'erent line of conduct must
remain a mystery. Had the hive in question, possessed
lay Mr. West, been the only colony of Egyptian bees in
England, then we might have been led away with the
idea that in this peculiarity the bees only exhibited a
type of their wonderful instinct in retaining habits
suited to their own native clime. Unfortunately for
the soundness of this theory this is not the only
colony of these interesting and beautiful bees
which are kept in England; and as I was, during
the same period as that mentioned bj; Mr. West,
in the possession of two, if not three, hives of these
bees, I am in a position to give evidence that the
conduct of his bees was, to say the least of it, abnormal.
During the autumn months the bees of all these hives
exhibited signs of activity beyond any other hives in
my apiary. They were always, on fine days, the first
to show out in any numbers ; and even on less favour-
able occasions theEgyptian bees were sure to be flying
in and out pretty numerously, when those of the other
stocks in the same garden hardly put out an appearance
at all. These hives were not so populoas or so well
provisioned as Mr. West's hive seems to have been,
thoiii;h by no means very deficient in either attribute ;
but 1 compare them with other hives about equal in
these respects, and I must give the palm for activity
to the EgyiJtians.

I think, therefore, we must look for some other
reason than that of nationality for the peculiarity
evinced by the bees of Mr. West's hive. What may
have been the true cause I am not prepared to say. If
such a circumstance should occur in my apiary with
regard to any of my stocks, I should suspect something
wrong in the interior economy. Either there might
be an old and worn-out, or a young, infertile, or drone-
breeding queen ; or possibly there might be no queen
at all. Or the combs might be filled with foul brood,
wdiich would be cause amply sufficient ; but we have
no grounds for supposing that either the one or the
other of these conditions really existed. By all accounts,
the hive would appear to haive been thoroughly pros-
perous in all respects. Iknowthatwhenitcameintothe
possession of Mr. West, a few months ago, it possessed
a young and vigorous queen, and there is no reason to
suppose that she can have become lost or changed. We
must, as I said before, look for some other reason
which operated in causing the bees of this particular
hive to evince such an extraordinarj; deviation from
the line of conduct usually characteristic of ordinary
well-regulated bees, I do not for one moment believe
that the fact of their being of Egyptian descent had
anything whatever to do with it. If I mistake not,
similar instances might be related as connected with
our own common English bee ; but as I cannot dis-
tinctly recall any particular case, I must leave the
matter for the consideration of others. S. Bevan Fox.

Miscellaneous.

Australian Spinach. — At the commencement of last
year Mr. Ramel, who introduced into the French
colony of Algiers the Eucalyptus globulus, received
from Australia a new vegetable. His friend Dr. Mueller,
of Melbourne, had it sent to him as a substitute for
Spinach; it is superior in every respect to that
vegetable, easier of cultivation, and of an enormous
and rapid growth, less subject to run to seed, and also
of better flavour. He called the plant New Queens-
land Spinach. The New Australian Spinach is, how-
ever, a better name. It belongs to a group in which
is compri-sed our common Spinach ; it answers
botanically to the Cheuopodium auricomum of Lindley,
who described it in a few words in Mitchel's Journal
on Tropical Australia. It grows abundantly in the
east part, following the course of the River Narrau, and
it is again found in Queensland. The Chenopodium
auricomum is an annual, with a long stalk rising to a
metre. In its general appearance it resembles Cheno-
podium hybriduin, that troublesome weed which over-
runs our fields, excepting in certain points, especially
in the inflorescence, which difi'ers. The stalk is erect,
robust,angular, fluted, streaked with a violet kind of red.
As regards the eatable qualities of the plant, we have
recently gathered an abundant harvest of leaves f-rom
two or three plants growing in our garden. These
leaves were put into boiling water to bleach t'liem, and
thev were then cooked as an ordinary dish of Spinacli,
with this difference in favour of the new plant, that
there was no occasion to take away the threads which

298

TBE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[Maech 23, 186

are so disagreeable ia Chicory, Sorrel, and ordinary
Spinach. We partook of this dish with relish; the
flavour, analogous to Spinach, had somethinfj in it more
refined, less grassy in taste. The cultivation is easy :
sow the seed in April in a well-manured bod, for the
plant is greedy ; water it. The leaves may be gathered
from the time the plant attains 50 centimetres in height.
They grow up again quickly. In less than eight days
afterwards another gathering may take place, and so on
to the end of the year. Journal de la Fcrme et des
MaisQiis de Campagyie,

Hereford Orchards. — Duncomb, in his " Agriculture
of Herefordshire" quoting Evelyn's "Pomona," (a.d.
1679), said : — " The plantations of Herefordshire
acquired the peculiar eminence they still retain in the
reign of Charles I., when, by the noble exertions of
Lord Soudamore, of Holme Lacy, and other gentlemen,
Herefordshire has become in a manner one entire
orchard." In this opinion I cannot agree. Indeed,
Dr. Beale, in his " Herefordshire Orchards," says ;—
" From the greatest persons to the poorest cottage all
habitations are encompassed with orchards and
gardens, and in most places our hedges are enriched
with rows of fruit trees. Pears or Apples, Ginnett,
Moyles, or Crab trees." The same writer adds : " One
reason why fruit do so abound in the county is for that
no man hath of late years built him a house but with
special regard to the proximity of some ground fit for
an orchard, which should be some depth, as is
commonly towards the foot of a descending ground,
and frequently with a proclivity towards the south,
and the land not too friable or hollow, but somewhat
tough, binding, and tenacious, lest the winds root up
the stock ; and many times servants when they betake
to marriage seek out an acre or two ; for this they give
a fine or double value for years or lives, and thereon
they build a cottage and plant an orchard, which is all
the wealth they have for themselves and their
posterity." He also remarks upon the great size to
which the fruit trees grow, and expresses an opinion
that some sorts live a thousand years, in support of
which he mentions, " an Apple tree at Ocle Pitchard,
which one year yielded S hogsheads of cider without
water, and never faileth of 3 hogsheads of 6-1 imperial
gallons, which tree had not been noticed to vary in
size by the owner, who was then SO years of age." The
difficulty of propagating the old fruits is treated upon
at some length, and French fruit is more than once
alluded to. Therefore I think Mr. Duncomb would
have been more nearly correct had he said Lord
Soudamore zealously applied himself to the improve-
ment of orchard cultivation, particularly of the red-
streak Apples, and probably was the introducer of
French fruits; but there is abundant evidence that the
art of cider making, and the knowledge of the strength
of cider, were well understood in England and in the
county of Hereford several centuries before his day.
Be this as it may, I believe I am righii in stating that
the cider made in the county is unsurpassed in
strength by that produced in any other county; and
not only so, but the strength is very long retained ;
indeed, I have myself drunk some which, after having
been in bottle 56 years, left a pleasant dry roughness
on the palate without acidity. BucMam on the
Farming of Herefordshire.

The Forests of liiissia. — A-mmviit the sources of
wealth, unproductive as yet, are the forests of Russia,
and which, for the most part, have the appearance of
virgin forests. The forests of Prussia, which are not to
be compared with those of Russia, are, thanks to a model
ruanagement, the source of considerable revenue to
the State, whilst those of the latter are at present only
an expense. Forest economy in Russia is in its infancy ■
its importance is reserved for the future; and the
numerous railways now in the course of construction
will contribute largely to its extension. The western
part ot Northern Europe is poor in forests, whilst on
the contrary, the east is rich. Finland, the govern-
ments of Olouetz, Wologda, Kastroma, and Archangel
all possess immense forests. On the 80,369,375 deciatines
(1 deciatiua=2 acres, 3 roods, 33 perches) that form
the government of Archangel 30,313,209 deciatinas are
covered with forests, of which 1,151,088 are the property
of the Admiralty, as they furnish excellent timber for
ship-building purposes. One district alone (Jlesen)
contains 14,865,873 deciatinas of forest land • and the
districts of Pmega, Kemi, Cholmogorv, Onega, and
Archangel are equally rich in timber. The Scotch Fir
(Pinus sylvestris) is found in great abundance, and the
lorests of the governments are principally composed of
this tree; however there is no sdarcity of the Spruce
ia, the Siberian Cedar, the Bu-ch, and the Poplar
Ihe first exportation of timber from Archangel appears
to have been in 1761. During the last ten years the
value of the timber exported from the ports of Arch-
angel and Onega amounted to 316,978 roubles (£54 315)
a small sum as compared with the riches of the forests
ot the country; and the Grand Duchy of Finland
though much snialler in extent, exports annually
timber to the value of upwards of two millions of
roub es (£313,500). Better results may be predicted
tor the luture, now that the Petchora, and esoecially
its mouths, are navigable. Correspondance Russe.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
CONTINTJE, as opportunities offer, potting the few
rarer Stove plants which may not yet have under"one
that operation. Anthuriums, Musas Cossignia, Ana-
nassa, Vriesia, and many other similar subjects, may
now by the aid of a good shift, be pushed on freely in
growth, in a moderate amount of temperature, which in
stoves, properly so-called, may be allowed to range from
68 by night, to 85° upon favourable days. Ply the
syringe pretty freely at shutting-up time. With one

exception, the above and many plants similar in habit,
will be greatly benefited by having the leaves
thoroughly cleaned once or twice a week, with a
sponge dipped freely in tepid water. Too much
indeed can scarcely be said as to the desirability of
frequently resorting to this method of refreshing all
plants confined in glass houses. Coccocypselum
discolor will also need shifting into an open fibry soil,
with the view of promoting good growth, aiid the
production of a fine crop of its quaint purple fruit.
Early batches of Achimenes, Caladiums, Gloxinias, &c.,
will now need potting. The Achimenes will do best
in pans of moderate depth ; if placed in pots they require
good drainage. Pot them loosely into an admixture of
two parts peat and one of leaf-mould, with a liberal dash
of silver-sand. The Caladiums will require only small
shifts into an admixture containing less leaf-mould
than that used for the Achimenes, potting moderately
firm. Give the Gloxinias a shift into pots about as
large again as the size of the bulbs to be operated on.
These all need a high moist temperature. Gloxinias,
however, dislike having their leaves wetted. Small
yellow insects often attack the leaves of the latter,
therefore examine them carefully, should the least
symptoms of their presence be observed in the shape of
brown disfigurations upon the larger and more matured
leaves. The two former will receive much benefit by
being frequently freely moistened overhead. Now is
the time to pot and start in warmth the general stock
of all such bulbs as those just adverted to— at all events
proceed with potting them, as, if that operation is
delayed, they will, by the formation of a weakly
growth, lose much of their robustness, besides running
the risk of being broken or inj ured in potting. Shade
the Achimenes well on sunny days, especially m fluctu-
ating weather, when laden with condensed moisture.
Prepare, and place upon plant-houses 'generally, the
necessary shading material. The most economical
shade which I have met with is that called Hessian
cloth or canvas. It is some 2 yards wide, and is
sufficiently strong for roller work, while its cost is only
Is. per yard run. For shading frontages or sides of
glass houses, however, or indeed where possible for
tacking to the roof inside, scrim or tiffany is to be
preferred, as being less thick it admits more light than
the shading just named. Where a small stock exists
of the Si/ringa or iMock Orange, especially Philadel-
phus mexicanus, it will be advisable to place some in
heat for the purpose of forwarding them a little ; being
fragrant they will prove acceptable in mixed collec-
tions, or for indoor decoration.

FORCING HOUSES.
Set about preparing later Vineries for starting in an
even gentle way with the view of securing good autumn
Grapes, remembering the fact, that according to the way
in which, at every succeeding stage, the several processes
are well carried out, will not only be the fineness of
the crop, but also the keeping properties of the berries.
Where Vines are cultivated m a mixed house it will be
advisable to choose a fine warm day upon which a
thorough cleansing of the whole house should take
place. Remove all plants from it, well wash the paint,
and whitewash the walls; after which each plant
should also be properly cleaned and returned to its
place, giving the whole, in a night or two afterwards, a
searching smoking. In causing the Vines to break,
resort as little as possible to artificial means at this
advanced date ; should they break too slowly, give air
only in the front ; this, by retaining more moisture in
the slightly warmed atmosphere than is possible when
the top is thrown open, will aid — not unnaturally— in
giving them a favourable start. When fine warm
weather occurs it will be advantageous to remove from
the outer borders any coverings which may have become
sodden by the late snow. Pines swelling fruit may be
more freely supplied with liquid manure, withholding
it altogether from any which show signs of ripening.

Cuttings of difl'erent varieties of Centaureas should
now be put in. I find them to strike freely out down,
with a joint of last season's growth for a base, put
singly in small 60-sized pots, with abundance of sand
immediately around the bottom of the cutting, and
then plunged to the rim in a slight, one or two-framed
hot-bed, formed for the purpose, so that they are kept
just milk-warm at the bottom, whilst they are kept
perfectly cool and airy at the top, by tilting the lights
both back and front, to admit a current of air right
over them. They will seldom strike in enclosed or
very warm positions. They should not yet be pro-
pagated, however, if not fairly growing. Keep the old
plantsmoderately dry for a time, and let them occupy a
light airy situation.

HAEDT FHUIT GARDEN.
Out-door-grown Figs may now have any protecting
material placed over them in the autumn, removed.
Be particular, however, when any trained to walls are
exposed thus abruptly, to prune and nail them close
in as soon as possible afterwards ; as if the younger
spurs are permitted to protrude far from the wall,
a very slight amount of frost will destroy the embryo
fruits thereon. In a general way it is not advisable to
winter-prune Figs, as doing so often causes them to
emit stronger shoots from the base, ill adapted to the
main desideratum, fruitfulness. Should any part become
over-crowded, it is best at all times to remove, down at
the base, some of the stronger growths of recent
formation, retaining, where possible, the lesser,
more 'Woody branchlets, or growths more properly
formed, for fruiting ; and leaving any further pruning
operations until the summer time. Do not manure
the roots of Figs or loosen the soil around ihem more
than is absolutely necessary. They fruit more freely
in hard soils, and delight in old mortar rubbish,
especially the old debris from fallen houses. As this
is a good season for planting them, borders may be
prepared of such, with a little loam intermixed, aU
well rammed down together ; this suits them well.

The Brown Turkey and the Brunswick are well
adapted for such positions.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Owing to the sodden state in which most soils must
be for a week or two to come, consequent upon the
late heavy falls of snow, it is not advisable to pro-
ceed with the usual planting or sowing operations
upon open quarters. It may be possible, however, by
choosing a dry interval, to make a few sowings for the
earlier purposes, though even these it will be better
to defer for a time, where it may not be possible to
rake the seeds in freely when sown. These include
Brussels Sprouts. Where large-sized sprouts are
needed, it will be better at all times to sow the Rose-
berry. Of Broccoli, a little of each of the following
may also be sown, viz^ Walcheren, and Osborn's, and
Backhouse's Winter Whites. In limited gardens sow
either of the above, as they are all likely to give a
supply, more or less, throughout the winter months ;
sowing at the same time a pinch of Cabbage for summer
use. Hill's Incomparable is a compact grower, suitable
for this purpose. W. F.

STATE or THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK. NEAR LONDON,
For the Weekending Mar. 20, 1807. as observed atlthe Hortieultural Gai-dens

Temperature.

March.

P

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

Wind

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

Ifoot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thurs. H

8

29.63'2

29.512

41

28

34.5

40

Friday 15

29.778

29.692

40

•lit

n 5

40

40

N.E.

Satur. 16

n 4KA

29.875

38

%)

29.0

40

40

N.E.

Sunday 17

29.995

29.678

■AH

m

34.0

39

39

E.

Mon. 18

12

29.496

29.445

;«

30

32.5

40

39

Tuea. 19

29.370

29.272

36

32

34 0

39

Wed. 20

O

29.744

29.409

43

27

35.0

39

39

N.E.

Average .

29 713

29.554

36.7

27.4

330

39.5

39.4

_^ yiAz

March 14— Snow and sleet ; overcast ; snow in broad flakes ; oveicast.

— 15— Snowing ; uniformly overcast; tine at night.

— 16-Clear and frosty; fine, with whit« clouds; froaty at night.

— 17— Frosty, with slight haze ; cloudy and tine ; boisterous.

— 18— Very cold and boisterous; snowing; densely overcast.

— 19-0verc;ist ; heavy fall of snow and sleet; drizzling rain

at night.

— 20-T)ensely clouded; cloudy and cold ; overcast at night.
Mean temperature of the week 9 3-lOth de^. below the avciage.

STATE OF THE "WEATHER AT CHIS"\VICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending March 30, 1867.

Sunday . .24
Mon. ..25
Tues. ..26
Wed. ..27
Thura. ..28
Friday ..29
Satur. ..30

Eta g&£

48 5 I
50.9 I
61.5
53.7 I
53 0 I
53 8 '

No. of
Years in
which it
Ilaincd .

Greatest
Quantity
of Kain

Prevailing Winds,

0 30 in.
0.50
0 17
0.37

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
27th, 1830-therm. (5.deg. ; and tbe lowest on the 25th, 1850-tbemi
14 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Deformed Roots : C W D. The Grape-like excrescences on
the root sent are insect habitations. Each one contains two
or three small grubs, for whose maintenance a store of
succulent and atiu-chy food is laid up ui the walls of the
house.

Bessert Plums : R W. The following will probably suit you :
viz.. Transparent Gage, Jefferson, Reine Claude Violette,'
Denyer'a Victoria. Kirke's, and Coe's Golden Drop.

Gardenkks' Examinations : Croton. Your application must
have been accidentally overlooked. Apply again for the
Programme for the Examinations of 1867, to the Secretary.
Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, Loudon, W.G.

Grape-orowing : Yorkshire Sub. Your Vines doubtless break
badly because the wood of last year has not been sufficiently
well ripened to enable it to undergo the hard forcing to
which we suspect your Vines have been subjected ; and this
explains why they are breaking better from the old wood,
which was doubtless well ripened, than from that made last
season. The fact of your Black Hamburghs doing better
than either of the other kinds mentioned also strengthens
our opinion as to the cause of your failure, because the Black
Hamburgh ripens its wood better, and bears harder forcing,
than almost any other variety. Last autumn was sunless'
cold, and wet, and unusually unfavourable for ripening
purposes. We shall therefore not be surprised if we hear of
many failures similar to that which you have experienced.

Hay Lodge, 'Jrinity.— In the notice of this place at p. 213,
the plant referred to by our correspondent as " Himmerus "'
Mutisii should be Hemimeris Mutisii, a species now referred
to Alonsoa.

Insects : / B. Your insect is the destructive weevil,
Otiorhynchus sxilcatus, which feeds by night, and cunceals
itself by day in the rough parts of the bark. A white cloth
should be laid on the ground beneath the Vines, and the
house should be visited after dark. The light alarms tho
beetles, which fall on the cloth, and are easily destroyed by
treading on them or putting them in boiling water. }K

Manure Fungi: Amateur Perplexed. The little black specks
are the sporangia of Pilobolus. M J B.

Malformed Dendrobium nobile : S H. The peculiar appear-
ance of your flower is due to the partial union of two of the
sepals, and the consequent displacement of the other parts
of the flower. It is curious how slight an alteration of this
kind will produce a great change in the general appearance
of the flower.

Names of Frdit: J) F, Slough. It appears to be Raism de
Caliibre, but we are not quite sure, as the ben-ies were very
much bruised and discoloured when they arrived. Send it
again in October or November with a leaf.

Names op Plants: J P. Adiantum t^apeziforme.— / IV P.
1, Selagiiiella pubescens ; 2, Davalha pyxidata ; ^^, Doodia
caudatii.— / S. Pinus Pinaster.— ff M. Eucomis punctata.—
Diss. Veronica ligustrifolia.— y M. Probably a variety of
Rhododendron arboreum, or a hybrid between it and some
other species. It is not R. Windsori.

pELARGONiujia : J N H. The leaves seem to be affected by
some atmospheric injury. Have you been coating your
pipes with any suspicious pigment? What is the "Berlin
black " you mention?

Wash for Vines : J N H. One of the washes in common uso
is made up the following ingredients : 2 lb. soft soap, 2 lb.
flowers of sulphur, and 1 lb. tobacco. The latter should be
well boiled, then strained and the other ingredients added,
with as much water as will make up 5 gallons. It is laid on
with a brush. A wash prcpai'ed from Gishurst Compound
is equally efficacious.
Communications Received. — Prof. Regel.— Prof. Morren.—
M. de Jonghe.— J. 3.— W. Miller.— J, Anderson. — Dr. Smith
—A. Forsyth,— Ferd. MiOler.— W. Earley.— Doubtful.— J. C.
Nicholaon.^A. Boyle.

Mauch 23, 1887.]:

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

299

Ai.,^.. . LONDON, W.C. I been so emphutically the ouno tUut bits of land

— caTitkr^ sKLEcf^ LIST oi' KAiiM sEKUs, at call be fouiid in which no other crop has been

SUTTON AND SONS.

ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT,

READING,

Ofl'er the following New or Improved Varieties of

AGRICULTURAL ROOTS

^ AND

FORAGE PLANTS,

Specially worthy of Cultivtitiun — the merits of which
have been tested at their Trial Furms and Grounda :—

BROMUS SCIIRADERl (Schrader's Brome Grass}.— This uaoful
plant is rouiarkivblo for Its habit of free growth in the earlloat
spring and latest autumn months. All Itmds of stock tjat it
treely. It should be mown as soon as 18 or 20 inches high, and
by thus cutting while young, four or five good crops will be pro-
duced a voar. Price 2». Hd. per lb., or cheaper tn large quantities.
Sow In March, April, May, August, aud boptembor. Sow 30 lb.
per acre.
NEW KARLY OXHEART CABBAGE. — This Is a very distinct
varioty, not of the Drumhead shape. For feeding off early it Is
Invaluable, on account of Its quick growth. If drilled lu rows
20 Incbcti apart, it will be found to produce a moat abundant
crop. Sow in March for feeding m Autumn, or in August and
September for Spring feed. I'rico 3». M. per lb.
THOl^AND-nEADED CABBAGE.— A verv hardy variety, Ull,
iind branching. It ia valuable aa yurly Spring feed for she-sti,
whmh are very fond of It. Sow in March only. Pilco 2«. 6d. per lb.
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE.— This is
the largest variety in cultivation, and invariably takee flrst prize
at Birmingham and other important Agricultural Shows. Some
of the heads have attamed the enormous weight of 70 and BO lb,
each. Sow in March and August. Our seed is direct from Mr.
Robinaon. Price 3s. 6d. per lb.
MALDEN'S NEW WONDER CLOVER.— This is valuable as a
change on Clover-sick lands, but especially for Its capability of
enduring the summer drought. It Is a heavy cropper, and thrives
on poor sandy or gravelly soils, Price 2a. to 2s. 3d. per lb.
NEW WHITE INTERMEDIATE CARROT— This is an improve-
ment on the Common SVhito Carrot, having shorter but much
larger roots, and is a valuable acquisition. It ia easily pulled,
and will be found to yield a great weight per acre. It is par-
ticularly adapted for shallow soils. Price 3s. Gd. per lb.
GREEN-TOP ORANGE BELGIAN CARRUT. ~ A much heavier
cropper than the old Yellow Belgian Carrot, and very uutritioua.
Price Is. 9ii. per lb.
NEW LARGE PUUPLE BEET (for Field Culture).— This is a new
large variety ol the Garden B'^et, produces great weight per acre,
aun ia more nutritious than Mangel Wurzel. Price 3.*. Cd. per lb.
FENUGREEK. — An aromatic Forage plant. When cut green, a
small quantity mixed with hay m the stack greatly improves the
quality, esptcially when the hay has beeu damaged by rain.
Price 1.1. per lb.
FRENCH FURZE or GORSE (Ulox euiopEous).— A valuable plant
for cutting Willie young. If crushed and given with other food it
is much liked by cattle, and especially by Milch Cows, which
have been found to thrive well on it. It is also useful as horse feed,
and admirably adapted for hedges or covor. Price la. 9d- per lb.
SUTTON'S NEW DWARF PERENNIAL KYE-GRASS. — A
superior variety, of very dwarf close-growing habit. It is
particularly adapted (with other kinds of Urasses) for Lawns and
Pleasure Grounds, and Is included In all our Permanent Mixtureij.
Sold by welaht only. Price Td. per lb., or GOs. per cwt.
SUTTON'S IMPROVED ITALIAN RYE-GRASS.— This is preferred
to every other variety of Italian Rye-Grasa. It produces three or
four heavy crops in one Buuimer, and is almost if not strictly
perennial. It has proved very successful under cnltlvation with
Sewage at Bwking, West Ham, and other places. Price 63. Od.
per bushel, or cheaper in large miantities.
NEW LARGE GERMAN KOHL llABI.— An improved and very

early variety, grows to a largo size. Price is. per lb.
THE LUPIN.— This plant is admirably adapted for poor, sandy
soils, on which it will grow a ^reat weight per acre. It is a great
!icquisition in its green state tor sheep, on account of its intrinsic
feeding value and medicinal properties. The two varieties most
worthy of cultivation are the Yellow and the Blue ; both are
equally useliil. Blue, 12s. fld. per bushel. Yellow, 175. 6rf. per bush.
SUTTON'S CHAMPION SWEDE.— This is allowed to bo the best
Swede in cultivation. It is a very heavy cropper, perfectly hardy,
stores weU, and almost invariably escapes mildew. It bus gained
numerous prizes again this season throughout the country.
Price Is. per lb., cheaper bv the bushel.
NEW GIANT T.tVNKARD SVVedE.— A useful, free-growing Swede,
and very distinct from the Yellow Tankard Turnip, being a true
Swede of rich yellow fleah. It produces a great weight per acre,
but is apt to grow rather coarse on rich soils : the qu.^llty, how-
ever, is excellent. Price Is. Od. per lb,, cheaper bv the bushel.
SUTTON'S GREEN-TOP YELLOW HYBRID TUR^TIP.- A very
large yellow-fleshed Turnip, of excellent feeding properties. It is
quite distinct from the commou Yellow Scotch or Bullock
T'liruip, being paler in colour, but much larger. Price Is. per lb.,
cheaper by the bushel.
SUTTON'S PURPLE-TOP MAMMOTH TURNIP. — A very large
quick-growing Turnip, selected from the Grey Stone, possessing
valuable fee^iing properties, and producing upwards of 40 tons
per acre. This variety was particularly admired on our Stand at
the Smlthfleld Club Cattle Show. It is the largest Turnip in
cul*.iv3tion. (Sow in June or July.) Price Is. per lb., cheaper
by the bushel.
SUTTON'S SHoKT-TOP SIX-WEEKS TURNIP. —The quickest
Turnip known, excellent for sowing very early or very late. It
may be sown till the end of August or first week in September
with certainty of crop, and the latest sowings wiit stand the
winter well. Price Is. per lb, , cheaper by the bushel.
SERRADELLA.— Thia ia now extensively grown aa a substitute for
Vetches, and Is particularly adapted for very poor soils. March
and April are the best months for sowing. Sow 28 lb. per acre.
Price Is. per lb., or cheaper by the cwt.
SUTTON'S SELECTED YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL.— Thia is the
result of many years careful selection, and possesses the desirable
qualities of being very free from roots, with small top and beau-
uful shape. It is a very heavy cropper, and thrives well on all
soils. Price Is. per lb., cheaper by the cwt
SUTTON'S NEW YELLOW INTERMEDIATE MANGEL.— A
most desirable kind, beautiful in shape, superior in quality, and
very free Ijrom rootlets. It may be allowed to stand closer lu the
rows than other Mangels, hence it produces a much greater
weight per acre, and from its peculiar shape, is more easily
pulled than any other variety. Seed scarce. Price Is. 9d.
'"'• per lb., cheaper by the cwt.

BERKSHIRE PRIZE YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL.— A distinct
variety introduced by us last season, when it gave great satis-
faction, and gamed many Prizes. It is remarkable for Us small
top and freedom from coarse roots, and grows to a very large
Bize. Our stock of Seed ia limited, and we can only offer it m
quaDtlties not exceeding 8 lb., at 2s. Od. per lb.
SUTTON'S MAMMOTH LONG RED and SUTTON'S MAMMOTH
LONG YELLOW MAJJGELS. — These are superior new varieties,
growing to a large size without becoming coarae, and producing a
much greater weight per acre than the common kinds of Long
Bed and Long Yeliow. GO tons per acre have been grown of the
Red Mammoth. Both were greatly admired on our Stand at the
bmitbfleld Club Cattle Show. Price Is. 6d. per lb., cheaper by
the cwt.
SHEEP'S PARSLEY.— This ia excellent feed not only for sheep ;
but horses and cows are equally fond of it. A few pounds of Seed
down over any pasture in the mouths of February, March, or
April, will be very useful. Price Is. per lb.
LUCERNE.— This is a most useful plant as green food for horses. It
should be sown in April, iu drills lU Inches apart, and may be cut
four or five times a year. It should be hoed alter each time of
cutting, and manured every hprlng. It thrives in any soil, but
especially lu chalky land. Price Is. to Is. 3d. per lb.
For particulars of other kinds of FARM SEEDS, GRASS SEEDS,
CLOVER SEEDS, &c., Stc. see " SUTTONS NeIW FARM SEED
LlbT," which may be had gratia and post free on application.
"»■ All Goods Carriage Free, except small parcela.

Sutton & goN8, Seed Growers, Beading.

OQ'V and 238, HIGH HOLUOKN

/CO i -CARTER'S SELECT LIST ot

reasonable prices, forwarded gratlb and post frue on application to

Caiitkii'jj Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, liigU
Holborn, London, W.C.

Carter's Geoulne Seeds.

/BARTER'S SELECT LIST of GENUINE FARM

VV SEEDS, at moderate prices, is now ready, and may be had post
free on application to

CAitTEii'a Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High
Holborn, London, W.C. ^

r^ It A S S SEEDS for

^^ PERMANENT PASTURE, ot the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

Seo *' WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains lUustra-
tions and Descriptions of tho most
suitable Grasses for Pernianont Pasture.

s

J. C. WuKELER & Son,

Qlouceator,

Seodamon to tho Glouceatershiro
Agricultural Society^_

OUTHERN COUNTIES"~^SSOCiATION.

^ President 1806-'67— His GaAot: rnii Durk ok RiciiMoun, K.G.

The ANNUAL EXHIBITION of HORSES, STOCK. POULrRi.
IMPLEMENTS, FLOWERS, WORKS of ART, &c., will be held at
BRIGHTON, on the 24th, 25th, 2Gth, ;!7th, and 28th of J UNE NEX T.

SUMMARY OF PHIZES OFFERED:—
CATTLE.— Short-horns, £125: Sussex, £125 ; other Breeds, £50.
SHEEP.— Southdown3,£9<J;lHant3 Downs, £90; Oitford Downa, £90;

Kent Sheep, £00. * „,„..„-

HORSES.- Agiicultural, £110; Hunters, £95; Hacks, £15; Ponies,
PIGS,- Berkshire, £32; other Breeds, £3:i. [£19.

POULTRY.— Various, £93. .,„„,T.r.

The PRIZE LIST may be obtained of the Secretary. ENTRIES
CLOSE May 1. By order of the Council,

Yately, Farnborough. Q. B. H. Shcte, Secretary.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLANiJ.
BURY ST. EDMUND'S MEETING, 18G7.
STOCK, POULTRY and IMPLEMENT PRIZE SHEETS are
now ready, and will be forw:).rded ou application to
k^l2, Hanover Square, London, W. H. Hall Dare, Sec.

TEMt ^gricttlttttal (Sajette.

SATURDAY, MARCH 23, 1867.

Having had samples of several sorts of
Potatos presented to us last spring we determined
upon planting them side by side, in order to
observe their differences of foliage, productive-
ness, quality, and other points of interest. Of
these nine sorts were sent under the name of
Paterson, and were either new or improved
kinds, raised by this successful experimenter
with the Potato. Four sorts were from the
Messrs. Sutton, and the rest were from speci-
mens grown in the district.

With these were formed 21 plots in an open
field of sandy loam. They were planted in one
day ; put in with the hack, and on coming up
were hoed with tho same tool, it being an imple-
ment with which oui- labourers are very expert,
and they certainly grow Potatos remarkably
well. Dishes of all the sorts were exhibited at
our Cottage Garden Show, and amongst them
the following obtained marked attention : —

No. 5. The King Kidney (PATERaON).
„ 9. Patersou's Blue.
„ 10. ,, Victoria.

„ 11. ForfurBhire Red (Paterson).
,, 19. Pink-eyed Busty Coat (Sutton).

But the following list will give the whole, and
some observations in a tabular form : —

grown for years, and amongst those tho deep-
eyed Rock is one of tho more g(ninral ; indeed a
neighbour laughingly remarked that the only
throe vegetable crops grown in our villages are
J\itatos, TatiirSy and TiUfea.

A general remark may bo liuro mado on
tho results of tho cxpurimunts with the
above sorts, varied as they are in time ot"
ripening and in newness to tho district, namely,
tliat all those that wore early ripe wore fi-eo
from disease, whilst few of the late sorts
escaped it, and of these ou an average oue-
eighth were affected. Still, as regards tho
" earlies," they did not escape the disease when
left lato in the ground, and this leads us to
the opinion that as soon as Potatos aro suffi-
ciently ripe they should at once bo dug and
stored. It is however notorious that this crop is
neglected in favour of other work, for while wo
can readily see any damage a crop may sustain
which is above ground, we do not attend to those
below ground, as wo cannot seo any mischief in
progress. Early lifting and storing in a dry
state in a dry place, warm enough to keep out
frost, but not too warm, aro desiderata with
many as regards tho Potato crop. Cottagers
have two methods, both of which have great
disadvantages. In most cases tho crop is placed
on tho sui'face of the soil, and covered over with
straw, which, in the West of England, is usually
sufficient, but this has entailed great losses iu
the present winter. Another plan is that of
placing the crop in their bed-rooms — here they
exhale carbonic acid to such an extent when they
begin to " chit," or grow, that it is fortunate if,
in such cases, the windows and doors are not
over well constructed.

Failing a convenient covered place we prefer
really to bury our crop, making a pit in a dry
sheltered spot , three feet deep, which should be well
lined at the bottom and sides with dried fern, then
covering them in a conical shape with a thick mass
of straw and thatch, surrounding the whole with
a deep ditch around and beyond the mound. But
we should greatly prefer keeping them in barrels,
such as the American Linseed cake is packed in,
as these are not air-tight, and if they are put in
a dark dry place the tubers aro surrounded with
air, which can penetrate to them, and so they
are better kept than in any other way.

Wo have been at some trouble to get our
friends to adopt the plan of boiling Potatos in
their- "jackets;" in this, however, we have
utterly failed ; the cook, though the boon is
sometimes promised, persists in the system of
paring, which is destructive of flavour, and most
wasteful.

In order to show this we weighed the parings
taken off three of tho above sorts : —

o. No. 2, Walnut-leaf Kidney, a shallow-eyed smooth
variety.

h. No. 7, Scotch Blue, eyes of medium depth,

c. Rocks, a deep-eyed form.

The result was as follows in round numbers : —

a. Lost in paiing, IG per cent.

b. Do. do. 18 ,,

c. Do. do. 22 „

The latter figures, again, are greatly against
coarse sorts, but it is usually found that they
are better croppers, and this is deemed a com-
pensation. B.

We have received from the Eev. John Con-
stable, Principal of the Royal Agricultural College,
the following interesting letter iu corroboration of
Dr. Voelckee's remarks (reported iu another page)
TABLE OP EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS OF POTATOS GROWN IN 1866.

Name.

Pink-eyed Kidney, locally Ladles' Thighs

Walnut-leaf Kidney

Ashleaf Kidney . .

Fluke Kidney

The King Kidney.
Regent.
Scotch Blue,
Irish Blue,
Paterson's Blue.
Paterson's Victoria.
P.aterson's Forfarshire Red,
Seedling Rocks.
Paterson's Napoleon.
Ditf erent sorts

Two sorts

Cheshire Wonder

Red Peach bloom. > j, „^ ^^-^^^^^ ^^^

Prairie Seedling. f , j^^ j,i

lari/^ooSf '"''*• J SurroK, of Reading,
Scotch Down

New or selected sorts
grown or raised and
sent out by Mr.
Paterson.

It is to be hoped that attention thus excited
may tend to the introduction of new sorts into
tho district, as there can be no wonder that
disease should result from the constant growth
of the same sorts in the same soil, and this has

Remarks.

Long, good-sized white-fleshed sort ; a large cropper.

Medium -si zed. yellow-fleshed ; ditto.

Very early, white-fleshed ; poor cropper.

White fleshed, but fibrous ; good cropper.

Early, yellow fleshed ; fair cropper.

Late, round, white-fleshed, rather close ; good cropper.

White-fleshed ; good cropper, but small.

Ditto, rather deep-eyed, fine flavour ; good cropper.

Ditto, fine sort, improvement on 7 and 8 ; good cropper.

Yellowish flesh, shallow eyes, fine sort ; ditto.

Very fine looking sample ; good cropper.

Fine skinned sort ; good cropper.

A good looking tuber ; exceUent cropper.

Merely grown to observe difference of foliage.

Tho same.

Yellowish flesh, small ; good cropper.

Externally much like 16, but with white flesh ; good cropper.

Very fine Potato, white-fleshed ; good cropper.

Ditto ditto excellent cropper.

White-fleshed early sort ; fair cropper.
Yellow -fleshed ; exceUent cropper.

afc the close of Professor Simonds' Lecture on the
Diseases of Lambs. Mr. Constable says :— ^

" I notice in your remarks on Professor SiMONDS
recent lecture that you aUude to some statements
made by Dr. Voelckes after the lecture ou the
poisonous ingredients found in immature vegetable

306

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND ACEICTJLTimAL GAZETTE.

[MaBCH 23, 1867.

food. I have in my possession the records of some
exact experiments made by Mr. Chuech in the College
laboratory, which I had hoped to have given to
the public last November, in the second number
of Practice with Science. It may interest your
readers, while the subject is fresh in their minds, to
peruse the following extract from Mr. Chubch's
paper :—

" ' Some time ago, I was asked to examine into the
cause of the death of some young pigs. They had
been fed upon a mash of Bean-meal and Mangel tops.
On examining this mixed food, I found it extremely
acid ; so acid as to turn blue litmus a brilliant scarlet
ittiaiediately on immersion. I thought oxalic acid
might have been introduced into the mixture; I
tested for it and found it. But on trying the same
experiment with fresh Mangel leaves from the field, I
found in them also large quantities of o-xalic acid. A
determination of the actual amount of this acid
present in fresh Mangel leaves was then made.

" ' In the middle of September the leaves of a Mangel
were cut off close to the root, they were bruised in a
mortar, and boiling water poured over the mass, which
was then analysed. The method adopted of extracting
the oxalic acid from the leaves enabled me to estimate
the soluble oxalates alone — those, in fact, which would
be really active and poisonous.

15,870 grains of Mangel leaves g>xvG oxalate of calcium equal to
30.36 grains of oxalic acid, or
38.85 grains of acid oxalate of potassium.

This latter salt, commonly known as salt of sorrel, is
the form in which oxalic acid usually exists in solution
in the juices of plants. "VTe may therefore calculate
our results into the form of a per centage of this salt.
Thus it will be found that in 100 parts of fresh Mangel
leaves there is '251 of oxalate of potassium, or 100 lb,
of fresh leaves contain rather more than 4 ounces of
this poisonous substance.' "

decided, should be printed, and issued as a report to all
the members of the Suffolk Association, the town of
Bury St. Edmund's paying the expense ; the Local Com-
mittee wisely trusting that this would be a step for
furthering steam cultivation, and for showing its
applicability to the soils of the eastern counties. The
reporter engaged for this purpose was Mr. Williasi
Eatnbied, He was educated at the Eoyal Agricul-
tural Cohege at Cirencester, and holds a large farm at
Hengrave, near Bury St. Edmund's. Mr. Syeett, his
colleague, is a practical engineer in Bury St. Edmund's.
They have together produced, in the way of history,
description, argument, and testimony, as good and
effective a piece of advocacy as any believer in steam
cultivation could desire.

1831 to 1836 was

1837 „ 1842

1843 „ 1848

1849 „ 1854

1855 „ 1860

1861 „ 1868

■ Messrs. Stueoe, in a recent trade circular, call

attention to the extent to which we are becoming
dependent on foreign countries for food both for
man and beast. The average annual importation of
grain during successive periods of six years each is
thus given : —

1,052,977 qra. per annum.
3,132,059 „ „
5,181,333 „ „
9,189,437 „ „
10,279,984 „ „ „

15,485,160 „ „ „

The late Eichaed Cobden anticipated that within
10 years from the reduction of the duty on corn to 1*.
per quarter the annual import would amount to
10 million quarters. This, it will be seen, has already
been exceeded by nearly 50 per cent. What the result
may be at the end of another ,30 or 40 years, it is diffi-
cult to foresee, as even now the consumption of animal
food in Great Britain is so great that the quantity of
bread used per head is more than one-third less than
in France. Since it is estimated that 10 acres of pasture
do not produce so much human food as 1 acre of
corn, or even a less extent of Potatos, this increased
consumption of meat requires that the produce of a
much larger portion of the earth's surface shall be
devoted to the supply of food for this nation.

By a supplementary Charter granted in 1856,

the Highland and Agricultural Society is empowered
to prescribe a curriculum for Agricultural Education,
and to grant diplomas. The Council constituted by
this Charter recently reported that there should be two
examinations— namely, one for the certificate and one
for the diploma, that the examinations should be both
written and oral, that the value of the answers should
be determined by numbers, and that the oral examina-
tion should be public. The first examination under
this report took place in March last year, when two
candidates received the certificate and diploma. This
year's examination, which commenced on Monday of
last week, extended over three days— Monday and
Tuesday being set aside for the written and Wednesday
for the oral examination, which was open to the public.
The subjects of examination, and the several
examiners present, were as follows :— Science and
Practice of Agriculture— Mechanics and Construction
—Professor AVilson and Eobert Eussell, Pilmuir.
Botany — Professor Balfour. Chemistry — Professor
Anderson. Natural History— Professor AUman. "Vete-
rinary Surgery— Professor Hallen. Field Engineering
and Surveying— Professor Macquorn Eankine. Book-
keeping and Accounts— Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., and
Archibald Patersou, Meadowfield.

The following gentlemen passed the necessary exami-
nations : — For Certificate and Diploma. — 1, Eobert
Brydon, Burnoastle, Berwickshire; 3. George Kent
Walton, Long Compton, Warwickshire. For Certifi-
cate.—I. James Cooper Bowstead, of Halkthorpe Hall,
Penrith ; 2. Thomas John Elliot, Wilton, Salisbury.

A meeting of the Council on Education was held at
the close of the examinations — Mr. Henet Stephens,
in the .absence of the president and vice-president, in
the chair— when the Eeport by the Board of Examiners
was received, and certificates and diplomas were autho-
rised to be issued to the successful candidates.

One of the best shilling pamphlets on Steam

Cultivation we have ever seen has just been issued by
the Suffolk Agricultural Society.* It is professedly a
report of the steam cultivating machinery shown at
the late meeting of that Society (July, 1866). A similar
exhibition took place there when the same Society
visited this town in 1862, but no record was kept of
the work done — either the quality or the cost of it ;
but at the last exhibition the Bury St. Edmund'.s
Local Committee decided that an ofBoial record should
be kept, and all particulars noted, and these, it was

* Apply to J. Le Butt, Esq., Secretary to the Society, 2,
St, George's Terrace, Kiaby Gate Street, Bury St. Edmund's,

LETTEES FEOM ITALY.— No. V.
Theee are some countries that seem to have
capitalised a reputation for good husbandry. Putting
other parts of the globe out of the question " fi-om
China to Peru" (both of which happen to come
within this category), almost any one, speaking of
Europe, would name Belgium for one, and Tuscany
for another : and I fell under a request, and a promise,
to endeavour when on the spot to explain to an old
friend at home whose love of farming took a sort of
traditional character, —why, when that of its neighbor
Tuscany is so celebrated, the agriculture of Piedmont
is so deficient :— just as you see at home what some one
calls 'the reproach of England '—good farming and
bad, nay the best and the worst,— and on the same
soil — divided from each other only by a hedge.

' Why does a bucket of water with Fish in it, weigh
no more than the same bucket of water without the
Fish ? ' was King Charles' question to the Savans of the
Eoyal Society in its youth. The reputed answer of
Mr. Boyle contains the elements of that which I had
to write, as soon as it was possible to form a judgment.
"If it please your Majesty the proposition is not true."
The unfavourable comparison has, no doubt, been
derived from the observation of persons travelling
north. The fair plains and slopes of Tuscany fanned
by the breezes of the Mediterranean, and enjoy-
ing a climate which can ripen a far greater variety of
crops, may easily captivate the eye with the appearance
of superior cultivation to that of a country whose long
dead flats lie under the ice-blast of the Alps.

The valley of the Dora, from Susa to Turin may
perhaps be taken as a fair, though somewhat northerly
type of the general character which in fact speaks in
the very name of Piedmont. It is an almost regular
descent, running with the stream ; and its appearance
was aptly described half a century ago by a wan-
derer whose ' diary of an Invalid ' did for travelling what
Horace Walpole did for Letter- writing. "Nothing"
to use his own words, of Lombardy, "can be
more uninteresting than the dull flat plain where
there is Uttle to please any eye but the eye of
the agriculturist. The land indeed is as rich as land
can be, yielding four hay-harvests in the year. Besides,
the whole plain is almost one continued Vineyard;
and the Vine is not here the little dwarfish plant that
it is in other places, but is trained to hang from tree
to tree in rich festoons, as it is described by Virgil."

If blood can fertilise Piedmont should be produc-
tive; for it was 'the cock-pit of Europe' from the
days when Charlemagne, led by a minstrel deserter,
crept through a mountain chain of fortresses by a
secret path into the Longobardio camp,— down to the
days of Napoleon.

If an English farmer could be conveyed blindfold to
the South foot of the Alps, and then journey; by train
from Susa to Turin, driving through the latter on the
way to his Hotel, his impression both of Town and
Country would I think be given in exactly the same
words, — and they would be that both were divided
like a chess-board. After the wild and varied moun-
tain scenery of Switzerland, and the recent passage of
the Alps, the sensation on taking your seat in an
Italian liailway-carriage is that of a return to the
luxury of over-civihzation. Tour fellow traveller, if a
native, politely but decidedly seats himself away from
the suuny window to which like a foolish Moth to the
candle, the northerner will very Hkely have allowed
himself to be attracted ; not even pulling the blind
down, till a smart stroke of heat suddenly accumulated
as if through a burning glass stings his ear and side-
face like a blister, making him seize the blind-string
as if he had taken a run at it, shutting out landscape,
agriculture, and everything else, while the searching
heat seems to spread over his exposed side, and the very
cushions take up the lead and begin to burn him.
Then he feels that he is on the south side of the Alps,
and of Europe.

It seems to me somewhat difficult for one whose eye
has been accustomed to the Hop-yards of England,
even when seen, as the Cockney sees them for the first
time between London and Dover, to do proper justice
to the Vine. In a Hop-yard (when nearly ripe) the
eye is bounded by what it looks upon. The rich and
clustering foliage mounting up and pouring over the
summits of the poles, and forming in masses of leaf and
tendril that seem to fill the intervals of the Bindsj
presents such a solid columnar regularity, such a wall
of verdure, that it is diflficult to conceive a form of
vegetation more thoroughly rich and voluptuous. Your
gaze rests on it and dives into it, deeper and deeper, till
it is arrested and imprisoned in the intricate and mazy
folds and can penetrate no further. In a Vineyard
there is more of variety and freedom ; but theEye goes
through it, and out beyond. This has its advantages
no doubt ; but it leaves the comparative impression of
bareness. There is perhaps equ.al uniformity in both,
a repetition that can never be quite pleasing to the eye ;
but in the ripe Hopground it is smothered and lost
by abundance, in the Vineyard it is open and uncon-
cealed. In the Hopyard the graceful feature consists

of spiral lines and pendants, in the Vineyard of
festoons rich in every variety of form, and colour.

In Madeira the Vine is trained scarcely 3 feet high
from the ground : looked down upon from a hilly point
it appears exactly as if the whole surface of the ground
was meshed over by fishermen's nets. In Piedmont
It IS trained from tree to tree ; the most common bein"
the white Mulberry which is shorn twice a year of
every leaf, and the shoots then out back to a sort of
fork, which leaves the most melancholy truncated form
of growing to order ' that poor arboreal Nature ever
submitted to. Nevertheless, the pruning knife is used
with great skill : the young plant is trained to about 10 or
12 feet from the ground, at that point it is headed and
jDoUarded off into branches which shoot out to great
length, and become the basis of many a future rich
crop for the silkworm. As soon as the leaves are well
out along the length of these shoots you see up in each
tree a biped, featherless indeed, but with a sack : into
this he shreds off every leaf, by running his hand
baskwards against the leaves from the point of each
twig to the stem, where the mouth of the sack lies gaping
to receive them. Sad and bare the skeleton trees look
as he leaves themoneafterthe other bereft of every trace
of a leaf When this process is finished, and the rich
cargo sent off to the nearest town, or silk-worm colony
another important task commences ; viz., the cutting
back of these denuded branches to within about a foot
or two of the stem, or of the lastforh. For of course
as the process continues, year after year, each point of
section becomes the stool (to use our own woodland
term) of a fresh burst of straight leaf-bearing twigs to
be similarly dealt with in their turn.

This culture of the Mulberry for silk-worm rearing
IS now become in point of commercial value, by
tax the most important branch of Lombard industry.
For one foreigner who drinks the wines of Italy, a
hundred wear her silks; and the long avenues of forked-
looking Pollard-stems that to the eye seem but props
for the Vine, are themselves the parents of a crop,
whose export value far surpasses that of the produce of
the Grape. In 30 years the production of silk has
grown from an almost nominal amount to- the value of
10 millions sterling. In the north of Italy it is not
found advantageous to raise more than one brood of
silk-worms in the year. The first supply of leaves
takes place in May, and the eggs of the worm are
hatched in time to meet and consume it. Summer
passes, and by the time that England is reaping her
corn, the little silk -worm has rolled himself up in his
cocoon, aud the sacks of rich green leaves that we saw
trundling along every country-road, are now by a
magical transition being merrily wound ofl' upon the
reel in the form of a rich yellow fibre, destined to take
its place in the Drawing-rooms of Paris and London.
The reelmg off the Cocoons is a very busy aud a very
lively scene ; except to the poor worm who, in spite o'f
the Humane Society, dies a lobster's death in a caldron
of boihng water, and, like Bill Bunting's ghost, delivers
his long yarn in a posthumous character. An immense
quantity is still wound off by the hand ; for it is a
process of exceeding delicacy ; and the length, stioky-
ness, and frangibility of the fibre, present obstacles to
machinery more puzzling after all than the shortest
staple of Cotton.

And now the snowy peaks of the Alps have gradually
settled into the distance, and in a couple of hours from
Susa the traveller eye-wearied with a formal country
enters the formal City of Turin by a Eailway Station
whose regal magnifloence speaks of that which was,
and IS no more. Poor Turin ! in the history of Cities,
did any one ever before undergo a fate so cruel as that
which has befallen her ? The maker of Italy, she has
unmade herself—

" Nor Time nor Place
Did then adhere, and yet you would make both :
•Ihsy have made themselves, aud that their fitness now
Doth unmake you ! "

Majus includit in se minus! To cease to be the
capital of Italy was to be no longer even the capital of
Sardinia. It is like a thing suddenly struck with palsy :
whole streets and quarters of noble houses, blocks of
ambitious architecture, were springing up all over the
lown. Warehouses, Roads, Eail-

--. , Eailways, engagements

and investments almost on a national scale were rising
up on every side. The Fiat came ! and all was para-
lysed m an instant ! It is the modern Pompeii— the
Niobe of cities. The mere transfer of the Capital,
apart from other losses, cost it five and twenty thousand
of its population.

This would be a fearful sudden loss to any city:
but Turin was a city of men, not of idlers. It was a
place where men had congregated not by accident, or
the gravitation of pleasure or convenience; but for
business. 'It took its place as the first capital of new
Italy, by merit, not geography. Its right was absolute,
and earned, Cavour's place was Turm ; and had the
Eestorer of Italy lived, he would never have deserted
the Workshop, when every thing had yet to be made, for
the Picture-Gallery, where even the best workmen
would begin staring about them, and turn to idlers.
Men are but men : and of all the places on earth for
the representatives of a nation whose first business
was and is to keep off bankruptcy, to find themselves
assembled at, Florence is the most dangerous, and
delusive. But of that hereafter : at present we
wdl speak of Turin alone. Amongst the other great
works devised by the fore - thought and prudence
of a Statesman was the opening a new line, an inde-
pendent outlet from Turin to the Sea, At present its
only access to the Mediterranean is by Genoa, a long
and roundabout way, angular, steep-grad'ieuted, through
the Apennines. But Genoa is in mind, as it ever was
in fact, an independent State, jealous, selfish, aud
solitary. It could snap its finger any day
at the Italian Kingdom, or republic, and set
up for itself again, a gainer in a selfish sense
by the change. In former days it did for

Maech 23, 1867.J

THK GATIDKNEHS' (lIlllONTaE AND AGKIOULTURAT- GAZETTE.

«eii

the neiglibouring seaport of Savona what tho
Yankees did in tho lato American War for
Charleston,— blocked up its harbour with sunken
stones Now, Havona is or might bo to Turin what
Liverpool is ' to Maiicliester ; and if tlio iiooplii of
Manchester (iould not roach tho Sea except by Holy-
head thoy would be much in tho predicaiiicul of the
Turinoso wlio bavo to lind a Moditerraucau outport
via Genoa. AVill it be believed that one of the most
beantifullv made Railways in Europe, constructed
chiefly with British money, and skill, and passuig
through a districl abounding in popnlatioii, and in
every element of wealth, mineral and agricultural, now
i lies iivo parts out of six completed; and ahaiidoiwd.
As you pass over its noble viaducts and bridges you
see on each side a country where natural wealth of
every kind is redundant, wanting in nothing but an
outlet. As you approach the Sea you look upon a
Harbour well worthy of tho estimation and tho fears of
its jealous neighbour Genoa, itself unable to accommo-
date the shipping it monopolises. AVith all onr
Railway errors and extravagancies at home, such a
thing as ninety miles and upwards of almost com-
pleted Liue, 'funnels Embankments Arches all finished
—and abaniloiu'd-is a sight hardly credible. . And this
is but one of Iho monuments that Turin can show as
her reward for having been the starting jioint and
birth-place of tho Liberties, and Unity, of Italy.
C W. H. ... ..

Home Correst>ondence.

The Farm Labuiirar. — I have been reading the admir-
able Village Lectures, lately published in your columns,
namely, the one on a "Sunbeam," another on a "Drop
of Water," and a third on " Our Relationships," and
they have brought to my recollection the very excel-
lent Essay * on Parm Labour, whose title is given
below. It wixs published some few years since, and has
since, I believe, gone through several editions. The fol-
lowing are some remarks and criticisms which I myself
made on the essay on its (n'<t falling into my hands,
and which, I have thougUl, aliould you consider them
worthy a column in the Agricultural^ Oazatte, might
induce some of the subscribers to it who take an
interest in the well-being of the agricultural labourer,
to procure the essay and make themselves
acquainteil with its contents more fully than
my criticisms upon it are able to make them. They
will tlius, as it were, take a j)eep into their condition,
and learn what it really is ui tiie county of Kent and
neighbourhood in which the good and learned physi-
cian wrote and then delivered his essay to the
Agricultural Labourers' Association. That the phy-
sician, tho author of the essay, is a good and learned,
and 1 will add skilful pr.actitioner of his profes-
sion, there cannot, I believe, be a doubt ; and were
I to add further, that his essay proves that he is a
physician of the mind, also, as well as of the body,
and that he has described what he himself,
during his practice, hail actually witnessed ana
become familiar with, I further think there will
not he a doubt in the minds of those who have
already or may hereafter read his essay. But having
admitted this, as I very frankly do, I am pleased
to be able to record that, though the condition of
form labourers doubtless is as gloomy and unfor
tnnate in the county of Kent as the learned
and good physician depicts it, yet it is not so
bad universally or throughout all other counties
as he represents it to be. It is nevertheless
quite true, that the farm labourer is not anywhere
" what he ought to be, or what he might be ; " but.
still, I can speak from long experience, that, taking it
for all in all, it is better than very many persons are
made to think and believe it to be, and better in most
other counties than from some causes which I am
unable to understand it is in Kent; and know-
ing but little of the county I am surprised to
learn that it is in the very low condition the author of
the Essay has described it to be. But to give one or
two examples only on the present occasion which have
just come into my mind of a better state of things — and
should there be others of greater prominence, as I am
writing now partly from memory, and quoting the few
passing remarks I committed to paper when the Essay
was first published, my reading friends will be so
kind as to excuse me, and especially when I inform
them that my memory is not so retentive as it was
50 years back, when I first committed my thoughts
to paper and to the press, on the condition of the
agricultural population and on their practice. Tou
will, I know, excuse the vanity of a young man, for
you all must know that I was not far advanced in life
50 years back ; but it was in 1817, 1819, and 1S20, that
I sent articles to the press against what was called the
Sliding Scale for the admitting of agricultural produce
into this from foreign countries ; and maintaining
that the lands of England, if scientifically culti-
vated, would support all the population of England,
and that the agriculturists, landlord.s, and tenants.
if left to themselves, and taken out or their go-cartsj
and deprived of their leading-strings, would soon find
means first to totter along, then to walk, and then to
run, and go at whatever pace they pleased without
protection. Sucli was my language 5U years back,
when, I think, many of my farming readers would
consider I had but very few brains in my skull, and less
understanding in them ; and even now, perhaps, they
may believe that length of days has rather diminished
than added to them ; but, my friends, for so I esteem
the bulk of you, I can say, that such as my thoughts
were then on those important subjects, sucn they are
now, not improved nor changed in any one important

* Tlie Faii)i Labourer : what he is and tchat he mi^ht be. A
Pvizo Essay of the Kent A^cidtiiral Association. By a
Phyaiciau. Wertheim 4j Co., Pateruoster Row.

particular ; and I repeat, after those 50 years of toil
and thought, that 1 believe, if the lands of Englanil
were in the bands of well educated and scion tifj<:
men. the worM would hear no nioro of the nioauiiigs
ol' disfressed and breaking farmers that their crops
ire always failing, one year from too much drought, and
uiolher from too iiiucli wet, and that their rents and
litlie.s, if in the hands of the clergyman, but seldom
()lhcrwise,are so enormously high, and labourers' wages
the same. Butall thisooiuplainingis owing to a lack of
education, as is evident if the dissatisfied are compared
with other men. Not a week since a most worthy
clergyman, one whom I can trust to any extent,
indeed, one who could no sooner make up his mind to
tell an untruth than ho would to comniit tho most
heinous of all crimes that man could commit — this man,
nay, this gentleman, for ho is such as much as any gontle-
iiiau I ever knew, told me that not a pound of
butcher's meat had been in his house for at least
13 months I But did he complain V And yet we hear
of tenant farmers who have grumbled to iniy the rents
they were so anxious to engage to pay ; and to )iay their
labourers their just wages, bf wdioso labours they live,
eat, drink, aud are merry ; live, in truth, iu comfortable
or splendid houses, and eat of the fat of the laud, aud
drink of the luscious wines of other lands ! No ;
were they educated or had the knowledge they ought,
to have, they would be lushamed to rejiine as some of
them now do (but not all, for there are glorious
oxce|itioiis), but by energy and thouglit, and adopting
the aids which the science of the .age gives them, rise
above a conduct which would scarcely be endurable in
children. O. Wilkbt.i, Wix Parsonage.

The Crops. — On drained stiff clays the Wheats look
promising where not eaten by slug. The peck of early
Marchdust was worth its weightin gold. The severe frosts
have expanded tho water in the soil, and so loosened it
that the melted snow passes readily away to the drains.
The deeply cultivated rough lying soil, ready for roots,
has been shaken and pulverised by the frosts, and will
be in nice order for Mangel seed in April. Beans and
Peas put in just belbre the frost will take no harm,
and be ready for a start when mild weather comes. —
Wlre-ivorm and Slug : Light land subject to wire-
worm should be closely inspected, and if even a few
plants show sign of damage, the land should be at once
salted at the rate of (J bushels per acre. Mine is already
done, and washed in by r,ain. This is a certain remedy,
but it should be done iu time, for the damage is only
visible some days after the attack. In some obstinate
ca.;es 5 cwt. is not too much. Our heavy lands never
siifl'er from wire-worm. Rape-cake is also a preventive of
wire-worm. Slugs have done much mischief on the
stifl' wet tile earths. Luckily I have 4o acres of Wheat
with only 1 bushel of seed per acre on my heavy
land — a full plant, except about \\ acre, which
has suffered from slug. Unfortunately they have
taken part of the peck an acre as well as the thicker
sown. Where my Clover leas were twice ploughed
they escaped the slug, This is generally the case.
I am very strongly induced to speak well of salt as a
cure for wire-worm, not only from personal experience
on my light land, which has been always very much
subject to it, but also because a neighbouring farmer
suffered severe losses for years, until, by salting his
land repeatedly, he got rid of these pests. Whether
the solution of salt kills them, or only causes their
departure, I am unable to say. Salt tends to con-
solidate the light land. If one dose is insufficient,
follow it up by a second. Sowing slaked lime against
the wind about 2 o'clock on a mild morning is a check
to the slug. They do not come out in cold dry
weather. A farmer told me he never lost a plant of
Turnips by fly. He sowed lime just as the dew
was going off, against the wind. Sowing dotmi wind,
he said, would not do so well either for slug or
fly; they either smell you or hear you. — Th.e Lamb-
ing Season has not been so favourable as last year.
I hear from various quarters that there has been a
greater loss of ewes — attributed to the very severe
weather of January. Shelter during this inclement
March has been all important, and my numerous
shed.s and sheltered places have been in profitable
requisition. Mr. Wood's advice and exiierience as to
the sheltering and separating of newly dropped lambs
are truthful aud valuable. March came in as a " lion,"
let us hope that it may go out as a " lamb." J. J. Mechi,
March, 1867.

Tlie Potato. — What a wonderful acquisition is the
Potato for human food ! It is not 300 years since its
discovery by Europeans ; and Sir Walter Raleigh's
name stands associated with the high honour of its
early culture, if not of the original introduction. It
appears to have been "cherished and cultivated for
food" on his estate at Yonghall, in Ireland, before its
value was known in England. This was about the
year 1586, and they were supposed to have been
brought over from South America or Virginia by
colonists sent out by Sir Walter, and who returned in
that year. They were not known to botanists till the
year 1588. In 1597 some roots were planted near
London by Gerard, a botanist, as a great curiosity. In
IGIO it began to be known in Ireland, in England
only as a curiosity, and Sir Francis 13acon was one of
the first to ascertain its virtues; and this so long as
24 years after being planted by Gerard, or about 1621,
and even then " they were despised by the rich, and
deemed only proper food for the meaner sorts of
persons " — the Jerusalem Artichoke being much pre-
ferred. It cannot, however, excite much surprise that
this should be the case then, as some varieties
in the present day are very mean food, and at
that time no idea of their improved culture or
obtaining improved varieties was entertained. At
length however it became more known, and in 1633
the Eoya-l Society took measures to encourage its
growth with the view of being useful iu preventing
famine. About 1(K) years after their introduction they

are spoken of slighlingly ; and it was thought by the
writers of those days that they might be " propagated
with advantage to jioor people ;" but very doubtful if
for food of swine or cattle, I'laiitiug iii the worst
ground was openly advocated in IIWI), as up to this time
they were only planted in gardens. It was not till
about the middle of tho 18ih century that t-liey became
generally known over tho country, and ihoir useful
(pialities understood. Since that time their culture
has bui'ii gradually extending, not only in this country
hut lliriiughoiil ilic civilised world, and next to Wheat
forms the most important article of human food;
indeed as to quantity it quite outstrips Wheat in tho
amount of foitd produced upon a given space. One aero
of Potatos would sufiice to .supply food for double the
number of people that can be fed from an acre of
AVheat, and according to the qualities now grown
almost etpial iu point of nutrition. This is one
of the main points now aimed at by cultivat^jrs,
to produce an article of the best quality. The
extent to which Potato culture has attained is
astonishing, amounting to many millions of acres in
this and other oouutries. In this country and Ireland
ujiwards of 1,300,000 acres are devoted to Potato culture,
and the produce, where not attacked by disease, is very
large. It has become a truly great and scientific
business, — the selection and culture of the land, the
choice .and application of manures, the choice of varie-
ties for cropping, the management, the planting, the
seed and iij preparation. The land should be a mild
loam, or a soil capable of being made open and friable.
The manures should consist of fold-yard dung supple-
mented by guano, or superphosphates and the like, in
liberal dressings. The variety should be in accordance
with the couditiou and fertility of the soil ; slow-
growing and dwarf varieties on the richest soils, and
the free-growing and prolific sorts on the medium
lands. The management of the manuring should be
by the ridge system, as forming a more sure way of
depositing the fold-yard manure along the ridges, and
also of sowing the artificial aids. The planting should
vary according to the habit of growth of the sort ;
dwarf sorts from 10 to 12 inches apart ; free-growing
sorts from 12 to 16 inches apart along the rows. The
seed should invariably be good ; the Kidney sorts for
the most part should be planted whole to avoid dry rot
in hot and dry seasons. Round sorts may be more
freely cut into sets, but small ones should be planted
whole. It is good practice to out away superfluous
eyes from Potato sets ; it causes the .set to put out
one or more vigorous stems instead of several weak
ones, O. F.

Siads' Wages.— It is gratifying to observe in your
Paper of Saturday that Mr. Rutherford is coming
round to my view of hinds' wages, and we may leave
it to time to complete his conversion. He seems to
have mystified himself as to " horse-corn ;" but as he
is probably alone there, I may refer him to my original
statement. Were I to follow him in his dissertation
de omnibus rebus et gulhtisdam aliis, I should merit
the punishment of being " much abridged," So as the
year to which this discussion refers comes to a close
at Whitsund.ay, I shall once for all give my statement
of "the cost to farmers" of the Berwickshire hinds'
wages, and leave Mr. R. to deal with it more suo.

Berwickshire Hind's Qaiiu, 1866-7.
00 bushels of Oats (producing 107i st, of meal) at 4.<. £12 0 0
18 bushels of Bai-ley (many of us give 21), at i^. y(^ . 4 5 6
6 bushels of Beana or Peas (all first quality), at

6s. 3t( 117 6

Sheep .siller (some 6(. aud 7(.) 500

Cow's keep, or cash 700

1800 y,ards Potato drill, or cash 5 0 0

House aud garden (I let one for several years) at . . 3 0 0
27 to 30 days' meat in harvest, at lOt^ .^ , . 12 6

39 5 0
Cartage of coals from pit mouth, never leas than

5 tons, at 48 10 0

.£40 5 6
And liberty to keep pigs.
James Thompson, Mungo''s Walh, Dtmse.

Drainage Pipes Stopped by Plant Roots or other
Sedimentari/ Matters. — Having seen a comi)laint made
by a correspondent of his drainage pipes having been
stopped by the roots of plants growing over them, I
beg to call his attention, and that of others who may
be similarly circumstanced, to the paper by me on
" (Jarden Drainage," read at the International Horti-
cultural Show and Botanical Congress in London
last May, and lately published in the " Proceedings."
Although the paper and design of improved drainage
appendages were sent as for horticultural purposes, I
have for many years adopted in practice for agricul-
tural purposes much more extensively than for horti-
cultural, the principles noted so cursorily in the paper
I allude to. As there are as yet no pipes or their
accompaniments manufactured for sale on the designs
which I have given, the principles can be adopted, of
course less effectually, by the use of any
ordinary drainage pipes, by placing broken
stones, coarse gravel, or any other comparatively
imperishable materials under them, the depth
of such varying in proportion to the necessities
of each case respectively. Should your correspondent
or any other be disposed to adopt this simple system in
Ireland, at least let him beware of how he attempts it,
if draining land with money borrowed from the Board
of Works in Ireland, and subject to the supervision and
approval of one of the same Board's Drainage
Inspectors, as I have good reasons for believing that if
this innovation on the Board's prescribed rules be
detected by some of these inspectors, who may not be
the best judges in the world of what good drainage is,
he may disqualify the work altogether, and cau,se the
Commissioners to refuse granting the future money
supplies. I could tell some things in regard to such
drainageand inspection in Ireland that would astonish
your English and Scotch readers who never had had

302

THE GAEDENERS' CHIiONKJLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

LMaech 23, 1867.

the honour or misfortune, as some would think, of
draining or otherwise improving land in Ireland, with
money borrowed from the Board of Works. But the
time is coming when professional oilicials will be led to
believe that they are not quite infallible, and induced
to abandon the delusive hope that " outsiders " will,
without remonstrance at least, submit to the dictum,
" so far shalt thou go and no further " than the verge of
such knowledge, be the same more or; less. lEdward
Carroll, March 9.

BoYAL Ageicultukal : Feb. 27. — Lecture hy Pro-
fessor Simunih on Diseases in Sheep. — [The following
is a full report of Professor Simonds' important lecture,
of which an abstract was publish .d at the time.j
He said :—

In directing your attention to the subject of this
lecture, namely, " Some of the Causes which produce
Bisarrangemeut of the Digestive Organs in Sheep," it
may be as well perhaps that I should in the first
instance make a few general observations with regard
to the digestive system of this animal. Every gentle-
man present is perfectly well aware that in speaking of
sheep we speak of animals belonging to that class which
are designated Suminantia — that is to say, animals that
have a very complicated system of digestive organs,
and which are in the habit, after having received a
certain quantity of food, of passing that food back from
the stomach to the mouth for the purpose of its being
re-masticated and re-insalivated. Subsequently to its
being thus mechanically reduced and fitted for digestion,
the food is returned to the rumen, and then passed on
to the true digestive, or fourth stomach. We have,
first, the rumen or paunch, into which the food goes
primarily ; next the reticulum, or second stomach; then
the third stomach ; and, lastly, the fourth or true diges-
tive stomach, the others being in fact preparatory
organs. It is unnecessary that I should go into such
disputed questions as to whether the food is passed
directly from the rumen into the mouth, or is previously
passed into the reticulum, and then into the mouth ;
or whether, on its second descent from the mouth,
after heina re-masticated, it passes into the rumen, or
directly into the third stomach. These are matters
of abstruse scientific interest. I may, however,
state that I hold the opinion that the food is passed
first into the rumen, and that, at each subsequent
swallowing of that food, the matter, however it may be
reduced, is still passed into the viscus ; and the reti-
culum is nothing more nor less than a supplier of
thoroughly masticated and insalivated food to the third
and fourth stomachs, that it may be properly digested.
"When the food is passed from the fourth stomach it
goes into the intestinal canal, and there it becomes
subject to the action of certain secretions, which may
be said to assimilate or produce that change m it by
which the nutritive parts are separated from the others.
Subsequently to their mingling with the crude mass
which comes from tho stomach, the chyle (the nutri-
tive parts) is precipitated unto the mucous membrane
of the intestines, where the process of absorbing this
nutriment goes on. The feculent or innutntious
^matter passes into the large intestines, where it is
retained for a certain length of time, and subject to the
further absorption of any nutritive parts which it may
possess. Ultimately .it is voided by the rectum in the
shape of small nodules, which are compressed into that
form by the action of the gut during the passage. It
was necessary that these observations should be made,
because, as you will see presently, we have the diseases
to which I shall specially allude, namely, the affections
which are commonly known by the term diarrluea,
centred mostly in the intestinal canal, and having their
origin in material, which may be to some extent
acrimonious, coming in contact with the lining
membrane of the canal, But not only have we causes
of that kind affecting the consistency of the feculent
matter, and the amount of nutriment extracted from
the food of the animal, but we have also very often an
irritable condition of the bowels, produced by causes
not acting directly on the intestinal canal. Indirect
causes frequently produce fatal cases of diarrhoea in
sheep, particularly in young sheep ; and it is therefore
important to be able to separate the one cause from the
other^ and to ascertain whether the cause is one which
is acting directly or indirectly on the intestinal canal.

"White Scoue.

Among very early lambs, we frequently find losses
occurring from their being affected with what farmers
term " white scour." As practical men you are per-
fectly aware that when lambs are perhaps not more
than four or five days old, there will be an exit of liquid
evacuations, which are exceedingly sour, and which to
some extent even excoriate the parts they come in
contact with; and these evacuations being of a pale
colour, the disease is ordinarily designated by
the words " white scour." We have to inquire upon
what this white scour depends and I think we shall see
that it frequently shows itself under certain circum-
stances, and very rarely indeed under the opposite
circumstances. For instance, if we look at the causes
which operate in the production of a mischief of this
kind, we shall generally find that it happens when the
ewes are remarkably well fed. It is very seldom
indeed that we see this disease when the ewes are being
fed on ordinary Grasses, or even receiving only a
moderate supply of Turnips. We know very well that
ewes sometimes have to produce their lambs on Turnip
land, depending upon the nature of the soil, the
character of the farm, and the system of husbandry
pursued. Take the ordinary case of ewes lambing
upon Turnips, where they are supplied with a very
large quantity of good Turnips, and at the same time
with a considerable amount of what we designate
highly-uitrogenised food in the shape of Oats, Peas, or

oilcake, the object of the individual farmer being to
fatten his ewes and his lambs together. This is a
system which used to be followed to a certain extent
in Middlesex. A farmer purchased a small quantity
of ewes; they lambed on Turnips; he supplied them
with a large quantity of cake and corn in addition to
their Turnips, and gave them hay and chaff; and,
under these circumstances, he found that, although he
got his ewes into good condition very easily, and could
get rid of them in the latter part of the year as fat ewes,
yet he lost a large number of lambs from the affection
which is designated white scour. This will help
to explain what I believe to be the real cause of this
affection— namely, that there is a peculiar condition of
the lacteal secretion ; that is, the milk of the ewe,
induced by this highly-nitrogenised food, being in
excess. In order to make this a little plainer, I may
just remark that the milk of the newly-parturient
animal is rich in an animalised product which we call
colostrum. If, for example, we examine the milk very
shortly after parturition, we shall find that in addition
to the ordinary fatty globules which exist in such
large numbers, there is present a considerable quantity
of cells of large size filled with granular matter. On
the condition of these cells will the colour of the milk
depend. If they are present in large numbers, the milk
will have a yellowish-brown appearance; while if their
number is small, the milk will be of an ordinary
colour. Now, in the ordinary state of things, these
cells of colostrum very soon disappear, and they are
met with very sparingly indeed in milk a few days
after parturition. If, however, parturient animals are
kept too well, to use a homely phrase, there will be a
prolongation of the period for the retention of these
cells, and in consequence a cause is brought into
operation which, when the milk is partaken of by a
young animal, leads to its not digesting the milk pre-
cisely in the same manner as it would do were the cells
not present. It has been said that these cells exist in
the milk, that Nature may famish her own purgative
to a young animal, the bowels of which are loaded
with a peculiar substance, which is called meconium.
I mention this because I wish to remark that
there can be no doubt that milk which is rich in
colostrum has a laxative effect on the intestinal
canal. But it is not simply to the laxative effect of
this material that I look for an example of an animal
becoming affected with white scour. We must regard
these cells as agents which absolutely excite fermenta-
tion in the milk ; and there can be no doubt, I think,
that lactic acid in excess is thereby produced, so that
when the milk is received by the young animal there
is a more than ordinarily firm curd produced in the
stomach. You are well aware that if a young animal
partakes of milk— and at this period it partakes of
nothing else— that the milk (that is to say, its caseine)
is acted upon by the gastric juice, and that the first
effect of digestion is the coagulation of the caseine.
But after a short time the same cause acts upon the
coagulum thus produced, and it is broken up or other-
wise digested. Now, if you have an abnormal condi-
tion of the milk itself produced by a cause of this kind,
you will find that when the clot is produced in the
stomach of the young animal the gastric juice is not
solvent enough to break it up ; so that it becomes an
indigestible material, often accumulating to the extent
of 3 or 41b. weight. The whey of the milk is passed
through the intestinal canal, and is voided with the
mucus of the intestines as anjabnormal secretion, and
comes from the intestines in the form of a white fluid.
I have seen many young animals fall a sacrifice to this
state of things, because not merely had they functional
derangement of the stomach and intestines, but
absolutely inflammation of these organs. The animals
then die of gastro-enteritis, induced by causes of this
kind. With regard to the means at the disposal of the
faimer for getting rid of the affection, knowing what
has led to it, of course common sense would tell him to
alter the management of his ewes ; and everybody who
knows anything practically of this matter must be
aware that you can hardly do anything that will be
beneficial to the lambs without paying attention to the
health and food of the ewes. Let the uitrogenised food
be lessened in quantity, and the animals be differently
managed generally with respect to their food, and
especially cease to use cake and corn for a certain time,
and then you will find fewer cases of this kind occur-
ring. Thus you will strike at the root of the evil at
once. Something might be done also with regard to
the lamb. At that time, it may be remarked, the system
of the young animal is ill adapted to bear up against
disease, so that necessarily a great many fatal cases will
occur. But the object of the farmer must be first to
remove the cause itself by preventing the animal from
taking any more milk for a day or two. There is a
difficulty, however, arising here. How is the animal to
be supported ? Support is necessary at this time ; but
it should be given in the form of well-boiled Oatmeal
gruel, and so on. The lamb should be taken from the
ewe for the day, and then it should be supported with
diet of that description. Ant-acids should be given to
it, particularly bicarbonate of potash, which will have a
tendency to break up the firm coagulum of caseine in
the stomach ; and if that be combined with a little
gentle aperient and carminative medicine, the case may
not be unsuccessfully treated. I do not know anything
better than such a mixture. Perhaps as good a one
as can be given to the lamb for a day or two, while it is
separated from the mother, is a scruple of bicarbonate
of potash, with about 10 grains of Rhubarb and from 5
to 10 grains nutmeg. Give this with a little peppermint-
water or gruel once or twice a-day, and with such
management as I have indicated the result will generally
be to arrest white scour. I have dwelt on this because
it is a matter of importance, and because I am inclined
to think that this is an affection depending exclusively
on the causes to which I have referred, and that it is
one of those diseases which are easily prevented.

I pass on to speai of other deranged conditions of'
the digestive system which lead to diarrhoea in voung
sheep prior to weaning. We have, of course, to con-
sider the manner in which the animals are managed. I
have already intimated that the management must to
a considerable extent be influenced by the system of
farming. Now, taking ewes upon Turnips again, and
supposing that the lambs are getting on strongly, the
common practice is to use what are called lamb-
hurdles, by means of which the lambs can ruu out of
the fold on to the Turnips, and return to the ewes at
their will. If, under circumstances Uke these, a farmer
is constrained to put his flock upon Turnips, having a
large amount of top quickly grown, and which may be
said not to be perfected, it frequently happens that he
loses some of his lambs from diarrhoea. On the other
hand, if there is an advanced ripening of the Turnips
the weather having been genial, and there having been
scarcely any wet, then you will find the animals do
remarkably well. Particularly is that the case if the
Turnips run up so as to produce their flowering stems.
Every farmer knows that lambs can crop Turnip tops
when in flower, not only with impunity, but with very
great advantage. On the other hand, if the Turnip-
tops are immature, or only partially developed, or if the
weather is wet, we find that food of this kind, given as
it mostly is in great abundance, will act as a direct
irritant upon the mucous membrane of the stomach and
the intestinal canal, and diarrhoea be the result. Occa-
sionally this functional derangement of the intestines
leads to a partial attack otgastro-enteritu — in other words
to inflammation of the mucous membrane of the intestinal
canal, and the young animal soon falls a sacrifice to the
scouring. With regard to cases of this description of
diarrhcea we can see readily enough that we have only
to alter the system of management, by limiting the
quantity of green immature tops that are given to the
lambs ; we have only either to supply them with a
smaller quantity of tops or to substitute some other
food, for them to get rid of the evil. It is, perhaps, an
evil of a minor kind in connection with rearing sheep,
because, speaking generally, I may say we know that
at that period of the year we very rarely find Turnips in
this particular condition. But on certain soils and, in
certain states of the weather it will occasionally occur.

Haie Balls.
To go a little beyond this, you will observe that after
weaning a large number of young lambs are lost ; and
from precisely the same cause, namely, diarrhoea. Now,
here we frequently find that several causes are brought
into operation, some of these being unquestionably of
the same nature as those to which I have already
alluded, and others of a totally different kind. 1 will
now say a word or two with regard to the ordinary
causes of the same nature as those which I have
mentioned. I would first remark that if lambs are
placed on Clover or artificial Grasses, and if the weather
at that particular time of the year, as is likely to be the
case, is not only elevated in temperature, but marked
by the mixture of a great deal of watery vapour with
the atmosphere, the animals, if they are eating
green succulent vegetable matter in large abundance,
particularly in an unripe state, will become affected
with diarrhoea; and no system that can be adopted,
unless weal ter the management or feedingof the animals,
will be sufljcient to stayan evil of this kind. But we have
this affection often induced by another cause. It is
not, perhaps, so generally known as it ought to be, that
Clover especially abounds in a large quantity of
vegetable hairs ; that the stems of broad-leaved Clover,
and in particular the under and upper parts of the
leaf, have a large number of vegetable hairs upon them,
and that these are very apt, when received into the
stomach, to become agglutinated, and to be rolled into
a ball-like form within the rumen. So long as
substances of this kind remain in the rumen or first
stomach it is a matter of no consequence whatever ;
so long as they are confined to the second stomach in
common with the first it is also a matter of little
moment ; but if these substances pass, as they are very
likely to do, into the third stomach, or rather, I should
say, through the floor of the third stomach directly
into the fourth, they often become offending agents to
this organ, and not unfrequently pass on half-digested
thence into the intestinal canal. I do not mean to
say that there are very many cases of diarrhcea which
are attributable to causes of this kind, but we not
unfrequently flnd a diseased condition of the fourth
stomach, and especially of the small intestines, induced by
the presenceof these bodies. These substances aresimilar
in form to the hair-balls which are frequently found in
the stomachs of fatting calves, but they are in fact of
far greater moment, in connection with the disease in
the digestive organs, in the case of youug sheep than
in that of other young animals. A hair-ball in a young
calf very rarely indeed produces any mischief, unless it
be passed or attempted to be passed into the mouth
again, to be remasticated, iu which case it will often
happen that an animal wUl be choked. In the Museum
of the Eoyal Yeterinary College there are specimens
showing young calves to have been choked by hair-
balls. The chance of choking does not depend upoa
hair which is deglutated, or attempted to be deglutated;
but the evil actually occurs from the hair as a ball
passing upwards from the rumen. These vegetable
hair-balls can only be detected on a post mortem
examination. I am not aware of any diagnostic
symptoms by which we can dive into a case of that
kind ; it is only through a post mortem examination
that one can tell that an animal has suffered from such
a cause as this. It is frequently said that lambs die
from wool-balls ; that is, I know, a common idea among
farmers and shepherds. But wool-balls are not to be
confounded with vegetable hair-balls. The two are
produced in a similar manner — that is, by the matting
together of the wool or hair ; but hair becomes matted
much quicker than wool, and it is only when the

MABCn 23, 1867. J

THE GAEDENERS' CETvONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

303

animal is living on Clover, and particularly broad-leaved
Clover, that hair-balls are found present.

DlSEASEn LUNOS.

Now, besides this cause of derangement of the
digestive organs — the fcedinjj of animals on Clover and
Grasses at this particular period— this is just the period
when we find also a large loss of lambs to arise from
diarrhoea as symptoniatic of a diseased condition of the
lungs. In investigating this disease it is always neces-
sary to endeavour to understand upon what the
symptoms really depend. i<or want of this wo frequently
find a person saying, " 1 am losing a large number of
lambs from scour," and he believes that this arises
entirely from something that disagrees with the diges-
tive organs of the sheep, or that some disease exists in
those organs witli the nature of which ho is un-
acquainted. When you speak to him further on the
subject be will say, '' 1 have changed the food of my
animals ; they died upon such and suoti a food, and I
put them upon food of a different character ; they were
upon artificial Grasses, and I put them upon natural
Grrasses ; they were upon Clover, and I init them upon
artificial Grasses instead of Clover. I have given them
corn. Peas, and so on— what is commonly called dry
food : and though they will not eat much dry food,
which is not to bo expected when they can get green
and succulent food at this time of the year, neverthe-
less I find that a la.\ state of the bowels is as prevalent
among them now as it was a week or two ago." If you
ask this man — " Have you noticed whether your lambs
are coughing ? " he will reply " Yes, I have found them
coughing very much, and I have observed that the
coughing preceded the diarrhcea." This he will say,
though he may know very little about what the
coughing depended upon. Now I may remark that
this form of diaiThcea is really due to the pi esence of
entozoa within the bronchial tubes of the lambs ;
that in the disease of the lungs it is produced by the
existence of these entozoa, and that the diarrhoea is but
symptomatic, coming on as one of the last things in the
break up of the animal machine. We know that in
several attections of the lungs in sheep or other animals
the disease is often accompanied witli diarrhoea. In
cases where there has not been a healthy and perfect
decarbonisation of the blood from structural disease of
the lungs, diarrhoea often results. Take, by way of
illustration, that disease which in the human subject is
known by the name of phthisis. It is well known that
some persons who are attacked by this disease have
diarrhoea, and when the disease tends to a fata!
termination the diarrhoea becomes very copious, and
that life is sometimes sacrificed through the depression
of the animal powers thus produced. Nevertheless,
the origin of the diarrhoea is disease of the lungs, which
prevents them from performing their proper functions,
and thus prevents the proper decarbonisation of the
blood. This accounts to some extent for the presence
of diarrhoea in sheep. Now, this Hlaria broncbialis is
a worm, which I am justified in saying is somewhat on
the increase. We can readily understand why it
should be so, for although we really may know very
little of the natural history of the worm, or the best
means at our disposal of getting rid of it, we can see
that if one flock is aflected, that will probably lay the
foundation for other flocks becoming affected on the
same farm, and that if sheep so affected pass from one
farm to another, there will be a wider spread of the
evil, and the sheep pastured on a second farm will
suffer in turn. So long as we are unable to get rid of
these worms before they pass into the organism of the
sheep, so long shall we be contending with a disease
which is in reality our master.

With regard to the circumstances which favour an
attack, it is rather remarkable that there are far more
cases of this description occurring on wooded land,
parks, and so on, than in open fields and what may be
designated light-land districts. There is no immunity;
but sheep kept in open light-land districts are far less
frequently attacked with this disease than sheep kept
in enclosed spaces, and particularly sheep which are
kept at that particular period of the year already
alluded to in parks. With reference to the worm
itself, it would appear that even if only one or two of
the worms find their way into the bronchial tubes
that would be quite sufiioient, they being of different
sexes, to lay the foundation for extensive disease of the
lungs. They lay this foundation by travelling as far
as they can through the bronchial tubes (which are
continuations of the windpipe) into the very air-cells
of the lungs, where they deposit their ova. As the
result of that deposition of ova, which may be said to
be in myriads, irritation is set up first in the lining
membrane of the air-cells, which extends to the
parenchyma of the lung. The lung then undergoes a
peculiar change : it becomes altered in colour, it will
sink in water, and it is altogether destroyed in many
parts as an aerifying organ. This often takes place
particularly on the fringe or edge of the lung, but not
unfrequently in other portions. The brood of young
worms is batched absolutely in the bronchial tubes and
in the air-cells of the lungs; so that the large
quantity of these worms which are frequentlv
met with in the bronchial tubes did not enter
from without, but were produced within. One
or two p.arent worms finding their way into this
organ suffice to produce an immense amount of mis-
chief. These creatures may, so far as their immediate
development is concerned, be termed ovo-viviparous—
that is to .say, a great number of eggs will be thrown
out as eggs; but frequently the young worm will
escape from those eggs while yet within the parent
In making a section of a lung, taking the smallest
possible quantity on the iioint of a scalpel, just suf-
facient to soil a piece of glass, you will see, in a space
1° I'l ?'^^ °^ * ''™'' °' water, millions of eggs just
hatched ; and if you examine an old worm, you will

see eggs in all stages of development ; so that she
brings forth her young in a living form, and also in the
form of eggs more or less mature. No\v, one worm will
produce — if I were to use figures hero 1 should have to
speak of billions, .and even of trillions— an immense
number of eggs, and we can therefore easily uniler-
stand how a vast amount of mischief may be done,
even by ono or two worms. But now the tiuestion
arises. How did this one worm get there ? Where does
the parent worm come from ? We must repudiate the
theory of fortuitous generation. I no more believe in
the fortuitous generation of a worm, or of the lowest
form of animal life, than I believe in the spontaneous
origin of myself We must look for other causes.
And here wo have opened to us a vast field of investi-
gation, and ono which may be said to have been as yet
scarcely entered upon. I have oxperimented again and
ag;iin with this class of worms, which are designated by
tlie name of nematoid or hollow worms, and in
every experiment I have failed to produce them
within the windpipe. I would, then, throw it out
as a probable cause of their existence, that a great
number of the ova are expelled in the coughing
of the sheep with the mucus which is coughed up.
Large numbers are, I believe, expelled at each coughing,
mingled with the mucus; and I would just hint at it,
as a probable thing, that these ova come to maturity to
some extent externally to the sheep ; that certain
plants — it may be ordinary Gras.ses— become the
habitat of these creatures in an immature form, and
that in this condition they are taken into the organisa-
tionof the sheep, and as <ach entozoou has its own
particular locale, these creatures very soon find their
way into tho windpipe, and a very few doing so are
productive of immense mischief Now, I am inclined
to believe that this is really the means by which their
presence is to be accounted for. We cannot for a
moment suppose that all the worms which we meet in
tlie lungs, for example, under circumstances of this
kind, can have entered from without. We cannot
suppose the explanation tc^be that the ova floating in
the atmosphere are, after they have become somewhat
dry, received into the respiratory organs, and there
become matured. There are some things which appear
to me to militate strongly against that view of the
matter. I have, for example, broken up many and
many an old worm when yet alive. Having thus
procured eggs in various stages of development, I
have placed them in different kinds of fluid, none of
which could interfere with their vitality, and have in
this manner brought them in contact with the nos-
trils of sheep. Not only have I done that, but I
have used a thick mucus, like gum water, putting into
it a number of living worms, as well as a large
number of ova, and have administered this very .slowly
to sheep, so that it might hang round the mouth, and
the worms might travel dowu the windpipe; but,
singular to relate, in all these experiments I have failed.
Knowing that nematoid worms are perfected to a
certain extent out of the organism, I have been led to
the conclusion that it is not improbable— I do not say
it is positively the case— that the ova themselves are
the real cause of the mischief ; that, being expelled in
the manner I have mentioned, they become parasitic
to some vegetable matter, and, being thus taken into
the sheep, produce disease. This would explain why,
if you put fresh sheep on a farm where the worm
affection; has existed, those sheep become diseased,
and the evil continues year after year. We know that
weather often has an influence by rendering animals
more susceptible : and we know, too, that particular
systems of management have an influence ; but we are
now looking at the matter in an abstract point of view,
and I throw out the hint that this may be one cause
of the increase of the disease. I might extend my
view with regard to worms. There is a large number
of worms which affect sheep in particular, some occupy-
ing the true stomach itself, under the influence of
which sheep will die in a dropsical condition. Under
all circumstances and conditions, and at all ages, there
are scores and scores of sheep at this moment being
lost from this cause. There is no diarrhoea in a case of
this description. Within tho last few days I have
received some worms of exactly the same class as these
which were found in wild rabbits ; and I believe that
the worm which is found in the stomachs of sheep is
one that exists in other creatures, and it may be
common to half-a-dozen kinds of animals.

One word with regard to the means which we have
at our disposal for getting rid of the disease. You will
understand that I am speaking of the lax condition of
the bowels as beiug symptomatic of lung affection. I
say^ that in this instance diarrhoea is not a disease
which affects the alimentary canal ; therefore our object
must be not to give astringents. No change of fbod, no
niedicine or anything of that kind, having that object
in view, will produce any benefit at all. We must
endeavour either to get rid of the worms as they exist
in the trachea or in the bronchial tubes of the lamb ; to
root out the disease which they have produced within
the lungs. The best thing we can do is of course to
attempt to get rid of the worms themselves and destroy
the broods as they are following one another; and we
can effect their destruction only by getting the sheep
to inhale a medicated atmosphere. Perhaps, however,
I should not say " only," because it is well known that
there are certain worm-destroyers which can be given
to sheep, be quickly diffused through the system", and
be found beneficial in destroying these worms. But
these anthelmintics are often powerless, and the losses
are just as great, so that after all we have to come back
to a medicated atmosphere, and I know we can do that
with great facility, safety, and advantage. If we take
the sheep and place them once a day, or perhaps once
every other day, in a shed, and so arrange the shed that
we can get the animals to inhale the fumes of burning
tar in which we cast sulphur from time to time, and thus
impregnate the atmosphere with sulphurous vapour.

we shall find that we destroy, probahly not tho parent
worms, not the matured worms, but a very largo
number of those which have been recently hatched.
I do not suppose that we have any influence over tho
ova as ova, hut we have consichTablo inlliienco over the
young worms ; and I believe also, to use a homely iihrase,
that we give a " notice to quit " to the old worms. We
make their habitat rather untenable, and the result
is that they an^ iiii'iineil to quit the body, and sd we get
rid of some of them in that way. Then, i'f we strengthen
the constitution of the animal by generous diet, we
shall frequently find that wo can save a large number
of young sheep which would otherwise be lost. Here
we may take such an agent as turpentine in conjunction
with a little balsam of sul,ihur and a little oil, and I do
not know that we can have a nicer anthelmintic.
Turpentine, although a diuretic, is found to be got rid
of in tho animal system to some extent through the
medium of the respiratory organs. It is an agent
which becomes quickly diffused throughout the system
of the animal that takes it. Even the breath of the
animal will be affected by it ; and the same is the case
with the milk and other secretions. It acts powerfully
on the kidneys and on the mucous membranes of the
lungs, and it is an energetic destroyer of entozoa ; so
that persons may give turpentine, in conjunction with
the old-fashioned balsam of sulphur and a little oil,
from day to day, with considerable advantage to their
lambs. This must be followed by the use of sulphate
of iron in the food of the animal, with corn diet.

Pahasites.

On the subject of parasites, we also find, particularly
in the situations to which I have referred, the presence
of intestinal parasites, which are the cause of the direct
irritation of the mucous membrane of the alimentary
canal, and are necessarily associated with diarrhoea.
There are two forms of worms particularly, which
inhabit the intestinal canal, and lay the foundation for
diarrhosa. One of them is a worm which is called,
from the peculiarity of its formation, the tricocephalus,
or hair-headed worm. It is very common to many
animals besides sheep; but, among domesticated
animals, it exists to a greater extent in sheep than in
any other creatures. These tricocephali are very often
a great source of mischief They burrovv their heads
into the mucous membrane, and exist more particularly
in the c;ocum and colon than in any other of the large
intestines, and but very rarely in the smaller. Dwelling
there, and producing an irritation of the inte-stinal
canal, we can easily see that they would cause the
hurrying on of the contents of the intestines, and that
diarrhoea would, in fact, result from the local irritation.
These worms are with great difficulty diagnosed— that
is to say, looking at the sheep, we cannot at first say
whether they are or are not the cause of diarrhoea. If,
however, a large number of sheep are affected, and a
good deal of mucus is discharged with the alvine
evacuations— if all ordinary means of arresting the
diarrhoeafail, and if the animals,although wasting, never-
theless have a tolerably good appetite, we may come to
the conclusion that the diarrhoea is due to the presence
of worms ; for, as a general rule, when worms exist in the
intestines of almost any animal, there is rather an
increase than a diminution of the appetite. Generally
speaking, when we effect the expulsion of the tricoce-
phali, they come away in a mass. They have a peculiar
liking for each other ; for no sooner do they quit their
hold of the mucous membrane of the intestinal canal,
than they run together, thus producing a large lump,
or mass. In this way they are usually expelled; and
it is with difficulty that you can separate one of^ these
long-necked worms without breaking, in consequence
of its neck being twisted in all possible directions with
that of others. Another kind of worm, not so well
known as the tricocephalus, but also the cause of
diarrhoea in sheep, is the one which we designate
sclerostoma, hard-lipped or hard-mouthed worm. This
also exists in the large intestines, attaches itself by its
sucking disc or month to them, feeds on the juices of
the animal, and lays the foundation for diarrhoea in the
same manner as the tricooei>hali do. Very frequently
these two kinds of worms co-exist in immense
numbers, and I myself have taken great numbers of
both from the same animal.

Now, before throwing out a h'nt as to the best means
of getting rid of these, and thereby striking at the
foundation of the irregular condition of bowels arising
from that cause, I will refer to other worms which are
present in the intestinal canal, and about which
persons are exceedingly solicitous; I mean tape- worms.
They are more particularly common in lambs than
sheep. They often exist in large numbers, and I have
seen as many as a dozen or so in the intestines of one
animal. Speaking in general terms respecting tape-
worms, their natural history is pretty well made out.
They are, in fact, the perfect entozoa arising out of the
hydatid ; those peculiar bladder-like bodies which are
met with in different parts of the organism of various
hydatid animals are nothing more nor less than
the scolices of tape-worms. I believe that the dog
is infested with something like seven or eight varieties
of tape-worm, and with one exception I believe the
whole history of the tape- worm is known. In common
with Dr. Cobbold I have for some time been engaged
in investigating the development of this class of
entozoa, and I have by me, as Dr. Cobbold has also,
tape-worms produced from various hydatids which have
been given to dogs, cats, and other carnivorous animals.
We have them at various ages. We gave the hydatids
to the dog, and killed him within a certain number of
days, and found the product of the hydatids present.
And so we followed the development of these creatures
from time to time. I merely refer to these experiments
in order to show that we know something pretty
certain with regard to the tape- worm, but little as to
the nematoid worm ; for as to how these tricocephali
and sclerostoma get into the intestines and increase in

304

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 23. 1867.

number, all we know is that they are oviparous, perfect
male and female, and beyond this we know nothing.
It is a remarkable thing. Take some of the large
intestinal worms, by way of illustrating this point.
You have seen in the horse and in other animals a
large worm, nearly a foot in length, very like the
earth-worm, but white in colour. AYe call it, because
it is like the earth-worm, the lumbricoid worm. I have
a specimen in my jiossession of a pig's intestines, with
worms in it 6 or 8 inches long. There are not less than
between 2G0 and 300 crammed into the intestines,
though the pig was only six weeks old, and the
worms were developed to the size of an ordinary
quill. I have other worms, taken from dogs only three
weeks old, and these worms, though they are not lumbri-
coid, are fully matured. In fact, they bad been perfectly
formed in that short space of time, but, strange to
say, though you find them of various sizes and of perfect
form, you never find a young one as the immediate
product of these parent worms. Here is an egg,
which is not visible to the naked eye : that egg has to
produce a young worm, which is to be developed some-
where ; yet we never see them in such a form as that
we are able to say that it is a young lumbricoid worm.
"We know nothing about them ; but here is this fact,
that if you take one of these worms, cut it up, put it
in a jar of water, allow it to remain there lor 10 or
12 months, and then examine the deposit at the
bottom, which has the ajjpearauce of so much decom-
posed matter, you will see the young worms beginning
to exist in the eggs, and not before. Their vitality is
preserved. They undergo a subsequent change. The
young worm is produced ; it becomes parasitic, and
enters the intestines and stomach of the animal. So
that in reality we open up a vast field of science— one
that will amply repay an individual for cultivating it,

most useful astringents for arresting diarrhoea are
galls. Next to the use of astringents stands the
neutralisation of the acid secretions which come from
the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal in all
cases of diarrlioea, without reference to the causes that
may be existing to produce the diarrhoea, by means of
ant-acids, particularly bi-carbonate of potash, which
is a most effective aj^ent. If we feel a disturbance or
a lax state of the bowels coming on, we shall frequently
find that by abstaining from food and taking a good
bold do^e of carbonate of soda the complaint will be
checked at once, for the simple -reason that the car-
bonate neutralises the acid secretion which exists
under the circumstances, even without reference to the
causes which have given rise to the diarrhoea.
Discussion.
Professor Voelckkr desired to make a remark or two on the
question as to how far food of the same description— for
instance, Turnips or Grass— at different periods of their
growth affected the health of cattle, by producing either
constipation or dian-hoia. There was a very irreat difference
in the practical effects which food of the same kind produced.
He believed that the land on which the food was grown bad
much to do with the quality of the produce. For he knew
practically that there were some soils which invariably gi-ew
produce that was termed "scouring- food." Such were the
scouring lands of Somersetshire, which lay upon the lias, and
almost invariably had the effect of producing diarrhcea. In
some seasons this was more the case than in others, and it
was remarkable that in hot summers the land became more
scouring than at the colder periods of the year. It has been
observed that the period most dangerous to the sheep was
when they were put on Clover or natural Grasses at the time
the Glass and Clover were making a rapid growth. Thus,
when warm weather set in suddenly, after much rain had
fallen in the early part of the year, there was a rapid develop-
ment of leaf, and the produce became very sour. He believed
that this was not merely attributed to the presence of much
""'*"" "" opinion entertained by practical feeders, who

but which will require a life, or two or three, to make ; thought that tbe food was raerely too watery, and on that
anything out of it at all. With regard to getting rid of i account produced scour, in his opinion it was also due to the
these intestinal worms as a cause of diarrhcea, I believe M^P^rf'^'^t condition— the want of elaboration in the crude

that tbe malady abated directly they were taken off it.
Perhaps he might be disposed to attribute it to some form of
woi-ms ; but his (Mr. Frere's) objection to that solution of the
question was that the space of time for which the lambs were
on the layer was so short, that there was no symptom what-
ever of any mischief brewing before they went upon it, and
that the malady ceased within a day or two after they were
taken off. The layer was Dutch Clover and Trefoil ; the time
was the month of July last, and prior to the rains having set
in very much.

Professor Simonds : The fact was pretty well known that in
practice it was not judicious to allow lambs to follow ewes, as
It was termed. Generally, in the month of January, the
Iambs were allowed to go first, and the ewes to follow after-
wards. If Iambs were constrained to partake of food where
ewes had been before them, injury might result to their
young organisms from the quantity of feculent matter which
would be lying about, and in process of undergoing chemical
changes. That would be a source of mischief ; but it was
further inferred that the land having been manured on the
surface, the young herbage would grow up very quickly, and
particularly in showery weather. Thus they got an unripe
leaf of plant, and this he should consider the chief cause in
operation. Indeed, he should look to the manuring on the
surface, the rapid growth of the vegetable matter, and its
immature condition, as explanatory of the fact, rather than to
anything else,

Mr. FiNLAY Dunne : The same rapid growth, with the like
effect, produced on the bowels of sheep, occurred on the
richer lands during the spring months. On the better grazing
lands of the midland counties, they could not keep their
Iambs without experiencing a good deal of trouble from scour.
Very often they died off in large numbers, as described by
Professor Simonds, when apparently strong, hearty, and
thriving rapidly, from ten days to a fortnight old ; and he
believed the cause to be that the land was really too strong
and the Grass too good for them : it was in a rapidly growing
state : it was undergoing changes. Probably it was more
easily fermented, and so gave rise to a disturbance of the
delicate digestive organs of the young animal. He had been
very much gratified and instructed by the able and most
useful lecture of Professor Simonds. The remarks of the
learned Professor in his able lecture were of great value to
farmers. Every year a large number ^f animals were found
t to be infested with these creatures. ~

The great difficulty was

salt. Even thouRh the lambs are scouring, and salt is was t ' ent"""it ^a^ 'n^t'^twT' °' '""^'' ""'?•""= "''*^'" - " - ' ' ' ' ' '' ' - """^ ''''•"

„j.i _ • 1 • jF ^ -ut i - i-j. I? ij. ^■^° present, it was not the cnse, as was sometimes mam-

otherwise objectionable a certam quantity of salt - tinned, that unripe food contained a deficiency of nSrogSious

mingled with ordinary iood will be found efiectual m matter. The very reverse was the case. If the food were too

arresting diarrhoea. Besides that, advantage will result ; rapidly grown they would invariably find much nitrogenous

from the more direct anthelmintic agents. Let balls, I matter in it, but not in the form of albumen, of caseine. or of

which are preferable to draughts, be made of Venice I t'^F definite chemical compound which was known from

tnmpnt.inp with ^nlnlintp nfirnn onH Q^mP ^Pntinn ^^^"'^^ *^'^pc"cnce as the feeding matter that produced flesh.

xurpentme, willi sulphate ot iron and some gentian. I They found it, he could hardly say in what condition, but he

could tell them in what condition it was not. It was not as
nutritive albumen, or as nutritive gluten, or in any form
which was commonly designated flesh-producing. He con-
cluded, then, that it was urielaborated crude feeding material.

Give them to the sheep, and you will find that you
bring away these tricocephali and callus-ta3uia in very
large numbers. Then, having got rid of this cause,
ordinary attention and dry food will be effective.

Bad Food.
But besides these as causes of diarrhoea in lambSj we
have other causes that are occasionally brought into
operation, but which are preoisely the reverse of some

ing it, was by varying the food, and giving a larger quantity
of dry food. He might remark, that he had found great
advantage, not only in cases of scouring, but also in con-
nection with worms, in giving sheep a small quantity of lime-
water with turpentine. He had often advised the use of it,
and those who had adopted his advice had toM him that that
remedy answered better than any other which they had ti-ied.
ilost persons were too much inclined to rely on medicines,
and he agreed with the Professor that, if they looked more to
causes, there would be a better chance of arresting the evil.

The Chairman said he rose with great pleasure to propose a
vote of thanks to Professor Simonds for his very able lecture.

Then there was also present in this rapidrv^d^veroped'vounff He was sure they all listened with gi-eut pleasure to his
nroduce a verv ruucb Wpr T.vnr.nrHnnTf ='^-.. !,..fl!l rS I instructive remarks and those remarks, when they went forth

produce a very much larger proportion of saline matters which
were taken from the soil, and were evidently stiiTed up in the
plant, to serve afterwards in the assimilation of atmospheric
food and its conversion into sugar, gum, and other nutritive
subshinces. This unelaborated matter and this excess of

of those to which I have referred. Sheep suffer less in saUne or mineral substances, often abundant in clay, had „
this respect from what we may call an excess of ' *?"^^"J^T*° P''*"^'^^^ ''^.^'^''^*^'^ ^^^'^'^ "P*^° ^■^*^^P' ^^d oxen
indigestible woody fibre of vegetables than anv other | ro^\„?S, ^^^tw^^ immature

animals. I will illustrate that in this way. We will \ fH. '':!.^J''?lZ^"'h:^l'^''Z^''. 'V^^ ^.^il^l^^ stages of gi-owth,
suppose that a man has a number of young weaning
calves, or under a year old. He is rather niggard,

He has heard a great deal about the nutritive'pro-
perties of straw, and he thinks fit to give the animals
an excess of straw, to have it cut into chaff, and
supplied to them in a rather krge quantity. I know

hke very young Clover, had this effect. In very" young
produce there was invariably a much larger proportion of
vegetable acids present than in riper produce ; and these
organic acids no doubt had a medicinal effect when taken
internally. There they were converted into sugar, and
became real nutritive matters. He would observe further, in
speaking of these organic acids, that there was a great
difference in theu* character. In the earliest stages of their

what will be the result. He will have a certain number growth or first development an acid was produced which gave
of cases of diarrhoea, and occasionally sustain severe ^'^y *P another organic acid very similar in its composition,
losses in consequence. That diarrhoea depends upon i ^"^ ^^'^^^^^^^V ^*^ effects on the living organism. Thus in
the direct irritating effects of the ingesta upon the ''Sf t^ w"!!? h. .^^' T^ /" ^ variety of other plants, the
intestinal canal. It is a material thatls not pVerly ^i^Z^^^l^L^^^'^^^.^':^^^^^

digested and assimilated. The fact is that straw is
straw, and that you can make nothing else out of it.

Professor Voelcker : Yes, paper (a laugh).

Professor Simonds; True; but I am speaking of
what is made of it when it gets into tlie intestmal

, but occvirred as perhaps the most common
and widely-circulated acid in the vegetable org.-inism. Within
a week after detecting the oxalic, which he need hardly say

to the country, would, he believed, produce beneficial effects.
As a practical farmer, he quite believed almost everything the
Professor had told them ; and he .agi-eed with Jlr. Dunne, that
the only remedy for the evil in question was to endeavour to
protect flocks before the disease had got a firm hold.

The motion having been seconded and adopted, the proceed-
ings terminated.

Edinbuegh Chamber of Ageicultuke. — A
special general meeting,_ very largely attended, was
held last week to consider the Bills on the Law of
Hypothec, and on the Game taws, now before
Parliament.

The Law of Htpothec.
Mr. William M'Combie, Tillyfour, the President
of the Chamber, in introducing this subject, said — This
meeting has been specially called to consider the two
Hypothec Bills and the Game Law Bill. These appear
to me to be the most important measures that could be
considered by the agriculturists of Scotland. The first
in order is the Hypothec Bills. Would justice to
agriculture be satisfied by the Government Bill modi-

canal. You may rely upon it that a very small quantity ' 'iXt^'L^^^!^ Tbctmf 'rul-^srfT^SJ^
whilst there is a great j materials which were accumulating in the vegetable organisni.

j-„ — _„ The result of these chemical changes in the ripening of the

was a deadly poison, it would go away in the form of citric ' fying the law ? Or will it Only be satisfied by the Bill
acid— a sunUar composition, but a different material so far as ' providing for its entire abolition ? I have recently, at
its effects were concerned. The citric acid was then changed * ' " ' ' " - . •" .

of blood will come out of it

deal of indigestible material iu it, which acts as an
irritant on the intestinal canal, and produces diarrhcea.
Sheep will now and then suffer from similar causes. If
a man gives too much chaff to his sheep, and too little
corn, or if he withholds a certain quantity of green and
succulent food at the commencement of winter, there
will be frequent cases of diarrhoea. The same amount
of mischief, however, is not produced in sheep as in
cattle, because sheep, though ruminating animals,
gather their food in a somewhat different manner from
oxen. They take more pains, in short, in masticating
their food than the ox. Hence, when sheep are upon
pastures, we see them feeding very closely, and masti-
cating every mouthful for a longer time than oxen.
The ox swallows his food in a mass. Chaff is partaken of
in the same manner. In these circumstances a change
of food becomes necessary, and by this means benefit
results. It is not necessary to give astringents, because
they do not strike at the root of the evil. Remove the
cause then, and the effect will follow. Now, not only are
these several causes, and a number of others to which
I have not referred, productive of mischief, but diar-
rhcea is also very often symptomatic of other diseases.
We have diarrhoea due not only to the active inflam-
mation of the mucous membrane of thealimentary canal,
and to the existence of parasites, but not unfrequently
to other separate and distinct diseases. If I wanted
the best illustration of this which science affords,
I should direct your attention to the circumstance
of sheep becoming affected with the malady which we
term cattle plague. Here we have a disease which in
the sheep is invariably, I believe, associated with
dysenteric purging. Hence, we get an apt illustration
of morbific matter carried into the organism of an
animal, and so deranging its entire system as to lay
the foundation of a fatal attack of diarrhcea. I have
thus thrown out a few hints with regard to some of
the causes which produce derangement of the intes-
tinal canal, and I know I have done so very imper-
fectly. I will only say, in concluding, that among our

food— changes which had not yet been investigated ™
minutely as the importance of the subject deserved— was that
the food became totally different in its practical effects. In
corroboration of what he now said, he might remind them that
very early in the season it was an e.\:tremely dangerous thing to
eat much Rhubarb pie. When the Rhubarb became plentiful
and cheap, then he ventured upon it— not because it was
cheap, however, but because he knew that by that time the
oxalic acid bad disappeared, and had given place to the malic
acid— the acid of the Apple— or the citric acid, which was
extremely grateful to one's constitution.

Mr. Frere considered that the loss of lambs was often
hardest to control in tbe autumn, especially on the richer
pastures. He had been informed by a gentleman who farmed
good rich Grass land in the Isle of Ely that they used to have
such losses from scour in his father's lifetime, that they bad
almost given up weaning the young Iambs ; but his father,
being a maltster, determined to try malt, and it proved to be of
so much service, that it had been employed ever since, without
any apprehensions about stocking the land with young lambs
in the autumn. Referring to his own flock, he (Mr. Fi-ere)
was farming on a dry light land, where he was free from the
forms of the malady of which Professor Simonds had spoken,
and he experienced no practical difficulty until lie arrived at
the end of July. Up to that time the lambs would have been
weaned on the layers chiefly, and he would have no trouble
until they had been over the Layers once. From that time,
however, difficulties would arise, and careful, vigilant manage-
ment be particularly required. If the lambs were allowed to
feed entirely or mainly over the layer a second time, diarrhoea
would inevitably set in. That difficulty, when it did occur, he
met in this way : Early in April he put on some early Rape
on the strongest of his land, which would best bear it in the
warmest and driest months of the year. In the middle of July
he folded the lambs on that at night, giving them a free range
for two or three hours in the day. During this range they
would nibble in the layers, which had ah-eady been folded over
once ; but as they chiefly ate the Rape in doing so, they did
perfectly well so long as the Rape lasted. Then, when the
Rape was gone, his next green crop in successiou would be
early Pomeranian Turnips. He had tried to pull some of these
and feed upon the old depastured layer, but diarrboaa set in
almost immediately on his adopting that system. He wished
to ask the Professor to what cause he would attribute this
disease, seeing that in his case it had occurred within a few
days of the lambs being made to depend on the foul layer, and

our county meeting, answered these questions — the
first by an emphatic No," and the second by an equally
emphatic " Yes." Let me just say the question of the
abolition of the law of hypothec is not new to this
Chamber. You remember the great meeting of 14th
November, 1S65, so ably conducted under the presi-
dency of my accomplished predecessor iu this chair.
That meeting resolved, and in terms of its resolutions
the Chamber petitioned Parliament, humbly but firmly
showing that the law relating to the landlord's right of
hypothec in Scotland, in so far as regards a^icultural
subjects, ought to be repealed, inasmuch as it operates
unjustly, impairs mutual confidence and good-will
between landlords and tenants, and, by discouraging
the application of capital to land, retards the progress
of agriculture; and, moreover affects injuriously the
interests and welfare of the general community. If I
bad had any doubt in my own mind as to the neces-
sity of total abolition to satisfy the justice of tbe case,
the arguments in, and the resolutions of, this Chamber
would have removed it. But having given much
thought to the subject, I unhesitatingly subscribe to
the statement in the petition to Parliament of the
Chamber, as an exact expression of my opinion, formed
after matured thought, if total abolition is not carried
in the present Parliament, I venture to opine that it
will after the next general election. The law of
hypothec and the game laws are not political questions,
they are national grievances.

Mr. Mylne, Niddrie Mains, moved the following
resolution : — " That the Chamber disapprove of the
Lord Chancellor's Bill for modification, and agree to
petition in favour of Mr. Carnegie's Bill for the total
abolition of the Law of Hypothec. He said ;—

The Bill of the Lord Chancellor is founded upon the report
of the Royal Commission. But we question that report, on
the ground that it was not a unanimous report. Had it been
unanimous it would, considering the gentlemen who com-
posed the Commission, have been entitled to and would have
had very great weight from the countiy ; but wc had first of
all differing from that report the Hon, Charles Carnegie, the
member for Forfarshire (a large and important agricultural
county), and a member of one of the oldest and best landed
families of the country ; we had the Solicitor-General of the
day, Jlr. Young, a lawyer of such rare talent and high-toned

:\lARCir 2;i, 1867.]

THE GARDENEES' CITEONICLE AND AGETCULTURAL GAZETTE.

305

rlMijuoiK'e .18 to plnce bini at onco as ono of tho brightest onia-
lurTitsnf tho Scottish biir ; wo hsid tho two f.irmcrfl upon tho
r.Miniiasiun— Messrs. Hopu iniil Curntr— men of groat pniu-
1 1 . 1 1 Hbrowdno33, honosty, and indcpcndonco of cbaractor, aiui
1". M.H.shiff to a largo oxtont tho cunfiduneo of tho practical
itMiiors ol tho country ; wo huH, therefore, great cause from
tho first to inquire into that report, and this Chamber took up
tho subject and dlsonsaod it at a gouoral meeting, bold in Edin-
burgh upon tho Mth November, 180.>, That meeting passed
a resolution, by a largo majority, in favour of total abolition
of tho hiw. Tbo deputation (of which 1 had the honour
to bo one) which was sent to ijondon last spring to
roprcHcnt tho opinions of this Chamber with regard to
tho Cattle Plapue Bill, and who wore also entrusted
with tho Hypothec .ind Gamo-law petitions, placed the
following statement before the Lord Advocate Moncrieff
on the law of hypothec :-lat, That farmers are dissatisfied
with the Commissioners" report. 2d, Their petition to Parlia-
ment was for total repeal. 3d, That they object to tho
secnrity which the law affords the landlord for back rents,
enabling him to give the tenant a loan of his capital on the
security of the public, and thus admitting tenants of insufli-
ciont capital, inducing an unfair competition, and giving to
land a fictitious value. Tho course, therefore, which this
Chamber has taken upon the matter, has been a very clear
and decided one. For my own part I have come to the conclu*
sion that far more weight hius been placed upon this law than
it deserves, and that even the total ;ibolition of it would have
much less effect than what is imagined. 1 think, for
instance, that its repeal would not lower tho general rent of
land in this country. On all wcU-nianaged estates it would not
affect tho rent roll by a single shilling. And I readily admit
that the great bulk of the landed property of Scotland is
managed in such a fair and equitable manner as to be
entirely independent of any such change ; but I have no
hesitation in saying that it would have a tendency to prevent
those cases of hardship which have come under our observation,
where, in consequence of a reckless management, tenants are
accepted for land who never would be, but for the false and
dangerous security of hypothec, and whore old tenants have
been displaced from their farms by parties who had offered
rents which never could be paid for the land, and where the
land was very soon thrown .igiiiu upuu the hands of the land-
lord or a large reduction of rent sulHiiitted to. I believe also
tliat it would, as was said of the abolition of the Corn Laws,
'^wocten the breath of society, without being accompanied by
,iiiy uf the evils which some people would make us believe
would follow. Further than this I do not go, but I will
iii'w mention a few of the arguments which have been
urged both for and against, with a view to show their

I nntlicting nature, and in some cases their great absurdity.

I I is g^id by the one party, that it would make a great fall in
I lie rent of land, by reducing competition, and placing land-
li>rds at tho mercy of the wealthy tenants, while on the other
hand it is maintained that it would raise the value of land,
by bringing men of more capital and intelligence into its
occupation, and thereby improve the general stmdard of
farming, which, in the long run, could not fail to advance
rent. Mr. Glendinning, in his evidence before the Com-
misaioners, stated that, although he was to fore-rent all the
land under his management, he could immediately relet it
at the mere reduction of 4 per cent, for the value of the
money. At a meeting of the Haddington county gentlemen
the other day, Sir George Grant Suttie is reported to have
Slid, "That in his opinion it was a matter of great indifference
li' the landlords what Bill was passed, so long as the rights of
(ho landlords under existing agreements were preserved
intact. He did not consider that this was a question con-
corning the landlords so much as how it was to affect the agri-
cvilture of the country." Again, it has been said by others, and
I think it is much more hkely, that it would break up very
largo farms, as more capital would be considered necessary in
proportion to the acreage than is now employed, and that
many large farmers would be obliged to take smaller farms,
so as to be more within their means. Another
statement is, that its abolition would expel the old
tenantry from the country, as they would in general
be unable to pay fore-rent, and another class of men would be
brought in who could do so ; while, on the other hand, it is
a-sserted that the law as it stands is driving all the old tenantry
out of the country, as the inducement is so great to take in
higher bidders, although at rents which never can be paid
from the land. Another argument is, that, without it, land-
lenU would not so readily grant leases; while the other side
;i-;.iiu say, that it would bring in a more improving tenantry.
■^^il bout so much danger of being displaced, and they would
I'e more readily granted than ever. It is also argued for on
the ground of expediency; inasmuch as it facilitates the
adv.iDcement of men from the lower gi-ades of the agricul-
tural classes, and enables them to become extensive and
flourishiug farmers, which, but for it, they never would have
been ; and some respectable gentlemen who gave their opinion
against the law. were even taunted with the insinuation, that,
after they Lad scaled the hypothec ladder themselves, they
bad turned round at tbi? top and threatened to kick everybody
else down. But it might bo said with equal justice, that if a
law was required to raise certain grades of the agricultural
body, it would be a species of class leirislation which should
be applicable to the commercial and all ot^-n- classes in the
country. 1 apprehend that I will bo much nearer tbe truth
when I say, that such men rise in tbe social scale from their

. own native energy, coupled with persevering and economic
babits, 'and even in spite of laws which are in themselves
p.irtial and unfair. I have merely mentioned a few of these
/-tatcments, in order to show their conflicting nature, and
how very little weight can be attached to them. There
can be doubt, however, that the law of hypothec, as it stands,
and as it still would be, if the Lord Chancellor's Bill should
become law, has a tendency to induce a kind of management
"f landed property, which in some cases has been productive
"f great injustice to the better class of tenantry and to the
public, and in my opinion altogether against tbe true
interests of landlords^themselves. The opportunity which it
j gives the landlord of postponing his rent for a long period, or,
1 in other words, of lending hi.s capitiil to the tenant upon the
security of the public, is undoubtedly an inducement to risk a
tenant at a rent which cannot bo paid from the land, and
which tenant may neither be poysessed of capital or skill
sufficient for the undertaking. And I say, all honour be to
those landlords, who in spite of the facilities given by this
bad law, have never put it in practice, and, as a highly respected
landlord in my own neighbourhood said, scarcely knew of its
existence, until he heard of the agitation on the subject— an
agitation which originated from the cruel and oppressive
manner in which it was worked by a few individuals in certain
parts of the country. I believe, also, that public opinion is tend-
ing more and more in the favour of total abolition of this law ;
and many who thought at firet that a fair compromise of the
question might be made by limiting the security to the
current year's rent, after seeing the difficulty of adjustment
in dealing with landed property in this way, and also taking
into_ account the fact, that in all well-managed landed pro-
perties no use is made of the law at all, while, at the same
time, the Report of the Royal Commission is well nigh useless
as regards the removal of its main evils, have now come to the
conclusion that the best solution of the question is to sweep
it entireljr away, and leave parties to make their agreements.
A weak (point of the Report is the assumption thafthe total
abolition of the law would have the effect of causing landlords

immediately to forc-ront their land, and thereby diapoHHCss
a great many of the old tenantry, and CHpceially tho Hmallor
tenantry, from their farms. It is much more likely that the
landlords would consider whether they were better to take a
smaller fore-rent or a larger Jmckront. with a littlo more risk,
and 1 have no doubt that they would find thomaelvos in many
cases safe to rely upon the well-tried honesty and ontorpuse
of tho Scottish tenantry -a class of men which I will most
unhesitatingly affirm, either in this Chamber or out of it, are
second to none in their pi-ofossion in any country in tbo world ;
but oven if it wore to tend in some degree to produce such
a result, I as decidedly deny that tbo small tenants would be
in a worse position than the larger ones. It is a fact that many
of tho smaller tenants in Scotland arc fore-rented at present,
and where they had to be pulled forward, they would just
have the smaller rent to pay ; and it should bo kept in view
that loss to the public is not caused at all by the smaller
tenants, but by men who aspire to large farms, without
adequate capital to carry them on ; while at tbe same time
their position finds them credit, till, in the end, they become
bankrupt, sometimes for a large amount. The landlord then
steps in and takes everything, leaving tbo public tho losers,
when, in point of justice, tbe landlord should have been the
CTcatcst loser, from his recklessness in choosing such a tenant.
Tho smaller tenants are also a gi-eat deal more exposed to
competition than tbe larger tenants, for, while a large tenant
with 5000;. capital or upwards, may safely lie on his oars for a
time, and wait his chance Ijy living on the interest of his
capital, tbe small tenant with rml. or imOl. is utterly unaVile
to live without the land. I know that amongst the small
tenants will be found many of the strongest enemies of
hypothec, and I therefore hold that the argument, which
was indeed the only one of any force used by the Royal
Commission against abolition of tbe law, namely, that
it would dispossess old tenants, andj especially smaller
tenants, is entirely without foundation ; and I hold, on
the other hand, that tho law as it stands at present
has, when used by unfeeling or grasping landlords, the
effect of removing the old tenantry from their farms, by
accepting of offers from new men who do not know
the value of the land, and which offers cannot be paid from
the land, because they feel that such offers are to a certain
extent backed up by hypothec ; and this, in fact, in place of
being, as they aver, a reason for its continuance, is an argu-
ment for its abolition. 1 cannot sit down without alluding to
a statement which has been made in high quarters with
regard to the movement in Scotland upon this question. It
has been stated that it is an agitation by a few large and
wealthy farmers to worrv up the smaller tenanti-y, and to
coerce the landlords into giving them tbe land upon their own
terms. I am truly sorry that such a statement should have
been made in such a place, and in the hearing and the pre-
sence of the high English nobility ; that such an accusation
should have been made upon a large portion of the Scottish
tenantry, an accusation so calculated to destroy their respect
and attachment to any one bearing the name and wearing the
honours of our ancient and noble aristocracy, names which
should be household words ^vith the tenantry ; but I trust
that it has been uttered without due consideration, and that
some reparation will be made. Such uncalled-for aspersions
are not easily got over, but I trust that the gentlemen of this
Chamber, who are endeavouring to bring such questions to a
satisfactory' and permanent settlement, will not be dis-
couraged, but, thoroughly .satisfied of their own rectitude of
pvirpose, will persevere in this work. Had the object of this
Chamber been to forward the interests oi any one class at the
expense of another, I for one, and many whom I now see
around me, should never have been members of it. This
Chamber was instituted for the express purpose and with the
sincere desire of advancing the progress of practical agricul-
ture in this country, and if we keep our aim steadily fixed upon
its promotion, it is impossible that we can hurt the interests
of any class of the community, least of all the landlords.

Mr. GooDLET, Bolshan, seconded Mr. Mylne's
motion. He said ; —

The Earl of Dalhousle is reported to have stated in the
House of Lords that the " object of the larger farmers was to
get rid of the competition of the smaller tenants," and "to
acquire a position to enable them to dictate to their landlords
the price for which they should let their lands." It is difficult
to believe that the Earl could be in earnest in making this
accusation ; but if a nobleman, possessing tbe sagacity and
experience of his lordship, really believes what he is reported
to have said, it betrays an amount of ignorance of the character
and aim of the larger tenants of Scotland truly marvellous,
and a childish fear of their power ; which, if generally
believed in by his Scottish compeers in that House, cannot
too soon be relinquished by them if they are dispassionately
to consider and legislate on the law of which we complain.
Such language as his lordship indulged in is only calcu-
lated to set class against class — can do no good — nay,
must necessarily do harm. It has been argued by his
Grace the Duke of Argyll, in a speech delivered by bim
on the Lord Chancellor's Bill, that the landlord "should
have a certain priority over other creditors," on
the gi-ound of justice, in respect " that the rent is really part
of the produce of the land, and that a portion of the produce
ought to be reserved for tbe security of the land ;" and on the
supposition that rent was originally paid in kind, he holds
" that if a certain number of Wheat sheaves, a certain
number of tons of Turnips, and a certain number of cwts. of
cheese were delivered to the landlord, they would be the
property of the landlord, and never would be tbe property of
the tenant, and therefore ought not to be attachable." This
argument proceeds on the fallacy that these products are the
spontaneous production of the soil, and to be realised without
outlay or labour on the part of the tenant; whereas, Uke
manufactured goods, they are only produced by the skill and
capital of the tenant employed on tbe land, which last the
landlord alone supplies, and for the use of which he is paid
rent, and consequently can have no such prior right tfl the
produce as that contended for by his Grace. Again, bis Grace
argues that as the bargain which tbe landlord makes with the
tenant is always prior to any other tr.ansaction into which the
tenant can enter, the landlord should have a certain amount
of priority over other creditors. This argument proceeds on
the assumption that when a man takes a farm he enters upon
tho first mercantile transaction of his life ; whereas, most
men in taking a farm have pecuniary transactions involving
obligations to other parties prior to that ; and if they

are deficient in means for the undertaking (which is
often the case), they have obtained bank credits, or loans, or
both, from friends before they can enter into this transaction
with the landlord, so there is no force at all in this argument
of his Grace. His Grace, however, does not lay much stress
upon either of these arguments, but maintains that, on tbe
ground of expediency, tho law should not be abolished, and in
common with other noble lords who have spoken on the
subject in Parliament, asserts " that it would be disastrous to
the small tenantry," a class which he describes as paying from
lOOL to 400^ a-year of rent, "because in the present state of
the law the landlord is enabled to allow time to these tenants
for the payment of rent, where in other circumstances their
property would be sequestrated, and they would be displaced
from their farms." I do not admit this, or that the law of
hypothec is beneficial to the smaller tenantry. So far as I
have observed the working of this law on those estates where
it has been most used, it operates more severely against the

class of tenantry his Gnicc describes than against any other,
and it is only necessary to refer to the evidence which was
given before the Royal Commishloncra by wltnossuH from
Forfarshire in proof of this. In that county the wmallor
touants have often been the victlins of tho oppressive working
of the law ; and had its lord -lieutenant (the Earl of DallioUHio),
who has spoken so disrespectfully of the largo tenants, given
himself the trouble to inquire a little more particularly Into
tbo real facts of tbo case, bo could not have felt himself
justified in making the unguarded apsertions regarding them
which ho did. The Duke of Argyll aLso stated that tbo
agitjition is earned on by the large tenants of the I^>thianBand
Berwickshire, and he refers to the evidence taken by the
Royal Commission to show "that they have not disguised
their opinion that tbo abolition of the law would tell severely
against tho small farmers." In this, I have no hesitjitioD in
saying that his Grace misunderstands their e\ndcnco, tho
general idea brought out in it being that it would have tho
effect of preventing men taking farms beyond their
means properly to stock and cultivate, but not that it would
be against small farmers who had sufficient means for their
undertjiking. It would certainly be against what are called
men of straw competing for farms, which this law enables
them to do. But such competition is hurtful alike to land-
lords and tenants of every class, and ought not to bo
encouraged by legislation. I am one of those who gave
evidence before tbo Commission in favour of a modification of
the law. but s\)ch a modification as that proposed in the Lord
Chancellor's Bill by no means meets the necessities of tbe case.
It may be to some extent favourable to the mercantile classes,
but as far as the tenants are concerned, it leaves them in a
worse position than they are at present, and for the interests
of the tenantry (broadly \dewed) I am opinion total abolition
would be preferable to the Lord Chancellor's Bill. I therefore
support the motion.

[After a prolonged discussion, to which many other speakers
contributed, Mr. Mylne's motion, modified as follows. "That
the Chamber should petition against the Bill for modification
of the law, and in favour of tbe Bill for total abolition, in so
fttr as regards agricultural subjects," w.as carried, and the
meeting proceeded to discuss the subject of the Game Laws.l

Old and Bemarkable Trees. Printed for the Highland
and Agricultural Society. "\V. Blackwood & Sons.
The concludin!» portion of this very Interesting
report upon the trees of Scotland has just been
published. The series here collected is, ive believe, due
to the suggestion of Mr. Milne Home, of Milnegraden,
Berwickshire. It is hardly likely that any record so
complete could be obtained of any other country.
Scotland is sufficiently limited, and sufficiently national,
and sufficiently intelligent ; and so the work was both
possible and appreciated. And the results are very
interesting to the general reader.

A collection of examples is tabulated, including from
20 to 100 instances of each tree, giving the height,
girth, age, soil and altitude, and exposure of the
situation ; and in the preliminary statement regarding
each sort, its native country and its cultivation, the
character of its timber, and the references to it in
literature, are all severally discussed, with, on the
whole, a most satisfactory result upon the reader.

We give, as au example, the statement relating to
The Sycamore.

" The Acer Pseudo-PIatanus. The Sycamore or
Great Maple belongs to the Polygamia Moncecia of the
Linnaean system.

" Native CoK»<ry.— This tree abounds in various
parts of Europe, as in Switzerland, Germany, Austria,
and Italy. In England it is found growing in hedges,
in the neighbourhood of houses, but not truly wild,
according to Smith, though others consider it a native
of Britain. Gerrard, writing in 1597, says it is a
stranger in England, only found growing in the parks
and jjlaces of pleasure of noblemen, where it has been
planted for its shade. Eay speaks of it as very common
in courtyards, churchyards, and about noblemen's
houses. Martyn, in his edition of ' Miller's Dictionary,'
says that if it were truly indigenous, the country would
have been full of it, since the tree springs with such
wonderful rapidity from seed. Dr. "Walker supposes
it to have been one of the verj' earliest foreign trees
introduced to Scotland. Sir T. D. Lauder says, ' It is
a favourite Scotch tree, having been much planted
about old aristocratic residences in Scotland; and if
the doubt of its being a native of Britain be true,
which we cannot, however, believe, then it is probable
that the long intimacy which subsisted between Prance
and Scotland may be the cause of its being so prevalent
in the latter country. In Switzerland the tree is
found growing at an elevation of from 2000 feet to 3000
feet above the sea level. In such situations it suffers
much less from frost and snow than many other trees.

" Foliation.— In the latter end of April and early
part of May the foliage of fhis tree expands very
rapidly, if the weather is warm and moist.

Defoliation. — On the first approach of frost the
leaves of this tree perish and suddenly fall from it,
seldom later than the end of September or beginning
of October.

" <Soii.— The common Sycamore will grow on any
soil not saturated with water. It, however, prefers one
that is dry and free rather than stiff or moist. It will
grow in exposed situations, and especially on the sea-
coast, and maintain its erect position against the sea
breeze better than most other trees. It is used in
Scotland for this purpose, and for planting round
cottages and farm houses on bleak hills. In such
situations it can hardly be found with the head leaning
more in one direction than the other.

" Seed.— 1^0 tree seeds more freely than the Sycamore.

" Mode of Propagation.— XxiVd-nskiXy by seed in the
case of the common variety ; the variegated varieties
have to be propagated by layers, budding, or grafting.
The seed, which vegetates very freely, may be sown as
soon as gathered, or kept in sand till the following
spring, and sown in the usual way.

" Cultivation.— After the seedlings have been two
years in the seed-beds, they should be transplanted
into nursery rows and stand other two, at the end of
which time they may be planted where they are to
form timber.

306

THE GARDENERS' CHEONTCLE AND ACTICULTFRAL GAZETTE.

[MaecH 23, 1867.

" affect in Landscape. — Sir Henry Stewart writes
' The Sycamore grows to a great size in this our
northern climate, and is eminent as a lawn tree for the
arnplitude of its leaf and its spreading top. Even
Gilpin, fastidious as he is, allows it a considerable share
of picturesque merit. It is particularly valuable in
extensive park plantations, as it will grow freely on
any ground that has a light and porous subsoil.
There is, perhaps, no tree so well adapted for open
exposures, or that will so firmly resist the blast. It
never shows, as most trees do in such situations, what
is called a weather side, but balant^es itself equally in
spite of every wind that blows. Exposed to the sea
breeze, while every tree around it droops, it stands
erect and vigorous, bidding defiance to the tempest.'
He further adds, 'This beautiful tree is among the
first in our climate that cheers the spring with its
vivid green ; and it is to be lamented that it should be
the first to fade on the slightest breath of autumnal
frost.'

" Averarje SeigU. — The average height of 40 trees,
as given in the Tabular Abstract, is 66 feet ; the highest,
130 feet.

"Average Girth. — The average girth of 45 trees is
13 feet 6 inches ; the greatest, 42 feet 7 inches. This
very remarkable tree is on the estate of Kippenross, in
the parish of Dunblane, in Perthshire. It is 100 feet
high, and contains S75 cubic feet of timber, and is said
to be 455 years ago. Wlien we saw it some eight yeai's
ago, it was hegiuniug to decay on one side ; the soil it
grows on is loam, on a gi'avel subsoil.

" lyonr/eviti/. — The average age of 20 trees is 215
years ; the greatest, 455 years.

" Soil.— Of 43 trees, where returns are given, 9 are
on loam, 5 on light loam, 1 on loam and clay, 3 on
sandy, 1 on earthy, 1 on light gravel and Moss, 2 on
clay, 1 on light soil, 1 on strong loam, 1 on brown
mould, 6 on black loam, 1 on black earth and stones,
1 on deep soil, 1 on light black, 1 on thin black mould,
1^ on dry earth, 2 on free soil, 1 on heavy red loam, 1 on
rich loam, 1 on light gravel, 1 on rich alluvial, and 1 on
pulverised rock and vegetable mould.

"Altitude ahove Sea. — The average altitude above
the sea of 38 trees is 234 feet ; the greatest, 745 feet.

" JExposure and Aspect.— Of 42 trees, 16 are exposed
to the south, 9 to all quarters, 1 to the north, south,
and east, 1 to east and north-east, 2 sheltered, 2 to
south-west, 2 to south-east, 1 to south and south-east,
1 to north and east, 1 to west, 2 to east, 2 to north, 1 to
south and south-west, and 1 to south-west and east.

" Weight of Timber. — The timber of this tree weighs,
in a green state, 64 lb. per cubic foot, and 48 lb. when
dr.v.

" Value as Timher.—'Sbe timber of the Sycamore
tree, when young, is white. 'VS^hen older, it becomes a
little yellow, and even brown towards the heart.
Without being hard, it is compact and fii-m, has a fine
grain, and is susceptible of a high polish. It is easily
worked, either on the bench or turning-lathe. On the
Continent of Europe it is used by wheelwrights,
sculptors in wood, cabinet-makers, makers of mu.sical
instruments, especially violins, and all manufacturers
of toys and small ware. As charcoal, it is superior to
Beech in the proportion of 1647 to 1600. Sug.ar has at
times been made from the sap of this tree, but not in
such quantities as to give it any importance in this
respect. In Britain the wood is used for similar
purposes as on the Continent, with the addition of
gun-stocks. Its market value in a green stale near
Edinburgh is from Is. 2d. to 1.?. 6d. per cubic foot.

" Poetical Allusions. — In the language of flowers the
Sycaiuore signifies curiosity, because it is supposed to
be the tree on whicli Zaccheus climbed that he might
see Christ pass on His way to Jerusalem. It appears,
however, that the tree was not what we call Sycamore
now, but a variety of Fig called Ficus Sycamorus.

"Evelyn condemns the practice of planting the
S.vcamore near dwelling-houses, as it is frequently
much covered with honey-dew, whicli renders it both
unsightly and unwholesome. Of this tree Cowper
writes —

Nor unnoticed pa.ss
The Sycamore, capricious in attire-
Now ^een, now tawny ; and ere autumn yet
Has changed the woods, in .scarlet honours bright,

" The Earl of Haddington, when writing of this tree,
confounds it with the Plane tree, a custom not
uncommon still in Scotland. He m-ites, 'This tree
(the Plane) is the same with what in England is called
the Sycamore. By all I can observe, this appears to
have been a favourite tree in all the north part of
Britain ; for there is no old seat, no gentleman's house,
nor any place where trees are, but' the Plane is the
most numerous. It is raised from the keys as the
Ash, but with this diflerence, that when sown in
November, when ripe, they rise early the next spring,
and when managed as I have advised that the other
trees should be, the Plane will rise to a great height
and largeness ; they carry a fine leaf, and put out early
in the spring, one a fortnight before the other, but
I see no other difference betwixt them. It makes a
fine shade, and never yields to the wind, unless raised
when young under the shelter of a wall ; that makes it
shoot so fast, that when it gets nbove it the tenderness
of the shoots makes it unable to resist the winds. It is
shy as to soil, but will thrive where the Elm and Ash
do. For the uses of this tree I refer you to Sir.
Evelyn, who will inform you not only of this, but of
every other tree. In the same house where one room
is wainscoted with chestnut there is another done with
plane. It looks very well, but I was told it was very
hard to work, yet it takes the worm very soon, unless
varnished on both sides. I believe it is of no great
value, though some think otherwise; and I hear it has
lately beeu discovered, that, driven into the earth for
post's to gates, it lasts, without rotting, longer than any
tree yet tried. If this be true, and what Messrs.
EveljTi and Cook say, that in a park the deer vrill not

touch it, there is no doubt it ought to be propagated,
since it grows high and great and straight, has a broad
leaf, looks well in thickets, and resists the winds.' "

The present part of the Report describes in a similar
way the Horse Chestnut, the Spanish Chestnut, the
Elm, the Lime, the Oak, the Poplar, the Plane, the
Walnut, Willow, and Tew.

Miscellaneous.

Death of Mr. John Mlman.— It is with no ordinary
feelings that we record the death of this eminent
agriciuturist. Bom at Glynde, on the 24th of June,
1787, nothing could appear more delightful when Mr.
Ellman began life than the prospects of a tenant-
farmer on the South Downs. In 1810, when he
attained his twenty-third year, Wheat was selling just
before harvest at 110s. per quarter, and in the Decem-
ber of that year the finest samples still made 98.s. At
the wool fair, too, most of the wool was taken at Ss. per
lb. In all this there was no material change until the
Peace of 1815. As the son of the celebrated breeder,
who has been said to have " invented the Southdown
sheep," and was in every great agi'icultural move-
ment in England, the chosen friend of the Earl of
Egremont and Arthur Toung, Mr. Ellman was from
his youth immersed in every variety of agricultural busi-
ness. During the years of prosperity, however, to which
we have referred, if there was more than the ordinary
routine of farm-life to attend to, it was of a very
gratifying character to all living on the Glynde Farm.
Mr. Ellman's father from 1790 to 1816 was in the height
of a great career. He it was who instituted the Sussex
Agricultural Society, and we may add that as long as
he competed for prizes, both there and at Smithfield,
he carried off no small share of the honours. The Duke
of Bedford was not unfrequently a visitor at Glynde,
and the house was the scene of hospitality as general
and munificent as it was hearty and unpretending. We
mayregardthis as the first period of the late Mr. Ellman's
life. He was receiving his education at Winchester
School, and was originally intended for the bar, but at a
very early age he evinced a decided preference for agri-
culture. In 1810 he left his father's residence to take
the farm at Firle, now occupied by Mr. Thomas Saxby,
and the Manor Farm, Ripe, the property of Lord Hamp-
den ; the latter he held up to his death. On the 25th
February, 1811, he married Catherine Springate. the
third daughter of Mr. John Boys, of Betshanger, Kent,
by whom he had eight children, of whom five sons and
two daughters are now living. In 1819 he gave up the
Firle Farm, and took that at Beddingham, since
occupied hy his brother Thomas, and he then came to
reside in Southover. It was from this residence that,
when the stormy time came that followed in 1815, he
dated the greater part of the numerous letters which
he furnished to JSi'ans and Huff/f.? Farmers^ Jottrnal,
the agricultural paper of that day. To all these it
appears to have been his invariable practice to append
his name. A very interesting period of Mi*. Ellman's
life was the presentation of a testimonial to him by the
owners and occupiers of land. This event took place in
1846. In presenting the testimonial Mr. Tanner
alluded to Mr. Ellman " as a warm friend to the agri-
cultural interest, whether it were to preserve to the
farmer his rights, or to elevate and reward the honest
and industrious labourer," and he added that he was
proud to bear his testimony to the zeal and per-
severance he had so many years .shown in the good cause.
If, as a flockmaster, they could not say he had
invented a sheep, as a lady did to Mr. Bakewell, he
had at least proved himself worthy of being his
patentee, in preserving the invention perfect and
entire. There were few flocks in the county that had
not received some improvement from the Glynde
blood, and whose masters had not had reason to feel
thankful that they had the opportunity of improving
their sheep by attending the annual sales at Glynde.
AVhen Mr. Ellman, sen., retired from Glynde Farm, in
1828, the subject of this sketch became the tenant, and
remained its occupant until Michaelmas, 1816, when
he removed to Landport, near Lewes, where he has
since resided. In 1819 Mr. Ellman was appointed a
Deputy-Lieutenant for the county of Sussex, and he
was, we believe, the senior member of the lieutenancy.
In 1838 he received the Commission of the Peace
from the late Duke of Richmond, and he was always
most indefatigable in his attendance on the bench, and
in his endeavours to render the pressure of the county
taxation as light as possible to the tenant farmer, on
whom its weight principally falls. — From the Sussex
iExpress.

Cattle Plague Penalties.— The ^ number of persons
convicted in certain counties of infringing the orders
issued with respect to the cattle plague appears to
liave been somewhat considerable. In Berkshire, 124
persons were so convicted ; in Cornwall, 253 ; in
Devonshire, 408; in Dorsetshire, 147; in Gloucester-
shire, 141 ; in Hampshire, 155 ; iri Herefordshire, 62 ;
in Kent, 207; in Monmouthshire, 69; in Somerset-
shire. 345 ; in Surrey, 47 ; in Sussex, 10 ; in Wiltshire,
128 ; in Pembrokeshire, 31 ; and in Radnorshire, 18.
Nearly all these persons were simply fined; but 11 of
them were sent to prison.

Notices to Correspondents.

FENCING : A Z. Sixty acres arc 20.040 yard.s, rather more than
170 yards square. IE the piece be .squ.are, then you will
need about 680 yards of fencing. If it be round, less will
be needed, but it is plain that any quantity «(«.'/ be needed
according to the irregularity of the outline within which
your area lies.
LjCnd Agent op Farm Maitager : If any landowner desires
the .services of a well-educated man and good practical
farmer, either for the management of a home farm, or for
the, general supervision of an estate, the Editor of this
Journal can recommend one who jjossesses all the experience,
good j\idgraenti and. trustworthliless which such a situation
I requires.

MESSRS. GEORGE GIBBS and CO.,

25 & 26, DOWN STREET, PICCADILLY, W.,

Beg to announce they are now prepared to execute
Orders to any extent for Laying Land Down to
Permanent Meadow and Pasture, with their best
MIXTURES of GRASS and CLOVER SEEDS, to suit
various soils, which they can supply at 32s. to 365.
per acre, allowing 2 bushels of large seeds and 12 lb. of
small seeds to each acre.

MIXTURES of GRASS and CLOVER SEEDS for
Renovating Old Pastures, ftuantity required per acre,
61b. to 101b. Per lb. Is.

MIXTURES of the FINEST SORTS for Lawns,
Croquet Grounds, Bowling Greens, &c. Per lb. Is. Zd,

Italian Rye-grass.

Per bushel. — ^5. ''.

GIBBS' IMPROVED EARLY 0 0

FINE HEAVY IMPORTED 7 0

Perennial Rye -grass.

PACBrS " HEAVY SEED " . . . . per bushel 7 0
EVERGREEN Ditto „ 7 0

Clovers. p^j^.

FINE ENGLISH RED lOS. to 1 0

FINE ENGLISH WHITE Is. 34 to 1 6

FINE ALSIKE HYBRID 2.!. to 2 3

TRUE COW GRASS 13

RED SnCKLING 13

YELLOW TREFOIL 4(i. to 0 6

Bromus Schraderi,

THE NEW FORAGE GRASS 2 6

Buckwheat, or Brank.

ENGLISH SEED per bushel 7 0

Carrot.

LARGE WHITE BELGIAN 13

LARGE Y'ELLOW BELGIAN 16

LARGE RED ALTRINGH AM 2 0

SCARLET INTERMEDIATE 2 0

LONG SURREY, or ORANGE 2 0

Cabbage.

CHAMPION OX, "fine" 3 6

LARGE DRUMHEAD 2 0

ENFIELD MARKET 3 6

Swedes. p^^ ,^

THE ASHCROFT 10

MATSON'S PURPLE-TOP 10

SKIRVING'S 0 9

GIBES- PURPLE-TOP 10

EAST LOTHLAN 10

Yellow Turnips.

GIBBS' GREEN-TOP HY'BRID 10

GIBBS- PURPLE-TOP HYBRID 10

GREEN-TOP YELLOW .SCOTCH 10

DALE'S HYBRID 10

Common Turnips.

GREEN GLOBE 0 10

RED GLOBE 0 10

WHITE GLOBE 0 10

GREEN TANKARD 10

RED TANK.\RD 10

WHITE TAXK.iRD 10

YELLOW TANKARD 10

GREY STONE 0 W

EARLY WHITE STONE 0 10

ORAJSGE JELLY 10

Mangel Wurzefl,

FaOSI FINE SSLEcrllD RoOt-S.

YELLOW GLOBE 10

RED GLOBE 10

LONG RED 10

LONG YELLOW 10

Parsnip.

GIBBS- LARGE CATTLE 16

HOLLOW CROWN 13

Eohl Rabi.

LARGE GREEN 2 6

LARGE PURPLE 2 6

Lucerne.

FINE IMPORTED J 3

Furze.

FRENCH and ENGLISH 2 0

Holciis saccharatus.

CHINESE SUGAR GRASS 2 0

Rape, or Cole.

ESSEX SEED ' 0 6

Special qitoitttions for larffe qmmtities.

PRICED CATALOGUES

OF

AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and PLOTVER SEEDS,
Forw.arded Post Tree on application to

GEORGE GIBBS and CO., Seedsmen,
5.5 and 56, DOWN STREET, PTCCABILLT, LOinjOIf, IT.

MABCH 23, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' OnRONTCLE AND ACtRTOULTTJRAL GAZETTE.

307

PATRONISED BY
HER MAJESTY THE QITEEJiT,

AND HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
THE PRINCE OF WALES.

J. B. BROWN & CO.'S NEW PATENT B B LAWN MOWER FOR 1867.

PONY MACHINE

"With Newly Improved Delivering Apparatus ; to Deliver the Grass without Stopping.

The unpreccdonted success of this NEW PATENT LA.WN MOWING MACHINE has far exceeded tli9 most sanguine expectatioas of the Patentpos and
nnufacturers. As an illusti-ation of this, it may be mentioned that Orders which were received during the months of October, November, and December, 1865, for
tti Dcliverv of Mowers in the Spring; of 1866, wPre executed, not without difficulty, just in time for the commencement of the season's Lawn Mowings, notwithstanding
at for more than three months the steam machinery used in the construction of these New Lawn Mowers had to be kept working night and day, witli relays of
nvkmen supplying: the Macliines.

MESSRS. J. fi. BROWN and CO. being most desirous to avoid this year the great expense which they incurred during last season, by having their Works
iiployed day ami night, owing to the press of Orders they receivod at the commencement of the season, ivoulcl earnestlt/ solicit Orders for this season's requirements
ing imniidiatehj forwarded to them.

The NEW PATENT B B LAWN MOWER combines all the latest improvements in Lawn Mowing Machines, being simple in construction, very light, silent in
ovement, easily worked, and so strong and durable as to be literally unbreakable, — an aU-iraportant feature in Machines of this class ; the ordinaiy cast-iron being
itirely done away with, and malleable iron substituted in all breakable parts, and every part being numbered and accurately made to standard gauges. The workman-
dp and finish are also of a superior character ; tJie entire Machine being quite equal to a revolution^ so to speak; in Lawn Mowers,

1^^ The Machines arc all guaranteed to give jiorfcct satisfaction in every respect.

Many of the best known and most intelligent Gardeners have given the New Patent B B Lawn Blower

the highest possible character.

Ir. Thomw Ihgram, of the Royal Gardens, Windsor Castle, vyriles Masars. Hrown & Co., Aug. 11, ISfiG.

" I have much plensuro in stating that your New Patent B B Lawn Mowing Machine (a 24-inch) has
jd^a good trial, and h:i3 proved quite satisfactory. The work done iB of the lirst order, leaving the
iwnlike a piece of velvet."

William Cahmichaei,, Sandrinfiham. Kind's Lynn, NorfoVi, tlie seat of His Royal Highness the
Prince of Wales, lerites January 14, 1867.
*Th6 24-iHch B B Lawn Mowing Machine which, jou Bupplied suits me well, and does its
■' pitorirably."

Bflj% J. BissET, oftJteOardms, Croxfeth, near Liverpool, tTie seat of the Right Hon. the Earl of Sefton,
irrites September 13, 1866.
" Wo have given your Lawn Mowers (i 20 and 24-inch) a fair trial of some three months, and think
i a fluCBciont test to pronounce thein t,he nearest to perfection of any Lawn Mowers I have seen tried."

Mr. William Smith, The Oardens. Ertstoh: rarJc. near TTeMbury, Herts, writes July 24, 1S66. I

Your BB Lawn Mower does its work well, and is in every way very satisfactory. I shall have

pleasure in recoDimendiDg it, as 1 am sure there is no other Machine at the present day to beat it." I

Mr. James Dodds, The Gardens, Knolc, Sevenoaks, Kent, writes Sepw.inber 1, 1866.
"I have pleasure in mentionini? to you that your New BB Pony Mowing Machine supplied to ue
continues to give perfect satisfaction, in doing the work exceedingly well."

Mr. JooN Snow. Saltram Gardens, Saltash, Devonshire, writes September a, 1R6G.
*' I have much pleasure in bearmg testimony to the excellence of your New Patent Pony Mowing
Machine sent for the Earl of Morley. iMie work performed is very Biitisfactory."

William Hardman, Esq., Norbiton Hall, Kinqst^nn-ott^ThJimes, ipritea Aurintt 29, 1866.
" I enclose cheque for the B B Mowing Machine, and at the same time have much pleasure in
expressing my decided opinion that it is liy far the best Machine we have tried yet. It has been m uaa
now for nearly two months, and works perfectly,"

The Rev. M. Gibson, Enclos de VOrat^ire, Boulogne eur Mer, France, vmtes Anffust 22, 1666.
" I beg to enclose a cheque for the amount due for the B B Lawn Mower which you seat me some
short time since. It reached me quite safe, and works very satisfactorily."

PRICES

WEW PATENT B B HORSE MACHINE for 1867.

iplete, witiiout extras, including; Delivery Free to any Railway Station in England,
with the necessary Tools and Directions for use.

!-inch Machine £28 10 0 1 „ i n- .

;-mch Machine 24 10 0 } •^™'"» ^^ " ^'"^'"-

)-inch Machine 21 10 0 Brawn by a Korse or strong Pon)j.

r

li-ir

NEW PATENT B B PONY MACHINE for 1867.

Complete, without extras, including Delivery Free to any Kailway Station in England,
with the necessary Tools and Directions for use.

^O-inch Machine ^IHi! „ } Brmtm by a Pony or strong Donkey.

'2S-m(h Machine lb 10 0 )

26-inch Machine 14 10 0 Drawn by a Donkey.

NEW PATENT B B HAND MACHINE for 1867

Including Delivery Free to any Kailway Station in England, with the necessary Tools and Directions for use.

l-inoli Machine £4 00)x,-, i,^,,. t, I IS-inch Machine £7 10 0 Un-sili/ Worked by a Man and Boy.

l!-iuch Machine .5 0 fs\ Easily Worked by a Boy. .^o.inch Machine 8 0 01

I -inch Machine .5 10 0 Ditto by a Man. 22-ineh Machine 8 10 0\ Ditto by Two Men.

i-inoh Machine 6 10 0 Ditto by a Man and Boy. I 2 l-ijich Machine 9 0 0)

*** Every Maehine is warranted to give complete aatisfaction^ and, if not approved of, may be at once returned,
t^ It is most imporfanf, in order to prevent disappointment, that Ordtrsfor these PA TENT LA WN MO WEES s/ioiiM be given without delay.

J. B. BROWN AND CO., Patentees and Sole Manufacturers,

OFFICES — 90 (late 18), CANNON STREET, LONDON, CITY, E.C.

WAREHOUSE and LONDON MANUFACTORY— 148, UPPER THAMES STREET, LONDON, E.C.

308

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRTCHLTURAL G^iZETTE.

[Maech 23, 1867,

Sutton'B Grass- Seeds for all Soils, Carriage Free.

IVfESSRS. SUTTON specially prepare MIXTURES

-l-'J- for every description of soil ; therefore in ordering it is only
necessary to slate the nature of tlie soil, and suitable Seeds will bo
supplied. The following are the popular chissin cations of Soils :—

1. STIFF CLAY

2. STIFF or HEAVY LOAM

6. SHARP GRAVELS

6. CHALKY SOILS

7. SHEEP DOWNS

8. RIVER FLATS, or WATER
MEADOWS

0 36s. per acre,

3. GOOD MEDIUM LOAM

4. LIGHT SANDS
Prices for PERMANENT PASTURES,

carriage free.

For 1, 2, 3, or 4 Tears' Lay, 14s. to 24s. per acre, carriage ftee.
For further particulars applv to
Sdtton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

The New Forage Grass (Eromus Schraderi).

SUTTON AND SONS have imported a larije supply of
True Seed of the above, and offer it at 2s. Gd. per lb., or cheaper
in large quantities, poantity required per acre, 30 lb. Lowest price
per cwt. and instructions on cultrvation , may he had on application.
Sdttok & Soxs, Seed Merchants, Readitig.

Improvement of Grass Lands,

at from 5s. to 10s. per acre.

QUTTON'S RENOVATING

*^ MIXTURE

Sbodld Now be Sown.

6 to 12 lb. per acre.

Price lOd, per lb. Cheaper by the owt.

If these Seeds are sown early in the season,

the improvement in the land will be very

great, and at a small expense.

This Mixture should be bush-harrowed in,
and rolled afterwards.

Sutton & Sons,

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment,

Reading.

Present Prices of East Clover Seeds.

SUTTON AND SUNS can supply the above at the
following prices, carefully cleaned, and free from Dodder and
other weeds :—

Per lb.— s. d. I Per lb.— s. d.

BROAD RED, .. lOd. to 1 0 YELLOW TREFOIL, 5rf. to 0 6

WHITE or DUTCH U 2rf. „ 1 4 COW GRASS .. Is. 2d. „ 1 6

PERENNIAL WHITE .. 1 el ALSIKE .. .. 2s. ,, 2 6

SaKples and lowest price per cwt. sent on application.

Ordinary qualities may be had cheaper.

All g"ods Carriage Frea (except very snialT parcels).

Five per cent, allowed for cash payment.

ScTTOw & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

BUTTON'S FINK LAWN GRASS for Making New
O or Improving old Garden Lawns, Croquet Grouuds, &c. Price
Is. 3d. per pound, 24s. per bushel, carriage tree. For forming New
Lawns or Croquet Grounds three bushels, or 60 lb., are required per
Acre, or 1 gallon to Six Rods of Ground.
Frcm the Rev, E. J. Gosling, M.A., diaplain to the County Oaot,

New Disdvi Road, Monmouth.

Nov. 8, 1866.—" The Lawn Seeds 1 had from you in the sprine have

fully testified to the truth of all that has been said iii praise of them,"

From H. E. Tuck, Esq,, 32, BarUtolomtw Road North,

Kentish Town, London.

August 8, 1866.— " The Lawn Gras.s Seed is excellent; grows very

quickly indeed, and produces beautiful fine Grass, such as wo never

had before."

JfYom RoBT. J. Stedman, Esq., SJiarnbrook, Bedford.

Jan. 13, 1866.-" The lawn I laid down last spring with your Grass

Seeds answered wonderfully. It looks now as If It had boon done

with old Turf. Persons who see it scarcely believe it was obtained by

sowing."

From Martin Codcher, Esq.. M.D,, Bayton Villa, Glifton-on-Teme,
Worcester.
Oct. 6, 1866.—" On the 10th or 12th of June I sowed tho Lawn
Graaa Seed, and though the planting was so late, the Lawn now
presents auniform luxuriant appearance of a beautiful tirit, and looks
as though it had been plauted two years. Of course, attention has
been paid to mowing and rolling,"

PRICED LISTS gratis and post free.
SoTTQw fc Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

Very Early Slieep Feed.

OTTTTON'S IMPROVED ITALIAN RYE-GRASS.—

O This " Improved "Italian Rye-grass is recommended in prefer-
ence to every other variety, producing three or four heavy crops in
one summer, and belngalmost if not stnctlv perennial.

At a Meeting of the Roval Agricultural" Society, on March 16 in
a Lecture delivered by Alfred Hughes, Esq., lateofThorness Isle of
Wight, Mr. Hughes said : — '

" I always reserve a portion of Oat land to lay down with Sutton's
Improved Italian Rye-grass, tbe most reliable plant I have come
across for some years for Ewes and Lambs in the Spring. When 1
tell you that I put it in in the spring, and dressed it afl.er harvest with
guano, and that m the autumn, when my Sheop fed it off it was
up to their knees, and that I fed it off again this spring with Ewes
and Lamhs, I tbink you will agree that this is a crop of very great
value. The Italian Rye-grass which is sold bv Sctton of Rondinc
is a most astonishing vigorous plant ; Indeed, I never saw anythinc to
equal it in the course of all my experience."

Sdtton & Sons have a fine stock of their Improved Italian Rve-
grphs. which is ft very different and superior article to much that
is Bold as Italian Rye-grass.

Present price ^s. 6d. per bushel, cheaper in quantities over 6 ars

Carriage-free in quantities of 8 bushels and upwards. '

Quantity required per acre, if sown alone, 3 bushela

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading

BUTTON'S PRIZE MANUEL

Cheaper by tho Cwt.

SLEU .

SUTTON'S YELLOW GLOBE,
Price Is. per lb.
Cheaper by the Cwt. Lowest Price per Cwt. on application.
Sdtton & Sows, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading,

r^ J ^r,. Per lb.— s. d.

Good YELLOW GLOBE 0 9
„ ORANGE GLOBE . . 0 9
„ RED GLOBE . o 9

„ LONG RED .. 0 0

„ LONG YELLOW .. 0 fl

SUTTON'S

Selected Mangel Seed

From Selected Roots.

SUTTON'S SELECTED^' **
YELLOW GLOBE 1 (

Do. do. ORANGE GLOBE 1 (

FISHER HOBBS-
ORANGE GLOBE . 1 (

STRATTON'S RED
GLOBE ., 1 ■

SUTTON'S ELVETHAii '
LONG RED . 1 )

SUTTON'S MAMMOTH
LONG YELLOW . i ,

NEW YELLOW INTER-
MEDIATE .. 1 !

Do. RED do. . . ' 1 (

SUTTO N 'S MAMMOTH
LONG RED . 1 I

BERKSHIRE PRIZE, or
SUFFOLK CHAMPION,
New, in 81b. bags

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

Just Published, post free, 12 stamps (gratis to customers).

CARTER'S GARDENRRS' and FARMERS' YADE
MECUM for 1867.
In consequence of the increasing interest taken in Subtropical
Plants and in the finer Border Flowers, James Carter k Co. have
devoted special attention to these subjects m their new issue of the
above work, and the following original and practical articles plainly
indicate the readiest way to get up a stock of these subjects in the
most economical manner : —

On the Cultivation of Hardy Flowers from Seed.
How to raise Hardy Flowers irom seed.
Ornamental Annuals.
Fine-foliagert Plants from Seed. Also,
On Laying Down Grass Seed for Permanent Pasture, &c.
Forwarded for 12 stamps on application to Carter's Great London
Seed Warehouse. 23" and 23S. High Holbom, London. W.C.

Carter's Grass Seeds for tlie International
ExMbition at Paris. 1867.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have the satisfaction to
announce that the Imperial Commissioners of the P^ris Inter-
national Exhibition of 1S67 have granted to them the concession of
supplying the GRASS SEEDS for the purpose of forming the Sward
of the Park round the Exhibition Building in the Champ de Mara.
The honour conferred on their House will be more readily appre-
ciated when they state the gratifying fact, that they are the omlt
English Hodse ENracsTED with the Imperial Commissioners'

COMMANDS FOR THIS PfBPOSE.

James Carter & Co. are prepared to supply Mixtures for Perma-
nent Pasture, Park Lawns, &c , of the most nutritious and valuable
Grasses, specially mixed to suit the variations of climate and soil.
Price according to quality, from 26s. to 36s. per acre. PRICED
LISTS gratis and post-free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 2374 238, High Holbom,
London, W.C.

Grass Seed packed for Exportation.

Croquet Grounds.

For the Improvement of Croquet
Grounds and Lawns,

T C. WHEELER and SON,

" • Seed Growers, Gloucester, can
recommend a Mixture of the finest
LAWN GRASS SEEDS, which should
now be sown at the rate of about
10 lb. per acre, with a top-dreaslng of
soot, guano, or superphosphate. The
Lawn or Croquet Grounfl should then be
thoroughly well rolled.
The price of the Seed is Is. Zd. per lb.

J. C. Wheeler & Son,
Seed Growers, Gloucester.

Seed Com from the Chalk.

ALL the MOST APPROVED VARIETIES supplied by
RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, COWLING, and
COSIPANV, Limited.

Address, Basingstoke ; or 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, London, E.C.
•»* Samples and prices on application.

New Mangel Wurzel Seed.

HAND r. SHARPE have the following Varieties,
• raised last season on their own Seed Farm from fine selected
Bulbs, which they can offer to ttie Trade at Low Prices, to be had
on application : —

SHARPE'S SELECTED ORANGE GLOBE.
FISHER HOBBS" ORANGE GLOBE.
LARGE YELLOW GLOBE.
ELVETHAM LONG RED,
SELECTED LONG YELLOW.
SELECTED RED GLOBE.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

New Turnip Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE ofler the following varieties to
• the Trade at low Prices. They are all of 1866 growth, raised
from the finest selected Stocks : —

SHARPE'S IMPROVED PURPLE-TOP SWEDE.
SKIRVING'S " KING oE the SWEDES."
IMPROVED GREEN TOP SWEDE.
LINCOLNSHIRE RED GLOBE.
IMPROVED GREEN NORFOLK.
DEVONSHIRE GREY STONE.
And many other Yellow and White-fleshed sorts. Prices may bo
had on application. Seed-growing Establishment. Wisbech,

OELhCTED SILVER SAND, PEAT SOIL, LOAM,

O SANDSTONE, GARDEN POTS, IMPLEMENTS, VASES.
TAZZAS, and FIGURES, &c., for SALE in any quantities. By
Railway, Canal, and Shin, to all parts of the United Kingdom.
W^. Short. Horticultural Depot, Reigate, Surrey.

JpiBRuUS PEAT of tirst-class quiilily for Orchids,
' Heaths, American Plants, and all potting purposes, may be
obtained by application to Mr. Thomas Jessop, Farningham Wood,
near FamiDfChaii Station, Kent. It ia despatched by the London,
Chatham, and Dover Railway in trucks of 16 yards, about 6 tons, to
most Stations in the Kingdom, or fetched in carts from the wood.
It is extensively used and appreciated in tho principal Nurseries, and
in the Royal Park-s and Gardens. Price 6s. per cubic yard, at
i'arningbam Station.

/ '^OCUA-^UT llEi'U&E
^—^ is becoming boaroe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold In bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 2 for 308., 50 for 66fi., 100
for £6.

Fourpenco allowed for each
bag returoed oarriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-offlce
Order, payable to J. Barsbam &.
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W,

To those who have a Garden.

THE BOUTIN MAN URE will be found most
invaluable for Kitchen and Flowoi Gardens, Conservatories,'&c.
It stimulates the healthy action and rapid growth of Plants, and
increases their products. It also destroys American Blight, and
RootandLeaflnsectsof every description. It has no offensive oilour.
Sold in bottles, Is. 6d., 2s. 9d., and 4s. Gd. each, with full instructions.
Sold Wholesale in Casks by the Company, 117 & 118, LeadonhaU
Street, E.C.

Agents in London : —
Messrs. Hurst & Son, Seedsmen, &c., 6, Leadenhall Street, E.C.
„ Carter & Co., Seedsmen, ic, 237, 238, and 261, High Holbom, W.C.
„ Flannagan & Son, Seedsmen, kc, 98, Cheapside, E.C.
„ Barclay & Son, 96, Farringdon Street. E.C.
„ Smith i Co., Seedsmen, &c.. Floral Hall, Kingsland, N.E.
„ Dixon & Co., Seedsmen, 48, Moorgate Street, E.C
„ Ponsford & Son, Seedsmen, &c., Loughborough Park, Brixton, S.
„ Butler, McCulioch, a Co., Seedsmen, &c., Covent Garden, W.C. I

Mr. J. Brigden, Seedsman. &c., London Bridge Station, and King

William Street, E.G.
„ B. S. Williams, Paradise Nurserv, Highgate Hill, N.
„ R. Wood, Nurseryman, Haverstock Hill, N.W.
„ F. Bas, Corn and SeedMerchaQt.Bishopsgate Street Without, E.C
„ J. Muhket, Seedsman, &c., Oo, High Street. Ciapham, S.
„ J. Keroan, Seedsman, &c., 4, Ru-ssell Street, Covent Garden, W.C. i

LAWES' MANURES.—

The Manures munufaotured by J. B. Lawes for the present
seison of 1867 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
following prices, per ton : —
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s. d.

SUPERPHOSPHATE nf LIME 6 6 0

LAWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 6 5 0

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES . . 12 0 0

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
apDointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying according to cost of carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cikes at market prices.

Address. John Benxet Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; 22. Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square. Shrewsbury.

Red
Spider

Magni-
fied,

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

{Lisiitkd).

Vineries and Orchards.

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(Established 1840),
Have DOW ready for delivery m dry fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
8S Dock Warehouse: SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISHERY
SALT, &c. 'E. PnasEU, Socrelury.

Ufflce8*116, Fenchurch Street. E.C.

ODAMS'S NITRO-PHUSPHATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPilATE for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

MANDFACTDREJ)

THE PATENT NITRO-PtfOSpHATE OR BLOOD
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief OfQces— 109, Fenchurth Street, London.
Western Counties Branch — Queon Street, Exeter,
Irish Branch— 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.
Directors.
Chairman — John Clayden, Littlebury, Essex.
Deputy-Chairman — John Collins, Argyll House, Holloway.
Edward Bell, 48, Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot. Herts. ^

Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Micidli-sex.
Robert Leeds, west Lexham, Noilolk.
George Savllle, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Es^ex.
Charles Dorman, 23, E.ssex Street, Strand.
Thomas Webb. Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Managing Director — James Odams.
Banters— Messrs. Barnetts, Hoiiroa, & Co., Lombard Street.
SoiiCifors— Messrs. KiDgsford & Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

Auditor—^. Carter Jona.s, Cambridge.
This Company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz.—" The Tenant Farmurs' Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upw;irds of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for years under management with Manures of their
own manufacture. The consumer, therefore, has tho best guarantee
for the genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Company.

Paiticulars will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may be had of the Local Agents. ,C. T. Macadam, Secretary.

Chief Offices— 109. Fenchurch Street, London, E.C.

Fumigate your Greenhouse with

TOBACCO TISSUE.

—Will Destroy all the Insects and not Injure the Plants; is
entirely free from piper or rag, and will burn wichout blowing.

Price 3s. Gd. per lb., carriage free. To bo had of Messrs. Rodebtb
& Sons, Tobacco Manufdcturers, 112, .St. John Street, Clerkenwell, ,
■E.C., and of all Seedsmen and Nuranji-ymen.

Gl S H U R S T
COMPOUND.
Used by many of tho leading
Gardeners since 1859, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green Fly. and other Blight,
in solutioDs of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft-
water, .and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes, Is., Zs., and 10s, 6rf.

GREAT VALUE of "APHIS W.fVSH.'

"AT the first opportunity Paint the Trees with a

-TJl solution of 'APHIS WaSH,' prepared at the City Soap
Works ; it not only destroys the Brown Aphis which Infests Peach
Trees, but also Scale, and every other pest capable of lodging in the
bark."— Extract Irom Gardeners' Ma^jazine, Januaiy 6, 1867.

"For strengthening the growth and effectually destroying all
forms of blight, the 'Aphis wash' supersedes every other prepara-
tion."—See Gardeners' Chronicle, August 19, 1SC5 ; and Gardeners'
Magazine, Julv 1, 1865.

Sold bv Chemists and others, in Is. bottles, and 2s. 6d. a gallon,
with full'directions for use.

Wh lesale at the City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.C.

Maech 23, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

309

G

ENUINE TOBACCO PAPER at lOd. per

X Terms Cash.

W. DoDoson, at Messrs, Jackson U Sons, 20, Lady Lano, Lneda.

rpOBACCO PAPEit— Genuine extra strung Tobacco
1 Paper, liouMo tlia .trongth of that usually 8uj.phe(l^ is solcl at
1« D«r lb lohoapor In quantities) by Saihiel Mav. ISO, Wado Lano,
Leeds. I'rlee to the Trade on aiipiloatlou.

ROLL TOnACCO CLOTH.— The cheapest nnd best
article for SmokInK Oro.-nhoii™a and dostroyin? ttio Fly ; equal
to Tobacco in strength, l.<. M. per 1I-. : »'" •" '''i',,!'; '"j, „
JosBi'i! lURKa. 10, Gough Square, Fleet btroet, HL.

Post offlco Orders payable Fleet Street.

OSTON'S NK PLUS ULTRA, for the Destruction of

Mealy Hug, Scald, American Blight, Sc, on Stove and Green-

,.„,.„J Plants Kriilt Trees, Vinos to. in bottles, with l\ill liiBtruc-

tions for appilcatiaii, price 3.^. 6(/., 6s., and 10.1. 6d. ^,, , ,

Ja«k» OAnTi:.. i C.'beg leave to state that theprcselit time is most
suitable for applying the above genuine Spocihc belore the coin,
mencemont of the growing soiaoo, thereby preventing the raJd

crease of tho abovo peits wh eh would othorwise take place. Iho
Sf«lllb°epiopertle» of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapid y
bamming fully recognised, J. C.i Co. having already sold nearly
2(100 bi.ttles since Its llrst introduction in the spring of 1800
Numerous testiniouials bavo been received, and not a single complaint

°lole Agei^jLiis Ca„tk» 4 Co., 237 and 238, High Holborn, W.C.
'.* The Trade auppUetl on liberal terms.

B

C^ALVANISKJ) WUiE NKTTINU, GALVANISED
T IKON BUILDINGS uml MANUFACTUUES.

C'Boflfios & Co. 34. BrcHd Street. London, £.C, ; 2, Goroo Piazzas,
Liverpool ; C>0, Gewgo Square, QlaaROw.

w

S. BOULTON'S 36-jrallon SWING AVATER

BARROW. Price 4'..f.
Cini'i^o I aid to any Stivtion in Ens'^'"'

■<.'ry cheap and invaluable for carrying Liquid's of all
len. Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard i^hould be with-

The above

kinds. Xo GardeL. _ _ . __

out one. Two or more Tubs can be hnd with one Carriage at a
addicloDal cost. A Lad can easily work It ; but if required to travel
long distances ovyr rough ground a Pony cin be attached. The
wheels and cnrrlafie aro wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowing, out of many Testimonials, have been received : —

From Lord Otho Fitzugrald. West Park, Salisbury.

"Sir,— You are welcr.me to make use of ray letter recommending
your Water Barrow. I find it of great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and more serviceable than one I had made in the neigh-
bourhood, the carnage alone of which, without the barrel, cost me
£3 10s. I unfortunately ordered it before I saw your advertisement.
—I am. yours obediently, *' O. Fitzqkrali>."

"ToMr. W. .S. BouLToN.-

From Thos. Inole, Esq., M.D., Emswort/i, Hants, June 24, 18CG.

"Sir.— The Swing Water Barrow la in every respect a most admir-
able improvement ou all I have hitherto used m my Gardens. All
Earties tjho have seen it. Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
estowed upon it their unqualified approval, and several said they
would order th«iin of you.—Yours truly, " Thos Inolk, M.D."

"ToMr. W. S. BoDLTON."

Rose Lanfl iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

G

ALVANISED IRON WATER CISTERNS.

Cheap, light, and durable, win tuil rust or corrode, and
keep water perfectly sn^Ht.

To hold Each.

30 gallons, 20s. Od.

50 gallons, 2-13. Od.

80 gallons, 32s. Od.

100 gallons, 388. 6d.

125 gallons, 463. Od.

160 gallons, 498. Od.

200 gallons, 66s. Od.

0 gallons, 738. Od.

0 gallons, 84s. Od.

With Lid and
Brass Tap.

GALVANISED WIRE STRAND CABLE FENCING.

GALVANISED IRON ROOFING.

IMPROVED GALVANISED WIRE NETTING.

HDRDLES, HURDLES, HURDLES, Is. t)d. to 3«. 0d. per yard.

PATENT STHAININQ PILLARS, &c.

GALVANISED IRON PUMPS.

GALVANISED SWING WATER BARROWS.

I*AWN MOWERS, GARDEN ROLLERS.

AfiPBALTE ROOFING FELT. Id. per square foot.

MOTLET & GRF.EN.

lUocitrated Catalogues and E-itimatefl free on application.
12, Great George Street, Leeda.

HAW

F F A N Y,

For samples and prices apply to
J. SoAw & Co., 20. Oxford Street, Manchester.

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in grent
variety of pnttems and matorial, the plainer sorts being
__-,_,^_^™,_-, especiallv suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
/jp^^rTrrrr-^Tnnr.t^ they harbour no ShigH and Insects, take up little
room, and once put iiovin incur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, conse-
quently being much choapor,

GARDEN VASKS, FOUNTAINS, Ac, in
Artificial Stone, of groat durability, and In great
variety of design.

F, & G. RosiiBR. Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfrlara, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Cheldoa, S.W. ; Kiugsland Road, Klngslaad, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLEY-S PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. IlIUBtratod Price Lists free by post. The Trade suppiied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for ConservatorieB,
Halls, CoiTldors, Balconies, ftc, as cheap and durable as
Stone, in blue, rod, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety

of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the abcve,

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosber, at their Premises aa above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — 14s. per Ton, or la. 3d. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Wopk. F. & O. H OS H EH.— Addresses see abovo,

N B. Orders promptly executed bv Railway,

Seed Pans, Garden Pots, Edging Tiles, &c.

MESSRS. IIONSKY BROTHERS b.-t; to ortlT to
Ocntlomon, their Gardeners, and tho Trade GARDEN
POTS, SEED PANS, and EDGING TILES, of all hizoh, of hard
and durable quality iiml inndorato prlcu.
AdUrcaa Messrs, BoNriH Huotiimis. ['.vk I'ottorluH, Chortsey, Surrey.

oil Faint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone, 'llila Varnish Is an
Bxcellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door worlt, and Is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixing or thinning, and Is used cold. It is used in tho

t rounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
undreds of the nobility and nentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill A Smith wdl forward od
application.

From Major Rt. Bell, Sandlioe, Xorlhumberland.

" 1 have much plea.sure In saying I have known your Black Varnish

to be used for some time by friends of mine, and they all speak

highly of it, which has induced me to get the quantity I have from

you. That I have used looks remarkably well."

Sold in casks of about 3ii gallons each, at Is, 6'i. per galloii, at thO
Ma'-iufactory, or Is, Hd. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.
Apply to Hill ft Smith. Brterly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.G., from whom only it can bo obtained.

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANUFACTUllED BT

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.
No. 1. No. 2. No. 4.

This Edging is Manufactured in Vitrified Stoneware and in Terra Cotta, and is -wan-anted inipeiishable.
DRAIN PIPES, TEEKA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON aud CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

PATRONIZED BY
HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY

AND HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
THE LATE PRINCE CONSORT.

GREENING & COMPANY'S

PATENT MACHINE-WOVEN ORNAMENTAL

WIRE HARE AND RABBIT-PROOF GARDEN FENCES

ARE SIX TIMES AS STROSU AS THE VERY BEST WIRE NETTING.
Only \^i inch apart in the Meshes, and therefore proof against the smallest Rabbits.

PERFECTLY REGULAR IN PATTERN.

Of a 7tea( and very pleasing oppearancej and most moderate in price,
NO. 16 VARIETY.

The " TIMES " of Tld May, 1866, remarks .-—
" The "Workman who daily manipulates the Wire in Greening & Co.'s Factory, being himself actually or
virtually a Shareholder, is far more likely to detect llaws in its quality or excess in its price, than one who sees
nothing except on paper of the operations which are being conducted in his name."

GREENING and CO., LIMITED, Manufacturers of IRON GATES, FENCES, PALISADES,
ESPALIERS, HDRDLES, TREE GUARDS, GARDEN SEATS, VERANDAHS, VASES, FOUNTAINS, TOMB
RAILINGS, STABLE FITTINuS, GARDEN ROLLERS, POULTRY HOUSES, EMIGRANTS' HOUSES,
BRIDGES, CORN RICK STANDS, &c. ; also of Wire Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Moveable
Fences for Railways, Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Courts, Sheep AValks, &c. ; also of Wire
Netting, Plant Guards and Protectors, Garden Bordering, Garden iVrchways, Aviaries, Pea and i*lant Trainers,
Pheasantries, Hen Coops, and Garden Lounges.

GENERAL PRICED CATALOGUE in Royal 8vo, 72 Pages and Wrapper, with 33 Illustrations (together with
SUPPLEMENT of TESTIMONIALS from the leading Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom, to the
quality of G. & Co.'s Manufactures), forwarded on receipt of Two Stamps to defray postage.

GREENING and COMPANY, LIMITED, VICTORIA IRON and WIRE WORKS.
OFFICES : 4, WABREN STKEET, MANCHESTER.

310

THE GARDENEES' CMONICLE AM) AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Haech 23, 1867.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

PATENT LAWN MOWING and SOILING MACHINES.

EVERT MACHINE "WAEEiNTED.

TO BE OBTAINED OF

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS, BANBURY.

LONDON ■WAJREHOUSE : 10, LAUEENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.G.
AGENTS :— Messrs. TANGYE BKOTHEES and HOLMAN, 10, LAUEENCE PODNTNET LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DRAY,
TAYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADEOED, 63, Fleet Sti-eet, E.C, ; and all respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers tlirougliout the Kingdom.

JOHN WAENEE & SONS,

BRASS & BELL FOUNDERS

TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDEAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.

No. 35.

35. ■WAHNEES' PATENT CAST-IKON
LIFT PTTMPS.

J. W. AND SONS' GOODS MAY BE OBTAINiaD OF THE TEADE GENEHALLT AT THE FOLLOWDfG PRICES :-

2| indies diameter

.. £1 8

6

3 „ „

.. 2 1

0

o-j, j> n ••

..2 6

0

i „

.. 2 U

0

SHORT-BARREL DITTO,

FOR SINKS, PLANT HOUSES, &c.
No. 37.— 2i ins. diameter . . sEl 1 0
Ditto, with 15 feet of IJ-in. lead Suction
Pipe attached, £2.

WAENEES' (No. 568i) AMEEICAN
GARDEN ENGINE,

OR FIRE ANNIHILATOR,

Is complete in itself, or can be used to
draw from a Pond or Tank, price £2 2^.

6 ft. Suction Pipe and Hose, extra, 12s.

WARNERS' AaXTAJECT.

Useful for every variety of purpose, in "Watering
or "Washing Flowers or Ti-ees in Gardens, Conser-
vatories, &c. ; also for "Washing Caniages or
"Windows, Laying Dust, &c.

Price, complete £1 10 0

Small Size for the hand, as an ordinar)- Syringe, ISs.

No. 42. "WARNERS' PORTABLE PUMPS,

"With Improved Valves for Liquid Manure . . . . £2 15 0
2-in. Flexible Rubber Suction Pipe, in 10, 12, and 15 ft. lengths, per foot, 2s. 5d.

"WARNERS' <JNo. 547 b) GARDEN ENGINE.

HOLDS SIX GALLONS.
Is light, portable, and easily worked by a lady or child, price £2 10s.

Lbttbb to The Times, July 23, 1866.

FEOM EAEL ESSES.

A Real Fire Extiuguislier.

To the Editor of'' The Times."

" Sib,— I feel sure you will kindly allot a small soace in the Times to these few lines, as the
best medium through which I would urge every 'householder who dreads fire to have on each
floor of hia house one or more small Garden or other Kngines on wheels, always charged and in
good order, in case of fire.

"Last night, just as I was going to bed. I was startled by that most fearful of ail cries, •Fire,
fire 1 ' 1 soon learned that a fire was ragmg in a large two-windowed unoccupied bedroom.
How caused is to us all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small Engines
on each floor. In two minutes I was in the room with one of them It was Uke a furnace.
The curtains, shutters, casements, and cornices of both windows were burning and craciung
from floor to ceilmg. I waa quite alone at the moment, yet before assistance arrived (most
of the sen-ants ha^-mg gone to bed), I had completely suhaued the fire of one window without
eidiaustmg the Engine, and whenassistanceand more waiter did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other. So fierce was the fire that the lead of tne casements was melted, and the casements
themselves were bm-nt off their hinges. I ivUl only add, that by God's mercy, the house was
saved by this small Engine. Hs/l 'b not been at hand and In order, most assuredly Cassiobury
would be now a heap of mius.—'i'ours faithfully,] "ESSEX.

"Cassiobury, Waoiord, July 20.

" Tho Engme, even when full, runa so light on the floor, that any woman might draw It,
and also work it."

"WARNER'S GARDEN ENGINES,

"WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.
These Engines are much improved in construction, are less likely to
get out of order, and more easily repaired than others.

No. 547. Best ENGINES, in "Wood Tubs.
24 Gallons .. £5 10 0 | 14 Gallons .. £5 10 0

No. 547a. Sh-ong ENGINES, in Galvanized Iron Tubs, well
painted inside and out.

10 Gallons . . £2 19 0 I 24 Gallons . . £4 19 0

16 Gallons . . 3 14 0 | 2S Gallons . . 5 10 0

579^. "WARNERS' "WATER BARRO"W

Saves a Gardener's time in "Watering with the Water Pot.
Made of strong "Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 13 mohes high
„ 30 „ „ 20

„ 38 „ „ 24

„ 60' „ „ 24

£2 2 0

2 13 0

3 17 0
5 12 0

47a, m Iron Tub.

' This is an extra strong article, with cross handle for two men, suitable for
Kursery Grounds, &c.

No. 579J.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &c.

[1^^ Estimates for any description of S'jdraaUc Machinery forwarded oh aj^plication.

Makch 23, 1867.]

THE fiARDENEPiS' CimONICLE AND AGRlCUETUEAL GAZETTE.

311

HOTHOUSES FOR THE MILLION.

AWARDED A PRIZE MEDAL, 1862.
INVISNTED AND PATENTEU IIY THE LATE

SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.

MANUFACTORIES :-L0NDON; NEWTON IN CARTMEL, LANCASHIRE;
GLOUCESTER, COVENTRY, ABERDEEN, und PAISI-EY.
Nothing can bo more ooay than to bnild thorn, nothing more simple than to romove thorn."— /Jai/y Ncivs, May 22, 1802.

SIMPLICITY, ^/ i~ %{ r^r'^^
CHEAPNESS, ^^ x^'

DUKABiUTV.

IIEQUIKEMENTS

HORTICULTURE.

Illustrated Tu'V .l.l-1- uill l.r sent ull pivjiaid ;ippUc;Ttii>ll. J■;^lll!l:;U^^ -.

to special siaes and dusiyii:!; ulou lor llcatiu',^ Appunitus, lixcd cjmpklc.

HEREMAN ajjd MORTON, 7, PALL MALL EAST, LONDON, S.W.

L'onservatorics, ifcc.

A HANDBOOK of VINE and FRUIT TREE CULTIVATION, as adapted to the above Patent Hothouses, may
■be had of Mr. Heueman. Second Edition, price Is. ; post free, Is. \d.

" The instructions given for the Cultivation of tbo Vino and othar Crops are essontialiy practical, and are evidently wiitten by one who
bas hinisolf performed all the operations before he attempted to instruct others." — Cotlage Oardcner, Oct. C, 1S63.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iuon Merchant,
• 31, Banl.-9ide, London, B.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, tiom StocK, per yard :— 2-lnch, Is. 1A. ;
S-lnch, 1*. lOd. ; and 4-inch, 28. 4rf. BENDS, from Stock, ltf.6d., 2s. 6d.,
and 3s. etch. THROTTLE VALVES, 103., 13s.. and 14». each. Other
Connexions at equally low pnces, and all gooas of first-class manu-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
HORTICULTURE.
" Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Laps,"
"Ventilation without Moving Lights.'*
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultm-al Society, South
Kensington.

Plana tmd Estimates free on apphcation Descnptne Book fully
ilmsti.ited, DOit Iree for 20 stamps, fiom the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Aichitect, Binnmgbam.

Works : Highgate Street, Birmingham.
Hexrt J. Growtage. Manager. 1, Temple Row West, BirminRham.

Greeiiliouses--Heatiiig Apparatus.

DUdltn
EXHlBITIOls,

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Conf,tructioa and
, Apnllciitionof WKUUGHT-IRON tn Horticultural Bnildimfs *
I 0"UR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER-
I VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IKON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmospheric conduction
I OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IROiV PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
I promote vigorous growth and riclULess of colour

I OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID

HOaSES and STOVES, with double-glazed loofs, are a complete

arrantoment.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD

I HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetrv and

unfiiihn^' result.
' OCR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM
I and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
, maximum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER

and MELON HuUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an

unproved svstem.

I OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES

I when heat'^d upon the improved svatom, are calculated to secure

the crowth of first-class fnnt.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early work

o5J/J?v.S^^^^"^ WROUGHT-IRUN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
f^ HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.
' The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty

Ihoso Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent
, and from the complete admstment of tbeir constructional parts will
vie most iavourably with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron,

Illustrated CatjiJogues on application to the Patentees.
wi; i:. ;^^'^'*'''^^,* ^- ScRUBY, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
llxed complete in any part of tho country, or the materials,
viz.. Boilers, I'lpes, &c.. delivered to any Station.
Estimates on apphcation.
J. Jones k Sons, G, B.ank3ide, Southwark, London, S.E.

^HE PATENT TERMINAL SADDLE

is unsurpassed for simplicity, efficiency and economy.
Circulars and Testimonials.

BOILER
See

J. Ikkland, Edward Street, Broughton Lane, Manchester.
London Agent : R. Hemuing, 01, Leadenhall Street, E.C.

c

OTTAM AND COMPANY,

Conservatory and HotnousE Builders, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Winsloy Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

24 30 inches long.
453. Cos. 92s. Gd. each.
HOT- WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. M. 2s. Id. 2s. 9rf. per vard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to
CoTTAM St Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street,
opposite the Pantheon),
Oxford Street, London, W.

HOT WAIKR APPARATUS

UMOKY CHIMNEYS.— The best cure is
►^ the PATENT ALBERT CHIMNEY CAP.
300 on Buckingham Palace ; 80 on Windsor Castle ;
100 on St. J.imes's Palace ; 120 on Claremont Palace;
230 on the Western Heights Barracks, Dover; and
hundreds also on the Halls and Mansions of the
Nobdity, Public Buildings, &c.

Price, Painted Wrought Iron, 25«. each ; Galvanised

ditto, 30s. each.

James Barton, Iron Works and Patent Stable
Fitting Manufactory, 370, Oxford Street, W.

NURSERY and SEED BUSINESS for SALE.~A
good going Nursery and Seed Business in the North of
England will be disposed of on very moderate terms to any party
who can take possession at an early date. There is a considerable
breadth of glass, almost new, and well stocked with first-rate sale-
able plants, for which there is a great demand in the district. In
the Seed department there is an excellent connection, which is
increasing yearly. Most satisfactory reasons can be given for the
present piopiietor having resolved to relinquish the above.

Apply by letteronly, address *' Business for Sale," caro of Messrs
Peter Lawson & Sou, Edinburgh.

To Oattlo Dealpr.q and Farmers.
^^ Farm in South Laacasoire.

nnO BE LET, and may be entered upon Immediatclv,
-I- a good FARM of ARABLE and GRASS LAND, adjoining the
riu-npike Road leading irom Liverpool to Manchester, and near to
Stations on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, being 13 miles
distant from Liverpool and 10 miles from the Stanley Cattle Market
there. The Farm is in a Rmg Fence, well sheltered and watered
nearly all drained, and has lately been much improved by the
owner, in whose hands it has been for two years. Extent
30S STATUTE ACRES, divided into eight Fields. There is a
good and commodious House, largo Orchard, four Cottages for
F.irm Labourers, a Modern-erected Homestead (one of the largest
and best in the couuty), comprising accommodation for tyinii-up
upwirds of CO Head of Cattle ; also Open Sheds and Cattle Yards
fMabliiig for 15 horses, Loose Boxes, Barn with G-horse Steam-engine'
Tnreshmg Machine, Corn Bays, Granary, Pigeeries, fcc. '

^ For Rent and further particulars apply to Messrs. Henry White 4
boN, Land Agents, &c., Warrington.

IVJR. W. WOODWARD has now on offer FIFTEEN

A.TJL CHOICE BULLS, which may be seen and prices obtained at
his Bredons Norion Farm, midway between Bredon and Eckmgton
stations on the Bristol and Bu-mingham Railway ; five miles Irom
iewkesbury and five from Pershore.

Printed Pedigrees forwarded by post, on application by letter to
Northway House, near Tewkesbiu-y. Early applicants wdl probably
have the beat choice. f i

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and moat productive

breed kno^vn.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AlLESBUKY acd RoURN DUCKS

L'V,W?^.^.^'^^1-^^' I'f^l^^ I^^^**^tTS.for size and eariv maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA, CREVECUiUR, and LA FLECHJI FOWLS,
for constant layoi-s.

Priced Lists and Eatlmatea on appltoation.
JouN Baily & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

SaUjJ fig auction.

Upper Holloway.

pKitiC-MlTORV Sali: rji' (; lll;^:Nl[0UMK Planih. Okkinuousks, Piia,

HiiXKM, IliiT-WATEK PlI'iMi, 4t;

MESSRS. PROTIIEROE and MURIUS !ir.i instructed
by tho MortgiigooH to SELL by PUUhlC AUCTION, without
roHCrvu, on tho I'iuihIhch, fst. John's NuiKLiry, Jolin Street Ui>por
Holloway, N., on WEDNKSDAY, March 27, at Li u'Clnck precihuly
(iiiileHH pruviouHlv (liHiioneU of Privately), the whole of tlio
UREENIIOUSK PLANTS, Including Mevoral thouBaiidi* of Polargo-
iiluniH, Scarlet and other Geraniums, luoo Intermudiato Stocks
Ualcoolarifts, &o. ; also four capital GroonhouHUN. 12 raiigos of Pita'
Boxes; quantity of 2, ;i, and 1-inch Hul-watur Pljiliig, Bollurn ;
capital ;Covorod Spring Market Van, Wheel and liana Barrowa'
Garden Pots, and sundry olluctH. '

May be viewed prior to tho Sale, and Catalogues hud on tho Pro-
mises ; of J. U, IvAvs. E8<i., 2, Now Inn, Strand, W.C., of tho prin-
cipal Soedsmon in London; and of tho Auctioneers and ValuerN,
Loytouatone, Essex, N.E.

N.B. A Lease for seven yeai-8 of the abovo Nursery Prcmisca may

1)0 had at a low rout by a PiirebiiserdcHirln« to carry on the busluesK,
Tlir .Hltuati'iii is \>.'vy '>|>oii and Iioalthy for tho grow'tli of plants, and
buiiiH a coiivciiioiit .listance from Covent Garden Market presents a
fir.^t ratu upp'H tiiuity tM any inda-strious person to turn a small
capital to prolltablo account.

Sale of very liandsome Standard Roses, Camellias,
Fruit Trees. &c.

MESSRS. PROTIIEROE and MORRIS will SELL
by AUCTION, at 35 & .iH, Gracechiirch Street, City, E.C on
SATURDAY, March 30, at 1 o'clock procisely. Choice DOUBLE
CAMELLIAS, beautiful compact plants l to 4 f[:et, abundantly
furnished with bloom buds; (luo AZALEA INDICA; a superb
assrirtmont of about 300 very handsome STvVNDARD and DWARF
ROSES, including the best varieties in cultivation ; choice hardy
AMERICAN PLANTS, comprising Ghent and other Azaleas,
selected Fmit Trees, Hybrid Rhododendrons. Kalmias, Andromedas,
Ac. ; some fine Bulbs of LILIUM AURATUM and LANCIFOLIUM
ALBUM, ERICAS. EPACRIS, DAHLIAS, &c.

May be viewed the Morning of Sale. Catalogues may be had at
the City Auction Rooms, as above ; or of tho Auctioneers and
Valuers, American Nurseries, Leytonstone, Essex, N.E.

Imported Orcliids.

MR. J. C. STEYEJSS \vill SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on
MONDAY, M.arch 25, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely, a Consign-
mi::nt of Choice Imported ORCHIDS, in fino condition, comprising
several hundred Plants of Aerides, Saccolabiums, Dendrobiuma, and
other valuable varieties from Moulmein.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Periodical Sale of Poultry and Pigeons.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, nn
TUESDAY, March 20, at balf-past 12 o'Ctock precisely, a Choicu
Assortment of POULTRY and PIGEONS from the Yards and Lofts
of well-known Breeders and Exhibitors.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Consignment of Plants from Holland.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
bis Great Rooms, 33, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, March 27, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely.
Specimen VARIEGATED HOLLIES, LAURELS, STANDARD
and TRAINED FRUIT TREES. STANDARD and DWARP
ROSES. RHODODENDRONS, and a variety of Hardy Trees
and Shrubs, Gladioli, Ranunculus, i£c.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Consignment of Plants from Ghent.

MR. J. C. bTEVENS vnli SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Straal, Covent Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY, Marjh 30, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely, 200
CAMELLIAS, 'JOO INDIAN AZALEAS, 200 Hardy RHODODEN-
DRONS, 300 LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM, G Specimen Variegated
ALOES, MARECHAL NIEL and other New ROSES. CLIMBING
PLANTS, Dwarf-trained and Pyramid FRUIT TREES, RUSTIC
SEATS, &c.

On view tho Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Preliminary Notice.

Impobtast Sale ov Orchids, Stove and Greekhocse Plants, at
HioncROVE, Reading, Berks.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
the Gardens, Highgrove, Reading, Berks, earlv In April, tho
valuable Collection of ORCHIDS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, formed by the late J. J. Blandy. Esq., Vice-President ol
tho Royal Horticultm-a! Society of London, comprising a ^-eat
vai-iety of floe Plants, many of which have been eshibiteil and
carried off prizes at tbe various Metropolitan and Provincial Shows.
Also several Greenhouses, Exhibition Van, &c. Catalogues are
preparing, and will be ready 14 days before (price Gd. each, to admit
parties to tho Sale), which may be had at the Gardens ; also of
Messrs. Cooper & GouLDiNG. Auctioneers, Mai'ket PUice, Reading;
and of Mr. J. C, Stevens, Horticultural Auctioneer and Valuer, 3y,
King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Important Sale of Orchids.
1\/rR. J. C. STEVENS has been favoured -with
XIX Instructions lo SELL by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms,
38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, without reserve, on
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, April 17 and IS, First-class
ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, being part of tho well-known Collection
of A. Basset, Esq., of Stamford Hill, who is reducing his Collection
for a abort time owing to change of residence. Tho Plants consist of
Duplicates, amongst which will be found manv magnificent Speci-
mens of all the best Varieties, including -.-

Aerides Fioldingii
„ maculoaum
„ Lobbii
;, LarpentSQ
,, crispum
Cattleya Mossiie
,, Tnanjei
,, Bassetti
,, Wagneri
Deudrobium macrophvllum
„ giganteum
,, pnmulinum giganteum
,, nobile pondulum
Cypripedium Stone:
„ Veitchil
,, barbatum
,, concolor
,, villosum
Lajlia elegans
„ Dayii
„ purpurata
Miltonia Candida grandiflora

&c., &c.
On view the Morning of Sa

Miltonia spectabilis
Odontoglossum citrosmum

roseum
Odontoglossum Alexandr»
„ radiatum
„ Bluntii
„ nrevium majus
„ Phah-eoopsia
,, coronarium
Oncidlum crispum

„ amptiatum majus
Phalainopsis amabllis
„ grandiflora
,, Schilleriana
Saccolabium ampullaceum
,, curvifolium
„ guttatum
,. retusum
Trichopilia crisptllora
Vanda Batemauni
„ tricolor
,, Buavia
&c.
e, and Catalogues had.

Stock of a Greenhouse Builder,

20o, King Street West, llAMsiERSMiTii.

1 AND G. BOND will SELL by AUCTION, as above,
tf • on WEDNESDAY, M.arch 27, at 12 for 1 o'clock, several well
constructed GREENHOUSES, various siaes, from 14 feet to 30 feet
m length; a LEAN-TO PIT, 20 feet; GLAZED ROOF, 21 feet;
loo PIT nnd GREENHOUSE LIGHTS. 30 GARDEN FRAMES,
HAND-GLASSES, DOORS. STEPS, and Sundries.

Catalogues of the Auctioneers, Hammersmith Road, W.

AN EXTENSIVE SALE bv AUCTION, on FRIDAY,
April 12, 1^07, at Providence Nursorv. Boston Spa. Yorkshire,
of SPECIMEN and HALF SPECIMEN, STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, ORCHIDS. &c.

The Plants are all in first-rate condition, and can be seen on the
Ground any day (Sundny excepted).

Catalogues on application to J. C. Padman.

312

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTDEAL GAZETTE.

[March 23, 1867.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWEES FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED FREQUENTLY DURING THE PAST THREE SEASONS BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY, | HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND,
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA,

AND AMONGST THE DISTINGUISHED FOREIGN NOBILITY,

THE DUCHESS DE CAMBACEKES, THE MAEQUIS DE BOISST, MAESHAL CANROBEET, &c„ &c.

I

Every minute point in the way of
improvement has been carefully considered
and adopted, and as A. S. & Son have for
more than a quarter of a centur}' devoted
their attention to this particular branch of

their business, the Nobility, Gentry, and
Gardeners may rely on the MACHINES
they may order, to be such as to ensure
lasting satisfaction, and to stand the wear
and tear of many years.

PATENT HAND MACHINE.

SHANKS' PATEHT LAWN MOWERS

ARE IN D.1ILY USE IN-
ALL THE ROYAL GARDENS; IN THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUiVDS ;

IN VICTORDV PARK ; HYDE PARK ;
And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

These are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

TBMSE AME THE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOW PROPERLY WHEN THE 6RASS IS WET.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shanks' Patent Lawn Mower will Mow on tmeven as well as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANES AND SON, in referring to their IMPROVED LAWN MOWERS for 1867, doubt not but that the preference wMch in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in effecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. AND SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an extent as possible in the construction of their Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery are employed in manufacturing the various parts, and this applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S. AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWERS, -which will enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OK SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

Width of cutter.

ID-inch Machine £3 10 0 )

12-inoh Machine 4 10 01^""^

14-iDch Machine 5 10 0 Py a Boy

SHANKS' NE-W PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Easily Worked SUent Movement.

4s. extra.

width of Cutter.

EasUy Worked Silent Movement,

16-mch Machine £S 30 0 By a Manor Two Boys i. .

19-inch Machine ..7126 By a Man and Boy f •

f 7».--
( exi

22-inch Machine .. 8 7 6 1^

24 inph Macliiuo S 17 6 / ^

Two Men

extra.

If with Patent Delivering Apparatus.
., 'lbs. extra.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and BONKEY MACHINE

width of Cutter.

25-inch Machine £12 10 0

28-inch Machine 14 10 0 .. .. 30j. „

30-inch Machine 1,5 1.5 0 ., .. 30s. „

Silent Movement, _12s. %d. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

Width of Cutter.

30-inch Machine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0

42-inch Machine 26 0 0

48-inoh Machine 28 0 0

If with Patent Delivering Ayparatu
. . 305. extra.
.. 30s. ,,
.. 40s. „
.. 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

N.B. — A. S. ^ Son specially announce to their numerous Patrons that they have a staff of experienced Workmen at their London Warehouse, thoroughly acquainted with all
the details of their Machines, so that they are enabled to repair Lawn Mowers in London as well as at the Manufactory.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

I^' 27, Leadenhall Street is the only place in London where intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers can clwose from a Stoch of frmn 150 to 200 Maehines,
AU sizes kept there^ whether for Sorse^ Pony or Sand Power.

Editorial Commanlcations should bp ftddreaaed to " The Editor;" AdTertfsements and Bualnesa Letters to " The PuhUahcr," at the Otflce,41, Wemnsrtf)n Street, Coveat Garden, Londoa, W.C.

Prin'.ed by J\me3 MiTTfiK vh, at the Office of Meeara. Rii*dburt, Ev^ns, & (^..Lombard Street, Precinct of WlUtefriars, City of Loadoo.la the tk), of .Middlesex, aad FubUahed by the said Jiiiea M*.TrH!:W3,at the
Office, Ko. 41, WeUlngton Street, Pariah of St. Paul's, Cavent Garden, in the Bald County.— Satbrdat, March 23, 1867.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 13.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, MARCH 30.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, 6il,

INDEX.

Affrieulture, undent

Air, moist aiid dr)'

UrcH, Huir confinement uf ....

Xuuks notli'L'd

Hoys' labour

Cuinvllla I.avlni» MnKf(l ruseu
Cuttlo ulQRm'.Nnthcrlands ..
Cutl>uBir»;(Mfs»rs.) exliibitiun

Ducklmni triitliiionial

Kartli closPtH wid sewafic ....

Kduoatton.fuctory

TiirmiuK. cooperative

I-'aniuTs' Clubs

VlowcM.ncw

Giinli nera' cxuminations .. . .

Hawks

lU'iit. nulifint 319 b-

l[i|>pt>iii4ti-uiu pnrdlimm

IrJH spcctublllH

Labourori' strlki*

Landlord and t{.-uuut

Martyulii fruitii

33H b
3-ia a
331 e
Xi-1 a
n3'J a
325 b
323 b
32'i a
-323 (
320 b
320 b
327 6
33'J a
320 b

Parii, letters from

— Exhibition

Paul's (Mr. "Wm.) exhibition

— — lecture ....

Plant portraits

Poultry farm

Boad makinff, Pi-ench

B.ose,CuDur de Lion

Sewage and earth closets ....

Sheep farm

Society . Royal Botanic

— Koyal Hort

— OlasRow Horticultural .

Sportu, self coloured

Steam cultivation

Swiss tourists

TrccB, death of forest

Vine forcine, dialogue on

— growing:, rlvul systems

of.

WaRcs . labourers'

Weather records

320 i
3ia c

324 a
3'il b
320 b

333 €

325 a
330 b
329 a

334 a
324 a

324 a

325 a
322 b
333 a
33U a

322 a

323 b

323 c

327 b
322 b

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
Mr. WILLIAM PAUL'S floe SHOW of SPRING FLOWEIIS
THIS DAY. Opon from Ton to Sunset. Admission 2j. Gd. Band
IVom 3.3U to 5.30.

OOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

LV SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
Promenade and Bund every Saturday Afternoon throughout the year.
NoTiCK.— Dr. MASTERS will give a short LECTURE on PLANT
ARCHITECTURE THIS DAY, SATURDAY, and the FOUR suc-
ceeding SATURDAYS, at Three. ____^^^_^__

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON. W.
Notice.— A MEETING of the FRUIT and FLORAL COM-
MITTEES will be held on TUESDAY NEXT, April 2. at U o'Clock.
Mr. WILLIAM PAUL'S LECl'URE on SPR1N5 FLOWERS at 3.

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S GARDENS,
ReKent'a Park. -EXHIBITIONS of PLANTS, FLOWERS,
and FRUIT, WEDNESDAYS, May 29, June 19. and July 3.
Tickets 4s. each ; to be obtained at the Gardens bv Orders from
Fellows of the Society. The NEXT SPRING EXHIBITION,
SATURDAY. AprU 13; Tickets 28. 6d. each.

C "Crystal palace— flower shows-
season 18C7.

The Schedules and List of Prizes are now ready, and will be
forwarded on application to I. Wilkinson. Supeiintendeot.

s

UTTON'S HOME-GROWN
Prices and partlculara oo application.

SEEDS.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
CinTER's New Seed Warehouse. 237 h '23S, HlRh Holborn. London.

Plants for the Season.

CHARLES TURNER'S DKSCRIl'TIVE SPRINS
CATALOGUE of BEDDING I'LANTS, FLORIST'S
FLOWERS, &c., la now ready, ana may bo had on application.

The Royal yuraeiies, Slough.

V

1867.

EGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS of Best

Sklectku quality.
James Dickson h Sons, 1u2, Eastgate Street, Chester.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from tlie Growers.

CHARLES SHARl'E and CO. beg to inform the
Trade that their WHOLF-SALE SEED LIST Is now ready,
and will be forwarded post tree on application.

Seod Waroliouse, Sleaford.

SomersetsUre Prize Seeds.

C~< ENDINE GARDEN and FLOWER and FARM
T SEEDS of the Quest stocks and quality ; LISTS now ready.
Robert H. Potntkr. the County Seed Establishment, Taunton.

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. Higbgate, London, N.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
MeRcuANTS, 7, Borough Market, London, S. E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and advantageous offers on application.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Skeo Farmers, Merchants, and Ncrsertmen,

237 & 238, High Holbora, London. W.C.

s

Unadulterated Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
MITHERS and CRICHTON,

Skkd MEucaiNTs, Banhill Row, Flnsbury Square. London, E.C.
CATALOGUES post free on application.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS. — THE LADY
(UNnERniLL), 4.1. per dozen, 308 per 100. Strong plants of
20 other best kinds, 2s. tid. per 100.

John Cattei.l, Nursoryman, Westerham, Kent.

PRINCESS of WALES STRAWBERRY. —This fine
variety is now proved to be the best early variety ever pro-
duced, either for Forcing or for general Early Crop. Hao Oardenera'
Chronicle of May 12, 1806, p. 437. Good Plants can now bo supplied
from the true stock, at 6^. per 100, from the raiser,

B. W. KNioiiT, Nurfloryman, Unttlo, Sussex.

PINES'WANTEl), Eruitinj; and Succession Tliuits!
Address. M,, Clarence Lodge, Clapham Road. S.

PINES, VINES, and A"S P A K A O U S. —
Pine Plants, Queens, in all slziis, surplus stock, very dioap.
Hamburgh VinCH, s-yr., Uno Cauos for plantmg, *24a. per dozen.

AaparugUB, 2, 3, and 4-yr. old, Uno .strong roots. 2,s'., 2a'. Gd and 39. pur 100.
M. Ilonit'uHn. Markot (farduner, I'li^o Oreeii, Tottenham, N.

C"'ASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plant8~of the above may
now bo had at 10s. fld. and 21s, each ; the usual discount to the
Trade, PtTEH Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and London.

EBB'S PlUZirCOIi^ FILBERT"and other PRIZE
NUT TREKS. LIST of varieties and pncea to be had of
Mr. Wkiiii, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

w

Seedling Cedrus Deodara.
)AUL AND SON can otler 1-yr. Seedlings of extra
quality to the Trade at 30s. per 100.
The Old Chesliunt Nurseries, N.

H

Forest and Ornamental Trees.

AND R. STIKZAKKK are offering in lar^e
• quantities of all sizes of the above, at very low prices.
Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

TREES and PLANTS of all sorts and sizes in vt^ry
great quantity, of best quality and at moderate pricea.
PRICED LISTS post-free on application.
James Dickson & Sons, {" Old Eslablished Nursery and Seed
Business,") The " Newton" Nurseries. Chester.

LEKDS HORTICUL'IURAL SOCIETY. — GREAT
FLORAL FETE, JUNE 13 and 14. 1SC7. PRIZES nearly £450,
1 ncludlng £10 given by tlie Right Worshipful the Mayor for Cut I
Roses. £6 by Mrs. Falrbairu (the Mayoress) for Bridal Bouquets, &c., i
and £30 by the Ladies of Leeds and neighbourhood for Hand Bouquets I
and Table Decorations. Schedules are now ready. Will be forwarded
on application to James Bihbeck, Secretary.

rilONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHrBlflONriSef.

—The above EXHIBITION will Open at Manchester on
JUNE 7, and continue till JUNE 15.

Schedules, &c., may be obt.atned on application to Mr. B. Fisdlat,
Curator, iJotanic Garden, Manchester; or from the undersigned,
HxKRT Wbitworth, Secretary.
Carlton Buildings, Cooper Street. Manchester.

EW ROSES for 1867. -Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with prices, oo application.
Jons Cranston, King's Aero Nurseries, near Hereford.

OSE, NOISETTE;~NlAitECHAL NIEL.— Strong

Plants, in Pots, 305. per dozen. Trade price on appUcition.

Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLARD, Seed Grower and Merchant,
20, Qual de la M^gissferle, Paris, France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEELS, in EngUsh weights
and money, post free on application.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE'S WHOLESALE SPRING
• PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of 1S06 growth is now
ready and may bo had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

TQ^7~Ali R I C U LTlJ RAL SEEDS,

J_OvJ I of be.st selected quality, and rarriagejree.
PRICED LIST on appUcation.
James Dickson & Sons, 102, Eastgate Street, Chester.

Railway Planting,

FIVE MILLION Transplanted QUICKS, of superior
growth. Also 100,000 LARCH, very good plants, 4 to 8 feot. at
lis. per 1000. Samples and prices on application to

John Hemslkt, High Fields. Melbourne, near Derby.

' Planting.

WM. PAUL hegs to refer intending Planters of
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, &c., to Lis Advertise-
ment of December 1, 180C,

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross. N.

F

John Catteli., j.'furseryman, Westerham, Kent.

HE BEST and MOST CHOICE NEW ROSES for

1867. in extra-strong well-grown Plants, now ready at 42s. per
dozen. A very liberal allowance to the Trade.
Wm. Wood & Sox, The Nurseries, Maresfteld, near Uckfield, Sussex

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

THE CHOICEST 12 NEW ROSES for 1867, with
strong healthy growth, unusually fine plants, ao soou ae
weather permits. Price 42a, per dozen.

KicnARD Suits, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

00*7 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.
^O 9 -CARTER'S SELECT LIST of FARM SEEDS, at
reasonable prices, forwarded gratis and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seod Warehouse, 237 and 238, High
Holboro, London, W.C. i

ARM s¥Eb LIST of the LONDON SEED COMPANY

Is now published, and can bo obtained from the '

Manaokb, 68, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.

KIRVINO'S SWEDE TURNIP, 31j. per bushel.

Fine selected stock, from the
London Seed Company, 68, Welbeck Street. Cavendish Square, W.

ELLOW GLOBE MANGEL, 50*. per cwt.

Fine selected stock, from the
London Seed Cokpani, 68, Welbeck Street. Cavendish Square, W.

~~ New Striped Japanese Maize. ~^ '

SUTTON AND SONS can supply Seed of the above
beautiful Ornamental Fi^>liage Plant in packets at Is. each, post j
free. Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Notice.

Paul and Son's New Double Crimson Thobn.

PAUL AND SON regret that they find it necessary to
repeat, in order to prevent mi.stakes, occasioned by the similarity
ofnarae, THAT THEY ALONE

are the introduces of this unique plant.
The Old Cheshunt Nurseries. Cheshunt. N.

TRANSPLANTED LARCH. 3 to 3| feet, at 5*. Gd. per
1000. We have still a few Thousands on hand, for which early
orders will oblige.

Edward Sano & Sons, Nurserymen. Kirkcaldy, N.B.

TRANSPLANTEU WILLOWS,

W

ANTED.

St

H. Davis, Springbourne Nursery, Bournemouth.

for

Stools. State price per loO or 1000 to
J Nur "■ "

w

ANTED, a quantity of SNUWBERRY PLANTS,
2 to 2i feet. Piice per lOO or 1000.
G. Wyatt & Son. Nurserymen. Baiibury.

QCARLET LYCHNIS (CHALCEDUNIC 0)

O LAVENDER, and SOUTHERNWOOD, 40s. per 1000; stronger,
50S. per 1000.

Thomas S. Ware, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham.

FORTY TEOUSAND DWARF RUSES in POTS.—
HYBRID PERPETUALS, CHINA. TEA-SCENTED,
BOURBONS, and NOISETTES, all in the finest health and vigour.
DESCRIFl'IVE LISTS on application,
Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, MaresQeld, near Uckfield,
Sussex, I

Dwarf Roses in Fota for Bedding. |

WM. WOOD A.ND SON are now sending out quantities '
of wsU-grown Plants of DWARF ROSES in pots for flilmg
up blanks caused by the late severe frost. i

Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfield. Sussex.

'W A R F R 0 S~E~S I N POTS, |

by the 100, dozen, or 1000, at 9s., 123., and 18a. per dozen. l

CATALOGUES on application. |

Address, Wm. Wood It SoK, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near ■
Uckfield, Sussex.

HOICE CUT FLOWERS.— Wanted, by Rail or

otherwise, a regular supply, suitable for Button-holes.
Apply, by letter, stating sorts, &c. , to W. F. S. . 64. Jermyn Street, S.W.

RlBBOTOORDERXsix"CoTours)7German"and F^^
' COLLECTIONS, and all specialties worth growing. SeePoTNisa'a
LIST. R.1DKRT H. PoTNTER, Tauuton.

SUTTON'S PERMANENT GRASS SEEDS,
20s. to .3U3, per acre, carriage free.
SUTTON'S MIXTURES for 1, 2, 3, or 4 years. 14s. to 24s. per acre,
I caiTlage free,

ICKINSON'S ITALIAN RYE-GRASS SEED,

grown by him and sold to Agriculturists this season at 34«. per
I quarter, or for 5 quarters 30s. per quarter. Apply to
I Mr. Tuos, Stanbridoe, Bailiff, New Park, Lymlngton, Hants.

RHUDODENDliON SEED,carefully gathered from the
beat named varieties, well cleaned and pure. Price on applica-
tion to B. WiiiTHAii, Reddish Nurseries, near Stockport.

CALCEOLARIAS, Herbaceous, of choicest strains,
strong established plants, in pots, 4-inch, 30s. per 100.
H. 8l R. STiitzAH.LK, Skerton Nurseries. Lancaster.

TEICOLOK GERANIUMS. — Italia Unita, Stella,
Variegated Topsy. Rainbow, Fontainebleau, Gold Pheasant,
Mrs. Pollock, Sunset, 'Tho above, one of each, good plants, 12s.
T, J. Booth. Rainhlll Nursery, Rainhill. Lancashire.

. Zonal and other Geraniums.

rpnOMAS J. BOOTH hi'Ks tn otier to the Trade, for
J- cash, good Plants, In 3i-inch pots, of CHIEFTAIN,
CHRISTABEL, GLADIATEUR, GREAT EASTERN, SIR R.
PEEL, LE GRAND and PINK PERFECTION, at 76. per dozen.
RalnhiU Nursorj-, Rainhill, Lincolnshire.

NATURAL GRASSES : their Names and ;Derivations;
Quality, Produce, Elevation, Situation, Soil, Use,^Pecullarlty,
Season, Growth, Increase, Time of Flowering, Price, ic.
Free for one postage stamp.
RicBABD Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

OOD"~CLOVER SEEDS,~at "Market" Prices.— Red",
White Dutch, Alsiko, Cow Grass, and Trefoil ; also Perennial,
Italian Rye, and other Grasses. For samples and lowest prices, apply
to Richard Smith, Seed MercUant, Worcester,

New Holland Pitcher Plant (Cephalotus folliculaiis).

WCUTTEIt, Naturalists' Agent and Dealer in
• Shells, Minerals. Insects, &c.. wishes to inform his
customers that 000 strong ROOTS of the above have arrived by this
Mail. £5 per 100. 3u, Great Russell Street. W.C.

Forsylihla vlndissinia vaiiegata.

THOMAS CRIPPS regrets having to announce (in reply
to numerous inquiries) that, in consequence of the Stock bein^
too limited, the above desirable Novelty will not be sent out this
season. Tho Nurseries. Tunbridge Wells, Kent^

New Lucerne Seed (Luzerne de Provence).

SUTTON AND SONS h;ive jurit imported a very fine
parcel of NEW LUCERNE SKED, which they can offer at
Is. per lb., or cheaper by the cwt, (Sow 20 lb. per acre in drills.)

Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading-

ONQUEKOR BROCCOLI.— The finest Broccoli in
Cultivation is EARCHARD'S CONQUEROR. See large
Advertisement in the Gardeners' Chronicle, December 8, 1S66.
SVitty & Son, Seed Establishment, Cottingham, near Hull.

EA LINCOLNSHIRE GEM, pronounced by

the principal Gardeners in this neighbourhood superior to

either Veitch's or Yorkshire Hero, being earlier and heavy cropper.

Maktiv & Son, 7, Market Place, Hull.

To Improve Meadow Land.

RICHARD SMITH'S MIXTURE of the finest
GRASSES and PERENNIAL CLOVERS (5 to 12 lb, per acre,
at lOd. per lb,), if sown early, will cause a valuable improvement to the
crop, Richard Smith, Soed Merchant, Worcester.

"E"RM"AN~FL0WER seeds.— Superb Varieties of
Aster.Stock, Balsam, Wallflower, Phlox Drummondii, Portulaci,
Larkspur, Zinnia, 4c. For prices, see DESCRIPTIVE SEED LIST.
Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

bjHOW DAHLIAS, in strong plants, now ready.
J 12 Varieties, named, 4ii., or 24 Varieties, named, 8s. Terms casn.
John J. Haslam, late John Holland, Bradshaw Gardens,
Chadderton, Manchester.

c

DahUas. Bedding Plants, &c..

From an Immcnsi: Stook.

E. ALLEN'S CATALOGUE of the above is now

1 ready, and can be had on application.

Norfolk Nursery, Shacklawoll, N.E.

Verbenas, Verbenas.

PHILIP LADDS is now sending out a good supply of
the above, strong plants, in thumb pots, including 40 varieties
of 1860, at 2«. per dozen, package included. Terms cash.
Nursery, Bexley Heath, Kent.

PATERSON'S VICTORIA POTATOS.— The heaviest
croppers, the finest flavoured, and the best keepers. Seed
direct from Mr. Patersos. Prico on application to
Mr. Pearce, Moasham, Atherstone.

SEED POTATOS.— Rivers' Royal Ashleaf, Myatt's
Prolific, Dalmahoy.
Charles Sharpe & Cn.. Seed Merchants, Sleaford, have a Surplus
Stock of the above to offer Cheap. __^

White Belgian Carrot. , ^ ^,

SUTTON AND SONS can supply fine New Seed of the
above at a very moderate price, according to quantity required.

^StiTTOH & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

GIANT ASPARAGUS.— 2-yr., strong Roots, '2*. G'^- Pfr
100 ; 20«, per 1000. 3-yr.. very strong. 3k. 6d. per 100 ; 30s. per 1000.
John Cranston. King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

GIANT ASPARAGUS PLANTS,

the best that money can procure, 2s- Gd. per 100. — -» ^'^
dohcious vegetable does not require half the e.-cpenso usually
incurred in plantinffit. ^^t^ttcti*-^ lOrtT

See RIcilARD SMITH'S SEED LIST for ISbT.
Extra strong SEA KALE, 2s. per doz
EiCHARp SuiTu, Nurseryman, Worcester.

314

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[MaEOS 30, 1867.

PYRAMID APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES.
Beimtit'ul Trees for Garden or Orchard Houses.
BicoARD SiMiTu, Nurseiymau and Seed Merchant, Worcester^

Dwarf-trained Trees ty the iooo, loo, or dozen.

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
and NECTARIKES. Fine, flat, well-trained, of best quality
and true to name.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and .Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Fifty Acres of Fruit Trees,

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS in every form desired for

Fruiting.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Orchard-liouse Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUiSIS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
Richard Smith, Nui-serynian and Seed Merch.ant. Worcester.

RUIT TREES, for W.1II9 and Espaliers.— Upwards of
60,000 to select from, carefully tr.ained, and in the healthiest
condition for planting.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Arborvi^se, Aucubas, Box, Yews, &c.

THOMAS W Alt.NER begs to vemind intendins; planters
aiin tlie Trade, that he has a very extensive stocli of the above,
all in fine health and vigour. See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or
Retail. Leicester Abliey Nurseries.

Scarlet Chestnuts, Standard Elms and Tho*ns, &c.

THOMAS WAttNER begs to refer purchases of the
above to the extremely low prices St which they are quoted
for the present season. See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
Leicester Abbey Nm'series.

Maiden and Dwarf-trained Fruit Trees, &c.

THOMAS WARNER begs to state that he has atill
an extensive stock of the above, more particularly of APPLES,
CHERRIES, PEACHES, and NECTARINES. Also ot

HOUGHTON CASTLE CURRANTS.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

s

U E P L U S

STOCK.

Fii', Spnico, 3 to 4 feet

,, Larch, 2 to 2J feet
Hazel, 24 to 3i feet, extra fine
Holly, Green, li to 2 feet, bushy
Laurel, Common, 2 to 2i ft., busuy

„ Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. buahy

Alder, 3 to 5 feet, extra strong
Ash, 18 inches to 2 feet
Berberis dulcis, 2 to 3 feet

„ Aqiiifolium, 1 to 11 foot
Chestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 feet

„ Spanish, 1} to 2 feet
Fir, Scotch, 1 to li foot

Strong DRUMHEAD or CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS.
FRUIT TREES, as annexed.
Apples, Standards and Dwarfs, verv strong
Cherries, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trainea, extra fine
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Fears, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Nectarines, Dwarfs and Dwarf- trained, extra fine
Kentish Filberts, 4 to 6 feet, extra fino
Crab Stocks, 2 years Seedlings
FPJCED LIST or samples of the above on application to
W. Virgo & Sons, The Nursery, Wonerah, near Guildford, SuiTfly.

Sub-tropical and Ornamental FoUaged Plants

FaoM Seed for Flowkr Gaudkn Decoration.

W' ROLLISSON AND SONS' GENERAL SEED
• CATALOGUE, containing a List Of the above, can bo had

on application. The Nurseries, Tooting, London,

JOHN WATEKER has to ofter a quantity of very
handsome AUCUEA JAPONICA, the whole of which are
profasely covered with Berries.

1st Size are Plants 2 feet high, bearing 150 to 200 Bemes.
2d Size, 1 foot G Inches, with 100 to 125 Berries.
3d Size, 1 foot, with 40 to 50 Berries.

Price from 10s. Gd. each and upwards.
The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

F

IVJa HUNDRED THOUSAND LARCH,

li to 3 feet, at Ss. per 1000.
600,000 LARCH, 3 to 4 feet, at 12s. 6d. per 1000
600.000 SILVER FIR, 4-yr. Seedlings, at 35. pel: 1000
500,000 SPRUCE, 4-yr. Seedlings, at 2s. Qd. per 1000
500,000 SYCAMORE, 2-jT. Seedlings, at 2s. per 1000
For other Trees offered see other Advertisement.
J. RiDDKLL, Steward, Park Attwood, Bewdley, Worcestershire.

BIRCH, 3 to 5 feet, fine, twice transplanted,
45s. per 1000
HAZEL, from Spanish Seed, 2 to 3 feet, flue, once trans-
planted, 18s. per 1000
SPANISH CHESTNUT, 1 to 2 feet, once transplanted, 18s. per 1000
HORSE CHESTNUT, 1 foot, onco tr.anspl;mted. Us. per 1000
Samples sent on application.
T. Jackson i Son, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W.

Planting Season

LARCH (Native and Tyrolese), SCOTCH FIR (True
Native), SPRUCE, OAK, ASH, ALDER, BEECH, PRIVET,
and all kinds of FOREST and ORNAMENTyLL TREES and
SHRUBS. ROSES, FRUIT TREES, lino specimen ARAUCARIAS
and DEODARS, and large TREES for Park Planting, now in fine
condition for removal,

CATALOGUES, with sizes and prices, sent free on application to
DicitSDNS & Co., Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists, l, Waterloo
Place, Edinburgh.

N

0 PERSON should OVERLOOK the following

OFFER at this mvourable season for PLANTING :—

20,000 1 year English Laburnums
10,000 1 yr. Spartiiun juncenm
20,000 1 yi*. Berberls Darwinii
20,000 lyr, Mahonia Aquifolium
10,000 1 yr. Berberis japonica
100,0001 yr. Thorns
150,000 1 yr. Spanish Chestnut
60,000 1 yr. Cupressus Law-

soniana
10,000 1 yr. Spanish Oak

The above are Seedlings.
10,000 Berberis japonica, C to

12 ins.
10,000 Skiramia japonica, G to

9 ins.
10,000 Erica herbacea
15,000 Dcutziacrenataflo.-pleno,

12 to 30 ins, bushy
2,000 Ai'undo conspicua

5.000 Spiirea callosa, strong
5,000 Thujopsis dolabrata, 4 to
i:i ins.

10,000 Spruce Firs, li to 3 feet
2,000 Picoa Nordmanniana, It

to 3 feet
20,000 Rhododendron ponticum,
16 to 20 in., aafarthrough
10,000 Larch Firs, 2 to 2) feei
10,000 Quicks, strong
5,000 Dwarf HP. and other

Roses, fine
1,000 Grape vines from eyes.
Black Hamburgh, and
good kinds
3,000 Lilluni giganteum, strong

bulbs
20,000 Finest named Rhododen-
drons

A General Assortment of NURSERY STOCK.
TRADE and RETAIL CATALOGUES po^^t free on application.
^.___ C. Noble, Nursery, Bagshot.—March 16.

i^EEDLJ-JSG and TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES.

Is.Gd. ; Elm, 3yrs,, 2s.;

, 1 yi-.. Is. M. ; M yt.,

Norway Spruce, 4 yr.,

. 6d. ; Sycamore, 2 yr.,

SEEDLINGg.~-Ash,lyr.,ls. ; Beoch, 2yr. ;
Norway Maple. 2 yr., 7s. M. ; Oak, Englisu,
fine, 4s. ; Silver Fir, 4 yr., 0 to 12 inches, 4s.
2s. 6(2. ; Crab, 2 yr., 2s. 6rf. j Pears, 2 yr., 3
2fl. 6rf. per 1000.

TRANSPLANTED.— Alder, 1 to 2 ft., Ttf- Od. ; 2 to 3 ft. 10s. : 3 to
4i ft.. 15s. ; 4 to C ft., 20s. ; Beech, C to 12 in,, 7s. fld. ; Cheanut,
Spanish, 1 to 2 ft., irs. 6d. ; Elm, 12 to 21 in., 6s. ; Hazel, li to 3 It.,
17s. 6(4, ; Oak, English, 6 to 12 in., 7s. 6(i. ; Balm of Gilead, 4 to 8 in.,
7s. m. ; Cembra, C to 12 in., 100s. ; Larch, 1 to l\ ft.. 6a. ; li to 2 ft.,
8s. ; 2 to 3 ft., 10s. ; 3to 4 ft., 14s. ; Scotch Fir, 2yr, bedded, 6 to 12 in.,
fis. ; Silver Fir, 9 to 15 in., 12s. 6ri. ; Spnice, Norway, 6in., 5s. ;1 to lift.,
10s. J Thorn Quick, 9 to IS in., 6s. ; Sycamore, 1 to IJ ft., 7s. M. ;
Walnuts, 6 to 15 in., 20!t. per 1000.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 4 to 6 in., 6s. per 100.

Apply, with reference, to J. Riddell, Steward, Park Attwood,
Bewdley, Worcestershire.

"^n C\C\(\ 2-yr. SEEDLING THUJA LOBBII,

OV/*\JUv/ 3. to 4inche3 high, fine, distinct, and perfectly
hardy Arboryitse. Foliage deep grass green, rapid growth, well
adapted for hedges, Ac, and will bear prunmg. Price (on Appli-
cation) by 100, 1000, or 50M.

Geo. Jackman &. Son, Woking Nurseiy, Sui'rey.

To Large Planters.

Hardv Trees and Suinjng in fine MoviNd CowfciTibw.
PRICE LISTS on application.

PAUL AND SON beg to invite attention to their large
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK. Of the foUowing they have
large quantities :—

Per 100— £ s, d.
ROSES, dwarf Standards \ r. n o

dwarft, their selection j o « i/

ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA, 1} to 2 feet . . . . 12 0 0
ARBOR-VIT.dE, transplanted Siberian, 3 to 4 feet ..600

RED CEDARS, 3 to 4 feet 5 0 0

,, „ 5 to 6 feet 7 0 0

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, 2 to 3 feet .. . . 3 15 0

„ 3 to 4 feet 5 0 0

LAURELS, 3i to 4 feet 300

„ 4 to 5 feet 3 15 0

„ 5 to 6 feet 600

„ Higher at proportionate prices.

„ PORTUGAL, 2 feet 2 10 0

„ 2i to 3 feet 3 15 0

TEWS, verv bushy, 3 to 31 feet 10 0 0

PINUS CEMBRA. 3 feet 7 10 0

„ INSIGNIS, fi to 8 feet 15 0 0

WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, 2!lfeet .. .. 12 0 0
„ „ 3 to 3i feet . . 15 0 0

Larger to 7 feet on application.
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS, of sorts, 2 to 3 feet . . 2 10 0

ACACIA, 8 to 9 feet 3 10 0

PLANES, 10 to 12 feet 700

CHESNUT, Scarlet, 0 to 10 feet 10 0 0

ELM, Narrow-leaved, 10 to 12 feet 7 0 0

POPLARS, Balsam and Lombardv, 10 to 12 feet . . 3 10 0

LIMES, 8 to 10 feet ' 7 0 0

WEEPING TREES, of sorts 10 0 0

ORNAMENTAL -LEAVED TREES, as List.
Planting by Contract, or Estimated for special quantities.
The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, N. (one mile from Cheshunt
Station, G. E. R.)

;i tr R p L u s

s T 0 c

£00,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM and HYBRIDS, bedded, i

2 to 3, 3 to 4, and 4 to 6 inches, finely rooted-.
100,000 SEEDLING COMMON ASH, 1 year, fine.
60,000 „ „ „ 2 years.

50,000 „ CRABS (true wild) 1 year.

5,000 SORBUS DOMESTICA (true), 2 years' Seedlings.
6,000 ARIA THEOFHRASTA. 2 years' Seedlings, fine.
10,000 BERBERIS EMPETRIFOLIA, 3 yeai-s.
50,000 „ AQUIFOLIUM, 1 year.

Transplanted.
30,000 BEECH, 2 to 3 and 3 to 4 feet.
30,000 HUNTINGDON WILLOWS, very fine, 4 to 6 feet.
40,000 HAZELS, 2 to 3 feet.
5,000 BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM, li to 2 feet, busby.
N.B. — Samples will be sent of any of the above on application.
For Special Prices, which are low, apply to George T. Fox, The
Nurseries, Wetley Rocks, near Leek, Statlordshire,

Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., has to offer at very moderate
prices TRANSPLANTED ASH, ALDER, BIRCH, HORSE
CHESTNUT, ELM. broad and narrow-leaved; SILVER and
SCOTCH FIRS. WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE, HAZEL, OAK,
POPLAR, PRIVET, WEYMOUTH ana AUSTRIAN PINRS.
THORN QUICKS, HUNTINGDON and DUTCH WILLOWS,
LARCH, good siout plants, IJ to 2 feet, 12s. ; 2 to 24 feef, 13s. ; 2 to
3 feet, 14s. ; and 3 lo 4 feet, ICs. per 1000. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR,
C to 9 inches, Cs. ; 9 to 12 inches, 9s. ; 1 to IJ leet, 14s. ; li to 2 feet,
21s.; and 2 to 2i feet, 30s. per lOUO. COTONEASTER MICRO-
PHYLLA, 1 to li feet. 208. per 1000 ; li to 2 feet. RIBES io sorts,
2to 3ft.. 20s. per 1000. SNO\VBERRY,2to3ft., 20s. perlOOi). BROOM,
WhiteandYeilow,transplanted,15s.p6r 1000. LAURELS, BERBERIS,
ARB0R-V1T.<E, &c., Seedlin" ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CHESTNUT,
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 years ; ELM. 2 years, £5 per 100,000. OAKS,

1 and 2 years ; OAK, EVERGREEN, 1 year ; PRIVET, 1 and

2 years; SYCAMORE. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 2 years,
6s. ; 4 years, 8s. per 1000 ; 3 years, and 1 year transplanted, ISs.;

3 years, and 2 years transplanted, 26s. ; 6 to 9 inches, 60s. ; and
9 to 12 inches, 00s. per 1000. Twice-transplanted, and bushy, 4 to
8 inches, 70s. ; 8 to 12 inches, 05s. ; 0 to 15 inches, 140s. ; 1 to li feet,
180s. ; and li to 2 feet, 260s. per 1000..

A PRICED LIST forwarded on appUcation. Price to the Trade
on application.

Joseph Smith, Jun., Moor Edge Nursery, Tansley, neai- Matlock,
Derbyshire.

KEYE'S EARLY PROLIFIC TOMATO.

A new American variety, 30 days earlier than any other. Plant dwarf, compact and vigorous, producing
imhiense crops. Tomatoes of medium size, round, brilliant red, quite smooth and free from ribs, perfectly solid, and
of the most excellent ilavour. They ai-e produced in large clusters of 10 to 20 each, with from 7 to 20 clusters on
each Vine, and ripen up together, so that the main crop is ripe and ready for market 30 days earlier than any other
kind. The foliage has no odoui-. The Early Prolific is the moat distinct and valuable Tomato yet produced.

Price per Packet, Is., forwarded on receipt of IS stamps.

CARTER'S GREAT LONt)ON SEED WAREHOUSE^ 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C,

Price to the Tvade on appUcation.

wmMW'Ax

GRASS SEEPS,
AGRICULTURAL SEEDS,

C CORKER oF y\ STREET. J

KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS,
FLOWER SEEDS.

Catttlogties f&riearded post free to any address on appUeation.

GENUINE SEEDS, CARRIACe FREE.

B. S. WILLIAMS,

VICTORIA. AiSTD IPARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOI.LOWAY, LONDON, N.

GENERAL PRICED CATALOGUE of FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS

FORWiVUDED FREE TO iVSY ADDRESS.

It contains, in acMitioti to tlie best of the estabUshed and indispensable varieties of VEGETABLE SEEDS,
tlie following KE"W" KilSDS ;—

THE ORANQEFMLD DWARF PHOLIFIC TOMATO, Ss. per plit. | DIOSWELt PRI^B BtlbrVB, U. per packet
WILLIAMS' ALEXANDRA BROCCOLI, 2«. dd. per packet N0NEHAM PARK ONION, 2s. M. per packet

WILLLAMS- MATCHLESS BED CELERY. Is. per packet I RAPHANDS CACDATUS (The WonaerM Radish), Is. per pk..

Also the following NOTELTIES in FLOWER SEEDS ;-
APLOPAPPnS ntJBIQWOSDS, Itr. per packet
ARDNDO CONSPICDA, IS. perpack-ot
AUBRIETIA GRJECA, Is. per packet
BLACK EGG-PLANT, from Japan, Is. per packet
PINK-FLOWERING CAHTEBBDRY BELL, Is. per packet

Alao the following weU-tnown STRAINS of FLORISTS' FLOWERS :-
WILLIAMS' superb strain of PRIMULA, Red, White, or JIbced, 2j. ed., 3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet
WILLIAMS' superb strain of Camellia-flowered BALSAM, the finest in England, Is. and 2s. 6d. per packet
JAMES'S CALCEOLARIA, finest for exhibition, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., and 6s. per packet
WEATHERELL'S Choice CINERARIA, 3s. 6d. and 5s. per packet

A fall description of each will be found in the Catalogue.
I^ All Packets of Seeds Free hj Post.

LILIUM AURATUM (a large importation).— Strong Bulbs, 3s. U., 6s., and Is. 6d. each.
GLADIOLI) English-grown Seedlings, splendid assortment, 8». Jjer dozen; 50s. per 100,
„ Named Taiieties, 6s,, 8s., and 12s. per dozen.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

CHRTSANTHEirtJM LOtJISE HONNORATr. 19. per packet
STRIPED-LEAVED JAPANESE MAI2E, Is. per packet
NASTURTIUM TOM THUMB ROSE, Is. per packet
VIOLA CORNUTA, PURPLE QUEEN, Is. k 'is. OcJ. per packet.
„ MAUVE QUEEN, U. &, Is. per packet

:\rAKrir so, i867.-]!l

THE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE AND AGRICIILTURAE OAZETTl

316

i^AMELLIAH, AZALEAS, and ORANGE TREES just

Kj Impr.rU-H IVntu HelKlum.-A qunntltv of vounp FRUIT TREKH.
WEKI'INO THKES, WIIKUBH, mid CLlMBKHS, to bo Sold very

R. (.}i(i:k\. Tho Uodlbrd CoDservittorJos. Covent Garden Marltot, W.C.

Finest New Hardy Plant of the Year.

PAUL'S NKW DUUHLK TilOUN.— Colour bn^^hl
crliiiHon, vivid, ivnd double, \0s. 6d. oacli, usuiil allowunco to
Tnido wUon throo ivro tivLon, , ,, , ,

Awiircia : First-ciiuss CorLillcatos lutemaUoual Exhibition and
Roval ]JotJiDlo Societies.

Paim, * S't\ bep to inVlte orders ere close of planting season for
this miiqi.o novelty. Since last Adveitisomoiit the following loading'
Nuweryinoii liiive ordoruil It:—

i.ncoinbo, Piiico & Co., Exeter
Nol>Io, Cliiis,, KagBbot
Rollisson & Sons, Tooting
Hinlth, R., Worcester
Voltch & Son. Chelsea
Wataior &, Godfi-ey, Knap Hill

Cmnston, .Ino,, Tlorot'ord
IMckKon ACo., Edinburgh
DlcliHon & Soiifl, Nowtonarda
EwinK, Norwich
Fletcher, Ottorshaw
.Tftokson A Sons. Woking
Lawson ft Son, RdhiburKh

(Hrl Cho-ihunt Nuraorli

. N.

To the Trade -ContractoTB and Builders.

ONE HUNDRKU THOUSAND COMMON LAURELS,
fine hwnhy plants, Iroin :! to ? loot high; pood for Hllnds,
Eartlailarljr for nowly lald-out Grounds and lluildinga. Thoso
aurols are very line, and have not aulTirod lYoni the fmst.
Alao a.OU0,00U of Two-year SEEDLING ASII and CHESTNUTS,
ROSES, ann other variotiea of Shrubs.

AiiKL Faiuall, Stiinhc)Do Nursery, Westorhani ITill. Kent.

Green and Purple Kohl Rabi.

SUTTON 'ani> sons can supply gomiine New Seed of
the above, at very moderate prices, as see CATALOGUE, which
may be had gratia and post Iroo on application.

Sutton & Sons. Royal Berkshire Seed Establlshmont, Reading.

TURNIP SEED. — YORKSHIRE PRIZE. Heavy
cropper, vorv hardy. Tlio veiy best Swedo Tunup grown, Is.
per lb. The proiliice of Seeds obtained of Mahtin Si Son have
won more £!> Silver C'ujw, Silver Medals, and other valuable
Prizoa, than all SeodHnion m this noiphbourbood put together.
Mahtin ,*^ S.in, 7, Market Place, IIull.

New Turnip Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE offer the following varieties to
• the Trade at low Piices. They aro all of ISOii'growth, raised
tVoTii the finest selected Stocks: —

SUAUrES IMPROVED PURPLE-TOP SWEDE.
SKlllVIN(;s " KING ot the SWEDES."
IMPUoVMn GREEN TOP SWEDE.
LlNroLNSllIRE RED GLOBE.
IMPROVED GREEN NORFOLK.
DEVONSHIRE GREY STONE.
And many other Yellow and White-fleshed sorts. Prices may be
had on application. Seed-growing Estiiblishment, Wisbech.

H

New Mangel Wurzel Seed.
AND F. SHARPE have the following Varieties,
raised last season on their own Seed Farm from fine selected
BulbB. which they can offer to the Trade at Low Prices, to be had
on application : —

SHARPE'S SELECTED OPANGE GLOBE.
FISHER IIOUBS" ORANGE GLOBE.
LARGE VELLuW GLOBE.
ElA'ETHAM LONG RED,
SELECTED LONG YELLOW.
SELECTKD RED GLOBE.
__^^^__ Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

RED GARBAGE PLANTS, extra fine, 4s. per lOOO.
WHITE SPANISH ONION SEED, Is. Sd. per lb.
KOHL RABI SEED, green. Is. per lb.

All new and genuine. Terms cash.
R. W. can supply any orders for Seeds at lowest possible prices.
RicHAiiD Walkkb, Market Gardener and Seed Grower, Biggleswade,
Bods.

Variegated Borecole or Greens.

DOWNIE, LAIKD and LAING are sending out in
-sealed packets at l.s-. each, Seed . of the above, warranted
from ttie bamo strain aa Miss Hope's of Wardie. Vide Gardeners'
CkronicU', Marcli !», page 23(5.

17, South Frefierick Street, Edinburgh ; and Stanstead Park,
Forest Hill, London, S.E.

Cucumber, Telegraph.

ROLLISSON'S VaHIETY has been proved the best
Cucumber in cultivation for Winter or Spring use, especially for
prowing ui houses; an immense cropper, producing sixjit a joint,
length IS to ur. inches. In sealed packets, 2s. Gd. each. See moiita
of " Wmter Cucumbers," in Qardetiers' CkrunicU for Jan. 12. ISC".
William IWt-iss OS & Sons, The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.

I VEIIY'S NONSUCH LETTUCE, the best Summer

1- Vfiriety in cultivation ; will Rtand a month longer than any
other kiml without running to seed; Is. per packet, S6.aled witli
laitLils W. \.

Also IVERY'.S NONSUCH CELERY, acknowledged to be the
finest flavour known, 6d. per packet.

Price to the Trade on application.
A DESCRUTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE SEEDS may be
li:id post free.

William Ivfinv, Hanover Nursery, Peckham, S.E.

l^^DWARD TAYLOR, Nurseryman, Malton,

J -^ Yorkshire, offers as under :—

J vr GIANT ASPARAGUS ROOTS, Is. 2d. per 100; 10s. per 1000.
:; vr GIANT ASPARAGUS ROOTS, 2s. per 100 ; 15«. per 1000.
I-; LADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS, 10s. per 100 ; 84s, per 1000.
1 HITOMA UVARIA, 4s. per dozen; 2os. per 100.
UWARF-TRAINED MORELLO CHERRIES, 16s. per dozen.
I'RIZETAKER GREEN MARROW PEAS, hand picked, lis.

bushel ; TOs, per qr.
DEAL-WOOD LABELS. 31 inches long,

I000if20,000 are taken.

picked

■.f. per 1000 , or Is. Od. per

Transplanted GREEN HOLLIES, Seedling and Tmnsplanted ASH,
LABURNUMS, LILACS, &c. Price Jon application.

|,g U K P L U

Early Ashleaf Kidney Potatos.
' Esdex Wonder do do

Myatt'a Proliflc do do

, Handsworth's Early Round
I Potatos

Early Sbaw Round Potatos.
; Dalmahoy do iio

1 Dwarf. Kidney, and Scarlet Beans

STOCK

Nonpareil Peas.
General Havelock do.
Ne Pills Ultra do.
Champion of England do.
M'Lean's Wonderdo,
Climax do.

Veitch's Perfection do.
British Queen do.

Prices on application to James Faiebead & Son, Seed Merclxants,
7, Borough Market, S.E.

c

H 0 I C

Per pkt -
Broccoli, Snow's Imperial

Winter

Albert Sprouts
Cauliflower, Early Erfurt . .
Celery, Manchester

Champion Red ..
Cucumber, Smith's Fine

Frame

Cucumber, Telegrapli
Leek, Henry's Prize
Endive, Digswell Prize ..
Onion, Nunoham Park . ,
Parsley, extra flno curled ,.
Raphanus caudatus (new

long-podded R^idiah)
Custard Marrow
Melon, Malvern Hall
Tomato do Layo
Cauliilower.Tho Mammoth

E

Post Free.
-». d.

SEEDS

Per pkt.— s. .

Moore's Vegetable Cream o

Beet, Perpetual Spinach . . 0

,, Nutting's Superb

Red .. .... 0

Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom

Thumb 0

Radish, French Breakfast 0
Aster, Trutfaut'a Superb

French, 12 vars. mixed , . 1
Aster, Victoria, 0 vara.

mixed 1

Stock, Improved large-
flowering, 12 vara, mixed. 1
Balsam, Camellla-flowerea,

G var. mixed .. ..1

B.a]sam, Rose-flowered, S vars.

mixed 1

Phlox Drummondii, 12

splendid varieties . . 1

THE " COLDSTREAM EARLY " POTATO, which
received a First-class Cortiflcato at tho International Horticul-
tur.il Exhibition iit South IvoiisliiKton, is tho Eiirltcet and Mct.t
round Potato In cultivation. fi,s. M. per pock; 18s. per budhul,
Including bat'H, Trade prloo on iippllcatlon.

Apply to Houij S. Worm. Coldstream, N.B.

Seed Potatos.

HAND F. SlIARl'E uro now oflcring MYATT'S
. PROLIFIC KIDNEY, UAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
WKKB'S IMPKKIAL KIDNEY. KOUTY-KOLD, FOX'S SEED-
LING, |i;ahlV OXFORD, mid iiiiuiy other Early and Lato varieties,
flno 111 iiii/tlll.y. Iifo iidiii ili.iDiLso. ;iih1 jit low prices.

Sued Gruwiiij; Eatabllwhmeut, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire.

UPENCER'S KING POTATO.— This excellent Potato

O having wttlistood tho disease bettor than any other variety last
8oa.soii, tlio Subscrlbor has to offer about ;i00 Bushols ol flnecloan-
wrown Tuliors, perfectly «ound and free from diseaao, which ho can
with coiifldonco reeommond. For price, apply to
Otouoi: T. Fox, 'I'lio Nursurios, Wotloy Rocks, near Leek, StalVordsh.

^ly HEELER'S

GLOUCESTERSHIRE KIDNEY

Is one of the very Earliest, most
Productive, and best flavoured Potato.^
in cultivation.

Price 3.t. per peck, ICs. Gd. per bushel.

J, C. Wheeler & Son,
Seed Growers, Gloucester.

pOTATOS for PBESENT

PLANTING.

Per

Per

peck

suck

Per

of

ot

ton.

141b.

16 St.

s. d.

s. d.

MONA'S PRIDE

3 0

RIVERS' I'.UVAI. ASHLEAP

1 6

21 n

LKRION iCIliNKVS

1 C

21 0

MYATT'S IT.ULIKIC

1 3

18 0

SPEXCKll'S KlNCl

1 2

17 0

FOKTrFOLRS

1 0

1,1 0

140s.

IVEBIi'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY

1 2

17 0

lOOs.

PRINCE OF WALES KIDNEY

1 C

21 0

FLUKES

1 0

13 0

126s.

DALMAHOl'S

1 0

14 0

REGENTS

0 10

11 0

CARROTS.

lb.

stone

■WHITE BELGIAN

0 10

11 0

PURPLE TOP ALTRINGHAM

1 c

20 0

GREEN- rOP ALTRINGHAM

1 0

12 0

.TAMES' INTERMEDIATE

1 0

12 0

LONG ORANGE

1 6

20 0

cwt.

MANGEL WURZEL.

«. <!.

YELLOW GLOBE

0 6

S (i

40 0

RED GLOBE

0 6

6 0

50 0

LONG RED

0 6

6 6

50 0

LONG YELLOW

0 6

0 C

50 0

ORANGE GLOBE

0 6

6 0

50 0

ELVETIIAM

0 0

6 C

ENGLEFIELD YELLOW

0 6

6 G

50 0

0NI0N.S.-NUNE1IAM PARK, per pa

ket. 2s. M.

WHITE SPANISH, per lb..

Is. Crf.

lb.

stone

cwt.

s. d.

s. rf.

,s. d.

QREEN KOIIL RABI

1 0

13 0

10 «0

CABBAGE.

RORINSONS OX

1. (1

LARGE DRUMHEAD

2 0

THOU.SAND HKAD

2 6

ENFIELD MARKET

3 0

SWEDE.

SKIUVINO'S KING OF SWEDES .. ..

0 8

OLD PUKPLE-TOP

0 S

LAING'S

0 0

SUTTON'S CHAMPION

0 8

EAST LOTHIAN

0 8

HALL'S WESTUURY

0 9

TURNIP.

GREEN GLOBE

0 6

RED GLOBE

0 C

WHITE .STONE

0 0

Per

Per

p. KKl

1000

10.000

Extristrong ASPARAGUS PLANTS ..

1 0

10 0

00 0

New 4 lb. Sacks, l.v. (Sd. each ; Bushel Bags, lOt*. ; Two ditto, l,s'. 2d.
Remittances to accompany orders.

Christmas QuiNrrv, Seed Grower and Seedsman, Peterborongb.
N.B. This Advertisement will not be repeated.

SoTglium tartarlcum,

SUTTON AND SONS, having imported a supply of
Trdk Seed of the above, can supply it In packets at Is. and
2$. M, each (post free).

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

BUTTON'S PRIZE MANGEL SEED.

Cheaper by the Cwt. p^^ lb — s (J

Good YELLOW GLOBE'. . 6 9
„ ORANGE GLOBE .. 0 9
„ RED GLOBE ..0 9

„ LONG RED .. ..0 9
„ LONG YELLOW ..0 9

Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester,

SUTTON'S

Selected Mangel Seed

From Selected Roots.

Perlb.~s. d.
SUTTON'S SELECTED

YELLOW GLOBE ..10
Do. do. ORANGE GLO"BE 1 0
IFISHER HOBBS'

ORANGEGLOBE ..10
STRATTON'S RED

GLOBE 13

.SUTTON'S ELVBTHAM

LONG RED .. ..10

SUTTON'S MAMMOTH

LONOYELLOSV .. 1 «

NEW YELLOW INTER-
MEDIATE .. ..10
Do. RED do. .. ..10
SUTTON'S MAMMOTH

LONG RED . . . . 1 C
BERKSHIRE PRIZE, or
SUTTON'S YELLOW GLOBE, SUFFOLK CHAMPION,

Price Is. per lb. New, in 8 lb. baps ..2 6

Cheaper by the Cwt. Lowest Price per Cwt. on application,
SoTToN i Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

A

' Seed Corn from the Chalk.

LLIUl'MOST AI'lMtOVKI) VAUI KTIKS Hupplicd bv
RAl'NUIRD, CALUECOTT, UAWTKKK, DOWLING, unti
COMPANY', LiMiiKo,
AddruHH, iluhingutoko ; or KO, Hood Market, Mark Lano, London, £.C.
•»" KamploH and prlccH on appUoatton,

RAYNiiIRD, C'ALnl^OT'lVlUWTRKErDOWlJNG.
AKoCUMI'ANV, Limited.
Corn, Skkw, Manuiik, and Diuiahk Mkhciianth,
AddroHS, Kli, Sood Market, Mark Lime, E.G. ; or HaiilngBtoko,
Siimples and Prices ))oHt free on application. Prize ModalB, 1851,
lor Wheat ; \hiVi, for " Excellent .Seed Corn and Seeds."

Seed Establishment, Dumfries.
73ASTURE LAND. — 'J'hf great lion. -tit .Ifrlvcd by
I Sowing down Land Inloudod for Periiianont Pawtviru with
Natural Gra<«8 Seeds cuiuiot be ovor-esti mated, tho trilimg cont uf
KENNEDY'S MIXTURES for PERMANENT PA.STURE over
that uf Common Rye-grnsa and Clover being far more than compen-
sated by tho much groator abundance of Herbage produced, of a
more nutritious and i)ermanent kind. These Mixtures are made up
in every caso to suit the particular soil, situation, or purpose for
wiiich thev are required.

A DEI^CRIPTIVE PitlCED CATALOGUE of NATURAL
GRA.SSES as well as of CLuVER. TURNIP, and other FARM
SEEDS, may bo had on application to

THOMAS KENNEDY ako CO..
NuriSKRVMEN and Seedsmen, IJurafrios.

r^«^ CATALOGUES may also be hqd of VEGETABLE and
FLOWER SEEDS, and FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL
TREES, &o.

Free Delivery. Fann and Gai-den Seeds Delivered at nearest
Railway Station under certain limitations, as formerly.

MALDEN AND SON, Agricxtltitral Seedsmen,
itigglo-swade, Reds., are now supplying the 186C growth of
Seed from MALDEN'S NEW CLOVER (Trifoliura striatum). It
will gi'ow one-third greater woight of Hav per acre than any other
variety, and of more nutritious quality, it is suited to all soils, and
is particularly recommended for lands which aro Clover atck. An
account of the Plant and Ita introduction may be found first on tho
descriptive list ot " New Agricultural Plants " in the " Farmers' and
Gardeners' Almanack" for 18G0, published at tho Farmer Offlcee,
150, Fleet Street, London, pago 01.

Spccimensof Hay maybe seen at Messrs. Lawson & Son, L*8, King
Street, Cheapside. Seed can be obtained, price 2s. per lb. from our
establishment, BiRgleswade, Reds, ; of Messrs, Peter Lawson & Sonn,
Seedsmen to tho tjueen, Edinburgh and London ; Messrs. Sutton &
Sons, Royal Seed Establishment, Reading ; Messrs. Hurst & Son,
Seedsmen, No. 0, Leadenhall Street, London ; Mr, J. Scruby, Mer-
chant, &c., Epping, Essex.

To prevent disappointment early Orders are respectfully Invited.

JC. WHEELER AND SON, Seed Growers,
• Gloucester (Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire Agriculiural
Society), can very strongly recommend the following Mixtures :—
CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS for ONE YEAR'S LAY.
J. C. Wheeler & Sos can supply this excellent Mixture— all of the
finest quality— can-iage free by Railway, at 15s. per acre,
lb.

3 Italian Rye-grass. Lolium

italicvmi.
1 Cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata
1 Timothy, Phleum pratenso

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L. aem-

pervirens
7 Red Clover, TrifoHumpratense
7 Trefoil, Medicago lupuiina
r acre.

A cheaper Mixture at 10s. Gd.

CLOVER and GRASS SF.EDS for TWO YEARS' LAY.

J. C. WuEELER & Son can supply tlis excellent Mixture lor Two
Years' Lay— all of the fiuest quality— carriage free by railway, at
18s, Orf. per acre.

lb. I ib.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L.porenne 3 Red Clover, Trifoliumpratenae
4 Italian Rye-grass, L. italicum 3 Cow Gmss, T. pratense pereune
2 CooksFoot.Dactyhs glomerata 3 White Dutch, Tr. repens
1 Timothy, Phleum pratense I 4 'IVefoil, Medicago lupuiina

A cheaper Mixture at 15s. M. per acre.
CLOVERand GRASS SEEDS for THREE or FOUR YEARS' LAY.

J. C. WuF.Ei.Ea &Sos can supply this essellent Mixture— all of the
finest quality— carriage free by Rai''vay, at 21s. per acre.

lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L. Bern-

pervirons
4 Pacey's Perennial, L. Pacfiy-

anum [cum

3 Italian Rye-grass, Lolium iL:ih-
2 Cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata

lb.

.i I'imothv, Phleum pratense

3 Red Clo'ver, Tnfolium pratense

3 Cow Grass, T. pratense pereune
;j White Hone\sucKle, T. repens

1 Alsike, Trifoliura hybndum

4 Trefoil, Medicago lupuiina

A Cheaper Mixture at 21s. per Acre.
J. C. Wheeleb & Son's CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS are of
excellent quality, very moderate in price, and 5 per cent, discount
s allowed tor cash.

J. C. WnEELBR & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

Improverhent of Grass Lauds,

at from 6s. to 10s. per acre.

SUTTON'S RENOVATING
MIXTURE
SnoDLn Now be Sowh.
6 to 121b. per acre.
Price lOrf, per lb. Cheaper by the cwt.
If these Seeds are sown early m the season,
the Improvement in the hmd will be very
great, and at a small expense.

This Mixture should bo bush-haiTowed Ln,
and rolled afterwards.

Sdtton &, Sons,
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment,

Reading. _______

Present Prices of BestiClover Seeds.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply the above at the
following prices, oarefully cleaned, and free from Dodder and
other weeds :-

Per lb.— s. d.
YELLOWTREFOIL. Sri. to 0 6
COW GRASS . . 1«. 2d. „ 1 0
ALSIKE .. .. 2s. „ 2 6

Per lb.— .
BROAD RED, . . lOd. to
WHITE or DUTCH Is. 2rf. „
PERENNIAL WHITE ..

Samples and lowest price per cwt. sent on application.

Ordinary qualities may be had cheaper.

All goods Carriage Free (except very small parcels).

Five per cent, allowed for cash payment.

SuTTOif ti Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Very Early Sheep Feed.
BUTTON'S IMPROVED ITALIAN RYE-GRASS.—

10 This " Improved" Italian Rye-grass is recommended in prefer-
ence to every other variety, producmg three or four heavy crops in
one summer, and being almost if not strictly perennial.

At a Meeting of the Roval Agricultural Society, on March 16, in
a Lecture delivered by AliVed Hughes, Esq., late of Thorness, Isle of
Wight, Mr. Hughes said :—

" ] always reserve a portion of Oat land to lay down with Sottoh's
Improved Italian Rye-grnaa, the most reliable plant I have come
across for some years for Ewes and Lambs in the Spring. Wlien 1
tell you that I put it in in the spring, and dressed it after harvest witn
guano, and that in tlio autumn, when my Sheep fed it off, it was
up to their knees, and Lhat 1 fed it ofi' again this spring witb Ewes
and Lambs, I tnink you will agree that this Is a crop ol very great
value. The Italian Rye-grass which is sold by Suttok, of Reaaing,
is a most astonishing vigorous plant ; indeed, I never saw anything 10
equal it in the course of all my experience."

StJTToN k Sons havo a fine Btock of their Improved Italian Ryc^
grass, which is a very different and superior article to mucn tnai
is sold as Italian Rye-grass.

Present price Gs. Crf. per bushel, cheaper in quantitie.'^ over 6 qrs.
Carriage-free in quantities of S bushels and upwards.

tiuantity required per acre, if sown alone, 3 bushels.
Rojal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

316

THE GAEBENERS' CHEONICLE AM) AGEIrULTimAL GiZETTE.

[M.iBCH 30, 1867,

Fine Grass Seeds for Cricket Grounds,

BOWUXG GREEN'S, or CROQCET GROr>'DS.
QFTTOX AXD SOXS can sucplv suitable kinds of the
O fiaeat-growing GRASSES and CLOVtRS lor tUeabore purposes,
at 1.*. 3d. per lb., ^is. per bosheL

ScTTos 4 Soxs, Roya2 Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

The New Forage Grass (Bromus Scliraderl).

SKTIOX A>-D SOXS have imported a lar^e supply of
^ Tnie Seed *>f the above, and offer it at 'Is. 6J. per lb., or cheaper
in large quantities. Qaantity reqoired per acre, oU lb. Lowest price
per cwx. and instmctioQS on cultivation, mav be had on application.
Sttttos i Soss, Seed M^ercbants, Reading.

'I^H£ ALSIKE CLOVER for CLOVER-SICK LAXDS.

J This excellent Clover will thriTe in almost any soil. It produces

two eood cu'.tinirs in the vear, and mates superior Clover hay. It
may^be sown alone (lilb' per acre), or m conjunction with other
Leeds, either for alternate husbandr7 or Permanent Pasture. If
sown Trith Italian Rve-crass, it i5 ready for mowing three times in the
year. It is included in all Messrs. Scttots's Mixtures, and they
strongiy recommend it to more general cultivation, Pnce may be
bad on' application (depending on quantiry required).

Roy^ Berfeshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

QKLKCTED SILVER SA.ND. PEAT SOIL, LOAM,

O SASDSTO>"E, GARDEy POTS, IMPLEitENTS. VASES,
TAZZAS, and FIGURES, kc, for SALE in any Quantities. By
Eailwav, Canal, acd Shir, to all parts of the United Kia^om.
W. Shoe-. Horticultural Dep^'t, Reigaie, Surrey.

BOSTON'S ^*i:; plus ITLTRA. for the Destructioii of
Mealv Bug, Scale, Americsin Blight, ic, on Stove and Green-
house PLiLits, Fruit Trees, Vines, 4c In bottles, with full instruc-
tioDS for application, price 3s. 6ii, 5s., and Ift?. 6d.

Jjjiis Cabtes & Co. beg leave to state thaz the present time is most
suitAtde (br applying the above genuine Specinc before the com-
mencement of the groving season, thereby preventing the rapid
increase of the above pests which would otherwise take place. The
inSalUble properties of BOSTON'S >'E PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becoming tully recognised, J. C. i Co. having already sold nearly
3O0O botdes since its first introduction in the spring of 1S66.
JNumerous testiniomalshav3beenreceived,andnot a smgle complaint
of its inefficiency.
Sole Agents, Jaiess Caktzb * Co., 237 and 238. High HolbQm,W.C.
■ .* The Trade supplied on liberal terms.

GEXUI>'E TOBACCO PAPER at lOd. per ib.
Terms Cash.
W. Dcncsos, at Messrs. Jackson i Sons, 29, Lady Lane, Leeds.

OLL TOBACCO CLOTH.— The cheapest and best

article lor Sm.oking Greenhouses and destroying the Fly ; equal
to Tobacco in strength. Is. 4d. per It. ; over 10 lb.. Is. Id.

-Jos£Pti Bakeb, 10, Gouzh Square, Fleet Street. E.C.
Post Office Orders payable Fleet Street.

APPLEBT'S GEXOyE TOBACCO PAPER,

./i_ in 2 lb. and 4 lb. packets.

Testimonials of 1S67 too numer^tus for insertion.
Price on application to Hzsrt Applebv, Foreman to Messrs. Ivery
% Son, Dortang, Surrey.

Vineries and Orchards.

GREAT VALUE of "APHIS WASH."

"AT the first opportnnitv Paint the Trees with a

Jr\. solution of 'APHIS WaSH,' prepared at the City Soap
Works ; it not only destroyg the Brown Aphis which Infests Peach '
Trees, but also Scale, and every other pest capable of lodzing in the
Larfe." — Extract trom Gardeners' JIa(jazine, January 5, 1S67.

"For strengthening the growth and effectually destroying all
forms of blight, the 'Aphis Wash' supersedes every other prepara-
tioD." — See Gardtncr^ Chronicle, August 19, 1S45; and Gard<fn*r5'
Magazine-, July 1, 1S65.

Sold by Chemists and others, in \s. bottles, and 2*. 6d. agallon,
with full dixectioE^ for use.

Wh lesale at the «ty Soap Worts. Milton Street. London, E.C.

/i 1 S H U R S T

VT COMPOU>T).

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since ISod, agucsc
Red ,Spider, Mildew, Thnps,
Green fly. and other Ulight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, In
boxes. Is., 2s.y and 10s. Gd.

Wholesale by

PRICED PATE>rr

CA>"DLE COMPAXr

(Limttzd).

By Royal Appointment

To THE PaiscE or Walts,

By Special Warrant,
: dated February 10, 1S66.

To BCB Majistt,

By Special Warrant,
dated December 27, 1565. -.^^ , .-

DAT, SO X, AXD H E "VV^ I T T.
Orimnal and Sole Proprietors of the STOCK-BREEDERS'
MEDICISTE CHEST, for DISORDERS in HORSES, CATTI^
CALVES, SHEEP, and LAMBS.

Patroiosed by upwards of Seventy Thousand of the principal Stock
Breeders, Horse Propnetors, and Agriculturists of England, Ireland,
Scotland, and Wales.

The oiUy True and Original " DAY'S CHEMICAL COMPOUyDS
are prepaired eipresily by us. The Chest contains the following
matchless preparations : —

Haifa Jjozen CHEMICAL EXTRACT, at 30*. per dozen.
One Dozen GASEOUS FLOD. at iX*. per doien.
One Dozen RED DRENCHES, at 13i. per dozen.
One Dozen RED PASTE BALLS, at ?«. 6d. per dozen
Ad^ted for all ailments among Scoct dtoing the present season.
Pnce of Chest complete, with Shilling Boot on Farriery, £2 16». 64.,
caiziage paid. Either preparation may be had separately in boxes.
TxsnxoxiALi.

TKt Lambing Season. — The •• Chemical Extract " is unequalled for
bad cases in drawing Lambs, and to stop heaving and straining. Mr.
Woods, in his Lecture on the " Breeding and Management of Sheep,'
savs — '* My shepherd declares tt to be worth a guinea a bottle."

Ihe ''Gaseous Fluid" is famous for debility and exhaustion in
Ewes after limbing; for diarrhoea la C^ves and Slfeep, and for
colic and gripes in Horses and Cattle. Mr. Bowick, in his prize
essay on the '• Rearing of Calves," says—*' The Gaseous Rmd is
sufficient for all the ills that Calfhood is liable to. I have reared 26
calves this vear, and by the use of the ' Gaseous Fluid,' I have not
lost one." ilr. Thos. PJgby (Cheshire), In his Lecture on " Summer
Grszmg of Sheep." says — " Day. Son, & Hewitt's Gaseous Fluid U the
best corr^rttve of scour in Sheep I have ever tried. I can stronglv
Tecommend their * Medicine Chest' as a most valuable auxiliary to
Btoct-keepers of all kinds, but esperaally to shepherds. With the
mediciDcs they give plam directions for use, wmch any man may
undetstand."

Oraers sent by Post will be promptly attended to if addressed —
DiT. So.T, A HtwTTT, Animal Medicine factory, 22, Dorset Street,
BalLsr Street, I^ondon, W. ; or Wantage, Berks.

** Woods on theep." five stamps; "BoricS on Calves," three
fUoife, both free by post.

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MAXLTACTUEED BY

HENEY DOULTON & CO.,

HIGH STREET, LAilBETH, LOia)OJf, S.

iS'o. 1. Xo. 2. >'o. 4.

U \J

This Edging :

■ -: - in Vitrified Stoneware and in Terra Cotta, and is "RiiiRANTED imperishable.
DRilS PIPES, TEREA COTTA CHlitNET TOPS, &c.

HEXHT DOrLTOX a^jd CO., HIGH STREET, LASIBETH, LONDOIT, S.

GRAT'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

LNTEKKATIONAIi EXHIBITIOIS', Ciass IX., ]S'o. 2119.

Mh GEAT begs to call the attention of the Xobilitr, Gentry, Xunerymen, Gardeners, &c., to his

NEW OVAL TTTRTrr.A-R BOILEE,

Acknowledged by practical jndgea to be a great improvement on erery form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quietness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with
one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from B^port in Gasdesers' Chkoxicxb of Ini^rnGtional Exhibition, May 24, 1862, page 476.

" Tbe npright form of £oiler is usnall; made on a circular plan, ratber than a square, it seems feasible that the Boilers on Che OTa

but the oral form given to Mr. Ghat's variety of it is said to be plan should bring the tubes more completely within range of the

nreferable m consequence of its bringing tbe tubes in closer contact burning fuel ; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,

with the firs. Tbe usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram is no doubt an improvement.'

1^°* Theif are made of all sizes, tchich, with prices, may be Jiad on applicalion,

JASIES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
BAXTERS STREET, PAULTOX'S SQUARE, ELN'G'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

BEARD'S PATENT.

GREAT EsTERIfATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION i- BOTAOTCAL CONGRESS.

The FIRST and ONLY PRIZE riven at the above EXHIBITIOX for the BEST METHOD of VENTILATION
for PLAST STEUCTUPwES, was awarded to

MESSES. SANDEES, FEEWEE, & CO.,

AT;CT0RIA works, bury ST. ECilUXDS,
FOR ■iHt'i" MODEL OF

BEARD'S PATENT METALLIC NON-CONDUCTING GLASS HOUSES,

Showing the Patent System of perfect Ventilation and Patent Method of Glazing, whereby breakage frojl
expansion and contraction is" prevented, and facility given for iounediate reparation by any ordinary labourer.

Messes. SANDERS, FEE WEE, a>t> CO. beg to call special attention to the high value of these great improvements
in the TEXTILATIOX, ic. , of HOKTICULTrEAL EEECTIOXS, which are also applicable to all WOODEN HOUS ES,
as weU as to CHUECHES. EAILWAT STATION'S, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, MAJNUFACTOEIES, &c. ; and have
received the highest recommendation from many of the first Horticulturists and practical men of the United Kingdom.

The system is invaluable also for AGEICULTUEAL BUILDINGS, as by it abundant Light and Air can be
obtained, and the Ventilation regulated to the utmost nicety in the Tops and Eoofe of all Structures, where, as is well
known. Impure Air constantly accumulates, and where the ordinary system of Ventilation is impracticable.

Full particulars and descriptions may be obtained on application to

MESSRS. SANDERS, FREWER, ASfD CO.,

YICTOEIA HOETICULTUEAL AXD EXGECEEEKG WORKS, BUET ST. EDMUNDS.

AGE^T: FOE LIVEEPOOL : ME, W. BE^^s'ETT, JTCf ,

March 30. 1567.]

THE GARDENEES' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

317

TANNED GARDEN NETTING for preservinf; Soed
Beds, Fniits, strawberries, from Frost, Blight, Birds, Sc, atid
nsa Fence for Fowls, &c. 1 y.'inl wide, \\'l ; 2 ynrds, 3'(. : 3 yards.
Ud • and 4 yards. 6rf. per jnpl run in any quintity, maybohndot
CiiAS. WniCHT's. 37(1. Stmnd, W.C.

Garden Netting.

JOHN EDGINGTON and CO. supply TANNED
NETTING fnr the Protection nf Fniit Treea, W. per squnre yard.
Any quantity. SCKIM CANVAS, Ac; TULIP COVERS and
OREENHOUSE SHADES, SUN BLINDS, &c MARQUEES,
TENTS, and FLAGS for FETES, FLOWKR SHOWS, &c.

Jons Edgisotox & Co., (Tent Makers to the Royal Family), 48,
Long Lane, Smithfiold, E.C. and 18, Piccadilly, W.

Preserve your Trees from Frost.

TANNED NETTING for FRUIT TREES.

COTTON NETTING and BUNTING. FRIGI DOMO, SCRIMS

for GRKE.NIIOUSE BLINDS. &.c.

Samples and Price List fl'oe on application to

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON, Tent and Rick Cloth
Maher to the Queen and Prince of Wales, 2. Duke Street,
Southwark.S.E. A lorgestock of NEW and REPAIRED NETTING,
and other material for theprotoction of Fruit Trees, Strawberrv
Bed?, ic. MARQUEES and TENTS of all dimensions on Sale or Hire'.
Address. Bekjauin Edgingtoh (only), 2, Duke Street, London
Bridge, S,E. No other Establishment.

NETTING for FRUIT TREES, SEED REDS, RIPE
STRAWBERRIES, ftc— TANNED NETTING for protecting
the above from Frost, BliBht, Birds, &c.. 2 yards wide, 3d. per T^rd,
or 100 vards, 20* ; 4 yards wide, 6d. per yard, or .50 yards, 30a. NEW
TANNED NETTING, suited for any of the above purposes, or as a
Fence for Fowls, 2 yards wide, 6rf. per yard ; 4 yards wide, Is- per
yard; i-lnch mosh, 4 jiirds wide. l5. 6d! per yard. Can be had in
any qu:intlty of

Eatos ft Delleb, 6 and 7, Crooked Lane, London Bridge, E.C.

ROWN'S FLORAL SHADING, for Shadint? Plants

under Gla-sji and protecting Wall Trees from frost.— Sold by all
Nurserymen and Seodsmon. No. 1 at &■;. sd. ; No. 2 at 7s. per piece,
20 yards long, 38 inches wide; No. 3 at 9s. 3d. per piece, 18 yards
long, 39 inches wide. Samples on application to

Ca.^HLES Bbows, Greenheys, Manchester.

c

G

^ALV.WISED WIRE NETTING, GALVANISED
T IRON BUILDINGS and MANUFACTURES.

Croggow & Co, 34. Bread Street, London, E.C. ; 2, Goreo Piaznas,
Liverpool ; 59, George Square, Glasgow.

AXVANTSED WIRE CABLE STRAND FENCING.

for FARMS. PARKS, and GARDENS.
The ORIGINAL INVENTORS and MANUFACTURERS.

(GARDEN NETTING (at Rfdurcd Prirc), for the
V A Protection ol newly. sown Seeds from Froht. BUfcht. and Btrdfl ;
also as a Fence for Poultry. Rj.hhiii. and Sh-.op, irf per square yard,
carnaee free. In quantities ff 2.^. .VjO, or I'jijO yards.

SCRIM CANV.iVS, for Wall Fruit, Greenhouse Shades. Tulip
Covers'

HAYTHORN'S and WALLER'S NETTINGS, sample of material
free on appl'callon.

PKRUMAN GDANO, and every other kind of Artlflcial Manure
in Stock- Be oarticular.
I Fhedcrick Epgixgtos & Co.. Marquee. Tont, Flag, and Rlcli Cloth
I Manufacturers, 60 and 62, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.
A Liberal Discount to the Trade.

The CHEAPEST STRONGEST, and NEATEST FENCING In USE

THOUSANT)S of MILES of this FENCING have been SUPPLIED
by us at home and abroad. It suslainB no injury by being
trespassed upon.

Pnce, with five lines of Stmnd and Iron-pronged Standards, and
onoHtrainingpost, stay and screw bolts to every 120yards, 1«. perjTxrd.

Five llnesot Cable Strandand Staples for wooden posts. &d. per yard

HURDLES, HURDLES, HURDLES, Is. Od. to 3s. 9d. per yard.

CONTINUOUS IRON FENCING, GATES of all kinds.

PATENT STRAINING PILLARS, &c.

GALVANISED WIRE NKmNG for POULTRV, 4c.

GALVANISED SWING WATER B.\RROWS.

GALVANISED IRON WATER CISTERNS.

GALVANISED IRON PUMPS.

LAWN MOWERS. GARDEN ROLLERS.

ASPHALTE ROOFING FELT, Id. per square foot.

SIOTLEY & GnEES.

niufitrated Catalogues and Estimates free on application.
12, Great George Street, Leeds.

H A

W • 8 T I F F A

For samples and prices apply to
J. Shaw & Co.. 29, Oxford Street. Manchester.

N T.

"C* T. ARCHER'S "FRIGI DOMO."

X-i • Patronised by Her Majesty The Queen, the Dnke of North-
timberlao'l for Syon House, His Grr.c« the Duko of Devonshire for
Chiswick GardeiiS. Profe-ssor Llndley for the Horticultural Society,
Sir Joseph Puxton for the Cr7."fitftl Palace, Royal Zoological Society. 4c.

PROTECTION from COLD WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.

"FRIGI DOMO," a Canvas made of Patent prepared Hiir and
Wool, a perfect Non-conductor of Heat ana Cold, kceoine, wherever
it in appliOfJ. a Used tempurature. It is adapted (or all HortlctUtural
and Floricultural purpose^--, for Preserving Fruits and Flowers from
the Scorching Rays of the Sun. from Wind, from Atticba of losocts,
and from Mommg Frosts. To be had in any required lengths.

Two yards wide Is. 9d. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3a. 6rf. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Li. Dd. per yard.

An improved make. 3 vards wide . , 2ji. W, per yard run. Also
'FRIGI DOMO" NETTING. 2 yards wide, U. Cd. per yard run.

Elibba Thomas Archtb, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7. Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street. City, E.C., and of all Niirserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Emgdom.

*' It Is much cheaper than Mats as n coverin^r."

II^OWLER'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
' CULTIVATOR may be SEEN at WORK In every Agricultural
County m England.

For particulars apply to Johk Fowi.kb & Co., 71, Comhlll, London,
E.C. : and Steam Plough Works, Leeds.

JAMES PHILLIPS & CO.,

HORTICULTURAL GLASS MERCHANTS,

180, BISIIOPSGATE STREET WITHOUT, LONDON, E.C.

JAMES PHILUPS AND CO. HAVE THE PLEASDRE TO SUBMIT THE FOLLO"mNG DESIGNS AND PEICES. THE FLOWER BASKETS ARE
MADE OP FINE CLAY, AND SUITABLE FOR THE GARDEN, CONSERVATORY, OR SITTING-ROOM.

No. 1.
FLOWER BASKETS.

Each.—!.

d.

8 inuhes diameter . . 2

0

15

9 ■■

.. 2

3

16

10 ->

.. 2

6

17

11 „

•>

9

18

12 „

.. 3

0

19

13 „

^

.. 3

3

20

li „

,,

.. 3

9

21

Each s.

15 Laches diameter . . 4

10

BEST ROUND AQUARIA,

Witli Ebony St.inds.

FERN CASES.

7 inch

8 „

9 „
19 „

11 ■,

12 „

13 „

No. 2.
FLOWER BASKETS.

Each.—,., d, I

. 1

6

14 inch

. 1

9

15 „

. 2

1)

16 „

2

3

17 „

. 2

6

18 „

2

9

19 „

. 3

0

20 „

12 inches

It „

16 „
18 „
20 „

1 0

0

22 inches

1 3

0

24 .,

1 6

0

26 „

1 10

0

28 „

1 14

0

30 „

-£ ».

1 18

2 2

2 10

3 0
3 10

12 inches

13 „

11 ,.

15 „

I 16 „

d.

Eftch — s.

rf

0

17 inches . .

.. 1-2

0

0

18 „

.. 13

0

0

19 „

.. 14

n

0

20 „

.. lo

0

0

Svphon?,

Is. G(f.

GLASS FERN SHADES.

With Rustic Stands.

FERN CASES.

With Circular Tops, os. '-xti\i on .ibove prices.

GLASS FERN SHADES aud STANDS.

ZINC AatTARLA.

As per Sketch, Glazed with stout Sheet Glass, and
Slate Bottoms.

Each.— £ s. rf.

12 inches long . . 0 18 0
14 „ .,..110

16 .. ;, .. 1 4 0

Each.— £ K.
18 inches long . . 17
20 „ „ .. 1 10
24 1 16

Larger or Smaller Sizes in proportion.

No. 3.

Each.-
6 inches dia.

3 6

4 0

4 6

5 6

6 6
8 6

10 6

13 6

.. 17
22

No. 1.

E-Tch.-*.

rf

8 inches dia.

.. 5

0

9

.. 6

fi

10

.. 8

0

11

.. 9

R

l'-^

.. 12

6

No. 2.

Eac

1.— £ i. d.

5 inches dia.

.026

6

.030

7

.040

8

.046

9

.056

10

.076

11

.096

12

. 0 12 6

13

. 0 16 0

14

.10 0

15

.16 0

16 ..

. 1 13 0

Glass Shades for Onia:nents, Propagnting Glasses, Milk Fansy Cucumber TuheSy Glass for SorticuHural Fttrpoies, Faints qf all Shades,

and various Miscellaneous Articles, see separate Lists.

318

THE GARDENEES' CHEONICLE Am AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[MaecH 30, 1867-

RICHAUD SMITH'S SEED CATALOGUE contains a
Calendar of Time for Sowing, particulars of Collections, with
Prices, Directions for Cropping well and economiciilly. Soil, Manure,
Depth, Distance. Season, Hardiness. Duration, Form, Height,

Colour, Storms, Use, Flavour, and other qualilies, described.

This List Free by Post or one stamp. Seeds direct from the
Growei's the surest wr»y to succcs=.

■ RicnARD Smith, Seed Merchant. Worcester.

Wliolesale Catalogue of Nursery Stoclc.

GEORGE JACKMAN and SON'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 1860 and Spring 1867, can
be had free on application, comprising Fmit Trees, Roses, American
Plants, Conifers, Clematises, Evergreen and Dccidious Trees and
Shrubs, and transplanted Forest Trees, &c., &c,

Wokint; Nursery, Surrey^

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOMAS SAMPSON, 'J'he Preston Road Nurseries,
Yeo-^il, Somerset, bee;s to intimate that his CATALOGUE of
SEEDS for tbe GARDEN and FARM is now ready, and can be
obtained free on application. It contains a Select and Choice Stock,
evorj^hing being of the best quality, and are offered at unequalled
low prices. _—

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, &c.

ROBERT PARKER begs to announce that his
CATALOGUE, contaimng fielect DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds in cultivation of the above-named is now published,
and will be forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from the best possible sources, all are warranted
genuine, and are ofiered at the lowest possible prices. Intending

gurchasers are requested to compare the prices with those of other
ouses. Exotic Nurserj-, Tooting, Surrey, S.

"vrEW~BEDDING PLANT: IRESINE HERBSTII

iA| AUREO-RETICULATA.—Plants of the above distinct and
beautiful variety, 2s. Gd. each, 18s. per dozen, with usual discount to
the Trade. ^ , . ,,^

CUPRESSDS LAWSONIANA SEED ol good growmg quality.
Price on application.

Tkomas Cripps, The Niu-series, Tunbridge ^gUa, Kent.

Choice Seeds.

WM. CTJTBXJSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following :—
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBHIAT-A, of the finest possible strain.

Red, White, or Mixed, 2s. Qd,, 3s., and os. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very fine, 2s. C(f.,

35. 6d., and 5s. per packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2s. Gd., 3s. fid., and 5s. perpacket.
SNOWS WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C. & Son's own

saving, 2s. 6((. per pricket.
NUNBHAM PARK ONION, 2s. Gd. per paoket.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free.

Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

Superb Double HollyhQcks.

WILLIAM CHATER begs to remind the admirers of
this beautiful Flower that now is the best time for planting
it out, to ensure ftno Spikes and Blooms this season.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, witli instnictions for its cultiva-
tion, also Prices of Plants per doz., 100, or 1000 may be had on
application.

Seedlings from best named Varieties, 4s. per doz., or from 20s. to
30s. per 100.

Bloomed Seedlings with colours named, very tine, Cs. per doz. ; or
ft-om 30s. to 40s. per 100

Seed saved from the finest named Varieties, very choice mixed, 6s.
and 2.S', 6d. perpacket.

In Collections of 12 separate named Varieties, extra fine, 10s.
Six Varieties extra, 5s.

Twelve Named Varlecies, all good show flowers, 73. Gd.

Six Named Varieties, all good show flowers, 4s.

William Chater, Nurseries, Saffron Waldcn.

General Plant Catalogue, 176 pages. 8vo.

HLAURENTIUS', Leipzig. PRICED CATALOGUE,
• containincT Novelties, Beautiful and Rare Plants, also
selected Lists of .ill the favourite Descriptions of Garden Flowers
offered hy the Horticultural Establishment of H. Laurentics,
Leipzig, Germany, can bo had post free on application to
Messrs, Bktham & Blackitti, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames St., London,

C"^ EO. SMITH begs to call the attention of Ins patrons
T and friends generally, to his New TROP^OLUMS. KING of
SCARLETS and KING of SPOTS, two beautiful varieties lor
clumps or ribbon planting. These fine kinds were raised by Mr.
George, of Stamford Hill, the raiser of Compactum coccineum,
which has been so much admired the last two seasons at the Crystal
Palace, &c. Also, the under-named ZONAL GERANIUMS,
which G. S. can, with confidence, recommend to be added to the
most choice collections.

G. S. has also a fine addition to the VARIEGATED GERANIUlilS,
the most conspicuous for clumps or borders which has ever been
offered, it having a green leaf with broad belt of pure white, of fine
habit.

NEW TROP^OLUMS.
KING of SCARLETS.— Small neat foliage, compact habit, flowers
bright scarlet, the most brilliant and beautiful for bedding or
ribbon planting. Awarded a First-class Certificate by the Royal
Horticultural Society, South Kensington. 5s.
KING of SPOTS.— Bright yellow with amber spots, neat foliage,
compact habit, very effective. 5s.

NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS.
HECTOR (Geo. Smitu).— Foliage slightly zonal, pip and truss extra
large, fine habit, flowers scarlet; one of the best in cultiva-
tion. 5s.
PINK GLOBE (Windsor).— Zoned; rosy pink tniss, extra large and
compact. This beautiful novelty will be found a great advance
either as a beddinR or exhibition plant. 5s.
PRINCE OF WALES (Windsor)— Dark zone, flowers rosy salmon ;

extra large and fine shape, good habit ; anrst-class variety. 5s.
REGALIA (Geo. SMiin). —Foliage slightly zoned, flowers fine rosy
scarlet, eye white, of fine form and a pleasing variety ; good
habit, 5s.
RELIANCE (WiNDsoii). — Foliage slightly zoned, flower orange
scarlet, truss and pips largo, of good substance, white eye ; in
every respect a first-class variety. 5s.
SALA>1ANDER (WiwDson).- Atzonal variety, flowers bright rosy
salmon, with white eye, a most pleasing and desirable variety. 5s.
WARRIOR. (Geo. Ssiitq).— Foliage slightly zoned, flowers brilliant
scarlet, of great size and sxibstance, fine form. This flower will
prove a most valuable addition to its class. $s.

NEW VARIEGATED GERANIUM.
PRINCESS ALEXANDRA (Geo. Smith).— Foliaee bright green,
with bv>^ad band of pure white, of fi.rst-class hiblt ; most attrac-
tive and beautiful ; one of the most effective for ribbon planting
of the silver-edged class ; fine, 10s. 6d. each.
NEW WHITE-FLOWERED IVY-LEAVED GERANIUM.
"L'ELEGANTE" (CuNNiNonAM). — Foliage bright green, with
broad belt of creamy wiiite, throwing up its numerous white
blossoms, which give ic a fine effeut. Awnrded a First-clftss Cer-
tificate at the Biriuingham Hose Show, also at the Royal Horti-
ciiltund Society, South Kensington. 10s Gd. each.
~G. S., having made arrangements with Mr. Cunningham, is enabled
to send out this fine Ivy-l&ivod Geranium, tngether with the fore-
going novelties, in good plants, after the 24th of April.
Early orders are respectfully solicited.
ToUington Nursery, Hornsey Ro.id, Islington, London, N.

Vines.— Surplus Stock.

FISHER, HOLMES, and 00. beg to offer tlio under-
mentioned well-ripened VINES. The prices, which are
moderate, may be had on application.

STRONG FRUITING CANES.
Trenthnm Black
Black Hamburgh
Roval Vineyard
Wesfs St. Peter's
Royal Muscadine
Esperiorie
Lady Dowries'
Chasselas Rose de Fallous

STRONG PLANTING CANES.

Lady Downes'
Ti-enthara Black
Black Hamburgh
Royal Muscadine
Muscat Hamburgh
Raisin de Calabre
Frankenthal
Buckland'a Sweetwater
Bla.ck Alicante .
Handsworth Nurseries, Sheffield. .

NE"^ WHITE LOBELIA MISS MURPHY (Usher's).
—The most beautiful and compact of all white Edging plants.
4s. per dozen ; 25s. per 100.

Martin & Sok. 7, Marketplace. Hull.

Early Spring Flowers. _

WEBB'S GIANI POLYANTHUS and COWSLIP,
with all the best varieties of l?ouble and Single PRIMROSES,
PANSIES, &.G., with Seeds of single varieties. LIST of prices of
•■" ■ • - 'ication to

EBB, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties. 36 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Choice and Cheap Flower Seeds.

WOOD AND INGRAM offer the following Collections
of FLOWER SEEDS, Post-freo :— s. rf.

12 Fine Selected Varieties of HARDY ANNUALS . . ..16
25 „ „ „ „ ....8 0

12 „ „ of BIENNIALS and PERENNIALS .. a 0

18 „ „ „ 3 0

12 „ „ ofHALF-HARDY" ANNUALS .. .,3 0

25 „ „ ,, „ ....6 0

12 „ „ of TENDER ANNUALS 4 0

BROWN'S INVINCIBLE SCARLET SWEET PEA, per

packet, Gd. ; per oz 14

Postage Stamps received in payment.

The Nurseries, Huntingdon,

MGUENOT, Seedsman, 6, Quai Lepellctier, Pans.
• (Established 17S0.)

SPECIAL FRENCH COLLECTIONS.
CHINA ASTERS, Truffaut'svarieties,20sp!endid varieties. lOfrancs;

10 splendid varieties, !> francs.
(EILLETS DE FANTASIE (PICOTEES, fee), 3 varieties, 3 francs.
(EILLETS DE FLAMAND (CARNATIONS, &c.), Sfrancs per pkt'
Extra Double CAMELLIA BALSAMS, collection of 20 varieties.

6 francs 10 varieties, 2^ francs.
Speciality for GLADIOLUS. The General and Descriptive Catalogue

of Gladioli, as well as that of Seeds, Plants, and Bulbs, will be

forwarded on application.
ARGENTEUIL ASPARAGUS, true and improved variety, very

larte and very early, 2-jt. ola plants, extra fine, 5 francs per 100.
CHINESE YAMS, very fine roots. 3 francs per kilogramme.
Mixed Collection of GRASS SEEDS for Lawns and MeadowSj

li franc per kilogramme (21 lb. nearly) ; or 100 kilogrammes

(220i!b.), 140 francs. -^

New Garden Seeds.
A RCHIBALD HENDER-

■^^SON'S DESCRIPTIVE
PRICED CATALOGUE and useful
GARDEN ALMANACK is now
Published, containing much useful
information. Can be had gratis and
post free on application.

Kion Nursery, Thornton Heath,
Surrey ; and at the East Surrey
Seed Warehouse, College Groimds
North End, Croydon.

Chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemums,
Chrysanthemums.

ADAM FORSYTH'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For-
warded to all applicants for one stamp.

Brunswick Nursery, SLoka Neivington, London, N.

Calceolaria Ambassador (Sang).

EDWARD SANG and fSOiNS, Nuksekymen and
SEf:n Merhakts, Kirkcaldy, N.B.. offer strong antumn struck

Plants, in single pots, of this n^w well-known and universally

admired BEDDiNG-OUT CALCEOLARIA. Pnce lis. per doi'.en.

Jlarly orders will oblige and have their careful attention.

Tlio Trade wuiiplied.

Verbenas, New and Old.

WILLIAM KNIGHr is now sending out strong
established Plants, lu sm dl pots, of 36 finest Varieties for
Exhibitors or Beddine, for 10s. 6d., package included. Terms cash.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE free.
Flonv! Nursery, Hailsham, Hurst Green. Sussex.

D~ ^ARF "BEDDING "DAHOaST— ALBA FLOKI-
BUNDA NANA, height 2* feet : LITTLE NAJADE, white,
cherry tips, 2i feet ; PURPLE ZELINDA, 2 feet. Strong ground
roots of tne above at 105., 85., and Oa. per dozen. They have proved to
be very efi'ective for beds or ribbon borders. Hamper andpacking free.
Charles Shilling, Hill Nursery, Wiuchfield, Hants.

NEW FUCHSIAS, 1866.— Strong Plants, in thumb
pots, at 38. per dozen.
G. SMITH'S LE GRAND GERANIUM, the finest bedding Nose-
gay ever raised. .Strong Plants, in thumb pots, at 63. per dozen,
package included. Terms, Cash.

Philip Ladds. Nursery, Bexley Heath, Kent.

New Roses.

HLANE AND SON have to offer a very fine lot of
• extra strong Plants coming into Bloom, of the following
kinds, at 36s. per dozen. ;— TEA : Isabella Sprunt. Bouton d'Or,
Madame Margottin. HYBRID PERPETUALS : Horace Veraet,
Antoine Ducher, Gloire de Mootiilai^ir, Madame Rival, Monsieur
Noraan, Charles Verdier, Souvenir de Monsieur Boll, Monsieur
Flaisancon, Mdlle. Jeanne Marix, Madeleine Nonin. Also
MARECHAL NIEL. strong on Manetti, in pots.

The Nurseries, Great Berk ham psteari, Herts.

Woodlands Nursery7Maresleld, near UcKfield,

WM. WOOD AND SUN bei to offer the annexed
TEA-SCENTED ROSES on reasonable terms :—

Bardlet DC'schamps
Comtesse de Brossai'd
Due do Magenta
Enfant de Lyon
Jaune d'Or
Jean Hardy
Laurette
Also well-grown

24s. to 30s. per dozen.

Le PactOle
Lays

Madame Bravy
Mar^chal Eugeaud
Mfelanie Oger
Madame do Vatry
„ Falcot
TEA-SCENTED ROSES,

Madame Joseph Hal-
Pharaon [phen

Rubens

Sombreuil
Souvenir do David
Tnomphe du Luxem-
bourg
in 6-in. pots, at

GLADIOLI BULBS,

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2s. 6d., 3s. Gd., 5s. Gd., 7s. Gd., 9s., and 12s. per dozen.
10s. Gd., 15s., ills., 25s. to 100s. per 100.
BARn&SocDES, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

Established Upwards of a Century.

Holders of Prize Medals frou Exhibitioms of both 1351 and 18G2.

C"i LADiOLL — Collections containing all the finest
T varieties in cultivation, many new, and offered for the first
time, 1053., 63s., 42s.. 30s., 25s., 20s., 16s., 12s. BRENCHLEYENSIS,
the most showy of all, extra strong roots, 3s. per doz., 20s. per 100.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LISTS free on apphcation.
Bdtler, McCullooh & Co. South Row, Covent Garden. W.C.

GLADIOLI (English-gi-own Seedlings).— These
Seedlings are strongly recommended for growing in masses;
there is no more valuable tlower during the autumn months. They
will produce flowers as varied and beautiful as the best named Fi'enctt
varieties. Price 8s. per dozen ; 50s, per 100.

GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS.— The most gorgeous deco-
rative flower daring the months of August and SapiemOer; should
be grown in every garden. Per dozen, 3s. ; per 100, 20s.
All the newest and best French varieties kept in stoot.
A PRICED LIST sent on application.
12 Choice varieties, selected 24s. I 12 Choice varieties, selected, 10s.
ISs.

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, and CO.'S
CHOICE COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS.

15 Varieties, Selected Hardy Annuals 2s. 6(J.

30 „ ., „ ,, 5 0

50 „ „ „ „ 10 0

100 ., „ .. .. 20 0

12 Varieties, Selected Half-hardy Annuals . . ..40

25 „ .. „ .. .... 7 6

15 .. .. » .. .... 15 0

100 ■ ,, „ „ ,. . . .. 30 0

6 Varieties, extra selected New Annuals 186T . . ..60

12 ,, ,, „ „ „ „ .... 10 6

15 Varieties, selected Hardy Perennials 3 0

25 „ ,, „ 6 6

60 12 6

100 „ „ „ » 25 0

12 Varieties, selected Half-hardy Perennials .. ..4 0

26 „ „ „ 7 6

COMPLETE COLLECTION of VEGETABLE SEEDS for

One Year's Supply, 63s., 42s., 30s., 21s., and 10s, 6d.

Orders amounting to 21s. and upwards sent Carriage Paid.

CATALOGUE containing details of above Collections, Post Free

Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

12s.

12

Now Ready, in Strong Plants.

THE MAGNIFICENT NEW VIOLET,
QUEEN of VIOLETS.
The following additional 'Nurserymen have ordered Queen of
VioJet,-!. For full list see Oardeners' Chronicle, December 1, 1866,
and last three weeks

Early Orders are respectfully solicited.

B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway.

London, N^

SCOTT'S CHOICE SEEDS, ipost free.

• Per packet— s. d.

STOCKS, newest large-flowering,Ton-week, IS varieties 1 0

ASTERS, best Quilled German, 24 varieties, 6d. and . . x 0

„ newesL PERFECTION French Exhibition,

24 vaiieties 10

,, French Giant EMPEROR, 12 vars... 1 0
,, VICTORIA, 6 varieties .. ..10
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, a most superb

strain, and cannot he surpassed. H vars. Is. 6d. and 2 6

CALCEOLARIA, Scott's superb strain .. Is. and 2. 6

MAIZE, now striped-leaved 10

PHLOX DRUMMONDII, 12 varieties 10

,, „ brilliant Scarlet .. ..10

SWEET PEAS, Invincible Scarlet 10

BEET, Scott's Crimson Dwarf 0 6

CUCUMBER, Enfield Surprise 10

„ Kirklees Hall Defiance 10

„ Scott's Market Ridge . . Gd. and 1 0

CINERARIA, extra fine Is. and 2 6

TAGETES SIGNATA 0 6

VIOLA CORN UTA 10

ZINNIA, superb Double, 8 varieties . . Gd. and 1 0

, „ Single, 0 varieties 0 6

LETTUCE, Victoria White Cos 10

„ Wheeler's Tom Thumb 0 6

MELON, Prmcass Alice 10

KAPHANUS CAUDATUS 10

For descriptions of the above cheap Collections, &c., see SELECT
SEED LIST, free on application to

J. Scott, 'rhe Seed Stores, Yeovil. Somerset.

Messrs. Wood & [Ingram, Hunt-
ingdon
„ Youell & Co.. Yarmouth
Martin & Sons, Hull
Mr. E. Taylor, Malton

Mr. Jos. Green, Garforth
„ Chaa. Turner, Slough
,, J. J. Chater, Cambridge
„ John Crimsion, Hereford

Chas. Noble, Bagshot

Strom* Plants, Is. Gd. each ; 18s. per dozen. Usual allowance to
the Tnido.

VIOLETS, NEW DOUBLE RED, Is. Gd. each ; 12s. per dozen.
SINGLE CAUIFORNIAN Species, 1;;. each ; Qs. per dozen.
DOUBLE NEAPOLITAN, 9((. each; &5. per aozen.
DOUBLE BLUE, Gd. each ; 45. ner dozen,
' DOUBLE WHITE, Gd. each ; 4s. per dozen.
" SINGLE DcVOMENSIS, extra fine. 9d. each; 6s. per dozen.
' THE GIANT, extra fine. Od ench ; Cs. per dozen.
HEPATICAS, DOUBLE and SINGLE RED, 4s. per dozen.
SINGLE BLUE, 4s per dozen.
MAUVE, NEW, Is. Gd. each.
CHRISTMAS ROSE (HELLEBORUS), WHITE, 9s. per dozen.

,. „ RED, 18s. per dozen.

PRIMROSES, DOUBLE LILAC and WHITE, 6s. per dozen.
POLYANTHUS, finest mixed, 3s. per dozen.
PAMPAS GRASS, extra fine, Gs. per dozen.

WALLFLOWER, DOUBLE GOLDEN, and YELLOW, 6s. per doz.
FORGET-ME-NOT (MYOSOTIS PALUSTRIS), 45. per dozen.
DIELYTRA SPECTABILIS, strong, Cc per dozen.
ROCKETS DOUBLE WHITE and YELLOW, 6.':. per dozen.
NEW PINKS, ANNE BOLEYN. improved, and EXCELSIOR,

Is. per pair.
100 HARDY HERBACEOUS and ALPINE PliANTS^ in 60 varie-
ties, 25s.
CATALOGUES for one Stamp. Post Office Orders on Caatle
Hedingham.

Wsr. DiLLiSTour, Slble Hedingham, Essex.

JOHN KEYNES' NEW VERBENAS for 1867.

COLESHILL (EcRFono).— Intense scarlet, with lemon eye, pips
large, very smooth, one of the finest Verbenas. First-class
Certificate at tbe Royal Horticultural Society. 5s. each.

UMPIRE (EcRFoan).— Large cerise purple, the largest truss and
flower ill cult. v.ttion, very sbowy. 6fi. each. Certificate at the
Royal Horticultural Society.

FANNY MARTIN (Ecrfobd).— Beautiful clear rose, very pleasing,
large and fine. Certificate at the Royal Horu-ultUi'al Society.

EAKL oF RADNOR (EcRFoan).— Most beautiful clear rosy .scarlet,
with leniou eye, good Qubit, and free bloomer. Certificate at the
Ro\al Horticultural Society. 6s. each.
WILLIAM DODDS (Ecrford).— Light purple, with white eye, most
perfect flower, exquiaite form, grand flower either lor bedding or
show. G.'*. each.
MR. ELLICE (Eckford).— Peach colour, quite new, amost beautiftll
variety, not to be sui'passed. 6s. each.
These six varieties are of the Quest quality, and will be found quite
equal to those sent out last season from the same Grower. They
have been selected witli the greatest care.

The SIX VERBENAS of last year have proved to be of flrat-rate
quality. They can now be had fine plants, and consist of

John Keynes 1 Mr. Gladstone { Kmg Charming

Lady Jane Ellis | Isa Eckiord ( George Eckloid

Many testimonials respecting these Flowers have been received by
J Keynes, .all havmg giveo gre.-^t satisfiction. ll.v. per dozen.

'crimson king (Methven-'s), having proved. all that was said of
it may be had 9s. per dozen. The finest crimson bedder in

A ^e'coliection of the best BEDDING VERBENAS at reasonable
pHces The usual Discount to the Trade.

*^ Castle Street, Sahsbury.

I

JlABCn 30, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' nHRONTCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

3in

New ana Cliolce Flower Seefls.

FarE i!V PiiST ok Hail,

BUTTON'S COaiPLKTK COLLECTIONS of

>0 FI^OWEH SEEDS we seiil. iVeo by i'ost or llail. Prices

SIR iindoi-: —

No. I (Jitlluctloii of tho best EripHfih antl Qorraan varletioH,

witii iiiatructioiifl on cultiviition £2 2 0

Nt*. 2 Gollootiou of ditto ditto .. .. 1110

Ho. SColloction of ditto ditto .. ., 110

jjo 4 CoUuotiou of ditto ditto ., .. 0 IS 0

No. 6 C'olIocUoii of dlttij ditto .. .. « 10 (1

Sniftl! and useful OollGctums cnn also bo had TcQVn 2s.io'is. M.,
free by post.

For piirtloulars of tho above, see SUTTON'S DKSCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE, gratis and poat ttco on application.

SoTTON & Sons. Sei-d Growers, Keadm?.

/^HJEAi* and BEAUTIFUL FLOWEit SKEUS.

100 Pflokots of the best and mo.st showy hardy, half hardy, n. d.

and tendor Annuala 20 0

60 " "

S5 ., ,. „ 6 0

86 Packets of the bofit showy Hardy AnnualR fi 0

W ,. M 3 0

DESCRIPTIVE CAIALOGUE on application.
RiouABD S«iTn, Soed Merchant, WorcoBter,

ROYAL B 0 T A N

IP SOCIETY
IIIBITION of SPRING FL0WEK6, HYACINTHS^
C'AMELI.IAS, PRIMEO.SKS, kc, SATURDAY, March 23. '
LIST OF AWARDS.
12 HYAOINTIIS. (Aruaieure.)
1st Prlzo, Mr. 0. Whcolor, Gr. to Sir F. n. Goldsniid, Rart., RogBnt's

Paik ' *

2d, Mr. \V. U&rtlett, Shaftosbuiy Road, Hamniorfimitb

12 UYACINTILS. (Nurserymen.)
I8t, Mr. W. Paul, Wiilthani CroHa, N.
2d, Mr. W. CutbUBh.jJuu,, Burnet flortK
3d, Mr. .r. Klrtland, Rtoko Newlngton

e HYACINTHS, new kind«.
iHt, Mr. W. Paul

iHt, Mr. W. Paul

L ILIUM AUEATUM. —

livcge Consieunient just received, 2s. Od., 3*. 6A..(^a. Brf., and
7«. Cd. pur Root. lOxtra large eolected Bulbs, 10s. Od., 12^-. 6d., lbs.,
and 21«.

BarrA Sdodek, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, Vl, King Btroet,
Covent Garden, W.C.

American Plauts, &c.

WATERRR AND GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGDK of RHODODENDRONS
and other Amoricjui Plauts lor this Autumn, witl bo Bent on
application. The Cataloguo also gives a .summary of thoir General
Nursery Stock, probably tho iiioist tixtonsive in the kingdom.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

Bbododendrons.

TOHN CATERER'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

O of HARDY SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS is now
publishad, and will be lorwardod on application.' It faithfuHy describes
the coloura of the new varieties oihibltod by him at the Royal
Bot-mic Gardens, Regent's Park, An Abridged List of popuJar
CONIFERS .with hei^thts and prices, is likewiHe combined.

The Amoncan Nureery, Bagsbot, Surrey, near Sunniugdale Station.
Soutb-Western Railway,

T.^INI'iST RHODODENDRONS. — Seedlings, raised

X exclusively from finest named Plants, of all colours, iviil be
forwarded, post free, at the following rates:— 50 2-yv. old, 3*. 6d, ;
50 1-vr, old. 2s. 6d., on receipt of Postage Stamps for the amount,
address(!d to

Miss S. D.vviEs, S, Merrion Square North, Dublin, Secretary to
The Bird's Nest, tho Sale being for the benefit of destitute children.

rp R f C 0 hO it P ^E~^L~ A "r GcTn llf^ sl

Mrs. Pollock, "is. and Os. per doz. I Sunset, 21s. per doz.
Italia Uulta. 21s. per doz. I Mrs. Benyon, 24s. per doz.

In strong plants at tho above prices for Cash, package included.

Remittance required from unknown CorrespondoDts.
Address, Alfrkd Fryer, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambndgeshire.

N

EW IVY-LEAVED PELAEGONIUMS.

L'ELEGANTE. — Leaves green, margined with creamy-white ; flowers

white. lOs. 6d. each ; six plants, £3.
DERBYSHIRE HERO (Zonal).— Bright cerise.
STAFFORD GEM (Z-mal).- Orsmge-scarlet.
SCARLET CHRISTINE (Plain-leaved).— Bright cerise, shaded with

purple.
ROSE MAGENTA (Nosegay).— Fme habit, good bedder.
6s. each, set of four for 15s,

The above to be sent out afler April 20.

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CIRCULARS to the Trade on application.

See Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 2S4, March 2.

W, CcitNiKKBAU. The Forge Nurseries, Burton-on-Treot.

GEO. SMITH'S PRICED and DESCHIPTIVE
CATALOGUE of SHOW, SP0TTP:D, FANCY, VARIE-
GATED, ZONAL, and NOSEGAY GERANIUMS, Petunias,
Fuchsias, Dahlias, Verbenas, Cbrysanthemmns, Beddinc Plauts, &c.,
is now ready, in exchange for one postage stamp.

Tollington Nursery, Homsey Road, Islin^on, London, N.

18 TULIPS.

I 2d. Mr. J. Kirtland

Sd. Mr. W. Cutbueh, Juri.
CAMELLIAS, Cut. (AmateurK.)
lat, Ml-. T. Todman, Or. to B. Hudson, Esq,, Clapham Conunon

13 CAMELLIAS, Cut, (Nursorymeu.)
iBt, Mr. W, Paul

12 CYCLAMENS.
1st, Mr. J. Wiggins, Or. to W. Book, Esq., Worton Cottage,

Isleworth
Jd, Messrs, E. G. HendarROD If Son, Nurserymen, Wellington Road,

St. John's Wood
Sd. Mr. T. Todman, Gr.

12 CHINESE PRIMROSES.
1st. Mr. J. Wiggins, Or. | iid, Mr. T, Todman, Qr.

.■id, Mr. G. Whoolor, Gr.
6 FOLIAGE and FLOWERING PLANTS.
1st, Mr. B. S. WilliaiDB, Nureerynian, Holloway
2d, Mr. W. Bull, Nurseryman, King's Road, Chelsea
3d, Mr. 0, Wheeler, Or.

MISCELLANEOUS.
SILVER GILT MEDAL.
Mr. W. Paul, for Collection of Roses in pots
SILVER MEDAL.
Mr. W, Paul, for Collection of Hyacinths
Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt.for 0 boxes of Cut Roses
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Collection of New and Rare Plants

SMALL SILVER MEDAL.
Mr. W. Paul, for 6 boxes of Cut Roses

BRONZE MEDAL.
Mr. W. Paul, for Collection of Hardy Forced Plants
Mr. W. r,T,ul. for Collection of Tulips
Me,ssr8. ,1, Dobson & Son, Isleworth, for s Cinerarias]
Mr. W. Bull, for Collection of New an l Rare Plants
Mr. S. Ford, Gr. to W. E. Hubbard. Esq., for a Collection of Apples
and Pears

SMALL BRONZE MEDAL.
Mr. W, Paul, for Collection of Narcissus
Mr. W. Paul, for Collection of LUy of the Valley
Mr. J. Wiggins, Gr.. for Collection of Cyclamens
Messrs. E. G. Henderson 4t Son, for Collection of Cyclamen*
Mr. W. Bartlett, for 0 Filmy Ferns
Mr. W. Bartlet;, for Collection of Flowering Plants
NEW PLANTS.
FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES.
Mr. J. Wipcins, Gr., for Cattleya Warscewiczii
Messrs. T. Jackson, for Cattleya Warscewiczii delicata
Mr. W, Bull, for Odontoglossum maculatum
Mr- W. Bull, for Odontoglossum AloxaudriB
Mr. W. Bull, for Camellia Lavinia Maggi rosea
Mr. W, Bull, for Rogiera hybrida
Mr, W. Bull, for Cj-pnpedium Dayanum
Mr. W. Bull, for Cypripedium concolor
Mr. W. Bull, for Agave macracantha
Mr. W. Bull, forAralia crassifolia picta
Mr. W. Bull, for Arallaspathulata
Mr. W. Bull, for Phajus grandlfolius fol. variegatis
Mr. B. S, Williams, for Amaryllis Ixion
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Odontoglossum maculosnm
Mr. W, P,aul. for Rosa Cosur de Lion

Mr, W. Cruickshanks, Gr. to W. J. Loyd, Esq., for Verbena Lady of
Langleybury

SECOND-CLASS CERTIFICATES.
Mr. W. Bull, for Odontoglossum glohosum
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Ananassa Porteana
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Azalea Charmer
Messrs, E. G. Henderson &, Son, for Pyrethrum Golden Feather

To tlie Trade.

Mrs. Pollock and Sunset Geranidus.

TJ, BOOTH solicits Orders for the above, to
• deliver on and after the first week in May, Nice plants, with
6 to 10 leaves, well up in colour, for cash, per dozen, 7s. ; 100, 50s, ;
500, £12; 1000, £22. SUNSET, 18s. per dozen ; £6 per 100.
Rainhill Nursery, Rainhill, Lancashire.

0 N A L G E

GLOIRE DE CORBENNY
ST. GEORGE
PKCENIX
PINK STELLA
KING OF WHITES
WILTSHIRE LASS

R A N I u r.i S

BANNERET

GLOIRE DE NANCr

GLOW

SALMON NOSEGAY

SIR J. PiVXTON

WHITE PERFECTION

One of each, 10«., package included.
Cabbow & Soy, Gravel Walk Nur.^ei-j-, Peterborough.

Notice.

THE SIX finest TRICOLOR and VARIEGATED
GERANIUMS extant, for Bedding or Pot Culture, are—
ITALIA UNiTA | MRS. MAXWELL HATTON

SUNSET VARIEGATED LITTLE DAVID

BICOLOR SPLENDENS I MRS. LONGFtELD

The above, one of each, good plants, for 10.^.
Twelve of the finest ZONAL and NOSEGAY GERANIUMS of
1S66, in 12 sorts, distinct, for lOff.

Post Office Orders on Castle Hedingham.
Wii. DiLLTSToxE. Munro iSursery, Sibie Hedingham, Essex.

QUPEEB VARIEGATED GERANTum^!^

O BICOLOR SPLENDENS, MRS. LOXGFIELD, LITNA, GOLD
PHEASANT. GLOWWORM. LITTLE PET, ITALIA UNITA,
MRS. BENYON. MRS. POLLOCK, YELLOW BELT. CLARA, and
PICTU RATCM. One each of above, I5g.

BEAUTY of OULTON, LIGHT and SHADOW, SOPHIA

eUSACK. BEAUTY of GUESTWICK. GENERAL LONGSTREET.

and SOPHIA DUMAHESQDE. One ench, 42s., package included.

Remittance ruquestetl from unknown Correspondents,

Casbos i Sun, Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough,

C;H E A P, C H E A P, C H E A P ■

Two do7.en MRS. POLLOCK GERjVNIUM, Six Plants of
ITiXLlA UNITA Do., and Six dozen STELLA VARIEGATA DO ,
oi- 2lK.

Onedozen best NOSEGAY GETIANIUMS, including Pink Stella
and Le Grand, for Ss.

One dozen VIOLETS, nine of the magnificent QUEEN and tbrco
Oftho beautiful CZAR, in pots, for lOn.

Basket and packing included.
Tho above are good plants. A remittance must accompany o.ich
order from unlcnown correspondents.

John Barbett, The Nurseries, Bury St. Edmnnd's, Suffolk.

A TJCUBAS, FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

6 Varieties AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.
12 Select NEW FUCHSIAS of 18(16 for i;.?.
12 Select NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1RG6 forfis

6 Select DOUBLE MIMULUS for 3>r.
12 Select CHRYSANTHEMLiMSof lS66for4s,
12 VarietiesJAPAN EUONVMUS, very fine. 6s.
12 fine Varieties DWARF PERPETUAL ROSES, 6s,

3 Varieties NEW JAPAN OSMANTHUS, quite hardy Sa

^EW WHITE LOBELIA MISS MURPHY, 4s per doiei.;

B. W. K^-^OHT, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

riiRAND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION

\_T at BUKY ST. EDMUND'S, in comiection with the
SHOW of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 16, 1867, and four following Days.
Amongst various Special Prizes, amounting in value to nearly
£300, and exclusive of the ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20.
will be offered by the Proprietors of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for the best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to be made up as follows :—
Of FRUITS, any Five of the folloiving Eight kinds, one Dish of
each : — Grapes, Melons (2 fruits), Stravrbernes. Goosebenies, Cur-
rants, CherrioH, Raspberries, or Apples (of the crop of 1866).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of the following Fourteen kinds,
one basket or bundle of each :— Peas, French Beans (or Sc-ulet
Runners), Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace). Summer
Cabbages, Early Canms. Turnips, Ajtichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rlmbaj-b, Potatos, or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will be open to Corapetltiin amooRst Amateur or Pro-
lessional Gardeners, ol all grades, with Fniit and Vegetables of f/tetr
uton grovying ; any article otherwise obtained will disqualify the
exhibitor.

W^t ®ar5eneriS'Cfirotttcle,

SATURDAY, MARCH 30, 1867.

MEETINGS FOB THE ENSUING WEEK.
MovDiT. April l:^Entomoloeical 1 7 r.M.

f Koyal Horticultural (Fruit and Floral Com-
Tb«6»ay, — 2- mittwB). at South KeneiDgton ;. " ..Ham.

( Ditto CSfiontiftcDiacussion) Sp.k.

TprR6»AT. — i — LlmieaQ gp.si

In this, and in a former number of oui- Joui-nal,
we havo given the rejoinder of Mr. D. T. Pisa to
the objectiens taken by some of our corre-
spondents to his views respecting the relations of
Aqueous Yatoue to Eadiant Heat. Every-
one must admit the great ability, if not the entii'e
success of his reply. He has triumphantly
vindicated the right of practical men to deal with
such questions. He has also shown, undesignedly
no doubt, but with equal clearness, the need
there is of caution in these difficult specvJations,
and the expediency that all reasoners in meteoro-
logy, whether trained to scientific investigation
or not, should acquire very accurate conceptions
of the complex phenomena which they undertake
to explain.

In the. estimation of men of science Dr.
Tyndall's discovery of the power of aqueous
vapour to intercept radiant heat holds a similar

place to that occupied by iJr. Wells' theory of
dew. Dr. Tyndall's process is briefly described
by a correspondent at p. IKif, of our last year's
volume, and may be found ^ivon in full detail in
tho author's own work, " Hoat cnnBidorod as a
Modo of Motion," 2d edition, p. 'lO.'J, reviewed in
our columns p. 4.37, lH(i5, whore, however, the
property of aqueous vapour which has been the
subject of discussion in our pages, was not men-
tioned. By a variety of experiments with the
use of the galvanometer, Professor Tyndall
found that according to tho amount of tho
aqueous vapour present, humid air acted with
SO, fiO, or 70 times the energy of dry air in
intercepting radiant heat. And going forth fi-oni
his laboratory into tho " groou and living world,"
he describes the aqueous vapour in the atmosphere
as acting like a blanket, shielding vegetation
even in the .summer nights of England from the
horrors of sovero frost. The first edition of his
work, published early in 1863, was in the
following year translated into French by tho
well-known Abbe MoiGNO. His discovery
figures in a Keries of papers on L<i. Physirjun
Miukrnc, in tho November and December
numbers of the Revue des Dnix Momhs. The
writer, M. Saveny, gives an amusing descrip-
tion of what he calls Dr. Tyndall's towc en
scrhir, that is, his power of exhibiting picturesque
experiments by means of the superb apparatus
belonging to the Royal Institution, London. We
regret that the latter has not developed the main
truth he has discovered into its practical appli-
cations : he quietly says he knows too little of
meteorology to do that.

His caution in this particular gives a uoto of
warning to others ; and that it is not uncalled-
for we can testify from our own experience. As
soon as we became acquainted with Dr. Tyn-
dall's experiments, we tiu-ned with eagerness
to the Chiswick Meteorological Tables, to see if
we could find any distinct traces of the operation
of the principle in question. It seemed evident
that if radiant heat is intercepted in proportion
to the amount of aqueous vajioiu' in the
atmosphere, both the terrestrial and the solar
radiation would be in the inverse ratio of the
humidity of the air as shown by tho hygrometer.
We were staggered to find no such minute corre-
spondence with this law as we expected. Was
Tyndall's principle a delusion ? Or had the
observations been iucoiTect? That is, not the
observers, but the methods employed by them Y
Our suspicions settled on the latter alternative ;
and we are not yet quite satisfied that the
methods of ascertaining the terrestrial and solar
radiations employed at Ohiswick are quite unex-
ceptionable. But on reflection it soon became
appai'ent that the discrepancy was owing to
another caiLse altogether. The hygrometer
shows only the humidity of the layer of air
within a few feet of the surface of the earth,
whereas the radiation of both sorts is affected,
if affected .at aU, by aqueous vapour in all the
successive layers in the vertical column, which
may amount to a dozen or a score. We some-
times see two strata of clouds, perhaps at the
distance of some thousand feet from each other.
Such a case probably implies at least five states
of humidity in the vertical jvolumo. Who can
tell how far the terrestrial radiation penetrates
through these ? The absolute amount of aqueous
vapolu- in the atmosphere cannot possibly be
ascertained. Mi'. Glaisheb, indeed, in one of
his balloon ascents, did he only go up slowly
enough, might come to a rough approximation,
but the result, rough as it must be, would only
be temporary, for, from the aerial currents,
the condition of tho atmosphere is constantly
changing.

It is carefully to be noted that Professor
Tyndall limits the application of his principle
to the interception of the rays of obscure heat,
that is to radiation from the earth, for it is to
this alone that his experiment directly applies . The
inquiry remains : what is the' effect of aqueous
v.apoui' when radiant heat comes directly from
the sun on the wings of light? We are not
aware of any experiments fitted conclusively to
answer this question. The probability is that
the vapoui- which efifectually cuts off the hoat
sent forth £i-om a feeble soui-ce of radiation, such
as the earth, would prove a feeble barrier in the
w.'iy of the radiation coming from such a mighty
source of heat as the sim. Such, at least, is the
opinion of certain distinguished physicists. Dr.
Balfour Stewart, of Kew, in his admirable
" Treatise on Heat," p. 228, assuming this prin-
ciple as true, shows by a diagram, and by a

320

TEE GARPENERS' CHRONICLE Am AGPICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 30, 1867.

process of reasoning, how it would operate
in the case of the earth. The atmosphere
in summer, when it is most largely charged with
vapour, would act as a trap for heat, very much
as the glass of a Vinery, or other forcing house
does. It is greatlj' to be desii-ed that this were
not a matter of hypothesis, but of actual fact
ascertained by observation or experiment.

Our readers are requested to observe that we
have not yet said a single word as to the effects of
cloud, or fog, or mist, in the way of intercepting
radiant heat. These are not aqueous vapour,
properly so called, but vast collections of minute
particles of water, or what used to be called
vesicular vapour. They require a separate dis-
cussion, which we may reserve for another
opportunity. Meanwhile those who have appre-
hended clearly the operation of Dr. Tyndall's
principle, will be able to make out for themselves
the theory of bell-glasses, hand-glasses, hotbed
frames, and glazed houses generally. They will
perceive how it is that an Aneectochilus thrives
under the shade of a small bell-glass, while it
would perish in the ordinary atmosphere of a
pit or stove ; and they will not rashly conclude,
as some have done, that, if Tynd all's principle
is true, a low damp situation is the best to keep
tender plants, which, of course, being untrue,
they think a reductio ad ahsurdum of the whole
matter. The low damp situation may have only
a few feet or more air above it than the com-
paratively high and dry situation, and these few
feet may be only an infinitesimal quantity com-
pared with the whole vertical column of the
atmosphere. Besides evaporation, and therefore
cold, is generally in proportion to the quantity
of the moisture capable of being evaporated. It
may be added that plants growing in low damp
places are for the most part iU-ripened and
succulent, and so most liable to be injured by frost.

Eeverting for a little to Mr. Fish's specula-
tions, it appears to us that he has fallen into some
farther misapprehensions as to the action of
aqueous vapour on radiant heat. Ho speaks of
the whole of that heat as being thrown back to
the earth by the vapour which intercepts or

and that the Vice-President, Secretary, and Librarian
be charged to carry this resolution into effect."
Grerman horticulturists must address their letters to
Mr. 6. NiTCHNEE, director of the Botanical Gardens,
Geneva; Prench horticulturists to Mr. Y0NG,
Secretary to the Society, 8, Rue Berthelier, Geneva ;
and English and Americans to me. If they will inform
us by letter a day or two before they come, we will
send our interpreter to meet them at the railway
station. John A. Wafson, Vice President Horticultural
Society of Switzerland^ Campagne Lammermoor,
Geneva.

Of New Roses it is somewhat difficult and

venturesome to give a decided opinion, but we think
we can scarcely err in recording that Mr. "W. Paul's
new H.P. Cceur de Lion has shown itself deserving of
a place in the front rank. We have no hesitation in
saying thus much of it as a spring-forced Rose, and if
we are not misinformed, it is even better in the out-
of-door season. As staged last week at the Royal
Botanic Society's Spring Show, it was a fine full flower,
in every way perfect, both as to form and petal, and
while it appears to belong to the rosy-crimson group,
the colour nad so much of purple in it, i that it may
be correctly described as of a purplish-rose tint. We
advise Rosarians to be on the look-out for this variety
later in the season.

Especial attention should be directed to the

novel HiPPEASTKUM PAEDINUM introducedfrom Peru
by the Messrs. Veitch & Sons, and recently flowered
by them. It is perfectly distinct from all known kinds of
Amaryllis, and is remarkable for its form, which is
spreading, with scarcely any tube, so that the whole
inner surface is displayed, and for its colour, which
reminds one of the spotted varieties of Calceolaria or
of Tydsea, so closely is it covered with small dots, more
or less confluent, of crimson-red on a cream-coloured
ground.

— — One of the richest-coloured Camellias we have
seen, is the variety called Lavinia Maggi rosea, which
was shown at the Regent's Park on this day week by
Mr. Bull. With the fine form and petal of the original
striped sort, from which we presume this is a sport, it
combines a charming rosy-carmine colour, which is
remarkable at once for its brilliancy and its softness of
tint. It is a very decided acquisition.

. ■ M. Clemenceau, in the Revue Horticole, calls

attention to the use of the young Pbuits of Martynia
lutea and allied species as an Esculent, and reports
them to be excellent when pickled after the fashion of
Gherkins.

In the same periodical, M. Tkuffaut afSnns

specific identity of Iris spectabilis and Iris

the

absorbs it; as in a former paper he represents j ™fp,?PS;-„VT;dTfferentloo\inrprts: According

radiant heat as completely reflected from the
lower surface of a cloud as from tin-foU. These
are certainly erroneous conceptions, but we are
not aware that they are entertained by any one
except himself. A stratum of heated ail', like
any other heated body, radiates in all directions,
and consequently both upwards and downwards.
Besides, such warm air ascends by convection,
and so gets either wholly or partially beyond
those eflfusions of aqueous vapour, which at a
lower stage impeded the escape of heat into
infinite space. It is of importance to remark
that the action of the vapouf is only to retard,
but not completely to prevent the effects of
radiation. The escape of heat may be slow, but
it is accomplished in the long run. There is no
sensible accumulation of heat from year to year
at the surface of the earth, or in the circumam-
bient atmosphere. The annual means may vary
a little, but they do not increase. Nevertheless
the operation of the principle discovered by
Prof. Tyndall is extremely important. As he
has shown, it prevents the destruction of plants
by sudden frosts in the clear nights of summer.
It has an equalising influence on the tempera-
tures of successive days. And it is the cause of
that beneficent arrangement of Nature, whereby
our autumns are warmer than our springs — that
is, comparing periods equally distant on each side
of the summer solstice ; and so our concluding
seasons are propitious to the maturing of the
products both of the garden and the farm.

In our Miscellaneous column we give a
corroborative extract from a leading French
periodical. We would not however say uncon-
ditionally that either glass or the atmosphere is
opake to the obscure rays of heat.

to the statement of this well-known horticulturistj
I. spectabihs is only a sport from I. Xiphium.

Amongst other New Okchids that are to be

exhibited at South Kensington on Tuesday next,
Mr. Maeshall, we understand, is going to send a
plant of Odontoglossutn triumphans. A short lecture

On the Nomenclatirre of Orchid-houses of Different
Temperatures" will, we believe, be delivered by
Mr. Bateman ; and Mr. Wm. Paul will also give a
second short lecture on Spring Flowers.

We have been requested to give insertion to

the following resolution affecting Horticultural visitors,
adopted at a recent general meeting of the Hoeticul-
TCEAL Society of Switzeeland :— " Resolved, that as
we expect that many Horticulturists from all parts of
Europe and America will visit the Paris Universal Exhi-
bition thisyear,and perhaps at the same time otherparts,
aud among ' the sights' some may be tempted to visit
the Swiss mountains, and we knowing how diflicult it is
for strangers in any foreign country (who know neither
the country nor the language) to find their way to visit
public and private establishments, or any objects of
historic value, and knowing also that tourists are often
imposed upon by hotel keepers, guides, &c., shall
be happy to give information and all the assistance
in our power (gratis), to horticulturists from all parts
of the world who may visit Switzerland this summer.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Ampelopsis seejani^folia.— (?ffr<«j/7or(r, t. 531.
Vitacese. This is the Cissus viticifolia pinnatifida of
Siebold and Zuccarini, It is an elegant hardy climbing
sbrub, ornamental on account of the pleasant green
colour of its neatly divided leaves, which are palmately
five-parted, or the upper ones three-parted, the inter-
mediate division being often ternate or pinnate ; the
leaflets are obovate acute, and incisely toothed or sub-
lobate, and the rachis is articulately winged. The
flowers are insignificant, and come in small subumbel-
late beads, on peduncles which spring from opposite
the leaves. Native of Japan. Flowered in the Garden
of St. Petersburgh.

Aspeeula AZUEEA SSIOSA.— Oartenjlora, t. 523,
fig. 4. Galiaceae. Dr. Regel speaks of this as one of
the nicest and neatest of annual plants recently intro-
duced. It is a low herb, allied to A. arvensis, with
linear-lanceolate stellately arranged leaves, and heads
of small pale blue fiowers. Native of the Caucasus.
Flowered in the St. Petersburgh Garden.

BossiiEA Hendeesoni. — Gartenjlora, t. 523.
Leguminosje. A neat-habited dwarf greenhouse shrub,
with erect branches, the branchlets thickly set with
small ovate or subcordate distichous leaves, having
subulate stipules; the pedicels are axillary, much
longer than the leaves, and support each a yellow
flower stained with red. Native of New Holland.
Flowered in the St. Petersburgh Garden.

Cheysanthemums.— jF^oj-aZ Mag., t. 328. Com-
positaj. The following large-flowered varieties are
figured in this plate ;— 1. Lady Talfouri, afineincurved
variety of a delicate rosy lilac, and having a full centre.
2. Furpurea elegans, a rosette-formed variety, with
deep purple violet flowers, likely to form an excellent
conservatory plant. Flowered by Mr. Salter.

CheysaNTHEMUMS.— ii'.'oraZ Mag., t. 331. The
following Pompon varieties are figured in this plate ;—
St. Michael, a bright golden yellow, rather large for a
Pompon ; 2, T/ie Countess, small-flowered, blush-tinted
lilac, flowering in compact little bouquets ; 3, Madge
Wildfire, medium size, vivid red with golden tips,
very showy and pleasing. These are all new varieties,
from the collection of Mr. Salter, of Hammersmith.

Daphne GsJ^KWi..—Garfenflora, t. 499. Thyme-
laoeae. A neat-growing ornamental hardy or half-hardy
shrub, of 2 to 3 feet high, with opposite lanceolate
leaves, and fascicles of from three to seven rather large
lilac flowers, with a tube nearly half an inch in length.

and four ovate obtuse lobes. The flowers are fragrant,
and appear in April before the development of the
leaves. It is related to D. Fortunei, and is well worth
cultivation. Native of Japan. Flowered in the St.
Petersburg Botanic Garden.

G ON ATOSTEMON BouCH^ANUM.— Gartenfiora, t. 626.
Cyrtandraceee. A stove sub-shrubby plant, represent-
ing a new genus. It grows 1 to 2 feet high, witn fleshy
flexuous hairy branches, opposite ovate leaves, and
solitary axillary purplish woolly two-lipped flowers,
dichotomously veined on the lower side with deeper
purple. Native of India. Flowered in the St. Peters-
burgh Garden.

NlDULAEIUM LauEENTII.— ffarfen^ora, t. 529.
Bromeliacese. A very distinct and pretty stove
perennial, with rosulate more or less recurved ligulate
leaves, spmulose on the margins, suddenly acuminate
at the apex, white towards the base, green upwards,
and spotted over with dark brown dots and blotches.
The outermost leaves are without the white colour,
which becomes more marked towards the centre, so
that in the short inner leaves the ground colour is almost
wholly white. The flowers of the short capitate heads
are of a very pale greyish-blue. It is related to N. triste,
and had been received from M. Laurentius as Billbergia
aurantiaca. Supposed to be South American. Flowered
in the St. Petersburgh Garden.

Pepeeomia aeifolia aeqyeeia. — Bot. Mag.,
t. 5634. Piperacese. This plant is figured also in
La BeJgique Horticole (1867, t. 2), as Peperomia
argyreia. It is a handsome-leaved dwarf stove
perennial, stemless and quite smooth, with peltate,
broadly ovate concave leaves, the petioles of which are
red, and the blades brigbt green, marked by broad white
bands between the nerves. The minute flowers are
densely set on a long slender catkin. Native of South
Brazil. Flowered by Mr. Bull.

PHALiENOPSIS INTEEMEDIA PoETEI. — Warner's
Select Orchid. PL, 2 ser., t. 2. Orchidacea;. A lovely
epiphyte, with the general character of P. intermedia,
better known in gardens as P. Lobbii, but remarkable
for its size, for the deep rich rose colour of its lip, and
for the fine flush of rose colour about the base of the
sepals and petals. Native of the Philippine Islands.
Flowered by R. Warner, Esq.

Sedum japonicum. — GaricB^oro, t. 513, fig. 3. Cras-
sulacese. A glabrous half-hardy perennial with diffuse
stems, scattered or opposite, spathulate-oblong, acute,
lively green leaves, and abundant terminal, trifid, simple,
or rarely ramose cymes of yellow starry flowers. Native
of Japan, introduced by M. Maximowicz. Flowered
in the Botanic Garden of St. Petersburgh.

Sedum Maximowiczii. — Gartenfiora, t. 528. Cras-
sulaceje. Asmooth,hardyperennial, related to S.Aizoon
and S. kamtschaticum, with erect angular stems,
upwards of a foot in height, obovate-lanceolate, obtuse,
irregularly crenato-dentate leaves, and having rather
large floral leaves on the primary branches of the
inflorescence, which forms a large flat cyme of yellow
flowers. Native of Japan. Flowered in the St. Peters-
burgh Botanic Garden.

Synadenium Geantii. — Pot. Mag., t. 5633.
Buphorbiacese. A curious stove shrub, with fleshy
stems, ovate spathulate obtuse leaves, and a terminal
cymose inflorescence, the most conspicuous parts of
which are the small crimson involucres. " It belongs
to a very curious genus, closely allied to Euphorbia."
Native of Central Africa. Reared at Kew, where it
has flowered, from a fragment found in a collection of
dried plants made by Capts. Grant and Speke.

LETTERS FROM PARIS.— No. IV.
Des Baeees, Loieet.

I HAVE just returned from a very pleasant a,nd
instructive trip into the country, where I went with
M. Henri Vilmorin to see his late grandfather's estate
— des Barres, near Nogent sur Vernisson, in the
department of Loiret. Your older, tree-loving readers
scarcely need perhaps to be told that the late M. PhiUppe
Andre Vilmorin was a great lover of trees — he was an
intimate friend of Loudon and Michaux, and other
men of their time, who did better work at trees, and
more for arboriculture, than any who have since come
upon the scene ; but not many have any idea what
an extensive experimentalist with trees was the late
head of the very old-established house of Vilmorin,
nor had I the least notion, till lucky enough to be
taken there by my very kind friend M. H. Vilmorin,
who is also fond of fine trees and an enthusiastic student
of Conifers. Madame P. A. Vilmorin, who now resides
on the estate, is as fond of the trees as was her late hus-
band. I also met there M. Charles Vilmorin, who has
imbibed no small love of arboriculture during his shore
peregrinations while 26 years in the navy, particularly
on the shores of the Black Sea, where he had command
of a ship during the war. So that I had guides who
made me so much at home in every way, that I
did not know whether most to admire their kindness,
or the valuable and interesting experimental plantation
of trees with which about a fourth part of the estate
of a thousand acres or so is planted. This fourth part
has lately passed into the hands of the Government,
the valuable wood it contains^ and particularly the
illustration it affords of the kinds of trees suited for
wide spreads of poor land in France, rendering it a
highly desirable addition to the State plantations ; and
it is now superintended by an inspector of forests with
assistants, so that there is no fear of the public losing
the lessons taught by the planting, and the whole is
saved from the vicissitudes which are more or less
likely to occur to such matters when in private hands.
But for the particular desire of the late M. Vilmorin
that it should pass into the hands of the State, his
family would not have parted with it on any condition.

But we will have a look round. Trees are our
theme; Ijut immediately on going outside the house
towards the woods I happened to look down among

Mabch 30, 18C7.]

THE GAIiDKNETiS' CimONICr/E AND AGRTCULTUliAL GAZETTE.

321

the Violets imd Moss, tu bo astonished at the quantities
of Cyclamen hederaifoUura, pcrlectly naturalised and
quite wild-looking, about the iilantation near the
house, the leaves being large and lat, and the plants as
happy-looking as iiossible, on ground nearly purple
with the Sweet Violet. What a pretty sight this
C'yclaiueu must prove in autumn ! And of course
it may bo naturalised in England quite as
well as here. I particularly allude to this, because it
reminds me of the many beautiful things that may be
naturalised about English shrubberies and plantations
—in the neighbourhood of every country house in fact.
There are some things, like this Cyclamen, the
Apennine Anemone, and not a few beautiful bulbs and
herbaceous plants, which without requiring any atten-
tion, would prove a perpetual source of interest and
beauty, and so planted many of them would thrive
much better, and look much better, than in the border
or any other position in which they are cultivated.

In a wood of Oaks near the house there is a charac-
teristic example of the tree that has proved one of the
most valuable here— the Calabrian variety of the
Corsican I'ine. The specimens were planted 10 years
later than the wood of Oaks (about 1830), and are now
from 12 to 20 feet above the tojjs of the Oaks, forming
perfect and handsome trees, Ut any day to cut do(vn
and furnish good-sized planks and wood for any im-
portant purposes. The soil is the poorest in the
country, a gritty, gravelly soil, and therefore that
this tree is highly suitable for the large areas
of such-like lands in France has been clearly
proved. Things were not planted iu small quan-
tities here; there is a goodly-sized grove of all the
more important Pines, and therefore you can judge
generally of their value and canabilities of growth.
The merit of this Calabrian var. uf P. Corsica cannot
be too widely known, and doubtless it is as suitable for
the British Isles as for Prance. There are large planta-
tions of it here in various parts, all exhibiting its
vigorous and clean growth and general superiorly. This
Calabrian variety of the Corsican was M. Vilmorin's
favourite for useful planting, after having tried almost
every Pine obtainable in his day. In the woods tiie
Spanish Chestnut is pretty freely grown for making the
'bands for wine casks, being cut down to the ground
every six years for that purpo.se. There are a great
many varieties of the Scotch Pine grown here, and each
in some quantity, the liiga being much preferred to any
other, being straight, free, and the best for commercial
and sliip-masting purposes. It, like the Pinepreviovrly
mentioned, is largely planted. Many kinds usually C'iU-
lined to pleasure-grounds are also grown here, butj these
I cannot touch upon, having so much to see and talk
about. It is difficult to save cones in consequence of
the squirrels which came to the place from the forests
of Orleans, a few years after the trees were planted,
and do a great deal of damage, the ground being
literally strewn with shoots cut off by their means.

There is a very large plantation of Cedar of Lebanon,
in which a curious thing may be observed; some trees
are about a yard high, stunted and miserable looking,
while others are pyramidal, vigorous and straight as a
gun-barrel, and from 30 to 50 feet high or more. All
were planted at the same time, but all did not grow
up, and some have yet to take the start. But take it
they will, and make fine plants some day. Before they
spring up they are such objects as if seen singly in
a pleasure ground would probably be thrown away.
Some that have waited 20 years in an undecided state
as to whether they would make a Cedar of Lebanon
or a Gooseberry bush, began to arise handsomely a
year or two ago, and thus you may see them of all
sizes as before stated. Of course this might not be
noticed unless iu a large plantation ; and it may be a
fact worth bearing in mind. Between the Cedar
plantation and one of the Calabrian Laricio, a Grass
drive is bordered on one side with a long and fine line
of the fa.stigiate form of the common Oak, and striking
evidence allorded of its value as an ornamental tree.
It is surprising how little this distinct tree is planted
iu British grounds. The old nursery here, in which
many of the trees were raised, is no longer a nursery ;
but as many of the trees were left it is fully planted
with a rich variety of trees, and among these I par-
ticularly noticed one of these narrowly pyramidal and
fastigiate Oaks that would be an object of beauty and
interestinanypleasuregarden. Tall,large,andstrikingly
distinct, its branches, both large and small, were spirally
twisted so as to give the tree a curiously beautiful effect.
Depend upon it that those who pay much attention to
planting deciduous trees will reap a richer reward than
they can in any other arboricultural field ! The
Gleditschias make good way here, and it was interesting
to see the ground sprinkled here and there with the
] pods of G. triacanthos, 15 and 16 inches long, dark
; brown and thin, looking like snake skins on the ground.
I The Birches are also very fine, particularly the yellow
^ and the Canoe Birch ; while Picea Pinsapo is among the
freest and noblest of the trees growing rapidly in
several parts of the plantations. But we must go back
again to look at the American Oaks, which are planted
on a large scale, like the useful Pines, remarking in
' passing that the more southern the varieties or forms,
j or whatever you like to call them, of the Scotch Fir,
! the smaller and more contorted they are— the Riga
being in every way the best.

Oaks, I have said, were very largely planted— indeed

I have never had an opportunity of seeing them to

1 such advantage before ; and though they are for the

most part leafless, the lover of trees can appreciate

good kinds in that state as well as any other. Quercus

tinctoria has made a fine tree, a long line of it being

handsome, vigorous, and erect, suiting the cold soil

and country as well as any tree could, and having made

in fact quicker progress than any of the common Oaks.

^ Grown in long parallel lines like the Conifers, the

( habits and capabilities and beauty of the trees can be

vj judged of much more easily than when placed singly.

here and there, in a pleasure ground or plantation. It
is never safe to judge from isolated s])ecimens. Vou
cannot bo in much doubt iu a case like this, when you
see a long line of vigorous trees alongside oiio of a
kind that grows to a great size in its native country,
hut does not outgrow the scrubby form here. Those who
make such experiments deserve the gratitude of the
planting community. By them they learn what to
plant with confidence, and thereby are spared (expense
and disappointment. What suits thisneighbourhood
will suit eciually well most jiarts of the British Jsles.
The Willow Oak (Quercus Phellos) does freely, and
forms a handsome tree when leafless. The ground is
covered with the large and deeply stained leaves of the
brighter coloured American kinds, and rubra and
coccinea both do famously. These woods must be
beautiful and interesting in autumn, the colour of some
of the lines of trees being described as most brilliant.
Perhaps the handsomest Oak in the whole lot is an
isolated specimen of Q. heterophylla, scarcely 30 years
old, with a stem now about 2 feet in diameter, but the
tree most remarkable for its free and flowing outline
and long dense slightly pendulous branches, which
form a grateful shade in summer. As seen here it is a
first-class lawn or plea.sure-ground tree. Large and
tall pyramidal specimens of the common Juniper
look like well-grown plants of the Upright
Cypress, for which this place is rather cold,
but the Juniper furnishes quite as good an effect.
Cunninghamia sinensis grows pretty well, while the
common Araucaria is not to be seen ; and Magnolia
grandiflora forms handsome standards, surviving no
doubt in consequence of the perfect ripening of the
wood. P. Cembra, and not a few others, barely exist.
P. austriaca is found as useful as it is in Britain,
especially on chalky parts of the estate. The smallest
the scrubbiest, and the wiriest of the Oaks, though
perhaps not_ the most useless or uninteresting, is
Quercus Banisteri, with a few words on which I shall
conclude my brief survey of this most, interesting
place. This little Oak is planted to the extent of
about half an acre here, and chiefly under tall Pines.
One can scarcely look at it in that position without
being struck with its merit as a cover plant ; it grows
so freely under the Pines, forms a level, dense, and
regular surface with its upper shoots, and an almost
impenetrable cover from the toughness of its boughs.
It never presumes to go up aloft like other Oaks, but
remains a flat-headed scrubby subject at from 3 to
■tV feet high. It begins to fruit at five years old,
producing from that age onwards abundance of small
pretty dark brown acorns, with light brown stripes
j radiating from their apex, and is greedily devoured
by fowls and other farmyard inmates, and would
doubtless be equally useful for game-feeding. Nobody
plants so much for cover as the English country
gentleman, and I would recommend this subject
to his attention. It seems especially suited for the
poorest s jils and coldest situations, and is as hardy as a
J3irch.

Another word with reference to Planera Richardi,
which grows well here, though not so well as it does
in England. M. C. Vilmorin told me that he found it
a very useful w^ood for ships' repairs ; but be it so or
not, the tree is one which should be more freely
planted in England, as it is both handsome, large, and
of thoroughly distinct habit, as may be well seen from
a specimen in Christ Church meadows at Oxford, and
from trees at Syon House, and elsewhere in Britain.

In the Oak plantations it was an object with the late
M. Vilmorin to compare the growth of the common
French Oaks with that of the American on this poor
gritty soil, and the result is much in favour of the
American, tinctoria and rubra being most free and
vigorous. W. S.

MOIST AND DRY AIR.

(Cuiicliuledfrom page 294.)

But it is time to turn from these arguments against
the claims of aqueous vapour to be considered a heat
preserver, to those adduced on the other side. This
brings us to the question — What do Tyndall's experi-
ments prove? Certainly this, that aqueous vapour
introduced into the path of radiant heat in its passage
tlu'ough dry air stops the passage of the heat by
absorbing it and radiating it back again. Radiant
heat at low temperatures passes through dry air as if it
were a vacuum. Given a heating surface at one end of
a given space, and a sensitive index at the other, with
a stratum of dry air between, and the whole heat seems
to be transferred from the one point to the other, just
as if there were no intervening space, or as if it were a
vacuum. But introduce vapour of water, carbonic
acid gas, or ammonia on the radiating lines, and the
passage of the heat is suddenly arrested. This inter-
ruption also takes place whether the vapour is visible
or invisible. The smallest quantity of perfume, even,
is sufficient to cut asunder the radiant beam of
warmth, or to arrest its course. Air near saturation
will probably resist the passage through it of radiant
heat at low temperatures with something like
IGOO times the energy of dry air. It is not supposed to
have so much, if any, power of keeping out heat when
radiating at high temperatures. Thus, the solar rays
probably pass quite through aqueous vapour without
much, if any, diminution of energy, while the heat
radiating from the earth is stopped and returned by it.
Such, in brief, is Professor Tyndall's new theory of
radiation as effected by aqueous vapour. It is sus-
tained by the most lucid reasoning, and the most
brilliant experiments. It will be difficult, if not
impossible, to overturn the facts he has established,
the most important being probably that aqueous
vapour circumscribes the range of terrestrial radiation.
It shortens the lines as it were, and keeps the heat
nearer the surface.

Now the question forces itself upon our notice, is

this fact compatililo wilh llio other facts already
recorded— can aijiicoiis vapour at once become the
I aiise of heat and cold y I'orhaiis it may. The
lir.st point is to make sure of the facts. Tho'priniary
question is not, are they in harmony with each other,
but are they all true i" If so, they must bo held lirinly,
even if they contradict each other. One clnss of facts
proves that aqueous vapour aggravates and inlcnsilien
— in fact, strengthens the cold; the other seems to
affirm that it liu.sbandsand preserves terrestrial boat.

Let us look a little closer at both statements.
Aqueous vapour absorbs radiant heat. Whit becomes
of it after it is absorbed? It is again radiated. In
what ])roportion ? vScicnco answers that it gives back
what it has received. Absor|ilion and radiation are
reciprocal and alike ! It may be so ; but it is difficult
to see how bodies would ever cool on that principle.
If bodies radiate in all directions in straight linos, and
each gives out exactly what it receives, then the tem-
perature of each would remain constant. How, for
instance, could Professor Tyndall's source of heat cool,
if the aqueous vapour sent back upon it all it received
from it? I accept the experiment, as proving a
breaking of the current and interruption of the
radiating lines; but I do not see that it proves much
about the final disposition of the heat. It is this final
disposition, either by radiation or in any other way,
that chiefly concerns us. The aqueous vapour absorbs
the heat — thus much is proved. It radiates it back
again — so mujh is inferred. But how much is lost
during the exchange ? and where does the lost heat go
to? It is probably in this loss that the cooling effects
of aqueous vapour are to be sought. It is obvious
enough that heat cannot radiate backwards and
forwards in either horizontal or vertical lines from the
surface of the earth to the aqueous vapour of the air
without .any loss. Whether the radiating lines be long
or short, it may be safely^ inferred that some heat
escapes at the extremities, either of the atmosphere or
of the aqueous vapour. In fact Tyndall admits that
probably 30 per cent, of terrestrial heat may be
radiated away into incompensatory space.

It is obvious from observation that much terrestrial
heat must find its way through the aqueous vapour of
the atmosphere. Heat passes from the surface of the
earth, impinges against the clouds, and is radiated
back to the earth agaiu. Now all such heat passes
twice through the whole aqueous vapour of the atmo-
sphere. Neither can very much of it be lost on the
journey, for it returns with energy enough to prevent
the formation of dew. It is also difficult to see how
dew can be formed if aqueous vapour have the powerful
radiant properties claimed for it. It is only an unequal
, exchange of heat between bodies that renders the
\ deposition of dew possible. The quantity of dew
formed at any given point may be accepted as a
measure of the excess of heat radiated there beyond
what was absorbed. The excessive activity of the
radiation of the one beyond the other destroyed the
j calorific balance between them, and the thickness of
\ the dew line measures the product of the difference
1 between them. But if aqueous vapour were quite
: opaque to the passage of heat, dew could not be formed.
But no one contends that it is quite impervious. The
! question is one of degree. Water in all its states
is a powerful radiator. It has been said indeed that
aqueous vapour is opaque to the passage of heat,
radiated from water or itself. Tyndall's experiments
seem to prove that such heat has much difficulty in
passing through. But he speaks elsewhere of the layers
of aqueous vapour being tilted up to allow of heat
being poured into space. .Something like this may
I happen in this case. If the radiant heat cannot pass
I through, perhaps it may have sufficient energy to push
the thin flimsy screen out of the way. And is it not
I quite possible that the very maintenatice of the vapour
as such creates and maintains a constant demand for
heat? In this way the sensible heat of the air might
be spirited away and become hidden iu the delicate
meshes of the aqueous vapour, to prevent the latter
being condensed into water. As Inyer after layer
threatened to precipitate itself there would be a
continuous demand for heat, and this demand
would be large or small in proportion to the amount
of aqueous vapour that had to be maintained, and
the general temperature of the air. Another point of
great importance is that the absorption of heat by
aqueous vapour causes its instant displacement. No
sooner is the heat absorbed than the vapour darts off
with it. It is doubtful if there is time enough to
radiate back a ray of heat before the line of communi-
cation is snapped asunder by a change of place. If this
be so, then the absorbent power of aqueous vapour
would tend to chill any body which it enveloped.
Whatever its radiating energy the heat would not be
sent back to the exact spot from which it proceeded.
The inconceivable rapidity with which heat travels or
vibrates through space, may be urged as an objection
to this view of the subject. But it does not hold here ;
for motion is as instantaneous as heat— in fact, it is pro-
bable the two are identical. Aqueous vapour, then,
being a gresdy absorbent of he:it — being close at hand,
taking it in at first sight, and then instantly changing
its place, instead of returning the heat from whence it
came, it may cool any source of heat, a man or a
plant for instance, faster than dry air itself. Another
point is worthy of notice here. It is well known that
water will scarcely convey heat downwards. But
apply it from below and it will instantly be w.armedand
moved by convection. Aqueous vapour being more
sensitive to heat than water, would be instantly dis-
turbed and rearranged in this manner. And in the
case of all bodies on the surface of the earth, their
heat would be so applied as to insure its instant
abstraction by the displacement of their watery
envelopes.

It may seem almost presumptuous to advance such
views, especiallv as Tyndall affirms that aqueous vapour

322

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 30, 18G7.

preserves terrestrial heat. I submit, however, that
this is not clearly demonstrateJ by his experiments.
It is an inference from them which may or may not
be tenable. The facts that he cites in proof are
capable of being judged of by practical men. He
attributes the extremes ^ of temperature between
night and day that attains in the central parts of Asia,
and other parts of the world, solely to the dryness
of the air. Are there not other causes ? Does not
the rarity of the air, for instance, contribute to these
extremes ? Is it not also possible that its increased
temperature, by enlarging the area of air and raising it
higher into space, brings more of it to confront the
interstellar ether, where Vadiation isintense.andtheheat
would be lost. Certainly these causes, independent of
the influence of aqueous vapour, would cause a sudden
violent depression of temperature soon after the source
of heat was removed. There is also another reason for
the more uniform temperature of insular lands, than
the aqueous vapour of their atmospheres. Water
receives and parts with its heat much slower than the
land, and it requires much more of it to be applied
from above to produce a similar rise of temperature.
Consequently where much water is present to absorb
the sun's rays it will moderate the solar warmth. And
again, at night, the land, especially if covered by vege-
tation, cools much faster than the water. No sooner
does the land become coldest than the water wafts its
heat over it, and thus tempers the nightly cold. Hence
laud and sea breezes alternate with day and night. In
winter, again, every bod.v of water above the freezing
point becomes a source of heat, and softens the rigour
of the winter's cold. I think such facts go far to
explain the extremes of temperature over wide con-
tinents of land, and the equable climates of insular
countries, altogether irrespective of the varied
quantities of aqueous vapour in their respective
atmospheres.

I have thus endeavoured (others must judge with
what success) to accept Tyndall's experiments on the
opacity of aqueous vapour to the passage of radiant
heat at low temperatures, without relinquishing my

hawks search brooks in quest of prey ? I have a small
lake, supplied by a narrow stream from springs issuing
from the chalk ; in this stream trout spawn. It was
visited by herons, of which many were taken in steel
spring-traps, placed from two to three inches under
water, without bait of any kind ; and, to ray surprise,
three hawks have been taken in the same traps, at that
depth, and under similar circumstances. A., Lyme.

Dialogue on Vine Forcing. — Joe: Have you left work,
Jim ? Jim : Tes, all but giving attention to the fires.
Joe : Between sulphur and cold we have had a sharp
time of it. Jim: Yes, For my part, I should not
begin forcing Vines in such an unnatural time, and
when the Vine is in such an unnatural condition,
when perhaps the roots were never forced earlier than
Tebruary when they were first struck in pans, as
cuttings. Joe : When do you begin— October ? Jim :
Tes ; about the middle of that month. Joe : What
would you do for early Grapes if you did not begin so
early ? Jim : I believe we could get them quite as
early by starting them the first day of December. Joe:
But that would make six weeks' difference. Jim :
Well, but I believe they would make that up, for this
reason : the longer the Vines are left to rest, and the
nearer the time when they start naturally, the greater
vigour do they exhibit, which will, on account of quick
development, make up for lost time. They will also be
assisted by root action much sooner than if started
sooner. Joe: You are speaking of Vines with roots
out of doors. Jim : I have found little diflerence in
that respect ; in fact, if any, it has been that Vines with
roots out doors have been first and best. Joe .■ I have
seen two Vines in one house, one with roots in a
north border, the other with them within the house,
in a chamber warmed by a flue passing under it. The
Vine whose roots were out always had ripe Grapes
first. Jim : Can you account for that ? Joe : No.
Jim : I believe we have erred in forcing the Vine ; I
am of opinion that all Vines for forcing should be
raised from seed, and at the time they would eventually
be required to start into growth. The root and top
would then probably go together, provided the roots

belief in the destructive power of a moist atmosphere were well protected. Joe : Did you ever try anything
as a cause of severe cold ; and I claim the assistance of ' of the kind ? Jim : Thus far : I sowed some seed, I
your readers in helping practical gardeners to under-
stand the whole truth on this most important subject.
J). T. Fish.

Frrata. — At p. 294, col. a, near the top, the words
latter and former should be transposed ; and, further
down, latitude should read altitude.

Hollies, clothed with dense foliage through being kept
constantly clipped, were in the aggregate too severely
injured to be able to stand throughout the following
summer. Out of some hundreds, of all shapes and
sizes, not more than 1-lOth of the whole has survived ;
and of these there are few which have not lost valuable
limbs— some more, some less — almost yearly since.
Then every Eose except a few Ayrshires, Austrians, an
old Baron Prevost, and a Chen^dold or two, were
totally destroyed ; those on their own roots were not
even exempt. Thus much I state by way of contrast
to the more recent severe weather in this immediate
neighbourhood. The maximum amount of frost which
we experienced here was 29', which happened upon
the night of the .3d January. My thermometer (an
upright self-registering max. and min. — Negretti &
Zambra) chanced upon that night to hang in the niche
of an upstairs window, having a western aspect,
and about 20 feet above the ground level. The kitchen
garden presents a very bare aspect; most incoming
spring crops having been wholly destroyed. The
exceptions are — Brussels Sprouts, and a large bed of
Cabbages, which were dibbled out on an old Onion bed
immediately the crop of Onions was off, no previous
preparation having been given. Tliis treatment
induced them to grow firmly, with little stocks, a
circumstance which has doubtless aided in preserving
them. Of Broccolis we have lost the entire stock,
with but about one exception in the shape of
the variety called Williams' Alexandra. Pampas
Grasses I fear are much injured, as on a large plant
7 feet in diameter, many of the autumn-formed snoots
have rotted away at the base, especially upon the north
side. Varieties of Cistus seem killed to the ground.
Taxodium sempervirens, which assumed a bronze red
colour soon after the frost, has almost wholly regained
its proper colour, and seems to have sustained little or
no injury. Laurels, Hollies, Aucubas, and even Laurus-
tinus, though the wood appeared to be much injured,
are likely to survive with comparatively little injury.
Among Roses, I observe that Heine d'Angleterre,
Paul Eicaut, and Souvenir de Leveson Gower, are
wholly destroyed ; others have escaped. Lonicera
aureo-reticulata has survived in a most adverse position,
regard to the common Bay, all

Home Correspondence

Death of Forest Trees. — In replying in part to
communication in a recent number (see p. 235)

think in January, some years ago, and I can recollect whilst in regard to the common Bay, all above
that the produce of it ever afterwards started naturally ■ ground which was exposed has been destroyed. The
at that time, until the seedlings were thrown away. I , chaste little Sedum cameum variegatam, a portion
shall, when opportunity offersj try the experiment on a : of which was thrown loosely under a north wall last
larger scale. Joe : Then it appears you attribute ; September, looks as fresh as ever, thus aflbrding
sickness and decay in forced Vines to the top being j proof of the perfect hardihood of another of our
in growth while the roots are almost dormant ? i late Japanese introductions, and that an exceedingly
Jim : Yes. Joe : I have often noticed vigour in a ' succulent one. The more prominent spurs upon some
forced Vine when too late to give size to bunch or i Apricots in this_ neighbourhood _are greatly injured
berry, when the Vine throws out a host of laterals ' '

5) I

at the time the wood ought to be hardening. Jim
That is owing to prolonged root action, which does

observe that there has been a great mortality among ] harm rather than good. If the roots were at work at

the Beech in this neighbourhood (comparatively great, the same time as the tops they would rest together as

that is) owing entirely neither to frost nor fungus, but i well as grow together. Joe : Then you think, to get

to a cause which I have reason to think is not ! long-lived, healthy Vines for forcing, you must procure

sufficiently estimated, I mean the drought of 18C4 and i them from seedlings. Jim : Let the Vines themselves

1865, but especially of the former year. In the springs ' be from seed raised at the time they would be required

of 1SG5 and 1866, many Beech trees showed leaves, , to start. You find a seedling put forth its root as well shire, from February

seemed exhausted with the attempt, and died away ' as its top, a cutting puts forth its top first. [Not registering maximum

before the leaves were half developed ; this I feel sure always. Eds.] Of course the roots should be well

was owing to deficiency of sap from the extreme dry- 1 protected from cold when placed in the border where

ness of the soil. It was to the same cause, I fully they are to be forced. Joe : What would the " big

believe, that the loss of many Elms in 1853-59 was to be ' guns " say if they heard this chat ? Jim : They would

attributed ; every one of the least observation in such ; doubtless make a great noise, and perhaps let fall a

matters knows how near the surface the roots of the ' good hint or two in the scramble. Joe : That is what

Elm are, and how porous and full of moisture when I we want. H. M., Fni/s, Penryn.

in a healthy state. Their loss was generally attri- | Self-coloured Sports. — During 20 years' practical

buted to the little beetles that bored them, but I was experience I have come across a great many sports in

early indoctrinated with Waterton's opinion, that trees ditferent kinds of variegated plants, and have tried a

were only preyed upon above ground when mischief had great many times to set a, self-coloured sport of Pelar-

already developed itself underground ; and if the con- ' gonium. Heliotrope, Antirrhinum, Mimuius, Chrysan-

trary theory had been true, what \yould have become of themum, &c., but always without success. I have

the rest of our,Elm trees by this time ! But familiar as induced them to emit roots, but never to set, or,

these beetles were to us at the time I mention, I have j perhaps, more properly speaking, I could not get them

and the general appearance of the trees is bad.
Fortunately, when the frost was most severe, mine
were imder a protection of Frigi Domo. These are
now smothered with bloom. It may interest some to
know that August-sown plants of the rampant-growing,
symmetrical Artemisia annua have withstood the
whole severity of the weather in a fully exposed

situation. William JEarley, DigstvelL Herts. The

following is a record of weather at Belvoir, Leicester-
" ' ~ " V lo March 23, 1857. Self-

and minimum thermometers
read at 9 a.m. daily : —

not seen one since those years that so' many Elms
died. There was a great controversy then, partly carried
into your columns, as to the cause of destruction of the
avenue of Elm trees in St. Giles, Oxford; no one
apparently butmyself, bethought them that a year or two
before, the street, which is not paved, had received a coat-
ing of concrete, about 1 or 1 1 foot thick ; this, added to a
deep drain, 6 or 7 or more feet deep, within a couple of
yards of their stems, depriving them of a large portion
of the benefit of any rain-fall, as well as burying the
roots away from atmospheric influences, was ample
cause enough to account for their ruin. In 1860, in
February, I had a large Silver Fir blown down, a great
favourite, and I was satisfied that it had died really
from the same cause ; the roots were decayed to dust,
and in many cases full of the mycelium of some fungus,
but was this latter the cause or the consequence bf
decay ? I do not think it was the cause ; the tree stood
in soil (sand) about four or five feet above clay, upon
which ooze springs in many spots, the drainage of the
overlying sand. About the time that the tree showed
signs of shabbiness, which it ha'i for a year or two pre-
ceding its overthrow by the gale, the springs that I
speak of had ceased to run fcr 15 months, a circum-
stance which I could testify of my own knowledge had
neverhappenedfor.40years before. I rememberreceiving
very incredulously the dictum of some practical
gardener, that the aphides settling on a plant in the
greenhouse showed it at once to need repotting- never-
theless a very little observation convinced me. I
believe, generally, that the stinting of the supply of
healthy sap, is a prelude to the death of the plant, unless
timely arrested, creating avitiated sap, viscous and often
attractive by its sweetness, on which insects prey, and
fungi find a suitable nidus, and may hasten but do not
cause its destruction. J. S. [Drought caused by deep
drainage and paving, has killed more London trees
than any other cause. Eds.]
Jfoii'i-s.- Can any of your readers inform me if

to grow into plants ; on the contrary, they would
gradually dwindle and die. The thought, however,
struck me that I could manage matters another way ;
so in 1865 I began with the Fuchsia. I selected
Pillar of Gold, sent out by Messrs. Smith, of Dulwich,
and fertilised it with the linest-habited sort grown, viz.,
Puritani ; the result was about 18 seedling plants, of a
dull yellowish green, the latter tint predominating,
and therefore they were useless. That was one
year's trial, but I did not get perfectly cured, as Mr.
Cannell says, in six months. I therefore looked about
for another sort on which to practise— it was then I
saw Cloth of Gold, and noticing that some of the
leaves had a tendency to become yellow or self-coloured,
I took one of the strongest and thickest-leaved sorts,
viz., Enoch Ardeu (Banks), and fertilised Cloth of
Gold with it. The result was four seedling plants,
which came up with yellow cotyledons, and all four
were planted out in the garden, and retained their true
golden-leaved character. Two were discarded, one
came a little blotched in the leaf after the style of
aucubicfolia ; the other, which was considered the best,
had a beautiful dwarf bushy habit, and only reached a
height of about 9 inches, and thinking it might be
valuable for loedding purposes, retaining as it did
its colour and neat habit, I increased it and named it
Golden Fleece, some 12 plants of which were exhibited
at a recent meeting of the Floral Committee of the
Eoyal Horticultural Society. Have any of your cor-
respondents ever been more fortunate than myself in
getting a self-coloured sport from any variegated plant
to grow ? S. S. B.

Jinglish Weather Seeords.— Happily, with reference
to the late frosts, I am not able to chronicle a tithe of
the disastrous consequences which followed in the
wake of the severe winter of 1860-61. Then, with the
thermometer some degrees below zero, and a dense
enshrouding vapour, we had here every Portugal and
connuon Laurel killed to the ground. Even large

Rain

Max.

Min.

or
Snow.

Feb.

Inch.

27

40

27

—

Frosty. N.

28

43

26

—

Clear, frosty. N.E.

March

1

40

25

_

Hoar frost. N.E.

2

40

20

— Sharp froat. S.W.

.?

41

28

— Frosty. N.E.

4

42

32

.003 Cold, duU. N.E.

44

35

.005 iH.izy, damp, cold.

0

39

28

.027 s Fall of snow. N. [N.E.

7

39

30

.032 3 Snow fell to the depth of 2 inches.

8

38

29

.003 s Snow fell N.E.

!>

40

27

.012 Frosty, foggy. N.

10

36

31

.020 Rainy, dark, cold. N.E.

11

36

32

.006 s Snow fell N.E.

12

38

31

.003 sjSnow feU at night. N.E.

13

33

27

.009 s

Keen frost, drying cold wind. B.3.B.

14

36

27

—

Frosty. N.E.

15

40

28

—

Overcast, frosty. N.

16

39

25

—

Sharp frost. N.

17

.37

19

.002 s

Severe frost. Lake frozen.

IS

35

28

.003 .s

Bitterly cold. E.

19

34

29

.010 s

Snow fell. N.E.

20

38

31

.001s

Snow, frosty. N.W.

21

39

27

—

Frosty. N.

22

38

30

.040 3

Heavy faU of snow. S. E.

23

49

30

.070

Dense fog. Thaw.

The occurrence of 23 days of severe wintry weather in
the spring of the year, is a meteorological incident in
the history of the weather of this unto:i'ard season, cf
such a singvilar and exceptional character, that I have
ventured to send the record to you. It is premature at
present to speak of the effects of this weather on
vegetation, but later in the season I hope to ha able to
send you an account of its action on fruit trees, shrubs,
&c. W. Ingram. [Pray do so. Eds.]

IrisJi Weather Secords. — Some accounts have lately
appeared in your columns of the eBects produced on
plants in ditferent parts of the country by the intense
frosts which have been generally felt in most parts of
Britain during the past winter. To those interested
in meteorological and cultural matters the accounts
furnished by different observers are fraught with much
interest, proving, as they do, how unequally the same
species of plants have been affected in different
localities. Plants are true indicators of climate, and
only capable of withstanding a certain amount of cold
with impunity, whatever may be the length of time
they have been colonists in the countries to which
they have been removed from their native habitats.
This may appear at first thought to be a rash statement,
yet I have no hesitation in making it, subject to the

Mabch 30, 1867.]

I'll)' GATJDEN'ERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

323

maturer opinions of those wlio liave liad opportunities for
forming tliem on large collections of plants during a con-
siderable period of time. The elfects produced by tho
late frosts on plants might alone be considered suflii;ient
for proving the theory I advance, but I could adduce
many more familiar instances if necessary. The
extenuating circumstances which we occasionally hear
of, being brought forward to prove tho possibility of
acclimatising plants, are easily accounted for on simple
and plain meteorological and physiological grounds.
Locality, with resiiect to elevation and proximity to the
sea, ha.s much to do with it in our islands. Situations
and seasons which enable tho wood of tender planls to

get well ripened, are also important consiilcralions to
e taken into account when reasoning on tliis suhjct.
In low and sheltered places, where the atmosphere is
surcharged with moisture, tender plants always sulfer
more from frosts than the same kinds do when growing
at higher elevations, which are more exposed, but
the uidividuals themselves never got one whit
hardier. If they be removed from the former
places to the latter, they will suffer equally with
their more sheltered neighbours. I am well aware
that it has been asserted by gentlemen of very con-
siderable experience, that plants raised from seeds
taken off those which grow at high elevations become
gradually hardier, but such is not in accordance with
facts I have observed. I believe that no amount of
exposure or treatment we can subject a plant to, is
capable of rendering it more hardy than tlie original
plant from which it grew was the first day it reached
our shores, e. g. the Potato ! Last week I had an
excellent opportunity afforded for observing the
different effects of cold on tho same species of plants,
resulting from situation. In the neighbourhood of the
little town of Bray, county Wicklow, where many of
our half-hardy plants Uourisli so well, which will not
stand ordinary winters in most parts of Ireland,
they have been much damaged there by the late
frosts. In Mr. Toole's nurserv. Erica arhorea, Erica
australis, Veronica speciosa, ana many other test plants,
which are usually so fine there, including the more
tender kinds of Tea-scented Koses, &c., have been
killed to the ground ; whilst only at a distance of six
miles, in Mr. Bennett's nursery, at Delgany, not one
of those plants has suffered in the slightest degree.
No other reason that I am aware of can be assigned for
this exemption from injury, except the difference of
situation. Mr. Toole's nursery is situated on a rather
low-lying piece of ground within one mile of the sea,
and at a rough guess, about 40 feet above it. Mr.
Bennett's is about two miles from the sea, at an
elevation of .3.50 feet above it, on a rather exposed
situation. It was a charming sight to see some
thousands of plants of Erica arhorea in full bloom,
perfuming the atmosphere at a considerable distance
with the sweet odour of their flowers during the first
week in March, after the most severe winter experienced
in Ireland for many years past. E. australis in variety
was also in great profusion, just coming into
bloom, along with the different varieties of Erica
mediterranea. But, probably, the most remarkable
examples of the peculiar mildness of climate at this
spot were the Sikkim Rhododendrons. I observed
no fewer than 11 of Dr. Hooker's species growing
luxuriantly there ! Rhododendron Falconeri had
become a .large plant, with fine healthy foliage, hut
had not yet flowered ; R. barbatum was in full bloom
without any protection at the time of my visit;
E. Thomsoni and II. ffiruginosum had strong healthy
flower buds ; R. Edgworthii flowers beautifully
every year in the open air, as do R. TP'allichii, R.
ciliatum, and some others. The only one among them
which seemed to be in the least injured was one named
R. camelliaeflorum. The soil of Jlr. Bennett's nursery is
not of a peaty nature ; it is composed of the debris of
schistose rock, in which the Rhododendrons were
growing. It seemed admirably adapted also for the
growth of Conifers, and some of the more tender kinds
succeed well in it. I never before saw Abies Brunoni
in good condition growing in the open air. AtDelgany
the finest plant is about 13 to 11 feet high, in rude
health, and producing cones; Wellingtonia gigantea was
also in cone near it. Thuja Donniana and Libocedrus
chilensis both grow freely without protection, as well
as the elegant variety of Cupressus chinensis,
called in gardens C. Corneyana. I might fur-
nish a long list of rare plants which stand the
winters at Delgany, but my chief object in alluding
to them, is more for the purpose of strengthening the
opinion expressed by some of your correspondents, and
believed in by myself, that tender plants suffer less
from cold at high and exposed situations than they do
in low and sheltered places. In the neighbourhood of
Dublin we have not fared so well. Some of the
Conifers, and many other plants which usually escape
in moderate winters, have been destroyed. Of these
you may probably get a more particular account
hereafter. I). M.

Scotch Weather Records. — The reports to which you
have given publicity, as to the severity and effects of
the late frosts in districts so widely apart, have been to
me a source of interesting information. The injury
done to vegetables has been all but universal; those
which did escape were principally in the favourable
position of being under a deep covering of snow ; the
damage done to Roses, Conifers, and shrubs, however,
will be found to be varied ; it will not be altogether
in proportion to the intensity of the frost to which
they have been subjected, but it will be more or less
j influenced by the character of the soil and the dryness
1 or otherwise of the situation in which they have been
growing. Thus plants will bo found to have suffered
most within reach of the hoar-frost level. Places of
this description are more readily distinguished through-
out the summer and autumn months, where heavy
I mists will be seen to rise and remain in stagnation. In
such situations I fear the worst prospects will be realised.

but in others I hope that some of your correspondents
will still find life in plants which were considered to ho
dead. I would therefore caution the inex])eriencnd
not to bo over rasli in heading down, but to allow time
for the sap to bo fairly in circulation, as the plant will
then show for itself where life ceases, ami how the
pruiiing-knife may be applied to make the best of the
disaster. Experience ha-s taught me that Roses and
many other things aro not always p.ast growing when
tho bark and even tho alburnum is browned by frost.
I have found this to be more particularly tho ca.se in
plants that are woU established and not liable to make
lato growth. Wo have here, trained against a south
wall, a strong and healthy yellow IJanksian Itose, which
forms a stock for a number of dill'orout sorts. Amongst
them are tho Cloth of Gold and Lamartiue Noisettes,
Those have now withstood all tho severe frosts without
the slightest protection for the last 15 years, and
althougli browned on several occasions, still they
flower freely throughout the summer and autumn
months. Another case bearing on this point occurred
here in the year lSu,5. A Peach-house had been under
repair through the winter months, and during that
time tho trees were fully exposed, and the flower
buds were getting to about the size of small Peas,
when a severe frost set in, and on tho 22d of
February the thermometer was down at -l", the
lowest it has been here for the last 20 years. I
wa.s very much alarmed about tho safety of the trees,
and upon examination I found tho inner bark to be
so much discoloured as to somewhat resemble weak
tea. The whole of the young wood was in that con-
dition, and it was with some considerable degree of
anxiety that I watched the swelling of the buds. My
worst i'ears, however, were soon set at rest, as the wood
buds started with the same vigour a.s in former years,
while the flower dropped at once. These trees have
continued in excellent health, and have borne fruit well
ever since. I fear that Mr. Ingram's latitudinal
calculations (see p. 210) will not go for much with a
climate so proverbially changeable and ticklish as that
of Great Britain. The warming influence of the Gulf
Stream would of itself at once set aside any such a
scale, apart from the varying effects of inlets of the
sea, high ranges of hills, and woodlands, all of which
exercise an influence in modifying temperature. The
islands of Faroe, 300 miles north of Scotland, have a
winter temperature of about 2° higher than that of
London ; while Shetland and the Orkneys are 1°. The
Western Hebrides and the Northern Friths are all
under the influence of a warm sea current. In the
great frosts of December 18G0, and last January, the
lowest range of thermometer registered here (Gordon
Castle) was 10' and 12" respectively, which is not half
so low as ihe temperature in some places in the South.
We have therefore rea.lly little to complain of in the
way of severity or of injury in this quarter. J, Webster,
Gordon Castle, Fochabers.

Gardeners' Examinations. — Every right-minded
person must hail with pleasure the exertions now
being made to educate young gardeners ; but while I
most heartily agree with the movement, and shall hel])
my young men all I can, I m^lst say that I don't at all
consider the month of April to be a suitable time
for their examination. In fact I consider the spring a
bad time, because it will necessitate the younij men
being absent for a week, at a time when everything in
the garden is in full swing — forcing, propagation, and
50 other things which at that period require every
hand in his place, more especially the foreman. Why
not have it just before the last great exhibition of
plants, fruits, and vegetables in July, when the men
could be better spared, and the candidates would more-
over then have a chance of seeing the result of intelli-
gence in the shape of fine specimens sent to the
exhibition ? Again, we all know that young gardeners'
wages are low, while the books mentioned for their use
are expensive. Would it not be better to have three
places for examination, say London, Edinburgh, and
Dublin, because there are many deserving young men
who would have a chance of presenting themselves for
examination who under the present arrangement will
not, on account of the time of the year and the expense
of travelling to a distance. J, Rust, ISridge Castle,
Tunbridge Wells. [April is a fixed time for the
Society of Arts' examinations. Those of the Royal
Horticultural Society will, we believe, in future be

held about Midsummer and Christmas. Eds.] ■

As one of the certificated candidates, and one who has
consequently gone through the ordeal of an examina-
tion, I can assure " R. C' and the rest of your readers
(see p. 53), that it is by no means all ''theory, book
study, or cramming." Real practice is one of the great
essentials to success ; but with this must be combined a
considerable amount of theoretical study, especially in
those books that are designated by the examiners.
And if with this the candidate has the advantage of a
good scholastic education, with considerable capacity
for composition, or the power of reducing his thoughts
and ideas to ivriting in a concise form, he may then look
forward somewhat hopefully to obtaining a certificate.
It is an error to imagine that these examinations are
personally competitive. The successful candidate will
receive a certificate according to the merits of his
answers, even though the best men in England were
going in for the same honours ; but I shall always
expect to find that young men who have received all
the benefits of a good modern education, have an
abundance of good books to refer to, and practical
teachers of a high order to assist them, will necessarily
stand the best chance of carrying off the first honours.
Indeed, such is the peculiar character of these examina-
tions, that I have no doubt there are hundreds of
really good practical gardeners in this country —
men whose opinions on horticultural subjects are
always to be received with respect — who would be
left far behind by younger men whose scholastic
training gave them advantages their elders never

enjoyed. I can speak feelingly upon this point,
and not tho less so, that several of tho host years
of my life wore spent in occupations totally foreign
to gardening. To obtain the necessary text-books
is not always a matter of case, and those can-
didates who have a good horticultural library
to fall back upon are greatly favoured. Those employer!!
or he.ad gardeners, therefore, who may wi.sh to .spo their
young men distiii;;uisli themselves in these examina-
tions, would do well to provide them with such a library
of books as may leave them no excuse in this respect.
In looking over the list of places throughout the
country at which those examinations aro conducted, I
find that most of them are literary in.stitution.s. Now
I know not how it may be with others, hut in the
library of tho Institulion in connection with which
tho Society of Arts' examinations are carried out hero,
there was not last year a single book that related to
horticultural subjects ; and when it is understood that
you must become apayingmember of these institutions
before you can be eligible for the examinations, this
seems rather hard. This year, however, Liodley's
" Theory and Practice of Horticulture " has been
added, and i'rom this addition the candidates for the
next examinations may be expected to derive some
benefit. All your readers may not be aware that an
elementary examination in reading, writing, arith-
metic, and general history, of a personal character,
conducted by the members of the local board, is the
first ordeal through which all candidates have to pass
before they can be permitted to present themselves at
the final examinations; but those who may wish for
further information on these matters I would refer to
the Journal of the Society of Arts, containing the pro-
gramme of tho examinations, which may be obtained
of the Secretary of the Society, iVdelphi, London. 1
must confess that I felt somewhat disappointeil when
I found how few gardeners had entered the lists upon
the last occasion. I remembered how one of your well-
known correspondents had declared in these columns
that he intended to go in and win ; and I felt a
certainty of seeing his name in the list of successful
candidates. Possibly, however, one great reason for
the paucity of gardening candidates is the fact that
most of the places of examination are in towns, and
therefore are by no means so convenient for their
purpose as may be desired. Possibly some arrange-
ment may yet be made that would admit of young
gardeners being examined closer home. I sincerely
trust that as one result of a ventilation of this subject,
we may see a large accession of gardening candidates
for the ensuing examination. Alexander Dean,
3Iaybtiiih. [Your suggestion to publish the best of the
answers is impracticable, the replies being held by the
Society of Arts. Eds.]

Rival Si/stems of Vine Groiring. — It is quite certain
that the storms of " thunder and lightning " and tea-
pot " hurricanes " with which we have been threatened
for these last few weeks respecting the various system
of Grape growing, have in Mr. Cannell's hands dege'
nerated into nothing stronger than a " blatter of wind.'
May I, without joking, ask Mr. Cannell, if ever he saw,
or honestly expects to see, '' five times the quantity of
Grapes" produced under any system, and under the
same superficial area of glass, as has been produced,
within the ken of the present generation, by the best
Grape growers of the day ; aye, even say by Mr. Miller,
of Combe Abbey Gardens, who can honestly write
about what he has done. Surely, Mr. Cannell has not
seen the Grapes and crops which he attemitts to criti-
cise ; in fact, I beg to question if ever he saw a properly
managed close-pruned Vinery, for, if he had, common
sense would surely have made him think twice before
he blew such a blast aj^ainst so useful a system.
Years before, and ever since either myself or Mr.
Cannell heard of Grape growing, Vines have been
planted and cultivated on the " extension pruning "
system which he so strongly advocates — a fact of
which all intelligent gardeners are perfectly well aware ;
and if such a system had been the best for producing the
greatest quantity of first-class Grapes, under a given
area of glass, for the greatest number of years con-
tinuously, and at a moderate original and annual
outlay, doubtless such a sy.stem would have been
extended, for it was " fully understood." After no
limited experience amongst Vines, both large and
small, from one in a Vinery to some hundreds, under
all sorts of systems, from borders of unlimited size to
9-inch fruiting pots, and from "extension" to bare-
pole pruning, I am obliged to come to the eonclasion
that neither Mr. Cannell nor any other cultivator can
lay down absolute rules for Vine growing all over the
three kingdoms. Gardeners who understand their
business know always when and where to prune, both
with regard to root and branch, and act accordingly.
The splendid Grapes grown and shown, within say
the last 10 years, at London, Edinburgh, and Dublin,
by Messrs. Meredith, Hill, Fowler, Thomson, and
others, confirm this assertion. The danger is not,
however, to sueh as the above, but to tyros
in Grape growing, who may be led to ado^t
Mr. Cannell's system to their own ruin, and if
servants, to their_ masters' loss. To all such I would
say, do not despair of being able to grow Vines per-
manently and with the best results on the plan
commonly adopted by good gardeners in this country
at the present time, viz., the short spur system, that is,
pruning to one sound matured bud, which bud is to be
secured by judicious treatment during the previous
season. Another word with Mr. Cannell. Did he see
the exhibitions of Grapes at Edinburgh in the autumns
of 1865 and ISGO ? If so, how does his theory of June-
ripened Gr.apes agree with the opinion expressed by
all (see publicpapers) who saw the Edinbursh autumn-
ripened Grapes? Moreover. 'Mr. Miller's bunches,
which caused such a sensation, were autumn-ripened.
How, too, does Mr. Cannell apply his decreasing rule
(see p. 200) to Sir. Briscoe's facts (see p. 207), that the

324

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 30, 1867.

Vines he mentions have increased in eight years 8 oz.
per bunch— rare bunches they ouRht to be at, say, the
age of three score and ten: 111b. 14 oz. per bunch.
"Prodigious!" no doubt, for 70 years old Black
Hamburghs. Over ilie Water.

RoTAL Botanic : March 23 {Fh-^i Spring S/to?(j).— Owing to
the inclemency of the weather this exhibition was held
chiefly in the conservatory, it being considered unsafe to risk
it wholly in the tent, which, as usual, was provided for it. In
Its principal features it resembled that held at South
Kensington on the previous Tuesday, a large proportion of
the subjects, shown there being reproduced on this occasion.

Of Hyacinths, Mr. W. Paul's collection of 12 were again far
superior to those of any other exhibitor. It contained mag-
nificent examples of Mont Blanc, Van Speyk, Princess Mary of
Cambridge, Grandeur a MerveiUe, Baron von Tuyll, King of
the Blues, Koh-i-Noor, Vuurbaak, Sir Henry Havelock,
Solfaterre, Blondin, and Prince Albert. Mr. Gutbush, of
Barnet, had good spikes of Von Schiller, Charles Dickens,
Cavaignac, General Havelock, Argus, and Ida. Mr. Kirtland
also showed in this class ; the amateurs' productions in wtnch,
were greatly inferior to those of the nurserymen just named.

Of new varieties, Mr. W. Paul, who was again the only
exhibitor, had Linn^us, Prince Albert Victor, Lord Shaftes-
bury, and Blondin, all of which were described by us last
week. In addition to these he had moreover La Grandesae,
a good white, and Victor Emmanuel, pale ci-imson, striped
with deeper crimson in the centre of each petal.

Mr. W. Paul also contributed a numerous and very fine col-
lection of Hyacinths, among which were Carmine, gay and
bright in colour, but poor in spike ; Snowball, one of the best
shaped of the whites : and Lord Cowley, a fine kind, inter-
mediate as regards colour between Blondin and Pi-incess Mary
o^ Cambridge.

Tulips were also shown in ^eat beauty by Mr. W. Panl,
who was 1st for 18 with Vermilion Brillant ; Roi Pepin,
white flaked with crimson ; Couleur Cardinal, violet-shaded
deep red; White Pottebakker ; Proserpine, violet - shaded
rose ; Fabiola, ro.^y pui-ple and white ; Van der Noer, purple
shaded with violet ; Globe de Rigaut, purple streaked with
white ; and Keizcr Kroon. In a numerous collection from the
same exhibitor, Bi-utus rectifie, yellow heavily feathered with
crimson scarlet, was veiy showy. Mr. Kirtland and Mr.
Cutbush, Barnet, also showed Tulips-
Cyclamens were again exhibited in gi-eat beauty by Mr.
"V^iggii^?. Messrs. E. Q. Henderson, and Mr. Todman, gr. to
R. Hudson, Esq., Clapham Common.

Of Narcissus, an excellent collection was furnished by
Mr. Paul, among which Bazelman major, Queen of Yellows,
yeUow with a deeper yellow cup, and Soleild'Or, yellow with
an orange cup, were large and fine.

Chinese Primulas raised from Williams's strain of seed were
again exhibited by Mr. Wiggins and Mr. Todman, and Mr.
Wheeler also showed fine varieties of this useful flower.

Roses were furnished by Mr. W. Paul in charming condition,
and constituted an important feature of the display. Con-
spicuous among them were Le Rhone, with some 18 blooms and
buds ; Alba Rosa, always beautiful ; President, with about
two dozen blooms ; Elizabeth Vignerou, Senateur Vaisso, Cceur
d? Lion with nine fine blooms ; Madame de Stella, not fully
out, but very beautiful ; and Madame Victor Yerdier. Several
stands of cut blooms were furnished by the same exhibitor,
and also by Jtessrs. Paul & Son.

For Miscellaneous flowering and fine-foliaged plants Mr.
Williams, Holloway, was Xst with Azalea Triumphans in fine
bloom, Genetyllis f uchsioides, an excellent specimen of Erioste-
mon pulchellum, Chamserops humilis, variegated Aloe-leaved
Yucca, and Cordyline indivisa, the last remarkably good. Mr.
BiUl, who was 2d, had a fine Oibotium princeps, measuring
at least 9 feet across, Brahea dulcis, Dracwna auslralis l.itifolia,
and a specimen of Aucuba in fruit. Mr. Wheeler, who was
3d, had a good Alocasia metallica, Dicksonia antarctica,
Pandanus javanicus variegatus, and a well-bloomed white
Azalea. A collection was also furnished by Mr. Paul, consisting
of Rhododendrons, Roses, Deutzias, Clematises, LUacs, double-
flowering Peaches, the fine standard Genista purgans shown at
Kensington, and other plants. Mr. Cutbush. Biirnet, contri-
buted fine plants of Mignonette, Acacia Drummondi, Erica
Wilmoreana superba, and double-flowering Prunus sinensis ;
and Mr. Williams had a numerous collection, in which wore
Statice Holfordii, Franeiscea confertiflora, Anthurium Scher-
zerianum, Vanda insignis, Genetyllis, variegated Ananassa,
Anthurium acaule with five of its long green spadices, plaited
like a whip-thong; a fine specimen of Agave filifera, Todea
pellucida, Lomarias, and Gleichenia dicarpa.

Of other subjects Mr. Wheeler contributed Chinese Azaleas,
and Messrs. Dobson & Son Cinerarias in excellent bloom, the
kinds being Duke oE Cambridge, large velvety piu-plish
crimson self ; John Spencer, paler in colour ; Estelle, white,
dark disk, and rosy purple edge ; Admii-ation (Dobson), in the
same style, but with a broader edge ; Favourite, cream white,
dark disk, narrow purple edge : and Lady Theodora Grosvenor
(Fairbairn), white with deep bluish violet edge. Ml". Bartlett
reprodnced his Filmy Ferns ; Lily_ of the Valley wa? also
shown by several exhibitors in beautiful condition.

Among novelties First-class Certificates were awarded for the
following, vin., to Mr. Wiggins for a beautiful variety of
Cattleya Warsccwiczii with a very richly-coloured lip ; to
Messrs. Jackson, of Kingston, for a variety of the same Cattleya
called delicata, pale blush, with a yellow throat ; to Mr. Bull, for
0(Jontoglossum AlexandriB. Cypripedium eoncolor and C.
Di^yanum ; Aralia spathulata and A. crassifolia picta. Agave
macracantha. Camellia Lavinia Maggi rosea, a beautiful deep
rose-coloured variety; variegated Phajus; and Rogiera
liybrida, bearing Laurustinus-Uke heads of pale rose-coloured
blossoms. Mr. Williams had simUiir awai-ds for Amaryllis Ixion,
acarlet, with a white band towards the base of the petals ; and
for Odontoglossum maculosum, green, dotted with brown, and
possessing a spotted white Up. First-clags Certificates were also
awardedtoMr.W. Paul, forhisnew Hybrid Perpetual Rose Cceur
de Lion ; and to Mr. Cruickshanks, gr. to W. Jones Loyd, Esq.,
for his lilac-striped Verbena Lady of Langleybury. Second,-
olasa Certificates were awarded to Mr. Williams for Ananassa
Porteana, which differs from the common variegated Pine-
apple in having a broad feand of yellow down the centre of
ea^ leaf, the margins being olive green ; and Azalea Charmer,
a' promising bright rosy-pink variety; to Mr. Bull, for
Odontoglossum gloriosum ; and to Messrs. E. G. Henderson,
for PyrethruMi (^Iden Feather. The same, firm also contri-
buted a collection of tricolor Pelargoniums, as did Mi-. Watson,
of ^t. Alban's, who had among others, Mrs. Dix and I^,iss
Watson, which had previously received Certificates.

'Among Fruit was a large collection of well-preserved Apples
and Pears fi-om Mr. Ford, gr, to W. E. Hubbard, Esq., St.
Leonard's, Horsham,

Royal Horticultural: Marches (Mr. IVilliam Faid's Skovi
of Spring-fiowering Plants).— T\ns charming dispLiy of gay
spring flowers was opened on Tuesday to Fellows of the
Society and then* friends, and wiU continue imtU April 6.
It is held in the Eastern Conservatory Arcade, and the
different subjects of which it consists exhibit merit of no
ordinary kind. Roses form, perhaps, its most important
feature ; but there are also admirable groups of Hyacinths,

Tulips, and Narcissi, besides a large and excellent assortment
of what may be termed miscellaneous flowering plants.

Next the conservatory is a Large group of Tulips, bordered
with cut Roses, while along the centre of the arcade are
raised octagon stages richly decorated with remarkably fine
Roses in pots. An oblong table occupies one portion of the
exhibition, on which are ranged Hyacinths, in bands of
several rows of each colour, ^et in a framework of Chinese
Primulas, Crocuses, and Tulips, and supported at the back by
iS'arcissi, altogether producing a beautiful effect. Another
group consists of Azaleas, Deutzias, Cytisus, Acacias, Erioste-
mons, Correas, Cinerarias, Mrs. pollock Pelargonium, and
similar plants. Of forced flowering plants there is a
mass of Lilacs, double-flowering Peaches, Clematises, Rhodo-
dendrons, variegated Weigela rosea, and Gueldres Rose ;
adjoining this a stage filled with a mixed collection of
plants in flower ; and lastly there is a stage on which are
ranged about 130 pots of Hyacinths with magnificent spikes.
Along the front of the arcade, moreover, are various little
tables loaded with plants in bloom. On one of these we
noticed Aucubas, male and female, also the handsome Ligus-
trum japonicum maculatum, variegated Euonymus, &c. On
another of these tables were small plants of Cytisus Atleeanus
as an edging, then a row of variegated Hydrangea, Euonymus
radicans variegata, and at the back F- macrophylla, with
beautiful shining green leaves, and the rose and white vai-ie-
gated Vitis Labrusca. On a third table Isolepis and Cytisus,
placed alternately, form an edging to Cyclamens, Mignonette,
and Hyacinths. A fourth table was filled with Chinese
Primulas and Deutzia gracilis, mth Dielytra spectabilis at the
back ; a fifth with purple Crocuses, white and blush
Hyacinths, and Narcissi ; a sixth with Isolepis gracilis.
Cytisus, mixed Crocuses, Lily of the Valley, and Hyacinths ;
and a seventh with Hj'acinths, Narcissus, and plants of that
kind. Among other matters we noticed some standard fine-
leaved Pelargoniums in flower, and a lovely specimen of that
fine variety called Waltham Nosegay, the bright crimson
blossoms of which are exceedingly attractive at this season.
The double-flowering deep crimson Thorn is also an object of
admiration. ^Utogether this is an exhibition which nobody
fond of gay early flowers should miss seeing.

Itlardi 26 (Mr. Wm. PouVa Lecture).— X)i: Hogg in the chair.
This lecture had special reference to the exhibition just
named. After a few words from the Chairman, Mr. Paul
said;— , - ^ -

The task assigned to me to-day is to give yon a popular
account of this exhibition. 1 shall piu-posely avoid all scien-
tific details : my remarks will be chiefiy cultural. Working
on the conception that some present would like to hear how
these plants are produced— would like to see such in their own
gardens, —I shall content myself with showing in as concise a
manner as possible how that object may be attained.

It is true there is a short road to the possession of these
plants, namely, to buy them as at present exhibited. But by
purchasing a plant when in the climax of its beauty one does
not realise all the pleasure and satisfaction derivable from
cultivating it from an early period of growth. It will, I
think, be allowed that every stage of progress in a plant is
perfect in its way, and there is a freshness, change, and beauty
in its gradual development.

I shall commence my observations by hracketmg together
Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissi, and Crocuses, which are usually
spoken of collectively as Dutch bulbs. Be it observed,
these bulbs are among the least costly, most easily
cultivated, and most effective of early flowers. Although called
Dutch bulbs, the original Hyacinths and Tulips are natives of
the Levant, and have been known in this country for nearly
300 years. Now, however, their descendants, much altered in
size, form, and colour, are, or should bo annually irapoi-ted
from Holland, where their cultivation is carried out on so
large a scale as to be an important branch of national
industry. , , , .,..,, ^

I may, perhaps, be allowed to remark here that the best
Dutch bulbs usually find their way into the hands of the
English dealers. The Hj'acinths sent to this country am
grown from offsets of the root, and are usually four or five years
old. In favourable seasons, with free gi-owing sorts, or in the
event of a scarcity of any particular sort, three-year old roots
are sometimes sent ; but such do not produce the finest spikes
of flowers. Dutch bulbs usually arrive in England in the
month of August, packed in bags and boxes in what is termed
a dry state, in which they somewhat resemble Onions,

Now, with regard to the culture of these bulbs, I will
assume that the cultivator h;\s obtained possession of good
bulbs bulbs which have not been hastily forced into
the market, but which have the stamp of age, and
which ha^e been skilfully handled throughout their
previous stages of development. Without this there is
little hope of ''reaching a high standard of excellence. If you
start viTong no after skill or attention will set you altogether
' right. Let us then assume the possession of good bulbs.
Now ' they may be grown in pots or bo^es in earth, or in
■ glasses in water. I will first relate how they are managed
when grown iu earth. Sandy loam, enriched by a free addi-
tion of manure, is the best compost in which to plant them :
plant in October, leaving the apex or crown of the bulb just
protruding above the soil, and afterwards thoroughly soak the
soil with water. When drained, place the boxes, pots, or
vases iu which they are planted, on the level soU, covering
them' over with 6 inches of Cocoa fibre, old tan, or cinder
ashes. Now the length of time they should remain under this
' covering will depend on the period at which they are wanted
to bloom. If removed in January, gradually inured to heat
and light, well watered if dry, and placed first in a cold
fi-ame and then in a greenhouse with gentle heat, they will
bloom in great perfection early in Mai-ch. U removed iu
December, and a httle more heat employed, they will flower
early in February. If removed in November, they should, a
fair amount, of heat being employed, flower in January. It
should bo borne iu mind that a plentiful supply of water is
requisite at the period when the leaves imd flower-spikes
are expanding, and. durin^r the whole period of flowering.
The spOses of flowers should also be tied up almost day by day
to preserve then- symmetry. . „ ^ ,

This then, is the way in which the Hyacmths before you
are produced in pots. The rationale of cultivation in glasses
in water is the same ; but instead of pots, ghisses are used ;
instead of earth, water ; instead of covoriug, with fibre, we
place the glasses, if transparent, in a dark cupboiird, prmcipally
for the reason that the roots feed most freely in the dark.
But we must not keep them in the dark too long Gradually
inure them to the light when the roots are fairly developed,
and before the leaves are 2 inches long. The season of
flowerin" as with Hyacinths in pots, will depend on the
temperature of the house or room in which they ai-e grown.
It was remarked to me to-day—' ' Youi- Hyacinths are unusually
short and stout. I have some good spikes, but they are
, slender, attenuated, and disposed to di-oop. How is this ? "
Mv answer is, they have had at some period of then- growth
^ too much heat or too little Ught, either, or a combination of
both influences would produce the elongation complained of.
Tulips Narcissi, and Crocuses, which are of a kindred nature
with Hya> inths. should be managed in the same way, AUj
them may likewise be planted in beds or borders out of
doors a few inches under the soil, in the month of November,
when' the Crocuses will flower in Februaiy, the Hyacinths,
Tulips, and Narcissi in Mai-ch and April.

The next plant for consideration is the Lily of the VaUey.
Although a native plant abounding in the woods in

many parts of Britain, it myst not be supposed thafel
it could be suddenly drawn thence and produced in thai
beautiful state in which it is exhibited at our flower shows. ^
This is a major variety, selected doubtless for its size at some
former period, and planted in rich soil, where by gi'oss
feeding the plant has attained an unusual development. The
contents of these pots are prepared for forcing in the
following way : — Small pieces or crowns are planted in beds
in rich ground, and allowed to remain there for three or four
years tUl the whole bed becomes one mass of roots thickly
studded with flowering crowns. They are cut out with the
spade into small patches to suit the size of the pots in which
they are grown, and placed iu the pots in the autumn, when
by subjecting them to different degrees of heat a succession
of flowers may be obtained throughout the winter and spring,
rhe plants are raised from seed, which should be sown in
June in pots fiUeil with equal parts of sand, loam, and peat.
The seed should be quite fresh to insure germination, and
requires to be raised under glass. The plants will not
usually flower until the second spring, after which they
should continue to increase in size and beauty for many
years. When the seedlings lose their leaves, which they
should not do till they are about 12 months old, it is important
that they be kept in a dry state. Moisture when in a state of
rest will certainly injure, and probably destroy them.i

We come now to the Chinese Primula. This plant is _a
native of China, whence it was introduced in 1820. It is
raised from seeds, which should be sown in the months of
May, June, and July successively in pots filled with light
sandy soU and kept under glass. When the seedlings have
made theii- third or fourth leaf they should be transplanted
into small pots, giving each plant a separate pot and removing
it at short intervals into pots of larger sizes. This plant does
not dislike heat, but if much heat is employed, plenty of air
should also be given, or the colours of the flowers will be
washy and pale.

There is a curious and interesting fact in the history of
plants which the Chinese Primula serves well to illustrate.
There is a tendency in most plants to vary in form, size, and
colour, when transferred from their natural or wild state and
subjected to cultivation. The type of the Chinese Primrose
of to-day was pink or lilac, and not more than one-fourth of
'the present size. By culture, through the means of a rich
soil and careful attendance, the size has increased, and by
watching for even sUght yariations in form and colour, and
selecting such as the parents of future races, the change wont
gradually on. A break, as it is termed, was at length obtained ;
that is, a departure from the normal form, A standard of
excellence was set up, but it was found that such, although
occasionally realised, could not be retained. It was found th.at
seeds saved from the Red Primula would sometimes produce
both red and white flowered plants, and seeds saved from
White Primulas would do tho same, while the seedlings varied
greatly in size, colour, and form. The break was retained, but
the result was uncertain. The next step was to fix the altera-
tion. Year after year plants of the altered and more approved
form, closely resembling each other, were selected and placed
apart, and from these alone seeds were saved until the altered
form was fixed again— that is, seed saved from Red Primulas
produced, with almost unen-ing certainty, red flowered
varieties, seed saved from White Primulas white flowered
varieties, both preserving the increased size, altered forms,
and clear decided colours of their immediate progenitors.

Take another instance. There are before you plants of the
new Double Crimson Thorn. Strange as it may seem this is
descended from the common White Thorn, or May of our
hedges. But this has not happened suddenly, but I >y a gra-
dation of changes. Most observers will doubtless have noticed
in our hedges that some of the plants produce fl owers of a pink
tinge, though still with single flowers. This is the "break"
previously explained ; this was step 1. Some of the seedlings
raised from these would give flowers of a still deeper colour.
This was step 2, which we recognise in the single Rose-coloured
Thora, a variety found growmg in a hedge at Guddington, in
Northamptonshire. Some of the offspring of this would be of
a still deeper colour, step 3, the new Scarlet Thorn. A seed-
ling, or a sport from this or the original May of om- hedge-
rows wonld produce double flowers, and here was step 4, tqe
Double White or new Double Pink Thorn. Now, 1 am not
asserting that all these steps are authenticallv recorded, but
it is well known to those who are practically engaged in
these matters, that such is the rule of progi-ess. But
tho origin of this new Double Crimson Thorn
wo do know. It is not a seedling, but what is called a sport
from the Double Pink Thorn, that is, a branch of the Double
Pink produced flowers of this deep and beautiful hue. The
branch was budded and gi-afted, and the young plants 50
obtained produced flowers of the same vivid colour. In the
same way have been produced the many varieties of the
conunon Hawthorn, one of the most notable, the Weeping
Thorn, having been selected from a^bed of seedlings by General
Moukton ; the upright growing variety was selected from
a bed of seedlings by Air. Ronalds of Brentford. Now it is the
same with leaves as with flowers. Take the Pelargoniums
before you. They are all originally produced from green-
leaved varieties, either from sports of the br:inch, or later in
theii- history from seeds of the sports so fixed. The first varie-
gated Pelargonium originated by a branch of a green-leaved
variety producing variegated leaves. This branch wa.s culti-
vated till the habit became fixed. The seeds of these were
saved and sown, and a brood of young plants was pro-
duced, retaining the variegation of the parent. The
plants before you, which are seedlings, show this ten-
dency : on some there are both green and variegated leaves.
Now, to fix either character is the problem. If we wish to
retain the green character, we nip off all the variegated leaves :
if we wish to retain the variegated character we nip off aU
tho green leaves from time to time as they appear, till the
phmt produces leaves of the one character only. It is
the same with the Aucubas. The green-leaved variety
is the normal form ; the variegated kinds are sports, either
from branches or from seeds. This is in brief the process that
has been worked out in all cultivated plants where leaves or
flowers show a wide divergence from the normal form.

The Camellia is a native of China, a connti-y which
I has supplied us with many of our richest horticultural
■ treasures. The type of oui- modern CameUiM is a plant with
small single red flowei'S, in which the yellow stamens are
pleasingly conspicuous. There are now many hundred double
sorts, some few of which have been uitroduced at various
times from China; but the majority have been raised from
: seed in Italy, France. Belgium, En;;land, :md America. Most
of the Double Camellias are grafted on the single red or type,
: which is found to strike easily from cuttings placed in
I a cold pit in sandy soil in the autumn. The graftiug_ is
: usuLilly performed late in summer, the stocks chosen being
I two years old. The soil in which CamelUas appear to grow
I best 'is rough loamy peat, with a plentiful admixture of sand.
I The process of repotting should take place in summer, when
i the new gi-owth is pretty well matured, and the flower-buds
1 about the size of a French Bean. When potting, thorough
drainage should be secured. Now, although the plant is
nearly hardy, su':cessfully resisting several degrees of frost,
. it is not well suited for the open air in our climate, on
account of the cold and uncertainty of the English spring.
. Spring is its season of growth, and it then requires a high
temperature to induce a vigorous and well-matured yrowth.
At this time, when blooming and growing, a plentiful supply
of water should be given, but at all other times, especially

Maech 30, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' riflJONTOLl] ANT) AOnTCULTURAL GAZETTE.

.125

in autmiin and curly winter, water should bo (rfvcn but
tjparinjTly. The pronuitnro decay infl drupping of tlio flowcr-
bmirt so {iftcn oinnplrtlnod tif in C'lmiflliuM, TiHimlly ariftos from
too dry i\ state of tlio roots ut the aeiiaon ot growth, or too wet
ft statu of tbo roots when tbo ffiowth is niatiirod and tbu
|ilant iH in a stato of coniparalivu rust. .So soon ua tlio gmwth
18 matured it in well to remove tbo plants from under glass,
and til jtlaco tborn on the uortb aldo of a wall or bcdgc wlicro
tboy are protei-ted from the nntl-day sun. Camellias may be
planted out witb uclvuntaeo in tbo horrlors of consorvatories,
wboro they will attiun tlio boight of 2(j or 30 fuat, fonning
imibragooiis trees of matcblcsa boanty.

Tbo chiL'f points to look to in thoir cultivation, tbon, iiro
these :—

1. To secure thorough drainage in tho soil.

2. To give boat and nicjlstnro during tho periods of flowering
and growth.

3. To water sparingly from the time the growth is complotod
till tbo llowur buds are about tho size of a Pea.

4. To sccuro tho loaves from being blistered by the sun.
Green glass or Uartlcy'.i rough plato glass is desirable for tbo
Cftniellla-house : if ordinary glass bo used it should be slightly
whitowashcd in the month of March.

A vote of thanks was then qivcn to Mr. Paul, and tho Chaii--
nian reminded the meeting that on next Saturday (this day) Dr.
Maatora wuidd deliver tho first of a aeries of short lectures
on whaf.he termed " Plant Architecture."

On the tixble in front of the lecturer were exhibited the
prizes offered by the Proprietors of this Paper and those of
tho "Journal of Horticulture" at the forthcoming Bury
Show in July next. Tho former consists of a richly chased
silver Claret Jug of Cellini's design ; tho latter of two richly
gilt ormolu Freuch Clocks, with panels and face of painted
and jewelled porcelain,

Qlasoow and West of Scotland Horticultural (March 37).
—The Spring Show of this Society was inaugurated under
the moat favourable auspices, the attendance being all that
could be desired, notwithstanding the unfavourable weather,
which had changed from severe frost to the drizzling rain
characterised as Scotch mist. The great assemblage of ladies
and gentlemen seemed to testify that horticultui-e was a
source of never-failing attraction. Although it was one of
those shows where Hyacinths and Dutch bulbs are expected
to prevail, the great number of miscellaneous plants contri-
buted, and the ornamental character which they assumed
captivated the general sigbt-seer. Azaleas were particularlv
attractive, from the size and eontUtion of the plants.

Mr. AlitcbeU, gr. to his Grace the Duke of Hamilton,
HamUton Palace, had a most interesting assortment of gpiieral
plants, taking iircmier position in Azaleas, Stove Plants
Greenhouse Plants, and the general Miscellaneous t^ble. His
Roi Leopold and Cnterion Azaleas were pictures of first-class
cultivation ; Alba magna, Triumphana, and others, were also
very large fine plants. Tremandra ericoides was a splendidly
bloomed plant, showing its adaptabihty for early decorative
purpc^es. Along with these he had a very fine plant of Erica
Victoria, GenetyUis Hookeriana, Clerodendron Balfourii, loaded
with blossoms ; and among tho miscellaneous plants mio-ht bo
named Thrinax elega)is, Dendrobiura anosraum. Phalfenopsi^;
amabihs, Aerides Lobbii, Anthurium magnificum, Lycastc
Hamsoui, lihyuchospermum jasminoides, Sanseviera japonica
&.C. Mr. Mun-ay. gi-. to D. Tod, Esq., Partick, had a very fine
lot of plants, comprising several Azaleas, the handsome Acacia
juniperma, clad with yellow catkhi-like inRoj-escenee and
small hnear, fiercedooking leaves ; as well as the rare and
beautiful Erica Devoniana. Phala^nopsis grandiflora, Cattleya
Warscewiczn, m several varieties ; a beautiful form of Cypri-
pedium insigne, like insigne, but a very pardinam, from its
numerous chocolate spots on a yellowish -green surface • the
handsome Pbala;nopsis Schillerianay several Amaryllids a
good Dendrobium anoamum, the handsome broad-leaved Ixora
Griffithii, and several plants of Lycaate Skinneri.

In Azaleas there were, besides those named, Baron Roth-
schild, an improvement on Fielder's White, Symmetry
Iveryana, Reine des Beiges, Beauty of Rei^ate, Magnifica, a
tlne^y-mana^ed Chelsoni, Roi Leopold, and Model These
were contributed by Mr. Mitchell, Mr. Buyd gr to T D
Finlay, Esq., Easterhill ; Mr. R. Caskie, gr., Partick- and
Mr. Joseph Fleming, Eastwood Park. Camellias were pretty
well shown, especiaUy those from Mr. M. Campbell gr to
• ^ ,?^^^ ^^'^■^ Mauldslie Castle : Mr. Baxter, Daldowie ■
and Mr Buchanan, Lochbrae. The best varieties were Saccoi
nova. Alba plena, Verscbaffelti, a fine ruby and white stripe ■
Heine des Fleiu-s, Imbricata, Fimbriata, Lady Belhavcn a
splendid bloom ; Emilia Campioni, and Teutonia.

Rhododendrons in pots were well exhibited by Mr Jas
Graham, gr. to Sir A. Campbell, Bart, of Succoth, especially
Currianum. Elvira, and Dr. Hooker. Mr. G. M. Butler
Caledonia Nursery, Greenock, exhibited 12 trusses of r'
barbatum a brilliant crimson of large truss, which had
successfully withstood the cold out of doors by a simple
covenng with mats. Blandyanum, Nero, John Waterer,
Madatne Wagner, Barclayanum, Pardoloton, Lucidum album
Melanthemum, and Linibatum were the

■^p.

■fortment, incl

r niriniis :Uld lillL'ar-
■lUitanil Kiionyrnus,
(•l(;pi.s onsifniiu, .tc.
Caniegio Park, had a very oma-

rnargined Koizor Kroon, tho pale and chaste Quuon Victoria,
and Humo others, such aa ilcxajid Impcrator Hubruruni. Nar-
cissi were also woU shown by same oxhibitors.

Messrs. Austin .t, M'.\H]an bad a very attractive table of
MisceII;uicoua plants. Mr. Alexander Walker, gr. to Thomas
Hill, I'1n(|., Cathcart, bad a finely inanugod plant of the old
und forgotten grccnbouso planti Hovoa Colsi, grown as a
standard, and clad with nuriii-rou.s tlowera of brilliant blue,
flaunting-liko muiiaturL' n.slriL)i feathers. Mr. Clark, Royal

Botanic Gardens, bad u Misc."

Cyi'tiicbilum flavoscons, Phlebu.
leaved Drosera bhiata, the varir
the handsome Echeveria metnl

Thomas Blackwood, Esq, ^ ^

mental Sikkim Rhododendron, aft^r the character of tfuttalii,
but possessing a smoother and narrower leaf. Peter M'Kouzie,
1, Gordon Street, bad the best collection of miaccUaneous
Dutch bulbs, consisting chiefly of Hyacinths, TuUps, and
Narcissi, among the latter being the specious double yellow.
Dreghom &. Aitken had several Ferns, Scillas, dwarf Nar-
cissus, &c. Messrs. Grabam, Garscube, and Mr. Boyd, Easter-
hill, had Oiwh fine plants of the charming Diolytra spectabilis,
a most useful spiing- flowering plant. Mr. John Wilson,
Regent's Park, Glasgow, a most indefatigable amateur, was
1st with Hyacinths, Roses, Primulas, Greenhouse plants,
Deutziaa, Tidips, Crocusea, and Narcissi. Mr. Robertson,
Albert Gardens, was also most successful. Primulas from
Mrs. Neil Campbell, Buchanan, Langside, and Drummond,
Meadow Park, were unique samples of cultivation.

Mr. Thomson, gr. to his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch,
Dalkeith, again showed bia White Lady Downea' Grape, and
obtained a l^at-class Certificate. It was exhibited along with
Lady Downes', and was in better condition.

Mr. Campbell, the Secretary, deserves much credit for bis
unweared exertions in promoting the uiterests of horticulture
in the West ; and that his efforts are appreciated ia amply
shown by the unanimous approval of all concerned.

In concluding a brief sketch of New Floeists'
Floweks of 1866, it may be remarlced tbat a very useful
class of summer-flowering plants, the dwarf bedding
Troptcolums, have this season received several desirable
additions. Messrs. Carter & Co. have a variety of the
Tom Thumb section, which is said to possess the colour

blue, good habit, and very effective; Edwinia Pilz-
iratrick, pure briRht rose, lino form and free bloominK-
Harlequui, white p-onnd, evenly striped and flaked
with purple, forming a good truss, and having an
sxcellent habit ; King of iiedders, bright crimson red
dwar compact growth, very Crci. blniniiing, and an
excellent Ijcililcr, aivardeil a S<-i:()iid-t;lass (Jerliticate-
and White (^>ucen, which is .saiil to surpass all the
wliilc kinds, iMMMg pure in colour, close habit, a frou
bloiiiiiir, and standing wet remarkably well. Mr.
(.'ruickshaiiks' Lady of Langleybury is unquestionably
one of , the best flowers of tho year; it is a sport
from Purple King, and has large and hold flowers
lilac and white striped, the truss large and showy-
awarded a First-class Certificate. A similar aw.ard was
most deservedly made both to Messrs. Perkins and
Sou, of Coventry, for Shakespeare, bright scarlet shaded
with crimson around a conspicuous lemon eye, pips
large, stout, and very smooth, a very fine exhibition
variety; and to Mr. Cannoll of Woolwich, for
Gladiator, deep carmine, changing to clear crimson,
large white eye, pips large and bold, and truss fine—
another excellent exhibition variety. The three last-
named are destined to become exhibition flowers ;
but Lady of Langleybury has also all the character-
istics of a most useful bedding kind. S. JJ.

Cftc ^pfarg.

Self-Confinement op Bees.— After the remarks
in your columns last week, perhaps I ought to give
some further account of the Egyptian stock upon whose
remarkable seclusion Mr. Pox comments. It came
into my hands on the 27th of April last year, kindly
sent by Mr. Woodbury to compensate for a Lignrian
stock which had not turned out equal to expectation.
It has therefore been under observation for about 11
mouths. My first operation Was to transfer the queen
and bees to a 5-frame box, containing both honey and
l3rood combs. On the 28th of May they were moved
into a full-sized hive, which was rapidly filled, and
which became the most j'opnlous in my apiary. I
should have been glad to put on a super, but their
ferocity made me unwilling to interfere with them

of the Trentham Rose Geranium. It is said to be a
selection, and will be useful as giving a new shade of
colour. Mr. Turner also has a very free-flowering ,„„„.,,„

variety of this section named Compaotum, in colour 1 f,,,.ti,„; ij„f +>,„ i,-..„ i, ■" , .r "Ti"

bright orange, remarkably free, and highly efl-ective as on h'f'-T,,^"*! ™ft .T. T" ^« °^'''-«™"'ff ■ 9" t^e
a heddini- kind nnd nn ovr-ol ont =„wit„t„ fnt ti,„ I •'™"'' •" "™ ^^ P™ ™ ^ glass, rather With the View of

yellow &lcSia'^It;irnttbfdiSuted\iu'l8*^^ f'T" '"""^ """"^ !''"[: l^'^ff *'"^ *'^^'" '° '""' "' "'
Mr Qeor<'eSmith nf Hnrrsev flr^nrl li»Vtw„\ror „ft£ „f ' "•<' ^"^^y season, which had been a very poor one, was
the Siamm class ^? kIus ofs cnrtts hril/s IS2f '• t''™ ''''"'"** « ''^ ^d. They set to work, however, in
of a very riZ hue sm^M n?.t fnl^^^^^^^^ I such a determined manner that two additional gl.^sses

haWt awarded a PiVst AL CertS^ ™d "^"Z^r^reghen them, and during the next forthigh°t they
Snots' ^iTvh? vellnw swLV „ ui? ol'v. ^ "f accomplished twice as much as any other stock. But

hab t free bloom nT'andvPrv effecLe IM r f S^fl' ^^^ "PP'-rtunity was very brief, for the third and fourth
ofWiSwIctteXelo^'b^^^^^^ SmpacTn- ^f^^fJ^'^r^-'et. ^^-^ P"* - stop to a,, honey-

bright orange .scarlet shaded with^e^LtTmS tt^:^S:Z.STek^^:^t^S.i'S:;^ll

Then we had occasional rain for a fot-tnight, and so on

^ ^-. -^ - — ^ — , compact

habit, and an abundant bloomer ; Luteum Improved,
habit dwarf and bushy, with golden yellow flowers,
each petal having small crimson spots: The Moor,
colour rich velvety maroon, deepening in the throat to
black, a good acquisition in the point of colour, habit
good ; and Scarlet Gem, brilliant orange scarlet, flowers
small, but of good shape, blooming freely, and effective
as a bedder. These four varieties received First-cla.ss

until winter set in, the entire autumn being uapro-
pitious to the last degree.

I attribute the fact of the bees secluding themselves
to the untoward state of the weather, the temperature
being very low, and the atmosphere moist even during
the occasional flne days. While there was anything to

Cert[fi7ates. MrrCa:nnen' ariTo^lm^'^Novelty'Tenow wl^°'« " "^^li '''f'^,^^^ '^o i^df frious as'this, but
stained and ner,„ill»rf wi«, h^Jt^. and f^hnstrnTs ' ^"l?" ^^^ Weather broke so completely that even polleti

anu i^nriscmas gathering ceased, the Egyptians seemed intelligent

stained and pencilled with brown;

yellow, each petal spotted with scarlet velvet. Both Mr h rino. T>,» ftrff f „■; '" S'"'' n i ^.- u

Shibited bT Wm°it 'So tl Ten ington, andtalS ^ K 'iZ w"""^' their arrest, thongh ! do not see wh^
fear a little mnfnsinr hno n„mVrto,i ™,i fi.» „ i *"®y should choose that particular period, and no

vTrie?y is teinTsent out under't'rdfferTnt names ' I Tn^Tl J'* '^''Tf' ^if'' '''"^ ""H ">' *^'^«° '^

hi^L^ttrii Va^f^X t?iruti? "¥° 'f I ^^ttth-eCl ^^^n* ?op"e" oS,td under the

^, , . -"« most prominent

amoDg the sorts contributed by Mr. Jas. Graham, Garscube
and others.

Cinerarias formed a large and very interesting lot. Miss
IrankUn, a vaiy large and showy variety, with a large circle
of white, round disc, and prominent purple tips ; Lord Elirfn
deep purple ; Fire Queen, white and deep crimson ; David a
good bnlhant flower, with a small white ring round disc
and cnmson-tipped ; Duche.9s of Sutherland, white, and faint
purple margin Mr. D. M'Bride. gr. to J. Goodwin, Esq.,
Hadewood; Mr. D Buchanan, gr., LanRside; and Mr. Boyd

hil^t ■"»e the most successful among a large lot of

SelagineKas were a splendid exhibition of themselves, pre-
senting a most boautiful and oaptivatrng assortment. Grown
m sbaUow pots and mossed up as they extend their root
ramiflcations, they appear to much bettor advantage than
^own m the ordmary way. Mr. John Youns. Srdener
P^llTwr^i.'^- ?•/'"'?'"'■ Hadewood; Mr. & flemtog,'
Sf* wnij •■•''^'* '='"='' ^'•y "e<lit'>ble lots, including
C!esia, \yilldenovii, densa, miequalifoHa, and some others

Uyacuiths were more largely shown th.an in Edinbursh tho
week previous, but they did not strike us as being qSite so
K^r^'T^H'S ?^?°* °' """"'■''- ^l"-- P- McKenzie and
;^f tT,„ f 1/ ^ ■ '"?'"' '";;™'J nurseiymen, had good spikes
of the following sorts :- Baron van Tuyll, Lord Macauhiy
Charles Dickons, Grand LUas, Prince Albert, Grand Vain-
quour, Ornement de la Mature, Robert Steifier, Voltaire
n^Sfnf*" ^f ''■ '°-'''<' Gardeners' Classes Mr. Mitchell
Hamilton Palace, was hrst with Lord Macaulay, Baron Tuvll
Lharles Dickens, Grandeur 4 MervoiUo, Koh-i-Noor, Lord Wel^
r.?^\ ■?",'? ^''^''' '-'™- Havclock, iSlont Blanc, Von SeMUer
^Lf^ZftiT'"^*",- ^'- ?""• ■^"S-'i' EasterhiU, was averj^
f™ fiiir-S G^eral Havelock, Alba Superbissima, Baron
IS ?l^ ■ '^'''?^™» Hodgson, Lord Maciulay, Mont Blanc,

*S p';f.l-\"''''5°?.' '■i\- ■^'*^- ''"■■*'"''' S'- '" E. Buchanan
iisq,, i'aitick, .and Mr. Grant, Carnegie, had also verv eooci
^oups. In sixe.9, Mr. John WUson, Kegenfs Park, had a verv
excellent lot, and so had Mr. Mitchell. Of Tulips there was a
great exhibition, weU grown, .and shown by the followinir
C^i'? «"?'■• ^- M^loty^. g^; Partick, Mr. Boyd, Easter
nm, ano Mr. Buchanan, Lochbrao, comprising the foUowint'
very oSecUve sorts- Vermilion Brillant, Yellow Toumesol (a
TO7 grand thing^ and very showyl White Pottebatker, the
«ftniatlon-coIt.ur«l Royal Siandard, the red and yellow-

habit and substance of the old Tournesol. Some of the
colours were very pleasing, and it is to be hoped that

t? ""^''^ '^'^ earnest of something in the future.

Mr. Perry still maintains his reputation as a raiser of
Verbenas, though his seedlings were not shown this
season m the best possible form. They were— Auricula,
purplish crimson, changing to purple with age, con-
spicuous lemon eye, enlarging and becoming white
with age also ; Brunette, bright crimson with dark
centre, and clear lemon eye, colour rich and striking
niedium-sized pips, and good truss ; The Friar, rosy
pmk, with crimson centre, the pips large, and of great
substance, but somewhat rough ; Gem, intensely
bright scarlet, with white eye, in point of colour a flne
and telling exhibition variety ; Harry Law, deep rosy
cense, with dark centre, and large lemon eye, pips
stout, and of full size, awarded a Second-class Certi-
ficate; and Purpurea, crimson suffused with purple
deep crimson centre, and white eye; a good and
strikin" shade of colour. The foregoing, with others
of Mr. Perry's raising, will be sent out by Mr. Turner.
Mr. Eckford, of Coleshill, Newbury, has also produced
sonie very good flowers, that are to be sent out
by Mr. Keynes, of Salisbury. A First-class Certificate
was awarded to Coleshill, intense scarlet, with con-
spicuous lemon eye, pips large and smooth ; the colour
of this variety is very brilliant and striking. In addi-
tion to this the best of Mr. Eckford's batch of seed-
lings were Umpire, cerise purple, a novel and desirable
shade of colour, pips large and bold ; Earl of Radnor,
clear rosy scarlet, a " telling " hue, with pale lemon eye ;
lanny Martin, bright pale rose, a very pleasing shade,
pips large and of good form : these three varieties were
aivarded Second-class Certificates. The others were
William Dodds, light purple, with white eye, good
form, aud well adapted for bedding ; and Mr. Ellice
rosy lilac, a novel shade of colour. Messrs. E G
Henderson & Son have Blue Shade, said to be the
nearest approach to a blue colour yet ofiered, described
as a light azure blue with lavender tint; it is said to
stand well as a bedder ; also, Alice Norton, rich violet-

(February) it ^was remarkably busy, the arrivals and
departures sometimes numbering 50 a minute each
way. I do not think that there is anything wrong
with the internal economy of the hive, and I set down
the singular fact to the extraordinary nature of the
season. The diflfeteuce between the northern and
southern climate is at all times greater than the more
favoured bee-keepers of Devonshire are aware of, but
last autumn and winter were the most exceptional
seasons which that venerable patriarch, the oldest
inhabitant, has ever witnessed.

This is not the only singular fact connected with
the Egyptian bee, as a hive in the possession of
Mr. George Fox is described by him as being perfectly
quiet and tractable, and showing no more resentment
against interference than the ordinary black bee. This,
in its turn, contradicts the experience of every other
possessor of the species, but it does not in the least
alter the fact. They are certainly peculiar, these little
people, and our acquaintance with them as yet is very
limited. So far as observation during a single season
may go, I should certainly claim for them superior
sagacity as well as superior industry. J^. S. West.

Miscellaneous.

The Atmosphere, in its Relation to Heat.—Tbe
movable and transparent element by which we are
surrounded, not only furnishes the gases necessary to
the respiration of hving creatures, but it moreover
acts in a manner essential to the general distribution
of the light and heat dispensed by the sun. The winds
diffuse over the surface of the earth the heat they
bring from the burning soil of tropical regions. And
the operation of the atmosphere is not limited to that
effect. It serves as a vast fire-screen interposed
between the earth and the sun ; it retains or absorbs
apart of the rays which the latter transmits to us:
and while it moderates the original warmth and
splendour of that luminary, it reverts those calorific
rays which escape from the sun, and which without)

326

THE GAKDENERS- CHEONIOLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 30, 1867.

this kindly barrier would be lost in the celestial spaces.
The solar rays, taken together, undergo such an
absorption in the atmosphere, that about a half is lost
by the way ; and this loss is shared by both the visible
and the obscure rays. The radiation from the ground,
on the other hand, is composed exclusively of obscure
heat; it experiences from the atmosphere a much
greater resistance than luminous heat does ; a tenth
only of the terrestrial radiation traverses the thick
protecting mantle formed by the air around the globe.
This result may be compared with that of our glazed
structures. The sunshine passes freely through the
glass and warms the soil which it covers ; but the
heat which the latter throws off in the way of radiation
cannot now pass outside, because glass is opake to
obscure heat, and ihat heat is accumulated withm the
gla,ss. The atmosphere, therefore, produces the same
effect as if the whole earth was inclosed in glass ; it
transforms it into a hothouse ; the sun effects an
entrance, but its exit is barred. Such is the function
of the air in respect to the calorific rays of the sun.
P. Eadmi, Revue ties Deiix Monies, tome Ixvi. p. 223.

Messrs. Cutbiish's ExUhUion of Spring Floioers —
This is now being held at the Crystal Palace, and will
continue open until this day week (April 6). It occu-
pies about 240 feet run of tabling divided down the
centre, one side being chiefly filled with Hyacinths and
Tulips, the other with a miscellaneous collection of
other spring-flowering plants; and at each end is a
specimen of white Azalea. The arrangement is as
follows — front row, variegated Pelargoniums, such as
Mrs. Pollock, Cloth of Gold, Golden Chain, and Lady
Plymouth ; second row. Hyacinths and Tulips mixed ;
third row, the same flowers separately; back row,
Hyacinths. Conspicuous among the latter are Florence
Nightingale, Cavaignac, Von Schiller, Macaulay, Prin-
cess Clothilde. Ducde Malakoff, and Duke of Wellington.
Blues are well represented by King of the Blues, Charles
Dickens, Grand Lilas, Nimrod, and others; and the
very dark or black kinds by General Havelock. Mont
isianc and Snowball are excellent among whites, and
Haydn among mauves. Among new kinds are Le
Grand Jaune, buff yellow ; Princess Helena, with large
pure white bells ; Mrs. James Cutbusb, with white
bells of good substance; Princess Anna, a pleasing
bright rosy pink variety; and Elise, crimson, edged
with pale rose. Of Tulips there is a fine collection, in
which the best new sorts appear to be Chrysolora,
bright yellow ; Zilvareen Standard, rosy crimson, flaked
with white ; Joost Van Vondell, large, crimson and
white ; Salvator Eosa, double, rose, striped with deeper
rose ; and Grand Due, yellow, flaked with red. Among
miscellaneous plants are Dielytra spectabilis, Cytisus
racemosus, Deutzias, Acacia Drummondii, Chinese
Azaleas, Cinerarias, Mignonette, Gueldres Hose, Lily
of the Valley, and the pretty double Prunus sinensis.
The whole is effectively and pleasingly bordered with
variegated Pelargoniums and Isolepis gracilis.

Road-making in Par«.— The streets of Paris are
kept cleaner and in better condition than those of any
city it has ever been my lot to visit ; but I should not
have mentioned this subject had it not a bearing on
horticulture. Those who are old enough to recollect
the direful tales which filled our papers, day by day, in
1848, will recall the uses to which the paving-stones of
Paris were turned. We shall never read a second
edition of those tales, for nearly all the paving-stones
have been removed— the policy of the Government is
everywhere considered. In their place, the broad and
comfortable pavements have been floored with asphalt.
Now, I have seen a good many paths, court-yards, &e.,
covered with this material in the old country ; but a very
large majority of these were anything but satisfactory.
They must have a better way of doing it than we have.
It wears well too, even with the enormous traffic of such
a city as that. I inquired how often it had to be renewed,
but nobody seemed able to tell me, and that simply
because they had had no experience. I was shown some
which had been down for six or seven years ; in places it
had occasionally been repaired ; in fact they were doing
it at the time, along a space that had been opened for the
purpose of putting down a gas-pipe ; the greater part
of it, however, was the original work, and to all appear-
ance it was as good as ever. Within the last few 3 ears
a still better plan has been adopted. The roads are
made with concrete, and then thinly covered with
some brown powdery stuff looking like cement. This
is laid dry, to the depth of about half-an-inch, and then
patted down with hot irons. I may show my ignorance
by saying so, but I must add that I never saw this plan
before. The substance is not melted, but it hisses and
smokes under the iron, and becomes so hard and solid
that the heaviest vehicles make not the slightest
impression upon it. I did not see the men at work
upon it, but this was how it was described to me by
one of the natives. The French call it by a term,
which may be translated " compressed asphalt." Now,
as all the roads and footpaths are covered in this way,
you might suppose that the trees have but a poor time
of it ; their welfare, however, is studied, Around the
stem of each of them there is an ornamental cast-iron
grating, on a level with the footpath, made in concen-
tric circles and segments, so that, as the tree enlarges,
it may be accommodated by the taking away of a part
of this grating, which admits air and water to the roots.
Scottish Gardener.

active period of growth. The admixture m which they
have hitherto been known to thrive best is silver sand,
and sphagnum in well studied proportions ; too
fretiuently however there is a preponderance of the
former, and to that I attribute much of the lU-suocess
which often attends the culture of these plants. To one
part of the silver sand washed well in two or or three
consecutive waters, so as to free it from all vegetable or
other decomposing matter likely to prove injurioiis
at a future period, add two of sphagnum, which
should also be well washed and picked oyer, when it
should be chopped into minute particles in order that
it may freely amalgamate with the sand. In the pots
when well crocked by first placing one larije one over
the bottom, and nearly half filling up with others,
broken small, and of uniform size; place a thin layer
of crude sphagnum, afterwards filling firmly with the
admixture just named, and bringing it up more or less
in the form of a cone above the rim of the pot, into
which the plants should be firmly fixed. Plants pro-
pagated by division, as previously advised, should be
removed carefully from their old positions, and neatly
placed in 32-sized pots ; some five separate pieces might
be placed evenly over the surface, making holes with a
neat dibble, into which the roots should be dropped
their entire length, and afterwards pressed firm by the
aid of the dibble. Always fix them so that theymay grow
inwardly and not out over the rim of the pots, pegging
each creeping root, needing such attention, firmly Aown

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Anactoehili generally will now need attention in
order to enable them to form a good growth during the
ensuing summer. Give all of them a shift into fresh
wholesome materials, as those of which the balls now
consist will be likely to have become more or less
soured on account of the necessity which exists for
keeping them freely moistened during their more

upon the surface of the soil afterwards ; when, alter !
good soaking, they may be replaced in any warm,
shady situation. Carefully wipe the inside of the bell-
glasses which cover them daily ; this should at all
times be done in the morning with a dry glass cloth. ^

Aquariums, generally, should now be replenished in
part, or wholly, with fresh soil ; stove aquatics, especially
the Victoria regia and Ni/mfhaas, are very partial to
a stiff; tenacious, yellow loam— that found upon the
lower edges of ponds, thrown up in a heap, and turned
over two or three times before it is used, is most suit-
able for them. I prefer forming a place for the recep-
tion of the plants in the centre of the tank with loose
bricks, piled up in a circular form, as hollow as
possible, some 5 or 6 feet in diameter, and from 2 to
3 feet deep, according to the depth of the water ; the
crown of this mound should never be more than
14 inches below the surface. Similar places might lie
formed, less in size, in the comers, where square tanks
exist, lorNymphreas, which assist materially in makma
a good display in such situations, and being planted
thus tidily within given spaces, are approached more
readily when necessary, than when loose mounds are
thrown up in the tanks. In regard to the Victoria, I
prefer seedlings, planted out yearly, to keeping the old
plants. Where an attempt is made to cultivate any of
the latter in pots, plunged in tanks or otherwise, or
other sorts of aquatics, such as Aponogetons, Ponte-
deras, Sagittarias, or the singular Vallisneria, they
should be potted into fresh compost forthwith. Good
yellow loam, similar to that recommended above, will
suit them well ; let it be moderately dry, and pot only
moderately firm. , , a- ,

Shrulhi/ Calceolarias should be potted oil at once
into small 60-sized pots, using equal parts of loam and
leaf-mould, and potting them moderately firm ; when
they should be slightly plunged into a bed formed of fer-
menting materials. The heat at the roots should not
exceed a maximum of 70' whilst they should be kept
cool at top, by the aid of a free circulation of air after
the two first days, shading for a week or so, at all times,
when the sun shines freely. Be careful not to over-
water them at the root, as should the soil become
soddened it will in all probability induce a disease to
which they are liable, with all its evil consequences.
FORCING HOUSES.
Continue stopping the lesser shoots upon a\\ Vines
in an advanced stage, as soon as one leaf is formed from
the break. In a general way, use flowers of sulphur
freely in all parts of forcing houses, brushing it over
back walls, and strewing it freely upon most other
surfaces, short of the actual heating apparatus itself;
this will help to ward off red spider and mildew. Also
ply the syringe freely twice a-day as the days lengthen.
Finish thinningoutPeac/tcsimmediatelyafterthey have
done stoning, pinching back all weaker growths, whilst
some few well-placed stronger shoots required to fill
vacancies should receive full encouragement m order
to induce a more free root action, and to aid
eventually in elaborating the necessary juices m the
fruit. Do not allow Figs swelling fruit to receive the
least check, as such will often cause them at this stage
to shed the crop. Those in pots cannot be watered too
freely at such a period; give them alternately clear
water and liquid manure. Cucumbers and Melons
planted out and making a fair start may now have a
little additional soil placed over the mounds upon
which they are planted. It should contain
more good loam with rather less leaf-mould than
that in which they were planted out. Press down
firmly with the hands, pegging out the growths
made evenly over the bed, and', pinching back the
points of all strong-growing shoots ; which by inducing
divisional ones to push freely, will be the means of
securing an earher supply of fruit than if left to ramble
over the bed. It will be observed that bunches ot
male flowers form freely at the axils of the several
leaves left upon shoots so pinched back, which rather
retard the younger breaks near them ; these should at
all times be removed with the finger and thumb, taking
«n,n ...nt. fn ;r>;nro t.ViB vouns shoots closelv associated

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.
Cerastiums should now be planted out in the^ posi-
tions which it is intended they should occupy in the
ensuing summer. There are two sorts in general use,
of which C. tomentosum is the best for small scroll
work and neat narrow edgings ; and it is perhaps the
most distinct, as the leaves being smaller than those ot
the other, it dries more quickly after a shower, and is
therefore more constant in colour. C. Biebersteinu,
the other sort to which I allude, however, is far superior
to tomentosum for bold ribbon work, whether stra,ight
or curved. Plant thickly where needed, dibbling it in
so that only the points of the shoots are seen above
ground Thus treated at this season, almost every
particle will grow. Where good thick nlants are laid
m, a larger edging is formed more quickly, thougti not
at all times with equal continuity. Be caret ul that
when planted in freshly-dug loose soils, the birds do not
carry it away, which they often will do at this nesting
time, if not watched.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Young plantations of Seakale, which might have
been formed last season, and which have not been
forced this, should now have the young sprouting
crowns cut off at the ground line. This will induce
them to break, and; form numerous crowns upim each
stool, ready to force in the following winter. Where
it is requisite to form new Asparagiis beds it will now
be necessary to perform that operation. I always
endeavour to transplant seedling plants into their more
permanent beds about the time they commence
growin" which wiU be about this date, as thereby any
wounds caused by breaking the roots in the operation
of removal are more likely to heal up than it planted
in wet soil some months earlier. Having the ground
well prepared, as previously noticed (see p. 132), it will
now only need raking over, for the purpose of removing
any large stones, &c., and should be afterwards trodden
flrmly down,thus obviating.as far as possible,any further
settling down after the plants are m. The readiest
mode of planting is to run the linedownarow,drawing
the soil away on either side of it, so as to form a sunken
furrow under it, with the apex immediately under the
line, 2 inches deep, falling away at either side to
3 inches. Upon the ton of this so-called furrow firmly
fix the crowns, spreading one half the roots ot each
plant evenly upon either side. The plants should be
at least 10 inches apart. Cover in as quickly as possible
when planted, and so level the soil over the bed tliat
no crown is more than 2 inches deep. TV. E.

STATE OF THE WEATHEK AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
Forthe Weekending Mar. 27, 1867, as observed utlthe Hortieultnral Gardena

Thurs. 2

Friday 'i;

Satur. 2:

Sunday 2

Mon. 2.

Tues. 2i

Wed. 2'

Avemgg

B^aouBTEa.

29.816
29.730
29.722
29.596
29.697
-29,397
1.121

29 625

29.644
29.C31
29.460
29.495
29.44G
29.325
29.299

29.473

TEUPEaiTUBB.

53.7

8.3 ! 46 0

41.7 I 41.3

March 21— Partially overcast ; cold, with dry air; fine at night.

_ 22— Heavy fall of snow ; hazy ; foggy at night.

— 23-Unifonnly overcast ; rain ; overcast at night.
_ 24-Vine ; very fine . overcast.

_ 25— Cloudy ; rain; tine at night. ^., , , a

— 2G- Very boisterous ; fine, with low white clouds ; fine.

— 27- Cloudy ; flue, dry air. overcast ; fine at night.

Mean temperature of the week 4 lloth deg. above the averase.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending April 6. 1867.

March
and
April.

care not to injure the young shoots closely associate!
therewith. Do not remove any female or truit-
bearing flowers, which are readily recognised, owing
to their having a minutely formed Cucumber behind
the flowers Gardeners make their plants fruit more
certainly by dusting the female blossoms with the
pollen contained in the centre of the fruitless male
flowers, and thus accomplish what in nature is left to
the agency of insects.

Sunday. .31
Mon. .. I
Tues. .. 2
Wed. .. 3
Thurs. .. 4
Friday . . 5
Satur.

34.3
34.1
36.0
35-7
35 9

No. of
Years in
which it
Ilained.

Greatest
Quantity
ofKaln,

0.30 ii

0.76

119

Prevailing Winds.

The highest temperature during the above period occuircd on the
3d. 1848-^thenn. 78 deg. ; and tbe lowest on the 1st, .1838- therm.
I6deg. ______^_^^__

Notices to Correspondents.

Cleeodendbon Leaves : Q A. The spots on the leaves of
your Clerodendron are caused neither by fungi nor sunhum.
An examination under the microscope shows that they are
Uttle raised cushions of cellular tissue, something hke those
which occur in some of our oivn indigenous plants. What
the immediate cause may be it is perhaps impossible to Miy,
but it would be as well to omit the m.anure water. M J JS.

Chinese Sugar Grass aot. Rio Neobo Passionflojver :
J G If after all that h.as been said respectmg these plants,
vou stiU desire to try them, we recommend you to apply to
some respectable firm, from whom, at any rate, the flrst-
named may be had at a cheap rate.

French Beans : F W. There is no msect nor fungus on your
French Bean leaves. The spots are a diseased condition of
the celluLir tissue, probably arising from excess of nutri-
ment. M J B. .„ t

Hot-water Pipes : Old Dublin Subacnber. There can be
no doubt as to the practical working and safety of joints
made by screws and india-rubber rings, but we are not so
sure of their durability, as india-rubber, however prepared,
perishes after a time. Nothing, however, could bo easier
than to repair a leaky joint made on this plan. ^

Names or Plants : B W. Trapa biconiis, figured in Lindley 3
" Vesetable Kingdom " (see p. 722).-^ S. ChoUanthes
odora -/ F D. 1, Blechnum brasiliense ; 2, Ptens cretica
albo-line.at,a ; 3, Litobrochia aurita ; 4, Pleopeltis Billardieri.
W Inalc Curculigo latifoUa and Pteris repandula ahas
felosma.-TB. SaiTacenia rubra.-B S ir. Perhaps Barklya
syringlfolia, but it is impossible to tell from such scanty
data.—// B. Maranta Porteana.

Taxodiom distichum : 0 C. This tree is usually increased by
imported seeds, but may also be raised from cuttmgs put
in in autumn, and kept moist.

CoMMUNlcATiONa Received.-E. Sage, QopsaU Hidl.-G. S.—
Montgomery Henderson.- Old SchooL— B. A. M.— A. u. a.
I -S. R. U.-S. F. dtCo.

-^F. & A. Smitil.— Vindicator.— W. J.

Mabch 30, 1867.]

THE GARDEiNERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICUETUKAL GAZETTE.

327

SUTTON'S GRASS SEEDS

FOR ALL SOILS.

OARIIIAGB FUEE.

MESSRS. SUTTON

Specially prepare MIXTURES for every description of
Boil ; therefore in ordering it is only necessary to state
the nature of the soil, and suitable Seeds will he supplied.
The following are the popular classifications of Soils : —

1, STIFF CLAY

2. STIFF or HfcAVY LOAM

3. GOOD MEDIUM LOAM

4. LIGHT SANDS

fi. SHARP GRAVELS
6. CHALKY SOILS
T. SHKEP DOWNS
8. RIVEK FLATS, or WATER
MEADOWS

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of PERMANENT
GRASSES and CLOVERS.— Prices for Nos. I, 2, 3, 4,
6, 6, and 7 (2 bushclfi of Grasses, and 12 lb. Clovers
per acre), 36*. per acre, carriage free.

CHEAPER MIXTURES, 26.?. to 30?. p. acre, carriage free.

For No. 8, 30>'. per acre, carriage free.

From many Letters before us we present one only for

each description of Seeds.

Frojn Mr. John Towlk, Weirs and Hinckscy Mills, near Oxford.

AprilD, ISGG,— "Some ftve or six yenra back I had from you Per-
ninnsDt Grass Seeds for •iO acres, and thesiiine quantity from another
party ; while yours haa now a good sward upuu it, the other is worn
almost to nothing."

SUTTON'S RENOVATING MIXTURE for the above
SOILS, price lOd. per lb., cheaper by the cwt.— If
these Seeds are sown early in the season, the improve-
ment in the Pasture will be very great, and at small
expense, {os. to 10s. per acre.)

From W. G. Qodlbours, Esq., North Mimins, Hatfield.
March 15, I860.— "TUe Renovating Mixture 1 had liist year has

already mado an important iiii prove ment both in quality and

quantity of crop,"

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE for PARK LAWNS,
BOWLING GREENS, CRICKET GROUNDS, for
the above Soils, price 18*. per bushel. Sow 2 or
2| bushels per acre,
SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of GRASSES and
CLOVERS for Four Years' Lay, 24*. per acre, carriage
free. Second Quality cheaper.

From Joseph Kliirham, Esq., Jun., Terrinytoii.
March 28, 1866. — "The Four Years' Lay Seeds I had from you have
answered well ; and although I had a heavy crop of O.its, there has
been more feed than I ever saw before. I have had 100 ewes and
lambs on the 10 acres for a long time, but it appears to grow almost
as fast as they eat it."

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of GRASSES and
CLOVERS for Two Years' Lav, 18*. 6d. per acre,
carriage free. Second Quality cheaper.
^ From Mr. William Joses, Agent to E. P. Monkton, Esq.,

Fittesltmle Abhey, Wansford,
May 5, 1866. — "The Clovers and Grass Seeds supplied by you
dxiring my residence here (1864 and 1863), have given everj- satisfac-
tion ; iudced, in 1865, when all seeds around mo were a failure, I had
such an abundaut crop of your ' Two Years' Lay Seeds,' that out of
60 acres I mowed 20 acres twice iu that season, and the mowings
together averaged quite three tons per acre.*'

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of GRASSES and
CLOVERS for One Year's Lay, 15s. per acre, carriage
free.

From R. Bird Thompsos, Esq., Free Cltase, Slangham, CrawUy.

Jan. 19, 1867.— "The seeds for one year's lay had from Measra.
Sdttom turned out wonderfully. The mowers stated they had not
seen such a crop for yeara, and that it was like cutting into a wall.
They said it was 4 feet high. Certainly it was the Quest crop Mr.
Bird Thompson ever saw."

SUTTON'S MIXTURES of CLOVERS and RYE-
GRASS for One Year, 12s. to 14s. per acre, carriage
free.

From Mr. E. Neal, Stexoard to the Hon. J. K. Howard, Hazelhy.

June 27, 1866.— "I have harvested 3 acres of CI o vera and Italian
Rye-grass from seed jou sent me last year, which has been the
admiration of the neighbourhood."

GOOD CLOVER SEEDS at market prices. Samples

and lowest price per cwt. on application,
SUTTON'S SELECTED MANGEL ■WtJBZEL,
TDRNIP, and other FARJI SEEDS, as see

SUTTON'S NEW FARM SEED LIST,

Gratis and Post Free on application,

1^^ All Goods Carriage Free^ except very stnall parcels.

Five per cent, discount allowed for Cash Payments.

SUTTON AND SONS,

ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT,

READING.

Grass Seeds for Permanent Pasture.

RICUAUit SMITH'S MlXTURli of tbo finest
I'KltKNNIAL GRASSES and CLUVEUS are carefully made
to auit all klnd.4 uf S )il. I'rlco I'ltH. to :vZi*. per acre..
PRICED LIST on application.
Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester^ _^___^

r:^ U A S S SEEDS for

^^ PERMANENT TASTORE, of the

flae.st quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a now, natural, and
Bclcutiflc syHtom.

See " WHEELER'S IJOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and DescriptiouB of the moat
BUitablo Grasaoa for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. WUEKLBII k SolT,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agricultural Society.

Carter's OeDuine Seeds.

CARTER'S SELECT LIST of GENUINE FARM
SEEDS, at moderate prices, is uow ready, and may be had post
free on applicaLion to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 233, High
Holborn. London, W.C.

S~OUTHERN COUNTIES ASSOCIATION.
PresideiU 180C-'C7— His Grace the Duk.e of RicHMOwn, K.G.
'The ANNUAL EXHIBITION of HORSES, STOCK. POULTRY,
IMPLEMENTS, WORKS of ART, Ac, will be held at BRIGHTON,
on the li4th, 25th. 2Cth, 27th. and 28t,h of JUNE NEXT.
SUMMARY OF PRIZES OFFERED :—
CATTLE.— Short- horns. £.\2?> ; Sussex, £125 ; other Breeds, £50.
SHEEP.— S.iuthdowns, £yij ; Hants Downs, £!)0 ; Oxford Downs, £90 ;

Kent Sheep, £90.
HORSES.— Agricultural, £110; Hunters. £95; Hacks, £15; Ponies,
PIGS.— Berkshire, £32; other Breeds, £32. [£10.

POULTRY.— Various, £93.

The PRIZE LIST may be obtained of the Secretary. ENTRIES
CLOSE May 1. By order of the Council,

Yately, Farnborough. G. B. H. Sdcte. Secretary.

ROYAL ACtKICULTURAL SOCIF/IT of ENGLAND.
BURY ST. EDMUSD'S MEETING. 1867.
STOCK, POULTRY and IMI'LEMENT PRIZE SHEETS are
now ready, and will be forwarded on application to
12, Hanover Square, London. W. H. Hall Dare, Sec.

OYAL AGIUCITLTUKAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND

—On TUE.SDAY. April 2, at 8 o'clock p.m., Dk. VOELCKER
will deliver a LECTURE on "THE RELATIVE VALUE and
MANURIAL PROPERTIES of PURCHASED FOOD."
By Order of the Council,
12, Hanover Square. W, H. Hall Dare, Secretary.

Wixt ^gttcttltural (5a?ette.

SATURDAY, MARCH W, 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

rCentr;il Fiinners' Club {Mr. Nockolila on a
\\ Gnvcinmi'nt I)o:ird of AJricullure), at the

( Siilisburj- Hotel- G p.m.

rCentral Cliamber of Agriculture (.\a8essment of
,3 Property), at the Salisburj Hotel— 11.30 a.m.
"■) Agricultural Society of Enifland (Dr. Voelcker

I on Eoode and Manure(-8 p.y.
3— Royal Agri. Soc.of Enxland (CouncilMeeting;— Noon

MONDj^v, April

A NUMBEK of tho Agricultural Labourers at
Gawcott, Buckinghamshire, are " on strike " for
better wages. They have worked all winter
for 9s. and 10s. a week, and now they demand
123., and Is. for Sunday work. Notwithstanding
that their demand was refused, and they were
promptly paid off at the lower rate, yet the
probability is that these men will get what they
ask, if not in their own neighbourhood, elsewhere.
The natural tether of the agi-icultural labourer
is generally strong enough ; his cottage and his
family, and his accustomedness to the home
locality and people, are sufficient guarantee
that his new-found independence will not
degenerate into restless vagabondism ; and
we are glad, therefore, of any illustration
which will enforce upon masters tho conviction
that not custom but the cui'rent market value of
labour must determine the race of wages. This
is more than ever true now that such facilities
exist on the one hand for distributing informa-
tion, and on the other for travelling from one
district to another. The value of locomotion to
both masters and servants cannot be overrated,
and it was very properly made the other day at
Tiverton the subject of an address in connection
with this subject by Canon Girdlestone. And
this is how he taught by a Devonshire example
the truth which is being now illustrated at
Gawcott : —

" When I first came to Halberton, I found that the
wages of an able-bodied, industrious married labourer
were only 8s. and in some cases but "s. a week, out of
which, with a few e-xceptions, house rent, fuel, food and
clothina, and medical attendance, for self, wife, and
children — in short, everything— had to be paid. There
never was a more difficult problem set before a man
than to endeavour to make both ends meet uiider such
circumstances, and it appeared to me a most improper
state of things. I did my best in all possible ways to

persuade tho farmers of this. I told them that, setting
aside .ill moral obligations, even in a iiocuiiiary iioint
of view they would be gainers by paying tlioir labourers
better; that if they took out of one pocket a few
shillings a week more for wages, they would put into
tho other jiocket much more, saved out of a decreased
poor-rate, and the more eflicient work of men better
fed, and with fewer temptations to dishonesty. The
only answer I got was, that I was a fool for my pains :
that I ought to know that wages, like water, always
find their own level, and that the labourers, if they
could better themselves, would be sure to do so.
* Well,' said I, ' water will fiud its own level if you
give it a vent. But labourers are not in the condition
of water as long as they are pent up in the place of
their birth, by not knowing in what part of the
country better wages are given, and not having the means
of removing to a distance.' So I sot myself to work to
make a vent for the water— to teach the labourer where
he might get a fair day's wages for a fair day's work,
and furnish him with the means of removal. By my
instrumentality no less than 38 labourers from this
neighbourhood— about half of whom are married, with
families, and half single men— have been removed to
various places— Ireland, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Essex,
Kent, cSlc, where the married men all get bouse and
garden rent-free, with sometimes fuel added, with
wages varying from 12*. a week, the lowest, to 1^
a week ; and the single men mostly board, lodgings,
washing and mending, and ('1.9. a week. This is still
going on ; I have still applications both from and for
labourers ; and now that the vent is made, the farmers'
dictum, whicb they thought I was too ignorant to
know about, and too wanting in power to_ make
practical, is fulfilled. Wages are finding their own
level. As some of the water keeps flowing out to a
higher level through the opening which I have made,
that whicb remains keeps rising. The wages of the
agricultural labourer are rising, and must continue to
rise in Halberton and the neighbourhood. Now that
his eyes are opened to the fact that be can get well paid
in other parts of the country, the Devonshire labourer
will be a great fool for his pains if he does not combine,
unite, struggle, and persevere till be gets his cottage
rent-free and nis 12.«. a week for wages. As for tho
merciless pelting which these efforts of mine in bebaK
of the agricultural labourers have brought upon myself
from the farmers and the papers which espoused their
cause, I have all along said that my skin, by many
years' exposure to public criticism, has become as
tough as that of a rhinoceros."

The Canon added, that whether the fanners or
the papers aimed a blow at him, it only
rebounded against them with double force ; and
that in spite of the farmers and the papers, there
he was alivo, and as merry as ever.

Let it be borne in mind in connection with
the Gawcott strike, and other influences which
affect the agricultural labour market, that
"information" is often incomplete, and there-
fore not always trustworthy. It may tell the
labourer who has just received his 10s. wage
that he might have had 12s. or 14s. elsewhere ;
but unless it also tolls him about payments in
"kind" as well as money — about gardens,
cottages, and perquisites — it may mislead him
after all. And the upshot of any mistake in such
a case, with all the misery which it entails, is to
make the labour market less sensitive to such
information for the future ; and so to do a
mischief to labourers as well as masters, who are
both of them interested in possessing trustworthy
information on the subject. It is in illustration
of this subject that we refer to the condition of
the labourer in Dorsetshire.

In an action recently tried at Dorchester,

when the plaintiff, JonK Eidout, sought to
recover damages from the South- Western Rail-
way Company for the death of his wife, caused
at an illegally constructed crossing, the con-
stantly vexed question of a Dorset labourer's
wages was again a subject for comment,
and not a little ridicule. The plaintiff in
his examination, stated that "he was a farm
labourer, getting 9s. a week ; " but his master,
when interrogated on this point, stated that his
average wages amounted to 13s. per week.

Now, having inquired into this seeming discre-
pancy, we find upon an analysis of the wages
account paid to John Eidout and his fellow
labourers, the case pretty much as follows : —
93. is the nominal weekly pay of all the
ordinary men on the farm on which the said
John Eidout works, except one carter, to whom
the master has given 9s. 6rf. since taking first
prize at a ploughing match. The discrepancy
between the accounts of the master and the
man arises from the customs of the county,
and some of these customs may now be stated.
They are —

1st, "Put-work," "task-work," "work by
the gret," i&c.

2d, Harvest money.

3d, Coals.

4th, Cottage and garden rent-free.

As to the first point, hoeing, reaping, mowing,

328

THE GAEBENEES' CHEONICLE iND AGRICITLTUKAI, GAZETTE.

[MAll6a 80, 1867.

&c., are taken by the job at so mucb an acre,
and extra vrages can be earned at such work.

But (2), as the carters cannot be spared to do
many "put-work" jobs, they have so much a
year harvest money ; and (.3), coals are hauled
for each labourer, though it is only the
shepherd and carter who to a certain extent has
them found.

(4). The cottages in Dorset are probably not
better than those of other counties, and they
certainly are not worse, and they have usually
very good sized gardens attached to them. These
are found for the more permanent farm servants ;
and, for those for whom they are not ostensibly
provided, they are usually let at as little as a
shilling a week.

If, then, we take these matters into considera-
tion, in the case before us we find that the
average pay is nearly 13s. Gd. a week, exclusive
of cider, of which there is a liberal provision for
each man. The arrangements that are made with
different kinds of farm servants tend very much
to an equalisation of wages, but it is the height
of folly to suppose that the nominal weekly
wage is the whole of the labourer's income.

In so far as Dorset is concerned, we conclude
wages to be quite as good as those of other
purely agricultural counties, and it behoves town-
made philanthropists to try to understand the
true nature of the case before they make sensa-
tional speeches and write sensational articles on i
the Dorset or any other county labourer's wage. '
We much wish however that some plan could
be devised to make the wages of the labourer
more certain and regular, and more dependent
upon the capability of the man ; but it is
with the farm servant as with the mechanic,
for although the former as yet has no trade
union, yet he keeps so pertiuaciousty to his
ways and customs that he rebels against an
advance of wages to one if not given to another.
There is also, we are sorry to find, another
very seriouf? grievance, illustrative of a low
con'dition altogether of the labouring class,
which must, of course, be corrected by a just
discharge of the duties both of masters and of
guardians, but which is in the meantime
taking root in many Dorset parishes. When-
ever „ work is somewhat scarce, the young
men urge their elders to apply to the Union.
Many an elderly man who could do work
not requiring full strength or constant appli-
cation applies for permanent relief, and when
so disposed of, the younger men are not only
emploj'ed but paid full wages for what is
often reaUy women's work, and this is more
especially the case when women are employed
in such work as gloving, straw-plaiting, and the
like for some neighbouring town.

These facts, and the erroneous notions of the
smallness of wages, are doubling oiu- poors'
rates, as whenever a Dorset man is asked by the
guardian as to his amount of wages, ho invari-
ably says " 9s. a week, and perhaps a shilling or
so extra now and then," so that the real earnings
are seldom understood ; and so ao;ain in the
matter of gloving it is next to impossible to ascer-
tain the rate at which they are paid ; but let not
the townsman talk of the lowuess of country
wages upon such evidence as is thus obtained, for
by this same rule the manufacturer must cut an
equally sorry figure. Thus, we have been told,
over and over again, at the Board of Guardians,
that gloving is paid for at the rate of " 2d.
per pair, by which some Is. 9d. or 2s. can be
earned weekly by a good hand," whereas it
is plain to any one that the gloving ladies
dress at a rate which such figures can by
no means explain.

The truth is that the mere labourer gets pretty
much the same in town and country for a given
quantity of mere work, but the wages are paid
according to so many customs that the sum
named is reaUy no criterion whatever of the
a.mount received, or the advantages accruing
under different circumstances. B.

cottage has its garden in which house refuse may at
once be used. The plan about to be adopted at Berk-
hampstead is that which Mr. MexYZIES advocates
where the rainfall and the sewage-water are kept sepa-
rate ; and for the latter only, uniform in quantity, and
thus more easily managed, is any special elaborate
system of drainage needed. The pamphlet in which
tbe proceedings at Berkhampstead up to the present
point are described, includes a number of reports and
communications on the subject, and among them the
following account by Sir W. Hatteh, Bart., of
Southhiil Park, Bracknall, of the way in which
Mr. Menzies' plan has been carried out at the Broad-
moor Asylum : —

Ihe residents at the A.sylum, comprising the patients, the
attendants, and artisans, and their f.amilies. amount in
number to about C.50 persons. The Asylum itself is situated
on an elevated plateau, so that the whole system is worlied
by gravitation. Tbe water supply, however, is pumped up
by a steam-engine from the valley below.

There is an entire separation of the rainfall from the sewage-
Wiiter. The former, except such as falls upon the buildings,
which is mainly led into cisterns and used for laundry pur-
poses, is Girried off in separate drains, adequate only for that
object, and having the requisite p-atings, into the ponds and
ditches around, ultimately flowing into the streamlet from
which the ordinary water-supply is obtained. The sewage-
water derived from the closets .and other places in and about
the building, and which averages between 30 and 40 g.allons
per head per day, is carried oil by separate closed drains into
a straining or filtering tank, of which there .are two, side by
.side, each being in use !iltern.ately for about si.x weeks. Both
the solid and liquid matter flows into the bottom of this tank ;
the former remains at the bottom of the tank, the hatter rises
through apertures in wooden travs covered with .ashes .and
cbarccal, to the top, .and flows off in a covered drain to the
g.arden and grounds, and is distributed in the ordinary way of
irrigation, which gives employment to one common labourer.
The solid matter which .accumulates is easily removed, .at the
end of about six weeks periodically, and is mixed with gas,
lime, burnt earth, ashes, or other m.ateriala at h.and, and is
carted on to the land for agricultural purposes.

The sewage-v/ater having heen applied to the garden, where
its application is most valuable in the growth of vegetables, is
again used in the fields below for the growth of Italian
Kye-grass ; and the abundant and successive crops upon land
hitherto in the lowest scale of natural fertility suSiciently
evince its value. The irrigating water, having been thus used,
flows off at the end of the estate into a streamlet apparently
perfectly pure ; indeed, an adjoining parish mainly derives its
supply from this streamlet. No complaint whatever has
been made of its impuritj', and the system has been in use for
more than two years, and the bailiff .assures me that the
solid matter when treated as above forms a very valu.able
manure.

I am quite at a loss to conjecture of what possible utihty
it can be, either in an economical or .sanitary point of view,
to mix the sewage and the rainfall water together. The evils
.are obvious ; in the separ.ato system you have to deal with
ascertained quantities, so far .as sewage is concerned, and the
size of your drains is calculated accordingly ; when the
sewage and the rainfall .are mixed together, there must
always be an uncertain quantity to deal with, but your drain

generally, in recognition of his public spirit in all
agricultural matters, and especially of his services as
Editor of the "Hereford Herd Book."

THE PARIS EXHIBITION OF 1867.
[From our Correspondent.]
On the iirst issue of the Commission appointed by
the Prench Imperial Government to undertake the
onerous, and not always appreciated duties connected
with the organisatioii of this vast undertaking. Agri-
culture had a very important role assigned to her.
This might easily have been anticipated by those who
know the special interest taken by the Emperor per-
sonally in all that concerns its progress ; but important
as the role was which was thus originally assigned,
circumstances which Were subsequently brought uuder
their notice, induced the Commissioners to modify
very materially their first intention. Modifications
have thus been made which have had the result to
place the programme of what is intended to be done in
connection with the agricultural department at the
very head of all others, and to give to it a prominence,
which if realised, will make it one of the most im-
portant e-thibitions ever organised. But it is easier to
promise than it is to fulfil; atid already a shade of
doubt begins to appear, leading to the belief that all
that was promised in this department will not be
fulfilled. The rumours which have been rife during
the last two or three months a.s to the Exhibition not
being ready for the day of opening— fixed ominously
enough, at least in the estimation of superstition for
the 1st of April — were culminated in an announcement
that if opened on that d,ay, it will be opened with
many, if not all of the departments, in an uncompleted
state. If then, this is correct, and that it is so, nearly
all have stated, certain it is that whatever may be the
condition of final or ultimate completion of the various
sections of the agricultural department, the programme
of work to be done in connection with them cannot be
carried out so far as the dates are concerned. But be this
as it may, it will be as well to place before our readers a
statement of what is promised to be done in the agri-
cultural department, leaving it for time to show
whether it is to be fulfilled or not ; and this we give
on the authority of the " Commission ConsuUative
pour les JSxpositio^is d'Afft'icultHre."

In addition to a certain space in the Exhibition at
the Champ de Mars, and the erections in the Park, which
will be not tlie least interesting portion of the Exposi-
tion— the Commission have had appropriated to the
' purposes of the agricultural department the island of
1 Billancourt, on the Seine, and a smaller island, of
i which the name is L'llede Sequin, near it. In addition
to the space afforded by these two islands, two of the

^ _ ! Imperial farms — that of Vincennes, with that of

must be equal to "carry off the largest quaiitity "which the j Pouilleuse— have been placed at the disposal of the

united flow may at any time require, and thus your drains ; Commission for carrying out certain trials, of which

..,, _..i , .... , (]„g jjQfigg ,yiij presently be given. The Imperial farm

The question of eflicient scavenging is on the

point of decision at Great Berkhampstead, a small and
Somewhat scattered town; and the practice of earth-
closets as against drainage is about to be answered in
favour of the latter. The reasons given are, that Berk-
hampstead, with a population of 5000 inhabitants, would
need 2100 tons of dry and sifted earth per annum, pro-
portionately and uniformly distributed, at short inter-
vals, to every house in the parish ; that, moreover, the
used earth must be removed at short intervals of time,
that drains must in any case be provided for all foul
water, and especially that unless the system is perfectly
carried out, the nuisance becomes intolerable. We fear
that the earth-closet system is thus confined to the cases
of solitary houses or scattered villages, where every

being nlano too Largo for ordiniiry purposes will occ;i.sionally
be clogged with solid matter, which the ordinary supply will
be unable to remove, .and which will remain fermenting and
evolving noxious gases which nuist and will escape through
the gratings.

The rainfall unpolluted is of service to supply the ponds
and the streamlets with pure water : but if polluted with
sewage would be rendered unwholesome. It is obviously
impossible to carry off the rainfall without gratings to allow
of the flow from the roads and general snrf.ace of the ground ;
but if the sewage is mixed with the r.aiiifall the whole becomes
polluted, and unhealthy gases are of necessity evolved. This
evil .appears to me so great and so insuperable, that on sanitary
grounds .alone a separation appears to me absolutely necess.ary.

I need scarcely mention that on occasions when a great
r.ainfall happens, the sewage m.atter by its great dilution will
become comparatively useless for agricultural pmposes.

In the position in which the system of sewage-remov.al
arrangement requires the apphcation of pumping-power, the
separsiting mode in an economical point of view has mani-
fest advantages, as the qu.antitles can not only be accurately
ascertained, but the useless expense of pumphig unnecess,ary
and diluted matter will be obviated.

" One boy is a boy, two boys is half a boy, and

three boys is ne'er a boy at all." That is tbe popular
agricultural verdict as regards the labour of children
unsuperintended. Hence the need of their being
strictly looked after while at work in the fields. Take
the case, now, of a country wholly arable, with a soil
extremely fertile and productive of weeds, thus needing
much hand labour as well as horse-hoe cultivation—
with no scattered cottages or hamlets, so that all the
labourers live in widely separated villages or towns;
and out of this necessarily arises what is called the
gang system, as it prevails in the Fen districts, and is
described and condemned in the Blue Book just
presented to both Houses of Parliament. The labour
of children is needed, and as they live in flocks, so
they must come furth in gangs; and as they are u,sele,ss
if they are not looked after, so there is the need of a
gang-master. He takes the work and pays the children,
and keeps them up to their performance of the
task. He may be a short-tempered or even a brutal
drunken man, and hence the system is open to the
most cruel abuses. These are fidly exposed in this
Report of the Commissioners,* who recommend that
gang masters should be licensed — that the ages of
children allowed to work in gangs be limited— that a
maximum distance from their homes be fixed, beyond
which they should not be allowed to go— that a female
superintendent should be required where girls are
employed— and that some provision for education
be insisted on. Some legislation on the subject
is called for and will no doubt follow upon this Report,
which deserves to be carefully studied and discussed in
those counties where the system prevails.

We see it announced that Mr. Thomas

DucKHAM, of Baysham Court, near Ross, is to be
invited to a public dinner, when a testimonial valued
at boo;, will be presented to him by his brother agri-
culturists, not of Herefordshire only, but of the country

Report of Children's Employment Commissiotiers, 1867.

of Vincennes is within easy reach of P.aris, and is well
worthy of a visit on its own acount. We have not yet
visited that of Fouilleuse, but we hope soon to do so,
and of what is to be seen there we hope to he able to
give our readers in due time an account. Tlie agri-
cultural part of the Exhibition has been divided
hy the Commission into two great sections, first,
that of Implements, and second that of Animals.
The first of these sections is again divided into
what may be called sub-sections, and these again
into classes, the trials of which will take place daily,
and more elabor;tte ones on special dates fixed, as
will be seen from the following list of snb-sections and
classes. Under the sub-section of " Implements used in
connection with the cultivation of the soil," are the
following classes: — (1) ploughs for deep ploughing;
(2) ditto for light land and general ploughing ; (3)
hand and subsoiling ploughs; (J) cultivators, scarifiers,
drag and heavy harrows; (5) light and seed harrows
and land rollers, All the above classes will be subjected
to trial during the month of April, commencing with
the first and ending with the last day. (6) Steam
ploughs : the trials of these will be made from the 20th
to the ■■30th of April, and will be held at the Imperial
Farm of Vincennes. Tbe whole of the systems tried
will be in one field of large extent, so that the visitors
will have them all at one time under inspection, and
be able to make their own comparative observa-
tions respecting their merits, with ease. This
feature we deem of great importance, and only
hope that the promises of the programme in this
section will be fulfilled. The extent of land given to
each competitor will be from 12 to 24 acres. The soil,
we believe, of the trial field presents all the features
best calculated to allow of the peculiarities of steam-
ploughs being fully tested. Class 7 is composed of
sowing machines, and these will be tried from the 1st
to the 15th of May, Class 8 is made up of Grass-
cutting machines, and the trials of these are to extend
from the 15th to the 30th of May, and to take place at
the Imperial Farm of Fouilleuse, situated at a distance
of 12i miles from Paris; the trial will be made on
one field of BO acres of Lucerne, so that, as in the case
of the steam-ploughs, the whole of the machines under
work will be seen .at once, and compar.ative observa-
tions easily carried out. Class 9, horse rakes, will also
be tried at the same place and time. From the 1st to
the 15th of June the trials of the horse hoes and double
mould-board ploughs (Class 10) will be made. Those
of the reaping machines (Class 11) from the 15th to
the 30th of July, at the Imperial Farm of Fouilleuse,
on a field of winter Wheat of 70 acres in
extent. The last of the classes (12) under the
present snb-section, composed of the vehicles of the
farm, will be tried from the 1st to the 15th of May.
The second of the sub-section of Implements is that of
" Machines used in the buildings of the farm'; (Instru-
ments d'Interieur de la Ferine), and is divided into
classes as follows: (1) chums and dairy utensils— trials

March 30, 1867.]

THE GARDENET^S' CnRONICLE AND AGRICULTimAL GAZETTE.

320

from tho 1st to the 15th of May ; (2) drain and tdo-
niakinR machines— from tho 1st to tho IHHi ol April ;
(;i) steiim onKiues— trials during tho whole of tho
month of April ; ( 1) throshiiiK muchincs— trials from
tho 1st to tlio ir.lhof AuRust, the samu period Ihmih!
that of tho trial of the machines under tllass r,
winnowing inaehinos. Class (i, oilcalie-liiTakers and
mills, will he tried from tho Ifilh to the :ilMh of April,
as also manhines under Class 7, straw cutters and root
cutters and crushers. Cookins and steaming apparatus
under Class 8 will be tried duriiif tho month of
September. The machines connected with Flax and
Hemp will be tried in the month of October. The trials
under Class 10, eomprisinR what is called ai?rioultural
industries, as distilling from 13eet-root, &c., sugar-
makins from do., beer and cider, starch, etc., will bo
made during tho months of September and October ;
hydraulic machines. Class 1 1, 1'rom the l.'itli to tho 30th
of April ; and Class 12, weighing machines, during the
same period. . ,, ,

The second great division of the agricultural
department is that of tho Animals of the Farm
{Jixpo.ntion d' Animaux). This promises to be one of
the most inlorestiiis and suggestive exhibitions oi'
stock over lidd, as it will comprise, or it is proposed
that it should luiinprise, specimens of the stock of all
countries, and also of what may be called the minor
animals of the farm, as well as of inseets, which play
an important part in its general economy. The Com-
mission find all the stables and buildings necessary
for the comfortable housing of the animals, the food
which they consume being the only expense to which
the exhibitors will be put. Each divisioii is to be
exhibited in such a way and at such a time as to
enable the best and most characteristic features of the
animals composing it to bo shown to the utmost
advantage. Tho periods of exhibition will thus depend
upon the natural circumstances of the animals
exhibited, as will be seen from the following list.
Each period of exhibition is to extend over 15 days,
this including the time necessary to bring up the
animals. This will allow on the average a full
period of 10 days to each class. At the end of such
period a sale of the animals exhibited in the
special department will be held under the care of,
and organised by the Commission. The following
is the list of the classes under this division, and of the
periods at which they are exhibited :—(l) fat stock,
cattle, sheep, and pigs, from the 1st to the 15th of
April; (3) sheep of breeds other than Merino, from
the loth to the last day of April; (S) dairy cows, of
various breeds, as Normandy, Tlemish, Brittany, Swiss.
Dutch, and British, from the 1st to the 15th of May;
(4) Merino breeds of sheep, from the 15th to the end
of the same month ; (5) draught horses, iirst fortniglit
of June; (6) poultry, pigeons, rabbits, &c,, the second
fortnight; (7) cattle used for work, the first fortnight
of July ; (8) riding and race-horses, the second fort-
night; (9) dogs, the first fortnight of August; (10)
draught oxen, the second fortnight; (11) pigs, the
first fortnight of September; (12) asses and mules,
the second fortnight ; (13) fat animals, fed in
pastures, the first fortnight of October. In addition
to these cla,sses there will ho one made up of useful
insects, as silk-worms, bees, and the like.

We have said that the accommodation for all the
animals exhibited will be provided by the Commission ;
and this will be arranged in such a way that each
department will exhibit specimens of the best forms of
buildings adapted for it. Thus in the department of
cattle there will be specimens of the best modes of con-
structing cattle houses, fatting boxes, and the like ; in
that of horses, the best forms of stables ; in that of
sheep, sheep walks and shelter slieds ; in that of pigs,
styes ; and so on. In connection with the horses there
will be an exhibition of practical farriery ; and in that
of the draught or working oxen, trials of the various
classes in appropriate places. These will 'oa held during
the second fortnight of August. Nor is this all : there
will be an exposition of farm buildings and cottages,
and the best modes of arranging and constructing
them ; and a very complete exposition is said already
to be organised of the best and most approved fittings
for adoption in all classes of rural buildings. The
classes devoted to the products of agricultural industry
will also present much that is peculiarly interesting,
such as the cereals and other substances, more or less
perishable, used as food, specimens of various
timbers, <fcc.

From what we have given, the reader will see that
there is a very promising programme of proceedings
in connection with this Great Exhibition of 18B7.
All may not be realised which it does promise, but the
fields it opens up are so large, and the soil, so to speak, so
fertile, that if only a comparatively small portion yields
produce, that will be so extensive as to make the result
somewhat remarkable.

We shall iu our next glance at the working of the
Juries, and the rewards which have been placed at
their disposal for distribution amongst the successful
competitors in the several departments. After which,
the Fates being propitious, we shall commence our
regular notice of the Exhibition as it is complete or
not complete in each or all of its departments, as its
opening will show.

trochl..

for tho iirovinces of Sonth Holland and
liowed tiiat the plague was increasing and

niblishcd

showed tiiat the plagut
extending its area, and when the Minister of the

inter

his

plat
wliei
Mid report on the subject.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE IN THE NETHER-
LANDS.

The following extracts from the Consul's Report,
dated Jan. 24, 1867, on the progress of the cattle plague
in the Netherlands, shows how virulent the epidemic
has been, and that the authorities, like those in
England, have been compelled to adopt strong
measures to suppress it. It likewise shows that the
rules and regulations enforced were in many re,spect9
similar to our own.

" At the end of the 'year 1865 the official returns

i>r presented -. - - - . ,. ,

dated 23d January, ISfii;, the total numbers for the
two provinces above lucntionod had reached by the
latest olliijial return 2.s,72,s cases, 8775 deaths, (iiHH

.slaughtered, and '.llHCi n vcrcil, leaving uinvards of

3.5110 still under Ireal-iiicul, while both to tho north and
south of the infcrted districts in North Holland and
Nortli lirabant isolated cases had occurred. In the
last mentioned instances the evil had promptly been
met by slaughtering all tho cattle in contact with the
infected animals, alitor awarding compensation to the
ovraers, and by strict measures lor cutting off all inter-
course with the infected places, which might have the
I'llccI (if sprciiding the di.seas6. But before directing
uttention to tlio progressive advance of the idaguc, it
may bo of advantage to consider the means _ at
the disposal of the authorities for arresting or miti-
gating it.

" With the additional light of a twelvemonth's expe-
rience it is easy to criticise the self congratulation of
those who saw in tho machinery of the commercial and
Iirovincial organisation of the Netherlands a sullicient
means of encountering the disaster which had befallen
them, and who had painted to England as an example
of the lielpless condition of a country destitute of such
institutions ; it is enough to remark, that in tho one
country as in the other, the ordinary powers of the
State iiavo proved insullicient to avert consequences
which yet might have been foreseen and provided
against.

" The general laws applicable to the subject at the
time of the breaking out of the disease were certain
articles of the Penal Code respecting default of giving
notice of animals attacked by infectious diseases, and
allowing such animals to run among others; together
with a law empowering the State to appropriate, on
award of compensation, the property of individuals on
grounds of public utility. Further, the provincial and
commercial laws conferred the right of making certain
regulations with the force of law within their respec-
tive limits, and the provincial authorities were invested
with the attribute of calling on those of the communes
to direct and carry out such measures as might be
found expedient.

" In pursuance of powers thus vested in them, many
communes took measures for the suspension of markets
and public sales of cattle ; for providing places for the
temporary seclusion of suspected and imported animals;
for fencing off infected farms, and maintaining a strict
watch over them ; for prohibiting the introduction of
infected or suspected cattle, or of any articles likely to
spread the disease— among others, hay, straw, and other
fodder lor cattle within their limits, and for proper
inspection over the passage of cattle through them ; lor
the prevention of indiscriminate access to infected or
other stalls or pastures by cattle dealers or others ; for
destroying the carcases, hides, and ofl'al of animals
dying or slaughtered as diseased or suspected ; and for
enforcing proper cleanliness and disinfection of stalls
and other places where diseased cattle had been kept ;
besides making such other regulations as the necessity
of the case might suggest.

" The provincial authorities took measures for pro-
claiming those communes in which the disease had
made its appearance, and also provided for the mainte-
nance of a boundary line, guarded by the local police,
augmented according to the exigencies of the crisis,
and assisted by a military force placed at their disposal
by the general Government. Over this line all intro-
duction and transit of cattle was rigorously subjected to
inspection, as well for preventing the infection as for
: hindering the supply of fresh food for it. Inspectors
were empowered to enter premises and pastures to
ascertain that proper precautions were taken, and that
no clandestine additions were made to the stock ; and
severe penalties were annexed to offences against the
provincial regulations. Finally, funds were provided
for meeting the expenditure required for these
purposes.

" The Government also found it necessary to apply
to the Chambers for a vote of money for the purpose of
reimbursing the Communes for advances made in
compensating the farmers for cattle slaughtered to
prevent infection, and for the engagement of vete-
rinaries in Government service.

" As, however, the action of the communal and
provincial authorities was not uniform, and as many of
the communes neglected or refused to make or enforce
the necessary regulations, it was indispensable to
provide more efficient means for arresting the progress
of the calamity. Doubts being entertained of the
extent of the powers of the Government to take
the decisive measures considered expedient for meeting
the contingency, a law was passed in the month of
October, 1865. by which they were authorised, in the
event of any infectious cattle disease breaking out, to
prohibit the importation and transit of cattle
within the country, and the holding of cattle
markets, as _ well as to make prohibitory and
other regulations respecting the returns, sale, treat-
ment, and inspection of living and dead cattle, and
all things belonging to them, and the conveyances by
which they might be transported from place to place ;
without setting aside the provincial and communal
regulations, in so far as they were not inconsistent with
the supreme authority. This law prescribed also the
forfeiture of all animals or other property transported
or sold or otherwise dealt with in contravention of its
provisions, and the destruction of such property if
required in the interest of the public ; compensation to
be given for such destruction in case of acquittal or
discharge from prosecution. The law was to continue
in force until the 1st January, 1867.

" Under this authority a cordon was drawn round
the infected districts corresponding in general with the

lino already traced by the provincial regulations, and
guarded by a military lorcc and vessels belonging to the
Royal Navv stationed in mich rivers and other
navigable channels as formed part of tho lino of
separation. All transport of cattle and other iirticles
before mentioned over this line was forbidden. All
oattlo markets within the infectwl districts were
suspended, as well as in such other parts ofthc country
beyond the line in which iVnm time Id time it was
considered expedient- to enforce tin; ].ruiiil)il.ii)ii. <>rders
were subsequently given to j)reveiit the introduclion of
new stock into communes where the plague had pre-
vailed within a month, in order to prevent the
perjietuation of the disease by furnishing fresh food for
it. Ill tho report of the Minister of the Interior the
execution of this order is stated to have been followed
by an immediate decrease in the number of cases,
though it would be hardlyjust to conclude that it was
in consequence of the prohibition, as subsequent
experience lias shown that cause and elfect cannot so
easily be traced at once in the ojieration of other more
stringent measures, which have, however, in their
ultimate consequences proved inost decisive. By
another Royal ordinance pemiission was granted for
the introduction over the line of horned cattle and
sheep destined lor slaughter under proper precautions
as to their condition and custody, and the certainty
and exjiedition of the disposal of them. A subsequent
administrative order prescribed the purification of all
cattle stalls within and in the vicinity of infected com-
munes, and disinfection of manure, upon notice given
by a qualified veterinary.

"In the meanwhile many persons and associations
had been urging the adoption of a different course
from that which had hitherto been pursued, recom-
mending the immediate destruction of all dise.xsed and
suspected animals as well a-s those which had been iu
contact with infection ; while others had supported the
principle of allowing the disease to exhaust itself within
the line of exclusion, leaving that part of the country
on the exterior of the line to the operation of 'the pole-
axe and the purse,' as the opposite system was concisely
termed. The latter party had in their favour the plea
of self-interest, since a considerable number of the cases
did not end fatally, and thus the stock-owner was not
compelled to give uji his business entirely, as would
have been the case were his stock to be appropriatedon
compensation, while he was prevented from making
new additions to it ; the animals, also, which had
recovered acquired on that account a value which
almost repaid the losses sustained. They had also the
support of many who had conscientious scruples against
the measure recommended, and who alleged that the
cattle plague must be looked upon as a judgment of
God, calling upon them for simple resignation to His
will. The administration acted upon the principle
that indiscriminate slaughter was inexpedient when the
plague had extended through many stalls, and that such
a remedy in many cases was worse than tho evil to be
cured. It was applied only when the disease appeared
f^or the first time in isolated cases. Then the com-
munal authorities were warned on the report of a
veterinary to destroy all cattle in contact with the
infected cattle, and on default the summons was
enforced by the orders of the provincial authorities.
The execution of these orders was often attended with
great difficulties, resistance, both passive and open,
being offered, the communal authorities themselves
being in many cases parties interested, or more or less
dependent on the good will of the persons whose
property they were called upon to destroy. Sometimes
no veterinary was to be found to make the necessary
report, and elsewhere farmers intimidated labourers in
their employ from giving assistance to the magistrates
by threats of dismissal. Cases of open resistance had
proceeded so far as to require the intervention of the
military force. In addition to this, the procedure under
the law of expropriation was dilatory and inadequate,
where infection was spreading rapidly, to meet the
emergency, even where the goodwill of all parties
concerned was not wanting. In ordinary cases the
report of the veterinary had to be followed by the
decision of the burgomaster and councillors, who might
dilfer in opinion, and the owner might decline to
acquiesce, in which case a justice of the peace was
appealed to ; and further, the property could not be
taken from the owner until payment made and
recorded, while to all this delay were .added the costs
of the proceedings.

" With the exception of a modification in a stricter
sense of the regulations for introducing animals
destined for the butcher within the cordon, and an
ordinance providing for the burial and destruction of
the carcases, hides, and offal of animals dying of the
disease, or slaughtered for the purpose of preventing
the spread of it, no further powers were conferred on
the administrative authorities for some months. In
consequence, however, of the urgency of farmers
within the infected districts to renew their diminished
stock, a temporary dispensation was granted in the
middle of the month of April to introduce cattle across
the cordon, and to permit the free passage of cattle
within that line to all parts, except pastures, farms, or
stalls where the plague was then prevailing, or had
existed within a mouth previously. Under liiis dispen-
sation it was afterwards stated that 12,000 head of
cattle had been introduced into the infected parts of
South Holland and Utrecht, which subsequently
aflbrded fresh food for the disea.se, though the im-
mediate consequence was not discernible in the increase
or the number of cases."

A table here shows the number of cases which
occurred weekly from January 6 to Dec. 29, 1866, ra
the three provinces of South Holland, Utrecht, and
North Holland, the greatest number of cases being in
Utrecht in the week ending Deo. 8, when the iiumbers
reached 4783, and the deaths 3177. In South Holland
the greatest number of cases oflicially reported in one

330

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[MabcH 30, 1867.

week was on January 6, when 2869 were recorded, and
in the same week that the death rate was highest in
TJtreoht, viz., Dec. 8, it was likewise highest in South
Holland, amounting to 917. In North Holland, for the
week ^ ending Deo. 29, 730 cases are recorded, being
the highest returns from that province ; the death-rate
here was highest in the week ending March 3, when
84 deaths occurred.

Before the month of June it appears " the Govern-
ment had arrived at the conviction that more energetic
measures were necessary, and more extensive powers
to enforce them. The prevalence of the cholera, how-
ever, throughout the kingdom, and especially at the
Hague, rendered it unadvisable to reassemble the
Chambers for this purpose ; and in the meantime the
Minister of the Interior endeavoured to obtain from
the local authorities a voluntary and uniform appli-
cation of the expropriation law. But as this attempt
proved imsuccessful with a great number of the local
administrations the favourable moment for arresting
the mischief was lost. It was not until the middle of
September that a Bill conferring the necessary powers
upon the Government became law, and by that time
the cases remaining under treatment had increased to
13'W, with a weekly addition of new oases, 1910, and
the number of communes infected in South Holland
to 18, in Utrecht to 35, and in North Holland to 6.
This law empowered the burgomasters, either of their
own authority or upon the report of the owner, or of a
qualified veterinary, to order the destruction of diseased
or suspected animals, or such as had been in contact
with them, after valuation of the property and tender
of the amount to the owner, namely, two-thirds of the
full value for diseased and suspected cattle, and the
whole value for such healthy animals as it might be
found expedient to destroy. In case of the owner dis-
puting the award of the appraiser, 24 hours were
allowed for him to name another, a third being
appointed by a justice of the peace. The decision to
be given on oath, if required, either by the burgo-
master or the owner of the cattle ; of a majority of these
three was final. The burgomaster was further
authorised to enter and visit, accompanied by such
professional persons and other attendants as he might
consider necessary, all pastures, stalls, and dwelling-
places of stock-owners or herds with or without their
consent. The regulations for the burial and destruc-
tion of animals dying or slaughtered on account of the
disease were to be enforced by the general Govern-
ment. All the stock owners neglecting to report cases
of disease or to separate infected cattle were to forfeit
all right to compensation on account of them, in
addition to the penal consequences of their default.
The Royal Commissioners in the provinces, acting
under the direction of the general Government, were
to issue their orders to the burgomasters to exercise
the powers conferred on them by this law. The com-
pensation was to be advanced out of the communal
funds, but if these were insufficient for making the
proper tender, the burgomaster might receive an
advance from the public monies without the previous
warrant of the Audit Chamber, nor was he bound to
give security for such sums, but an account was to be
rendered within two months to the Audit Chamber.

" In every case the ultimate charge for compensation
was borne by the general revenue of the country. In
the execution of the powers conferred by this law a
royal ordinance was issued, prescribing the expropria-
tion and destruction of infected and suspected cattle,
and of other cattle which had been in contact with
them, in all places to the exterior of the line of sepa-
ration, while the Minister of the Interior, in concert
with the Royal Commissioners, was to determine when
it might be expedient to carry out a similar measure in
respect of any district within the line, and the inter-
pretation of the terms ' suspected cattle ' and ' cattle in
contact with diseased cattle,' was left to the discretion
of the Royal Commissioners.

"According to the Report of the Minister of the
Interior, addressed to his Majesty on the 3rd of
December, the general order had been punctually
obeyed; in the districts without the cordon ; within
that line these stringent measures had been carried
out along the edge of it, and at first it appeared that
they were attended with a measure of success, but
after the beginning of the month of November new
communes, both within and without the cordon, were
added week after week to the infected list. It was,
therefore, determined to suspend the operation of the
new system, within the cordon only, and to wait for a
more favourable opportunity of carrying it out, in con-
sequence of the heavy sacrifices demanded, without a
commensurate prospect of success.

" The advocates of the principle of stamping out the
disease ascribe the failure to the manner of carrying it
out, whereby not only money applied to the purposes
of compensation was thrown away, but the more
ignorant farmers were discontented by the unequal
operation of the law, executed as it was in one com-
mune, while perhaps a neighbouring one was exempted
from it. It would have been better, they alleged, to
proceed systematically by beginning at the circum-
ference of the line, and so gradually to drive the
contagion towards the centre, by which means a larger
proportional force would be available for vigilantly
guarding the infected spots, and preventing all inter-
communication. It would have been better also to
Test the powers of the law in special committees than
in the burgomasters, as less liable to local influence.
Much of the spread of the disease is ascribed to the
practice of illegally digging up the carcases which had
been buried, for the purpose of disposing of the meat,
the transport of which from place to place increased
the chances of infection, liable as it was to be commu-
nicated not only by such meat itself, but by the
persons employed in the criminal act.

" However this may be, it is certain that the imme-
diate cause of the rapid increase and spread of the

disease in the latter months of the year resulted from
bringing the cattle together into the stalls. The same
result had followed in the previous year, but from
experience it was^ hoped that the disease would soon
exhaust itself, leaving in those communes now attacked
none but the animals which had recovered, while the
spread of infection might be prevented by the vigilance
of the force employed in watching the boundaries.
With this view strict orders are given that the burgo-
masters should see that no additions are made to stock
in their communes ; that accurate lists should be
taken not only of animals in infected farms, but
throughout the communes; that animals should be
marked ; that separate lists should be kept of such as
recovered ; and that they should be kept separate from
others as far as possible ; that such accounts should be
taken weekly, and by two parties, one for the infected
stalls and one for the healthy, while it is suggested that
where the disease breaks out, the whole commune, and
not the separate farm, only be declared infected.

"The portion of the expenditure charged upon the
revenueof the State forthe purposeofcheokingthe dis-
ease was partially borne by the Department of J ustice, in
engaging an additional rural police force, and defraying
the charges arising out of the employment of the
military and naval forces in aid of them. The number
of the military employed was about 1300 or 1400, with
150 horses ; and the expenditure since the beginning of
May from 1000 to 1100 florins per day. Porthis two
votes have been taken, amounting to 319,000 florins
(133,3332.) A very small amount is to be set off against
this for meat of sound animals, for which compensa-
tion had been given, sold on account of Government.
The burgomaster of one of the communes in North
Holland, where such a sale took place, coild not realise
more than 25 florins for a cow, and a herd of 10 fetched
only 162 florins.

" I have already alluded to many of the difficulties
encountered in carrying out the measures by which the
authorities were endeavouring to meet the exigencies
of the crisis. These originated chiefly from the acts of
the less enlightened class of farmers, who looked only
to their own immediate interests, affected not only by
the loss by deaths, but by the difficulty of supplyin"
that loss so as to carry on their business. To avoid
the eflect of the expropriation law, they neglected to
report the appearance of the plague amongst their
stock, and in spite of all the vigilance of the rural
police, numbers of cattle were passed in every direction
across the cordon. Though public markets were
closed, the neighbouring country inns filled their
stables with cattle destined for sale, and thus by every
possible means the provisions of the law were evaded.
It is true that many convictions were obtained on
prosecutions for the offences above mentioned, but
they did not seem to have much eflect as examples.

" The most serious cases of violation of the law have
arisen from the eagerness of the lower classes to dig up
the buried carcases of the animals dying of the disease
or slaughtered as suspected. They have assembled in
considerable numbers for this purpose, and even set
the military force at defiance. Large quantities of
meat so obtained have been discovered and seized, but
still more has found its way into the houses of the
labourers thrown out of work, or been retailed to the
poor by unprincipled salesmen.

" The greatest evil of this practice is the danger of
spreading the disease, not only by carrying about the
meat, but by the clothes and shoes of the persons
employed in it. Many of these poor people are under
the impression that they are doing nothing illegal in
digging up the animals which have not been expropri-
ated, as IS the case in those communes where the
system introduced under the law of September last has
been temporarily abandoned; and no prejudice to their
health has appeared to be the result of their partaking
of such meat— indeed, I have been assured on most
reliable testimony that meat thus buried for several
days has seemed to have undergone a purifying
process, and even to have been perfectly palatable
when eaten in ignorance by a person who mentioned
the case to my informant.

"As a commission has been recently appointed to
examine the whole question, and to report and
recommend what further measures should be adopted,
in order, if possible, to extirpate the disease, I propose,
as soon as the result of these recommendations shall
have been made public, to prepare a supplement to
this Report ; for which occasion the further observs-
tions suggested by the subject will be reserved."

It appears from a short and comprehensive table
that the total number of cases officially reported in all
the provinces during the year 1866 amounted to
123,408, the deaths to 57,527, the number slaughtered
to 22,976, and those recovered to 39,06-1. J. S. J.

AGRICULTURE IN THE THIRTEENTH AND
FOURTEENTH CENTURIES.
[The following is abridged from Professor Rogers' exceedingly
interesting "History of Agriculture and Prices in England,"
a work wliich should be in the library of every farmer desirous
of being acquainted with the history of his profession.]

In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the pro-
cess of cultivation varied little throughout the country.
The same kinds of grain, with hardly any exception,
are sown in the north and south; the same kind of
labour is needed, and the same method of culture is
adopted. Such an identity could not have been effected
unless communicationhetweendiSerentpartsof England
had been far more free and full than it is generally
supposed to have been at that time, or than it actually
was three centuries afterwards. Nor, again, are there
any important variations traceable in the method of
culture, the kinds of seed sown, and the character of
stock. There are hardly any farms on which some
breadth of Wheat, Barley, and Oats was not sown, and
where all kinds of stock were not kept. Similarly the

distribution of land, and the tenure by which it was
occupied, are generally uniform.

Cheese and butter, though an important source of
income, was the cheapest part of agricultural produce,
as measured by modern experience. The furniture of
the dairy was comprised, as in our own day, of pail,
milk-pan, churn, cheese-press, cheese-mould, butter-
mould, and straining cloths. Rennet (coagula), though
generally produced on the farm, was occasionally
purchased. The cheeses were small. The largest could
not have weighed more than from six to eight pounds.
Butter, besides being pressed into gallon tubs or jars,
was made, as in modem times, into pots. This part of
the mediaival farm was under the management of a
deye or dairy-woman.

The grange contained the arain kept in stock.
Towards the close of the year this is generally very low.
It was laid up in this building either in sheafs, or
threshed and stored in sacks. These sacks were of very
various sizes, not as now, containing generally 4 bushels
Some of the crops were stored in ricks, called mayae or
moyae, a word which still lingers in the rural " mow."
Threshing was then, as it remained till our time, when
it has been almost superseded by machinery, the chief
farm work of the winter.

Ploughing. — It seems that four horses or oxen were
ordinarily assigned to each plough, the ploughing
horses used being generally called afl'ri, and, judging
from their price, of a very inferior kind. The plough
was plainly of rough and cheap construction, the
costliest parts of the fabric being the share and the
iron tips called ferripedoles, with which the wooden
frame of the share was protected. These ploughshares
were of various value, a distinction being made between
summer and winter shares. The wear of iron in
ploughing consequent on a dry season was an important
calculation in the economy of the farm. The coulter
was rarely used. The land was generally ploughed
twice, the latter ploughing being called rebinated.
Half the arable estate, as a rule, lay in fallow. Occa-
sionally tlie sheep of a neighbouring farm were lured
to lie on the ground and so to fertilise it. Eight weeks
were considered necessary in order to get land in good
order by these means. It is probable that the ploughing
was very shallow. The high price of iron and the rude-
ness of the ancient plough preclude the notion that the
soil was turned over very effectually.

Sowing. — I am disposed to believe that the labour of
sowing was performed by the bailifl' himself. Fifty
years ago, it was generally done by the farmers in
person. The rate sown was about two bushels to the
acre of Wheat and Rye, four bushels of Barley, Bero, or
Drage,and Oats, two bushelsof Beans,Peas,andVetches.
Beans were generally dibbled by women ; AVheat and
some kinds of Barley were sown in winter, and called
sewen hyemale ; but most of the Barley and other kinds
of grain in the spring. I find no trace of harrowing or
rolling. But com was hoed sometimes by customary
service, occasionally by hired labour. It is possible
that the hoeing was used as much to break the clods,
and cover the seed, as to remove weeds. The imple-
ments used are mattocks and hoes.

Heaping. — Hay was mown partly by the regular
servants of the farm, partly by the customary tenants,
partly by hired labour. This labour was often obtained
from a distance. It appears that, when the Grass was
mown, the task of tedding and cocking the hay was
performed by persons on the spot; for it rarely hapoens
that this service is priced. The hay was gathered into
ricks, and, as at present, cut into trusses. It is hardly
needful to observe, that the Grass was all native. It
was long after this period before artificial or foreign
Grasses were introduced. Hence, the means of sup-
porting winter stock depended upon the supply of hay,
and such straw as was available for the animals kept on
the farm. The bailiff, calculating his resources, killed
down for salting, at about St. Martin's Day (Nov. 1 1),
as many sheep, oxen, and calves as exceeded nis means
of sustenance. The business of harvest was the most
important in the year, and, as at present, occupied a
month or six weeks according to the season. The com
appears to have been cut rather high on the stalk ; for
it is frequently the case that the stubble is mown after
the crop is gathered. The money payments made to
the hired servants of the farm were considerably higher
in the harvest term, or quarter, than at other times.
The labourers were generally allowed beer; were
frequently fed, and on some manors feasted, at the
termination of harvest. A pig for the farm labourers
invariably figures in the charges incurred for autumn
in one estate. The same estate supplies the labourers
in the same time with two red herrings a day. After
the harvest was over, pigs and geese were turned into
the stubble. For a certain payment, never of any
important amount, the swine belonging to the villagers
were permitted to run on the fields. As might" be
expected, in the absence of artificial Grasses and
winter roots, natural meadow was exceedingly valuable,
and bore, comparatively speaking, a high rental. The
second crop of Grass was, of course, of far less value
than the spring crop. ,

The Farmer's Garden. — The manor house possessed
a garden and orchard ; but the former was very
deficient in vegetables. The householder of the
13tli and 14th century grew Onions and Leeks, Mustard,
and garden or green Peas. He probably also possessed
Cabbage, though I have never found either seed or
plants quoted. Apples, 'and sometimes Pears, are men-
tioned as part of the orchard produce, but we read of no
Plums, except once of Damsons. A regular part of the
produce of the orchard was cider, and its low price
seems_ to suggest that it was made in considerable
quantities. Sometimes, too, the Yine was grown in
England, though not perhaps so frequently as has
been imagined, the word vivorium having been, it
appears, often read as vinarium. Crabs were collected
in order to manufacture verjuice— an important item
in mediaeval cookery. Bees, though honey was high-

Maech 30, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CMONICLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

331

spi'ijially designated as pig-peag. They were, I think,
KL'iicraliy used lor fattening hogs. It seems that Beans
and I'cas are occasionally grown together, perhaps other
kinils ol' grain also. Wheat and Vetches appear to
have lieen sown together, and a mixture of Oats, I'eas,
and Vetches formed a regular crop on one estate,
llcni]) was cultivated to somo extent, but no record of
the crop or of its destination is found.

The question, whether within the records of
historical times, any change in the ordinary tempera-
ture of these islands can bo distinctly traced, is one
which cannot but interest those who inquire into the
facts and conditions of medieval agriculture. It would
seem tliat if any change, to judge from the evidence
before us, has taken place in the physical constitution
of this country within the last (iOD years, it may be
inferred to consist in a slight diminution of the annual
heat. I take it for granted that effective drainage
heightens, and that standing water lessens the average
temperature. I do not doubt that far more land was
wet in the 13th than in the llith, and vastly more
than in the 18th century. Again, it is generally
admitted that tracts of forest land, though they may in
particular positions afford shelter, do, if we estimate
the average of annual temperature, define the total
amount of solar heat. There can be, I think, no doubt,
that while ornamental wood was scarce in the 13th,
and long afterwards, natural forests were abundant,
and occupied considerable tracts or belts. Now, it is
said that the cultivation of Wheat was not till within
tlie last 100 years carried on successfully beyond the
north bank of the Humber, and that the chief cereal
produce in the northern counties was Oats. This rule
liolds good still on the western side of the island. In
Arthur Young's time, indeed, land was cropped with
Wheat to some extent on the northern side of the
island, but in much less quantity than in the southern
counties. But it is clear that Wheat was grown in
Northmnherlaud and Durham during the 13th and
14th centuries.

Again, the Vine was cultivated, and wine wag manu-
factured from home-grown Grapes, as far north as
Ditchingham, in Norfolk. Nor is the price at which
.stock would have been worth from 15/. to 17?. There the produce is sold indicative of the quality being
must also be reckoned the money wages of labour, and ' much inferior to ordinary Bordeaux or Saxony. ^ At
allowances to servants, the cost of wear and; tear, I the present time it would be hardly possible, I imagine,
especially in tools and agricultural implements, and to ripen English Grapes sufficiently for the production
the charges of the harvest, besides a variable sum for | of the thinnest beverage. Vineries were attempted in
insurance or loss, no inconsiderable item, as the many of the southern counties, and the record of such
reader will observe by glancing at the annual deaths by cultivation lingers in local names,
murrain, the generic name for all fatal diseases and acci- 1 The accounts which I have consulted contain but
dents to livestock. On the other hand, there are other little allusion to the seasons. Droughts are said to
items— cheese, butter, and eggs, wool, fuel, and faggots, have occurred in the spring and summer of 1281, 1325,
and the increase of stock by breeding, which swell the 1331, 1311, 1362, 137-1, and 1.377. The most serious of
receipts. The profit on growing corn must, owing to : these must have been that of 1325, for it is alluded to
the exceedingly meagre return to the seed, have been ' at once in the eastern, the midland, and the western
very small, and the advantages obtained by the counties.

medisival agriculturist can only have been derived | The live stock kept on the several farms comprised
from the returns of his farm-stock. AThile the cost of horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry. Both horses
corn, owing to the low rate of production, was high, and oxen were used for draught and for ploughing,
and the price necessarily considerable, the market Cows were kept for butter, cheese, and milk. The
value of all other farm produce, wool and hides ; calves were generally sold, but sometimes kept for
excepted, was singularly low, and obtainable in plenty ' stock. The various losses of stock suffered by the agri-
by the general community. In these times, I conclude, culturist were called by the generic name of "murrain."
the culture of the soil and corn crops was a necessity This name was not only given to fatal disorders, but to
and not an advantage, and the general distribution accidents, though the chief risks were those of disease.

priced, do not seem to have been conunonly kept,
though some few entries of hives and swarms have been
found.

Farm Servanls.—N one of tho farm servants were,
it would seem, maintained in the house except occa-
sionally during harvest. The baililf appears to have
regularly attended the markets. The regular farm
servants, after the baililf, were tho ploughmen and
drivers, one to each plough, the carters, the cow or ox
herd, the pig keeper, and the dairyman. In case sheep
wore kejit, one or two shepherds were engaged. All
these persons had laud and stock of their own. The
dairyman often jiurchases the calves. The shepherd
has uis own little Hock, and is occasinnally remunerated
by permission to use the herd's iiasturr.

Farm Stockiiii/.—Tlic stock on tho farm is varied.
Horses, oxen, cows, and poultry aro almost univer-
sally found. Sheep are not always kept. On some
estates it was found more advantageous to tsell the
standing Grass, on others to breed horses.

Keduinij and Bitchlna. — The latter operation, witli a
view to draining the soil, was a frequent expedient in
mcdi;rv;il aLii iiulture. Whore stone was available and
easily lauiiu:iti'd, trenches were dug, and a rude drain
wa.s formed by laying large stones in the course.
Marling, too, was common, of course, on still' soils.
Lime was also used for dressing land. It is hardly
necessary to say, that the only manure commonly
employed was that of the stable and farmyard. Stilf
lands on which water was often to lie were ridged.

In order to carry on the necessary business of the
estate, the lord was obliged to leave considerable sums
in the custody of his bailiff. The aggregate amoiuit of
the liabilities debited to tho bailiffs of tho 11 estates
attached to the University of Cambridge from 1333 to
133G, varied from 100?. to 121?. On an estate like that
of Maldon, which during three years cropped 273, 20'.).3,
261, and 277.2 acres and roods respectively, the capital
necessary for carrying on operations must have
amounted to upwards of 100?. in money of that time.
The corn used for seed was, at the average price of
corn, worth about 19?. The live stock, from similar
average, must have reached about 55?., and the dead

tho king's fox-hunters to destroy tho last-named
vermin. Rabbits do not seem to have been plentiful,
at least the price paid for thorn is exceedingly liigh ;
and 1 have never found any entry of the saie or pur-
chase of hares or pheasants, though I do not doubt
that they existed, as they are mentioned in chronicles,
and received in deeds.

The art of medircval husbandry differs from that and
later times by its deficiencies. The land was imperfectly
drained; the working of tho soil was shallow; tho
manures employed were limited to stable-dung, to
lime or marl, and to sheep-dressing. Scanty as tho
crop was, it seems to have been very oxhausting, for
half the land in ordinary ca.ses lay in fallow. Roots
and artificial Grasses were unknown. Such crops as
were obtained, scanty as they were in amount, were
not procured except at largo relativo expense; and
any notable addition to the wages of labour or tho cost
of production so greatly diminished the value of land
as to cause a revolution in its tenure. The rent of
land, since it rises and falls as the cost of production
inorea-ses or diminishes, was very low, and could not
be increased except by such improvements in the cost
of agriculture a-s were very distant from the experience
of that time. It is probable that in such parts of
England as were, for the resources of the 13th and Mth
centuries, fully perfected, not much less land was
regularly under the plough than at present. It is true
that the system of fallows was necessarily practised ;
and it seems that when old pasture land of indifferent
quality was broken up, it was exhausted for some time
by a single crop, and was forthwith retvirned to pasture.
I3ut there is even now abundant evidence of ancient
culture of land which has time out of mind been used
as pasture. Wherever ridge and furrow are seen in
pasture, there the land has been at some time or other
under tho plough; and, as is well known, the marks of
such culture are exceedingly permanent, indeed can be
effaced only at great cost. So, much land on the South-
downs, which has not borne grain crops in the memory
of man, retains unmistakaWe tr.aces of ancient culti-
vation. The exigencies of medieval society left little
ground which could he available to cultivate, for
pasture or pleasure, and upland pasture must have
been of little value. [The above is extracted by Messrs.
M'Lean & Hope, and published by them in their Trade
Circular.]

of land drove the greater proportion to such kinds of
cultivation as would not have been before them
except under such circumstances, and which were
abandoned when the practical independence of all

The treatment of horses w.as the business of the mare^
schallers or farrier ; and the well-known complaints,
farcy, lampas, and spavin, are mentioned. Bleeding
was a customary method of practice. Among the

landowners led them in the Kith century to extensive ' disea';es peculiar to sheep, the scab is very frequently
sheep-farming. The value ol timber, and especially of mentioned. This disease made its appearance at or
fuel, was comparatively high. Periodical sales were about the year 1283, and became endemic. It was at
made of the larger trees, and a portion of the under- first treated with copperas and verdigris ; but in time,
wood, fit for hurdles or faggots, was regularly cut I that is, at about the close of the 13th century, it was
every year. The sale of timber was announced to the ! discovered that tar was a specific for the complaint.
public of the neighbouring towTis by a crier. This ; Shortly after this time the purchase of tar is a regular
official also cried stolen cattle. j entry in farm accounts. It is clear that the remedy

The rate of profit on agricultural operations taken in I was mixed with butter or lard, and then rubbed in.
the aggregate, and cari'ied on under the management of I Note is occasionally taken of any exceptional preva-
a bailiff, was, I conclude, exceedingly low^ ; so low, | fence of this disease, which seems never to have been
indeed, as to make it certain that even a slight change eradicated, but only to have varied in intensity and
in the circunistances which surrounded the earlier t frequency. The lambing season was as anxious a time
system of agriculture would wholly alter its method, for the medireval agriculturist as it is now. The ewes

and ultimately bring about a complete revolution in
the social condition of the great mass of the com-
munity, immediately and speedily after the new set of
circumstances was recognised.

The largest part of the land under the plough was
occupied by crops of Wheat, Barley, and Oats. Wheat
was the customary food of the people of this country
from the earliest times. Barley was sometimes mixed
with Wheat in the allowances made to farm servants,
but its chief use was in the manufacture of beer, which
seems to have been continually brewed in small
quantities and for immediate consumption. Wheat is
sometimes, but rarely, malted. Oat malt is much
more common. The chief use of Oats was for horse
food, but oatmeal was made for the broth or porridge of
the house. Rye was very scantily cultivated. An
occasional crop on many estates, it was habitually
sown on few. It is regularly sown in Cambridgeshire,
and some other of the eastern counties. As the period
before us passes on it becomes still more rare, and some
of the later years of my inquiry contain no entries of
its purchase and sale. A peculiar kind of Barley called
Drageum is very generally cultivated, especially in the
eastern counties. This is jirobably Bere. Sprig anpears
to be another name for this kind of grain, arid it is
likely that Berecorn, Beremancorn, and some other
forms of the name, represent a grain identical with
Drageum, or closely allied to it. Drage, like Barley,
was made into malt. The three leguminous plants.
Beans, Peas, and Vetches, were generally, but not
exclusively cultivated, the average being small in every
case. Pea.s, however, are more frequent than the other
kinds. They are gray, black, and white, the last being
Of course the most valuable. Sometimes they are

were sheltered, and received the unremitting care of
the slieplierd. With every care, however, the losses
were heavy.

The sale of wool and woolfells was the chief profit of
the farmer. Hence, when arable land was abandoned
to the lessee, the laud generally retained the sheep-
farming — the continuance of sheep and wool farming
on the part of the landlords being due to the great and
increasing value of the raw material. Wool was
occasionally stored in the church. It was removed in
packs. The sale of wool was not always effected by the
bailiff, even when the rest of the produce was left in
his hands for disposal. Hides, except obtained from
cattle which had died of a murrain, were not often part
of the proceeds of the farm. The flesh of animals
whicli died of disease was often sold and eaten. The pig
was the most important article of food. The sides and
thcbarrs were gutted and smoked in autumn and winter.
Pigskins were sold ; but I do not know whether their
ancient was similarto theirmodernuse. Amongpoultry,
we find fowls, geese, ducks, almost universally ; peacocks
and swans rarely. The low price of poultry suggests that
they were kept by the poorest classes. 13ggs, in parti-
cular, were exceedingly abundant, and no great varia-
tion occurs in their price, in consequence of locality.
On some manors a large number of pigeons were kejit,
which were, perhaps, as great a grievance as in Prance
before the Eevolution. Rats and moles were considered
nuisances in the 13th and 1 1th centuries ; and payment
was made for catching and destroying them. The
value of arsenic as a means of destroying these pests
was known. We read, too, of stoats and their depre-
dations, of the losses incurred by wolves and foxes, and
of the charge to which one manor was put, in inviting

Home Correspondence.

Children on the Farm.—\\\ these days of rapid
progress we abound with philanthropists who are
continually trying to lead us in the paths we ought to
go. We rejoice to know such is the case. But some-
Umes we feel disposed to demur to some of their plans.
NVc know that many philanthropic minds are so
ardently bent upon the achievement of a positive good,
as to overlook some of tho immediate hardships which
have to be endured by many for whose benefit their
efforts are put forth. No one whose opinion is worth
notice can view with indifference the ideas propounded
by Mr. Pawoett for the education of the agricultural
labourers' children ; we hail it with great pleasure, ;but
we wish to look at it as a practical question, and also
from a business point of view. We suppose that Mr.
Fawcett takes the Pactory Act relative to the employ-
ment of children in factories as an example of what
may be done upon farms. They won't bear comparison.
Factories are situated in localities near to the abodes
of " the factory hands." Parms are distributed over the
length and breadth of the land, seldom so near to the
labourers' abode as the factory, generally at an in-
convenient distance— frequently a long way from the
village home— often miles away ; and even the farms
being extensive present many obstacles against the
efficient working of an elaborate educational system.
The case is altogether different— young children are of
no real use upon the farm. As the law now stands no
farmer must permit a lad under 10 years of age to
drive a team, at least on a public highway. No half-
time scheme of education will avail as a rule. Lads
cannot go any great distance to their work, and return
at noon for school in the afternoon with any advantage ;
besides, wiio would employ them at such disadvantage ?
It would be equally absurd to try this upon
alternate days, or alternate weeks. Factory work
is pretty nearly ihe same routine all the year round.
Farm work differs daily, according to seasons, time,
and weather; in seed time and harvest, hands are in
great request. Throughout the summer work is easily
obtained, in winter it is very scarce; there is no
uniformity or continuity in field labour, it is ahvays
fluctuating, as uncertain as the weather. Whatever
plan is to be adopted must be in conformity with these
irregularities as a necessity of farm practice. Take
another view of it. The factory workman earns nearly
twice the wages received by a farm labourer. How is
the farm labourer to support his family, if his children
are prohibited from work till they have passed some
definite age, or some educational examination ? A wife
and seven or eight children upon 12,5. per week,— this
tests our philanthropy. Would it not suHice to
encourage the education of labourers" children up to the
age of 10 years, and then leave them free ? To compel
labourers to educate their children is un-English.
Besides, where are the schools, and where are the means
to provide such education? Much has to be done
before such a great scheme can be brought to bear upon
the agricultural population. Cities, towns, and
boroughs may have their public and parochial schools,
and needy residents can readily take advantage of
them, but country towns and villages cannot do so ;
they are not so provided at present. Take large agri-
cultural parishes, some will require several schools, jf
the children .are to have them convenient to their
homes and their labour. Then what position will the
farmer be in ? Is he to h.ave the policeman prowling
over his farm day after day, to ascertain the age of each

332

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND J\GRICULTDEAL GAZETTE.

[Maech 30, 1867.

child, or to test the children's knowledge of arithmetic^
&c. ? or must the farmer report to some authority the
number and ages of the boys and girls he has twitching,
or Potato setting, or weeding, &c. ? Verily we shall
ultimately be under a new and strange order of things.
Well, our counsel is to keep a close and strict watch
upon this, in some respects, laudable eiibrt. It may do
great good. It will do much harm to our poor labourers'
families ere the benefit arises. O. F.

Co-operative Farming. — The suggestion of farming
on co-operative principles, thrown out by Lord George
Manners at the dinner of the Newmarket Farmers'
Club, if well considered, is not impracticable. Looking
at it abstractedly the first question that suggests itself
is, in what position is the labourer to be placed in the
event of a loss, his capital, meaning his wages, having
been consumed during the past year ? It is well knovvn
to farmers that the co-operative principle is now in
extensive practical operation with a most uncertain
portion of his capital, his flock of sheep ; the shepherd's
share of profit, or e.\lra wages for his additional atten-
tion and zeal, is calculated upon the number of lambs
he presents at a certain .period to his employers ;
the loss sustained by death of ewes is not taken into
consideration when the agreement is entered into
between them ; the farmer thinks, and justly, by
giving his shepherd an interest in the produce of his
flock, he will from self interested motives exert him-
self to insure the largest possible profit therefrom.
The principle of co-operation is here practically carried
out, and has for a long period been found to work
efliciently; and no reason can be assigned for not
adopting the same principle gradually in other portions
of the establishment. It would be a libel upon the
farmers to say that they had not sufficient education,
ability, and discretion, to effect such profitable improve-
ments as have been found eminently successful in
extensive manufactories. Cort/doii, Cambridge, Feb. 2.

Farmers' Clubs.

LoGIE AND Lfceoft : delation of Landlord and
Tenant.— \l the last meeting of this Farmers' Club,
Mr. Peat, of Manor, read a paper on the subject. He
said : The demands of the population for a number of
years back have overtaken the productive powers of
the soil, and more recently for some years it has in
general been found that the corn produce is barely
remunerative to the grower. It seeras, therefore, to
be highly proper to refer to the duties of landlord and
tenant in order to see that the soil they respectively
own and occupy is producing the best possible results,
and also to point out, with a view to removal, what-
ever impediments rray be in the way of increasing the
desired returns. Liberality, frankness, and goodwill,
to which may be added the high moral maxims of:
" Live and let live," " Bear and forbear," are acknow- |
lodged to sum up the relationship that should subsist
between the owner and occupier ; but as either party ■
can merit these titles only by the performance of the
important and especial duties devolving upon them,
it may not be altogether unsuitable or inopportune to
take a practical view of their respective positions. j

Improvements of Pkopeett.
The one class of duties devolving on the owner of
land may be termed the permanent improvements of the
property, which include the various buildings necessary |
for the farm, fencing, and draining the lands. These
form the primary operations, and are indispensable to j

Erofltable farming. The other class may be said to
egin where those leave off, and include stocking the
farm, seeding and manuring it, and cultivation. The
first-mentioned duties it seems proper the proprietor
should be at the expense of. When constructed and
completed they become heritable property, which
cannot be removed, and are applicable only to the
ground on which the work is performed. Their
permanency of duration, too, when properly con-
structed, extends over two or three 19 years' leases, and
it ought to be out of the question for a tenant to erect
the houses and other enduring improvements, and the
proprietor at the beginning of a new tack charge him
additional rent for his own erection. It enables the
tenant, also, with the same capital, to raise a greater

? reduce, and consequently to pay a greater rent,
nstead, however, of the proprietor of the land
performing these lasting improvements which so
readily suggest themselves to us as being his duty, a
not inconsiderable portion falls to be performed by
the occupying tenant— on occasion of the erection of
new buildings he has in general at least to perform
the carriage, a very inconvenient and expensive task
for an improving tenant <at the beginning of a lease.
In draining, it is seldom done at the expense of the
proprietor; in a good many instances he stands about
one-half of lAie expense ; but these operations are
chiefly performed by the proprietor supplying the pipes
only, the tenant paying an annual interest thereon
during all the year 5 of his occupancy, besides the
cutting, carting, and everything else connected there-
with, being at his o\vn cost, and not unfrequently he
is saddled with the whole expense. The cost of
erecting fences is generally apportioned about the
same way; the consequence of all which is, these
operations are too often done on a temporary scale, or
in a superficial manner, just suflacient to last the season,
not resulting in increasing the value of the pro-
perty at the termination of the lease, and very often,
by swallowing up part of the tenant's capital meant
to have been applied in raising crops, prevents him
from farming the land to advantage during its cur-
rency. The tenant, on the other hand, should he
at the expense of stocking and cultivating, as before
mentiioned. Although we cannot believe he is so
remiss as the landlord, he not unfrequently comes far
short in his performances. There are some whose
conduct is reprehensible, who, to get in, oB'er too much

rent, and then throw themselves on the indulgence and
leniency of their landlords instead of their own self-
reliance. This in the long run proves injurious to
both parties, and, as might be expected, leads to the
poorest results. A tenant should oiler no more rent
than he considers he will be able out of the proceeds
of the farm to pay, and rather use his exertions in
enriching the soil for producing heavier and more
valuable crops— in improving the breed and increasing
the value of his stock— supplying himself with the
most approved implements and machinery for econo-
mising the expense and abridging the time for pre-
paring the soil and in reaping its harvests— and by all
the other means or appliances in his power for making
the most of anything. At the same time, as farming
in general is found to be a more interesting than lucra-
tive occupation, having a variable climate and many
other adverse things to contend with, it is certainly
for the happiness of the tenant that he be under a
judicious and liberal landlord. It appears to be a great!
drawback for advancing the science of agriculture, the
peculiarity about Scotch landlords especially, in leaving
their property too much to take care of itself, who
disregard developing suflSciently its resources, and yet,
for the small return it yields, they loudly and with
truth complain. In the rise and progress of every
commercial business that has attained eminence the
greatest amount of capital has been employed, and the
utmost diligence continually exercised, for producing
the beneficial results. The cultivation of the soil forms
no exception to the rule ; and before it can be said
that land has attained the maximum state of fertility,
landlords require not only to employ more capital,
but they must be more in earnest along with the
tenant, otherwise the accomplishment of these desir-
able results will^ in most cases be very imperfectly
attained. It is sincerely expected that the alterations
proposed to be made on the law of hypothec during
the present Session of Parliament will be of such a
nature as to interest landlords more in the selecting of
their tenantry, and in giving a preference to those who
ofler a fair rent, and have education, energy, and
capital, for planning and carrying out the various
departments to the greatest advantage, the effect of
which would be a higher and more advantageous
state of farming, and more business intercourse with,
and good will towards, each other. That increased
capital on the part of the landlord, properly applied,
would prove a good investment, and the facilities
thereby afibrded to the tenant for acting his part to
better advantage would likewise prove fairly remune-
rative, there can be little doubt — it being those estates
on which least is done which give the smallest
returns, and the worst farming that leads quickest to
poverty. ^

Leases.

In referring to the many conditions contained
in the lease, this feature of the question stands
much in want of reform. It is evident, from the
amount of writing about these restrictions and reserva-
tions, and the number ol' lawsuits arising therefrom,
that general dissatisfaction exists regarding them.
This is not much to be wondered at, when we take
into consideration the fact that almost the same forms
and clauses they contained 70 jears ago and more are
embodied in them still, and if the plan or system of
farming laid down at that remote period be deviated
from, the same fines and penalties are incurred. The
conditions of lease may be considered as a private
agreement between tiie two parties, which may be
drawn out as they consider best. This to some extent
is the case, but their form has got such a hold by their
use and wont clauses, that so long as there is more
demand for farms than farmers, they appear to fall
under the category of those things that require to be
publicly discussed before a remedy can be got. It is ^
true that in most cases these clauses are allowed to lie
dormant, and the fines following their non-observance
seldom heard of; nevertheless their insertion gives the
owner a sort of power and patronage over the occupier
he has no right to possess, and permits him to better
his calling in a great measure only by sufferance. This
ought not to be. Leases ought, like other commercial
transactions, to impose no unnecessary restrictions, but
rather should be framed in such a way as to allow the
tenant to make the most of Iris bargain consistent with
the land not being left in a deteriorated state at the
end of the lease. This the proprietor can sufficiently
guard himself against by prescribing the course of
cropping for the three last years only. More liberty
does not increase the risk of farming ill, of which the
clauses in leases at present seem so much to guard
against, there being no inducement to do so, simply
because it does not pay. Self-interest is entirely
on the side of high or liberal farming alike for
landlord and tenant. Our leases generally extend
to 19 years— which is considered a very judicious
clause, in affording time for making improvements on
the land, and for reaping the benefit of them, and
likewise for introducing the sort of stock best suited
for the place, and opportunity for realising the results
of the selections made. The clauses most objectionable
are those specifying in detail the kind of crops to be
grown in each year during the lease, the amount of
seed that must be sown per acre, the quantity and
kind of manure to be applied, the portion of the
produce allowed to be sold oDT the farm, and the por-
tion to be kept and consumed on the premises, and
the penalties following thereon, when deviating or
altering from the prescribed course. All this is most
vexatious to the intelligent agriculturist, and it is high
time it were redressed. There are besides a number
of minor feudal clauses conferring small perquisites
on the landlords, in themselves of little intrinsic
value, hut often irksome for the tenant to perform,
that should be done away with. In regard to the
cropping clauses, it is next to impossible sometimes,
as when we have an adverse spring to contend with,

to get sown to any advantage the particular crop'
ordered. On the heavy clay soils, there have been
repeated fivilures of crops for some seasons back for
want of a good seed time. It is, besides, surely an
unwise if not unjust proceeding to be bound to grow
any particular kind of crop year after year, whether
it is selling at a premium or discount in the market.
As tenants ought to be the best jutlges of these
details, so I think they should be allowed to exercise
their judgment more in producing whatever kind of
crop they find pays best. The clause precluding the sale
of part of the produce seems to be unnecessary, and often
hurtful. Take straw, for instance, one of the prohibited
articles, the market price of which at present is id. per
stone (of 22 lb.), while its value, to be converted into
manure on the farm, is found, both chemically and
practically, barely worth Zd. per stone — thus causing,
after deducting id. per stone for carrying it to the
market, and the carriage of dung brought back, a loss
of 100 per cent, on that item alone. The common fault
found with the manure made in the clay lands in this
quarter is its poor quality. The great bulk put on the
land does not sufficiently tell on the crops following,
because its composition is made up too much of rottea
straw, and too little of rich animal manure. Were
farmers in the districts where the land is about all
under crops, and where it is not advisable to grow great
breadths of t'uruips, allowed to sell more of their
surplus straw, and buy with the proceeds dung and
cake, the advantages would be great. 30^. worth of the
straw converted into manure on the farm would, by
being sold in the market, realise 'iOl. worth of superior
dung in return, and 30^. worth of cake for cattle beside.
It niEy be said there are some who would take
advantage of this privilege, and exhaust the soil by
putting the &)l. in their pocket, but I think this would
be a penny wise and pound foolish course to practise,
and only exceptional persons would do it.

Over Pkesekvation of Game.

There is another thing to be named on my list
that farmers are getting a greater antipathy to every
year — namely, the Game Laws, and making them, as
it is called, the preservers of the game. So long as
proprietors kept a fair quantity of game on the land
for sport in the season, comparatively few complaints
were made ; but of late years, on many estates, the
quantity has been gi'eatly increased, not, it is currently
said, for sport, but for the avowed purpose of bringing
additional revenue out of the lands. To such an
extent tenants consider they have been aggrieved by
the proprietors breaking faith with this clause, and
their crops damaged from what they formerly were,
that they demand now, not concessions of these laws
only, but the entire abolishing of the statute, as the
only hope of remedying the evil. As nobody can pre-
serve game, or keep rookeries, without doing injury
and hurt to their neighbour, I think these things
ought to be considered as a nuisance, and put down by
law accordingly. Our leases, besides telling us what to
do, also point out what is to be avoided. Nothing,
according to them, seems half so bad for the land as the
growing of two white crops in successsion. This, by
practical men, is now considered not to be against the
rules of good husbandry, and is occasionally practised
by the best farmers, in the best farmed districts. It is
found to be alaiost a certain remedy for the growth of
Clover. Shallow ploughing, and letting the land
increase with weeds, seems a worse evil, not only for
the present, but also for the prospective value of the
land. I therefore think — as no rule can be laid down
to force a bad farmer to become a good cultivator, and
our stereotyped clauses give no scope for a college
education, and as the future value of the soil mainly
depends on the kind of management practised by the
occupier — instead of encompassing the farmer's path
with so many burdens and disadvantages, to which no
other class of capitalists are subjected, it would be
better for proprietors to obtain an ellioient and trust-
worthy tenantry, and each faithfully to perform to the
other their respective parts of the premises ; by doing
so, their mutual self-interest might not only be pro-
moted, but our national wealth, prosperity, and happi-
ness would be increased.

Discussion.

i\tr. M'Laren, Spittal, said : In our day the connexion
bctP^cen landlord .and tenant ought to be looked at as a
copartnery— the Landlord giving the land (or the raw m.aterlal,
so to speak) and expending the necessary sunk capital as his
p.art ; and the tenant, his partner in the business of developing
the resources of the soil, brings skill, industry, enterprise, and
funds, as his. Looking at the relation of these parties in this
light, we would expect to find them treating each other in a
spirit of friendship, and not, as we too often see, the landlord
on the one hand tying down the tenant by restrictions and
conditions, which never made a bad ten.ant a good one, but
has often soured and disappointed a good tenant, .and fettered
him in his operations, n.ay, even casting him aside altogether,
or compelling him to treat the land niggardly, and so making
a loss to himself and the community. Many things might be
brought forwai-d to show where the tenant is defniuded of his
fail- .and equitable share of this copartnery. I only cite one,
.and that is over-preserving of game. It is a well-ascertained
fact that every full-grown hare or rabbit eats and destroys
from ten to twenty times its own market v.alue of the tenant's
crop. I, .along with m.any others, had the mortification of
seeing two heavy cart-loads of these vermin emptied down
upon the Stirling street on a market day, some three months
ago, and, on inquiry, learned they had .all come off one estate
in the county, and that not a very large one either. Now,
suppose these loads to contain a thousand head, and take an
aver.age of Is. e.aeh as their price, this nets to the landlord COL
But we must stop here to inquire what they cost his co-
partner. Taking the medium between ten and twenty —
namely, fifteen times— their selling price, gives the nice little
sum of rso;. out of the pocket of the one partner that the other
may be privileged to pocket the paltiy sum of 50i. These
things ought not to be.

Mr. Henderson, Craigamh.all, said : It is the " live and let
Uve" principle that has placed agi-icultiu-e in the advanced
state we now see it. We see that on estates where strife and
discord have reigned agi-ieulture is far behind. It is the
introduction of the Turnip into field culture that has so

March 30, 1867.]

THE GARDKNKItS' CIIIIONK^LE AND AGKICULTURAL (iAZKTTR

553

iiiimoiiBoly IncrcH-smi tho supply of beef, nn.l it is to the
introduction of sheep husbandry on nrablo farins .yiiMe.iiicnt
on tho culture of tho Turnip, that wo arc indcblml fnr HU<.-h ii
supply of mutton and wool, nnd that of thu be^t kinds.
Turnip bdoK looked on as a fici.urK-inK (Tup whon nitriKlueod
about tho t'ud of last century, landliirds hud Ronio doulitn alxiut
allowing thoir introduction ; tenants, however, woro allowed
totroon bit by bit, nioro through tho kindness of tho landltjrd
than any riffht they had to do so from their leases. Very few
leases in this neighbourhood before tho boginniiiff of the
prcaont century gave a right to tho tenant to sow a full
breadth of Turnip. Had leases been strictly followed, agri-
culture would have made slowprogrcsa indued, only onomove
in 19 years at the beginning of a now loaso. We tind tho tenant
where he was bound to the old out and infield courao of
cropping, with his Oats after Oats on his out-field until they
would grow no longer, and his Oats, Peas, and Hero course for
in-flcld, doing a gi-eat stroke of busineins in the Turnip line,
and that with a penalty of so much an aero on his head for
every acre of Turnips gi-own, It is curious to obscrvo how
land rose in value about the end of last century, principally
through the introduction of a crop negatively forbid by tho
landlords. One farm with which I am acquainted, and have
seen leases of it for 170 years back, shows bow land has
progressed in value. Previous to 1750 this fami was
lot at a Scots money rent of about 2$. Id. sterling an
aero, and at this time it was a good Tuniip soil and
dry ; from 17.^0 to 1769 it was rented at about 3,*. 5r/. ;
from 1769 to 1788 it was about 8s. 4(^— during the
currency of this lease Turnip culture was introduced, and
whon it expired I5s. an acre wa.s the rent up to 1804, when it
rose to i5»., at which it has been about ever since. Sheep
husbandry seems to have been in no better favour with pro-
prietors than the Turnip crop, for we find that sheep were one
of the things then excluded ; and one eccentric old gentleman,
in a lease dated 1780— although allowing a small breadth of
Turnip -sheep, goats, swine, asses, and Harry Mushet were
strictly forbid. This Harry was a degenerate branch of a
respectable family, who, for want of a better calling, had
betaken himself to horse-couping and dealing in asses : hence
tho cause of his exclusion. It would appear that it was a good
way into tho present century before tenants in general
had full power to crop with Tuniip ; and up to tho present
time farmers of heavy clay (?olls arc growing Turnip on what
they are striotly bound to have in fallow. We see, also, that
it was owing to the leniency of tho landlord that draining
was introduced, and that tho tenant went illegally beyond his
depth in doing so. It is no doubt to draining and Turnip
culture that wo must attribute the fjreat success that has
attended agriculture. The one without the other, in
many cases, would be useless ; and it is to tho two combined
that so many thousands of acres havo been brought into a
state of cultivation— so many more thousands of quarters of
prain raised, and so many more thousands of sheep and cattle
kept, than what was before. What may be called the legal
relation between landlord and tenant — this dry. hard, matter-
of-fact sort of thing, called a lease or tack— this connecting-
link, or, to use a more modem phraseology, the coupling-
chain which unites the parties— this complicated and intricate
piece of workmanship, having a screw to work the tenant up
to performance, and a screw t« fix him down to limitations,
and an Archimedian screw to separate the parties at the end
of the journey — this wonderful document seems to have been
handed down to posterity by patriarchs in agriculture, but
lengthened and absurdified by the past and present generation.
Lawyers tell us that many of these leases are the most inter-
minable and incongruous pieces of nonsense that disgrace our
language — so onesided, so lengthened and prolix, so
ambiguous and abstruse, so vague and evasive, that
they marvel that men can be found insane enough
to put their names to them. How then should
restrictions in leases, that have been a drag on the
pi"ogres3 of agriculture so long, be still continued, and worse
clauses bo still added, consented to and signed ? We are told
that such doevimcnta would pass with no other class but
farmers. This well bears out what has often been said, that
all the ability goes to other professions and to cities, and leaves
only those of minor quaHfications to cultivate the soil. That
farmers display a great want of forethouglit and knowledge of
business in putting their names to such leases, no one can
deny. That tenure of land, if we are to judge from the
lease, is in a most unsatisfactory state, most men will allow ;
which of the parties is most to blame is not easily found out ;
that it presses with most force on the tenant is quite apparent.
The demand for land— the demand being greater than the
supply— may have induced many to go into agreements
fraught with the worst residts. As long as landlords get men
willing to subscribe such contracts, so long will they continue
adding clause to clause. The land of the country is much
monopolised by the nobility, through the working of the law
of entail, and this is given as a reason why leases have got so
much into that dictative and domineering cast. Twelve
noblemen hold half the land of Scotland, and it will be easy
for them to enter into any union that may suit them.selves,
besides having the power to sit and legislate for the good of
agriculture.

Mr. Christie, of Cottanhaugh, said — After so much has
been said, and so well said, scarcely anything remains to be
added. We have already heard to-night that no lease, how-
ever stringent, can make a bad farmer a good one. Some of
the leases, and quotations from others, that I have seen, are
more fitted to make a good farmer a bad one, or, at least, to
prevent a tenant of good intentions from carrying these into
effect. Many of their clauses are so indefinite as not to be
intelligible ; others unsuitable to modem agriculture ; many
of them despotic ; and some of them so antiquated, that the
origmals of them seem likely to have been found in tJie
arcnivcs of Noah's Ark. They aro often so one-sided that the
only use they are for is to bind the goods and chattels of the
vassals to their lords— to feed their vermin during their
currency, and when the winding-up comes on, nothing over.

Report of the Trials of Steam Ploughs at the Suffolk
Agricultural Society's Meeting. By "VV. Raynbird,
Hengrave, and W. Syrett, Bury St. Edmunds.
Surif Post and Bur// Free Press.
"We referred to this shilling pamphlet last week, and
now name it again for the purpose of e.xtracting from its
pages an account of the experience in steam cultiva-
tion of Mr. Cooper of Fen Drayton, in connection
with what appears to be a market garden farm. Mr.
Raynbird thus describes Mr. Cooper's management : —
' The number of horses employed in ordinary culti-
vation is no bad test of the stubbornness of a soil, and
of the difficulty of its cultivation. We in Suffolk
boast, and with justice, of our two-horse ploughs ; but
to be able to use them and nothing else only proves
that we have no soil of excessive tenacity. It is other-
wise in the neighbourhood of Mr. Cooper's residence ;
there four and six horses are in common use in
ploughing. Mr. Cooper resides on a farm at Fen
Drayton, about 24 miles from St. Ives : the soil in the

nrighbourlumd is for tho most part deep alluvial loam,
froo from stones, anil apiiroiu^hing to tho nature of
clay ; but on his own lariu it is of a lighter and warmer
nature, and more adapted for his system of garden
husbandry. Tho fiirms lie occupies are two— onoat
Fen Drayton of about :i.'i() acres, the other m the
adjacent parish of Hilton of about 250. The name
' Fen ' is delusive, not being by any means of a fenny
nature. The system of cultivation is peculiar ; it con-
sists in the cultivation of crops usually (!rown in
gardens, and of Turnip seed in great quantities. The
proportion of various crojis grown on different farms,
on an average, may be stated at 100 acres Turnip seed,
50 acres Onions, BO acres Potatos, 15 acres ridge
Cucumbers. The rotation in the home farm is Onions,
Turnip seed. Wheat, Potatos, roots, Harley or Wheat.
The Cucumbers aro grown in the " root "shift, as are
also Carrots and Mangels, and sometimes garden Peas.
On the off farm a rotation of Turnip seed, Wheat,
Barley, and roots is followed.

" On my paying a visit on the 19th July last, I found
in one field of 80 acres, 30 acres of Onions growing, and
about 20 acres of garden Peas grown for a Chester
seedsman, the latter tlicii being out. On the opposite
side of the road « as a Held of Early Shaw Potatos, then
being taken up and basketed ready for being sent to
Birmingham. Close by was a large field of Tarni])
seed, apparently fit for harvesting, and from the size of
the fields, and the lowness of the clipped edges
apparently uninjured by birds, although we know
that in the small plots we cultivate half the seed would
be thus destroyed. The varieties of Turnip sown are
various. Swedes are from transplanted roots ; White
Turnip seed from seed sown in September. Much of
the seed goes into Scotland to the Scotch seedsmen.
Including the quantities grown on the farms, or grown
for Mr. Cooper by neighbouring farmers, from 3000 to
■WOO bushels of seed pass through his hands yearly.
The Turnip seed is threshed in the field by passing a
heavy roller over it, not cut till quite ripe, and carted on
very large carts made not to lose the seed. When
threshed the seed is laid thinly on cloths on the ' Onion
lofts.' These Onion lofts are a handsome range of
buildings of white brick with ventilating apertures all
along the sides ; two lofts one above the other ; the
floor not boarded, but covered with splines about an
inch wide and an inch apart. The ground-floor is
asphalted. In these lofts the Onions, after being well
dried in the fields, are stored about 2 feet orjmore thick.
The crop is about 10 tons per acre. The Dutch
growers are the great competitors in the trade, and
export vast quantities to England. The sorts grown
bv Mr. Cooper are the Globe and the White Spanish.
The cost of weeding Onions is very great, and is put
out to the men at 5?. an acre. Task work, both on
the farm and in the management of steam cultivation,
is the rule. Ridge Cucumbers were grown with a
narrow row of Rye between for the sake of the protec-
tion from cold winds. They were just coming fit for
market at my visit. The seed is sown direct on tho
field. The great markets are Lancashire and York-
shire. They are a very speculative crop ; one year tho
price realised was 200^. per acre, but generally only from
30Z. to iOl. The expenses before a penny is realised are
at least 20^. an acre.

" On the other farm the Cucumbers had rows of seed
Onions to protect them. Grace's White Wheat is a
favourite, and Browick is also grown. The men not at
piece-work have 12s. a week, and, as they work over-
time, generally earn 15s. Summer employment is so
plentiful that it is difficult to obtain hands, but in
winter it is as difficult to find them employment. Mr.
Cooper was thinking of giving each of his best men
about an acre of land, so that they might employ
themselves in slack times. It was interesting to
notice the allotments he had already allowed his men,
and to see how they imitated their employer, some
having Onions, others early Potatos. Mr. Cooper
informed me that he often had to dispose of the crops
for his men, they knowing that he could do it to
greater advantage.

" With respect to steam cultivation, Mr. Cooper has
had one of Fowler's single engines, with clip drum, in
use for four years, and another set of double engines
(those shown at Bury) for six months. He uses steam
on his farms for all cultivating purposes, except light
ploughing. His double Fowler's tackle had already
earned him 2.001. this season. He charijes at the rate
of \l. per acre, twice cultivating. He kindly took me
to where the cultivators were at work on a stiff clay
Clover layer, which it would have almost been impos-
sible to plough up by horses. The hard rough masses
of clay were broken up, 7 inches deep, to a marvel.
The quantity of coals employed in goingover this land
(30 acres) twice was about 6 tons. He considered
that the consumption of coal was not greater on tho
double-engine principle than on the single. The
engines he would employ in threshing with as great
convenience as those of any other construction. The
men he emi)loyed were his regular stafi", and, with the
exception of one who was there from Fowler's, were
the same as worked at Bury. The strength of the
engines and the stubbornness of the soil were proved by
some of the cultivator's tines being straightened by the
immense draught. It was work that it was difficult
to believe an ordinary farm engine and the 'roundabout'
system could have executed, but at the same time it
was such as we should not require to do in Suffolk, not
having soils of such tenacity. One addition to the
steam tackle shows great consideration ; this was a
roomy portable house, or caravan, on wheels, intended
for the men to sleep and shelter in, and with a stove
for cooking and warmth. It was intended to be fixed
behind the engine, and dragged after it in its
peregrinations.

" Mr. Cooper is originally from Sandy, in Bedford-
shire. His success in Cambridgeshire is the result
solely of his industry and exertions-, nor could one

help noticing near his residence a tastefully designed
and elegant chapel, of which I believe his eon was
designer and himself principal contributor."

The Transactions of the Migtiland and Agricultural
Societii. Published annually. No. 2, 1807. Arthur
King it Co., Aberdeen.
This volume contains on one or two important subjects
a great deal of valuable information which must
be sought out (and it is worth the trouble) by a
good deal of laborious reading. There are most elaborate
reports of experiments with manures on both largo
and small scales— the latter dirci'ted by the Professor
of Chemistry. And there is a full report by Professor
Armatage on the Diseases of Farm Horses, for which
the prize of 10/. lO.v. was awarded. It occupies
r>l pages, and on an ordinary scale of literary payments
is worth 40i. How long do societies think that they
will get essays of this style by such treatment ?
They may reply :— " We have got this one in just
this way." The probability indeed is that they got
not only this one, hut eight or 10 others, it may
be only one degree less in merit, 'oy the offer of
just this sum; but it is plain that while once now and
then a competent writer may think it worth his while
to work for inadequate reward, the only way in
which good literary service is to be obtained is by
offering sufficient remuneration. The volume is
extremely heavy reading, and how it will fare in Scot-
land we do not know ; but in the South it would find
fewer readers than even the Journal of the English
Agricultural Society does. ■Notwithstanding the ex-
haustive character of one or two of its papers, yet, taken
as the annual publication of a great national agricul-
tural Society, tho volume must be pronounced
extremely scanty and deficient.

Farm Memoranda.

A Poultry Fakm. — If the apparent health and
appearance of the fowls be not satisfactory, visit the
hen-house after it has been some hours shut up at
night, and if the air be offensive there need he no
further quest after the cause of illness or other evil
there may be among the living beings breathing its
close atmosphere for many hours.

The remedy should at once be applied, by decreasing
the number of fowls, and by giving increased ventila-
tion. Except early m the year, when we want our
fowls to produce eggs at a time which is not natural to
them for the production of eggs, there should be plenty
of good fresh air in the hen-house, always avoiding
wind from a cold quarter, and any draught on the
fowls as they sit at roost. In my wooden hen-houses I
always have windows of perforated zinc, of a large open
pattern; I never give instructions to have the wood
too closely joined, and on the warm side, at a distance
from the perches, or above them, I have all the knots
pushed out of the boards. One of my best hen-houses,
iu years gone by, was made of mud walls breast high,
and carried up to the roof with trellis, over which Ivy
was trained outside. This was a nice airy healthy
house ; the roof of course was firm and good, as roofs
always must be ; no air-holes in them to let in water.

A hen-house 6 or 8 feet square will do well for seven
old fowls, or one large brood of chickens. More
crowding will not lead to a good result, so if the
increase of the stock seems to render it necessary,
consider means for housing the youngsters out of
doors, in coops, rather than overfill the houses.

Fowls, even the tallest, live and breathe very near
the surface of the ground; and when the earth becomes
foul from having had live stock on it for some time,
they cannot fail to inhale the malaria engendered by
it. Human beings in such an atmosphere would fall
in as great proportional numbers as do the fowls of
the most unfortunate amateurs ; sanitary measures in
their case stop epidemics, and they are the remedies
to use with our fowls, or we must not look to have
them prosperous and healthy.

The most valuable sanitary measure for the fowls is
to renew the surface of the runs by paring from time
to time. Spring is a good time to do it, when the
pared-off surface, rich with guano-like manure, is a
valuable, strong fertiliser. Duck and pigeon manure
are, I believe, the strongest ; I have known a poor
neglected orchard brought into good culture and full
bearing by the manure produced by an amateur's
stock of fowls running in it most days in the year.

Means must be taken to dry the runs made pure by
paring. Low damp ground should be drained.
Excellent runs may be made by paring the ground one
spit deep, ;. c, a foot good measure, and filling in
with a depth of 9 inches of chalk and 3 of gravel. On
the cold clay of Hampst«ad I have found this make a
capital and lasting run. Another good grounding
which will come less expensive is a foundation of
baked brick-earth, so largely used on railways, with a
thin surface of gravel. After the runs have once been
firmly laid down with a foundation of chalk, burnt
brick-earth, or coarse gravel, they will afterwards
need only paring, and a thin covering of gravel about
once a year or so.

Sometimes, when paring would be too troublesome, a
sprinkle of lime over the surface will purify it but the
fowls should he kept off it until after rain. Where the
fowls have extensive ranges, the immediate neighbour-
hood of the houses only will need this cleansing
process ; but the floors of the hen-houses require renewal
from time to time.

Many amateurs have so much land at command, tor
the use of their poultry, that they find it scarcely
necessary to confine them to runs at all. Where this
is the case, nothing can be better than movable houses,
to place about in park, or pleasure-ground, where fowls
may range without mischievous trespassing, and with-
out danger of admixture with other fowls, and be
removed to fresh ground whenever a change is thought

334

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Maeoh 30, 1867.

advisable. Nothing can be better for keeping fowls in
first-rate condition than this opportunity of changing
them to entirely new ground, when that which they
have occupied becomes in the slightest degree tainted.

The kind of pampering which leads to over-feeding
fowls, giving them dainties, such as meat, greaves.
Hemp-seed, Indian Corn, and other fattening food, and
keeping them too warmly housed, is a fertile source of
ill-heaUh. Half our choice fowls are out of condition
and too fat internally, from over-feeding. The corn or
other food is thrown down in such (juantities that the
fowls can stand and eat their fill, without moving half
a dozen yards ; and so much is often given that a quan-
tity remains after they leave off eating and go away
satisfied. Poultry, to remain thoroughly healthy, and
not to become unhealthily fat, should never have a
grain more of food given than they can eat up at once
with a hungry healthy appetite ; they should not be
fed too often, they should hot have a variety of food
given at the same time, and they should have to run
for all the food they eat, and have it so thrown abroad
that they shall have plenty of work, and consequently
plenty of amusement, to find it. I have heard of
amateurs' poultry runs where the very earth beneath
the fowls' feet wa,s a mass of corn and other food,
beaten into the ground. The fowls thus wastefully fed
grow fat and out of condition, the food palls on the
satiated appetite, until they care for it no more, and
crave for greater variety, and they turn from the ever
increasing mass before them with disgust.

The well-being of fowls requires that they have
regular care as well as judicious economical feediug,
regular meals, a regular supply of water, and regular
cleaning. The real care that they require is not pam-
pering and superabundant, almost incessant feeding,
and sometimes the less they are run after the better
they will thrive ; but the little care they need should
bo administered with regularity. This is the kind of
care that will keep poultry in the perfect health and
good looks which amateurs know so well, and so fully
appreciate as good condition.

A fowl in good condition is free and bold in gait,
brisk in movement, and bright in the eye. The plumage
is full, firm, crisp, and glossy ; the bird feels firm in
handling; it is neither lean nor too fat; and the
comb is clear and bright in colour, acoordmg to the
season.

When a bird is out of condition, in which case it will
take no prizes, and do no good service to its owner, it
handles flabby, however fat it may be; it is heavy and
listless in movement, often craves continually for food,
and seems too lazy to wander far to seek any for itself.
The comb and eye lack brightness, but the plumage
tells the tale most unmistakably ; it is dull, ruffled,
and broken, sets away from the body, and either comes
out with a touch, or adheres to the skin with
unnatural tenacity, fixed by a kind of leprous scurfl-
ness. A tendency to roup is also often seen.

The commonest barn-door fowl in fine condition is a
more satisfactory sight than the choicest stock without
this crowning merit ; and the more naturally we can
treat our fowls in letting tbem have good pure air by
night and by day, and plenty of work for their food, the
better they will be both in health and appearance.
From Foidlri/, a S?aUi7iii Book, by EUaaieth Watts.

Lamsieemuie Sheep Faem: March 22, 1S67. —
We have a return of winter weather, and that of no
ordinary severity, which w^e take all the worse with
after the fine open weather of February. January
also was a stormy month, and pretty much reduced
the bulk of hay provided for sheep's keep, which, from
the dry summer, was unusually scanty. We were
beginning to congratulate ourselves on getting through
a trying winter, although with small reserves of fodder,
and the fine and almost growing weather which we
had in February seemed to confirm the anticipation.
But March has rudely scattered our hopes and changed
them to doubtful foreboding. Keep of every kind was
unusually short to begin the winter with. The corn
crop was a mere gleaning, having been stinted by
the summer drought; and, when rain did come, we
had no sunshine to bring the crops to maturity;
the consequence was an aftergrowth of green stalks,
which certainly added to the bulk, but which pro-
duced little or no grain. The stacks do not give half
an average yield, and the grain is of poor quality;
the straw even won't stand the threshing, and
looks poor enough provender ; but, even such as it is,
we would be glad to have more of it. We notice that
young cattle, although getting Turnips, do not thrive
when they have not a sufficiency of fodder and litter.
A few Swedes, with corn and straw, have kept the
horses in good condition ; and two or three pounds of
cake daily have been well bestowed on the cows
throughout the winter. Hill sheep, where Turnips
and hay are scarce, must now be losing condition
sadly ; their pastures are not only difficult to get at,
from the snow, but at this season are very sapless. We
so often have our winter weather in spring, that it
is sound pi'actice to have a good provision made for
those trying months. The early months of winter,
even although stormy, do not affect hill stock
so disastrously, as the pastures at that time still retain
a considerable portion of their freshness and succu-
lenoy, whilst the sheep are also in fuller flesh, and
better able to encounter hardshi|i. Ewes especially
suffer in a late and stormy spring from being in lamb,
and requiring more nourishment at a time when their
unaided natural pasture yields less. There is fre-
quently a sad deficiency in the number of lambs, but
this is less to be wondered at than that ewes should
bring lambs at all on rough pasture, in high situations,
and vrith late and adverse springs. Surely, in these
days, when artificial and auxiliary feeding substances
are so largely used, a portion will find its way to the
hill stock, and a more liberal and safe practice ere long

supplant the old starving system. ./. S. B.

Calendar of Operations.

AvEiL.— Wheat will need hoeing, and it may be
rolled before it, and harrowed after it ; if too luxuriant
towards the end of the month it may be partially
eaten down with sheep.

Bartei/ sowing should be completed early this month,
and alter the Clover seeds have been sown, the land
should be rolled.

Carrots should be sown in the second week of this
month. The land, m good tilth and rolled as hard as
possible, is to be sown in rows 18 inches apart, by the
common Suffolk drill, which is to be followed by a light
roller, and this completes the operation. The weights
are to be taken off the coulter levers, and care other-
wise taken that the seed shall not be buried too deeply.
Or Carrots may be sown on ridges as Turnips, only not
so far apart, a rut being made by the common Turnip
drill on the top of eacli, and the seed being sown by
hand, and trod in by children. In either case, 5 lb. per
acre is an abundant seeding, and this should be mixed
with two bushels of sand or ashes, the drill being set
to sow the bulk of two bushels per acre. If the sand
be damp, it may be necessary to mount a boy on the
drilling machine, to keep the seed box continually
filled from the store in front of it. It is well that the
sand be somewhat damp, and that the seed be mixed
with it some days before it is sown, the whole being
turned daily, so as to help the process of germination,
which in the Carrot is very slow. When the land is
full of the seed of small weeds, as Chickweed, it may be
necessary to sow half a peck of Oats, or a few ounces of
Turnip seed, per acre, with the Carrot seed ; either of
these will sprout long before the Carrot seed, and show-
ing the position of the rows, will enable with safety the
earlier use of the hoe. When the double culture of
this crop with Beans is adopted, the seed must he sown
in double rows, between the couples of Bean rows that
were planted in October.

Manf/el Wurzd. — After the manure has been laid in
the furrows, before splitting the ridges, one or two cwt.
per acre of guano, or some other artificial manure, may
be sown over the whole. The after splitting of the
drills, at the same time that it covers the manure, will
mix the guano with the soil. A roller then goes over
the land, the horse walking in the furrows ; and ribs at
the proper distances having been nailed on to the
roller, it leaves equidistant marks upon the ridges, at
intervals of 15 inches, as guides to the dibblers who
follow. These use blunt dibbles, to avoid placing the
seed too deep (half an inch is suflieient), and planting
the seed in the roller marks, cover it with the foot. A
light roller goes over the land, and completes the
operation.

Kohl MaU may be sown in a bed now for transplant-
ing in May.

Lticerne may be sown towards May ; 10 or 12 lb. per
acre, in rows 12 inches apart, on deeply tilled rich
calcareous soil.

Potaios planted early in Slarch will be coming
through about the middle of April. The drills should
be harrowed doivu, and then immediately " set up " by
the double-mouldboard plough passing up them on the
first symptoms of the appearance of the potatos ; as
fVost, to which they are still liable, would kill all the
exposed parts of them. Where Potatos have been
planted by ploughing in every third furrow, the laud
should be well harrowed ten days before the young
plants are expected to break through, and the roller
may be used.

Spring Tares for consumption in July and August
may be sown.

Sainfoin may either be soivn with the Barley, at the
rate of three bushels (rough seed) per acre, or it may be
sown broadcast, or drilled across the rows of Barley as
they are coming through. It is best adapted to cal-
careous soils, on rocky or chalky subsoils. The seed
should be well harrowed in, and in dry weather rolled.

Fla.r. — Sow early this month about two and a. half
bushels of clean seed per acre. Sow broadcast, either
by hand or by a drilling machine from which the di-ill
coulters have been removed. Cover with the Grass
seed harrows, and roll.

Turnip Land may receive its first spring furrow, a
deep cross-ploughing, early in April, after which it
should be immediately harrowed and cleaned of weeds.

Paring and Burning may proceed. As soon as the
ashes are spread, the laud will receive its first shallow
furrow, after which it must be well harrowed and
rolled.

Laying down Orass may be done this month, either
by sowing or planting. When the latter plan is
adopted, the plants of Grass must be obtained by paring
a piece of good pasture, chopping up the turf, and the
bits are to be spread broadcast out of a cart over a well-
tilled and highly-manured field, women and children
being employed to put and tread them securely down,
about 6 inches from each other, right side up, all over
the land. The field is then to be heavily rolled, and
20 or 30 cart-loads of earthy compost may be spread
over it, and some Grass seeds sown, " bushed " in, and
rolled.

jlfaHMces.— The yards, boxes, and sheds must be
again cleaned out by the end of this month, and the
manure carried to the yards, or to the Turnip fields, in
order that it may be partly rotted before use. The
early part of this month is the best season for sowing
half soluble manures, as guano, soot, gypsum, super-
phosphate of lime, &c., over grain crops. It should be
done in wet weather, and the laud, if not too wet,
immediately harrowed. And the end of the month is
the best time for sowing easily soluble manures, as salt,
nitrate of potash.

Notices to Correspondents.

Emigration : /. Smith. If you go without capital you will
]UBt get labourers' wages ; -md it may be tbrough a good
deal of hardship that you will meet with your employer.

MESSRS. GEORGE GIBBS and CO.,

2.5 & 26, DOWN STREET, PICCADILLY, W.,

Beg to announce they are now prepared to execute
Orders to any extent for Laying Land Down to
Permanent Meadow and Pasture, with their best
MIXTUEES of GRASS and CLOVER SEEDS, to suit
various soils, which they can supply at 32s. to 36*.
per acre, allowing 2 bushels of large seeds and 12 lb. of
small seeds to each acre.

MIXTURES of GRASS and CLOVER SEEDS for
Renovating Old Pastures. Quantity required per acre,
61b. to 101b. Per lb. Is.

MIXTURES of the FINEST SORTS for Lawns,
Croquet Grounds, Bowling Greens, &c. Per lb. Is. Sd,

Italian Bye-grass.

Per bushel.— s. d.

GIBBS' IMPROVED EARLY 6 6

FINE HEA'VY IMPORTED f 0

Perennial Rye-grass.

PACEVS " HEAVY SEED " . . . . per busliel J 0
EVERGREEN Ditto „ TO

Clovers. ^^^j^

riNE ENGLISH RED lOd. to 1 0

EINE ENGLISH WHITE Is. 3*. to 1 0

EINB ALSIKE HYBRID 2s. to 2 3

TRUE COW GRASSj 13

RED SUCKLING 13

YELLOW TREFOIL M. to 0 5

Bromus Schraderi.

THE NEW F0RA(3E GRASS 2 6

Buck-wlieat, or Brank.

ENGLISH SEED per bushel r 0

Carrot.

LARGE WHITE BELGIAN 13

LARGE YELLOW BELGIAN 16

LARGE RED ALTRINGH AM 2 0

SCARLET INTERMEDIATE 2 0

LONG SURREY, or ORANGE 3 0

Cabbage.

CHAMPION ox, "fine" 3 6

LARGE DRUMHEAD 2 6

ENFIELD MilRKET 3 6

S-wedes. p^^ ,b

THE ASHCROFT 10

MATSON'S PURPLE-TOP 10

SKIR'VING'S 0 0

GIBBS' PURPLE-TOP 10

EAST LOTHLAN 10

Yellow Turnips.

GIBBS' GREEN-TOP HYBRID 10

GIBB.S' PURPLE.TOP HYBRID 10

GREEN-TOP YELLOW SCOTCH 10

DALE'S HYBRID 10

Common Turnips.

GREEN GLOBE 0 10

RED GLOBE 0 10

WHITE GLOBE 0 10

GREEN TANKARD 10

RED TANKARD 10

WHITE TANKARD 10

YELLOW TANKARD 10

GREY STONE 0 10

EARLY WHITE STONE 0 10

ORAJJGE JELLY 10

Mangel Wurzel,

From fine Selected Roots.

YELLOW GLOBE 10

RED GLOBE 10

LONG RED 10

LONG YELLOVf 10

Parsnip.

GIBBS' LARGE CATTLE 16

HOLLOW CROWN IS

Kohl Rabi.

LARGE GREEN 2 6

LARGE POKPLE ? (>

Lucerne.

FINE IMPORTED I J

Furze.

FRENCH and ENGLISH 2 0

Holcus saocbaratus.

CHINESE SUGAR GRASS 2 0

Rape, or Cole.

ESSEX SEED ' 0 S

Special quotations for large quantities.

PRICED CATALOGUES

OF

AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER SEEDS,
Forwarded Post Free on appUcation to

GEORGE GIBBS and CO., Seedsmen,
25 and 26, DO'WN STREET, PICCADILLY, LONDON. W.

Mabch 30, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE AND AGRICITLTIIRAL GAZETTE.

335

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

M(iACvnV>''-''^^~<2x3

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for proaorving Iroa Work, Wood, or Stone. TUia VamlBh 1b an
excellent substltuto for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
tw»-thirdB cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixing or tbiniiinR, and is used cold. It is u-sed In the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at tho scats of many
bundredsof the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward oa
application. „.»,.. ,

From the Right Hon, Lord Grfemock, TT ood End, Tinrsk-

"Lord Greenock has seen tho Patent Rlack Varnish made by
Measrs. Hill k tiMiTn, applied mth success, and has heard it highly
recommended by friomKs who have tested it exte naively. '

Sold in casks of ubmit 30 gjillons each, at Is, 6d. per frallon, at the
Mftsufaotory, or Is. 8rf. per gallon paid to any Station In the kincdom.

Apply to HiLLft Smith, Krieiiy Ufll Iron Works, near Dudley, and
2a, Cannon Street Wi^st. EC, from whom only it can bo obtained, _

S IMS*

R

ANSOMJfiS AND

AUTOMATON LAWN MOWER.

r^ AUDEN LAHKLS mul FLOWKU STICKS.—

VT rAlNTKh WOOD LAUKLS, 3| Inch, R</. : H inch, M. ;
0 iiuli. l.s. ; II iiK'li, I'H. ; 12 Inch, 2h. V'l. per Id'i. I Inch for sunpondlug,
I.'.-. 11-/. ; ft liicii. I'rt. I'or liii), otioiipor by the l(XiO.
ZINC 1,AHKI,S for I'oIh, Oardoii, or suHpondInK on Fruit Troon,

If, ,„,,.. .(,„ ■■„ 'lu lUI 'I,.- Itf 111/ iiTiil iIm nnr Iflf).

.. , , 'Jm.. ■.;/*, M., :tK.. 3«. (id., anil \/i. pur 100,

iNni'lLIIIM'; INK. ll'/. iiii'l 1«. per boLLIo

.son- iHiifi

riii/iiii;Ar. WlIlK,

3d., U. (Id., and 1h. M.

[groHfi

lior ll>, . I'll iiiTonliiii; tu hIzo. ib-"—

OAIA'ANI/.I'MJ Willi'; I'INS for Vorbonaw, CamaHons, &o., 1«. per
FLAT BlKTAMilC I'KHS lor Vorbena», Carnations, &c , 1h. M.

per lOii. |3ji, per rj'ohh.

TATKNI' KYKLI'Vl' WALL NAILS, BluglO 2«. per gross ; double,
ORKKN PAINTKI) FLoWEH STICKS, 1 foot. 2rf. ; H foot, 3d. ; a

fi'i t. ll/ -. ■,:* r.'ol.. Ci'f. ; .1 foot, li((. per dozen.
BKOWN VA1:NIsHKI> STICKS, 1 tout, 3d. ; li foot, 4d. } 2fOBt,6d. J

'2^ l\ ot, 7'/ ; ;ii.i't. ll'./ per dozen.

_, .. „., 111. : :• [i.'i't. ivii per
DAHLIA iML'l HUSK STAKES,

ij ft-L't, :t.s. ; G Icct, 3.*. OtZ^por dozen.
DAHLIA and ROSK.STAKES, brown, vamisbed, earn
U. J. RnwAiiDS, 2W. Strand, W.C., and iifi, ULshopsRato \;

_ , square, green painted, 4 foot, 2». ?.d, ;

ft-L't, lia. : G Icct, 3.*. OtZ;_gor dozen. [prices.

18 fiizes and

ni.shopss'ato Within, K.C

A New and First-class Machine, which has been thoroughly tested.
Contains many Improvements. Prices, Illustrations, and Full
Particulars, free, from

|Ra,nsoues& Sims, Ipsmch.

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in frreat
variety of psttems and material, tho plainer sorts being
especially siuttid for KITCHEN GARDENS. »B
they harbour no Shiga and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, conse-
quently being mueh cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c.. In
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety oi'design.

F. & G. RosHER, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriftrs, S. ; Queen'i Road West.
Cholaea, S.W, ; Klngsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLEVS PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied,

ORNAMENTAlTPAVING'TILES'for Conservatories,
Halls, Comdura, Balconies, Ac, as cheap and durable as
Stone, in blue, rod, and oufT colours, and capable of formhig a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATBD PAVEMENTS of more enriched designi
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &o. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosmrh, at their Premises as above,

SILVER SAND (KEIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — 14*. per Ton, or Is. 3d, per Bushel ; 2a. per Ton extra
' for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
I Quantities of 4 Tons. Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
j WoBk. F. & G. KosHEH.— Addresses aeo above.

I N B. Orders promptly executed b? Railway.

XawTi

GREEN'S PATENT-
SHANKS- PATENT.

Mowers.

I SAMUELSON'S PATENT.
BARNARD'S PATENT.

DEANE & CO.,

46, KINO WILLIAM ST., LONDON BRIDGE.
Horticultural Tools, &c.

LAWN MOWING MACHINES, 60s., rOs., 90,s,. 140s.

GARDEN BARROWS, Wood and Iron, 2ls. and 205.

GARDEN ENGINES, Galvanised Iron. Prices 56s.. 655., 78s., 90s., 10O3.,110«.

GARDEN ROLLERS, £1 Ws., £.1 ^As., £2, £2 7«. fid., £2 12s. 6d., £3 3s. 6d.

STEEL DIGGING FORKS, SPADES. SCYTHES, &c.

GREENHOUSE SYRINGES and GARDEN PUMPS.

WIRE NETTING and ORNAMENTAL WIRE WORK.

GARDEN SEATS and CHAIRS.

FLOWER STANDS, Cast-iron and Wire.

STRAINED WIRE FENCING and IRON HURDLES.

HOT-WATER FITTINGS for GREENHOUSES. CONSERVATORIES,
FORCING PITS, &o.

Deane's Il^ew Ilhistraied Horticidiural Catalogue
post free on application.

Established a.d. 1700.

DEANE AND CO., 46, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, E.G.

Caution to Gardeners.— When you ask for

SAYNOK ANi. COOKH'S WAUIIANTKI) IMIIZE
PIUINING and IIUDDINO KNIVKS, hoc th,U you ;^ot them.
Obuorvu the mark SAvifnu, aUo tho corporate niark Oiitaih
WAitiiANTKn, without which none are iruiniino,

S. & C. roLTot having r-o caution OanlunorH and othorH, but are
conipollod to do BO, In conHO'iuom^o of an imitation, of common
f|uailty, having lioen sold for tho genuine one, and which htw caused
many oomplaliits to be made to them of Knlvos which wero not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by SuUurs and Makers,

S. ft; C.'h Pruning and Budding Knives aro the dobl and tho
ohoapost In the market.

Paxton WorkM, Shoffleld. Established upwards of 126 years.

Strawberry Crinolines.

THE STKaWUERRY CRINOLINE waa invented by
the Jate Sir Joscjih Paxton to support tho Hemes Horn the
ground, preserve them from superfluous rnolHture and slugs, contact
with the soil, and other nuisances,

Tho right to Manufaotuie them waa transferred to
R, HoLi-iDAT, Wire Worker, 2a, Portobello Terrace, Nottlng Hill
Gate, London, W.

Illustrated Catalogues of Wire Work, Roseries. Arches,
Stands, Baskets, Avi tries, &c.. furnished by R. IloLLinA,T.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

IMPROVED LAWN MOWING MACHINES.

EVERY MACHINE WAKRANTED.

PRICES.

Delivered Free to any Railway Station in Great Britain.

Cutting 12 inches'wide £4 10 0

Cutting- 14 inches wide ., 550

Cutting 16 incliea wide 600

Cutting 19 inches wide 6 10 0

Cutting 22 inches wide 7 10 0

Cutting 25 inches wide 12 0 0

Cutting 30 inches wide 15 0 0

Cutting 36 inches wide IS 0 0

Great improvements have been made in these Machines during the last few years, in regard to all those small but important points of superiority which the practical working
of a Lawn Mower suggests ; while for elegance of appearance, Ughtness of draft, "and efficiency in working they cannot be excelled. Ihey possess the tollowing advantages :—

1st. Motion is given to the Cutting Apparatus by toothed gearing, which experience has proved to be by far the best method of driving.

2d, The whole of the Driving Wheels are on one side of the Machine, a point of great importance in preventing damage to Shrubs and Flowers, when mowing round the
edges of beds.

3d, All the smaller working parts of tho Machine are made of Malleable Iron, and are not liable to break.

1@° Hlmlrated Price lists, with selections from several Thousand Testimonials, Free by Post on application.

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS. BANBURY.

LONDON ■WAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, B.C.
AGENTS :— Messrs. TANSTE BROTHERS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE AND CO., London Bridge; Messrs, DRAY,
TAYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFOBD, 63, Fleet Street, E.G. : and all respectable Seedsmen and IWnmongerB throughout the Kingdom.

336

THE GAEBENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGEIdlir^TURAL GAZETTE.

[Makch 30, 18Cr.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWEES FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED FREQUENTLY DURING THE PAST THREE SEASONS BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

iaiS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY, | HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND,
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA,

AND AMONGST THE DISTINGUISHED FOREIGN NOEILITT,

THE DUCHESS DE CAMBACERES, THE MAEQUIS DE BOISSY, MARSHAL CANROBERT, &c., &c.

Every minute point in the way of
improvement has been carefully considered
and adopted, aiid as A. S. & Son have for
more than a quarter of a century devoted
their attention to this particular branch of

their business, the Nobility, Gentry, anc
Gardeners may rely on the MACHINES
they may order, to be such as to ensun
lasting satisfaction, and to stand the weai
and tear of many years.

PATENT HAND MACHINE,

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

AEE IN DAILY USE IN

ALL THE KOYAL GARDENS; IN THE HOKTICULTDEAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRfSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUNDS;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;

And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

These are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT TTJLL MOIF FROPERLY WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE AEE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shanks' Tatcnt Latvn Mower will Mow on uneven as well as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, in referring to their IMPROVED LAWN MOWERS for 1867, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. AND SON in effecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. AND SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an extent as possible in the construction of theii- Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery are employed in manufacturing the various parts, and this applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S. AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWERS, -which will enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM,
SHANKS' NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Eaj;ily Worked Silent Movement.

12-inch Machine 4 10oJ

14-inch Machine 5 10 0 Bi/ a Roy

Width of Cutter.
10-inch Jlachine £3 10 0

is. extra.

Width of Cutter. Easily Worked Silent Movement

16-inch Machine £6 10 0 By a Man or Two Boys { . ,

19-inch Machine 7 12 6 By a Man and Boy ( **• ''^'"-

i:s:^J{acht::: :: :: v.l^iW^y^'^^^'^ ■■ { Ixtff-

If with Patent Delivering Apparatua.
. . 255. extra.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE

Width of Cutter.

2o-inch Machine £12 10 0

28-iuch Machine 14 10 0 ,. .. 30s. ,,

30-inch Machine .. 15 15 0 .. .. 30s. „

Silent Movement, 12s. 6d. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

Width of Cutter.

30-iuch Machine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0

42-inch Machine 26 0 0

48-uich Machine 28 0 0

If with Patent Delivering A^parata
.. 30s. extra.
.. 30s. ,,
.. 40s. „
.. 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

N.B. — A. S. ^ Son specially announee to their numerous Patrons that they have a staff of experienced Workmen at their London Warehouse, thoroughly acquainted with all
the details of their Machines, so that they are enabled to repair Laxvn Mowers in London as well as at the Manufactory.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEX.ANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

tS^ 27, Leadenhall Street is the only place in London where intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers can choose from a Stock of from 150 to 200 Machines.
.All i^'-zes kept there, whether for Horse Fony or Hand Power.

Makch 30, 1867.]

THE GARDENKKS' CHIIONICIE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

337

GEEEN'S PATENT SILENS MEBSOE,

OR

NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, and COLLECTING MACHINES.

PATRONIZED BY

HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN ¥^«^~=jjk THE KING OP THE BELGIANS.

ON TWENTY-NINE DIITERENT OCCASIONS. ^^^^^"^i*? THE EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH.

H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. Sii^;i'?-1^SI^SK^^ THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.

AND 1[0ST OF THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, in introducing Iheir PATENT LAWN MOWERS for the present season, beg to state that they have, no Novelties to report. Tho fact is,
that after the severe tests their Machines have been subjected to since they added their latest improvements, they have been found to meet all the requirements for which they
arc intended, viz. : — tlie KEEriNO of Lawn.s in the highest state of peiifeotio.v.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater case than any other Lawn Mower e.\tant ; and in proof of tlieii
superiority, 36,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

THEY ARE THE ONLY MACHINES IN CONSTANT USE AT

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETrS GARDENS, SoUTFI KEN.SINGTON j

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK

I'lIE CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GARDENS, SYDENHAM

BUCKINGHAM PALACE GARDENS

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE I

THE IIVDE PARK GARDENS

THE WINTER PALACE GARDENS, DUBLIN

THE DUBLIN BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LIVERPOOL BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LEEDS ROYAL PARK

THE HULL BOTANIC GARDENS
THE BOTANIC GARDENS, BRUSSELS
THE SUNDERLAND PARK
THE PRESTON PARK

AND IN MOST OP THE PRINCIPAL PARKS, SQUARES, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

GREEN'S

PATENT

LiAVN MOWERS

have proved to be the best, and
carried off every Prize that h.is
b 'en given in all cases of com-
petition.

T. GREEN 86 SON

warrant every Machine to give
entire satisfaction, and if not
approved of can be retunuU
unconditionally.

PRICES of HORSE, POKY, and DONKEY MACHINES, including Patent Self-delivery Box; Crosa Stay complete; suitable for attaching to

ordinary Chain Traces or Gig Harness.

PONY AND DONKEY MACHINES.

To Cut 26 inehea
28 ,. ..
„ 30 „ ..

, £13 0 0

1*1 0 0 ( -Z'^'^'^'f Soots for JDonkey, 18*.

. 17 0 0

Leather Boots for Fonij, 'lis.

To Cut 30 inches
„ 36 ,, .,
„ 42 „ .
„ 48 „ .,

HORSE MACHINES

£21 0 a\

24 0 0

27 0 0

30 0 0

Leather Boots for Horse, 2Ss,

Both the Horse, Pony, Donkey, and Hand Machines possess (over all other Makers) the advantage of Self-sharpening-. The cutters being steel on each side when they
become dull or blunt by running one way round the cylinder, can be reversed again and again, bringing the opposite edge of the cutter against the bottom blade when the
Machine will cut equal to new. Arrangements are made that the cylinder can be reversed, by any inexperienced person, in two or three minutes.

HAND MACHINES.

To Cut 10 inches ..£310 0 SuitaUefor a Lady

„ 12 „ .. 4 10 0 „ „

„ 14 ,, .. 5 10 0 Suitable for One Person

„ 16 ,, .. 6 10 0

To uut 18 inches .. £7 10 0 SuitaiUfor One Person.
„ 20 ,,..800 Suitable for Two Person.
.. 22 „ .. 8 10 0
), 24 ,,..900

Packing Cases are charged at the following low rates, viz. :— for the 10 and 12-inch Machine, 3«. ; 14 and IG-lnch, is. ; IS and 20-inch, 5*. ; 22 and 24-inch, 6s. Parties
providing themselves with Lawn Mowers are recommended to purchase the eases in which to stow them away, when not in use, to prevent ithem from getting damaged ; il
returned, two-thirds will be allowed for them.

The above MACHINES are made from the best materials, and of superior workmanship ; arc delivered Carriage Free to all the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Ports
in England,

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of, can be returned unconditionally.

Having above 3000 Machines in stock at our Leeds and London Establishments, we are in a position to execute orders on the day they are received.

1^ III ustrateU Price Lists, and Sheet of Prize Medals awarded to GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS,/«e on application.

T. G. iND SON having taken very extensive Premises in London, are now in a position to do all kinds of Repairs there, as well as at their Leeds Establishment,

THOMAS GREEN and SON, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS;

and 54 and 55, BLACKFEIAJtS ROAD, LONDON, S.

338

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[MAfiCH 30, 1867.

TREE and PLANT LABELS.— 10,000 Clotli Punched
Labels, 3 inches long, for 16s. ; 6 Inchea long, 26s. Delivered
free in London. Samples sent on receipt of Id. stamp.

John Fisher & Co., West Road Works, Boston, Lmcolilaliire.

FA. HAAGE'S TV'OOD GARDEN STICKS and
• TALLIES, commended by the Royal Horticultural Society,
acknowledged to be the neatest, cheapest, and best Training Sticks
and Tallies made.

Tbe above can now be had of all Sixes, Wholesale, of Betham &
Blackitii, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames Street. London, E.G. ; and
Retail of the principal Seedsmen and Florists.
Price Lists on application.

TRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal

-L Agricultural Society).

SHEEP, 3s. 5d. ; CATTLE. 4s. 2d. ; OX, 5.1. llrf.

List by Post. GATES and FKNCING of every description.

St. Pancras Iron Work Company, Old St. Pancrna Uoad, London, N . W.

K

0

K

S

ROLLERS rOR THE FARM.

ROLLERS FOR THE GARDEN.

ROLLERS FOR THE LAWN.

ROLLERS FOR CRICKET GROUNDS.

ROLLERS FOR PARKS.

ROLLERS FOR RACECOURSE.?.

ROLLERS FOR ROAD MAKING.
Tlio best and cheapest, are the Patent Adjustable WATER
BALLAST ROLLERS, made only by

Amies, Barford, & Co.. Agricultural Engineers, Peterborough,
wlio will forward Price Lists and all particulars on application.

c

"lOTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

cow FITTINGS.

Their advantages are— Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with a^ unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs. Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow. 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron works, 2, Wtnslev Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

MSeed Pans, Garden Pots, Edging TUes, &;c.
ESSRS. BONSET BROTHERS beg to offer to'
Gentlemen, their Gardeners, and tbe Trade, GARDEN
POTS, SEED PANS, and EDGING TILES, of aU sizes, of hard
and durable quality and moderate price.
Address Messrs. Bonsey Erothers, Bros Potteries, Chertsey, Surrey.

Horticultural Improvements.

READ'S NEW PATENT HYURAULIC SUCTION
PUMP.— This Pump is highly approved by the Nobility,
Oentry. and by the prmcipal Horticulturists, Ac, throughout tlie
Kingdom; also by Shirley Hibberd, Esq., F.R.a.S., the lato
^/^^??^ Lindley, andmany others connected with Horticulture, ic.
^rA?;T?A?2c^'^^^i^9T^ ''^'■^^ assortment of GARDEN ENGINES,
MACHINES and SYRINGES, upon the most approved principle.
Manufactm-ed by the Patentee,
RxcHARD Read, 35, Regent Circus, London, W.
*s* Drawings sent post n-ee.

OMOEY CHIMNEYS.— The best cure la

^ the PATENT ALBERT CHIMNEY CAP.
300 on Buckingham Palace ; 60 on Windsor Castle ;
100 on St. James's Palace ; 120 on Clareraont Palace;
230 on the Western Heights Barracks, Dover; and
hundreds also on the Halls and Mansion.s of the
Nobility, Public Buildings, &c.

Price, Painted Wrought Iron, 25s. each ; Galvanised
ditto, 30s. each.

James Barton, Iron Works and Patent Stable
Fitting Manufactory, 370, Oxford Street, W.

JOHN WAKNEE & SONS,

BRASS AND BELL FOUNDERS

TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.G.

J. W. AND SONS' GOODS MAY BE OBTAINED OF THE TEADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES :—

No. 39. WAENEES' CRYSTAL PALACE FIEE ENGINE, OE PORTABLE FORCE PUMP.

WitU this compact, portable,
and generally useful Engine, one
man will throw from 1.5 to 18
gallons of water per minute to a
height of 50 feet. All its working
parts .ire of Brass, the Barrow of
"Wrought Iron ; easy access to the
valves is gained, and the work-
manship throughout is sub-
stantial. Not only will it be
found most useful in cases of
Fire, wherever a supply of water
can be obtained, but also for
"VS^ate ring Lawns or Fruit Trees.'g

Crystal Palace, Stdenhau,
March 2, 1807.

Messrs. WaiIner & Sous,
" Gentlemen, — I feel great
pleasure in stating that I was
present at a trial of your small
Crj'stal Palace Fii'e Engine, and
was much ple.ased with its
efficiency and simplicity.

" The Pump throws out a
steady jet of water to a height of
.50 feet with very little labour.
The Pump we have is well made,
very simple in its parts, and not
likely, I think, to get out of order.
The advantage of this Pump is its
being very portable. Besides
being a good Fire Engine, it will
make an excellent Garden Engine.
*' I remain. Gentlemen,
*' Tours obediently,
" Ed-win Rose,

" Engineer to the Crystal Palace Co.

Price on Barrcw, with Branch. Pipe, Spreader, Unions, and Suction Rose

l--in. 2-ply Rubber Suction Pipe, per foot, 2s. 2d. Ij-in. ditto Delivery Hose,

WARNERS' GARDEN ENGINES,

WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.
These Engines are much improved in construction, are less likely to
get out of order, and more easily repaired than others.

No. 547. Best ENGINES, in Wood Tub.9.
24 Gallons .. £6 10 0 | 14 GaUons .. £-5 10 0

No. 647a. Strong ENGINES, in Galviinized Iron Tubs, well

painted inside and out.
10 Gallons . . £2 19 0 I 24 Gallons . . £4 19 0

16 Gallons .. 3 14 0 | 28 Gallons

... £6.
Is. 4d.

6 10 0

579i. WARNERS' WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time in Watering with the Water Pot.
Made of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 13 inches Ugh ., .. £2 2 0
„ 30 „ „ 20 „ .. .. 2 13 0

: S. I ;:1! ;; :; ;; ^SS

* Thi3 ia nn extra strong avtiole, ■R'itli oro39 handle for tvfo men, suitable for
Nursery Grounds, &c.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, Sici

' MsUmaUs for any etesa-ipiion of 3ydrmlie Machinery forwarded on application.

No, 579i.

March 30, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS* OMONICLE AND AGRTOtlLTllRAt. (JAP^KTTE.

339

OT HOUSES for the MILLION,

Invontod by the late

SIR JOSKPII PAXTUN.

ManufactorioK : LoudoD, Nowton )n (.'artmol

(Laiiciishtre), Gloucoatcr, Covoutry, Abordooii,

ftiid Falsloy only.

lliustrnted OircnliirH, wltli revised List of
Prices, will bo Kent on jircpftid application to
Moasrs. nKiu-.MAN & Muiit.jn, Huad OfBco,
7. Pall Mall Kast. Loudon. S.W.

HOT-WATEITa^PPAKATUS, of every descmmon,
fixed cnmploto in any part of tlio country, or the matorials,
viz., HoJlcra, Pipoa, Jtc, delivorod to any Station.
Estimates on ar'pllt'ation.
J. Jones & Sons. 0. fJaiiksido. SmiMiwark, London, S.E.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. H 0 L L A N O S, Iron Merchant,
• SI. Ban I side, London. S.E.
HOT WATKR PIPKS, lium StocK. per yard :— 2-lnch, Is. 2d ;
S-lncli, Irt. luJ. ; audMniib, 2s. i<l. HEN D.S. from Stock, ls.6rf., 2s. fii/.,
aad Xi. each. TIIIIOTTLF, VALVES, lo.t., U1«.,and Hj*. eacb. Otbur
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods ul' (Irst-clasa manu-
lacturo. Ksttniatus given, and orders by posi't punctually attoodod to
Ibo aanio day. _^ .

S~0

c

TTAM AND COMPANY,

C0M8KRVATOKV and IIOffnODSE Bdilders, Ac,
Iron Works, 2, Wlnsley Stieot, Oxford Street, Loudon, W.
SADDLE mULERS.

20 'J4 3U inchus long.
•1,V:, Gbs. OL's. ad. eacb.
llOT-WATEil PIPES,
li 3 4 Inch,

l.s. ad. 2s. \d. '2n. yd. per yard.
JUaterials supniiod as above,
or Estimates given fixed coni-
pldto to Plan, on application to
COTTAM & Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Wlnsley Street,
oppoaite tho Pantheon).
Oxford Street, London, W.

sa

^As^

HOT WATCfl APPABATUi

r^KANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for

\^ HORTICULTURE.

*' Dry Glazing without Putty."

" Glass without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Ligbta '*

Uif^hly Commended by the Royal Hoitloultural Society bouth

Kt-UHlugtou.

Plans and Estimates free on application. Descriptive Book fully
illustrated, post free for ^0 stamps, fi-om the Author and Patentee,
jA3fE3 Cranston, Aichitect, BlniiiDgham.

Works : Highgate Street. Bii-mingham.
HxMRT J. GnowTAOE, Manager. 1. Temple Row West, Birmingham.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION,

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AAVARDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Ci-nstruetion, and
Ai.nlication of WKOUGHT-IRON tn Horticultural Buildines

VVR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES nre of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmospheric conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arranRement.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (aa supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
nnfftilini; result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM
;uid PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
HI i\imum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
improved svsteni.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heated upon the improved avstem, are calculated to secure
the growth of first-class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently siiperior for all early work

OUR PATENT W^ROUGHT-IRoN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRV HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses cau be glazed with or without putty.

These Houses are now protected by three Roval Letters Ritent,
and from the complete adiustinent of their constructional parts will
vie most favourably with Wood Structures in poiut of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Cutalognes on application to tho Patentees,

T. H. P. DtNxis & A. ScRUBY, Horticultural Builders and Hot
water Enyineera, Chelmsford.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^-^ Is becoming hcarce, the
Old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
I6s., 2 for 308., 60 for 66s., XOO
for £6.

Eourpenoe allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid.
A Railway Trucli-load (not

bags), 403.

Postage Stamps or Fost-offlce
Order, payable to J. Earsbam *
Co., King8tOD-on-Tharaes, S.W.

rpUB LONDON MANURK COMPANY

-I (EsTABMHUKDieiO).

Have now ready for delivery in dry flue condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Une
DISSOLVED BONI-;s. IW Dressing Paaturo Lands
SUl'IORPHOSPHATKSuf LIME
PREPARED QUA NO
MANUEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Oouuiuo PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warohouse; SULPIiATlfi of AMMONIA, FISUERY
SALT, 4c. IE. PuRHEu, Socrolury.

OHlcoH, IIG, Fenohuroh Street, B.C.

LA AV E S ' MANURES.—
The Manures manufactured by .). B. Lawkb for the present
sonKun of IS(i7 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at tho
following prices, per ton : —
LAWES- PATKNT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s. d.

SUPKUl'UnSpHATK 'HUME 0 0 0

LAWKS- s(rt'i-;RPiiosPilA'rK of LIMK from BURNT

BdNK or MINERAL PriiwCHATKS 6 6 0

LAWKS' WHEAT, BARLEV, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES son

CONCENTHATED CORN and GRASS MANURES . . Vi 0 0

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawks, or through tho
apoointcd Agents in all parts of tho United Kingdom, at piicos
Tarying according to cost of carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Cboniical Manures.

Aniericiin and otlier C.ikes at market pricot.

Address. John Bknnet Lawks, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; 1!-', Edon Quay, Dublin ; and Market Stiuare, Shrewsbury.

To those who have a Grarden.

rriHE BOUTIN MANURE will be found most

JL invaluable for Kitchen and Flowoi Gardens, Conservatories, &c.
It stimulates the healthy action and rapid growth of Plants, and
increases their products. It also destroys American Blight, and
Root and Leaf Insects of every description. It has no offensive odour.
Sold in bottles, Is. Gd., 2s. Od., and 4s. fid. each, with full instructions.
Sold Wholesale in Casks by the Company, 117 & 118, Leadenhall
Street, E.C.

Agents In London :—
Messrs. Hurst & Son, Seedsmen, &c., 6, Leadenhall Street, E.C.

„ Carter & Co., Seedsmen, &c., 237, 2-'l8, and 261, High Holborn, W.C.

„ Flannagan &. Son, Seedsmen. &c,, 08. Cheapside, E.C.

„ Barclay & Sou. 95, Farringdon Street, E.C.

„ Smith & Co., Seedsmen, ic. Floral Hall, Kingsland, N.E.

„ Dixon & Co.. Seedsmen, 48, Moorgate Street, E.C.

„ Pousford & Son, Seedsmen, ftc, Loughborough Park, Brixton, S.

„ Butler, McCulloch, & Co., Seedsmen, &c,, Covent Garden, W.C.
Mr. J. Brigden, Seedsman. &c., London Bridge Station, and King
William Street. E.C.

„ B. S. Williams, Paradise Nursery, Highgate Hill, N.

„ R. Wood, Nurseryman, Haverstock Hill, N.W.

„ P. Bax, Corn and Seed Merchant, Bisho psgate Street Without, E. C

„ J. Musket, Seedsmae, &c., 90, High Street, Clapham, S.

„ J. Kernan, Seedsman, &c., 4, Russell Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPHATE for CORN.

0DA:\IS'S NlTUO-PllnSi'llATE for ROOTS.
ODA-MS'S DlSSuLVKii CuNKS.
OHAMs"> SIii'KlJrnosi'il ATE of LIME.

oDAMbS niErAKja) ria.uviAN guano.

MANUFACTURED

THE PATENT NITRO-PEOSPHATE OR BLOOD
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief Offices— 109, Fenchm-ch Street, London.
Western Counties Branch — Queen Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch— 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.
Directors.
Chairman — John Clayden, Littlobury, Esses.
Deputy -Chnirvian — John Collins, Argyll House, HoUoway.
Edward Bell, 48, Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot, Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Middlesex.
Robert Leeds, 'West Lexham, Norfolk.
George Saville, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Essex.
Charles Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomas Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Managing Director— James Odams.
Banfters— Messrs. Bametts, Hoares, & Co.. Lombard Street.
Solicitors — Messrs. Kingsford & Donnan, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

Auditor — J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company w.is originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz.—" The Tenant Farmer,s' Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upwards of .50,000 acres of land
which has been for years under management with Manures of their
owu nianulhcture. The consumer, therefore, has tho best guarantee
for tho genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Company.

Paiticulars will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may bo had of the Local Agents. ,C. T. Macadam. Secretary,

Chief Offices— 109, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GBESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Impriivcd NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and BODEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAIIMA-POUTRA, CREVECfEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
Jobs Bailt & Son. 113, Mount Street, London, W.

WANTED, a SMALL FLORISTS' BUSINESS 0
PREMISES suitable for Growing Flowers for Market.-
Apply by letter, A. B., Post Office, Hounslow.

NURSERY and SEED BUSINESS for SALE.— A
good going Nursery and Seed Business in the North of
England will be Disposed of on very moderate terms to any party
who can take possession at an early date. There is a considerable

breadth of glass, almost new, and well stocked with first-rate sale-
able plants, for which there is a great demand in the district. In
the Seed department there is an excellent connection, which is
increasing yearly. Most satisfactory reasons can be given for the
present proprietor having resolved to relinquish the above.

Apply by letter only, address " Business for Sale," care of Messrs.
Peter Lawson & Son, Edinburgh.

To Cattle Dealers and Farmers.

Farm in South LA^CAS^IRE,

TO BE LET, and may be entered upon Immediately,
a good FARM of ARABLE and GRASS LAND, adjoining tbe
Turnpike Road leading from Liverpool to Manchester, and near to
Stations on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, being 13 miles
distant from Liverpool and 10 miles from the Stanley Cattle Market
there. The Farm is iu a Ring Fence, well sheltered and watered,
nearly all dramed, and has lately been much improved by the
owner, in wliose hands it has been for two years. Extent,
308 STATUTE ACRES, divided into eight Fields. Tbere is a

food and comoiodions House, large Orchard, tour Cottages for
'arm Labourers, a Modem-erected Homestead (one of the largest
and best in the county), comprising accommodation for tying-up
upwards of GO Head of Cattle ; also Open Sheds and Cattle Yards.
.Stabling for 16 horses, Loose Boxes, Barn with O-horse Steam-engine,
Threshing Machine, Corn B.ays, Granary, Piggeries, &c.

For Rent and further particulars apply to Messrs, Henbt Wuite &
Son, Land Agents, &c., Warrington.

TTNFURNISHED BED ROOM, DRAWING ROOM,

In a ino»t dellghtlul sltuatlon.-J. N. D,, n, Itiackhcath Hill, fe.E

Salcg 61) Auction*

SALE Tins DAY, AT HALF-PAST TWELVE O'CLOCK.

Consignment of Plants from Ghent.
TVfR. .1. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at

XtX Ilia fireat Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W C , on
SATURDAY, Mnrih 1M), at hair-puHt 12 o'clock procihuly. 200
CAMELLIAS, 2110 INDIAN AZALEAS. l'OO llnrdv UIlnUoDKN-
DRUNS, .-IIIO LILIUM LAM :IFnLI MM. D Si,.cuiioi. V;uit'i;iitod
ALOES. MARECHAL NIKL nnd (.Ihcr Nl-w Rosks. CLIMIUNO
PLANTS, Dwarf-trainod and i'jnunld FRUIT TKEES, RLI.STIC
SEATS, &c.

On view the Momlng of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Important Sale of Orchids, Stove and Greenhouse

Plants, at Hlghgrove, Reading, Berks,

MR. J. C. 8TEVKNS will SELL by AUCTION, at
th" Gardens, Ilighgrovo, Reading, Berks, on TUESDAY"
and vvjcnM'IsOATt, April It and 10, the valuable Collection of
oKriilhs, STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANT.S, formed by tho
luti' .1 .(. iiiniHly. Esq., Vlce-Pre»idont oJ tho R^val Horticultural
Socii;ty uf Londuri, comprlBiiig a groat variety of fine PHnts, many
of which have been exhibito'i and carried off Prizes at tho varlouH
Metropolitan and Provincial Shows ; also several Greenhouses,
Exhibition Van, 4c.

(latalogues are ready (price 6d, each, 10 admit parties to the Sale),
which may be hart at the Gardens; also of Messrs. CoorEn It
GoiiLDiNo, Auctioneers, Market Place, Reading; and of Mr, J. C.
Stlvens. Horticultural Auctioneer and Valuer, 38, King Street,
Covent Garden, Lnndon. W.r.

Important Sale of Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS has been favoured ^\ath
Instructions to SELL by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms,
38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, without reserve, on
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, April 17 and 18, Firfct-class
ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS, being part of the well-known Collection
of A. Bas.set, Esq., of Stamford llill, who is reducing his Collection
for a short time owing to change of residence. The Plants consist of
Duplicates, amongst which will be found many magnificent Speci-
mens ol all the best Varieties, Including:—
Aeridos Fieldingii
„ maculosum

„ Lobbii

,, LarpentK

„ crispura
Cattleya Mossiie

„ Trian iBi

„ Bassettl

,, Wag Deri
Dcudrobium macrophyllum

„ gipanteum

„ primulinum giganteum

,, nobile pendulum
Cypnpedium Stonei

„ Veitchil

,, barbatum

,, concolor

„ villoBura
Lcelia elcgans

„ Dajii

,, pur pu rata
Miltonia Candida grandiflora

Miltonia spectahlHa

Odontogl ossum citrosmum

roseum
Ocloutoglofisum Alexandra

„ radiatum

„ B' until

,, DfBvium majus

„ Phaleeeopsis

,, coronarium
Oncidlum crispum

„ ampliatum majus
Phalienopsis amabilis

„ gr.T.ndiflora

„ Schilleriana
Saccolabium ampuUaceum

„ curvifolium

„ guttatum

„ retusum
Trichopilia crispiflora
Vanda Batemanni

„ tricolor

,, suavis

&c., &c., &c.
On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

A^

Sale of very handsome Standard Roses, Fruit Trees,
American Plants, and Evergreen Shrubs.

MESSRS. PRUTHEKOE and MURKIS will SELL by
AUCTION, at 38 and 3!J, Gracechurcli Street, City, E.C, on
SATURDAY, April 6, at half-past 12 o'ClocIi preciselj', a superb
assortment of 360 very iiandsome STANDARD md DWAKF ROSKS,
including tlie best varieties in cultivation ; choice hardy AMERICAN
PLANTS, comprising Ghent and other AZALEAS, HYBRID
RIIODODENDRON.S. KALMIAS. ANDROMEDAS. 4c., selected
TROIT TREE.S, Hardv CONIFEK^E, and EVERGREEN
SHRUBS; some fine BULBS of LILIUM AURATUM.

On view Morning o f Sale. Catalogues had at the Rooms as above,
and of tho Auctiouee rs and Valuers, Leytonstone, Essex, N.E.

The Cedars, Tottenham Green.

VALDAni.t; GaErNnouSE Pi..\nts.

MR. A. RICHARDS will SELL by AUCTION, on
tho Premises, on WEDNESDAY, April TO, at 2 o'clock, a
valuable Collection of GREKNHOUSE PLANTS; also 130 Iron
Hurdles, Vases and Figures, Cucumber Frames, &c.

May bo viewed, by cards, the day previous. Catalogues obtained
of tho Auctioneer, Tottenham, N.

N EXTENSIVE SALE by AUCTION, on FRIDAY,

April 12, 186T, at Providence Nurserv, Boston Spa, Yorkshire,
of SPECIMEN and HALF SPECIMEN, STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, ORCHIDS, &c.

The Plants are all in first-rate condition, and can be seen on the
Ground any day (Sunday excepted).

Catalogues on application to J. C. Pidvas.

Cutteslowe, near Oxford.

Importakt S.*le of SHnRT-noRNFD Cattle,

MR. STRAFFORD has received instructions to offer
for SALE by AUCTION, without reserve, on THURSDAY.
April 1 next, at Cutteslowe, the entire HERD of SHORT-DORNS
belonging to Mr. Middieton, who is relinquishing breeding. It
consists of about 45 Head of Bulls, Cows, and Heiiers, that have
been bred for nearly 20 years from four well-known tribes, two of
which are descended from Earl .Spencer" .s Nos, 13 and 25, bought at
the Chilton Sale ; the third was purchased at Earl Ducie's in 1849,
and traces back to Mr. Wright's Laumstina by Comet (155) ; whilst
the fourth is bred directly from Mr. R. Colling's Cowslip. The Bulls
formerly used were of the Wiseton blood, and latterly the Sires have
been principally of Kirklevington blood, Viz., Gloster's Grand Duke
(12343), Duke Valorous (16951), Earl Ducie (17TG7), Thornhill Spencer
(23072), and Prince of Thorndale. The Herd, which has not been
torced for Sale, is in a fine healthy state; it includes some very
promising young Bulls, chiefly Roans, and the whole are well wortn
the attention of purchasers. Several of the Animals have won
Prizes at the Oxford and Banbury Showa, and received commenda-
tions at the Royal.

Catalogues, with Pedigrees, may bo had on application to Mr.
Stbatkord. 13, Euston Square, London, N.W. ; or of Mr. Middleton,
at Cutteslowe, near Oxford.

Raveusden House, near Bedford.

Important Sale of Shoht-hokned Cattle.

MR. STRAFFORD has been directed by Francis
Wytbes, Esq., to SELL by AUCTION, on WEDNESDAY.
April 10, at Ravensden House, near Bedford, his entire HERD
of SHORT-HORNED CATTLE, consisting of about 06 head of
Bulls, Cows, and Heifers, which have been bred from some flue old
families of Short -horns ; amongst tnem are several members of the
" Blanche," "Cjuntess," "Millicent," and other well-known tribes.
The young Sto^k are chieflv by two Bulls of the most fashionable
blood, May Duke 2d (18372), from Biddenham, and Sir James
(2:;y02). from Clifton Pastures ; they are rich in colour, with good
hair and quality, and in a flue healthy state of condition, many of the
Cows possessing good dairy properties. The whole will be Sold with-
out any reserve, and are well worth the attention of purchasers.

Catalogues, with Pedigrees, may be had on application to Mr.
Stkaffohd, 13. Euston Square, London: or of Mr. Wvtbes, at
Ravensden House, near Bedford. ^

Professor Mettenius' Botanical Library.

TO BE SOLD bv AUCTION, at Leipzig, during the
LAST WEEK of MAY, the valuable BOTANICAL LIBRARY
of Professor METTENIUS (late Director of the Botanical Gardens,

Catalogues may be had of David Nutt. Foreign and Classical
Boookseller, 270, Strand, London, W.C, who will execute commwalon*
on liberal terms.

340

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[March 30, 13G7.

JOHN WEEKS & COMPANY

His Grace the Duke of Leeds

His Grace the Duke of Marlborough , .
The Right Hon. the Earl of Pembroke
The Kight Hon. the Earl of Coventry . .
The Ri^ht Hon. the Earl of Leicester
The Right Hon. the Earl of Normanton
The Right Hon. Viscount Ashbrook . .

The Right Hon. Lord Boyne

The Right Hon. Lady Ashburton

Sir Greville Smyth, -Bart

Sir H. W. Parker, Bart

Tedworth, Wilts

Mr. Alderman Waterlow, Highgate . .

W. Leaf, Esq., Streatham

Sam Mendel, Esa, Manchester

J. Perrett, Esq.,HerneHill

T. N. Miller, Esq.. Bishops Stortford . .

J. Piatt, Esq., M.P.. Llanfairfechan . .

W. H. Stone, Esq^ M.P., Havant

J. C. Pickersgill, Esq., Hooley, Croydon

Sidney Lawrence, Esq., Clapham

P. W. Flower, Esq., Tooting

C. Lucas, Esq., Clapham

T. Spodo, Esq., Rugeley

D. W. P. Bercsford, Esq., M,P

F. Death, Esq.

T. Maudsley. Esq

W, Nicholson, Esq

Royal Horticultural Society, London . ,
Depaitment of Science and Art, London
Royal Botanical Society, London .,
Royal Zoological Society, London

Botanic Gardens, Liverpool

Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin . .

Botanic Society. Cologne

Whitechapel Union, London

St. Thomas's Hospital, London

Mr. Woodroffe's Isui-aery, London

Messrs. E. 6. Henderson's Nursery, London

Messrs. A, Henderson & Co.'s Nursery, London

Messrs. F. &, A. Smith's Nursery, Dulwich . .

Messrs. F. & A. Dickson's Nursery, Chester

Mesars.-J.i9, Dickson's Nursery, Ciiester

M. Louis Van Houtte's Nursery, Ghent

Bunvarton Halt, Salop

Sandon Hall, Stafford . .

Weeks's Show Establishment

Piping in Feet.
.. 5,000

3,000
2,600

1,500
l.IOO
2,090
5.480

HAVE MUCH PLEASURE IN SUBMITTING THE

FOLLOWING LIST FROM AMONG THE HUNDREDS OF DISTINGUISHED PATRONS

WHO HAVE ADOPTED THEIR

"ONE-BOILER SYSTEM" OF HEATINg BY HOT WATER.

Any comment upon the sterling merits of the subjoined brilliant achievements would be superfluous, and to be fully appreciated they must be seen in operation

The Hon. Sydney Curzon, Tooting

The Hon. General Grey, Windsor Castle

Tbe Hon. D. Finch, Canterbury

The Hon. Locke King, M.P., Weybridge

The Hon. A. F. O. Liddell, Surrey

The Hon. Colonel Pennant, Penrhyn Castlo

Colonel Chapman, Aldersbottf

Colonel F. Clinton, Lymington

Colonel Linton, Buckden

Colonel Mason, Necton Hall, Norfolk

Colonel North, M.P., Banbury

Colonel Piatt, Newport Pagnell

Colonel Williams, Maidenhead

H. Allsopp, Esq., Hiudley Hall

J. F. Bateman, Esq., Moor Park, Famham

Potto Brown, Esq., Huntingdon

Jas. Brand, Esq., Balham

R. Bright, Esq., Tring, Herts

Otto A. Benecke, Esq., Denmark Hill

D. W. P. Beresford, Esq., M.P., Carlow
Crawshaw Bailey, Esq., S. Wales

E. Buckley, Esq., Dinas Maw-ddwy
T. Chappell, Esq., Weir Bank, Teddlngton
John Calverley, Esq., Oulton, Leeds

E. J. Coleman, Esq., Slough

F. Clough, Esq., Fulham

F. Death, Esq., Hendon

G. H. Errington, Esq., Colchester

E. C. Egerton, Esq., M.P., Mountfleld Court, Huist Groeu
J. Foulkes, Esq., Wrexham
G. E. Foster, Esq., Cambridge
Mrs. Holgate Foster, Regent's Park
P. W. I'^ower, Esq., Tooting
E. Fellowes, Esq., Haverland Hall
T. Gabriel, Esq., Streatham
S. Garrard, Esq., WandswortD
J. Hopkins, Esq., Grey Towers, Yorkahire
E. Holden, Esq.. Aston Hall, Derby
A. D. Hussey Freke, Esq., Highworth
Townsend Ince, Esq., Chester
Thomas Lancaster. Esq., Bownham, Stroud
J. W. Larking, Esq., Lee, Kent
W. LeaT, Esq., Streatham
A. Lafone, Esq., Denmark Hill
G. G. Maitland, Esq., Shotover House, Oxon
J. Mnrant, Esq., Brockenhxu^t Park, Hants
G. Matthews, Esq., Streatham
N. Nicholson, Esq., Roundhay Park, Leeds
W. Nicholson, Esq., Basing Park, Hants
J. W. Petei-s, Esq., Kilburn
C. Penruddook, Esq., Compton, Salisbury
C. Paget, Esq., Ruddington, Notts
Melville Portal, Esq., Laverstocke House, Micholdeve
R. Roberts, Esq , Clapham Paik
J. Mackrill Smith, Esq., Eden Lodge, Beckenham
J. Smith, Esq., Chigwell, Essex
A. G. Sandeman, The Hollies, Weybridge
T. Simpson. Esq., Walton, Wakefield
A. Steaines, Esq., Forest Hill
J. Steaines, Esq., Forest Hill
A- Turner, Esq., Bow Bridge, Leicester
— Uthwatt, Esq., Maids Morton
H. F. Vernon, Esq., Hanbmy Hall, Droitwich
G. Verey, Esq., Kilburn
J. Vickers, Esq., Streatham
J. WftUis, Esq., Clapham Park
Thomas Wilson, Esq., Gateshead
R. Yeo, Esq., Elm Lodge, Lower Streatham

His Royal Highness the late Prince Consort

His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury

His Grace the Duke of Bedford

His Grace tUo Duko of Devonshire

His Grace the Duke of Leeds

His Grace the Duke of Marlborough

His Grace the Duke of Richmond

His Grace the Duke of Rutland

His Gr.ice the Duko of Roxburgh

The Most Noble the Mnrquis of Aylesbury

The Most Noble the Marquis of Downshire

The Most Noble tho Marquis To^vnshend

The Most Noble the Marquis of Westminster

The Right Hon. the Earl of Coventry

The Right Hon. tho Earl of Chichester

The Right Hon. the Earl of Craven

The Right Hon. the Earl of Crawford

The Right Hon, the Earl ol Cottenham

Tho Right Hon. the Earl of Essex

The Riglit Hon. the Earl of Fortescue

The Right Hon. the Earl of Harrowby

The Right Hon. the Earl of Kilmorey

The Right Hon. the Earl of Leicester

The Right Hon. tho Earl of Lisbume

The Right Hon. the Earl of Macclcsflotd

Tho Right Hon. the Earl of Nelson

The Right Hon. the Earl of Normanton

The Right Hon. the Earl of Oxford

The Right Ron. the Earl of Pembroke

The Bight Hon. the Earl of Sandwich

The Right Hon. the Earl of Stanhope

The Right Hon. the Earl of Stamford

The Right Hon. the Earl of Shrewsbury

The Right Hon. tho Earl of Stradbroke

Tho Right Hon. the Earl of Selkirk

The Right Hon. Viscount Ashbrook

The Right Hon. the Lord Bishop of Dorry

The Right Hon. Lord Ashburton

The Right Hon. Lord Boyne

The Right Hon. Lord Bridport

The Right Hon. Lord Camoya

The Right Hon. Lord Cranworth

The Right Hon. Lord Forester

The Right Hon. Lord Heytesbury

The Right Hon. Lord Kiogsdown

The Right Hon. Lord Southampton

The Right Hon. Lord Sudeley

The Right Hon. Lady Ashburton

The Right Hon. Lady Clinton

The Right Hon. Lady Foster

The Right Hon. Lady Murray

Su- E. Antrobus, Bart., Cheam

Sir J. Bailey, Bart., Crickhowell

Sir A. E. Bellingham, Bart., Castle Bellingham

Sir E. Blackett, Bart., Matfen Hall

Sir T. Biddulph, B.art., Rugby

Sir J. Burgoyne, Bart., Sutton Park

Sir E. Colobrook, Bart., M.P., Ottershaw Park

Sir C. Goring, Bart., Worthing

Sir R. Hamilton. Bart., Avon Cliffo

Sir G. Jenkinaon, Bart., Berkley

Sir E. Lechmore, Bart,, Upton-on-Sevorn

Sir J. Noold, Bart., Grittleton, Wilts

Sir H. Oxenden, Bart., Canterbury

Sir R. Pee], Bart., M.P., Drayton Manor

Sir H. Watson Parker, Bart., Stawell Houso

Sir Morton Peto, Bart., Sevonoaks

Sir Greville Smyth, Bart., Ashton Court, Bristol

Sir C. Shakerley, Bart., Congleton

Sir F. Sniythe, Bart., Acton Bumell

The late Sir J. Paxton, Sydenham

Sir Benjamin Phillips, Alderman, Westeiham

. 8.9S0

. i.roo

. 5,110

. 1,400

. 4,410

. 7,770

. 6,2a0

. 3,600

. 3,500

. 4,900

. 5,780

. 2,900

. 2,200

. 5,200

. 2,300

. 2,400

. 1,430

. 2,900

. 3,025

. 22,000

. 18,540

. 5,000

. 3,600

. 2,580

. 4,000

. 7,000

. 3,600

. 4,300

. 3,800

. 3,000

. 8,280

. 3,200

. 2,800

. 10.960

. 3,000

. 2,500

. 8,000

CHURCHES, CHAPELS, &o.

Sand gate Church

Morden Church

Weybridge Church

Preston Church

Faversham Church

Edenham Church

Benefleld Church

Homcastle Church

Hawkeshead Church

New Church, Kensington

New Chuich, Weybridge

All Saints' Church, St. John's Wood

Christ Church, Kensington

St. Mary's Church, Wcat Brompton

St. Silas Church, Pentonville

St. Paul's Church, Deptford

Christ Church, Newgate Street

Christ Church, Forest Hill

Ham Church, Derbyshire

Catholic Chapel, St. John's Wood

St. John's Chapel, Islington

The Synagogue, Great Portland Street

The Synagogue. Upper Bryanstone Street

>yelsh Chapel, Soho

PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

Cheater Infirmary

St. Thomas's Hospital

Worcester Infirmary

Whitechapel Union

Lancaster Bank

Preston Bank

B-irrow Bank

Wrexham Bank

Winchester College Library

The Law Courts, Lancaster

The Tower of London

Tbe Grosvenor Hotel, Chester

St. Peter's Home, Brompton

Codicote Schools

Necton Schools

King'd Scholars' Schools, Canterburv

Stafford National Schools

Darlington Schools

Western School, Brompton

St. Mark's College, Chelsea

The Convent, Blaudford Square

The Convent, Roeharapton

The Convent of the Good Shepherd

The Friends' MeetUig House, Itedcar

MANSIONS.
Nacton Hall, Norfolk
Burton Court, Derbyshire
Wennington Hall, Lancaster
Ruddington Gmnga, Notts
The Castle, Borkhampatead
The Grove, Dumfries
Rosherville, Gravesend
Leigh Park, Havant
Weir Bank, Teddington
Hnrst Villa, Lewisharo Road
Compton Park, Salisbury
Sandon Hall, Stafford
The Grange, Kilburn
Lexden Park, Colchester
Burwarton Hall, Bridgnorth
Brancepeth Castle, Durham
Ham Hall, Ashbourne
Hannington Hall, Highworth
Brooklauds, Weybridge
Llay Place, Wrexham
The Rectory, Torrington
Moor Park, Farnham
17, Grosvenor Square
Kemsdale House, Faversham

BILLIARD ROOMS, OFFICES, BATHS, &c.

Billiard Room— Leigh Park

Billiard Room— The Grange, Kilburn

Billiard Room— Weir Bank, Teddington

Bidiard Room— Christleton, Chester

Billiard Room— Fairseat House. Highgate

Billiard Room— Brancopeth Castle

Billiard Room — Ham Hall

Offices— Messrs. E. G. Henderson's. Weilingtoa Road

Offices — Messi-s. A. Henderson's, Pine-apple Place

Offices— Mr. W. Bull's, Chelsea

Offices— Messrs. Wood, Field, & Hanbury's

Offices — Messrs. Truman & Co., Roupell Park

Offices- Messrs. Horner & Sons, Bucklersbui-y

Offices— Mr. R. Thomas, Pall Mali

Offices — J. F. Bateman, Esq., 16, Great George Street

Offlces^I. Weeks & Co.'s, Cnelsea

Factory— Messrs. Stocken, London

Dairy— Cassiobury, Watford

Stables— E. Boustead, Esq., Clapham

Coach House— A. D. Hussey Freke, Esq.. Wilts

Harness Room— J. C. Pickersgill, Esq., Hooley

Baths— J. W. Peters, Esq.. Kilburn

Baths— G. Painter, Esq., Ilford

Baths— W. GradweJl, Esq., Barrow

Illustrated Pamplilets and Estimates for Building and Heating, Free, on application to

JOHN WEEKS AND COMPANY,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS AND HOT- WATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURERS,
KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

pKi''i,r°?'™'MA"?H"v''°''st Jhc" oSrf m'™™°SS,' ' " "'«nl=rS"»'T""'?'"Af • ^«S" 'o '■ ■f '>= I'''»'I«her," at the OBoe, 41, WcUrngton Street, Covent Oarden, London, W.o.
Office, No^tVamiEtS O'f "' I"-"i'»'."' t"'^- »f Middlesex, aad PufilsSed by tho ^i J.KH. M.Tra.w.,.t tho

I

March 30, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS* CRRONICEE J\ND AGRTCTILTURAL GAZETTE.

Ei\t ©arlreners;' Clirontcle

SATURDAW MARCH 30, 1867.

THOMAS MILLING TON and CO.,
87, Bishopsgiito Street Without, London. E.C.
HORTICULTURAL GLASS WAREHOUSE.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSK GLASS aa supplied to Hor
Miijosty. the Nobility. Goiitrv, Mr. Rivers, and the lesidiug Horti-
culturists of tho United KingJom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES,
in. in.
20 by 12 .
20 by 13 /

20by 14 -Tor 100 foot
20bvI5| (21 oz.

(-15 <

it^ —

4th s.
Us Zd

10s 6d

3rds. I 2nds. I Best.
15s 6d 18.1 Ctn -208 0(7
228 2rf 2f.,i6<t 26s 6(/

20 by 16

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 foot.
In. in.jm. In. [In. in.lin. In. I 4tbs. | 3ds. i 2nds. j Best.
6 by 4 7 by 6 8 by 0 0 by 7 ) lo, q,/ na ^rfl]f,^ nrf ia« O/i
Oiby4i|7iby BlUlby ej! DJ by -j | jl2« 3d|l-fa Jrt|lbs Odj 18« Od

Per 100 feot.
10 by 8 112 by 9 |I2i by ini|14i by ion
lOlbySmaiby Hi 13 by m 16 by 10 (_

II byO U by o t3i by lui 13 by U l
llibyOilri by 10 |n by 10 |l4 by U )

13a 3rf 14.1 6d 17a 3d

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

I in. .

16i by injiU by 12 22 by 12
10 by 10 14ibyl2i 17 bv 13
111 b^'lli'ir. by 12 2.'Jby 13
16 hy 11 16i hyVl\\ IS bv H
ISJ hv 11 J IB by 12 22 by 14
1(1 bv 11 llG} by 12i 24 by 14
21 by n 17 by 12 22 by 15
13 by 12 lis by 12 I 24 by 16

4tba.

14s 3d

3d8.

15flCd

2Dds.

ISsOd

Dost.

20s Od

in.
22 by 10 ■
24 by K.
20bvl7
22 by 17
24 by 17
20 by 18
22 by IS
24 by 18
The abovo Prloea are only for the Sizo.^ stated ; ifa quantity of any
other Sizo be required, a Special Price will be given.

SHEET GLASS.
In Sheota for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 0 ftot super.

16 OK.

4ths qunlltv, per 300 feet case, 3S8.
3'i8 „ ,. 48.'!.

2d3 „ „ 62.S.

Best „ ,, Q->s.

21 oz,

4ths quality, per 200 feet cnso, 383,
3d8 „ „ 48s.

2ds „ „ 66s.

Best „ „ OOs.

SHEET GLASS ii made only in tho following sub.stanco3, 16 oz.,
21 oz., 26oz., 320!;., 3fioz., ani 42oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8th in., 3-16thln.. l-4th in., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATR GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, Ac, &c.
PAINTS. COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per oivt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
renuirod shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 3fi,3. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and six gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Drvers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 2S9. to 345. per cwt.
Anti-corrosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conscrvtttorios, Greenhouses, &o., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman, FfLiparod Oil for ditto, 45. per g^iUon.

GENUINE WHITE LEAD,

Z'2s. per cwt,. [per cwt.

SECONDS WHITE LE.4d. Ziis.
GROUND PATENT DRYERS,

3(i. to A\di. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d. to4id.

per lb. [per lb.

„ RAW UMBER. 4id. to 6d.
.. BURNT do.. 6d. to 9d per lb.
GREEN PAINT, all shades, 28*.

to 60s, per cwt. [cwt.

BLACK PAINT. 24s. to 3fis. per
RED PAINT. 2V to 365. per cwt.
GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.
MILLED LEAD, in Sheets and

Pipes.

LINSKEU OIL, 39. 2d. per gal.
BOILED OIL, J5.8d. per gallon.
TURPENTIN E. 3,1. 6d. per gallon.
LINSEED OIL PUTTY, Ss. to
9s. per cwt. ri2s. per gal.

Fine OAK VARNISH, 10s. to
„ CARRIAGE VARNISH, 12s.

to 14s. per gallon.
„ CRYSTAL or PAPER do.,

10s. to 12s. per E;all'm.
„ COPAL. Ifis. per gallon.
PATENT KNOTTING, lUs. per

gallon.
„ GOLD SIZE, 10s. per Kallon.
„ BLACK JAPAN, 12s. per

gallon.
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
exchange.

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the abovo on application.

w.

S. BOULTON'S 36-{;allon SWING WATER

BARROW. Price 45s.
Carriage paid to any Station in England.

The above is very cheap and invaluable for carrying Liqui''s of all
kinds. No Garden, Farm. Stable, or Kitchen Yard .should be with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Carriage at a small
additional cost. A Lad can easily work It ; but if required to travel
long distances over rough ground a Pony : can be attached. The
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-

lowmg, out of many Testimonials, have been received :

Front Lord Otbo Fitzgerald. West Park, Salisbury.
" Sir,— You are welcrime to make use of my letter recommending
Tour Water Barrow. I find It of great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and more serviceable than one I had made in the neigh-
bourhood, the carnage alone of which, without tho barrel, cost me
£3 lOs. I unfortunately ordered it before I saw your advertisement.
—I am. yours obediently, " O. Fitzgerald "

"To Mr. W. S. BoDLTON."

From- Tnos. Ingle, Esq., M.D., Emswortli, SantE, June 24, 1866.
" SiE, — Tiie Swing Water Barrow is in every respect a most admir-
able improvument ou all I have hitherto used in my Gardens. All
parties who have seen it. Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
bestowed upon it their unqualified approval, and several said they
would order them ofyou,— Yours truly, "Tiies Inqle, M.D."

"ToMr. W. S. BouLTON."

Hose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

Winter Elbbon Garden.

TOTTN ROSS, Surbiton, Surrey, W., is prepared to
LAY OUT every deflcrlption of PLEASURE GROUND
SCENERY. Photographs of Ribbon Planting may bo had for
Inspection as abovo. _____^_^^_„.

JOHN GIBSON, JvN., beps to annnunce that bp if
prepared t" Fiirnisb FLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYINC
OUT GROUND attachcfl to ManHlons and Villa or other
ItesmonceH or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the Banio by Contract or othorwlsn.
Address Mr. John Gikson, lun., Surrey Lunu. Hattorsea. S.W.

("^ Gl.ENNY, HouTiciTLTUiiAi, Aoint and Vau'eu,
T. continues to PROCURE and SELL on COMMISSION everv-
thing apportaininc to the Garden. Hln LIST of tho best '10 .sortH of
FLOWER SEEDS for amateurs to choosu IVoni, with a Lesson on
Sowing, sent froo on receipt of a directed envelope to

G. Gi.KNNv, Dungannon Houyc. Fulham, S.W, ^^

R KENNEDY and CO., Window Glass and Shade
'• Mkrctiants.

llOKTTnTLTTrR,\L find DAIRY HI, ASS of overv description,
BudiiiTsMippliiH with RoLM''.n rLATIC, SUined andOrnaiiientod.
SASIIKS l''i-un.'.i !in.li:i!i/.-.l lor Mi.. Tiade.
FEUN ami hUAWlNU lUiuM C.\sKs made to Order.
Marino and Fresh-water AtJUARIUMS.

Tho Cheapest House in tho Trado for PICTURE and PIIOTO-
ORAPHIC GLASS. &c.

G, Piazza, Covent Garden. W.C,

Asplialte Roofing Felt.

ONE PENNY per Square Foot.

r^ROGGON AND CO.. Manufacturers,

60. GEORGE SQ.. GLASGOW ; 2. GOREE PIAZZAS. LIVERPOOL.

THE IMPROVKD TANNKO LEATHRR DRIVING
STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
without Inn or crn>is ioint.s— Riiju-rinr to all others for Portable
Engines. Prime STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

Price Lists sent free by post.
TiiK Tannfd Lkathkr Companv. Tanners. Curriers, kc. Armit
Works. Greenfield, near Manchester ; Warehouse. 81. Mark Lane,
London, E.C. Mr. H. Fkhrabek, Agent.

DINNER "SERVfCES in Stone China, ^ith "Crcst"m-
Monoeram, £0 fis., for 12 persons. An elegant a.s.'^ortment
of nREAKFAST, TEA. ,and DESSERT SERVICES, in best taste
and at lowest ciish prices. TABLE GLASS and LAMPS of every
description. Illustrated Catalogvie, containinc estimates for furnish-
ing, free by post. T. R. Giumes. 8.1, Now Bond Street, W,

The Furnishing of Bed Rooms.

HEAL AND SON. of Tottenham Court Road, have
greatly enlarged their Premifies. for the purpose of making a
more complete arrnngemont of their Stock.

They have now- Ten separate Rooms, each completely furmshed
with a different Suite of Bed Room Furniture ; these are irrespective
of their general Stock, displayed in Six Galleries, and Two large
ground floor Warerooms, the Whole forming, they believe, the most
complete Stock of Bed Room Furniture in the Kingdom.

Heal & Son's Itlastrated Catalogue of Bedsteads, Bedding, and
Bed Room Furniture, sent free by post on application to Heal
& Son, 196, 107, 108. Tottenham Court Road. London. W.

BEDSTEADST^ATHS, and LAMPS.— WILLIAM S.
BURTON has Six Large Show Rooms devoted exchisivelv to
tho separate displav of Lamps, Baths, and Metallic Bedsteads. The
stock of each is at once the largest, newest, and most varied ever
.submitted to the public, and marked at pries proportionate with
those that have tended to make his Establishment the moat
distinguished in this country.

Beristeiids. from 125. Gd. to £20 Oi. each.

Shower Biths, from $t.(\fl. to jEB O-f. each.

Lamps (Moderateur), from . . fc. Orf, to £8 lOs. each.

(AH other Itinds at the same rate.)
Pure Colza Oil 4.s. 0<^/. per gallon.

WILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING
IRONMONGER, by appointment to H.R.H. tho Prince of
Wales, Rends a Catalogue gratis and post paid. It contains upwards
of 600 Illustrations of h's unrivalled Stock of Sterling Silver and
Electro Plate. Nickel Silver, and Britannia Metal Goods. Dish
Covers, Hot Water Dishes. Stoves, Fenders. Marble Chimney-pieces,
Kitchen Ranges, Lamps, Gaseliers, Tea-trays, Urns, and Kettles,
Clocks, Table Cutlery, Baths, Toilet-wafe, Turnery, Iron and Brass
Bedsteads, Bedding, Bedroom Cabinet Furniture. &c., with Lists of
Prices and Plans of the Twenty Large Show-rooms, at 39, Oxford
Street, W. ; 1, 1a, 2, 3. and i, Newman Street; 4, 6, and 6, Perry's
Place, and 1, Newman Yard, London.

1} vAn Irffa cf

EPPS'S COCOA (also called EPPS'S
HOMCEOPATHIC COCOA).— The very agreeable character of
this preparation has rendered it a general f ivourite. Invigorating
and sustaining, with a refined and grateful flavour, developed by the
special mode of prepar.ition applied, this Cocoa is used as "their
habitual beverage for brc'ikfast by thousands who never used Cocoa
before. " Cocoa stands very much higher than Tea or Coffee," Dr.
Hassall says, " and contains eveiy ingredient necessary to the growth
and sustenance of the body."

It is made simply by pouring boiling water or milk on the
Preparation as sold. J lb., ^ lb., and 1 lb. Packets.

Sance.-Lea & PerHns'

WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE.—

This delicious Condiment, pronounced bv Connoisseurs
"THE ONLY GOOD SAUCE," is prepared solely by Lea & Perrins,

The public are respectfully cautioned against worthless imitations,
find should see that Lea & Per bins' Names are on Wrapper, Label.
Bottle, and Stopper. Ass for Lea & Perrin.i' Sauck.

•»* Sold Wholesale and for Export, bv the Proprietord. Worcester
Messrs. CaossK k Blackwell; Messrs. Barclay & Sons, London, &c.
and by Grocers and Oilmen universally.

THfc: SMOKER'S BONBON effectually "REMOVES
the TASTE and SMELL of TOBACCO from Ihe MOUTH and
BREATH, and renders Smoking agreeable and safe. It is very
pleiisant and wholesome. Prepared by a patent process Iroin the
recipe of an eminent physician by Schoolino & Co., Wholesale Con-
fectioners, Bethnal Green. London, N.E., in Sixpenny and Smiling
Boxes ; post free. 7 and 14 stamps.

Sold hy Chemists, Tobacconists, &c.

DTNNE~F0RD'S fluid MAGNESIA.—
The best remedy for Acidity of the Stomach. Heartburn,
Headache, Gout, and Indigestion: and tho best mild aperient
for delicate constitutions, especially adapted for Ladies, Children,
and Infants.

DiNNEFOHD & Co., 172, Ncw Boud Street, London, and of
nil Chemists throughout the World.

G

starch ManufacturerB

TO H.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES,

LENFIELD STARCH,

EXCLDSIVELT USED IN THE RoTAL LaUNDRV,

and Awarded Prize Medal, 1862.
Sold by all Grocers, Chandlers. Ac.

The Best Remedy for Indigestion.

NORTON'S CAMOMILE PILLS are confidently
recommended as a simple but certain remedy for Indigestion.
They act as a powerful tonic and gentle aperient ; are mild in their
operation ; safe under any circumstnuces ; and thousands of persons
can now bear testimony to the benefits f o be derived f^om their use.
Sold in Bottles at Is. lid., 2s. Od., and lis. each, in every town in the
kingdom. Cadtion._66 sure to ask for " NORTON'S PILLS." and
do not be persuaded to purchase the various imitations.

AtlTION— FRAUD,— Mr. J. H. Evans. Chemist,

Lymm, Chpshne, writes March 25, IPfi" : "Rome of mv cus-
tomers who habitunlly use DR. LOCOCK'S PULMONIC WAFERS,
infnim mo that they have purchased what thry intended should
have been the same, but which turned out to be quite a difierent
tiling. I need not say the re&ults affer taking tlie spurious ones
were very unsatisfactory." The ot.ly j/cnuino modicino has tho words
" Db, Locock's Wafkhs " in thi> Govtrnnn-nt Stamp,

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Tj^ R a S E'R^ S~^fTG'A~ZTN"E foT APRIL.

1-' • No. CCCCXLVIII. Price 23. Od.

COKTENTS:—

The Firat Satire of the First
Book of Horace. Translated

Military Reform.— III.

Nisard's History of French

Literature.
The Gracchi.
The Marstons, Chaps. XVII.—

XX.
Whn Lord Bacon an Impostor?

By Baron Liebig.

London : Loncuaks, Green,

by Theodore Martin.
The New Confessional,
American Dairies.
On Poetry. By W. A. [Colbert.
France under Richelieu and
Tho Life of Archbishop Wtiately.
t Co., Paternoster Row, E.C.

T

Tbla day is published, price M„
HE CHEONI

A WEEKLY REVIEW.

CLE

Containing —

1. A CniTIOAL Sl'MMAHY Of EvENT.t.

2. Political and Litkrart Artki.ks.

3. Notices of English ano Forkiun Books.

24, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Now ready,

THE USEFUL WEATHER GUIDE for FARMERS,
GARDKNERS. SAILORS, Ac.
Six Copies sent free by post on receipt of two penny stamps.
Addres.'!, T. Rubrrts Si Co., 8, Crane Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C.

H0^'^t^rG~R0lVThVir6TXT0 FRFfE^fiW
DISEASE, as practised by the Author for 3 years with
success. Post free on receipt of 30 postage stamps.

J. Jknning's Nurseries. Shipston-on-Stour.

D

New Work by Rev. William Ellis.

Now Readv. with 14 Illustrations, Svo, 16.*.,

MADAGASCAR REVISITED. De^rrihini; the
EvenfR of a New Reign, and the Revolution which Followed ;
setting forth also tho Persecutions Endured by the Christians, and
their Heroic Sufferings, with Notices of the Present State and
Prospects of the People. By Rev. William Ellis, Author of
" PoIyne.sian Researches," " Three Visits to Madagascar." &c,

"Mr, Ellis has been an industrious and devoted worker among the
heathens of the remote region which ho here describes, and he has
penned a very interesting record of the progre.ss of Christianity
among the Malaga.sy. aoc^moanicd by an account of the country
itself, and of the manners of the people." — Daily Xeics.
John Murray, Albemarle Street.

African Explorers.

Fortieth Thousanil.

R. LIVINGSTONE'S FIRST JOURNEY;

Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa, 1.S40-5H.
By David' LiviNosTONE, M.D. A Popular E'tition. Map and
Illustrations. Post 8vo. 6s.

DR. LIVINGSTONE'S SECOND JOURNEY ; A

Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries,
and of the Discovery of Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa, 1958-G4.
Map and Illustrations. 8vo. 21s.
Sir R. I. MuRCBisnN. — " As noble and lion-hearted an explorer aa
ever lived, '-^President of (he Oeoffraphical Society.

Daily News. — " Dr. Livingstone's first work on Africa recorded
one of the greatest achievements of modem times, a journey across
the continent from Quillimaneto Cape Town. The work before ug
contains an account of the further prosecution of the enterprise to
open up Central Africa to civilised commerce and to the light of the
Gospel. Both works are lasting memorials nf extraordinary courage
and endurance sustained by the purest philanthropy."— Z)rt)7y li'ews.

Tenth Thousand.

MR. DU CHATLLU'S FIRST EXPEDITION;

Adventures in Equatorial Africa, with the Chase of the Gorilla,
Hippopotami, Nest-buildiniz Ape, Chimpanzee, A'c, Ifiofi-S.
By Paul B. Du Chaillc. Map and Illustrations. Svo. 2l3.

ME. DU CHAILLD'S Slit'OND KXPEDITION; A

Journey to Ashango Land : and further Penetration into
Equatorial Africa; with the Natural History. Manners, and
Customs of the Country, 1863-5. Map and Illustrations.
8vo. 21a.
Professor Owen.— "M. Du Chaillu has added considerably, and In
verv important respects, to our knowledge." — Richard Owen, F.R.S.

Guardian.—" What M. Du Chaillu saw and suffered in his first
expedition our readers know already. The marvels of the Gorilla
and the other anthropoid ap&s were set forth in a remarkable
volume. This second volume of his i.i a picturesque and mterestine
storv well told, and adds a pood deal to our knowledge of man and
nature in tho western part of Equatorial Africa."— G ward idT?.
Jnnn Murray, Albemarle Street.

Bees and Bee Hives.

Just published, demy Svo, cloth gilt. l.t. firf., or post free, 2rf. extra,

THE MANAGEMENT nf BEES. By W. J. Pettitt.
Secoml and enlarged Edition, with a Catalogue of the moat
modern and apt-roved Hives and Bee Houses. Copiously illustrated.
W, J. Petttit, Snargate Apiary, Dover.

Uniform with "The Poultry Book."

In Eight Monthly P.irts. Price \h. each, or bv poat 13 stamps,

THE PIGEON BOOK. By W. B Tkgetmfier and
Harrison Weir. The preparation of this work, which will be
uniform in its size, type, and stvle of illustration with " The Poultry
Book," has been entrusted to W. B. Tegetmoier, F-Z.S., Editor of
"The Poultry Book," and Harrison Weir. The reputation of Mr.
Tegetmeier is a guarantee for the scientific accuracy of the proposed
volume ; whilst the beauty of the illustrations is vouched for by the
well-known artistic skill of Mr. Harrison Weir, who has undertaken
to execute the whole of the drawings, which will be carefully PriHted
in Colours by Lelgbton Brothers. The characters of each of the
numerous varieties of these Birds will be correctly and minutely
distinguished ; the fact that the authors have been judges at the
great Shows of Pigeons at Glasgow, Birmingham, M.'tncheBter. &c.,
sufficiently indicates their fitness for performing this part of their
task. Every Number will contain Two Coloured Plates, in addition
to numerous engravings on Wood, The first .Number will ba
published ou April 1st. 1867.
George Roptledge & Sons, The Broadway. Ludgate Hill. London.

WHITE and SOUND TEETH are indispensable to
personal attraction, and to health and longevity, by the
proper mastication of food. ROWLAND'S ODONTO, or Pearl
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and gives a pleasing fragrance to the Ere,ath. Il'^ truly cfflcient. and
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•»■ Ask for "Rowlands' OUonto.

THE GAKDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GiiZETTE.

[Maech 30, 1867.

fourth Thousand, prioe Is. ; post free, 18 Stamps,

A HANDBOOK of VINE and FRUIT TREE
CULTIVATION under GLASS, with carefully prepared Lists
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Heating, &c., by

Ouvrage Couronne

Op the Imperial Societv of HofiTicdlture of France.

FRUIT TREES; their Scientific and Profitable
Cxilture. Translated froai the French Prize Work of M.
Du BREcrL. With 101 Engravings. Adapted for English Culti-
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" Will unquestionably teach how to Train and Prune Fruit Trees
to perfection."— r/^e Field.
William Wesley, 81, Fleet Street, E,C.

(^^UTHILL'S PAMPHLETS.— On the Strawberry, How

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is. ; On Early Potatos, Belgian Prize, with Asparagus, Seakale. &c..
Fourth Edition, Is. M. ; Best Way of Makioc Mushroom Beds,
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Appendix. Is. Zd. ; Cucumber and Melon, Is. Dr. Lindley often
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Hamilton & Adams ; or James Cuthill, Camberwell, London, S.

Steam Cultivation.

Tj^ACTS of INTEREST to the FARMERS, By John

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present aspe* of Steam Cultivation.

Kay be had of Mr Smith, post free, for 14 postage stamps.

Works on Botany and norioultxire.

THE BOTANICAL MAGAZINE. Edited by

Third Series. No. 268. April. Sis

ELORAL MAGAZINE. Edited by the

H. H. DoMBRAiN. No. 84. April. Four Coloured

Imp.

Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.R.S.
Coloured Plates, 3s. M.

Contents : Saccolabi«m gigantcum— Cordylino australis— Zinnia
rathiopica—Dichyopsis Tbunbergii— Donibeya Mastersii.

THE
Rev.
Plates, 2s.

Contents: Iresine Herbstii— Pelargoniums. Milton and Negress-
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B AXEMAN'S ODONTOGLOSSUM. Part IV.
folio. Five Coloured Plates, 21s.
Contents: O. Ijeve — O. luteo-purpureum— 0. Bictoniense— 0
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OECOND CENTURY of ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS.

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Contents: Renanthera Lowii— TrichopHia Tiirialvas— Epidendrum
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New Illustrated Work on Grasses.

PERMANENT P.^STHRES : their Form^itioii and
Improvement, iiy M. H. Sutton, F.R.H.S , F.S.A., &c.
Contents :
How to Prepare the Land The after-management

How to faow the Land [Crop^ The Breakmgup ot Grass Land

Sowiijg with or without a Corn The Improvement of Pastures
The best Sorts to Sow The Manures most suitable

^tT^-,.?,^'*''^ *^ added, NOTES on the leading GRASSES and
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Opinion o/Professor Buceman-.

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BiACKifi & Son, and all Booksellers ; also of Sutton & Sons

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rnHE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,

-L Incorporated by Special Act of Parliament in 1853.

To LANnowNERS. the Clukgv, Estate Agents, Sdrvevors, &a., in

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rh6_ Company advances money, unhmited in amount, for the
lollowing works of Agricultural Improvement, the whole outlay and
expenses m all cases being liquidated by a rent-charge for 25 years

1. Drainage, Irrigation, and Warping,', Embanking. Inclosing

Clearing, Reclamation, Planting, for any beneficial purpose,
Engines or Machinery for DramaLze or Irrigation.

2. Farm Koads, Tramways and Railroads for agricultural or farming

purposes.

3. Jetties or Landing places on the sea-coast or on the banks ol

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Erection of Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other

Buildings required for Farm purposes, and the improvement
of and adaitious to Farm Houses and other buildings for
J arm purposes.
Landowners asses&ed under the provisions of anv Act of Parlia-
ment, Koyal Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
general works of Drainage or other improvements, may borrow their
proportionate share of the cost, and charge the same with the
expenses on the lands improved.

The Company will also negotiate the Rnnt-charces obtained by
l^andowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 1864, in respect of
their Subscription of Shares in a Railway or Canal Company

No investigation of title is required, and the Company being of a
strictly financial character, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissioners

ApT^y to Granville R. Ryder, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
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Dr. Hartwig's Popular Works on Natural History.

In 8vo, with above 200 Illustrations, price ISs ,

THE HARMOiVLES of NATURE ; or, the Unity of
Creation. Bv Dr. George Hartwig.
" Dr. Hartwig's book at first
looks like a system of natural
history; it swarms with woodcuts

of zoology and corapariLtivo ana-
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general psychology; for its object
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a view of the chain of being,
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place." Ajlienoium.

By the same Author, withSOO Illustrations, price 21s.
The TROPICAL WORLD; :i Popular Scientific Account

of the Natural History of the Equatorial Regions.

The SEA and its LIVING VVONDERS. Third Edition,
with above 300 Illustration.s, price 21s.
London: Longmans, Grebn, & Co., Paternoster Row, E.C.

Bonus Year, 1867

NATIONAL PROVIDENT INSTITUTION,
48, Gracechurch Street, London, E.C.
Invested Capital, £2,040,260. Annual Income, £403,536.
Profits divided since 1835, £1,227,258.
The NEXT DFV^ISION of PROFITS ml! be made to the 20th Nov
next, and Assurances effected prior to that date will participate
The New Prospectus, &c., forwarded on application
February, 1867. Samuel Smiles, Secretary

THE GENERAL LAND DRAINAGE and
IMPROV:eMENT company, offices. 22. Whitehall Place
Under this CompHny's Act Tenants for Life, Trustees, Mortgagees
Guardians, Committees of Incompetent Pei-sons, Beneficial Leasees
Corporations (Ecclesiastical or Municipal). Incumbents, Charitable
Trustees, &c., may effect the following Land Improvements and
charge the outlay and expenses on the estate improved, by wav of
rentcharge, to be paid by half-yearly instalments, viz. :—
i- ^l^ ""^^^^ of Dramage^ Irrigation, Warping, and Embankment
2 The Erection of Farmhouses, Cottages for Agricultural
Labourers, and all kinds of Farm Buildings.

3. The Construction of Roads.

4. The Grubbing and Clearing of old Woodlands, Enclo tag
Fencing, and Reclaiming Laud. ^

The owners of Estates, not entailed, who may be desirous to avoid
theexnense or inconvenience of a Legal Mortgage, may also charge
ttieir Estates with an Outlay in Improvements under the simole and
inexpensive process of the Company's Act.

The Term of Years for the Rentcharge is fixed by the Landowner
^?.\^ '^2,^^^P'^ ^^^ amount of Annual Payment to the circumstances
of the fenant*.

No Investigation of Title being required, and the Charge not beinE
affected by Encumbrances, no Legal Expenses are incurred

The Arrangements for Effecting Improvements are threefold —

No. 1. The Works may be Designed and Executed entirely by the
Landowners A.Kent, and the Company employed only to supply the
Loan and conduct the matter through all the otUcial Forms for
Charging the Outlay on the Estate.

No. 2. The Company will supply Plans, Specifications, and Esti-
mates for any Improvements to be executed by the Landowner's
Agent as under No. 1. In each of these cases the Landowner will be
solely under the control of the Enclosure Commissioners

No. 3. The Company will undertake the entire responsibility of the
Improvements, prepare the Plans, execute the Works, and finally
charge on the Estate the actual amount expended, mth their Com-
mission thereon, approved by the Enclosure Commissioners.

Landowners may thus obtain what assistance they require fi-om
the Company, and no more, in effecting the objects in view.

Works of Crainage and other Improvements are aiso executed on
Commission for Landowners, who merply require the skill and
experience of the Company's Ofllcers and a Staff in constant practice.

Applications to he addressed to HoaACE Broke, the Secretary at
the Office of the Company, 22, Whitehall Place, London. S.W.

Mome 'NthiS,

The CotTET— The Queen and Eoyal family continue
at \Vindsor. On Thursday eveniug, the 21st, Prince
Christian arrived at the Ca«tle from the Continent.
On Friday the Queen, accompanied by Princess
Louisa, Princess Beatrice, Prince Leopold, and Prince
Henry of Prussia, left Windsor for Loudon. On her
arrival at Paddington, her Majesty, with the Princess
Louisa, drove to Marlborough House, escorted by a
detachment of the 14th Hussars, and visited the King
and Queen of Denmark and the Prince and Princess
of IV ales. Her Majesty afterwards went to
Jjuckuisham Palace. In the afternoon, by command
of the Queen, a Levee was held at St, James's Palace
by the Prince of "Wales, on behalf of her Majesty.
In the evening Princess Louisa, Prince Arthur, and
Prmce Leopold attended the performance at the
Olympic Theatre. Princess Beatrice attended the
performance at the Haymarket Theatre. On Saturday
the Queen, accompanied by Princess Louisa, visit«d
the King and Queen of Denmark and the Prince and
Prmcass !of Wales at Marlborough House. Her
Maiesty also visited the Prince and Princess of Teok.
The King and Queen of Denmark afterwards visited
the Queen at Buckingham Palace. In the after-
noon her Majesty and the Royal family returned to
Windsor. On Sunday the Queen and their Eoyal
Highnesses attended Divine service in the Private
Chapel. The Bishop of O.xford preached the sermon.
On Monday the Queen and the Princess Louisa rode
on pomes in the Home Park. Princess Louisa went
to London in the evening, and attended the Philhar-
monic Concert in Hanover Square. On Tuesday
morning the Queen, with Prince and Princess
Christian, drove out in a carriage and four. Eear-
Admiral Henry Mangles Denham, F.R.S., Mr. Henry
Penuell, Mr. George Harvey, President of the Eoyal
bcottish Academy, and Mr. Noel Paton, R.S.A., her
Majesty's Limner for Scotland, arrived at the Castle,
and had the honour of knighthood conferred upon
them by her Majesty, On Wednesday morning the
Queen drove out with the Princess Louisa and Princess
Christian. On Thursday the Queen went to London
and held a Court at Buckingham Palace. Her Majesty
afterwards visited the Prince and Princess of Wales
and then returned to Windsor. The Queen and Eoyal
family will probably visit Scotland some time next
month.

The Pkincess of Waies has greatly improved in
health during the last few days. Her Eoyal Highness
has had comfortable rest, and suffers much less pain.

The Peince of Wales and the King of Den-
MAEK inspected the Hon. Artillery Company on
Saturday at their drill ground, Finsburv. On Sunday
the Prince, accompanied by the Queen of Denmark,
attended Divine service at the Chapel Eoyal, St.
James's. The Bishop of Limerick preached the
sermon. On Monday the King of Denmark was present
m the House of Commons during the speech of Mr.
Gladstone.

Pakuambntaet Motements.— Lord Robert Mon-
tagu, whose seat was vacated by his acceptance of the
vice-Presidency of the Committee of Council on Edu-
cation, was re-elected for Huntingdon on Monday
without opposition.

The Cabinet.— a Cabinet Council was held on
Saturday at the ofRcial residence of the First Lord of
the Treasury, in Downing Street. Another Council
is summoned for to-day,

Governoeship of Malta.— Lieutenant-General
Sir Patrick Grant, G.C.B., Colonel of the 78th Foot,
has been appointed Governor of Malta, in succession to
Sir Henry Storks.

New Baeonetcies.— It is announced that the
Queen, on the recommendation of the Earl of Derby,
has raised the following gentlemen to the baronetage:
—The Eight Hon. Joseph Napier; Mr. Bagge, M.P.
for West Norfolk ; Mr, William Lawrence, Serjeant
Surgeon to her Majesty; and Mr. B. L. Guinness,
M.P. for the city of Dublin.

means, and himself invited Dr. Nelaton to commence the
operation. His sole an.-iiety was that the Empress, in whom
he feared to excite a feeling of imcosiness, should not he
informed of the painful operation he was about to undergo.
During the whole time hs' di-'^played a firmnoa.i .above his age.
The health of the Prince is at present much improved. The
medical men annoimce a complete cure at a not distant diite."
In the sitting of the Corps L^gislatif on Thursday the
first article of the Bill for the abolition of imprison-
ment for debt was passed by 13C to 93 votes, It is,
announced that the Prince of Orange and the Count
of Flanders have postponed their visit to Paris
in consequence of information conveyed to them
by telegraph that there will be no inaugural
ceremony at the opening of the Exhibition.
The excitement in Paris on the subject of the treaties
between Prussia, Bavaria, and Baden, has been in-
creased by the announcement that a secret treaty lias
also been concluded with Wurtemberg, and the public
are troubled by all kinds of rumours as to a coming
war. It is said that Bavaria, Baden, and Wurtem-
berg were naturally reluctant to make over their
military forces to Prussia, and place them exclusively
under her control, but Count Bismark overcame their
scruples by showing them French despatches claiming
the , Rhine frontier, including a slice of the territory
belonging to Baden and Bavaria, and cutting off Wur-
temberg from the free navigation of that river. The
-France of Sunday declares that no negotiations are
pending relative to Luxemburg, and that the rumours
which have recently been current on the subject, are
due to the imagination of newsmongers. In spite of
this contradiction it is believed in Paris that negotia-
tions are pending between France and the King of
Holland for the purchase of Luxemburg, the fortress
of which is now garrisoned by Prussians. The France
of Monday publishes an article in which it says that
the policy of moderation adopted by the Government
is neither a policy of obliteration nor of weakness.
France may be silent, but she never abdicates her
rights. Prussia, doubtless is cognizant of the real
state of French opinion, and that the public sentiment
has not been modified by the events of the last few
months, nor by those events which recent publicity has
brought to the knowledge of the French people. The
German papers, on the other hand, say that Count

dnroittgn.

FK.1NCE.— The health of the Prince Imperial con-
tinues to improve. The ConstUutionnel has published
the following article on the subject :—

" We are informed that the restoration of ths Prince
Imperial's health suffered a momentary interruption by the
formation on the leg of a fresh abscess, which Dr. Nelaton has
opened with complete success. The Prince, who, the first

time, had only agreed to be chloroformed on the persuasion of ...

his mother, would not consent to again have recourse to that the Royal Palace, in honour of his birthday, when His

Bismark will never consent to the cession of Luxem-
burg, which is German territory, and that any such
cession would be treason to Germany. The France,
referring to the rumour that General Fleury wa.s about
to be sent on a mission to Vienna, says : — " We are
able to aliirm that no question exists in the ibreign
policy of France with which public opinion need pre-
occupy itself" The election at Melz for a deputy to
the Legislative Body has resulted in the return of the
Government candidate by a large majority. The dis.
turbances at Eoubaix are virtually at an end. Up-
wards of iOUO weavers have returned to their looms,
but 2000 still hold out. The Imperial Society of Anti-
quaries of France, at its last sitting, received ofticial
notice that the statues of Fontevrault are not to be
given up to England. Queen Victoria, it appears, has
written to the Emperor to say that, in presence of the
emotion caused among the French public, and mani-
fested in the organs of the press, she renounced
accepting the present offered to her. Her Majesty
only expressed a desire that those precious relics,
actually buried in a dark recess of a low and damp
chapel in the prison of Fontevrault, should hence-
forward be preserved in a more suitable manner. The
steamer Copernic has arrived at Marseilles from Alex-
andria, with the Japanese Commission and 631 large
cases for the Exhibition. The Commission consists
of a chief of the department of Foreign Affairs, an
interiireter, a botanist, two merchants, three young
women, and four servants. The Japanese females
intend, it is said, to keep a tea-house in the palace in
the Champ de Mars, after the fashion of those in their
own country. The journeymen tailors of Paris held a
large meeting on Monday, at which they resolved on
striking next week unless their employers agreed to an
increase of wages, which amounts to about 18 per cant.
Spain. — A railway accident has occurred near
Madrid, through a train from Toledo having run off
the Une. Two persons were killed and 37 wounded.

PoEinGAL.- Popular tumults have taken place in
Oporto on account of the new taxes. Troops were
ordered out to restore order. The city is now tranquil.
Denmaek.— The King will not pay a visit to Paris.
It is his Majesty's intention to return to Copenhagen
very sljortly. Prince John leaves to-day for Greece,
to assuijie the regency of that kingdom dm'ing the
absence of King George. The latter will proceed
direct to St, Petersburgb, where he will be affianced to
the Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna, niece of the
Czar, and will then proceed to Copenhagen.

Belgipii. — The Belgian Senate has rejected, by 39
against 12 votes, the Government Bill abolishing
Article 1781 of the Civil Code, concerning the rela-
tions of master and servant.

Wuetembeeg.— The Official Gazette of Saturday
publishes the text of a treaty of alliance between
Prussia and Wiirtemberg identical in terms with that
concluded between Prussia and Bavaria on the 22nd
August last. The supreme command of the Wiirtem-
berg troops in time of war is given to the Kiug of
Prussia. The Offijiial Oazeite, in a leading article on
the treaty, repudiates the possibility of neutrality in
the event of European war complications, and says that
" it would be chimerical to expect to participate in the
benefits of national existence without also sharing the
dangers by which it may be threatened," The text of
the treaty was laid before the Estates on Saturday,
The Committee of the Estates have since demanded of
the Government that the treaty should be laid before
them, not merely for their information, but for their
sanction.
Peussia. — On Friday the King had a reception at

B

Maech 30, 1867.]

TnE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL CAZETTK

Miiiesty ;iil(li-ossecl to tho French and English ambiis-
sad'ors 'iml. cspouially to the former, in reply to their
conEralul:itiiiiis, words expressing the most friendly
assurances of peace. The Kint; ;ilso liail a reception o(
the Cabinet Ministers, at which, in rcplyiiii; to then-
congratulations, he laid particular stress on l.lio essen-
tially peaceful character of the next task incumbeut
upon Prussia, wliich was to sow the seed of peace! ill
development in Germany, which had been prepared to
receive it by the Prussian arms. Such, said the King,
would be his worli diirinp: the remaining years of his life.
A parliameiitarv baiiiiiiet wasalso given in honour of
the day. iMeiiilicrs .■f ;in tlie political jiarties in the
North German I'arliaiiient were present. The health
of the Kins; was proposed by Herr Sinison, who m his
.speech dwelt especially upon the mission of the Hohen-
zollerns, which was, he said, to create one people and one
state out of tlie dilferent German races. At night
Berlin wns splendidly illuminated. It is rumoured
that the King will iiay a visit to the Paris Exhibition
about tho end of May. The North German Parlia-
ment on Saturday adopted the 5th Article of the
draught of tho Constitution, together with an addi-
tional iiaragraph proposed by Herr Twesten, relative to
the decisive powers of the President of the Bund in
legislation respecting the army and navy. The general
debat<> on the sections of the draught relating to the
Pederal Council, the Presidency of the Bund, and the
Parliament, then commenced. The chief subject of
debate was tho question of Ministerial responsibility.
In the sitting of Tuesday, Article G of the Constitution
was agreed to unanimously. This Article fixed the
distribution of votes in the Federal Council among the
Governments of the Confederation. All amendments
to this Article were rejected, in conseciuence of a
declaration of Count Bismark, explaining the division
of the vote of the Federal Council. Article 7, which
was agreed to by a large majority, regulated the votfng
and the introduction of motions in the Federal Coun-
cil. Article 8, which determined the subjects for the
consideration of which committees would be formed in
the Federal Council, was almost unanimously adopted.
Article 9, which empowered the members of the
Federal Council to ^ take part in the debates of the
Parliament, and Article 10, which stipulated that they
would receive from the presiding Power the customary
diplomatic protection, were also adopted by large majori-
ties. The amendment proposing a responsible Federal
Ministry was rejected by 177 to 86. Article 11, giving
the Presidency of the Bund the right of declaring war,
making peace, and rejn*eseiiting the Confederation
internationally, was adopted, with Herrl;ette's amend-
ment, stipulating that treaties with foreign States
should rerinire the sanction of the Parliament to
become valid. Ou Article 12, which stated that the
presiding Power should appoint the Chancellor of the
Bund, who would take the chair at the Federal
Council, Herr von Bennigsen moved an amendment,
requiring the Chancellor to take the oath to the Con-
stitution. This aniendment was agreed to by a small
majority, and the Article and the amendment were
then put to the vote. The numbers were 125 for and
125 against the Article as amended, which, on a second
division, was rejected by 127 to 12(i votes. In the
sitting of Wednesday, Article 13, giving the presiding
Power the right of convoking and closing the Federal
Council and Parliament; Article 14, requiring that
the Council and Parliament should be convoked
annually; and Article 15, authorising the meeting of
the Council at any time at the request of a third of the
members, were adopted almost unanimously, and with-
out discussion. On the motion for the discussion of
Article 16, allowing the Federal Chancellor to be
represented by any other member of the Council,
Count Bethusy-Huc moved to add to it Article 12,
which was rejected on the previous day, and according
to which the presiding Power would appoint the
Federal Chancellor, who would preside at and direct
the business of the Federal Council. Herr von Ben-
nigsen moved an amendment providing that the
presiding Power should appoint, besides the
Federal Chancellor, a responsible administrative
head. An animated debate ensued, in the course
of which Count Bismark declared that the amend-
ment could Dot be accepted, and would, if
adopted by the House, imperil the entire draught of
the Constitution. Count Bethusy-Huc's proposal was
ultimately agreed to almost unanimously, and Herr
von Bennigsen's amendment was rejected by 140 to
124. Art. 17, which ordered that the presiding Power
should lay before the Parliament proposals in con-
formity wa'h the resolutions of the Federal Council,
and that these proposals should be defended in the Par-
liament by members of the Council, was also adopted.
Art. 18. which declared that to the presiding Power
belonged the promulgation and execution of the
Federal laws in the name of the Confederation, and
with the counter-signature of the Federal Chancellor,
was adopted, together with au amendment proposed by
Herr von Bennigsen, declaring that by countersigning
the laws the Federal Chancellor assumed the responsi-
bihty thereof. Art. 19, which intrusted the presiding
Power with the appointment of the functionaries of
the Confederation, and Art. 20, which established and
regulated Federal execution, were also adopted by
large majorities. In the sitting of Thursday Art. 21,
relating to the election of the jParliament, gave rise to
a debate in which the questions of e.stablishing an
Upper Hou.se, of secret voting, aud of the eligibility of
public functionaries to seats in Parliament, were dis-
cussed at great length. Count' Bismark declared that
the only amendment he could accept would be one
which would allow public functionaries not belonging
to the clerical or legal profession to be elected to
Parliament. The article was subsequently adopted,
with two amendments, one of whicli, proposed by
Herr Fries, stipulated that the elections to Parliament
should take place by secret voting; and the other.

projiosed by Herr Donnersmarck, that all public
officials should bo eligible for seats in tho Parliament,
.shall receive leave of absence during the time Parlia-
ment is sitting, and shall resign their seats in case of
being promoted by tho Govoniment to any higher
ollice than i.liat occupied by them when returned.
The Ministerial ZeiiUer Correspondence of Tuesday
says :—

"Tin- puljlicition of tho treaties betwoyu Pnmeiii and tho
Soutli Gcrnmii States was not in1oii(ted as a demnnatratiou
.afcainst fnroign Powers. The rclation.s of Prussia with France
are especially eatififactory, and tho publication itf those treaties
bad no other object than to reassure tho North Gorrnmi
Parliamont respecting the German policy of tho Prussian
Govornment with regard to tho negotiations between Holland
and France relative to LuxcinbiirK. The initiative cjimo from
the Dutch Govei-ument, .and not from France, .and it would be
erroneous to suppose that tho interests of Prussia could in any
way bo endangered by the negotiations."
The whole Prussian fleet is to be got ready for sea by
the 1st of April. The Borsenzeltting of yesterday
says that " negotiations are being carried on between
Italy and Prussia, and that in the event of com-
plications between France and Germany, King
Victor Emmanuel might possibly reclaim Nice
and Savoy, the sacrifice of which he feels keenly."
It is ntlicially nnnounoed that Prussia has recommended
the Turkish Government to cede the island of Candia
to Greece, and that in so doing Prussia has acted in
unison with ilussia, France, and Austria. The Prussian
Government, in order to facilitate passenger traflic
between France and North Germany during the Paris
Exhibition, proposed to France the introduction of
some reciprocal modifications in the present system of
passport supervision between the two countries. The
proposal was declined by the French Government on
the ground of considerations connected with the French
police arrangements.

AUSTRIA. — The Prussian Government announced to
the Imperial Cabinet on the 15th inst., through the
Prussian Ambassador, the conclusion of the secret
treaties between Prussia, Bavaria, and Baden. The
Ambassador, in making the communication, added
that the treaties were purely of a defensive cha-
racter. A rumour that France had inade overtures to
Austria to protest collectively against these secret
treaties, and that Austria had refused, has been current
in Vienna, but is without any foundation. It is stated
that the resolution of France, Austria, and Russia, to
recommend collectively to the Porte the ce.ssion of
Candia to Greece has not been carried out on account
of the refusal of England to join in the representation
of those Powers. The Ambassadors of those Powers,
therefore, have only been instructed to recommend
separately to the Porte the cession of Crete, without,
however, exercising any pressure upon the Turkish
Government. The Treaty of Commerce between
Austria and Holland was signed at Vienna on Tuesday.

HuNG.iEY. — The Emperor left Pesth on Saturday
for Vienna, and returned on Tuesday. The coronation
of the Emperor and Empress as King and Queen of
Hungary will take place at the beginning of July next.
In the sitting of the Lower House of the Hungarian
Diet on Friday, the general debate on the report of the
committee of G7 was continued. In the sitting of
Saturd.ay M. Sztrakisnirovici asked the Government
whether, and, if so, why, troops were concentrated on
the frontiers of Servia and Bosnia. Count Andra.ssy
replied that the rumour of the concentration of troops
was unfounded, and added that His Majesty had
neither as Emperor of Austria nor as King of Hungary
any interest in impeding the peaceful development of
the Eastern nationalities^ as was proved, indeed, by his
assenting to the evacuation of the Servian fortresses.
This declaration was received with loud cheers. In
the sitting of Tuesday the Committee on the Relations
between the different Nationalities of Hungary was
instructed to bring in a Bill to regulate those relations
as speedily as possible. M. Tisza asked the Govern-
ment whether the.y intended to bring in Bills to
establish civil equality for all religious denominations,
and to settle questions connected with feudal property.
Baron Eotvos replied that he would answer the
question on an early day. In the sitting of
Tuesday a member of the Extreme Left brought
forward two Bills, one of which proposed to
pension the widows and orphans of the Honveds
(the National Guard of 1848), as well as invalided
members of that force, and to provide employment
for Honveds still able to work. The second Bill
proposed to perpetuate the memory of the patriots
who were executed in 1848; to liberate all persons
suffering imprisonment for political ofiences, and to
revoke their sentences; and to restore all goods which
have been confiscated for like causes. The general
debate on the report of the Committee of Sixty-Seven
was then resumed. Baron Senneyey has been removed
from his post as President of the Upper House, and
has been replaced by M. Majlath, formerly Aulic
Chancellor, and at present Chief Justice of Hungary.
Herr Kossuth has published a statement denying that
he approves the course of events in Hungary, and
expressing his opinion that Hungary has committed
political suicide as a State and a nation by her arrange-
ment with Austria.

Italy. — The Italian Parliament was opened on
Frida.jr by the King in jierson, who delivered the
following Speech from the Throne: —

" Signori Senator!, Signori Depvit.ati, — For the happiness of
Italy, who has confided to me her destinies, 1 have deemed it
expedient that the representation of the country should be
renovated at the fount.ain.bead of the national suffrage. I am
confident that it will there h.avc imbibed a consciousness of
the serious wants of the country, as well as the strength
necessary to provide for them. There has been a time for
daring resolutions and bold enterprises. I pursued the course
which w.as then necessary, fuU of confidence in the holiness of
the cause which God had called upon me to defend. The
nation replied with re.adiness to my appeal, and by our union
and perseverance we acquired our independence and preserved
our liberty. Now that her existence is assiired, Italy demands

that tho forces of her intelligence .and bor will shall not bB
exhausted in intotnpcranco and rivalr,v, but shall, on th«
contrary, bo concentrated with the object of glvtni,' her &
stable and wise organisation, in order that she may be able to
doveloji in repose and tranquillity the elements of vitality and
prosperity which she has received from Providence. ThO
nation duniands that the Chamber and the Government shilU
apply themselves with wisdom an'l resolution to tjiirt work of
rop.ar.atlon. Nations love and appreciate institutions by
rca.son of tho benefits they derive from them. It is necessary
to show th.at our institutions (five satisfaction to the noljlest
aspirations after national dignity and activitv, and th.at thoy
are at the s.amo time a guarantee for the good organisation of
tho State and the welfare of the people, in order th.at tho
latter may not lose confidence in liberty, which Is tho hononr
and tho strength of our political reconstruction. In order to
obtain this result my Govornment will submit to your delibera-
tion a Bill for a complote administrative reorganis.ation, whicli
will strengthen at the same time both liberty and and autho-
rity, .and f.acilitate .as well as simplify the relations between
the governing and the governed. While the provinces and tho
communes, in accordance with tho proposed law, are to enjoy
greater liberty in the sphere of their jurisdi(;tion, more
extensive powers must bo united in the hands of tho
chief of the province, so as to diminish the confusion inherent
in deeentrali-sation by the .application of a remedy calculated
to strengthen tho bonds of unity. There will be presented to
yon ,at the same time flills of which the object will bo \a
render the collection .jf the taxes more simple and uniform, to
reform some portions of our system of taxation, and to obtain
by a more sensible method of accounts a safe control and
r.apid check over the application of the public money. The
necessities .and engagements of the State do not allow us for
the moment to diminish, as I would wish, the burdens which
weigh upon my people. In the meantime, tho legitimate
conversion of the ccelesia-stical patrimony into money, strict
economy in the expenditure, a vigilant application of the new
laws, and the severest morality in the conduct of all tho
branches of the public administrjition will make the pyment
of the taxes appear less burdensome. The prompt discussion
.and effective application of the proposed reforms can alone
restore our credit and removo the necessity for fresh imposta.
The financial question is at the present day not only a
question of supreme interest tor It,aly, but also one of honouf
and national dignity. Plrli.ament will, I have no doubt,
direct all its activity to tho solution of this question. On
solemn occasions we h.ave pledged ourselves to Europe that tvo
would become a Power for the advancement of clvilisatton
order, and peace so soon as we were placed in poseessldn of
our national existence. Now Is the time for us to redeem
that pledge, and to fulfil the hopes that have been placed in
us. Gentlemen of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies,— The
honour, the safety, and the future of the nation are now ih
your hands. If it was a glory for us to have accomplished by
so m.any sacrifices the work of our independence, and to have
endowed the nation with the activity aud vigour of life, it
will be no less a glory for us to organise it at home — to make
it sure of itself, respected and strong."
The King concluded his speech amid loud and
prolonged cheering. The Chamber of Deputies
immediately proceeded to examine the validity of the
elections, and up to Monday night had confirmed 402.
In the sitting of Tuesday Signer Mari, the Govern-
ment candidate, was elected President of the Chamber
by a majority of 50 over the Opposition candidate,
Signor Crispi, the numbers being 195 to 145.

Papal States.— In a Consistory held at Rome on
Wednesday, the Pope appointed the Archbishops of
Milan, Rheims, and Algiers to their sees. Twenty-
one bishops were also preconised, of whom 4 were
French, 1 Hungarian, and l(j Italian.

Russia.— It is currently reported at St. Petersburgh
that an offensive and defensive alliance has been
concluded between Prussia and Russia, and that
Roumania is a party to this arrangement. The
Inralide Musse of Friday officially denies the in-
telligence by the overland mail from Bombay relative
to Russian affairs in Bokhara, and adds : —

" All previous statements received from Bombay on the
same subject are false. Since the capture of the defiles of
Djusak, Russia has had no dealings even of a. diplomatic
n.ature with the Emir of Bokhara."

The sale of the Moscow and Petersburgh Railway has
been resolved upon. The proceeds of the sale will be
.applied towards the completion of the railway system
in Russia. In order that Russian railways shall no
longer be dependent upon foreign enterprise, the
Imperial Government proposes to guarantee to Russian
contractors orders for the manufacture of railway plant
for a period of several years, and at the same time to
advance them one-half the amount of the annual
contract.

Poland.— An imperial decree has been issued abo-
lishing the Polish Council of State. Until the work
of assimilating the Polish administration to that of the
Russian empire is completed, all legislative questions
in Poland will be submitted to the decision of the
Imperial Chancery and the committee |of the former
kingdom of Poland at St. Petersburg.

Sekvia.— The Prince of Servia issued a proclama-
tion on Tuesday announcing to the inhabitants that
he would leave Belgrade for Constantinople on
Thursday, to thank the Sultan for the evacuation of the
Servian fortresses. The only condition of the evacua-
tion is that the Turkish flag shall be hoisted on the
citadel by the side of the Servian standard. During
Prince Michael's absence the Government will be con-
ducted by the Council of Ministers.

TUBKEY. — The semi-official journal La Tnrquie
announces that it is authorised to declare that neither
the French nor any other Government have ever
proposed to the Porte the cession of Candia to Greece.
"Turkey," it says, "will never cede an inch of her
territory whicli has 'been formally guaranteed by the
Paris Treaty of 1S56."

Cape of Good Hope. — Accounts from Cape Town
to Feb. 19 state that there was great speculation as to
the probable course of the business during the next
Session of Parliament, which will open about the end
of April. The necessity of a further retrenchment m
the public expenditure was everywhere admitted.
The Governor had issued a circular to the resident
magistrates and civil commissioners to show hovv far
the retrenchment resolutions adopted by the House
of Assembly could be advantageously carried out in
their various departments. A pamphlet has been
tiublished by Mr. Darnell, pointing out that 400,000/.

THE GAEDENEES' CIIEONICLE AND AGEKITTLTTIEAE GAZia'TK

f March 30, 1867.

might be realised by a proper use being made of the
Crown Forests alone. Refreshing rains had fallen
over a great part of the 'country, but some dis-
tricts were suffering slightly from drought. The
natives in the colony and on its immediate border
were perfectly quiet, but another war between the Free
State and the Basutos was considered imminent, as
some Bod's had been killed. The lands taken from the
Basutos during the last war had been sold by auction,
but it appeared doubtful whether their purchasers
would be allowed peaceful possession. Some of the
Burghers admit that the Basutos have not space
enough to live in. They think it a great mistake to
occupy land beyond Caledon, this greed of land
having, in their opinion, been a fruitful source of
colonial war. The birthday of the Sultan of Turkey
was for the first time celebrated with great solemnity
by the Malay population at Cape Town on the 9th of
February. There were grand ceremonies at the
principal mosque in honour of the day, and a compli-
mentary address was presented to the Hon. P. E. de
Eoubai.x, the Consul-General for Turkey. A contro-
versy had been raised in the colony by Lord Romilly's
judgment in the appeal case of the Bishops of Natal
and Cape Town. Active meetings continued to be held
by the different Churches, and petitions to the Imperial
ParUamentwere adopted. Someofthese petitionsarein
favour of the introduction of a Bill similar to that
brought in by Mr. Cardwell last Session, but the large
majority of them are opposed to separation in fact or in
name from the Church of England. One of the resolu-
tions passed at Cape Town expresses deep regret that
doctrines contrary to the fundamental principles of the
Church of England are taught within her pale in the
colony of Natal, and deeply deplores that measures have
not been taken by those whose duty it was to institute
them through the lawfully constituted tribunals of the
Church of England. Another, at Grahamstown,
petitions " that if the Parliament of Great Britain
legislate in any way for the English Church in this
coloily they will legislate only so far as may be neces-
sary to remove the doubts and uncertainty which
exist, and to secure for your petitioners the same rights
as their fellow-churchmen in Canada now possess by
law." The Supreme Court of Natal, by a majority of
2 to 1, has given judgment in favour of the plaintiff in
the case of Bishop Colenso v. the Bishop of Capetown,
the question, at issue being in whom the title to the
ground on which the cathedral stands is vested.

India.— Sir Bartle Frere left Bombay on March 6.
Immediately after his departure Sir Seymour Fitz-
gerald was to assume the Governorship. The subscrip-
tions to the Sir Bartle Frere Memorial Fund exceed
llOOZ. The gentlemen of the Civil Service have also
presented Sir Bartle Frere with a service of plate. The
Indo-European Line is now working better than for
many months past. Lord Cranborne's resignation is
greatly regretted. Accounts from Calcutta state that
Mr. Massey was expected to bring forward his budget
on the 5th March. It was believed that there would be a
deficit of two millions sterling, which would of course
necessitate new taxation; it was not however sup-
posed that be would resort to the income tax, hut would
meet the deficit by a trades tax, increased staraj) duties,
and an adjustment of the tariff. It is stated that Mr.
Bayley, the Home Secretary, succeeds Sir George
Yule as Political Resident of Hyderabad. The Nizam
has preferred a claim to a portion of Mysore, andfat the
same time demanded that Berar should be restored to
him. The Viceroy has negatived both proposals. The
news from Affghanistan is of a conflicting character ;
the latest accounts favour Afzul Khan. Intelligence
from Bokhara states that that place has not fallen, and
that the Ameer has not made terms with Russia. The
Russian forces, it is added, had not advanced beyond
Jeeshuck. The envoy from Bokhara had left Cal-
cutta, and had been told that he would receive the
Viceroy's answer from the Lieutenant-Governor of
the Punjaub.

United States. — President Johnson has vetoed the
Supplement to the Reconstruction Bill, but Congress
has passed it over the veto. The Senate has passed a
resolution to adjourn on the 26th inst. till December
next, but the House of Representatives has not yet
agreed on the period and conditions of adjournment.
A Bill has been introduced in the Senate proposing to
allow American citizens to sell war vessels to belli-
gerents at peace with the United States. A resolution
has been introduced in the Senate declaring that
justice demands either the trial of Mr. Jefferson
Davis, or his release on bail on his own recognisances.
The Senate has rejected the appointment of Mr. Cowan
as United States' Minister to Vienna. Congress has
passed a vote of thanks to Mr. George Peabody for his
recent gifts to the American people, and has directed
that the Freedmen's Bureau shall relieve the suffering
whites of the South. The House of Representatives
has appropriated .500,000 dols. for carrying the Recon-
struction Act into effect. The House has also passed
resolutions expressing the popular solicitude regarding
the Canadian Confederation, and sympathy with the
people in Ireland and Canada in their struggle for
nationality. An a nendment condemning Fenianism
has been rejected. General Schofield, in a recent
order, has announced that military power in the
South will be exercised only when actually neces-
sary. He appeals to the people to render that
necessity as slight as possible by obedience to
the laws and an impartial administration of
justice. General Sheridan has removed Mr. Herron
from the post of Attorney-General of Louisiana, and
has also dismissed from their offices Mayor Monroe
and Judge Abell. Their successors have been nomi-
nated. The Michigan State Democratic Convention
has passed a resolution declaring the Reconstruction
Act unconstitutional and revolutionary. The disturb-
ances among the negroes at "Williamsburg (Virginia)
are quieted. The late elections in Neiv .Hampshire

have resulted in considerable gains for the Democratic
party. The levee of the Mississippi is giving way, and
an inundation of the lower valley is apprehended.
The Fenians are displaying general activity through-
out the country, and numerous meetings are bemg
held. Roberts harangued a mass meeting held at
Chicago on the 15th inst. A Fenian regiment paraded
the streets. Rumours were current there that the
Fenians were organising an attack upon Canada. The
Fenians at St. Louis have demanded from the United
States Government the immediate acknowledgment of
the belligerent rights of the Irish Republic, and called
on wealthy Irishmen in America to purchase privateers
to prey on English commerce.

Mexico. — Accounts from Vera Cruz, dated the 15th
inst., state that Marshal Bazaine left on the 12th. The
Liberals were investing the city and had possession of
the railroads and watercourses. The Emperor Maxi-
milian is said to have defeated 2500 Liberals at Cata-
hualquay. It is reported that General Santa Anna has
proposed to join him. The Republicans were said to
have executed the brother of Miramon.

Bkazils and Paraguay. — Advices from Monte
Video state that the Government of the United
States has interposed between Brazil and Paraguay,
and has announced if its mediation be refused by either
State, it will compel that State to accept peace.

parliament.

In the House of Lords on Friday, after Lord
Harkowbt had presented a petition from the Bishop
and clergy of Sydney, New South Wales, praying that
no steps might be taken to alter the relations between
the Church in the colonies and the United Church at
homo, the Earl of Carnarvon presented a similar
petition from the diocess of Melbourne, Victoria, and
expressed a hope that steps would be speedily taken to
place the law upon a simple and intelligible basis. The
Duke of Buckingham said that in the course of a few
days he hoped to be able to propose to his colleagues a
Bill on the subject. The Metropolitan Poor Bill
passed through committee. On Monday Lord
Dufferin explained his reasons for supporting
the claims of Mr. Young to a pension, the grant
of which had led to a discussion in the House
of Commons on Friday. The Earl of Desby
pointed out the impossibility of a Minister in such i
cases doing more than act upon the recommen-
dation of competent persons, as he had done in this
instance. The Traflic Regulation (Metropolis) Bill
was read a third time and passed. Lord Lifford
moved for various returns relating to the conduct of
the Irish constabulary during the recent Fenian out-
break in Ireland. The Earl of Derby said it was
desirable that there should be a permanent record of
the valuable services of the Irish police ; and that it
was the intention of Government to advise Parliament
to vote a sum of money for pecuniary rewards, and to
distribute badges of honour among the men. The
Earls of Ellenborough, Cork, and Kimberley
also spoke warmly of the services and conduct of the
constabulary. The Duke of Cambridge fully con-
curred in the proposed recognition of the services of the
Irish police, and referred with warm approval to the
conduct of the troops under very trying circumstances.
The returns were then agreed to. The Metropolitan
Poor Bill and the Trades Union Bill were read a third
time and passed. On Tuesday the xlrchbishop of
Canterbury announced that as a Royal Commission
was expected to be issued to inquire into the question
of ritualism and clerical vestments, the Bishops had
deteririned not to introduce any Bill on the subject
at present. The Earl of Derby requested Lord
Clanricarde to postpone his motion relating to the
seizure of the Tornado until Monday, as the depositions
of the crew, which had been detained by the Spanish
authorities, had only just reached the Foreign OlUce.
The Marquis of Clanricarde, in acceding to the
request, expressed an opinion that the conduct of the
Spanish Government nad been such that it was
impossible that this country could allow its subjects to
be treated with such utter disregard of international
rights. The Shipping (Local Dues) Bill passed through
committee. On Thursday Lord Lyteden moved for
a return of proceedings taken under the Ecclesiastical
Titles Act, and stated that his object was to show the
inexpediency of continuing a measure which had
proved inoperative, except to provoke irritation in the
minds of the Roman Catholics of Ireland. The Earl
of Derby" declined to discuss the policy of repealing
the Act, because he was unwilling to revive the feelings
of irritation in which it originated. Moreover, as the
Act had been inoperative, the return would of course
be m'!. The Earl of Denbigh, the Bishop of Ki llaloe,
the Earl of Kimberley, Earl Grey, the Duke of
Cleveland, the Marquis of Clanricarde, Earl
Stanhope, and Earl Granville, several of whom
had voted in favour of the passing of the Act, ex-
pressed opinions favourable to its repeal. After some
further conversation the return was agreed to. The
Earl of Derby .stated, in answer to Lord Denbigh,
that her Majesty's Government had not been invited
by France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to join them
in an identical note to the Porte recommending the
cession of Candia to Greece. Lord Stariley, in con-
versation with the French and Russian Ambas-
sadors, had intimated that the Government did
not intend to tender any advice or interfere in
any way in the matter. Ijast evening the Marquis
of Salisbury moved an address for returns relat-
ing to the Militia, and expressed his opinion that
the force had been too much reduced, and that
it was expedient to revise the whole system. The
Earl of Longford agreed to the production of the
returns, and said that there would be no difficulty at
any time in raising the Militia to a greater strength in

the recruiting districts whenever necessary. Earl de
Grey and Ripon concurred in this opmion. The
House was left sitting.

In the Commons on Friday, in answer to Mr.
Monsell and Mr. C. Fortescue, Lord Naas said
that it was intended to ask the House to pass a special
vote of 2000Z., to reward the men of the Iri.sh Consta-
bulary who had distinguished themselves in the
Fenian disturbances, and that they would be decorated
with a good-conduct badge, which would carry a small
increase of pay with it. It was also in contemplation
to put the police-barracks in a state of defence, aud to
arm the force in future with the breech-loading rifle.
Mr. O'Reilly called attention to the recent grant of a
pension to Mr. Robert Young, of Fermanagh, described
as an " agricultural and historical poet," and contended
that the grant of 40/. a-year to such an illiterate
person was a gross abuse of the public inoney,
as he had devoted the greater portion of his life
to abusing and maligning the Roman Catholics
of Ireland. Mr. Disraeli said that Lord Derby
had acted on the recommendation of the Protestant
and Roman Catholic Bishops, of Lord Dufferin and
Lord Cremorne, and a host of local potentates. The
House then went into Committee of Supply, but no
vote was taken, and the further progress of the Navy
Estimates was postponed. Some progress was made
with the Court of Chancery (Ireland) Bill in Com-
mittee. The Factory Acts Extension Bill and the
Hours of Labour Regulation Bill were read a second
time. On Monday several notices of amendments to
be proposed in Committee on the Reform Bill, were
given, including one by Earl Gkosvenor, to make
the borough franchise dependent upon a rateable value
of 5/. and the personal payment of rates ; one by
Sir E. Bering, to reduce the county franchise to 12,1.
rating ; aud one by Mr. Roebuck, to reduce the term
of rating to six months, and to introduce a Lodger
franchise. The Chancellor of the Exchequer
then moved, without remark, the second reading of
the Bill. Mr. Gladstone said that he was pre-
pared to assent to the second reading on the
presumption that the Bill was a measure
for extending and reducing the franchise, for the
redistribution of seats, and for other cognate subjects.
To accomplish these objects the Bill would
require various alterations. Among them a Lodger
franchise must be inserted ; means must be pro-
vided to prevent traffic in the votes of the lowest
classes of householders ; the distinction between the
different classes of ratepaying householders must be
abolished ; the taxing franchise and the Dual vote must
beabandoned ; the redistribution part of theschememust
be enlarged, the county franchise reduced, voting papers
given up, and the special fancy franchises abolished.
He then proceeded at great length to analyse the case
of the compound householders or non-rated occupiers,
arguing that the estimates of the Chancellor of the
Exchequer were erroneous, and that the Bill as it stood
would aggravate inequality, lay the foundations of new
agitation, and set up ai-tificial distinctions among men
in the same class of life. He appealed to the Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer to deal explicitly with the
House, in order that, before the Bill went into Com-
mittee, they might clearly understand the extent of
the concessions which the Government was prepared
to make. Mr. Hardy declined to give any pledge
which would commit the Government to any particular
course. If, as Mr. Gladstone had asserted, every
leading provision of the Bill required alteration,
the division ought to be taken at that
stage, and if sucu division involved an aban-
donment of the leading principles of the Bill, he
should refuse to be a party to its 'progress. The
Government declined to accept Mr. Gladstone's dictum
that certain things must be given up. They wished
for discu.ssion, which would separate the chaff from the
wheat, and if met in a reasonable spirit they would not
show themselves unreasonable, (though they would
stand by the main principle of accompanying a free
enfranchisement by judicious limitations. After some
remarks by Mr. Headlam, Mr. Yobkb, Sir F. Gold-
SMID, Mr. R. J. Harvey, Lord Ambeeley, Mr. B.
Stanhope, Mr. Roebuck, Mr. J. LovrTHER, the
Solicitor-General, and Mr. A. Peel, the debate
was adjourned. The Sugar Duties Bill was read a
third time and passed. On Tuesday two notices of
amendment on the Reform Bill were given, the
first by Mr. Colville to reduce the copyhold fran-
chise from Wl. to 5Z. ; and the second by Mr. Dillwyn,
providing that at borough elections all electors should
give but one vote to one member. The adjourned
debate was then resumed by Mr. Butler-Johnstone,
who was followed by Sir R. Palmer, Sir F. Crossley,
Mr. LiDDELL, Mr. H. Lewis, Mr. P. Wyndham, Mr.
Laing, and Mr. Powell, all of whom urged the
Ministry to amend the Bill by striking out the portions
which were obnoxious to all parties, and to supply
its deficiencies, so that a satisfactory measure might
be passed this session. Mr. Bright also recommended
concessions. He admitted that there might properly
be restrictions on Household Suffrage, excluding the
residuum of hopeless poverty which is found in all
constituencies. He expressed his willingness to accept
a franchise on a household basis, with a limitation
corresponding as nearly as possible with the ancient
limitation of non-payment of rates. Such an
extension of the franchise, coupled with a
Lodger franchise for London, would be accepted by
the working classes, and would shut up the offices of
the Reform League. On the County franchise he
insisted that it must be brought down at least to the
point fixed by the Bill of last year. On the Redistri-
bution Scheme he pointed out that after the great
increase of the large borough constituencies like
Manchester, the retention of small boroughs would be
viewed witli more impatience. To the disfranchise-
ment of the convicted boroughs he strongly objected.

March 30, 1867.]

THH GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

and !io concliificd by assurinR tlie House that hating
the ways and scornine the ohjec'ts of faction, if ho gave
a vote against this Bill it would be because he would
be no imrly to a measure which cheated the working
man of his fair share in the representation, and bore
the marks of the enemies of Reform. The Chan-
CELLOE of the Exchequer vindicated the Bill as
based on a rational principle, and contended that all
the objections taken to it referred to matters which
might with more propriety be answered and discussed
in committee. As to the Lodger franchise, which was
now demanded as the cardinal principle of the Bill, ho
said that no one could fairly suspect him of being
hostile to such a franchise, as ho himself was
the first to suggest that very qualification.
Believing that the Bill would admit a large
number of the working classes of society to
the franchise, the Government had recommended
the dual vote in order to protect the influence of the
middle class from being swamped, but as no one had
spoken in favour of it, and all had condemned it, it
would be vain to fight against such odds, and they
were ready to give it up. The Government were
prepared to act in perfect sincerity with the House,
and had no desire but to co-operate with it in bringing
this affair to a settlement. They were convinced that
their duty was not to desert their posts until that
settlement was attained, and he entreated the House
cordially to co-operate with them— to pass the Bill
first, and then to change the Ministry if it pleased.
The Bill was then read a second time, and after some
remonstrances from Mr. Gladstone at the latene.s.s of
the date, the Committee was fixed for the 8th of April,
Mr. Disraeli stating that he intended to bring in the
Budget on the 4th. On AVednesday Mr. M'Cullagh
ToRBENs moved the second reading of the Artisans
and Labourers' Dwellings Bill, stating that it was
based upon the recommendations of the select com-
mittee to which the subject was referred last year.
After some discussion, in which the leading provisions
of the measure were generally approved and sugges-
tions made for the improvement of its machinery,
Mr. Walpole, on behalf of the Government, assented
to the principle of the Bill, intimating that it would
require amendment in some of its details. The Bill
was then read a second time. The Criminal Law Bill
passed through committee. On Thursday, among
other notices on the subject of Reform, Sir E. Cole-
BBOOKE gave notice to reduce the occupancy franchise
in counties to 10/., and Colonel French gave notice
that on the 'Jth of April he would move for leave to
bring in a Reform Bill for Ireland. In Committee of
the whole House, Mr. Adderley moved a resolution
authorising the Treasury to guarantee (at 4 per cent.)
a loan of :i,O0U,O00/., to be raised by the Government of
Canada for the construction of a railway between
Quebec and Halifax. He stated that this guarantee
w.is part of the Confederation scheme, and expressed
his hope that it would be the last colonial guarantee to
which the House would be asked to assent. Mr. Aytoun,
Mr. T. Cave, and Mr. Lowe opposed the motion ;
Mr. Gladstone and Mr. AA'atkin supported it.
On a division the resolution was carried by 2J7 to r>7.
In Committee on the Mutiny Act, Sir J. Pakington
brought up a new clause limiting the infliction of
corporal punishment to soldiers in the second class,
which, he said, comprised only U per cent, of the army,
and for three otfences— mutiny, insubordination with
violence, and indecent conduct. Mr. Otw.ay moved
an ■ amendment aboli.shing altogether the jiower
of inflicting corporal punishment in time of
peace. After some discussion, the second reading of
the clause was carried, on a division, by 225 to 131.
An amendment by Sir G. Geey to omit the classifica-
tions was negatived. A motion by Mr. Lowe to refer
to a Select Committee a petition of Mr. Shields, C.E.,
alleging that the Board of Works in the embankment
of the Thames had made use of his designs, was opposed
by Lord J. Manners and Mr. Cowpek, on the
ground that his claim, if any, was against the Board of
W orks and not against the Government, and negatived
by 49 to 29. Last evening Mr. Gladstone gave notice
that he would ask the Chancellor of the ilxchequer
whether it was the intention of the Government to
make any alterations in the Reform Bill before inviting
the House to discuss the clauses in committee ; and
whether he was willing to lay on the table copies of
the reports from the Commissioners of Inland Revenue
on which he based his statements on Tuesday evening
respecting the proposed taxing franchise. The House
was left sitting.

fflttB Intelligence.

Money Market, Friday. —British Funds:
Con.sols closed at 91 to 91J for Money, and 9U to 91}
for the Account ; New and Reduced, 891 to 891 ; India
Five per Cents., 1091 to llOJ; India Stock, 216 to 218;
Exchequer Bills, 14s. to 18s. pm. — Foreign : Mexican,
161 to 17i i Greek, 15^ to 15i ; Passives, 21^ to 21^ ;
Certificates, 141 to 14J ; Turkish, 29J to 30J ; Italian,
53| to 63i ; Russian, 2i to 2J pm. ; Chilian, 2 dis. ;
Daoubian, If to Ij dis. ; United States' 5-20 Bonds,
74J to 75J ; Erie Shares, 38J to 39J ; Illinois, 78i to 79.

iUmropoKs anB (tg Uicintta,

Visit of the King of Denmabk to the Fire
Brigade.— The King of Denmark having expressed a
desire to witness the general working of the Metropo-
litan Fire Brigade, it wa,^ intimated to Captain Shaw
on Saturday that his Majesty w'ould visit the head
station in Watling Street in the course of the evening.
Soon afier the time specified, his Majesty arrived at the
station from Marlborough House, accompanied by the
Prince of "Wales and the Duke of Sutherland. The
interior of the station was Hanked with a strong
detachment of firemen forming a guard of honour, who

saluted the King and the Prince as they passed
through. The visitors having inspected the telegraphic
apparatus connecting all the Fire Brigade stations in
London with the head-quarters in Watling Street, they
examined the different classes of engines in general use
at fires, and then visited the stables, which are situated
under tho station, where relays of horses are constantly
kept day and night. The King and Prince admired the
stables, which, though underground and lighted with
gas, are well ventilated by means of shafts to carry off foul
air, and down shafts to admit ])uro air. Captain Shaw
then conducted his Majesty and tho Prince to Soutli-
wark Bridge, where they witnessed a turn-out of the
force. The intention was kept from tho men, who in
a few minutes received " a call." All the engines wore
at once turned out, horsed, and started for the
supposed fire, accompanied by 30 or more firemen.
Tlieir alacrity took the King quite by surprise, tho
whole arrangements of their turning out having occu-
pied less than three minutes. His Majesty, with the
Prince and Captain Shaw, then jiroceeded on a manual
engine and inspected several of the leading stations in
different parts of tho metropolis, where the zeal and
promptness of the men were similarly tested, after
which the Royal party returned to the city, and saw
several steam fire-en irines at work on the river off
Queenhithe. His Majesty stated that the object of his
visit to Watling Street was to acquire all the practical
information he could obtain about engines, &c., in
order to place his brigades on a similar footing of
efficiency with the London Brigade. The King
expressed himself much pleased with the alacrity
disjnlayed by the men, and noticed the quiet manner in
which they pursued their operations as far more
creditable than the noise and ringing of bells on occa-sion
of turning out fire-engines not only in his own capital,
but at Berlin and other cities on the Continent.

The Fate of Dr. Livingstone.— At the meeting
of the Royal Geographical Society on Monday, Sir
Roderick Murcliison read the communication from Dr.
Kirk, dated December 20, describing the circumstances
connected with the murder of Dr. Livingstone, as
related by the Johanna men ; and another despatch,
dated January 26, 1867, from Dr. Seward to Lord
Stanley, holding out the hope that though a great part
of his men might have deserted. Dr. Livingstone might
still be pushing forward, though cut off" from commu-
nication with his friends. Sir Roderick also read
letters from Mr. E. D. Foung, Mr. William Oswell,
and Mr. Henry Angelo, all well acquainted with
Eastern Africa, expressing their disbelief in the story
of the Johanna men. Sir Samuel Baker could not
agree that there was any hope of Dr. Livingstone being
still alive : and, from the evidence which had been
given, he felt perfectly certain that they would see him
no more. It was less a wonder, he said, that many
travellers lost their lives in Africa, than that even
one in a hundred returned safely from that abominable
country. Mr. Waller, who had been with Dr. Living-
stone on his Zambesi expedition, said that there was no
conceivable motive for the Maviti men to have
attacked Dr. Livingstone, whom they had before
received in a friendly manner, unless they
had been bought over by the slave-dealers.
The great danger of African travel was the slave trade,
to which alone Dr. Livingstone had fallen a victim,
if the report of his death were true. Captain Sherard
Osborn thought there was great room for doubt, and
that it was the duty of those who felt an interest in the
fate of the great traveller to follow him, and ascertain
the truth. He had been missing twice before, and
might be now onlj; out of reach. Mr. Baines corro-
borated that opinion, and a general opinion was
expressed that if no news were received confirming or
confuting the statement of the Johanna men, the
Geographical Society, or her Majesty's Giovernment,
should take steps to ascertain the truth of their story.
A despatch received by the Admiralty on Friday states
that her Majesty's ship Wasp proceeded on the 2d of
.lanuary from Bombay to Quiloa, with Dr. Seward,
her Majesty's Political Agent and Consul at Zanzibar,
to endeavour to ascertain the truth of the report.

The Jamaica Prosecution.— At a Special Session
held at Market Drayton on Monday, an applieation
was made to the county magistrates for the issue of a
warrant against Mr. John Edward Eyre, ex-governor
of Jamaica, on the charge of being an accessory before
the fact to the murder of George William Gordon.
Sir Baldwin Leighton, Bart., chairman of the Quarter
Sessions, presided. The other magistrates on the
bench were Colonel Hill, Major Houghton, Mr. R.
Corbet, Mr. Egerton Harding, and Mr. John Tayleur.
Before the proceedings were opened, Mr. Thomas
Swanlow, one of the magistrates, said that Mr. D.
Hudson and himself, being subscribers to the Eyre
Defence Fund, had thought it right not to sit on the
occasion. Mr. Fitzjames Stephen then said he appeared
there by the instructions of Mr. John Stuart Mill,
M.P. for Westminster, and Mr. Peter Taylor, M.P. for
Leicester, to apply for a warrant for the apprehension
of Mr. Eyre, now resident at Adderly Hall, in that
county, as an accessory before the fact to the wilful
murder of George William Gordon, in Jamaica, on
the 23d October, 1865. Dr. Fiddes, surgeon, of Jamaica,
and Mr. A. H. Lake, a reporter, having proved
the execution of G. W. Gordon, the Chairman
said the Bench were of opinion that it would
be necessary to see before them the prosecutor in the
case, in order that he might be bound over to pro-
secute in case the warrant was granted. Mr. Shaen, one
of the solicitors of the Jamaica Committee, at once
volunteered to assume the office of prosecutor, and
having entered the witness-box charged Mr. Eyre with
being an accessory before the fact to the murder of
G. W. Gordon, stating that he had good grounds for
thinking that he was guilty of the offence, and applying
for a warrant to arrest him. Mr. Stephen said that if
the Bench were of opiiion that they could issue a

E

summons in the place of a warrant, the prosecution
would prefer to have the summons. They had no wish
to do anything unnecessarily harsh, and if any arrange-
ment could be made to prevent the infliction of the
slightest possible inconvenience upon Mr, Eyre, they
would be most hapiiy to adopt it. Mr. Ro.se said that
Mr. Eyre was ready at any hour or day which the
Court might fix to bo present and answer the charges
brought against him, but he did not in any way recog-
nise the Jamaica Committee. Mr. Gilfard, who had
been retained to conduct the defence of Mr. Eyre, was
at present at Presteign Assizes, but he could be at
Market Drayton in time to proceed with the case on
Wednesday. The warrant was then signed, and tho
jiroceedings adjourned till Wednesday. On that day
Mr. Eyre appeared in per.'^on before the magistrates, in
consequence of the warrant issued against him. On his
entering the Court the crowd gave expression to its
sympathy with him. The case for the prosecution was
not concluded until the evening, when the Court
adjourned. Yesterday morning Mr. Giffard opened
the case for the defence. He declined to discuss ques-
tions of law, but accepted issue of facts, and entered
into an elaborate argument upon them in support of
the conduct of Mr. Eyre during his governorship of
the colony. He did not propose to call witnesses. The
matter was expected to be brought to a close in the
course of the day.

The Distress in the East of London.— Up to
F>iday evening the appeal which the Mansion House
Committee made la.st week for additional funds for the
relief, for a short time longer, of the 9000 unemployed
men in Poplar, Limehouse, Bow, and Bromley, including,
with their families, about 36,000 persons, had resulted
in the receipt by the Lord Mayor of nearly 1000/.,
including about 320/. which the Committee had
subscribed among them-selves, in addition to their
former contributions. The Committee, under these
circumstances, resolved to continue their exertions a
short time longer, and made a grant of 200/. to the
Deptford Committee, and another of 100/. to that of
St. James, Ratclifi'. At the meeting of the Committee
on Monday it was stated that the men were now walk-
ing about without soles to their shoes, and that the
local Committee last week distributed 1142/. in relief to
9704 families. Mr. Ravenhill said that he apprehended
there would be a " movement" or demonstration, and
that the unemployed men would probably walk
through the streets with a black flag. The Rev. Mr.
Rogers said that many of them would eventually have
to resort to the parish if they could not get woik, and
a.sked why those men objected to receive parochial
relief, and yet take relief from the Mansion House
Fund ? Mr. Green said one reason might be found in the
fact that on men out of work applying to the parish they
were thrust into the stone-yard, where there were in
Poplar 1800 or 1900 already employed, as there had
been for weeks past. On the other hand, the Local
Relief Committee assisted them at their own
homes. The Lord Mayor said, that being so, it was
} to him incomprehensible why the men who were in
1 employment refused to reduce the price of their labour.
' The cost of much of the materials used in shipbuilding
had gone down, and if the men would accommodate
their wages to the depressed state of the trade, the
I masters might be in a better position, and be induced
to undertake fresh contracts. A member of the
Committee said the Lord Mayor had asked a very
proper question. Some of the men now in work were
drawing 10s. a day. The Lord Mayor remarked that
either the men would have to reduce their wages to
the standard which the present state of the trade on
the Thames imperatively demanded, or would have to
go in quest of work to places where they might hope
to find it at their own standard. Mr. AV'ade observed
that, even if the men were to take lower wages, no
great number of them could obtain work in the
present prostrate state of the trade. The Lord Mayor
replied, it was well known that by reducing the price
of a commodity a demand for it was created, yet that
was a fact which the shipwrights at this juncture could
not or would not recognise. Even now, in the present
depression of their trade, they still adhered to their 7s.
a day, and would not work unless they got it. In brisk
times there was no reason why a working man should
not earn 7*. or even 10*. a day, if people wanted to buy
his labour at any price ; but here the case was the very
reverse, and the shipwrights refused to adapt them-
selves to the altered circumstances. Eventually the
Committee made another grant of 600/. for distribution
through the central local committees in Limehouse,
Poplar, Bow, and Bromley. They also made grants of
50/. to Spitalfields poor Roman Catholics, and 25/. for
distribution by a local committee in Whitecross Street
and Chequer Alley.

The Reform Meeting in Trafalgar Square.—
On Monday evening the Reform League held their
weekl}^ demonstration in Trafalgar Square. The
gathering wa-s attended by an immense number of
boys and the lowest classes of labourers. Mr. Beales,
M.A., as usual took the chair, and condemned the
constitution of the House of Commons, .stating in effect
that itwas an unconstitutional body, asit did not repre-
sent the people as it professed to represent them. He
then described at great length the shortcomings of the
new Reform Bill. In order to test, he said, in what
numbers the people were voters, he asked all those
who had votes to hold up their hands, and about six
were held up. He then asked those who were lodgers _
to hold up their hands, and the large majority of those
present were held up. He then called for a show of
hands as to the number who would be enfranchised
underthe " fancy franchise" of 50/.iu the savings-bank,
and two signified that they held this qualification.
The proposed qualifications met with much disappro
bation. Exhibitions of hands were taken on other
points, and about 10 persons by this means stated that
they were compound householders, and two that they

THE GAEDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

IIMabch 30, 1867.

paidldireot taxes. Mr. Davis then moved a resolution
protesting against the confused and contradictory
Eeform Bill of the Government, and renewing the
adhesion of the meeting to the principle of residential
manhood suffrage, protected by the ballot, as the only
sound basis of a real and satisfactory reform. This was
carried. The whole proceedings were very tame, the
only enlivening part being occasional skirmishes
between the League people and the boys, caused by the
former claiming absolute possession of the monument,
and the assertion of the boys that they had " as much
right there" as any one else.

Deputation of Wokking Men to Me. Glad-
stone.—A deputation froih the Working Men's
Association, headed by Mr. Potter, waited on Mr.
Gladstone on Saturday, on the subject of Reform. In
the course of the interview it was stated that the Asso-
ciation were willing to waive their principles of man-
hood suffrage and vote by ballot, and to accept a
household and lodger franchise. Mr. Gladstone
expressed his hopes that a Eeform Bill would be passed
without further delay, as the House of Commons was
now willing to do what last year it would not do-
sacrifice its time, comfort, and repose, for the sake of
settling the question. He then proceeded as follows. —

" Witli regard to tlie lodger franchise, he assured them that
he woiUd not assent to any measure of Reform which did not
give it. As to the case of the compound householder, he
should strenuously object to ail propositions which were
pretences of creating titles to the franchise, but the titles
being nullified by obstructions. A Parliamentary return had
been iasued.tbat moi-ning, giving information with regard to
the compound householders. It showed that in Birmingham
there were 2384 people, less than 1 per cent, of the population,
who might be enfranchised under the Bill as rfitepaying
householders not enfranchised at present, and there were
36,1,37 compound householders who would be disqualified and
excluded from the franchise. The ease of Brighton waa still
more absurd. The Bill would enfranchise 14 persons whoipaid
their rates, and would exchide 2.55.'}. In Kidderminster the
number admitted by the Bill would be 2i, and the number
excluded would be 2.'}43. There were other places where
simihar facts were shown. To give a metropolitan borough,
there was Southw.ark, where 148 would be enfi-anchised, and
4487 would be excluded. There were places where r.ating
Acts were in force, but there were places where every person
p.aid his own rates, and in these the householders would be
enfranchised. Taking Stoke-upon-Trent, for inst.ance, 1.5,171
would be enfi-anchised : but what could be said of a Bill
which qujilified upwards of 15,000 in Stoke, and 14 persons in
Brighton ? Then, in a great measure, it would aive the fran-
chise to the unskilled labourer of the country, while it
excluded the skilled artisan of the town. No one would s.ay
that those who represented the unskilled labour ought to
have the same position as those who represented the skilled.
The skilled classes included intelligent .and educated men,
who read the newspapers, who were conversant with all
public questions, and who w.atched T^ith interest their
countr3''s progress ; these men were totally different from
those classes whose daily life was a struggle with poverty.
Yet the unskilled classes, by living in places where the com-
pounding for rates was not carried out, would, under this Bill,
be returned in very large numbers as voters. If the Bill
passed as it stood there would be such .an intolerable state of
things as an 8^. franchise on one side of a Street, and the
holders of houses - such was this Household 8uffrage Bill-
excluded on the other. Persons, too, would be qualified in
one parish of a borough .and disqualified in .another parish of
the same borough. If this Bill passed as it stood .and w.as
TciAde law, wh.at, he asked, would be the effect? Why, the
whole country would at once be in a flame, and there would
be no rest until it was entirely altered. This must not be,
and there must be a liberal enfranchisement, but not one
which would create invidious distinctions. In conclusion, he
assured them that the Liberal party would press for an
equitable enfranchisement of the working classes. Mr. Bry.an
asked if it would not be possible to introduce the ballot into
the Reform Bill. Mr. Gladstone replied by asking the depu-
tation if they did not think that the growing intelligence and
independence of the working classes made tEe ballot unneces-
sary. For his own p.art, he found that there was a growing
indisposition on the pjirt of the House to consider the ballot
question, as Mr. Berkeley would tell them, and he thought
that it would not be wise to overlay the Bill by introducing j
too much."

Fatal Explosion at Stepney.— A serious accident
occurred on Wednesday evening at No. 1, High Street, j
Stepney, through an explosion of Chinese fireworks, i
The housejwas let off in floors. On the basement was
an oil and colour shop, on the second floor a firework
manufactory, and in the rooms above lived two families,
named Wilson and Webster, employed in whipmaking.
No one was in the firework manufactory at the time, i
the workmen having left an hour before, after locking
the doors. The explosion did not make much noise, |
but filled a.11 the upper rooms in a moment with fire.
Six of the inmates were more or less burnt, and were
conveyed to the London Hospital, where one of them
is lying in a precarious condition.

The Fatal Accident in Cambekwell. — Aa I
inquest was held on Monday on the bodies of the two [
females who were killed a few days since at Camber- 1
weU by the fall of an ornamental piece of stucco work
from the top of a housa The jury returned a verdict
of Accidental Death.

The Public Health. — The Registrar-General's
Weekly Return states that in the week that ended
on Saturday, March 23, the births registered in
London and 12 other large towns of the United
Kingdom were 4158 : thed«aths registered, .3628. The
annual rate of mortality was 31 per 1000 persons hviug;
being 29 per 1000 in London, 28 in Edinburgh,
35 in Dublin, 23 in Bristol, 26 in Birmingham, 36 in
Liverpool, .34 in Manchester, 36 in Salford, 31 in Shef-
field, 29 in Leeds, 33 in Hull, 36 in Newcastle-upon-
Tyne, and 35 in Glasgow. The rate in Vienna was
31 per 1000 during the week ending the 16th inst. In
Loudon the births of 1147 boys and 1077 girls, in all 2324
children, were registered in the week. In the corre-
sponding weeks of 10 years 1857-66, the average number,
corrected for increase of population, is 2187. The
deaths registered in London during the week were
1731. It was the 13th week of the year ; and the
average number of deaths for the week, corrected for
increase of population, was 1546. The present return
therefore exceeds the estimated number by 185.

Abesdaee. — Benjamin Jones, the puddler, who was
convicted at the Glamorgan Assizes of the miirder of
Thomas Watkius, at Aberdare, and sentenced to death,
has been reprieved by Mr. Walpole in consequence of
an intimation from the iury that they had intended to
have appended to their verdict a recommendation to
mercy.

Ayleseuby.— A strike of agricultural labourers has
been going on in Buckinghamshire for some time, and
is not yet terminated. Men are being exported into
other counties, where they obtain the requisite 15s.
per week. It is thought that the farmers will be
obliged to come to the terms of the men, who state
that they would be content with 12.5. per week.

Baensley.— Although more than three months
have elapsed since the explosion at the Oaks Colliery,
little or no progress has yet been made in extinfjuish-
ing the body of fire raging at the bottom. All the
shafts have been sealed up, and practical men
are of opinion that the only effectual mode of putting
out the fire is by inundating the works with water, as
at Lundhill and Edmund's Main. The adoption of
such a course, from the extensive character of the
workings, would necessitate the sinking of another
shaft to get the water out ; and accordingly at an
adjourned meeting of mining engineers at Normanton
on Wednesday it was resolved to sink a new shaft at
the end of the Lip workings. It is supposed it will
take nearly two years to sink it.

Cambeidge.— Sarah Porter, who was sentenced to
death at the recent assizes, for the murder of her
child, a month old, whom she threw into a ditch, has
been respited by iVlr. Walpole, during her Majesty's
pleasure. The prisoner did not appear to realise the
eflect of the respite, but dreaded the sentence thai
might follow.

Dekby.— Mr. Walpole, after communicating with
Mr. Justice Lush, has commuted the sentence of death
passed upon the convict Wager at the recent assizes
for the murder of his wife, to penal servitude for life.

Leicestee. — A new Congregational Church has
just been opened in this town, m which there will be
no pew rents, the maintenance of the minister and all
other expenses being dependent on the weekly
offertory. This is the second dissenting place of
worship which has abandoned the pew system in
Leicester. It is stated that the first has a full congre-
gation, and has never had any difficulty in the matter
of funds.

Livekpool.— The Great Eastern left the Mersey for
New York at noon on Tuesday. Her departure was
marked by another fatal disaster, the capstan having
given way while 12 of her crew were raising the
anchor with the aid of the donkey engine. The capstan
was of course whirled round, throwing the men right
and left, and the bars flying out, struck and wounded
five men. One of them died immediately, and another
was not expected to live. The chief officer had a
narrow escape ; one of the bars having passed close to
his head. The Great Eastern takes out a large
number of passengers, including Mr. Cyrus Field and
Mr. William Barber, one of the directors of the Great
Ship Company.

Manchestek.— Mr. Marshall Wood's bronze statue,
of Mr. Cobden, recently cast in London, has been
placed on its granite pedestal in St. Aun's Square, in
this city, opposite the front of the Exchange, but has
not yet been unveiled. The pose of the figure repre-
sents Mr. Cobden with hand uplifted and finger
pointed, in the act of addressing the House of Com-
mons. Mr. Gladstone and Mr. Bright are expected to
be present at the inauguration of the statue.

NoEWiCH,— An old man namedWinter murdered his
wife inthiscityonFriday,and afterwards cut histhroatso
severely that he has since died. Fear of the workhouse
prompted the fatal deed. They were both upwards of
70 years of age.

OxFOED.— On Sunday and Monday the floods rose
to a great height in and around Oxford, and the lands
were covered to an extent unknown since the memo-
rable inundation of 1852. Christ Church meadow,
with the exception of the broad walk, was entirely sub-
merged, and the "water walk" of Magdalen College
was completely covered. Port Meadow was one large
lake. Several roads a few miles out of the tovm were
in many places 3 or 4 feet deep in water, and the lands
adjacent to the Isis and Cherwell were inundated
for miles.

B.EIQATE. — At a meeting of the Council, held on
Saturday, on the subject of the disfranchisement of this
boroush, it was resolved to petition Parliament against
the disfranchisement, on the ground of the divided
opinion of the commissioners in their late report, and
of the increasing wealth and rapidly growing popula-
tion of the borough.

Staplekuest. — A man named Edward Jones, who
was convicted of a burglary last week at the Lewes
assizes, before leaving the dock confessed that he also
committed the burglary at Linton, and stole the
jewels belonging to Viscountess Holmesdale, as well as
several articles belonging to his lordship. Suspicion
has always rested on the lady's maid, and the prisoner
said that he made this confession in order to clear an
innocent woman. Chief Justice Bovill said that
inquiries would be made in the hope that the young
woman's character might be cleared from the stigma
cast upon it.

WiNDSOE.— On Monday the waters of the Thames,
in the vicinity of Windsor and Eton, swollen by the
melted snow and rain, rose considerably, and
encroached upon the meadows and low-lying lands on
the lianks of the river. Portions of the playing fields
of Eton College and AVindsor Home Park were
flooded, while a great breadth of land in the neighbour-
hood of Datchet was under Water. On Wednesday

night 'the floods rose so rapidly that the suburbs of
Windsor and Eton, and the. country on the western
outskirts, were converted into one vast lake.

Wolveehampton.— At the petty sessions in this
town last week a man named Scott was charged under
Lord Campbell's Act with selling an obscene book.
The book in question was that which has been pub-
lished by the Protestant Electoral Union, as "The
Confessional Unmasked ;" showing the depravity of ■
the Roman priesthood, the iniquity of the confessional,
and the questions put to the females in confession.
For the defence it was maintained that the extracts
were reprints from Roman Catholic standard works ;
and efvidence of the accuracy of the extracts was given
by the Rev. B. M'Ghee, M.A., incumbent of Holywell ;
and Mr. Samuel Hurst, B.A., Greenwich. The magis-
trates, however, determined that it was an obscene
work within the terms of the Act, and ordered the
books to be burned.

YoEK. — At the Convocation of the province held in
York Cathedral last week a motion was made in favour
of an increase of the episcopate. The Bishops of Ripon
and Carlisle opposed it, on the ground that there was
no fund out of which new bi.shops could be maintained,
unless the funds now applied to augment the income
of tho poorer clergy were diverted for that purpose.
The motion was ultimately withdrawn.

5txtlmTi*

The Law Appointments.— In consequence of the
retirement of Mr. Blackburne from the Lord Chan-
cellorship, Mr. Brewster, Justice of Appeal, has been
appointed Lord Chancellor; Mr. Justice Christian
has been appointed Chief Justice of Appeal ; Mr.
Morris, M.P., Justice of Common Pleas ; Mr.
Chatterton, M.P., Attorney-General; and Mr. Warren,
Solicitor-General.

The Fenians.— Several additional arrests for high
treason were made in the county and city of Cork on
Sunday and Monday. One is a man of position,
named Loughlin. Another, named Savage, has been
identified as leading the attack on the iinockado\vn
Coastguard Station. On Wednesday James A. O'Brien,
manager of a commercial estabhshmeut in Cork, who
is charsed with being a head centre, and with leading
a Fenian attack on Ballynockin Police-station, was
committed for trial for high treason. He was shown
to have been in correspondence with Stephens,
Eighteen arrests were made on Wednesday in Mill
Street and its neighbourhood on a charge of being
concerned in an attack on Mount Leader House, by
an armed body of Fenians, led by an American officer,
and stealing arms. On Sunday night six men were
arrested in the neighbourhood of Annfield, near
Thurles, and were immediately sent to Nenagh under
a large escort. Two of them are respectable farmers,
named William Dunne and John Hayes. At Wexford,
P. W. Kough, who had been discharged on Saturday
for want of evidence, was re-arrested on Sunday
morning on the Lord-Lieutenant's warrant. A
telegram from Cork states that all the persons accused
of high treason have been committed for trial at the
special commission ; and that in passing from the
police office to the gaol they were assured, by vocifera-
tions and cheers, of the sympathy of the mob.

Election of a Repeesentative Peer. — On
Thursday the peers of Scotland assembled in Holyrood
Palace, to elect one of their number as one of the 16
representative peers of Scotland in the House of Lords.
The Union Roll was called, and nine peers answered^
namely, the Duke of Buccleuch, the Earls of KeUie,
Haddington, Jjauderdale, Southesk, Selkirk, and Stair,
Lords Elphinstone and Rollo. Proxies were given.for
the Dukes of Hamilton and Lennox, and for the Earl
of Morton, and signed lists were received from the
Marquis of Tweeddale, the Earls of Crawford, Mar,
Dundonald, and Hopetoun, Viscount Arbuthnot, Lords
Saltoun, Sinclair, Lovat, Torphicheu, Eea, and Ruth-
ven. Several signed lists were rejected from infor-
mality. The Earl of Mar's vote was taken under
protest of the Earl of Kellie, who intimated that he
had been advised to claim that title. In all there were
24 votes received, and the election fell unanimously oU
the Earl of Lauderdale.

Rectoeship op Abebdeen Univebsity.— The
installation of Mr. Grant Duff, M.P., as Lord Rector
of the University of Aberdeen, took place on the 22nd
inst. in the Music HaU. Mr. Grant Duff was accom-
panied to the platform by Principal Campbell, the
Professors of the University, Sheriff Thomson, and the
magistrates and members of the Town Council. The
audience, including the students, numbered about I
2O0O. Mr. Duff spoke for art hour and a half. The
address Was well received, and at the close three hearty 1
cheers were, on the call of the Principal, given ill I
honour of the new Rector.

Fenianism in Scotland.— For some time past
agents have been employed in Glasgow district collect-
ing subscriptions in aid of the wives and children of
the " Republican troops" in Ireland, and large numbers
of the Irish inhabitants have subscribed handsome
sums ; in one instance as much as 271. being given,
while many of the poorer classes have contributed
freely. The Roman Catholic clergy have tried to
restrain their people from giving money to swindlers,
but their advice has been disregarded. The police have
been keeping a sharp look-out for the " strangers," and
any indications of a movement towards disturbing the
peace. On Sunday morning a body of supposed
Fenians were discovered drilling on the turnpike road
near the village of Mossend, but two policemen, imder
the command of Sergeant M'Naughton, of Bellshill,
put the " troops," nnmbering belwe(en 35 and 30, to

F

MABcn 30, 1867.]

THE GAltDKNKlJS' dllRONICLK AND AGRICULTURAL OAZKTTK

flieht The ixilicemon continued the pursuit, and
sueceeded in anprohendins six of the Brotherhood.
Thov wore all vounR men, and are reported to have
drilled with the renularity of soldiers, llioy were
iwmnianded by a tall, Rood-looking youns man, dressed
in dark olotlies, with an American accent; but tlie
"head-centre" was the first to take to bis lieels, after
oallin" upon his companions to " double." The six men
■iiiiircbeniled were Irishmen. The police, after takiUK
down tlu'ir miiiics.allowcd them to depart, but it is said
that warrants have sincc^ lieen issued against them. The
authorities arc taking active mca-sures to suppress any
disturbance that may occur in the mining districts,
where it is well known tlicre exists strong sympathy
for tho.se who have been taken prisoners in Ireland.
A Volunteer corjis has been omuiised during the past
week at Motherwell, and already musters upwards of
100 strong.

The Strikk of the Engine-Dkivers.— Contrary
to the expectation expressed last week the threatened
strike of the engine-drivers in the employ of the
London, Brighton, and South Coast Company was
carried into effect on Tuesday morning. It appears
tiiat the Directors had conceded nearly all the points
demanded by the men, including the stipulation for
10 bniirs a d;'u , and a maximum of 7Jii miles per week,
with one day 'in Ihc sliuil, all work bcyuud tho.se hours
to be paid extra. The Directors also agreed that the
minimum pay of drivers should be O-v., progressing
upwards to 7s. M. per day, and the minimum pay of
liicinen Ss. 6rf., advancing to 4<t, ad. per day. But they
dci^lined to accede to the demand that all engine-
drivers and liremen should be advanced to the
maximum scale of wages, after a few mouths' service,
without reference to their ability, on the ground that
the demand was so wrong in principle that they
could not reconcile it with their sense of duty to
cousout to it. 'fhe men insisted on "equality,"
and contended that any other principle would
load to favoritism. On Tuesday morning, there-
fore, out of between 300 and 400 men in the
employ of the Company, not more than six returned to
iheir work. In this emei'gency the Company employed
■very resource at their command for working the
IraHic, the greater jjortion of which was necessarily
•lopped, many trains being taken off, and the speed of
ill diminished. AMiere practicable, the services of
-tation masters, signalmen, and others ivho had at
ioine period acted as drivere, were brought into requi-
sition, but the iiiuount of manual labour was far from
idequate to tlio number of trains. Consequently,
much excitement prevailed at the London Bridge
lerminus during tlie morning, increased by the fact of
Puesday being the first day of the Epsom Spring
.Meeting. The ordinary train, advertised to leave
Ijondon at G .i.JI. for Brighton, did not start at all, and
Ihe 8 o'clock train was not despatched till past 10,
when it was mixed up witli the Brighton express.
The time-tables were, as a matter of course, held in
abeyance, and all traffic between London and Brighton,
Eastbourne, Hastings, St. Leonard's, and Chichester,
was virtually stopped, to say nothing of the disappoint-
ment of crowds of sportsmen, who had intended to
go down by train to Epsom. Hundreds of city
.;entlemen residing in the suburbs, and who
travel by the Croydon line of this railway
lo town, were of course put to great incon-
venience, and altogether the event was attended by an
immense amount of excitement and loss of time and
business. During the morning the drivers on strike
were visited by delegates from railways in the nortla
and other parts of England, who w"ere specially com-
missioned to assure them that by not giving way they
•ould rely on their entire support, and that each man
would receive the same rate of pay while the strike
lasted as if he were at w'ork. On AVednesday the
IJrighton luen held a meeting and agreed that, as the
Directors had granted all their demands but one, dele-
.;ates should be sent to London to arrange a compro-
nise. The London men however refused to surrender,
.vhereupon the Brighton men resolved to resume work
m the terms conceded by the Directors, the advance of
vages being regulated in the manner proposed by the
Board, subject to the condition that if any man should
ie passed over he should have a right of appeal to the
Directors. This decision having been telegraphed to
he London committee, the whole body of men in the
^mploy of the Company returned to their work on
Thursday. The strike, therefore, so far as the Brighton
ine is concerned, is at an end. It is stated that 970 men
if the North-Eastern sent iu their notices on Saturday,
lind have resolved to strike on the 20th of April, unless
he whole of their demands, presented in the first
nemorial, are conceded. The Stockton and Dar-
ington men intend to give their fortnight's notice, to
^ndatthe same time, and the Midland men are also
ireparing to act in concert with the North-Eastern.

Into court, and fouml the sjrisollur euill'j. They at tho
pnmo tilno rooommendcd him to mercy, on the pround
tluit tho act Imd boon connnitted without prcmodltatlon.
liiiriiii Hr-imwell then passed sentence of Ikath in the
U8ii.ll form. Tho uioraont tho jiidgrnicnt was givou. tho

f'risoner became exceedingly violent. He threw his c.ip tf>
ho floor, and exelaimod, "What .am I to ho hung for? I
have done nothing!" and attoniptod to strike undl kick
tile waVilei'H who wore in tho dock, It was with considerable
dillicidly that ho was removed to the cells below.

NoitTinatN Ontoiirr : htvEHPOou— Child Munln: UtUin
Dt>f(hf, a iinildlo-aged woman, was on Thursday found guilty
of the wilful iiiurder of her new-born child, and Mr. Justice
Mollor passed suntencc of Drclh upon her.

^

porting*

Kl'SOM srUIXG MKKTING.

TuKsr'Av. — Tcid/ Sf.iil.-rs. " Li.i-a B,iteiaan"s Mo\ilhcy beat
Wild Affiles, Kxcelk!!-, iiii'l .'> "thors. Stam/ord Plate.— h^rd
Vivian's Tumbler bi:;it Aiiiiiuiiiition. Nik<=. iind 14 others. Tico
Year Old 5(aX-(';*. — Mr. Pryur'.s Crimston beat Tho Foi-cst King,
lliitchinout. hikI 10 othyrH. Cit,v and Suburban flandiaip.—
Mr. F. SwintluU'.s Abureeldio beat Fifcz Ivnn. Violent, and
I'.l others. Ihiuihri .^frt^.n.— Mr. Tryor'M Hiiymarket boat
Purveyor, Bpitfirc". ;iud 7 titliri.s. }'„'iii'i HifUira;i Stakes.— yLw
U. Ton IJrouck't) Vi\\\s b.!it ALiriMist, Sunny.side, and 0 others.
//eathcnte yiatr.—Cn\>Ui\n ChriMtio's Jeaunio Deans beat Tho
bkippor. Tumbler, unit l-l others.

Wkhnesdav.— P^^.vtij'i Si»-ii>{/ Ci'p.—'Mr. G. Newton's Piiich-
licck l>eat Annie Laurie cult. Midwife, and 9 others. Kem Tiro
Yeur Old Sttd-eit. — Baron Ilothschild's Suffolk beat Cork -Taeket,
Rongeur, and 8 othurs. Grmt Metropolitaa StuK-cs.—Ur. E.
limyley's Eiidsleij^h beat Jeaabel, Lord of the Dales, and
III n'thcrs, Ihi.rdani Slft/tts. — Mr. .Jos. Wood'n Pans beat Lietor,
Wiiiu'rt "f I Dove, and 8 others. Prince of Wales's Stnk>:s.—Ur.
PrV'ir's Mu^iiclan beat Kin;? Chatniing, Pyrrhic, and 8 others.
niutoii Stai-en —Mr. S. Thellusson's Limner boat Dick Turpin,
Le Venitien, and 3 others.

Hab).

Home Circuit : Ki.sti.sniN. — The Shtre Mardei: — Jauies
oiii/kurst, 21, It sullen, stupid-looking country lad, was
h;irged with the wilful murder of Jane Sax, by cutting her
liroat. This case stood over from tho summer assizes last
ear, on an application made on behalf of tho prisoner for a
ostponoment, in order to afford an opportunity to bring
-irward evidence to show that the prisoner was not in a sound
tate of mind at the time the offence that was imputed to him
'aa committed. The facts of the case lay in a very narrow
Dmpass, and were perfectly conclusivo as to the guilt of the
risoner, besides which they wore confirmed by a deposition
lade by the deceaeed on the morning of her death. They
;ft no doubt that the prisoner was guilty, not only of the
leciflc offence of which ho was accused, but that he had
reviously attempted to violate the person of the unfortunate
lild whose life had been sacrificed to his brutality. The
iry, after being in deliberation about half an hour, returned

©Ijituarjg.

Thc DuwACiiiR V I SCO UNI ESS DiiwNE died on the 20tli inst.
at Bowdcn Hall, near Gloucester, in her S7th year. Her
]L».dyship was the daui,-btcr of Mr. George Webster, and was
married to thc fifth Viscount Downo in 1S15.

Lady Geoucian'a Romillv died on Fiiday night after a very

sh..it illness. She was the eldest daughter of the sixth Duke

of lie.ilfMnl by his secMid marriage with Lady Georgiiina

Gordon, fifth daughter of the fourth Duke of Gordon, and

was consciiuently half sister of Earl Russell, and sister of the

I Mavchiouesw of Abevcorn, Lord Wriothesley Russell. Lady

I R:;chcl Butler, l-ord Charles Russell. Lord Edward Russell,

! &c. She w;is bora in 1810. and married in 1S42 Mr. Charles

j RomiHy. son of Sir Samuel Romilly, and now Clerk of the

Crown in Clianeery.
! Sir John Stuart Hiitislev, Bart., of Warfield Grove.
I Berkshire, died ..n the 'Jnth inst. He was the only son of Sir
I John Coxe Hippislcv. Bart., by bis marriage with the second
! daughter of Sir .b.hu Stuart, Bart., of Allanb:ink, and was
I bom in lT9(t. He succeeded his father as second baronet in
I 1S25. Thc first baronet was in thc diplomatic service, and
I negotiated thc marriage of the Princess Royal of England,
' eldest daughter of George 111., with the King of Wurtemberg.
He was created a baronet for his special services. The late
baronet having died uniiiarrie J, the baronetcy is extinct.

Sm John Dick Lauder, Bart., of Foimtain Hall, died at
Bournemouth on the 23rd inst. He had not been well for
some time, and went to Hants Last autumn for the benefit of
his health, residhig there during the winter, but luitil a few
days ago he had not been so ill as to cause uneasiness to his
friends, and his death was somewhat xmexpected. He was
born in 1813. and was therefore in his .'J4th year. He was for
Several years in the service of the East India Company. He
succeeded to thc baronetcy iu 1348, on the death of his father,
the seventh baronet, the well-known Sir Thomas Dick Lauder,
author of " The Wolf of Badenoch," "The Floods of Moray,"
and other works. In lS4J'i he married Lady Annj Dalryniple.
d-vuEhter of the ninth Earl of Stair ; and he leaves a family of
f.nn- sons and three daughters. The eldest son, Thomas North
Dick Lauder, who succeeds to thc baronetcy, has been for
some time in the COth Rifles, and Ls in his 21st year.

Major-Gen-cral Bonner, of the Indian Army, died a few
days siucc. He entered the Madras ArtiUery in 1S05, and was
continuously employed in the field from 1808 until the close of
the Mahratta war iu 1818, and was present at the attack and
defeat of Wahib Ally Khan Bunghusb, at Arumubuair, at the
battle of Mehidpore, at the as3.ault and aipture of Talnair, and
at the siege of Asseerghur. He was frequently mentioned in
the Gazettes. He returned to England in 1827, and as an
acknowledgment of his high reputation in the field and his
faithful services was appointed by the Court, of Directors to
succeed Colonel Forest as Inspeetor-Genoral of Stores for
India. He filled that office for more than 30 years, and on his
retirement in 1859 he received from thc Principal Secretary of
State for India an acknowledgment of the zeal, ability, and
integrity with which he had discharged the duties of a most
responsible office.

Admiral Sir Phipps Hornby, G.C.B,, Rear-Admiral of the
United Kingdom, died on the 19th inst., in his 82d year. He
was fifth son of the Rev. Geoffrey Hornby, rector of Winwich,
Lancashire, by the Hon. Lucy Stanley, sister of the 12th Earl
of Derby. He entered the Navy in 1797, and saw much service
in the West Indies and the Mediterranean. In 1806 he served
on shore at the defence of Gaeta, and commanded the seamen
and Marines at the capture of the island of Capri. In the
same year, when in command of the Duchess of Bedford, 16.
in the Gut of Gibraltar, he succeeded in beating off two Spanish |
privateers. He was next employed at the blockade of Ceuta, I
and co-operated for some time in the defence of Sicily against \
the threatened invasion of Murat. He received a gold medal '
for the part he took in the action off Lissa. In 1832 ho wa>3
appointed Superintendent of the Royal Naval Hospital and
Victualling Yard at Plymouth ; in 1838 he was appointed
Superintendent of the "Dockyard at Woolwich ; from 1841,
until promoted to flag rank in 1846, he was Controller- General
of the Coastguard ; and from February to December, 1852, he
was one of the Junior Lords of the .\dmiralty. He was made
a Companion of the Bath in 181.5 ; Knight Commander in 1852,
and a Knight Gnind Ch-oss in 1861.

Mu. R. Culling H anbury, M.P, for Middlesex, died
ycsterdaj' iu his 44th y&ar. He was fir.'Jt returned for the
metropolitan county in 1857. He was a pai-tner in the firm of
Truman, Hanbuiy, Buxton, & Co., and was a Liberal in
politics.

Mr. Charles Pascoe Grenfell, formerly M.P. for Preston,
died suddenly on the 2l8t insr. at Taplow Court, Bucks, in his
77th year. He man-ied in 1819 Lady Georgiana Molyneux,
eldest daughter of thc second Earl of Sefton, aud aunt to the
present peer. He was for many yeai's in the House of
Commons, and his second son. Mi". Henry River-sdale GrenfeU,
is M.P. for Stoke-upon-Trent in the present parliament.

Mr. 8. P. Laboucmere, the head of the house of Hope A: Co.,
Amsterdam, died a few days since. He was the uncle of Lord
Taunton and of the late Mr. John Labouchere, and^was a liberal
Contributor to works of charity and philanthropy.

Mr. Alfred Mellon died on|Thursday morning. He was

G

!bout 50 yearw of age, and biul been for some time suffering
rem a dropsical attttok and derangemont t»f tho liver. lie
icgan Mm mu-Hical career in the nrchu.'^tm "f thc IJirmin^hftm
Theatre, and came to London iw muHieal director of tho
Adolphi Thoatro, under tho wicrOflMivo managernentfl of
Mr. YatcH and Mr. Welistor. While holding this pottition ho
married ,Mins Wnulgar— then, as now, the ]M»pular favourito at
that theatre. HiM talent as a niUHic.d eomluctor noon bociime
recugiiinod, and wlien he left the .\di.iphi he t^iok his «eut aa
nocund conductor at tho Italain i>|h;kl under Mr. Costa, He
I'onductott tho English Opura uiuler tho Pynu and Harrison
nianagumuiit, and latterly was tho lewsoo of Cuvent Garden
dining the winter season.

The Rev, Dr. Cami'HEI.l, tho Congregational Minister and
Editor of the JiridKh .Standard, died on the 2lith inst. at his
rosidenco, Manor House, St. John's Wood, In Ium 7'Jnd yoar.
He was bom in Foriarshirc in 17U5, and having received his
preliminary education at priv.ato schooLs. entered the UniverBlty
of St. Andrew's, whence he migrated to the University of
(Hasgow. Ho was <)rdainod in 1829 to tho pastoral chargu of a
congregation in Ayrshire ; but coming to London, ho was
appointed minister of the Tabernacle in Mourficlds. On
resigning that post, after 2ii years' labour, he devoted himself
entirely to literature, and was the editor of several periodicals,
and the author of sevend works, principally of a controversial
character. In 18.19 ho opened a ctnitroversy in thc newsimpora
with tho Queen's rrinters, on the Bible ininting monopoly,
which led to an immense reduction iu the price of the Scrip-
tures. In l«4l he received the degree of D.D. from tho
University of St. Andrew's, and a fuw months since he received
a splendid testimonial fruiu his admirers and friends on his
retirement into private life. When his late illness came upon
him he was engaged in writing his autobiography.

DEATH.— Mr, Charles Southbv, Nurseryman, Clapham,
aged 37.

Wills. — The will of Viscount Barrington, late of Beckett
House, Shrivenhara, Berks, and Cavendish Square, has been
sworn under 8o,00()i. personalty; Lady Caroline Cavendish,
45,000/. ; Mr. Johann Andreas Frerichs, of Thirlestaiue ilall,
Cheltenham, 100,000^ ; Mrs. Elizabeth Chaplin, 120.0ii0/. ;
Mr. William C. Towers, 70,00(J/. ; Mr. Richard C. Bowdon,
35,000/. ; Mr, Thomas Morgan, 45,000i. ; Mr. Robert Nesbitt,
50,000^ : the Hun. Frances Elizabeth Mitford, 45,0O0(. ; Sir
Charles Henry Rich. Bart., 5000/. : Mr. J. Rigby, l^.OOOi. :
Mr. John D. Jliddletou, 30,000/.

COVENT GARDEN.— March 30.
Although 'favourable weather has now set in, supplies
from disLaut parts of the country are still limited.
Hothouse Gi-ajies maintain good prices, but Strawlxjrries fetch
much less money than they did last week. Pine-apples are
becoming more plentiful. Forced Vegetables comprise French
Beans, Potatos, Sea Kale, and Rhubtu-b. Pears consist of
Easter Beurre only, as fai- as melting sorts arc concerned.
Apples comprise Nonpareils, Court Pendu Plat, and one or
two others. Oranges continue good and cheap, Kent
Cobs may still be had. Broccoli continues to arrive from
the West of England and thc Channel I.slands. Potatos
continue to realise high prices, ilowcrs chielly consist of
Orchids, Chinese Primulas, Violets, Pelargoniums, Cinerarias,
Mignonette, and Roses.

FRUIT.

Oranges, per 100, ,3& 6d to 8a

Apples, per bushel, 4s to 8s
Grape.4. per lb., 15s to 30s
Leiuuns, per 100, Vs to lis
Nuts, Kent Cobs, per 100 lb.,
75s to 80s

VEGETABLES.

Pears, per dozen, 3s to Gs
Pine-apples, per lb., 6s to 8s

Strawberries, per oz., Is to 2s

Artichokes, per doz., 2s to
A3p:u*agus, p. bimdle, 8s to 12s
Beet, per doz.. Is to 2s
Cabbages, per doz., 28 to 3s
Carrots, per bunch, 6d to 8d
Cauliflowers, p. doz., 48 to 8s
Celery, per bundle, ,2s to 2s. 6d
Cucumbers, each. Is to 33
Endive, per score. Is to Is 6d
Garlic and Shallots, p. lb., 8d
Herbs, per bunch, 2d to 4d
Horse liadish, p. bund. 4st o 6s
Leeks, per bunch, 2d to 4d
Lettuces, per score, 2s to 38

Mint, per bunch, Is 6d
I MushrooiJis, p. pott., 2s to 2s Gd
, Mustard A: Cress, p. punn., 2d
[ Onions, p. bush. 4s to 59

Parsley, p. bunch, lid to 8d
I Potatos, York Regents, p, ton,
I VMS to loua

I — Rocks, do., 90s to 110a
j — Flukes, 150s to 1703
I — Other sorts, 7.'S to SOs
I Radishes, p. 12 bim., Is to Is 6d
] Sea Kale, p. punn., 2s to 3s

Spinach, per bush., 4s to Os
; Turnips, per bunch, 6d

HOPS.— Borough Market, Friday, Marcb*29.
Messrs. Pattenden &. Smith report that the market con-
tinues the same as for some time past, the demand bemg but
moderate, while the small stocks on hand are gradually
diminishing. Prices remain unaltered.

HAY.- Per Load of 36 Trusses.
Smithfield, Thursday, March 2i,

Prime Meadow Hay 75e to 85s
Inferior do. . 35 65

Best Green Hay . . 84 90

Inferior do — —

Straw 40 4C

Clover, old . . . . 100s to 110s

Inferior do 80 95

Prime second cut 90 95

Inferior do, . . 50 70

Charles James Easton.

Cumberland Market, Thursday, March 5

Sup. Meadow Hay 88s to 95a

Inferior do 70 78

New do. . . . . — —

Superior Clover 108 114

Inferior Clover . . 84s to 96s

New do — —

Straw 45 43

Joshua Baker.

Whitechapel, Thursday, March 28.
Fine Meadow Hay 80s to 85s PrimelstcatClover lO.'isto llOs

Inferior do 65 75

Prime New Hay . . — —

Inferior — —

Straw 36 42

Inferior do. do. . . 90 100

Second cut do. . . 95 100

Inferior do 60 80

Rowen — —

COALS.— March 27.
Holywell Main, 17a. 3d. ; Walls End Harton, ISs, 3d.— Ships
at market, 21 ; sold, 19.

METROPOLITAN CATTLE MARKET,
Monday, March 25.
The supply of Beasts is shorter than on Monday last, but
trade is very duU, and we cannot quote higher than on that
day. The supply of Sheep is large, and the demand very
limited. Prices are lower than on Monday hist, but rather in
advance of last Thursday's quotations. Choice Cidvca are
still scai'ce and dear. Our foreign supply consists of 164i>
Beasts, 608O Sheep, 115 Calves, and 35 Pigs ; from Scotland
we have 170 Beasts; from Norfolk and Suffolk, 1850; and
3U0 from the Northern and Midland Counties.

Best Scots, Here-
fords, &c.
Best Short-horns
2d quaUty Beiists
Best Downs and
Half-breds . .
Do. Shorn

s d

0to5
8 — 5
0 — 3

d s
4 to 5

Best Long-wools.
Do. Shorn . . • • — ■

Ewes & 2d quality 4 0 — 4
Do. Shorn - . ■ ■ —

Lambs • ■ • -

Calves . . ..44—6

Pigs '.- ..30—4

Beasts, 3960 ; Sheep & Lambs, 20,640 : Calves, 128 ; Pigs, 330.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[]MAfiCH 30, 1867.

Thursday, March 28.
The supply of Beasts Is good, but there is scarcely any
demand for them. Only a few of the choicest qualities can
he sold. The supply of Sheep also very much exceeds the
demand. Choice Calves are still in request at fully late rates.
Many of the Sheep are now shorn, and there is a good supply
of Lambs, but trade is bad for them. Our foreign supply
consists of 146 Beasts, 1220 Sheep, 111 Calves, and 70 Pigs.

Best Scots, Here- Best Long-wools 5

fords, &c. . . 4 10 — 5 0 Do. Shorn . . 4

Best Short-horns 4 6 — 4 10 Ewes & 2d quality 4

2d quaUty Beasts 2 8 — 3 4 Do. Shorn

Best Downs and Lambs

Half-breds ..5 8 to 6 0 Calves .. .. 4

Do. Shorn . . 5 0 — 5 4 Pigs 3

Beasts, 590 ; Sheep and Lambs, 4810 ; Calves, 1,
160 ; Milch Cows, —

d

4 — 5 8
6 — 4 10
0 — 4 4

-4 4
Pigs,

NEWGATE. -March .30.

Best Fresh Butter IGs. per dozen lb.

Second do. do. 14s. ,,

Small Pork, 43. Od. to 4s. 6d. ; Large Pork, 3s. 2d, to
3s. 8d. per 8 lb.

MARK LANE.— Monday, March 25.
The supply of Wheat from Essex, and Kent to this morning's
market was small ; the former met a slow sale at last week's
prices, and the latter at a decline of Is. per qr. There was a
fair attendance, but foreign Wheat met with a retail sale only
at our quotations. Barley, Beans, and Peas were a slow sale.
Oats brought an advance of 6d. per qr. upon the pnces of this
day se'nnight, but the sales were restricted. In Flour there
was but little business transacted.
Price per Imperial. Quariee.

Wheat, Essex, Kent, & Suffolk. White '55- 65 Red 53—61

— — fine selected runs. .do. 59—68 Red 58—67

Red

Malting , .
Malting . .

Feed . . . .
Feed ....
Feed ....
Foreign . .

Harrow . .
Longpod
Egyptian
Suffolk .,
Foreign . .
Foreign . .

43-48
.35-41

23— 2(
20—26

38—43

39-41
36—44
35-40
36—40

47—52
48—54

110s. to 1408, ; Dunbar and East Lothian Regents, 1208.
to 140s.; Perth, Forfar, and Fife Regents. llOs. to 130s.;
ditto Rocks, 100s. to llOs. ; French Whites. 95s. to 100s.

ENGLISH WOOL.
Very little wool of any description has changed hands, and
even a concession of id. to JJd. per lb. has only resulted in
a few tardy orders.
Current Prices of English Wool, per lb. — s. d. s. d.

Fleeces— Southdown hoggets 1 5i to 1 6

Half-bred ditto 1 6 to 1 7

Kent Fleeces 1 5 to 1 6

Southdown ewes and wethers . . 1 4 to 1 A\
Leicester ditto . . . . — to 1 5

SoRT3 — Clothing 1 3 to 1 7

Combing 1 3 to 1 10

WANTED, in a small Florist, Nursery, and Jobbing
Eusiness in IsUnRtoD, an active PARTNER, to Manage the
Jobbing and Outwork, wbo can command £5u casb. Also One or
Two active JOBBING HANDS.— Apply to Miciiell & Co., William
Street. New North Road, London, N.

WANTED, a GROUND FOREMAN, SALESAIAN,
and HARDY PROPAGATOR, in a Nursery near London.—
A thorough knowledge of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees is indis-
pensable.—Address, stating terms and references, K., Oardeners'
Chronicle Office, W.C.

WANTED, a WURKINU FURKMAN for the Wood
on an exten.<iive Estate. Wages 16s. per week, iTith house
and fuel.— Apply to J. AspEttson, Ourraghmore. Fortlaw, Ireland.

\^'' ANTED, a GARDENER, where a helper is kept.—
» V Married, no incumbrance. Wife to be able to wash.

Pdrsonal references as to qujihflcations, in London if possible.

Must thoroughly understand Flower and Kitchen Gardens, and take

an interest in liis work. Wages £62 per annum. Cottage found.

Situation 20 miles from London. — Apply per-ionally or by letter to

Captain C, 14, Charles Street, St. James's. S.W.

Talavera 64—72

— Norfolk

— Foreign 56—72

Barley, grind.&dist.,31s.to363...Chev. 45—50

— Foreign. .grindinganddistilling 29 — 33
Oats, Essex and Suffolk 23—26

— Scotch and Lincolnshire. .Potato 27 — 29

— Irish Potato 26—:

— Foreign Poland and Brew 19— 32

Eye 34—39

Rye-meal, Foreign

Beans, Mazagan 36s to 43s . .Tick 38—43

— Pigeon 41s to 493 . .Winds. —

— Foreign Small 36— 37

Peas, White, Flssex, and Kent . .Boilers '38—42

— Maple, 35sto 40s Grey 35— 37

Maize , —

Flour, best marks delivered . . per sack 52—5'

— 2d ditto ditto'47— 52 Country..

— Foreign per barrel , 24 —38 Per sack.

Fkidav, March 29.
The change in the weather has completely altered the tone
of the Wheat trade, which ruled exceedingly dull during the
past week, at a reduction of Is, per qr. in many of our leading
markets, while millers continued to purcha.« only from hand
to mouth, in the expectation of still lower rates. Barley of
all sorts remained a difficult sale, except in a few of the
East Coast markets, which were active at extreme rates ; we
do not, however, quote a further general decline, Birming-
ham alone being Is. to 2s. per qr. cheaper. Peas were
unaltered iri value. Beans from scarcity were the turn
dearer in several markets. Good dry old Oats are sc;irce, and
fully maintain former rates. New are les.s sought after, and
prices in buyers' favour. Flour was difficult of sale and
cheaper, Siuce Fric?ay the arrivals off the coast amounted
to 71 cargoes, and there remained for sale last night 50 cargoes.
The floating trade has been devoid of activity ; buyers are
holding off in expectation of easier rates. Anived Wheat
was a slow sale, aud declined Is. to 2s. per qr. Maize being
scarce, holders weic enabled to realise 2s. perqr. advance iu
the sales eflected during the last day or two. Barley continues
steady. In cargoes of Wheat on passage and for forward
shipment there is nothing doing. Paris, March 28. — The
market for Wheat is \vithout material change : business con-
tinues qinet. In Flour transactions are limited to daily
requirements. The stock at the Halle is estimated at
23,335 cwls.

The arrivals of EngUsh grain and foreign Oats this week
have been moderate, large of foreign Wheat, and very con-
siderable of Barley, a large portion of which is American.
The attendance at this morning's market was small.
There was little English Wheat on offer; nevertheless sales
could not be proceeded with except at a reduction of Is. per
qr., and the same concession was submitted to on foreign
where business was concluded. Barlej' and Oats were a slow
sale and rather cheaper. Beans and Peas were unaltered
n value.

Arrivals this Week.

WANTED, in a Provincial Nursery, TWO ACTIVE
MEN, who hiive been accustomed to Plantinx Forest and
other Trees and Shrubs ; and if acquainted with Budding and
Grafting they would be preferred. — For further particular's, apply to
Messrs. Hurbt & Sok, 6, Leadenhall Street, London, E.G.

ANTED, a PROPAGATORl)f Soft- w code dTl^mtT.

— Must be a person used to Nursorv Work .and Growing for
Market.— Apply to Mr. W. Towxsend, St. Mary's Nursery, Hornsey.

Nursery Labourers.
ESSRS. YEITCH and SONS have work for some

M^

good, active YOUNG MEN at their Coombo Wood Nursery,
near Kingston-on-Thamej. Wages, ISs. and I65. per week, according
to capabiiitiea. Employment conatant. — Apply personally, or by
letter, at Royal Exotic Nursery, King's Road, Chelsea, S.W.

WANTED in a Small Nursery, as SECOND MAN,
a steady industrious Person, agn from 30 to 40, who could
take the Management in absence of Head. Also a BOY from
14 to 16. — Apply, Taos. Surhak, Lavender Hill Nursery, Wandsworth
Road, S.

English . .
Iiieh ....

Foreign . .

Wheat.

25,C8Q

Barley.

450 qrs.
34,330 „

Oats.

150 qrs.
23,140

34,780 I 23,290

Plour.

930 sks.

( 6750 „
I — brls,

Liverpool, Tuesday, March 26.— The attendance at market
was pretty good. Flour met with a slow sale, but is nominally
without change. Wheat not in active demand, but steady
in piice. Beans In moderate request at rather lower i-ates.
Egyptian 36s. to 36s. Sd., retail. Barley dull. Oats dull.
Oatmeal in fair demand at the improvement of last week.
Indian Corn has declined Is. 6d. on the week, and but Httle
business is reported. Mixed American, 39s. 9d. to 40s.
per 490 lb.

Friday, March 29.— The market was fairly attended.
Wheat in modei-ate demand, and prices favour purchasers.
Flour slow, and nominally unaltered. Beans 6d. per qr.
cheaper. Barley steady. Oats and Oatmeal quiet. Indiim
Com in fair request ; mixed, 39s. 3d. to 39s. 6d.
Averages.

WANTED, as WAREHOUSEMAN in a Wholesale
Seed Warehouse, a Man to take the 'entire Management.—
Address bv letter, stating aire, wages, and last situation, to R. C,
152, Fleet Street, London, E.G.

WANTED, a Youth as JUNIOR CLkKK for :
Seed Establishment in London.— Apply to A. B., Gardeners
Chronicle Office, London, W.C.

WANTED, a steady Yoanj; Man as iJKUOM and
GARDENER.— Oi.eVho umitjrstan'U the care of a Horse,
Vegetable and Flower Garden, and Greenhouse. Good wages. —
Apply by letter to Box 41, Pust Offlco, Swansea.

"WANT PLACES.— Letters to be Post Paid.

EXPERIENCED GARDENERS (or as GARDENER
and BAILIFF), of various qunliflcationa, recommended to
Gentlemen. — Further particulars ^iven onavplicatinnto Messrs. K. G.
Henderson & Si.n, Wullinpton Nursery. St. John's Wnoii, London, N.W.

Gardeners, Head, Foremen, and Under.

JAMES (JAitXKll AND CO. liaving many applications
for the above, request these wantmg Situations to sand Name,
Addrcs,s, and Copies of Testiuionial-s, for entry In their Free Register.
Only those who cm send unquestionable references need apply.
Any Lady or Gentleman requiring Gardeners, as above, m.ay rely
upon J, Carter & Co. adopting the most stringent regulations in
reference to te-stimonials as to abilitv, honesty, ic. — James Carter
& Co., 237 and 23S, High Holbom, W.C.

O.ARDENElt (Bead).— Ape 30; thoroughly proficient
y.J in his profession. Will bo disengaged on April C; four years'
good character from bis present employer, — W. Ashwell, The
Qaruens, Bylaugh Park, E ist Dereham, Norfolk.

GARUENKR (Hea-D).— Age 30, married, no incum-
brance ; thoroughly understands his profession in all its
branches. Four and ah*lf years' good character. — G. N., Pine-apple
Nursery, Elgwiire Koad, London, W.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 32; married, no incum-
brance ; practically acquainted with the various branches ol
Horticulture. Can ba well recommended — H. N., 3, Auckland
Street, Vauxhall Gardens, S.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 26, married, one child;
thoroughly understands his profession in all its branches.
Character will bear the strictest investigation. — ,1. M., Wilmslow,
Manchester.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 34. married, no incum-
brance. Wife could Manage a Dairy or some other employ-
ment in or out of the House. Characters will bear the strictest
Investigation.— A. B. C, 64, Gough Street, Gray's Inn Road, W.C.

Veh

16 ..

23 ..

March 2 ..

—

9 ..

—

16 ..

—

23 ..

Agg

Average

Wheat.

Barley.

59sl0d
59 11
69 8
69 3
S» i
59 9

69 1

42 3

Oats.

235 6ci
24 3
24 8
24 1
24 9
24 8

24 4

POTATOS.— SotJTBWAEK, Monday, March 25.
During tlie past week the arrivals both coastwise and
by rail have boon moderate ; the trade has been good, and
prices for best samples from .'is. to 10s. per ton higher.
This d.iy's quotiitions; — Yorkshire Fhikcs, per ton, 12os.
to 1608. ; do. ilegents, 110s. to 140s. ; Lincolnshire Ke^'ent^i,

GARDENKE (Head). — Ase 28, married; has a
thorough practical knowledge of his profession in all its various
branches. Can be highly recommended. — A. B., Mr. Hay ward.
Grocer. Mitchani, Surrey.

GARDENER (Head). — Age 33, married, no incum-
brance ; thoroughly understands his profeKsion in all its
branches. Can take the Management of Land .ind Stock if required.
Two and a half years' good character.— A. B., Mr. W, Paul. Wiiltham
Cross, N.

GARDENER (Head), age 34. married, one child.—
Wm. Wood & Son, Maresfield, near Uckfield, Sussex, have the
Eleasuru to announce that they have permission to forward to any
ady or Gentleman who may require a really good practical Gardener,
the name and address of a gentleman, who will be happy to per-
sonally recommend his late Head Gardener, who is a man well
qualified for a large place. Wife can take charge of Dairy if required.

/GARDENER (Head). — The Wife of a Clergyman
ySX desires to recommend her Head Gardener, who has buen
4 years in her service. He is capable of undertaking an extensive

?Iace, but would not object to a smaller, if comfortable, — W. F.,
ost Office, Godstone, Surrey.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 40, married; has had
considerable experience in Alterations and Improvements,
Growing Pines, Vines, Peaches, Melons, Cucumbers, Fruits and
Flowers, and can Manage Kitchen Garden and Land if required.
Satisfactory testimonials. — Chas, Stewart, Kofant Gardens, near
Crawlej , Sussex.

GARDENER (Head).— Married, no incumbrance;
thoroughly well acquainted with Forcing Fruit, Flowers, and
Vegetables of any kind in ;ill branches, together with the generrxl
Management of an Estate. Seven years' unexceptionable character.
Salary £80, with house, &c. Wife good Dairywoman.— J. V., Mr.
Steel's, Post Office, Clapham Common, S.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen.

GARDENER (Head).— Age 32, married, one child;
will bo disengaged the middle of April, Many years' practical
experience in the "Growth of Pines, Grapes, Peaches, Melons,
Cucumbers, &c. First-cla-ss band at Stovo ana Greenhouse Plants,
including Ferns, Orchids, Tropical Plants, &c, ; and is a sood practical
Kitchen and Flower Gardener. Asuccesstnl exhibitor .at the Lnndon
Shows. Good reteronce.— H. Barnarb. TLo Gardens, liivcr House,
Woodborry Downs, Stoke Ncwington, N.

GARDENER (Head), or FOREMAN and PRO-
PAGATOR in a Nursery.— R. M., 22^, Narrow Wine Street,
Bristol.

ARDENER (Head, or Single-handed). — Age 26,

married, no incumbrance ; 2 years Foreman at present
situation nowleaving. Understands the aeneralroutineof Gardening.
Wife could Manage a Dairyfif required. No objection to live in a
Lodge.— T. Y,, Mr. J. Fowler, Byfleet Comer, Weybridge, Surrey.

GARDENER. — William Howard, Gardener to
James Brand, Esq., Bedford Hill, Balham, S., begs to state
that he is at liberty to enter into an Engagement where the services
of a good practictl Man are required.

GARDENER, in a Gentleman's Garden.— Young,
married, no incumbrance; some years' oractice. Disengaged
in three weeks. Good character.- F. G., Post Office, Sunninghill,
Berks.

C;j.ARDENER (Journeyman), in a good Establishment.
X —Age 20 ; good references. — W. H., Mr. Poynter, County Seed
Establishment, Taunton.

GARDENER (Single-handed).— Age 23 ; understands
the Management of Vines, Melons, Cucumbers, Flower and
Kitchen Gardening in all its branches, and can make himself useful.
Three years' good character.— E. W,, Mr. W. Gladwin, High Street,
Southgate.

GARDENER (Second). — Nine years' experience. —
Benj, Wood, Forest Cottage, Bracknell, Berks,

ARDENER (Second). — Character will bear the

J strictest investig-ation. — R. S., Post Office, Ewhurst, Guildford.

C;^ARDENKR (Second), in a large Establish tnont.—
X Age 24; five years' good character from last emoloyor. — A. B.,
2, Lime Cottages, Stockwell Private Road, Clapham, S.

GARDENER (Second).— Age 21, single; has been
used to House Work and Firos in several Noblemen'a
Establishments. Grood recommendation. — Apply, stating wages, &c.,
to J. C, Post Office, Briraptoo, Reading.

G

CIJ.ARDENER (Second or Under), in a Gentleman's
X Establish meat.— Age 25 ; good reference.- S. B., Fust Office,
Clifton, Bristol,

GARDENER (Under, or Single-handed). — Age 24;
has a good general knowledge of Gardening. Willing to make
himself useful.— A, B., 6, Bantinok Place, High Street, St. John's
Wood, N.W.

GARDENER (Under).— Age 19; has had good prac-
tical experience. Good character.— B. S. C., Boulter,
Plumber, Staines, Middlesex.

G~ ARDENER (Under).— Age 20; wishes to place
himself under a practical Man where he can improve himself.
A Premium given,— E. Yocso, Bylaugh Park, E;»st Dereham, Norfolk.

GARDENER and B.4lLTFF,"or BAILrFF,"Tn a Noble-
nnn's or Gentleman's family.— Ace 40 ; understands the Buying
and Selling of Stock, Ac. ; also the Breeding and Management of
Game. T-n years' character,— E. S., 38, Salisbury Street, Portman
Market. W. ___^

P~ OREMAN (NuusF.aY Ground).— Age 30 ; a suc-
cessful Budder and Grafter, Good references.— T. J. S., Post
Office, Cobham. burrey. ^^^^

FOREMAN in a Nobleman's or Gentlemaa's Garden. —
Ago 21 ; three years' good character from present employer.
—J. B., Paulton's Park, Roinsey, Hants.

FOREMAN, in some good Garden. — Age 22; has lived
in first-rate est.T.blishments, and can have unQxceptionablo
references as to chancter and ability. — J, H. H,, Lime Tree House,
Worthan, DiS'^, Norfolk.

fjlOKE.UAN in a Noblemau's or Gentleman's Garden. —
Been in the profession eight yearn, where ceneral Forcing has
been carried on with spirit; has a practical acquaintance with, and
taste for. Orchids. Two years' good reference. — A. D. F., Mr. W.
Earpe, The Garneas, Lpighton House, near Westbury, Wilts.

P~~RORAGATOR or SUPERINTENDENT "in a Nursery.
Has had great experience in the Tnido. High wtges nob
the primary object.- A. B.. 18, Malp.is Road. New Cross, S. K.

To London Nurserymen.

MANAGER (Working), or FOREMAN and PRO-
PAGATOR.—First- class experience and references. Com-
mencing salary 30s. per week. — Propagator, W. Otta way's,

Sunningdale, Berks.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen.

LAND AGENT. FARM RAILIEE, GARDENER,
WOOD FORESTER, &c.— Wanted an appointment as above;
thoroughly understands Buildings, Drainage, &c., and has had many
ye:irs' j'ractical experience in every department, and the Manage-
ment of .1 large Estate,— B. B,, Post Office, Kew, Surrey, S.

FORESTER. — Has had great ezperience in Scotland
in the Management of Woodlands and Hedges, and has had
extensive practice in England, in Forest and Oniamental Planting,
the Mejsunng, Valuing, and Cunducting of large Annual Sales of
Timber and Unde^^vood ; also in Hedeing, Ditching, and FencinR,
and the gcner.al Management of the Woodlands on a large Estate.
Good and satisfactory references on application to Messrs. Pktsb
Lawson- & Son, Nurserymen, Edinburgh.

STEWARUSHLR.— The Advertiser, of many years'
practical experience, is desirous of engaging. A Homo F<*rin
preferred.— J. S., cire of Mr. Win. Skirvlng, Liverpool.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen,
QTET^AKD, FA KM BAILIFF, or GENERAL

O MANAGER.— Age 39, married ; has a thorough practical
knowledge of Farmina: in every branch- Breeding, Rearing, Fatten-
ing, Buying and Selling all kinds of Stock ; well understands
Draining, Building, Woods, &c. ; the MciisuremenC of Land,
Timber ; Rents, Book-keeping, Ice. Has Imld situations in York-
shire, Shropsuire, and Buckingnamshire. First-elass testimonials
and references to the gentleman he is now with.— Farm Steward,
Gorelands Farm, Cbalfont St. Peter's, Slough, Bucks.

QTEWARD (Under).— Age 22 ; has been five years on

O an extensive Estate and Home Farm. Has had much ex-

Eerience in Draining and Pipe-making. Would be willing to make
imself useful in the above-named capacity. No objection to
Ireland.- A. M,. Mr. Mitchell, E^st Hall, Rainham, Essex.

IMPROVER, in a Gentleman's Garden, under a
Gardener in the houses.- Age 20 ; has served in the houses Ave
years. Good character given. — Peter Chick, Dillington, near
Ilminster, Somerset. ^^_ __^

IMPROVER, in a Nobleman's or Gentleman's Garden, '
where he can Improve himself. Twelve months' good recom-
mendation. Premium if required.- C. B., 2, Croft Cottages, Forest
Hill. S.E.

TO GARDENERS.— Wanted, to place an intelligent
YOUTH under a first-class Gardener for about three years,
where he will have an opportunity of learning the business. A

Premium given.— Mr. W. Farrott, Pvailway Siatnm. Rugby.

LERK (Under), and to Assist in the Seed Shop.—

Age 24 ; good references.- H. T,, Post Offlco, Cheshunt.

Tn Seedsmen

SHOPMAN. — Ase 29, single ; " h.is had 14 years'
expork'nco with th« Seed Trails ; nlso a goori knowledge of the
Nursery and Klonst Trade. Good rofoiyocu.— \V. H., I'esL Office,
U.\bridgo, W.

H

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 14.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Bconomy and General News.
SATURDAY, APRIL 6.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, 6(f.

INDEX.

AerJcultura) wa^ea

lleeH, BwurmJDg

JlonkHnotkoil 353 b

Itotanic ttardcDS

O^nifi-re

Cvpripcdivuus

E'duciition, ufcricultural

Eurulj-pti

KvivRrrens. cutting.. ..350 b-

FHrU1<i, KRlltll

Finiui'nt' Clubs

F.irm memumnOa

I'uoils, value of purehiiscil...,

<;t:iH.<i liou-cH, iteard's

c;nipe«, heavy ,

Hand power.,..

HimU ,

M.irsrs

Lilacs

Litubrocliia uniluluta

LucuUnit

Mikanln Lk-rvallii

I Mancliestcr Uorticultural

I Eshibitiun 3

' rnris Exhibition, opeuinc of.

348 c-n.it; e

I — — design for

I — — jmors for.... a

Peas, early 3

Fhalicnopsids 3

I Pnultrv 3

. I Riiinfull at Bury St. Edmund's 3

SCO r I KliododcndronDoihousise 3

36'2 a \ KoKes, forcing 3

3jH n I SaiTUcenitis 3

-nvoy. new sprouting 3

Shorthorns ;i

Society, Hoyal H'lrticultural 3
~ Koyal Agricultural .... 3

Soil, blasting sub 3

StraiTherries 3

Vines for Vineyards 3

352 a ' Vine growing: 3

351 c I "Wages, aKricultural 3

337 c
31)1 b
■351 b

3li2 (i
350 c
348 b

ROYAL HOKTTCULTUKAL SOCIETY,
I SOUTH KKNSINdTON, W.

SECOND SFIUNU SHUW of EAKLY AZALEAS. KOSES. &c..
on TUESDAY, April 10. Doors open at 2. Band 3 to 6.30.
Admission, by privileged tickets, 2s. Od. ; public, 3s. 6d., to bo
bought prior to the day ; or by payment at the gates, 5s.

oYal ^h ortic ultural society,

SOUTH KENSINGTON. W.

I'roroenado and Bnod every Saturday afternoon throughout the vear.

NoTiri:.— Dr. MASTKRS will dve 'a short LECTURE on PLANT

ARCHITECTURE THIS DAY, SATURDAY, tho 6th tost., and

the THREE succeediUR SATURDAYS, at Three.

T> O Y A L^l! 0 T A N 1 C^S 0 CI E T Y ' S^GAKD^EN S ,

J.t Reeenfs Park -SATURDAY NEXT. April 13, EXHIBI-
TION of SPRING FLOWERS. Tick.!(s is. Id. cueli. To bs obtaii.cd
at the GardeDfi by Orders from Fellows of tho Society. Gates open
at 2 o'elock. Band will play from 2.3ii to 6.30.

THE BEST and MOST CHOICE NEW ROSES for
1867, m extra-strong well-grown PLints, now ready at 42s. per
dozen. A very liberal allowance to tho I'rade.
Wu. Wood it Son, Tho Nurseries, MaresQeld, near Uckfleld, Sussex

FORTY THOUSAND DWARF ROSES in POTS.—
HYBRID PERPETUALS, CHINA. TEA-SCENTED,
BOURBONS, and Nul.SETTES, all in tho finest health aud vigour.
DESCRIPTIVE LISTS on application.
Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfleld,
Sussex.

Dwarf Roses In Pots for Bedding.

WM. AVOOD AND SON :av now scndLng out (|uantities
of well-nrown Plants of DWAKF ROSES in pots for flUmg
up blanks caused by the lato severe frost.

Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfield, Sussex.

DWAKF Rt)SES IN POTS,
by the 100, dozen, or 1000, at 9s., 12s., and iSs. per dozen.
CATALOGUES on application.
Address, Wm. Wood &, Son, Woodlanos Nursery, Maresfield, near
Uckfleld, Sussex.

TH E ~C HO ICEST 12 NEW^ROSES for 1867. with
strong healthy growth, unusually fine plants, so soon as
weather permits. Price 42s. per duzen.

Richard Ssiith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester

N

E\V ROSES for 18fi7.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with prices, on application.
JoDN Cbansto.v, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford,

CULYURAL DIR^ECTIONS for~the~~RdSE:
Second Edition. By John Cr.\nston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Herel'orfl. Pree by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

^LEAFORD H OUT! CULTURAL SOCIETY.—
~ The ANNUAL EXHIBITION of this Society will be held on
THURSDAY*, July 11. Schedules on application to
North Road Nursery, Sieaford. Frank Warwick., Sec.

SUTTON'S HOME-GROWN SEEDS.
Prices and particulars on application.

E^VTeTE Y' "G A R"D"E N REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 23S, Hish Holbom. London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

AMES CARTER and CO.;

Seed Faumkrs, Merchants, and Nurserymew,
237 & 238, High Holbom, London. W.C.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Merchants, 7, Borough Market, London. S.E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER
SEEDS, Special prices and advantageous offers on application.

Plants for the Season!

CHARLES TURNER'S DESCRIPTIVE SPRING
CATALOGUE of BEDDING PLANTS, FLORIST'S
FLOWERS, &c., is now rea'ly, ami may be had on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

To the Trade.— Dwarf Hybrid Perpetual Roses.

HUSSblY AND SON bog to otter a surplus stock of the
above, in fine plants on the Manctti S:ock, at 30s. per 100.
Also GOLDEN CHAIN GERANIUMS, from store pots, at 14s. p. 100.
Milo Ei.d Nursery, Eaton, Norwich,

CALCEOLARIAS, Herbaceous, of choicest sti'ains,
strons established plants, in pots, 4-inch, 305. per 100.
H. & R. Stirzarlr, Skerton Nurseries. Lancaster.

GERMAN FLOWER SEEDS.— Superb Varieties of
Aster.Stock, IJ.ilsam, Wallflower, Phlox Drumniondii, Portulac^,
Lai-kspur, Zinnia, &c. For prices, see DESCKIPTIVE SEED LIST.
Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

NEW WHITE LOBELIA MISS MURPHY (Usher's).
— The most be.iutiflil and compact of all white Edging plants.
4s. per dozen ; 25s. per 100.

Martin & Son, 7, Market Place, Hull.

Verbenas, Verbenas.

PHILIP LADDS is now sending out a good supply of
the above, stronjj plants, in thumb pots, including 40 Yarieties
of 1S66, at 2s. per dozen, nackage included. Terms cash.
Nursery. Bexley Heath, Kent.

ALLEN'S Illustrated and Descriptive CATALOGUES
of BEDDING PLANTS, DRAWING-ROOM ORNAMENTS
for Flowers, io,, are now ready, and can be had by enclosing one
postage stamp.

Norfolk Nursery, Shacklewell, near London, N.E.

ALLEN'S Eighteenth Annual DAHLIA CATALOGUE
is now ready, and can be had "on application ; also the largest
stock of BEDDING PLANTS on the North side of London.
Norfolk Nursery. Shacklewell, near London, N.E.

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSfl AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, .md FARM -SEEDS, post free on
application. Higli^iate, London, N.

Somersetshire Prize Seeds.

GENUINE GARDEN and FLOWER and FARM
SEEDS of the finest stocks and quality ; LIST.S now ready.
Robert H. Povnter, the County Seed Establishment, Taunton.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
Trado that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on .application.
Seed Warehouse, Sieaford,

s

Unadulterated Garden and Agrlcrultural Seeds.
'MITHERS AND CRICHTON,

Sekd Merchams, Bunhill Row, Finsbury Square, London, E.G.
CATALOGUES post free on application.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE'S WHOLESALE SPRING
• PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of 1SG6 growth is now
ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

1ftfi7 AGRICULTURAL SEEDS,

JLO vJ f of best selected quality, and carriage free.
PRICED LIST on application.
Jasies Diceson t Sons, 102, Eastgate Street, Chester.

0Q*7 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

/CO § —CARTER'S SELECT LIST of FARM" SEEDS, at
reasonable prices, forwarded gratis and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High
Holbom, London, W.C.

Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLARD, Seed Grower and Merchant,
20, Quai de la M^gissfrie, Paris, France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEEDS, in English weights
and money, post fVee on application.

Forsythla vlridissima varlegata.

THOMAS CRIPPS regrets having to announce (in reply
to numerous inquiries) that, in consequence of the Stock being
too limited, the above desirable Novelty will not be sent out this
The Nurseries, Timbridge Wells, Kent.

-^ Turf.

TT^OR SALE, on the Heathville Estate, adjoining
-L Denmark Roafl, near to the City of Gloucester, TURF at 3U
per square yard, cut and ready for delivery.

Apply personally to Stephk.v Rilet, at work in the Ground.

Verbenas, New and Old.

WILLIAM KNIGHT is now sending out strong
established Plants, in small pots, of 36 finest Varieties for
Exhibitors or Beddiuj:, for Uin. Gd., package included. Terms cash.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE free,
Floi-id Nursery, Hailsham, Ilurst Green. Sussex.

Vines for Cool Vineries.

P'AUL AND SON have tine Canes, fit for present
planting, of HAMBURGH, GOLDEN FRONTIGNAN, LADT
DOWNES*. and DUCHESS of BUCCLEUCH, &?. each.
The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

PRINCESS of WALES STRAVv BERRY. —This fine
vanety is now proved to be the best early variety ever pro-
duced, either for Forcing or for general Early Crop. See Gardeners'
(Thrunicle of May 12, 1860, p. 437. Good Plants can now be supplied
from the true stock, at 68. per 100, from the raiser,

B. W. Kmgqt, Nurseryman, Battle, Susses.

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the above may
now be had at 10s. Gd. and 21s. each ; the usual discount to the
Trade. Peter Lawson & Son, Edinbui'gh and London.

w

EBB'S PRIZE COB. FILBERT and other PRIZE
NUT TREKS. LIST of varieties and prices to be had of
Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, ,\PR1C0TS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PKARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RioQAaD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Slerchant, Worcester.

A QUANTITY of FRUIT TREES, WEEPINli TREES,
EVERGREENS in pots, SHRUBS and CLIMBING PLANTS,
CAMELLIAS, AZALEAS, and ORANGE TREES, just Imported.
R. Gresn, The Bedford Conservatories, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

H

Forest and Ornamental Trees.
and R. STIRZAKER are ofl'ering in large
quantities of all sizes of the above, at very low prices.
Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

Planting.

WM. PAUL begs to refer intending Planters of
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, &c., to liis Advertise-
ment of December 1, 1860.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.
Padl's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

__ Railway Planting.

FIVE MILLION Transplanted QUICKS, of superior
growth. Also 100,000 LARCH, very good plants, 4 to 6 feet, at
14s. per 1000. Samples and prices on application to

John Hemsley, High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

rpRANSPLANTED LARCH, 3 to 3J feet, at 5s. 6d. per
JL 1000. We have still a few Thousands on band, for which sarly
orders will oblige.

Edward Sang & Sons, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy, N.B.

To the Trade.

MESSRS. J. TRESIBLE and SONS, Nurserymen,
kc, Penrith, require a quantity of 2 and 3-yr., or bedded,
PINUS of sorts, and other CONIFi^R.E, and good hardy Ornamental
TREES and SHRUBS. Healthy yoiuiif stuff. Lowest price.

To the Trade.

WILLIAM BARRON is ottering 1 and 2-vr. old
PICEA NOBILIS, very cheap. They are remarkably fine
well-rooted plants. Price per loo or lUOO on application.
Elvoston Nurseries, Borrowasn, Derby.

Notice.— Present Prices of Farm Seeds.

MESSRS. SUTTON'S PRICES of FARM SEEDS
for APRIL will be tho same as quoted in their CATALOGUE
for FEBRUARY and MARCH, which may be had post free on
application. Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Readmg.

F

ARM SEED LIST of the LONDON SEED COMPANY

s now published, and can bo obtained from the
Manaoek, 68, Wolbeck Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.

QKIRVINU'S SWEDE TURNIP, 31s. per bushel

k^ Fine selected stock, from the

London Seed Co.mpanv, 08, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

VELLO^V GLOBE MANGEL

per c^vt.

W GLOBE MANGEL, 50s.

Fine selected stock, from the
LoNUON SiiEn CoMi'ANV, 0.H, Wclbock Street. Cavendish Square, W,

White Belgian Carrot.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply tine New Seed of the
above at a very moderate price, according to quantity required.
Apply to

Sdtton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

CONaUEROR BROCCOLI.— The finest Broccoli in
Cultivation i.s BARCHARD'S CONQUEROR. See large
Advertisement in the Gardeners' Clironicle, December 8, 1860.
Witty Si Son, .Seed Establishment, Cottingham, near Hull.

G

lANT ASPARAGUS.— 2-vr., strong Roots, '2s. 6d. per

100 ; 20s, per 1000. 3-yr., very strong, 3s. Gd. per 100 ; 30«. per 1000.
John Cranston, Knig's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

EA LINCOLNSHIRE GEM, pronounced by
the principal Gardeners in this neighbourhood superior to
either Veitch'a or Yorkshire Hero, being earlier and heavy cropper.
Martin & Sun, 7, Market Place, HulL

PATERSON'S VICTORIA POTATOS,— The heaviest
croppers, the finest flavoured, and the best keepers. Seed
direct from Mr. Patersok. Price on application to
Mr. PiiAKUK, Measham, Atherstoae.

RAPE SEED or COLE.— From 15 to 20 Quarters to
offer, at 70s. per quarter (for cash), at
Frank Wabwicr's Seed Warehouse, Sieaford.

New Striped Japanese Maize.

SUTTON AM' S(.i.\S run <up].ly Seed of the above
beautiful OnKiiiiCiiUd T'^iliayL- I'lmt, in packets at Is. each, post
fi-ee. Royal BurlCMlJiie .Siied i-^slabliihrntnt, Reading.

Sorghum tartaricum,

SUTTON AND SONS, having imported a supply of
True Seed of tho above, can supply it in packets at Is. and
2s. 6d. each (post free).

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Fine Grass Seeds for Cricket Grounds,

BOWLING GREENS, or CROQUET GROUNDS.

SUTTON AND SONS can supplv suitable kinds of the
finest-growing GRASSES and CLOVERS for the above purposes,
at Is. 3d. per lb., 24s. per bushel.

SurroN & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

The New Forage Grass (Bromus Schraderl).

SUTTON AND SONS have imported a large supply of
True Seed of the above, and offer it at '2s. 6d. per lb., or cheaper
in large quantities. Quantity required per acre, 3U lb. Lowest price
per cwt. and instructions on cultivation, may be h.id on application.
Sdtton & Sons, Seed Merchants, Reading.

DICKINSON'S ITALIAN RYE-GRASS SEED,
grown by him and sold to Agriculturists this season at 34s. per
quarter, or for 5 quarters 30s. per quarter. Apply to

Mr, Tuos. Stanbridge, Bailiff, New Park, Lymmgton, Hants,

N^ AtURAi~GRASSES : their Names and ;Derivations;
Quality, Produce, Elevation, Situation, Soil, Use, Peculiarity
Season, Grotvth, Increjse, Time of Flowermg, Price, &c.
Free for one pnstaijo stamp.
KiCBAKD SiUTii, Seed Merchant, Worcester,

Grass Seeds for Permanent Pasture.

F)ICHAKD SMITH'S MIXTURE of the finest
\j PERKNNIAL GRASSES and CLOVERS are carefully miwie
to suit all kinds of S :>\l. Price 2Gs. to 32s. per acre.
PRICED LIST on application.
Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester,

GOOD CLOVER SEEDS, at Market Prices.- Red,
White Dutch, Alsike, Cow Grass, and Trefoil ; also Perenni.il,
Italian Rye, and other Grasses. For samples and lowest prices, apply
to Richard Smitu, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

To Improve Meadow Land.

RICHARD SMITH'S MIXTURE of the finest
GRASSES and PERENNIAL CLOVERS (S to 12 lb, per acre,
.at lOd. per lb.), if sown earl v, will cause a valuable improvement to the
crop. RicHAKD Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

IBBON "BORDERXsix Colours), German and French,
COLLECTIONS,andall specialties worth growing. SeePoYNiER'
LIST. RoBiitT H. Povnter, Taunton.

rpRlCOLOR GKKANIUMS. — Italia Unita, Stella,
X Variegated Topay, Rainbow, Fontainebleau, Gold Pheasant,
Mrs. Pollock, Sunset. The above, one of each, good plants, 12s.
T. J. Booth, Rainhill Nursery. Rainhill, Lancashire.

r^EO. SMITH'S LE (iRANU GERANIUM. — The

vT finest Bedding Nosegay ever raised. Strong Plants at 6s. per
dozen, package included. Terms cash.

Philip Ladds, Nursery, Bexley Heath, Kent.

D

A H L I A CUTTINGS.

CATALOGUE for One Stamp on applicition to
John Morse, Nurseryman, Dursley.

SHOW DAHLIAS, in strong plants, now ready.
_ 12 Varieties, named, 48., or 24 Varieties, named, 8s, Terms cash.
John J. Haslam, late John Holland, Bradshaw Gardens,
Chadderton, Manchester.

Dahlias. „ ^

GEO. RAWLINGS' NINETEENTH ANNUAL
CATALOGUE contains 170 select varieties at 3s. per dozen,
including Leah, George Wheeler, and the best of 1865. Also 47 of
1666, at 9s. per dozen Including Fanny Sturt,

Waterloo Road, Romford, E.

DWARF~BEDDING DAHLIAST-ALBA FLORI-
BUNDA NANA, height 2i feet ; LITTLE NAJADE, white,
cherrv tips, 2i feet ; PURPLE ZELINDA 2 feet. Strong ground
roots of the above at 10s., 8s., and 6s. per dozen. They have proved to
be very effective for beds or nbbon borders. Hamper and packmg free.
Charles Shilling, HUl Nursery, Winchfield, Hants.

342

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 6, 1867.

L Choice Seeds.

WM. CXJTBTTSH and SON strongly recommend tlie
followint; : —
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATE, of the finest possible strain,

Red, White, or Mixed, 2s. Gd., 3s., and Ss. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James" choice straia, very fine, 2s. 6d.,

3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet,
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2«. M., 35. Gd.. and 5s. perpacket.
SNOW'S WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True}, Wm. C. & Son's own

saving, 2s, Gd. per packet.
NUNEHAM PARK ONION, 2s, lid. pev paoket.

Eor other Choice Seeds seo CATALOGUE, post free.
Hiphgate Nurseries, London, N.

Lobelias, Lobelias, Lobelias.

THOMAS SAMPSON is now re:idy to supply by the
Dozen, Hundi-ed, or Thousand, the splendia LOBELIA
ERINUS SPECIOSA GRANDIFLOKA, well known as the best of
its class for Bedding and other purposes, being of a compact
habit, and of freer growth than the known L. speciosa, havmg
proved it to be more lasting and hardy. The flowers are laige dark
blue, with tine white eye. Per dozen, in store pots, 2s, Gd.
per 100, 12s. ; per 1000, 95s.

Peteh Drdmmond, Manager, The Preston Road Nurseries, Yeovil,
Somersetshire.

General Plant Catalogue, 176 pages, 8vo.

HLAUKENTIUS', Lc-ipziii;. PRICED CATALOGUE,
■ containing Novelties, Beautiful and Rare Plants, also
selected Lists of all the favourite Descriptions of Garden Flowerfi
offered by the Horticultural Eatahlishment of H. Laurentjos,
Leipzig, Germany, can be had postlVee on application to
Messrs. Betuam Si Blackith, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames St., Loudon.

Cheap Bedding and other Plants.

THOMAS SAMPSON, Proprietor of the Preston Road
Nurseries, Yeovil, Somersetshire, lately carried on by
Dnimmond & Co., and formerly by John Scott, has much pleasure
in announcing that his CATALOGDE for the above Plants is now
ready, and can be bad free on application, T. S. begs to assure his
friends that the above Estabhshment has been for many years one
of the largest in the country or West of England for CHEAP
BEDDING PLANTS, and that his present Collection is now most
unique and extensive, consisting of upwards of 200,000 Plants. Having
recently extended his Glass Department to upwards of 12,000 feet,
expressly for the culture of Bedding Plants, he is enabled to supply
them in such varieties and at sucli low prices as cannot tail to give
the fullest satisfaction, T, S. will feel much obliged if his friends
will kindly inspect his Collection and forward their Orders early, so
as to avoid delay or inconvenience.

The Plants will be ready to send out after the 20th of April,
Peter Drdmmond, Manager, The Preston Road Nurseries, Yeon],
Somersetshire.

^f SCOTT'S CHOICE SEEDS, post free.

tl • Per packet — s. d.

STOCKS, newest large-flowering (Ten-week, 13 varieties 1 0

ASTERS, best Quilled German, 24 varieties, Gd. and ..10

|„ newest PEaPECTION French Exhibition,

' 24 varieties 10

„ „ French Giant EMPEROR, 12 vars.. , 1 0

,, ,, VICT' 'IMA, (. >. iiictios .. ..10

PRIMULA SINENSl^^ 1 IMi,i;l \r.\, a most superb

strain, and cannot be i . . i \ :ii-3. i«. Qd. and 2 C
CALCEOLARIA. ScuTi.- Mii.uib..,i.im .. Is. and 2 0

MAIZE, new striped-leaved 10

PHLOX DRUMMONDIl, 12 varieties 10

„ ,, brilliant Scarlet .. ..10

SWjijET PEAS, Invincible Scarlet 10

BEET, Scott's Crimson Dwarf 0 0

CUCDMBER, Enfield Surprise 10

„ KirkJees Hall Defiance 10

„ Scott's Market Ridge . , Gd. and 1 o

CINERARIA, extra Quo Is, and 2 G

TAGETES SIGNATA 0 0

VIOLA CORNUTA 10

ZINNIA, tiuporb Double, Svarlotie.*; .. Cri. and 1 0

„ „ Sihgle, (J varieties 0 fi

LETTUCE, Victoria Whito Cos 10

„ Wheeler's Toin Thumb . . . . . . 0 fi

ME LON, Princess Alice 10

RAPHANUS CAUDATUS .. '. 10

For descriptions of the above cheap Collections, &c., see SELECT
SEED LIST, free on application to

J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

K E T N E S~; Salisbury.

* NEW DAHLIAS for 1867.
FLOSSY GILL (Keynes).— A beautiful light ground, edged s. d.
with pink, first-class form. 3 ft. to 4 It. 10 6

Certificates. — Brighton Horticultural Society, Royal
Horticultural Society, Bath, Salisbury, Dorset.
VICE-PRESIDENT (Keynes). — A decided improvement on
Chairman, not requiring cutting out, very constant, finest
form, greatly admired, bright orange. 3 ft 10 G

FiusT-CLASB Certificates. — Crystal Palace, Burton-on-
Trent, Bath, Winchester, Dorset, Brighton, Salisbuiy.
lid. Royal Horticultural Society.
LADY JANE ELLIS (Eckford).— Creamy white ground

tipped with purplish rose, fine show flower. 3 ft. to 4 ft. . . 10 C

Certh-icate.-— Royal Horticultural Society,
CLARA .SIMONS (Keynes).— Pure white, with deep crimson
edge, one of the most exquisite flowers grown. Must have
no cutting out, one of the gems of J. Keynes' Seedlings. 3 ft. 10 6

FiiisT-CLASs Ceutiitcates. — Royal Horticultural Society,
Glasgow, Salisb\iry, Dorset. The Money Prize at Ti'ow-
bridce, beatinc all the seedlings exhibited.
PARADISE WILLIAMS (Keynes).— The flower of the season
—unqualified approbation everywhere— clear clarat, quite
a new colour. 3 ft. 10 0

First-class Certificates. — Royal Horticultural Society,
Crystal Palace, Brighton, Bath, Dorsot, Salisbury.
HARRIET TETrERELL (Keynes). — Blush ground, veiy
deeply margined with dark pui-ple, A standard flower for
many years. 3 ft. to 4 ft 10 C

Ckrti PIC ATES.— Royal Horticultural Society, Trowbridge,
Burton- on-Ti-ent, "\ViQchester.
PRINCESS of WALES (Keynes). — Blush giound slightly
edged with Iflac. A seedling from Anna Keynes, but more
constant — most beautiful form, not to be cut out. 3 ft. , . 10 C

First-class Certificates, — Royal Horticultm'al Society,
Crystal Palace. The two greatest trials for seedhngs in

MEPHISTUPHELES (Heatley). — The finest black flower

grown. 4 ft 10 C

GAZELLE (Keynes). — Cleai" fa\vn of the finest quality, very

constant, no cutting out. 4 It 10 C

Certificates. — Royal Horticultural Society, SiUIsbury,
Trowbridge, Brighton, Winchester.

MRS, THORNHILL (Pitfleld).- A beautiful feather-edge like
Mrs. Trotter. Very light pink, equal to any Picotee—
requires cutting out, but a mucli larger flower than has yet
been seen of its character. It was much admired at the
Crystal Palace, where it obtained a Certificate. 3 It. . . 10 6
These Ten Flowers are Standaids, and have been selected, and all

gi'own and proved, by John Keynes, who warrants them aU as Fii*st-

class Show Flowers.

NEW FANCY DAHLIAS.

BUTTERFLY (Keynes).— Scarlet and brown crimson stripes

on a light ground, very fine flower; large, full, and s. d.

perfect. 3ft 10 fi

FiiisT-cLAss Certificates,— Royal Horticultural Society,
Trowbridge, Salisbury, Ciystal Palace, Burton-on- Trent,
Hampshire.

BESSlHi WVATT (Keynes).— White and red striped, full show

flower. 3ft. to4ft , 10 G

Certificates.— Salisbury, Burton-on-Trent, Hampshire.

MISS RUTH (Eckford).- ITellow tipped white, a flower long
wished for, constant, which la the character of this

flower.. 3ft. to 4 ft 10 0

First-class Certificate:.— Brighton,

MBS. GOODWIN (Goodwin). — Fawn ground, striped with red

— very fine flower. 4 ft 10 6

PLAUSIBLE (Keynes),— Red and ciimson, with purple stripes

—very tirst-cIa'bS Uower. 4 ft 10 C

SALAMANDER (Keynes).— Tho best character to give this
flower IS to call it a striped Charies Turner— it must not be
cut out. 3 ft. . . 10 e

THE QUEEN.

HAVING PUBLICLY KEQTJESTED THE NAMES UNDER AVHICH MY

NEW WHITE RHODODENDRON

Has been before oft'eved to the Public, I learn that they are Zady Godiva. Ingramii, Standish's Perfection, and
Madame Carvalho. I have flowered THE QUEEN side by side with all four kinds, and unhesita-tingly say it is
superior and totally different to either. I now challenge the assertions, and ask the authors if they can produce
THE QUEEN. I give them a /an-^e?rf, viz., the range of the world to select from.

CHARLES NOBLE, BAGSHOT.

TRICOLORED PELARGONIUM, QUEEN VICTORIA.

S. PEKKINS & SONS

BEG to ANNOrNCE that this SPLENDID VARIETY will he SENT OUT the FIKST WEEK in MAY NEXT

at 21s. each.

Leaf margin deep golden yellow, with rich hroad zone of maroon, interspei-aed with fiery scarlet, deep olive
green centi-e. The habit being free and short jointed, and the leaves not liable to damp at the edges, it will he found
the best Bedding variety yet offered.

^^ Plants will be exhibited at the Royal JSotamc Society's next Exhibition on April 13.
PARK NURSERY, COVENTRY.

KEYE'S EARLY PROLIFIC TOMATO.

A new American varic^ty, 30 days earlier than any other. Plant dwarf, compact and vigorous, producing
immense crops. Tomatoes of medium size, round, brilliant red, quite smooth and free from ribs, perfectly solid, and
of the most excellent flavour. The}' are produced in large clusters of 10 to 20 each, \vith from 7 to 20 clusters on
each Vine, and ripen up together, so that the main crop is ripe and ready for market 30 days earlier than any other
kind. The foliage has no odour. The Early Prolific is the most distinct and valuable Tomato yet produced.

Price per Packet, Is., forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps.

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.

FHce to the Trade on application.

wmrnkM

GRASS SEEDS,
AGRICULTTTRAL SEEDS

Catalogftei fArifiwie^ post free to any address on application.

( CORNER of ^S STREKT.')

Trade Mark.

KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS,
FLOWER SEEDS.

GENUINE SEEDS, CARRIAGE FREE.

B. S. WILLIAMS,

VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

GENERAL PRICED CATALOGUE of FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS

FORWiVEDED FREE TO ANY ADDRESS.

It coHtaiiB, in addition to the best of the estabUshed and indispensable varieties of TEGETABLE SEEDS,
the foUowing NEW KINDS :—

DIGSWELL PRIZE ENDIVE, Is. per paoket

KUNEHAM PARK OlilOM, 2s. I)A par pacltat

RAPHANUS CAUDATUS (The Wonderful Radish), 1». per pkt.

THE ORANGEFIELD DWARF PROLIFIC TOMATO, 2s. per pkt.
WILLIAMS' ALEXANDRA BROCCOLI, 2s. 6d. per packet
WILLIAM.S' MATCHLESS RED CELERY, Is. per packet

Also the following NOYELTIES in FLOWER SEEDS :—

APLOPAPPUS RUBIGINOSUS, Is. per packet CHRYSANTHEimM LOUISE HQNKORATY, Is. per packet

ARUNDO CONSPICDA, I,,, perpacket STRIPED-LE.\VED JAPANESE MAIZE, Is. per packet

AURRIETIA QRiECA. Is. per packet NASTURTIUM TOM THUMB ROSE, Is. per packet

BLACK EGG-PLANT, from Japan, Is. pqr packet
PINK-FLOWERING CANTERBURY BELL, Is. perpacket

VIOLA CORNUTA, PURPLE QUEEN, Is. 4 'is. U. per packet.
„ itAUVE QijEEN, 6<i. b Is. per packet

Also the following weU-kno^vn STRAINS of FLOEISTS' FLOWERS ■.^.
WILLIAMS' superb strain of PRIMULA, Red, White, or MLxed, 2s. Gd., 3s. 6^,, and 5s. per jacket
WILLIAMS' superb strain of Camellia-flowered BALSAM, the finest in England, Is. and 2s. 6A per packet
JAMES'S CALCEOLARIA, finest for exhibition, 2s. M., 3s. &d., and 5s. per packet
WBATHEEELL'S Choice OINERAEIA, 3s. 6d. and is. perpacket

A full description of each wiVL be found in the Catalogue.
I^" All Packets of Seeds Free ly Post.

LILIUM AURATUM (a large importation) .-^Strong Bulbs, 3s. 6«f., 5s., and Is. 6d. each.
GLADIOLI, English-grown SeodUngs, splendid assortment, 8s. per dozen; 50s. per 100.
„ Named varieties, 6s., 8s., and 12s. per dozen.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

ArKit G, 18fi7.J

THE TtAT^WNKKS' CMONTaTl AND Ar,l^I(;iTl,Tin?AT, GAZKTTR

343

M^;

Seeds for the Colonies.

Skehs riiiiKCT KROM Tiif: Oroweus are the
Most Shitaiilk for Kxi-outation, and
tiie iikst means ok rueventino dls-

KSSlis. SUTTON solicit the

__ favour of Orders from those about to
fiotitl (trtiiko out HKEDS to the COLONIES.
luifl submit the following from among many
ToHtiinontals rocently received, as to tho
uRKATLv aurKRioii quftUty of their Soods to
those usually exported from this country, oh
well ns to tho very efficient manner in which
tlioir oxjiort packing ia carried out :—
July '.\J'rom A. N. Ella, Ksq., QutcnsUuvn,
, . Cape o/ Ootid Hope.

il^ , ' "I may mention that the case referred to

was in splendid order, looking as fresh after
throe months' sea and alx weeks' land carriage ns if only yesterday
packed."

From Uunii Romsav, Esq., Shannhae, Cliina, May 5, ISfiO.

" Tho hox of seeds and roots has sirrlved, and nothing has given

me greater ])luaaure for a long time than tho excellence of those seeds."

Friim Mr. Z. W. \VtLi.s, iVf"' I'lyiiionfh, AVc- Z€aia}ul, Moy 7, IHCA

"Tho Grass and other seeds sent by tlio Sliolburne to me, have

come sale to hand. 1 have tried samples of the Qross seeds, and am

happy to inform you that they have come up ipiite to my satisfaction."

From Mr. Jas. Dalk, Orange, New South Waks, September 20, ISCli.

"I have tho pleasure to inform you that your seeds have given

great satisracliou, and 1 now send you a larger order."

All Seeds properly iiacked and delivered free to ship side. Special
Quotations given for large quantities. A liberal allowaoco made to
Shippers. Suttom & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

NEW BKliniNG PLANT: IRESINE HERBSTII
AUREO-ItETlCDLATA.— Plautrt of the above distinct and
beautiful variety, 1'.'*. M, each, IS*-, per dozen, with usual discount to
tho Trade.

CUl''RESSas LAWSONIANA SEED oi good growing quality.
Price on application,

TuoMAs CariTs, Tho Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

THR GOLDEN VARIEGATED WELLINGTONIA.
First-class Certificate from Royal Horticultural Society,
For Testimonials, &e., see (kirdenent' Vhronich, October G, 1806'
Timesy October 7, 1S6(1 ; Scoltish liarfieiicr, November, 1860;
Hardeners' Chruniclc, January 12, ISO"; "Florist," February, 1867.
LAST YEAR'S PLANTS (a few remaining).
1st Size, very choice, 8 to 12 inches, £o 5s. each.

THIS TEAR'S PLANT-S.
M Size, fine, 4 to 6 inches, £2 '*.-i.
3d Size, luce little bits, 2 to 3 inches, £i is.
.1000 plants are now plunged out-of-doors, in their respective sizes
:hoy may be safely forwarded during the summer, if desired and
)rdera will bo executed in strict rotation.

Chromo-lithographs of the parent tree, by Day and Son (Limited)
>n superior cards, lU inches byS inclies, very faithful in ourline but
iL'ficient in representing the glorious colour of the original. These
ire ^ent free by post for 25 stamps, and one sent to e.ich lAirchaacr!

It is intended to exhibit a few of the first size at the approaching

:*aris and Manchester Exhibitions. "

R. Hartland, The Lough Nurseries.

Vmes.— Surplus Stock.

FISHER, HOLMES, anti CO. be? to offer tlie under-
mentioned well-ripened VINES. The prices which an
onderate, may bo had on application '

STRONG FRUITING CANES.
Trentham Klack
IJlack Hamburgh

Royal Vineyard

West's St. Peter's

Royal Muscadine

Eaperione

Lady Downes'

Chasselas Rose de Falloux

STRONG PLANTING CANES.
Ladv Downes'
Trentham Black
Bl.ack Hamburgh
Royal Muscadine
Muscat Haniburgh
Raisin de Calabre
Frankonthal
Buckland'a Sweetwater
Black Alicante
HandsiTorth Nurseries, Sheffield.

Abies Douglasli.

WILLIAM BARRON begs to offer beautiful well-
grown and finely rooted Plants of the above as under ■—
ABIES DOUGLASII, 2 to 3 feet, 90.-;. per 101.
V >. 3 to 4 feet, ISs. per doz.

BERBERIS DARWINII. 6 to 0 inches, Gs. per 100
,, AVALLICHIl,2.yr., 9.?. perlOO.

Both fine tor lawn and cover planting; bearing a profusion of
irange-coloured flower.^ and purple berries, of which pheasants are
emarkably fond. ^ u^ooid

Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowaah, Derby,

JOHN WATERER has to offer a quftntiiy of very
handsome AUCUBA JAPONICA, the whole of which are
prol\isoly covered with HerrioH.

1st Size are I'lnnts 2 feet high, bearing ISO to 200 Bon-ies.
2d Sl/,e, 1 foot 0 inches, witli 100 to 126 Ben-ies.
3d Size, 1 loot, with 40 to 60 Berries.

Price from 10«. 6d. each and upwards.
Tho American Nursery, Bagsliut, Surrey.

Finest New Hardy Plant of tlie Year.

PAUL'S NEW DOUBLE THORN.— Colour briglit
crimson, vivid, and double, lOs. Od. each, usual allowance to
Trade when throe are taken.

Awards : First-class Cortiticatea International Exhibition and
itnvfd llotanic Societies.

PAiri, * Son beg to invite orders ere close of planting season for
this unique novelty. Since Inst Advertisement tho following loading
Nurserymen have ordered It:—

Cranston, Jno., Ileroford
Dickson a Co., Edinburgh
Dickson & Sons, Nowtonaids
Ewing. Norwich
Fletcher, Ottershaw
Jackson St, Sons. Woking
Lawson & Son, Edinburgh

Old Cheshunt Nurseries, N.

Lucombe, Pinco & Co., Exeter
Noble, Chas^ Bagehot
Rolllsson & Sons, Tooting
Smith, R., Worcester
Veitch & Son. Chelsea
Wateror &. Godfrey, Knap Hill

BIRCH, 3 to 5 feet, fine, twice transplanted,
45s. per 1000
HAZEL, from Spanish Seed, 2 to 3 feet, fine, once trans-
planted, ISx. per lUiM
SPANISH CHESTNUT, 1 to 2 feet, once transplanted, 18s. per 1000
HORSE CHESTNUT, 1 foot, once transplanted, 18s. per 1000

Samples sent on application.
T. Jackson A Sow, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W.

s

U R P L U S

STOCK.

Fir, Spruce, 3 to 4 feet

„ Larch, 2 to 2i feet
Hazel, 2i to 3i feet, extra fine
Holly, Green, li to 2 feet, bushy
Laurel, Common, 2 to 21, ft., bushy

„ Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. bushy

Alder, 3 to 5 feet, oxtra strong
Ash, 18 hicbes to 2 foot
Berboria dulcis, 2 to 3 feet

„ Aqnlfolium, 1 to li foot
Chestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 feet

Spanish, U to 2 feet
Fir, Scotch, 1 to IJ foot

Strong DRUMHEAD or CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS.
FRUIT TREES, as annexed.
Apples, Standards and Dwarfs, very strong
Cherrie.s, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trainecf, extra fine
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dwarf-tiained, extra fine
Pears, Swndards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, e.xtra fine
Nectarines, Dwarfs and Dwarf-trained, extra fine
Kentish Filberts, 4 to 6 feet, extra fine
Crab Stocks, 2 years Seedlings
PRICED LIST or samples of the above on application to
W. ViRfio & Sons, Tho Nursery, Wonersh, near Guildford, Smroy.

Game Covert, Forest Planting, &c.
TAMES SMITH offei-s the following :—
fJ The RHODODENDRONS are fine bushy well-rooted Plants,
lit either for Woods or Pleasure Grounds ■ the LARCH are fine
stout Plants, bett?r cannot be grown; also PRIVETS, LAURELS
BERBERIS (in sorts), SCOTCH, SPRUCE, and SILVER FIRS
ASH, OAKS, BEECH, BIRCH, PINUS AUSTRIACA, &c., all
strong well-rooted plants, a PRICED CATALOGUE of which will
be forwarded on application.

LARCH, good stout plants, per lOOO :— IJ to 2 feet, 14s. ; 2 to 3 feet
16s. ; 2* to ^ feet, 18«. ; 3 to 4 feet, 203.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, bushy, well-rooted plants, 6 to
12 inches, 105«. per 1000,

Do. do., 9 to 15 inches, ISU. per 100 ; 160s. per 1000 ; per 10,000, £79.

Do. do.. 1 to li foot, 23b. per 100 ; 220s. per 1000 : per lu.OOO, £10fi

Do. do., 14 to 2 feet, 30.*. per 100 ; 290s, per 1000.

Do. HYBRIDUM, 6 to 12 ins., 30s. per 100^ 290s. per 100.
Price to the Trade on application.
James Sjiitit, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock.

^JEEULING and TRANSPLANTED EOREST TREES.

SEEDLINGS,— Ash, lyr.,l«.; Beech, 2yr. 3s. Gd. ; Elm, 3yr3., 2.';. ;
Norway Maple, 2 yr,, 7s. 61*, ; Oak. English, 1 yr., Is, Gd. ; 2 yr.,
fine, 4s. ; Silver Pir, 4 yr., 6 to 12 inches, 4s. ; Norway Spruce, 4 yr!,
2,s. lirf. ; Crab, 2 yr., 2s. Gd. ; Pears, 2 yr.. 3s. Gd. ; Sycamore, 2yr.,
2s. Gd. per 1000.

TRANSPLANTED,— Alder, 1 to 2 ft., ts. Gd. ; 2 to 3 ft. 10s. : 3 to
44 ft.. 16s. ; 4 to 0 It., 20s. ; Beech. 6 to 12 in,, ?s. Gd. ; Chesnut,
Spanish, 1 to 2 ft., 17s. Gd. ; Elm, 12 to 21 in,, 5s. ; Hazel, IJ to 3 tt
17s. Gd. ; Oak, English, C to 12 in., 7s. Gd. ; Balm of Gilead, 4 to 8 iu.,
7s. 6rf. ; Cembra, G to 12 in., 100s. : Larch, 1 to IJ ft.. 6s. ; 1) to 2 fc,
8s. ; 2 to 3 ft., 10s. ;3to4ft., 14s. ; Scotch Fir, 2 yr. bedded, 6 to 12 in.,
6s. ; Silver Fir, 9 to 15 in., 12s. 6d. ; Spruce, Norway. 6 in., 5s. ; Itoljft.,
10s. ; Thorn Quick, 0 to 18 in., 6s. ; Sycamore, 1 to li ft., 7s. Gd •
Walnuts, 6 to 15 in,, 208. per 1000.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 4 to 6 in., 6». per 100.

Apply, with reference, to J. Biddell, Steward, Park Attwood,
Bewdley, Worcestershire.

SPECIAL OFFER OF FARM SEEDS

THE LONDON SEED COMPANY,

68, WELBECK STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

SKIRTING'S SWEDE TURNIP
WHITE, GREEN, and RED GLOBE ,.
SCOTCH PURPLE and GREEN-TOP ..

LONG RED MAlf GEL

YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL . .

RED GLOBE lEANGEL

FISHER nOBBS'S ORANGE GLOBE

WHITE BELGIAN CARROT ..

TELLOW BELGIAN CARROT..

ITALIAN RYE-GRASS

PERENNIAL RYE-GRASS .,

MIXED GRASSES, for PERMANENT PASTURE

Busliel.

Half Bushel.

Peck.

GaUon,

£1 11 0

£0 16 0

.€0 8 6

£0 4 6

1 U 0

0 16 0

0 8 0

0 4 6

1 10 0

0 16 0

0 9 0

0 4 6

Cwt,

Half Cwt.

Quarter Cwt.

141b.

2 14 0

1 8 0

0 15 0

0 8 0

2 10 0

1 7 6

0 15 0

0 8 0

2 14 0

1 8 0

0 15 0

0 8 0

3 10 0

1 17 G

1 0 0

0 10 6

3 15 0

2 0 0

1 2 6

0 12 6

5 0 0

2 15 0

1 10 0

0 17 6

5s. per buslel, or 38s. per quarter.
5»- ,. 38s, „

12«^ „ 90s. ,:

a„g]Z,''oTrorJthr iSh^^'^^^trd*;" "' *' ''"""^ "' ""' "' ''^ *'""' Established Fir..s in the

>eiSf L"/:Se"„tL1inTSd\:?.tt:r^^^^^^^^^^ ^'- '° ^^ ^''--' ^ «>« '^— ^-*- ^>^-

fe- Samples of all kinds of Seeds mn be had on application, to prove their growth, ^-c.

„ , SEEDS For Exportation.

■e placed tati?''ti^htXf '.n^^Jn r^'h ,?'^?''t 'ittention is paid to this department of the business. The Seeds
e piacea m air-tight cases, and will reach their destination with their growing quaUties unimpaired.

For CATALOGUES and PRICE CURRENTS apply to

LONDON SEED COMPANY, 68, WELBECK STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

Notice.

PPAUL ANU 8on'8 NkW DOUIILK ClKMBGN ThOHN.
AUL AND SUN ruffret ihat they find it neccflSRir to
repeat, In order to provont inlstnl«H. occaBloned bythe Rlmllarlby
ofnamo, 'J'llA'i' 'i'lllOY ALONE

fire tlio InLindiicdrHof thlH unlnuo phint
Tho Old tniuHlmiit NvirHcrlos, Chenhuiit, N.

HIGHLY CUI/nVATKI) " and " "kEOuTaULY
TliANHPLANTJ<;iJ NURSEItY STOCK.-Elghtv Acrea o
tlio aimvo. eonslHtlriK chlelly of KRUIT TRKKS, ROSfc^> KVKR-
GRERNH, and ORNAMENTAL TREES, which for goiioral oxcoU-
enco are unsurpa-Hsed.

Thomas Wahsmr. Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

IJiIVIi hunuked~th"ousani) lahch,

-JL U to 3 feet, at Hn. per lf)f)(),

Ann.oon larch, 3 to 4 feet, at Vin. Gd. per lOOO
fjiio.uuo SILVER FIK. 4-yr. ftcedlings, at 3s. perKJOO
f.<ni.(i(ii) SI'RUCK, -l-yr. SeodUngs. at 2s. Gd. per lOW)
fiOd.WO SYCAMORE, 2-yr. Seedlings, nt 'Is. per lOOO
Eor utlier 'i'rees offered sfie other Advertisement.
J. R-ibPHLL. Steward, i'ark Attwond, Rowdloy, Worccfltershlre.

Forest Trees and Cover.

JOSEPH SMITH, Ji'N., hasi to olfcr at vcrvinod.^ratn
prices TRANSPLANTED ASH, ALDEK, hIKCII, HoRSB
CHESTNUT. ELM. broiid and narrow-leaved; SILVER and
SCOTCH FIRS, WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE, H.VZEL, OAK.
POPLAR, I'1{IVET, WEYBKjUTH and AUSTRIAN PINES.
THORN QUICKS, HUNTINGDON and DUTCH WILLOWS^
LARCH, gfiod stout plants, l\ to li feet, Vis. ; 2 to 2i feet, IZs. ; 2 to
3 foet, l\s. ; and 3 to 4 feet, ICs. per lOW. NuRWAY SPRUCE FIR,
(i to U inches, Gs. ; 0 to 12 inches, Os. ; 1 to Ij leet, 14.^. ; 1^ to - feet,
21s. ; and 2 to ^i feet, 30.'*. per 1000. COTONEASTER MICRO-
PHYLLA, 1 to li feet. 20«. per 1000 ; H to 2 feet. RIBES in sorts,
atn 311.. SO.s-. pur 1000. SNOWBERRY,2to3ft., 20,*. per 1000. BROOM.
■\Vbit6andYel]nw,transplantod, If).'.-, per 1000, LAURELS, BKUBERIS
ARBOR-VlT.d':,&e.,Seedhng ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CHESTNUT,
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 years ; ELM, 2 years, £b per lOO.OOiJ. OAKS,
X and 2 years: OAK, EVERGREEN. 1 year; PRIVET, 1 and

2 years; SYCAMORE. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 2yoars,
Gs. ; 4 yeai-3, 8s. per 1000 ; 3 years, and 1 year transplanted, 18«. ;

3 years, and 2 years transplanted, 2Ss. ; 6 to 0 inolies, CO,-;. ; and
0 to 12 Inches, l!0.*. per 1000. Twice-transplanted, and bushy, 4 to
8 inches, 7o.t. ; 8 to 12 inches, ms. ; 0 to 15 inches, l\Gs. ; 1 to U feet,
180«. ; and li, to 2 feet, 200s. per 1000.

A PRICED LIST forwarded on application. Price to the Trade
on application.

Joseph Smith, Jun., Moor Edge Nursery, Tansley, near Matlock,
Derbyshire.

Vegetable, Agricultural, and Hower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, &c.

ROBKRT PARKER begs to announce that his
CATALOGUE, contalnnig select DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds in cultivation of the above-usimed is now published,
and will be forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds h.ive all
been procured from the best possible sources, all are warranted
genuine, and are oflered at the lowest possible prices. Intending
purchasers are requested to compare the prices with those of other
houses. Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey. S.

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOMAS SAMPSON, Tlie Preston Road Nurseries,
Yeo''il, Sonier.set, bei;s to intimate that his CATALOGUE of
SKEDS for the GARDEN and FARM is now ready, and can bo
obtained free on application. It contains a Select and Choice Stock,
everything being of the best quality, and are offered at unequalled
low prices.

ATNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, COWLING,

ANP COMPANY, Limited.

Corn, Seed, Mandre, and Oilcake Merchants,

Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.G. ; or Basingstoke.

Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,

lor Wheat ; 1862, for "Excellent Seed Corn and Seeds."

Seed Corn from tlie Cliallj:.

ALL the MOST APi'ROVKD VARIETIES suppHed by
RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING, and
COMPANY, Limited.

Address, Basingstoke ; or 80, Seed Market, Mark Lane, London, E.G.
*,* Sainple.s and prices on application.

GIANT ASPARAGUS PLANTS,
the best that money can procure, 2s. Gd. per 100. — This
delicious vegetable does not require half the expense usually
incurred in planting it.

See RICHARD SMITH'S SEED LIST for 1867.
Extra strong SEA KALE, 2s. per doz.
RicBAitn Smith. Nurseryman, Worcester.

HE " COLD»TREAM EARLY " POTATO, whicii
received a First-class Certificate at the International Horticul-
tural Exhibition at South Kensington, is the Earliest and Best
round Potato in cultiyation, 6s. Gd. per peck; Vis. per bushel,
including bags. Trade price on application.
^ Apply to Hogg & Wood. Coldstream, N.B.

^^ HEELER'S

GLOUCESTERSHIRE KIDNEY
Is one of the very Earliest, most
Productive, and best flavoured Fotatos
in cultivation.

s

I'rice 33. per peck, 10s. Gd. per bushel.

J. C. Wheeler S Son,
Seed Growers, Gloucester.

U K P L U

Early Ashleaf Kidney Potatos.
Essex Wonder do do

Myatt's Prolific do do

Handsworth'a Early Round

Potato.^
E.T.rty Shaw Round Potatos.
Dalmahoy do do

Dwart. Kidney, and Scarlet Beans

S T 0 C

Nonpareil Peas.
General Havelock do.
Ne Plu.'i Ultra do.
Champion of England do.
M'Lean's Wonderdo.
Climax do.

Veitch's Perfection do.
British Queen do.

Prices on application to James Fairhead & Son. Seed Merchants.
7r Borough Market, S. E.

c

H 0 I C

Per pkt.-
Broccoli, Snow's Impenal

Winter

Albert Sprouts
Cauliflower, Early Erfurt ..
Celery, Manchester

Champion Red
Cucumber, Smith's Fine

FVarae

Cucumber, Telegraph
Leek, Henry's Prize
Endive, Dig.swell Prize ..
Oniob, Nunoham Park ..
Parsley, extra line curled . .
Raphanus caudatus (new

long-podded R;idish)
Custard Marrow
Melon, Malvern Hall
Tumato de Layo
CauliUower, Tho Mammoth
RtcuABD Smith,

1 0

0 0

1 0

0 6

1 0

1 0
0 (I
0 6

2 ti
0 0

SEEDS.

-5. d

E

Post Free.

Per pkt.-
. Moore's Vegetable Cream
Beet, Perpetual Spinach . , o (*
„ Nutting's Superb

Red 0 6

Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom

Thumb 0 ti

Radish, French Breakfast 0 0
Aster, TrutTaut's Superb

French, 12 vars. mixed ..10
Aster, Victoria, 6 vars.

mixed

Stock, improved large-
flowering, 12 vars. mixed, i
Balsam, Camellia-flowered,
G var. mixed . . . . 1

C Balsam, Itose-flowered, 8vars.

I t> I mixed 1

U C I Phlox Drunimondii. 12
1 0 splendid varieties .. I

Seed Merchant, Worcester,

1 0

344

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[April G. 18G7.

Seed EBtablisliment, DumfxleB.

PASTURE LAND. — The great benefit derived by
Sowing down Land intended for Permanont Pasture witti
Natural Grasa Seels cannot be over-estimated, tho trifling cost of
KENNEDY'S MIXTURES for PERMANENT PASTURE over
that of Common Rye-grass and Clover being far more than compen-
sated bv the much greater abundance of Herbage produced, of a
more nutritious and permanont kind. These Mixtures are ma-le up
in every case to suit the particular soil, situation, or purpose for
ivliich they are required. „ , ,

A DESCRlPl'lVE PRICED CATALOGUE of NATURAL
GRASSES as well as of CLOVER. TURNIP, and other FARM
SEEDS, may be bad on application to

THOMAS KENNEDY and CO.,

NurtsERYstEN and Seedsmen, Dumfries.

?^ CATALOGUES may also be hid of VEGETABLE and

FLOWER SEEDS, and FOREfaT, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL

TREES, &c.

Free Delivery. Farm and Garden Seeds Delivered at nearest
Railway Station under certain limitations, as foi-merly.

HE ALSIKE CLOVER for CLOVER-SICK LANDS.

— This excellent Clover will thrive in almost any soil. Itproduces
two good cuttings in the year, and makes superior Clover hay. It
may be sown alone (14 lb. per acre), or m conjunction with other
tieeds, either for alternate husbandry or Permanent Pasture. If
sown with Italian Rye-crass, it is ready for mowing three times in the
year. It is included in all Messrs. Sutton's Mixtures, and they
strongly recommend it to more general cultivation. Price may be
bad on application (depending on quantity required).

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Present Prices of Best Clover Seeds.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply the iibove at the
following prices, carefully cleaned, and free from Dodder and
other weeds ;

Sutton's laammotti Long Mangels.

MESSRS. SUTTON are now prepared to execute
Orders for New Seed of the above improved varieties of
LONG RED and LONG YELLOW MANGEL at Is, Gd. per lb..
or cheaper by the cwt. Messrs. Sutton took the 1st prize for
MANGEL WURZEL at the Birmingham Show in 1865 with these
varieties, which are thus referred to in the Times of Dec. 4, 18(35 :—

"Thereisft remarkably fine show of Roots. Messrs. Sutton's Sis
Mangels weigh 2121 lb-"

PRICED LISTS, gratis, and Post free.
Button & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading,

Per lb.— s. d.
BROAD RED . . lOd. to 1 0
"WHITE or DUTCH Is. 2d. „ 1 4
PERENNIAL WHITE

Per lb.— s. d.
YELLOW TREFOIL, 5d. to 0
COW GRASS .. Is. 2d. „ 1
AXSIKE .. .. 2s. „ 2
Samples and lowest price per cwt. sent on application.

Ordinary qualities may be had clieaper.

All goods Carriage Free (except very Bmall parcels).

Five per cent, allowed for cash payment.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

M

ALDEN AND SON, Agiucultural Seedsmen,

Biggleswade, Beds., are now supplving the 1866 growth of
Seed from MALDEN'S NEW CLOVER (Trilblium striatum) It
will grow one-third greatei- weight of Hay per acre than any other
variety, and of more nutritious quality. It is suited to all soils, and
is particularlv recommended for lands which are Clover sicl;. An
account of the Plant and its introduction mav be found first on the
descriptive list of " New Agricultural Plants " in tho " Fiirmors' and
Gardeners' Almanack" for 186C, published at tho Farmer Offices,
15(1, Fleet Street. London, page 61.

Specimens of Hay may be seen at Messrs. Lawson & Son, 28, King
Street, Cheapside. Seed can be obtained, price 2^. per lb. from our
establishment, Bisgleswade, Beds. ; of Messrs. Peter Lawson & Sous,
Seedsmen to the Queen, Edinburgh and London ; Messrs. Sutt-^n Sc
Sons, Royal Seed Establishment, Reading ; Messrs. Hurat & Son.
Seedsmen, No. C, Leidenhall Street, London ; Mr. J. Soruby, Mer-
ehant, &c., Epping, Essex.

To prevent disappointment early Orders are respectfully invited.

TC. "WHEELER and SON, Sekd Growrr^!,
• Gloucester (Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire Agricultural
Society), can very strongly recommend the following Mixtures :—
CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS for ONE YEAR'S LAY.
J. C. WuEELEii & Son can bupply this excellent MLxture— all of the
finest quality— carriage free by Railway, at 16s. per acre.

Loliuni

lb.

3 Italian Rye-grass,

italicmn.
1 Cocksfoot, Dactylisglomerata
1 Timothy, Phleum pratense

lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-gi-aas, L. sem-

pervirens
7 Rod Clover, Trifolium pratense
7 Trefoil, Medicagolupuiina
Mixture at 10s. (Id. per acre.
CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS for TWO YEARS' LAY.
J. 0. WuEELEB & Son can supplv this excellent Mixture for Two
Veai-s' Lay— all of the finest quality— carnage free by railway, at
18s. M. per acre.

lb.

4 Evergreen Kye-gra33,L.perenne
4 Italian Rye-grass, L. italicum
2 Cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata
1 Timothy, Phleum pratense

lb.

3 Red Clover, Trifolium pratense
3 Cow Grass, T. pratense pereune

3 ^Vllite Dutch, I'r. ropens

4 Trefoil, Medicago lupullna

A cheaper Mixture at 15«. 8d. per acre.
CLOVERand GRASS SEEDS for THREE or FOUR YEARS' LAY.
J. C. Wheeler & Son can supply this excellent Mixture— all of the
finest quality— carriage free by Railway, at 24s. per acre.

lb.

2 Timothy, Phleum pratense

3 Red Clover, Trifolium pratense
3 Cow Grass, T. pratense perenne
3 White HonevsucKle, T. ropens
1 Alsike, Trifolium hybriduiii
i Trefoil, Medicago lupulina

A Cheaper Mixture at 21s. per Acre.
J. C. Wheeler & Son's CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS aie of
excellent quality, very moderate in price, and 5 per cent, discount
is allowed for cash.

J. C. WuEELEtt & Son, Seed Growers, (Gloucester.

lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L. Bem-

pervirena
4 Pacev's Perennial. L. Paccy-

anum [cum

3 Italian Rye-grass. Lolium itali-
2 Cocksfoot, Dactylisglomerata

RED CABBAGE PL.\NTS. extra fine, 4,?. per 1000;
WHITE SPANISH ONION SEED, Is. 8d. per lb.
KOHL BABI SEED, green. Is. per lb.

DRUMHEAD CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS, 2s. Gd. p. 1000.
All new and genuine. Terms cash.
R. W. can supply anv orders for seeds at lowest possible prices.
Richard Walker, Market Gardener and Seed Grower, Biggles-
wade, Bedfordshire.

Variegated Borecole or Greens.

DOWNIE, LAIRD and LAING are sending out in
sealed packets at Is. each. Seed of the above, warranted
from the same strain as Miss Hope's of Wardie, Vide Qardenera'
ChronicU, March 9, page 236.

17, South Frederick Street, Edinburgh ; and Stanstead Park,
Forest Hill, London, S.E.

TURNIP SEED. — YORKSHIRE PRIZE. Heavy
cropper, verv hardy. The very best Swede Turuip grown, Is.
per lb. The produce of Seeds obtained of Martin & Son have
won more £.b Silver Cups, Silver Medals, and other valuable
Prizes, than all Seedsmen in this neighbourhood put together.
Martin & Son, 7, Market Place, Hull.

[UTTON'S PRIZE MANGEL

Cheaper by the Cwt. p^j. n, _

Good YELLOW GLOBE'.
„ ORANGE GLOBE .
„ RED GLOBE
„ LONGRKD ..
„ LONG YELLOW .

SEED.
, d.

) 9

SUTTON'S

Selected Mangel Seed

From Selected Roots.

Per lb.— s. d
SUTTON'S SELECTED

YELLOW GLOBE .. 1 <
Do. do. ORANGE GLOBE 1 (
FISHER II 0 BBS*

ORANGE GLOBE .. 1 i
STRATTON'S RED

GLOBE 1 .

SUTTON'S ELVETHAM

LONO RED .. .. 1 ■

SL;T1'<'\'S MAMMOTH

LoNM; YELLOW .. 1

NJ':w IhLLOW INTER-
MEDIATE .. ..I

Do. RED do 1

SUTTON'S MAMMOTH

LONG RED .. ..I
BERKSHIRE PRIZE, or
SUTTON'S YELLOW GLOBE, SUFFOLK CHAMPION,
Price Is. per lb. New, in 81b, bags .. 2

Clieaper by the Cwt. Lowest Price per Cwt. on application.
Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

LAWES' MANURES.—

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
season of 1867 are now ready for delivery at hie Factories, at the
following prices, per ton:—
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s. d.

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME ti G 0

LAWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 6 5 0

LAWES- WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 8O0

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES ..12 0 0

These Manures can be obt.iined of Mr. Lawks, or through the «
appointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices '
varying according to cost ot carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cakes at market price^!.

Address, John Bennet Lawes, 1, Adolaidu Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

^lUTTON'S rillZE

s

KOHL

EABI.

2s. Gd.
per lb.

April

May,

ODAM.'j'S NITRO-PHUSPHATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPHATE for KOOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

UANDFACTDRED

THE PATENT KITRO-PHOSPHATE OR ELOOJ)
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).

Chief Offices— 109, Fencliurth Street. London.
Western Counties Branch— Qncen Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch— 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.
Directors
CJiairman — John Clayden, Littlebury, Essex.
Deimty-Chaimian — John Collins, Argyll House, HoUoway.
Edward Bel!, 48, Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot, Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, MiddleKex.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Noilolk.
George Saville, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Essex.
Charles Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomas Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Rosa, Lincolnshire.
Managing Director — James Odams,
£o«&ers— Messrs. Bametts, Hoaros, & Co., Lombard Street.
SoriCifors— Messrs. Kingsford & Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

Auditoi- — J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company Wiis originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz. — " The Tenant Farmers' Manure Company,"

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for years under minagement with Manures of their
own manufacture. Tho consumer, therefore, has tho best guarantee
for the genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Company.

Paiticiilars will bo torwardcd on application to the Secretary, or
may be had of the Local Agents. C. T. Macadam, Secretary.

Chief Offices— 109. Fenchurch Street, London, E.C,

•2s. M.

per lb.

April

New Turnip Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE offer the following varieties to
• the Trade at low Prices. They are all of 18G0 growth, raised
ft-om the finest selected Stocks ;—

SHARPE'S IMPROVED PURPLE-TOP SWEDE.
SKIBVING'S " KING ot the SWEDES."
IMPROVED GREEN TOP SWEDE.
LINCOLNSHIRE RED GLOBE.
IMPROVED GREEN NORFOLK.
DEVONSHIRE GREY STONE.
And many other Yellow and White-fleshed sorts. Prices may be
bad on application. Seed-growing Establishment, Wisbech.

New Mangel Wiirzel Seed.

HAND r. SHARPE have the following Varieties,
• raised last season on their o\vn Seed Farm from fine selected
Bulbs, which they can offer to tho Trade at Low Prices, to be had
onapplicatio^:^p^,^ SELECTED ORANGE GLOBE.
FISHER HOBBS- ORANGE GLOBE.
LARGE YELLOW GLOBE.
ELVETHAM LONG RED,
SELECTED LONG YELLOW.
SELECTED RED GLOBE.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

SUTTON'S LARGE KOHL RABI.

Price 2s. 6d. per lb.

Clieaper in large quantities.

PRICED LISTS of other FARM SEEDS gratis and post free.

Sdttok A; Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(ESTABLISnED 1810),

Have now ready for delivery in diy fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Genmne PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOWIA, FISHER^
SALT, &c. 'E. Pdrskr, Secretuvy.

Offices, 116, Fenchurch Street. E.C.

GENUINE and STRONG CATTLE CABEAGE,
3s. M. per 1000.
Samdel Wellanh, Surrey Gardens, Godalmiug, Surrey.

ROLL TOBACCO CLOTH.— The cheapest and best
article for Smoking Greenhouses and destroying the Ply ; equal
to Tobacco in strength, ly. Ad. per Vc. ; over 10 lb., \s. \d.

Joseph Baeer, 10, Gough Sq\mre, Fleet Street, E.C.
Post OfBce Orders payable Fleet Street.

APPLEBY'S GENUINE TOBACCO PAPEE.i
in 2 lb. and 4 lb. packets.
Testimonials of 1867 too numerjus for insertion.
Price on application to Henry Appleby, Foreman to Messrs. Ivery
& Son, Dorking, Surrey.

Vineries and Orchards.

Very Early Sheep Feed.

BUTTON'S IMPROVED ITALIAN RYE-GRASS.—

io This " Improved" Italian Rye-grass is recommended in prefer-
ence to every other variety, producing three or four heavy crops in
one summer, and being almost if not strictly perennial.

At a Meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society, on March IC, in
a Lecture delivered by Alfred Hughes, Esq., late ofThomess, Isle of
Wight, Mr. Hughes said :— ,„ ^ , ^ ^ , ^ .»,, c-

" I always reserve a portion of Oat land to lay down with Sdtton s
Improved Italian Rye-grass, the most reliable plant I have come
across for some years for Ewes and Lambs in the Spring. When 1
tell you that I put it in in the spring, and dressed it after harvest with
Euano and that m the autumn, when my Sheep fed it off, it was
up to their knees, and that I fed it off aaaln this spring with Ewes
and Lambs, I think you will agree that this la a crop of very great
value The Italian Rye-grass which is sold by Sdtton. of Reading,
is a most astonishing vigorous plant ; Indeed, I never saw anythmg to
equalitinthecoursoofallmyesperience." ^ t^ ,- «

Sdtton & Sons have a flue scoek of their Improved Italian Rye-
grass, which is a very different and superior article to much that
is sold as Italian Rye-grass.

Present price 6s. 6ti. per bushel, cheaper in quantities over 6 qrs.
Carriage-free in quantities of S bushels and upwards.

Quantity required per acre, if sown alone, 3 bu.shels.
Royal Berkshire Seed Eatabhahment, Reading.

FIBROUS PEAT of first-clasa quality for Orchids,
Heaths, American Plants, and all potting purposes, may be
obtained by appUcatlon to Mr. Thomas Jessop, Farmngham Wood,
near Famingham Station, Kent. It is despatched by the London,
Chatham, and Dover Railway m trucks of 16 yards, about 6 tons, to
most Stations in the Kingdom, or fetched in carts from the wood
It is extensively used and appreciated in the principal Nurseries and
in the Royal Parks and Gardens. Price 6s. per cubic yard, at
Farnlngham Station.

COCOA-NUT REFUSE
la becoming soaroe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 2 for 30cf., 60 for 66b., 100
for £6.

Fourpenco allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not
bags), 406'.

Postage Stamps or Post-offlce
Order, payable to J. Barshau &
Co., Klngatoa-on-Thames, S.W.

GREAT VALUE of "APHIS WASH."

"AT the first opportunity Pamt the Trees with fi

XJL solution of 'APHIS WASH,' prepared at the City SoaL
Works : it not only destroys the Brown Aphis which Infests Peace
Trees, but also Scale, and every other pest capable of lodging In tht
bark." — Extract troni Qardeners" Magazine^ Januaiy 6, 1867,

"For strengthening the growth and effectually destroying al
forms of bhght, the ' Aphis Wash ' supersedes every other prepara
tion,"— See Qardeners' Chronicle, August 19, 18a6 ; and Qardeners
Magasme, July 1, 1865.

Sold by Chemists and others, in Is. bottles, and 2^. Od. a gallon.
with full directions for use.

Wh lesale at the City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E,C.

f^ ISHURST

VT COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1S69, againat
Red Spider, MQdew, Thripa<
Green Fly. and other Blight
in solutions of from 1 t(
'1 ounces to the gallon of soP
water, and of from 4 to 16 ounce;
as a Winter Dressing for Vine;
and Fruit Trees. Has outlivet
many preparations intended ti
supei'sede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, ii
boxes, Is., 35., and Vis. M.

Red
Spider

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COM PAN 1'

(Limited).

BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA, for the Destruction o
Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, &c., on Stove and Green
house Plants, Fruit Trees, Vines, ice. In bottles, with full inatrui-
tlons for application, price 3s. 6rf., bs., and 10a. Qd.

James Carter & Co. beg leave testate that tho present time is moa.
suitable for applying the above genuine Speoiflo before the com
mencement of the growing season, thereby preventing the raini
increase of the above pests which would otherwise take place. Th'
infallible properties of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapid 1;
becoming fully recognised, J. C. & Co. having already sold ne^^
2000 bottles since its first Introduction in the spring of 1860
Numerous testimonials havebeen received, and not a smgle complain

°S0l6 Agents.'jAMES Carter & Co., 237 and 238, High Holbom.W.C.
".« The Trade supplied on liberal terms.

Apeii, fi, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS' rnRONTCLE AND AOrJCULTlFRAL GAZETTE.

345

By Her Majesty's Koyal Letters Patent.

THE TERMINAL SADDLE BOILER
proTes Itself to bo equal to (iny form nnw In use for economy
A,nd power; whiio the simplicity of its construction gives it tho
advaiitiipo over nil otliory. rieo tostiQionials.

J. IrtKLANi', Edward Stroot, HrouKlitoii Lano, MiuicUcster,
London Afiout : H. Hkhdiino, til, Loftdonliall htroet, K.C.

iuVNSTON'S "patent BUILDINGS "Tor

HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Gliizinti; without Putty."

" Glass without Lap-s,"

"Ventilation without Moving Llglita."

Highly Coraraouded by tho Ruyiil Hi>rtn:\U[.iu-al Soofoty, South

KonsmgtOD.

nana and Estimates tree on application. Descriptive Book fully
illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, fi'om the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Architect, Birmingham.

Works : Hlghgate Street, Birmingham.
Hbnrt J. GnnwTAOE, Manager, 1, Temple Row "West, Birmlngbam.

Midland Steam Power Horticultural and Hot Water

Works, LougliDorousli.

TG. MESSENGER, Midland .Steam Power
• Horticultui-al Works, Loughborough, Hot- Water Apparatu.s
and Valve Maniifacturer.

Honourable Mention awarded at the International Exhibition, 1862,
and >f. the Uublm Exhibition, ISGo ; also a First-class Certificate by
the Royal Horticultural Society.

T, G. Messenger, Patentee of* many important improvements in
Builduigs and Implements connected with Horticulture, and which
meet with unqualiGed approbation, is prepared to give reference to
hundreds of works entrusted to him and pre-eminently answering
the purpose for which tbey were constructed.

Any House Glnzed single or double, with or without putty.

The mode adopted hj- T. G. Messenger for Heating and Ventilating
Forcing Houses is particularly successful.

Houses are constructed by his Patented Ventilating principle to
open the whole of roof and sides as though the glass were entirely
removed, at once placing the plants in the external atmosphere.

T, G. Messenger's Boiler pusse.=ses all the advantages of the
Tubular and Saddio combined, has hollow furnace bars, requires but
a shallow stokehoU-, and exposes as much surface to the direct action
of the fire as can possibly be obtained, tho whole of which can be
easily cleaned ; and it is an important fact th.at out of upwards of
500 now at work made upon the improved principle not one has
cracked.

T. G. Messenoeb's Valve (single or double) is effective, simple,
easy to work, and as durable as the pipe to which it is attached

Designs and Estimates sui plied tor all kind'* of Horticultural
Works, and guaranteed to answer the purpose for which they may
be intended.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

OTHOUSES for tho MILLION,

Invoutod by tbo late
SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.
ManufactoriuR: London, Nowton in Cartmel
, (Lancashire), (.Jloucoflter, Coventry, Aberdeen,
1 and I'alfiloy only.

' Ulustmtod OiroularB, with revised List of
Prioew, will ho Hunt on prepaid annlicitlou to
Messrs. llK.nnMAN tc Mouton, Head Offlco,
7. Pall Mall Eawt, London. K.W.

HOT-WATEK~APPAJtATUS, of every deseription,
fixed complete in any part of tho country, or tho inaierlalfl,
VIZ., Boliorn, Pipes, Ac. delivered to any Station,

Estimates on application,
^J. Joneb & Sons, fi, Banksldo, Snuthwark, London, S.E.

w,

Heating by Hot Water.
J. HOLLANDS, Ikon Merchant,

31, Rani sido, London, S.E.
HOT WATER PIPES, from StocK, per yard :— 2-inch, Ifl. 2d.
Much, Is. lOd. ; and 4-Inch. 2s. id. BENDS, from Stock, Ifl.fi^i., 2n. fid.,
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, IOn., l.'Js.-and Un. each. Other
Connexions at equally low pnces, and all goods of flrst-olass manu-
facturo. Estimates given, and orders by pout punctually attended to
tho same day.

c

To NOBLEMEN, GENTLEMEN, NURSERYMEN,
and Others, requiring any description of HOT-WATER
APPARATUS, constructed and fitted on most scientific principles,
for Heating kinds of Horticultural Works, Churches. Mansions,
Offices, Baths, and other Public BuildliigH. Gentlemen finding their
own materials can have the same fitted in any part of town or coun-
try, by day or contract. All kinds of Kitchen Cooking Apparatus fixed.
E. Ei,ev, 41, Wellington Street. Newlngton Causeway. London. _

0 T T A M A N~D COMPANY,

CoNSEnvATORT and HornoosE Bdilders, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.
20 24 30 inches long.
45tf, C6,s-. 02s. Gd. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

U. Gd. 2s. Iff. 2.t. Qd. per vard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, oh application to
Cottam & Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street.
opposite the Pantheon),
Oxford Street, London. W.

COIL c*sr

=^

^ ff B^Bjja

QJtOKY CHIMNEYS.— Tlie best cure is
^ the PATENT ALBERT CHIMNEY CAP.
son on Buckingham Palace ; ao on Windsor Castle ;
100 on St. James's Palace ; 120. .n Claremont Palace;
230 on the Western Heights Barracks, Dover; and
hundreds also on tho Halls and Mansions of the
Nobility, Public Buildings, &c.

Price, Painted Wrought I ron, 25s. each ; Galvanised
ditto, 30s. each.

James Barton, Iron Works and Patent Stable
Fitting Manufactory, 370. Oxford Street, W.

Seed Pans, Garden Pots, Edging Tiles. &c.

MESSRS. BONSET BROTHERS beg to offer to
Gentlemen, their Gardeners, and the Trade, GAPu.DEN
POTS, SEED PANS, and EDGING TILES, of all sizes, of hard

and dvirable quality and moderate price.

Address Messrs. Bonsey Brothers, Brox Potteries, Chertsey, Surrey,

Caution to Gardeners.— When you ask for

SAYNOR AND COOKE'S "WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Ohser^'o the mark Savnor, also the corporate mark Obtain
Warranted, without which none are cenuine.

S. & C. recret having lo caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s Pruning and Budding Knives are the neat and the
cheapest in the market.

Paxton Works, SheflBeld. Established upwards of 125 years.

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL ATVARDED for
Various ImproTemeiits in the Ventilation, Cr.n&tmction, and
ApDlicationofWROrGHT-IRON to Hoifciiltural Bniirilnus

'^ll''^?^'''^^'^ WEOUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES are of the highest order

„!^!5Lf'^™^T WRotlcnT-lRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSE.S perfectly neutralize attnnsphei-ie eondnction

OCR r.\TENT WROUGHTIRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous gi-owth and i-ichness of colonr

oSU=,.l'^^5"=?,„y°^'''^1'-"""* '"Rli'K MEDAL ORCHID

HOPSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete

arrantement.

tim^S't.^'}'^^^'^ WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD

HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Riverfc), induce perfect svmmetry and

vin'ailini; result. *

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of lighf..

°.^,'J^','Vf^^'^^'^ WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOISES are specially arranged and heated upon an
improved system. ^

pUF. PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES
when heiitfd upon the improved .system, are calculated to secure
the ifi-owth of first-class fruit

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early work

nSpR v^i^At^^^o ^"ftOUGHT-lRuN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-

,iu "OUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

1 he above Patent Houses can bo glazed with or without, putty.

Ihese HoiLses are now protected by three Ro\al Letters Patent

and from the complete adjustment of their constructional pails will

vie most tnvonrably with Wood Stnictures in poii-t of cost.

Designs and Kstimates prepared fur single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

■p n^'^^y;*'^'' Catalogues on application to the Patentees,
■wr ; "■ '^-.Dekkis & A. ScRCBT. HoTtioultura) Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

GREEN'S IMPROVED NEW PATENT
GARDEN ROLLER.
The above Rollers pos.sess many advantages over all others. They
are made in two parts, and are free to revolve on the axis, affording
greater fieiht idS for turning, and th*^ o'it«r edges are rounded off or
turned inwards, thus avoicung fcho unsightly mares left by other
Roller.';.

Diameter, 30 inches ; Length 32 inches, £7 10 0

,, 24 „ „ 26 „ 4 10 0

„ 20 „ „ 23 „ 3 10 0

„ 16 ,. „ 17 „ 2 15 0

Prices lor Rollers fitted with Shaits smtable for Pony or.Horse

Power, frea on application.

Delivered camace paid to aJ the principal Railway Stations and
Rhlp[iing Ports in En;:land.

Tromas Green & Son, Smithfleld Iron Works, Leeds ; 54 and 65,
Blackfriars R,i:id, London, S. ; and Ifl, Eden Qu.iy, Dublin.

N.B. -All Orders executed on the day they are received.

PRIZE MEDALS AWARDED to GREEN'S PATENT
LAWN MOWERS.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIRITION, -..ONDON, 18B2.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, DUBLIN, 186^.
The above Lawn Mowers have proved to be the best, and have
earned ofl" every Prize that ha^ been given in all cases of Com-
petition.

Sold by all respectable Ironmongers. Seedsmen, &c., in the
■Kingdom. Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

«K -users'

AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTURAL
IMPLEMENTS and MACHINES of every description.
IMPROVED IRON STABLE FITTINGS.
HURDLES ana CONTINUOUS IRON and WIRE FENCING.
Palisading Entrance and Fi'.ld Gates. Plain and Galvanised

Wire Netting.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS and GARDEN ROLLERS.

Garden pilnnines, Synnge.s. Water Ban-ows, Ornamental Garden

Seats, Chaii-s, Tables, Iron Fountains, Vases, &c.

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS, in grent variety.

Washing, Wringing, and Mangling Machines.

IMPROVED SAUSAGE MACHINES and FILLERS.

Separate Illustiated Price Lists free on .application.

Thomas Green & Son, Smithfield Iron Works, Leeds,

Show Rooms opposite the Smithfield Cattle M.irket, North Street,

LeedB : 64 and 66. Blackfriars Road, London, S. ; and 10. Eden

; Quay, Dublin,

TREE and PLANT LABELS.— 10,000 Cloth Punchod
LabolH, 3 Inches long, fur 16n, ; il IiujIioh long, 268, Delivered
free In London. Samples sent on receipt of Id. stomp.

JiiiiN FiHUKB & Co., West Roiid Workw, Boston, LmcolDflhlro.

"13 KENNEDY and CO., Window Glask and Shadk

I ii» MranrANTs.

HORTICULTURAL and DAIHV GLASS of o\-ory doscriptton.
HuildorHhiij.plleUwIthROLLKD PLATE, Stained and Ornamental.
SASHES Primed and Glazed lor tho Trade.
FI';RN and DRAWING ROOM CASES made to Order.
Marino and Fresh-water AQIIAKIUMK.

Tho Cheapest House In tho Trado for PICTURE and PHOTO-
ORAPIIIC GLASS. &c.

6, Piazza, Covont Garden, W.C.

GlasB for Garden PurposeB.
AMES P H I L L I P 8 a n t>

beg to submit their REDUCED PRICES as follows :-

PROPA GATING

C 0.

Each,.
2 incboB In diameter

12 Inches in diameter

13 „

7 0

HYACINTH and FLOWER DISHES.

6 inches diameter ,. .. 1h. 0((. | u inches diameter .. ..10

12 inches diameter .. .. 2». 6d.

Hyacinth Dishes are intended to contain a number of Roota

ncddod in and covered with Moss, insto.id of tho common Hyacinth

Glas.s.

LACTOMETERS, for Testing tho Quality of Milk.

Four Tubes . . . . is. 6d. I Six Tubes . . . . 6fi. 6d,

With Stands complete.

OPEN TOPS.

12 inches

16 „

Painted and Glazed with Ifi-oz. Sheet Glass.

London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes,
BRITLSH PLATE. PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
Jamks Phillips & Co., LSO, Bmhopsgate Street Without, E.C.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

TH O ivr A S J[ I L L I N G T 0 N and
fi7, Bishopsg^te Street Without, London. E.C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Mdjesty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivers, and the leadmg Horti-
culturists of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

3rds. , 2nds. |

CO.,

20 by 12 .
20 by 13 /
20 by 14 -I
2(1 bv 15 \
20 by IC ^

nV

1.5 oz.

4ths.
14.S Zd

JifsGd

Used 18s (

I Best.
! 20sOrf

22s 2d 25s6d|2&j 6d

I I

SMALL SHEET .SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

n. in..m. In.lin. in.jin. in.

6 by 4 7 by 6 8 by 6 9 by 7 >

0iby4i! 7iby oil 8i by Oil 9i by 71/

Per 100 feet.

141 by lOi )

15 by 10 f

10 by 8

12 by 9

12! by 101

lOi by Ri

12) by 9»

13 by 10

11 by 11

13 by !i

13J by Mi

111 hyOi

12 by 10

14 by 10

4ths. I 3ds. I 2ndB. [ Best.
|l2s 3rf 135 3d 16s Od 18s Od

13s 3d 143 6d

13 by 11

14 by 11
LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

15 J by 104
IR by 10
Hi b^'lH
"' by 11

14 by 12 22 by 12
14ibrl2* 17bvl3

15 by 12 2;; by 13
1.5i by 12^1 18 by 14

l.'-.l bvlUilfi hyia j 22 by 14
in' bV II liH bv 12V 24 by 14
21 bvll 17 bvl2 22 bv 15
liv 12 IS bv 12 i 24 by 15

4th s.

3ds,

^nds.

Best

lSsCd|20s0d

22 by 16.
24 by 16
20 by 17
^2 by 17 Us 3d 15. ed

20 bv IS
22 bv IS
24 by 1ft '

The above Prices are only for the Size^ stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will bo given.

SHEET GLASS.

In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 0 to 0 feet super.

15 07. 21 oz.

i

4ths qualltv, per £00 feet case, 38s.
3Js „ „ iSs.

4th3quft!ity, per 300 feet case, 38.9.
.Sfls „ „ 48s.

2ds „ „ 62s.

Beat „ „ 92s. Best ., „ 90s.

SHEET GLASS i'* made only in the following substances, !5 oz.,
21 oz,, 20 oz., 32 oz., 36 oz,, an'i 42 oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPPOVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
1-Sth in., 3-l(;thin., l-4th in., and 3-8th in. aubstances;.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glafefics, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glas~^es, Ac, &c.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to tho
walls, resists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure nver water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 368. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and six gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this P.-dnt.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28.9. to 34s. per cwt.
Anti-ct'iTosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon.

Percwt^— «. rf. : _ _ Per gallon.— «. d.

GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS. 3d. to 4lrf. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.

to 4M. per lb,
„ RAW UMBER, 4id. to
6d. per lb. [per lb.
„ BURNT do.. 6d. to 9rf.
GREEN PAINT, all shades.

28s. to 60 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 30 0
RED PAINT .. 2Ss. to 36 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

LINSEED OIL

BOILED OIL .. .. 3 »

TURPENTINE .. .. 3 C
LINSEED OIL PUTTY.

fi.t. to !'.-;. ptr cwt.
Fin6OAKVARNISH,10.-t.tol2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 12.s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. 10s. to 12 (I

„ COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 1" 0

Patent GOLD SIZE ..1.0 0

„ BLACK .TAPAN ..12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LF-AD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
■bange.

The above are Net, for C«ah, and »s buch cnnnot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

^m.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGl^ICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 6, 1867.

Clirysantliemuiaa, Chrysantliemums,
Chrysantliemums.

ADAM FOESTTH'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
containing a Dcscriptivo List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For-
ivarded to all applicants for one stamp.
Brunswick Nursery, Stoke Newington, London, N.

ALLEN'S VERBENAS now ready, out of pots, packed
In moss. viz. i— Boule do Neige, White Perfection, Defiance,
Foxhunter, Firefly, Mrs. Nichoils, Ariosto Improved, Geant des
Batailles, Mrs. Dobree, Blue King, and all the leading Bedding
varieties, at low prices, on application.

Norfolk Nursery. Shacklewell. near London, N.E.

Early Spring Flowers.

WEBB'S GIANT POLYANTHUS and COWSLIP,
mth all the best varieties of double and Single PRIMROSES,
PANSIES, &c., with Seeds of single varieties. LIST of prioea of
different kinds on application to

Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardens. Reading.

Britlsli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 36 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Fenis) of his NEW and PRICED
-nESCRirTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. r.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

American Plants, ac.

WATERER AND GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS
and other Ajnerican Plants for this Autumn, will be sent on
application. The Catalogue also gives a summaiy of their General
Nursery Stock, probably the most extensive in tbe kingdom.
Enap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey,

Bhododendrons.

JOHN WATERER'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
of HARDY SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS is now
published, and will be torwarded on application.! It faithfully describes
the colours of the new varieties exiiibited by him at the Roval
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park, An Abridged List of popular
CONIFERS, with heights and prices, is likewise combined.

The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey, near Sunningdale Station,
South-Western Railway.

Hardy Scarlet and other Rhododendrons.

WH. ROGERS, Red Lodge Nursery, Southampton,
• can olTer splendid uamed varieties of the above, strong
bushy Plants, well set with blooming buds, at £10 per 100, or selected,
305. per dozen ; HYBRID RHODODENDRONS, from seed, saved
from the finest varieties, 1 to 2 ft., 30s. per 100 ; 2 to 3 ft, 60s. per 100.

Also a general NURSERY STOCK of FRUIT, FOREST, and
ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS, extending over GO Acres.

Detailed CATALOGUES and every information may be had on
application.

/^HEAP and BEAUTIFUL FLOWER SEEDS.

100 Packets of the best and most showy hardy, half hardy, s. d.

and tender Annuals 20 0

60 » „ ,, 10 0

25 .. „ „ 5 0

26 Packets of the best showy Hardy Annuals 5 0

X2 „ ,. 2 6

DESCRIPTIVE CAl ALOGUE on application.
Richard' Sm ITU, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

AT/" ANTED, STANDARD MARECHAL N|EL ROSE,

V V 3 to 31 feet.

Standard-trained WHITE MAGNUM BONUM PLUMS, 5 to G feet.
CAULIFLOWER PLANTS.

Please state price to Fkane. W.ykwice, Plant and Seed Merchant,
Sleaford.

New Roses.

HLANE AND SON have to oifer a very fine lot of
• extra strong Plants coming mto Bloom, of tho following
kinds, at 3fi,s. per dozen. :— TEA : Isabella Sprunt, Bouton d'Or,
Madame Margottin. HYBRID PERPETUALS : Horace Vernet,
Antolne Ducher, Gloire do Montplai^ir, Madame Rival, Monsieur
Noman, Charles Verdier, Souvenir do Monsieur Boll, Monsieur
Plaisancon, Mdlle. Jeanne Marix, Madeleine Nonin. Also
MARECHAL NlbiL. strong on Manotti, in pots.

The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

Woodlands Nursery. Maresfield, near Uckfleld,

WM. WOOD AND SUN bug- to offer the annexed
TEA-SCENTED ROSES on reasonable terms i—

Barillot D^schamps
Comtessedo Brossard
Due de Magenta
Enfant de Lyon
Jaune d'Or
Jean Hardy
Laurette
Also well-gi'own

24s. to 30s. per dozen.

Le PactOle
Lays

Madame Bravy
MarCchal Bugeaud
M6lanie Oger
Madame de Vatry
„ Falcot
TEA-SCENTED ROSES,

Madame Joseph Hal-
Pharaon [phen

Rubens
Sombreuil
Souvenir de David
Trlomphe du Luxem-
bourg
in 6-m, pots, at

L ILIUM AURATUM. —

Large Consignment just received, 2s. Crf., 3s. 6rf.. /is. 6rf., and
78. 6d. per Root. Extra large selected Bulbs, lOs. 6d., Us. (id., 15«.,
and 21s.

Bark & Sugden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street
Covent Garden, W.C.

GLADIOLI BULBS,

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Eloiverini^,
2s. Gd., 3s. C(i., 6s. Gd., 7ti. Cc(., Os., and 12s. per dozan.
10s. Qd., 15s., 21s., 26s. to 100s. per 100.
Barr&Sogden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

GLADIOLI. — Collections containing all the finest
varieties in cultivation, many new, and offered for the first
time, 105s., 63s., 42s., 30s., 25s., 20s., 15s.. 12s. BRENCHLEYENSIS,
the most showv of all, extra strong roots, 3s. per doz., 20s. per loO.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LISTS free on application.
Bdtler, McCdllooh & Co. South Row, Covent Garden, W.C,

GLADIOLI (EngUsh-grown Seedlings) .-These
Seedlings are strongly recommended for growing in masses ;
there is no more valuable flower during the autumn months. They
will produce flowers as varied and beautiful as the best named Fi-enc'n
varieties. Price Rs. per dozen ; 50s. per 100.

GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS.-The most goi-geous deco-
rative flower during the months of August and Sepiember; should
be grown in every garden. Per dozen, 3s. ; per 100, 20s.
All the newest and best French varieties kept in stock.
A PRICED LIST sent on application.
12 Choice varieties, selected 24s. I 12 Choice varieties, selected, 10s.
12 „ „ „ 18s. 12 „ „ „ 8s.

12 ,. » ,. 12s. I 12 „ „ „ 6s.

Early Orders are respectfully solicited,.
B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway,
London, N.

Superb Double Hollylioclss.

WILLIAM CHATER begs to remind the admirers of
this beautiful Flower that now is the best time for planting
it out, to ensure fine Spikes and Blooms this season.

DESCRIPTIVE CaTALOGCE, with instructions for its cultiva-
tion, also Prices of Plants per doz., 100, or 1000 may be had on
application,

Seedlijigs from best named Varieties, 4s. per doz., or from 20s. to
30s. per 100.

Bloomed Seedlmgs with colours named, very fine, 6s. per doz. ; or
from SOs. to 40s. per 100

Seed saved from the finest named Varieties, very choice mixed, 5s.
and 2s. Gd. per packet.

In Collections of 12 separate named Varieties, extra fine, 10s.
Six Varieties extra, 5s.

Twelve Named Varieties, all good show flowers, 7s. Gd.

Six Named Varieties, all good show flowers, -is.

William Crater, Nurseries, Saffron Walden.

RICHARD SMITH'S SEED CATALOGUE contains a
Calendar of Time for Sowing, particulars of Collections, mth
Prices, Directions for Cropping weJI and economically. Soil, Manure,
Depth, Distance, Season, Hardiness. Duration, Form, Height,
Colour, Storing, Usij, Flavour, and other qualities, described.

This List Free by Post or one stamp. Seeds direct from the
Growers the surest way to success:,

Richard Smith, Seed l^Ierchant, Woroes'ter.

Calceolaria Ambassador (Sang).

EDWARD SANG and SONS, Nuhsbkymen and
Sekd Merhants, Kirkcaldy, N.B., offer .strong antumn struck
Plants, in single pots, of this new well-knnwn and universally
admired BEDDING-OUT CALCEOLARIA. Price IL's. per dozen.

Early orders will oblige and have their careful attention,
The Trade supplied.

New and Clioice Hower Seeds.

Free ut Post or Rail.

UUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of

K-5 FLOWER SEEDS are sent free by Post or Rail. Prices

as under : —

No. 1 Collection of tbe best English and German varieties,

with instructions on cultivation £2 2 0

No. 2 Collection of ditto ditto .. .. 1 11 6

No. 3 Collection ot ditto ditto , . . . 110

No. 4 Collection of ditto ditto . , . . 0 15 0

No. 5 Collection of ditto ditto . . , . 0 10 6

Small and useful Collections can also be had from 2s. to 7s. 6d.,
free by post.

For particulars of the above, see SUTTON'S DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE, gratis and post free on application.

Sdtton & Sons, Seed Growers. Reading.

Established Upwards of a Century.

HoLHERs OF Prize Medals fbom Exhibitions of both 1851 and 1802.

B

UTLER, McCULLOCB;, and CO.'S

CHOICE COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS.

15 Varieties, Selected Hardy Annuals 2s. Gd.

30 „ „ „ „ 5 0

50 „ „ „ „ 10 0

WO ., „ ,. „ 20 0

12 Varieties, Selected Half-hardy Annuals .. ..4 0

25 „ „ „ „ .. ..re

16 .. ,, .. .> .... 16 0
lOO „ „ .. „ .. „ 30 0

6 Varieties, extra selected New Annuals 1SG7.. .. 6 0

12 „ ,, ,. ,, „ 10 6

IS Varieties, selected Hardy Perennnils 3 G

25 „ „ „ „ 6 6

60 „ „ „ „ ...... 12 G

100 „ ,, „ .. 25 0

12 Varieties, selected Hajf-hardy Perennials . . ..40
25 „ „ „ „ ...-TO

COMPLETE COLLECTION of VEGETABLE SEEDS for
One Year's Supply, CSs., 42s., 30s., 21s.. and 10s. tid.

Orders amounting to 21s. and upwards sent Carriage Paid.

CATALOGUE containing details of above Collections, Post Free

Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

A UCUBAS, EUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, iso.

G Varieties AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.
12 Select NEW FUCHSIAS of I6ii6 for Os.
12 Select NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1866 for Os.

C Select DOUBLE MIMULUS for 3s.
12 Select CHRYSANTHEMUMS of 1S66 for 4s.
12 Varieties JAPAN EUONYMUS, very flue, Gs.
12 fine Varieties DWARF PERPETUAL ROSES, Cs.

3 Varieties NEW JAPAN OSMANTHUS, quite hardy, 5s.

NEW WHITE LOBELIA MISS MURPHY, 4s. per dozen.

B. W. Knight, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

QUPERB VARIEGATED GERANIUMS.
d MRS. BENTON j TWILIGHT

GOLD PHEASANT GLOWWORM

YELLOW BELT THE COUNTESS

BICOLOR SPLENDENS | MRS. LONGFIELD

One each of above, 10.v,, package included.
Varieties previously Advertised can still be supplied.
Casmon & Son, Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

GEO. SMITH begs to call the attention of his patrons
and friends generallv, to his New TROP^EOLUMS, KING of
SCARLETS and KING of SPOTS, two beautiful varieties for
clumps or ribbon planting. These fine kinds wore raised by Mr.
George, of Stamford Hill, the miser of Compactum coccineura,
which has been so much admired the last twn seaaon.s at the Ciystal
Palace, &c. Also, the under-named ZONAL GERANIUMS,
which G. S. can, with confidence, recommend to be added to the
most choice collections.

G. S. has also a fine addition to the VARIEGATED GERANIUMS,
the most conspicuous for clumps or borders which has ever been
oflered, it having a green leaf with broad belt of pm:o white, of fine
habit.

NEW TROP^OLUMS.
K.1NG of SCARLETS.— Small neat foliage, compact habit, flowers
bright scarlet, the most brilliant and beautiftil for bedding or
ribbon planting. Awarded a First-class Certificate by the Royal
Horticultural Society, South Kensington. 5s.
KING of SPOTS.— Bright yellow with amber spots, neat foliage,
compact habit, very effective. 5s.

NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS.
HECTOR (Geo. Smith).— Foliage slightly zonal, pip and truss extra
largo, fine habit, flowers scarlet; one of the best in cultivit-

tiOU. DS.

PINK GLOBE (Windsor}.— Zoned: rosy pink truss, extra large and
compact. This beautiful novelty will be found a great advance
either as a bedding or exhibition plant. 5s.

PRINCE OF WALES (Windsor). —Dark zone, flowers rosy salmon ;
extra large and fine shape, ^ood habit ; a firat-class vai'iety. 5s.

REGALIA (Geo. Smith).— Foliage slightly zoned, flowers fine rosy
scarlet, eye white, of fine form and a pleasing variety ; good
habit. 6s.

RELIANCE (Windsor). — Foliage slightly zoned, flower orange
scarlet, truss and pips large, of good substance, white eye ; in
every respect a first-class variety. 5s.

SALAMANDER (Windsor).— A zonal variety, flowers bright rosy
salmon, with white eye, a most pleasiog and desirable variety. 6s.

WARRIOR (Geo. Smith).— Foliage slightly zoned, flowers brilliant
scarlet, of great size and substance, fine form. This flower will
prove a most valuable addition to its class. 5s.

NEW VARIEGATED GERANIUM.

PRINCESS ALEXANDRA (Geo. Smith).— Foliace bright green,
with broad band of pure white, of first-class habit ; most attrac-
tive and beautiful ; one of the most effective for ribbon planting
of the silver-edged class ; Que, 10s. Gd, each.
NEW WHITE-FLOWERED IVY-LEAVED GERANIUM.

"L'ELEGANTE" (Cdnninguam). —Foliage bright green, with
broad belt of greamy white, thiowing up its numerous white
blossoms, which give it a flne efi'ect. Awarded a First-class Cer-
tificate at the Birmingham Rose Show, also at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, South Kensington. 10s. Crf. each.
G. S., having made aiTangemonts with Mr. Cunningham, is enabled

to send out this flne Ivy-leaved Geraniimi, together with the fore-
oing novelties, in good plants, after the 24th of April,
Early orders are respectfully solicited.
Tollington Nursery, HornseyRoad, Islington, London, N.-

RICOLOR PELARGONIUMS.

Mrs. Pollock, 7s. and 9s. per doz. I Sunset, 21s. per doz.
Italia Unita, 21s. per doz. | Mrs. Benyon, 24s. per doz.

In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package included.
Remittance required from unknown Correspondents.

Address, Alfreu Fryer, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

c

HO ICE VARIEGATED PELARGONIUMS.

Sunset Luna Italia Unita

Mrs. Benyon Bicolor splendens Picturatum

Gold Pheasant Princess Alexandra Kenihvorth

Yellow Belt Queen of Queens Tlie Fany

The above 12 varieties suitable for Exhibition or Pot-culture for 21s.

Remittances requested from unkuown correspondents.

Alfred Fitrt:n, Nurseries, ChiLtteris, Cambridge.

N

EV IVY-LEAVED IPELABGONIUMS.

L'ELEGANTE. — Leaves green, margined with creamy-white ; flowers

white. 10s. Gd. each ; sis plants, £3. '

DERBYSHIRE HERO (Zonal).- Bright cerise.
STAFFORD GEM (Zonal).— Orange-scariet.
SCARLET CHRISTINE (Plain-leaved)._Bright cerise, shaded with

purple.
ROSE MAGENTA (Nosegay).— Fine habit, good bedder.
6s. each, set of four for 15s,
The above to De sent out after April 20.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CIRCULARS to theTi-ade on application.

See Gardeners' Ohronicle, p. 234, March 3.
WCosNiNuiiAM, The Forge Nurseries, Burton-on-Tront.

Geraniums.

HCANNELL has a large quantity of the following
• kinds, both large and small, in the very best condition : —
ITALIA UNITA, MRS. POLLOCK, SUNSET, HARRY HIEOVER,
QUEEN of QUEENS, and FLOWER of SPRING. All these have
received the highesD rewards from the Royal Horticultural Society.
Prices veiy low on application.
^^___ Fuchsia Nursery, Woolwich.

GEO. SMITH'S PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE of SHOW, SPOTTED, FANCY, VARIE-
GATED, ZONAL, and NOSEGAY GERANIUMS, Petunias,
Fuchsias, Dahlias, Verbenas, Chrysanthemums, Bedding Plants, &c.,
is now ready, in exchange for one postage stamp.
Tollington Nursery, Hornsey Road, laliogton, London, N.

To the Trade.

Mrs. PoLLOcii ANn Sunset Geranioms.

TJ. BOOTH solicits Orders for the above, to
• deliver on and after tbe first week in May. Nice plants, with
6 to 10 leaves, well up in colour, for cash, per dozen, 7s. ; 100, 50b. j
600, £12 ; 1000, £22. SUNSET, 18s. per dozen ; £G per 100.
Rainhill Nursery, Rainbill, LancaslUre,

CHEAP, CHEAP, CHEAP.

Two dozen MRS. POLLOCK GERANIUM, Six Plants of
ITALIA UNITA DO., and Six dozen STELLA VARIEGATA DO.,

or 21s.

One dozen best NOSEGAY GERANIUMS, including Pink Stella
and Le Grand, for 8s.

One dozen VIOLETS, nine of the magnificent QUEEN and three
of the beautifiU CZAR, in pots, for 10s.

Basket and packing included,
Tho above are gond phints. A remittance must accompany each
order from unkuown correspondents.

JuHN- Barrett, The Nurseries, Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk.

H

INTS on the CULTIVATION of TRICULORED

GERANIUMS.
See F. &. A. Smith-s NEW CATALOGUE for 1807.

Dulwich, Surrey.

New Tricolored Geraniums.

FAKD A. S.MITH'S CATALOGUE for 1867,
• containing descriptions of their splendid varieties of the
above, which have obtained the following tiwards ;—

Two £5 Prizes for the Collection . . . . Ciystat Palace.

A Prize for tho Collection Liverpool.

A Prize for tbe Collection Mancnoster.

A Prize for the Collection Leicester.

A Prize for the Collection Birmingham.

1- ive Certificates Peterborough.

Five Certificates Nottingham.

Six Certificates Brighton.

One Certificate International.

May now be had on application.

Dulwich, Surrey.

New Bicolored and Zonal Geraniums.
rri AND A. SMITH'S CA'iALOGUE for ISliT is now
JJ ■ ready, containing descriptions of the above, which have
obtained Thirtten Certificates,

Dulwich, Surrey.

F

New Roses, 1867.
AND A. SMITH'S DJiSUlUPTIVE CATALOGHB

of the above may be had on application.

Strong seasoned Plants now ready,
Dulwich, Surrey.

New Zonal Pelargoniums.

SALTMARSH and SON, ^Ickseuymen, Seedsmen,
and Florists, Chelmsford, have great pleasure in introducing
tbe following SEEDLINGS of their own raismg, feeling confident
they will give equal satisfaction with the two now well-kuown varie-
ties, Luna and Little Treasure, sent out by Ihem in 18G5, They will
be ready for distribution in May next. Early ordens are solicited, as
the stock is limited.

ZONAL PELARGONIUMS.
REINE D'lTALIE (Saltjiarsu & Son).— A seedling from that
highly esteemed variety, Roi d'ltalie, pos.sessmg all the good
properties of its parent in compactness of habit, profusion.
form, and size of flowers, each blossom measuring Igtlis oi an
inch in diameter ; colour pale salmon flesh, shading ofl to flesh
white at the edges, wlih pure white eye, altogether fonmng a
most attractive specimen for pot culture. Price 7s. Gd. each.
CRITERIOIS (Saltmarsu & Son).~A1so a seedling from Roi d'ltalie,
with darker zone, producing an abundance of flowers, of the
large size of its parent, of the most perlect form, and borne ou
stout footstalks; habit compact and vigorous; 'colour bright
orange vermilion, with small white eye. Price 7s. Gd. each.
VARIEGATED ZONAL PELARGONIUMS.
METEOR (Qaltmab-sh & Son).— Fohago large and flat, almost
circular, having a green disc about H-inch in diameter, sur-
rounded by a very broad and well-defined zone of deep sienna
maroon and bright red in about equal proportions, leaviuK a
clear margin of about a quarter of an inch of bright chrome
yellow ; flowers bright scarlet, with white eye ; habit compact
and vigorous.
The abuve spleudid variety will prove a valuable addition to the
Golden Ti'icolor section of variegated Pelargoniums ; it is quite
distinct from any variety hitherto introduced, and was awarded
a First-class Certificate at the Royal Horticultural Society's
Meeting in September, 1864. Price 21s. each.
A Coloured Drawing, by Andrews, of this splendid variety, will be
sent (post tree) on receipt of 7 stamps.
ELECTRIC (Saltmarsu & Son). — loliage greenish yellow, changing
with exposure to sun and air to a rich golden yellow, with a very
broad zone of dark chocolate, to the way of Lima, but more
heavily zoned, and of more robust habit, producing fine tnisses
of scarlet flowers with white eye. Price 10s. Gd. each.
VENUS (Saltmarsu & Son).— Foliage greenish yellow, changing to

golden yellow, with shght bronze zone ; habit compact and ■
spreading, producing neat trusses of well-formed flowers on short f
footstalks, of a soft and pleasing shade of rosy cerise, altogether I
forming a most attractive variety by the harmonious blending of I
its colours and its remarkably close habit of growth. Price ^

10s. Gd. each.
SNOWSTORM (Saltmarsh & Son).— Foliage green, with a very deep
edge of pure white. This variety will be found to display a
gre-iter proportion of white variegation than any other yet
produced ; tfie leaves are less disposed to curl than most varie-
ties of this class; in addition to which the habit is exceedingly
close, yet robust and bushy; flowers rosy scarlet with white eye.
Price 10s. Gd. each.

April n, 1867.]

THE GARDENEKS' ClIRONIdEE ANT) AORICULTUHAL GAZETTE.

347

BAER & SUGDEN,

THE METROPOLITAN SKED, BULli, AND PLANT
WAREHOUSE,

12. KING STUKRT, COVENT GARDEN, W.(^

Ftowef Seeds sent Vast raid.

CIIOICK PRIMULA SEEDS.

Per Piickot— s. </.

Bhit'b Kplouiiul striiiuorPrimuln. sinoneis llmliriivtaailwi .. 'I H

„ rubra . . 2 «

" I „ ., inlxeii .. U It

' " Feni-ioavod rrinuilii Kliionsla albu . . 'i «

,, „ nibrft . . li 0

'I \\ II » iiiixcl.. 2 0
" „ Primula sinensis flmbriata novii, a
beimtiful nmdclor red sbuded
viirioLy, with a uonspicuous ciinary-

yoliow centre 3 0

Ban's Hplendid strain of Primula sinensis fimbriatn striatiflora,

a bcantlftil striped variety 3 1.

Trior's Primula alnenals fimbriata atro-carminea splendens, a

line strain la. and 2 d

„ „ alba, a flno strain . . Ki. and 2 (5

„ ,, Itlauiiin n1bo-mnrginata. do. Is. and 2 fi

., „ 8tnntilli>rn. a fino strain l.s. and 2 i;

,, ,, lUtxod, a line strain . . l.s. and 2 H

„ „ orecta BUperba, a fln© strain Is. and 2 0

Bull's Primula sinensis fl. pi. (this vatletjoomep true from seed) 3 0

Per Packet — .s. rf.
BULL'S MIMtTLUS, Duplex-flowering.— This Is a unique and
most boautlful flower, tho calyx beiOs ^^ boauttfuUy

marked iis the corolla l.i. 6*^ and 2 ti

„ HYRRin PETUNIAS, consisting Of beautifully striped

and blotched varieties Is. and 2 6

BAR-irS INTKRN'ATIONAL PRIZE CALCEOLARIA.— This
is without exception tbo finest strain of Calceolaria in culti-
vation 2s. Orf., 3s. 6ii., ODd 6 <J

„ i^PLENDID CINERARIA 2 0

RIVlNA LAVIS.— An exceedingly pretty plant for tcible deco-
ration, always covered with berries 10

WILLS' -I HBENA.— Of the Velvet Cushion type, saved by

Mr. Wi. Is from all bl9 finest varieties .. .. Is. and 2 6

VIOt-A CORNUTA PURPLE QUEEN and MAUVE

QUEEN Is. and 2 C

:^F,A JAPONTCA VARTEGATA.— The new Variegated
Indian (brn, perhaps the handsomest variegated foliage
iilaiit for the flower garden yet introduced, surpassing m
l.l^■^uty the Anindo Donnx varlegata. Now is the time to
sdw the seed M., Is., and 2 C

\KH.\NTnEMUM CARYOPHYLLOIDES. fl. pi— An ex-
(-■eeftingly handsome carnation-striped double Everlasting,
fur Winter bouquets and Church decoration 10

fJCABIOSA (New Double).— Very handsome flowers, resemb-

llhf^ the Pompon Chrysanthemum 10

SANVITALIA PROCUMRENS, fl. pI.--.A very handsome
heddins plant with bright yellow floweis, resembling a
RammcuUhs lirf, and 1 0

THE NEW OIANT TREE TEN-WEEK STOCK. —The hand-

aomest of all, in 10 varieties . . 3s. 6rf. and 6s. Of'. ; mixed 2 0

THE NEW GIANT CAPE STOCK, in 10 vars., 2s. &d. ; mixed 1 0

for further Novelties ana Specialtiea, see "Guide to the Flower

Garden," sent &ee to intending purchasers, on sending their

addresses. ^

FLOWER SEEDS.— The best for present Sowing, sa supplemental

where there is a deficiency of Beddinjr-out Plants. Hardy

Annuals— Collections, 2s. Gd., Zn. (id., 5s. Crt., 7s. 6d., 10s. 6rf., 16s.,

and 21s. Half-hardy Annuals— Collections, '3*. 6d., 58. Crf., Ts. 0(^,

105. Od, 15s., andaiN.
KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS.— The Best Varieties in Collections,

10s. Crf., 16s., 2is., iQs., 425., and flSs.
LAWN GRASS SEED, finest quality. Is. 3f7. per lb,
FARM SEEDS, saved from pure .stocks.— Mangel Wurzel, Swedish

Turnip, Yellow-flesh Turnip. White-fleshTurnip, Carrots, Parsnip,

Cabbage, BlundelVs Cattle Melon, Marrow, Ac.
GRASS SEEDS .ind CLOVERS, finest sorts only, for Laying Down

Permanent Pasture on Light. Heavy, or Medium Soils, with or

without a crop, 3ii. and .'Jijs. per acre'.
The GUIDE to KITCHEN and FLOWER GARDEN pre.sented free

to iutonding purchasers.

(^ KEAT NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL

V r K.XIillilTION. IsflT.

£Hl(M) OFFKREI) IN PIUZEH.

Tt) bii IlKLI) ill Itio OiirtldTiH of tlio ((i.l.aniciil and Horticultural
Soolotv, l)IrlTnitI>.nl. M A N< 'H l-lsTI'llt. 71 li to the 16th JUNE.

Charges lor AduiKMon ;- Kir«L I'i.y, Hi,., li,/, uiich ; Hot:oud Day.
L's. \\<U each ■ WHIT HU)NDAV and roiiiiiiiiii.K DayM, Is. each.

SubHorlbers to the ManchCNtor UoUiuical and Horticultural Society
froo each day, , ,,.,

Annual Subaorlptlou— Family, £2 2«. ; liiUivlduftl, £1 Is., admitting
on all ocoastons.

Soliedulos, fto., may bo obtained on application to Mr. IJ. I-inri.ay,
Curator, Botanic GardenH, Manchester, or fi-oui the undorntgnod.
Military Banda In iittoudauco uaoh day.

Cooper Street, Manchester. 1Ii,nuv WniTwmiTii, Sec,

(^ HEAT NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL

V_T KXUIBITION, 1807.— Oaidonora will bo adrnlttud by Tl<kots
as follows:- First Day, :is. fid. each ; Second and remamlng Days,
Is. each. Applications fur these Tickets must bo made cm or before
6th JUNE. IIknhv WuiTWOHTii, Sec.

GRAND HORTICULTURAL EXHIIUTION
at BURY ST, KDMnND'S, In connection with the
SHOW of the KOYAh AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JUl^Y 16, 1807, and tour following Days.
Amongst various Special Prizes, amounting in valuo to nearly
£300, ana exclusive of the ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20.
will be offered by the Proprietors of tho
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for the best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to be mado up as follows : —
Of FRUITS, any Five of tho following Eight kinds, one Dish of
each :— Grapes, Melons (2 fruits). Strawberries, Gooseberries, Cur-
rants, Cherries, Raspberries, or Apple.s (of the crop of 1800).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of the following Fourteen kinds,
one basket or bundle of each :— Peas, French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners), Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace), Smnmer
Cabbages, Early Carrots, 'l\irnips, Artiohokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rhubarli, Potatos, or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will be open to Competition amongfit Amateur or Pro-
fessional Gardeners, of all grades, with Fmit and Vegetables of tMir
own firowing ; any article otherwise obtained will disqualify the
exhibitor.

SATURDAY, APRIL 6, 1867.

MEETINGS FOK THE ENSUING WEEK.

f Royal Horticultural (Dr. Masters' Lecturo
*™.iiiQj o" Plaut Aichitccturel, at South Ken-
, Apiiiu< sinirton 3 p.m.

( Royal Botanic (Second Spring Show) , . 2 p.m.

STANDKN'S "GARDENERS' and AMATEITRS' FRIEND," a
highly Concenti-ated Inodorous Artificial Mairnro, in all cases
inducing free vigorous growth, and promoting early matuiitv. It
is now largely used by Nurserymen in growing pot Vines. 'They
can produce finer canes with it than with liquid manure, and at
a less cost, tbe price not being one-tenth the expense of labour
incurred in applying the lattor ; and besides this, there is no
variability iu tho results of tho " Gardeners' and Amateurs'
Friend." The leading exhibitors use it largely in prepai-ing
their plants for F.xhibition. It is to be had of the loading Nur-
serymen and Seedsmen in England, Ireland, and Scotland.

DIHECTIONS FOR USE.

1 FOK PLANTS in POTS.— Such as Camellias, Azaleas, Erioste-

toons. Acacias, Chrysanthemums, Roses, Ixoras, Francisceas, AUa-
raandaa, Dipladenias ; fine foliage plants, as Palms, Rhopalas,
Dracaicas, &c., and all plants which are benefited by Manure. See
GanUner^' Chronkle. p. 291.

' FOR FRUIT TREES and ROSES in POTS. — Such as Vines
and Orch.ard-house Trees generally, also Pines. See Gardeners'
Chronicle, p. 291.

FOR VINE BORDERS and PLANTS in the OPEN GROUND.—
Such as Apples, Pears, Peaches, Gooseberries. Strawberries,

j Standard and Dwarf Roses, Celery, Oniors, Cauliflower, and all

I Vegetables and Flowers which will require abundance of manure

! See Oarotejter^ OhronieU, p. 291.

j FOR LAWNS where the GRA.SS DOE.S NOT THRIVE.— Mix

the Manure with an equal quantity of dry soil or sand, and sow
It over the surface in snowery weather, at the rate of 1 oz to tho
square 'yard; or, if the weather is dry, w.ater freely two or three
times after applying tho Manure.

Sold in Canisters at Is. and 23. 6fi., and in Bags, 5a. 6<i., 10a Od
and 21s.

Tbe above valuable Manure may be had of the leading Nurserymen
^nd Seedsmen in England. Ireland, and Scotland.

Clearing ofl' SURPLUS STOCK of GLADIOLI.var. G ANDAVENSIS.
Splendldnaincd GLADIOLI, 12 in 12 varieties, 2s. 6d 3s Qd 5s 6d
7s. Cti., lOs. GO., 12s. 6d. and 15.s-.
Ditto ditto 25 in 25 vars., 73. 6rf., 10s. Cd., 16s.. and 21s,

Ditto ditto 50 in 50 vars. 213., 25.S., 30s., and 42s.

Ditto mixed, 73. M.. 10s. Od.. and 15s. per 100; Is. (^d.

and 2s. 6d. per dozen.

BRENCHLEYENSIS, 7.«. M,, 10«. Oii.. and 15s. per 100; Is. Oci. and
2s. ed. per dozen.

BOWIENSIS, 7s. Oil., lO.s. M., and 15s. per 100 ; l.(. 6d. and 23. 6((.

per dozen.
LILIUM AURATUM, 33. 611., 6s. tft., 7s. M., and 10s. erf.

BAllR AND SUGDEN,
12, King Street, Coyeut Gardeu, W,C.

The general interest felt in our National
BoTANio Gardens, no less than their intrinsic
importance, lead us to return to a subject on
which we have already had occasion to comment
(see p. 292), but one which is so wide in its scope,
and so multifarious in its details, that to treat it
fully would require more space than wo are
enabled to give. We may however allude, in
continuation of our remarks, to certain special
points suggested by the perusal of the report of
the present state of the Royal Gardens at Kew,
to which we have'previously referred. The culti-
vation of plants of scientific or economic interest
is not likely to be neglected while our Botanic
Gardens, remain as they are now under the
direction of accomplished botanists and horticul-
turists. Nor is it likely that ornamental plants,
or such as have special interest for the horticul-
turist or the amateiu', will or can be overlooked.

The best proof of what is done in this way is
afforded by the amount of popular apprecia-
tion shown by tho numbers of visitors, and
judged by this standard the results are highly
satisfactory. But professional horticulturists and
connoisseiu's may fairly demand something
beyond what is necessary to captivate the general
public. For them, not only the popular " flowers
of the day," but the novelties, those upon which
the popular verdict has not yet been given,
should be as far as possible exhibited, in order
that they may be comparefl ■with old established
favourites, and an opinion foiinod as to theii'
probable futui'e merits. While reigning favour-
ites, and their possible successors, should find
a place in such establishments, it is almost
equally desii'able that those which have been
discarded from smaller establishments, whether
from the caprice of fashion, or even from more
substantial reasons, should be retained. And
herein lies the difficulty of finding gardeners who
have zeal and interest enough in theii- work to
induce them to bestow the requisite care and
attention on these often most unjustlj' neglected
plants. It is no doubt a hardslup to work in a
field where there is little present sympathy or
encouragement, but in this case, at least, sooner
or later, perseverance is pretty sure to meet with
its due amount of appreciation, and the honour
of rescuing a plant from unmerited oblivion is
almost as great as that of introducing a new one
to notice for the first time. Another point in
which an establishment of the nature of those
we are now considering, may do signal service
to all branches of plant knowledge, is by securing
correct nomenclature. With tho unrivalled
facilities for the proper naming of plants
possessed by our Botanic gardens, an unnamed
or a mis-named plant should in them scarcely be
found. The gardens, together with the herb.aria
and libraries, should, so to speak, be register

oiUcos wherein tho nainos, qualities, and condi-
tions (if all cultivated pliiiils might lin fouiiil with
littlo dilliculty. Ifndoulitcilly this is the case to
a gro.at extent, and thoso who, for instance at
Kew, liavo oxporioiicoil tlio ready ((lurtesy and
willing aid of tho officials in the deteniiiiiation of
adoubtful ])laut will readily admit tho valuo and
importaii('(i of such assistance. 80 far as possiblo
not only tho correct scientific names as deter-
luiiiod by tho authorities, should bo aiiixod to the
jilants, but also their garden names. How useful
would such a system, thoroughly carried out,
be. What a valuable Htandard of rofcronoo iu
cases of doubt or dispute, and what a wholesome
check it would prove towards tho accidental or
designed dissemination under different namos, of
tho same plant.

Before quitting the subject of Botanic Gardens,
wo may be allowed to point out what appears to
us a serious deficiency iu them when viewed as
means for the advancement of practical physio-
logy, horticulture, or .agriculture. Wo allude to
the want of a special experimental garden and
laboratory ■with tho requisite apparatus for
" ■vivisection." We shall not greatly err if we
say that half our knowledge of vegetable physio-
logy is merely empii-ical. That it is far belnnd
animal physiology, any one who has but a slight
knowledge of the two must perceive ; and this
arises in great measure, we believe, fi'om the
want among us of practical physiologists, who,
by their experiments and their tests, shall ■wi'ing
out from plants the now secret history of their
lives, to the great ultimate benefit of horticul-
ture and agi'iculture. We are not unmindful of
what has been done iu our o^wn country by
Hales, by Knight, by Daubeny, by D.vr-wtn,
and others, or of what has been accom-
plished (especially of late in Germany) by
continental physiologists, but we repeat our con-
viction that one of the most pressing wants of the
time as regards vegetable physiology, and the
practical operations dependent on it, is a well-
organised establishment, where, with definite
aim and fixity of purpose, plants may be as
thoroughly investigated as to their mode of
living, as they are already as to theii' structural
peculiarities, family relationships, and orna-
mental qualities.

There are many plants of great interest to
the botanist, or the lover of the more unusual
forms of vegetation, which are never likely to
become popular, as well from their not answering
the reqiusites of fashionable decoration ,as the
difficulty which attends their cultivation. Some
of these, however, are always attractive from
their singularity, or a certain degi'ee of beauty of
coloiu'ing, and are therefore to be found in a
greater or less degree of perfection in most of our
large establishments. Amongst them the different
species of Nepenthes are pre-eminent, but the
Sarraoeni/E, which are scarcely less cui'ious in
point of form, and more so as regards the struc-
tui'e of the flowers, are at the same time sure to
.attract interest. They are, however, confessedly
difficult of cultivation, and therefore a few
] words on the subject, suggested by a recent
{ inspection of the magnificent collection in the
garden of Lady DoRO'fiiY Nevill, at Dangstein,
j which abounds in botanical treasures, and
exhibits a very high degree of cultivation under
I the care of Mr. Vair, may not be unacceptable
I to oui' readers. These iSarracenioe struck us
especially on account of the freedom of their
growth, and the perfection of the flowers, which,
under artificial fertilisation, produce good seed,
and yield a fair number of seedlings.

As the plants are bog plants, they requii'e a
considerable degree of moisture and a peculiar
soil. It is not, however, found that they do so
well when the pots stand constantly in water, as
when the bibulous ware is simply kept moist, and
the di'ainago good. The soil consists of rough
fibrous peat, containing a large portion of sharp
s.aud, mixed with a little leaf-mould, some
broken crocks, or a small quantity of chopped
.sphagnum. Tho sui'face is slightly raised, and
covered ■with a thin coat of sphagnum, sprinkled
slightly with silver sand, so as not to cover it
entirely, but in quantity sufficient to keep the
sphagnum down. The moss, however, is not
packed, as is frequently the case in the cultiva-
tion of Orchids. The pots are weU-made,
bibulous pots, with a groove roimd the edge,
which is usually employed for the reception of
the rim of a bell-glass, but which is here filled
■with water ; this answers the purpose of keeping
the pot moist, while a constant evaporation is
also going on round the plant. The beauty of

348

THE GAEBENEES' CHEONIGLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

LApeil 6, 1867.

tianaceuia purpui-ea rubronervia, S. variolaris,
S. Drummondii, and the painted variety of
S. flava, is very striking, even at the present
season when the tips of the old leaves are
■withered, while they cannot be removed with
safety too hastily. The temperature averages
about 68°, being 72° at the time we are writing.
In fertilising it is necessary to cut off the petals,
which would otherwise collapse and close over
the pistil, and soon cause it to wither. The large
umbreUa-like appendage need not be removed,
but should be inverted, a process which gives
the flower a singular appe.irance. Dionsea does
not thrive so well under this treatment, the tem-
peratui-e perhaps being too great, but Drosera
dichotoma flourishes, and there is little doubt
that manj' species of that interesting genus
might, under the same treatment, be successfully
cultivated. Darlingtonia californica thrives
admirably. The temperature is scarcely suf-
ficient for the different species ."of Nepenthes,
though many good specimens accompany the
Sarracenise. We are not aware that the only
plant of the same natural order which occurs out
of North America, Heliamphora nutans, has ever
been introduced from Guiana, but there is little
doubt that it would flourish under simOar treat-
ment. M. J. B.

AitONa the floral sights just now to be
witnessed, one of the most remarkable in
character is a B^u^K of PhaLjENOPSTDS in full
bloom, in the well-known collection of Orchids
at Broomfield, — a sight which, if less gorgeous
than that of the Cattleyas at the same place, of
which we made mention at p. 553 of our volume
for 1864, is certainly not less charming. About
40 feet of a side table in Mr. Wakner's Vanda
house is at this moment filled with plants so pro-
fusely in flower, that not fewer than SoO blossoms
of the different kinds of Phalfenopsis may be
seen associated in one most lovely group.
P. Schilleriana predominates, while associated
with it are various examples of amabiUs, grandi-
flora, grandiflora .aurea, and Porte's variety of
intermedia. The Schillerianas exhibit great
variety both of form and tint, scarcely two being
in fact quite alike, — some being broader, others
narrower in the parts ; some more elongated and
others more compact in outline ; some of a
deeper and others of a paler hue ; and most of
them showing, moreover, some difi'erence in the
tinting or spotting of the broad basal lobes of
the lip. A close examination of the manj*
plants of this fine species in the collection
shows that the opinion which been hazarded to
the effect that those plants which have the most
finely -marked leaves are inferior in the blossoms,
by no means holds good, some of the best as to
blossoms being also among the best as to leaf.
There aro to be seen among these plants of
P. Schilleriana, individuals with some 50 flowers
on a single panicle, and with leaves measuring
15 inches long — fine certainly, though we under-
stand that as regards the number of blossoms,
these examples are far eclipsed by a remarkable
plant in the Meadow Bank collection. Nowhere,
however, but at Broomfield, can such a
wondi'ously beautiful assemblage of these But-
terfly Orchids be seen, for Mr. Wabnek having
been its introducer, through the agency of
M. Porte, is the largest holder of plants.

It would appear, then, from these facts, that
P. Schilleriana has free-growing and free-
blooming properties which wondrously enhance
its value from an ornamental point of view. The
secret of so successful a bloom, as Mr. Warner
believes, lies specially in his avoidance of two
errors, from which the treatment given by intel-
ligent cultivators is not always free — the first
being that of disturbing the roots by repotting
or reblocking, except under extreme necessity,
and the second that of constantly keeping up an
excessively high temperature about the plants.

We are glad to hear so good a report of the

prospects of the Manchesteb National Hohticul-
TURAL Exhibition. The guarantee fund amounts to
upwards ol'SOOO?., and such liberal promises of support
have been received from exhibitors in the district and
elsewhere, that it lia.s been decided to cover three times
the space of the large Exhibition-bouse with canvas,
which will be so arranged that visitors can inspect the
whole without going from under cover. Arrange-
ments have been made with the Railway Companies,
so that all articles for the exhibition will be carried at
a single fare for the double journey. We hope London
horticulturists will avail themselves'of these advantages
as to carriage, and return the compliment which the
Manchester growers paid them last year, by exhibiting
lirgely, and carrying away some of the principal prizes.
The only circumstance of regret in connection with
this exhibition is the fact that the dates on which it

and the Royal Horticultural Society's Show are to take
place, slightly overlap, a difliculty which we should
have thought could have been met by a little mutual
concession, to the great advantage of both Shows, and
of the exhibitors at each. Were the opening of the
Manchester show to be deferred from the Satur-
day till the Monday following, and the plants
required for Manchester released from Kensington
early on Saturday afternoon, the difficulty would be
fully met without detriment to either party. Some
of the principal exhibitors at our metropolitan
shows have indeed promised the Manchester people
large assistance, and with the large number of fine
specimens which are to be found in the neighbourhood
of Manchester, the handsome prizes otTered will
no doubt be well contested, and the E.xhibitiou will
probably bo hardly second to anything we have
seen, the International of last year excepted. There
is aheavy load of debt upon the Manchester Botanical
Society, the Council of which has originated the
National Horticultural E.'ihibition, and any surplus
which may result will be applied to the reduction of
this debt. The gardens are exceedingly well managed,
but Mr. FiNDLAT, the indefatigable Curator, is much
hampered for want of means, owing to the large sum
required annually to pay the interest of the debt,
although his judicious man;igement has considerably
reduced the amount.

. We understand that there is at present in

flower in the nursery of Messrs. Dickson & Co., of
Leith Walk, Edinburgh, a very handsome specimen of
Rhododendron DALHOusiiE, described as one of the
finest sights amongst Rhododendrons ever seen in culti-
vation. The plant is Si feet high, and 2j feet through.
The flowers, which are of a rich cream-colour, and have
a delicate lemon scent, measure 4 inches across, and
3^ inches deep. There are 94 tru.sses, averaging three
flowers each, making altogether 282 flowers.

While the Design for the flrst Great Exhi-
bition of 1851 was due to one of whose memory the
gardening fraternity will ever feel proud, it appears
that the plan of the present French Exhibition is, in
all material points, such as the form, the concentric
naves, the radiating avenues, the central garden, and
in many other respects, identical with that proposed in
conjuaction by two English gentlemen, Mr. George
Maw and Mr. E. J. Payne, the former a well-knon-n
and esteemed correspondent of the Gardeners'
Chronicle. Some documents, drawings, Ac, now
before us, show this very conclusively ; and we regret to
say that, to our minds at least, they as conclusively
show that, while the plan sketched out by the above-
named gentlemen in 1861 has been adopted in all its
main features, the only recognition accorded to them
has been the tender of " the assurance of my perfect
consideration " by Mr. Councillor of State, 'General-
Commissioner F. Le Plat, or the other officials.

The JuROBS at the Paris Exhibition nominated

to act in Group IX,, Live Produce and Specimens of
Horticultural Works, are:— Duke of Cleveland, K.G..
President, Class 83. — Hothouses and horticultural
apparatus; juror. Professor Balfour, M.D. ; associate
juror. Dr. T. Thomson, F.R.S. Class 84.— Flowers
and ornamental plants ; no juror allowed. Class 85. —
A''egetables : no juror allowed. Class 86. — Fruit trees ;
no juror allowed. Class 87.— Seeds and Saplings of
forest trees ; juror, Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.R.S. ; asso'ciate
juror. Dr. MooRE. Class 88. — Hothouse plants;
jiiror, Mr. .Iajies Veitch; associate juror, Mr.
P. W. Brady, Q.C.

■ Zes Mondes reports the following particulars

respecting some species of Eucalyptus, growing in
the open air, in the garden of JI. C. Huber, of Hyeres.
E. globulus, some 10 years old, has flowered abundantly
for the fifth time. Its height is about 60 feet, and it
would have been still higher had not the violent gusts
of wind from the Mediterranean already twice destroyed
its top. The circumference of the trunk at the surface
of the ground is 6 ft. 4 in. ; at four yards high, 3 ft.
11 in. ; at eight yards, 2 ft. 4 in. ; at fourteen yards,
1 ft. 6 in. The tree is remarkably vigorous, and is
regarded as the finest example existing in France, in
the open air. Of the species which have been tried, it
is this E. globulus which always pushes forward most
quickly, leaving every other behind. The next to it in
rapidity of growth, are E. diversifolia and E. viminahs.
E. corynocalyx mounts more slowly, but makes a fine
round head.

New Plants.

Litobrochia undulata, Moore.

Fronds trijiDKuIaror subpentangular, merabranaceo-herbaeeous'

pinnate ; lowest pair of pinnre deorsely branched, shortly

stalked, upper ones sessile decurrent. uppermost pair very

much decurrent, confluent with the cuneately decurrent

bjise of the terminal one ; piun:« about 1 foot long,

broadly Linceolate, pinnatifid throughout, the segments

distinct, more distant below, with a rounded nearly

equal sinus ; segments 2-2i inches long, the basal

one decunent, the rest connected by a broad {i inch) wing,

oblong ensiform, more or less narrowed to the point, where

they are sterile .and obscurely crenato-dentate, the margin

everywhere strongly undulated: sori not extending to the

apex or sinus of the lobes ; indusium narrow quite entire ;

basiil veins forming single elongated rachidal arcs between

the costffi of the segments, spanning nearly the whole

width, cost.al areoles Larger than the rest, semiobovate, with

.about two rows of areoles intervening between them and the

free m.arginal veinlets : stipes slightly gi'ooved in front, .and

as well as the racbides castaneous ; caudex short, stoutish,

suberect.

A very handsome large-growing evergreen stove Fern

from the Feejees, having some general similarity to

Litobrochia coraans and Endlicheriana, but diS'ering

arflong other points in the less acuminated segments,

the different nature of the toothing, and the undulated

instead of plain margin. The stipes and hinder side of

the racbides are of a dark chestnut-brown. The fronds

are 35 feet high, with a lamina of 2 feet Igng and as
much in width, triangular, or rather pentangular,
pinnate, the pinnae pinnatifid, divided so as to leave a
broad wavy wing to the rachi.s. All the upper pinnse
are more or less decurrent. The broad undulating surface
of the arching fronds gives them a distinct and very
pleasing character, so that the plant is one of the more
desirable of the larger stove Ferns. It is in the hands
of Mr. Bull, and was shown by him in a partially
developed state, at the Great International Exhibition.
T. M.

EARLY PEAS.
The following is a sketch of a contrivance I have
adopted with success for raising early Peas in a frame,
and establishing them in the open ground, so as to
avoid the check which the ordinary method of trans-
planting from pots or bo.xes necessarily entails.

A a (diaivn l-6th the actualjsize) represents a wooden
frame or box, with loose bottom B B, made of rough J-
inch boards, and of the following dimensions — 2\ inches
in vertical depth, 2 inches wide at the top, Sj inches
wide at the bottom, and 3 feet long, inside measure-
ments. The bottom is simply a loose 5-inch board,
about 45 inches wide, temporarily attached to the box
by two pieces of string. The box is filled with light
rich soil, and the Peas sown from the narrow side.

The transferring of the ready made row of Peas to
the open ground is a simple process ; a drill, rather
deeper than is necessary for sowing Peas in the open
ground, is worked out with the hoe, and the boxes, each
containing a yard of Peas, are placed end to end in it.
The strings wdiich attach the body of the box to the
loose bottom, are released, and by slightly raising it on
one side the bottom board is easily slipped from under.
Thefranefrom being bevelledi-eaflilydelivers itselffrom
its contents, and the row of Peas is left en masse in the
drill without the soil being broken or disturbed or any
check being given to the Peas.

These narrow seed-boxes really occupy but very little
space. They can be stacked two deep (the edges of the
bottoms of the upper layer resting on the top edges of
the sides of the lower layer), and a cold frame of 6 feet
square would contain 40 lineal yards.l

For the earliest crop little more than half the seed
that would be sown in the open ground is required, as
the boxes are under protection till past injury from
birds and slugs. I believe that the saving of seed
(which at from Is. 6d. to 2.s. 6rf. a quart for first crop is
a consideration) will quite counterbalance the extra
trouble of transferring to the border.

On February 19th I sowed a number of these boxes
with Carter's First Crop, and at the same time made
a sowing in the open ground ; the latter are not yet
up (this is a high and rather a late situation), but
those in the boxes, after being hardened off in a shel-
tered place for a few days, were transferred to the
open ground, earthed up and stuck on the 28th of
March, at once forming two very regular and vigorous
rows, which I doubt not will be a fortnight in advance
of the others sown in the open ground. Geo. Maw,
F.Z.S., Senihall ffaU, Sroselei/.

LETTERS FROM PARIS.— No. T.
Opening of the Exhibition, and First
Flower Show.
After the most disagreeable miserable winter and
spring remembered here, one scarcely hoped, during
the cold drizzle of Saturday, and dark, cutting wind of
Sunday, for a fine day for the formal opening of the
Exhibition, but we were agreeably disappointed, for a
brighter morning or day could not be desired for a
thing of the kind than we were favoured with on
Monday. Horses were knee-deep in the mud near the
entrance on Saturday afternoon, and everything appa-
rently in hopeless confusion, but the change made in
both garden, park, and building by Monday morning
was really surprising. Work was all stopped for the
day ; a green canopy, dotted and margined with gold,
covered the way from the bridge to the grand entrance ;
flags, &c., w'ere profusely and tastefully arranged round
the building and along this covered way, and these to
some extent hid the hideousness of the building.
Some day I hope to give your readers a correct idea of
this truly wonderful park ; for the present suflice it to
say that it is a combination of beautiful garden, lawn,
and pleasure ground, with almost every known species
of building, from an African palace to a Swiss cottage,
with its roof covered with green turf— from a gigantic
lighthouse to a winter-garden. Most of your readers
know the plan of the building. In its centre there is
a geometrical garden, in which they propose to plant
Tree Ferns, Palms, and many plants of beautiful habit.
Within the past few days it has been planted with
spring flowers, doubtless just to occupy the ground till

Apbil C, 1867. J

THE GAP.DENKHS' CireONTCT.E AND AnPvTCITTTTTnAE GAZETTE.

;Mn

thtTsummer i.lants are ready. Let us pass through t e
buidiuT inwbieh your readers are uot so spcca ly
interested and walk into the nark, ming towards he
Ecole M taire. You are barely in tl.e ,.ark when (ho
hnrort-.nt position assigned to hort.eulture at thjs
iS 1 xhibition dawns upon you. Twenty-s.x plant-
houses and conservatories of iron sliow themselvc^
con nicuouslv, not linnpcd toRcther or badly arranged,
but most tastefully disnoscd about tho grounds, the
lead being taken by a noble conferva ory well posed
about the centre of the special garden depart meut and
separating the two grand aquariums which are not yet
ready, thouph, so far as their aspect m the garden is
concerned, tliey are so, with the exception ol the
waterfalls. Their rocks being fringed with shrubs, and
the banks around well planted, the effect is capital.
There is winding water, a good deal ot breadth to
he seen about here and there, considering the space
and its surroundings, and the merits and deinerits ol
the French way of laving out grounds m the i,nglisli
style" are fully displayed. Conspicuous in the scene are
some noble groups of Magnolia grandillora in variety-
handsome pyramidal-trained trees ; not a lew ol tne
equally noble deciduous Magnolias are in flower.
•L'herearo many grou,.s of capital Hollies and shrub-
beries and beds of hardy plants of all kinds, while here
and there some persons have been hardy enough to
plant out largo beds of Hyacinths in full
an enormous and handsome specimen
gigantea makes itself conspicuous above most ol tlie
other vegetation. All round the park, and on the
opposite "side from this, there are Rose-beds Hanking
round numerous buildings, hne plantations ol young
shrubs, in many cases choice and interesting, made by
French nurserymen. There is a beautiful fruit garden,
containing the most extraordinary and perfect speci-
mens of training that I have ever seen— more so, in
fact, than I had any idea existed. Therefore, we will
postpone those matters, and take the whole place
Seriatim when the la.st sub-tropical plant is m its
place, and when the Grass in the garden is green ; it
will be sown to-morrow, if I mistake not. Ihe Iruit
trees alone that are already in position are a line show [ as to
in themselves. If, in addition to its present contents, •' —
the grounds be as well planted with sub-tropical and
bedding plants, as they may be from Passy, I am
pretty sure no horticulturist will be ashamed of the
aspect presented by the garden department of the first

like circumstances, Cattleya-s with Phal.'cnopsis, and so
on — t!ie result being equally good in all cases.

Mr. Lindiii made a good display of new plants, having
a strong iiindiilalr 111 bc^'iii with in Gunncra nianicata
— a nolile siic(ncs, dcsniljcd as even bigger than the
remarkablo G. scabra— and Mr. Linden told me he had
proved it to be hardier than that plant, and if so, it will
lie a real acquisition in these days of searching after
large-leaved plants. And no less interesting was a
group composed of eight new siiecies of Oreopanax,
from an elevation of 10,000 to 13,000 feet in their
native country, and which are therefore eminently
suited for tho greenhouse— all line, two of them
remarkably so, tortile and dealbatum. He also
showed tlio plants which were successful at the Inter-
national last year ; several new Marantas ; Alloplectus
bicolor, a curious thing, with leaves 8 inches long or so,
in the way of a Gcsnera, dark olive green, with silvery
mid-rib ; Cissus argentea, a nice thing for rockwork in
stove or warm fernery ; Adiantum Mathewsianum, a
very large species ; a good Maranta, called Legrelliana ;
Philodeiidron Lindeni, with a somewhat velvety and
metallic hue ; and a nice delicate and distinct Arad for
the warm stove, or climbing over an elevated mass of
Moss, lie. Much more interest is expected in the new
plant way a month hence. Messrs. Veitch are about
^..,,„B^ .« the only English exhibitors ; they have a choice and
bloom; and' beautiful group of Conifers, planted near tho great
of Thuja ' central conservatory, and their great Azaleas are being
nicely brought on lor flowering in one of the houses
liere. I have no doubt they will literally astonish
" the natives," if that name can be applied to Parisians.
W. It.

years. I bus making an aggregate of WOO years since the
lirst <'.\ press tree vegetated in the basin. There arc
also instances where prostrate trunks of huge dimen-
sions are found imbedded in the clay, immediately over
which are erect stumps of trees, numbering no less than
800 conf^cntrif; layers."* Tlirsc gentlemen also state,
that at tho bott(mi of all the Cypress swamps, or
brakes, there is found a peculiar layer of tenacious
blue clay, which forms the foundation or floor on
which the vegetable matter accumulates. fSir C. Lyell
concludes, therefore, that as the roots of the Cyjiress
penetrate far beneath the soil and project horizontally
far and wide, those of one tree interlacing with another,
such root-bearing beds of argillaceous loam would be
very analogous to what are called lire clays, so well
known to the geologist, as occurring underneath almo.st
every seam of coal in the ancient carboniferous rocks.

As to the age of individual trees, that also must be
very great. If we lind specimens entombed by the
constantly recurring deposits of the Mississippi, in the
height of their growth, of such ages as those above
mentioned, it may be expected that those which have
not been prematurely entombed, but allowed to finish
their natural term of years, must have achieved a still
greater longevity. The tree that knew Montezuma
(or that Montezuma knew)--the tree under which
Cortes rested after the terrible slaughter of the Noclie
trisle, or that at Santa Maria de Tula, in Oaxaea, must
be much older than any of the Louisiana trees. These
are no doubt specimens of the Taxodium Montezuma'
or the Mexican variety of the Taxodium distieha (if it
be a variety and not a species), but we are here con-
trasting the age of Sequoias and Taxodiums as genera,
not that of the species of each.

Taking the largest of them, that at Santa Maria
de Tula, in Oaxaea. it has been thought that one line
of growth in the jear might be a fair average, and this
would give 5:i53 years as its age. But Zuccarini, in
his estimate, thinks it safer to assume l^th of a line

give constant opportunities of studying thi.s. Sir
Charles Lvell, in his " Second Visit to the United
States" (ii.' till) tells us that in other places where the
GTeaViixhi'bition'at wlucirH' hasliad'a place, ior of 1 bank (of the Mississippi) consisted of line stiff clay, he
course it is here that horticulture has been for the first | saw here and there the buried stools ot Cypresses and
time fully represented in connection with a great show ; other trees in an upright position with their roots
of this kind. The Emperor and Empress opened the attached, sometimes repeated at^se™ral_diflerent levels
Exhibition, by walking round the elevated promenade in the face of the same bank,
in the machinery gallery, and afterwards through the

NOTES ON CONIFERS.-No. XVI.
Taxodium disticha* and T. Monteztjmje.

(Coiictiuhd/romp. 210.)

Rivalling the Sequoias as the Taxodiums do in — - -, _ w„ „,„f ,

size, tbev also compete with them in age. As to dura- . a-s the average, which would give 3512. We prefer
tion of "the form in past geological formations we : the larger estimate. We see that in Louisiana the
have already spoken, but we may add a word or two 1 largest stems which are spoken ot are 40 and 41 feet m
the duration of the present species in the circumference— and the largest number ol rings which
deposits of our own epoch. The banks of the Missis- 1 are mentioned as havmg been counted is 2000.
sippi where they fall in under the force of current, I Then if 40 feet in circumference is equal to an

picture galleries, in which were placed such of us as
had special tickets, enabling us to be present at the
opening. ^ , ,. j

As for the Flower Show, it was nowhere to be lound
on the first day— postponed, in fact, with the exception
of a few dozen dishes of Apples and Pears and spring
flowers. To-day it was to take place, and to-day I
went again to find nearly nothing. It is too early;
and this day month will have arrived ere there is much
to be seen. The "flower show" was held in some of
the houses erected in the grounds; and, with the
exception of the new plants, is easily disposed of A
tolerably good display of neatly grown medium-sized
Camellias was made in one large house. Mr. Knight,
of Pontchartrain, showed well-grown Roses in quantity,
coming well into llower, and likely to be an attrac-
tion for the fortnight. One or two French Rose
growers also showed groups of Roses in flower — nice in
file mass, though not well-grown individually; and
another several varieties of the great-leaved hardy Acan-

When first told of this
phenomenon before visiting the Mississippi, it
appeared to him very difficult of explanation. He soon,
however, discovered that the great river in its windings ,
often intersects the swamps or Cypress basins which ,1 than
had been previously filled up with fine mud or vege- j trunks

if 40 _
age of 2000 years, 80 feet certainly should not mean
le'ss than 4000",and 11" feet 10 in. not less than GOOO years.
But we know that after a certain age has been reached
the deposit of wood becomes smaller and smaller as
the tree gets older ; cons quently to take the same ratio
as the measure of age for a tree 117 feet 10, as one of
40 feet in girth, would be unreasonable. What the
proportion should be we cannot tell, but we think we
are bound not to shrink from the results wherever our
premises lead us.

Our belief is that old trees are very much older

generally supposed. The centre of the

of such trees being usually decayed seems

table matter, at various distances from the former | to present_^an obstacle to a fair reckoning^ of their

river channel ; and as the Cypress often attains to • ■ » .. - ~ — — -

the age of three or four centuries, and according to
many accounts, occasionally in Louisiana to that of
2000 years, it is clear that the bottoms of the oldest
trees'may often thus be enveloped in soil several feet
deep before they die and rot down to the point where
they have been covered up with mud. In the mean-
time other trees may have begun to grow on adjoining

spots at different and higher levels; and eventually - -- . -,- .. • , ■ , ., cwu

some of these will take root in soil deposited directly ' these four, when we come to a tree in which the filth
over tho stump or decayed trunk of some of the first or ] or a part of the fifth only remains. A thin shave sliced
oldest series of Cypresses. off by a penknife from the outermost rings of a fallen

Dr M W^ Dicke.son and Mr. A. Brown, in speaking treewould then beoftensufficienttogivealltheinlorma-
of the same subject, sav that the Cypress brakes or | tion we desire, so that an average might be ascertained
basins which fill up gradually, give place at length to ' for each successive foot in outward growth. All very

age, but if those who have the opportunity would
he careful to count and record so much as can be seen,
we should be able soon to arrive at a fair appreciation
of what has been lost. Take, for example, the Oak :
there is no difficulty in ascertaining in any Oak county
the average rate of growth of the first circle a foot in
diameter, so of the second circle a foot in diameter
surrounding the first, so of the third— perhaps even
of the fourth ; and having gone so far we can fill in

thusIusitanicus;agoodlotofBillbergias,byMr.Linden other lumber; but, before this happens, the buried ; ancient trees e.xercise an mfiuence upon our imaginative
and others M interesting little show of Orchids, Cypress stumps often extend through a deposit of feelings, and when they are in some way associated
ansevSkheroddTandends. But the fact is, that I vegetable and sedimentary matter, 25 feet thick. ! with important events or celebrated people, their power
though this is the evening of the 2nd of April, the " Sections of such filleci-up Cypress.basins, exposed by i is the stronger. We do not at the moment remember
judging has not yet been done though they hope to do 1 the changes in the position of the river, exhibit undis- ; any which appeals more powerfully to them than the
"it to-morrow ; and, for what I know, exhibitors may turbed perfect and erect stumps in a series of every j tree o£ Cortes.

elevation with respect to each other, extending from
high-water mark down to at least 25 feet below,
measuringout a time when not less than ten fully matured
Cypress growths must have succeeded each other, the
average of whose age could not have been less than 400

be straggling in for a few days more, so I shall go about

Friday to see if they have finished staging and judging

the few plants exhibited. I begin to understand the

necessity for having fifteen-day shows '. When I looked

back and thought of the busy mornings at the Botanic

tiefore nine, it was not without some amusement,

though the prospect of interest was so dismal. How-
ever, it will be better by-and-by ; and whether it is or

not, or whether anybody brings anything to these

fortnightly shows, it does not matter much, for they

have wisely taken care to make the out-door depart- | liuW oi some Lr.

ment a grand show in itself, and that is the most "jlJJ^f i„ ^i*,

important point. _ ' original designation given to any SDecfes by its de.scriber

However, there were some nice new plants— a spotted | jg he prepared to follow out his principle to its legitimate con-
Hippeastrum, H. pardinuni, shown by Messrs. Veitch, I elusion ? As for us, .^nd our principle, wi' arc. We adopt the
being remarkably striking from its dissimilarity to the principle that every tree is fomini'ie. .and would alter to that
normal members of the family ; and the same firm had : gender all specific adjectives which have been given them of
•ovoml Vio-mtifiil fVntnn«— A'fr T G Vpitcb'c: intrndnc 'other gendors-Eccc «.<wi!w, Taxodium disticha. But will
>eveial be.UltUul Crotons— Jlr. J. Lr. Veitcn s introauc- j ^ e .adopt ;ill the bad gr.amm.av, bad sense, bad taste, and
tions from the South Sea Islands. One, a long-leaved ^^^^^ localities and qualities, th.at havebeen vented in scientific
species, with dark yellow margin and midrib when the 1 designations? It was Lesson, if we recollect aright, who pro-
leaves are young, both margin and midrib changing ! posed a division of Mammals, .among which, not being so
to a rich olive red when the leaves get old, the strong in his classics as J. S. E., he erected the horses.

* We trust that .1. S. E. will not think us obstinate beyond
the fair bounds allowed to hum.an infirmity, when be sees that
we still .adhere to Taxodium distieh.a, notwithstanding his
powerful pleading for distichum. Sut if there i,s one thing
which we like more than another in such matters, it is to get
I iirinciple as a guide, and to stick to it
thin. .1. S. E. does the same thing. The
principle which he holds by is to preserve untouched the

whole leaf then assuming a pleasing deep dark lint.
Another large-leaved species has the rib of a clear yellow,
and in the young leaves the yellow widens towards the
base, till tiieir lower parts are quite of a rich yel-
low ; both will make capital stove plants. They also
showed a new Draeir^na in the way of ferrea, with a
drooping, wavy style of leaf ; a beautiful hardy Japanese
plant — Hetiuospora filicoides ; a distinct new Aralia ;
several fine and interesting things shown in London
before, and which there is in consequence the less
occasion to mention here ; a fine group of new Ferns
a,nd some charming Orchids, including an exquisite
little specimen of Angraicutn citratum. Messrs.
Thibaut & Keteleer's Orchids are also very good, as
might be expected, for they are famous growers of
these plants; growing them all, strange to say, under

swine, .and Hippopotami into families under the names of
Equu.sidaj, SusidsB, and Hippopotamusidas. "Will J. S. E.
stand by these? Faults of taste, perhaps, he might bear
with, such as those of Mr. James Thomson, a Parisi-au-
American entomologist, who desciibed species under the
names of Cacodiemon knownothing, Cacoda;mon Covbenis, &c. :
but we doubt if he would insist on retaining false statements
of fact, as americaua for a Grecian species, africana for a
Mexican. And how far would he insist on the originjil gender
of a species being retiiined '{ If a species origin.ally described
under a feminine name were afterw.ards discovered to belong
to a masculine geuus, would he still retain the original, now
incongruous termin-ation ? If not, then he can scarcely con-
sistently object to an alter.ation of .a similar kind being made
in species of trees, to bring their specific designations in
accord with the governing principle that trees are feminine,
even when tho name of the genus has a masculine or neuter
tevmin.ation. j-f. M. IWe are unconvinced by our correspondent
A. M.'s .argument. Eds.]

The Oak of Mamre is surrounded with
tiie awe and solemnity of antiquity, but it has not the
stirring effect on the feelings which the association
with danger and death gives that Cypress. The tree of
Wellington on the field of Waterloo has plenty of
association with danger and death, but it wants
antiquity, and can never stir the imagination as the
silent witness of Cortes' emotion does, fl'e recommend
the reader who wishes to have a proper respect and
right reverence for the Taxodium disticha to make
himself familiar with the events of the Noche trisie.
We shall only quote the conclusion of Prescott's
account, so far as it describes what passed beside this
ancient tree : —

"The first grey of the morning was now coming over
the waters. It showed the hideous confusion of the
scene which had been shrouded in the obscurity of
night. The dark masses of combatants, stretching
along the dike, were seen struggling for mastery, until
the very causeway on which they stood appeared to
reel to and fro as if shaken by an earthquake, while the
bosom of the lake, as far as the eye could reach, was
darkened by canoes crowded with warriors, whose
spears and bludgeons armed with blades of ' volcanic
glass,' gleamed in the morning light. * * * Cortes
and his companions now rode forward to the front,
where the trooiis in a loose disorderly manner were
marching off the fatal causeway, a few only of the
enemy being in their rear, or annoyed them by occa-
sional flights of arrows from the lake. The attention
of the Aztecs was diverted by the rich spoil that
strewed the battle-ground, fortunately for the
Spaniards, who, had the enemy pursued with the same
ferocity with which they had fought, would, in their
crippled condition, have been cut off probably to
a man. But little molested therefrom, they
were allowed to defile through the adjacent

' "Silliman's Joniu.al," 2nd Series, vol. v., p. IT. Jan.

350

THE GARDENERS' CHRdKICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil C, 1867.

village, or suburbs it might be called, of
Popotla. The Spanish commander there dismounted
from his jaded steed, and sittins; down on the steps of
an Indian temple gazed mournfully on the broken files
as they passed before him. What a spectacle did they
present ! The cavalry, most of them dismounted, were
mingled with the infantry, who dragged their feeble
limbs along with difficulty; their shattered mail and
tattered garments dripping with the salt ooze, showing
through their rents many a bruise and ghastly wound ;
their bright arms soiled, their proud crests and banners
gone, the baggage, artillery— all, in short, that consti-
tutes the pride and panoply of glorious war, for ever
lost. Cortes, as he looked wistfully on their thinned
and^ disordered ranks, sought in vain for many a
familiar face, and missed more than one dear com-
panion who had stood side by side with him through
all the perils of the Conquest. Though accustomed to
control his emotions, or at least to conceal them, the
sight was too much for him. He covered his face with
his hands, and the tears which trickled down revealed
too plainly the anguish of his soul." (Prescott's
" Conquest of Mexico," p. 70j.

The reader may say, "But where's the tree?"
Prescott does not notice it, but tradition has
preserved it. It was beside the Indian temple on whose
.steps Cortes sat down. We have a photograph of the tree,
with a trunk of enormous dimensions, only instead
of standing beside an Indian temple it stands within
the wall, and overshadows the portal of a Christian
church, opening on the road by a couple of steps such
as Cortes might have seated himself upon. In fact we
have here the ordinary transformation which befals a
site or edifice dedicated to religious purposes— the
impure faith is replaced by the pure, the corrupt bv
the reformed— but the site remains, and the edifice is
retained by the new comers, only modified and
remodelled.

The tree is known to this day by the name of the

Ahuehuete de la Noche triste." In a Mexican
Almanac we find the following notice regarding it,
accompanied by a rude wood engraving of the tree.
"Popotlan, the city of besoms— what a prosaic name for
a place, the witness of one of the most dramatic
episodes of the Conquest ! And nevertheless in this
insignificant village, full of dust or of mud according
to the season, is to be seen the venerable tree under
which, according to popular tradition, Captain Hernan
Cortes sat down to breathe and rest his aching body
after the frightful catastrophe of the 1st of July."

Returning to the argument which we had 'in hand,
and which we have used as a thread on which to string
our notes of the qualities of this tree, we have to
remark that there is a great resemblance between its
timber, and that of the Red-wood. The latter is the
most valued timber in California, the former the most
useful in the Southern States. A special good property
of both IS splitting up straight, so as to serve for planks
without the use of the saw. In the Taxodium,
Michaux says, they split off in a direction parallel to
the concentric circles; but as these are so large, the
shingles split off are, when not very hard, nearly
flat; and it is the same with the Sequoia, The
colour of the timber of both is also alike. Michaux
says. The wood of the Cypress is fine-grained, and,
after being for some time exposed to the light, of a
reddish colour;" and in sneaking of the Sequoia
sempervirens, Dr, Bigelow says, " The wood resembles
the Cedar" (that is, Juniperus virginiana) "a good
deal in lightness and susceptibility of polish, but it is
of a slightly darker shade of red. In the rural districts
along the coast farmers use it for niakina fencing rails;
and it is almost certain to excite incredulity to state
the number of rails that can be made from a single
tree. They are counted by thousands, as we count
them by hundreds in the Eastern States." (Bigelow,
Pac. E. R. Rep. iv., p. 24.)

A resin of an agreeable odour and a red colour
exudes from the Cypress. "We have already spoken of
the red or claret-coloured resin exuded bvthe Sequoias.

On the whole, we trust we have said enough to
satisfy the reader that we have in these two genera the
respective representatives of the same type, the one
peculiar to the East and the other to the West of
North America, south of 38' N. lat.

The characters distinguishing the Mexican Taxodium
from the American are slight, but we think sufficient ; it
IS, however, foreign to the purpose of these notes to go
into such details. In this country, so far as we know
the American type is the only one in cultivation, j
There are doubtless some small plants of the other, for !
the large trees near Mexico produce seeds plentifully, i
w 1 ^ ™"^' ^^'^'"^ ^'^"'^ brought over by many people. I
We have received them ourselves. But we do not I
happen to know of any which have been planted out. I
The American tree, however, is distributed tolerably
abundantly and does very well in the South of
England. Mr. Palmer's tables of the worst effects of i
the winter of 1880-61 at places reported on by him give
the following results :—

high ; at Nettlecombe, Somersetshire, one 30 feet high
and about 35 years old; at Enys, near Penrhvn,
43 feet high. A. M.

ON CUTTING EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &c.

The dama; , done to ordinary evergreen shrubs

during the memorable winter of 18G0-61 will long

be remembered by a very large class of garden

admirers. It is to some of these generally-cultivated

evergreens that I wish to devote the following

remarks, suggested by the verv low temperatures

experienced during the present winter in various

; parts of the country, but 'more particularly in England,

; where, no doubt, the severity of the season has injured

some shrubs similar to those damaged in Scotland

during the above winter, particularly if growing in low

and somewhat damp situations. The injury may not

show to its full extent till after several days or even

weeks of sunshine, except on some of the more tender

species, such as Portugal Laurels, Laurustinus,

Aucubas, Alaternus, Phillyreas, Arbutus, Euonymus,

{ Sweet Bays, &c.

I Previous to the winter of 1860, the Portugal Laurels
' in many of the Scottish gardens were exceedingly

Some evergreen hedges were also much injured,
such as Holly Portugal Laurel, Alaternus, Sweet Bay,
Laurustinus, Evergreen Privet, &c., &c. Amongst the
Hollies, one hedge was cut to 5 feet, another to C feet,
while a third was cut to within 20 inches of the ground.
These hedges were treated as described for the
standard Portugal Laurels. It was found that the
high-cut plants, although they broke freely out all
over the tops of the cut stems, left long bare spaces at
bottom, while those cut low, broke out freely all over
the lower-cut portion of the stems, and being annually
breasted in, are now making an excellent fence. Those
cut high, on the other hand, although they have stood
for several years, will have to be cut down to within
18 or 20 inches of the ground, in order to induce them
to break out from the lower part. Laurustinus and
large evergreen Privets produce buds freely, if cut
higher— say to 3 or 4 feet above the ground. The
natural tendency of these plants is to produce a
multitude of young growths all over the exposed
surface of the bark. Evergreen hedge-plants, as
Holly and Portugal Laurel, or others having a natural
upright or compact growth, require to be cut lower
than .such plants as the large, shining, and hairy-leaved
varieties of Laurustinus and evergreen Privet, whose

handsome, being in many cases of a hemispherica'l ! nrtumrhahiTTs'to"diverge". Injuries to the latter
necTes'but often nf^' T'T'^'^^ with shrubs of other , hedge-shrubs, particulari; the Privet, do not arte>
were off»^ tZfj^} pleasing Outline. The latter much from the effects of hard frost as from the forcible
JZl of tl,» r«T^,i'° P^«™°V''",'' '"t^^fenng w, 11 ; bending-down of their branches by heavy snow. This
Tle^Lhpr ?Rr!n t^.t^^i^"* Portugals On the 2Jth renders the over-stretched vessels along the upper
S'i',?^'p■^„l®^o:. hi L h'T""^-"' ^* .E'i"^S,'i"=li f?" I surface liable to become injured fromfrostTparticufarly
antmr,r Tliih™ ^ freezing point. The moist when full of sap; and is the cause of so much dead
cnnse^\,?rv nf t.,^ Unusually long drought, had wood being found throughout old Privet hedges. AU
conrm;on^7„ ?.tl5»^7'"'°''''°f 1°^" ™ ^ growing evergreen hedges when cut, whether high or low,
their hebi^fuif if .n^%'''t7°^?"''?/'''?' ^°d from require their surface-roots to be covered with fresri
m.iv nf fi,/pLfnfFT *f V""" ^'^ ^?'^ ft ". compost for protection, as well as for throwing vigour
many ot the Portugal Laurel stems were found to be into their growth

fnlv b^?f 1 ?nnl^'°Auf '^'''i*i/°'T'''°''™''''.''''!'' These notes are the result of observations made
toerohlvf?S.l,rt^,Vir,tih""f 11 '''■'' ic^ves remained at Edinburgh, and may prove applicable for many
'?.mvn,s ninrt wi= " 1 " f°'l°":'°S summer, the districts both in England and Ireland, if they should
fw Wpe^h.c.I,trif,^f W'"'P'''''''■™?'''^1?^^ happen to have large evergreens injured, as occurred
w.sZnH.^vf-Tio t"°''''°'7!? ""';'' '°'i''''*^'' ^" Scotland during the winter of 1800. James

1 J^-^ T ="i^'»'>lWe to cut many of them down during MeNab, in the " Gardener."

1862, Some ol the injured shrubs, before being cut, ,

began to push out numerous young growths from the
lower parts of their stems, evidently showing that their
upper portions had suffered. Many of these plants
were cut down to within 18 inches of the ground
The Portugals ' ' ' ' "

Home Correspondence.

Fertilisation of Ci/pripediums. — As the sexes of

^ wM,.i, c„.^;,.„j T-'n" =""i Orchids form a subject of considerable interest, I beg

s which survived were chiefly such as to forward you the accompanying soecimens of

shrabberie?rart ™h?lv°on b?T 1 '^^ f™°* P^'"! °f . Cypripedium insigne. Of tSs I hav°e seve^a^'pTants
suruDheries, particularly on h gh-lying ground, where all however or g nally derived from the same niece

the sSe'T ns' ?o k ™1l""^, ™i '^'"'''^ *°-''' f °y'\ l'"' " ^P"« °f numerous attempt^ I have uniformly

Shane Such nhn?, nf'^n,„%'^'''°'' '? ^ 'hemispherical failed to fertilise the flowers. The seed-vessel swells

dpnspiv cnvprpH will, "'.\*™^.°f t^e frost were and the flower fades as usual, but no seed is produced.

Pomn IptpW ?w„p in a thick coating of snow, which It appears to me that my plant produces a male flower

thrmeans^oF snlit rtp i '^■hT^'' branches, and was only, and is not hermaphrodite. Have any others of

Snnr st^nrtfr/^?,,l^!Lv ''f"1°"''?,™'f-^^^^^^ ''™,'' Correspondents made a similar observation ? I

plants standing immediately behind on the higher enclose a flower of Cypripedium insigne and two

fuffered l^Z^^^'l^n'^ltTr"' 'h™7 ='°'' T^'l'*'"- ^"/''S ^^ed-vessels, to w^LhThe pollen of°C.b™batum
f,„,?p,?p seve ely. In some low and damp situations, and C. venustum was applied this year. To prove
fc Inl^IirPd nnTp,??/„^v''n"';''T'^t'''?T'*- ^"ij«- tM the pollen masses of the plantain question are
ml^Tli-^ni tl Z f""^'- ^P^'l'^ "^ *''l 80?°' I ^'^"'i ^'^° ^ seed-vessel of C. barbatum, fer-
vim,Z°nWs T S^% ull '^"™'°^, "^^"''^.o^e ,^^'^ tili^ed with the pollen of one of the same flowers of
ySicP^I pL„I.fl rlf, ?^^?";''"'^^^^^^ ?^,'°^'S'"^' a°d which is full of seeds. A. D. B.

KohP,nnrn^fo!n,i^h 1,^® H"^ '? '''™'''?'^, °/ [The specimens forwarded appeared on examination to
in ?frcnm Sln.P .t t^,f ' f ^ " fT ^""^ '' t,° '^ ^^''^ ' ^'^ Pc^'cctly formed as regards their stamens and pistils,
m circumleience at the surface of the ground, many i but perfectly destitute of ovules. On forwardin" them

fsiT^"Tr,''/on'^p±f''r'''^PT"<=?*i°"''-"T *° lir. Darwin, that gentleman ki^i"voSred^
L^iVil'" T.'il'TZliP n'r^*;!.!™'? H°'' P'-'^"°"'*'y ''^ tl^c following remarks. Eds. r-Erom the remark-
branches ot most of these were cut able fact lately ascertained by Dr. Hildebrand, that
immediately with many Orchids the ovules do not become developed

received. The

slanting to within 18 inches of the .soil

^i&;t tiL'^S,ti":i;'s °lf *^f ""7"^^^^^^

ovPrpdnvprtiHV-^?hnv' t^ e^" b'■anches^ was the pollen-tubes have penetrated the stigma, it is not
covered oyer with a thick coatmg of compost, of leaf- [ a little difficult to ascertain whether any Orchis is

Scotland ,,
Ireland . .

Much
injiu-ed.

Slightly
injured.

Un-
injured.

23
2
2

2r

The place where it was killed and the place where
it was much injured were both in Cambridgeshire
At the latter (Pamperford Hall), the trees were
universally cut down to the ground, " but they stool
most freely from the stem."

_ We have scarcely any notes of the heightand dimen-
sions of trees of this species in England. At Syon
House there is one 80 feet high; at Blenheim Park,
one 70 feet high ; at Endsleigh, Devcnshire, one 36 feet

mould mixed with
emptyings of pot:

always accumulating where much potting is carried
on. This covering of soil is most essential, and ought
to be carefully attended to with all evergreens cut "in,
whether in consequence of frost or excess of growth!
J- be surface of the ground under most evergreen
shrubs is generally very much confined, and the roots
in consequence run near the surface. If such ground
IS exposed, particularly after the tops have been cut
down, the surface-roots are very apt to become injured
by the sun's rays penetrating the soil and drying
them up. It will likewise be found that the surface-
roots are liable to become frosted, as they are very
tender from long and close confinement. The young
shoots on plants so exposed, although they will push
out freely at first, will in many cases become sickly
and ultimately die, while the young shoots made on
the cut-down shrubs treated as described will be found
to prosper. Many of the old Portugal Laurel stumps
operated on during 1862 are now fine globular-shaped
plants, 8 feet high and 15 feet in circumference.

If at any time it is intended to cut down Portugal
Laurels, from their being rather large for the situa-
tions they occupy, the best way is to cut them in a sort
of pyramidal or ovate shape, about 4 feet high. When
healthy-stemmed plants are cut in this manner, and
the ground coated with soil, as before recommended,
such cue plants will break out freely all over that
portion of the stems left, and will very soon make
beautiful shrubs again.

iUauy other evergreen plants, such as Aucubas, Bay
Laurels, Sweet Bays, Alaternus, Laurustinus, Hollies,
and numerous others, treated as recommended for the
Portugal Laurel, are now forming finely-.shaped plants,
and are all in a thriving condition. Many of the
hybrid Rhododendrons were also much injured by the
frost in 1860, which necessitated their also being cut
down. Their roots were afterwards covered with peat-
soil, and they soon broke out all over the old wood,
and have since made good and shapely plants. Owing
to the large quantity of young wood produced, flower-
ing shoots were not made on many of the varieties for
several years afterwards.

1 a quantity of soil, chiefly the | exclusively a male plant, that is, whether the female
., of which large (luantities are organs have aborted. Of course there is no difficulty
ig wnere much potting is carried in ascertaining the rudimentary condition of the

pollen, and so ascertaining that a plant is a female.
The explanation of the sterility of the seed-capsules in
the Cypripediums sent to me I have little doubt lies in.
the circumstance of their having been fertilised by
pollen taken from the same plant or seedling. I now
knowofalongseriesofcases in which various Orchids are
absolutely sterile when impregnated by their own pollen
(proved, however, to be in itself effective), but which
can be easily impregnated by pollen taken from other
individuals of the same species, or from distinct
species. These facts strike me as most remarkable
under a physiological point of view, and they point to
the necessity of an occasional or regular union between
distinct individuals of the same species. Ck. Dai-win.]

Forced White Lilacs.— We have heard much of a
certain process— a profound secret, of course— by
which a grower of flowers for the Parisian markets is
enabled to change the flowers of the common Lilac
into the purest white. I have never given free credit
to the above, thinking it not improbable that this
gentleman may at some previous date have become
the possessor of a seedling Lilac, which forces well ; or
that by a selection of the best and whitest from amongst
such as Syringa persica alba, vulgaris alba, or vulgaris
alba major, he has attained a like end. I should have
troubled myself no further about the matter had not
my attention been drawn to it afresh in a late
number of the "Floral Magazine." I enclose some
flowers of the S. persica alba, an exceedingly useful
variety for early forcing, whether for cut flowers or
otherwise. William Farley. [The flowers in question
were beautifully white, and altogether in charming
condition. Eds.]

Rival Si/stems of Vine Growing. — We have full
information as to the splendid Grapes produced at
Combe Abbey, when both top and bottom were
allowed to extend at the same time. It is well-known,
however, that nearly all, I might indeed say all, the
first prize Grapes, both in London and Edinburgh,
have been cut from Vines not exceeding six years of
age. I well remember Mr. Hill, who is admitted to be

-U'llH U, 13G7.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRKlUETURAE GAZETTE

351

..lie 111 the best crowcrs in EnKliind, showing some livi.
years aKo Uic l.liroo finest bundles ol'lihick I'rince llint
were, I believe, ever brnught to iiiiy l.oiiilnn ixliiliition ;
they wove out from young Vines. 'I'ln' ur\\ s.'msoii I he
biinclies got considerably siiuiUcr, uiij they eontiiuieil
to do so till they ceased to bo shown. There tpust bo
some rea.'ion why these fine Graiios should diminish so
<|uiokly after they liad atlniTied this a«o. Surely a
lilaut that is admitted to bo as durable as au Oak,
cannot possibly be in its prime when only three, four,
or live years old. Now it is well-known that wliat-
ovor may happen contrary to the general practice,
whether through foresight and good management
or by accident, there is always a cause. "What then
is that cause in this case ? Here is the question at
issue, and this we should look full in the face, for it is a
most important question. And in fairness too we
should look on both sides, and see which is right— not
for our own glorification, but for the benefit of future
generations. There are several magnificent Vines both
in Kn'.;l:iiid and Scotland, prod^.■ill^' hundreds and even
tbonsaiids i<( liunches of beaulil'cil (iiviiics every season,
and that without the slightest indication of failure; in
fact they never have failed, and they require
but little more attention than a favourite Pear tree.
It has been stated on good authority that a Vino is as
lasting as an Oak ; hut we will suppose 100 years to be
the full age of a A'inc, particularly as Mr. Norman
says his largo ]\riiscat at Bromley produces now at
too years of ago better Grapes than when it was very
much younger. In the face of this, can any practical
gardener lieliove that a Vine of only three to si.x years
old can possibly lie in the prime of life f Would it not
he reasonable to suppose 10 to 20 years as a more likely
aj;e ? Vou have already (p. 1138 of last year's volume)
given the particulars of the large AMuo at Kinnell.
This Vine, it is stated in your Scmttish contemporary,
though -I."! years old, is in healthy vigorous growth, and
jiroduces excellent high-coloured fruit, with some of
which the 1st prize was taken at the Abcrfeldy Horti-
cultiir;d Slinw last year. " This Grampian giant affords
a good example in favour of allowing the branches to
have full and free extension ; for had it been subjected
to short summer pruning and severe winter mutilation,
it never would have attained to more than ordinarj'
dimensions." This is not joking, nor is it a " blatter of
wind." I may remark that my exiierieuce extends over
21 years, and that during that time I have had many
Vineries under ray charge. I was employed three
years in the horticultural establishment of Messrs.
Markes & Stewart, Norwich, where there are two
ranges of Vineries, one 75 yards long, the other
73. IS feet wide, and divided into U compartments. I
have besides taken several first prizes, both for
llamburghs and Muscats. Now let us glance at the
]iresent system of managing young Grape Vines.
Strong Vines are planted in a well-prepared border,
and with good treatment they will make extraordinary
growth. I have had them make above 26 feet the
first season, and the second season they will make a
still greater length in proportion. Then for the next
season they are usually pruned down to about one-third
the length of the rafter. This is the time for the
prize Grapes ; the A'ines carry a few bunches, and are
still allowed to extend themselves upwards, so that by
the fourth year they occupy their allotted space, with
about 18 feet of main stem. If it is natural for a Vine
to cover a space of 147 square yards, as that at
Valentine's is recorded to have done, and carry one ton
of Grapes every season for half a century, without a
sign of failure, can any sane person think that
18 feet of wood is suflicient to keep a Vine in health
and vigour? Then let us remember that after the
plants have made such a rapid growth for the first
three or four years, they are not allowed to extend
1 inch afterwards, under the restrictive system ; and

I yet the roots are treated on the very opposite principle,
and gorged with all the fat of the land. But if these
roots have got no more to support— in fact, not so much
as they had 10 years previously, supposing them to be
10 years ofage, what must any intelligent gardener
expect ? ^Vhy. that shanking and other diseases will
follow. It is indeed surprising that Grape Vines will
stand the continual hard pruning so well as they do.
Let it be remembered I do not say the present system
of stopping the laterals in the growing season, and of
pruning doivn to one or two eyes in the autumn to get
fine Grapes, is wrong. But I do contend that to keep
a Grape Vine in perfect health it ought to be allowed
to extend itself with G feet of fresh rod every season
after the fourth year from the time of planting.
When some of our eminent Grape growers put this
extending as well as pruning into full practice,
there is every reason to expect Grapes equal
if not superior to those gathered by the children of

i Israel ! I think these facts will be sufficient to prove

I in the minds of reasonable persons that there is yet a

' great deal more to be done in producing Grapes than
many are aware of, particularly a.s it is not denied, as

■I asserted, that Messrs. Meredith and Henderson have
taken more prizes for Grapes than any other two
persons in the United Kingdom, under a moderately
extending system. Some per.sons complain that under
this sj'stem there would be no variety ; could there not
he a graft to every rafter, supposing the main trunk was

j trained along the front ? 1 am sure the Vine is one
of the most accommodating plants in the world.
1£. CaniieU, Fitehsia Niii'sert/, Woolwich. 1 have

I seldom been more amused than I have been with the
peculiar remarks of Mr. Cannell on Vine culture,

j based, as it seems to me, on such weak grounds — the
failure of one house of Vines committed to his charge.
He does not even mention the soil or subsoil in w hich

j the borders were made, or how they were made, hut
says "everything having been done (in making the

j borders), I believe, to make the Vines produce the very
best of fruit." Now, one can never believe that a
sensible practical man would, on such a basis, pro-

pound ii now theory, or more pro])erly a very old one,
for our old walls tell u.s that the "exl^'uding system''
of Vine culture w.ns the only one known to our
ancestors. My neighbour's wall, 00 yards long and
!l feet high, is covered with one Vine, which in some
seasons gives him nifire rii)e Grapes than [he knows
what to do with, and in others gives him an equal
abundance of uuriiie fruit. 'J'n tho.so who wish to see
a house, say 50 feet long, covered with one Vine, there
can be no objection to planting a Vino at one erid or in
the centre, and training its shoots for some eight or
ten years under the 12 or 15 Vines trained under
the roof, and spurred-in in the usual way,
when, if after the luxury of partaking of several
choice sorts of Grapes, ripening at different seasons,
and of widely dillcrent flavour, the cultivator decides
to root up the rafter Vines and devote the house to one
Black Hamburgh, there is nothing to be said. No man
of taste would do it, yet this seems to me what Mr.
Cannell recommends. I am not surprised that his
recommendation has brought on a storm of criticism
from our most experienced Grapo growers. Mr. C.
assumes that had one of the Vines (the Vines that
perished under his hands) "been allowed to extend
itself, say 0 feet nf rod every season," all would have
been riglit, but why did he not try it, and then have
broached his theory ? The truth is, I fear, that Mr.
Cannell has not travelled or oeen much, or thought
soundly about Vine culture. If he had seen those
closely pruned Vines bearing such magnificent frnit as
they do in Languedoo or Provence, and had inquired
why the "extended system" was not followed, he
would have had a satisfactory answer ; or again if he
would travel from Valencia to JIalaga and
see those grand Muscat of Alexandria Grapes
turned into raisins, all gathered from closely
pruned stumps, he would bo prudently silent about
Ills system. To produce fine fruit the Vine must be
closely pruned ; were it not so the experienced vigneron.^
of France and Spain would plant 150 Vines per acre
instead of, as now, 2000 or so. It is just possible that
in some of the hot fertile valleys of Syria a Vine would
climb and cover a large tree, or spread itself over a large
area of ground, yet produce fine Grapes ; but to recom-
mend such a system to Knglish cultivators is certainly
curious and a little eccentric. I am half inclined to
suspect that Mr. Cannell's motive m publishing his
new ideas was partly if not wholly to elicit discussion,
and amuse the Grape-growing world. "We therefore
owe him thanks, litis.

I'i-miiiK/ Fro.'it-hiiten Ei^erijreens. — In the Gardeners'
Chronicle of 18G1 (p. 98 c), there is a strong caution
against priming frost-bitten evergreens before the end
of M.arcli or the beginning of April. Has actual expe-
rience really proved such practice to be prejudicial to
the plants ? I ask because it is not easy to see w hat
good there can be in deferring the removal of a branch
or stem whose inner rind is brown, and which is hope-
lessly lost. In that year (1801) a Laurustinus on my
grounds in Somersetshire, one of the largest and most
beautifully grown that I ever saw, was allowed to take
its chance, because we were loth to cut it down, and
as the summer came on it died altogether. It is my
belief that the root, enfeebled by the frost, had been
exhausted in the attempt to support the dying stems,
but might have been saved by their immediate
removal ; and this year I have cut down several in the
first week of March. There are Job's comforters who
tell me that I have killed them. May I ask if such
presage is justified by observation, or merely rests on
theory? R. C. A. P. [The recommendation to defer
the too early pruning of such trees is based on the risk
to be incurred should a return of severe weather occur
after the living but enfeebled parts have been exposed
by the removal of the otherwise useless spray. If no
injury has been sustained from this cause, none need be
feared from the earlier cutting in your case. See some
remarks of Mr. M'Nab's on the opposite page. Eds.]

Sfraichernes.—lt was some time before I could
procure the true Sir Harry, which I did at last
through Mr. Dick, AVynyard P.ark. We found this to
be very different from the spurious sorts grown under
that name, and here we consider it, if not first-rate,
to be an excellent variety. When The Lady was
announced, the flourish of trumpets was great. The
(,>ueenj Sir Harry, and others were all— so said the
advertisement— to bow before her Ladyship. I there-
fore lost no time in securing the prodigy, which
arrived in pots in the autumn, was wintered in a cold
pit, and planted out upon a south-east border, along
with Sir Harry and others. The plants kept ahead,
and came into flower and fruit about the middle of
our Str.awberry season. The fruit is medium-sized,
round in shape, bright in colour, and rich looking.
AVe had fine weather, clear sunshine daily, yet. as I
stated at the time, the flavour was not equal to that of
Sir Harry ; nor do I now think The Lady will ever
make more than a second-class fruit. This year the
plants of her ladyship are strong, full of leaf and
health, and she will have to prove herself against Dr.
Hogg, in addition to her former rivals; should I
therefore find her anything superior towhat I have
stated, I will not fail to repent of what I have said, and
report. John Sichardson, Sound Gardens, Southend.

1 cannot allow the observations of Mr. Henry

Doubleday (see p. 268) to pass without comment ;
more especially as the letter to which he refers,
dates as far back as August, 1S50. I do not cer-
tainly state in my advertisement that spurious
plants of Sir Harry are sent out by nursery-
men, neither do I wish to impute anything of
the kind to them. I mention tliat I keep a few
genuine ones, because, as I grow no other varieties
than Sir Harry and The Lady, I cannot possibly have
a mixture of sorts. I have received many eulogistic
letters from Mr. Glocde, of Les Sahlons, and in one
of last autumn, ordering plants of The Lady, he
observes, " It was with a great deal of pleasure that I

read in last Saturday's clironirle, that you were
-ending out a new Strawberry, The Lady, and I sin-
cerely uisli that if. may hav(! the same la.sting succcis
as the famous Sir Harry. The latter is still a great
lavouritc — never fails ! on the contrary, ci-ops so much
that 1 advise every one to grow it as an annual, that is
to say, to rc)dant anew every year— the plants getting
exhausted .so quickly by its enormous produce. At the
hiiiicrial gardens at Versailles Sir Harry is a great pet,
anti is largely grown for the Emperor's table." As for
Hooper's Seedling, I have not grown it for nearly twenty
years. Jiiclt.. ifnderhill. Sir Harri/^s Jtoad, Jiid<;fja.iton.

lines for llner/ards. — In reidy to your correspon-
dent "E.J." (p. 267), I would say that the late Mr.
Ward, who for many years cultivated a vineyard at
Keston in Kent, informed mo that out of the nume-
rous varieties he had tried, no Grape equalled the
Rhenish. I presume he meant the White llissling.
The site was on the chalk, hut probably 400 feet above
the sea level. Your correspondent is more favourably
situated ; but whether he will ever be repaid for his
trouble is another question. Even at Paris good wine
cannot be made. On the banks of the Seine, between
Rouen and Havre, such favoured nooks as your corre-
siiondcnt jiossesses, are often [il;iutcd with standard
Aiiriccits, ami I should reconuiicnd him to try that
fruit trained as a pyramid. G. S.

Milania Liervallii. — What is the Mikania Lier-
vallii from New Grenada, mentioned in L'Horticulteur
Franiais, and described as vicing in beauty with the
Cyanophyllnm, and as h.aving heart-shaped, dark
velvety green leaves, a foot long and ten inches wide,
with the veins rose-coloured at the base and white
towards the extremity of the leaves ? Is it a Mikania ?
The comparison with Cyanoiibyllnm seems rather to
suggest that it may belong to the Melastomaoeous
Miconia, rather than to the Composite Mikania.
Perhaps M. Lierval, or some of your French readers,
will tell us what it is ? Enquirer.

Urtinfall and Temperature of 1866 at Culford Hall,
Burij St. Jidniuud's.—The annexed tabular form shows
the maxinium, minimum, and mean or average tem-
peratures at this place during the last eight years,
together with the amount of rainfall, and also tho
number of days in each year on which either raiu, hail,
or snow fell. It will be observed that the rainfall of
ISliO is somewhat above the average of that of the pre-
ceding seven years. The maximum temperature of the
past year was 88', and occui'red on July 13th ; the
minimum was 16°, and occurred on February 28th.
The mean or average temperature of the year was
-18°'.l Pahr. The rainfall was 2s .71', inches; and tho
number of rainy days 15 1. Amongst the most remark-
able phenomena of the year were a severe thunder-
storm, accompanied by bail and rain, on the night of
the Ith of February ; and the extreme depression of
the barometer on and about the 11th of the same
luonth. By far the most remarkable, however, were the
splendid meteoric showers wdiich illumined the night
which intervened between November 13th and 1-lth ;
the cloudless sky was particularly favourable to this
singular exhibition.

1 Max.
1 Temp.

Min. Kean
Temp. Temp.

Rainfall.

Bamy
Days.

1

Inclies.

18.59' 89 July 8

5.0 Dec. 18

50.2

27.17

124

1800. TC July 13

0.3 Doc. 24

4V.0

33.20

188

ISCl 85 Aug. 12

0.0 Jan. 7

49 3

19.51

134

lS(i-2 SJ .Al.iy 6

21,0 J.m. 18

49.9

23.78

165

136;i S.5 July 7

22.0 M.-ir. 30

49.4

20.39

111

lS(i4 8.0 July 20

9.0 Jan. 6

47.8

10.44

89

1SC.5 90 June 23

12.0 Feb. U

48.9

28.31

128

1806 88 Xuly 13

10.0 Feb. 28

43.4

28.73

154

P. Grieve^ Culford.

Seavij Grapes. — It is not difficult to understand
where the Vines alluded to in Mr. Briscoe's communi-
cation (p. 267) are situated. I am of opinion that if Mr.
13. had put the average at 1 lb. instead of 6 lb. he would
have been much nearer the mark. I think an 8 lb.
4 oz. bunch of Black Hamburgh Grapes is a prodigy
which has seldom appeared at the metropolitan exhi-
bitions, much less at Thornton. Although the "Vines
alluded to by Mr. B. have furnished excellent bunches,
I think it a pity to give to the public such extravagant
statements of immense crops of Grapes from "Vines
under the system of culture mentioned. Doubtful,
Neston, Chester. [A bunch of Black Hamburgh,
weighing 8j lb., was exhibited at Chiswick in 1858,
from Oak Hill, and in 1865 Mr. Meredith exhibited a
bunch of the same variety', weighing no less thanO^ lb.,
at one of the great exhibitions in Regent's Park. Eds.]

New Dwarf Sproutinij Utni Savoy. — I have sent for
your inspection two heads of ordinary Brussels Sprouts,
with the view of showing how they " run " to seed
compared with the new Dwarf Sprouting Ulm Savoy,
which is still in good condition for use, while the
Brussels Sprouts are quite past. These were grown
side by side in the same quarter, therefore the superio-
rity of the former over the latter is clearly proven. In
most seasons the sproutings of the Dwarf Ulm Savoy
are fit for use until May. A more trying winter and
spring could not occur than that which we have just
experienced ; they have therefore been subjected to an
unusually severe test. Stuart 4' Mein, Kelso. [The
Brussels Sprouts sent are " run " and wholly v/orthles.",
while the sprouts on the Savoy are numerous, large,
firm, and excellent. Eds.]

Beard's Patent Kon-condticting Metallic Glass
Houses. — Having observed yournotice (see p. 296) of the
nioilel of one of our ]iatent greenhouses exhibited at
SI. George's Hail, Liveriiool, in which a remark is made
as to the danger of oxidation of the metal nut by which
tho glass is secured by our jiatent system of glazing, we
beg to observe that this eH'cii ruimot possibly take
place, inasmuch as the nut is maniU'actured of white
metal, from the connection of which with the iron
screw stud no rust could by any means be produced.

352

THE GARDENERS' CIIEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 6, 18C7.

We universally use ^these white metal nuts with the
best possible eft'ect in every description of our f?lass
houses, and we have never found any injurious action
therefrom in a single case. Sanders, Freioer Sc Co.,
Bury St. Edmimd^s.

LncttUa gratisdma. — Many of your readers as well
as myself, would doubtless feel ohlis^edby any of your
correspondents who cultivate the tuculia, favouring
us with the size of their plants— both as regards height
and circumference ; also, whether they are planted out
in a conservatory border, or grown in pots. B. C,
Chard.

^octettes.

Royal Horticultural: Salunlai/, March 30. — The first of
Dr. Masters' Lectures on Plant Architecture was delivered in
the Council Room on this day, and was numerously attended.
It was illustrated by large drawings as well as by specimens
from the Society's Garden. The lecturer began by stating that
the subject was chosen as one by means of wtiich a general
idea of the confoi-matiou of the higher plants could be obtained
■without the necessity of going into minute detail or of employing
many technicalities. After a passing notice of the "cells "or
living bricks of which the pLint is made up, the lecturer
proceeded to show how, on a "foundation " of cellidar tissue,
of which alone the simplest plants are built, the more com-
plex plant stnictures. such as the leaves, flowers and fruit, are
gradually erected, these several parts bcin:,' set apart for
distinct pm-poses, just as the rooms of an ordinary house are
devoted to special uses, the several organs being connected
one with another, by the medium of the root and stem
or "axis," in somewhat the same way that the rooms
of a house are brought into communication one with another
by means of the staircase. In the simplest plants, one
cell, or an aggregation of such, sufficed for all the business of
life, just as in uncivilised countiies a hut or a wigwam served
for many purposes, for which, in other climes, and under other
circumstances, separate rooms were set apart, and so arranged
and modified as to suit the varied requirements of the pos-
sessor. In the case of plants, it was shown that the possession
of separate organs, and the form of these latter, were specially
dependent either on adaptation to particular pui-poscs and to
external circumstances, such as mutual accommodation, the
necessity for light, air, increased supply of nutriment, &c.,or
to the hereditary transmission of the form and attributes of
the iiarent plants to the offspring. PUmt architecture, or the
plan upon which plants are built up, is thus in great measure
the result of a compromise between these two agencies. In
the case of the flowering plant, all the numerous and seemingly
different organs may readily be referred to two primary ones,
the axis and the le;ii, the differences in form, &c., being
brought about by the action of the causes before mentioned.
Except for convenience sake, the axis and leaf could hardly
be considered as intrinsically different, but for practical pur-
poses it was necessary to consider these two as distinct
elements in plant construction. The principal foiToa and
modifications of these, it was intimated, would be treated of
in the following Lectm-es.

Aj.>ril 2 {Scientific Meetihr/). — W". Wilson Saunders, Esq.,
F.R.S., in thu chair. After the election of 16 new Fellows,
and the afiiliation of the Kirby Stephen Floral and Horti-
cultural Society and the Bildeston District Horticultural
A9,sodntiim, the Rev. Joshua Dix directed atteiiLii'U to a
beiuilil'ul ci'llcctiiin uf Indian Azaleas which is now Ij-siug
exhibited by Mijssrs, Lane iu the north-western conservatory
arcade. The awards of the Fruit Committee having been
reported by Mr. WUson, Mr. Bateman stated that a fund was
in course of being raised for the purpose of placing a small
memorial fountain in the gardens of the Society at South
Kensington in remembrance of the late Mr.. Skinner, and
ho thought that the Society ought to contribute its mite to so
desirable an object. Mr. Wilson Saunders stated that the
Council proposed granting a sum not exceeding 10/.. for the
purpose named, and having put the motion to the meeting
the vote was carried unanimously.

Mr. Berkeley then offered a few observations on the subjects
exhibited. Primula denticulata, he said, though not new,
having been figured in the " Botanical Magazine " as long ago
as 184'2, was nevertheless well worthy of cultivation, on account
of the beauty of its compact heads of rosy lilac blossoms.
Attention was next dii'ected to Ataccia ciistata, a curious
plant belonging to a small Natural Order, and remarkable for
having vcms proceec!ing from the midrib, and not from the
base, as is usual in Endogens, whilst the structure of the
flowers is also peculiar. After pointing out some instances of
eiToneous nomenclature among Crocuses and other spring
bulbs in a small collection which was exhibited, and alluding
to a panful of different varieties of the silvery-leaved Physurus
argenteus from Mr. Wilson Saimders, Mr. Berkeley remarked
that he had never seen Sairacenias grown so well as at Lady
Dorothy NeviU's, at Dangsteio, and an account of which will be
found in another column. In reference to a curious case of
fasciation in the Ash which was brought before the meeting by
Mr. Earloy, of Digswell, he remarked that though fasciated
branches are commonly enough met with in the Ash and stems
of Asparagus, this was a still more curious instance, the male
inflorescence being in every case fasciated and even perfectly
woody.

The Chaii-man then invited Mr, Paul to deliver his lecture
on Spring Flowers.

Mr. Paul said :— In continuation of the remarks mado last
week, I shall to-day endeavour to show the grounds of proce-
dure, and the process of cultivation in the production of early
flowers.

^ The art of forcing, whether applied to fruits or flowers, con-
sists in changing their seasons, or in bringing them to
maturity at an earlier period than that at which they blossom
or ripen naturally out-of-doors. The art is by no means new.
It was known to the Romans. Pliny tells us that they used
to obtain Roses at Rome before the natural season, by water-
ing_ the plants witli warm water so soon as the buds were
visible. The Romans in the reign of Domitian had undoubtedly
abundance of Roses iu winter. It is probable that the art of
forcing was borrowed from the Egyptians, and first practised
at Rome in the time of Martial, the famous epigrammatic
poet, who ridicules the Egyptians for still sending them Roses
when they had plenty of their own, and asks them to send
com instead. Dr. Deslongchamps relates, on the authority of
Seneca, that the Roman gardeners had at this time found out
the means of constructing hothouses, which they heated with
inbes filled with hot-water, and thus induced Roses and Lilies
to fiower in December. In dealing with this subject it seems
desii-able to show, in the first place, the principles on which
success depends, and afterwards to describe the most important
details of cultivation.

The Cidtivator should never forget that a plant is a living
organism. There are the root, the stem and branches, the
leaves, the flowers, the fi'uit. The sap wliich ti'averses all
these parts is analogous to the blood in animals. While the
plant feeds principally by the roots, and can receive food only
in a fluid state, it feeds also by the leaves, which breathe,
digest, and perspire. The leaves of plants perform functions
analogous to those of the lungs, digestive organs, and skin of
animals. Tho roots of a plant absorb nioietm-o from the soil
in which they grow. This moisture or water containing

various matters in solution we call sap, which passes in a
cnide state thro^igh the stem and bi'anches to the leaves,
where it undergoes certain modifications. It is then returned
into the general circulation in an altered and matured con-
dition, suitable to the particular wants of the plant.

Fm-ther, i^lants have two periods of comparative rest, arising
from thealternationsof dayandnigbt, summer and winter. The
leaves decompose carbonic acid during the day, liberating the
oxygen which they re-acquire during the night. But winter
is their longer and more complete period of rest, although the
roots are supposed to be never wholly inactive except when
frozen. Now this state of rest, which is of vital importance
to plants, i-uay be brought about equally by the agency of cold
or drought. Deciduous trees lose their leaves by the frost on
the approach of winter ; bulbous plants fall into a dormant
state by the drought of summer, and they equally attain,
although by different and opposite agencies, the necessary
state of rest, while it is possible to change the seasons— which
we do in forcing— v?itb out injuiy to the plant, it is important
not to annul or intrench too far on any one of them. Spring,
summer, autumn, and winter, if changed as to date, must still
be allowed to follow in due succession, or the health of the
plant cannot be maintained.

I have judged these few remarks necessaiy, in order to
render clear what is about to follow. I shall not, however,
enlarge on these physiological questions, because the lectures
of Dr. Masters, the first of which I was fortunate enough to
hear last Saturday, will no doubt explain them with a skiU
and lucidity that I cannot hope to reach.

I shall now pass on to consider certain pi-inciples in the art
of forcing on the due observance aiid application of which
success depends. To elucidate my views I shall take a single
plant as an example, selecting for my pui-poae the Rose. If a
Rose is taken from the ground in the autumn before the
natural period of rest has expired, and suddenly thrust into
the forcing-honse where a high temperature is maintained,
growth wiU quickly recommence, and flowers follow in due
course, but both leaves and flowers will bo feeble, and of
indifferent quality. On the contrary, had the plant been
previously rested, both leaves and flowers would have been
fully developed. Hence, it will be inferred, that it is im-
portant, to prepare the plants, to grow them iu pots one season
before required for forcing, because in such condition they are
more under our control as regards the application of moisture
and heat ; wc can rest them at pleasure, and ensure a more
regular growth and plentiful setting of flower -buds.

In preparing Roses for forcing we di-aw them from tho
ground in November, and place them m pots of various sizes
to suit the age and vigour of the plant.

We next plunge the pots in some sheltered spot in the
garden tUl the beginning of January, by which time fresh
rootlets will have formed, and the plants will be in a condition
to feed and grow. We now prime closely, and place them in a
liit or cool greenhouse, with the view of slightly changing the
seasons this first year. The moisture and wai-mth of this
house will induce an earlier development of leaves, branches,
and flowers than would have taken place out of doors : the
flowers will probably open in May.

Pmnii]g is a very important branch of Rose culture. The
principal ends sought are threefold : —

1. To maintain the plants in health and vigour.

2. To induce them to assume a form at once agreeable to the
eye and most suitable for the development and display of the
flowers.

3. To secure an abundance of fine flowers.

The Greeks were alive to the advantages arising from the
removal of some of th^? branches in Rose trees, although, in
the absence of a knowledge of first principles, they took a
curious method of accomplishing it. Theophrastus, who lived
about 300 years before the Christian era, tells us they used to
set fire to ihe Rose trees in Greece, without which they would
never fiower. We are elsewhere told that the extraordinary
vigour and beauty of some plants on which goats had been
browsing, first gave the ancients tho idea of pruning. We
know by experience, that if we leave a Rose tree unpi-uned
for one year, it loses shape, and the flowers lose size, colour,
and consistency. If we leave it uni^runed for two or three
yeai's in succession, it rapidly degenerates. To this subject
I shaU recur by-and-by.

Disbudding, which may be considered as an auxiliai'y to
pruning, is a practice which I value highly, and have adopted
for many years. A plant, if well fed, often pushes forth new
branches in such close proximity, that as the growth extends
the branches crowd and stifle each other. To prevent this —
and here it should be remarked that a few largo vigorous
leaves are more desii*able than a greater number of small
leaves— we rub out and destroy in an early state of growth
a portion of these incipient branches, leaving such as
have an outward tendency of growth, and are placed at good
distances from each other.

Now the flowering of these plants, if placed in a greenhouse,
will, as we have already said, take place in May. So soon as
the flowering is over, they are gradually inured to the tem-
perature out..of doors, whither they are shortly conveyed. The
second gi-owth takes place out of doors, and is again regulated
by disbudding and the stopping of any gross shoots. The
plants being a month in advance of Roses out-of-doors as to
flowering and growth, may be brought to rest a month earlier
Let us assume, then, that it is the end of September, and the
plant is in a state of rest. It should be our aim to keep it so
for at least two months. The best means of effecting this is to
place it in a house or shed where no heat is employed, keeping
the roots rather dry.

A word or two with regard to the forcing house. It should
be constiTicted so as to secure as much light as possible. Tho
artificial spring which we create for our plants does not secure
for them the loug and strong sunlight of their natural spring —
it is the difference between December and March, so that it is
important to secure all the light we can.

As to the climate of the forcing-house this is deserving of
attentive consideration. If too dry it creates a drain on the
natural resources of the plants ; if too wet they become gorged
with moisture, and this probably is one cause of mildew.
I know not how to convey any precise information as to the
proper hygrometric state of the atmosphere ; this is one of
those points in gardening which the practical man judges of
by the appearance of the leaves — tests by his own feelings
when he enters the house. The leaves should look firm, solid,
and dark-gi-een, the climate should be soft, genial, and slightly
humid. The defect of climate, once ascertained, it is easy to
provide a remedy for : if too diy, pour water on the fioor of the
house ; if too wet, admit air.

A knowledge of these facts and principles, then, is the
groundwork on which the intelligent cultivator proceeds iu
the production of early flowers. He knows that if he would
accomplish any marked success before he forces a plant he
must rest it, and that to retain it in health he must prune
it, and approach as near as may be to those conditions of air,
light, moisture, and heat to which it is subjected in its natural
state.

I now proceed to the second part of my subject— to describe
the most important details of cultivation. Let us assume that
it is the month of December, and we have at our disposal
Roses which have been prepared as just described, and which
we wish to bring into full bloom in March. We have a forcin^'-
house into which we convey them. TOie soil in the pots is
saturated with water, and we prepare for pruning. The
Hybrid Perpetual and Tea-scented are the best Roses for
forcing, but we must not exclude the 5Io3S Rose, which foi'ccs

tolerably well, and is of rare beauty. il-We pi-une the Hybrid
Peri>etual Roses closely, the Tea-scented less, and the M039
least of all. There is little fear of iiruning either of tho former
out of bloom, but the varieties of Moss Roses if pruned much
will produce leaves and branches only— no flowers !

In illustration of these remarks, take the plants before you.
Here is a plant which was drawn from the ground and potted
last autumn. We are about to prune it. This, be it
remembered, is a plant in course of preparation for forcing.
Our first aim is to establish it in its new home, we therefore
prune closely, not thinking so much of flowers in the present
as looking for branches from which to obtain flowers next
year. Let us go forward three months, and imagine that
we see the same plant liere in a more advanced stage. It is
true we have flowers here, but that is due to a pecuharity in
the variety. Most Roses pruned as this was would have "pro-
duced wood-shoots rather than flower-shoots, as in this other
example.

I must, in order to work out my illustration, ask of you a
little further exercise of the imagination. Imagine the plants
on the table to be 12 months older, and they will be in this
state. Now, as to pruning. If a Moss Rose, wc should prime
slightly ; if a Tea-scented Rose, a little more ; if a Hybrid
Perpetual, closer stUl.

[Here Mr. Paul illusti-ated short, medium, and long pruning,
by shortening the shoots of a pot Rose according to each
method of pmning.]

Our plants are in the forcing-house. The pruning finished,
we raise the temperature of the house to 50° by day and 40
by night, and keep it about this mark for the first fortnight.
The plants should be syringed daily in the morning, and
watered at various intervals as tho soil becomes dry. No
fixed periods can be named for watering, because the drying
of the earth in the pot^ will depend much on the amount of
heat and sunlight. Usually once a week, and seldom more
than twice a week, will water be required at this early period
of growth. As the leaves expand, the amount of heat may be
increased to CO" or do" by day, and 50° to 5.5° by night. Wo
should now also water our Roses more freely, and syringe
tvirice instead of once daily — morning and afternoon. It is
January, and although winter out of doors it is spring with
them, and the nearer we can approach the climate of sisring,
minus the night frosts, the greater amount of success wc
shall attain. As we want a warm moist climate, we cannot
afford to give much air unless the weather be mild, and then,
even then, caution is necessary. When the leaves become hard,
which they do by February, more air may be admitted, and
towards the end of Febriiary, as the buds show colour, tho
amount of air given may be still increased. TJu-oiighout this
period of growth (tlieu- spiing) a low night temperature should
be maintained. The Rose has many enemies. The aphis, or
green-fly, is one of the most formidable, and must be kept in
check ; the first aphis that is seen should be the signal for
filling the house with tobacco-smoke, which must be repeated
froni time to time as they reappear.

Mildew is another annoyance to which Roses are commonly
liable. To maint^ain a healthy state of the roots and leaves is
the best preventive ; to dust the leaves with sulphur the Ijcst
remedy. I always keep in my Rose houses a little machine
called a " sulphurator." If any plant or branch is attacked by
mildew, that plant or branch is immediately syiinged, and the
machine brought into use. The sulphur is driven agaiust
both the under and upper sides of the moist leaves, the plant is
indeed enveloped in a cloud of sulphur, and the mildew is
checked or desti'oyed.

It is March, spring out-of-doors, but summer with our
Roses. The plants are free from mildew and aphis, the leaves
are clean, broadly developed, intense in their colouring, and
the gorgeous blossoms are ready to unfold. We are here iu full
summer-tide, although the Roses out-of-doors are still in
embryo. How shall we proceed to retain these flowers in full 1
beauty for as long a period as possible, and yet develop the
Ijiter and lingering buds. The temperature of the house may
be slightly lowered, and the plants may be watered freely.
Syi-inging may be discontinued, or more .sparingly applied, A
slight shading— thin canvas is the best — should be drawn over
the house, which vsdll materially aid in prcsei-ving the fresh-
ness of the flowers.

By the end of Slay the plants may be removed from tho
'house and plunged in the ground, out-of-doors, to complete
their growth. If watered sparingly they will faU early into a
state of rest. In September they should be repotted,, and
will be roady for re-introduction to the forcing-house in
November or December following.

This, then, is the round of management by which theso
Roses are produced, and so perfect has the ai-t of forcing
become*) that the out-of-door Roses of June rarely excel those
which are produced in the forcing-house in early spring.

One word more. We have been speaking of plants growing
in pots. But Roses may be planted out in the borders of a
greenhouse or conservatoi-y. To such the same principles of
cultivation may be applied ; indeed, the system of planting
out has many advantages, I should recommend all who ai'o
fond of Roses to adopt that plan. By it they may have Ro.se3
during the whole of the winter and spring months.

A vote of thanks having been given to Mr. Paul for his very
instructive Lecture, Mr. Bateman apologised for thrusting in
some remarks which he had offered to give at this meeting on
the "Nomenclature of Orchid-houses" before he was aw.iro '
that Mr. Paul's lecture would take place on the same day.
Before proceeding further, however, he would refer to some of
the subjects exhibited, and first to a plant (a species of Amor-
phophallus) from T. Tuffnell, Esq., of Spring Grove, who had
received it from the Emperor Napoleon's head gardener in
1864. It reminded him of a plant sent home by his collector,
Ifr. Colley, 30 years ago, under the name of Labarri-plant —
and of which the juice was used by the natives of Demerai-a
as the only known antidote to the bite of a deadly snake
(the Labarri) which was one of the scourges of that countiy.
The natives had been led to use it as a remedy from the
similitude of the markings on its stem to that of the snake
itself, and to its efficacy as a remedy for snake bite the cele-
brated traveller Waterton had borne testimony from personal ,
observation. 1

With regard to Orchids, Mr. Wentworth Duller bad sent a 1
specimen of Dendrobium thyrsiflorum, and Mr. Anderson 1
the lovely Odontoglossum Phakenopsis with three blooms on 1
astern, together with Cattleya Loddigesii which 5Ir. Bateman |
first saw in flower at Messrs. Loddiges' more than 30 years i
ago, but which now owing to the different and more sensible 1
manner in which Orchids are cultivated has turned sulky, the
fact being that it is found in a district of Brazil, which is
exceptionally dry, and consequently requires a drier treat- ,
ment than Orchids at present for the most part receive. Mr.
Anderson had also sent Odontoglossnm luteo-purpureum, but
theie was a better specimen from Dr. Pattison. It also went '
under the n.ame of 0. radiatum and O. hystrix, but though ■
both himself and a far greater man, Reicbenbach, had been
deceived in thus naming varieties, these proved to be mere
forms of the O. luteo-pui'pureum of Lindley. From Mr. Jones, 1
Whalley Range, Manchester, came a monstrous Cattleya with
two lips, and other interesting Orchids, and from Mr. Bull
the beautiful Odontoglossum Alexandife, with respect to
which he might mention that the flowers, which an-ango
themselves all one way in a semi-cii'cle, form a beautiful head-
dress or tiara for ladies. From Mr. Marshall came the best
variety of Oneidium carthaginensethat had probably been ever
seen, but Odontoglossumtriumphans,nowexhiljited for the first

Ai-niL Ci, I8fi7.]

THE GAEDENKRS* (IllRONIOLR AND AGRICULTUKAL (JAZKTTl

353

II I

I iirM-.inustberonsidercdtbegem of that gentlGninn'8 collection.
[I' liiiUy aa ill a year or two the itlant instead of ImvinK two
III w ui H will pi'oiiuco half a duKeii or a duzcn on a Hpike.

AiiiuiifT Orchids oxhibitod for tho lirat tiiuu, wcru Ihu
lH,\vy Oncidium iimiotniii, and a pretty white Deudrulmiin
iMiii Jajiiin. which niiist be decidedly considerod :i cool
hi-hid. It woidd i>r.jduce a largo nia^H of flowers, and wmild
loubtlcss sMcc'Cod in a mild Ki'ocnliuusc. Mr. IJutGniun nexi.
lircctuii atlontioii to an oxperiniout made by his Kaidunnr.
Mr. Shorratt, Iho results of which were oxeniijlilied in two
stems of Dcndrohiura auoMnuuu. Fron; one all the flowers
tiiid been strijiped off hut two, on the other all were allowed
to remain, and tho result was, that tho flowers on the fnrmor
\voro mucii larj;er than those on iho latter— a result for which
Mr. Biitoman ssiid he was hardly prepared, for though ho
know that tho flowers varied in munbor according to tho
lonlth and strength of the plants, he was not aware that thoy
tould bii tliiH increased in hizo. Thia, then, opened a now
"lold in Crehid culture, and if ;\Ir. Paul wcro to take Orchids
n hand as ho h;id done the liose, there was no knowing what
10 might produce. After pi.iintiug out Dendrobivini at'trrc-
?atum as worthy of attention on account of tho colour of its
iviffbt orange flowers, affording a striking contrast with
itlicrs of more subdued hues, iMr. Batcman added, that
Vhiior Trevor Clarke had presented a Dcndrnhium to he
^allotted for at tho eiul of the mectiiig.

Mr. Batcman said lie had next to offer sonic remarks on the
lomonelaturo of Orchid-houses, and obsoi-ved that it is
inly thoae who had to describe Orchids who Icnow the
Ufficulty which thei'O is in selecting the terras to bo used,
luat as a person, to whom a physician recommends a change
»f oliniate, expects to be told where to go, so a person
lescribing an Oichid is expected to state in what house it
iliotdd bo grown, whether in the Kast Indian house, tho
'attleya house, the intermediate house, the cool house, and so
■vi. Happily. Orchids are now sorted into two classes, the
I'l and tho (.'oni., and this in itself was a great step gained ;
'111 ;is for the former or "hot" Orchids, if full justice is to
!■ dtiTie, three houses are required, so in the ease of
lir liitter or "cool" section a threefold division — repre-
iifingthj-eo grades of tcmperattirc — seemed to bo indis-
' ii^^dtle. The East Indian house afl^ords the highest degi-ee
tt any Orchid rerpnres, the climate being hot and moist
: year ronnrl. The ('attleya house in summer affords a

■ !< r:dily warm and moist climate, hnt one which is cnmpara-

Iv dry during winter; while in the intermediate house,

iiio places called tho Dcndrobium house, tho climate is

hot and moist, but only for six months in the year.

iii.Hr., tlien, as three houses are required for warm Orchids,

[ "hrcc ai'C necessary for thosn needing cool ti'eatnient —

iamcly, the Jlcxican house, with a mild and comparatively

h_\- climato all tho year; the Peru\ian house, moist' and very

i'mI :ill the year, and suitable for Peruvian Odontoglossums ;

md tlir inti^rmediatc house, moist and mild all the year,

II. I in which may he gi-owu most of the Now Grenada

'■I■•n^oglossum8, &c. In addition to the above there

■ ■i'ji^ht be a West Indian house for Orchids requiring

vci-y hot but dry climate, such aa Broughtonia
III pMiiea and various Westtlndi^m Oncidiums, Brassias, Ac,
\ liiih nseil to flower freely enough when Orchid growing was
nils infancy, but which could not be gi-own satisfactorily in
iiy uf our houses, such as Orchid houses are now; in "fact
111 > required to he dry-nursed. The West Indian house,
I .^vcver, would be the dullest of all, and he -would not recom-
iii lid any oiio to set about its erection. After noticing the
iii]ik>nco of the sea and elevation as regards moisture and

pi'iatiue. more especially iji connection with Mexico and
Viu," Mr, Batcman stated the veiy highest mean tempera-
-ure required in a cool Orchid-house to be 66°. and that the
Utl'erence between the warmest and the coolest of the cool
iMiiscs should not at the utmost exceed 10°, instead of a range
or •2(1'', as in the case of the warm houses, for no plants

■ I to he ao suseci^tiVde of a difference of 2° or 3° of heat, as

■ ' 'rchids. Hence the importance of noting the exact spot
HI ! altitude at which any new Orchid is found, and this
!i:nriji;ition bodies like the Society sending out collectors had
I I i^ht to expect ; but it would not do for nurserymen, in the
first instance at all events, to indicate too precisely the spot
where any fine new species had been found, otherwise it would
out others on the track, and the supply or demand would be
^oon exhausted. This would not be fair to the firm which
had gone to the expense of sending out tho collector. All,
then, that we had a right to ask till the demand is satisfied,
should be not indeed the whole truth, but nothing but the
truth— no false statements ; and he was glad to say that he
only knew of two instances in which this rule had been
departed from— one, that of a foreign, and the other that of an
Kvlihh nurseryman He should mention no names, but this
111. i.juition that the facts were known would, he trusted,
in. vcut the recurrence of such dishonourable conduct.

\1 1-. Batemau concluded by stating that he proposed to give
1-. a prize a plant of Dendrobinm Wardianum, one of the
I ursi ;ind fairest of Orchids, to such nurseiyman, gardener,
nr ;iiu:itour as shall before the end of April" send a filled-up
liiitii (which is to he obtained from the Secretary of the
S.-ii.;ty). with the jnost extensivo and accurately-named list
nf the species of (Jrchids now in cultivation, and distributed
iccording to the classification of houses given above. This he
tMi terl uiight be the means of leading to the ventilation and
iii~''ossion of a most interesting subject, regarding which
' V. <y new f;ict was of importance.

Ml-. Wilson Saimders, in moving a vote of thanks to Mr.

! I man, took the opportunity to remark in reference to tho

liiis of riiysurus which he had himself exhibited, that

,ijicg:itioM was, unlike tKit of variegated Pelargoniums

hiany nlher plants, natural and permanent, and there

iiodifticnliy in propagating them. Another plaut which

I I ltd bron-^dit was Kpidendrum bicornutum with white

IS somewhat like Phalaenopsis amabiJis. Of Oncidium

.-^prucei he j-cmarked that it w.as evidently distinct from
O. Cebolleta.

Among the books, &c., presented to the Society since the
last meeting, was the fourth part of Mr. Bateman's " Mono-
grajth of Odontoglossum."

April 2 (Floral Commit(re).—Mv. Bull received a Special Cer-
tificate for an interesting collection of plants, among which
wii,s the robust pretty -looking Fern Litobrochia nndulata
(noticed at p. 348), to which a Second-class Certificate was
awarded. The collection moreover contained the ample-leaved
Cmchona noliilis, Dracienas of difTercTit kinds, the white-
hlossomcd Rudgca macrophylla, the charming Camellia Lavinia
Maggi rosea, noticed by us the other day (see p. 320), but in
this instance damaged by forcing ; the singular-looking
Arisiema ringens Sieboldi, and other plants. Mr, Green, gr.
to W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.. funiished various interesting
pLints, among which were the handsome white-blossomed
-Epidcndrum bicornutum, a species requiiing slcilful manage-
meut in order to get it to flower well ; the curious-looking
'■>*! return tridentatum. and some Oneids.

Watson, St. Alban's, furaished ex.amples of the new
I'-r Pelargoniums, Mrs. Dix and Miss Watson, which
i\ ed First-class Certificates last year.
Wentworth BuUer, Esq., received a First-class Certifi-

\V.

fill- fur Dendrobium thyrsiflorum, a handsome new species
-Ml. Anderson, gr. to T. Dawson, Esq., Meadow Bank, Glasgow,

Ihe mean temperature of Quito— "evergreen Quito," as it
li.is been called-is about C0° ; of Loxa, about C3' ; of Popayan,
ui-uiit 0(i . All these are great stations for cool Orchids.

fm-nished cvit speoimenM of Oichids, for which a Special
Certificate wan awarded.

Messrs. E. O. (lendorson sent examples of tricolor Pelargo-
ninniH, apparently seedlings ; alsr>, Pyrethrnm Golden l-'eathor.
wliich. if it maintains its yellow tint under ordinary culture,
may prove useful in tho flower garden in summer. Tho i>rotty
liltk' Sfilla sibirica was also sent by Messrs. Ilendersmi, who
hud likLwi.se Poa trivialis argoutca olcgans, which look.^ as if it
would make an elegant hardy basket plant.

Mr. Mitchell, gr. to Lord Wenlock, brought finely grown
Hpocimons of Primula doutieulata, which wore awarded a
Special Certificate. Messrs, Vciteh exhibited Vaiida cristata,
with palo-gi-eon flowers Wotched and stroaked with black ;
also Azalea Gcorgo Fleming, a dceyi brick-red flower. Messrs.
Paul &. Son sent two stands of l)eautiful cut Iloscs, which
received a Special Certificate. Mr. Williams, Ilolloway, con-
tributcil a colloction of Orchids and other plants, which were
awarded a S])ccial Certificate. Messrs. Perkins, Coventry, sent
a tricolor Pelargonium named Queen Victoria.

Mr. V.'ilsou, gr. to W, Marsh.all, Esq., Enfield, recoived a
First-class Certificate" for Odontoglossum triumphans, to
which allusion is made elsewhere. Ho also showed Oncidium
abortivum, with curious abortive flowers, and to a haudsorae
variety of Oncidium carthaginonse, distinguished by the
name of Marshallianum, a First-class Certificate was awarded.
Mr. Elliot, gr. to W. H. Barber, Esq., exhibited a specimen of
Lamium maculatum, vnth leaves having a yeUowish hun, with
a faint streak of white down the middle.

Mr. ICinghorn sent an Azalea having a peculiar deep purplish
rose colour. Prom the Society's Garden came Hyacinths,
Alpine Auriculas, Lily of tho Valley, and other plants.

Jliril 2 (Fruit Commi/fee). — Piizcs were offered on this
occasion for dessert and kitchen Apples. For the best three
dishes of dessert Apples the 1st prize was awarded to Mr.
G. Curd, gr. to M, G. Thoyts, Esq.. Sulhampstead House,
Reading, for Royal Pearmain, Old Nonpai-eil, and Newtown
Spitzenberg. Equal 2d prizes were awarded to Mr. Cox. gr.
to W. Wells, Esq., Redleaf, and Mr. Lynn, gr. to Lord Boston,
Hcdsor, for specimens in cxceliont condition, the former
having Golden Knob, Searlot Pearmain, and SVintor Pearmain ;
and the latter Bess Pool, Scarlet Pearmain, and a kind of
which the name was not known. Mr. Cox, Mr. P, Middleton,
gr. to Sir Walk ins W. Wynn, Bart., M.P., and Mr. Earley.
Digswell, also sent dishes of Old Nonpareil, Sam Young, Court
Pendu Plat. Sturmer Pippin, Cockle Pippin, and others.

For kitchen Apples Mr. Cox was 1st with Royal Russet,
Norfolk Beefing, and an Apple unnamed, but apparently
Bedfordshire Foundling; Mr. Earley 2d with Dredge's Fame,
Norfolk Beefing, and Bedfordshu-e Foundling. Other collec-
tions from Mr. Cox, Mr. Lynn, and Mr. Middleton consisted of
Dumelow's Seedling, Winter Hawthornden, Norfolk Paradise,
and Winter Greening'; and a Special Certificate was awarded
to Mr. ^Middleton for a collection in an excellent state of pre-
servation. Mr. Lynn had beautifully grown Hedsor Winter
Prolific Cucumbers, a nearly smooth white-spined sort, about
16 inches in length. Mr. Middleton likewise fviniished a brace.
A Special Certificate was awarded to Mr. Carmiehael, gr. to
H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. Sandringham, for a most excellent
dish of Little Gem Pea, which, sown in pots in September and
kept under glass, had been yielding Green l*eas all through
the winter.

ISToticcs of 3300^0.

A BooJc on Angling ; being a complete Treatise on the

Art of Angling in every Branch. By Francis Priincis.

8vo. Plates. Longmans, ISO?.
The sj'stematic manner in which the autlior lias
classified tho information which he communicates in
the book before us is the first point which claims our
commendation. Prim.aril.v he divides his subject into
bottom-fishing, midvvater-fishiug, and surface-fishing,
and under each division he discourses of the kinds of
fish which are chiefl,y taken in these different ways,
beginning with the simplest kind of angling, and the
fish most easily caught, taking up in rotation those
that require more crafty tackle and special apparatus,
going through the best modes, and the various ways of
bottom-fishing for audgeon, pope, bleak, roach, rudd,
dace, chubb, barbel, bream, cai'p, tench, and eels, initil
he comes to perch, with which he passes on to mid-
water-fishing, and describes the manner of spinning for
perch and pike, of trolling, and of trimming. The par-
tiality of this last fish for young ducks, and other
feathered fowls of small size, and the fact of its taking
any large gaudy fly about the enil of the year, enables
our author now to proceed to his third divi.sion of
surface-fishing, and to discour.se most learnedly upon
salmon, trout, and greyling. and the flies which please
them most at particular seasons, and ou particular rivers
in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. In con-
clusion, the angler is instructed in the art of making
artificial flies, of choosing hooks, of finding worms and
other bait, and of doing sundry and divers other tilings
which are useful for him to know.

A 11 this is well and fully done, and the piscatorial
world is greatly indebted to Mr. Francis for so com-
plete a treatise, embracing as it does every branch of
angling, and giving the result of his great experience
for the last 20 years, during which time he ha«, as he
informs us, visited and fished nearly every river of
note in the kingdom, a privilege which his connection
with the Field newspaper has doubtless in many cases
obtained for him. The work is illustrated by 15 excel-
lent plates, giving sizes of differently-shaiied hooks,
forms of landing-nets and floats, modes of baiting live-
bait and spinning-tackle, and coloured illustrations of
natural and artificial flies, together with the different
stages of manufacture of the latter.

Whilesurface-fishing occupies 300 outof the 400 pages
of the book, those who do not indulge in those higher
branches of the art have no reason to complain of the
manner in which the author has consulted their
interests and requirements. Especially in these parts
is the angler favoured with hints, any three of which
alone the re.nder, if he be unacquainted with them, will
consider worth the cost of the volume. Here is one,
for exn.mple, upon the selection of the best place in a
stream for fishing. " Let the angler, if not too lazy,
get up very early in the morning, and take a walk by
the river side, and soon after day-break, when all is
yet quiet, he will see the fish begin to break the water,
and roach, dace, barbel, bream, and other fish will
jump about, or put up their heads, as if to see what
sort of a day it is to be. Let him then note the place
where these rises are the thickest, and choose that
place."

His descriptions of the Thames and the Nottingham
styles of angling are excellently given ; and hero is the
conclnsion of his remarks:— "The much more work-
niiinlikc, scicnlilic, ;iiicl deadly method inirsued by the
ac(■ll^l|lli^ll("l Nnlliii'iliinu liiiuk-lislier is almost
unknown to tho gcncr.ility of Tliiiriies anglers, yet it is
quite high art in float-fishing from the bank, and is
not at all easy to perform well. I strongly recommend
anglers who can afford it to lake a turn on the Trent,
and put themselves under the tuition of a Nottingham
adept. It will be money saved, as they will thereafter
bo very indi'iK'iideiit <if punts niid piintsiiifii, and will
enjoy ilir ncliv'c c.\erli<in ol' walkiu'.' tlie r'ivcr's Ijimk in
preferonro to llic p;issivel.\' :ipo|)lf<'lic operation of
sitting in an arm-chair, with a pipe and a bottle of
stout as a sala/iam for want of sport."

Probably there are hut few anglers who have not
seen carp basking on a sunny day just beneath tho
surface of the still waters of some sheltered pond, whore
the Inishes hang well over the margin, and who have not
been (lisgiisled at their utter indifference to the
reddest and liveliest of wriggling %vorms. Doubtless
at such times they have no inclination to feed, indeed
most fish bite better in the morning and evening than
when the sun is high. But the carp is always a shy
feeder, and the following sensible observations will
make it clear to many why they have often not taken
home any in their creel. " The depth should be
plumbed, so that the bait may rest on the bottom. It
is not natural to see a worm hanging in' the air
{? water, Mr. Francis), barely touching the bottom
and that the carp know well enough. In this position,
too, the gut ascends directly from the head of the
worm, and the unnatural attitude of the bait chal-
lenges the carp's attention to this ' new thing in worms.'
Monsieur Carp then catches sight of the shot, and
lastly, in all probability, of the float above. All this is
of course strange and unusual, and he proceeds to
investigate the bait with all due care, nibbling and
picking at it like the female ghoul in the 'Arabian
Nights,' who eats rice with a bodkin. He cannot make
Ufi'his mind to take it, and he cannot make n]i his
mind to leave it, so he nibbles, and nibbles, and at last
you think he must have got the bait, and you strike.
Now it is not customary for worms to dash off in that
frantic fashion ; and therefore while your worm dashes
o9' one way. Master Carp dashes off the other."

After describing fully the various ways of taking
pike, he says—" Gorge baits o? all kinds, which were
invented by the father of cruelty, should not be per-
mitted on any e.xcusc, because, no matter what the
size of the fish may be, they kill him." " Had I the
management of a good pike water, I would allow
nothing but spinning, and no fish under 4lb. to be
killed. Be satisfied, 0 angler, with landing the three-
pounder ; yon have had your sport from him, let him
go to grow bigger, that your sport may grow with him,
and your horn be exalted some day at killing a twenty-
pounder." Let us hope this appeal will touch those
for whom it is intended, and induce them to act
diflerently in future.

Having been so often disappointed with a blank day
when the weather has appeared to be everything that
could have been wished, one is naturally inclined to
anathematise one's luck, or to suspect one's tackle^
never, of course, to doubt one's skill— oh no, of course
not ! It is some satisfaction to find so high an autho-
rity as Mr, Francis, affirming that no one can tell
whether fish will or will not feed to-day. " You may,'
he writes, " have sport in all winds and in all weathers,
or you may not. I have had some of the best days
I ever had in my life with a north or east wind, and
some of the worst with a south or west one. 1 do not
believe there is any rule whatever that can be relied
on. I have had iirst-rate sport in snow-storms ere
now. The influences which cause fish to feed, or the
reverse, are as much a my.stery to us as they really
were to our forefathers." " My advice to the young
angler is, always carry your macintosh, be patient and
persevering, and leave the weather to take care of
itself."

From the extracts which we have given, the reader
will be able to form an opinion of the style in
which the work is written; doubtless the iufonnation
contained in it might have been condensed into less
than half the number of pages, but it would have con-
verted a pleasant readable book into a stiff', dry, formal
collection of receipts and pieces of advice. Perhaps
Mr. Francis might have dispensed with a pun, of not
very high order ; certainly, he need not have told one
anecdote twice over ; but this is the worst we can say
of his book. On the whole it is a valuable addition to
the literature of the subject, from the vast number of
practical experiences which are given in it, and it
will be appreciated nearly as much hy old hands as by
the youngest tyro.

Wbt Slpfarp.

Artijicial Swarming. — Having used up several
stocks^ last year in peopling box hives, I have but
one stock in a straw vat, with which to carry out a
system of artificial swarming. A second belonging to
a neighbour can he worked along with mine, as can
also another, distant about a mile ; but in both cases —
that is, whether I bring or two into union with my
own, mine must he the last driven. In th.at case, as it
appears to me from the subjoined table of probable
dates of forcing swarms, I sliould fare nather worse
with the aid of my neighbour's stocks than if I forced
swarms from my hive singly, and much worse with the
aid of one neighbour's only than with mine alone.

The period of forcing first swarm may appear rather
late, but this will be probably a late season in a late
place.

With regard to the time between forcing a swarm
from my own after forcing the swarm from the hive

354

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apbil G, 1807.

No. 1, in the last case in the table, I fmd that it takes
three weeks for a hive to become populous after removal
only. It thus appears that workiug with two
hives of my neighbours and one of mine, theirs
being first driven, I get my first swarm the
10th of June only, and my second the 8th of
July. When working with one of my neighbours'
with mine I fare worse, as I get my first the 10th of
June, and my second the 22nd of July. AVhen working
with my own only I get the first suariu 2nth of May,
and second ISth June. Besides, when ^vorking with
one neighbour's only, unless after driving the first,
my neighbour's hive, I waited still longer than three
weeks to drive the first swarm from my own hive,
when my neighbours must be displaced to populate it
— would there not he a danger of the queen of ray
neighbour— now only about a week old — not being
impregnated, and consequently lost when going out
again m a new situation ?

\With Three Hives, fust time. Own Hive Alone,

No. 1, 20th May. 1st swarm, 20th May.

No. 2, 30th May.
Own, 10th Jime.

With Three Hives, second time.
No. 1, ISth June.
No. 2, 28th June.
Own, 8th July.

2d swarm, 18th June.

JFith Two Hives, second time.
No. 1, 1st July.
Own, 22d July.

With Tim Hives.
No. 1, 20th May.
Own, 10th June.
A. S,

[If you intend to go in for as large an increase of
your stocks by carrying out the system of artificial
swarming, as you can, it would be highly advisable that
you should prepare the way by first raising royal cells
and fertile young queens in one or more nucleus boxes.
Then follow^ these directions given by Mr. Langstroth.
" When A is forced, it is placed on the stand of B,
which is removed, c {the swarm) taking a's place.
Let a fertile young queen be given to a, as soon as it is
forced, and in 10 days force a swarm from E, which may
be called d. Put d on the stand of E, and after remov-
ing A to a new place, set b where a stood, giving to E a
fertile young queen. If another colony, e. Is to be
formed, make it in the same way, by forcing a, and
transposing with B ; and so continue, by the transposi-
tion of A and B— forcing the new colony alternately
from each — to make successively at intervals of about
10 days, f, g, h, &c. ; a and b being supplied with a
fei'tile queen as often as they are forced.

" To make this process the more intelligible, let a
and B represent the first positions, in the apiary, of
the original stocks :—

Original stocks .. .. a, b.
Position after 1st forcmg, c, a, b.
,, „ 2d „ c, B, D, A.

„ ,, 3d „ C, A, D, E, B.

,, ,, 4th ,. C, B, D, E, F, A,

„ ,, 5th ,, C, A, D, E, F, G, B.

" By looking at this table it will be seen that the
new colonies c, d, e, &c., always remain iindis-
turhed on the stands where they are first put."
Of course some of these numerous swarms will
require liberal feeding. Unless we desired to increase
as much as possible any particular species or variety of
bee, we should be content with doubling, or at most
trebling the original stocks.

" If you want honey as well as a moderate increase of
stocks, be content with one swarm from two stocks.
Force a so as to secure all its bees, putting the swarm
on the old stand. If any bees are al)road they will
join this new colony. Reraove to a new stand, b, and
put A in its place. Thousands of the bees that
belong to b, as they return from the fields, will enter
A, which thus secures enough to develop the brood,
rear a new queen, and gather, if the season is favour-
able, large surplus stores. As B loses fewer bees than
if it had swarmed, and retains its queen, it will soon
become almost as powerful as before it was removed."

We cannot see why your stock must needs be the
last driven. We should force a swarm from the first,
which might be sufliciently strong for the purpose. _

We have had large natural swarms issue from hives
which had been removed, in very much less time than
that mentioned by you as being necessary for the hive,
after removal, to regain its strength; and we have
forced out large swarms from such hives in less than a
fortnight after such removal.

The catastrophe mentioned in your last paragraph
could not occur if you would supply the driven tiives
with fertile queens as before recommended.]

Miscellaueous.

The Temple Hyacinths. — Mr. Broome's beds in the
gardens of the Middle Temple have been unusually gay
for the last fortnight and more with red, white, and
blue Hyacinths. Not one of the bulbs has failed, and
the spikes being of a uniform length, covered some
6 inches in depth with compactly-built, richly-coloured,
fragrant blossoms, the eSect is most satisfactory.
Though now somewhat past their best, these beds are
still well worth inspection.

Herefordshire Perry. — The best soils for perry are
of a lighter character than those for cider, the valley
in the neighbourhood of Ledbury being the most
celebi-ated for the delicious beverage which is so
peculiar to this part of the kingdom. Perry made
from the Taynton Squash, the Oldfield, Moorcroft,
Barland, and Huficap Pears, is the most celebrated,
the Barland being especially so on account of its
medicinal properties; and the Taynton Squash, as
approaching nearest to champagne ; indeed, it is said
that for many years past much of it has been sold and
sent to London as perry to be resold as champagne,
but unfortunately, like the old sorts of cider fruit, it
appears to be nearly worn out, and similar difficulties
of reproduction present themselves. Dnckham on the
Farming of Her^ordshire.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensiling week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Newly potted plants, in stoves, and intermediate
houses, will now^ require individually the strictest
attention. See that none of them get too wet at the
ball, which they are apt to do if not watered with
great judgment, especially any which are potted loosely,
and which have not yet formed roots in the fresh soil,
to aid in absorbing excessive moisture. Firmly potted
ones will need watering, therefore, in a general way
three times, while the above will only require it twice ;
but, as has just been stated, the operator must judge of
the requirements of each plant according to the amount
of shift it has received, and other concurrent circum-
stances. Be careful not to water too constantly in one
place, so as to form a dip, at the bottom of which it is
possible the water may drain freely away, leaving the
outside of the ball injuriously dry. Gardenias, Tydeas,
and Begonias, together with a few other similar plants
about to flower, will derive much benefit from occa-
sionally w'atering them with liquid manure, especially
the first of these. Remember it should at all times be
so thoroughly settled as to be perfectly clear, llemove
decaying florets from Correas, pruning all out-
standing branchlets back to a uniform length.
Similar treatment will also be necesstn-y in the
case of Libonia Jlorihimda, of which the points of
leading young growths should be stopped, giving any
requiring it a small shift into a free peaty soil, potting
moderately firm. AVhere it is necessary to increase
the stock of CrofonJi, cuttings might now be put into
an admixture of peat and sand, sifted rather fine.
They strike freely with moderate attention, either
from young wood with a heel of last year's growth
attached, or from wood formed during the past season
divided into pieces, each having tliree or four joints,
with more or less leaves, attached. Keep all plants
cut back, moderately dry for a week or two after
cutting. Pelargoniums will now need especial atten-
tion ; those sufliciently advanced to need support
should be tied out forthwith. In performing this
operation abstain from using more stakes than is
absolutely necessary to secure all parts of the plants
from being broken. Let the supports also be as small
and neat as is consistent with sufficient strength,
pointing the ends, to be pressed into the ball with the
utmost care, in order to obviate as much as possible
injuring the roots, a too frequent occurrence through
the use of obtusely pointed stakes. Endeavour
also to fix them so that as little of them is seen as
possible. Moreover, never push the stake down
through the ball, close to the pot ; as, however fine it
may be pointed, no small amount of inj ury must accrue
to the roots, from being pressed between the stake
and pot, from the inner surface of which all stakes
shoi lid more or less slope. Bedding Plants will now need
especial attention ; pot all where practicable into fresh
soil, containing a moderate amount of leaf-mould,
and pinch hack the points of Pelargoniums, Verbenas,
Calceolarias, and bedding plants generally, where
these have attained their necessary hci^dils, bearing
in mind the positions it is intend.'d they should
occupy. By thus inducing them to break freely, they
will form more compact heads, and will produce here-
after a multiplicity of flower spikes. These remarks
also apply especially to Scarlet and other Pelargoniums,
of all sizes intended for Vases or Window-boxes.
By potting these now they will make a fresh
start, and will be in a far better state to
with-^tand exposure during the summer than those
wliich have been potted a month or two earlier, and
which when turned out will be found to be root-bound
— a too frequent occurrence. When properly attended
to in this way, keep all such warmer than heretofore,
shutting the frames up about 4 p.ii. every day, in
order to induce a moister atmosphere, with which they
might now be surrounded, keeping them shut close
until morning. Any such plants which it may not
have been convenient to re-pot, should have occasional
waterings with liquid manure, not too strong. The
utmost precaution will now be needed in regard to
flowering plants of Auricula; give them all the light
and air possible upon all favourable occasions, shutting
up always upon the approach of storms, as heavy rains
quickly damage them beyond recovery. Do not keep
them in too close an atmosphere when about to flower,
especially if moisture in any form remain upon the
exterior parts of the plant, as the flowers are too apt
under such circumstances to rot off at the axils.

FORCING HOUSES.

In Vineries, Peach, and Orchard Hoiises generally,
the finger and thumb will now be in constant activity,
disbudding, stopping laterals, or tying-in all young
growths requiring such support, thinning berries, and
similar operations. Bear in mind that the more
gradually such manipulations are performed, the
better will the plants be enabled both to perfect a
superior crop of fruit this season, and to form well-
developed wood for a similar purpose next year. Thin
out Cherries, where larger crops are set than indi-
vidual trees are likely to bring to perfection. Continue
to maintain an even minimum night temperature in
forcing houses generally, depending more upon the
direct influences of the sun, assisted at its brighter
periods with an atmosphere well surcharged wnth
moisture, to push on the crop, rather than maintaining
an unnatural night heat, the too frequent progenitor
of vapid and ill-matured crops. The latest sowing of
French Beans should be made forthwith.
KITCHEN GARDEN.

Choose a fine dry day upon which to make a few
main sowings, at the earlier part of the week if possible.
Leeks might be sown evenly in a seed bed, to be
transplanted into their more permanent quarters at a

later date. Onions might also be sown in deep, weU-
trenched soils. It saves much labour in cleaning the
beds if they are sown in drills across a quarter some
7 or 8 inches apart ; do not sow the seeds too deeply-
just cover them over, that beingali that is needed. Make
the soil as firm as possible by treading it well over, both
before and after sowing, if necessary, according to its
consistency, raking all larger stones, (fcc, oflF after the
seeds are well covered in. Sow Parsley for a first
crop, and the necessary seed for a crop of Parsnips,
choosing a deep stiff soil, not too recently manured, to
sow them upon, in drills 1 foot apart. Sow moderately
thin, as they will eventually require thinning out to
10 or 12 inches between the plants in the rows. The
same remarks apply to Skirret, except that it should be
some 20 inches apart in the ro\vs. Sorrel, curled
Chervil, and Pampion, might each be sown in the
necessary quantities, in drills or otherwise, as may be
most suitable, those retjuiring it to be thinned out
later. The last likes a rich deep soil, and moist. Sow
Peas for a main crop of tall ones from 5 to G feet in
height. The Abergavenny, Victoria, and Auvergne,
are desirable varieties; Champion of Paris and Veitch's
Perfection being good sorts, a little dwarfer in habit.
Sow Celery forthwith for a main crop, "WiUiams'
Matchless and Reed's Matchless are amongst the best.
Sow Borecoles (Kale) generally— the Green Curled
(Scotch) is as hardy as any ; and also at the same time
the requisite varieties of Savo?/s, the Drumhead for a
first crop, and the Green Curled for more permanent
winter use, W,F,

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEATl LONUOX,
For the Week endiiiR April 3, 1867, as observetl atthc Horticultiu-al Gardens

March
and
April.

Thurs. 28

Friday 29

Satur. 30

Sunday 31

Mon. 1

Tues. 2

Wed. 3

Average

% . Barombtbr.

Max, Min.

'29.45(>
29.652
29.745
30.331

29.370
29.543

29.738

29.989 29.878

XCUrEllATURE.

57.1

34.1 f 45,7

1 foot 2 feet
deep.] deep.

4i;.5 I 41.0

March 28— Verv clear, quite cloudless; fine at night.

— £9-Fiiie; cloudy and cold ; line; verj' sliijlit ftost.

— 30— Fine; showery; storm of thundev ; lightuing, with liail

at night.

— 31— Co'd, and exceediuRly clear; fine; very fine at nijjht; frosty.
April 1 -Fine ; sunshine, with dry air ; densely oveicast.

— '.i-Overcast; cloudy; line at nii^ht. ',

— 3— I'ine; very tine throughout; occasionally rather boisterous

at night.
Mean temperuture of the week 1 1-lOth dcg, above the average.

STATE OF THE WE.\THER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, forthe ensuing Week, ending April 13, 18G7.

Sunday .
Mon.
Tues.
Wed. .
Thurs. .
Friday .
Satur. .

56.2
55.0 I
56,1

itl 51; I I
I'i! 51; 0 '

_ 35 5
The highest tenipcratui
7th, 1859-thcmi. 79 dcg.
20 des.

No. of
Tears in
which it
llained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Uain

0 5U in,

0.69

0 73

0.27

0.31

0.5G

0.45

Prevailing Winds.

Notices to Correspondents.

Books: W M. The latest edition of Loudon's " HortuS
Britannicus " contains a Supplement combining the previous
Supplements, and bringing the date up to " March, IS.'iO."
In the last 17 years the accessions have been very e:reat, aod
a new Catalogue is very much wanted. We agree with you
that *'a book of this kind is a felt want with hundreds of
scientific and practical botanists and horticulturists every
day." — Contftant IteoAler, There is no good book with which
we are acquainted, on the subject you name. The best
information to be had in reference to the matter is confciined
in a series of papers by "Alpha," which appeared in our
cohimns during the years 1851 and 1852. — A B C, Dublin.
Brown's Forester.

Feuit Trees: Learner. Prune these back moderately, accord-
ing to the form required. For the defails of pyi-amidal
training you had better consult Rivers's Miniature Fruit
Garden, a:id BrtShaut's Modei-n Peach Pruner, two little
books that will greatly assist you.

Indian Azale,vs ; K 0 S. They may be propagated by
cuttings, but are generally worked on stocks of some free-
growing variety.

Insects : A". The leaf sent by you was so folded and smashed
in the post as not to allow our determining what was the
matter with it. It seemed to be much marked with small
discoloured spots, possibly from the attacks of red spider. W.

NAiiES OF Plants: C T. Hardenbergia Comptoniana.— //ff.
.Isotropis sb-iata. — A W. 1, Cytisus candicans ; 2, it is not
reasonable to expect us to name a Conifer from such a scrap.

Rhododendrons: K C B. The sorts you mention are usually
grafted on setdlings of the hardy free-growing sorts, which
can be raised with facility. The best rule of selection is
that the vigour of the sort used as a stock should bear some
proportion to that of the sort worked upon it.

Syringa Emodi : L. This is perfectly hai'dy, and of a more
erect and tree-like habit than the common Lilac. Its leaves
are large, of a pale grass-ereen colour, something like those
of a Rhododendron. The spikes of flowei's are large, pinkish
white, and have a sweet rich smell resembling that of a
Heliotrope.

Vine Leaves: Anon. The leaves are so withered after trans-
mission by post that it is difficult to say anything about
them. The affection, however, seems to be of the same
nature as rust, and probably has arisen from a sudden
chill. — young Garilener. In No. 1 the leaves are affected
with a disease very common in the South of France, the
cause of which is imknown. So long as it affects the leaves
only it is not of much consequence, but veiy fatal if it
attacks the stems. The same remark appUestoNo. 2. M J B.

Warner's Orchids : Sold. We will make inquiries.

Working Hodrs : E M B. The usual workiug hour.s in
gardens are from C a.m. to G p.m., with half an hour for
breakfast and an hour for dinner ; or when the <lays are
short, from daylight till dark. You have a right to expect
this time to be kept xs-ith reasonable exactitude.

CoMMUNicATiON.s Recefved.— H. CanncU.— J. B, Tibbitts.—
Sold.—T. R.— W. I.— Dr. Smith.— R. Robinson Scott.— G. C,
— B. S. W.— R. S. Yates,— Flora.

ArniL (i, 1867.J

THE GARBENEUS' CHRONICLE ANT) ACRTClTLTtTRAL GAZETTE.

365

MESSRS. GEOIiGE GIBBS and CO.,

2r, & 26, DOWN STREET, PICCADILLY, W.,

Beg to announce they arc now prepared to execute
Ordf'rs io any extent for Laying Lnnd Down to
Permanent Meadow and Pasture, with their best
MIXTURES of GRASS and CLOVER SEEDS, to suit
various soils, wliich they can supply at 32*. to 36*.
per acre, allowing 2 bushels of large seeds and 12 lb. of
small seeds to eatdi acre.

MIXTURES of GRASS and CLOVER SEEDS for
Eenovating Old I'astures. Quantity required per acre,
61b. to 10 lb. Per lb. Is.

MIXTURES of th(^ FINEST SORTS for Lawns,
Croquet Grounds, Bowling Greens, &c. Per lb. Is. Sd.

Italian Rye-grass.

Per busbel.— fl. (/.

OIBBS' IMPROVED EARLY 0 (1

FINE II E.WY IMPORTED 7 0

Perennial Rye-grass.

PACErS "HE.WV SEED" .. .. per bushel T 0
EVEBQIIEEN Ditto 7 0

Clovers. p„,b

FINE ENGLISH RED lOii. to 1 0

FINE ENGLISH WHITE Is. 3i to 1 0

FINE ALSIKE IIVBRID 2«. to 2 3

TRUE CdW GRASS. 13

RED SlIrKLINO 13

YELLOW TREFOIL 4.1. to 0 6

Bronius Schraderi..

THE NEW FORAGE UR.\?S 2 C

Buckwheat, or Brank.

ENGLISH SEED pcibu-licl

Carrot.

LARGE WHITE RELGlAN..
LARGE YELLOW liKLGIAN
L.AROE RED ALTRINOHAM
SCARLET INTERMEDIATE
LONG SURREY, or ORANGE

2 0

Cabbage.

CHAMPION OX, "flne" 3 0

LARGE DRUMHEAD 2 0

ENFIELD MARKET 3 0

Swedes.

THE ASHCROPT

MATSON-S PURPLE-TOP

.SKIRVING'S

GIBBS- PURPLE-TOP

EA.ST LOTHIAN

pr

Ih

1

0

1

0

0

9

1

0

1

0

Yellow Turnips.

GIBBS' GREEN-TOP HYBRID 10

GIBBS' PURPLE-TOP HYBRID 10

GREEN-TOP YELLOW SCOTCH 1 0

DALE'S HYBRID 10

Common Turnips.

GREEN GLOBE 0 10

RED GLOBE 0 10

WHITE GLOBE 0 10

GREEN TANKARD 10

RED TANKARD 10

WHITE TANKARD 10

i'ELLOW TANKARD 10

GREY STONE 0 10

EARLY WHITE STONE 0 10

ORANGE JELLY 10

Iffangel Wurzel,

FrtoM FINE Sklected Roots.

YELLOW GLOBE 10

RED GLOBE 10

LONG RED 10

LONG YELLOW 10

Parsnip.

GIBES' LARGE CATTLE 10

HOLLOW CROWN 13

Kohl Rabi.

LAKOE GREEN 2 6

LARGE PURPLE 2 0

Lucerne.

FINE IMPORTED 13

Furze.

FRENCH and ENGLISH 2 0

Holcus saccharatus.

CHINESE SUGAR GRASS 2 0

Rape, or Cole.

ESSEX SEED' 0 6

flpecial quotations for large quantities.

PRICED CATALOGUES

OF

AGKTCUr.TURAL, GARDEN, ami FLOWER SEEDS,

Forwarded Post Free on iipplication to

GE0[IG1': GIBBS and CO., Seedsmen,

26 and 26, DOWN STREET, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W.

Improvement of Grass Lands.

at from Ti,-;. to \0a. per iicro.

BUTTON'S RENOVATING

^ MIXTURE

SnouLU Now nt: Sown.

G to 121b. JILT acio.

rilco \vd. per lb. Cheaper by the cwt.

If these Keedfl are sown early in the seanon,

tho Improvement in the land will be very

great, and at a small oxpenBe.

This Mixture should be buah-harrowed in
and rolled afterwards.

Sutton k Sons,

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment,

Reading.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

pARTER'S SELECT LIST of GENUINE FARM

Vy SKEDS. at moderate prices, is now ready, and may be had post
free on appHcatioii to

CAnTEn';7 Great London Seed Warohouso, 237 and 238, High
Ilnlborn. London. W.C.

/':j. R A S S SEEDS for

^^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully aelectod on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grassea for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. Wheeler Sl Son,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agricultural Society.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES ASSOCIATION.
Pir.siih-nt iSiJO-'CT— IIis Grace the Duke ok RicirMosn, KG.
"The ANNUAL EXUIBITION of HORSES, STOCK, POULTRT,
IMPLEMENTS, WORKS of ART, &c., will be held at BRIGHTON,
on the 24th, 2atti. liUth, 27th, and '.iSLb ot JUNE NEXT.
SUMMARY OF PRIZES OFFEItED :-
CATTLE.— Short-horns. £12.5 ; Sassex. £125 ; other Breeds, £50.
SHEEP.— Southdowns, jLO-J ; Hants Downs, £90 ; Oxford Downs, £90 ;

Kent Sheep, £90.
HORSES.— Agricultural, £U0: Hunters. £95; Hacks, £16; Ponies,
PIGS.— Berkshire, £32; other Breeds, £32. [£10.

POULTRY.— Various, £93.

The PRIZE LIST may be obtained of the Secretary. ENTRIES
CLOSE May 1. By order of the Council,

Yately, Farnborough. G. B. H. SnrTK, Secretary.

OYAL AGRTCULTCRAL SOCIeTY of ENGLAND!

RURV ST, EDMDND'S MEETING, 1807.
STOCK, PODLTRY and IMPLEMENT PRIZE SHEETS are
now ready, and will be forw.^rded on application to •

12, Hanover Square, London, W. II. Hali, Dare, Sec.

Efxt ^gticttlttttal (Sajette*

SATURDAY, APRIL 6. 1867.

The Preston Hall Herd of Short-horns
i.s to be disposed of by public auction on May-
day. It includes all the Grand Duchess tribe
sold two years ago at Willis's Rooms for such
enormous prices. It also includes most of the
descendants now in this country of Bates' Cam-
hridge Rose tribe. It includes half a dozen
descendants of Louisa by Cramer, one of Lord
Ducie's cows. And besides these there are
separate smaller families descended from first-
class cows of tho Towneley herd, of Sir C.
Knightley's breeding, of the Chilton stock,
and others. Taking the Grand Duchesses and
Camhridge Roses, the Butterflies, and Arch-
duchesses into account, and, as regards the others,
considering that for tho last few years bulls of pm-e
Duchess and Oxford blood have alone been used,
it may be confidently declared that no better or
more valuable herd has ever yet passed through
Mr. Stratford's hands, engaged though he has
been in all the great transfers of pure-bred Short-
horn stock which a middle-aged memory can
call to mind.

The Preston Hall Estate* is one of those
characteristic Enghsh districts where rich green
meadows, gloriously timbered park, with gable-
ended cottages scattered along the lanes amid
luxuriant Hop-grounds, occasional coppice-
woods, and many large fields of rich corn land,
are commanded by the mansion, the village, and
tho church — tho whole occupying a gently undu-
lating country, which is traversed |by a tidal
river, and culminates along the sky-lino in bare
chalk downs. It has been the property of Mr.
E. L. Betts for 20 years or more, and during
most of that time, under the agency and able
guidance of Mr. Freeman, tho agent over the
estate, the herd which is now to bo dispersed
has been gradually gathering hero. On the
home fai-m of 800 acres, admirably equipped with

Aylesford ; a station on tho North Kent Railway.

a woll-furmshed farmstead, and cultivated with
a view both to the maintoiiancn of a largo hi 'id
of .stock and to tho prolitalilo utiliziitiou of tl.o
stores of rich manuro which woU-ibd .itock pio-
duco, there have been collected by caroriil
breeding and by purchase from all tlio loading
sales of recent years, many familie.s of the very
best Short-horn blood; and now that circum-
stances enforce the sale both of tin; estate and
of tho stock, wo cannot doubt that all tho leading
Short-horn breeders in tho country will bo prosciit
as competitors.

A detailed report of tho stock must bo post-
poned, but meanwhile wo refer once more to tlio
families which it includes. Tho Gnind fhichesscs
are descendants of Duchess 51, sold at the Kirk-
leavington sale to Mr. Bolden. She was a
doubtful breeder, and ho paid only 50 guineas
for her. This cow, besides breeding many high-
priced animals, as 4Tn Duke of York sold for
500 guineas, and others, had no fewer than I .'i
descendants remaining in Mr. Bolden's herd
when they were sold to Mr. Heg.4.n, of Liver-
pool, for 5000/. At Mr. Heoan'.s death tho
herd numbered 17, which roali.sod 8179/. Vis. in
all, or 481/. 3.s'. apiece, at the sale by auction
two years ago in Willis's Booms. And all tho
cows and heifers were on that occasion bought
by Mr. Betts — 12 animals (viz. Grund Duchesses
5, 7, S, 9, 10, 11, 12, l:i, 14, 15, 17, and 18)
fetching 542/. 10s. apiece, or G3U)/. in all. (_)f
these Nos. 4, 5, 9, 11, 15, 17, and IS, with their
descendants Grand Duchesses 19, 20, and 21, and
Grand Dukes IOth, 17th, and ISth, are to
be sold on May da}\

The Cauibridije Rose tribo, descended from the
prize heifer shown at the Cambridge meeting of
the Eoyal Agricultural Society by Mr. Bates,
included only three — a cow, a heifer, and a heifer
calf— at the Kirkleavington Sale. Of these,
Camhridye Rose 6th was bought by Mr. Harvey
Combe for 70 guineas ; her calf Moss Rose, No. 2
in Mr. Betts' catalogue, was pui'chased a calf at
the Cobham sale by Mr. Hales for 21)0 guineas,
and resold to Mr. Betts somo years afterwards
for 245 guineas. She has one daughter in the
Preston HaU herd. Her sister, the Beautij, was
purchased at the Cobham sale by Jonas Webb,
and the descendants of Z?ea!(/j/ averaged VAU. apiece
at the Babraham sale. Of these, three, viz. , a
daughter and twin granddaughters, were
purchased there by Mi-. Betts. Another sister
of Moss Rose was sub,sequently bought from
Miss Combe, in whose hands it remained after
the Cobham sale ; and thus, from tho three
daughters of Cambridge Rose Gth, there are no
fewer than 10 descendants in the Preston HaU
Catalogue.

We come now to the eight descendants of
Louisa by Cramer, a Tortworth cow. Her
gi'anddaughter, Ladi/ Louisa, was bought at tho
Sarsden sale for 100 guineas, and has four
descendants; hor great granddaughter Looei/
was purchased at Mr. Har\':ey Combe's sale by
Mr. MjUijoribanks for 105 guineas, and her
daughter was bought at tho Bushey sale by Mr.
Betts for 130 guineas, and has two descendants
at Preston Hall.

There are also four' Butterflies, descendants of the
Royal Butterfly Duchess, bought for 500 guineas
at the To^WNELET sale; three Archduchesses,
descendants of a Chilton cow — Arcluluchess, one
of the grandest old Short-horn cows that ever
was seen, and her two daughters, the one by
Lmperiai, Oxford, and the other by Grand
Duke 4Tn ; five other Butterflies, descendants of
a 100 guineas cow. Lady Butterfly, bought at
Mr. Marjorebanks' sale ; five Passion Flowers,
and four Prima Donnas, descendants from the
Chilton herd. It must be remembered that on
all these for several generations the very best
bulls in this country or America have been
used — Imperlal Oxford, 3d and 4Tn Dukes
of Thorndale, Duke of Wharfdale, Baron
Oxford, 5th and Cth Dukes of Airdeie, and
others.

We shaU before the day of sale give the
pedigrees of the several families in tabular form.
Meanwhile we recommend those who mean to
attend the sale to spend a day, as we have done,
in tho midst of them, and enjoy a leisurely
inspeotion of tho results of Mr. Freeman's good
management and judgment, and Mr. Betts'
enterprise and pluck. They will see some of tho
gi'andest old models of cows, some of the best
existent illustrations of good breeding and good
health and constitution in stock of all ages ; some
of the veiy best specimens in the island of what
is stiU called Kirkleavington blood, with aU the

356

THE GAllBENEIiS' CHEONICLE AKD AGMCtlLTtmAL GAZETTE,

[Apeil G, 18G7.

wonderful vitality and style and quality wliicli it,
more than any other strain of Short-horns, con-
tinues to exhibit. We add that on May 2d, the day
following the sale of the Preston HaU herd, that
of Mr. JdlAolNTOSH's stock will take place at
Havering, near Romford. To this herd we
referred some weeks ago, as including some of
the best blood in the country ; and we doubt
not that manj' attracted by the dispersal of the
Grand Duchesses and Cainhridcje Roses and Butter-
flies at Preston Hall, will remain to compete for
members of Bates' Oxford tribe at Havering on
the morrow.

On Tuesday evening last Professor Voelokee
delivered, at the Eooms of the Royal Agri-
cultural Society, Hanover Square, a highly
instructive lecture on ' ' The relative values in
respect both of nourishment and of the conse-
quent manure, of various PuKCHASED PooDS."
A very scanty audience — Mr. Thompson", the
President of the Society, in the Chair — had
assembled to hear him. The following is a
condensed summary of what they heard : —

In no country is the art of proiitably rearing
and fattening stock better understood than in
England, and for the superior skill of the British
farmer in comparison with that of the continental
stock feeder several reasons may be assigned.

Thus (1), the English farmer has learned to
appreciate the advantage of fattening well-bred
animals, and rightly abstains from spending
money upon coarse, ill-bred cattle, which do not
fatten even on the best of food. Again (2), the
English farmer feeds his animals well. He is
not satisfied with merely giving them abundance
of food, but the food must be of the very best
description, and in the case of young stock
especially, that which experience has taught to
be most approijriate for it. The superioritj' of
the English over the continental stock feeder is
perhaps in some measure also (3) due to the
fact that whilst in many parts of Germany,
Holland, and France animals are half starved in
infancy, gi-owiug stock is here suppUed abun-
dantly with the more concentrated foods, and are
not crammed over imuch with straw chaff,
innutritions Grass, or similar bulky materials.
Much straw, with some meal, and roots, and
cake, is suitable for fattening purposes, but for
young growing stock, straw chaff requires to
be mixed with more nitrogenous food.

Perhaps, however, the chief reason (4) why the
English farmer excels so much as a feeder of
stock is that he is an eminently practical man,
who, by placing at different times all kinds of
good, bad, and indifferent foods before his
animals, has learnt by dint of sheer expei-ience
what suits them best. On the Continent, on the
contrarj', the science of nutrition has been much
more studied . than the practice, to which,
indeed, comparatively little attention has been
given — at least as far as experiments are
concerned.

The art of feeding and fattening stock is
peculiarly a practical one, and actual experience
with different kinds of food or their mixtures
often teaches much more than the most refined
scientific feeding experiments, in which too
often the experimenter forgets that he has to deal
not withfmere dead receptacles, but with living
creatures which have a nervous sj'stem,
peculiarities of habit, and an organisation which
shoiild always in the first place be consulted.

After contrasting the Continental with the
English plan of feeding, the learned lectui-er
went on to say that the chemistry of food has
engaged the attention of many scientific men;
the literature of the subject is extensive, and to
men of the highest order as chemists or physio-
logists, such as BoussiSGAULT, Ltebig, Muldek,
and others, on the Continent, and LA"m;s and
Gilbert in this country, the farmer is largely
indebted for many elaborate and useful
researches. Though much remains to be done,
yet some fixed principles of great value have
been established, which at the preseijt time
enable us to predict with greater certainty than
formerly what the effect of certain feeding mix-
tures is likely to bo when given to different
animals.

As regards purchased foods, the subject to
which Dr. Voelcker confined his remarks,
special attention was directed to the fact that
the money value of such foods is very materially
influenced by the value of the food-constituents
which pass tlirough the animals in the shape of
solid and liquid excrements. It is well known
that these residues of different foods varygreatlyin
fertilising power ; some kinds, such as oil-cake,

make much better manure than others; the
relative value in the respect of the principal
purchased foods is therefore a matter well worth
attention.

The following list probably includes all, or
nearly all, the articles that may be bought in
the market, and which are employed as auxiliary
feeding materials : —

1. Linseed, various kinds of Linseed-cake,
Earthnut-cake (decorticated and undecortioated),
Rape-cake and Cotton-cake (decorticated and
undecortioated).

2. Beans, Peas, Lentils, and Poenugreek.

3. Indian Corn, Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rice-
meal, Malt, Malt-dust, Bran, and Pollard.

4. Palm-nut-meal, Locust Beans, brewers'
grains, and molasses.

As regards the food constituents of these sub-
stances, we have in them, on the one hand,
ready-made fat, sugar, starch, mucilage, pectin,
and digestible fibre, all fat producers ; and, on
the other, albumen, gluten, casein, &c., fiesh
formers; besides woody fibre, and mineral matters.

On which of these various constituents, there-
fore, asked the Professor, does the value of food
depend ? Is it on the nitrogenous matters, on
the fat, sugar, and starchy compounds, or on the
mineral ingredients ? Here we have to bear in
mind that in one sense all the different con-
stituents are equally essential to the well-being
of the animal. No animal can live upon starch
alone or on albumen ; on the contrary it requires
a mixture adapted to its digestive organs.
Making, however, all allowance for the circum-
stances which necessarily affect our views of the
value of a particular kind of food, and simply
inquiring what money return we get in the
shape of butchers' meat, according as we use
food in which either the nitrogenous or the non-
nitrojjenous constituents preponderate, we find
that the flesh-producing value of the foods just
named depends muchmoreonthe amount of ready-
made fat and non-niti'ogenous than upon the
nitrogenous compounds in food. The various food
constituents succeed each other in the order of
value according to the following Ust : —

1. Ready-made fat, i. e. oil.

2. Starch, sugar, pectin.

3. I'oung cellular fibre.

4. Albumen, gluten, casein, &c.

5. Mineral matters.

G. Woody matters which are of little or no value.

As already said, however, the money value of
purchased foods, as has been indicated, does not
merely depend upon the actual amount of feed-
ing material which it contains ; but also on the
value of the fertilising elements which pass
thi-ough the animal into the manure. Let us,
therefore, inquire which of the food constituents
usually pass into the manure, and what is their
fertilising value. Eat, sugar, starch, and similar
compounds should be burned up in the system as
thoroughl}' as possible, and only their products
of decomposition should pass into the manure.
Whenever undigested oil-cake or grain passes
into the manure great loss is experienced ; for
starch or oil have no value as manure. Nitro-
genous matters, which contain about I67 per
cent, of nitrogen, and produt;e ammonia on
decomposition, leave nearly the whole of the
nitrogen in the dung. The mineral constituents
which chiefly influence the value of manure are
potash and phosphoric acid.

Estimating ammonia at 6(Z. per lb., phcsphate
of lime at \^d. per lb,, and jjotash at the same
price ; and assuming, further, that the total loss
of nitrogen from all soui'ces does not exceed
7 per cent, on articles of food containing 4 per
cent, of nitrogen and upwards, and that food
containing less than 3 per cent, of nitrogen
does not lose more than from 10 to 14 per cent.
of its total nitrogen in passing through the
animal, the following will be the value of excre-
ment from a ton of food consumed : —

1. Linseed cake

2. Linseed

3. Cotton cate, decoiticatcd

4. ,, ,, uifdecorticated . .

5. Earth-nut cake, decorticated . .
undecorticated

& .t. a.

3 15 8
2 ir 9
5 0 0
2 18 0

4 18 0
2 10 0

;ila f

ugrcek J

'7. I?ape cake 409

8. Eeana

9. Peas

10. Lentils

11. Fcenug

12. Indian Corn 15 0

13. Wheat 170

14. Barley 150

15. Malt 160

IC. Malt dust 3 11 0

IT. Bran and pollard 2 15 0

18. Rice meal about 10 0

19. Locust meal 0 18 3

20. P.alm-nut meal 1 14 0

21. Brewers' g*aiii3 0 12 0

22. Molasses fno appreciable value).

The cheapest inannre-producing foods were
stated to be decorticated Cotton-cake, nut cake
also decorticated. Rape-cake and malt dust. The
last, together with bran and pollard, were
reported to be particularly cheap foods, inasmuch
as nearly halt their value was returned in the
shape of fertilising substances. Palm-nut meal
was reported to be a cheap fattening food, and
the least expensive food of a bulky description
was said to be brewers' grains.

In the discussion which followed Professor
Voelcker's lecture it was stated that, although
he had placed a high value on Cotton-cake, good
English Linseed-cake was after all by far the
best of the purchased foods, A few other remarks
in reference to manure-heaps covered andexposed,
and on the value of straw as a spring food mixed
with cake, closed an evening full of much useful
scientific and practical instruction.

The residts of the Sessional examinations in

the Class of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh
n.re as follows :— The Class Medal was awarded to
RicHABD G. ScEiVEN. First-class Certificate to
RiCHAED G. SCKIVEN, Lewis Bilton, Robeet
Bhydon, JohnMacabtnet; Second-class Certificate
to H. F. Ledet, Geo. Tweddle, W. Lowden.
Those students only who obtain an average of more
than 75 per cent, of marks for their papers receive a
First-class Certificate. Those whose average is above
50 per cent,, but less than 75 per cent,, receive a
Second-class Certificate.

■ How futile agricultural estimates often are in

our fickle English climate is proved in the case of one
published some weeks ago in these columns. It was
tlien calculated that on a sewaged farm containing
KIO acres of Italian Rye-gras,s," lOO tons of Grass
would be cut in March. Of course, during such a March
its we have experienced, no vegetable growth at all has
taken place. It is however rapidly proceeding now ;
and on the sewaged farm at Barking they are now
cutting a noble swathe which weighs 7 to 9 tons per
acre, and is a capital illustration of the powers both of
se^vage and of the plant to which it is being applied.

On Monday evening Mr. Nockolds read a very

interesting paper before the Central Farmers' Club oil
the need of a Government Board of Agriculture.
Reasoning from the precedent of our own past expe-
rience, when such a Board was presided over by
Sir J. Sinclair, and served by Aethue Young
as Secretar.y, and from ^ the practice of other
countries — France, Prussia, Russia, &c,, where
Governmental departments are especially charged with
the super\dsion of matters relating to agi'iculture, he
argued with great spirit for the importance of some
central authority here to which our Farmers' Clubs
and Chambers of Agriculture might address them-
selves with a better prospect than now exists of their
being fairly appreciated and understood. We shall
next week give a full report of Mr. Nockolds' paper.

We recommend the study of the speeches by

Mr. Dent and Mr. Read, and others, given in another
page, delivered last Wednesday in the House of
Commons, when that portion of the recent Report of
the Commission on juvenile Labour, which relates
to what is called the Agricultural Gang system, came
under discussion.

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

(From oub Correspondent.)

In our last paper we gave a general review of the
whole of the proposed arrangements having reference
to the agricultural departments of this gigantic Exhi-
bition ; we now, before proceeding to the more imme-
diate details connected with the daily doings, give a
brief statement as to the prizes which are to be
offered in connection with implements and machines
and with stock.. For implements and for improved
processes of farm management and machines there
are to be seven gold medals, of the value of
lOflO francs each (40^.) ; 50 silver, 50 bronze medals,
and a certain number of " honourable mentions." Gold
medals will be allotted to the stock department to the
number of 20; while there will be 150 silver and
150 bronze medals, with also a certain number of
honourable mentions. In addition to these the juries
will have at their disposal in the department of stock
40 works of art, which will go along with the medals
which may have been aAvarded ; thus giving to the holder
of such medal, w'hat may be called additional or brevet
rank by the possession of one work of art. The works of
art will be so arranged or classified that the medal, upon
which will be struck the name of the recipient, may be
attached to and form part of it. In addition to the
awards named above, there will be a "grand prize"
of the value of 10,000 francs (400Z,), consisting of an
object of art. This will be awarded to the exhibitor
who, from the number of the plans of improved farm
management, or of machines, implements, or of stock,
w-ill have been decided to have rendered the greatest
services to agriculture.

The juries will be composed of French and foreign
agriculturists noted in their respective countries for
their practical knowledge of the subjects of the depart-
mentinwhichthey willbenamed. Tbesejuries have been
nominated some days before the period of opening of
each department wdth which they are connected. The
whole of the objects or animals proposed to be
exhibited within each class will be brought under the
notice of the jurors, who will then proceed to classify
them under four categories, each open to the award of
the 1st (Gold Medal), 2d (Silver do,) 3d (Bronze do,),

AriiTT, C, 13fi7.1

TiiK OAiini'^NKliS' (!nii()Nl(iLK ANl) Ar,T!(('tn;rui:Ai, (i.v/.vnv..

:i&1

:uul nil Cliiss licinniti-iiblo niontions. This work iiftlio
jurors is to (ioiiiineuce coiiuMilontly witli the oiienins
ol'tlio oxUil>ition of oacli coiwoiirs or oliuss of objoiits or
animiils. As soon ns the awards are made, tlio olijcct
or animal to whicli tliey aro iiidividiinlly awarded will
bo distiiisuislied by corresponding marks or ulUr/ies.
Tlio jirizos Ihciiisclves will not bo awarded until the
enil ol'lhe I'lxliibition.

1"Ik' niiijority. il' not the whole of the Exbiliilion
building's liitlierlo constructed, have been on the
rec(anj;nlar idan, with intcrsc(;ting naves. These
buildinj;s, allliough to a greater or less extent possessing
many line architectural and constructive features, and
liaviug interior views remarkable for their length and
surface, still jiresented considerable dilliculties in the
way of realising a comprehensive, and yet at Ihe
same time simple and easily understood classitication
of their contents— at least, if objection is taken to this
strictnrc—uliilo the classification, per se, might be
pliilos<ipbic;il and praetieid enough, so far as the
practical scheme or report was eoneerned, the finding
ol the loealitv of each department in the building, and
the systematic e.';ainination of its contents, were by no
means so, and indeed in practice were almost impos-
sible to be carried out with any degree of ease or of
saving of time to the spectator or inquirer ; while it
Wiu; next to pruelirally iiiijinssible to make comparative
observations between the same class of "exhibits" as
contributed by the dilVerent counlries of the world, or
even indeed of the eiintril)iitions of difil-rent exhibitors
in the same country. These cousiilerations induced
the Imperial Commission appointed iu 1811") to carry
out the Great Exhibition in Paris, which will be
opened before this is in the hands of the reader, to
take into consideration the best means of obviating the
defects in Iniildings which had iireceded it, and of
carrying out a system of classilication of its contents,
which, while thoroughly ]diilns()]>liic:il in its aspects,
would at tho same time be one wliirh could be easily
followed in ai^tual prai^tice. This thc.y believe has been
done in the building now in the Champ de Mars, and
the belief is shared by tlie great majority, if not all, of the
scientific men wdiohave examined and pronounced upon
its details. What these are a few sentences will suffice to
show — enough at least for the general understanding of
them. The building is made up of a concentric series of
elliptical rings or zones, .'iin'Mudin^ a large central
garden of the same outline, and of which the length in
found figures is 17S yards, and breadth 58. This
central garden is reached h^' a series of vestibules, which
intersect all the zones or rings. Each ring is occupied
with the objects connected with one department only,
the whole of them being contributed by the dili'erent
nations of the world. Thus iu the zone or ring appro-
priated to the materials of manufacture, either in their
raw or partially prepared condition, if walked round
completely from one point, returning to the same
point, the spectator will have presented to bis notice
the materials employed in the manufactures of the whole
world. The following are the dispositions of the
rings or zones, commencing with the zone which is
next to or immediately surrounds the central garden.
(1.) The objects illustrating the histoi-y of labour, or
retrospective museum ; this zone is about 37 feet iu
width. (2.) The fine arts, the width of zone being
about 50 feet wide. (3,) Objects devoted to the materials
employed iu and applied to the liberal arts, including
educational appliances; the width of zone being about
20 feet. Separating zone No. 3 and the next is an
avenue or passage some 16 feet wide, beneath which
are the air channels for ventilation ; similar passages
divide zones Nos. 4, 5, and 6. No. i is devoted to the
furniture and appliances used in domestic life, the
width of the zone being about 7/ feet. No. 5 is
devoted to articles of clothing and objects connected
with personal use, the width of zone being the same as
in No. 1. No. (i is occupied with the raw materials of
manufacture, in some eases partially prepared. No. 7
is occupied with machinery ni motion and otherwise.
This zone or gallery is the grand constructive feature of
the building ; it is of great width and height, the width
being 111 ieet, and height 82 feet. The width, is so
great that it admits of the erection of a light
gallery, raised upon elegant pillars, from whicli an
admirable view of the objects below can be obtained.
This gallery is reached by handsome flights of stairs,
placed at convenient places. No. 8 zone is occupied
with articles of food iu their|natural or in prepared
conditions. In this zone, also, are the various
rexfauranfs, cafes, and refreshment rooms, kept by
dili'erent nations, and served by their peoples in their
appropriate costumes. The whole building is
surrounded or encircled by a colonnade or promenade,
over l(j feet in width, covered at top, but open all
round. So much, then, for the different zones or
rings which contain collectively the "exhibits" of
the u'orld.

We have now to notice the plan adopted of giving
to each country a " local habitation," or position in the
building. This is done in an exceedingly simple and
perfect way by intersecting the zones or rings by
i-adial avenues or passages, starting from the central
garden, and ending at the outer zone or ring. These
passages are 12 in number, and are nearly 17 feet wide ;
and if the vestibules are added, which are four in
number, there are 10 radial passages or avenues. The
whole building is thus cut up into segments or
portions ; and if the reader will suppose to each country
one or more of these segments are given, lie will
understand that while the contributions of each
country are tluis confined within a determinate and
easily fixed upon and found out space, each of its
portions of concentric rings are iu immediate continuity
with the rings or zones of other and contiguous
countries.

From what we have said then it will be evident that
as there are always the curved interiors of each zone in
view, there can be no grand or extensive hall or vast

apartment such as we had in the Exhibitions of 18,'il
andI8(;2; indeed the grand vestibules afibrd tho only
approach to what may bo called a large and imposing
hall ; anil even these have their defects, for they are too
narrow for their great length and width.

The shell or annexe, however, in the Park, devoted to
the agriiailtnral machinery of (ireat Britain, is a fine
hall, and being well proportioned, looks very well. It will
gratify our readers to know that this line apartment is
done :uiipli> justice to in the splendid collection of
agricultural Implements and machines sent by the
firms so well known to ourjreaders, as the Howards,
the liansomes & Sims, the Garretts, &c.

Facility will be given tho visitor to enable him to
find out the segments occupied by the different coun-
tries ; the radial avenues are moslhappily distinguished
by the names of the countries through which they
pass, as the Rue d'Angleterre, &e. ; while tho different
courts, or classes, in each department will be indicated
by banners bearing inscriptions in four languages —
English, French, German, ami Italian. Visitors must
not expect, however, to find everything coutfur df
rose. Already there are those who state that the
general ^ plan, admirable as it may appear on
paper, is not by any means faultless ^ iu in'ac-
tice ; . that much confusion will arise in seeking
and finding out the various departments; and as
to the details of many of these there can be no
doubt that they are at present wrong. Complete, for
instance, as the system of ventilation is, this will be
rendered to a large extent nugatory by the plan
adopted in many of the foreign departments, more
especially in that of the French one, of boxing up tho
whole area of the zones by a series of interminable
partitions. The intense glare from the glass roofs will
also add to the discomfort of inspecting the contents of
the zones, wdiile the close hoarded flooring will give
rise, we fear, to a most distressing supply of dust.

It is right, and only right to say, seeing udiat has
been said as to the dilatoriness and indifference of the
officials and exhibitors of tlie British department, that
in almost every respect it is that which is most
advanced, and the different details of which are
pronounced to be the best. They have not boxed up
into an infinity of little shops the space at their com-
mand, but they have left it as open as possible. The
light will also be tempered by the blinds which have
been put up. And on all hands the decorations
adopted are admitted to be in the most correct taste, a
strange thing doubtless when we draw to mind wdiat
we know to he the real power of our Parisian neigh-
bours in this direction.

There is no doubt but that many if not all of the
departments will not be thoroughly ready for some
time yet ; at the end of last week, up even to the
evening of Friday, an extraordinary bustle and con-
fusion prevailed throughout the building, although
this is ahvays the case on such occasions, and no one as
a rule cares to expose his goods till the last moment.

DO POULTRY PAY ?

That is a very proper question to ask, for I hold as
a principle that every thing that does not pay, directly
or indirectly, should be abandoned as commercially and
agriculturally wrong.

I_ test this by the following propositions and com-
parisons. _ It pays indirectly to produce cattle, sheep,
and pigs — if so, why not poultry ? It does not cost
more to produce a pound of poultry live weight, than a
pound of meat live weight. Well, then, do poultiy
sell at more or less per pound live weight than meat ?
The answer to this is, " a pound of poultry live weight
a,lways sells for much more than a pound of meat
live weight," and so the question is settled in favour of
poultry.

The average price of first quality beef is 5s. per stone
or 7^}'?. per lb. for the whole carcase net dead weight.
The live weight price would therefore be 4irf. per lb.,
because, according to the best authorities, fat beasts
lose 40 per cent, of their live weight in offal. The
average live weight price of the best poultry is quite
M. per lb., or double the price of beef, and not quite
double the price of mutton. At this time of year,
poultry sell wholesale for much more than double the
price of meat. Those I have sent to market recently
have sold for llW. to Is. per lb. live weight— against
lirf. per lb. live weight for beef, which is its present
price. That settles the question so far, and the verdict
is strongly in favour of poultry. Poultry are evidently
dear food to the consumer ; but does it cost more food
to produce a pound of poultry than a pound of meat live
weight. I answer decidedly not ; but the reverse. For
my cattle and sheep don't eat worms and insects,
whereas fowls consume them abundantly, and econo-
mise and apply every scattered seed or kernel that would
otherwise be wasted.

In another point of view— is the cost of attendance
and shelter greater with poultry than with cattle ?
I reply, not. As to the production of eggs, that depends
upon the quality and quantity of food administered,
and the accompaniments of proper warmth and shelter.
There is no fear of overstocking the market with either
eggs or poultry. We consume daily one luilliou of
foreign eggs !

I generally keep from .300 to 400 fowls. They have
free access to every field during the whole year, and
although^ they help themselves at harvest time when
the corn is in sheaf, I alwa.vs get my best crops of corn
on fields adjoining the hen house.

I have this year two lieids of Wheat drilled, and only
1 bushel of seed per acre. They come within 10 to
20 yards of the fowl house, and are a perfect plant,
although the poultry have been scratching and culti-
vating the fields ever since they were drilled.

We are apt to forget that fowls, like sheep, manure
where they go. I must say I used at one time to feel
nervous and angry when I saw them hard at work on

tho nowdy-sown corn, but I soon learned to feel confi-
dent tiiat insects wore their principal gain, and that
my well and deeply-deposited corn escaped.

I might well feel sensitive when I knew that many
unrelenting and not too favourable critics would
inspect those crops before harvest, and that " thin
sowing" would get the discredit of any shortcoming
in tho plants. Under the old broadcast system and
consequent imijerf'ect burying of the seed, fowls would
have been mischievous. I look iiiion them now as tho
farmers' best friends.

It is essential to the well-doing of poultry that they
should have free access to Gnuss, Clover, and green
food. They are very fond of Mangel and Swedes, but
I never found that they injured them while growing.

" But they ate off my Slangel i)lants," said a friend
of mine; I replied, " I am sure you had no pa.sture."
He acknowledged that he had not, and so the matter
was at once accounted for. Tliere is nii fear of slugs
where there are plenty of ducks. The quality of food has
mncb to do with egg-laying. Thehigh pjriceof Barley and
Wlieat induced us to sell what would ordinarily be
called "tail corn " so that the poor fowls came off badly
with the mere refuse. The eonsequenoo wa-s a diminished
sui)])ly of eggs ; as soon as we returned to the best
Barley the concurrent supply of eggs also made its
appearance. I find that with JJraman Pootras, Cochin-
China, and Game (crossed) we get size anil quality ; wo
do not separate tho breeds, but take care to breed from
imre stock on each side, changing the male birds
every second jear. We are fond of Dorkings, but
our soil and climate seem too harsh for them.
Not a scrap of bread or any other consumable substance
is wasted where they are. Boiled Potatos or their
parings, and every waste from the kitchen, is at once
appropriated. A dead lamb or sheep soon becomes
skeletonised by them. Flies have no chance with them,
if they settle within reach. The more we remove
trees, fences, and shelter for wild birds, the more neces-
sary and, in fact, imperative it will become to greatly
increase our store of poultry, that they may scatter over
the land and appropriate the farmer's numerous insei't
enemies. In this respect I may, at all events, call
myself a practical man, for I rejoice when I see my
fields well dotted with poultry.

If farmers had a good share of winged game when
killed, they too should rejoice in its abundance. It is,
in my opinion, a sad misstake to send battue game to
the poulferer rather than to the tenantry. The money
amount is trivial when compared with the discontent
that would be thus mitigated or entirely allayed.
I repeat here what I said at p. 572 of my hook in
July, 1861 :—

" Nothing pays better on a farm th.an a good stock of
poultry properly managed. With them everything is
turned to account ; not a kernel, wild seed, or insect
escaped their scrutinising eyes, 'Their industrious clavi-s
are ever at work uncovering, ready for appropriation,
every hidden but consumable substance. Fon-ls must
have free access to chalk or lime to form the shells of
their eggs, and grit or gravel to grind the food in their
gizzards. They luxuriate on Grass or Clover, which
are a necessity for them ; in winter they like Mangel
or Swedes. They must have access to plenty of
pure water. The quality of the eggs depends upon the
quality of the food. They, like ourselves, like shade
in summer and warm sheltered corners in winter.
They must have access to shelter in wet weather.
Fowls will not be long healthy on the same gi-ound or
yards, the earth gets tainted; therefore, to prevent
disease, lime and salt your yards and their usual
pasture once a year, say, in autumn, when the rains
will wash it well in and sweeten the surface.

Broods of chickens never do better with us than on
the grassy brows or patches abutting upon the growing
crops, either of corn or pulse, into which they run
either for insects or for shelter. The roofs of the coops
should he water-tight, and the coop should often be
removed, having only the natural ground for the floor.
That natural ground soon gets tainted unless you
remove the coop.

" You can hardly make some people good managers
of poultry if they lack observation and judgment.
These are especially necessary in the breeding of
poultry. Your male birds should he often changed,
say at least once in two years, and they should he
young and vigorous. Breeding in and in will not do
any more than it will with animals. Those who wish
to understand tho proper management of poultry and
winged game should read the admirable little pamphlets
of Mr. Baily, Mount Street, London. Very few
people knew so much of this matter as he does. From
him I obtain pure blood occasionally at a moderate
price.

" I consider winged game, poultry, and birds the
farmer's friends. j\iy poultry have access at all times
to my lieids. Fowlsarevery usefnlinclearingofl'flies. I
have often been amused at seeing the neat and quick
manner of their taking flies from reposing bullocks
and sheep, much to their comfort." J. J. Mechi,
March 29.

WOMEN AND CHILDREN EMPLOYED IN
AGRICULTURE.

The following is an abridged report of the discussion
on this subject last Wednesday evening in the House
of Commons ; —

Mr. Dent said that tbe Report of the CliUdi-en's Employ-
ment Commission contained facts of so grave a nature as to
the bad results attending thie indiscriminate employment of
women and children, that it became the duty of the House to
take cognizance of them. The system of employing women
and children in ganRS iu the agricultural districts prevailed m
Lincolnshire, Huntingdonshire. Cambridgeshire, Norfolk,
Suffolk, aud Notts. A gangmaster contracted for tbe work of
the farmer, and was a sort of middleman, often perfectly unfit
to undertake such a charge. Under him worked the gang,
which consisted of from 10 or 12 t" ll«> women and chUtlron of
both seses. This system had becu attributed to the existence

358

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apbil Gt 1807.

of largo iiroperties and close parishes, on which the labourers
were not allowed tn live. But it was not entirely consequent
upon this state of things, beeanao in the isle of Oxholme,
where the land was owned principally by small freeholders,
women and children were employed "t« a greater extent,
perhaps, than in any district in the county." The Com-
missioners estimated that G,400 persons wero employed in
public gmgs ; but there were also private gangs, snperiutRnded
by ouc of the farmer's own labourers. An analysis of returns
from a number of parishes showed that a,G3G children were
employed under the age of 13, of whom 871 were males and
765 females; that of young persons between 1.3 and 18 quoted
tlicre were .386 males and 5"6 females ; and over 18 years of age
there were 70 males and 388 women. Mr.Whitc found 20 children
employed under the age of seven, and they began work even
as early as five or six. Boys and girls of this tender age went
five or six miles to their work and the same distance back.
In fact a case was given in which two girls, aged respectively
II and 13 years, had to walk eight miles each day to their
work, 80 that they walked 16 miles each day, besides working
from 8 a.m. to 5 or half-past 5 in the afternoon. In some dis-
tricts the day's work averaged eight, in others 11 hours. Then,
as to wages, in Suffolk the children began with no more than
2d. or 3d. a-day, and of two children in a gang, the mother
said, "Agnes was seven when she began, and got id. a-day;
Frank was six, and got l{trf. ; he has been heightened J-t?. each
year since." It would be seen from the reports of medical
men on the subject that the death rate among the children
who were thus engaged in agricultural labotn- was very high,
as well as among the infants of the adult females who were
similarly employed. The medical officer of the Privy Council
described those gangs as travelling several miles from their
native villages, looking strong, but with the taint upon them
of their customary immorality. It was not, he might add,
only the loss of life in these cases which was to be deplored,
but the hardened feeling which the operation of the system
produced in the women themselves, making them completely
reckless, and givin<^ rise to a terrible brutality. A more
hardening system, in short, could not well bo conceived,
although it had not been very long in existence, for it was not
more than 20 years ago that the Assistant Poor Law Commis-
sioners had spoken of it as a very recent thing. It had its
origin in the fact that large tracts of land had, by the
ingenuity of our engineers and the energy of our farmers, been
reclaimed from the sea and rendered, from being a mere
marsh, most productive. The consequences of the system
were as yet scarcely felt in their full force, but if its hardening
influence went on progi-essing, it could not fail to have a very
injurious effect on the population of the country. But inde-
pendent of the harm which was done to the health of the
women and children cnijagej in those gangs, the results to
their morals were, it was clearly shown, most preju-
dicial. He would not quote in support of that view the
evidence of the clergy, becaiise, meritorious as were their
exenions, it might be said by the employers of labour that
their testimony was somewhat biassed. The existence of the
.state of things of which he spoke was abundantly established
by the evidence of the women themselves, as well as by that
of those by whom they were engaged. The first effect of the
system, according to that evidence, was to give the women a
hard, bold appearance, and a rude manner, and to unfit them
to make good wives or mothers, inasmuch as they wero never
trained to domestic habits. One labourer's wife said she did
not like the gang system, while another stated that she would
rather see her daughter enter the workhouse than go into the
field. A large number of the employers of labour also
admitted that they would prefer having girls excluded from
such work. He might, however, be told that there was in
some districts such a scarcity of labour that the farmers were
driven to employ women and children ; but his own opinion
was that in many cases no such extraordinary scarcity existed,
and that men wore not employed so much as they ought to bo,
because the services of women and children were secured
instead. In different parts of Norfolk w.ages were as low as
10s. or 12s. a week for men, and the evidence showed that
both men and grown-up lads were frequently out of work,
while the farmers couiplained that their labourers wero
leaving them because of the low rate of wages. If, therefore,
a cheek were placed upon the employment of women and
children, it would, he had no doubt, be superseded to a great
extent by adult labour. The hon. gentlem.an then quoted
passages fi-om the report of the Commissioners to show that a
great many farmers had «iven up the public gangs, and that
they did not approve the employment of a large number of
children, even in private gangs. The Commissioners, he
added, suggested in their reports several different remedies
for the present state of things. They recommended that no
gang master or middleman should be allowed to take out a
gang without a licence from a magistrate, and when it was
borne in mind that those men were very frequently convicted
felons or thieves, or men in other respects of the worst
character, it would, he thought, be admitted that it was
desirable to have some hold of them, and to provide that their
places .should, as far as possible, be supplied by respectable
men. There could, he thought, be no objection to such a
proposal, while he was also of opinion that the expediency of
placing some restriction on the age of the children employed
would be generally admitted. For his own part he thought no
child should be employed in those gangs under the age of ten
years, though some contended that the age might be very well
fixed at eight. He should wish to see no children under ten
years of age employed in public gangs ; and he thought that
the suggestions in the Commissioners' repoit against allowing
children of different sexes to work together in yangs .should
be carried out, as the evils which arose from mingluig them
together were too gross to be mentioned. He should be clad If
the House would adopt the principle that no young female
imdcr the age of 17 should be employed at all in public gangs.
Indeed, he should like to see a prohibition again.st any
employment of women in public gangs, but he did not think
that such a restriction could be carried out. Recommendations
were made in the Commissioners' report as to the hours of
labour, and he thought that employment for eight hours a day,
including the time required for going to and returning from
work, would be quite sufficient for children between eight and
ten years of age. Between ten and 13 years of age they might
be employed for 1 1 hours, and afterwards for 12 hours. The Com-
missioners recommended that a certain amount of license
should be left to the local authorities, and that in some places
the half-day system should be adopted. In other places it
would be impossible to adopt that system, and for a eertam
period of the year— for three months or six months —it would
he necessary to have a continuous school-time to make up for
the continuous work -time in the other periods of the year.
Another point for consideration was the improvement of the
dwellings for the labouring classes, and the erection of cottages
in the neighbourhood of then* work. He believed that the
farmers were beginning to appreciate the fact that a labourer
having to walk a great distance to his labour had so much of
his work taken out of him. Much benefit would result from
the establishment of better schools in the districts where the
system of gang work prevailed, and Mr, Long, in his report,
said that the extent to which children were employed in any
parishes depended on the circumstance of whether or not
there was a good school in the locality. In those districts
there was a very great deficiency of school accommodation,
and in the dioeess of Norfolk there were no less than 120
parishes in which at present no day school existed. When the
children began to work, he thought that there would be oo

difficulty in setting aside a portion of their wages for their
education, and be suggested whether it might not be expe-
dient to give to the guardians of the poor the power to pay, in
cases where they thought it right to do so, a portion of the
school fees of the children. As many of the poor did not like
the idea of receiving relief even for the education of their chil-
dren, he would not wish to see the contribution from the
guardians put on the footing of relief. He thought that the
House was in possession of sufficient evidence to legislate on
the subject of public gangs, and to place them on a better foot-
ing by proper regulations. The horrors disclosed in the Com-
missioners' report were greater than many hon. gentlemen
could possibly conceive. If it could be provided that the gangs
should be placed under the management of decent and respect-
able per.ions, then he would not be inclined to condemn the
gang system altogether, but Parliament ought to take care
that the masters of the gangs did not treat the persons
employed under them as slaves, and that they were people of
good moral character. He repeated that he thought it would
be well not to have females at all employed in the gangs, and
he should be glad to learn from the Secretary of State for the
Home Department whether he would be able to legislate on
the subject during the present Session. The hon. member
moved :— " That in the opinion of this House the emploionent
of women and children in agricultiu-e should be regulated so

far as may be by the principles of the Factory Acts.^^^

Mr. Fawcett, in seconding the motion, s.aid the evil
had arisen from the utter want of cottages ; and they
must put such impediments in the way of the gang
system as would compel landlords to build a sufficient supply
of cottages. In one part of the district there were farms after
farms of 300 acres on which not a single cottage was to be
found. But it might be said, by placing heavy impediments
on the gang system, they would destroy it altogether. That
was the object he wished to accomplish, which would not only
immediately benefit the labourers, but ultimately be most
advantageous to the landlords themselves. He went further
than his hon. friend in the remedies he suggested. He would
say that no child under 13 should be employed in these gangs ;
he would license gangmasters, and require them to show that
they had sufficient means of lodging their gangs. Such
enactments would operate as the heaviest discouragements to
the system, The Earl of Leicester had recently made a speech
on this subject, in which he detailed his experience with
reference to the building cottages, and showed the vast
advantage landlords would gain by following his example
The gang system was only a branch of a much wider question.
The report of the Children's Employment Commission showed
that the ignorance of the children employed in gangs was only
a sample of the general ignorance of the children of agri-
cultural l.abourer.i. Indeed, the gangs could not be formed
were there not an ignorant and almost pauper class from
whence the children could be obtained. In his opinion, the
.alternate -day .system was the only means by which the
ignorance of the agricultural districts could be corrected. He
would redeem his pledge of engrafting clauses upon the Bill
of the right hon. gentleman the Secretary of State for the
Home Department which would extend the operation of the
Factory Acts to agi-lcultural districts. Two objections had,
however, been taken to that proposal— namely, that there
would be great difficulty in inspecting the children, and that
such an alteration would involve considerable expense,
inasmuch as it would become necessary for farmers to employ
adults instead of children in their agricultural operations.
The difficulties of inspection might, however, be easily over-
come, and the additional expense which the alteration would
throw upon a farm of 1000 acres would be imder 201, per
annum.

Sir. A. Peel said agricultural employment was of a veiy
peremptory and yet of a very desultory character, and it had,
therefore, been suggested that the children should work
during ono half, and bo taught during the other half of the
year. But if such a system were to be adopted, it would be
found that the children would forget in one six months all
that they had been taught during the previous six months,
and therefore, in his opinion, the alternate-day or half-day
system was the best compromise that coidd be come to. One
touching argument that had been used on behalf of the
agricultural children was that, whereas the adult labourer saved
and economised his strength, and took care not to overwork
himself, the child, in its innocence and unselfishness, tasked
its feeble strength to the titmost. The House was, therefore,
called upon to protect the child from the consequences of
its own unselfishness. He wished to draw the attention of
the Home Secretary to a particular kmd of labour that had
come under his especial observation— namely, what was called
the coprolite manufacture, in which a hirge number of women
and children were emploj'cd, in the counties of Bedford and
Cambridge. He had made some notes of the state of things
in two of those coprolite mills. In the first, which was a
small mill, 35 men, women, and children were employed,
among whom were three female children from five to seven,
and three from eight to ten years of age. The education of all
these labourers was on the whole fair, The second case was
of a very different nature. In that mill, which was a very
large ono, 196 men, women, and children were employed, of
^rhom 20 were women, 26 were children of from five to seven,
and 23 from eight to ten years of age. Of the 196 individuals,
91 could read, but only 48 could read and ^vrite, and their
education was of the very lowest and most imperfect chamcter.
The coprolites were first dug out of the earth by means of a
pick, and then wero gathered up and taken to the mill, where
the women and children were emploj'cd in selecting the true
from the false coproUtes, in doing which it was necessary to
nso water. The coprolites when chemically treated fui-nished
the best superjihosphato of lime. He had seen instances of
tyranny on the part of the gang masters towards those under
them which would make one's blood run cold. It was impera-
tively necessary that the gang masters should be required to
have a certifictite, and there should' also be a proviso that they
shovdd not be publicans or innkeepers, otherwise all the evils
of the truck system would be revived. He had seen men at
the end of the week going for their wages, and instead of
receiving money for their Libour they were obliged to truck
or barter, mostly for drink sold at a price fixed at the dis-
cretion of the master. The subject of education was inti-
mately connected with that of the employment of women and
children in agricultural gangs ; but there was one kind of
mis-named education by which the House ought not to suffer
itself to be misled. At the town of Luton, in Bedfordshire,
the great head-quarters of the straw-plaiting tmde, there
were so-called plaitingschools, in which the worst tyranny
was practised in regard to the exaction of youthful labour
for the sake of the plaiting trade, with the least possible
reference to any educational training whatever. The
inspector of that district mentioned 33 of these schools in
which straw plaiting and reading were supposed to be
combined ; and of the 1015 childi*en attending those
33 schools, he classed the whole of them in the category
of children who wero deprived of the benefits of
education owing to the demands of labovn*. Those
'* schools" were nothing less than low, hideous, damp, and
fetid factories ; and it was to be hoped they would be brought
within the scope of the proposed beneficent legislation. He
trvisted the House would endeavour to protect those who
could not protect themselves from the double danger to which
they were exposed— first, from the danger of missing all, or
nearly all, the advantages of education ; and secondly, from

the tyrannical exaction of what little residue of health and
strength they po.ssessed.

Mr. Rea,d said that all must acknowledge the moderation
•and fairnes."; with which the hon. incmber for Scarborough
had introduced this subject. He went a long way with the
hon. member in condemning the evils of the gang .system,
and in many of the remedies he proposed. He difl not how- ,
ever, believe that public gangs were so numerous as they used
to be, and bad as they were at the present time, they wero
much worse a few years since. He could endorse the truth of
the statement made by the hon. member for Warwick, that it
was customary a few years ago for the head of the gangtu-
keep a pnblic-house or beer shop, and to pay the wages in
drink, »fac. He agreed that mixed public gangs were an
unmixed public evil. By all means license the master, sepa-
rate the sexes, and limit the distance of walking to the place
of work, if they pleased, but pray let the House be reasonable
and moderate. Let them keep out boys under nine from the
gangs, and girls under 13, but not go the length of some of
the recommendations contained in the report, one of which
was that all the females under 18 should be excluded, while
some declared that no women should be allowed to work in the.-'e
gangs. In this free country it would not be well to put this
fetter upon free labour. There was a difficulty in providin::
employment for females of all classes, and there was a growing
superabundance of women in agricultural labour, owing to the
migration of the men into towns and the numbers of those who
left this country for foi'eign shores. Many young women, if
not employed in this way, would go into idleness. It was all
very well to say that they ought to be employed as domestic
servants, but if they did not wish to be so employed. Parlia-
ment would not be justified in depriving them of one descrip-
tion of labour in order to force upon them another. Then it
was said that field work was detrimental to the refinement
and delicacy of women. It did not, however, follow thac because
they twere coai-se and rough, they were also immodest and
immoral. He believed that female immorality was not un-
known either in manufacturing towns, in fai'm kitchens, or
the servants' halls of the "upper ten thousand." The mixture
of boys and girls in field labour was not an evil so great as the
crowded state of the cottages, for when young persons of both
sexes herded together in the same room, they grew up witli
no sense of decency or dehcacy. It was singular that the
arguments stated to be used by the mothers against allowing
their daughters to work in the gangs were the same which were
used to himself when he asked the reason why they did not
send their daughters to school. Ono woman told him one of
her daughters caught a fever at school and died, and on no
account would she send another. Another said her davighter
caught rheumatism from the cold and wet of the journey.
A third said her girl got into bad company, which did her
more harm than the school did her good. With regard to the
causes of the ganging system, 60 years .ago the land which in
Norfolk produced rabbits and bustards, and which in Lincoln-
shire produced the stork, the bittern, and the snipe, was now
covered with fleecy flocks and waving corn. There wore neat
farm buildings and good roads, but not many cottages. The
question ui these days was not how to get labour, but how to
employ it ; and he must bear his testimony to the way in
which the land owners were building cottages. Every
farmer would gladly pay 5 per cent for any outlay of this kind.
The employer of agricultural labour was treated, as a rule,
in a very different manner from that in which the employer
of manufacturing labour was treated. The manufac-
turer might shut up his mill or work half time without his
conduct exposing him to remax-k ; but a farmer could not
cease gi-owing or be stingy about the employment of labour
without being reproached with not being a good citizen. The
farmer, indeed, was driven to the employment of these
gangs, and did not employ them as a matter of choice. No
labour, in his opinion, was so bad or so costly as this kind
of labour, and he assured the hon. member for Scarborougli
that the gang system did not supplant i-eal good labour,
and that it in fact only existed where that real and good
labour could not be obtained. The hon. member for Cambridge
had suggested that impi-oved machinery might supersede the
necessity of employing these women and children, but there
were some things that machinery could not do, and never
would be able to do, and this was especially the ease in somo
depai'tments of agi'iculture. In manufacture machinery was
employed for working on material in a uniformly good and
excellent condition ; but in agriculture it was very different,
and the farmer had to contend against different descriptions
of land as well as different descriptions of crops. He did not,
however, believe that if properly managed these gangs were
altogether bad. It would, too, he thought be a mistake to
keep the agricultural labourer too long at school. Boys kept
at school imtil they were 13 or 14 years of age might make
very good indoor servants, but they required the hardy train-
ing which could only be gained from an outdoor employment
while young to qualify them for the work of agricultural
labourers. The intermitteut system of education nuLrht be
very easy in the case of farmers living near the manufai-'turin--
towns, where relays of boys could ea.sily be obtained, but in
the purely rural parishes it would be found more difficult to
adopt such a system. They had. however, a saying in Norfolk
to the effect that one boy was equal to half a man, two boy.i
to half a boy, and three boys to no boy at all.

Mr, FoRsTER thought the debate of that evening must
convince the House of the progress that had of l.ate year.'*
taken place in the minds of the public on this question. The
exceedingly moderate and excellent tone of the hon. member
who had just sat down, and who, as they all knew, sat in that
House as,tho,representativeof the farmers, was in itself a proof
of that fact, for in all attempts to improve the condition of
the juvenile or female labourer, the opposition to the improve-
ment had invariably come from the employers of that labour.
The hon member, however, evidently felt that the case pre-
sented to the House was so strong that he 'did not pretend
to oppose legislation on the subject, but simply to direct the
manner in which that legislation should be applied. For his
own part, he rose for the purpose, without any practical
knowledge on the subject, and judging merely from the
Report, to suggest that the matter should not be legislated
upon without further information. The House ought to have
some information with reference to the private as well as to
public gangs, otherwise the effect might be simply to lessen
one evil by promoting another. In any case it would not, he
believed, be possible, or, at all events, advisable, in respect to
education, to apply the provisions of the Factory Acts to this
kind of labour. StUl, however, the public would not much
longer remain quiet while the children of the agi'icultural
labourers of this country were allowed to grow up untaught
or certainly less educated than children engaged in other
employments. Speaking from his experience of factory
legislation, he trusted his right hon. friend woxdd not legislate
on this subject without providing for ample inspection, with-
out which all enactments would be useless. Even delay was
preferable to more speedy legislation if that delay resulted in
a moi'c complete and useful measure.

Mr. Greene tendered his thanks to the hon. member for
Scarborough for having introduced this question. As the
farmer of a large estate, and one practically interested in
agriculture, he could indorse what had been said of the
deplorable state of the agricultural population, but rennndt-d
the House that the question had its bright as well as its dark
spots. He cordially assented In tlie proposition that women
should not he employeil in ihc iicMH until they were at least
17 years of age, because then he believed they would never be

I

Apbil G, 1SG7.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

350

employed at all. Field l;ili>iiir unlittea Rirla for dumcHliL-
sorvico, and induced imniuiMtity, ;iiiil nn these nccuunts tlio
question pcroiiiptorily duniiiinlcd iiLtentiuu , but tbo onipluy-
mont of bovs nlso rcipiii'cd regulating. There was no inter-
mission of tbo labour of boys, so numerous were tbo jobs to
whicli tboy wero put, and although Englishmen wore averse
to compulsory nieasurca, bo thought it would be well to forbid
tho omployuiont of a. buy who could not read or write :
iudood, without such a regulation Uo thought it would bo
impossible to got tho poor properly educated. On malcing
inquiry ho found that scarcely any of tbo boys on his farm
could road or write, and he sent thorn to an evening school, but
that had romodied the evil as far as his farm only was con-
cerned, lie thought it a mistake to suppose that field labour
hurt young peoiilo ijhysiciiUy ; tho evil was a moral one, and
in gangs, of wbicli he knew little, he presumed it was to be
found in the indiscriminate mixture of boys and girls. He
had fnuiiil tb.it female labourers might be dispensed with, and
with rcg-ard to cottages, it was clearly the interest of the
landowner to build them. Ho thought tbo condition of the
n;ral districts was not quite so black as it had been painted,
:i3 an instance of which he might mention that in his own
noiprhbourhood a tenant farmer had presented a reading-room
for the use of the labourers of tho parish. He objeetod to
agiicultural employments being tacked on to the Factory
Acts, but he believed a separate measure might be framed
which, while no hardship to the farmers, would bo of great
advantage to tho labourers.

Mr. Walpoi.e romnrked that the discussion had clearly
shown tho impossibility of dealing with field labour in the
same way as labourin factories. Tho subject had been intro-
duced by the hon. member for Scarborough with great ability,
and he cordially assented to the resolution which the hon.
geutlonian had moved, on the understanding that it did not
imply that tho employment of women and children should be
placed under exactly tho same regulations as factories, but
that the principles of the Factory Acts should be applied to it
as far as practicable.

•Mr. Dent, in replying, expressed gratification at the reeogni
tion of the evil by practical .agriculturists on both sides of tho
House, and loft it to the Government to determine whether or
not they had suftieient information to justify legislation, only
trusting that whenever a measure was introduced it would
deal with the whole question of the employment of women and
children in agriculture.
The resolution was then agreed to.

above stated, 12.?. a week, with a house and t^arden
ront-frco,— tho very least au agricultural labourer can
live on honesUy. Tho farmer will learn that unless ho
treats his labtjuror well lie will lose hitn, and that the
more, by kind and liberal troatmont, ho gives him an
interest ill his master's prosporily, the more valuable
servant ho will become.

As rojjards the farmers, of course ifc was dilhoult lor
them at'iirst to realise that well-paid labourers will \n
the end bo a greater sain to them than to any ono else,
Some of them, nevertheless, are aceonnnodating them-
selves to tlie change in a manly and pleasant spirit. In
tho case of other.-^, thp.re is no manner oi abuse with
which they do not assail me, and no kind of retaliation
in which 'thev do not indulge. They have refused a
church-rate in order that I may he saddled with some
of tho church e.'cpenses. They have withdrawn their
support, never having been large, from the schools, for
the same reason. They absent themselves from church
—a new way of showing dislike to social reform. They
have even, some of them, for reasons which good John

state to tlie growl li ol'iicr-;. With tho full conviction
that it in possihir Id . ilcrl judicious improvements in
tho treatment of vvoodbmd on all formations, I have
much pleasure in submitting a system of blasting,
ancl thus deepening the subsoil, for the con-
sideration and adoption of landed proprietors.
Admitting that it is necessary for the vapid growth of
trees and underwood tiiat the roots should fi-ccly traverse
the soil to a good depth, 1 therefore propose that proper
holes for inserting blasting cartridges should be bored
to a depth of 10 feet, at a distance of ;jli feet apart on
the surface, which is the depth and distance calculating
on tho lino of least resistance to produce a maximum
clTect. Tlie cartridges should be loaded with common
blasting powder, or gun-cotton is preferable, being con-
siderabljf stronger and occupying less space, and fired
after being properly tampered, by a simple detonating
tube or fusee. Tho cITect of blasting, if the charge is
rightly apportioned to the depth of the hole, would be
the cracking and pulverisation of the subsoil to a
certain extrmt withont perceptibly interfering with tho

Wesley certainly never contemplated, been converted surface soil, and the work ol commmution would bo

AGRICULTURAL WAGES.

[The following lottcr ftppeared in the Times of April 1.]
On September 32 and October 16 last year you were
kind enough to publish two letters from me respecting
the agricultural labourers of Halbertonand other parts
of the county of Devon. In those letters I stated that
the rate of wages was only 7s. or Ss. a-week ; that even
this was not always paid in coin ; and that out of this
small sum, with few exceptions, house-rent, fuel, food,
clothing, and medical attendance had to be provided
for a man, his wife, ami family. The publication of
these details has, I am glad to say, led to results of a
more satisfactory character than even I was sanguine
enough to expect. These results prove that your

to Methodism, and attend chapel. They pass me on
the road unnoticed, and, with a want of gallantry
almost inconceivable in Englishmen, they treat my
wife and daughters, against whom they can have no
grievance, witli the same disrespect. All this, of
course, only shows their own ignorance, and the truth of
the Cornish proverb, that if it were not for Devonshire,^
Cornwall would be in the world. In due course of
time, no doubt, they will think better of all this, but,
under any cirouuistances, I shall never regret that,
though at the cost of much time, trouble, and weari-
some correspondence, with the sole but invaluable
personal assistance of my curate, the Rev. C. B. Great-
rex, and the pecuniary aid of those who contributed to
my Labourers' Removal Fund, I have, with God's
blessing, beyond my most sanguine^ expectations,
succeeded in raising the social position of a very
deserving, but badly paid class of men. What little I
have done will, I hope, be further developed and made
permanent by the formation of an Agricultural
Labourers' Union for all England. The gr.atitude
which I know is felt by those who have benefited by
my exertions will be best expressed by serving God and
their masters faithfully, and by taking care that their
children avail themselves of the good education which
will now be brought more within their reach, and
which alone, in this age of rapid progress, can
enable them to keep up with others in the hard race of 1 1S59) ^ one man
life. Edward Oirdlesione, Cjiwn of Bristol and Vicar '

of Ralberton, Balbertoti Vicarage, Tiverton, March 29.

The evidence both at Halberton and Gawcott is now
complete. The Vicar of Halberton tells us that the

so thoroughly executed that it would be equal to
trenching to the depth of the cartridge fired. All con-
versant with blasting operations must acknowledge
that its action would the more readily permit air,
water, and roots to penetrate the lower strata, and it is
evident much nutritive soluble matter would thus
constantly work downwards, and ultimately improve
and deepen the soil considerably. The explosion musl>
be conducted with judgment, and can then in no way
injure the roots, and a large area might be done expe-
ditiously without interfering in the least with shrubs
or trees. The operation is also applicable to shallow
ground round single trees, and is particularly appli-
cable to hard ground on which tap-rooted trees are
planted. The proposed extent of ground affected by
each explosion would be just 1- 10th part of an acre, or
a space 33 feet square by 16 feet in depth. I now
come to the importaut question of cost, which w ill
vary according to the hardness of the subsoil in various
localities, and am of opinion that a sum of from 2/. to
U. per acre would do the work effectually, and prove a
permanent and very profitable investment. Richard
Burnisioil, Surrc/or, Kenleij-on-Tkames.

Barn and Field TVorl- for Women: its effects
vpon ifiMff.s.— English agriculture supports one able-
bodied male labourer for every 10 or 12 acres
of arable land. East Lothian farming employed (in
for every 30 acres of arable land,
exclusive of women, boys, and girls. Contrast
this with the fact that only one man for ".every
60 to 75 acres of arable land is employed in this
district on farms which are kept in the highest state of
cultivation. The consequence is that the greater part

readere were deeply interested in my 'letters which vou i labourers are moving off to a better market. I am not i of the_ manual labour winch is connected i\ iih the
published last year. I hope, therefore, you will be kind 1 far from Gawcott, and am well-informed that such is I threshing and dressing of corn by uiachineiy, tlie
enough to allow me an opportunity of making these the case there. Such men as Mr. Girdlestone would ftHins? the manure into the carts when cleaning out tue
results known. 'do well to look for employment for surplus labour cattle pens, the turning the manure heaps and spread-

In the first place, I received numerous applications ' without casting ill-judged reflections upon thefarmers. ing. the manure in the iurmp drills the singliu^,
for labourers on liberal terms from Lancashire, York- ;" The farmer will learn that unless he treats his j hoemg, pulling, rooting and toPl'i^S the .^"""Pfi'^
shire, Lincolnshire, Kent, and even Ireland, and some labourer well he will lose him." The fact is, Halberton e.xecuted by women m the neighbourhood ol both sides
other parts of the country. Next, various nersons sent i and Gawcott have long since been overstocked with of the Tweed. The hand is ploughed mostly into 11
me money, amounting in all to ««., but "now all but ! labourers. A farmer cannot treat them as he does his [ ll', and lo feet ridges for corn crops. On larms wnere
exhausted, as an agricultural labourers' removal fund. ' sheep and oxen— sell his surplus. It is well known that 1 reaping-machines are not used, one man and one
Then the labourers themselves, of their own accord I when a firmer has more sheep than he can keep he does woman generally reap upon one ridge, and one man
(for I never asked them), applied to me for situations not keep them to eat one another, but sells the surplus. I hmds and sets up the corn which lour reapers cut
in which they could earn better wages; and, lastly, . He cannot sell the labourers, and if they will stop where i Each reaper cuts about half an acre per day. Ihave
those who applied for labourers oflered to give or they are bred, the consequence is they remain to eat I known each reaperofanextensive farm cutali.actional
advance, some a part, to be supplemented out of my one another. One writer in a local paper last week part niore than half an acre per day duiing the
fund, some the whole of the expense of removal. The throws out an ill-judged remark refiecting upon the harvest. Part of the Wheat crop averaged 5-1 bushels

result has been that up to this date-in the course, farmer :— " I would direct Mr. -'s attention to the Per acre, and weighed from bO to bo id. per

that is, of about six mouths— 1 have sent out of last Census. He will find that, notwithstanding our bushel ; and part

of

_ from" 60 to 651b. .
the Potato-oat crop averaged

Halberton and the neighbourhood 50 agricultural great increase in population, some of the agricultural p hushel_s p'er acre, and weighed 45i lb. _ per

labourers to follow their own vocation in b'etter-paid , districts have actually decreased." That is a bit of bushel. The circular corn stacks are generally about

districts. Of these, 16 are married men with families, I good evidence that there are some wise men among the !■' feet m diameter at the base, 1^ leet mgn irom

the remainder, young single men. The married men agricultural labourers in some districts, for it shows

are earning, none less than 12,5,, some as much as 1?, ! that the sons of these men in those districts have

per week. All have house and garden rent-free, and ' moved themselves off to a better market, instead of

some fuel and even furnished houses. The single men j stopping to eat their fathers and brothers up. The

mostly have board, lodging, washing, and mending in farmers at Gawcott are thankful that the surplus

the farm house, and fi*. or 0*. 6d. a week. Out of the I labour is being moved off.

50 men thus sent out, only one, as far as I am aware, | That is all that is wanted at Halberton and Gawcott,

has returned to Devonshire, and he was on trial found without hard reflections upon any man, and if the

incompetent for the work which he undertook. In I Vicar of Halberton _ will throw stones he must not

I mind having his wife and daughters looked coldly

' upon, or even a church-rate or so withheld. William
Smith, Woolston, Bletchley Station, Bucks, April 2.

addition to those who have been removed directly by me.
some to my knowledge, and many others I have good
reason for believing,have themselves removed to Lanca-
shire, Yorkshire, and other counties, and bettered
themselves— partly in consequence of the reports in the
local papers, and partly owing to those whom I have
removed having written home in glowing terms of the
improvement in their position. It is not impossible
that the strike of agricultural labourers at Gawcott, in
Buckinghamshire, may in some measure be owing to
the movement here.

Home Correspondence.

Si'.hsoil Blasting in Woodland. — In the management
of v/oodland in different parts of the country we
frequently deplore the poor return that some portions
- - - — „ -- contribute towards the rent roll of the estate, par-
It is, at any rate, in the same ticularly the thin soils overlaying a series of compact

direction. I have still many" applications from
labourers, and some for them.

The result of all this, as far as the labourer is con-
cerned, has been exactly that which I expected and
have been working for. Wages in Halberton and the
neighbourhood and in many other parts of the country
have risen- everywhere l.s,, and in some places 2s, a
week. The truck system, likewise, owing to having
been exposed, has, I understand, received a fatal blow,
and the labourer is in all respects more kindly and
liberally treated. Nor will this improvement end here.
Wages must and will continue to rise. The eyes of the
labourer are now opened, and the removal to a dis-
tance, which one man has accomplished, others begin
to see is not, as they once supposed, impossible for
them. In a word, a vent has been given to the labour
which, owing to ignorance of where to go and want of
funds to remove at all, has been so far pent up in this
one place ; and as those who flow out rise to better
wages elsewhere, those who remain are getting better
wages at home, and will before long, I hope, rise at
least to the lowest level of the emigrants— namely, as

strata, and admit that a great portion of land
forming the extensive woodlands of England has not
met with that attention and judicious treatment to
which it is entitled, simply owing to the general
failure of most improvements hitherto carried out,
and the only consideration to which it is entitled
gener.ally, in the opinion of the owners, is the annual
demand upon it for saleable timber and underwood.
In nearly all soils, as may be observed in cuttings and
excavations, there are some hard and unbroken strata
underlying the few feet of surface soil which the roots
of trees and plants appear unable or object to penetrate,
probably from its innutritions or compact nature;
consequently the roots are checked in their progress
downwards, and the trees and plants become stunted in
growth. On the Chiltern range of hills this impene-
trable stratum is generally clay, and frequently a thin
concrete layer of the upper chalk, below which there is
a favourable medium for the extension and growth of
roots. Stunted timber may be observed on all land
with hard subsoils, and that overlaying stratified rocks,
proving clearly that it is not adapted in its natural

the base to the eaves, and the slope of the roof more
than 45'. A good many farmers' threshing machines
will thresh a stack of such dimensions in three hours.
Where the stackyard is on a higher level than the
threshing machine, the women wheel the corn into the
barn with barrows ; others carry the corn into the bam
on their backs. Where two carts are required for cart-
ing the corn from the stack-yard to the barn, a man or

woman forks the sheaves from the stack to the cart,
and two men or stout lads are required for carting the
sheaves to the barn. A man feeds the machine, and
two women, boys or girls, untie the sheaves, lay them
on the board, and keep the doorway clear ; one or tvyo
women carry the corn from the spout and riddle it in
a he.ap, i. e., in barns where there is still the common
threshing machine; and three or four women pack the
straw in the straw barn or carry it into the cattle pens.
An experienced female labourer will, according to the
nature of the soil, the quantityof Turnip seed sown,and
the regularity of the braird, single an acre of Turnips
sown in 27 or 28-inch drills in 25 hours on some farms,
on others in 30 hours or three days, wiih an 8-inch hoe.
With the exception of the harvest sea.son, when^women
are paid the current rates of reapers' wages for those
days they are engaged in reaping, too many bondagers
still perform such laborious work for l.s. per day during
three-quarters of the year, and lOrf. a day during the
winter quarter ! It is right to furnish you with
satisfactory proofs of my statements, which are dis-
puted. I forward you reports in the Kelso Mail^ ot
March '.I, 1807, of the Dunse, Selkirk, and Hawick
hiring markets, which I shall feel obliged to you for
publishing : —

" i)!'?i.«,— The usual hiring for ploughmen and other farm
servant's took place on Tuesday last. The mornins; was raw
and cold, and showed symptoms of rain, which loitun,">tely
kept o9, the few drops which fell now and agam never
developing so much as into a shower. There was a rei-y largo
number present, a great many changes occurring. The hirmg
was ven- brisk, beginning at an early hour, and was kept up
with gieat spirit during the gicater p.art of the day, Slen who
had tho good fortune to have out-door workers m their famihej
secured places readily, while those who were not so situated
were at a discount. Very many indeed were driven, to the

360

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTIIEAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 6, 1867.

necessity of having recourse to the expedient of hiring a
bondager in order to secure situations. There was no
jipprecLable rise in wages, but those of the previous and
former years were well sustained. The religious services which
took place in the Town Hall were numerously attended.

Selkirk. — The .annual tryst for the hiring of hinds was held
llere on Wednesday. There was a full average attendance, but
comparatively few eug.agements were made. The few who
found places were mo3tly hinds able and willing to provide
female outworkers, and the terms underwent little change
from those current in the district for some time past.

HafAck. — The hinds' hiring market was held on Thursday.
There was a large attendance The hiring was extremely
dull, and farmers were most unwilling to enter into contracts
where the hind could not supply a fem.ale worker, offering as
.an inducement an advance of 2d. daily during summer on the
previous wages of female workers ; and in some inst.anees it
was .agreed th.at the farmer should pay a portion of the female's
board, in addition to the w.age. Preference was of course given
to men who had daughters able to do farm work ; but the
general tone of the market showed an adv.anee on the money
part of the hinds' wage to the extent of about 2s, a-week.
There waa a pretty general request on the part of the men to
have a cow's keep restored to them, in place of the cash —
ranging from C/. 10.s. to 7/. 106. — which they formerly .accepted
in place of it, and this was in most cases granted. The best
bands were, however, engaged, and the most desirable places
filled up previous to the market."

When so many farmers are expatiating in such
unmeasured terms about the hypothec and game
grievances, it ought to furnish tlie landowners witli a
plausible pretext for giving their tenants an imperative
order to perform the duties wliich devolve upon them
as renting occupiers of arable land. Landowners are
not responsible in some respects for the bondager
system. Instead of appointing hired managers for
each farm, landowners let their farms for a given
rental per annum. Servants' wages, and the money
required for horses' keep and for agricultural seeds, are
dead stock which cannot be converted into cash.
Scotch farmers' and labourers' church membership
takes from Scotch landowners all responsibility
with regard to the social condition of the labourers.
Bondagers do men's work for women's wages, which
induces too many farmers to employ such a limited
number of men. The number of extensive fanfiers
who are the sons or grandsons of farm labourers, is a
practical proof that the resources of arable land are
amply sufficient for supporting labourers, tenant-
farmers, and aristocratic landowners in their respective
spheres. A great deal of misunderstanding is caused
by jumbling together the faults of the several classes,
and ascribing the aggregate results to landowners.
"With regard to landowners' hypothec, it ill becomes I
bondager-farmers to cry " stinking fish." As a proof :
of the need of addressing you thus,' I have just been
employed a few days on a farm upon which there is
not a labourer's house with more than one apartment.
As that farm is about six miles from my present hired
lodgings, farmers persisting in perpetuating the
bondager system justifies me in contrasting the
respective shortcomings of landowners and tenants.
Whether is the farmer's game grievance or the hind's
bondager grievance the greatest blot on our agricul-
tural and social systems ? T. IV. Eutherford, Foresifield,
Kelso. [Abridged.]

ROYAL AGRICULTUR.\L OP ENGLAND.
Monthly Council; Wednesdai/, April 3, 1867. —
Present— Mr. Thompson, President, in the Chair ; Earl
Powis, the Earl of Shrewsbury and Talbot, Lord
Chesham, Lord Tredegar, Lord Walsingham, Major-
General the Hon. A. N. Hood, Sir A. K. Macdonald,
Bart. ; Sir T. Western, Bart.. M.P. ; Mr. Amos, Mr.
Barthropp, Mr. Cantrell, Colonel Challoner, Mr.
Davies, Mr. Dent, M.P. ; Mr. Druce, Mr. Br,andreth
Gibbs, Mr. Holland, M.P. ; Mr. Hornsby, Mr. Hoskyns,
Mr. Jonas, Colonel Kingscote, M.P. ; Mr. Lawes, Mr.
Milward, Mr. Pain, Mr. Eandell, Mr. Bead, M.P.; Mr.
Sanday, Mr. Eobert Smith, Mr. Torr, Mr. Turner,
Major Wilson, Professor Wilson, Mr. Jacob Wilson,
Mr. Frere, and Dr. Voelcker.

Earl Cathcart and Lord Chesham ■were elected
Governors of the Society.
The following New Members were elected : —
Bagot, Rev, Richard Wnlfe, Poulstown Glebe, eo. Kildare
Baumbach, Henry, Southelmham Hall, St. Cross, Harleston
Beales, John, Hopton, East H.arling, Suffolk
Eleneowe, George, Bury St. Edmund's
Bi-idgcs, Harry, Stowmarket
Burgess, John, Edenham, Bourne, Lincoln
Catchpole, Thomas, Hawstead, Bury St. Edmund's
Clinton, Lord, Heanton Satchville, Bcaford, Devon
Colvile, 'W. E. A., Horningsheath, Bury St. Edmund's
Costerton, Ch.arlcs Fisher, Scole, Norfolk
Everson, Edgar James, Harleston, Norfolk
Gayford, George, Ryroer House, Thetford
Gooderham, George, jun., Moncmden, Wickham Market
Gray, Edward, Parham, Suffolk
Greig, David, De Grey Road, Leeds
H.alls, Ch.arles, Lavenhftm, Sudbury
Halls, Joseph, Denham Castle, Buiy St. Edmund's
Hawken, Thomas, Mellingey, St. Issey, Bodmin, Cornwall
Henniker, Captain Frederick, Peppingford Park, Uckfield
Hitchcock, Thomas P., Bury St. Edmund's
King, John Lyles, Camois Hall, Woodditton, Newmarket
King, R. W., Erinkley H.all, Newm.arket
King, Thomas, Preston, Bildeston, Suffolk
Kyngdon, Francis Boughton, the Bank, Margate
Merrell, Joseph, Guildhall Street, Bury St. Edmund's
Paget, Colonel Leopold Grim-ston, Park Homer, Wirabome,
Paine, John Denton, Risby, Bur,v St. Edmund's [Dorset
Palmer, Leonard J., Snetterton, Thetford
P.artridge, George Anthony, Bury St. Edmund's
Peppercorn, John Hutchinson, Eaton Socon, St. Ncot's
Robertson, William Rountree, Norton Hall, Ougar, Essex
Salmon, William, Bury St. Edmund's
Scott, William, Hopton, East Harling, Suffolk
Shaw, Rev. Morton, Rougham Rectory, Bury St. Edmund's
Stanley, Henry, Fotaiham St. Martin's, Bury St. Edmund's
Taylor, James Wells, 38, Chester Terrace, Regent's Park,

London, N.W.
Wallis, Serjeant, Granehester, Cambridge
Webb, John, Hawkedon, Clare, Suffolk

Finances.— Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood,

Chairman, presented the report, from which it
appeared that the Secretary's receipts during the past
month had been examined, and were found correct.
The balance in the hands of the bankers on March 31
was 1382/. 17.5. Sd. ; 1900i. remaining on deposit at
interest. The balance sheet for the quarter ended
March 31, 1867, and the statement of subscriptions and
arrears was laid on the table.

The Committee recommended that application he
made for terms of printing the Catalogues for the
Bury Meeting to four printing establishments, with a
view to a reduction of the present cost. This report
was adopted.

Weekly Discussions.— The Journal Committee
requested the instruction of the Council upon the
question whether a lecture or discussion shall be held
on the 4th of June, that being the day preceding the
Monthly Council, and if not, on what day it shall be
held. It was ultimately arranged that a lecture
should be given on Wednesday, the 29th of May, at
half-past 12.

Journal. — Mr. Thompson, thePresident,announced
that the issue of the Journal has been unavoidably
delayed by the preparation of the Eeports on Steam
Cultivation, but they are all now in type, and the
Journal will be published by the j middle of this
month.

BUEY Meeting.— The Earl of Powis reported that
the Committee had ordered the insertion of the usual
advertisements for tenders for refreshments in the
Show-yard ; they recommended that a sum of 501. be
assigned for bill posting in the district, and tliat the
report on Steam Cultivation be kept on sale in the
catalogue stalls. This report was adopted. On the
motion of the Eavl of Powis, seconded by Mr. Turner,
it was resolved that when a reserved number is placed
upon any animal by the judges, a card notifying the
reservation be affixed to the stall in the same manner
as the cards of prizes and commendations are affixed.

Steam Cultivation Inquiry.— The President
informed the Council that up to tlie present time the
Committee had paid 602/., and have no reason to
think that the estimate of 750?. will be reached,
exclusive of the cost of preparing the reports, wdiich
may fairly be charged to the account of the Journal.
The reports of the three committees of inquiry will
be published in a separate foi-m ; they will fill more
than 300 pages of the Journal, and be published at
5*. each.

Advertisements.— Major-General the Hon. A. N.
Hood reported that the Committee appointed to inquire
into this subject recommended that the general adver-
tisements be discontinued in the JMannef^ Atheiiceum,
and jiconomist ; but that as regards the Journal
advertisements, they be continued in the At/ieiiteum
and Economist ; that general advertisements be inserted
in the Meld ; and that the Secretary be in.structed to
prepare amended forms of the advertisements, and
ascertain from the following papers, viz., Mark Lane
Express, BelVs Messenger^ and Agricullural Gazette,
their prices for insertion ; that a smaller die be pre-
pared for use with all advertisements in the weekly
papers; and that advertisements of lectures be inserted
in the agricultural papers only. This report was
adopted.

Education. — The Earl of Powis, chairman, made
the following statement of the general results of the
system adopted by the Education Committee : —

There have been 3 examiu.ations, 2 in connection with Cam-
bridge, 1 in connection with Oxford.

The first Cambridge took place in December, I8G5 ; there
were then 120 candidates, 27 senior and 83 junior, and 13
(iucluding 3 seniors) for the Society's .subjects of Mechanics
and Chemistry applied to Agriculture. Out of thenumber of
27 seniors, 10 first-class prizes were awarded and 8 .second-
class, while out of 83 juniors, G first-cLass .and 12 second-class
prizes were awiirded.

At Oxford in June 1866 there were 4.5 candidates, of whom
29 wore senior and IG junior, 10 for Mechanics and 8 for
Chemistry applied to Agriculture : out of the whole number of
2f) seniors, 7 first-class prizes were .awarded and 9 second-class,
while out of 16 juniors, .:; first-class and 7 second-el.ass prizes
were awarded.

At the second Cambl-idge examination in December, 1866,
there were 74 candidates, of whom 21 were seniors and 45
juniors, and 10 (mcluding 2 seniors) for the Society's subjects.
Out of the 21 seniors, 4 first prizes and 8 second class prizes
were .awarded, whUe, out of 45 juniors, 6 first and 10 second-
class prizes were awarded.

In all these 3 examinations nearly the whole number of
candidates, both senior and junior, entered for the general
examinations.

As regards the Special subjects, viz.. Mathematics, ptu-c
.and applied Chemistry, Zoology, Botany, and Geology, a largo
majority (in one ease three-fourths, in another case seven-
eighths) entered for the mathematical prizes, while but a very
small minority competed for the prizes in the remaining
subjects.

Mechanics and Chemistry applied to Agriculture : m the
former of these subjects there have been altogether .at the 3
examinations 25 candidates, among whom 3 have won first
prizes, and 5 second prizes : while in the latter subject there
Ijave been 27 candidates, among whom 4 first .and 5 second-
class prizes have been distributed.

This statement was received by the Council.

Lord Powis then moved ihat the grant of 300/. to
the Education Committee for the year 1867 be renewed,
which was aoceded to. Lord Powis then reported that
the Committee proposed to frame a list for Scholar-
ships and Prizes at the Cambridge Local Examinations
in December next, substantially the same as that of
last year, but subject to such minor alterations in
detail ss the Committee may find expedient. This
proposal was supported by Mr. Dent, M.P., the Presi-
(ient, and Lord Walsingham; and opposed by Mr.
Holland, M.P., General Hood, Mr. Randell, and Mr.
Turner ; and on a show of hands was lost by 6 ayes to
16 noes. The Earl of Shrewsbury then moved,
seconded by Mr. Wren Hoskyns, that a Special
Council be held on Thursday, the 2d i May, at 12
o'clock, to determine on the appropriation of the
Education Grant (1867), which was carried.
Committee of Selection.— The President re-

ported that the Committee recommend that the
vacancy caused by the death of the Marquis of Exeter
(a Vice-President), be filled up by the election of the
Earl of Cathcart, and the vacancy caused by the death
of Lord Fevershatn (Trustee) be filled up by the
election of Lord Chesham.

Also that the vacancy in the Council caused by the
election of Lord Tredegar to be a Trustee shall be
filled up by the election of the Bight Hon. Sir John
Trollope, Bart., M.P.

Printed lists have been prepared by the instructions
of the Council, showing the number of subscribing
Members, and number of Members of Council resident
in each of the Society's county districts, and in each
of the counties composing those districts.

This Report was adopted.

On the motion of the President, seconded by Mr.
Turner, the Et. Hon. Lord Chesham was unanimously
elected a Trustee in the room of Lord Feversham, for
which honour his lordship returned thanks. The
Rt. Hon. Earl Cathcart was unanimously elected a
Vice-President in the room of the late Marquis of
Exeter, on the nomination of Lord Walsingham,
seconded by Mr. Dent. M.P. ; and the Et. Hon. Sir
John Trollope, Bt., M.P., was unanimously elected a
Member of Council in the room of the Rt. Hon. Lord
Tredegar, elected a Trustee, on the nomination of Mr.
Torr, seconded by Mr. Milward.

Country Meeting of 1868. — Memorials, with
plans signed by the Mayors and Town Clerks of Derby,
Leicester, and Nottingham, were presented, soliciting
the Council to hold the Society's Country Meeting at
those places in the year 1868 ; and a committee oon-
si.sting of Lord Chesham, Mr. Cantrell, Mr. Brandreth
Gibbs, and Mr. Torr, was appointed to inspect the
various sites offered for show-yard and trial fieUs, and
to report to the Council on the 1st May.

Farmers' Clubs.

Hexham : March 14. — Cattle Trade Eestrictioiis. —
At the recent monthly meeting Mr. Eowell read a
paper on the necessity for Legislative interference for
the Regulation of the Cattle Trade, from which we
make the following extracts. He said : — The subject was
one which merited the notice of the Club and the
serious consideration of every member of the commu-
nity, because it involved questions of humanity and
the proper treatment of animals that contributed so
largely to their comfort and welfare, for every pound
of beef lost by the improper treatment of the animal
was a pound lost from the general store from which
the people were fed. How much more — when from
the utter disregard to its comfort and well-being its life
was sacrificed, as he believed hundreds over hundreds
were from the hardships and cruel usage to which
they were exposed in moving from place to place —
does the source of the supply of food become affected,
enhancing the price of beef, or throwing them upon
the foreigner to meet their wants.

Foreign Cattle Trade.— When the false prop of the
duty on foreign corn was removed, farmers consoled
themselves with the reflection that they had one
source of industry left in whicli other countries could
not compete with them, viz., the breeding and feeding
of cattle and sheep. Their forlorn hope in this, from
the development of the foreign cattle trade in the last
two or three years, was likely to result in disappoint-
ment, for, at the time when the corn-laws were repealed,
and indeed for some years after that period, it was
computed that all the foreign cattle and sheep imported .
into Great Britain during the 12 months would not
more than furnish a supply for one week's consumption
of beef and mutton throughout the kingdoir. What
was the extent of the trade now ? He believed he was
not very wide of the mark when he stated that during
the last year two-fifths that had been consumed as food
had been imported from abroad. The statement might
appear somewhat startling, but they might remark the
quality of the foreign supplies was greatly inferior to
their home-fed cattle, and therefore they had nothing
to fear. True, supposing they could produce a far
superior quality of beef and mutton, and he believed
it would be conceded by all classes of their countrymen
that they d\A, that alone would always constitute their
pre-eminence over the foreigner. He would repeat a
previous statement — they dread nfit competition :
consequently the competitive feature which the impor-
tation of foreign cattle assumes caused them no alarm,
but the diseases brought and imported along with
them excited their liveliest dread. What had been
the experience of the last 18 months ? A disease
brought from abroad, the virulence of which had
decimated ttieir herds and cast a gloom over the
country, leaving in its track misery and distress,
bidding defiance to the best skill of the veteriiiarian
profession, and the only apparent means by which its
progress had been checked had been by the inhuman
and cruel means of slaugliter, to create a gulf in its
ravages between it and their healthy stock, entailing
a loss to the country and the farmers as a class esti-
mated at about three millions sterling.

Retrospect of last Thirty-five Years. — In looking
back|to that period, it' was remarkable the changes they
discovered. Upon farms where they would have seen
from 10 to 20 or more large Short-horned cows, now
perhaps there would not be more than three or four ;
also the offspring of those cows with as miny of the
calves from town dairies as could be got, might have
been seen, but now they were supplanted by cattle
brought from another country or at any rate from
distant parts. The young stock bred in the district
then being fed off unon the most luxuriant pastures in
the country— being kept from three to four years old
before they were fattened for the butcher, a very small
number being fed with Turnips or artificial food
during the winter months ; in fact, it required but few
cattle in the winter to supply the wants of the com-

April 6, 1867.]

THE GATIMNET^S* ni"RONI0LE ANT) Ar-TiTn'TTTiTlAL GAZETTE.

361

nunitv many providing thoir winter's store from beef
slaughtered in tlie autumn, wliich being piokled and
dried with a very occasional joint of fresh meat, was
all tiiat ^v;ls required, and at that timo their homo
produce m-'arly ^^|lI)Ii(■d llin demand. Ho said nearly,
for he well rerollcrlc-d the buye droves of West High-
land kyloes that were taken south at that time, as they
were yet in the autumn of every year. Ho had no
doubt but that they would agree with him when ho
stated that the principal cause producing this great
(diango was the gigantic railway system, giving emplojr-
mont to tens of thousands of their countrymen, facili-
tating and developing trade, raising their commerce to
tho proud position it had attained, ongiging and giving
free oiroulatinn td eapital, improving the condition ot
the labouring trasses, and Ity tho great increase in the
remuneration (hoy received for their labour enabling
thorn to secure for themselves moro substantia) food,
;md, as a nation, making them the largest consumers of
animal food in the whole world, until the resources
of the land were quite inadequate to meet tlie demand,
and instead of the consumption, as formerly, being
met from the district wherein it existed, they had to
go abroad for tho cuttle, and instead of breeding ihem,
they had to bring their lean cattle from other countries,
and devote their attention to preparing them for the
butcher. Since the restrictive measures had been
in operation for the suppression of the cattle plague,
the murrain and the lung disease had not been known
in the oouutry amongst tneir herds. Ho had for some
timo back made extensive inquiries into this, and
nowhere could he hear of their existence, this fact to
him constituting of itself an overwhelming reason for
the necessity of legislative interference for the regula-
tion of the trade, and that it should be placed under
the authority of wholesome restrictions ; and he was
i-onvinced that no question connected with the agri-
cultural interest demanded more the active attention
of farmers' clubs and chambers of agriculture than it
did, and above all the interference of their legislature.
Some might say the fewer restrictions upon the trade
the better; so said the slothful and the negligent, when
Ihey brought upon them the arm of the law, and
enforced sanitary improvements ; so said those few who
sought to thrive and fatten upon the very existence
of others.

The Necessarif Restrictions on- the Some Cattle
Trade. — From causes enumerated they were compelled
to receive the bulk of their store cattle from a great
distance, the principal source of their supply being
Ireland, also not a few from the west of Scotland. If
not the murrain, he was inclined towards the opinion
that pleuro-pneumonia is contemporaneoits with the
conveying of (tattle by steamboats and railways, the
disease being engendered by the close confinement of
the animals, the length of time they were in their
transit, and from the tossing of the boat should the
weather ho boisterous, or the delay of the cattle train,
so often shunting into sidings to allow other traffic to
pass, jamming and bruising them to an extent of which
they had but little idea ; that, together with the want
of rest, food, and water, producing a highly febrile
state in their systems. In this condition they were
driven to the first pond available. Ho left it to
scientific men to say what the effect of this ti'eatment
was likely to be, and if his conclusion was not highly
probable under the circumstances. The transporting
of cattle by rail had one unmistakable advantage— that
was, the expedition with which it was accomplished —
and for a distance which could be passed over in seven
or eight hours, being rested and fed previously, and
carefully trucked, could not be objected to. But what
was too frequently the case, the cattle, after having
stood all day in the market, were hurried off to tho
nearest station, and sent away 100 or 200 miles. What
might not follow such inhuman treatment Y Now, were
they turned on to thehighways to be driven, they would
at night get rested, and some food and water, and though
they niiglit become footsore their general health would
be better sustained. In reference to those imported
from Ireland, they were very probably driven a con-
siderable distance, or they might be, which was worse,
thrust into and closely packed in a railway truck, and
without protection from heat, cold, or rain, hurried
away to the port of embarkation, where they arrived
under either circumstances very much exhausted, and
not with the most care placed on board the vessel
without food or water, and having come to the place of
importation, often bathed in perspiration, some were
landed by mechanical means, and others were, he was
informed, forced overboard into the sea to swim ashore,
and, without much time being allowed for rest
and food, driven off to the nearest market. After
standing exposed for sale, or what was nearer the truth
knocked about, and not meeting a customer, they were
taken from market to market till sold. Previous to
the restrictions now in force towards the suppression
of thellinderpest„cattleattectcd with epidemical diseases
were taken through the country, thus conveying infec-
tion amongst lierds wherever they went, but since tho
restrictions referred to had been in operation, murrain
and lung disease, as already stated, had been removed.
He was glad to find that he was supported in this
opinion by Mr. Donkin, who, at a meeting held at
Morpeth about a fortnight ago, stated that " there was
one good thing the Rinden^est had done— it had freed
them from all other diseases." While it might be
admitted that the restrictions were too stringent for
ordinary trade being conducted with that freedom
which was necessary and desirable, it was nevertheless
proved that the traffic required some regulative enact-
ments, and in conclusion he urged that some practical
steps be taken in the matter.

Discussion.

Mr, John Grey said : Great inconvenience was felt in the
trriiisit of cattle, and it was very desirable to return to the
liulding of fairs, instead of dealing in cattle as at present.
Tbe most important object w.afl to take care of the ports at

which cattio landed, and certain porta udKbt bo act apart fnr
that pu^wso, and vigilantly watched. It was a ^roat point, tu
which Government and tho Coniniiasiou nhoiild attend. In
Homo Gorman States, and hi Holland, tho plaj^uo was more
dostnictive timn it bad over bcim in tliia country, and in the
importation uf foreign cattio great watcbfulncss niUHt be
exfrciscd, and tho cattle must pass through a certain ordeal
before tboy cnuld be entirely freed from discaso. If that wore
done, he shoidd rejoice to hoc frco transit of cattle.

Mr. T. r. Dons entirely eoiicurtcd in what Mr. Grey had
Haid, and tliu ( 'bib and himself would rejoice that Mr. Groy
was apain ainmi^^'st them. Tlioro was no doubt whatever,
although they would rijturn shortly in .snmo measure to their
old system. t'lKit tliev eoiiM iiol a^.tbi return entirely to tbe
free importation i.f f.Vcik'ii -Mltle willi.iiit any restrictions, as
liefore the introdni-tioii .<{ I(in.ler|.t;st.. neitlier was it desirable
that the UDvini.' about of home bred cattle by railway and
.steamboat should bo without supervision. It had been prac-
tically proved that trucks could bo constructed containint,'
water troughs and feeding places. He trusted this point
would bo insisted upon, if any petition was drawn up, for
every railway company to supply trucks with conveniences for
watering and feeding cattle in them. Then, again, be agreed
with Mr. Grey that foreign cattle should be allowed U) be
landed in the country at certain specified ports, at which
places there should bo a quarantine and market for store
cattle. No cattle should bo allowed to go into tho country to
bo fed until they remain 21 or 2S days in quarantine, properly
attended and watched by inspectors appointed for that pur-
pose ; if tbe cattle were for slaughter, to be conveyed to the
nearest market, where homo stock was not exposed. At tbe
meeting held at Newcastle on Jlonday night, it was resolved
to make application to provide a separate market for foreign
cattle coming into the port of Newcastle. This subject should
not be allowed to drop without taking some practical steps in
the matter, by calling upon Government to make such mea-
sures as were necessary. The country willingly submitted to
these resti-ictions, and their success had proved the wisdom of
the Privy Oouncil in ordering them. They were now clear of
Rinderpest, and those other two diseasesjto which their herds
were liable — nuirrain and pleuro-pneumonia, and undue relax-
ation might risk their herds being again attacked by one or
other of these diseases.

Mr. JosKPii Li:e thought there should be some restriction to
prevent cattle from being "knocked about" from place to
place by dealers. He thought many gentlemen would bear
him out in what he said, that they had more loss in the
counti-y from lung disease than from the cattle plague, .and
there were few farmers in this neighbourhood but what had
suffered heavy loss from this disease. He \vished to have
some restrictions on cattle comint; from Ireland, which were
frequently removed from market to market before being sold,
and he wished them to be left in the hiuids of the dealers for
2\ days or so if there were any .symptoms of disease, so as not
to spread the disease over the country. Magistrates should
give orders to constables to look after these Irish dealers and
drovers at fairs, to prevent them ill-using and knocking about
the cattle with long sticks, and that persons so ill-using
cattle should be taken into custody under the Cruelty to
^Vnimals Act. If anything could be done to secure them
better treatment, it would certainly be more advaotaL-cous.

Mr. Drvden thought, if they required railway compmies to
pi-ovide better trucks, they would have to submit to puy
double toll for them. Persons showing cattle affected with
pleuro-pneumonia should be pvmished, as was recommended
by a committee of the House of Commons last session. As to
the transit of cattle from Ireland, the animals were crowded
and crushed into the steambo.ats one upon another, for which
the parties ought to be punished. It was easy coming to
general conclusions, but the carrying of them out was not
such an easy matter.

The CnAiHMAN(Mr. C. C. Grey, of Dilston) said the discussion
had taken the form of two different subjects, or rather
divisions — the restrictions on foreign cattle and the restric-
tions on home-bied cattle. He would not restrict Irish cattle
as foreign cattle, but treat the trade .as internal traffic, .and
put it imder strict regulations and inspection. With regard
to the importation of foreign lean cattle, they should be kept
in quarantine 28 days, which would protect the farmers from
cattle plague, and also from lung disease, and foot-and-mouth
dise:ise. It would open their own markets, and be a great
benefit to the country. As to the other matter, some were of
opinion there should be restrictions, while others were in
favour of free trade, but his opinion was that the weight of
evidence was in favour of having restrictions kept up. They
had now learned how certain inspections took place, and bow
traffic could be stopped where infection existed. If tbe lung
disease broke out on a f.arm, the farmer killed and got rid of
those infected with disea.sc, and drove the others off over the
country to sell, He did not think, however, a niaii of high
principle would do this, but still it was done, and it tended to
spread the disease. Whicn the disease broke out on a farm, it
sliould be .surrounded by a cordon, the same as in the case of
murrain disease. They did Uftt feel deaths so much from lung
disease as from cattle p]at.'ue, but, according to statisties. the
losses from lung disease were more numerous, though not in
such a short period as the cattle plague. There .should be
penalties inflicted upon people for bringing cattle to fairs, if
from infected places, with tbe foot-and-mouth disease, or
lung disease, .and he did not think it would interfere with
trade in cattio,

T/ie Quarterhj Journal of Science. Churchill & Sons.

An interesting series of pnpers, including the discus-
sion of various social and scientific questions, is
followed by the usual chronicle of events in the various ^
departments of scientific labour during the past !
quarter. The volume is well calculated to create, as
well as to maintain, the hisjhest intellectual tastes ; and
no better token of or motive to agricultural advance-
ment could be desired than that works of this cla.ss
should obtain a wide circulation among agricultural j
readers. It especiall.v deserves the support of .those
country residents who are debarred from any direct
access to the centres of scientific activity. That the
direct interests of agricultur.al readers are not neglected,
appears in the agricultural "chronicle," which stands
first upon the list, from which we make the following
extract ; —

" The President of the Boyal Agricultural Society
did well, in his Annual Address in December last, to
insist upon the need of considering the disease as a
conflagration; urging upon the Government that, just
as the whole machinery of fire-engines and firemen is
maintained where there is no fire, to extinguish itshould
it arise, so the existing machinery for stampins out the
Cattle Plague should be maintained in readiness to
deal with it, should it again attack us. The other
points to which Mr. Thompson's addres? relerred are
also of first-rate agricultural importance, including
the difficulties of the labour question, the need of

dcvelo))ing those departments of farm practice which
result in the production of animal food, and the call
for an improved agricultural education. On the first
of these topii!s he declared the impossibility of carrying
out tho so-called co-operative system in farm practice ;
I'ecnmmeiKling. however, ns a much moro likely oxpe-
dieul f<n- ri'laniing tlie existing ngricuUiiral laliourors,
that faniK'i-s generally should adopt \vli;it is alrciidy a
common pr;u'tico in some counties — the jilan of either
letting huiil to thoir labourers, or otherwise providing
them with a cow's keep. A man who can ensure
regular work at fair wages, with suflicient land to keep
a cow and a pig, and obtain even a moderately good
cottage among tho friends and neighbours whom he
has known from childhood, will seldom be found
willing to change his jiosition for the crowded courts
and alleys of the large towns, even by tho temptation
of considerably higher money wages. Add to these
domestic advantages ofTored U) married labourers a
system of piecework jiayments, by which young men
siiall be remunerated according to the actual value of
their services, and it is jirobable that the ranks of the
agricultural labourer may not be so rapidly thinned as,
to the great inconvenience and dilliculty of the farmer,
of late years they have been. The increased supply of
animal food— meat and milk— which was the next
topic referred to in Mr. Thompson's address, is
rapidly becoming a more important branch of English
agriculture. Cattio food is being grown in large
quantity, not by the laying down of ploughed lands to
permanent pasture so much as by the better cultiva-
tion of green crops on arable farms. Rotations of
crops are altered to suit the demands for an increased
live-stock. Two green crops are cultivated in succes-
sion, and Clovers and Grasses, taken in alternate hus-
bandry, are kept down more years than one ; and the
smaller portion of each farm which may thus some-
times be devoted to corn-growing, yields, nevertheless,
an increased quantity of grain, owing to the fertilising
effect of the larger flock of sheep or herd of cattle
which is thus maintained.

" An instructive paper ' On the Application of
Manures ' was read by Dr. Voelcker before the London
Farmers' Club in December, in which he argued for
the immediate application of farm-yard dung to the
land, not on the ground that loss is incurred during
fermentation in the dung-heap, but because there is
consider.able loss of soluble substances during that i>ro-
cess by the exposure of the dung-heap to rain. The
unprofltableness of the old-fasliioueil dung-heap is
alleged to be owing, not so much to evaporation, as to
the washing effect of rains. There is as much actually
of ammonia in the reduced mass of the rotten heap, as
there was 'potentially,' to use Dr. lire's phrase, in the
original bulk of the fresh manure there hauled together.
The recommendation to put the manure at once upon
the land, even though it be autumn, and for a spring
iTop, is perhaps hardly safe on very light land, where
the soil has less ability to retain the products of its
slow decomposition. The remedy for the immense loss
of fertilising material, which takes place under tho
ordinary management of the dung-heap, on such farms,
is to adopt the plan of covered yards, where the manure
is allowed to accumulate under sliolter until it is carried
out in the spring. Another urgent recommendation of
the jProfessor's, in connection with the application of
all kinds of manures, was to ta,ke care that they were
thoroughly mixed with the soil. It is doubtless owing
to the perfect distribution of their fertilising matters
through naturally fertile soils, that a good season is, on
such soils, able to produce an excessive crop. And the
aim should be, whether in applying bone-dust, guano,
or nitrates, so to triturate, reduce, or dissolve them,
that, after application, every portion of the land
through which a root can penetrate shall contain its
share of the application ready as the food which that
root requires.

" The recent publication of the agricultural statistics
collected by the Board of Trade does not materially
alter the conclusions, to which students of that subject
had already been led as to the actual and relative areas
of the different crops cultivated in Great ISrilain. The
Wheat crop in England and Wales was formerly
estimated at .3,800,000 acres, it is now declared to be
3,2; t.OOO. The total corn crops of the country oiicupied
7,920,000 acres in ISlii!, against 8,4.37,000 at which they
were estimated in 18.57. And the green crops (food for
cattle, &c.) are put at 3,800,000 acres, against about
3,000,000, which was the estimate 10 years ago. The
area returned as permanent pasture now is 10,255,000 ;
it was formerly estimated at 10,ll!fi,000 acres.

'■ A clever pamphlet by Mr. Heywood, of Dunham
Massey, Cheshire, points out to farmers that, as the
cultivators of living plants and animals, they cannot do
just what they please, as they might if they were the
manufacturers or manipulators of merely dead material.
Jjiviug creatures follow their own natural laws, and
our efforts for the promotion of their health and pro-
ductiveness must^ be obedient to their nature.
Indeed, as stated in the Ar/riculfural Oazette when
reviewing Mr. Heywood's pamphlet, the keeper of a
living thing must be its most humble servant if it is to
prosper in his hands. The nature of the creature, not
the arbitr.ary will of its master, must determine the
treatment it receives. And the fact that animals,
and even plants, are not mere machines, capable of pro-
ducing a double quantity of the (manufactured article
frorn a double quantity of the raw material supplied
to them, rebukes a great deal of that exuberant and
urgent, and often wild advice, which is frequently
addressed to practical agriculturists by the amateur.
They know by long experience the limits of this kind
which are imposed by Nature, and against which, or
over which, no man ever went ininjured. Within those
limits, however, it is tho part of a wise and energetic
man thoroughly to cultivate the field which is his own;
and thus successful high farming consists in selecting
animals and plants for cultivation which have great

362

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONIGLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil G, 1S67.

natural powers of assimilating food, and in treating
them fully up to this their precocious nature.

" The new organisation ol Chambers of Agriculture,
to which reference has been made in previous Chroni-
cles, has gradually developed during the past quarter.
Such chambers now exist in almost all parts of the
country, and there is a central institution in London
professmg to act as a common mouthpiece for them
all, through which the voice of the agricultural world
may be urged upon the Home Secretary, in connection
with any amendment or enactment of law that is
desired. The consideration of the Turnpike Trusts,
with the maintenance of roads otherwise than by the
outrageously expensive toll system, is the topic selected
for their first attempts to move the Government of the
country. There are several other agricultural topics
being urged in Parliament, which are equally deserving
of attention with this ; and they are being taken up
by individual members in the House of Commons
with great alpility. Thus, Professor Pawcett urges the
more general enforcement of the Factory Laws, which
limit the hours of labour in the case of children under
a certain age, and require them to attend school during
certain hours of the day. Certainly the application
of these laws to the case of children employed in the
field would be very difficult, chiefly owing to the
immense labour of inspection which would be neces-
sary to see that they were duly carried out ; but it
cannot be doubted that compulsory education would
ultimately be most beneficial in the agricultural
districts, as elsewhere.

" The severity and impolicy of the Game Laws is
another topic which has lately been urged very effec-
tively upon the House of Commons. And these and
otlier toj)ics of agricultural interest will, no doubt, form
the subjects of discussion before the newly constituted
Chambers of Agriculture throughout the country."

Farm Memoranda.

Meese of Beewickshiee; March SO.— Vouv weeks
of frost and deep snow, four of February spring, and
three of veritable winter, make a bad sequence. Often
have we seen more snow in March, but what struck
one was the unflinching persistence of cutting north
and east winds, which effectually withered up all
Grass. Dry cold, however, is not so very unfavourable
to lambs, and mothers' milk and shelter of nights were
the most pressing difficulties. The numbers are not
great, but still-born lambs are not to be charged to the
recent hard weather. The Turnip store has been
seriously encroached on by the ewes, and hand-
feeding generally resorted to. This milder week has
sent the ewes with their lambs to Grass, and they
evidently enjoy the change. The west wind, however,
is cold and boisterous to-day, and winter threatens.
Grasspark rents are considerably above last year's
lettings, and takers must hope for a better grazing
season. The number of cattle put in to feed may have
been little more than half of what used to be kept,
owing to the combined scarcity of straw and Turnips,
and that small number will leave little profit per head
at the present prices, having been dearly laid in. The
store of muck is very deficient — so much the better for
the "artificials." Ondry soils we have had two or three
days' sowing, and the men of clay may make a beginning
next week if the wind keep hard. It is eight days
earlier than last year, yet late enough. /. T.

A H16HL.IND Estate: The Crofter Si/sfem.—The
estate of Skibo skirts the northern shore of the
Dornoch Forth. The Duke of Sutherland, and
Mr. Gilchrist, of Ospisdale, hold land that projects into
it, but substantially the boundaries are from about
opposite Tain to Balblair, a mile or two above Bonar
Bridge, and inland about 5 miles. A more beautiful
highland estate it would be hard to find : the scenery
includes fine wood and abundance of water, mountain
and valley, moorland and corn-fields ; there is game of
every kind, excellent trout fishing, with a fair chance
of a few grilse in the river Evelix ; a good house, and a
garden which has been tilled for six or seven centuries,
in which stand some magnificent Holly trees, with
trunks like Oaks— mementos of the residence of a long
line of bishops.

But Skibo has the disadvantage— not an uncommon
one, we regret to say— of numbering among its tenantry
a considerable settlement of very poor people, who
have squatted on the outlying parts of the property
from time immemorial — most of them paying a nominal
rent, some paying no rent at all— who eke out a
miserable existence by such common labour as the
remoteness of their dwellings and their want of proper
training may enable them to undertake. It is not fair
to charge these people with indolence, though it is
very often done, for, according to their lights, they
work hard enough. During the late severe winter,
some of them walked a distance of four or five miles
every morning, across a swampy moor full of quag-
mires, to engage in such work as was going on in the
district. They had to leave home in the dark, and it
was dark before they began the return journey ; they
laboured all day in wet clothes and wet shoes, and
fared upon the humblest diet. That their work, in
such circumstances, was to little profit, in comparison
with that of the well clad, well fed, and comfortably-
housed skilled artizan, is not to be wondered at. But
in nine cases out of ten it is on such unfair conditions
that the Highland crofter engages in labour beyond
his own little patch of laud; and without earning
a trifle of hard cash by some such extraneous
means it is impossible for him to make ends meet.
One can very easily understand how such a state
of matters is ready to spring up on almost any
Highland estate. The wife of a deserving servant, let
us suppose, is suddenly left destitute with a young
family. The laird or his lady sees to it that the poor
woman shall have at least a roof over her head : with

the help of neighbours, a rude bothy is run up in some
waste bit of moorland, and there the family grow up.
nourished and clothed in some mysterious manner
Heaven knows how ! B,v-and-by the children reolaini
a few roods of the wretched soil beside their hut, they
fence it in, and thus a settlement is begun, and a race
of crofters established on bad land, remote from
schools, from roads, from useful fields of labour, and
giving no prospect for themselves or their children but
a life of poverty, squalor, and dirt, as long as they
remain there. So thriftless and profitless is their
labour, that, in a recent memorial addressed to the
proprietor of Skibo, they plead as a reason why they
should not be disturbed, that no other estate
will harbour or shelter them if once they lose
their present settlement. Yet there is hardly a
district in the Highlands, where husbandry has
been long established, in which labour— that is to say,
labour that is worth paying for— is not scarce and dear.
Landlords who have been accustomed to this sort of
thing all their lives put up with it rather than break the
hearts of the poor creatures by turning them adrift ;
for the experience of all " evictions" has been that the
more ignorant and helpless the people are, the more
firmly they seem rooted to the soil on which they
vegetate.

The estate of Skibo was bought about a year ago by
Thomas Chirnside, Esq., a gentleman who realised a
large fortune in Australia as proprietor and occupier of
immense sheep farms. He purchased the property, we
believe, very much from what he had heard of it, con-
tenting himself with a survey of its areat beauty as
seen from the public road. But he soon discovered the
blot stamped upon it by the poverty and squalor of the
crofter settlement among the moors. We attach little
importance to the fact that the removal of the crofters
will materially improve the grouse-shooting on the
estate. Mr. Chirnside is enthusiastically devoted to
sport, and nothing is more probable than that it was
when in quest of grouse that he lighted on the
settlement at Achow. But, in any case, tenantry
such as these would not suit his taste— he could not
endure such misery among people calling him
their landlord, and he gave notice at last term
to 2S of the crofters that a change must
take place. The nature of the change is now
pretty clearly ascertained. About 100 acres of land
near the village of Clashmore have been Lately cleared
of timber, and this he proposes to make accessible by
means of two new roads leading on one side to the
village, and on the other to the well-tilled land
in the neighbourhood of Skibo Castle. He
is to divide the land into lots of about
10 acres each, to build substantial cottages,
with slated roofs and convenient outhouses, and
establish a certain number of the families here
on improving leases, the landlord giving assist-
ance in the cost of trenching and reclaiming the
land. Six others are to occupy vacant cottages at
Pulrossie ; but the widows and infirm people are not to
be disturbed, and the remainder will either get time to
shift for themselves, or some other arrangements will be
made for them. There was, of course, a great outcry as
soon as it was known that they had received notice of
removal : for some people appear to think that,
whatever 'other changes are to be made in the
countr.v, there shall be none in the miseralile crofting
settlements that are scattered over the land. But
these are the facts of the case, and we are glad to know
that Mr. Chirnside is not likely to be diverted from
his practioa and truly philanthropical purpose by
mere clamour. We have personally seen both the old
settlement and the new; the latter is easy of access,
well sheltered, and having a fine southerly exposure
—the former is miles away from the population
of the district, surrounded by swamps and bogs,
and nnapjiroachable except by a bridle path, in which
ahorse in wet weather may at any time sink over the
knees. The people themselves seem willing to leave
their settlement if they are otherwise provided for on
the estate, their chief alarm, we suspect, being that
they will have to fall into regular habits of industry,
and while they derive the advantages of civilisation
and society, have to pay also the price at which alone
these can be obtained. Inverness Courier, quoted hy The
Farmer.

Miscellaneous.

On the Purchase of a Horse. — We presume| that a
gentleman wants a horse. The first question he must
put to himself is, "What uses do I want this animal
for ? Do I want him for a hunter, a hack, a trapper, or
a carriage horse ? " We will presume that he wants a
hunter : "size" is the first thing to be observed; there
is no greater folly in the world than buying a horse not
big enough for his work. " leather be overhorsed than
underhorsed" is an exceedingly practical and whole-
some motto. There are many records of ponies and
little horses accomplishing wonders— of carrying heavy
weights to hounds, of their getting over " pounding "
fences, and of always being " there or thereabouts ; "
but these may be safely put down as exceptions to the
rule. * * * * The question (if height having been
satisfactorily settled, the next requirement is, that the
animal should be " long and low." Where the length
should exist we shall hereafter detail ; but the word
" low " more particularly is applied to the desire that
the animal should not be le"gy or cocked up. If he
has the points well shown and developed to which we
shall presently allude, and the average standard fixed
at 1.5. .3, then the " long and low" axiom will he fulfilled.
These being settled, the next thing a man should be
satisfied of is " breed ;" and this requu-ement we would
most particularly impress upon the purchaser as an
important one : without "blood " a hunter is of no use;
" blood " gives stamina, emulation, and intelligence,
and when the under-bred, lumbering beast is licked to

a stand-still, the wiry, well-bred " weed" will be going
on. Let it not be understood that we recommend
weeds, but merely give this as an illustration of how
even a weak specimen of the thorough-bred will often
give the "goby" to an animal possessing more mus-
cular development, but lacking in aristocratic descent.
Very well; the horse we are looking at fulfils the
qualifications above expressed— viz., " height, length
and breed." And now to further points, and we will
begin with the head. This should be small ; the skin
of the muzzle should be fine and sensitive, and the
nostrils broad; the eyes should be bright, large, and
displaying intelligence, and the forehead broad ; there
.should be depth in the lower jaw, and the ears should
be long ; a short ear is a sign of want of blood ; the
teeth should then be carefully observed. His head
should be well set on a neck neither too long nor too
short : long-necked horses very often turn out or are
roarers ; short-necked horses are generally underbred.
The neck is one of the most important parts in the
symmetry of the animal ; it should have great mus-
cular development, just below the fine crest, from
which the mane takes its origin, and should blenS
without any appearance of "lumber" into the
shoulders and withers. The windpipe should be large.
We now arrive at the shoulders : the form of these
important parts of the horse's structure is a subject of
great dispute, we mean practically ■ for it takes a good
judge to tell what is a bad shoulder and what Is 9,
good one: a man even bearing in mind every desi-
deratum is often at fault in respect of actual j udgment ;
and why is this? We will tell you. A. reliable'
knowledge of what constitutes a good or bad shoulder
is only to be learnt from actual experience. We will,
however, endeavom- to exjdain the requirements
of a good shoulder— and the first great necessary
exists m the " slant." By this (as the word implieB)
we mean that the line from the point of the shoulders
to the withers should be of great obliquity:
the withers should rise up to a point ("sharp
withers") and blend with a gentle curve into the
muscles forming the anterior part of the back; the
points of the shoulders should be placed well forward,
by which means greater length of the humerus is
obtained, and the leverage on the limb below pro-
portionally increased. The shoulders, taken as a whole,
should not be "shelly;" that is to say, although the
muscles run into a finely developed line at the withers,
they should, ou the great expanse of the shoulders,
stand out boldly and prominently. A well-developed
shoulder conduces greatly to the length of the horse,
for if the obliquity of it is great— j. e., the point placed
well forward and the withers well laid back — a not
inconsiderable portion of the "' trunk " of the animal
is thus well accounted for. The part measuring from
just behind the withers round the liody of the horse
constitutes the "girth." This cannot be too deep, for,
as it forms the principal part of the cavity in which
the lungs are situated, lack of depth of girth will
generally be associated with failure of staying powers.
The muscles of the back should run in a straight line
from the curvature behind the withers to the loins,
where they should rise in a slight arch. The rising of
the muscles behind the " saddle-seat " should be a great
index of speed, strength, and jumping powers, as is
most particularly exemplified in the greyhound and
hare. The trunk itself, bounded on each side by tjie
ribs, should be well rounded and the flunks well let
down. A "tucked up," flat-sided horse is generally
both a bad doer and bad stayer. The loins should be
broad, and merge into a symmetrical union with the
quarters. Velerinanj Gazette.

Hoiv to Weed out the Smaller Farms ! — A member of
the Edinburgh Chamber of Agriculture thus writes in
the North British Agriculturist : — Under this law of
hypothec, Mr. CTlendinning said he was " weeding
out" the small tenantry; and many others are doing
the same. "Weeding out" has been going on in my
own neighbourhood, often to the regret and indigna-
tion of the larger farmers. As a specimen of some of
the weeds flimg across the marches I may mention a
few cases — viz.. Weed first,- plucked out of about a
dozen acres, and about same time his eldest son distin-
guished himself at the University — gained the gold
medal for the year — is now a professor in a college in
South Africa, and edits periodicals for circulation in
the colony ; another is a missionary ; another is study-
ing for the Church ; and the fourth for being a teacher.
Weed second. —The oldest son a most successful
teacher, and rector in a large academy ; second, a
teacher; third, tutor to an Earl's eldest son; and
fourth, a teacher. Weed third. — One son is a minister
in South Africa ; another gained a gold medal at
Edinburgh College ; another is a teacher. Weed
fourth — has three strong, healthy, well-educated sons,
who would make excellent grieves or tradesmen. The
preliminary education of those youths was got at a
school supported by the people — myself one of them.
Nor is the stamina of this class of weeds a thing newly
sprung up. In the beginning of this century one of
the same class near this— not considered weeds then — ■
educated a son for the Church of Scotland. He went
to England, and became well known as a literary man,
and now his son is an M.P., and one of the most
distinguished men of the present time. Another
of the same class, "wishing to raise his son
in the world, purchased a pack for him;
the future millionaire not relishing this mode
of rising, consulted the nearest oracle, by putting the
pack on the top of a dyke ; resolved that if it came to
him ho would accept his fate, but if it fell the other
way he would return and try some other mode o\
rising ; and it did fall away, and by his extraordinary
ability and natural talent for business he amassed an
immense fortune, and now some of his descendants
are deservedly men of world-wide reputation. I could
multiply instances ; and this is the clear ringing metal
which is sown broadcast over Scotland, and which

ApRir. (i, 18fi7.]

THE GAl^DENERS' OIIIWNTCLE ANT) AGIUCULTURAE GAZETTE.

.•!fi3

somo proprietors would scud to Ururaimigom by
iiiiikiiig lliom paupers at tlio expense of others, and
stainpiuf,' the iron heel upf)n them. Free those men
I'roni the I'etlers of hypothec proteetiou, and thus
relieve tliem I'nmi the undue (^ompelitiou whirli all'ec^ts
them even more than it does tlie hirKer Ipnauls, aud
let them have an oiiportunity ol' Kaiuin;; lair
remuneration for their eapital and their labour. 'J'his
ehanse would jiroduco a more healthy state than exists
at present— a tenantry sometimes wholly in arroar to
their hindlord, niviui;; him in a sooJ year nearly all,
aud in a bad ouo takin;; from their little capital, or
reooiving alms in the sliape of reduetion. If landlords
have money to spare, let Iheui phint superior schools,
build cottaties, and do away with holliies, and the
small farmers need not sink, as his lordship predicts,
into plouKhmcn ; but the industrious and saving
ploughman may rise to be a small farmer.

Cost of Uaiid FoiKF.r.—X man will dig 8 perches of
land, or say 20IW square I'eet nearly a foot deep in a
day. In doiug so he lifts probably throe-quarters of it
through about a foot in height, that is to say, he lifts
1500 cubic feet, weighing at least l.-.O.IiOO lb., 1 foot high
in 10 hours' time, and to do it thereroro ho nuist main-
tain upon the ivvorage a lift of i'M lb. per minute all
that time. Of course iu addition to the mere lift there
is the labour of cutting olf this earth from the lirui
ground to which it was attached. In my second case,
then, this portion of bis labour is very much reduced.
Tliree men will lift 100 to 120 cubic yards of farmyard
ilung, and fill it into carls in 10 hours' time. The
."58 to 40 cubic y.ards which fall to each man's share, at
12 to 11 cwt. apiece, weigh 50,000 lb., and this is lifted
ovor the edge of the cart, or 1 feet high — equal to
200,000 lb. lifted daily 1 foot high, or 330 lb. per
minute. This is one-flfth more than in the last case.
Now take a third instance, in which there is no labour
in detaching the weight from any previous connection :
— A man will pitch iu an hour's time an acre of a good
crop, tied in sheaves, to an average height of full C feet,
on the cart or waggon. Straw and corn together, such
a crop will weigh more than 2 tons, say 500U lb. In
doing this he therefore lifts 300,000 lb. 1 foot high in
10 hours' time, or 500 lb. per minute. My fourth case
is of much the same kind. One man and five boys or
women, equal as regards wages, and I will therefore
assume equal as regards power, to three men, will throw
into carts upon an average of Swedes and Mangel
Wurzels 3 acres of a good crop, say 70 tons in all, in a
day of 9 hours' length. They lift these 150,000 lb.
1 feet, being equal to 000,000 lb. 1 foot ; or 200,000 lb.
apiece in y hours' time, which is about 370 lb. a minute.
These four cases indicate the mere force of a man then,
at a cost of say Zd. an hour, as equal to a Hft of 250, 330,
500, and 370 lb. per minute; the two former being
cases where the lo.ad has to be detached as well as
lifted, and the third being performed under the influence
of good harvest fai-e. But now compare this even iu
its best case with the duty of the steam engine, namely,
the lift of 33,000 lb. 1 foot high per minute for Zd.ox
evcu less per hour; and compare it with the actual
average performance of the horse, 16,1100 to 19,000 lb.
lifted 1 foot per minute for M. an hour. Iu order at
the best rate named to do the work of the steam engine,
Cfi men would be required at a cost not of ad. but of
more than 15s. per hour, and in order to do the work
of the horse 32 men would be needed at a cost of 8s.
instead of 5rf. an hour. It is plain that if we can take
much of the mere labour of the farm out of the hands {
of the labourer, aud put it into the hands of steam
power for its performance, there is an enormous
amount of saving to be made in the cost of agricultural
production. It is plainly folly in the labourer to think
that as regards the mere labour of the land he can
■ ■ompete with either steam power or horse power.
Strength of body is desirable, and sinew hardened \>y
long practice in hard work hiis a considerable market-
able value, for that, however hardly it may sound, is
the aspect of the matter in which the interests of the
labourer most directly appear; but it is clear that for
sheer lift and the mere putting forth of force, horse
power, and still more that of untiring steam, must
grind the soul out of any body that shall pretend to
comjietition with it. It is in the cultivation not so
much of mere strength of body as of skill and intelli-
gence that the safety of the labourer lies, aud in his
capability of education he is perfectly secure. Morton's
Handbook of Farm Labour.

SUTTON'S GEASS SEEDS

FOR ALL SOILS.

('.\RI!l.\(iK lliKK.

MEbSKb, SUTTON

Have one of the most complete Stocks in Europe of

NATURAL GRASSES and CLOVERS,

which have been carefully cleaned, and may bo had
either separately at moderate prices, or mixed as under:—

MIXTURES are specially prepared for every description
of soil ; therefore in ordering it is only necessary to state
the nature of the soil, and suitable Seeds will be supplied.
The following are the popular cbissiii cations of Soils : —

i. STIFF CLAY

2. STIFF or HKAVY LOAM

3. GUOD MEDIUM LOAM

4. LIGHT SANDS

5. SHARP GRAVELS
li. CHALK V SOILS
7. SHKKI' DOWNS

S. HIVEll FLATS, or WATER
MEADOWS

Notices to Correspondents.

Caponizinc. : C^'tr'. The art was described by onr Coitc-
spondent "D. S. E," many years ago iu theao columns.
Consult Mr. Baily, 113, Mount Street, W. • We do not know
any "elaborate work " on the subject.

Grass Land : Thmuas Fm-d. You will get more immediate
effect from a dressing of giuano and salt than from one of
lime and salt. Put on lime in the autumn, 60 or 70 bushels
per acre, in an earthen compost.

Measurkmknt of Cattle: M. A. Take the length from the
front of the shoulder (one-third of the way down from the
mtbers) to the insertion of the tail, or to such a point as
that a plumb line from it will most fairly inclose the hiud
([uarters of the ox. Take the girth where smallest, behind
the shoulder. Multiply the girth in feet and inches by
itself, and tho product by the length. The resulting
tigures are then to be multiplied by the decimal Si, and
the result wUl be the weight in imperiiil stones. The last
factor may be '2 up to '28, according to the breed .ind
fatness of the animal. A fat Short-horn bull might netd as
high a factor as '3, while a half -fat, ill-bred cow, would nut
need a higher factor than *e. -ii to -24 are the most
generally useful.

Milk Committee of Society of Arts : Old Subscvibcr. Apply
to the Secretary of the Society, John Street, Adelpbi
Strand, W.C.

Weeds ; Ja.iois Harmcr. In pastui-es weeds are discouraged by
drainage, close pasturage, and artificial top-di-essings, and
by persevei-ance in spudding or pulling large plants at all
seasons of the year, especially in the spring aud sumuif-,
and before their seed time. If these means will not avail,
the land must be ploughed up, well fallowed, and laid down
again.

SUTTON'S BEST MLXTURE of PERMANENT
GRASSES and CLuVEKS for the above Soils
(2 bushels of Grasses, and 12 lli. Clovei"s ptr acre),
365. per acre, carriage free. CHEAPER MIXTURES,
28«. to 305. per acre, Carriage fi'ee. Special Contracts
made for larf|,'e quantities.

TESTIMONIALS.

From Mr, John Towlk, Ifeirs and Hmchscy Mills, nmr Oxford.
April 9, ISOti.—'* Some flv© or six yeard back I hud Ifom you Per-
manent Uraes Seeds lor 40 acrus, and the same iiuiiQbity from aiiuther
party ; while yours has now a jjouu sward upou it, tae other is worn
uluiost to tLOtliiug."

From Mr. Roheut K.vv, Poidrack, Stockton-ori-Tees.

April as, 18i,G.~-"ThQ Seeds yoa sent me iu 18(34 have surpassed

thobo bent by my lundlurd from MaucUester m the same year, and

appear as if they will come to swathe much earlier than the othiira."

Frum (he Rev. RiciiAnD H, Harrison, T/ic Parsonage, Bttilth.

April 13, iSiiG.— " It is only right tu say that the seoda you aeut mo

two years ago for laying down t^vo fields, have surprised those wlio

have seen the GraiiS Irom them, although they were aown on hiyh

laud in tlie very dry and hot summer of 1864."

From Mr. G. Wilson, Agent to t}tc Earl of Dartmouth, iVoodsome,

near UuUucrtJkld.
March 31, ISGO.—" The 23 acres ul" land 1 laid down with your seeds
last year are looking lirst-rate ; they are tho aduHration of the
neigh bourhooa."

From the Rev. J. A. Caru, Shipton Rectory, Andoversjurd.
April 3, ISiili. — '■ The field Inid down with seeds I had houi you has
a most, spleudid appearance."

From Mr. Uicii.'lud Duckuah, Newton Farm, Brtclcnoller, Taunton.
March' 31, ISliti. — "Tlie permanent pasture Irom seed I had of you
last soiWson is looking remarkably well, and now tit to stock wuh
sheep. 1 have been in tho parish for tho last 25 years, and have
never seen anj plant equal to ib."

From J. Jenhins, Esq., Ruthin.
April 3, IStiO,— " The seeda I had from you last soason have proved
to bo all 1 could possibly desire. I bulieve that it v/ould bo almost
impossible to see a more perleet crop of G-rass."

From JouN Marshall, Esq., Ri^sc/iolnte, Lincoln.
Aprils, ISCO.— "The tield 1 laid uowu with your Grass Seeds to
permanent pasture iu April, ISlii, has now a very beautuhl appear-
ance, and bids fair to produce again a large quantity of excellent
herbage of tho highest quality, alter such a crop of hay as was
seldom seen in ISfjii."

From Hknry Overman, Esq., }Feaseuham, Brandon.
April 14, 186e. — "The piece of land laid down with your seeds is
the best I ever saw."

SUTTON'S GRASSES and CLOVERS for
One Year's Lay, 15*. per acre
Two Years' Lay, 18*. Grf. per acre
Three or Four Years' Lay, 24:S. per acre

SUTTON'S RENOVATING SEEDS, by the use
which Grass Lands may be improved at from, os.
\0s. per acre. Price 10^/. per lb.

SUTTON'S GENUINE FARM SEEDS.
For Priecri .see

SUTTON'S FARM SEED LIST,

Gratis on application.

I^^ All Goods Carriage Free.

Five per cent, allowed for prompt Payments.

TTlOWLKirS PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and

X CULTIVATOR may ho SEKN at WORK la every Agricultural
County 111 Kiiglaiid.

Eor partlcularHajjply to John Fowlkr & Co., 71, ConihlU. London.
E.C. : and Wtuam Plough Works, Leeds.

TRON HURDLES (Silver' Medal of tho~Eoyal
X ARricultnral Socletv).

SHEEP, -M. M. ■ CATTLK. \h. M. ; OX, (>». \U

List by Post, GATES and FENCINO ot' evory dcwcnptlon

St. raneraa Iron Work Company, Old St. ranurnw lload, Loudon, N.W

R

0

K

s

ROLLBKS FOR THE FARM.

ROLLRBS FOR TIIF GARDEN.

KOLI.F.HM Flllt TllK i.AWN.

ROl.ljKUS I'Ok tMilCKKT GROUNDS.

HOI.LFUS KIH I'ARKS.

ROLLKHS Full R.\CKCI)UR.SKS.

ROLLEKS FOR ROAD MAKING.
Tho boHt antl clioaijcst iire tho i'litout AUiiLstablo WATER
HAT.I.AST ROLLERS, uindo only by

.\MJ^s. I{aiifuiiii. & C<i.. A^nciiRur:iI Eiinliioora, I'oterborougb,
who will torwanl I'rice LihL.s aiitt all particulars on aiiplication.

/ 1LAYTUN, SHUTTLKWUKTlI.^VNi) CU.TnTiooIn^

V-v* and 7S. Lombard Street, London.

IllnstTated CataloguoH, containinn the hrteet rcvlHod PRICE
LISTS and irarticulars of PORTABLE .and STATIONARY STEAM
ENGINES (from 4 to lO.horse power) ThraHhii.K, Grinding, Pumping,
.Sawing Machinoiy, &c.. Jko,, will bo forwarded Irco on application
as above. TRACTION ENGINES for Common Roads, and for
Steam Cultivation.

NoTi:.— Nearly Eight Thousand Engines have been made by this
firm within the last Uw yeai's, and upwards of Six tbousand
Thiiishin Machines.

"tOTTAM'S PATENTToU TABLE UNlTEU

cow FITTINGS.

c

Tlieir advanl,i^'LS aiv— I'm; r^Uii lity, ii->T, Kix! m-u'^, n.-niovahle at
pleasure, no Woodwork ur i'arUH<-iis tu iinv>ode Vcntihilion or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
nnd depth of Feeding Ti-oughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-goripnj:;. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, das.

Prospectuses free of Cottak & Co., Iron Works, 2, Wmsley Street
[opposite the Pantheon), Oxiord Street, London, W., wtiere the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

OE the BEST LIQUID MANITRK OAET

IMPROVED ROLLER and CLOD CRUSHER,

F

Apply to I. James, Tivoli Works, Cheltenham.

WS. BOULTON'S 36-fcallon SWINC WATER
• BARROW. Price 45s.

CaiTiago paid to any Station in England.

SUTTON AND SONS,

ROYAL BERK.'^HIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT.

READING.

The above is very cheap and invalunbla for carrying Liquii's of all
kinds. No Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard -ibauld be with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Can-iiige at a small
addiLioDal cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travel
long distances over rough ground a Pony c^n bo attached. The
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowing, out of many Testimonials, have been received : —

From Lord Otho Fitzoehald. West Park, Salislmrif.
" .Sir, — You are welcome to miike use of my luitor recommending
your Water Barrow. I find It ot great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, an<l more serviceable than one 1 had made in the neigb-
bourhood. the carnace alone of which, without the barrel, cost me
£3 10s. 1 unfortunately ordered it before I saw your advertisement.
— I am, yours obediently, "O. Fitzgerald.

"To Mr. W. S. BouLToN."

From Tiios. Inulr, Esq., M.D., Emsworth, Saiil^, Jtnie 24, 186C.
" Sir,— Tlie Swing Water Barrow is iu every respect a most admir-
able improvement on aU I have hitherto used m my Gardens, All
parties who have seen it, Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
bestoweu upon it their umiualifled approval, and several said they
would order them of you.— Yoiu-s truly, " Taos Inglk, M.U.

" To Mr. W. S. BouLTON."

Rose Lane Iron and VYire Works, Norwich.

364

THE CtAEDENERS' CMONTCLE AND ArTETCTJLTURAT. rx7\ZETTE.

[Apeil 6, 1867.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

PATENT LAWN MOWIIG and EOLLING MACHINES.

EVERT MACHINE WARRANTED.

TO BE OBTAINED OF

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS, BANBURY.

LONDON -WAREHOUSE : 10, LADRENCE POtJNTNEY LANE, B.C.

t.v;t9,I^''^'"7^^^^t''^-,''''^'^P ^?°'£1^?^. o'*^'™ HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DRAT, I
1 ATLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.C. ; and all respect:ible Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom. '

JOHN WAENEK & SONS,

BRASS & BELL FOUNDERS &^^^^3 TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,

S. CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.

J. W. AND SONS' GOODS MAY BE OBTAINED OF THE TRADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES :-

3.5. WARNERS' PATENT CAST-IRON
LIFT PUMPS.

2^ inches diameter

.. £1 8

6

3 „

.. 2 1

0

3j ,, ,,
4 V

..2 8
.. 2 14

0
0

SHOKT-BAUKEL DITTO,

FOR SINKS, PLANT HOUSES, &c.
No. 37.— 2J ins. diameter ..£110
Ditto, with 1-5 feet of l^-in. lead Suction

Pipe attached, £2.

..^

WARNERS' (No. 568\) AMERICAN
GARDEN ENGINE,

OR FIRE ANNIHILATOR,

Is complete in itself, or can be used to
draw from a Pond or Tank, price £2 2s.

6 ft. Suction Pipe and Rose, extra, 12s.

■WAIiis'i:..,-.-S' AaUAJECT.

Useful for every variety of purpose, in Watering:
or Washing; Flowers or Trees in Gardens, Conser-
vatories, &;c. ; also for Washing Carriages or
Windows, Laying Dust, &c.

Price, complete £1 10 0

Small Size for the hand, as an ordinaiy Syringe, 18s.

No. 42. "WARNERS' PORTABLE PTJMPS,

With Improved Valves for Liquid Manure .. .. £2 15 0

2~in. Flexible Rubber Suction Pipe, in 10, 12, and 15 ft. lengths, per foot, 2.s. od.

■WARNi.it t:

(iNo. o47b) (jrAKDEN ENGINE.
HOLDS SIX GALLONS.
Is light, portable, and easily worked by a lady or chil.1, price £2 10s.

Letter to The Times, July 23, 1866.

FROM EARL ESSEX.

A Real Fire Extinguisher.

To the Editor o/" The Times:'

" Sib,— I feel sure you vriil kindly allot a small space in the Times to these few lines, fis the
hest morlium through which I would urge overj- householder who dreads fire to hava on each
tlooi" or hiu house one or more small Garden or other Engines on wheels, al ways charged and in
good order, in ca-se of fire.

" Liist night, just !is I was going to bed, I was startled by that most fearful of all cries, ' Fire,
fire I ' i soou learned th.at » fire wa.s nigmg in a larue two-windowed unoccupied bedrLiom.
How caused is to us all a gi-eat mystery. It is my custom to keep one of thuse small Kngiiies
on each floor. In two minutes I was in the room with one of them. It w.is like a furnace.
The curttiins, shutters, casements, and cornices of both windows were buming and cracking
from floor to ceiling. I was quite alone at the moment, yet before assistance arrived (most
of the servants having gono to bed), I )iad completely subdued the fire of one window without
exhausting the Engine, and when assistance and more water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other. So fierce wa-s the fire that the load of the casements was melted, and the casements
themselves were burnt off their hinges. I will only ada, that by God's mercy, the house was
saved by this small ISnuine. Had It not been at hand and in order, mo.st a.ssiuedly Cassiobury
would be now a heap of ruin.s.— Yours faithfully, , " K8SEX.

"Cassiobury, Watford, July 20.

"The Engine, even when full, runs so light on the floor, that any woman might draw it.
and also work it."

WARNERS' GARDEN ENGINES,

WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.
These Engines are much improved in construction, are less liktly to
get out of order, find more easily repaired than others.

No. ,547. Best ENGINES, in "Wood Tubs.

24 Gallons

£3 10 n

14 Gallons

£.) 10 0

No. 547a. Strong ENGINES, in Galvanized Iron Tubs, wcU
painted inside and out.

10 Gallons .. £2 19 0 I 24 Gallons .. £4 19 0

16 Gallons . . 3 14 0 2S Gallons . . .5 10 0

No 547 m \\ood 'i47A in Irnn Tub

579J. "WARNERS' WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time iu Watermg with the Water Pot.

Made of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out

""^■^

=^

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 13 inches hish
,, 30 „ „ 20 „

„ 38 „ „ 24 „ .. ..

„ 50* „ „ 24

* This is an extra strong article, with cross handle for two men
Nursery Grounds, &c.

£2 2 0

2 13 0

3 17 0
5 12 0
suitable for

No. 5791.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &c.

Ij^ Estimates for any description of Sydraulic Machinery forwarded on application.

April G, 1867.]

TTTF rrAlJDENKliS' (IKHONICLE AND AOlUnULTUrvAT. OAZFITR

365

FA. HAAGE'S WOOD GARDEN STICKS :md
• TALLIES, commended by tUo Royal Hortioulturnl Soolely,
iicknowlodKcd to be tho neatest, ohonpoHt, and best Training Stlcka

and TalllBH Tiiado. , , „ „

Tho nhovo can imw bo burl of ail slzoH, Wholeaale, of Uktuam &
BLAOMTn, Cox's Quay, L' >'or Thames Stroot. London, E.G.; and
Retail of tho principal Sci.ds(iioii and Kloriats.
I'rico Lists on application.

C GARDEN LAHKLS :iiid Fl.OWJilt. STICKS.—
T PAINTED WOOD LAHKLS. :n Inch, M. : 41, iiicb, V<l. ;
fi Inch, Is. ; 1) Inch. 2.s. ; V2 Inch, :;«. \)d. pur im. 4 inch for HiispoiidinK,
Is.Qd, ; 6 inch, 2s. per 100, cheaper by tho UHW.
ZINC LABELS for Pota, Oardou, or siispondlug on Fruit Treea,

RoaoR, So., 2h.. 'it. Bd., 3s.. 3a. Qii., and in. per 100.
INDELIBLE INK. ll((. and Ik. per buttle.
SOFT nORTIOULTURAL WIRE, 1«., la. 3d., Is. Cti., and Is. Od.

per lb. coll according to alze. [groHfl

GALVANIZED WIRE PINS for Verbenas, Carnations, &c.. Is. por
PLAT METALLIC PECS for Verbenas, Carnationa, &c , Is. Qtt.

per 100. [3s. per ki'oss.

PATENT EYELET WALL NAILS, single 2s. por gross ; double,
GRBEN PAINTED FLOWER STICKS, 1 foot, id. ; H foot, 3d. ; 2

feet. id. ; 2i feet, M. ; 3 feet, (kt. por doaen.
BROWN VARNISIIED .STICKS, I loot, 3d. ; li foot, 4d. ; 2 foot,6d. ;

ii feet, 7d. ; 3 feet, lOd., per dozen.
DAHLIA and ROSE STAKES, sqiiare, green painted, 4 feet, 2s. 5tf. ;

6 feet, Ss. ; 6 feet, 3s. Od, per dozen. [prices.

DAHLIA and ROSE STAKES, brown, varnished, same sizes and
B. J. Bdwabds. 222. Strand, W.C, and ^n. BialiopsKato Within. E.C

THK IMPROVKD TANNED LliATHKll DKIVING
STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
without lap or cress joints— superior to all others for Poitable
EnKinoa. Prime STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

I'rico Lists sent free by post.
TuK T.vsN>:ii LcATiiKit Cohpanv, Tanners, Curriers, &c.. Armlt
Works, Grooufleld, near Mauchustor ; Warehouse, 81, Mark Lane,
Loudou, £.0. Mr. U. FKaitAUhi-:, Agent.

QHAW'S TIFFANY,

k_? For samples and prices apply to

J. Shaw & Co., 29, Oxford Stroot, MaDchoster.

Horticultural Improvements.

READ'S NKW J'ATKNT in DRAULIC SUCTION
' PUMP,— This Pump Is liinhlv upi-ruvcd by tUo NohlUty,
Gentry, and by tho principal Hortlculturist.s, &c., throunlioiit tho
KliigUom; also by Shirley ilibbord, Kh(|., F.R.H.S., tho late
Pnit'ehsor Llmiloy, and many uthor.scDunuctod with llurtlculLuro,&c,
Mr. Rkai» has also a lar^o nssortiiiunt of GARDEN ENGINES,
MACHINES and SYRINGES, upon tho most approved principle.
Manufiicturod by tho Patentoo,
RioiiAiiD Reau, Xi, RoKout CirciiH, London, W.
•»" Drawiuya sout poht Iroo.

By Royal Letters Patent.

WELLS'S PORTABLE GROUND VINERY, for
Growing and Ripening Grapes without Artiflclal Heat.
Awarded a Silvor Medal at the luteruational Exposition of
Horticulture, held at Nlcu, April, 18U5.

Drawuigs and Instructions can be had of the Patknt^k,
Stoam Works 24, Bouverie Street, London, E.C.
AoEMs :— li. J. Edwards, 26, Hlshopggato Street Within, E.C.
J. R. Tantou, Epsom, .Surrey.
Druminond Brothers, 52, George Street, Edinburgh.

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

JtANUFACTUKEU BY

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

HIGH STr.EET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

No. 2.

BROWN'S FLORAL SHADING, fur Shadint? Plants
uudor Glass and protecting Wall Trees from frOHt.-Hold by all
Nuraorymeii and heodsmoii. No. i at tk. hd. ; No. 2 at 7^ pm- pioco
20yar(lN long, 3H inches wltlo ; No. J at u«. M. por ploco, 18 yardb
long, 30 inches wide. Samples on appllcallun to

CnAiiLKH HauivN. Groonheye, Manchester.
rPANNED" UARDliN NETTING f.>r Seed "Ri-a8,~iind

i the Protection of Fruit Trees from Front, HUght Birds or aw a
Fence for FowIh. Ac. From 2 to 0 yards wlUo, at hi per siHiaro yard •
llPO yards, 7s. Od. ; 600 yards. 3&s. (Jarrlago paid to atiy part of
England If 1000 yards are taken. Remittanco to accompany ordors
CiiRiBTMAS tjiriN.v. Sue-lMUiiin, Poturltorough.

Garden Netting.
JOHN EDC.INdTON and CO. supply TANNKD

fJ NKTl'lNl) for the Protection of Fruit TroeH, id. per souare yanl
Any ouai.Lity SUHIM CANVAS, &c. : TULIP COVERS and
(IREENIIUOSE SHADES, SUN ULINDS. fite MAROUEEB
TENTS, and l-'LAOS for FETES. FLoWKR SHOWS, 4c. '

John Edcinotun & Co., (Tout Makers trj tho Royal Family). 48.
Long Lane, Smithllold, E.C. au'l IK, Piccadilly, W.

NETTING foi- FRUIT TREES, SKKD~HEDS, RIPE
STRAWBERRIES, ic.-TANNED NETTING for protecting
the above from Frost. Blight, Birds, &c., 2 yards wide, 3d. per yard,
or 100 yards, 2iU ; 4 yards wide, t!<;. jier yard, or 60 yuitls, '2(in. NEW
TANNED NETTING, suited for any of the above purposes, or as a
Fence for Fowls, 2 yards wide, Ot/. pur yard ; 4 yards wide, 1«. per
yard ; J-inch mesh, 4 yards wide, Is. Od. per yard. Can bo had in
auy quantity of

Eaton & Delle«, 0 and 7, Crooked Lano, London Bridge, E.C.

/^ ARDEN NETTING (at Reduced J'lire), for the
VX Priitcction of iiowly-Hown Seeds from I''ro.-it, lUight, and Birds;
also as a Fence for Poultry, itabhits. and Sliuep, 1-/. per tiquare yard,
carriage free, in c|\i:Lutities of li.'iO, CiW, ur liiiin vanls.

SCRIM OANVA.S, lor Wall Fruit, Grcun'houso Shades, Tulip
Cover-.

HAYTHORN'S and WALLER'S NETTINGS, sample of material
free on application.

PERUVIAN GUANO, and every other kind of Artificial Manure
in Stock. Be particular.

Faii^DKaicK EuGiNuTON & Co., Marquee, Tent, Flag, and Rick Cloth
Mauutacturera, 00 and 02, Old Kent Road, Loudon, S.E.
A Liberal Discount to ttie Trade.

No. 1.

No. 4.

Preserve your Trees from Frost.

TANNED NKTl'ING l.jr FRUIT TREES.

COTTON NETTING :iml BUNTING, FRIGI DOMO, SCKIMS

for GKKENHCIUSE ULINDS, &0.

Samples and Price LiMt free oq application to

BENJAllIN EDGINGTON, Tknt iiiid Rick Cloth
Makkb to the Quer-n Jnui Prince of Wales, 'i. Dulse Street,
Southwnrk.S.E. A largestocli of NEW and REPAIRKD NETTING,
and otber material for the jjrotection of Fruit Trees, Strawberry
lied.", &c. MARQUEESand TENTS otaU dimenslonson Sale or Hire.
Address, BKNJA-Miff Edoington (only), 2, Duke Street, London
Bridge, S.E. No other Establishment.

ALVANISED WlUt: NETTING, GALVANISED

IRON BUILDINGS .aud JIANUFACTURES,

This EJliillL'

SliLiiulac'Liired in Vitrified Stont'Wari- and m Term Cottu, and is ■\v.^lat.\NTEl) iMPEulsiiAliLE.
DKAIN PIPES, TERRA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON and CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

Croggon & Co, 34, Bread Street, London, E.C. ;
Liverpool ; fiS), George Square, GlasRow.

2, Goree Piazzas,

RANSOMES & SIMS'

HEW LAWN MOWER. THE AUTOMATON.

A NEW AND FIRST CLASS MACHINE, WHICH HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED,

CONTAINS MANY IMFROVmtENTS.

THE AOTOMATON LAWN MOWER.

PRICES, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND FULL PARTICULAR.S, FREE, FROM

RANSOMES AND SIMS, IPSWICH.

S. OWENS & CO.,

(Late CLINTON and OWENS),
MANUFACTURERS OF

PUMPS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY,

WHITEFRIARS STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

No. 46n,

THE LANDSCAPE SKETtH shnxv , 1.,, t.ition cf THE I.MPRO\ED H1DRAULIC
RAM for Forcing Water to considerable Iiuij:hts and Distances to supply Mansions, Fanus, &c , where tt
few feet fall can be obtained. Full jiarticulars of this useful SeU-acting Machine can be had on application.

No. 4. Useful YARD, GARDEN, and COTTAGE PUMPS, from ,£1 .5s, each.

No. 38. PORTABLE LIQUID MANURE PUMPS, with Flexible Suction Pipe.

No. 46«. DOUBLE-ACTION PORTABLE FORCE PUMPS and FIRE ENGINES for

WATER or LIQUID MANURE.

No. 50. IMPROVED (HOLM AN' 8 PATENT) DOUBLE-BARREL FARM FIRE

ENGINES and IRRIGATING PUMPS.

No. 49. GARDEN ENGINES of aU sizes.

No. 49a. IMPROVED SWING WATER CARRIERS, holding 24 and 3.5 Gallons, for

QAiiDKri USE.

No, 49.:. INDIA RUBBER HOSF and FITTINGS for WATERING GARDENS.
1^ Fxrtker particulars, Estimates, and Illustrated Price Lists on application.

366

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND ACiRlCULTtJRAL GAZETTE.

[Apbil 6, 18^

IT T. ARCHER'S "FRIGI D 0 M 0."
J • FatronLsed by Her Majesty The Qaeen, the Duke of North'
umberland for Syon House, His Grr.ce the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
Sir Joseph Pnxton fortbe Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological Society, &c.

PROTECTION from COLD "WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.

"FRIG! DOMO," m Canvas made of Patent prepared Hair and
Wool, a perfect Non-conductor of Heat and Cold, keeping, wherever
it is applied, a fixed temperature. It is adapted for all Horticultural
and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and Flowers from
the Scorching Rays ot the Sun, fl-om Wind, from Attacks of Insects,
and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any required lengths.

Two yards wide Is. 9rf. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. Crf. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards t\ide . . Is. 9d. per yard.

An improved make, 3 yards wide , . 2s. Sd. per yard run. Also
"FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, 2 yards wide. Is. Gd. per yard run.

EtisnA Thomas Aroiikr, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all Niu^erymen and
Seedsmen thi-ougho\it the Kingdom.

*' It is much cheaper than Mats as a coverln,?."

I AEDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, iii great

VJ variety of patterns and material, the plainer sorts being
especialiv suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, conse-
quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., In
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosHER, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corrlaoi's, Ralconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
StonOj in blue, red, .ind bufl' colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATSD PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the atcve.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Rantres, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, P»ed and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Roshkr, at their Premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best qualitjO, at the above
addresses — 14*. per Ton, or Is. 3rf. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway orWhaif.
Quantities of 4 Tons. Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Wonk. F. & G. KosHEs. — Addresses see above.

N B. Orders promptlv executed bv Railway.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixmg or thinning, and is used cold. It Is used in the
grotmds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will foi-ward on
application.

Frorp- T. A. Taylor, Esq., Strensham Court.

" In answer to your inouries. 1 beg to intorm you I find your Black
Varnish an excellent substitute for oil paint upon iron and wood
out of doors, and have found the iron Barrow with apparatus
essential in applying the Varnish to lines of fencing, I can strongly
recommend the Black Varnish for all out-door work as superior to
anything 1 have yet used for the purpose, and it can be applied with
great economy by careful labourers.

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. 6d. per gallon, at the
Manufactory, or Is. grf, per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Hill & Suitd. Brlerly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.G., from whom only it can be obtained.

By Royal Appointment

To HEB Majesty,

By Special Warrant,

dated December 'AT, 1865.

y,..-.j^^ To the Prikce of Wales,
fe'^'^^^f' ^y Special Warrant,
; dated February 10, IStiG.

DAT, SON, AND HEWITT,
Original and Sole Proprietors of the STOCK-BREEDERS'
MEDICINE CHEST, for DISORDERS in HORSES. CATTLE.
CALVES, .SHEEP, and LAMBS.

Patronised by upwards of Seventy Thousand ol the principal Stock
Breeders, Horse Proprietors, and Agriculturists of England, Ireland,
Scotland, and Wales.

The only Tnie and Original " DAY'S CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
are prepared expressly by us. The Chest contains the following
matcntess preparations :—

Haifa Dozen CHEMICAL EXTRACT, at 30s. perdo2CD.
One Dozen GASEOUS FLUID, at 2its. per dozen.
One Dozen RED DRKNCHES, at ISs. per dozen.
One Dozen RED, PASTE BALLS, at Is. Cid. per dozen
Adapted for all ailments among Stock during the present season.
Price of Chest complete, with Shilling Book on Farriery, £2 Ws. Gd.,
carriage paid. Either preparation may be had separately in boxes.
Testimonials.

TJie Lambing Season.~The "Chemical Extract" is unequalled for
pad cases in drawing Lambs, and to stop heaving and straining. Mr.
Woods, in bis Lecture on the " Breeding and Management of Sheep,"
savs— " My shepherd declares it to be worth a guinea a bottle."

The "Gaseous Fluid" is famous for debility and exhaustion in
Ewes after Lambing: for diai-rhoaa in Calves and Sheep, and for
colic and gripes in Horses and Cattle, Mr. Bowick, in nis prize
essay on the "Rearing of Calves," .says— "The Gaseous Fluid is
sufficient for all the iUstliat Calf hood is liable to. I have reared 2C
calves this year, and by tUo use of the ' Gaseous Fluid,' I have not
lost one." Mr. Thos. Rigby (Cheshire), in his Lecture on " Summer
Grazing of Sheep," says — " Day, Son, & Hewitt's Gaseous Fluid is the
best corrective of scour in Sheep 1 have ever tried. I can strongly
recommend their ' Medicine Chest' as a most valuable auxiliary to
stock-keepers of all kinds, but especially to shepherds. With the
medicines they give plain directions for use, which any man may
understand."

Oraers sent by Post will be promptly attended to if addressed—
Day, Son, & Hewitt, Animal Medicine Factory, 22, Dorset Street,
Baker Street, London, W. ; or Wantage, Berks.

"Woods on Sheep," live stamps; "Bowick on Calves," three
stamps, both fi'ee by post.

B
B

E E A D

and

P A S T E T.

OEWICK' f

BAKING ]?OWDEE.

Recommended by the Lancet for making Pure Digestive Broad
without Yeast.

D B. p.

J—' • is also recommended by the Queen's Private Baker.

B ^- ^-

-L» • was likewise recommended by the late Sir Wm. Burnett,

Director-General of the Medical Department of the Navy.

BO R W I C K ' S"^ B^^K I N & POWDER
was used in the Arctic Expeditions, also by the Armies in the
Crimea and China.

B ^- ^-

M-J • makes Bread without Fermentation, and preserves the

nutritious properties which Yeast destroys.

B ^- ^-

J-^ • saves Eggs and Butter in making Puddings and Pastry, and
prevents Indigestion.

B. P. '-

makes Norfolk Dumplings better than Yeast.
B.- P.
makes delicious Hot Digestiva Tea Cakes in a few minutes.

BORWIGK'S BAKING POWDER,
properly secured, will keep good in any Climate,

B ^- ^- ~

J—' • being much imitated, see that tho Trade Label is on each
packet.

B. P.

B.
B.

B.

• is sold everywhere in Id., 2d., id., and Gd. packets, and in
patent boxes Gd., Is., 2s. Qd., and 6s. each.

ORWICX^~S BAKING POWDER.

Manufactory, 24, Chiswell Street. London, E.G.

B

ErG3 Icf H R't

EPPS'S COCOA (also called E P P S ' S
HOMOCOPATHIC COCOA).— The very agreeable character of
this preparation has rendered it a general "favourite. Invigorating
and sustaining, with a refined and grateful flavour, developed by the
special mode of preparation applied, this Cocoa is used as their
habitual beverage for breakfast by thousands who never used Cocoa
before. " Cocoa stands very much higher than Tea or Coflfee," Dr.
Hassall says, "and contains every ingredient necessary to the growth
and sustenance of the body,"

It is made simply bv pouring boiling water or milk on the
Preparation as sold, i lb., i lb., and I lb. Packets.

Sauce.— Lea & Perrins'

WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE.—

This delicious Condiment, pronounced bv Connoisseurs
THE ONLY GOOD SAUCE," is prepared solely by Lea & Perkins.
The public are respectfully cautioned against worthless imitations,
find should see that Lea & Perrins' Names are on Wrapper, Label,
Bottle, and Stopper. Ask foe Lea & Perjuns' Sauce.

%* Sold Wholesale and for lixport. by the Proprietors, Worcester;
Messrs. Crosse & BLArKWELii; Messi-s, Barclay & Sons, London, &c.,
and by Grocers and Oilmen universally.

THE SMOKER'S JlONBOiN (.■ftectually REMOVES
the TASTE and SMELL of TOBACCO from the MOUTH and
BREATH, and renders Smoking agreeable and safe. It is very
pleasant and wholesome. Prepared by a patent pmcess Irom the
recipe of an eminent physician by Scuoolikg & Co., Wholesale Con-
fectioners, Bethnal Green, London, N.E., in Sixpenny and Shilling
Boxes ; post free, 7 and 14 stamps.

Sold by Chemists, Tobacconists, &c.

T

HE LANDS IMPKOVEJUENT COMPANY,

Incorpoi-ated by Special Act of Parliament in 1853.

To LANDOwyEItS. THE ClERGY, EsTATE AcENTS.SoBVKYOnS, &C,, IN
EsOLANn AND WaLES, AND IN SCOTLAND.

The Company advances money, unlimited in amount, for the
following works of Agricultural Improvement, the whole outlay and
expenses in all cases being liquidated by a rent-charge for 25 yeara.

1. Drainage, Irrigation, and Warpin;,', Embanking, Inclosing,

Clearing, Reclamation, Planting, for any benencial purpose,
Engines or Machinery for Drainage or Irrigjition.

2. Farm Roads, TramwaysandRailroadsforagricultural orfarming

purposes.

3. Jetties or Landing places on the sea-const or on the banks ol

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Erection of Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other

Buildings required for Farm purposes, and the improvement
of and adaitiouG to Farm Houses and other buildings for
Farm purposes.

Landowners assessed under the provisions of any Act of Parlia-
ment, Royal Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
general works of Drainage or other improvements, may borrow their
proportionate share of the cost, and charge the same with tho
expenses on the lands improved.

The Comp.any will also negotiate the R.int-charces obtained by
Landowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 1864, in respect of
their Subscription of Shwes in a Railway or Canal Company.

No investigation of title is required, and the Company being of a
strictly f nancial character, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works; which are controlled only by tho Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to Granville B. Rtder, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street, London, S.W.

TOWN and COUNTRY BOOK SOCIETY has been
formed for the purpose of supplying all the NEWEST BOOKS
as thev issue from tho press at a discoiint of TWENTY FIVE
PER CENT, or THREE PENCE in EVERY SHILLING oft
the Publishers' Prices. For Catalogue, apply to the Manager,
3, Paternoster Row, London, E.G.

BOOKS for the FARM and the GARDEN
TWENTY FIVE PER CENT, OFF, or THREE PENCE in
EVERY SHILLING off all the NEWE.ST BOOKS. For Catalogue,
apply to the Town and Country Book. Society, 3, Paternoster Row,
London, E.C. All other kinds of Books at 25 per cent. off.

Bees and Bee Hives.

Ju.st published, demy Svo, cloth gilt. Is. Gd., or post free, 2d. extra,

THE MANAGEMENT of BEES. By W. J. Pettitt.
Second and enlarged Edition, with a Catalogue of the most
modern and approved Hives and Bee Houses. Copiously illustrated.
W. J. Pktttit, Snargate Apiary, Dover.

Steam Cultivation.

FACTS of INTEREST to the FARMERS. By John
Fowler & Co. : Revised and Amended by William S.mith, of
Woolston, Bletchley Station, Bucks. With an Appendix showing the
present aspect of Steam Cultivation.

May be had of Mr Smitu. post free, for 14 postage stamps.

Just published, price One Shilling,

iTew Illustrated Work on Grasses.

PERMANENT PASTURES : their Formation and
Improvement. By M. H. Sutton, F.R.H.S , F.S.A., &o.
Contents :

The after-management

How to Prepare the Land
How to Sow the Land [CropJ

Sowing with or without a Corn
The best Sorts to Sow

Tho Breaking up of Grass Land
Tho Improvement of Pastures
The Manures most suitable

To which is added, NOTES 'on the leading GRASSES and
CLOVERS, from personal observation, and TWENTY ILLUS-
TRATIONS of the most useful kinds.

Opinion o/Professor Bdckmas.
" I do not know of anything to equal it,"
Blackie & Son, and all Booksellers ; also of Sutton & Sons,
Reading, Berks,

T

HE QUARTERLY REVIEW* No, CCXL

will be PUBLISHED NEXT SATURDAY.

Contents.

I. CHAnACTER OF GeoRGE THE ThIRD.

II. Sea Fish and Fisheries.

III. AUTOBIOGBAPIIY OF A PHYSIOLOGIST.

IV, Wkstjioheland.
V. Poetry of rnr. Seven Dials.

VI. Du Chaillu's Regent Travels.
VII. Myths of the MinoLE Aqes.
VIII. New American Relioions.
L£. Railway Financk.
X. Wellington in the Peninsula.
XI. The Four REi-ouiii Orators.
V Nos, CCXLI. and CCXLII. mil contain the Index to last Twenty '■
Volumes.
John Murray, Albemarle Street, W.
This day is published, No. 2, price Gd.,

THE CHRONICLE,

A WEEKLY REVIEW.
Containing —

1. A Critical Summary of Events.

2. Political AND Literary AnrrcLES,

3. Notices of English and Foreign Books,

Office : 24, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

ADVERTISEMENTS for the ROYAL AGRICUL-
TURAL JOURNAL must be forwarded IMMEDIATELI,
accompanied with an Order for their P.ayment and Insertion, as no
attention will be paid to them otherwise.

William Clowes & Sons, Printers, Duke Street, Stamford Street
Blackfriars, S.

AMERICAN MILK.— See in the APRIL NUMBElt
of ERASER'S MAGAZINE an Article on this subject
(American Dairle-i).

London : Longmans, Green. & Co., Paternoster Row,

New Edition, in fcp Svo, with 4 Woodcuts, price 43.

THE ROSE AMATEUR'S GUIDE : containing ample
Descriptions of all the fine leading Varieties of Roses,
regularly classed in their respective Families ; their Historj', and
Mode of Culture. By Thomas Rivers. Ninth Edition, including a
Rose Garden Calendar.

London: Longmans, Green, & Co., Paternoster Row, E.C.

Works on Botany, by Dr. Lindley.

DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY: ok. The Art of
Desce-idikg Plants correctly, in Scientific Language, for Selir
Instruction and the Use of Schools. Price Is.

SCHOOL BOTAJfY" ; or, The Rudiments of Botanical
Science. In One Volume, 8vo, half bound, with 400 Illustrations,
price 6s. Gd.

Lately Published,

MEDICAL and (ECONOMICAL BOTANY; or An
Account of the Principal Plants employed in Medicine or
Domestic (Economy. In 1 vol. Svo, with numerous Woodcuts, price
7s. Gd.

Lately Published,

THE ELEMENTS of BOTANY, Structural and
Physiological. With a Glossary of Technical Terms, and
numerous Illustrations. 12s. cloth.

This completes the series af Elementary Botanical Works by
Professor Lindley, of which " School Botany," and "Tho Vegetable
Kingdom," form the other parts.

The first two Parts of The Elements of Botany, comprising
Structural and Physiological Botany, and a Glossary of Technical
Terms, are published in one octavo volume, price 12s.

These three parts form a complete m.anual of Botany for Medical
and other Stuaents who h.ave made themselves acquainted with the
Author's "School Botany."

N.B. The Glossary may be had separately, price 5s.

THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM; or, The Structure,
Classification, and Uses of Plants. Illustrated upon the
Natural System. In One Volume, Svo, cloth, price 3Cs., with up-
wards of 500 Illustrations.

London : Bradbory & Evans, 11, Bouverie Street, E.C.

Fourth Thousand, price Is. ; post free, 13 Stamps,

A HANDBOOK of VINE and FRUIT TREE
CULTIVATION under GLASS, with carefully prepared Lists
of Fruits and Vegetables, and Plans of Glasshouses, Hints for
Heating, &c., by

S. Hereman, r. Pall JIall East, London, S.W.

Ouvrage Couronne

Of the Imperial Siicieti of HoriTuruLTCRE of France,

FRUIT TREES; their Scientific and Profitable
Culture. Translated from the French Prize Work of M.
Dd Bredil. With 191 Engravings. Adapted lor English Culti-
vators. Price G.5. Gd.

"Will unquestionably teach how to Train and Prune Fruit Trees
to perfection," — 2Vic Field.

William Wesley, 81, Fleet Street, E,C.

WORKS on BOTANY.

By J. H. Balfodr, A.M., M.D.. Professor of Botany in the
University of Edinburgh, and Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic
Garden.

MANUAL of BOTANY ; an" Introduction to the Study of

the Structure, Physiology, and Classification of Plants. Crown
Svo, pp. 700, with 820 Illustrations, price 12s. 6*.

CLASS-BOOK of BOTANY, being an Introduction to

tho Study of the Vegetable Kmgdom. 8vo. pp. 1114, withlSOO
Illustrations, price 31s. Gd.

BOTANIST'S COMPANION; or, Directions for the

Use of the Micrnscope and for the Collection and Preservation of
Plants, with a Glossary of Botanical Terms. Crown Svo, 2s, Gd.

OUTLINES of BOTANY "'New Edition, Revised and

enlarged, designed for Schools and Colleges, illustrated with
nearly 000 Woodcuts, pp. 712, price 8s. Gd.

FLORA of EDINBURGH, being a list of Plants Found
in the vicinity of Edinburch. Fcap. Svo, with M.ap, price 3s, Gd,
Edinburgh: A, & C. Black.; London: Loniman, & Co.

New Edition of Dick's Veterinaxy Science.

In one Volume, Second Edition, 12nin. cloth, price 5.s'.,

MANUAL of VETERINARY SCIENCE. By
William Dn k. Veterinary Sure;eon to the Quesn for Scot-
land, late Professor of Veterinary Surgery to the Highland and
Agricultural Society of Scotland, kc.

" In Veterinary Art the Second Edition of Professor Dick's
Manual will be received as a useful addition to the library of every
veterinary sm-geon. The experience and reputation of the author
cannot fail to commend the work to the notice of those interested in
the diseases of animals." — Westminster Review.

Edinbm-gh : A. & C. Black. London : Longman & Co^

British Farming'.

In demy Svo, cloth, pp. 50!i, illustrated vi-ith Plates and Woodcuts,

price 128.,

BRITISH FARMING : a Description of the Mixed
Husbandry of Great Britain. By John Wilson, Farmer,
Berwickshire.

Contents : Introduction, containing some Outlines of the History
of Agriculture— Practice of British Agriculture— Soils and Climate-
Farm Buildings— Fences, tMachines. and Implements— Preparation
of the Land for Tillage Operations— Tillage Operations— Succession
of Crops — Manures— Grain Crops— Root Crops — Herbage and Forage
Crops— Crops of limited Cultivation— Live Stock: Horses, Cattle-
Dairy Management — Sheep, Goats, &c. — Improvement of Waste
Lands, &c.

"Abetter book of its kind could not well have been written. —
Examiner.

Edinburgh : A. & C. Black.. London : Longmans & Co.

Apkil Oj, 1867.]

THE GAllDKNEKS' CllllONlOLK AND AGRICtlJ/rURAl. GAiJKTTK

367

The Gardener's Watch.

PAlTDiST J.KVKU WATClt in
Jingine-tinnod Silver Caso, with nil tliu
)iilLst iiiipiiiVLiiiontK, jewelled, secondn hand,
f^iruiiK, and calculated for hiird weivr, 4/. Ms. (it/.
The same Wiitcli in Hunting Cfwoa, U. 5n.
STRdNG SILVER ALHEKT mid OUAllD
CHAINS,

'i'liu above boirig Maimraatiifod on tlio pro-
iuIml's, are with coufldenco reconmioiided and
warranted for correct porlornmnco.
ijlilot, and n.11 jmrticulars gratia, on application to
Ai.i.iANci; (LisiiTKii). 11 & 12. Coriihill. London, E.G.

DINNKIv SKHVICES in Stone Chinn, with Crest or
Uli'iioi^raiii, £(> li.f., fnr I'.' por.snns, An eloRant aHsurtniuiit
of BHKAKKAsr, TEA. aud UKSSKItT SERVICES, in t,uMt tasto
and at Inw.-sr, c-ish prices. TAHLK CLASS and LAMPS nf t-vurv
dOBOrliJtli'U. IlliKstrati'ii C,itilot;uu, cniitainint; u.stiiTiitlus for tunii,sii-
ng, IVeo by poht. T. 1!, (hnsiKs. n:!. Now IIdhU Slruut, W.

G

The Furnishing of Bed Rooms.

HEAL AND SON, of Tiitti'iiluLni Court Road, have
;fi'eaMy onlavKcd their rromlses, for tlio purpose of making a
more complete arrunKonient of tlieir Stock.

Thoy IiavL' now Ten soimrato Utmms, eacli comptotely I'unnslied
witli a dilforont Suttu of Bod Room Furniture : these are irrospectivo
if their niMioial Stnck, displayed in Six Qaileries, and Two Inr^o
(ground lliior Warornunis, the whole formint;, they believe, the moat
complete Stock ol lied Room Furniture in tlio Kingdom.

Hkal & HiJN'H Illustrated Catalogue of Bedsteads, Beddjug, and
Bed Room Furniture, KOut free by po.st on application to JiuAL
& Son, lltll, 1!I7, Ilia, Tottenham Court Road. London, W.

Starch Manufacturers

TO n.U.a. THE I'RINCKSS OF WALES.

ENFIELD STAEUH,

SXCLDSITKLV UsED Ih" THK ItOVAL LaCNDRT,

and Awarded Prize Medal, 1802.
Sold by all Grocers, Chandlers, ic.

B^^DSTE'aDsVbATIIS, :md LAMPS.— ^VILLIAM S.
BURTON lias Six Large Show Rooms devoted exolusivelv to
the separate display of Lamps, Baths, and Metallic Bedste,Tds. Tlio
stock of each is at once the Inrgest, newest, and most varied over
submitted to the public, and marked at j-Tice.s proportionate with
those that have tended to make his Establishment the most
distinguished in this country.

Bedsteads, from 128, fK(. to £20 On. each.

Shower Baths, from 8s. (trf. to £0 ft*, each.

Lamps (Moderftteur), from . , Os. Od. to £8 10s. each.

(AU other kinds at the same rate.)
Pure Colza Oil 4s. Ui/. per gallon.

WILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING
moNMONQER, by appointment to H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, sends a Catalogue gratis and post paid. It contains upwards
of cnn Illustrations of his unrivalled Stock of Sterling Silver and
Electro Plate, Nickel Silver, and Britannia Metal Goods, Dish
Covers, H-.t Water Dishes, Stoves, Fenders, Marble Chimnev-piecea,
Kitchen Ranges, Lam|is, Gaseliers, Tea-trays, Ura-s, and Kettles,
Clocks, Tablo Cutlery, Baths, Toilet-ware, Turnery, Iron and Brass
Bedsteads, Bedding, Bedroom Cabinet Furniture, Ic, with Lists of
1'rice.i and Plans of the Twenty Large Show-rooms, at 31), Oxford
Street, W, ; 1, 1a, '2, 3, and 4, Newman Street; 4, 5, and 0, Perry's
Place, and 1, Newman Yard, London.

ROWLANDS' MACASSAR OIL.— This elegant and
fragrant Oil is universally in high repute for its unparalleled
Huccess in promoting the gi'owth, restoring, preserving, improving,
and beautifying the Human Hair. It is patronised by Royalty and
the Aristocmcy of Europe, whilst its introduction into the Nursery
of Royalty, and those of the Upper Classes, is a sufficient proof of its
merits. Price 3s. (W^ 7s., lO.s. (id. (equal to fom- small), and 21s. per
bottle. Sold at 20, Hatton Garden, and by Chemists and Perfumers.
^^ Ask for " Rowlands' Macassar Oil."

DINNEFORD'S FLUID MAGNESIA.—
The best remedy for Acidity of the Stomach. Heartburn,
ileadache. Gout, and Indigoslion: and the best mild aperient
for delicate constitutions, especially adapted for Ladies, Children,
and Infants.

DiSNKKORD & Co., 172. Now Bond Street, London, and of
all Chemists throughout the World.

R

Winter Rihbon Garden.

JOHN ROSS, Surbiton, Surrey, AV., is prepared to
LAY OUT every description of PLEASURE GROUND
SCENERY. Photographs of Ribbon Planting may be had for
inspection as above.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., begs to announce that he is
prepared tn Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa nr other
Resiaences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John OinsoN, jun., Surrey Lane. Battersea, S.W.

GGLENNY, Horticultural Aofnt and Valuer,
• continue.^ to PROCURE and SELL on COMMISSION everv-
thing appertaining to the Garden. His LIST of the best 00 sorts of
FLOWER SEEDS for amateurs to choose from, with a Lesson on
/Sowing, sent free on receipt ol a directed envelope to

G. Glenny, Dungannon House, Fulham, S.W.

OBERT BULLEN, Florist and Horticultural

' Valukr, 1, Newland Street, Kensington, London, W., begs
to inform the Nobility, Gentry, and the Trade, that ne will bo
pleased to PURCHASE PLANTS on COMMISSION for parties
who cannot attend the London Sales.

From R, B.'s groat experience as a Cultivator, ftdded to a thorough
knowledge of the nature of all subjects cultivated in the Garden, and
being actuated bv a desire to serve all who may patronise hira to the
best of his ability, he trusts to be favoured with a share of Public
Patronage. A Horticultural Refristeris kept, andgentlemenmayrely
on those Gardeners only being recommended who are likely to suit
the requirements of each particular situation ; also for Foremen fnd
[Jnder Gardeners. A separate Register will be kept for the Trade
of General Foremen, Propagatoi-s. Budders, and Grafters, &c. ; also
for those employed in the Seed Trade.
Fonns of application free on receipt of Stamped directed envelope.

Farm Poultry.

KEY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any

numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the lai'gest and most productive

breeil known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, lai-ge, hardy, and good breeders
AYLESBURY ,iud ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and earlv maturitv

BRAHMA-POUTRA. CREVECtEUR, and LA FLECOfc FOWLS

for constant layers. '

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.

John- Daily & Son. 113. M«xint Street, London. W,

To Nurserymen, Seedsmen, andTothers!

TO BE DISl^OSEU OF, Avith immediate possession
in consequence of the decease of the late Proprietor the
GOODWILL ol the BUSINESS, Interest iu the Leases Dwelling-
house, Nursery Ground, Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., with tlie
Growing Plants and Shrubs, Situate at Clapham.

For particulars apply to Mr. George Walker, 5, Upper Fitzroy
Street, Fitzroy Sqiiare, W,

G

NURSERY and SEED BUSINESS for SALE.— A
good going Nursery and Seed Easiness in the North of
England will be Disposed of on very moderate terms to any party
who can take posECEsion at an early date. There is a conBlderable
breadth of glass, almost new, and well stocked with flrst-rate sale-
able plants, for which there is a great demand in the district. In
the Seed department there is an excellent connection, which is
iecre;istng yearly. Most satisfactory reasons can be given for the
present propri^-tor having rtsolved to relinquish the above.

Anply by letter only, address " Bufilnessfor Sale," care of Messrs
f eter Lawson & Son, Edinburgh.

WANTED TO RENT, about ONE ACRE of
GROUND, near a Itailwiiy Station, wlUun Jil or 12 miles of
tlio Loudon Terriilnl on the South-Westorn, Chatliam and Dover, or
.Suutli-EJi.storn ISnes.

Addriis.s, Hoi>i'i:it &, Co,, Covont Garden Market, W.C.

fpOlt DLS]M)8AL, a First-ulass NWKSKRY and Sl!:ED
BUSINESS; or tlio present Proprietoi- would acuoi't of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not lesS than £1600.

Apply bv letter to E., Messrs. Ilurst & Son, (I, Loadonhall Street,
London, E C.

Denyard Park Estate, near Exeter, Devon.
T ANUS TO LKT. on LKASKS cf 10. 14, or

J J Ul VFAHS, in parcels I'roni .'i to 2') ACRES, for growing Slinibfi,
Fruit Trues, Strawborrios, &c., situated al»out one mile from E.\otei'.
anil a short distance fiom the Railway Stations.

These Valleys are most salubrious, the air perfectly pure, and free
fi om any tower or dyUo ; well watered. The lioil, clayey loam ; tub-
soil, shillet.

Nurserymen, Gardeners, and Seedsmen who wish to raise Earlv
Crops, will Ilnd thoy can BUppl . London and the Norlh of EnglantI
"veryewrly." as the temperature is many dogroes higher In these
valleys than oven in most parts of Devon.

Apply for particular-* to Mr. E. Et.Lis, Newton .St. Cyrus; or the
GAiinKKi.n, Denyard Park House, Cowley Road, nexr Exeter.

^al£fi ^) auction*

Sale of Choice Carnations, Picotees and Pinks,
Standard and Dwarf Roses, Fruit Trees. &o.

MESSRS. i'KOTHEltOE AND .MniiRIS will SKLL by
AUCTION, at SS and .-ill, Grarc.:hun-li Struct, Citv, EC,
on THURSPAY, April 11, at hall|vi>t l'^ oClook, a flist-olaa.')
Collection of CARNATIONS. I'll oriOKS, and PINKS; 300 hand-
aomu STANDAliD and DWARF liOSKS, including tho best
varieties in cultivation; seluctud I-iuit Trees, American Plants,
Evergreens and ConifBiui Shriibs. fii.o Azalea indica, Ro.sea in pots,
and other plants lu bloom ; Verbenas, Fuchsias, OHhlias, kouio Hno
bulbs of Lillum auratum, with a choice assortment of imported and
other Flower Seeds, Ac.

On view the Morning of Salo. Catalogues may bo had at the
Rooms as above, and of tho Auotioiieers and Valuer.s, Leytonstone,
Essex, N.E.

The Cedars, Tottenham Green.

300 Cboick GuEEMiorHK Plants, Tlmk.v Coita Fii;iirk9, Vases,
SUMMKR HOI'SK, I'M IkoS JUutBLVls, ANU OTIIKIC KuKCTS OF A
Lady lkavikc her Ri:siDEXUt:.

MR. A, iilUHARDS will SELL bv AUCTION, on
the Premises, on WEDNESDAY", April 1(1, at 2 o'clock,
a COLLECTION of GREENHOUSE i-LANTS, including Or-mges,
fine specimen Heaths, 18 large Caniellias, Azaleas. Epncrises,
Acacias, Cacti, Fuchsias, Geraniums, Hydrnngciis. Pomsettias,
Gloxinia>5, Begonia.s, &c.; also a large ICE CHEST, DAIRY
UTENSILS, Sexagon Summer House, S^ats, Figures, V;;ae8,
four 2-light Frames, Lawn Mower, capital Poultry House, Poultry,
130 0-feet Iron Hurdles, 4-wliccl Tumbril Cart, Harness ie.

On view the Day previous, by Catalogues only, to be obtamed of
tho Auctioneer, Tottenham.

A N EXTENSIVE SALE by AUCTION, on FRIDAY,

xi. April li!, ]S(J7, at Providence NurseiT, Boston Spa, York?hire.
of SPECIMEN and HALF SPECIMEN, STuVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, ORCHIDS, &c.

The Plants are all in lirst-iate condition, and can be seen on the
Ground any day (Sundiy excepted).
Catalogues on application to J. C. Padmax.

reported Orchlda from Mr. J. Linden's Collectors.

K. J. C. STI':VKiNS will S1;lL by AUCTION, at
A.,.Kr,wV*^i;'^'^*;. 'A'"""'*; 't' King street, Covont Garden, W.C, on
^M^. .■^^' A'"'' ^•':.^}' '"I'f-P'ifit la o'clock proclMcly, the following
'Clli DS 1-^

M

■aluablu and now ORCHIDS :-
Cattloya species nova

,, maxima
Ileluia banguinolenta
Lvcaato xytrlopliora
MoHospinidium sanguinoum
Zygopotalum rostratuni

OdontogloBHum broflfolluni
>, crlstatum

t, crocatum

Oncldiuai aurosumj

„ raacranthum hastlleruui
surratum

&c., &c., &c.

(iiivlow tlio_Morning_r)fSale,jind Ciitalotaios had.

Periodical Sale of Poultry and Pieeona

MR, .1. C. STHVENS will SKLL by AUClJON, at
his Great R'loniH, ;(H, King Street, Coveiit Garden WC on
TUKSDAY, April Id, at half-past 12 o'Clock preciwely, CIKi^E
POULTRY and PlGIOONS Irom tho yards and lofts of well-known
breeders and exhibitotM.
On view tho Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Important Sale of Orchids.

MR. J. C. S'J'KVENS Ikir been favoured with
Instructions tn SKLL bv AUCTION, at his Great Rooms,
3H, King Street, t'r.v.mt Oardun, W.C., without reserve, on
WEDNKSDAY mid TlinRSOAY, April 17 and 18, Flrbt-dass
ESTA BLl Sli HI) ( ii:r I III »s, liemg nait of the well-known Collection
ol A. B.i.ssct, J'Imii . ol .st,:init'.rd Hill, who is reducing his Collection
tor a short timonwing to change of residence. The Plants consist of
Duplicates, amongst whioh will be found manv magnificent Speci-
mens of all the best Varieties, Including :—

Aeridos Fieldingil

,, maculosum
Lobbit

„ LarpeutiO

„ crispum
Cattleya Mossiie

,, Trianaji

„ Bassettl

„ Wagneri
Deiidrobium raacrophylhim

„ giganteum

„ primuliuum giganteum

,, iioblle pendulum
Cypripedium Stonei

„ Veitcbil

„ barbatum

„ eoncolor

„ villosum
Lietia elegnns

„ Dayii

,. purpurata
Miltonia Candida grtndiflora

Miltonia spectabil:
Odontoglossum

roseum
Odontoglossum Alexandrro

„ radiatum

„ R' until

„ n.'evium majus

„ Phalainopsis

,, coronnrluni
Oncidium crispum

,, ampliatum majus
Phaljonopsis amabilis

„ grandiflora

„ Schilleriana
Saccolabium ampullaccum

„ curvifoliuiu

„ guttatum

,. retusum
Trichopilta crispUlora
Vonda Bateraannl

„ tricolor

,, suavis

citrosmuni

&c., A:c., Ac.
On view the Mormiig of Sale, and Catalogues had.

EstaDlished Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3S, King Street. Covent Garden, W C . on
THURSDAY', Ai)ril 20. at half- past 12 o'Clock precisely, the entire
collection of established ORCHIDS, t:-ie property of a gentleman
giving up their culture, including line healthy plants of the
following well-known varieties :-

Preston Hall, Aylesford, Kent.

Importaxt Salk Of SnoRT-HORNEi) Cattle.

MR. STRAFFORD has the honour to announce that
ho 18 instructed to SELL by AUCTION, without reserve,
on WEDNESDAY, May 1 next, at the Pieston Hall Farm
Aylesford, Kent, the renowned HERD of FIRST-CLASS SIKjPvT-
HOKN3 belonging to Edward Ladd Betts, Esq., wldoh consists of
upwards of fiO Head of Bulls, Cows, and Heifers. Tins iiiagnificent
Herd lia-s been bred with great spirit for several years, regardless of
expense, from the fireb soiu-cee m bhe country. It comprises the
whole of the far-famed "Grand Duchesses" and some "Grand
Dukes," several splendid specimens of the " Cambridge" or " Red
Rose" tribe, and other tine Kirklevmgton sorts, as well as some of the
choicest gems n-om tho Towi^eley Herd, with many more remarkable
animals. Bulls of the highest character have been used : tho young
Stock are by the celebrated Bulls Sixth Duke of Airdrie (19 002)
Third Duke of Thorndale (17,740), Fourth QrandDuke (19,874), Impe^
rial Oxford {18,(i84), and Fourth Duke of Thorndnle (17,750) l*lie
sires now in use are Grand Duke 4th (19,ST4V, Lord Oxford 2nd
(20 215), and Grand Duke 16th,

Catalogues with Pedigrees may be had on application to Mr,
Strafford. 13, Euston Square, London, N.W. ; or of Mr, Freeman
at the Preston ILdl Farm, Aylesford. Kunt,

Aniinecum sesqutpedale
Aerides nobile

„ maculosum Schroederi
Cattleya labiata

„ aniethy-stoglossa

„ Warneri
Calantbo Veitcliii superba
Odontoglosstim nrovium majus

„ hastllabium
Oncidium roseum

Oncidium leucochilum
Lielia purpurata

„ Schilleriana
Phalaenopsis Schilleriana

„ amabilis
Saccolabium curvlfolium

,, Blunici majus
Dendrobium Devonianum
Vanda ccerulea

.Sobraliamacranthasplendens, &c
On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Havering Park, near Romford, Essex.

llIPOKTANT SaLK Of SaORT-liOR\ED CaTTLE,

MR. STRAFFORD is honoured with instructions
from David Mcintosh, Esii., of Havering Park, Essex to
SELL by AUCTION, without reserve, on THURSDAY, Mav 2
next, his entire and well-known HERD of FIRST-CLASS .SHORT-
HORNS, comprising 60 Head of Bulls, Cows, and Heifers, that have
been bred with great judgment and care lor more than 20 years from
some of the purest and best strains in the kingdom. The animals
are principally of Mr. B ites's far-famed Kirklevington blood, whereof
many fine specimens of the "O-Kford," '"Barrington," and
"Waterloo" tribes will be found, besides some of the celebrated
"Princesses," from which family Belvedere (170G) was bred. There
are also several excellent representatives of Sir Charles Knightley's
" Fillet" and " Rosy " tribes, and a few " Charmers." Third Duke
of Thorndale (17,740) has lately been used, and Fourth Gr.and Duke
(10,^74) Is the sire of tho young Stock. "Baron Oxibrd," a splendid
young Bull, by the noble Duke of Geneva (19,614) and from the
1st Prize Heifer, " Lady Oxford .Uh," at the Worcester Royal, la at
present in sei-vice.

Catalogues with Pedigrees may bo bad on applicatinu to Mr
Stkafforii, 13, Euston Square, London ; or of Mr. Boyd, at the
HaveriuLC Park Farm, near Romford, Essex.

Important Sale of Orchids, Stove and Greenhouse
Plants, at Highgrove, Reading, Berks.

MR. .T. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
the Gardens, Highgrove, Reading, Berks, on TUESDAY
and WEDNESDA\, April !) and 10, tho valual^le Collection of
ORCHIDS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, formed by the
late J. J. BLandy, Esq., Vice-President ol tho Ro\al Horticultur.al
Society of London, comprising a great variety of fine PUnts, many
of which have been exhibited and carried oft" Prizes at the various
Metropolitan and Provincial Shows ; also several Greenhouses
Exhibition Van, 4c.

Catalogues are ready (price Gd. each, to admit parties to the Sale)
which may be had at the Gardens; also of Messrs. C.iopkr &.
GuLLDiNu, Auctioneers, Market Place, Reading; .and of Mr J C
Stevens. Horticultural Auctioneer and Valuer, 38, King Street
Covont Gai-den, London, W.C.

Choice Hardy, Ornamental, and Bedding Plants.
lYJ-R. J. C. STEVENS will SELL bv AUCTION, at

ItX h's Gre.it Rooms, 38, King Street, Coverit Garden, W C on
WEDNESDAY, April 10, at half-past 1'2 o" Clock precisely, a fine
COLLECTION of CARNATION^. PICOTEES, and f-INKS
Geraniums, Fuchsias, Roses, Auriculas, Pentstemons, Rod Cedars
Fruit Trees, Hardy Shrubs, Gladioli, Rustic Seats, Stools, Vases'
Baskets, Ac.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

consignment of Plants from Ghent.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
^ .,nr, ^'^ ^^^^^ *^00"is. 3S. King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. on
?.^Xf?i?ll^rF,*^-^/?^'l?^' ''*■ »'i""-P^st rj o'clock precisely, first-class
DOUBLE CASIELLLVS, INDIAN AZ.\XEAS Hardy Rhododen-
drons. Fruit Tr^es, Shrubs, Roses, Rustic Seats, Stools, &c.
On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

M Choice and Large Collection of Orchids.
R. J. C. STEVENS h:is bi-n iii-.i,'urt.Mi t-. SKLL hy
AUCTInN, .at Iji.s (iruat R us, :;s. Ku\-a street, Covent

G.arden, W.C, without reserve, mi THURSDAY' ati.l FRIDAY, the
2d and 3d of May, the entire COLLECTION of CHOICE ORCHIDS
belonging to Geo. Cooper, Esq., of Alpha House, Coburg Road,
Camberwell, owing to his giving up the growth in consequence of bis
removing into Kent, The Plants consist of all the leading and
newest varieties, including : —

Odontoglos.sum Dawsoni
,, gloriosum
„ luteo-purpureum
,, Insleayi
„ Pescat'oroi
„ pulchellum majus
„ radiatum
„ giande
Oncidium ampliatum majus
„ crispum grandiflorum
» „ „ marginatum

,, Lanceanum
Phalsenopsis graudiliora
„ .amabilis
,,. roseus

„ Euddemannlana
., Schilleriana
Peristoria elata

Saccolabium guttatum splendcns
,, premorsum
„ Blumei majus
„ Reidii
„ retusum
, ,, violaceum
Trichopilia suavis
Vaud.1. coirulea
„ Batemanni
„ gigantea
,, insignis
„ tricolor
suaTis, &c.

Aerides Fieldingii

,, maculosum

„ Lobbii

„ Lindleyanum

„ Liirpent:e

„ quioqiievulnerum

,, roseum superbum

,. virens superbum
Cattleya amothyatoglossa

„ Trianjo!

,, Mossiai

,, labiata

„ maxima

,, ,. superba

Cypripedium caudatum

„ Hookerl

„ Lowii
Dendrobium chrysotoxum

,, clavatum

„ densiflorum album

„ eburneum

„ beterocarpura

„ Cambridgeanum

y, thyrsiflorum
L;elia elegans

„ purpurata

„ autumnalis

„ Wallisii
Odontoglossum Alexandra;

„ Bluntil
citrosnnlm

On view the Moraings of Sale, and C italuL,'ucs bad.

Highly Important Sale of Established Orchids.
^/Ti-i- J. C. STEVKNS begs to annomice that he lias
j-tX been favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION
mrTTTT.cS'?",^ Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
THURSDAY, May !), at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, some
umwually fine Specimens and Choice Varieties of ESTABLISHED
ORCHIDS, being duplicates from the renowned Collection of
S. Rucker, Esq., of West Hill, Wandsworth, including :■

Aendes Larpentw

„ Fieldingii
Cypripedium caudatum
Dendrobium Wardil
Cattleya labiata

labiata speciosa

Trichopilia crispa

Miltonia Candida grandiflora

Odontoglossum PhaUenopsis

,, najvium majus
Calantho Veitchii
Cymbidium eburneum

And many other fine species all in the finest possible health ; also
some duplicates from the well-known Collection of J Day, Esq ol
Tottenham, including fine Plants and first-class varieties of the
following RARE ORCHIDS :—

Angnecum sesquipodalo
Aerides affino

„ L.arpentu)

„ Dayanum

„ qumquevulnerum
Cattleya amethystoglossa

,, Exoniensis

„ labiata

„ superba
Coelogyne cristata
Cypripedium Lowii

„ Dayanum

„ Stonei

., laivigatum
Dendrobium Devonianum

„ Htuiflorum

,, Farmerl
Dendrochilum filiformo
LEslia crispa superba «.v., ^^.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Lselia elegans

,, Schilleriana splendens
Maxillarla venusta
Miltonia Regnelli
Odontoglossum Bluntii

,, Pescatorei

,, nebulosum

,, Uro Skinneri
Phalajnopsis amabilis

„ .Schilleriana

„ Luddemanniana
rieione Jagenaria

,, humilis

,, maculata

„ Wallichii
Saccolabium guttatum

„ ampullaeeum
Vanda coanilea
&c., &o.

368

THE GAEDENERS' OHEONICLE AND AGRlGllLTtJEAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil G, 1867.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT LAWN. MOWEKS FOE 1867.

'

PATRONIZED ON FIVE OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1864 BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY.
DTTKING THE SEASON OF 1865 THEY WERE PATRONISED ON FOUR OCCASIONS BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND, ANB ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PEUSSIA.

AGAIN ON FOUR OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1866 BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND BY MANY DISTINGUISHED NOBILITY BOTH IN THIS COUNTRY AND ABROAD.

HORSE POWER MACHI^E.

Every minute point iii the way of improvemeut lias been carefully considered and adopted, and as A. S. and SON have for more than a quarter of a century
devoted tiieir attention to this particular branch of their business, the Nobility, Gentry, and Gardeners may rely on the MACHINES they may order to be such
as to ensure lasting satisfaction, and to stand the wear and tear of many years.

SHiiliKS' PATEIT LAWN MOWERS

ABE IN BAILY USE IN

ALL THE ROYAL GARDENS; IN THE flORTIClTLTUKAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUNDS;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;
And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

Tkese are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

TMESB AME TBE ONLY MACHINES TMAT WILL MOW PMOPERIT WMEN TUB GRASS IS WET.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUIJT OF LABOHR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shanks* Fatent Lawn Mower will Mmv on uneven as well as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, in referruig to their IMPROVED LAWN MOWERS for 1867, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in effecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the fii-st in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. AND SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an extent as possible in the construction of then' Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery are employed in manufacturing the various parts, and this applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S. AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWERS, which will enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

Width or Cutter.

10-inch Machine £3 10 0

12-inch Machine 4 10 0

14-inch Machine 5 10 0

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Easily Worked Silent Movement.

I By a Lady

4s. extra.

By a JBoy
SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE

Width of Cutter.

25-inch Machine £12 10 0

28-inch Machine 14 10 0 ., .. 30s. „

30-iuch Machine 15 15 0 .. ,. 305. ,,

Silent Movement, 12*. Qd. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set
liitto for Donkey, \%s. per set.

Width of Cutter.

Easily Worked Silent MoTement.

16-mch Machine ^£6 10 0 By a Man or Two Boys i . ^

12 6 By a Man a?id Boy ^^«-eswa.

19-inch Machine 7

22-inch Machine .. 8 7 6

24-inch Miichine 8 17 6

j-By

Ttoo Men

i Is.M.
\ extra.

If ivith Fatent Delivering Apparatus.
, , 26s. esti'a.

3HANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

Widtli of Cutter.

30-inch Machine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0

42-inoh Machine 26 0 0

48-inch Machine 23 0 0

If with Patent Dellvermg A,>parata
. . . 30s. extra.

.. 30s. „

.. 40s. „

.. 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

1^* 27, Zeadenhall Street is the only place in Zondon wh&i'e intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers ca?i choose from a Stock of from 150 to 200 Machines.
All sizes he'pt there^ whether for Horse Pony or Sand Bower.

Editorial Communications should he addressed to " The Editor ; " Adyertisements and Business Letters to " The Publisber." at the Offlce, 41, WelliQffton Street, Covent Garden, London. W.C.

Printed by JAMEsMAXTHHwa, at the Office of Messrs. Bradbury. Evans, & Co., Lombard Street. Pr^oinct of Whitefriara, City of LondoQ.in the Co. of Middlesex, and Published by the said Jambb MATTHBffa,at tM
Offlce. No. 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.— SAToaDAV, AprU tl, 1667.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 15.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, APRIL 13.

(Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, Qd,

INDEX.

AurlculiurftU'ducation, 383 r-
AuricuUui'i!, Ooverniiieut

BottTdof 3&1 a—

A;>ril, work for

HecM

HuokH noticed

llromusodortttui :

rium'lllna

I buttle , exhibiting :

(.■onercte :

Kduciitlon , iigriculturnl , 383 c—
lOlildendruin nmetliystinum, .

KvcrKreciiH, plantiiitc

l-'HrDiPre' Clubii

OriLsse.iiColunibinn

Hiiwks ;

HulionhrJDi l^miliiK ■

HyuciutliB, Temple

Iron

I taly, Icttors from

Miinchester Exhibition

3!HI b
37« b

Mii'-i'um HtillcttJiinum

tlJinillll lllilL^i'DUU

I)|i.'mlin[i'-, |).iJiik-.S ,

I'nns, k'tti'isfmm 376 6-

I'l^HH. curly

Phalienopsida ,

I'Uiits.ni'W

Phmt iiouienclnture

Priimiliis

sheep, brteding and BnizinR .

Society, Itoynl Horticultural

— llotunii'ul of Ediii'

burgh

Stallion shows

Strawberry Sir Harry

Toxodiuni distichu

Tfiizcl

■turkeys

Vino growing, rival systems

Warner's (Mr.) Orchids

376 a
376 b
390 b
■385 e

378 0
376 a
376 b
376 c
3h1 n
388 b

379 a

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
SECOND SPRING SHOW of EAKLY AZALEAS, ROSES, &c.,
ou TUESDAY NEXT, April 10. Doors open nt 2. Band 3 to 6.30.
Admission, by privlJugod tickota, 2s. Od,; public, 3s. Qd., to be
bought prior to the dtiy ; or by payrnont ut the gatos, ^.

R~"OY AL II 0 RT I C U LT URAL^ ^Solj lET Y,
SOUTH KENSINGTON. W.
Promenade and Hand every Saturday afternoon Ihrnughout the vear.
NoTict.— Dr. MASTERS will cive a short LELl'URE on PLANT
ARCHITECTURE THIS DAY, SATURDAY, April 13, and the
TWO succeediiik- SATURDAYS, at Three.

THK CHOICEStTTnEW R0SP:S for 1867, with
strong healthy growth, unusually fine plants, ao aeon as
weather permits. Price i'2s, per dozen.

RicnARD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

NEW ROSliS for 1867.— Strong Phmts of all tbe best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DEfiCHirTIVE LIST, with prices, ou application.
JoiiN Cranston, King's Acre Nursorios, near Hereford.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the~KOS E^
Second Edition. By Jonv Ciianston, King'g Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Freo hy post IVom tbe Author for 20 stamps.

VERY stron- H.P. ROSES in POTS on their own
ROOTS, 6,f. per dozen, .selection left to myself, when nothing
but Eood sorts and good phmts will he offered.

James Ckawfokd, Hi^h Beech, N.E.

s

UTTON'S GRASS SEEDS

FOR ALL SOILS.
See page 31)1, this week's Paper.

U"T t~0~N ' S GR A"S~S SEEDS,

at

THE CRYSTAL PALACE. I THE llOYAL FARMS,

and the LEADING SEATS in the Kingdom.

For prices, see pugo 3Stl, ui this week's Paper.

New Stnped Japanese Maize.

SUTTON AND SONS can supi)ly Seed of the above
beautiful Ornamental F'.liage Plmit in packets at Is. each, post
free. Royal Berkshire Seed EntablLsliniLnt, Readmg.

Sorghum tartarlcum.

SUTTON AND SONS, having impoftea a supply of
Tnui: Seed of the above, can supply it In pnckets at Is. and
2s. Gd. each (post free).

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

The New Forage Grass {Eromus Schradeii).

SUT'iON AND SONS have ijiiporled a large supply of
True Seed of the above, and offer it at 2a. Gd. per lb., or cheaper
in large quantities. Quantity required per acre. 3(t lb. Lowest price
per cwt. and instructions on cultivation, may be had on application.
Sutton & Sons. Seed Merciiants, Reading.

Bromus SchraderL

NUTTING AND SONS Imviiiji- just received a con-
signment of the above PRAIRIE GRASS from Australia, will
be glad to send samples and price upon application,
GU, Barbican, London. E.C.

DICKINSON'S ITALIAN KYE-GEASS SEED,
grown by him and sold to Agriculturists this season at 31s, per
quarter, or for 6 quarters 30s. per quarter. Apply to

Mr. Tuos. SrANuniuoK, Bailiff, New Park, Lymington, Hants.

NATURAL GRASSES: their Names and .Derivations;
Qu.ility, Produce, Elevation, Situation, Soil, Use, Peculiarity
Season, Growth, Incieiso, Time of Floweiiim, Trice, &c.
Free for one p'i.stri^;e -.tarup,
RicnARD Smith, Weed MLicli;uit, Worcester.

Grass Seeds for Permanent Pasture.

RICHARD SMirH'S MIXTURH: of tbe finest
PERENNIAL GRASSES and CLOVERS are carefully made
to suit all kinds of S:)il. Price 2Gs. to 32s. per aero.
PRICED LIST ou application.
RicuARD Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

R

OSE NOISETTE MARECHAL NIEL. I

strong plants, in pots, 30s. per dozen.

Trade price on application, I

JoBN Cattell, Westerham, Kent.

THE BEST and MOST CHOICE NEW ROSES for '
1S67, m extra-strong well-grown Plants, now ready at 42s. per
dozen. A very liberal allowance to the Trade. i

Wm. Wood & So.-j, The Nurseries, Maresfleld, near Uckflold, Susses !

ORTY THOUSAND DWARF ROSEs"^i POTS.—

HYBRID PERPETUALS, CHINA, TEA-SCENTED, !
BOURBONS, and NOISETTES, all in tbe finest health and vigour, '
DESCRIPTIVE LISTS on application.
Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfieid, near Uckfleld,
Sussex.

F

Dwarf Roses in Pots for Bedding.

WM. WOOD AND SUN are now sending out quantities
of well-grown PlaiiLs of DWARF HOSES in pots for Ollmg
up blanks caused by the late severe frost.

Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfield, Sussex.

WARE RT) S E S in pots,

by the 100, dozen, or 1000, at 9s., 12s,, and IBs. x>er dozen.
CATALOGUES on application.
Address, Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near
Uokiield, Sussex.

s

TRAWBERRY PLANTS.

THE LADY (Underhili.) 48, per dozen, 30s. per 100.

Strong plants of 20 other best kinds, 2.t. Qd. per 100.

Trade price on application.

JoQN Cattell, Westerham, Kent.

PRINCESS of WALES STRAWBERKY. —This fine
variety is now proved to be the best early variety ever pro-
duced, either for Forcing or for general Early Crop. See Gardeners'
Chronicle of May 12, 1866, p, 437. Good Plants can now be supplied
from the true stock, at 5s. per 100. from the raiser,
B. W. Khiijiit. Nurseryman. Battle, Susses.

Vines for Cool Vineries.

PAUL AND SON have fine Cunes, fit for present
planting, of HAMBURGH, GOLDEN FRONTIGNAN, LADY
DOWNES', and DUt^HESS of BUCCLEUCII. 5s. each.
The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

PINES, VINES, and ASPARAGUS.—
Pine Plants, Queens, in all sizes, surplus stock, very cheap.
Hamburgh Vines, 2-yr., fine Canes for planting, 24s, per dozen.
Asparagus, 2, 3. and 4-yr. old. line strong roots, 2s., 2,'(. &/., &,■*;}. per 100.
M. RocHFORD, Market Gardener, Page Green, Tottenham, N.

ASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants "of the abovtrmay

now be had at 10s. Cd, and 21s. each ; the usual discount to tha
Trade. Peter Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and London.

w

EBB'S PRIZE COB, FILBERT and other PRIZE

NUT TREES. LIST of varieties and prices to be had of
Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, iNEuTARINES, APRICOTS, CHKRRIES,
PLUMS, PEAR.S, APPLES. VINES, and P^IGS.
Richard Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Planting.
\X7"M. PAUL begs to refer intending Planters of

TV ROSES. FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, &c., to his Advertise-
ment ol December 1, 1860.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES on application.
Fadl's Nurseries. Waltham Cross, N.

Railway Planting.

XpiVE MILLION Tr-anaplanted CiUlCKS, of superior
JL growth. Also 100,000 LAKCH, very good plants, 4 to 0 teet, at

14s. pur 1000. Samples and prices ou application to

John Hemsley, High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

GIANT ASPARA(iUS.—2-vr., strong Roots, 25. 6rf. per
100 ; 20s, per 1000. 3-yr., very sti ong, 3s. Otf. per 100 ; 308. per 1000.
John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

Giant Asparagus.- To the Trade.

Y QUELL AND CO. bt^ic to ofier strong Plants of the
above at the following low prices: —
2-yr., very flne, 10s. per lOoo. | 3-yr., extra fine, 15s. per 1000.
Royal Nurseries, Great Ynrmoutli.

PEA LINCOLNSHIRE GEM, pronounced by
the principal Gardeners in this neighbourhood superior to
either Veitch's or Yorkshire Hero, being earlier and heavy cropper.
Martin & Son, 7, Market Place, Hull.

PATERSON'S VICTORIA POTATOS.— The heaviest
croppers, the finest Savoured, and the best keepers. Seed
direct from Mr. Patersos. Price on application to
Mr. Pkarce. Moasham, Atherstone.

To the Trade.

TRUE SEED of RAPHANUS CAUDATUS (the
Wonderful Radish) by the 100. Price quoted on application.
B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway,

London, N.

White Belgian Carrot.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply fine New Seed of the
above at a very moderate prl,;e, according to quantity required.
Apply to

Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Keadhsg.

w

Globe Artichokes.

ANTED, 300 of

the above.

State price per 100 to
E. P. Francis & Co., Nurserymen, Hertford,

ANTED, strong Early ICABBAGE PLANTS.

Lowest Cash price to
Wm, Trocout, Seed Merchant, Preston.

New Chrysanthemums, Pyrethrums, &c.

JOHN SAl.Tbirs DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE is
now ready, and will be sent on receipt of two postage stamps.
Versailles Nursery, William Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith,
W. {near Kensington Railway Station).

Chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemums,

Chrysanthemums.

ADAM FORSYTH'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For-
warded to all applicants for one stamp.

Brunswlclc Nursery, Stoke Newington, London, N.

GOOD CLOVER SE1!:DS, at Market Prices.— Red,
White Dutch, Alsike, Cow Grass, and Tref>'il ; also PerennlTil,
Italian Rye, and other Grasses. For samples and lowest prices, apply
to Richard Smith, Seed Morchnut, Worcester.

To Improve Meadow Land.

RICHARD SMITH'S MIXTURE of the finest
GRASSES and PERENNIAL CLOVERS (? to 12 lb. per acre,
at lOd. per lb.), if sown earlv, will cause a valuable improvement to the
crop. Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

ARM SEED LISTof theLONDON SEED COMPANY

is now published, ard can bo obtained from the
Manaoer, 68, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.

SKIRVING'S SWEDE TURNIP, 31*. per bushel.
Fine selected stock, from the
London Seed Company, 68, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

ELLOW GLOBE MANGEL, SOs^ per cwt

Fine selected stock, from the
London Seed Compant, 68, Welbeck Street. Cavendish Square, W.

ONQUEROR BROCCOLI.— The finest^roccoli~"in

Cultivation is BARCHARD'S CONQUEROR. See large
Advertisement in the Gardeners' Chronicle, December 8, 1866,
Witty & Son, Seed Establishment, Cottingham, near Hull,

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, Mkkcuants, and Nurskryukn,
237 & 238, High Holborn, London. W.C.

0O»7 and 238, niGir HOLBORN, LONDON, W.(j.

</0 i —CARTKIIS SKIJOCT LIST of FARM SEEDS, at
reasonable prices. rurw;irilud ni'-i'inand poatl'reo on.'ipplicationto

Caiiteu's Great l-muiiju Sued Warehouse, Zil and 238, High
Holborn, Loij.l<iii. W.C,

Notice.— Present Prices of Farm Seeds.

MESSRS. SUTl'ON'S PRICKS of FARM SREDS
for APRIL will be the same as quoted in their CATALOGUE
for FEBRUARY and MARCH, which may be had post free on
application. Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading,

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Mbri-hants, 7, Borough Market, London, S.E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, ana FLOWER

SEKD.S. Special prices and advantageous offurs on application.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

C1HARLKS SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
f Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.
Seed Warehouse, Sleatord,

s

Unadulterated Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
• M I T H E K S A N i> (; K I C H T 0 N,

Sei^d Merchants, Bnnhill Rnw, Finsbury Stnmi''\ Lundon, K.C
CATALOGUES iJi.st IVuy un !i[.i,lic:itinTi

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHAKfE'S WHULESALE SPEING
• PRICED LIST of tlio abnvo Seeds of 18CG growth is now
rendy and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Eatablishinent, Wisbech.

Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLAUD, Seed Guoweu and MEitcu.i.NT,
2(1, Quai de la Megisstrio, P.aris, Franco.
SPECIAL PKICED LIST of NEW SEEDS, lu English weights
and money, post free on application.

Somersetshire Prize Seeds.
/^ ENUINE GAKDEN aud FLOWJiU and FAllM

VT SEEDS of the finest stocks and <iuality ; LISTS now ready.
Robert H. Povnter. the County Seed Establishment, Taunton.

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. Ilighfiato, London, N.

I Plants for the Season.

CHAELES TUKNEH'S DESCRIPTIVE SPRING
CATALOGUE of BEDDING PLANTS, FLORIST'S
j FLOWERS, &c., is now ready, ana may be had on application.
I The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 23S, HlRh Holbom. London.

I High Beech, Essex.

JAMES CRAWFORD begs to announce that his Stock
of BEDDING STUFF is extensive and very flne.
Low Prices taken.

IBBON BORDER (six Colours), German and French,

COLLECTIONS, andall specialties worth growing. SeoPoYNTEa'

LIST. Robert H, Poynter, Taunton.

EO. SMITH'S LE GRAND GERAJ^IUM. — The
finest Bedding Nosegay ever rjiised. Strong I'lants at Os. per
dozen, package included. Terms cash.

FuiLii- Ladds, Nursery, Bexley Heath, Kent.

TRICOLOR GERANIUMS. — Italia Unita, Stella,
Variegated Topsy, Rainbow, Fontainebleau, Gold Pheasant,
Mrs, Pollock, Sunset. The above, one of each, good plants, 12s.
T. J. Boi»Tg, Rainhill Nursery, Rainhill, Lancashire.

NEW WHITE LOBKLIA MISS MURPHY "(Usher's).
— The most beautiful and compact of all white Edging plants.
4s, per dozen ; 258. per 100.

MAaTiv & Son, 7, Market Place, Hull.

T
D

HE WHITE LOBELIA MISS MUitPHY,

3s. ad. per dozen.
DoBSON & Sons, Isleworth, London, W.

OBSONS' SEEDS : Second to None.—

PRIZE CALCEOLARIA, Is. M., 2a. lid., 3s. dd., 6«.
PRIZE CINERARIA, Is., 2s. Od., 6s.
PRIZE PRIMULA, Is., 2s. 6d., 6s.
PRIZE BALSAM, Is.. 2s.

DoBsoN & Sons, Isleworth, London, W.

GERMAN FLOWER SEEDS.— Superb Varieties of
AstcTjStock, BaIsam,Wallflower, Phlox Drummondii, PortuJaoa,
Larkspur, Zinnia, &c. For prices, see DESCRIPTIVE SEED LIST.
RiL-nARD Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

^HOW DAHLIAS, in strong plants, now ready.
O 12 Varieties, named, 4s., or 24 Varieties, named, 8s. Terms cash.
John J, Haslam, late John Holland, Bradsbaw Gardena,
Chadderton, Manchester,

The Finest Winter-blooming Plant is the

QCARLET SALVIA SPLENDENS.

kJ Fine plants, cheap, at

Payne's Nursery, Wincobank, Sheffield.

LAPAGERIA ROSEA.— A splendid Specimen Plant
for Sale— standing in a tub nearly !i ft. bij{h. It is trained
spirally, and when opened out would cover a wall of 30 tl. Can be
seen at 42, Warwick Road, Maida Hill, W., ou presentation of Card.

Clianthus DampierL

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, and CO. have to offer a
quantity of the above Seed, just received in splendid condition,
at Is. and 2s. 6d. per packet. Price to the Trade on application.
South How, Cogent Garden Market, >V.C.

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND AUTUMN-STRUCK
CUTTINGS of the beautitul VIOLA CORNUTA. so much
admired in these gardens during the past summer. Pnce on appli-
cation. J. Miller, Manor Gardens, Worksop, Notts.

TO AMATEURS.— A SMALL COLLECTION of
ORCHIDS belonging to a Gentleman going abroad, to be aia-
posed of reasonably.

Alfua, Mr. Cox, Clement's House, Clenieufs Lane, E.C.

370

THE GARDENEES' CHEONICLE AND iGEIClILTlTRAL GAZETTE,

[Apeil 13, 1867.

m li I C 0 L 0 R

Mlffi'. Pollock, 7s. atid 95. per doz.
Italia Unita, 21s. per doz.

PELAKGOII^IUMS.

Sunset, 21s. per doz.
, Mrs. Bonyon, 24s. per doz.
In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package includod.

Remittance required from unknown Correspondents.
Address, Alfred Fryer, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

c

HO ICE VARIEGATED PELARGONIUMS.

Sunset Luna Italia Ujaita

Mrs. Bonyon Bicolor splendens Picturntum

Gold Pbea.saut Princess Alexandra KeQilworth

Yellow Belt Queen of Queens The Fairy

The above ISvarietiessuitable for Exhibition or Pot-culture for 21s.
Remittances requested from unknown correspondents.

Alfred Fryer, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridge.

EO SMITH'S FKICED and DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE of SHOW, SPOTTED, FANCY, VARIE-
GATED, ZONAL, and NOSEGAY GERANIUMS, Petunias,
Fuchsias, Dahlias, Verbenas, Chrysanthemums, Bedding Plants, &c.,
is now ready, in exchange for one postage stamp.

Tollington Nursery, Hornsey Road, Islington, London, N.

To tiie Trade.

Mrs. PoLLociL and Sd.nset Geraniums.

TJ, BOOTH solicits Orders for the above, to
• deliver on and after the first week in May. Nice plants, with
Bto ID loaves, well up in colour, Ur cash, per dozen, 7s.; 100,50s. ;
500, £12; 1000, £22. SUNSET, 18s. per dozen; £0 per 100.
Rainhill Nursery, Rambill, Lancosliire.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Allan's, Herts.

NOTICE.

J NO. AVATSON will EXHIBIT hi.^ far-famed
TRICOLOR PELARGONIUMS, MISS WATSON and MRS.
DIX, at tlie KENSINGTON SPRING SHOW, on April 16. Purchasers
will have a first-rate opportunity to see and judge of their merit for
themaelvos. For fine foliage, free gro'wth, and brilliancy of colouring
they are iinrivalled, and as Flower Garden Plants will undoubtedly
prove gems. Miss Watson, in Aiigusc, two First-class Certificates,
£2 -Is. each ; Mrs. Dix, 31s. firf. each, in May, 1808.

N

JSW lYT-LEAVED PELARGONIUMS.

L' ELEGANTE. — Leaves green, margined with creamy-white; flowers
' white, lO.".-. (id. each ;'six plaut-^, £3.
DERBVSHIRli HERO (Zonal).— Bright cerise.
STAFFORD GEM (Zou;iii.— Orange-scarlet.
SCARLET CHRISTINE (Plain-leaved).— Bright cerise, shaded with

purple.

ROSE MAGENTA {Noseg.ay).— Fine habit, good bedder,

6s. each, set of four for 15s.

The above to oe sent out after April 20.

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CIRCULARS to theTra-ie on application.

See Gardeners' Olironicle, p. 234, starch 2.

W. CuNNiNGiiAJi, The Forge Nui-senes. Burtou-on-Trent.

pHEAF, CHEAP, CHEAP.—

KJ Two dozen MRS. POLLOCK GERANIUM, Six Plants of
ITALIA UNITA DO., and Six Plants of STELLA VARIEGATA
Do., for 21s.

One dozen best NO.SEGAY GERANIUMS, including Pink Stella
and Le Grand, for 8s,

Oae dozen VIOLETS, nine of the uiagnificcnt QUEEN and three
of the beautiful CZAR, in pots, for 10s.

Basket and packing included. ■

The above are good plants. A remittance must accompany each
order from unluiown corrcspocidents.

John Bakrktt, The Nurseries, Bury St. Edmund'.s, Suffolk.

N

EW ZONAL UEKANIUMS.-

These, now so well known a.=! the Cliveden Seedlings, were
selected from many thousands, and have stood the test of trials for
two seasons with the be.st named kinds. They have gained the
highest awards wherever shown, including First-class Certificates for
each tt the Royal Hortijultural Society, and have received the
highest and niost unanimous praise of the Xlorticnltural press. The
following is a specimen of the manner in which they have been
spoken of :—

The "Gardeners' Magazine" says: — "And this brings mo to
Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Constance Grosvenor, which have
been several times shown by Mr. Turner this season, and ought to be
sent out next spring at nothing less than a guinea a plant, to recoup
their raisers for the hundreds they have need to grow for tlie muct-
heap."

DUCHESS of SUTHERLAND {NosiiQAy).— A variety of great meiit,
rosy purple, very free bloomer, with truss of great sizo ; it retains
its blossoms to an unusually lon>i time, and is equally effective in
pots, v;ises, or the flower garden, 5s.
INTERNATIONAL (Noskoay).— Rich crimson or crimson-scarlet, a
deop rich shade of colour, with a wider petal than any other
Nosegay, being a decided improvement in the shape of this very
useful class of bediiing Jind pot pUuits, 5s,
LADY CONSTANCE GROSVENOR (NosKCiv). — Intense fiery
scarlet, of the stylo of Cybister, having a truss of at least double
the size ; an immense truss, with the adyantago of a dwarf com-
pact habit and foliage, so clearly zoned as to be handsome with-
out bloom. This is a most beautiful variety, /is.
Strong plants ready May 1.
CgAHLEs TuitSER, The Roy.al Nurseries, Slough.

New Zonal Pelargoniums.
QALTMARSH and SON, Nuksf.hymev, Seed.st^ien,

YJ and Florists. Chelmsford, have great plea.sure in mtroducing
the following SEEDLINGS of tlieir own raising, feeling confldent
they will £iYe equal satisfaction with the two now well-known varie-
ties, Luna and Uttle Ti-cssure, sent out by them In 1SG5, They will
be retidy for distribution in May next. Early orders are solicited, as
the atook Is limited.

ZONAL PELARGONIUMS.
REINE D'lTALIE (Saltmarsh & Sos).— A Seedling from that
lughly esteemed variety, Roi d'ltalio, possessing all the nodd
properties of its parent in compactness of habit, profusion,
form, and size of flowers, each blossom measuring Igtlis oi .an
inch in diameter ; colour pale salmon fiesh, shading off to flesh
white at the edges, with pure white eye, altogether formmg a
most attractive specimen lor pot culture. Price 7s. Od. each.
CRITERION (Saltmaksh & Son).— Also a seedling from Hoi d'ltalie,
with darker zone, producing an abujidance of flowers, of the
large size of its parent, of the most perlect form, and borne on
stout footstalics; habit compact and vigorona ; tolour bright
orange vermilion, with small white eye. Price 7s. G(i. each.
VARIEGATED ZONAL PELARGONIUMS.
METEOR (Saltmahsh &. Son),— Foliage largo imd flat, aJmost
circular, having a green disc about ll-inch in diameter, sur-
rounded by a verj' broad and wull-defined zona of deep sienna
maroon ami bright red in about equal proportions, leaving a
clep margin of about a quarter of an inch of bright chrome
yellow; flowers bright scarlet, with white eye; habit compact
and vigorous.
The above splendid vai-iety will prove a valuable addition to the
Golden Tricolor section of variegated Pelargoniums ; it is quite
distinct from any variety hitherto introduced, and was awarded
a First-class Certificate at the Roval Horticultural Society's
Meeting in September, 1864. Price 21s, each.
A Coloured Drawing, by Andrews, of this splendid variety, will be
sent (post tree) on receipt of 7 stamps,
ELECTRIC (Saltmarsq & SoNJ.—Foliage greenish yellow, changing
with exposure to sun and air to a rich golden yellow, with a very
Tjroftd zone of dark chocolate, in the way of Luna, but mOre
heavily zoned, and of more robust habit, producing fine trusses
of scarlet flowers with white eye. Price 10a. Oil. uacli.
VENUS (Saltmarsu & Son}.— Foliage greenish yellow, changing to
golden yellow, with shiiht bronze zone; habit compact and
spreading, producing neat trusses of well-formed flowers on short
IdotKtalks, of a ao/l and pleasing shade of rosy cerise, altogether
forming a most attractive variety by the harmonious bleuaing of
its colours and its remarkably close habit of growth. Price
10s. 6U. each.
SNOWSTOIUI (SALtiiAKsn & Son).— Foliage green, with a very deep
edge of pure white. This variety will he found to tli.splay a
greitei proportion of white varieg-ition than any other vet
produced ; tlie leaves are less disposed to curl than most valie-
ties of this class; in addition to which the habit .sexceedhigly
close, \ et robust and bushy ; flowers rosy scarlet wi white eye.
Price 10$, dd. each.

TO THE TSADE.

SCARLET GERANIUMS, 10s, pei- 100.
VERBENAS to name, 8s. per 100. : do. CRIMSON KING, 16s. do.
CALCEOLARIAS HAMPTON COURT, YELLOW PINE.PRINcE
of ORANGE, and CRIMSON KING, 8s. per 100.

DELPHINIUM FORMOSUM. 5s. per 100.
The above are good Plants, shaken out of Cutting Pots. List of
sorts on application. Terms: cash.

S.\sifKij Cox, Nurseryman, Ludlow.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.
TNTENDINMi PURCHASKRS of TKICOLOR
i- PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS. DIX, previous to making their
purchases. For flno'foliage, excellent constitution, free growth, atid
brilliancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
First-class Certificates. Plants of Miss Watson in August, £2 2s. each;
Mrs. Dix in May, 18B8, SU. Gd. each.

0 N A L (GERANIUMS.

GLOIRE DE CORBENNY , BANNERET
ST. fJEORGE GLOIRE DE NANCY

PHCENIX GLOW

PINK STELLA SALMON NOSEGAY

KING OF WHITES SIR J. PAXTON

WILTSHIRE LASS I WHITE PERFECTION

Strong plants of the above set, IO.'j., pack-Age included.
Casbon & Son, Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

A UCUBAS, FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GEEANIUMS, &c.

C Varieties AUCOBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.
12 Select NEW FnCHSlAS of 1S(;6 for Os.
12 Select NEW ZONAL GERANIOMS of 1866 for Cs.

6 Select DOOBLE MIMULUS for 3s.
12 .Select CHRYSANTHEMUmS of 1S66 for 4s.
12 Varieties JAPAN EUOS YMUS, very lino, 6s.
12 line Varieties DWARF PERPETUAL ROSES, 6s.

3 Varieties NEW J.4PAN OSMANTHUS, quite haidv, os.

HEW WHITE LOBELIA MISS MURPHY, is. pur (i6zen.

B. W. KNronT, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

pHEAF and BEAUTIFUL FLOWER SEEDS.

100 Packets of the best and most showy hardy, half hardy, s. d.

and tender Annuals 20 0

fiO „ „ „ 10 0

25 ., ,. „ 5 0

25 Packets of the best showy Hardy Annuals 5 0

12 „ ,. 2 U

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE on .applicaiion.
RicHAnD Smitu, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

L A N T S FOR THE S Eli. SON.

£ A-. d.

12 Finest New DAHLIAS of ISGO 0 0 0

12 „ „ FUCHSIAS of 1SC6 0 9 0

12 „ „ VERBENAS of 1600 0 4 0

30 „ „ VEitEENAS of ISGO 0 0 0

J2 „ „ CHRV.SANTHEMUMS .. ,.080

12 „ „ Shrubby CALCEOLARIAS, one each 0 (J 0

12 „ „ PENTSTEMONS 0 » 0

12 Sut'erb New HOLLYHOCKS 3 3 0

12 Fine kinds „ 14 0

12 Good kind? „ 0 12 0

12 Best New BEDDING GERANIUMS .. ..090

BEDDING PLANTS in large quantities, cheap and good.

CATALOGUE now rea-ly and free.

Henhv Mav, The Hope Nurseries,. Bedale.

RI2E GERMAN ASi'ER, ^-o-mi by Mr. Besley.
Amateur, who has taken many Prizes at the following Shows-
Crystal Palace, Reading, Oxford, and Bath. Packefs free per post.
Is, cacli. Assortmouta of 12 Hardy Annuals, or G Half-hardy, with
full instructions for cultivation, 2.s-, each,

T. Smith, Seedsman, Long Wittenhani, Abingdon, Berks,

Lobelias, Lobelias, Lobelias.

THOMAS SAJIPSON i^ now rt-:ulv to supply by the
Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand, the splendid LOBELIA
ERINUS SPECIOSA GRANDIJ'LORA, well known as the best of
its class for Bedding and other purposes, being of a compact
habit, and of freer groMrth than the known L. speciosa, havmg

Eroved it to he more la.sting and hardy. The flowers h re largo dark
lue, with fine white eye. Per dozen, in store pots, 2s. ; per
100, I2,s-. ; per 1000, 05.s-.

Petku Drumsiond, Manager, The Preston Road Nurseries, Yeovil,
Somersetshire. .

Cheap Bedding and other Plants.

THO^fAS SAMPSON. Proprietor of the Preston Road
Nursenos, Yeovil, Somersetshire, lately carried on by
Diummoud & Co., ani lormerly by JoUn Scctt, has mui^h pleasuio
in announcing that his CATA'LOGUE for the above Plants is now
ready, and can be liad free on application, T. S. begs to assure his
friends that the above has been for many years one of the largest
in the country for CHEAP BEDDING PLANTS, and that his pre-
sent Collection is now mn,tt unique and extensive, consisting of
upwards of 200.000 Plants, being two to one of auy other Establish-
ment in the West of England. Having recently extended his Glass
Department to upwards of 12,000 feet, expressly for the culture of
Bedding Plants, he is enabled to supply them in such varieties and
at such low prices as cannot fail to giyo tho fullest satisfaction. T. S.
will feel much obliged if his tJriends will kindly inspect his Collection
and forward their Orders early, so as to avoid delay or incoi^venience.
The Plants will be ready to send out after the 20th of April.
Peter Drdmuond, Manager, The Preston Road Nurseries, Yeovil,
Somersetshire,

171INK NEW DAHLIA, MRS. BOSTON (May'i',

X to be sent out May 1st, ISO",— The colour is lilac rose, a fine
built Hower and superloi- petal, and very constant. It was lii aV
H. May's Winning Stands diiring the last season, and is extensivel;
ordered by all who have seen it.

Price lOs. fid. each. The Trade liberally supplied,
Henrv May, The Hope Nurseries, near Bedale, Yorkshire,

Early Spring Flowers.

WEBB'S GlAN'i POLYANTHUS and COWSLIP,
with all the best varieties of double and Single PRIMROSES
PANSIES, &.C., with Seeds of single varieties. LIST of prices o
different kinds on application to
Mr. Webh, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

Choice Seeds

WM, CUTBUSH AND SON strongly recommend th(
following : —
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATi^, of the finest possible strain.

Red, White, or Mixed, 2s. 6(7., 3s., and 5s. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very fine, 2s, Gd.

3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2s, Od., ^. 6d., and 5s. per packet
SNOW'S WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C. & Son'sown

saving, 2s. 6d. perpacitet.
NUNEHAM PARK ONION. 2s, Gd. per packet.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free,
■ Highgate Nurseries, London, N,

T SCOTT'S CHOICE SEEDS.
Ci • Post Free. Per Packet,

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA.-A most superb strain, and

cannot be surpassed, 8 varieties, mixed. Is. M. and 2s. Gd.
CALCEOLARIA,— Scott's superb strain, extra. Is, and 2s. Gd.
CINERARIA.— Extra fine, carefully hybridizod , Is. and 2s. Gd.

Also newest Perfection French ASTER, for exliibition, greatest
variety, Cri. and Is.; best German Quilled ASTER, Gd. and Is.-
New Victoria ASTER, 0 vars., mixed. Is. ; Dwarf Chrysanthemum fl
Aster, Gd. and Is. ; Newest German STOCKS, greatest variety,
Gel. and Is. ; New Striped-leaved Japanese MAIZE, Is, ; Choice
PHLOX DRUMMONDII, 12vais., mixed, Is. ; do., most brilliaLt
Scariet, Is. ; Invincible Scarlet SWEET PEAS, Is. ; Tagetee
signata, 6(7 ; Viola cornuta, Mauve or Purple Queen, Is, ; superb
Double Z innia, Gd. and Is. -, extra fine Single do., 6d.

Scott's Superb Dwarf Crimson BEET, Suitable for ribbon borders
in kitchen garden, the be-st grown, Gd.; CUCUMBER, Enfield
Surprise, fi-aiae. Is. ; do. Scott's Market Ridge, Gd.; Melville's
Variegted KALE, Gd.; Victoria New Whito COS LETTUCE, Is.;
Princess Alice MELON, Is. ; Raphanus caudatus, or Rat's-tail
Radish, Is.

For descriptions of the above cheap Collections, Sc, Fsee
SELECT SEED LIST, post free on application to

J. Scott, Tho Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Bedding Plants, from 2s. per dozen.

J SCOTT, The Nurseries, Jlemott, Somerset, has now
• ready liis imrivalled Collection of the above, numbering over
300,000, in quality and nrices unsurpassed.

LOBELIA SPECIOSA (Tede), and SPLENDIDA (Scott's), at 2s.
per dozen, 10s. per 100, and 80s. per 1000. This last has been adver-
tised by others under the wromj name of L. Erinus speciosa graiidi-
flora, a name uncalled for, as J. S. has supplied his customers with
it for some years as L. splendida. CATALOGUES on application

N,B.— Seeing ray name has been inserted in an advertisement of
Bedding Plants by Mr. Sampson, Nurseryman, Preston Road, and as
it may mislead my customers, I beg to say that 1 have long ceased to
have any connection with tha'. Nursery. It w^is a small branch
established by me, and sold by me two or tliree years ago, since
which time I have had nothing to do with it, I am forced to insert
the above, as parties have sent orders to me, which have found their
way to aud^been executed ac Preston Road, unsatis/actorily, as will
appear from the following letter on the subject : —

"Sin, — When I was at Yeovd in April last I called at your shop
and inquired if you still sent out Bedding Plants and was informed

that you did. Mi-s. , .is she thought, ordered some of you, but,

to our great surprise, we find them sent by Peter Drummond & Co,
I mention tiiis, as we were not pleased with the way the order was
executed last year, a fact I mentioned to your Foreman (Seedsman),
April tlie 7th ; and therefore decided to have no more plants of that
firm. The Bedding Plants now sent me [by fthem. J. S,] are not
what were ordered, and not healthy 'of their kind, — 1 remain, your
obedient Servant, "J. H, P,"

J. Scott's Seed Stores in Yoovil are conducted with great care and
attention to the requirements of his increasing Customers, and
every requisite for the Farm or G,irden can be obtained. Orders for
Bedding Plants left: there will be punctually attended to.

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOMAS Sampson, The Preston Koad Nurseries,
Yeovil, Somerset, begs to intimate that bis CATALOGUE of
SKEDS for the GARDEN and FARM is now ready, and can be
obtained free on appli&itibn. It contains a Select and Choice Stock,
everything being ot the best quality, and are ofl'ered at unequalled
low prices.

Vegetable, Agrieultural. and Rower Seeds, Alpine
__ Plants, &c.

TjOBEPvT PARKEK begs to aujiounce that hie
it CATALOGUE, conEaimng >elect DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds in ciUtivation of the above-named is now published,
and will be forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from the best possible sources, all are warranted
genuine, and are oflered at the lowest possible nrices. Intending

Eurchasers are requested to compare the prices with those of othei
ouses. Exotic Nursery, Tooting, burrey, S.

NEW BEDDING TEICOLOR ZONAL GERANIUM
" LADY CULLUM."

E. G. HENDERSON & SON

Respectfully intimate, in answer to the numerous daily inquiries they receive, that the above-named beautiful
GERANIUM, to which several First-class Certificates have been awarded, will be sent out with other Novelties,
on and after the 27th April. o,.^,„ exeouteil in rotation.

A COLOURED LEAF (as specimeh) by Audkews, will, on receipt of three postage stamps, be forwarded
with the " NEW DESCRIPTIVE GENERAL SPRING CATALOGDF! " about the 20th of April.

STRONG FRUITING-SIZED VINES,

Equal to a heavj' crop this season, can still be supplied, of the best leading; kinds.
AVELLINGTOK NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, LONDON, N.W.

KEYE'S EAULT PROLIFIC TOMATO,

A new American variety, 30 days earlier than any other. Plant dwarf, compact and vigorous, producing
immense crops. Tomatoes of medium size, round, brilliant red, quite smooth and free from ribs, perfectly solid, and
of the most excellent flavour. They are produced in large clusters of 10 to 20 each, 'with from 7 to 20 clusters on
each Vine, and ripen up together, so that the main crop is ripe and ready for market 30 days earlier than auy other
kind. The foliage has no odour. The Early Prolific is the moat distinct and valuable Tomato yet produced.

Price per Packet, Is., forwarded on receipt of IS stamps.

CAKTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C

Frice to the Trade on application.

APBIL 13, 1S67.]

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL (GAZETTE.

371

GRASS SEEDS,
AGRICTTLTUBAL SEEDS,

^ C CORNER of BR "STHEET.^

Trade Ifarh.

KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS,
FLOWER SEEDS.

Catalogues forwarded post free to any address on application.

NEW PLANTS FOR THE PRESENT SEASON.

B. S. WILLIAMS, .

VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.,

IS ENABLED TO OFFER TO THE PUBLIC

THE FOLLOWING NEW PLANTS AND VARIETIES.

They each possess somu special merit, which will be seen by the truthful descriptions of theni given below.
Good Flants will be ready for senditig out on the 1st of May, and early Orders are respectfully solicited.
Amaryllis Albertii, fl.-pl.

Tbla plant wns found in the Island of Cuba by tbe son of Mr. Albert
Wagner, of Lelpzic. It is botieved not to be indigonous to tbe Island
of Cuba, but to have been cultivated in a garden there where it
was first noticed. The strong bulbs are 2 inches in diameter, and
shoot forth in abundance. The leaves are of a lively irreen, niiinsur-
Inm \\ foot in length, and 2 inches in width. In February and March
the stems rise to the height of more than 1 foot, always bearioK two
tlowera. whioli are of a reddlah orange, tinted with carraino and pale
yellow at the base; each flower ia not less than G inches ia diameter.
Price 31s. Cid. each.

I Azalea Andersonii.

I The finest Azalea! ever offered, either as a garden ?eedling or
■ continental variety. Colour of Howcr a beautiful rich rosy carmine,

shaded with purple; deeply marked on the upper segments. The

whole flower perfectly round, smooth, and of great substance ;

medium size ; habit good and very free in flowering. Will be a

splendid variety for an exhibition specimen.
Price 21s. each.

Aucuba luteo-carpa.

Light green leaf, aphiahed with yellow, G inches lon(I by 3 to 4 inches
broad, evenly dentated. This variety, as its name iiiiplies, produces
, yellow berries in great urofusion. and of a large oval size ; malting
IX handsome contrast to £bo scarlet-berried kinds.
Price 2l5. each.

Calceolaria Holloway S,ivaL

Colour deep orange, shaded with intense purple ; mjirgined vrith
yellow; distinctly spotted; good robust habit; free llowerer, and
produces large trusses. Excellent for pot culture.
Price 5^. each.

Fuchsia Golden ftueen.

Leaves about 3 inches long by 2 broad ; light gr;en, margined with

gold, beautifully tinted with red ; free branching habit ; flowers deep

pink sepals, pure white corolla. The great beauty of this variety

consists in the imique and peculiar variegation of its foliage.

Price lO.';. 6rf. each.

Gymnogramma Parsonsii.

A beautiful golden form of G. WetenhnlUana, with fronds from
6 to It inches lonir, divided and subdivided, forming large taasels at
the ends of each. The compact form of its giowth gives it an
entirely distinct appearance from any other variety.
Price 21,s. each.

Hibiscus metallicus.

Introduced from one of the New Hebrides group of Islands. A
compact-growing and distinct looking; shrub, with hnear-lanceolato
leaves about G inches long, changing from copper colour when young
to a lighter green ; beautifully netted when gi-owu to full size. Its
flowers are purpli-ih crimson, changing to a deep lake. It flowers
during the winter on very young plants, therefore ia a valuable
acquisition. Price 10.'*. Orf. each.

Double Pelargonium. Theophrasta fl.-pl.

Colour more defined than in the original typ« ; the upper petals n
rich vermilion, with carmine rays proceeding from the centre; habit
vigorous, throwing up magnificent trusses ; Invaluable for market,
and forcing for flower early in tbe spring.

Price 31s. 6(/. each.

Polystichum ordinatum.

Handsome- growing greenhouse Fern ; fronds from 1 to 2 feet long,
of graceful growth, entirely diiferont from any other variety of the
species. Plunro bipinnate and prettily arranged.
Price 105. Cd. each.

Tinnea sethiopica, Violet-scented Tinnea.

It is uncertain who was the first discoverer of this plant, for it was
found by Dr. Kirk during Dr. Livingstone's exploration of the
Zambesi 'River : by Captain Grant, during his journey with the
lamented Captain Speke to the upper waters of the Nile ; and by
SIdlte. Tinne during her journey up the Nile ; though we owe to
Mdlle. Tinne the introduction of the plant, which is named in honour
of her. It is a warm greenhouse plant, and is remarkable for the
maroon-purple colour of its flower, and for possessing the delicious

Eerfume of Violets. It grows to the height of fi or ii feet, forming a
ush. Price "s. Orf, eacli.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

SPECIAL OFFER OF FARM SEEDS

BY

THE LONDON SEED COMPANY,

68, WELBECK STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

SKIEVING'S SWEDE TURNIP
WHITE, GEEEN, and RED GLOBE
SCOTCH PURPLE aad GREEN-TOP

LONG BED MANGEL

YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL ..

RED GLOBE MANGEL

FISHER HOBBS'S ORANGE GLOBE
WHITE BELGUN CARROT ..
YELLOW BELGIAN CARROT..
ITALIAN RYE-GRASS

PERENNIAL RYE-GRASS

MLXED GRASSES, for PERMANENT PASTURE

Bushel.

Half Bushel.

Peck.

Gallon.

£1 11 0

£0 16 0

£0 8 6

£0 4 6

1 U 0

0 16 0

0 8 6

0 4 6

1 10 0

0 16 0

0 9 0

0 4 6

Cwt.

Half Cwt.

Quarter Cwt.

141b.

2 14 0

1 8 0

0 15 0

0 8 0

2 10 0

1 7 6

0 15 0

0 8 0

2 14 0

1 8 0

0 15 0

0 8 0

3 10 0

1 17 6

1 0 0

0 10 6

3 15 0

2 0 0

1 2 6

0 12 6

5 0 0

2 15 0

1 10 0

0 17 6

OS. per bushel, or 38,?. per quarter.
6s. jj 3Ss. „

Its, - „ 90«. „

This Company was formed by the purchase of the Business of one of the Oldest Established Firms in the
Kingdom, of more than Eighty Tears' standing.

COPIES of the FAEM CURRENT will be foi-warded Postage Free to any Address, as the Company desire that
their terms and mode of business should be extensively known.

1^* Samples of all kinds of Seeds can be had on application, to prove their ffrowth, ^-c.

SEEDS FOR EXPORTATION.

Seeds packed in oases for exportation. Great attention is paid to tliia department of the business.
are placed in air-tiglit cases, and will reach thuir destination with their growing qualities unimpaired.

For CATALOGUES and PRICE CURRENTS apply to the

The Seeds'

LONDON SEED COMPANY, 68, WELBECK STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

Carnations. Picotees. and Pinks,
■^^OUELL AND CO. hcK to oiler sUonjc hcjilthy Plants

of tho above at tiio iintlorinunllonctl prici
'IONS.— Finest llrat-i;lab« varletloH, by uui

CARNATIONS.— I'lucst llrat-i;lab« varlytloH, by uumu, I8«. and £
por doz. pairs. t,,j.,. ,|yi,. pfti,.„.

riUOTKlCy. — FliiOHt llFHt-claBH vfuletluB, by iiaino. 18«. and 2'la.

I'KlirErUAL-FLoWERlNG or TIIKK CAUNATloNH.-Kloworlng
fiumniul- and wliitor ; tho cbolcoat and luadlug ItiiidN to immo,
V^.'<. and IHn. perdoz. plants. uioz. pairs

Also a Cliolco and uxtouHivo Collootlou of I'INKS, 0;*. and V^h, por
Roval NursorluM, Great Varmouth.

Azaleas, Epacrls and Ericas.— To the Trado.
AT'OUELl. AND CO. bc^ fo inform tho Trade that thuy
1 abound in many ThonwinHs of tho above, all of which aro
wcll-gromi, healthy and biiMhy utiur, TUoy beg to oHur thorn at tho
following low piice«: —
AZALEAS, of sortfl, flno biwhy plant«, In .12-sl2ed potn, 2U. purdoz, ;

■IH-alaod pota, 18a\ per doz.
EI'ACUIS, bi 4ili-Bizod potH, conHlntliiK of hyaclnthtuflora, liyucU(tliu'-
lloratcimdiditisima, and all tho luadiDi^ hlndu to nnino, In, and
coniiii({ into blooru, 0«. por doz., lU/i. por loii,
KRICA IITEMALIS, In -IS-Bfzotl putH, In and coinbiK Into bloom,
Gh. per doz., 40«. por 101) ; C()-Bi/,i.'d puts, 4n. pt-r doz., liOn. pur 100 ;
of sorts, in 48-Hi2ed pots, 7.i. pfr doz., 45«. perlou; of .sort«, m
60-8ized pots, As, per doz,, 3(Jo. per 100.
A very extensive and Choice Collootlon of GREENIIOUfSE
PLANTS to name, Qn. per doz., Y0«. per 100.
Tho above arc well deserving tho .attention of the Trade.
Royal Nurseries, Groat Yarmouth,

GEO. SMITH begs to call the attention of his patrons
and friends generally, to his New TROP^EOLUMS. KING of
SCARLETS and KING of SPOTS, two beautiful vftrletle-s lor
clumpa or ribbon planting. These tine kinds wore raised by Mr.
George, of Stamford Ilili, the raiser of Compactum cocclnoum.
which has been so much admirod tho la.st two sea-ions at tho Crystal
Palaco, &c. Also, the under -named ZONAL GERANIUMS,
which G. S. can, with confidence, recommend to bo added to tho
moat choice collections.

G. S. has also a fine addition to the VARIEGATED GER ANI UMS,
the most cunapicuoua tor clumpa or borders which hiis ever been
offered. It having a green leaf with broad belt of pure white, of ftuo
habit.

NEW TROP.^OLUMS.
KING of SCARLETS.— Small neat foliage, compact habit, flowers

bright scarlet, the most brilliant and beautiful for bedding or

ribbon planting. Awarded a First-class Certificate by tho Royal

Ilovtitultural bocicty, South Kensington. 6s.
KING of SPOTS.— Bright yellow with amber spots, neat foliage,

compact habit, very effective, fts.

NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS.
HJjCTOR (Geo. Saiixn).— Foliage slightly zonal, pip and truss est ra

large, fine habit, flowers scarlet; one of the best in cultiva-
tion. 6.^.
PINK GLOBE (Windsor).— Zoned; rosy pink ti-uas, extra larce and

compact. This beautiful novelty will be found a great advance

either as a bedding or exhibition plant, os,
PRINCE OF WALES (Winusor).— Dark zone, flowers vo.sy salmon ;

extra large and fine shape, good habit ; a (ir.it-class variety. &«.
REGALIA (Geo, Smith).— Foliage slightly zoned, flowers fine ropy

scarlet, eye white, of fine form and a pleasing variety ; good

habit. 5.S.
RELIANCE (WiNiJsoit). — Foliage slightly zoned, flower orange

scarlet, ti-uss and pips large, of good substance, white eye ; in

eveiy respect a flrst-cla£s variety, 6s.
SALA^IANI)ER (Windsor).— A zonal variety, flowers bright rosy

salmon, with white eye, a most pleasing and desirable variety, ba.
WARRIOR (Geo. Smith).— Foliage slightly zoned, flowers brilliant

scarlet, of great size and substance, fine form. This flower will

prove a most valuable addition to its class, 5s.

NEW VARIEGATED GERANIUM.
PRINCESS ALEXANDRA (Geo. Smitu).— Foliace bright green,
with broad band of pure white, of flrst-class habit ; most attrac-
tive and beautiful ; one of the most effective for ribbon planting
of the silver-edged class; fine, 10«. Gd. each.
NEW WHITE-FLOWERED IVY-LEAVED GERANIUM.
"L'ELEGANTE" (Cunningham). — Foliage bright green, with
broad belt of creamy white, throwing up its numerous white
blossoms, which give it a fine effect. Awarded a First-class Cei'-
tiflcate at the Binningbam Rose Show, also at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, South Kensington. 10s, Gd. each.
G. S., having made arrangements with Mr. Cunningham, is enabled
to send out tnis fine Ivy-ieavod Geranium, together with tho forer
going novelties, in good plants, after the 24th of April.
Early orders are respectfully solicited.
ToUingLon Nursery, HomseyRoad, Islington, London, N. <

Estahlished Upwards of a Century.

IIdi.debs Of PaizK Mkdai.s fr'»m Exhiuitioks of both 1^51 and 1862.

BUTLKR, Mcculloch, and co.'s
CHOICE COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS.

15 Varieties, Selected Hardy Annuals 2«.'6d.

BO i, ., „ „ 6 0

60 „ „ „ ., 10 0

lUO „ „ „ „ 20 (I

12 Varieties, Selected Half-hardy Annuals . . ..40
25 „ „ „ „ .... 7 6
15 „ „ „ „ .... IS 0
100 „ „ „ „ .. V. 30 0
6 Varieties, extra selected New Annuals 1S07 . . ..50
12 „ ,, ,. ,, „ „ .... 10 C
15 Varieties, selected Hardy Perennials 3 G

25 „ „ „ „ 6 i>

50 „ „ „ „ U G

100 „ „ ,. iii 0

12 Varieties, selected Hail-hardy Perennials . . ..40

26 „ ., „ „ .... 7 (J

COMPLETE COLLECTION of VEGETABLE SEEDS for
One Year's Supply, 6as., 42*., 30s., 21s., and 10s. Gd.

Orders amounting to 21s. and upwards sent Carriage Paid.

CATALOGUE containing details of above Collections, Post Free

Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

cpoYDow New Garden Seeds.

■ ^^^^^Q\ -^ SON'S DESCRIPTIVE

/ ■^'^jiZJ-'y^IkJ^s^^ PRICED CATALOGUE and useful

^SlM © a\^\ ^^'^^I^EN ALMANACK is now

(/> i-pj '^^'^'^fji'i\ 3 I Published, containing much useful

• V|!/ ^ ^ YUO I information. Can be had gratia and

L *^ \V "'fe^ ^' ^ I l*''^^ ^^^^ ^^ application.

■v*"^ eppn ^**/ sion Nui-sery, Thornton Heath,

-^—-^ SuiTey; and at the East Surrey

\™^^LISHED'S2Jp ggg^ Warehouse, College Grounds

^ North End, Croydon.

372

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 13. 1867.

THE SUPERB new LATE GRAPE, MRS. PINCE'S
BLACK MUSCAT, to be sent out in August next, is
■undoubtedly the best ever raised.
Ordera will be executed in strict rotation as received.
See " Fruit Mnnual," "Garden Oracle," " Gardeners' Year-Book,"
and all Horticultural Journals.
Copies of TeBtimonials will be forwarded upon application,
LrcoMBE, PiNCE, & Co., beg to call attention to their magnificent
show of CAMELLIAS and choice Exotic flowers.
Cut flowers carefully packed and sent to any distance.
WEDDING and other BOUQUETS to order. Extra flowei-a will
be sent to pay for distant carriage.

Exeter Nursery, Exeter.

JOSEPH FRYER, Clarendon Nurseries. Caraberwell,
has a large quantity of the undermentioned, which were mo^^ed
In the winter, und will move now with safety :— STANDARD
APPLES, PEARS and PLUMS, DWARF-TRAIW ED VICTORIA,
Green Gage, and other Plums, very flne; Gooseberries and Currants,
Grape Vines, Scarlet Thorns, Limes, Laburnums, Lilacs, Althseas,
Euonymus, Aucubas, Irish Ivies, White Rhododendrons, Magnolias,
and other Trees and Shrubs, &c.

s

U R P L U S

STOCK.

Fir, Spruce, 3 to 4 feet

,, Larch, 2 to 24 feet
Hazel, 2i to 3i feet, extra fine
Holly, Green, U to 2 feet, bushy
Laurel, Common, 2 to 2i ft., bushy

„ Portugal, 3 to 4 ft. ex. bushy

Alder, 3 to 5 feet, extra strong
Ash, 18 inches to 2 feet
Berberis dulcis. 2 to 3 feet

,, Aquifolium, 1 to IJ foot
Chestnut, Horse, 2 to 4 teet

., Spanish, 1^ to 2 feet
Fir, Scotch, 1 to 1§ foot

Strong DRUMHEAD or CATTLE CABBAGE PLANTS.
FRUIT TREES, as annexed.
Apples, Standards and Dwarf?*, very strong
CherricK, Dwarfs and Dwarf-traioed, extra flne
Peaches, Dwarfs and Dwarf-tramed, extra flne
Fears, 8t.indards and Dwarfs, extra flne
Plums, Standards and Dwarfs, extra fine
Nectarines. Dwarfs and Dwarf- trained, extra flne
Kentish Filberts, 4 to 6 feet, extra fino
Crab Stocks, 2 years Seedlings
JPRICED LIST or samples of the above on application to
W. Virgo & Sons, The Nursery, Wonersh, near Guildfoi-d, Surrey.

Finest New Hardy Plant of tlie Year.

PAUL'S NEW DOUBLE THORN.— Colour bright
crimson, vivid, and double, 10s. Gd, each, usual allowance to
Trade when three are taken.

Awards : First-class Certificates International Exhibition and
Royul Botanic Societies.

Paul *■ Sov beg to invite orders ere close of planting season for
this unique novelty. Since last Advertisement the following leading
Nurnerymen have ordered it :-

Cranston, Jno., Hereford
Dickson & Co., Edinburgh
Dickson & Sons, Newtonarda
Ewing, Norwich
Fletcher, Ottershaw
Jackson &, Sons. Woking
Lawsou & Son, Edinburgh

Old Cheshunt Nurseries, N.

Lucombe, Pince & Co., Exeter
Noble, Chas.,Bagshot
KoUisson & Sons, Tooting
Smith, R.j Worcester
Veitch & Son, Chelsea
Waterer & Godfrey, Knap Hill

F

IVE HUNDRED THOUSAND LARCH,

li to 3 feet, at 8s. per 1000.
500,000 LARCH, 3 to 4 feet, at I2s. Gd. per 1000
500,000 SILVER FIR. 4-yr. Seedhngs, at 3s. per 1000
600,000 SPRUCE, 4-yr. Seedlings, at 2s. 6rf. per 1000
600,000 SYCAMORE, 2-yr. Seedlings, at 2s. per 1000
For other Trees offered see other Advertisement.
J. RiDDELL, Steward, Park Attwood, Bewdley, Worcestershire.

LAING'S MAMMOTH RED CELERY.— This «.
considered the largest yet grown, attaining the extraordinary'.:
weight of from 10 to 121b., and is at the same tmie perfectly solid.
It is nearly perennial in its habit, as it will not under any circum-
stances run to seed the first season, and It is difficult sometimes the
second, wHen planted out for that purpose. In colour it is a bright
red. In flavour unsurpassed, if equalled. It has been seen gi'owlng
by many practical Gardeners, who deem it a new feature in the

farden, from the fact that you may have it nearly all the year.— .
n packets, Is. each.
YouELL & Co.. Royal Nurseries, Great Yarmouth.

Notice.

Paul and Son's New Docblc Crimson Thobn.

PAUL AND SON regret that they find it necessary to
repeat, in order to prevent mistakes, occasioned by the similarity
ofname, THAT THEY ALONE

are the introducers of this unique plant.
The Old Cheshunt Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

JOHN "WATERER has to offer a quantity of very
handsome AUCUBA JAPONICA, the whole of which are
profusely covered with Berries.

1st Size are Plants 2 feet high, bearing IfiO to 200 Berries.
2d Size, 1 foot 6 mches, with 100 to 126 Berries.
3d Size, 1 foot, with 40 to 50 Berries.

Price from 10s. Gd. each and upwards.
The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey,

BIRCH, 3 to 5 feet, fine, twice transplanted,
45s. per 1000
HAZEL, from Spanish Seed, 2 to 3 feet, fine, once trans-
planted, 18s. per 1000
SPANISH CHESTNUT, 1 to 2 feet, once transplanted, 18«. per 1000
HORSE CHESTNUT. 1 foot, once transplanted, 18s. per lOOO
Samples sent on application.
T. Jackson & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W,

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, BOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited,
Corn, Seed, Manure, and Oilua&e Mebcbakts,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C, ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1662, for " Excellent Seed Cora and Seeds."

Seed Com from the Chalk.

ALL the MOST APPROVED VARIETIES supplied by
RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING, and
COMP.iVNY, Limited.

Addi-ess, Basingstoke ; or 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, London, B.C.
*»* Samples and prices on application.

GIANT ASPARAGUS PLANTS,
the best that money can procure, 2s. Gd. per 100. — This
delicious vegetable does not require half the expense usually
incurred in planting it.

See RICHARD SMITH'S SEED LIST for 1867.

Extra strong SEA KALE, 2s. per doz.

RicHAHD Smitb, Nurseryman, Worcester.

THE "COLDSTREAM EARLY" POTATO, which
received a First-class Certificate at the International Horticul-
tural Exhibition at South Kensington, is the Earliest and iiest
round Potato in cultivation, 63. Gd. per peck; 18s. per bushel,
including bags. Trade price on application.

Apply to Houa & Wood, Coldstream, N.B,

on OOfi 2-yr. SEEDLING THUJA LOBBII,

tJ\J m\J\J\J 3 to 4inohe3 high, flne, distinct, and perfectly
hardy Arborvltaj. J'oUage deep grass green, rapid growth, well
adapted for hedges, &c., and will bear prunmg. Price (on appli-
cation) by 100, 1000, or 5000.

Geo. Jaoiluak & Son, Woking Nursery, Surrey,

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nxirsery Stock.

EIGHTY" ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES. ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

THE GOLDEN VARIEGATED WELLINGTONIA.
Flrst-claas Certificate ftom Royal Horticultural Society.
For Testimonials, &c., see Oardeners" Cliro7cicle, October C, 1806 •
Times, October 7. 1866 ; Scottish Gardener, November, 1866 ;
Gardeners' Chronicle, January 12, 1867 ; " Florist," February, 1807.
LAST YEAR'S PLANTS (a few remaining).
1st Size, very choice, 8 to 12 mches, £6 6s. each.

THIS TEAR'S PLANTS.
2d Size, flne, 4 to 6 inches, £2 'Is.
3d Size, nice little bits, 2 to 3 inches, £1 Is.
5000 plants are now plunged out-of-doors, in their respective sizes

HEELER'S

GLOUCESTERSHIRE KIDJJEY

one of the very Earlie.st, moat

Productive, and best flavoured Potatos

Price 33. per peck, 10a. Gd. per bushel.

J. C. Wheeler & Son,
Seed Growers, Gloucester.

s

U R P L U-

Early Aahleaf Kidney Potatos.
Essex Wonder do do

Myatt's Prollflc do do

Handsworth's Early Round

Potatos
Early Shaw Round Potatos.
Dalmahoy do do

Dwarf, Kidney, and Scarlet Beans

Prices on application to Jauls Fairuead & Son, Seed Merchants,
7, Borough Market, S.E.

STOCK

Nonpareil Peas.
General Havelock do.
Ne Plus Ultra do.
Champion of England do.
M'Lean's Wonder do.
Climax do.

Veitch'a Perfection do.
British Queen do.

New Turnip Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE offer the following varieties to
• the Trade at low Prices. They are all of 1866 growth, raised
&om the finest selected Stocks :—

SHARPE-S IMPROVED PURPLE-TOP SWEDE.
SKIRVING'S " KING of the SWEDES."
IMPROVED GREEN TOP SWEDE.
LINCOLNSHIRE RED GLOBE.
IMPROVED GREEN NORFOLK.
DEVONSHIRE GREY STONE.
And manj- other Yellow and White-fleshed aorta. Prices may be
bad on application. Seed-growing Establishment, Wisbech.

c

H 0 I C

E

Post Free.

. . ..__ , ^.. ,^^^^^,..^ ,,.^^„ Perpkt.— a.

thoy may be safely forwarded during the summer, If desired, and Broccoli, Snow's Imperial

orders will be executed in strict rotation. ' Winter 1

Chromo-lithographs of the parent tree, by Day and Son (Limited), Albert Sprouts .. ..0
on superior cards, 10 inches by 8 inches, very faitht\il in uu' line but Caulifiower, Early Erfurt.. 1
deficient in representing the glorious colour of the original These Celery, Manchester
are sent free by post for 26 stamps, and one sent to each Purchaser, i Champion Red . .
It is intended to exhibit a few of the first size at the approachinK ' Cucumber, Smith's Fine

iria and Man<^hont.Br F.vhihiUnno '^'^ I IPpama

BEDS

0

Paris and Manchester Exhibitions.

R. Haktland, The Lough Nurseries.

OEEDLING.imd TEANSPLANTED FOREST TREES.

SEEDLINGS.— Ash, lyr., Is. ; Beecli^ 2 Jr., 3s. Cd. ; Elm. 3srs., 2s. ;
Norway Maple, 2 jr., 7s. 64 ; Oak, English, 1 yr.. Is Oii • 2 jr
^-.i"- •^"^^' ^"' 4 jr., 0 to 12 inches, 4s. ; Norway Spruce, 4 yr
g- ^- -jjfd^ 2 y- 2«- ^- i P«"", 2 yr., 3s. M. : Sycamore! 2 yr.)

.jfi^^^^'"''/.''™!— '*■"'"'„• 'o 2 f ., 7s. M. ; 2 to 3 ft. 10s. ; 3 to
lii;; J I'.' ■'n^? °, ."■•„?"«• ;„^'""=1'' ^ '" 12 m., 7s. M. -, Chesnut,
Spanish, 1 to 2 it., IJs 6ii. ; Elm, 12 to 21 In., 6s. ; Hazel, ij to 3 tt.

; Thorn Quick, 9 to 18 in.. (Js."; Sycamore.'l to \\ ft., 7s. Gd. ;
Walnuts, 6 to 16 in., 20a. per 1000 i *l., la. u«. ,

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 4 to 6 in., 6s. per 100.
Ti£P.^'^' m*^^ reference, to J. RmnEm Steward. Park Attwood,
Bewdley, Worcestershire.

Forest Trees and Cover.
JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., has to offer at very moderate
rnp^Tmr?^i?M^^^^'^.?^ ^^^' ^^ER. birch, horse

CHEblNUT, ELM, broad and narrow-leaved ■ SILVER and
SCOTCH FIRS. WHITE AMERICAN SPRUCE HAZEL OAK
POPLAR, PRIVET, vVEYMOUTH and AUSTRIAN i'lNES
??g^^ ^"^l^^^ HUNTINGDON and DUTCH WILLOWs)
LARCH, good stout plants, IJ to a feet, !&. ; 2 to 21 feet, 13s. ; 2 to
3 feet, 14s. ; and 3 to 4 feet, 16s. per 1000. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR
6 to 9 inches, 6s. ; 9 to 12 mches, 9s, ; 1 to it feet, 14s. ; It to 2 feet*
D^r^°? ^, ^° J^K^^^K}^^- P" ^^^- COTONEASTER MiCRO^
PHYLLA, 1 to U feet. 20s. per 1000 ; IJ to 2 feet. RISES In sorts
2tom..20s,perl000. SNOflFBERRY.2to3ft., 20s. per 1000. BROOM
A ^o^^'^rTrS'^V'^S'*PL'i'^'^^'*jl?''P«'"10**'*-^AURELS, BERBERIS
^^„^,9^^^^^'*°-'S««*^'"K ASH, CRAB, SPANISH CHESTNUT
SPRUCE, 3 and 4 years ; ELM, 2 years, £6 per 100,000. OAKS

1 and 2 years ; OAK, EVERGREEN, 1 year ; PRIVET 1 anci

2 years ; SYCAMORE. RHODODENDRON PONTICUM 2years
6s. ; 4 years, 8s. per 1000 ; 3 years, and 1 year transplanted, 18s -

3 years, and 2 years transplanted, 2bs. ; 6 to 9 inches, 50s ■ antf
9 to 12 Inches, 60s. per 1000. Twice -transplanted, and bushy 4 to
8 mches, 70s. ; 8 to 12 Inches, 96s. ; 9 to 16 inches, 140s. : 1 to H feet
180s. ; and 11 to 2 feet, 2G0s. per 1000. i "•

A PRICED LIST forwarded on application. Prico to the Trade
on application.

Joseph Smith, Jun., Moor Edge Nursery, Tansley, near Matlock.
Derbyshire. '

Frame
Cucumber, Telegraph
Leek, Henry's Prize
Endive, Digswell Prize ..
Onion, Nunehnm Park
Parsley, extra fine curled , .
Raphanus caudatus (new

long-podded Radish)
Custard Marrow
Melon, Malvern Hall
Tomato de Laye
Caulifiower, The Mammoth

Per pkt,-
Moore's Vegetable Crtam
Beet, Perpetual Spinach . .

,, Nutting's Superb

Red

Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom

Thumb

Radish, French Breakfast
Aster, Trutfaut'a Superb

French. 12 vars. mixed . .
Aster. Victoria, 6 vars.

mixed

Stock, improved large-
flowering, 12 vars, mixed.
Balsam, (S.mellla-flowerea,

6 var. mixed
Balsam. Rose-fiowered, 8 vara

mixed

Phlox Drummondii, 12

splendid varieties

New Mangel Wurzel Seed.

HAND F. SHARPE liave the following Varieties,
• raised last season on their own Seed Farm from flne selected
Bulbs, which they can offer to the Trade at Low Prices, to be had
on application :—

SHARPE'S SELECTED ORANGE GLOBE.
FISHER HOBBS' ORANGE GLOBE.
LARGE YELLOW GLOBE.
ELVETHAM LONG RED.
SELECTED LONG YELLOW.
SELECTED RED GLOBE.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

0 G I
0 6"

C. "WHEELER and SOiST, Seed Growers,

Gloucester (Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire Agricultural
1 Society), can very strongly recommend the following Mixtures : —

CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS for ONE YEAR'S LAY.
I J. C. Wheeler iSt Son can supply this excellent Mixture — all of the
finest quality — carriage free by Railway, at 16s. per acre.

RicuARD Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

JOHN KERNAN, Seedsman, 4, Russell Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. respectfully calls attention to his COLLECTION
of HORTICULTURAL and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, selected
with the greatest care from the Stocks of the most noted Growers at
home and abroad, regardless of cost, as he is well aware that superior
articles are duly valued by cultivators, who, once taken In by puffed
selections by seif-dubbed Seedsmen, take care never to be caught a
second time purchasing the inferior, which are dear, and in most
cases useless at any price.

J. K. advises Gentlemen to eschew all advertised selections or
collections specially recommended by PuflTers, "who generally have
taken to the trade as a mercantile speculation, and who if placed in a
Garden could not distinguish a Dock from a donkey's provender,
their own native Thistle," aiid either to leave their Gardeners to
name what they really want or to choose for themselves, as otherwise,
in almost every instance, the purchaser will find himself saddled with
Seedsof little or no value, or his ground filled with articles he can find no
use for, a circumstance not only annoying to himself but also to
his Gardeners, who, if consulted, would never have spent half the
money, and assuredly have produced a quid pro quo in the shape ol
edibles or flowers worth their cost in cash and labour.

Peas, early and late, of the best varieties. Beans: Windsor,
Longpod, Green, Soarlet Runners, French of sorts. Beet, Broccoli,
Brussels Sprouts, Cress, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Carrot, Celery,
Cucumber, Endive, Lettuce. Leek. Melon, Mustard, Onion, Parsley,
Parsnip. Radish, Spinach, Sweet Herbs, 'I>irnip, Lawn and Meadovr
Grass, Potatos of all the diflerent kinds.

All the New and Choice FLOWER SEEDS. Imported German
Asters and Stocks, in separate colours or mixed. 'Thirtv Choice
Hardy Flowers for 5s. ; Fifteen, 25. Gd. Named Gladiolus. Anemone,
Ranunculus : Lilium auratum, speciosum, and other varieties ;
Carnations, Picotees, and Pinks, Heartsease, Hollyhock. Geraniums
and Verbenas for beddmg out. &c. Japan Flax, Fumigators,
Syringes, Garden Tools, &c. Genuine Peruvian Guano, and
everything requisite for Gardening.

CATALOGUES on application.

lb.

3 Italian Rye-grass, Lolium

Italicum.
1 Cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata
1 Timothy, Phleum pratense

lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L. sem-

pervirens
7 Red Clover, Trifolium pratense
7 Trefoil, Medicago lupuliua
A cheaper Mixture at 10s. Gd. per acre,
CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS for TWO YEAKS' LAY.
J. C. Wheeler J![ Son can supply this excellent Mixture for Two
Years* Lay — all of the finest quality — carriage froo by Railway, at
I8s, Gd. per acre.

lb. f lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L.perenne 3 Red Clover, Trifolium pratense
4 Italian Rye-grass, L. italicum I 3 Cow Grass, T. pratense perenne

2 Cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata 3 White Dutch, Tr, repens

1 Timothy, Phleum pratense | 4 Trefoil, Medicago lupulina

A cheaper MLxture at 16s. %d. per acre.
CLOVERand GRASS SEEDS for THREE or FOUR YEARS' LAY.
J. C. Wheeler & Son can supply this excellent Mixture — all of the
finest quality — carriage free by Railway, at 24s. per acre,
lb. lb.

4 Evergreen Rye-grass, L. sem- 2 Timothy, Phleum pratense

pervirens 3 Red Clover, Trifolium pratense

4 Pacey'a Perennial, L. Pacey- 3 Cow Grass, T. pratense pereune

anum [cum 3 White Honeysuckle, T. repena

3 Italian Rye-grass, Lolium itali- ■ 1 Alsike, Trifolium hybridum

2 Cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata I 4 Trefoil, Medicago lupulina

A Cheaper Mixtm'e at 21s. per Acre.
J. C. Wheeler & Son's CLOVER and GRASS SEEDS are of
excellent quality, very moderate in price, and 5 per cent, discount
is allowed lor cash.

J, C. Wheeleb & Son, Seed Growers, , Gloucester.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE
^^ is becoming boarce, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
IGs., 2 for 30s., 60 for 66s., 100
for £.6.

Fourpence allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-offlco
Order, payable to J. Babsbam &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

YOUELL'S NORFOLK HERO CUCUMBER.- ,
Without exception the very best Cucumber for open pround :
cultivation that h?is yet been ofi'ered, and they have much pleasure
in submitting the following report :—

" Alburgh Rectory, Feb. 27. 1867.
" Gentlesien,— I have now grown your Noi-folk Hero Cucumber
for four years, and have found it far the best ridge Cucumber I ever
met with.— Yours faithfully, " (Signed) J, A. CooiinE.

" Messrs. Yocell & Co., Royal Nurseries, Great Yarmouth."
It is a most prolific bearer, as handsome .as any frame variety, and
ia as delicate in point of texture, the fruit measuring 16 to 20 inches.

Packets containing 12 Seeds, l.s-. ; m Seeds, 2s.
Royal Nurseries, Great Yarmouth.

To Farmers, Gardeners, and Nurserymen.

CABBAGE PLANTS, RED, extra fine, 45. per 1000.
MYATT'S PROLIFIC KIDNEY POTATOS, 9s. per cwt.
Terms cash.
Richard Walker, Market Gardener and Seed Grower, Biggies-
wade, Bedfordshire.

Q P E C I A L 0 F F E~X

VJ" To Farucrs, Gardeners, and Others.

EXCELLENT NEW YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL WURZEL,

4d. per lb.
EXCELLENT WHITE BELGIAN CARROT, 84 per lb.

„ JAMES'S SELECT INTERMEDIATE do. lOd. p. lb.

„ RED ALTRINGHAM do. M. perlh.

„ GREEN KOHL RABI, flne topped, lU. per lb.

„ SCARLET RUNNER BEANS, NEW, Is. 6<i. per b»b,

MIGNONETTE, Is. per lb.
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE PLANTS,

2s. per 1000.
RED DUTCH CABBAGE PLANTS, flne, 3s. 6d. per lOOO.

CATALOGUE of genuine NEW SEEDS on application.
F. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire.

Ne'w Dwarf Sprouting 01m Savoy.

STUART AND MEIN. Kelso, N.B., have mucli pleasure
in sendlng-out the above valuable acquisition. The heads can
be cut for early use, and the sproutings are invaluable in spring when
vegetables are scarce. In most seasons the sproutings are fit for use
until May. Heads of the Dwarf Sprouting Ulm Savoyand the ordinary
Brussels Sprouts were forwarded to the Editors of the QardeneT&'
Chronicle. The following ia their opinion {see No. for 0th April) :—
*' The Brussels Sprouts sent are 'run' and wholly worthless, while
the Sprouts on tthe Savoy are numerous, large, firm, and excellent,"
S. & M. have a limited number of packets on hand, price Is. Gd. per
packet, free by post on rocoipt of stamps.

StuahtA Mein, Seed Warehouse, Kelso, N.B.

aKNIP SEED. — TOEKSHIRE PRIZE. Heavy

cropper, very hardy. The very best Swede Turnip grown, Is.
per lb. The produce of Seeds obtained of Martin & Son have
won more £:> Silver Cups, Silver Medals, and other valuable
Prizes, than all Seedsmen in this neighbourhood put together.
Martin & Son, 7, Market Place, Hull.

Apkil is, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

31S

PATRONISED BY
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND HIS ROYAL HICxHNESS
THE PRINCE OF WALES.

J. B. BROWN & CO/S NEW PATENT B B LAWN MOWER.

TATENTEES

AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS,

J. B. BROWN & CO.,

LONDON.

GUABAKTEED TO OIVE

PERFECT SATISFACTION,

XSD li' NOT APPROVED OF

MAY BE AT ONCE RETURNED.

TESTIMONIAL FROM THOS. INGRAM,-ESQ., THE ROYAL GARDENS, WINDSOR, August 11, 186G.
" Gr.NTLEHF.N,— I have much pleasure in stating that your New Patent li B Lawn Mowing Mai:hine [a 24-inch] has had a good trial, and has rroved quite satisfactory*
The work done is of the first order, leaving the Lawn like a piece of velvet. — I am, Gentlemen, yours faithfully.

' Messrs. .1. B. BuoWN & Co., London."

' Thok. Ingram."

PATENT B B HAND MACHINE

PRICES— Including Carriage to any Railway Station or Shipping Port in England, witli the necessary To'-ls and Directions for use,

10-ineh Machine £4 0 0 i

12-inch Machine 50 0)Basily Worked by a Boy.

14-inch Machine 5 10 0 '

l6-inoh Machine 6 10 0 Ditto by a Man.

IX-inch M.achine £7 10 0 EaM.j Workedby a Man.

20-inch Machine 8 0 Oi

22-inch Machine 8 10 o\ Ditto by Two Men.

24-inch Machine 9 0 0'

PRICES

PATENT B B HORSE MACHINE. j PATENT B B PONY and DONKEY MACHINE.

!ES — Complete, without extras, including Carriage to any Railway Station or : pjjjQgg Complete without extras, including Carriage to any Railway Station or

Shipping Port in England, with the necessary Tools and Directions for use. , shinninff Port'in England, with the necessary Tools and Directions for use.

48-inch Machine
42-inch Machine
36-inch Machine
SO-inch Machine

30-inch Machine £17 10 ^ \ j)rawn by a Pony .

28-inch Machine 1^ l" 0'

26-inch Machine 14 10 0 Drawn by a Donkey

. . £32 10 0

£28 10 0 I Drawn by a Horse.

24 10 0 '

21 10 0 Drawn by a Horse.

•»• Every Machine sent out is warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

^- It is most important, in order to prevent disappointment, that Orders for these PATENT LAWX MOWERS should be given without delay.

J. B. BROWN AND CO., WAREHOUSE and MANUFACTORY, 148, UPPER THAMES STREET, LONDON,

OPPOSITE THE CITY OF LONDON BREWERY, AND CLOSE TO THE LONDON BRIDGE STEAM-BOAT PIERS.

EANSOMES & SIMS'

NEW LAWN MOWER. THE AUTOMATON.

A NEW AND FIRST CLASS MACHINE, WHICH HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED,

CONTAINS MANl' IMPPOVEMENTS.

THE AUTOMATO.N LAWN MOWER.

PRICES, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND FULL PARTICULARS, FREE, FROM

RANSOMES AND SIMS, IPSWICH.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

IMPROVED LAWN MOWING MACHINES.

EVERT MACHINE WARRANTED.

PRICES.

Delivered Free to any Railway Station in Great Britain.

Cutting 12 inclies wide £4 10 0

Cutting 14 inches wide 550

Cutting 16 inches wide 600

Cutting 19 inches wide 6 10 0

Cutting 22 inches wide 7 10 0

Cutting 25 inches wide 12 0 0

Cutting 30 inches wide 15 0 0

Cutting 36 inches wide

18 0 0

Great improvements have heen made in these Machines during the last few years, in regard to all those small but important points of superiority which the practical working
of a Lawn Mower suggests ; while for elegance of appearance, lightness of draft, and efficiency in working they cannot be excelled. They possess the following advantages ;

I 1st. Motion is given to the Cutting Apparatus by toothed gearing, which experience has proved to be by far the best method of driving.

2d, The whole of the Driving Wheels are on one side of the Machine, a point of great importance in preventing damage to Shrubs and Flowers, when mowing round the
edges of beds.

3d, All the smaller working parts of the Machine are made of Malleable Iron, and are not liable to break.

C^" Illustrated Price Lists, with selections from several Thousand Testimonials, Free by Post on application.

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS. BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE: 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.C.

AOENTS ;— Messrs. TANGTE BROTHERS ASD HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE AND CO,, London Bridge; Messrs DRAY,
J TAYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 03, Fleet Street, E.G. ; and all respeotable Seedsmen and Ironmongert throughout tho Kingdom.

374

THE (lAEPEKERS* CHRONICLE AND ACtRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 13, 1867.

Verbenas, Verbenas.

PHILIP LADDS is now sending out a good supply of
tho above, stroDg plants, in thumb jiots, including 40 varieties
of 1866, at 2s. per dozen, iLickage included. Terms cash.
Nursery, Bexley Hsiitli, Kent.

Verbenas, New and Old.

WILLIAM K^;IGH'i is now sending out strong
established Plants, In sm ill pots, of .% finest Varisties for
Exhibitors or Beddinc, for IOh, Gd., puckago included. Terms cash,

JJESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE free.
l''loi':il Nursery, Ilailsham, Hurst Green, Sussex:. ^^^^

Verbena Crimson King.

THOMAS li niV.;M ii;is luuch pleasure in
announcing that CRIMSON KING having completely estab-
lished its character as the finest Bedding Verbena In cultivation, he
has propagated a largo Stock of fine hoaltliy Spring-struck Plants,
which he off'er-', on and after April To, at the following prices: —
12 Plants, 4s. ; 60, 12s. 6rf. ; 100, £1 ; 600, £4 7s. 6d. ; 1000, £7 10s.
Laith Walk NuiSdrits, E.iii. iir ,;■.

JOHN KEYNES' NEW VERBliXAS for 1867.

COLESHILL (Eckford).— Intense scirlet, with lemon eye, pips

largo, very smooth, one of the finest, Verbenas. First-class

Certificate at tbe Royal Horticultural Society. 5s. each.

UMPIRE (Eckford). — Large cerise purple, the largest tmss and

flower in cultivation, very showy, 5s. each. Certificate at the

** RovaL Horticultural Society.

FANNY MAP/riN (Eckford).— Beautiful clear rose, very pleasing,
large and fine. Certificate at the Royal Hortijultural Society.
fe. each.
EARL OF RADNOR (Eckford).— Most beautiful clear rosy scarlet,
with lemon eye, good habit, and free bloomer. Certificate at the
Roval Horticultural Society. 5s. each.
WILLIAM DODDS (Ecb-Ford).— Light purple, with white eye, most
perfect flower, exquisite form, grand flower either for bedtUng or
show. 5s. each.
MR, ELLICE (Eckford).— Peach colour, quite new, a most beautiful
variety, not to be surpassed. 5s. each.
These sis varieties are of tbe finest quality, and will be found quite
eqiLal to those sent out last season from the same Grower, They
have been selected with the gi'eatest care.

Tho SIX VERBENAS of last year have proved to be of first-rate
quality. They can now be had fine plants, and consist of

John Keynes | Mr. Gladstone I King Charming

Lady Jane Ellis | Isa Eckford | George Eckford

Many testimonials respecting these Flowers have been received by
J. Keynks, all having given great satisfaction. Ds. per dozen.

CRIMSON KING (Methven's), having proved all that was said of
it, may be had 95. pur dozen. The finest crimson hedder in
cultivation.

A fine collection of the best BEDDING VERBENAS at reasonable
prices. The us;ial Discount to the Trade.

Castle Street, Salisbm-y.

HENRY MAT'S CATALOGUE is now readv, and
contains the fullest Collections of DAHLIAS. HOLLY-
HOCKS, FUCHSIAS. VERBENAS, PELARGONIUMS, and
BEDDING PLANTS, &c.

HENKr Mav has been awarded all the First Prizes at all tho
])rincipal Exhibitions in the North of England, at upwards of
20 diff"crent places, for tho finest Hollyhocks, Dahlias, and Pelar-
goniums in 18G6,

The Hope Nurseries, near Bedale, Yorkshire.

Fuclisias and Verbenas.

HCANNELL has got ii great quantity of all the
• very best in cultivation, in fine condition.

H. C.'s FLORAL GUIDE, with full particulars how to grow,

show, and get the first prize, and containing a great deal of valuable
information on gardening, free for 4 stamps.

Fuciisia Nursery, Woolwich.

New Plants for 1867.

HENRY CANNELL has great pleasure in introducing
to tbe public the following Plants of unusual advance on all

other kinds in their respective classes. They have been chosen from

upwards of 300 Seedlings, sent from almost every country in the

United Kingdom, and are sure to give tUe greatest satisfaction by

their superior qualities,

FUCHSIAS.

KING of the DOUBLES. — This is tlie finest exhibition Double
Fuchsia ever sent out. Habit perfect; the corolla beautifully
striped. 7s. 6cl. each.

MRS. GLADSTONE.—Great advance on all the white corolla kinds.
and refiex equal td the well-known Guiding Star. 7s. 6d. each.

BLAND'S FLORIBUNDA. — This Fuchsia will introduce a new
race, being perfectly distinct from all others over sent out, and
H. C. believes it will become equal to tho well-known Tom
Thumb Geranium, and will shortly be planted in every garden
and on every window. It has a scarlet tube and sepals, pure
white corolla ; very short stiff growth, requiring no stakes. A
bed of this looks at a distance to have ttie appearance of being
covered with thousands of stars. For bedding and small pots
this really has no equal, and is a decided acquisition. 5«\ each,

THE PERFECT CURE.— Scarlet tube.andsep.tlsperfectlyreflex6d;

. ROod habit and grower, with a most extraordinary shaped corolla,
which make it one of the most pleasing and curious novelties in
the Fuchsia ever seen. The corolla is formed on the ends of
o:ich stamen, and measures from tip to tip 3 to 4 inches over, and
is a very attractive and amusing variety. 5s. each ; the set of
four for £1 Is. Ready to send out on the 1st of May,

MONSTER.— This is the largest ever sent out, the corolla measuring
from 2 and 2J inches over, and is as large as a Ro.se ; scarlet tube
and sepals, very rich violet-purple corolla, very short stiff' habit.
On account of its Immense blooms and good growth and being an
abundant bloomer, this is the most saleable Fuchsia ever
sent out. 7s. Qd. each.

The demand being so great for this, H. C. finds it impossible to
get sufficient stock of it to send it out betore the l.=t of July.

NEW VERBENAS.
The same heading applies to these as tho Fuchsia.

GLADIATOR. — Extra large trusses and globular, the colour
carmine, deepening to crimson at the base of each petal, with a
lavKe circular white eye ; fine for border and exhibition. Received
a First-class Certificate,

ORANGE PERFECTION. — Flowers veiy large and admirably
formed, the colour deep orange-pink. Beautiful sh.ide of colour.
with a lemon-yellow eye. One of the best either for exhibition or
borders, 3s, each : or the two for 6s. Ready on the 1st of May.

NEW TROP^OLUMS COMPACTUM.
For bedding and ribbon bordennc.
LUTEUM IMPROVED.— Immense impiovemunt upon the one sent
out last season. Beautiful bright yellow, for beading, &c. No
Calceolaria is near an equal to this for its continual and abundance
of bloom. Is. Grt. each.
THE MOOR.— In every way equal to the above ; colour deep dark
maroon crimson — a grand new colour for bedding ; has long been
required lor ceometric gardens. Is. Gd. each.
SCARLET GEM. — For its beautiful colour and dwarf compact
habit, and continual mitssive blooming, no Scarlet Geranixim Is
equal to this. 2s. 6ri. each.

These were examined when growing in the garden by the Com-
mittee, and all were awarded a First-class Certificate.
NOVELTY.— In every way equal to the above, with a beautiful
peculiar mixed bronze and yellow colour ; fine for fancy beds,
being quite a novel attractive colour. 2s. each.

These were raised by Mr. J. George, who is well known for
introducing this new race of bBdiling plants ; and they are
equally valuable for pots, having been in bloom ever since
Christmas. All these are acknowledged to be decided acquisi-
tions. The following is an
Official Description from the " United Horticultural Sooiety,"

December 8t?t, 1806.
"All those were considered as great additions as bedding plants,
and cannot be too extensively grown. They far surpass any other
plants in profusion of bloom, and the weather does not affect them
to any apparent extent ; no one should be without them. In
Scarlet Gem you have a most brilliant and attractive variety, far
surpassing the T. Lobbu section for efi'ect in tho parterre or nobon
gardening." — W, Heale, Secretary.

The Set tor Os. 6rf. ; 12k. per dozen ; £2 2s. for 50 ; £4 for 100 ;
package Included. Ready on the 1st of May.

FLORAL GUIDE, with a fuller description, for 4stamps. \

Fuchsia Nursery, Woolwich.

THE QUEEN.

HAVING PUBLICLY EEQUESTED THE NAMES UNDER ■WHICH MY

NEW WHITE RHODODENDRON '

Has been before offered to the Public, Ileain that they are Zad;/ Godiva, Inr/ramii, Standis/i's Perfection, an d'
Madame Cttri^ailw. I have flowered THE QUEEN side by side with all four kinds, and unhesitatingly say it is
superior and totally different to either. I now challenge the assertions, and ask the authors if they can produce
THE QUEEN. I give them a /«iV/eW, viz., the range of the world to select from.

CHARLES NOBLE, BAGSHOT.

RHODODENDROJJ PQISTICUM for WOODS and PLANTATIONS?

MESSRS. JAMES VEITCH & SONS

HAVING A LARGE QUANTITY OP VERT GOOD BUSHY

WELL-ROOTED RHODODENDRON PONTICUM,

Suitable for Planting in "Woods and Covers, beg to offer them at the following prices :

9 to 15 inches, bushy, 16s. per 100 I 18 to 24 inches, hushy, 30i. per 100

1.5 to 18 inches, bushy, 21s. per 100 | 24 to 30 inches, very fine, 50s. per 100

ALSO A

SPLENDID LOT OF HYBRID RHODODENDRONS,

Kaised from the finest Named kinds : —

6 to 10 inches, 25s. to 30s. per 100 I 15 to 18 inches, 75s. to 100s. per 100

10 to 15 inches, 40s. to 50s. per 100 | 18 to 24 inches, 100s. to 150s. per lOO

24 to 30 inches, very fine, 18s. to 24s. per dozen.

BOYAL EXOTIC NUKSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.

FLOWERING PLANTS of AUCUBA JAPONICA VERA MASCULA.

MESSRS. JAMES YEITCH & SONS

HAVING NOW C05IING INTO FULL PLOTVER A aUANTITY OP

MALE PLANTS OF THE TRUE GREEN AUCUBA JAPONICA,

RAISED FROJI SEED IMPORTED DIRECT FROM JAPAN,

beg to offer them at the following low prices : —

Fii-st Size, 7s. 6d, each. | Second Size, 5s. each.

Each Plant has a fine spike of Bloom, and will impregnate a great number of Female Plants.
1^" The usual Discount to the Trade, with One Plant over when Six are taken.

ROYAL EXOTIC ITORSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.

GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS.

YOUELL & CO.'S

ROYAL NURSERIES, GREAT YARMOUTH,

STILL STAND UNRIVALLED

FOR THE CULTURE OF GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS,

THE PLANTING OF WHICH MA\' BE CONTINUED FOR A SUCCESSION OF BLOOM FROM APRIL TO JUNE.

Some idea may be formed how highly this variety is esteemed, when they state that this Season they have
supplied upwards of 150,000 BULBS of the above, which is the finest and handsomest of this magnificent class. It
is the MOST BRILLIANT and showy viu-iety suited for SUMMER and AUTUMN DISPLAY, as the following Eeport
from the Gardeners' Chronicle of September 8, 1866, will testify : —

" Messrs. Youell & Co. — The spikes of Brenchleyensis are magnificent. Among showy Autumn sorts this still
stands in the FOREaioST rank."

Y. ANC CO. are still in a position to supply extra strong and sound Roots of the above at the following prices :■ —

No. 1 Size, 20s. per 100 ; 3s. per dozen. | No. 3 Size, 18s. per 100 ; Ss. 6d. per dozen.

^g" A very liberal Discount to the Trade. Early Orders are solicited.

YOUELL AND CO. beg to intimate that they are in a position to supply the most choice kinds of this
beautiful tribe, in strong Flowering Bulbs, as follows : —

No. 1 Collection contains 100 Bulbs, in 50 of the most choice and handsome kinds, with names ..£5 0 0

Half No. 1 Collection contains 50 Bulbs, in 25 ditto ditto 2 10 0

No. 2 Collection „ 100 Bulbs, in 30 ditto ditto 3 15 0

Half No. 2 Collection „ 50 Bulbs, in 15 ditto ditto 1 l7 6

No. 3 Collection ,, 100 Bulbs, in 25 ditto ditto 2 10 0

Halt No. 3 Collection „ 50 Bulbs, in 12 ditto ditto 15 0

Fine Selections left to us, 9s., 12s., 18s., and 30s. per dozen.

CATALOGUES POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

ROYAL NURSERIES, GREAT YARMOUTH.

ApRir, ll, ISfi?.]

THE r.ARBENEKS' OHRONTCLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

376

nHJIIMU) SMITH'S SEED CATALOGUE contains a

L V OiUoiKliir of TIrao for ScwIriB, particulars ot Colloctlons, with
ices, DiroclloDs lor CroppiiiK wall and econoinlcnllj. boll, Mj'n'ir;',
leptU, Dlstiiiico. Scnsoi., Il.irdiiicss, Duration, torm, IlolgUt,
oliiur Stortiii;, Use, KliiTour, ftii»i other quftlltlos, doacrlbetl^
ruis'UHt Free by Post or one stniop. " " '

lowers tbo surest way to siu-coss , ,. ,„ .

Hicuaiid Smith, Sooil Morclmut, Worcostor.

tiocds direct tVoiu the

General Plant Catalogue, 176 pages, 8vo.

H"aIII!ENTU!.s', l.iii-zi^, 1 l!Tri;ii CATALOGUE,
. colitaiiililK ^■uvoltlo^, llciiutlfiil iiiKl itiiio I'lunt", nls"
ilected LlHts of nil the IHvourllo Uoscriptioijs of Ciirdoii Flowore
ITered by the ll.irticuttilral Kittnblishnlent of H. IjAurkktius,
-oipzig, Oermanv, can bo had post iVoo on arpllcation to
Jesars. IUtiiau & Bi.»rKiTii, Cnx's fjiiiiy, l.nirorThiimosat., London.

R'

British Fern Catalogue.

OHERT SIM <im nnvv sc'iul, pnsl tVef^ for six poatago

- _i Btnmiis, Pnn 1. (nrltisli Kvnis and tlioir varieties 3it papos,

lolmlluK pr COS of Haniv Kxotlo Kerns) of UIb NKW an.l PIIICKO

lESCKll'l'IVB CATALUUUK of HUI'l'lSII nn.l EXOTIC FEUN«,

j'Foot's Cmv Nursery, S.R., a iiiilo from Sldcup Station of New
lortliKont Lino of South Knsteru Railway^ .

! American Plants, Sec,

[1C7"J\TERKR AND (U)1)FRKY'S PRICIill) and

■VY OHSCRirnVE CATALOOUK of RHODODENDKONS
ud other Amurioan riautK for this AuHimn. will be RCDt oh
ppUcatiOD. Tho Cfttaloiiiio also gives !i siminiary of their Gonoral

■ Jiireory Stock, prohnblv tho most cxtonsivo In tne kingdom.
Knap Hill Nviiaorv, WokiriR, Sarruy.

Rhododendrons.
TOHN WATEREirs DKSCKir i'lVK CVTALOGUE

' } of HARDY SCAHLHT ami nUicr UIKHIOUK.N UIMNS is now
ubllshcd, aiidwlllholorwardoanuapiilicatlnii, It ("altlifally descnbos
ho I'Oloui-s of tho new varlotie.s exhibited hv him at the Royal
totiintc G.'inloiis, RL-goiifa Park. An Ahridycl Ust of popular

' 'ONIKEKS, with hoinhts and prices, is likewise combined.

I The Aini'iiiJin Xvii-sory, JJagshot, Surrey, iiearSimnin^'daleStation,
outh-Wrsf.iTii H;lih^^■lv.■

I Hardy Scarlet and other Rhododendrons.

WH. hOliEUa, Red Ln.Igc Nursery, Southrirapton,
• can nffiT spltmHitl named varieties oV thu above, strong
' uehy Plants, well set with blooming bud«. at £10 per 100, or selected,
OS. per linzon; IIVBRID RIIOUODENDRONS, from seed, saved
; nm tho finest varieties, 1 to i ft., ms. per lOO ; 2 to 3 ft, Ms. per 100.
Also a Reiieral NURSERY STOCK of FRUIT. FOREST, and
)RNAMBNTAL TREES juid SHRURS, exteoding over 60 Acres.
' Dotftiled CATALOGUES unci every information may be bad on
I pplication. ^^

Wholesale Catalogue of Nursery Stock.

^"iEOKGK .I.\CKMAN ani> SON'S PRICED and
or DESCRIFriVE CATALOGUE for 18Gr. and Spring 1S67, can
ie had fioy on application, comprising Fruit Trees, Roses, American
"lanta, Conifers, Clematises, Ever^^reen and Decidious Trees and
jhrubs, and transplanted Forest Trees, Ac., &c.
Wokini? Nursery, Surrey.

SURPLUS GLADIOLI,

CIIKAr ANIl GOOP.

JiAER & SUGDEN,

THE MliTUOPOUTAN SEED, BULIS, AND PLANT
WAREHOUSE,

V2, KIN'G STREKT, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

tXriLLTAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA,

V V RED. WHITE, or MIXED, 2s. 6d., ^s. Gd., or 5s. per packet.

The Collections that received the Fir^t Prize at the last Show of
he Royal Ilurticultiii'al Society, and First Prize at the last Show
f the Royal ilot.inic Society were both grown from seed supplied by

B. S. Williams, Victjna and P.iradise Nurseiies, Upper Hollow.ay,
^ondon, N. _^_^ _^^__^_^

tTTTYNCHOSPERMUM JASMIN0IDE3 and ROSES.
V— Plants 'I ihis bwiutilul sweet-scented Greenhouse variety,
.■ell sc't. with flowor buds, IZs. pur dozen. RED FAIRY ROSES,
oil of llow_ r buds, 6«. per rtozen ; MRS. BOSANQUEI'. Smverini;
lUnta. 'Js. per dozen. Also a large variety of poi^mlar sorts of
lYBRlD PERPETUALS. all irom out of puts, at 50s. per 100,
■litable for Forcing or Planting-out,

H. & R. SriRZAKKR, Skerton NurseViei. Lancaster.

New Roses.

HLANE AND SON have to offer a very fine lot of
• extra strong Plants coming into Bloom, of the following
<inds. at 3Cis. per dozen, i— TEA : Isabella Sprunt. Bouton d'Or.
Madame Margottin. HYBRID PERPETUALS : Horace Vernet,
Antoine Ducher, Gloire de Montplai>ir. Madame Rival, Monsieur
Moman, Charles Verdier, Souvenir de Monsieur Boll, Monsieur
Plaisancon, Mdlle. Jeanne Maris, Madeleine Nonin. Also
; MARECHAL NIKL. strong on Manetti, in pots.
1 The Nurseries, Great Perkhampstead, Herts.

I Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfield,

H. WOOD AND SON be?: to offer the annexed
TEA-SCENTED ROSES on reasonable terms :—

'W

B-irillet DCsi;hamps Le PactOIe

Comtesse iJo Brossavd Lays

Due do Magenta Mad.anie Eravy

Enfant de Lyon MaiCchal Eugeaud

Jaune d'Or MOIanie Oger

I Jean Hardy Madame de Vatry
I Laurette " ,, Falcot

I Also well-gi-own TEA-SCENTED ROSES* in 6-in. pots, at

•J4s. to 3(W. per dozen.

Marlarae Joseph Hal-
Pharaon [phen

Rubins
Sombreuil
Souvenir de David
Triomphe du Luxem-
bourg

L ILIUM AURATUM. —

Largo Consignment just received, 2s, 6<i., Zs. Gd.. f>s, Od., and
7>i. ad. per Root. Extra large selected Bulbs, 10s. $d., 12s. Qd., 16*.,
, and 21^.

Bakk & Sdgden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Qarclen, W.C.

1

ri L A D I 0 L I

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,

BULBS,

Br Flowering,
29. Od., 5s. Qd., 5s. Cd., 7s. Gd., Os., and 12s. per dozen.
I 10s. erf., l.'is., 21s., 25s. to 100.S'. per 100.

I Barh&Sugden. Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden. W.C. '

/^ LAJJiuLl. — Collections containing; all the tineat
V_T varieties in cultivation, many new, and offered for the first

■ time, 105;;., l)3s., 42*i., 30s., 25s., 20s., 15s.. I2s. BREXCHLEYENSIS,
the most sIkuvv of all, extra strong roots, 3s. per doz,. 20s. per 100.

i DESCRIPTn'E PRICED LISTS free on application.

BoTLsn, All CiLLiichi & L'n. South Row. Covent Garden, W.C.

CloaringoffSURPLUSSTOGK of GLADIOLI, var. CAN DAVENSIS.
Splendid uamod GLADIOLI, 12 In 12 varieties, 2s. «rf., Ss. Gd., 6i. Gd.,
7s. Gtl., and upwards.
Ditto fiitto 26 in 2f> vara, 73. 6rf.. ms. 6rf., 15s.. and 21s.

Ditto ditto 50 In 60 vara, ilti . 'ifm., 30.'j., and 42s.

Ditto mixed, 7s. «(^, lOs. (id, and 15«. per 100; lif.Gd.

and 2s. Orf. pur dozen.
BRENCHLEYENSIS, 7«. Cri, IOb. Crf.. and 15h. portOO; Is. Cri. and

2s, 6d. per dozen.
BOWIENSIS, 78. (irf.,10s. 0*/., and 15k. per lOn ; U. Gd. and 2.'*. Orf.

per dozen.
LILIUM AURATUM, 3s. Gd., 5s. 6-7., 7s. Gd., and lOs. Gd.

STANDEN'S "GARDENERS' and AMATEURS' FRIEND," a
h-.gbly Concentrated Inodorous Artiticial Manure, in all caiies
inducing free vigorous growth, and promoting e:irly matmity, It
is now largely used by tho leading NurseijiiK'ii, amongst whom
wo may mention tbo lollowinw i— Messrs. James Veitch & Sons.
Mr. Charles Turner, Messrs. J. & C. Leo. Mr. Barnes, ot Camber-
well, Mr. Standlsh, of Bagshot, &c., and by many of the leading
amateur Exhibitors.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE.

FOR PLANTS in POTS.— Such as Camellias, Azaleas, Erioste-
mons. Acacias, Chrysanthemums. Roses, Ixoras, Francisceas. Alla-
mandas, Dipladonias ; fine foliage plants, as Palms, Bhopalas,
Dracienas, &c., and ail plants which are benefited by Manure. Fur
quantity to be given and mode of application see GardeneTs'
Chronicle, p, 201.

FOR FRUIT TREES and ROSES in POTS. — Such as Vines
and Orchard-house Trees generally, also Pines. See Oardctws'
Clironicle, p. 201.

FOR VINE BORDERS and PLANTS in the OPEN GROUND.—
Such ag Apples, Fears, Peaches, Gooseberries, Strawberries.
Standard and Dwarf Roses, Celery, Oniocs, Cauliflower, and all
Vegetables and Flowers which will require abundance of manure.
See Gardewrn' (,'hronicle,\^. 201.

FOR LAWNS where the GRASS DOES NOT THRIVE,— Mix
the Manure with an equal quantity of dry soil or sand, and f'OW
it over the .surface In sbowery weather, at the rate of 1 oz. to the
square yard ; or, if the weather is dry, water freely two or three
times alter applying the Manure.

Sold in Canisters at Is. and 2s, Od., and in Bags, 59. Gd., lOs. 6rf.,
and 21s.

The above valuable Manure may be had of the leadinc Nurserymen
and Seedsmen in England, Ireland, and Scotland.

(^ REAT NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL

M EXHIBITION, 1807.

' £1000 OFFERED IN PRIZES.

To bo HELD in the Gardens of the liotanloal and IlorticulturiiJ
Society, Old Tralford, MANCHE.STER, Vth to the ir.th JUNE.

Charges for Admission ;— Fir-tt Diiv. li»«, iw. each; Second Day,
2.S. tld. each ; WIUT filuNDAY iilul tuinainlng Daja, Is. each.

SuijBcrlbers tu the ManchCHtor Botanical and lloilicnltural Society
freo etich day,

, Annual .Subscription— Family, t'l 2s. ; Individual, £1 Is,, admitting
On .'dl occiuiiuns.

fichedules. kc, may bo obtained on application to Mr. B. Fik»i.av,
Ciimtor, Botanic Cardenfi, ManehUHtur, or from tho uudoriiljfiied.
^illitary Bandu in attendancu ouch day.

Cooper Strct-t, M.anchester. Hr.fitY Wuitwoutii, Sec.

/ 1 ];EAT NATIONAL Horticultural

VT EXHIBITION, 18(17.— Gardeners will be admitted by Ti-kota

(IS foIloWK; — KirHt Day, 2n. fid. each ; Second and remaining Days,
Is. catrh. Applications for these Tickets niuRt ho made on or before
5Lh JUNE, Hr.Nav Whitworth, Sec,

FLORA L and HORTIcITl T U R aTi^, I-'ETK
to bo hold In connection with the Northamiitonshire Adri-
cultural Society's Annual Show, in EASTON NE.STON PARK,
near TOWCESTKR, on THURSDAY, July 4, Silver Cups and
^Preniiiim.s amounting to more than ^150 will bo offered for
competition. (Jpou to all England. Prizus to be paid on the day of
exhibition.

Patrom.
Tlis Grace tho Duko of Graftoii Sir Ralnnld Knightloy, Bart.,
Tho Rt. Hon. the Earlof Pomfret , M.l*.
The Rt. Hon. tho Lord South- , Sir Thomaa llesketh. Bart, M.P.

ampton ' Li>;ut.-Colonel Ocilvy
The Rt. Hon, the Lord Ponrhyn i John Wardlaw, Esq.
.Sir Thomas Bateson, Bart.. M.P. Tliomas Ridi:Wiiy, Esq.
Frci>idaLl.—'T!h<i Right Hon. the Eij.rl of Pomfret.
Trcasvr--r. — Mr, H, W. JopsoU.
Secret wry.— Mr. K. Howes.
Schedules may be obtained of the Hon. Secfotavy, Mr. R. Howks,
Towcestor, and of Mr. F. PKaaiNt, Seedsman, ic, 2, Gold Street,
Northampton. ^^

GRAND H 0 RtTg UT 'fFraL EXHIBITION
at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with the
SHOW of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 16, 18G7, and four following Days.
Amongst various Special Prizes, amounting In value to nearly
£300, and exclusive of the ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP. VALUE £20.
will be offered by tho Proprietors of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Asn AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for the best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to be made up as follows : —
Of FRUITS, any Five of the following Eight kinds, one Dish of
each ;— Grapes, Melons (3 fruits), Strawben'ies. Gooseberries, Cur-
rants, Cherries, Raspberries, or Apples {of the crop of 18Hti).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of the following Fourteen kinds,
one basket or bundle of each :— Peas. French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners). Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace). Summer
Cabbages, Early Carrots, Turnips, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rhubarb, Potatos, or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will be open to Competition amongst Amateur or Pro-
lessional Gardenprs, of all grades, with Frait and Vegetables of //m-m-
oimi grouping; any article otherwise obtained will disqualify the
exhibitor.

Flower Seeds sent Post Paid.

CHOICE PRIMULA SEEDS.

Per Packet— s. d.

Barr's splendid strain of I'rimula sinensis flmbriata alba ., 2 0

„ rubi^ ..2 1}

„ „ „ .. mixed .. 2 0

„ „ Fi?rn-le,aved Primida sinensis alba . . 2 C

„ ,, ,, ,. rubra . , 2 fi

„ „ „ „ mixed.. 2 6
,, „ Primula sinensis fimbriata nova, a
beautiful madder red shaded
variety, with a conspicuous canary-

jellow centre -^ G

Barr'a splendid strain of Primula sinensis fimbriata striatiflora,

n beautiful striped variety 3 R

Prior's Primula sinensis fimbriata atro-carminea splendens, a

fine strain \s. and 2 G

„ „ alba, a fine strain . . Is. and 2 0

„ ,, Ulacinaalbo-marginata, do. is. and 2 C

., ,, striatiflora. a fine strain is. and 2 0

,, ,, mixed, a fine strain .. l-'<. and 2 C

,, „ crectn superba, a fine sti'aiu Is. and 2 6

Bull's Primula sinensis fl.pl. (this variety comes trueft-om need) 3 6

Calceolaria Ambassador (Sang).

EDWARD SANCJ and SONS. Nvksertmen and
Sekd MKRcaAKTB, Kirkc'ildy, N.B., offtr strong antumn-strucfc
Plants, in single pot«, of this now well-ltnowij and universally
iulmireri BED1>1NG-0UT CALCEOLARIA. Price 12s. per dozen.
Early orders will oblige and have their careful attention.
The Trade supplied.

N'EW~BEDDiNG PLANT: IRESINE~HERBSTII
AUREO-RETICULATA.— Plants of the above distinct and
beautiful variety, 2s. Qd. each, 18s. per dozen, with usual discount to
the Trade.

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA SEED of good growing quality.
Price on application.

TnoMAS Crifps, The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

Superb Double HoUyhociis.

WILLIAM CHAl'LU h.gs tu rt-nund the admirers of
this beautiful Flower that now is the best time for planting
it out, to en-ui e tine Spike.'i and Blooms this season.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, with instructions for its cultiva-
tion, also Prices of Plants per doz., lort, or 1000 may be had on
application.

Seedlings from best named Varieties, 4s. per doz., or from 20s. to
308. per I'lO.

Bloomed Seedlings with colours named, very fine, 6s. per doz. ; or
from 308. to 408. per 100

Seed saved from the finest named Varieties, very choice mixed, 5s.
and 28. firt. per packet.

In Collections of 12 separate liaraed Varieties, extra fine, 10s.
Sis Varieties extra, 5s.

Twelve Named Varioues, all good show flowers, ~s. Gd.

Sil Warned Varieties, all good bhow flowers, 4;:;.

IVitLtAH Obatsr, Nurseries, Saffron Walden.

Per Packet — s. d.

BULL'S MIMULUS, Duplex- flowering. — This is a unique and
most beautiful flower, the calyx being as beautifully

marked as tbo corolla Is. 6'i. and 2 6

„ HYBRID PETUNIAS, consisting of beautifully striped
and blotched varieties Is. ftnd 2 6

BARR'S INTERNATIONAL PRIZE CALCEOLARIA.— This
is without exception the finest stmin of Calceolaria in culti-
vation S.f. Gd,, 38. Gd., and .'» G

„ SPLENDID CINERARIA 2 «

RIViNA LAVIS.— An exceedingly pretty plant for table deco-
ration, alwAys covered with berries 1 (I

WILLS' V FRBENA.— Of the Velvet Cushion type, saved by

Mr. Wills from all his finest varieties . . . . Is. and 2 6

VIOLA CORNUTA PURPLE QUEEN and MAUVE

QUEEN Is. and 2 0

ZEA JAPONICA VARIEGATA.— Tho new Variegated
Indian Corn, perhaps tho handsomest variegated foliage
phant for tbe flower g^trden yet introduced, surpassing in
beauty tlie Arundo Donax variegata. Now is the time to
sow the seed 6d., Is., and 3 0

XERANTHEMUM OARYOPHYLLOIDES, fl. pi.— An ex-
ceedingly handsome carnation-striped double Everlasting,
for Winter bouquets and Chuich decoration 10

SCABIOSA (New Double). — Very handsome flowers, resemb-

lln", the Pompon Chrysanthemum 10

SANVITALIA PROCUMBENS. fl. pi.— A very handsome '
bedding plant with bright yellow flowers, resembling a
Ranmidulus Gd. and 1 0

THE NEW GIANT TREE TEN-WEEE STOCK.— The hand-
somest of all, in 10 varieties . . 3s. Gd. and 5s. Gd. ; mixed 2 0

THE NEW GIANT CAPE STOCK, in 10 vars., 2s. Gd. ; mixed 1 o
For further Novelties and Specialtiea, see "Guide to the Flower

Garden," sent free to intending purchasers, on sending their

addresses.

FLOWER SEEDS.— The best for present Sowing, as supplemental

where there is a deficiency of Bedding-out Plants. Hardy

Annuals— Collections, 2s. Gd., 3s. Gd., 5s. Gd., 7s. Gd., 10s. Gd., los.,

and 21s. Half-hardv Annuals — Collections, 3s, Gd., 6s. 6d., 7s. Gd.,

10s, Od., iSs., and 21s.
KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS.— The Best Varieties in Collections,

10s. Gd-, ^(is., 2ls., 30n., 42s., and 63s.
LAWN GRASS SEED, finest quality. Is. 3d. per lb.
FARM SEEDS, saved from pure stocks. — Mangel Wurzel, Swedish

Turnip, Yellow-flesh Turnip, Wbite flesh Turnip, Carrots, Parsnip,

Cabbage, Blundell's Cattle Melon. Marrow, &c.
GRASS SEEDS and CLOVERS, finest sorts only, for Laying Down

Permanent Pasture on Light, Heavy, or Medium Soils, with or

without a crop, 32s. and 36s, per acre.
The GUI DE to KITCHEN and FLOWER GARDEN presented froo

to intending purchasers.

SATURDAY, APRIL 13, 1S67.

JIEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

f Royal Hoi-ticnltnral (.'^ecoudSpringShow),
TcESBAV, AprU 16< at South Kensington 2 p.m.

L Ditto (General Meeting) 3psi.

TarBSRAY. , 18— Linnean 8 p.m.

I Royal Hoi-tii'ultural (Dr. Masters' Lecture
SATunDAv. — 20^ oil Plant Arcldteeture), at South Kcn-

f sington 3 r.«.

BARK AND SUGDEN,
12^ King Street, Covent Garden, "W.C.

Oh ! those dreadful names, sources of per-
petual confusion among botanists and horticul-
turists, the terror of the unle.arned, the horror
of the scholar, the objects of never ceasing
raillery on the part of the facetious, the despair
(if those who would try to reform the Augean
stable of Pl.-vnt Kojienclattjee. Shall we put
all the generic and specific names into their
proper genders — shall we with our correspondent
" A. M." make all trees feminine, and adapt the
specific names accordingly ? Shall we adopt all the
corrections made by the learned Editor of the
"Illustration Horticole"r How long, for
instance, would it take to familiarise our English
ears with Orchiacea> in place of Orchidacete as
proposed by the savant just named? To these
questions and a host of similar ones that might
be put, we do not intend at the moment to
attempt a reply. We have already on more
than one occasion expressed our decided opinion
as to the impropriety of affixing scientific looking
names to plants which have not been scientifically
investigated, and wc have ui-ged the desirability
of attaching the word IJort. in all cases where
such a garden name has been given, adding, if
necessary, the name of the introducer thus —
Passiflora macrocarpa, Hort. Linden. Let us,
however, step aside, and give place to one whose
unrivalled knowledge of Orchids, and whose
many pubhcations on them, give the utmost
weight to any opinion he may form on this vexed
subject. Professor EEiCHENBACn thus writes : —

" In what way are newly introduced plants to be named
as long as they are not known botanically ? This is a
very grave and a very difficult question. M. Van
IIouTTE pointed out to us one day, nud he did it in a
very jocose manner, that it was asking too much to
expect a nurseryman to wait for flowers and ripe fruits,
or for a botanist able to christen a plant before a name
was given to it.

" There are very different customs about the matter
among our principal niu'serymen. As to English ones,
Messrs. Veitch, we believe, rnrcly dispose of a plant
before it has been named. Mr. Stuaut Low always
f«lls a purchaser the status quo; he will tell
you, he suspects this to be Otlontoglossum so
and so, that he is sure he has Odontoglossum
triumphans, <S;c. Messrs. Baceuouse, we believe,
intend to present unknown plants hy their trade

3Y6

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 13, 1867.

number. This may be a very pood system for pur-
poses of correspondence, yet we are sure Messrs.
Backhouse do not expect us to retain the numbers
by memory. The great savant, Hallee, having
employed numbers instead of names, had the grief of
finding only good Abeaham Thomas able to attach the
numbers to the plants. He ivould have explained
you Ophrys apifera, by exclaiming : " Ah, tenez !
voila ! numero mille deux cent vingt-neuf," or some-
thing like it.

"Now as to the Continent, M. Linden is in the
habit of giving names as far as he is able to do so, and
if he has no authentic designation he makes one,
assisted as he is by his prodigious meniory of the aspect
of plants. Some of these after a time are proved to
have been well-known before, as was the case with
Oncidium Diadema, yet it was easy to understand
Avbat was meant ; we had the notion of Diadema, and
this proved to be serratum. Had it been sold name-
less, there would now be great confusion about it.

" But after all, we like names as soon as we hear them
to be quite correct, A name in the eyes of the amateur
is something different from what it is in those of a
botanist :it is an equivalent of a certain prize. Paying
Jbr Vanda cristata, and obtaining alpina, is a bad affair.
We are more particular as to names than the French
game-poacher of Geneva, who having been accused of
offering for sale ravens in lieu of pheasants, answered :
■' Appelez-les comme vous voudrez, descorbeaux s'il vous
plait ; moi je les appelle des faisans.'

" We would suggest another plan, and this would
be to give to such unknown plants mere fanciful or
lady's names. If Nanodes MedusEe had been named
* Gorgonia' or * Medusa,' as long as a correct name was
not to be had, every one, we hope, would have been
satisfied. A scientific name always suggests the suppo-
sition of a scientific investigation. But the naming of
unknown plants in some way appears nearly indis-
pensable, and fancy names will always be more easily
retained than numbers.

" We should be much pleased if such a system
were approved. But if we can induce others to
make more practical propositions we shall feel happy
in having assisted, at least, in this very difficult
question."

This proposal to attacli fancy names to newly
introduced garden plants is one tbat has
been advocated by Alphon.?e de Candolle
and other botanists, and though open to certain
objections, would, if properly carried out, be far
less embarrassing than the plan of attaching false
credentials to an undetermined plant.

We understand that another fine display of

Phaljjnopsids (see p. 348) may be found at Bedford
Hill, Balham, the residence of James Beand, Ksq.
Though the plants are past llioh- best, and though 100
flowers had been taken nil' inr a hall last week, there were
still a few days ago about luoil (lowers open. The plants
of P. grandillora are fast passing out of flower, for they
began to blcssom in October, and are consequently
nearly exhausted. Mr. Howaed, the very successful
gardener at this place, informs us that they usually
cut from 30 to 50 flowers a week for head-dresses,
bouquets, &c. " They are all," he observes, " grown in
the sa,me ^ house, which they ought not to be, as
P. Schilloriana requires more air and a lower tempe-
rature than the other kinds, and will even do well in
a Cattleya house. Our house has stood as near 60° all
the winter as we could keep it ; in very cold weather,
50° to 55'; and P. Schilleriana has done very well
indeed, but for P. grandiflora, amabilis, and Ludde-
manniana it was too cold. We now keep the house at
from 65 ' to 70' as nearly as we can, and shall continue
to do so for five months to come. The plants here
have not been imported more than three years."

The demand for the Hullettian Cueiosities

would seem to be of a very fluctuating character. In a
letter addressed to ourselves, on or about the 1st of
April last (!), Mr. HULLETT thanks us for noticing his
new plants, as our remarks have largely contributed to
their sale, especially among "your readers, from lords
downwards." By the same post, as it happened, a
correspondent forwarded us a letter from Mr. HuLLETT
of about the same date, of quite a different character;
in fact, an appeal ad misericordiam. We forbear, from
a feeling of delicacy towards one who says that he is
in the " most terrible trouble possible," to quote the
exact terms of the letter, but we would urge upon any
reader who may have had a similar appeal, to consider
whether or no he cannot exercise his charity in some
form less open to question than by the purchase at a high
rate of extraordinary Passion-flowers, Siamese fruits
with seeds as large as a child's head, and other similar
curiosities to which we have from time to time alluded.
In another letter, dated April 3rd, which has been
forwarded to us, Mr. Hullett states that he is very
desirous of obtaining " tim plants of any variety of
fruiting Pine-apple, the one having a full-grown fruit
on it just about to change colour, the other full swelled
but not quite so forward." These are wanted "for
a particular chemical experiment," and am/ price
will be given for them. Besides these, he is in want of
"a full-grown creeper or climber of any sort which
will suit a hothouse, about to flower in a short time,"
and from 10 to 20 feet long. What it is he has "not
the least choice', so that it is not Passiflora alata,
Bonapartea, or princeps, Allamanda violacea, Bougain-
villsea lateritia, or Thunbergia frograns," of which he
has plants; "any other Passiflora, or in short anything
strong," will suit. There is so much interest in the
horticultural doings which take place at Cosham, that
we have thought the foregoing particulars worth
recording, as they may perhaps convey a useful hint to
certain of our readers, and prepare them for some
astounding chemical experiments on Pine-apples !

Some of our nurserymen who may have been favoured
with " orders " for Orchids, &c. &c., will not, after this,
be surprised to find thai the Hullettiau curiosities
surpass anything they can grow.

■ The Great Hokticuitueal Exhibition and

gala of the Leeds Horticultural Society is to take place
this year on the 13th and 14th of June. _ The
Exhibition of the Harrogate Horticultural Society is
fixed for September 5th.

• We are informed that Mr. J. Eoestth

Johnson, one of the staff employed under Mr. FiNU-
LAY, the Curator of the Botanic Gardens, Manchester,
has prepared a plan for'.attaching canvas to the present
Exhibition-house (which covers 7840 square feet), to
cover 36,280 square feet, 19,080 feet of which is being
laid down in Grass banks. He is of opinion that the
Royal Horticultural Society might open its forth-
coming Show on the 31st of May, and close on the
5th June ; by so doing he thinks that both the Man-
chester and Royal Horticultural Societies would be
equally benefited.

We are informed that Sir Robeet Peel, Bart.,

M.P., has consented to take the chair at the anniversary
dinner of the Gaedenees' Royal Benevolent
Institution, and has named Thursday, June 27, for
that purpose.

That well-known grower of Strawberries,

M. F. Gloede, late of Les SablonsJ writes that he has
recently removed to Beauvais (Oise), 14, Faubourg
Saint-Loiiis.

New Plants.

Oncidium nubigenum, Lindl, Gen. S: Sji. Orch. 197.
Oncidium cucuUatum, rar. nubigenum, Lindl.
Folia, i., Oncidium, 69. Oncidium Phalsenopsis,
Linden. Oncidium Denisonianum, Bateman.

Affine Oncidio cucuDato, Lindl. labelli auriculis basilaribus
obtusangulis, lacinia antica obreniformi sessili maxima,
carina quadi'ata ancipiti antice bifida ante columnam
androclinio nudo.

When the lamented Dr. Lindley was a young lynx-
eyed observer, he called this plant a good species.
When he was older, and it had come into fashion
to combine very heterogeneous types in " one species,"
because " there were too many species," he believed it
was his duty to cancel some of his own, and this
Oncidium was degraded to the rank of a variety. Later
he even named a variety of 0. cucullatum, nubigenum,
for Mr. Linden. We believe this was a mistake, since
the many flowers we have been favoured with by Mr.
Linden, as well as Dr. Jamieson's specimens, and a few
sent by Messrs. Backhouse, never show any cncullate
anther-bed, never have a produced nasiform keel on the
lip, nor is there ever an isthmus to the lip. Messrs.
Bateman and Linden are of our opinion as to the
distinctness of the plant from O. cucullatum. It is a
gay little plant, with spikes of flowers, appearing as if
they were diminutives of Odontoglossum Phalsenopsis.
The petals and sepals are brownish, with a crimson hue,
or nearly crimson, or striped with crimson lines. The
lip is subject to many variations, so that a fuller collec-
tion of varieties would appear desirable. Generally it is
snow-white, with a yellow callus at the base, in front
of which is a more or less crescent-shaped blotch, now
purplish, now violet, now, what is less gay but
perhaps more elegant, two rings of purplish points.
From Mr. Wallis's sketches the plant and leaves would
appear to be not very unlike those of Odontoglossum
Phalajnopsis. It has been introduced both by Mr.
Linden and Messrs. Backhouse ; and we believe it will
be very ;mucli regarded, as there is little doubt that
under the coolest treatment it will do well.

Epidendeum amethystinum, Schb.f.
(Sp.atbium Racemosfe) caulibus usque sesquipolliwiribus, vaginis
paucis rudibus, foliis evolutis 2—3 oblongo-ligTiIatis obtuse
acutis, spatha ancipiti obtusa, racemo plurifloro erecto,
sepalis oblongis acutis, lateralibus extus carinatis, petiilis
linearibus obtuse acutis, labelli lamina libera rotunda acuta
apiculata, papulis geminis in ima basi.

A small hut very graceful epiphyte, having short
stems, bearing two to three leaves, about an inch long,
and one-third of an inch broad, apparently of a leathery
texture.^ The spathe is very broad, but short. The
raceme is erect, and bears about a dozen amethyst-
coloured flowers, nearly as large as those of Rodriguezia
secunda. It has been introduced by Messrs. Back-
house from tropical western South America, and
though a small thing (only 7 inches high), yet it is
more than Saundersian. It is a veritable little gem for
amateurs, and we feel pleasure in bearing testimony
that a drawing in the possession of Messrs. Backhouse
is quite in accordance with a dried specimen with
which those gentlemen supplied us. IT. O. Echb. fd.

LETTERS FROM PAMS.— No.
FoEciNG Gardens.

VI.

I have just returned from the largest and what is
generally considered almost the best of the Parisian
forcing gardens, for a look over which I have again to
thank M. Henri Vilmorin. It belongs to Madame
Proment, and is situated just at the outskirts of Paris.
I will state a few items which appeared to me
noticeable as contrasted with our own way of
doing these matters. They grow a considerable
number of Pines, and here I may say at once they
appear to be behind us ; their plants were fine enough,
but 100 old — ought in fact to have fruited long ago.
They do not drive them with the congenial tropical
heat that we do, do not allow them to feed freely all
through the season, and therefore the less said about
them the better. The back wall of a Pinetum was
pretty well covered with the Vinca rosea and its white
variety, and I had no idea before of how pretty these
look on a wall; they were feathered with leaves to the

ground, and flowered all over neatly — amon g the prettiest "
wall plants I have seen in fact. The Sweet Potato was
planted out in some quantity for propagation ; they
grow it out of doors often here, the purplish variety
being the best. They plant the "Vanilla against some
of the back walls, and have already fruited it in a stove.
But that is not very remarkable when we con-
sider that theVanilla grows as freely as Grass if it can
get its roots into a good mass of sphagnum, sand, and ;:
peat.

Vines they force in a curious way, and have cut
fruit a fortnight ago. I do not say that their system of
Vine-forcing is recommendable to your readers, but it
may serve to show with what simple means important
forcing may sometimes be done. They are forced in
what might by courtesy perhaps be called pits, but
which are simply frames. Imagine a common, roughly
made narrow frame, with its back about three times
higher than usual, so as to throw the glass well up
against the sun, and you have at once one of
these little long_ forcing frames. The high back
is clamped up with a lining to nearly the top, so are
the ends, and between all the ^ frames ' there are
beds of manure coming up to their edges. The little
Vines are trained any way— some in pots, layers of
last year, and some planted out. Judging by this
specimen of French in-door Vine growing, they are as
much behind us as in-door Grape growers as they are
before us as Peach growers. I am m love with several
Peach trees I.have seen here. The Peach trees in the
garden of a famous Peach grower here were only pruned
last Monday, the 1st of April. But the little rough-and-
ready Vineries, in which they have now ripe the
Chasselas de Fontainebleau, are heated with thin-
skinned copper pipes and small copper boilers in simple
little fire-places outside, the chimneys being evidently
formed of a lot of bottomless flower-pots piled one over
another, or of some simple machinery of that kind.

Much more like good crops and good business looked
the Cucumbers and Melons— at least to my taste. They
were grown in those narrow rough frames so popular
in France, the space between each row being filled
up to the edge with ordinary heating material,
and a couple of copper pipes run through those
used for the earlier crops. In these there were excel-
lent crops of Cucumbers just now, and the Melons had
set a respectable-looking crop of fruit. A goodly number
of long pits were thus employed, and many others
of like make and size, but minus the pipes, were filled
with the second crop of Cucumbers and Melons.
With the narrow continuous frames covering a large
area, and all the space between them filled with
heating material, they manage to originate a sort of
" mutual heat accumulating and preserving associa-
tion," the very antithesis of our hotbed practice, in
which one frame or a line of them is set up like a
haycock, to be chilled and pelted by all the winds that
blow, and only warm beneath. Where you have got a
set of frames plunged to the rim, as it were, in
heated stuff, it-is quite different, and then, by covering
the frame well and simply, as the French do, the
whole thing is as snug as possible.

The French, in all the gardens that I.have seen this
past winter, cover their frames very simply, neatly, and
well with little straw mats— jiwiWrasons, as they term
them. They are made by tying consecutively
little bundles of straw about as thick as the finger-
three rows of ties interlacing a mat about 3 or 4 feet
wide, the margins being cut quite straight. Of course
these mats are perfectly flexible — do not seem to dissolve
away like the brown paper which I saw enwrapping a
noble steed on his pedestal during the bad weather in
the end of March. They are readily made by men in
the winter months, and are, I should say, very much
cheaper than mats. Asparagus was extensively forced
in this garden— the plants being in level beds, with an
alley between, and getting a rest every alternate year;
they are cut for one month and then left alone. After
the narrow frame is put on the beds, the alleys between
are dug pretty deep, and the stuff thrown over the bed;
then heating material is placed between up to the
edge of the frame. Splendid Asparagus is cut from
these beds. I never knew what Asparagus was till I
came here. I have heard good authorities say here
that a French market- gardener can readily take twice
as much off a given space of ground as a London
market-gardener, and they certainly do their gardens
very nicely.

You may probably have heard how they grow the
Mushrooms here, or if you haven't you soon mil. I
stood over the place to-day, and made an unsuccessful
attempt to descend into the mine. Mushrooms
must be very abundantly and well grown, for in
the middle of winter a Frenchman who dines for a
franc and a half in a restaurant gets a nice little lot of
them with his Kidneys, and a toothpick into the
bargain.

Strawberries, Cherries, and Pears are being forced
here. The Pears they hope to ripen in about two
months, and then sell them in their pots — I suppose to
the rich Russians and Americans, who don't mind
eating gold, especially while sojourning here. The
Strawberries are very well forced, and in much the
same way as our own. :Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury
is the favourite kind, and of it there are good crops of
very large showy fruit.

Whenever I want to cool my eyes on first-class
subjects, I go to La Muette; and when I want to
look out for hardy plant interest I go to the Jardin des
Plantes. I was quite charmed with various hardy plants
there yesterday, and there is a capital collection of
spring things coming on. They name and keep the
hardy plants better than in any British botanic
garden, though deficient in other respects in which we
excel. They cultivate a good many of those finely
coloured double and single Chinese Peaches, and these
have looked very well for some time past. At La
Muette it is charming to see the progress the various

Apbil 13, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CIIRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

377

fii>e-leavotl things are making at present. The house of
Fiouses, 100 or more feet long, and a very wide coiiser-
vatory-liko structure, presents such a picture of the
genus as could not bo equalled elsewhere, and is a sight
in itself. The Aralias that I formerly described to you as
being located in the caves, are uow placed in the various
warm houses wherever there is room, and are busy
making fresh green leaves. „,■,,,■■

I see so much that is mtcrestuig that 1 llnnK
I had better make my letters a sort of running diary,
instead of devoting them to special subjects. The Cos
Lettuces seen in some of the shops for some time past
are simply magnilicenl. I am told by Mr. Knight, of
Pontchartrain, as well as by distiuguished French
horticulturists, that the French market gardeners
surpass us inlinitcly in the production of winter
saladings, and knick-knacks of Chat kind, as well as in
market gardening generally. They seem very fond of
a gigantic kind of green bell-glass, about as big as a bee-
hive, only a little more pyramidal, and I have made up
my mind that they grow a solitary Coi Lettuce under
each of these till the glass is full. Nous twrroiis. I
have also made up my mind that for us horticultural
Britishers "to think there ain't uo light in natur when
wo wink" is a vanity of vanities. I never knew what
it was to see a really beautiful Pear or Peach tree till
I came hero, though I have seen many British places
with a great reputation for fruit growing. There
are so many curious and beautiful specimens of
training to be seen in the Champ de Mars, that I
must devote a special paper to them by and by.

This 3th day of April, 18fi7, 1 strolled through the
magniticent Avenue des Champs Elysees to the liois ,
do Boulogne, and then to the garden of the '
Acclimatisation Society therein. It is a pretty
garden and a most interesting place. In it you
may study many things, from the culture of the
oyster to the various breeds of domestic fowls, from
the various silkworms to the different plants used
for bee feeding. I shall not describe it in full,
bearing in mind the many interesting things I have to
discuss during the next few months. I take a deep
interest in a hybrid ass — a neat cross between a
domestic and wild species, albeit he proved useless for
the carriage, and kicked it and the harness into
smithereens when yoked, in eon.sequence of the virus,
or what an Irishman would call the "divilmiut" of
the exotic parent predominating ; I am not insensible
to the claims of a linssian dog with a coat like a super-
annuated doormat ; I laughed to-day at a duck which
had a velvet-looking head remarkably like a hunting- i
cap, and nearly as big, but with a body uo larger than a
debilitated blackbird ; and I was amazed to see a chien
with no hair except on the top of his head. But we
must let all these things pass, and fall back upon the
old and everlasting subject of importance — as it is since
man first regaled himself upon fruits and greenmeat.
I suppose one of the first things the sagacious creature
pitched upon was the Grape — at least the best varieties
of Grape.s and the best varieties of men are supposed to
have originated in much the same place. To-day
it is more important than ever, and the gardeners
here were employed in planting the last of a
magnificent collection of 2000 varieties of Vines !
What a grand collection ! It is the famous one formed
in the gardens of the Luxembourg, and fortunately
saved from destruction by M. Drouyn de Lhuys, acting
upon the urgent request of a friend of horticulture.
They were actually about to be thrown away when the
recent mutilation of the Luxembourg Garden took
place. So by authority they were ordered to the
gardens in the Bois de Boulogne, where I trust they
will be well looked after, as it would be a great pity if a
collection embracing, as far as could be collected, nearly
all the varieties cultivated in the world, should be lost
to horticulture and to science. As they are but leafless
sticks now, we will leave them alone on their bed of
sandy loam, with a sprinkling of short manure placed
an inch or two over the roots. By the way I observed
where they were digging deep for saud in this garden
that it is placed on a bed of capital garden gravel almost
as thick as the bed of dense clay under the Zoological
Gardens in the Regent's Park, and such a basis is of
course excellent for a thing of the sort. I saw a man
carrying manure on his back to the Vines, and I sat
down and contemplated him going througli the
interesting task, the basket being placed on a slightly
elevated bo.ard supported by three sticks, from which
he could readily hook on to the basket when it was
filled. I looked at him with respect, and a strong dilu-
tion of sympathy, just as I should at a living specimen
of the dodo or any other animal which I had supposed
to be extinct. It occurred to me at the time that the
acclimatisation of a handy useful species of wheel-
barrow would not be unworthy of the Society ; and
■when I have learnt how to put the idea in French of
spotless courtesy, I think I shall convey it to the
superintendent. I went out there to-day to cool my eyes
on the budding green trees. On the way I was pleased to
notice a goodly lot of those splendid deciduousMagnolias
which are too much neglected in England ; but more
delighted than I have been for a very long time wasi with
a beautiful Anemone coming into sparkling flower in
the garden. It is bright and rich as a scarlet Geranii
the petals overlaying each other with the prettw
efiect; it is dwarf as a Sedum and hardy as a House
Leek— and its name is Anemone pavonina. I had no
idea of such another precious gem belonging to the
family, and shall add it to my ideal garden of hardy
plants as soon as I have selected the ground. Without
exception, it is the brightest and richest spring flower
I have seen expand during the early part of April. It
was the double variety Isaw. What a gem for asso-
ciation with the finest spring flowers ! Of other facts
in connection with this garden I have to state
that the Lycopodium is used with the most
•unarming effect to form a turf over its general floor,
and that nothing can look more beautiful than the

New Zealand Flax, and several Palms and Tree Ferns,
planted near the margin of a winding bit of water.
Musa En.sete, too, looked nobly in the same position,
planted out in a coolish house — a hint, pcrhajis, for
some who have very large conservatories. In thi! open
garden the common double Peaches furnish (dianniug
masses of ex(|uisito rose just now. The inaguifi(;cnt
collection of Vines are being trained on galvanised
wires, running in two lines, at about ;i or l feet from
the ground, being supported by little strong iron
uprights. Wo will bid these gardens good bye until
summer, at all events, when, if they are acclimatising
an.vthing noticeable in our way, I shall make a point of
iecing it.

I have just (April 10) returned from Verriires, M.
Vihnoriu's place, situated in a pleasant country about
8 miles from Paris. It is hero where specimens of all
the more miscellaneous plants are grown, .and also thaso
of which ver.v small quantities aro required. Here
also are sown extensive collections of Wheats and
other cereals, and altogether so much interest in my
own particular way that I hope to visit it with profit
as soon as all the annuals, ic. are up, and everything
in observable condition. There was a batch of
the magnificent Anemone fulgens in full glow; and
suflicient evidence afforded that it is one of the
most beautiful and valuable flowers ever seen in the
spring garden. The brightest variety of the common
wind Anemone is poor compared to it, and in richness
and decision of tone it is before the great Scarlet
Poppy, or the brightest Geranium, while hardy as an
aged toadstool, and in a word unsurpassable. I hope
to see it well represented at Cliveden and other spring
gardening places in England ere long, for I have never
looked upon its like therein. I saw also a charming
dwarf cruciferous annual or biennial, of which I
cannot yet tell you the name. It wasin full flush of dense
lilac flower the day of my visit, and it has lived out
through the past nasty winter, and what I trust we
may call the past nastier spring. I need hardly say it
will prove a charming addition to the resources of the
spring gardener. It is quite distinct from anything I
know in that way. I saw also a most desirable dwarf
breed of Cinerarias, which will prove a boon to the
conservatory and greenhouse, as they form wide, flat,
and firm masses of bloom at G inches high when I'uUy
developed.

The new Sorghum, about which so much has been
said, has been tried here last year and found wanting.
It did not ripen a grain of seed. It was obtained from
Italy. There are the two noblest plants of Picea Pin-
sapo I have yet seen, both raised from the first packet
of seed sent by the person who discovered the tree. But
of this interesting place I shall speak again as soon as
everything is in observable condition. From the way in
which the gardeners are bringina forward the young
seedlings in frames and under sucb conditions as are
found to be most suitable to each kind, there is no fear
of many failures in the very numerous species grown.

As for the Exhibition there is little to add to
last week's account. M. Chantin has added some very
striking Zamias since the opening, one of which be
calls Zamia magellanica, but which Dr. Hooker told
me to-day is the large form of Stangeria paradoxa.
There is a vast difference between it and the form
seen in England. This larger form is a truly noble
plant. Rhododendrons are beginning to glow about
the grounds, and there is a great number of Hyacinths
in the full flush of beauty here and there, and also some
beds of pretty Pansies ; Camellias are shown too in the
open air as well as in-doors. Some spring flowers of
miscellaneous kinds are also in bloom, the prettiest of
which is a mass of Muscari botryoides hlaiic. I was
also pleased to see a goodly collection of Irises planted ;
while young, new, and interesting Conifers are in great
force. Of Cattleya bogotensis var. macrantlia, a
large and exquisitely beautiful Orchid, there is a large
specimen shown by Mr. Linden, and the Ferns shown
by Mr. Veitch are beautiful, new, and distinct.
There was no sign aflixed to them, or anything else
that would indicate if a prize were bestowed, but it
matters little whether they get a prize or not, for
some of them will be found indispensable to Fern
collectors. Among the best are Pleopeltis varians,
dotted over with small white spots ; Lomaria ciliata,
Marattia Cooperi, and Athyrium Goringianum
pictum, with (fronds of a silvery and dull red hue.
Some of Mr. Linden's Bromeliads are fine, particularly
Tillandia rosea, with its upper leaves of a brightly
shining rose colour, and T. argentea, perfectly covered
with silvery down. Mr. Bull shows a well-variegated
plant of Phaius grandifolius, and in the grounds the
various kinds of deciduous Magnolias are in fine
flower. They are not half sufficiently planted in
England. The new one, M. Lenne, is remarkably fine
when grown to some size. There are also some pretty
plants of Libonia fioribunda, not a new subject. It
appears to be one that in the hands of English plant
growers would be really useful for spring decoration.

The second show will be held on Monday, and will
doubtless be an improvement on its predecessor.
W. -

CAMELLIA CULTURE.— No. III.

{Continncdfromp. 876, 18GG,)

Having already named 21 of the very best sorts of
now and old Camellias for general culture, I will,
before proceeding to canvass and discriminate upon
the di-stinguishing characteristics of the more important
novelties, make a selection of -10 others that have a
more or less title to distinction. Many of them are
very excellent and useful sorts, some for one purpose
and some for another, and it shall be ray endeavour to
rate them for what they are worth. For convenience it
will be better to arrange them alphabetically.

Jlba imhi-icala is a plant of good bushy habit, with
large broadly ovate leaves having a beautiful lustre

1' lowers niedium size, but of fine outline and good
depth, produced rather sparingly, but an umiucstion-
alily boautifulflower and tolerably constant; pure white
wil,li an occasional flush of i.ink. It is generally to bo
liad in best condition during February and March.

Ah-xinii possesses a beautiful hiibit, and it is one of
the lietstof Ihe free in flowering properties. Its petals
biromc sniuL'Vvhat confused towards the centre, which
detracts from its otherwise promising aripearance.
1' towers with whiteground.delicatclyslripedandmottled
almost to an indefinite ilegree. It comes early, and
stands out the season equally well. It therefore
possesses the advantage of permitting it.s period of
inflorescence to he either accelerated or retarded as
circumstauces may demand.

Amabilis is a splendid growing variety, and, as a
specimen, is of model habit. It is one of the small-
flowered section, although it is by no means diminu-
tive in stature. It is so prolific in bud formation that
it periodically requires to be disbudded. The flowers are
of good outline, imbricated to the centre, of a rich ruby
colour, with an occasional white blotch. It is culti-
vated to much advantage as one of the late-flowering
section.

Archiduchesse Auijusla. — There aro two varieties
bearing this name, the one much inferior to the other.
The proper variety is easily distinguishable, being a
sort of dullish crimson, with very in-ominent bluish
venation, differing in this respect from all other
Camellias. The form is good, made up of sliell-like
petals of pretty outline, full to the centre, but at its
very best it can only be classed as a second-rank flower,
the colours being somewhat unattractive. It is con-
stant, and quite up to the mark as a grower, and is one
of those that always command attention from its
distinctness of character.

Archill la-hesfie Marie.— ThK variety does not quite
bear out the high character which some enthusiasts
awarded it on its appearance as a candidate f^or public
favour. It is one of the " henspeckled " class, in flower
or out of flower. Its foliage being uunsuady small,
narrow, and pointed, it can always with certainty be
selected by those familiar with Camellias. It is by no
means stunted in growth, and the stems in process of
elongation require frequently to be supported with
stakes when the plants are in rude health. In point of
inflorescence it is also free and invariably constant. The
flowers are imbricated to the centre, with petals of rough
outline, which mars its otherwise attractive appearance;
they are of a soft shade of crimson almost approach-
ing to cerise, with a distinct white band down the
centre of each petal from the base to the extremity —
in truth it has all the character of a first-rate flower
except in regard to outline, and it is only of medium size.

Bealii, as a late-blooming variety of absolute
certainty under the routine of ordinary culture, is pro-
bably unrivalled. But for its deficiency in the centre
of the flowers, some of the stamens of which show
themselves pur el simple, I should have had uo com-
punction in placing this among the select 3i. In the
earlj;stages of expansion it is exceedinglyattractive from
its highly coloured crimson scarlet flowers, and the pro-
fusion of them. In point of habit it is a desirable sort;
and although its foliage has not the great show of
luany others, it has a compactness of growth which it
is extremely desirable for breeders to induce and ner-
petuate. It is best grown as a late ibloomer, and can
be retarded with very little trouble to the month of
May. The lower or outer petals are of fine formation,
and great substance. No collection, however small,
should be without one or more plants of this variety.';

CarsweUiana.—t\ia variety was dedicated by the
late Mr. Henderson, of Woodhall— a place and a
grower not without fame a quarter of a century ago —
to Mr. Carswell, who for upwards of 30 years was
gardener to Col. Buchanan, Brumpeller. It is of way-
ward habit, but yields flowers of medium merit, and is
constant and free. The flowers are of one of the inter-
mediate sliadesofreddishscarlet,withan indistinct Ijand
of white running lengthways through some of the
petals. It can only be ranked, looking at its general
character, as a second or third-rate flower.

Catherine Lotiijhi. — Upon the whole this is a very
desirable variety, being an advance upon many of the
types in point of form and good colour, and, when well
managed, making a very handsome plant. It is some-
what shy as a grower, feeling evidently the efl'ects of
in-and-in breeding, and more liable, therefore, to give
way under fatigue. It is not desirable to attempt the
flowering of this among the early section, being always
producible in best condition from February on wards.
The flowers are of bold outline, made up of petals
imbricated to the centre, and meeting in point of form
the approbation of the florist ; colour a rosy carmine,
which is much "faster" than many others of its
compeers.

Cizvendishii.—No Camellia plant possesses a more
elegant habit than this, which assumes that pyramidal
build which of all others it is the most desirable to main-
tain. Itgrows nearlyas formalastheLawsonCypress,and
keeps as readily to due proportions without "knifing."
Were the flowers as unexceptionable, I would unhesi-
tatingly hold the plant up as the modi-le de perfection.
They are, albeit, imbricated to the centre, and of good
size, but in point of substance and form of petal there
is considerable deficiency. It is one that will give, not-
withstanding these drawbacks, very general satisfaction,
and ought therefore to be included in a select list for
cultivation. The flowers are of arosy crimson hue with a
band of white down each petal, having in this instance
a tendency to magnify the deficiency of texture, and
they are produced in great profusion.

Centifolia alba. — This is a most rampant subject,
yielding great lustrous leaves which command admira-
tion. No one under cultivation can be reproduced so
rapidly from cuttings — no, not even the common stock,
and were I a nurseryman I would propagate it by the
thousand for stock purposes. It is the very sort for

378

THE GARDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICFLTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 13, 1867.

improving the d\varf tendency of some, and it has the
risht sort of sap in its system for intermingling with
the general breed. It is not of wayward habit, although
it is free ; and granted that it requires to be kept within
bounds by shortening laterals, it makes a handsome
bush. It is useful in being suitable for early purposes,
flowering quite as well in October and November as
in January and February. It is pure white in colour,
as its name implies, and is a formidable-looking flower
of great depth, rather wanting towards the " top
courses" of petals, which when expanded become
yellowish and assume a faded appearance, while the
lower portion is in quite good condition. It has many
merits to counterbalance this deficiency, and I counsel
its general acceptance.

Ckandleri. — This, of course, is one of the original
treed ; but it ought not to be passed aside, if for no
other purpose than for reproduction. It is of the serai-
double section, and probably has been the parent of more
good seedlings than any other variety. Its habit is
desirable, being adorned with glistening foliage of
noble proportions, and its inflorescence is showy. If
flowered early in the season, it comes beautifully
blotched and bizarred with white upon the crimson
ground, and it is useful for cut flowers— table bouquets,
for instance.

Chandlei'i elegans. — This is an improvement in point
of habit to the former, being much more easily grown
into specimen size, while it loses nothing as a flowering
plant. It can be grown nearly as large as reticulata, and
it is an attractive flower. The rich glowing shade
of pink that pervades its very broad petals, along
with the diminutive feathered white stamens that
stand erect in the centre of the flower, render it
an object of general admiration. Where cut flowers
for table decoration are in much request, by all means
this "fellow" should be cultivated, and if at all
moderately cared for in the annual routine of manage-
ment, it will amply repay the trouble.

Comte de Paris. — This may be considered a third-
rate flower. The habit of the plant is good, and the
blossoms freely induced ; but there is a roughness
about them which is not so desirable where some
others of the same colour can be had of better finish.
Flowers of a deep shade of pink with florets irregularly
edged with white, and sometimes striped with car-

mine. A.

{To he Continued.')

Home Correspondence.

nival Si/sfems of Grape Gronnng. — I was wholly
unacquainted with Mr. Sage's intention of bringing
forward my name in the discussion on this subject
which is at present going on in your pages, until I saw
it (see p. 182). As, however, Mr. Miller seems to
disparage Cole Orton, I will just state a few facts for his
edification. If he alludes to me, when he talks about
persons sending fruit to every show where there was a
chance of gaining a prize, he is mistaken, as I seldom
do so unless at the urgent request of some personal
friends who have an interest in the success of the
Society to which the fruit is sent, and who press me to
help them ; but I have exhibited for 27 years at the
different London shows, and during that time I have
taken a great many 1st prizes, and have withstood
great competition. In the year 1851 there were
74 competitors in the class of three bunches of Black
Hamburgh, and a friend of mine counted them a few
years afterwards, when the number was 57. Ton are
aware that there is nothing like that number now.
For three successive years I took the 1st prize for
Black Hamburgh Grapes (not Red) at all the Eoyal
Botanic Society's exhibitions ; this I did by means of
the progressive system of pruning. When Mr. Miller
has done as much by the Hop-pole system, it will
then be time enough to disparage Cole Orton.
With respect to the two systems ol Tine pruning
under discussion, after having practised both, I am
decidedly in favour of Mr. Cannell's plan. Now I
always prune my Vines to what I think a good eye,
whether I leave 3 inches of new wood, or 2 feet, and
as the shoots reach the top of the house I out down to
the next coming shoot. My Vines that cover three or
four lights produce better fruit and more of it accord-
ing to the space they cover, than when they were con-
fined to one rafter. It may not be desirable to adopt the
progressive plan to its fullest extent in private esta-
blishments, as a variety of Grapes is generally required
from one house ; but I strongly recommend the plan
to be practised as far as circumstances will permit. I
am perfectly aware that very fine Grapes are produced
by the close pruning system for a long time if the
Vines are extra strong, but it is a barbarous practice at
the best to cut oil' every good bud, and trust, I maysay, to
adventitious ones for a crop ; and although the Vine
will bear under such treatment, this only shows to
what it will submit, and does not prove that the
system itself is a good one. I think its greatest advo-
cates would not like to try the plan on other fruit-
bearing : trees. I may add that I have grown Ham-
burgh Grapes on the progressive plan of pruning
between 6 and C lb. per bunch, but I could never get
them up to first-rate colour or quality at that weight,
and quality I consider the first thing to be aimed at.
They were magnificent to look at, but they were
not very good to eat. I therefore do away with
my largest " shows," and content myself with
bunches weighing from 1 to 3 lb., which, after
all, are the most useful for ordinary purposes, and I get

first-rate quality. M. Heyiderson, Cole Orion Hall.

Mr. Miller certainly cannot yet claim to be carrying out
the restricted system. He has 15 Vines in a house,
and each extendin" 2 feet gives 30 feet in a year of
extension. Why, if Mr. Miller had had one Vine instead
of the 15 upon the same extension system, he would
soon have a Hampton Court Vine himself " Oh, but,"
says Mr. M., " I will soon put a stop to the extension

when the Vines get to the top of the house." But why,
let me ask, this dead stop, seeing the grand results that
have been obtained in their onward course. I have no
doubt that Mr. Miller will obtain large bunches upon
the restricted system, because his Vines are strong; but
will not that powerfnl root action which is required to
produce the fruit in question prevent it from colouring?
— and without fine colour Grapes are but half perfect,
however large the bunch or berry. Many know that
powerful root action will prevent the colouring of
Grapes, and therefore they seek every means of
checking it. When they succeed, their Grapes are of
better colour, but they soon perceive the growth to be
too weak to keep the sap up suSiciently over the large-
sized sod that has been produced by the previous
strong growth. That some may hit on the happy
medium and keep it for many years, I will not
deny, and Mr. Miller will be fortunate if he should
be one of them. I did not claim for Mr. Henderson,
of Cole Orton Hall, the honour of being the best
authority on Grape growing in the kingdom;
but if successful practice is to win that distinction,
few, if any, stand higher, and that elevation is
based particularly upon the extension system, We
are told by Mr. Miller that to ripen Grapes in March
is what in gardening is really called forcing, and
practice has shown me that this can be done without
any very great difficulty beyond the sacrifice of the
Vines within a very few years after they have been
subjected to such treatment. The late Duke of
Bedford was anxious to have Grapes all the year
round. Mr. Forbes, the gardener, succeeded in doing
so by ripening Grapes in March; but the first year
after ripening them in the middle of March, the
following July the Vines started into growth, so much
so that they had to be pruned ; they did not bleed, but
broke and produced a very nice crop, which was
ripened by the second week in January, 1855 ; on the
17th of that month Mr. Forbes showed, and won the
prize offered by the Horticultural Society for Early
Grapes. As soon as frosts would permit, the lights were
taken off and wooden shutters put on, but all to no
purpose. In June the Vines were in full leaf, and
therefore became useless for producing Grapes at the
time most desired, namely, the month of March.
Mr. Miller will perhaps give us some information
how Grapes are to be ripened in March for many
years in succession, without destruction to the Vines.
I must confess to feeling a doubt myself on the matter,
and think it a capital way for the advocates of the
restrictive system to get rid of Vines in order that they
may plant fresh ones, and win renown from that
system of extension inseparable from the bringing up
of young Vines to fill an ordinary-sized house. E. Sage,
Qopsall Sail Gardens, Alherstone.

Sir Karrij Strairherry. — I do not understand what
purpose Mr. UnderhiU's letter, published last Saturday
(see p, 351). is intended to answer. I said nothing
against the true Sir Harry ; I merely stated that Mr.
Underbill sent it out mixed with other kinds. This is
a fact which cannot be denied, as I had luy plants
direct from him. The Eev. Mr. Radclyfie confirms
my statement, and I have received letters from three
or four persons since my remarks appeared in your
columns, saying that not more than one-tenth of the
plants sent to them as Sir Harry were true. I do
not know where the spurious plants were grown, and
it is possible that Mr. Underbill is not to blame,
but that the fault rests with his gardener, or with
the person who took up the plants and packed them.
I consider Sir Harry to be a useful Strawberry, and
quite worth growing. The fruit is large and handsome,
and very different from that of any other variety ; but
the flavour is inferior to that of the Filbert and
Frogmore Pines, La Constante, Lucas, La Chalonaise,
&c. Lucas is a splendid Strawberry, the fruit large
and handsome, and of first-rate flavour. In conclusion,
allow me to call the attention of purchasers of Straw-
berry plants to a practice, now very prevalent among
dealers, of sending out pieces of old plants instead of
runners. Such plants are really worthless; a whole
season is lost, and no good strong runners can be

obtained from them, Henry Douhleday, Epping.

I can fully confirm Mr. Douhleday and others that
when Sir Harry (probably, taking all qualities into
account, the best Strawberry ever raised) was sent out,
from some cause in my case it was accompanied with
Keens' Seedling, to the amount of 70 or 80 per cent.
I represented the fact at the time. I had, however,
a few true ones, from which I propagated with assiduity.
For many years I havenever had less than one acre in full
bearing, and my observations and that of my experienced
assistants testify that it is as pure this day as at first,
never having shown the .slightest tendency to sport, as
some say it does. In 1857 or 1858 I supplied Mr. H.
Douhleday, I think, with plants from my stock, through
the instri imeutality of a friend of his resident in Sale,
who having seen his Strawberries at Epping pro-
nounced them something else, and advised.him to have
some from me. In the same year I also sent to the
order of M. Ferdinand Gloede, Sablons, France,
2000 plants, which I pledge my honour were true ; he
must, therefore, have been unfortunate or neglectful
in his culture to be compelled to become an annual
suppliant to Mr. Douhleday for true Sir Harry. I
have seen many instances in this district in which
other kinds are cultivated for the true one ; either
Hooper's or Keens' would very soon insidiously extin-
guish it if once amongst it. From an experience of
40 years, my conviction is that Strawberries do neither
sport nor degenerate ; Myatt's Pine (for flavour un-
rivalled) raised 30 years ago, is as pure with me as ever,
so is British Queen, Keens' Seedling, Grove End, &c.
I think the error arises in growing them in proximity,
and hence the sorts become mixed, not by a new pro-
duction, but by the runners ofi others insidiously
mingling with the original plantations. Sir Harry
with me, in all soils, light or heavy, rich or poor, is a

great cropper, bearing large fruit to the last picking ;
it is splendid in colour, has a luscious and refreshing
juice, sweet enough to be pleasant, and it possesses a
robust constitution ; it is not a sugary Strawberry like
the British Queen and others of that class which
ha,ve their peculiar excellence. If I may be per-
mitted to use a simile, they are the liqueurs. Sir Harry
the champagne of the feast. The Lady I fruited of first -
rate size, and under favourable conditions last summer ;
my impression is that she will never make a creditable
mate for Sir Harry. Richd. S. Yates, Sale, Cheshire.
^My intention was to keep aloof from the contro-
versy concerning Sir Harry ; having, however, noticed
that my name is mentioned in connection therewith, I
feel it my duty to repeat what I have said previously
on the subject, both in private and in print. I willingly
accept the responsibility of what 1 wrote to Mr. Under-
bill a year ago, viz., that Sir Harry, where it exists
genuine, is a wonderful Strawberry, and fully equal to
the description given by its raiser when sent out for
the first time. On the other hand, I cannot but repeat
that unfortunately a spurious kind has been distributed
simultaneously, which turns out to be Hooper's
Seedling, and it is precisely this latter inferior sort
which now exists in most English nurseries, under the
name of Sir Harry. Up to the present day the demand
in this country for Sir Harry exceeding by far the
stock which I was able to rear, I ordered on several
occasions plants from some of the leading English
nurserymen, but, alas ! all and every one proved to be
Hooper's Seedling, AVhen in London, at that glorious
fete in May last, I visited several English Strawberry
grounds, and pointed out that the whole of the stock
labelled Sir Harry was in some instances spurious. To
others I wrote and begged them to submit their plants
to a first-rate connoisseur and impartial judge, Mr. H.
Douhleday, who to my knowledge alone grows Sir
Harry free from mixture. Mr. Underbill will recol-
lect, I am sure, that some ten years ago I complained
of having received two different kinds of Sir Harry,
and the same thing occurred with my late kind friend,
Nicholson, of Egglesclifi'e, as well as probably with
othei-s. It is a pity that such should have happened,
j as we must attribute to this circumstance alone the
fact, that the really grand Sir Harry is now rarely to
be found. As regards Mr. Underbill's new seedling
The Lady, I postpone my judgment until after next
season. Ferdinand Gloede, Eeaiivais, France.

Early Peas. — The plan which I have adopted during
these last three years for raising a few early Peas is
much more simple than that of Mr. Maw (see p. 348).
I take two pieces of board, 8 inches wide, and put them
together (with rope yarn), exactly as an old-fashioned
pig's trough is made. These I fill up with rather poor
soil and sow the Peas. I transplant them in the way
described by Mr. Maw. My troughs are 12 feet long.
I have this season sown four of them, as I have a border
here 21 feet wide, and these make two good rows of
Peas. I sowed them on the 4th of February, and to-day
they measure 14 inches high, while those sown the
same time in the open ground are only 3 inches high.
The sort sown is Dillistone's Prolific. I made a sowing
of Carter's First Crop by the side of the above on the
19th of February, and they are just breaking through
the soil. I have my troughs now filled with French
Beans. W. S., Wimborne, Dorset.

Planting Evergreens. — I am anxious to ascertain the
prevailing opinion among practical men as to the
season of the year best adapted for the planting of
evergreen shrubs of from 18 to 30 inches high. I have
hitherto adopted the month of November and the
early part of December for such operations, and gene-
rally avoided spring planting, in order to escape the
I injurious effects of those droughts which pretty fre-
quently occur in the beginning of summer, e. g., season
1866. But from the numerous deaths which have
taken place among some common Laurels, Hollies,
Auoubas, &c,, which I planted in December last, this ■
question arises : whether evergreens planted towards
the end of autumn or those planted in spring enjoy
the greatest immunity from disease and death ? Will
you kindly give space in your columns for the discussion
of this important subject? A. M. [Will some of our
readers who have had experience in nursery manage-
ment kindly supply the required information ? EdsT]

Commercial Value of Teazel. — Perhaps there may be
some ol us who have no idea of the commercial value of
that well-known plant, the Teazel, which grows on our
roadsides and in waste places, and it might startle many
to be told that the fruits of a variety of this common
British plant form an important item in exports from
France into this country. There are two species of
Dipsacus found wild in England— Dipsacus sylvestris
and D, pilosus. The Fuller's Teazel (D. FuUonum) is
now no longer considered a species, but simply a variety
of D. sylvestris. The common Teazel is a biennial,
growing 5 or 6 feet high; its prickly lilac-coloured
dower heads, which open in July and August,
are well known. This plant has now no economic
use, though it was anciently much valued on
account of the water which the connate leaves retained
at their bases being considered a certain cure for weak
eyes. The Fuller's Teazel was formerly cultivated to a
large extent in Essex and the West of England ; it is
stilt grown in some of the western counties, but more
especially in Yorkshire, and is likewise cultivated in
many parts of Europe, in France, Austria, &c. Teazels
require much care when growing. In favourable
seasons Yorkshire can produce a better class of Teazel
than that grown in France. Though the plants will
succeed in any soil, they prefer a rich loam. The seed
is sown in March or April, in rows about 13 inches
apart. In the following spring, when the plants
have begun to make a little way, the earth is
thrown up about the base of their stems, so that they
may be better enabled to stand the force of the winds.
The Teazel harvest takes place during the months
of August and September in the year following

ApniL 13, 18G7.]

THK (;aj;1)KNeus' ('1!i;()M(;l1' and Ar,M('ri;njHAL gazkttk

379

the sowinK, so that one crop occupies the land
for nearly two years. Many landed proprietors in
letting farms prohibit Teazels being Rrown, as they
impoverish the land very materially. In some parts of
Yorkshire as much as 10/. per acre is given for land for
growinp one crop of Teazels. This peculiar cultivation
is carried on by people who make it their special
business, hiring a plot of land for one season only, and
then removing nerhaps to some distance for another.
After the Teazels are reaped, which is done by cutting
the Hower-heads off after the (lowers have withered,
leaving a few inches of the stalk, they are hung up
to dry, and when properly dried they are ready for
use. ^luch has been done by inventors, and njuch
money expended in vain attempts to invent machinery
to suitersede 'J'eazels for the carding of cloth, but at
present without su(-'cess. Nothing has yet been made
iiaving the llexibility of the natural hooks of this plant.
Metal hooks, however close an imitation to those of
the Teazel, are apt, in catching the libres of the cloth,
to tear them, while the natural hooks meeting
with any resistance would immediately break, leaving
the cloth uninjured. The dressing of a single piece of

j cloth consumes from l.'jdO to 2000 Teazel heads. They
were formerly lixed in a long iron frame and

! drawn across the cloth similar to combing ; this
system has, however, been superseded by arranging the
Teazels ui)on a revolving cylinder, which comes in con-
tact with the surface of the cloth just sufficiently to
raise the nop, which is afterwards levelled by cutting.
The dillerent forms or sizes of Teazels are known in the
trade by various names, as kings, tjueens, buttons, &c. ;
these .are used for dillerent kmds of cloth, the
smallest being for the finer sorts. Though Teazels do
not figure as a separate item in the trade reports, it is
estimated that upwards of 20 millions are annually
imported into this country from Prance alone, and
ihat the value amounts to something like 30,000/. !

j John H, Jackson.

Taxodium disticha .'—Will " A. M." (see p. 349) be
good enough to inform us when a tree ceases to be a
shrub and becomes a tree ? If he can, arbor being

' feminine an&fnitex masculine, we shall be able to dis-
tinguish when these genders are to be applied to
spccitio names. Ecce signum ! The Huntingdon
Willow being a tree, and consequently feminine, would
he called Salix alba, and the small Tree "Willow being
a shrub, and consequently masculine, Salix arbusculus.
Again, in Cassia, C. grandis being a tree, would be
feminine ; C. corymbosa being a shrub, and therefore
masculine, should be C. corymbosus ; but what of C.
marilandica, which is neither? I say, make it

neuter, and call it C. marilandicum ! Bohus mas.

The old rule in " Propria qua; maribus " shows that the
names of trees in Latin are not always feminine.
Spinus (masculine) is a doubtful example, but Oleaster
(masculine) is a certain one. Malabaturum is neuter.

j Indeed no noun ending in urn in Latin can bo femi-
nine. As regards the termination idie, as such words
are patronymics, they may be masculine, and indeed
many words ending in a are masculine. The instances
alleged, therefore, by "A. M." are correct as far as the
gender is concerned. M. J. S.

Mau-ks.—'^o doubt the three hawks mentioned by
your correspondent (see p. 322) as having been caught
in an unbaited trap placed 2 or 3 inches under water,
had entered the stream for the sake of bathing, of
which all rapacious birds are excessively fond. I keep
a hen kestrel in a shed in the garden, and she never
fails to take a bath about every other dav, even in the
coldest weather. W.R.T'ate,OroveF!ace,I>enmarkffiU.

I Temple Hi/acinihs.— As you have kindly alluded
(see p. 351) to this new attraction which has been
added to these gardens, permit me to state that those
who doubt the possibility of growing .=pring-flowering
plants in the open air in the heart of London, may be
convinced of the practicability of such an achieve-
ment by the successful results which have attended
my experiment with the Hyacinth. On the Grass
plot by the broad walk is a collection of Hyacinths,
arranged in 12 oval beds, where they have flowered in
perfection, the spikes of bloom being thrown well up
above the foliage, and very effective. The sorts are
Baron von Tuyll (blue), Grand Vainqueur (white),
Charlemagne and Hcnriette Sontag (pink). The pure
white of Grand Vainqueur is apparently but little
afl'ected by the London .smoke. The bulbs were
planted out in Cocoa-nut fibre under a west wall in
October, and were shifted to their present position in
January, after the beds had been cleared of the Pompon
Chrjsanthemums by which they were previously
occupied. The only shelter they have had has been a
slight covering with matting during severe frost. The
I success of this experiment should encourage London
! gardeners generally to grow the Hyacinth, as hv its
lueans a beautiful display can evidently be obtained in
the spring months, and at a moderate cost. Samuel
Broome. [Here is a hint for the adornment of our
dismal London squares. Eds.]

ROVAL Horticultural : April 6. — The second of Dr.
Masters' lectures on ' ' Plant Architecture " was ^ven on
'Ms day, and was devoted to the consideration of the Root,
.vhich the lecturer compared in eome respects to the basement
3tory of a house. The primary root springs directly from the
leed, but secondary or adventitious roots may, be produced
rom any portion of the plant, when required for pui-poses of
mpport or of nutrition. Gardeners are thus enabled to pro-
pagate by cuttings, or by portions of the leaves, and in some
natances even the fruit will emit roots, aa had been proved
n the case of Cactuses, Cucumbers. &c. They may also be
ormed in the soil, in the air, or in water, but the root formed
lay from a cutting in water, seems useless when planted
"^arth; new roots have to bo formed when the medium in
vhich the plant is to grow, is changed. Wherever and under
vhatever circumstances produced, the original form of the
'";t is that of a fine thread with a pointed conical end, the
Licker portion being the body or base, wliich usually divides
Iter a time into a number of branches or libres. Examples

of the difTeront forms of roots wore exhibited, and
showni to rlepcnd on the cmnparativoly largo dovolopment
of tho body as contrasted with th^it of the branches, or vici
versd. Tho cauflcs of thcso modifications nmy bo better undor-
fitdod by referring to tho purposes a root has to fulfil as a
Mipiiort, as a feeding apparatus, and as a storehoviso. Whoro
saio anchoritgo is required, from tho locality in which the
plant grows, tho nature of the soil, tho lovorago of tho
branches, &c., long tapering roots, or such as have largo,
widely spreading, woody branches are met with. Tho down-
ward tendency which roots generally exhibit seems also
connected with their action as fixers of tho plant.

For feeding purposes tho minute fibres, and of theso the
ends, are of most consequence. Tho cxticino tips of tho roots
are covered isdth a very thin inert layer, immediately beneath
which is the true gro%.-ing point. Owing to tho power which
the points of tho root have of growing in length as well
of sucking up liquid nourishment, they arc enabled to insert
themselves into very minute crevices, and to extend to enonnous
distances in search of food, often causing great inconvenience
in this way, by blocking up drains. This might be obviated
by Mr. Carroll's plan ;i3 expbiincd in the Report of the
Botanical Congress. The lecturer quoted some remarks of Mr.
Rivers as to the great ad vantige of allowing roots to be undis-
turVjed by injudicioxis digging or stining the ground. If not
interfered with, the roots will form a dense network of feeders
or fibres a few inches below the surface, where they arc within
the influence of the air. This is well exempUfied in Mr.
Rivers' establishment, where fruit trees are planted in
borders, to which surface dressings of manure are occasionally
applied, and in which the fibrous roots luxuriate, and are not
suffered to be disturbed. Tho lecturer was also indebted to Jlr.
Rivers for another curious fact in connection with the develoi)-
mentand form of theso organs. Some years ago, soon after the
first est^iblishment of orchard-houses, the puts in which the
fruit trees grew were placed on a loose border, formed of lime-
rubbish, manure, *c,, so that the drainage might bo freo ;
little or no rich surface dressing was applied, and at that time
the roots were observed constantly to forai large spiral coils,
the ends of which passed through the bottom of the pot into
the loose border, where they threw out their fibres or feeders.
For the last few years, however, a different system has been
employed, the pots now stand on a hard, firm border, and tho
trees are supplied in summer time with two or three surface
dressings of rich manure. It is now found that the large coiled
roots are no longer formed, but an entangled mass uf small
feeders or fibres, root in all directions into the rich soil pro-
vided for them. These examples furnish excellent illus-
trations of the way in which the form of the root is modified
to suit altered circumstances, and of the power which the
plant has in its plastic organisation of taking advantage of
favourable conditions.

While it may be necessary under many ciiTumstanccs for a
plant to thrust its larger roots deeply into the ground, or to
throw them out far and wide to serve as grapnels or holdfasts,
it seems equally clear that other things being equal for feeding
purposes, the smaller fibrous roots should be near the surface,
where they are within reach of the air. Practical men are
familiar with the suffocating effect of heaping up soil around
the base of a tree ; and this, which is a matter of every day
experience, has been confirmed by scientific experiments
carried out upon two trees simultaneously— one was partly
buried up. the other allowed to remain in its ordinary condi-
tion ; when the one showed signs of ill-health the soil was
removed from around its base and placed around that of the
other, which in its turn lost its vigour, while the first tree,
relieved of its embarrassments, regained its health.

Roots also, under certain cirtjiim stances, are valuable to the
plant as storehouses, in which water, starch, or other nutritive
materials can be stored up for the plant's use— hence the large
tuberous roots so generally met with in the plants of hot arid
climates. In reference to this subject a statement was quoted
from Dr. Livingstone's Travels, in which it was said that
certain native tribes were in the habit of detecting the
presence of these tuberous roots by thumping the ground with
their clubs, the sound thus emitted enabhng them to tell
whether or no there were any tubers beneath tlie surface from
which they might slake their thirst. The "callus" which
forms around the end of a " cutting " previous to its emitting
roots, may iUso serve the purpose of a ptorehouse ; at least
in several cuttings that the lecturer had recently examined
he had found in the cells of the callus a large accumulation
of starch.

In conclusion, certain garden operations, such as layering,
transplanting, Ac, were mentioned, the success of which m
gi'cat measure depends on attention to the peculiarities of
root growth, and the inducing causes of such modifications.

Botanical op Edinburoh : March 14. — Isaac Anderson-
Henry, Esq., President, in the chair. Mr. Henry, on taking
the chair, th.inked the Society for his election as President,
and then proceeded to read a communication on the Hybridi-
sation or Crossing of Plants, from which the following is an
; extract : — 1 started in my experiments about or bcfoi e the year
I 1840, and in firm rehance on the truth of the Uimarckiandoctiine,
1 stated my belief that " Nature in the beginning, as ccnjec-
j tured by Linnreus (I should luive said Lamarck), was occupied
I by but few original types »if the innumerable vegetable forms
' which have been transmitted to us. How these few first types
■ have become varied and multiplied from classes to tribes, irom
] tribes to genera, and from genera to species, and endless varie-
] ties, belongs to those mysteries of Divine agency which set all
I inquiry at nought," &,c.* Yet I could not discard the faith
j (natural enough) that by skilful manipulation and studying
I the times and seasons favourable and unfavourable to such
I operations, I could make Nature stretch a point so as to restore
, union, if not unitj', between and among things related by
1 cousinship some 50 times removed ; and by this means
transmit among flowering plants all that was beautiful in
colour, and elegant in habit, from any one vegetable form to
any other at all akin to it. In like manner, among fruits,
how easy did it appear to infuse the rich aroma of the Straw-
berry into every cognate thing. When I look over my notanda
of 15 or 20 years back, 1 see veritably recorded in my experi-
ment books such and such things to be done in this
way— of which, perhaps, the simplest might be to
cross certain species of the Rubus with the Fragaria,
among which genera the Raspberry in the former and
the Hautbois in the latter tribe looked promising. Again,
having got a small trailing species I raiseil from Andean seeds
(Rubus glabratus), I meant to cross it with R. arcticus, or
with R. Chamsemorue — in short, I formed great deirigns of
intercrossing the Rubus family one with another, on a Lirge
scale, and felt certain of a successfiil issue. Though I faUtd
in all of these, I never doubted my ability, and certainly it
looked among the most feasible of things, to improve the
Bramble by crossing it with the Raspberry. And although
I have heard that such a union has been accomplished, I
remain an unbeliever ; for, among all the most intractable
things I overtook in hand, I found the intercrossing of any
one species of Rubus with another (and I have tried them in
all possible ways, and under the most favourable circum-
stances) the most impracticable, and, as yet, I have only to
record universal failure. Some of my earlieat efforts, however,
were among what have been since demoninated "florists'
flowers," such aa tho Calceolaria, the Dahlia, the Fuchsia, <tc.
At that time every colour had been brought out in the Dahlia

* " Book of the Garden," vol, ii., p. 319,

save blue ; and some began to Mpeculuto upon such a colour
Ijeing roaliHed, thovigh none, so far as 1 was aware of, over
Kiiggested tho moans of uccompliHhlng it. Thia, however,
seemed to mo no great matter to achicvo. I looked over the
tribes bearing tho nearest affinity to it, among its natural
family, the Composita', having the desired colour, and I found
many flowering plants, HVich as Abtcr, Agatha^a, Kmilfussla,
&c., having various tints of blue, sufficient, as 1 thought, for
my purjxise. With tho pollen of these upon a whito D;ihlla, a
blue might, I believed, Ijo obtained ; but It wuh calling spirits
from the vasty deep, for neither bhio nor cvlh wltite, not even
a ripened seed, ever came of it. Unvarying f;iilure dumped
my zeal bit by bit, and I began to sec that 1 could not transfer
a colour alien to any one genus from another genus remotely
akin to it, to which such colour was common. Vet ere 1 leave
this subject I may observe a rather unusual freak of nature,
which 1 set down as due to an experiment of a somewhat
similar kind. At the period 1 refer to, now upwardH of '20
years ago, we bad few species of Fuchsia save F. globosa and
fulgens, It was the rage then, as it partly is still, to bring
o»it largo blooms ; so, with that object in view, as well as to
infuse some intermixture of colour, 1 crossed, or attempted
the crossing, of F. globosa with a yellow-fiowered CEnothcru.
I cannot vouch for the cross being true, for the progeny was a
plant to all external appearance a Fuchsia, like F. globosa, its
female parent, having flowers of the ordinary globose form
and size, but with lightish green tijjs on the tctrapartito
calyx. Now, although 1 could not regard this plant sw a
hybrid or mule, yet 1 could not reject the evidence of these
light tips so far aa to believe the Qilnothera had not influ-
enced them. The Fuchsia and QOnothcra, though so unlike,
stand in no remote degree from each other in the tribo
Onagraria; — a tribe, be it remembered, of but few genera.
Well, this was Uke the "glorious nibble" to the zealous
angler, who fished all day on the faith of it. But it helped to
keep me from further seeking to outrage the modesty of
nature, as in my effort to change a white into a blue Dahlia.
Vet for that wild dream of fancy I was not wholly without
warrant, or without a coloiirable pretext, for ere I gave in to it
I had, by crossing a red-flowered Calceolaria on one with
purely white flowers, produced a change in the purity of the
untouched flowers of the latter plant, many of which, soon
thereafter, became flushed with a roseate tint. I communi-
cated the result to Dr. Neill, who, I remember, felt great
interest in it, instancing something of a like natiire produced
by grafting operations, communicated to him by Mr. Brown,
of Perth. Ere 1 pass from the field of my dreamland, it is
right to observe that any efforts I made at that time to ti'ans-
mit perfume from one plant to another led to no satisfactory
results, just from having no plants then near enough related
to effect it. That it may he done, however, and done effec-
tually, I have since again and again proved, as others too have
proved among Rhododendrons, by crossing L. ciliatum with
R. Edgeworthii. 1 made this out long before these Sikkim
species came to help ufi — viz., by crossing our common
European alpine species, R. ferrugineum and R. hirsutum,
with R. formosum (otherwise R. Gibsoni), a beautiful
Indian species ; and the hke result I obtained by
crossing the latter with R. atrovirens— of all which crosses I
have still many plants in my garden, all quite hardy, and
wliich flower abundantly every year. In these latter hybrids
the perfume is faint compared with what it is in the Edge-
worthii cross ; but of the Rhododendra hereafter. To revert
to my earher operations. Finding that Nature would not do as
I bid her, 1 resolved, aa far as possible, to find out her way,
and do as .she bid me ; so I took in sail, lowered my expecta-
tions, and betook myself to mere muling. To go no farther
back with my experiments than 1842, 1 tried to accomplish
breeds between several kinds of Fuchsia and Epilobium, a
genus certainly not far remote from the Fuchsia, especially
the F. exeorticata of New Zealand. The l\ corymbiflora, then
new, I drafted into service likewise, crossing it with CEnothera
serotina, d;c. I wrought with Qi. rubra and also (E. alba, to
whose agency I had a notion thefirst pure white l'\ichsia, named
Venus victrix, was in some way due. I also wrought with
Epilobium angustifoUum, and some time after this with Zausch-
neria californica, still more closely allied to the Fuchsia. But I
failed in all to effect an intermediate. In some cases where
I inverted the cross, making the Fuchsia the male parent,
there appeared to be seed.s partially ripe, borne by the
Epilobium, but nothing ever came of them. 1 was reluctantly
obUged to abandon this family altogether. One great ol>ject
I had in view was to effect a change in the colour of the
bloom, as well as in the habit and hardihood of the Fuchsia.
In the following year (1843) I changed my tactics. The
Fuchsia Venus victrix having a small flower, 1 entertained the
hope, by crossing it with a fine large-flowered variety, called
F, splendida, to produce a larger variety, with aU the purity
of that, still the purest of aU the white varieties. The better
to secure this, the thought struck me of shading both tho
pollen and iseed^bearing plants. With this view I shaded the
female plant (Venus victrix) by covering, ■\\'ith thin muslin
bags, its emasculated blooms, and, at maturity, fertilised
these ■with the unsunned pollen of F. splendida. I did get
ripened seeds and sowed them, but nothing came of them— at
least I obtained no purer white-flowered seedlings. I inverted
the cross, making F, Venus victrix the female, and F, fulgena
the maleparent, but with no better success. I, however, got ripe
seeds by this cross also. 1 again, that same year, to get better
expanded flowers, tried a modified form of muling, and effected
crosses between F. cordifolia (mater), and F, fulgens (^a(er_),
adding the pollen of the latter to that of (Enothera serotina.
I got ripe seeds, but of these, though sown, I have no record ;
and I have since been fully satisfied that in such cases foreign
pollen added to native is impotent. I find from my note book
for the year 1847, that I made some attempts among the
Scrophulaiinefe, a family most of whose extant tribes stand
in much closer relationship toone another than the Onagrarieae.
The Toreniaasiatica, a most beautiful plant, introduced about
that time from India, offered to me a very tempting oppor-
tunity of forming by it a union with a Califomian plant of a
nearly allied genus— namely, the Diplacus puniceue. And
I may here notice a fact 1 have found of almost universal
occurrence among my expei-iments, that when I had
to cross an American with an Asiatic species, it took
much more kindly than crossing either of these, espe-
cially the former, with European species ; and leat I
shall not have another opportunity of recurring to this
subject, I may here observe also the decided preference of
plants of the southeni hemisphere to intercross among them-
selves, however remote their original homes may be ; e. g., I
found how much easier it was to cross Austrahan and New
Zealand plants with their aUies of South Americn, than with
European or kindred things in the northern hemisphere. I
have also observed that proper American species have greater
aversion to cross with European than with Asiatic species, and
that Asiatic species have no less aversion to intermix with
European kinds. Thereisonly one instance,Iremember,of effect-
ing a successful cross between anAsiatic and a European species,
and that was in crossing a small species of Rhododendron
with yellow Helianthemum-like flowers, being a form of
Rhododendron lepidotum called R. el*agnoides,of the Sikkim
ranges, on R. ferrugineum, a European kind. Of thia cross
I raised two plants: one died, ana 1 kept the other for
years ; it flowered with me, the blooms being dirty
red, splashed with a pale yellow tint. It was an odd-
looking thing, and I afterwards sent it to Kew as a
botanical curiosity. What became of it there I never heard.
In the early summer of 1847, 1 crossed the Diplacus puniceue

380

THE GAEDENEES* CMONICLE AND AGHICULTtmAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 13, 1867.

withToreniaasiatica,andonthe3d Augiistlgot, as I believed, a
pod of ripened seed, but I found 1 had pulled it too early, and
the seeds do not appear to have sprung, at least I have no
note of it if they did. I may observe hero that it was and is
my custom always to remove the native anthers long before
maturity, deferring the cross generally for three or four days,
or even a week thereafter— in fact, till the stigma was fully
matured — always marking it as so emasculated: and this was
carefully done here. From another pod of the same cross,
but not so marked, I obtained nhae plants, but what became
of these I have no record ; very likely they were failures. I
further tried, and succeeded, in crossing another Torenia—
viz., T. intermedia— with the Mimulus, makmg the latter the
seed-bearer. Of this cross the pod contained 17 seeds, which
I sowed on the IVth September 1847, and at October lOtb I had
nine plants finely vegetated. But of these I have no further
record. I perhaps lost them during the following winter ;
for in the.few propei' mules I have succeeded in raising I always
found them most difficult to rear. In this cross, as weU as in
the following, I had, I find, made sure against self-fertilisation
by timely removal of the male organs. I further, iji 1S47,
attempted a cross between the Digitalis pui-purea, var. alba,
and the Torenia asiatica, making the former the seed-bearer,
and got something like immatm-e seeds, which I sowed, but
nothiug came of them. In the same summer of 1847, I
effected another small success by obtaining one pod of ripe
seeds of Isotoma axillaris crossed with Lobelia ramosa. These
I .sowed on ISth September, and at 24th November I potted off
nine small seedlings. On September .30th I obtained of the
same cross another ripened pod containing 16 seeds, which I
do not observe I had sown. On Becember4tb, of the same
year, I obtained another pod of ripened seeds from the same
Isotoma axillaris, crossed in this instance with Lobelia corono-
pifolia. from which I raised 10 plants, potted off 12th January,
1648. What came of them I have no record, but I have found
out, much to my cost, that of few things sown as late as
October, and before January, can much account be given in
the following March. Yet those who, like myself, have only
been able to gather such seeds so late, are placed on the horns
of a double dilemma -they must either sow at once, at great
risk, or put off tUl spring, when, with longer keeping, the
vital principle, weak at firat, may be gone. Yet the fact of
seeding and raising such thmgs at all was encouraging, and
tended to make me more observant of the ways and means by
which success might be made more certain. That climate,
and especially some peculiarly favourable states of the
atmosphere, had much to do with it, I felt every year more
and more certain. I had by this time found tliat crosses
which I could easily effect at one time were utterly impracti-
cable at another, and that this ill-conditioned state would
sometimes extend over whole summers. But of all times
and seasons, I found such weather as frequently preceded
thunder, and, oddly enough, which sometimes followed it—
when there was a genial balmy texture in the air, not so much
from sun heat, as sometimes arises from the presence of a
larger portion of electricity than is usual, when every living
thing seems raoi'e than ordinarily alive and haiapy— to be the
season of all others for a bold experiment, and I seldom failed
to improve it. Such a season happened in the spring of
1850 ; but before I relate a small success I then achieved, I
must relate another observation which had been forced upon
me from some of my manifold efforts in this way, and I think
it will be better if I state it by giving it as set down in my note-
book, under dates April and May, ]8j0 : — "Discovered that
the short stamens of Rhododendron cinnamomeum, and
particularly of R. catawbiense, crossed the small Rhododendron
(Rhodothamnus) Charajecistus." By the shoi-t stamens of R.
cinnamomeum I had further crossed the same pigmy species
of Rhodothamnus with a large white-tiowered Indian species :
the cross being performed iu the beginning of March, 1850,
which I noted as then (19tti May) well on towards ripening.
Off the above muling operations I got some pods of ripened
seeds, especially when the Rhodothamnus was crossed by the
large Indian Rhododendron, than which none to aU appeai'-
aucG could be more perfect— yet nature had been too far
strained. I sowed the seeds, and though I preserved the seed-
pot for years, not one seed over vegetated. I was, however,
more successful with another cross, which I felt impelled to
try by the extraordinary mule raised by Mr. Cunningham, of
Comely Bank, and about which so much mystery was observed
— and for one good reason, as I have since learned, that he
himself, crossing at the time so many things, one with
another, did not precisely know its parentage, further than
that the seed was borne by a Menziesia crossed, as he might
believe, by the Rhodothamnus Chamsecistus. I have now
reason to believe, from having wrought much in thissection of
the BricacetB, that the seeds of his mule called Bryanthus
erectus were borae, not by the Menziesia cosrulea, as was
generally believed, but by M. empetriformis crossed by
Rhodothamnus Chamo^cistus, for I had myself been trying a
similar ci-oss, before I knew of Mr. Cunningham's, between M.
eoerulea and the same Rhodothamnus, which, however, had
failed. Having thereafter, when in his nursery, been shown
Mr. Cunningham's mule by himself, though he decUned to say
what the parentage was, 1 felt .assured that I was not far off
the truth when I told him my belief that it was the very cross
1 had been attempting, which he, however, would not admit.
But, not to be baffled, I set to work afresh, but now inverting
tijxe cross, making M. ccorulea the seed-bearer ; for before it was
the Rhodothamnus. It succeeded. I obtained ripened seeds
in Jime, 1850, and in September following I had four young
plants, which, however, were unfortunately devoured one
night by a snail. In this I had another instance of success
being secured by inverting a cross. From this time forward, I
dealt liberally with the short stamens, believing, as I still do,
that with these— I mean the pair of shortest stamens which
occur in numerous families of plants — the larger species may
be made to intermix with the smaller species of its tribe,
where otherwise no union could be effected. But there is one
singular result, which I think I have fully established aa
ensuing from the use of these short stamens, especially where
the kinds crossed are homogeneous, or not remotely allied,
and where there is no great disparity in size between their
aexual organs. Pursuing the use of these diminutive organs,
especially where I crossed a larger on a smaller species, I find
tliat I had, in the spi-ing of 1855, manifestly used the short
stamens of Rhododendron Ed^wortbii in effecting a cross on
K. ciliatum (both Sikkim species), with the object of warding
off the tall reed-like growth jof the former, and seeming the
dwarfer, bushier, habit of the latter species iu the progeny,
I g.athered and sowed the seeds of this cross on 7th November,
1855, and I have still thi-ee plants alive of this brood, the
height of two of them being only 4, and that of the other
4^ inches. These are now in their twelfth year, and have
never shown the smallest tendency to bloom. I have no
doubt of these being the produce of the short stamens.
Earlier in the same autumn I gathered and sowed seeds
of the same cross, effected, I have no doubt, with pollen
from the longer stamens, for the plants are tallrn- than
lk. ciliatum, and shorter than R. Edgworthii, the male parent,
of whose delicious perfume the flowers largely partake. My
attention was first called to the like effect of dwar&shness
being produced from the use of the short stamens in the
Pelargonium tribes by an article written by Mr. Beaton in
1861, in the " Journal of Horticulture ;" and it is not unlikely
that the same law holds in other races where the short
stamens occur, I was first induced to use these pigmy
stamens of the Larger species from the belief that their pollen
jnuat neeeasaiily be smaller and finer in its granules thftu that

of the larger anthers, and therefore more likely to pass down
through the ducts of the female organs of the smaller kindred
species. I cling to this idea stiU, and, if I am correct in it,
may not the several pairs of anthers— i. e., the intermediate
and longest stalked anthers— have severally their separ.ate
functions 1 Much patience is needed for pursuing experiments
here, but it is worth the trial. May not the colour and per-
fume of flowers, and the s ize, fecundity, and aroma of fruits
too, depend upon the proper selection here ? In all my
difficult crossing operations latterly, I used the pollen
of all the anthers, leaving nature to select for herscff.
This suggests to me a matter I may as weU treat of here as
afterwards, and which is referred to by Mr. Darwin at
page 545 of the latest edition of his "Origin of Species,"
where he holds the sterility of hybrids to be a different case
from that of a first cross, the reproductive organs of hYbrids
being more or less functionally impotent ; and for winch he
shows apparently very valid reasons. Yet I may refer to a
pretty well-known hybrid of my own as affording, in its case,
no failure from either of its parents in this respect. The
Veronica Andersoni, a hybrid between V. Lindleyana (mater)
and V. speciosa (pater), yields seeds, perhaps, in larger
abundance and of equal fertihty with those of either of its
parents. Another brood which I raised, between Veronica
decussata (V. elliptica. Hook.) of the Falkland Islands, and
V. speciosa, of New Zealand, bears seeds in equal abundance
with its parents, and likewise of equal fertility. These were
of course seeds of original hybrids. But I found in another
hybrid which I effected many years ago between our own
alpine Veronicas— viz., V. saxatilis, having rich bright blue
flowers, and V. fruticulosa, having white flowers, striated with
pink — which I honoured with the name of our honorary secre-
tai-y, Veronica Balfouriana, having blue flowers striated with
red, that the seeds of the second generation from it, at least
of one whose flowers diverged from the colour of either of its
parents in becoming red, no seeds of that red descendant, though
tried over and over again in successive years, ever vegetated.
I may now, ere I quit this subject, allude to a very singular
phenomenon in increased fecundity in seed bearing of a first-
cross. When the beautiful and fragrant Rhododendi'on Nut-
tallii was introduced from Assam into our gardens, I shared, in
common with others, a desire to tiy what could be made of it
by crossing with other species— and of its progeny in this way
I have two or three broods, some of them now of 2 and 3 feot
high. These operations were performed in the spring of 18(i2.
On the 12th January, 1863, I puUed from Rhododendron Dal-
housi^ a seed-pod socrossed with R. Nuttallii, the size of which

1 carefully measured, and found it was 1| inch in leng^th by

2 inches in girth, whereas the largest normal seed-pod
gathered, equally ripened from the same R. Dalhousias at the
same time, I found to he only li inch long by li in girth.
But the most remarkable thing of all about this cross was
that, though the seeds were fully ripened, and in such abund-
ance as I never before saw equalled in the family, and though,
when sown, the seedlings came up thick as Chickweed, yet
every one of them died off in the .seed leaf or second pair.
Though they came up in thousands I could not preserve one of
them. Yet, singularly enough, I have raised no end of
another brood, obtained by crossing R. formosum with
R. Nuttallii, and with another hybrid of my own obtained by
crossing with R. Dalhousias. The fertihty here was due,
I have no doubt, to the infusion of the "blood" of
R. formosum. As a proof of this, I at the same time
sowed the seeds of a cross between R. formosum (pure)
and R. Nuttallii ; the seedlings came up in double profusion.
Are these results due to a nearer or remoter vicinage of
oi-iginal habitat ? for aU are Himalayan species, the R. Dal-
housiie being from the Sikkim, the R. formosum from the
Khasia, and the R. Nuttallii from the Assam or Bhotan r.anges.
But I am digressing sadly. My object in the experiments
above noted has mainly been to show that Nature abhors all
alliances in relationship beyond the closest afiinities. Members
of many genera, besides those so close as the well-known
instances of the Apple and Pear, the Gooseberry and Currant,
obstinately resist all intermixture by crossing. I have already
noticed, in addition, the Bramble and Raspberry, and I could
add many others equally closely allied, but equally intractable.
I may return to this question of unaccountable antipathies in
a subsequent paper, where I may notice some equally unex-
pected sympathies between unlikely species, of which I may
here note only a single instance. Having two veiy distinct
species of Bi'owallia in my garden, one a shrub, growing from
4 to 6 feet in height— viz., Browallia Jamesoni, an orange-
flowered species — and another, a tiny blue-flowered herbaceout?
annual, from 6 to 9 inches high, both from tho Andes, it
occurred to me to try a ci-oss between them. I made the cross
on the B. Jamesoni, having previously most carefully emascu-
lated the blooms. The cross was made on the 17th Jime, 1S65.
I gathered the seed on 5th July that year, but the seeds,
though well formed, being immature, never vegetated. This
cross I mean to try again, for the seeds, though not ripe, were
no mere abortions, which often occur in such extreme crosses,
I cannot close this part of my paper without suggesting to
other.=i an cxpeiiment I intend to attempt myself, if spared, on
a small scale this ensuing summer, and that with a view to
bridging over some of those gaps over which Nature will not
of herself be made to leap. I have been .again and again
surprised how near ;md even far-off allied things will incorpo-
rate, by the simple act of grafting, an act by which the sap
and every vital principle which sustains the one must now
animate both, and yet the two living things so made one will
not, in their sepm-ate state, unite by any act of crossing yet
resorted to. Hence it occurred to tna that a union might be
tried between the two separate subjects by fertilising the
flowers of the engrafted plant with the pollen of that species
which forms its stock. For example, I have several Pear trees
engrafted on the common white Thorn, which flower and bear
abundantly every year. I mean to try how far the pollen of
the latter (Crataegus Oxyacantha) may not fertilise the other,
and produce an intermediate. I wish much that others would
try what could be done in similar cases. The ralionclc of
this experiment is strongly supported by a circumstance
noticed in Loudon's " Gardener's Magazine," voL x:iv., p. 430,
of a male plant of the Carica Papaya, a ditecious plant,
having boi-ne female flowers at the extremity of the racemes
of a male plant, which was accounted for by the fact of the
plant having been, two years before, inarched on a female
plant of the same species, that part which bore such female
flowers having grown subsequent to the act of grafting. The
familiar case, too, of the Cytisus purpurascens or Adami, a
hybrid between the common Laburnum and Cytisus pm--
pureus, affords another striking instance of the influence of
the stock ou the scion. For when grafted, as it. generally is,
on the more vigorous Laburnum, shoots sometimes
of a mixed character, partaking of both stock and
scion, and sometimes of the Laburnum pm'e and simple,
with its proper foliage and flowers, spring out from
the branches of the C. purpurascens.'* Other instances

might be given, but for the purpose in view those cited may
suffice. I am yet but on the threshold of a vast subject, with
what relates to pure hybridisation— i. e., the crossing of one
species with another distinct species of the -same genus— and
the crossing of varieties scarcely touched upon. With some
of my experiments in these still ample fields, I may tax your

patience in some other paper at a fviture time. The following

papers were read : — I. Notes on some of the Composite of Ike
Andex, and more 'particularly on Chuquiraga insigiiis. By
Professor Jameson, of Quito. Communicated by Is. Anderson-
Henry, Esq. Compositte are found in all jiarts of the world,
from the northern Polar regions to the sultry plains of tho
tropics. In Northern Europe and Asia, on the Alps and
Pyrenees, they are herbaceous. Throughout the whole range
of the Andes many are shrubby and arborescent. The latter
occur more generally between the hmits of SOuOand 12,000 feet
above the sea level. Near the snow line (15,000 feet) we meet
with a vegetation of shrubs composed of Chiiquiraga, Loricaria,
and Diplostephium, associated with the wooUy plants caUed
Frailejon (Culcitium nivale and rufescens), which, with the
Wernerias, advance to the Umit of perpetual snow. The first
division, Labiatiflorag, established by Lcssing in the year 1839,
comprises a small number of beautiful plants, few of which are
known to the horticulturist. The genus Mutisia. described
and named by the younger Linnaius in honour of Dr. Celestino
Mutis, the distinguished New Grenadian botanist, presents
species which, for the size and colour of their flowers, caU
forth the wonder of the traveller. The Mutisias are genei'ally
furnished with tendrils, by means of which they clmg to trees
and shrubs, adorning the woods on the western flank of the
volcano of Pichincha. The species of Onoseris occur m gi-eater
variety at Alansi than anywhere else, and also possess
considerable merit. Onoseris hyssopifolia adonis the sandy
ravines of Pomasqui and San Antonia. The genus Perezia,
named Clarionea and Homoianthus by various authors,
presents species that occur on the higher i-idges of the
Cordillera, between 13,000 and 14,000 feet above the sea level.
One of these, Perezia multiflora, here called Escorzonera, is
considered a useful remedy in catarrh, acting as a sudorific.
The Chuquiraga, comprised in this division, is, in a medicinal
point of view, the most important of the group. The infusion
of Chuquiraga, taken by an individual in his usual state of
health, operates as a mild tonic, increasing the appetite and
promoting digestion. It appears to act as a stimulant on the
circulating and organic nervous systems, augmenting the
force of the pulse, and giving more energy to the cerebral
functions, diffusing a general and equable distribution of
warmth over the body, with a tendency to perspiration.
In consequence of its action on the organic nervous system,
it possesses much efficacy in the cure of intermittent fever.

In certain cases it seems preferable to the Cinchona. II.

Obituary Notice of Professor John Goodsir. By Prof essor Balfour.

III. Report on the State of Open-air Vegetation in the

Royal Botanic Garden. By Mr. M'Nab. — Since the last meeting
of the Botanical Society (14th February, 1867) the we.athcr hjs
been very variable, and of such a nature as greatly to retard
the progress of open-air vegetation. The finest weather
experienced was after the middle of February, when several
mild sunny days were the means of advancing vegetation
considerably, and also bad the effect of testing the damage done
to Conifera; and several evyrgreen shrubs from the effects of
the frost on the 4tli of January. At the time of my last report
the only shrubby plants then recorded as being injured were
the Lauruatinus, certain breeds of hybrid Rhododendron, ever-
green Oaks and Cork trees. Since that period all the plants
of Pinus insignis have become brown. Taxodium semper-
vu-ens and Cryptomeria japonica are also much injured.
j\Ianv plants of Wellingtonia gigantea have had their points
destroyed, particularly those growing on low and somewhat
damp situations, while those planted on elevated ground are
as yet unhurt, and have every appearance of continuing so.
The GaiTya elliptica, which was in a flowering state at the
end of December, now shows injury to a considerable extent,
many of its branches being totally destroyed. The Japan
species of Euonymus are so much disfigured that the plants
will have to be cut down to the ground. The Leycesteria
formosa has also suffered severely. With the exception of
the Californian shi*ub, Nuttjillia cerasiformis, which is now
covered with its short, white racemose flowei's, and rich green
foliage, few other plants show much appearance of growth ;
even the Ribes sanguinenm, which has been frequently
noticed as flowering early in March, shows but httle appear-
ance as yet of bursting its buds. Towards the end of February
herbaceous vegetation seemed all ready to advance. The cold
and backward weather since the beginning of March has kept
them in check. Since tho 14th of February, the lowest
thermometer readings diu-ing the remainder of that month
were on the mornings of the 15th, IGth, 2Gth, 27th, and
28th, marking respectively 30% 34" 30", 2G', and 2G°, tho
highest night temperature being on tho 20th, 21st, 22d,
23d, and 24th, marking respectively 42°, 48°, 44°, 43°, and 43".
Since the commencement of March the highest night tempe-
rature was on the 9th, when the thermometer mdicated 35',
aU. other moraings up to this data falhng below the freezing
point, the lowest markings being on the 1st, 2d, 5th, 12th,
and 13th, marking respectively 23°, 26°, 28°, 27°, and 26°.
This comparatively low temperature has been much against
the floral calendar for the paat month. iThe plants noted tin
bloom, in addition to those recorded at the February meeting,
are Crocus vemus and Orohus vernus, on 15th Februaiy ;
Scilla bifolia and Rhododendron atrovirens, on tho 16th:
Doronicum caucasicum and Symplocarpus fcetidiis, on thelSth ;
NuttaUia cerasiformis. ou the 20th ; Omphalodes vcrna, Arabia
albida, on the 22d ; Sisjoincbium grandiflorum album, Scilla
sibirica, and Aubrietia grandiflora, on the 23d; Iris reticulata,
on the 2d of March ; Narcissus pumilus, on the 4th ; Naroiasus
minimus, on the 5th ; Scilla bifolia major, on the 10th ; and

Tussilago Farfara on the 13th. Miscellaneous Covimnaicatio}iS,

(f-c— 1. Mr. R. T. Mackintosh, of Dean Park Nursery, reported
the flowering there of a plant of Rhododendron Falconeri. The
plant is 4 feet high, with five branches 1 foot 9 inches in
length. It has produced five trusses of flowers, each 2 feet
5 inches in circumference, and possessing from 20 to 25
flowers, each flower measuidng 10^ inches in circumference.
Size of leaves 13 inches long by 5 inches broad. 2. Mr. I,
Anderson-Henry exhibited the fruit of Solanum caripense,
ripened at Jardine Hall. He bad first raised this plant from
seeds sent home by Pi-ofessor Jameson from Quito, where it

* Since writing the account, I have just read of the Cytisus
purpurascens or Cytisus Adami, and stating, as I have done,
on the authority of a notice given of it in Lindley and Moore\s
"Treasury of Botany," of its being a hybrid, I have this
morning read another account of its origin in The Farmer of
yesterday, where, reporting the proceedings of the last meet-
ing of the Royal Horticultural Society, it is stated— "Mr. Lee,
Cliveden, Bristol, sent most remarkably dissimilai- examples
of Apples from the same branch of a tree of Orange Peaxmain,
which was a, fertile subject of comment at the meeting. The

tree was the true variety, and the other samples were of a
russetty cast, instead of tho bright crimson colouring common
to the original. TheBev.Mv. Berkcleyinstanced Cytisus Adami
as a sport of a similar character, which is beheved to have been
produced by grafting Cytisus purpureus on the Laburnum,
and by some accident one ccU of the stock and one of the
graft having each become divided, and then united together,
the result had been a plant partaking of the natm-e of both.
Mr. Berkeley suggested that it would be most interesting to
know the stock upon which the Orange Pcarmain had been
worked." Whatever be its or-igin, the facts 1 have stated, and
which probably many of us have seen with ovir own eyes, of
the same tree producing three kinds of fiowers, and two, if not
three, different kinds of leaves, there can be no doubt of these
having resulted from the operation of grafting. The two
kinds of fniit, too, of the Pearmain seem to have arisen from
the same caLise. And it would seem, also, that many of the
sports we see and hear of in Roses, in changing culour, and
betaking themselves to a climbing habit, are duo to the aame

AniiL 13, 18G7.J

THE GARDENERS' CIHIONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

381

now:, on W.Ms ('.100(1 fcot above tho soa), sending dovvn pendent
branehcs loaded with fcuit, which is agreeably acid, and catui,
with impunity. ^__

It would appear that tbo CnvNESE PnninosE
(rr-imula sinensi.s) wasintroducorl from China m 1.S2U,
anil vol it i.-i "ulv at a .■Diiiiiarativoly recent tkt<) that the
attcul inn (.r the llori.^t has hern turueil to tho dorivation
of varieties nf tliis deservedly popular llovver. In tho
interval, however, much was done m the way of
nerfectinR the two types of the ordinal llowor— the
reil and white varieties. The old star-shaped nowers,
ill-eoloured, and of a thin texture, were gradually
developed into hlooms of a larger size and stouter tex-
ture, with broader and more rounded segments, these
cvenlually culniiuaiing in llowers of full size and tliick
Rubstanee, with linelv limbri-.itod edges, aUied lu the case
ofthered sort to aii inleusily of colour approaching
crimson ; while there li;id also been attained large white
flowers of equal substance .and ([uahty. This vantage
ground reached, the hyhridiser turned his attention to
the development of variation ; and now, what hnt a
short time ago was thoniihl to be almost the iw jilu.s idlra
of improvement, is regarded as but the entrance gate to
another held of development— that of beautiful, and, it
is to bo hoped, enduring variation. In the hands of
tho skilful eross-brceder, not only are the flowers of
the single red variety being produced in shades of
cerise oarmine, rosy crimson, magenta crimson, purplish
crimson, &c., but th(^ w liile dowers also are undergoing
an ecjuallv valuable and jileasing trausformatiou, for
they have" become flaked, spotted, and edged with some
one of the foregoing colours, in delicate and lovely
forms, and even broad and well-defined circles of these
colours have appeared around conspicuouslemon-tinted
centres, giving the flowers a very attractive appearance.

A notable and well-known instance of variation in
the single flowered state of the plant, was that observed
in tho variety known as kerinesina, in which a very
pleasant and novel bright rosy carmine took the
place of the rosy purple colour so well known to all.
This was of continental ollspring, and for a time there
was a want of fixity in the variation, while the flowers
were found in many eases to bo devoid of the fimbriated
edges so greatly desired. Now that seed of this variety
(and it is of a very pleasing and striking shade of colour) ,
has been produced in our own country, the strain has
greatly improved, the original hue has become
intensilied, and the flowers are both of large size, and
beanlifully fringed. From this again, probably the
result of intercrossing with the rosy purple varieties,
there have been derived rich magenta crimson
flowers of large size and great beauty, and these again
show a great depth of colour approaching to crimson,
or in some eases a rosy crimson shade sufl'used with
purple and violet.

The lowest form of variation in the white flower con-
sisted in its becoming sufl'used with pale rose, this being
originally characteristic of the flowers only when mature
ago had been reached ; but the variation has now become
to a great extent fixed, as it shows itself on the opening
of the flower-buds, and it has also reached to a greater
depth of colour, an approach to cerise having become
plainly apparent. Some of these flowers— as far as
can he perceived, those of the lightest and mediiim
shades— liave the edges of the fringed petals heavily
tipped vrith rosy purple when the flowers are just
expanding; and on a further examination it would
seem that this deep edging of colour gets withdrawn
from the edge into the body of the petal, so to speak,
as the flowers acquire age. Others are faintly spotted
with carmine, or pencilled with just perceptible flakes of
the same colour ; in others the flakes are broader and
more frequent, and have a lilac or pale purple hue ;
and occasionally a portion of one of the petals is entirely
of the latter shade of colour. One very marked novelty
consists of the flower having a conspicuous brownish
orange centre or eye, surrounded by a ring of white,
then a broad ring of pale rosy pink, the edge of the
flower being again white. The flowers marked in this
manner are remarkably stout and well fringed. In
fact, with all these beautiful variations there is (unless
the plants are immature) no loss of size or substance ;
but these desirable characteristics are fully retained,
and generally supplemented by large yellow centres that
are very conspicuous and striking.

So far the presence of a second colour, whether as
constituting spotting or flaking, or a distinct lacing,
has been almost entirely confined to the white form. Self
flowers of the rosy carmine and rosy crimson shades, that
have a preponderance of purple or lilac distributed
over them, show a tendency to be paler on the edges in
some instances, but this is in truth rather a fault than
an improvement in regard to effectiveness, so far as
yet seen, though it may be an important step gained,
notwithstanding, which shall eventually lead on to
results in the highest degree satisfactory. I have j ust
received from Messrs. F. & A. Smith, of Dulwich, an
example of a flower which marks an important advance
made in this direction. It is a full-sized rosy violet
flower, of a deeper tint round the bright yellow eye,
and on the edges of the petals is distinctly
margined with pure white that breaks into flakes with
age, and runs down the ground colour. The flower was
somewhat advanced in age, but if it has this charac-
teristic of a white edge on opening, it is then one
of the most novel and striking flowers yet seen. If
such a combination of colours can be permanently
fixed, allied as it w:is in this case to a stout substanco,
large size, and the desired fimbriated edge, then there
is no reason why such a result shoiild not be indefinitely
extended under skilful hybridisation.

Now, wdiether these variations can become fixed
without the aid of persistent artificial fertilisation, is a
matter of doubt. That they are fugitive in their
character has been demonstrated beyond doubt ; nay

more, seed saved 'from tho very finest variations has
been known to produce plants so degenerated as to
occasion great surprise. 'V\w hybridizer obtains a
certain amount of fixity a.s the result of his lord i-
sation, and by seeding sparingly, he perpetuates the
rich quality ho has created. It is duo to tbo public
that when seed of these variations is ofl'ered to them,
that it should have been saved from plants the blooms of
which had been artificially fertilised, and which have
been sparingly seeded. The area of their cultivation is
so limited that seed of these variations, saved as it
should bo saved, cannot at present be very extensively
circulated: and to spend neaily a twelvemonth in the
cnltivatiou of plants that eyeiituidly prove to be of but
Iioor value, is not encoiirivging.

The classification of these variations as named
varieties should be discouraged, until an amount of
fixity eau bo relied on, as obtainable through seeds,
for propagation by cuttings, or divisions of the plants,
is a slow and tedious iiroeess, and their iieriiotuation
by seeds is not as yet alwilutidy certain. There is also
a'schism among hybridizers on this point; somi! have
averred that complete, or even comparative fixity, will
never be realised but in very exceptional cases, so
great is their confidence in the sportive tendency of the
variations, while others are equally sanguine respecting
the converse of this. Till these doubts are convicted as
ti-aitorous,'and the opposite certainty assured, these flori-
cultural baptisms should be very sparingly performed.

The singular and, I believe, unaccountable sport
from tho old type of the foliage into that known as the
"Pern-leaved," was at least a happy accident, as the
habit of the plant has been considerably improved
tliereby. And it is curious to notice that while under
the old type of the pink and white flowers, the colour
of the footstalks of the leaves, i. e., whether red or
white, had become a sure index to the colour of the
flowers,* now, as a result of intercrossing, this landmark
of the florist has been swept away, and so, both in the
old and new forms of the foliage, the colour of the leaf-
stalks is no longer an indication of the colour of the
flowers. This result is singular, though probably to
the scientific horticulturist by no means strange. As a
rule the Fern-leaved kinds are of a stronger constitu-
tion than those of the typical style of foliage, and the
hyhridiser has made a considerable use of the former
in the working out of his experiments. The Fern-
leaved plants now show as much variation in
their flowers as those of the old type, and the
blossoms have all the characteristics of that high
quality that have been described; in fact, many of
these beautifully marked flowers are produced by
Fern-leaved plants.

The largest and stoutest flowers of these variations
were observed in some instances to possess the germs of
a second row of fimbriated edgings to the petals. From
blooms of this character, fertilised with the pollen of
others of a like character, have been developed double
flowers of large size and great substance, produced by
plants of a short, stifl', and vigorous habit— a wonderful
improvement on the attenuated specimens of the old
double red and white varieties one had been accustomed
to see, the propagation and preservation of which ba,ve
given the grower considerable trouble, and caused him
no small amount of anxiety. These mark an important
step, for they, too, have produced variations of a high
character, having reached on the one hand to self
flowers of deep lilac, pale lilac, rosy carmine, and rosy-
crimson shades, and on the other to pure white, and
white flaked and suffused with rose. The.se have
attained to a size double and even treble that of the old
red and white kinds, the smooth edges of which are
also gone, and in their place are large and stout petals
as finely fringed as in the single kinds. The double
flowers produce a little seed, but there is considerable
difficulty in getting it to germinate, and when it does
grow, single flowers are invariably produced. Besides
the process of obtaining double flowers just described,
there have been cases of the seed saved from single
flowers sporting into double flowers. For conservatory
decoration and for bouquets these double flowers are
invaluable ; the plants remain in bloom for a consider-
able time, and as cut flowers they keep fresh for
many days.

Amid all these improvements of the Primula, both
single and double, it is curious to observe how; much
farther removed from any application to their case
becomes the " all but universal law " of the florist, that
of " form." In an early number of the " Floral Maga-
zine," Mr. T. Moore, its then editor, put the question
thus: "In most cases the varieties of popular flowers
are prized in proportion as they possess smoothness
and evenness of outline, and varieties having the edges
of the flowers jagged as they are in the fringed Prirn-
roses, would be unceremoniously condemned ; but in
the case of the plant before us, the fringed forms are
undoubtedly the favourites." At the present time the
segments of the largest and stoute,st flowers are fringed
almost to their base, and as they considerably overlap
each other, the surface of tho flower becomes of neces-
sity very uneven ; and yet, in the case of the Primula,
this very defect in the "generally inflexible floral code,"
actually becomes " a thing of beauty."

The variegated forms of the Primula that have been
produced, show that so far the tendency to variegation
in the foliage is but a questionable advantage. The
difficulty experienced in preserving the plants so
marked, indicates an undesirable weakness of consti-
tution, while the variegation itself, so far as it has been
seen, has little that is attractive about it. Whether,
as in the case of the tricolor-leaved Pelargonium, there
will be found in the Primula that combination of
variegation with a vigorous and healthy constitution,
is among the unresolved things left to task the
energies of the next generation of florists. S. D.

* It was not so .at first: see p. 324, so that perhaps tais
merely indicates the tr.ansition state of iin ertainty or unfis-
cdness in the Fern-leaved race. Eds

'Efft ^p(ari).

liEES.— 1. Will you nlcase to tell mo how soon you
would think it advisable to suiicr a stock of beca in a
straw hive, liaving an adapter board. The hive was
tenanted with a ]jiv;u'in early in Juno last year, and
was very heavy in November. The bees ;ire now very
thriving, and have been receiving food twice a week
since the first week in February.

2. Is it possible to adopt the driving system with one
stock, in order to obtain an increase before it would
swarm naturally ; and if so, how soon would yon advise
it to be done, and which of tho already given directions
should I follow ?

3. Would you think it safe to buy some stocks of
bees from a neighbour who lives only about 200 yards
oir without taking the precaution of sending them to a
distance for a time? 1 snppo:?o the diflie.ulty would
not apidy to a swarm issuing from a hive in the same
garden, which would be e(jnv(!yed to iiiy house as soon
as hived. A Ytmmj Apniri<iii, Wai-wirkshin:

[The proper time for allordiiig additional room, either
by supers or otherwise, must always depend on the
strength and prosperity of the stock, and the character
of the season. We usually commence putting on
supers the last week in April, or early in May ; but our
district is an eariy one. I'robably a fortnight later
would be more suited for your locality. It is best, il
possible, to hit olf the exact time that the bees of any
particular hive require additional accommodation. ^

As vouhave been supplying food for so long a period,
we would recommend your endeavouring to ascertain
the weight of the stock, and if it is well provisioned, to
discontinue the feeding; or you may, by compelling
or inducing the bees to fill up the central portions ol
the combs with sealed artificial food, do more harm
than good by prescribing within narrow limits the
laying propensities of the queen. This of course is
only intended as a caution to prevent over feeding, as
judicious, limited feeding, especially in such seasons as
the present, will be found of very great advantage.

2. Unless you are so situated as to render it difficult
for your bees to have proper supervision during the
period of swarming, or unless you are more desirous
of obtaining a good swarm, than solicitous for the
safety or prosperity of the parent stock, we should
hardly recommend following the system of artihcial
swiirining with only one stock. Neverthele.ss, as
circumstances may arise which would render a resort
to this system advisable, the following plan is
recommended.

During any part of a fine working day remove and
invert the stock ; drive out all the bees into an empty
hive, another empty hive having been placed in the old
stand to serve as a decoy for the returning bees. Now
take ofl' the hive into which the bees have been forced,
and set it down in a cool, shady place, giving the bees
plenty of air. Then restore the parent stock to its old
stand. The bees which have entered the decoy hive,
and those returning from the fields and flying about in
considerable perturbation of spirit, will quickly rush
into their former home, and will afterwards adhere
to it wherever placed ! As soon as the majority of the
distracted bees have entered, the entrance should be
closed with perforated zinc, and the hive removed to a
dark and rather warm room, where it must remain
until sunset of that or the following day, when it mas'
be removed to its permanent stand in any part of
the apiary.

As soon as the old stock has been removed, the bees
of the driven swarm must be shaken out of their
temporary quarters, and the hive intended for then-
permanent occupation must be geutly placed over
them, when, taking possession like a new natural
swarm, they must be at once placed on the stand
where the stock hive previously stood, and they will
proceed to work at once with great vigour.

The same plan may be adopted, only varying the
proceedings by at once, on concluding the preliminary
operations, sending either the swarm or the parent stock
to a distance of not less than half a mile, leaving the one
not sent away on the old stand; but this usually
involves more trouble, and has no particular advantages
to render it preferable. Of course no artificial swarm
should be forced from a hive until drones have appeared,
and the bees have become sutticiently populous.

To the Rev. L. L. Langstroth we must acknowledge
our indebtedness for the general course of manipula-
tion in the formation of artificial swarms, with which
we have found the greatest success.

3. It would not be safe to remove hives direct to
your garden from a distance of only 200 yards. The
lives of an immense number of bees would be sacrificed.
The same difficulty does not apply to a swarm from a
hive kept at that or any other distance if removed at
once or in the evening of the day of issue.]

Garden Memoranda.

R. W.iBNEH'S, ES(3., Bboosifield, Chelmsfokd.—
The following additional p.articulars respecting Mr.
Warner's Orchids may perhaps not be unacceptable to
some of our readers. Last week (see p. 348) we
alluded more especially to his Phalajuopsids. The
East India house still contains a splendid display of
plants belonging tothat inasnificent genus, in which
the pretty mauve colour of P. Schilleriana, and the pure
white of P, amabilis and grandiflora, intermixed witli
others, have a most imposing effect. To v'^% "*
judiciously afforded a good background of Vandas,
Aerides, and other plants which possess iimple foliage ol
a bright green colour. Amongst these charming
Phahenopsids are also fine specimens of Cypripediums
in bloom, together with the singular Ansriecum
sesquipedale and Dendrobium Paxtoni, which is in
great beauty. Some of the blossoms ol the Phahenopsids
are of unusually large size, fine in shape, and nch lu

332

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONTCLE ATsD AGBICULTmAL GAZETTE

[ApeIL 13, 1S67.

colour, especially a variety called grandiflora aurea,
the I'orm of which is exquisite, the beauty of the flowers
being heightened by their symmetrical arrangement on
the spike. P. intermedia Porteilias here five spikes and
27 branches, covered with lovely flowers of a white and
mauve colour ; associated with this is also another
variety, the sepals and petals of which are pure white.
Wei ikewise noticed a lovely plant of the rare Sacco-
abiura violaceum, with two spikes of flower, which are
reported to have been in beauty for several weeks.

The central table is filled with Vandas and Aerides,
many of which are finely in bloom, more e.specially
suavis and insignis ; the rest are throwing up strong
flowering buds. On the north side of the house are,
moreover, two long rows of PhalEenopsids in excellent
condition. In another house are fine specimens of
Cattleyas and La^lias, many of wdiich promise to
produce abundance of bloom. Here are two beautiful
plants of the rare Oncidium sarcodes, bearing two
fine spikes of richly-coloured flowers ; also Cypripedium
Crossii ; the variety called l)iflora, a distinct ^ and
beautiful kind ; and a good variety.of veuu.sta, with a
golden-coloured lip barred with brown. Lrelia elegans
is here in fine bloom, also some good varieties of
Cattleya Warscewiczii and delicata, which are useful
for winter decoration, and are acquisitions inasmuch as
they can be grown in a cool house.

A third house, which is span-roofed, is devoted to
Cattleyas, of which it contains one of the best collec-
tions with which we are acquainted ; many of the
specimens are magnificent, and promise well for
bloom. In this house, therefore, a grand display may
be expected in May and June next, though on the
whole the plants appear scarcely equal to what they
were a year or two since.

In a cool house, the roof of which is covered with
Vines, are some very fine Orchids, especiall.y three
plants of Odontoglossum pulchellum, which judging
by the appearance of the spikes that had gone oli',
could not have had fewer than 100 spikes on the
plants. Here are also good specimens of Lycaste
Skinneri, and the beautiful Oncidium Phillipsianum,
witli charming bright yellow flowers, together with a
large specimen of Coslogyne flaccida, with graceful
spikes drooping amongst the leaves.

The Show-house here is one of the most enjoyable of
its kind. In the centre is a tank full of gold fish, also a
noble plant of Cibotium prineeps. At each corner of
the tank are other specimen Perns, and at the back is a
well-arranged collection of Perns and other fine-
foliaged plants intermixed. On the side tables are
specimen Orchids in bloom, especially three fine plants
of Dendrobium nobile; also a splendid example of
Cypripedium villosiim, together with several fine plants
of Lycaste Skinneri, and a very old plant of an Orchid
now seldom seen, viz., Cymbidium aloifolium. These
Orchids, which have a fine efiect, are intermixed with
ornamental foliaged plants and Perns.

A sixth house is filled wholly with Orchids. On one
side it has a glass case fitted up as a kind of hospital for
those kinds which get into bad hoaltli ; this keeps
them moist and encourages them to make roots. When
sufficiently recovered they can be replaced in tlae
house. Under the same range are three other houses
which are covered with Vines ; one is filled with
Coelogyne cristata, of which there are here great
numbers of plants, which seem to thrive well under
Vines. A house next to this is filled with different
varieties of Orchids and Ferns, and the last division of
this range is what is termed a greenhouse, in which
are some good Azaleas, various bulbs in bloom. Perns,
&c., together with some good Orange trees in pots, which
looked well. Another long house is devoted to Pelar-
goniums for bedding purposes ; and further on we come
to a span-roofed Orchid-house, which is filled with
Odpntoglossums, Lycaste Skinneri, Anguloa, Sophro-
nitis, and Lselia albida, together with some remarkable
plants of Arpophyllum gigauteum, which thrives
well in a cool house. Most persons cultivate it in too
much heat, and consequently it does not flower freely.
Nothing appears to please Mr. Warner better than
to show those who take an interest in Orchids, his
most valuable collection, especially in their gayest
season, and the longer they stay the better pleased he
is. Those who wish to see his Phaloenopsids should
therefore not miss the present opportunity of inspecting
them. S.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week,)
PLANT HOUSES.
When Heaths and Epacrises have done flowering,
they should be pruned neatly back to healthy wood,
which promises to break freely, and to form a good
even growth for fiowering next season. Do not cut
too deeply into permanent wood; hut shorten all
small secondary spray which is not growing freely at
the point, or is unlikely by elongation to be of use here-
after. As soon as the plants are cut in, keep them
moderately well shaded, and maintain somewhat more
moisture in the atmosphere than is generally requisite
for Heaths or Epacrises, allowing a moderate amount
of fresh air constantly to pervade the house in which
they are kept. Coronillas, wdien done flowering,
should also be pruned back so as to form compact
bushy heads; any requiring it should be potted into
two parts of loam, and one of peat, together with a
little sand. Cuttings of Coronillas will now strike
freely with a very slight amount of heat. C. glanca
and C. glanca variegata form compact good-looking
plants quickly, and as constant winter-blooming
cool greenhouse plants are very useful. Platucerium
alcicorne (Elk's-horn Pern) is a most interesting
plant, which is mostly grown in stoves. It is a
native of New South Wales, and is capable of making
much finer growth in a cool greenhouse. Plants of it
may now be potted, and for that purpose choose

single crowns, fixing them as firmly as possible upon a
slight cone formed of very coarse fibry peat and char-
coal in a 32-sized pot previously half filled with
potsherds broken very small; encourage the fertile
fronds to push upright, a position in which they grow
to a large size ; the now fertile fronds which cover the
base become very ornamental, forming as it were a
shield over the edges of the pots to protect the roots.
When thus established, one fact must be borne in
mind, and that is to keep them moist ; for that purpose
the pots must be dipped bodily into water, as they
cannot readily be moistened by surface sprinklings.
When potted place them at the back of the house in
a shady place free from draughts.

FORCING HOUSES AKD PEAMES.

Pine-apples will now require more or less shading,
according to the brightness or otherwise of the
weather. The shading of Pines upon every proper occa-
sion is not practised so constantly as it ought to be ;
though it is well known that if they are forced into a
brown-looking autumnal hue thus early in the season,
they seldom perfect such a good sound growth of either
fruit or foliage as others do which are afforded a studied
sy.stem of shading. The thinnest scrim is best suited
for this purpose, as it moderates the force of any
possible scorching rays, and admits light freely, which
is all important. If the weather proves at all favour-
able, i. e., not too cold or too wet, remove forthwith
any fermenting material placed upon the outer borders
of Vines which are being forced; especially if the
fruit is beginning to colour. Just loosen the surface
of the border in order to allow the air to freely enter
the soil, patting the surface smoothly all over after-
wards to aid in attracting the solar rays ; and to cause
heavy showers — should there be any, to flow off
in part.

Sow seeds of any of the following Half-hardy Plants
iihich are likely to be in request for planting out at a
later date, viz., Amaranthus bicolor, A. tricolor, and
A. melancholicus ruber, Alonsoas and Cannas, and
also of Chenopodium Atriplicis, Eucharidium,
Maurandya, Mimulus, Tropseolum, Pentstemon,
Phloxes (Drummondii section) Portulacas, Pyre-
thrum, Schizauthus, Stocks, Tagetes, and Zinnias.
To these add also Ornamental foliaged plants, ^f^w^raWy
grown from seeds, not omitting the elegant Chamce-
peuces, or the stately tropical Bocconia, Wigandia cara-
casana, the different varieties of Hicinus (Castor-oil
plant), &c. _ Ornamental Grasses, requiring artificial
warmth during the process of germination, should also
be sown. These include Agrostis nebulosa and pul-
chella, Chloris fimbriata and radiata, Erianthus
Ravennm, '&c. Generally speaking an admLxture of
two parts loam and one of peat, together with sufficient
sand and moderately decomposed leaf-mould, to give
the compost a free and open consistency, will suffice
for this. Drain the pots or pans, &c., in which they
are sown effectually, placing the coarser siftings over
the crocks first, and filling in moderately firm with
soil sifted finely. Do not cover the seeds too deeply,
nor water the surface of the soil until it has become
moderately dry. Shade for a week or so, and even
until germination has commenced, when all the light
possible will be required, and a due amount of mois-
ture. Carnation, PinJc, and Picotee seeds should also
be sown at once, where it is desirable to raise a fresh
strain. When sown with care, cover the seeds over
with finely sifted mould, such as that just named, and
place them upon a front shelf of a cool greenhouse or
some similar situation moderately shaded from the
more direct rays of the midday sun.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN'.
Proceed with Box clipping upon favourable occa-
sions. In places where it may have been permitted to
grow undipped for a season or two, and where it has
in consequence become overgrown and unsightly, it
may, at this season, be reduced to a neater form, by
cutting it down into the older wood with moderate
freedom. No greater mistake can be made than to
allow Box-edgings to become so large as to assume a
proportion causing theiu to be the most prominent
objects in any space designed for a flower garden. They
should be so kept as to form an unobtrusive division
only, allowing to the plants contained in the beds, a full
display of all their parts. The neatest form is that
where each side is cut sloping to the centre, at an angle
more or less abrupt, according to the a.ssumed width of
the edging operated upon, finishing off by reducing the
ridge tnus formed in the centre to an uniform height.
KITCHEN GARDEN.
Continue to earth up Peas and Broad Beans, doing
so always where convenient, when the soil has become
sufficiently dry to admit of being worked after a shower.
Young plantations of Cabbage, especially, should
receive this attention, as it will a-ssist in supporting the
crowns in keeping them from wind waving. Sow suc-
cession crops of Hadishes, as frequently as those
previously sown have assumed the rough leaf in
quantities which will insure a sufficient supply. The
French Breakfast Eadish is a tender, much esteemed
variety, good for use in succession to Wood's Early
Frame. Where Beet-root is in demand at the earlie.st

fossible date, a small sowing should now be made ; but
do not advise sowing the main crop yet, preferring to
wait until greater certainty exists of obtaining a fine
strong growth, unchecked by har.sh winds or frosts.
Sow the following kinds of Broccoli to come into use
from November, namely. Snow's Winter White,
Adams' Early White, Pink Cape, &c. ; also a little of
Wflliams' Alexandra for nse in the beginning of May.
A little of the last should be succeeded by another
sowing in about 14 days' time ; the same also applies to
Snow's. Prepare a slight hotbed to be covered over
with about four inches of good rich soil, upon which to
prick out the earlier sown Celery plants ; with a light
soil sifted rather finely upon the surface, it will only be

necessary to dibble them in all ovei- the bed an inch or
two apart, protecting them upon all unfavourable
occasions, to be gradually hardened off for planting out
at the proper time. Vegetable Marrows should be
sown now. Place them in a gentle heat until germina-
tion has taken place, when it will be necessary, by
giving them all the air and light possible upon all
favourable occasions, to imbue them with an endwarfed
hardy growth, preparatory to turning them out under
hand-glasses next mouth. W. IE.

STATE OF THE "P
Forthe Week eiidini:,' A

LEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
pril 10, 181J7, as obsorved at the Horticultural Gardeni

u

BAROMETER.

Tevpehatdre.

Wind

1

.01
.00

.1*

.02
.02

0.2S

April.

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

3-

3
3
4

5
G

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

1 foot 2 feet
deep. 1 deep.

Thurs. 4
Friday 5
Satin-. «
Sunday 7
Mon. 8
Tues. 9
Wed. 10

29.857

30.033

29.972
2D.527

29.755
29.899

29.792

29.9-),5
29.979
29.644
29.331
29.5i5
29.511

S9
62
62

58
63
59
51

40
40

4.5
40
3il

40

48.5
51.0
53.5
49.0

46.0
44.0

47.0

49
50

50
60

60
60
49

4li

4S

4(;

47
47

47
47

N.W.

W.

w.
?,.\v.
s.w.

N.W.
8.W.

A vera Re J

29 862

29.692

58.1 1 39.0 1 48.4

49.7

46.5

April 4 -Cloudy ; boisterous and showery ; fine at □iq'ht.

— 5— Slight haze ; very line, with dry air ; very fine at night.

— 6 -Overcast ; cloudy ; tine at nisht.

— 7— Cloudy ; overcast ; densely overcast at nit^ht.

— 8— Cloudy ; boisterous, with rain ; verv boi-sterous at nisht.

— 9— Cold and boisterous; fine; thunder, vivid lightntnt; and

some hail.

— 10— Fine; overcast ; boisterou'!, with rain at niprlit.

Mean temperature of the week 2 3-lOth detr. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
Durin-T the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending April 20, 1807.

5 ^

No. of
Wars in
which it
lt.iined.

Oreatest
Quantity
of Rain

Prevailing Winds,

i 9
1;10
9i 7
Si 7
G 7
C 13
5 8

H

i
5
3

7

3
C

3

2
3
2
1
3
2

xl2=
■X

3 7
5 10

3 8
1 9

4 1)
3 7

- 10

7
4

7
6
6

'A

Sunday.. 14
Mon. . . 15
Tufs. . . IG
Wed. ..17
Tlmrs. ..18
Friday ..19
Sntur. ..20

57 2 36,2
5.S.1 ; 37.8
57.3 367
.^8 0 ■ 35.9
SG 6 35 6

58 9 as.o

G'l 3 34 8

4G,7
47.9
47.0
4G9
46-1
4G.9
47,G

16
20
26
14
16
6
15

0 36 in.

0.47

0 5G

0.33

0.49

0.45

0.3-t

9
«

1
3
3

3

Thehifflipst temperature during the above period occurred on
19th. 1354-tlicrm. 77 deg. ; and the lowest on the 15th, 18Ca-thp
20 de-.

lio
■ni

Notices to Correspondents,

Anomalous Growths : Wimnstai/. Similiir cases of anomalous
growth occasionally occur amongst Mushrooms. We have a
large collection of such anomalies, on which we purpose
shortly to write a paper, of the publication of which we will
give you notice. MJB.
Books : F Gloede. Apply to the SoeiiStt Centrale ct Iniperiale

de France, whither all the Fi-cnch copies have been sent.
Celosia aurea: G T. This plant requires the generous treat-
ment given to Globe Amaranthus, Coxcombs, and other
similar tender annuaLs. Pot in very rich loamy soil ; keep
in a brisk growing heat, with fresh air freely admitted on
all suitable occasions ; keep close to the glass, stop freely,
till a good bushy plant is formed, and help on, if necessary)
by the use of liquid manure.
Cricket."^ : // B. Try Chase's or Forbes' Beetle poison. Surely

boiling water will kill them if properly applied.
ExcHANtiE Club: Isabella, Sali.'^Oiuy. A letter awaits you.

Please forward your address.
Fros : 0 T. It is clear from your account that neither the soil
nor the condition of the roots has anything to do with the
failure of your Figs. You must look, therefore, to the
temperature. Is it too low at night, or have the delicato
young Figs been subject to sudden chills from incautious
opening of doors ? Your letter shall have further considera-
tion when occasion offers. 31 J B,
Flower Beds : Learner. Your conti-asts seem too violent,
and we think your beds would, if large enough, look better
if toned down by some appropriate margin ; for example,
Perilla with a margin of Centaurea, and Purple Verbena
with an edging of some dwarf golden Pelargonium.
Fruit Trees ; Botanist Trai-eller. You will find what you
seek in the Gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at
Chiswick, or perhaps better still in the Royal gardens at
Frogmore, near Windsor.
Insects: J R H. The minute Jbeetles which attack the Hop-
bine are very closely allied to the Turnip fleas. They appear
to bo Haltica conciuua. We can suggest no better plan
than to get the Bine forward as rapidly as possible ; and if
the fleas are very numerous, a tarred rope drawn across the
ground would entrap vast numbers. W.
Names of Fruits : J C it- Cn. Knight's Monarch,— 5ojtr/o?».

Verulam or Buchanan's Spring Beurr^.
Names of Plants : T. Your Rhododendron, from the descrip-
tion you give of the leaves, is most likely the smaller flowered
var. of R. Falconeri.— .H Butler. It looks like Begonia
Gi-iffithii, but is so much dried up as not to be distinctly
recognisable.— -4 W. No. 1, Picea ApolUnis var. ; No. 2 and
No. 3, mateiials insufficient to warrant giving a name ;
No. 4, Abies Moi-iuda. — Bourton. Gymnogramma cbrero-
phylla, or an excessively vigorous growth of G. leptophylla
—which, the specimen is too immature to determine.
Preparing Trees for TRANSPLANrmo ; T K. Any time after
Midsummer the proposed shortening of the roots may be
effected.
Prunino Shrubs: G T. Cut down the hedge immediately
to the point where the wood is sound and alive, keeping
Mr. M'Nab's instructions in view.
Rookeries : Sub. You will find many useful hints on the
formation of these in our Vol. for last year, especially at
pp. 149, 197, 221, 245, 268, and 292.
Sandal-wood ; J 0 W, The substance from a Sandal-wood
box consists of acicular crystals, closely resembling the
raphides of plants, but whether given off by the wood or not
it is difficult to say. MJB.
Silkworms : F J 0. Your eggs have been placed in safe

hands.
SiTBiNGiNG Cucumbers: A Toiuig Gardener. Possibly you
may overdo this, though witbout seeing the ttlants it is
difficult to judge what is wrong. Try the effect of non-
syringing a portion of the plants. The requisite moisture is
easily kept up without doing this. Perhaps you do not
ventilate sufficiently, so that the plants may be dried daily.
If not, the moisture may hang about the tender fruits too
continmmsly, and do the injury you describe.
Vine Stems Rooting: Subscriber. Either the proper roots
are less active than they should be, or the atmosphere is
over moist. What is the condition of the border as to
mechanical texture and di-ainage ? You need not remove
them.
Communications Received.— W. Howard.— R. W,— J. G. B,—
D. T. Fish (Ventilation).— R. D.— W, R.— A. Mcintosh.—
J. A. Watson.— B., Dungarvan,

MESSRS. GEOIIGE GIBBS and CO.,

25 & 2G, DOWNISTBEET, PICCADILLY, W.,
Beg to announce

.Mors to nny extent
rmnncnt Meadow rvmi

ArKIL 13, 1807.]

THE fiA-RDENEnS' CTI?.()NTCEE ANB AGRIClfLTURAL GAZETTE.

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

383

tliey ave now prepared to execute

for Laying Lnnd Down to

I Pasture, with their best

,'mmEs"ofilUSS «nd clover SKKDS, to euit

^„«s ru. which .hey can supply at 32. to 30.

orlre, allowing 2 husluds of large seeds and 12 lb. of

mall seeds to each acre.

MIXTURES of GRASS and CLOVER SEEDS for
tenovating Old Pastures. Quantity required per acre,
;lb. tolOlb. Per lb. Is.

MIXTURES of the FINEST SOUTS for Lawns,
Jroquet Grounds, Bowling Greens, &c. Per lb. U

Italian Rye-grass.

Per biiahol.— .t.

GIBBS' IMraOVED EARLY «

FINK HEAVY IMPOUTED '

Perennial Bye-grass.

. . por bushel 7

, 3d.

/'lAUTEIl'b

V^ .SEEDS, nt I

H°

PACEV.S "HEAVY SEED"
EVEBQUEEN Ditto ..

Clovers

FINE ESaUSII RED

FINE ENGLI.sn WHITE .. .

FINE ALSIKE HYBRID ■- ^

TRUE COW GRASS. J

REDSUCKUNU ■■

YELLOWTBEFOIL _ ••*''■ '•°

Bromus Schraderi.

THE NEW rORAliE GRASS '

Buckwheat, or Brank

Per lb.

10(!. to 1 0

1«. M. to 1 0

. . 2«. to 2 3

3

G'

SKI.KCT LIST of GKNUINE FARM

_ K.dorftto prices, ia now rontly, and mny bo nua pofit

''l-.»"S^"SS London Seed War^hoUBO. 237 and 238, IIlBl.
Ilolbom, London. W.C.__

RASS SEEDS for

TERMANKNT TASTUUE, ortlio
nnost auality, at modtjrato prlcca.
carefully aoloctud <m a now, natuml, and
ficiontlflo system.

Seo "WIIEELKU'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contnlna IIlu»tia-
tioiia and Descriptlona or the most
suitablo GraBHos fur I'cnnanont Paaturo.

ORSE SItOW, AGRICULTURAL HALL,

]iON«ON, MAY I'd. IHfiT.
TO CARllIAOK MAivKHW, HAUULKRH, AND OTHERS,
Sl'ACE TO LKT lii tim AKCAUK iind UALIiKlllEH lor tho
F-XniBlTION and SALE of Llio SAME CLASH of GOODS an urO
fiol<l duniiR tlio Siiiltunold Club wouk.

Horticultural and Anilcultiu-sil Imiiloinont MivlcorH. Socdtiuion.
NurHL'ry GarduiiorH. ami ManufactiirorK ol' Onmuiontiil and useful
iirlk-lus for ilmnoHtlo purpONe«. TrlzcM for SiiddloH nnd UridloM,

Terms and Ci»n<tluou(* may bo obtKlnud ul tlio OIHcoh of tlio
(Joiupany, llayford Struot. iHlliiKton, N.

ily (.)rilor, S. Sihnkt, Hucrot!ii7 and ManuKor.

ClOUTIlKltN COUNT 1 E S A .S S 0 C I AT I 0 N .

O Prfni'lnit l«i;il-'C7— HiH GujirK tiik Ditkk ok Kichmonii, K.O.
"'fiTo ANNUAL K.XIIIIUTION olHOllSKS, STUCK, I'UULTRY,
IMPLEMENTS, WCJIIKS cf ART, Ac, will lie bold ut liRIGHTON,
on tho 2«h, 2(.tl[. illtli. '.Itlh. nli'l 2KUl ol JUN K NEXT.
fUMMARY OF I'RIZKS otTERKD :-
CATTLE — Shurt-horiiB. £125 ; Sussex, £12fi ; other liicods, ISO.
SI I EEP.-SouthJowuH, CW ; I louts Downs, £U0 ; Oxford Downs, £90 ;

HORsS.-A'ede'uftural, £110 1 Hunto™, iOS; Hacks, £16 : Ponlm,
PIGS.— Uorkshire, £32; other Breeds, £32. lil»-

POULTRY.— Various, £'J3. t-Mrnoicc

Tho PRIZE LIST may be obtained oftho Secretary. ENIRIES
CLOSE May I. By ordor or the^ouncd,

Yatoly, I'amborough.

. H. Sni'TK, Secretary.

J. C.

. WUKELER tC S05,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
AKiicultural Society.

, per bushel 7

ENGLISH SEED

Carrot.

LARGE WHITE BELGIAN.. ..
LARGE YELLOW BELGIAN
LARGE RED ALTBISGHAM ..
SCARLET INTERMEDIATE
LONG SURREY, or ORANGE

Cabbage.

CHAMPION ox. "lino" ;; ^

LARGE DRUMHEAD

ENFIELD MARKET

Swedes.

THE ASHCROFT

M \ rSON-S PURPLE-TOP

SMUVING-S

GinUS- PURPLE-'I

EAST LOTHIAN

Tellow Turnips

GIBBS' GREEN-TOP HYBRID
GIBBS- PURPLE-TOP HYBRID
OREEN-TOP YELLOW SCOTCH
D.VLE'S HYBRID

Per lb.— s. d.
YELLOW TREFOIL, id. to 0 0
COW GRASS . . Is. 2ii. ' ■-
ALSIKE

2 6

Present Prices of Best Clover Seeds.

SUTTON AND SONS can Bupply the above at
_ tollowlns prices, earelolly cle,uoi,'aiid too from Dodder and
otherweeds:—

Per lb.— a.
BROAD RED . . lOd. to 1
WHITE or DUTCH 1». id. „ 1
PERENNIAL WHITE ..1

Samples and lowest price per cwt sent on application.

Ordinary qualities may be had cheaper.
All EOOds CarrlaKO Free |esccpl very small parcels).
Five per cent, allowed for cash payment.
Sorroic & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Sutton's Mammoth Long Mangels.

MFSSES SUTTllN are now prepared to execute
Orders'for Now Seed of the above improved varieties of
I ONO RED and LONG YELLOW MANGEL at Is 6d. per lb

k ™ hC ihA cwt Messrs Sottom took the 1st prize lor
MANoTl' ^VURZEI:at th'e'li'rmingham Show !» Iff with these
?irietles which are thus referred to In tho Tuna ol Dec. 4, 180S:--.

•"ThIr'eTs a remarkably line show of Roots. Messrs. SuTre» s Sil
Mangels we.gh^l^2Ub,-' ^^_,^^^ ^^_^^.^^ ^__^ ^^^^ j_.^^_

SUTTOK & Sons, Seed Groivers, Reading^

BATH and WEST of ENGLAND
SOCIETY for tho ENCOURAGE-
MENT of AGRICULTURE ARTS,
MANUFACTURES, and COMMERCE.

EsTAai-isnKD 1777.

/•nlTOn_n.R.n.Tii>: PaiNCB or Walks, K.Q.

SALISBURY MEETING, 1807.

Presurcnf— John Tbemayne, Es'|.

Tho ANNUAL MEETING, lRr,7, will bo

hold at SALISBURY on the loth, Uth, 12th,

13th, and 14th of. lUNE.

Prize Sheets and Kegnlation Papers for
STOCK POULTRY, IMPLEMENTS, and
HORTICULTURE, may now bo obtained
from the Secretary, Bath.
lis WATER-COLOUR DR.YWINGS, and
ART li'ANuVArruilK. from R. R «■ JJf "•,'=?'='5;ogE April 18
All ENTRIKS, excepting those ol POULIRI, CLUbH April lo.

POULTRY EN-TRIES CLOSE May 10.

By Order of the Council ,„,°?.I,*'

4 Terrace Walk, Bath.— February IS, 1807.

GoonwiK, Secretary.

UTTON'S PRIZE MANGEL SEED.
Cheaper by the Cwt. per lb.— s. d.

Good Y'ELLOW GLOBE.. " '"
ORANGE GLOBE..
„ RKIJ GLOBE
„ LONG RKD ..
„ LONG YELLOW ..

GREEN GLOBE
BED GLOBE
WHITE GLOBE
GREEN TANKARD

RED T.VNKARD

WHITE TANKARD

YELLOW TANKARD

GREY STONE

EARLY -WHITE STONE

ORANGE JELLY

Mangel Wurzel,

Frou vine Selected Roots.
YELLOW GLOBE
RED GLOBE
LONG RED
LONG YELLOW

Parsnip.

GIBBS' LARGE CATTLE
HOLLOW CRO-WN

Kohl Babi.

LARGE GREEN
LARGE PURPLE

Lucerne

FINE IMPORTED

Purze

FRENCH and ENGLISH

Holcus saccharatus.

CHINESE SUGAR GRASS

or Cole

ESSEX SEED'

SUTTON'S

Selected Mangel Seed

From Selected Roots.

Per lb.— s. d.
'-) SUTI'l )N'-S SELECTED
■ VKI.LilW GLOBE .. 1

li<, ,1.. ORANGE GLOBE 1
ll'sHKH HOBBS-
....=,, ORANGE GLOBE .. 1
la STRATTON'S RED

4sf GLOBE 1

PUTTON-S ELVETUAM

lji.-<il RED .. •■ 1

MTl-ONS MAMMOTH

LiiSil YELLOW .. 1

NEW YELLOW INTER-
MEDIATE .. ..1

Do. RED do 1

SUTTO.N-S MAMMOTH

LONG RED .. .. 1 o

BERKSHIRE PRIZE or
SUTTON^S YELLOW^OLOBE, -5"„--'^,^,-,'-"'"^"!'.' 2 C

Cheaper bv the Cwt. ' Lowest Price per Cwt. on apPlto"oiL
Sutton 4 Sons, BojalJ5erkshiro^eod^stabbshraent^ead.ni!^

KOHL KABL

PRIZES for HORSES

aniountliig to .. .. £800
Do. SHKEP .. .. TOO

Do. PIGS 226

Do POULTRY.. .. 209
Do. IMPLEMENTS .. 430

Total £2424

Are offered at tho SHOW at
HURY ST. EDMUND'S in
JULY NEXT.

ENTRIES for IMPLE-
MENTS CLOSE 1st May,
S-I'CICK and POULTRY
lit Juno,

Prize Sheets and Cortiflcatea
of Entry may be obtained of
II. Hall Dabe, Sec.
12, Hanover Square, W.

ROY\L AGKICULTUKAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.
BURYST. EDMUND-S MEE-riNO,™?.
LAST DAY for ENTRY of IMPI.EMcNTS, 1st of May.
All Coruacates received after that date ™'^''5jjfJ'55'»'J„'° ""
'°lt°Hanovel^Squiro. London, W^ __"■■ S,;^'Mary^

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.
BURY ST EDMUNDS MEETING, 1SC7.
STOCK POULTRY and IMPLEMENT PR^E SHEETS are
now ready, and will bo forwarded on application to
„12, Hanover Square, London, W. H. Hall uabe, aeo.

Eht Agricultural (Bafette.

SATURDAY, APRIL 13, 1S67.

Special quotations for large quantities.

PRICED CATALOGUES

AGRICDLTUEAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER SEEDS,

Forwarded Post Free on application to

GEORGE GIBBS and CO., Sbedsmen,

S! and 26, DO-WN BTREET, PICCADILLY, LONDON, 'W,

LARGE
GREEN,

2s. Cil.
pel- lb.

Sow
April
and
May,

SUTTON'S LARGE KOHL RABI.

Price 2s, Gd. per lb.

Cheaper in largo quantities.

PRICED LISTS of other FARM SEEDS gratis and post free.

SoTToN t Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

The Council of the Eoyal Agricultural
Society of England are, as wo believe, lor the
present and at length in complete accord with
the general body of the members on the subject
of Agricultural Education. It was resolved at
their last meeting that tho annual education
<»rant should be continued for another year.
This was certainly a perfectly proper decision.
The " promotion of tho education of those who
are dependent on the cultivation of tho land for
their support " is one of the objects for which
the Society was originally incorporated.

Thereupon it was proposed by Earl iowis
that a list of Scholarships and Prizes substan-
tiaUy the same as that of last year be framed, and
offered for competition at tho nest University
local examinations. This proposal was supported
bv Mr Dent, M.P., and by Lord Walsingham,
but opposed by Mr. Holland, M.P., General
Hood, Mr. Eaotell, and Mi'. Turner; and, on
a division, the Noes had it by a majority of lb to
6 Here again we believe the decision to have
been in entire accordanco with the whole schemo
and history of the Society; with (1) t^e object
for which it was originaUy founded; -with [-) tne
nature of the powers and quaUfications it pos-
sesses ; and with (3) tho wiU and judgment ot
the great body of its members. „ . , t,„o

For (1) one of the objects of the Society has,
from the beginning, been " tl^^ ^^'i"^^*?';^ °^
those who are dependent upon the cultivation
of the land for their support, and i° ^^^P^^*
to them it stands precisely as any of^o^J^.l"",
fessional institutions stancls
students. The Eoyal
Idoea not offer pi-izes

to its professional
College of Surgeons
through University

3S4

THE GAIiDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGMCULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[APEll 13,

examiners to the sons of medical men. Its
prizes are offered for professional attainment to
any professional student who can in the first
place show by any sufficient test that he is
already possessed of an adequate preliminary and
general education. And just as in the case of
the prizes offered by medical scliools, the prizes
offered by the Agricultural Society for educa-
tional attainment should have a strictly pro-
fessional significance. Let them be offered, if
you please, to students who have passed certain
tests of general educational attainment, but that
is an incident of the competition, not the object
aimed at. It is of those alone who are to be
dependent on the culture of the land for their
support that any account can be taken, and it is
to strictly agricultural stu.dents that the effort
must be confined.

Again, (2) to this the Society is limited not
merely by the instructions of its Charter but
by the inadequacy of its powers. It is not
an educational body ; it is an agricultural
body. The general education of country boys
is a task which can only be really done

Eiecemeal by the natural guardians of these
oys ; and if any external body presumes upon
Imperial grounds to lend a hand, it has forth-
with to provide a Minister for the purpose who
superintends an army of inspectors and examiners,
and spends many hundred thousand pounds per
annum. The work — the responsibility for it, and
in great measure the work itself — ^is the work of
parents; and of these there are two for every
three children in this country, so ample is the
natural provision for the due performance of a
weighty and enormous task. Any artificial aid
in addition to them — imperfect as that aid cannot
fail to be — is altogether beyond any but Imperial
power. Let Professional Societies limit what
aid they can offer to stiiotly professional purposes,
and some little good may be done ; but the idea
that any such Society, with 3001. a-year at its
command, could undertake to guide and stimu-
late the general education of a constituency
whose number occupies at least six jilaces of
figures, is utterly absurd.

And now (3) for the last point to which we
have referred. We cannot doubt that the views
thus urged are in accordance with the opinion of
the Society's own membership. It is not possible
indeed to poll the Society in order to ascertain
this point, but we can have no hesitation what-
ever in selecting the truly representative man in
connection with this subject upon its Council.
Let us hope that at the special meeting to be
held for the decision of this question next month,
those opinions will prevail which have ah-oady
been tested by lifelong devotion to the " promo-
tion of the education of those who are dependent
upon the cultivation of the land for their
support."

The discussion before the London Farmers'
Club which followed Mr. Nockolds' interesting
paper, given in another page, on the policy of
establishing a Government Board of Agriculture,
fairly represented both views of the subject. The
idea that a permanent officer, to act as the
agricultural ear of men in power, could really
help the agricultm'al interest in many ways, was
urged by Sir G. Jenkinson, Messrs. Skelton,
Smythies, and Dttckham, and in a less confident
tone by Mr. Ee.M), M.P., and Mr. Pell. And
the doubtfulness of any such idea was cleverly
expi-essed by Mr. SmrrETand by Mr. Crosskill.

Sir G. Jenkinson had long since advocated
the appointment of a Minister of Agricultui-e.
He thought that such a department of the
Government would do good service ; and he
hoped that before long they would see it
established.

There could be no doubt that of all departments of
the State, agriculture was the most important, and had
the first clann to attention. The prosperity of almost
every other department concerned mainly that depart-
ment itself; but the prosperity of agriculture con-
cerned the multitude, who, without agriculture, could
not obtain their supply of food. If the merchant
were to pive up trade, somehow or other articles of
merchandise in which he had dealt would still be
supplied ; but that was not th» case as regarded food ;
and the chief cave of the Government ought to be
bestowed on that upon which the mass of sooiety was
dependent for support. There were many subjects of
great importance with which a Board of Agriculture
might fitly occupy itself; among these was the
collection of agricultural statistics. It appeared to him
that the farmer who was anxious to conceal the amount
of produce obtained on his farm did not look so much
to the advancement of the general good as be ought to
do. Moreover, it was vain to attempt to conceal what
was grown on a farm. If any land agent in the
neighbourhood was anxious to pry into the produce of

farms, nothing could be easierf'than for him !to ride
about an entire parish, take notes, and give the results
to any one who felt interested in the matter. He did
not think any farmer need, in that point of view, fear
corn returns, as, when the returns reached the depart-
ment in London, they would have entirely lost their
individuality. It would be perfectly easy for the
department to summarise all the returns, taking each
county, each union, and each parish separately, without
any man's name or farm iu any way appearing ; and he
belieyed^ it would be very advantageous to the com-
munity if such returns were made. There were other
matters of great importance which might be usefully
dealt with by a Board of Agriculture — the importation
of cattle, the prevention and cure of diseases, and
various other things of a kindred character, which
were more suitable for the department of Agricul-
ture than for the Board of Trade, whose duties were
more particularly connected with various branches of
commerce.

Add to the points thus enumerated, Mr.
Dtjokham's illustration of the faulty way in
which corn averages are now taken, and which
would not be permitted were there a special
department to which that and other similar
matters might be remitted, and you have
nearly the whole of the argument for the
establishment of a Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. DuoKHAM stated that in his own county,
when prices had ruled very low, he had asked a
great corn dealer why he never paid them a
visit. His reply was that, if he came, judging
from their- corn returns, he should not be able to
buy enough to pay his expenses. Being urged
however he did come, and he raised prices 6d. a
bushel by his visit. This and other corn dealers
had been misled, and Herefordshire farmers had
been injui-ed by these fallacious corn returns.

Mr. Ee.uj, M.P., believed that a separate
department of the Board of Trade, with a perma-
nent secretary, would answer all the ends which
a special Minister could serve ; and that if all
that had been done or attempted to be done by
Government in connection with agricultiu'e were
thus placed under one department, much good
might ensue.

Mr. Pell, of Hazelbeach, the Chairman of
the Central Chamber of Agriculture, .supposed
that if they had a Board of Agriculture they must
also submit to a Ministiy of Health.

There seemed to have been an idea abroad that the
two branches should he connected together; and he
could well conceive that a iliuister of Health, a sort of
Sir John Thwaites in the country, might, to a certain
extent, be a useful person. It was becoming a serious
question in the case of many large villages how to deal
best with the nuisances connected with the dwellings
of the rural population. Cottages were built without
any reference to the conditions of health, and there was
at present no authority designed to deal efflectuahy
with such matters. They might indict the poor mail
who had to put up with such nuisances ; they might
quarrel with their neighbours .about the best means of
getting rid of the sewage; they might appeal to the
Quarter Sessions in particular cases; but, after all,
existing arrangements were in a very loose condition, and
he thought if such an otlice or establishment as a Board
of Agriculture were established, it might be well to add
to it something analogous to the office of the Metropo-
litan Board of Works, some organisation that would
take cognisance of dwellings in rural villages, and
require new buildings to be erected in accordance with
those sanitary rules, without which, as they all knew,
persons could not live together in health and security.
Mention had been made that evening, perhaps rather
too pointedlj', of agricultural statistics. He himself
had a difficulty in seeing what good could be derived
from annual statistics — at least as they were at present
collected. He thought, however, it would he extremely
interesting to know— say decennially, when the census
was taken — how far the character of the farming in
England was altered; whether they were becoming
more a Grass-growing people or a corn-growing people.
The duty of affording such information might be con-
nected with the Board of Agriculture ; but he did not see
what immediate good was to result from it. Perhaps in
a few years be might be led to a different conclusion.

A thoroughly effective reply upon the agricul-
tural statistics question was given to Mr. Pell
by the Eev. E. SiiYTinES (Loughborough), who
succeeded him in the discussion.

As regarded statistics, Mr. Smythies could
not conceive that such sentiments of opposition
as they had heai'd that evening represented the
intelligence of the agricultural body in this
country. What was the hypothesis of the whole
thing P Why, that the collection of agricul-
tural statistics would be for the benefit of the
agricultural interest. Let any one attempt to
show that it would not be for its benefit, and
that would be a fair and legitimate argument ;
but instead of that, the whole thing was pooh-
poohed and ridiculed. The worst that could
happen was that no result would be obtained ;
but he believed that great national benefit was
likely to arise. To whom had farmers to sell
their produce ? For the most part to dealers.
These dealers were generally connected with

Chambers of Commerce, and thaj took good ca
to collect the information that was require
They knew the probabilities as to the supph
from other countries, and they knew the Jirob:
bilities as to market prices for several months
come. On such points farmers were not thi
informed ; on the contrary, they were utterly ;
sea. There were very few farmers who con;
tell in October or November what were tl
probable prices of Wheat in the succeedir
April, May, or June. That was a defel
which would to a very large extent be supplie
by the collection of agricultural statistic,^
At all events, such are the opinions of thod
who advocate it, and no one can say that
would not produce that result. In his opinioi
the establishment of a system of collecting sta
tistics would be very valuable to agriculture. A
to such a system being inquisitorial or injuriou
to the interests of farmers he could not couceiv
how any man of sense could hold such an opinior
Publicly, landlords were now in the habit c
setting down the produce of farms at twic
what it really amounted to, and he had ofte:
thought that it would be well if many c
them would cultivate a little of their own land
especially if they took into their own hands th'
fields adjoining their- game coverts, in order tha
they might be able to form a more correct judg
ment. At present too many of them seemed t
think that farmers made gold with every cloi
they turned, and one advantage perhaps of i
system of statistics would be that it would teni
to dispel that delusion.

Returning to the more immediate object of thi
discussion, of which we are attempting to give £
general report, it is necessary that the views o
Mr. Sidney, and of those who think with him
should be represented. Mi-. Sidney does noi
see what agricultru'ists are to get by a Board o
Agriculture.

It was hecessary to consider what sort of peopI( .
were likely to form such a Board. They had novy liai '
a great many years' experience in such matters ; the;
had returned a great many members to Parliament ,
they had had noble lords representing agricidture ii
cabinets, and they knew what had been done for them
They had had some noble dukes to lead them on, iu
public and in private meetings, and to raise their
expectations, and they knew what had been the result.
He had seen simple gentlemen grow into peers, and
peers' sons grow into dukes, but he did not remember
any particular thing that they ever did for agriculture.
Mr. Nockolds' interesting paper had said that a
great deal of attention was paid iu foreign countries to
agricultural education. He did not know what there
was to prevent those who wished to give agricultural
education to tbeir sons from doing so to any extent ;
but if there was any one thing against which tenant
farmers entertained a strong prejudice, it was the being
taught by other people how to carry on tlieir own
busuiess. Mr. Nockolds had said that if there were
a Board of Agriculture agricultural statistics would be
collected. Although be did not believe that agricultural
statistics would produce such wonderful effects as some
statistical people seemed to suppose, he did not doubt
that they would be of some use. But why had they no
agricultural statistics? Because tenant farmers
as a body were much opposed to their collection. They
had only got to say the word, and to-morrow there
would be a most complete set of agricultural statistics
prepared and placed before the public. The former
Board of Agriculture was dissolved because tenant
farmers thought that continued inquiries led to taxa-
tion. They had an illustration in the Board of Trade
of what a Board of Agriculture was likely to be. On
that Board there was a president and there was a vice-
president ; hut ithough that Board might have been an
advantage to the nation, traders could tell them, if
questioned on the subject, that as regarded them the
only effect had been to impose vexatious restrictions
and fetters. If farmers would hke to have more
restrictions imposed on them, if they would like to
have ;it laid down that no person was to hold any
appointment ^connected with the land unless he bad
passed an examination, then pei'haps the sooner there
was a Board of Agriculture the better.

An amusing picture was then drawn of the
kind of influence which a deputation of farmers
is likely to exert on Government, through Mr.
Sidney's ideal official at the head of the
Agricultural Board. Mr. Nookolds had indeed
told them that other countries — Prussia, France,
and America — ^have Boards of Agriculture. That
is true ; but we have one thing which
foreigners have not, we have an institution
called the House of Commons, which we may
make use of if we please for the benefit of
agriculture. Farmers have the power of
retru'ning members who will really represent
their interests ; and, if they do not choose to do
that, it is they who ai'e to blame.

On the whole, and notwithstanding Mi'.
Sidney's clever speech, the impression left by
the discussion is that, owing to cattle plague and
to that perpetual interference with the business

April 13, 18G7.]

THE GAP.BENEBS' OTIRONIOEE AND AOllTCTll/rnnAL (iAZKTTK

385

f tho farmer by Orders in Council -whicli this
las latterly occasioned, there has arisen in tho
.gricuHural world a very strong and, as wo
)olieve, woU founded oi)inion that a permanent
>overninent oKm should exist whore some one
lontinually in communication with agriculturists,
ind thus acquainted with theii- necessities and
heir dilHculties, should bo accessible, through
ivhoni tho opinions of Farmers' Clubs and
,'hambors of Agriculture might bo laid with
jropor effect boforo tho Govornment.

Tke Asirioullural Shows of the coming season

ire again iiiii'ortiiiinlely to bo shorn of their chief
lUraotinn. JtcronI, (lci)ul;itions from tho Royal Agri-
!ulturiil Society and IVoin tlic Bath and West of
England Agrii'iiltural Society, have waited on the
IjOUO I'liEsiDKNT of tlie Gonncil for the purpose, as
I appears from tho reports, less of urging that Orders
m 'Council nii'.<lit now be relaxed, than of simply
iscertaining whether these societies would be per-
mitted to hold theirannnal shows of horned stock. The
mswor to their representations was ultimately given
111 Tnesdiiy ovcninj! in the House of Covnmons, when
Mr. AcL.iku was informed by Lord 11. .^Ihxtacht
that con.sidoring there are still five places in Kiiglnnd
^trected by the caltle plasne, it has not been thought
ndvisable to alter the.. Order in Council of tho
3 M\ March, 18117, so as to allow of Exhibitions of lean
and breeding stock during the present summer. That
Order in Council, he added, applied only to cattle, not
to sheep or pijjs.

ScHKvnER'a Bromus, from which great things

were by many people expected, for it was to yield a
larger bulk of more attractive and more productive
I'ooil for cows in milk than any other Grass, has by no
means hitherto fnllilled their expectations. It is not
nearly so nice a food for cattle as most of our common
(Jnisses, and especially does it fall in this respect
below the Italian llye-grass. It is harsh and hairy
oven when stiU young, and wdien in bloom or seed
it is utterly intolerable. Its hay thus stands probably
lower than that of any other known to ICnglish agri-
cultnre— whether for the willingness of stock to masti-
cate it or for their ability to digest it. The sole
redeeming feature it possesses is the quantity of leaf
and stem it yields from a given surface of land, which
if it be cut fref|uenlly enough and thus offered young
enough, will he eaten. If this character were united
with more sugar in its juices, and less hair on its surfaces,
no doubt it would be a wonderfully valuable addition
to our forage plants. We have lately seen at Mr.
Bivr.us' nurseries. Sawbridgeworth, the yoimg spring
growth of a Bromus resembling Schk.\der's yielding
as great a bulk, but differing from it, so we were
informed, in producing a sweet hay. The plant is
perfectly hardy, an October sowing having stood the
winter well ; it is not so harsh and hairy as the other,
and it deserves at hay harvest, so we vyere informed, the
name of Bromus odoraftts, which it is jiroposed to give
it. It is a native of North-east America, and is in all
probability the s.ame Bromus as is referred to in
another column by a correspondeut resident there of
the Highland and Agricultural Society. W^e have not
seen it as it cppears at mid-summer; but if it then
bears out the character given of its hay, it will
undoubtedly be a very useful plant for English
agriculturists.

LETTERS FROM ITALY.-No. VI.

It is a very old charge against English travellers on
the Continent that they expect to be able to carry
Great Britain about with them wherever they go ; —
that instead of accommodating themselves to the ways
of the countries to ndiich they come as visitors, they
expect the ways to accommodate to them. There is
truth in ihe complaint ; and an answer to it, in ' three
courses.' First they are islanders, therefore not, like
other Europeans, accustomed (which soon means
obedient) to habits and practices differing from their
own ; Secondly they are commonly rich, therefore used to
have their owm way simply by paying for it ; which is
not always a sequitur, except in commercial countries;
though only too easily taught, and learnt ; and never so
mischievously and corruptingly as amongst the most
simple and iion-commeroial : — and thirdly they wear as
naturally as their clothes, a gift of personal freedom,
an easy latent consciousness of the right of self-
government ; the repose of which is very like that of
a Lucifer-match before tho rubbing, — which it finds
at almost every Railway-station, and every other
station or spot where a Prenchman, or a German, or
even a Swiss sits on the seat of ' office,' no matter how
low— or how high— that stool, or throne, may bo.

If a man who had long passed out into the world
were suddenly to come back (as only happens, alas, in
dreamland) to the little controls of school life, he
would hardly rear to the curb with more vehement
surprise than our untravelled countrymen evince when
brought for the first time into contact with the
* Governmental ' system which extends over the better
part of Europe. In this, every Frenchman is a
Frenchman, every German a German, and almost
every Swiss a Swiss, if I may be pardoned such
frightfnUy obvious truism. The bit of red ribbon,
tape, if you please, may bo or not be at the button-
hole, but it is there,— U not on the coat, under it. They
cannot help it: and the wise will bow to it with
profound civility ; then indeed it is like a talisman— or
the latch of a door, or tug of a bell -pull, which you have
only to lay hold of for what you want.

It is one of the delights of Italy that you get out of
this altogether. I have lieard Enii'lishmen speak, on this
account of their arrival south of the Alps as— instead
of Iboing further separation— very like coming home

arjain : so ea.sy, so quick in perception, so man-of-the-
world-liko is the Italian nature and (I must use the
word) genius, compared with almost any northern
people. This must not be taken for more than its
worth : as an external quality it is quite real ; but it is
apt to be associated with a haiipy-go-easy want of
that faculty of organisation wdiich it would be hi-tlcr
for thoinselvesif tlicy posM'sscd : but the intense natural
love of freedom, and a] 'iircci;it ion of every thing Eii'.rlisli,
renders the rece])tion ol' an I'higlishman a very pleas.aiit
one, and gratifyingto national self-love, througuout the
northern part of the peninsula.

This however is by the way. Whatever else an
Englishman may find or expect to find south of the
Alps, if his search be agricultural he must discard
every home association, and take out a new Lease for
observation : he must change the very aspect, so to
speak, of his iioint ol' view. In England, Farming in
all its processes, in all its improvements, in its Drain-
age, in its Steam and other machinery, in its very
manures, discards the Fast, looks eagerly ahead: —
proclaims itself and almost is the Science of the Future.
What seemed like part of a wild Common last year
may thi.s year be laid up in ridge and furrow, or laden
richly with a thirty-ton crop of Swedes or Mangels
on the surface, anil jtieriu'il by a regular network of
drainage pipes four Tret Hnwn below. In Italy Hus-
bandry, like everyliiirig else, is historical, nay more'
aristocratic, and points backwards, like an old hidalgo,
to its pedigree : indeed without some idea of the
history, its agriculture would present to an English
eye very much the appearance of a Chinese puzzle. It
has taken not years, not decades, not even centuries,
but thomnnds of years to construct the kind of picture
that offers itself ready made ; so totally and organically
dilferent to what an English eye carries in expectation,
that the first impression is almost of a kind to extin-
guish curiosity by destroying association. ' I asked
you to show me your Farm, and you bring me to j;our
Asparagus bed' would be the exclamation at first sight
of one who was quite unprepared for the essential
points of difference, in the mere structural features of
the farm-landscape, irrespective altogether of difference
of climate.

Imagine a colony of enterprising and industrious
Dutchmen, or Belgians, or Scotchmen, — or English-
men if you please ! though somehow I always picture
them as very much preferring ^finding a Farm to
makhtg one — good soldiers, indifferent pioneers,
(pardon mo if I hurt your feelings) — imagine, I say, a
swarm of this kind alighting upon a swamp ; wide, flat,
apparently undrainable^ but lighted and cheered and
broiled by a sun glowing and dazzling like a great
Koh-i-Noor in the blue overarching .sky, day after day,
encouraging and ripening every rank semi-tropical
growth that found strength to root itself in the Saurian
sludge where 'land' and 'water' had not yet parted
company and set up a separate establishment. ^Vhat
would our supposed pioneer company do ? how would
they go to work? Draining-tile not invented by a
thousand years or so ; Spirit-level out of the question.

The first thing one can imagine, on seeing there is no
way of getting the water out of the land, is to try and
get some of the land out of the water ; that is, by
digging a good trench all round a certain spot, and
throwing the spoil on to the top of it, or for the after-
couvenienceof repeating the problem — todivide the land
by broad deep ditches into successive squares or
parallelograms, sufficiently small for the soil so raised
to make a bed above the level of the water collected in
the ditches. On getting to a river, an outlet is at last
found more or le.ss deep, at any rate in the Autumn,
(for Alpine rivers are fullest in the Spring and early
Summer, from the sun-thaw of glaciers) and then the
'fair can be improved and followed up, the trenches
deepened and made more regular, and that which
began as an expedient, be contiinued as a system.

It was by such a process as I have described that in
periods of the most remote antiquity— long before even
the events which first made Italy historical — the whole
of that rich country that now hears the name of
Lombardy, and a great portion of Tuscany also, were
redeemed to the habitation and use of man. B>/ whom
the work was done, which was hound to be done — con-
jecture itself stands agape at the question of All that
can be answered is that the doers of it came from the
South and East ; for there was no West, and every
human wave that swept from the North destroyed as
it advanced, leaving its traces, exactly as an actual
wave would have done, upon lands thus kept artificially
drained and cultivaled.

They came fnvo ' c> South or the East, or both ; and
they had a written language, whose characters marked
the descendants of Japhet, but the mode of reading
them, of Sheni. So the scholars tell us to think, or at
least to say, when ive find Greek or Phoenician letters,
spelling backwards like Hebrew, instead of what we call
' forwards,' like English and other European tongues.

Such were these singular people, bilingual as well as
amphibious, who made the dry land appear, over these
too well watered plains, so skilful and at home in both
elements— and tho agricultural and geometrical rela-
tions they give rise to, — that, were there no other
evidence, one should suspect them of early intimacy
with Father Nile, and the periodic floods of Egypt,
before they ever landed, or were wrecked, to practise
their arts, upon the coast of Italy ; at last, however,
worried away (like old Nerval's flocks and herds) by
"bauds of fierce barbarians from the hills," they were
driven South, leaving the lands they had made so fertile
to the savage tribes, whom the Roman armies found
there, when they made their first appearance in the
district, two centuries before the date we use to count
the course of Time bj'— the Christian Era ; and it
became a Roman Province, unsurpassed in opulence
and splendour by any part of the great Empire in which
it w.as absorbed.
It pleased their conquerors,— and tho world has

followed suit,— to call that early and mixed race by the
general name of ' Etruscan." It is not the name they
knew themselves by: but as they left no history,
excejil their graves,- the most beautiful tho world has
ever seen, — and relics of skilled workmansliip in
potlery, and the precious metals, which modern art
has never surpassed ; their labours on the soil have
remained for tho careless pyo of posterity, just like a
work of nature, uiilabcllcd except by the form given
to it ; and only to be read and jud^'od of by the eye
that sees to-day that immense district, the Maremma
or Marsh-lands of Italy, as they still remain, and
which will yet lax the utmost skill of modern drainage
to redeem, and a great part of which perhaps can only
bo redeemed by tho same laborious and aboriginal
system, which may be said to have created a soil, by
Intersection.

To the modern traveller, whirled along upon tho Rail,
tho effect of course is that of excessive sameness, but
of a most minute and exacting culture. In vain ho
looks for Field, Hedge, Ujiland, and Meadow, tho
accustomed elementsof English agricultural fjandscape :
but in the place of these he sees ahovethe soil, the Vine,
the Fig, the Chestnut, the Mulberry; and upon it tho
youn;; crop of Maize, or Millet, or other corn, all
rii>ening under the same persuasive sun, and promising
a triple and even ([uadnqilo li:u"vest. It is hard to see
what can he added to piodiirtion such as this, upon
land so laid out, and divided. It is elsewhere that
It:ily must look for new elements of w'ealtb, new
industry, and new resources. What the North-Italian
has to learn is to keep the estate in order and repair
which his ancestors redeemed and handed down. They
were cutting Canals wdien our Plantagenet kings were
ruling. The great Milan Canal was nearly finished
before the discovery of America; and others are of far
older date than that.

I think it is only after one has begun to look at it
through these chronological spectacles that the truly
' cut, and dried ' formality of the soil begins to explain
itself. And so far as sameness to the eye does not
destroy interest to the mind, it is one of the most
interesting soils that exist. It is the archetype of
European husbandry.

The Railway from Turin to Genoa soon rises from
the valley of the Po into the sub-Apennine district
where the rich and sparkling wdncs of Asti are pro-
duced ; and he, or even she, will be a stern traveller
and a clever one, wdio manages to pass on without a
libation to tho ' Genius loci.^ Indeed here you may he
said to begin ' serious drinking,' in the matter of
Italian wines,— a subject too important, as well as
puzzling, to be briefly discussed. C. W. U.

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

(From our CnERRspoxnFNT.)
So far, the programme of proceedings in connection
with this great undertaking has been faithfully carried
out. The building was opened, but with no state
ceremonial- if that be not one in which the Emperor
and Empress took a part on the 1st of April, the day
originally appointed. Whether or not it would not
have been better had the opening been delayed till the
building, its contents, and its surroundings in the park
had been finished and completely arranged, is another
question. Those who counselled the opening, whether
every department was ready or not, will have this to
say in favour of their advice, that many exhibitors
notoriously delay preparations till the last minute, and
that if the opening had been in May as it was in April,
the same incompleteness, or something very_ like it,
would have been in existence. And there is much
truth in this way of viewing the matter. At the same
time it is but right to slate that there has been much
exaggeration indulged in by the corresiiondents of our
own papers as to ithe incompleteness of the various
departments. Certainly the fearful confusion which
raged throughout the building, even up to within a
few hours of the actual opening, naturally led many to
believe that to have anything like even a partial pre-
paration of the contents was almost an impossibility ;
and yet, nevertheless, it was surprising to all wdien the
opening did take place, how wonderfully complete
was every department, and how well arranged
their contents were. To the official eye many defects
were visible, which to that of the uninitiated spectator
were not so, so that the general effect was remarkably
striking. We di i not wish in saying this to convey the
idea to the reader that the various departments are in
the state of completeness in which they ought to have
been at the opening; they are far from this— avast
deal remains to be done before this condition is
attained ; nevertheless there is even now so much in
the building, and so well arranged, that it is easy to
see that in a short time the whole will form the most
extensive and the richest in detail of all the Exhi-
bitions of Art and Science products which the world
has ever seen. The park alone is a world's wonder,
and although here more than in the interior ol" the
building confusion reigns, especially in some parts, and
a vast deal remains to be done before it is complete, yet
there is enough finished to make it one of the most
attractive features of this great world's gathering. It
is indeed difficult to convey to the reader any adequate
idea of the varied nature, the great numbers, and the
individual richness of the structures here. Every kind
of architecture nearly is ihustrated, from the elabo-
rate richness of the Pavilion of the Pacha of
Egypt to the plain sheds which contain the agricul-
tural exhibits of France and England. When all are
finished we have no hesitation in saying that the park
will ho not the least attractive department of the
Exposition. The Pavilion of the Emperor is designed
in a somewhat novel manner, but its external details
and its internal fittings are executed in the most
exquisite taste. As if in contrast to it, almost imme-
diately opposite to it, and within a very few yards

3S6

THE GARBENEKS' CHRONICLE AND AGKICIILTURAL GAZETTE,

[AtfilL 13, 1S67.

distance from it, stands the English Cottage, which
puzzlins as it is in its most remarkable adjuncts of
coloured bricks, tiles, chimney-pots, &c., has been
designated by the French, who believe that it is a
fair exemplar of what we have in England as houses
to live in, by a most irreverent cognomen, which
we need not repeat here, but which will be familiar
enough to those who have travelled much in France,
and who know from the habit formerly prevalent,
of many Englishmen taking their Maker's name
in vain, the name by which they were and are pretty
well known in Prance. Incongruous as this English
Cottage is in many of its details, it should be remem-
bered that it has been specially designed and con-
structed to enable the various kinds of fittings and
domestic appliances to be illustrated. Hence it is, that
to get as many of those in and around the house, and
to have the works of as many of our manufactories
illustrated as possible, they are stuck on and applied
in such a fashion and in such irregular profusion
that the efl'ect is most hizarre and unsatisfactory.
Although, therefore, this structure is most, or rather,
when finished, which at present it is not by a very
great deal, will be most suggestive, in other respects it
IS so far from being so that it will convey to foreigners
a most erroneous idea of what English cottages in
reality are. In this respect it will form a contrast to
the examples of buildings of other nations, as, for
instance, those illustrating Russian cottages, which
are, in every respect, perfect models of what actually
form the dwellings and their adjuncts in that country.
We 'shall have to return to this English cottage of
ours in order to describe its" fittings, many of which
possess a special interest to our readers. Time will be
amply afforded us for this work, inasmuch as while we
write, the internal fittings are, in many instances, not
begun to be put up, while in others they are in a very
unfinished condition.

A great deal has been already, and much more we
opine will yet be said, as to the appearance which the
building or structure of the Exhibition presents. Our
readers will have some idea of this when we inform
them that the lively Parisians have already named it
the " Gasometer," and truly it is much more like this
than a " Palace," as official documents in somewhat
grandiose fashion call it. Palatial in no sense it is ;
to speak truly of it, we may say that externally it is
huge and ugly, although here and there, as in the
entrances to the radial avenues from the central garden,
we meet with some instances of architectural efl'ect.
Prom what we have said in a previous paper, the
reader will not now be surprised at being informed
that there are in the interior no large spaces which
give the fine perspective effects which characterised the
Exhibition buildings of 1851 and of 18G2. The only
place of this kind is the grand vestibule, but even here
the effect is much marred by the want of proportions
visible throughout ; the roof is sadly too low for the
length and width, and this depressing effect is still
more increased by the unfortunate style of heavy,
meaningless decoration to which the flat roof is exposed.
Nothing, indeed, could be morelunfortunate than this,
for with a lighter and more elegant style of colour
decoration, this grand vestibule would have afforded a
fair example of a large apartment. The light, too, is
not abundant, having to find its way through clerestory
windows, which are of course placed near the roof line,
and the light from which is much obscured by having
to pass through stained glass windows. < We may
remark in passing, that the windows are filled up with
the works of differentjartists, and of ditt'erent nations,
so that this vestibule is an exhibition of stained glass
■works, some of which is very beautiful.

In the part of the zones or rings of the building
devoted to the reception of the works of British
exhibitors, the great aim has been to keep the whole
space as open as possible, [and to adopt a light, simple
style of decoration. The result is upon the whole
satisfactory. The contrary principle has been adopted
in the departments of foreign exhibitors, where
the whole is cut up into separate compartments or
apartments. One good result which at all events has
sprung from this, is that the fittings of the various
places present an individuality and a contrast to
each other which forms in our opinion not the
least striking feature of the Exhibition. These fittings
are apparently erected and designed in order to afford
exa.mples of the styles prevalent in the countries
which they represent, and the result is a richness
which is very striking. We would direct the attention
of the visitor to the fittings of the Eussian and Egyp-
tian departments, which abound in architectural
details of a highly suggestive and pleasing kind. Tlie
evil which arises from this plan of independent or indi-
vidual action in the fitting up of the foreign spaces is
that from the multiplicity of the apartments met with
by the visitor in walking round any particular zone
or ring, he is apt to become confused, and to be
unable to decide its lateral confines, so-to speak. And
here we may just remark in passing that we fear much
of the value of the classification obtained by dividing —
as before explained— the building into concentric zones
and radial avenues will be done away with, if what we
have observed in many of them is not amended in the
future. We allude to the placing of articles in one zone
which, strictly speaking, belong to another zone. We
noticed this in many instances, and noticed it with
regret, as being directly opposed to the principle of
classification adopted, and as being calculated to
confuse those who are examining tlie contents of the
building with a view to being instructed by them. We
had, for instance, much labour in finding out some
objects connected with agriculture, and which, after
much looking for, we found in a part of the building in
which they ought not to be. if the classification adopted
is meant to be carried out in practice.

We have already stated that the principal labours of
the Agricultural Department of the Exhibition are to

be carried out at Billancourt. At present, the begin-
ning of the second week of the Exhibition, everything
connected with this department is in a most abnormal
condition, and it will be some time yet before order
will be observed throughout it. The principal portion
of the department of Implements and Machines
is to be found in annexes or sheds in the Park.
In that devoted to the British Section there is
a fair— and we can scarcely say it is anything
more^ than a fair— array of the implements and
machines of our well-known makers; but which
presents a contrast to the splendid exhibitions at our
leading shows. This, however, was what was to be
expected, for it should be remembered that it is a very
costly affair to send over machines here, and at the best
it is doubtful whether they will obtain orders sufficient
to recoup what is spent. We know of one well-
known firm whose expenses connected with their stall
in the annexe in the British section of the Exhibition
will cost considerably above one hundred pounds,
and in addition to this there are other and much
costlier outlays still to be met. The grand array of
English implements and machines to which the
visitors of our great shows are so much accustomed,
must not be looked for here. But if the number of
appliances here exhibited \% limited, it is only just to
say that their quality is pre-eminently marked. We
need fear no competition in this respect. But the
reader, from what we have said, must not suppose that
we shall have little to record in connection with this
department of the Paris Exhibition ; on the contrary,
both in the British and French Annexes, in the
building itself, and here and there in the Park, are
examples of implements and machines, models and
drawings of buildingtr, &c., all of which will afford us
much matter for remark and suggestion, and which
will occupy succeeding papers, which we hope to draw
up for our readers' perusal.

We conclude this paper by giving the following
list of the various countries exhibiting, and of
the area of surface which their products occupy
or will occupy when they are all placed in position.
In round numbers, metres may be taken to represent
yards imperial— strictly speaking, a metre is 39..371
inches, or 3§ inches more than a yard. France, 01,314
square metres; Holland, 1897 square metres; Belgium,
68S1; Prussia, 7830; Southern Germany, 7879;
Austria, 7880 ; Switzerland, 2091 ; Spain, ICGl ;
Portugal, 713; Greece, 713; Denmark, 751; Sweden
and Norway, 1823 ; Russia, 2853 ; Italy, 3219 ; Rome,
554; the United Principalities, 554; Turkey, 1426;
Egypt, 396 ; China, Japan, and Siam, 792 ; Persia, 713 ;
Morocco, Tunis, 1030; United States of America, 2867;
Brazil and the South American Republics, 1808 ;
Great Britain, 21,053. Although last in the list, it will
he seen with great satisfaction that our own country
is only second in respect to the area which it occupies,
and it may not bo too much to say that in many
of its departments it will be first— pre-eminently
so in the mechanical arts, of which more in succeeding
papers.

.3, 1867. j t
istriot, as i. J

COLUMBIAN GRASSES.

[The following is an extract from the proceedings of the
Highland and Agricultural Society at the Monthly Meet-
ing of the Du-ectors Ifist Wednesday -week :— ]

The Secretary reported that in the spring of 1866
the Society had received three commuuications from
Mr. W. E. Cormack, New Westminster, British
Columbia, transmitting four samples of Grass seeds
indigenous to that district. In the first letter, Mr.
Cormack says : —

" I beg to forward to you a little of the seed of the ines-
timable Bunch Grass of British Columbia, celebrated on
account of its nutritious qualities for strengthening and fatten-
ing horses and homed cattle, and which if introduced into
some of the Highland districts of Scotland might prove a
valuable acquisition. It grows only in the interior, not at the
sea coast ; and in those inland districts where artificial pro-
vender is not yet produced in any quantity, horses, mules, and
homed cattle gain strength and thrive upon it better than
upon any artificially grown food. The small quantity now
sent in a letter is merely a forerunner of more which I mean
to send to you by some other mode of conveyance than by post.
The first object is to ascert;iin If it will gi-ow in Scotland. It
thrives better upon moist soil than upon dry. Its history has
been little attended to, and what is known of it is from the
experienco'of transient equestrian travellers and cattle dealers,
who supply the miners In the districts with meat. There are
several varieties of it in different districts, all equally valuable.
It grows in large bunches, about one and a half to two feet in
height, standing a foot or two feet apart. When eaten down
by cattle it is said not to grow again from the same roots, wild
Sage taking its place. It is a question if it produces seed
every year ; and the seed may require two years to germinate.
The seed will hkely enable you to give it a botanical place."

The second communication, dated 8th February,
1S66, is as follows : —

" On the 18th December last, I had the pleasure of address-
ing you, transmitting a preliminary sample of the seed of a
very valuable Grass, called the Bunch Grass, indigenous to
the elevated interior parts of British Columbia, and along the
range of the Rocky Mouutuus, in the hope that upon trial
such a Grass might prove valuable in the Highlands of Scot-
land. I have now the pleasure of sending an additional
sample."

Mr. Cormack gives the following particulars con-
cerning this plant, which had been supplied to him by
an observant traveller in the interior : —

"The nutritious qualities of the Bunch Grass of British
Columbia are really surprising. It grows in very poor sandy,
gravelly soil, and at very high altitudes, even several thousand
feet above the level of the sea, and seems to grow well in
places where there is little or no other vegetation. AU kinds
of live stock fatten very rapidly on liunch Grass ; and the
packers in this country hrnm. off the old dry Grass in the fall
of the year, so that they may have a f reslx supply of young
Grass for their horses and mules in the spring. It makes
very good hay, and when perfectly dry loses none of its
nutritious qualities."

With the third letter from Mr. Cormack, the Society
received three other species of indigenous Grasses

from Lake La Hache, near the Cai'iboo district,
well as the following particulars concerning them -.-^

" No. 1. Found on comparatively low ground ; height, 3 feet 'i
to 3 feet 6 inches. No. 2. A Timothy, on low, loamy soil and ■
marshes ; height, 0 feet to 6 feet G inches. No. :^. Red Top ■
found on comparatively low ground and marshes ; height ''
3 feet 3 inches to 3 feet 6 inches. The Red Top is allowed by
graziers and travellers to be equally valuable with the Bunch
Grass ; and the other two sorts, Nos. 1 and 2, ai-e evidently
well worth a trial." t

Under the instructions of the Directors, the late
Secretary lost no time in placing the seeds, along with
the explanatory notes, in the hands of two eminent
nurserymen of Edinburgh (Messrs. Robert T '
Mackintosh and Peter S. Robertson), who kindly :
undertook to prove the seeds ; and the reports of these ,
gentlemen have just been received.
Mr, Mackintosh's statement is as follows : —
" Refen-ing to the Grasses that were sent to me by the lato
Mr. Hall Maxwell to prove and report upon, I beg to say that
I sowed said seeds, and watched their growth very narrowly.
I have to inform you, however, that out of the four samples
sent me only two vegetated— No. 1 and No. 4— and which are
quite up to the description that accompanied them. No. 1, in
my opinion, is too much alUed to the Bent Gras.5es of our
country to be any great acquisition to our already numerous
family of Grasses. No. 4 I think differently of from its
appe;i ranee and succulent nature ; growing on poor soils in
high situations, it might prove a very valuable addition to the
Italian Grass family, which in appearance it very much
resembles, with this in its favour over the Italian, of evidently
being much hardier."

Mr. Eobertson's report is in the following terms :—
" In reply to your favour of this date (30th March), regarding
the Columbian Grass seeds which I received from the late Mr,
Hall Maxwell, I had them all sown on carefully prepared
ground in April, 18()6, and the following is the result :-lst,
Grass from Lake La Hache came up pretty well, produced
broad, short, soft leaves in abundance, came into fiower in
August, appeared to be a species of Bromns ; the panicles gi-ew
to a height of I-I4 foot, but had no fertile seeds. The plants
had no covei-ing during last winter, and they are looking very
fresh and healthy at present. I notice that the growth made
by the leaves at this date is far earlier than our ordinary
Gras.ses, and looks as if it would be nearly as early as Bromus
Schraderi. I intend to separate the stools dm-ing April to
increase the plants, and to see if the second year's herbage be
stronger than the first year's. 2nd, Timothy Grass, from same
lake as above^Kinly three or four plants of this parcel grew ;
these did not flower hist year, are at present quite healthy,
and resemble the common Timothy in every respect, but that
they are tgrowing much earlier. I purpose to divide the
plants of this also, and as it belongs to a more promising
family than the Bromi as a forage Grass, I have a hope it may
be worth attention. 3rd, Fescue Giuss.— Grew well, leaves
long, very narrow, is distinct from any of the cultivated sorts,
the herbage scanty, no flowers produced, and about half of the
plants killed during the winter. I suspect this parcel con-
tained two species. The seeds did not look different, but the
result as to hardiness seems to indicate a mixture. Of tbo
other parcels none gi-ew with me, and I fear that no further
germination can be expected this year."

Home Correspondence.

April Work. — Spudding out Docks before horse-
hoeing ; 38 acres AVheat clean horse-hoed in two days
with Garrett's horse-hoe by one man and two pairs of
horses. Couch Grass forked out of ploughed land
before scarifying, harrowing, and driUing. Wheat
harrowed crossways after the horse-hoe. Women
pulling Groundsel out of Clover before it flowers —
nothing pays better than labour employed in the
removal of weeds. Rows of Wheat hand-hoed where
required. We shall soon sow artificial manures on the
deeply winter-cultivated land for Mangel, scarifying and
harrowing it well, but before all this is attempted
all Couch Grass will be forked out and carried off tbe
land. The severe March weather stunted the Grass
and made feed scarce. Roots, too, are nearly finished,
and very scarce. Luckily we disposed of nearly all
our fat stock in good time, and at good prices— say G3s.
for our hoggets, barely one year old, and 23/. for
bullocks, barely two years. Eat stock is getting cheaper
now. A great change and improvement has taken
place the last few days in the appearance of the crops.
Drains have ceased running, and the land has dried
considerably. J. J. Mechl, April 10.

The Stallion Skoics no2c in Season. — These annual
exhibitions never fail to attract a considerable number
of farmers, as also the inhabitants of the market towns,
and the rural population of the districts in which the
show takes place. Great interest is taken therein, and
much business-like as well as much homely criticism
is freely indulged in. The show usually commences
with the blood horses, hunting horses, and roadsters
or nag horses. These are shown in their various attrac-
tive paces and attitudes. The blood and hunting horses
generally show themselves at rest or at work in their
walking paces ; very seldom indeed are they ridden, or
put to other paces, so as to form any test of action.
Nag horses, i. e. roadsters, are generally put to efficient
test and competitive trials. The grooms are mostly
mounted on active ponies. Their horses are at com-
mand, and are led by a long rein, and practised to trot
somewhat in advance of the pony. In this way their
leaders contrive to make them go fast as trotters,
trotting at a tremendous pace ; and thus are shown
these horses trotting one after another in rapid succes-
sion, in oft repeated trials, till one or other manifests
some superiority of action, i.e. "takes the show," the
others retiring to their respective standings. This is a
dangerous proceeding amidst a crowded sti'eet or public
road, aud not unfrequently ends in some disaster. As'
this trial closes the dray and cart stallions make their
appearance, and in all their majestic bearing and noble
contour of frame. These take their stand at safe,
respectful distances from each other, and crowds
immediately surround them. After an interval, devoted
to the distribution of cards of pedigree, and terms, &c.,
they are carefully led up and down the allotted length
of street or road till sufficiently viewed, and the show
ends. Many are the arrangements made as to the
route of travel of the various horses by their proprietory

Apkil 13, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

387

mdthe promises of patronago by tho breeders dunni,'
•ho sbow, and tlio business is over. To the casual
visitor it is a very interesting exhibition. Tho beauty,
(race, aud lire of tho racers— the noblo-looking, strong,
^iry form aud nuiscular activity of tho luniters— tlio
'ay-looking, the fast and dashing \Kiacs of tho roadsters
I e. the trotters, are very attractive ; but tho colossal
'i-araes and linely-dovcloped proportions, the nobilily^
)f appearance and liaughty paces, tho stalking gait ol
hhe cart aud dray horses generally attract most atten-
tion. Indeed, to take them in all their proportions as
ine animals, wo have none to Ijoar couiparisou ^villl
,hem. It is at those shows tli:it lin-edrrs of liorsus
nako Ihoir choice of sires for their luTudiug purposes;
ho main point being to secure a siro of such developed
iroportions and activity of limb, as may compcnsato
'or any defect in the dam devoted to breeding. Breeders
if horses, however, have very many dilferent views of
ireediug, and each follows up his own course. Some
iro breeding race horses, others hunters, other roadsters ;
vnd again one man aims to breed dray horses, another
!ood cart horses, another useful farm horses, &c., &c.
riioso views must each be carried out with judgment,
ir failure results. A first-class, powerful race liorso
would be an admirable sire for a good hunter ; but a
Hunting stallion woidd be very unUkely to prove a good
iire for a race horse, and so in every other department
:>! breeding. A breeder must decide the purpose for
which he designs a mare to breed a foal. If he hopes
lo obtain a good dray horse, he will find it requisite to
put large, wcll-growu marcs to the finest dray horse ho
3an meet with. Small marcs may produce larger horses
I'rora this source, Init not dray horses ; but it is always
5ood practice to use the finest character of "heavy
aorses." It is not altogether the same with racers,
lunters, or roadsters. Beauty, activity, aud strength
ire good characteristics in these selections. For this
lurpose largo breeding mares of either kind may be
lut to moderate-sized horses with very satisfactory
•esults; but small mares should invariably be put to
lorses of good size, or the proportions soon degenerate.
(Vs a rule_the breeders of all kinds of horses, for saddle
ir harness, should aim to breed them of full and fine
proportions, and if with good action all tho better. O. F.
PouUri/. — It is (luring winter, and especially in snowy
iveather, that poultry are more costly to feed ; and it is
it that time particularly that we should have regard to
.heir comfort by shelter and warmth See what takes
place now {April 5). As soon as the ducks are let out
they disdain to pick up the Barley, but toddle away to
die Clover field and search it from top to bottom, then
betake themselves to tho ditches or brooks. Nothing
living escapes their qnick eyes. After the horse hoe
the fowls are spread over the fields, scratching into
particles every patch of earth between the rows of
Wheat plants ; and from the frequent applications of
their " peck," we can form an idea of how many insects
or plant enemies were there, ready to do mischief, and
how effectually the crops are thus secured from damage.
No wonder that my corn and other crops near the
poultry-house are always satisfactory. It would have
paid many heavy-land farmers this year to have bought
ducks, and so saved their crops from destruction by
slug. An old shoemaker in this neighbourhood, too
blind to work at his trade, has devoted his workshop
to chicken-rearing, keeping a tire in the grate all winter.
The consequence was an abundant supply of eggs at
Vid. each, wholesale, and young chickens that in a
month's time will bring 75. per pair, wholesale. He
has thus realised e-xcejitional and profitable results, and
escaped that competition of cheapness and abundance
which is produced , by mild or summer weather. J. J.
MecM, April 6.

Farmers' Clubs.

XONDON: April 1: A Oovernment Board of Agri-
culture.— Mr. J. A. Nockolds read a paper on this
subject, from which we make the following extracts : —
He said : In approaching this subject, I found it to be
somewhat of the hedge-hog genus : on whichever side
I wished to grapple with it, I found it equally beset
with difficulties of handling. Precedent, however, if
I could find any, at home or abroad, seemed to offer,
at all events, some locus standi for the gleaning of facts
and formation of opinion ; for I must here say, that
until the very day, or thereabouts, that the subject was
named to me, I had never given it a thought ; I come,
therefore, to the task on this most ominous day, with
no pre-conceivcd opinions upon it. First, then, was
there anything like a precedent at home for a " Board
of Agriculture as a Government department ? " Well,
not entirely so ; but something very like it. I am old
enough to recollect my father and others talking of a
Board of Agriculture, and of Arthur Young its secre-
tary. So, to gain some information relative to this
Board and its doings, I in the first instance applied
myself. I found that its proceedings were published
under the title of " Communications to the Board of
Agriculture." I foimd also that Sir John Sinclair, its
first president, then in opposition to Pitt the Prime
Minister of the day, had made several inefl'ectual
attempts to establish such a Board — so many, that
Arthur Young (whom he had promised should be the
secretary) laid him a wager that he would not
succeed. This wager was his (Young's) complete
set of "Annals of Agriculture" against a set of
Sir John's "Statistical Account of Scotland." I
don't think the loser would be much punished.
It would seem that agricultural matters in those days
did not meet with overwhelming attention from
Government, any more than at the present time. On
10th January, 179.3, Young writes thus to Sinclair:
" You are going to Mr. Pitt, and I am to lose the wager.
When you come from Mr. Pitt I shall have won it.
Pray don't give Ministers more credit than they
deserve. In manufactures and commerce you may bet
securely; but they never do, and never otH do, any-

thing for the plough. Your Board of Agriculture will
bo ill tho moon (1 am afraid ours will fare no better).
If on earth, remember, I am to bo secretary." And so
he was. Somo time in that year, I think, tho
Commons voted a humble address to his Jlajcsty
George III., that a Board of Agriculture bo established,
and that they would defray its expenses to the amount
of 3001W.— no great amount, certainly ; but then, you
know, it was only for agriculture. Sir John introduced
his motion with a long and able speech, stating that, in
tho first place, the institution would be a magazine of
agriciill ural knowledge, andboard of reference; secondly,
it would iiromoto agricultural surveys; thirdly, it
wriuld eutor into extensive correspondence ; fourthly,
it would have the jirivilege of franking (correspondence
being an eiiornious expense in those days) ; fifthly, it
would further tho improvement of stock ; and last, but
not least, it would furnish statistical accounts of the
agricultural productions of England. A Charter
was granted, 21st August, 1793; and, in con-
formity with its stipulations, the Board was
called " The Board or Society for the Encourage-
ment of Agriculture and Internal Improvement."
In his first presidential address to tho Board, Sir John
said it would bo of service to agriculture in two
respects — firstly, by removing all discouragements to
rural industry ; and secondly, by granting encourage-
ment thereto. Alive to his statistical proclivities, he
recommends the filling up of tables (of wdiich he gives
a form) of farm produce by tenants and occupiers of
land, but " not unless perfectly agreeable to the inha- \
bitants of the district." Out of the very munificent i
grant of 3000^. per annum, 500?. was set apart for the
payment and compensation of those gentlemen who
executed the surveys of the several counties; and, if
three or four were surveyed and reported on in the
course of a year, even the editor of the Field himself
could not have classed the reporters among his over-
paid surveyors. In fact. Young's " Essex " must have
been, at that time, worth the total sum. Sir John,^ as
some of you are perhaps aware, made a very extensive
tour, chiefly in the North of Europe, and was long )
after in intimate correspondence with crowned heads
and other magnates of the countries he visited. Such a
sight had not been seen before, and, I venture to say,
never will be again, of the friend aud advocate of
agriculture generally, and of British agriculture in
particular, being received with every courtesy and
honour at the tables of Eoyalty itself, and greeted with
complimentary attentions by the good and great of
many nations, aud this absolutely and solely in regard
to his connection with, and his anxious strivings for
the welfare of, the agricultural interest. I may say,
perhaps, that there is some sliglit evidence of his not
overlooking Sir Pertinax Mcbycophant's advice, to
"keep booing, keep booing, always keep booing;"
but, on the whole, he was an energetic,
practical, clear-headed man, whose heart and
soul were devoted to tho well-being of the
agriculturist. He had, however, in his mind a
somewhat Utopian crotchet of a plan of an agreement
among the Powers of Europe and the United States of
America, for the purpose of rewarding discoveries of
general benefit to society, such as increasing the
quantity of animal and vegetable food, improvement in
medicine, means of saving fuel, and construction of
houses for the poor. And now, as to the practical working
of this Board, let me just state a few of the sort of
things for which the.y offered prizes. The first note I
have is, that a Committee of the House of Lords offered
through the Board, certain sums, to be given to those
who would examine into, and report to their Lord-
ships "the best means of converting Grass lands into
arable without exhausting the soil, and of returning
the same to Gfrass, after a certain period, in an improved
state, or at least without injury." First prize, 200?. ;
2d ditto, 100?. ; 3d ditto, 60?. ; -Ith ditto, 40?. A silver
medal for the means of ascertaining the probable state
of the weather. Gold medal for the best account, with
drawing, of the various instruments of husbandry.
Sliver medal for best aud cheapest cottage ; ditto, for
oven for cottage ; ditto, for bed and bedding for cottage.
Gold medal for a plough, which will with the least
force turn a furrow not less than C inches deep and
9 inches broad. Gold medal for best cart, ifcc, &c.
And what was the world's opinion of all this ?
Did it think such a Board of Agriculture desirable
as (partially) a Government department? It appears
that, for some years at all events, it did.
Many of the great potentates and nobles of the age
expressed their strong approbation of this Board of
Agriculture and its first President, who, as far as I
can understand, was the primary cause of the establish-
ment of similar Boards or Agricultural Societies in
America, France, and other foreign countries. Can
we then from this precedent draw a conclusion favour-
able to the " Desirability of a Board of Agriculture as
a (Jovernment Department ? " In some degree I
think we can. The former Board certainly was in its
day of vast service to the cause it advocated, even if
the county surveys and reports be alone considered ;
but I am bound to admit that the same sort of results
which were effected by it, have been and are
being effected by the Eoyal Agricultural Society
of England, the Highland Society, and other
institutions of a similar nature. The question
may be naturally asked why, if so much good
resulted from Sir John's Board, it was discontinued ?
I have failed to find an answer to that question. All
I know is, that it was put an end to by Lord
Liverpool in 1819, and that in 1818 Sir John says:
— "From anxiety to procure accurate information
regarding the husbandry of Flanders, I had prevailed
upon the Board of Agriculture to offer a premium of
200?. for the best account of Flemish Agriculture. But
before the papers transmitted to the Board in
competition for that premium had been examinefl, the
Minister of the Crown (Lord Liverpool) had resolved

to extinguish the Hoard, and orders were given that all
tho papers belonging to tliat institution should bo
deposited in the Tower of London, where they are still
kept, inaccessible to the peru^al ol' :uiy one, as if
manuscripts full of information of llio liigliest
ini|)ortance to the agriculturists of tlio country ought
to be carefully concealed as prejudicial to the public
interest!" In the name of all that is liberal, equitable,
and just, why was this'r" Fit iirocedcnt to tho
collection of agricultural statistics by the jiolice. But
then you know it is only agriculture that sullcrs.

I now come to the second ])art of my subject. Is
there anything like ]n-eccdcnt or examijle to be found
abroad in the lustitulioniT of foreign countries? Now,
you must not im:igine that I am going to show you
" all the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them."
I have neither time nor ability to go much into detail
upon this division of my paper, but I trust to show
that w hat some of us think 'unnecessary is deemed to
be quite the reverse both by despotic and democratic
governments — that is, a State Department of
Agriculture, presided over by a Minister.

Rmtia .—\n \^^'l tbero wa.s an " Impei-ial A^cultural
Society of St. Petcrsburgb," .and Sir Jobii Sinclair was ad-
mitted .1 member. In answer to inquirie.^ lately made if thcro
were any Government department of agrieultiiro in Russia, I wa.s
told. " No, excepting ]je Dt?partement d'Ecoiiomic du Ministre
du Domaiue Imperialist. I'etersbourg "— wbieb, itstrikesmc,
must be^something in tbe nature of our Dep.irtment of " Woods
iind Forests." However, everything e.xcept a man'.s soul
.appears to be a Government institution in Russia, and all
matters, of whatever nature,'.are submitted to military arrange-
ment and discipline. That much remains to be done for
agriculture in Russia will be apparent when I tell you that 80
late as 1850 they burned their manure, or mended sucli roads
as they have across their rich alluvial plains with it, although
these lands are beginning to feel tbe constant pull of two
white-str.aw com crops in three years without manure. The
means of tr.ansit are also deplorable, and immense wealth
must be lost in time and labour of transport ; but a thousand
or so of bullocks perishing in their return from the seaport on
the arid steppes go for nothing. Altogether our question is
not much forwarded by a reference to Russia.

Prws.«ia.— Until the year 1848 all matters relating to agri-
culture were conducted in the office of the iMinister of the
Interior, or, .as we ;.'^bould say, I .suppose, tho Home Office, a
separate division being set apart for them ; but in that year,
for the better promotion .and protection of the agricultural
interest, a special minister was appointed, having in his
deijartraent, and under bis supervision, thc_ following, viz. 1.
The enfranchisement of feudal tenure : This is not the same as
our copyhold enfranchisement, thougti somewhat analogous to
It. And tbe Minister also has under bis control what .answer.s
to the powers of our General Inelosure Act, as respects open
and common arable fields, n.amely, " the laying together of
pieces of land." 2. The improvement of land ; regulation of
rivers, canals, ire. ; m.anagement of tbe woods and forests,
dykes, water-courses, .and main-drain.age. 3. The establish-
ments for promoting the breeding and rearing_ of horses,
which is a matter of great importance in Prussia. 4. Agri-
cultural schools aud colleges, with experimental stations or
field laboriitories, where scientific agricultural experiments
are carried out, .after the manner of Mr. Lawes at Rothampsted.
5. Agricultural societies and exhibitions. G. Measures for
advancing tbe cultivation of the land in general : These
embrace a wide scope ; but at present not much benefit has
lesulted from them. Among them may be noted the mission,
encourjigcment, and support of students of agriculture, dr.ain-
age, engineering, &c. ; on journeys of improvement : and the
publishing of works on agriculture. To the Minister for Agri-
culture and miitters connected with land appertains an .agri-
cultural board, composed of the most eminent agriculturists
' of the country, whom, as occasion requires, he consults. This
board is assembled once or twice a-ye.ar at Berlin, for the con-
sideration of important matters, at the request of the land-
; owners and others interested in agriculture. Every member
can himself bring forw.ard any proposition for discussion
which he m.ay think worthy of consideration. The Board,
however, can only tender advice and counsel : and the
Minister is not bound by its conclusions. Where agriculture
predominates in a State, as in Prussia, it is fully justified in
having a Minister of Agi-iculture. The beneficial working of
the system in that country has made. itself felt in various
ways, particularly with regard to the canying out of sug-
' gested improvements, and the breeding and rearing of horses.
Agricultural instruction also is satisfactorily adv.anced through
the ministerial office, ^^hUst of late attention has been paid to
the education of tbe peasantry, or the class who arc repre-
sented as nearly as may be by our labourers, in the lower or
elementary schools. The colleges and _ upper schools _ of
agi-iculture .also lar>jely conduce to the attainment of scientific
agricultural knowledge, exclusive of the elementary tuition
.and the schools for teaching practical husbandly just
mentioned.

France. — Tbe Agricultural Department in France is presided
over by a " Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public
Works'" Agi-iciiltural statistics are under his control, .and he
superintends the agricultural .and veterinary instruction
.afforded by the several colleges and schools, with the model
and experimental farms appertaining thereto. He also
provides help and .assistance to rural industry, probably
meaning donations or rew.ards for good husb.indry, and experi-
ments on seeds, roots, &c., but in what way, or whether I .am
quite right in my apprehension of the meaning of this
help, &c., I cannot say. Tbe supply of corn .and the state of
the m.arkcts, in relation to that supply for consumpton by the
total population of the empu-e, are also under his supervision,
as well as tbe drainage of the marshes .and land gener.aUy. In
his department likewise are placed the management of the
imperial highways, and what we should call the cross or
parish road. There are two descriptions of .agricultural
schools : 1st. Farm schools, where children of labourers are
received without charge, perfonning all the labour on the
farm, .and receiving, as a remuneration therefor, instruction
in agricidture essentially practical ; they are established in
most of the Departments of tbe Empire, .and have experimental
farms attached. 'Jnd. Regional Schoolff; These have threa
objects, 1. To form enlightened agriculturists, by teaching
them the principles of agriculture. 2. To offer an example or
model of practical .agriculture of a high and advancing order.
3. To make experiments for improving the cultivation of the
soil. There were three schools appertaining to this class m
1863, the one at Grignon being the chief. The State furnishes
several scholarships to these schools.

America.— In turning to what maybe caUed a Democratic
Government .as compared with those we have been considering,
I feel quite overwhelmed with the magnitude of the consider-
ation given to the Agiicultural Department of their Govern-
ment by the Americans. That deportment is under a commis-
sioner, who reports to the President yearly. Under the
commissioner, and reporting to him, arc a superintendent of
gardens, superintendent of experimental farms, an entomolo-
tdst, a chemist, and a statistician. I have here, replete

388

THE GAIiDENI'RS' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTDEAL GAZETTE.

[Apeii 13, 1867.

with salient points for observation, the annual report of
the commissioner for 18G5, embracing all the subsidiary
reports, valuable papers, and tables of statistics. It was
forwarded to my kind friend Dr. Voelcker from the commis-
sioner, and to the former I am indebted for its perusal : but
time will not permit rae to do more than briefly to allude, as I
have done, to its principal contents, viz., the reports of the
officials before mentioned. In m.any of the States agricultural
colleges with farms attached are established, in connection
with the Department of Agi-iculture, and appear to be in a
most flourishing: condition ; although I must admit that,
owing to the difference of the constitution of society here,
similar results would not be likely to follow. Still, without
wishing to raise that vexed question of Cirencester, some-
thing more might be done in this country towards the agii-
cultural education of the youth of the middle classes destined
to follow agricultural pursuits. Independently of the annual
report, the Commissioner of Agriculture issues monthly
(sometimes, it appears, bi-monthly) reports, thus keeping the
whole country au coiirani with what is going on in farming
matters at the time of issue : state of the crops ; and such
statistics as may then be procurable, not only in America, but
in Europe. Among the tables in the Report for November and
December hist, are an exhibit of " The Farm Stock of Switzer-
land," "Statistics of Rinderpest in Great Britain," " Recent
Export of Cereals to Great Britain and Ireland since Sep-
tember 1st, 18GG," " Agricultural Products and Manufactures
imported into Great Britahi for the first nine months of 1865
and 1366," (be. The Consuls appear to take every pains to
report whatever may be thought to be useful to the Agricul-
tural Department, and which may come under their cog-
nizance, in the vicinity of their several consulates : this they
seem to do, quite as much as a Labour of love, as the mere
fulfilment of duty. Every American I have had occasion to
converse with, in the course of my inquiries, speaks of the
Agricultural as one of the best, if not the best department of
the United States Government.

Now, surely, if all the countries I have mentioned —
and, I believe, every European State besides— find a
Government Department of Agriculture desirable, we
cannot contend that it is not so here, in England ? I
think my precedents, or examples, fully show that it is
— modified, probably, to suit the difference of national
habits and prejudices ; otherwise, we may consider our-
selves, in this matter, the only wise people in the world.
But to take the subject on its own merits, without
reference to what has been done here, or what is doing
in other countries. In the course of my inquiries, 1 1
have often been met with this observation : " Surely,
Mr. Nockolds, the day for bounties and protection is

foneby?" To this I answer, " Yes." But " the dcsira-
ility of a Board of Agriculture as a Government
department " does not depend upon such matters at all. |
You have released the infant from its swaddling-clothes ;
— you have cut its leading-strings ; but, while he is '
enjoying his liberty, why do you persist in punching
his head? Is it not probable that if agriculture was
fairly represented in the Government, and not by a
section of the Board of Trade, several Acts of Parlia-
ment lately pa.ssed, and which have been alluded to by
Mr. Head and others in this room as unduly pressing
upon the tenant-farmer, might have been modified ?
A Board of Agriculture, with its President seated in
the Commons, should at all times, when legislative
enactments are proposed likely to aflect the agricul-
tural interest, examme into the provisions of the pro-
posed measures, to see that impartial j ustice was done
with regard to that interest. It should be enabled to
act at once, without loss of time, in such matters as
the cattle-plague, and without the lengthened ceremony
of instituting a Commission, and consulting hosts of
advisers, including Messrs. Stamp-it-out and Knock-
'em-down of this Club. Who can doubt that if,
upwards of a century ago, when a former visitation of
rinderpest took place, a Government department had
existed, it would have left valuable documents and
precedents in its archives — that is, if they had not been
sent to the Tower — which Avould have been most
beneficial to us at this time ? The questions of sewer-
age and water supply cannot long remain in the state
they are in at present. They are matters vitally afl'ecting
both landowner and laud-occupier, and deserve, while
they are being discussed, the serious attention of some
person of ability and influeuce on behalf of the landed
interest. It would be so in America.

"What is the annual value of that interest for which
I say a Board is desirable ? Such, as alone in my I
opinion justifies its establishment. In the "Farmers'
Magazine" (I got it second-hand from the Fontefract
Telegraph of 26th January last, and cannot tell the
date of the original publication) appeared an article
which thus quotes from a speech of Mr. Bright's :—
" If in England the tenantry, and in Scotland the
tenant farmers, the most capable, the most intelligent,
the best agriculturists perhaps in the world, if they
were to join in favour of measures, such as measures
hostile to the game laws, hostile to any injustice which
is supposed to exist with regard to the improvement
of tenants, it would be quite impossible for the Parlia-
ment to resist their demands." I wish I could make
him prove his words. The writer then goes on to make
some calculations (which I confess perfectly astounded
me) on what he says are the last statistics. I can read
all his figures to you if you wish it, but I think the
sum total is all we need look at. He makes the value
of the live and dead farming stock of this kingdom,
based on those statistics, amount to the enormous sum
of 400 minions. Now, although I demur to some of
his prices of stock, and find that his quantities of
com grown do not agree, so far as I can make out, wdth
the Board of Trade returns for 1866, just published,
yet I can see by the latter that he is not very wide of the
mark. The total earnings of every other class in the
United Kingdom amount to 418 millions, exclusive of the
payments to agriculturallabourers of 75 millions. Surely
the owners of this extraordinary amount of property are
entitled to someconsideratiou,and to the poor compliment
of having a Board of Trade and Agriculture at all events.
But I must add my firm belief that this large amount
of capital pays a much lower interest per cent, than
capital invested in any other legitimate way. Why are
■we to be slighted in this absence of all acknowledgment
by our Government ? Are we less loyal, less moral,

less industrious than other classes ? Do we parade our
grievances in the public thoroughfares, to the hindrance
of traffic, to the alarm of the quiet and orderly dis-
posed, and to the great detriment of trade ? Are we
less disposed to public or private charity, according to
our means, and in particular those cases of manufac-
turing distress which of late have visited this kingdom ?
Do we succour with pecuniary support and other
means those operatives who may in any branch of
trade be " out on strike," without making any attempt
to heal the breach between master and man ? I trow
not. I trust I may be considered now to have made
out a claim for a Board of Agriculture as a Govern-
ment department, and that I have to a certain extent
shown the desirability of it. I would have a
Board of Agriculture and Public Health, whose pre-
sident or head should have a seat in the Cabinet. The
supply of food, both vegetable and animal, must of
necessity be intimately afiected by the well-being of
agriculture ; and the supply and quality of both kinds
of food, together with the supply of water, will also as
intimately affect the public health. Again, those con-
ditions of the atmosphere which result from imperfect
drainage and disposal of sewage and other noxious
matters, producing zymotic diseases, prej udice, though
perhaps not exactly in the same form, both man and
beast. This Board would therefore have under its
control agricultural statistics and all matters relating
to land ; the sujjply of water to, and the effectual
drainage of, the kingdom generally ; and all measures
for preserving the public health. [Mr. Nockolds then
proceeded to describe in detail the nature of the office
he would establish.]

a reason for this, for I assure you that in open field
feeding the ewes which lambed in the first week in
October, with 14 weeks' feeding with their lambs
at side, would be fat, but others which lajubed in
the first week in December, kept the same
time and upon the same food, would be only in
moderate condition. No doubt the weather usual at
the periods named is the chief cause of the difference,
and were the stock kept_ under cover, nothing like the
same result would obtain. I am not, however, advo-
cating house-feeding. I will assume that what I have
stated is practieally correct, for it is the result of my
experience, that the latter part of the stoek, or 40 out
of the 100, must be sold to a disadvantage, or kept on
during the summer to a disadvantage, comparatively,
for I have invariably found that the ewes, although
they may be fed on costly food, such as cake, &c., do
not make such progress in fatting as to justify the
outlay, nor is the oilcake or corn consumed in the
summer months with so much advantage as during the
winter months, and the difference in favour of winter
consumption I must put at 20 per cent, on the outlay.
I am now alluding to the enclosed districts of this
and other counties, for I am aware that in many of
the western and midland counties the stock enjoy
themselves and make great progress in grazing, not
suffering from the heat of the climate, and the flies
engendered by it, as they do in many districts of the
southern and eastern counties. I think I have now
shown you that a considerable portion of the ewe flock
yields a poor return for a generous outlay, and as they
are generally dear to purchase at the autumn fairs it is
clear they cannot be sold cheap, and to a great dis-
advantage, without producing the dissatisfaction which
we hear so much spoken of, and which is probably the
cause of the subject on the card being named for
discussion this day.

I am now, in consequence, arrived at the turning
point of the subject, having shown the disadvantage of
a system which generally obtains. I will endeavour to
show you how I think it may not only be avoided but

BoTLEY AND SouTH Hants : How far can the
JBreeding and Grazing of Sheep be advantageousli/ corn-
lined ! — Mr. Blundell said, it appears to me that more
sheep should be reared, as there is evidently a great
scarcity of store stoek, and if they are not really dearer
than fat sheep they leave but small chance for impro-
ving their value by what is termed grazing, viz., the _ . .
consumption of root crops, hay, cake, corn, &c., for the actually turned to good account, and that breeding and
purpose of enriching and preparing the land for the [ grazing may be'combined. I will put it in a few words-
production of future sale crops. It is very common to keep grazing stock in the winter mouths, and breeding
hear the grazing farmer say — sheep are too dear to stock in the summer months, taking the former period
purchase this year, they cannot pay for I'eeding ; but 1 1 from September to April, and the latter from April to
am very much inclined to think the stock farmers on i September. I feel it incumbent on me, after stating
the hills are of a different opinion, for latterly they i the difference in the value of grazing o3' the early and
have adopted the plan of feeding a considerable portion ; late lambing ewe, to state how I would remedy the evil,
of their flocks, both ewes and lambs, up to the state in 1 1 would take all the ewes that have lambed before the
which they are fit for slaughter, instead of selling them | 20th November and with their lambs keep them as well
in store condition, as formerly. How far this practice | as possible, for which I should be sure of a good return
is beneficial seems to me a matter for our inquiry. ! in mutton and lamb, but all the ewes lambing after the
One of the causes, I think, will be found in the 1 20th of November, about 10 to 100, I would keep
increased fertility of the land, which to the hill farmer separate from the forward ewes, feeding them only on
is a question of immense importance, for he knows roots and hay, upon a good generous allowance as stock
practically that he benefits by the increased production ewes, allowing the lambs, however, to run in advance of
of corn, &c. ; for on the chalk soils it is not often that the ewes, and receive food of that kind which may be

crops suffer through a superabundance of straw. On
the other hand, upon the loamy soils of what are
termed grazing farms it is difficult to consume on the
laud the root crops, together with hay, and often cake
or corn in addition, without injury to the succeeding
crops, particularly in an abundant and forcing season

seasons. Many of the grazing farms, however, it must
be remembered, are composed of gravelly or sandy
land. On such farms, no doubt, grazing will be as
beneficial as high feeding is on the chalk soils just
named. In connection with this subject, however, I
must say that many farms in South Hants and other
districts of light stock soils are of necessity used for the
breeding of sheep, instead of grazing, even where the
cake and corn consumed would greatly benefit succeed

„ crops, but generally the farmer knows his interest j lambs to fall after the 20th of November, as before
too well to make a large outlay upon land let upon the stated. Now, the ewes managed in this way \yill be
terms of six months' notice to quit, for some one or more valuable than any which can be purchased in the
other would be sure to outbid him in rental upon his autumn, as they lamb at the right time, and have
own improvements. These farms are necessarily become accustomed to the soil and climate. They
stocked with sheep, which are allowed to consume will have also proved a valuable flock for folding
roots and hay only. It often happens, too, that hay 1 purposes ; they have given you their wool, and you
and straw cannot be sold, to enable the tenant to make I have been enabled to keep a large flock, even on scanty
purchases of either artificial food or artificial manure, | keep, and with all these advantages they will have also
the latter of which it is assumed the tenant pays for I improved in value as much as though half the number
out of his own pocket, but I contend is in part had been keptin a fatting state, and the portion of the
abstraction from rent, by which the landlord is conse-
quently a loser. It has been assumed that the hill
farmers, by feeding their sheep for the butcher, have
encroached upon the privileges of the grazier. I have,
however, shown you to some extent how he turns it to
his account.

It is, therefore, now necessary for us to inquire how
the grazier, under the circumstances by which he is
surrounded, can protect his interest and obtain some
benefit through some alteration from his former mode
of management. In order to illustrate the subject I
will endeavour to set forth what was my own practice
upon my farm for nearly 20 years with horned
Somerset ewes, and upon another farm for many years
with Down ewes. Let us take first for consideration
the usual system of grazing horned ewes and their lambs.
We will suppose 100 ewes purchased the first week
in October ; three-fifths of the number will drop their
lambs, on the average of seasons, by the 20th of
November, leaving 40 out of the 100 to lamb between
that date and (Christmas. We will then suppose the
whole of the flock kept alike upon the usual generous
diet of roots, hay, cake, or corn, and often both. Now
it is well known that tlie lambs of all ages, when sold,
may make a fair average price, for the latter lambs
often fetch as much money as the earlier, but how
stands the account of the ewes when sold ? Why, I
think those which lambed before the 20th of November
would realise quite 10*. per head more than those
which lambed after that date, although they had been
fed alike and for the same time. There must be

considered best adapted to feed them quickly for
the butcher. I must, however, in passing, just
state what I consider first-rate lamb's food,
viz., good Dutch Clover hay, roots passed twice
through the cutter, either (parrots, Kohl Rabi, or,
which is still better. White-heart Cabbage, mixing

and I reckon that the cake and corn-feeding of stock ; cake meal and Barley meal with the_ cut roots, the
on chalk soils is attended with 25 to 30 per cent, more i trough food to consist of the best oil-cake, cracked
benefit than it is on the loamy soils on the average of i fine, and mixed with grey Peas, also cracked. When

the lambs are cared for in this way they will turn out
well, although the ewes had only been kept in store
condition. By the 1st of May the fattest ewes, and all
the lambs, will have been sold, leaving the latter ewes
in store condition. My practice was to purchase other
stock ewes at (Juildford and other <'airs, thus forming a
summer flock, and so manage that the rams were turned
in on the 1st of May and removed from the flock about
the 1st of July, thus insuring that there would be no

ewes not in lamb will be ready for early autumn
grazing.

I would here allude to my practice of summer
folding, which is to enclose the sheep in a fold in the
daytime instead of at night, and, in very hot sunny
weather, from 10 o'clock, to -i o'clock in the afternoon ;
this plan is far superior to promiscuous feeding, as
otherwise they resort to the shade of hedges and trees,
leaving their dressing where it does no good. Under
the system just described, the grazing farmer will
always have half a stock by him of more value than
any he can buy, and as his requirements will be
diminished, so will it tend to diminish the price of
those he has to purchase. My observations have been
made to apply chiefly to horned ewes of the best
Somerset and "Dorset breeds ; I have, however, adopted
the same plan with the Dowm ewes, altering the dates
and period of lambing about two months, namely, that
the ewes which lamb before the 1st of February should
be kept together with their lambs upon the best of
food, and the latter ewes kept in store condition, and
in some cases it answers better instead of fatting the
lambs (as with the horned ewes) that they should be
also kept in store condition, and weaned at the usual
time. This will give an increase of valuable stock for
grazing purposes in the succeeding winter. I must also
observe that many graziers are deterred from keeping
sheep in store condition in the summer months, for
fear of the rot, but I hold an opinion in this matter
different from many parties. 1 contend that when
I sheep are folded, or lay on the dry arable land at night

April 13. 1867.1

THE GARDENERS* CmONICLE AND AGETCUETURAL GAZETTE.

389

fattening than rosort to tho msirkot for Ml bis store stock.
Ho preferred buving wotber to^a in tbo ni>ring and summer,
iiH tbcy turned out mnro prufttablo tbnn stock bought in the
.tuturiin. The best time for buying owes for fattening was in
the summer.

Mr. T. Warnek agreed with Mr. HhmdoU M to tho arlvantigo
of keeping a portion uf tho later lambing owes back so as to
C(imo in for early lambing the next soaHon. He kept his owes
in Kond conditiiin, and consequently had lambs early next
Hpring. His plan liad RVicccede<l tohirably well, as ho thought
tbo results of their Eastor shnws proved, and therefore he
hboidd continue to follow it.

Mr. WiTHKnH could easily imdorstand why stock farmers
declined keeping their Ilocks for feeding, since they could
realise 14*/. or \5</. per pound for them in tho shape of store
stock, whereas by fattening thorn they would get only Of/, or
Iflr/. per pound. Jle contended that the pasture land in his
ncighbovnhood was not suited to the breeding of sheep, still a
]>ortion of the flock might bo kept for breeding.

Mr. lIoLDAWAY said tbcy were all much indebted to Mr,
IJlundell for the able manner in whicli ho had introduced this
subject, which was rather a peculiar one, as it referred to the
business of two different classes of persons— the floekmaster
and the grazier. Take the case of a stock farm lying on tho
chalk ; there, in consequence of tho rapid strides made of lato
years in agriculture, more sheep cotdd be kept than formerly,
and it was more advantageous to keep a breeding flock, than
one for grazing. It paid bettor to keep the wether lambs
together, and sell them off ino at a time, or in large numbers,
than keeping them to gi-aze and selling tbem off 10 at a time.
Stock farmers, as a rule, therefore, did not keep their stock
for grazing, because breeding was more favourable to tbcm.
He could not see how a breeding flock could be kept on a
grazing farm so as to bo profitable. It was necessarj' to keep
the ewes in good condition during the lambing season, and
when the lambs were sold off, they might be also made fit for
the butcher, but to keep them tbrouehout the year, he
thought, would entail a loss. Ho could not quite agree with
Mr. Bhindell, though ho should be glad to be shown how they
coTild manage to breed their own sheep and graze them as well,
so as to do it advantageously.

The Chairman said, having listened to the remarks which
had been made by different speakers, it appeared to him that
there was great difticulty in combining the breedibg and
grazing of sheep on one farm. If ewes were backward it
might answer to keep them till the next year, ^nit it would be
different as regarded Iambs. It might answer with ewes to a
very small extent. He knew a gentleman who intended,
instead of selling his lambs this year, to bring them out as
tegs next, being of opinion that he shall realise more in that
way ; at the same time he must go to the breeder for his ewes.
How to combine the two objects he did not know. If they
found the prices of store stock so high, they need not buy so
much, and if there were fewer purchasers in the market there
would be less demand, and the prices of stock would fall.
One reason why stock was so dear was because people fancied
they must get sheep to consume their large stock of Turnips,
but it would be better to plough them in, or use them in some
other way, than purchase sheep at a high price. They might
keep beasts or pigs, in order to consume the Tiirnips, and it
would probably pay them to do so. Grazing farms were
higher rented than hill farms, and sometimes by nearly 2ii per
cent., and with the present prices of stock it would never do
for a tenant of such highly-rented land to depend up:)n that
sovirce for his profits. Instead of looking to his stock as the
means of enabling him to pay his rent, he must expect to do
it from his corn crops. Taking the subject as a whole, they
must, he thought, be guided by eircumstjuices ; when stock
was cheap it would be a good plan to buy as much as they had
the means of fattening ; and when it was dear, let them buy
as little as they could.

Mr. Blundell, in reply, said he was glad that the subject
he had introduced to their notice had elicited discussion upon
the various points treated of. The three principal points
were, first, as respected the hill farms, how far might grazing
be combined with breeding; secondly, as regarded the
extensive pasture farms in that neighbourhood, how far they
might be applied to the purposes of breeding as well as
grazing ; and thirdly, how the occupier of small farms may
retain half his stock for breeding. Mr. Wyatt maintjuned his
position as a breeder of sheep, his remarks proving that of
which trraziers often complained, namely, that store sheep

f. .._ i__- .i_ i.. r r i: Tt u t ,™

md have thvee changes of food allowpd them durinR

he 21 hours, two of the changes beinu theiiJroduco ol
irable land, tho third may bo the produce of inferior
inslure or meadow land (indeed, such as^ would
iiinduno unsound sheep, without chanpe or admixture),
iiiid yet they will remain sound, especially if they have
ri.ck salt in tho field to which they can have access at
all times. This matter has been explained thus:
idthouKh the entozoa which produce the fluko in the
liver may have been taken into tho system, yet they
(■;uiii(it exist in connection with food of aiiulnlious
kind impregnated with salt; and practically, also, I
have found that I never had fluke produced in sheep
led in my meadows during a jieriod of 20 years, and, a.s
I believe, because they had always one change m the
.lay of suit marsh Grass. In support of my argument
1 f'luote from a paper on parasites:—

It is st.itcd that sheep fed upon tho .salt marshes never take
v.it ; nnri this I believe to he true. And why is it? liecuiso
tho poniiltiniate fcTm of tho fluko cannot live there. No
.'^.'(,'.s, no onibryoM no sporocyst. or germ 8.acs, no cercariai ai-e
to he found here. The earth, .and consequently the herbage,
loutainsHo much .s.dinc matter that if placed here they do
not eomo to perfection, but dio. Now this precept from
Nature toaehcH us a most import^mt lesson— how, in a groat
ineasiiro, we may prevent sheep from being affected with this
lii.seasu. If any of you hold lands that are likely to produce
thirt disease, have your sheep located on thohighest .and driest
parts of your farm; have thom folded eveiy night, and feed
t iieni with tlry succulent food, with which mix a moderate
quantity of common salt. This will in a great measure
prevent the fonoation of flukes by destroying them in their
early stage of development. I have no hesitation in saying
tliat by allowing sheep to feed for one hour on some situations,
sufficient amount of mischief may be done to produce " tho
rot." Tako care of your sheep, and prevent them .as much as
you possibly can from taking this disease ; for remember
this, that when once it is generated there is no cure. Pallia-
tive measures may be adopted in tho early stages with con-
siderable benefit ; but when once a rotten sheep, alw.ays a
rotten sheep.

Strictly in accordance with our object, I venture to
suggest the idea, " Breed all you can, and graze all you
breeii." This, of course, must be kept within the
capability of the farm as regards extent, soil, and other
circumstances ; and in order to combine breeding and
grazing advantageously, the occupation should be
.^omew^lat extensive, and the stock to be ewes, the
number adjusted to the acreage, the ewe lambs kept in
store conciition in connection with the flock, the
wether lambs and full-mouthed ewes to be fattened in
the autumn and winter months. This, however,
necessitates the consumption of cake and corn food to
some extent, and which, as before stated, much of the
grazing laud will not bear advantageously. A ready

way, however, to meet this is by removing from the

field one-quarter or one-third of the root crop for use

at the homestead for cattle, or on to Grass land for use

in April and May for the sheep. I have now laid

before you two systems of combined breeding and

feeding, each of which deserves our attention, the

former as adapted to small farms, the latter to larger

farms with some pasture land. In the consideration

of our sub,iect nothing has, as yet, been said about the

fluctuations in the value of sheep stock. I must,

however, call your attention to the great fall in the

price of sheep in the autumn of 1800, caused by the

wet summer, and in 18M by the dry summer. As the

value of stock is high five years out of seven, I assume

that on the average of seasons the breeder has the

advantage where he keeps a full stock, and on the lesser

farm with a ewe flock he keeps half a stock, thereby in

the one case having the full advantage as breeder and

grazier, and in the other case adjusting the balance of I were often too hic;h to pay for feeding. It would appear from

value bv only having half a complement of stock to t tho discussion that there was not .a single thing in the

buy in the year. There is yet a part of our subject to grazier's favour and that he earned on the feeding of "beep at

■u '' A.- A IT I A -If -i ■ ii a loss ■ he first bought them dear, and then had to enter upon

be noticed. Upon many moderate-sized farms it is the ^^ expensive method of feeding, so that whenhe sold the

practice, where the land is not suitable for a ewe iloek,
to purchase lambs and fatten them out as mutton in the
spring, or otherwise keep them in store condition and
sell as store sheep. Which is the best plan of the two
must be decided by many of the circumstances before
alluded to ; one thing, however, is very clear, that

sheep he did not realise what they had cost him. But his
loss was converted into a gain by the com crops which his
stock enabled him to raise. He thought he had pointed out a
mode whereby grazing farmers might improve their position;
for if a breeding farm had, as was proved, an advantage over a
grazing one, then graziers, provided their farms were large
enough, should breed, at least, a portion of their stock. H"

parties can, in many cases, make their choice whether \ did not agi-ee with Mr. Holdaway that lambing ewes kept
they will feed for the butcher or for stock, and certainly ! store condition woidd not answer so well as highly-fed ewes,
with the various methods of stocking, breeding,', and 1 his own practice during 20 years proving the contrarj'. He
feeding, the farmer has but little to complain of, having I kept a flock of 200 ewes on his farm for three years in

nnlv to milfP \ik .jplpp+ion nppnrdlnff to tbp Ur.-uin ' succession, upon his root crop, but he grew Mangel Wurzel
only to make jus selection according to ttie circum- , i^gtead of Swedes, and he recommended that plan, as they
stances by which he is surrounded. .1. wish, before 'mij^lit feed their sheep upon it aU the year round. Mr. Wyatt
concluding my observations, to say that it is to be much complained of paucity of food as one reason for not keeping

regretted that with all our importations of sheep from
other countries, but a small portion of them offer any
advantage for further grazing ; this no doubt arises from
different causes, some of which are inferiority of breed,
difference in climate, and age of the stock. It has long
been a matter of surprise to me that in the autumn
we have not more lambs imported in store condition,
because we know practically that the younger the animal
the more easily it becomes acclimatised, and accustomed
to the varied modes of management peculiar to this
country, and the more the animal by good breeding
can be assimilated to the stock of this country the
better it would be both for grazier and importer, and I
have no doubt if the present high prices for store
sheep continue, that the subject must and will com-
mend itself to the attention of the foreisn breeder and
importer.

Discussion.

Mr. Wyatt s.aid he found it did not answer his purpose to

keep all his wether lambs for fattening. He did not profess

to act both as feeder and breeder, but after making what

profit he could in the latter capacity, he thought it was the

best plan Ui give tho grazier a chance. He thought the best

principle for upland farmers was to breed all the stock they

j could, and then sell it to the dealer or grazier. He cannot

! breed so many if he undertakes grazing ; he would have to

buy artificial food for his feeding flock, and in the end he

would be at a loss by it. He was certain gi-azing would not

an.'iwer on hill farms. Where was the keep to come from, sup-

)"',',ing they determined to gi-aze their flocks during the

summer? He could not do it. The two things— breeding and

grazing — should be k^ pt separate, as they were in point of fact.

Mr. Deewitt generally supported Mr. Blundell's conclusions.

He had found that it answered better to breed lambs for

his flock for feeding, but he could, probably, grow sufficient
food for them if he chose to farm high enough. There was
nothing that the land produced which would keep such a
number of head of stock on a farpa as Wurzel. He conclvided
by moving the following resolution : — ■" That it is the opinion
of this meeting that the breeding of sheep has been lately
more advantj^geous than grazing ; and that on the grazing
farms of this district it would be, to a certain extent, most
advantageous to combine breeding of .sheep with grazing."

Mr. T. Wakner, seconded the resolution, which was then
put, and carried unanimously.

On the motion of Captain Robinson, seconded by Mr.
Earwaker, a vote of thanks was unanimously accorded to
Mr. Blundell for the able manner in which he had introduced
the subject, and a similar compliment having been paid the
Chairman, the meeting separated. Abridged from. Hampshire
Adrertha:

Children's Emplot/meni Commission (1862) : Sixth
Seport of the Commissioners, ivlth Appendix.
G. W. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode. 1867.
A very able and exhaustive analysis of this Report,
which refers to the employment of children in the
fields, was giv«n the other evening by Mr. Dent, M.P.,
in the House of Commons ; and his speech, containing
a very fair review of the whole subject, was reported
in our columns last week. We refer again to the Blue
Book containing the statements which were then
so effectively marshalled and reviewed, both in order
that our readers may be again reminded that here is a
perfect mine of truth on a most important agricultural
Bubject, from which they ought themselTss o gather

the wealth of information it contains, and also that wo
may lay before them a few additional oxtraets on 1x>j)ie9
which have a very material relation to the question of
field labour for children.

First, of Jifr. Pcl'jrt\i plan of hulf'-finir' srhonf rttrd

wor/c. The following is his latest reporl nn I lie ctlirioiicy
of tho system, in which he refers to llie results of the
plan which hiis now been some years in operation ; —

"As to their work at the tune, my baililf is fpiite
salislicd that the work of the farm is carried on better
than it would bo by boys constantly at work. Educated
boys carry out orders with greater intelligence, and
they are more alert, becau.se less fatigued, than those
who are subject to daily toil.

" As to the elfect of the system on the future career
of tho hoys, I can speak with a conlicleiirc greatly
increased. It would be diflicult to liiid an ciiual
number of boys educated in any other way who have
(Conducted themselves more creditably in their advance
to manhood. Many parents, seeing the successful
career of the earlier pupils, have readily sacrificed one
half of the children's wages to secure for them the
same advantages.

" Those boys who wish to continue in farm service
easily find masters, -for they are, as a rule, better
servants than those who have not had tho advantage of
combined education; the greater number, however,
find more lucrative employment, because their manners
and intelligence are far above the average ; I believe
that nine-tenths of them would be entitled to the
Parliamentary franchise upon any educational test
which I have seen proposed.

" It may be that my experiment is carried out under
exceptionally favourable circumstances, that children
whose parents are willing to make a present sacrifice
to secure the future welfare of their offspring must
be brought up under superior home influences, and
that if aW were equally well educated the chances of
advancement in life now enjoyed by my pupils would
be materially diminished; however this may be, as
there is no reason to believe that my boys po.ssess more
than average ability, I think I have nroved beyond
controversy that a very fair amount of learning may
be imparted between the ages of 9 and 13 without
impairing a farm boy's preparation for the active
duties of his calling.

" I acknowledge the difficulty of applying compul-
sorily the principle of the Factory Act to agriculture,
because inspection would be impossible ; but the clergy
and the schoolraa-ster would, I trust, feel themselves the
guardians of the children, and might, with the assistance
of the police, secure a general obedience to the law. _ ,
" Farming employment differs from that in factories,
inasmuch as it depends much more on weather and
I seasons, and I find it compatible with jirogress at
school to retain the boys on the farm occasionally when
there is a great press of work. If, therefore, any
legislation is proposed respecting farm children it
should be marked by considerable elasticity, at the
same time securing that the intervals between
school attendance should be short. I have a strong
opinion that such legislation is desirable, and every
application of the system to other labour makes the
regulation of farm labour more imperative.

"Factory education in rural districts is very
imperfect, because, for the sake of their earnings,
children are sent to the farmer who employs and pays
for their whole time, until the latest period which is
consistent with their admission into the factory, and
the education which ought to have been carried on at
9 years of age does not commence before 11 or 12.

"" Again, a large proportion of the criminal popula-
tion in towns consists not so much of their natives as
of the outcasts from the country districts and their
offspring. Many years ago I traced the history of the
criminals who were brouglit before me in Nottingham,
and I found that much the larger portion of English
consisted of those who had been driven from their native
village for larceny or offences against the game laws.

"I recommend, without the .slightest hesitation,
immediate legislation for boys employed in coal
mines; working in darkness and solitude, they require
beyond any other class the physical and moral advan-
tages of the system.

^' With the aid of Sir G. C. Lewis and Mr. Adderley
I succeeded some years ago in passing through the
House of Commons a clause providing that under
13 years of age they should not work constantly in the
mine, but should attend at school for two days in the
week. Unfortunately the House of Lords substituted
for this clause a provision for their attendance at a
night school after the hours of labour ; the cruelty and
insufficiency of this provision are now manifest."

In the second place we extract a portion of Lord
Leicester's speech on the provision of sufficient Cottage
accommodation, delivered at the meeting last year of
the Norfolk Agricultural Society. His lordship said :—

" I am the owner of 521 cottages, supplying probably
about 450 able-bodied labourers. I calculate that 950
labourers are required to cultivate my property, thus
leaving 500 to be obtained who are not resident upon
the estate. I will divide the labourers employed into
what I will call the home and foreign supply. The
home supply can always be depended upon ; they have
constant employment, and although wages are
nominally 10s. per week, yet, owing to the system of
piece work (a system as beneficial to the labourer as it
is profitable to the employer), I think I may state
their earnings to be 13s., with a considerable increase
in hay and corn harvest. They live in good
houses, and I may say that, with hardly an exception,
owing to the untiring energies of my late agent, Mr.
Keary, and my present agent, Mr. Shellabear, they live
in decency and comfort ; they almost al have good
gardens, and for these and their houses, which are let
by the week, they pay an average rent of 2.1. IVs.id
per annum. These men will remain on the estate ; but

390

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE

[Apeil 13, 1867.

of what does the foreign supply consist — those 500
men Ti'ho are required to properly cultivate the land ?
They have no certainty of constant employment. Under
the mo-:;t favourable circumstances, if living within the
parish, they occupy houses that have been built upon
the speculation of a remunerative return upon the
outlay, and to afford this they have to pay il. or ol.
a year for a meagre dwelling, in which they cannot live
decently or comfortably, and they rarely have a garden.
But in very many cases they have also to walk three or
four miles to and from their work in all weathers ;
they have not the same attention in sickness or
ill health as those resident on the estate, and
there is not, and cannot be, any tie to bind
them to it, I say it is much to the credit
of those men that they are seeking happier
homes and better masters; and in these days of
increasing intelligence and consequently more rapid
and direct communication with the rest of England, 1
believe that the scarcity of labour we are now experi-
encing is merely the commencement of what will be
seriously felt in our agricultm*al districts, unless an
immediate remedy is applied ; and the only remedy is
to build as speedily as possible sufficient cottages for
the larger proportion, if not for all those required to
cultivate the land, either upon the farm or in the
parish where they are employed. I have no hesitation
in saying that where there is a deficiency of cottages
the supplying that deficiency is one of the best invest-
ments a landlord can make. Admitting that the rent
received from the labourer would not pay a remune-
rative interest upon the outlay, I much question
Whether the existing rents of land can he maintained
without further cottage accommodation, but I am
satisfied that rents may be considerably increased when
there is a sufficiency of homes for the labourer. During
an existing lease there is not one of my tenants who is
not willing to insure me 5Z. per cent, interest upon any
sum I may expend in providing homes for his labourers,
where they are required, and the time is not far distant
when the first requirements of a farm will be, not
ample farm-steads, but sufficient cottages."

Lord Leicester proceeded to refer in detail to the
construction of these cottages, intimating that they
cost 100^. to 115?. a-piece, which, however, is below we
imagine what a fair cottage costs in most parts of the
country. It is plain that it is by the provision of
sufficient cottagC' accommodation on the one hand, and
by the adoption wherever possible of some such plan as
Mr. Paget recommends for ensuring the proper educa-
tion of children on the other, that we shall correct
the evils attendant on the field labour of children,
whether in gangs or otherwise. And it is well, there-
fore, to draw attention to these two cardinal points in
the argument which is urged by the Blue Book named
above.

Miscellaneous.

SoJienJieim. ~ The Agricultural College of Hohen-
heim, one of the oldest establishments for agricul-
tural education in Europe, is situated near Stuttgard,
in the kingdom of Wurtemburg. This institution
consists of three separate schools, namely, what
may be termed the high school or academy, the
agricultural school, and the horticultural school.
In the first, students are admitted of not less
than 18 years of age, who are proficient in prepara-
tory Istudies and are desirous of further advancement
in agricultural knowledge that they may manage
their own estates and the estates of others ; the course
is two years in duration, and consists of lectures and
practical demonstrations. The agricultural school is
independent of the foregoing, and was instituted for
the purijose of creating a class of thoroughly practical
stewards or overseers of small estates, who will take
the plough in their own hands ; also to teach small
proprietors intending to farm their own estates how to
perform necessary agricultural operations with their own
h ands. A great portion of their time is spent in agrioul-
t-O-ral labour on the farm, but they receive instruction
fr om professors two hours each day, in the lecture- room.
No foreigners are admitted under any circumstances to
this school, but the 25 pupils to which it seems limited
must be natives of Wurtemburg. The course embraces
three years. As to the third school, for horticulture,
I need not enlarge upon its objects, which are suffi-
ciently apparent from its title. There are in addition
to these schools, educational courses annually, on fruit-
growing, management of Grass land, shepherding,
and school-teaching. The farm attached consists of
778 acres : the directors disclaim the idea of its being
a model farm in the usually accepted sense of that
term, but it is intended to demonstrate improvements,
such as a rational rotation of crops, thorough culture
of the soil, proper treatment of manures, under-drain-
ing, irrigation, &c. The live stock consists of 10 farm-
horses, 90 cows and heifers, 28 working oxen, and
1000 sheep. There are botanical and vegetable gardens,
a vineyard and a nursery, and experimental fields : on
these the effects of different manures, rotation of crops,
succession of the same crop for several years, excessive
manuring, thick and thin seeding, broadcast or drilled,
are .shown. There is a sugar-beet factory, brewery,
distillery, malting, several other factories, a roof and
drain-tile manufactory, and an agricultural implement
and machine manufactory, silk-worm and flax-pre-
paring departments, and also a large forest is attached,
beeds are distributed to the farmers of the kingdom,
and there is an annual sale of buUs and rams ; I suppose
my American author says " bucks." Mr. NockoJds.

Concrete. — Mr. W. E. Neivton writes as follows to
the Journal of the Society of Arts ; — As some gentle-
men appear somewhat sceptical as to the strength of
concrete and its applicability for the construction of
buildings, and seem to think the advocacy of this
material an "amiable weakness," it may perhaps be
interesting to state the nature and composition of the

concrete which has been successfully used in con-
structing the Emperor's "Maisons Ouvrieres" in the
Avenue Dumesnil, Paris, and also that used by me in
the works I have carried out here. In Paris we used
one part of Portland cement (C. Francis and Sons') to
five parts of large gravel stones, varying in size from
the size of pearl Barley to that of Peas. The fine sand
is sifted or screened out, put on one side, and used for
making stucco for facing the work. At this place I
find it more economical to use burnt brick earth, or
" brick ballast," as it is called, from which I sift out
the very fine, and add one of Portland cement to eight
of ballast. This makes a very hard wall. I have even
reduced the cement to one in 10 with ]icrrect success.
I burn the ballast myself, and it costs me under 2s. per
cubic yard. Therefore, if we take one yard of ballast
at 2s., and 2.} bushels of cement at l.s. lOrf., we shall
have a cubic yard of concrete for 6s. 7d., to which add
2s. id. per yard for labour, and we shall find we can
put up a superficial yard of nine-inch work for less
than 3s. One gentleman ventured to question the
possibility of building a wall 30 feet high in nine-inch
work. I only say that this has been done by Mr. Tall,
and the houses so constructed have been sold by him
at a very large profit. Prom the numerous experi-
ments I and others have made in concrete construc-
tions, I have no hesitation in offering the following
challenge to the sceptics, viz., that they shall build a
wall of any dimensions in common brick and mortar,
with or without Tyermatfs bond, and I will build one
in concrete ; and if the concrete wall does not sustain
a greater weight than the brick wall, I will forfeit to
them 50/. and the cost of the wall, they undertaking
the same liability to me should the brick wall not
stand an equal test. — Mr. Samuel Sharp has forwarded
the fotlowmg statement relative to the cost of con-
structmg dweUings of concrete for the labouring
classes, viz. : —

(1.) One rQ»in, 12 ft. by 12 ft., and 7 ft. high . . £30
(2.) Two do., „ „ . . GO

(3.) Suite of 3 rooms, scullery, and w. c. . . 100

(4.) Do. 2 do., „ „ . . 75

The saving by building of concrete and Niool's patent
partitions and roofs is 25 per cent.

Ground-rent for 3 rooms, 3i. per annum.
Do. 1 room, id. to Gd. per week.

Do. 2 rooms, "d. to IQd. do.

in the centre of London ; in the suburbs, at least one-
half less. The foregoing calculation is without includ-
ing the purchase of the land. If this is added, the
sums (1), (2), (3), and (1), wiU be raised to 50/., 100/.,
160Z., and Wol. respectively.

Iron. — The metal, iron, has long held the foremost
place among its brethren with respect to practical
utility for the service of man. It is widely disseminated
through the world, its supplyispracticallyinexhaustible,
and the process of extracting it from the ore is, com-
paratively speaking, easy and inexpensive. But its
chief value consists in its adaptability to the manifold
purposes for which metals are required. Pure iron is
softer than any form of the dark grey material which
we are accustomed to see and to haudle in everyday
life. It is highly ductile, malleable, and has strange
affinities for oxygen and carbon, especially the former.
So much is this the case that finely divided iron will
fall in a fiery shower if scattered in the air, and a rod
heated at one end will burn away like a stick of sealing
wax if a jet of oxygen be directed upon it. But when
mixed or combined with carbon this wonderful metal
undergoes the strangest variety of transformations. As
the proportion of carbon increases, the property of
adhering to its like when hot, which we call welding,
gradually decreases, and in exchange we get a number
of other properties equallyremarkable— equally valuable
for daily use. Add a large proportion of carbon and
behold an easily fusible mass, jjartly a mixture, partly a
compound, which will not weld but can be made as
fluid as milk and run into moulds the smallest inter-
stices of whicb it wUl seek out, and, penetrating into
the finest niches, solidify into forms of elegance or
strength as the will of the founder may direct. This
material is called " cast iron," and is soft or hard, grey
or white, tough or brittle, according to the guality of
the carbon and the rapidity with which it is cooled.
But if, instead of niuch carbon being added, only a small
quantity be combined with the pure iron, with perhaps
a little nitrogen and other matter (for the elements
necessary to constitute steel are not wholly deter-
mined), a new and quite wonderful ett'ect is produced.
The power of welding is almost gone, and in exchange
for it a new and most Valuable range of phenomena
appear. A bar of steel heated to redness and cooled
slowly is very soft, and so ductile that it can be drawn
out even when cold into the finest wire. This wire, or
a piece of the bar itself, can be bent again and again
without breaking, but if heated once more and cooled
suddenly by immersion in water, or by other means, it
becomes hard as adamant aud ahuost ;is brittle as glass.
Between these two extremes are many steps, and the
intelligent worker " lets down " the watchspring, sword,
razor, or whatever the piece may be called, to the
" temper " required. Brightening the surface, he applies
a regular heat slowly, and watches the result. Delicate
hues steal one by one over the polished mirror, and
when the colour which he seeks appears he stops the
process, with certainty that he has obtained the desired
result. The Times.

Notices to Correspondents.

Incub.\toe: F J 0 wishes' to possess one of these in good
working order. Would any of our coirespondents, there-
fore, desu-ous of disposing of one, favour us with their
address ?

TUKKEVS : A F. Give your turkeys some Epsom salts in their
water ; change their food, giving them for a few days bread
and ale, chopped onion, a little Garhc, and blaclt pepper
mixed with the Barley or Oatme;d, and avoid any whole
corn. If practieable keep them away from any pond or
standing watQr-

ODAMS'S NITRQ.PHOSPHATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPIIATE for BOOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SCrPKRPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

MASUFACTDRED

THE PATENT NITUO-PHOSPHATE OH BLOOD
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).

Chief Offices— 100, Fenclmrch Street, London.
Western Counties Branch — Queen Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch— 10, "Westmoreland Street, Dublin.
Directors
Chairman — John Clayden, Littlebury, Essex.
Deputy-Chairman — John Collins, Argyll House, Holloway,
Edward Bell, 48. Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot, Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Middlesex.
Robert Leeds, "West Lexham, NorJolk.
George Saville, Ingthorpe, near St,T.mford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Esses,
Charles Dorman. 23, Esses Street, Strand.
Thomas Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire,
Managing Director — James Odams,
Banlcers—MessTs. Bametts, Hoaros, & Co., Lcmbard Street.
Solicitors— Messrs. Kingsford & Donnan, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

Atidit(yr — J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circurastancesthat have justly earned for it another
title, viz.—" The Tenant Farmers' Manure Company,"

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for yeai-s under raAnagemeot with Manures of their
own manufacture. Thu consumer, therefore, has the best Huarunlee
for th-i genuineneas and efficacy of the Manui-es manufactured by
this C:)mpany.

Paiticulars wiU be toi-warded on application to the Secretary, or
may be had of the Local Agents. C. T. Macadaji, Secretary.

Chief Offices— 109, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C,

LAWES' MANUKES.—

The Manures manufactured by J. E. Lawes for tho present
season of 1867 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
following prices, per ton : —
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s. d.

SUPERPHOSPHATE nf LIME 6 6 0

LAWES- SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 5 6 0

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES ,.12 0 0

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
apDointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying accordmg to cost of carriage.

Geouine Peruvian Guano direct from tho Importers, Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other C.ikes at market prices.

Address, John Eesnet Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C, J 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Sqxxare, Slirewsbury.

THl!i LONDOK AIANURB COMPANY
(Established 1840),
Have now ready for delivery in dry fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUA^'0
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMONLi, FISHERY
SALT, &c. E. Pdrsbk, Secreu-.r>.

Offices, 116, Fenchurch Street. E.C.

GENUINE TOBACCO PAPER, lOd. per lb.
Terms Cash.
W. DoDGsoN, Jackson & Sens, Tobacco Manufacturers, 29, LadJ
Lane, Leeds.

ROLL TOBACCO CLOTH.— The cheapest and best
fu'ticle for Smoking Greenhouses and destroying the Fly ; equal
to Tobacco in strength. Is. id. per It". ; over 10 lb.. Is. id.

Joseph Baker, 10, Gough Square, Fleet Street, E.C.
Post Office Orders payable Fleet Street.

BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA, for the Destruction of
Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, &c., on Stove and Green-
house Plants, Fruit Trees, Vines, 4;o. In bottles, with full instruc-
tions for application, price 3s, 6d., 5s., aud 10s. Gd.

Jamls Carter &, Co. beg leave to.'^tate that the present time is most
suitable for applying the above genuine Specific before the com-
mencement ol the gi-owing season, thereby proventing tho rapid
increase of the above peats which would otherwise take place. The
infallible properties of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becoming fully recognised, J. C. & Co. having already sold nearly
2000 bottles since its first introduction in the spring of ISGli,
N umerous testimonials have been received, and not a single complaint
of its inefficiency.

Sole Agents, Jash-s Carter & Co., 237 and 238, High Holbom, W.C.
\* The Trade supplied on liberal terms.

Vineries and Orchards,

'A'

GREAT VALUE of "APHIS WASH.
T the first opportntiity Paint the Trees with a

.^^ solution of •APHIS WA^H,' prepared at the City Soap
Works ; it not only destroys the Bro^vn Aphis which Infests Peach
Trees, but also Scale, and every other pest capable of lodcing io thtf
bark."- Extract trom Gardenerii" Magazine, Januaiy 6, 1867,

"For strengthening the growth and effectually dgstroying all
forms of blight, the 'Aphis Wash' supersedes every other prepara-
tion."—See Gardeners' Olironicle, August 19, 18C-5 ; and Gardener^
Maaazinc, July 1, 18G5.

Sold bv Chemists and others, in Is, bottles, and 2s. 6o. a gallon,
with full' directions for use.

Wh lesale at the City Soap Works, MUtoo Street, London, S^.C.

G1 1 S H U K S T
T COMPOUND.
Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1S59, against
Red Spider, Mddew, Thnps,
Green Fly. and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from i to IG ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vinep
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many prepaititions intended (p
Buporsodo it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes, Is., 38., and 10s. 6d.

Red

Spider

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE CUMPANV

(Limithd)

April 13, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

391

SUTTON'S CLEANED GRASS AND CLOVER SEEDS.

SUTTON'S

PERMANENT

GRASS SEEDS ft

FOR ALL SOILS,
26s. to 36s. per Acre.

SUTTON'S

PERMANENT

'ji GRASS SEEDS

FOR ALL SOILS,
26s. to 36s. per Acre.

C'arriaf/c Free.

MESSES. SUTTON

HAVE ONE OF THE MOST COMPLETE STOCKS IN EUROPE OF

NATURAL GRASS AND CLOVER SEEDS,

WHICH THEY SPECIALLY PREPARE FOR EVERY DESCRIPTION OF SOIL.

1. STIFF CLAYS.

2. STIFF or HEAVY LOAM.

The following :ire the popul.ir Classifications of Soils : — ■
I 3. GOOD MEDIUM LOAM. | .5. SHARP GRAVELS. I 7. SHEEP DOWNS.

I 4. LIGHT SANDS. | B. CHALKY SOILS. | .S, RIVER FLATS or WATER MEADOWS.

In vrdt'rhiij it {.s onlii ucccssftri/ to state the nature nfttie soil to he laid down, and suitable Seeds will be sappliefl.

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE OF PERMANENT PASTURE GRASS AND CLOVER SEEDS

(Two Bushels of Grasses and 12 lbs. of Clovers per ncre).

Prices for Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, 36s. per Acre. For No. 8, 30s. per Acre (Carriage Free).

!^ CHEAPER MIXTURES can be Supplied at from 26s. to 30s. per Acre (Carriage Free).

Extracts from a few of uumerous Letters received, quite unsolicited : —

From Mr. JonN Towlk, IVdrs and Hincksey Mills, nenr Oxford.
April 9, 186fi.— " Some five or sis years back I hud from you Perinaneiit Gra^s Seeds for 40 acres, and
; ne fiaiiio quantity ft-oiii another party ; while yours has now a pood EWard upon it, the other is worn
I Imost to nothing."

Frojn Mr. Robert Kav, Fnulrack, Stocktoii'On-TfCS.
I April 26, 1S6C.—" The Seeds you sent nie in }$CA have suipa.--srd tboso sent by my landlord from
I lunchester m the saino year, and appear as if they will come to swathe much earlier thau the othL'rs."

I From Mr. John Dubhant, .Agent to G. C. Courthope. Esq,, Claphatch Farm, Ticelnirsl, Sussex.

I Feb. 24, 1867.— "Tho Gras.s Seeds we had of you luit year wore very good, and the land sown now

looks like an old meadow."

FYoyn Mr. Richard Ddcruah, Navton Fai-m, BrichiioUtr, TauiUon.
March 31, 18G(!. — "The permanent pasture from seed I had of you last season is looking romark.ibly
-ell, and now lit to stock with sheep. 1 have been in the parish for the last 25 years, and have
ever seen any plant equal to it."

From JoQN Money, Esq., Donnington, Ncwfnirji.
June 20, ISOG.— "The Grass Seeds 1 obtained from yon on the 16Lh March. 1805, to sow with my
Barley crop, have prodxiced a most exuberant crop of Hay, which is now stackod. It was much
admired by huino of my agricultural neif^hbours when standing, and promises welt for a second crop."

From the Rev, RicnAUD H. Harrison, Tlie Parsonage, Builth.
April 13, 1866. — " It is only right to say that tho .Seeds you sent me two years ago for laying down
two fields, have .surprised those who have seen the Grass from thera, although they were sown on
high land in the very dry and hot summer of 1!J04."

From Mr. G. Wilson, Agent to the Earl of D.artmouth, Woodsome, near Huddersfidd.
March 31, 18CG.— " The 23 .icres rf land I laid down with your seeds last year aro looking first-rate ;
they are the admiration of the neighbourhood."

From Mr. Tnos. Yebnon, Steward to Right Hon. T^ord Camoys, Stonor Park, Henley-on-Thames.
April 2, ISO?.—" The Permanent Gras? Seed you supplied nio witn last year has ^iven a very first-
rate plant ; in fact, any one would think that the land had been laid down several years."

SUTTON'S RENOVATING GRASS AND CLOVER SEEDS FOR THE ABOVE SOILS,

at from 5s. to lOs- per acre. Sow 6 to 12 lbs, per acre. Price lOd. per lb.

From. J. C. Blackett, Esq., Thorpe Lee, Egkam.
"Sept. 30, 1865.— "Mr. Blackett will be obliged lo Mes.srj. Sutton to send him Renovating Grass
eed of the same quality as last year, which was excellent."

From H. Harper, Esq., Agricvltural Colony, Whitiinck, Lancashire.
Jan. 4, I860.— "Your Renovating Mixture for our Home Meadow ac-swored remarkably woll. It is
now the greenest and freshest lo-acre field in the neighbourhood."

SUTTON^S MIXTURES OF GRASS AND CLOVER SEEDS.

^or THREE or FOUR TEARS' LAY, BEST MIXTURE, 2U. per acre, Carriase Free.
Second quality cheaper.
From Joseph Kikkham, Esq., Jun., Terrington.
March 28, 1860. — '*The Four Years" Lay Seeds I had from you have answered well ; and although I
od a heavy crop of Oats, there has been more feed than 1 ever saw before. I have had 100 ewes
nd lambs on the 10 acres for a long time, but it appears to grow almost a,i- fast as they cat it."

For TWO YEARS' LAY, BEST MIXTURE, 18^. %d. per acre, Carriage Free.
Second qualitj' cheaper.
From Mr. William Jones, Agent to E. P. Monkton, Esq., Fineshade Abbey, Wansford.
May 5. 1S66. — "The Clover and Grass Seeds supplied by you tluring my residence here (1864 and
^O.'i), have given every satisfaction ; indeed, in IBtia, when all seeds around me were a failure, I had
-ich an abundant crop of your 'Two Years' Lay Seeds,' that out of CO acres I mowed 20 acras twice
1 that season, and the mowings together averaged quite three tons per acre."

For ONE YEAR'S LAY, \os. per acre, Carriage Free.

From R. Btan Thompson, Esq., Free O/Mse, Slangham, Crawley.
Jan. 19, 1867. — "The Seeds for Oqo Year's Lay had from Messrs, Sutton turned out wonderfully.
The , mowers stated they had not seen such a crop for yeai-s, and that jt was lilte cutting into a w^ll.
They said it was 4 feet high, Certainly it was the finest crop Mr. Bird Thompson ever saw,"

SUTTON'S MIXTURES of CLOVERS and RYE-GRASS for ONE YEAR,

12s. to 145. per acre, Carriiige Free.

From Mr. E. Neal, Sleicard to the Hon. J. K. Howard, Hazelby.

June 27, 1800. — "I have harvested some Clovers and Italian Rye-grass from seed you sont me

last year, whi>:h has been the admiration of the neighbourhood."'

SUTTON'S MIXTURE of CLOVER SEEDS, without Rye-gi-ass, 12s. to 14s. per
acre. Carriage Free, according to sorts and quantities required.

lUTTON'S MIXTURE FOR PARK AND GARDEN LAWNS, BOWLING GREENS, CROQUET GROUNDS, &c.

Sow 2 to 3 bushels per acre. Price 18s. to 24s. per bushel (Carriage Free).

MESSRS. SUTTON had the honour of supplying- their Grass Seeds for the formation of the Parks and Grounds, now so

much admired for their beautiful evergreen appearance, at

THE CRYSTAL PALACE, SYDENHAM; THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OP LONDON

AND ALSO TO

rHE SEVERAL ROYAL FARMS, AND TO SANDRINGHAM HALL;
HEK MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT WORKS AT PORTSEA, SOUTHSEA,
AND PORTLAND ,

THE PEOPLE'S PAUK, HALIFAX ;

THE ALDERSHOT AND OTHER CAMPS;

AND TO MOST OF THli PUBLIC PARKS, GARDENS, ASYLUJIS, &c.,

IN THE KINGDOM.

MR. M. H. SUTTON',J NEW ILLUSTRATED WORK, "PERMANENT PASTURES,"

IS NOW READY, PRICE ONE SHILLING, POST FREE. OF ALL BOOKSELLERS.

Special Estimates given for large quantities.

All Goods Carriage Free (except very stnall jxireelsj . .5 jyer eent. diseount allowed for cash payment.

SUTTON AND SONS, Seedsmen to the Queen, READING, BERKS.

3 92

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANI) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[Apeil 13, 1867.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT LAWN MOWEES FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED ON FIVE OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1864 BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY.
DTJRING THE SEASON OF 1865 THEY WERE PATRONISED ON FOUR OCCASIONS BY HER MAJESTY THE aUEEN,

ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND, AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE E3NG OF PRUSSIA.

AGAIN ON FOUR OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1866 BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND BY MANY DISTINGUISHED NOBILITY BOTH IN THIS COUNTRY AND ABROAD.

HORSE. POWER MACHINE.

Every minute point in the way of improvement has been carefully considered and adopted, and as A, S. and SON have for more than a quarter of a century
devoted their attention to this particular branch of their business, the Nobility, Gentrj-, and Gardeners may rely on the MACHINES they may order, to be such
as to ensure lasting satisfaction, and to stand the wear and tear of many years.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

ARE IN HAILT TJSE IN

ALL THE ROYAL GARDENS; IN THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRfSTAL PAL.\CE COMPANY'S GROUNDS;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;
And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

These are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting: satisfaction.

THESE ARE TEE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOW PJiOPESLY WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE AEE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIN'ER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shanks^ Patent Lawn Mower tcill Mow on uneven as well as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, in referring to their IMPROVED LAWN MOWERS for 1867, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still bo awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in effecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. and SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an extent as possible in the construction of then- Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery are employed in manufacturing the various parts, and this applies uot only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S, AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWERS, which will enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Easily Worked

i By a Ladij
By a Boy

Silent Movement.

As. extra.

Width of Cutter.
lO-inch Machine £3 10 0

12-iiicli Machine 4 10 0

14-mcli Machine 5 10 0

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE.

Width of Cutter.

25-mch Machine £12 10 0

28-inch Machine 14 10 0

30-inch Machine 15 15 0 .. .. 30s. „

Silent Movement, 12s. ^d. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

Width of Cutter.

16-mch Machine £6 10

19-inch Machine 7 12

22-ineh Machine 8 7

24-inch Machine 8 17

Easily Worked Silent MoTement.
0 By a Man or Two Boys i . ^^^
6 By a Man and Boy \
6 }s,ru,oMen .. ( ^.Jrf.

If with Patent Delivering Apparatus,

. . 2os. extra.
. . 30s. „

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

Width of Cutter.

30-inch Machine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0

42-inch Machine 26 0 0

48-inch Machine 28 0 0

If with Patent Delivermg Apparaba
30s. extra.
.. 30s. ,,
.. 40s. „
.. 405. „

Silent Movement, 205. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

t^" 27, Zeadenhall Street is ike only place in London where inte}iding purchasers of Lawn Mowers can cJtoose from a Stooh of from 150 to 200 3[achin69>
All sizes kept there^ whether for Horse Pony or Sand Fotuer.

ApBIL 13, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

39a

TREE and PLANT LABELS.— 10,000 Cloth runcbcd
Labels 3 incbos loiiK, for 16s. ; fi Inches lonp, 25s. Dellvorod
"free In London. Sanipii-s Hout on receipt of Id. nUnip.

J.iuN FisnKR & Co.. WuHt Road Works, Boston, LmcolnBhlro.

A. HA;UjE'S"WUOU~l}~UU)KN'^ STlCKS iind

• TALLIES, cminiendod bv tlio llojiil ILirticultnnil Suoloty,
■oknowludged to bo tho noatust, cLeupost, and bust Training Sticks

"rho (ibovo can now be had of all sizes. Wholesale, of Bethau &
Blachitii Cox's Quay, L' wev Thames Stroot, London, E.C. ; ftud
Retttll of Ihe prlnoipiil Mcidgnien and Florist.s.

I'rlco Lists ou application.

AKDEN LABELS iind FLOWER STICKS.—

PAINTED WOOD LABELS. 3i inch, Od. : 4i inch, y((. ;
0 Inch 1«. ; W iucb, 2s. ; I'i inch, -is. 9d. per 100. 4 Inch for suspondinn,
In ed '■ 5 Inch, 29. per loo, cheaper by tho 1()00.
ziNC LABELS for Pots, Garden, or eiispondlnK on Fruit Trees,

Boses. Ac, 2.t., 2s. lirf., 3a.. 3s. Gd., and 4s. per 100.
INDELIBLE INK, (W. and Is. per bottle.
SOFT HORTICULTUHAL WIRE, Is., Is. 3(1., Is. 6d., and la. Od.

£er lb. coil, accordlntr to size. [gross

VANIZED WlllE PINS for VorbOQae, CaniaUons. &c., is. per
FLAT METALLIC PEGS for Verbenas, Carnations, kc, \s. 6d.

per 100. [^•■'- per gross.

PATENT EYELET WALL NAILS, single 2s. per gross ; double,
OREEN PAINTED FLOWER STICKS, 1 foot, 2d. ; I^ foot, 3d. ; li

feut M : '-'i feet, 6(/. ; 3 feet, 6rf. per dozen.
BKOWN VARNISHED STICKS, 1 foot, 3d. ; 1) foot, 4d. ; 2 fe6t,6(i. ;

ii feet, 7d. : 3 feet, 10*/., per dozen.
DAIIH A and ROSE STAKES, square, green painted, 4 feet, 2s. 3d. ;

6 foot, 3s. ; *J feet 3s. CU. per dozen. [prices.

DAHLIA and ROSE STAKES, brown, varnished, same sizes and
B J EuwABDs, 222, Strand, W.C., and 25, BishopsBato Within, E.C.

TANNED GARDEN NETTING for preserving Seed
Bods, FrultB,. strawberries, ft-orn Frost. Blight, Birds, &c.. and
as a Fence for Fowls, &a. 1 yard wide, IJd. ; 2 yards, 3d. : 3 yards,
4id, ; and 4 yards. (Id, per yard run in any quantity, may bo liad at
CiiAs. Whigiit's, 37)1, Strand, W.C.

T* A NNE D~ G"A R 1 )K^' N E'l'T I N G tMr"~Soed Bed8,~an"d
the Protection of Fruit Trees Iroin Fr".st, Blight, Birds, or aa a
Fence for Fowls. 4c. From 2 to fl yards wide, at Id. per square yard ;
100 yards, 7s. tid. ; &00 yards, 36«. CarrlaKO paid to any part of
England If 1000 yards aro taken. Remitlance to accompany orders.
CuBisTUAS (juiNcv, Seedsman, Peterborough.

Garden Netting.

JOHN EDGINGTON and CO. supply TANNED
NETTING for the Protection of Fruit Trees, Id. per square yard.
Any quantity. 8CHIM CANVAS, &e. ; TULIP COVERS and
GREENHOUSE SIIAUE-S, SUN BLINDS, kc MARQUEES,
TENTS, and FLAGS for FETES, FLOWKR SHOWS, &o.

JonN EufjiNUTo.v & Co., (Tent Makers to tho Royal Family), 4B,
Long Lane, Smtthllold, E.C. anri 18, Piccjidtlly, W.

GARDEN"""NEtTTNG (at""KCau(ed"~l^rice), for the
Protection of newly-sown Seeds from Frost, Blight, and Birds ;
also OS a Fence for Poultry, Rabbits, and Sheep, Id. per square yard,
carriage free, in quantltios of 250, 600, or 1000 yards.

SCRIM CANVAS, for Wall Fruit, Greenhouse Shades, Tulip
Cover J.

HAYTHORN'S and WALLER'S NETTINGS, sample of material
free on applicition.

PERUVIAN GUANO, and every other kind of Artificial Manure
in Stock. Be particular.

Frederick Edginiito.v & Co., M.irquee, Tent, Flag, and Kick Cloth
Manufacturers, CO and 02, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.
A Liberal Discount to the Trade.

NETTING for FRUIT TREES, SEED REDS, RIPE
STRAWBERRIES, &0.-TANNED NETTING for protecting
the above from Frost, Blight, BlrdH, &c., 2 yaidn wido,3d. poryard,
or 100 yards, 20s : 4 yards wide, Od. pur yard, or 60 yards, 20«. NEW
TANNED NETTING, suited fur any of the abovo purposes, or aa a
Fence fur FowIm, 2 yards wide, «d. pur yard ; 4 yards wi<to, Is. per
yard ; J-ineh mesh, 4 yorda wide, la. Od. per yard. Can bo had In
any quantity o

Eaton & Dkllek, 0 and 7, Crooked Lane, London Bridgo, E.C.

Preserve your Trees from Frost.

TANNED NE'lTING fur FUUIT TREES,

COTTON NETTING and BUNTING, FRIGI DOMO, SCRIMS

for GREENHOUSE BLINDS. &c.

Samples and Price List free on application to

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON, Tknt imd Rick Cloth
MAHKa to tho t^Qoen and Prince of Wales, 2, Duke Street,
Southwark.S.E. A largostock of NEW and REPAIRED NETTING,
and other matorial for the protection of Fruit Trees, Strawberry
Bedp,&c. JSlARliUEES and TENTS ofalldimeiiMlonson Sale or Hire.
Address, Bknjamim Edoinoton (only), 2, Duko Street, London
Bridge, S.E. No other Establishment.

QHAW'S TIFFANY,

k? For samples and prices apply to

J. Shaw & Co., 20, Oxford Street, Manchester.

SHAW'S TIFFANY, from 7s. per piece. GARDEN
SEATS (Vine stalk pattern. 25«.} LAWN MOWERS, GARDEN
ENGINES, ROLLERS, TERRA CO'lTAS, Ac.
Tho Garden Repository. 32, James Street, Covent Garden, W.C.
Price Lists for all Garden Requisites may be bad ou application.

JOHN WAENEE & SONS,

BRASS AND BELL FOUNDERS el^^^^- TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.

J. W. AND S0K8' GOODS MAY BE OBTAINED OF THE TEADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES :-

No. 39. WARNERS' CRYSTAL PALACE EIRE ENGINE, (ir PORTABLE FORCE PUMR

■With this compuct, portable,
and generally useful Engine, one
man will throw from 15 to 18
gallons of water per minute to a
height of 50 feet. All ita working %.
parts are of Brass, the Barrow of
Wrought Iron ; easy access to the
valves is gained, and the work-
manship throughout ia sub-
stantial. Kot only will it be
found most useful in cases of
Fire, wherever a supply of water
can be obtained, but also for
Watering Lawns or Fruit Trees,

Price on Barrow, with Branch. Pipe, Spreader, Unions, and Suction Rose

Ij-in. 2-ply Rubber Suction Pipe, per foot, 2s. Sd. IJ-in. ditto Delivery Hose,

WARNERS' GARDEN EMGIN:^,

WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.

These Engines are much improved in construction, are less likely to
get out of order, and more easily repaired than others.

No. 5-17. Best ENGINES, in Wood Tubs.
24GaUons .. £6 10 0 | 14 Gallons .. £.3 10 0

No. 547a. Strong ENGINES, in Galvanized Iron Tubs, well
painted inside and out.

10 Gallons . . £2 19 0 I 24 Gallons . . £4 19 0

16 GaUons . . 3 14 0 28 Gallons . . 5 10 0

Crystal Palace, SrDENiiA.u,
March 2, 16C7.

Jlessrs. Warner & Sons,
" Gentlemen, — I feel great
pleasure in stating that I was
present at a trial of your small
Crystal Palace Fire Engine, and
was much pleased ^vith its
efficiency and simplicity.

" The Pump throws out a
steady jet of water to a height of
50 feet mth very little labour.
The Pump we have ia well made,
very simple in its parts, and not
likely, I think, to get out of order.
The advantage of this Pump is its
being very portable. Besides
being a good Fire Engine, it will
make an excellent Garden Engine.
" I remain, Gentlemen,
*' Youvs obediently,
*' Edwin Hose,

" Engineer to the CiT3taI Palace Co.

... £6.

Is. 4d.

679^. WARNERS' WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time in Watermg with the Water Pot.
Made of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 13 inches high
„ 30 „ „ 20

„ 38 „ „ 24

„ 50* „ „ 24

£2 2 0

2 13 0

3 17 0
5 12 0

No. 547, ia Wood. M7a, in lion Tub.

* Tbi3 is AD extra strong ai'ticle, witb cross handle lor tiro men, suitable for
Nursery Grounds, 4c.

No. iTSJ.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &c.

.1^^ Estimates for any description of Hydrmilic Machinery Jorwarded on application.

394

THE rxARDMEKS* CFR0Ts7CLE AND Arr-RICTTETTTT^AL GAZETTE

[Apeil 13, 1867.

"OTHOUSES for the MILLION,

Invented by tlie late
SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.
Manufactories: London, Newton in Cartrael
1 (Lancashire), Gloucester, Coventry, Aberdeen,

and Paisley only.
' Illustrated Circulars, with reviaed List of
Prices, mil be sent on prepaid application to
Messrs. Herkman & Morton, Head OfBce,
_^^_____^ ^« ^'^^^ ^Ii^ll East, London. S.W.

HOT- WATER APPAEATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of tho country, or the materials,
viz., Boilers, Pipes, Ac. delivered to any Station.
Estimates on application.
J. Jones & Sons, G, Bankside, Southwark, London, S.E.

c

J.^ , Heating by Hot Water.

WT" J. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,

» y • 31, Baiilside, London, S.E.

HQT WATER PIPES, trom StocK, per yard :— 2-inch, Is. 2(1.
t'itich, U. iOd. : and 4-inch, 2s. 4d. BENDS, from Stock, ls.(i(J., 2s. 6d.,
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s., and 14.s\ each. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of first-class manu-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day,

0 T T A M AND COMPANY,

CoNsERTATORy and Hothouse Builders, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.
20 34 30 inches long.
45s, 66s. 92s. Gri. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 Inch.

Is. 6d. 2s. Id. 2s, 9rf. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates giTen fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to
COTTAM & Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley .Street,
opposite the Pantheon),
Oxford Street, London, W.

MOT WATER APPARATUS

CKANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS lor
HORTICnLTUEE.
" Dry Glaring without Putty."
" Glass \7ithout Laps."
*' Ventilation TOithout Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South
Kensington.

Plans and Estimates free on appiii' .tnii, n.tjci'iiitivc Book fully
Illustrated, post I'rfo for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
•J AMss Cranston, Architect, Birmingham.

Works : Illghgate Street, Bli-minghain.
agWRT J. Grqhtaok. Manager, 1, Temple Roiv West, BllininKhftra.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DnBLIN
EXHIBITION

rjIHE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
iph^Srof'WS'n'Sl"i^^i"oS\=olf?,SStu°;iffiS[fg^"--^

Tinnsif?l^f^,T WKOtJGHT-lRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmospheric conduction

ODR PATENT WROOGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour

HOUSEWd OTOV^^^'^^Jh"'?,'' f^^^^ "EDAL ORCHID
Srangemeilt ^'°^^*^' '""' double-glazed roofs, are a complete

tiSS?,!.?^'^'^'''^ WROUGHT-IBON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
2S>S%'esul™'''"'"' '° '"■■•Kivers), induce perfect symSettrand

Ji'fhlN-V%m^?S^^'^-}^°^ ''F^^ "^l^AL GERANIUM
m'Simim'degrroVhf t """ "^"'""KUy ventilated, and admit a

„SFMiiSinV^V^™'^-^^^f, ^^^^^ "EI'AL CUCUMBER
lmpr^e^ds?Lm°^'''^^ "" specially arranged and heated upon an

^iinlf.'^JJ^'^'^ WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
j£°?ro,?tttfSiTclSs°fJSr°™'' '""^'^- "" <''^™"'"'' "> =-"»

emH^e^ntly^il.Srrfo^rKrly^Sk^'' ^P^<=1^<^ ^°^^^^ -

BPRR™^nsVs,^'S?f"™''-^,'\"^ ™™ ''lEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light

The above Patent Houses can be glazod with or without putty
These Houses are now protected by three Rov.il Letters Patmt
and from the comnlete adjustment of their constructional parts will
vie most favourably ivith Wood Structures in point of cost

nJSSJn mod'^ofSon" """"'""' ''' "-«'" "' """"P'^'o ™"'e='^ Of

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees
J?^: H. P..De»sis & A. ScBonY, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford,

OMOKY CHIMNEYS.— The best cure is

^^ the PATENT ALBERT CHIMNEY CAP.
300 on Buckingham Palace ; 80 on Windsor Castle ;
100 on St. James's Palace ; 120 on Claremont Palace;
230 on the Western Height^ Barracks, Dover; and
hundreds also on the Halls and Mansions of the
Nobility, Public Buildings, &c.

Price, Painted Wrought iron, 25s. each ; Galvanised
ditto. 30s. each.

James Barton, Iron Works and. Patent Stable
Fitting Manufactory, 370, Oxford Street, W.

BETHAM & BLACKITH,

(UNIVERSAL TRANSIT AGENCY,)

cox AND HAMMOND'S QUAYS, LOWER THAMES STREET, LONDON, E.G.

ESTABLISHED 1822.

BETHAM AND BLACKITH beg to call the attention of Cui'ators of Botanical Gardens and Museums, Florista,
Nurserymen, Horticulturists, Learned Societies, and Collectors generally, to their Agency for the receipt and
forwarding of

PLANTS, TREES, SEEDS, SPECIMENS OF NATURAL HISTORY,

OBJECTS of ART, and all other GOODS requiring .special care and attention in their examination and transmission . ,

Packages received from and Shipped to all parts of the "World by every Steamer and fast SaiUiig Ship at
lowest possible rates.

I^' Invoices and Drafts Collected and Amounts Remitted.

N.B.— As BETHAM and BLACKITH have the honour to act as Agents for the principal Florists and
Horticultural Establishments, Public Societies, &o., in England, the Colonies, and on the Continent, their Agency
affords the best medium for the receipt and despatch of the above-named Goods.

Lawn

GREEN'S PATENT.
SHANKS' PATENT.

Mo'wers.

I SAltUELSON'S PATENT.
I BARNARD'S PATENT.

DEANE & CO.,

46, KING WILLIAM ST., LONDON BRIDGK

Horticultural Tools, &c.

LAWN MOWING MACHINES, 60s., 70s., 90s., 140s.

GARDEN BARROWS, Wood and Iron, 2ls. ana 26s.

GARDEN ENGINES, Calvanised Iron. Prices 55s., 65s.. 73s., 90s., 100s., UOs.

GARDEN ROLLERS, £1 10s., £1 I4s., £2, £2 Is. 6ii., £2 12s. 6li., £3 2s. 6li.

S f EEL DIGGING EORKS, -SPADES, SCYTHES, &c.

GREENHOUSE SYRINGES and GARDEN PUMPS.

WIRE NETTING and ORNAMENTAL WIRE WORE.

GARDEN SEATS and CHAIRS.

FLOWER STANDS, Cast-iron and Wire.

STRAINED WIRE FENCING and IRON HURDLES.

HOT- WATER FITTINGS for GREENHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES,
FORCING PITS, &C.

Dean^s New Illustrated horticultural Catalogue
post free on application.

Established a.d. 1700.

DEANE AND CO., 46, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, E.G.

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANUFACTURED BY

^/SS^^rtTfTitJft. jic'

HENEY DOULTON & CO.,

EET, LAMBETH,

No. 2.

■-~^~- ^er=^ ^'~^

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

No. 1. No. 2. No. 4

I

•I

This Edginj

is Manufactured in Vitrified Stonewai'e and in Ten'a Cotta, and is warranted imperishable.
DRAIN PIPES, TERRA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON aud CO., HIGH STR;EET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mr. GRAY begs to caU the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, NurserjTnen, Gardener?, &o., to his

NEW OVAL TtTBtriiAR BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its -work with
one-third less the amount retiuired by any other.

Extract from Report in Gardeners' Chronicle of International Exhibition, May 24, 1862, page 476.

"The upright form of Boiler is usually made on a circular plan, rather than a square. It seems feasible that the Boilers on the oval

but tluj oval form given to Mr, Gray's variety of it is said to be plan should bring the tubes more completely within range of the

orefef^tile in consequence of its bringing the tubes in closer contact burning fuel ; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,

with the fire. The usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram is no doubt an improvement.

t^" They are tnade of all sizes, which, with prices, may be had on application,

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DAN VERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

CUMMINO & EDMONDS,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS and HOT-WATER

LILLIE BRIDGE, RICHMOND ROAD, FULHAM, LONDON, S.W.

DESIGNS FOR HOTHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES^ &c., .,

And to the great f;ieilities which thej- posses3 for the construction of this class of work at- a CHEAP EATE, ^
by the use of POWERFUL and SUITABLE STEAM MACHINERY, and from the advanlacre thev possess of
their Premises being situate on the AVcst London Railwaj' In connection with nearly all the Railways in tKe Kingdom, ,

Gentlemen desirous of consulting C. & E. with respect to the erection of New Hothouses, or any alterations tdi^
theii- present Hothouses, will find their communications most promptly attended to. . ]

Prices on application of C. and E.'s PATENT TUBULAR ARCHED SADDLE BOILERS. Acknowledged
by gardenei's of experience to be the best invented.

I'lans, SjpeciJicationSj Estimates^ and Surveys^ made free of all expense, ■

Apbil 13, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CTTRONTCT^E AND AGRTrTTETURAE (5AZETTE.

390

IKON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal
ACTloultural Society).
SHEEP, 3«. M. : CATTLE. 4s. 2<i. : OX, 6». lid.
List by I'ost. OATES and EENCING of m,y dcscnption.
St. Pancriw IroiiWorli Coriipiuiy, Old SL. rancras Roud, London, N.W.

R

0

E

ROLLERS FOR TIIK FARM.

HOLLERS FOR THE GARDEN.

ROIXEHS FOR THE LAWN.

ROLLEIl'i FOl! CllK KKT GROUNDS.

llOLl.EI:s I'OI; TAIIKS

ROLLEl;s F(4l l;.Vi;l-XOUllSRS.

ROLLERS FOR ILUAO ilAKlNG.
'fho beHt and clioapiist aro tlio Patout Adjmtablo WATER
BALLAST ROLLERS, inado only by

AsiiKs, BAiiKoiin, & Co.. Agricultural Engineers, Potorburough,
who will forward Pllce Lists and all particulars on application.

~T(n'TAM'S~TATKNT PORTABiTe UNITED

COW FITTINGS.

c

Theii" fill van tfi^;t:9 are — PoiLabiiity, not Flxturea,, reiiiovuble ftt
nluaeuro, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay lliick dispensed with its unnecessary, increased wiiltli
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent ovor-gorginp. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of I ittiufis pur Cow. 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., wliere the
above are exhibited, together with several Important Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

w.

S. BOULTON'S SG-fiallon SWING AYATER

IJARROW. Prico 45.s-.
Carriage paid to any Station in England.

The above is very cheap and invaluable for carrying Liqui''s of all
kinds. No Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard shoiild be with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Carriage at a small
additional cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travel
long distances over rough ground a Pony c%n bo attached. The
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowing, out of many Testimonials, have been received : —

From Lord Otmo FixzcERALn, WtM Park, Salisbury.

"Sir, — You are welcome to niitko use of my letter recommending
your Water Barrow. I find it of great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and more semceable than one I had made in the noit(li-
bourhood. the carnage alone of which, without the barrel, cost ino
£3 10s. I unfortunately ordered it before I saw your advertisement.
— I am, youi-s obediently, " O. Fitzgerald."

"To IHr. W. S. BO0LTON."

From Thos. Ingle, Esq., M.D., Emsworth, Bants, Junt 24, 1860.

"Sir, — The Swing Water Barrow is in every respect a most admir-
able improvement on all I have hitherto used in my Gardens. All
parties who have seen it. Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
bestoweci upon it their unqualiflod approval, and several said they
would order them of you.— Yours truly, *' Tnos Inqle, M.D."

"To Mr. W. S. BouLTON."

Rosa Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

Oil Faint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
ercellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. H may be applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixmg or thinning, and is used cold. It is used In the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill k Smith will forward on
application.

From CnA3. E. B, Smedley, Esq., The Orange, near Boston.

" 1 have much pleasure in giving you a reply to your inquiries about
the Black Varnish I have had from you for the last two years. It has
answered my expectations fully, and as far as I am able to judge, it
Is the best material for preserving iron fencing, gates, and other wood
work exposed to tlioair ; and I can with safety recommend it as the
best and cheapest article that is yet out. Wishing you every success."

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at 1». ou, per galfou, aL the
MEliiflictory, or 1;*. ^li. per gnllon paid to anv Station in the kincrdom.

Apply to HiLi A Smith. Hnerly Hill lion Work>. ut- ir Dudlov, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.C., from whom only It can be obtained.

TITK AfWtKUlLTURAL and HORTICULTURAL
AS.Sl,)CIArinN (Limitki>|, HupplloH Its member.i with laiPLE-
MKNTS and MACHINES by the bc-st nmkors, and with Unadul-
turatod SKKDS, MANUKKS. ;iiiH Mnnnfactururl CATTLE FUUU
at Cost Price upon tlio ri m .11 i; .\ I'i VE SYSTEM, onu Pou.id
and upwards constitutes Mrniii.i iii|. .iti.rr election by Council. No
further Liability. Rules juhI :iil mlii mitlon post tree, on receipt of
twostampH.orby poiHoiiala|>['lLL:uLiuii Lo theOfncesofthe AHsociatlon.
Edwaiik C\vi:n Giikkhinu, MiuiiiKUig Director, 29, Parliament
Street, WoatiniuHtor, W.C.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in auy
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, tho largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, Irn'ge, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESlfURY atHl HOUEN DUCKS,

luiported IIKLOIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early niatarity.
BRAIIMA-POUTRA. CREVECGCUR, and LA FLECUE FOWLS,
for CDUstaiit layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
JouN Bailv & Sqn. 113, Mount Street, London, W.

W~ ANTKD to RENT, "a "SMALL'~>;URSERT~and
SEED BUSINESS, or a small place where there is an
opening to cnminence business. Address,

An iiA, Messrs. Nutting & Sons, (io. Barbican, London, E.G.

OiriTlSJ'i »"SALra"First"-cra.ss^N'UR~SEKY and~S"EED
BUSINESS; or tlio present Proprietor would accent of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1000.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, t(, Leadenhalt Street,
London, E.C,

rpo BE LET, at Michaalmas next, the OLD
X ESTABLISHED NURSERY at Upwey, near Weymouth,
Dorset, where for more than half a century an extensive business as
Nurseryman. Seedsman, and Florist has been carried on. Tho
House and I'remises are commodious. There is a Groenhouso, Hot-
house, Sc, anfl the extent of Garden is about 4 Acres,
, Apply to Mr. S. Kincman, Upwey, Dorchester, Dorsetshire.

TO BE LET or SOLD, an Excellent NURSERY
(owing to the death of tho Proprietor, and winding up of
the Eatatf). well situated, not far from London, and well stocked
with 40,000 Fruit Trees, Evorgrcons, Shrubs, &c. £150 will buy Stock,
Lease, &c.

For particulars apply to Messrs. Hy. Clarke & Sons, 39, King
Street, dveut Garden, W.C; or to S. Cn\NDLEn, Esq,, Solicitor,
Basingstoko.

NURSERY and SEED BUSINESS for SALE.— A
good going Nursery and Seed Business in tho North of
England will be Disposed of on very moderate terms to any party
who c in take possession at an early date. There is a considerable
breadth of glass, almost new, and well stocked with first-rate sale-
able plants, for which there is a great demand in the district. In
the Seed deprirtmont there is an excellent connection, which la
iiicreasiug yearly. Most satisfactory reasons can be given for the
present proprietor having resolved to relinquish the above.

Apply by letter only, address " Business for Sale," care of Messrs.
Peter Lawsoii & Son, tidinburgh.

Sales bjo Auction.

Sale of Choice Carnations, Picotees and Pinks,
Standard and Dwarf Roses, Fruit Trees, &c.

MKSSHS. I'RuTHEROE .and MORRIS will SKLL by
AUCTION, at .'iS and 39. Qraceehurch Street, Citv, E.C,
on THURSDAY, April 18, at half-past 12 o'Clock, a first-class
Collection of CARNATIONS, PICOTEES. and PINKS; 300 han.l-
som« STANDARD and DWARF ROSES, including the bc-^t
varieties in cu!tl>'ation ; selected Fruit Trees, American Plants,
Evergreens and Coniferso Shrlibs, floe Azalea Indlca, Roses in pots,
and other plants in bloom; Verbenas, Fuchsias, Dahlias, sorne' fine
bulbs of Ltlium auratum, with a choice assortment of imported and
Other Flower Seeds, &a.

On view the Momiiig of Sale. Catalogues may bo had at the
Rooms as above, and of tho Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone,
Essex, N.E.

Imported Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL hy AUCTION, at
his Groat Roomw, ;)s, KIhl' struul, rnvun't Garden. W.C. on
WEDNESDAY, Aurll L'l at half-pa^t l^ o'Clock prociHoly, a flno
lotof VANDA C<ERULEA In excellent cnndiilon j atiio nthor flno
ORCHIDS from AMSnm, includmg SACCOLABIUM GU'lTATUM.
AERIDES ROSEUM orAFFINK. DENDROBI QM NOBILE, &c.
On vlow tho Morning uf Knlo. ^iml ('(iialogues hail.

Established Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, .'IS, King Street, Covent Garden, \V C on
THURSDAY, April 'Jf., at halt^ast 12 o'clock precisely, tho entire
collection of established ORCHIDS, the property of a gentleman
giving up their culture, including fine healthy plants of the
following well-known varieties ;—

AngriBcum sesquipedale
Aorldes nubile

„ iliiXculoeum Schrcuderi
Cattloya lab lata

„ amothystoglossa

.. Warnuri
C'aiantliu Veitchll superba
OdontogloHsum nsuvium majus

„ luiHtilabium
Oncldium roseum

Oncldlura leucochilum
La]lia purpurata

„ Rchilleriana
Phahenopsis ScblUerlana

,, amabilis
Saccolabium curvifollum

„ Bluniei niaju9
Dendrobium Devonianuiu
Van da etc rule a
Sobralia macrantliasplendena, &c

On view the Morning of Sale, and C.italoguos had.

Choice and Large Collection of Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS has been instructed to SELL by
AUCTION, at his Great Rooms, .IS, King Street. Covent
Garden, W.C. without reserve, on THURSDAY and FRID.\Y. tho
2d and ."id of May, the entire COLLECTION of CHOICE ORCHIDS
belonging to Geo. Cooper, Esq., of Alpha House, Coburg Road,
Caiiiborwell, owing to his giving up the growth In consequence of his
removing into Kent. The Plants consist of all the leading and
newest varieties, including :-

Aoridos Pieldingii

,, maculosuin

„ Lobbii

„ Lindleyanum

„ Larpentio

„ quinquovulnerum

,, rosoucn superbum

,. vircns superbum
Cattleya amethystoglossa

„ Tiiaiiioi

,, Mossiw

,, labiata

„ maxima

„ ,, supcrha

Cypripodium caudatmu

„ iiookeri

,, Lowii
Dendrobium chrysotoximi

,, clavatum

„ densiflorum album

,, eburneum

,, hetcrocarpum

,, Cambridgeanum

„ thyrsiflorum
Liulia elegans

„ purpurata

„ autumnalis

„ "Wallisil
Odonto?lossum Alexaudrce

„ Bluntii

,, citrosinum

Odontoglossum Dawaoni

,, glorio-sum

„ luteo-purpureum

,, Insleayi

,, Pescatiirei

„ pulchellum majus

„ radiatum

„ grande
Oncidium ampliatum majus

,, cnspum granddloruiQ

„ „ „ marginatum

„ LAnceanum
Phalajnopsis grandltlora

„ amabllia

,, roseus

,, Luddemannlana

,. Schilleriana
Peristeria elata
Saccolabium guttatum splendena

„ premorsum

„ Blumei majus

„ Reidii

„ retusum

,, violaceum
Trichopilia auavia
Vanda coerutea

„ Batemanni

„ gigantea

,, insignis

.. tricolor
suavis, Slc.

On view the Mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Highly Important Sale of Established Orchids.

MR. J. C, Sl'EVKNS beers to announce tbnt h.- has
been favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION.
I at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
' THURSDAY, M.ay 9, at half-past 12 ©"Clock precisely, some
unununlly fine Specimens and Choice Varieties of ESTABLISHED
ORCHIDS, being dupliciites from the renowned Collection of
S. PvUcker, Esq., of West Hill, Wandsworth, including: —

SALE THIS DAY, AT HALF-PAST TWELVE O'CLOCK.

Consignment of Plants from Ghent.

ME. J. C. STf'lVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Gre.it Rooms, 38, Kii.g Street, Covent Garden, W.C.. on
SATURDAY, April 13, iit haif-past IL' o'clock preci.sely. first-class
DOUBLE CAMELLIAS, INDIAN AZALEAS, Hardy Rhododen-
drons, Fruit Trf.es, Shrubs, Roses, Hustle Seats, Stools, &0.
On view the Morning of Sale, and Citalogues harl.

Imported Orchids from Mr. J. Linden's Collectors.

l\/rR. J. C. STEVENS will SLLL by AUOTKJN, at
i-VX his Great Hootiis, .1.^, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
MONDAY', April Lj. at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, the following
valuable and now ORCHIDS ;—

Cattleya species nova

,, maxima
Heleia sanguluoleuta
Lycnste xytriophora
Mesospinidium sanguinemu
Zygopetalum rostratum

ic.

Odoutoglossum brevifoUum
,, cristatum

,, crocatum

Oncidium aurosum

„ macranthum hastiferum
serratum

On view tho Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Important Sale of Orchids.

ME. J. C. S'I'LVKNS 1k,s l)rni favoured with
Instructions w .SKLL by AUCTION, at his Great Rooms,
3Sj King Street, Covont Garden, W.C, without reserve, on
WKDNKSDAV :ind THURSDAY, April 17 and 18, First-class
EST.VKLlsiiKU ORCHIDS, being part of the well-kno^™ Collection
of A, B.ibset, Esq.. of Stamford Hill, who is reducing his Collection
for a short time owing to change of residence. The Plants consist of
Duplicates, amongst which will be found many magnificent Speci-
mens of all the best Varieties, including :—

Aerides Fieldingii

,, maculosum
Lohbii

,, Larpenta)

„ cri spurn
Cattleya Mossieo

„ TnanEol

,, Bassottl

„ Wagneri
Dendrobium macrophyllum

,, giganteum

primuliLum gigantouoi

„ iiobile pendulum
Cypnpediuni Stonoi

„ Veitchll

,, barbatiun

., concolor

,, villosum
Liolia elegana

„ Dayii

., purpurata
Miltonia Candida grandifiora

&c. , &c.

citrtemum

Miltonia spectabilis
Odontoylossum

roseum
Odontoglossum Alesandr^e

',; B until

„ nreviura majus

„ Phalsenopsis

„ coronarium
Oncidium crispum

,, ampliatum majus
Phahenopsis amabilis

„ grandifiora

,, Schilleriana
Saccolabium ampullac-eum

,, curvifollum

„ guttatum

,. retusum
Trichopilia crispiflora
Vanda Batemanni

,, tricolor

„ suavis
&c.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Important Sale of very fine Orchids from the East
Indies and Ceylon, all in splendid Health.

MR. J. C. STEVKNS has received instructions to
SELL by AUCTION, at bis Great Rooms, 38, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C, mi MONDAY', the 22d instant, a uonsignment
received by the last Mall from India and Ceylon, It consists of very
fine specimens of —

Saccolabium giganteum | Saccolabium Elumet majus

Vanda Benson!
The magnificent and rare Dendrobium McCarthte, In beautiful
health and flno plants, perhaps tho finest ever imported.
Dendrobium eburneum | Dendrobium formosum giganteum

,, Fitchianum | „ chrysotosnm

and other Deu'irohes ; splendid masses of Cypripedium concolor in
the finest possible Ijealth, ic.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Aerides Larpenta)

„ Fieldmgii
Cypripedium caudatum
Dendrobium Wardii

Cattleya labiata

labiata speciosa

Trichopilia crispa

Miltonia Candida gi-andiflora

Odoutoglossum Phalasnopsis

,, nasvium majus
Calanthe Veitchii
Cymbidium eburneum

And many other fine species all in the finest possible health ; also
some duplicates from the well-known Collection of J. Day, Esq., ol
Tottenham, includmi; fine Plants and first-class varieties of the
following RARE ORCHIDS :-

Angrascum sesquipedale
Aerides afflno

,, Larpentio

,, Dayanum

„ quinquevuluerum
Cattleya amethystoglosaa

,, Exonlensis

,, labial a

„ superba
Ccologyno cristata
Cypripedium Lowii

,, Dayanum

,, Stonei

.. lEOvigatum
Dendrobium Devonianum

„ lituiflorum

„ Farmori
Dendrochilum filiforrae
L»lia crispa superba

Lrelia elegans

,, Schilleriana splendens
M;ixillaria venusta
Miltonia Regnellt
Odoutoglossum Bluntii

,, Pescatorei

,, nebulosum

„ Uro Skinncri
Phalienopsis amabilis

,, Schilleriana

„ Luddemannlana
Pleione lagenaria

„ hurailis

,, maculata

„ Wallichil
Saccolabium guttatum

„ ampuUaceum
Vanda cterulea
&c., &c.

On view tho Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Preliminary Notice.

HiouLY Important Sale of Estaolisued Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS begs to announce that be has
been favoured with instructions to SKLL by AUCTION,
without reserve, at his Great Rooms, 33. King .Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, May 14 and li",.
at half-past Vi o'Clock precisely each day, the Collection of CHOICE
and BARE ORCHIDS btlongiiig to Dr. Pattisoo, of St. John's Wood,
consisting ot fine healthy plants of all the newest and rarest
varieties, including : —

Aerides Fieldingii

,, LnrpentM

,, maculosum superbum, &.c.
Angriecum sesquipedale
Cattleya arnethystoglossa

,, pallida

,, bulbosa a. Walkeriana

,, Warscewiczii superba, deli-
cita, &c.
Cypripediumcaudatum superbum

„ Fairrieanum

,, Lowii

,, Stonei

,, Vcitcbii [gigauteum

Dendrobium macrophyllum

„ Farmer! aureum liavmn

,, Cambridgeanum

,, nobile penduliim

,, Parish 11

„ primuUnum giganteum

,. Heyneanum, Blandum, &c,
L;ulia m.ijalis

On view the MorninL'i of S

Liolia autumnalis

„ Brysiiiua
Odontoglossum Alexandrse

., cordatum

,, luteo-purpureum

„ Pha!ft)Dopsis

„ ntevium majus, &c.
Oncidium macranthum

„ nubigenum

„ holochrysum

„ cruentum. &c,
Phaleenopsis amabilis

,, grandifiora (Bomean and
Philippine varietie.s)

,, Luddemannlana

., Schilleriana
Vanda ccerulea

„ insigTiis

,, suavis

„ tricolor, &c.
Uropedium Lindleyanum
Zygopetalum rostntum, Stc

Coleby Hall, near Lincoln

Important Salk of Short-iiorned Cattlk.

MR,STRAl'"FORU b.f;stoannounce tbut he has ieceiv.^d
instructions ft-om Geo. Bland, Esq., to SELL by AUCTION,
without reserve, on THURSDAY, tho 9th of May nest, at Coleby
Hall, near Lincoln, his entire and very superior HERD of SUORT-
HORNED CATTLE, consisting of nearly 70 Head *f Bulls, Cows,
and Heifers, that have been bred from the most fa.'hiouable sourc- ^.
Bulls of hiKh character and breeding have been used, such a-; Lord
Raglan (14,849), Victor (21,02:.), The Baronet (17,083). Knight Errant
(18.164), and Lord Red Rose (22,20,'i). Tho Young Stock are cQiefiy
by Gr md Duke Gth (19.870), which Bull is now in siervice,

Catalogues with Pedigrees are in preparation, and will be
announced, with further p iticMlvrd. iu f ituro adverti-semonts.
London : 13, Euaton Squ:u-e, April 10.

396

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND J\GRlCULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apbil 13, 1867.

GEEEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOE,

Olt

NOISELESS LAWH MOWING, BOILING, and COLLECTING MACHINES.

PATRONIZED BY

HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN

ON TWENTY-NINE DIFFERENT OCCASIONS.

H.E.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES.

THE KING OF THE BELGIANS.
THE EMPEROR OP THE FRENCH.
THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.

AND MOST OF THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, in introducing their PATENT LAWN MOWERS for the present season, beg to state that they have no Novelties to report. The fact is,
that after the severe tests their Machines have been subjected to since they added their latest improvements, they have been found to meet all the requirements for which they
are intended, viz. :■ — the keeping of Lawns in the highest state of perfection.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease than any other Lawn Mower extant ; and in proof of theii
superiority, 36,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

THEY ARE THE ONLY MACHINES IN CONSTANT USE AT

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIEri"'S GARDENS, SOUTH KENSINGTON

THE ROTAL BOTANIC GARDENS. REGENT'S PARK

THE CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GARDENS, SYDENHAM

BUCKINGHAM PALACE GARDENS

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE

THE HYDE PARK GARDENS

THE WINTER PALACE GARDENS, DUBLIN

THE DUBLIN BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LIVERPOOL BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LEEDS ROi'AL PARK

THE HULL BOTANIC GARDENS
THE BOTANIC GARDENS, BRUSSELS
THE SUNDERLAND PARK
THE PRESTON PARK

AND IN MOST OP THE PRINCIPAL PARKS, SQUARES, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

GREEN'S

PATENT

LAWN MOWERS

have proved to be the beat, and
carried off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of com-
petition.

T. GREEN & SON

warrant ev^ery Machine to give
entire tati-A.^Uon, and if not
approved of can be returned
unconditionally.

I

FKICES of HORSE, PONY, and DONKEY MACHINES, including Patent Self-delivery Box; Cross Stay complete; suitable for attaeMng to

ordinary Chain Traces or Gig Harness.

PONY AND DONKEY MACHINES.

To Cut 26 inches
1* 28 ,, .. ,. ..

V

30

£13 0 0 )

1 <; n n ( Leather Boots for Donkey, 18s.

^^ " " ( Leather Boots for Bony, 22s.

17 0 o;

To Cut 30 inches
„ 36 „ .,
„ 42 „ .,
„ 48 „ .,

HORSE MACHINES

£21

2i

27 0 0

30 0

0 0'\

0 of

"J,

Leather Boots for Horse, 26s.

Both the Horse, Pony, Donkey, and Hand Machines possess (over all other Makers) the advantage of Self-sharpening. The cutters being steel on each side, when thej
become dull or blunt by running one way round the cylinder, can be reversed again iind again, bringing the opposite edge of the cutter against the bottom blade, when ths
Machine will cut equal to new. Arrangements are made that the cj'linder can be reversed, by any inexperienced person, in two or three minutes.

HAND MACHINES.

To Cut 10 inches
12

,- 1-4 „
„ 16 „

, £3 10 0 Suitable for a Lady

4 10 0

5 10 0 Suitable for One Berson

6 10 0

To Cut 18 inches .. £7 10 0 Suitable for One Berson.

„ 20 ,,..800 Suitable for Two Berson
„ 22 „ .. S 10 0
„ 24 ,,..900 „ „

Packing Cases are charged at the following low rates, viz. ;— for the 10 and 12-inch Machine, 3s. ; 14 and 16-inehj 4s. ; 18 and 20-inch, 5s. ; 22 and 24-inch, 6j. Partie
providing themselves with Lawn Mowers are recommended to purchase the cases in which to stow them away, when not in use, to prevent [them from getting damaged ; i
returned, two-thirds will be allowed for them.

The above MACHINES are made from the best materials, and of superior worlonanship ; are delivered Carriage Free to all the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Port:
in England.

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of, can be retunied unconditionally. f

Having above 3000 Machines in stock at our Leeds and London Establishments, we are in a position to execute orders on the day they are received. I

1^ Illustrated Briee Lists, and Sheet of Brize Medals awarded to GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS,/r(;e on application. \

T. G. AND SON having taken very extensive Premises in London, are now in a position to do all kinds of Repairs there, as well as at their Leeds Establishment.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, SMITHEIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ^

and 64 and 65, BLACKFBIAES ROAD, LONDON, S.

Editorial Communications flhould be addreBsed to "The Editor;" Advertisements and Business Letters to " The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. », „ „* *ha

Printed by James Matthews, at the Office crT, Messrs. BaAOBuiiT. Evans, & Co.. Lombard street. Pr^cincf of Whitefriara, City ot London, in the Co. of fiUddleaex, and Published bf the said JiMsa MATrHBWB.ac ine
Office^ Mo. il, WeUlngtoa Street, Parish of Bt. Faul'B, Covent Garden,in the eald County.— SAXOBDAS,Aprm3,lS67.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 16.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, APRIL 20.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, Gd.

IXDEX.

AchimpDei*

Agriculture. Ctiamberaot ....

Anmtcurs, hints) for

ApoiiDeetun

Apple rrcnkt

Aurloulaa

Bcp-liivra

Heivolr CRstle

Birds. mlKrntory

DuiK'itiiit maniiro

Kouks notic'oU

Cattle, sf or*

CliBinbcrH of A^ciilturo ....

Cheebtf. Cheddar loaf

Cider. Heieford

Clovor seed

l)ahllns itelcct

DInlndeniaa

Epidcndrum cbiimcum

EverKruens. trunsplimting .,

Fiiiraeis' Clubs

— tirphnn house

GwiR sjKtriii

Grapes, heavy

Hybridisation .403 6-

HTbridn, wild tropical un-
known

Men, aRrirulturnl

Mut'cuin Ilullcttianum

Odontdglossuins

Uran^e trees in New South
Wnlea

PanHieit

41S a

408 a
iO& b

Paris, lettersfrom, 405 r, 407 c, 413 e
Pelnrgoniums, trieuloured .. 4o7 <

— show of ditto 403 <

Pines, a.Tew 404 a

Plants, new *0i a

— hybrids 403 6-405 6

— iiitenucdiatefonnt in,

403 t>-405 I

— hardy herbaceous 4uii I

Ithododendroni, hybrid 4U7 <

Iloada, turnpike 417 t

Hoofs, shini^lc 416 o

Salads 105 o

Seeds, hints to purchasers of . 406 t

Short-hoiTis 411 <

SlURs.cure for 41G a

Society, lloval Hortioultiirul:

June exhibition ... 404 a
Second sprinEshow 4U'l t
Dr. Musters' lecture 4ua I

— Royal Botanic 408 o

— Entomological 4U8 i

— Royal AgriculEural .... 413 I
~ llrisliton Agricultural.. 416 n

— Dcihyshire Agricultural 416 I

Bteam cultivation 416 c

Strawberries, Sir Harry 407 I

Trade lists 409 c

Trees, hardy pictorial 401 i

Vine growing', rival systems

of 404 0-407 .

Walls, damp 410 c

Weather in Lincolnshire 4U7 i

NEW ROSES for 1867.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with pnces, oq application.
John Cbanston, King's Acre Nurseries. Dear Hereford.

ULTURAL^DniECTIONS for the ROSE.

Second Edition. By John Cranstow, King's Acre Nuraerles.
near Hereford. Kreo by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

USE NUISKTTE MAUECHAL NIEL,
Strong plants, in pots, 30s. per dozen.
Trade price on applic^ition.
John (Jattell, Westerham, Kent,

THE CHOICEST 12" KEW ROSES for 1867. with
strong healthy growth, unusually Qne plants, so soon aa
weather permits. Price 42s. per dozen.

KiciiARn Smith, Nurstjrymaii and Soed Merchant, Worcesteiv

T^HK BEST"and~MOS'FCHblCE NEW RUSES for
18G7, in extra-stroPR well-grown Plants, now ready at 42s. per
dozen. A very liberal allowance to the Trade.
Wm. Wood & Son, The Nursovies, Maresfleld. near TTckflsld, SuasBi

F^ OiriT^r'HOUSAND"~JDWARF RuSES in POTS.—
HYBRID PERFETUALS, CHINA, TEA-SCENTED,
BOURBONS, and NOISETTES, all in the finest health and vigour.
DESCillFTlVE LISTS on application.
Wk. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld,
Sussex. ^_^_^_^_

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOCTH KENSINGTON. W.
Promenade and Band every Saturday afternoon throughout the year.

NoTECL.— Dr. MASTERS will [five a short LECTURE an PLANT ,
ARCHITECTURE THIS DAV.and the foUowing SATURDAY, at 3. j

R'OYAL^ BOTANIC SOCIETY'S GARDENS,
Rt^tenfs Park,— EXHIBITIONS of PLANTS. FLOWERS,
and FRUir, WEDNESDAYS, May :U, June 19. and July 3. Tickt-'ts
4s. each, to bo obtiined at the Gardens by orders Irom Fellows of
the Society. The LAST SPRING EXHIBITION, SATURDAY
NEXT, April 27. Qato-s open at 2 o'cIocIj, Band will play from
2.30 to 6.30.

Orchard-house Trees Fmitlng In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RronAKP Smith. Nuraerjiuan and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Dwarf Rosea In Pota for Bedding.

WM. WOOD AND SUN are now sending out quantities
of well-grown Plants of DWARF ROSES in pots for filling
up blanks caused by the late severe frost.

Woodlands Nursery, MaresSeld, near Uckfleld. Sussex.

DWARF RUSES IN PUTS,

by the 100, dozen, or 1000, at Qs., 125., and 18*. ner dozen.
CATALOGUES on application.
Address, Wm. Wood k Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld. near
Uckfleld, Sussex.

RUSKS— Une MARECKAL NIEL. und 24 other strong
plants (some in bloom) of choice Tea. Noi-sette, Bourbons, and
Hybrid Perpetual Roses, m 48 and 32-pota, for Two Guineas. Pur-
chaser's selection from printed List, which can be had on application.
The same quantity a size smaller for 308.

Thomas S. Wark, Ilalu Farm Nureery, Tottenham, Middlesex.

s

TRAW BERRY PLANTS.

THE LADY (Undebhill) 4s. per dozen. 30s. per 100.

Strong plants of 20 other best kinds, 2s. 6d. per 100.

Trade price on application,

JonN Cattell, Westurham, Kent.

w

ANTED, MANETTI STOCKS, fit for potting.
State quantity and pnco to E. Cooliho. Derby.

Primula and Cineraria Seed.

MESSRS. F. AND A. SMll'H invite inspection of
their SEEDLINGS, NOW In BLOOM, s^ved from the same
Stock as sent to their Cnstomera.

The Nurserie.s, Dulwlch, Surrey, S.

PRINCESS of WALES STRAWBERRY. —This fine
variety is now proved to be the best e.irly variety ever pro-
duced, either for Forcing or for general Early Crop, See Oardentm'
Chronicle of May \i. 1806, p. 437. Good Plants can now be supplied
from the true ttock, at fis. per 100, from the raiser.

B. W. Knight, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

New Striped Japanese Maize.

SUTTON AND SOiNS can supply Seed of the abnve
beautiful Ornamental FMiage Plant in packets at 1*. each, post
free. Royal Berkshire Seed Establiahmbnt, Reading.

Sorghum tartarlcum.

SUTTON AND SUNS, having imported a supply of
True Seed of the abovo, can supply It In packets at 1*. and
2s. Od, each (post free).

Ruyal liurkuhlro Seed Establishment, Reading.

Fine Grasa Seeda for Cricket Grounda,

BOWLING GREENS, ur CROgUET GRUUNDS.

SUTTON AND SUNS can supplv suitable kinds of the
flnest-Krowing GRASSES and CLuViiRS for tho above purposes,

at Is. 3t/. por lb.. L'4«. per bushel.

Sutton k Si'ns. Il'^yal Burksliire Sood Establi.shment, Reading.

The New Forage Grass (Bromus Schraderl).

SUTIUN AND feUAS liavi- iiiiporiL'il a hir-r .supply of
True tiood nf the above, and offor it at i's. iJ<i. per lb., or ctjoaper
in largo quantities. Qjantity required por acre, 30 lb. Lowest price
por owt. and instructions on cultivation, may be had on application.
Sdtton & Sons, Seed MerchantP, Reading.

Bromus Schraderl.

NUTTING AND SuNS having just received a con-
signment of the abovo PRAlUIE GRASS from Australia, will
be glad to send samples and price upon application.
GO, Barbican, London, E.C.

DICKINSUN'S ITALIAN RYE-GRASS SEED,
grown by him and sold to Agriculturists this season at 34s. per
quarter, or for 6 quarters 30s. per quarter. Apply to

Mr. Tnos, Stanbiudge, Bailiff, Now Park, Lymington, Hants.

NATURAL GRASSES: their Names and derivations;
Quality, Produce, Elevation, Situation, Soil. Use, Peculiarity
Season, Growth, Increase, Time of Flowei ing. Price, &c.
Free for one postage starnji.
RicnAUD SitiTH, Seed Merchant, Worcester,

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the above may
now be had at 10.4. Od. and 2\a. each ; the usual discount to tha
Trade. Pkter Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and London.

EBB'S PRIZE COB. FILBERT and other PRIZE

NUT TREES. LIST of varieties and prices to be had of
Mr. Webb. Calcot Gardens. Reading.

w

Pansles for Spring Gardening.

WDEAN, Brudf.nd Nur.-;cry, Sliipley, Yorkshire,
• can supply very strong Plants of mixed PANSIES, choice
sorts, at 16s. por 100. I'ANSY SEED, Is. 6d. and 2j,. M. per packet.

To^he Trade.— Cllanth us Damplerl Seed.

DOWNIE, LAIRD, and LAlNG have a few ounces of
the above to offer. Price on application.
17, Frederick Street, Edinburgh ; , and Stanstead Park, Forest
Hill, London, S.E.

C~ LIANTHUS, DAMPIERI, or DESERT PEA of
AUSTRALIA.— Direct imported, well-ripened, genuine Seed of
the above magniflcent Shrubby Biennial, in packets at 2s. 6d. To
the Trade at 7s. 6d. per oz.

James Thomson, Kilmarnock, N. B.

T

WO-YEARS' SEEDLING SCOTS

at £10 per hundred thousand.
W. P. Laird & Sinclair, Nuiserj-men, Dundee, N.B.

FIR, I

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
^ Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

lANT ASPARAGUS.— 2- vr., strong Roots, 2«. M. per

100; 20*. per 1000. 3-yr.,very stiong, 33. 6d. per 100 ; 303. per 1000.
John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

GERMAN FLOWER SEEDS.— Superb Varieties of
Aster^tock, Balsam, Wallflower, Phlox Drummondii, Portulaca,
Larkspur, Zinnia, &c For prices, see DESCRIPTIVE SEED LIST,
RiuHARD Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Grass Seeds for Permanent Pasture.

RICHAUD bilUH'S fiUXriy'RE of the finest
PERENNIAL GRAS.SES and CLOVERS are carefully mad©
to suit all kinds of S^il. Price 2Cs. to 32s. per acre.
PRICED LIST on applicatioii.
Richard Smith, Seed Mercbnut, Worcester.

/ 1 UUD CLUVER SEEDS, at Market Prices.— Red,
VJT White Dutch, Alsiko, Cow Grass, and Trefiil ; also Perennial,
Italian Rye, and other Grasses. For .sHiiipcs and lowest prices, apply
to RiOHAHij Ssinji, Seed M^.*K:ii:iiit, Wurcester.

To Improve Meadow Land.

RICHARD SMtril'S MiXTU'RE of the finest
GRASSES and PERENNIAL CLOVERS (S to 12 lb. per acre,
at lOrf. per lb.), if sownoark, will cause a valuable improvement to the
crop. RiuiiARD .Smitu, Seed Merchant, Worv'ester.

0"0'7 and 238,"HiaH ilOLB0HN7~L0ND0N. W.C.

/CO i —CARTERS SELECT LIST of FARM SEEDS, at
reasonable prices, forwarded gratis and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High
Holborn, London, W.C.

Notice.

PURCHASERS of LARGE QUANTITIES of FARM
or GARDEN SEEDS will be supplied liberally by Sottoh &
Sons. For prices apply (stating quantity vequiredj to

Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Notice.— Present Prices of Farm Seeds.

MESSRS. SUT1UN"S PRlCbiS of FARM SEEDS
for APRIL will be the same as quoted in their CATALOGtTE
for FEBRUARY and MARCH, whicli may be had post free on
application. Royal Berks Seed Establibibnient, Reading.

G

F

ARM SEED LIST of Ihc LONDON SEED COMPANY

is now published, and can bo obt-ained from the
MiKAOKR, 68, tVelbeck Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.

SKIRVING'S SWEDE TURNIP, 3U. per bushel.
Pine selected stock, from the
London Seep Compant ,C8, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL, 50*. per cwt.
P^ne selected stock, from the
_LoirooN Seed Compant, 68, Welbeck Street. Cavendish Square, W.

__ Robinson's Champion Drumhead Cabhage.

QUTTUN AND SUNS can supply New SEED of the
O aboTe direct from Mr. Robinson, at 3s. &d. per lb,, cheaper by
the cwt. Heads of this variety have been grown 75 lb. each.
Sottow JL Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

White Belgian, Long Red Surrey, Red Intermediate

S Carrots.

UTTON AND SONS can supply fine New SEED of
the above, at very moderate prices, which may be had on
application.
_ SoTToN & Sons. Seed Growers, Reading.

RIBBON BORDER (six Colours), German and French,
COLLECTIONS, and all specialtiep worth growing. See Potntbr"
LIST. RuBERT H, Potnter, Taunton.

^HOW DAHLiAS, in strong plants, now ready.

O 12 Varieties, named, 4s., or 24 Varieties, named, 8*. Terms cash.

CATALOGUES free for one stamp.

John J. Haslam, late John Holland, Bradshaw Gardens,

Chadderton, Manchester.

Verbenas, Verbenas.

PHILIP LADDS ia now sending out a good supply of
the above, strong plants, in thumb pots, including 40 varieties
of 186B, at 2s. per dozen, packnge inuludod. Terms cash.
Nursery, iioxley Ileiith, Kent,

Verbenas, New and Old.

WILLIAM KNIGHT ia now sending out strong
established Plants, in small pots, of 36 finest Varieties for
Exhibitors or Bedding, for 10s. (id., package included. Terms cash.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE free.
Floi-a! Nursery, Hailshani, Hurst Green. Sussex.

SCARLET PELARGONIUM, WOOLVEN'S
SEEDLING, by far the best dwarf dark zonal (for bedding
purposes). — Strong bushy plants, 12s. ; small, 6s. per dozen.

Robert Bcllkn, Horticultural Agent, 1, Newland Street,
Kensington, W. _^

G

ENUINE NEW CARROT SEED.

The Three Best Sorts are

WHITE BELGIAN, 1... per lb. 1 Cheaper

RED INTERMEDIATE, la. M. per lb. J- bv the

IjONG red cattle, Is. 6d. par lb. J Cwt.

Sutton A Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

1867

TURNIP SEEDS.

Best selected quality.
PRICEO LISTS on application.

JiMts DicRsoN k Sons, lii2. Eastgate Street, Chester.

Strong Drumhead or Cattle Cabbage Plant.

WVIRGU AND SON can supply large quantities of
• the above, at 3s. per 1000. Samples can be had on
application at the Nursery, Wooersh, Guildford, Surrey.

Delivered free at the undermentioned Railway Stations —
Guildford, .South-Western; Shalford, South-Eastem ; Bramley,
London, Brighton, ana South Coaat.

GEO. SMITH'S PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE
CATALOGUE of SHOW, SPOTTED, FANCY, VARIE-
GATED, ZONAL, and NOSEGAY GERANIUMS, Petunias,
Fuchsias, Dahlias, Verbenas, Chrysanthemums, Bedding Plants, Ac,
is now ready, in exchange for one postage stami),

ToUlngton Nursery, Hornsey Road, Islington, London, N.

Dahlias.

GEO. RAWLINGS' NINETEENTH ANNUAL
CATALOGUE contains 17fi select varieties at 3». per dozen,
including Leah, George Wheeler, and the best of 1866 Also 47 of
186C, at iJ*. per dozen, including Fanny Sturt.
/W^aterlO'j Road, Romford, E^

Camellias. Orange Trees, Oleanders, Azaleas. &c.

WANTED, a few, G to 8 feet high, good sorts, at a
moderate price, near to London.
Apply at 1, Warwiok Place. Grove End Road, St. John's Wood, N.W. ;
stating particulars. __^

LAPAGERIA ROSEA.— A splendid Specimen Plant
for Sale—standing in a tub nearly 9 ft. hlgn. It is trained
spirally, and wlien opened out would cover a wall of 30 ft. Can be
seen at 42, Warwick Road, Mnida Hill, W., on presentation of Card.

OSIERS for SALE.— About 500 bolts, lying within a
quarter of a mile of the Harlow Station. May be seen by
applying to Mr. C. Barnard, Harlow, Essex.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON. Seed Growers and
Merchants, 7, Borough Market, London, S.E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and advantageous ofl'ers on application.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, Merchants, and Nurserymen,
237 k 2;^, High Ilolborn, Loudon. W.C.

S

Unadulterated Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
M I T H E R S AND C R 1 C H T 0 N,

Seed Merchants. Riinliill Row. Finsbury Square. London, E.G.
CATAL(.)GUES post free on application.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CiriARLES SHARI'E and CO. beg to inlorm the
-' Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST Is now ready,
and wdl be forwarded post free on application.
Seed Warehouse, Sleatord.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE'S WHOLESALE SPRING
. PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of 1866 growth is now
ready and may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLAKD, Seed Grower and Merchant,
20, Quai de la Mfgisstrie, Paris. France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEELS, in English weights
and money, post free on HjipHcation.

Somersetshire Prize Seeds.

GENUINE GARDEN and FLOWER and FARM
SEEDS of the finest stocks and quality; LISTS now ready.
Robert H. Povntkh. the County Seed Establishment, Taimton.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom. London.

New Spring Catalogue.

WOOD AND INGRAM'S sa<-rt CATALOGUE of
Dahlias. Pelargoniums, Zonal and Variegated Geraniumfl,
Verbenas, Fuchsias, Bedding Plants, Ac., is now ready, and will be
forwarded on application.
I'he Nurseries, Huntingdon.

Genuine Garden Seeds. „

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. Highgatc. London, N.

Plants for the Season. __ „„„,„n

CHARLES TURNER'S DESCRIPTIVE SPRING
CATALOGUE of BEDDING PLANTS, FLORIST'S
FLOWERS, &c., is now ready, anii may be had on application.
Tho Royal Nurseries, Slough

398

THE GARDENERS* CHEONTCLE AKD ArTRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 20, 1867.1

Established Upwards of a Century.

Holders of Prize Medals from Exhibitions of both 1S51 and 1862.

BUTLER, McCtJLLOCH, and CO.'S
CHOICE COLLECTIONS of FLOWER SEEDS.

16 Varieties, Selected Hardy Annuals 2s.Qd.

30 „ „ „ „ 6 0

60 „ „ „ „ 10 0

100 „ ., ,, „ 20 0

12 Varieties, Selected Half-hardy Annuals . . ..40
25 „ „ „ „ .... 7 G

15 „ ,, „ „ .... 16 0

lOP „ „ „ „ .. ., 30 0

6 Varieties, extra Belected New Annuals 18G7 . . ..50
12 „ ,, J. „ „ „ .... 10 6

15 Varieties, selected Hardy Perennials 3 6

25 „ „ „ „ 6 6

50 „ „ „ , 12 fl

IQO „ „ „ 26 0

12 Varietiea, selected Half-hardy Perennials .. ..4 0
25 „ „ „ „ .... 7 0

COMPLETE COLLECTION of VEGETABLE SEEDS for
One Tear's Supply, 6Zs., 42s., 30s., 21s., and 10s. 6d.

Orders amounting to 21s. and upwards sent Carriage Paid.

CATALOGUE containing details of above Collections, Post Free.

Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

Bedding Plants, from 2s. per dozen.

J SCOTT, The Nurseries, Merriott, Somerset, has now
• ready his unrivalled Collection of tbc above, numbering over
300,000, in quality and prices unsurpassed.

LOBELIA SPECIOSA (Trde). and SPLENDIDA (Scott's), at 23.
per dozen, 10s. per 100, ana 80s. per 1000. This last has been adver-
tised by others under the wrong name of L. Erinus apeciosa grandi-
flora, a name uncalled for, as J. S. lias supplied his customers with
it for some years as L. splendida. CATALOGUES on application
to J. S.

N.B.— Seeing my name has been inserted in an advertisement of
Bedding Plants by Mr. Sampson, Nurseryman, Preston Road, and as
it may mislead my customers, I beg to say tliat 1 have long ceased to
have any connection with that Nurserj-. It was a small branch
established by me, and sold by me two or three years ago, since
which time I have had nothing to do with it. 1 am forced to insert
the above, as parties have sent orders to me, which have found their
way to andibeen executed at Preston Road, unsatis/aclorili/, as will
appear from the following letter on the subject : —

"Sib,— When I was at Yeovil in April last 1 called at your shop
and inquired if you still sent out Bedding Plants, and was informed

that you did. Mrs. , as she thought, ordered some of you, but,

to our great surprise, we ftnd thera sent by Peter Drummond & Co.
I mention tfais, as we were not ple.ised with the way the order was
executed last year, a lact I mentioned to your Foreman (Seedsman),
April the 7th ; and tbereforo decided to havo no more plants of that
firm. The Bedding Plants now sent me [by (them. J. S.] are not
what were ordered, and not healthy 'of their kind.— I remain, your
obedient .Servant, " J. H, p,"

J. Scott's Seed Stores in Yeovil are conducted with great care and
attention to the requirements of his increasing Customers, and
every requisite for the Farm or Garden can be obtained. Orders for
Bedding Plants left there will be punctually attended to.

Clieap Bedding and other Plants.

THO:\[AS SAMPSON, Proprietor of the Preston Eoad
Nurseries, Yeovil, Somersetshire, lately carried on by
Drummond & Co., and formerly by John Scott, has much pleasure
in announcing that his CATALOGUE for the above Plants is now
ready, and can bo had free on application. T. S. begs to assure his
friends that the above has been for many years one of the largest
in the country for CHEAP BEDDING PLANT.S, and that bis pre-
sent Collection is now most unique and extensive, consisting of
upwards of 200,000 Plants, being two to one of any other Establish-
ment in the West of England. Having recently extended his Glass
Department to upwards of 12,000 feet, expressly for the culture of
Bedding Plants, ho is enabled to supply them in such vaiieties and
at such low prices as cannot fail to give the fullest satisfaction, T. S.
will feel much obliged if his friends will kindly inspect his Collection
and forward their Orders early, so as to avoid delay or inconvenience.
The Plants will be ready to send out after the 20th of ApriL
Peter Drdmuond, Manager, The Preston Road Nurseries, Teovll
Somersetshire, '

PUBLIC NOTICE.

Mr. John Scott akd the Preston Road Ndrseries.

It is an old and true adage, "that he who lives in glass houses
should not throw stones." I have just noticed in the Gardeners'
Ckronicle of April 13 an attack upon me by John Scott, of tbe
MeiTiott Nurseries, near Crewkerno, Somerset, with respect to his
Advertisement of tbe LOBELIA E. GRANDIFLORA, now offered
by Thomas Sampson, of the Preston Road Nurseries, Yeovil
Somerset. I beg to inform the Public that I had the pleasure ot
raising the same in the autumn of 18C4, and consequently named it
L. grandiflora, under which name I have continuediit.

John Scott being then about to dispose of this Nursery (so called
by him a small Branch, .although now requiring one-third more
labour than his large Establishment), obtained Plants of the same
and sent it out under the name of L. splendida, by which name
be may have continued it.

I beg to inform those who do not reside in the Immediate neieh-
f'u St'^ ' ^"^ "''^'^ consequently may not be aware of the facts, that
these ^u^serles were, from 1868 until his disposal of the same to me
J. Scott 3 principal Bedding Plant Establishment, where all orders
were executed. In proof of this 1 need only refer to his own (J. S 's)
Catalogues for several years.

1 would beg to remind J. Scott that he agreed verbally to discon-
tinue Bedding Plant growing (except for a few in his own immediate
neighbourhood), on receiving £1000 for the Stock and Business of
these Nurseries, It was greatly to my surprise and that of othei-s to
find immediate y afterwards that J. S. had issued an Advertisement
(which wi 1 still be ft-esh in the memories of the readers of the
GartUners Chromcle, Ac.,) of 100,000 Bedding Plants, which number
was increased in the Advertisements of the following year to 500,000
I can safely leave those who happen to know J. S.'s Merriott Nur-
series, and the extent of glass they contain, to form their own
opimona a.s to whether a cipher was not added by mistake to each of
these numbers. The Preston Road Nurseries conUiin about tliree
times the area of glass as that of Merriott.

it has been against my wish to commence any public controversy
witn J. b., but his public attack upon me compels me to do so
burely a man cannot conscientiously expect to retain all the benefits
01 a Business after having disposed of the same.

J. S. announces in his Advertisement that some person has been
mis ed by me, and has received from me Plants which were not
healthy or according to order. I have ouly to say in reply to his
statement, that if J . S. and his Correspondent can iprove publicly
the truth ol their assertions, I will forfeit £10 for the benefit of the
Gardeners Benevolent Institution. 1 announced publicly enoueh
two years ago that this Establishment was not in any way connected
with John Scott's ; but it would occupy too much space to publish
all the expressions of opinion which 1 have heard relative to the
course which J, S. has pursued since that time. I will however
conclude by appealing to my late Customers in all parts of the
Kingdom to evince their satisfaction at my efforts to serve them by
continuing their kind favours to the present Proprietor, Mr, Thomas
S^i-soN. Peter Drummond, Manager

Preston Road Nurseries, Yeovil.— April 16.

P.S.— Allow me to say that I am prepared to challenge J. Scott
and any other Nurseryman combined, for quality and quantity of
Bedding Pliuils, leaving the amount to be named by J. S., and the
decision with a judge agreeable to both parties.

VegetaWe, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds, Alpine
Plants, &c.

ROBERT FAEKER begs to annoiince that his
CATALOGUE, containing •'elect DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the flaest kinds in cultivation of the above-named is now published,
and will be forwarded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from the best possible sources, all are wan-anted
gei;iuine, and are offered at the loweit possible prices. Intending

Eurchasers are requested to compare the prices with those of otl\eT
ouses. Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

T LINDEN'S CATALOGUE of NEW PLiNTS is

fJ • just published, and can be had on application to Messrs.
R. SiLBFRRAD, 5, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street. London, E.G.

The following first-rate NOVELTIES are offered for the first time,
with the usual discount to the Trade : —

Bignonia omata . ,
Cissus argentea , .
Dichorisandra Mosaica .
„ undata . ,

Echites rubro-venosa , ,
Erantbem'im igneum . .
Gunuera manicata
Maranta illustris. .

£2 bS 0

10 0

6 0 0

2 0 0

14 0

14 0

14 0

2 8 0

Nursery, Brussels.

Maranta Legrelliana . . £2 S 0

„ Wallisi .. ..140

PhilodendronLindenlanum,2 8 0

Tapjno variegata . . 0 12 0

Theophrasta regalis .,100

Anthurium regale ,.140

Maranta Lindeniana ,.100

„ roseo-picta, 12s\ tol 0 0

T K E T N E S, Salisbury.

^ • NEW DAHLIAS for 1867.

FLOSSY GILL (Keynes).— A beautiful light groTind, edged s. d.

with pink, first-class form. 3 ft. to 4 ft. JO 6

Certificates. — Brighton Horticultural Society, Royal
Horticultui-al Society, Bath, Salisbury, Dorset.

VICE-PRESIDENT (Keynes). — A decided improvement on
Chairman, not requiring cutting out, vei-y constant, finest

form, gi-eatly admired, bright orange. 3 ft 10 6

First-class Certificates.— Crystal Palace, Burton-on-
Trent, Bath, Winchester, Dorset, Brighton, Salisbury,
2d, Royal Horticultural Societv,

LADY JANE ELLIS (Eckford).— Creamy white ground

tipped with purplish rose, fine show flower. 3 ft. to 4 ft. .. 10 G
Certificate.— Royal Horticultural Society.

CLARA SIMONS (Keynes).— Pure white, with deep crimson
edge, one of the most exquisite flowers grown. Must have
no cuttingout,oneof the gemsof J.Keynes'Seedlings, 3ft. 10 6

First-class Certificates. — Royal Horticultural Society,
Glasgow, Salisbury, Dorset, The Money Prize at Trow-
bridge, bcatinc: all the seedlings exhibited.

PARADISE WILLIAMS (Keynes).— The flower of the season
— unqualified approbation everywhere — clear claret, quite

a now colour, 3ft 10 6

First-class Certificates. — Royal Horticultural Society,
Cry.stal Palace, Brighton, Bath, Dorset, Salisbury,

HARRIET TETTERELL (Keynes).— Blush ground, very
deeply margined with dark pui-ple. A standard flower for

many years. 3 ft. to 4 ft lo C

CiiaTiFicATES. — Royal Horticultural Society, Trowbridge,
Burton-on-Trent, Winchester.

PRINCESS of WALES (Keynes). — Blush gi-ound, slightly
edged with lilac. A seedling from Anna Keynes, but uioro
constant — most be.autiful forrn, not to be cut out. 3 ft. , , 10 G

First-class Certificates.— Royal Horticultural Society,
Crystal Palace, The two greatest trials for seedlings in

MEPHISTOPHELES (Heatley), — The finest black flower

grown. 4 ft 10 6

GAZELLE (Keynes).— Clear fawn of the finest quality, very

constant, no cutting out. 4ft 10 6

Certificates.— Royal Horticultural Society, Salisbury,
Trowbridge, Brighton, Winchester.

MRS. THORNHILL (Pitfieldl.— A beautiful feather-edge like
Mrs. Tiotter. Very light pink, equal to any Picoteo-
requires cutting out, but a much larger flower than has yet
been seen of its chiu-acter. It was much admired at the
Crystal Palace, where it obtained a Certificate. 3 ft. .. 10 G
These Ten Flowers are Standards, and have been selected, and all

grown and proved, by John Keynes, who warrants ihem all as First-
class Show Flowers.

NEW FANCY DAHLIAS,

BUTTERFLY (Keynes).— Scarlet and brown crimson stripes

on a light ground, very fine flower; large, ftill, and s. d.

perfect. 3ft IOC

First-class Certificates.— Royal Horticultural Society,
Trowbridge, Salisbury, Crystal Palace, Burton-on-Trent,
Hampshire.

BESSIE WYATT (Eeyne8).—Whito and red striped, full show

flower. 3 ft. to 4 ft ., .. 10 6

Certificates. — Salisbury, Burton-on-Trent, Hampshire,

MISS RUTH (Eckford).— I'ellow tipped white, a flower long
wished for, constant, which is the character of this

flower. 3 ft. to 4 ft lo 6

First-class Certificate. — Brighton.

MRS. GOODWIN (Goodwin).— Fawn ground, strioed 'ft'ith red

—very fine flower, 4 ft ' , . . , 10 G

PLAUSIBLE (Keynes).— Red and crimson, with purple stripes

— very first-class flower. 4 ft 10 G

SALAMANDER (Keynes).— The best character to give this
flower is to call it a striped Charles Turner — it must not be
cut out. 3 ft. . . 10 6

GEO. SMITH begs to call the attention of his patrons
and friends generally, to his New TROPjEOLUMS, KING of
SCARLETS and KING of SPOTS, two beautiful varieties lor
clumps or ribbon planting. These fine kinds were raised by Mr.
George, of Stamford Hill, the raiser of Compactum coccineum,
which has been so much admired the last two seasons .at the Crystal
Palace, &c. Also, the under-named ZONAL GERANltJMS,
which G. S. can, with confidence, recommend to be added to the
most choice collections.

G. S. has also a fine addition to the VARIEGATED GERANIUMS,
the most conspicuous for clumps or borders which has ever been
ofl^ered, it having a green leaf with broad belt of pure white, of fine
habit.

NEW TROP^OLUMS.
KING of SCARLETS.— Small neat foliage, compact habit, flowers

bright scarlet, the most brilliant and beautiful for bedding or

ribbon planting. Awarded a Ftrst-class Certificate by the Royal

Horticultural Society, South Kensington, 5s.
KING of SPOTS.— Bright yellow with amber spots, neat fobage,

compact habit, very efl'ective, 5s.

NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS.
HECTOR (Geo. Smith).— Foliage slightly zonal, pip and truss extra

large, fine habit, flowers scai-let; one of the best in cultiv.i-

tion. 5s.
PINK GLOBE (Windsor).- Zoned; rosy pink truss, extra large and

compact. This beautiful novelty will be found a great advance

either as a bedding or exhibition plant. 5s,
PRINCE OF WALES (Windsor).— Dark zone, flowers rosy salmon ;

extra large and fine shape, good habit ; a first-class variety, 6s.
REGALIA (Geo. Smith), — Foliage slightly zoned, flowers fine ro.=y

scarlet, eye white, of fine form and a pleasing variety ; good

habit, 6s.
RELIANCE (Windsor), — Foliage slightly zoned, flower orange

scarlet, ti-usa and pips large, of good substance, white eye ; in

every respect a first-class variety, 5s,
SALAHIANDER (Windsor). — A zonal variety, flowers bright rosy

salmon, with white eye, a most pleasing and desirable variety, 6s.
WARRIOR (Geo. SmTH).—Fotiage slightly zoned, flowers brilllaut

scarlet, of great size and substance, fine form. This flower will

prove a most valuable addition to its class, 6s.

NEW VARIEGATED GERANIUM.
PRINCESS ALEXANDRA (Geo. Smith).— Fo I lace bright green,
with broad band of pure white, of first-class habit : most attrac-
tive and beautiful ; one of the most effective for ribbon planting
of the silver-edged class ; fine, 10s. 6d. eaoh,
NEW WHITE-FLOWERED IVY-LEAVED GERANIUM.
"L'ELEGANTE" (Cdnninoham). — Foliage bright green, with
broad belt of creamy white, throwing up its numerous white
blossoms, which give it a fine effect. Awarded a First-class Cer-
tificate at the Birmingham Rose Show, also at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, South Kensington. 10s. 6rf. each.
G. S., having made aiTanpements with Mr. Cunningham, Is enabled
to send out this fine Ivy-leavod Geranium, together with the fore-
going novelties, in good plants, after the 24th of April.
Early ordeL-^ are respectfully solicited.
ToUington Nursery, Homsey Road, Islington, London, N.

JOHN "WATEREU has to offer a quantity of veryi'l
handsome AUCUBA JAPONICA, the whole of which arel!|
profusely covered with Berries.

1st Size are Plants 2 feet high, bearing liiO to 200 Berries.
2d Size, I foot C inches, with 100 to 125 Berries.
3d Size, 1 foot, with 40 to 50 Berries.

Price from 10s. Gd. each and upwards.
The American Nursery, Bagsbot, Surrey.

BIRCH, 3 to 5 feet, fine, twice ti-ansplanted,i
45s. per 1000 P

HAZEL, from Spanish Seed, 2 to 3 feet, fine, once trans-*
planted, IS.'f. per 1000 fi

SPANISH CHE.STNUT, 1 to 2 feet, once transplanted, 18s. per lOOOU
HORSE CHESTNUT, 1 foot, once transplanteci, ISs. per 1000 "

Samples sent on application.
T. Jackson & Sos, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W.

THE GOLDEN VARIEGATED WELLINGTONS.
First-class Certificate from Royal Horticultural Society.
For Testimonials, &c., see Gardeners' ClironicU, October G, 18GC ■,
Times, October 7. 1866 ; Scottish Gardener, November, 1866 ■'
Gardeners^ Chronicle, January 12, 186"; "Florist," February, 1807.
LAST YEAR'S PLANTS (a few remaining).
1st Size, very choice, 8 to 12 inches, £6 5s. each.

THIS YEAR-S PLANTS.
2d Size, fine, 4 to 5 inches, £2 2s.
3d Size, nice little bits, 2 to 3 inches, £i Is,
5000 plants are now plunged out-of-doors, in their respective sizeF
they may be safely forwarded during the summer, if desired, and
orders will be executed in strict rotation.

Chrorao-llthographs of the parent tree, by Day and Son (Limited),
on superior cards, 10 inches by 8 inches, very faithful in oui line, but
deficient in representing the glorious colour of the original These
are sent free by post for 26 stamps, and one sent to each Purchaser

It IS intended to exhibit a few of the first size at the approachine
Pans and Manchester Exhibitions.
_ R. Hartland, Tbe Lough Nurserie.g.

General Plant Catalogue, 176 pages, 8vo.

HLAURENTIUS', Leipzig, PRICED CATALOGUE,
• containing Novelties, Beautiful and Rare Plants also
selected Lists of all the favourite Descriptions of fiarden Flowers
offered by the Horticultural Establishment of H. Laorentios,
Leipzig, Germany, can be had post free on application to
Messrs. Betham & Blackith, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames St., London.

Novelties.
\T7M. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
T^yj^m respectfully solicits Orders for the foUowing NEW anrt
FIRST-CLASS PLANTS, which will be ready for delivery in May.

NEW ROSES.
BLACK PRINCE, H. P. (Win. Paul).— Flowers dark crimson, shaded

with black, cupped, large and full. Price 5s. each.
GLOBOSA, H. P. (Wm. Paul).— Flowers clear dark bright crimson,

colour intense and uniform throughout. Price 6s. each.
LADY SUFFIELD, H. P, (Wni. Paul) —Flowers purplish crimson.

colour uniform throughout, the purple tint predominating;

large, full, and of fine form. Price 6s. each.
The best of the NEW FRENCH RO.SES, 3s. Od. each, 30s. per doz.

Older kinds, 9s. to 30s, per doz.

NEW BEDDING GERANIUMS (Beaton's Race),

Any 12 Varieties from this group of IS raay be selected by the
purchaser for £2 2s.
The following NEW ZONALE and HYBRID NOSEGAY
GERANIUMS have been selected from several thousand seedlings
raised from the stock of the late Mr. Donald Beaton. Every one now
offered has been thoroughly tested, and is believed to bo in advance
of. or distinct from, all pre-existing kinds.
AUTOCRAT {Wm. Paul). — Flowers bright orange, verv large, r

decided advance in shape of this colour, blooms fteelv, verj

attractive ; habit good. Price 3s. Gd. each.
BICOLOR (Wm. Paul).- Flowers bluish purple, with spot of fierj

scarlet on top petals ; free, good, and quite unique in colour anc

character. Price 5s. each.
BLUE BELL (Wm. Paul).— Flowers bluish lilac, largo, and of good

shape and truss ; habit fine. A thoroughly distinct and moat

pleasing novelty. Price 6s. each.
CLIO (Wm. Paul),— Flowers rosy purple, \ipper petals scarlet, large

and good form, truss and habit good ; price 3s. Gd. each.
CRIMSON QUEEN (Wm. Paul).— Flowers deep crimson, at once tht

darltest and brightest crimson yet seen in Zonale Pelargoniums,

flowers abundantlv. Price 3s. Gd. each.
CRUSADER (Wm. Paul).— Flowers crimson scarlet, vrith white eye

large and smooth, truss large. Price 6s. each.
DR. HOGG (Wm. Paul).— Flowers purplish rose, tbe colours glowinj

and very beautiful, trusses good and abundant. Under canva;

this novelty appears to resemble Amy Hogg, but is quite distinct

from the latter out of doors. 1 inured in "The Florist" foi

November, 18(i6. Price 5s. ea^ih.
ENCHANTRESS (Wm. Paul).— Fbwers soft purplish crimson, witl

distinct scarlet eye, trusses and habit good, very lovely.

Prii-e 3s, Gd. each.
FIREFLY (Wm. Paul).— Flowers scarlet crimson and orange, with

scarlet eye; habit free and good; distinct and very effective

Price 3s. Gd. each.
GLORY of WALTHaM (Wm, Paul).— Flowers splendid even Bcariet.

dwarf habit, foliage fine, truss large and close. Probably the

finest " Nosegay" Geranium yet raised. Price 3s, Gd. each,
KINGFISHER (Wm. Paul).— Flowers crimson and bluish purple,

magenta eye, very free, distinct and eS'ective, Price 3s. Gd. each.
LILACINUM (Wm, Paul), — Flowers dark bright lilac, splendid

truss, and fine habit, the colom- quite new. Price 6s. each.
MEMNON (Wm. Paul).— Flowers magenta, tmsses good and verj

abundant, habit dwarf This might be called a rosy purple

" Stella." Price 3s. Gd. each,
OMEN (Wm. Paul). —Flowers reddish salmon, splendid truss,

good habit, very free, distinct, and first-rate for bedding.

Price 3s, fid. each.
PURPLE QUEEN (Wm. Paul).— In the way of Amy Hogg as tc

habit and character of truss and fiower, but of a totally diflferent

coloar— dark rosv pm-ple. Price 6s. each.
TROUBADOUR (Wm. Paul). — Flowers rosy purple, fine shape.

magnificent under glass. Price 6s. each.
VILLAGE MAID (Wm. Paul), — Flowei's bright deep pink, with

clear white blotch iu the centre of the upper petals, the colours

being well separated or defined ; habit dwarf and compact; very

beautiful. Price 5s. each.
WALTHAM NOSEGAY (Wm. Paul)— Flowers carmine, trusses oi

good size and abundant; highly recommended for the effect it

produces in the flower garden. Price 3s, Qd. each.
GOLD-LEAVED VARIETIES,
The following varieties are the result of a cross between Beaton's
race and the ordinary gold-leaved kinds, whereby has been obtained
the free growth and leafy character of the former, properties
invaluable for bedding purposes.
JASON (Wm. Paul),— Flowers blood crimson, trusses large, round,

and compact, leaves pure golden vellow, habit dwarf and free ;

the plant densely clothed with fine foliage. The association ol

yellow leaves and blood crimson flowers, both (reely produced, is,

in this plant, very fascinating. Price 7s. Gd. each.
WAliTHAM GEM (Wm. Paul). — Flowers very light red, colour

distinct and peculiarly pleasing, white eye; leaves yellow, with

very faint zone. A beautiful novelty of dwarf compact habit.

Price 7s. Gd. each.

STANDARD ZONALE GERANIUMS, k

Scarlet, rose, white, &c., 5s. to 10s. Gd. each, I

STANDARD, VARIEGATED, and TRICOLOR-LEAVED |

GERANIUMS, 7s, 6d. to 15s. each, 1

GERANIUM REBECCA,— Cherry colom-, 2ls, per doz, 'i

„ NIMROD.— Orange scarlet, 21s. per doz. \

„ ST. GEORGE.— Dark chestnut, 16s. per doz. f

„ MRS. POLLOCK, 6s. to Os. per doz, I

„ SUNSET, 18s. per doz. *

„ ITALIA UNITA, 21s, per doz,

HOLLYHOCKS, — A fine collection of Hollyhocks by name and

well varied in colour, 12s. to 42s. per dozen.
NEW AUCURAS.— The 10 best sorts for £2 lOs.
NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN, — Good plants in pots,

6s. to 7s. Gd. each.
GRAPE VINES.— Planting canes, 3s. Gd. to 6s. each. Fruiting

canes, 7s. 6rf, to 16s, each,
LILIUM A URATUM.— Flowering bulbs, 2s. Gd. to lOs. 6d. each;

12s, to COS. the half dozen.
RAPHANOS CAUDATCS, Is, to 2ff, Gd. per packet.

Padl'b Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

Apeil 20, 18G7.]

THE CtAET)ENE?>S' OMONICLE AND AGKTCULTimAL OAP^ETTE.

399

THE QUEEN.

HAVING PUBLICLY REQUESTED THE NAMES UNDER WHICH MY

NEW WHITE RHODODENDRON

Hns Vcn lieforo nflVrnl to llip Piililif. 1 Iciirn tliat (Iicy tiro Lniln dmUfrt, Iiir/ivimii, fflaiidixh's rerfedion, mi
Madame Carrallw. I li>i\o flowcrcd THE QUEEN siiU^ Vy side with all four liiiiils, and unlicsitatiiigly say it is
SK»«-lV»- and totally diirorctit to oitlicr. I now challenge the nssiTlions, and ask the authors if they cr(M produce
THE QUEEN. I (five thcra a /rifr^eM, viz., the range of the world to select from.

CHARLES NOBLE, BAG.SHOT.

TRICOLORED PELARGONIUM, QUEEN VICTORIA.

S. PEEKINS & SONS

BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THIS

SPLENDID VARIETY WILL BE SENT OUT THE FIRST WEEK IN MAY NEXT

at 21s. each.

Le.if margin deep golden yellow, with rich broad zone of maroon, interspersed with fiery scarlet, deep olive
green centre. The habit being hee and short joiuted, and the leaves not liable to damp at the edges, it will be found
the best Bedding- variety yet offered.

Wai awarded a First-class Ccrlifieate hy the Soyal Botanic Society on April 13, 1867.

PARK NURSERY, COVENTRY.

KEYE'S EARLY PROLIFIC TOMATO.

A new American vnriety, 30 days earlier than any other. Plant dwarf, compact and vigorous, producing
immense crops. Tomatoes of medium size, round, brilliant red, quite smooth and free from ribs, perfectly solid, and
of the most excellent flavour. They are produced in large clusters of 10 to 20 each, with from 7 to 20 clusters on
each Vine, and ripen up together, so that the main crop is ripe and ready for market 30 days earlier than any other
kind. The foliage has no odour. The Early Prolific is the most distinct and valuable Tomato yet produced.

Price per Packet, Is., forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps.

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.

Frice to the Trade on application.

rm^

'AM

GRASS SEEDS,
AGRICULTURAL SEEDS,

( CORNER of fa?l STREET.^

Trade Mark.

KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS,
FLOWER SEEDS.

Catalogues forwarded post free to any address on application.

NEW PLANTS FOR THE PRESENT SEASON.

B. S. WILLIAMS,

YICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLO WAY, LONDON, N.,

IS ENABLED TO OFFER TO THE PUBLIC

THE FOLLOWING NEW PLANTS AND VARIETIES.

They each possess some special merit, which will be aeen by the truthful descriptions of them given below.
Good Plants will he ready for sending out on the \st of May, and early Ordrrs are respectfully solicited.

Amaryllis Albertii, fl.-pL

This plant was found in the Island of Cuba bv the son of Mr. Albert
f ^k'"' °^ L^lP^ic- If- 's believed not to be indigenous to the Island
Of Cuba, but to have been cultivated in a garden there where it
was fli^t noticed. The strong bulba Jiro 2 inches in diameter, and
BDoot forth in abundance. The leaves are of a lively green, measur-
ing U foot in length, and 2 inches in width. In February and March
the stems rise to the heiglit of more ihan 1 foot, always bearing two
Bowers, which are of a reddish orange, t-nted with carmine and pale
yellow at the base; each flower is not less than 6 inches in diameter.
Price 31s. Orf. each.

Azalea Andersonii.

The finest Azaleal ever offered, cither as a garden Eeedling or
'continental variety. Colour of flower a beautiful rich rosy carmine,
shaaed with purple ; deeply marked on the upper segments. The
whole flower perfectly round, smooth, and of great substance ;
meaium size ; habit good and verv free in flowering. Will bo a
Bplendid variety for an exhibition specimen.
Price 2U. each.

Aucuba luteo-carpa.

Llffht green leaf, splashed with yellow, 6 inches long by 3 to 4 inches

^"^i • I'^^'y de'Jtated. This variety, as its name implies, produces

yellow hemes in great orofusion, and of a large oval size : making

a handsome contrast to Che scarlet-berried kinds.

Price 2\s. each.

Calceolaria HoUoway Rival.

Colour deep orange, shaded with intense purple ; margined with
yellow; distinctly spotted; good robust habit; free flowerer, and
producea largo trusses. ExcelleDt for put culture.
Price 63. each.

Fuchsia Golden Uueen.

r^J^^v^^ about 3 inches long by 2 broad ; light gi-een, margined with
gold, beautifully tinted with red ; free branchin;,' habit ; flowers deep
PUiK -Bepals, pure white corolla. The great beauty of this variety
consists in the unique and peculiar variegation of its foliage.
Price Vda. Cd. each.

J SCOTT'S CHOICE SEEDS.
• Post Free. Per Packet.

PRIMULA .SINENSIS l-'IMKRIATA.-A most euporb strain, and

cannot bo Hurpaflsed, 8 varlotlCH, mixed, \h. Qd. and 2h. (kl,
CALCE()LAIIIA.— Scotfa superb Btraln, extra, 1-*. and '.dn. Qil.
CINIOHARIA.— Extm fine, carefully hybridized, In. and a«. 6d.

AIho nowoHt Perfection French AHTKR, for oxhibiLlon, greatoBt
variety, 0((. and U.: best German Quilled ASTER, iid. and la.-
Now Victorlft ASTER, Ovarfl., mixed, la. ■ Dwarf Ctirysanthumuni H.
Aster, ed. aud In. ; Newest Gorman STOCKS, greateht vaiiuty,
(trf. and Ih. ■ New Sti-i pod- leaved Japanese MAIZE, Ix. ; Choice
PHLOX DRUMMONDII, 12 vara., mixed, U. • dn., moBt brtUliint
Scarlet, In. ; Iiiviuciblo Scarlet SWEET PEAS, 1«. ; TiigotOB
slgnata, Gd ; Viola cornuta. Mauve or Purple tiueen, l». ; superb
Double Z innia, (Id. and in. : extra fine Single do., tid.

HcitTT's Suiiorb Dwarf Crimson liEET, suitable for ribbon hordern
in kitchen garden, the best grown. Or/.; CUCUMBK.R, Enflold
Surpriao, frame, Is. ; do. Scott's Market Ri'lge, «(/. ; Molvllle's
Variogitod KALE, iid.; Victoria New White COS LETTUCE, U. ;
Princess Alice MELON, U. ; Raphanus caudatua, or Kafa-tall
Radish, ]«.

Enr descriptions ol the above cheap CoUcctlona, ttc, see
SELECT SEhD LIST, post free on appllaitlon to

J. Scott, The Seed Stores, i'oovil, Somerset.

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOSrAS SAMPSOiN, 'Ihc I'reston Koad Nurseries,
Yeovil, Somerset, begs to Intimate that hi-^ CATALOGUE Of
SKEDS for the GARDEN aud FARM is now ready, and can bo
obtained free on application. It contaiua a Select and Choice Stock,
everything being oi the best quality, and are offered at unequalled
low prices.

Gymnogramma Parsonsii.

A beautiful golden form of G. Wetenhalliana, with fronds from
6 to 9 inches long, divided and subdivided, forming large tassels at
the enda of each. The compact form of its growth gives it an
entirely distinct appearance from any other variety.
Price '2ls each.

Hibiscus metallicus.

Introduced from one of the New Hebrides group of Islands. A
compact-growing ami distinct looking shrub, with Imear-lanceolate
leaves about i; inL;hes long, changing from copper colour when young
to a lighter green ; beautifully netted when grown to full size Its
flowers are purplwh crimson, changing to a deep lake. It flowers
during the winter on very young plants, therefore is a valuable
acquisition. Price 10s. Gd. each.

Bouble Pelargonium Theophrasta fl.-pl.

Colour more defliiod than in the original typo ; the upper petals a
nch vermilion, with c-irnime rays proceeding from the centre; habit
vigorous, throwing up magniljcent trusses; invaluable for market,
and foremg lor flower eariy In the spring.

Price '31s. (id. each.

Polystichura ordinatum.

Han dsome-gro winy greenhouse Fern ; fronds from 1 to 2 feet long,
of graceful givwth, entirely ditforent from any other variety of the
species. Pmnre bipinnate and pruttily arranged.
Price lOs. ijd. each.

Tinnea sethiopica, Violet-scented Tinnea.

It is micertain who was the first discoverer of this plant, for it was
ftimid by Dr. Kirk during Dr. Livingstone's exploration of the
Zamhesl River ; by Captain Grant, during hia journey with the
lamented Captain Speke to the upper waters of the Nile ; and by
Mdilii. Tiune during her journey up the Nile; though we owe to
Mdlle. liune the introduction of the plant, which is named in honour
of bor. It IS a warm greenhouse plant, and is remarkable for the
maroon-purple colour of its flower, and for possessing the delicious
perfume of Violets. It grows to the height of 6 or 0 feet, forming a
o^sh. Price 7s. (id. each.

Choice Seeds, free by Post.

BS. "WILLIAMS' GENERAL PRICED
• CATALOGUE of FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS
forwarded free to any address. It contains, in addition to the best
of the established and indispensable varieties of Vegetable Seeds,
the following new kinds :—

The ORANGEFIELD DWARF PROLIFIC TOMATO, 2s. per
packet,

WILLIAMS'S "ALEXANDER BROCCOLI " 2s, 6d. per packet.

WILLIAMS'S MATCHLESS RED CELERY, Is. per packet.

DIGSWELL PUIZE ENDIVE, Is. per packet.

NUNEHAM PARK ONION. 2s. Gd. per packet.

RAPHANUS CAUDATUS (the wonderful Radish), la. per packet.
Also the following well-known stiuins of FLORISTS' FLOWERS :—

WILLIAMS'S superb strain of PRIMULA, Red, White, or
Mixed, 2s. Gd., 3s. Gd., and 6s. per packet.

WILLIAMS'S superb strain of CAMELLIA- FLOWERED
BALSAM, the flnost in England, Is. and 25. Gd. per packet.

JAMES'S CALCEOLARIA, 2.f. 0<^. 3s. Gd., and 5s. per packet.

WEATHEKALL'S extra choice CINERARIA, 3s. Gd. and 68. per
packet.

A full description of each of the above will be found in the
Catalogue. All packets of seed free by post.

LILIUM AUKATUM, a largo importation. Strong Bulbs, 39. 6rf.,
6s., and 7s. Gd. each.

GLADIOLI, English-grown Seedlings, splendid assortment, 8s.
per dozen, 6Us. per 100. Named varieties, 6s., 8s., and 12s. per dozen.
Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway.London, N.

THE " COLDSTREAM EARLY " POTATO, which
received a First-class Certificate at the International Horticul-
tural Exhibition at South Kensington, is the Earliest and Best
round Potato in cultivation. 6s. 6t/, per peck; ISs. per bushel,
including bags. Trade price on application.

Apply to Hooo & Wood, Coldstream, N.B.

c

H 0 I C

Per pkt.-
Broccoll, Snow's Imperial

Winter
Albert Sprouts
Cauliflower, Early Erfurt. .
Celery, Manchesttir

Champion Red
Cucumber, Smith's Fine

Frame

Cucumber, Telegr.aph
Leek, Henry's Prize
Endive, Digswell Prize ..
Onion, Nuneham Park
Parsley, extra fine curled . .
Raphanus caudatus (new

long-podded Radish)
Custard Marrow
Melon, Malvern Hall
Tomato de Layo
CauliLlower, The Mammoth
Richard SMixn,

E

Post
-s. d.

0 G
0 G

SEEDS.
Free.

Per pkt.— s. d.
Moore's Vegetable Crtam U
Beet, Perpetual Spinach . . "
„ Nutting's Superb

Red

Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom

Thumb 0

Radish, French Breakfast 0
Aster, Trutfaut's Superb

French, 12 vars. mixed . . 1
Aster, Victoria, G vars.

mix.ed 1

Stock, improved large-
flowering, 12va!-s. mixed. 1
Balsam, Cn me 11 la-flower etl,

6 var. mixed , . . . 1

Balsam, Uose-flowered, 8 vars.

mixed 1

Phlox Diiimmondii, 12
splendid varieties .. 1

Merchant, Worcester.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

New Dwarf Sprouting Ulm Savoy.

STUART AND MEIN. KeUo, ^.B., have much pleasure
in sending-out the above valu.able acquisition. The heads can
be cut f.T eariy use, aud the eproutings are invaluable in spring when
vegetables are scarce. In most seasons the spvoutings are fit for use
until Mav. Heads ofthe Dwarf Sprouting Ulm Savoyand the ordinaiy
Brussels Sprouts grown along-side of each other were forwarded to
the Editors of tho Gar dcTiers' Otronicle. The following is tiieir opinion
(see No. for 6th April):— "The lirussels bprouts sent are 'run' and
wholly worthless, while the Sprouts on the Savoy aie numerous, large
firm, and excellent."

S. 4 M. have a limited number of packets on hand, price Is. Gd, per
packet, free by post on receipt of stamps.

StcabtA Mein, Seed Warehouse, Kelso. H.B.

to Market Gardeners, Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and

Others.

RICHARD WALKER, Seed Grower and Market
Gardener, has loft lOO.OUO extra fine young CABBAGE PLANTS,
Green, 43 per 1000, no finer stock m England; Red, extra line, (is.
per ICOO ; WHITE SPANISH ONION SEED, Is. Sd. per lb ; KOHL
RABI SEED, Is. per lb. The Seed being home-giown is new, and
can be recommended. Terms, Cash.

I Biggleswade, Beds.

Sutton's Mammoth Long Mangels.

MESSRS. SUTTUN are now prepared to execute
Orders for New Seed of the above improved varieties of
LONG RED and LONG YELLOW MANGEL at Is. Hci. per lb..
or cheaper by the cwt, Messrs. Sctton took the 1st prize for
MANGEL WURZEL at the Birmingham Show in 1805 with these
varieties, which are thus referred to in the Times of Dec. 4, IseS: —

"There is a remarkably flne show of Roots. Messrs. Sctton'sSix
Mangels weigh 21'^ lb."

PRICED LISTS, gratis, and Post free.
Sctton ft Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

New Mangel Wurzel Seed.

HAND F. SHATIPE have the following- Varieties,
• raised last season on their own Seed Farm from fine selected
Bulbs, which they can offer to the Trade at Low Prices, to be had
on application : —

SHARPE'S SELECTED ORANGE GLOBE.
FISHER HOBBS' ORANGE GLOBE.
LARGE YELLOW GLOBE.
ELVETHAM LONG RED.
SELECTED LONG YELLOW.
SELECTED RKD GLOBE.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

New Turnip Seeds.

HAND F. SHAUPE offer the following varieties to
• tho Trade at low Pi-ices. They are all of 1866 growth, raised
from the finest .selected Stocks :—

SHARPF/S IMPROVED PURPLE-TOP SWEDE.
SKIKVlNtrs •■ KING ot the SWEDES."

iMri'.ovK!) <;khen top swede.

LINCOLNSHIRE RED GLOBE.
IMPKOVKI) GREEN NORFOLK.
DEVONSHIRE GREY STONE.
And many other Yellow and White-fleshed sorts. Prices may bo
had on application. Seed-growing Establishment, Wisbech.

400

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeii, 20, 1867.

GIANT ASPAKAGUS PLANTS,
the best that money can procure, 2s. Gd. per 100. — Thia
delicious vegetable dooa not require half tho expense usually
incurred in phmtinp: it.

See RICJiARD SMITH'S SEED LIST for 1807.
RicHAUD Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

RATNBIED, OALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DUWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
CoRW, Seed, Manure, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.G. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
Tor Wheat ; 1662. Ibr '■ Kxcellci.t Seed Corn and Seeds."

Carter's Genuine Seeds.

CARTER'S SELECT LIST of GENUINE FARM
SEEDS, at mo'ierate prices, is now ready, and may be had post
tree on applicaiion to

Cahter'3 Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High
Holborn, London, W.C.

Present Prices of Best Clover Seeds.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply the above at the
following prices, carefully cleaned, and free from Dodder and
other weeds : —

nT,^»^ Perlb.— s. d. I Per lb.— s. d.

BROAD RED . . lOrf. to I 0 YELLOW TREFOIL, 5d. to 0 0
WHITE or DUTCH !.<;. 2(f. „ 1 4 COW GRASS . . Is. 2d 1 C
PERENNIAL WHITE . . 1 (J I ALSIKE . . . . 2s. " 2 8
Samples and lowest price per cwt. sent on application.

Ordinary qualities may be had cheaper.
All giods Carriage Free (except very siuall parcels).
Five per cent, allowed for cash payment.
Spttos & Sqss, Seed Growers, Readlnp.

AUantus Silkworm Culture.

HENRY MAY has the pleasure to announce to the
public that he hiis been appointed AGENT hy Lady Dorothy
Neviil tor the SALE of the AILANTUS SILKWORMS' EGGS.
H. M, will be happy to receive orders now to supply the Eggs free
of expense, about the end of May, at 5s. per 100. A great reduction
If 500 or 1000 are taken. H. M. fl.-i.tters himself that this culture will
prove a great source of amusement, instmction, and profit to
thousands, and perhaps one day a great national benefit as it is now
in Iialy and France. The AILANTUS GLANDULOSUS can be
growD in any soil, and requires no particular troiitnient. H. May
basa large Stock of Trees, which should be planted during April
and early May, before the leaves expand. Price for Trees L'yeais'
Seedling and 2 years' transplanted, 2os. per 100; strot.ger trees in

Sroportion. Instructions on the SILKWORM CULTURE, by Lady
loBOTBY Netill, Can be procured at 162, Fleet St., London, price Is.
Address Henry May. The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Yorkshire.

IpIBROUS PEAT of tirst-elass quality for Orchids,
Heaths, American Plants, and all potting purposes, may be
obtained by application to Mr. Thomas Jessop, Farnlngham Wood
near Faminghara Station, Kent. It is despatched by the London'
Chatham, and Dover Railway in trucks of 16 vards, about 6 tons to
most Stations in the Kingdom, or fetched in carts from the wood
It i3 extensively used and appreciated in the principal Nurseries and
in the Royal Parks and Gardens. Price 6a. per cubic yard at
Famingbaui Station.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^^ la becoming soaroe, tho
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 25., 10 for
16s., 2 for 30a., 50 for 663., 100
for £6.

^ Fourpence allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-offlce
Order, payable to J. Barsham i
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

GENUINE TOBACCO PAPER, lOd. per lb.
Terras Cash.
W. DonosoN, Jackson & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers, 29, Lady
Lane, Leeds.

OOLL TOBACCO CLOTH.— The cheapest and best
J~ \} article for Smoking Greenhouses and destroying tbe Fly ; equal
to Tobacco in strength, is. -id. per \t. ; over 10 lb.. Is. Id

Joseph Bak,er, 10, Gough Square, Fleet Street, E.G.

Poat Office Orders payable Fleet Street.

^~~~~~ /4.ISHURST

VJ COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1859, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green Fly, and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, ,and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supei-sede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, In
boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6d.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY"

(Limited)

Plagues of tlie Garden.

SIMPLE and SAFE REMEDY. — By using the
APHIS WASH, these pests of the garden, toEether with
Ants, Scale, Caterpillars, Slugs, Earwigs, kc, are immediately
destroyed. Leaves no strain, but strengthens the Trees or Plants.

"At the first ojjportunity paint the trees with a solution of
•Aphis Wash,' prepared at the City Soap Works : it not only
destroys the Brown Aphis which Infests Peach Trees, but also Scale,
and every other pest capable of lodging ia the bark." — Extract from
Oardeners' Magasine, JanuaiT 5, 18C7.

"For strengthening the growth and effectually dastroying all
forms of blight, the 'Aphis wash' supersedes every other prepara-
tion."—See Gardeners' Chronicle, August 19, 1865; and Gardeners"
Jilagazine, July 1, 1865.

Sold by Chemists and others, in Is. bottles, and 23. Qd. a gallon,
with full directions for use.

Wholesale at the City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.G.

BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA, for the Destruction of
Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, &c., on Stove and Green-
house Plants, Fruit Trees, Vines, &c. In bottles, with full instruc-
tions for application, price 3s. Qd., 6s., and 10s. 6d.

James Carteh & Co, beg leave to .state that the present time Is most
suitable for applying the above genuine Specific before the com-
mencement 01 the growing season, thereby preventing the rapid
increase of the above pests which would otherwise take place. The
infallible properties of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becoming fully recognised, J. C. & Co. having already sold nearly
2000 bottles since its first introduction in the spring of 1866.
Numerous testimonialshavsbeen received, and not a single complaint
of its inefficiency.

Sole Agents, James Carter & Co., 237 and 238, High Holborn, W.C.
*♦* The Trade supplied on liberal terms.

By Royal Letters Patent.

TOBACCO TISSUE for FUMIGATING GREEN-
HOUSES.—This article, which is made from Tobacco, and Is
entirely free from any paper or rag, is acknowledged by all those
who have used it, to be the most effectual remedy for Destroying
Insect Life in Greenhouoes, and will bum without the assistance of
blowmg. Price 3s. 6d. per lb., carriage free. — To be had of
Messrs. Kuberts & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers, 112, St. John's
Street, Clerkenwell, E.C. ; and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

B

Hot-water Pipes, with Elbows and Connections,

SUPPLIED HY

URT ANU POLLARD.

Contracts and Estimates given fop.
WARMING PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

Latest Improvements in
HEATING by HOT WATER.
The Improved
CONICAL BOILERS,
For Heating Pineries, Conservatories,
Greenhouses, Mansions, Halls, Ware-
houses, &c.

Solely Manufactured by

BpRY & I'OLLARD.

These Boilers are adapted for setting
m Brickwork, or annexed Sketch
bliows Bury & Pollard's improved
iirrangenient, requiring

NO BRICKWORK SETTING.
These Boilers have for their dura"
bility and economy attained a cele-
brity far surpassing any other Boilers
ever invented. They have been for
many years p 'St in use at many Puhlic
Establishments, Royiil Botanical Gar-
dens at Kew, at the Regent's Park,
the Crj-sta! Palace, and at most of the
Nobility's and Gentry's Seats through-
out the United Kingdom. Rotereuces where they have been for
20 years in constant use.

Price Lists on application to Bcrt & Pollard, Park Iron Works,
IT, New Park Street, Southwark, London, S.E.

"OTHOUSES for the MILLION,

Invented by the late
SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.
Manufactories: London, Newton in Cartrael
[ (Lanca-shire), Gloucester, Coventry, Aberdeen,
11 and Paisley only.

/ Illustrated Circulars, with revised List of
Prices, will be sent on prepaid application to
Messrs. Herkman &. Morton, Head Office,
7, Pall Mall East, London. S W

XT OT- WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
-LO. fixed complete in any part of tho country, or the materials!
VIZ., Boilers, Pipes, &c., delivered to any Station. ^

Estimates on application.
J. Jones & Sows, 6. Bankside. Southwark, London, S.E.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31, Ban! side, London, S E

HOT WATER PIPES, trum StocK, per yard :-2-lnch. Is 2d
3-inch,ls. Hid. ; and 4-inch, 2s. id. BErJDS.fromStock ls6d 2s M
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s. 13s!?and & each Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of first-cla^ manu
fcT^. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended S,
une s^ime uay.

By Her Majesty's Royal Letters Patent.

/-CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for

Vy HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Glazing wicnout Putty."

" Glass without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Lights."

Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South

Kensington.

TERMINAL SADDLE BOILER,

with Hollow Bare, proves itself to be equal to any form now
m use for economy and power ; while the SimuMcity of its Cos!,truc-
tion gives It the advaotage over all others. See Testimonials.
J. Ireland, Edward Street, Broughton Lane, Manchester.

c

20

OTTAM AND COMPANY,

CoNSERVATORv and Hothouse Builders, &c., '
Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W
SADDLE BOILERS.

24

30 inches long.
45fi, G5s. 92s. 6rf. each.

HOT-WATER PIPES.
234 inch.
Is. Gd. 2s. Id. 2s. Qd. per vard.
Materials supplied as above
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to
Cottam ic Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street.
opposite the Pantheon),
0.xlbrd Street, London, W.

COIL CAST.

=sgj

HOT WATER APPARATUS

OUCUMBER and MELON BOXES. — Two Hundred
\~y 1,2. and 3-hght Boxes and Lights of all sizes, made of best
seasoned materials, glazed and p;iinted, complete, ready f. r
immediate use. packed and sent to all parts of the kingdom.
Jas. Watts, 353, Old Kent Roa'i, S.E.

Plana and Estimates fi-eo on application. Descriptive Book fuUy
illus'rated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Architect, Birmmgham.

Works : Highgate Street, Birmlneham.
Hknrt J. Growtaqe, Manager, 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Cnnatruction and
Apniicatiou of WROUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildings

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmospheric conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MED.<VL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arrani^ement.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailing result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
improved system,

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the gi'owth of first,-c]ass fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

Tho above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty.

These Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent,
and from the complete adjustment of their constructional parts will
vie most favourably with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Dennis & A. Scrubt, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

UMOKY CHIMNEYS.— The best cure is

^^ the PATENT ALBERT CHIMNEY CAP.
300 on Buckingham Palace ; 80 on Windsor Castle ;
100 on St. James's Palace ; 120 on Claremont Paluce;
230 on the Western Heights Barracks, Dover; and
hundreds also on the Halls and Mansions of the
Nobility, Public Buildings, &c.

Price, Painted Wrought Iron, 25s. each ; Galvanised
ditto. 30s. each.

James Bartov, Iron Works and Patent Stable
Fitting Manufactory, 370. 0.^ord Street, W.

By Royal Letters Patent,

WELLS'S PORTABLE GROUND VINERY, for
Growing and Ripening Grapes without Artificial Heat.
Awarded a Silver Medal at the International Exposition of
Horticulture, held at Nice, April, 1S65.

Drawings and Instructions can be had of the Patentee,
Steam Works 24, Bouverie Street, London, E.G.
Agents : — B. J. Edwards, 25, Bishopsgate Street Within, E.G.
J. R. Tanton, Epsom, Surrey.
Drummond Brothers, 52, George Street, Edinburgh.

GAEDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great
variety of patterns and material, the plainer sorts being
especially smted for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as rio "grown" iSdgings, conse*
quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, ftc., In
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosHER, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, K. ; Queen's itoad West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland,N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLEY^S PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Tmde supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corridors, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stone, m blue, rod, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Ijinhig Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosher, at their Premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — 14s. per Ton, or Is, 3d. per Bushel ; 25. per Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. & G. RoSHEB, — Addresses see above.

N B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

Apbil 20, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

401

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

PATENT LAWN MOWING and ROLLING MACHINES.

EVEKY MACHINE WARRANTED.

TO BE OBTAINED OF

\ORNTS

TAYLOR AND

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS. BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE TOUNTNEY LANE, E.C.
-Messrs TANGYE BROTHEHS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO, Londou Bridge; Messrs. DRA'V,
CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, i'leut Street, E.C. ; and aU respectable Seedsmen and IronmongerB throughout the Kmgdoin.

JOHN WAENEE & SONS,

BRASS & BELL FOUNDERS

TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDBAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.

J W. AND SONS' GOODS MAY BE OBTAINED OF THE TRADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES :—
No. 35. '^"- ■•'-■

35. WARNERS' PATENT CAST-IRON ftW ; No. 42. WARNERS' PORTABLE PUMPS,

I With Improved Valves for Liquid Manure . . . . £2 15 0

2-in. Flexible Rublinr Suction Pipe, in 10, 12, and 15 ft. lengths, per foot, 2s. 5d.

LIFT PUMPS.

2t inches diameter
3i „

. . £1 8 6
..210
..260
.. 2 U 0

SHORT-BARREL DITTO,

FOR SINKS, PLANT HOUSES, fie.
No 37.— 2i ins. diameter ..£110
Ditto, with 15 ffet of li-iu. lead Suction
Pipe altUL'hed, £2.

WARNERS' (No. 568i) AMERICAN
GARDEN ENGINE,

OR FIRE ANNIHILATOR,

Is compute in itself, or can be used to
draw from a Pond or Tank, price £2 2^.

6 ft. Suction Pipe and Rose, extra, 125.

WARNERS' AQUAJECT.

Useful for every variety of purpose, in Watering
or Washing Flowers or Tribes in Gardens, Conser-
vatoiies, &c. ; also for Washing Carriages or
Windows, Laying Dust, &c.

Price, complete £1 10 0

Small Size for the hand, as an ordinary Syringe, 18s.

WARNEBb (A > o4, i) CiARDEN ENGINE.

HOLDS SIX GALLONS.
Is light, portable, and easily worked by a lady or chill, p-ice £2 10s.

Letter to T/ie Times, July 23, 1S66.

FROM EARI, ESSEX.

A Real Fire Extinguislier.

To the Editor of" The Times."

.< Sir —I feel aura vou will kindlv allot a sm^U soiice in tlie Timt^ to those few lines, as the
best medium through which i woiilU urge every li..useholiler who UreiKls file to have on euch
Hoor of iiis hoiise one or more smiUlGarden or other Engines on whoeio, always charged and in
cood order, in case of fire. , . , ,, . ..^

"List night just as I was going to bed, I was stiirMed by that most tearful of all cries. 'Fire,
firef 1 soon learned that > fire wa.s ragmg in a larue two-wiud..wed unoccupied bedroom.
How caused is to us all a great mystery. It is my custom to lieop one of these small Engines
on each floor In two minutes I was in the room with oi.e of them. U was like a furnace.
The curtains shutters, casements, and cornices of both windows were burulng and cracking
from floor to ceiling. I was quite alone at the uioiuent. yet before assi!.tance arrired (most
of the servants having gone to bed), I tiad completely subdued the tire of one window without
eiihausting the Engine, and when assisfcanceand mure water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other So fierce was the lire that the lead of the casements was melted, and the casements
themselves were burnt off their hinges. Twill only add, that by God's mercy, the house was
saved by this small Engine. Had it not been at hand and In order, most assuredly Cas,siotau-y
would be now a heap of ruins.— Yours faithfully, , JLbbliA..

"Cassiobury, Watford, July 20. ... ,.

"The Engine, even when full, runs so light on the floor, that any woman might draw It,
and also work it."

WARNERS' GARDEN ENGINES,

WITH REGISTERED 8PBEADEHS.
These Engines are much improved in construction, are less likely to
get out of order, and more easily rep<aired than others.

No. 517. Best ENGINES, in Wood Tubs.
2i Gallons . . £6 10 0 I 14 Gallons . . £5 10 0

No. 547a. Strong

10 Gallons
16 Gallons

ENGINES, in Galvanized Iron Tubs, well
painted inside and out.

£2 19 0 I 24 Gallons . . £4 19 0

3 14 0 28 Gallons . . 5 10 0

579^. WARNERS' WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time in Watering with the Water Pot.
Made of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 13 inches high
„ 30 „ „ 20

„ 38 „ ,, 24 „

„ 60» „ „ 24

£2 2 0

2 13 0

3 17 0
5 12 0

No. 647, in Wood. 647i, in Iron Tub.

• This is an extra strong article, with cross handle tor two men, smtable for
Nursery Grounds, &c.

No. bn\.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &c.

.^g" Estimates for any description of Bydratilic Machinery Jonvarded ok application.

402

THE GARDENEES' CHEONICLE iND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apbil 20, 1867.

L ILIUM ATJRATUM. —

Large Consi^ment just received, 2,1. 6rf., 3s. 6d.. 5s. 6tr., and
Is. Id. per Root. Extra large selected Bulbs, 10s. 6c!., 123. Gd., 15s.,
anrt 21s.

Barr & ScGDFN, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

GLADIOLI B0LBS,

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2s. Grf., 3s. 6d., 5s. 6d., 7s. 6(1., Os., and 12s. per dozen.
10s. Gd., 15s., 21s., 26s. to 100s. per 100.
BARR&SDonEN. Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covcnt Garden, W.C.

GLADIOLI. — Collections containing: all the finest
varieties in cultivation, many new, and offered for the first
time. 106s. 63s., 42s., 30s., 25s.. 20s., 15s.. 12s. BRENCHLETENSIS,
the most showy of all, extra strong roots, 3s. per doz., 20s. per 100.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LISTS free on application,
BpTLER. McCuLLOca & Co. South Row. Covent Garden, W.C.

PANSY SEED.— Saved from the very finest Show
Flowers, by an amateur who gained upwards of 20 Prizes last
season at the Exhibitions of GI.iskow, Kilmarnock, &c. Confidently
recommended as perhaps the finest Pansy Seed ever oflered to the
Public ; Is. and 2s. Gd. per packet.

ANTIRRHINUM, from splendid varieties, Gd. and Is.
DreghorniS AiTKEN, Kilmamock, N.B.

M

Plants In Bloom.

ERSTiS. F. AND A. SMITH offi v the followina; :—

APHELEXIS, AZALEAS, ACACIAS, CINERARIAS,
CYTISns, GERANIUMS. HEATHS, STOCKS, MIGNONETTE,
&c., &c. Prices on aPDiication.

BEDDING PLANTS in larco quantities. LISTS on application.
The Nurseiiea, Dnlwich, Surrey.

Lobelias, Lobelias, Lobelias.

rPHOMAS SAMPSON is now ready to supply by the
-1- Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand, the splendid LOBELIA
ERINUS SPECIOSA GRANPIFLORA, well knon-n as the best ol
its class for Bedding and other purposes, being of a compact
habit, and of freer growth than the known L. speciosa, having
proved it to be more lasting and hardy. The flowers are large dark
blue, with fine white eye. Per dozen, in store pots, 23. ; per
100, 8s. ; lier 1000, 80s.

Peter Drumjiond, Manager, The Preston Road Nurseries, Yeovil,
Somorsetshu'e.

PLANTS FOE THE SEASON
£. s. d.

12 Finest New DAHLIAS of 18G6 0 9 0

12 „ „ F0CHSIAS of 1860 0 0 0

12 „ „ VERBENAS of I8B6 0 4 0

30 „ „ VERBENAS of 1800 0 9 0

12 „ „ CHRTSANTHEMnMS .. ..080

12 „ „ Shrubbv CALCEOLARIAS, one each 0 6 0

I 12 „ „ PENTSTEMONS 0 9 0

12 Suierb New HOLLYHOCKS 3 3 0

J2Fit!e kinds „ 14 0

12 Good kind? „ 0 12 0

12 Bfst Now BEDDING GERANIUMS .. ..090
BEDDING PLANTS in large ciuantities, cheap and good.
CATALOGUE now ready .and free.
Henry May, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale.

^UCUBAS, FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

6 Varieties AUCDBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.
12 Select NEW FUCHSIAS of 18i:0 for 6s.
12 Select NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1880 for 6s.

6 Select DOUBLE MIMULUS for 3.<.
12 Select CHRYSANTHEMUMS of ISOG for 4s.
12 Varieties JAPAN EUON YMUS, v^rv fine. Os.
12 fine Varieties DWARF PERPETUAL ROSES, 6s.

3 Varieties NEW JAPAN OSMANTHUS, quite hardv, 5.s.
NEW WHITE LOBELIA MISS MURPHY, 4s. per dozen.
B. W. ENianr, Nurseryman, Battle, Susses.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.
TNTENDING PURCHASEHS of TRICOLOR

L PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WAT.SON and MRS. DIX, previous to making thair
purchases. For fine foliage, excellent constitution, free growth, and
brilliancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
It'irst-class Certificates. Plants of Miss Watson in August, £2 2s. each:
Mrs. Dix in May, 1868, 31s. Gd. each.

N

EW IVY-LEAVED PELARGONIUMS.

L'E LEG ANTE.— Leaves green, margined with creamy-white ; flowers

white. 10s. Gd. each ; six plants, £3,
DERBYSHIRE HERO (Zonal).— Bright cerise.
STAFFORD GEM (Zonal).— Orange-scarlet.
SCARLET CHRISTINE (Plain-leaved).— Bright cerise, shaded with

purple.
R0SJ5 MAGENTA (Nosegay).— Fine habit, good bedder.
5s. each, set of four for 15s.
The above to be sent out after April 20.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CIRCULARS to tbeTrade on application.

See Gardeners' Gkroidcle, p. 234, March 2.
W. Cdkwingiiam. The Forge Nurseries, Burton-on-Trent.

New Zonal Pelargouluins.

SALTilAESH AND SON, Nurserymen, Seed.smen,
and Florists. Chelmsford, have great pleasin-e in introducing
the following SEEDLINGS of their own raising, feeling confident
they will give equal satisfaction with the two now well-known varie-
ties, Luna and Little Treasure, sent out by them in 1865. They will
be ready for distribution in May nest. Early orders are solicited, as
the stock is limited.

ZONAL PELARGONIUMS.
REINE D'lTALlE (Saltmarsu & S.>n).— A seedling from that
highly esteemed variety, Roi d'ltalie, possessing all the Rood
properties of its parent in compactness of habit, profusion,
form, and size of flowers, ea,ch blossom meiisuring IJtbs ot an
inch in diameter ; colour piilo salmon flesh, shading off to flesh
white at tho edges, with pure white eye, altogether forming a
most attractive specimen tor pot culture. Price 75. Gd. each.
CRITERION (Saltmarso & Son).— Also a seedling from Roi d'ltalie,
with darker zone, producing an abundance of flowers, of tlie
large size of its parent, of the most perfect form, and borne on
stout footstalks; habit compact and vigorous; eolour bright
orango vermilion, with small white eye. Price 7s. Gd. each.
VARIEGATED ZONAL PELARGONIUMS.
METEOR (Saltmarsh & Son).— Foliage large and flat, almost
circular, having a green disc about IJ-inch in diameter, sur-
rounded by a very broad and well-defined zone of deep sienna
maroon and bright red in about equal proportions, leaving a
clear margm of about a quarter of an inch of bright cbrome
yellow; flowers bright scarlet, with white eye; habit compact
and vigorous.
The above splendid variety will prove a valuable addition to the
Golden Tricolor section of variegated Pelargoniums ; it is quite
distinct from any variety hitherto introduced, and was awarded
a First-class Certificate at the Royal Horticultural Society's
Meeting in September, 1864. Price 21s. each.
A Coloured Drawing, by Andrews, of this splendid variety, will be
sent (post free) on receipt of 7 stamps.
ELECTRIC (Saltmarsh & Son). — foliage greenish yellow, changing
with exposure to sun and air to a rich golden yellow, with a very
broad zone of dark chocolate. In the way of Luna, but more
heavily zoned, and of more robust habit, producing fine trusses
of scarlet flowers with whito eye Price 10s. fjd. uach.
VENUS (Saltmarsh & Son),- Foliage greenish yellow, changing to
golden yellow, with slieht bronze zone: habit compact and
spreading, producing neat trusses of well-formod flowers on short
footstalks, of a soft and pleasing shade of rosy cerise, altogether
forming a most attractive variety by the harmonious blending of
its colours and its remarkably close habit of growth, Pi-ico
10s. Gd. each.
SNOWSTOKM (Saltmarsh & Son).— Foliage green, with avery deep
edge of pure white. This variety will be found to display a
gre.iter proportion of white variegation than any other yet
produced ; the leaves are less disposed to curl than most varie-
ties of this class; in addition to which the habit .sexceedingly
close, vet robust and bushy ; flowers rosy scarlet with white eye.
Price iOs. Gd. each.

T

EICOLOE PELARGONIUMS.

Mrs. Pollock, 7s. and 9s. per doz. I Sunset, 21s. per doz.
Italia Unita, 2I5. per doz. I Mrs. Benyon, 24s. per doz.

In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package included.
Remittance required ftom unknown Correspondents.

Address. Alfred Fryer, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

C

HO ICE VAitlE GATED PELARGONIUMS.

Luna

Bicolor splendens
Princess Alexandra
Queen of Queens
The above 12 varieties suitable for Exhibition or Pot-culture for 21s.
Remittances requested from unknown correspondents.

Alfred Frtkr, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridge.

Sunset
Mrs. Benyon
Gold Pheasant
Yellow Belt

Italia Unita
Picturatum

Ken il worth
The Fairy

MRS. POLLOCK GERANIUM.— Fine tealtliy weU-
rnoted Plants, on and after May 1st. 6s. per dozen.
VERBENA CRIMSON KING (Thomson).— Fine healthy Spring-
struck Plants, on and after May 1st. 35. per dozen, 50 for 10s.,
20s. per 100.

Dreghorn & AiTKEN, Kilmamock, N.B.

s

U.PERB VARIEGATED GERANIUMS.

MRS. BENTON

BICOLOR SPLENDENS

GOLD PHEASANT

GLOWWORM

LUNA

TWILIGHT

THE COUNTRSS
MRS. LONGFIELD
YELLOW BELT
LITTLE PET
LURLINE
ITALIA UNITA

Strong plants of the above set, lis. Package included.
Casbon & Son". Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

TRICOLOR GERANIUMS.— Italia Unita, Queen of
Nosecays, Gold Pheasant, Sunset, Crystal Palace Dwarf, Mrs.
Pollock, Stella Variegata. Yellow Belt, one of each, packing
included, 12s.; Mrs. Pollock, 7s. per dozen; Sunset, 15s. Strong
Plants of the following at 3s. per dozen: — Iresine. Coleus, Perilla,
Amaranthus, General Tom Thumb, Spitfire, Christine, Stella,
Countess of Wan^ick, Alma, Flower of the Day, and Bijou.

CALCEOLARIAS, VERBENAS, AGERATUMS, CUPHEA,
LOBELIA, GAZANIA, KONIGA and NIEREMBERGIA
GRACILIS, Zonal varieties, 6,s- cash.

Geo. Davison, Hereford.

New Zonal Pelargoniums.

DO'WNIE, LAIRD, and LAING most respectfully
announce that they will send out the following splendid
varieties, which have been so much admired, and have received the
highest awards wherever shown, including First-class Certificates at
the Royal Horticultural Society. The following extract is from the
" Journal of Horticulture," July 17, 18G6 : — " There are so many
good Nosegays, and so much alike, that it requires something
quite new in colour to surpass them, or in manycases to equal them ;
tbe largo bold truss of Stella and Le Grand, or the KING of
the N OSEGAl S, must be the models of perfection in this class of
flowers."
KING of the NO.SEGAYS.— Bright orange scarlet. Very large trues,

dwarf habit. Very free and most effective variety. 75. Gd. each.
MRS. LAING (Nos KG ay).— Glowing carmine scarlet, very dwarf,

free, and most efTectivo as a bedder. A beautiful and distinct

variety. 5.*. each.
MRS. MENZIES. — Bright ro.sy salmon. Flowers perfect, good

h.abit. free, and verv flue. 6s. each.
SAMBO —Very dark glossy scarlet, of gieat substance. Flowers of

the flnost form. Very large compact globular truss ; quite

distinct from all others. 7s. Gd. each.

Reiidy second week in May.
Stanstead Park Nursery, Forest Hill, S.E.

New Clirysantlieniums, Pyrethruins, &c. -

TOHN SALTER'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE igf

fJ now ready, and will be sent on receint of two postage stamps.

Versailles Nursery, William Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith,
W. (near Kensington Railway Station).

Chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemums,
Chrysanthemum s.

ADAM FORSYTH'S CATALOGUE \& now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For--
warded to all applicants for one stamp.

Brunswick Nursery, Stoke Newington, London, N.

ADAM FORSYTH is nnw sending out his NEW and
other CHRYSANTHEMUMS, including Mrs. Geo. Rundla,
Mrs. Hii^ale. Dr. Sharpe, and others. For Description, see
CATALOGUE of CHRYSANTHEMUMS and other Bedding Plants,
now ready, containing a practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the
Chrysanthemum, forwarded lo all applicants for one stamp.
Brunswick Nursery, Stoke Newington, London, N.

Early Spring Flowers.

WEBB'S GIANT POLYANTHQS and COWSLIP,
with all the best varieties of l^oublo and Single PRIMROSES,
PANSIES, &c., with Seeds of single varieties. LIST of prices of
different kinds on application to

Mr. Webb, Calcot Gardens, Reading.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for sis postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 36 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

DOBSON AND SONS' PRIZE CINEKARIAS, 1867.
Extra Special Prize. Royal Botanic Society, March 23
First Prize, Royal Botanic Society, April 13
First-class Certificate, Royal Botanic Society, April 13
First Prize, Royal Horticultural Society. April 16
Extra Special Prize. Royal Horticultural Society, April 16
Second-class Certificate, Royal Hort. Society, April li5
Seed saved from their unequalled collections, which includes all
tho best varieties, Is., 2s. Grf., 5«. The Trade supplied on usual terms.
Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, London, W,

DOBSON'S PRIZE CALCEOLARIA.— Acknowledged
to be the finest strain in the world. May be had in sealed
packets of every respectable, Nurseryman, Seedsman, or Florist in
the United Kingdom or Abroad, in sealed packets, Is. 6rf., 28, Od..
3s., OS. ; or of J, Dobson & Soss, Isleworth, Loudon, W\

Calceolaria Amhassador (Sang).

EDWARD SrVNG anti SONS, Nursery.men and
SEtn Merchants, Kirkcaldy, N.B., offer strong antumn-strucb
Plants, in single pots, of this now well-known and universally
admired BEDDING-OUT CALCEOLARIA. Price 12s. per dozen.
Early orders will oblige and have tbeir careful attention.

The Trade supplied.

NEW ZONAL GERANIUM S.—
Those, now so well kno\vn aa the Cliveden Seedlings, were
selected from many thousands, and have stood the test of trials for
two seasons with the best named kinds. They have gained the
highest awards wherever shown, including First-claas Certificates for
each at the Royal Hortijultural Society, nnd have received the
highosu and most unanimous praise of the' Horticultural press. The
following is a specimen of tho manner in which they have been
spoken of: —

The "Gardeners' Magazine" says :—" And this brings me to
Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Constance Grosvenor. which have
been several times shown by Mr. Turner this season, and ought to be
sent out next spring at nothing less than a guinea a plant, to recoup
their raisers for the hundreds they have need to grow for the muck-
heap."

DUCHESS of SUTHERLAND (Noseoat).— A variety of great met it,
rosy purple, very free bloomer, with truss of great size ; it retains
its blossoms to an unusually long time, and is equally eff'ective in
pots, vases, or the flower garden. 6s.
INTERNATIONAL (Nosegay).- Rich crimson or crimson-scarlet, a
deep rich shade of colour, with a wider petal than any other
Nosegay, being a decided improvement in the shape of this very
useful class of oedding and pot plants. 5s.
LADY CONSTANCE GROSVENOR (Nosegay). — Intense fiery
scarlet, of the style of Cy bister, haviug a truss of at least double
the size ; an immense tmss, with the advantage of a dwarf com-
puct habit and foliage, so clearly zoned as to be handsome with-
out bloom. This is a most beautiful variety. 5s.
Strong plants ready May 1.
Charles Tdknek, The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

H

INT8 on the CULTIVATION of TRICOLORED

GERANIUMS.

See F. &. A, SiiiTH's NEW CATALOGUE for 18C7.

Dulwich, Surrey.

New Tricolored Geraniums.

FAND A. SMITH'S CATALOGUE for 1867,
• containing descrintions of their splendid varieties of the
above, which have obtained the following awards 1 —

Two £0 Prizes for the Collection .. .. Crystal Palace.

A Prize for the Collection Liverpool.

A Prize for the Collection Mancnester.

A Prize for the Collection Leicester.

A Prize for the Collection Birmingham.

Five Certificates Peterborough.

Five Certificates Nottingham.

Six Certificates Brighton.

Ono Certificate International.

May now be had on application.
Dulwich, Surrey.

American Plants, &c.

WATERER AND GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS
and other American Plants for this Autumn, will be sent on
application. The Catalogue also gives a summary of their General
Nursery Stock, probably the most extensive in ttie kingdom.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey,

Rhododendrons.
TOHN WATERER'S DESIJlUPTIVE CATALOGUE

O of HARDY SCARLET and other RHODODENDRONS is now
published, and will be torwarded on application. It faithfully describes
the colours of the new varieties exhibited by him at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. An Abridged List of popular
CONIFERS, with heights and prices, is likewise combined.

The American Nurseiy, Bagshot, Sm'rey, near Sunningdale Station,
South-Western Railway.

Verbena Crimson King.

^"1H0MAS METEVEN has much pleasure in
. announcing that CRIMSON KING having complettrly estab-
lished its character as the Quest Bedding Verbena in cultivation, he
has propagated a large Stock of fine healthy Spring-struck Plants.
which he offers, on and after April 16, at the following prices:—
12 Plants, 4s. ; 60, l2s. Gd. ; 100, JEI ; 600, £4 7s. Gd. ; 1000, £7 10s.
Leith AVaik Nurseries, Edinburgh,

FINE NEW DAHLIA, MRS. BOSTON (Mat's),
to be sent out May 1st, 18G7,— The colour is lilac rose, a fine
built flower and superior petal, and very constant. It was in all
H. Mav's Winning Stands during the last season, and is extensively
ordered by all who have seen it.

Price 10s. Gd. each. The Trade liberally supplied.
Henry May, The Hope Nurseries, near Bedale, Yorkshire.

ENRY MAY'S CATALOGUE is now ready, and
contains the fullest Collections of DAHLIAS, HOLLY-
HOCKS, FUCHSIAS, VERBENAS, PELARGONIUMS, and
BEDDING PLANTS, &c.

Henhy May has been awarded all the First Prizes at all the
principal Exhibitions in tbe North of England, at upwards of
2G different places, for the finest Hollyhocks, Dahlias, and Pelar-
goniums in 18C6.

The Hope Nurseries, near Bedale, Yorkshire.

New Bicolored and Zonal Geraniums.

FAND A. SMITH'S CATALOGUE for 1867 is now
• ready, containing descriptions of the above, which have
obtained Thirteen Certificates.

Dulwich, Surrey.

F

New Roses, 1867.
AND A. SMITH'S UJiSCKlPXrVE CATALOGITE

of the above may be had on application.

Strong seasoned Plants now ready.
Dulwich, Surrey.

RHYNCHOSPERMUM JASMINOIDES.—
Plants of this beautiful sweet-scented Greenhouse variety,
well set with flower buds, 12.S-. per dozen. RED FAIRY ROSES,
full of flower buds, 6s. per dozen; MRS. BOSANQUET. flowering
plants, 9s. per dozen. Also a large variety of popular sorts of
HYBRID PERPETUALS, all from out of pots, at 60s, per 100,
suitable for Forcmg or Planting-out.

Trade price on application.
H. & R. SxiazAKER, Skerton Nurseries. Lancaster,

Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfield,

M. WOOD AND SON beg to offer the annexed
TEA-SCENTED ROSES on reasonable terms

W

Le Pact61e
Lays

Madame Bravy
MaiC'chal Bug
M61anie Oger
Madame de Vatry
„ Falcot

Also well-grown TEA-SCENTED ROSES, in 6-m. pots, at
2\s, to 308. per dozen.

Barillet Dfischamps
ComtessQ de Erossard
Due de Magenta
Enfant de Lyon
Jaune d'Or
Jean Hardy
LaureLte

Madame Joseph HaU
Pharaon [phen

Rubena
Sombreuil
Souvenir de David
Triomphe du Luxem-
bourg

Choice Seeds..

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following :—
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIAT.A, of the flnest possible strain.

Red, White, or Mixed, 2s. Gd-, 3s., and 5s. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very fine, 2s. 6d,,

'is. 6(i., and 5s. per packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2s. Orf., 3s. 6d.^nd 6s. per packet.
SNOWS WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C. 4 Son's own

saving. 2s. 6c(. per packet.
NUNEHAM PARK UNION, 2s. Gd. per packet.

For other Cboice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free.
Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

RICHARD SMITH'S SEED CATALOGUE contains a
Calendar of Time for Sowing, particulars of Collections, with
Prices, Directions for Cropping well and economically. Soil, Manure,
Depth, Distance, Season, Hardiness, Duration, Form, Height,
Colour, Storing, Use, Flavour, and other qualities, described.

Tnis List Free by Post or one stamp. Seeds direct from the
Growers the surest way to suecesF.

Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

BEAUTIFUL FLOWER SEEDS.

/^HEAP and

100 Packets of the best and most showy hardy, half hardy,

and tender Annuals

60 ,. » »
25 ., >. >»
25 Packets of tbe best showy Hardy Annuals

DESCRiJpTIVE CATALOGUE on application. * '
Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester^

s, d.
20 0
10 0

5 0

6 0
2 6

Superb Double Hollyhocks.

WILLIAM CHATER bt'^s to remind the admirers of
this beautiful Flower that now is the best time for planting
i out, to ensure fine Spikes and Blooms this season,

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, with mstructions for its cultiva-
tion, also Prices of Plants per doz., 100, or 1000 may be had on
application.

Seedlings from best named Varieties, 4s. per doz., or from 20s. to
30s. per lUO.

Bloomed Seedlmgs with colours named, very fine, 6s. per doz. ; or
from 30s. to 40s. per 100

Seed saved from the finest named Varieties, very choice mixed, 5s.
and 2s. Gd. per packet.

In Collections of 12 separate named Varieties, extra fine, 10s.
Six Varieties extra, bs.

Twelve Named Varieties, all good show flowers, 7s. Gd.

Sis Named Varieties, all good show flowers, 4s.

William Cbater, Nurseries, Saffron Walden.

ApniL 20, 18G7.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZET'JT.

403

GllEAT NATIOT^AL HORTICULTURAL
EXHIBITION. 1807.
£1000 OFFEUED IN FRIZES.

To bo IIELD in the Gardens of tho Botanical and Horticultural
Society, Old Tratlbrd, MANCHESTER, 7th to the 16tb JONE.

Cbargea for Admission :— First Day, 10s. 6rf. each ; Second Day,
2a (id each; WHIT MONDAY and lemamuie Days, Is. each.

Subscribers to the Mancbester Botanical and Horticultural Society
free end) dav.

Annual Subscription— Family, £2 2s. ; Individual, £1 Is., admitting
onnll occahlouH. „ „ ^

Schedules, &c., mny be obtained on application to Mr. B. Findlay,
Cumtor, Biitanio Gardens, Manchoster, or from the uodeibigned.
Military Bands in attendance each day.

Cooper Street, Manchester. Henry WuiTwomn. Sec.

GREAT NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL
EXUIBITIOr^, 1807.— Gardeners will bo admitted by Ti'kota
as follows:— First Day, &. Gd. each ; Second and v^^niaining Dnya,
13. each. Applications for these Tickets must be made on or before
fith JUNE. Hesky WmxivoRTn, Sec.

G'~EANb HORTICULTURAL EXIIIEraON
at BURT ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with tho
SHOW of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 15, 1807, and lour following Days.
Amongst various Special Prizes, amounting In value to nearly
£300, and exclusive of tho ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20,
will be offered by the Proprietors of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for tho best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to be made up as follows :—
Of FRUITS, any Five of the following Eight kinds, one Dish of
each ; — Grapes, Melons (2 fruits). Strawberries, Gooseberries, Cur-
rants, Cherries, Raspberries, or Apples |of the crop of ISCO).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of the following Fourteen kinds,
one basket or bundle oJ each : — Peas, French Beans {or Scarlet
Runners), Broad Ueans, Caulillowers, Cucumbers (brace). Summer
Cabbages, Early CaiTots, Turnips, Artichokes, Omons, Spinach,
Rhuharh, Potatos, or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will bo open to Coiupetitiiu amongst Aniateui- or Pro-
tessional Gardeners, of all grades, with Fiuit and Vegetables of Iheir
ototi yrowiny ; any article otherwise obtained will disqualify the
exhibitor.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—
snow of EARLY AZALEAS, ROSES, and SPRING
FLOWERS, TUESDAY, April Hi, 1S67.

AWARDS of the JUDGES.

Class 1.— 0 AZvVLEAS, distinct. (Nurserymen.)

li.t Prize, Messrs. U. Lano & Sou, NurMcryruBU, Great Berkhamp-

M.i.M.I, Herts. £2.

('L\S3 2.— G AZALEAS, distinct. (Amateurs.)
Nt, 3Ii, '!. Wheeler. Gr. to Sir F. H. Goldsmld, Cart., St. John's

Lodj.'.'. Regent's Park, £2.
2d, Mr. T. Tndinau, Gr. to R. Hudson, Esq., Ciapham Common, £1 IO5.
'M, Mr. A. Wilkio, (jr., Oak Lodge, Addison Road, Kensington, £1.

Class 4.-3 AZALEAS, distinct. (Amateurs.)
i^t, Mr. A. Wilkio, £1 10s. _[ 2d, Mr. G. Wheeler, £1.

3d, Mr. T. Todman, 15s.

Class 5. — AZ.-VLEA, single specimen, (OpenJ
1st, Mr. G. Fau'bairn, Gr. to Drtke of Northumberland, Syon House,
2d, Mr. C. Turner, Iloyal Nui-seiy, Stough, 16.s-. [Isleworth, £1.

Class 6.-0 ROSES in Pots, distinct. (Nurserymen.)
1st, Mr. (!. Turner, £2.

2d, Mr. W. Paul, Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross. £1 lOs.
3d, Messrs. Paul & Son, Old Nurseries, Chcshunt, Herts, £1.

Class 7. — 6 ROSES in Pots, distinct. (Amateurs.)
1st, Mr. J. James, Gr. to W. F. Watsou, Esq., Isleworth, £2.

Class 8—12 NEW ROSES of I8G5-6G, in Pnts. distinct. (Open.)
Ist, Mr. W. Paul, £2. | 2d, Mr. C. Turner, £1 10a.

3d, Messrs. Paul Sl Son, £1.

Class 0.— ROSE, Single Specimen in Pot. (Open)
Ist, Mr. W. Paul, £1. | 2d, Mr. C. Turner, 15s.

Class 10.— fi CINERARIAS, distinct. (Open.)
Ist, Messrs. J. Dobson & Sons, Nnrseiymen, laleworth. £1 10s.
2d, Mr. G. Fuirbalrn, £1. | 3d, Mr. J. James, I65.

Cl\ss 11.— G CALCEOLARIAS, distinct. (Open.)
Ist, Mr. J. James, £1.

Class 12.— 6 AMARYLLIDS, distinct. (Open.)
1st, Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Nurserymen, Chelsea, £1 10s.

Class 13.— 12 AURICULAS, 3 Groy-edged, 3 White-edged, 3 Green-
edged, and 3 Solfs, distinct kiuds. (Nui'serymen.)
1st, Mr. C. Turner. £1 lOs.

Class 14.-8 AURICULAS, 2 of each Class, distinct. (Amateurs.)
1st, Mr, J. James, £1 10k.
2d, Mr. G. lurner, 13S, Portland Road. Notting Hill, £1.

Class 15.— 6 ALPINE PLANTS, distinct. (Open.)
3d, Mr, J. James, 10s. | Equal 3d, Mr. G. Turner, 10s.

Class lf>.— G POLYANTHUSES, distinct. (Open.)
1st, Mr. J. Wiggins, Gr. to W. Beck, Esq., Worton Cottage, lale-
2d, Mr. C. Turner, 15s. [worth, £1.

Cla3s17.—G RHODODENDRONS, 4 kinds. (Open.)

1st, Messrs. H. Lane & Son, £2.

Class 18.— RHODODENDRON, Single Specimen. (Open )
1st, Mr. A. Wilkie, £1. | 2d, Messrs. H. Lana & Son, 15s,

Class 19.-24 PANSIES, Cut Blooms, 12 distinct kinds. (Open )
let, Mr. J. James, 10s.
?d, Mr. H. Hooper, Vine Nursery, Wedcombe Hill, Bath, 6s.

Class 20.— 8 PANSIES in Pots, distinct. (Open,)
iBt, Mr. J. James, 16s.

Class 23.-6 POTS of LILY of the VALLEY'. (Open.)
1st, Mr. J. Reeves, Jun.. Camden Grove Nursery, Kensington, £1 I0».
2d, Mr. J. Salter, Versailles Nursery, Hammersmith, £1.

Class 24.-M1SCELLANEOUS COLLECTION of PLANTS in
FLOWER. (Open.)
l8t, Mr, A. Wilkie, £1 10s.

2d, Mr. B. S. Williams, Victoria Nursery, Holloway, £l,
3d, Mr. O. Wheeler, 16s.

Extra, Mr, W. Paul, for Collection of Rosea in Pots, £2.
Extra, Messrs, Paul & Son, for 6 Boxes of Cut Roses, £1.
Extra, Mr, Bartlett, Shaftesbury Road, Hammersmith, for Collection

of Plants. £1.
Extra, Messrs. H, Lane & Son, for Collection of Roses, £1 5s.
Extra, Messrs. H. Lane & Son, for Collection of Rhododendrons, 16s.
Extra, Mr. J. James, for 12 British Ferns, 10s.
Extra, Mr. C, Turner, for Collection of Alpine Auriculas, 10s.
Extra, Mr. J. Wiggms, lor Collection of Polyanthus, 10s.
Extra, Mr. J. Wiggins, for Collection of Cyclamens, 10s.
Extra, Mr. W. Earley, Gr. to F. Pryor, Esq., Digswell, Welwyn, for

Box of Cut Spring Flowers, 10s'.
Extra, Mr. J. R. Tanton, Nu

— , Nurscrym-^n, Epsom, Surrev, for Papyms

alternifolius variegatua, 7s. Gd.
Extra, Messrs. J. Dobson & Sons, for 12 Cinerarias, £l.

CERTIFICATES AWARDED at FLORAL COMMITTEE
FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES.
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sous, for Coleua Veitchii.
Messrs. J. Veitch & S ins, for Panicum variegatum,
Mr. W. Bull, for Lastrea Filix-mas Bamesii.
Mr. W. Bull, for Athyrium Goringianum pictum.
Mr. W. Paul, for Pelargonium Jison.
Mr. W. Paul, for Aucuba japonic a ovata.
Mr. W. Paul, for Ainus aurea.
Mr. W, Paul, for CraUogus oxyacantha coccinoa flore pleno.

SECOND-CLASS CERTIFICATES.
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Dieflenbachia Pearcei.
Messrs. J. Veitch A Sons, for Hypocyita brovicalyx.
Mr. W. Bull, for Athyrium Filix-fwmina pulcbrum.
Mr. W. Bull, for Camellia Lavinia MaggI rosea.
Meeers. J. Dobson & Sjna, lor Cinerana Beatrice.
Mr. T. W, Pllcher, for Alpine Auricula Emuia.

- SPECUi CERTIFICATE.

MT. P. Parki, Qt. to 0. Cooper, Esq. , fbr Collection of Orchids,

ROYAL ROTANIC SOCIETY-
—SECOND EXHIBITION of SPRING FLOWERS,
HYACINTHS, CAMELLLAS, PRIMROSES, kc, SATURDAY,
AprU 13th,

IJST OP AWARDS.

6 -AZALEAS. (Amateurs,)

1st Prize, Mr. G. Wheeler, Gr. to Sir F. H. Goldsmid, Bt., Regent's

2d, Mr. A, Wilkie, Gr., Oak Lodge, Kensington [Park

G AZALEAS. (Nurserymen.)
1st, Messrs. H. Lane & Son, Great Berkbampstead, Herts
Equal 1st, Mr, C, Tm-Dor, Slough, Berks

3 AZALEAS, NEW.
lat, Messrs. H. Lane & Son

2d, Messrs. J. Iveiy, Nurserymen, Dorking, Surrey
3d, Mr. C. Turner

6 CINERARIAS. (Amateurs.)
Ist, Mr. J. James, Gr. to W, F. Watson, Esq., Isloworth [Isloworth
2d, Mr. J. Fairbairn, Gr. to Duke of Northuinbartiind, Syon House,
3d, Mr. J. August, Or. to Rev. A. H. Bridgoy, Beddlugtou, Surrey

G CINERARIAS. (Nurserymen, )
1st, Messrs. J. Dobson & Son, Isloworth

G AMARYLLIDS.
1st, Mr, J. Burley, Nurseryman, Uayswater [Wood

2d, Mr. J. Wiicock, Gr. to Dr. Pattisuii, Cavendish Road, St. John's

12 LILY of tho VALLEY.
1st, Mr. W. Bartlett, Shaftesbury Road, Hammersmith

12 BRITISH FERNS.
1st, Messrs. J. Ivory & Son [ 2d, Mr, J, James, Gr.

6 BEGONIAS.
Ist, Mr. R. Marcham, Gr. to E. Gates, Esq., Bydorp House, Hauwell
2d, Mr. G. Wheolor, Gr.

6 FOLIAGE and FLOWERING PLANTS.
1st, Mr. B. S. Williams, Nurseryman, Holloway
2d, Mr. G. Wheeler, Gr. | 3d. Mr. A. Wilkie, Gr,

MISCELLANEOUS.
SILVER GILT MEDAL.
Mr. W. Paul, Waltbam Cross, for Collection of Rosos in Pots

SILVER MEDAL,
Messrs. Paul & Son, Cheshunt, for Collection of Rusos in Pots

SMALL SILVER MEDAL.
Mr. E. S. Williams, for Collection of Flowering Plants
Messi-s. Paul & Sou, for G Boxes of Cut Roses

SMALL BRONZE MEDiYL.
Mr.^W. Bartlett, for 12 Spirjeajaponica

NEW PLANTS.
FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE.
Mr. J. Wiicock, Gr. to Dr. Pattison, for Odontoglousum luteo-pur-
Mr, B. S. Williams, for Vanda gigantea [pureura

Mr. B. S. WiUiams, for LiudsEoa cultrata
Mr. W. Bull, for Athyrium Goringianum pictum
Mr. W. Bull, for Lastriea Filix-mas Barnesii
Mr. W. Bull, tor Polystichura angulare parvissimum
Mr. W. Bull for Fittonia argyroneura
Messrs. J. Ivery & Son, for Azalea Enchantress
Mr. W. Paul, for Pelargonium Red Admiral
Mo.'isrs. J. Dobson 8c Sons, for Cineraria Beatrice
Messrs. S. Perkins & Sons, for Pelargonium Queen Victoria

SECOND-CLASS CERTIFICATE.
Messrs. J. Ivery & Son, for Azalea Princess Alexandra
Mr. W. Bull, for Tradoscantia repens vittata
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Dracasna sanguinea

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
EXHIBITION of TRICOLORED PELARGONIUMS.

The Coimcil of the Royal Ilurli cultural Society invites the raisers
and growers of TRICOLOR ZONATE PELARGONIUMS to esliibit
their several productions in this Class, at tho Floral Committee and
Scienti&c Meeting, to be held on MAY 21. Also to communicate m
writing, as far as it may be known, tho history and parentage of the
several varieties. The Council trusts that a discussion may be thus
induced, which will elicit much interesting and valuable information
concerning these beautiful Pl.ants.

As 'the Floral Meeting commences at 11 a.m., it will bo necessary
that the Plants should be staged before that hour.

A Large Silver Medal will be awarded to the best and most
interesting Collection.

€ht (BartreneriS'Cfitmttcle,

SATURDAY, APRIL 20, 1SG7.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING "WEEK.

Royal Horticultural (Dr. Mastei-s' Lecture
SATDHDiT. Anril 27,^ "."^''i^'' Architecture), at South Ken

r Royal

T, April 27] Z,

( Royal

sington 3 P.M.

Royal Botanic (Third Spring Show) .. 2p,u.

The valuable communication on the Hybkidi-
SATION of Plajtts, made to the Botanical Society
of Edinbui-gh by Mr. Aotjerson- Henky, and
of -which we published the substance in our last
issue (see p. 379) will be the means, we hope, of
eliciting from other obseiTers the record of
similar experiments. Whether for scientific or
practical purposes we can scarcely have too
many sach details, provided always that both
the experiments themselves, and the record of
them, be carried out methodically and carefully.
As it is, it far too frequently happens that the
attempts at cross breeding are made in a slovenly,
hap-hazard, careless sort of way, and the results,
if noted at all, are chi'onicled in a manner
even more open to objection than the original
experiment. Of course we do not wish to imply
that these strictures are of universal or even
of general application, but those who know the
difficulty that often exists in tracing the origin
and unravelling the history of many a garden
favourite, will confirm our assertion and share
our desire that more .iealous care be exercised in
these matters for Ihe future. The florists' note
book should be as carefully and accui-ately kept
as the pedigree or herd book of the stock-breeder,
so that in course of time, from the number of
facts observed, the future results may be pre-
dicted with something like the same degree of
certainty as in tho case of animals. Our neigh-
bours on the other side of tho Channel have
introduced the word metis to express tho cross
between two plants belonging to tho same
species, reserving the term hybrid for the offspring
of plants of two different species. It is to be
wished that we could in this country adopt some
similar distinctive appellations, the words
hybrid, or cross, or seedling, being used too
loosely and indiscriminately to express at one

time ti-ue hybrids, at another time mere
mongrels.

Not the least singular among tho hitherto
ascertained results of crossing, using fho term
here in its widest sense, are tho antipatliios and
sympathies, as Mi-. Henry terms thoin, which
plants manifest. Of tho one, tho case of the
hybrid Palm obtained between Chamrerops
humilis arborescens and Phccnix dactylifora is one
of the most remarkable on record ; of tho other
nono are more noteworthy than the woU-known
instances of tho Apple and tho Pear, or the
Gooseberry and the Currant, which, as Mr.
Hentiy says, obstinately resist all inter-
mixture by crossing. Possibly some clue may
be found to the explanation of these facts by
tho di- or trimorjihic conditions which certain
plants assume, and somo cases of which have
been tho subjects of elaborato investigation on
the part of Mr. Dahwin, Mi-. Scott, and others.
Mr. Henry's remarks on the shorter stamens of
Ehododendron, &c., tend to establish the .same
fact, and to make it appear that the differences in
the size of tho stamens are connected with
corresponding difl'ereuces in their- functions.
Especially glad are we to read of Mr. IIenry'b
intention to pursue experiments on grafted plants,
both with reference to the question of tho possi-
bility or impossibility of producing intermeiliate
forms by that process alone, and also with the
view of ascertaining whether a cross cannot be
obtained by fertilising the flowers borne
by the scion with tho pollen taken from
the flowers of the same species as that
supplying the stock. We confess we have
many doubts as to the success of this latter
operation; but, nevertheless, strongly desire to
see it tried. The case of the male iilant of
Oarica Papaya alluded to by Mi-. Henry, which,
after being inarched on afemale plantof the same
species, |was found to produce female flowers at the
extremity of the clusters of the male blossoms,
is not conclusive evidence to our minds that the
grafting had anything to do with the production
of female blooms, as it not unfrequently happens
that plants which are ordinarily dioecious,
become moncecious, -without any grafting having
been practised. We have -witnessed this fact
frequently, and three or four times in tho case of
the Papaw. Ha-ying recently alluded to the
memorable Cytisus Adami (see p. 873, 1866),
we shall now merely add from a Nova Scotiau
paper an account of an Apple similar to that
exhibited at a recent meeting of the Eoyal
Horticultural Society by Mi-. IjEE (see p. 239).
Here is our trans-Atlantic contemporary's note :

"On a tree bearing Pound Sweet Apples Ri-owine in
the garden of C. C. Hamilton, M.D., in Cornwallis,
three Apples formed and grew on a small twis the size
of a goose quiU and 8 inches long. Two of these Apples
had all the characteristics of the Pound Sweet, in colour,
size, shape, and other peculiarities ; while the middle
one was smalfer, perfectly russeted, and different in
shape, more ribbed at the blossom end, and having a
shorter stem. The twig with its three Apples -waa
exhibited at Somerset, and recently the fruit was tested
by the Council of the Fruit Growers' Association, when
it was found that the Apples differed also in their
qualities. The two Apples appearing to be Pound
Sweets had all their true characteristics, wherea-s the
middle one, which was russeted, was smaller, less fine in
flesh, with a finer oily grain, inclined to wilt, and with
a yellow cast of fiesh. When tasted, the flavour
seemed somewhat different, being by some considered
slightly acid.

" Nothing was done to bring about this singular
phenomenon ; and the fact of the three Apples growing
upon the same twig, and differing as f hey did, was not
known to the proprietor until about the 1st of October.

" It is for fruit growers to speciiLato upon this sub-
ject, and assign if they can the true cause of this
singular "Apple freak;" there is not a tree bearing
russeted Apples -within 10 rods of where these Apples
grew."

We invite attention to an advertisement which

appears in our present issue, announcing on the part
of the Council of the Koyal Horticultural Society, an
e.^hibition of those beautifully variegated leaved plants
to which the name of Teicolob zonate Pelargo-
niums is commonly applied. Such an exhibition
cannot fail to be full of interest ; and as these exqui-
sitely coloured plants have now become numerous, an
extensive gatliering, no less than a gay exhibition, may
bo anticipated. As an inducement to growers to send in
their plants, a medal — probably more than one— will
be f'ortlicoming for the most interesting group. One
principal ob.ject of the Council in inaugurating this
exhibition, which is to take place on Tuesday, May 21st,
is, we hear, to call forth a discussion on the causes which
have induced this novel leaf-coloration, and on the
many curious facts which liave been observed in respect
to the origin of the varieties so marked ; and hence
exhibitors are a.-iked to suiijily written particulars of
the pedigree of their seedlings, and to aflix the same
information in an abstract form to the plants them-
selves when staged for exhibition. One further good

404

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apbil 20, 1S67.

result of bringing together an extensive series of tliese
plants, at a season when their respective colours should
be well marked, will be that it will afford an opportu-
nity of determining which are really the most meri-
torious—a question which it is exceedingly difficult
tc decide from mere cursory exhibitions of them, and
more especially so since there are scarcely any that are
not intrinsically good. We hope therefore to see a full
ropresentatiou of them on the occasion referred to
above.

. — — - The Royal Horticultural Society, in reference to
its Gkeat June Exhibition— an exhibition which
it has been decided to keep open five days in conse-
quence of " the International Horticultural Exhibition
held at South Kensington, in May last year, having
proved not only most popular and successful, but
demonstrative of the possibility of keeping plants on
exhibition for several days," announces that the pro-
mises made by the leading exhibitors leave no doubt of
the Show being a magnificent one. The admission
tickets are now ready, and can be had at various prices
by the friends of Fellows and by the public. The
charge for admission to these two classes respectively,
during the whole period of the show, is 7s. 6d. and
10s. 6d.

— — Notwithstanding the severe ordeal to which
spring flowers have this year been subjected, we learn
with satisfaction that the FLOWEii Garden at
Beltoik Castle, under the care of Mr. Ingkam, is
at present in great beauty, and that it has been in that
condition for some weeks past, and will remain so
probably for some time to come. The beautiful effect
of the colouring, is only surpassed by the tasteful way
in which the bed.s are arranged, and the simplicity of
the material employed. We hope soon to be able to
lay before our readers an account of this in every way
remarkable example of Spring Gardening.

In Saturday's Times we noticed an advertise-
ment headed " New Pkuit," in which the advertiser
offers a few plants of what he is pleased to call the
" dwarf purple-fruited Banana from Cayenne." Our
readers had better be on their guard, as we know of
no such thing as a dwarf purple-fruited Banana
existing in Cayenne, nor indeed is there any dwarf
Banana, excepting the well-known Musa Cavendishii,
which originally came from Madagascar.

The following scrap of sound advice as to

Quality, which both professional and amateur
gardeners are far too prone to sacrifice to Cheapness,
and which it may, therefore, be useful to repeat here,
occurs in the last Number of " The Horiinulturist"
(American) :— " Sow none but the best seeds. Keep none
hut the best stock. Use none but the best tools.
Plant none but the best trees." This accords with our
old English saying— " Whatever is worth doing, is
worth doing well."

by Matthews, the Chachapoyan collector, who was
poisoned by his own wife. It has spreading free
lateral sepals, and violet sepals and petals, to judge of it
from the representation. Our plant is in the way
of Oucidium concolor, exhibited by Messrs. Back-
house at the International Exhibition at London, but
there are more flowers, and they are smaller, and of a
very bright yellow. It is one of Mr. Linden's numerous
recent introductions.

Odontoqlossum nosEUM,Lindl. in Benth. PI. Sartm.

151 ; Folia, i., Odoutoglossum, No. 65.
This also belongs to the aristocracy of old Odonto-
glossa. It may be compared to Eodriguezia secunda,
H. B. Kth., yet it is much more desirable. The longish
flowers are of a rich rosy purple, and the three-
lobed lip is paler. It has just been introduced by one
of Mr. Linden's collectors.

Odontoglossum asthanthum, Lind. S( McU.JU-

Panlculatum, sepalis petalisque lanceolatis aouminatis
.stellatis, labelli ungue ima basi cum columna coalito per
lineam mediam ops carinas, lamina cimeato dilatata
utrinque obtusangula, medio liguLita acuminata, crenulato
lobulata, callo ia ima baai elevato utrinque bidentato,
papula nunc interposita carinis falcatia geminis utrinque
basin versus, columnaj androclinio longe cucuUato denticu-
late cum bracbio falcate utrinque, an^o prosUiente utrinque
supra basin.

This is a pauicled species, like Odontoglossum
odoratum, Lindl., but it has the quite novel feature of
having a fringed anther-bed. No one can more regret
the advent of this enfant terrible than Mr. Bateman,
the monographer of Odontoglossum. Why was it not
discovered ten years later ? It breaks down the pro-
posed section Trymenium, and makes it a wholly arti-
ficial group, which will in future be disliked by
amateurs, who will never understand why a species
so very like Odontoglossum odoratum that a superficial
modern plant-namer, after three minutes' "study,"
would undoubtedly give it that name, should really be
separated from it by perhaps 60 species. After all,
we hope Mr. Bateman will retain his equanimity,
after having been puzzled a good deal more by his well-
kno\yn Cycnoches adventures. This plant comes from
tropical western South America, and is one of Mr.
Linden's numerous recent introductions— at least we
hope so, having been favoured long since with a kind
of a dried specimen, one of the few contributions to
herbaria from his recent collectors. S. O. Echb.fU.

. Dr. Geoege Bennett, in an interesting article

in the " Journal of Botany " on the introduction and
cultivation of Okange Trees in New South
Wales, remarks that Orange, Apple, and Lemon trees
thrive in the greatest luxuriance in very poor sandy
loam, from which crop out over the whole land large
sandstone rocks. Stone fruits, on the other hand, do
not thrive so well on this soil. One flue Orange tree is
spoken of as 35 feet in height, the trunk being over
4 feet in circumference. Wax models of some of the
finer fruits, together with photographs of the trees, are
exhibited in the Paris Exhibition.

In the current number of the "Journal of

BotanjK^' is the commencement of a valuable article on
the Screw Pines (Pandanacea;) of India, by Mr. S.
KuKZ. The author alludes to the singular fact, so
often noticed in the case of unisexual plants, of the
prevalence of plants of one sex in particular localities.
In this way, says Mr. KuEZ, whole tracts of the sandy
sea shores are covered by the female plants of Pandanus
verus without a single male among them; on the
other hand, all known plants of P. Isevis are males.
P. dubius "produces fruits which germinate quite
freely, though without being fecundated by males "(!)

In the article above referred to Mr. KuHz

remarks that Hybrids are unknown in the tropics
in a wild state, being only found within gardens.

New Plants.

Bpidendrum EBURNEUM, Echb.f.
Euepidendrum?) foliis cuneato oblongig acutis, inflorescen-

tia flora maximo, sepilis petalisque lineari lanceolatis

acutis, labelli Lamina subcordata, rotunda, antice trilobula,
lobulis lateralibus obscure angulatis, lobulo medio subpro-
dncto triangulo, callis triangulis geminis in basi, medio
nonfluentibus, papulis ligulatis intus impositis, androclinio
quinquelobo, lobis externis retusis, mediis lateralibus
acutis, intimo pluridentato.

This is a most elegant Epidendrum, bearing flowers as
large as those of Epidendrum leucochilum Kl, longi-
florum H. B. Kth., or Angrajcum eburneum P. Th.
It has yellowish green sepals and petals, and a snow-
white lip, whose calli are golden yellow. It is believed
to come from Central America, or from the West
Indies, and was grown by T. Tuffnell, Esq., of Spring
Grove, Isleworth.

Odontoglossum; crooatum, Lind. fcRchb.f.

Affine Odontoglosso mygtacino, sepalis latenalibus semicon-
natis, labello unguiculato ungue brevi, lamina cordate
pandurata bene apiculata, carinis unguis in laminae basi
abi-uptis, antepositis utrinque apieulis geminis aeriatis,
coluranas alis linearibus inferne sermlatis.

Flos croceus. Sepalum summum oblongum acutum ; petala
subjequalia basi subcordata.
This must stand very near to the fabulous or mysterious
Odontoglossum bicolor of Lindley. We speak of it thus,
not because we would cast any slur on the memory of our
lamented friend, but because it has never been seen in
Europe, and is only described from a drawing prepared

RIVAL SYSTEMS OF VINE GROWING.
I DO not think that the fact of remarkably large
Vines existing in a few isolated localities in England.

Scotland, and Ireland, producing annually, it may be^
large quantities of average fruit, for 50 or even 100
years in succession, is to be considered a sufficient
reason for every Vine grower to think of all but ceasing
to prune his Vines, and of allowing them to roam and
extend them.selvesat pleasure. Neitlierdolbelieveinthe
opposite extreme, viz., close pinching and short rods. I
prefer large Vineries and long rods ; if I had my choice
I would prefer at least 25 feet, with two rods to each
Vine. In this respect however the Vine is more
pliable than most other plants, provided always that it
has a dry, warm, porous border for its roots to grow in ■
and where not naturally fit the border should be made
artificially so to suit these conditions.

Large Vines require a large number of years to pro-
duce them, and imply large borders, much more
extensive than it is generally convenient to make. In
no case do I know of the existence of a really large
Vine, which has not extended its roots far beyond the
original border to where they have found a congenial
soil and subsoil wherein to grow. Theyarethe exception,
not the rule. In general, artificial borders must be
made and the roots confined to them, otherwise
shanking, ill-ripened wood, and many other ills will
follow.

It is now more than 30 years since I first directed my
attention to the root management of Vines, and I
believe it is here more than anywhere else, on which
success or failure depends.

In forming a Vine border, almost every one supplies
more or less drainage, but, in so far as I have been able
to form an opinion, I think in general too little. Above
the drainage is put at least two feet of soil, turfy where
it can be got, and very generally a quantity of farm-yard
manure, broken bones, lime rubbish, oyster shells,
charcoal, &c., in various proportions, all well mixed
together, and spread out in dry weather on the borders.
The immediate result of this is that the border is open
and porous, and that it abounds with suitable food for
the Vine ; and owing to its porous condition water passes
freely through it, and does not stagnate in it. Air also
enters freely, filling all the interstices, and carrying
down a large amount of heat, from 6' to 10' more than
will be found in ordinary soil beyond the border. The
consequence of all this is rapid growth the first summer ;
paragraphs begin to appear in horticultural periodicals
of " another combatant about to enter the field to fight
the battle of the Grapes ;" the second year's prospects
are equally good ; on the third are a few wonderful
bunches, which may or may not finish well ; but by the
fourth, fifth, or sixth year the bunches become very
common-place, and we hear no more about them.

This does not arise because the " extending system "
has not been adopted, but because the border has become
consolidated, because it has cooled down, and because if
farm-yard manure has been freely used, it will have
formed a black humus, worked into the soil by worms,
discolouring it, and making it almost impervious to
the ingress of air or water— in fact, in about the worst
possible condition for healthy root action. These
evils will be greatly increased if the soil is stiff and
tenacious, or if a large quantity of farmyard manure
has been used, and only a limited quantity of the other
ingredients which have been.named above.

In forming Vine borders, I have for many years past
entirely dispensed with the use of farmyard manure,
for the reasons just stated. I use for compost only turfy
loam, fresh from the pasture, broken bones, lime
rubbish, &c. The consequence is that in turning up
one of our Vine borders the other day, the soil looked
and smelt as sweet and fresh as when it was drawn
from the pastures from which it came some eight or
nine years ago, convincing me more than ever of the
great importance of paying more attention than we'
generally do to the mechanical texture of our soils. It
may be asked, how are we to avoid the cooling down
of the soil of our Vine borders consequent upon their
consolidation, which will always happen in time ? I
answer, this can easily be done by introducing a
system of aerating the borders, such as has been long
in successful operation here, and which has been ■
frequently described, thus raising the temperature of
the soil of the border around the roots, to correspond
to some extent with the artificial heat which surrounds
the leaves and branches, producing that power of
action and sympathy between the roots and branches
which is an essential element of success in the
cultivation of the Grape Vine.

Till I introduced this system, the Grapes invariably
shanked after the Vines had been a few years planted ;
now shanking is totally unknown.

The most delicate rooted varieties, such as the
Muscat Hamburgh, the Golden Hamburgh, and indeed
all the Muscat-flavoured kinds, luxuriate here, the
borders being always full of roots ready to act whenever
a demand is made on them. As an indication of the
vigour and general health of my Vines, I may state
that I this day measured across the shoulders three
bunches of White Nice, all growing on one rod, about
24 feet in length. The foUowing was the measurement
of the respective bunches, which are not yet ready to be
thinned. No. 1, 2 feet 3 inches ; Nos. 2 and 3, 2 feet
4 inches each, being 6 feet 11 inches in all, across the
shoulders. They are moreover well proportioned bunches.
I mention tills more particularly to show how well
the Vine likes to grow on an aerated border, and to
prove that fine fruit can be grown on Vines more than
six years old, without adopting the " extension system ;"
and I venture to predict that in the future, as in the
past, large Vines will be the exception, not the rule.
Archibald Fowler, Castle Kennedy, Stranraer.

HARDY PICTORIAL TREES.-No. IV.
Trees and Shrubs with Leaves Silveet oe

Whitish.
Abies alba glauca. — Evergreen. Height, 20 feet. A
variety of the white Spruce Fir, forming a beautiful
medium-sized tree, with bluish white leaves. Very
effective in the landscape, especially when the sun
shines on it.

Aucuba japonica medio-variegata. — Evergreen.
Height, 4 feet. Leaves green, with distinct white
blotch in centre, bearing red berries in the autumn.
Very distinct and handsome.

Bupleurumfruticosum. — Evergreen. Height, 5 feet.
A bluish-white-looking shrub with greenish yellow
flowers. Very hardy, free, and distinct.

Cedriis Deodara. — Evergreen. Height, 100 feet.
Among the seedlings of Cedrus Deodara may be selected
plants of a bluish-white colour, which are invaluable
for the variety they afford.

ChamtBcitparis sphceroidea glauca. — Evergreen.
Height, 10 feet. A bluisli-white Cypress-like plant.
Distinct and pleasing.

Fuoni/mus radioans variegatus. — Evergreen. Height,
1 foot. A beautiful silvery-looking plant, very desirable
for the front of borders and shrubberies, also for the
edging of flower beds.

Ilex Aqidfoliam argentea (the Silver Holly). —
Evergreen. Height, 10 to 20 feet. The silver Hollies,
like the gold and green, vary much in size and
character. Among the best are ferox argentea,
argentea angustifolia, a. elegantissima, a. longifolla, a.
lucida, a. marginata.

Juniperus virginiana glauca. — Evergreen. Height,
80 feet. Leaves greyish white, distinct and beautiful.
There is also a variety of this species in which the
leaves are produced in patches of green and white,
which is very ornamental.

Ligusirum ovalifoJium variegatum.- — Deciduous,
Height, 8 feet. Leaves green, distinctly and broadly
margined with silver ; very showy.

Fhlomis fruticosa. — Evergreen. Height, 2 feet.
Leaves greyish white, flowers yellow. A pretty and
distinct dwarf plant.

Finns excelsa. — Evergreen. Height 100 feet, A free-
growing and very handsome white-leaved Pine, good
for specimens, groups, and avenues.

Finiw Sfi'obiis nivea (the Snow Pine). — Evergreen.
Height, 100 feet. A graceful silvery-leaved Pine of
slender but graceful and rapid growth.

Ficea nobilis glauca. — Evergreen. Height, 100 feet.
One of the most beautiful of the Piceas, the leaves
almost white.

Rhanmus Alaternus foliis argenteis. — Evergreen.
Height, 10 feet. Leaves green, broadly and regularly
margined with silver. A very beautiful plant, best
against a wall, except in warm dry localities.

Acer Negundo variegatum. — Deciduous. Height,
20 feet. Leaves almost white. Hardy, of free growth,
and altogether one of the most beautiful white-leaved
trees ever introduced.

Amygdalus communis foliis variegatis (the Variegated
Almond). — Deciduous. Height, 20 feet. Leaves green,
well and regularly edged with white. A showy and
beautiful tree.

Hippophae rhamnoides (the Sea Buckthorn). —

Deciduous. Height, 15 feet. Leaves and bark grejjish

white, distinct and effective. Welladaptedfortheseaside.

Fhiladel^hus coronariits variegaius (the Variegated

Apeil 20, 1867.J

THE GAEDENERS' CMONTCLE AND AGETCULTUEAL GAZETTE.

403

SyrinEal.'^S^Sdil^ Height, 3 feet Leaves Rrcen
bSfy margined with white. A beautiful dwarf

^^Fopaltts ar„entea vera (the Silver Ponlar).-
■Dmiduous Height, 00 feet. Leaves and bark much
whter than thofe of the Abele Poplar A beaut, u
cool-looking tree in summer, worthy of very general

" slephmlia araenfca-Deciinous Height G feet.
Leaves like frosted silver. A beautiful dwart shrub.

Tilia (irgenlca (the Silver Lime). -Deciduous.
Heieht 40 feet. Leaves large, whitish above, quite
white underneath, very effective when the leaves are
moved by the wind. ,,, _ . . , tj, s

Ulmtis camprstrU vanegala (the VariefateU i!jlm).—
Deciduous. Height, 40 foot. Leaves white and green.
Verj' effective. , , , , ,

Under the head of colour we must rank those trees
whose leaves change before their fall in autumn. The
most effective are — Red. Acer rubrum (Scarlet
Maple), Berberis vulgaris, Cornus alba (Dogwood),
Linuidambar, Quercus ooccinea (Scarlet Oak), Klaus
Cotimis (Venice Sumach), Rhus typhma (Stags-horn
Sumach), Spirrea arircfolia, Spirica prunifolia fl. pi.,
VibiirnumLcntago,ViburnumOpulus(Gueldrcsllose),
Cratwgus prunifolia. Yellow: ^sculus Hippocas-
tanum (Uorso Chestnut), Acer platanoides (Norway
Maple), A. Pscudo-Platanus (Sycamore), A. saeoha-
rinum (Sugar Maple), Amelanchier Botryapium
(Snowy Mcspilus), 15etula (Birch) of sorts, Cerasus
Padus bracteosa (Bird Cherry), Cerasus virginiana,
Crataigus (Thorns) of sorts, Gleditschia triacanthos,
Kolreuteria panieulata, Liriodendron tulipiferura
(Tulip tree). Magnolia tripetala, Morus alba,
Pavia flava, Populus (Poplars), of sorts; Salisburia
adiautifolia, Syringa vulgaris (Lilac), and Tilia
europaja (Lime). The colours of the decayiuf
leaves were less vivid than usual last autumn,
owing probably to the quantity of rain that fell late in
summer. W^illiam Paul, Waltham Cross, N.

French cKport the latter largely during the spring
months, and long after our home-grown plants have
started for seed. This must be attributed to chmate,
as it is impossible to grow Endive in England after
May, whereas I have scon good e.'iamples from Prance
in 'Juno not at all run. Some folks lay tiles over
Endive to blanch it, but it is not so good a plan as
tying.

Tliis plant reauires to be carefully selected annually
for seed, as it is very apt to sport. If this is not done, a
good variety will soon become worthless. Seed plants
of it might be grown in ornamental grounds, as the
(lower is of a pretty light blue, and the plant makes
not at all an unsightly bush. When the seed is ripe,
guard it against the depredations of birds and mice.
/. M. M.

could bo produced. It may also be remarked that
artilicial or spontaneous hybrids greatly resemble the
constant intermediate forms between the two parents,
but are distinguished from them by their much smaller
degree of constancy.

SALADS, AND HOW TO GROW THEM.

Ekdive. — This is doubtless the most ornamental
of our salad vegetables, and it is by no means used so
much as it deserves to be. Its pleasant bitter taste— I
may call it, when well blanched, bitter-sweet— is suf-
ficient to recommend it to most palates, putting aside
its crispness when well grown. It should be sown on
rather warm land in the second or third week in June.
Rake the surface of the bed, then sow, and cast an inch
or so of mould over the seed ; if the earth is dry, water
after raking, previous to sowing or casting, and should
the weather be very parching, shade or cover the bed
with straw mats, or some such material, to keep off
the scorching rays of the sun. As soon as the plants
show themselves, remove the shade, but do not let the
sun burn the plants ; it will be better to cover them
with litter during the hottest part of the day, leaving
them exposed to dews at night, or to rain during the day.
If the weather be dull and damp these precautions will
not be necessary. Make another sowing about the end
of June for late planting, and do not be short of plants,
for as this salad is to serve all the winter, a good stock
will be required. Some sow in May, but the plants
often run to seed prematurely ; if early Endive is
required, however, it must be sown then. As soon as
the plants are large enough — say when they have five
or six leaves, they may be planted out in open
ground in rows 1 foot apart, by 1 foot 6 inches,
watering them well if they require it. Should they
have grown long and crowded in the seed bed, cut off
the tops with a long knife as if you were mowing, taking
care however not to cut too low. This may seem
a severe operation, but it will strengthen the plants,
and is very much better than allowing them to get too
long and drawn. This may be repeated if you have not
opportunity to plant them out. They should be planted
in drills an inch or so deep, which will induce the
plants to blanch better. The best soil for Endive is
light laud with a sharp grit in it. It may be planted
all through August and in the first week in September
in open ground ; afterwards in sheltered spots until
Michaelmas. Plant the late Endive in a rather deeper
drill; this protects the hearts from early autumn
frosts. Late Endive should be planted much closer than
Early. Where there are any spare boxes and lights they
may be utilised in this way : put them over the plants
where they are growing as soon as early frosts come ;
then pull up the rows on each side of the box and
plant them between those already covered. In trans-

filanting be careful to put them in upright, for if they
ay at all on one side, wet will [most likely rot them.
Keep them as dry as possible, and protect them from
frost. As soon as large enough, tie tightly on dry days
with small willow twigs, which are preferable to bass
for the purpose, being stronger and stiffer.

A good plan is to plant on a sloping bank for a late
supply. If you have not such an opportunity throw up
a bank about .3 feet high, and plant all over it 6 inches
apart. This you will be able to protect from severe
weather, though sometimes the plants will stand with-
out any protection. That which has not grown large
enough for autumn use may be taken up from the
oijeu ground, and placed where it can be protected.

1 Tie according to the demand ; it will take longer to
blanch in cold weather than in hot, for which allowance
must be made.
A good head of Endive should measure from

: 18 inches to 21 inches in circumference, and should
not be more than 10 inches high when it is tied. There

I are many sorts of Endive, but they may be classed
under three heads, viz., Batavian, Green Curled, and
Prench Green Moss. Of the first named there is a good
sort very like Cos Lettuce, and useful for stewing, but
in its growth it is rather tender. The next sort named
is by far the best for a general crop. The last is not so
large, but it is nevertheless a pretty, neat variety. The

INTERMEDIATE FORMS IN PLANTS.

(From a notice in areccnt issue of the " Bulletin de la Soci^tiS

Botaniquo do Fr.ance," ,we cull the following remarks by

M. NicfreU on the intermediate forms between species of

plants. Eds.]

The intermediate forms that we meet with between

ditTerent species of plants, show clearly the relationship

of the species, and prove that they are not absolutely

different one from the other, but that they ^ are

(leriv.ative, or at least that they have a common origin.

Descriptive botanists often take these intermediate

forms for hybrids without just cause for so doing. In

order to form an opinion whether any given wild (not

cultivated) plant is of hybrid origin or not, the

following rules maybe laid down :^

1. Hybrid plants are in their entire vegetative
system, even in their inflorescence and in their floral
envelopes, and generally also in their stamens and
pistils, completely ."normal, so that it is not possible to
decide on a first inspection whether a plant be of
hybrid origin or not.

2. As hybrids are often fertile, and as on the other
hand individual plants of direct descent are some-
times sterile, no proof of hybridity can be derived
from the more or less perfect condition of the sexual
organs.

3. Hybrids are regular intermediate formations,
seeing that they have generally derived their character-
istics equally from each of their parents. They do not
transgress the limits Nature has assigned them, except
under very restricted and sharply defined conditions,
since their reproductive powers are weakened, and their
vegetative force is specially excited.

4. Between two forms, only one intermediate hybrid
form is possible, for with reference to the character-
istics of this latter, it is a matter of indifference which
of the two parents acts as the male. On the other
hand, the hybridjitself may produce different varieties
more or less like either of its parents.

5. Crossed fertilisation is effected by foreign pollen,
if during the time that the stigma is fit for t}he recep-
tion of pollen, often a very short period, the proper
stamen, from any cause, does not come into contact
with the stigma. As this often happens, and as it
frequently occurs that the sexes of the same flower do
not arrive at maturity at the same time, it is easily
understood that crossed fertilisation often takes place
in plants through the agency of insects, &c.

fi. Hybrids between species (not mere crosses^
ordinarily either sterile or of limited reproductive
powers. In the latter case they produce a compara-
tively small number of seeds, and disappear entirely
after a few generations. Fertilisation by one of the
twop.arent forms prevents self-fertilisation in the hybrid
form, and causes it to revert to the type of the male
parent. Intermediate hybrid forms, considered with
reference to their relationship to the types whence
they derive their origin, present themselves in three
aspects : —

A. As intermediate forms, represented by a very
small number of completely sterile individuals,
without any intermediate gradation between
them and the parent forms.

B. Rarely as intermediate, and generally sterile
forms, presenting a few transitional characters
between one or other parent form.

c. As intermediate forms, of more or less rare
occurrence, endowed with partial fertility, and
showing numerous transitional stages between
one form and the other. These are the varieties
that approach most nearly to the character of a
species.
7. While the rules laid down in the six preceding
paragraphs appear to be well established, and the
intermediate forms spoken of in the sixth paragraph
are certainly of hybrid origin, there are other inter-
mediate forms remarkable for their greater numerical
importance — for the constancy of their characters and
for their fertility, and the origin of which is doubtful.
These comport themselves in one of three ways : —

A. As isolated intermediate forms, separated from
two neighbouring species by intervals that are
filled up by rarely occurring hybrid fornis.

B. As two or as many intermediate and isolated
organisms, which pass by graduated stages from
one of two neighbouring species to the other;
the intervals between these forms, as also between
them and the species, being filled up by
transitional hybrid forms.

c. As a series of insensible gradations between the

two neighbouring species, transitions all grades

of which are represented by numerous perfectly

fertile individuals.

What seems to indicate the hybrid origin of these

constant intermediate forms is this— that they are

scarcely ever met with, except in company with the

two legitimate forms. But the experience of the

practical hybridiser is opposed to this interpretation,

as it is not; possible to imagine that, in the presence of

the original types, one or more intermediate forms of

permanent character and morphologically isolate!

LETTERS FROM PARIS.-No. VII.
The Second Snow — the Paek des Buttes
Chaumont, and the Bois de BOULOaNE.
The second Show in connection with the groat
Paris Exposition commenced to-day, and is not much
of an improvement upon its predecessor, nor is it likely
that we shall see much in the way of a flower show
before the 1st of May. But as regards the permanent
classes the Exhibition is simply unique. Everywhere
about the grounds one meets with large banks of the
choicest and rarest young Conifers ever gathered
together. But as these will remain as permanent
embellishments to the scene for some time, we had
better turn to subjects sent for the coming fortnight.
The most remarkable exhibition is that of the Cactus
tribe. Many of these are grafted in quaint and inge-
nious ways, and many are curious and beautiful, notably
excelling in the last quality being the Mammillarias
with their corona-like circlet of crimson flower-buds
pushing through their white spines. Some of the
quaintest and most extraordinary combinations ever
seen are here. Great cockscomb Mammillarias sheeted
over with white spines, stand upon comparatively
slender legs or bodies of other genera, and there are other
contrasts in this way, offering in fact one of the most
singular sights that can be presented to the horticul-
turist. There is a specimen of Echinocactus Pottsii,
a globular mass, a foot in diameter and 10 inches deep,
in robust health, not standing on its own feet however,
but supported upon three legs of a comparatively
slender-stemmed species of Cactus— these three feeders
and supports entering together in the centre of the
bottom of the great mass, which is also supported by a
small wooden framework, to prevent its cracking off
from its supports. The curious and distinct round-
headed and deeply-ribbed E. myriosigma is also grafted
in various ways, and looks remarkable when seen
supported on slender stems like those of the Pereskia,
&c. But I cannot hope to tell you all about these
curiosities, and will leave them, merely adding that
those most likely to be appreciated as ornaments are
specimens of the common flagelliformis, in good flower,
worked nretty high on slender-stemmed Cereuses, &c.,
the shoo'ts drooping gracefully as is their wont, and the
effect of the plant much increased by being supported
on a tallish slender stem; and the dwarf pretty
Mammillarias, which are as pretty in flower as they are
neat and curious in structure. One house is filled
with Agaves and other tuings of that kind, M. Jean
Verschaffelt showing many of liis best things, and other
exhibitors making a creditable display. Bonaparteas
are well represented, and include a noble specimen of
the true B. hystrix ; but best of all the plants shown
in this way is what is called Roulinia pitcairnisefolia.
It combines the dignity of the best Yucca with the
drooping grace of the recurved Beaucarnea, and is a
treasure for the select conservatory. There is a fine
plant of it shown by M. J. Verschaffelt, and though

are ) tliere are many rarer and newer things in the show,
I prefer to make known those most suited to our
wants, which are great in the way of conservatory
decoration.

Of reaUy new plants there is very little to be seen
this time. Some pretty Orchids are shown by Messrs.
Thibaut & Keteleer, Oncidium longipes superba
appearing a charming member of the family from its
dark centre, which causes it to resemble in effect that
r,are and beautiful Borage-wort Arnebia Griifithii, and
it is certainly a thing that in good specimens would
add a distinct beauty to a group of Orchids. They
also show Epipendrum Stamfordianum and a fine
variety of Epidendrum atropurpureum, while a good
plant of the true Lycaste Harrisoni* is also a hand-
some object among the Orchids. There are a good
many plants of the remarkable silvery and hairy
Tillandsia argentea shown, but I am not sure that
people have established it yet, for the roots appear to
have no connection with the soil. To me one of the most
interesting things in the Show is the way in which
a-Lycopodium sent here a fortnight ago by Messrs.
Veitch, is growing elevated on the low stumps of a
Tree Fern. It is a fine kind from the Solomon Isles,
in the way of Phlegmaria, and it has made thick shoots
several inches long since it came here. These exotic
Lycopods, when we can grow them pretty freely, will
prove among the most elegant ornaments of the stove,
and therefore I record hosv well it grows upon an old
Tree Fern stem, the collar of the plant being thus
kept a few inches above the soil in the pot. Roses in
pots are nicely shown by several exhibitors ; and Messrs.
Thibaut & Keteleer send a very nicely flowered group
of small Azaleas, while there is a fine group of the
newer and more interesting plants from La Muette. Of
vegetables there is a tolerable display, considering the
season, but nothing for which special mention is
requisite, except the Asparagus, which is as thick as a
rake handle, and the Salsify, which they grow and
use extensively here. So much for the second Show,
to which I will now bid good bye, wishing to tell you a
little about places worth seeing. Of the general
features of the horticultural part of the Great Expo-
sition I will discuss the more advanced features next
week. Like most others of its divisions, ours will not
be completely ready for a month to come.

I have just returned from the Park Des Buttes
Chaumont, where I went to meet M. Andre, the chiet
superintendent of all the outer, or what we may term
the suburban gardens and squares of Paris. 1 did not
expect to see much, but was surprised to tind it an
extraordinary place. It is the boldest attempt at what
they call the picturesque style that I h.ave ever seen

406

attempted in a city, or indeed anywhere else. For my
owft part I have an opinion, it may be a weakness,
tnat attemptmg expensive and extraordinarv works
m places of this sort is not wise, at least till
aU the densely populous places are provided with
healthy well-planted parks. Thus I think that in
1/oudon it IS a mistake to devote great expense to a few
parks, and leave so many square miles of population
without a green spot; but, nevertheless, in this
instance the attempt was to some extent invited by the
existence of a great quarry in one part of the ground.
1 may describe the whole park as a sort of diversified
i'nmrose Hill. Imagine that, with two or three
peaks and valleys," and with an immense pile of
rook seen here and there, and you have it at once.
At its hollow or lower end there was a quarry, and
this has been taken advantage of to produce an immense
effect, so to speak. They have cut all round the sides
of this quarry, smoothed it down, leaving intact the
great side of stone, and adding to it here and there
masses of artificial rock. This is a very wide and
imposing mass of rock, 160 feet high, or thereabouts, in
its highest parts, and from these you may gradually
descend to its base by a winding rough stair, exceedingly
well constructed, and winding in and out of the face

THE GAEDENERS' CHROKICLE AKD AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 20, 1867.

space for notice. Now, to see what the Bois de
Boulogne really is, the visitor should keep to the left
when he enters from Passy or the Arc de Triomphe, and
go right to the end of the two pieces of ornamental water
ihen, standing with his back to water, he will notice an
elevated spot with a Cedar growing on it, and by goin"
to that spot he will get the fiaest view he has probably
ever seen in a park— the water in one direction lookiu''
like an interminable inlet, beautifully fringed with
green and trees, and in the other several charmin"
views are opened up, showing the hilly suburbaS
country towards Boulogne, St. Cloud, and the neigh-
bourhoocL Then, by turning to the right and comin"
again to Pans by the other side of the water, he will
have a good idea of what a noble promenade, drive and
garden this is, in all respects worthy of its grand
approaches too, of the width and boldness of which
people connected with English parks and gardens, and
who have not seen those of Paris, can have no con-
ception. There is some bold rockwork attempted and
well done about the artificial water, and very creditable
pains taken to make the vegetation along it diversified
in character, so that atone place you meet Conifers, at
another rock shrubs, iu another Magaolias, and so on ;
and not the eternal repetition of common things which

again. Then this ponderous oliff-and it is bestdescribid lar'e and hflnt^nl 1 / ?P^ Sundays, but a
by that name-has several wings so to speak, and in one ' the ^' sprin- " or sLof of 'f 1,''''''°'' a""' p't ^''°™
bay a most effective stalactite cave is kade. I might ' sneak fs al nr.b nftSl ?' ,<=^^'=^'i«- jf I ™y, «»
say enormous, for from its roof to the ceilin" is abSut ' ^ST^;^ I , i ?! '^"^*,'° ,'^°°}^- ^"""^ '■"'^^"^ f'^'^ I^?
60 feet high, while it is wide and imposT^ ^ Propor ' h^^^^^ ""K^ being backed with a

tion. In its back part above this high roof the St ' ?!?= 3f t '^jP'^"*?'"??- .®?? "■'""' '^ ^°^ ^''^ t™e,
is let in through a wide openS<r Ihorn- a eor"^ twf ^ "^''''^?/'ff "'i'^^i'',''.'^- ^"'^ '"i ^'i'il«<"i 'o
reminding one of some ofthoJe in tEe very tops of tSe I rtfrid" Sf' ^f '" ?" ■'i'^l'Shted with the state of
Cumberland mountains, and down this gor°et?iokles ' Inif^fvi''"* ^ construction. The

the water into the cave. Ivy and suitabfl shrubs I & i ^Ht^?'^ gardenesque part of the Bois de
being planted along its ciursY above the roof of the ' amfl too%^.tsHl'''f ' "''■f'' ''"" \^^? "=''^'- ''''
cave, and the effect is by far the best of the kind ' l-l„f,t i f r?fP''f''*?^^-''^''?'^y embankment, and
I have seen, though it is hardly the kind of^ihin^ to be ' nnd'^nnfih^'i'iv 'f °^ 1''^,' .■°a,efiiiteness of gradation
recommended for a public park. By aU mean? let us ' rS.1 " Pn f- T f""? T,^ W '? *^ '™^ exampfes of the
leave the luxuries of gardening out of the aues ' Sr, i.t °/'*« ^'^^ "^ I?'""" °." grounds. But you
tion, till we have provided the necessaries for the ' fr„™ i "''°^-*'i'' J™,'^ "'^ P"^"'"-^ ^'^''^ described,
population of great towns, and the°e a?e g een iSwns ' [nThTT^tt^^Vjf '"^ *''' '"T^ }' charming. The fault
trees, and wide open streets and ways, "with their th style th' t I wTeen nhoT p"™""^ '-Y^P'' °t
necessary consequence, pure a r. In one of the buttes I of tSr wi^il j ^° ^^,°^.^ ^^"^ ; and in most

or great mounds here, they have planted 500 or fiOf) f ^"^ ^'^^^^' m™ads amj ^^^^ turnings of their
Deodars-made it a hill'ofDeoSin feet a mistake I f^r^T ^°" f." detect a family likeness, and a style of
think, for though Paris is not as fo?gy as SpitaSds nor ^ft^fl'^ 7^"^^ certainly is never exhibited by
its air as destructive to trees as that of the West end of M S, J^' ^^ ""^ """' ^'"l"^"'*^'^ -"'^^ ^^' ^^ tl^ese

London It is a great city, as may be seen from this , '^'''™"''''- "^- ■^■'- .

park, and with many a vomiting chimney too so that ' tt . t..,,.,, ^^„

the better plan would be to pay double attention to the ! HABDY HERBACEOUS PLANTS.-No. II.
deciduous trees, using only such evergreens as were i (Contiimed/romp.isr).

ihl^iZS^^i^ ? -J® "«':?'' ?"?■• P'^rfectly sheltered on ' I eeoin of course with the Ranunculaceous order
ttn ^ ^ T- '^f' '"^"fi ^; ^^'^"^- 1^"^ Pl^°''='i « ™"ec- in my search for the finer hardy perennial' T^iou't
^fPo^- T^-^'^i?""''^ H?'^"'' '° ^^^ neighbourhood some of the Clematises are herbaceous I must not
of Pans. Prom this park, the surroundings of which are ' mention them, for they are poor in beautv bu^i^s those
P^,ri? '^Tr' "'«'=-l°°k"i?. you can look over nearly all , in the way of lanuginosa maraud hTve been gro^u
£n.hZ o^SPP™"* '" 'f f™"? *^^ <'"=°''^='l P^rts is not very well on good warm sandy soil spreadiu-ovlrtZ
^Zhtll I?"' ?PP,™fi' ^°<1 ™J?"'' ^ay you may ■ groind without any support or training of cou^e it
fmo™vpmpntsoftb'^^.''\^r'™'H^^^^ splendid may be as well here to mention the fLct' In maW
improvements of the past ten years-the dirtiest city in ' mixed borders, rockwork fringes of nlantation or ^nv"

Parrfs'sir^nlvtlpTa?eTti V™ '^ "'°'' other thingi in , thing of the kind, we mustTof be confined byX rules
^,Tlrv.^l^ne?l^ *'!' ^"'^'^ important things are except those of the .judgment, and must draw from ^11
themo^Zfh.^dl'l'' ''t'* '™y '" '''^"'^] *«>' turn sorts of stores; therefore those new varietTe? of
inSion SinPPn^™?n^"''°^rf''°"""^''<'''''°^™<'ly|'^''^^^^^ ^'^""I'l not be overlooked, and Tf one were
ofT»^T;»^™«ri ? i^= H? ^.'''■™ ¥™ '^l^'^i's '^^'■es making a bold rockwork, a grand Use mi-ht be made
li,^?i"T°y,!?J?^Ayjr!*°,"'.^»yf'i^,' being made of them for dressing with richest colour "and noblest

t- r-i. I^ , .•' "^''"^'■lu any luss oeing maae

about it ; thousands ol trees planted and replanted iu
little better than masses of rock ; and old houses blown
up by hundreds of mines a day, and levelled into

flowers precipitous points, putting the roots in a
position where they could descend at pleasure into a
rich and deep vein of good earth. The warmth of the

^iWi^^

: ^: o -.v.w,_ «uvi i^igo uues ouo — trees mat

required great machines to lift them, while they were
markmg the ground for fresh plantings. Ton mean to
say you plant after this date ? Yes, every day in the
year ! There is an imitation of a small Roman temple
erecting on the summit of the great cliff, while the
house of the guard of the park, the entrance lodge the
bureau, and the refreshment rooms, are in neat cottage
style, and so placed as to add much to the appearanSe
of the park which in the more finished spots looks like
tZ^S"?^ '?'■ '"**''/ "''1?,° Bis'^d. They are making
many beds of peat for Rhododendrons, and their peat
isof an admirable silvery kind, much admired by all
the English who have seen it with me. I do not, however,
l^e their planting so late. and. as its consequence, i

^FIf^'"'^p''l^^^ y°"?" *'•«<='' 'ookas the acoom-
phshed Kay of the casual ward described one of the
performers at the " Victoria "—" wery dicky "

I will now say a few words about the Bois de Bou-
logne, and will commence by strongly advising such of
your readers as come to Paris th!s year to pay it a
visit not merely theend nearest the city, but to walk
right through It. When I came first I did not like it
much, and thought the numerous Scotch Pines around
one part of the water gave it a sort of Pine- barren
kok but I spent about five hours iu it yesterday, and
must confess that it is infinitely better than any of our
London parks It has more than the beauty and
finish of any London park in some spots, but on the
other hand vast spreads of it are covered with a thick
small and somewhat scrub-like vegetation, in which
wild flowers grow as they like, unlike the prim London
parks. There were plenty of Cowslips dotted over even
the best kept parts of it. and groups of those splendid
deciduous Magnolias could be seen for long distances
through the yet leafless Oaks. There are beds of ^prin"
flowers, and abundant spaces for subtropical and bed-
ding plants in summer, but unless they have anythin"
remarkable in that way we cannot again afford it any

Ol the Anemones there can be no kind of doubt
•rithout touching upon very rare species, or those
difficult to grow, it may be safely said that there are
at least halt a dozen kinds which ought to he iu every
garden. The beautiful blue A. apennina is as valuable
as It IS hardy, and as distinctly coloured as it is easy of
increase. I know of no flower more worthy of bein"
naturalised in half wild spots, in arboretums where
very frequent mowing is not practised early in the
season, or in any such place. It is quite at home in the
open border or indeed in almost any position iu our
gardens, but will be found to love the slight shade and
shelter of sparsely planted ground. What feature more
charming in the grounds of an English country seat
m spring than the sweet flowers of the blue Wood
Anemone, cropping up among the young green Grass
Anemone alpma is a stately species with Targe white'
flowers, downy, and tinted with pale blue on the out-
side ; a fine thing in good free loam. A. sulphurea
resembles this, and is probably a variety of the same
species, with large lemon-coloured flowers; also a first-
rate plant for the full collection. The varieties of the
common garden Anemone (A. coronaria) are of course
indispensable for the spring garden, while the scarce
A. hortensis or stellata is also a good thing, and espe-
o™ly .its variety fulgens, of a brilliant scarlet, and
of which I think the Messrs. Backhouse have a good
stock. A. japonica again, is indispensable, and from
Its size, vigour, and freedom to flower in autumn
a capital plant for naturalising among shrubs or on a
rough low rockwork clothed with dwarf shrubs and
creepers It has scarcely quality enough for the select
and weU-made rockery which I hope yet to see
a feature of British gardens. I suppose A. vitifolia is
merely a variety of this, and, so far as I have seen, not
sufliciently distinct to make it a want wherever A
.laponiqa is an inhabitant. But its new white variety
Uonftrine Jobert is unquestionably one of the finest

things among hardy plants. It grows to a large size in
gool ground, and bears a wonderful profusion of fine
White flowers, with yellow centres, in autumn It
suould be in every place where autumn flowers are a
aesideratuniandmaybeconsideredanautumaalbeddin''
plant, Irom the profusion and continuity of its flowering
when in good ground Doubtless the more rich and
moist the ground, the longer the bloom. It is astonish-
ing how quickly it increases, every bit of the root
growing, so that if you pull up a plant a thousand may
be made from it in a short time. Of the common Wood
Anemone, there is a double "red" and a double white
variety, but far better than either is a single sky-blue
variety which has flowered densely with me in a fully
exposed position, and produced the most exquisite
cushions of cceruleau-blue imaginable. One day I
nope to see it a popular garden plant, but doubt if it
can at present be obtained in any nursery. A sylvestri*
IS at once very free and very pleasing from its
abundance of large white flowers and profuse soft green
A^r^- cT'i^^ 1° sood soil the flow'ers are very large,
and the effect charming ; a capital border plant. There
are other species of much merit, but difficult to
grow, or obtain ; others, of a slightly inferior degree
ot beauty or from one cause or another, not so
much to be recommended as the preceding indis-
peusables. Not necessary for the young, linTited, or
newly-made collection, they are sufficiently notable to
require a passing mention here, or perhaps some readers
might be surprised at their omission. A. naroissiflora,
palmata, Pulsatilla, vernalis, ranunculoides, and
baldensis, are the best that I know of in this way

Next wo uieet with the Hepiticas, of which scarcely
a word need be said except that everything in the way
ot an Hepatica is worthy of care and culture
U. angulosa I have seen growing almost as freely as
Celandine among shrubs and in half shady spots, and
we all know how readily the old kinds grow on aU'
garden soils of ordinary quality. There are about
10 or 12 varieties of Hepatica triloba grown in British
nurseries and gardens, about which, to save space I
will say no more, save that all the colours of the species
should be represented in every collection of soring
flowers Can any one fancyan object more beautiful" than
a mixed edging of the various colours round some bed
or clump ol choice shrubs, interfering with nothing or
in the way of nothing? If so, let us know of it

Many of your readers will doubtless remember with
pleasure the prettily-buttoned white flowers of the
±air Maids of Prance-Ranunculus aoonitifolius fl. pi
and m a half shady rich border it is a beautiful and first-
class plant; but I am disposed to think more of the
double varieties of some British Ranunculuses,
because of their greater hardiness and pretty character!
Weed as is the common R. acris. its double variety
with the perfectly-formed and polished golden buttons
13 a charming hardy plant, flowering profusely, and not
being ol a very transient character ; the flowers are even
useful for cutting. Good also are R. repens fl. pi. and
K. bulbosus fl. pi. In somewhat the same way, but far
arger in flower, and of a recumbent habit, is one called
bullatus and grandiflora, in the Wellington nurseries. It
IS both fine and remarkable, the flowers reminding one of
those ol the Persian Ranunculus, so large are they B
montanus is a pretty little species, better suited' for
rockwork, or a spot where it would receive a little
protection from injury or rough operations ; it is
very dirarf and neat, and the flowers comparatively
large Quite distinct from all these, and of chastest
beauty when well-grown, is R. amplexicaulis, with
flowers of pure white, and simple leaves of a dark
glaucous green and flowing graceful outline ; a hardy
and charmingplant on almost any soil. Good also are
alpestris glacialis and parnassifolius, though I doubt
it they be so well suited for garden culture as those
previously named, and I am sure glacialis is not.
Although we can grow sufiicient of the finest herbs to
suit any purpose without difficulty, there is a limit
which we cannot overstep, and however fine things
may be in their native state, we must give the preference
to those that grow and flower satisfactorily, and
without any but ordinary attention, in our gardens
that ''"mmon wild Marsh Marigold (C. palustris)

" Sliines like firo in swamps and hollows grey,"
as truly recorded by the Laureate, is such a noble thing,
that though common it deserves a word; and it is well
vrorthy of introduction to any water margin or marshy
place where not previously established. There is a
good double variety sold rather plentifully iu London
during the spring months, and it too is a flne plant in
a bog, and it will not refuse a moist border. Picaria
rauunculoiaes plena is a pretty little thing, and Adonis
vernahs a first-class spring border plknt. Of the
Irolliuses, the best I know is T. napellifolius. The
British T. europceus is delicately scented, and there are
halt a dozen other good kinds worth growing where
the collection is very full, and making a tolerable show
on good soil ; sufficient is it here to indicate the best I
am acquainted with, for this Ranunculus order is so
rich in really good things that one can barely enumerate
the crowning beauties. Stei.

Home Correspondence.

Floe Founds' worth of Good Advice given 'Gratis —
Encouraged by the success of Mr. Cannell's 1001. gratis
hint about Grape growing, I venture to suggest that
It the following advice is attended to, the modest sum
just named might be yearly saved by many gardeners
and amateurs in purchasing their annual supplies of
seeds and plants. It is well known that the " Fat Cata-
logues now compiled by many seedsmen and nursery-
m™ are on the " extending system," and that a return
to the restrictive one" is a consummation devoutly
to be wished. This can only be done by the generality
ot gardeners and amateurs selecting some of the best
of the old varieties of seeds and plants, and only ordering

ArniL 20, 18G7.J

Tin: gaudenerr' cnnoNTCLE and agricultural gazette.

407

new sorts when well tried and ^favourably reported
upon. The endless varieties ol' new CabliaRos,
Broccolis, Cauliflowers, sprontinp; Kales and Cole-
worts, Lettuces, and Peas, now yearly brouijlit
into notice by their dillerent raisers, so bewilder
purchasers, that after bavins ordered some with
(,'rand descriptions they are inortilied to lind on
urowini; them that they have only been buyiuR old
sorts under new names. All tlie early Cabbage tribe
may be reduced to half a dozen Rood sorts, and tlie
same thing may be done with Uroccolis and Cauliflowers.
Amongst sprouting Kales and Coleworts, after the
Scotcli Curlies and Brussels Sprouts, the old Cho\i do
Milan, and the liuda Kale, or Ragged Jack, as it is
called in some places, are still the latest, hardiest, and
l)Ost in severe winters. As regards early Peas, all tbe
different sorts so puffed up might be taken out of the
same sack, as far as their few days more or less
ciirliness, flavour, and yielding qualities are concerned.
The only real advancement in new Peas is in tbe early
dwarf Marrow section, which will ultimately supersede
all small-podded early sorts, both for open-air culture
and for forcing purposes. Tbe raising of new and
improved vegetables ought by all means to be
encouraged, but they ought only to be sent out after
their good qualities have been thoroughly tested in
competition with older sorts. Raisers of new kinds of
I'ucUsias, Bahlias, Pelargoniums, and other popular
show and bedding-out plants, are also now great
offenders in the " Fat Catalogue line." If they succeed
during a season in raising a few really first-rate flowers
in dillerent classes, they generally, on purpose to
make up a set of so ranch money value,
add a lot of inferior flowers to them, which
irritates buyers and does the vendor no good
wlien he sends out his next batch. Better by far
charge a good price for superior new flowers, and then
the floral public would have confidence in what they
buy. Our lively neighbours across the Channel are
likewise much to blame in the way of new Roses, for
their annnal batch of seedlings sent out generally con-
tains but one or two good sorts, and ten inferior ones.
Another branch of trade wdiich lias lately sprung up
wiUi the French, is r.aising new seedling Gladiolus;
but this fine bulb could bo raised by gardeners of quite
as fine a strain as any of the French flowers, and they
may thus save their pockets a goodly sum every year.
In this country no flower seeds more freely than the
Gladiolus, if a little care be taken in the fertilisation,
and it can be made to flower in two or three years
from the time of sowing the seed. T.

Transplanting Everrireenx. — Having had considerable
experience in transplanting Evergreens of every
description, I would advise your correspondent
" A. M." (see p. 378), to try early autumn jilanting,
say the beginning of September, and continumg until
the end of November. After that it is not desirable to
proceed, but the perfect success of early autumn
planting greatly depends upon the manner in which
the work is done. If the weather should be dry I have
always found it a safe plan to pour a quantity of water,
say 2 or .3 gallons, into each hole before planting, and
to give the plants a gooii soaking afterwards. If the
plants are of a large size, and have not been pre-
viously frequently transplanted, syringing them over-
head in the evening will be found very beneficial ;
but for small evergreens this is not necessary.
Mid-winter planting of evergreens should always be
avoided, as no root action takes place after the ground
has become thoroughly cooled. If circumstances would
not permit of early autumn planting, I should recom-
mend " A. M." to try April, and even May, should
showery weather prevail, especially for Hollies. This
I believe to be the next best season. If ''A. M.'' will
try the experiment of i)lanting a few evergreens of any
description in the early part of October, as directed,
and will take one of them up a month after planting,
he will find that it has made a quantity of new rootlets
which no winter will destroy, and which are prepared
to support a vigorous growth in spring. These
remarks apply also to forest-tree planting, especially
to evergreen forest trees, such as the Scotch Fir, and
Austrian .and Corsican Pines. If foresters who do not
adopt early autumn planting would try it as an experi-
ment, I believe they would find it more profitable to
their employers and much more s.atisfactory to them-
selves than planting at any other season. D. Freeman,

F. Si' A. Vlclcson S( Sons, t/pton Nurseries, Chester.

Some advocate autumn, while others strenuously
adhere to the spring as the proper season for trans-
planting; but if I can show that failures arise more
frequently from careless planting and future manage-
ment than from the season, I may be doing some of your
correspondents a benefit. To occupiers of suburban
villas the question is of most importance, as failures
seldom occur at places where gardeners are kept; and
the villa occupier may ask Adam, his jobbing gardener,
the reason why all the evergreens h.ave died ? Now,
if I were inclined to bet, I would oft'er ten to one that
Adam's reply would be that they must have been
planted at the wrong season ; and on his employer
telling him that that had taken place in the autumn,
he would doubtless remark — " There, I was sure from
the first that they must have been planted at the
wrong time. Instead of jilanting in the autumn, when
the soil is losing beat, that operation ought to have
takenplace in spring, when all is bursting into life."
And if it had taken place in spring, probably Adam's
reply would have been that evergreens planted in
spring lose their leaves in summer, and sometimes
eventually die. So, according to Adam's reasoning,
there is no proper season for planting evergreens, but
if that worthy, or his employer, had taken the trouble
to examine tbe roots, they would have arrived at a
different conclusion. Most likely they would have
found the roots all huddled together, and the soil about
them hard and baked, and would at once pass the
verdiot,"Died of careless planting." A fewsimple obser-

vations are all that are necessary to ensure success in
planting evergreens ; and whether you plant in
autumn or in spring, avoid jilanting in clay, or the
sterile soil which is often foiuid in villa gardens, and
see that tlio roots are nicely laid out, and that some
good soil is put to them. AVhcn lini.shcd planting, let
the surface receive a good coating of rough stable litter
to ward olf tbe drying winds of March more than the
(^old (if winter. The litter may appear unsightly from
certain points of view, but better bear that for a. season
than have to record another failuri!. Jirassica, Preston.
[And never lift the plant to .shake down the soil, as
there is such a tendency amongst workmen to do, but
settle down the earth among the roots by watering.
Eds.]

Weather Meeords. — The following is a record of
weather at Bloxliolm Hall, Lincolnshire, from Feb. 27
to Jlarch 23, J8C7. three self-registering minimum
thermometers being nsed, viz.. No. 1, l feet from the
ground; No. 2, 2 feet; and No. 3, 0 inches from the
ground, the readings being taken at 7 a.m. daily :—

(F. F. liadclnJJe.

D.rte.

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Reiiiiirks.

Feb.

27

23

20

18

Clrar frost. Wind N.E.

28

IG

15

13

Cle:ir 8harp frost. N.E.

M.arch

1

20

18

17

Clear frost. N.E.

2

18

10

13

Clear sharp frost. N.E.

3

2.!

22

18

Misty, frosty. N.E.

4

30

28

24

Cloudy and frosty. N.E.

6

32

31

29

Cloudy, slight frost. N.E.

6

30

27

25

Very stormy, haij. N.

V

32

30

28

Snow 4 inehes. N.E.

8

31

30

29

Heavy f.all of .snow. N.E.

9

25

22

23

Stormy, fall of snow. N.E.

10

30

27

23

Stormy, fall of snow. N-E.

11

32

31

30

Very stormy, fall of snow. E.

12

31

29

20

Bitter cold wind. E.

13

23

26

25

Bitter cold wind. E.

14

27

26

24

Cold wind. E.

15

26

24

19

Cold wind, cloudy. N.E.

16

24

20,

15

Sharp frost, shower of hail. N.E.

1"

21

10

11

Bitter cold wind, severe frost. E.

18

30

29

26

Stormy, fall of snow. E.

19

30

29

28

Stormy, fall of snow. N.E.

20

31

30

30

Heavy fall of snow, 4 inches. N.

21

25

24

22

Fall of snow, frosty. N.

22

31

29

25

Stormy, snow 3 inches. S.E.

23

40

40

40

Very wet all day, snow gone.

'' genus Fragaria," which is liardy.
Ukefunt Fitz-paino.

jMinirrili/ lu Forced Vines.— J hone that Mr. Jlillcr
will I'nruisb the informatiim .a^kcd lor by your corre-
spondent Jlr. vSage (see p. .378), as doubtless tbous.ands
of gardeners and their employers woidd be pleased to
possess it — I mean some accfiunt ol the method by
which " Grapes can be ripened in March for many years
in succession without destruction to the Vine." Has
any one over tried seed ? There is this objection to it,
viz., that the sorts may not come true. But could wo
not " work " a true sort on a seedling without destroy-
ing the reciproi'al acli(m of top and root ? I think so.
If the roots begin (o a(d, lir.st so much the better. To
any one who is about to iiuU out his "spent" Vines and
replant, it would be worth while trying the experiment.
If it sliould prove successful bo would confer a boon on
employers, as well as on the employed, i/. M., Eni/s,
Penri/u.

Crossinr/ of Plants.— There is an error in the abstract
of my paper, printed in your last Number (seep. 38ft).
About the centre of tbe middle column substitute the
following sentence for that printed :— Yet, singularly
enough, I have raised no end of another brood obtained
by crossing Rhododendron Nuttallii on another hybrid
of my own, obtained by crossing R. forraosum with
R. Dalhousias. I. Anderson-Henri/.

Practical P/ii/sioloi/i/.-Yoa are doing well to direct
attention to this interesting and important field of
work. There are now so many intelligent men— men
of great natural powers of observation in the practical
departments of Botanical Science, that never were
efforts better timed for sounding tbe tocsin, and calling
the forces into action. A rare harvest awaits the
reapers. Too long have they been satisfied with
theories. Now is the time to put all these to the test
of experiment, and no longer leave to the overtaxed
energies of one, though the Corypbious of the whole
science, the working out his own laws by the severe
drudgery of manual experiment. All may now see their
way to aid him by the light which Darwin has shed on
so many of Nature's darkest by-paths, and let no one
be discouraged because be has done so much ; there is
plenty yet to do— victories still to be won. Pray sound
the trumpet, and arouse observers to renewed efforts.
I. A. JI., Haij Lodqe, Trinity.

Trieoloured Pelargoniums, 4'c. — Last year Mrs.
Pollock sported with me to a good zonal, of which I
took care. I find it to be the best of all the sorts
from which to raise «eedlings. I took pollen from the
true Mrs. Pollock, and fertilised tbe sport with it.
From seed saved last July I got 35 seedlings to grow,
of which I had seven with variegated cotyledons, and
10 good trieoloured sorts; the remainder were very dark
zonals, which promise to be good. I also reversed
my experiment, and used Mrs. Pollock as the mother
plant, which was fertilised with pollen from the sport. I
sowed the seeds about the end of July, and got 40
plants, of which 11 had variegated cotyledons, and have
all come tricolor-leaved, and are free growers. The
remainder are all very dark zonals, and promise to be
good as the season advances. I took pollen from Mrs.
Pollock and fertilised Cloth of Gold with it, and
this gave a bright yellow-leaved seedling, the best
which I have ever seen. Golden Chain I have
always found to produce the worst sorts of any I have
tried; its produce is utterly worthless, although I
have fertilised it with good zonals. I find seedlings
from Mrs. Pollock, fertilised with her own pollen, to be
very weak, bad growers, and nine out of ten die in the
seed-leaf. What I recommend for fertilising Mrs.
Pollock with is :— 1, the sport above mentioned ; 2, Dia-
dem ; 3, Master Price; 4, Emperor of tbe Fi-encb. Of
these crosses I feel sure the produce will be of first-rate
character. Wm. Smythe, The Gardens, Elmham,
Norfolk.

French Gardens. — I have just returned from
visiting tbe Jardin Fleuriste de la Ville de Paris,
which was described in the Gardeners' Chronicle hy

Only on one occasion did the 4-feet thermometer fall
below the other two, which was on the 13th March,
when we had a bitter cold E. wind. The effects of this
weather will soon be seen on vegetation ; already
Spinach, Lettuce, and Endive have suffered much, but
time will show the full extent of injury done. David
Lumsden, Gardener, Btoxhohn Hail.

Sir Marry Strawljerry.—l have j ust read the remarks
of your correspondents (see p. 378) respecting this
Strawberry. I should not wish to testify anything in
the way of injury to Mr. Underbill, but I certainly
must add my evidence to what your correspondents
report of Sir Harry. I purchased 20 plants for II. from
Mr. Uuderhill in 1855, therefore I may be regarded as
a witness of what Mr. Underbill sent out. Now cer-
tainly there were two or three sorts of Strawberry in
those 20 plants. I kept them distinct and have planted
the runners from them regularly, selecting as well as I
could from the plants which fruited best. But I have
never been able to get a row or bed of one true sort
only ; there are always some varieties mixed with what
I hoped was true Sir Harry. For the last four or five
years I had made up my mind that Sir Harry sported,
and that my intermixture must be accounted for on
that ground. But I see Mr. Yates declares that
Strawberries do not s|)ort or degenerate, and I never
found any other variety do so ; though if beds or
rows are left too long on the same site, seedlings
may generate. I have about 12 sorts of Strawberry
now, and I have been a grower of almost every variety
that has appeared during these last 25 years. JF. M.

Rowland, Bishop's Castle Vicarage, Salop. It is i -;, "" j ^ <■ i „ r\ ^ i:„.,

fair to Mr. Uuderhill to say that I did not get my your Pans correspondent a few weeks ago On read ng
first niants f24) of Sir Harrv from him. Thev came the article. my curiosity was a ittle excited, as I had

first plants (24) of Sir Harry from him. They came
to me from a respectable Bath nurseryman, who I am
sure believed them to be true. There was not a Sir
Harry among them. I believe that few have got it
true. Perhaps the best thing I can do is to describe
the true Sir Harry as to plant and berry, as compared
with Hooper's Seedling, its substitute. They are very
different. The true Sir Harry, as to plant and berry,
is exactly like the one pictured in Mr. Underbill's
treatise. It is a dwarfer plant, rounder in its berries,
more refined in its leaves, which are circular — a
complete circle. Hooper's seedling in plant and berry
is more like Keens' Seedling, but coarser in leaf and
taller in plant. Hooper's Seedling is an enormous
cropper. I think my plants of it bore from 300 to 300
Strawberries. Sir Harry did not acquit itself in ray
chalky ground at Rushton. The summer of trial was
a wet cold one, so I can say nothing as to its flavour.
People plant their different sorts of Strawberries
much too near, and hence they get confused. Four
feet between the sorts would obviate this. Those who
have seedlings to send out should not trust any one to
send them out, except a long tried foreman. Some
years since the following three Strawberries, so distinct
from each other, were confused, viz., Nimrod, Eleanor,
and Adair. The true Nimrod I sent to Jlr. Rivers,
and your readers will see that he describes it as a
distinct and good sort, Eleanor, superseded here by
Dr. Hogg, Frogmore Pine, Cockscomb, and Wonderful,
once seen, could never be mistaken for any other.
Nimrod is lankish in the foliage, and like the Queen
in her cone shape. Eleanor is deep red, but Nimrod
is orange red, and of the Queen's flavour. I do not
mulch my Strawberry plants ; I always fear softening
their crowns. If properly planted and attended to,
such sorts as I keep want no mulching. We have got
some excellent sorts, defiant of ordinary winters. Get
1 rid of tender kinds, which are an exception in the

, my - „

heard but little of this establishment on any of my
previous visits to Paris. I therefore resolved to see
and judge for myself. It is even better than I had
been led to expect, and is marvellous as a plant-
producing great nursery garden, the magnitude and
importance of which your correspondent has by no
means over-estimated. Parisian gardening appears to
have kept pace with the many other important improve-
ments which have taken place in and about Paris
within the last 20 years, and it is not too much for me
to say that at present, when the first blush of spring
has fairly shown itself among them, they convey to one
accustomed to look at English gardens a degree of
beauty and good taste which is not^often seen in the
former. The mingling of the flowers of the many
varieties of Am.ygdaius, prunus, and especially the
beautiful Magnolias, backed up with plenty of green
foliage, have together a fine effect. Judging from what
is already to be seen, and the great masses of rare and
beautiful plants prepared for bedding-out in the Bois
de Boulogne and other public gardens at Paris, your
horticultural friends will experience a treat of no
ordinary kind after midsummer, on visiting this city.
D. 31., Glasnevin.

Rival Systems of Vine Growing.— Tae controversy,
or I ought rather to say, the amicable and useful
discussion upon Grape growing which has been going
on in your columns, increases in interest, and although
as a mere amateur I cannot pretend to throw any light
upon the question, I am quite inclined to embrace the
doctrine of Mr. Cannell, and to reply to one of the
arguments of his travelled opponent " Vitis. It is
true that in Languedoc and Provence, in Andalusia
and Catalonia, Vines are closely pruned to the stumps,
and as many perhaps as 2000 are planted in an acre.
They are so planted and pruned, not for the purpose of
producing "magnificent fruit." i^"*- '" "'■der to drive

'but in order to drive

408

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRlCULTtlRAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 20, 1867

the plough between the rows, and to save the expense
of trellises and training. The question with tlie
vigneroii is cheap production, but the Grapes for his
own use he grows in his garden on a trellis on the
progressive system, or something akin to it. An
Amafeur, Clapham,

Migrator!/ Birds. — Wryneck first seen on the lst,sand
martin on the 3d, titlark on the 5th, willow wren on
the 9th, and black cap and cuckoo on the 10th. The
nightingale, if arrived, has not up to this date
(April 15) been pleased to "signify the same in the
usual way." G. S., Walden Home, St. Mary Craij.

Heavy Graves. — Tour doubting correspoudent
(see p. 351) seems to be hardly aware that Thornton
is situate less than 10 miles distant from Garston,
where Mr. Meredith produces his unrivalled bunches
of Grapes, or he would scarcely have pointed out its
locality as a cloak for bis unbelief The bunch spoken
of as weighing 7 lb. 12 oz. was exhibited in Liverpool.
The bunch of 8 lb. 4 oz. was the only one actually
weighed last year; several of the bunches, however,
seemed quite as large, but they were not quite so
densely packed, and I am quite satisfied that 6 lb. per
hunch would have been fully realised on the average,
and probably even more. The hunch of 8 lb. 4 oz. was
quiti3 at the bottom of one of the rods. W. B., Thornton
Mall, Weston.

^octettes.

Royal Botanic : JpHl 13 (Second Sprmg Shoic). — This took
place under unfavourable circumstances, the morning being
wet, and though the afternoon proved drier, it was any-
thing but fine. The chief features of the Show consisted
of Azaleas, Rosea, and Cinerarias. Of Azaleas two fine
collections came from Mr. Tui-ner, of Slough, and Messrs.
Lane, of Berkhampstead, and were awarded equal 1st
prizes. Mr. Turner's plants consisted of Madame Miellez
and Louise Von Baden, white ; Kiughomii and Perfection,
rose ; Beauty of Reigate, white, with occasional stripes of
red'; and Etoile de Gand and Variegata superba
worked together. Messrs. Lane had Reine des Blanches,
Iveryana, and Magnificent, white ; Chelsoni, orange scarlet ;
Roi Leopold, salmon scarlet, and a finely -bloomed Sir Chai'Ies
Napier. In the Amateurs' Class, Mr. Wheeler, gr. to Sir
F. Goldsmid, Birt., M.P., was 1st with Alba cincta, Duke of
Devonshire, Marie Louise, Stella, a beautiful orange-scarlet,
with violet-purple blotches in the upper petals ; Broughtonii
and Semiduplex. Mr. Wilkie, gr. to J. McHenry, Esq.,
Oak Lodge, Kensington, furnished Optima, Marie
Louise, Duchesse Adelaide dc Nassau, Sinensis, and
standard plants of Sir Charles Napier and Mrs. Fry. In
the class of three Azaleas 'sent out in 1862, 1863, and 1864,
Messrs. Lane w,ere 1st, with Stella, a fine kind ; Elegantissima,
white with occasional stripes of rose; and Advance, rosy
crimson, heavily spotted in the upper petals. Messrs, Iveiy
had Flag of Truce, white ; Madame Dominique Vervaeue,
delicate salmon-pink, ii-regulariy edged with white, and
spotted in the upper petals with crimson ; and Souvenir de
Pronay, rosy crimson. Mr, Turner had Stella, Pxince of
Orange, and Charles Enke, the last salmon rose, each petal
boldly edged with white, and shotted in the upper petals
with purplish crimson. Messrs. Ivery also exhibited several
seedlings, the best of which were Enchantress and Princess
Alexandra, which respectively received First and Second-class
Certificates. The former Is white, slightly flushed and
streaked with delicate salmon-rose, and spotted in the upper
petals with crimson ; Princess Alexandra is white, mottled
and streaked with purplish pink, appai'ently a useful market
flower on account of the freedom with which it blooms.'

Roses, as usual, formed an attractive feature. Conspicuous
among kmds from Mr. Wm, Paul were MdUe. Marie Rody,
with two magnificent crimson- scarlet flowers ; a fine specimen
of Glory of Waltham, Fisher Holmes, Si^nateur Vaisse, Prince
of Portia, Madame Anna Alexieff, Madame Rousaet, Centifolia
rosea, Madame FilHon, Madame BoU, Madame Hoste, Madame
Damaizin, Celine Forestier and Marquise de Foucault. Messrs.
Paul & Son had likewise a collection, in which were examples
of Madame Fillion, Lord Clyde, Princess Mary of Cambridge,
Fisher Holmes, Exposition de Brie, General Jacqueminot,
Charles Lawson, Madame Victor Vevdicr, MariSchal Niel, Celine
Forestier, and Madame Villermoz. Messrs. Paul & Son also
contributed five boxes of beautiful cut blooms.

Cinerarias were shown by Messrs. Dobson, James, and Fair-
baim. Among them were Lord Elgin, a fine magenta kind ;
Conqueror, crimson self ; Miss Smith, white, broadly edged with
violet ; Eclipse, and Admiration, white, with a" broad rosy
purple cdgC'^ Snowflake, Perfection, Charles Dickens, Fair
Slaid, William Reeves, and William Dobson, of which a fine
plant came from Mr. Fairbaini. For Beatrice, a seedling
raised by Mr. Fairbairn, Messrs. Dobson received a First-class
Certificate. It is a very large, bold, showy white flower of
good quality, conspicuously edged with rosy purple.

Amaryllises came from Mr. Burley, of Bayswater, and Mr.
Wilcock, gr. to Dr. Pattison, of St. John's Wood ; fine-leaved
Begonias from Mr, Mareham, gr, to E, Oates, Esq., Han well,
and Mr. Wheeler, gr. to Sir F. Goldsmid, Bart. ; and excellent
pots of Lily of the Valley from Mr.. Bartlett, who also con-
tributed a dozen admirably-bloomed specimens of Hoteia
(Spii-rea) japonica. These, though only in 4S-pot3, measured
about 20 inches across at the base, and 16 or 17 inches high,
and each bore about a dozen gi'acef ul panicles of white bloom.

Of British Ferns Messrs. Ivery sent the best collection, in
which were good plants of Asplenium Trichomanes Moulei, a
pretty slender variety ; Asplenium fontanum, Cystopteris fra-
gilis angustata, Blechflum Spicant heterophyhum, of ■^hich
the pale green of the young fronds formed a pretty contrast
with the dark Ime of the older ones ; Scolopondrium vulgare
marginato-cristatura, Polypodiums, Athyrium Filix-fcemina
formoso-cristatum, a finely-crested variety, A. F.-f. tiiyssano-
tum, A. F.-f. pulchellum, also pretty, and a easeful of Ti-icho-
manes radicans. Mr. James had a collection chiefly consisting
of Athyriums and Lastreas.

Groups of flowering and fine-foliaged plants were furnished
by Mr. Wilhams, Mr. Wheeler, and Mr. Wilkie, in whose col-
lections were Cordyline indivisa. Variegated Aloe-leaved
Yucca, Crotons, Alocasia metallica, Dicksonia antarctica,
Eriostemons, Azaleas, Genetyllis fuchsioides, and Dendrobium
iiobile. Mr. Williams likewise contributed a second collection
in which were Imantophyllum miniatum, Tctiatheca ericse-
folia, Buronia pinnata, Trichopilia suavis, and other Orchids,
together with a fine specimen of the bcautifuUy-strii^ed Yucca
quadricolor, Yucca albo-spica, Ananassa sativa variegata,
Todea superba, and Hymenophyllum demissum. Messrs. Lane
had a plant of the beautiful hybrid Rhododendron .Countess of
Haddington, with large trusses of long-tubed rosy blush
flowers ; also of R. Edgworthii.

Of New or Rare plants a numerous collection came from Mr,
BuU, who contributed Litobrochia undulata, Maranta roseo-
picta ; Habenaria margaritacea, Ts-ith oblong dark green leaves,
blotched with white ; Isesine Herbstii aureo-reticulata ;
Tradescantia ropens vittata, in which some of the leaver- are
half green half white, while otters are broadly striped ;

Pittonia argyroneura, beautifully veined with white ; Athy-
rium Goringianum pictum, a graceful variegated Fern, with
reddish midribs shading off to grey, and clouded towards the
base of the pinnae ; the Japanese Lastrea varia, with green and
bronzy fronds; Polystichum angulare parvisslmum, and
others. Mr. Williams sent the i-are Vanda gigantca, with
large leathery yellow blossoms, spotted with cinnamon ; also
a Strelitzia, not unlike S. reginx ; Dracaena sanguinea, with
long narrow leaves having red midribs ; Lindsa?a cultrata ; a
small yellow and brown-flowered Oncidium : and a Maxillaria,
bearing a small spike of dull buflf flowers. Mr. Wilcock, gr. to
Dr. Pattison, had two Odontoglo3sums, one O. Bluntii, the
other a variety of luteo-purpureum. From Mr. Shenton came
scvci\d varieties of Retinosporas ; and from Messrs, Perkins,
of Coventry, Tricolor Pelargonium Queen Victoria, a bright-
coloured variety, which received a First-class Certificate. Mr.
William Paul had a similar award for Red Admiral, a variety
in which the broad zone has moi'e of a roseate tinge than is
usual. He also exhibited several other variegated Pelar-
goniums, and plants of the beautiful new Double Scarlet Thorn.

RoTAL HoRTicuLTUEAL : Sotunlai/, April 13. — Dr. Masters'
lectui'e on this day was devoted to the consideration of the
Stem and Branches, the distinguishing features of which, as
compared with those of the root, were explained. Numerous
illustrations of the diversities in form assumed by these parts
were exhibited, and were stated to be in some measure expli-
cable by the purposes which the stem served in the economy
of the plant. These purposes were : — To serve as a channel of
communication between the root and the leaves, to expose the
latter organs as fully as possible to the Ught and air, to serve
as a reservoir of nutriment, and in some instances to act as a
substitute for the leaf, as in Ruscus, Cactus, &c. In the case of
"annual" pLants a comparatively small "herbaceous" stem
suffices to support the leaves and flowers, but in plants of a
longer duration, or in such as are more exposed to winds, &c.,
a woody stem or trunk becomes necessary. The foundation of
the trunk was explained by the greater energy of the
terminal bud and its more favourable position as con-
trasted with the side shoots. These latter receive a less
ample supply of nourishing sap, and are moreover over-
shadowed and interfered with by the more favourably placed
buds; hence in process of time the trunk is formed. The
different shapes which trees assume was shown to depend on
the suppression of some buds, the development of others, the
position and arrangement of these latter, and the di;-ection —
horizontal, ascending or reflexed— which the shoots ultimately
assume. In the organs of individual plants thfe same struggle
for existence, the same ultimate victory of strong over weak,
occurs as takes place on a larger scale between plant and
plant, and operates powerfully in influencing the general
form or "habit" of the organism, CUmbing plants were
alluded to as aflfording a means whereby the leaves might
be exposed to the light and air as fully as by means of a
stout trunk and branches, at a much less expenditure of
material. To effect their object these plants were endowed
with 'an unusual amount of tactile sensibility, and with a
spontaneous power of movement, by - means of which they
were brought into contact with branches of trees, &c., and were
enabled to adhere to them. These singular phenomena have
received much attention from Mr. Dai'wiu.

The underground portions of the stem, those which form
tubers, rhizomes, corms, &c.. are distinguished fi'om roots by the
habitual production of buds, and especially serve the pur-
poses of reservoirs of nutrition, being generally full of starch
and other material applicable for the food of the growing
plant. By the gi-owth at one end and the irradual decay of the
other, many of these subterranean forms of stems have a
power of gradually shifting their quarters. Aerial stems also
serve sometimes as storehouses for water, as in the case of
Cactuses and similar plants, while certain " secretions," such
as resins, gums, and many substances of medicinal and
economic value, arc commonly stored up in the bark.

Allusion was then made to the power that the gardener
has of materially altering the form of plants by
pinching, pruning, grafting, and other operations. In
many cases, especially in our common fruit trees, the
branches destined to bear flowers and fi-uit are of a different
form to those that bear leaves only, and which are devoted
specially to the formation of wood. It is an object with the
gardener to procure the formation of fruit " spurs " in greater
abundance, andat an earlierperiod than would be the case under
natural circumstances, and this is effected by the procedures
just mentioned. The effect of gi-afting, and especiitlly of
" double grafting" as practised by Messrs. Rivers, in checking
rank growth and inducing speedily and, as it were, by I
anticipation, the formation of fruit spurs, was well illus-
trated by some specimens kindly forwarded by the above-
named gentlemen.

April 16 (Second Spring S/iozc).— This, in aU respects,
excellent exhibition, occupied the two consei'vatory arcades,
which were full of brilliant Azaleas, Roses, Rhododendrons,
Cinerarias, and other plants. The weather was however
unfortunately 'wet and cold, a ciixumstance which consider-
ably lessened the pleasure which must otherwise have been
experienced at the sight of so large and beautiful an
assemblage of spring flowers.

In the class of 9 Azaleas, Messrs. Lane & Son had a charm-
ing collection, to which a 1st prize was deservedly awarded. It
consisted of Gem, Chelsoni, Advance, Elegantissima, Stella,
and finely-bloomed plants of Roi Leopold, Su- Charles Napier,
Magnificent, and Iveryana. In the Amateurs' class of 6, Mr.
Wheeler, gr. to Sir F. Goldsmid, Bart., had well-bloomed
specimens of Marie Louise, Duke of Devonshire, Stella,
Broughtoni, Semi-duplex, and Alba cincta, Mr. Todman, gr.
to R. Hudson, Esq.. Claphara Common, furnished plants of
Duchesse Adelaide de Nassau ; Princess Royal, rosy crimson ;
Roi Leopold, Princess Barthilda, Concinna, purplish lilac ; and
The Bride, the last a good white, Mr. Wilkie, gr. to J.
McHenry, Esq.. had Crispiflora, a favourite kind ; Burling-
toni, orange scarlet ; Coronata, deep rose ; a finely-bloomed
standard Sir Charles Napier, and a pyramidal plant of Roi
Leopold, The same exhibitor likewise contributed plants of
Smensis, Duchesse Adelaide de Nassau, and Marie Vervaene, all
in excellent bloom. Mr. Wheeler and Mr. Todman also showed
in this class. The 1st prize for the best single specimen was
awarded to Mr. Fairbairn, gr. to the Duke of Northumberland'
at Sion, for a fine plant of Triumphans, well covered with
flowers. Mr. Tui-ner, Slough, was 2d with Louise von Baden,
covered with fine large white flowers. Messrs. Lane contri-
buted Reine des Blanches, about 3i feet high ; and Mr. Lydiard,
Batheaston, a small plant of Extrani.

Of Rhododendrons, Messrs. Lane exhibited a fine collection,
to which a 1st prize was awarded. It contained Augustum,
delicate pink ; Nei-o, dark rosy pui*ple ; Illuminator, with large
trusses of rose-coloured flowers ; Vervaeanum, semi-double,
bluish lilac ; Griswoodianum, blush ; and Ercctum, deep rose
— all in excellent condition, Messrs, Lane also contributed a
collection of dwarf standards, the beauty and quantity of
bloom on which elicited general admiration. The 1st prize
for a single specimen was awarded to Mr. Wilkie, for a fine
standai'd Everestianum : and the 2d to Messrs, Lane, for
Towardianum, both bearing numerous large trusses of flowers.
Mr. Parker, of Tooting, furnished a fine example of Countess
of Haddington, loaded with beautiful trusses of charming
pale rosy flowers. Mr, Batch contributed cut blooms of
Rhododendrons Jacksoni and Pearl, gi-own out of doors at
Hafodunos, Denbighshire; likewise of Aucklandii, which had,
however, received protection. |

Roses were 8ho\vn in large numbers and In beautiful con-
dirion. The 1st prize for 9 was awarded to Mr. Turner, in
whose collection were fine examples of SiSnateur Vaisse, Baron
Adolphe de Rothschild, Vicomte Vigier, Charles Lawson,
Madame Falcot, and Souvenir de la Malmaison. In that of
Mr. W. Paul, who was 2d, Victor Verdi ei', John Hopper, and
Madame Villermoz, were in charming condition, Messrs.
Paul & Son, who were 3d, had Anna Alexieff, Charles Lawson,
Madame Villcruioz, and Alba Rosa, Mr. James, gr. to W. F.
Watson, Esq., took a 1st prize in the Amateurs' Class;
and in that for the best single specimen Mr. W. Paul
had a similar award for Madame Alfred de Rougemont, a
nearly white Hybrid Perpetual, oiTiamented with about two
dozen expanded flowers; JMr. Turner was 2d. Among new
Roses of 1865 .and 18G6 were Charles Wood, deep velvety
crimson ; Exposition de Brie, violet shaded crimson ; MdUe.
Marie Rody, crimson scarlet ; Camille Bevnardin, Dr. Andry^
Mai-guerite de St. Amand, Alba mutabihs, Charles Rouillard,
and Mar^chal Niel. For these Mr W. Paul was 1st; Mr.
Turner, 2d ; Messrs. Paul & Sou, 3d. Extra prizes were also
awarded to Mr. W. Paul, and to Messrs. Lane, who each
showed beautiful collections of pot plants ; also to Messrs.
Paul & Son fur boxes of cut blooms.

Among CLnerai-ias the most attractive was Miss Smith, Lord
Elgin, William Dobson, Lady Theodore Grosvcnor, blue-edged;
and Eclipse, white with a broad rosy pui-ple edge. For these
Messrs, Dobson & Son stood in the first rank ; and they had
also 12 well-bloomed plants, for which an extra prize was
awarded. Mr. Fairbairn was 2d ; Mr. James 3d. The last-
named exhibitor also had a 1st prize for six Calceolarias, all
fine kinds, loaded with bloom. Messrs. Veitch and Mr, Burley,
Bayswater, showed AmaryUids, the former being awarded tha
Ist prize for a collection, in which Ackermanni pulchenlma,
with large deep crimson flowers, veined with blackish red,
was by far the best. Of Auriculas, Polyanthuses, and Pansiea
a full account wiU be found in another column, Lily of the
Valley, in excellent bloom, came from Mr, Reeves, Campden
Grove_ Nursery ; and Mr. Salter, Hammersmith, showed
beautiful potfuls of his white striped-leaved kind finely in
bloom.

Miscellaneous collections of plants consisted chiefly of
subjects which were exhibited the other day at the Regent's
Park, and of which notice will be found in another column.
Among them were Ixoras, Genetyllis, Vincas, Eriostemons,
Azaleas, Rhynchospermum jasmiuoides, Odontoglossuras,
Vandas, and other Orchids, Other subjects not shown in
classes consisted of a large and beautiful collection of Chinese
and Ghent Azaleas ; Rhododendrons, including Countess of
Haddington and Dalhousianum ; Roses, Deutzias, and other
interesting plauts, contributed by Slessrs. Lane: a very pretty
mixed collection of Tulips, Lily of the Valley, and Spirsea
japonica from Mr, Bartlett ; British Ferns from Mr. James ;
Mrs. Dix and Miss Watson Tricolor zoned Pelargoniums
from Mr. Watson ; and many fine varieties of the same class
of Pelargoniums from Messrs, E. G, Henderson, who also had
the beautiful Silver-leaved Meadow Gi-ass and the pretty
Aucuba-leaved Daisy, Mr. Tanton, Epsom, exhibited a
remarkably fine plant of Cyperus alternifolius variejjatus ; Mr.
Wiggins, a pretty collection of Cyclamens in 60-sized pots ;
and from Mr. Earley, Digswell, came a box of cut flowers con-
taining Gardenias, Roses, Cinerarias, Persian Lilacs, both the
white and ordinary kind ; Acacias. Begonias, Clianthus, &c.,
together with flowers of " Trichosanthes cucumerina," con-
cerning the proper name of which some remarks have lilready
appeared in our columns.

Among subjects which came more immcdiatel? under the
notice of the Floral Committee were Coleus Veitchii, a species
from New Caledonia, withhandsomeleaves, chocolate-coloured
in the centre, and edged with bright Uvely green ; Hypocyrta
brevicalyx, a stove plant from Ecuador, with singular -looking
globular orange blossoms hairy on the surface, and ovate leaves,
veined with white ; Panicum variegatum, a South Sea Island
plant, forming a dense mass of slender branches furnished with
pretty red, white, and green-striped lanceolate foliage. These
came fromlHessi-s. Veitch and were awarded Certificates, From
the same firm also came six finely-flowered plants of the useful
Hoteia (Spirsei) japonica, the charming purple - blossomed
Primula cortusoides amcena, a Japan variety stated to have
proved hardy in this country ; Dieffenbachia Pearcei, with dark
green leaves mottled with pale green, to which a Certificate was
awarded ; the red-veined Gymnostachyum Pearcei ; a pro-
mising Nepenthes, with small gi-een pitchers ; the lai-ge variety
of Franciscea calyeina, and the handsome Sphierogyne peru-
viana. Mr. Pitcher, received a Second-class Certificiite for the
Alpine Auricula named Emma, .alluded to in another column,
Mr. Bull received Certificates for Athyrium Filix-fcemina
pulchnim,'A.Goringianum pictum, Lastrea FUlx-mas Barnesii,
and the bright rosy-crimson Camellia Lavinia Maggi rosea. He
also showed Symphytum tuberosum variegatum superbum,
with rather pretty greyish-green leaves bordered with yellow.
Mr. Fairbaim's Ciner.aria Beatrice, shown by Messrs. Dobson,
received a Second-chiss Certificate, and a First-class Certificate
was aw.arded to Mr. Wm. Paul for a yellowish-leaved Alder
named Alnus aurea. The same exhibitor also received similar
awards for the new double-flowered Crimson Thorn, a brilliant
variety, to which too much attention can scarcely be directed ;
and for Aucuba japonica ovata, a handsome sort, with ample
glossy deep-green leaves. From among a batch of fine-foliaged
Pelargoniums shown by Mr. Paul, Jason, a golden-leaved sort,
was selected, and was awarded a First-class Certificate. Mr.
Perkins' Tiicolor-zoned Pelargonium Queen Victoria was also
reproduced in admirable condition.

In the department entrusted to the Fruit Committee, Mr,
Lydiard, Batheaston, sent a good dish of Alice Maude Straw-
berry, Lydiard's Improved, Rifleman, and Hedsor Winter
Piolific Cucumbers, and a dish of a white seedling Potato.
From Mr. Melville, gr. to the Earl of Roseberry, Dalmeny Park,
came Melville's Imperial Early Cauliflower Broccoli.

Seven new Fellows were elected, and the St. Mary's Church
Cottage Grarden Society, and the Spalding Floral and Fruit
Society were affiliated.

Entomological: March 4. — Mr. F, Smith, V.P,, in the
chair. The Secretary exhibited a collection of Coleoptera
and Lepidoptera from Madagascar, presented to the Society by
M, Fr, PoUen, of Leyden. Mr. F. Bond exhibited specimens
of a small Ichneumon, of which not fewer than 447 had
emerged, in the larva state, almost simultaneously from the
body of a single caterpillar of Dasypolia Templi. Mr.
A. R, Wallace requested information from members of the
Society as to the colours of those species of caterpillars which
were distasteful to bii'ds ; believing that those larvie which
were brilhantly coloured were not acceptable to the feathered
tribes, and that rich colours, which according to the views of Mr.
Darwin, were as a ride in Nature due to sexual selection, were
here employed as a means of defence, by affording a distinction
which might supply to the distasteful larvre that protection
which to other caterpillars was afforded by mimicry or other
causes. The following memoirs were read : — 1, On the Habits
of a Species of Phasma found in Jamaica, by Mr. C. B. King ;
2. Notes on the Genus Raphidia, by Dr. Hagen; 3. Description
of Damaster auricoUis ; and 4. Notes on Dipelicus Hopei, a
genus of Dynastideous LameUicom Coleoptera, by C. O.
Watcrhouse.

March 18.— Prof. Westwood, V.P., in the chair. It was
announced by the Chairman that the Council of the Society
contemplated the publication of a general catalogue of British
msects, but as comparatively little attention had been hitherto
paid by collectors to the British Diptera, there would be much

Apbil 20, 1867.]

THE GARDENEBS' OTIRONKlLE AND AGRICIIETUllAI; GAZETTE.

•1()9

difficulty in cmplling thoportlon of tho Catalogue comprising
til it oilier 10iitniiiuli)id'^l« "'^''i^ tliLTcfore requested to collect
uiptoreus insects iliiriiiB tlie uiisiiiiiK season, noting tho |iliico
and lime ot cal.ture of each imlividiial, so as to assist tliQ
Council in tho i.tepaiation of such a Catalogue. Tbo first part
of anew French periodical entitled " Inaectologio agncolo,
was placed on the table. Mr. 1^'. Smith read Descriptions of
new species of .ants, belongiiii,' to tlio i:ry[itoccn.lai, rroiii
Aiiatraliii, llorneo, lirani^iiiid Mexico (1, villain),' up tlie iiuiiiljer
of species of tliat funiil.v to (i.-^). 'I'ho Secivlary als<. read por-
tions of a paper by Captain llutton, " on Species and Varieties,
lu oppoaitiou to ]\lr, Darwin.

Hotkcs of aSooTiS.

In this place wo can ilo no more than alhide to
the issue nf a new edition of Gviilt's valuable and com-
prehensive Mnci/cloptcitia of Architecture (Longmans),
under the superintendence of llr. Wjatt Papworlli.
A lariie nnmber of beautifully executed woodcuts has
been added to the 1100 that existed in previous
editions, so th.at the work is a veritable storehouse of
architectural lore.

Wo have on our table tho two first numbers ol
a weekly periodical called the Lahoratori/, and which
aims at supplying a want in our scientific literature.
As may be inferred from its title, the present journal
is devoted specially to chemistry and physics, and if
the promise of these earlier numbers be fulfilled in the
subsequent ones, there can bo no doubt that they will
be very welcome to all students of experimental
science. , , .

We have notliing but commendation to bestow on
Mr. Blanchard .lerrold's Parts for the Biuilish (Brad-
bury & Evans). Low in price, and easily portable, it
nevertheless contains abundance of information of the
kind required by nine-tenths of tho visitors to Paris.

Catalogues Received.— The following are now
before us :— William Paul's (AValtham Cross) Sprimj
Catalogue for ISfi" . also Hose Catalogue; John Salter's
(Ilamiiiersiuitli) Vesrriptire Calaloijue of Eiujlish and
Foreiijti Xorellies: Charles Turner's (Slmv^h) General
Sprinn Cataloiiuefor 18G7 ; F. .(■ A. Smith's (Dulwich)
Cataloriue of New and Choice Plants ; H. Lane S;
Son's (Gt. Berkhamsted) Descriptive Catalo(iue of
Trees and Shrubs; John Morse's (OmsXty) Catalogue
of Cuttings; Adam Forsyth's (Stoke Newington)
Descriptive Catalogue of Chriisanthemums, ^\-c. ;
George Sawlimjs' (Komford) Catalogue of Dahlias;
J. Linden's (Brussels) Supplement et Fxtrait du
Catalogue des Plantes Exotiques Nourelles et rares ;
Groenewegen tf- Co.'s (.A.msterdam) JExtrait et Sup-
plement au Catalogue des Plantes Xourelles, i\-c. ;
Thomas Lang ^\- Co.'s (Ballarat) List of Floicering
Bulbs and Tubers ; John A. Bruce S( Co.'s (Hamilton,
U. Canada) Descriptive Catalogue ; H. Jamain's
( Paris) Fxtrait du Catalogue General : Posters
Noiireaux ; J. Verschnffelt' s (Gand) Catalogue
des Plantes ; MetzS; Co.'s (Berlin) Preis-Verzeichniss;
F. Juhlh-e's{Ednrt) Preis-T'erzeichniss ; C. G.'.Mohring's
(Arnstadt) Preis-Courant ; J. J. Gottholdt ij- Co.'s
(Arnstadt) Preis-Courant. We have also received
from Messrs. Sanders, Frewer, i$- Co., their illustrated
prospectus of Beard's Patent Metallic Houses.

Mr. .lames's eight plants were Lyeurgus and Lovely
Ann, green edged; Ann Smith and Ne Plus Ultra,
wdiite edged; Union, and True Briton, grey edged;
and Mrs. .Smith, and Eliza, sell's.

(iiiite a large group of .Seeding Alpine Auriculas
canio from Mr. Turner, liut iu place of the rich sliadcd
chocolate gniuiul colour, the majority of tliese had
dark grouud colours like the foregoing self Auriculas.
(Jouerallv they were very attractive indeed, but in
ninst ca.sos they lacked that nice harmony of tube,
liasle, and ground colour whicli the florist requires as
a sine qua non of excellence. Grouping them into
something like shades of ground colour the darkest
luu'S wore represented by Brutus, a somewhat bold
and striking flower, with purplish-violet ground colour,
hut the area of the paste too small; Nero, glossy
inaroou-crinison ground, with bright sulphur paste, too
iiuirh rcllfxcd, but a bold and shinvy flower; Mabel,
dark '.,'los-y velvet edge, smooth sulphur paste, pip hirge,
bold.aud striking; and Potentate,bright maroon-crimson
ground, yellow paste too circumscribed, large and
striking iiip. The next shade may be classed as
crimson, having more brightness in the ground colour
than the preceding : as Sparkler, glossy claret-crimson,
yellow paste, bright and striking; Frederika, dull
raaroon-crirason ground, with bright yellow paste, bold
and showy ; and Alfred Mellon, dark brown chocolate
ground coiour,withbrighty6llowpaste,piplarge. Another
group h;id violet, lilac, and claret grounds, and com-
prised, populariy speakiug, some of the most striking
flowers, as Elsie, dark ground, margined with lilac,
sulphur paste, wanting smoothness; Conspicua, some-
thing like Elsie, but not so smooth, though showy;
ami Pauline, one of the very best, pale sulphur paste,
circled by a velvety ring, and margined with violet,
very pretty indeed. Lord Lee (Berry) represented a
striking magenta- crimson ground colour, with white
paste, and very novel. With the exception of the Uist
named, all were Mr. Turner's own seedlings.

A Second-class Certificate was awarded to Aloine
Auricula Emiua, from Mr. T. W. Pilcher, of Plaistow.
The ground colour of this is rosy-crimson, suffused
with purple, deep sulphur paste a little thin, smooth,
and good pip.

Another year's growth will probably do much to
improve the quality of all these new varieties. Quo.

ifloristg' dFlofeperg.

At the second Spring Show of the Eoyal Horti-
cultural Society, held on Tuesday last at South
Kensington, there was a display of Aueicitl.is,
Pansies, and Poltanthuses, that deserve some-
thing more than a mere passing notice. Mr.
James, gr. to W. P. Watson, Esq., of Isleworth,
exhibited a collection of eight Pansies in pots, which
as regards character and finish forcibly reminded one
of the tri umphs in these respects of 15 or 20 years ago.
His plants were remarkably fine, and the flowers were
all that could be desired, the colours well defined, and
the lacing almost perfect, in spite of so much sunless
weather. The sorts were Eev. J. Dix, Rev. H. H.
Dombrain, and Black Douglas, dark selfs ; J. B.
Downie (very fine), and Miss Hill, yellow grounds;
Princess of Wales (a very fine and bold white
ground flower, dense lilotch, margin well defined and
evenly laced), and Cupid, white grounds. A stand of
24 cut blooms, including dui)licates, from the same,
comprised Reine Blanche, white self; Cherub, yellow
self; Eev. H. H. Dombrain, Masterpiece, Noir, a rich
glossy self; Ladyburn Beauty, very fine ; Dux, a really
finished self flower, outline perfect, and very smooth ;
and Jessie, dark self's ; Miss Hill, General Lee, A.
Wharmond, Concord, a very finely formed, smooth,
and striking flower ; Geo. Wilson, Norma, W. Allstree,
and a promising seedling, yellow grounds ; and Cupid,
Aliss C. Cochrane, and Attraction, white grounds.
Mr. Hooper, of Bath, also exhibited cut blooms, hut
they were inferior to the foregoing.

A collection of G Polyanthuses from Mr. Wiggins, gr.
to W. Beck, Esq., of Isleworth, was very well grown, the
flowers varied, clean, and evenly marked. The best
were Unique, Model, Elegans, and Dark Beauty— all
fine, the rich gold lacing contrasting nicely with the
dark ground colour. The others were Butterfly and
Little Pet. Mr. Turner had fine plants, but of
indifferent quality ; in fact, Mr. Turner was " out of
form" on this occasion. A group of 19 plants,
shown also by Mr. Wiggins, deserved the highest
commendation.

The quality of the stage Auriculas was quite
indifferent. Mr. Turner's 12 were made up of R.
Headley (Lightbody), Mary Ann (Fletcher), and Miss
Gidding (Read), grey edged; Fair iVIaid (Lightbody),
Pillarof Beauty (Hughes), and Crucifix ((jlegg), white
edged ; Princess of AVales (Ashton), Lady Richardson
(Gairn), and Unique (Dickson), green edged ; and Eliza
(Sim), Meteor Flag (Lightbody), and Stadtholder
(Gorton), selfs ; the first dark ground, the second
having a pleasing shade of purple, and the last yellow.

Bee Culture : Hives.— Circumstances over which
I had no control, have prevented the fulfilment of the
promise given at p. 209, of a detailed description of the
FK.iME Hive, which has been so largely adoptod by me.

The stock box, Fig. 1, is \i\ inches wide between
the two sides, by llj inches from front to back, and
10 inches deep, inside measure. The two sides, A, are
21 inches long by 10 inches deep, and 1 inch thick,
dovetailed with the back piece. At a, on the inside,
grooves i-inch deep are cut to receive the ends of the
front piece D, which is 15 inches long by 9| inches
deep, which, when fitted, will give the required distance
apart of the two sides, viz.. Hi inches; also leaving an
open space at tho bottom of i-inch wide, running the
entire length of tho front, for the entrance.

At the upper part of the two sides, projecting beyond
the front, pieces 2 inches deep are cut away. On these
is fixed a piece of wood, c, 18j inches long by oj inches
wide ; bevelled away from an inch thick next the hive,
to i-inch at the front, near the outside of which, on the
upper siurface, a shallow groove is cut to prevent the

convenient rest for the roof or for the upjior outside
case for tho protection of the supers.

A window, tl inclus wiile by 9 inches long, is out
out al; o, the glass being fixed almost flush with
the inside. The window, when not in use, i,s jiroteeted
with a close-fitting shutter of wood, let into the
thickness of the outside space.

The lloor-lioard 11 is 2;j inches long by 17:| inches
wide, a.iid is made of two pieces of plank. 1 inch tliick,
ploughed and tongucd together. It is further
strengthened by two stout bevelled clamps, v, driven
into grooves, cut out of a dovetail shajie. One screw
only, close to either side of the junction of llie two
halves of the board, is to bo driven iu. This plan
allows of a certain amount of play to and fro for
shrinkage and expansion, and prevents warping or
splitting of the wood. Of course tho direction of tho
grain will be from side to side of the box. This
insures the width of the entrance way being always
parallel. I usually screw my floor-boards to their
hives, and find the plan very convenient. To do this
properly, to obviate the evils of shrinkage or expan-
sion, requires some little management. A screw on
each side is run in at D, through the thickness of the
floor-bo.ard only. At the very hack, screws are run
through both clamp and board, but room for play in the
latter is afforded by cutting out a small mortise iu tho
upper board, the screw holding tight only in the clamps,
and the upright end of the box. It is evident that the
board will be aWe to iday to and fro in as much space
as the mortises will permit, otherwise it would be
impossible to prevent the joints of the box being
started. In addition to the strength aflbrded \>y the
dovetailed joints, further stiffness is secured by driving
in pins of iron wire at the eornere. N.arrow giinblet
holes about 5 inches deep are bored at each corner, so
as if possible to make them meet in the centre.
Pins of wire of about the same length are driven
tightly in, any projecting ends being cut off. The
front, D, must be secured to the sides A by nails or
screws driven in at the dotted line a. The alighting
jilace is formed by the projecting part of the board B
under the porch ; but an additional pitching place is
recommended by Mr. Langstroth, formed of calico
stretched across' a light frame attached to the hive-
stand. As this soon becomes very dirty, I have some-
times substituted a sloping piece of wood ; but I do
not think that any addition to the space covered by
the porch is actually required.

Fig. 2 is the adapter, which is used only when a
super is put on. It is made of very thin wood, of the
exact outer dimensions of the box, that is IfiJ in.
by 10 in. The communication is formed by means of
narrow slits i-inch wide by 10 inches long ; the two
outer ones being cut so as to be flush with the two
inner sides of the box, the next being just the span of
a bar distant.

When supers are not in use the adapter is to be
taken away, and the top or cover J., Fig. 3, is sub-

dripping of water. This porch forms an admirable pro-
tection to the bees, particularly in wet or windy
weather.

The hive is intended to contain 10 frames. A rabbet
g-inch deep as well as wide, is cut at s, the entire
length of the inside of the back and front ; below this
again are cut out the notches, |-inch wide by JS-inch
deep, intended to receive the ends of the upper bars
of the frames. This allows of a space of f-inch between
the upper surfaces of the bars and the cover. The fr.ames
used are formed on the principle of the compound bar

and frames invented
by Mr. Woodbury,
already described
(see annexed figure. )
There is a space
of J inch between
each frame or from
either side of the
box, being exactly
If inch from centre
to centre of each
bar. The interior
dimensions of each
frame available for
comb building, are 1.3i inches by 8J inches deep, which,
with the thickness of the material, leaves a space of
g inch at the sides, top, and bottom, for the passage
of the bees.

A rim of wood, 1 inch square, is fixed at E, joined
to, and flush with, the poroh cover c. This forms a

stituted. This is made of 1-inch or li-meh stufl^ and
of the same dimensions as the adapter, clamped on the
same plan as the floor-board previously described;
mortises also being cut out in the board where the
screw holes pass through, to allow of proper play. A
single screw near the centre of each clamp or cross-
piece will keep them in place if they are properly
dovetailed in. A 2-incli circular hole must bo cut in
the centre of the board for feeding, &o. When the
top boards or covers are made sufficiently solid and true
to fll| closely, I usuallyl dispense with the use of any
screws for fastening them down to the box, as I find
thereby a great saving of time and trouble is efl'eoled
when manipulating. I find a leaden weight on the
centre very useful. ■ , . ,. . ,,

I must defer till next week a desonption of the
remaining accessories of this hive. S. Sevan Fox.

Swarming : 6, There is no certain method of preventing
swarming in your hives ; .all you can do is to afford the bees
.ample super aceoramod.ition, and if, in spite of your efforts,
the bees will swarm at once, cut out .all the royal cells to be
found in the stoclt, and return the emigrants. For the
proper time for supering, see the reply given to a corre-
spondent last weet. If the weather should still continue so
unfavourable, it would be well to give your bees, once or
twice a-week, a very small qu.antity of food in addition to
what you have ah-eady given.

Miscellaneous.

Kereford Cider.— diet is generally made by means
of a stone mill, varying in size, according to the
amount of work to 'be done, from 8 to 18 feet in
diameter ; round it is a deep chase or groove, wherein
a ponderous stone roller, frequently weighing as much
aslO to 12 ewt., is made to revolve by a horse ])ushing or
drawing, as the case may be. As good cider cannot be
made unless every kernel is broken and the rina
completely reduced to a pulp, this process is very
tedious, inasmuch as the essential oils contained in tbe
kernels, which give flavour to the cider, cannot be
extracted unless they are broken. Hence mucfi
prejudice prevails against the use of any mills that will
not effect this desideratum, but the absolute necessity
of a more expeditious system has led to the introduction

410

Tire OAl^WATJiS' CTrr.OKICLE AND Anpjrrr.TtmAT, OAZKTTE.

[Apbil 20, 1SC7.

of a new kind of mill, similar in construction to the
Devon mill. The fruit falls from a hopper upon a
wooden roller fitted with inn or steel teeth, revolving
between other teeth in ■_ iixed plate in front; thus
reduced, it passes between two stone rollers set close
enough to break the kernels, when it is received in a
wooden trough, and many contend that by passing the
must through it a second time they can make better
cider than they could with that formerly used. It is,
however, highly desirable that the must should remain
in tubs or vats for some hours, before the liquor is
extracted; this is effected by forcing the liquor through
a series of hair cloths by means of a poweri'ul screw
press, and the liquor being put into casks a speedy and
healthy vinous fermentation is promoted. This, how-
ever, sometimes does not readily take place, and in such
cases the addition of alittle of the ferment from another
vessel has been found beneficial. As soon as this
fermentation ceases, the liquor should be racked, and
its quality will greatly depend on the adoption of
means to prevent a second fermentation. This is
usually effected by racking the liquor into a clean cask,
and by repeated rackings to cool and fine it, but it has
been found that different anti-ferments are sometimes
used with good effect, one of the least expensive and
most effectual perhaps being powdered charcoal, in the
proportion of a pound to a hundred gallons. This is
applied in different ways, viz., put in the cask when
the cider is racked and well stirred ; or the cider is
placed in a tub with a false bottom punctured with
holes, and the charcoal being stirred into the cider, in
a few hours the liquor is drawn off. Another, and
perhaps the most effectual, method is to put the cider
into a large tub or vat having holes in the bottom
from which a series of bags are suspended, with
another tub underneath to catch the liquor, which is
returned until it runs perfectly fine; it is then put
into the cask and bunged down, the one end of a tin
syphon pipe being inserted either through the cask or
bung, and the other end resting in a small pan or
basin of water, so that any gas generated may escape
from the cask, but no air pass into it. This simple
arrangement prevents accident from the bursting of
casks, which in the absence of proper care will
frequently occur. DiicMam on the Farming of
Merefordshire.

Damp Walls. — A writer in the Suilder says: — I
have just effected a complete cure from damp e.'cuding
from a brick wall, upon which no plaster, much less
paper, would adhere, on account of its having been
several times saturated with sea water. I have done
so by using " Italian plaster," the cost of which is but
little more than that of Portland cement, and the wall
may bepapered upon -18 hours after the plaster is used,
without any risk of damp or discoloration.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Indian Azaleas having undergone the process of
early forcing, and which have now done flowering,
should have all the old seed-vessels taken carefully off,
so as not to injure the points of the weaker shoots, and
should receive, where needed, shifts into larger pots.
Generally speaking, small shifts at a time are the most
successful. The only soil adapted to their requirements
is a good wholesome fibrous peat. This should be well
chopped, or beaten up together with the side of a spade,
removing in the process any stones, as well as bits of
decayed roots or other matter likely eventually to breed
Fungus. When it has been broken up finely, by
manipulating the lesser more tenacious portions with
the hands, add to every three parts of peat one of clean
silver sand, and add more sand in proportion to the
qualities ot the peat used, as inferior sorts will always
need the most. The pots intended for use, if old,
should be well scrubbed, and then dried before the
plants are put into them ; new ones needing to be
dipped into clean water just previously to their being
wanted. Crock them well and evenly, so as to insure
most perfect drainage, without which the plants cannot
thrive, and then a layer of the coarser particles collected
from the heap should be placed evenly over the crocks,
adding a layer of fresh soil, which should be rammecl
down evenly and firmly. Place the ball of the plant to
be ]}otted, after having first removed all the looser
portions of the old soil therefrom, upon the fresh soil,
fixing it firmly in the centre of the pot, and adding
fresh soil in successive layers, and in such quantities
only as to insure an amount of compression by
properly ramming it down, as will cause it to eq^ual in
solidity that already contained in the old ball, without
■which, independently of any other causes, the plant
cannot succeed, as at any subsequent period, when
through any slight inadvertence the ball might be
allowed to become too dry, the water given to it at
that time will certainly find its way through the more
open soil in the faulty compressed places, leaving .all
other parts perfectly drj'. Finish the surface off
evenly, giving the ball when finished a thoroughly
good soaking throughout, to ensure which two or
more applications may be necessary. This operation
completed, the plants should be placed in a nice warm
house, the temperature of which approaches as nearly
as may be convenient to an average of 60° by night, and
70" upon fine days, with occasional sprinklings of tepid
water, and maintaining a corresponding humidity.
Shade at all times when the sun shines freely
between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. These remarks apply
also to young plants intended for future specimens.
In Orchid Souses, continue gradually to increase
the temperature as the days lengthen, and the
solar rays become more intense. Most Orchids
will now grow rapidly according as the treatment
they are subject to is congenial to their requirements
severally, or not. Scrutinise thoroughly all open

sided Orchid pots, in order to ascertain whether any
are not too dry in any parts, through the ready way in
which all surface-given water is drained away by these
outlets, and also through extreme evaporation, conse-
quent upon such an arrangement. Syringe freely, and
especially dash the water against all such pots as those
just mentioned, dipping bodily in water those which are
too dry. Surcharge the atmosphere with a genial
humidity to be imbibed by the retentive warmth of the
house from cool surfaces, as opposed to a forced vapour
from heated surfaces. Catilei/aSy Dendrohiums, S,'c.,
though requiring little heat at other seasons, will now,
when they are growing, repay to the utmost, such care
as the above remarks suggest. Shade them effectually
upon all necessary occasions. The beautiful Gloriosa
(Clinostylis) should be taken carefully out of the
old soil and repotted into equal parts of good
fibrous loam, peat, and thoroughly rotted spit manure.
The tropical varieties often need much heat to start
them ; plunge them therefore into a Cucumber frame,
or place them in any position where a strong moist
heat exists, watering them freely when started. Even
the more hardy G. nepalensis does best thus started in
warmth, and afterwards turned out in a warm sunny
situation. Enlarge plantations of hardy perennial
Gentianas by division of the roots where such is
needed. These thrive well in a soft tenacious loam,
with quantities of soft floury yellow sand intermixed.
FORCING HOUSES.

Keep Fines, about finishing to swell fruit, closer
than other free-growing succession plants, which should
now have the air admitted pretty freely. Gradually
raise the temperature, after shutting up especially, to
an average of 90°, not to exceed upon any occasion a
maximum of 95" by day, with a mean night tempera-
ture of 7i '. Water freshly potted succession stuff with
care. This will be the more essential if the syringe be
used freely, as the leaves transmit much moisture to
the base ol the plant. Any Vines which are intended
for a very late crop, and which are tljerefore to be
retarded as much as possible, should be kept shaded
and as cool as practicable by throwing some wetted straw
over the border, and by other means of a similar kind.
Cease syringing ripening Grapes, and keep the atmo-
sphere much drier than hitherto, admitting air pretty
freely both by night and day upon all favourable
occasions.

Pot off Salsams which are pushing rough leaves.
They require placing deeply in 60-sized pots, and at
this stage like a rich fibrous loam with a good supply of
leaf-mould and silver sand. Pot only moderately firm,
and place them as near the glass as possible, in a high
moist temperature. This, by keeping them from being
drawn, will materially enhance their future robustness.
Italian Tuberoses will also need potting. Place them
singly into 4S-sized pots, in a stiff, tenacious, yellow
loam, placing first a layer of leaf-mould over the crock
in the bottom of the pot. When finished, place them
along the back of a Melon or Cucumber frame in full
sunshine, giving no water for a week, and then very
little, until they have fairly started. Sow seeds of
Perilla nanJcinen.^is, Zea japonica variegata, Ilelichry-
sums (which are useful for dried winter bouquets),
Dianthus, Lupinus, Asters, Stocks, &c., where it is j
possible to give them all proper attention when well j
started into growth, otherwise defer sowing them for a j
week, or even a fortnight later, as no greater mistake
can possibly be .committed than soiving such for the
sake of custom on a certain date. Sow them not
too thickly, and keep them properly protected
when necessary ; about the third week in Slay they
may be dibbled out into the open ground with-
out any further trouble ; all such will germinate freely
in a warmth averaging upon temperate. The Perilla
will not do so indeed, in a warmth much higher than
that.

It will now be safe for the amateur who possesses a
one or two-light frame, and who wishes to grow Cucum-
bers or Melons, with restricted time or means at dis-
posal, to sweeten the necessary fermenting material, as
has been previously explained, except that half the
quantity only will now be necessary, compared with
what was wanted a month or two ago. Convert the
fermenting material into a bed, from 2 to 3 feet high,
as soon as convenient. Should there be no other means
of getting the necessary plants^ sow some seeds forth-
with of Cucumbers (Telegraph is one of the best), and
among Melons take Green Gage or Marquis of Ailsa
(green-fleshed varieties), and Turner's Scarlet Gem.
As soon as sown, the seed should now be watered, potting
off the plants singly into small pots, so soon as they
show the third, or first rough leaf, to be turned out
upon mounds, as previously advised, as they advance
in growth.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN AND SHRUBBERIES.

Finish forking and pointing over Rhododendron
beds, and shrubberies generally, as soon as convenient.
This can the more readily be done now, as herbaceous
and tuberous-rooted plants generally, in such positions,
will have pushed through the ground. Clean away all
weeds, &c., from around beds or edgings of Dap/me
Cneoruin, and others, after which it will greatly assist
them in the emission of fresh roots upon the younger
growths of last year if a little peat soil and leaf-mould,
sifted moderately fine, be placed around them, pegging
any lengthy branches down into such where necessary.
These remarks are equally applicable to Cotoneaster
microphylla in places where it is used for a similar
purpose. Edge the walks all around neatly in places
where they are bordered by Grass ; by proper attention
to this much labour in cUpping them might be avoided.
Do not mow the Grass too constantly^ for a month or
so upon hill sides or other exposed positions, where the
sun habitually scorches it ; by letting it grow pretty
freely at this time stronger roots are induced to push
down into the cooler subsoil, aiding it much in its
efforts to withstand intense sunshine. Sow in the

open ground the main crop of Sweet Peas; the Scarlet
Invincible is a comparatively new variety of consider-
able merit, and should be mixed in due proportions
with the general stock. These will grow away from
slugs and other insects pretty freely at this date, if
sown moderately thick.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Where a constant supply of Feas will be needed
throughout the summer, sow a succession of those
sorts previously sown so soon as these show through
the ground. Treat Broad Beans in a similar manner.
Remove all fermenting materials from out-door plan-
tations of Seakale immediately the crop is cut, in
order to aid them in making a good growth for the
ensuing season, by thus quickly allowing the air and
superficial rains to penetrate freely down to the
roots. W. F.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON',

Forthe Weekending April 17,1867, asobsfirvedatthc Horticultural Gardens

i

Tesipeeiture. 1

April.

u

Of the Air. lOftheEartli

Wind

(3

■3

■ Max.

1

Min.

Mas.

M'-l^-i'de'rp'i'fp'

Thurs. 11

1) 129.967

29..516

fi7

26 41.5 i 49

46

N.W.

no

Friday 12

■fi

30.153

30.066

^H

38

4S.0 49

46

S.W

Satur. 13

S0.057( 29.799

55

46

50.5 49

47

s.w.

Sunday U

in

29.607

29.295

49

41

45.0 50

46

s w.

»i

Mon. 15

n

n ti\*s

29.415

62

40

.110

60

47

w.

•it

Tues. 16

12

29.722

29.6U3

W

41

4H5

W

47

s.w.

.06

Wed. 17

13 1 29.901

29.742

62

37

495

50

47

N.W.

.01

Averase .

29 872

29.463

57.0 1 38.4 i 49 0

49.5

47.7

I0.53

April 11— Boisterous and stormy; yery boisterous, with dense dusky
clouds; fine at nisht.

— 12 — CTear and very fine throughout.

— 13 -Rain and rather boisterous ; densely overctst at night.

— 14 -Boisterous, with rain ; very wet and boisteious.

— 15— Boisterous i showery and boisterous ; tine.

— 16— Rain ; showery, drizzly ; overca.<<t at nisht.

— 17— Hazy and drizzly ; exceedingly fine throughout.
Mean temperature of the week 2 l-5th deg. above the averase.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending April 27, 1857,

April.

■ is-^

Wed.
Thure.
Friday
Satur.

.21 59 5
59.0
59.0

,24 53 7
,25 59.9
,26, 60 5

,27' 59 2

No. Of
Tears in
which it
Rained.

Greatest ,

Quimtity ,

"Rain ,'

Prevailing Winds,

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
27th. 1S65 -therm. 62 deg. ; and tbe lowest on the 24th, 1854 -therm.
18 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

ACHIMENE3 : Mary. The weaker-growing sorts are best for
baskets ; tbe whole of tbe varieties of A. lougiflora are
suitable for that purpose ; sorts belonging to the A. coccinea
breed are also good -iu short, all semi-prostrate kinds, or
such as require most propping up in pots, are just those
that do best in baskets.

Aponogeton distachyon : C E F, This beautiful aquatic will
succeed in open water in tbe South of England, and will
survive if the roots are, daring the winter season, sunk
deep in the water. The seeds are very fleshy, and we are
not aware that they can be purchased in the seed shops ;
but a plant induced to flower freely by giving it a slight
warmth in a greenhouse will mature seed abundantly,

CucasiBERS : J P. It is the old, old story. No one has ever
been able to discover, as far as we have heard, the cause of
tbe disease, much less any remedy. It appears to be some-
thing constitutional. M J B.

Dahlias: J B T. The following will suit you : —Bullion
(Fellowes), James Backhouse (Godwin), Fair Imogene
(Fellowes), Master of Arts (Turner), Ultimatum (Keynes),
Freemason (Turner), Epaulette (Fellowes), Artemus Ward
(Fellowes), Mrs. Savory (Church), Marquis of Winchester .
(Keynes), Lady of the Lake (Godwin), Lilac Perfection
(Leggs), John Downie (Keynes), Gladiator (Church), Golden
Admiration (Alexander), Freemason (Turner), Arthur
(Fellowes), Annie Austin (Keynes), Lotty Atkins (Keynos),
Ellen Potter (Keynes), Herbert (Turner), L'Africaine
(Fellowes), Lady of the Lake, (Godwin), Miss Powell (Perry).

DiPLADENLAS : E P. The compost in which these are found to
succeed best is as follows: — Two parts light turfy loam, two
turfy peat, one cow-dung two or three years old, and one
silver sand. To these add a sprinkling of broken sandstone,
in pieces about the size of nuts, or larger, according to the
size of the pots used. Tbe most turfy portions only of tbe
loam and peat should be employed.

Names of Plants: Mr Backhouse. Sisyrincbium grandiflorum.
— AD. 1, Narcissus major ; 2, Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus ;
3, Narcissus odorus ; 4, Narcissus incomparabilis.- — Bockyn.
Eriostemon buxifolius.

Vines : / B. Tbe leaves have evidently suffered either froni
radiation at night or heat by day, in consequence of their
weak condition. The shoots you have sent indicate aa
much. Cannot you do sometlmig to make the Vines more
vigorous? Are the roots in a good condition, or is tbe
soil sour and sodden? — T D. The little excrescences on
your Vine leaves are not the same with the warts which are
so common, but much more delicate, so as to be almost
gelatinous when moistened. They deface tbe leaves in
some measure, but in all probability are not injurious. We
have seen tbe same affection before, but not in perfectly
fresh leaves, so that we have not been able to investigate it
fully. The smaller dots are merely collections of the little
crystals called by botiinists raphides, M J B.

Vine Borders : Sub. See an article in to-day's paper (p. 404).

Warner's Orchids : Sold. On inquiry we find the matter
stands thus :— A second series was announced in the preface
issued with the concluding part of the first series, and it
was stated that a prospectus would be issued. Both in the
prospectus, a copy of which is before us, and also in an
advertieenient published about the same period, the price
now charged is announced. Therefore, we conclude that
your assumed signature is fallacious. The reason for the
charge, we are told, is not for profit, but because the former
charge did not pay expenses, and Mr. Warner adds : '* If any
purchaser of the second series, who bought under a dif-
ferent impression, wishes to return the parts of the second
series so purchased, he can do so by communicating with
the author, and tbe money paid will bo returned." Nothing
can be fairer than this.

CoMMDNicATioNs RECEIVED, —W. Miller. — J. A. — J, Fleming.
—A. Fowler.— Quo.— D. M.— W. T.— J. B.— F. M.-J. B.—
J. Standisb. — J. Paget, — R. D. S.— S. Mathews. — Flore-pleno.
— H. Duubleday.-D. T. F.— W. P. B.— D. Spiers.— A. Petti-
grew, — Agricola.— W. Jackson.

ApniL 20, 18fi7.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE j\NI) AGRlCUl/rimAL GAZETTE

41!

LAWES' MANURES.—

Tho MatmrOH nmiiufuctiired bv J. B. Lawes for the presont
,0-iHon or lnii7aro now roatly lor dolivory nt lila Fnctorloa, at tho
ollowlng prlcos, por ton :—
I.AWFS- I'ATKNT TURNIP MANTIRE find liONE £ «. (/,

siirKiirrinsriiATK, -.1 ijMK o c n

LAWKS' SIll'Kill'Hiisi'KAriO ol' LIME from «URN"r

RONK or .MINKRAL niosi'MATKS 5 5 0

(.AWKS" WHEAT. ilAULKV, GRASS, and MANGEL

M-\NtIRKS 8 0 0

CONUENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES .. Vi 0 0

Tbeso Mftnuros can bo obtAinod of Mr. Lawes, or through the
npuointod Agenta In all parts of tho United Kingdom, at pncos
varying aocortunn to co5t ol carriage.

Genuine Penivian Gnano direct from tho Importorg. Nitrato of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammnula, and other Chemical Manuroa.

American and otiior t' ikes at murkot prices-.

Address Jons Bknnkt Lawks, 1, Adelaide Place, London Jiridge,
7, 0 ■ ii Edon Quay, Dublin ; and Miirket Square. Shrewsbury.

riliiJi LuiNiJU^ MAWUKii CUMl'AJN^

J (EBTAnLISBEDlS40),

Have now readv ior dulivwry m dry fine condition,
CORN MANURE. Rt Spring Use
IlISSOLVEl) BiiNES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPKUPIIdSPHATESofLIME
IKKPAUKD GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
eic Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISHERY
SALT kc. E. Pdbskr, SecreUry.
tHUcV-s. Ud, Fench\irch Street. EC.

"oDAMs".-^ NlTUO-rilDSrH.vrE for CORN.
UDAMS-.S NITRO-l'ini.srHA'i'E for KOOTS.
UUAMSS DISSOLVED ItoNKS.
OUAMS'S SUPERPHOSPHATE of HME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

MAUUFAOTURED

THE PATENT NITUO-PHUSPHATE OR BLOOD
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief ORlcea— 109, Fonchurch Street, London.
Western Counties Branch — Quean Street. Exeter.
I Irish Branch— 40, Westmoreland Street, Dubhn

DlRKLTtiRS

C7iairman— John Claydon, Littiebury, Essex.
Depvty-Vhair man— John Collins, Argyll House, Ilolloway.
Edward Bell, JS, Marino Parade, Brighton.
Kiobard Hunt, Stanstoad Abbot, Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Middksex.
Robert Leeds, West Loxham, Norlolk.
George Saville, Ingthurpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Essex.
Charles Dormar, i1. Esses Street, Sti-and.
Thomas 'Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire,
M(ina{)i>'9 Director--J amea Odams.
Bfl7(Jiers— Messrs. Bametts, JJoaros, & Co.. Lcmbard Street.
'Solicitors — Messrs. Kingslord & Dorman, 23, E&sex Street, Strand.

AtuUloy — J. Carter Jonits, Cambridge.
This Company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it ar.othtr
title, viz,—" The Tenant Famn:rs' Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for years under minagemeiit with M.anurea of their
own manufacture. Tho con.'iumer, therefore, has the best guarantee
fnr tho genuineness aud efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this C)mpany.

Pai'.itulars will be lorwardcd on application to the Secretary, or
may bo had of the Local Agents. C. T. Macadam, Secretary.

Cnlef Offices— 109. Fenchurch Street. London, E,C.

PKIZE

KOHL

K A li 1,

SUTTON'S LARGE KOHL RABI.

Price 2s, 6d. per lb.

Cheaper in large quantities.

PRICED LISTS of other FARM SEEDS gratis and post free.

ScTToN k Sons, Seed Growers. Reading.

THE ALSIlvE CLOVER for CLOVEK-SiCK LANDS
— Tliis excellentCloverwill thrive in almost any soil. Itproduces
two good cuttings in the year, and makes superior Clover hay. It
may be sown alone (14 lb, per acre), or in conjunction with other
i,eeds, either for alternate husbandry or Permanent Pasture. If
sown with Italian Rye-criJ4S, it is ready for mowing three times in tho
year. It is included in all Messrs. Sutton's Mixtures, and they
strongly recommend it to more general cultivation. Price may be
had on application (depending on quantity required).
Royal Berkshire Seed Estiblislmtent, Reading.

Very Early Sheep Feed.
BUTTON'S Bll'KOVKD ITALIAN RYE-GRASS.—
O This " Improved "Italian Rye-grass is recommended in prefer
ence to every other variety, producing three or four heavy crops in
one summer, and being almost if not strictly perennial.

At a Meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society, on March 16, in
a Lecture delivered by Alfred Hughes, Esq., late of Thomess, Isle of
Wight, Mr. Hughes s-iid :—

" I always reserve a portion of Oat land to lay down with Sutton's
Improved Italian Rye-g^.^ss, the most reliable plant I have come
across for some years for Ewes and L.ambs in the Spring. When 1
tell you that I put it in in the spring, and dressed it after harvest with
guano, and that m the autumn, when my Sheep fed it off, it was
up to their knees, and that I fed it off again this sjiring with Ewes
and Lambs, I tuink you will agree that tnls is a crop of very great
value. The Itali.i.n Rye-grass which is sold by SrrroK. of Reading,
is a most a.stonishing vigorous phint ; Indeed, I never saw anything to
equal it in the course of all my experience."

ScTTftN & Sons hitvo a flnu stock of ttioir Improved Italian Rye-
emhs, which is a very difl'erent and superior article to much that
Is sold OS Italian R> o-grass.

Present price 6«.6</. per bushel, cheaper in quantities over 6 qrs.
Carriage-fVee in quantities of 8 bushels und upwards.

Quantity remiired per acre, if sown alone, 3 buBhels.
Royal BerKshire Seed Establishment, Heading,

SUTTON'S GRASS SEEDS

FOR ALL SOILS.

CARRIAGE FUEE.

BUTTON'S MIXTUEKS of PERMANENT GRASSES

O and CLOVERS for Laying Down Land to Meadow or Pasture,
2Cs. to 3Gi. per acre. Carriage Free^^

SUTTON'S MIXTURE of GRASSES and CLOVERS
for Three or Four Years' Lay. Best Mixture, 21s. per acre.
Carriage Free, Second quality cbcaper

BUTTON'S MIXTURE of GRASSES aud Ci.OVERS

^ for Two Years' Lay. Best Mixture, 203. per acre. Carnage

Free. Second quality cheaper.

s

UTTON'S MIXTURE of GRASSES and CLOVERS.

Best Mixture, 15.«. per acre, Carriage Free.

Second quality cheaper,

s

UTTON'S MIXTURE of RYE-GRASS and CLOVERS

12s. to Ms. per acre. Carriage Free. ^^^_^

SUTTON'S RENOVATING MIXTURE for Iraprovinj
Old Pastures, 10</. per lb. ; cheaper by the cwt.

s

UTTON'S

FINE LAWN GRASS MIXTURE,
Is. 3d. per lb. ; 2is. per bushel.

SUTTON'S
SUPERIOR FARM SEEDS,

CARRIAGE FREE.

SUTTON'S SELECTED

TELLOW GLOBE MANGEL,
\s. per lb., cheaper by the cwt. Lowest price per cwt.
application.

Per lb .t.

Good l-ELLOW GLOBE . . 0

„ ORANGE GLOBE . . 0

„ RED GLOBE .. 0

„ LONG RED .. ..0

„ LONG YELLOW .. 0
SUTTON'S SELECTED

ORANGE GLOBE .. 1
FISHER II ORBS-
ORANGE GLOBE .. 1
STRATTON'S RED

GLOBE 1

Cheapo" by the cwt. Lowest price per cwt. on applicatioH.

Per lb, —3,
SUTTON'S ELVETHAM

LONG RED .. .. 1
SUTTON'S MAMMOTH

LONG YELLOW .. 1

NEW YELLOW INTER-
MEDIATE .. .. 1
Do. RED do. .. ..I
SUTTON'S MAMMOTH

LONG RED .. .. 1

REllKSHIRE PRIZE, or
SUFFOLK CBAMPION,
New, in 81b. bags .. i

For prices anil full particulai-s of all other Farm Seeds, see

SUTTON'S NEW FARM SEED LIST.

Gratis and Post Free on application.

1^* AH Goods Carriage Free y except very small parcels.

Five per cent, discount allowed for Cash Payments.

SUTTON AND SONS,
ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT,

r^UASB SEEDS for

PKKMANKNT PASTURE, of th«
finest quality, at modorato prices,
carefully Huloctud on a new, natural, and
scientific iystoni.

Soo " WHKKLKR'S HOOK on
GUASSKS." which contalrin Illuatnt-
tiona and Descriptions of tho most
suitable (irai-sos fur Pemianont Ptutturo,

J. C. WuKFLBB & Sow,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to tho Oloucostershtre
Agricultural Society.

ImproTement of Grass Lands,

at from (>». to 10.s. jicr acre.

SUTTON'S KENOVATING
MIXTURE
Should Now [ik Sowit,
6 to 121b. per acre.
Frlca lOif, per lb. Cheaper by thO cwt.
If these Seeds are sown early in the seaaon,
thu iiiiprovuuient in tho land will be vury
great, and at a small espeuue.

ThJH Mixture nhould bo bu^h-barrowod In
and rolled afterwards.

SCTTOIf & Soifl,

Royal Berkshire Seed EutubliBhrncnt,
Reading.

HORSE SHOW, AGIUCULTUIIAL HALL,
LONDON, MAY 25, 1S07,
TO CARRIAGE MAKEH.S, SADDLERS, AND OTHERS.
Sl'ACE TO LET in the ARCADE and GALLERIES for the
EXHIBITION and SALE of tlie SAME CLASS of GOODS as aro
lold durmg tho Sraithiield Club week.

Horticultuial and Agricultural Implement Makers, Seedsmen,
Nursery Gardeners, and Manufacturers ol" Ornamental and useful
articles for domestic purposes. Prizes for Saddles and Bridles.

Terms and Conditions may be obtained at tho Offices of tho
Company, Barford Street, Islington, N.

By Order. S. Sidnet, Secretary and ManaKer,

OUTHERN ~"C OUNTIES A S^'cTAfrO N ,

Fresitlent 1866-'C7— His Grace the Dukb of Kicrmond, K.G.
The ANNUAL EXHIBITION of HORSES, STOCK, POULTRY,
IMPLEMENTS, WORKS of ART. Ac. will bo held at BRIGHTON,
on the 2-lth, 25tU, 26th, 27th, and 2Slh oIJUNE NEXT.
SUMMARY OF PRIZES OFFERED :—
CATTLE.— Short-horns, £125 ; Sussei, £125; other Breeds, £50.
SHEEP.— Siuithdowns, £9-) ; Hants Downs, £90 ; Oxford Downs, £90 ;

Kent Sheep, £90.
HORSES.— Agricultural, £110: Hunters. £95; Hacks, £16; Ponies,
PIGS.— Berkshire, £32 ; other Breeds, £32. (£iy.

POULTRY.— Various, £93.

The PRIZE LIST may be obtained of the Secretary. ENTRIES
CLOSE May 1. By order of the Council,
Yately, Farnborough^ G. B. H. Sacte, Secretary.

R~ OYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.
BURY ST, EDMUND'S MEETING, 1867.
LAST DAY for ENTRY of IMPLEMENTS, 1st of May.
AJl Certificates received after thit date wit] be returned to the
senders, H. Hall Dake,
12, Hanover Squire, London. W. Secretary.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.
BURY ST. EDMUND'S MEETING, 18G7.
STOCK, POULTRY and IMPLEMENT PRIZE SHEETS are
now reatly, and will be forWrirdcd on application to
_12, Hanover Square, London, W. H. Hall Dare, Sec.

Eiit ^grtcttltuial ©alette.

SATURDAY, APRIL 20, 1867.

One of the most important sales of pure
Short-horn stock of the last 20 years was that of
Ivirkleavington (May 9, 1850), where the herd
of the late Thomas Bates, formerly of Halton
Castle and Eidley Hall, in Northumberland, and
latterly of Kirkleavington, near Yarm, was
dispersed. It fortunately had the advantage of
a capital record and report at the hands of Mr.
EwART, of Newcastle-on-T}Tie, who was present
at it, and gave, in the " Farmer's Magazine " of
the following month, a characteristic an.alysis of
the proceedings, which has served for the model
upon which many subsequent reports for tho
guidance of Short-horn breeders have been
founded.

According to this report no fewer than six
families were disposed of at the Kirkleavington
sale — distinct in their origin on the female side,
but latterly more or less related through the use
of the same sires upon all alike. These families
were the Duchesses descended from C. Colling's
cow Young Duchess, bought by Mr. Bates at
the Ketton sale in 1810, the Oxford and
Citmhridije Rose tribes, first distinguished by
their successes when exhibited at the earliest
meetings of the Eoyal Agricultural Society of
England ; and the Waterloo, ]Vild Eyes, and Fogga-
thorpe families, which have since become distin-
guished in the hands of Mr. BoLDEN, Mr. Jonas
Webb, Mr. Sanday, and others. Of these
several tribes, many of which, since Mr. Bates'
death, have achieved a far higher reputation, aud
commanded higher prices than any previously
known in Short-horn history, there are many
representatives to be sold at Preston XIall
and Havering respectively during the two first
days in May.

The Grand Duchesses, for example, are descended
from Duchess 51, bought 17 years ago at Kirk-
leavington for 50?., and she" has been a most
profitable investment to all who have since had
to do with her descendants. From 50?. to 5000'.

412

THE (URBENERS' CiraONIOLE AND AftTlTCtTLTtmAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 20, 1867.'

in about 10 years, omitting all reference to many
large sums for her produce meanwhile, is an
enormous stride — it was made by Mr. BoLDEN,
who owned all her family until he parted with
them for the above-named sum to Mr. Hegajs',
of Liverpool. At his death a few years after-
wards, the 5000Z. had acquired a value exceeding
SOOOi. — not only a higher sum for the whole herd,
but a larger average per head, for the 13 had
increased but 4. And now 13 Grand Duxes and
Duchesses are to be sold on May Day at Preston
Hall.

The following Table (in which the animals for
sale are numbered, the cows and heifer calves being
printed in italics, and the bulls in capitals, the
date of birth being given in every case, with
the descent from Duchess 51, and the names of
the Bulls employed), gives the whole relationship
of this family in the Preston Hall herd.

amilies are smaller in number. Royal But-
\erfly Duchess, bought for 500 guineas at the
owneley sale, has three descendants related in
the following Table, which on the side of both
sire and dam certainly represents the most
aristocratic descent which any Short-horn
breeder could desire.

IV.— ROYAL BUTTERFLIES.

■ 35. Royal B. Duchess
id, 18C5, by
Grand Duke 4th
(19,874)

45. Royal B. Duchess
3d, 1867, by 4th
D. of Thomdale
(ir.fSOJ

1-3. Royal Wharf-
dale (22,805), 1864,
by D. of Wharfdale
(19,648)

Roan Duchess— 12. Royal Buiterfiy'' s,-
2d, by Pre- Duchess, 1861, by
deriok (11,489) Royal Butterfly
(16,862)

from her.

tables : —

They are given in the following

n

VII.— HOSE or BABY.

Peace, by 2d-
Grand Duke
(12,961)

13. Rose of Rabv,'
1861, by Lumle'y
(10,478)

DucbessSl, by
Cleveland
Lad (3,407)

(10,284)

I.-THE GRAND DUCHESSES AND THEIR PRODUCE.

!8. BrandDuchesslSth,
1804, by Imperial
Oxford (18,084)

p8. ffruTid Duchest_iith,-\ 40. GrandDuchtssWth,
1SG6, by Imperial
Oxford (18,084)

•-Grand Duchess 12tb,—
by Imperial Oxford
(18,084)

.Grand Duchess, -Grand Duchess
by Grand Duke 4th, by Cherry

Duke (12, .589)

1859, by Grand Duke
3d (16,182)

8. Qrawd DnKE
17th, 1866, by 2d
Duke of Wharf-
dale (19,649)

Gr,and Duchess 2d, ■
by Grand Duke
(10,284)

^1. Grand Duchess-
Sth, 1858, by
Prince Imperi<al

(15,095)

■4. Grand Duchess-
Sth, 1869, by
Prince Imperial
(15,095)

Ml. Grand Duchessllih, — 10. Grand Duke Igrn,
1861, by Grand Duke 1867, by 4th Duke of
3d (16,182) Thomdale (17,7.50)

r20. GrandDu^hesslSth,
1863, by Imperial
■Grand Duchess 10th, -J Oxford (18,084)
by Grand Duke 3d I

(16,182) U27. Grand DucJiessirth,— 51. Grand Ducheu

1S04, by Imperial 21s(, 1867, by
40. BrandDwchess20th, Oxford (18,084) Baron O-xJord

1867, by 4th Duke of
Thomdale (17,750)

1. Grand Duke 4th,
1861 (19,874), by
Grand Duke 3d
(16,182)

4. Grand Duke 16th,
1865, by Imperial
Oxford (18,084)

II.— THE CAMBRIDGE ROSE TRIBE.

Cambridge-
Rose 6th,
by 3d Duke
of York

(10,066)

2. Mo.li Rose, 1858, by-
Marmaduke (14,897)

■44. Jl/oss iioscf 2J. 1867, by
4th Duke of Thomdale
(17,750)

The Beauty, by Puritan— 5. Red Rose, 1859, by- 19. Red Rose ?d, 1863, by-

(9,523)

Marmaduke (14,897)

18. Red Rote id, 1803,
Englishman (19,701)

by— 33. Red Rose ilh, 1865, by
Grand Duke 11th (19,874)

Englishman (19,701)

16. ThomdaleRase,18G2,—i8. Thomdale Rose 2d, 1-5. Cambridge Duke 3d
by 4th Duke of Thorn- 1867, by Grand Duke 1805, by Grand Duki
dale (17,750) 4th (19,874) 4th (19,874)

-9. Royal Cambridqe 2d,
1806, by 4th Duke of
Thomdalo (17,750)

III.— DESCENDANTS OE LOUISA.

r30. lady Lucy,\B(J5,'bY
3d Duke of Thom-
dalo (17,749)

pLucy Long, by— 7, Lady louisa,-
Duke of Gloster 1859, by Arch-

by Cramer
(6,907)

(11,382)

-Lizzy, by
Duke of
(10,167)

duke 2d (15,£

1864, by-
Justice

25. Equity,
Chief
(19,444)

6. Marmaduke, 1866,
by Gth Duke of Air-
drie (19,602)

-42. Frida, 1866, by
ICing of the Roses
(22,043)

12. Maid of Lorn,
1865, by 6th Duke
of Airdrie (19,602)

1-43. Oxford Ros'cWm,
by Imperial Ox-
ford (18,084).

There are three descendants of Cornbind, one
of Sir G. Knightley's best cows.

VIII.-COBNBIND.

r37. Lady Knightley
I 1866, by 6th Duke
Combmd, !by— 15. Jl/atde?iAai)', 1862,-| of Airdrie (19,602)
Janizaiy(8175) by Mocassin I *

(18,406) 1-47. Lady Kniohtley,

2(i, 1867, by Grand
Duke 4Ta (19,874)

There are two famUiea, the Passion Flmoers
and Prima Donnas, descended from the stock of
Mr. Garne, which are among the last to be
named.

IX.^PAS.SION FLOWERS.

Pas si OH-

Floicer,

]859,

by H

omer

(16,277)

-17. Rassion Floicer -
3d, 1863, by 4th D.
of Thomdale
(17,750)

36. GK!Mire,lB65, by
6th D. of Airdrie
(19,602)

■ Passion Flower -
2d, by Gondomar
(17,985)

S.— PRIMA DONNA.

-34. Thomdale Maid,
1805, by 3d D. of
Thomdale (17,749)

14. Passion Flower
4M, 1864, by 6th D.
of Airdrie (19,602)

Prima Donna, by-
Glostcr Grand
Duke (12,949)

■14. Pale Face, 1862,-
by Gondomar

(17,985)

22. Countess, 1863, by
4th D. of Thom-
dale (17,750)

31. Beatrice, 1865, by
3d D, of Thorn-
diUo (17,749)

46. Hilda, 1867, by
Kins of the Roses
(22,043)

Besides these there are No. 21, Beautiful But-
terfly (1863), (of the Barmptou Eose family), got
by Eoyal Butterfly 10th (18,761). No. 23,
Nymphalin, a Knightley cow, 1863, got by Bull's
Run (19,368), and her son CoNBAD, No. 7, by
King of the Eoses (20,043) ; and Lord OxrOED
2d, No. 2, one of the American bulls, by 4th
Duke of Thorndale (17,750).

It must be remembered, too, that ever since
this stock has been in Mr. Ee'I'ts' hands, the
very best bulls which either England or the
States could furnish have been employed. As Mr.
Stbapfokd states in the announcement of the
sale, it has been selected and bred with daunt-
less spirit and energy from the first sources in
the country, for the sole purpose of forming a
magnificent herd, and it now stands one of the
finest in the kingdom. We cannot doubt that
the dispersal of it will take rank with the fore
most sales in the history of the Short-horn breed ■

4th-
York

-Leila, by Count— Looey, by Marmaduke,— 10. Zatfy Zorc, 1860,
Gloster (12,650) (14,897) by Cock of Walk

(15,782)

■29. Tnu Love, 1865,
I by 3d Duke of
Thorndale (17,749)

Hengist, 1867,
by 4th Duke of
Thomdale (17,750)

1..:

The Camhridyc Rose tribe is another family of
pure Kirkleavington descent, given in our second
Table. There are no fewer than 10 descendants
here of Camhridye Rose 6th, a cow bought at
Kirkleavington by Mr. Hauvey Combe. They
have in his hands and in those of Mr. Jonas
"Webb acquired the very foremost rank among the
fashionable strains of Short-horn blood. At the
Babraham sale a very high average price was
obtained for the descendants of Beauty, a
daughter of this Kirkleavington cow. Two of
Beauty's sisters, both of whom have calves in
the Catalogue for sale at Preston Hall, and no
fewer than six of her direct descendants, are for
sale on May- day. Of these two are buUs and
eight are cows and heifers.

The next largest family in the Preston HaU
herd (Table III-) includes eight members. They
are descendants of Louisa, by Cramee, a cow
bought by the late Mr. Lanqston, of Sarsden,
at the Tortworth sale, and there are two bulls
and six cows and heifers from her here.

It win be seen that three of the number are
Lady Love and her calves : she was bought at
the Bushey sale in 1864 for 130 guineas. The
others are Lady Louisa (bought at the Sarsden
and her four descendants. The other

The Butterflies are another small family of
five, descended from a Bushey cow : —
V.-THE butterflies.
-26. Preston Butterfly, -
1804, by 6th D. of
Airdie (19,602)

3. Lady Sutter-4 38. lady Butterfly

fly. 1858, by
Great Mogul
(14,651)

-41. White Butterfly,
1866, by King of
Roses (22,013)

2i, 1806, by 6th D.
of Airdrie (19,602)

1-12. Royal Thorn-
dale, 1867, by 4th
D. of Thomdale
(17,750)

The Archduchesses are given in the following
Table : — Archduchess, descended from the Chilton
stock, and bought of Mr. Surtees, of
Durham, is a very fine old cow, and has two
daughters here.

Yl.— ARCHDUCHESSES.

p39. Archduchess 3d,
1860, by Imperial
Baroness, by— 9. ArchducJiess, 1860, ■] Oxford (18,084)
Master Gold- by Duke of Argyll I

8 c h m i dt (11,375) I- 30. Archduchess 4th,

(13,315) 1867, by Grand

Duke 4th (19,874)

Another small family descended from the stock
of Mr. Surtees includes three members — Rose
of Baby, and a yearling and two-year-old heifer

TllE scarcity and consequent high price of
good English Clover-seed from the growth of
last year is tolerably well known. The con-
tinued rain of last autumn rendered it next to
impossible to harvest the seed until the greater
part of it was utterly spoiled. And, on the other
hand, a great deal of foreign seed has been
imported, which is on the whole brighter and
more free from weeds than usual.

Under these circumstances Clover-seed, as
off'ered at market, is exceedingly variable in
price, so much so that at one market we had
samples of Eed Clover offered at prices between
32s. a-nd 80s. per cwt.

Now this state of the market has excited the
cupidity of dishonest dealers, and in consequence
it becomes our duty to direct attention to one of
the greatest frauds that has recently been
attempted in the seed trade.

A short time since a sample of foreign Eed
Clover seed was sent for our inspection, with
directions to report upon its purity, and the only
question for our decision having been the
presence or absence of weeds, we reported it to
contain a little Plantain and other weeds, but
to be cleaner than is usually the case with
foreign seed. But another sample of the same
bulk was sent, "with an intimation to examine it
for " coloiu'ed Trefoil and doctored- old Clover."
Here then, oven to us, was a new phase of
villainy, and we have now to point out tho
different steps in our inquiry.

1st. One hundred seeds as they came, leaving
out weeds, were counted out and put in one of
our germinating pans and plimged in heat ; the
good seeds germinated quickly and evenly, from

Aphil 20, 1867.]

THE r,A?vT)ENEPR' CTTRONTOLE ANT) AfiT^TOTTT^TFT^AT, GAZETTE.

413

j.vhich it was concluded that tlio basis of the

iamplo was new and goud.

I For cent.

(irilioso there goiinln.itcJ T4

L'onscqiieiitly tliero nro of dead seeds 20

100

2nd. The seeds wore examined for differencos
form, and wo soon se])aratud a quantity of the
ovate .seeds of Hop Trefoil (Medicaf,'o luiniliua),
which instead of being the bright yellow of that
seed in its natural state, wore all coloured of a
more or less darkish or purplish hue, in imitation
of the pui'pio tint of the Eed Clover seed, which
latter may bo described as an ovate form, with a
small hump on its back ; these separated seeds
wore reserved for future examination.

3rd. In order to test the amount of this
admixture, we counted four 100 lots of seeds of
the sample— again omitting weeds— and separated
the contained Hop with the following results : —

Seeds. Seeds.

1st. 100 contained 15 of'eoloured Hop.
2nd. 100 do. 13 do.

3rd. 100 do. 14 do.

4th. 100 do. 14 do.

4) 55

Average per eent . . 14 do.

4th. The coloui'ed IIop seeds were counted into
I the germinating pans, but, as was expected, not
one of them germinated !

Now if wo bear in mind that probably the
market value of this unmixed sample of Clover
seed would be about GOs. per ewt., and that of
the IIop Trefoil 20s. per cwt., it will be seen
at once what a gigantic fraud is here attempted.
It is killed, for the reason that " dead men tell
no tales," and its coloming is most artfully
managed. How the latter process is etfected we
have not yet discovered, but from other samples
that have come before us there is reason to think
that difl'erent methods are employed — black lead
seems to be used occasionally ; but this matter
IS still under consideration, but thus far we have
asooi taimtl that some of the doctored seeds are
tinctmed with the coloiu-ing matter, which will
not wash oil', whHst in other samples the colour
readily washes or even rubs off.

On "this point a friend informs us that " it is
very ditficult to get particulars from the doctors,
as ' the}' are called, they being naturally
unwilling that their deeds of darkness should be
brought to bght."

He further adds, "There are several men in
the Borough who make their Uving principally
by this work."

That this work is artfuUy done may be gathered
from the fact, that a few days since wo showed
the sample of this seed in a country market, both
to seedsmen and farmers, and they all concluded
it to be very good.

Under all the cii'cumstances now detailed there
can be no wonder that we should make the
following report : —

" From these results we are led to consider the seed
as sent to us to be the most villainous example of seed
adulteration that has come under our notice, more
especial!}- because, from its artful management, not
one farmer in five hundred would detect the imposition,
bat on the contrary would consider it a fair sample."

Now we are informed that there are Ninety
Tons of doctored Trefod in the Borough undis-
]iosed of, owing to the mention in the papers of
this inqvury, but let farmeis beware, for much
has already been mixed and distributed, and this
90 tons is destined to make its escape at some
time or another ; and let us give the further
caution that the price paid or the respectability
of the seedsman is not always a guarantee
against this fraud, as we detected it at the rate of
0 per cent, in seed quoted at 80s. per cwt.,
and we are sorry to say that we have found it in
a sample a seedsman assured us he " got direct
from the grower."

Generally seedsmen are not aware of the nature
of this doctoring, as it is a somewhat new prac-
tice, but it seems that now and then some whole-
sale seedsman turas up in a country market with
this doctored stuft' ; and as he can undersell the
honest tradesman, there is reason to think that
much of this stuff is in the market, and that
more will be. The samples now before us were
sold by a London man in the Bristol market, and
with such admixtures it can hardly be wondered
at that the Bristol merchants could be undersold.

Now, as this new method of adulteration can
hardly be known to all seedsmen, much less to
the farmer, it is imijortant that some care should
be exercised in the choice of seed, and therefore
we beg to intimate that in any case of difiiculty
we shall be glad to be communicated with,

It may, however, be as well to offer a few

renmrks upon the nature and plan of such
examinations : —

Tho first jioint to attend to is to find out the
gorininating ijower of the seeds, in tho caso ol
(jlover counting a hundred seeds, and jdacing
them in a little fine mould, and plunging in a
hotbed, or placing in a warm room, and if it
should germinate to tho extent of 90 per cent,
it will bo a good sample, but if much less it may
bo suspected, and its value of course will depend
upon whether it will grow. Now, as an evidence
of tho differences in this respect of a few samples
which have come before us within the last few
days, wo append the following Table : —

Table ('/ the Germination o/ 10 Samiiks of Red Clover.

No.

Label.

Price
per cwt.

Percentage

of

Germination.

Dead Seeds
per Cent.

J. d.

1

Red Clover

50 0

08

32

2

Ditto

32 0

60

50

3

Ditto

51 0

CO

40

4

Ditto

00 0

90

10

6

Ditto

74 0

90

4

5

Ditto

80 0

00

10'

r

Ditto

70 0

95

5

8

Ditto

75 0

97

3

9

Ditto

00 0

60

40

10

Ditto

27 0

30

70

This Table shows what an immense difference
there is in tho value of seeds, but we must
caution our fiiends against coming to a conclusion
from taking a pinch of seed and sowing it. No
evidence on this point is of any value unless the
seeds be counted.

If then the germinating power be as Nos. 2
and 10 of the 'above Table, we may at once con-
elude that it is either very old or has been badly
harvested. If again it be as Nos. 5, 7, and 8,
we may dismiss the idea of doctored seeds ; but
if as Nos. 4 and 6, we may examine with the view
of detecting this new method of adulteration,
and then only the difference in form can help us.

Leaving then this subject for the present, we
can only hope that this examination of doctored
seeds, by being made public, may have as good an
effect as our former remarks on weeds in seeds. B,

Me. Llotd, of Hatfield, referring to the

absence of members at the lectures of the Royal Agri-
cultural Society, makes the following suggestion to the
Mai-k Lane JSxpress .—The questions that arise are :
First, why are no more members present at these lectures?
and secondly, bow can more be induced to attend ? In
answer to the first, he imagines that at the time of the
lecture there are hardly any members present in town
who care to hear it. And, on the other hand, it is not
every one who is a member of the Royal Agricidtural
Society that can afford the time for, or cost of a journey
to London to hear a single lecture, however good and
instructive it may be ; and they are therefore prevented
against their will from attending.

And now in answer to the second question : How can
a remedy be found for this, so that more may be
induced to attend without so great a sacrifice to them-
selves ? The Society holds its annual show in different
parts of the country every year, dividing it into
districts, and choosing some town in that district that
recommends itself for the purpose. "Why should not
the lectures be delivered in different places also ? Would
it not be a good plan to choose some town, a different
one for each lecture, in the district in which the
annual meeting is to be held ? If this were done, the
members all over England would have in turn oppor-
tunities of attending without inconvenience, and any
one specially interested in a particular subject to be
lectured on. if not living in the immediate neighbour-
hood, would have no more trouble to attend than at
present. If this suggestion were carried out, he thinks
that a lecturer would gel at least a decent audience,
which it can hardly be said that he does now. "The
lecturer must go to the audience ; for as the raoimtain
will not go to Slahommed, Mahonimed must go to the
mountain. Surely Reform is wanted in the Society ;
and if the Cabinet do not bring in a liberal Bill and
enlarge the franchise, all the members will resign, or a
vote of want of confidence in the ministers will be
given." The need of an audience arises out of the
importance of the subject being tlioroughly discussed ;
it is for what an audience could bring and give, not e.xcl u-
sively for what they would receive, that tliey are desirable.
"VVe cannot doubt that the lecturers themselves will
acquiesce in this. If the lecture is fully reported it is
evident that members can receive it, each at his own
fireside ; but the lecture is itself imperfect without
that discussion which it always ought to receive at the
hands of practical men ; and for which it is necessary
that it should be given before a sufficiently large and
appreciative audience. Perhaps the Society may
succeed in establishing a directer and more i>ersonal
relationship than it has hitherto obtained with its
practical membersby adopting Mr. Lloyd's suggestion.

Mr. NocKOLDS recommends to the London

Farmers' Club— apparently in place of the existing
Chambers of Agrii-ulture throughout the country, and
the central Chamber, with whiidi a very imperfectly
organised relationship seems at present to exist— that in
every market town there shoidd be literally a" chamber"
* Five of these were found to be doctored Trefoil.

or point of meeting, where those attending every
market may on market days asaeuiblo, at Icastfcin- times
a-yoar, tor discussions connected witli husljandry, or
on the political position of the agricultural interest.
As tho ceiitial ofTice of all these local societies, ho
rei'.nnnncnds tho apiiointmcnl of a Tribiuial of Agri-
iMill ore. to consist of some 21) mcmber.i, to be chosen
li-om tlio most eminent practical men among tho
mendiers of the Agricultural Chambers and Farmers'
Clubs.

" Tliis Tril)unal should have a paid secretary, who should bo
well versed in rarliamontary forms, usaKes. and tnt:tieH. In
fact, he shfiiild Ije something of a Parliamentary agent. Wo
will suppose that there be four oidinary quarterly meetings
aimualiy. TJie seeret-ai-y should watch all ucjtices given for
bringiug any IJills into Parliament likely fo affect the agri-
cultural interest, and if he, in conseijuenee, tlnaight it neees-
.ttary to call a .special meeting of the Tribunal, he should bo
empowered to do so, and then notice of the matter requiring
consideration and action, should he .sent to the country societies,
who in return should send to the Tribiuial the result of their
discussions and the general opiniun at which they have
.arrived. They should a'so all contribute their quota to
the legitimate expenses of the Tribunal, which would not,
however, be very great, beyond the secretary's salary.
Thus advised, tho Tribunal would itself discuss the
opinions and conclusions elicited by the reference to tho
eountiy societies, and t.ake such measures as might seem
applicable to tho matter. If we never get an Agrieultunal
Board, there must be, at .all times, some department or other
of the Government which would be accessible to even an agri-
cultural application for a hearing, and to it would the Tribunal
appeal, as representing the feelings and opinions of the united
agricultural interest of tbek-uigdom at large ; thus, a force and
a weight wi aild be given to those feelings and opinions which
at present they do not possess. ITie president of the ' Wool-
clip cum Muttonbone ' Farmers' Club seeks an interview with
the Clerk to the Privy Council, President of the Board of
Trade, or some other Government ofiieial, on some crotchet of
the Club's, s.ay, respecting theovis variola— sm.all-poxin sheep.
He is received with eourte-sy — heard with attention - and is
assured of the gi'avcst consideration of the matter by the
ruling powers. Well, .and what comes of it? Why, as they
say in the North of England, 'Nowt.' No, these spasmodic
and intermittent efforts emanating from small sections of what
would, if united, be unquestionably a very numerous .and
powerful body, are useless. What is required is a well organised
and persistent movement for the protection and defence of
that interest, which, it docs appear to me, is more open to
encroachment and unfair dealing, .'md is mure encroached upon
and more unfairly dealt with, thau any other in the British
Empire."

At the recent meeting of the Midland Farmers'

ClubatBirmingham the Chairman, Mr. Masfen, gave a
brief resume of the proceedings at the meeting of the
Central Chamber of Agriculture, in London, on the
preceding Tuesday, with reference to the rating
question, which was in a very unsatisfactory state.
They did not complain that the assessment committees
had not done their duty so far as they had been called
upon, but they considered that legislation ought to be
brought to bear in order to make their decisions more
luiiform and satisfactory. The subject was to be
brought forward for discussion by the Club, and
therefore he would not detain them further by
entering upon it. Mr. Lowe thereupon bit what
seems to us a very notable blot in the existing relations
between the Central Chamber and the local clubs.
He said that the President had informed them that
the Club was about to discuss a question which had
already been discussed by the Central Chamber;
whereas he thought all the country clubs should
discuss the question before it went to the Central
Chamber, so that that Chamber should, by sifting or
"boiling down," be enabled to concentrate the opinions
of all the clubs connected with them. It w.as desirable
that the Central Chamber should suggest the subjects
which it might be desirable for the different country
societies to discuss; and that the latter should send
delegates to London to support the resolutions which
had been come to, and not their own private opinions ;
for without the authority of the clulis their arguments
would be of very little weight. If any good was to
come out of such societies, it must be by a central
organisation of some kind.

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

(From our Correspondent.)
The Island of Bdlancourt, where the exhibitions of
animals and the trials of implements and machines i
are to be held, is somewhat difficult to be reached— at
least the journey there is somewhat tedious. Omni-
buses go from the Palais Royal direct to the gate, but
their hours of leaving are somewhat uncertain. The
omnibuses of the Chemin-de-Fer Americaine, or the
street railway, leave from the street at the end of the
Louvre furthest from the Palais Royal between the
bridges Pont des Arts and Pont Neuf, every hour, the
fare being 50 centimes or half a franc — they take the
street raiiway at the Place de la Concorde, changing
the wheels there from the form used in the street to
those adapted for the rail. These bu.-ses do not go to the
gate direct, but set down the (.asseiigers at the endof
a road, indicated by flag stall i\illi gay streamers and
escutcheons, which leads directly to the island, which is
reached from the main road by a handsome trellis iron
bridge constructed specially for the Exhibition. Steam
boats also leave from one of the bridges near the Louvre,
which disembark their pa.ssengers at wharfs along-
side the park. Another way to go, most convenient
for those who live in the Luxembourij quarter of
Paris^is to take the railway, the station ol which is in
the Boulevard de Mont Parnasse. This railway goes
to A'ersailles by the left bank of the Seine, so that
visitors leaving the Billancourt station may visit the
Exposition, and thereafter, if so willing, may go on to
Tersailles, thus killing two birds with one stone, as our •,
expressive phrase goes. We have been thus particular
as to the mode of getting to Billancourt; for many
visitors will probably find it somewhat ditlicult to
obtain information upon this point, unless mdeed more
prominence is hereafter given to the Lxposition
on the island than has been given as yet, and full

414

THE GAUBENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGMCULTtlUAE GAZETTE.

[ApeiI. 20, 186?.

faeilities thrown in the way of visitors for reaching it,
or for knowing how to reach it. For at present no
prominence is given to the Exhibition at Billancourt ;
no one seems to care about it ; nor when we made our
first visit to the island — a tei-ra incogmta to so many in
Paris this_ day — were we surprised at the indifference
thus manifested, for to be very honest in our state-
ment, at present the E.'ihibiti'on at Billancourt is a
failure, not only from the little interest excited in the
public mind as to it, evidenced by the deserted walks of
the place, but also^ from the meagre display there to he
met with, of which more at present. Melancholy
indeed would our walk have been through its silent
spaces— musical only if musical with the ' baa,' every
now and then of some sheep, or with the -measured
tread of the gendarme — melancholy indeed we say
would our visit have been, had not the refreshing
inllueuee of a lovely day, with the bright blue sky
above — blue with a depth of tinge too seldom seen
with us — and the beautifnl scenery with which on one
side especially the island is bounded. At the period
of our visit, we believe we are not exaggerating when
we say that there were not half a dozen people — not
officials — in the whole park in addition to ourselves.
The hopelessness of more coming too, seemed to have
struck the officials at the pay turnstiles, for at one
time they had altogether deserted their posts, and we
went in through the barrier and returned as suited our
convenience, without any one to challenge us with
" stand and deliver " a franc, for that is the price of
admission to this rather-dear-at-the-price department
of the Exhibition of 1867. We do not wish to be hyper-
critical, but we could not help contrasting this
much talked-of rather pompously alluded-to place
in official documents with the grand display of sheds
filled with ranges of magnificent stock, implements
and machines, which are gathered together under the
auspices of our leading agricultural societies. We
have seen far finer, more extensive, and infinitely more
suggestive gatherings at the meeting of a provincial
society in our own country. At the same time, in
saying all this, we must also say that we do not forget
an expressive proverb that " Pools and children should
not see half-done work," that is, for fear they may
rashly jump to a false conclusion of what it will be
when fully finished. Certainly we saw evidence
enough that much remains to be done before the
plan, as originally designed^, of this department is
completed. Only this remains to be said, that the
programme of proceedings in connection with it as a
programme will no longer hold good, for it is already
broken through ; and further, that when the blast of
the official trumpet is blown so loud, we expect
those gathered together by it to see something
worthy of the call. What prospect there is in
tbis, the third week of the Exhibition, of the
programme being strictly followed, may be gathered
from the fact that although, according to it, the
exhibition of fat cattle of all sorts is to begin on
this day (Monday), up to near the hour of six on the
afternoon of Saturday last we did not see a single
arrival, nor, indeed, the slightest possible indication
that, on the part of the ofhcials, such arrival
was expected. Vastly different this from the
orderly precision with which we organise our great
gatherings.

We have said that the island of Billancourt is very
pleasantly situated. The Seine as it flows rapidly by
13 refreshing to the eye, while the really picturesque
heights of Billancourt, to the left, looking down the
Seine, make the place still more attractive. It is
scarcely necessary to say that the surface of the island
is very beautifully laid out, and nearly all the buildings
are good and suggestive examples of rural construction.
It" is probably undesigned, but it is nevertheless
suggestive that by far the finest construction in the
place is the Eestaurant No. 1. This is really a
very beautiful design in the Swiss or Chalet style ;
the arrangement of the whole is very picturesque, and
the details in carved and open fret woodwork are
worthy of examination — in work of this kind, indeed,
our Continental neighbours excel, and are well worthy
of being imitated by our carpenters and joiners, who
seem always to work as if beauty was a thing rather to
be studiously avoided than carried out. Many of our
country carpenters might also here get a lesson or two,
not only in the ecouomisation of home-grown timber
in the erection of sheds and the like, but also in the
way of using it ornamentally. Nothing can be more
appropriate, and indeed more beautiful, than the way
in which the sheds for the animals exhibited at
Billancourt are constructed of home-grown timber
left in its natural condition. We would draw the
special attention of the visitor to the way in wliich the
gable walls of the sheds are left with open spaces, being
partly filled up -with branches of trees most tastefully
disposed, and yet with a strict regard to the construc-
tive offices which the various parts have to fulfil— we
were particularly struck with this. But the same may
be said, with modifications more or less decided, as to
the construction adopted in the various sheds through-
out the island ; scarcely two are alike, and the rural
carpenter jotting their features down ;might go away
witb a note or sketch book filled with suggestions of
great practical value. The sheds for the animals are
placed at the extreme end of the park, opposite to the
main entrance. They are wide and lofty, and the
fittings of the stalls are, or were, designed to illustrate
various ways of constructing them. These are not by
any means numerous, the whole being fitted up after
two or three types, each of which is more distinguished
by ready modes of using timber than by any neatness
of design or of construction — none of the very superior
stall fittings with which our readers are familiar being
used in the sheds. Down the centre of each shed a
railway is made, on which the food trucks are conveyed.
Some of these trucks are by no means favourable
Bpeoimens of handy contrivances.

Opposite the principal restaurant the ground is laid
out as a garden, in order to illustrate ditfercnt modes of
rearing fruit and other trees ; many of the former are
in bloom, and add thereby to the attractiveness of the
place. Still opposite the Restaurant No. 1, but at the
other side of the park, is the inclosure designed to be
appropriated to all contrivances and appliances
connected with bees. As yet nothing is here
constructed. Between the restaurant and the cattle
and sheep sheds the ground is devoted to the exhi-
bition of agricultural implements and machines, of
which there is a very fair display. The sheds strictly
devoted to the British exhibitors are as a rule on one
side — the right hand, walking down the central avenue
leading from the entrance— those of the continental
exhibitors on the other side. In some departments
there is a better display here than in like departments
in the Exhibition Building and Annexes at the Chamn
de Mars. The English exhibitors, with the principal
entries, are as follows : — Messrs. Howard, with plougbs,
harrows, horse rakes, Grass mowing machines, reaping
machines, steam ploughs— in all 13 entries. Messrs.
Samuelson & Co., of Banbury — with the curiously
absurd inversions and mistakesmade byPrenchprinters,
who will not pay attention to the letters constituting a
word, printed in the Catalogue as Bomburg. Reaping
and hay-cutting machines three entries. Messrs. Sbanks
& Son— who figure as Shonks, and whose habitat is
made out as being at Banbury in Scotland (this word,
curiously enough, being properly spelt as the name of
Messrs. Samuelson's place alluded to above)— enter a
five-horse-power portable engine of the vertical class
for which they have made a good reputation. Messrs.
Amies, Barford, & Co., of Peterborough, have six
entries, made up of food-cooking apparatus, mills,
rollers (water weighted), drain tubes on Bailey Denton's
system. Henry Hayes & Son have two entries of
waggons. The Beverley Ironworks enter a reaping
maonine with automatic movements. Mr. Allen enters
a specimen of his expansive steam engine, with which
our readers are familiar. Smith & Son, of Peasenhall,
have two entries of their Turnip and Grass sowing
machines. Brigham & Bickerton, of Berwick-
upon-Tweed, enter three machines, a reaping and
Grass cutting machine, and a horse rake. Green
& Son, of Leeds, lenter a steam engine, meat
cutting apparatus, and a lawn mower, James,
of the Tivoli Works, Cheltenham, has six entries,
made up of his well-known liquid manure cart,
clod crusher, and troughs. William UDell, of 72,
Mark Lane, has three entries of winnowing machines,
and sieves for ditto. Messrs. Riches & Watts, of
Norwich, American oil crusher and Wheat grinding
mill. Messrs Coleman & Morton, of Chelms-
ford, have six entries of cultivators, Hanson's Potato
digger, oilcake breakers, &c. Messrs. Picksley,
Sims, & Co. have nine entries of straw cutters, root
cutters, oilcake breakers, vertical steam engines, bone
crushers, Grass mowers. Messrs. Garrett have also
nine entries, embracing their well-known threshing
machines, steam engine, horse rake, manure distri-
butor, mills, corn cleaning machines, traction engine.
Messrs. Ransomes & Sims have ten entries, embracing
a good selection of their ploughs, harrows and portable
engines, straw cutters, &c. Mr. William Nicholson,
of Newark, enters a specimen of his hay-making
machines and his horse rakes. Messrs. Clayton,
Sliuttleworth, & Co. enter their portable steam engine,
their threshing machine, and their straw elevator.
Messrs. Roby & Son (Lincited— for Limited, we
presume) — enter steam engines, fixed and portable, and
two of their threshing machines. Messrs. Ashby &
Jeffery — Mr. Jeffery rejoicing in the name of Setl'ery
in the^ Catalogue— have eight entries, consisting
of their hay makers, hay rakes, steam engine
portable, mills, straw cutters, &c. Messrs. Barrows
& Carmichael, of Banbury — this time figuring in the
catalogue as Bombury (it will get to Bomba soon)—
have five entries, as in steam engines, portable threshing
machines, &c. Messrs, Marshall & Co,, of Gainsborough,
have four entries, and show a good display of steam
engines and threshing machine work, Ruston &
Proctor, of Lincoln, enter their portable engine and
their threshing machine. Such, as preliminary to
detailed notices which we propose to give in due course,
is a brief statement of the position occupied by the
British machinists at Bi llancourt, and which,'a.long with
that taken up at the Special Annexe in the park of
the Champs de Mars, will enable foreign visitors to judge
of what class their work is. We need scarcely say
that in respect both of design, arrangement of details,
and general construction, they need fear no compe-
tition, come from what quarter it may. This much we
can say after a fair examination oi' the agricultural
contributions of various nations to the Exhibition,
that in all the above-named respects those of
the British makers leave all other competitors
far behind. Next to them in their variety of appliances,
in their design and in their style of workmanship, come
the French, and in some departments theymay be said
to have created and maintained siieciiilties of their own,
such as in what they call agricuUiiral in<lustries, such as
beet-root distilleries and sugar factories, examples of
which will be found in the Exhibition, and of the
main peculiarities of which we shall give notices
hereafter.

BONES AS MANURE.

[The following briskly written paper was read the other day
before the Kendal Farmers' Club, by Mr. Wakefield, the
President.]

He said : My text is " Bones, and how to use them."
I suppose no one would for a moment attempt to deny
that land in course of cultivation bas a tendency to
become exhausted — to lose its powers of production
— and the great thing is^iow to prevent this process of
exhaustion going on. We ^halt all admit that that

man is the best agriculturist whose aim is to get the
largest amount of produce otf his ground — whose
practice will, in fact, tend in the direction of exhaust-
ing the powers of the soil. I say tend in this direction,
but I don't say follow on in this path. Don't let me be
supposed for a moment to be advocating high treason
against the owners of the soil, and sanctioning a sacri-
lice of the landlord's interest, with a view to the selfish
benefit of the tenant farmer. But what I mean is
this, that every one of us who seeks to farm to
the greatest advantage, should so treat his land
tbat he should get from it all that it is capable of
producing in any one particular year, a due regard
being had to the future. You see I have a saving
clause in looking thus ahead to the future, in which of
course I always assume the tenant farmer has a secure
interest; for without that we should be all astray.
Well, now, I fancy I hear some of you saying to your-
selves, " W'hat about bones ? You've given us the
text ; when's the sermon to begin ? " My answer is,
it's going on now. The point I'mdrivingatisthis. Sup-
posing a farmer to be amply provided with the where-
withal to get the largest possible amount of produce off
the ground, how is tbis to be kept going on year after
year ? A most essential and important ingredient is
bones, applied in a judicious way. Of the value of
bones as a manure I am not now going to speak: in
fact, it is quite needless that I should do so, for all
believe it ; it is an established article in the creed of the
agriculturist.

Some one will perhaps be arguing thus to himself : —
" Bones ; it's all very well, a capital thing they are, but
they won't do for us tenant farmers — tbis is a job for
the landlord. Why, if I were to put them on myself, I
should never get a full return for my money for tbe
greater part of a score of years ; why, I may be dead and
gone, leaving my family just so much the poorer. No,
thank you. Landlord must stump up for this job, and
I'll be very glad to pay him interest ; but I can't invest
my own hard-earned money in bones, except, perhaps,
in the shape of superphosphate, just to get a crop of
Turnips with." Now my entire object in addressing
you is to endeavour to show the fallacy of this very
wide-spread view. I am not now going to speak of
bones in a state of solution, or dissolved bones ; that
doubtless, is the condition in which they are most
readily appropriated by the soil, and give the most
speedy return; but I am turning my attention to
bones in their natural state, without any further
treatment than, perhaps, boiling, which though it
takes away somewhat of their fertilising power,
places them in a condition to get sooner to work.
I maintain that to apply to the land half-in-Ii l> >nes
(or even larger, as is sometimes ^one) is just the
most extravagant way possible of going to work,
showing an utter disregard of those principles of econo-
mical science by which men of business, now-a-days,
are influenced. The ordinary way of describing the
benefits of a good, fair dressing of half-inch bones is—
Why, the land won't forget it for 20 years ; and this at
once brings me to the main point of my address. The
very idea of putting on manure in this year of 18G7,
which won't be wanted until 1887 ! ,Why, it's
monstrous, the very notion of the thing, as it seems to
me. What in fact does it really mean ? It is just as
if you were to deposit in a bank a sum of money, and
only get interest upon a very small portion of the
amount ; which might be all very well for the banker,
but wouldn't exactly suit the interest of the depositor.
It is in fact simply this— paying a higher price for an
article than it can be bought for. I think I can show
my meaning still better by a simple kind of illustration.
I suppose I may say that half a ton of bones to the
statute acre is a pretty tidy dressing. Let's see how
much that will be to the square yard. It will be
within a small fraction of 3J ounces. I will now place
upon this square yard exactly that weight of half-inch
bones, and upon another square yard I will put a
similar quantity of bone-dust. [Mr, Wakefield here
spread upon the table the respective quantities of
bone and dust upon the measured square yards,]
Now, will any one, after attentive consideration,
venture to say that a much smaller quantity of the
dust will not have as much effect, if not much greater,
than the full quantity of the half-inch ? The reason is
obvious. It is only the surface of the bone which can
act beneficially upon the rootlets of the plants which
we thus seek to encourage. I think we shall be agreed
upon that point. Well, then, that being so, is it not
clear that the quantity of bone inside, as it were, is
very much greater than that which is outside and
exposed to the action of the roots of the plants, and
consequently that that much greater quantity is of no
earthly use for our present purpose; it is in fact juit
my illustration — money placed in a bank, and doing
no good to the depositor ; or to make the comparison
more exactly similar, it is as if you were to take to a
bank a bag choke-full of sovereigns, and say to the
cashier—" There now, I only want interest for this
year at any rate, upon just that number of sovereigns
that touch the canvas of the bag ;" or, if it was a good
tbick roll of notes, " upon a dozen or so of the notes
that are at the outside of the roll, but I'm not very
particular to a nicety ; I'll leave it to you to fix how
much it shall be," As I said before, all very well ~
for the banker. Well, then, I contend that my
parallel is complete, for to argue by parallel it must
run on all fours. The soil is the bank, the " grassy '
bank," I may call it, for it is of meadow and pasture
that I am cbiefly thinking this time. The half-
inch bones are the sovereigns deposited therein. The
cashier is good Dame Nature, who, when the bag of
half-inch bones is handed to her, says, "I can give .vou
very little for all this, not this year at any rate ; but if
you like to leave them doing nothing, I'll take good
care of them against next year, and the following years,
and then I shall gradually be able to make something
of them." Now this isn't the way we aot in our

Apbil 20, 18C7.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICUl/rUHAr, GAZETTE.

ordinary concerns; far from it. If wo buy a cow, or
a horse, or a sheer, we higgle and haggle over the price,
half a day sometimes for a difference, may bo, of only
half-a-orown. But then yon see, we understand, at
leaat you do, a transaction of this sort, but wo don't
understand the proper scientific application of manures
to the soil. We can't determine, nor indeed can any
one the e.\act weight to a pound that should bo applied,
but 'as regard.? the use of bones in their natural state, I
am sure wo may get somewhat nearer the actual
requirements of the case. I won't attempt to fi.t what
quantity of bone, in the form of dust or meal, will do
as much good as a very much greater weight of half-
inoh bones in one particular year ; but I will contend
that a much smaller quantity will do as much— in fact
that it will do a great deal more. I contend that bones
thus applied are a tenant farmer's manure ; that he
need be beholden to no one in this respect. To advo-
cate the use of half-inch bones is, I contend with all
deference to the opinion of others, just to talk so many
half inches of nonsense.

Discussion.

Mr. John Gaiini^tt said bo was not going against the use of
bonoa, but his impressiou was that if a man bought lOoi, worth
of oil-cake togive to his cattle, he would hiive a more immediate
return for his outlay th.in from .almost any quantity of bones.
Ho had tried bones himself on a limited scale, and he did know
that the extensive use of bones was too expensive for almost
.any tenant farmer, lie must put on half a ton per acre, and
ho (Mr. Ganiett) believed some landlords put on a ton without
any very great result.

The CnAmM.\N said his point was. that a much smaller
quantity of the ground bones would produce a more rapid
result.

Mr. Smith would neither have bone-dust nor half-inch
bones, but quarter-inch bones, which insured a certain
quantity of dust, and then the dust flushed the crops at once
and did tlio business, and the effect of the bones would be
manifested for iO years and upwards upon Grass land. What
thoy bad put on at Storrs would never require to be repeated
aa long as Mr. fetanifortb lived, and year by year the Grass
land at Storrs would c.arrj- more stock.

The Chairman observed th.at Mr. Smith had used the old
term about the eflect of the manure lasting for 20 years, but if
they considered what compound interest amounted to in
20 years it was enough to frighten one. That was precisely
why ho recommended the use of bono dust. Of course it
must be honest bono dust, but if that could not bo got, wo
must have a mill of our own.

Mr. Robert Harrison mentioned the Ciise of a field of his
which was ploughed up three years since. It was 13 years
since the bones were put in, and some of them came up when
the field was ploughed.

Mr. II. CoTTAM believed that be w.as one of the first to use
bones in this neighbourhood. He had tried h.alf-incb bones,
and certiiinly the effect was very great at the back end of the
year upon the Tui-nip crop. Aiter five successive crops, when
you examined the Turnips you could find the fibres of the
rools wrapped round the bones. He could tell it also in white
crops and Clover. For green crops, at half a ton an acre and
used "with phosphates, il; was the best possible till.

amount of labour and some waste consequent upon
making these small cheeses, but if made gooil it will
realise 5s. per cwt. beyond even that which is made in
larger dairies, as small familiis will readily pay for the
convenient size. As tho CliciMarincthod of chcose-
inaking;hasbcen sofrequcntly ilrlailcd in your .Journal,
and is so successfully pracli.sod, I urcd not give it again.
It is in every particular suitable for tho making of
'loaf cheese. Tho vats or chessots may be made of
tin, .strongly hooped, and without bottom, or of staves,
hooped .similar to tho vats; but I much prefer tho
expansion vat, a specimen of which I sent to tho Ayr-
shire Agricultural Association three years since, and
many of them I have since sent to parties in Wigton- |
shire. The cost of them is about 10s. each. iWith
these tho cheese is more easily iibcr.ated from the vat,
and less liable to get broken in turning. All the vats ,
should be of equal size, and furnished with inside
followers] (Scottice, lids), made to fit nicely. They
may be pressed in tiers of threes or fours, as required.
If the cheese is turned twice a day, two days' pressing '
will be suflioient. The edges should be well bandaged
whilst in the pres.s to secure them against damage.
There may not be suliicien t curd to fill each vat every day.

of industry or einploymcut do wo hear of such a
complicated and mystifying system of engagement?
Wo well remember hearing a captious disputant
who, some years ago, while in the heat of defending a
favourite point, adopted as his mode of defence tlio
bringing forward plenty of bold assertions, and by
repeating them, ho thought people would believe them,
however untenable they were as being only class
privileges; and so with the advocates of tlie hind and
bondager system and all its modes of engagements.
It must fall; there are too many railways passing
through this fonnor stronghold of the system and
condition in which both men, women, and children
have been held for generations, if not for ages. Cheap
literature prevents these once snug preserves being
kept so quietly as formerly. We have seen bow
effectively the fanners in Aberdeenshire have acted
respecting the four-footed varmint of game— making
the landlords reconsider their jiroceedings, all through
ventilating the grievance through public discussions.
What is bad must ultimately give way ; railways
and cheap literature are two of the very best friends
which every poor man has. If there is anything under
which in some districts the agricultural population in

butifsalted, and pressed by the hand into a vessel, and 'Scotland suQers, that is as bad if not worse than
covered it will keep till the morrow, when the cheese ' this hind and bondager system and its mystifying
may be made up with new curd. There should be no manner of engagements, it is the bothy sy.stcni. About
annatto used, or the colour of the curd of the two days ' 20 years ago I well remember then roadiiig in the
may not correspond. It frequently happens that ', Inverness newspapers very lengthened, and in many
these small cheeses will not be quite as solid as I respects very instructive discussions or they might
those of a larger size. Cavities will occasionally appear, ] more appropriately be termed conversations, which had
unlike a naturally heaving cheese, but a'; though a taken place there at the meetings of the agricultural
portion of air had been suddenly arrested and confined. , association for that district. Amongst other things,
This I believe arises from too sudden pressure upon they had under review how some of their number had
so small a surface. This should be remedied by a ! his cow houses or byres built, the nature ot their
gradual addition of power to the press. With ordinary , internal arrangements, and how conveniently theycould
treatment in the cheese room, these small cheeses will feed them having ample. passage room in tront of the
be equal in quality, flavour, and appearance to Cheddar , heads of tho cattle for this purpose. The stables came
cheese of any size. The small Cheddar cheeses hitherto likewise under review, and then one of their number
have been without a definite name. A year or two assured the rest respecting the correctness of what Mr.

since, a cheese-factor in Bristol, wishing to give them had just stated to them, as he had been there and

a name induced his best cheese maker occasionally to seen for himself, and wound up by declaring that, as the
make a few bearing the impress of the words " Stilton times were now, no one could farm profitably without
Cheddar " which he had carved on the follower; but ; tho bothy on the premises; all the men lodged in the
it is fair to state, that only in form does it resemble the bothy ; but observe, there was not one word respecting
Stilton cheese. The name I have given at the head of the condition of their several bothies-- no allusion to
this paper is much more appropriate, as being more their having been inspected and found to have every
expressive of the character of the cheese I should like convenience requisite for the proper comfort of the
to see made by the small cheese-makers of Scotland ; 1 men, who were the means of bringing the farmers
and which, for its general usefulness, will be best : their profitable gains. In fact, it reminded one of the
suited to the public taste. The successful effort of tho condition of the cotton planters and their hands,and how
A''ricultural Association in the improvement of i they talked about them previous to their great war,
cheese-making is apparent to all : and the small dairy but I am wandering from my original argument ;

CHEDDAR LOAF CHEESE.
Mb. Harding, Marksburgh, has addressed the
following letter to an Ayrshire contemporary : —

I have been desired by one of our county gentle-
men to offer some prtictical remarks on cheese making
in small farms, with a view to equalise, as far
as may be, the advantages of the larger dairy farmer
with those of the smaller. It is clear that a thick
cheese, such as can be made from a dairy of 25 or 30 cows,
will command a higher price than a thin cheese ol
equal quality. It is also clear that a given quantity of '■
curd made up in one thick cheese will, when ripe, '
weigh more than if made into two or three, in conse-
quence of there being a larger portion of surface in the
latter than in the former. A thick cheese will also
retain its quality, and continue to improve for a longer
time than a thin one, and will command a superior
class of purchasers. It is only in exceptional cases
that thin cheese made from whole milk will be as
remunerative as when a portion or all the cream is
removed. I state this on my own experience, having
proved it to my satisfaction. The particulars of those
experiments I would give here, were it not that it
would occupy too large a portion of your columns.
Whole-milk cheese should Jbe made in a form best
suited to the public taste. In Somersetshire, within a
few miles of the famous village of Cheddar, thousands
of small cheeses are made, measuring about
6 inches in diameter, and 8 or 9 inches in
depth, weighing from 7 to 9 lb. each. They
are called " truckles," and sometimes " loaf cheese."
They are made by persons who milk from 10 to
20 cows, and occasionally by larger fanners. These
persons being prejudiced to the method of their farms,
Delieve that no other cheese can be made successfully
on their land. I have seen several hundreds of these
cheeses neatly arranged on the floor of a large room,
and of uniform size, painted red, through which,
diuring the process of ripeuing,a blue tint has penetrated,
imparting to them a rather rich appearance. Many
tons of them are annually exported to Australia and
other parts, the prices fluctuating according to foreign
demand. Some of the same description are also made
in North Wilts, but without the exterior colouring.
In both cases the cheese is of an inferior character,
and is not desirable for the small cheese-makers of
Scotland to imitate. They are generally a soft, porous
kind of cheese, rarely reaching the price of our
improved Cheddars by Ws. or 15s., and sometimes
even 20.?. The size and shape only is worth our notice.
Another example of size and shape is presented to us
in the Stilton. Its quality and flavour are good ; but
the excess of cream required to make them, and the
risk of not making good cheese, are objections. The
general class of small dairy farmers would scarcely be
justified in imitating (as in the former examples)
anything beyond its form. The cheeses weigh about
12 or 13 lb. each, and are 10 inches deep, and 7 inches
wide. As to the kind of cheese there is nothing
more suitable than the Cheddar. The method
of making is simple. There is an additional

farmer having an equal proportional claim with the
larger, I would respectfully suggest to the Council of
that body the propriety of withholding any prize at
their Kilmarnock E.xhibition for imitation ' North
Wiltshire loaf cheeses," and offering adequate prizes
for " Cheddar loaf cheese," made from dairies of less
than 20 cows.

however they all have a similar bearing, capital and
intelligence combining, and still more separating them-
selves from those upon whom the hardest portion of
manual labour falls. It is very galling to a man in
a humble position to hear of himself and his fellow
labourers being always spoken of by these would-be
gentlemen farmers, as a being whom only hard necessity
causes them to have near to them, " their workers."
,, _ J What has been a means of causing these combinations

Home Corresponaence. .^.j^j^jj ^g ^^^ jjear of, springing up amongst the

A few Notes relating io Agricultural ilen.—Vtom h-a'^nX and industrious tillers of the soil? Isit
the often repeated discussions which I may say ' not principally arising from the landlords and prin-
periodically appear in your pages respecting the condi- cipal farmers taking all and every advantage
tion of the agricultural population in sever,al of the ; which they can of every modern improvement to their
counties in the south of Scotl.and, there seems to be own advantage, caring not one str.aw how those may be
kept up a good deal of interest, one would think far whom they employ if they can get the work done? I
beyond its intrinsic value; no doubt many of the preva- am well aware of very honourable exceptions, but they
lentcustoms in those districts partakeagood deal ofthe are so few it only assists to make the contrast still more
old feudal relations which centuries ago subsisted glaring; and the practice of joining farms together still
between the occupiers !of lands and their retainers. It adds to the separation and absence of the proper
is often very amusing to watch and look on from a dis- sympathy which formerly existed between the farmer
tance to see how tenaciously some old ones are kept up, andthemenwhomhe employed, asitchecks and gives no
especially in the purely agricultural districts. We : encouragement for the careful and intelligent farm man
were " reared," as the Americans term it, in a purely , to look forward to ever becoming a small farmer himself,
agricultural district, and followed the occupation of He is a labouring man, and so must be all his days.
husbandry during the earlier portion of our life, so that ; They complain of most of the best agricultural hands,
wearenotunacquaintedwiththenatureof agricultural, that they emigrate or remove to other places. No
operations, the duties of the employed, and how they ' wonder, since the landlords will let their land in large
appreciate kind and considerate treatment when such ' farms ; and however bad the times are, as the farmers
is e-xtended to them by their employers. To many it call it, many of them seem always very anxious to
seems very strange with what tenacity the farmers in ; take more land. If farms were much smaller, and in
the south of Scotland hold on to old usages, haggling every district a few running from 40 acres up to 100
and mystifying respecting the money value of what it would give a more healthy tone to the agricultural
everything would come to which their farm men in ' population ; but when every door to advancement
the course of a year receive in the shape of wages; 'seems shut before the face of the intelligent and in
only let the agitation (to borrow a political phrase) be [ many cases sharp-sighted agricultural workmen, who
kept up for" a few years more, and ultimately ' can blame them for looking out where their energies

the defenders of this old tattered remnant of
feudalism, will, [ have no doubt, come round,
and adopt a somewhat similar mode of dealing
with this question to what the present Govern-
ment has done respecting reforms in the body politic,
and then afterwards they will wonder how it was
they did not adopt some such a course many years
before. As a system of dependence it is very odious,
when considering the very complicated system and
nature of engagement. Let us only place ourselves (for
argument's sake) in the position of one of those hinds,
the very name ' hind ' seems to be unbecoming when
applied to a fellow-creature, bearing with it at first
thought some mark of degradation, which we would
wish to throw ofl'. In passing, we may just remark
we have lived in a county in Scotland where such a
term as hind is never applied to any man, and where
they would never hear of it excepting for those
squabbles about their half-feudal usages which wc are
sorry to see are still lingering so tenaciously in the
south of Scotland. This may emphatically, to a degree,
be termed an age of discussion, and by discussion venti-
lating every grievance ; by so doing what cannot
withstand the broad 'dayhght of public discussion
must ultimately give way, and so must this hind and
bondager system. I would simply venture to inquire
of the advocates of this truck system of engage-
ment (and what else is it ?), in what other branch

may meet with a more encouraging reward ? O. D.
Ehgnie.

A Farmers' Orplian iZbme.— Many of your readers
will doubtless learn with pleasure that an attempt is
being made by gentlemen resident in several difl'erent
parts of England to obtain such promises of support as
will enable them to open an orphanage for really
destitute children, whose fathers, once jierhaps
prosperous farmers, have died in poverty and distress.
The urgent need of such an institution will hardly be
disputed. The farmer of the present day is exposed
to competition with all the grain-producing countries
of the world— even Australia sends us Wheat now;
and on the other hand his profits are seriously reduced
by rising rents and an ever increasing rate of wage ;
while he finds, like everybody else— for you hear it from
every one in every rank of life— that household expenses
are greater than they were even 10 years ago. What
wonder, then, if a tenant farmer of small means is
quickly reduced to difliculties by any severe loss of live
stock or crops, losses by storm and disease or blight,
directed by Almighty power, not to be resisted or
warded off by the hand of man ? At such a time,, if he
does not fall into the clutches of some provincial
usurer, he may indeed retain possession of his farm ;
but he is little'likely soon to recover his position, or to
leave any suflicient provision for his family on the
early occurrence of his death. Surely this is just the

416

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apbil 20, 1867.

case in which those farmers who are more prosperous
— remembering the source of their prosperity — and
those in other more secure wallts of life, will think it a
duty and a privilege to offer some effectual help. If
this be so, our aid can hardly be Riven in a better
form than by providing education and a home for the
orphans. Some will perhaps object that there are
already several large asylums open to orphans of
all classes. But only those who have tried can realise
the difficulty of getting any child into those great
establishments. It cannot be done without obtain-
ing manj; hundreds of votes by means of
an expensive and often very laborious canvass,
often continued through several years. And is it pro-
bable that the farmer's orphan, born and brought up
in an obscure village, will frequently succeed in com-
peting against other children, whose fathers were
clergymen or residents in populous places, or in any
other way personally known to a large number of
friends, who can vote and canvass for them ? It is
encouraging to be able to state that two gentlemen
have undertaken each to pay the cost of maintaining
one child in the proposed " Home," and that a good
many others have promised to subscribe; among these
are several clergymen and Members of Parliament.
All inquiries, suggestions, and offers of assistance will
be gladly received by Robert Scott Burn, Esq., High-
field Lodne, Heaton Nursery, near Manchester, and by
W. D. Pritehett, Madham Park, Bishop Siortford.

Shingle iJoo/s.— Some of your correspondents some
time since asked about shingle or wooden tiles. I
quoted from the only reference I had, that they were
sawn or riven. I do not believe the sawn are of any
use. In America they are riven, even when of Pine:
in this case they are tied together back to back, and.
kept in water for some time. They are sold in the
Oak districts of Kent and Sussex of two widths, 5 and
3 inches, as Oak paling, by the hundred, and you cut
them up to the required length. None but Oak are
made in England or would stand any time our damp
climate. The raw look is toned down by washing
them in a weak solution of sulphuric acid and water
(or dipping them) ; either will preserve them longer.
Somerset.

Lime as a Cure for Slugs. — At midnight we sowed
lime at the rate of four bushels per acre on the one
and a half acre of Wheat which they had attacked.
The lime was sown against the wind, and the lantern
showed that they were out feeding and had been
destroyed by the lime. Not a blade has disappeared
since. It is clear to me that we had been neglectful in
not applying it earlier. As soon as a few i>lants were
missed, the lime should have been sown. We had,
however, attributed the loss of plant to the wet
weather. Our attack fromwireworm on the light land
was at once arrested by the salt dressing, which I have
always found a certain cure if taken in time. The
damage done by slug this season has been very con-
siderable, and wireworm, on the light lands, has done
much mischief. As it is, half my peck of Wheat per
acre is uneaten by slug, and the adjoining three pecks
per acre will probably be all the better for having been
partially destroyed. I have 50 acres of Wheat a full
plant from one bushel per acre — in fact, some of it
would be, in my opinion, better if not sown so thick.
It is clear to me that lime should be sown late on a
mild night and against the wind, in order effectually to
destroy the slug. J. J. Mechi, April 11.

Steam Cultivation. — I would wish to supply an
omission of my own to your recent obliging review of
my "Report on the Steam Trials at JBury." Mr.
W. Cooper, of Pen Drayton, whose clever and
energetic system of culture and application of steam is
there alluded to, wishes me to add a slight detail
relative to his system of manuring. He uses a large
quantity of London manure, which costs 7^. per ton to
the nearest railway station, and, in addition, artificial
manure to a very great extent, viz., for the last four
years chiefly, and now solely, the phospho-guano as
prepared by Messrs. Lawson, of which the local
demand is rapidly increasing, and in many respects
surpassing Peruvian guano ; and no doubt it is more
to be depended on, and of easier application, from its
being partly a manufactured article of a more homo-
geneous character and containing more of the consti-
tuents of fertility than the natural guano. The
example of Mr. Cooper is not at all quoted as one that
could be exactly imitated, circumstances varying so
much — locality, soil, changes of lease, and, above all,
capital, and the custom of the country, determining in
most cases the exact system of cultivation for the
agriculturist ; but to supply an instance where a
novel system, carried out with judgment and spirit,
had prohtably taken the place of mere routine, and to
supply in a small degree a stimulus to other agricul-
turists to endeavour to improve or alter their modes in
unison with their own peculiar circumstances. W. E.

Socfettes.

SotJTHEEN Counties Association : PriglUon
Meeting. — A meeting of the above Society was held at
the Society of Arts, Adelphi, on Tuesday last ; Mr.
Benyon, M.P., in the chair; 25 new members were
admitted.

The answer of the Vice-President of the Committee
of Council to Mr. Acland in the House of Commons,
with reference to the exhibition of live stock, gave rise
to a lengthened discussion, which was eventually
adjourned till the decision of the Government authori-
ties was more fully ascertained.

The Eev. James Beck read a report from the Arts
Local Committee at Brighton, stating that they had
selected the new domed building at the Pavilion for the
Exhibition of Works of Art and Industry, and that
they had referred the details of the Art Union to the
Brighton Art Union.

The Secretary was instructed to request the managers
of the Great Western, South- Western, and South-
Eastern Railways, to contribute to the success of the
Exhibition by granting increased facilities for the
transit of animals, implements, &c.

The Council then adjourned to Wednesday, the 1st
of May, at 2 o'clock.

The prizes for homed stock are withdrawn, in com-
pliance with the Order in Council.

Deeeyshiee : Wintering Store Cattle. — At a recent
meeting of the Derbyshire Agricultural Society, Dr.
Hitchman in the chair, a paper was read by Mr.
Coleman, of Park Nook,'on the " Wintering of Store
Cattle, and how the land can be improved by such
means."

Mr. CoLEMiN said — Having been brought up in the
Eastern counties, my notions differ somewhat from the
practice in vogue in this county. The wintering oi
cattle, and particularly store ones, is of greater import-
ance to this district than to almost any other ; for from
he greater quantity of stock kept being for milking
purposes, and such being of necessity in a store state
during the non-producing winter months, it becomes
a question of very great importance to our farmers,
whether they cannot keep them cheaper than they now
do, and also in better condition than many I see at the
spring of the year turned out into the field, when they
are so low in condition that it takes them many weeks
to get up to the proper and natural state ; and while
they are putting flesh upon their bones they cannot be
doing business in the dairy, thereby very much lessen-
ing the total quantity of produce at the year's end.
Now one of the first things a farmer has to think of is
to have a sufficiency of food upon his farm to meet the
demands of his stock during the winter months, and
how to get through that time at the least expense
to himself, consistent with the well-being of his
cattle. I will, therefore, notice the various
descriptions of food which the farm produces,
and the best means of increasing the supply of such
food. Hay, of course, in this county stands first and
foremost, and has long been, and will be, the main
dependence of the farmer for winter provender for his
cows ; but I wish to draw your attention to the many
substitutes which are now well known and used in
the present day, and to venture to hope that some of
you may be induced to mow less hay, and purchase
more artificial food, than you have hitherto done, for
many reasons ; and one of them is, because I take all
hay to be about the most costly food you can keep a
cow upon, when she is not giving any milk. We must
not take the value of the hay to be what it actually
costs the grower, but what it would make with cheese
at 75s., if it were all consumed during the summer
months as Grass ; and I fancy some of you would then
put rather more than what is now called a consuming
value upon it. Would not you be glad to get rid of
your cows, say 1st of November, and have them sent
you again 1st April ? Supposing them to be returned
to you in as good condition as you require, I have
no doubt you would be quite willing to pay for
such accommodation a handsome sum; and I also
fancy that if we could purchase such cows as we
want in spring, it would be better for us not to
winter any, where we have no arable land to
provide straw for fodder and bedding. But as this
cannot be done we must all of us make the best use
we are able of the means at our disposal ; in fact I can
see that the four or five months of winter, and the
having to provide food for stock during that time, in
the manner now adopted, is one of the causes why
more Derbyshire farmers do not make fortunes, and
also why they are some of them at the mercy of their
cheese factor. Now, costly as the keep of a cow is in
Derbyshire, I have only to name the practice in some
parts of Lincolnshire, and other straw-producing
districts, to show that we might mend our ways to our
advantage. In many parts it is a trouble to get rid of
what we so much value, viz., the straw; and they are glad
to get it made into manure with stock, if even such
stock pay nothing for keeping, and many store beasts
bought in October are sold the following April at less
than they cost, after eating straw and 4 to 6 lb. of cake
all the winter. You are all, I am sure, well aware
of the value of straw when it is well got for fodder ;
but you must remember that if straw is cut into
chaff and mixed with pulped roots, it is very
much more palatable to animals ; and therefore as a
substitute for hay you must have roots to mix with
your straw; and witli Swedes for winter and Mangels
for spring consumption, you will be able to defy the
long cold spring to which we are subject, and be less
liable to suS'er from a short .crop of haj^ ; as when
the early part of the summer is dry it is generally
conducive to the well-doing of the root crops, as they
can be sown in good order and kept clean during
the first few weeks of their existence, a matter to
which attention enough is not paid at the present
time. I fancy some of us neglect our root crops as
soon as hay time commences, and lose thereby very
much more than we gain ; for if you take a fair crop of
roots to be 20 tons per acre, look at the amount of food
for stock grown per acre compared to 1 to 11 ton of
hay, which is the general produce of an acre of average
dairy land. I will now proceed to inform you how I
did for years winter above 150 head of store cattle
without, in some seasons, a taste of hay, and in others
the proportion of a quarter hay to three quarters straw.
The reason for my doing this was that I found stock
bred and reared upon the farm, if of a good sort,
always pay better than those purchased from a distance,
and are not near so liable to disease in its many forrns.
My stock consisted of one, two, and three-year olds, in
about the same proportion, and were nearly all of them
pretty well-bred animals. We will take the treatment
when the proportion of hay named (a quarter) was
mixed with the straw, and see how we got on. Hay

and straw chopped up together and used as chaff, the
allowance to each grown animal would be aljout
2i bushels of this chaff, half a bushel of roots, and
2 lb. of linseed cake (or other meal that was cheaper)
boiled for about two hours, in the proportion of
1 lb. of cake (ground fine) to a gallon of water. A
cistern, something like a small grain pit, sunk
two and a-half feet in the ground, and about the
same height out, made water-tight with cement,
has first put into it a layer of the chaff, six inches
thick ; upon this is spread a thin layer of pulped
roots, in the proportion of one bushel of roots to
four of chaff, and upon these roots is poured from
four to six gallons of the liquid in a boiling state;
these are then stirred up together and well trodden
down, the same proceeding being carried on until the
cistern is quite full ; it is then left 24 hours to get ready
for use, which it does by fermentation, and the flavour ,
of cake and roots is imparted to the chaff, and the whole
becomes a very savoury mass indeed, and should be
given quite hot. If any of you should be short of roots,
but from the supply of grains like to use them instead,
you will find the mixture quite as good, and less cake
or corn of course need be used ; but unless you
have something to make a mucilage of, and pour
upon your chaff hot, it will not ferment, and if no
fermentation takes place the mixture is not worth
having. I used a great deal of Fenugreek as a con-
diment for some years, at the rate of one ounce per
head per day for the cattle, and found it answer
the purpose, as it made mouldy hay and rather
weathered straw all the more palatable. In fact,
by this means you may get your stock to eat very
inferior food, and fill their bellies well too ; and
this I consider to be the end and aim of all
owners of store stock, viz., to let them have enough
of such as they eat readily, and to be of the least
costly material. Now what will two bushels of the
chaff I have mentioned, and half a bushel of roots,
with 2 lb. of cake, cost you ? I will leave you to
think over the question, for perhaps my estimate,
coming as I do from a straw and root-growing dis-
trict, will not be satisfactory to you; but put the
highest possible value you can upon it, I will ven-
ture to say it will not be much more than half what
hay costs you at the present time. I wish also to
I notice, before I leave the subject of food for stock, that
there are many crops that can be grown for fodder to
advantage that do not come under the designation of
root crops, such as Tares, and Oats and Tares mixed.
This is famous stuff for using in the way I have named,
and if this be done upon strong land that is not very
kind for Turnips, and then chop it all, and mix it as I
describe, I am sure any sort of stock will thrive well
upon it, and not waste so much as they do now when
it is given in a dry or natural state. I want to impress
upon you the necessity of making the produce of the
farm more palatable to your stock : for if you happen
to have a bad hay season, and have, as is called in this
county, plenty of " stirk hay," why, your stock suffer
in their milk producing properties very much during
the next season— more than many of you imagine. I
fancy that we do not pay attention enough to the pro-
duction of straw for fodder upon our arable land ; in
fact, to come to the root of the whole matter, we farm
the land for growing corn and corn only, and not for
growing or keeping stock, which is of the most
importance to us; as it is a great folly for us to
think we can grow corn as cheaply as they can in
Lincolnshire, Essex, or Norfolk, where the soil and
climate are especially suited for such a system of
farming, and where not above half the rain falls
that does with us. But the causes which militate
against Derbyshire as a corn growing county tend to
enhance its suitability for the production of stock.
When I see all the straw upon a farm made into
manure, and put upon the meadows, and when what
few roots that are grown share the same fate, I cannot
help thinking that we are neglecting the most
important branch of our business, and that we are
robbing one part of the farm to keep up the other,
instead of endeavouring to increase the fertility of
the whole, and make them so assist each other,
that both the arable and pasture land shall do their
duty in adding to the prosperity of the occupier. Now
let us consider what must be the state of the land upon
which nothingbut store stock is kept, and see if we cannot
by improved management benefit the stock, andalso very
much increase the productive powers of the laud.
Under the present system of purchasing nothing but a
few grains, and selling off almost everything the farm
produces, viz., "cheese," do any of you think your
farms are increasing in fertility or not ? And can you
deny that all dairy farms, upon which no artificial food
is purchased for the stock in winter, are rather imper-
ceptibly and gradually getting lower and lower in
fertility; and wiU they not in the course of a few
years, unless you alter your mode of farming, keep
less stock and make less cheese than the present time ?
I do not wish to say one word against dairy
farming, although I have never been accustomed to it
until I came here, as I am aware nothing would pay so
well as it does upon many of the second-class qualities
of land which abound in this county. I would rather
take the advice of a very old friend, when I first left
home for a distance, which was to look over the hedge
at what my neighbour was doing before I attempted to
teach others ; so I would guard against having you
think that a more profitable mode of farming may be
found than that which you now follow. But I want
to see improved as much as you can the system I find
you accustomed to. I havehad to farmland that 60 years
ago was let at 2s. 6d. per acre, and which by Turnip
growing and sheep farming is now worth 30s. I find
things to have been quite the contrary in Derbyshire ;
for a valuation of about the same time has come into my
hands, and I find that the same farms are now making
less than they were valued at. I want to see a more

Apeil 20, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CITRONICLE ANT) AGRICUETURAL GAZETTE.

417

liberal system of farming adopted in Derbyshire,
altliough 1 do not ex))eot you to spend more than your
rents every year for imrchnsed food, as I have often
done to a profit ; but use quite as much as your stock
will pav for each year, and no more ; for unless a
farmer iloes Ret paid, something is wronR, and alwavs
one of the two tilings— either his expenses are too much,
or his receipts too little. Now, as I have not known
many Perbyshire farmers given to extravagant ways, I
am afraid tiiat the outgoings cannot be very much cut
down for labour increiises in cost every day ; rates and
taxes,' I am afraid, will not be less, hut I must say jusi
now show a very great toiidoncy to keep pace with the
times and go a-liead a little too fast; and rents
—well ! perhaps I had bettor say nothing ujion
this point, as I am situated, but I will just
mention that farmers (or those who wish to
farm) increase and farms decrea,se ; so that the com-
petition every day becomes keener for anything that is
worth having. Now all these things being taken into
consideration, what is the farmer to do who has rent,
taxes, and labour to find money for ? Why, he must
produce more, or vvhat he does produce must cost him
less than it now docs ; for as we cannot expect our
produoo alwiiys to maintain its present high value, we
must be prepared to meet a fall in price whenever it
may come ; but with that fall in price I am afraid will
come no corresponding diminutions in outgoings.
Discussion.

Lord Denmak moved a vote of tlianlcs to Mr. Coleman for
liis able paper, and proceeded to rcmarls that be tbougbt his
Palm-uut meal and cottuu-cjiko steamed was an excellent food,
and that steaming was a preferable way of treating food.

The Hon. B. Coke had great pleasure in seconding Lord
Deuraan's proposition. Mr. Coleman had, in his opinion,
detected the weak places hi Derbyshire farming, and particu-
livrly in dairying. Ho was satisfied that a stingy way of farm-
ing is an impoverishing one ; and it was not the way to improve
by turning the str-aw into ready money as so many farmers do.
Mr. Anuorr spoke as to the extra labour required in chopping,
and asked how much richer hay and straw is .ifter being
chopped than it was before or in its original state T He thought
that where cake is given, the stock woidd eat the straw up to
the last sheaf.

Dr. HiTcnMAN stated that in his small experience he could
conlirm Mr. Coleman's remarks as to tho value of ccrt.ain
compounds in making straw or inferior hay palatjible to stock.
In 1859-GO, when the Burton brewers raised the price of grains
to Gi/. per bushel, he felt that after the processes and the he.avy
hydraulic pressure to which tho grains h.ad been subjected,
they were not as mere husks worth the mon^.y for feeding
materials, and he found a substitute in boiled lansced two
pounds and .about a quarter of a pound of Fenugreek and
aniseed, the whole of which cost him 4t/.. and served as well
as the grains for mixing with straw chalf , and the cows did
very well on it, with their \isual quantity of hay. As regards
the conversion of Grass fields into root and corn-growing laud,
he feared that the cliui.ate, and especially the soil of much of
South Derbyshire on the clays of the new red sandstone - and
all of Nortli Derl'yshii-e— was better for Grass than cm-n, iind
str.xw would always be an expensive .article : even in the small
farm which he conducted much of it was so retentive of
moisture that the footprints of a horse or cow would retain
water for a long time. He concurred with Mr. Coleman on the
propriety of mixing pulped roots vvith chopped straw and hay,
but in his own practice he found that heat was generated by
the fermentative process, if grains were added to the com-
pound, even without Imiling water being added- He bad been
asked upon what principle chopped and steamed straw were
better than straw unehopped and unsteamed, and the s;ime
gentleman had stated that more cattle filed from eating
chopped straw than from any other cjiuse. Now, the mischief
arose— when it did arise — from the straw being chopped too
small : all ruminating animals required that they should be
supplied with straw two inches long orthereabouts, in order to
throw up the cud for mastication, and are always better for
some hay unchopped. The fermentation, when not nermitted
to reach the sour stage, developed some saccharine matter ;
but under any circumstances, steaming or fermentation
softened the woody fibre of the straw and thus rendered it
more amenable to the digestive and excretory processes. He
attached great importance to the use of salt in the feeding of
stock in winter. Mr. Coleman had not suggested it, but he
(Dr. Hitchman) was sure of its value .as supplying an essential
materi.al to the blood (phosphate of soda), which cannot be
obtained in sufficient qu.antity from straw grown inland ; and
therefore their cattle had about an ounce daily mi.xed with
their chopped food. It was a cheap and useful condiment,
aiding digestion and contributing to the health of the animal
in other particidars. He had pointed out some years ago to
the members of the Society the imnortauce of sheltering stock
in winter, and he hoped that all landlords would aid the
tenants in this particular ; the stock should be sheltered, not
only to economise food, but also to improve the value of
manure ; both chemical analysis and practical e-xperience had
shown, that manure unexposed to wind and rain produced
much larger crops than that which was exposed ; and it would
be better when dung heaps were placed in fields to cover them
over with some plastic mixture, or even to spread it over the
fields as it was produced, as suggested by Professor Voelcker.
f stock were better fed the m.anure would be more valu.able,
s practical men well knew ; it had been valued as worth more
han four pounds per ton when cattle were supphed with oil-
cake ; it is said to be equally valu.able, or more so, when they
were fed with Cotton-seed cake, which is almost as cheap .ag.ain
aa Linseed cake ; and it would, perhaps, be worth the attention
of stock keepers for mixing purposes, but great care should be
observed that it is well decorticated, otherwise it is a dangerous
food. In the general principles of Mr. Coleman's very practical
paper he cordi.atly concurred.

Mr. Faulkner said he was for years a purchaser of cattle,
but now he was a rearer, which he could positively say was by
far the best plan. He strongly advised the keeping of stock
well, and always in a growing state : but he was sorry to see
many farmers keep their beasts so low in winter that for the
first six weeks they went to Grass they could not be of any
use to the daii-y. He once had some stirks offered him in
October at 9/. apiece, and he could have bought them for
11. in the following spring, simply because they had not been
kept in a growing state.

Mr. Coleman — The remarks made by Lord Denman relative
to the steaming food for stock, I will answer by saying that
I prefer the mode 1 have named, because it is not half the
expense, and beciuse fermentation answers every purpose of
steaming, and is even better, for the stock ejit tlie food more
readily when steamed. The Palm-nut and Cotton-cake to
which the noble lord has alluded are both of them well worthy
the attention of the d.airy farmer, and are two of the cheajiest
of the many feeding stuffs now upon the market; but neither
of them will answer for boiling, as they are not palatable to
the Btook when so treated. Cotton-seed cake I have found

from its aatrhigent nature it tenils very much more than oven
chopped straw to interfere with the powers of digestion,
which it ought to be the study of the stock owner to keep In
order. Dr. Hitchman made an allusion to the use of salt ; my
practice has been to keep rock salt in such a position that the
stock can always got at it, and by this moans each aniinal
takes what it requires, for I have mvariably found that if a
certain portion of salt bo mixed with tho food at .all times,
some animats get too much, and it does them more harm than
good. I am well aware of tho importance to a dairy farmer of
proper shelter to his stock ui winter, but I tliink Derbyshire
is better provided with shelter th.au almost any of the Midland
counties; and also th.at this dtitrict requires more buildings
for their stock than many others, because you keep the same
number of cows all the year round, and are unUke the gra7.ing
districts of Leicostorshire, where there is no stock upon the
land in winter. I h.avo no doubt th.at whou a landlord gets a
good tenant who requires more buildings, and such are
considered necessary, that they will bo carried out : but 1
must protest against farmers calling out against tho want of
buildings upon their farms, when they do not put wh.^t they
h.ivo to a profitable purpose. Mr. Abliott seems to think
chopping straw of no use, but only labour thrown away. 1
(Oily ask hitn another season to f.airly test the plan 1 have
recommended ; and notwithstanding the expense, 1 think ho
will be more than repaid for the outhiy. For supposing he
has mouldy hay and weather str.aw to give his stock, I will
ask him how ho is going to keep them hi good condition
without a very liberal supply of cake or com, and I fancy he
will h.avo some trouble to persuade a dairy farmer in this
district that he can afford to run up a heavy bill for this
purpose. I .am veiy pleased to hear Mr. Faulkner's remarks,
as they so much comcide with my own ideas, which are that
for grazing purposes .an animal should never lose its calf's
flesh, but be kept going on until ready for the butcher. In
reply to Mr. Brycr, who h.as just asked if cooked food will not
make the stock more delicate than they are now, .all I can say
is that I never found this to be the case, and in fact quite tho
contr.ary ; for when they are turned out to Grass in a good
store state they lose no time, but at once commence thriving ;
and .as the owner has the maniigomeut of them during the
time they have cooked food, surely he can take care and not
keep them too well ; for if an animal is pampered in the shall,
of course it cannot be expected to make much progress in the
Grass field. Derby Reporter.

Farmers' Clubs.

Midland: Titmpike Soads.— At a ^eners.1 meeting
on Thtirsday last, Mr. R. H. Masfen, President, in the
Chair, Mr. Ilorlev read a paper on "Turnpike
Boads." After alluding to the advantages of an
abolition of turnpikes, to the avowed intetitions of
the late and present (Jovernmeut, to the discussion
the question had undergone, and to its importance as
affecting the ratepaying interests of the countr.v, he
proceeded to say it was looking back at the origin of
turnpike roads, and believing that they, as being the
original means of cheapening traffic from one part of
the country to the other, had thereby benefited all
classes of society, from the highest to the lowest, which
had led him to the conclusion that as everybody was
interested in having the roads ( more particularly themain
roads) kept in an ellicicut state of repair, it was unfair
to throw their maintenance and the redemption of
existing debt entirely upon the land. He looked ujion
the construction of turnpike roads as being as much a
march of progress in their day as railroads were in the
present day; and when the uses in which they have
been employed were considered, they might fairly be
looked upon as " imperial and national" rather than
local ; and whenever they might be dealt with by a
comprehensive measure (and the sooner the better)
he trusted Parliament would see the justice of
contributing towards the payment of the debt, which
appeared to be the great difficulty in dealing with the
matter, owing to the number of vested interests.
He thought it must be clear to every one interested in
the future of turnpikes and main roads in the country
that Parliament should be urged to deal with the
trusts throughout the country generally, and not make
the districis where the trusts had been well managed
and were out of debt, keep their own main roads in
repair, and contribute in the shape of toll to the main-
tenance of any other roads they may have occasion to
use. He would be a hold man who would defend the
management of turnpike trusts generally, in which
there had been a great want of economy, tact, and
ability. However, it behoved them to look calmly and
deliberately at the suggestion which appeared to find
most favour amongst our legislators— an extension, or
he might say an universal and compulsory appli-
cation of the permissive Highway Act, the salary
or ixpenses of carrying out which cost as much per
cent, as the turnpike roads. In this county the rate
under the Act varied from 5^. 10s. to 2ol. per mile,
and the roads generally were not improved. The
compulsory application of that Act at present, he
thought, would be a great hardship on the ratepayers
generally by increasing the costof maintainingthe roads,
without any advantage to the public. Mr. Horley went
on to say, " Although I believe in a few years turnpike
trusts and toll gates will be numbered among things
of the past, yet before that event takes place many
plans and suggestions may possibly be brought forward
with the idea of solving the difficulty of paying the
debt and maintaining the roads for the future, w ithout
injustice to the interests involved. The cnn.-^olicUition
of trusts (as has been done in South Wales) and
maintaining the gates until the debts are paid, has
many supporters, and it certainly appears in that
instance to have economised the expenditure very
materially, particularly under the items of salaries and
law expenses. In fact, only 13/. is charged under those
heads in the last returns for 18(>1, and even less
than that some years, since they have been
consolidated, and the salaries and law charges
amount together to about seven per cent. There are
persons who have well weighed the matter who
believe that a county rate (including boroughs) would
be preferable to the existing machinery of " Highway
Boards." . . . If tolls are doomed, and turnpike trusts
abolished, a (jounty Board, on which the rate-payers

rather dangerous to give to stock in large quantities, unless are fairly represented, and the representatives of which,
they got at tho same time a bountiful supply of roots; for 1 from the nature of the Board, would be chosen from

different districts of tho county, would tend to remove
any local or personal interests from having an unfair
or undue influence, and this is a mutter worthy of the
consideration of all parties interested therein ; and it
must be remembered that although property is assessed,
and owners must have a voice in the expenditure, yet
it comes directly out of the pockets of the occupiers.

f think it may he fairly gathered from

the lieport of IHOl (to whicdi 1 have before alluded)
that great economy in the cost of maintaining turnpike
roads by consolidating tho whole of tho county (or
some large area) might bo carried out, and yet leave
them in a high state of elHciency, and also the de.>iira-
bility of the surveyor being a shrewd and first-class
man, and <me thoroughly understanding the principles
and practical part of road making ; but many may
take a valuable lesson from tho Irish system, where no
material is allowed to bo put on without being broken
to i inches ; and I am sure any one who travels much
by road must notice the superiority of tho roads where
these directions are properly carried out, and the
materials laid upon tho road at a proper season, and in
a systematic and scientific manner.

Mr. Wm. Fowlee, Jun., thought that the old turn-
pike system should not bo abolished, and that the
agitation which had recently arisen in reference to it
was much to be deprecated. The country would have
cause to regret auy hasty legislation in the matter.
Tolls should not be so high as to make them oppressive.
Gates ought to be placed at reasonable intervals, and
toll paid at each of them, instead of a person, as at
present, paying a heavy toll at one gate being freed for
the next 30 miles on which he would not travel. Civil
collectors, moreover, should be appointed to receive
the tolls. With regard to tho mortgage debts tho
money was honestly lent and must be honestly repaid.
With regard to the measure before Parliament, he
thought it quite sulficient for the ratepayers of a parish
to keep their own highways in repair, without paying
off the mortgage debt of the country ; and he con-
tended that if the roads were to he maintained in a
hiah state of elUcienoy, that might be done better and
cheaper, and on a better principle, by amending the
present system than by throwing them on the
parishes.

Mr. J. H. BuKBEEY contended that a great amount
of debt had accumulated from the expense of renewing
the Acts in reference to the various trusts, which
could not be done under an expense, in each case,

of-10'"- , , , •.. J

Mr. Jesson said two points seemed to be admitted —

first, that it was desirable to get rid of turnpike trusts;
and, secondly, that the management of highways should
pass into independent hands. He ofi'ered the fallowing
suggestions :— 1. Counties to be divided into convenient
districts by Quarter Sessions for the repair and
management of all roads and highways within each
district. 2. A board of waywardens for each district to
be appointed by the persons assessed to highway rates.
3. The board "to appoint a surveyor for each dis-
trict. 4. The board to have the power to continue or
to remove the present and to erect new toll gates, but
not more than one of them in every seven miles, ou
any roads or highways during 10 years and no longer.
5. A sinking fund of not less than 10 per cent, per
annum on the existing mortgage debts to be provided
—half of the cost of the repairs of the roads to be paid
by the waywarden,s, and the remaining half out of each
county rate. G. All toll gates to be removed when the
mortgage debts are paid, and then the roads to be
repaired hv the waywardens- one-half of the cost by
a high way" rate within each district, and the remaining
half out of the county rate. 7. Highw.ays under the
management of the Commissioners of towns not to be
included in anv highway district. He would remind
the gentlemen present that they were a farmers club,
and that, in urging that the land should be relieved in
part from the cost of the ro.ads, they were advocating
the interests of the landowners; for, though the
tenan'is paid the rates, tho amount of those rates was
always considered in fixing the rent to be paid for a
farm. He proposed to leave the waywardens the
power of continuing or erecting gates where the
amount of the traffic would make it worth while to
incur the cost of collection, hut that they should all be
swept away in 10 years.

Mr. Beawn moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Horley
for his valuable paper. He believed an opinion was
gaining ground in this country that the entire abolition
of turnpike gates was desirable, for not more than
60 per cent, of the money collected at the gates
was expended upon the repairs of the roads. In the
remarks of the speakers who had preceded him one
important feature in the case— the profits of the
lessees— had been entirely overlooked. Having come
to the conclusion that many people wished to get rid of
the gates, the question arose, how were the roads to be
repaired ? The plain and simple way would be to
take the gates away, and let the roads at once become
the property of the parish, which would then have to
rep.air them; but all those who derived benefits from
the roads ought to support them, and he did not see
why property which was assessed to the income-tax
should not also contribute to the maintenance of the
means of locomotion in an efficient state.

Mr- FoED seconded the motion. The subject (he
said) might he narrowed into a small compass. It was
a fact already established that turnpikes were to be
abolished. The subjects then to be considered were
first the debt, and then the best way of maintaining the
roads after the gates were abolished. He argued that
Government was never scrupulous as to the interests ol
the people when any great ch.anges were made in tue
institutions of the country, and never oflered remunera-
tion to those who suffered from such cases ; and Be
held that trustees were not necessarily bound to make
good the turnpike debts, as those who lent the money
knew that they ran some risk from the trust not being

418

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GiZETTE.

[Apeil 20, 1867.

permanent. It would be a great injustice if the debts
contracted for imperial purposes slioukl be thrown upon
the backs of the owners and occupiers of the land, who
already bore more than their fair share of the burdens
of the country. The only way of getting out of the
difficulty was, as the expense was created for a national
purpose and the good of every individual in the
kingdom, its liquidation should come from the national
funds.

Mr, Weight said they must be satisfied that a
change would be made sooner or later in the manage-
ment of turnpike roads, and it was, therefore, scarcely
worth while to discuss anything beyond the plans by
which that change could be made so as to secure the
greatest benefits to the community at large, guarding,
at the same time, against an undue share of the
burthen of maintaining the roads being placed upon
any one interest. Looking at the difficulties in which
many trustees had been placed, and the somewhat rude
mode in which the income was raised, it would, he
thought, be readily admitted that the roads had been
well and economically managed. In many districts, as
was well known, there had been during the last 20 years
frequent reductions in the tolls charged ; and it would
probably be found, were the subject fully investigated,
that had the districts been more extended, the amount
of debt upon the roads would by this time have been
comparatively trifling, if any debt at all had remained.
This consideration should lead them to urge that in
any new system the area of rating should not be too
limited, not so limited as appeared to be contemplated
by the Bill now before Parliament ; and it must be
evident that, as good roads were of great importance to
every class of the community, the expense of main-
taining those roads should be shared by all.

The President thought that the amalgamation of
different trusts, which could be effected under a recent
Act, and had been done in some of the adjoining
counties, and found to work satisfactorily, was desirable.
Such an arrangement would enable some of the turn-
pike trusts to pay off the whole or a greater portion of
their debts. One thing was very certain, that in some
districts, from the general good management brought
to bear upon them, the debts had been paid off, and
according to the contemplated arrangements, the roads
would be thrown upon the existing parishes in which
they were placed. That would be a very hard case,
because those parishes would have to sutler indirectly
by traffic over which they had no control, and which
would pay no corresponding amount of rate towards
the repair of these roads, being brought upon them.
Millers', brewers', and carriers' waggons, cabs, &c., and
all kinds of vehicles would really and truly bring a
great amount of heavy traffic along the roads in proxi-
mity to large towns. Mr. Horley touched upon the
desirability of an uniform system of rating, including
both towns and country, and he thought no one could
disagree with it, because the inhabitants of towns
required as good roads to convey the goods which were
purchased by the farmers in towns to them, as the
farmers did to convey the produce to the towns.

The ChaiemaN announced that the next meeting
was fixed to take place on the first Thursday in June,
when the subject to be discussed would be the advisa-
bility of extending the Factory Act to agriculture.

Farm Memoranda.

In the Pen Disthict.— TOe Oang S!/stem.—Th&
following is the evidence of Mr. Nisbet, of Thorney,
agent to the Duke of Bedford :—

" In a part of the country like this, in which there is
such a wide extent of cultivated land in proportion to
the population, and lying at such a distance from it,
it is almost a nece.ssity that women and children should
be largely employed in field work, to make up for the
deficiency of men's labour. This parish contains an
area of about 17,000 acres, with a population of only
2219, nearly all of it in the village, which lies about in
the centre of the parish. The only way in which
children's labour can be made available to any extent
is by working them under an overlooker in what are
called 'gangs.' The right way of doing this is by
means of a ' private gang,' in which only a moderate
number are taken to work in the direct service and
control of the farmer, and under the direction of one
of his own men. The work is then very proper and
suitable for the children, and they ought not to be
excluded from it. Much of the work which they do,
as e. g., hand weeding, would not be suitable for men.

" But the other system, so general in this neighbour-
hood, i. e., that of " public gangs," is very objectionable.
The children in these are in the employment of a man
who contracts for work with the farmer by the piece or
acre, or by the score of children, and pays his workers
what he can get them for. On this plan children are
taken about to work in much greater numbers, to
much greater distances, and under much less proper
supervision. One of the greatest objections to the
system is that the gangmasters are often men who
from their character cannot get good employment
themselves. In fact these gangs are, so to say, a refuge
for the destitute, both as to masters and workers,
and as long as they are allowed to come from all
parts and under no control, I do not see how the
general character of such gangs can be any better. Till
quite lately there were two gangmasters in this parish,
but I have such a dislike to the system that I stopped
them by requiring that they should give up either
their gangs or their houses. They preferred the
former. The farmers thought it hard, and I have often
thought since that perhaps more good would have been
done on the whole if I had allowed these men to carry
on their gangs here, as I could have thus kept some
control over them.

" If the gangmasters were required by law to obtain
a licence from the magistrates it would do something
towards securing proper characters. The magistrates

would be able to ascertain if a man was unfit by
referring to the police. I have no doubt that if such
a law existed it would be carried out effectively, here
at least.

" Another objection to these gangs is the numbers of
both sexes working together. They ought to be
separated. There is no kind of work in which any
difficulty would arise from this. The same amount of
work would be done by a gang of boys working in one
place, and a gang of females in another, as is at present
done by the same number of persons working in two
gangs promiscuously. It is very likely that as a rule
a gang of females could not be put under a woman,
owing to her want of power to control them as a man
can ; though a woman who has a gang in this neigh-
bourhood IS, I hear, fully equal to any man in this
respect. But it would require masculine and un-
usually strong-minded women. The separation of the
workers would, however, be a great benefit. I have
myself seen boys bathing in the presence of girls of
the same gang ; big girls, say, up to 14 or 15 years old.

" The nature of the soil also makes the work of gangs
in the fen districts more necessary than elsewhere, owing
to the greater number and quicker growth of weeds.
Horse hoes are used as much as possible, but hand
weeding is needed in addition. It is, I know, thought
by some that getting an extra crop from the land makes
it necessary to have more weeding done than would
otherwise be required. But I believe that for this soil
the five-course system is far better, and that the four-
course system would be actually injurious, as under it
the corn would run to such a length of straw. Nearly
all the farmers in this parish employ the public gangs.
One does not, but he has to employ Irishmen instead.
Another gets the work done by women only, and some
entirely, or partially, by private gangs.

" Some gangs from a distance are carted here, the
farmer sending his waggons part of the way for them,
but so as to stop short of the toll-bar. Waggons are
not sent for the "\Thittlesea gangs I believe. The toll-
bar on that road is near here,

" Where the population is in fair proportion to the
extent of land, and is well distributed, gangs are not
needed. This is the case with an estate which I
manage a few miles west of Peterborough. There,
instead of children, I have eight or ten women with
a man to look after them. In the same way on an
estate, also under my care, near the mouth of the None,
though the population is very scanty, children are not
wanted, because it is the custom for most of the women
to go out to field work, I have had a wide acquaint-
ance with farming as carried on in different parts of
the country, and never heard of any gangs except in
these eastern and one or two adjoining counties,

" In certain otherdistricts with which I am acquainted
the scarcity of men's labour for field work has led to
systems of female employment which are rather
peculiar, viz., the ' Bondager system,' and what may be
called the ' Bothie system,'

" In the north of England the bondager system is
very much followed, owing to the scarcity of men to do
field work in some districts, such as Northumberland,
The yearly farm servants are required to find a woman
or strong boy to do field work, &c, (boys are the excep-
tion, not the rule), such as hoeing and pulling Turnips,
spreading manure, &c, ; also the barn work, such as
dressing corn ; and many other acts that men do in the
south of England.

" The bothie system has of late years very much
crept into the south of Scotland, owing to the extra
number of workers required for the cultivation of
Potatos. Upon most farms there is a large sleeping
room, with another room attached, where you will find
10 or 12 young women living (they are mostly from the
north of Scotland). The farmer provides them with
Potatos, Oatmeal, and milk, and gives them so much
money per week. Both systems are very objectionable,
but I do not know how the farmer is to get his work
done without either. The women are engaged by the
farm servants (when they have no daughters of their
own) for a term of half a year, at wages which range
from il. to 61. for the summer half. May to November,
and from 21. toil, in winter; in summer they work
from 6 o'clock to 6 o'clock, with an interval of two
hours, I have often heard it remarked what fine,
strong, healthy-looking women they are, and objec-
tionable as [the system is it is, much more healthy
for them than the lace making and straw plaiting of
Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, &c,, or the manu-
factories of large towns. They are very frequently the
daughters of pitmen from the large colliery villages,
who prefer field work to house work, and in fact house
service is at a discount,"

Notices to Correspondents.

Improvement of Grass Land : A M. If a man mows hia poor,
wet p,isturo every year, and hardly dresses it at all — and
imfortun.ately in this we are not supposing an unusual
case — he will very soon find it full of Yellow Rattle, Sedge,
Hawkweeds, I'urging Flax, Devil's Bit, and other weeds ;
Fescues, Pons, and Clovers will dwindle and almost dis-
appear. If he drains it and gives up mowing it, dresses it
with farmyard dung and bonedust, if he pulls up Thistles
and Docks, and the larger- weeds, feeds sheep on it, folding
them upon the land if necessary and foddei-ing them with
hay ill winter, giving .also roots and cake, he will soon hiive
good graziug grounds and meadows full of Clovers and
Grasses. Rush and Sedge, .and weeds will have disappeared.

Scab : R S. It is owing to the presence of minute insects
called acari, which burrow under the skin and produce
excessive irritation, ciiusmg the animal to seek rehef by
rubbing against .any hard object. This friction removes the
wool, produces sores, and the animal loses flesh .and becomes
a miserable object. Powdered sulphur, 4 oz. ; fish oil,
12 oz. ; oil of turpentine, 2 oz. ; white hellebore, 2 dnichms,
ai-e to be well mixed together and rubbed into the .affected
parts ; or mercurial ointment diluted with four times its
weight of lard.

Teazel, frc, : A L W Copper. Teazels will do well only on
poor, stiff clay soil. The best treatise on Market Gardening
is by Mr. OuthiU, of Denmark Hill, S.

pOTTAM'S PATENT POETABLE UNITED

V-.' cow FITTINGS.

Their advantages are — Portability, not Fixtun i m i ible at
pleasm-e, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede VliiLiI itiou oi breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessaiy, moieised width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Pi-ice of Fittings per Cow. bas.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., li'on Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., wliere the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvementa
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

ALVANISED WIRE NETTING, GALVANISED

IRON BUILDINGS and MANUFACTURES,

G

Cbogoon & Co, 34, Bread Street, London, E.G. ; 2, Goreo Piazzas,
Livurpool ; 59, George Square, Glasgow,

w.

S. BOULTON'S 36-siilloa SWIj^^G WATER

BARROW. Price 45s.
CaiTiago paid to any Station in Eagland.

The ahnve is very cheap and invaluable for carrying Liqui''s of all
kinds. No Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard .should ba with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can bo had with one Carriage at a small
additional cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travel
long distances over rough ground a Pony can be attached, Tbo
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowing, out of many Testimonials, have been received : —

From Lord Otho Pitzoerald, West Parle, Salisbury.

"Sir, — You are welcome to make use of my letter recommending
your Water Barrow. I find it of great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and more serviceable than ouo I had made in the neigh-
bourhood, the carnage alone of which, without the barrel, cost me
£3 10s. I unfortunately ordered it before I saw your advertisement.
— I am, yours obediently, " O. riTzoERALD."

"To Mr. W. S. BouLToN."

From Tiios. Ingle, Esq., M.D., Emsworth, Hants, June 24, 1866.

" Sir, — The Swing Water Barrow is in every respect a most admir-
able improvement ou all I have hitherto use^ In my Gardens. All
parties who have seen it. Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
bestowed upon it their unqualified approval, and several said they
would order them of you. — Yours truly, "Thos Inqle, M.D."

"To Mr. W. S. BoDLTON."

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary,

^^VV ■•'*^-^'^^f^^'*''S52^1:20

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used In the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Eew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill &, Smitu will forward on
application.

From Richard Hemmino, Esq., Bordesley Park, Worcestershire.

" Gentlemen,— I have great pleasure in stating that I highly
approve of your Black Varnish, as a substitute for paint for farm
buildings, barn doors, gates, and e-specially when the wood baa been
previously painted in the usual wav a lew years before ; in this par-
ticular case it leaves a very nice glazed surface, than which nothing
could be better. The same observation also applies to ironwork of
every descriution, such as iron hurdles, &c. The Wrought-iron
Barrow with appai-atus for heating k;^ tar has been found most
useftil, and so great a convenience do I consider it that I shall beg
you to send me another, as well as a cask of the Black Vaniish, for
the use of the property which I have in Wnrwickshire. Please to
send the whole by the same conveyance as before."

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at U. 6d. per gallon, at the
Mtnufactory, or Is. 8rf. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Hill & Smith. Brierly Ulll iron Works, near Dudley, and
22; Cannon Street West, E.G., from whom only It can be obtaine

Apbil 20, 1807. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

■il9

SHANKS' NEW PATENT LAWN MQWEBS FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED ON FIVE OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1864 BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND ONCE ]!Y HIS MA.IESTY THE KINO OF SAXONY.
DXTBIITG THE SEASON OF 1865 THEY WERE PATRONISED ON FOUR OCCASIONS BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND, AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA.

AGAIN ON FOUR OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1866 BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND BY MANY DISTINOUISIIED NOBILITY BOTn IN THIS COUNTRY AND ABROAD.

HORSE-POWER MACHINE.

Every minute point in the. way of improvement has been carefully considereJ and adopted, and as A. S. and SON have for more than a quarter of a century
devoted their attention to this particular brunch of their business, the Nobility, Gentry, and Gardeners may rely on the M.ACHINES they may order, to be such
.IS to ensure lasting satisfaction, and to stand tho wear and tear of many years.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

AIIE I.V DAILY USE IV

ALL THE fiOYAL GARDENS; IN THE HORTICULTUIIAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRTSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUNDS;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;
And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

Tliese are the only MacMnes that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

THESE ARE TEE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOW FROPEELY WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE ABE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHODT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are tho only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shanks' Patent Lawn Mower will Mow on uneven as well as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, in referring to theii- IMPROVED LAWN MOWERS for 1S67, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in effecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and dur.ability.

A. S. and son have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an extent as possible in the construction of their Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the m»st improved Machinery are employed in manufacturing the various parts, and this applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S. AND son have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWERS, which wiU enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY R.AILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

Width of Gutter.

10-inch Machine £3 10

12-inch Machine 4 10

14-inch Machine 5 10

SHANKS'

Easily Worked

NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

SileDt Movement.

lUt/ a Ladij

is. extra.

0 B'j a Boy
SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE.

Width of Cutter. Easily Worked SUent Moyement.

16-mch Machine £6 10 0 By a Manor Two Boijs i^^ ^^^^^

19-inch Macliine 7 12 fi By a Man and Boy 1

22-mch Machine 8 7 6 U r„„ j/,„ f 7». 6<i.

24-inch Machine 8 17 6 j .'

i Is.
\ ex

extra.

If witli ratent DeliveriQg Apparatiis.
, . '2'js. extra.

Width of Cutter.

25-inch Machiiie £12 10 0

28-inch Machine 14 10 0 .. .. 30s. „

30-inch Machine 15 1.5 0 .. .. 30s. ,,

Silent Movement, 12s. 6d. extra; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set
Ditto for Donkey, ISs. per set.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

Width of Cutter.

30-iuch Machine £19

If with Patent Delivering At-parata
30s. extra.

0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0 .. .. 30s. ,,

42-inch Machine 26 0 0 . . . . 40s. „

48-inch Machine 28 0 0 .. .. 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set,

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

t^ 27, Leadmhall Street is the only plaee in London where intending purehasers of Lawn Mowers can elwose from a Stock of from 150 to 200 Machines.
Alt sizes kept there, whither for Horse, Pony, or Hand Power.

420

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 20, 1867.

1

GARDEN LABELS and FLOWER STICKS.—
PAINTED "WOOD LABELS, 3i inch, Gd. : 4i inch, Od. ;
6 inch. Is. ; 9 inch, 2s. ; 12 inch, 25. 9rf. per 100. 4 inch for suspeDCling,
Is. 6d. ; 6 inch. 2s. per 100, cheaper by the 1000.
ZINC LABELS for Pots, Garden, or suspending on Fniit Trees,

Roses, &c., 2s., 25. Cd., 3s., 3s. 6d., and 4s. per 100.
INDELIBLE INK, 6a. and Is. per bottle.
SOFT HORTICOLTURAL WIRE, Is., Is. 3d., Is. 6d., and Is. Od.

per lb. coil, according to size, [gross

GALVANIZED WIRE PINS for Verbenas. Cariiafions, &c., Is. per
FLAT METALLIC PEGS for Verbenas, Carnations, &c , Is. 6<i.

per 100. [35. per gross.

PATENT EYELET "WALL NAILS, single 2s. per gross ; double,
GREEN PAINTED FLOWER STICKS, 1 foot, 2rf. ; li foot, 3d. ; U

feet. id. ; 2! feet, 6rf. ; 3 feet, 6rf. per dozen,
BROWN VARNISHED STICKS, 1 foot, 3d. ; IJ foot, 4d. ; 2 feet,5d. ;

2i feet, 7d. ; 3 feet, lOd., per dozen.
DAHLIA and ROSE STAKES, square, green painted, 4 feet, 25, ?.d. ;

6 feet, 3s. ; 6 feet, 35. 6d. per dozen. [prices.

DAHLIA and ROSE STAKES, bro«*n, varnished, same sizes and
B. J". Edwards, 222, Strand, W.C, and 25, Bishopsgate Within, E.G.

FA. HAAGE'S WOOD GARDEN STICKS a^d
• TALLIES, commended by the Royal Horticultural Society'
acknowledged to be the neatest, cheapest, and best Training Stic"^^
and Tallies made.

The above can now be had of all sizes. Wholesale, of Beth am &
Blackith, Cox's Quay, Lfwer Thames Street, London, E.G.; and
Retail of the principal Setdsmen and Florists.
Price Lists on application.

Caution.

BOYD'S SELF-ADJUSTING SCYTHES.—
Ironmongers, Nurserymen, Garderers, and others are
CAUTIONED that all the above Scythes to be genuine must bear
R. P. Taylor & Co.'s name on thelabel, they being the sole Licensees
f>i>d Manufacturers. — They are the cheapest and best, and being
Sold adjusted, are ready for immediate use. They can be regulated
in an instant to suit any person, and to cut any Crop without change
of Scythes. Upwards of IdO.OOl) of them have been Sold.

To be had of every Ironmonger, Hardwareman. ana Seedsman in
the United Kingdom, and Wliolesale of the Sole Licensed Makers,
R. P. Tatlok & CoMpAsy (late Dray, Taylor^ Co.), London Bridge, E.G.

Seed Fans, Garden Pots, Edging Tiles. &c.

MESSRS. BONSEY BROTHERS be? to offer to|,|
(ientlemen, their Gardeners, and the Trade, GARDEN*
POTS, SEED PANS, and EDGING TILES, of aU sizes, of hard
and durable quality and moderate price.
Address Messrs. Bonsey Biiothers, Brox Potteries, Chertsey, Surrey

R

0

E

R

S .,

ROLLERS FOR THE FARM. ;

ROLLERS FOR THE GARDEN. i

ROLLERS FOR THE LAWN.

ROLLERS FOR CRICKET GROUNDS.

ROLLERS FOR PARKS.

ROLLERS FOR RACECOURSKS.

ROLLERS FOR ROAD MAKING.
The best and che.ipeat. are the Patent Adjustable WATER'
BALLAST ROLLERS, made only by

Amies, Barford, & Co.. Agricultural Engineers, Peterborouga
who will forward Price Lists and all particulars on application.

EANSOMES & SIMS'

NEW LAWN MOWER. THE AUTOMATON.

A NEW AND FIRST CLASS MACHINE, WHICH HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED,

CONTAINS MANX IMPROVEMENTS.

THE AUTOMATON LAWN MOWER.

PRICES, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND FULL PARTICULARS, FREE, FROM

RANSOMES AND SIMS, IPSWICH.

PATKONISED BY

HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE LATE PRINCE CONSORT,

ON BOTH THE MODEL WINDSOR FARMS.

" By far the most elegant of, and durable, Wire Fencing, that has come under our notice is tluit made by Greening & Co., Manchester. Below it is sufficiently close
to be proof alike against the ingress of Eats or the egress of Chickens, and being spiked above, it affords no resting place for the Fowls, who consequently do not attempt to fly
over." — From the *' Tottltri/ Hook."

GKEENING & COMPANY, Limited,

Manufacturers of IRON GATES, FENCES. PALISADES, ESPALIERS, HURDLES, TREE GUARDS, GARDEN SEATS, VERANDAHS, VASES, FOUNTAINS,
TOMB R.AILINGS, STABLE FITTINGS, GARDEN ROLLERS, POULTRY HOUSES, EMIGRANTS' HOUSES, BRIDGES, CORN RICK STANDS, &c. ; also of
Wire Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Moveable Fences for Railways, Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Courts, Sheep Walks, &c. ; also of
Wii-e Netting, Plant Guards and Piotectors, Garden Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea and Plant Trainers, Pheasantries, Hen Coops, Garden Lounges.

GENERAL CATALOGUE, in Royal 8vo, 72 Pages and Wiapper, with 33 Illustrations (together with SUPPLEMENT of TESTIMONIALS from the leading
Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom, to the quality of G. & Co.'s Manufactures), forwarded on receipt of Two Stamps to defray postage.

1, ALBERT SQUARE, MANCHKSTER.

THE AGRICULTORAL and HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION, LIMITED.-OFFICES : 29, PARLIAMENT STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

London Agents ;

THE AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION, LIMITED.

THE HON. WILLIAM COWPEK, M.P.
WALTER MORRISON, ESQ., M.P.

COUNCIL :

THOMAS HUGHES, ESQ., M.P.
JAMES BEAL, ESQ.

FREDERICK PENNINGTON, ESQ. (Treasurer).
EDWARD OWEN GREENING, ESQ. {Managimj Director).

Supplies its Members with IMPLEMENTS and MACHINES by the best
Makers, and with UNADULTERATED SEEDS, MANURES, and MANU-
FACTURED CATTLE FOOD at Cost Price, upon the Co-operative System.

29, Parliament Street, Westminster, S.W.
1, Albert Square, Mancheriter.

One pound and upwards constitutes Membership after election by CouucU. No
further liability. Rules and all information Post Free on receipt of two stamps,
or by personal application to the Offices of the Association.

EDWARD OWEN GREENING, Managing Director.

I

April 20. 1807.]

TTTE nAT?T)ENEES' CMONICLE AKT) AOPJCTILTTIKAL fiAZETTE.

421

Caution to Gardeners.— When you ask for

SAYNOK AND CUOKK'S WAKRANTKU PRIZE
PULININO ftn<l BUDDING KNIVKS, Hoe that you pet thoni.
ObBervo the miuk Savnor. also the corpomte mark Outain
WABnANTED, wlttiout whlch noii6 are eeniiino,

S 4 C. reLTot bftvlng lo ciiutlon Ofirdonors and othora, but aro
compellod to <io ao, tn consetpiunco of an imitation, of common
quRlity having boon sold ftir tho gonulno Olio, and wliioli has causod
loany o'omplaluta to bo made to them of Knives wlilch were not oi
their mako, all of whloh are warrautod botli by Sellora anil Makors.

H. A C.'a PpunlnK and Uuddiiig Kulvus are Ltio Dosc and the
obeapusb in tho market.

Paxton Works, ShetBold. EatabliBhed upwards of 12fl years.

GARDEN NETTING (at Reduced Trine), for tho
rnitoctlon of nowly-Hown Sooda from Front, Blight, and Blrda;
also aa a I'oiico for Poultry, Rabbita, and Sheep, Id. per square yard,
cairiago Irt-o, in qimiitlties of 260, r,()0, or lUOO yards.

SCRIM CANVAS, for Wall Fruit, areonliouao Shades, Tulip
Covers.

llAYTnORN'S and WALLER'S NETTINGS, sampio ofmatorlal
froo on niinltcitlun,

PiiRUVlAN GUANO, and every other kind of Artificial Manure
in Stock. Bo uarLlcular.

Frkdkiuck KiKJiNuTON Si Co., Marquoo, Tont, Flag, and Rick Cloth
Mauufacturers, (Hi and (12, UlU Kent Koad, London, :S.i!l.
A Liberal Dlacouut to the Trade.

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

A[ANUFACTDKKD BY

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

No. 1.

I

II * *

>Q

No. 4.

Thii

Editing is Manufactured in Vitrified Stoneware and in Ten a Cotta, and ib nvauuanted iiMrEia:iiiAitLE.
DKAIN riPES, TERRA COTTA CniMNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON and CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, & CO.,

LINCOLN ; and 78, LOMBARD STREET, LONDON, E.C.

Illustrated Catalofrurs, containing: the latest revised Price
Lists and particulars of

PORTABLE AND STATIONARY

STEAM ENGINES,

(from 4 to 40-liorse power). THRESHIKG, GRINDING,
I'UiMPING, SAWING MACHINERY, &e,, &c., will be
forwarded free on application as above.

TRACTION ENGINES for COMMON ROADS, and
for STEAM CULTIVATION.

Note. —Nearly 8000 Engines and 6000 Threshing
Machines have been made by tliis Eirm within the last
few years.

PERFECTION IN GARDEN ENGINES.

"THE MODEL GARDEN ENGINE" (Registered No., 1552).

No. 10, to hold 10 Gallons, 65s. ; No. 14, 14 Gallons, 77s.

_ The peculiar distinguishing feature in this Garden Engine is to be noticed in its discharging a continual
uninterrupted stream of water, which the operator can instantly convert into a fine shower, by pressing the handle
01 the bpreader attached to the deUvery Hose. It is a matter of perfect ease for a Lady to use them, the Inventor
naving carefully studied to produce an Engine with the least possible amount of friction in the working parts, and
containing all the improvements which long experience has suggested.

Testimonial from Andrew Dick, Gardener to the Hon. Lord Vernon, Sudbury Halt.

eiT,.'!.?A'!C:^°.'' 'i?'^?'' '"'''' '"i*°°'™''';™''.'''Si'eyour'MoiJol Garden Engine'afair trial, lam pleased lo inform you It answers all my
lS,>;i»l?,^„..rf ,'?^i'''™''°'''''5n"S''"'' '.?°S '»l'?,»>>la in Hotliouaes and Pits, and doubtless will, when it becomes better kuown,
ammnf ^?t„,w ^"""^ .,'"!'' HyJ""?"" '"^H"".' "<>»»«'■. "s constant and powerful action enables the operator to get through an

found if ?,!lLii T Tl 5° '^' 'V f"'"':'""' "f "I? time which would bo taken up in the use of either the Syringe or Hydropult. I have also
Stlon, S^h S^'mI'"" ""y'"''=^ ^""". ■>" ""= OPl" Walls. It a so .lauaKOable It can bo taken conveniently, wnen necessary, into
a Ladv l,Stl,. fl^'hw ™Cy,"":o""""»nt or impossible for Lareer or Two-wheeled Engines ; is so easily worked that it might be vied bv
mortn^'frm. ., ""=","1'",? "f t";? tu'js enables you at pleasure to discharge a powerful stream of water forwards or backwards without
^ura respectf 11 therefore no hesitation in saying that no Garden ought to bo without an Engine of this kind.-I am, Sir,

T Dici, Gardener."

Prospectus, with details and further references, free on application to the Manufacturer,

HENRY BAMFORD, UTTOXETER.

The Trade supplied by

S. AND E. RANSOME and CO., Wholesale Agents for the United Kingdom.

TAKNED GARDEN NETTING for Seed Beds, and
tho Protection of Fruit TrooH from Frost, IMlght, IJlrds, or au n
Fonco for Fowl«. 4c, From 2 to 0 yards wide, at 1(/. per Ktiu/iro yard ;
100 yards, 7.f. iiil. ; fiOO yards, 3f,N. Carriage paid lo any part, of
England if 10(10 yards aro taken. Uoniittaiico to accoiiipany orders.
<.:iiiiii.TMAM t^uiNoy, Soodsinan, Putorborougli.

NETTING for FKUIT TUKHiS^^SIi^Kl) ftEUS, RIPK
.STRAWnF.ltlllE.S.So.-TANNKl) NKTTINO for protecting
the abovo from Frost, Plight, Kirds. Ac, ^ yards wide, 3d. por yard,
or 1(10 viirits, -ids ; ■( yards wide, (I,/, per yard, or r,0 yards, 20s, NEW
TAN MOD NETTING, suited for any of tho above purposes, or Oil a
Fence for Fowls, 2 yards wide, (Id. per yard; ■! yards wide. Is. nor
yard ; l-lnob mesh, 4 yards wide. Is. od. per yard. Can bo ha(l la
any quantity o

Eaton & DELntn, C and 7, Crooked Lano, London Hrldgo, E.C.

Garden Netting.
JOHN EDGINGTUN and CO. supply TANNED

O NETTING for the Protection of Fruit Trees, Id. per squaro yard.
Any (luantltv. SfKIM CANVAS, «ic. ; TULIP (JUVEilS and
OREENIloCsp; SHADES, SUN nLlhlDS, &c MAlltJUEES.
TENTS, and FLAGS for FETKS. FLOWER SHOWS, 4c.

JoKN EooiNOToN & Co., (Teiit Makers to the Hoyal Family), 48,
Long Lane, Sioillillold, K.C. aoO Is, Piccadilly, W.

Preserve your Trees from Frost.

TANNED NETITNG for FRUIT TREES.

COTTON NETTING and HUNTING. FRIGl DOMO, SCRIMS

for GREENHOUSE ULINDS, 4o,

Samples and Prieo List fioe on appll(Miliou to

BENJAMIN EDGINGTUN, Tent and RicK Cloth
Makkr to tho tiuocn and Prince of Wales, 2, Duke Street,
Southwark.S.E. A iargostock of NEW and REPAIRED NETTING,
and other material for tho protection of Fruit Trees, Strawberry
Hedp, &c. MA Rt^UEES and TENTS of all dimensions on Sale or Hire.
Address, Bi;njaiiin ErciNoToN (only), 2, Duke Street, Loudon
Bridge, S.E. No other Establishment.

H A

W ' S T 1 E E A N Y,

For samples and prices apply to
J. Shaw & Co., 29, Oxford Street, Manchester.

BROWN'S FLORAL SHADING, for Shading Plants
under Glass and protecting Wall Troos from frost.— Sold by alt
Nurserymen and Seedsmen. No. 1 at 6s. ^d. ; No. 2 at 7s. per piece,
20 yards long, 38 inches wide ; No. 3 at Os. 3d. per piece, 18 yards
long, 39 inches wide. Samples on application to

CiiAHLES Rhown. Groenheys, Manchester.

IT T. ARCHER'S "FRIG I DOMO."
^ • Patronised by Her Majesty The Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, His Gr:'.i;e the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Ofirdens, Professor Lindley for tho Horticultural Society,
Sir Joseph Puxton for the Ci78tal Palace, Royal iloological Society, Ac.

PROTECTION from COLD ^INDS and MORNING FROSTS.

"FRIGl DOMO," a Canvas made of Patent prepared Hair and
Wool, a perfect Non-conductor of Heat ana Cold, keeping, wherever
it 13 applied, a fixed temperature. It is adapted lor all Horticultural
and Flori cultural purposes, for Pre-serving Fruits and Flowera from
tho Scorching Rays of the Sun, from Wind, trom Attacks of Insecta,
and from Mornm^ Frosts. To be had in any required lengths.

Two yards wide Is. 9(i, per yard run.

?'onr yards wide Sa. Cd. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. i^d. per yard.

An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s. 8tt. per yard run. Also
"FRIGl DOMO" NETTING, 2 yards wide, 1.?. 6rf. per yard run,

Elisiia Thomas Archer. Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Groat
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C, and ofall Nurserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It is much cheaper than Mats as a covering.'*

REEN'S IMPROVED NEW PATENT

GARDEN ROLLER.
Tho above Rollers posses.s many advantages over all others. They
are made In two parts, and are free to revolve on the axis, affording
i!;realer fioilities for turning, and the o'lter edges aie rounded off or
turned inwards, thus avoldiiig the unsightly mari^s xeft by other
Rollers.

Diameter, 30 inches ; Length 32 inches, £7 10 0

„ 24 „ „ 20 „ 4 10 0

„ 20 „ „ 22 „ 3 10 0

16 „ „ 17 „ 2 16 0

Prices for Rollers fitted with Sharts suitable for Pony or Horae

Power, free on application.

Delivered carnjige paid to ail the principal Railway Stations and
Shipping Ports in England.

TuouAs Green 6t Son, Smithfleld Iron Works, Leeds ; 54 and 66,
Blackfriars Road, London, S. ; and 19, Eden Quay, Dublin.

N.B. All Orders executed on the day they are received.

PRIZE MEDALS AWARDED to GREEN'S PATENT
LAWN MOWERS.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIHITION, ^ONDON, 1862.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, DUBLIN, 1865.
The above Lawn Mowers have proved to be the best, and have
caiTied off every Prize that haa oeen given in all cases of Com-
petition.

Sold by all respectable Ironmongers, Seedsmen, &c., In the
Kingdom, Illustrated Price Lists IVee on application.

AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTURAL
IMPLEMENTS and MACHINES of every description.
IMPROVED IRON STABLE FITTINGS.
HURDLES and CONTINUOUS IRON and WIRE FENCING.
Palisadmg Entrance and Field Gates. Plain and Galvanised

Wire Netting.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS and GARDEN ROLLERS.

Garden Engines, Syringes, Water Barrows, Ornamental Garden

Seats, Chairs, Tables, Iron Fountams, Vases, &o.

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS, in great variety.

Washing, Wringing, and Mangling Machines.

IMPROVED SAUSAGE MACHINES and FILLERS.

Separate Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

TiiouAs Green & Son, Smithfleld Iron Works, Leeds.

Show Rooms opposite the Smithfleld Cattle Market, North Street,

Leeds ; 64 and 66, Blackfriars Road, London, S. ; and 19, Eden

Quay, Dublin.

HURDLES

(Silver Medal of the Royal

Agricultural Societv).

SHEEP, 3«. fid. ■ CATTLE. 4.s'. 2d. ; OX, 6«. lid.

List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.

St. Pancras Iron Work Company, Old St. Pancms Road, London, N.W.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, and CO., LiQColn,
and 78, Lombard Street, London.

Illustrated Catalogues, containing the latest revised PRICE
LISTS and particulars of PORTA BLE and STATIONARY STEAM
ENGINES (from 4 to 40-hor8u power), Threshing, Grindmg. Pumping,
Sawing Machinery, &c., &c,, will be forwarded free on application
as above. TRACTION ENGINES for Common Roada, and for
Steam Cultivation.

Note.— Nearly Eight Thousand Engines have been made by this
Arm within the last few years, and upwards of Six thouaand
Thresh Itig Machines,

422

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONIOLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE,

F°nS?^J,91^^?^'^^NT STEAM PLOUGH and

5Sun™n EB^ta°^ ""'=' "' ^^"^^ " ^^""^ " ««"■? Agricultural
E,0?S;sttm Slh WoTs, LelSf " ''°- "' '"'"^'''' ^°°^™'

[Apeil 20, 1867.

T^,SJ?£™°'^^I5 TANNED LEATHER DRIVING

^t. ?^^^- Pi^TENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
SrS ¥■" "JfJJomts-superior to all others for Portable
Engmes. Pnme STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

„ Price Lists sent free by post.

IHE liNSED Lejtber CoMPinr, Tannors, Curriers, So., Armlt
Works, Gieenfleld, near Manchester ; W.-irohouso, 81, Mark Lane.
London, E.C. Mr. H. FcnaADEE, Agent.

Glass for Garden Purposes.
AMES PHILLIPS akd
beg to submit thoir REDUCED PRICES as follows ;-

C 0.

PROPAGATING

Each.
2 Inches In diameter

GLASSE.S.

0 3i

0 4)

7 ■• „ ..0 10

8 ,. „ ..10
0 .. .. ..12

10 „ ..14

W ,. I! ..16

HYACINTH and FLOWER DISHES.

6 inches diameter . . . . Is. Od. [ 9 inches diameter . . ..10

12 inches diameter .. ,. 2s. 6d.

Hyacinth Dishes are Intended to contain a number of Roots

Bedded in and covered with Moss, instead of the common Hyacinth

Glass.

LACTOMETERS, for Testing the Quality of Mill;.

12 Inches in diameter
13

Each.

15

20

Four Tubes . .

HAND
GLASSES,

— I Six Tubes

With Stands complete.

6s. 6d.

Bee Elves.

PalzE Medal akd Honouraule Mention Awarded to George
Neiguuodr & Sons, for Bee Hives and Honey at the various

Jl/XIIIBITIONS.

NE IGHBOUR'I
IMPROVED COTTAG-
BEE HIVE, as originally
introduced by George Neigu-
BouR & Sons, with all the
recent improvoments, working
three bell-glasses ; is neatly
and strongly marie of straw ;
it has three Windows in the
lower Hive, with a Thermo-
mecer affixed to the centre
one. This Hive will be found
to posso-ss many practical
advantages, and is more easy
of TOanageraent than any
other Bee Hive that has been
introduced.

Price complete . . £1 15 0
Stand for ditto . . 0 10 6

THE LtGURIAN or
ITALIAN ALP BEE being
much in repute at the present
time, we are in a position to

' ■ ^^^i— — supply Stocks of the pure race

carefully packed in Woodbury Bar-Frame Hives, so as to travel with
compitratively no risk of damage.

ENGLISH BEES. — Stocks and Swarms may be obtained as
heretofore.

A newly-arranged CATALOGUE of other Improved Hives, with
Drawings and pjices, sent on receipt of two stamps.

Address, Geo. Ni:ioHBi>Dn & Sons, 127, High Holborn, W.C. ; or
149, Regent Street, London, W.

Agents :— Liverpool : James Cuthbert, 12, Clayton Squ.ire. Man-
chester : X Wilson^ 50, Kinr; Street. Birmingham : J. H. Cottrell,
15, Bull Ring. Dublin: Edmondson Brothers, 10, Dame Street.
Glas^'ow : Austin & McAslan. 10. Buchanan Street.

WITH
OPEN TOPS.

— s. d.
6 0

r 6

Each.
18 inches
20 „ ..

22 „

24 12 6

. 10

12 Inches ,.

16 „ .. ;

Pai"ted and Glazed with 16-oz.Sheet'GIass*
PLATE.'' "^"^^ ^"^ HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH

PAINTS n/loHn^' ^7"'°« WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS.

ShS? J H Tr>T? ?r'5''\^*''"^^ i"«ady for use. '

BRmtHPLiTR°?ATV^^'kF.r<^L^-^«' SLATES of all sizes,

tTiS^s 'lis&nrt' «L^SS of tSf beSEtictu?e':^aFt''h??o^^^^^
jI'mf. plr?^^/ /n''"'*,.^.'^^''^^" forwarded on application to
J AME3 Phillips & Co., 180, Bishopsgate Street Without. K.C.

miT n ^.Horticultural Glass Warehouse.
T^?7V.^ MILLINGTON and CO.,

"^T^-ur ?''• ^Bishopsgaie Street Without, London. E.C '

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

The Gardener's Watch.

PATENT LEVEll "WATCH in
Engine-turned Silver Case, with all the
latest improvements, jewelled, seconds hand,
strong, and calculated for hard wear, it. 14s. 6^.
The same Watch in Hunting C;ise3, 5^. 5s.
STRONG SILVER ALBERT and GUARD
CHAINS.

The above being Manufactured on the Pre-
mises, are with confidence recommended and
-^— - warranted for correct performance.

Illustnited Pamphlet, and all particulars gratis, on application to
Goldsmiths' Alliasck (Limited), 11 & 12, Cornhill, London, E.C-

AU Shilling Books at
All Two Shilling Books at
All Three Shilling Boohs at

s.d.

0 9

1 G

2 3

All Five Shilling Books at 3
All Six Shilling Books at . . 4
All Ten Shilling Books at 7

rPHE ^PERFECT SUBSTITUTE

i-i-L. i ijj.i,i' i:,v J. ouiioiiiuiiij for SILVER. —
-■- The REAL NICKEL SILVER, introduced more than 30 years
ago by William S. Burton, when PLATED by the patent process of
Messrs. Elkmgton & Co., is beyond all comparison the very best
article next to sterlins silver that can be employed as such, either
usefully or ornamentally, as by no possible test can it be distinguished
from real silver.

A small useful set, guaranteed of first quality for finish and
durabihty, as follows :—

0byl2.
0 by 13 /
0 by 14 J-P
0 by 15 I
Ohvlfi.'

("15 oz.

4th8.
^ 3d

19s Orf

I Best.

3rds. : 2nd9.
153 6d ISs Gdhos Od
22s 2rf 25s6(Z 26s6rf

la

-. In.
20 by 12

■PorlOOfeet/^

25byii^ ^''°'-

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet

T byTp- by t|'? by*S-p?- by V"" > I *^'^- 1 '''■ I^^^^^M^^^t.

ejby4j| 7jby 6l| 8) by 6i| 9) by 7|) )l2s 3li|l3s 34 16s0iJ 18s Oli

I'er 100 feet.

10 by 8
lOJ by 81

11 by 9
m by 9i

12 by 9
12t by 9)

13 by 9
12 by 10

12} by lOi
13 by 10
13J by 10)
l-l by 10

13s 33

145 6ii

173 3d 19s Od

In. in. in.
16J by 10} 14 by 1

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 feet

16 by 10
14i by 11}
16 by 11
16} by 11}
16 byu
21 by 11
13 by 12

22 by 12

14} by 12} 17 by 13

16 by 12 23 by 13
16) by 12} 18 byu
IB by 12 22 by 14
16} by 12) 24 by 14

17 by 12 22 by 16

18 by 12 I 24 by 16

in. in.

lisSd

Used

18s 6d 20s Od

22 by 16,
24 by 16
20 by 17
22 by 17
24 by 17
20 by 18
22 by 18
. - — -, — , _. „j ,„ 24 by 18'

„tw ^''°'k ^"°''° ■"? ""'y '■'»■ t'le Sizes stated ; if R auantitv if an»
other Size bo required, a Special Price will be given. '*^''™"'' "' ""y

4tbs,

3ds.

2nd9. Best

T =>. . , „ SHEET GLASS.

In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 0 to 9 feet super
^° °'- 21 oz

12 Table Forks
12 Table Spoons . .
12 Dessert Forks . .
12 Dessert Spoons , .
12 Tea Spoons

0 Egg Spoons, gt. bowls. ,
2 Sauco Ladles

1 Gravy Spoon

2 Salt Spoons, gt. bowls. .
1 Mustard Spoon, gt. bwl,
1 Pair of Sugar Tongs , .
1 Pair of Fish Carvers . .
1 Butter Knife

1 Soup Ladle , . . ]
1 Sugar Sifter

Total

Fiddle or
Old Silver
Pattern,

1 13

1 13

1 4

1 4

0 10

0 10

0 C

0 6

0 3

0 1

Pattern.

£ s, d.

2 0 0

2 0 0

1 10 0

1 10 0

10 0

0 12 0

0 12
0 4

12 9

Thread
Pattern.

£ I. d.

2 4 0

2 4 0

1 12 0

1 12 0

12 0

0 12 0

0 8 0

0 10 0

0 4 0

0 2 0

0 3 6

1 10 0
0 6 6
0 10 0
0 4 C

13 9

King's or
Shell and
Thread.

f s. rf.

2 10 0

2 10 0

1 15 0

1 15 0

16 0

0 13 6

0 9 0

0 II 0

0 4 6

0 2 3

0 4 0

1 10 0
0 6 0
0 17 0
0 6 0

Ouvrage Couronne

Of toe Imperial Society of HoiiTiculture of France
Fr^," TREES; their Scientific and Profitable
J- Culture. Translated from the French Prize Work of M
?a"'tore!""price6T6A'^' Engravings. Adapted for English Cultl"-

to'USoS"!lS'i'lj!i.'^*''™'° '"•'^■' =""* ^'^™° Fruit Trees
William Weslev, 81, Fleet Street, E.C.

14 17 3

10 9 ^_ „ „ ^

Any article to be had singly at the same prices. An o.ak chest to
contain the .above, and a relative number of knives, &c., 21 16i Tea
and coffee sets, dish covers and comer dishes, cruet and liqueur
frames &c., at proportionate prices. All kinds of roplating done by
the patent process. i o j

CUTLERY, 'WaiTanted.— The most varied assortment
. to'!tT^PJ;^„'^?3^'=^''''' '" ">= "orl'', all warranted, is on sale
at WILLIAM S, BURTON'S, at prices that aro remunerative on v
because of the largeness of the sales.

lyoiy Handles.

4ths quality, per 300 feet case, 38s
■ 3d8
2ds
Beet

82s.

4ths quality, per 200 feet case, 38s.

3d8 „ ^gg

2ds „ ggg'

■ ■" " ', f£3. Best ,, 96 ■'

2l!™Jz.?32^„?; 3*6 o"" ana "42^0? ""' ""'°"'°« ™b,t^ces. 15 oz,,'

1.8?h"iS!^3Si„.";.Ti^™„,'i°^,-£^ra™^ PLATE in

GS'aSo^j;tzs:sssfgs^-~£r-'-

„„ PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES 4c

of 0 1 Paint rcsemblinTaToillSaTsid'' £"^o''S'adTr
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water

zirci.s,^iJf;b^?^e™^',iS sri?rnL/sr- 1?"^" ^

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT 2S« to 11, „», „,*
Anti-corrosion Paint is extensively used for'„iil,.lj> per owt.
exposed situations, on Brick StonrComi^oT,"''? "' V} '"
COMervatories, GreenhouiesrSic andis ?M»v?,lid „„ 1, J™ ''"J^'sos,
workman. Prepared Oil for'dltti.T per^i'<^n " "" ''^ ""^ ""^""J

Per cwt .,;. a.

GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY.
ERS, 3d. to4)ri. per lb
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.

to 4)d. ner lb.
„ RAW UMBER, 4)(!. to
6d, per lb. [per lb.
„ BURNT do., M. to Od.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to CO 0
24s. to 30 0
28s. to 36 0

BLACK PAINT,
RED PAINT ..

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS,
DISTEMPER BR-USHES

LINSEED OIl''"'^'"'""'-!- "2
BOILED OIL ■ " % t

TURPENTINE ' 3 c

LINSEED OIL PUTTY
8s. to Os. per cwt '

'''°^?^?/"^'^**lSH,10«.tol2 0
" ?iS5J,A«14<l<'-.I2».t0 14 0
"rnffr"""'- 103. to 12 0

KNOTTING .. " io n

Patent GOLD SIZE " 10 0
,, BLACK JAP,VN ..12 I
tools"'® DIAMONDS and
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
exchange.

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked
Llats of any of the above on application

11 0
23 0

18 0

12 6

10 6

14 0

16 0

20 0

27 0

35 0

45 0

19 0

17

21 0

3§-inch Ivory handles

3i-inch fine ivory balance handles . .

4-inch ivory balance handles . .

4-inch fine ivory handles

4-inch finest African ivory handles . .

Ditto, with silver ferules

Ditto, carved handles, silver feiailes

Nickel electro-silverihandlea ..

Silver handles, ofanypattem

Bone and Horn Handles— Knives and
Forks per dozen.

white bone handles

Ditto, balance handles \

BUtck horn riramed shoulders . .

Ditto, very strong riveted handles .. la t, a o 3 o

The largest stock in existence of Plated Dessert Knives and Forks.
and of tho New plated Fish-eatinR Knives and Forks and Can-ors

TX/^ILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING

w T IRONMONGER, by appointment to H.R.H. the Prince of
Z IJ: i^^^l a Catalogue gi-atis and post paid. It contaios upwards
^..il "ilJ'!'''^*'^??^^, °\ ^1? unrivalled Stock of Sterling Silver and
Electro Plate, Nickel Silver, and Britannia Metal G-rids Dish
Covers, Hot Water Dishes, Stoves, Fenders, Marble Chiiiim>y-Dieces
kitchen Ranges, Lamps, Gaseliers, Tea-tmys, Urns. nr,,l Kettles!
Clocks, Table Cutlery, Baths, Toilot-ware, Turnery, Iim , ,-., 1 Brass
Bedsteads, Bedding, Bed-room Cabinet Furniture, &o., with Lists of
Prices and Plans of the Twenty Large Show-rooms, at 39. Oxford
Street, W ; 1 1a, 2, 3, and 4 Newman Street; 4. 6. and G, Perry's
Place, and 1, Newman Yard, London. - j

Table
Knives

per
Dozen.

d.

Dessert
Knives

per
Dozen.

Carvers

S 1*6 ctlcf a, s t

EPPS'S COCOA (also called EPPS'S
HOMIEOPATHIC COCOA|.-The very aRreeable character of
this preparation has rendered it a general favourite. Invigoratine
and sustainmg, with a reflned and gratemi flavour, developed bv thS
special mode of preparation applied, this Cocoa la used as their
habitual beverage for breakfast by thousands who never used Cocoa
before Cocoa stands very much higher than Tea or Coffee " Dr
Hassan says, "and contains every ingredient necessary to the growth
and sustenance of the body." bunuu

It is made simply by pouring boiling water or milk on the
Preparation as sold. J lb, j lb., and 1 lb. Packets.

rriHE SMOKER'S BONBON effectually RESIOVES

l^kvATn '^*'^h"' '•"^ ^"f '-^i "f TOBACCO from the MOUTH and
BREATH, and renders Smoking agreeable and safe. It is vciv

ScpStfnSsici^'nTl^nSL

Sold by Chemists, Tobacconists, Ac]

Works on Botany and Floriculture

TTANDBOOK of the BKITISH FLOKA : a Desorin-

xT '""".oftlio Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous to or
Naturalised in the British Isles. For the Use of Ble?nners and
Amateurs. By G. BESia^ji, FR.S. New Edition, Crown Svo 12s

™5il^^,!?^I?-^'^^^ BKITISH FLORA: a Descrip'tion

SVS "Jf °°'* Engraving, including Dissections, of each Species)
of the Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous to or Natiimlised
S™''St'^'!,"»4' '""': ^^9- J3n»TUA„,F.R.S. Demy8vo,2 Vofs
if loJ° ^"Sravings, from Original Drawings by V. Fitch.

BRITISH FERNS : an Introduction to the Study of

the Ferns, Lycopods, and Equiseta indigenous to the British
Isles. With Chapters on the Structm-6, Propagation, Ciiltifatiin
Diseases, Uses. Preservation, .and Distribution of Ferns Bv
?;„ w°"t K SB"^.*?"' 16 Coloured Plates, drawn espresily for
the Work by W. Fitch, and 65 Wood Engravings 10s 6ti '

MONOGRAPH of ODONTOGLOSSDM. By James

BiTSMAM.Esq. Partly. Imperial lolio, 6 Coloured i-lales, 213.

SECOND CENTaRT of ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS
pfatesTos f"'"''''' ^'"*' ^'^'^ '^^^' ^''^''' *'"■ ^" Coloured

HANDBOOK of the NE-ff ZEALAND FLORA A
?v>'f %l"i',° Description of the Native Plants of New Zealand,
the Chatham, Kei-madec's, Lord Auckland's, Campbell's and

Part I., lbs. ; Part II., 14s. Or complete in 1 vol 30s

FLORA AUSTRALIENSIS. By G. Bentham FES

8vo. Vol. III. 20s. ■ ' *-".w.

Just Published,

SUNSHINE and SHOWERS; their Influences through-

out Creation A Compendium of Popular Meteorology
Curiosities of Weather and Weather Wisdom. By A»nal5;
Steinuetz. Esq. Crown 8vo. Cuts, 7s. Gd.
i,.'f '^'"' ,^'^"'°;' ''»'' explained the subjects with a fullness never
before attempted and haa mtroducod a variety, of practical sug-
gestions which will be useful to all classes of readers. . The book
asTnL"u"t"'-OWsf '''■"'"■ """' " -"^-'-''-J'" amuse as wel
The REASONING POWER in ANIMALS. By the

Rev. J. S. Watson. Crown Svo. 9s.
41,"^'!,'! of 0";'="'tainment. of instmction, and of matter suggestive of
thought on that strange world of utterly mysterious life with which

rcarc°eS anytMn''|"Lg;?^r^.^:;.' °'' '''"= =»^"«» "' """" "" "'""'

METEORS, iEROLlTES, and FALLING STARS. By

Fr'onTisptec^ &c!° OS. '"■°™ '™- '«'<«"'">l'». "■«' LithographiJ
„»" Dr- ^'iPs™ has earned the thanks of the public by his clear and

rs'stf';jiyiitrs?,r/.^ri.V!^r ^-'^ --""«« - "> --p' -

I^BITISH BEETLES. By E. C. Rte. Crown 8yo.

10 Coloured Plates, lOs. Orf.

I^RfTISH BEE,S. By W. E. Shuck.ved. Crown 870.

IG Coloured Piatea, lOa. 6rf.

BRITISH SPIDERS. By E. F. Stayelet. Crown 8yo.

IG Coloured Piatea, 10s. M

^mi^^ J'S^/'^^S- By tie Eer. M. J. Berkeley.

24 Coloured Plates, 21s.

BRITISH FUNGOLOGT. By the Eer. M. J. Berkeley.

24 Coloured Plates, 30s.

^^N^^i?,';^ ESCULENT FUNGUSES of ENGLAND.
Plate^oJ""' *■ • ^'■'°''"' ^■^■' ^•^■S- ^-^-S- 12 Coloured

HUSSEY'S' BRITISH MYCOLOGY, comprising Figures
and Descriptions of tho Funguses of interest afd nSveltv
p"laSf°A'%''/"l"'- f*=°y»' "°- Fi--^' SoriS, 90 Colourod
1 Intes, £, 12s. 6i! ; Second Series. 60 Coloured Plates, S.i 10s

PHTCOLOGIA BRITANNICA. History of British
Plato's Cs'' ■ ^'"""'''- * '"'»■• "■"f"! Svo, 3C0 Coloured

PHYCOLOGIA AUSTEALICA. History of AustraUan
w,^1f'^V ^I ^'- ^"'"^'v ,5 '"is-, royarsvo, 300 Coloured
vS V 3" ' ^ePi^'oly, Vols. 1. to iv., each 30«.,

Reeve & Co., 6, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

rpOWN and COUNTRY BOOK SOCIETY has been

.. formed for the purpose of supplying all the NEWEST BOOKS
??„n ''X„';'"^o from the press at a discount of TWENTY FIVE
S.^'''n'^?,?'?- ?■■ THREE PENCE in EVERY SHILLING oB
the Publishers Pi-ioes. For Catalogue, apply to the Mixioin,
3, Paternoster Row, London. E.C. e, , ,^1 j jsk,

"ROOKS for ibe FARM and the GARDEN

?^,.Pv*^^'S^TyT?,^^„'''*'' f^J^NT. OFF, or THREE PENCE in
EVEKl SHILLING offall the NEWEST BOOKS. For Catalogue,
-apply to tfie lows and Countky Boos Society, 3, Patei-noster How.
London, E.C. All other kinds of Books at 25 per cent. off.

rpHE TOWN and COUNTRY BOOK SOCIETY,

-L 3, Paternoster Row, London. E.C.

This Society will supply all the Newest Books as they are issued
Irom the Press, at the lowest Prices. 26 per cent., or 3<J. in tho Is
will be taken off tho pubhshed price.

All Twenty Shilling Books at . . lbs.

All Orders of £20 and upwards will be delivered, free of Carriace

to any Railway Station in England. «"iaisi;,

Terms and Regdlations.

1. AH Books of the value of Ono Shilling and upwards will be sold at

the full discount of 25 per cent, less than the Publisher's Price
except Legal, Medical, Naval, and Mercantile Works, whicl!
will be sold at 20 per cent, off, ,

2. Magazines and Periodicals will bo sold at a discount of Twopence

in every Shilling. I'oui.u

3. All Books below One ShUling in value Kill be sold at the

Publishers Pnce.

4. Music will be supplied at a discount of Twopence to the Shilling

on half the published price. ^

6. The above Terms are for Cash on delivery. Remittances by

Cheques or Post Office Orders are required from those whb
POSTAOF srlK^fiiViT "■»"»"="?■>= with the Society.

Snd^?TENi^YLLmG& "'"™'' '" P''»'°'°"" '<" ■"' '"^O"^''
r. All Orders for Books not in stock will he immediately collected.

and will be despatched, if practicable, on the same day as the

Order is received. ■

irjof "fow" t "'^ ^"'^ established for supplying Book purchasers at

To be successful, ili is necessary that a veiy large Business should

be carried on, as the profits are so extremely small. It is hoped.

therefore, that the public will encoiu-age the movement, so that they

best terms P'ocuro the cmrent Literature of the day on the

J,", .Society intends to publish a Catalogue (on the first of every
Month), containing all the liewest Works as thev aro published from
time to time. The Catalogue wUl be sent with regularity to all
PWOhasers ; and it is hoped that it will bo widely circui.atod amongst

Catalogues can be obtained on application.
All communications should be addressed to the
Mawaoer, 3, Paternoster Row. London, E.C.

\

Apeil 20, 1867.]

THE CtAEDENEKS' CnKONICLE AND ACPJCTILTITl^AL GAZETTE.

423

G

1HE EDINBURGH REVIEW, No. CCLVI. for

APRIL, was publlslied on TUESDAY LAST.

CoNTKNTS :

I Count Bkuonot's Mkmoihs.
Tl Aiirn.EOLO(iV OF NoKTU America.

III TiiK I'liussiAN Campaion OF 18(10.

IV i'ieTKtlt ON Sl'ONTANKdUS GkNKIIATIOH.

V Life and WoitfLs of IIans IIoldlin.

Vl! KiTOALISM.

VII. The Bi^icn or Loris XV.

Vin CollUESI'ONDENOK OV WiLLlAM IV. WITH EaRL GltEr.

IX. Fatal Accidhnts in Coai, Mines.
X. ToDO ON Fakliamentakv GovkhnmkNt.
London: Longmans & Co. Edinburgh: A. & O^Black.

The Best Of all the Garden Annuals.

I'nco In. (uif^liLh year i>r iiiibln;:itioii).

ARDRN ORACLE, liy Sihulby IIibiierd, Esq.

London: Ghoomhuidok & Son.s", 5, ruteniostcr Row. EC.

Ilately nubltbhod, prico Oii.. lntorlo;ivcd, Is., Fourth Edition of tlie

I30TAN1CAL SOCIETY of EDINBURGH'S

CATALOGUE of the FLOWERING PLANTS. FERNS,

B

DINNER SERVICES in Stone China, with Crest or
Mnnnerum, £0 (is., for 12 porsonH. An cloj(ftnt asaortinont
i>r BUKAKFAST. TEA. nnd DKSSEKT SKRVICKS, in boat ta.sto
(ind lit lowost oiiflh pricoH. TAKLE GLASS iind LAMPS of evoiy
doscrlptlnn. llhistnito'l Cr\t:il'»ma>. cont.i
ing, flee by post. '1' It. Uuimk.s, ^:^, Nt'«

~~' Starch Manufacturers

n ostlni!ite.s for furnish-
111 Street, W.

G

1X> II.R.H. THE PRINCESS OF WALES.

ENFIELD STAR

ExoLUsivKLY Used ik thk Royal Laundrv,

and Awardod Prlzo Modal, 1802.

Sold by all Grocora, Cbandlora. Ac.

~F"LUTi) "

C II,

indiccnous to Britiun;" to which is apnended, compiled by
Neii-lFuaskh, a Liatof thoViiriotlcs of lintlsh terns.

Edinburgh: A. & C. Black. London: Lono.iian & Co^^

" Fourth Tlioustind, prico l.s-. ; post froe, i:i Stumps,

A HANDBOOK of VINE mid FRUIT TREE
CULTIVATION under GLASS, with carefully pioparod Lists
of Fruits and Vegetables, and Plans of Glasshouses, Uints for
lioating, &c., by

S. Hkreman. 7, Pill Malt East, London. S.W.

Steam Cultivation.

FACTS of INTEREST to the FARMERS. By John
FowLHB t Co. 1 Revised and Amended by William Smith, of
WoolBton, Blotchloy Station, Bucks. With an Appendix showing the
prosont aspect of Steam Cultivation.

May be had of Mr Smith, post free, for 14 po=ita^'e stamps.

Just piiblisbod, priru Uiio Shilling,

New Illustrated Work on Grasses.

)ERMANENT TASTLTRES : their Formation and

Iiuprovcniont. By M. II. Sutton, F.R.n.S , F.S.A., &c.

Co

How to Piopare the Lnnd
Uow to Sow tho Land [Cropj

Sowing with or without a Corn
The best Sorts to Sow

Tho after-management
Tho Broakinsupol Grass Land
Tlio Improvement of Pastures
The Manures most suitable

To which is added, NOTES! on the LEADING GRASSES and
CLOVERS, from personal observation, and TWENTY ILLUS-
TRATIONS of tho most useful kinds.

Opinion o/ Professor Bucemas,

'* I do not know of anything to equal it."

BLACK.IE & Son, and all Booksollois ; also of Sotton & Sons,

Reading, Berks. __^ _^

Works on Botany, by Dr. Lindley.

DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY: or. The Art op
Ekscriiuno Plants correctly, in Scientiflc Language, for Self
Instruction and the Use of Schools. Prico Is.

SCHOOL BOTANY ; or, The Rudiments of Botanical
SciKNCF„ In One Volume, 8vo, half bound, with 400 Illustrations,
pnce 6». Gd.

Lately Published.

MEDICAL and (ECONOMICAL BOTANY; or An
Accomit of the Principal Plants employed in Medicine or
Domestic (Economy, In 1 vol. 8vo, with numerous Woodcuts, price
7s. C<(.

THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM ; ok, The Structure,
Classification, and Usks of Plants. Illustrated upon the
Natiu-al System. In One Volume, 8vo, cloth, price 3Gs., with up-
wards of 600 Illustrations.

London : Bradhcrv & Evans, 11, Bouverie Street, E.G.
In 8vo, with numerous lUuatvations, price 7s. Gd. cloth,

THE HOMES of the WORKING CLASSES, with
SuEttestions for their Improvement. By Jam^s Holk, Hon.
See. of tho Yurkshiro Union of Mechanics' Institutes. (Published
under the sanction of the Society of Arts.)

London : Longmans. Orren, & Co., Paternotter Row, E.C,

DINNEFORD'S FLUID MAGNESIA.—
The best remedy for Acidity of tho Stomach, Heartburn,
Headache, Gout, and Indlgesl ion : and tbo best mtld aperient
for delicate constitutions, especially adapted for Ladies, Chlldroii,
and lufjinls. , ' ,

DiNNKFono & Co., 172, Now Bond Street, London, and oi
all Chemists throughout the World. ^

MR. A. CHANDLER (of the late Firm of Cn.\NDLi;R
& Sons, Nurserymen, Vauxhall), IloRricuLTunAL Aof.nt and
Valuer. N.B. llortioultural Kxliibitmt.s ivtteniled, as Judge.
Address, :v\s, Kulhaiii Un;i,i, S.W.

Important Sale of very fine Orchids from the East
Indies and Ceylon, all In splendid Health.

MR. J. C. STKVKNS hi.,4 rr.rivrd inKtriKtions to
HELL by AUCTION, at hln (irent R.M.iriR, 'Mi, King Stroot,
Ciivent Garden, W.C. on MuNbAY, tho T£ii limlant, a conKlgnmont
roooived by tho last Mail from India and Ceylon. It consists of very
fluo apocluiciiH of—

Saccolabium gigantoum I Sacoolablura Dlumel mojUB

Vanda Bennonl
Tho maKnidcent and rare DondrMblum McCarthaj, In boaullftil
health and (Irio plants, perhaps tho flncBt ovor Imported.
Don<lrobluin ebuniouni I Dondroblum formosum gigantoum

,, Fltchlanum | ,, chrysotoxum

and otiior Dandrobos ; splendid masses of Cypripodlum concolor in
the finest possible health, &c.

On view tho Mornliif; of Salo, and ratalORUOs hail.

J^

Winter Rihhon Garden.
OHN ROSS, Surbiton, Surrey, W., is prepnred to
LAY OUT every description of PLEASURE GROUND
SCENERY. Photographs of Ribbon Planting may be had lor
inspeutwm as above. _^_^_^^_^ ^__-

TOHN GIBSON~JuN., he^s to announce that he is
prepared to Fiu-nish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
ResKiencos, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out tho same by Contract or otherwise.
Addres-sMr. John Giijson, ]ui1., Surrey Lane. Battersea. S.W.

New Edition, in fcp Svo, with 4 Woodcuts, price 4s.

THE ROSE AMATEUR'S GUIDE : containing ample
Descriptions of all the fine leading Varieties of Roses,
Y'^gularlv classed in their respective Families; their History, and
Modsi nf Culture. By Thomas Riteus. Ninth Edition, including a
Rose Garden Calendar.

London-. Longmans, Green, & Co., Paternoster Row, E.C.

In 1 Vol. 8vo, with above 12.000 Woodcuts, price 42s.,

LOUDON'S ENCYCLOP./EDIA of PLANTS.
comprising tho Specific Character, Description, Culture,
History, Application in the Arts, and every otherdosirable particular
respecting all the Plants Indigenous to, Cultivated in, or Introduced
into, Britain. Corrected by Mrs. LoonoN ; assisted by Georoe Don,
F.L.S., and David Wooster.

London: Longmans, Green, & Co., P,i.ternoster Row, E.C.

PROFESSOR LINDLEY' S INTRODUCTION to
BOTANY, 4th Edition, with Corrections and Additions. Two
Vols. 8vo, with Six Copper Plates and numerous Wood Engravincs
Price 248. cloth.

London ; Longmans, Green & Co., Paternoster Row, E.C.

In fcp. 8vo, with 154 Woodcuts, prico 28. Gd.,

THE ELEMENTS of BOTANY for FAMILIES
and SCHOOLS. Tenth Edition, revised by Thomas Moore,
F.L.S., Curator of Chelsea Botanic Garden: Joint-Editor of
Lindley and Moore's " Treasury of Botany. "

London : Longmans, Greln, & Co.. Paternoster Row, E.C.

In Two Parts, fcp. 8vo, with 20 Steel Piates and 274 Woodcuts,
price 20s. cloth, or 27s. bound in calf lettered,

THE TREASURY of BOTANY, or Popular Dictionary
of the Vegetable Kingdom. Edited by J. Lindley, F.R.S.,
and T. Moore, F.L.S., assisted by eminent Contributors,

Tho design of the " Treasui7 up the book in a vacant hour
of Botany" is to convey some
notion ot the characteristics or
genera of families of plants
rather than attempt a descrip-
tion of tLe species of which they
consist. The work therefore com-
prises a short history of those
genera which are known to
possess ospaeial interest on
account of the medicinal qualities
or the economical uses of thoir
species, or by reason of their
beauty or utility as garden plants ;
also a selection of genera serving
as representatives of the whole
series of Natural Orders and
their subdivisions. There aro
Ukewiso incorporated a compre-
hensive glossary of botanical
terms; an extensive selection of
XiDRlish names of plants ; a series
of French names both of genera
and species ; and a large number
of the local names of plants and
vegetable productions indifferent
countries throughout tho world.
In the introduction, some obser-
vations by Dr. Seemann, de-
scriptive of tbo plates, serve as
illustratiuns of phyto-geography,
The style aimed at, and it is
hoped realised ns far as practi-
cable, Is such that anyone taking

may read a few pages or articles
with interest, without feeling
that he has no scientific know-
ledge of the plants which clothe
the earth. The following is a
List of the Contributors :—

Profes.sor Balfour.
Kev. M. J. Berkeley.
Mr. A. A. Black.
Mr. W. B. Boi.Tu.
Professor Bucrman.

Mr. W. CARRrTUERS.

Mr. B. Clakee.
Professor Dickie.
Mr. W. B. HtMSLEY.
Mr. R. Heward.
Rev. C. A. Johns.
Dr. Masters.
Dr. Moore.
Dr. Seemans.
Mr. A. Smith.
Mr. J. T. SvMB.
Mr. R. Thompson.
Mr. W. Thomson.

In the preparation of the Illus-
trations, the work has had tho
advantage of the admirable
botanical and artistic t.alent of
Mr. W. n. FiTcn, by whom the
very expressive miniature wood-
cut figures have been drawn,

/ 1 G LENNY, Horticultural Agent and Valuer,

VT • continues to PROCURE and SELL on COMMISSION every-
thing appertaining to the Garden. His LIST of tha best (50 sorts of
FLOWER SEEDS for amateurs to choose n-om, with a Lesson on
Sowing, sent free on receipt nl a directed envelope to

G. Glenny, Dungannon House, Fiilham, S.W.

InOR SALE, several small ALDERiNEY COWS,
' iust arrived, Calved and down Calving; also THREE very
small PONIES, very handsome, fit for children to ride.

Apply at Tudb's, Spotted Dog, Willesdon Green.

Imported Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SKLL by AUCTION, at
Ills Gri'at Rooms, an. King Streut, Covont Garden, W.C, on
Wi'.nN'IOsh VV, April :;4, at half-paat 12 o'Clock precisely, a lino
Int ..t \'AM'.\ CfERULEA in excellent condition: also otiier fine
OKCIIIllS liiPMi A-ssam. includinR S.\CCOLABIUM QDTTATUM,
AERIOES ROSEUM or AFFIN ;■„ DKNOROHIUM NOBILE, 4o.
On view tlio Mi^miriK of Salti. and (;iitalogue8 had.

Established Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, as. King Street, Covont Garden, W.C, on
THURSDAY, April 25. at half- paHt 12 o Clock precisely, the entire
collection of estabtisliod ORCHIDS, the property of a gentleman
giving up their culture, including fine healthy plants of the
following well-known varieties :—

London : Lonomans, Gbesn, & Co., Paternoster Row, E.C.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROURN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA. CREVECUiUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Bailt & Son, 113, Mount Street, London. W.

WANTED to RENT, a SMALL NURSERY and
SEED BUSINESS, or a small place where there is an
opening to commence business. Address,

Alpha, Messrs. Nutting & Sons, 00, Barbican. London, E.C.

TjlOR i)ISP(.)SAL, a First-class NURSEUY and SEED
Aj BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would accei>t of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, C, Leadenhall Street,
London. E C,

rpo BE LET, at Michaelmas next, the OLD
X ESTABLISHED NURSERY at Upwey, near Weymouth,
Dorset, where for more than half a century an extensive business as
Nurseryman. Seedsman, and Florist has been cirried on. Tho
House and Premises are commodious. There is a Greenhouse, Hot-
house, 4c., an-l the extent of CJardun is about 4 Acres.

Apply to Mr, S. Kingman, Up\vci\', Iioiclicster, Dorsetshire.

To Nurserymen and Others.

TO BE DISP0S1?:D OF, in one of the most fashionable
and picturesque suburbs of London, 24 miles from Covent
Garden, an OLD ESTABLISHED BUSINESS, having a valuable
connexion. The stock consists of Soft and Hard-wouded Plants,
Greenhouses, &c. Premium abou' jEfiOO,

[Mr. George, Auctioneer, Cambridge Road, KUbum, W,

bales 6b Auction.

Sale of Choice Carnations, Picotees and Pinks,
Azalea indica, Sec.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MUKRIS will SELL by
AUCTION, at 38 and 30. Gracechurch Street, Citv, E.G.,
on THURSDAY, April 25, at 12 o'Clock. a first-class Collection of
CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, and PINKS; fine AZALEA INDICA,
Show, Scarlet, and Variegated Geraniums. Roses in Pots, and other
Plants in bloom, choice American Plants, Evergreens and Coniferce
Shrubs, Standard and Dwarf Roses, a superb assortment of imported
and other Flower Seeds ; Verbenas, Fuchsias, Dahlias, die.

On view the Morning of Sale. Catalogues may be had at the
Rooms as above, and of tho Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstoue,
Essex, N.E.

Preston Hall, Aylesford. Kent.

Important Sale of Short-horned Cattle.

MR. STRAFFORD has the honour to announce that
he is instructed to SELL by AUCTION, without reserve,
on WEDNESDAY, May 1 nest, at the Preston Hall Farm,
Aylesford, Kent, the renowned HERD of FIRST-CLASS SHORT-
HORNS belonging to Edward Ladd Betts, Esq., which consists of
upwards of CO Head of Bulls, Cows, and Heifers. This magnificent
Herd has been bred with great spirit for several years, reg.ardless of
expense, from the first sources in the country. It comprises the
whole of the far-famed "Grand Duchesses" and some "Grand
Dukes," several splendid specimens of the " Cambridge" or " Red
Rose" tribe, and other fine Kirklevington sorts, as well as some of the
choicest gems Irom the Towneley Herd, with many more remarkable
animals. Bulls of the highest character have been used : the young
Stock aro by the celebrated Bulls Sistli Duke of Airdrie (19.002),
Third Duke ot Thorndale (17,749), Fourth Grand Duke (19.874), Impe-
rial Oxford (18,084), and Fourth Duke of Thorndale (17,750). The
Sires now in use are Grand Duke 4th (10,874), Lord Oxford 2nd
(20,215). and Grand Duke Ifith.

Catalogues with Pedigrees may be had on application to Mr.
Strafford, 13, Euston Square, London, N.W. ; or of Mr. Freeman,
at the Preston'Hall Farm, Aylesford. Kent.

Havering Park, near Romford, Essex,

Important Sale of Short-horned Cattle.

MR. STRAFFOitD is honoured with instructions
from David Mcintosh, Es]., of Havering Park, Essex, to
SELL bv AUCTION, without reserve, on THURSDAY, Mav 2
next, his entire and well-known HERD of FIRST-CLASS SHOUT-
HORNS, comprising 56 Head of Bulls, Cows, and Heifers, that have
been bred with great judgment and care lor more than 20 years from
some of the purest and best strains in the kingdom. The animals
are principally of Mr. B ites's far-famed Kirklevington blood, whereof
many fine specimens of tho "Oxford," " Barrington." and
"Waterloo" tribes will he found, besides some of the celebrated
" Princesses," from which family Belvedere (1706) was bred. There
aro also several excellent representatives of Sir Charles Knightley's
"Fillet" and "Rosy" tribes, and a few "Charmers." Third DuKo
of Thorndale (17,719) has lately been used, and Fourth Grand Duko
(19,874) is the sire of the young Stock. " Baron Oxford," a splendid
young Bull, by the noble Duke of Geneva (19,614) and from the
1st Prize Heifer, " Lady Oxford 5th." at the Worcester Royal, is at
present in service.

Catalogues with Pedigrees may be had on application to Mr.
Strafford, 13, Euston Square, Loudon ; or of Mr. Botd, at the
Havering Park Farm, near Romford, Essex.

Angrrocum sesquipedalo
Aoridcs nobllo

„ maculosum Schroedorl
Cattleya labiata

,. aincthystoglossa

,, W.arneri
Calanthe Veitchii superba
Odontoglossum nsevium mojus

„ hastilabium
Oncidium roseum

Oncidlum leucochiluin
Liollapurpurata

,, Schllleriana
Phahonopsls Schllleriana

,, ainabilis
Saccolabium curvifollum

„ Blumel majus
DoDdiobiuin Dovonianum
Vanda cfsrulea
Sobralia macrantba splendcns, &C

On view the Morning of Sale, nnd Catalogues had.

Choice and Large Collection of Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS Ims lictu inslructed to SELL by
AUCTION, at his Great RnmiiH, .^S, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. without reserve, on TIIUKSDAY and FRIDAY, tho
2d and 3d of May, the entire COLLECTION of CHOICE ORCHlDS
belonging to Geo. Coopor, Esi]., of Alpha Houso. Coburg Ri>ad,
Caniberwell, owing to his giving up the growth in consequence of his
removing into Kent. The Plants consist of alt the leading and
newest varieties, including :-

Aerides Fieldingii

„ maculosum

,, Lobbii

„ Lindleyanum

,, Larpentre

,, quinquevulnerum

,, roseum superbum

,, virens superbum
Cattleya amethystoglossa

„ Trianffii

„ MosslEO

,, labiata

,, maxima

„ ,, superba

Cypripedium eaudatuni

,, Hookeri

„ Lowii
Dendrobium chrysotoxum

,, clavatum

„ densiflorum album

,, eburneum

,, heterocarpum

,, Cambridgeanum

,, thyrsiflorum
La^lia elegans

,, purpurata

,, autumnalis

„ Wallisii
Odontoglossum Alexandrro

., Blunt ii
citrosiirani

Odontoglossum Dawsoni

„ gloriosum

„ luteo-purpureum

,. Insleayi

,, Pescatorei

„ pulchellum majus

,, radiatuiQ

,, gi-ande
Oucidmm ampliatum majus

„ crispum grandillorum

„ „ „ marginatum

,, Lanccanum
Phalienopsis gran di flora

,, ainabilis

,, roseus

,, Luddeni.anniana

„ Schilleri.ana
Peristeria elata
Saccolabium guttatum splondeuJi

,, premorsum

,, Blumei majus

„ Reidii

„ retusum

„ violaceum
Trichopilia suavis
Vanda ccerulea

„ Batemanni

„ ^igantea

,, insignis

,, tricolor

,, suavis, &c.

On view the Mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Highly Important Sale of Estahlished Orchids,

MK. J. 0. Sl'EVENS be^-s to announce that he has
been favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION,
at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
THURSDAY, May 9, at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, somo
unusually fine Specimens and Choice Varieties of ESTABLISHED
ORCHIDS, beins duplicates from the renowned Collection of
S. Rucker, Esq., of West Hill, Wandsworth, Including :-

Aerides Larpentse

„ Fieldingii
Cypripedium caudatum
Dondrobium Wardii
Cattleya labiata

labiatii speciosa

Trichopilia crispa

Miltonia Candida giandifiora

Odontoglossum Pbahenopsis

,, naavium majus
Calanthe Veitchii
Cymbidium eburneum

And many other fine species all in the finest possible health ; also
some duplicates from tho well-known Collection of J. Day, Esq., ot
Tottenham, including fine Plants and first-class varieties of the
following RARE ORCHIDS :—

Angraecuni sesquipedalo
Aerides afllno

,, Larpentse

„ Dayanum

„ quinquevulnerum
Cattleya amethystoglossa

,, Exoniensis

„ labiata

,, superba
Cwlogyne cristata
Cypripedium Lowii

,, Dayanum

,, Stonei

., Ifevigatum
Dendrobium Devonianum

,, HLuiflorum

,, Farmeri
Dendrochilum filiforme
Lcclia crispa superba

Laalia elegans

„ SchiTleriana splendena
Maxillaria venusta
Miltonia Regneltl
Odontoglossum Bluntii

,, Pescatorei

,, nebulosum

„ Uro Skinneri
Phalienopsis nmabilis

„ Schllleriana

„ Luddemanniana
Pleione lagenaria

„ humilis

„ maculata

„ Wallichil
Saccolabium guttatum

,, ampullacoum
V.anda ccerulea
&c., &c.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Preliminary Notice.

Highly Important Sale of Established Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS bogs to auuounce that he has
been favoured with mstructioiis to SELL by AUCTION,
without reserve, at his Great Rooms. 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, May 14 and Ifi.
at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely each day, the Collection of CHOICE
and RARE ORCHIDS belonging to Dr. Pattisoa, of bt. John's Wood,
consisting ot fine healthy plants of all the newest and rarest
varieties, incluOing :—

Aerides Fieldingii

„ Larpentie

,, maculosum superbum, &c.
Angrascum sesquipedalo
Cattleya amethystoglossa

„ pallida

„ bulbosa a. Walkeriana

,, Warscewiczii superba, deli-
cita, &c.
Cypripediumcaudatum superbum

„ Fairrieanum

„ Lowii

„ Stonei

,, Veitchii [giganteum

Dendrobium macrophyllum

,, Farmeri aureum ilavum

„ Cambridgeanum

,, nobile pendulum

„ Parish] I

,, priniulinum giganteum

,, Heyneanum, Blandum, &c.
L»lia majali

Lrolia autumnalis

., Brysiana
Ouuntoglossum Alexandno

,, cordatum

„ luteo-purpureum

„ PlialajHopsis

,, nrovium majus, &c.
Oncidium maoranthum

,, nubigenum

„ holochrysum

,, cruentum, &c.
Phalrenopsis amabiJis

„ grandiflora (Bomean and
Philippine varieties)

,, Luddemanniana

„ Schllleriana
Vanda cosnilea

„ insignis

„ suavis

,, tricolor, &c.
Uropedium Lindleyanum
Zygopotalum rostratum, &o.

On view tho Morninga of Sale, and Catalogues had.

424

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANB AGRICtlLTTJRAL GAZETTE

[AprII 20, 1867.

P^ld°b?'?,S^MfSV,lT»? S/'lte'i-'l-" '^"i^^':" AavertUements and BustaeM Letters to " Tlis Pabluher," at tha OlBce, «, WelUngtoi. Street, OoTent Garden, London, W.o.
cVno 4iydflSrtoi^tartV«lT„?st V/„^°-p"- ""J^S!^"' ^ "'«""• P""'""" of WUtetPiars, OItT otLondoa,in tha'ckl. of SUddlM.1, and Pabilshed by the sa

CO, jso.n, weumgrwnBCreet.parlibof St.Panl'i,CoTent Garden,intheiaIdConnty.— S4TTjaD4T.AprU20,18«7.i

said JAHBI MATTaBi7B,at the

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 17.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, APRIL 27.

I Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, 6rf.

INDEX.

Aifrlculturc, effect of icience

on ■!■«> <•

lldlMim.tbe *3i b

Ki'eo.chimncj' 4.17 b

Dec hives 437 <i

Bintn.mleratory 435 e

Bonks 436 6-4(5 b

C)i1)bngt>, fnuiiblln^ 433 b

CnUlDttucTi.Kiirdea 43S c

CattlL' feedifiK . 446 a

— plii)iue 441 a

— Ulurket 44t( n

reilliiKS.are-pronf. 415 b

Cheure, dpftlh of Kov, Q 432 n

Climbcis 438 c

Education. ugi-iculturul, 439 c — 143 a

Kther »pniy 448 b

Kv«!rErecns, transplftntlntr .. 434 r

Fftrmcrs' Clubs 443 n

Flooring!., tlpt'-pi'oof 445 b

Qrapes. blind 435 n-43U e

— cnrly 435 c

Habrothamnufl fruit 432 a

HoraesbDW 4iti a

Iiiiplomcnts, imperfect 442 c

Irliibliiiid quciitlun ,. 44>> b

Maiigosteeii , 43.5 a

KeteorolOK), Steininetz on .. 436 b

Milk for labourers 442 a

Xnnoncs Mcduste ..,. 432 a

Orchids, tfrrestrial 431 c

Paris, letters from 432 e, 441 a

Pear tree, large 435 b

I'eas.carly 435 ?i

Plnnts.new 432 «

— struggle for eslstence

among 433 c

— hardy herbaceous 435 r

Primrose, Chinese 437 t

Primula elatlor 43.5 n

Seaside plants 43S b

Sefton Park 432 a

Mhort-horasalc 441 a

Slirubs, layering 438 c

Societv, Itoval KorticulturHl 436 «

— Zooloftlcal 436 b

— Uoyal Dublin Agrl 442 c

Sorghum taitaricum 412 t

iSpurts 431 b

Stock.Dr. Seller.&c. on .... 415 c

Strawberries, 8ir Harry 435 6

Theory and [wactice 43' c

Ventihition 43J «

Vines in Switzerland 43*1 a

Vine extension 434 a

■\Vater supply, London 441 t

-OOYA

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
Promenade and Band every Saturday nfteraoon throughout the vcar.
NoTi.-K.— Dr. MASTliRSwilleivo n short LECTURE on PLANT
ARCHITECTURE THIS DAY. SATURDAY, at 3.

I'AL iiOT.A N IC SDCIKTY'S GARDENS,
Park.— EXHIBITIONS of PLANTS, FLOWKRS.
and FRUir, WEDNESDAVS, May 19. Juno PJ. and July 3. Tickets
to be obtained at- the Gardens by orders from Fellows of the Society.
Price on or before Siiturday, May 18, 48. ; afler that day, 55. ; and ou
tlie days of Exhibition, 7a. iji/, each _

THE ItRISTOL, WI-SI' of RXlJLAND, aud SIMITH
WALES CHRYSANTIIKMUSI, AUTUMNAL FLOWER,
PLANT, and FRUIT SOCIETV.— Tlio Schedulo of Prizes offerod by
the above Sociuty for the coming season, cau now be had on applicatioii
to the Nurserymen in Bristol and Clifton, or of the Honorary
SLcretary, J. Uobbs, 10, Corn Stieet, Bristol.

Vines, Vines.

GERMAN FLOWER SEEDS.— Superb Varieties of
Aflter, Stock, BaUam. Wallflower, Phlox Drum mondil. Port ulaca,
Larkspur, Zinnia, Ac For prices, see DESCRIPTIVE SEED LIST.
RicUAito SiiiTn, Seed Merchant, Wurcester.

Verbenas, Verbenas.

PHILIP LADDS is now seiiding oat a good supply of
the above, strong plants, in thumb pots, including 40 varieties
of 1800, at '2a. per dozon, uaokago Included. Terms cash.
Niirsory, Buxluy Ili-'ntU, Kout,

To the Trade.— Verbenas.

WM. KNIGHT Ik'-.^ to .itlur 2IJ,u0l) VERBENAS,
strong plants, hi about 24 of tho best varieties known, Includ-
ing tho host new of tustsoason,at lU^. per luO. Turms cash.
Honil Nursory, Hailsham, Sussex.
Post-olHco Orders payable at Hailsham. _

p E. ALlTEN'S'DTviILIASrVERBENASTBKDDlNa
vy • PLANTS, &.C., from an imiiionpe stock, are now roady for
delivery at low pricew. CATALOGUES on application.
Norfolk Ni:rsury. Sbacklewell, N.E.

"M^EW^DOU'bTE~FUCTI^IA, EXl'HAORblNARY.— a

most distinct and desimbl
Jno. JtO'KiuKS & Son, Rnyii

riety. Plants ready in May, 6a.

Nurseries, Cirencester.

Primula and Cineraria Seed.
iX/TESSUS. K. AND A. SMITH invite inspection of
^yX their SEEDLINGS, NOW in BLOOM, saved from tho same
Stock as sent to their Customers.

The Nu'sorios, Uulwich, Surrey. S.

TAND A. ANSELL beg to announce that their
• CATALOGUE ot DAHLIAS, &c., is now ready, and may bo
had on appliOLtion to

Camden Nursery, Oraflon Road, Kentish Town, London, N.W,

SHO
121,

J

IVERY AND SON hav.- ii few very fine Fruitiiis; Plants

lett of unCKLAND SWEETWATER, LADY DOWNES'
SEEDLINO, and BLACK nAMBURGH.
Dorking Nursery.

V" iNEsT— Slrong"vell-ripeneil Canes^of DIICHESS^of
EUCCLEUCH, FOSTER'S SEEDLINO, GOLDEN' ilAJI-
BURGH, MUSCAT HAMBURGH, BLACK HAMBURGH, &c.,
can still bo bad nt

H. Lane 3: Sons, Tho Nurseries. Great Beriibampsted,

Orchard-liouse Trees Frultins in Pots.

PEACHK.S, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS, APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
Richard Smith. Nursorymao and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the above may
now be had at 10s. Gd. and 21s. each ; the usual discount to the
Trade. Peter Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and London.

TWO-YEARS' SEEDLING SCOTS
atf 10 per hundred thousand.

FIR,

W. p. LAisn & Sinclair, Nui^erymen, Dundee, N.B.

HigUy Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTi" ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRDIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for Koner.al excellence are unsurpassed.
Thomas Warner. Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

THE CHOICEST 12 NEW ROSES for 1867, with
stront; healthy growth, unusually fine plants, so soon as
weather permits. Price 42s. per dozen.

Richard Suith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester

THE BEST and MOST CHOICE NEW ROSES for
1867, m extra-strong well-grown Plants, now ready at 42;*. per
dozen. A very liberal allowance to the Trade.
Wu. Wood & Son, The Nurseries, MaresQeld, near Uckfleld, Sussex

N

EW ROSES for 1867.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with puces, on application.
JoHM Cranston, King's Acre Nui'series. near Hereford.

C CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSK
^ Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

ROSES, good plants in Pots. — All the choice named
YarietiesofTKA-SCENTED, CHINA. BOURBON, NOISETTE,
and HYBRID PERPETUALS, in 2t and 30-sized pots, our selection,
12 varieties, Ha. ; 25 for 14s., 50 for 26s., and 100 for SOs.
Trade price on application.
H. & R. Stirzaeer, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

Strong plants, now ready.
Varieties, named, 4s., or 24 Varieties, named, 8s, Terms caan.
CATALOGUES free for one stamp.
JoMN J. Hasl^m, late John Holland, Bradshaw Gardens,
Chadderton, M;mchester.

Bedding Plants, mostly 2s. per dozen.

SCOT']', Merriott, Somerset, for the Uth. year offeis
• his unrivalled Collection of the above.

CATALOGUES on .ipplication free.

Bedding Plants.

ARCHIBALD HK.MJEUSUN'S DESCRIPTIVE
PRICED CATALOGUE ia now ready, containing many
Novelties, Can bo bad gratis and post free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath, S., and at the East SuiTey Seed
Warehouse, College Grounds, North End, Croydon.

NEW HOLLAND PITCHER PLANTS,
CEPHALOTUS FOLLICULARIS.— Of this interesting Plant
there are still 2W) Roots unsold. £5 per 100.
W, Cutter, Naturalists' Agent, 35, Gt, Russell St., Bloomsbury, W.C.

ocXirr ET PELA R (i olJ TiTfiir^w 0 IfL V Elrs

O SEEDLING, by far tho best dwarf dark zonal (for bedding
purposes). — .Strong bu>thy plants, 12a. ; small. 6s. per dozen.

Robert Bulleh, Horticultural Agent, 1, Newland Street,
Kensington, W.

pHOICE BEDDING GERANIUMS.— Italia Unita,
vy Luna, Sunset, Mrs. Pollock, Ciystal Sea, Le Grand, Amy Hogg,
Venus. Indian Yellow, Glowworm, Orange Nosegay, Enamel. The
above twelve varieties, in strong healthy plants. Terms cash,
Puomas Pestridge, The Greenway Nurseiy, Usbndge, Middlesex.

Notice.

PURCHASERS of LARGE UUANTITIE8 of FARM
or GARDEN SEEDS will be supplied liberally by Sutton ft
Sons. For prices apply (stating quantity required) to

Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establinhmont, Reading.

New Stnped Japanese Maize.

SUTTON ANiJ SOxNS can supply Se.'d of the above
beautiful Ornanionlal K. .lint^i: I'lunt in puckota at U. each, post
free. Royal Berkshire Sued Eatablibluncut, Reading.

~~~ Sorglium tartaricum. —

SUTTON AND SONS, having imported a supply of
Tnue Seed of the above, can supply it in packets at 1«. and
2a. Od. each (post free).

Royal Iterkshiru Seed Establisl'ment, Reading.

T"~RUE PEirENNlAl] WHITE CLOVER SEED
can be supplied by
Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Keiiding, Berkshire.

NEW ZONAL PELARGONIUMS for the present
Season. — For Six choice Varieties of the above, selected with
great care from an immense batch of Seedlings, see our Advertise-
ments in the "Journal of Horticulture."

A liberal discount to the Trade.
Saltuar^u It Sons, Moulsham Nurseries, Chelmsford.

M^

RS. POLLOCK GERANIUM.— Fine healthy well-
rooted Plants, on and aflor May 1st. (i,*. per dozen.
VERBENA CRIMSON KING (Thomson).— Fine healthy Spring-
stnick Plants, ou aud after May 1st. 3s. per dozen, 50 for 10a.,
20s. per 100.

DuEGaoRK £l Aitsen, Kilmarnock, N.B.

Plants in Bloom.

MESSRS. F. AND A. SMI'lH ort'er the following:—
APHELEXIS. AZALEAS, ACACIAS, CINERARIAS,
CTTISUS. GERANIUMS, HEATHS, STOCKS, MIGNONETTE,
&c., &c. Prices on apnlication.
BEDDING PLANTS in large quantities. LISTS on application.
The Nurseries, Dulwich, Surrey.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Mercuants, 7, BorouKh Market, London. S.E.
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prices and advantageous otfers on application.

ROSES— One MARECHAL NIEL aud 24 other strong
plants (some in bloom) of choice Tea, Noisette, Bourbons, and
Hybrid Perpetual Roses, in 4.3 and 32-pots, for Two Guineai. Pur-
chaser's selection from printed List, which can be had on application.
The same quantity a size smaller fur 3nji.

Thouas S. Wake. Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, Middlesex,

Clianthus Dampieri.

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, ani> CO. have to offer a
quantity of the above Seed, just received in splendid condition,
lit 1*. and 2s. 6<l per packet. Price to the Trade on application.
South Row, Covent Garden Market, W.C,

"~ To the Trade.-Cllanthus Dampieri Seed.
"r\OWNIE, LAIRD, and LAING h;ivt a few ounces of
■M-J the above to otfer. Price on application.

17, Frederick Street, Edinburgh; and Stanstead Park, Forest
HUl, London, S.E.

CLIANTHUS DAMPIERI, or DESERT PEA o!
AUSTRALIA.— Direct imported, well-ripened, genuine Seed of
the above magnificent Shrubby Biennial, in packets at 2s. Qd. To
tb© Trade at 78. 6d. per oz.
Jaues Tnoufiojf, Kilmarnock, N. B.

APONOGETON~D I STTc H YON. — Strong blootni^g
Plants of this beautiful hardy and sweet-scented Aquatii .
Price 24s. per doz,, package and packing included. The usual
discount to the Trade.

Vfn. Barhon Si Co., Sketty Nursery Fai'm, Swansea.

New Spring Catalogue.

WOOD AND INGHAM'S Select CATALOGUE of
Dahlias, Pelargoniums, Zonal and Variegated Geraniums,
Verbenas. Fuchsias. Bedding Plants, tic, ia now ready, and will be
forwarded on application.

The Nurseries, Huntinedon,

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, poet free on
application, Highgate, Loudon, N.

Plants for the Season.
i^HARLES TURNER'S DESCRIPTIVE SPRING

KJ CATALOGUE of BEDDING PLANTS, FLORIST'S
FLOWERS, &c., ia now ready, anu may be had on application.

The Royal Nurserlee, Slough

New Chrysanthemums, Pyrethrums, &c.

JOHN SALTER'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE is
now ready, and will be sent on receipt of two postage stamps.
Versailles Nursery, William Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith,
W. (near Kensington Railway Station),

New General Catalogue of Plants.

A VAN GEERT, Nurseryman, Ghent, Belgium,
« begs to announce that his NEW GENERAL CATALOGUE
of PLANTS is just published, and may be obtained on application
from his Agents,

Messrs. R. Silherrad & Son, fi, Harp Lane, London, E.G.

and

Genuine Clean Clover Seeds at Market Values.
Ci^UTTON AND SONS, Seed Gkowku-s, Reading, can
O supply ^;unuino NEW CLuVER SEEDS at very moderate
pricua, especially m largo quantities.

Simples and Pilcos post freo on application.

C:^UOD CLUVEIt SEEDS, at Marknt Prices.— Red,
7 White Dutch, Alaike, Cow Grass, and Ti-ef-'il ; also PerenDla),
Italian Rye, and other Grasse.s, For samples and lowest prices, apply
to Richard Suith, Seed Morchiint, Worcester.

To Improve Meadow Land.

RICHARD SMITH'S MIXTURE of the finest
GRASSES and PERENNIAL CLOVERS (? to V2 lb, per acre,
at lUd. per lb,), if sown earl v, will cause a valuable miprovement to tho
crop. Richard Suitu, Seed Merrliant, Worcester.

NATURAL GRASSES : their Nnims and DeiTvationa ;
Quality, Produce, Elevation, Situation, So'.l, UoO, Peculiarity,
Season, Growth, luci e iso, Time of Flowei mg, I'rice. &c.
Free for ono p'lstage >tami'.
Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Bromus Schraden.

NUTTING AND SUNS halving just received a con-
signment of the above PRAIRIE GRASS fVom Australia, wUl
be gladto&endsamples and price upon application.
UO, Barbican, London. E;C.

OQ^T and 2^8, HIGH HULBORN, LONDON. W.C.
/CO t —CARTER'S SELECT LIST of FARM SEEDS, at
reasonable prices, forwarded gratis and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 1!38, High
Holborn, Loudon, W.C.

AHjFs'KiiD LISTofThe LONDON SEED LOMFANY

is now published, ai'd can bo obtained from the
Manager, G8. Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.

SKIRVING'S SWEDE TURNIP, 3U. per bushel.
Fine selected stock, from the
London Seed Company, 63, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

F

YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL, oOs. per ewt.
Fine selected stock, from the
London Seed Cohpanv, 68, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

T ^U^Jtni I P S^E E D~S.

1867

U K N I P S

Best selected quality.

PRICED LISTS on application.

M£s DicEsoN & Sons, 102, Eastgate Street, Chester.

rpURNIP SEEDS DIRECT from the GROWERS.—

JL The most certain means of preventing dlsaopouitment will be

found In procurini? genuine New Seeds direct from the Growers.

For PRICED LISTS apply to

Sdtton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading, Berkshire.

New Turnips and Mangel Wurzel Seeds, &c.

ALFRED LEGEliTON, Seed Mehch.\nt, 5. Aldgate,
London, E., has to otfer to the Trade tho above in all the
loading varieties all fliie8:imple8, andnrown from fine selected stocks;
also DWARF ESSEX RAPE, MUSTAHD, and all other Agricul-
tural Seeds. Prices (which are low) may be had on application,

a^nTTTTj^ e' s' c' h a l 0 t s .

Send to the Advertiser price per stone, who will reply,
Bknjamin Dawson, Florist and Sale Gardener, Almondbury, near
Hudders field.

SPECIAL OFFER.— Fine New SCARLET RUNNER
BEANS. Cash Price, 7s. Gd. per bushel.
Fhederich. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Beds,

L\NT ASPARAGUS.— 2-vr., strong Roots, 25. 6d. per
100; 203. per lOOO. 3-yr., very stiong, 3s. 6d- per 100; 30«. per 1000.
John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

1 ANT ASPARAGUS PLANTS,

the best that money can procure, 2s. 6d. per 100. — This
delicious vegetable does not require half the expense usually
Incurred in planting It.

See RICHARD SMITH'S SEED LIST for 1867.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

G

EVEKY GARDEN HEQUISlTE
kept In Stock (it
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, ^37 St 238, High Holborn, London.

Wholesale Catalogue of Nursery StocH.

GEORGE JAOKMAN and SON'S PRICED
DESCRIPTIVK CATALOGUE for 1868 and Spring 1867, can
bo had free on application, coraprlaing Fruit Trees, Roses, American
Plants, Coullers, Clematises, EverKreen and Decidious Trees and
I Shrubs, and transplanted Forest Trees, tic, &c.
Woking Nursery, Surrey.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

JAMES C A R T E K and CO.,

Seed Farmers, Merchants, and Ndrsertmen,
237 i '^as. High Holborn, London. W.C.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from tlie Growers.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.

Seed Warehouse, Sleaford.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE'S WHOLESALE SPRING
• PRICED LIST of tho above Seeds of 1S66 growth is now
ready and may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

Genuine Garden, Agricultural, and Flower Seeds.

PAUL TOLLAltD, Seed Grower and Merchant,
20, Qual do la Mfeglsst'rie. Paris, France.
SPECIAL PRICED LIST of NEW SEEDS, in English weighta
and money, post free ou application.

G'LADIOLI BULBS

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2«. 6d,, 3s, 6d., ds. Qd., 7«. 6d., 98., and 12s. per dozen.
10.*. Qd., I.5.S., 213.. 25s. to 100s. per luO.
Barr&Suoden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street
Covent Garden, W.C.

426

THE GAl^BENRRS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apbil 27, 1867.

I

Wqtb' n3,lilia.3

fl3E0. WHEELER, Nurseryman, Seedsman, and

vT Flohist, Warminster, Wilts, oilers the following NEW

DAHLIAS :—

BIJOU.— Bronzy salmon lilac; a large, smooth ai)d flnoly-shaped
show flower ; very constant and good ; should be in every
exhibitor's .stand. Received Certificates at Crystal Palace and
Salisbury Exhibitions last season. Hei.;ht 3 I'eet. 10s. tid. eacli.

VANGUARD.— Dark purplish maroon; a flnely-furmed noble show
flower, of great depth, and very constant. One of the boist dark
flowers let out this season. Certificate at Crystal Palace.
Height 3 feet. 10s. Gd. each.

JUBILEE.— Yellow, tipped with red ; one of the best of its class;

very certain ; always to be had when wanted. A really good

useful flower, fine 'form. Certificates at Salisbury and Keevil

District Exhibitions. Heicht 3 feet. 10s. Qd. each.

The above three flowers are confidently recoram ended to tho notice

of Dahlia growers as decided acquisitions in their respective classes.

The supply of plants being limited, early orders will oblige.

A liberal discount to the Trade.

To the Trade.

C. WHEELER and SON am supply the Trade with
the following STRAWiJERRY ROOTS :—
BLACK PRINCE PRINCESS ALICE MAUD

ECI^IPSE PRINCE ARTHUR

ELIZA PRINCE of WALES

ELTON PINE SIR CHARLES NAPIER

ELEANOR. SIR HARRY

MARftUERITE ADMIRAL DUNDAS

OSCAR THE KIMBERLEY

If taken in quantity, at lO.s, per 1000.
J. C. Wheeleh & Son, Gloucester,

General Plant Catalogue, 176 pages, 8vo.

HLAURENTIUS', Leipzig, PRICED CATALOGUE,
• containing Novelties, Be'autiful and Rare Plants, also
selected Lists of all the favourite Descriptions of Garden Flowers
offered by the Horticultural Establishment of H. Laurentius,
Leipzig, Germany, can be had post free on a|.pUcation to
Messrs. Beth am & Blackitu, Cos's Quay, Lower Thames St., London,

QUCCULENT PLAINT COLLECTION lor SALE,

O containing upwards of 20O named varieties, many of them being
very rare, mostly in duplicate or more, principally Agaves, Aloes.
Aplcras, Gaateri.is, and Haworthias, with, a few Cacti, Euphorbias,
and others. Price for the whole, £20. May be viewed any Morning
till Sold between 6 o'clock and half-past 7, or by appointment.

Apply or addi-ess, H. Tislev, 8, St. Thomas' Place, Well Street,
Hackney, N.E.

Bedding and other Plants,

PRIMULAS, CALCEOLARIAS, &c.—
The following varieties greatly exceed in brilliancy of colour
and substance of flower the older kinds ; —
PRIMULA SINENSIS coccinea aurantiaca, very deep crimson.

Is. and 2s. 6d. per packet.
P. sinensis atrocarminata splendens, light carmine. Is. and 2s. Cd.

per packet.
P. sinensis lilacina albo-marginata, lilac, edged white. Is. and 2s. Gd.

f)er packet.
nensis striatiHora, maenificently striped, la. and 2s. GU. per pkt.
P. sinensis filicifolia, fine Fern-leaved variety, 2s. Gd. per packet.
P. sinensis finibriata, extra fine, mixed. Is. and ".is. Gtl. per packet.
P. sinensis flmbriata albn. Is. and 2.'*. Gd. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from flowers of great beauty, Is., Is. Gd., and

2s, Gd. per packet.
CINERARIA, saved from fine named varieties. Is., l5. Gd., and
2s. Od. per pactefc.

All packets of Flower Seeds sent post free.

CATALOGUES post paid.

BoTLER, McCdlloch & Co., Covent Garden Market, London, W.C. I

New Plants for 1867.

HENRY CANNELL has great pleasure in iutroducinff
to the public the following Plants of unusual advance on all

other kinds in their respective c!asse.s. They have been chosen from

upwards of 300 Seedlings, sent from almost overy country in the

United Kingdom, and are sure to give the greatest satisfaction by

their superior qualities.

FUCHSIAS.

KING of the DOUBLES. — This is the finest exhibition Double
Fuchsia ever sent out. Habit perfect; the corolla beautifully
striped. 7s. Gd. each.

MRS. GLADSTONE.— Great advance on all the white corolla kinds,
and rellex equal to the welj-kuown Guiding Star. 7s. Gd. each.

BLAND'S FLORIBUNDA.- This Fuchsia will introduce a new
race, being perfectly distinct from all others ever sent out, and
H. C. believes it will become equal to the well-known Tom
Thumb Geranium, and will shortly be planted in every garden
and on every window. It has a scarlet tuba and sepals, pure
white corolla; very short stiflf growth, requiring no stakes. A
bed of this looks at a distance to have the appearance of being
covered with thousands of stars. For bedding and small pots
this really has no equal, and Is a decided acquisition, fis. eaou,

THE PERFECT CURE.— Scailet tube, andsepals perfectly reflexed;
good habit and grower, with a most extraordinary f^haped corolla,
which make it one of the most pleasing and curious novelties in
the Fuchsia ever seen. The corolla is formed on the ends of
each stamen, and measures from tip to tip 3 to 4 inches over, and
is a very attractive and amusing variety. 5s. each ; the set of
four fur £1 Is. Ready to send out on the Ibt of May.

MONSTER.— This is the largest ever sent out, the corolla measuring
from 2 and 2i inches over, and is as large as a Ro>.e ; scarlet tube
andsepals, very rich violet-purple corulla, very short stiff habit.
On account of its immense blooms and good gro^vth and being an
abundant bloomer, this is the most saleable Fuchsia ever
sent out. 7s. Gd. each.

The demand being so great for this, H. C. finds it impossible to
get aufflcient stock of it to send it out betore the l.^t of July.

NEW VERBENAS.
The same heading applies to these as tho Fuchsia.

GLADIATOR. — E.'itra large trusije-s and globular, the colour
carmine, deepening to crimson at the base of each petal, with a
lart^e circular white eye ; fine for border and exhibition. Received
a First-class Certificate.

ORANGE PERFECTION. — Flowei-s very large and admirably
formed, the colour deep orange-piiik. Beautiful shade of colour,
with a lemon-yellow eye. One of the best either for exhibition or
borders. 3s. each ; or the two for its. Ready on the 1st of May.

NEW TROPiEOLUMS COMPACTUM.

For bedding and ribbon borderinc,
LUTEUM IMPRUVED.— Immense improvement lipon the one sent
out last season. Beautiful bright yellow, for bedding, &c. No
Calceolaria is near an equal to this for its continual and abundance
of bloom. Is. Gd. each.
THE MOOR. — In every way equal to the above; colour deep dark
maroon crimson— a grand new colour for bedding ; has long been
required for geometric gardens. Is. Gd. each.
SCARLET GEM.— For its beautiful colour and dwarf compact
habit, and continual massive blooming, no Scarlet Geranium is
equal to this. 2s. Gd. each.

These were examined when growing in the garden by the Com-
mittee, and all were awarded a FirsL-class Certificite.
NOVELTY.— In every wa; equal to the above, with a beautiful
peculiar mixed bronze and yellow colour ; tine for fancy beds,
being quite a novel attractive colom'. 2s. each.

These were raised by Mr. J. George, who is well known for
introducing this new race of bedding plants ; and they are
equally valuable for pots, having beou in bloom ever since
Cunstmas. All these are acknowledged to be decided acquisi-
tions. The following is an
Official DescrijiCionfrom the " United Horticultural Society,"

December S(/i, ISOG.
"All these were considered as great additioiis as'beddirig plants,
and cannot be too extensively grown. They far surpju-s anv other
plants in profusion of bloom, and the weather does not afloct them
to any apparent extent ; no one should be without them. lu
Scarlet Gem you have a most brilliant and attractive variety, far
surpassing the T. Lobbii section for effect in tho parterre or riobon
gardening. "-^W. Heale, Secretary.

The Set lor fls. Gd, ; 12s. per dozen ; £2 2s. lor 50 ; M for 100 ;
package included. Ready on the 1st of May.

FLORAL GUIDE, with a fuller description, for 4 stamps.
Fuchsia Nursery, Woolwich.

Just Published, post free 12 stamps (Gratis to Customers), Part III. of

pARTER'S GARDENERS' aud FARMERS' VADE

V^ MECUM, containing complete Lists of new and choice Stove
and Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, with an Addendum comprising
original and practical articles, " On a Visit tb Messrs. Carter's
Nursery," by an Amateur Florist ; Subtrnpical Gardening; and 120
Geometrical Designs 'for Flower-beds; witn reliable information for
the proper combination of Bedding Plants to produce chaste and
striking effects.

Forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps on application to Carter's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 23S, High Holborn, London.

CP-OYDOV.

New Garden Seeds.

IICHIBALD HENDER-
SON'S DESCRIPTIVE
PRICED CATALOGUE and useful
GARDEN ALMANACK is now
Published, containing much useful
infoi-mation. Can be had gratis and
post free on application.

Sion Nm-sery, Thornton Heath,
Surrey ; aud at the East Surrey
Seed Warehouse, College Grounds
North End, Croydon.

THE GOLDEN - VARIEGATED "WELLINGTONIA,
First-class Certificate from Royal Horticultural Society.
For Testimonials, &c., see Gardeners' Oironicle, October C, 18GG ;
Times, October 7. 186C ; Scottish Gardener, November, 1860
Gardeners' Chronicle, Januaiy 12, 18C7; "Florist," February, ISO?.
LAST YEAR'S PLANTS (a few remaining).
Ist Size, very choice, 8 to 12 mches, £5 6s, each,

THIS YEAR'S PLANTS.
2d Size, fine, 4 to 5 inches, £2 2.s.
3d Size, nice little bits, 2 to 3 inches, £1 Is.
5000 plants are now plunged out-of-doors, in their respective sizes
they may be safely fonvarded during the summer, if desired, and
orders will be executed in strict rotation.

Chromo-lithographs of the parent tree, by Day and Son (Limited),
on superior cards, 10 inches by S inches, very faithful in ou'line. but
deficient in representing the glorious colour of the original. These
are sent free by post for 25 stamps, and one sent to each Purchaser,

It is intedded to exhibit a few of the first size at the approaching
Paris and Manchester Exhibitions.

R. Hartland, The Lough Nurseries,

BOX Edging.

MESSRS, JAMES VEITCH and SONS are in want
of a quantity of BOX EDGING. It must be dwarf and good,
and warranted to plant at least three yards for one. Parties having
any to orter msty send One Yard as sample, carriage paid to London,
to be forwarded by Parcels Delivery. The price to include free
delivery into a truck at a railway station.

Royal Exotic Nursery, Chelsea. London, S.W.

JOHN WATEREa has to otter a quantity of very
handsome AUCUBA JAPONICA, the whole of whioh are
profusely covered with Berries.

1st Size are Plants 2 feet high, bearing IfiO to 200 Ben-ies.
2d Size, 1 foot 6 inches, with 100 to 125 Berries.
3d Size, 1 foot, with 40 to 50 Berries.

Price from 10s. O'rf. each and upwards.
The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

T LINDEN'S CATALOGUE of NEW PLANTS is

tf • just published, and can be had on application to Messrs.
R. SiLUERRAD, 5, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street, London, E,C.

The following first-rate NOVELTIES are offered for the first time,
with the usual discount to the Trade:—

£2 8

Bignonia omata , .
Cissus argentea , .
Dichorisandra Musaica .
,, undata..

Echites rabro-venosa . .
Eranthemim igneum . .
Gunnera manicata
Maranta illustris. .

1 0

5 0 0

Maranta Legrelliana . . £2 8 0
WalHsi . . . . 1 "4 ;o
PhilodendronLindenianum,2 8 0
Tapino varlegata . . 0 12 'O

Theophrasta regalia . . 1 0 .0
Anthurium regale . . 1 ,4 0
Maranta Lindeniana ..100
„ roseo-picta, 12s. tol 0 0

Royal Zoologieal and Horticultural Gardens, Brussels.

New and Genuine Seeds.

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Roild Nurseries,
Yeovil, Somerset, begs to intimate that his CATALOGUE of
Sl^EDS for the GARDEN and FARM is now ready, and can be
obtained free on application. It contains a Select and Choice Stock,
everything being of the best quality, and are offered at unequalled
low prices.

Vegetable, Agricultural, and nower Seeds, AiplAo"
Plants, Sue.

ROBERT PARKER begs to announce that his
CATALOGUE, containing select DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
the finest kinds in cultivation of the above-named is now published,
and will be forwai-ded to applicants. The Stocks of Seeds have all
been procured from the best possible sources, all are wan-anted
genuine, and are oflered at the lowest possible nrices. Intending

Eurchasers are requested to compare the prices with those of othdt
ouses. Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

Lobelias, Lobelias, Lobelias.

THOMAS SAMPSON is now ready to supply by the
Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand, the splenaid LOBELIA
ERINUS SPECIOSA GRANDIFLORA, well known as the best ot
its class for Bedding and other purposes, being of a compact
habit, and of freer growth than the known L. apeclosa, having
proved it to be more lasting and hardy. The flowera are large dark
blue, with fine white eye. Per dozen, in store pots, 2s. ; per
lOO, Ss. ; per 1000, 80s.

Peter Drummond, Manager, The Preston Road Nurseries, Yeovil,
Somersetshire.

\/mAM

GRASS SEEDS,
AGKICTTLTUKAL SEEDS,

»v ( CORNER "^ ^K ¥tREET.~)

Tride Mark.

KITCHEN GARDElf SEEjJS,
FLOWER SEEDS.

Cafalot/ues /(/rwarded post free to any address on application.

THE QUEEN.

HATING PUBLICLY KEQUESTED THE NAMES UNDER WHICH MY

NEW WHITE RHODODENDHON

Has been before offered to the Public, I learn that they are Ladij Godiva^ Ingramii, Standish's Tcrfeciion, and
Madame Cai-ral/w. I have flowered THE QUEEN side by side with all four kinds, and unhesitatingly say it is
superior and totally different to either. I now challenge the assertions, and ask the authors if they catl produce
THE QUEEN. I gire them a. fair field, viz., the range of the world to select from.

CHARLES NOBLE, BAGSHOT.

-^ --"■^A nn-riTMfi I.

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN.

WILLIAM PAUL

(Son and Successor to the late A. Paul),

BEOS TO OFFER THE

ABOVE MAGNIFICENT HARDY FLOWERING TREE,

Whicli he believes to be the greatest acquisition for forcing and out-of-door culture that has been

introduced for many years.

Fine healthy Plants, well established in pots, 2 ft, high, 7s. 6d, each ; 1 ft., 5s. each.

A First-class Certificate was awarded to him for this Plant by the Eoyal Horticultural Society oh the 16th Apiil la4t.

bright red colour, and the numerous clusters of the double flowers,
make this Crataegus invaluable. No admirer of this charming &mily
can be without it, all other pink vai-letlea are truly in the ihado
This is certainly a plant whicli cimnot be overrated ; tho ihtonSo besi'de it." — Journal of Soiiicult'i&e.

PiilLARGrOjSinjM JASON (First-class Certificate).— The finest, most leafy, aud deepest colour of all pure "gola-

" A brilliant variety, to which too much attention can scarcely be
directed." — Gardeners' Clironicle.

leaved Pelargoniums.

Price 7*. 6£?. each.

For other Novelties, see separate Advertisement.

PAtti'S ]^UKSERIES, WALxijAM CBOSS, LOi^DON, N,

Apeil 27, 18G7.]

TOE GAI^rnKCTR* (nil{()NTOr,K AND AOI^TCULTtTKAt. flAZETTR

4*27

J SCOTT'S CHOICE SEEDS.
, Post Free. Per Packet.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBIUATA—A moat superb stmln. and

cannot bo Burpfuise*!, 8 varieties, inlxod, Is. bd. and 2«. Gd.
CALCKOLAllIA.— Soott'a superb Htrain, extra. Is, and 2s. 6f(.
CINKRARIA.— Extm fine, cnrefiilly hybridized, U. and 2s. (id.

AUn iiuwost Porfoctlon French ASTF.R, for exhibition, greatest
variatv «./ and 1.". ; best Gonnan (iutlled A«TER, Crf. and U ;
Nflw Victoria ASTEU, « vara,, mixed. Is. ; Dwnrf Chrysnnthemum fl.
Aatur lid and I'l. ; Newest Qormau STOCKS, greatest variety,
11,/ aiHl If ■ Now Stripod-leavod Japanese MAIZE, U. ; Choice
PHLOX dIiUMMONiAi, I'ivarB., mixed, Is - do., most brilliant
SoVirlot 1< ■ Iiiviiicil.io Swirlot SWEKT PEAS, Is.; Tagetea
siriata' M ; Viola curnuta. Mauve or Purple Queen, Is.; superb
boublo Zinnia, tid. and l.^. : txtra Hue Single do., Gd.

SnnTT'8 Superb DwarrCriuiHon BEET, suitable Tm- ribbon hordor.s
in kitchen ^ivtlou, thu best crown, M.; CUCUMBER Enfleld
siirnriao IViimo. 1h. ; do. Sootfa Market Rid^e, (It/.; MelviUos
VarKtod KaIe, lUl.; Victoria New White COS LEITUCE. U. ;
Friucess Alice MELON, Is. ; RapUanua caudatus, or Rat's-tail

For 'dosrriptions ol tlie above cheap Collections, &c., Roe
SELECT SKED LIST, post flee on application to

J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Cheap Bedding and other Plants.

THOMAS SAMPSON. I'ropriL'tor of the Pri'ston Kond
Nuiseru's, Veovil, Somorsotshlrw, lately carried on by
Drummond & Co., and formerly hv John Scfitt, has much pleasure
in announ.;inK that hU CATALOGUE for the abovo Plants In noiv
ready, and can be liad tree on appllcatinn. T. S. begs to assure his
friendtt that tlie above has been tor many years one of the largest
in the etiuntry for CHEAP BEDDING PLANTS, and that Ins pre-
sent Collecti'tn is now most uniijue ami extensive, oonalstliig of
upwards of 200,000 Plants, being two to one of any other Establish-
uiont in the West of England. Having recently extended hia Glass
Department to upwards of 12,000 feet, expressly for the culture of
Bedding I'limta, he is enabled to supply thom ui such varieties and
at such low prices as cannot fall to give the fullest satisfaction. T. S.
win feel much obliged if his friends will kindly inspect bis Collection
nd forward their Orders early, so as to avoid delay or inconvenience.

The Plants will be ready to send out after the 20th of April.
PuTKK DttUMMuHu, Manager, The Preston Road Nui-series, Yeovil,
Somersetshire.

PUBLIC NOTICE.

Mr. John Scott and tdk FanSToN Road Nurseries.

It is an old and true adaRo, "that he who lives in glass houses
should not throw stones," 1 have just noticed in the Oardeiters'
Chrimiclo of April 13 an attack upon me by John Scott, of the
Uerriolt Nurseries, near Crewkerne, Somerset., with respect to his
Advertisement of the LOBELIA E. GRANDIFLORA, now offered
by TuouAS Sampson, of the Preston Road Nurseries, Yeovil,
Somerset. I beg to inform tbo Public that I bad tho pleasure ot
raising the same in the nutumn of 1801, and consequently named it
L. Hrandillora, under which nnnie I have continued it.

John Scott being then about to dispose of this Nursery (so called
by hun a small Branch, although now requiring one-tiiird more
labour than his large Establishment), obtained Plants of the snme,
and sent it out under the name of L. splendlda, by which name
he may have continued it.

I beg to inform those who do not reside in the immediate neich-
liourhood, and who consequently may not be aware of tho facts, that
these Nurseries were. Irom 186S until his di>posal of the same to me,
J. Scott's principal Bedding Plant Establishment, where all orders
were osecuted. In proof of this I need only refer to his own (J. S.'s)
Catalogues for sevenil years.

I would beg to remind J. Scott that he agreed verbally to discon-
tinue Bedding Plant growing (except for a few m his own immediato
neighbourhood), on receiving £1000 for the Stock and Business of
these Nurseries. It was greatly to my surprise and that of otbei-s to
find immediately alterwarus that J. S. had issued an Advertiiement
(which will still be fresh In the memories of the readers of the
Oardemrs' ChrnnicU, ic,,) of 100,000 Bedding Plants, which number
was Increased in tho Advertisements of the tollowing year to 500,000.
I can safely leave those who happen to know J. S.'s Merriott Nur-
series, and the extent of glass they contain, to form their own
upinions as to whether a ciptier was not added by mistake to each of
these numbers. The Preston Road Nurseries contam about three
times the area of glass as that of Merriott.

It has been against my wish to commence any public controversy
with J. S., but his public attack upon me compels me to do so.
Surely a man cnnuot conscientiously expect to retain all the benefits
of a Business after having; disposed of the same.

J. .S. annuunces in his Advertisement that some person has been
misled by me, and has received from me Plants which were not
healthy or according to order. I have only to say in reply to his
statement, that if J^. S. and his Correspondent can prove publicly
the trutii of tlieir assertions, I will forfeit £10 for the benefit of the
Gardeners' Bonevolout Institution. I announced publicly enough
two years ago that this Establishment was not lu any way connected
with John Scott's ; but it would occupy too much space to publish
all the expressions of opinion which I have heard relative to the
course which J. S, has pursued since that time. I wU! hiwever
conclude by appealing to my late Customeis in all parts of the
Kingdom to evince their satisfaction at my efforts t'j serve them, by
continuing their kind favours to the present Proprietor, Mr. Tdomas
Sampson. Petkb Drcmmond, Manager,

Preston Road Nurseries, Yeovil.— April 16.

P.S. — Alli'w me to say that I am piepared to challenge J. Scott
and any other Nurseryman combined in this county, for quality
and quantity of Bedding Plants, leaving the amount to be named by
J. S., and the decision with a Judge agreeable to both parties.

c

H 0 I C

Per pkt.-
Broccoli, Snow^ Impenal

Winter

Albert Sprouts
Cauliflower, Early Erfurt . .
Celery, Manchester

Champion Red . .
Cucumber, Smith's Fine

Frame

Cucumber, Telegraph
Leek, Henry's Prize . .

Endive, Digswell Prize . .
Onion, Nuuoham Park
Parsley, extra finu curled ..
Raphanus caudatus (new

long-podded Radish)
Custard Marrow . ,
Melon, Malvern Hall
Tomato do Laye
Cauliflower, The Mammoth

RlCilARD SmITD,

E

Post

Seed

SEEDS.
Free.

Per pkt.— 8. d
Moore's Vegetable Cream 0

Beet, Perpetual Spinach
,, Nutting's Superb
Red

Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom
Thumb

Radish, French Breakfast

Aster, Trulfaut's Superb
French, 12 vars. mixed . .

Aster, Victoria, 6 vars.
mixed

Stock, improved large-
flowering, 12 vars. mixed.

Balsam, CanielUa-flowereu,
6 var. mixed

Balsam. Rose-flowered, 8 vars.
mixed

Phlox Drmnmondii, 12
splendid varieties
Merchant, Worcester.

0 6

Choice Seeds, free by Post.

BS. WILLIAMS' GENERAL PRICED
• CATALOGUE of FLOWER and VEGETABLE SEEDS
forwarded free to any address. It cuntaius, in addition to the beat
of the est'ibilshed and indispensable varieties of Vegetable Seeds
the following new kinds :—

The OKANGEFIELD DWARF PROLIFIC TOMATO, 2c. per
packet.

WILLIAMS'S " ALEXANDER BROCCOLI," 2s. Gd. per packet

WILLIAMS'S Matchless red celery, is. per packet.

DIOSWELL PlUZK ENDIVE, l.--. per packet.

NUNEHAM PARK ONIoN, lis. Gd. per packet.

RAPHANUS CAUDATUS (the wonderful Radish), Is. per packet.
Also the following well-knoivn strains of FLORISTS' FLOWERS -—

WILLIAMS'S superb stram of PRIMULA, Red, White, or
Mixed, 2a. Gd., 3s. Gd., and G«. per packet.

WILLIAMS'S superb strain of CAMELLIA- FLOWERED
UALSAM. the linest in England, Is. and 2s. Gd. per packet.

JAMES'S CALCEOLARIA, 3s. (Jd., 38. fid., and Sa. per packet.

WEATHERALL'S extra choice CINERARIA, 3s. Gd. and 68. per
packet.

A lUll description of each of the above will be found in the
■ ttttalogno. All packets of seed free by post.

i LILIUM AURATUM, a laryo importation. Strong Bulbs, 38. Gil.
fia^and 7h. Gd. each.

"^ADlOLI, English-grown Seedlings, splendid assortment, 8s.
per dozen, 60s. per 100. Named varieties, Os., Ss., and 12s. per dozen.
Victoria and Faradiae Nurseries, Upper HoHoway,LoQdon, N.

Sutton's Mammoth Long Mangels.

MESSRS. SUTTON :irc lunv pivirunl In t:xe(;ut.o
tJiiiurH for Now Soud of tlm iihovo impiuvod varieties of
LONG RIOD and LONG YELLOW MANGEL at Is. Gd. por lb.,
or ohoaper by tho cwt, Messrs. Sdtton took the Ist prize tor
MANGEL WURZEL at tho Birmingham Slum In IsOft with those
varlotitjs, which aro thus rotorrcd to In tho 'J'imcn of Deo. 1, 1806:—

"Thorol.s a remarkably lino show of Roots, Messrs. Sutton's Six
Mangels weigh 212^ lb."

PRICED LISTS, gratis and Post free.
SiJTT-iN Sl Suns, Seed Growers, Reading.

The best Swede In Cultivation Is

T T 0 N • S C II A M P I 0

N .

SUTTON'S
CHAMPION SWEDE.
A large purple-top yellow
variety, handsome shape,
perfectly hardy, stores ex-
ceeuinnly well, and one of tho
heaviest croppers. Price In.
ptr pound, cheaper by the
bushel. Carriage free.

PRICED LLSTS of
other TURN IP SEEDS
gratiii on application.

Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

CUTTON'S

SUPERIOR FARM SEEDS,

UARniAQE Free.
SUTTON'S SELECTED

YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL, Is. per lb., cheaper by the cwt.
Lowest price per cwt. on application.

Per lb.— s. ((.

Good YELLOW GLOBE ..00
„ ORANGE GLOBE ..00
„ RED GLOBE ..0 0

„ LONGRKD .. ..0 0
„ LONG YELLOW ..0 0

SUTTON'S SELECTED
ORANGE GLOBE ..10

riSHER nOBBS'
ORANGE GLOBE ..10

STRATTON'S RED
GLOBE

Per lb.— s. t
SUTTON'S ELVETHAM

LONG RED . . 1

SUTTON'S MAMMOTH

LONG YELLOW . . 1

NEW YELLOW INTER-
MEDIATE .. ..1
Do. RED do. . . . . 1
SUTTON'S MAMMOTH

LONG RED . . . . 1

BERKSHIRE PRIZE, or
SUFFOLK CHAMPION,
New, m 81b. bags

Cheaper by the cwt. Lowest price 2>er cwt. on application.
For prices and full _particular.s of all other Farm Seeds, see
SUTTON'S NEW i'ARM SEED. LIST, gratis and post Iree on
application.

CSf- AH goods carriage free, except very small parcels. Five per
cent, discount allowed lor casli payments.

SuiroN & Sons, Royal Beikshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Kobl Rabl Seed should now be sown.

Drilled as Swedes, 3 to 4 lbs. per acre.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply superior SEED,
either GREEN or PURPLE, at '.is. flj. per lb., or cheaper in
lai^e quantities.

For Instructions on Cultivation, see SUTTON'S FARM SEED
LIS'T, which may be had post li*ee on application.

SoTTON & SoHfl, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Readmg.

Strong Drumliead or Cattle Cabbage Plant.

W VIRGO AND SON can supply large quantities of
• the above, at Se. per louo. Samples can be had on
application at tho Nursery, Woncrsh, Gulldfara, Surrey.

Delivered free at the undei-mentioned Railway Stations —
Guildford, South-Western ; ShallOrd, South-Eastern ; Bramley,
London, Brighton, and South Coast.

SPECIAL OFFEK.

k^ To Farmkks, GARDENEas, AND Others.

EXCELLENT NEW YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL WURZEL.
4d. per lb.

„ WHITE BELGIAN CARROT, 8d, per lb.

„ JAMES'S SELECT INTEliMEDlATE do., lOd. per lb.

„ RED ALTRINGIIAM <[•>., •M. per lb.

„ GREEN KOIIL RAlll, Ihie topped, lOrt. per lb.

„ SCARLET RUNNER BEANS, NEW, 7s. Gd. per bushel.

,, MIGNONETTE, hs. per lb.
RED DUTCH CABBAGE PLANTS, fine, 3s. Gd. per 1000.

CATALOGUE of gonuino NEW SEEDS on application.

[F. Qt.£, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire.

New Dwarf Sprouting Ulm Savoy.
QTUAUT AM> MKIN, Krlw., N.It., Imv.- much pleasure

O in sondin^-out tho iiliovo vahmblo iiciiulsltlon. The heads cun
bo cut for early uho, and tho HpioiitliiKS are invalmiblo In Hi>rlng when
vugotabloM aio scai ce. 1 ii inost hoahons tlie KprontiugN ary lit lor ubo
until May. Heads oftlio I iwarrSiiroiitliiK Ulm Hiivoviuul tho ordinary
UruHhols Sprouts gmwu aliingKldo of enoh othor wory fyrwardud to
tho Editors o(lh(i<.}arilaitrs' Vkroniok. ThofoUowlng is tbulr opinion
(800 No. for (ith April) ;— " Tho UruHHols sprouts sent aro * run ' and
wholly wortliless, while the Sprouts on tho Savoy aro uuniorous, lurge
firm. and uxcollout,"

S. & M. have a limited number of pacUots on hand, price Is. Gd. per
packet, Iroo by post on receipt of stamps.

STUARTi Mkin, Seed Warehouse, Kelso. N.B.

The New Australian Spinacli.

STUART AND MEIN, bEEOsMEN, Kelso, N.B., beg to
intimate that they have received a small parcel of tho above
now Vegetable, which is much superior to any other variety of
Spinach, bolog less liablo to run to seeJ, having a delicious flavour
and of an onornious and rapid growtli. See Gardeners' Chronick,
page 2\}7. Price In. Gd. per packet.

To Market Gardeners and Others.

RICHARD WALKER, Market CTardenku and Seed
Growkh, has left ll/>,0oo extra fine young CABBAGE PLANTS
—EAST HAM .^nd ENFIELD MARKET, 4«. j.er lOOO — no fluer
sti.i:k in England ; RED, extra tine, «.■*. per lotti : WHITE SPANISH
ONION SEED, 18. tid. per lb, ; KOHL RABI SEED, la. per lb.
The seed being home-grown, is new, and can be recommended.
Terms cash.

RioiiARD \Valkj:r, Biggleswade, Beds.

H

New Mangel 'Wurzel Seed.

AND F. SIIARPE have the following Varieties,

. raised last season on their own Seed Farm from fine selected
Bulbs, which tlioy can oiler to the Trade at Low Prices, to be had
on application ;—

SlIARPE'S SELECTED ORANGE GLOBE.

PlSllER noBBS' ORANGE GLOBE.

LARGE YELLOW GLOBE.

ELVETOAM LONG RED,

SELECTED LONG YELLOW.

SELECTED RKD GLOBE.

Seed Growing Esiiitilisbnient, Wisbech.

New Turnip Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE ott'cr the following varieties to
. the Trade at low Prices. They are all of 1860 growth, raUed
trom the linest selected Stocks ; —

SHARPE'S IMPROVED PURPLE-TOP SWEDE.
SKIRVING'S " KING ol the SWEDES."
IMPROVED GREEN TOP SWEDE.
LINCClLNSillRE RED GLOBE.
IMPROVED GREEN NORFOLK.
DEVONSHIRE GREY STONE.
And many other Yellow and Whito-fleshed sorts. Prices may ba
had on application. Seed.growlog Establishment, Wisbech.

G

ENUINE NEW CARROT SEED.

The Three Best Sorts are

WHITE BELGIAN, U. per lb. 1 Cheaper

RED INTERMEDIATE, Is. iid. per lb. )■ by the

LONG RED CATTLE, 1^. Gd. per lb. ) Cwt.

Sdtton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, BOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited,
Corn, Seed, Manure, and Oiloake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C, ; or Basingstoke,
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1862. for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

Grass Seeds for Permanent Pasture.

RTCHAliD SiMITH'S MIXTURES of tbe finest
PERENNIAL GRASSES and CLOVERS are carefully made
to suit all kinds of Soil, Price 2Ga. to 32s. per acre.
PRICED LIST on application.
RicuARD Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Fine Grass Seeds for Cricket Grounds,

BOWLING GRKENS, or CROQUET GROUNDS.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply suitable kinds of the
_ finest-growing GRASSES and CLOVERS for the above purpoaea,
at Is. 3d. per lb., 2is. per bushel.

Sdtton i Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Tlie New Forage Grass (Bromus Schraderi).

SUT'iON AND SONS have iiuporled a large supply of
True Seed of the above, and offer it at 2s. Gd. per lb., or cbeaper
in large quantities, t^ jantity required por acre, 3u lb. Lowest price
per cwt. and instructions on cultivation, may be had on application.
Sdtton ii Sons, Seed Merchants, Reading.

Improvement of Grass Lands.

at from 5s. to 10a. per acre.

QUTTON'S RENOVATING

^ MIXTURE

Shoui-d Now BE Sown.

6 to 121b. per acre.

Price lOd. per lb. Cheaper by the cvrt.

If these Seeds are sown early in the season,

the Improvement in the land will be very

great, and at a small expense.

This Mixture should be bush-harrowed In
and rolled afterwards.

Sutton & Sons,

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment,

Reading.

/":j.RASS seeds for

^^ PERMAJ(ENT PASTURE, of thO
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a now, natural, and,
scientific system.

See "WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the moat
suitable Grasses for Pei-manent Pasture.

J. C. Wheeler & Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agi'icultural Society.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^^ is becoming boaroe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for Zs., 10 for
16s.. 2 for 30s., 60 for (Xs., 100
for £6.

Fonrpencs allowed for each
bag returned carriagft-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Poet-offlce
Order, payable to J. Barsham 4
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

428

THE GARDENERS' CHRONTGI-E A^'l) AGlflCULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apbil 27, 1867.

THE LONDON MANtTRE COMPANY
(ESTASLISBED 1840),

Have DOW ready for delivery In dry flne oonditlon,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ei Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY
SALT, 4c. !E. PoasEK, Secretary.

Offloea, 116, Fenchurcli Street. E.G.

ODAMb'S NITRO-PHOSPHATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPHATE for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

UANUrACTOnED

THE PATENT NITRO-PHOSPHATE OR BLOOD
MANURE COMPANY {Limited),
Chief Offices— 109, Fenchurth Street, London.
Western Counties Branch — Queen Street. Exeter.
Trish iJranch— 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.
Directors
Chairman — John Clayden, Littlebury, Essex,
I)eputy-Ch(iirman — John Collins, Argvll House, Holloway.
Edward Bell, 48. Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot, Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Middlesex.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Norlolk.
George Saville, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chriahall Grange, Essex.
Charles Dorraan, 23, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomaa Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Managing Director — James Odams.
BoTiiters— Messrs. Barnetts, Hoaros, &Co.. Lombard Street.
JSo/ici(or*— Messrs. Klngsford & Domian, 23, Essex Street, Strand.
Auditor— 3. Carter Jonas, Cambridge,
This Company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it anotbei*
title, viz. — "The Tenant Farmers' Manure Company,"

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for yeai-s under minagemont with Manures of their
own manufacture. The consumer, therefore, has the best guarantee
for the genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Company.

Paiticiilars will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may be had of the Local Agents. C. T. Macadau, Secretarj-.

Chief Offices— 10!), Fenchurch Street. London, E.G.

LAWES' MANURES.—

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
sQflson of lSti7 are now ready for delivery at bis Factories, at tbo
lollowlng prices, per ton : —
LAWES' PATKNT TURNIP MANURE and RONE £ s. d.

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME 6 6 0

LAWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 6 6 0

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEl', GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES .. 12 0 0

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying accordmg to cost of carriage.

GoQuiiie Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers, Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other C.ikes at market price;.

Address. John Bennet Lawes, 1. Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.G. ; 22, Eden (^uay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

EGG MANUKE.— Analysis of an Eg? by Uaron Liebig;
Carbon, 56,000 : Hydrogen, 7073 ; g;S' Nitrogen, 16,920 ;
Phosphorus, Sulpliur,Oxygen,|22,007= 100,000 C{^^ equal to Ammonia,
18-60. iS-om 2 to 3 Tons of Refuse Eggs to be aisposed of weekly.

Apply by letter, in first instance, to Z. A., care of Mr. Roberts,
Advertising Agent. 19, Change Alley, CornhlU, E.G.

GENUINE TOBACCO PAPER, lOc?. per lb.
Terms Cash.
W. DoDosoM, Jackson & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers, 29, Lady
Lane, Leeds. ______^

ROLL TOBACCO CLOTH.— The cheapest and best
article for Smoking Greenhouses and destroying the Fly ; equal
to Tobacco in strength, \s. 4d. per 11?. ; over 10 lb., Is. \d.

JoaePii Barer, 10, Gough Bquure, Fleet Street, E.G.
Post OfQce Orders payable Fleet Street.

BOSTON'S NK l^LUS ULTRA, for the Destruction of
Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, ftc, on Stove and Green-
house Plants, Fruit Trees, Vines, &C. In bottles, with full instnic-
tions for application, price as. 6d., 6s., and lOs. fSd.

Jaues Carter & Co. beg leave to state that the present time is most
suitable for applying ttie above genuine Specific before the com-
mencement of the growing season, thereby preventing tbo rapid
increase of the above pests whicli would otberwi.se take place The
infallible properties of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becoming fully recognised, J. C. & Co. having already sold nearly
2000 bottles since its first Introduction in the spring of 1800.
Numerous testimonials have been received, and not a single complaint
of Its Inefficiency.
Sole Agents, James Carter & Co., 237 and 238, High Holbom, W.G.
*»* The Trade supplied on liberal terms.

S T

/4. 1 S H U R

KA COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gaidenera since 1S59, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green Fly, and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes, Is., 3a., and lOs. Cd.

Red

Spider

Magni-
fied.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(Limited)

Plagues of the Garden.

QIMPLE and SAFE REMEDY. — By using the

lO APHIS WASH, these pests of the garden, together with
Anta, Scale, Caterpillars, Slugs, Earwigs, &c,, are immediately
destroyed. Leaves no stain, but strengtbeos the Trees or Plants.

" At the flret opportunity use a solution of ' Aphis Wash,' prepared
at the City Soap Works ; it not only destroys the Aphis, but also

■Scnle. and ry other pest."— Extract trom Oardenen^ Magazine,

January 6, 1867.

"For strengthening the growth and effectually destroying all
forms of blight, the 'Aphis Wash' supersedes every other prepara-
tion."—See Gardeners' Clironicle, August 19, 1806; and Qardenerii'
Maaazine, July 1, 1806,

Sold by Chemists and others. In Is. bottles, and 2«. 6d. a gallon,
with full directions for use.

Wholesale at the City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.G.

By Royal Letters Patent.

TOBACCO TISSUE for FUMIGATING GREEN-
HOUSES.—This article, which is made from Tobacco, and Is
entirely free from any paper or rag, is acknowledged by all those
who have used it, to be the most efl'ectual remedy for Destroying
InsL'Ct Life in Greenhouses, and will bum without the assistance of
blowing. Price 35. Gd. per lb., carriage free. — To be had of
Messrs. Roberts & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers, 112, St. John's
Street, Clerkeuwell, E.G. ; and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete In any part of tho country, or the materials
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, &o., delivered to any Station. '

Estimates on application. J

J. Jones k Sows, 6. Bankside, Southwark, London, S.E.

pUCUMBER and MELON BOXES. — Two Hundred;

Vy 1, 2, and 3-Ught Boxes and Lights of all sizes, made of best .

seasoned materials, glazed and painted, complete, ready for

immediate use, packed and sent to all parts of the kingdom.

Jas. Watts, 353, Old Kent Road, S.E.

Lawn Mowers,

GREEN'S PATENT. 1 SAMUELSON'S PATENT.
SHANKS' PATENT. 1 BARNARD'S PATENT.

DEANE & CO.,

46, KING WILLIAM ST., LONDON BRIDGE.
Horticultural Tools, &o.

LAWN MOWING MACHINES, 60s., 70s., 90s., 140s.

GARDEN BARROWS, Wood and Iron, tls. ana 20s.

GARDEN ENGINES, Galvanised Iron. Prices 55s., 66s., 78s., 90*., 100s.. 1108

GARDEN ROLLERS, £1 10s., £1 14s., £2, £2 Is. 6d., £2 12s. &J., £3 23. Od

SI'EEL DIGGING FORKS, SPADES, SCYTHES, 4c.

GREENHODSE SYRINGES and GARDEN PUMPS.

WIRE NETTING and ORNAMENTAL WIRE WORK.

GARDEN SEATS and CHAIRS.

FLOWER STANDS, Cast-iron and Wire.

STRAINED WIRE FENCING and IRON HURDLES.

HOT-WATER FITTINGS for GREENHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES.
FORCING PITS, 4c.

Beanos New Illustrated Sortmdtural Catalogue
post free on application.

Established a.d. 1700.
DEANE AND CO., 46, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, E.G.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mr. gray begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to his

NEW OVAL TUBULAR BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every foi-m of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.

It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work wilh

one-third less the amount requii-ed by any other.

Extract from Report in Gardeners' Chronicle of International Exhibition, May 24, 1862, page 470.

" Tbe upiiglic form of Boiler Is usually made on a circular plan, rabiier than ,a square, it seems feasible tliat the Boilers on the ovnl

but tbo oval form given to Mr. Gkav's variety of it is said to be plan should briuj; tbe tubes more completely witbiu range of the

orefcrable in consequence of its bringing the tubes in closer contact burniug fuel ; aud this being so, tho change, though a slight one,

with the fire. Tbe uaiial form of a furnace being a parallelogi-am is no doubt an improvement.

t^^ Thtg are 7nade of all sizesy whiehy with prices, may be had on applieaiion,

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

BEARD'S PATENT.

GREAT INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION & BOTANICAL CONGRESS.

The FIRST and ONLY PRIZE given at the above EXHIBITION for the BEST METHOD of VENTILATION
for PLANT STRUCTURES, was awarded to

MESSRS. SANDERS, FREWER, & CO.,

VICTORIA WOKKS, BURY ST. EDMUNDS,

FOR THEIR MODEL OF

BEARD'S PATENT METALLIC NON-CONDUCTING GLASS HOUSES,

Showing the Patent System of perfect Ventilation and Patent Method of Glazing, whereby breakage from
expansion and contraction is prevented, and facility given for immediate reparation by any ordinary labourer.

Messrs SANDERS, FREWER, and CO. beg to call special attention to the high value of these great improvements
iu the VENTILATION, &c. , of HORTICULTURAL ERECTIONS, which are also applicable to all WOODEN HOUS ES,
as well as to CHURCHES, RAILWAY STATIONS, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, MANUFACTORIES, &e. ; and have
received the highest recommendation from many of the first Horticulturists and practical men of the United Kingdom.

The system is invaluable also for AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS, as by it abundant Light and Air can be
obtained and the Ventilation regulated to the utmost nicety in the Tops and Roofs of all Structures, where, as is well \
known Impure Air constantly accumulates, and where the ordinary system of Ventilation is impracticable.

Full particulars and descriptions may be obtained on application to

MESSRS. SANDERS, FREWER, and CO.,

VICTORIA HORTICULTDRAL AND ENGINEERING WORKS, BURY ST. EDMUNDS.

AGENT FOE LIVERPOOL : MR. W. BENNETT, JUN.

April

i8r.7.j

THE OArvDENEl^S' CMONTOLE AKT) AOTITCTILTTIRAE GAZETTE.

429

Caution to Gardeners.— When you ask for

OAYNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTt:i) PRIZE
^ PRUNING luid UUDDING KNIVKS, aee that you KOt tliem.
OhHorre the mnrk Savnuk, also the corpomte mark Outain
WARnANTFD. wlthniit which none are nomilno.

S & C recTct having to caution Gardeners and others, but aro
compelled to do so, in consoqucnce of nn imitation, of common
quftlity, having boon sold for Iho genuine one, and winch has caused
many complaints to bo niado to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of wbloh are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S, i C.'s Pruning and Budding Knives are the Doso and tho
cheapest In the mari<et.

Paxton Works. ShefBeld. Estnblished upwards of 125 years.

GARDEN LABELS and FLOWER STICKS.—
PAINTED WOOD LABELS. 3i inch, Orf, : H inch, Orf. ;
6'inch, Is. ; 0 inch, 2s. ; 12 inch, 2r. (id, per lOn. 4 inch for suspendlnR,
ls.6d. fi inch, 2s. per KiO, cheaper by the 1000.
ZINC LABELS for Pots, Garden, or suspending on Fruit Trooa,

Roses &c., 2«.. 2s. Gd., Ss., 3s. Orf., and 4s. per 100.
INDELIBLE INK, 6(1 and Is. por bottle.
SOFT rtORTIGULTURAL WIRK, Is., U. 3d., U. Cut., and l-t. (W.

per lb. coil, accordrng to sizo. [gross

GALVANIZED WIRE PINS for Verbenas. Carnatioiis, So., Is. per
FLAT METALLIC PEGS for Verbenas, Carnations, kc , Is. M.

per 100. [3s. per gross.

PATENT EYELET WALL NAILS, single 2,«t. per gross ; double.
OREEN PAINTED FLOWER STICKS 1 foot, 2d. ; U foot, 3d. ; 2

feet. id. ; 2) feet. fid. ; :i feet, Od. per dozen.
BROWN VARNI-SflED STICKS, 1 loot, 3d. ; IJ foot, 4d. ; 2 feot,5d. ;

21 feet, 7d. ; 3 ffot, Hid., per dozen.
DAHLIA and ROSE STAKES, scpiare, green painted, 4 feet, 2s. 2d. ;

fi feet, 3s. ; 6 feet, 3.f. M. per dozen. fpricog.

DAHLIA and ROSE STAKES, brown, varnished, same sizes and
11. J. Edwards, 222. Strand, VV.C, and 26. Bishopsgate Within, E.C.

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANDFACTHKED BY

No. 1.

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

No. 4.

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

No. 2.

:?

I ii '

<t I

I

liililir

-aj/^U^j^yi

This Edging is Maniifiicturcd in Vitrified StoiiLWuru and in Tuna Cotta, and iurantf.d impi.

DRAIN PIPES, TEKEA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, ic.

HENRY DOULTON and CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S,

JOHN WAKNEE & SONS,

S AND BELL FOUNDERS

TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, CRESCENT. CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.

J. W. AND SONS' GOODS MAY BE OBTAINED OF THE TRADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES :—

No. 39. WAENEES' CRYSTAL PALACE FIRE ENGINE, OE PORTABLE FORCE PUMP.

"With this compact, portable
and generally useful Engine, ont
man will throw from 15 lo IS
pallone of water per minute tn i
height of oO feet. All its working

r

parts are of Brass, the Barrow of

if
"Wrought Iron ; easy access to the r^ ^

valves is gained, and the work

manship throughout is sul

stantial. Not only will it 1

found most useful in cases of

Fire, wlicrever a supply of wat i

can be obtained, but also f

Watering Lawns or Fr\iit Trees

Crtbtal Palace. Stdekhav,

March 2. 1867.

Messrs. Wakner & Sons,
Genllemen, — I feel great
pleasure in stating that I was
present at a trial of your small
Cijstal Palace Fire Engine, and
w is much pleased with its
efficiency and einiplicity,

"The Pump throws out a
teady jet of water to a height of
30 feet with very little labour.
The Pump we have is well made,
\tiv simple in its parts, and not
likely, I think, to get out of order.
The advantage ot this Pump is its
being very portable. Besides
being a good Fire Engine, it will
mike an excellent Garden Engine.
" I remain, Gentlemen,
'* Yours obediently,
" Edwin Rose,

Engineer to the Co'stal Palace Co.

Price on Barrow, with Branch Pipe, Spreader, Unions, and Suction Rose

1^-in. 2-ply Rubber Suction Pipe, per foot, 2s. 2d. l]-in. ditto Delivery Hose, Is.

WARNERS' GARDEN ENGINES,

WITH REGISTERED HPREABEKS.
These Engines are much improved in construction, are less likely to

£6.
4d.

get out of order, and more easily repaired than others.

No. 547. Best ENGINES, in Wood Tubs.
24 Gallons . . £6 10 0 I 14 Gallons

£■5 in 0

No. 547a. Strong ENGINES, in Galvanized Iron Tubs, well
painted inside and out.

10 Gallons . . £2 19 0 I 24 Gallons . . £4 19 0

16 Gallons .. .3 1 4 0 28 Gallons .. 5 10 0

579i. WARNERS' WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time in Watering with the Water Pot.
Made of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out

To hold 20 Gallon.?, wheels 1.1 inches hisrh
,, 30 „ „ 20

„ •■iS „ „ 24

„ 50* „ „ 24

£2 2 0

2 13 0

3 17 0
5 12 0

* This is an oxtnv strong firticle, with ' cross handle tor two men, suitable for
Nurser,' Grounds, &c.

Xo. .■iTOJ,

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, Uc.

l^r Esiimalefi for nny descrJpiion rf J/i/dyiiihr Jfac/itner;/ foyu-(7r(7td on ny-pUcntion.

430

THE GARDENEl^S* CMONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 27, 1867.

THE anADRTCOLOUR PELARGOTSTITJII of the
Senson is METEOR, raised by Raltmabsh & Son.
For description see Advertiaemonta in tlie " Journal of Horticulture."
This splendid variety has received a First-class Certificate from the
Royal Horticultural Society, and was figured in the January Number
of the "Floral Magazine."
A Coloured Drawing by Andrews will be sent on receipt of 7 stamps;
Moulsham Nurseries, Chelmsford.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts,
TNTENDING PURCHASERS of TRICOLOR

X PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS. DIX. previous to making their

Eurchases. For fine fotiase, excellent constitution, free growth, and
rilliancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
First-class'Certiflcates. Plants of Miss Watson in Au^st, £2 2s. each;
Mrs. Pis in May, 18G8, 31s. C>d. each.

T

RICOLOR PELARGONIUMS.

Mrs. Pollock, 78. and 9s. per doz. I Sunset, 21s. per doz.
Italia Unita, 21s. per doz. | Mrs. Benyon, 24s. per doz.

In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package included.
Remittance required from unknown Correspondents.

Addresg, Alfred Fiiveh, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

c

HO ICE TAETE GATED PELARGONiaMS.

Sunset
Mrs. Benyon
Gold Pheasant
Yellow Belt

Luna

Bicolor splendens
Princess Alexandra
Queen of Queens

Italia Unita

Picturatum
Kenil worth
The Fairy

The above 12 varieties suitable for Exhibition or Pot^culture for 21s
Remittances requested from unknown correspondents.

Alfred Fryer, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridge.

S

UPERB VARIEGATED GERANIUMS.

MRS. BENTON

BICOLOR SPLENDENS

GOLD PHEASANT

GLOWWORM

LUNA

TWILIGHT

THE COUNTESS
MRS. LONGFIELD
YELLOW BELT
LITTLE PET
LUR.LINE
ITALIA UNITA

Strong plants of the above set 178 - Package included.
Casbom & Son, Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully solicits Orders for the following NEW and
FIRST-CLASS PLANTS, which will be ready for delivery in May.

NEW ROSES.
BLACK PRINCE, H. P. (Wm. Paul).— Flowers dark crimson, shaded

with black, cupped, largo and full. Price 5s. each.
GLOBOSA. H. P. (Wm. P.iul}.— Flowers clear dark bright crimson,

colour intense and uniform throughout. Price 5s. each.
LADY SUFFIELD, H. P. (Wm. Paul).— Flowers purplish crimson.

colour uniform . throughout, the purple tint predominating;

large, full, and of fine form. Price 5s. each.
The best of the NEW FRENCH ROSES, 3s. 6d. each, 36s. per doz.

Older kinds, 9s. to 30.s-. per doz.

NEW BEDDING GERANIUMS (Beaton's Race).

Any 12 Varieties from this group of 18 may be selected by the
purchaser for £2 2s.
The following NEW ZONALE and HYBRID NOSEGAY
GERANIUMS have been selected from several thousand seedlings
raised from the stock of the late Mr. Donald Beaton. Every one now
offered has been thoroughly tested, and ia believed to be in advance
of. or distinct from, all pre-existing kinds.
AUTOCRAT (Wm. Paul). — Flowers bright orange, very large, a

decided advance in shapo of this colour, blooms freely, very

attractive ; habit good. Price 3s. Gd. each.
BICOLOR (Wm. Paul).— Flowers bluish purple, with spot of fiery

scarlet on top petals ; free, good, and quite unique in colour and

character. Price 5.?. each.
BLUE BELL (Wm, Puil).— Flowers bluish lilac, large, and of good

.shape and truss; habit fine. A thoroughly distinct and most

pleasing novelty. Price 5s. each.
CLIO (Wm. Paul).— Flowers rosy purple, upper petals scarlet, large

and pood form, truss and habit good ; price 3s. Gd. each.
CRIMSON QUEEN (Wm. Paul).— Flowers deep crimson, at once the

darkest and brigntest crimson yet seen in Zonale Pelargoniums,

flowers abundantly. Price 3s. 6rf. each.
CRUSADER (Wm. Paul).— Flowers crimson scarlet, with white eye,

large and smooth, truss largo. Price 5s. each.
DR. HOGG (Wm, Paul). — Flowers purplish rose, the colours glowing

and very beautiful, trusses good and abundant. Under canvas

this novelty appears to resemble Amy Hogg, but is quite distinct

from the latter out of doors. Figured in "The Florist" for

November, 1866. Price 5s. eaf^h.
ENCHANTRESS (Wm. Paul) —Flowers soft purplish crimson, with

distinct scarlet eye, trusses and habit good, vei-y lovely.

Price 3s. 6d. each.
FIREFLY (Wm. Paul). — Flowers scarlet crimson and orange, with

senrlet eye; habit free and good; distinct and very effective.

Price 3s. 6ri. each.
GLORY of WALTHAM (Wm. Paul).— Flowers splendid even scariet,

dwarf habit, foliage fine, truss large and close. Probably the

finest "Nosegay" Geranium vet raised. Price 3s. Gd. each.
KINGFISHER (Wm. Paul).- Flowers crimson and bluish purple,

maeenta eye, very free, dLstliict and effective. Price 3s. Qd. each,
LILACINUM (Wm. Paul). — Flowers dark bright lilac, splendid

tru.os, and fine habit, the colour quite new. Price 6s. each,
MEMNON (Wm. Paul).— Flowers magenta, trusses good and very

abuodant, habit dwarf This might be called a rosy purple

•' Stella." Price 3^. C>d. each.
OMEN (Wm. Paul). —Flowers reddish salmon, splendid truss,

good habit, very free, distinct, and first-rate for bedding.

Price 3s. Qd. each.
PURPLE QUEEN (Wm. Paul).— In the way of Amy Hogg as to

habit and character of truss and flower, but of a totally different

colour — dark rosv purple. Price 5s. each.
TROUBADOUR (Wm. Paul). — Flowers rosy purple, fine shape,

magnificent under glass. Price Bs. each.
VILLAGE MAID (Wm. Paul). — Flowei-s bright deep pink, with

clear white blotch in the centre of the upper petals, the colours

being well separated or defined ; habit dwarf and compact ; very

beautiful. Price 5s. each.
WALTHAM NOSEGAY (Wm. Paul).— Flowers carmine, trusses of

good size and abundant ; highly recommended for the effect it

produces in the fiower garden. Price 3s. 6d. each.
GOLD-LEAVED VARIETIES,
The following varieties are the result of a cross between Beaton's
race and the ordinary gold-leaved kinds, whereby has been obtained
the free growth and leafy character of the former, properties
invaluable for bedding purposes.
JASON (Wm. Paul). — Flowers blood crimson, trusses large, round,

and compact, leaves pure golden yellow, habit dwarf and free ;

the plant densely clothed with floe foliage. The association of

yellow leaves and blood crimson flowers, both freely produced, is.

In this plant, very fascinating. Price 7s. 6d. each,
WALTHAM GEM (Wm. Paul). — Flowers very light red, colour

distinct and peculiarly pleasing, white eye; leaves yellow, with

very faint zone. A beautiful novelty of dwarf compact habit.

Price 7s. 6d. each.

STANDARD ZONALE GERANIUMS.
Scarlet, rose, white, &c., 63. to 10s. 6d. each.

STANDARD, VARIEGATED, and TRICOLOR-LEAVED

GERANIUMS. Ts. 6d. to 15s. each.

GERANIUM REBECCA.— Cherry colour, 21s. per doz.
,, NIMROD. — Oranpe scarlet, 2l3. per doz.

„ ST. GEORGE.— Dark chestnut, 15s. per doz.

„ MRS. POLLOCK, 63. to 9s. per doz.

„ SUNSET, 18s. per doz.

„ ITALIA UNITA. 21s. per doz,

HOLLYHOCKS.- A flue collection of Hollyhocks by name and

well varied in colour, 12s. to 42s. per dozen.
NEW AUCURAS— The 10 best sorts for £2 10s.
NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN. — Good plants in pots,

6n. to 7.f. Gd. each.
GRAPE VINES.— Planting canes, 3s. Gd. to 5s. each. Fruiting

canes, 7s. Gd. to 16s each.
LILIUM A URATUM.— Flowering bulbs, 2s. 6d. to lOs. Gd. each ;

12.S. to 60s. the half dozen.
RAPHANUS CAUDATUS, Is. to 2s. Gd. per packet.

Paul's Nvu-aeries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

Mrs. Polloclc Geranium.

THOMAS PESTRIDdE, 'Jhe Greenway Nursery,
Uxbridge, Middlesex, can supply strong and highly-coloured
MKS, POLLOCK GERANIUM at 7s. per dozen, 50s. per 100.
Luna, 18s. per doz. I Orange Nosegay, 6s. I Madame Vaucher, 4s.
Amy Hogg, 6s. Venus, Gs. C6ntaureagymnocarpa,4s.

Indian Yellow, 6s. | Cloth of Gold, 4s. | Coleus V erschaffelti, 4s.

Ii-esine Herbstii, 3s.

PELARGONIUMS in large 6l)-pots, full of flower buds, 6a. per dozen.

Terms cash.

N

EW IVY-LEAYED PELARGONIUMS.

L'ELEG ANTE. — Leaves green, margined with creamy-white ; flowers

white. 10.S-. 6d. each; six plants, £3.
DERBYSHIRE HERO (Zonal)— Bright cerise.
STAFFORD GEM (Zonal),— Orange-scariet.
SCARLET CHRISTINE (Plain-leaved).— Bright cerise, shaded with

purple.

ROSE MAGENTA (Nosegay).— Fme habit, good bedder.

5s. each, set of four for 16s.

The above to be sent out after April 20.

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CIRCULARS to theTi-ade on application.

See Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 234, HI arch 2,

W. Cdnhingham, The Forge Nurseries, Burton-on-Trent.

TRICOLOR GERANIUMS.— Italia Unita, Queen of
Nosegays, Gold Pheasant, Sunset, Crystal Palace Dwarf, Mrs.
Pollock, Stella VarieG;ata, Yellow Belt, one of each, packing
included, 12s.; Mrs. Pollock, 7s. per dozen; Sunset, 15s. Strong
Plants of the following at 3s. per dozen : — Iresine, Coleus, Perilla,
Amaranthus ; Geraniums Tom Thumb, Spitfire, Christine, Stella,
Countess of Warwick, Alma, Flower of the Day, and Bijou.

CALCEOLARIAS, VERBENAS. AGERATUMS, CUPHEA,
LOBELIA, GAZANIA, KONIGA, and NIEREMBERGIA
GRACILIS, 3?._per dozen ; finest Zonal varieties, 6s per dozen cash ;
strong Plants GLOIRE DE NANCY. 2s. 6d. each.
Geo. Davison, Ilereford.

Now Sending Out.

GEO. SMITH begs to mfoini the Readers of tlie
Gardeners' CJironicle that he ia now sendiog out his superb
ZONAL and VARIEGATED GERANIUMS; also two beautiful
DWARF TROP^OLUMS, all of which have been highly spoken of
by the Horticultural press.

G. S. begs to add that they are all of fir.st-rate quality. For descrip-
tions see previous advertisements, or CATALOGUE, which contains
Descriptive Lists of Show, Fancy, French, Zonal, and Variegated
Geraniums, l\ichsias, Verbenas, Dahlias, Petunias, Chrysant hem urns,
Bedding Plants, &e.

Tollington Nursery, Homsey Road, Islington, London, N.

New Zonal Pelargoniums.

DO'WNIE, LAIRU, AND LAING most respectfully
announce that they will .send out the following splendid
varieties, which have been, so much admired, and have received the
highest awards wherever sh >wn, mcludins First-class Certificates at
the Royal Horticultural Society. The following extract is from the
"Journal of Horticulture," July 17, 1866: — "There are so many
good Nosegays, and so much alike, that it requires something
quite new in colour to surpass tliem, or in manycises to equal tHem ;
tlio large bold truss of Stella and Le Grand, or the KING of
the NOSEGAYS, must be the models of perfection in this class of
flowers."
KING of the NOSEQAY'S.-Bright onnge scarlet. Very large truss,

dwarf habit. Very free and most effective variety. 7s. Gd. each.
MRS. LAING (Nosegay). — Glowing carmine scarlet, very dwarf,

free, and most effective as a bedder. A beautiful and distinct

variety. 5s- each.
MRS. MEN2IES. — Bright rosy salmon. Flowers perfect, good

habit, free, and verv fine. 53. each.
SAMBO — Very dark glossy scarlet, of great substance. Flowers of

the finest form. Very large compact globular truss ; quite

distinct from all others. 7s. Gd. each.

Rendy second week In May.
Stanstead Park Nursery, Forest Hfll, S.E.

WW Z O N A L G E R A N~I U M S.—

These, now so well knowa as the Cliveden Seedlings, were
selected from many thousands, and have stood tlie test of trials for
two seasons with the best named kinds. They have g;iined the
highest awards wherever shown, including First-class Certificates for
each at the Royal Horti jultural Society, and have received the
highest and most unanimous praise of the' Horticultural press. The
following is a specimen of the manner in which they have been
spoken of: —

The " Gardeners' Magazine " says ; — " And this brings me to
Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Constance Grosveoor, which have
been several times shown by Mr. Turner this season, and ought to be
sent out next spring at nothing less than a guinea a plant, to recoup
their raisers for the hundreds they have need to grow for the muck-
heap."

DUCHESS of SUTHERLAND (Noskoat).- A variety of great merit,
rosy purple, very free bloomer, with truss of great size ; it retains
its blossoms to an unusually long time, and is equally effective in
^pots, vases, or the flower garden. 5s.
INTERNATIONAL (Nosegay). — Rich crimson or crimson-scarlet, a
deep rich shade of colour, with a wider petal thau any other
Nosegay, being a decided improvement in the shape of this very
useful class of oeddlng and pot plants. 6s.
LADY CONSTANCE GROSVENOR (Nosegay). — Intense fiery
scarlet, of the style of Cy bister, having a truss of at least double
the size ; an immense truss, with the advantage of a dwart' com-
pact habit and foliage, so clearly zoned as to be handsome with-
out bloom. This is a most beautiful variety, os.
Strong plants ready May 1.
Charles Tdrnek, The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

HERBERT TIREBUCK'SNEW ZONAL VARIETIES
of PELARGONIUMS for 1867, to be sent out in May :—
EMILY MORELAND.— Bright scarlet flower, with a large white

eye, dark zoned foliage, a free bloomer, one of the best ever

brought before the public. Price 10s. Gd. Received a Firat-class

Certificate at the Roval Botanic Gardens, Julv 3, 1866 (see

Gardeners' Clironicle, No. 27, p. 638).
FELIX (a Nosegay variety). — Dwarf habit, neat green foliage, black

zone, carpeting the ground, quite a new colour, with a lilac

pink flower, large truss, a gem. frice 10s. Gd. each. Received a

Second-class Certiflcate at the Royal Horticultural Society,

Kensington, August 7, 1866 (see Gardeners' Chronicle, No. 32,

p. 758).
OLIVER TWIST (a Nosegay variety).— Bright red fiower, very large

truss, and free bloomer. Price 7s. 6d. each.
MASTERPIECE.— Bright orange scarlet, dwarf compact habit, free

bloomer. Price 7s. fid. each.
CERISE (a Nosegay variety). — Scarlet, large truss, compact habit,

Price 7s. Gd.
JEWESS (a Nosegay variety). — Indian yellow, scarlet foliage, with a

deep green, black zone," very distinct. Price 5s. Gd.
LUTON GEM. — Deep scarlet shaded with a light striped large truss.

Price 7s. Gd. each.
CRIMSON CUSHION. — A verj- large truss, crimson striped, a gem.

Price 7s. Gd. each,
TIRE BUCK'S GEM. — Rosy-blush colour, very free bloomer, and goo 1

habit. Price 7s. Gd. each.
TIREBUCK'S ST, CLAIR.— Pinksalmon orcerise scarletblossoms,

large trusses and individual flowers. Price 7s. 6d. each.
RICHARD KELLY.- The foliage is greenish-yellow, with a large

scarlet flower, throwing the flowers well up above the foliage ; a

free grower and flowerer. Price 7s. Gd each.
CATHERINE.— Greenish yellow, edge narrow, pliin green centre

and deep brown zone between. Compact round scarlet flower.

Price 7s. Gd.
The above Seedling Pelargoniums are mentioned by Mr. Fiah,
See Cottage Gardener, No. 307, page 126, Feb. 14, 1S67.
H. T. begs to state that he has good v.ariety of sorts at 10s. per doz.
Lea Bridge Nuraery, Luton, Beds.

AUCUBAS, FUCHSIAS, "ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

6 Varieties AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.
12 Select NEW FUCHSIAS of I8il6 for 6s.
12 Select NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1866 for e^*.
12 Select CHRYSANTHEMUMS of 1366 for 4s.
12 Varieties JAPAN EUONYMUS, verv flne, Cs.

3 Varieties NEW JAPAN OSMANTHUS, quite hardv, 5s.
NEW WHITE LOBELIA MISS MURPHi', 3s. per dozen.
12 Select NEW VERBENAS of 1866, for 3s.
NEW DOUBLE GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, Is. each.
B. W. Knight, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

NE"W: VARIEGATED GERANIUM CASTLEMTLK.—
Fine ornamental foliage, one half the leaf margined with the
purest white, centre flne green. Free robust branching habit, and
effective bedder. Firet-class Certificate at the Glasgow and West of,
Scotland Horticultural Society, September 12, 1866. Price on ajiplir j
cation. Will be seut out second week in May by
Austin- & MoAslaw, 16, Buchanan Street, Glasgow. (

American Plants, &c.

WATERER AND GODFREY'S PRICED and ,
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS

and other American Plants for this Autumn, will be sent on
application. The Catalogue also gives a summary of their General
Nursery Stock, probably the most extensive in toe kingdom.

Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

Rliododenarons.

JOHN "WATERER'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

of HARDY SCARLET and other RH0D0DENDR0N3 is now j

published, and will be torwarded on application.' It faithfully describes ■

the colours of the new varieties eshibitod by him at the Royal I
Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park. An Abridged List of poptua,! ■ I

CONIFERS, with heights and prices. Is likewise combined, 1

The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey, near Sunningdale Station |
South-Western Railway,

Calceolaria Am^)assador (Sang).

EDWARD SANG and SONS, Nuuserymen and
Seed Merchants, Kirkcaldy, N.B., offer strong antuma-atnick
Plants, in single pots, of this now well-known and universEilly
admired BEDDING-OUT CALCEOLARIA. Price l:^. per dozen.
Early orders will oblige and have their careful attention.

The Trade supplied.

LILIUM AURATUM, —

Large Consignment just received, 2s. Gd., 3s. Gd.. 68. Gd., and
7s. ed. per Root. Extra large selected Bulbs, 10s, 6d., 125. 6d.,15a.,
and 2l9.

■ Barb & SoGDEN, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

PANSY SEED.— Saved from the very finest Show
Flowers, by an amateur who gained upwards of 20 Prizes last
season at the Exhibitions of Glasgow, Kilmarnock, &c. Confidently
recommended as perhaps the finest Pansy Seed ever ottered to the
Public ; Is. and 2s. Gd. per packet.

ANTIRRHINUM, from splendid varieties, Gd. and Is.

Dbeohorn & AiTKEK, Kilmamock, N.B.

Chrysantliemuins, Chrysantnemums,
Chrysanthemums.

ADAM FORSYTH'S C.lTALOGUE is now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For-
warded to all applicants for one stamp,

Brunswick Nursery, Stoke Newington, London, N.

Britlsli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps. Part I. (British Fbitis and their varieties, 36 pages,
includioR prices of HarUy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway. ^_^„

NEW GREENHOUSE FERN,

Pteris serrulata var. polydactyla-

THOMAS CRIPt'S has the pleasure to iaiorin lovers of
FERNS that he is now prepared to supply strong plants of the
above beautiful and distinct variety. Dr. Moore says " * • ■' It has
all the gracefulness of ttie parent plant, while tlie points of each
division of the frond are several times forked into a many-flugered
tassel, the weight of which gives the fronds a decidedly drooping
character. * * * It i.s quite distinct from the var. cristatj,, and will
b« fouQd a valuable acquisition for Plant Cases and Small Green-
houses." It w.ts awarded a First-class Certiflcate by the Royal
Horticultural Society, 21st August last.

Price 10s. Gd. each. Trade price on application.

The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells.

C*\\ ni pp Kp6(1s

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following :—
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIAT.t^, of the finest possible strain.

Red, White, or Mixed, 2s. Gd., 3s,, and 6s. per packet,
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice stram, very fine, 2s. 6d,,

3s. Gd., and 5s. per packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2s. Gd., 3s. Gd., and 5s, per packet.
SNOW'S WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C.& Son's own

saving, 2s. Gd. per packet.
NUN EH AM PARK ONION, 2s. Gd. per paoket.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free,

Highgate Nurseries, London, N. ^^___

ICHARD SMITH'S SElilD CATALOGUE contains a

Calendar of Time for Sowing, particulars of Collections, with

Prices, Directions for Cropping well and economicullj. Soil, Manure,

Depth, Distance, Season, Hardiness, Duration, Form, Height,

Colour, Storing, Use, Flavour, and other qualities, described.

This List Free by Post or one stamp. Seeds direct from the
Growers the surest way to success.

RicHAHD Smith, Seed Merchant. Worcester.

New Plant Catalogue.

GAND J. ROMLEY beg to announce that their
• NEW DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Fuchsias.
Verbenas, Geraniums, Hollyhocks, Dahlias, Chrysanthemums,
Cinerarias, Calceolarias, Petunias, Piiloxes, Greenhouse, Bedding,
and Hardv Plants, is now ready, and may be had on application.
The Nurseries, Ne\vton-le-Wiilows, near Bedale, Vorks.

Verbena Crimson King.

THOMAS M ET H V E N has much pleasure in
announcing that CRIMSON KING having complettily estab-
lished its chariLcter as the fiiieat Beddmg Verbena in cultivation, he
has propagated a large Stock of fioe healthy Spring-struck Plants,
wliicli he oifers, on and al'cer April 15, at die following prices:—
12 Plants, 4s. ; 50, 12s. Gd. ; 100, £1 ; 600, £4 7s. Gd. ; 1000, £7 10s.
Leith Walk Nursories, Edinburgh.

I

KEYNES' NEW VERBENAS for 1867.

TOHN

COLESHILL (EcR ford). —Intense scarlet, with lemon eye, pips

large, very smooth, one of the Hoe-st Verbenas. First-class

Certiflcate at tlie Royal Horticultural Society, os. each.
UMPIRE (Eckford).— Large cerise purple, the largest truss and

flower in cultivation, very showy. 6s. each. Certificate at the

Royal Horticultural Society.
FANNi' MARTIN (Eck ford), —Beautiful clear rose, very pleasing,

largo and fine. Certificate at the Royal Horticultural Society.

OS. each.
EARL OF RADNOR (Eckford).— Most beautiful clear rosy scarlet,

with lemon eye, good habit, and free bloomer. Certiflcate at the

Royal Horticultural Society, 6s. each.
WILLIAM DODDS (Eckford).— Light purple, with white eye, most

perfect flower, exquisite form, grand^flower elthei'for bedding or

show. 5>;. each.
MR. ELLICE (Eckford).— Peach colour, quite new, a most beautiftil

variety, not to be surpassed. 6s. each.
These six varieties are of tlie finest qu'Uity, and will be found quite
equal to those seut out last season from the same Grower. Thej
have been selected with the greatest c^ire.

The SIX VERBENAS of last ye,vr have proved to be of first-rate
quality. They can now be had fine ulants. and consist of

John Keynes 1 Mr. Gladstone I King Charming

Lady Jane Ellis | Isa Eckford | George Eckford

Many testimonials respecting these Flowers have beeu received by
J. KrvNts, all liaviug givou great s.itisfictioii. 9s. per dozen.

CRIMSON KING (Methven's), having proved all that was said of
it, may be had Us, per dozen. The finest cnmson bedder in
cultivation.

A flne collection of the best BEDDING VERBENAS at reasonable
prices. The usJial Discount to the Trade.

Castle Street, Salisbury.

Apbil :

1S67.1

THE GAUDENEES' CnEOKICLE ANT) AOrvTCUETTTTJAT, GAZETTE.

431

EARK & SUGDEN.

FROM yOKOHAMA DIRKOT, A CONSIONMBNT OF

LILIUM AURATUM,

in fine coijdition , 2s. Gd., Zs. 6rf., 5s. 6d., and 7s. 6d. eaoli.

SURPLUS STOCK OF GLADIOLI.

Kne Mixed vavictics of GANU AVENSIS, 7s. 6c!., 10s. 6;;.,
and 1-5,9. per 100 ; 1*. 6'^. und 2.s. Gd. per doz.

BO'^\'IENSIS, the finest scarlet, 7s. 6d., 10s. 6d., and
1.5s. per 100 ; and Is. Gd. and 2s. Gd. per doz.

NAMED VAEIETIES, 3s. Gd., 5s. Gd., 7s. Gd., and
10s. Gd. per do^.

A FEW SPECIALITIES IN SEEDS.

^TNA LiEVIS. — A most offcctivc plant for table
If. decoration. During tho autumn, winter, and spring
months, it is covered with elegant drooping: racemes
of bcautifxil scarlet bcnies. For mode of culture,
&c., see Joitnial of Horticulture, p. 275, April 4.
\s, per packet.

ZEA CUZKO (from Pcni). — The largest Maize yet
introduced for decorative purposes. Leaves very
broad and compact. Last year in Italy this plant
attixined the height of 20 ft. \s, and 2s. Gd. per pkt.

ZKA JArONICA VARIEGATA. — Beautifully striped
JIaize ; as handsome as Arundo Donax variegata,
Grf., 1*., and 2s. 6rf. per packet.

DATURA SPECIES (from Peru).— Described as a most
beautiful plant. Flowers pure white, 10 inches
long, and deliciously fragrant. 2s. Gd. per packet.

BARR'S SPLENDID STRAIN of PRIMULA
SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, ALBA, RUBRA, and
Mixed. Each 2s Gd. per packet.

BARR'S FERN-LEAF PRIMULA, ALBA, RUBRA, and
Mixed. Each 'It. Gd. per packet.

BARR'S PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA NOVA-—
A beautiful Madder-red shaded variety ; and beautiful
new striped variety. Each 3s. Gd, per packet.

BULL' S DUPLEX-FLOWERING, a unique and beautiful
MONKEY FLOWER. \s. Gd. and 2$. Gd. per pkt.

BULL'S INTERNATIONAL PRIZE CALCEOLARIA.—
The finest strain in cultivation. 2^. 6^., 3s. 6rf.,
and 5«. Gd. per packet.

FLOWER SEEDS in COLLECTIONS, 3s. Gd., bs. Gd.,
7s. Gd.,, 10s., 15s., and 2Is. per packet.

FINEST LAWN GRASS SEED for Renovating Old
Lawns an4 Laying Down New Ones. Is. 3d. per lb.

STANDEN'S
"GARDENERS' AND AMATEURS' FRIEND,"

A highly Concentrated, Inodorous, Artificial Manure,
in all cases inducing free vigorous growth, and promoting
early maturity. It is now largely used by the leading
Nurserymen, amongst whom we may mention : —
Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Mi-. Charles Turner,
Messrs. J. & C. Lee, Mr. Barnes, of Camberwell, Mr.
Standish, of Bagshot, &c., and many of the leading
amateur Exhibitors. Use it freely.

Directions for Use, see Gardeners* Chronicle, page 291.

Sold in Canisters at Is., 2s. Gd., 5s. Gd., 10s. Gd.,
and 2l8.

The above valuable Manure may be had of the leading
Ifureerymen and Seedsmen in England, Ireland, and
Scothnd.

pHEAP and BEAUTIFUL FLOWER SEEDS.

100 riiokots of tbo bflNt and most slion? bfudy, Imlf hardy, «. d.

niid tondor ADimalB ^0 o

60 .. „ ., 1" 0

26 !; ., ,. 6 0

25 Pftokots of tho host showy Ilnrrly Annunls 6 0

la ,^ \. 2 6

DESCairriVE catalogue on appUculon.
RioiJAUo Smith, Sood Myvchnnt, Worcostor,

/^ RE AT NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL
VT KXHiniTioN, ifirt?.

£1000 UFFKllKD IN PRIZES.

To bo UVA.U hi tho (!!irdonn of tbo Botautciil and Rnrtlcultural
Soolotv, Old Tiiiflui.l, MANCHESTER, 7t.b to tho ir.th JUNK.

ChafROB fur Atlnusslnii ;— Firnt Day, 10«. M. each; So<!und Day,
2s. Gd. eagh ; WlUT MONDAY and romaliilng Diiys, Is. each.

Sul)scHbern to the Manchester Botanical and Ilorticnltural Society
froo onch dav.

Annual Hiihscriptl on— Family, £2 2ft. ; Individual, £1 !«., admitting
on all occasions.

SchediiloH, &o , may bo obtained on application to Mr, B. Fikdi-av,
Cui-ator, Bntamc Uardens, Maochestor, or from tho undorelgned.
Military Banda In attendance each day,

Cnopor Street, Manchester, HKN«y WiiiTwonTii. Sec.

(^ HEAT NATIONAL HOrYi CULTURAL

VT EXniRITION, 18'17.— Gardeners will be admitted by Ti-kets
as fallows:— First Day, 2«. Od. each ; Second and remaming Days,
Is. each. Applications for these Tickets must he made on or before
5tb JUNE. TIenry WHiTWORTn, Sec.

GRAND HO RTICULTURA L EX HIB iflON
at BURT ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with the
snow of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 16, 1807, and four following Days,
Amongst various Special Prizes, amounting In value to nearly
£300, and exclusive of the ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20.
will be off'^jred by tho Proprietors of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for the ba-it COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to be made up as follows : —
Of FRUITS, any Fivo of the following Eight kinds, one Dish of
each ; — Grapes, Melons (2 fnuts), Strawoerries, Gooseben-ies, Cur-
rants, Clierries, Ra,spborrieR, or Apples (of the crop of 18tits|.

Of VEGETABLES, any EiRht of the following Fourteen kinds,
one baslict or bundle or eacli :— Pean, French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners). Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace), Summer
Cabbages, Early Carrots, Turnips, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rhubarh, Potatos, or Mixed Satading.

This Cup will bo open to Compotitiin amongst Amateur or Pro-
fessional Gardeners, of all grades, with Fniit and Vegetables of (heir
own grmi'ing ', any article otherwise obtained will disqualify' the
exhibitor.

SATURDAY, APRIL 27, 1867.

MEETIKGS FOR THK ENSCIXG TVEEK.
Thphsdvt, May -— Linncan 8 P.M.

mothoda too oftoii adopted, but will uuBtruat the
I'osiilt.s (ibiiiinod, or Haid to bo obtaiiicd, by tho loss
ciu'ol'iil class of operators ; and this, of course,
witliout in any way impugning their voracity or
thoir good faith.

It is, wo think, abundantly ovidont that in
many caaos tho variotios Bpring up quite indo-
pondently of any dir<^ct or itnmodiato action on
tho part of tho cultivator, though possibly, nay
probably, as a result of more remote agency on
his part, llow else is it possible to explain tho
fact on whicli so much stress is laid by tho
learned and vivacious conductor of the lidcjiquc
Ilortir.oU, of the appearance at about the same
time in widely different localities of similar
varieties, c. </., hermaphrodite Aucubas, with-
out any special or designed care on the
part of the cultivator f When we find a
Gloxinia suddenly losing its pendent habit and
irregular form and assuming an erect position,
and a regular flower, or when we see an
habitually unisexual plant like the Aucuba or
the Papaw, producing hermaphrodite flowers, we
cannot attribute such unusual developments to
any immediate agency on the part of the horti-
culturist. In the cases we have mentioned, he
does not even attempt to make any change, but
tho alteration takes place, as it were, in spite
of him.

Morphologists acquainted with the plan on
which these flowers are constructed, and familiar
with their early condition, feel but little surprise
at such alterations as we have alluded to, because
they are well aware that in the first instance the
flowers are planned in that particular way, but
that the plan is in general afterwards departed
from, to suit particular ends, or in obedience to
certain conditions. What these conditions are
it is not always possible to determine, but until
such determination is possible, the power of the
horticulturist is necessarily limited.

BAKE AND SUGDEN,

The Metropolitan Seed, Bulb, and Plant Warehouse,

12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

The discussion on the Spokt or Seedling
question which was opened in our columns some
time since, has served, we are glad to remark,
to elicit a good deal of valuable information, to
suggest new fields for inquiry, and to afford
abundant opportimitj' for speculation. One very
interesting point has been mooted in the course
of these inquiries, vifc., the degree of influence
which can be attributed to man's artificial opera-
tions in the production of these variations.

Of course it would be rank heresy to tell a
man, after all the pains that he has taken, that
the effects he sees are not directly attributable
to his efforts, and yet some do go as far as that.
Far be it from us to assert so much. What a
chorus of indignant remonstrances should we
bring down upon our unlucky selves did we
uphold a doctrine so utterly distasteful to
the complacency of the successful cultivator;
and, indeed, in the face of the facts recorded in j
our own columns and elsewhere, no one would
think of denying that the skill of the cross-
breeder has been productive of marvellous results, 1
which would not have come to light but for his '
experiments. Take for illustration the origin of
Pelargonium Flower of the Day, as stated by
Mr. KiNOHOBN, or especially that of the favourite
Mrs. Pollock, whom by the way our continental
friends win persist in calling " Mistriss " Pollock.
In this last case Mr. Gkibve set himself down
with definite purpose to produce tri-coloured Pelar-
goniums, and he succeeded. He has given the
pedigree in our own columns, while in the Journal
of HoriicuUureh.e gives thetrain of reasoning which
suggested and guided his experiments. We take
suclx facts as these to be irrefragable, hut on the
other hand we are loth to believe that all or even
a majority of the varieties that are now met with,
are the designed products of cross fertilisation ;
the niceties of the operation — the knowledge
required of a plant's peculiar habits and consti-
tution, and on the other hand the rough and
ready manipulations often practised in such
instances, forbid us from acknowledging in all
cases the parentage assigned to the varieties.
Before we could do so, we .should have to be
satisfied that all the requisite conditions had
been fulfilled, the proper time selected, the
necessary manipulations executed with sufficient
care, and aU sources of fallacy scrupulously
guarded against. Who that reads of the pre-
cautions deemed necessary by the greatest
practitioners of the art — the G.BETNERS. the
KoLREUTEES, the Natjdens, the Daewins, the
Henrys — and compares them with the caieless

Our indefatigable friend. Dr. FerdinAITD
MuLLER, of Melbourne, recently suggested to us
that the culture of Terrestrial Orchids might
be much more sedulously attended to than it is
now, with gi-eat advantage ; and in order to give
others the opportunity of so doing, he has distri-
buted, he tells us, some 4000 tubers of Australian
species among European gardens. Hence we
may fairly hope to see some of these curious
plants at our flower shows before long, and
Dr. MiiLLER's suggestion that a prize be offered
for collections of terrestrial Orchids is one well
worthy the attention of the managers of these
exhibitions, for certainly ' ' few collections would
be more cay or more interesting than a gi-oup of
Earth Orchids from all countries — polar,
temperate, and tropical."

It is true that a few are already in cultivation,
the splendid Cape Disa for one, and that some
horticulturists are very successful with our
British Orchids ; still the number of these plants
now grown is altogether insignificant, especially
when the beauty and interest of the flowers in
question are considered. One reason that luakes
cultivators look askance on these plants is the
capriciousness and uncertainty with which, appa-
rently, their flowers are produced — we sa,y appa-
rently, because there is no real capriciousness
in the matter.

In the case of our European tuberous-rooted
Orchids, and we presume the same holds good
with those of other climes, the flowers are only
developed periodically, the interval that elapses
between the flowering periods being filled in by
the formation of tubers destined either to the
production of leaves or of new tubers. Botanists
have not quite made up their minds as to
whether the swollen, subterranean portions
of these Orchids are roots or stems, or
buds, or a mixture of all thi-ee ; moreover the
details of their life history are not exactly the
same in all the species that have been investi-
gated up to this time. In most cases the life of
these plants may be divided into three stages —
first, the floral stage, wherein the tuber throws
up a flower-spike ; second, the leafy stage,
wherein no flowers are developed, but leaves at
the upper part of the stem, and at the base small
axillary buds, which in their turn produce leafy-
shoots with additional tubercles, some of which
latter after a time throw up flower-spikes. In
the third stage the tubers form a shoot as before,
but the extremity of this shoot, instead of pro-
ducing either flowers or leaves, becomes itself
dilated and tuberous, and this after a time
acquires strength enough to form a flower-spike.

Thaj-e ii^ thus an alternation of generations.

432

THE GAKDl-NKKS' CHKONICJ.E AND AGKICULTUIUL GAZKiTE,

[Apeii 27, 1867.

and the length of time required for"" the 'plant
to yass through its several stages or genera-
tions probably varies according to circumstances.
Head by the light of these facts, the abundance
of Orchids in some places at one time, and their
rarity or absence at another time in the same
locality, is readily explained.

Cultivators have done so much already in
alterinf; the habits and moulding the destinies,
so to speak, of the plants under their care, that
we do not despair of seeing them in the future
enabled to overcome the apparent capriciousness
of these Earth Orchids, but until that is accom-
plished we fear they are not likely to become
general favourites with plant g-rowers.

"We regret to have to announce the death of the

Eev. George Cheere, of Papwortli Hall, Hunting-
donshire, which took place on the 10th of the present
month. Mr. Cheese was a devoted horticulturist,
and an occasional exhibitor. Among other meritorious
subjects grown by him, and e.^hibited at the beginning
of the present season, were some pots of Mignonette of
unusual excellence as regards the number and vigour of
their flower si)ikes, notwithstanding the small size of
the pots in which they were grown.

-1-^ Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son have
obligingly sent us some fine fruiting specimens of
Habeothamnus elegans with large ovate masses of
rich rosy -crimson berries, resembling clusters of Grapes,
accompanied by the following note :— " We forward
specimens of Habrothamuus elegans in flower and
fruit, grown as a sub-climber upon a pillar within the
conservatory. It has been in continuous bloom since
last autumn, and matured its large and beautiful
clusters of rich rosy-violet-coloured fruit during the
winter. _ Though several other species in the genus
have brighter coloured flower tubes than the present,
its fine clusters of fruit, equalling in size those of the
Black Cluster or Verdelho Grapes, prove it to be a truly
beautiful plant for decoration during the entire season
when flowers and fruit for decorative purposes are
extremely valuable."

The Summer Show of the Brighton Hoeti-

ctTLTURAL Society is to take place this year on the
26th and 27th of June ; and the Autumn Show on the
11th and 12th of September.

Liverpool is to have a new public park, called

Sefton Park. Its site lies a little nay beyond Prince's
Park, and is bounded on the east by Mos.sley Hill, on the
snuth by Mossley Vale, on the west liy the Aigburth
Road, and on the north by Ullett Lane. Three hundred
and seventy-five acres of land (says the Liverpool Daily
Post) were purchased from the Earl of Sefton for a
quarter of a million of money, and of these about 200
acres are to be appropriated to the Park, the remainder
being sold as sites for gentlemen's villas. As possession
will only be obtained next month, plans were sought
for in November last, and it was then decided,
uiion the recommendation nf the Improvement Com-
mittee, to offer two premiums for the best plans of
laying-out the Park— one of 300 cuineas, and another
of 200 guineas. This produced 29 designs, which have
lately been exhibited in the Liverpool Town Hall.
We append the names of the competitors, and the cost
at which they estimate that tlie work indicated in their
plans can be carried into effect : —

Competitors. Cost.

1. William Wortley, Liverpool £92,168 1 8

2. Edmond Andrf^, Paris, and Lewis llom-

blnwer, Liverpool 8-5,000 0 0

3. William Henderson, Landscape G.ardener,

and David Walker, Architect, Livei-pool . . 123,500 0 0

4. Gay & Swallow, Bradford 75,000 0 0

.5. R. W. Barnes, Manchester 89,504 0 0

R. Hans F. Price, Weston-super-Mare .. .. 100,000 0 0

7. Rev. James Bateman, Congleton .. .. 62,983 6 8

8. Alexander Black, F.alkirk 27,285 0 0

9. Francois Duvillers, P.aris .. .. .. 29,000 16 3

10. Rogers & Marsden, South Lincoln.'ihire . . 38,609 18 0

11. A. Stansfield & Sons, Todmorden . . . . 37,516 19 2

12. Henry M-ay, Bedalc, Yorkshire .. .. 13,062 0 0

13. Ch.arles Eastwood, Luddenden-foot . . . . 97,000 0 0

14. Thomas Jlerccr, Liverpool .. .. .. 156,687 0 0

15. Thomas D. Barry, Leamington ,, .. 109,350 0 0

16. Reinhart Jahns, Liverpool, |^ First plan . . 48,929 0 0

(two plans) . . . . ) Second plan . . 17,919 0 0

17. Alexander M'Kenzie, London 110,192 8 0

18. J. S. Tyerman, Liverpool 97,978 1 0

19. Maurice Young, Godalming, Surrey .. .. 62,262 15 5

20. J. A. Mjison, Bui-ton-on-Trent 25,000 0 0

21. J. Hart, Br.idford 51,000 0 0

22. John Bamett, ShifEnal 56,045 0 0 1

23. J. A. Hall it George Middleton, Liverpool . . 98,299 16 9 '

24. J. H. Hirst, Bristol 100,000 0 0

25. J. W. Cottee, Cheluisford . . . . . . 158,835 0 0

26. Joseph Newton, London .. .. .. 54,666 4 10

27. John Gibson, jun., London ., .. .. 55,964 4 9

28. D. Brade, London 108]880 0 0

29. Edward Milner, Sydenham .. .. ., 122,560 0 0
Upon these designs we hope at an early date to offer
some critical remarks.

he seen on Turkish ladies' shawls. We were quite
puzzled at these purplish flowers, and from the want of
any specimens from which to judge the pollen apparatus,
all we could say, was that according to our information
the plant was totally new, and that it was a very extra-
ordinary one. We believe M. Linden named it Nasonia
splendens.

Much later Messrs. Backhouse, of Tork, sent us a
dried flower. It proved to be very leathery, and as
such flowers shrivel very much in drying, we have
represented the flower one quarter larger than in the
dried one— but even smaller than Mr. Wallis' repre-
sentation, which we have every reason to believe correct.
We entertain no doubt that the plant will be gladly
accepted by Orchid growers, provided it is to be

mnmgod. Aiv! lio'.v few Orchids now resist ilio efforts
of our excellent growers? It comes from the higher
Andes of Western South America. H. O. Rchh. fil.

New Plants.

Nanones MEDUSiE, Rchh. f.

Foliis oblongis acutis oblique et inffiqualiter bilobulis, floribus

paucis terminalibus maximis, sepalis petalisque minoribus

ligul.atis acutis, labello adnato subrotundo toto Umbo ciliato

fimbriato.

There was a very diligent writer on Orchids, M.
Serapias, in the days of M. "Crabro Scandicus," who
declared we should no longer be surprised by new
Orchids of novel form. Yet here is such a plant.
Long since M. Linden was so kind to send me a
drawing of Mr. Walli,s', representing this species,
or something extremely like it, bearing a circular lip
with a splendid border of long fimbriae, such as are to

ENNOBLING THE "WILD CABBAGE.

As long ago as the summer of 1859, during a visit to
Llandudno, North Wales, I gathered some seeds of
the wild Cabbage, Brassica oleracea, with a view to
experiment. Tuis seed was sown in my garden in
the spring of 1860, and likely plants were planted from
the seed-bed in the usual manner. The behaviour of
these was reported upon at the O.xford meeting of
the British Association for the Advancement of Science
in the following words : — " These are already highly
curious as showing a tendency to run into so many
of the Cabbage varieties, e. g., long petioles, the types
known as ' Kale, Greens,' &c., both with broad more
or less undivided leaves, and with a tendency to deep
lobes and divisions. Others with short petioles offer
the true Cabbage type, whilst these even now show
tendencies for the production of sorts, as flat heads,
sugar-loaf, green, red, and white varieties."

The termination of that year's experiments left some
idants to winter, and in these the most important
change observed in 1861, was that of one specimen to
an imperfect Broccoli type, inasmuch as the flower
was altogether in a sulphur-coloured central head.

Again the seed of this peculiar one was saved, and
some of it was sent to the Messrs. Sutton of Reading,
for them to experiment upon, and they not only made
trial of it themselves, but divided a portion amongst
three eminent gardeners. The report from all these
gentlemen is remarkable, as it tended to show that
while with each a few plants made respectable Broccoli,
others went off into different forms of Greens and
Cabbages, and in short that the seed was altogetlier
uncertain as to sort.

My own seed was sown at my new residence, Brad-
ford Abbas, in 1864, and at the same time there was
sown some seed saved by the four experimenters pre-
viously mentioned, and of all these five separate rows
were planted in my experimental garden, and from
these, in the middle of March, 1365, I began to cut
some very nice Broccoli, at least ten days before any
others, reserving, however, some of the best, with cer-
tain peculiar forms, for fviture experiments.

Now, in all these five lots the same facts were observ-
able, namel.v, that while the greater part were really
Broccoli, yet even these were different in character ;
and with them were examples with broad leaves and
short petioles, from which it would surely not be
difficult to grow Cabbage, and others with purple-
curled leaves, from which I have indeed growna most
excellent *' Green," to be hereafter described.

"Well, the seed of some of these types was saved,
and from the Broccoli and Purple Green of last year
I have now a very remarkable crop. The Broccoli
plants of 1866 consisted of the following, besides my
own stock— Snow's Winter "\Vhite, Balmeny Park,
Carter's Champion. Of these every one has been
killed, together with every Broccoli in the parish,
except a few examples of Carter's Champion and two
wliole rows of my own new sort. From the latter I
am now cutting some nice heads, but the former are
not nearly ready for use.

Considering, then, the enormous mortality in this
crop during the present season in this part of the West of
England, my crop is looked upon by all as a perfect
marvel. Here, however, I must remark, that seven
plants out of JO incline to the Cabbage form, one of
which indeed has the tendency to form lots of little
heads of minute smooth Cabbages after the manner of
the Brussels Sprouts.

The seed of the Purple Green "was sown in the field
in alternate rows, with the Thousand-headed Cabbage,
Chou de mille tUes^ the Ox-heart, and the Cow-
Cabbage, which were all used for stock, except a few
Thousand-headed. The Greens have stood the winter in
a remarkable manner, for while every Green in the
district was utterly killed, and Cottagers' Kale, Ragged
Jack, Curly Greens, and Savoy Cabbages, have not a
specimen left, — not one of the new Green has suc-
cumbed to the severe weather ; even the Thousand-
headed have had two-thirds killed. It is, however,
curious to see that even this Green has several varieties
some being less crispated than others, some again
inclining to bright green rather than purple — about
equal parts of each.

Now it is a matter of importance to point out that in
all my experiments in seed growth, I have never
seeded Greens or Cabbages of any strain but those
described, in any of my gardens— indeed, had I done
so and they had got mixed in any way, the results
would have been more certain, but the very variations
of the stock seem to point to its origin.

That one might get fixed strains of different types is
no doubt true, if one took the trouble of careful selec-
tion. This I hope to do, as my experience of this
season has proved the great importance in point of
hardihood of ray newly introduced stock, both of
Broccoli and Greens, as lately derived from the parent
of all, namely, the wild Cabbage.

I claim, then, for these experiments the having
shown practically what was at least theoretically
supposed :—

1st. That the varieties of Greens, Cabbage, and
Broccoli are derivatives from the wild Cabbage.

2d. That we have the power of getting new varieties
of each from this source.""

3d. That this stock is far hardier than any other yet
known.

As regards the Purple Green, I may here mention
that it has been before reported upon in the Agricul-
tural Gazette as a likely field plant for sheep feed, its
productiveness and its total immunity from injury
m the past trying season all combining to recommend
it for this purpose, and it is moreover an excellent
Green for the table. /. B,

LETTERS FROM PARIS.— No. VITI.
The Great French Exhibition.
The world has seen some great shows of this kind,
but this is the first instance in which horticulture has
received the attention it deserves in connection with
what purports to be an all embracing display of human
work, art, and taste. At this Exposition horticul-
ture is not only respectably represented, but made a
chief feature of, and in the opinion of good judges its
gardening department will be the chief charm of
what will soon be the most interesting, extensive, and
instructive exhibition overseen. After deliberate con-
sideration it was determined to hold the Exposition of
1867 in the Champ de Mars, and a bettor position could
not have been chosen. Ere they comnienoed the erection
of the building the centre of the ground was something
hollower than the sides, and the first thing to be done
was to fill up this, which was easily effected from the
opposite side of the river, where there is, or was, a high
rising ground, known as the 'Trocadero. Incidentally
I maj[ say that since my coming here this Trocadero, a
most important position, from which you can see nearly
all Paris, has been mined in a thousand placeSj acres of
its soil removed bodily, and a most commanding slope
made right in front of the Exposition, and on which t
notice they are now commencing to plant shrubs. The
whole face of the rising ground opposite the Champ de
Mars has in fact been altered within the past eight
weeks. When your readers see it, they will probably
have an idea of how well and quickly improvements are
carried out here. The Champ de Mars is about
500,000 square yards in extent^ and of this space
160,000 are occupied by the building. What was to be
done with the remaining 340,000 ? Well, they wisely
and most fortunately det/ermined to make a park and
garden of it — fortunately, as well as wisely, for the
building happens to be the ugliest ever seen, and were
its demerits not concealed by the wondrous collection
of buildings in the park, and by the extensive and
tasteful garden scene, the very large-tailed cats of Paris
would have come and howled their indignation at it,
and the French, who try to joke at all things, would
have a legitimate laughing stock for twelve long
months. The convenience of its plan however
makes you forget its external^ shortcomings, and go i
out of it in almost any direction, and your eyes are
kept off the building by the great mass of interest
displayed around, both in the shape of trees, shrubs,
flowers, and buildings. I intend to describe this
garden and park as soon as the last tender plants are in
position, the Grass green, and the many interesting
features contemplated in a finished state. At present
there are of course none of those tender plants which
Parisian gardeners make such a fine display of to be
seen — when tliey are, the scene will display a marked
improvement for the better, but some departments are
already in a condition to be examined with profit,
particularly Trees and Shrubs.

We will begin with Conifers, and of these there is
the finest collection ever gathered together — the largest
number, and the greatest variety of kinds. They will
remain here all the season, so that they may be seen

ApitlL 27, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' OIIRONICLE AND AGRICULTUIfAL GAZETTE.

433

»nd studied by all. They are tastefully disposed in
rising banks along the Hanks of the groat conservatory
*nd other houses, and in many spots about the garden
department, adding to it much beauty, apart from their
individual niterest to the horticulturist and planter.
There are classes for new Conilci'.^, for _ the
largest and best collections, for the best single
specimens, and so on. l''or an important and
permanent exhibition of this kind, it would bo a s^d
thing if groups like these should be badly arranged ;
and it may be safely said, that the Conifers could not
be better disposed than they are in this garden. In its
centre there is a large and handsome winter garden in
an elevated position, which has been raised upon high
walls, and against these great mounds of earth have
been thrown up, except in front, where there is a large
and beautiful cascade. These rising mounds are
covered with ('uniCcrs, ,so titai the great conservatory
rises out of ricli banks of (hem ; while as the ground
falls, outside the walks that. run round the central con-
servatory and the banks, are other large groups, inter-
spersed with fine masses of Rhododendrons and by the
front mass of rockwork ; and as one glances over the
whole space, single specimens and groups are to be seen
scattered about in all its i)arts. As there are nearly
Ifl " e.xposants," and sonjc of these show as many as
."„'.u plants, I need scarcely say that to detail any more
than the newer plants of the collection is out of the
question. The two larger collections are planted on
the side of the great conservatory, that on the side of
it facing the great maritime aquarium._ Thi.s collection
is a very fine one, embracing most things in cultiva-
tion, from a dwarf Libocedrus tetragona to largo
Cedars, pyramidal Junipers, the WelTingtonia, and
iven the common Larch, the larger plants giving
llie great house a very desirable finish. Generally
throughout the ground the "exhibits" in this im-
portant class are excellently disposed, and their plants
good. The winner of the premier prize is Mr. Deseine
i Bongival, he shows 3.")0 plants; Defresne 2d, with
200 ; and Odin 3d, with 450.

Of the class for 50 choice hardy species — "Lot de 50
fsph'es ou varlcii's de plciiie ferre" — the 1st prize was
taken by Messrs. Veitoh & Sons. They sent a beautifully
finished group, comprising the choicest, though not
overgrown plants of kinds much in cultivation, like
the Araucaria and Abies Douglasii, and remarkably
large specimens of subjects as yet rare, like the true
Abies amabilis ; the Umbrella Pine, the finest specimen
extant ni) doubt ; a beautiful dense and free specimen
of Thujopsis dolabrata; a handsome closie-growing
Juniperus drupacea ; very dense, healthy, and compact- 1
growing specimens of Thuja gigautea and Lawsoniana; 1
and a handsome plant of Juniperus fragraus, and Thuja
Lobbii ; and last, though far from least, several lovely
bushesof the invaluable Retinosporas.

But interesting as these classes undoubtedly are, the [
competitors for the specimen remarkable for size ,
and good cultivation, will soon catch the visitor's '
eye. The winner of this prize is the finest specimen ■
of Thuja gigantea ever seen, and I doubt if anybody
who has never seen the tree wild, could have
formed any idea of its noble character ere seeing this
plant. A very fine Wellingtonia near at hand, so fine i
indeed that people wonder at the courage of its owner
in risking to lose it by removal here, makes no difference
to this great Thuja, which in face of much opposition
asserts itself to be a tree of the first order for gardens
in cold and temperate climes. The second prize was

fiven to a not very remarkable subject from the !
Inglish point of view, Abies Nordmanniana, and the I
fine Wellingtonia only came in third.

Of Conifers of recent introduction iu commerce, be
it observed, the first prize is taken by M. Seneclause,
with a fine group remarkable for having some soarcisli
things greatly developed, notably Lari.x Kccmpferi, I
about 10 feet high, and shooting away even more
vigorously than the commnn Larch. Here is also in
fine developruent, Tsuga Sieboldii, Retinospora
Keteleeri varie.gata, fine; Juniperus myosurus, a|
curious drooping kind ; a cylindrical growing var. j
of Scotch Fir; several distinct vars. of Abies pectinata;
Thuja Craigiana, fine; Abies jezoensis; and Thuja
magnifiea, very free, bold, and graceful looking, with
some tender plants that should scarcely have figured in
aeollection of this kind — Libocedrus ohilensis argcatea,
Abies grandis and lasiocarpa, and a fine Arthrotaxus
cupressoides.

Of new Conifers, naturally of most interest to your
readers, there are several veryinterestinggroups,planted
in a sheltered position near the covered way at the back
of the great conservatory, in which is exhibited the
materiel d'horticulture. Messrs. Veitch have beaten all
comers in this class, though_there was by no means a
dull competition.

The first plant you notice in their group, from its
distinct and dense habit, is the dwarf and cushiony
Thuja pygmica, very low but spreading out into a
healthful little bush. It is probably the prettiest of
all dwarf Conifers, and will suit to a T the choice
corner of a rockwork, or indeed any other position in
the select garden. It also contains two new and
beautiful representatives of the genus Retinospora —
filiformis and filicoides — the former with a free flowing
habit, so to speak, its branohlets pushing well out in
a slender style ; filicoides of a close habit and neatly
cut foliage, graceful too, as its name would lead one to
expect. It were better to see additions to this dwarf
group of Conifers than almost any other, inasmuch as
they are so eminently fitted to meet a great want of
the present day— a m ire diversified and verdant kind
of aspect among the dwarfer inmates of flower gardens.
It is admitted that we want verdure and grace, or we
tacitly admit it by introducing subtropical plants which
are expensive to keep, andiimpossible to cultivate in
the open air in many parts of the country. Here
in this hardy and elegant family we have that
comparatively dwarf but pyramidal habit which we

want so much, while when we come close to them and
examine them, wo find they are a,s elegantly chiselled
and dissected as tlio finest Fern. Everywhere in this
grand collection of Conifer.i are to bo seen evidences of
this, and never have I looked ujjon more beautiful
in;isses of verdure than R. plumosa in Messrs. Veitch's
largo collection, and also obtusa in the same ; they are
simply invaluable for tho.se who use them with taste.
Apart altogether from our want of a more elegantly
diversified surface in the flower garden, and which
the best and most practical way to meet is perhaps by
the use of such plants as these, and neat and elegant
young specimens of such things as Thujopsis boreiilis,
the recurved Yucca, &c., there is in many Uritish
gardens a great gulf between the larger tree and shrub
vegetation, and the humbler colouring material which
most will admit should bo filled uji, and there is
nothing known more suitable for it than these.
In most of the groups of new and newish Conifers in
the garden may be noticed the fine Cryptonieria
elegans, wdiich in every case promises to be a first
rate thing, inclining, as I have seen it planted out,
to the pendulous in habit, and growing more
" kindly " than the old species. In Messrs. Veitch's
collection there are also two desirable-lookiogvery dwarf
formsofCupressus Lawsoniana, one dark-green, theother
glaucous; Juniperus nobilis, promising looking; Abies
firma and microsperma; Thujopsis lajtevirens ; Reti-
nospora pisifera aurea ; Abies Hookeriana ; several
things unnamed, variegated Retinosporas, and many
others. Near their collection is one from Messrs.
Thibaut & Keteleer, a compact group of fine new
things, which was to the smaller new group what
Messrs. Veitch's 50 was to the class for 50. The most
striking feature in the bed is the three beautiful
specimens of Arthrotaxus which it contains. In the
centre it has A. imbricata, a graceful and vigorous-
looking perfect pyramid ; then Doniana, equally good,
but more concise and less pointed in style ; and finally,
A. Gunneana is on the margin— of a rather dense
drooping habit. Without displaying much beyond
lilants to be obtained in commerce, this group is of the
most finished character. The Retinosporas are good, the
one grown in England as leptoclada being named ande-
lyensis (Carr.), and the R. squarrosa of English gardens
leptoclada of Siebold. In a large group here there is a
remarkable specimen of what we call leptoclada, about
i feet high, and very close and erect in habit.

In the building itself, in the forest production depart-
ment, there are interesting specimens of freshly cut
fruiting branches shown, the most important of which
are great specimens of Pinus macrocarpa and Sabiniana,
showing the entire distinctness of these two species.
Among other groups of Conifers I noticed a young
and distinct-looking " Cedrus pinifolia," Tsuga Sieboldii,
Pinus Murrayana, Retinospora nova species, Abies '
numidica, and several species of Podocarpus, surely use- j
lessTor the open garden. Even the minor parts of the ]
Exposition are great, one bank sweeping round the
back and sides of the fresh-w'ater aquarium being
more than 100 yards long, and all planted with Conifers.
Daorydium Lobbii looks a very graceful subject in one
group, and would make a charming conservatory plant ;
and funebris is also shown in a well variegated state.
Cupressus Goveniana, a fine kind, is also shown both
in a large and small state ; it js a capital thing for j
favoured parts of the British isles. Of Arauoarias I
there is a large nursery-like group of imbricata and
several others, while the greenhouse kinds are also
planted out, and some shown indoors. There is one
remarkable specimen of excelsa planted out. The
most remarkable Araucaria is one shown by Mr. !
Knight, of Pontchartrain, and. by him called nana;
it seems a distinct and new species, very glaucous in
hue, with a stiff development, and thick central stem
and shoots. It was not recognised by either Dr. Moore,
of Dublin, or Mr. C. Moore, of Sydney, both of whom
know Araucarias well, and is likely to prove a useful
plant for conservatory decoration.

The collections of 6 various extra large specimens,
remarkable for the adornment of gardens, are not
arranged in a group, but scattered tastefully about
here and there through the garden for effect — a
capital plan. So you see they do not allow exhibitors
to arrange plants as they please — far from it. More
than this, after every one of these exhibitors in the
permanent classes had arranged his group, it had
to be inspected and pronounced satisfactory by
M. Barillet ere it was finally arranged. Thus the
arrangpments are as perfect as need be. There are
between 300 and 100 species exhibited. Few of them
seem to suffer much by the late transplanting, though
of coii'se they cannot he expected to look like an
established plantation. There^ is a great display of
Hollies and evergreen shrubs in various parts of the
ground.'!, the Hollies particularly fine ; there are many
mixed shrubberies, both in the garden, and also in the
Park, near the Pont de Jena entrance. Half the island
of Billancourt is covered with young trees and saplings. I
There are numerous plantings of Rhododendrons and
Azaleas ; there are also Cactuses 20 feet high, brought
from Hyeres, in the south of France, which I suppose \
must be included among " trees and shrubs ; " and
there is a grand coUection of noble Magnolias, with
all of wdiich I hope to deal in a future article, the
more concise the better, for I wish very much to point
out the main interest and teachings of the public
gardens of the city of Paris, as soon as they are planted
for the season ; the market gardening around it ; its
nursery and private gardening, where noticeable ; the
making of their various kinds of roads and pathways,
as soon as I have seen the effect of the sun upon the
asphalted and tarred portions— and in fact everything
of interest to the horticulturist, in and around this, the
capital of taste.

The roads, paths, and drives are perfect so far as
perfection is known to the present generation of
judges; but it is quite a mistake to suppose that they

are getting rid of paving stones, &c., as recently stated
in your Journal, but on imperfect information, as the
statement is not correct. They have several ways, all
apparently handy and good, and which I should have
attended to ere this, did I not wish to see them during
the hot as well as the cold weather.

'I'he show of next week is expected to be a great
iiuprovcmont on the former ones, particularly with
regard to New Plants. JF. It.

ON THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE

AMONGST PLANTS.

By j. D. II..OKER, M.D., P.U.S.

Till! quaint dictum, " Plants do not grow where they
like best, but whero other plants will let them," which
is credited to the late eminent horticulturist. Dean
Herbert, of Manchester, expresses a truth not yet half
appreciated by botanists. It is a protest against the
prevalent belief that circumstances of climate and soil
are the omnipotent regulators of the distribution of
vegetables, and that all other considerations are com-
paratively ))owerless. The Dean's crude axiom has
lately found a philosophical exposition and expression
in Mr. Darwin's more celebrated doctrine of the
"Struggle for life, and preservation thereby of the
favoured races," and if to it we add that great
naturalist's more fruitful discovery of the necessity for
insect and other foreign agencies in ensuring fertility,
and hence perpetuating the species, we shall find that
the powers of climate and soil are reduced to compara-
tively very narrow limits. Before proceeding to show
what are the causes that do materially limit the distri-
bution of species, it may be well to inquire how far the
hard-pressed soil and climate theory really helps us to
a practical understanding of one or two great
questions that fall under our daily observation. Of
these the following are the most prominent : —
That very similar soils and climates, in different
geographical areas, are not inhabited, naturally, either
by like species, or like genera ; that very different soils
and climates will produce almost equally abundant
crops of the same cultivated plants; and that in the
same soil and climate many hundreds, nay, thousands
of species, from other very different soils and climates,
may be grown and propagated for an indefinite number
of successive generations.

Of the first of these statements the examples embrace
some of the best known facts in geographical botany ;
as, for example, that the Flora of Europe differs wholly
from that of temperate North America, South Africa,
Australia, and temperate South America, and all these
from one another. And that neither soil nor climate is
the cause of this difference, is illustrated by the fact
that thousands of acres iu each of these countries are
covered year after year by crops of the same plant,
introduced from one to the other; and by annually
increasing numbers of trees, shrubs, and herbs that
have either run wild, or are successfully cultivated in
each and all of them. The third proposition follows
from the two others, and of this the best example is
afforded by a good garden, wherein, on the same soil
and under identical conditions, we grow, side by side,
plants from very various soils and climates, and ripen
their seeds too, provided only that their fertilisation is
insured. The Cape Geraniums, London Pride, and
Lysimacliia nummularia in our London areas, the
pendent American Cacti in the cottage window^s of
Southwark and Lambeth, are even more striking
examples of the comparative indifference of many
plants to good or bad climate and soil; and what can be
more unlike their natural conditions than those to
which Feriis are exposed in those invaluable contri-
vances. Ward's cases, in the heart of the city ? True,
the conditions suit them well, and with respect to
humidity and equability of temperature are natural to
them ; but neither is the absolute temperature, nor the
constitution, nor freshness of the air, the same a;? of
the places the Ferns are brought from ; nor is any
systematic attempt made to suit the soil to the species
cultivated, for, as Mr. Ward himself well shows, the
arctic Saxifrage, the English Rose, the tropical Palm,
and desert Cactus, live side by side in the same box, and
under precisely similar circumstances, and, as it were,
in defiance of their natal conditions.

Let it not be supposed that we at all underrate such
power as soil and climate really possess. In some cases,
as those of chalk, sand, bog, and saline and water
plants, soil is very potent ; but the number of plants
actually dependent on these, or other peculiarities ot
the soil, is much more limited than is supposed. Of
lonCtfide water plants there are few amongst Ph:cuo-
gams. Sand plants, as a rule, grow equally well on
stiffer soils, but are there turned out by more sturdy
competitors ; and with regard to the calcareous soils, it
is their warmth and dryness that fits them to so great
an extent, for many plants that are almost confined to
them, or are absolutely peculiar to them. So, too, with
reg.ard to temperature, there are limits, as regards heat,
cold, and humidity, that species will not overstep and
live; but, on the other hand, so much has been done
by selection in procuring hardy races of tender plants,
and so much may be done by regulating the distribu-
tion of earth temperature, &c., that we already grow
tropical plants in the open air during a portion of the
year, and eventually may do so for longer periods.

Amongst the most striking examples of apparent
indifference to natural conditions of soil and climate, I
would especially adduce two. One is the Salicomia
arabica, a plant never found in its natural state except
in most saline situations, but which has flourished for
years in the Succulent House at Kew, in a pot full of
common soil, to which no salt has ever been added ; the
other is the Tea plant, which luxuriates in the hot
humid valleys of Assam, where the tlierraometer ranges
between 70' and 85°, and the atmosphere is so perennially
humid that watches are said to be destroyed after a few
months of wear ; and it is no less at home in North-

434

THE GARDENINGS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apbil 27, 1867.

"Western India, where the summers are as hot and
cloudless as any in the world, and the winters very
cold. I may add that the Tea plant has survived the
intense cold of this last January at Kew, on the same
wall where many hardy and half hardy plants have
been l;illed.

It is, further, a great mistake to suppose that the
native vegetation of a country suffers little and very
exceptionally by abnormal seasons. The most con-
spicuous instance of the contrary that ever fell under
my observation was the destruction of the gigantic
Gum tree (Eucalyptus) forests, in the central districts
of Tasmania, which occurred, if I remember right,
about the year 1837. In 1810 1 rode over many square
miles of country, through stupendous forests, in which
every tree was, to all appearance, absolutely lifeless. The
district was totally uninhabited, consisting of low moun-
tain ranges, 2000 feet above the sea, separating marshy
tracts interspersed with broad fresh-water lakes. The
trees, much like the great gaunt Elms in Kensington
Gardens during winter, but much larger, were in count-
less multitudes, 80 to ISO feet high, close-set, and 10 to
20 feet in girth ; their weird and ghostly aspect being
heightened by the fact of most being charred for a con-
siderable distance up the trunk, the effects of the
native practice of firing the Grass in summer during
the kangaroo hunting season; and by the bark above,
hanging from their trunks in streaming shreds, that
waved dismally in the wind ; for the species was the
stringy-bark gum, that sheds its bark after this fashion.
And not only had the Gum trees suffered, the hardier
Leptospermura (Tea-tree bush), and many other.s, were
killed, some to the ground and some altogether ; so that
though my journey was in spring, and the weather was
delightful, the aspect of the vegetation was desolate in
the extreme.

In such climates as our own, similar devastations
are unknown, and though we know that our island
was once covered with other timber than now clothes
it, we have every reason to suppose that the change
was slow, and the effect either of a gradually altered
climate, or of the immigration of trees equally well or
better suited to the conditions of the soil and climate,
but which had not previously had the opportunity of
contesting the ground with the ruling monarchs of the
forest. Popular Science Heview.

(To be Continued.)

the house, and another of one bunch, by no means the
largest, but the best in shape ; and, although there was
this amount of fruit, the colour was perfect. [In every
way good and satisfactory. Eds.] The old border,
the cause of failure in the case of the Muscats,
still exists ; therefore, as the roots are still confined
to the same border, it must be the extra develop-
ment that enables them to use up the extra moisture
that existed, and this must he equally true if a
tap root has found a favourable stratum to penetrate,
which I believe to be the case with all large Vines. I
distinctly disclaim any desire to take credit for what
was purely accidental ; but there are many amateurs
and professional gardeners who are in a position to
profit in a similar way. We are as yet groping in the
dark. There may be hundreds of places in our island
where Vines as large as that at Hampton Court might
be obtained in 20 years, if it were desired ; hut the
plants must be properly treated, not left, as I have
often seen old Vines, mere faggot bundles. If pro-
perly pruned, such would produce good medium sized
Ijunches, which I hold to he far the most useful.

It is not possible to get more fruit from the same
area of glass than at present; but it must he evident
that if our summer houses were increased to three
times the size, the Vines would with equal facility
bring to perhaps greater perfection two-thu-ds more
Grapes. Intending exhibitors might thus prolong
their season of success though planting fewer Vines,
instead of having to renew their small houses so often;
and old Vines might be increased in vigour by
extending the top. Take for instance the old Vines
mentioned at page 260: nothing in this way could
present a greater contrast than the fine old stems, and
diminutive young wood. Such Vines are in a staid
position, with no inducement to extend; but let one
be selected, and encouraged to make young canes, and
along with them fresh roots, and the result might be
a surprise. J. Fleming, Cliveden.

I never shade the plants from the time the seeds ger-
minate till they are in flower, and in the conservatory;
but by shading them at this stage they keep a much
longer time in bloom.

The Balsam is liable to he attacked with red spider,
if allowed to become dry at the root, or sickly in any
way. I therefore keep the paths of the house in
which they grow well drenched with water, and
syringe the plants frequently overhead. They are never
aUowed to flag for want of water at the root, 'and to
grow up slender for want of room and a free circula-
tion of air. Balsams will not stand fumigation. Should
greenfly attack them, which is rarely the case if kept in
good health, syringe the infected plants with tobacco-
water, which will soon destroy the pests.

Seed should be saved only from the best sorts, and if
kept a year before sowing, the plants are more likely to
come double. By doing as I have described above I
obtain a succession of fine plants, from early summer
till late in the .autumn. A. Peltii/reio, Richings Park, 1
Bucks.

THE BALSAM.

VINE EXTENSION.

The gardener who is desirous of being successful, is
perfectly correct in rigidly adhering to the system
which he has been taught, and which he has seen to
produce certain results. Nevertheless it frequently
happens that when he thinks he has arrived at perl'ection
at a particular point, some change maybe imminent.
Under either aspect it is scarcely possible to find a
more interesting subject for discussion than that upon
Vine extension which has been occupying a portion of
your columns of late, and which, if continued in a
proper spirit, ought to bring out a great amount of
experience, both local and accidental. We should
consider, in treating this subject at the present day, that
the number of Grape growers has doubled within the
last 20 years, and there are moreover healthy signs of
this number being again doubled before another
20 years has elapsed, so that information on the
subject must be highly interesting to a very numerous
class of readers. I may be wrong, but I venture to
assert that few of us know much of the Vine, beyond
the so-called restrictive method. If we take the fortu-
nate case of those who have plenty of maiden loam
wherewith to make borders— which I hold to be the key
to this system of Vine growing, we find in general that
after great care has been expended upon making the
border, the rod by the time it reaches the top of the house
is expected to carry an average, say of 10 bunches. Now,
if we look at the same system as successfully carried
out in the conservatory at Chiswick, we find on one
rod say 30 bunches, some large, hut all of a good medium
size. Here we have one rod carrying about 10 lb. of
fruit, while another brings to equal perfection 1201b.
Now in no instance that I have yet seen does the
cutting to waste of the 20 bunches removed from the
short rod, benefit the crop to the extent we might expect ;
for under such circumstances, sensation bunches, ono
might think, should he the rule, not the exception.
I believe that in both instances^, the rods will share the
same fate when extension ceases, that is to say they
will become the same regular annual producers of
ordinary bunches, such as we find in general practice,
diminishing in size if the borders are not renewed, or
the Vines cut down.

Our short rods and concreted borders are well
adapted for this practice. They can at all times he
easily renewed, both with soil and Tines, and the close
cutting keeps the eye in well ripened wood ; but this
can be equally well carried out by extension. We
cannot ignore the latter as the real source of large
hunches. If we do, our scientific leaders are ready
to point out to us that the eye is the storehouse of the
future bunch, and the more a Vine is allowed to develop
its resources, the better will the eyes feed in the gross
young shoots.

I think, moreover, that if tried in many old houses,
where, as with us, good soil is a very serious and
expensive difficulty, a more free development of the root
might lead to unexpected results. As an instance, I may
observe that 13 years ago we had a house of Muscats
with one rod of the Black Hamburgh. Prom the
former we never got fruit fit for the table, hut the
latter bore good fruit, and was encouraged every season
by cutting out one or two of the other Vines, and
training young shoots from the Hamburgh in their
places. It now fills two houses, and last summer had fine
bunches, a good many getting on for 61b. weight, and out
of 120 bunches produced scarcely one was below average
size. To prove this I send a pliotograph of a portion of

This continues to he one of our most useful plants
for summer decoration. It comes into bloom at
a time when many summer-flowering plants are
fading, and makes a eonspicuous show in the green-
house or conservatory for some months in succession
during the summer and autumn.

I have grown some hundreds of Balsams annually,
measuring from 3 to 4 feet high, and from 2 to 3 feet
through at the base, tapering in a pyramidal shape to
the top. I generally sow the first lot about the
beginning of March, in pots filled with a compost of
loam, leaf-mould, and a little sand, all previously sifted,
and well mixed together. After the seeds are sown
the pots are placed in a Pine-pit, or any other house
in which they will receive a temperature of 70', and
where they will not be shaded after they germinate.
As soon as they have germinated, and the plants are
sufficiently large to handle, they are potted off into
large GO's (3-inch pots), the same soil being used
as before, and the plants kept as well down in
the pots as possible. They are then put back into
their old quarters where they remain till they have
filled their pots with roots — but not till they get pot-
hound. They are now shifted into 4S's (5-inch pots),
adding a barrowful of well-decomposed dung, from a
spent hot-bed, to every four barrowfuls of the soil
already mentioned— not sifted, hut well broken up
with the spade, and all thoroughly incorporated toge-
ther. In potting this time, I let the plants down into
the pots so that the cotyledons, or seed-leaves, shall be
level with the surface of the soil. The soil is pressed
firmly with the hand all round the ball, but great care
must be taken to prevent injury to the neck of the
plant, by pressing too close to it. The plants are now
put into an intermediate house, where a temperature
ranging from 65' to 70' is obtained, and placed near the
glass. The house is kept close for a day or two, and
then air is admitted by degrees. As the plants get
established, more air is given ; this keeps them short-
jointed, firm, and well developed in growth. In a
short time they will again require re-potting, and this
time into their flowering pots. I generally use 16's
(S-inch pots), but larger pots may be used, if extra
large plants are wanted.

In giving them their final shift I use very little
drainage, only three or four pieces of large potsherds
spread over the bottom of the pets, and over these I put
about 2 inches of rotten dung. As the Balsam is a
gross feeder, and requires a great deal of moisture, this
will he found of great benefit to it during hot weather.
After potting they are placed in one of the plant
houses, or into pits, giving the plants plenty of room
to grow, as they are to remain here till wanted for the
conservatory or greenhouse. As the flower-buds
appear they are all picked off (except two, which are
left as a means of distinguishing the good from the
bad— I never allow a single-flowered plant to grow),
till the plants have attained the size required. This
strengthens them, so that they can afterwards he had
in a complete mass of flower at once.

When the plants have filled their pots with roots
they should be watered two or three times a week with
weak liquid manure ; but care must he taken not to
give it to them too strong, or it will have an injurious
effect. If inclined to grow too much to one side, turn
them round occasionally. This will have the result of
keeping them equally balanced and of good shape.
They will now require plenty of air and water, and as
thev grow they should have plenty of room and receive
no check from over-crowding.

By making three sowings from March till May
Balsams can be had to bloom in succession for a con-
siderable time. As the season advances any ordinary
greenhouse, plant-house, pit, or frame, will be found
suitable for growing them if they are properly
attended to.

Home Correspondence.

Transplanting Evergreens. — I can confirm Mr.
Freeman's remarks (see p. 407) relative to early
autumn planting of evergreens. I would recommend
all kinds of evergreen trees and shrubs (except Hollies)
to be planted in September and October, when they
will almost immediately become firmly established.
They will be thereby enabled to withstand unfavour-
able weather during winter, and will vigorously start
into growth in spring. In early autumn planting,
proper care should be taken to efficiently prepare the
ground. After making the pit or hole the required
depth, it is requisite to well liosen the bottom of it,
and in anticipation of the weather being warm and dry,
I will say tive a good watering; place the plant in its
position, \v ..iking the soil nice and evenly round it, and
press the same firmly together, leaving what is termed
a "basin" on the top. of the size in circumference of
the ball of the plant, for the reception of water, which
must be given occasionally during dry weather. After
the end of October the planting of evergreens should on
no account be continued; but to those wdio, from
whatever cause, could not accomplish the work in the
autumn months above mentioned, my advice is, take as
the next best time April, and with the last few days of
that month discontinue the operation, as it will be
utterly ruinous to carry planting into May, parti-
cularly if it be a rather early season. April is the
only proper and suitable time for planting Hollies,
which when placed in well p'epared and richly manured
ground, either as specimens singly, or as hedg'rows,
will, without doubt, give entire sitisfaction. If your
correspondent "A. M." (see p. 378) will adopt and
practically carry out the advice just given, I feel con-
vinced that he will not again have cause to complain.
The remarks of "Brassica" (see p. 407) in reference to
jobbing gardeners, are in a great measure to the point;
for I am bound to admit that amateur gardeners
are greatly imposed upon by Adam the jobber,
who cares little about the success of the plants
or seeds he puts in, provided he can make a good
hill. Among jobbers there are, however, a few
honest, straightforward men. John Cole M'Ardell,

late Gardener to Edward Joseph Weld, Esq.

An important point in reference to moving evergreens,
including even Coniferas, is frequent transplantation
when in a small state, so that each plant may retain a
moderate-sized ball of earth with its roots, a condition
which enables the plant to make a large number of
small fibrous roots, instead of just one or two long
straggling ones, theresult of standing long in one place.
All cuttings and seedlings (with but few if any excep-
tions) should be transplanted wheu one-year old, and
should not be allowed to stand more than two years
afterwards before they are again carefully transplanted.
If "A. M." can assure himself that this has been
strictly attended to, he may with perfect success plant
from September to May, whenever the weather will
permit; and the watering system which your cor-
respondent recommends before and after planting, may
safely be dispensed with, as the plants will not require
it, if they are carefully planted, the soil trodden in
firm with the foot, and the plant made secure against
winds. If "A. M." is a purchaser, and will go to a
nursery where the practice I recommend is strictly
carried out, he must he prepared to pay a higher
price for his goods than where the long standing
system is followed, but success will amply compensate
for. the extra outlay at first. I may mention a case
which occurred some years ago, and which came under
my immediate notice, when I had the management of
a large nursery in England. A gentleman, accom-
panied by his gardener, used to visit the nursery
frequently during the summer months to make
selections of trees, plants. Sea., and always used to boast
of his success as a planter. After looking at a plant
which he admired, his first question was— "Wheu was
this last planted ? " The answer would be, perhaps, last
year or the year before, as the case might be ; if he had
doubts, he would turn to his gardener and say, "Joseph,
what do you think ? " Joseph would look round and
round the plant, and, after careful examination, if he
shook his head it was a bad job—" Stood too long, made
too much growth, thin at the roots, no ball, sir." If I
was certain when it was last planted I would say so.
The answer then was, " Book that plant to me ; " when
lo and behold ! Joseph, who was a powerful man,
would take hold of the stem and pull the plant
up without the aid of a spade. If tho ball and
roots appeared satisfactory, Joseph was satisfied.
Purchasers should bear in mind that it is cheaper to
buy a plant for a shilling that will live and thrive than
to pay sixpence for one that will not succeed. It too
frequently happens that one, two, and three-year old
plants and trees are much taller and more robust in

APRIL '27, iser.j

THE GAllbENEUS' CllUONlCLE AND AGUlCULTUKAL GAZETTE.

i'io

airocamn™ io one nursery than in another, and that
they are offered at a lower price. This H because U e
ex/ensc oflabour in transplanting has been saved, and
because t°he growth has had no cho(* ; but m removal
the roots arc sadly mutilated. J. U ., Annaii.

Pr°nudJelatil:-l have this day sent you a fevv
sellings of the true Primula elatior, to show you that
after 23 years' cultivation they retaui all their original
diaracters. The parent plants came from Bardfteld,
fn Essex, in 18 12, and since that time many hundreds
of self-sown seedlings have flowered in ray garden, and
there ha.s not been a variety worth notice among tliem.
^ll,,I)oMeda„, Eppha. [This is eyjdently ciistinct
S the truss and in the calyx from the "comraon
0.xlip AVhether the Bardfield Oxlip be or be not a
SDecies is a matter of opinion merely, i-psj
^^n,,lilaUo„.-l am unable to make out th? meaning
of a remark in Lindley's "Theory and Practice (page
223), where he refers to ventilation ;n hothouses and
areenhouses, in a way which, to me, implies that it is
only necessary in the'flrst to purify the air, and in the
lat er to lower the temperature. But suppose the ,
observer finds the air of a Vinery in spring suf-
ficiently pure at 1) or 10 a.m., and with this under-
standing It is left for one hour, during which the
sun males its appearance-w;hat 7"" f ^e the result
if such a house were kept close for that time? lo
what would the evils which would .natura y
arise from this bo attributed-impurity of air or the
rays of the sun ? The same paragraph seems to imply
that if it were possible the air admitted should be as
moist as that of ttie house ; what would he the result of
a volume of saturated air passing over Vines or Straw-
berries when in flower in March or earlier or again
when these are ripening at an early period of the year^
■ For on entering such structuresoarly in the morning, we
find them more moist than at any other period of the
day What advantage would be derived by keeping them
so ?' Is not a dry atmosphere of importance m these
cases'-J.e.,assistingiinpregnationandiinpartinRflavour
to fruit; such are Lindley's expressions in otlier
parts of his work. Again, a house of Grapes not yet
Enning to colour is not ventilated, and the sun has
been shining upon it for half an hour. The house or
?he atmosphere is tolerabl.v moist, o«'°g *» «';;™*f'--
ing of the other plants in the house, or of the damping
down first thing in the morning. ^Would the evils
that would accrtie from this state of things he attri-
buted to impure air or the absence of air not loaded
with moisture, or to not giving air in time to remove
superfluous moisture_?^^ In *esam<,^|.a^^^^^^^

superfluous moisture f i°,"'esamBHap,=.....^v..-^

mideto parasitical fungi, and an established law is laid

down in the usual emphatic style of the writer ]

" These productions will not flourish in either dry cold

air or in hot damp air." If so, how is mildew

accounted for in all kinds of seasons f Does it not appear

in dry as well as moist weather? Boes it not also

appear in Melon and Cucumber houses kept at the

proper temperature for their inmates and with a r^ht

idiustment of atmospheric moisture PJTi'. M. LUur

correspondent should read the context. He appears to

fail to see that these are generalised statements, from

which details and exceptions are omitted in the case

of ventilation, the expression as applied tohotbouses

contains the word "often," for which W. P K

substitutes " on y." and thus alters the sen>e. men,

a^ain dry air sucks the juices of the plants, and is

therefore hurtful at certain periods, besides which the

cooler air admitted might be relatively as moist as the

hot internal air, without containing as much water as

the latter, as may be seen froni the moisture which is

condensed on a cooler body when brought in contact

with hot moist air. In other words the point ot I

saturation is not the same in cool and in hot air and

this single fact meets most of " W. P. R. s difficulties

^^ilM Orancs.— What is the cause of incipi^entGrapes
Boin" blind? We have here a house of Vjnes, at a
S calculation from 17 to 20 years old. 1 1 wa^
started almost naturally the second week m March,
and had aid by a coat of manure on an outside border.
Cold draughts have been avoided. , The Vines flower
rather frelly, but will not set. They are under the
. restrictive system ; the shoots are weak. Is this Irom
the border being poor? Amateur. [The appearances
described are such as would lead to the supposition
that the roots are growing in a soil the temperature ol
which is far too much below that in the interior o
the house. If the border is not thoroughly well
drained, the addition of manure W9uld only increase
the evil which, coupled with too high a night tempe-
rature, would result in a weak elongated fowth and
blind bunches. We do not consider that the weak
growth is in any way affected by the povertv of the
border because if it and the surrounding soil is well
drained, the roots of the Vines will travel a long way
in search of food under the foundations of walls and
buildings-in fact, in any direction where they ca.n find
a pabulum sufficiently free from stagnated moisture
. We suspect also, from the short time which elapsed
fmm the starting point to that of setting the fruit, that
you must have driven them on too fast by overheating
which would greatly accelerate the evils of a cold

^°ThI'Mmwo!:teen.-A\ihou?\i I have not heard of any
one who was sufficiently venturesome to purchase any
of the trees some time since advertised by Mr
Hullett, yet the mere announcement that such trees
were for kle may probably have turned the thoughts
of some horticulturists U, the subject of their culture
and the difficulties which seem to have baffled, except
in one solitary instance, the energy and perseverance
0° B?iti h gardeners. Were the difficulty merely one
0 a iph temperature, it might be overcome, but the
tree his probably other peculiarities which could only
be expTained by one who has cultivated it at Penang
Toany person who is desirous of trying his hand at
an experiment, and has the means and appliances

roauisite to bring it to a successful issue, I would
eclmend" trying a «™M tree am ^ssuming

without being able to prove it, that the &uttifer» can
be grafted. But if they can, I will point out a slock of
great promise. On the western eoast of Ii dir^ in
latitude l.r or 1 1\ there grows a shrub ^'led the W Id
Mangostoon. Its leaves are acid and pleasant eating,
its fniit is smaller than the ^'tivated Mangosteen
but has the same permanent calyx on "'» top. and the
inside of the rind is bright crimson. The edible part
of the fruit has d visions like an Orange, and tHougl
ft s d Uci t to describe a taste, always seemed
to me to resemble a mixture of cherries and cream
I ^"sh I could communicate the botanical name of
thirMangosteen. I have tried to trace it among Don s
doscriiSs, and his Garcinia Morella seems to conic
neare't to it The ripe fruit, packed in a single layer in
a S box and sent overland to England, would
nreservo the seed in a state of vitality. Such, at least,
U the ™se with the cultivated variety. It only remains

0 give the reason why I should recommend this stocky
It is because of its superior hardiness. Though there
are no tables of temperature published at the exact
place of its growth, yet we may fairly assume hat "le
January minimum does not differ much from that ol
Madras, which is in about the same la itude If so
the minimum we are seeking is to , which, 1 under
stand, is about 15' lower than Ponang Jor aug t

1 know, the Wild Mangosteen may extend »■• north-
ward of the latitude in which I have seen it and if so,
it will endure a temperature even lower still, t. ».

Ear!, P™...-My' plan of producing these may be
old but I have found it to be good. I get a lot of half-
drain tiles cut strips of turf so as to go nicely into
them the grassy side downwards; I then take an old
knife'and make an incision along the centre put in the
Peas, lay the tiles side by side, and spread about an
inch of soil over all. This spring I hai °° tiles, so I
iust laid the turf on boards. I sowed Carters I irst
trop I'n th way on the 2d of February planted them
out after hardening off about tlie end of the same
month; and now, April 22, they are from 20 'o
"inches high, and have been in full bloom for the last
10 dlvs In sowing Peas outside, I find I get better
' c?ops and a healthilr row of Peas by throwing on the
drill the width of a garden spade than by having them
narrower. O. IT., Old Court, Co. Cork

£a7gTpear Tree.-At the Abbey of Lindores, on the
estate of Mugdrum, are some ""^'"^"J* 'f^e Pear
trees mentioned by Sibbald in his History ot iite
IMyearf ago. Th^ trunk of the larges one me^ures
17 feet 10 mches in circumference at 1 foot from the
ground; at 9 feet higher up, where it bran9hesoff it
is 17 feet in circumference, and it is -M feet m height
The spread of the branches is 5.3 feet in diameter ; the
circumference of one of the branches is 10 feet 8 mches
and that of another 8 feet 10 inches It grows m deep
alluvial soil, and bears abundant crops. Can any
of y-mr correspondents let me know of another:^
large? D. Spiers, The Gardens.mugdnim, ^eioburgh,

^'■Seaside Tree's a,ul Shruis.-la reply to^ the question
(see p 238) as to what is best to plant in the way ot
shrubi and trees on this east coast, I beg to furnish
vour correspondent with my experience m the matter.
In the first place, if he shouli be a stranger to the
locality, I wish to inform him that this coast is one of
the worst of places for shrubs and trees, owing to sea-
breezes and "changeableness of temperature. Many
shrubs and trees that do well a few miles inland are
quite worthless for the seaside, one of which, i am
sorrv to find, is the Wellingtonia. . I should recom-
mend your correspondent to iSant thickly of Sycamores
Sid Poplars for sllelter, which seem to do better than
anv otlier trees. For a mixture I would advise him
not to forget the beautiful varieties of. Hollies which
do remarkablv well, and will always give satisfaction.
I find the following to succeed, viz. :—

farden, but he kindly sent me a few good plants of Sir
larry last year. I may mention that I never knew
any variety of Strawberry to sport, and I ipiestion if
Mr Underbill can bring forward a Strawberry grower
who can confirm that theory. Strawberries will
doubtless degenerate and become unfruitful when
kept lung on the same ground, hut to the last they still
retain their original form. J. T Clies/er./Jrdd. .

Garden C(italon«es.—A standard catalcjgue, which
might serve all countries and all establishments, is
much needed. If from it all unnecessary synonymy
were banished, such a garden catalogue might become
available as a comparatively inexpensive an<l certainly
convenient medium of circulation for eircctiii,'
exchanges Such publication would be reinunorativB
to the author and publisher, and save an immensity ol
work to garden establishments everywhere: it would
afford also much facility to those who do not possess -
extensive libraries to provide correct nomonclaluro for
their plants. Such index might perhaps, with mo-t
advantage, be divided into independent chapters, for
instance, for Ferns, for Or.'.hidH, or hardy trees and
shrubs, for miscellaneous tropi.'al plants for annu:.l
' and herbaceous perennials, &c. F. M Melhourne. [ \^ e
cordially endorse your opinion, and trust something
mav soon he done in this way. Kds.J

Rival Si/slems of Grape Oroinn!i.--1 see b/.t"^
Gardeners' Chronicle of April 13, that Mr. Sage thinks
it impossible to grow early Grapes so as to have them
fruiting vear after year in the month of March, Irom
the same" Vines. I maintain that it can be done quite
easily, especially with some seedling Vines that 1 have
raised, oAe called the Royal Ascot Black, the other the
Early Ascot White Frontignan. I propose to plant_a
span-roofed house, 13 feet wide by ^11 J feet long inside
measure, and to plant them 2^ feet apart, or 31 Vine.-.
in the house, single rod, and spurred. I shall plant
them next November with small plants, which are
now only just potted off from, the single e_ye^ I sMl
grow these all through the winter of 18!)/ and 1808,
and in March ISCy I purpose taking 1. lb. per
rod from them, or 13(; lb. m all, and to increase

the crop every year 1 lb. per rod progressively,, until
in 18-5 I take 10 lb. per rod, or 310 lb. in all.
I am ready to ohallenge Mr. Sage or. as many
of his supporters as will join him, that I will produce
these quantities of Grapes from the s;ame Vines in
the same house, year after yean in the month ol
March, perfectly ripe and good. . Every year that 1 do
not do so I will engage to give Mr. Sage and hi,
advocates a sum to be agreed on (from lo;. "Pwards)
and every year that I do so they are to give me a like
mm! the money to be deposited at the '^'"■d'"'frs
Chronicle Office until the end of the seven years, when
whichever side wins is to receive the balance, each
side to appoint two referees, whose decision shall tie
final. John Standish, Royal Nursery, Ascot, April li,

^^'sardti Herbaceous Plants.- Your correspondent
" Stet," in enumerating examples of those most worthy
of notice, has omitted several gems from the order
Ranuncnlaceje. Anemone palmata, when well grown,
is decidedly one of the best of the genus. Also A
palmata fl. pleno, and A. palmata alba. These two tet
1 have lost sight of. Can any one state where they
now exist? A. Pulsatilla alba is another beautiful plant.
Ranunculus grandiflorus of L., not R. b|>llatus grandi-
florus of DC, is very fine, and so is the last-named
plant; the flowers are very large. The former grows
onlv -i inches high, the latter 12 inches But perhaps
the finest plant of the order is Ranunculus speciosus, a
native of New Zealand, and I believe hardy ; it attams
an altitude of 2 or 3 feet, producing large panicles of
large white flowers. When better known it wdl be
weU looked after. Moreover Trollius asiaticis and
one I have under the name of T. .sinensis, with deep

Cotoneaster frigida

C. macropbylla

Evergi-eeu Oaks

Privet

Gorge

Pinus austriaca and

Laburnums

one 1 nave uuuer i.ut; u.iuid ui .... ..^...^ ,

orange flowers, also Caltha palnstris var. monstrosus,
are all worthy additions to the list furnished by Stet.

Hollies uf sorts

Tews

Box

Laumstinus

Laurels, Portugal and

Common
Arbutus

Aucuba japonica „ , , j * „

It is worthy of note that almost all shrubs and trees
that come under the order of LegummosK seem.to do
well For instance. Laburnums appear to be quite at
home. Some 10 yeirs ago I had seeds of a Tree^upine
sent me It is called Lupinus californicus, and 1 find
t toTe very suitable for the seaside. It grows about
4 feet high and 6 feet through in four years ; and no
one should be without it, for it flowers very abun-
dantly and is quite hardy. .1 have now plants quite
eight years old, which, when in flower, are the admira-
ration of all who see them. The flowers are a^ arge
a^ those of the Laburnum and stand erec but the
colour is not so deep, a yellow I 6"^ 0';'°l'f^,^°^
November the best time to plant although i have
been successful in April. Sawkms, *'f,''«'''"''V„„„^t
Sir Sarnz Strawberry .-O-ae would have thought
that this very old subject would have been exhausted
before now I am not aware that any grower has
questioned ihe quality of this variety when true but ,
must have been only a favoured few who received it
true from Mr. Underbill, who I see is now advertising
plants oFwhat he calls the true Sir Harry, a a high
price I received, some years ago, plants direct Irom
Sir Underbill, among which there were about 10 per
cent Sir Harry, the remainder being Hooper s Seedling
Someof your correspondents state that they received
Keens' Seedling instead of Sir Harry, ™h,ch possibly
they may have done, but I have had Hooper s Seedling
pointed out to me' for. Keens' m several pace^l
re,.,ollect Hooper's Seedling well,. on account of having
to pack hundreds of punnets of it for market^ " '|^
»ood-looking market Strawberry but it has a very
poor flavour I have not seen Mir. Tates' Strawberry

SpkfrriftL.-Vvon the 19th (Good Friday) we
had here (South Herts) quite an influx of our some-
what delayed migratory birds. At a very early hour
in the morning, wh ch was beautifully soft and bright,
cuckoo? were"suddenly heard; redstarts (Ph^nicura
ruticiUa), seen for the first tune, tripped hghtly along
the freshly-mown lawn, the vibratory motion ot.the
rnales- bright flame-coloured .tails being especially
noticeable. About 4 p.m. nightingales were also heard.
TV' Earley, Digswell. ,

Theory and Practice.— The question of the exami-
nation of gardeners has given rise to some comments
which have a tendency to disparage the scheme ot the
Horticultural Society, and to discourage those who may
be inclined to offer themselves as candidates Now
though I would not for a moment entertain the idea
that these candidates ought .to. be set up r^ model
gardeners, nor indorse the opinion that the efforts ot
the Society will be the means to distinguish between
good and^ad gardeners, yet that the movement is
iood in its way is unquestionable. I know plenty ot
clever, energetic young men who can f'>^n reasons
for all the operations they perform, but to sit down
and write them within certain limits "ould be a
heavy task. Tact in setting about work in .the best
and most expeditious manner is one great desideratum
in a gardener, where labour is scarce and means limited^
To this theory renders no assistance at lea:,t in the
manual part. In the examinations self-possession w^h
the advantages of eariy education, as one "f, y»" ^"'Jlg
spondents remarks, will genera,ny secuie succe^.
5^ow, the question at issue is, will theoretical know
ledge prove injurious to young gardeners ? J.o my
mind theory and practice are so combined th.ti^
would be difficult to draw a line "f f "^i^'^y not

r?^S;cM.Su^gt£Jthe

436

THE GARDENERS' CMOKICLE AND AGRICtlLTUKAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 27, 1867.

the question. Take, again, watering or ventilation,
why execute these ? Theory answers the question on
reasonable grounds propounded by chemists as well as
vegetable physiologists. It must, however, be admitted
that there are things adduced by scientific men which
appear strange to those in practice. W. P. B.

Foreign Correspondence.

Vines in Switzerland.— Judging from the letters
of Grape-growing correspondents which have lately
appeared in your columns, it will, doubtless, be useless
for me to try to convince the advocates of the restric-
tive and non-restrictive systems, that either the one or
the other is wrong ; so I shall not attempt it. I am,
however, a firm believer in the "non-limited" system
of, not only fruit tree cultivation, but cultivation of all
kinds, from the smallest Alpine plant to the Cedar of
Lebanon.

" Sage experience bids me thus declare " that fruit
trees of all kinds produce more and better fruit when
allowed to go on increasing and developing themselves
than when they are, like our poor Vines, confined to a
12-feet rafter, or like their still more unhappy
" Orchard-house " friends, confined to a 12-inch pot
and a 2-feet stick.

I find, however, that I am beginning to trespass on
ground that has been held sacred for some years— (the
starving [?] of fruit trees in pots)— so I will confine
myself to what I meant to be the subject of my letter,
namely, a few facts and a few words about an old Vine,
and progressive and non-progressive readers may draw
their own conclusions.

Thanks to the liberality of my employer, few
gardeners havehad such chances as I have had of seeing
the most celebrated Vineyards on the Continent, and they
are with few exceptions managed on the "limited"
system, each Vine having about a square yard of space
allotted to it, and, being yearly cut down to about
14 inches from the ground, they form in time what
nurserymen term a stool, and are allowed to produce
five or six shoots, which are tied to a stake about
3 feet long, and are pinched in to that height. Now
what is the consequence of this limited system ?
Ninety Vineyards out of every 100 cease to be profitable
after they are 30 years old, and are rooted out and
replanted. It takes four years from the time of plant-
ing to get a Vineyard into full bearing, and in the
10 following years it produces the greatest quantity of
wine, the next lOyears aless quantity but better quality;
afterwards the Vines decline, and I do not know a
" paying " Vineyard of 40 years old. From about 12
years after planting, about 6 per cent, of the Vines rot
at the core, and are replaced by layers or young plants,
otherwise a " limited " Vineyard would .clear itself out
in a quarter of a century.

The Vineyards on the slopes of hills with a southern
aspect produce the best wines, and are mostly sur-
rounded by dry stone walls. These walls are covered
with "non-limited" Vines, which occupy immense
spaces, produce enormous crops every year, and
last from generation to generation, whilst their
"limited" brethren in the open Vineyard become
bankrupt, and are bundled out every .30 years.
Some 40 or 60 years before I came to Switzerland, an
unfruitful 30-year old Vineyard was, like the barren
fig-tree., " cut down and cast into the fire." The
destroying woodman .spared one root, which was then,
and is still, growing partly in and partly over an old
stone wall, which separates the public road from the
old Vineyard.

Mr. Porsyth, of Gunnersbury Park, and Tmyself
measured that Vine which grows on Mount Saleve six
years ago, and 1 have measured it every year since,
and find it increasing at the rate of one inch a year,
and on the 10th of March, 1S67, the circumference of
the stem, at 4 feet from the ground, was 114 centi-
metres, or 3 feet 10 inches English. The branches
have covered and monopolised several large trees, and
have had no pruning nor care of any kind for years ;
still the produce last year was 400 bottles of first-class
red wiiie; this at l.s. a bottle is %M. sterling, and
calculating the number of square yards covered by the
Vine, is at the rate of over 300Z. sterhug per acre.
I know there are thousands |of acres of waste land in
Her Maje.sty's colonies that would produce the same.
Jolm A. Watson, Campagne Zammermoor, Geneva.

Royal Horticultural : Saturdaii, ApHl 20,— The leaf and
its modifications formed the subject of Dr. Masters' lecture on
this day. After alluding to the points of distinction between
it and other organs, to its parts, and to the principal heads
under which the exceedingly numerous variations in its con-
formation might be grouped, the lectiurer passed on to the
consideration of the arrangement of the leaves on the stem
and branches— a matter of more impoi-tance than the mere
shape. The different ways in which the leaves emerge from
or are attached to the stem and branches, were explained and
illustrated. In all cases, whether the leaves ai-e arranged
in pairs, in whorls, or in spiral cycles, care seems to be taken
that one leaf shall not interfere with the growth of its neigh-
bours, eo that in the case of two adjacent leaves, the one never
completely overlaps the other, however crowded they may be,
and in this manner every leaf has a fair chance of due expo-
sure to light and air. The same end is sometimes attained by
the development of a larger leaf at the base of a spiral cycle
than elsewhere, so that the upper smaller leaves only partially
overlap the lartjer one below. The lengthening of the stem
between th e leaves, and the consequent sepai-ation of these organs
one fromauother, tends to the more free exposure of leaf surface :
on the other hand where, as in the case of the House-leek,
(Sempervivnm), the stem is very short and contracted and the
leaves numerous, the individual leaves are small and compara-
tively imperfectly developed. Here the number compensate for
the diminished extent of suiface in the case of separate leaves.
The curious way in which the leaves are often bent so as to
get out of one another's way, in cases where if they retained
their original dii-ection they must necessarily interfere with
their neighbours, was also alluded to as offering another
instance of the way in which the an-angement of these parts

is subordinated to the offices they have to fulfil as the main
organs of respiration, exhalation, and digestion, functions
which demand free exposure to light and air for their due
accomplishment. Where leaves have to perform the duties of
protectors, as in the case of the scales of the leaf-bud, the
outer portions of the flowers, &c., there is less need of a
widely expanded surface, and the object is attained by the
close approximation of a number of imperfect or rudimentary
leaf-sealea.

Lastly, the several parts of the flower were shown to be
merely modifications either of the stem (receptacle, &c.), or of
the leaves (sepals, petals, stamens, &c.), and as such were
originally identical with them in form, structure, and mode
of growth, and were stated to be subject to the same general
principles of an-angement as those by which the position and
order of the branches or of the leaves were regulated. The
manner in which those principles are applied in the case of
the flower is to form the subject of the last of these lectiu-es.

Zoological of London : April 11. — Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,
V.P., in the chair. The Secretai-y reported the arrival in the
Society's Gardens of the first living example of the Lyre Bu-d
of New Holland (Menura superba) ever brought to Europe, and
the birth of a young male Giraffe on the 17th ult., being the
sixteenth Giraffe bom in the Society's menagerie. Professor
Huxley read a paper on the cranial characters of Birds, in
which a new scheme of classification of the whole class,
founded mainly upon the characters presented by the bones of
the palate, waa proposed. Professor Huxley proposed to
divide the class Aves primarily into three divisions, (1) the
Saururie containing only the fos.sil Archjeopteryx, (2) the
RatitEe containing the Struthious birds, and (3) the Carinatfe
containing all other birds. The Carinatse were sub-divided
into four great groups, distingnishable by cranial characters,
and denominated DromEeognathte, Schizognathai, Desmog-
nath^e, and iEgithognathte. These contained altogether 16
alliances, which were further divisible into famihes.

5<roti«!5 of 33oo?t*(.

Sunshine and Showers ; tlieir Ii\fiuences throughout
Creation. A Compendium of Popular MeteoroJogi/.
By Andrew Steinmetz, Esq., of the Middle Temple,
Barrister-at-Law. Small 8vo, pp. 432. Reeve & Co.
The author of this book states that he has endeavoured
to exhaust the topic in all its meteorological bearings ;
and that his object has been to make the work enter-
taining as well as instructive, and replete with
suggestions that will be useful to all classes of readers ;
whilst the leading topic, the curiosities of the weather
and weather-wisdom, are, he trusts, explained with a
fullness never before attempted.

The celebrated Arago paid great attention to the
subject of Meteorology; but that great philosopher
could scarcely make people believe that with all his
profound knowledge, he knew but little as regards
forecasts of the weather, even although he eloquently
wrote an explanation that he really knew but little
about it, and held out no great hopes that any one
could do so. Things have however greatly altered
since then. Instruments have been improved, and by
means of the electric telegraph we can know almost
instantly what the conditions of the elements
are at the opposite side of the globe. Registers of
the weather have been kept for considerable periods at
various places, and these may yet be turned to useful
account. One preliminary towards the object under
consideration is the obtaining averages of many years"
observations ; by these a sufficiently correct knowledge
of the normal climates of localities will be obtained,
and having this as a basis we may proceed to investi-
gate_ the more remarkable difl'ereuces which from time
to time have taken place from these normal conditions —
what circumscances preceded and what followed any
bad or any good year, what circumstances preceded
a very dry, what a very wet season, or a remarkably
cold, or a very hot one. Something of this sort may
be accomplished to serve as beacons in the tide of
time ; and imtil this is fairly tried and found utterly
wanting, we would not give over all hopes of some
useful inductions being made.

The second chapter of the volume before us
treats of the arrangement of the atmosphere,
which consists chiefly of air properly so called,
mixed with a small quaiitity of carbonic acid, and
a variable portion of watery vapour. " The carbonic
acid supports vegetation, makes wood, and therefore,
so to speak, made coal— which was once wood, growing
in mighty forests on the surface of this beautiful
world " in the far backward and abysm of time." But
sunshine is necessary to enable plants and trees to
make wood out of the carbon of carbonic acid ; and
so, after all, it was the sun, " the Arch-Chymic
Sun," as Dante calls it, that made the coal
which does so much herculean work for us. " Wliat
moves this carriage ? " asked George Stephenson, in
company with an eminent savant in the train on one
occasion. " Why, the engine, of course," was the
reply. "But what moves the engine?" — "Steam-
coal." — "No, no," exclaimed the truly philosophic
British workman, " it's neither steam nor coal, but the
sun that made the coal, and is now working through it
for ever and ever." We have heard it stated that
when Mr. Stephenson was asked — " What is coal ? "
he replied, "Bottled sunbeams," and there is much
implied in this reply. It points to the sun as the
great source of heat, the greatest earthly motive power.
But although the sun's rays have been the most
important agents in the formation of wood and coal,
and which, although long buried, still, in their carbon,
when excited, " live their wonted fires ; " yet we do not
hold that the very small percentage of carbon which is
found in the atmosphere is suflicient to furnish the
comparatively great amount of carbon which is
embodied in wood which forms the mighty forests that
still exist on the surface of the globe. Man can aid the
process of gro\rth, and consequently the formation
of wood; and many horticulturists have adopted the
theory that the carbon of wood is mainly derived from
the atmosphere. Yet practically they seem to have no
faith in such theory ; for if they are about to make
a plantation they do not look to the sky for signs
of a carbonaceous atmosphere resting over the spot.

but content themselves with looking at the earth,
where they are more sure to find a notable quantity of
this essential element in the formation of the more
permanent tissues of plants, and which is situated so
conveniently for being absorbed by roots, and carried
up to be acted upon by the rays of the sun.

Carbonic acid, as a constituent which pervades the
whole atmosphere, may be sufficient to form a layer of
tissue over the vegetation found on the surface of the
earth, for it has been found in high regions of the
atmosphere, from air taken from Mont Blanc, and
from above the clouds. Notwithstanding this it must
be admitted that the portion of air within the scope of
the leaves of the loftiest trees is comparatively but very
small ; and perhaps we may as well conclude that as
the leaves of trees have other ofiices to perform which
they are specially adapted for, carbonic acid is supplied
to vegetation by the roots and not by the leaves.

In Chapter 5 there are some very good remarks on
the hygrometer, its rules, and weather indications.
On the utihty of the latter, however, we think the
author lays undue stress. But the observation
of this instrument may often be useful in detecting
the amount of dryness or moisture of the air
in apartments, factories, hospitals, and in hot-
houses, &c. He mentions various kinds— De Luc's,
Regnault's, Daniell's, and the dry and wet bulb
hygrometer. To the latter he gives the preference.
It is very simple and inexpensive, and being now the
most generally used, it affords the most extensive means
of comparison. Daniell's, however, is very good. Both
act on the principle of evaporation producing cold.
When the air is saturated with moisture there is no
evaporation, and the thermometer covered with muslin
is not lowered, whether moistened with water or
with ether ; but in a very dry day the evaporation of
ether is so rapid that it will soon cool down the
mercury 30° or more. In a dry hot day we have seen
it lowered from 80' to below freezing, ice being formed
on the muslin. The thermometer having its muslin-
covered bulb moistened with water, will be lowered 12°
to 14° in a very dry day. Glaisher's tables are a useful
accompaniment with these instruments, as from them
the density of the aqueous vapour, and the weight of
it in a cubic foot of air, can be determined. The author
says that the hygrometer might be employed to do away
with the great inconvenience of carrying umbrellas,
which might be avoided by investing 12*. or 14*. in a
good hygrometer. The investment, we think, is not
objectionable; on the contrary, it would doubtless
prove better than many investments that have been
made in these times ; and with practice, in connection
with the barometer, the hygrometer may even be on
the whole profitable, but alone it is perhaps less to be
depended on than the barometer.

Many persons interested in horticulture will recollect
the days of the fetes at Chiswick. On some of those days
the Grass was wet with dew, and the hygrometer indi-
cated a saturated atmosphere, hut notwithstanding the
day turned out to be fine. On the other hand, some-
times the mornings were dry, and not a point of Grass
could attract moisture to form a drop of dew ; yet by
noon it began to pour continuously on unprepared
thousands ; and sometimes when the hygrometer indi-
cates a very dry condition of the air, the weather
suddenly breaks up with a violent thunder-storm.
The hygrometer may frequently indicate dryness and
often prove deceptive ; but when the barometer is seen
to fall slowly but steadily, with the top of the mercurial
column concave instead of convex, rain is almost
certain.

In the 12th Chapter the effect of drainage on the
temperature of soils, the climate, and rainfall is treated
of This very important subject might have been
better explained by reference to the simple principle
that warm water is lighter than cold water, and conse-
quently, although the colder liquid can displace and
occupy the position of the wanner and lighter, yet the
warm cannot displace the cold water, but will float
upon it without moving or scarcely at all warming it,
but merely resting on it as a basis. When however by
underdraining this is carried away, the warm water
can then percolate downwards, carrying its heat to the
soil below, and warming it down to the extremities of
the roots, instead of being carried off as surface water
to the rivers. Thus the warm genial summer rains
may glide over a deposition of cold winter i-ain, vege-
tation being deprived of the benefit of the former, but
still subject to the chilling effects of the latter.

For illustrating that most important subject, the
effects of draining in raising the temperature of the
soil, better examples might have been referred to. Por
instance, those of Mr. Parkes in draining the Red
Moss near Bolton-le-Moors, where it was found that
the thermometer rose in June to 66° in the drained
portion ; but in that which was water-logged it never
rose above 47" at any time throughout the year,
showing a difference of 19'. The author quotes
examples from good authority, but taken under circum-
stances where only differences of fractions of a degree
are exhibited.

In mentioning instances of severe frost he alludes to
that of 1838, the very first year in which Murphy-
published his Weather Almanack. His announcement
for the 20th of January was, " Fair. Probably lowest
degree of winter temperature." By a lucky chance for
him, this proved to be a remarkably cold day. At sun-
rise the thermometer stood at 4° below zero. It was a
lucky hit ; the printers could not work off enough
copies to supply the ever increasing demand. " But as
it was. Murphy cleared 70002. as his share for that
year's almanack. He lost all however not long after in
some unfortunate speculation, showing that weather
wisdom and worldly wisdom are two very difl'erent
things."

Chapter 18 treats of the influence of the weather on
wood, and how to prevent it. The method of carboni-
sation is e.xplained. " It has been adopted m the

APElt 27, 1867.]

THE GA-RT)ENEBS' CTTnOTs^ICT.E AT\^T) AGT^TCULTtmAL GAZETTE.

437

French arsenals, where entire ships have been
carbonised, the different parts of the hull being sub-
jected to the operation as soon as they .ire placed in
position." The difllculty of applying the process has
been overcome by M. do Lapparent, the Jlirector of
Naval Constructions in l''rance. " A recent oocurrcnrc
euggests tliat the spars, &(^, of ships should bo suhjccted
to this process of carbonising. Uuring the late cruise
of the Chaimol squadron, in October, ISliO, the ' Ocean '
sprang licr topmast cross-trees, and had to send down
her mainluiimn^t, when examination showed that both
tnisscHires were nilten. As this.shiii isperl'eolly new,
it is evident tliat Uio wood of her spars and cross-trees
was in a state of decay befbro being used for the
purpose. All wood kept in store should therefore be
carbonised. The Prcnch railway companies have
availed themselves of the discovery, applying it to all
their constnictions and rolling stock." To farmers and
nil concerned in agricultural erections, this discovery
is invaluable ; and wo may add, it is so also as
regards the construction of hothouses, particularly
Orchid houses, which are more especially trying to
timbir niuli rials. But as regards the decay of timber,
no pnraiilions can remedy the culpable want of care
in not seeing that the trees are cut at the proper
season. It is" advisable that this should be attended
to even in the ease of Pea-sticks, Hop-poles, Osiers,
&c., though if these last scarcely a season, there is not
much harm done. With regard to ship materials, it
is a very different affair. When timber is cut when
the sap is in motion in spring, all the sap, including the
. little that there is in the heart of oak, is in a state
ready to ferment, rendering the woody fibre like a loaf
of bread, and hence desirable food for worms.

At p. 300, under the heading, " What becomes of the
Sunshine?" the revelations of what is called the
Spectrum analysis are alluded to, and some of the
salient facts are mentioned of this new science, by
which, in the light of a star, a portion of common table
salt, bss than the one hundred and eighty millionth
part of a grain, can be detected. " Every force in the
world — every power to lift a weight, from our own foot
off the ground, to every ton lifted by a steam engine,
and all the millions of tons of leaves and wood added
to the trees every year, and the clouds full of rain lifted
from the seas and rivers by evaporation, as much as
the steam of a boiling pot— all is due to heat, that is,
ultimately to the sun, to sunshine,"

Chapter 25, " What becomes of the Showers ? " is
very interesting. " Certain meteorologists," the author
tells us, "say that the mountains are regions of reser-
voirs, because it rains more on mountains than on plains ;
but it happens to be just the contrary. It certainly rains
oftoncr on nionutains, hut the annual rainfall on moun-
tainsis less than thai of the plains at their feet. This is an
iuctnil osl;il)le fact, and it must be evident even from the
consideration of mere altitude or height, all other
conditions being equal, the greater the height of the
locality, the less the rainfall as shown by the rain-gauge.
The summits only got, as it were, a slice of the showery
column." It does not, however, a-ppear from Mr.
Symons' fable of total depth of rain iu 1S66, that the
greater height of a locality the less the rainfall ; for
whilst 30 inches may be reckoned about the average
for the year near the level of the sea, we
observe that at Greenside, Cumberland, elevation
1550 feet, the fall iu the year was upwards of
99 inches; Rhinbrifder, Merioneth, elevation 1110 feet,
114 inches ; Snowdon, elevation 1300 feet, 127 inches ;
Etrick Top Ben, Wigton, 2268 feet, 91 inches ; Glasgow
Water Works, Bon Lomond, 1800 feet, 100 inches;
Lochgoilhead, Argyll, 400 feet, 144' inches.

Prom this it appears that the " mountain and the
flood " may still be associated, and au adequate supply
of piire water may be obtained, so long as the sunbeams
continue to play on the waves of the Atlantic, raising
watery vapour aloft," above the highest mountains of
our island ; these, pushing up nearly, or quite, into the
region of perpetual snow, act as condensers of the com-
paratively warm vapour which comes within their
inlluence. We find that five of these mountains above
mentioned, averaging upwards of 1100 feet high, condense
vapour in the year to upwards of 9 feet deep of water.
Ten square miles of their horizontal area would thus
yield 14,478 million gallons of pure water, or nearly 20
gallons per day for each two million persons. Surely
several square miles of these cloudlands could be
devoted for such purpose, without interfering to any
injurious extent with private property, fishing streams,
or lakes in pleasure grounds.

The work requires to be revised in some particulars,
but, on the whole, we must repeat that it is pleasantly
written, and of useful tendency, and that it may be
perused with much satisfaction.

front of Iho two sides narrow slips of wood are
nailed, of such a width as to rest agamst the sides ol
(ho stork box, closing up the apertures at the ends
Tliciv will bo a narrow space for air, which is a gooa
non-conductor, between tho inside of the case and llic
box. An opening, withouti any glass, correspondnig in
position with, but rather larger than, the wmdow in
the st,ock-box, is cut out at tho hack ot the case. I Ins
is closed by a shutter, which I think is best liiuig by
two brass hinges at the upper part, so as to lall natu-
rally into position when not in use for observation.
There should bo sutliciont room allbrdcd for the easy
removal of tho inner shutter fitted into the window
recess. Fig. 5 is the upper division of tho case,
is; inches sipiaro, outside measure, resting on the rim
E Pig 1, Hush with its edge and with an outer
moulding similar to the one described for Pig. 4, hanging
down about 1} inch below the bottom ot the case
to allow of tho place of junction between the rim and
the upper part of tho lower case being complctclv
hidden. A window, similar to the one last described,
must he cut in this case also. A piece of the moulding
is cut away at c to fit the roof of tbe porch (c, 1 ig. 1.)

When supers are being worked, it is S9metimes
necessary to have a second upper division similar to
Y'l" 4 with the exception that no piece of the moulding
need be cut away in the front, and also that a trifle ol
additional internal space be aflbrded to admit ot the
dependent moulding being easily slipped down over the
top of the case. , . ,. , -i

Tho roof (Fig. 6) is made to slip down very easilyi

Bee-Cultitbe : Hives {Confhued from p. 409).
—If the hive is intended to stand on its own separate
pedestal, an outer case and roof will be indispensable.
The arrangement I have found most convenient is that
shown in the accompanying diagrams, which are placed
in the order iu which they would stand when in
position.

The loM-er division of the outer case, Fig. 4, is made of
half-inch deal, of three sides only, dovetailed together
at the back. The two side pieces are 17| inches in length
by 8 inches wide, outside measure, reaching as far as
the dotted line ii in Pig. 1, when pushed in from behind.
The sides arc lilted so as, when in position, to rest on
and almost Hush with, the outer edges of the floor-board
both at the back and at the two sides, the back piece
being about 18 inches in length extireme measure.
At the bottom a 2-inch wide moulding is fastened on,
so that rather more than one inch of it may drop out-
side and completely cover the edges of tho floor-
board, preventing the accession of any wet. At the

jl0 4.

and so as to fit equally well on any case which may be
in use. or on the stock -box. A moulding (b), similar to
those already described, is attached. Each half of the
sloping path may be formed of two or three widths of
wood : the narrower these are, the less likely are they
to warp and crack. At e, both at the front and back,
apertures for ventilation 2 inches in diameter are cut
out. These may be covered with perforated zinc,
nailed on inside. A few smaller apertures may also,
with advantage, be cut iu the sides under the eaves. I
have found it better to use three-quarter stuff for the
ends, 1, and the sides of the roof, with half stuff for
the very top. The upper part may be made to project
more or less to suit the taste of the proprietor. I like
to have wide overhanging eaves, chiefly for shade from
a hot sun. An error, but not my own, occurs in the
description of tho securing of the floor-board to the
stock-box, at p. 409. The two front screws are to be
run in at d into the lower part of the side pieces a, and
not at all into the front piece B, as is there stated.
S. Sevan Fox.

(To he Contbiued.)

Sees in a Chinniey. — A colony of bees has occupied
part of a chimney stack for upwards of a century, and
there is no recollection of a swarm ever having been
captured from them. I should feel obliged if ahy of
your correspondents could suggest a plan whereby
such an object could be attained. Novice.

Following up the remarks on the Chinese Peim-
EOSE at p. 381, it may he observed that much of success
or of failure depends on the rules applied to their culti-
vation. Seeds obtained from the very finest and niost
advanced strains will, in the hands of an unskilful
cultivator, produce nothing but poor weedy flowers.
The foliage should be short, stout, aud yet vigorous ;
and the flowers set well above the foliage. This is the
" happy medium " in the cultural results which makes
the beautiful Chinese Primrose so charmingly attrac-
tive. The plants are easily cultivated when the culti-
vator has become inteUigeutly acquainted with tho

conditions under which lie can'produce in the highest
state of iierfcction the living material on which he
operates. These conditions are clearly ascertainable,
and of ready application, as many successful culti-
vators can testify. For conservatory and greenhouse
decoration, and lor the exhibition table, the mode of
cultivation sketched in the following remarks will
1)0 found worthy of application. If it ditfers in some
of its details from plans usually adopted, it has yet
been most sio'ccssrully :i])i)licd, and some of the finest
plants and flowers 1 ever saw, sprang from the adoption
of the lU'actico now detailed.

A sowing of seed should he made about tho middle
of February (this is earlier than is generally recom-
mended), in shallow pans well drained, covering the
drainage with small lumps of fibry loamy turf, and
filling up the pans to within about a quarter of an inch
of the rim with a compost made of fine loam, finely
sifted decayed leaf-mould, and silver sand well mixed
together. The i)ans should then be sprinkled through
a fine rose watering-pot till the soil becomes pretty well
saturated, then allowed to drain for about three hours,
when the seed should be sown, pressed gently into tlio
soil, and afterwards slightly covered with soil, and again
gently pressed. Tho pans should be plunged in a
gentle hotbed, and in about a fortnight the plants will
make their appearance, when a little air should be
given. It is a good plan to place a piece of glass over the
pans, as in a dry atmosphere it prevents a too rapid
evaporation of moisture from the soil.

When the plants are strong enough 'to be handled
without fear of injury they should be placed singly into
small fiO-sized pots, using a compost of tho same
character as that in the seed pans; the plants should be
returned to the hotbed, and be raised to within 6 inches
of the glass, where they should be allowed to remain
until the roots reach the sides of the pots. Air should
be carefully and judiciously administered at this stage.
The next shift should be made into 48-sized pots, using
a soil composed of nice yellow loam, leaf-mould, some
silver sand, aud some road sand from a gravelled road.
The whole should be passed through a fine sieve
previous to using it. A light and friable compost like
the foregoing is admirably adapted for the plants, and
will be found to suit them exactly. The plants
should now occupy a pit having a north or east
aspect, and be kept close for some days, aud carefully
shaded if the sun should be on them during the day.
As soon as the plants make a show of growth, air can
be administered, for now they will grow into dwarf
yet vigorous plants. , , ti

About the commencement of August the final shilt
should be giveu; 16-sized jiots should be used for the
largest plants, aud 24-sized pots for the smaller. At
this stage some lumps of well-rotted manure from an
old hot-bed can be with great advantage placed over the
drainage. The roots of the plants soon find their wa,y
down to it, and feed on it during tho winter. This
obviates the necessity for administering liquid manure,
for this requires careful application, especially as it
has been known to cause the plants to rot at the base
of tho leaf-stalks, when injudiciously applied. From
August till November tho plants should occupy a
frame with a south aspect, and at all hours air should
be freely administered, unless severe weather prevails.
All flowers that appear previously to the middle of
September at least, should be pinched out. By
November the plants will be nicely in bloom, when
they can be removed to the conservatory or greenhouse,
and there they make a fine display until the end of
April. To some it may appear at first sight an im-
moderately large shift from a 48 to a IC-sized pot, but
considering the duration of time the plants are
required to be in bloom, the room and food for the
roots thus provided will be found none too much ; for
it frequently happens that when the plants are allowed
to bloom in small pots,',the sustaining qualities of the
soil are soon exhausted, the plants become weakly, and
the flowers small aud unsatisfactory.

Watering is a point to which considerable import-
ance attaches— in fact it is a prime feature in the
successful cultivation of the Primula ; water should be
administered in the morning of the day, adapting the
quantity given to the requirements of the plants and
the condition of the atmosphere. The plants should
be examined in the evening to see if any are very dry,
but if they can reinaiu till the morning, it is much the
best plan. A considerable experience iu the cultivation
of " everybody's flower," the Primula, has proved that
if the soil be permitted to become soddened with wet,
and to remain so at a time when evaporation is scarcely
perceptible, the plants are sure to become sickly and
ill-conditioned, and rot will ensue.

The Primula possesses one great advantage over
most winter and spring-flowering plants, in that it
is rarely, if ever, infested with greenfly, or any other
of those pests that are often so troublesome in the
greenhouse. It is therefore easy to keep the plants clean,
and well they repay the small attention they require.

The difficulties attendant on the cultivation of the
double kinds are fading away to some extent in pro-
portion to the growing strength of constitution
imparted to the improved varieties. " Being increased
from cuttings, it is important to secure a sound and
well-established plant at the commencement. Snch a
plant, selected in spring, may be grown on in a warm
and partially shaded gi-eenhouse or pit where a mode-
rately moist atmosphere can be maintained, or shoutrt
be potted iu a oompost of good loam, pure leaf-mould,
decomposed cow-dung, turfy peat, and silver sand in
equal quantities, and having a few small nodutes ol
charcoal intermixed. The plants must have the pots
thoroughly drained, and be rather firmly P9tted Ihey
may be repotted as often as the roots form in sulhcient
quantities, but too large a shift should not be given.
^Vhen once well-established the plants should receive
abundant light and fresh air ; and only require shading
from strong sunshine. A dry parching atmosphere.

43S

THE (lARDEKERS' CHftONlCLE AND AGHICULTURAL GAZETTE.

LAPEir. 27, 1S67.

which stunts the growth of plants of this character,
should be avoided. Water must never be applied in
excess. In hot weather a light but cool north aspect
is best for them, and they may be freely ventilated.
The plants thus grown, if in good health and vigour,
will bloom profusely, from October onwards through
the winter months. They must however have a warm
but not close greenhouse for their winter quarters, and
be very cautiously watered at that season." This quo-
tation from the article in the " I'^loral Magazine "
already referred to (p. 381), contains some valuable sug-
gestioQS for cultivators of the double varieties.

The following varieties represent the latest improve-
ments in the single flowers with fimbriated edges : —

P. Magenta King (E. G. Henderson & Son).

P. Magenta Queen (E. G. Henderson ifc Son).

P. splendens grandiftora (R. Dean).

These are very fine examples of the magenta ciimson hue :
the flowers are large, finely fringed, and very showy, and have
conspicuous yellow eyes.

P. Fairy Nymph (E. G. Henderson & Son), white, flaked
with rosy lilac.

P. Beauty (R. Dean), blush ground, suffused with deep pink,
large size, and handsomely fringed ; conspicuous deep yellow

P. Bhuhing Beauty (E. G. Henderson & Son), blush, with
circle of rosy-lihac round a bold lemon centre ; a very novel
1 ower.

In addition to Messrs. F. & A. Smith's single variety
noticed at p. 381, they have also another with rosy-lilac
flowers of medium size, and having an extra large
white centre. The curious formation of the calyces,
which assume the form of large green pouches, is a
very novel characteristic of this flower. The foregoing
may be taken as representing types of peculiar varia-
tion, the fixity of which may be reasonably assured.

The latest improvements in the fimbriated double
kinds are represented by : —

p. Princess (E. G. Henderson & Son), pure white, flaked with
rosy-lilac ; flowers of medium size, but very novel.

P. White Queen (E. G. Henderson Si Son), large pure white
flowers of great substance.

P. lilac Model (E. G. Henderson & Son), lilac : flowers large
and full.

P. Queen Victoria (F. & A. Smith), white ground, beautifully
suffused with pink ; flowers of uncommon size, and most
curiously formed.

P. carminata plena (F. & A. Smith), rosy carmine, tinged at
the edges with lilac ; flowers large and of good substance ; a
valuable addition in point of colour.
R.I>.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
FORCING HOUSES.
Coelcscombs requiring their final shift should be
potted into 32-sized pots in a compost formed of good
yellow loam, intermixed with a free allowance of strong
well decomposed manure, and silver sand. Pot them
moderately firm, keeping them close to the glass in a
high moist temperature until the flowers are formed.
Celosia pliimosa will also require similar generous
treatment. These are apt to show flower when very
young, and before they have made suflicient growth to
properly display their characteristic merits; in such
cases it is best to pinch the small flowering points out,
whioh^ by inducing them to make better growth, will
materially enhance their beauty hereafter. Tricoloured
Pelargoniums which may have been cut back for
purposes of propagation, and which have again formed
young shoots upon the older growths, should be potted
forthwith in fresh soil. This is best done by shaking
them out of the old material in which they have been
wintered, repotting them into a free open loam inter-
mixed with abundance of leaf-mould, silver sand, and
road drift. Do not pot too firmly, giving a moderate-
sized shift according to the state in which the roots
may be found. Be careful not to over-water at the
roots until they have taken well hold of the fresh soil.
Pot off at the same time, also, such spring-struck
cuttings of these as may have emitted roots freely, and
which may have grown away kindly since.
HARDY FRdIT GARDEN.
Wall Trees generally will iao\y require constant
attention. Proceed with disbudding all Peach and
Nectarine trees, doing a little at a time upon all
favourable occasions ; this is better than waiting until
a considerable portion of the growth has been made,
thus necessitating a simultaneous disbudding, and
causing the tree to undergo a shock of corresponding
magnitude, through the sudden check which it
receives. It should be understood that Peach and
Nectarine trees in various stages of growth will require
dissimilar treatment, more or less, according to the
age, health, habit of producing an excess of either
fruiting or woody shoots, &c. Trees of moderate age
and robustness, for instance, will require only a mode-
rate supply of young wood to be left in comparison
with others which may not yet have furnished the
necessary space allotted to them. In the former case
encourage as many promising shoots as possible which
emanate from or near the base ; these, by constantly
furnishing the tree with young wood, will materially
aid it in retaining a lengthened period of robustness.
Disbud such with greater freedom the nearer the top
of the tree misplaced buds are found, either pinching
away close down at the base, or disbudding all which
are not more than 6 or 7 inches from the apex of any
older shoots which have reached the top of the wall.
Tounger trees of any age which have further unoccu-
pied spaces to fill should, on the contrary, be encouraged
to form good sound leading shoots ; choose three, or
five such upon each of the main sub-leaders retained
in process of nailing and winter pruning, according to
the abruptness of the angle to be filled in the formation
of a fan-shaped tree. Take o9' carefully all fore shoots,
viz.j any which grow at nearly right angles with the
wall, and any, however well placed otherwise, which
are at the back of the shoot, and which are likely to
be so compressed between that and the wall as to cause

a wound, ending in canker or a constant exudation of
gummy matter. Thus a quick eye and ready finger, by
detaching any ill-placed shoots, &c., constantly en
passant, will ease the trees over this trying phase belong-
ing to their culture, and it will be found that an essen-
tial operation has been performed with but little labour,
compared with cases where this kind of work is left
wholly to the last. Apricots, if young and the wall
not wholly furnished, will need similar attention, where
they break freely and form abundance of wood. These
are given however at such stages to making very few
shoots, which are generally at the very point of last
year's wood ; in such cases the points of any young
shoots sufficiently strong to carry a triple break or so,
should be pinched back to within four or five pair of
leaves of the base. Do not be afraid of pinching too
deeply, as the points pinched in elongate very freely
after that operation has been performed. Pinch back
ill-placed shoots upon the apex of the upper branches
of Cherry trees which have grown to the necessary
height; this will induce any lower weaker shoots to
grow, and will aid more quickly in furnishing the wall.
Gansell's Bergamot Pear, where it is grown against
walls, &c., will now be very generally in flower. It will
be observed that in a too general way a great dearth
of pollen exists upon trees of this variety, though other-
wise the flowers are well formed ; hence the cause why
this excellent free-blooming sort is so often found to
be deficient as a cropper. Dust the flowers of it
therefore with the pollen taken from any other kind
which appears likely to forward the process of fertilisa-
tion. Inspect carefully all freshly planted Fruit
Trees, standards especially, staking all such when
necessary before they assume the additional weight of
foliage now in process of formation. Likewise those
planted against walls, which sometimes get "hung"
through tightness of ligatures placed around them for
the purpose of fixing them firmly to the wall, combined
with the settling down of the freshly moved soil, in
which the roots are planted. Neatly fork or point over
borders, adding afterwards a moderate layer of well-
rotted manure.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN'.
It will now be safe to plant out into their permanent
flowering beds Picotees, Pin/cs, Carnations, Solly-
hocks, Alstromerias, &c. ; indeed Hollyhocks should
not be moved in open borders much later. Sow a
little Mignonette rather thickly for eai-ly cutting.
Secure from the ill-effects of windwaving tender
young shoots upon Clematises. Finish planting
Gladiolus, Ixias, &c., forthwith. Protect Tulips in beds
against frosts or severe weather should such occur.
Place a layer of sifted well-decomposed manure over
either beds or patches of Ranunculus, Pinks, &e. Con-
tinue potting off Dahlias as they strike, hardening them
off well also as they become established afterwards.
HARDY OUT-DOOR FERNERY.
Choose some favourable occasion to go carefully
through the collection of plants contained in out-door
Ferneries. All shifts or changes of position which
suggest themselves as being necessary should be made
about the time at which the crowns commence
perceptibly to enlarge. When removed at that stage,
and fresh soil placed around them, they scarcely feel
the change, and their amount of luxuriance is
increased. Do not bury too deeply any roots or blocks
of wood whatever, if at all decayed, as these only serve
to propagate Fungi, which invariably do much injury.
There is a variety of materials alike suited to indi-
vidual species, Cocoa-nut refuse being perhaps most
liked by all kinds. A compost in wliich all will
thrive moderately well is an admixture of Cocoa-nut
refuse, peat, soft stoneless loam, and leaf-mould, in equal
parts or otherwise. Polystichums, Athyriums, and
Osmundas, will thrive well.in soft loam of moderate con-
sistency ; they are all more or less partial to root mois-
ture, more especially the last. Some species, such as
Asplenium Ruta-muraria, A. septentrionale, Ceterach
oflncinarum,&c., seldom thrive after removal, if they are
not fixed immovably upon whatever it is required they
should grow upon. Various ways are used to attain this
end, such as compressing the roots firmly between two
stones or pieces of potsherds, &c., which in turn are
firmly imbedded where they are to remain. They do
well nailed to the hard wood formed upon old pollards.
The nails to be used for this purpose should be flat-
headed copper ones, such as are employed by plumbers.
Once established, a little Cocoa-nut fibre placed neatly
around them aids them much. Turn over and
freshen the surface of all soils ; in doing which, disturb
all around any old blocks of wood plunged in the
ground, as much as possible, with the view of checking
all formations of a fungoid character. Be careful to
leave sufficient space between the plants, to allow room
for each to grow. Much of the beauty of these plants
is lost by overcrowding, which prevents many from
exhibiting fully their graceful symmetrical proportions.
A'i'^hen the surface has been wholly freshened over, add
where practicable a layer of new material ; the refuse
alluded to above is well adapted for this purpose, being
retentive of moisture.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Make fresh plantations of Chamomile ; the double
variety is the only one worth growing, though the
single one is often met with even now in cultivation.
Take old plants up, the sooner the better, and divide
them into as many pieces as will be needed to occupy
the space allotted to them ; each crown or shoot with
roots attached, more or less, will form a plant. The
soil wants little preparation, as if too rich they are too
apt to run to leaf at the expense of flowers ; dibble
them in about 16 inches apart all ways, fixing them as
firmly as possible, and pressing them well down when
planted with the foot. Divide old stools of Tarragon,
dibbling all portions with roots attached a like distance
apart. Sow a few Early Kidney Beans in a sheltered
1 corner, placing a handlight over them for protection,

to be transplanted at a later period; make a small
sowing upon a warm south border also where conve-
nient. A successional sowing should also be made of
Turnips Spinach, Lettuce, &.C., in the open quarters.
Sow Saisafy and Scorzonera in ground properly pre-
pared, as previously advised, i. e., that in which the
dung has been placed some 10 or 12 inches beloiy the
surface. Sow in drills 10 inches asunder, not too thickly,
.just covering the seeds being all that is needed. W. F.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
For the Week ending April 24, 1867. as observed at the Horticultural Gardens

TEMPERfcTORE.

Apri

.

§^

Eahometer.

Of the Air. [OftteEarth

■Winil

.9

g^

'Ma..

mn.

Max.

Min.

^^"^"^"l deep. 1 deep.

IR

n

■29.878

29,672

U

47

55.5

51

47

S.

.00

29.586

29.460

M

.01

■29.331

29.015

59

37

4H.(I

4fl

32

129.546

29-305

54

37

45.5

a:!

4!f

(II

129.790

29.7 U

61

42

ftl .a

52

49

."»

'29.735

29.712

64

44

540

52

49

.ri

Wed.

24

20

29.659

29.580

63

43 ' 530

53

50

S.W.

.IB

Avera

nC ■

(29 646

29.491

61.4 1 42.8 1 52.1

53.7

49.7

.69

April 18 -Very fine ; densely clouded; overcast.

— 19— Very fine ; strong S.W wind; overcast.

— 20— Cloudy and rather boisterous ; densely overcast ; boisterous,

with rain.

— 21— Low dusky clouds, and hoisteroua ; very stormy at night.

— 22 -CI ear. with cold wind; overcast; rain at ni^ht.

— 23— Overcast ; showerv ; fine ; stron;^ S.W. wind.

— 24 -Heavy clouda, with showers; masses of dark and white

clouds ; rain.
Mean temperature of the week 5 5.10th dcR. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISAVICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending May 4,1867.

April
and May.

Tui's. ..30| 61.0

Wed. .. l' 61,2

Thurs. .. 2l 62.5

Friday .. 3i 61 7

37.3
39,0
39.5
39 2

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity I.
ofKain ,'

Prevailing Winds.

0 64 in. I

0,75 I

031

0.51

0.72

0.58

070 '

The highest temperature during the above period occurred (
28th. 1840-therm. 81 deg. ; and tbe lowest on the 29th, 1861-1
IBdeg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Azaleas : H G. The plants should be tied so as to givo them
their general form, before growth commences, as then the
young shoots, by projecting irregularly, relieve the formality
of surface which would othermse exist. If not done then,
they should be tied when the new growth has ceased
to elongate and is getting firm, in order that the leaves may
fall into a natural position before they get too much set.

Cinerarias : H Nor^i-is. 1, too coarse for the present day ; 2,
not sufficiently defined in the colouring,

Cliubebs : R I) S. Try Hexacentris mysorensis, Sphajrostema
marmoratum, Picus barbata, and Cissus discolor, which are
all likely to succeed under the conditions named, and are
very different from the other plants you mention.

Grapes going Blixd : Young Gardener. See some remarks
on this subject in another column ; also Mr, Fowler's article
at p. 404, From your description of the border, we have no
doubt the roots areat fault, and the remedy must be applied
there. The roots should he carefully lifted, and a good
proportion of lime rubbish, or some such porous material,
worked in, or the border remade, if that should prove
necessary. A well drained border resting on chalk rock
should not have come to such a state; but the "great
quantity of rotten dung " is the probable cause of the
mischief. If the crop is a failure we should not hesitate to
do this at once, shading, of course, and taking all possible
cave not to distress the pLants too much.

Hotbed : H G, The manure, properly prepared, should be
beaten down thoroughly and evenly with the fork as the
making up proceeds, not trodden down.

Insects : D. The gaUs on the Cabbages are caused by a weevil
of the genus Ceutorhynchus, which deposits its eggs on the
root, and causes a swelling, which serves the young larvaa
for food. It is very closely allied to, if not actually identical
with, the Turnip gall weevil, C. pleurostigma. — / F R. The
Beeches in various parts of the country have recently suffered
much from the small Coccus (not aphis), which causes the
white downy secretion with which the trunks are covered. -
Some sort of a glutinous secretion now applied to the trees
would prevent the eggs from hatching,— -■! Subscriber. Your
Gloxinias have been eaten by the very troublesome wee'vll
Otiorhynchus picipes. The earth in the pots should be
carefully sifted, and the white grubs burnt. The plants also
should be carefully inspected with a lanthorn after dusk,
and the beetles shaken on a sheet and collected and killed, W.

Layering Shrubs : J B W. Evergreens may be liiyered from
Midsummer to August, and deciduous shrubs during
September or October, Many may be increased by cuttings,
which in a general way may be planted early in autumn,
though not a few will root freely from the half ripened
summer shoots.

Names of Plants : W S. Ranunculus Ficaria, common
Celandine. -CD. Caltha palustris. Marsh Marigold.—
R G H. Philadelphus mexicanus.— IF H. 1, Polygala
Dalmaisiana ; '2, Salvia dulcis ; 3, perhaps variegated
Ageratum ; 4, Hardenbergia monophylla ; 5, Aubrietia
purpurea ; 6, double Ulac Primrose. — F B. Your flower is
Vanda cristata. — John Paget. 1, Onychium lucidum ; 2, one
of the varieties of Blechnura occidentale ; 3, Pteris hastata
niacrophylla ; 4, Diplanura Shepherdii. — R D S. Apparently
Acer platanoides. — S Matheirs. 1, Omphalodes vema ; 2,
Pulmonaria officinaUs. — Flore-pleno. 1, Genista canariensis,
greenhouse ; 2, Choi'ozema cordatum, greenhouse ; cut in
and shift these after blooming; 3, Euphorbia Bojcri, stovo,
very poisonous. — Constant Reaiier. Veltheimia viridifolia.

New Banana : G G, The new Bananas are to be had at
Cosham, The price is three guineas each, the money to be
returned if they do not bear at least 50 lb. of fniit within
twelve months. The taste is said to be like that of veiy
ripe Muscat Grapes, with a slight Apricot flavour, and it is
also stated to be one of the most nutritious and wonderfiUly
sti engthening fruits known. It is said, moreover, to act in
the most wonderful way with invalids from fever. We are
given to vinderstand that they were brought from Cayenne
by Mr. Hullett him.self.

Peach Borders ; G C. Tho soil, if in accordance with the
sample sent, is utterly unfit for growing healthy trees.

Seedling Pelargonium : / LoAng. A real pink Stella, so far
as a single truss enables us to judge. The truss sent was
4i inches across, a true Nosegay, of the colour of Christine,
with the upper petals paler towards the base. If the habit
is satisfactory it will be a valuable acquisition.

Communications Received.— T. R.— J. D, H,— W. R. McN.—
G. W, (thanks for the hint).— J. R. J.— G. G.— C. E. F.—

. Thomas Rivera.— Diss.

ApBit 27. 1867.J TiiE (iAKDENEliS' (JJUiONlCLK AND A(;i{IOlILTURAL GAZETTE.

439

SUTTON'S ' GEASS SEEDS

FOR ALL SOILS.

CAIUilAHE I'REK.

MESSliS. SUTTON

Have one of tlie most romplete Stocks in Europe of

NATURAL GRASSES & CLOVERS,

which have lieen carefully cleaneil, and may be had
either separately at moderate prices, or mixed as under: —

MIXTURES iire spociallj'' prepared for every description
of soil; therefore in ordering it is only necessary to state
the nature of the soil, and suitable Seeds will be supplied.
The following are the popular classitications of Soils : —

1. STIFF CLAY

2. STIFF or HhAVV LOAM
:!. GOOD MEDIUM LOAM
4. LIGHT SANDS

5. SHARP GRAVELS
fi. CHALKY SOILS

7. SHEEP DOWNS

8. RIVEH FLATS, or WATER

MEADOWS

SUTTON'S BEST MIXTURE of PERMANENT
GRASSES and CLOVERS for the above Soils
(2 bushels of Grasses, and 12 lb. Clovers per acre),
36.?. per acre, carriage free. CHEAPER MIXTURES,
28.?. to 30s. per acre, Carriage free. Special Contracts
made for large quantities.

TESTIMONIALS.

From Mr. John Towlk, iTeirs and Hincksey Mills, near Oxford.

April 0, 1806. — "Someflvo or six years back I had from you Per-
maDent Grass Seeds for 40 acres, and the same tjuantity tVom another
party ; while youra haa now a good award upon it, the other ia worn
almost to DothiDg."

From Mr. Robert Kav, Pontrack, Stockton-on-Tees.

April 25, 18i3C. — "The Seeds you sent mo in ISK'I buve surpassed
those sent by ray landlcrd from M.iijche9ter in the snme year, and
appear as if they will come to swathe much earlier than the others."
From the Rev. Richard H. Harhisov, The Parsonage, Builth.

April 13, 18(16. — " It is onlyright to say that the Seeds you sent me

two years ago for laying down two fields, have surprised those who

have seen the Grass from them, although they were sown on high

land in the very dry and hot summer oil6ti4."

From Mr. G. Wilsov, Affa.t to the Earl of Dartmouth, Woodsome,

near HuddernfieUl.

March 31, 18Cfi. — "The :;j acres vf laud 1 laid down with your seeds
last year are looking first-rate ; they are the admiration of the
neighbourhood."

From the Rev. J. A. Carr, Skipton Rectory, Andoversford.

April 3, 181)6.—" The field laid down with seeds I had IVoni you has
a most splendid appeanince."
From Mr. Richard Duckham, Newton Farm, BricknoUer, Taunton.

March yi, 18fii}.— "The permanent pasture from soed I had of you
last season is looking roiiiarkably wdl, aud now fit to stock with
sheep. 1 have been in the parish for the last 26 years, and have
never seen any plant equal to it."

From J. Jknrins, Esq., Ruthin.

April 3, 18G6, — " The seeds I had from you last season have proved
to be all 1 could possibly desire. I believe that it would be almost
impossible to see a mora perfect crop of Grass."

From John Marshall, Esq., Rigeholme, Lincoln,

April 3, 18CG.— " The field 1 laid down with your Grass Seeds to
permanent pasture in April, 1864, has now a very beautiful appear-
ance, and bids fair to produce again a large quantity of excellent
herbage of the highest quality, alter such a crop of hay as was
seldom seen in 1806."

From Henry Overuak, Esq., Weasenham, Brandon.

April 14, 1806.—" The piece of land laid down with your seeds is
the best I ever saw."

SUTTON'S GRASSES and CLOVERS for
One Year's Lay, 15«. per acre
Two Years' Lay, 18*. 6d. per acre
Three or Four Years' Lay, 24s. per acre

SUTTON'S RENOVATING SEEDS, by the use of
which Grass Lands may be improved at from 6s. to
10s. per acre. Price lOrf. per lb.

m' SUTTON'S GENUINE FARM SEEDS.
" For Prices see

SUTTON'S FARM SEED LIST,

Gratis on .ipplicalion.

l^° AU Goods Carriage Free.

Five per cent, allowed for prompt Payments.

SDTTON AND SONS,

ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT,

READING.

Carter's Oenulne Seeds.

~i.\UTKR'.S SELECT LIST of GENUINE FAR^f

SKEIIS. at mnilQiate prtcoK, ta now ready, nnd may bo had post

froo oil applicaiion to

CARTEii'a Oruat London Sood Warohouse, 237 and 238,
llulboru, London, W.C.

nigh

c

LEAN RYE GRASS SEEDS

at low prices.

ITALIAN RYE GRASS | PERENNIAL RYE GRASS

ENGLISH RYE GRAS.S EVEKOREEN RVE GilASS

SCOTCH RYE QRAS.S | ANNUAL RYE GRASS

Samples and lowest price per quarter on application.

Si'TTON & Sons, Seed Growers, Readmg.

rPHE ALSlIvE CLOVER for CLOVER-SICK LANDS.

J- —This excellent Clover will thrive In almost any soil. It produces
two ROod cuLting.s in the year, and makes superior Clover hay. It
limy bo sown alone {11 lb. per acre), or in coniunctlon witli other
liceds, either lor alternate husbandry or Permanent Pasture. If
sown with Italian Rye-nrass. it Is ready for mowiny three times in the
year. It Is included in all Messrs. SuiioN'a Mixtures, and they
strongly reconunend it to more general cultivation. Price may bo

had on application (depending on quantitv rcquired|.

Roval liorkshJrLi Seed E.^tahli.sliiiiont, Reading.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND
BURY ST. EDMUND'S MEETING, 18(17.

STOCK, POULTRY and IMPLEMENT PRIZE SHEETS are
DOW ready, and will be forwiirded on application to
12. Hanover Square, London. W. h. Hall Dare, Sec.

Wheeler's Imperial, the finest Swede Grown,

WHEELERS' IMPERIAL SWEDE.
Is, per lb. ; 45s. per bushel (50 lb.)
Thf.5 is one of the best if not the hest Swede m cultivation ; the
specimens exhibited at the Smithfield Club Show in London, and at
Cirencester, Bumingham, and at the Great Show of Roots held In
Gloucester, excited considerable admiration, not only for their size,
but for their beautiful shape and excellent quality.

J. C. Wheeler k Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

J. C Wheeler Si Son, Seed Growers, Glouc

C^HASS seeds lor I'EKMANENT FaSTukE
^ selected on a new, scientific, and natural system, by
J. C. Wheeler k Son, Gloucester

u

NDOUBTEDLY a GOOD IDEA.

WHEELER AND SON'S "BOOK on GRASSES."—
" These enterprising Seedsmen, in introducing a new element
into their calculations— viz., the geological formation of the soils for
whicli permanent Grasses are wanted — have undoubtedly a good idea.
"Messrs. Wuekleb have prepared a new series of tables ot the
Grasses which they consider most suitable to different geological
formations. These are arranged in 11 tables, and include niixture.s
suitable for heavy, medium, and light soils in each case."— TAe Field
March 9, 1867.

JC. WHEELER and SON are anxious that every
• Gentleman Fftnner in England, who is about to Lay Dowa
Land to Permanent Pasture, or to Renovate Old Pasture with suitable
Gras.i Seeds, should read their illustrated " Book on Grasses ; " with
this view they will, on receiving a note to that effect, send a copy to
any addre.ss they may be fav^nied with.

HORSE SHOW, AGRICULTURAL HALL,
LONDON, MAY ^5, 1807.
TO GARDEN IMPLEMENT MAKERS, AND OTHERS.
SPACE TO LET in the ARCADE and GALLERIES for the
EXHIBITION and SALE of the SAME CLASS ot" GOODS as are
sold during the Smithfleld Club week.

Horticultural and Agricultural Implement Makers, Seedsmen,
Nursery Gardeners, and Manufacturers of Ornamental and useful
articles for domestic purposes. Prizes for Saddles and Bridles.

Terms and Conditions may be obtained at the Offices of the
Company, Barford Street, Islington, N.
By Order, S. Sidney, Secretary and Manager,

MANCHESTER and LIVERPOOL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY (Established 1707). — GRAND CENTENARY
SHOW MEETING at Manchester, August ^7. '28, and 21), 1807.

Special Prize List and Forms of Entry will be issued at the end
of May, T. R. Rydeb, Secretary,

57a, Church Street, Liverpool.- April 23, 1867.

SOUTHhlRN COUNTlfc;S ASSOCIATION.
President 18G6-'C7— His Grace tbe Dure of RiCRMONn, K.G.
The ANNUAL EXHIBITION ofHORSES. STOCK, POULTRY,
IMPLEMENT.S, WORKS of ART, &c., will be held at BRIGHTON,
on the 24th, 23tb, 20th, 27th, and 28th ol JUNE NEXT.
SUMMARY OF PRIZES OFFERED :—
CATTLE.— Shorts horn 3. £125 ; Susses, £125; other Breeds, £50.
SHEEP.— Southdowna, £90 ; Hants Downs, £90 ; Oxford Downs, £00 ;

Kent Sheep, £90.
HORSES.— Agricultural, £110: Hunters, £95; Hacks, £15; Ponies,
PIGS.— Berkshire, £32; other Breeds, £32. [£10.

POULTRY.— Various, £93.

The PRIZE LIST may be obtained of the Secretary. ENTRIES
CLOSE May 1. By order of the Council,

Tately, Faniborough, G. B, H. Sbctk, Secretary.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.
BURY ST. EDMUND'S MEETING, 1807.
LAST DAY for ENTRY of IMPLEMENTS, iMt of May.
All Certlflcatos received after that date will be returned to the
sendei's. H. Hall Dare,

12, Hanover Squire, London, W. Secretary,

tCiie Agricultural <5a|ette.

SATURDAY, APRIL

1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING 'WEEK.
Wednesday, May 1— Royal Agri. Society of England— Noon.
't'uuasDAT, — 2-Do. do. (Special, on Agricultural Education).

On Thuv.sday next the Council of the Eoyal
Agricultural Society are to determine what is to
bo done with their annual grant of 300/. for
' ' the promotion of the education of those who
are dependent on the cultivation of the land for
their support." This sum has hitherto been
spent in small prizes awarded to boys by the
University examiners for proficiency either
generally or in the several branches of ordinary
school education. And some attempt has been
made to give the scheme an agricultural limita-
tion by requiring candidates to be nominated by
njembers of the Agricultural Society.

The argument urged against any plan of this
kind rests mainly on the strictly professional
character and purposes of the Society. These are
so distinctly defined by its Charter and by its
history hitherto, that it is clearly out of place
and out of order when it devotes its funds to any
but professional objects : and the urgency of this
view has at length so far produced an efl'ect upon
the promoters of the existing scheme, that
they have added to the original an'angement
an offer of scholarships to assist any who,
by passing an examination in some branch of
professional education, have shown that they
are heartily at work as agricultural students.
This offer, on the other hand, is unquestionably
quite in order ; but unfortunately no one comes
forward to accept it or to claim it. A scholarship
of 40/. or 50/. a-year is certainly a, prize worth
having ; and, offered by the Eoyal Agricultural
Society, it must be attractive beyond its money
value, and yet, strange to say, it commands no
candidates.

Such a phenomenon requires an explanation ;
and it must be put down either to the entii'e
absence in this country of any belief in the uses
of professional agricultural education, or to the
fact that the Society, having got out of the
groove of agricultural education, has altogether
lost its hold of agricultural students.

On the one side there are those who declare
professional education to be little better than a
mere idea, with no real existence in fact.
" Education," they say, " is that general training
of the powers and habits of the boy, and that
gradual equipment which he receives at school
for the subsequent attainment of useful know-
ledge or of professional skill. His rank upon a
scale of this kind can be accurately ascertained
by examinations ; and seeing that it is upon the
energy and precision of such powers as he thus
acquires that his subsequent proficiency in any
futui'e walk of life depends, great service ia
rendered by the offer of examinations and prizes
which shall guide or stimulate the efforts which
he makes or which are made on his account at
this particular stage of his career. Well educated

440

THE GAEDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGRICtJLTtlRAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 27, 1867.

young men -will be tlie most likely to make
successM farmers, and the Agricultural Society,
by casting in its small contribution to the
promotion of the general education of boys,
is 'promoting the education of those who are
dependent on the cultivation of the land for
their support.' Moreover it is plain that not
only are the importance and necessity of general
school education, which is thus promoted, per
fectly admitted by farmers, but the efficiency
or value of what is called professional education
is .altogether denied by them." — We hardly sup-
pose, indeed, that such a view is defended in
Hanover Square, but its existence is no doubt
urged as a reason why efforts for the promotion of
professional training are useless. " Scholarships
are offered to agricultural students, but no one
claims them, and all the best professional autho-
rities declare that successful farming can be
learnt only in the actual prosecution of the
business, where it is plain that we should be
entirely out of place with our prizes and oiu'
scholarships."

That is one view of the subject. Against it
there lies what appears to us to be a perfectly
overwhelming mass of argument, analogy, and
fact. Let it be frankly admitted that everybody
sympathises with all that the greatest enthu-
siast can urge about the importance of a thorough
school education, whether the boy is to be a
farmer or not. But as it is the constitution of
the Society itself which makes its offer to inter-
fere iu general education little better than a mere
impertinence, so it is the existence of this
universal assent on the part not only of educa-
tors but of parents that makes such an offer on
the part of the (Society altogether needless.
If the Agricultural Society can do anything
to promote the education of those who are
dependent on the cultivation of the land for
their support, let it lend a hand, not where
opinion and testimony and effort are already
unanimous, and where so small a contribution
as it can make will be utterly unfelt ; but where
opinion by its own confession is either un-
favourable or unformed, where testimony is con-
flicting, and where the almost solitary effort
hitherto made in this country has for years been
seeking extension and assistance.

Ijet it accept the guidance given it by the
analogies of other professions. Ai-e clergymen,
or soldiers, or lawyers, or doctors satisfied with
the good general education with which those
who join their several professions are supposed
to be equipped? Professional success iu these
cases, as in our own, is to be achieved only in
actual practice ; but proficiency is in the first
place sought through the recognised process of
professional education. It is no mere idea or
baseless theory that is meant by professional
education here. There is a universally acknow-
ledged need which is thus satisfied, and it is by
professional instruction, and from the body of
professional students, that these professions are
recruited. The heads of these professions are
indeed in every case the superintendents and
the guides of that course of professional educa-
tion, through which their places among othei-s
will one day be filled by efficient successors.
The analogy is a perfect illustration of what
is desirable — though not, perhaps, equally
necessary — in agriculture, and it ought to guide
the conduct of the Agricultui-al Society on
Thursday next.

And the facts of the case point clearly in the
same direction. In the first place, there is the
fact that in this country good service has
been done by the Eoyal Agricultural College at
Cirencester, by the Chair of Agriculture iu the
University of Edinburgh, and by the Albert
Institution at Glasnevin. These are all places
of professional agricultural education which have
turned out skdful .and well-educated farmers.
The one which belongs to the country of the
English Agricultural Society has long sought
encouragement and recognition at its hands,
and we do not see how, in connection with
the^ 7th object specified in its Charter, the
Society can continue to stand aloof. It would
be simply monstrous were it true that a pre-
judice exists against any guidance or advice
offered at the Council table, because it comes
from those who have all their lives been con-
nected with agricultural education, either at
Cirencester or Edinburgh. The opinion of Mr.
Holland, who has given better pledges than any
other man of his disinterested devotion to this
subject, ought to carry the very greatest weight.
And to Professor Wilson's recent report to the

Foreign Office of the agricultural meetings
last year at Vienna and at Aarhuus, we owe our
latest knowledge of the guiding facts upon
this subject which are furnished by the experi-
ence of other countries. It appears that in the
Austrian empire there are many agricultural
educational institutions, farm schools, forest
schools, and university agricultural chairs which
are universally acknowledged to have been of the
greatest agricultural service.

" In these various agricultural educational establish-
ments we find no less than 210 teachers regularly
engaged in giving special instruction on their respec-
tive subjects, to upwards of 2000 students, of which
about 300 are attached to the forest schools. In addi-
tion to this large number both of teachers and students,
there are about 50 additional teachers and lecturers on
agriculture in the universities and general schools, who
are attended by about 500 students. Many of these
schools, especially those iuteaded for the working class
of farmers, are carried on in the language of the pro-
vince in which they are located.

"The subsidies from tlie State, determined by the
claims of the district and the character of the school,
vary in amount from 1000 to 10,000 florins per annum.
The costs to the students also necessarily vary ; but in
all cases they are kept at a very low rate, so as to be
quite within the means of the classes the schools are
respectively intended for. In the higher schools no
arrangements exist for the lodging or board of the
students, who provide for themselves in the neighbour-
hood ; in the lower farm schools the necessary accom-
modation is generally provided, and at a very
economical rate. In each class of schools practical
instruction is combined with theoretical teaching,
due prominence being given to one or to the otherj
according to the character and objects of the particular
school."

ever a sufficient number of either class desire
such aid as its constitution enables it to give, its
prizes and the services of its examiners shall be
at their disposal.

What is thought of this subject by farmers
and by teacher,s in the neighbourhood of the
Eoyal Agricultural College will be gathered in
another page from the report of Mr. Lawrence's '
excellent lecture before the Cirencester Farmers'
Club last week.

On the value of these places of professional
agricultural education to the prosperity of agri-
culture, Professor Wilson's opinion given in
another place ought to weigh next Thui'sday.
' " That noble precept, inscribed over the portals at
Grignon,— ' Le sol est la Patrie ; ameliorer I'uu c'est
eunchir I'autre,'— is believed in Austria, and is being
nobly translated and carried out by the State. The
numerous and well-appointed colleges and schools for
the special education of her young farmers, which have
already been referred to, must tell beneficially upon her
agriculture ; a policy which the future will acknow-
ledge even more warmly than the present. This is a
point in which this country compares very much to its
disadvantage with Austria, or, indeed with the other
leading kingdoms of the Continent. If the question be
asked. What good has resulted from Grignon, Hohen-
heini, Poppelsdorf, Tharand, Jena, Moglin, Ungarisch-
Altenburg ? the agriculture of their respective
countries can give speedy and most convincing replies.
And yet, with all this evidence and a host more of a
similar character open to us ; with the knowledge that
we have to rely upon foreign sources for fully one-third
of our necessary supplies of food, while it is well-known
that the average produce of our fields is not more than
two-thirds what it might be, were the general standard of
intelligence raised to the .same level as that which directs
our best farmed lands, weare satisfied to remain asweare,
ignoring altogether the claims that agriculture has for
a special education ; aiding to teach, by the large con-
tribution we annually pay them, the farmers of other
couutries,* but neglecting to teach our own. Had this
important branch of national education been acknow-
ledged here as it is in Austria, we should have been able
readily to have met the present demand of India for
skilled foresters, and been spared the mortification of
having to delay the supply until we can send our young
men to foreign schools to acquire that knowledge which
we have no means of imparting to them in this
country."

What then is to be done at the Council meeting
on Thursday next ? Will the Society's own two
years' precedent be adhered to, or the example
of all other countries followed — our own example
in one or two notable instances ? Is this pro-
fessional Society (maintained by the farmers of
England for the promotion of agricultui'al
improvement) to continue its prizes for pure
mathematics and Latin grammar, because so
many juvenile candidates come forward to claim
them f Is it to abandon the attempt to urge the
study of the various branches of agricultural
science because hardly any agricultural students
have hitherto made theu- appearance ? This
would be to surrender its own peculiar consti-
tuency, especially needing its spur and rein, for
one which needs no help from it whatever, and
has no claim at all on its assistance. Let us
hope that at any rate some announcement
will be made of the Society's loyalty to its
own profession — some declaration that wherever
teachers and students of agricidtui'o are at work
it is prepared to lend the sanction and the
stimulus of its sj'mpathy and help — that wher-

Our average annual importations from foreign countries
of corn, cattle, and other produce used for feeding or technical
pui-poses exceed 25,000,000?. sterling. These .ire exclusive of
those productions unsuitable to on climate. This has a
political bearing too that ought not to be overlooked. The
disastrou.s effects that migl.t result from such a state of
dependence is well known and talked .about on the continent
though appai'ently but little thought of at home.

No one who reflects on the progressive state of
modern farming can doubt for an instant the
immense importance of science to agricultm-e.

In the first place farmers are apt to forget
that they, in common with other men, reap the
advantages of those discoveries which undoubt-
edly are the fruits of scientific investigation.
The farmer who " trucks " his fat cattle up to the
London market, or receives telegrams as to the
state of Mark Lane, or derives benefit from the
methodical labours of the banker, owes a debt to
science which he need never hope to repay. In
these and many other ways the march of modern
ci-s-ilisation and the unfolding of scientific truth
have conferred lasting benefit upon him, enabling
him to hold his own in a world revolutionised
within the last 50 years, and to compete success-
fully with foreign rivals who have been frequently
looked upon with dread.

Few will deny, although many may forget,
that agriculture has thus partici25ated in the
good things it has been the privilege of modern
science to confer upon mankind. There are
many, however, we fear, who see less clearly
the special advantages of a close connection
between science and agriculture. They look
with jealousy upon the gallant attentions of
youthful Science to their somewhat aged mis-
tress. That she who has nourished the children
of men ever since they began to multiply on the
earth, should now be taught bj' an upstart
phantom, partakes of the nature of insult, and
smacks of absurdity. That book- learning should
intrude itself into the sacred precincts of tra-
ditional lore is looked upon as sacrilege. Su'di
men have a delight in instancing the failure of
those who have attempted to join a knowlcd;^!'
of principles with the practice of agricultuiv.
This may appear severe language, but we regn-t
to say that we believe it would awaken a
responsive chord in the bosom of a large
proportion of the reiu-esentatives of British
farming. It is high time that the advantages of
the union between science and practice with
reference to agriculture were pointed out. The
least difficult part of our task consists in indi-
cating the direct benefits derived by agiiculture
as a whole from applied science. A greater dif-
ficulty is found in attempting to show the use of '
scientific knowledge to the individual, for while
the benefit can be easily demonstrated in tho first
case, there certainly is room for an objector iu
the second.

We shall briefly consider the first part of the
question, and dismiss it to make room for a
careful consideration of the second. No one can |
enter an agriculttu'al show-yard without being
struck with the immense display of mechanical !
contrivances adapted to the requirements of
farmers. Engines for ploughing and cultiv.ating
the ground, for threshing, pumping, grinding,
chaff-cutting, and pulping, occur in endless
variety; iron displaceswood, the elaborate machine
supplants the simple tool — the use of steam takes
the place of horses. Every appliance of engineer-
ing skiU, whether for diminishing fiiction,
.increasing power, or economising heat — aU the
skill of the draughtsman, and all the genius of
the designer, are laid at the feet of agricultui'e.
One science at least. Mechanics, has strengthened
thepositionofthecultivatorsof the soil. Scarcely -
less easy will it be to name some important
points in which Chemistry has aided the agri-
culturist. Dealing with the ultimate compo- i>
sition of bodies, we find chemical analysis bring- 'f
ing to light facts which but for it must have I
remained unknown. Here we have a ready t
means of detecting adulteration, either in food /
or manure ; a process by which the concealed '
virtues of waste products may be discovered, and i

standard whereby the value of fertilising or
feeding materials may be compared. By means
of chemical knowledge the invaluable ' ' super-
phosphate" has been introduced, a class of
manures in which not only bones but the intract-
able coprolite, the uninviting apatite and Silurian
phosphatic rocks, alike minister to vegetable
growth, If chemistry had only given "super-

Apmi. 27, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGIllCULTUllAL GA^^ETTE.

441

phosphate" as a manure to this farmer, that
ajone would have laid him under lasting obliga-
tion to this science. The -wholo system of arti-
ficial manuring would be thrown into comjiloto
disorder but for the labours of analytical chemists.
If we had to indulge Fancy and allow her to
shadow forth the future of this great scienco
in her relations to agrioilturo, wo might be
accused of romancing ; we might discuss the effect
of a jjcrfoet knowledge of the wants of the plant,
and of tho capabilities of the soil — tho couso-

?uence of an accurate ostimato of the value of
bodforbothroaringandfcediiigstockorproducing
milk. These questions Chemistry, aided by
Physiology, will one day elucidate.

All those sciences which have assisted in
advancing the veterinary art to its present
position must also be looked upon as having con-
' ferred a lasting benefit upon agriculture. Not
only do wo find improved moans of treating tho
domesticated animals, but by a thorough know-
ledge of their physiology tho conditions of health
arc known and may be i-ediiced to practice.

Botany has showered down innumerable
ailyantages upon agriculture. If it were not for
tins department of science we should be too apt
tu rest contented with the plants we at present
cultivate ; but a knowledge of the whole vege-
f iible kingdom will, as it has already done, enable
iiirn to make use of others. Within the last
-I Ml years tho Potato, Turnip, Swede, Mangel
A\'urzel, Kohl Eabi, Italian Eye-grass, the
I lovers, Iiucerne, Sainfoin, and many other
]ilant3 have been added to the formerly scant
list of farm crops ; and we are constantly hearing
of the proposed introduction either of a new kind
of Vetch, Clover, Grass, or other forage crop,
some of which wUl doubtless be found well
adapted to certain districts and climates, while
elhcrs will be rejected.

We havo now shown several substantial proofs
of the practical use of scientific knowledge to
ai^riculture ; the examples chosen have been such
tiiat even they who take the most mercantile
viow, that unless money is put into their pocket,
tiny will not confess to any advantage, must bo
satisfied that some good has been already done,
and considering the short time that the firm of
" Pi-actire and Science " has been established,
that incalculably more will eventually be done.

We havo still the most difficult part of our
subject before us, namely, the practical use of a
knowledge of science to the individual farmer.
The considei'atiou of this important question
would render the present article too long : we
hope therefore to pur.sue the subject in a future
-number. If.

Our readers will not forget that on Wednesday

next Jlr. Stkaffoed disiioses by auction of the
Short-horn held of Mr. E. L. Betts, to which we have
already called their attention. A special train leaves
Charing Cross at 9 A.M. on the morning of the sale,
calling at London Bridge, and returning from Ayles-
ford at C P.M. On the following day the entire Short-
horn herd of Mr. D. MclNTOsn, at Havering Park,
Romford, will he sold, containing many animals of the
Oxford, Barrington, and Waterloo families, as already
announced.

■ The Cattle Plague lingers, notwithstanding

that on several occasions blank weeks have been
reported. There was no case again during the week
ending April 13, but the return for the week ending
Saturday, April 20, reports two fresh outbreaks,
embracing five attacks. One occurred on premises
containing three cows, in the petty sessional division
of Bakewell (county of Derby), and the other on a
farm having a stock of 28 cattle, in the petty sessional
division of Barton-on-Humher. In the former case
one cow was attacked, and was killed by order of the
Inspector; in the latter, four steers contracted the
disease, three of which were killed by order of the
Inspector, and one died. The total number of cattle
reported to have been attacked in Great Britain since
the commencement is 253,902, and 52,703 animals have
been slaughtered healthy to prevent ihe spread of the
disease.

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

(From our Correspojtoest.)

Although we were disappointed at the arrange-
ments of the agricultural department at Billancourt,
still the reader must not suppose that the exhibition
there is altogether devoid of interest, or that it does
not comprise much that is really practically and at the
same time suggestively interesting. We would draw
in the first place the attention of the visitor to a
small, hut an interesting collection of hydraulic
apparatus useful in rural occupations. M. J. J. Aubry,
of 18G, Hue Lafayette, Paris, exhibits a pump which
possesses, or is said to possess, considerable adv.antages.
It is at tho same time a lifting and forcing
pump, and tho peculiar construction of the valves
renders thom less liable to obstructions than is usually
the case. Chain-pumps, or rather chain and bucket
pumps, seem to bo thought highly of amongst French
arme rs, more especially for lifting litiuid manure, to

judge from tho number of this chiss of machines.
A very ingeniously arranged double pump is exhibited
at Billancourt by M. Fusellier Coutelcau a Saumur
( Maine et Loire) ; it is worked by a ijendulum move-
ment. A framework carries a horizontal shaft,_ to
which an oscillating movement is given by moving
to and fro a long pendulum rod or lover, to the lower
end of which a iicavy bob or weight is attaihed.

Some good arrangements arc to ho noticed at Billan-
court for working pumps hv horse and by_ engine
power. There is in this department considerable
scope for suggestive comparison with the work of our
own makers, which w'e need scarcely say will stand tlic
comparison, if upon no other ground, certainly upon
that of sujierior workmanship. Hero wo are pre-
eminent. At the same time we should notice that the
identical process of improvement in this re-spect is at
work on tlio Continent which was gone through with
our agricultural implement makers— and whicli with
some of them even yet is being gone through— years
ago. It is now the calm dispassionate opinion of the
first of our engineers that our Continental rivals are
fast treading upon our heels ; already a large amount
of work is being done by them, not only for their own
people, hut even for us, which not so long ago would
have naturally come to us as the only engineers able to
do it.

The Island of Billancourt is divided transversely by
the public road into two parts ; the one on the left-
hand side entering by the side of the river, over which
the handsome steel trellis bridge, : lluded to in our last
article, is thrown, being devoted to the sheds which
are to contain the animals, and those for the reception
of machines and implements ; this forming the least
of the two parts into which the island is divided
as above stated. By far the largest part of the island,
entering from the entrance on the opposite side 9f the
road, is devoted to plots of land upon which particular
styles of cultivation are to be; shown. At the present
early part of the season these display nothing of interest;
some of them are being covered with a green growth,
others still look bare and uninviting. A range of^
land along the river is devoted to examples of
different modes of growing Hops, while near it is
the plot devoted to the same purposes in con-
nection with Tobacco. Part of the park near this
latter plot is devoted to a collection of agricultural
implements and machines, some of which are remark-
ably uncouth-looking concerns, but of which more,
probably, hereafter. Why they are placed here
and not in the park on the other side of the road,
devoted specially to implements and machines, we
cannot say. For the sake of some of the objects
exhibited it would have been kinder to their exposants
had they been huddled up amongst a crowd of other
objects ; so that the marked prominence which is at
present given to them, and which they do not deserve,
would have been spared. On this part of the island,
and also, if necessary, on the Island of Seguin, within
a stone's throw of the extreme end of the Island of
Billancourt, the trials of the implements and machines
used in the preparation and cultivation of the soil and
cro])S will lie proceeded with. Things are by no means
at present promising as to the interest which will be
attached to these trials.

It is a curious thing, which doubtless the experience
of our readers has more than once shown to be true, that
those arrangements of public gatherings which do not
start fair never seem to recover themselves, but the ill-
luck which went with them at the beginning follows
them to the end ; it is, as the French themselves say,
the first step which involves the cost in the result. We
fear this evil luck with which the agricultural depart-
ment at IJillancourt has begun will follow it to the end.
There are some things which look so well at the first
that we instinctively feel assured that they will
succeed in their career ; the converse of this is also true,
and we confess that our first look at Billancourt did
not by any means convince us that it was to have a
promising career. To quote another French proverb,
we fear the play will not be worth the candle.

THE WATER SUPPLY OF LONDON FROM
THE UPPER THAMES.

In any scheme for furnishing London with water it
is not necessary to provide the means of supplying the
entire population. There are already eight or nine
Water Companies, and I think to supjily one- third or to
add one-third to the present means would insure an
abundance. In such case it would only be necessary to
provide for a million of the inhabitants. Eighty-four
square miles of watershed will supply a million of
people with 30 gallons per head per day, and to ett'ect
this there will require to be abstracted from the
Thames directly, or intercepted at the confluence of
the Windrush, a little more than half its waters ; or at
the confluence with the Coin nearly all its waters ; or
at the confluence of the Ock four-fifths of its waters ; or
to be taken from the Churn and Ampney Brook four-
fifths of their waters. The water would have to be
taken to London by an aqueduct, conduit, or pipes,
and this may be accomplished without the help of
steam or any other power. There is a fall from the
mouth of the Coin to Paddiugton of about 3 feet per
mile, which is suflicient to convey the water_ and
distribute the same over any part of London which is
at a lower level than Paddington, by the force of gravity
alone, which power costs nothing.

I think few persons will be disposed to doubt that by
proper management under the Thames Commission
this quantity can be spared from the river, with little
or no effect upon the Thames itself.

I am prepared to show that with a very moderate
expenditure the quantity of water descending the
Churn and Coin m.ay be greatly increased, and a very
large quantity sent doivn to the Thames which is at
present absorbed in the passage over the under oolite

rock, which is very porous in this district. Tho
increase which may be obtained from the Churn alone,
will be sullicient for more than half a million of inha-
bitants, but this is now lost to the Thames.

Tho conveyance of this 81. square miles of rainfall to
London may appear to present insuperable difliculties.
There are dillicuUies; hut I think not greater than
those of an ordinary kind. For the purpose of carrying
out this schonie, 1 should recommend the formation of
a new Water Company, whose engineers would soon
see how to overcome the dilliculties, if there are any.

In ordinary sea.sons there is an aimndanco of water
in the Thames and its tributaries, but in times of a
long continuance of dry weather it diminishes con-
siderably, and in consequence storing will be indis-
pensable in two of tlie following schemes : —

1. At a place called Langlcy Wear, near Appleton,
in the county of Berks, and nearly opposite the place
where the Windrush joins the Thames, about seven
miles below Witney, the water maybe taken directly
from the Thames, and conveyed by conduit, or other-
wise, in a straight line to near Didcol Station on the
Great Western Railway, and thence by the side of the
railway to Paddington.

By the Great Western Railway it is G3 miles to
Didcot, and from Didcot to Langley Wear nine miles,
making the distance from Langley Wear to Padding-
ton 62 miles.

The water may be stored for use in dry seasons at or
near London, or at one or more places on the line of
conduit between Langley and London.

2. At the confluence of the Windrush with the
Thames the water of the Windrush may be taken and
conducted to Paddington as above, and reservoirs for
storing made either at the mouth of the Windrush at
or near London, or in both places, or at other places
on the line between Langley. and Paddington. The
distance as above is 02 miles.

3. At the mouth of the Coin, about a mile above
Lechlade, a reservoir may be constructed into which
may be conducted the w*aters of the Coin, the Ampney
Brook, and the Churn. Those rivers would have served
all the punioses of the inhabitants on their courses
previously to reaching the points where it will be
desirable to divert them, and there would be no objec-
tion to the water being retained in a reservoir
previously to the usual dry season of the year. The
water may be conducted through the vale of the
Thames to the previously-mentioned point on the river
called Langley Wear, and thence it might be taken to
Paddington as before stated. The distance from the
mouth of the Coin is 72 miles, and the fall from
Lechlade to Langley Wear 20 inches per mile, and
from Langley Wear to Paddington 3 feet per mile.
The mouth of the Windrush is very well suited for a
large reservoir, and the mouth of the Coin is most
favourable. The Coin joins the Thames at or near
this spot, but on the opposite side, and in case of need
could be made use of. Steam engines might be placed
so as to pump from the Fuller's earth, a little south-
eastward of the " Thames Head," and the water thus
obtained would descend through pipes to the reservoir
at the confluence of the Coin with the Thames. It
will be necessary to store up water for sLk w'eeks or
more, and this may probably be done at both ends of
the works, or at one end, or at intermediate places, to
provide against unusual and extremely dry seasons.
The proposed lines of conduits will cross the river Ock
at or near to Marcham Meadow Farm, two miles above
Abingdon, at which place a large quantity of water
may be taken and sent on to London if it should be
required.

A million of inhabitants require 178,000 cubic yards
per day, and 42 times this would have to be stored.
Reservoir room would, therefore, have to be provided
for 7 or 8 millions of cubic yards of water ; should larger
reservoir accommodation be necessary, it may be had
to any extent. It is only a question of expense.

The impurity of the water of the Thames has been
spoken of by writers on the subject; but the passing
of a recent Act of Parliament will tend greatly to
remedy this. The smaller towns on the tributaries
beyond the three-mile limit, are preparing for the
disposal of the sewage by other means than letting it
descend into the streams running near or through
them.

I should think that any Company formed for the
purpose of supplying this million of the inhabitants
of London would be willing, and could afford to pay
an acknowledgment to the Thames Commissioners
for the privilege, and as compensation for being
allowed to take this water from the Thames. The
quantity to be taken per annum would be more than
05 millions of cubic yards, and the payment of a very
small fraction per yard, say Irf. for 90 cubic yards, would
create a revenue of 3000^. a year. The yearly income
of a Water Company at 5*. per head for a million of
people will be 250,000/.

This 3000?. a-year would enable the Thames Com-
missioners to improve the river, and in doing so very
greatly to improve the lands on its banks. This would
be a beginning, but the works should not be limited to
an outlay of a small sum per annum, to effect the im-
jirovements to which the Commissioners should direct
their attention.

The river from Cricklade to Oxford should be
straightened, deepened, and in some places widened,
and the inlets of all rivers, brooks, and streams would
have to be deepened to correspond on both sides for
some way up their course. Without going over the
ground it will not be easy to say what the cost of these
things will be or ought to be ; but I have an idea that
140,000/. or 150,000/. would carry out what is here
indicated. This money would have to be borrowed, and
reckoning at 4 per cent, on 140,000/., the interest would
come to 5600/. per annum. A rate of 2.?. Zd. per acre
on 50,000 acres of land between Cricklade and Oxford,
which would be greatly improved by the works, will

Ui

THE GARBII^EIIS' CMONICLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Apeil 27, 1867.

amount to 5625?. This would be a very moderate
charge on the land, the greater part of which would
be increased in value to the extent of from 5s. to 11.
per acre per annnm. The rate would have to be risen
on the lands in proportion to the extent of the improve-
ment of each field by the works, and not on an average
of the district to which the operations may extend.

The SOOOl. a-year which is proposed to be derived
from a future Water Company would meet the official
and other expenses, and leave something to form a
fund for future repairs, extensions, and improvements
of the works, and any excess might accumulate and be
used from time to time in reducing the borrowed
capital. ^.G,S., Cirencester, April, 1867.

The first five occupations in the above list had
sufficient ground for keeping two or more cows both
winter and summer.

Farticulays contiiiued, but taken from a different part of the
Riding.

Deaciiptionof Labouixr.

MILK FOE. THE LABOURER.

[The following account of the system of cow-keeping as
practised in the North of EngLind, as regards the supply of
milk to the Labouring classes, has been communicated by Mr.
Sturgess to the Milk Committee of the Society of Arts, and
published in the Society's Journal.]

The system of cow-keeping practised by a portion of
theagrioultural labouring class living in the agricultural
villages in the north of England is of old growth, and has
now become, to a certain extent, an institution of the
district. There can be no doubt in the minds of those
who have seen it in operation that it has tended to the
improvement of the position of the industrious and
painstaking labourer, enhanced in a material degree
his home comforts, given him an interest in the
locality, and bound him with a tie of no ordinary
character to the occupation he holds ; further, it has
been the means of retaining in districts many steady,
good workmen, who have been of essential service to
the farmer located with him in the same parish. This
system of cow-keeping, I think, may be considered an
elder member of the garden allotment system, for the
aim of the latter was, no doubt, to advance further, but
in another form, the principle of getting the labourer
to settle down, by attaching to his cottage a small plot
of garden ground, wherein ne could occupy the leisure
hours of himself and children, and thus add to his means
for procuring more comforts for his family. Before
giving particulars of the system, it would be well first
to mention that it necessarily involves some additional
expenses to be incurred by the owner, in providinf; the
needful accommodation for cow-keeping, and sub-divid-
ing the land with quick fences or post and rails into
small and convenient-shaped holdings; and although
this expense at first sight may appear heavy, yet I do
not doubt that, with the increased rent generally
obtained for the cottage and land over what is paid by
the neighbouring tenant-farmer for similar land, the
cottager pays interest, in the shape of rent, for the
additional accommodation that has to be provided for
him under this system. The addition.al accommodation
maybe stated simply to consist of a small additional
space being required in the cottage for a dairy, say
about 8 feet long by about 6 feet wide. The cow-house
should be about 12 feet long and 8 feet wide ; this
would give room for one cow and a calf, or, if the
latter was not kept, two cows might be accommodated.
The pig stye cannot be called an addition, it being
generally attached to all cottages in agricultural
villages. The extra cost, therefore, for dairy room in
house, with cowhouse, would not be more, I estimate,
than from 20Z. to 25i. ; in fact, in many places, the
accommodation required is put up at a very trifling
expense.

I now beg to add the following particulars in regard
to the extent of land occupied with cottages under this
system, the amount of rent paid, with a description of
the class of labourer holding those tenancies in the
North, and which, I must observe, more particularly
refers to the North Riding of Yorkshire :—

1. Village carpenter

2. General farm labourer

3. ditto ditto

4. ditto ditto

5. ditto ditto

6. Village schoolmaster

7. ,, smith

8. Gener.al farm laboiu-er

9. Village shoemaker . .

Land
occupied.

Rent paid

for Land

and Cottage.

R. p.
0 39
2 22

2 18

3 34

2 0

3 3
0 28
0 22
0 9

.£ s. d.

12 9 0

6 0 6

9 12 0
0
0

7 10 0

13 14
9 10
10 0

Description of Labourer.

1. Worked in a brewery

2. General farm labourer

3. ditto ditto.

4. Bricklayer

5. General farm Labourer

6. ditto ditto

Land
occupied.

Rent paid

for Land

and Cottage,

0 36

2 15

1 22

3 13
1 14
3 22

& s.
10 10
16 15
15 10
14 2
6 12
10 6

The houses attached to the above occupations are
good, and where the land held exceeded 2 acres, the
tenants had increased accommodation for additional
stock keeping. I may also add that, in connection
with the above tenancies, the tenant had the oppor-
tunity of "gating" out his cow during summer in a
gentleman's park adjoining the village, thus giving
him an opportunity of cutting his own Grass for hay.
The cost, I may note, for pasturing a cow from May-
day to Michaelmas {20 weeks) varies from 60s. to 80*.,
according to size of animal.

Particulars of certain Occupation.% continued, but taken from
anotjier part of liidinf/.

Description of Labourer.

Land
occupied.

Rent paid

forLjindand

Cottage.

1.

3.
4.

.■;.
c.

7.
8.
9.

General farm labourer .

Worked on the public roads . .

Gentleman's servant

Village blacksmith
,, carpenter

General f.arm labourer . . -j
ditto ditto .. f
ditto ditto .. f
ditto ditto .. J

A.

10
5

5
4
6

8
5

R. P.

1 21
0 2

0 27

2 34

1 33

2 19 past
2 Omea

1

£. !. d.

13 10 0
10 19 0
12 10 0

14 14 0
21 0 0

8 5 0
ure 8 5 0
dow 8 5 0

8 5 0

The four last occupations had a pasture field allotted
among them, containing Ba. 2r. 19p., so they all grazed
an equal number of cows in it. The meadow field,
5a. 2r. Op., was divided by stakes into four portions, so
that each knew his own meadow piece for cutting.

In some of those last-named occupations, where the
quantity of land was not sufficient for pasturing a cow
during summer, and reserving a portion to cut for hay,
the cottager either got a grant to run his cow in the
lanes, or, if that was not obtained, he generally got
pasturage with a neighbouring tenant-farmer.

In reference to the disposal of the produce of the cow,
it may be stated that, as a general rule, it is made into
butter, for which in the district there is a steady and
regular demand, arising principally from the increase of
large manufacturing towns in the Riding. It is,
however, not to be understood that no milk from the
cow is sold ; on the contrary, where any labourer in a
village is without a cow he can have a good supply at
Id. per pint. Under those circumstances there is no
lack to those desirous of obtaining it. Of the skim milk
which is left after the cream is taken off, part is used
by the family, and part is sold, the remainder going to
help the feeding of one or two pigs.

From a personal knowledge of the system, extending
over more than 20 years, I can speak to its beneficial
effect in promoting industry, giving greater comfort and
many additional luxuries to the labouring man's family,
and also as having been the means of promoting socially
his own and children's advancement. In many instances
I have known that it has helped the labouring man to
place one or two of his sons in a useful trade ; and as
regards the female portion, it has helped, by the duties
incident to their position while at home, to prepare
them for making useful servants to the farmers and
others resident in the district. In respect to any diffi-
culty in obtaining tenants for those small occupations,
I can only add, that on a vacancy occurring it is eagerly
inquired after, and soon a choice of tenants offers ;
further, as to punctual discharge half-yearly of the
rents, it is satisfactory to state that an arrear rarely, if
ever, occurs ; I have never known one.

The success which, as shown by the foregoing
remarks, attends the cow-keeping system, has only
been attained by the length of time it has been in
operation, as it must be evident to every one who has
made inquiry into its working, that a great deal
depends upon the management and skill which the
labourer's wife can bring to bear to the occupation, it
being left principally in her hands to manage ; other-
wise without that skill it could not be expected to
succeed. It may also be noticed that the system
under consideration is now so far recognised as to the
advantages which it has conferred, that there is a
regular prize now offered by the local agricultural
associations for the best cottager's cow; and in this
class at those local gatherings cows of excellent quality
are exhibited. The cow clubs are also numerous among
them, where, by a small annual payment, the loss of a
cow is provided against.

In making a few concluding remarks as to how this
cow-keeping system could be applied to the south, I
may note, first, as regards the land, that I think the
Grass lands of the north are better, as well as the
herbage ; they are also, in the neighbourhood of the
villages, divided into small fields, suitable for this
class of occupation. I have not found this so in some
of the districts of South London. This, however, in
itself, need not be a fatal objection to a trial of the
system, if other circumstances were favourable. Of
course, in the chalky districts, where the Grass lands
are very poor, the system could not be introduced with
any fair prospect of success, for owing to the quantity
of artificial food which would have to he purchased to
assist to keep a cow in condition on this description of
land, the expense of this artificial food would deprive
the system of the advantages it is presumed to confer.
Taking, however, the other districts of the south,
where the Grass land is of fair quality, and where
facilities would be given for dividing a few Grass fields
into suitable occupations for the keep of a cow, there
is the practical difficulty yet to be got over, that
neither the labourer nor his wife, especially the lattet ,
is qualified by previous experience to undertake the
management of cows ; further, it is not a system that
can be taken np at once, although funds may not be
wanting for providing the cows, &c. It is upon the
experience of the housewife that so much depends to
make the occupation of advantage, aided no doubt by
the co-operation and assistance which she receives
from her children, who are early instructed m
those duties. In my experience of the south, I should
say that it is next to impossible to find a female, wife
or servant, that can milk, let alone knowing anything
about butter-making and other duties attendmg the
successful working of the system. Further, it is far
from general that the labouring man knows anythint;
about cows, or is able to milk one, and, therefore
however well the system may be shown to answer
in the north, it would not follow, from the circum-
stances before noted, that if tried it might be equally
successful in the south.

The economy of living and the food consumed by the
I labouring class in the South are very different to the

custom in this respect in the North; in the latter
more animal food being taken and more milk used,
whereas in the former meat does not enter into
consumption, except to a limited extent, and, in the
place of milk, beer or cider is the substitute. The use
of the two latter as a part of the domestic economy of
the labouring man's household is, I am afraid, a great
inducement to his visiting and being found often at
the beer house.

If the system could by any means be introduced,
there is no doubt that much good might be derived
from it, not only in elevating the position and
character of the labouring class, adding greatly to his
home comforts, but also further (which^ I should
myself put some stress upon), in the duties which
would necessarily be throvvn upon the family ;
these would tend to qualify them for making good and
creditable servants, who would thus be more conversant
with the duties required of them in many situations
they might be called upon to take.

These few suggestions have occurred to me in the
consideration of this subject ; no doubt more detail
could be entered into if space was available, but I trust
the little I have adduced in reference to this matter
may be of service in helping to bring into notice a
branch of cottage economy which I believe has been
and is now doing good service in the north of England.

In reference to the foregoing memorandum. Lord De
L'Isle writies :—

The above able and comprehensive remarks of Mr.
Sturgess so thoroughly explain the subject, that com-
ment on my part is almost unnecessary.

I would simply observe that the system of cow-
keeping in the north of England is one of long standing,
the growth of years, and it has tended much to the
comfort of the labouring class. Whether such a system
could be established, in suitable districts in the south,
with fair prospect of success, is a question which
requires some consideration.

The principle of allotments has answered well in
certain places, in others it has not met with the same
amount of success.

The habits of the labourers in the north differ much
from those of the south, and in the management of a
dairy much depends on the skill, cleanliness, and
industry of the wife.

In the north most of the labouring classes are well
acquainted with the management of dairy stock, but
this is not the case in most parts of the south of
England, where great difficulty exists in finding either
a man or a woman who can even milk properly.

These are some of the difficulties which would attend
the introduction of this system ; but I cannot help
thinking that, from the success it meets with in the
north, it is well worthy the attention of landlords, as a
means of giving to the labourer a more permanent
interest in the soil, and by his own industry and good
management adding many comforts to his home. It
would also enable him to sell milk in small quantities
to those of his own class who now frequently experience
great difficulty in obtaining even a limited supply.

Home Correspondence.

Sorghum tartarieum.— Messrs. Carter having adver-
tised the Sorghum tartaricum as capable of producing
60 bushels of corn per acre, and as being four times more
nutritious than Wheat, and capable also of making
cows yield twice the quantity of milk as green food, we
are anxious to know when and where this Sorghum
was grown. I have some of the seed, but I perfectly
agree with your Paris correspondent that it will not
rfpen here, and if Messrs. Carter will give us the name
of their friend who has grown it in this country we shall
be obliged to them, or if they will assure us on their
own knowledge that this Sorghum will yield a grain of
the value they would lead us to believe, and in the
quantity they through their friend represent, many may
be induced to give them 2s. 6rf. for a few seeds ; if they
cannot do so, I do not envy them the half-crowns they
may obtain from their advertisement, which states this
Sorghum to be the most important introduction of this
century. An Enquirer for Self and Others, Brighton.

Imperfect Implements.— We have just cross-harrowed
19 acres of our heavy land Wheat in one day, with two
horses and a youth, each horse going half the day.
This was done as soon after the horse-hoeing as the
surface became dry. The harrows were of wood, with
steeled teeth. The more perfect cultivation and saving
in horse-labour by having steeled instead of iron teeth
is considerable. The cost of relaying once in two years
is only 13s. per set more than the inferior iron teeth,
which pass over, but do not so deeply enter the soil.
J. J, Mechi, April 11.

RoY.lL Dublin.— The Spring Show has taken place
during the past week, and has realised the best expec-
tations both in the number of entries and in the quality
of the stock, particularly the Short-horns, of which
there were 195 bulls and 120 cows and heifers. The
great prizes of the Society are the challenge cups. The
first of these is the Townley Plate, value V>U. The
cup was originally presented by the Messrs. Purdon,
proprietors of the Irish Farmers' Gazette, for the
animal of the breeding classes which, in the opinion of
the judges, possesses the greatest merit. It was per-
manently won by Colonel Townley, who contributed
100 guineas to replace it, to which sura the Society has
added 50i. It has been won this time by Mr.
Richard Challoner, of Kingscourt, Moynalty, for
his Short -horned bull "Sovereign," to which
was also awarded the 201. prize and bronze
medal for the best Short-horned bull calved in 186b.
The other great prize is the Irish Railway Challenge
Cup, value 150i., to be awarded to the best bull Ot

I

Apuil 27, 1867.]

Till', GAliDENKRS' CIlIiONICLE AND AGRICULTUllAL (iAZKTTR

413

any breed, over two years ami under five years of
age. Tliis cup was won liy Mr. Edward J. Smith, of
Islanmoro, Croom, for his Imll " Lictor," which alst)
carried off the 10'. prize and hronzo medal. Anion','
other e.-ihibitors who won prizes lor bulls were Mr.
llobert G. Cosley,' Stradbally Hall, Queen's County,
tlio Marquis of Dro;^heda, and Mr. J. JloH'it, of
iloniseorthy. In the Class of Sliorl-hnrned Vearling
Heifers, tlio prizes were won by Mr. J. Meadows,
AVe.vford ; Mr. J. Anderson, \Vaterford ; and iMr.
11. Welsted, of Castle Roche. C'ousidorablo interest
was felt as to the award to be t^ivcu to the section
for cows of any a^e, in which there were 11 entries,
the exhibitors including Mnjor Hamilton, Sir A. J.
Bellin^'bam, and Sir Percy Nu'.:!ent. Tlie judses gave
their iiat in favour of Sir A. J. Bellingham for both
1st and '2i\ prizes, the former being taken by " Jlyrlle"
and the latter by " Dewdrop." There was a consider-
able show of Kerrys. In this department the prizes
were won by Mr. U. S. Cusacl(, Captain Bagley, Mr.
T. Ikitler, Mr. A. Comyns, and Mr. J. Brady.

The first silver medal for the best Short-horned
heifer, not exceeding four years old, was won by an
animal exhibited by Major Burroives, of Newbridge.
The second silver medal was awarded to a heifer belong-
ing to one of the largest farmers in Ireland, Mr. jVlleu
Pollok, county of Galway. In the other varieties of
cattle, comprising Devons, Alderneys, and Ayrshire.s,
the competition was small.

Among the first entries of sheep Mr. W. Ovven, of
Blesinton, obtained the 1st prize for the best Leicester
shearling ram, and Jlr. A. Pollok for the best fat wedder.

The exhibition of implements, macbines, seeds,
manures, vehicles, &c., is unusually large, no fewer
than 57 firms being represented. There are 10 stands
in the Shelbourne Hall, 10 in the courtyard and Sbel-
bourne yirds, and 29 iu the galleries of the Agricul-
tural Hall. All the modern implements and appliances
are shown, and the visitor may acquaint himself with
all the newest inventions which the march of science
has given to the agricultural world.

Farmers' Clubs.

ClBENCESTEE : Atiricultiiral Education.— At the
April meeting of the Cirencester Club, E. Bowly, Esq.,
in the chair, the Chairman said it was true in agri-
culture as in other things that " knowledge is power."
It had bf-en said, scientific farmers never got any
money. They were not always the cleverest people who
acquired wealth. One of the cleverest men of modern
times was Mr. Cobden, and be was not very successful
either iu getting money or in keeping what he did get.
Still he was a great advantage to society. With regai'd
to science in agriculture, he thought it could be made
of the greatest possible advantage to them, and ho
hoped the paper of Mr. Lawrence would elicit much
discussion on tlie subject. The question was one that
had for some time past engaged the attention of the
Eoyal Agricultural Society, and two diflferent views
were taken of it. He trusted that those of the Council
who wished to give a more practical bearing to agri-
cultural education would be in the majority.

Mr. L iwEEUCE said : I have during the last 20 years
enjoyed much intercourse with the agricultural com-
munity, and the result of my observation has been
that the nature and extent of the education hitherto
deemed sufficient foi; a young man destined to follow
agriculture as a business is very inadequate, and alto-
gether ignores the fact that the practice of truly
economical agriculture demands the previous acquisi-
tion of knowledge specially applicable to that pursuit
which has been in the course of progressive development
more particularly throughout that period. It is that
conviction which has induced metopropose agricultural
education as the subject of our consideration.

A notion seems to have been generally enter-
tained amongst the jjrogenitors of the present race
of farmers, that farming is an exception to the dis-
cipline deemed essential in all other callings, namely,
that young men who have completed their general
education at the age of 16 should enter on an
apprenticeship for a certain term of years, and then
occupy a further period in maturing the information
acquired during their apprenticeship before they are
deemed qualified to undertake the responsibility of
independent action. Is there any reasonable ground
for that exception ? If agriculture consisted merely
of ploughing, and sowing the seeds, gathering in the
produce, and such manipulations, and the selection
of the proper times and seasons for such operations,
it might be granted that a limited observation and
experience would be a sufficient training. But those
operations, however important, form but a limited
portion of the art of agriculture, in the most extended
sense of the term, considered as a means of gain-
ing a livelihood in these days. How about the arts
of manuring, the breeding and feeding of stock
on the farm ? I venture to say there yet exists a
lamentable want of the due appreciation of the extent
of knowledge absolutely essential to economical
and therefore successful agriculture as a profession.
Young men, not much inclined to study and mental
exercise, are too apt to be influenced by stories of
fortunes made by their comparatively illiterate
grandsires in farming. I remember, some 50 years
ago, in conversation with a farmer who had realised a
good fortune about the close of the last century, his
observing "There was a time, sir, when farmers had
only to hold their pots out and it rained porridge
into them." Those w'ere days of low rents, high
prices, little competition at home, and none from
abroad ; now all these conditions have been changed ;
and to enable a young farmer of the present day to
maintain his position, under actual circumstances,
deinands a considerable amount of knowledge to
begin with, and that very skilfully applied in prac-
tice. Until a recent period farmers have been very

unnecessarily scared at tho very name of science,
as if it involved somo special mysteries intelligible
only to tho learned. Science is really a very innocent
term, derived from the Latin word scio, to know, and
simply signifies real knowledge— they aro convertible
terms; and, as applied to our present subject, repre-
sent established facts and principles on which entire
reliance may be placed, as compared with mere
usages, theories, and speculations. I may further
elucidate this distinction by an observation of a Creek
pliilosopher more than 2000 years ago; "To know
and to understand, belong rather to science than
experience ; and we think that the scientific are
wiser than those who derive their knowledge only
from cxitorience, hccau-c in all men wisdom springs
from knowledge rather than from any other source.
Those who are skilful from exiierienco only know,
indeed, that a thing is— they do not know why it is;
the scientific know the why and tho cause of a thing."
On occasional intercourse with some of tho sons of
farmers, I have been much struck with their defici-
ency even in elementary education — with the conse-
quent absence of any desii'e for the acquirement of
any knowledge beyond that wdiich they could see in
the limited sphere around them ; that they neither
read, nay, are unacquainted with tho existence of tho
periodical agricultural literature of th& day, iu which
is recorded investigations and exiieriments of the
greatest interest and importance to tlieni, which are in
course of prosecution in all parts of the kingdom. In
illustration of the advantage of such reading, I may
observe that I lately found in one number of the
AuricuUural Oazette (23d February) amongst other
interesting matter, no less than three articles replete
with instruction -one by the editor, showing the rela-
tive value and cost of various foods for '' working
animals on the one hand, and growing creatures on the
other;" another being Professor AYrightson's introduc-
tory Lecture to Agricultural Students at the Ciren-
cester College, in which the lecturer treated the
subject under our consideration with great ability ;
and the other, a paper read by Mr. Henry Cox
before the Kingscote Agricultural Club " On the
Ph.vsical Condition of the Agricultural Labourer."

No farmer, proposing to bring up liis son to agri-
culture as a business, shouhl rest satisfied with any
preliminary education for him short of that which
would qualify him to pass the middle class exami-
nations now established. Having thus acquired
the requisite foundation for any future occupa-
tion, the first step for the student in any
special art or manufacture should be to attain
an intimate knowledge of all the materials on which
he will have to operate, and exercise his skill. The
farmer is, to a great extent, a manufacturer. He has
to produce many varieties of grain and green crops,
and to build up beef, mutton, &c. His first inquiry
would rationally be into the elements of which these
several articles are compounded. These have, of late
years, been so frequently reduced to their elements,
both by English and foreign chemists of unquestionable
reputation, and the results have been recorded in print,
that such knowledge has become readily accessible. The
next step, in respect of nianuring,would be to ascertain to
what extent the land he is about to occupy contains, or
is deficient in, the most essential elements for the pro-
duction of the crops he will have to raise. On this
point he will have occasion for the aid of a chemist.
By these means he will obtain the most reliable know-
ledge as, to any essential element in which his land may
be naturally deficient, and be enabled to regulate his
manuring accordingly. As a general rule, farm-yard
manure, when carefully made, and skilfully preserved,
will supply all the necessary materials whether for his
cereal, gr.ain, or root crops. But where is such manure
to be seen ? There exist also abundant analyses pub-
lished of every article in use for manuring purposes,
from which the student may readily select that best
adapted for his specific object, or for his particular
soil. Then, as respects the successful economical
feeding of his various stock, there is much knowledge
to be previously acquired. Every tyro in agriculture
will know how to put flesh and fat on an animal at
more or less cost, and in more or less time ; but
economical feeding to accomplish those results is
quite another affair. The student must, in the first
place, inform himself of the constituents of bone,
flesh, fat, &c. Secondly, of the elements of which
the various articles of food wdiich present theniselves
to his choice are composed. Iu both these particulars
the requisite information has been also provided ready
to his hand in the printed analyses of our agricultural
chemists. Whether his immediate purpose be to pro-
vide suitable food for the growth of a young animal—
to increase the weight of flesh, or fat, or both, on a
full- grown animal— for the increase of his dairy pro-
duce, or for the feeding of his sheep or pigs, he may
find all the requisite information at the sources to
which I have referred. I point out these, it must bo
borne in mind, merely as economic aids, which must
be followed out by close observation, and many details
of management on which our time on this occasion
does not admit of our entering. I should be much
misapprehended were it supposed that I considered a
knowledge of practical chemistry essential to a young
farmer. My purpose is rather to impress on his mind
that chemistry is the only sound foundation of
economic manuring and feeding — that the chemists
deal, not with opinions or speculations, but in the
demonstrative and quantitative resolution of com-
pounds into their elements— that implicit reliance may
therefore bo placed on their analyses, which, to say the
least of them, will afi'ord the farmer very impor-
tant aid iu determining the special food or manure
ap])licable to his particular wants. I have before
observed that such information is readily acces-
sible to the young farmer ; and I would suggest
as a commencement for his agricultural library.

Morton's " Encyclopaidia of Agriculture," comprising,
iis its title implies, information on every matter of
detail connected with the practice of agriculture which
ho may require from day to day, and that contributed
by the best authorities iu the various deiiartments of
the art ; Solly's " Rural Chemistry," and Cuthbert
.Johnson's " Agricultural Chemistry " are chci'ip little
books, and very useful elementary works. To these
may be added .Johnston's " Lectures on Agriculture;"
the Lectures and Treatises of Dr. Voelcker, some of
which have been separately imblished, and which it
is hoped may be given to the public in a collected form,
as tho most important contributions to modern agri-
culture ; Liebig's " Laws of Husbandry ; " and, for
practical purposes, Mr. Morton's Hand Books;
.Johnston's " Chemistry of Common Life " should be
carefully read by every youth.

[ Is it not a remarkable fact, that while (he number
of farmers in J'jrigland is computed to amount to,
at the least, lOD.OOii, tho number of members in
tho Royal Agricultural Society of England does not
exceed 5000 ; and this, though the .annual subscription
is only U., which entitles a member to the numbers
of the Journal published half-yearly, in every ono
of which are to be found articles worth infi-
nitely more than the annual p,ayment to the
observant student, to say nothing of many other
valuable privileges of membership ? Amongst
numerous contributors of their knowledge and
experiments to this Journal it is sufticient to mention
the names of Professor Way, the late chemist to the
Society, and the present Professor, Dr. Voelcker, Mr.
Lawes, and Dr. Gilbert, yfho supply articles of the
utmost value to the practical agriculturist, containing
not only numerous analyses of foods and manures,
but reports of the results of their carefully-conducted
experiments. I may add interesting articles by Pro-
fessor Simonds, of the Royal Veterinary College, on
the diseases of animals and their treatment. If time
served I could give you numerous illustrations of tho
useful knowledge derivable from the sources to which
I have referred from my note-book, but I must confine
myself to two which caught my eye recently while
referring to it for another purpose — the one on the
selection of foods, and;the other on the preservation
of our home-made manure. Even the more careful
discriminators in the selection of artificial feeding
stufi's have not hitherto taken into account the value
of the excrements for manuring purposes at the same
time. Mr. Lawes, in a pa])er lately read by him
before the Dublin Royal Agricultural Society, stated

I " that there is far greater difference in the manuring
than in the feeding value of the ordinary stock foods
in the market." Agriculturists have usually estimated
the value of feeding materials mainly by the propor-
tion of nitrogen which they contain, but Mr. Lawes
observed, " the comparative value of our current stock
foods depends more on the digestible non-nitrogenous

' substances they contain than on their richness in
nitrogenous compounds ; but that the richer the food
in nitrogen the more valuable is the manure proceed-
ing from it." He added, " it may be stated that the
estimated value of the manure from 1 ton of oil-cake
is considerably more than that from the same quantity
of Linseed, Lentils, Beans, or Peas ; from two to three
times as much as that from one ton of Oats, Indian
Corn, Barley, or hay ; from seven to ten times as 'much
as from the same weight of Oat, Wheat, or Barley
straw ; and 20 times as much as from one ton of roots.
It is obvious, therefore, that in the selection of pur-
chased foods for stock it is very important to consider
their manuring, as well as their feeding values. One
illustration of this point will suffice. A ton of Locust
Beans will certainly not yield nitrogen in the manure
of animals feeding on it equal to more, if so much, as
281b. of ammonia, but a ton of Rape-cake will yield a
hundredweight, or four times as much. If, therefore,
we take the ammonia in tho manure at 7d. per lb., tho
amount of it obtained from the consumption of a ton
of Locust Beans ivould be only 16^. 6rf., whilst that
from a ton of Rape-cake will be 3/. 15s. id." Now
that is more than half the cost of the cake.

I have already adverted to the necessity for the
preserv.ation of our farm-j-ard manure. The waste of
this important agent is, within my observation, the
rule, even at this day. I have rarely met with an
exceptional case. My own treatment of it may be
seen on my farm previously to the distribution of the
remainder of it in the course^ of the spring. .Dr.
Voelcker was pleased to observe iu a publication some
years ago that it w.as the best mode of treatment he
had seen. In confirmation of my observations on
the mischief occasioned by the ordinary treatment I
should have been glad to give you from my notes the
particulars of four experiments performed by Dr.
Voelcker when at our College, and which I extracted
from a paper of his, " On a gi ven quantity of farm-yard
manure placed under circumstances of more or less
exposure." Each heap was weighed and analysed
when placed, in the November of one year, and again
in the months of February, April, August, and
November following. The results of each experiment
on actual analysis are most instructive, but for my
present purpose I will select No. 4 only as exemplify-
ing the waste and loss of the most important elements
under the ordinary mode of treatment. The loss in
weight was 30 per cent., and of this 2 per cent, only
was due to evaporation, the remaining 28 per cent,
representing an actual loss to that extent of eBectiye
constituents. Out of 59 pounds of soluble organic
substances originally present only 11 pounds were left.
Out of 23 pounds of soluble mineral matters— essential
elements of the manure— only 10 pounds remained.
Hardly a trace of the free ammonia -present at first
was left. The ammonia jircsent at the first in the
form of salts had almost disappeared ; that was a loss
of the vital property of tho manure. This is an
invaluable homestead lesson. My purpose has been to

444

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[Apeil 27. 1867.

impress upon the farmer in embryo the importance of
laying a sound foundation for his future operations
by storing his mind ^vith general principles, which
may be safely applied under any special circum-
stances of the position in "which he may chance
to be located; Hint in the selection of purchased
foods and manures he should avail himself of the aid
of the published analyses of the agricultural chemist;
that during his apprenticeship the evenings will
afford him opportunity of studying the standard
works on agriculture and the best periodicals of the
day, in which will be found progressive agriculture
in various pai'ts of the kingdom, and the results of
instructive experiments. In the course of such read-
ing, the student will_ meet with many details of prac-
tical importance which his memory would imperfectly
retain, hence the advantage of a note-book at hand in
"which such may be briefly recorded with reference to
the authority for the entry. This habit not only
impresses facts on the mind, but in the course of prac-
tice such memoranda become very useful for reference.
The selection of animals for breeding or feeding
purposes and the various operations on the farm to
which I have before adverted can only be mastered by
very close observation and experience.

In conclusion, I desire to impress upon the young
man destined to be a farmer thai the extent of the farm
must be within the limit of the capital at command to
insure success ; and secondly, that with the advantage
of the preliminary education I have shadowed forth he
should duly appreciate the numerous diOieulties with
which he will have to contend before he commits him-
self to an occupation. He must bear in mind that the
area of surface in this country capable of profitable
occupation is limited, while the competition for it is
greatly on the increase; that the inevitable result of
this will tend to an increase of rents ; that he will have
to encounter in the market the cereals and the live
stock of all kinds from more favoured countries,
and produced under more favourable circumstances
in respect of expense, and the gradual but certain
increase of the cost of labour. The manual labour
difficulty has been met to some extent by improved
machinery and the agency of steam power, and this
will be on the increase. This, however, will necessarily
involve more skilled workmen, and, consequently,
more skilled supervision on the part of the master and
a competent knowledge of elementary mechanics. For
want of such knowledge I have seen very useful imple-
ments discarded as useless, and expenses incurred which
might Jiave been easily avoided. In fine, I would
tender'to the young farmer the advice given by a cele-
brated man to his son, of general application :— " What-
ever you do, do it to the purpose, do it thoroughly,^
not superficially ; go to the bottom of things."
Discussion.

The Chairman said they must all feel deeply indebted
to Mr. Lawrence for the very able nnd Interesting paper which
he had read upon .a subject which was now engrossing so much
attention amongst agi-iculturists. It would be iu the remem-
brance of many present that about a quarter of a century ago
their lamented friend, Robert Brown, brought the same
subject before that vci y Club, and he should never forget the
spirited manner in which the matter was taken up by the
tenant farmers of this district. The result of their efforts was
that an institution was founded where their sons could receive
a good education at a moderate expense. They all knew how
that ended. He did not know whose fault it was. Perhaps
thoy got a little out of their depth ; but he should never cease
to regi'et that the men who then came so nobly forward should
have been so disappointed in the result. It was a standing
- fact that the College at Cirencester was founded by the tenant
farmers of this district, and it would always be a credit to
them. When the College was formed ho went as one of a
deputation to the Council of the Royal Agricidtural Society
to urge upon them the necessity of giving the insti-
tution their support, and he could not but conti-ast
the cold shoulder given them there with the earnestness and
ardoui' with which the agriculturists of this neighbourhood
came forward and worked. Although one of the conditions of
the charter of the Royal Agricidtural Society was that they
should encourage the education of those who were dependent
upon agiiculture for then- support, they would not help the
institution in any way. Many who then belonged to the
Council had passed from the stage of life. New blood had
been infused into the Society, and the question was now again
being mooted, how they could best encour.ige agricultural
education. Diffei-ent views were taken of the subject, but it
seemed to him that what they ought to do was to give all the
encoui-agement they could to that education which would
turn out young men practical agriculturists. He should be
glad to have the opinion of gentlemen present, because it
would strengthen those of the Council who took this view of
the question. It had been held that all the general education
needed by those who looked to agriculture for their support
was that which was necessary for passing an Oxford or Cam-
bridge middle-class examination, and as Mr. Lawi-ence had
kindly offered to give them particulars of what that exami-
nation was, he would ask him to do so.

Mr. La^vhence said a misapprehension existed as to what
was necessary for passing a Cambridge or Oxford middle-class
examination. Many people were not aware how simple the
educational test was. Some persons had an idea that it nercs-
sarily included classics and studies of that kind ; but no such
thing. There were three distinct classes in these examina-
tions - first, the lower class, provided at public expense ;
second, the middle class, for tradesmen, farmers, &c. ; and
third, the upper class, for the church, the professions, and so
on. Now, the middle class examination was very simple.
Take the Oxford regulations. To quote from a lecture
delivered to the students of the Royal Agricultural College by
the Principal, "Every candidate is required to satisfy the
examiners (1) in the preliminary subjects, viz., English
gr.immar, English composition, arithmetic, geogi-aphy, and
the outlines of English histoiy ; (2), the rudiments of faith
and religion ; besides which there are four divisions of
optional subjects, (1) Enghsh ; (2) Languages; (3) Mathema-
tics ; (4) Physics, each subdivided into four sections. . ,
An agi-icultural candidate might thus secure the title of
Associate of Ai'ts by satisfying the examiners in the preUmi-
nary subjects, as in the following two, (1) the outlines of
political economy and English law ; and (2) chemisti-y ; or in
these two, (1) pui-e mathematics to algcbniical geometry, and
(2) vegetable and animal physiology, all of which have a
decided beaiing upon his future profession." The Cambridge
system was equally simple, so that there would really be no
difficulty in passing a middle class examination.

Mr. Warner thought that what was termed agricultural
education was not half sufficiently appreciated by farmers in

general. He could mention many facts to prove this, but he
attributed no blame to the farmers for it. It took a long time
to alter the habits of people. It became every man to turn his
attention to his profession, and to perfect himself, as far as he
coidd, in it. A short time since he was talking to a respect-
able farmer of independent means some little distance from
Cirencester, and in the course of conversation he referred to
the interesting and valuable information contained in agricul-
tural journals, and asked the farmer whether he took iu one
of those publications. He said he never had, and from what
he could make out, he had never read a book on any agricul-
tural subject. This same gentleman, it transpired, had sent
two of his boys to school near London, in order to get them
out in the world, so that they would be better fitted for
society, thus showing that he was inclined to advance them in
manners and social refinement, while he paid but little
regard to real practical agricultural education. Referring to
manures, Mr. Warner showed how essential a knowledge of
chemistry was in order to discover their constituents and the
description of soil for which they were adapted. The subject
of manures was one of the greatest importance to agiicul-
turists, and he referred to a remark of Mr. Buckman, who,
when addressing some farmers of this district, exclaimed,
"Gentlemen, cherish your dung-hills." He advised farmers
to read works on agricultural subjects, and let them also
encourage their sons to study those exact points on which
success in agriculture rested. This, he submitted, could not
be efficiently done without the aid of such institutions as our
agricultural college. He sincerely hoped that practical agri-
cultural education, the importance of which could scarcely be
over-estimated, would receive greater attention in the future,
and that farmers tvould see the necessity of placing their sons
in the way of obtaining such sound and useful information as
tbat imparted at the Royal Agricultural College.

The Rev. Thomas Maurice said the Chairman had carried

his niind back 25 years, when they met to discuss a similar

question, and talked much in the same way as they were

talking now. He thought they must all admit that those 25

yearshad not been lost. There was doubtless now increased

intelligence amongst the agricultural community, and signs

of continued educational advancement were not wanting.

A remark made by the chairman suggested to his mind the

inquiry, " Why the Agidcultural College has not answered its

original design ? " It had been a very useful institution, and

he had no doubt that, collaterally, it had tended much to

advance agricultural education ; but it had not accomplished

that for which it was originally intended. It was at the

outset intended to be a place for the education of the sous of

farmers ; but they all knew that that had not been its

application. [Mr. La-\vren-ce : " Because they would not

come."] Notwithstanding all the energy that was put into it,

it had not answered its original purpose. Why ? While

readily admitting the honesty of the intentions of those who

I formded the institution, he was inclined to think that

it was carried too far, but probably the real cause of its

j non-success at first was the want of some preliminary

I preparation on the part of those who became students

there. _ There was a want of some means of general

education before going to the College, which means were

' now provided by middle class schools. We had nothing of

that kind in this neighbourhood. Jt might sorae day

I occur to the inhabitants of the district that a good middle-

j class school might be advantageously established here. That

I would be extremely beneficial to the farmer, because he would

I not onlj' be able to obtain the specific and professional eduea-

j tion which Mr. Lawrence had so ably set before them, but he

i would also be enabled to acquire that general education which

I was necessary if he was to take that position in society to

I which, he was happy to say, many were now rising. We knew

veiy well that to maintain a good social position education was

required ; and, as he took the liberty of showing when he had

I the privilege a short time since of opening a discussion there,

j the social position of the farmer was a very important one,

I and, in addition to a specific agricultural education, a general

I education was necessary to pive him a good standing amonsrst

j hi-s fellow men in society. This went to prove, as the Chair-

] man had remarked, that " knowledge is power." When a man

could take a good standpoint amongst his fellows he gained

I influence and power by it. [Mr. Maurice then referred at some

length to the education of the agricultural labourer.]

Mr. R. A. Iles, of Rcevey, said he was struck mth a remark
of the Chah-man, which was that a scientific man never got
money. If it was true that a scientific man never did get
money, that went rather against agricultunil education.
The Chairman instanced the case of Mr. Cobden, who, while
benefiting society, did not amass wealth himself. But a man
did not take a farm to benefit society, but to get a livelihood,
and that being his object, he should be thoroughly educated
in the scientific management of the farm he proposed to
occupy. What a faraier w.antcd was scientific education com-
bined with practice, and if a man had those quahfications he
possessed the best means of keeping his farm in a proper
state. With regard to the general education of intending
agriculturists, he did not believe in time being spent in
[ acquiring those accomplishments which would be < f no use to
1 them in the management of a farm. What they should be
; educated in and examined upon were such subjects as the
different descriptions of soils, the kind of crops adapted for
I them, the nature of the manures to be used, the management
of stock, and so on. He had always thought that the reason
] why scientific men looked with suspicion upon practical men,
and vice versa, was because the two were not combined. From
observations he had made ho was inclined to think that
scientific men made the greatest mistakes in the management
of stock. Now, looking at the present prices of stock, he
thought that farmers would turn their attention in that
du-ection more than they used to do, and hence lie held it to
be important that scientific men should devote more time to
matters connected with the management of stock. We heard
of science ia connection with land cultivation, but we hardly
heard enough of its application to the treatment of stock.

Tlie Chairman said Mr. lies made a mistake in attributing
to him the remark that scientific men never got money. He
did not put that foi-ward as his own opinion, but simply said
that such an assertion was often made. He did not think
that a man need be very clever to get money. At any rate,
he had Icnown many foolish ones get it. The fact of it was,
we were living by and on the education and science of others.
His gi'andfather took two days to get to London ; he could get
there in almost as few hours. This they owed to the scientific
work and invention of others. He had nothing to do with
making the railway— at least all he had to do with it was to
pay calls on shares when they were worth nothing. Science
iiad improved their condition in many other respects. Where
they threshed 50 quarters of Wheat now they formerly could
thresh but one, and there could be no doubt that the more
science spread it must tend to the good of the community.

Mr. Lawrence ; One gentleman wished to know how it was
the College did not succeed when first started. The payment
then was only 301. a-year, and it was soon found that, with
the aid of that remarkablj' fine Cotswold air that prevailed
round the College farm, the students would consume that.
Then there was instioiction of the best kind to be provided,
and some of the gentlemen present would perhaps be sui-piised
to hear that their expenses for teaching alone had been as
much as 1200?. a-year.

The Rev. T. Maurice said the original proposition was that
the payment should be 20^ a year, aud he remembered old
John Morton saying, in his broad Scotch, " Weell, gentlemen,

you make strange calculations; they will 'ate' 20/. a year."
It seemed that 30/. was afterwards tried, but that was found a
great deal too low.

Professor Church said they would perhaps permit him to
say a few words on what he conceived to be the true relation
of science to the art of agriculture. It appeared to him that
although scientific men might constantly fail in getting money,
that was not to be laid to the fault of science, whose use in
the world was to enable those to get money who practically
carried out its discoveries and teachings. The men who
invented chloroform and superphosphate, and made some of
the greatest discoveries that had blessed the world may have
died poor, but many men had made fortunes by those
discoveries. The scientific knowledge tbat the farmer
had to gain was the knowledge how to use the
discoveries of the chemist, the botanist, the geologist, the
physiologist, the veterinary surgeon, and those other men of
science who had been able to devote their lives to each one
of the branches he had named, and education that would
produce such a result as that was the true agricultural educa-
tion adapted to the wants of the present century. Fifty years
hence such an opinion as this would not be an exceptional
one, but would be held by all the leading agriculturists iu
this and other countries. In some countries it was rapidly
spreading. There were colleges for the instruction of young
men in matters appertaining to agriculture, but if these
colleges were intended for the sons of farmers it had always
been found necessary to supplement the resources from the
students by a Government grant. In some countries this was
done, but not here. There could be no doubt that agricultural
education to be adapted to the wants of farmers must be
cheaper than it could possibly be without some aid from
funded property or Government gi-ant. With regard to the
education of the agi-icultural labourer, he thought tbat subject
was distinct from the present, and it well deserved a paper
I and discussion to itself.

j Mr. Smith said the College would have succeeded better if
there had been a proper site chosen for it. He thought the
. spot a very unfavourable one. There was but one quality of
land, aud the area was too small for an institution of that
' kind. There was no chance of breeding anything there but a
few sheep. The proper site for the College was on the edge of
the hill, where they could have had 400 or 500 acres of hill
land and a variety of soil ; say from 200 to 400 acres of good
rich Wheat and Bean land, strong ploughing land, and a quan-
tity of Grass land for the breeding of stock, for dairy purposes,
' and for feeding. If the College bad been so situated, in the
midst of 2000 acres of different descriptions of soil, breeding
; land, and grazing land, and dairy land, and Barley land, .and
I Turnip land, and sheep land, and Wheat land, and Bean land,
! then it would have been a likely place for farmers to send their
1 sons to, as they might have learnt there all the different
branches of agriculture. In the College at the present time
chemistry was taught and the rest of the fine arts, but there
\ was no chance of learning the practical part of farming,
; except what refen-ed to sheep. Turnip, and Baidey soils, and
, that was the very reason why the College had not succeeded
■ much better than it has.

I The Rev. J. Constable, M.A., Principal of the Royal Agri-
cultural College, said : - In a meeting of this kind it will of
I course be expected that I should stand up in defence of the
' College of which I have the honour to be Principal. Aud let
me say at once that I do not consider the College a failure. I
think it has been an eminent success, and I am greatly mis-
taken if future years do not more than ever prove it to be so.
Whether it has failed to satisfy its original promoters I cannot
say, because I was not one of them ; but I cannot help think-
ing that if its original object had been gone about in a different
way it would not have failed. Had it been possible from the
commencement of the institution to offer its advantages only
to such as had by previous exertions showna determination to
profit by them, the College, even as at first carried on, would
in all probability have succeeded ; but it cannot be a wonder
to anyone who has had any experience in educational institu-
tions that the Agricultural College at its outset failed, as did
' the College of Engineers at Putney. To bring together 100
totally uneducated and undiscipUned youths from every kind
of early training, impatient of restraint, imdesirous of know-
ledge—indeed I may say averse to everything which a college
life should cx-eate and foster— was to try an experiment which
could end but in one way. I may state here tbat the Coimcil
of the College, not insensible to the original obj ect of the insti-
tution, have shown their wiUiugness to impart its advantages
to the class for whom it was first intended by offering schohtr-
ships to young men who, from the position which they
take in the middle class examination, show a desire to
helj} themselves, by means of which scholarships young men
of slender means may be able to reside at the College. Refer-
ence has been made to the objection of farmers to send their
sons to the College. What is the cause of that objection ? Why,
the adverse opinion they have formed of the general system of
education adopted in this country. And I must say that that
objection has the germ of tnith in it. Why docs not the
farmer appreciate the present system of education? — I might
almost say the past system, ns it is now giving wq,y to a more
advanced one. The farmer is a practical man ; his object is to
obtain practical business results ; aud he values things only
as he sees they have a practical tendency ; hence he desires to
set aside all needless scholastic adornments and to turn his
attention to those things only which are useful and likely to
assist in securing the object he has in view. I hold in my
hand an address by the president of an American college, in
which occurs a passage which will illustrate my meaning. He
says, ' ' No man can be induced to study and to exercise his
intellcL'tual jiowers in a healthy or vigorous way unless he
devoutly believes that objective truth is attainable by m.au."
The writer then tells a story of a benevolent Quaker wtio hired
a man to move a heap of gravel from one place to another, and
when the man had finished the work he asked what he was to
do next. " Jlove it back again," was the reply. That man,
said the writer, was no yanJcee, or he never would have con-
sented to do work which was absolutely useless when finished.
Now, here is tlio kernel— the gist— of the whole thing. The
Britishfarmer is averse to time being spent about studies which,
even if pcriccted, would be useless to him "when finislicd."
And he is right. Depend upon it, gentlemen, the day is fast
passing away when it will be believed, as it has been, that
high scholastic trainmg and classical lore are indispensable
requisites for the middle classes. Is it not possible to elevate,
and develop, and strengthen the mind without these ? I Say
yes. The works of God are about us every moment of our
lives ; we cannot take a step into the country without seeing
the beauties of nature cverjrwhere strewn around us in the
richest pi'ofusion— without finding something to stimulate
thought, to excite wonder, and to call forth admiration— and
is it not possible, I s.ay, to educate man by developing his
faculties through these without going back to the musty
classics and the polished training of the schools? The farmer
says " Yes," and he is right. I believe the day is coming, and
coming rapidly, too, when it will be generally conceded tbat
we can educate the mind tlu-ough the natural sciences in a
far higher sense than through the dead literature of by-gone
ages. It is because the farmer holds an opinion so opposed to
the general system of education hitherto adopted that he
cannot be got to budge, and I .am pleased to say that at the
College we meet the farmer in this matter. We believe that
education may without evil be directed to some practical end,
and that is the principle on which we act. I have always
held, and have put it forwai'd in private and in public, tbat it

April 27, 1S07.;

THE

r,A-nWAT,T^S' CMONTCT-E ANP AGllTCUETUl^AT, GAZETTE,

445

il.l„ and desirnblo to educate tho mind .ind dovclop its

of „ 1 ™ ""Jf",, ' i^ i, ,in,piy with the hope of suiting a
f ' r"^J o? tl.te. rerh'ps ^0 may he pan.lering a little to

i„Wion iB not to give atudonts a smattering of all tho
.tSes°"but' to mako them proflclont In one or two thmgs.
w„To not wish to turnout men at the College with a know-
^di ?f aU that we teach. One takes hotany, another
.hemistn- a thi d geology, a fourth physiology, and so on. and
SSHb oct'hl"bccn''to m.ake students thorough, as far as wo
™n in the one or two subiocts which they select. .\ntl 1
?„™-,l to tesmony upon testimony that this is the true
Km of cducSing the mind. To quote tho words of a man
S^Sos^name should have great weight -Professor de Morgan
"" A small qu.-,ntity of lo.amin? quick y o'"I«>™*™. ™" ' l'^
mind which never held any fearmng except m sm.iU
mantitc, and the intellectual philosopher can perhaps
Sin the following phenoraenon-that men who have given
do™ Stention to on" or more liberal studios cjin leani to the
end o? their Hves, and are .able to retain and apply even very
8 all quantities if other kinds of knowledge while those who
have never learnt much of any one thing seldom acquire new
knowSe after they attain to the age of maturity.andfroquently
loserte greater part of that which they once possessed. Let
me h, co^nclusion express a hope tl^^'} ' ""J' '■™ .'» ."S°t*^°
dnv when the College will bo looked upon i this light by
s^leulturists, and when that day comes the College will be an

"th" CHMnMrK^said there had been a great discussion
amongst the Council Df the Roy.al Agricultural Society as to
the examination of students in practical agrioi Iture. He
would like to ask Mr. Constable whether he thought that w.as

'^ThJ'Rer. J. Constaiu.e : From my own oxporienco 1 should
nnhesifcitingly answer in tho affirmative. Mr. Acland. as the
ChSan knows, docs not consider it pos.shle to ex.amine
BtuS in practical agricnlture, and yet this very morning
1 was reading a letter written by him in which ho saj-s .-I
do not doubt that if .any of the landlords and tenant farmers
of the Council were to take a walk over .a farm %vith a ; oung
Sndidate for the honours of tho Society, they would soon find
mit w^at he w.as like, and would m.ake a good guess as to the
probabUity of his being .able to take a f.arni as a ten.ant witb
Kofirto Smself or to manage an estate .Mth advantage to its
Di-ODrictor." Now here is the great opposer to the system ,if
aSexaminations making a candid avow.al o tis opimon
Ihit simply "a walkover a farm" would be sufflcicnt for a
competTnt person to test the knowledge of J. <^»"1;i-^" \"* ^
•■find out 4hat he was like," and yet h= ''.*'' %**"''=>,"?;'-
nations in practical agriculture are impossible Sure y it the
one Sn be done, so cln the other. Whether the Agncul ural
Socio" wtu eve; be able to org.inise a system "f '=i'-m"d f or a
of that kind is quite another question. If I were asked for a
suggestion I would recommend that the examinations be
conducted in the same way as here. Let the Agncultuva
Societv appoint three or four gentlemen who would agree to
me' f^t^Je" t"ain farm on a gifen day and let tte candjdates
be .afsembled there and sub ected to three or foui hou .s
exanfnation on the spot. That, I think, would meet tho
difficulty To have centres all over the kingdom, as some
have p7opo'°d, would I beUeve be attended with gre.at

^'ihe'cHrreMrrdirnot see why examinations of the kind
referred to by Mr. Constable should not be earned out. It was
possible even by talking with a man to Snd out what was the
extent of his knowledge. There used to be a c -i'' "' m™
who were called " after-dinner" farmers, and if his fn^dMr-
lies w.as tr,avelliDg with .an .agricultunst, he was greatly
mistaken if he would not find out before he got to Stonehouse
station whether his companion was a practical man or one of

*'Si;:E'f.^"?e7e:^'Jno the difficultieswhich the promoters

of agricultural education had *" f "Counter .alluded to the

want of proper inducements to study. The whole tenor of the

able paper with which Mr. Lawrence had f.avoured them had

beento'^^oint out to young farmers the necessity of c'lueating

their mtads in those subjects which would be essential to

{hem ta their profession, Ind ^V^'^IT'''', .wbcTmodt

rather gone upon the question as to what was the best mode

of managing reollegiate institution for agnciilturists. Now,

bethought one of the principal P""*'^ tl^.^^ ^^'^ '°r°Sf "

was this-how could they best promoteagncultur.al education.

There were numbers of young farmers who never went to an

agricultural coUege, who simply received an education more

of7ess good at ordinary schools, then retunied to "'™ homes

and in due time followed their f.atheis. "■tbout possessing any

agricultural education save that which they had denvedby

tSelr own observation and exertions. Now it seemed

to him that what these young men wanted w.as

ometUng to induce them to devote their mmds to

t^r s^fect They knew very well that mducements

were wanted in the learned professions, ^" f "P' ""f" 'f jj

•was established and an examination was forced upon them

before tliey were permitted to practise. In t,he ordiuan' case

of a tratoman he had to pass an .''PFe°«'^f '"P ^e ore he wa,,

roeomised bv the world as qu.ahfied and proficient in bis

mrtfcular ealLg. The farmer was not in tliis positiom In

mrat cises a yoSng man was left to succeed his father in the

?e?^pa«on of'^a firm, and he had never been in a position

which compelled him to undergo any amount of 'tndyjs^

necessity of life. With him study must be rather a voluntary

choice than a necessity : hence some '"d"':^""™' "•>1,'-';1"V;?^:

and could not that inducement take *^ ^''''P" "* ^f „^'*:t ^o

at institutions like the Cirencester CoUege, offered openly to

any young man who would pass such examimations as the

SuncU of tbe Society might suggest ! He could weU under.

stand that there would be numbers of young men who would

Wladtocompeteforthesescholarships which wouWbevalu^^^^

to them even in a pecuniary point of view, for if they were

Sekin?to become managers of farms, their scholarships would

c^rSlreat weight and infiuenee with thcsm. Then the

SavSur to obtain these scholarships would, even if the

c^ndidftes were not successful, be attended with benefic al

results If 20 persons appUed for a prize and only one got it

the remaining 19 would find that they had reaped substantial

advaS"Tn the attempt, and that knowledge had been

acqSS-id which would prove useful to them throughout life.

Mr LAWIlE^■cE observed that the very subject referred to by
Mr Fllett had engaged the attention of the Council for some
ttie™M?. Hofland, Colonel Klngscote, the Chairm.an, and
htoscK^had supported it, but hitherto they had always been
in" minority. They held that the funds of the Society ought
to "rLpplied to the specific education of agneulturists but
they htd as yet been unable to induce a majority of their
cSilcaguest^ think so. Mr. Acland and two or 'h™ °to?r|
had entirely controlled the CouncU m this mattei He
believed however, that their eyes were now being opened.

The Riv , COKSTABLE remarked that the suggestion made
by Mr EUett with respect to scholarships was a very important
oL but it had already been acted upon and only one candl.
Ste from the whole of England came forward for IV^zeofSni
which would enable the possessor to P'^ff "X'L » s-what
tho CoUege. The natural deduction was therefore this-what

w.as the use of offering plums if people d f "°t care . » o n^'
In other words, what was the use of '"" OP'^'V^ *',^';"",',„" .,,,
if farmers evinced n.. desire to compete "'^, '■'''^"' ' J, V^,' )'^
present at a meeting at Kingseote a short t'Xndsnd others"

UK to Ml?n with tho suggestion which "'^ «»'K '„' °^,T,
in the county were ready to carry out - name y t^" "J ,',■;;.
of 200!. or 300(. annually to be dietri nite,i in the wa> ,. « t r
ships to enable those young men who Pi^'^^d certain Mam ui
tions t.) complete their studios at Cirencester College, or iiny
other Icoff agricultural edueatiou, if thcro were one W 1
thoy thought they canted the meeting "''" '^°"';, 'X,, few
went homo very hapPJ' : ''"t he was "™Y '"S„"'"tL'at tl^

Iho uat er •■ We," s.aid they, " will not give up our sons for
m a year to go to any College in the k iigdom,' ai.l hey
m eht ^est a^siued th.at until they '=™"»'="";™°" ''ji' ^fe
b..,l snmothiuL' worth giving, it would be no use »'."'"•'
ihnl 'hip. How t,. alter the current of eP"»»» ,"» d'd not
S^w excStl" ehallcnging people to conie and i"V<= ■B^'tj
tho l,'illege, to see what they did and taught tl','=«'' ""d they
were not satisfied, to state their '?'']'^fV"r;iiei^ Rrt o v- 1 c-
nntU they got tho farmers of Ungland to ''f '«''" ™ ' '° ,Y„ ' ft
the nractlSil value - of what was taught at the Lollege.it
would Tie fm use bltering it up with scholarships or anything

%■. H. RiviNOTON observed that tl^^f^.^"" ""'{.Jj ^"S
of educating agriculturists professionaUy in England, ine
first was an apiSinticcship to a farmer for some years, and the
seeonTa residence more or less long, at the Royal Agncultural
CoUege 'Is he had Wed both w.ay\ and ^f ,"7,^ S;™\'=L'w
the neighbourheod of the CoUege, he 7°"ld Ih '^ard to th"
words in comparison of the two methods X '\h ft '^V° *°^t
education with a tenant farmer he might state th.it ue spent
two years ill Suffolk ivith two tenant farmers, and ho cer-
tainircouldnot s,ay much in favour oft^i^>^o,.JJ.oro
was no direct method of teaehmg. He might observe uio

wtolo routine and be at "'^nt^ '» .^'^ 3° heTas sor^y o
questions were not alw.ays to the point, i""! ,^° ^"^ ^"^"^y ™
say that the answers were rather PS«'l'a'^,f,"™f'„.t r=°tly
asked the reason for an operation he could "°t S^^f^^^l^y
wh.at he wanted, but was told that it was Jo- JJ" "s-ltj^as
that he was perfectly discouraged ; he thought no snouia
never be S to grasp aU th.at w.as requh-ed and become a
? ™^r u that tirne ho was only too thankful to say that he
wT W toVom to tL College at' Cireneester-an institntion
which as the Chairm.an h.ad remarked, was a credit to the
neighbourhood in which it found its first promoters^ A he
i^olle^rr he found that, instead of merely foUowing out mo

on Se of ope'rations, there was direct systematmjeaehin^
not only in the lecture room, bnt in the field and by tms
means he whole thing seemed to be wonderfuUy "-"Pl fi^d. ,

He miirht state in reply to a remark by a previous speaker,
ttat'l'SyVad'at tlie ,?Jlege different kinds olaiid and he

S^vafrs^Afem^ScShq-t^efSdiff^

-rs'SvSrarpach^^h^sgs

they had on the one hand tl^^^mpe observation on a fa^m,
and on the other hand the systemauc training of a college.
He tho, ght the two methods could hardly be compared one
was so fnflnitely superior to the other. In his opmion the
College was perfectly capable of giving a knowledge of prac-
tical business to the farmer, and in addition to teaehmg him
how to fiU hi;, pocket, he there learnt the i-Jt'^^^'S pre
between the different sciences and agriculture, which pre
selied a beaiay to the farmer and K-e him .an enthusiastic
interest in his profession which he never felt before

Mr W J. Edmonds thought that up to the age of II) a youin
intending to become a fariLr should be =<;■;■* ^''^"r^'J'Jiy^
school, from W to 19 or 20 he shou d go to » fl^f ^J^" ^'j^^
ABricultural College, where he would learn J ™' .*h^ df>^. cut
sciences bearing upon agriculture, and get .an ins ght into tlie
wTrkfng of a S^nd he should then go if possible, to some
first rite fami where he would be able to see how to apply
thf kuowS whch he had acquired. He cou d not but
h uk hit M^? Rivington went a Uttle backwards in learning
firming Had he come to the CoUege first and then to the
farm it would h,ave been better, and he might then have been
able to give the farmer some idea of his misnianagement

A cordial vote of thanks was then passed to Sli. Lawrence,
and the meeting separated. II ill« Staiiilard.

iron boamn. For pranaries the system is peculiarly

well adaptod, as it forms both floor anil ceiliiiK iQ one

and boin^ closely connected with tho walls

jacbietos.

Journal of Amcdtnre. Arril. 1SG7. 150, Fleet Street.
The current Number contains papers on larm
Buildings, on Co-operative Farming, on Land Dramage,
on the Winter Food of our larger Land-Birds, with the
usual monthly notices of events and P"ges. There s
also an interesting sketch of primitive Scottish agri-
cultiue We extract a useful account of a new method
of fire-proof floorings and ceilings available for farm

''""A^ystm. possessing all the advantages of the best

systemhithertointroduced.and othersnotyet possessed

by them, is now attracting the attention of architect .

Itwaspatentedsome 13 years ago by the Messrs.Dennett,

of Nottingham, and has been since largely used, and

where used.with every success The material used a the

binding or concreting material IS the sulphate of lime

-largely found in the neighbourhood ot the town

above-named-inconHtnction with broken brick, stone,

orthe like! or, indeed, any other material possessing

?he requisites of hardness and porosity ; .a^d f .b™^

possesses these qualities in a high degree it is that used

6v preference bv the patentees. The setting qualities

of the sulphate of fime are stated by trustworthy

authorities\s something remarkable-the combined

materials possessing, when set, extraordinary hardness^

The concrete is set in the arch-form. f'Paoes or

intervals of 10 feet have been arched over, and even

v?i^ler spaces, with invariable success. Tne "se given

to the arch, ^ a mmimum is 1 inch to each foot

horizontal of span. The spandrel spaces above may be

sometimes filled in to form a floor, "'^ ch may be

finished with the concrete i sell, or have hUe* "^ ?ht

nieces of wood inserted in it before it is set, in winch

ff usual flooring boards can be fixed ^Vhere th^e is

no objection to the curved surfaces of the under s des

of the arohes-which will be the ca^e '" f"'".;"''""^ ,"?'

and cottages for labourers-they may be lelt in then

original condition. If reqmred to be provided with

plaster ceiling, light rafters are placed below, the walk

being supported by the lower flanges of the wrought-

iiiass, anu oeiiig cio.soij' ooii.iu,.,,,.^. ,,.vu «,.^ .........

there can bo no possible spaces left for harbourinK
vermin; so that if provided with properly secured
doors and the windows having boards at both top and
liottom projecting outwards, and sloping, beyond whicB
tho rats and mice cannot proceed, tho granaries so
constructed may bo said to bo both firp and vermin-
proof Tho great advantage, in an architectural point
of view, presented by the system, is the ease with which
vaults, &c., can bo turned by it. , From the pages of
tho Bnil^«:- we take tho following illustration and
description of tho system, in addition to what wo have
already described it to bo :— . , , j

" ' Mr. G. G. Scott, about seven years since adopted
this system for the thorough fire-proofing of Tvi ham
Hall, a largo mansion near Newark. The floors of the
upper bedrooms were finished in tho , "aterial itself
aAi coloured decoration freely disposed ""the off s
of the arches and the lower flanges of the wrought-
iron girders, both of which are exposed. Mr. hoott, in
bearing testimony to the advantages of the system
says that " the arches are so entirely in one mass, that
they cover the space like a compact shell or inverted
ba.sfn,and are consequently almost wholly free from
latera^pressure.^^^ alone as a fire-proof construction
that the invention is invaluable. The ea^e with which
anv form of ground or domed vault can be executed m
the material,Vithout the labour of cut ing, renders it
an excellent substitute for brick or stone; and it is
indeed ai>plicable, in many instances, where considera-
tions of cost, or want of strength in the supporting
walls to resist out\vard thrust, would quito preclude

* "''"''The ceiling over the principal staircajie at the new
Foreign Office is one of the best examples of faulting
on thrs principle. The hall, which is about 65 feet long
bv 26 feet wide, is divided into three compartments.
The two end compartments of ceiling consist of semi-
cyUndrical cofl-ered vaults, the depth of the panels,
w'hich are octagonal, being 11 inches, and their thick-
ness 7 inch^ making a total thickness m the margins
of 18 TncheL Each panel is intended to receive
a cast-plaster patera, which will be secured to the
pane by an iron bolt. The centre compartment is
Lcupied by a dome of an a'er.age thickness of
S inches spring ng from a stone cornice. the
spandrlTs formed" by this cornice, and the rectangukr
< intersections of walls, are also formed by a solid ma*s

h'"*trin?ended to construct a ground-vault over
the cabinet-room of no less span than 3b feet The
ceilings of corridors throughout are executed in semi-
circular ground-vaults, divided into square compart-

i "?.".'V''thrga"dfo ?he strength of the -nstrnction
! we may mention that some experiments mstiuted by
Mr. Legg, the district surveyor, at the new t"«n-hall
■ of Hackney, which ha.s been recently fire-proofed by
MeTsrs. Dennett, produced the most satisfactory results
The floor chosen for the experiment was occupied by
thee arches, 13 feet long, 55 feet span, rising 5 inches
on the soflft. and horizontal on the upper surface
The material was 4 inches thick on the crown and
8 inches at the haunches. The g>rders upon which the
arches rested were of rolled iron, 8'| inches deep and
4 inches broad on the flange.

"•A number of bricks were placed upon the centre

arch forming a stack 8't feet long, 4 feet wide, and

6 feet lii"h weighing 6^ tons, or nearly 4 cwt. on every

snpe fie a foot of th°e base of the stack. The oad was

s ^t^iiued for several days without any sensible deflexion

either of the girders or of the crown of the arch ; and

after a careful examination, the test was considered

perfectly satisfactory and the load removed.

^ "' The following further tests were then applied by

the direction of the architect, Mr. Austin ;-- A rough

block of Portland stone, weighing about J80 IB., was

hoisted over the centre of one of the side arche.s an^

being suddenly detached, with a fall of 13 feet broke

into, but not through, the crown of the arch, and there

lodged Another block of stone, weighing / oO lb., was

ubfequently hoisted, and let fall from the same height

as the last, and passed quite through the centre arch

the aperture being cut clean through, without any

radial fissures, and without causing any disturbance ot

the adjoining arches, although one had been previously

broken as before described.' . ,„,„_

" We believe that we have yet to witness a larger

introduction of the system of fire and vermiu-proof

construction to farm buildings of various kinds than

to yet been known; and the system now described

and illustrated appears to possess advantages which

make it deserving of attention/

Pk!,sio!o<,!/ at the tannin A,,i of Seari«yrnd:^ed«H>
the Lhv Stock. By W SeUer M.p., 1 R.b.l^., ^c.,
and Henry Stephens, F.E.S.E., Author of the Book
of the Firm." W. Blackwood & Sons.
We must reserve till another notice a complet«r
analysis and account of this "PPortant volume than we
are able to give it to-day. It consists of three ptirts^
the first two on the Physiology and Chemist^
respectively of nutrition in the d'ffere."' Jmds of
liv4 stock ; and the last on the methods in which the
agriculturist must proceed to determine from his
knowledge of preceding facts in Physiolofy f°4
chemistry, the kind and amount of diet tl at l^l 1 more
or less probably be necessary when special circum
stances irise, as well as to satisfy himsell how tar there
is a harmony between established nsages of the tarm
in respect to animals and the P-'ecepts of physiolog.«U
and chemical science. The .calculations introduced
into this Part are ouly correct in so 'ar j^ the chem^al
analysis of the several articles coticerued 's aU-eady
complete. The plan exhibited will suthce. However,

446

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Ateil 27, 1867.

to give exact results in proportion as the analyses
become more perfect.

" With respect to the share which each of the
authors has had in this work, it will be sulHcient to
say that with Mr. Stenhens, as largely experienced in
agncnUure and long apprised of the exact kinds of
knowledge required by his brethren in that depart-
ment, originated the plan of the book, and that he has
throughout ruled the order, range, and limits of its
subjects ; that on Dr. Seller rests the responsibility of
the execution of that plan in all its details, with the
exception of such as are purely of a practical nature."

We congratulate Mr. Stephens on this his latest
addition to the many important volumes in the English
Agricultural library which bear his name.

Why have a Foreign Cattle Market on the Thames ?

and Where ? By James Odains.
In answering the question Why ? the author of this
pamphlet is a perfectly trustworthy and disinterested
guide through all the arguments and considerations
which the history of the past two years of cattle plague
has brought to bear on England as a meat-importing
country. And iu answering the question Where ?
Mr. Odams may be also trustworthy : at any rate he
gives very good reasons for the place which he proposes.
He is not, however, disinterested on this subject, seeing
that the place in question is land he has to sell. The
pamphlet is a clear and well-illustrated statement of
tl(e case, both for the public and for himself

Miscellaneous.

Islington Horse Shorn.— The prize list of the Agri-
cultural Hall Company just issued offers 395Z. in four
classes for hunters, including a 1st prize of WOl. for the
best weight carrier. In the class for weight-carrying
hacks, in addition to the money prizes, one of the
directors Mr. Dodd, offers a gold medal for the best
cob equal to 16 stone. At the annual meeting of the
shareholders of the Agricultural Hall, the following
letter addressed to the chairman by a very celebrated
master of hounds was read :— " As I was an exhibitor
at your horse show, and also one of those who repre-

and of pulping the Turnips, were the only extra
expenses.

Mr. Caird's Plan for Dealing with the Irish land
Question.— M.V. Caird proposes that the Government
snould lend the proprietor money to execute permanent
improvements, on condition that he grants the tenant
a lease for 3t years ; the money— principal and interest
—to be repaid by the occupier during that time,
through what would really be a small addition to his
rent. The landlord would gain, for his farms would be
so improved that the farmer could make increased
profits, and could therefore more surely pay his rent.
The tenant would gain ; for instead of a bare plot of
land he would get a farm with all its appurtenances
complete, and would obtain security of tenure for
the lifetime of a generation. The State would
gam in the increased produce of the soil, and
in the improved relations of two great classes of
Irish society. The difference between this and Lord
Naas's Bill is not inconsiderable. Lord Naa.s, while
proposing that the ten.ant should obtain advances from
Government, stipulates that, without the consent of
the landlord, he must make no improvements, except
in constructing drains and putting up fences; in
these matters tlie farmer may do what he likes, and
he will be entitled to compensation if ejected. As
regards other changes he must obtain lihe owner's
assent, or else he will not he entitled to compensation
on ejectment. The superiority of Mr. Caird's plan
IS that it does away with all dissension between the
landlord and the occupier, either before or after
improvements ; leaving no room for dispute as to the
expediency of any proposed outlay, and no after
question as to compensation. The long lease would
contain in itself the tenant's best reward. There is no
doubt that if we could carry out this project a great
service would be done to the country. Daih/ Telegraph.

Painless Operations under Sichardson's Ether Sprai/.
—A committee of the Royal Society for the Prevention
of Cruelty to Animals met Dr. liichardson a few days
since last at the Society's Rooins,12,PalI Mail, to witness
hi,s demonstration of the production of insensibility to
pain by means of ether spray, and to hear his views as
to the extension of the process to the performance of

T A^WN

8 inch . .
10 inch . .
12 inch ..
14 inch ,.
Delivered free to any station in England on receipt of Post Office
uroer.

Also Lawn Mowers of other lilnds, viz., Green's, ShanksV Samuel-
son p, Ransome's, &c., supplied at makers' prices.
•'■ Jones & Sons, 6, Bnnksido, Southwark, London, S.E.

MOWEES.— BARNARD'S

PATENT.

Fkices.

.. £2 10 Oeacli 16 iDch ..
.. 3 5 0 „ 18 inch ..
• • 4 10 0 „ 20 inch ..
.. 5 0 0 „ 22 inch ..

. . £6 0 0 each
. . (i 10 0 „
. 7 0 0,,
. 7 10 0 .,

G

ARDEN ROLLERS.— IMPROVED MAKE^

Prices.

IGinch.. ..£113 Oeach i 24 inch . . ..£30 Osach

ISioch .. .. 1 17 0 „ 26 inch .. .. 3 10 0 „

20 lucli . . . . 2 3 0 „ 28 inch . . ..400

2^inch .. .. 2 10 0„ I 30 inch . . .. 6 10 0,'

Dehvered ft-eo to .any station in England on receipt of Post Office
Umer.

J. Jones & Soks. 6, Bankaide, Southwark, London, S.E.

R

0

R

S

ROLLERS FOR THE FARM.

ROLLERS FOR THE GARDEN.

EOLLEKS FOR THE LAWN.

ROLLERS FOR CRICKET GROUNDS.

ROLLERS FOR PARKS.

ROLLERS FOR RACECOURSES.

ROLLERS FOR ROAD MAKING.
cT?? .'ol,' '!?'' cheapest are the Patent Adjustable WATER
BALLAST ROLLERS, made only by

Amies, Barfobd, & Co.. Agricultural Engineers, Peterborougii,
who will forward Price Lists and all particulars on application.

TRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Koyal

-*- Agricultural Society).

SHEEP, 3s. M. : CATTLE, 4s. 2d. ; OX, 6«. )1<J.

List by Post. GATES and FEN.CING of every description.

St. PancrasIronWorkCompany, Old St. Pancras Road, LopdOD, N.Wi'

pOTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

Vy COW FITTINGS.

took ^h^/nn S^inni ^L oS M P^.^f^'^f^' ''^'"^ Operations without pain on the horse and other inferioi
took place on Sunday, the 20th May, I beg to express animals. There were present at the meeting- the Earl
to you, in justice to your Secretary, Mr. Sidney my of Harrowby in the chair; Mr. John J. Briscoe JIP
satisfaction as to the general management, and the ' Mr. W. Mackinnon, M.P., Mr. S. Gurney, MP
attention with which he performed his duties. I will General Sir John Scott Lillie, Dr. Fraser, Dr. Sedgwick"
tnL^f^'L™^?*"''''^- ''?','"''' V''f'i'^'^'','''r^ i' Profe'^""- Tuson, and a large attendance o iSers
leSion ,viP .rev^nJ^nf?!*^"'"'? J knpw that your Dr Richardson first described why general amcsthesia
■-4nh!" ^ anything of the kind occurring had not been commonlyapplied to veterinary operations,

r^ J- /- «7 Ti • , ,i i- ., i, i^nd explained that the difficulties connected with the

nS,"^ ,t' r^X""St/lf 1"^?i".i°J'?,'; I ?|-™l "-'l^."^ --?.=J1' ,-"-Yed.by the local process^

He next demonstrated the principle and practice of
the local method by ether spray, illustrating it on his

amount of progress cattle make when fed differently
would soon enable the farmer to decide how he might
best supplement the more bulky foods. It was impos-
sible to lay down empirical rules. Where the food

fwlt'"^ r / -"w ""i'' f*™J'; *'f ^'' " ,"'af advisable „„„„„„„„,,„ .i„uusu .ue ueiu
that the artificial food should contain a high degree of repeated ou the flesh of Dr Fraser
nitrogen ; oil-cake and Bean-meal might thus be used Mr --
advantageously together. Where roots were given in
small quantities, and Clover chaff was mixed with the
straw, the food being thus more nitrogenous, they
found Barley-meal largely given with tlie oil-cake.
The marketable value of the different substances they
used in feeding would constantly vary, butbypayiu

Their advantages are— Portability, not Fixtures,] removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with .as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Ti-oughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, .and impervious to
infection, being .all of irou. Price of Fittings per Cow, 55s

Prospectuses free of Cottau & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsloy Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the

in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

nm, l,n,l^ ,^.,i.:« -ti T\ b J ■ 1 , . p , (.jpt-u^ito ,.uo i,iiii,uuou,, ^^iiom otreeL, ijonaon, w., where tne

own Doay, making, with Dr. Sedgwick S assistance, lar.ge above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements

surfaces of his arm insensible to pain, and passing large '•■"^— ■'•"*"--'■■■' -" ^-„-.- .

needles deeply through the benumbed parts. This was
;ated ou the flesh of Dr. Fraser, Mr. Gurney, and
Mocatta, who testified to the painlessness of the
operation. In veterinary surgery this local ansestliesia
is, Dr. Richardson said, applicable to all operations
and it has been practiced with entire success by several
veterinary surgeons, especially by Mr. Mavor, of Park
Street. The details of many painlebs operations on

Patent Kick Ventilator. Manufactured by

I> I C H A B D GARRETT a n n SON S,
t Leiston Works, Suffolk.

i;ni„ „tt„„t;™''t„ *i i-'" '(':i' "y-f^" i-y;-=/ horses were next supplied, particularly the operations 1

i, ulfpf ?hev sbn,^ld'?n?llv1f ° n *^' different foods | of nerving, of firing, of introducing setons, of removing
.n' HHp^Mt WoL t^i^l able to substitute tor tumours, of opening cavities of tSe body where there
?Lnl 1, ifffin- i w?l ■„ dear something cheaper, was obstruction, and of applying caustics and escharo-
S Zi, differing little in composition, the proportion tics to irritable and open suffao?s of the animal. The
t^lttlfZ^l^^ respiratory compounds which had value of the method as a means of removing pain from
been proved to be most advantageous to suppl.v thus inflammation and other causes was also discussed
Zn'Tv^JT^T'?''-,!- ^'\'^ "'''"i 'Pf^'^.E of the together with the appHcation of the plan of discovering
economy of cattle feeding, he could not but refer to the seat of disease in cases of lameness The simp e
nnl'Jm"""''"i^'*°.°'' in striking contrast. In the little apparatus used was greatl" admired ; and Dr
S°ia^l'itY.^^^^!'r;"d™?*^,_«'^ {''''»'«' »iid ^telJ to , Eicliarilson showed that the assistance of even an

enable
peratioi

chaff, mixed hay and stWv;!! 1^ to'-l lb. oFcakV and ' s7eciaTirf^r\"eten'narv ™?,To'seT'*^tT'Grf per lb
the same of Barley and other meal. The latter 'plan I 4ich x^oiild luflTce f/r tSy'ope'ations Tmvarfs
was chiefly followed in the southern counties. It I the end Dr. Richardson referred to the varyin- decrees
SVoot were°tonnnriJ ?''''"''=?,'''"T'''^^''™f^ ' ?f sensibility belonging to d"fiferent aniSras provel
iivpn ner bVnd .^iH ^?? f ' ™'"T ^"""^pe '^^mg by the degree of amesthesia required in orier o pro-
given per head, and as they were supplemented by more duce perfect local insensibiUty. He concluded by
befJd Then i^'t'L'l"P°Tt''H-"fT"'f r»^'^5^^^^^ t''^^' ^I'enever membirs of the community
^d%l'n'cing^!^niieV''td1as?e?rsic1n'dTo?4TltS ^ZStt "•' '^'^ =^"'"^^ *^' ™^ considered sJ

..,,., ,. — -^ ..«j brought

m to take the place of those which had gone to the
butcher. Again, since Swedes contained eight-ninths
of their weight of water, by giving 2 cwt. per head
per day they allowed the animals 199 lb. of water, or
nearly 20 gallons, and this at the low temperature it
■would be at iu winter must chill the system and
require a greater consumption of food to maintain the
heat of the body. And lastly, the manure obtained
from^ cattle fed on such a plan as theirs was of better
quality than when they received a large amount of
very watery food. This was of great importance, for
the quality of the manure they obtained must influence
the economy of their feeding, but to this he should
again refer. Por these reasons, therefore, he thought
it would be found advantageous to limit the allow-
ance of roots given, say 1 cw^t. per day. Now, it
■would be said that fewer roots could not be given
unless the cattle could be made to eat more straw,
and they knew that it vvas the great argument of those
who advocated the use of steaming ai)])iira1us that this
■was accomplished, But the same end miiilit he gained
by simpler means. On several large farms iu the south
he had seen the straw, cut into chaif, mixed with the
pulped roots, and left for some hours, often 24. The
straw became softened and more digestible, and as
much might be given them as was deemed desirable.
Thus cattle would eat it with relish, and like it none
tlie ■vp.prse if it had become a little heated. The cost
of,'cu,t,tiug the st.ra^ into chafi whicl; was- very sjighi.

valuable as to be a proper subject for asurgical operation
could now be submitted to oneration without physical
suQering, and that, too, safely, quicklv, conveniently,
and cheaply.

Notices to Correspondents.

Bailiff.— Tlie Editor of this Journal can recommend a good
working Bailiff, well acquainted with tillage, farming, and
market gardening ; also acquainted with stock management.
Wages, 90^, with cottage ami garden.

Broosi Rape : D. There can be little doubt but that your
Clover pest is the Brooiurape(Orobanche), but the specimens
were so dry and broken as to make it desirable that we
should have some in a fresh state for examination.

LoouST Beans : A Z. Can any of our coiTespondent-s tell us
of a machine that will grind Locust Beans into Sne powder ?

Poultry : M. The dissection of several fowls that have died
under circumstances similar to those mentioned by j'ou, has
shown disease of the liver and great enlargement of the gall
bladder. Over.feeding onlndiau meal, or similar food, will fre-
quently cause death at this time of year, when the hens are
naturally fat and laying; the intestines become covered with
fat, soth;itthe egg passageis much compressed, and in the act
of laying the hens frequently die from the rupture of a blood
vessel internally. Entire change of food is always beneficial
when birds get out of condition: alittle wormwood putin their
water, or soaked in the water with which theii- food is slaked,
will do them much good, or if you think the birds are too fat,
reduce their food if at lilaerty ; if in confinement give more
green food, and feed on soft Oat or Barley meal for a week or
ten days, letting them have plenty of. gravej. and grit ta
se 'f^tclj in.

Sr.-y ;itF, \yiNTE;R. : ^i'-(cQ?a. Ne;^t,w§e^k.

.st^ck, ..iRPiving

T!iO above represents n .Su^jtiou ol ;i JIc;itc'a U;iv :
the P.iteTit Veiitil:iting AppriraLus iii openttion.

This Apparatus will bQ found .1 complete and perfect moans of
detecting and promptly reducing Heat in Corn and Hay KtacTfs."
Price £1 lis. Cd. each.

Full description forwarded on applicition to Richard Garrett ft
SoMS. Leiston Works, Suffolk (Solo Manufacturers).

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

H"ILL Ai«) SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
- for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an'
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and ia ftdlj,
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer'
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew G.ardens, and at the seats of many.
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most (latteripg
testimonials have been received, which Hill i Smith will forward on
application.

Froip Ronx. Raires, Esq.. East DaU, near Brougli, Yorkshire.

" I have used your Black Varnish for park palings and consider It
to be the most durable and best thing of the kind 1 have ever seen.
I think it might be applied with still greater advantage to iron
fencing instead of paint, and it is my intention so to employ it In
future."

Sold m casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. 6d. per gallon, at the
Menj'jfactory, or Is. M, per (gallon paid to any Station In the kin«dom,

'Apply to Hill A^mith. Briefly Hill Iron Works, near Diidley; ^hd
2g,CariTion St.reet'west, K.C.. from whom onlv it cart he obtfil^^d; " '

Apbii, 27, 1SG7.1

THE GARDENERS' CITEONICLE AND AGETCULTDRAL GAZETTE.

447

PATRONISED BY
HEE MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
THE PRINCE OF WALES.

J. B. BROWN & CO/S NEW PATENT B B LAWN MOWEll FOR 1867.

PONY MACHINE

With Newly Improved Delivering; Apparatus ; to Deliver the Grass without Stopping.

MESSRS. J. B. BROWN and CO. bcin? most tlesirous to avoid this year the great expense whieh they incurred during lust season, by having their Works
employed day and night, o\ving to the press of Orders they receivfid after the commencement of the seiison, would carnestlij solicit Orders for t/iis season's requiremeyits
being immediately forwarded to them.

Many of the best known and most intellig-ent Gardeners have given the Wew Patent B B Lawn Mower

the highest possible character.

Mr. Thomas I.fORAM, ofth^ Royal Gardens, Windsor Ciislle, writes Jiissrs. Brown & Co., Awj. 11, ISUO.

" I hiiye much pleasure m stating tliat your New Patent B B Ln-wn Mowing Michino (a 21-incti) has
had a good trial, and has proved quite satis fivctory. The work done is of tne first order, leaving tlie
Lawn like a pi«ce of velvet."

Mr. John Sxow, Saltram Garden^ Salta^h, Devonshire, writes September G, 1806.
" I have much pleasure in bearinij testimony to the excellence of your New Patent Pony Mowing
Machine sent for the Earl of Morley. The work performed is very satisfactory."

Mr. WiLi.iA« Cahmicuael, Sandringham, King's Lynn, iVor/oWj, tlie scat o/His Royal Highneaa the
Prince of Wales, writes January 14, 1867.
" The lil-inch B B Lawn Mowing M tchine which you supplied suits ni9 well, and d oes its

work admirably."

Mr. James Dodds, The Gardi-ns, Knole, Sev&iioalcs, Kent, jDrites Septem1}er 1, 1866.
" I have pleasure in mentioninij to you that your Now BB Ponv Mowiag Michiae supplied to ua

continues to give perfect satisfaction, in doinj^ the work exceedingly well."

PRICES.

NEW PATENT B B HORSE MACHINE for 1867.

Complete, without extra.s, including Delivery Free to any Railway Station iu Jiugland,
with the necessary Tools and Directions for use.

£28 10 0 J

24 10 0 1 ^''"^'^"' "V ^ Sorse.

.. 21 10 0 Drawn by a Sorse or strong Fonfj.

NEW PATENT B B HAND MACHINE for 1867

Including Delivery Free to any Railway Station in England, "with the necessary To-rls and Directions for use.

42-inch Machine
36-iiich Machine
30-inch Machine

NEW PATENT B B PONY MACHINE for 1867.

Complete, without extras, including Delivery Free to any liailway Station in I'Jngland,
with the Rece:>.sary Tools and Directions for use.

30-inoh, Machine £17 10 0 > ^ , ^, ^ ^ ,

28-inch Machine 16 10 0 } -^'•«"'" *^ "" -^""2/ or strong Donkey.

26-inch Machine 14 10 0 Drawn by a Donkey.

10-inch Machine
12-inch Machine
14-inch Machine
16-inch Machine

£4 0
5 0

5 10 0 Ditto by a Man.

6 10 0 Ditto by a Man and Boy.

Q I Easily Worked by a Boy.

18-inch Machine
20-inch Machine
22-inch Machine
24-inch Machine

£7 10 0 Easib/ Worked hy a Man and Boy.

8 0 0)

8 10 0 [ Ditto by Two Men.

9 0 O)

1^ It is most important, in order to prevent disappointment, that Ordrsfor these PA TENT LAWN MO WERS should be given without delay.

J. B. BROWN AND CO., Patentees and Sole MANUFACTaRERS,
WAREHOUSE and LONDON MANUFACTORY— 148, UPPER TIIAMKS STRliET, LONDON, E.C.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

IMPROVED LAWM MOWING MACHINES.

EVERT MACHINE WAEEANTED.

PRICES.

Dt'Uvered Free to any Hallway Station in Great Britain.

Cutting 12 inches wide £4 10 0

0
0

Cutting 14 inclies wide '5 5

Cutting 16 inches wide . . . , . . . . ..60

Cutting 19 inches wide . , , . . . . . ..6100

Cutting 22 inches wide 7 10 0

Cutting 25 inches wide 12 0 0

Cutting 30 inches wide 15 0 0

Cutting 36 inches wide 18 0 0

Great improTements have been made in these Machines during the last few years, in regard to all those small but important points of superiority which the practical working
of a Lawn Mower suggests ; while for elegance of appearance, lightness of draft, and efBciency in working they cannot be excelled. They possess the following advantages : —

1st. Motion is given to the Cutting Apparatus by toothed gearing, which experience has proved to be by far the best method of driving.

2d, The whole of the Driving Wheels are on one side of the Machine, a point of great importance in preventing damage to Shrubs and Flowers, when mowing round the
edges of beds.

3d, All the smaller working parts of the Machine are made of Malleable Iron, and are not liable to break.

1^" Illustrated Price Lists, with selections from several Tlwasand Testimonials, Free by Fast on application.

SAMUELSON and CO, BRITANNIA WORKS, BANBUKY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.C.
AGENTS :— Messrs. TANGTE BROTHERS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DRAY,
TiYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.C. ; and all respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom.

448

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND J\GRICULTURAL GJ\ZETTE.

[Apbil 27, 1867.

GEEEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOE,

OR

NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, EOLLING, and COLLECTING MACHINES.

HER MOST GEACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN

ON TWENTY-NINE DIFFERENT OCCASIONS.

H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES.

PATRONIZED BY

THE KING OF THE BELGIANS.
THE EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH.
THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.
AND MOST OF THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, in introdueiiig (heir PATENT LAWff JtOWERS for the present season, beg to state that thev have no Novelties to report. The fact is,
that after the severe tests their Machines have been subjected to since they added their latest improvements, they have been found to meet all the requirements for which they
are intended, viz. : — the keeping of Lawns in the highest state of pehfection.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease than any other Lawn Mower extant ; and in proof of thei
superiority, 36,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

THEY ARE THE ONLT IffACHINES UST CONSTANT TJSE AT

THE ROYAL HORTICULTDRAI. SOCIETY'S GARDENS, SOUTH KENSINGTON

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK

THE CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GARDENS, SYDENHAM

BUCKINGHAM PALACE GARDENS

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE

THE HYDE PARK GARDENS

THE WINTER PALACE GARDENS, DUBLIN

THE DUBLIN BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LIVERPOOL BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LEEDS ROYAL PARK

THE HULL BOTANIC GARDENS
THE BOTANIC GARDENS, BRUSSELS
THE SUNDERLAND PARK
THE PRESTON PARK

AND IN MOST OF THE PRINCIPAL PARKS, SQUiiilES, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

GREEN'S

PATENT

LAWN MOWERS

have proved to be the best, and
carried off every Prize that hns
been given in all cases of com-
petition.

T. GREEN 86 SON

warrant every Machine to give
entire satisfaction, and if no
approved of can be returned
unconditionally.

PRICES of HORSE, PONY, and DONKEY -MACHINES, including Patent Self-delivery Bo.^ ; Cross Stay complete; suitable for attaching to

ordinary Chain Traces or Gig Harness.

To Cut 26 inclii
„ 28 „
„ SO „

£13

0 0

MftUHINES.

To Cut 30 innhe.q

1.5

0 0

Leaf her Boots for Donkey^ ]&«.

„ 33 „ .

Leather Boots for I'ouif, '12s.

-» 4-

17

0 oj

M 48 „ .

HORSE MACHINES.

Lertther Boots for SCorse, 26.f.

Both the Horse, Pony, Donkey, and Hand Machines possess (over all other Maimers) the advantage of Self-sharpening. The cutters being steel on each side, when they
become dull or blunt by running one way round the cylinder, can be reversed again and again, bringing the opposite edge of the cutter against the bottom blade, when the
Machine will cut equal to new. Arrangements ai-e made that the cylinder can be reversed, by any inexperienced person, in two or three minutes.

HAND MACHINES.

To Cut 10 inches ..£3 10 0 Suitable for a Zadi/

„ 12 „ .. 4 10 0

„ 11 ,, .. 5 10 0 Suitable for One Person

„ 16 „ .. 6 10 0

To Cut 18 inches .. £7 10 0 Suitable for One Person

„ 20 ,,..800 Suitable for Two Persons
„ 22 „ .. 8 10 0 „ „

24 ,,..900 „

Packing Cases are charged at the following low rates, viz. :— for the 10 and 12-inch Machine, 3s. ; 14 and 16-iuch, 4s. ; 18 and 20-inch, 5s. ; 22 .and 24-inch, 6s. Parties
providing themselves with Lawn Mowers are recommended to purchase the cases in which to stow them away, when not in use, to prevent them from getting damaged; if
returned, two-thirds will be allowed for them.

The above MACHINES are made from the best materials, and of superior workmanship ; are delivered Carnage Free to all the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Ports

in England.

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of, can be returned unconditionally.

Having above 3000 Machines in stock at our Leeds and London Establishments, we are in a position to execute orders on the day they are received.

1^ Illustrated Price Lists, and Sheet of Prize Medals awarded to GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS, /ree on application.

T. G. and SON having taken very citensive Premises in London, are now in a position to do all kinds of Repairs there, as well as at their Leeds Establishment.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS;

and 64 and 65, BLACKFEURS ROAD, LONDON, S.

Apeil 27, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICUETURAE GAZETTE.

449

EANSOMES & SIMS'

NEW LAWN MOWER. THE AUTOMATON.

A NEW AND FIRST-CLASS MACHINE, WHICH HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED,

CONTAINS MANr IMPROVEMENTS.

PHICES, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND FULL PARTICULARS, FREE, FROM

RANSOMES AND SIMS, IPSWICH.

HOTHOUSES FOR THE MILLION,

AWARDED A PRIZE MEDAL, 1862.

INVENTED AND PATENTED BY THE LATE SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.

MAWTTT?ir.TAi!Tf« (LONDON; NEWTON in CAETMEL, LANCASHIRE;
'"^"^^'^^^""^^''■i GLOUCESTER; COVENTRY; PAISLEY; and ABERDEEN.

COMBINE
SIMPLICITY,

CHEAPNESS,

AND

DDRAblLITY.

FULFIL

ALL THE

REQUIREMENTS

op
HORTICULTURE.

"^,

" Without any pretence to high fiiush or elaborate workmanship, which in such structui-es represent a mere waste of money, they are perfectly well marln Ti •

an-angement is as simple as ingenuity can render them. No rafters obscure the light and make them cumbrous. No sashes have to be pushed up or let down bv evpr h i!'""

lines and weights, or by expensive mechanical contrivances; aud yet all the ventilation requisite in such buildings is as perfectly secured."— Dr Litidku in ''^v^

GARDENER.S' Chronicle," ./K^y 28rA, 1860. • -" '" ■>■«=

" Nothing can be more easy than to build them, nothing more simple than to remove them."— Bail;/ News, May 22, 1862.

LARGE QUANTITIES OF SASHES being now in stock, orders to any extent can be promptly executed ; and are solicited at this season to avoid the ohpat «o,.»o„„„
caused by orders being delayed until autumn. ' "'"^' i-ressure

ILLUSTRATED CIRCULARS with LISTS of PRICES of the PATENT ROOFS can be had on application.

ESTIMATES given for HEATING APPARATUS, ORNAMENTAL CONSERVATOEtES, GREENHOUSES, &c., to Special Designs.

HEREMAN and MORTON, 7, PALL MALL EAST, LONDON, S.W.

The SECOND EDITION of A HANDBOOK of VINE and FEUIT TREE CULTIVATION, as adapted to the above Patent Hothouses, contaiuin- Illustrations
Hints for Heating Houses, and General Du-ections for Cultivation, &c., may be had of Mr. Hereman, price Is. ; post free. Is, Id. ""''"" '

" The portion of the Book devoted especially to the Cultivation of Fruits will be found particularly valuable to Amateurs, and there are few Gardeners howpvor t,..om;™I
tliey may be, but may gain some hints from it which may be of inlinite service."— J&ia/ World, August, 1863. ' '"""'"•'^ piacmai

S. OWENS & CO,

(Late CLINTON and OWENS),
MANUFACTURERS OF

PUMPS and HYDRAULIC MACHINERY,

WHITEPKIARS STREET, LONDON, E.G.

T^SfflfiJ^Jf^M^^ SKETCH shows an adnptalion of THE IMPROVED HYDRAULIC EAM. This is a simole

e..,at,on»,S?i.tL'L°W'ro''3:iVa?rfJrS."^ICJgtSir/?^ef.o''ASrtS »"" '^^^ ■>"■ ^"^ '»

No. 37. ™P«OVED TREBLE BARE^^^^^ PUMPS, with HORSE GEAEING for Raising Water from DEEP

wtLLS. for the supply of MANSIONS and PUBLIC BUILDINGS m »n:i iumi i>jiiur

No. 28a. DOUBLE BARREL PUMPS for HAND-POWER for similar purposes.

«, «iio i»unjvo ana riiiipiob. iLstimates turnlshed from Plana or on inspection of poaitlon.

APPARATUS,

■ Illustrated Catalogues Free on application.

28a.

4S0

THE GARDENEKS' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTURAT. GAZETTE.

[Apbil 27, 1867.

c

OTTAM AND COMPANY

CoNSERTATORY and HoToouSE Builders, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Winsloy Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILEUS.

20 24 30 inches long.
45s, G5s. 925. 6d. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. M. 2s. Irf. 2s. 9d. per yard.
Maborinls supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,

2, Winsley Street,

opposite the Panthoon).

Oxlord Street, London, W.

HOT WAICa APPAa

CltiNSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
HORTICULTURE.
"Dry GlaainK wimout Putty."
" Gla.sa without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended Liy the Royal Horticultm-al Society, South
Kensitigtou.

Plans and Estimates free on application. Descriptive Book fully
illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
Jaues Cranston, Ai-chitect, Blnuingham,

Works : Higbgate Street, BirminphaTii.
Henrv J. Qrowtaqe, M;ui;LKor, 1, Temple Row West, Bimiintiham.

Midland Steam Power Horticiatiirarand Hot Water
Works, Loughborougli.

TG. MESSENGER, Midland Steam Power
• Horticultui-al Works, Loughborough, Hot- Water Apparatus
and Valve Manufacturer.

Honourable Mention awarded at the International Exhibition, ISO!?,
and it the Dublin Exhibition, 1865 ; also a First-cla&s Certificate by
the Royal Horticultural Society.

T, G. Messenger, Patentee of many important improvements in
Buildings and Implements connected with Horticulture, and which
meet with unqualified approbation, is prepared to give reference to
hundreds of works entrusted to him and pre-eminently answering
the purpose for which they were constiuoted.

Any House Glazed single or double, with or without putty.

The mode adopted by T. G. Messenger for Heating and Ventilating
Forcing Houses is particularly successful.

Houses are constmcted by his Patented Ventilating principle to
open the whole of roof and sides as though the glass were tutirely
removed, at once placing the plants in the estenial atmosphere.

T. G. Mkssenger's Boiler possesses all the advantages of the
Tubular and Saddio combined, has hollow furnace bars, requires but
a shallow stokehoK', and exposes aa much sm-face to the direct action
of the fire as can possibly be obtained, the whole of which can be
easily cleaned ; and it is an important fact that out of upwards ot
500 now at work made upon the improved principle not one has
cracked.

T. G. Messewoeh's Valve (single or double) is effective, simple,
easy to work, and as dmable as the pipe to which it is attached

Designs and Estimates sutplied for all kinds of Horticultural
Works, and guaranteed to answer the purpose for which they may
be intended.

Greenliouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

rpHE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for

J_ Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Cnnatmction and
Application of WROUGHT- 1 RON to Horticultural BuildinL^s.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES are of thehighest order. J^-^^i^

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmosDheric conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arrangement.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as -suppHed to Mr. Rivera), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailing result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
improved system.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heftted upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the gi'owth of first-class fruit,

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for idl early work.
• OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty.

Those Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent,
and from the complete adjustment of their constructional parts will
vie most favourably with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single 6r complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,
T. H. P. Dennis & A. Scruiiy, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford,

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• ai. Hani side, London, S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, trum StoCK, per yard :— 2-inch, Is. 2d. ;
2-luch, Is. lOd. : and 4-inch, 2vs-. id. BENDS, from Stock, U.Cd., 23. 6d.,
arid 3.t. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s., and 14.s-. each. Other
Connejiious at equally low pnces, and all goods of flrst-clasa manu-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

Hot-water Pipes, witli Elbows
and Connections, supplied by
pURY AND POLLARD.
I-) Contracts and Estimates giv^n
for WARMING PUBLIC BUlLD-
lisGS; latest Improvements in HEAT-
I\Lr by HOT WATER; the Improved
CONICAL BOILERS, for Heating
I ineries. Conservatories, Greenhouses,
Mansions, Halls, Warehouses, &c.,
Solely Manufactured" by Bury & Pol-
1 AJtD. These Boilers are adapted for
btting in Brickwork, or annexed
bl Ltch shows Bl'RY & Pollard's im-
_. . I ,111- [,:,.! proved arrangement, requiring

I ~ "V-^U NO BRICKWORK SETTING.

I r ,, ffij These Boilers have for their dura-

bility and economy attained a cele-
brity far surpassii'g any other Boilers
L\Lr invented. They have been for
many years p'ist in use at many Public
Establishments, Royal Botanical Gar-
dens at Kew, at the Regent's Park,
the Crjstal Pilace and at most ot the Nobility's and Gentry's Seats
t,lirou§hout the United Knigdom. References where they have
be n toi '0 years in constant use.

Price Lists on application to Bdry & Pollard, Park Iron Works,
17, New Park Street, Southwark, London, S.E.

UMOKY CHIMNEYS.— ^he best cure is

^ the PATENT ALBERT CHIMNEY CAP.

300 on Buckingham Palace ; 80 on Windsor Castle ;
100 on St. James's Palace ; 120 nn Claremont Palace;
230 on the Western Heights Barracks, Dover; and
hundreds al.so on the Halls and Mansions of the
Nobility, Public Buildings, &c.

Price, Painted Wrought Iron, 25s. each ; Galvanised
ditto, 30s. each,

James Barton, Iron Works and Patent Stable
Fitting Manufactory, 370, Oxford Street, W.

Bee Hives.

iZK Mkdal and Honooradle Mention AwAitDED to Georoe

Nkli.llllnUR & SOXS, for BlE HlVES AND HOHEY AT TBK VARIOUS

Exhibitions.

NE laHBOU R'S
IMPROVED COTTAGE
BEE HIVE, as originally
introduced by George Neigu-
iiooR & Sons, "With all the
recent improvements, working
three bell-glasses ; is neatly
and strongly made of straw ;
it has three Windows in the
lower Hive, with a Thermo-
meter affixed to the centre
one. This Hive will be found
to poss'^jss many practical
advantages, and is more easy
of management than any
other Bee Hive that has been
introduced.
Price complete . , £1 15 0
Stand for ditto . . 0 10 6

THE LIGURIAN or
ITALIAN ALP BEE being
much In repute at the present
time, we are in a position to

_^ _ supply Stocks of the pure race

carefully packed in Woodbury Bar-Frame Hives, so a8 to travel with
comparatively no lisk of damage.

ENGLI&H BEES. — Stocks and Swarms may be obtained as
heretofore.

A newly-arranged CATALOGUE of other Improved Hives, with
Drawings and Prices, sent on receipt of two stamps.

Address, Geo. NErounoon & Sons, 127, High Holbom, W.C. ; or
140, Regent Street, London, W.

Agents :— Liverpool : James Cuthbert, 12, Clayton Square. Man-
chester : J. Wilson, 50, King Street. Birmingham: J. H. Cottrell,
15, Bull Ring. Dublin : Ediumidson Brothers, 10, Dame Street.
Glasgow : Austin & McAslan, l(i. Buchanan Street.

Seed Pans, Garden Pots, Edging Tiles. &c.

MESSRS. BOInSET BROTHERS beg to offer to
Gentlemen, their Gardeners, and the Trade, GARDEN
POTS, SEED PANS, and EDGING TILES, of all sizes, of hard
and durable quality aud moderate price.
Address Messrs. Bo.s-sey Bkotheks, Bros Potteries, Chertsey, Surrey

THE IMPROVED TANNED LEATHER DRIVING
STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
without lap or cross joints—superior to all others for Portable
Engines. Prime STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

Price Lists sent free by post.
The Tanned Leather Company. Tanners, Curriers, ka., Arrait
Works, Greenfield, near Manchester ; Warehouse, 81, Mark Lane,
London, E.C. Mr. H. Ferrabee, Agent.

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, iu great
Tarlety of patterns and material, the plainer sorts being
especially smted for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "gi-own" Edgings, conse-
quentlv being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c.. In
Artiflclnl Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design,

F. & G. RosHEB, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriai-s, S. ; Queen's Road 'West,
Chelsea, S,W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLEys PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORiVAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corndoi-s, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stone, in blue, red, and bufif colours, and capable of formmg a varietj
of designs. . .

Also TESSELATBD PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above,

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Pvanges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, Sic.

To be obtained of F. & G. Roshek, at their Premises na above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses— 14.S. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 25. per Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Wort. F, & G. Kosher.— Addresses see above.

N B. Orders promptly esecuted by Railway.

CO.

Horticultural Glaea Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLING TON and
87. BisTlopsgnte Street Without, London, E.C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplieti to Her
Maicsty, tliQ Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivers, and the leading Horti-
culturists of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

20 by 12 ,
20 1! "

20

uy XL,

by 13

by 14 y.

by 15 I

hv Ifi.'

Per 100 feet

lin

4ths.

lOsGd

3rds. 2nds. I Best.
I&s6d 18s 6(i 20s 0(7.

22s 2d 25s 6d 26s 6(1

20 by IG ^

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, IB oz,, per 100 feet.

in.iin. in.lin, in.lin, in. I 4ths. ] 3ds. j 2nds. I Best.

5. ."yll 1. ."y 5.1 5. S S.I t il I. ]■ \msd\iss3a[mod\m<id

6iby4i| 7Jby 6i| 8i by Ojl »» by 7j}l'^*^''i'
Fer 100 feet.

10 by 8
lOJ bv 8i

11 by 9
llibyOJ

I

12

by 0

12iby 91

U

by 0

12

by 10

12iby 101il4i by ion I
13 by 10 15 by 10 (
13ibyl0il3 by 11 f
11 by 10 14 by 11 J

L.ARGE SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 feet.

14s 3(i

ISsOd

18s ed'Ws 0(2

15J by 10(11 by 12 22 by 12 22 by 10
IC by 10 14ibyl2J 17 by 13 24 by 10 '\
14J b» Hi 16 by 12 23 by 13 20 by 17
15 by 11 15i by 12J 18 by 14 22 by 17 1
15i by Hi 10 by 12 22 by 14 24 by 17 )
10 by 11 lOi by 12i 24 by 14 20 by 18 j
21 by 11 17 by 12 22 by 15 22 by 18
13 by 12 18 by 12 24 by 15 24 by 13 J

The above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price wdl be given.
SHEET GLA.SS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 9 feet super.

4ths.

2nds.

Best

21 oz.

4ths quality, per 200 feet case, 38«.
3ds „ „ 48s.

16 oz.
4tha quality, per 300 feet case, 3
3da „ „ 4

2ds „ „ 6

Best „ „ 92s,

SHEET GLASS is made only in the following substances, 15 oz.,
21 oz., 20 oz., 32 oz., 30 oz., an J 42 oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE In
1-Stb in., 3-lGth in., l-4thin., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades. Striking Glasses, &c., &c.

PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per civt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is freo from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC P AINT, 3Gs. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much aa
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and six gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PjUNT, 28s. to 34s. per cwt.
Anti-corrosion Paint Is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stono, Compo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is e.asily laid on by any ordinai-y
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon.

Per cwt. — s. <i.
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, 3d. to 4irf. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3il.

to Hd. per lb.
„ RAW UMBER. 4)i to
6d. per lb. [per lb.
„ BURNT do., Cil. to Sd.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to GO 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 30 0
RED PAINT . . 28s. to 30 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon.— s. d.
LINSEED OIL .. ..3 2
BOILED OIL .. ..3 8

TURPENTINE .. ..30
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to 9fi. per cwt.
Fin6OAKVARNlSH,10».tol3
„ CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. los. to 12 0

,, COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE . . 10 0

„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0
GLAZIER-S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
exchange.

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application

Glass for Garden Purposes.

AMES PHILLIPS and CO.

beg to submit theu: REDUCED PRICES as follows;—

PROPAQATINO

Each.
2 Inches In diameter

3)
4i
61
Ci
0 8

0 10

1 0
1 2
1 4

Each 8.

12 inches in diameter .. 1

13 „ „ .. 2

14 „ .. ,. 2
16 „ „ .. 3

16 .< .. .. '3

17 „ „ .. 4

18 ,. „ .. 6

19 .. ,. .. 8

HYACINTH and ELOWER DISHES.

G inches diameter . . . . Is. Od. | 9 inches diameter . . ..10

12 inches diameter . . . . 2s. 6d.

Hyacinth Dishes are intended to contain a number of Roots

Bedded in and covered with Moss, instead of the common Hyacinth

LACTOMETERS, for Testing the Quality of Milk.

Four Tubes . . . . 4s. 6d. 1 Six Tubes . . . . Cs. dd.

With Stands complete.

HAND
GLASSES,

0

L^^

WITH
OPEN TOPS.

12 inches

Eacii. — a. d.

.. ..6 0

..7 6

..8 6

18 luohea
20 ...

Eocb.— 8 d.

9 6

10 6

14 t.

22 1. . .

11 6

16 „

24 ....

13 6

Painted and Glazed with 16-az. Sheet Glass.

London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT BODQH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes,
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Pqillifs & Co., 180, Blshopsgate Street Without, E.C.

Caution.

T^OYD'S SELF-ADJDSTING SCYTHES.—

i_y Ironmonc;ers, Niirserymen, Gardeners, and others are
CAUTIOtiEU tiiat all the above Scythes to be genuine most bear
R. P, Taylor & Co."s name on the label, they being the sole Lieensees
nT»d Manufacturers, — They are the cheapest and best, and being
Sold adjusted, are ready for immediate use. They can be regulated,
in an instant to suit any person, and to cut any Crop without change
of Scythes. Upwards of IffO.OOU of them have been Sold,

To be had of every Ironmonger, Hardwareman, ana Seedsman iu
the United Kingdom, and Wholesale of the Sole Licensed Makers,
R. P. Taylor &CourANY-(late Dray, Taylor & Co.), London Bridge, E.C.

Apbil .27, 1867.J

THE GAliDI'NKRS' ClIIIONinLM AND AliUKUn.TUnM, GAZCTTK.

4^1

TANNED GARDEN NETTING for preserving Seed
B.i(ls FrultB Striiwburrlos, from Frost, BUght, Birds, Kc. nnd
,is .1 Fonco for Fowls, io. 1 yiinl wWo, l\d. ; 3 yard., 2|<i. ; J y»rd«,
i,l - nnd 4 vardd. G't. per viird run in any quantity, may bo dad at
. »"" ' '^jii^J U'i.iout'b, 370, Strand, W.U.

T^^VMNeTToARDKN netting for Seed Beds, iinJ
the Protection of Fruit Troos IToiii Frost, Hliglit, Birds, or ns a
Konco for Fowls, So. From 3 to 0 yards wide, at Irf. per square yard ;
100 yards, T». lid. ; 600 yards, 36». Carriase paid to any part ol
Kiiuland If 1000 vards aro taken. Remittance to accompany orders.
CniiibTMAS QeiNi^v. Socdsioaij, Peterborough.

Garden Netting,
JOHN EDGINGTON .vsd tin.

t) NKTTINli foilt'i.e. Pioteetive:;'' I'',',""' ''■''

upi)l.y 'I'ANNED

Auv quiiitity SCRIM CANVAS, &c. ; I'ULIP C0VK113 ond

TENTS niul FLAGS for i-ETES. I'LUWKR SHOWS, &c.

John Edmn-.ton & Co., (Teut Makers to tho Uoyal Faniilj), 48,
Long Lane, Sinltliliold, E.C. atnl IS, I'lccadilly, W.

N^" ETTING for FUUIT TREES, SKEl) HEDS, KIPE
STRAWllKliRIES, Ac— TANNED NETTING lor protecting
the :tbovetr.o.i Kinst. Blight. Birds, &c., 2 yards wide, 3rf. per vnrd
or HID varJs, Jils' ; 4 yards wide, C(/. per yard, or 50 yards, '20.v. NEW
TAN^'ED NETTING, suited for iiiiy of tUo above purposes,'-«r as a
Fence for Fowls, 2 yurds wide, Ci/. per yard ; 4 yards wide, I*- P^)''
yard ; 1-luoh mesh, 4 yards wido, la. Cd. per yard. Can bo Had m
luiy quantity o

Eatos & Dkllkh, G and 7. Crooked Lnne, Londoo Bridge, E.C.

/^ AUDEN NETTING -(nt -Heduced Priro), for file

\T Protection of newly-aown Seeds from Frost, Blight, and Bird.^ ;
also as a Fence for Poultry, Riilibits, and Slioop, Id. per square yard,
carriage ft'co, in quantities nf L'JO, TkiO, or lOoO yards.
SCRIM CANVAS, for Wall Fruit, Greenhouse Shades, Tulip

°IlAYTHORN'S and WALLKR'S NETTINGS, sample ofmaterial
free on application. ,„...«-, «.

PERUVIAN GUANO, and every other kind of Artiflcial Manure
in Stock. Be particular. , ,, , ,0, ».

FiitDKRHK. Ei»gixi,;ton Sl Co.. Marquee, Tent, 1' lag, and Rick Cloth
Manufacturers, OU and (i2. Old Kent Roaci, Loudon, S.E.

A Libcnil Discount to the Trade. _^

^ ALVANTs"ED^WIUK iNETTING, GALVANISED

"^ IRON BUILDINGS and MANUFACTURES.

E.

T. ARCHEU'S "FRIGI D 0 M 0."

Pfttroniaod by Her MalcaLy TUo Qiioen, tho Duke of North-

umberlan.l for Syon Houso, Ilia Gr:ico the Duke of Dovoiinhlro for
Chiflwick GardoiiH. Profoswnr Lindluy for tho Horticultural Society,
Sir JoBeph Paxton fortho Crystal Palace, Royid XnoloRical Society. &c.

PROTECTION from COLD \V1NDS iiiid MORNING FROSTS.

"FRIOl DOMO," a Caiiviis made of Patent proi-arod Ilnir and
Wool, a poi foct Non-conductor of Ileut ana Cold, Ueoiung, whcrovur
it Is aPplioil. a llxed toinperaturu. It is adapted lor nil Horticultural
and Florioultural purpnaoa, for Preserving Fruits and Flowera from
tho Scorching Rays ot the Sun. IVohi Wind, Iroui Attacks 61 Insects,
and from Monilny iYosts. To be had in any required lonntha.

Two yards wide is. at/, per yard run.

Four yai-ds Wide 33. Gd. por^&ttl.

An improved nnike, 2 yards wide . . 1«. VU. per yard.

All luq.rnvud iiKiko. :( vards wide .. 2,i. Sd. per yard run. Also
"PRIGI HOMO" NKlTlNG. 2 yards wide. Is. Od. per yard run.

ELihii.v TiKoiAa AinHKii. Whole ami Srde Manufacturer, 7. Gro.it
Trinity Lane. Ciinnnii SLruet, City, E.G., and of all Nm-scrymon and
Seedsinen throughout tho Kmsdoin,

" It la uiucti cheaper than Mats aa a covering."

Winter Ribbon Garden.

JOHN ROSS, Surbiton, 8uiTey, W., ia prepared to
LAY OUT every description of PLEASURE GROUND
SCENERY. Photographs of Ribbon Planting may be had for
inspection as above. _____^ .. .

JOHN GIBSOisT^JuN , begs to announce that Ke ia
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTBIATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Man^iona and Villa or other
llesidences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out tho srlnio by Contract or otherwise.

Valuable Imported Orchids from Guatemala, New
Grenada, and North Auatralla.

MR. J. C. STEVKNS will 8ET.L by AUCTION, at
his Great Rouins, 38, Km^ Street, Cuvont (iardeii, W.C., on
MONDAY, April 'JU, Eleven Cases of valuable ORCHIDS, iu«t
arrived from Guateni'iln, oomnrihlnK extraordinarily line Hpeclniomi
collected by order of the late Mr. Skinner, to be ready on his arrival
at f>iiateiniil<i lor him to select from and food homo. Also a quautlty
of lino irnportud Odontoglossum trlumi>hanH and Pescatorei ft"om
New Grenada, and u line Inr of Dondrobium rattoncnse and auothoi'
Hpecies from North Australia.

May be view-*'! on the Moriilmj ol Sule, and CataloKues had.

Importation of Orchids from Moulmeln, and
LlUum auratum from Japan.

MR. J. C. STia'KNS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his fJreat Kniiin., .'.'<, Kuig Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on
WEDNESDAY, May 1, at ball-past 12 o'Clock i^reciaelv, 4 CASES
of VALUABLE ORCHIDS, juat arrived from Moulmein, compna-
ing Dondrobiunis, CyijripcUiums, Saccolabiunis, Aerldes, Calantlieo,
Ac. ; also a large number of LILIUM AU RATUM, just arrived per
BailUig vessel from Japan. .iVll for Sale without reserve.

On tIbw the Moramg of Sale, and Catalogues had.

M\i

Address Mr. John Girson, inn.. Siu

V Lane, Battersea, S.W.

G

Cboggon &. C.i, ;H, Bread Street, London, E.C. ; 2, Goree Piazzas,
Liverpool ; r»9, George Square, Glasgow.

s

H A

W ' S T 1 F F A

For samples and prices apply to
A\v .t Co., 29, Oxford Street, aianchester.

N i,

IpOWLKR'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
' CULTIVATOR may bo -SEEN at, WORK in every Agricultural
County in England.

For particulai's apply to Jons Fowler & Co., 71, Comhill, London,
E.C. : and Steam Plough Works, Leeds .^^^___^__

Sr BOULTON'S Se-siTlbiT SWING WATER

BARROW. Price 45s.
Carriage paid to any Station in England.

w

Farm Poultry.

GRET DORKING Et)VVLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, tUo largest and most productive

breed kUQwn.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, huge, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAirMA-POUTRA. CREVECQiUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constar^t layers.

Priced Llats and EaMmates Oh ttpplicatiiin.
John Bjlilv & Sew, 113, Mount Street, London. W.

WJVN'i'EU to REN'J\" a"SMALL KURSERV and
SEED BUSINESS, or a small place where there is au
opening to conuneuce business. Address,

Ali'ua, Messrs. Nutting & Soiis, W, Barbican. London, E.C.

FOR DISPOSAL, a Eirst-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would acceit of

WORK
Apply

Loudo

CING PARTN KR with a Capital of not less than £1500.
ly by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst a Son, 0, Laadenhall Sti

Choice and Large Collection of Orchids.

J. C. STEVENS has buc-n insii ii.u-d to SELL by

irCTlON, at his Great Ronnis, ;is, Kim; Street. Covent
Garden. W.C, without reserve, on THURSDAY and FRIDAY, the
2d and 3d of May, the entire COLLECTION of CHOICE ORCHIDS
belongini; to Geo. Cnopor, Es(|., of Alplm House, Coburg Road,
Camberwell, owing to htH giving up the growth in consequence of his
removing Into Kent. Tho Plants consist of all the leading and
newest varieties, including:—

s IS very cheap and Invaluable for carrying Liquii^s of all
Garden. Farm. Stable, or Kitchen Yard ihould be with-

The above

kuids. No Garden. . „ , -- - ,

I. at one Two or more Tubs can bo had with one Carriage at a small
(iildiLional cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travel
inug distances over rough ground a Pony cm be attached. The
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowing, out of many Testimonials, have been received :—

i-VoHt Lord Otho Fitzqerald. West Park, Salisbury.
" Sib,— You are welcome to make use of my letter recommending
vour Water Barrow. I find it of great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and more serviceable than one I had mide in the neigh-
bourhood the carriage alone of which, without the barrel, cost me
£3 10.^. I unfortunately ordered it before I saw your advertisement.
—I am, yours obediently, " O. Fitzgehald.'

"To Mr. W. S. BouLTON."

From Tnos. Ik.ile, Esq., M.D., Emsworllt, Hants, June 24, 1866.
" Sir,— The Swin^ Water Barrow is in every respect a most admir-
able improvoment on ull I have hitherto used m my Gardens. All
parties who have Seen it. Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
bestowed upon it their unqualihed approval, and several said they
would order them ofyou.— Yours truly, " Tnos. Inqle, M.D."

"To Mr. W. S. BooLTON."

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

The" Gardener's Watch.

PATENT LEVER WATCH in
Engine-turned Silver Case, with all the
latest improvements, jewelled, seconds hand,
strong, and calculated for hard wear, 4/. 14s. 6rf.
The same Watch in Hunting Cases, tl. os.
STRONG SILVER ALBERT and GUARD
CHAINS.

The above being Manufactured on the Pre-
mises, are with confidence recommended and
warranted for correct performance.
Illu8tr;ited Pamphlet, and all particulars gratis, on application to
Goldsmiths' Alliance (Limithi). U &. 1':

^ales: fij? Auction.

Sale of Choice Greenhouse and Bedding Plants,
Carnations, Picotees, and Pinks, &c.

MESSRS. PRoTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by
AUCTION, at 3S and 30, Gracechurch Street, City, E.C,
on THURSDAY, Mav 2, at 1 o'Clock precisely, a first-das'^ Collec-
tion of CARNATION'S, PICOTEES, and PINKS; fine AZALEA
INDICA, Show, Seirlct, ami Variegated Geraniums, Roses m Pots,
;md other Plants in bloom ; American Plants ; imported and other
Flower Set^ds ; with a variety of Ornamental Plants for Bedding ;
Verbenas, Fuchsias, Dahlias, &c.

On view the Morning of Sale. Catalogues may be had at the
Rooms as above, and of tho Auelioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone,
ilssex , N.E. __^

PRELIMINARY NOTICE of FORTHCOMING
SALES by PROTHEROE and MORRIS.
MAY y. — Exotic Nursery, Shepherd's Bush. Important to the

Trade. 30,000 Greenhouse and Bedding Plants,
MAY 17.— The Nursery, High Beech, Essex. About 20,000 choice
Grecnhou.se and Bedding Plants.
MAY 21 St 22.— The Old Dalston Nursery, by orderof Mr. Harrington.
The whole of the Greenhouse and Bedding Plmits,
with eight Greenhouses, several ranges of Pits,
Boxes, Hot-water Piping, Boilers, &c.
MAY 23.— Ramsgate. Whole of the Bedding and Greenhouse
Plants.
The City Auction Rooms. 38 and 39, Gracechurch Street, City, E.C.
Sales of Bedding and Greenhouse Plants weekly.

Clapham Common. Camellias & Greenhouse Plants.
TV/TESSKS. BLAKE will SELL by AUCTION, at the
iVX Residence nfthetate R. C. Bowden, Esq. (near the Sprini;
Well), on THURSDAY, May 2, at 2 for 3 o'Clock, a Collection of
50 CAMELLIAS, including some very fine specimens, AZALEAS,
H E ATUS, and other Greenhouse Plants, and a quantity of Bedding
Out Plants.

May be viewed two days before the Sale, and Catalogues had of
Ambrose Saolkr, the Gardener at the premises ; of Mr. Loat,
Estate Agent, Balhani Hili : and of Messrs. Blake, Croydon.

Ember Nursery. Thames Ditton,

A few minutes' walk from the Railw.ay Station at Thames Ditton,
and a short distance from Esher Station.

MR. KERMOCK is instructed by Mr. Lewis to SELL
by AUCTION, upon the Premises, en MONDAY, May C, at
12 for 1 o'clock precisL-ly, about 20,000 BEDDING PLANTS, com-
prising Scarlet Geraniums, Verbena.'', Calceolarias, Heliotropes,
Petunias, &c. ; a choice Collection of about 5O0O Pelargoniums,
1000 Fuchsias, 500 Fairy Rests, &c. ; also a powerful lobular Hot-
house Boiler, nine handsome Speckled and White Fowls, &c.

Purchasers of lots to the amount of 40s. can have them delivered
free within throe miles of Ember Nursery.

To be viewed alter May 1, when Catalogues may be had on the
Premises ; at the Auctioneer's OfBces, Kingston, S.W., who will also
forward the same, on application, by post^

, Comhill, London, E.C.

EPPS'
HOMIEOPATIIIC COCOA), -

Breakfast.

COCOA (also called E P P S ' S
—The very agreeable character of
this preparation has rendered it a general favourite. Invigorating
and sustaining, with a rehned and grateful flavour, developed by tho
BDOCiftl mode of preparation applied, this Cocoa is used as their
Uftbttual beverage for breakfast by thousands who never used Cocoa
before "Cocoa stands very much higher than Tea or Coffee, Dr.
Hassan says, "and contains every Ingredient necessary to the growth
and sustenance of the body."

It is made simply by poming boiling water or milk on the
Preparation as sold, i lb., i lb., and 1 lb. Packets.

Burnham, Bucks. Eligible Freehold Estate.

MESSRS. KliCIvLANO and SONS are instructed
by the Executors of Mr. Janit^s Austin, deceased, to SELL by
AUCTION, on MONDAY, May 6, at 1 for 2 o'Clock, at the Auction
Mi.rt, Tokenhouse Yard, London, E.G., a very desirable FREEHOLD
ESTATE, comprising a modem built Residence, with Bain, Stable,
Packing Sheds, .and largo Vinery, together with about (i Acres
2 Roods 28 Perches of rich soil, cultivated as a Market Ganien,
thickly stocked with well selected Fruit Trees, with good under crop
of Gooseberries. Currants, Raspberries, Slc. This eligible property is
beautifully situated on a rising ground on the entrance to the Town

nf Riirnhim, nhrtiit 9-i miUa from London, witli southom ospoot,

commanding a fine view of Windsor Castle and the adjacent scenery.
Well adapted for the erection of a good Residence, being in the
vicinity of Dropmore, Burnham Beeches, and Cliveden, and the
picturesque villages of Stoke, Farnham Royal, and Taplow ; within
about 1 mile of the Maidenhead Station on .the Great Westeni Rail-
way, and 4 miles of Windsor Castle and Eton College.

May be viewed on application to the Tenant. Particulars and
Conditions of Sale may be had at the Bear Hotel, Maidenhead ;
Crown Hotel, Slough ; at tho Auction Mart, London, E.C. ; of
George A. CiiAitsLEV, Esq,, Solicitor, Beaconsfleld ; and of Messrs.
BucKLAXD & Sons, Auctioneers and Estate Agents, Windsor.

Coleby Hall, near Lincoln.

Important Sale of Shoht-hornld Cattle.

MR. STRAFFORD begsto announce tbat he has received
instructions from Geo. Bland, Esq., to SELL by AUCTION,
without reserve, on THURSD.\Y, the 9th of M;iy nest, at Coleby
Hall near Lincoln, his entire and very superior HKRD of SHOR'I-
HORNED CATTLE, consisting of nearly 70 Head f f Bulls, Cows,
and Heifers, that have been bred from the most fashionable soui*ces.
Hulls of hich character and breeding have been used, such as Lord
Raglan (14,849), Victor (21,025), The Baronet (17.088). Knight Errant
(18,1S4), and Lord lied Rose (22,205). The Young Stock, chiefly by
Gr.ind Duke Cth (19,870), are particularly good, and reflect great
credit upon this diatinguished sire, who is now in service.

Catalogues with Pedigrees may be had on application to Mr.
Strafford, 13, Eustoa Square, London ; or of Mr. Bland, at Coleby
Hall, near Lincoln.

Aorides Fioldingli

,, macnlosum

„ Lobbii

„ Llndloyanuni

„ fjjirpontoj

„ ciuinquovulnerura

„ rosciini superbum

,, vircns superbum
Cattleva ametliystoglossa

„ Trlanioi

„ Mossiaj

,, labiata

„ maxima

„ ,, Huporlia

Cyprlpedium caudatuni

„ liookerl

„ Lowil
Dendrobium chrysotoxum

,, clavatum

,, densiflorum album

,, cburneum

., heterocarpum

,, Cambridgeanuin

„ thyrsiflorum
L:olia clegans

,, purpunila

„ autumtialis

„ W.allisii
Odontoglossum Alexandra

„ Bluntii
citrosmum

Odontoglos.sum Dawsoni

,, gloriosum

„ luteo-purpureum

,, Insleayi

„ Pescatorei

,, pulchellum majus

„ radiatum

„ grande
Oncidium ampliatum majus

,, crlspum grandiflorum

„ „ ,. marginatum

„ Lanceanum
PhaUenopsia grandlllora

,, amabilis

,, roseus

,, Luddem.auniana

,, Schilleriana
Peristeria elata
Saccolabium guttatuni splendens

„ pi emoraum

,, Blumei majus

„ Reidii

„ retusum

„ vlolaceum
Trichopilia suavLs
Vanda cterulea

„ Batemanni

„ ^igantea

„ insignis

.. tricolor
suavis, be.

On view tho Mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Highly Important Sale of Established Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS begs to announce that, he has
been favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION,
at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
THURSDAY, May 9, at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, some
unu.-.nally fine Specimens and Choica V,arieties of ESTABLISHED
ORCHIDS, being duplicates from tho renoivned Collection of
S. Rucker, Esq., of West Hill, Wandsworth, including :—
Aerides Larpentw Trichopilia crispa

„ Fieldingii ""'■^* "-"'IJ-J" "-

Cypripedium caudatum
Dendrobium Wardil

Cattleya labiata

labiata speciosa

Miltoma Candida grandiflora
Odontoglossum Phala;nopsis

,, mevium majus
Calanthe Veitchli
Cymbidium ebumeum

And many other fine species all in the finest possible health ; also
some duphcates from the well-known Collection of J. Day, Esq., ot
Tottenham, including floe Plants "^ ''""' "' "" " '""" "' '^"^

following RARE ORCHIDS :-
Angriecum sesquipedale
Aerides affine

„ Larpentie

,, Dftvanum

., qui'nquevulnerum
Cattleya amethyatoglossa

,, Exoniensis

„ labiata

,, superba
Ct^elogyne criatata
Cyprlpedium Lowii

,, Dayanum

,, Stonei

„ lEevigatum
Dendrobium Devonianum

„ lituifiorum

„ Farmer!
Dendrochilum filiforme
Lielia crispa superba

, and first-class varieties of the

Lcolia elegans

,, Schilleriana splendens
Maxillaria venusta
Miltonia Regnelli
Odontoglossum Blimtii

,, Pescatorei

,, nehulosuni

,, Uro Skinneri
Phalpenopsis amabilis

„ Schilleriana

„ Luddemanniana
Pleione lagenaria

,, humQis

,, maculata

„ Wallichil
Saccolabium guttatum

,, ampuUaceum
Vanda coerulea
&c., &c.

On view tho Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Preliminary Notice.

HiQULY Important Sale of Establisued Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS begs to announce that he has
been favoured with mstructions to SELL by AUCTION,
without reserve, at his Great Rooms. 33. King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C, on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, May 14 and 15,
at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely each day, the Collection of CHOICE
and RARE ORCHIDS belonging to Dr. Pattison, of St. John's Wood,
consisting of fine healtny plants of all the newest and rarest
varieties, including : —

Aerides Fieldingii

,, Larpentio

,, maculosum superbum, &c.
AugiiBcum sesquipedale
Cattleya araethystoglossa

,, pallida

„ bulbosaa. Walkeriar.a

,, Warscewiczii superba, deli-
c^ta, SiC.
Cypripediumcaudatumsui erbum

.. Fairrieanum

„ Lowii

„ Stonei

„ VeitchU [eiganteum

Dendrobium macrophyllum

,, Farmeri aureum uavum

,, Cauibridgeanum

,, nobile pendulum

,, Fanshii

., primulinum giganteum

„ Heyneanum, Blandum, &c.
Lajlia majalis

Lselia autumnalis

,, Brysi.ina
Odontoglossum Alexandrte

,, cor datum

„ luteo-purpureum

,, Phalieaopsis

„ ntevium majuB, '&c.
Oncidium macranthum

„ nubigenum

„ holochrysiun

,, cruentum, &c.
Phalajnopsis amabilis

,, grandiflora (Bomean and
Philippine varieties)

,, Luddemanniana

,, Schilleriana
Vanda ccerulea

„ insignis

„ suavis

„ tricolor, &c.
Uropedium Lmdleyanura
Zygopetiilum rostriLtura, &c.

On view tho Mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Chesfield Manor Farm, Stevenage, Herts,

0.1 TUE Great Nortoehn Railway.

MESSRS. PAGE, HARDING, and EVE have
received Instructions from J. iJailey Denton, Ksg^ who is
quitting the above Farm, to SELL by AUCTION, on THURSDA^ ,
May 10, at 12 o'clock, tho very Choice Herd of pure-bred SHUKJ-
HORNS, consisting of about 35 Cows, Heifers, and Bulls, m hne
healthy condition, and possessing some of the best blood m the
country. Also a Flock of superior SHROPSHIRE DOWN Ewes
and Lambs, and four Riuns ; and some well-bred Breeding FIGS.

Catalogue?, with Poiiigrces of the Herd, may be had on applicttlon
to Messrs. Paoe, Harding, & Eve, Land Agenta Surveyors, and
Auctioneerd, St. Alban's, Hitchin, and Silaoe ; or to Mr. HoicmsbON,
at the Farm, who will show the Stock.

452

THE CtAM)KKE1^S' CMOKKJLE A.NI) AGKK^JlT/rtTTfAT, (^A?.V![n.

[Apbil 27, 1867.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT LAWN MOWEES FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED ON FIVE OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1864 BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY.
DURING THE SEASON OF 1865 THEY WERE PATRONISED ON F0X7R OCCASIONS BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN

ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE EING OF HOLLAND, AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA.

AGAIN ON FOUR OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1866 BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND BY MANY DISTINGUISHED NOBILITY BOTH IN THIS COUNTRY AND ABROAD.

HORSE-POWER MACHINE.

Every minute point in the way of improvement has been carefully considered and adopted, and as A. S. and SOX have for more than a quarter of a century
devoted their attention to this particular branch of their business, the Nobility, Gentry, !ind Gardeners may rely on the MACHINES they may order, to be such
S3 to ensure lasting satisfaction, and to stand the wear and tear of many years.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

ARE IN DAILY USE IN

ALL THE EOYAL GAEDENS ; IN THE HOIITICULTUEAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON ; CESTSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUNDS;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;
And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

These are tlie only Maoh.iiies tliat can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

THESE ARE TEE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOW PBOPESLY WHEN THE GRASS IS JVET.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OP LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWEES are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shanks' Patent Lawn Mower will Mow on uneven as well as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDEE SHANKS and SON, in referrmg to their IMPEOVED LAWN MOWEES for 1867, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in effecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. and son have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an extent as possible in the construction of their Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery are employed in manufacturing the various parts, and this applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machinea.

A. S. AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWERS, which wiU enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING POET IN THE KINGDOM.

SHANKS'

Easily Worked

Width of Cutter.
10-inch Machine £3 10 0 ) i

12-inch Machme 4 10 0 1 ^ " " ^ (4s. extra.

14-inch Machine 5 10 0 By a Boy )

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE

width of Cutter.

25-inch Machine £12 10 0

28-inch Machine 14 10 0 .. .. 30s. „

30-inch Machine .. .. ,. .. 15 15 0 .. ,. 30s. „
Silent Movement, 12s. Gd. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Silent Movement.

Width of Cutter.

16-inch Machine £6 10

19-iiicli Machine 7 12

22-inch Machine . , , . . . ..87

Eaall? Worked Silent Movemant.

If with Pat.fint Daliverinc App.ijatiiii.

., 25s. extra.

0 By a Man or Two Boys i ^^^ g^^^.^^ ;
6 By a Man and Boy ( [

24-inch Machine.. ^ ^^ % ]By Two Men .. { l'^^^]

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HOBSB MACHINE.

Width nf Cutter

30-inch Machine £19

If with Patent Delivenng Apparatu

,, 30s. extra.

0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0., .. 30s. ,,

42-inch Machine 26 0 0 . . . . 40s. „

48-inch Machine 28 0 0 . . . . 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTUEEES :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.C.

•^^ 27, Leadenhall Street is the only place in London where intending purchasers of Laion Mowers can choose from a Stock of from 160 to 200 Macmn$s*
All tises kept there^ whether for Morse, J'ony, or Mand Fower.

Editorial Ctommimlcationa should be addressed to" The Editor;" Advertisements and Business Letters to " Tlie Pabliaher," at the Office, 41, Welliagton Street, Coveat Garden. London, W.C.

Printed by JiMBS Mattbews, at the Office of Meesi-s. Bradbury, Evans, & Co., Lombard street, Pr^cinot of Whitefrlars, City of London, in the Co. of ftllddleses, and Published by thf said Jaubs MATrBaffi>ac tne
Office, No.il, WeUlu^u Street, FariBh of St. Paul's, Coveut Oarden, In the said County.— Bi.ioaDi.i, April 27, 18G7.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 18.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, MAY 4.

/Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, (ji.

INDEX.

AftHcultural education 474 b

Agriculture und HciviK-e 407 <

Auriculas 4(i4 a

Bee-li>vcs 4ii4 t

Belvoir Cahtle JiiS n

Books, noticed 4G3 6—474 «

CabboKC, wild 4G0 n

Dairii.'s, Danish 470 c

Education, Dt;rirultiirftl 474 I

>.Yt'rgrcen9, transplanting .. 46'^ fl

rarni, walk over iiiv 4Ca i

Fcnis.New Zeaiand 46.i a

Food committee 468 (

>\inKi as food 460 c

Oanie 472 c

Gardening, spring.,.. 462 a — 465 «

GinpcB, lar^ebunchca of 462 t

— ripe, in Murcli 462 (

! Rbourers, Russian 46U J

Land question, Irish 469 t

iloneel in Ireland 472 (

Meadows, sewagid 468 i

Orchids, terrestrial 459 I

Pm is Exhibition

PclarKoiiiuins, zonal

Primula clutior

Si-ience and agriculture

Scltoii Park

Sheep niami^ement

8lKiit-liorus 467 c. 4G8 e,

Socictv, Uoval Horticultural

— floj-nl Uotauic

— Hotanical of Edia.

bur^h

— Linnean

— Kntomological

— Royal Agricultural ....

— Highland

Soils, light and heavy

Sorghum

I ransplautinf evergreens. . . ,

Trees, Australian

Tulips, early

Vines bleeding

Vine gi'owing 460 e-

Window rtowers

463 i<
463 b

467 6

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
SPECIAL PRIZE SHOW of NEW PLANTS, kc, on TUESDAY
NEXT, May 7. Band from 3.30. Admission by Tickets pm-cbased
prior to the 7th. Fellows' Friends, 2s. (Jd. ; Public, 3s. ed. ; or on
the day, 6s. ^_ _ _ _ _

R'OYAL~BOTANIC SOCIETY'S GARDENS,
Recent'3 Fark.-EXHIBITIONS of PLANTS, FLOWERS,
and FRUir. Wednesdays, SLij- so, June PJ. :ind July 3. Tickets
to be obtJiined at. the Gardens by orders from Fellows ofthe Society.
Saturday, May 18, is the last day for the 4s. Tickets, and the Fellows'
Packets for £6 6s.

WEST LONDON ROSE SHOW, Open to AIL—
The above Exhibition will be held at EALING, on JUNE U.
Schedules mav bo obtnined. G. Young, Iloit. Sec.
Saoderiug liousc, High Street, Ealincr, London, N.W.

READING HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY. — The
SPRING snow will bo held on THURSDAY, May 2.3, by per-
mission ofthe Mayor, in the ABBEY UUINS. AMiliUrv Band will
attend. Scheriules of Regulations and Prizes may be obtained on
amplication totho Secretary, Cuarlks Coluxs. 34, Chain Street.

THE BRISTOL, WESl' of ENGLAND, and St>UTH
wales chrysanthemum, AUTUMNAL FLOWER,
PLANT, and FRUIT SOCIETY.— The Schedule of Prizes offered by
the above Society for the coming season, can now be had on application
to the Nurserymen in Bristol and Clifton, or of the Honorary
Secretary, J. Houus, 10, Com Stieet, Bristol.

w

ILLIAMS'

SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.
See large Advertisement.

NEW DOUBLE FUCHSIA, EXTRAORDINARY.— A
most distinct and desirable variety. Plants ready in May, Bg.
each. Jno. JtFFERiES & Soy, Royal Nurseries, Cirencester.

GERMAN FLOWER SEEDS.— Superb Varieties of
Aster, Stock, Balsam.Wallflower, Phlox Dmmmondii, Portulaca,
Larkspur, Zinnia, &c For prices, see DESCKIPTIVE SEED LIST.
RicnARD Smith, Seod Merchant, Worcester.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept in Stock at
Cabtee'b New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, BIfih Holborn. London.

PELARGONIUMS, 24 good distinct kinds tor 16s. ;
36 do. lor 23ji. ; 60 do. for 303. The above are all good healthy
Plants. Trade price per 100, or otherwise on application,
CATALOGUES post free.
H. & R. STiRz.iK.ER, Skorton Nurfieries, Lancaster.

NEW ZONAL PELARGONIUMS for the present
Season.— For Six choice Varieties of the above, selected with
great care from an immense batch of Seedlings, see our Advertiie-
ments in the "Journal of Horticultiue,"

A liberal discount to the Trade.
Saltmahsk & Son, Moulshara Nurseries, Chelmsford.

rpjSN THOUSAND BEODING GERANIUMS,
i consisting of Tom Thumbs, Punch, Vivid, Stella, Bijou, &c.

4000 ZONAL GERANIUMS, selected from the best varieties of
the last few seasons. Price on application to

William Cocas, Old Nurseries, Domngton, near Spalding.

CHOICE BEDDING GERANIUMS.— Itiilia Unita,
Luna, Sunset, Mrs. Pollock, Crystal Sea, Le Grand, Amy Hogg,
Venus, Indi.in Yellow, Glowworm, Orange Nosegay, Enamel. The
above twelve varieties, in strong healuhy plants for 12^. Terms cash.
Thomas Pestridoe, The Greenway Nursery, Uxbndge, Middlesex.

CAMELLIAS, AZALEAS, and ORANGE TREES,
a fresh importation.- A large collection of BRITISH FERNS,
established in pots, 6s. per dozen. EXOTIC FERNS. CLIMBING
and other PLANTS, FERN CASES, AQUARIUMS. &c.
R. Gree.t, The Bedford Conservatory, Covent Garden Markat, W.C.

Cllanthus Dampleri.

BUTLER, Mcculloch, and CU. have to offer a
quantity of the above Seed, just received in splendid condition,
■ At l8. and 2s. 6d. per packet. Price to the Trade on application.

South Ruw, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

NEW ROSES for 1867.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with piices, on application.
John Cranstom, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford,

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries.
Hear Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

THE CHOICEST 12 NEW ROSES for 1867, -^vith
strong healthy growth, unusually fine plants, so soon as
weather permits. Price 42s. per dozen.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

ROSES, eood plants in Pots. — All the choice named
varieties of TEA-SCENTED, CHIN A. BOURBON, NOISETTE,
and HYBRID PERPETUALS, in 24 and 30-sized pots, our selection,
J2 varieties, 83. ; 26 for 14s., 60 far 2(i»., and 100 for 503.
. Trade price on application.

H, k R. SxiRZAtER, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

i^LADIOLI BULBS'

yjC for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,

2«. Od., 3s. Od., 68. Od., 7s. Gd., 9s,, and 123. per dozen.
10s. Od., Ifi-t., 21s., 26s. to lOOs. per lUO.
Barr&Sdoden. Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street
Covent Garden, W.C.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and C 0.,

Seed Faiimeh!!, Merchants, and Nurskrymkn,
237 & 238. High Holborn, London. W.C.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

JAMES FAIRHEAU and SON, 7, Borough Market,
and Braintree, Essex.
LISTS and Special Prices on application.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON. Seed Growers and
Merchants, 7, Uoroii^;h Market, London. S.E,
New and Genuine AGRICULTURAL, GARDEN, and FLOWER
SEEDS. Special prlctjs and advantatieous olfora uu application.

ROSES— One MARECHAL NIEL and 24 other strong
plants (some in bloom) of choice Tea, Noisette, Bourbons, and
Hybrid Perpetual Roses, In 43 and 32-pot8, for Two Guineas. Pur-
cbaser** selection from printed List, which can be had on application.
The same quantity a size smaller for 30s.

TfioMAi S. Ware, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, Middlesex.

Bedding Plants, mostly 2s. per dozen.
SCOTT, Merviott, t^oui<rset, lur tlu- 17th year offeis
• his unrivalled Collection of the above,

CATALOGUES on application free.

Bedding Plants.

ARCHIBALD H LN DERSON'S DESCRIPTIVE
PRICED CATALOGUE is now ready, containing many
Novelties. Can be had gratis and post free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Hyath, S., and at the East Sui-rey Seed
Warehouse, College Groumls, North End, Croydon^

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application, Iligbgate, London, S.

Plants for the Season.
OHARLES TUKNEK'S DllsCKUTIVE SPRING

V^ CATALOGUE of BPIDDING PLANTS. FLORIST'S
FLOWERS, Ac, is now ready, ani may be had on application,

Tho Royal Nurseries, Slough

New cnrysantliemunis, Pyrethrums, &c.

JOHN SALTi-.R'S ULSCKIPTIVE CATALOGUE is
now ready, and will be sent on receipt of two postage stamps.
Verbaillea Nursery, William Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith,

W. (neur Kensington Railway Station), ^^

00*7 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

/CO § —CARTER'S SELECT LIHT of FARM SEEDS, at
reasonable prices, forwarded gratis and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 23>j, High
Holborn, London, W.C. ^^

Notice.

PURCHASERS of LARGE UUANTITIRS of FARM
or GARDEN SEEDS will bo supplied liberally by Sltton &
Sons. For prices aiiply (stating fjuantity required) t')

Suttun k Sii.NS, itoyal BcrkMliiio Seed Est;d)liHhiiiuiit, Reading.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CUdARLLS SUARPL and CO. beg to inlorm the
J Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST Ih now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.

Seed Warolioiise, .Sloalord.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

Hand F. SHARL^E'S WHOLESALE SPRING
• PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of IbCO growth U now
ready and may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

ARM S^EEIJ LlKTof theLON DON S a, ED COMPANY

is now jiublished, ai d can bo obtaine.l from the
Manager, OS, Wulbeck Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.

KIRYTnG'S swede TURNIP, Tls.' per bushel.

Fine seleetrd stock, from the
London Seed Companv, 08, Wetbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

ArELLOW GLOBE MANGEL, 50*. per cwt.
J_ Fine selected stock, from the

London Seed Company, 68, Welbeck Street. CLivendish Square, W.

GREEN KOHL RABI, net growth of 1866'.
Is. per lb., 100s. per cwt. New 4 lb. Sacks la, Od, each,

Roriittauces to accompany orders,
Christmas CJuinoey. Seedsman, Ac, Peterboroui^h^

mi^TlUSl'AKD for Spwin-, net scr^wih of 18'i'i.
13s. per bushel of 52 lb. ; 60s. per sack of 4 bush. New 4 lb.
Sacks, Is. lid, each. Remittances to accompany orders.

Christmas Quiscev, Seedsman, &c., Peterborough.

BUTTON'S HOME-GROWN TURNIP

J For prices and particulars apply to

Sdttiin & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

SEED.

1867

LOBLLIA iMlSS MURPHV (Usher's).— A eompuct
growing variety producing thousands of " pure white " floivers ,
obtained Fii-st-class Certificate R.B.S., and sent out by us last year. I
Fine plants Irom cuttings, 4s. per dozen, or 25s. per 100. I
Martin & Son, 7, Market Place, HiilL

TURNIP SEEDS.

Best selected quality.
PRICED LISTS on application.
James Dickson & Sons, 102, E.^stgate Street, Chester.

New General Catalogue of Plants.

A VAN GEEKT, Nuiiseryman, Ghdit, Belgium,
• begs to announce that his NEW GENERAL CATALOGUE
of PLANTS is just published, and may be obtained on application
from his Agents,

Messrs. R. SiLREanAD ft Son. 5, Harp Lane, London, E.G.

New Spring Catalogue.

WOOD and INGRAM'S Sdecl CATALOGUE of
Dahlias, Pelartrniuums, Zonal and Variegated Geraniums,
Verbenas, Fuchsias, Beddin,^ Plants, &c., is now ready, and wdl bo
forwarded on application.

The Nurseries, Huntingdon.

To the Trade.— Verbenas.

WM. KNIGHT begs to offer 20,000 VERBENAS,
strong plants, In abo\it 24 of the best varieties known, includ-
ing the best new of last season, at Ids. per 100. Terms cash.
Floral Nursery, Hailsham, Sussex.
Post-olflce Orders payable at Hailsham.

CASTLE KENNEDY FIG.— Plants of the above may
now be had at lOs. Od. and 21s. each ; tho usual discount to the
Trade, Peter Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and London.

New Mangel and Turnip Seeds.

JAMES FAIRHEAU and SON, 7, Borough Market
and Braintree, Esses. Special Select ORANGE GLOBE and
other MANGELS, and ail varieties uf TURNIPS.
Sjieciai prices on application.

New Turnips and Mangel Wurzel Seeds, &c.

ALFRED LKGEKTUN, Seed MKitciiANT, .3, Aldgate,
London, E,, has to ofier to the Trade the above in all tho
leading varieties, all fine samples, and grown from fine selected stocks ;
also DWARF ESSEX RAPE, MUSTARD, and all other Agricul-
tural Seeds. Prices (which are low) may be had on application.

Robinson's Champion Drumhead Cabbage.

SUTTON AND Sons can supply New SELD of the
■^ above directfrom Mr. Robinson, at 3s. 6d. per lb-, cheaper by
the cwt. Heads of this variety have been grown 75 lb. each.

Sutton ft Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading,

SPECIAL OFFER.— Fine New SCAKLKT RUNNER
BEANS. Cash Price, 7s. 6d. per bushel.
Frederick Gee. Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade^Beda^^

GI AN~T A S P A IIXg U S PL ANTS,
the best that money can procure, 25. Gd. per 100. — This
delicious vegolable does not require half tho expense usuilly
incurred in planting it.

See RICHARD SMITH'S SEED LIST for 1867.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

REACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,

PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.

RicBARD Smith. Nm-serj-man and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA.— Wanted, One or
Two very fine Specimens ; if grown in tubs will be preferred.
WANTED ALSO, a quantity of fine SPECIMEN PLANTS, any
size up to 20 feet. Must be very good and cheap,

App'.y to Mr. Clapham, the Owner, Royal Park, Leeds,

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.

Thomas Warner. Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

L ILIUM AURATUM. —

Large Consignment just received, 2s. Od., 3s. Cd,, ^s, 6d., and
7s. Cd. per Root. Extra large selected Bulbs, 108. 6d.. 12s. 6d., 16«.,
and 2i8.

Barr ft Scqden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C

OHOW DAHLIAS, in strong plants, now ready.

O 12 Varieties, named, 4s., or 24 Varieties, named. 8s. Terms cash.

CATALOGUES free for one stamp.

John J. Haslam, late John Holland, Bradshaw Gardens,

Chadderton, Mnnchester.

Dahlias.

GEO. RAWLINGS' NIN ETEENTH ANNUAL
CATAXOGUE contains 176 select varieties at 3s. per dozen,
including Leah, George Wheeler, and the best of 1865 Also 47 of
1866, at 9». per dozen, including Fanny Stnrt,

Waterloo Road, Romford, E.

Rhododendron Javanlcum. Finest variety.

WILLIAM JiOLLlSSON and SONS bavin;? raised
many thousands of this beautiful RHODODENDRON from
Seed saved on the best variety are enabled to supply the Trade with
fine Plants at a considerably reduced price. Terms on application to
William Rollisson ft Sous, The Nurseries, Tooting. London, S.

GENUINE NEW CARROT SEED.
The Three Best Sorts are
WHITE BELGIAN, Is. per lb. l Cheaper

RED INTERMEDIATE, Is. itd. per lb. V by the
LONG RED CATTLE, Is. Crf. per lb, J Cwt.
I Sctton ft Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Sorghum tartaricum.

SUTTON AND SONS, ha\ing imported a supply of
Trde Seed of the above, can supply it In packett at Is. and
2j. 6d. each (post free).

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading,

New Striped Japanese Maize,

SUTTON AM) SO.NS L::in supply Sefd of the above
beautiful Ornamental Foliago Pl.int in packets at Is. each, post
free. Ruyal Berkshire Seed Establisbmbut, Reading^

The New Forage Grass (Bromus Schraderi).

SUTlON AND bO.nS huve imporled a lur^^e supply of
True Seed of the above, and offer it at 2s. Cd. per lb., or cheaper
in large quantities. Quantity required per acre, 3u lb. Lowest price
per cwt, and instructions on cultivation, may bo had on application.
Suttun & Sons, Seed Mereliants, Iteaiiing.

Genuine Clean Clover Seeds at Market Values.
OUTTON A.ND fcONS, Sekd GKuw^nts, Reading, can
lO supply genuine NEW CLOVER SEEDS at very moderate
prices, especially in large quantities.

Samples and Piices post free on application^ ^^

OR IMM EDIATE SALE, 70 to 80 quarters of
Westmoreland-grown ITALIAN RYE-GRASS SEED (10 1b.
bushel), price 208.

Apply to J. Dixon, Seedsman, KenHnl.

C"i OOD CLUVER SLKD.-5, ut .d.i,..,. i.,.. .
X White Dutch, Alsike, Cow Grass, and Tref.'il ; also Perennial,
Italian Rye, and other Grasses. For samples and lowest prices, apply
to Richard Smith, Seed Mercli:uit, Worcester,

To Improve Meadow Land.

RICHARD SMITH'S MIXTURE of the finest
GRASSES and PERENNIAL CLOVERS (S to 12 lb. per acre,
at lOd. per lb.), if sown early, will cause a valuable tmprovomeut to the
crop. Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Wonester^

Grass Seeds for Permanent Pasture.

RICHARD SMII'fl'S MIXl'URLS of the finest
PERENNIAL GRASSES and CLOVERS are carefully made
to suit all kinds of Soil. Price 20s. to 323. per acre.
PRICED LIST on appUcatioi.

Richard Smith, Seed Merchaot, Worcester.

ATURAL ijUA.^SLS . iheir Narats and Derivations ;
Quality, Produce, Elevation, Situation, Soil, Use. Peculiai-ity
Season, Growth, Incrense, Time of Floweiin<, Price, &c.
Free for one onstage stanU'.
Richard Smith, Seecl Merchant, Worcester.

454

The gardenehs' chkonicle and agricultural gazette.

[Mat 4, 1867.

rpEICOLOK

Mrs. Pollock, 7s. and 9s. per doz.
Italia Dnita, 21s. per doz.

PELARGONIUMS.

c

Sunset, 21s. per doz.
. Mrs. Beuyon, 24s. per doz.
In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package included.

Kemittance required from unknown Correspondents.
Address, Alfked Fhyer, Uurieries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

H 0 I C E V A RfE GATED PELAliGONlUMS".

Sunset Luna Italia Unita

Mrs. Beuyon Bicolor splendens Picturatum

Gold Flieasant Princess Alexandra Keciilworbh

Yellow Belt Queen of Queens Tlie Fairy

The above 12 varieties suitable forKshiibitionorPot-culLure for 'Z'is.

Remittances requested from unknown correspondents.

ALFitED Fitvun, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridge.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts,
TNTENDI.\(j PURUPIASEKS of TKICOLOR
-L PELARGONIUMS wilt do well to see J. W.^tson's beautiful
Tricolors MlsS WATSON and MRS. DIX, previous to making their

gurchases. For fine foliage, excellent constitution, free growth, and
ri'liancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
i!"irst-cla53 Certificates. Plants of Miss VVatson in August, £2 2s. each;
Mrs. Dix in May, 18C8, 3ls. 6d. each.

THE QUAJjUrCOLOK PELAKGONIUM of the
Seftson is METEOR, raised by Saltmarsit & Son.
For description see Advertisements in the "Journal of Horticulture."
This splendid variety has received a First-clasiS Certiflt;ate from the
Royal Horticultural Society, and was figured in the Jamiarv Number
of the " Floral Magazine."
A Coloured Drawing by Andrews will be sent on receipt of 7 stamps.
Moulsham Nurseries, Chelmsford.

TKICULOK GEKAiMUMS.— ItJiliu Unita, Queen of
Nosegays, Gold pheasant. Sunset, Crystal Palace Dwarf, Mrs.
Pollock, Stella Variegata, Yellow Belt, one of each, packing
included, I2s. ; Mi-s, Pollock, 7s. per dozen ; Sunset, 15s. Strong
Plants of the following at 3s. per dozen : — Iresine. Coleus, Perilla,
Amaranthus ; Geraniums Tom Thumb, Spitfire. Christine, Stella,
Countess of Warwick, Alma, Flower of the Dav, and Bijou.
- "CALCEOLARIAS, VERBENAS, AQERATITMS. CUPHEA,
LOBELIA, GAZANIA, KONIGA, and NIEREMBERGIA
GRACILIS, S.f. per dozen ; finest Zonal varieties, 6s per dozen csish ;
strong Plants GLOIRE DE NANCY. 2s. Gel. each.
Geo. Davison Hereford.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully solicits Orders for the following NEW and
FIRST-CLASS PLANTS, which will be ready for delivery in May.

NEW ROSES.
BLACK PRINCE, H. P. (W m. Paul).— Flowers dark crimson, shaded

with blrick, cupped, large and full. Price ijs. each.
GLOBOSA, H. P. fWm. Paul).— Flowers clear dark bright crimson,
colour intense and uniform throughout. Price 6s each •
ADY SUFFIELD, H. P. (Wm. Paul).— Flowers purplish crimson,
colour uniform throughout, the purple tint predominatmg ■
large, full, and of fine form. Price 5s. each. '

Tae bust of the NEW FRENCH ROSES, 3s. dd. each, 368. per doz.
Older kinds, 9s. to 30s. per doz.

NEW BEDDING GERANIUMS (Beaton's Race).

Any 12 Varieties from this group of 18 may be selected by the
purchaser for £2 2s.
The following NEW ZONALE and HYBRID NOSEGAY
Gj:u.A>;iUiiS have been selected from several thousand seedlings
r lised from the stock of the late Mr. Donald Beaton. Every one now
ofifered has been thoroughly tested, and Is bBlieved to bo in advance
of, or distinct from, all pre-existing kinds.
AUTOCRAT (Wm. Paul). — Flowers bright orange, very large, a

uecided advance in shape of this colour, blooms freely, very

attractive ; habit good. Price Ss. 6<1. each.
BICOLOR (Wm. Paul).— Flowers bluish purple, with spot of fiery

scarlet on top petals; free, good, and quite unique in colour and

character. Price 6s. each.
BLi,^ BI1.LL (Wm. P<iUl).— Flowers bluish lilac, large, and of good

shape and tniss; habit fine. A thoroughly distinct and most

pleasing novelty. Price 5s. each.
CLIO (Wm. Paul).— Flowers rosy purple, upper petals scarlet, large

and good form, truss and habit good ; pnco 3s. M. each
CRIMSON QUEEN (Wm. Paul)._Flowcrs deep crimson, at once the

d;irkest and briglitest crmison yet seen in Zonale Pelargoniums,

flowers abundantly. Price 3s. Crf. each,
CRUSADER (Wm. Paul).— Flowers crimson scarlet, with white eye,

hit i;6 and smooth, truss large. Price 6s. each.
DR. HOGG (Wm. Paul},— Flowers purplish rose, the colours glowing

and very beautiful, trusses pood and abundant. Under canvas

this novelty appears to resemble Amy Hogg, but is quite fii^tiiict

Itom the latter out of doors. Figured in "The Florist" for

November, 1SU6. Price 5s. ea,<:\\.
ENCHANTRESS (Wm. Paul) — Fl:)wers soft purplish crimson, with

distinct scarlet eye, trusses and habit good, very lovely

Price 3s. 6d. each.
FIRb-i'LiV (Will. Paul).— Flowers scarlet crimsnn and orange, with

sTTht eye; habit free anU g'jod; distinct and vury efleclive.

Price 3s. Gd. o^ch.
GLORY oi WALTHaM (Wm, Paul).— Flowers splendid even scarlet,

dwarf h-ibit, fi>ii;ige flue, truss largo aud close. Probably thti

finpRt " N'lsegiv" Geianium vet raised. Price 3^. Gd each
KINGFISHER {Wm. Paul).— Flowers crimson and bluish purple,
■ nmuenta eye, very free, distinct and efl'ective. Price 3s Gd each
LILaCINUM (Wm. Paul). — Flowers dark bright lilac, ai.lendid

tnips, and fine habit, the colour quite new. Price 6s. each.
MEMNON (Wm. Paul).— Flowers magenta, tnisses good and very

abundant, habit dwarf. This might be called a rosy purple

" Stella." Price 3s. Gd. each,
OMEN (Wm. Paul). —Flowers reddish salmon, splendid truss,

good habit, very free, distinct, and first-rate for bedding

Price 3s. 6d. each.
PURPLE QUEEN (Wm. PaulJ.-In the way of Amy Hogg as to

hitbit and character of trjass and fiower, but of a totally different

coluur — dark rosy purple. Price 6s. each,
TROUBADOUR (Wm. Paul). — Flowers rosy purple, fine shape,

' magnificent under glass. Price 5s. each.
VILLAGE MAID (Wm, Paul). — Flowei-s bright deep pink, with

clear white blotch in the centre of the upper petals, the colours

being well separated or defined; habit dwarf and compact ; very

beautiful. Price 5s. each.
WALTHAM NOSEGAY (Wm. Paul).— Flowers carmine, trusses of

good &ize and abundant; highly recommended for the efiect it

produces in the flower garden. Price 3s. Qd. eacli.
GOLD-LEAVED VARIETIES.
The following varieties are the result of a cross between Beaton's
race and the ordinary gold-leaved kinds, whereby has been obtained
the free growth and leafy character of the former, properties
invaluable for bedding purposes,
JASON (Wm. Paul).— Flowers blood crimson, trusses large, round,

and compact, leaves pure golden yellow habiC dwarf and free ■

the plant densely clothed with fine foliage. The association of

yellow leaves and blood crimson flowers, both freely produced, is,

iQ this plant, very fascin^iting. Price 7s, (Id- each
WALTHAM GEM (Wm. Paul). — Flowers very light red, colour

distinct and psiculiarly pleasing, white oj'o; leaves yellow with

very faint zone. A beautiful novelty of dwarf compact habit.

Price 7s. Gd. each.

STANDARD ZONALE GERANIUMS.
Scarlet, rose, white, &c., os. to 10s. (id, uach.

STANDARD, VARIEGATED, and TRICOLOR^LEAVED
GER/VN^UMS, 7s. Gd. to 15s. each
G;pRANItXM REBECCA.-Cherry colom-, 21s. per doz.
■ '„ NIMROD.— Orange scarlet, 2ls. per doz,

„ ST. GEORGE.— Dark chestnut. J5s. per doz

„ MRS. POLLOCK, 6s. to Os. per doz

„ SUNSET, 16s. per doz.

„ ITALIA UNITA, 21s. per doz.

HOLLYHOCKS.— A fine collection of Hollyhocks by name and

well varied iu colour, 12s. to 42s. per dozen.
NEW AUCUBAS.— The 10 best sorts for £2 10s.
NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN. — Good plants in pots

5s. to 7'''. Gd. each.
GRAPE VINES.— Planting canes, 3s, 6d. to 5s. each. Fi'uiting

canes, 7s. Gd, to 16s. each. .. .•

LILIUM A URATUM.— Flowering bulbs, 2s. Gd. to 10s. Gd. each ■

12s. to COS, the half dozen. '

RAPHANUS CAUDATUS, Is. to 2s. Gd. per packet,

Paol's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

H

INTS oh the CULTrVATION of TRICOLORED

GERANIUMS.

See F. &. A. Smithes NEW CATALOGUE for 1867.

Dulwich, Surrey.

New Trlcolored Geraniums.

FAKD A. S.ulTIi'ti OATALUiJlIE for 1867,
• containing descriptions of their splendid varieties of the
above, which have obtained the following awards : —

Two £5 Prizes for the Collection . . . . Ciystal Palace.

A Prize for the Collection Liverpool.

A Prize for the Collection Manchester.

A Prize for the Collection Leicester,

A Prize for the Collection Birmingham.

Five Certificates peterbiU'ough,

Five Certificates Nottingham.

Six Certificates Brighton.

Cue Certificate International,

May now be had on application.
Dulwich, Surrey.

New Blcolored and Zonal Geramums.

FAND A. aJMri'll'.S CATALOliUti, for 1867 is now
• ready, containing descriptions of the above, which have
obtained Thirteen Certificates.
Dulwich, Sun*ey.

F,

New Roses, 1S67.
AND A. SJHTR'S DtSCKli'TIVE CATALOGUE

of the above may be had on applic-ition.
Strong seasoned Plants now ready.
Dulwich, Surrey.

Mrs. Pollock Geranium.

THOMAS PKSVKIDGE, 'Ihe Greemvay Nursery,
Uxbridge, Middlesex, can supply strong and highly-coloured
MKS. POLLOCK GERANIUM at 7s. per doztn, 50s. per 100.
Luna, ISs. per doz. I Orange Nosegay, Os. I Madame Vaucher, 4s.
Amy Hogg, 6s. Venus, 6s. Centaureagyranocarpa,4s,

Indian Yellow, 5s. | Cloth of Gold, 4s. \ Coleus VerscUaffelti, 4s.

Iresine Herbstii, 3s.

PELARGONIUMS in large 00-pots, full of flower buds, Cs. per dozen.

Terms cash.

QUPERB VAKIEGATED GERANIUMS.

N

MRS. BEN YON

BICOLOR SPLENDENS

GOLD PHEASANT

GLOWWORM

LUNA

TWILIGHT

Strong pbints of the above set 17s. Package included,
Casbox & Sox. Gravel Walk Nursery, t'eterb o rough .
EW

THE COUNTKSS
MRS. LONGFLELD
Y'ELLOW BKLT
LITTLE PET
LURLINE
ITALIA UNITA

IVY-LEAVED PELARGONIUMS,

L'ELEGANTE. — Leaves green, raurgmed with creamy-white; flowers

white. 10s. Gd. each ; six plants, £3.
DERBYSHIRE HERO (Zonal).— Bright cerise,
STAFFORD GEM (Zonal).- Orange-scarlet.
SCARLET CHRISTINE (Plain-leaved).— Bright cerise, shaded with

purple.
ROSE MAGENTA (Nosegay),— Fine habit, pood bedder.
"5s. e.ach, set of four for 15s.
The above to oe sent out after April 20.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CIRCULARS to the Trade on application.
See Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 234, March 2.
W. Cunnincbam, The Forge Nurserie.s, Burton-on -Trent.

New Zonal Pelargoniums.

DOWNIE, LAIRD, and LAlNG most respectfully
announce that they will send out the following solendid
varieties, which have been so muoh admired, and have received the
highest awards wherever sh iwn, including First-class Certificates at
thu Royal Horticultural Society. The following extract is from the
"Journal of Horticulture," July 17, 18t!6 :—" There are so many
good Nosegays, and so much alike, that it requires something
quite new in colour to surpass them, or in manycjses to equal tliem ;
the large bold truss of Stella and Le Grand, or the KING of
the NOSEGAYS, must be the models of perfection in this class of
flowers."
KING of the NOSEGAYS.— Bright orango scarlet. Very largo truss,

dwarf habit. Very free and most ettcctivQ variety. 7s. Gd. each.
MRS. LAING (NostGAv). — Glowing ciLrtnine scarlet, very dwarf,

free, and most effective as a bodder. A beautiful an i distinct

variety. 5s. each.
MRS. MENZIES. — Bright rosy salmon. Flowers perfect, good

habit, fret, and vers' fine. 5s. each.
SAMBO— Very dark glossy scarlet, of great substance. Flowers of

the flnest form. Very large compact globular truss ; quite

distihct from all others. 7s. Gd. each.

Re;idy second week in May.
Stanstead Park Nurserv, Forest Hill, S.E.

NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS.—
These, now so well known as the Cliveden Seedlings, were
selected from m:iny thousands, and have stood tue test of trials lor
two seasons with the best named kinds. They have g lined the
highest awards wherever shown, iiicludm..^ First-class Ceriificates for
eiich at the Royal Horticultural Society, and hitve received the
highest and moat unanimous praise of the Horticultural press. The
following is a specimen of the manner in which they have been
spoken of: —

The "Gardeners' Magazine" says:- "And this brings me to
Duchess uf Sutherland und Lady Constance Grosvenor, which have
been several times shown by Mr. Turner this season, ftiid ought to be
sent out next spring at nothing less than a guinea a plant, to recoup
their raisers for the hundreds they have need to grow for the muck-
heap.

DUCHESS of SUTILERLAND (Nosegat).— A variety of great merit,
rosy purple. vei7 free bloomer, with truss of great size ; it retains
its blossoms to an unusually long time, and is equally effective in
pots, vases, or the flower garden. 5s,
INTERNATIONAL (Nosegay).— Rich crimson or crimson-scarlet, a
deep rich sliade of colour, with a wider petal than any other
Nosegay, being a decided improvement in the shape of this very
useful class of bedding and pot plants. 6s.
LADY CONSTANCE GROSVENOR (Nosegay). — Intense flery
sciu'let, of the style of Cybister, having a truss of at least double
the size ; an immense truss, with the advantage of a dwarf com-
pact habit and foliage, so clearly zoned as to be handsome with-
out bloom. This is a most beautiful variety. 5s.
Strong plants ready May 1.
Charles Turner, The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

A Special Offer of Geraniums, Datilias, Verbenas,
for Casb.

JC. PADMAN, Eostua Sua, Yorkshire, can supply
• Two dozen, two eact, good strong plants, of any of the
Twenty-four GERANIUMS named below, for 8s. :—
Amelia Grisan Helen Lindsay Virgo Marie

Amy Hogg Indian Yellow Bijou

Buron Ricasoli Lady Kokeby Jane

Chancellor Mad.im Dufoy Golden Fleece

Donald Beaton Mrs. Wm. Paul Fairy Nvmph

Dr. Lin d ley Roi d'ltalie Lord Stamford

Qloire de France Sj-mmetry Perfection

Glowworm Una Mrs. Pollock

DAHLIAS.

12 best leading kinds of, for 3s. Gd. I ;^fi best leading kinds of, for 9s, 0(/.

24 ditto ditto G 6 j 100 ditto -ditto 22 C

VERBENAS.

Crimson Kins, 3s. per dozen, or 22s. per 100.

Eckford's Sis Varieties of 1866, 4s. Gd. per dozen, viz. : George

Ecklord, Isa Eckford, Jno. Keynus, Lady Jane Ellis, King Charming,

Mr. Gladstone.

Six Striped Varieties, beautiful as Pot Plants, viz. :—
M. Missat I M. Wood

Madame Rougies Chanville Oreglia

Madame Hiraiau Steyen [ Annie,

Two each for , . . , 4s. Gd.

On and after May 15, NEW" VERBENAS of 18C7, at Is. each, viz. :—

Fanny Martin I Earl Radnor I Coleshill

Mr. Ellico I Wm. Dodds | Umpu-e.

Price named includes package. All Orders sent in rotation.

Post-office Orders payable at Boston Spa.

CATALOGUES on application.

NTL'W VARIEGATED GERANITM C AST LE MILK. -i-
Fine ornamental foliage, one half the leaf margined with the
pm-est white, centre flne green. Free robust branching habit, and
effective bedder. First-class Certificate at the Glasgow and West of
Scotland Horticultural Society, September 12, 1806. Price on appli-
cation. Will be sent out second week in M.av by

Austin & MoAslan, 16, Buchanan Street, Glasgow.

HERBERT TIREBUCK'S NEW ZONAL VAKIETIES'
of PELARGONIUMS for 18i:i7, to be sent out in May :—
EMILY MORELAND.— Bright scarlet flower, with a large white

eye, dark zoned foliage, a free bloomer, one of the best ever

Ijrought before the public. Price lOs. Gd. Received a Fu^t-class

Certificate at the Royal Botanic Gardens, July 3, 1860 (see

Oai-deners' Chronicle, No. 27, p. 038).
FELIX (a Nosegay variety).— Dwarf habit, neat green foliage, black

zone, carpeting the ground, quite a new colour, with a lilac

pink flower, large truss, a gem. Price 10.s. Oci. each. Received a

Second-class Certificate at the Royal Horticultural Society,

Kensington, August 7, 1860 (see Gardeners' Chronicle, No. 32*

p. 758).
OLIVER TWIST (a Nosegay variety).— Bright red flower, very large

truss, and free bloomer. Price 7s. Gd. each.
MASTERPIECE.— Bright orange scarlet, dwarf compact habit, free

bloomer. Price 7s. Gd. each.
CERISE (a Nosegay variety).— Scarlet, large truss, compact habit.

Price 7s. Gd.
JEWESS (a Nosegay variety).— Indi.m yellow, scarlet foliage, with a

deep green, black zone, vei7 distinct. Price ■is. Gd.
LUTON GEM. — Deep scarlet shaded with a liglit striped large truss.

Price 7s. Gd. each.
CRIMSON CUSHION.— A verj' large truss, crimson striped, a gem.

Price 7a. Gd. each,
TIRE BUCK'S GEM,— Rosy-blush colour, very free bloomer, and good

habit. I'rice 7s. Gd. each.
TIREBUCK'S ST. CLAIR.— Pinksalmon orcerise scarlet blossoms,

lar^e trusses and individual flowers. Price 7s. 6(^ each.
RICHARD KELLY.— The foliage is greenish-yoUow, with a large

scarlet flower, throwing the flowers well up above the foliage ; a

free grower and flowerer. Price 7s. Gd each.
CATHERINE. — Greenish yellow, edge narrow, plsin green centre

und deep brown zone between. Compact round scarlet flower.

Price 7s. Gd.
The above Seedling Pelargoniums are mentioned by Mr. Fish.
See Cotta/je Oardem-r, No. 307, page 126, Feb, 14, 1807.
H. T. begs to state tliat he has good variety of sorts at 10s. per doz.
Lea Bridge Nursery, Luton, Btds,

A UCUBAS, EUCHSIAS, ZON A L~aEKANlUMS, &c.

■ 0 Varieties AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.
1-i Select Nh,W FUCHSIAS of iSiiC for 6s.
12 Select NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1866 for 6s.
12 Select CHRYSANTKEMU AIS of 1806 for 4s.
12 Varieties JAPAN EUONVMUS, very fine, 6s.
3 Varieties NEW^ JAPAN OSMANTHUS, quite hardy, 5s.
NEW WHITE LOBELIA MISS MURPHi', 3s. per dozen.
12 Select NEW VERBENAS of 1866, for 3s.
NEW DOUBLE GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, Is. each.
B. W. Knigut, Nuisoryman, Battle, Sussex,

PANSY SEED.— Saved from the very finest Show
Flowers, by an amateur who gained upwards of 20 Prizes last
seasoD at the Exhibitions of Glasgow, Kilmarnock, ic. Confidently
recommended as perhaps the finest Pansy Seed ever ofiered to the
Public ; Is. and 2s. Gd. per packet.

ANTIRRHINUM, from splendid varieties, Gd. and Is.
Dreguorn & AiTKEN, Kilmarnock, N.B.

/^HEAP and BEAUTIFUL FLOWEU SEEDS

100 Packets of the best and most showy hardy, half hardy, s. d.

and tender Anniials 20 "0

50 „ „ „ 10 0

2S ., „ „ 6 0

Packets of the best showy Hardy Annuals 'fi 0

12

DESCRlkriVE CATALOGUE on application. '
Ricuakd Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

British, Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM r;m now siMul, post free for six postage
stamps. Part 1. (British Fenis and their varieties, 36 pages,
■ luding prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
.a.^.„„ CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,

DESCRIPTIVE (
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a n
North Kent Line of South Easteru

ile from Sidcup Station of New
Railway.

■ ■ NEW GREENHOUSE FERN,

Pteris sermlata var. polydactyla.

THOMAS OKIPPS has the pleasure to inrorm lovers of
FERN'S that he is now prepared to supply strong plants of the
above beautiful and distinct variety. Dr. Moore Says ^ * • •' It haa
all the gracefutnes.s of tue parent plant, while the points of each
division of the Irond are several times forked into a many-fliigered
tassel, the weight of which gives the llronds a decidedly drooping
character. * * * It is quite distinct rrora tho var. cristata, and will
bo found a valuable acquisition for Plant Case:) and Sinall Greeo-
houses,*' It W.1S awarded a First-Class Certificate by the Royal
Horticultur.U Society, 21st August last.

Price 10s. Gd. each, Tiade price on application.
The Nurseries, Tuobridge Wells,

Lolselias, Lobelias. Lobelias.

THOMAS SaMPSUiN is now ready to supply by tho
Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand, the splemitd LOBELIA
EHINUS SPECIOSA GRANDIFLORA, well known as the best ot
its class for Bedding and other purposes, being of a compact
habit, and of freer growth than the known L. speciosa, havmg

E roved it to be inor<j tasting and hardy. The fiowers «re large dark
lue. With fine white eye. Per dozen, in store pots, '^. ; per
100, 8s. ; per 1000, 80s.

Petkr DBUMMONn, Manager, The Preston Road Nurseries, Yeovil,
Somersetshire.

General Plant Catalogue, 176 pages, 8vo.

HLAURENTIUS', Leipzig, PRICED CATALOGUE,
• containing Novelties, Beautiful and Rare Plants, also
selected Lists of all the favourite Descriptions of Garden Flowers
offered by the Horticultural Establishment of H. Lacrentios,
Leipzig, Germany, can be had post free un a^.plication to
Messrs, Betiiam & Blackith, Co.'i's Quay, Lower Thames St.. London.

J'LINDKN'S CATALOGUE of iNEW PLANTS is
• just published, and can be had on application to Messrs,
R. SiLBERRAD, 5, HftiT) Lane, Great Tower Street, London, E.G.

The following first-rate NOVELTIES aro offered for the first time,
with the usual discount to the Trade:—

Bighonia omata ■ .
CissuB argentea . . _ , .
Dichorisandra Mosaica .
,, undata.,

Echites rubro-venosa . ,
Eranthemim igneum ..
Gunnera manicata
Maranta Uluitns. .

£3 8 0
10 0

Maranta Legrelliana ..£2 8 0
Wallisi .. .,140
PhilodendronLlndenianum,2 8 o
Tapino variegata . . 0 12 0

Theophrasta regalls ..100
Anthurium regale ,.140
Maranta Lindeniana ..100
roseo-picta, 12«-. tol 0 0

Royal Zoological and Horticultural Gardens, Brussels^_

THK GOLDEN -VAHIEGATED WELLINlJTONIA.
First-class Certificate from Royal Horticultural Society.
For Testimonials, &o., see Gardeners' Chronide, Octuber 6„18fifl ;
Tiints, October 7. 1866 ; Scottish Ganlensr, November, 1866 ;
Gardeners' Chronicle, January 12, 1867; "Florist," February, 1867.
LAST TEAR'S PLANTS (a few remaining),
1st Size, very choice, 8 to 12 inches, £6 5s. each.

THIS TEARS PLANTS.
2d Size, fine, 4to 6 inches, £2 2s.
3d Size, nice little bits, 2 to 3 inches, £1 Is.
5000 plants are now plunged out-of-doors, in their respective sizes
thoy may be safely forwarded during the summer, if desired, and
orders will be executed in strict rotation,

Chromo-lithographs of the parent tree, by Day and Son (Limited),
on superior cards, 10 inches by 8 inches, very faithful in oui line, but
deficient in representing the glorious colour of the original. These
are sent free by post for 25 stamps, and one sent to each Purchaser.

It is intended to exhibit a few of the first size at the approaching
Paris and Manchester E-thibitions. ... .S'"' '

R. Hartland, The Lough Nuraeries.

Mat 4, 1867.1

TTTE r.ATlDENEKS' CMOXTCLE AND ACmCTTT^TTmAL OAZl'TTK

455

Choice Deeds^

WM CUTBUSR AND SON strongly rerommond tho
foIlowtnK :—
PRIMITLA SINENSIS FIMBRIATj^, of tho flnoat possible ntralii.

Roil, White, or MIxod, 2fi, 6<f., 3.s-., and Its. nor packet.
CALCF.OLARIA, anvad from James' choice strain, vory flno, 2.*. (id.,

3a. (ill., and &». per packet.
CINEUAniA, ft-oni named flowers, 2it. (\<i., -1*. fld., and fi.T. per packet.
SNOWS WI NT KR WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Win. C. & Son's own

(wviiiK. L'fl. it(i. per packet.
NUNEIIAM I'AKK ONION, 2.?. M. per packet.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free,
riichKato Niirserlefl, London, N.

T SCOTT'S CHOICE SEEDS.

ff « Post Free. I'er Packet.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA.— A most superb strain, and

cnnuot bo aurpius-sed, R varieties, mixed, 1h, iid. and 2^. (id:
CALCEOLARIA.— Scott'a superb strain, extra. U. and 2*. M.
CINERARIA.— Exti-a fine, carefully hjbridizod, 1^. and 2s. bd.
A good SEED LIST free on application.
J. Scott, Tlie Seed StoroB, Veonl, Somerset.

Primula flmbriata.

BJIALLEIl h:is :i veiy Hupuriiir Stork of the nbove
• to ofler at U. and 2s. flrf. per packet, tho usual discount to
the Trade.

Also, a very choice Stock of EARLY PURPLE SPROUTING
BROCCOLI, in I.irg© or small quantities.

A DESCRIPTIVE BEDDING-PLANT LIST to be had on
application. Lewialiam, and Unrnt Ash Lane, Lee.S.E.

Russell' 3 Pyramid Primula.

TuE Finest Stk.mv in E:^istence.

GEORGE CLAKKE has New SEKl) of the ahove
unequalled varieties, 2s. ful. per packet; also the Fern-leaved
kinds, 2«. ad. ; Kerniesina (scarlet), 2s. Crf. ; The Fairy (a lavender
colour) Is. All of tha best, quality. Now la the time to sow for
strong early plants.

Nursery, Streatham Place, Brixton Hill, S. ; and Mottingham,
K o nt. 3.E.

PRIMULAS, CALCEOLARIAS, &o.—
The following varieties greatly exceed in brilliancy of colour
and substance of flower the older kinds : —
PRIMULA SINENSIS coccinea aurantiaca, very deep crimson,

Is. and 2s. 6d. per packet.
P. sinensis atrocarminata splendens, light carmine. Is. and 2s. 6d.

per i)acket.
P. sinenMls lllacinii albo-margtnata, lilac, edged white, Is. and 2s. Gd.

per packet.
P. sinensis atruitlflora, magnificently striped, Is. and 2s. Gd. per pkt.
P. sinensis flHcifolia, fine Fern-leaved variety, 2s. (Jrf, per packet.
f. sinensis fimbriata, extra fine, mixed, Is. and 'is. Ud, per packet.
J' sinensi-s fimbriata alba. Is. and 2s. Gd. per packet.
CALCEOLiVRIA, saved from flowers of great beauty, Is., Is. Gd., and

3«. Gd. per pucket.
CINERARIA, saved from fine named varieties, I.*., Is. C'A, and
is. Gil. per packet.

All packets of Flower Seeds sent post free.

CATALOGUES po^t paid.

Bdtlcr, McChlloch k Cn., Covunt Garden Market, London, W.C.

Seed of Choice Strains of Florists' Flowers.

Tlio folInwInK seleoti'd Stniiiis are worthy ol tho notice of all

growers of tho most UHufiil conservatory docurutivo flowers.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PKIMOLA.

BS. WILLIAMS ran with confidence offer lils
• superb Strain of Primula as being undoubtedly the linost in
cultivation. It is now grown in all tho pilncipal Gardens of tho
Nobility and Gentry throughout the Three Kingdoms, and has never
failed to nivo the greatest satisfiction.

In habit the plants are very robust, and In the foll.Tgo dilTor from
all other varieties ; but their groat beauty conhists in the depth of
colour in the Red, purity of iho White, and beautiful fimbriated
form of all the flowers, which are thrown up in large trusses well
above tho foliage.

As a proof of the tnith of tho above remarks, this Strain has
taken 1st Prizis in everv Instaimo that it lias been shown in tho
Provincos this Spring: and 1st Prize at the Primula Show of the
Royal Horticultural .Society, South Kensmuton ; and Ist at the
Roval B'ltanic, Regent's Park. It IS also tho favourite .Strain in the
Covent Garden Flower Market.

This .Strain may be procured True, in Sealed Packets bearing
B. S. Williams' Name and Address, from any Seedsman; but
B. S. W. particularly requests that Customers will observe, on
purchasing, that eacli Packet has his Name and Address m full
printed thereon, as no others are genuine.

The Trade supplied on advantag- oua terms.

Retail price, BED ,

Per pkt. s. d.

S 0

Per pkt. s. d.

Retail price, WHITE .. 3 U

,, ..2 0

MIXED .. r. 0

Verbenas.

HAND R. STIRZAKER have a superior stock, well
• establisheil, in single pots, to offer in colours of Purple,
White, and Scarlet, or in 36 fine varieties at \Gs. per 100.
Trade price on application.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Roses in pots, Stove and
Greenhouse, Soft-wooded and Beddine-out Plants, post free.
The Nurseries, Skerton, Lancaster.

Vert)ena Crimson King.

THOMAS METK VEN has much pleasure in
announcing that CRIMSON KING ha.ving completely estab-
lished its character as the finest Beddmg Verbena in oultivation, he
has propagated a large Stock of fine healthy Spring-si^ruck Plants,
which he offers, on aiid aftor April 16, at the following prices : —
12 Plants, 4s. ; 60, 12s. Gd ; lOU, £I ; 600, £4 Ts. M-. ; 1000, £7 10s.
Leith Walk Nuraeries, Edinburgh.

VIIRBENA, CRLMSON KING.- Having nuraeroua
inquiries as to the best method of sending plants of this
Bplendid Verbena to places at a distance, we beg to eay that the
safest, cheapest, and quickest method is by Post. We can now send
stout, well-rooted plants, safely pioked to go any distance, at the
following prices, pjtckage and postage free: — Hi plants for 3». id. :
26forGs. ; 6U for lis.

We can also supply the following extra fine varieties on the same
terms as the above, viz. :—

CELESTIAL BLUE, COUNTESS of EOLINTON (splendid
vigorous-growing, protuse-bloomlng, wag en ta- purple variety) : LB
GRAND BOULE DE NEIGE (the best white); PRINCESS OF
WALES (pink and white striped, vtry compact habit, flrat-rate
either for Bedding or Exhibition); BEAUTY of ENGLAND
(splendid exhibition white).

PURPLE KING, 12 plants for 28 sUraps, 26 for 50 stamps.

Twelve Plants m 12 Varieties of the finest exhibition Verbenas
(including the beet of last year's new varieties), for 50 stamps.

IRESINE HERBSTII. 12 plants for 30 stenips.

Postage stamns taken in payment of Eum5of^209. and under.
DuKGiiOKN it AiTREN, Nuiserymon and Seedsmen, Kilmarnock, N.B.

WHITE .. 6

Retail price, MIXED, per picket, 2*[. Gd.
WEATnERHlXa.'S EXTRA CHOICE STRAIN OF CIWERARIA.
B. S \V. has p\irchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of this
Magnificent Strain. Many of the flowers produced by this seed last
season were as large as a crown-piece. This strain is well known in
the L'>ndon Flower Market, and is the most popular one there, a
BufQclent guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail price per pkt., 6,f. Orf, | Retail price per pkt., 3s. Gd.

Retail price per pkt 28 6(/.

JAMES'S HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS,— The varieties that
took tlie First Prize at the International Horticultural Exhibition
last May were of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt., 5s. Od. | Retail price perpkt., 3s. Crf.

Retail price per pkt 2s. Gd.

AH FLOWER SEEDS In packets, Post free.
I>. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway,
London, N.

To the Trade.

C. WHEELER and SON can supply the Trade with

. the following STRAWBERRY ROOTS : —

BLACK PRINCE

ECLIPSE

ELIZA

ELTON PINE

ELEANOR

MARGUERITE

OSCAR

PRINCESS ALICE MAUD
PRINCE ARTHUR
PRINCE of WALES
KIR CHARLES NAPIER
SIR HARRY
ADMIRAL DUNDAS
THE KIMBWRLEY

Bedding and other Plants.

Just Published, post free 12 stamps (Gratis to Ciihtoiners), Part III. of
/BARTER'S GARDENERS' and FARMERS' VADE
\y MECUM, containing complete Lists of new and choice Stove
and Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, with an Addendum comprising
original and prncticul articles, "On a Visit to Messrs. Carter's
Nurseiy," by an Amateur Florist; Subtropical Gardening ; and 120
Geometrical Designs for Flower-beds; with reliable information for
the proper combination of Bedding Plants to produce chaste and
striking ofl'ects.

Forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps on application to Cabtbr's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High Holboru, London.

If taken in quantity, at 10s. per inoo.
J. C. Wbeeler & Son, Gloucester.

Nfi^r ^ ahli. a B

GEO. "WHEELER, Nurseryman, Seedsman, and
Florist, Warminster, Wilts, ofters the following NEW
DAHLIAS :—

BIJOU.— Bronzy salmon lilac ; a large, smooth and finely-shaped
show flower ; very constant and good ; should be in every
exhibitor's stand. 'Received Certificates at Crystal Palace and
Saiiebury Exhibitions l;ist season. Heliiht 3 feet. 10s. Gd. each.
VANGUARD. — Dark purplish maroon; a finely-formed noble show
flower, of grout depth, and very constant. One of the best dark
flowers let out this season. Certificate at Crystal Palace.
Height 3 feet. 10.s-. Gd. each.
JUBILEE.— Yellow, tipped with red ; one of the best of its class ;
verv certain ; always to be had when wanted. A really good
useful flower, flue form, Certiflcatoa at Salisbury and Keevil
District Exhibitions. Height 3 feet. 10s. tit(. each.
The above three flowers areconfidentiyrecommended to the notice
of Dahlia growers as decided acquisitions in their respective classes.
The aupply of plants being limited, early ordei-s will oblige.
A liberal discount to the Trade.

New Bedding Verbena. Blondin (Foulis).

Colour, Brilliant Magenta with a pure white eye.

DOWNIE, LAIRU, AND LAING beg to intimate that
they will let out the above magnificent VERBENA the first
week in May. It la much in the style and habit of Pm-ple King,
blooms in the greatest profusion in all kinds of weather, and rain
even does not seem to spoil it. It was awarded a First-claiis Certifl-
cate by the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society, Edinburgh,
September G, ia66. Price Is. Gd. oach, or 12s. per dozen, with the
usual allowance to the Trade.

The following Testimonials as to its superior merits are from
Gentlemen who have had many opportunities of seeing it in flower
during last season, and D., L., & L. have no hesitation in saying it
will prove the greatest acquisition ever ofi'eredas a Bedding Verbena
in its class and colour.

TESTIMONIALS.
From Mr. William Pirrie, Qardenei' to The Right Hon. The Earl of
Rosslyn, Dysart House.
" I paid a visit to Fordel Gardens last August, and saw a fine New
VerbeiiJi named Blondin, in colour a beautiful deep manenta with
clear white eye, free grower and very profuse bloomer, even during
wet, unfavourable weather. It appears to have the blooming quali-
ties of Purple Kmz. with the luxuriant growth of Lord Ragian. This
will prove a real acquisition in Bedding Verbenas."
From Mr. Robert Dewar. Oardi^n&i- to James T. Oswald, Esq.,
DunnikieVy Ktrkcaldy.
"Having seen Verbena Blundin \:\s.t autumn. I consider it the
bert rose -coloured variety for bedding purposes 1 have seen.'*
From Mr. Williau M. Gorrik, Oardener lo Colonel Ferguson,

Raiih, Kirkcaltiii.
'* I visited Fordel Gardens liist autumn, and saw a Verbena named
Blondin. The beds covered with it were in rich masses of bloom,
and while the others, such as Purple King-, FiVefly, ftc, were nearly
destroyed by the severity of the weather, Blondin was flowering in
great luxuriance."
From Mr. William Vair, GardeiuT to Sir Arthur Halket, Bart.,

Pitfin-ane, Dunfermline.
'* In passing through the Gardens at Fordel last autmnn, I was
Tery much pleased with a new Verbena named Blondin, colour
bright magenta, and flowering most profusely, more so than any
Verbena I have ever seen."

From Mr. Jons McLian, Gardemr to Mrs. Gibson, Duloch,

Inverkeithing.

"I was greatly pleased with a beautiful new Verbena named

Blondin I saw in Ftjrdel Gardens last autumn. It was flowering in

great ma-sses. This I think will prove a great acquisition amongst

bedding A'erbenas."

DowNiE, LAian, & Laino, Florists to the Queen, Nurserymen,
Seedsmen.and New Plant Merchants, 17, South Frederick Street,
EtUnburgh ; and SUnstead Feu-k, Por«9tr HU1, Londoh,'-S.E.

T K E T N E S, Salisbury.

el • NEW DAHLIAS for 18G7.

FLOSSY GILL (Keynes).— A beaiitiful light gi'Ound, edged s, d.

with pink, first-ciafs foi-m. 3 ft. to 4 it. 10 G

Certificates. — Brighton Horticultural Society, Royal

Horticultural Society, Bath, .Salisbury, Dorset.
VICE-PRESIDENT (KejTies). — A decided improvement on

Chairman, not requiring cutting out, very constant, finest

form, greatly admired, bright orange. 3ft 10 6

First-class CBRTiFioATts, — Crystal Palace, Burton-on-

Trent, Bath, Winchester, Dorset, Briehton, Salisbury.

2d, Royal Horticultural Society.
LADY JANE ELLIS (Eckiord).— Creamy white ground

tipped with pui-plisli rose, flue show flower. 3 ft. to 4 ft, .. 10 6
Cehtificate. — "Royal Horticultural Society.
CLARA SIMONS (Keynes).— Pare white, with deep crimson

edge, one of the most exquisite flowers grown. Must have

nocuttingout, oneofthe gemsof J. Keynea'Seedlmgs. 3fc. 10 6
FiRST-cLASs Certificates, — Rnyal Horticultural Society,

Glasgow, Salisbury, Dorset. The Money Prize at Trow-
bridge, beatinj^ all the seedlings exhibitea.
PARADISE WILLIAMS (Keynes).— The flower of the season

—unqualified approbation everywhere — clear claret, quite

a new colour. 3ft 10 6

First-claks CiniTiFrcATES. — Royal Horticultural Society,

Crystal Palace, Brighton, Bath, Dorset, Salisbury.
HARRIET TE'PTERELL (Keynes).— Blush ground, very

deeply margined with dark purple. A standard flower for

many years, 3 ft. to 4 ft 10 6

Certificates. — Royal Horticultural Society, Trowbridge,

Burton-on- Trtnt, Winchester,
PRINCESS of WALES (Keynes). — Blush ground, slightly

edged with lilac. A seedbng from Anna Keynes, but more

constantr— most beautiful form, not to be out out. 3 ft. . . 10 6
FiasT-cLAss Certificates, — Royal Horticultural Society,

Crystal Palace, The two greatest trials for seedlings in

existence,
MEPHISTOPHELES (Heatley), — The finest black flower

grown. 4 ft. . . 10 6

GAZELLE (Keynes) —Clear fawn of the finest quality, very

constant, no cutting out, 4 ft 10 6

CtRTiFiCATEB.— Royal Horticultural Society, Salisbury,

Trowbridge, Brighton, Winchester,
MRS. THORNinLL (Pitfleld).— A beautiful feather-edge like

Mrs, Trotter. Very light pink, equal to any Picotee —

requires cutting out, but a much larger flower than has yet

been seen of its character. It was much admired at the

Crystal Palace, where it obtained a Certificate. 3 It, . . 10 6
These Ten Flowers are Standaids, and have been selected, and all
grown and proved, by John Keynes, who warrants them all as First-
class Show Flowers.

NEW FANCY DAHLIAS.
BUTTERFLY (Keynes).- Scarltit and brown crimson stripes

on a light ground, very fine flower; large, full, and s. d.

perfect. 3ft 10 6

First-class Certificates.— Royal Horticultural Society,

Trowbridge, Salisbury, Crystal Palace, Burton-on-Trent,

Hampshlie.
BESSIE WYATT (Keynes).— White and red striped, full aUow

flower. 3 It. to 4 ft 10 6

Certificates.— SalisbiuT, Burton-on-Trent, Hampshire.
MISS RUTH (Eck ford), —Yellow tipped white, a flower long

wished for, constant, which is the character of this

flower. 3 ft. to 4 ft 10 6

Fi RST-CLASS Certificate. — Brighton.
MRS. GOODWIN (Guodwin},—Fawu ground, striped with red

— very fine flower. 4 ft 10 C

PLAUSIBLE (Keynes). — Red and crimson, with purple stripes

— very first-class flower. 4 ft. . . . . . . , , . . 10 C

SALAMANDER (Keynes).- Tho best character to give this

flower IS to call it a striped Charles Turner — It must not be

cutiaut; 3ftr, ;. .- ..-..- .r' 10 6

Cbeap Bedding and other Plants.

THOMAS SAMl'SUN, I'roprietor of the Preston Road
Nurseries, Yeovil, Somersetshire, lately carried on by
Drummond & Co., and formerly by John Scott, has much pleaflure
in announcing that his CATALOGUE for the above Plants is now
ready, and can be had free on application. T, S, begs to assure bis
friends that the abovo has been for many years one ot the largest
in the country for CHEAP BEDDING PLANTS, and that bia pro-
sent Collection is now most unique and extensive, consisting of
upwards of 200,000 Plants, being two to one of any other Establish-
ment in the West of England, Haclng recently extended his GIuhs
Department to upwards of 12,000 feet, expressly for the cultur's of
Bedding Plants, he is enabled to supply them in such vailetieH and
at such low prices as cannot fail to give the fullest sittisf action. T. S.
will feel much obliged if his friends will kindly inspect his Collection
and forward their Orders early, so as to avoid delay or inconvenience.
The Plants will be ready to send out after the 20th of April.
Peter Droumond, Manager, The Preston Road Nursenes, Yeovil,
Somersetshire.

Calceolaria Ambassador (Sang).

EDWARD SANG .'^nd SONS, Nurserymen and
Seed MERcnAXTS, Kirkcaldy, N.B,, offer strong antumn-struck
Plants, in single pots, of this now well-known and universally
admired BEDtUNG-OUT CALCEOLARIA. Price Itt. per dozen.
Early orders will oblige and have their careful attention.
The Trade supplied,

ROBERT PARKER begs to offer the following.— All
the Plants are strong and healthy, and can be EUpijlied in
quantities,

PANSY CLIVEDEN BLUE, Gs. per dozen.
P.ANSY CLIVEDEN PURPLE, (i;). per dozen.
PANSV CLIVEDEN YELLOW, G«. per dozen.
POLKMONH'M COERULEUM VARIEGATUM, 2g. Gd. each.
RIUHhiHENDRON COUNTESS of HADDINGTON, 3.?. G7. eich.
TRIK'MA GUANUIS. 18.s'. i-er duzen.
TRITOMA UN'ARIA GLAUCESCENS, I2s, per dozea.
VIOLA COKNUTA, best variety, is. per dozen,
VIOLET, REINE DES VIOLETS, Os. per dozen.
VIOLET THE CZAR, Gs. per dozen. [per packet.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FI.MBRIATA, finest mixed seed, 2s. W.
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CaTALoGUK^s ,.( AGRICUL-
TURAL. FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and will no for-
warded free to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

SUCCULENT PLANT COLLECTI(»N for SALE,
containing upwards of 200 named v.arieties, many of thorn being
verv rare, mostly in duulicitte or more, principally Agaves, Aloes.
Apicras, Qasterias, and Haworthias, with a few Cacti, Euphorbias,
and others. Pnce for the whole, £20. May be viewed any Morning
till Sold between 0 o'clock and half-pa-it 7, or by appointment,
H TisLEV, 8, St. Thomas' Place, Well Street, Hackney, N.E.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOW LING,
AND COMPANY. Limited,
Corn, Seed, Manure, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.G. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 18G2. for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds,"

Taxus Mtoernica fastigiata variegata

(The Golden Irish Yew).

FISHER, HOLMES, AND CO. have pleasure in offering
the above really beautiful Yew raised by them. It is tho
exict typo of the Irish Yew, with foliage of the same rich golden
colour as in the old Golden Yew, and forma a truly beautiftil and
attractive plant, suitable for decoration in Flower Garden, Terrace,
or other Ornamental Planting.
Plants in pota (which have withstood the winter without injury),

21ff. each ; Six Plants for £5 fls.
A few extra Specimens, £1 lis. Od, each.

F.j H., & Co, respectfidly return thanks for the liberal orders
received. As the stock of plants of the same age as those already
sent out is now ver\' limited, early orders are respectfully solicited to
secure the same. 'The annexed are the names and addresses of those
in the 'frnde who have ordered and received plants,

Morrison, R,, Elgin
Osborn & Sons, Fulham
Pnul, Q. & Son, Cheshunt
Paul, Wm., Waltuam Cross
Pearson, J., Chilwell
Perkins, Juhn. Northampton
Platz St Son, Erfurt, Prussia
Rollisson, W. & Son, Tooting
Shaw, John, Manchester
Skirving, W., Liverpool
Sn.ith, Jas., Darley Dale, Matlock
Smith, Joseph, Sen., Tansley,

Matlock
Smith, Richard, Worcester
Smith, Peter & Co,, Hamburgh
Suden, J,, Middle Barton, Oxon
Stewart, J. & Sons, Dundee
Stewart, J. & Sons, Broughty

Ferry
Transon Bros., Orleans, France
Turner, C, Slough
Van Geert, Aug., Ghent, Belgium
Veitch, James & Sons, Chelsea
VoitPh, R. T., Exeter
Verschaffelt & Co., Ghent,

Belgium
Warwick, F., Sleaford
Waterer & GoJfrey, Knap Hill,

Woking
Waterer, John, Bagshot
Wheeler, Geo., Warminster

Backhouse & Son, York
Baker, S, C, Atherston
Ballantvne i Sons, Dalkeith
Brewing C. Bawtry
Bull, W., Chelsea
Cooling, E,, Derby
Cranston, John, Hereford
Cripps, T., Tunbndge Wells
Cunningham, C, Liverpool
Dancer, A., Fulham
Darby, R. F., Cirencester
Davies, G., Liverpool
Dickson & Tiu-nbull, Perth
Dickson & Turnbull. Brechin
Dickson, F. & A, & Sons, Chester
Dickson, James & Sous, Chester
Dickson & Sons, Edinburgh
Dixon, W. E,, Beverley
Drummond & Son, Stirling
Fa^n^worth^H, & G., Matlock
Fox, G. F., Wetley Rocks, Leek
Francis, E. P. & Co., Hertford
Fraser, J., Lea Bridge
Glendinning & Sons, Chiswick
Gngor, J. & Co., Foires
Henderson, W., Birkenhead
Jackson & Son, Kiugston
Jefferies & Son, Cirencester
Kennedy & Co., Dumfries
Kiniberley, C^ Coventry
Lane & Son, Gt. Berkhampstead

Lawson, Peter & Son, Edinburgh ' Wheeler, J. C, & Son, Gloucester

Lee, J, & C, Hammersmith 1 Williams B. S,, Hollow,iy

Lucombe, Pince, & Co., Exeter ' Wood & Ingram, Huntingdon

Morrison Brothers. Aberdeen : Wood, Wm. & Son, Maresfleld

FisuKR, H0L1IE3, &Co.'s CATALOGUE of STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE and BEDDING PLANTS, NEW ROSES, &c., is now ready

and may be had gratis and post IVee on application.
Handsworth Nurseries, Sheffield.

SLUNDELL'S CATTLE MELON.— This productive
Fruit is now well-known and generally appreciated for Feeding
inds ol Cattle, fie., in the autumn months. Prices, exclusive of
carriage :— 100 Seeds, 2s, iid ; Seed for i acre, 6s. ; do. J acre, 9s. ;
do. 1 acre, 16s. , ^ „

To be obtained of all the principal Seedsmen, and of Messrs.
BldndkllS Palmer, Land Agents, &c., 3, Portland Street, South-
ampton. Cash remittances from onknown correspondents.

456

THE GARUEKERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[May 4, 1867. _ ,

Eohl Rabl Seed should now be sown.

Drilled as Swedes, 3 to 41bs. per ftcre.

SUTTON AND SONS c;m supply superior SEED,
either GREEN or PURPLE, at '2s. Gd. per ID., or cheaper in
large quantities.

For Instructions on Cultivation, see SUTTON'S FARM SEED
LIST, which may be had post free on application.

Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establislimont. Reading.

SU'ITON'S MAMMOTH LONG MANGELS.—
Extract from the Times of December 4, containing report of the
Birmingham Show, where Messrs. Sutton took First Prize for
Mangels : —

" There is a remarkably fine show of Roots, Messrs. Sutton's Six
Mangels weigh 212i lb."

Mtssrs. Sutton can supply Seed of the above improved varieties of
LpNU RED and LOSG YELLOW MANGELS at Is. Gd.per lb.,
cheaper by the cn-t., carriage free.
PRICED LISTS, gratis, on application.

Sutton .t Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

T

H E

BEST GLOBE MANGEL

in cultivation is
SUTTON'S SELECTED

E -o -g t=

»•» If

YELLOW GLOBE, Is. per lb., cheaper by the cwt. Cardage free.

Lowest price per cwt. on application.

For prices of Messrs. Sutton's other Improved Varieties, see

SUTTON'S NEW J-'ARM SEED LIST, gratis and post free on

application.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Strong Drumhead or Cattle Cabbage Plant.

W VIRGO AND SON can supply lurge quantities of
• the above, at 3s. per 1000. Samples can be had on
application at the Nursery, Wonersh, Guildford, Surrey,

Delivered free at the undermentioned Railway Stations —
Guildford, South-Westem ; Shalford, South-Easteni ; Bramley,
London, Brighton, and South Coast.

Wbeeler's Imperial, tlie finest Swede Grown.

WHEELERS* IMPERIAL SWEDE.
Is. per lb. ; 45s. per bushel (fiO lb.)
This is one of the best If not the iikst S"wede in cultivation ; the
specimens exhibited at the Smithtiold Club Show in London, and at
Cirencester, Birmingham, and at the Great Show of Roots held in
Gloucester, excited considerable admiration, not only for their size,
but for their beautiiul shape and excellent quality.

J. C. Whkllkr fi; Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

G

EASS SEEDS ior PERMANENT PASTURE
selected on a new, scientific, and natural system, by
J. C. WuEELER ti Son, Gloucester.

u

NDOUBTEDLY

a

GOOD IDEA.

"\^7"HJEELEE and SON'S " BOOK on GRASSES."—

V V ''These enterprising Seedsmen, in introducing a new element
Into their calculations — viz., the geological formation of the soils for
- which permanent Graases are wanted — have undoubtedii/ a good idea.
*' Messrs. "Wheeler have prepared a new series of tables ot the
Grasses which they consider most suitable to difll'erent geological
formations. These are arranged in 11 tables, and include mixtures
suitable for heavy, medium, and light soils in each case."— T/ie JField,
March 9, 1867.

JC. WHEELER and SON are anxious that every
• Gentleman Farmer in England, who is nbout to Lay Dowu
Land to Permanent Pasture, or to Renovate Old Pasture with suitable
Grass Seeds, sliould read their illustrated "Book on Grasses;" with
this view they will, on receiving a nute to that effect, send a copy to
any address tney may be favoured with.

CATALOGUES FOR 1867.

JAMES YEITCH & SONS

BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THE FOLLOWING

NEWLY-PRINTED CATALOGUES ARE NOW READY,

and will be forwarded Post Free on application : —

CATALOGUE of NEW PLANTS for the PRESENT TEAR.

CATALOSUE of GENERAL COLLECTION of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, ORCHIDS, FERNS, &c

CATALOGUE of SOFT- WOODED and BEDDING PLANTS.

Each Catalogue contains Lists of the most distinct and popular Plants in their respective classes.
ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

TEICOLORED PELARGONIUM, QUEEN VICTORIA.

S. PERKINS & SONS

BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT

PLANTS OF THIS SPLENDID VARIETY ARE NOW READY,

at 21s. each. <

■J

Leaf margin deep golden yellow, with rich broad zone of maroon, interspersed with fiery scarlet, deep olive
green centre. The habit being free and short jointed, and the leaves not liable to damp at the edges, it will be found
the best Bedding variety yet offered.

Was awarded a First-class Certifitaie hj the Royal Botanic Sociefy on April 13, 1867.
PARK NURSERY, COVENTRY.

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN.

WILLIAM PAUL

(Son and Successor to the late A. Paul),

BEGS TO OFFER THE

ABOVE MAGNIFICENT HARDY FLOWERING TREE,

Which he believes to be the greatest acquisition for forcing and out-of-door culture that hiis been

introduced for many years.

Fine healthy Plants, well established in pots, 2 ft. high, 7s. 6d, each ; 1 ft., 5s. each,

A First-class Certificate was awarded to hini for this Plant by the Royal Horticultural Society on the 16th April last.

" A brilliant variety, to which too much attention can scarcely bo
directed."— GartiCTters Chronicle.

bright red colour, and the nmneroua clusters of the double flowors.
niaRe this Crataagus invaluable. No admirer of this charming family
can be without it, all other pink varieties are truly in the abadd
beside it." — Journal of Horticulture.

" This is certainly a plant which cannot be overrated ; the intense
PELARGONIUM JASON (First-class Certificate). — The finest, most leafy, and deepest colour of all pure gold
leaved Pelargoniums. Price 7s. Qd. each.

Fur otJier Novelties, see separate Advertisement.

PAUL'S NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

E. G. HENDERSON & SON'S

NEW DESCRIPTIVE SPRING CATALOGUE

■WILL BE SENT ON RECEIPT OF THREE POSTAGE STAMPS,

WITH A COLOURED LEAF-PLATE OF THE BEAUTIFUL

NEW TRICOLOR. GERANITTM "LADY CTJLLTJM » (by Andrews);

It includes Notices of the best Novelties of the season, amongst which the following : —

BLAIJDFOKDIA CUNNINGHAMI.

BERTOL.ONLA. MARQARITACEA.

COLEUS LAMONTI.

BOTJVARDIA LELANTHA COMPACTA.

DIANTHDS QUETIERI.

NAPOLEON III., MULE or HYBRID PINK.

UERANIUM MAID of KENT. — Rich roae. Far surpassing
Madame Baire, and all othei-s in class and colour.

In the Golden Bronze Section are three distinct styles of Zone in
PRINCESS of WALES, DUKE of EDINBURGH, and
E. G. HENDERSON. The last one received a First-class
Certificate at the International Exhibition.

BANKS'S beautiful FUCHSIAS, BRILLIANTISSIMA, DAY
DREAM, and KILLIEKRANKIE.

FDCHSLi. PICTURATA.— A fine variety with white corolla.

FUCHSIA PRINCESS ALEXANDRA. — With white sepals,
beautiful variety,

NEW CRIMSON BEDDING VERBENA KING of BEDDERS.—
A first-class bedding variety, colour u brilliant crimson red,
style of Admiral Dundas (one of the best ever raised), but
brighter, growth free and compact, not spreading, profuse in
bloom, with large well-formed full trusses, aud desirably fragrant.
Having been proved in both beds and belts in the gardens where
it was raised, its merits are guaranteed equal to description, as
one of the most effective and useful kinds ever offered. Certified
by the Floral Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society.

NEW WHITE BEDDING VERBENA WHITE QUEEN.— For
close dwarf growth, large, compact, aud well-tormed tnies,
purity of colour, profusion of bloom, and effectiveness in
character, the White Queen Verbena is admitted by competent
judges to surpass Henriette. Boule de Neige. and Mrs. Holford.
Its short-jointed habit requires little attention to trainmg, and
its purity of colour after rain is a feature in its favour, both for
garden decoration and for exhibition.
LOBELIA PUMILA ELEGANS.
INDIGO BLUE.
WHITE QUEEN.

CHRISTINE NOSEGAY. — Rose colour. The finest Beddiuff
Geranium in its class. Awarded a First-class Certificate.

The MINIATURE GOLDEN TRICOLOR ZONALE GERA
NIUMS are LITT'LE BEAUTY, LITTLE FAIRY. LITTLE
GEM, LITTLE HARRY.

In New First-class GOLD and SILVER TRICOLOR VARIETIES,
see Classes 16 and VJ of Pelarguuiiuns.

CALADIUMS.— Several new and beautiful hybrid varieties.

FUCHSIA ALBO-COCCINEA.— An elegant and novel fancy tri-
coloured variety.

FUCHSIA CLAPHAM HERO.— Distinguished by its magnificent
size of sepals, and fine proportions.

NEW GOLDEN - LEAVED BEDDING PLANT, GOLDEN
FEATHER (Pyrethrum partheaifolium aurea. — A beautlfiil
dwarf hardy perennial plant, ti tu 0 mches in height, as required,
surpassing the gold-leaved section of Geraniums in its unlibrmly
ut-at and densely compact growth, which, by simply plnchmg oti"
the premature flower buds, the plant is furnished solely by its
picturesque golden fan or feather-Iobed leaves, forming an equal
surface as to height, and an elegant feature for a second frunt
ribaud-row, or a double marginal belt to terrace borders, or as a.
chaste golden fringe to back lines of Perillaor Coleus. Received
a First-class Certificate of Merit and several others.
POA TRIVIALIS ARGENTEA ELEGANS, SILVER-LEAVED
MEADOW GRASS. — This plant is commended as one of th&
most useful and beautiful varieties of hardy Grasses with silvery
white-margined loaves yet introduced to gardens. It is strictly a.
perennial in habit, loiming a remarkably dense and compact
many-branched growth from the base, and, by its natural and
iroe tendency to emit roots upon the under shoots, it makes a.
close yet gracelXiUy free growth from 4 to 9 inches in height, and
with a luxuriance which renders it suitable for Grass plots
verges, or terraces, covering the ground-surface with a herbage
as close as un ordinary meadow, whilst its elegant variegated
leaf-blades produce an effect upon a much larger scale than can
be had from any other Silver-leaved Grass. Uy tomimg orna-
mental portable specimens and suspended basket groups of this
variety in the early wmter and spring months, for conservatory
and greenhouse decoration. It will at those seasons be found by
fai' the most brilliant aud picturesque plant in its tribe.

WELLINGTON NUESERY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, LONDON, N.W.

May 1, 1807.]

THE fiAlJDKKEPS' (IIT^ONKU.F, AND AGRlCniTUIUL OAZF.TTK

467

S'

The New Australian Spinach.
TUART AND MKCN, tSEF.DsMKN, KfUo, N.B., bc»to

' Intimate thnt they Imvo rucolvod iv smnll parcel of tlie nboTe
now VoKt'tablo, which in much .superior to any other variety of
Splnnoh, bohig loan liable to run to aeoil, having a delicious Oftvour
^od of ail enorcnous and rapi'l growth. See Oardtntrs' Chronicle,
page a07. Price la, 6rf. per packet.

To Market Gardeners and Others.

RICHARD WALKKK, Market Gaudenku anrl Serh
I GnowKR. haa lea IW.nim extra fine vnnnp CAnUAOE PLANT.S
—EAST HAM and ENFIKLD MARKKT, 4s. per lOfUl — no finer
Block In KnKland; RED. extra Rno, Ob. per IttnO ; WIIITK SPANISH
O.VrON SEED, U. Sd. per lb. ; KuilL RABI SEED, l5. pi^r lb, The
seod beiuK home-grown, i.s now, and can ho recommemJed. Terms
cash. DRUMHEAD CATTLE CABRAGE PLANTS. 3.s. per 1000.
RicuARD VValrkr, Biggleswade, Beds, _^^^^_

o P i C I A L 0 F F i E.

i^ To FARuras, UARPENEfta, AND Otbkrb.

EXCELLENT NEW YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL WURZEL.
4d. per lb.

„ WHITE BELGIAN CARROT, id. per lb.

„ JAME.S'.S SK.I.ECT INTERMEDIATE do., llXt. per lb,

„ RED ALTIllNOIIAM i\"., IW. per lb.

„ GREEN KOHL RABI, flno tnpport, lOrf. per lb.

„ SCARLET RUNNER BEANS, NEW, 7s. Orf. per bushel.

,, MIGNONETTE, l.». per lb.
RED DUTCH CABBAGE PLANTS, fine, :1s. M. per 1000.

CATALOGUE of gonuino NEW SEEDS on .ipplicatlon.

F. Gke, Seed Merchant and Grower, BlgRleswade, Bedforflshire.

Carter's Osnulne Seeds.

CARTER'S SEr.UCT LKST of GENUINE FARM
SEKDS. at mo'lerato prices, is now ready, and may be had post
free on application to

CARTEn*.i Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High
Holbom, London, W.C.

/-I H 0 I C

E

SEED

s

Post Free.

Per pkt.-

~>i.

(I.

Per pkt.— fl.

d

Broccoll, Snow's Imporml

Moore's Vegetnble Cream

1)

«

Winter

1

0

Beet, Perpetual Spinach . ,

0

e

Albert Sprouts

0

t>

,, Nutting's Superb

Cauliflower, Early Erfurt . .

1

II

Red

0

6

Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom

Champion Red ..

n

r.

Thumb

0

6

Cucumber, Smith'.s Fine

Radish, French Breakfast

I)

t.

Frame

1

n

Aster, Trutfaut'ii Superb

Cucumber, Telegraph

1

0

French, 12 vars. mixed . .

1

0

Leek, HL^nry's Prize

1)

n

Aster, Victoria, 0 vara.

Endivo, Dtgswell Prize . .

0

i;

mixed

1

0

Onion, Nuiitham Park

2

(i

Stook, improved Large-

Parsley, extra Hno curled ..

II

ti

flowering, 12 vara, mixed.

1

(1

Raph.inns caudatus {new

Balsam, Camellia-flowerea,

long-podded H.idish)

•"(ml. ard Marrow

';i

fi

R var. mixed

I

11

0

6

Balsam. tCose-flowered, Svars.

M.lnn, Malvern Hall

1

t>

mi,\.ed

1

0

Tniiiiito rte Layo

0

fi

Phlox Drumraondii, 12

Cauliilower, The Mamm-ith

1

0

splendid varieties

1

0

Richard Smito

tie

ed

Merchant, Worcester.

Fine Grass Seeds for Cricket Grounds,

BOWLING GREENS, or CROQUET GROUNDS.

SUTTON AND SONS can supnlv suitable kinils of the
finest-growing GRASSES and CLOVERS for the above purposes,
at Is. 3d. pur lb., Ha. per bushel.

ScTTON t Sons. Royal Berkshire .Si'ed Establishment, Reading.

Sutton's Grass Seeds for all Soils, Carriage Free.

c

LEAN EYE GRASS SEEDS

at low pncea.
ITALIAN RYE GRASS I PERENNIAL BYE GRASS
ENGLISH RYE GRASS EVERGREEN RYE GRASS
SCOTCH RY'E GRASS | ANNUAL RYE GR.ASS
Samples and lowest price per (|uarter on application.
Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Very Early Sheep Feed.
(BUTTON'S IMl'ROVKl) ITALIAN RYE-GRASS.—

'^ ' This " Improved "Itali in Rye-grass is recommended in prefer
PDCG to every other variety, profiucing three or four heavy crops in
one summer, and being a]mo.st if nut strictly perennial.

At a Meeting of the Roval Agricultural Society, on March 16, in
a Lecture delivered by Alfred Hughes, Esq., late of Thorness, Isle of
Wight, Mr. Hughes said :—

" I always reserve a portion of Oat land to lay down with Sutton's
Improved Italian Rye-grji-is, tde most reliable plant I have come
across for some years for Ewes and Lambs in the Spring. Wlien 1
tell you that I put it in in the spring, anddres-ied it. tiRer harvest with
guano, and that m the autumn, when my Sheep fed it off, it was
up to their knees, and that I fed it off again this spring with Ewe.s
and Lambs, I think you will agree tliat this is a crop of very great
value. The Italian Rye-grass which is sold by Sctton, of Reading,
is a most astonishing vii^orous plwnt ; Indeed, I never saw anything to
eiin^l it in thecourso of all ray experience."

Sttton k Sons have a fine stock of their Improved Italian Rye-
^:l:l>s, which is a very different and superior article to much that
IS Koid as Italian Rye-grass.

Present price ds. 6(1. per bushel, cheaper in quantities over 6 qrs.
Carriage-free in quantities of 8 bushels and upwards.

Quantity required per acre, if sown alone. 3 bu.shels.
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

MESSRS. SITTTON Bprrially prfpnre MIXTURES for
every description of SOIL at the following prices :—
For PERMANENT PASTURE, best quality Mixture, 36s. per acre;

cheaper ditto, 2Vis. to 30.*. per acre.
For THREK or FOUR YEARS' LAY, best quality, 24s. per acre ;

second quality cheaper.
For TWO YEARS' LAi", best quality, 18s. 6rf. per acre; second

quality cheaper.
For ONE YEAR'S LAY, CLOVERS and GRASSES, 16s. per acre ;

CLOVERS and RYE-GRASS, 12s. to 14s. per acre.
SUTTON'S RENOVATING MIXTURE {sow 6 lb. to 121b. per acre),
price lOrf. per lb. ; cheaper by the cwt. Special Contracts given
for large quantities.

SuTTOK & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

'/.

(rv^vou

ja\ f CORNER of

STREET,^

GRASS SEEDS,
AGRICmLTURAIi SEEDS,

Trade Mark.

KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS,
FLOWER SEEDS.

Cataloffitfs f(/rwarded post free fo any address on apjylicniion.

r:j.KASB SEEDS fur
PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
nue^t quality, at inodorate prlcuN,
carefully soloctud on a now, natural, and
hcieiibiflc Byntom.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
(3RASSES," which contalnn Ilhinlra.
tlnns and Doscrlptlous of the mont
Bultablo Ora^iBOs for Permanent Pastuie.

J. C. WltKELEU & S'jK,

Gloucester,

tieedsmen to the Gloucostershirc

Agricultural Society.

OHAMS'H NlTRO-I'llDsniATE for CORN
ODAMS'S NITKu-PHdsril \TE for HOOTS.
ODAM.S-S DlSSdLVKI) Id iNES.
ODAMS'S SUPKIirHnsPlIATB of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

UANUFACTL'ltKD

THE PATENT N'lTlUl-PlIOSPHATE OR BLOOU
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief Offices— 101), FeiichurLh Street. London.
Western Counties Branch— (Jueon Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch— 10, Wpstmnriland Street, Dublin,
DiRECToas
Cliatrman — John Claydon, Latiebury, Esses.
Dejmty-Vhniriimn— John Collins, Argyll House, Holloway.
Edward Bell, 48, Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot. Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Mirldlrfiex.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Norfolk,
George Savillo, Tngthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonaa, Chrishall Grange, Esiiex.
Charles Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomaa Webb, Hildersbam, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Managiiid Director — James Odams.
/fniiArM— Messrs. Bnrnetts, HoaniB, & Co.. Lcmbard Street
Sohciiors—iltn^sTS. Kingsford A Oorman, 23, Es-^rx Street, Strand.

A tiditor—J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company w.is originally formed by. and is maler the direction
of agriculturi.sts, circumstances that have justly earned for it acothur
title, viz. — "Tlie Tenant Farmi^rs' Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upw^irds of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for yeai-s under ramagement with Manures of their
own manufacture. The consumer, therefore, haa the best guarantee
fjr the geimtneness and efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Company.

Pai'.iculars will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may be had of the Local Agents. C. T. Macapau, Secretary.
Chief Office.s— 109. Fenchurch Street. London, E.C.

LA WES' MANURES.—

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
season of iSfiT are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
following prices, per ton : —
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s d.

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME 6 6

LAWE.S' SUPERPHnsPH,\TE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 6 6 0

LaWP::S' wheat, barley, grass, and MANGEL

MANURES 800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES ..12 0 0

These Manures can be obt.iined of Mr. Lawks, or through the
apoointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
Farying according to cost nf carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers, Nitrato of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other C.ikes at market prico=.

Address, John Bknnbt Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANlf
(Established 1840),
Have now readv for delivery in dry fine oondition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUAN'O
MAN GEL and POTATO MANURES
Also (;ciiuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA.
ex Dock Warthouse; SULPHATE of AMMONLA, FISHERY
SALT, Ac. E. PfBSER, Secretary.
Offices, lift. Fenchurch Street. E.C.

PAUL & SON'S

NEW DOUBLE SCARLET THORN.

CRAT^GUS OXYACANTHA COCCINEA PLENA (Paul & Son).— Colour exceedingly viWd, very double and
beautiful. Undoubtedly the finest hardy Novelty of the season. An attempt has been made to detract from the
sole credit due to us for introducing it.

Since we first sent it out in November last, we have had the honor to supply Her Majesty's Garden at Windsor,
the leading Nurserymen here and abroad (see List in this Journal), the most celebrated Amateurs and Lovers of
Hardy Trees. We have gained with this unique novelty — First-class Certificate at Royal Botanic Society, filay 21,
1864 ; First-class Certificate from distinguished Jury of New Plants at late International E.xhibition.

EGG MANUKE.-Annlvsisof a'l Kgu bv Baron Liebig :
Carlion. /-..''..OOO; nvilroL'eii, 7f'3: g;^ Nitrogen, l.i.920 ; Pho-<-
I'bonis, Solp'inr, Uxy>;en, I'L'.iHi? = 100,000 i'g?- equal to An monia,
18-60, Fiom 2 to 3 Tims of Refuse Eggs to be disposed of weekly.

Apply tiv letter, in flr.'st instance, to Z. A,, care of Mr. Roberts,
Advertising Agent, 1^, Clianne Alley, Coiiiliill, E.C.

IpiBROUS PKAT nf first-claPS quality for Orchids,
Heaths, American Plants, nnd all potting purposes, mav bo
obt.ained by application to Mr, Thomas Jessop, Farmngham Wood
near Farningham Station. Kent. It is dispatched by the London,
Chatham, and Dover Railway in trucks of IC yards, about 6 tons, to
most Stations in the Kingdom, or fetched in carts from the wood.
It is extensively used and appreciated in the principal Nurseries, and
in the Royal Parks and Gardens. Price 5s. per cubic yard, at
Farningham Station,

The Opinions of the Press are exceedingly favourable, and we take the liberty of quoting from a Letter of
Mr. Louis Van Houtte of Ghent, and the opinion of an English Firm in last week's Paper : —

" Mflgnlflcent hardy flowering tree, which he believes to be the
greatest acquisition for forcing or out-door culture introduced for
many years."- Sec Mr. W. Paul, papc 426.

" You have not published any figure. I have not seen
hilt two of my chtifs did, and s^eak of it as very fine.
Hiffiiefi, Locis Van Houtte, Ghevt.

Paul & Son having a large stock of some thousands ready, can offer fine Plants in Autumn.

Strong Standards, 5s. and Ss. 6d. each ; Dwarfs, 2s. 6d. each.

Dwarfs in Pots, for export, 5s. each.

PAUL AND SON, OLD CHESHUNT NURSERIES, N.

i^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^^ is becoming soaroe, the
old reserv'es will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 2 for 3US., 60 for 66s., 100
for £6.

Fourpencs allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in

Postage Stamps or Post-ofilco
Order, payable to J. Barsbau &
Co., Kingston- on -Thames, S.W.

Plagup" of the Garden.

QIMPLE and SAFE REMEDY. —By using the
O APHIS WASH, these pests of the garden, tocether with
Ants, Scale, Caterpillars, Slug's, Earwigs kc, are immediately
destroyed. Leaves no stain, but s'rengthens the Trees or Plants.

"At the first ofportunity use a solution of 'Aphis Waeh, prepared
at the City Soap Works; it not only destroys the Aphis, but also
Scale, and every other pest."— Extract from Oardeners' Magazine,
JannaiT 6, 1867. , ^ ■ n

"For strengthening the growth and effectually dastroying all
forms of blight, the 'Aphis Wash' supersedes every other prepara;
tion."— See Gardeners' Chronicle. August 1«, 1865; and GardeTters
Magazine, J u\y\,\S65. _, « „j n

Sold by Chemists and others, in Is. bottles, and 28. 6d. a gallon,
with full directions for use.

Wholesale at the City Soai* n'ork^, Milton Street, London, E.C.

458

THE (JAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[May 4, 1867.

NEW PLANTS FOR 1867.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THEY ARE

NOW SENDING OUT

THE FOLLOWING SPLENDID NOVELTIES.

Amongst them will be found many of great merit, discovered and sent home by Mr. John G. Veitch, during his recent voyage to the South Sea Ishuids ; also otll^i^i
received from Mr. Peajice, Messrs. J. V. & Sons' Collector in South America. Every Plant oflered is perfectly distinct from any previously in cultivation, and J. V. & Sons
confidently recommend them to the notice of all Plant Cultivators.

Acalypha tricolor,

A very baQdsome variegated-foliago stove plant, introduced from New Caledonia through oui
Mr. John G. Veitch.

It has Jarge ovate acuminate leaves, which are irregularly mottled and blotched with bright red
and crimson.

In the Gardeners' Chronicle of May 28, 18156, it is described as a " most interesting acquisition" to
our variegaLed-leaved plants.

It was exhibited amongst our Prize New Plants at the Great International Exhibition in 1866, and
has received a First-class Certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society.

Price 21.S'. each.

Coleus Veitchi.

The most striking variety of Coleas yet offered.

It has very large toothed leaves, of a deep chocolate colour, with the margin and teeth of a bright
green, the contrast being very effective and pleasing.

It IS of free growth and excellent habit, and as a pot plant cannot fail to please all plant cultivators.

It was introduced to England from New Caledonia, through our Mr. John G. Veitch.

It was exhibited at the Royal Horticultural Society'a Show on the IGth of April last, and received u
First-class Certificate. p^.^.^ ^^^ g^, ^^^^^

Bavallia alpina.

This beautiful Fern was introduced by us from Borneo through Mr. Lobb, and has been admired
wherever exhibited.

It is a dwarf-habited free-growing stove variety, and to the smallest and most select collection^
oanuob fail to be a pleasing addition. p^.^^.^ ^^^ ^^ ^.^^^

Dieffenbachia Pearcei.

This very striking, distinct, and tVoo-growiiig stove plant was introduced from Ecuador by our
collector Mr, Pearce, after whom we have named it.

The leaves are large, of a bright green colour, the mid-rib having a broad creamy white lining, the
leaf itself bemg also thickly marked and spotted, rendering it very attractive and uselul as an
exhibition plant.

It was exhibited at the Rojal Horticultm-al Society's yUow on the ICth April last, and received a

^'^'^^''^^- Price 31«. m. each.

Gymnostachys Pearcei.

A decided improvement on the well-known G. Verschaffelti, the markings of the leaves being of a
much brighter colour, and the habit more compact and vigorous.

Price 7s. M. each.

Hippeastrum pardinum.

This magnificent bulbous plant was introduced by us from Peru, through our collector Mr. Pearce.

Its blooms average G\ to 7 inches in diameter, and the following description, taken irom tho
Gardeners' Chronicle of March 30tb, 1807, will convey some idea of its great beauty : "It is perfectly
distinct from all known kinds of Amaryllis, and is remarkable for its form, which is spreading, with
scarcely any tube, so that tho whole inner surface is displayed, and for its colour, which reminds one of
the spotted varieties of Calceolaria or Tydsoa. so closely is it covered with small dots, more or less
confluent, of crimson red on a cream colour ground."

It was awarded a First-class Certificate at the Floral Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society,
on the 19th March, 18C7, and amongst the many novelties then exhibited, was considered by all to be
"The Gem." p^.^.^^ strong bulbs, 03s. ; smaller. 42^-.

Hypocyrta brevicalyx.

This beautiful Gesaeraceous plant ia equally desirable, either for its ornamental foliage or for the
elegance of its flowers.

Its leaves are of a very pleasing bright green colour, with numerous distinct silvery white veins,
and the flowers are of a bright orange scarlet, produced very freely and lasting some time in bloom.

It was introduced from Ecuador through our Mr. Pearce.

It was exhibited at the Royal Horticultural Society's Show on the 16th April last, and received a
certificate. p^,^^ j^^ ^^^

liOmaria ciliata.

A very distinct and elegant dwarf-growing Tree Fern, the stems in full-grown specimens attaining a
lieight of 1 foot; introduced from New Caledonia by Mr. J. G. Veitch.

Tho fronds are pinnately parted, the piunio being linear oblong, and frequently bifid or emarginatc ;
the fertile fronds piuiiate, sometimes pinnatifid with lateral segments * inch long.

It is undoubtedly one of the most ornamental, distinct-looking, and interesting of its genus.

The above description is given by Mr. Mooro, the oniiuent authority on Ferns, and copied from the
Ganle^ws' Chronicle. ^^,.^^^^ ^^^^^^^ plants, 21s. ; smaller plants, lbs.

Miconia Peruviana.

(HORT. VEITCH.)
A very interesting free-gi'owing Melastomaceous plant, the leaves bemg about 20 inches in length
by 10 in width ; the foliage is of a bright light green, glaucous on the under side.

Price 10s. 6d. each.

Nepentlies gracilis major.

A free-growing species introduced by us from Uorneo. It is of the N. Isevis habit, producing even
whilst in a young state its pitchers of medium size, which are spotted and marked with deep browii.
This variety is of easy culture, and worth growing even in limited collections.

Price 21s. each.

Nierembergia rivularis.

A beautiful perfectly hardy trailing perennial, introduced by us from the Plate River.

Tho flowers, which are sessile, are 13 inch across, and of a yellowish white colour, elevated on a
slonder tube 1 to 2i inches long.

It ia figured in the "'Botanical M.-vgazine" for October. 186'), and has received a Firafc-class Certi-
ficate from the Floral Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society.

Price lOs, Qd. each.

Nierembergia VeitcM.

A very pretty dwarf perfectly hardy perennial, introduced by us from Bolivia.

The flowers, which are bell-shaped, of a pale lilac colom', with slender corolla tube an inch in
length, are produced in great profusion on slender branching stems, and continue for many months ;
and whether as a dwarf border plant or for rock-work it will prove a great acquisition.

lb IS figured in the " Botanical Magazine " for September, 16CG.
Price 10s. 6d. each.

Panicura variegatum.

This beautifully variegated Grass will doubtless prove an excellent decorative plant.
The ground colour of the leaf ia bright green, fully one-half being occupied by pure white stripes,
tinged with pink, forming a striking contrast, and grown to cover a pan or basket it forms a most
cffecti 0 plant, and is well worth a place in all stoves.
L s of easy culture, rooting freely from the nodes.

It, was introduced by us from New Caledonia, and has received a First-class Certificate from the
Floril Committee of tho Royal Horticultural Society, April 16th, 1867.
Price 75. 6d. each.

Primula cortusoides amoena alba.

This beautiful plant forms an excellent companion to the well-known and much-admired Primula
cortusoides amcena, sent out by us last season.

We have great pleasure in adding that during the late severe winter these Pnnmlas have proved
perfectly hardy. p^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^

Retinospora plumosa.

One of our finest hardy introductions from Japan.

Its habit is particularly graceful and compact, the foliage being of a fine glaucous hue, fcrming aa
excellent contrast to the dark green of other species.

It has been exhibited on several ocaasions, and received many First Prizes.
Price 2l8. each.

Sancbezia nobilis variegata.

This magnificent variegated-foliage stove plant is undoubtedly one of the finest we have ever had
the pleasure of offering for sale.

lo is of beautiful habit and free growth ; its leaves, which attain a length of 12 to 16 inches, are ijt
the richest green, the veins and margin being a most brilliant yellow, rendering the plant moat
striking and eflective.

It is excellent for elchibitToif, and has already received numerous First Prizes.

It was sent to us from Bolivia by Mr. Pearce, our Collector.

Price, strong plants, 42s. ; smaller, 31fl. 6d.

Messrs. J. V..& Sons wUi be pleased tu forward, Post Free, their "NEW DESCRIPTrVE CATALOGUE" of the ahove, and many other Novelties sent out by oLhta-
houses ; and to enable purchasers to judge of the merits of the Plants Offered by theta, a Very carefully and accurately prepai'ed engraving of each is given.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

Hat 1, 1867. J

THE GARDENERS' CITRnNTCT,E ANT) AORTrTlETUKAL OAZKTTK.

459

American Plants, tee.

WATKRKR AM) ()0I)1''RHY'S PRICKD iimi
UESCRIPTIVK O'ATALUllUK uf HIIODODENDKONS
i> ! nthor Aiui-riciui riaiit^ lor thiH Autumn, will be fiyttt on
il.liciitloii. Tbo Catnloguo also glvos a numiuary of tholr General
Ml! eery Stock, probably the moat extensive In tno kingdom.

Knap mil Nuriory, WoklnR, Surrey.

Chryeantliemums, Chrysautlieniums,
Chrysanthemums.
DAM KOllSYTH'S C.VTALOGUl? is now ix-ady,

ciintiilnlng a Uescrlptivo List of all the hufit varieties ; also a
Ileal Truallflo on the Cultivation ol' tlio ClirysautUoniun
waidoil to all aitpllciints lur one stJuup.

Praotleal Trealwo on the Cultivation ol' tlio ClirysautUonium. For-
te all niipllciints lur one stiuup.
Brunswick Nursery, .stoke Nowlngton, London, N.

B

A K K

AND

From Yokohfinm dfreot. a conslRnmout of LILIUM AURATOM,
in fluo condittoD, 2s, 6d„ 3s. «(i, 63. ad., and 7». ^J(^ eiiuh.

SURPLUS STOCK of GLADIOLI,
rino Mixed vftHetiosor GANDAVKNS18, 7«. Orf., \0s. Gd., and IS?.
» por HHi : 1*1. fid. and 2.s. fit/, yor <iu/.i)t\.
BOWIENSIS, the finest sctirlut. 7s. (irf., lOs. «rf., and 15s. per 100 ;

Mid Is, fid, (ind 2.*. M. per dozoii.
NAMED VAHIcTlKS, 3«. 6(/., 5s. 6d. 7s. ll't, and lOs.ad, jicr doz.

A FEW SPECIALITTES in SEEDS.
ElViNA LyEVlS,— A most clloctlvu plimt tor tablo decoration.
Durlnctlio autumn, winter, an<lspriiic ninntlis, it 1b covet-cd
with elognnt drnopinR racouu-s of lio.iutifui sciirlet berries, Fiu-
itiodu of cultiiro. &c , seo '" Jmunal of Horticulture, p. 2("i,
April ■I. l,s. ]ior packet.
ZKA OUZKO (irom Peru),— The largest Maize yet introduced for
di-cinatlvo purposes. Leaves very broad and compact. Last
yuar in Itay tins plant attained the boigUt of 20 feet. Is. and
'in. M. per picket.
yjCA JAI'UNICA VARIEGATA.— Beautifully striped Maize; a.s
luui'lsomu as Arundo Donax variegata. <k{., la., and 2s. 61?. per
I'licket.
liAlI'llA SPECIES (from Peru).— Described as a most beautiful
riant Flowers pure white, 10 inches long, and deliciously
lr:l^:rJlllf. 2«. Gd. per oacket,
.\i:i;s .SPLENIHD fSTRAlN of PRIMULA SINENSIS FIM-

HKIATA, ALRA, RUBRA, and Mixed. Eilch 2s. Gd. per pkt.
1; \IU:s KKRN-LEAF PRIMULA, ALBA, RUBRA, and Mixed.

K,u;li 2\. tid. per p.icket.
I ;.\ RR'S PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA NOVA— A beautiful
I\Iiidder-red shaded variety ; and beautiful new striped variety.
Each 3s. erf, per packet.
HULL'S DUPLEX-FLOWERING, aimiqueandbeautifulMONKEY

FLOWER.— K^, ed. and 2s. lid. per packet.
BULL'S INTERNATIONAL PRIZE CALCEOLARIA. - The
finest .■^tmin in cultivation. 2s. Od,, 3*. 6d., and on, (id.
per iiacket.
FLOWER SEEDS in COLLECTIONS.— 3,*. Qd., 53. 6d., Js. 6d., 10s.,

l.'i,'!,, ind ai.*. per packet.
I-INEHT LAWN GRASS SEED, for Renovating Old Lawns and
Laying Down J^ow Ones. — l.s. 3d. per lb.
STANDEN'S "GARDENERS- and AMATEURS' FRIEND."
I liii;hly Concentrated, Iiiorlorous, Artificial Manure, in all cases
iiHuulnir free vigorous growth, and promoting early maturity. It is
'i"w liirgely used by the leading Nurferymen, amongst whom we may
luiaiou :- Messrs. Veitch & Sons, Mr. Charles Turner, Messrs. J. &
I' Leo, Mr, Barnes, of Cambcrwell, Mr. Stanriish, of Bagshot, &c.,
-iikI many of the lending amat'-ur Exhibitor.^. Use it freely. Direc-
tions ffir Use, see Qardeiiers' Chroniclf, p. 2fll. Sold in Canisters at
l."., '^8. tld., 5(1. 6d., Itw. 6d., and 2ls. The above vauable Manure may
\'v bad ol the leading Nurserymen and Seedsmen in England,
1 1 1'laiid, and Scotland,

B\RR & SuGDES, The Metropolitan Si'ed, Bulb, and Plant Ware-
ti ■uhc, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

r> U Y A L ~ B O T A N T^ SO C T E tY.
t THIRD SPRING EXHIBITION, April 27, I867.
LIST OF AWARDS,
e ROSES. (Amateurs.)
lat Prize, Mr. J. Janes, Gr. to W. F, Watson, Esq., Isleworth
2d, Mr. J. Wiggins, Gr. to W. Beck, Eaj., Worton Cottage, IslewortU

G ROSES, (Nurserymen.)
1st, Mr. C. Turner, Slougli, Bucks
:!d, Messrs. Paul ic Sons, Cheshunt. ITerts
3d, Messrs. H. Lane & Sod, Groat Berkhanipstead, Herts

3 ROSES, new kmds.
1st, Messrs. Paul & Son | 2d, Mr. C. Tm-nor

Sd, Messrs. H. Lane & Son

24 ROSES, cut blooms.
lit, Messrs. Paul & Son | 2d, Mr. C. Tmuer

ROSES, boxes of cut blooms.
1st, Messrs. Paul & Son

0 PELARGONIUMS. (Amateurs.)
lat, Mr. J. Wiggins, Gr.

,, 0 AURICULAS. (^Amateurs.)

lat, Mr, J. Butcher, 1, South Street, Uamberwell
2(t, Mr. S. Cox, 71, Harwood Street, Camden Town
3d, Mr. J. James, Gr.

6 AURICULAS. (Nurserymen.)
Ifib, Mr. C. Turner
2d, Messrs. J. Dobson & Son, Isleworth

•i 24 PANSIES.

lat, Mr. .T, Jnmes, Gr.
2d, Mr. H. Hooper, Nurseryman, Bath

6 FOLIAGE and FLOWERTN^. PLANTS,
lot, Mr. B. S. Williams, Nureervm«»n, Ilolloway
2d, Mr. «. Wheeler. Gr. to Sir F. II. Goldsmid, Bart., Regent's Park
3d, Mr. J. Burley, Nurseryman, Bayswuter

MISCELLANEOUS.
1. SILVER MEDAL.

Mr. C. Turner, for Collection of Auriculas

SMALL SILVER MliDAL.
Mr. B, S, WiUiams, tor Collection of Flowering Plauts
Mr. W. Gardtn-r, Gr. to Sir G. Phillips, IJart., for Dish of Peaches
Mr. W, Bull, for 2 Sjiecimens of Agavo filifera
MV. J. James, Gr., fir 12 British Ferns
Mr. J. James, Gr., for 6 Calceolarias

BRONZE MEDAL.
M r, J, Jiimes, Gr., for 12 Pansies in Pots
Mtl&srs. J. Dobson & Son, for 9 Az iloas tj,

iUsbrB. If. Lane & Sun, for Collection of Roses

, SMALL BRONZE MEDAL.

Mr. J. James, for G Cinerarias

NEW" PLANTS.
. FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE.

Mr. yy. Bull, for Coprosma Baueriana varlegitta
Mr. W. Bull, for Adiantura Lmdoni

tr. W. Bull, for Dioscorea discolor variegata
r. W. Bull, for Anajctoclulus Petola marmurea
Mr W. Bull, for Anjoctochilus Dayi
Mr. W. Bull, for Terminalin elegans
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Stenochl;Bija hetoromorilha
Mr. B. S, Williams, for Amaryllis aunuitiHcuni
Mr. 0. Turner, for Auricula Lustre
Mt. C. Turner, for Auricula Echo
Mr, C. Turner, for A'u-icula Constellation
Mr. C, Turner, for Auricula Fascination
Mr. O. Turner, for Auricula Cbeertulneas
Mr. C. Turner, for Auricula Col. Champneys
Mt. C, Turner, for Auricula Ctiarles Turner
Mr. C. Turner, for Auricula Crown Prince

■r SECOND-CLASS CERTIFICATE.

Mt. C. Turner, for Auricula Selina
Mr. O. Turner, tor Auricula Jessie
Mr. C. Turner, for Auricula Vivid
Mr. C. Turner, for Auricul:!. Trumpeter
Mr. (',- T>inicr, fbr Auricula Dcfianno
Mn W. Bull, for Azalea Quaun of R06O8 ■ •
Mr. B. 3. Williams, for Azalea Queen of Rosei

UIOHAKI) .SMITH'S SERD CATALOOUE c.mt;uns n
Calendar i-f Time for Sowing. i);irtlcularH of ColloctioriH, with
Prices, Diroi-tlouB for Cropping woll ami uconoinlcntly. ."^uil. Manure,
Ueptli, l)[^tallco. Soaaoii, UanilnusH. Duration, Form, lloight,
Colour, Storing, Use, Flavour, and otiier qualiiibs, described.

Tlda List Free by Po»t or one fltamp. Seeds direct from the
Growers the surest way to eucoeB".

RiODAHK Smith, Seed Merchant. Worcester.

New PI a at Catalogue.
f^ AND J. UdMl.KY Ijug t.t ;tiiiioiinco that their
^ T. NEW DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of FucUBlas,
Verboriiifl, noniniunifl, flollyhoekR. Dtihll!i«, ChrysanthuinumB,
Cliierarliis, Calceolarlns, Petunias, I'nloxcs, Groonhouso, HoddliiK.
and Uardy Fiants. is now ready, ami luny bo lirt't on apnllcation.
Tho Nurseries, Newton-lu-Wlllovvs, near fiodalo, Vorks.

G~REAT ' NATTONAT, H OUTICULTUIIAL
KXIIIIJITION. I8117.
£1000 OFFERED IN PRIZES.

To bo HELD In tho Gardens of tho Botanical and H0rtlnnltur.1l
Soptety. Old Trafford. MANCHESTER, 7th to the Ifith JUNK,

Cliarges for Admi't-ion :-First Day. lOx. IW, each; Second Day,
■2s. lid. each ; WHIT MONDAY (nid reman. ing Days, Is. each.

SuiiHcrtbers to the Manchester Botaniciil and Horticultural Society
free oncli dfiv.

Anmuil Subscription- Family, £2 2s. ; Individual, £1 Is,, admitting
on nil occa.sion.s.

Schedule:*, &c , may be obtained on application to Mr. B. Findlav,
Cumtor, B..Unie Gardens, Manchester, or from the undersigned.
Military Bands in attendance each day.

Cooper Street, Manchester. Hewry WniTwoittn, Sec.

i^ KEAT NATION AT. H ORTICULTUK A L

VT EXHIBITION, 18G7.— Gardeners will be admitted by Ti- kuts
as follows:— First DaT, 2». Gd. each ; Second and remaining D:iyH.
Is. each. Applications for these Tickets must be made on or before
5th JUNE. IIlnrv WuiTWoi(Tn,Sec.

r^ REAT ^NATfoNAT. HORTICaLTURAL

VT EXHIBITION. 1807.

Notice is Herehv Given, that all Persons who intend to take part in
this Exhibition must signify their intention to do so (Ktnting the
Classes in which they intend to compete), on or before May 17, by
letter addressed to the Undersigned. Bedce FiNnLAv,

Botanic Gardens, Manchester.

i^RANO HORTICUT.TURAL ilXHIBITION

VJT at BURr ST- EDMUND'S, in connection with the
SHOW of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 16, 1867, and four following Days.
Amongst various Special Prizes, amountint; in value to nearly
£300, and exclusive of the ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20,
will be off.^re'l by the Proprietors of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ano AGRICULTURAL G AZETTE
for the best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to be made up as follows : —
Of FRUITS, any Five of the following Ei^'ht kinds, one Dish of
each : — Grapes, Melons (2 fruits). Strawberries, Goosebenies, Cur-
rants, Cherries, Raspberries, or Apples (of the crop of ISliG).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of th-j following Fourteen kinds,
one basket or bundle of each :— Pead. French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners). Broad Beans. Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace), Summer
t^at.bnges, Early Can-ots, Turnips, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rhubarh, Potatos, or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will be open to Competition aniongst Amateur or Pro.
tessional Gardeners, of all grades, with Fruit and Vegetables of thHr
oion (/rowing; any article otherwise obtained will disqualify the
exhibitor. yt -in 1 j'l ' " '»'

SATURDAY, MAY i, 1867.

AtEETINGS FOK THE ENSUING WEEK.
M0Nn*v, May 6- Entomolofrical 7p.«.

t Royal Hortieultural (Special Prize Show),
Tuesday, — 7< at South Kensinston 2 p.m.

t Ditto (General Mcetiug) 3 p.m.

In a recent number we had occasion to allude
to the tubers of terrestrial Orchids, and we
pointed out that complete success was not likely
to attend their culture, until cultivators had
thoroughly made themselves acquainted with the
peculiarities of their growth under natural cir-
cumstances. It did not occiu' to us at the time,
that the structure of the TtTBEES of the Lesser
Celajtdine, Ranunculus Ficaria, was very
similar to that of the corresponding organs in
terrestrial Orchids, while the Celandine has the
advantage of being in general more readily acces-
sible for purposes of observation and experiment
than are Orchids. It is not necessary in this
place to enter into a long account of the various
opinions that have been held by different botanists
as to the structure of this plant. It will suffice
fdr our present purpose to avail ourselves of the
researches of M. vanTiegheji as recorded in the
Annales des Sciences, 1S66, p. 88, and to refer
the reader desirous of fuller information, to the
observations of that gentleman, who, besides
giving the results of his own investigation, adds a
summary of what has been done by others.

The small yellowish fleshy masses, looking like
grains of Wheat, in the axils of the leaves of this
plant are familiar to most jiersous, as are also
the longer subterranean tuberous, roots that the
plant produces. Both forms of tuber appear
to be of composite nature — to consist in fact of a
small bud, and a swollen adventitious root
attached to it, and by means of these the plant
reproduces itself, for it rarely happens that
perfect seeds are produced, and in those cases
where seeds are perfected, the axiUary tubercles
are not formed, and Indeed the whole appearance
of the plant becomes changed.

The seedless form grows in patches in moist
meadows, its leaves are in general larger, its
stems stouter, and the whole vegetative system is
more vigorous than in the case of the fertile ]ilant.
The latter has comparatively smallrounded leaves,
ia w;hose axils nestle no tubercles, the stem and
its divisions are less vigorous, and the flowers
have a reddish-brown tinge on the outer sui'face ;

while in tho ordinary storilo VMi-icity tho flowers
arn yellow or groou on the outsiilo. The seed-
bearing plant occurs more fruquuntly in dry.
localities, and in small numbers. It is not, like
its tuberous brother, a sotial being. Accoi'ding
to M. VAN TlEGHEM the reason why the seedll
are not produced in tho sterile Celaudinea is
bocauso no pollen is formed. Init this ]iart of his
statement seems to us to bo only jiartially true,
as pollen is to be foiuid, though certainly iu small
quantities, in the anther, and moreover the ovules
and the embryo aro often fully formed, as we
have frequently convinced ourselves, though we
have not seen perfect seeds or ripe fruit. While
then we aro not able to endorse M. VAN Tieghem'S
statomeuts in their entirety, we can certainly do
so to a great extent, and at any rate the history
of the plant is not only important in a physio-
logical point of view, but it is surely suggeetiva
in a cultural sense, for assuming that in the
main the facts are as we have stated them, it
seems clear that the different forms that the
plant assumes are in some way dependent on
external conditions, and the accurate determina-
tion of these conditions would probably give
some hint as to the growth of tubers — in other
words, as to the successful cultivation of root
crops ! It would be an easy experiment to gx-ow
the tubers of this plant under very varied
conditions, and fo watch tho results, while to the
cross breeder it offers an interesting field for
experiment.

Before quiting the subject, we may mention
the fact, that iu a double-flowered variety that
we have lately examined, the carpels were open,
so as to resemble little leaves, or rather leaf
sheaths, and each bore two imperfect ovules,
which sprung from the inner surface of the
carpel, between the margins and the centre.

The interest of these flowers to the morpho-
logist is great, for many reasons, on which,
however, we must not in this place dilate.
Suffice it for us if we can show that, while for its
beauty and its associations, the Lesser
Celandine deserves a place in the shady
portions of a lawn, and is fur too beautiful to be
passed over as a mere weed, there are secreta
fraught with interest, even in a Gradgkixd point
of view, in this little gem, that should induce
some among our readers to glance not only
lovingly but inquiringly on —

• • • " The first gilt thing
That wears the trembling pearls of Spiing."

. AVE have much pleasure in calling attention to

tlie following note respecting the proposed Exhibition
OF Tricolor Pel.4bgoniums, from the Chairman of
the Flor-al Committee. We feel tlie more pleased at
this step being taken by the Royal Horticultural
Society, as it is so much in conformity with the views
from time to time expressed in our columns :— " In
common with many amateurs and others much
interested in the variegated form of the Zonal Pelar-
gonium, I am looking forward to a grand treat on
Tuesday, May 21, when I trust the invitation put
forth by the Council of the Royal Horticultural
Society will be cheerfully responded to. I believe
that the idea of an exhibition of these plants has
been most favourably entertained by all the raisers
of this class of Pelargoniums, and that a desire
prevails that a magnificent display .should be made
on the 31st. It may be well, perhaps for the benefit
both of amateurs and others, briefly to sketch
out what is expected from exhibitors on this
occasion. It is desirable that groups or collec-
tions should be shown, including the earliest form
of variegation, showing its progress to that of
the present year, that a paper be sent with each
collection, stating the advance or improvement gained
from an original point— for instance, from Mrs.
Pollock to the seedlings of the present year. It would
be well if each exhibitor would state whether accurate
entries and notes have been made and kept of the
parentage of seedlings, giving the names of the male
and female parents. One great object in view is to
lirove if possible whether the skill of the gardener
(a point at present doubted by some) has any certain
control over Nature in producing these variegations.
It wUl not be necessary that a tedious and lengthy
paper should be written; a simple proof stating that
definite results have been achieved by certain pro-
ceedings in hybridising is all that is retiuired or
oxiiected. The names of the parent plants written
on the label bearing the name of the seedling plant,
would be most interesting. I cannot but think thatmuch
valuable information would be thus aflbrded to the
Horticultural world; also that subject matter for a
conversation at the meeting to be held afterwards,
would be given, which doubtless some of our botanical
and horticultural friends would avail themselves of.
New and distinct varieties separately entered for the
decision of the Floral Committee, will receive certifi-
cates according to merit, and medals will be Si'en to
such groups or collections accompanied witli ttio
Written information required, as shall be con^jidered
most worthy. Let not the amateur be afraid ot exhi-
biting on this occasion. The raiser of three or four
seedUngs of merit, after careful and thoughtful setec-

460

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[May 4, 1867.

tion of parents for hybridising, may have something of
greater interest to exhibit, than seedlings collected from
all parts of the kingdom, of the origin of which no trace
can be shown. It would be well for those who intend
to exhibit on the 21st to give due and early notice of
the same to Mr. Etlfs, also to endeavour to bring their
collections as soon after nine in the morning as pos-
sible, as it will take some considerable time to arrange
them." J. Dix, Chairman Floral Committee, May 2.

Our experience respecting seedlings produced

by the Wild Cabbage is diametrically opposite to
that of our correspondent of last week (see p. 433).
Several years ago we brought from the Limestone
Cliffs at Gwrwch Ca^^tle, which form such a striking
feature in travelling from Abergele to Colwyn, some
seed of the Wild Cabbage. This has been repeatedly
sown ever since, and always with the same result. The
plant is a Wild Cabbage still, having leaves without
footstalks, without the slightest tendency to form a
heart; and the only difference we have ever observed
in the seedlings, is a slight redness in some of them.
The plant has been cooked, and found quite uneatable.
The greatest pains, it should be observed, have been
taken to obtain pure seed, and there is little doubt that
our correspondent's Wild Cabbage must have been
inoculated from some neighbour's garden. We shall
however vary the experiment by leaving the flowers
unprotected, and we shall anxiously watch for any
difference which may arise in consequence. This Wild
Cabbage is far from hardy, and our whole stock in con-
sequence of last winter's frost is reduced to a single
small plant, which is however in full flower. It would
indeed be an extraordinary circumstance if a wild
seedling fecundated by itself could in a short time
produce such a variety of forms. The subject is one of
great importance, and we should be glad of any facts
which bear upon it. Some of our seed was sent to Kew,
where, so far as we observed, the plant remains
unchanged. M. J. H.

Never before have we seen such a fine display

of Eaelt TnLiPS in Hyde Park as Mr. Mann has
provided for the London public this season. Along that
side of the Park next Park Lane from Stanhope Gate to
the Marble Arch there is now one mass of floral beauty,
exceeding in magnificence anything of the kind with
which Londoners are acquainted. This will be at once
apparent when we state that in 10 beds each 25 feet in
length and 8i feet in breadth, and in the different borders,
are something like 20,000 Tulips, the bloom of which is
now in perfection. The varieties employed to produce so
much gaiety are Eex Eubrorum, double red ; Tournesol,
double red and yellow ; Waterloo, early single red ; La.
Candeur, double white ; Yellow Prince, .single yellow '
and White Pottebakker, single white. These are kinds
which experience has proved to be best suited for out-
door displays of this description. The beds in question
are edged with the little white-blossomed Arahis alpina,
which answers well for that purpose. Earlier in the
season red, white, and blue Hyacinths, Aconites, Snow-
drops, and Crocuses, ushered in the floral year; but
the beauty of these is now over. The kinds cjf Crocus
which were found to answer best were AUiioii, Dundy,
Cloth of Gold, Cloth of Silver, Large Yellow, Prince
Albert, and Othello. These as well as the Tulips and
other bulbs grown here were, we. understand, supplied
by Messrs. Geokge Gibbs & Co., of Down Street, Picca-
dilly, and the manner in which they have bloomed has
certainly done credit to the selection made by that firm.
The Tulips will be succeeded by bedding plants, of
which enormous quantities are annually propagated for
that purpose in the Eoyal Gardens at Kensington.

We may add that Messrs. E. G. Henderson

have also at present a charming collection of Spring
jauLBS in flower, in their Wellington Nursery, at
St. John's Wood, which, equally with the display in
Hyde Park, is well worth inspection.

Among other rarities to be showai next Tuesday

at South Kensington we understand that Mr. Bate-
man intends to exhibit a remarkably fine specimen of
the old Oncidium bifolium, a species which, after
having been all but lost to this country, was reintro-
duced two years ago by Messrs. Teitch. It is of the
easiest culture now that the proper management is
understood.

The successful comnetitors for the laying out of

Seeton Pare (see p. 432), are Messrs. Andr^ &
HoENBLOWER, Paris and Liverpool; and Mr. Milner,
Sydenham. We shall publish a report upon these
plans in our next issue.

PUNGI AS FOOD.

Until the apnearanoe of Dr. Badham's interesting
work " On the Esculent Funguses of Great Britain,"
few, even amoncst naturalists, were aware of the value of
this tribe of plants for food purpo.ses ; a more extended
study of them has, however, tended to remove a great
deal of prejudice concerning Eungi, and we shall soon
expect to find that, like other esculent plants, they
will be cultivated for the increasing market which
they command. Now, as I happen to have had some
years' experience as regards several of the species of
this interesting section of plants, I purpose offering a
few general remarks upon the subject.

When Badham's book first appeared, nearly every
Fungus except the common Mushroom (Agaricus
campestris), was put aside as a " Toadstool ; " but his
long residence in Italy had shown him that this species
was by no means the best, and he enumerated no fewer
than 50 species of edible Fungi, most of which are on
the Continent more highly esteemed than our Mush-
room. He says : " In Eome, whilst many hundreds of
what we call Toadstools are carried home for the
table, almost the only one condemned to be thrown
into tbn Tiber by the inspectors of the Fungus market*

* Fancy an inspector of Funguses in our large towns .'

is our own Mushroom ; indeed, in such dread is this
held in the Papal States, that no one knowingly would
touch it. * It is reckoned one of the fiercest impreca-
tions,' writes Professor Sanguinetti, * amongst our
lower orders, infamous for the horrible nature of their
oaths, to pray that any one may die of a pratiola.' "

I now copy the learned Doctor's list of edible
Funguses, and shall remark upon some of the species
afterwards. They are as follow : —

2 species

Agaricus ..

.. 29

species

Lycoperdon

.. 2

Amanita . .

.. 1

MorclieUa

.. 2

Boletus . . ■

.. 3

Peziza ..

.. 1

Cantharellus

Polyporus

.. 3

Clavaria .

Tuber . .

Fi.^tulina . .

"

. 1

Helvella . .

Hydnum .

50

Of this list of genera I would shortly comment on
the following dozen of species : —

1. Agaricus prunulus. Mouceron, Fr.

2. ,, Oreades. Champignon, Fr.

3. ,, campestris. Common Mushroom.

4. ,, Georgii. Giant Mushroom.

5. ,, procerus. .Shaggy Agaric.

6. ,, personatus. Blewits.

7. ,, melleus. Stump Agaric.

8. Boletus edulis. Esculent Boletus.
El. Cantharellus cibarius. Chantarelle.

10. Lycoperdon giganteum. Giant Puff-ball.

11. Morchella esculenta. Morell.

12. Tuber cibarius. Truffle.

1. The Mouceron may well be placed at the head of
our list, as it is one of the earliest and the best of the
Mushroom tribe. It usually appears the first week in
May on Grass downs, and in poorer meadows growing
in rings which vary in size to more than 30 yards in
diameter, as we have seen on Salisbury Plain. At this
season no other "fairy ring" Agaric has made its
appearance, so that itis next to impossible to confound
it with any other species. It occurs plentifully in the
meadows in front of the Agricultural College at
Cirencester, and is the one upon which Professor Way
experimented for his paper on Fairy Eings,* though the
species was erroneously referred to the A. Georgii.

While at the College I was much interested in the
subject, and yearly watched the coming of the Fungus
with some anxiety, and seldom for as many as 15 years
was it later in making its appearance than the end of
the second week in May, its most usual time being the
first week. I soon saw that the species was the A.
prunulus, so well described by Dr. Badham, being
identical with the Italian plant of which he quaintly
observes that little baskets of the earlier examples are
sent as "presents to lawyers and fees to medical men,"
and that its Italian name of Funghi di Genoa denotes
superior excellence, as with our Kentish Cherries, Bat-
tersea Asparagus, &c. ; and further, that in the dried
state it is sold at Italian warehouses atthe enormous rate
of 6d. per ounce. Seeing, then, that it was described
as so good, we procured a dish, and got them cooked
for the Professor's table, and, as in the case of the burnt
pig so admirably described by Charles Lamb, the per-
fume was so agreeable, that the whole College was
seduced into eating them ; the students gathered them,
and prevailed on the cook to send them up for supper;
and so plentiful were they that enough were gathered
for near upon 100 people, all whom ate of them heartily
without a single case of indigestion.

In 1849 the Cotteswold Naturalists' Club May
Meeting was fixed for Swindon Station ; to this I took
a basket of this A. prunulus, w^hich were there cooked
for breakfast, and in such perfection that the tempting
sniell w'ooed all to partake of them, though for the first;
time in their lives — all except myself, who was so busy
making tea that the dish was emptied before that
important process was over. I afterwards learned that
at this establishment was an Italian cook, who, upon
seeing my Funguses, gave vent to his joy in the kitchen,
and went into rhapsodies upon " verdant Italy."

From this time the members of the Club and others
in Gloucestershire and elsewhere amongst my old
pupils, ate this Fungus freely. I know of no better
way to cook them than with a little butter, pepper, and
salt, to grill them like the common Mushroom ; or they
may be fried with thin slices of bacon. A lady friend
of mine once directed some to be stewed ; how the
process was performed I cannot say, but the result was
that the Fungus had the appearance of bits of soddened
leather breeches; and so it is to be feared that the
difference between the provider of meat and of cooks,
will cause the party who thus tried to partake of them,
to consider them mere Toadstools as long as they live.

2. The Champignon is also a fairy ring species,
making its appearance from August to October, and
even until near Christmas in mild ^veather. It is
common on lawns and in pastures, and sometimes
occurs in clusters on banks. Its rings are usually
small, but, as I have this year seen, are so thick that
many pounds may be gathered in a small space of
time ; and the Eev. M. 3. Berkeley says of it no more
than I have constantly experienced : — " When of a
good size and quickly grown, it is perhaps the best of
all Fungi for the table, whether carefully fried, or
stewed with an admixture of finely minced herbs, and
a minute portion of garlic. It is, at the same time,
tender and easy of digestion ; and when its use is
known, and character ascertained, no species may be
used with less fear. It is so common in some districts
that bushels may be gathered in a day." They are
exquisite if served on buttered toast with game, or
poultry of all kinds.

3. The Common Mushroom is so well-known that,
in spite of all that may be said to the contrary, I have
never known the veriest bumpkin make a mistake in
regard to it. Its flavour is so rich that all classes of
people in this country esteem it as a rare "dainty dish"
even " to set before a king," and in its favour, except
with a few, all other Funguses are cast aside. It is,
however, a curious fact that it is despised on the

Continent, so much so as not to be permitted to enter
the fungus market. I recollect questioning the
Prince of Canino on this matter, at one of the meetings ^
of the British Association, when he informed me that i
it really was a poisonous species ; and that it is so with '
some people, perhaps in peculiar conditions of the
digestive system, I can fully confirm.

Pew among us but have noticed towards autumn the
ominous newspaper paragraph— " Poisoned by Toad-
stools." Now in some of these cases I have inquired '
into the species, and never did I detect an error, but
take an example of the present season. A farmer and
his wife partook heartily of Mushrooms for their
supper, of which I found the former bad taken the
"lion's share." He thought himself dying in the
night, as he supposed from eating toadstools, but in
this case I not only ascertained that his fungus was
the best variety of this Mushroom, but I partook of
theni with great relish, as his wife had done, without
any ill effects. I conclude then with regard to this
fungus that it should always be taken with moderation,
and only during the period that its gills preserve their
fresh pink hue. The smaller pickled " buttons" are
always good, and I have never heard of ill-effects
from them. J. £.

{To be Coniiiiaed.)

* Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, vol. vii., p. 549.

EIVAL SYSTEMS OF TINE-GEOWING.

A CLEVER invention or plan will always make
way on its own merits, and require no persuasive
arguments for its introduction. The Prussians during
the late war had no difficulty in pursuadiug the
Austrians to believe in the superiority of the needle
gun ; and not the Austrians only, but all the other
fighting nations of the earth besides, have lost no time
in adopting either it or something better. If the
extending system of Vine-growing is, like the needle
gun, really a good thing, it will soon make way for
itself and Messrs. Henderson, Sage, and Cannell may
at once lay down their arms. Mr. Sage will see
(pp. 151-2, 293) that I have forestalled him in the ques-
tion he puts to me, by my asking Mr. Cannell how
Grapes are to he ripened in March for several succes-
sive seasons without injury to the Vines ? to which
question no very satisfactory answer has been given.

We must, before proceeding further, "prop up,"
and not lose the thread of our subject. Mr. Cannell
says that " Doctors have done away with the knife— so
must gardeners ; " and that " large old Vines are
decidedly better for early forcing than young ones,"
and hence for all purposes. I was aware that Mr.
Henderson was one of our best Grape growers, and
it is not to criticise his abilities as a Grape grower
that I now, on the information received from him-
self, proceed to make my remarks. Mr. H. says, "I
always prune my Vines to what I think a good eye,
whether I leave 3 inches or 2 feet, and as the shoots
reach the top of the house I cut them down to the
next coming shoot." Mr, Henderson himself admits
that even although bunches show which might weigh
5 or 6 lb., he cannot let them grow, because he never
could colour or get them up to the mark. What advan-
tages, then, has this progressive system ? and on what
principle can it be called the progressive system, seeing
that it is after all more of a slashing system than the
one of which I am an advocate?

Every now and then, very probably every year, Mr.
Henderson cuts down a piece of a rod to make room
for a young shoot. Does he use his finger and thumb
to perform this amputation ? Thanks to the reciprocity
of action in the Grape Vine, it accommodates itself to
almost all manner of restrictive manipulations. What
relation has this management to the extending system
of Mr. Cannell, who recommends leaving 6 feet of new
wood every year, and no cutting back of the old ? Mr.
Henderson, although speaking from the opposition
benches, is virtually advocating the restrictive cause.
The practice of Mr. Henderson affords another grand
example of the advantage taken by a shrewd observer
of nature, in making use of the reciprocity of action
between root and branch, and in turning it to the
account of producing fruit and the necessary quantum
of leaves, instead of so much timber. And now that
we have Mr. Henderson's system (thanks to Mr. Sage),
I cannot see that it enables me to alter my already
expressed comparison (p. 293). I have not yet
been a Grape-grower as long as Mr. Henderson,
but for the time I have been at it, I have
no reason to complain. My Vines are not yet five
years planted, I have gathered four crops, and during
the last three years I have put Grapes plentifully on
my master's table all the year round, besides supplying
as many as he chose to give away or present to
his friends; and this I have accomplished without
my Vines starting into growth tropical fashion, as
instanced by Mr. Sage as having occurred at Woburn.
In the autumn of 1865, three years after all my Vines
and other trees were planted, I took 1st prize at the
Crystal Palace for a collection of fruit, which was
reported as being " by far the best collection there."

Whilst going on with this discussion I should not
omit to notice the great commotion which of late years
has revolutionised, I should almost say, the entire
system of hardy fruit culture ; nor are we yet able to
perceive that the fruit obtained by this system of
dwarfing has deteriorated in any way, when compared
to fruit grown on trees of immense size. We get
instead a greater number and variety of trees. Now
this plan of dwarfing fruit trees I hold to be not only
analogous to the restrictive system I am advocating,
but in principle similar; and as the dwarfing system is
acknowledged to be successful in the case of other
fruits, I cannot see how the restrictive system of
Vine culture can be held as vicious.

It doss not become me to take up the cudgels for so
eminent and skilful a man as Mr. Rivers, the champion
of fruit-tree culture. My praise is worth little, but I

May l, 13C7.]

THE GAKDENEKS' GlIKONICLE AND AGHICUl/rURAL GAZETTE.

461

■ cannot withhold the expression of my oijimon that the
horticultural community is more mdebted to him
than to anv man living lor nnprovement ni the
raeUiiiiis of tVuit growing and fruit culture. 1 need not
de^ciilio wlKit his process is, but I wish it to be borne
in mind, uud also the system of Vine culture I uphold,
while (lie few subse(iiiciit reiii:irks are read. I do not
inow Mr. Rivers— I never liad llie pleasure of speaking
to him in my life, therefore I cannot pretend to give
his ratiocination on fruit tree culture, but as what
little I have thought on the matter has led mo to the
same conclusion, 1 cannot help thinking but that we
may have arrived at one common goal by a similar way.
Some time ago, in a leading article of this Journal
(see p. 12o)i sonic remarks were iiiaile upon this contro-
versy between Mr. Caniull, mjscir, and others. By a
■consideration of the leciinority ol' ac( ion, and of means
to an end, in nature, the writer arrived at what
appeared to mo to be a conclusion in favour of Mr.
•(&,nnell's views rather than of mine. Now it is by a
consideration of these very same natural principles or
practices, if you so regard them, that I came to the
opposite conclusion. And I hold that these considera-
tions, when rightly viewed, are the strongest arguments
in favour of tlie "restrictive system," and the system
of Mr. Rivers. The leading article alluded to, and my
opponents in this controversy^ imply that this system
is unnatural. Mr. Cannell opened his arguments by
drawing attention to the fact that under the more
natural system of surgery now prevalent, the knife had
been well nigh abolished. But does the comparison,
•or, rather, ihe illustrated parallelism, hold good?
Surgery is practised upon beings in their natural
condition [?] ; our Vine culture is not. Nature in her
cultivation has in view the entire plant or tree. She
is equally careful for root, and stem, and branch, and
leaf, and flower, and fruit, and seed, and every other
part. Her idea is to produce a perfect plant bj; a
general excellenceof parts, andherguiding plan or prin-
■ciple is reciprocity of action, and adaptation of means
■to the end. There is the requisite balance observed
between the roots, and the work they have to do, and
so on. Now if our idea were the same— that is, if we
wished to produce perfect plants — perfect in one part
as in another, our occupation would be simply to follow
Nature — to follow her not only in her principle ofi
action, but in the action itself. Where would then be
the art of the gardener ? But I believe that when we
■enter upon the possession of the inheritance that God
long ago gave us, the lordship over "every horl)i
bearing seed which is upon the face of all the earlu, |
and every tree in the which is the fruit of a tree i
yielding seed," we should in reality exercise our
powers. And the true art of the gardener consists in
■exercising the powers in accordance with the principles
upon which Nature acts, that is, in accordance with
the laws God has laid down^the reciprocity of action,
the adaptation of means to the end. Now gardening
is, strictly speaking, the art of producing monstrosities.
Nature gardens to produce perfect plants ; gardeners
garden to produce one particular part of a plant. We
found a Brassica, and monstrously developed its leaves
into a Cabbage plant. ^ We ^ found a Prunus, and
monstrously developed its fruit into a Plum, We
found a Briar, and monstrously developed its flower
into a Rose. In doing all this our highest art consists
in following Nature's principles ; we cannot follow
Nature's actions, for natural action woull leave things
where we found them. [Not always.] My case is this,
and, as I have said, I cannot but think that Mr. Rivers
found himself in similar case. I have a tropical and
a sub-tropical plant — a Vine. I want, not stem, not
leaves, not seeds but fruit. How shall I proceed ? By
letting Nature have her own way ? If I do, I shall
have as much perfection of wood, of leaf, of seed, &c.,
as of pulpy fruit. No. I must proceed on the natural
principles of adaptation of means to the end, and I
must check the growth of wood and leaf if need be,
and to keep the reciprocity and balance I must root
prune as well as branch prune. Is this sound in prin-
ciple, or is it not ? Wm. Miller, Combe Abbey Gardens,
Coventry.

with yellow stripes ; Maranta Veitchii, the best of all
the Maranlas ; a Croton, with crisped margins to the
leaves and with yellow spots on them, but which
become ol bright red when the leaves get seasoned, so
(o speak ; another Croton, with a dark rose midrib in
llic midst of a band of yellow ; altogether Messrs.
Veitch show lu new Crotous, the most remarkable of
tho remainder being one with green leaves, yellow
midribs anil deep rose peduncles and stem. Thej; have
also a I'aiidanus, in tlio stylo of oruatus, with brightly
and boaulifully variegated leaves, which will prove a
lirsl-class stove plant; UieH'cnbachia gigautca, liuely
developed, 7 feet high ; a most curious Aralia, with
long Oak-like leaves, and a very beautiful plant,
dissected in the leaf like a small Maiden-hair Pern, but
with tendrils somewhat in the way of a Vine, a thing
not named or known, but which will prove a gem for
trailing over a slender arch or trellis in a stove or
Orchid-house; it is a Brazilian plant, and probably
Biguoniaeeous. Also Dieifenbachia Pearcei, with
mottled leaves, the parts that clasp the stem being
white ; a large Maratiia, a Clematis (John Gould
Veitch), probably oue of the monstrous forms of C
azurea ; a lot of varied forms of the Japanese Primulas,
which they have so often shown in London ; and
altogether about 50 distinct new plants, some of which ■
will not be in position till to-morrow.

Mr. Linden also makes a strong display, having one
extraordinary thing in the way of a Tradescantia, but
with noble leaves a yard or so long and 7 inches broad

pretty beds of spring and other flowers, furnished by
various French nurserymen ; Pansies, Stocks, Rho-
dauthe, Collinsia verna, and others, fancy Geraniums,
Azalea amiiMia, mixed spring flowers, mixed kinds
of new and first-rato bedding plants, and so on, some
of these large oval beds being protected by not unorna-
mental canopies, and all being in full bloom, the efl'ect,
when you meet them here and there about tho ground,
is very refreshing, the Mignonette Ireiug partieularly
well grown, while there is a goodly display of Tulips
in one long covered way, and a few odds and ends,
wliicli we will say a word about, if worth it, at another
time.

A few words more about the trees and shrubs of the
reserved garden, begiuning with some of the smallest
aud most insigniflcant little Evergreen and other Oaks,
in fact, which are planted on a bed of Trullles to
illustrate Mr. Rousseau's mode of cultivating that
valuable esculent, so much used here aud elsewhere.
This little arrangement is just against the two large
and beautifully trained Peach trees in the fruit
garden, and in its centre is a case containing jars of the
TrulUes grown by Mr. Rous.seau, with printed infor-
mation on the matter. It appears that this gentle-
man, who lives at Carpentras after long observation
of the spots in which Truffles are most found in
thin Oak woods in chalk or clayey soil, and
with a southern exposure, resolved to produce
those conditions for them. So ho ploughed up a
lot of inferior waste land, and sowed it with acorns

with a vein of dufl purple along the margin, and the ( gathered from woods in which Truffles grow, and was
apex of the leaf, slightly recurved, the bases of the ' rewarded in six or seven years by an abundant crop,
leaves clasping the stem like a Billbergia. It is an ] upwards of 50 lb. per acre, while of course the Oak is
Epiphyte, and one of the most remarkable ever seen, also of some value. Are there not many wastes lu
Echites rubro-venosa, with red veins, is a very nice | England in which the plan might be tried ? Near
plant ; Lieffenbachia nobilis, well named, a free and these Truflles you may observe a specimen ol the way
bold kind ; Picus dealbata, a large species, with leaves the French use the Ivy. It is a temporary plant lor
more than a foot long and 0 inches wide, their under removal, but is made to form an elegant little summer-
side silvery and downy ; two Adelasters, somewhat house, about 10 feet wide, a single plant of Ivy being
like the species introduced a few years since ; Big- trained on what may be described as a large umbrella

nonia ornata, with the large young leaves centred with
silvery purple ; a new Iresine, likely to be good ; a well
variegated Hemerocallis, a large species of Caladium,
spotted rose; Cyauophyllumspectandrum, nearly as good
as the magnificum, which is saying a good deal for it ;

frame, the handle being supported by stakes, and
the tub containing and feeding the roots being covered
with boards, so as to form a seat. Thus a passing or
even a sitting observer would not know it was grown
in a tub or pot. In England we make but little use of

Bracontium pertusum, with a moltled snake-like the Ivy, and for any beauty it displays with us we have

stem; Spathiphyllum sp. nova, with leaves about to thank its own rambling disposition, but any

2 feet long, glossy and veined, like the fresh, fat leaves person who looks .along the railings in the Avenue

of Picus elastica, a noble plant for decoration of d'Eylauoutsidelthe JardinPleuristedela ViUedeParis,

conservatories, stoves, and probably for the sub- and sees how beautiful it looks from the iron railings

tropical garden; with a magnificently developed being covered with a dense sheet of it from top to

specimen of the fine Anthurium regale, and a few other bottom, as well as its many other tasteful uses which

plants. Mr. Bull shows the prettily spotted Berto- may be seen about Pans, will agree, that we might

Ionia margaritacea, in flower, with a very pretty make a very tasteful use of it in English garden-s, and

very
flower, too, for a foliage plant; and the fine Odonto-
glossums Alexandrsc superbum, and O. hystrix. Mr.
Ambrose Verschaffelt also makes a very respectable
display, with Cordyline multicolor, which is in
fact, a brightly striped Dracaena,
ginosa, having leaves like Saccharum violaceum,
but narrower and smaller; Dracajna Verschaffeltii, a
yellow green, with a dark green stripe, a distinct and
pleasing plant ; Daphne speciosissima, like a variegated
Pittosporum ; Acer sanguineum, dark rosy claret-
coloured, and several other interesting species of Acer ;
Caladium Barilletii, of a silvery tone, aud a few rosy
stripes ; also Agave mirabilis, compacta, spectabilis,
and grandis, all these being new dwarf and beautiful
species, the two last especially so, the low^er leaves of
grandis falling over the edge of the pot as close together
as slates on a house. Mr. VerschalTelt assured me

particularly in English town and villa gardens. There

are some fine American Agaves about the ground and

near the cascades. Planting is still going on here and

..„.„„ ... ... there. Thehundredsoflargetreesremovedherefromthe

'Dracaena lenti- Luxembourg and other places seem to be leafing with
little or no check ; and, in fact, the garden is pleasing
to the best judges, and will be much more so in six
weeks from hence, when the sub-tropical and other
plants are established and every bed planted.

The surface of the garden and the park, which was
quite brown about twelve days ago, is now as green as
an emerald, and the aspect of the planting much im-
proved thereby. They only used one kind of Grass
seed, that of the Rye-grass, and, after sowing the seeds,
cover them with half an inch of finely sifted rotten
manure. It is so in all the Paris gardens ; and they
our mixtures would not suit at all. Many of the

LETTERS PROM PARIS.— No. IX.
The Geeat Peench Exhibition.
At last we have something like a Flower Show, as
much from the accumulation of previous exhibitions,
however, as from those of to-day ; but the new plants
shown this morning (May 2) would be considered re-
markable in any exhibition, while Orchids are as nearly
as possible miserable, and the permanent beauty of the
scene, if I may so speak, is improving every hour. The
show was to take place this morning, and has to some
extent, but the judges wiU not look round till
to-morrow, and some of the best things will not be
staged till this evening, and therefore I cannot hope to
tell you all about it, particularly as I must post this in
two hours' time. Pirst, then, of the New Plants. This
would appear to be the show of the season with respect
to these, but as they were not arranged in their classes
for competition, when I left at 3 o'clock, I cannot tell
you as much about them as is desirable. Messrs. Veitch
certainly make a fine display this, time, and in addition
to those shown before, the following are some of the
most remarkable subjects.

Two Dracaenas not named, one a splendid reddish-
leaved kind, with broad leaves, quite unlike the
ordinary brightly-coloured kinds, and really fine;
another in the style of D. brasiliensis, with a singular
and striking variegation, each leaf having a margin of
white, and the central or young leaves quite so when
unfolding, the crest of the plant in fact almost white,
and the leaves margined with the same colour; Aralia
Veitchii, a beautiful species, with a crisped margin to
a very narrow leaflet— dark olive green, with a reddish
midrib; Aphelandra or Sanchezia nobilis variegata,
a noble plant with rich green leaves regularly belted

that he believed it to be nearly 200 years old, from the tenderer trees and shrubs brought from the south of

number of these leaves that were concealed under- France seem to have sufi'ered much, and a collection of

neath, and the upper portion of the plant, only Bamboos put out, is quite naked of leaves, the same

surpassed in beauty by grandis, which has leaves of a end having occurred to the fine Australian tree which

compact outline swelling in the centres, silvery, and they are naturalising so successfully in the south of

altogether first-rate; while to these and others must France and in Algeria— Eucalyptus globes us ; but

be added the magnificent Cibotium regale, a Tree Pern when anything does perish in this way, they soon

with silky or rather shaggy stem, and great leaves, replace it from the rich stores of La Ville de Pans.

those made when in its native country in a fully : All the evergreen Magnolias planted in the gardens.

developed state, being said to be 25 feet Ion:

Of Orchids, as I have said, there is a very poor ]
display, the best new one being Mr. Linden's pretty
dwarf sweet and free flowering Aerides japonicum,
while Mr. Luddemau stages some nice plants, among j
them being the Phalajnopsis named after him in a
fruiting state, he having fertilised it with the pollen of
one of the larger flowering species ; Rodrignezia
venusta, a charming drooping little mass of white;
and a capital Cypripedium caudatum, with the Arpo-
phyllum which peoide think so much about flowering,
tliough it is really quite inferior to the common Orchis
maculata of the fields [?].

The exhibition of Cactuses still remains (70 different
kinds of grafts being shown by Mr. Pfl'ersdorf), so
does the line collection of Agaves, while they have
lately brought many waggon-loads of good plants from
Passy, and the Billbergia collection is also complete, so
that every house is pretty well full, and one way or
other there is plenty of interest, though iu no part as
yet much effect, such as we see at an English show.
However, this morning the great conservatory in the
centre of the garden was got pretty nearly ready, and the
Azaleas, of which there were many, were in the process
of being staged when I left. Doubtless Jit will soon
look well, for they arrange most things very well here.
It is embellished with some noble palms, &0., and will
be thrown into irregular beds, " English fashion," but
which, it is to be regretted, the English have, in too
many cases, deserted for the wall-paper style.

Of vegetables, fruits, &c., the Asparagus is again very
remarkable, the finest sample, the sticks of which are
1^ inch in diameter, coming from Ai'genteuil, a place
I hope to visit soon. The best hothouse Grapes seen
were English, though of course the exposant did not
placard the fact. With the Mushrooms were shown
the two kinds of Morchella esculenta, and plenty of
Agaricus ericious. About the grounds there are many

and there are many, are trained carefully in the pyra-
midal style, and produce quite a novel feature. A
great number of varieties are shown ; the owner of the
best or winning collection being M. Leroy, of Angers.
This morning a fine group of Tea plants also came
from the same favoured locality ; they have of course
been grown in the open air, are healthy spreading dark
greeu bushes of the several varieties, and therefore
interesting. These, and such as these, with an odd
Olive, a few groups of Camellias, &c., give the ground a
slightly different appearance to those we English are
used to. But, truth to tell, the climate of Paris is no
more suited for those things than our owu— in fact,
I believe it to be worse the first three days of the
present week, being so downright wet that I could do
no more among the trees and shrubs than experience
another illustration of the vanity of human wishes, and
beat a retreat with a pulpy note-book and saturated
hat. Now the weather is fine again. The large
Cactuses, which one is surprised to learn have been
grown in the south of Prance, are planted near
the entrances to the Great Aquarium, which are
not yet finished, though sufliciently so to see that
they" will prove a great success, and the faces of the
rockworki are adorned with American Agaves from
Hyeres also. As to the effects of the late bad winter
and spring, as displayed by Conifers and such, the
evidence is much in favour of the Japanese plants.
Thuja Lobbii, Cupressus nutkaensis. Thuja gigantea,
and such being all perfectly fresh a:nd healthy, antt
Mr. Veitch informs me that at Coombe Wood these
lilants, with the Retinosporas, Thujopsis dolabrata, &c.,
have perfectly withstood G° below zero, while the
Araucaria perished. W. R. , , i 4i

P.S. An error in punctuation in last week s letter
makes me say that Abies grandis, lasiocarpa, and other
hardy plants are tender. I alluded to such things as
Dammaras, &c., the names of which I omitted.

462

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 4, 1867.

Home Correspondence.

iVeaj Zealand Ferns in Ireland.— 1 hasten to inform
you that my experiment with New Zealand Ferns, so
far as the Cyathea dealbata is concerned, has succeeded
to perfection. The plants are now throwing up their
young fronds, and appear to be quite strong and
healthy, particularly a plant which was left quite
unprotected. Two of the dealbatas were carefully
covered up, and appear to have suffered far more than
the one which was left to take its chance. The old
fronds of course became quite black, with the exception
of one or two that had got weighed down with the
weight of snow and got buried under dead leaves, and
these remained green through the winter. Last winter
was a severe trial for an experiment of this kind ; we
have lost many of our best shrubs, and I fear a very
fine Pinu.s insignis— consequently the C. dealbata may
now_ be safely classed among hardy Ferns. Louisa
Tenisou,'' Kilronan Castle, Carrich-on-Sliannon.

Primula elatior {see p. 435). — lean corroborate the
stability of the Primula elatior of Jacquin from seed.
In 18-15 {at the time when I published in the
Phytologist, vol. ii., old series, p. 284, an account of an
experiment with the Cowslip), I received some speci-
mens of the above Oxlip from Bardfield (I almost
think from Mr. Doubleday), which have during the
last 20 years produced a great number of seedlings.
None of the latter have lost the character of the parent
plants, although both in the size and also in the
colour of the flowersthere have been a few instances
of variation. The squarish form of the segments of
the corolla, the patent calyx, the Cowslip-like nodding
of the flowers of the truss, the rigidly erect fruit,
and the prominent capsule, are ever present to dis-
tinguish it unmistakably from its congeners of every
kind. Wm. Ilarshall, My.

Large Bunches of Grapes. — In reply to your corre-
spondent " C. L.," I beg to say that there is no misprint
or mistake regarding the measurements given in your
colutuns (see p. 404) as to the White Nice Grapes
growing here. I measured the same three bunches a
few days ago, just after being thinned; they then
measured, respectively, 2 feet 7i inches, 2 feet 6 inches,
and 2 feet 5{- inches; the three hunches growing on
one rod, about 24 feet in length, measuring in all
7 feet 7 inches across the shoulder.^. Any one at all
acquainted with Grape growing will be aware that it
would be impossible for a single rod of that size to
mature three such clusters. I have, therefore, since
cut the smallest one away, leaving the two largest,
which measured, when combined, 5 feet \h inch across
the shoulders. I also measured a bunch of Trebbiano,
which proved to be 1 foot 8i inches, and a bunch of
Muscat Hamburgh, which was 1 foot G inches across
the shoulders, and otherwise well proportioned. I am
aware that these sizes are quite unusual, and were it
practicable, it would not be advisable to grow such
large clusters for general use. I merely give the
measurements to indicate the vigour of the Vines, and
to show what large crops of Grapes could be produced
on Vines grown on aerated borders, when properly
managed ; it being a simple process to reduce the size
of the clusters by pinching, which I generally do, '
leaving only a few of the largest as specimens of what I
the system can produce in a locality where both soil
and climate are unfavourable for their growth.
Archibald Fowler, Castle Kennedij, Stranraer. !

Spring Gardening.— At this place (Normanton Park, [
the seat of Lord Aveland, in Eutlandshire) early spring '
flower gardening is carried on with great success. }
Except a season of Aconites, Snowdrops, and Hepaticas, !
we only grow such things as flower in March and j
April (as after Easter nothing more is required until
autumn). The plants we chiefly grow for that purpose
are the following, viz.. Crocus ; Arabisalbida;l)oronicum
cordifolium, a capital plant for the two months just
named ; Aubrietia purpurea and deltoidea, the former
very fine, and the latter not to be despised when seen
in quantity ; Anemones which we raise from seed by the
thousand every year; they are sown in March and April,
and form fine plants for blooming through the following
winter and spring, the old tubers being always thrown [
away after a suflicient quantity of seed has been saved
from the finest scarlet flowers; Common Primroses
annually procured out of the woods ; they bloom most
profusely, and have a cheerful appearance; Red Prim-
roses ; Erica herbacea. Beds and pinks are very much
wanted in early spring ; blues, yellows, and wdiites are
more numerous. We moreover grow Lungwort, which
though not showy is useful; and Saxifraga cordifolia,
which IS good, but liable to suffer from frost if not pro-
tected. Such things as Daisies and Heartsease, if Easter
falls early, are of no use to us ; therefore we grow few
of them. We have two most charming ribbon borders,
composed of the following:— Pront line, a double row of
Primrose; middle, Aubrietia purpurea; back, white
Arabis. Second border: front line, white Arabis;
middle, a treble line of Anemones ; back, Doronicum
cordifolium. Of these the former has been much
admired. Seventy beds are also filled, besides mixed
borders. Altogether we put out about 14,000 plants,
most of them over a foot in diameter. J. G.

Transplanting Fvergreens. — Tour correspondent,
'■ J. W., Annan " (see p. 4.'i4), says you may plant
Evergreens and even Conifers (which are virtually
the same) with perfect success during the period from
September to May, whenever the weather will
permit, and he ignores the necessity of watering
either before or after planting — in fact, he says, they do
not require it. So far as my experience has taught me
I have, however, found it very requisite both before
and after planting in September and October if dry
weather should prevail. In spring planting of IDver-
greens I think it is quite as necessary to water as in
early autumn, especially if we have a dry spring such
as the past, when we had scarcely a shower during
the whole month of April. What chance have

Evergreens after the transit from a nursery to the
place in which they are to he planted, if they are
not to be attended to in the way of watering,
which is sometimes not so necessary as regards
moisture, as for the settling of the soil about
the roots, which no treading or shaking of the
plants up and down can accomplish so etfectually.
" J. W." says we may plant with perfect success any
time during the winter months, if the weather will
permit. Duringthe months of December and January
we have often very open weather, quite suitable for
transplanting, so far as that operation is concerned,
but your correspondent must recollect that the ground
has then become thoroughly cool, that no root action
can possibly take place, and that hard frost may set in
in a week, or even in a day after transplanting. I would
ask what chance there is for plants put into the ground
at this time compared with those planted in September
and October or April. As to the transplanting of
Evergreensin nurseries, from one-year old and upwards,
until they hecome saleable, " A. M." does not ask for
that information ; he simply asks which is the best time
to transplant Evergreens, presuming all the necessary
preparation of the plant to have been properly attended
to by the nurseryman, and no nurseryman who has
any regard for his reputation would attempt to deceive
any one in this respect. In fact, there are few, if any,
respectable nurserymen who would not guarantee the
success of every plant they sell, if they had the super-
intendence of the planting, and were allowed to choose
their own season for that operation. *' J. W." remarks
that one, two, and three-year-old plants are much taller
and more robust in one nursery than in another, and
that they are offered at a lower price because the labour
of transplanting has been saved. These must be very
small plants indeed to be so young, and not such as are
required by any gentleman about to i)lant Evergreens.
Most Evergreens at this age would not he more than
from 6 to 12 inches in height, and would require to be
transplanted once before they were three years old, or
they would be quite useless to any nurseryman. But
this does not answer the question as to what is the
best time to transplant, which "A. M." asks, and Ever-
greens so young would not require such a powerful
man as Joseph the gardener to try his strength upon.
Any gentleman or gardener who has had any expe-
rience in planting can always tell when a plant was
last transplanted, from the shortness of the growth it
made the season after it was moved. I would say to
all who have not suflicient experience to know this,
go to a respectable nurseryman, and if they are
about to plant largely, employ one of his staff
to superintend, leaving the season to him as to
which is the best time to transplant, and hold him
responsible for the perfect success of the planting.
There are few nurserymen who are satisfied with their
stock, and have confidence in the men they employ,
who would object to this arrangement. I coincide i
with aJl Mr. McArdell says about transplanting
Evergreens, with the exception of his objection to j
transplant Hollies in May. I would much rather
plant Hollies in May than in such an April as we have
just experienced. I). Freeman, F. ^' A. Dickson i^- Sons\
Chester.

Longevity of Tines under Farlij Forcing. — Seeing of
late in your Journal some controversy as to the possi-
bility or not of " forcing Vines for a continued number
of years with or without injury to them," I beg to
state that I am now cutting the 27th crop in succession
without the least apparent injury to my Vines, without
any failure of crop, and during the last 27 years I
generally commenced cutting about the middle or third
week in April. I also find it quite easy to supply the
table with Grapes all the year round. This season I
sent in a dish of good unshrivelled old Grapes, along with
a dish of new ones, on the 20th ult. ; again on the 24th I
sent in the last bunch of last year's crop, a fine bunch,
which was greatly admired, and was considered first-
rate in flavour, along with another bunch of new
Grapes. It is rarely during this period (of 27 years)
that I have heen entirely without Grapes, old or new.
/. ]if., Silhstcorth, Sunderland.

Sipe Grapes in March. — It certainly would have
been more satisfactory had Mr. Standish been able to
have told us what he had done, rather than what he
intended to do, with these seedling Vines of his, in
order to prove that ripe Grapes can be produced in the
month of March, many years in succession, without
the Vines deteriorating to such an extent as to necessi-
tate their destruction. I must confess to having little
faith in being able to do with these seedlings what we
have failed to do with our old friend, the Black
Hamburgh ; and, with others, would be glad to accept
Mr. Standish's challenge could I see any benefit to be
derived to the Grape grower, or to those who pay for
the production of Grapes. I can, however, see none
whatever; for, admitting Mr, S. to be so successful as
to have a considerable amount to draw at the end of
the seven years, look at the cost of forcing three seasons,
from November onward, for four pounds of Grapes
from each rod ; and, to do them well, these young Vines
will require greater heat for those three seasons than
old Vines that have been forced many years, and that
without producing as many Grapes in the same time, by
twenty pounds a rod, or more, according to the health

of the old Vines. E. Sage, Gopsall, Atherstone. ■

Mr. Standish's appears to be a very practical plan; and
if Grapes are to be grown and ripened in the month of
March, for several years in succession, the method he
proposes is the only proper one to adopt ; and if his
seedling Vines were started into growth, from seed,
about the time it is intended for the Vines to com-
mence their growth annually when in working order,
I think it will be greatly to their advantage. To me,
and I doubt not to the vast majority of your readers.
Royal Ascot Black, and Early Ascot White Frontignan
are quite unknown ; hut, in all probability, these Vines
are destined, through the competency and efficient

management of the raiser, to accomplish what no others
yet have, namelj', produce ripe Grapes in March for
many years successively. There is not the least doubt
but that Mr. Standish perfectly believes that he is
capable of performing what he proposes ; and belief in
one's self is a mighty means, and usuaUy a sure augury
of success. John Cole McArdell.

Vines Bleeding. — I forward the following letter, ,
which I have received from a gentleman at Lincoln :—
"I have been in the habit of raising and growing
Vines out of doors, as well as under-ground vineries,
my garden being small. In bad seasons like the last,
those out of doors are backward, and some of the wood
does not ripen so well, causing the pruning to be done
late, and this late pruning causes the Vines to bleed
when the sap rushes up the stem in the spring. In
many cases I have found it very dilficult to stop this
bleeding, having tried almost everything, both at the
time they were pruned, as well as when they began to
bleed. I have found nothing in any way certain hut
the Potato. I cut a small one in half, then in quarters,
and, after that, stick a piece on the end of the stem, or
lateral, so as to quite cover that part where it has been
pruned. This is a certain, and, I may say, an instan-
taneous cure ; the bleeding stops at once. A Vine
with two laterals, four feet each long, was shortened to
two eyes each on the 22nd of this month, but did not
bleed. Pieces of Potato were stuck on at once. If
any other remedy had been applied, the Vine would in
all probahility have bled to death, or nearly so. Now,
what I want to ask is, if you, or any of your scientific
friends, would be so kind as to tell me what is the
reason the Potato stops the bleeding when a Vine is
wounded. A friend here, says it is the starch. Now I
do not think, if I put on a pound of starch, if it could
be applied to a Vine, it would stop the bleeding. My
opinion is that it is the solanine or atropine that is in
the Potato, when it begins to grow in the spring, which
causes the sap to stop running, although asparagin,
azote, &c., may be nUo found in the root. I shall feel
much obliged to you, or any of your scientific friends,
if they would give tiiis subject their earliest attention.
Although this seems very chemical, your hotanical
knowledge may throw more light on it than if I had
written to a Professor of Chemistry. Arthur Trollope,
Fasfgate, Lincoln." I am unable to answer this
question, which seems an interesting one, and I there-
fore take the liberty of sending it to you, to ask you to
be kind enough to print the substance of this letter, as
perhaps some of your correspondents may be able to
explain the cause of Potato slices stopping the bleeding
of Vines. George Henslow, F.L.S., [Possibly the
result may he mechanical merely, and due to the
coagulation of the gummy juices of the Potato by the
tannin in the Vine, which thus would act in the same-
manner as collodion. We should be glad to hear with-
what success others have tried this plan. Eds.]

Foreign Correspondence.

Australian Trees.— 'the trees of Australia hitherto
known are approximately 930. These have lately been
statistically tabulated in an essay on Australian vege-
tation for the International and the French Exhibition.
At a glance thus the nature of the trees and their
number in any of the great colonial divisions of
Australia can be ascertained. Trees impress on each
country's vegetation its principal feature. Com-
parative statistics would be of high interest, and would
lead to the development of many new resources. As
yet we possess not even a complete special statistical
enumeration of the trees of Europe.

Lately several trees of Eucalyptus; amygdalina (the
species of which now so much oil is imported into
Europe) have been measured at the Upper Yarra and
in Dandinang. The highest known is ascertained to
be 430 feet, therefore as high as the Great Pyramid.
The oil of this species was first, hy the writer of this
note, exhibited in Europe at the Exhibition of 1862.
F. M., Meliourne.

Royal Horticultura.1, : Saturday, April 2Y.— The last of
the series of short lectures on Plant Architecture was given on
this day, and was devoted to the consideration of the Flower,
the various parts of which were pointed out, some seeming to
be useful for protection, or for attracting insects, while the
stamens and pistils are exclusively devoted to the formation
of the seed. The numerous forms which the flower assumes
may partly be explained by reference to the principles upon
which the leaves are arrangred on the stem, as explained at a
former lecture, the same principles holding good in the flower.
If the parts of the flower are few and even in number, they are
usually arranged in p:urs, which cross one another or decussate
as in the case^of " opposite " leaves ; the pairs of organs are in
this case formed sioaultaneously, but if the number of parts
in the flower be large, or if the number be odd, say a or 5,
or sorae multiple of those numbers, then the arrangement is
spiral and the development successive. In both instances, as
a mle', the organs are so placed as not to interfere with one
another, and where, as in the case of Sabia, &c., the " law of
alternation " is departed from and stamen stands before petal,
petal before sepal, and so on , instead of one petal between two
sepals &c., it will be found that either there is great dispro-
portion in the size of the organs, so that they scarcely impede
one another at all, or else that the direction of the parts is
different, one being erect, "another reflected or bent out of the
way, anci so forth.

Taking a flower in which all the'organs— calyx, corolla, Sc-
are present, bub Isolated one from another, equal in nuruber,
regular in form, and symmetrically arranged (such a flower aa
occurs in some species of Crassula, &c.) as a standard, the
many deviations from such standard or type flower may _be
explained by the operation of some one of the followmg
causes, or by a combination of two or more of them. J^irst,
union of parts, as of one sepal to another, of stamens to petals,
of calyx to ovary, &c. Many of these cases of apparent union
are however, due not so much to union, for they were never
separate, butrathertothenon-occurrence of disunion. Secondly,
suppression or non-development of some parts often matenauy
changes the appearance and form of flowers, especially in those
cases where either stamens or pistils are suppressed, as in

Mat 4, 18C7.J

TUF TJAnMXKKS' ClinoNIfil.K AND AfilUOTlLTURAI, (iAZKTTR

463

uui3e\ual tlowcrs. Thirdly, the diaproportioniite grawtb of
siinio parts of the flower as contrasted with that of othcr.s is
a fiequent cause of varitvtiou iu the shape of the blossom.

" Double flowera" owe their peculiarities to various circura-
Ht;im:e9, the two principal, however, being; rofunible to substi-
tiitiou of pctitln for st;iiuen.s and pistils, oiio or both, uiota-
niorpbosis, as it is sometimes called, and to multiplication or
increased numerical development of the parts. Thus while
the pcueral plan of constniction in flowers is simijlo and
uniform, great divergences iu matters of detail are provided
for by an arrest of growth in some casus, and by an increased
or by a disjiroportionate development in others, such modifi-
cations having usually reference to the g-enoral well-being if
not of the individual plant, at least of the eommuuity.

Woods

Royal Botanic :^j)W/ 27 (Third Sprincf S/^ow). —Although
the weather on this occasion was somewhat unpropitioua, tuo
exhibition itself was very well supported. Its principal
foaturo consisted of Roses, which were again furnished in great
beauty. In the class of 9, Mr. Turner was 1st:, with Charles
Lawson, Victor Verdier, Alpaido do Rotalicr, Lord Clyde
Mar^chal VaUiant, Professor Koch, Madame Villermozi
Souvenir d'un Ami, and Ct'lino Foresticr, the last with
upwards of 30 blooms on it. Messrs. Paul & Son had of rose-
coloniod kinds beautiful specimens of Anna Alexieff and
Madame de Stella ; Lord Clyde aud Madame Boutin, crimson ;
Le Rhone, deep red ; and of Tea varieties, Alba rosea. Souvenir
d'EliHo, President, and Souvenir d'un Ami. Messrs. Lane con-
tributed good examples of Viuomte Vigier, Pierre Notting,
Jean Gonjon, Anna Alexic-ff, Comtcsse de Chabrillant,
Triompho dc Morny, Louise Dariieus, and Madame Alfred
de Rougemont, the last two being white Hybrid Perpctuals.
Messrs. Lane also exhibited another collection for which they

were awavdod an uxtra prize. In tbo Amateurs' Class', S"",',"-',',"' "J""'-

,. ^^ oy Mr. M'Nab.— .^

(March 14, 1SC7; I gave a detailed" acooimt of tio'stato'df
7i??f;r,'™ "P '° !'^"' period. _ It was particoUrly noticed

cood specimens were shown by Mr. James, pi-, to
W. F. Watson, Esq., Isloworth, and Mr. Wiggins, gr.
to W. Beck, Ksq. Of new Roses of I&64, 1S65, and lS(i6
Messrs. Paul * Sou had Fisher Holmes, velvety crimson;
Princess Mary of Cambridge, pale rose pink ; and Duchesso de
Caylus, bnght carmine. Mr. Turner contributed Dnchesse
do caylus, JIarcchal Niol, and Mademoiselle JIarguerite Dom-
brain, the last delicate rose. Messrs. Lane had Dr. Andry
crimson scarlet ; Marcella, salmon rose, shading off to white ■
and Duke of Wellington, shaded velvety crimson. Several
boxes nf cut blooms were shown by Messrs. Paul & Son and
Mr. Turner ; in these were fine ex.amplcs of Mart^ehal Niel
John Hopper, Exposition de Brie, Camille Beruardin, Mdlle'
Mane Eody, Madame C. Wood, Celine Forestier, Vieomte
vigitr. and .Maria Baum.ann ; the last, which was in charming
condition, bright carmine crimson, and unusually captivating
w.as shown by .\Ir. Turner.

Of Pelargoniums Jlr. Wiggins was the only exhibitor ; he
had finely-bloomed specimens of Vestal, Beadsman, Roscum
Plme, and Madame Roioio. Mr. James showed Calceolarias
and Cinerarias beautifully in bloom; and Messrs. Dolison
lurmshed a collection of Azaleas, among which were Reiuo des
I'ouljles, bright rose, and Baron de Vrifere, blush, heavily
^I' 'tted with riLsy crimson in the upper petals.

Of Anriciiliia, both Alpine and others, there was a really fine
ih.^play, of which some account will be found in another
ei.lumn. Of Pausies, the best 24 cut blooms came from
Mr. James, who also received an extra prize (or excellent
pi ints in pots, the varieties being M.asterpioce, Dux, Imperial
Irince.and Rev. II. Dombrain, dark selfs ; Vestii, primrose
sell ; Win. Austin, J. B. Downie, Chancellor, and A. Wharrard
yellow grounds; and Cupid, Miss E. Cochrane, and L.ady
t. Stanley, white grounds. Messrs. Downie, L.iird, & Laing
exhibited cut blooms of Imperial Blue, a kind which cannot
fail to become a favourite for bedding purposes.
■.,'^",'.',^?,'.''""* °' Fine -foliaged and Flowering Plants came from
Mr. WiUiams Holloway ; Mr. Wheeler, gr. to Sir F. Goldsmid,
Bart. ; and Mr. Burley, Bayswater. Among those we noticed
Croton vanegatum, Yucca aloifolia variegata, and Cordyline
inrtivisa ; Imantophyllum miniatnm with eight heads of
bloom, Eriostemon pulchellum. Azaleas, the pretty rose-
tlowcrod Adenaiidra fragrans, Alocasia metallica, variegated
1 andanus javanicus, Palms, and Draeasnas. Mr. Williams also
received an extra prize for a misceUanoous collection

Of ^ew or Bare Plants Mr. BuU as usual furnished a collec-
tion, in which were Rogiera gi-atissima, Chama-rops melano-
cauthain flower, Sauraujasarapigiensis with bronzy red fohage
the spotted-leaved Bertolonia marg.aritacea ; DieEfenbaehia
Weirii with dark green foUage mottled jwlth yellowish green ■
Athynum proliferum, an elegant stove Fern from Cevlon •
Coprosma Baueriana variegata, a New Zealand shrub "with
obovate leaves broadly edged with yellow ; Dioscorea dis-
color variegata, with leaves richly mottled with brown
.and green ; Anajctocbilus Dayi, dark green, veined with
1 \-A' "'"'* marmorea, deep brownish green, with
beautiful pale green markings ; TerminaUa elegans, with
red-veined pale green trifohate leaves ; and Adiantum
Lindeni, a handsome robust-looking stove Fern. For these
last SIX Fiist-class Certificates were awarded, and Seeond-
class Certificates were given to the same exhibitor for
Athynum costale dissectum, a pretty East Indian Fern,
and Azalea QuoenlofjRoses, a showy kind with large bright rosy
coloured flowers. This last named v.ariety of Azalea was
also shown by Mr. Williams, to whom a similar prize was
awarded for it. To Mr. Williams First-class Certificates also
were awarded for StenochlsBua heteromorpha and Amaryllis
aurantiacum, the latter having large pale orange red flowers
with a circular straw-coloured throat, .and altogether different
in aspect from kmds .at present in cultivation. A similar
6 S '„, """^'' ''^'' developed, came from Mr. Ward, gr to
F. G. WUkins, Esq., Leyton. Mr. Wilcoek, gr. to Dr. Pattison,
B%, Johns Wood, exhibited a Dendrubium, resembling D
chrysotoxum, the little white-flowered D. Heyneanum, .and
the orange-flowered D. Cambridgeanum. Mr. Burley exhi-
bited Xylophylla latifolia, a curious plant in which the
nowers are borne on the margins of flattened leaf-like
branches.

Among Miscellaneous subjects Mr. James had a collection of
British lerns, and Mr. BuU two well-matched pl.ants of Agave
mifera, about 18 inches in dLameter, both very fine densely-
grown specimens. An extra prize was awarded to Mr
Gardiner, gr. to Sir 0. PhiUips, Bart., Shipston-on-Stour,
fi "^SJixl dish of Peaches. Mr. Wiggins contributed some
fine Polyanthuses: Mr. Ward, gr. to F. G. WUkins. Esq.,
Cattleya citnna with five showy yeUow flowers ; and Messfs.
ivery a basketful of Azalea Fascination, a beautiful variety
with rose-coloured flowers broadly edged with white.

BoTiNlcAL OF Edinbcrgh,— The Monthly Meeting of this
li!.nl^ 7"" fe"'*..™ Thursday, 11th nit, Isaac Anderson-
uenry, Esq., President, in the Chair. The foUowing com-
munications were read:-I. On SiUcUhd VcgelabU Structara

from till jCamben. By Dr. John Lowe, Lynn. II o,i the

nogrtS! of Cuichona CMmltioit in Imiiii. By an Indian

correspondent. Communicated by Professor Balfour

ill A(,(,ce of Cinchona Plunlcm i„ the Kunara Wullev ' Bv
^iaT„ ^"W"'™'". Esq., U.A. — IV. J Ne,e iLuZ

'■'"■rageen.' By W. Lauder Lind,say, M.D V On

the Solan,, of the "Jardin" of Mont Blanc. By Dr
wichanan White.— In this communication the author gave an
Ktm "^ <'''='"-sion which he m.ade to the "Jardin" on
Mont Bl.ine, in September, 1866. He rem.arked :— " To reach
ti ^ f?''^" 'f?'" l-^liamouni, it is first necessary to proceed to
the MoDtau Vert, to which a footpath leads through the Fir

^\ 0 then descend on the Mor do Glace, ami, asceujiiig
that grand glacier for about three hours, turn to the loft, and
climbing up a steep moraine or bank of rocks brought down by
the glacier (a proceeding which took nearly an hour to
aec.jiu]ili.sh), we again get ujiou the snow-covered ice, and in
halt an hour reach the garden. The Jardin or Cuurtil is a
sloping tnangular plot of ground of about 7 acres in extent,
and forming a kiiul of island hi the ice. It consists of a group
ot polished and striated protogine rocks, among the rti*ri,i of
which a number of plants have catabliahod themselves. The
height above the sea is between iiOUU and 10,(1011 feet, A flock
of plarmigan seems to be the only feathered colonists ot tbe
place ; whilo a few insects, including among others the
coininou tortoisosholl butterfly (Vanessa Urtienj), one or two
species of the genus Ercbia, the larv.i of an Argynis, eotiiplete I
the zoological list. The llora has boon several times investi-
gated, and, among others, by .Mr. Percy, who recorded the
pl.nts ho found at a meeting of this Society. In a paper by
Professor Martins in the Memoiros for 1865 of tbe .\cadeniy of
Sciences of Montpellior, tbo Phauerogamia ho stated to bo 87
hi number; Mu-sci, 16; Uopatica;, 2 ; Lichens, 1!3 -making a
tot.il of I'.'S plants. In my visit I found in flower 4.5 of tho
species given iu Professor Marlins's list, and 4 species not
mentioned therein; one Porn, Allosorus crispus (not niou-
tionod by him), and one species of Agaricus. Tho Mosses aud
uepatice I have not yet examined, but of tho former I have
at least 26 species, and of tho latter 3." The paper was
Uiustrated by specimens of the plants coUeetod, and photo-
graphs of the "Jardin." VI. Notes on Gnmmia mb-

I'luarrosa of Wilson's MS. By Dr. Bucban.an White.

VII. Aote oil the Occurrence of Biixbaumia indiisiata in A'lerjcen-

skire. By Professor Dickie. VIII. Extracts from Botanical

Correspondence. By Mr. John Sadler. 1.\. Report on the

htate^ofiJieOiien-Air P'egetation in the Roi/al Botanic Garden.
At the last meeting of the Botanical Society

that tho thermometer readings, from March 1 up to tho date ol
tbe meeting, were only on one morning marked as being above
the freezing point, .and which has been the means of keeping
it"^ o Ti'L'^'^'''"""' '^^° ''""" I'J*^ tempor.atures continued till
the 24th, the lowest beuig on tho morning of the 17th, when
tbe muiimum reading was 18'. With the exception of the
morning of the 23th, when the thermometer fell to 29° on all
other mornings up to the present date a favourable improve-
ment for the better has tiiken place, the early morning readings
of the thermometer ranghig between 3.5' and 46', except on
April 2, when it indicated 49". Tho cold frosty winds of
March have proved very detrimental to tho foUa^o of many of
the evergreen shrubs, as weU as to tbo pouits°ot numerous
coniferous trees, by causing them to become much browned
It will be observed from the floral calendar appendecl that
April has effected an improvement. The list given does _

not mchide aU the species now in flower, but those mucli so, that when" tbey7re dres'se'dT'the; hare'

only which I arn in the habit of annually inarkuig
Although ve,'etation at the present time is consider-
ably behind tho average of years, still it .approxi-
mates very near tbo floral records given last spring —
March 21. Gagealutea. March 22. Scilla bifolia alba. March 25
SciUa bifolia rubra; Erytbronium dens eaiiis. March 26
Corydalis cava ; Corydalis tuberosa rubra. March 23. Pusch-
kinia scilloides. March 31. Hyoseyamus scopoUa. April 1
Knappia .agrostidea ; Corydalis solida. April 2. Draba aizoides!
A-pril 3. Ribes sanguineum ; Rhododendron Nobleanum ; N.ar-
cissus moschatus. April 4. Adonis vernahs ; Hyoseyamus
orientalis. April 5. Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus ; Primula
ciUata purpurata. April 6. Fritillaria imperialis ; Primula
nivalis ; Muscan botryoides. April 7. Muscari botiyoides
alba. April 8. Hyoseyamus physaloides. April 9. Mandra-

gora vernalis. April 10. Ornitbogalum montanum. X. Mis-

cellaneous Cotninunications.—l. Mr. ls,aac Anderson Henry,
Hay Lodge, exhibited a growing plant of Draba violacea,
which he had r.aised from seeds tr.ansmitted to him by Dr
Jameson, of Quito. 2. Mr. R. M. Stark exhibited growing
specimens of American plants in flower.

Li.vNEAK : March 21.— G. Bentham, Esq., President, in the
chair. R. J. Lechmerc Guppy, Esq. ; A. Jones, Esq. ; W. S.
Hutchett, Esq., LL.B. ; .and H. C. Rose, M.D., were elected
Fellows. Tbe foUowing papers were read :— 1. Letter from Dr.
Kirk- to Dr. Hooker on the Branching Pabm {Hyphcene) of the

East Coast of Africa. 2. On Metastomacece, by Sig. Triana ■

communicated by Dr. Hooker. 3. New Genera and Species of

Neuropterous Insects: and a Revision of Mr. F. If^alkcr's British
Miisemn Catalogue of Nearoptera, pt. 2 (1853) as far as the end
of the genus Mi/omeleon, by R. MeLaehlan, Esq.

April 4.— G. Bentbam, Esq., President, in tbe chair. J. Ince,
Esq., was elected a FeUow, and Mr. Ralph Tate, an Associate.
Dr. Hooker exhibited a beautiful series of photographs of tho
Botanic Garden, Peradenia, Ceylon; and fruit of Zanonia
macrocarpa, from the Kew Museum. Tbe foUowing communi-
cation was road .■-0)1 the Geographical Distribution of Ferns,
by J. G. B.aker, Esq. Of this p.aper an abstract, which has
been obligingly f lu-nished to us by tbe author, will be published
hereafter.

April 18.— G. Benthtim, Esq., President in tbe eb.air. Abbotts
Smith, M.D. ; and W. E. Williams, jun., Esq., were elected
Fellows. Tbe p.apers read were:-l. On the prevalence of
Entoioa tn the Dog, with remarks on their relation to Public

Health, by T. S. Cobbold, M.D. 2. Fungi Aiu/olenses : a

descnptionof the Fungi collected bij Dr. Friedrich Welwitseh in
Angola during the years 1855-61, by Dr. Welwitseh and F.
Currey, Esq.

Entomological: ^/iWU.-Sir John Lubbock, F.R.S. Presi-
dent, in the chair. Mr. S. Stevens exhibited several specimens
of the very curious Damaster claptoidcs, a bottle bolont-ine to
the famUy Carabida:, from Japan ; and Mr. F. Smith" a fine
Ichneumon (Rbyssa persu.asoria) captured in the act of boring
with its long ovipositor into a Fir tree to a considerable depth
in order to deposit its eggs in the body of the larva of Sire.x
juvencus, upon which it is parasitic. A conversation took
place .as to tbe homologies of the parts of tbe ovipositor .and
sting of Hynienopterous insects. Mr. G. S. Saunders exhibited
a number of Poduridfe found on tbe surface of pools of water
caused by the melting of tbo snow in the north of Yorkshire.
Mr. F, Pascoc exhibited and read a description of Toxotus
Laeord.airei, a new species of Longieorn beetle from Greece ;
and Professor Westwood sent a paper entitled, "A Decade of
New Mantispedse in the Oxford Museum." A letter was read
from Mr. Gillbanks, of Wigton, stating tho disUke of several
kinds of birds to what he caUed " tbe Gooseberry Caterpillar "
the precise species of insect intended not being mentioned.

above-named buok, tlie finest has reference to the liaite.
The Mthor tells us that worms, kept in moss for a
tortnight, and fed every two or tlireo day.s with a few
drops ol crcaiii, may be thrown from tbe palm of the
hand on to the hard ground with sullicieiit force
to paralyse-Mi another place, he says, to kill tliem

without breakins them.and thatwhena worm .so treated
IS placed on a liook, and then dipped in a bottle of
aniseed oil, it is far more killing- for perch than tho live-
liestvictim thateverwni^gled. Ue also .s:iys that dead bait
properly jjul upon the Iwoks, and well-made artificial
b;iit occasionally rubbed over with a dead lisb are quite
as attractive to pike and perch as any live bait, whetlior
tor trimmers, trolling, or snap-hook lishing And
tboushitmay not bo proper for a rural dean to back
himself for long odd.s, it is evident that ho has all the
inclination to pit himself with artilicial nies against all
comers with natural (lies, in all weathers, and upon all
waters.

llesnecting tbe fish when hookeil, he urges that
the.v should be brought out of their native element
with xs httle delay as possible, and upon being landed
should oe immediately killed by a smart blow on
the back of the head close to the nock, with a staflf
about a foot long, which is to be kept in a side
pocket, always ready for use. " I'ou may then
take the hooks out of his mouth, but not before "—
would you follow the merciful directions given in the
present work. Besides, he might bite your lingers if
not dead, from the pain you would give him in extract-
ing the hooks ; and it is the hearty wish of the author
that he m.ay, if you are so cruel as to torture him
unnecessarily. " By killing your fish at once, you not
only curtail his suffering, but you secure to yourself a
better fish. For fish killed on the instant they are
caught eat firmer than when left to die a lingerin"
death. Should you wish to know why, I will tell you"-
and inay the information work on the feelings of those
merciless fishermen who leave tlieir fish, when caught,
to die by slow degrees, either half smothered" in
their panniers, or strung on a stick with their
torn and bleeding gills hanging down their tormentors'
sides. A fish which dies by degrees wastes itself; aud
why ? From pain and suffering ! If you observe
then;, they seem to sigh, their flesh becomes flabby— so

Notices of asooftg,

T/ie Art of Fishing on the principle of avoiding
cruelty. With approved Sides for Fishing, used
daring 60 rjears' practice, nol hitherto published in
any it'or/c on the subject. By the Rev. Oliver
Raymond, LL.B. Longmans, Green & Co. 18G6.

The River's Side ; or. Trout and Grayling and Sow
to Take them. By Sir Randal Roberts, IJart. 8vo.
London, 186U. Horace Cox, 316, Strand.

Of the recommendations for reducing the cruelty which

13 inseparable from fishing to its minimum, given in the

measure lost that firmness which a sudden death, like
that I have mentioned, would have spread over the
whple fish. The blow has somewhat tbe same effect
as in the cod-fish when crimped, and without the
torture which this choice fish must suffer in having
his back and sides lacerated when alive, and left to die
in agony— a cruelty uncalled for, as the same effect
might be produced would the operator strike the cod
on the nose before crimping him, and thus kill him,
for instant death is the consequence of a blow on that
part of the fish. Thus, there are two reasons why the
jish, captured whether by net or hook, should be killed
immediately— the more important of the two, that he
suffers no unnecessary pain ; the other, less important,
that he will eat the better."

With every respect for, and sympathy with, the
sentiments of the author in this matter, we need only
refer to the title page and to the above e.ttract, as an
excuse for our in,ability to praise the book for any
literary merit. TTe have read it carefully from
beginning to end, and have been unable to find any
"Rules for Fishing" with which we were previously
unacquainted.

Turning now to the second volume on our list,
which might have been labelled as a portfolio of
20 Essays on the Art of taking Trout and Grayling
with an artificial Ply, we cannot avoid making the
remark that whereas the title may lead the
reader to expect more than he will find in the book,
the contents will induce him to wish for more than
he gets.

While fishing "for the pot" is practised probably in
every inhabited portion of the globe, fishing as a sp'ort,
as a scientific amusement, as a learned pursuit, seems
to he appreciated and enjoyed by no other nation
besides ourselves. Should you be visiting " Norway's
snow-clad hills and iron-bound coast," and enjoying
the hospitality of some northern squire, your courteous
host will fish with you day after day, because he sees
that it pleases you ; but when you are gone, it has no
pleasure for him, although he may be the owuer of
some of the finest fishing in the world. Far otherwise
is it with a British angler ; many a one has, like our
author, " wet his line in the sluggish streams that flow
through the rich alluvial vales" of Hindustan, and iu
the noble streams of Africa, wandered from the sunny
South of Eurojie away to Russia's vast steppes and
along her Baltic coast-line to Stettin, Westphalia,
Saxony, Prussian Silesia, and the German States, and
lured many a fish from the depths of their rocky
streams,"— and all this for the love of sport. Our
aiithor's opinions upon certain details are at variance
with general practice, and perhaps in these instances
he may be chargeable with laying down new rules upon
the basis of isolated exiieriences which have fallen to
his lot, and which others may regard as mere
exceptions to the more generally adopted modes of
fishing; but be that as it;may, he asserts nothing
without giving full reasons "for the faith that is in
him," and whether agreeing or not with his views, it is
impossible not to be pleased with his little book.

The 12th and concluding Part, a volume in itself,
of the new edition of Brande's Dictionary of
Science, Literature, and Art (Longmans), has been
lately issued. The book as now completed, has more
claims than ever to a place in the library of the busy
student or the dilettante. The names of the con-
tributors afford ample guarantee for the excellence of
the articles — those on sul>jects connected with natural
history, geology, horticulture, and agriculture, have
been mainly contributed by Professors Owen, Ansted,

464

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRICUl/rtlRAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 4, 1867.

the late Dr. Lindley, Mr. T. Moore, and Mr. J. C.
Mortou.

The .37th, 3Sth, and 39th Parts of the Dictionart/ of
diemistri/ (Longmans) are now before us, and deserve
mention more particularly as containing within small
compass an account of the comparatively new process
of Spectrum Analysis and its important application to
the detection of the chemical composition of the sun
and stars, together with other articles, bringius tbe work
up to the commencement of the article on Sulphur-.

dFlorfets' dFlotoas.

Judging from what has been seen of the Aueicula
at the recent Spring Exhibitions, and particularly that
of the Eoyal Botanic Society on the 27th of April, it
would seem that it is designed to regain somethmg at
least of that prominent position it once held in the
estimation of the florist, when some half a century ago,
as old James Hogg remarks, it seemed to engross undi-
vided attention. At the particular show refen-ed to,
there was a freshness and charm about the Auriculas
that ^ forcibly awoke some memories of the Past of
Floriculture, and linked it iu a closer relationship to
its Present. It was something new to see the crowd
gather before the collections of Auriculas, something
like bringing back the dead to " newness of life." On
this occasion, inhospitable as the weather had been
towards the Auricula, Mr. Turner came out in force,
and his large group of show and Alpine kinds, with the
several stands, flanked by Mr. James's splendid Pansies
in pots, and Mr. Wiggins' fine Polyanthuses, formed
the prime features of the show. It was iim- excellence
a show of florists' flowers, and sanguine men predicted
their speedy return to popularity.

Mr. C. Turner was first in the open class with the
foUowiugsix varieties:— 6reen-edged:Lyourgus(Smith),
a somewhat new variety of undeniably fine quality.
Grey-edged: Sophia (Chapman),veryfine; Duke of Kent
(Dickson), also fine ; and General Bolivar (Spalding)
White-edged : Fair Maid (Lightbody) . Self : Metropo-
litan (Spalding). Messrs. DobsoH &Sou were 2d with an
indiflerent lot, which contained three seedling flowers
of no great merit .as shown. In the class for amateurs
with SIX varieties, Mr. J. Butcher, of South Street,
Camberwell, was 1st with a very creditable collection
indeed, consisting of Greeu-edged: Blucher(Coldham)
and Mayflower (Traill). Grey-edged : Surprise (Chap-
man), very good; and General Bolivar (Spalding)
White-edged : Bright Phoebus ( VYild) . Self : John Penn
(Butcher), rosy crimson ground dashed with violet, the
pip stout and smooth, but the paste hardly Large enough
according to the rigid schedule of "properties " which
goes to make the " essential points." Mr. James, of
Isleworth, would undoubtedly have been 2d had not
one of his best trusses contained two palpable mal-
formed pips, while a self flower was out of condition
This let in Mr. Cox, of Camden Town, with some
flowers thatwill be better nowthan when showu,and Mr.
James was awarded a 3d prize. First-class Certiflcates
were awarded to Mr. Turner for four of his own seed-
lings, viz., Charles Turner, with well-defined ground
colour, violet crimson, well-formed yellow eye, good
clear white paste, narrow grey edge, ^vell-l'ormed stout
pips, erect and bold truss, and excellent habit ; Colonel
Champneys, bright rosy purple ground colour, with
■well-defined narrow edging of grey, good eye and clear
white paste, the pips well-fbrmed and stout, the outline
good, and a bold truss ; Cheerfulness, a fine self flower,
ground colour rosy purple, with smooth white paste,
pips stout, of good outline, but a little rough, a flower
of greatpromise.and which will no doubtbeseeniu better
character at a future time ; and Crown Prince, another
very fine self, ground colour rosy mulberry, changing
with age to dark crimson, pips large, bold, smooth, anil
of fine form, truss and habit good. A large group of
stage varieties from Mr. Turner contained fine examples
of the following sorts :— Imperator (Litton), Blucher
(Coldham), Mary Ann (Fletcher), Lovely Ann (Oliver)
Conductor (Headley), Smiling Beauty (Heap), Bright
Venus (Lees), Ne plus Ultra (Fletcher), Omega (Smith),
?F W..Peel (Lightbody), Maggie Lauder (Lowes),
Miss Giddings (Read), Countess of Dunmore (Light-
body); andthefollowingselfflowers:— Canarv (Turner)
a new variety, ground colour bright canary yellow'
with small pure white paste ; Eclipse (Martin),'Negro
(Turner), Blackbird (Spalding), and Vulcan (Sim)
In looking over these flowers, one could not but be
struck with the great difftculty of accurately defining
y.^oh were green and which were grey-edged— a
diflioulty by no means uncommon to the grower
James Hogg divided his Auriculas into two general
classes, _ easily apprehended, "plain or self-coloured
and painted or variegated," the last comprising the
three divisions of edged fiowers popularly known as
green, grey, and white-edged. A later writer of some
10 years ago expressed himself as follows :— " It seems
to me that if they were divided into edged flovvers and
selfs, the distinction would be sufficiently marked and
the flowers get their proper position : or if this be
considered of too revolutionary a character, greens and
greys might be fused into one, whites kept distinct,
and selfs, so as to have three classes instead of four "
It was well observed at the time that a grey edge was
only a " green edge with some white powder over it "
and that this was " the intuitive philosophy of tlie
question." Such a movement was too revolutionary at
that tim;, and probably would be branded as heretical
now, notwithstanding the common sense that seems to
appear on the surface of it.

But another revolution in regard to the Auricula
seems imminent— that shown in the marked improve-
ment in the Alpine kinds, which bid fair to drive the
stage varieties off the field, and this leads to a notice
of those splendid seedlings of Mr. Turner's, which
were seen at the Eegent's Park. The group contained
50 plants, about 44 of which were seedlings of the
present year, and independent of the seedlings pro-

duced by Mr. Turner at South Kensington, a short
time ago. The following were awarded First-class
Certificates: — Lustre, bright yellow paste, very
smooth, glossy dark ring of ground colour, mar-
gined with bright claret crimson, flowers large,
very stout and smooth, a most striking variety ; Echo
small pale sulphur paste changing to white, ground
colour velvety crimson, margined with rosy violet,
fiowers large and smooth, and of fine quality, excepting
that perhaps the paste was too small from the florist's
point of view ; Constellation, in the way of Lustre, but
a larger flower, both paste and ground colour being of
greater dimensions, the latter being also darker, and
the margin brighter, flowers large and very smooth, a
bold and strong variety ; and Fascination, pale sulphur
paste, with rich dark ground colour, having a narrow
margin of p.ale violet, pips very smooth and even, a
most pleasing and eflective variety. Second-class
Certificates were awarded to the folloiving :— Jessie,
bright yellow paste, with rich velvety-crimson ground
colour, with narrow margin of rosy violet, flowers very
large and of fine substance, but a little rough; Defiance,
bright yellow paste, with rich claret crimson ground
colour, pips large and very stout, a bold and showy
variety, but a little rough also; and Vivid, bright yellow
paste, dark ground colour, each segment of the pip
broadly margined with lively rosy crimson, flowers
large and smooth, truss dense and erect, like one of the
stage flowers. Other remarkably good flowers in this
fine collection were President, deep yellow paste, clean
and smooth, ground colour dark crimson, with
margin of fiery claret crimson, very striking
and showy ; Princess, white paste, ground co lour
dark, with margin of clear violet, changing to rosy
violet with age, a very novel and handsome flower;
and Sparkler in the way of President, but without the
dark shade of the ground colour; truss very fine, bold
and striking. A similar award was also made to two
others that the judges very aptly denominated " Fancy"
kinds, as there was about them a kind of originality
akin to that possessed by the Fancy Pansy as dis-
tinguished from the ordinary show Pansy. These were
Trumpeter, with large smooth yellow paste, ground
colour formed of rich dark red bordered with pale
rosy crimson margined with a broad edge of rosy buff;
pips very large and of a striking and novel appearance,
but somewhat rough ; and Selina, a very distinct and
showy variety ; siilphm- paste changing to white, dark
blotch of ground colour heavily edged with rosy violet as
a margin, which changing to a paler colour with age,
detracts from its attactiveness in some degree; flowers
large and very bold. Altogether a strain of Alpine
Auriculas has been developed of a very marked and
valuable character, and this, combined with that hardi-
hood of con.stitution that enables them to live through
a severe winter out of doors when planted in the open
ground, wiU obtain for them a wide popularity at no
distant date.

Very recently there was held at the Marlborough
Arms, South Street, Camberwell, the Metropolitan
Auricula Show, a small but interesting meeting not-
withstanding. On this occasion a First-class Certifi-
cate was awarded to Mr. T. W. Pilcher, of Bromley,
for Alpine Auricula Emma, which had received a
Second-class Certificate from the Floral Committee of
the Royal Horticultural Society on the 10th of April,
and was fully described at the time. The floiver had
greatly improved in the meantime, and deserved the
higher award. First-cUass Certificates were awarded
to Mr. J. Butcher for the following Alpine kinds :—
Lady Middleton, pale sulphur paste, with ground-
colour of dark purplish crimson, margined with violet,
a Hower of flue properties; Rifleman, glowing dark
crimson ground colour, margined with a narrow edge
of a paler hue, clear yellow paste, pips large and bold,
and altogether a novel and striking Hower; Jane
Webster, golden yellow paste, ground-colour intense
dark crimson, margined mth a paler hue of the same,
pips stout and smooth, and a very fine variety. The
same .award was made to Mr. John Pink, Coburg
Road, S.E., for a seedling named Annie, grey-edged,
clear white paste, very smooth, with well-defined
ground-colour of rosy purple, and narrow edging of
grey, pips stout and well-formed, a flower of fine
quality and great promise; Eliza, grey-edged, white
paste, with dark ground colour, and broad edge of
grey, great substance and very promising; and Miss
Oliver, white-edged, clear white paste, and good eye,
dark crimson ground colour with deep edge of white,
also very promising. Similar awards were made to Mr.
Butcher for self John Penn, described above ; and for
Mrs. Butcher, a very fine grey-edged flower, clear
white paste, smooth, crimson ground colour, well
defined, and broad edging of green, pip large, of great
substance, and fine quality. Trail's Robert Trail, a very
fine grey- edged variety, was selected as the premier
prize flower of the exhibition. It was grown by jNIr.
Butcher.

In a group of Alpine Auriculas shown by Mr. Pink,
which had been grown from some German seed, was
one remarkable for the extraordinary size of the truss,
as well as of the individual pips. Each pip was about
2 inches in diameter, and the truss contained some
two dozen flowers. The prevailing colour of the pips
was lilac, the base of the segments marked with
purplish crimson round a light paste. It was remark-
able only for its size, reminding one of those extraordi-
nary flowers grown by Dr. Plant, in 1859, the
proportions of which were so unusually large, that to
quote his own words — " the only thing I could compare
them to, as to form and size, was that of a good Cauli-
flower." It is an objection often urged against the
-iuricula " that there is not enough of it," and there is
certainly some force in this objection from the popular
point of view ; but could such flowers as Dr.' Plant's be
occasionally produced, as for instance his Ne plus
Ultra, vvith 15 ijips the size of a crown piece, the truss
10 inches in diameter, Hey's Apollo, with 22 pips, |

and Parker's Metropolitan, with 23 pips— combined,
too, with fine quality — then the Auricula would
become a feature of great interest to the general
public, as well as to the practical florist. M. D.

Bee-Cultuke: Hives i.continuedfromp.i%7).—'Sh.e
entrance into the hive extends, as will be seen by
referring to Fig. 1, the entire width of the front. This
may be supposed to be much more capacious than is at
all necessary, but I have often found it of very great
benefit, when large-sized supers are being filled by a
very populous colony. The internal temperature at
such times becomes so intolerable to the bees that,
instead of working vigorously, they often, comparatively'
desert the super, preferring to hang listlessly outside,
to the almost entire suspension of comb-building. By
opening a few extra inches of entrance way, the idlers
will retire within, and the rapidity and steadiness with
which the foragers go out and return is remarkable,
and well worth watching.

I have for many years been an advocate for large
entrances, believing that, with small apertures in
summer, much valuable time is wasted by the over-
crowding of the bees in flying out and in returning
with their loads, besides the tendency to produce
clustering outside ; and in winter the interior of the
hive is kept in a damp, insufliciently ventilated con-
dition, very conducive to dysenteiy and other disease.
Still the width of doorway allowed must vary with the
strength of the colony, a weak population requiring
less air, and to be kept snugger and warmer than a
stronger one.

To alter the capacity of the entrance way, I do not
in these hives use wedges, but I have adopted the
excellent arrangement described by the Rev. L. L.
Langstroth in his valuable treatise on the Honey Bee.
It consists of two triangular blocks, made of deal or
mahogany, of about 1 inch in thickness, cut of such
a shape and of such dimensions as to allow of the
various combinations re-
presented iu Fig. S.

Fig. 7 shows a pair of
blocks, each being a right-
angled triangle, 4i" by
5|" by 7 J".

Fig. 8 is a diagram giving five different arrangements

of these blocks, each division being illustrative of the

space occupied by the enclosed porch or entrance way.

In the lowest, N, the arrangement of the blocks affords

an entrance way of about

5i inches ; the next above gives

an opening of about 4 inches ;

the ne.xt allows one of about

3 inches ; the next li inch, and

the uppermost closes the orifice

altogether.

Amon" other advantages inci-
dent to this plan is the facility
with which condensed internal
moisture will find an outlet by
slightly tilting the hive towards
the front ; as also the help
which the temporary removal
of the blocks affords the bees
of clearing the hive from
accumulations of dirt and
refuse.
To StooJe iJte Hivc—Tho floor-board being screwed
to the box, arrange the frames in their proper places,
having att.aohed pieces of clean worker comb to
alternate bars. The swarm, which has been hived
in a common straw hive, must now be knocked
out, by a sudden violent shake between the two
hands of the operator, on the upper surface of
the bars or frames, when the bees will gradually find
their way down. At first they will cluster out over the
sides of the box, but will gradually return, and when
the majority have descended between the! bars, the
cover must be fgently and gradually slid on from one
side, leaving a small space open for allowing the bees to
enter. A cautious use of a little smoke will occasion-
ally be found useful in compelling outlying clusters to
disperse and retire to their proper quarters. The
transference of the bees may be effected almost imme-
diately after the swarm has been hived, the new hive
standing where it is intended to remain, or the opera-
tion may be postponed until evening, an hour or two
before dark. There should always, in this particular
mode of procedure, be light enough for the bees to be
able to see to fly, or, otherwise a great many which
may fall to the ground will be lost. After about
four or five days the frames should be carefully
taken out and the combs examined. Any irregularities
in their construction may be, at this time, easily
rectified ; and it is well to change the order in which
they are originally placed. Every possible care should
be taken during the first week or two to induce or
compel the bees to build straight combs, much of the
subsequent care with which all the various manipula-
tions proper to the management of frame-hives, depend-
ing on the supervision exercised at the commencement
of the swarm's career. S. Sevan Fox.

Errata.— the second division of the outer case must
be similar to Fig. 5, and not Fig. 4, as I have inadver-
tently stated. In describing the slope of the roof at
p. 437, instead of "each half of the sloping path" ii
should be " the sloping part, or the inclined plane."

Bees. — Should I not super until the combs at the
top of the hive (which I see through the hole in the
adapter-board) are full of honey ? One of our labourers
is very anxious for advice as to what to do with a
stock, the queen of which he supposes is not breeding,
as the bees carry in no pollen. They are iu a common
straw hive. Young Apiarian, Warwickshire. [There

May 1, 18G7.J

THE (JAllDENl'ltS' rinjONICI.E AKD AGPJOIII.TTII^AT, nAZETTIv

465

is no necessity for waiting until the upper or other
conihs in tlie stock hive arc filled, to put on a super.
Strcn'-'lh of population is the ^rimd consiileraliou.
Much stored honey in the stock or body hivo is detri-
mental, as Iho hrcoding of the queen is curtailed, so
that there will bo a smaller army of forawers to take
full adviintago of the honey harvest ; also it acts as an
inducement to the (picen to iusceud into the super. If
it can be .satisfactorily ascertained that the hive is
queenless, or that the queen, if there be one, is not
breeding, either lot it be drivcu and the bees united to
another stock, keeping the hive and combs, if toleralily
new and clean, to receive a swann at tho ]>roper season,
or let the liccs tako their chance laitil a swarm can bo
united to them. With a frame liivc there would be no
difficulty in giving suitable brood comb, and inducing
tho bees to raise a queen which would be out in time
for tho earliest drones.]

Garden Memoranda.

Speins Flowers at Belvoie Castle, the Seat
OF THE Duke of Rutland. — Spring Uowers have this
year been cradled on snow beds, rocked by icicles, and
nourished with tear drops of rain so cold as to freeze
their life into a living death. They have leant their
beauteous cheeks against the thick-ribbed ice, and
grasped with their fragile forms the hard iron girdle
of the frozen earth. And yet they have venturca to
come forth and bloom unblanched amid tho dreary
waste of wintry desolation, and never probably have
they been more lovely than this season. Doubtless
their beauty has been enhanced by the fact of their
appearance in tlic midst of rough unkindly weather.
Lion-hearted March planted its rough foot tirmly
doM-n upon the middle of April, and it appeared as if
Spring had forgolten to imprint on the world the
vivifying kiss of her warm love.

But no— Spring never forgets her coming. Fitful
she may be, forgetful or indolent never. With man's
aid, or without his help, the great quickening spirit of
Spring works on, works ever, to garland the world
with beauty throughout the year. Those who wish to
test the rich quality and satisfying perfume of the
spriug-tide garland must go to Belvoir, and .judge for
themselves. " For the benefit of those who have not
this privilege, I will try to bring a spring bouquet from
thence, and lay it down on your pages.

Almost the first thing that was impressed upon me
at Belvoir w'as the fewness and simplicity of the
materials employed. The ne.xt great lesson was
the effectiveness of the colouring. This arose
from the fact that everything was either massed,
or lined, or contrasted by pincushion planting. A
single plant of Arahis alpina is pretty but not very
striking. A bed filled with it, edged with Auhrietia
purpurea, or pincushioned with scarlet Tulip, is a sight
never to be forgotten. Another great thing was the
form of the beds. As a rule, the more irregular tho
figures for spring flowers, probably the better they look.
Then most of the beds are raised with rough retaining
walls of rock, or they are placed upon ground more or
less sloping. Both these positions are most favourable
settings for spring flowers. In fact the bold undula-
tions of the grounds constitute some of the chief charms
of Belvoir ; and one of the greatest merits connected
with the spring gardening there, is that each display is
found just where the accompaniments seem to have
invited it. It is the highest praise to Mr. Ingram to
say that he has fitted Art so congruously into Nature,
that in some cases, when the mellowing effect of time
has done its work, the two will hardly be distinguishable.
The chain of spring flowers at Belvoir reaches right
across the dividing gulf between formal gardening and
undressed nature, and links the two together across
wide banks of Violets and Primroses, and immense
irregular patches of Arabis, Aubrietia, Lamiums,
Saxifrages, Periwinkle, Veratrums, Pampas Grass,
Hoses, and, in fact, every plant or shrub that can be
spared from any of^ the other departments, to lighten
up and dress the fine umbrageous woods. An immense
amphitheatre is undergoing this process of dressing
now, and the effect is charming. Whatever can be
spared from other arrangements finds a place here, and
by this process of continuous development, probably the
whole woods will become a spriug garden of rich
beauty and sweetest perfume.

Another great feature is the earliness of the flowers.
In many places spring gardening flourishes from April
to the end of May. Here, from February to April it
must be in beauty. This earliness is secured partly by
a wise selection of plants, and perhaps more by skilful
culture and timely ]>reparation.

All the plants in the Castle, Duchess's and other
formal gardens, are removed to make way for bedding
plants in May. But instead of being planted on a
north border anywhere out of sight, they are placed in
warm genial spots in the most suitable soils, to ensure
early maturation, and the perfect elaboration of the
sap into embrj'o blossoms. Hence autumn finds the
plants ripened and at rest. The first warm beams of
spring wakens them into life, and the energy of this
new-born life is expanded in blossom. I noticed also
that a great many of the bulbs had been planted, and
probably brought forward in pots. The habits of each
plant are also carefully studied, with a view to the
development of early, perfect, and abundant bloom.

A walk through the diflerent gardens will afford the
best information concerning the varieties used for
early blooming.

In the Castle Garden what we shall call bed A is a
circular one raised with rough rockwork into tliree
zones. The centre is filled with a mixture of AV all-
flowers and Hyacinths, the rocky edge being fur-
nished with golden Sedum hanging over and springing
from the side of the rook. The second zone is
filled thus :— 1st row, scarlet Tulip ; 2d, white Hyacinth ;
3d, variegated Periwinkle ; 4th, Aconite ; 5th, Crocus.

The third zone: 1, double .sulphur Primroso; 2,
white Daisy; :i. Crocus. • Other six beds surrounding
A, were all planted on tho pincushion plan, that
is, eac'h had a ground colour, with another dotted
regularly over it, and all were edged with Crocuses.
They wore jilanted a.s follows :- ouo with Aubrietia
purpurea, dotted over with I'rimula deiiticulata, and
edged with yellow I'rimrose in adilition to Croiius ;
another was Russian Violets and palo piuk Tulips; a
third with white Arabis and .scarlet Tulip (VeriuiUon
Brillant),tlienrowsof v:ll•iegatedAl■abisaudblueForget-
me-Not;afourthwithAubrieliaaul^Scillasibirica,cdged
with cuuunou Primrose ; the fifth with Erica c;irriea
on a (arpct of SaxllVaga dcusa; and tho sixth, white
Ariibis and scarlet Tulip, then a row, consisting of
ivlternate phints of variegated Arabis and Forget-mc-
Not. The whole forming such a scene of dazaling
beauty as is seldom surp:issed in the autumn, and could
hardly bo imagined as possible in April.

A corresponding group, which we shall call B, is
equally beautiful. Four beds surrounding it have
each centres of Wallflowers, two of them mixed with
Tulips, and two with Hyacinths. Each is then filled
up witii a row of white Arabis, next Erica carnea, then
Aubrietia edged with Crocuses. Four circles between
these beds are slightly raised, and planted with
Rhododendrons in tho centre, edged with zones of
Scotch Roses, finishing off with Crocuses and Aconites.

On the front of one of the supporting borders of this
plan, there is a sjdendid mass of bloom, planted
thus— masses of shrubs at the back, then fine yellow
Doronicum scorpioides (possibly), next Aubrietia, then
Hyacinths, Gentiana acaulis (blue). Pansy, Daisy, and
Crocus.

A scroll bed supporting the two principal figures has
a centre of Aubrietia, then white Hyacinths, edged
with Erica carnea. Another has a broad band of
Aubrietia, then Hepaticas, next Primroses, and common
Aconites. There also some very pretty scroll beds, just
before passing doivn tho hill towards the main walk.
One is filled with Arabis, Aubrietia, Primroses, blue
Pansy, and Crocus. Another with red Hyacinths,
blue Hepatica, and white Daisy. There are also large
beds of Violets, mixed or edged with Primroses, and a
Violet bed mixed with a small yellow Fumaria. One
of the most striking beds here is tilled thu,s-^the centre
is composed of the white Arabis, pincushioned with
white Hyacinth, then a row of Erica carnea, then a
row of Dog's-tooth Violet, then Sanguinaria cana-
densis, variegated Daisy, aud Crocuses.

Retracing our steps up the hill we look down upon
the Statue Garden, about 50 feet lower, and perhaps
50 yards distant. It is placed on a nearly level plat-
form, with a very tall Cedar at the back, and a statue
in the centre. It is filled mostly with Variegated
K;ile, with shrubs intermixed, and has a charming
effect as seen from the Castle Garden. The four largest
beds are filled with Aucuba japonica, two of them inter-
mixed with Red and the other two with White
Variegated Kale. The Kales are equal to flowers when
seen in this way, and so perfect is the resemblance to
some extraordinary fiower, that many visitors have
rushed down to gain a closer knowledge of the new
beauty, and onlydiscoveredtheirmistakcatthe bottom.
Until meeting with them at Belvoir, I had always
considered Kale too cabbage-like for the flower garden ;
but certainly they are useful decorative subjects at a
distance, and arranged so near to the ground as Mr.
Ingram has so skilfully brought them, they may
ultimately be allowed to come closer to us, while we
try to bury the memory of their character and origin
deep dowm in the valley of forgetfulness with their
stalks. Variegated Kales are also mixed here with two
beds of Laurustinus, two of dwarf Box, two of Holly,
and they contrast well with them all. Other beds are
fiUed with Lavender. Variegated Box, Junipers,
Daphne Laureola, W;illflower, Tulips, Hyacinths, i-c.
Altogether the colouring, arranging, and form of the
Temple Garden is a picture of beauty— placed at the
best possible distance, in the be.st light, and the most
suitable frame of shrubs, trees, &c., for effect.

Proceeding onwards through a noble wood of Oaks,
interspersed with fine Yews of great height and beauty,
we pa.ss the omnium gatherum amphitheatre already
referred to, and are ushered suddenly into the
Duchess's Garden, of the beauty of which the following
particulars can only give a faint conception ; —

Here what may be termed A are a connected series of
borders on thiee different levels, supported by rocky
fronts about one foot in depth; B may be described
as long triangular beds on sloping Grass banks; C, a
group of scroll beds, also on the incline ; D, raised rock
beds; E, other beds on steep sloping banks. These
are divided into two sets by means of some steps,
with two fine Araucarias on each side at top and
bottom. One, imbricata, is about 40 feet high,
and a Cunninghamii over 20. What we may call
G is a grand piece of rockwork, with Alpine plants
inserted in the crevices, forming a rock ladder, or
stair to a higher portion of the grounds. H is a
bold hill, richly clad with Oaks and magnificent
Ferns, whose sombre hues prove an effective setting
for the lovely spring flowers that leap up at their
base. From tho lower portion of the garden, the
valley also dips down through fine Oaks, and here
Mr. Ingram has formed new walks, and a further
extension on a more rustic style of his favourite spriug
gardening.

Beginning with the rock borders already alluded to,
let us now note how they were furnished. These angles
were planted with Crown Imperials and red Tulips.
First platform. No. 1: 1st row, Arabis; 2d, Primrose ;
3d, Pansy ; 4th, Aubrietia : 5th, Daisy ; 6th, Crocus.
No. 2 : 1st, Red Tulips ; 2d, Oxlips ; 3d, Hyacinths ;
4th, Anemone, scarlet ; 5th, white Arabis ; 6th, Blue
Forget-me-Not ; 7th, Yellow Crocus. This Forget-
me-Not seems different from the common one, as it
blooms freely on dry soil, and Mr. Ingram calls it

Mysotis intermedia. The lower rim. No. 3, is thus
planted : 1st row. Anemone Pulsatilla, then two rows of
Aubrietia purpurea, then a row of the common Prim-
rose, linisbod <)lf with an edging of blue Crocuses.

Between tho great triangular beds (li) is a central
round bed, which was a mixture of Scilla biilora alba
aud sibirica, with blue Pausy. lu tho two triangular
beds fheniselvc's are 1, Aubrietia, then a row of Erica
(^arnca, next blue Pansy, followed by the connuon
Primrose, and furnished with an edging of red Daisy.
In a group of three beds below those just named, were
variegated Kale, surrounded with dwarf Wallflowers,
followed with Oxlips of different colours, Arabis, and
Crocus ; and right and left white Arabis, Aubrietia, and
coinuion Aconite. These formed the (central group.
In two flanking groups, each of three beds, occurred,
first variegated Arabis, blue Pan.sy, Hyacinths, and
Primroses ; next, beautiful dwarf red Kale in the
centre, surrounded with a dwarf yellow AVallflower, in
the way of Cheiranlhus Marshallii ; then white Arabis
and Crocus ; then masses of Aubrietia and Primroses.
A small circular bed in front contained scarlet Van
Thol Tulip among white Arabis, surrounded with
Primroses and blue Pansy. Two similar beds were
decorated with Hyacinths, Oxlips, scarlet Anemones,
Myosotis, and Aubrietia. '.

Another series of beds were thus filled ; — 1, double
Wallllower ; 2, Arabis alpina; 3, Aubrietia grandi-
fiora; while in another knot of peculiarly formed beds
in the conlre of a sloping bank the middle one was
filled with Wallflower,s, four surrounding stars with
Aubrietia, and the other four portions with white
Arabis. Beyond this, again, there are other beds, one
of the prettiest being carpeted over with the denso
Saxifrage, forming a green cushion of exquisite beauty
for a whole host of white Hyacinths ; then a Violet
bed nestles in the corner, grasping tho turf and the
Hyacinths with one hand, and the overshadovving
\"ews with the other.

Further down, in a scroll bed, the centre is a noblo
line of Pulmonaria virgiuica, or Lung-wort, surrounded
with Primroses, followed by Violets, and edged with
the common Aconite. This Pulmonaria is a favourite
plant with Mr. Ingram, who thinks, beautiful thoug'.i
it be, that something much better may yet be made of
it by culture and crossing. He has several varieties of
it, as well as of the Aubrietia from seed. Fine non-
strains of high-coloured Oxlips are also bein^ developc 1
here. Here are also beds in flower of the large sem i -
tropical-looking Pennsylvanian Saxifrage ; also patches
or borders of oppositifolia, paniculata and umbros.i,
and a lovely border of the ever welcome Omphalod(<
verna. The delicate Linaria Cymbalaria grasps hold
of and covers projecting stones; the common Fumari.i
runs about in the crevices, while Orobus vernu-,
Adonis vernalis, Arabis lucida variegata, Helli-
borus niger, and many others, are seen springing
up or dying down in the most unexpected nooks and
corners.

The Duke's Walk windsalongthrough the fine timber
and hanging hill until a clearance is reached, giving a
superb view of the valley and river, and forming a flue
position for Rhododendrons, Cypresses, and other .trees.
'These have lately been planted and are doing well.
The entire wooded hill offers fine sites for choice
Conifers, and could absorb and turn to good account
milUons of Rhododendrons. These, when planted in
vegetable mould, do exceedingly well on the cool
clayey bottom. And there are some very fine specimens
20 feet high near the carriage road, beyond the dairy.
The Ybw grows exceedingly well at Belvoir, there
being many very fine specimens almost equal to Cedars
of Lebanon.

Returning to the Castle, we proceed round the
terrace to look over the magnificent valley, and take a
commanding view over several counties. The house is
too well known to need any description. It is a
magnificent castellated structure by W yatt, and stands
on the summit of a conical hill, about 200 feet above
the level of the sea, and nearly 100 above the surround-
ing country. The ground falls abruptly from itinaseries
of slopes and terraces, and the whole surroundings are
regal-looking and magnificent. On one side_ a wide
terrace of gravel, supported by a bold retaining wall,
sweeps up to the Castle windows. Beyond this a succession
of Grass slopes— eight, I think— succeed each other
down to a bowling green or croquet ground, and the
stables, almost like a village in extent. The garden
front has a succession of terraces, supported by walls.
First there is the Duke's terrace on the top, next
follows the flower garden .'terrace, then the "Walnut-
tree terrace, forming the highest point of a sloping lawu.
On this terrace garden more spring flowers were
found. Beds of variegated Kale, Saxifrages, Wallflower.s,
Tulips, Hyacinths, Arabis, Crocuses, &c. The different
walls were well furnished with MagnoUa grandiflora,
Lonicera fragrantissima (one of the sweetest and best of
spring flowers). Jasmines, Esoallonias, Chimonanthu.s,
Roses, and Vines, — the latter, mostly Muscadines,
ripen well in most seasons. The AYalnut trees are also
very large, and there are some superb specimens of
Portugal Laurels about the grounds. About here are
also some immense masses of Periwinkle, Violets, &c.
A fine broad walk leads straight from the kitchen
garden to the very pretty dairy. This walk is bounded
on each side with some fine timber and magnificent
Yews. In front of the dairy a waving sea of Daffodil
blooms rise aud fall with the breeze. With these I
regretfully bid adieu to the beautiful spring flowers at
Belvoir.

I conclude with the practical question, c:,n
like scenes of spring beauty be produced elsewhere ?
To a great extent they can. Many of the plants used
can hardly be injured by cold. With similar cultural
and artistic skill, spring flowers may arise and bloom
almost anywhere. Still, Belvoir owes a good deal t;j
its cUmate— Mr. Ingram's exact records of temperature,
so recently given in the Gardeners' C&ronicle, provo

466

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 4, 1867.

this, and these records are considerably lower than
those that affect the spring flowers. The registering
thermometers stand in the middle of a flat, cold,
kitchen garden, while the flowers nestle and adorn
sheltered nooks and coruert;, with genial aspects,
from 60 to 100 feet higher up. While there-
fore according to Mr. Ingram the highest praise
for his success in clothing his beds so early with
a rich carpet of beauty, I would also desire to
moderate the disappointment of some who may have
partially failed, by acknowledging that the climate
exerts a powerful influence on both the earliness and
profusion of bloom, and in proof of the geniality of the
Belvoir climate, I would point confidently to two large
double Camellias that have stood for years in the wood
uncovered but unscathed, and which have generally
bloomed profusely, within a few yards of the Duchess's
Garden.

I hope to notice a few other features of these fine
gardens ne.xt week. F.

unequalled, and occurring at a moment so favourable
to the advance of floral taste and skill, may be almost
deemed a public acquisition. Builder,

Miscellaneous.

Window Floioers.—'Vhe great care bestowed upon
Victoria, Battersea, Hyde, and Regent's Parks, as well
as upon the various horticultural and public gardens,
had already instructed the working classes, and stimu-
lated them to become possessors of those beautiful
natural productions, which they had learned to value ;
and which, although hitherto unattainable except at
high prices, are now so extensively cultivated that they
are within reach of the workman, who has also found
out that he can rear and multiply them on his own
window-sill wherever the sun shuies for but two hours
daily. In the whole range of the City, and the most
populous of its suburbs, there are very few streets or
narrow lanes and courts, where ranges of beautifully-
diversifled and luxuriant flowers may not be seen,
bestowing an air of lightness and beauty upon scenes
that before were sombre and melancholy. Take any
line or court off Aldersgate Street, or in Bermondsey,
or Hackney, or Islington, and the evidences of flori-
culture are the same: in some rooms with only one
window and perhaps four or five inmates the pet plants
are clustered on the sill, giving out their odour, and
through care vigorously flourishing, as though planted
in Henderson's, Bull's, or Wimsett's nursery. The
possession of these beautiful flowers, comprising rarely |
more than a few Geraniums, Fuchsias, Convolvuli,
Asters, Calceolarias, and Lobelias, creates an interest by
the daily-recurring short attentions bestowed upon '
them, and amply repays, in dazzling radiance and
odour, the time and trouble ; whilst they tend to make
the humble home more tolerable, and to harmonise the
mature and rising generation in one common object of
admiration. Some ten years back there were scarcely
any window flowers to be seen. A few houses in the
West-end had Laburnums orVirginianCreepers planted
in the areas, and trained to the balcony ; of late, the
greater number exhibit collections on the first-floor
balconies and parlour windows, many having glass
oases rested upon the sills, and filled with the choicest
specimens from the conservatory. In Piccadilly, several
mansions have these cases filled throughout the whole
season of their town residence ; one of the first examples
being Northampton House, which is covered as high as
the second floor simply with Virginian Creeper and
Ivy ; lower in the dip, opposite the Green Park,
another house has the glass cases for flowers in the
parlour, and all the windows to the second-Uoor
beautifully fringed with parasitic plants. These houses
are of the old brick-fronted order, and ofl'er a good
basis for ornamentation, as wall-nails may be driven
without damage, whereas on stucco or compo
frontages a trellis is needed. The general rule
now is, in some fashionable quarters, floral balconies
and shrubbed areas ; but one house in Grosvenor
Square surpasses all others in the decorative effect
of its luxuriant bloom. The whole plan and
arrangement are due to the butler of the Countess
of Dysart. In the area, 10 feet under the street
level, are planted Ivies, Virginian Creepers, and
Cobcea scaudens, which clothe the walls in luxuriant
tresses, rising on the front elevation to the first-floor
balcony, and forming a tastefully-arranged dwarf blind
to the parlours ; Myrtles in tubs, and various flowers,
and plants in pots, are disposed over the pavement, and
tendrils trained on bars across fi-om the railings, with
pendent flower-baskets, the whole of the front windows
being also adorned with the choicest Geraniums and
flowers of hues selected for efi'ect. Even the stable-
wall adjoining the mansion, in Audley Street, is covered
by the Virginian Creepers, all verdant in summer, but
ensanguined in September. It is rather strange that
the taste for floriculture should not have advanced so
much in the neighbourhood of Brompton and South
Kensington, where the atmosphere is more genial to
their growth, although some houses in the Prince's and
Exhibition Eoads display a goodly array of flowering
plants and exotics. Still the small streets diverging
towards Chelsea discover their partiality for wiudow
flowers, and these are generally tended by the tenants
of floors and single rooms ; and in one cottage at the
Chelsea end of Keppel Street, a little garden of about
20 feet by 15 feet is worthy of note ; although, like
some of the mansions whose occupants have left town
for the season, it has run somewhat into wilderness.
This little patch was ornamented some years back with
rockwork around its boundary walls, and planted with
shrubs and flowers ; several broken pillars^ as of a
ruined temple, being fitfully placed as possibly they
ought to have fallen. This little morsel of fantastic
simulation, covered in Ivy, parasitic plants and flowers,
was probably the first fancy model in the hortulan way
of this vicinity. The last is as much in the opposite
style— it is a tastefully finished shop in the Brompton
Eoad, opened for the sale of plants and cut flowers by
Messrs. Hopgood; the display at times is, perhaps.

Garden Operations.

(For the ensuing weelc.)
PLANT HOUSES.

Begonias generally will now need especial attention.
Pot those intended for large plants into pots about two
sizes larger than those in which they have flowered.
They thrive best in a rough fibrous peat, intermixed
with silver sand and leaf-mould. Cuttings should now
be put in in such quantities as may be required, bear-
ing in mind that when they are struck, three
or four fixed firmly together and potted, will make a
good bushy plant mu.ch quicker than when single ones
only are relied upon. Amongst kinds best suited for
general purposes, and which do best treated thus from
cuttings annually, are B. odorata, B. Ingramii, B.
Saundersii, and B. digswelliensis, the last of which
seems to uphold its original character as regards being
useful for furnishing a continuous supply of cut flowers
throughout the winter months. In order to insure
such an abundance of flower with any of the kinds
enumerated, however, they must be so treated that by
the aid of small shifts and constant pinching back, they
may be possessed of a good bushy form, and be
thoroughly pot-bound at least a month or five weeks
previous to the time when they may be required in
flower. To facilitate this, cuttings, even when treated
as above, should never be placed in pots exceeding
32-sized, a lesser size being preferable when the plants
are required in flower as early as possible. B. fuchsioides
blooms best the second season, and requires treatment
similar to the above. To flower it well, however,
it should be kept in a rather dry situation, such as
against a dry wall, the pot in which it grows being
placed upon a dry slate, or similar material, with
moderate warmth beneath. Lilium JanclfoVmm,
auratum, iS;c., should now have the pots in which they
are growing, surface-dressed, as it will be seen, in every
case in which they have made a moderate amount of
growth, that young roots will be pushing forth from
around the base of the young shoots, just at the apex
of the bulbs ; and it is only by giving these every
encouragement in their efforts to grow that fine spikes
of bloom are ensured. Do not place around them rich
materials ; the crudest peat, a little well-decomposed
leaf-mould, and sand wiU suit them perfectly. They
may receive all necessary stimulus by means of liquid
manure at a later date ; and when these, now tender
roots, have attained a robustness more capable of
turning such food to good accouut. PeJarponiiims
about to flower, or such as are in blossom, will need
every attention now, in order to guard against their
Ijecoming too dry at the root. Bear in mind, that such
plants may sufler very great injury long before they
are compelled by extreme exhaustion to show it out-
wardly in the form of flagging, and, therefore, assiduous
attention is the more needed. Allow a sufficient
opening at the top of all structures containing Pelar-
goniums in bloom, for any excess of moisture in the
atmosphere to pass freely out, as if permitted to con-
dense inside, the moisture falling upon the blooms
will prove most injurious to their longevity.
FORCING HOUSES.

Pines : continue to pot up all available suckers, in
ciuantities according to requirements. Tax your utmost
ingenuity to devise every possible means for keeping
up an atmosphere surcharged heavily with a genial
humidity, by stirring the tan occasionally and well
watering it; any utensils, the shallower the better,
placed freely about and kept constantly filled with
water, will afford material assistance in this way.
Proceed with the disbudding of the later Vines. Use
the syringe freely, and keep the house as constantly near
temperate as possible until they have made a good
start. Do not delay bringing inside any Vines placed
outside the house for the purpose of retarding them,
as soon as they have begun to break. Thin out any
remaining secondary laterals upon the divisional young
wood to allow the sun free access to the more substan-
tial foliage. As Cherries continue to show colour and
to ripen, withhold moisture more and more from the
roots, giving them the fuU benefit of the sun and of an
airy position.

HAEDT FBUIT GARDEN.

Peaches, Nectarines, cfr., are greatly infested with
aphides this season. They so injure the leaves in their
younger stages of growth as to cause them to curl up
and become blistered, the latter asperities constituting
an excellent protection for them, from whence they can
be with difiiculty dislodged. To accomplish this, first
go over every bud individually, removing carefully any
leaf so injured as not to be likely readily to recover its
lost vigour, after which give the trees a thorough
syringing with tobacco-water, or Gishurst Compound
and soft soap intermixed, using 2 and 4 ounces of each
respectively to the gallon of water. In syringing the
trees, dash it against the wall with some force, and
endeavour by every possible means to deluge every
remote hiding place. Do not apply the above mixtures
to the trees at times when the sun shines fully upon
them.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

Proceed with, and finish clipping all Ii'ies in need of
such an operation. By clipping now they will readily
break back, and refurnish the necessary surfaces more
quickly than when cut earlier. Do not, however,
deprive young plants which have not yet furnished the
spaces allotted to them of more foliage than is
absolutely necessary. Pansies will propagate pretty
freely now. Take off any side shoots sufficiently large
for cuttings, and having prepared them by making a
clean wound across below a joint, remove the lower
pair of leaves, and dibble them firmly into leaf-mould

and sand, with a little loam intermixed, in a shady
position, and where a handlight can be placed firmly
over them. By placing a slight layer of lime under
the compost, much of the annoyance caused by worms
will be avoided.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Sow the necessary quantity of Beet for a main crop.
Paul's Crimson and Pine-apple are amongst the best,
the flavour of the former being excellent ; it should be
sown in a rich deep open soil as previously advised. Sow
in rows a foot apart, and moderately deep ; do not sow
too thickly, however, as it will eventually need thinning
out to 8 or 10 inches between the plants. The main
crop of Carrots should also be sown in similar soil;
Short Horns should be sown in drills some 8 or 9 inches
apart, and larger sorts from 12 to 1.3 inches apart. The
seeds too frequently are obtained in an adhesive com-
pact mass, a condition in which they will need
additional dressing before they are fit for sowing.
This is be-st done by mixing with them half their
quantity of silver sand, and rubbing the two together
frequently through the hands ; the seeds may thus be
dropped more uniformly in the rows in process of
sowing. Make successional sowings of Broccoli,
including Walcheren, Cattell's Eclipse, Knight's Pro-
tecting, &c. A successional crop of Savoys should
also be sown. Look well to late sowings, and where
any have not succeeded sow again without delay.
Use every preventive against slugs, which are " thick
as locusts " abroad, by laying traps of Cabbage leaves
and similar rnaterial, which should be looked over
occasionally with the view of destroying any which
may have taken shelter thereunder ; otherwise their
continued attacks must nuUify every effort at success,
so numerous are they this season. W. E.

STATE OF THE "WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEATl LONDON,
For the "Weet ending May 1, 1867,aa observed at the Horticultural Gardens.

§s,

Barometer.

TEHPEB.ATO&B.

"Wind

April
and May.

Of the Air.

OftlieEai-tli

•%

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

1 foot;2 feet
deep. deep.

Thurs. 25
Friday 2G
Satur. 27
Sunday 28
Mon. 29
Tiies. 30
Wed. 1

25
26

27

29.818
29.760
29.523
29.727
29.830

29.G93
29-S46
29.481
29.3:0

29.786
29.664

29.670

53
57
60
61
65
64
62

42
42
29
30
32
36
33

47.5
49.5
44.5
45.5
48.5
50.0
47.5

53
51
62
52
51
52
52

49
49
49
49
48
49
49

N.

E.
S.W.

E.

■N.

"W.
N.W.

.01
.02
.03
.00
••H
.12
.00

29.954

Average .

29 765

29.641

60.2

34.9 \ 47,5

51.8 1 4S.8

0.22

May

25 -Hazy and damp ; overcast ; densely overcast at night.
26— Hazy ; overcast ; slight rain at nii;ht.
27-Cloudy ; masaes of white clouds ; very fine at night.
28-Fog?y; overcast; very fine at night.
29— Fine ; exceedingly fine throughout.
30-Cloudy ; white and dusky clouds ; rain at night.
1— Cloudy and damp , clouay ; very fiuc at night.

Mean temperature of the week 13-lOth deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE "^'FATHER. AT-CHISWICK,

During the last 41 years, for the ensuing "Week, ending May 11, 1867.

Sunday . . 5

Mon. .. 6

Tues. .. 7

Wed. .. 8

Thui-s. .. 9

Friday ..10

Satur. "

61.7

62,1 .

61.9

62.1

No. Of
Years in
which it
llained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Kain

0.82
0.73
0.60

Prevailing Winds.

S risk? 3=-^

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
Ctb. 1862— thenu. 34 deg. ; and the lowest on the 2nd, 1855, and Gth,
ISGa-therm 20 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

AucDEA : Scottish Subscriber. The proper pronunciation is
thus— AucuM.— i/ }'. There is uo trace of stamens in the
flowers sent.

Boilers : WSJ. We know nothing of the boiler you
mention. Any of the hoi-ticultural builders who advertise
in our columns would supply you with a good saddle boiler.

Books: — . Walcot's "Flora Britaunica Indigena." Our
copy contains about IGS plates, and is, we believe, complete.
— / D. Loudon's *' Self-instnictiou for Young Gardeners,"
and Kemp's *' How to Lay Out a Garden."

Heating Conservatory : Subscriber. We know nothing of
the "patent Gill air warmers," but you may rest assured
that for a good-sized house like yours there is nothing
better than a simple hot-water apparatus — the simpler the
better.

It,u-tan Plaster : H C D asks where the Italian Plaster
mentioned in a paragraph quoted by us a week or two since
can be obtained. Perhaps some of our con-espondents can
inform him.

Lawns : / F. Of the specimens sent Nos. 1, 2, and 4 are
common Mosses ; No. 3 is probably Sagina procumbens.
We have no faith in either this or the Spergula for lawns,
except under special circumstances. Tour lawn, with damp
sour soil, wants draining ; then give a scarifying, so as to
break up the surface and root out the Daisies, and sow a good
mixture of proper lawn Grass seeds, covering them with a
dressiug of the richest compost you can obtain. The sooner
this is done the better. — A H. Apply a top-di'essing of soot
or guano.

Names of Plants : A W. No. 1, Juniperus virginiana ;
No. 2, Juniperus virginiana var, cassia (Hort). — F C.
Your Aeridcs is A. virens. The Epideudrum we do not
recognise, nor is it possible to do so without information as
to its habit and native country. — P E F. \, LitUospermum
fruticosum ; 2, Anemone nfemorosa ; 3, too fragmentary. —
Old Subscriber. The Wayfaring Tree, Viburnum Lantana. —
G B M. 1, Polypodium effusum ; 2, Pteris serrulata ; 3,
Pteris bastata ; 4, Selaginella Martensii var.

Potato : J Davenport. The Potato, that is, the edible part of
the plant so called, is certainly not a root, and as certainly
it is a vegetable. We must tberefoi-e say Yea to your first,
and No to your second inquiry.

Vine Leaves: W M. The little green wart-like excrescences
on jour Vine leaves are not uueommon. They deface the
leaves in some measure, but in all probability are not
injm"ioua.

Viola cobnuta : Meisra J Veitch <L- Sons have sent us a box of .
beautiful flowers of the deep mauve -coloured variety of the
Viola cornuta, grown by Mr. -Miller, gr. to Lord Foley,
Manor Gardens, Worksop, which .show the plant to be a
veritable acquisition for the early flower garden. This, too,
is a remarkably fine-coloured form of the plant.

Communications Received.— W. Miller.— J. Veitch &; Sons.—
E. Sage.— D. T. F.— G. G-T. R.— W. R.— W. E.— E. K,—
T. O.— E. A,— E. R. C— H. G. Rchb.— A. Boyle.— W.

Mav M867.] TJIK GAUDENEKS' (llllU)iM()Li<; ANJ) AiiUlClILTUKAl. (iA^ETTJ

40'

THE BEST SWEDE IN CULTIVATION

IS

SUTTON'S CHAMPION.

Price Is. per lb.

Cheaper by tho buahcl of 52 lb, Carriago IVee.

TUKNIP SEEDS
direct from the
growers.

The most certain
means of prc^'enting;
disappointment.

SUTTON'S CHAMPION SWEDE.

A larj,-f Purple-topped Yellow variety, handsome
shapt', perfectly hardy, stores exceedingly well, and
one of the heaviest croppers.

TESTIMONIALS.

From Mr. J. U. Halse, Secretar}/ to lite Sidinouth Agricultural
Association.

October 20, leCO.— " At the annual nioeting of the nbove Associa-
tion, held at Sidmouth on the 23cl inst., tho whole of the Prizes for
Swede Turnips were awarded to your Champion Swede, grown from
seod supplied by you duilog tho past season."

From K. J. Hillieu, Esq., OranJiam Hill, Marlborough.
" I am bound to say that fi-om my experience you are quite
justified in asserting the Champion Swede to bo quite as hardy as
any of the purple-topped varieties ; if not indeed hardier.

From Mr. Large, Bailiff to the Right Hon. Lord Bemers.

" The Champion Swedes, from seed Lord Berners purchased of

you, are far superior to any other wo have grown. I can confidently

say they are many tons per acre heavier than any other Sivede.H

growing on his lordship's farm."

Fr(ytn Mr. B. Hunt, late Stcioard to W. W. Chute, Esq., Vyne Farm,
Basingstoke.
January 12, 18CG.— " Last se.afion I tried eight difTorent Icinda of
Swpde, and find, after a careful oxarainition. that, although several
of them are good, none of them equal your Champion."

From'Mr. W. Tprjjer, Hole Farm, Lyme Regis.
May 19, 186G.— " Your Champion Swedes last year wore tho largest
and best keepers grown in this neighbouihood."

THREE HUNDRED GUINEAS IN 12 PRIZES.

FOR SIX YEARS SUCCESSIVELY

HIS LATE ROYAL HIGHNESS THE

rPJNCE CONSORT'S PRIZE CUPS

HAVE BEEN AWARDED TO

SUTTON'S CHAMPION SWEDES

AT THE

ROYAL EAST BERKS AND SOUTH BERKS
AGRICULTUKAL SOCIETIES,

And many other valuable! Prizes in various parts of
the Kingdom.

Price Is. per lb.

Cheaper by the bushel of 52 lb. Carriage free.

PRICED LISTS of other TUllNIP SEEDS gratis on
application.

SUTTON AND SONS, SEED GROWERS, READING.

H

ORSE SHOW. AC.RICUr/rUUAL UALL

iHiir.

ro UAHDKN IMfLKMKN'l' MAKKILS, AND OTIIKUS.

SI'.\('K TO LKT ill Llio AIUAIH>; and (JALLKKIK.S fur tho
KXMIUlTlONandSAI-K nf rim SA.MK CLASS nf OUUUSaH aro
aolUdurluK tlioSmlthll.'ld Cliih w>-ok.

Ilortlciilliiial and Ai;i i> ultiu.il liiipleiiiont Makorn, Soudsincn
NuiHury (.lardeiiurs, uthI I\laiiiir.iii,urorN of Ornatnoiital and usoful
articles for douioHtIc purpo^o.^. I'rizoa for Haddlon and Hndto.'<.

Tornis and Conditions may bo obtahioU at tho Olllcoa of tho
Company, Harford Strout, lnlliigton, N.

By Oruor, S, Siknkv, Sccrotary and Managor.

MANCIIUSTKR and LIVKRPOOI, AGRICULTURAL
HOCIKTV IHBtahll.shotl 17(17). - QIIAND CENTENAKY
snow MEETING ftt filftiiuhontor, August 27, 2B, and 2(1, 181J7.

Spociiil i'rlzo I.iRt lUid l-'oniis of Entry will be issliod at tlio end
of May. T. IJ. ItroEii, .Socrotiiry.

ii7A, Clnirch Stroot, Livorpool.— April 23, 18U7.

OOUTltKRN COUNTIES ASSOCIATION.

O I'lmi'lfjU ls(lfl-'fl7— lli^ GuArK tuf. Dukr or Richmond, K.G.

Tim ANNII.M, EXIIIDITION of HOUSES, STOCK, rOULTRY,
IMPLEMENTS, WORKS of ART, ic, ivUI bo hold nt BRIGHTON,
on tlio 21tli, 25tli, 2ljtli, 27th, and 28th ol JUNE NEXT.
SUMMARY OF I'RIZES OFFERED:—
CATTLE.— Short-horns, £126 ; Siwsex, £126 ; other Ureeds. X60.
SHEEP.— Soutbdowns, £00 ; Hants Downs, £00 ; Oxford Downs, £00 ;

Kent Sheep, £00.
HORSES.— Agricultural, £110; Hunters, £95; Hacks, £16 ; Ponies,
PIOS.— Berkshire, £32; other Breeds, £33. [£10.

POULTRY.— V.arious, £03.

Tho PRIZE LIST may be oVit,ilned of the Secretary. ENTRIES
CLOSE May 1. By order of the Council,

Yatoly, Furuboroufib. G. B. il. Snt'TS, Secretary.

15 ATH and WEST of ENGLAND
-'-' SOCIETY.

POULTRY- SHOW at SALISBURY on
tho lOth, nth, 12tb, 13th, and 14tli of JDN E,

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.
The PRIVY COUNCIL harine REFUSED PERMISSION to
hold a CATTLE SHOW at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, tho PRIZES
for [lORSE.S have been incretrsQd by £360, viz. : —

£300 bv the SOCIETY and £60 bv the LOCAL COMMITTEE.

Tho PRIZES lor THOROUGHBREDS now amount to . . £175

„ HUNTERS „ .. 4116

HACKNEYS „ .. 130

„ ROADSTERS „ ..00

CARRIAGE HORSES „ .. 105

PONIES „ .. 146

£1050
For Prize Sheets and Forra.s of Entry apply to
12, Hanover Square, London, W. H. Hall Dark, Sec.

Eixt Agricultural ©alette

SATURDAY, MAY i, 1867.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING "WEEK.
MoNOAT, May C-Lon(lon Farmers' Club (on Harvest Work)— C p.m.

It will ba seen ft-om tlie report of last
Wednesday's meeting of the Council of the Eoyal
.\gricultiu-al Society thatthe meeting of the Society
in 1868 has been fixed by a large majority for
Leicester. Another point of interest in the report
is tho resolution to increase, by 350?., the prizes for
the different classes of horses to be shown at
Bury St. Edmund's, in consideration of the
enforced absence of the cattle classes. Full
particulars of the additional premiums are adver-
tised above.

On the following day a Special Meeting
of Council met for tho purpose of appropriating
their educational grant of 300/. ; and it was
decided that, on presenting any satisfactory
proof of having received a good general educa-
tion, candidates for the Society's honours and
distinctions, if not younger than 18, nor older
than 25, should be admitted to examination in
the science and practice of Agriculture, in Book-
keeping, and in one or more of the following
subjects, at the discretion of the Committee, viz.,
Mechanics in their application to Agriculture,
Agricultural Chemistry, Botany, Geology, Vete-
rinary Science, Pield Engineering, and .Survey-
ing. The examiners will be appointed by the
Council. And it wiU thus be seen that whUe the
necessity of a good general education is duly
insisted on, the Society is for the future to direct
its efforts more expressly to the promotion
of the several branches of a sound professional
training.

Mr. IIoLLAND will, we hope, be able to secure
upon the future Education Committee the

ro-oporation not only of those who liavo all along
coiiloiidud for that view of tho Society's duty
which it lias now adopted, but also of many to
wlioiu lie has hiihortu been o])poscd, but who
wilh ;iU their devotion to lln. jjidiuolioii of a
hotter general education for country boys, never
liavo denied that tlio more limited field into
wliich ho has at length succeeded in directing
tho Society, is ono which well deserves all the
attention that can be given to it.

No greater sales have occurred in tho history
of tho Short-honi breed than those whicli Mr.
Str.u-'Forii has conducted daring the jiast week.
At I'reston llall on Wednesday, and at ilavering
on Thursday, the (jraud Duchess, Cambridge
Rose, Oxford, and Waterloo tribes realised even
more than the greatest admirers of Kirkleaving-
tou blood could have expected. And many
other well-known families fetched such high
prices as show both the present high market
value of well-bred stock, and the high estima-
tion in which particular families of Short-horns
are held.

A detailed priced list of Mr. Betts's herd is
given in another column, and a similar report
will appear next week of Mr. McIntosh's herd.
At the former it will be seen that 03 animals
realised 1 1 ,399/. 1 "is., or the unprecedented average
of 180/. 19s. each — that 52 cows, heifers,
apiece ; and 11 bulls and bull calves 1884/. 15.?.,
and heifer calves fetched 95 15/. 2».,orl82/. 19s. 8(/.
or \1\l. Is. each. At the latter sale 57 herd of
stock made 6647/. lis., or 116/. 12s. GfZ. each.
And Mr. Steaffokd has thus sold during the
two successive davs 120 animals for upwards of
18,000/., or 150/. apiece.

The following are the average prices realised
by some of the principiil families thus disposed of :

Descendants of

No.

^. Average.

Greatest
Price.

Grand Duchess . .
Cambridge Rose
Waterloo Cow . .
Oxford Cow
Royal Butterfly . .
Lady Bates

13
10
9
3
4
0

£ s. d.\ £, s. U.
5V59 5 0 443 0 0
2149 17 0 214 18 8
1103 11 O' 12i 12 4
1080 0 0 5G0 0 0
968 0 O' 241 10 0
788 11 0 131 8 6

£ !. a.

892 10 0
372 15 0
168 0 0
0.10 0 0
330 0 0
215 0 0

The question of Utility is beset with difficul-
ties sutiiciently fonnidabie to puzzle the most
philosophical. When Cui hono ,' is asked with
reference to almost anything, tho answer seems
to fly from us from point to point until, if we
follow, we .are led into vacuity. When we there-
fore attempt to answer tho question — ' ' Of what
use is a knowledge of science to the farmer I-" "
we find ourselves on critical ground. It is not
that we have no faith in the power of scientific
knowledge, but our dilfidenee springs from the
diSiculty of treating the subject in a practical
manner.

We have in a previous number of this Journal
endeavoured to point out the intimate connection
between science and agricultiu'e, and we wish
now to show the utility of scientific knowledge to
the individual agriculturist. The first point,
although true, does not prove the second, for it
is certain th.at we may derive adv.antage from an
invention without a knowledge of tho principles
which guided the originator in his investi-
gations. Thus it would hardly be thought
'necessary for a shoemaker to understand the
theory of tanning leather, or for a sailor
to be instructed in the calculations which
guide the shipbuilder in laying down his vessels.
On the contrary, we find the great principle of
division of labour to extend with civilisation, a
part of the work of humanity being allotted to
each profession or business, so that perfection
may eventually be attained in each. Although
the relations of these various occupations to each
other, and their relative importance to mankind,
may afford interesting matter for reflection to
the philosopher, those who are engaged in
prosecuting them will be better employed in
perfecting themselves in the branch they have
chosen. Human life is too short and the com-
petition of life too severe to allow the majority of
men to pay much attention to branches of
knowledge which do not directly influence theu-
prosperity, and we can easily imagine a thoughtful
agricultui-ist considering whether, because
chemistry has given him " superphosphate," and
mechanics and engineering skill have given him
a steam plough, he is bound to bo both a chemist
and an engineer as well as a farmer.

We beUeve that to be a successful agriculturist
a man must thoroughly understand his business,

468

THE GArxBENERS' CMONIOLE AND AGT^TCTTLTTmAL GAZETTE.

[Mat i, iscf.

and we know of no otlier requisite qualification.
In order _ to clear up the question under
consideration, it is necessary to inquire as to the
natui;e of such knowledge. If we attempt to
describe a perfect farmer, with what words shall
we paint him p He must possess that shrewd-
ness^ and intimate knowledge of the general
details of agricultural operations and manage-
ment of live stock so commonly met with among
the best examples of farmers in every district ;
he should not be clogged with local prejudices,
hut, on the contrary, should be acquainted with
the proceedings of farmers in other parts of the
country, so that he may adopt any practice
which seems economical.

In order to take fuU advantage of the times in
which he lives, he should be able to avail
himself of new and valuable implements. He
should have no difficulty in reading intelligently
analyses of manures and cattle foods, and should
know the value which may be affixed to each
constituent.

Agricultural experimenters have shown again
and again the vast differences in produce when
animals or plants are placed under comparative
but varied circumstances. The farmer ought to
be able to understand the bearings of such results
and to interpret to his own advantage the answer
which Nature invariably gives when interrogated
rightly. In order to do this nothing should be
adopted rashly, but each farmer should test the
results on his own premises. Now, we main-
tain that either to understand or conduct an
agricultural experiment, a man must have a
mind trained to the subject, and on this we found
our strongest argument for a sound philosophical
view of Science. As to the amount of scientific
knowledge which a farmer should possess, wo
can only say as we should of any useful informa-
tion— the more the better; but since time is
limited we would insist upon a sufficient amount
to give him a priaciple of action in every opera-
tion he controls, so that he cannot be accused of
being a mere empuic, but wUl be seen to be
following a rational system. The man who thus
conducts business has the key to further improve-
ment, time-honoured practices for which he cannot
see a reason are cautiously discontinued, and new
methods are
of principles.

Mr. Lawrehoe, speaking upon the use of
sound scientific knowledge to the agriculturist at
the last meeting of the Cirencester Farmers'
Club, was most happy in the instance he selected
when he pointed out the influence of food upon
the quality of manui-e as well as upon the well-
being of the fatting animal. Messrs. Lawes and
Gilbert, after thorough investigation of this
pouit, have come to the conclusion that " there
is a far greater difference in the manuring than
in the feeding value of the ordinary stock foods
in the market." Hence it follows that although
two foods have an equal effect in fattening an
animal, the one may be'much more valuable than
the other on account of the superior quality of
the manure left. " It may be stated that the
estimated value of the manure from 1 ton of
oilcake is considerably more than that from the
same quantity of Linseed, Lentils, Beans or Peas ;
from two to thi-ee times as much as that from
1 ton of Oats, Indian Corn, Barley, or hay ;
from seven to ten times as much as fi-om tho
same weight of Oat, Wheat, or Barley straw,
and 20 times as much as from 1 ton of roots."
What a field of inquiry does this simple fact
open up, and yet we may ask— What chance has
the farmer to appropriate such valuable informa-
tion to his own use unless he is furnished with that
mental training which will enable him to under-
stand and to value it ?

Wo must, before closing these remarks, say a
few^ words upon the importance of a study of
agricultm-al literatm-e. A mass of evidence,
eveiy year increased and enriched by the obser-
vations of practical men, lies open to the farmer.
Here he can read the experience of men similarly
engaged with himself in all parts of the country,
and bund and prejudiced must he be who
considers such information as valueless. Yet
such is, even in this day, too much the disposition
of the farmer, and while a piece of experience
given in conversation would be esteemed as
practical and worth attending to, the same fact
presented through the medium of the press,
would be looked upon as worthless.

If an intelligent knowledge of business is
desired, such as will place the agriculturist in a
position of a leader in the van of advancing
agriculture, he must exercise his reasoning

powers — he must connect facts with ideas, and
matters of mere sense with reason, and this will
insure him the merited title of a scientific
agriculturist. TT'.

Mr. Bailey Denton's herd of Short-horn

cattle is announced for sale on Thursday, the 16th of
May, at Chesfield Manor Parm, near Stevenage. It
comprises a number of well-bred animals, related to
the herds of Sir C. Kniqhtley, Lord Spehcee, Mr.
Booth, and others.

— ;— We see it announced that the sewaged Grass at
Craigentinny and other meadows near Edinburgh has
been sold for the season at prices equal to from 20^. to
33^. per acre ; at Lochend, from 241. to 41?. ; and at
Quarryholes, from 36?. to 38?.

The] Society of Arts' Food Committee, whose

proceedings have been so fully reported in the Society's
Journal, will, it is hoped, be the means of bringing
about beneficial results in the production of cheap and
good food for the poorer classes. There is a singular
prejudice prevailing amongst Englishmen against the
introduction of any new material or substance. We
have plenty of instances in materials of manufacture,
how they have been introduced at public sales or, in
commercial phraseology, " brought to try the market,"
and having been rejected, probably from prejudice,
have been lost sight of for years, when they have been
again introduced, and have become important articles
of commerce. It is the same with articles of food as
with materials of manufacture. It takes a long time
to assimilate an Englishman's taste to any new
aliment, and this is more especially the case with
imported meat. A new article has lately appeared
amongst us, and is now largely advertised. It is the
boiled beef which is sold in 6 lb. tins, at the rate of
7d. per pound ; it is Iquite free from bone, and is the
prime parts of the beast only. The meat is not salted,
but boiled fresh, and though the system of hermetically
sealing in tins is not a new one, the meat is
said to be far superior to anything of the
kind yet introduced. We see no reason why
good meat should not be imported from the
Australian colonies. We know that the Australian
cattle were originally of English breed, and that they
have been much improved by the addition of prize
bulls from this country. And from this fact, as well
as from the richness of the Australian pasture land, we
may be led to hope for really good meat, and that
this new article may become an established colonial
trade, and an efBcient means discovered for bringing
the meat over in an uncooked state. John Bull,
however, prides himself, and justly so, on the "Roast
Beef of Old England," and seldom, if ever, thinks of the
large quantity of live cattle with which we are supplied
by foreign countries. Our cattle traffic with Holland,
however, is a very important branch of trade, the
falling off of which, from the prevalence of the rinder-
pest in that country, has been severely felt bv the Dutch
as well as by the English traders. The British Consul
at Rotterdam, in his report just furnished to the
Govermnent, says:— "The cattle trade has suffered
considerably, in consequence of the prohibition to
import live cattle from Holland into Great Britain
during the prevalence of the cattle disease, and the
Dutch farmers are equally unable to find a market
elsewdiere. Large quantities of slaughtered meat are,
however, sent over by the steamers to London, and in
this manner the London market continues to receive
some portion of the usual Dutch supply of beef and
mutton." Our traffic in live cattle of all descriptions
during the past year was considerably below that of
1865, the trade returns for the two years standing
thus : —

1865.

Oxen, bulla, and cows ., .. 227,528

Calves 55,743

Sheep and lambs .. . .. 914,170

Swiue and hogs . . . . . . 132,943

It would seem that meat is very apt to lose in quality
upon a long journey, and more especially a sea journey,
by which reason that brought into the London markets
from Scotland by rail is more readily disposed of than
that brought by sea. Yet the importations of dead
meat from Holland have been so well packed and taken
care of on the whole, as to meet with willing buyers in
the English market.

186C.
209,171

28,568
790,860

73,873

Many of us in England probably learnt much of

the habits and inner life of the Russian nobles and
peasantry during the recent marriage of the Czahe-
wiTcn. After the squalor and wretchedness of the
lower classes that was then depicted by the corre-
spondents to our daily press, it is something of a relief
to find that the agricultural labourers in some districts
of Russia are sometimes even better paid than the
same classes in England ; and at a time when strikes
among om' operatives are so prevalent that the usually
peaceful, plodding labourers m our fields are jiarlaking
of a similar spirit of discord, as is proved by the
threatened refusal to work in some of our agricultural
counties, it is somewhat satisfactory to read in a report
from Berdiansk that the harvest during the past year
was so exceptionally good that every one engaged
in trade or field labour has profited well by it,
and "the local corn dealers, who purchase from
the growers and sell to the exporters, realised handsome
profits, while the net gains of the exporters varied
between 3000?. and 30,000?. to each house. Labourers
were glad in the early spring to find employment at
Is. per diem; from July, however, they received Ss.,
45., and even Gs. per day ; while women earned from
2s. to is. Indeed, there was such a scarcity of hands,
that farmers offered high prices to every one who would
work, and during the harvest time numbers of house
servants even left their situations and went to the
fields." The inhabitants of Berdiansk, however,
though having such an abundant harvest, and their

labour commanding such high prices, suffered much,
and were still suffering in January (at the date of the
report), from the cattle plague ; the consequence was
that meat had risen in price 30 per cent.

THE PRESTON HALL SALE.

Tjie following is a priced list of the Preston herd

sold on A¥eduesday last by Mr. Henry Strafford. Tho

breeding of the several animals is given in page 412 ;—

Cows AND Heifers.

51

G. Duchess 5tli

Moss Rose

Lady Butterfly

G. Duchess 8th

Red Rose. .

Passion Flower

Lady Louisa

G. Duchess 9th

Archduchess

Lady Love

G. Duchess 11th .

Royal Butterfly's
Duchess

Rose of Raby

Paleface , ,

Maidenhaii-

Thoi-ndale Rose

Passion Flower 3d

Red Hose 2d

Red Rose 3d . .

G. Duchess 15th

Beautiful Butter-
fly .. ..

Countess . ,

NymphaUn

Passion Flower
4th

Equity

Preston Butterfly

G. Duchess 17th

G. Duchess 18th

Ti'ue Love

Lady Lucy

Beatrice . .

Maid of Lorn

Red Rose 4th .

ThorndalcMaid . .

Royal Butterfly's
Duchess 2d .

Guhiare . .

Lady Kniqhtley

Lady Butterfly .

Archduchess 3d

G. Duchess 19th

White Butterfly
Frida

Oxford Rose
Moss Rose 2d .
Roy.il Butterfly's

Duchess 3d . ,
HUda
Lady Kuightley

^d
Thorn daleRose 2d
G. Duchess 20th
Ai'chduchess 4th
G. Duchess 21st
Passion Flower

5th

Age.

li

li
li
1
1
1
1
Months.

2 days.

D. of Devonshire
Mr. ,1. P. Foster
Mr. Attenborough
Lord Penrhyn . .
Mr. C. Leney . .
Mr. Stunt
Mr. C. Leney
Mr. F. Leney
Mr. S. CampbeU..
Mr. Barnes
Earl Spencer

Col 'Towneley ..
D. of Devonshire.
Mr. G. Leney
Mr. P. Leney . .
Lord Braybrooke
Mr. PuUey
iMr. .Stone
Mr. C. Leney . .
Mr. Miller

Mr. Larking
Mr. Larking
Mr. Fowler

Mr. C. Leney
Mr. Whitworth ,
Mr. AUsop
Capt. Oliver
Capt. Oliver
.Mr. Z. Walker .
Mr. Me.akiu
Mr. J. Fawcett .
Mr. Whitworth .
Mr. Brogdeu
.Mr. Allsoi)

Mr. Bulteel
.Mr. PuUey
Mr. Adcock
Mr. Eastwood .
Mr. J. Fawcett .
Mr. C. H. Dawson

Mr. Larking
Mr. Whitworth . .
D. of Devonshire
Mr. D. R. Davies.

Mr. Bulteel
Mr. Fi-iend

Mr. Adcock
Lord Braybroke
Earl Spencer
Ml". S.Campbell..
Mr. M,acIntosh . .

Mr. T. Bates . .

Price.

£ s. il.
210 0 0
241 10 0
152 5 0
i77 10

346 10 0

0

47 6

84 0

220 10 <

59 17 (

73 10 (

420 0 (

336 0 (

110 5 (

44 2 I

84 0 I
372 1,5
110 5

86 2 0

157 10 0

81 0 0

04 1 0

58 10 (I

50 8 II

03 0 0

73 10 (I
91 7 0

892 10 0

745 10 0

131 5 0

53 11 0

50 8 0

90 C 0

252 0 0

74 11 0

315 0 0

03 0 »

91 10 o

84 0 0

54 12 0

735 0 0

39 18 0

49 7 0
.52 10 0

1G8 0 0

210 0 0

17 17 0

50 8 0
210 0 0
451 10 0

43 1 0

346 10 0

21 0 0

Total, Cows and Heifers (l82i. 2s. 8ti. each) . . | £9615 2
Bulls.
Tears.

Grand Duke 4th .
Lord Oxford 2d..
Royal Wharfdale.
Grand Duke 16th.
Cambridge Duke

3d
Mameluke

Conrad . .
Grand Duke 17th.
Royal Cambridge
2d .. ..

Hengist . .
Roy.al Thorndale.

6
3

2

14

1

Months.

E.arl Spencer
Mr. F. Leney
Mr. Miller
Mr. A. J. Robarts

Mr. C. Leney
Mr. Allsop

Mr. Pomeroy
Mr. Brogden

Mr. Mace . .
Mr. J. Webb
Mr. Roper

Total, 11 Bulls (inl. Is. each) . .
Total, C3 head of stock (ISO!. 19s. each)

.i, s.

220 10
210 0
105 0
535 10

0
0
0
0

220 10
69 0

0
0

23 2
320 5

0
0

94 10
33 12
52 10

0
0
0

£1884 15

0

£11899 17

0

A WALK OVER MY FARM.

My walk to-day has suggested to me many
reflections. First, that this is, as compared with last
year, a more natural season, with winter at the right
time, and now genial spring ; consequently we have the
promise of a much more abundant crop than in 1866,
when the forced growth produced by an unusually
mild winter was crippled and almost destroyed by
severe frosts in April and May. This remark applies
equally to our fruit trees.

There has been, however, one drawback as regards
lands undrained, naturahy or artificially — I mean the
large amount of snow and rain in March and April.
When I ask myself how it is that the crops on my own
poor heavy land are so intensely green, and promise so
abundantly, while on similar soils elsewhere they look

fale, thin, and faint, the answer is painfully obvious,
uto these undrained subsoils, now filled with stagnant
water, the nascent spring roots refuse to enter, so the
plant gives bilious evidence of its unfavourable condi-
tion. One may safely predict that, in such cases, the
difference or deficiency of the Wheat crop, as compared
with the drained land, cannot be less than one to two
quarters per acre, or in money value at present prices
from 3?. 10*. to 7?. per acre. The same remark applies
in degree to other kinds of crops ; and yet the interest
or annual charge for perfect drainage would be loss
than lOi. per acre.

Without any desire to boast of my own crops, but
with a sincere and earnest intent to stimulate and
encourage agricultural improvement, I state that my

Mat 4, 18G7.J

THE GARDENEKS' (CHRONICLE AND AfiRlCtTETtlRAl, GAZETTE,

469

■^ns iiromiso to compete with those ol' the richest
?Ss 1 t i kiiiKdom and I trust 1.hal„.o.v harvest
Sives tto vvhS desire to satisfy th..r innuls on th.s
Boint will come andjudRe ofthe.cnn.s Inr tlinnsclvos
^ Hero are 50 aores of Wheat, drilled w,lh only 1 buslie
nefaoretin luxuriant bunches reiilly too tuck ; Oats
Slled with 2 bushels per acre aud JUrley 0 necks per
?Jre-an a fi.ll pkuit- TJ«inf, P.«'-S Tares, Clover, and
Italian liyo-grass-all in full vigour, Youns lambs,
nlnmr straii^ht in the back, and vivacious ; and this on
fand not naturally better than -ft oking Common or

™The"trut'h"musrbo spoken. If those wastes w-ere
well drained, deeply and cleanly cultivatod with perfect
imrloments,and then well manured with the unwashed
vmdau.'cs of well-fed animals, they too tiiight produce
food results beneficial to the country, and prohtablo to

"Tafd'one of my men to me to-day,-" Master I think
vou will be ablo to thresh 100 quarters of Whe^at at
harvest time and then have all your stack Iramcs lull.
And i duite believe we shall. Now, when it is con-
sidered tliat I have 12 stack frames besides a very large
barn, and when it is remembered that w lien 1 hrst
bou-'ht the farm I was told by many practical men that
I should never grow enough to fill my great barn, it is
not to be wondered at that I am very full of comfortable
and consoling rollectious, aud that I am more and more
convinced how much this otherwise great country
suffers from an insullicient investment of intelligeuco
and capital in the production of its daily food.

My thick-sowing friends will be astonished to see my
crops It will do them good to come just before
harvest The three pecks per acre will be ample,
although well eaten by slug ; and even the poor peck
an acre, which was almost destroyed by slug, promises
to surprise us, although I think it can hardly be a full

"^'p'hile passing last week from Salisbury towards
Axminster, I saw for five miles on each side of the
road that which gratified me e.\ceedingly— I mean
unmistakable evidences of an intelligent and patriotic
appreciation and realisation of our national agricultural
requirements. The whole property belonged to the
late much-lamented Lord Sidney Herbert, and is now
in the possession of his son the Earl of Pembroke For
the whole distance were noble premises of an architec-
tural character suitable for farmers of intelligence and
capital Good residences, substantial farmeries, and
above and beyond all, no end of well-placed labourers
cottages, which gladdened the eye but sorrowed the
heart, when I contrasted them with the wretched and
demoralising hovels of our general agriculture. Many
of those cottages and farmeries have been erected since
the death of the late lord, but the plans and arrange-
ments were all completed before his death. Here are
fine farms of from 600 to 1000 acres. No miserable
three or four-acre fields, shut in by great hedge-rows
aud large timber trees. , ,, ,

AYhere there is sufficient capital, who can doubt tor
a moment the pecuniary advantage of such a state of
things as regards the landlord, tenant, and country at
large? I am pleased to find that these excellent
cottages were let to the labourers at I*, per week, aud
that attached to each was an ample garden.

So far as I saw, the labourers and shepherds compared
favourably with those ragged specimens I have too
frequently met in certain ill-paid and ill-housed districts
which shall be nameless.

The fine flocks of well-bred Down sheep were to me
a gratifying sight. I should, however, have been better
pleased had they been supplemented by cattle in the
yards eating straw and cake, and thus producing
manure to force maximum "Wheat aud other crops.

Before I conclude this paper, I would advert to a too
common but very painful result arising from a miscon-
ception or under-estimate of the cost of carrying out
agricultural improvements. , , , , ., .

A purchaser of unimproved land should reckon that
to put an unimjiroved farm into a suitable condition
for a tenant of capital and intelligence, the outlay
should probably be —

A new residence £2 to £3 per acre.

Farm buUdini; 0 to 7 „

Proper roads, squaring of fields, and
removing fences, &c . . 1 to 2 „

Drainage . . . . ^ "

So here is a total of some lU. to 18^. per acre as land-
lord's outlay.

The tenant would require on a heavy-land larm,
mostly arable, about 15?. per acre, independently of any
extra investment for chalk or lime-
Steam engine, threshing machine, mill
stones, pulpers, chafE cntters, drills, aud
the usiual farm implements . . . . £2 -

Tillages 2 l"

Horses .. .. iSU

Live stock (as in my case) n !!

Unsold ijroduce 3 0 0

£14 13 0
A complete set of Fowler's steam ploughing and
cultivatins: apparatus would cost near 1000?.

It is idte to expect to produce food for the people,
and profit for the farmer, without larger investments
of capital and intelligence. J. J. Mechi, A^ril 23.

THE IRISH LAND QUESTION.

[The following is Mr. Caird's letter on this subject, to which
reference was made last week.]
I BEG the favour of your insertion of some remarks
on the Irish land question, with a suggestion for a plan
of voluntary action between landlord and tenant,
■which, perhaps, may not be without use in the con-
sideration of the liills which stand for an early dis-
cussion in Parliament. Allow me first to touch one
or two points on which I think exaggerated opmious
are held by some men of weight and authority. All

0 to £3
0

may admit that Ireland was over-peopled in ISKi,
immediately after the Potato famine. Since that tinio,
however, more than a third of the people havo dis-
appeared. \'el it is said, on high authority, that it
will bo necessary that sho should lose ono and a hall
millioji inoro before she can become fairly prosperous.
Lot us hope this may not be 'so, for iit this moment
Ireland, for her extent of corn laud, is not more
popiilou.s than Holland or Switzerland, both countries
from which there is little emigration, and both, like
her, more pastoral than either arable or manufacturing.
Then it is said Ireland is, from the humidity of her
idimato, not at all fitted for the production of com.
iiul slie does produce more than two million acres of
corn annually, of the value of 12 to 15 millions sterling.
That sho is still, in by far the largest degree of any
country in Europe, dependent on the Potato for her
food, is much to be deplored.

The small-farm system is condemned by some, and
that of the Lothians and the corn counties of England
commended as a substitute. Independent of other
considerations, I don't think the large farm system
suited to the moist climate of Ireland. I am sure it
will not usefully maintain so largo a population, and
statesmen on^lit not to overlook the fact that of a
capital or:U,i)Oii,«iKW., invested in live stock, in Ireland,
more than one-third is the property of tenants holding
less than 30 acres of land.

Then, it is said, Ireland has neither minerals nor
manufactures to give employment to her surplus
population. In that respect she is in no worse position
than the south of England and the north of Scotland.
It is as easy to move labour to Lancashire and York-
shire from the remotest part of Ireland as from Devon
or Caithness. I5ut inasmuch as nine-tenths of the
Irish emigration passes through Liverpool, crosses the
Atlantic, and most of it then presses on 1000 miles into
the interior towards the rich valley of the Mississippi,
it would seem that an agricultural population finds
little attraction in the high wages of the manufacturing
districts so long as there is the prospect of the more
congenial agricultural employment in which the people
have been bred. Now, I do not question the advan-
tage of that emigration to the individual. What I feel
is, that the nation is being weakened by the with-
drawal, year after year, of so many thousands of the
young, strong, and intelligent. It is no longer a ques-
tion solely of landlord and tenant, for this constant
drain is a national loss.

We may assume that landlords and tenants m
Ireland are governed by the same motives as regulate
the actions of the same classes in other countries, and
that both desire the improvement of their condition—
the owner in the permanent advance of his property
aud the tenant in the secure enjoj-ment of his capital
and industry. Since it is only from an increase of
wealth that the fund can be created from which wages
are paid, it is an error to imagine that emigration
will make Irish landlords or farmers richer, if
unaccompanied by an increased productiveness of the
land. On the contrary, the probability is that both
will become poorer— the landlord through diminished
competition for his land, the farmer by the scarcity
and higher cost of labour. But increase the produc-
tive qualities of the land, and the farmer's profits
increase, the landlord's rents improve, and the founda-
tion is laid for the profitable employment of labour.

Two things are wanted fur profitable farming— fixed
capital in building, drainage, fences, aud roads ; and
security of tenure for the floating capital of the farmer.
The fixed capital should be found by the landlord,
the floating capital by the tenant. One of the witnesses
before the last Committee on Irish Tenant Right^ a
high authority on the subject— Mr. M'Carthy Downing
—told us that he wa-s not aware of any single case of
any landlord in Ireland building a house for a tenant,
•■ if you mean building it from the foundation, paying
for it, and putting the roof ou." The fact is notorious
that in Ireland the landlords, as a class, either cannot
or will not find this fixed capital, while the tenants
have no security to induce them to do so, even if they
could spare it (which very few could) out of the fund
they possess to stock and cultivate the land. I propose
to remedy this by finding the fixed capital for the
landlord, on condition that he gives the security of a
lease to the tenant for the period necessary to repay
the loan.

At the present price of Consols, Government could
borrow money at 3j per cent., which would repay
itself, principal and interest, in SZh years. As the
operation of a loan of this kind would be gradual—
certainly not over a million yearly— it would cause no
pressure on the money market.

My idea of a Tenant Eight Bill would be that
Government should be authorised to advance money to
landowners for the execution of such specific permanent
improvements on the land as should be sanctioned by
competent Government officers, on the condition that,
by a voluntary agreement betwixt them, the landlord
should for 31 years secure the tenant in the possession
of his farm, provided he regularly paid, in addition to
his rent, the annual sum of 5 per cent, in repayment of
the principal and interest of the Government loan.
The tenant would then be certain of his farm for a
period long enough to repay him for his exertions, his
own capital would be rendered doubly profitable by the
buildings, drainage, and other permanent improve-
ments, the annual cost of which to him would not be
more than a very moderate rise of rent. The landlord
would be relieved of the necessity of making an outlay
of money, while he would have increased security for
the regular payment of his rent, and in that, and the
changed aspect of his estate, would be amply com-
pensated for parting with its control for so lengthened
a term. The State which found the money would not
only receive it all again, but would benefit by the
settlement of a difficult question, resulting in har-
monious action between landlord and tenant, and

gradually incrca-sing and remunerative employment to
tradesmen and labourers.

1 do not see any reasonable objection to such a
measure as this. It may lie tested by considering how
it would work in England and Scotland, for a Ijandlord
iuid Tenant Bill uhich is sound in priiiri|i!c should bo
applicalilo to any portion of llic Liiili'd Kingdom in
which I ho necessity for it nuiy be felt. I ask myself,
as a huidowner, whether 1 wouhl accc|)t the aid of the
Government on the condition of jiarling with the con-
trol of my land for 31' years? In Great Britain very
few landlords would, but that is because they havo
already invested in their land the larger portion of the
fixed capital which is required for its profitable occu-
pation. In that case such an arrangement is not
nceiled, and therefore cialit iiuesl'io. But where it i.s
needed, and whero the landlord cannot or will not
find the capital, then in any of the three kingdoms this
principle would be just and reasonable, and beneficial
to all concerned.

There is nothing in it which interferes with the
voluntary action of landlord or tenant. Its operation
would be gradual, for 20 years have been requisite
in Great Britain for the voluntary expenditure of
10 millions sterling on similar land improvements. It
would give an immediate stimulus to employment
among agricultural labourers, country tradesmen, and
artisans; and l'arli;iiiienl. might leave such a measure
quietly to work its way, in the confidence that a prin-
ciple had been sot in motion which would gradually,
hut surely, change the face of the country, and put an end
to the existing evils in Ireland caused by the inability
of limited owners to expend the requisite capital on
the improvement of their property. James Caird.

[We add to Mr. Caird's letter a report of Mr. C. S.
Read's speech the other evening, when the Govern-
ment Bill on Irish Tenant Right was discussed. It
will be seen in the newspaper that an amendment was
on that occasion carried against the Government,
which, if the Bill should pass, must have the elfect of
cancelling its chief characteristic feature, that which
empowers a tenant to charge the land with the cost of
certain improvements without the landlord's consent.]

Mr. Read remarked that the great defects in the Bill intrn.
duced by the right hon. member for Louth last Session were,
as he i^ointed out at the time, that it laid down no scale fur
determining the rate of compensation, that it did not register
the Improvements when made, and that it provided no
machinery for deciding whether the works were necessary
or had been properly executed. Now, the present measure
introduced a third party in the shape of a commissioner, an
independent m.in, who would say whether the improveraenta
had been well carried out, and would also, he suppo.sed, by his
inspectors, insti-uet the tenants as to how they were to be
done. He would, moreover, have the power of adv.aucuig
Government money at a very libcr.al rate of interest. Any one
acquainted with agriculture must be aware that the mnlti-
phcation of buildings, the making of new farm reads, and
the construction of additional fences, though they might be
deemed improvements as ^far as regarded a particular
plot of ground, would in .iU probability militate against the
general consoUdation and improvement of an estate, and
ought not, therefore, to be undertaken without the
consent of the landlord. Beclaimiug a bog, cultivating a
mountain side, draining, when properly executed, and
removing numerous rocks and .stones, could not, on the other
hand, but be suit.^blo improvements for .any land, and the
landlord whoobjected to these oughtto keep the farm in hisown
h;uids. He still held the opinion which he expressed last year,
that .oU purely agricultur.al improvements ought to be paid for
in the course of at least 21 years, and if he bad any fault to
find with the present Bill, it was for being too liberal, for ho
thought th.at instead of extendhig compensation over a
period of 35 years, with the payment of 5 per cent., the term
might be contracted to 21 years, with the usual payment of
Gi or 7 per cent. Irish members had said a tenant would not
m.-ike tbo improvements unless he expected a retiim of 10 or
15 percent., so th.at no harm would be done by such a restric-
tion of time. It seemed to him that very exaggerated notions
prevailed as to the amount of tenant-right e-tisting in
England. No tenant-right existed in England, for example,
like that of Ulster. In some parts of the country, as Cheshire,
a certain allowance was by custom made to tenants for
boning, draining, &c., and there w.os the notable
example of Lincolnshire, where improvements wero
paid for on a certain scale. But there was no fixity of
tenure, and every m.an was liable to quit at six months'
notice, yet there was no part of the kingdom better cultiv.ated.
A speech of the noble e.arl .at the head of the Government had
been quoted, to the effect that if a tenant who had dr.ained his
Land, received notice to quit, ho could sue his landlord for
compensation. But m 99 cases out of 100 a tenant in England
had no such remedy. A tenant's covenants were very different
things. He made certain payments for hay, straw, manure,
(fee, on taking a farm, and he expected to be repaid for tho
same on leaving it. He sboidd be sorry to be understood as
saying anytldng in disparagement of leases. As a Norfolk
man he was bomidto say th.at in his opinion there was nothing
so .advantageous to agriculture. The Landlord always secured
more rent. He knew, .also, when to advance his rent, and he
could look forwai-d to the improvement of his property. The
tenant on his part enjoyed a certain independence under a
lease, and had a chance of reaping what he had sown, which
encouraged him to m.ake a birger expenditure of labour .and
capital upon bis land. If he were a landlord, he should not
object to grant leases to intelUgent, enterprising, and pro.s-
perous tenants, but he should seriously object to grant leases
where the tenants were poor and ignor.ant. He would
rather by far allow the smaller tenantry to expend their
own money under the Bill or to boiTow of the Govem-
menf than grant leases indiscriminately for 21 years. The
suggestion that where no written agreement could be pro-
duced, a lease of 21 years was to be assumed, was about as
reasonable as to enact that if a man did not cany a certificate
from a doctor to say he was sane he was to be held to be mad.
Remarks having been made about the size of fanns he woiUd
express his belief that in England the largest estixtes were tho
bestf.armed, the lowest rented, and were let \.-ith the most
liberal agreements in regard to cultivation. He believed
Ireland was no exception to this rule. Large farms offered
the fullest scope for tbo employment of capital .and scientific
.apphances to agriculture. Small farms had their uses, for
otherwise person.s of small capital would have no opportunity
of applyin<» themselves to the cultivation of the soil, and tbo
labourer would have no chance of bettering his condition by
becoming a smaU farmer. He beUeved that if this Bill were
passed, an immense stimulus would be given to the cniploy-
ment of Libour, for where a Large quantity of farms were in Uie
hands of smaU occupiers, there was very httle demand for
agricultural Labour, and wages were very low. If tho bovem-

in

THE GARDENERS' CHRoNlCLi] AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[May 4, 1SC7.

went would extend this Bill to England, lie and the other
tenantry of England would by no means consider it the act of
effrontery described by the hon. member for Tralee. He
would only add further, that if the Irish tenantry were not
content with this judicious recognition of their rights, there
must be something of a social aud political element in the
question of granting leases in Ireland which he as an English
farmer could not understand.

TO.

22. square miles (English)
.1.8272 bushels „

1..363 acres ,,

1.0298 feet „

1.0298 inch „

1.1024 lb. „

1.1758 quarts ,,

2.24:^ shiUiugs „

1.6456 shillings per acre,,

DANISH DAIRY MANAGEMENT.
Equivalents oe Danish Weights and Measures BErERRED
Square mile is nearly s=
Tonde (metrical) =

„ (superficial) =

Foot (fod) =

Inch =

Pound =

Pot (fluid) =

Rigs-daler (96 skillings) =
Rigs-daler per Tonde-land =

In regard to the quality of their dairy stock gene-
rally, I think that in all probability it would be
improved by a judicious introduction of some of our
blood— Short-horn, — Ayrshire, — or Jersey. In the
management of all their leading dairies the old arbi-
trary rule of tliumb," which still holds sway over too
many of ours, has entirely disappeared, and a philoso-
phic treatment, based on sound scientific principles, is
the rule and not the exception. The experiments
quoted testify to its advantages. The dairy now,
instead of, as of yore, being the abode of ignorance,
and often too of superstition, is the centre of an
enlightened and regular manufacture, where certainty
replaces chance, and where the waywardness of the
dairymaid is checked and controlled by the daily
account she has to give of the produce committed to
her, while her skill and attention are encouraged by
tlie registered returns. When Mr. Friis showed
me his " Dairy Kegister Sheet," I expressed my fears
that any attempt to introduce such an elabo-
rate system of analysis into the dairy farms of this
country would have a, very serious mental effect upon
our dairymaids, which would at once stop our pro-
ceedings. He replied that on first showing it to his
own head dairymaid she burst into tears, and continued
in a very distressed state of mind for a full week after-
wards. As she regained her composure, a, few figures
were seen chalked on the hoard ; these rapidly increased,
until they reached the last column, when she acknow-
ledged freely the value of the daily details, which testi-
fied to her own skill while recording her dairy returns,
and declared that she would never take the manage-
ment of any other dairy unless slie had the comfort
and protection of a similar arrangement. Prom that
day the success of Messrs. Eriis and Segelcke's " Dairy
Register " was assured, and it is now finding its way
into all the best dairies of the country. In our ordi-
nary manufacturing establishments, even where there
are none of those elements of disturbance which
always exist more or less where primary organic sub- '
stances are manipulated, as in butter aud cheese :
making, such analyses of results are sought for and '
valued. Would it not be well, then, for us to introduce
them (in modified form, perhaps, suited to our different
requirements) into our own dairies, where too com-
monly practices are quite independent' of principles,
where figures are eschewed, and the " reign of law " all
but unknown.

The farm establishments of the larger proprietors
form quite little colonies in themselves. The dwelling-
house is necessarily of capacious size, and is replete
with every comfort and convenience, while the same
roof shelters not only the master and his family, but
also [his numerous dairy and farm dependants. The
single men live in the house, the married have cottages
at the homestead, and in most cases have certain daily
rations of food allowed to them. Those who live in
the house have meat four days in the week, and about
1 lb. of butter and 1 lb. of cheese per week each. Beer
is given at the rate of about 150 gallons per head per
annum. The annual cost per head depends mainly
upon the house-keeper, and ranges generally between
100 and 120 r. d. per annum.' "in addition to their
keep, they receive from GO to 70 r. d. for their labour.
The head dairymaids live in the house, and receive
from 120 to 150 r. d. a year ; they are allowed also to
take one or more pupils, according to the size of the
dairy, with each of whom they receive a fee of 20 r. d.,
which is paid by the Royal Agricultural Society.
These pupils superintend the milking, and take part
in all the dairy manipulations. The milking, cleaning,
and general labour of the dairy is done by a staff of
women helpers, at the rate of one for each 20 cows in
milk. The cows are kept for the six winter months in
the byres, and for the rest of the year (May to
October) in the field. The general practice is to picket
them singly over the field, shifting them from three to
six times each day, as the keep maj' render necessary,
and leading them to water twice or thrice a day. On
some farms, as at Ourupgaard, they are kept picketed
until September, and then allowed to run loose ; but
very rarely indeed is the practice which I saw at
Gjeddesdals followed, of allowing them to wander over
the pastures and graze at will ; and yet that would
appear the more rational treatment, as a forced expo-
sure to the sun and blasts of a variable climate without
shelter or the means of protection from insect annoy-
ances, must, more or less, aft'ect an animal's comfort, if
not its health, aud thus disturb its natural secretions.
In either case, whether picketed or loose, they are
always attended by the herdsman, who has the entire
charge of them.

The cows are milked for about 10 months after
calving; the milking takes place twice a-day, at about
4.30 A.M. and 4.30 P.M. The calves are sold as soon
as dropped, at an average price of 2 r. d. each ;
a few of the best bred being retained to keep
up the stock. In the winter, the milk is allowed to
stand from ?4 to 26 hours, it is then skimmed,

and the butter made from the cream. In the
summer, the milk is churned fresh, and always gives
a better return both in regard to quantity and flavour of
butter than when made from cream. It is usually
tubbed at from IS to 24 hours after it is made. Cheese
is made from both the skimmed and the churned milk,
the refuse portions being conve.yed to the hog pens.
It is generally made twice a day in summer, and once
in winter; and in winter, both the cheese and the
butter are coloured with annatto. The cream or milk
for churning is generally set at 50° to 57° Fahrenheit in
summer, and at 61' to 63' Fahrenheit in winter ; the
increase in temperature during the operation is about
4° in summer, and from 2' to 3' in the winter.

The quality as well as the quantity of the milk is a
matter of consideration to the farmer. In Mr.
TesdorpCs returns is shown the practical bearing of the
latter in the classification of the cows according to their
respective yields. The tabulated returns of the
Lillerup and Ourupgaard dairies during a continuous
period of 26 months, show the variation in the quality
of the m ilk at different periods of the year, and also the
proportion of milk required for each pound of butter
produced.

Until within the last few years, the dairy manage-
ment in Denmark was much the same as it existed a
century ago. The whole subject, however, in its
theoretic as well as practical bearings, has recently
been submitted to the test of experimental inquiry,
which has rescued it to a great extent from the dark-
ness and uncertainty attending its operations. Fore-
most in this good service were Mr. Friis and Mr.
Segelcke — the former testing and proving practically
at Lillerup the value of the principles laid down and
explained by his friend and fellow worker. Thanks to
these enlightened men, the thermometer has now the
post of honour assigned to it in the dairy, for the
dairy farmer knows well the important bearing it has
upon his breeches pocket. In a pamphlet recently
published by Mr. Segelcke,* on the Theory and
Practice of Dairy Husbandry, it is shown that—

1. The quantity of butter obtained by churning is

dependent on the temperatures used.

2. The temperature that gives the best result, differs

according to the quality of the cream (more or
less old).

3. At any temperature, higher or lower, the propor-

tion of butter obtained is diminished.

4. A considerable percentage of butter, which other-

wise might be obtained, is lost when the churning
is not so regulated. This loss may often be very
large, as a difference of only 2'F. may result in a
loss equal to 4 per cent., whereas where the
thermometer is not regularly used, the tempera-
tures frequently vary to the extent of several
degrees.
The quality is also directly affected by the tempera-
ture at which the cream or milk is set, and its increase
during the operation of churning.

The following results of experiments carried out
at Lillerup show practically the bearing that attention
to temperature has upon the produce obtained.

Influence of Temperature on Churning (Lillerup).

Tempe-
rature in
Degrees
Fahren-
heit, at

Quantitj^

Churned in

Pounds.

284.90
306. V2

333.36
321.59

343.17
347.32

35.10

37.28

31.37
31.18

22.36
22.63

For 1 lb. of

Butter
there was
requii'ed

12.95
13.94

13.20
13.63

16.15
16.54

50S 601 340.94 22.53 203 16.43 1.09 113 22.42 100
60i 63 340.56 22.47 20 17.03 1.12 45 23.19 96.7

Therefore,

1 lb. of

Cream gave

the same

Results as

5J lb. of

Sweet Milk, t

21.75
23.24

20.24
21.00

21.92
22.48

100
93.e

100
96.4

100
97.5

The results of each of these four double trials
showed that a less proportion of butter was produced
from the milk or cream when the temperature at the
end of the churning was 63° than when it was 60t° ;
thus the difference of a single degree (Reaumur) J was
sufficient to affect the butter yield to the amount of
from 4 to 5 per cent.

The average produce of butter obtained may be taken
at 1 lb. of butter to about 30 lb. of milk. In dairies
such as those of Lillerup, Gjeddesdals, and Ourupgaard,
and others under like management, the proportion is
more satisfactory.

The importance of duly registering the daily produce
of the dairy, and thus establishing a system of com-
parison and checks in each department, was too obvious
to need much persuasion to ensure its adoption as soon
as a form of register was devised that should comprise
all the points on which information was desired.

The dairy working arrangements are generally good.
The churns are necessarily of large capaeities, generally
in wood, and worked either by horse or steam power.

* Meddclclfer vedi'orende Meierivosenct, &e., &c. Kjoben-
h.avn, 1865.

1 This proportion is the mean of a series of trials that were
undertaken at the same time as the churning experiments.

t The temperatures are all registered in Denmark according
to the Reaumur scale, which bears the proportion of 4 to 9 to
Fahrenheit, between the freezing .and boiling points.

At Valbygaard, near Slagelse, a new dairy has recently
been erected, in which the shallow rectangular pans or
trays in enamelled iron that received so much notice
at the Exhibition of 1SG2, are used to contain the milk.
There were 48 of these pans, each 9x3 feet, arranged
in six rows of eight each. The cream was readily and
rapidly removed from the surface by means of a light
wooden rake carried upon two small wheels, which
travelling on the parallel side edges of the pans or traj's,
enabled the rake to sweep over their entire surface.
The dip of the rake into the pan was regulated by a
simple mode of adjustment. When the cream was all
removed the end of the tray? was slightly tilted, so as
to discharge the skimmed milk into an open trough at
the other end, which conveyed it direct to the cheese
tubs, whence it passed out in the shape of whey to the
piggeries. The dairy herd on the farm consisted of
170 cows.

A comparison between the dairy management and
produce of irar own country with that of Denmark
would be valuable to both countries, if the data of both
were equally reliable. But unfortunately this could
not be ensured, as, with a few exceptions, we are not in
po.ssession of any dairy statistics that we could offer for
comparison, and those even are too limited in their
details to justify a verdict on either side. The follow-
ing returns from our own dairy records, however, may
interest the Danish farmers, and perhaps induce a more
general attention to selection and care in breeding, as
adopted by Mr. Tesdorpf, and perhaps also the intro-
duction of foreign blood, possessing milking properties,
to cross with the best of their own. These returns
are, no doubt, to be relied upon, as far as they go,—
still they must be only taken for what they are worth
— the milk produce of certain dairies on a compara-
tively limited scale.

Our principal dairy breeds are the Ayrshire, the
Channel Islands, the Short-horn, the Suffolk, and the
Kerry. Some published returns of two dairies of Ayr-
shire cows give the annual milk produce per cow at
650 and 632 gallons respectively. Three returns of
dairies, consisting wholly of Short-horns, show a pro-
duce of 510 gallons, 630 gallons, and 765 gallons respec-
tively, or an average of 625 gallons per annum for each
cow. In two dairies, where half-bred Short-horns were
kept, the yield was 810 and 866 gallons respectively for
each cow. In four dairies in Ireland, where pure
Kerrys and crosses with Short-horns and Ayrshires
were kept, the annual produce per cow was returned
at 500 gallons, 600 gallons, 675 gallons, and 7-10 gallons
respectively ; or an average, on the four dairies, of 630
gallons per annum for each cow. A dairy of "pure
Kerrys " * gave an average of 4S8 gallons per cow,
and another of the larger Irish breed gave an average
of 583 gallons per head per annum. In the great
Loudon dairies, now well-nigh extinguished by the
ravages of the cattle disease, these returns are greatly
exceeded. The cows kept are large framed Short-
horns and Yorkshire crosses, which, by good feeding,
bring the returns to nearly 1000 gallons per annum for
each cow kept. The custom in these establishments is
to dispose of a cow directly her milk falls below two
gallons a-day, aud buy another in her place.

The following milk retiu-n of one of our best managed
dairy farms (Frocester Court) shows the relative pro-
duce of cows in the successive years of their milking.
The first lot were bought in at two-years old ; all the
others at three years : —

15

14
15
20
18
9
15

Year of Milk.
1st
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Old

Produce per head.
317 gals.
472 „
535 „
616 „
666 „
635 „
708 „
651 „

The maximum reliable milk produce that we have
recorded was that of a single cow belonging to the
keeper of the gaol at Lewes, the details of which
were authenticated by the Board of Agriculture. In
eight consecutive years she gave 9720 gallons, or at the
rate of more than 1210 gallons per annum. In one
year she milked 328 days, and gave 1230 gallons, which
yielded 540 lb. of butter, or at the rate of 1 lb. of butter
to 22.? lb. of milk. In the early part of the present
year (1806) a return was published of the produce of a
cow in a Vermont (U. S.) dairy, which was stated to
have given, in the previous year, a butter yield of
504 lb., at the rate of 1 lb. of butter to 20 lb. of milk.

Quite recently, too, our agricultural journals have
recorded the butter produce of an Ayrshire eow at
3'JOUb. in the 10 months between calving (March 10,
1866, and January 10, 1867), besides supplying the
family with milk and cream ; and of another cow of
the same breed which has supplied the ownei-'s family
with milk and cream, aud given for the past three
years, 186-1, 5, and 6, respectively, 269 lb., 282^ lb., and
2/44 lb. of butter.

The proportion of butter varies with the season and
with the breed of the dairy cows ; the milk of the
Ayrshire cow is generally richer in butter than that of
the Short-horn or Suffolk; but this again is not so
rich as that of the Kerry or Channel Islands breed.
As a rule, it has been found that the best returns have
been obtained in the later summer or early autumn
months, when we have returns of 1 lb. of butter to
20 lb. of milk (Ayrshire breed) ; 1 to 19 (breed not
stated) ; 1 to 19i (Irish breed) ; 1 to 18i (Ayrshire) ;
1 to 17J (Ayrshire) ; 1 to lOJ (pure Kerry) ; and even
1 to 16 (Short-horn). This latter, no doubt, was under
exceptional conditions. In all probability the average
butter yield of our dairies is about 1 in 30, ranging
between 25 to 351b. of milk to 1 lb. of butter. Professor
John JFHson's Official Report of the AgricitZtural
Exhibition at Aarhims.

A remarkably small native Irish breed.

Mat 4, 1807.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

471

LIGHT AND HEAVY SOILS.
The followins is tlie leoturo receatiy dclivorcd at
Faringdon by Mr. W. J. Edmonds, of Southrop, on
" Some ol' llio Comparative Advantages and Uisad-
vautagcs in the Occupation of Light and Heavy Soils."
Mr Edmonds said : — In order to make the comparison
we must exclude the extremes of exceedingly weak,
cold, hungry clays on tho one hand, and tho light
blowing sand and very weak gravel on tho other;
indeed, no one taking the advice of a business man
would rent a farm of such land; and I will proceed to
make the comparison as between what are termed our
clay soils, and the stone brash, such as is found on tho
Cotteswold hills, or the light scanty or gravel loams.

Cost of Labouk.
The most obvious disadvantages which strike us as
belonging to heavy land are, tho greater expense of
tillage, the conUned choice of grain crops, and its
inadaptability to the growth of mutton and wool in the
winter season ; and, as belonging to light land, the
failure of crops from dry seasons and from other causes;
the ditUculty of obtaining a summer supply of food for
sheep ; and its liability to exhaustion. First, then, it
is obvious that in cultivating heavy land a far greater
horse power is necessary for the tillages than on light
land, and it will be interesting to endeavour to ascertain
what that dilferenco really is. We will suppose
the strong land farmed on the three-field course,
Wheat, Beans, Vetches, and Eape, &c. — the light land
on a four-field course. Wheat, Turnips, Barley, or
Oats, and seeds. In practice we should doubtless alter
the course a little, but not, I think, sufhciently to
aS'oct our calculation ; of course, on tho strong land we
should grow forward Turnips for Wheat, Mangel, and
certainly some Turnips for winter use, so on the light
land wo must grow Vetches, Rape, and possibly, now
and then, a few acres of Mangel, to be followed by
forward Turnips. In each case there would be extra
tillage, the one equivalent to the other. Science tells
us, and we as practical men are cognisant of the fact,
that more power is required to plough heavy land than
light ; three horses at all events are required for the
former, whilst two are enough for the latter ; but that
is not all, for horses never walk so fast on strong land,
say by half a mile an hour, as on light land,
and consequently less work per day is performed with
the extra power. That difference may be, I think
fairly estimated at one-sixth of the strong land
strength or another half horse power. On examining,
too, the number of ploughings to be performed, we
shall find in the rotation 1 have named that taking the
average of 13 years one-sixth more ploughing will be
performed on heavy than on light land ; thus, for
heavy land, in 13 years we have for Beans, four times,
four ploughs ; for Vetches following and the prepara-
tion for the Wheat crops three to four ploughs (say
Hiree and a half) each time, or in the
12 years 14 ploughs, making in all 18 ploughs in the
1:2 years. On the other hand, in our light-land rota-
tion, we have for Wheat three ploughs in the 12 years.
For Turnip cultivatiou seven and a half ploughs and
the risbanlk each time, equal to two and a half ploughs,
which ought to be enough, and for Barley four and
a half ploughs, namely one plough and one risbaulk
each time (and for part, too, one [plough only would bo
enough), total 15 ploughs— thus lo-lSths or five-sixths , grown

of ploughing on light land, which is as previously : supposing only 4 qrs. to an acre to he grown, the
stated one-sixth more on heavy land, or, another one- difference of even 6s. a qr. would be no less a sum than
half horse power, making four horses required for heavy | 24.?. per acre, or 2*. an acre over the whole farm. Still
land as against two for light. But ploughing is gene- , the inquiry. Will the land grow good malting Barley ?

implements and machines, that two horses per 100 acres
aro nearly sullicient for tho proper management of even
lightland (takingalsointonoticotheconsidcration [have
named with regard to tho application of manure), and

I will vary a little from the conclusion I have endea-
voured to demonstrate as being correct (it will slightly
diminish tho dillbronce stated to be required, namely
live liorses for every 300 acres), and take that dilferenco
to bo as two and a half to four, or an additional

II liorso power for every 100 acres ; but as we cannot
make uso of luilf-horsos it will be clearer, perhaps, to
double those numbers, and we find that on every
200 acres of land an additional three-horso power is
required. Now, if we add to the cost of keeping these
horses tho cost of manual labour required to attend to
them, we may fairly estimate the total at 30*. per week,
being 78^ a year, or about "s. 'JJii. an acre, whicli, at
28 years' iiurchase, is 10/. 18.!. id. jjeracre. In estima-
ing, then, the renting value of a strong land farm, this
formidable item of 7s. <Md. an aero will have to be taken
into account as ono set-olf against the larger corn crops
usually raised on such land ; neither can we, I believe,
ever wholly avoid it. But can we do so at all ? I believe
wo can, directly and indirectly. I do not hesitate to
say that the power of resistance in strong land, after
being once thoroughly broken up by the employment
of steam power, is very materially diminished ; the
indurated layer of earth formed under the top soil by the
continual tramp of horses, and never completely
shaken by the severest frost, is at once destroyed.
It is obvious that after steam cultivation,
clay soils oiler less resistance to the plough ; but
not so, to any sensible extent, light soils. We
must, then, look to tho introduction of steam for
ploughing and also for after cultivation, for a remedy
to the extent of nearly one-half of ihe disadvantages
which the former now labours under (for the most
part) in point of expensive cultivation with the latter,
so that whatever advantage may be gained by the one
by the introduction of steam,,that would be gained by
the other (that is by the clay soils) plus 3s. Crf. per acre.
The discussion of the indirect adv.antages would take
up too much time for this lecture, but I have no
hesitation in saying that a clay land farm, after being
once thoroughly cultivated by steam, proper roads
made at a cost of 15s. to 20s. an acre, and a rectifica-
tion of mounds at another 10s., would be worth more
to rent, a steam plough being still employed, by from
7s. to Ss. an acre, and would raise its value, after
deducting for the outlay required, about 71- 10s. an
acre. I am speaking of properly drained clay land,
with a clay subsoil, worth to rent from ISs. to 28s. per
acre. I do not believe that either on clay land with a
chalk subsoil or on loams, even stiff loams, the advantage
would be so great.

The next disadvantage which I may mention as be-
longing to clay land is that we are somewhat confined in
the choice of our crops. Wheat being the only white
straw crop that can be grown often. We might make a
rotation of crops for 12 years, thus : — Wheat, Beans,
Vetches, Wheat, forward Turnips, Oats, Clover, Wheat,
Beans, Barley, Mangels or Swedes (half fed off in spring
and half drawn home for winter use), followed in the
12th year by Vetches or Eape as a preparation for the
Wheat crop. It may be said that if this is really the best
course, a variation of a few shillings in the price of
Barley would not materially affect it, it being only
on l-12th of the farm, but I submit that

It is very usual to buy in breeding ewes in the autumn,
soiling them partly fat tho next autumn, after they
have had ono rear of lambs, and then replacing thoni
with younger ones. This does away with tho necessity
of keeping owe lambs tlirouf!h the winter, which,
however, I should prefer doing. There is not tho
slightest difliculty on such a farm in providing straw
and hay which, with pulped roots, would do thom
remarkably well in yards, and if foot-rot is feared by some
as tin; result, the fear is not a well-grounded one. I had,
unl^trlunati-ly, nno your, through the failure of the root
la'op, to keep 200 <ii- .'iOO lambs in yards all the winter.
I did not find any lameness in any of them, and am
quite sure that with proper attention to tho littering
tliere is no danger. * * * * Presuming, however, that
to change sheep annually is the rule on a clay land
farm, I will endeavour to give a rough estimate of the
probable expenses incurred for the purpose of keeping
those sheep, by ijrowing green food of all descriptions
for them, by finding dry food for them, and by manual
labour, &c., and also of the probable returns, and then,
by following a similar process with the light land, wo
may perhaps be enabled to ascertain to which side the
advantiige of the sheep stock may be, and to what
extent. Let us suppose 220 ewes to be bought in August
at 45s. per head ; these would consume the Clover-hay
grown and some of the straw, and, with lambs, would
consume the Swedes, Mangel, and summer food in tho
average of seasons ; there would be the produce of about
133 acres, being five-twelfths of the farm to be accounted
for, besides 10 acres of Italian Rye-grass laid down
among Beans. We have already considered the question
of tillages, which therefore must not be entered into
here, and, with regard to the rent, I have estimated
that a fair annual rental for such land, a clay soil, pre-
suming rates to be about 4-s. an acre, would be 25s. per
acre for the arable; and growing, with liberal and
thex-efore expensive farming, 4 qrs. Wheat per acre,
3 qrs. Beans, 8 qrs. Oats, and 4'r qrs. Barley. On the
other hand I have estimated the rental on the light
land at 28s. per acre, growing only on an average 3 qrs.
Wheat per acre, and 4 qrs. Barley. I will, if it should
not be thought tedious, give you my figures, and make
two or three remarks afterwards :—

August sheep stock, 220 breeding ewes, at 458., i05l.

Expenses throughout the Tear. £ 8. d.

By one shepherd .... .. .. .. .. 31 4 0

One boy, half-yeiir .. .. 800

Interest on capital, 4951 24 15 0

Hire of four rams . . . . . . 24 0 0

RnnforewesonGrassland,fromOctobertoChristmas 3G 8 0
Bran for ewes from 1st December to 1st March fol-
lowing, 90 days, 7 tons 3 ewt., at bl. each . . . . 35 15 0
Cake for lambs, 2d. per week each lamb,

20th February to 20th August 47 13 4

Cake for draught ewes, J lb. each, from 20th July to

2nthOctober 26 14 7

Chaff cutting, hand labour, for ewes, 16 weeks, at

IW. per bag 17 10 0

Loss on hurdles . . . . 5 0 0

20 tons of straw for fodder, at 15s. . . . . . . 15 0 0

Cost of Clover seed, 263 acres, and harrowing,

9^ 5s. Gi? : mowing and making hay, at 10s., 13i. 5.«. 22 10 6
Raiie, Turnip, Swede, and Mangel seed, 21b. per acre,

on .53 acres 2130

Hoeing, at 83. 21 4 0

Superphosphate of lime, three ewt, on 26 acres of

Swedes and Mangels 26 6 6

20 acres cleaned, at 68 .. .■ .. 600

5-2 acres of Vetches, 2 bushels per acre, at Qs. per bush. 314 0
10 acres of Italian Eye-grass seed, two bushels per

acre, at 38. 6iJ 3 10 0

rally, X believe, estimated at only about one-third of
the total horse labour to be performed on the average
of farms, light land farms certainly, the remainder
being made up of other tillages than ploughing, and of
carting. I find, however, from a calculation I have
made in the matter of the " other tillages" that taking
into account the heavier nature of the work and the
extra drilling on the strong land, three horses are
required for that purpose to every two required on light
land, notwithstanding that on the latter we have to take
into account the preparation for the Turnip crops, and
about one-fourth more harrowing and rolling for several
crops.

Then, again, as regards cartage, the balance is still
more against heavy land ; we have larger crops, more
acres of corn (I will just say that I speak always of
laud properly drained) ; we have for whatever roots are
grown for winter use their haulage to the fold, and
whereas on light soils a large portion of land, namely
the Turnip land, and the artificial Grasslands (excepting
where mown) are enriched by the manure of the sheep
fed upon the land through the whole year, on heavy
land we can only fold our sheep on the land eight
months in the year, and consequently the manure
made during the four winter months by the breeding
flock or lambs has to be carted to the soil. Assuming,
what is near enough for the present calculation, that
ploughing, other tillage operations than ploughing, and
carting, each form one-third of the whole operation ; on
the light land we require, say for 300 acres, two horses
for ploughing, two horses for other tillages, and two
horses for carting— six in all, whilst on 300 acres of
strong land we require four horses for ploughing, three
horses for other tillages, and four horses for carting,
11 in all— an additional five horses on every 300 acres.
There is also another consideration in estimating the
difference of required strength which has to be men-
tioned ; whicli is, that with a strong land farm it is
necessary to have a full strength iu order to meet the
contingency of wet weather, for on several days may the
clay land farmer be hindered in his work — last autumn,
for instance, wdiilst his neighbour on the light land
is continuing his. To return to our calculation —
It may be objected, in consequence of horse labour
having, for many purposes of late years, been substi-
tuted for hand labour, as seen in the use of our various

would be more necessary to be made on light soils. If
it will, the advantage would rather be over other light
land, which grew only a secondary sort, than over
heavy land ; because Barley, the intrinsic value of
which might be only 2s. per qr. less than another, is
often depreciated by the injurious operation of the
Malt Tax to the extent of 8s. per qr. ; thus, reckoning
4 qrs. to an acre at Qs. a qr., 21s. an acre, and this
amount on a quarter of a farm, or Gs. an acre over the
whole farm. I may just say that last summer a gentle-
man said to me something as follows. " I don't want
the Malt Tax repealed; I grow a good qualit.y, and
its remission would cause greater competition ! "
The growers of the best Barley being thus protected
to the injury of the rest !

Sheep Management.
But I will pass on to the other disadvantage I
have mentioned as regards heavy land. I have
already taken into consideration the cost of carting
the roots home and the manure back to the field,
and the general extra cost of tillages, and it
remains to consider the difference between the pro-
bable annual profit derived from sheep on such land
as compared with that derived from them on light
land. I have seen diflerent descriptions of manage-
ment pursued with sheep stock on heavy land. One
way, I may mention, is to graze only ; iu such a case
the farmer would take care to have a supply of food,
such as Swedes or Mangels in the spring, before the
Vetches and Clover are fit ; and buy in his stock in
April or May, feeding them through the summer on
Vetches, Rape, and early Turnips, with plenty of corn
or cake, selling all out in the autumn, the greater
number fat, the rest fresh sheep, requiring a month or
two on Turnips. By such a system the land is much
benefited, and with quite a good judge of stock, and
store sheep, it might answer very well, but of late
years, although meat has been at a high price, store
sheep have also been for the most part very dear, and
it seems to me that a breeding flock is more suitable
and more certain to yield a return. Suppose, then, a
farm of 500 acres, with 318 acres of heavy arable land,
the remainder Grass ; upon such a farm (the Grass
land not being used for sheep excepting late in the
autumn) a flock of 220 ewes may be kept to advantage.

Returns throughout the Year. £.

To sale of 220 lambs, at 2!. 2s., on 20th August . . 462
To profit on ewes sold in October, including wool, at
lOs. per head HO

s. d.
0 0

£572
385

0 0
7 11

£186 10 0
And we have remaining 186?. 10s., as profit towards
paying rent, rate.s, and reimbursing the outlay for
tillage, &c. Then take a similar case on a light land
farm of 318 acres of arable land, half of which would
every year be in course of green crops, and on which
SO draught ewes would be sold every year, and SO theaves
brought in to take their place.

August sheep stock, 220 breeding ewes, at 45s., 495^

Expenses throughout ihe Tear. £ s. d.

By one shepherd .. .. .. 3140

One boy, half-year .. .. .. 800

Interest on capital, 4951 24 15 0

Hire of four rams, at 8! 32 0 0

23 17

Run on young seeds and stubble, at 3s., 159 acres
Oilcake for cull ewes (80), J lb. each per day, from

1st November to 1st February 19 10 0

Oilcake for 130 lambs, i lb. eiich, from 1st December

to 1st April 44 9 "

Loss on hurdles . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0

31 tons of straw . . . . . . 23 5

Chaff cutting, hand labour, for ewes and tegs, at

ll.(. per bag 22 17

Cost of seeds, 79 J acres, at 8s. per .acre . . .. .. 3116

Mowing and making 50 acres hay, at 78. . . . . 17 10

Turnip and Swede seed, 2 lb. per acre, at 6rf. . . 4 0

T9J acres, hoeing, at 78 .. .. ..27 16

Superphosphate of lime, 79i acres, at 19s 75 10

:10 acres cleaned, at 5s .. .. 7 10

10 acres Vetches, two bushels per acre, at 12s. . . 6 0

£405 0 0

Returns throughout the Year.
To 80 draught ewes sold 1st February, at 63s.
To 140 togs sold 1st April, including wool, at 583.
To 220 ewo fleeces, five to the tod, at 35s.
To 80 teg fleeces, 3^ to the tod, at 40s.

£ s.
252 0
406 0
90 6
45 14

£800
405

0 0
0 0

£395 0 0
And we have remaining 395?., as_ profit towards
paving rent, rates, and reimbursing „the outlay lor
tillage, &c. I have in neither case deducted anything

472

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE

[Mat 4, 1867.

for losses, but neither have I, on the other hand, added
anything for double couples ; and I apprehended, as a
rule, the one would counterbalance the other. ^ We
find, then, by this comparative statement, which I
helieTe to be as nearly as possible a fair one, that
■whilst on the clay land the profit on sheep gives us
laal. 10s. towards rent and tillages, the profit on light
land gives us 3951., the difi'erence between the two
being 208^. 10s., or about 13s. 6d. per acre on the whole
farm of arable land. On the other hand, if we calcu-
late the corn we shall find 392/. in favour of the strong
land (reckoning the corn at ordinary prices), or about
ais. Gd. per acre; then, deducting from 21.?. (Jd. the
extra tillage expenses— 7s. M. per acre— together with
the extra cost of manual labour not already reckoned
in the foregoing account, Gs., or say 6s. 3d. per acre, and
we find a remainder of 10s. Gd. per acre in favour of
strong land as regards corn, and 13s. Gd. per acre
against it as regards the sheep stock, thus allowmg an
extra 3s. per acre rent on the light land.

One difficulty which the light land farmer has
to contend with in the spring as regards his sheep, is
this— he is obliged to consume the most of his Swedes
by the beginning of April, and sell his tegs at that time
(excepting ewe tegs for stock) whatever the trade may
he, otherwise he misses the proper time for planting his
Barley on a considerable breadth, and is in danger of
losing his crop on that part ; as it is he has always to
save one piece for the ewe tegs, and, indeed, also
for his ewes and lambs until the beginning of May^o
the prejudice of his Barley crop on that piece. On
light land again it is difficult to maintain with any \

° . . . _ _ J _ 1 C e J :„ tl,.. ....^.n^ni. frtY. +lin

would be left in such a state that the incoming tenant
could afford, and be glad to pay, whatever sum might
be considered suflScient for such compensation. * * *
It may be said that the system of " taking out," as it is
called, at the end of a lease may all be obviated by
farms being held on a yearly tenancy, and that in this
way they continue in the same hands for as many
years as under leases. It may be so in many cases, but
I submit that a yearly tenancy is not desirable. Mr.
Edmonds brought his paper to a close by recapitulating
the principal comparative disadvantages connected
with holdings composed of one description of soil
whether heavy or light, and then very briefly pointed
out some of the advantages arising from occupying
farms composed of different descriptions. He argued
strongly in favour of the introduction of steam plough-
ing. The expense, however, was very great, and no
doubt made farmers hesitate. He thought, however,
as the soil was so benefited by steam ploughing, that
landlords should render some aid in introducing the
steam plough.

The Chaihman said that steam power was very
expensive. A steam engine for land cultivation cost a
good deal of money. It had been said that when not
at work it was not eating ; but then it was lying still
when it ought to be eating ; it was bringing no retijrn
for the money expended in its purchase. The cost of a
steam plough, he believed, was between 800/. and 1400/.

hope, in due time, to realise the happy results described.
We have no reason to doubt that the Sorghum will
ripen seeds in England; but even if our changeable
climate will not admit of this, it may still he valuable
as a forage plant ; at any rate, we think so promising
an article deserves a trial. James Carter ^ Co.^

The Orowth of Mangel Wurzel in Ireland.— I believe
that Ireland has taken the lead of all other parts of the
United Kinadom, if not as earliest in cultivating this
crop, certainly at an early period after its intro-
duction, in producing the heaviest arable produce on
record, as seen by reports from our public competitive
exhibitions. Crops weighing from 60 to 100 tons per
acre, are reported to have been produced, and accom-
panied by reports of expenditure in the production as
low compared with such great produce. Some
thought such reports, both as to produce and cost of
production, to be in the one case far above, and In the
other far below the reality, and that these monster
bulbs were so inferior in quality and in point of value,
so low in nutritive value, bulk for bulk or weight
considered, as to be dearly bought even at the reported
low cost of production, because of an additional
objection — their great tendency to start into flower,
and susceptibility to rot in late autumn and early
winter. My belief is, and it is founded on no very
limited experience, that both these objections were
well founded. In this opinion I have been borne out

but supposing the cost to be 1000/., how could a tenant by the analyses of some of the most eminent chemists

farmer go to so great an expense in such a matter?

Mr. MooHE said it struck him that the best answer
was to be found in the fact that Mr. Edmonds was him

in Europe," and by a singular coincidence, without
previous concert with such scientific men, I with
other practical men considered it quite possible that a
heavy acreable produce could be had by growing
smaller bulbs at shorter distances apart, and the
following is the result of one out of my many
experiments: —

certainty a good supply of food in the summer for the j self a tenant farmer, and had found the use of the
lambs How different is the case of his neighbour on steam plough profitable on the land in his own occupa-
thestrongland ! His lambs are luxuriating on Vetches, [ tion. As to steam cultivation in general, it was
lattermath. Clover, and Rape, always in the fold, | becoming more and more important as they went on ;
perfectly healthy, improving every day, and so until ' there was sufficient experience in the country now to
September he continues his advantage. At that time, ' demonstrate its vast worth ; and its advantages would
however, the case is altered ; the heavy land farmer be still further disclosed in the future. Mr. Edmonds,
must sell his lambs to those who can winter them, however, was a large occupier, and his was one of those
■whilst once fairly on Turnips, with a toleralile supply instances in which steam cultivation was successful ; he
of hay'chafi' for the first two or three weeks, and careful had that variety of soil on his farm which enabled him to
management until they are used to the change of diet, ' try both methods. The valuable paper which he had
the lambs belonging to the light land farmer will begin read and for which they were all much indebted, had
to improve, and the more liberal he is, in reason, in almost exhausted the subject ; and he was glad that
givin" them artificial food, the better will they pay him, I they should have the opportunityof perusmgit at leisure
and the larger will be the succeeding crop. * * * I j through the medium of the press. In it had been
have taken the second disadvantage which I named as placed before them, most impartially, the advantages
helon"ing to light land, namely, the difficultv of and disadvantages of occupying light and heavy land,
obtaining a summer supply of food, before the first, In doing this, Mr. Edmonds had pretty well overcome
because I wished to bring it into comparison with the natural biases and inclinations and stated both sides of
third disadvantage I named as belonging to heavy the question fairly and fully. It had been a matter for
land, which was its inadaptibility for the growth of consideration whether it was more profitable to occupy
mutton and wool through the winter season. strong or light land. Mr. Edmonds had commenced

bv saying that he left out of consideration barren land,
ExcESSi'TB Game. ^;^^ included land capable by good cultivation of

I will now pass on to notice another chance of a failure producing good crops; and after hearing from him „^ ..„.„„ .„„^ „.„ ., ..

of the crop planted, whether Wheat or Barley. This is , what could be said on both sides, he (Mr. Moore) drew i for any other purpose than the growth of Whins and

Distances

Distances
asunrler
in the
Drills.

Average

Average

Per Cent-

.No.

between

■Weight of

Acreable

Solid
Matter.

DriUs.

Bulbs.

Produce.

Ft. in.

Ft. in.

lb.

Tons.

1

3 0

2 0

14 and up-
wards

45

None of
this size
analysed

f.

2 9

1 9

12 to 14

47

9.16

3

2 6

1 6

10 — 12

49

10.10

4

2 3

1 3

8 — 10

50

11.69

.<>

2 0

1 2

6—8

SI

13.64

6

1 6

1 0

4—6

52

14.58

7

1 3

0 9

2J— 4

47

14.05

8

1 0

0 6

U- 24

48

13.45

a cause of failure, too, which, although one on all land again the conclusion at which be had arrived many
where it exists, is, I consider, especially one on light years ago, that when people had the chance, it was
land,andthatis,whenevergameissuflicientlynuinerous very desirable to have a mixed occupation. With
to eat the young shoots to any sensible extent. It is not , reference to stock, he (the speaker) went a little further
my province now to dwell upon the disappointment, the than Mr. Edmonds, for he thought that as much beef
constantly harassing annoyance, and the material damage and mutton might perhaps be raised on heavy as on
to the farmer occasioned by this cause of the loss, or light land, though the expense rnight he greater. He
partial loss, of crop, nor upon the evil influence it has approved of yards for sheep in the winter, and
upon the morals of the labouring population by the expressed the opinion that strong land, well drained
temptation it offers to them of unlawfully gratifying and cultivated, was the best paying description. They
an apparently natural taste with almost every one for ; would find it a very good servant : but once let it be
the excitement of the chase, and which, from being \ master, and it was one they would be glad to get rid of

unlawful, is immoral, and leads men once taking to it
to worse immoralities, until imperceptibly to them-
selves, for, " in vain is the net set in the sight of the
bird," they become such men whom themselves would
have shrunk from at the commencement of their
career ; nor will I dwell on the loss occasioned to the

They must keep the strong hand; but from land of
this kind, if well cultivated, and if under a 20 years'
lease, they would get more money than from any other.
Mr. C. Edmonds said that in the paper read the
system was approved of putting Rape on strong land.
His own experience, however, was entirely the reverse.

country at large from this cause, a country, too, which , as the crops succeeding the Rape were partial failures,
has to import corn to feed its population, the con- I Mr. Smith, who was present, had also experienced the
sideration of which should alone be sufficient to induce same result. He had seen Wheat come very well after
those who have hitherto taken pleasure in seeing more ' Rape on some soils ; but on his farm, where the soil
than a fair spoi-tlike sprinkling of game upon such consisted of a strong clay— the Oxford clay, he believed
portions of their estates as may be either Grass- —it was the most unsuccessful thing he ever tried,
growing or corn-producing, cheerfully to give up their Mr. Edmonds said this showed the necessity for
own gratification for the good of their country ; but I discussion, for on his own strong land he had always
will say that it is often a cause offailure or partial failure found Rape do very well; and it further showed that
in crop, and I would recommend that those who are

seeking farms should, before taking one, be careful to
guard against the danger of sufi'ering from this sad
cause of failure. I now pass on to another disadvan-
tage which I have mentioned as belonging to light
land : its liability to exhaustion. It is well-known that
if we once get strong laud into good condition and full
of manure, it will with moderately good farming con-
tinue so, and is not easily deteriorated!; light land, on the
contrary, requires continually substantial help to keep it
in condition to bear a good crop, and can be soon ex-
hausted; it being an admitted fact, that all soils destitute
of clay soon lose the valuable properties contained in the
manure applied to them. * * * Mr. Chare, of Buckland,
if I remember rightly, once told me that he would on no
account apply manure in autumn on his sandy land for
the following year's root crop. Whereas clay soils,
which are .slow to lose the help you give them, can
have the dung drawn on at any convenient time, and at
no time better than during frost in winter when little
else can be done, and when no damage is occasioned by
treading. This tendency to exhaustion is felt more
towards the end of a lease, when, according to usual
custom, the treatment of the farm becomes less
generous. * * * Now what remedy can we suggest for
this inconvenience ? |I believe only by an alteration in
the clause inserted'in the leases which for the most part
prevail in this neighbourhood, which provides for the
incoming tenant paying for the artificial manure of
the last year only. Now if, instead of that, compensa-
tion for all unexhausted improvements was made to
the outgoing tenant, then his inducement to economise
prejudicially to the land would be taken away, and it

we should not, on going into a fresh neighbourhood, be
too confident in our own opinion, or too ready to look
over our neighbours' heads. He did not, however,
advocate the system objected to, but said that it was
usual to put Rape on such soils.

Home Correspondence.

Sorghum tartaricum. — Our attention has been called
to a letter in your last week's issue, asking us to give
up the name and address of the authority which we
make use of in advertising the above new cereal. This
we do not feel disposed to do to an anonymous writer
to a public paper, although we should have no objection
to replying to private inquiries, with the understanding
that the information is not for publication. It is a
matter of little moment to us whether your corre-
spondent does or does not " envy us " the liberal
patronage our house is receiving from the public for
this, as well as other articles. All successful bouses
are more or less a source of envy ; and we therefore
accept it as one of the penalties which go hand and
hand with prosperity. We can assure your corres-
pondent, however, that the extract quoted in our
advertisement is hondfide; and as our " friend" is quite
disinterested in the matter, he can have no object in
misleading us or the public. As we have not^ yet had
an opportunity of testing the merits of the Sorghum
ourselves, we are unable toenlighten your correspondent,
beyond mentioning the mere fact that we are informed
it has been successfully grown in this country. Relying
upon our friend's very encouraging report, we have
sown a large breadth on our farms in Essex, where we

The crop of which the above were a part was grown in
the year 1859, a dry and an unfavourable year for
Mangel culture in Ireland. Otherwise the acreable pro-
duce might in all cases have been heavier, and the
results in all other cases perhaps different. The land
on which they grew was what is considered a poor soil

Larch trees, for which purposes few soils could be
better adapted, judging by their growth on it. It was
moderately loose, and when deeply cultivated fairly-
moist, resting on a pretty firm dry subsoil, abounding
in granite small boulders, and I presume rich iu
potash ; the subjacent rock, a clay slate, occasionally
interlined or chequered with veins of felspar. It was
well ploughed the previous autumn, grubbed, well
cleaned and drilled iu spring. Chief manure, farm-
yard dung kept dry during the winter, and composed
of the excreta of cows, horses, sheep, and pigs, bedded
with chopped straw, the residue of Furze left after
horse and cattle feeding, and turf mould regularly
compounded, in quantity 30 tons per acre, to which was
added 4 cwt. superphosphate and 2 cwt. Peruvian
guano ; the latter compound placed in ruts on the
ridglets, and covered with a little earth before the seed
was dibbled in by hand at the respective distances,
and all pretty heavily rolled in the usual way.
Seed, three years old, meaning the third year,
including that in which it was saved.* Time of
sowing, the last week in April. After culture:
amongst the widely spanned drills, those of 2 feet and
upwards asunder, done with the horse-hoe, grubber,
and double mould-plought Those below 2 feet asunder
by the spade, hand-hoe, rake, and shovel.t Time of
raising and storing the crop, first week in November?,
topped and tailed with the hand, no knife being used.
Stored on a dry floor of an airy shed, open to the
north. The bulbs covered with dry Pern to keep off
frost and exclude the light ; of the latter more here-
after—if not in this, in another letter. Time of use
and length of time the bulbs hold good : none used till
showing slight indications of decay were weekly
examined. The largest the last i^'eek in December the
same vear. The period lengthened with the lesser-
sized plants until November iu the second year, when
the majority of the smaller ones were as sound and as

* Having been for many years an experimentalist in s.aving
such f.arm and garden seeds with the view of testing the
durability of their vitality, and ascertaining other results, 1
have found that the seeds of [Wurzel ?] generally, when obtained
from good plants and well saved and preserved, will retain
their vegetative powers fuUy 10 years, and that the seed under
three years old, all other circumstances duly considered, will
be more apt to start prematurely into flower stalks than those
of greater .age. On the other hand, 1 have found th.at such
seeds which when sown after they pass five years old, will
produce weaker and less bulky plants as each year adv.ancc3
after that time.

t The cost of culture dlfifered very little, according to the
wages of the locality. Horses at 3s. Sid., men at l5. 3c?., .and
women and boys at lOt?. per day.

X The moulding-plough and shovel were used to earth the
plants over the bulbs, far less with the view of keeping the
land dry or protect the bulbs from frost as to exclude their
bulbous parts from the light, it having been ascertained that
the parts of the bulbs so greaud are of less value than those
p<ai-ts growing below the surface of the land.

§ My nile in raising such crops is to secure them at their
greatest value, which becomes depreciated .as soon as the
plants throw up flower stalks. Oftentimes much earlier than
November. E. C.

Mat 4, 1867.]

THE GARDENEES' CMONTOT-E ANT) AGETOTILTURAT, OAZETTE.

473

fresh as the day they were stored, save that the surfaces
appeared a little shrivelled, when tlie cattle seemed to
liVe them less; but their plumpness became soon
restored by immersion for a few hours in soft clean
water after which the cattle ate them with their
wonted avidity. Before concludinR this, I fear over-
lencthened letter, I should perhaps repeat, that the year
in which the IbregoinK e.xperiments were made wa.s in
Ireland a very dry one, otherwise the crops minht have
been heavier— such as I often had them on similar land
before and since then ; but the question is— were they
of a great acreable nutritive value ? I doubt it.
I should also, perhaijs, add the variety experimented
upon was what is called the Yellow Globe, they being
as I find the best for such land of several other
varieties. Edward Carroll, Jf'aliiul Orove, Glasnevin,
Dublin, April 22, 1867.

Sarlei/.—Ihe e.xperienco of the past season tends
exceedinRly to show the great necessity of improving
our culture and growth of Barley with the view of
improving its quality. The price of Barley during the
last year has varied astonishingly, the dilference
being from 24s. to 58i. per quarter, according to quality.
True, this was in a great measure owing to the unl'a-
vourable weather for the ingathering of the last Barley
harvest. But be that as it may, it proves one very
important point, i. e., that our best and most popular
brewers will and do give enormous prices for prime
quality Barleys ; in fact, it is quite essential to their
continued prosperity. Pale ales and first-class beer
cannot otherwise be' brewed acceptably, and this is a
ila.ss of business which is immensely on the increase.
The exportation of such and other ales is also in a
satisfactory state of progression, amounting to some
70,000 barrels per month. There is every prospect of
a great increase, being only retarded by the high price
of beer, which m many Burojiean and other countries
exceeds the cost of wine. A friend of the writer who
was the other day in Rome had to pay more for his
glass of ale than the like quantity of wine. British
brewers cannot hope successfully to compete against
such odds, although their beer is becoming highly
popular in many countries, and would be more so if it
could be afforded at a cheaper rate. Here then is
another argument for the repeal of the Malt-tax. One
feels indignant at the continuation of such a gross
imposition upon agricultural progress, for Barley
growers are most injured by it after all. Only read
the Parliamentary return of Saturday last — no less than
.13,281,222 bushelsofmalt(Barley) have paid duty in the
year ISBfi, and the amount realised by the tax amounts to
the astounding sum of 7,089,2 17^ 13s. 9irf. The number
of acres under Barley culture is estimated to be about
3,006,701, so that the tax would be something like ids.
per acre. This cannot much longer be borne ; and,
moreover, it is nearly all imposed upon the English
grower, as, of the above large number of bushels,
47,263,665 are of English growth. It must also be
borne in mind that no Barley is equal to English
Barley for malting and brewing, as is proved by
numerous experiments. Take Scotch and English
Barley, for instance, of the same apparent quality and
weight, let the same maltster malt them, and the same
brewer brew from them, it will be found that the
English malt will yield from 10 to 15 per cent, more
spirit and fulness for the beer than the Scotch malt,
and it is so from every country from which it is
imported, only in a greater degree. Seeing, then, that
England more particularly, and many favoured
districts of England absolutely, enjoy this partial
monopoly, namely, the production of a quality of
Barley best adapted for brewing purposes, why
should such an enormous tax be levied upon them ?
Their business ought to be as free as air, and let the
whole world be benefited by their exertions. I venture
to assert that if the tax were abolished, the growth of
English Barley would be immensely increased, all

(^ooke, W. R., Rickinhall. Uotondalo

Cranflol.l, Willinm, Buckdcn, HmitiiiRcl'm

Crowe-Read. Captain, R.N„ Llandmam IlaU, Montgomery

Crott, John. Dalton House, S,id(lington, Market Harboro.igh

Penton, Henry, Wolverhampton

Fair, .Tanion, Tabley Villa Farm, Knutsford

FiMon, .liisoph, Ipswirh

Grit,'gs, George, O.aklandfl, Romford

Hot.horingtnn, .John Railton, Carloton, Carlisle

.IclTor.ion, Skeltoii, Fronton House, Whitohavon

.Johnson, D. B., Witlier.sficld, Newmarket

King, Henry, Bury St. Fdmnnd's

I.ockwood. Rev. Edward .J., Helslead, Ipswich

Mallows, Willi.am .Tames, Manor House, Beyton, Bury St.

Edminid's
Mason, .laincs, Eynsham Hall, Witney
Mathew, Edwiird Windus, Wem. Port Madoo, Carnarvon
Nunn, Ch.arles, Fomham. Bury St, Edmund's
Pcto, James. B.arningham Park. Ixworth
I'relty, Willi.am, Falgravo, Piss

Riley. John Edward, Elm Ili.uao. Winkfield. Windsor
Searlo, Malcolm, 2. Bon.l Cnurt, Walhrook, Middlesex
.Smith, John P., Hill l.'arm. (ilomsford, Sudbury
Stutter, Arthur, Market Hill Rury St. Edmund's
Stutter. John, Oaks Lodfo, Queen's Road, Clapham Park, S.
Swinburne, Sir John, Bart., (^.-iphoaton, Newoastle-on-Tyne
Taylor, Edward, Whitton, Leintwardino, Hereford
Whiting, Thomas Chapman, Barsham, IJeccles, Suffolk
Wright, William, Wollaton, Nottingham
Yeoman, Robert Charles, Morton, Thetford
York, J. Neal, Newmarket, Sutlolk

Finances.- Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood
presented the report of the Committee, from which it
appeared that the Secretary's receipts during the past
month had been examined by the Committee, and by
Messrs. Quilter, Ball &, Co., the Society's accountants
and were found correct. The balance in the hands of
the bankers on April 30 was 1680?. 6s. 8d., Different
tenders have been received for the printing of the
Society's catalogues, the lowest of which is from
Messrs. Clowes & Sons, the Printers of the Society s
Journal, and it is recommended that their tender be
accepted ; and a considerable saving will be the result.
The Committee have had prepared an account, showing
the receipts and expenditure of the Society under
various heads, and the results of country meetings, in-
clusive and exclusive of prizes, for twelve years. I hey
recommend that a copy should be sent to each member
of Council, and that it be referred to the Journal Com-
mittee. This Report was adopted.

JouENAL.— Part I., Vol. £11., 2nd series, was laid on
the table, and will be delivered to members in the
course of next week. , ..t it j

Veterinary.— Ma.jor-General the Hon. A. IN . Hood
reported that the Committee have received the follow-
ing letter from Professor Simonds of his visit to Mr.
Jordan's farm, near Driffield, to inspect some sheep,
pigs, and cattle. The Professor reports that they were
affected by splenic apoplexy of a peculiar character,
inasmuch as the disease was communicated from the
sheep to the cattle and pigs.

Royal Veterinary College, March 30th, IS67.
Gentlemen.— I have the honour to report that during the
month of August last a coramunieation. herewith enclosed,
marked No. I. was received from Mr. P. Jordan, Eastburn
House, Driffield, which set forth that a very fatal disease had
appeared .among his sheep, .md that he feared the infection
had extended to some beasts and pigs on the farm. Mr.
Jordan's letter inclosed one from Mr. Bowman, Vctennary
Surgeon marked No. '2, in which Mr. Bowman stated that
20 of the sheep h,ad died up to the first d.ay of his attendance,
and s.iven since : and that among other lesions which he
observed jio.5( mortem was a great enlargement of the spleen.

Under these circumstances I deemed it right to visit the
farm and institute an inquiry into the nature and causes of
the disease. I found that the breeding ewes, '267 in number,
had been the first attacked, and that they were still the chief
victims of the disease. I further .ascertained that they had
been kept on the same f.arm on which they lambed, and that
143 " cull ewes," which h.rd been removed from them to
another occupation, only eight days before the disease broke
out, continued in perfect health.
I It further appeared that by bringing the ill sheep into the

Steam Cultivation. — The Committee have to re-
port the completion of the task entrusted to them ; the
peculiarly unfavourable character of the summer and
autumn of 1866 hius, by protracting the enquiry, some-
what added to its cost, and materially delayed the
publication of the report. The Committee have, how-
ever, every reason to believe that the work hxs been
thoroughly well done. The reports occupy 330 pages
of the Journal ; and if the cost of their preparation
(180/.) be considered properly chargeable to the Journal
expenses, the whole expense of the iunuiry will not
exceed 692/. The Committee express their confident
hope that the valuable information thus obtained will
be considered an adequate return for the expenses
necessarily incurred in its collection.

Committee of Selection, — 1. The C9mtnittee
have had under consideration the two vacancies in the
Council caused by the election of Lord Chesham to bo
a Trustee and Lord Cathcart to be a Vice-President ;
and they beg to report that District C, ointainiug -168
members, is represented in the Council by five mem-
bers only ; and District E, («ntaining 424 members,
sends four members only to the Council. Mr. Hassall,
Shropshire, a large dairy farmer, is recommended in
District C, and Mr. Webb, Worcestershire, in Dis-
trict E.

2, House List of Members of Council to be recom-
mended to General Meeting. — The consideration of
this list not having been included in the duties of the
Committee, no suggestions are offered with reference
to it. The Committee would be glad to receive the
instructions of the Council whether in future years the
Committee is expected to furnish similar information
with reference to the House List, which it has done in
the case of casual vacancies in the Council.

On the motion of the President, in the absence of
the Earl of Powis, and seconded by Lord Walsmgham,
Mr. William Hassall, of Bubney, Whitechurch, Salop,
and on the motion of Mr. Randell, seconded by
Mr. Pope, Mr. James Webb, of Spring Hill, Fladburj-,
Pershore, Worcestershire, were unanimously elected
Members of Council in the room of Lord Chesham,
elected a Trustee, and the Right Hon. Earl Cathcart,
elected a Vice-President. , , , . ,

House List.— Agreeably with the by-laws the
Council arranged by ballot the following election list,
to be recommended by them for adoption at the
ensuing General Meeting on the 22d inst.

ArrE.VDANCES (FROM THE RlSlNO OF THE PlV.MOUTH MEETINO

IN 1865 TO THE Present Tisie).

Names.

ti

•i « 3 -.

OS □

Com-
mittees.

Dam

". - . . • . ., , ,1 ,. 1- ,^1 . ..i'- 1 I f.imipremisesthediseaseuadbeencomnnmicatedtothebullocks

parties Vieing with each other to produce the best kiud, I ^nd pigs, two bullocks having already died out of ten, and avo
and that the price of the primest quality would equal, if ! pigs out 'of 19, being all which to this time had been att.acked.
not exceed, the price of Wheat. It is quite reasonable ' No doubt could exist that all the animals had succumbed to
that it should be so, seeing that no other country can . the same disease-one of those mysterious blood •'Affections,
produce the like, and common quality Barley would ! J^-^ iT ,^£'LoTKu?!ts l^^oT,Tfou}a%o^tt't^l
suffice for common brewing. Besides, brewing itself; „^^,,lg entrance of minute organisms-bacteria -into the
■would no doubt be surprisingly increased, and the ; bjooj^ thus giving rise to chemi&il changes in that fluid,
quality of ales, &c., greatly improved. A large export " '■ " ' . -— -^

trade would unquestionably lead to this. It is not
to be supposed that our brewers have reached the
highest department of their business. Perfection is
yet before them. It is far better to tax beer than malt,
as by such means the malting of Barley might be made
open to the public, and every grower of Barley be free
to malt his own produce. O. F.

Societies*

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL OF ENGLAND.

Monthly Council : Wednesday, May 1, 1867. —
Present, Mr. Thompson, President, in the Chair ; the
Buke of Devonshire, the Duke of Rutland, the Earl of
Shrewsbury, Lord Berners, Lord Chesham, Lord
Tredegar, Lord Vernon, Lord Walsingham, Major-
General the Hon. A. N. Hood, Sir J. V. B. Johnstone,
Bart., M.P., Sir A. K. Macdonald, Bart., Sir J. Trol-
lope. Bart., M.P., Sir H. Vane, Bart., Sir T. Western,
Bart., M.P., Mr. Amos, Mr. Barnett, Mr. Bowly, Mr.
Cantrell, Col. Challoner, Mr. Clive, M.P., Mr. Bran-
dreth Gibbs, Mr. Holland, M.P., Mr. Wren Hoskyns,
Mr. Hornsby, Col, Kingscote, M.P., Mr. Lawrence,
Mr. Milward, Mr. Pain, Mr. Pope, Mr. Randell, Mr.
Read, M.P., Mr. Rigden, Mr. Sanday, Mr. Shuttle-
worth. Mr. Robert Smith, Mr. Torr, Mr. Turner, Mr.
Wallis, Mr. Wells, Major Wilson, Professor Wilson,
Mr. Jacob Wilson, Mr. Trere, and Dr. Voelcker.

The following new Members were elected : —
.Ba3mlng, Lady, Honingham Hall, Norwich
Bennett, ?hilip, Rougham Hall, Bury St. Edmund's
BraniweU. Frederick Joaepb, 35a, Great George Street,
Weetmineter

It would appear from recent researches that bacteria are the
active agents in producing the putrefaction of manure, &c. ;
and as the disease had manifested itself while the ewes were
being fed on a piece of seeds, recently manured on the surface
with farm-yard manure, it is not improbable that iu this cir-
cumstance is to be found an explanation, in part, of the cause
of the outbreak.

Splenic apoplexy, like other allied blood diseases, may be said
not to admit of cure, and often also the best devised preventive
measures will fail, unless carried to the extent of an entire
removal of the animals from the place where the malady had
originated. In the present instance this course was adopted to
as great an extent as (he surrounding circumstances would
permit, and with the further view of fortifying the systems of
the animals against the inroad of the disease antiseptic agents
were freely employed. These consisted chiefly in the daily
administration of the sulphite of soda in combination with the
compound tincture of bark and gentian. In a few days a
marked improvement took place, fewer attacks occurred, and
they soon ceased entirely. I am, Gentlemen, your most obe-
dient servant, Jas. B. Simonds.

To the Veterinary Committee of the
Royal Agricultural Society.

Bury St. Edmund's Meeting. — Mr. Milward
reported that the programme had been settled and
would shortly be forwarded to all the members. A
payment of 279Z. lOs. on account of forage was recom-
mended to be made to the Steward of Forage. The
local Press would be permitted to have tents upon the
ground, under the orders of the Honorary Director.
The Secretary had been instructed to apply to some of
the principal clock-makers for the use of a clock for the
show yard, and also for a large bell, to be rung for
clearing the showyard of visitors iu the evening. They
also recommended that local photographers be permitted
to attend, for the purpose of taking portraits of prize
animals. This report was adopted.

Acland, Thomas Dyke, M.P., Spi-ydon-

cote, Exeter, Devon.
Bamctt, Charles, Stratton Park,

Biggleswade, Beds.
Cantrell, Charles S.. Riding Court,

Datchet, Bvicks.
Clayden, John, Littlebury, Saffron

Walden, Suffolk.
Dent, John D., 5LP., Ribston Hall,

Wethcrby, Yorkshire.
Hudson, John, Castleacre Lodge,

SwafEham, Norfolk.
Kingscote, Colonel, M.P., Kingscote,

Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucester-
shire.
Liddell, Hon. Henry George, M.P.,

Ravenscroft Castle, Uutbam.
Lopes, Sir Massey, Bart., M.P., Maris-

tow, Devon.
Milward, Richard, Thurgarton Priory,

Southwell, Notts.
Pain, Thomas, Ugford Cottage, Salis-
bury, Wilts.
Pope, Edward, Great Toller, Maiden

Newton, Dorset.
Rigden, William, Hove, Brighton,

Sussex.
Stone, Nathaniel Chamberlayne,

Ayleston Hall, Leicestershire.
Torr, William, Aylesby Manor, Great

Grimsby, Lincolnshire.
Turner, George, Brampford Speke,

Exeter, Devon.
Vane, Sir Henry Ralph, Bart. (Elected

Nov. 7, 1866), Hutton Hall, Penrith,

Cumberland.
Vernon, Lord, Sudbury, Derby.
Wallis, Owen, Overstone Grange,

Northampton.
Western, Sir Thomas Burch, Bart.,

M,P., Felix Hall, Kelvedon, Essex.
Wilson, Major Fuller Maitland(Elected

Nov. V, 1866), Stowlangtoft Hall,

Bury St. Edmund's, Suffolk.
Wilson, Jacob, Woodhorn Manor,

Moi-peth, Northumberland.
Wilson, Professor John, Iver, Ux-

bridge, Bucks.
Wynn, Sir Watkln Williams, Bart.,

M.P., Wynnstay, Rhuabon, Den-

bighshire.

Country Meeting of 1868.— The Report of the
Committee appointed to inspect the various sites
offered to the Society at Derby, Leicester, and jotting-
ham having been read, the Council were favoured by
the attendance of deputations from the above towns:

Derby Deputation.— Jiis Grace the Duke of Devonshire,
K G. ; the Right Hon. the Earl of Harrington, the Bight Hon.
the Earl of Lichfield, the Right Hon. Lord Scarsdale, the
Right Hon. Lord Vernon, the Right Hon. Lord Den man the
Marquis of Hartington. M.P. : the Lord George Cavendish
M.P ; the Hon. E. W. K. Coke, Lieut, -Colonel Wilmot, V.C. ,
W. T. Cox, Esq.. M.P. ; M, T. Bass, Esq., MP., and the Mayor
of Derby, John Renals, Esq. ; the Town Clerk of Derby, John
Gadsby. Esq. ; Mr. Alderman Barber, Mr. Alderman Madeley,
Mr. Alderman Roe, Mr. Alderman Lingdon, Mr. CouncUlor F.

474

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) 7\GRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 4, 1867, j

Fonnan, the Borough Surveyor. Georgo Thompson, Esq.,
C.E. ; John Hitchman. Esq., M.XJ., Chairman Derbyshire
Agricultural Society ; John Faulkner, Esq. ; James Nuttall,
Esq. : John Coleman, Esq. ; the Secretary of the Derbyshire
Agricultural Society, James C. Smith ; G. W. Baker, Esq.

Leicester Deputation.— Ris Grace the Duke of Rutland, Lord-
Lieutenant of the County of Leicester ; E. B. Hartopp, Esq.,
M.P., Dalby HaU, Leicester ; John Dore Harris, Esq., M.P.,
RatcUffe Hall, Leicester ; T. W. Hodges. Esq., Mayor of
Leicester: Samuel Stone, Esq., Town Clerk, Leicester:
Richard Harris, Esq., J. P. and Alderman, Leicester ; Samuel
Viccars, Esq., J. P., and Alderman, Leicester; George Baiues,
Esq., Alderman, Leicester ; William Hunt, Esq., J.P.,
Leicester ; Mr. John Crow, Mr. George Harrison, Mr. Chai-lcs
Harding, Mr. Joseph Swain (Town Councillors, Leicester);
Major llnight, J.P., Glenn Parva Manor House; The Rev. B.
Smythies, Hathem ; Thomas Allen, Esq., Thurmaston; N. C.
Stone, Esq., Aylestone H,all ; J. B. Bennett, Esq.. Husbands
Bosworth Grange ; Thos, Willson. Esq., Knaploft HaU : R. H.
Chapman, Esq., Upton, Nimeaton : P. P. P. Goodchild, Esq.,
Glenn Parva Grange ; Mr. Thos. Sheppard, Mr. T. A. Wykea
(Secretaries).

Sottinghtmi Deputation.— W. H. BaiTow, Esq., M. P.; T. B. T.
Hildyard, Esq., M.P. ; Lord Amberloy, M.P. : T. J. S. Fol-
jambe. Esq,, M.P. ; B. MUward. Esq., J.P. ; H. A.Smith,
Esq., J.P. ; W. Sanday, Esq. (Holme Pierrepont) ; the M.Tyor,
J. L. Thackeray, Esq., J.P. ; The Town Cfcrk, W. Enfteld,
Esq., : G. Beaumont, Esq. ; J. Brown, Esq. : P. G. Raw-
son, Esq. ; The Corporation .Surveyor, M. O. Tarbotton, Esq.

These gentlemen having commnnicated to the
Council the fullest local information connected with
their respective districts, and having answered satis-
factorily the inquiries made of them by the Council, the
President expressed to them the best thanks of himself
and the Council for their kindness in having attended
the meeting that day, and for the deep interest they had 1
evinced in promoting the objects of the Society.

The deputations having withdrawn, the Council
proceeded to the consideration of the particular locality j
best suited, under all circumstances, for holding the
country meeting next year ; and, after some discussion
of the respective advantages of each position to which
their attention had been called, it was decided in favour
of Leicester by 26 votes, to 6 for Derby, and 2 for
Nottingham.

Thursdai/, May 2 ; Adjourned Monthly Council. —
Mr. Thompson President, in the Chair. Present ;
His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, K.G., the Earl of
Shrewsbury and Talbot, Lord Tredegar, Lord Walsing-
ham, Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood, the Eight
Hon. Sir John TroUope, Bart., M.P., Sir Henry Vane,
Bart., Mr. Brandreth Gibbs, Mr. Greene, M.P., Mr.
Holland, M.P., Mr. C. ATren Hoskyns, Mr. Lawrence,
Mr. Eandell, Mr. Read, M.P.^ Mr. Torr, Mr. Wells,
Major Wilson, Professor Wilson, Mr. I'rere, and
Dr. Voelcker.

The report* of the Stock Prizes Committee was pre-
sented by Lord Walsiugbam, recommending an addition
of 300^. for prizes in the Horse Classes, to which 50i.
was added by the Local Bury Committee. This report
was adopted.

A Special Council was subsequently held to deter-
mine on the appropriation of the Education Grant of
300?. for the year 1867. After a long discussion it was
resolved that a candidate for the Society's honours and
preiniums must produce a satisfactory certificate of
having received a good general education, and must be
between the ages of 18 and 25. The Society's prizes to
be awarded to candidates passing an examination in the .
Science and Practice of Agriculture, in Book-keeping, ;
and in one or more of the following subjects at the
discretion of the Committee, viz.. Mechanics in their '
application to Agriculture, Agricultural Chemistry,
Botany, Geolo.gy, Veterinary Science, Field Engineer-
ing, and Surveying. The examiners to be appointed by
the Council. A C)ommittee to carry out this scheme
will be nominated at the Monthly Council in June.

examination of agricultural machines than is at present
given to them at its annual meetings.

The Journal of Agriculture. May, 1867.
26, Cockburn Street.
The Meteorological Aspects of Spring— the Natural
History of the Salmon Tribe— how Water Birds and
Waders live — are readable papers occupying a
large portion of the current number, and having a
certain degree of right to a place in an agricultural
journal. An excellent chapter of the series on the
Permanent Improvement of Estates, Notes on
Manures (of very little value), the Farmers' Note-
book, the Veterinary section, and monthly notes of
Markets and of Prices furnish more properly the
contents of such a periodical. An account of the
healing water of Limply Stoke is grotesquely out of
place, and has no business in the periodical at all.
The number is not equal in agricultural value or
interest to its predecessors.

HieHLAND AND AgEICULTUEAL SOCIETY : May 2.

— At the monthly meeting of this Society the half-
yearly general meeting of the Society was fixed to be held
on Wednesday the 19th of June, being the week after
the closing of the entries for the Glasgow Show. The
Secretary reported that the subscriptions received to
the testimonial to the Eev. Patrick Bell for his ser-
vices in connection with the reaping machine,
amounted to 709?. 19«. Gd., and that several additional
sums had been intimated. As there are subscription
papers at all the banks in Scotland, and returns are to
be received by the beginningof June from the several
agencies, it is expected that the additional sum obtained
through this channel will raise the subscriptions
considerably.

Second National Trial of Mojcers, Eeapers, Morse-
powers, t^c, by the Neiv York State Agricultural
Society at Auburn, July, 1866. Albany : C. Van
Benthuysou & Son, Printers.
In the very interesting paper on American Agricul-
ture which Mr. James Howard read before the London
Farmers' Club last December, reference was made to
the elaborate trials which agricultural machines receive
before American Agricultural Societies. He has since
been good enough to send us a copy of the report
issued by one of the Societies before which last year's
trials took place : and certainly nothing can be more
detailed or explicit than the instructions under which
its judges appear to have acted — nothing more patient
or elaborate than the examination and the trial to
which under these instructions the several imjjlements
were submitted — nothing completer or more satisfactory
than the report which justifies and announces the
various awards that were made. It is much to be
desired that the English Agricultural Society may so
far copy the proceedings of the trans-Atlantic Sister
Societies as to provide for a longer a;nd more particular

^ In conse4ueuce of the refusal of the Privy Council , to
p'ei;i^it any Show of Cattle, to be held during the present
summer, the Prize Sheet, .already issued, is withdi-awn.

Miscellaneous.

Mr. Thome's Serd of Short-horns.— The Albany
(U. S.) Cultivator, of date 4th ult., states : An im-
portant sale of Short-horned cattle has taken place,
which will be quite a surprise to the Agricultural
public. Jas. 0. Sheldon, Esq., White Spring Farm,
Geneva, has purchased the entire herd of Samuel
Thome, Esq., Thorndale, Duchess Co., with the only
exceptions of two bulls, the 6th and 12th Dukes of
Thorndale, for which animals, we understand, Mr. T.
will now receive offers. This is probably one of the
largest transactions of the kind, if not the largest,
which has ever occurred. By it Mr. Sheldon is placed
at the head of what is undoubtedly the leading herd in
America, if not in the world. There are, perhaps, one
or two which count larger numbers, but we presume
no other breeder in the United States or Great Britain
has more than one-half the number of pure Bates
animals now united in Mr. Sheldon's bands. Out of
the six score or more, all together, which compose the
combined herd, he will doubtless be able to offer imme-
diately some opportunities to purchasers, of rare occur-
rence, and which would not occur now, but for the
union of the two herds ; while, in the progeuy result-
ing from the means thus placed at. bis command, we
may hope for the most brilliant successes in the future,
as regards the well-won reputation of the breed. A
word of regret at losing the name of Thorne from its
high place on the current list of American breeders,
may well accompany this announcement of Mr.
Sheldon's good fortune. What has been accomplished
at Thorndale will not be forgotten, and the name will
be carried down in the pedigrees of many a future
generation, both in this country and in England. The
valley of the Hudson has lost what to the agricultural
pilgrim has long been one of its chief attractions :

' ' Westward the star of empire takes its w.ay ; "
and the beautiful village of Geneva will more than
ever become a centre of interest to the traveller. We
shall hope to announce the fact, as soon as the Thorn-
dale animals are fairly ready to ' see company " at their
new home ; and the journey thither will be well worth
taking before the brisk demand now existing shall have
made inroads on the numbers of those which Mr.
Sheldon may consent to spare.

Agricultural jEducation. — Talk of agricultural
improvements, of the difficulty of getting the
labourers to take to a new implement, or adopt an
improved method ! What enables you to see its
advantage and adopt it ? Your mind. What cultivates
your farm better than your neighbours ? Your mind.
If that alone be left uncultivated around you — at every
point, at every turn, in every field, in every hedge, in
every ditch, in your house, in your dairy, in your
stable, in your barn, everywhere and at every time, by
day and by night, winter, spring, summer, and autumn
^the neglect that has been allowed to sow itself, the
moral weed-crop, will meet your eye to baffle and
torment you with the feeling, so truthfully expressed
when you say that you "have not a single mind you
can depend upon ! " No wonder ; you have never
tried to make one. Soskyns.

Notices to Correspondents.

Bailiff. — The Editor of this Journal can recommend a good
working Bailiff, well acqxtainted with tillage, farming, .and
market g.ardening; also acquainted with stock management.
Wages, 90/., with cottage and garden.

CrnER Mill : W M. Will any one say where our correspondent
can obtiiin the best new Hereford cider mill ?

Concrete Floor : A 0. Three parts coal ashes (those from the
blacksmith's forge to be prefen-ed) and two parts gas lime
from gas-works, to be thoroughly mi-xed, .and then made
into a mortar ^vith gas-tar. If the gas-tar come from gas
works where the ammoniacal Uquor is not separ.ated, it will
be sufficiently mixed for the purpose ; but if the latter be
separated, and the tar be thick, it will set quicker if about
one-fourth part of water be mixed thoroughly with the tar
when used. For the floors of cow-sheds, this should be laid
about 3 Inches thick in one layer, on an even surface of
gravel, or stone broken very small with a sprinKling of
gi-avel over, and rolled down. The moi-tar may be laid on
with a common shovel, and merely p.attcd down flat. In
dry warm weather, if the mortar has been carefully made,
the floor will set firm in a few days. For any ordinary out-
house, half the thickness will make a permanent floor.

Nitrate of Soda : A Reader. Nitrate of soda and common
s.alt, "which has been used for siUting South iVmeriean
hides," may be properly used together in hot weather on
Grass land. They will not neutralise but rather as.sist each
other.

Turnip Seed : Airricola. Wo do not hear either of any scarcity
of seed or of any generally anticipated f.ailurc of the coming
seed crop. Rape and Cabbage and Kohl Rabi are the best
substitutes — the two former on land in good condition come
as rapidly into a useful stage of growth as .anything you can
plant.

Wood's Grass Mower : A Z. We are not aware if the patent
is run out for Wood's grass-mowing machines, . but we
imagme it is still in force.

c

^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTAELE UNITE'S

cow Jl'lTINGS

Tbelr advantages are — Portability, not Fistures, removable at
pleasure, no Woujwyi ,. m ir'iiriiiiunb to impede Ventilation orb 'eed
Vermin, Hav Rack uispcii-^ed with -i^ viiun.-c^;.'i;iry. mureased width
and depth of Feeding Troui^hs, Water Cistern, and I'jiLeut Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, .56s,

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winslev Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., wliere the
above are exhibited, together with several important improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

OK the BEST LIQUID MANURE CART

IMPROVED ROLLER and CLOD CRUSHER,

F

Appiy to I, James, Ti\oU Works, Cheltenham.

VV

S. JiOULTON'S 36-<?aUon SWING WATER

BARROW. Price 45s.

Carriage paid to any Station in England.

The above is very cheap and invaluable for carrying Liquids of all
kinds. No Garden, Farm. Stable, or Kitchen Yard should be with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Carriagre at a small
additional cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travel,
long distances over rough ground a Pony cm be attached. Tha
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lo^vmg, out of many Testimonials, have been received : —

From Lord Otho Fitzgekald. Wi^^t Park, Salisbury,

" Sir,— You are welcome to mnke use of my letter recomraonding
your Water Barrow. I find it of great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and more serviceable than one I had made in the neigh-
bourhoori, the carriage alone of which, without tho barrel, cost me
£Z 10.s\ I unfortunately ordered it before I saw your advertisement.
— I am, yours obediently, *' O. Fitzgekald."

"To Mr. W. S. BoDLToN."

From Tuos. Ingle, Esq., M.D., Emsivorth, Hants, June 24, 1806.

"Sir.— The Swing Water Barrow is in ovcry respect a nioat admir-
able improvement on all I have hitherto used In my Gardens, All
parties who have seen it, Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
bestoweii upon it their unqualified approval, and several said they
would order them of you.— i GUI'S truly, "Tuos. Ingls, M.D."

"To Mr. W. S. BooLTON,"

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Nonvich.

Oil Paint lio longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMTTH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH,
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is on
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is folly
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer
retiuires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold: It is used Id tho
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and jienbrj', from whom the most Qattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
application.

From Major Rt. Bell, Sandhoe, NorOvumhsi-Jand.

" 1 have much pleasure in saying I have known your Black Varnish
to be used for some time by friends of mine, and they all speak
highly of itj^ winch has induced me. to get tho quantity I have from
you. That I have used looks remarkably well." _

Sold in casks of about 3U gallons each; ac U. tid. per gallon, at the
Mfi'aufactorv, or Xs. 8rf. per eailon paidto any Station in thokingdora..

Appiv t<-i i3ii.i. * SmTw. Briei-lv Uill Iron Works, hfir rmdlcy, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.C., from whom oiilv it can bo obtained.

May 4, 1867. J

THE GAUJ)MKI{S' CHRONICLE iNJ) AGRlCULTTmAL GAZETTE.

476

ORMSON'S PAEADIGM HOT-HOUSES

ARE

EFFICIENT, SUBSTANTIAL, AND MODERATE IN PRICE.

H. ORMSON, awfliT of the mereasing demand for what arc tormcd Cheap Hot-houses (which in reality, as usually constructed, are far from realising that term)— and
the desire of Horticulturists, and the Puhlic c-eneraUy, to Cultivate their Fruits with ii grcater.degreepf certainty and succesB than can be done on open walls, and also to
fiiable them 1o Grow Chcice Flowt'iing: Plants under Glass, has made it his study to produce a class of Structures corabiuing ail the qualities and reiiuitsites of the most
expensive Hot-houses, at prices most economical.

The CONSTRUCTION of these HODSES is based u]inn u phm which cilh-rs many advimtages over other low priced IIousl-h, inasmuch us all the parts bkino framed,
lan be readily taken down and re-ercctcd if required, wliilst as permanent buildinj^s ihey possiOBS many advantages over nil descriptions of " bar roof " structures. They are
adapU'd for the giowth of either Fruits or Flowers, and can be made of any width re(iuii'cd.

The VENTILATION is etfeeted in a manner at onne simple and iimst ctHeienf, by ninehinerv, combining all the latest improvements, and in such a manner that neither
wind nor rain can do damage ; and at the same time not oU'ering any obstruction to shading, or netting the openings against inseels.

SPECIMENS of these HOUSES may be seen Erected in the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL GARDENS (EASTERN ARCADE), SOUTH KENSINGTON, and
Prices obtained on application.

HENRY ORMSON, F.S.A.,

HOfiTICULTUKAL AKCHITECT, BUILDEK, AND HOT-WATER ArPARATUS MANUFACTUREK,
STANLEY BRIDGE, KING'S KOAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

PATENT LAWN MOWING and ROLLING MACHINES.

EVERY MACHINE WARRANTED.

TO BE OBTAINED OF

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS. BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.C.

AGENTS;— Messrs. TANGYE BROTHKHS and HULMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DRAY
TAYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.C. ; and .ill respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Ivingdom.

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON'S RICK CLOTHS.

KICK CLOTHS, New and Sccoud-haud, with
Poles, tS:c., complete.

MARQUEES and TENTS, for Croquet, Cricket,
and Archery.

TEMPORARY ROOJIS on HIKE for Balls,
Dinners, Parties, &c.

An Illustrated Catalogue post free on application.

Be particular to Address, BENJAMIN EDGINGTON (in full),

(Teat and Rick Cloth Maker by special appointment to the Queen and Prince of Wales,)

2, DUKE STREET, foot of LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

No other Estahlishment.

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANUFACTURED BY

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

No. 1. No. 2. No. 4.

This Edging is Manufactured m "Vitrified Stoneware and in Terra Cotta, and i.s \ vKRVMlD iMPl;. i
DRAIN PIPES, TERRA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON and CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

GUMMING & EDMONDS,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

LILLIE BRIDGE, RICHMOND ROAD, FULHAM, LONDON, S.W.

C. & E. BEG TO DRAW ATTENTION TO THEIR SUPERIOR ARRANUEMENT AND

DESIGNS FOR HOTHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES, &c.,

And to the grent facilities which they possess for the construction of this class of work ut ii CHKAP RATE,
by the use of POWERFUL and SUITABLE STEAM MACHINERY, and from the advantage they possess of
their Premises being situate on the West London Railway, in connection with nearly all the Railways in tlie Kingdom.

Gentlemen desirous of consulting C. k, E. with respect to the erection of New Hothouses, or any alterations to
their present Hothouses, will find theii' communications most promptly attended to.

Prices on application of C. ani> E.'s PATENT TUBULAR ARCHED SADDLE BOILERS. Acknowledged
by gardeners of experience to be the best invented.

Pians, Spcci^cations^ E'itimatesy and Surveys^ made ^ree of all expense.

I TTIOWLEE'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and

! Vj CULTIVATOR may be SEJiN ai WORK in every Agricultural
Couuty in Eiiylitnd.

For particulars apply to John Fowler & Oo., 71, Comhill, London,
E.C. ; and Steam Plough Works, Leeds ^_^

q^UK IMPROVFD TANNED LEATHER DRIVING

JL .STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
without Imp or cress joints— supLTlnr to all othuis lor Portable
Engines. Prime STRAP and SOLE BOTTS.

Pi ice Lists sent free by post.
The Tasvkd Leatiikr CoaiPANv, Tanners, Curriers, &c., Armib
Works, Greenfield, near Manchester ; Warehouse, 81, Mark Lane,
London, E.C. Mr. H. Fekrauek, Agent.

TRON HURDLES (STl'ver Medal of the Koyal

JL Agricultural Socie tv).

I SHEEP, 3s. 5a!, ; CATTLE, 4s. 'Id. ; OX, 6s. llrf.

' List by Post. GATES and FENCIN G of every description.

Sc. Pancras Iron Work Company, Old SL Pancns Road, London, N.W.

AWN MOWING MACHINE, 36-in., by
Ferhabek & Co.. including the Leather Shoes for a Pony, all
in excellent condition, and to be Sold, a Baigiiin.

Apply to Mr. G. HontiNS, Woolston, near Southampton.

LAWN MUWERS.— BARNARD'S
Prices.
8 inch . . . . £2 10 0 each i IR inch . .
lu inch .. ..350,, 18 inch ..

12 inch .. .. 4 in 0 „ 20 inch ..

Unich .. ..600,, I 2'J!nch ..
LoUvered free to any station in England on receipt of Post Office
Ori'er.

Also Lawn Mowers of other kinds, viz.. Green's, Shanks', Samuel*
sonV, Kansome's, &c., supplied at makers' prices.

.). Jones k Sons, C, Bmkside, South vvark, London, S.E.

PATENT.

. £G 0 0 each
. 0 10 0 „

7 10 0 .,

GAilDEN ROLLERS,— IMPKOVED MAKE.
Phioes.
£113 0 each I 24 inch.. ..£3 0 Oeach

1 17 t) ,. 2tiinch ., .. 3 10 0 „

2 3 0,, 28 inch .. ..400,,
2 10 0 „ I 30 inch .. . . 5 10 0 „

Delivered free to :uiy station in England on receipt of Post Office
Ordur.

J. JoNiis Ii. Sons, 6, Banksi'Ie, Southivark. London, S.E.

IG inch .
18 inch .
20 inch .
22 inch .

R

0

K

rollkks for the farm,
rollers for the uarden.
rcjlleiis for the lawn.
Rollers for cricket grounds.
roller.s for parks,
rollers for racecourses,
rollers for road making.

The best and chenpest. are the Pateut Adjustable WATER
BALLAST ROLLERS, made only by

Amies, Barfurd, & Co.. Agricultural EriRiiieers, Peterborough,
who will forward Price Lists and all particulais on application.

LAYTON, SHUTTLEWOKTH, and CO., Lincoln,

and 78, Lombard Street, London.

Illustrated Catalogues, containing the latest revised PRICE
LISTS and particular-s of PORTABLE and STATION ARV STEAM
ENGINES (from 4 to 40-horse power), Threshing, Grinding. Pnraping.
Sawing Machinery, Sc, &c„ will be forwarded free on application
as above. TRACTION ENGINES fur Common Roads, and for
Steam Cultivation.

Ndte.— Nearly Eight Tliousand Engines have been made by this
firm within the last few years, and upwards of Six thousand
Threshkjg Machines.

Seed Pans, Garden Pots. Edging Tiles, &c.

MESSRS. BONSEY BROTHERS bei^ to ofler to
Gentlemen, their Gardeners, and the Trade, GARDEN
PUTS, SEED PANS, and EDGING TILES, of all sizes, of hard
and durable quality and moderate price.
Address Messrs. Bonsev Brotheks, Bro.\ Potteries. Chertsey, Surrey

Caution to Gardeners^^^lien you ask for
QATNOR AND COOKE'S M ARf^ANTKl) PRIZE

O PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Savnor, also the corporate mark Obtain
ffARBANTEn, without which none are Eenuine.

S. & C. reeret having lo caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
manv complaints to be made to them ot Knives whicL were not 01
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. i C.'s Pruuinv-' aud Budding Kmves aie tne nest and the
cheapest m the market.

Paxton Worts, Sheffield. Established upwards of 125 years.

476

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[May 4, 1867.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT LAWN MOWEES FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED ON FIVE OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1864 BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY.
DURING THE SEASON OE 1865 THEY WERE PATRONISED ON FOUR OCCASIONS BY HER MAJESTY THE ftUEEN,

ONCE BT HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND, AND ONCE BT HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA. J

AGAIN ON FOUR OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1866 BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN

AND BY MANY DISTINGUISHED NOBILITY BOTH IN THIS COUNTRY AND ABROAD.

HORSE-POWER MACHINE.

Every minute point in the way of improvement has been carefully considered and adopted, and as A. S. a.vd SO.V have for more than a quarter of a century
devoted their attention to this partioular branch of their business, the Nobility, Gentry, and Gardeners may rely on the MACHINES they may order, to be such
as to ensure lasting satisfaction, and to stand the wear and tear of many years.

SHaHKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

AHE IN DAILY USE IN

ALL THE ROYAL GARDENS; IN THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GiEDKNS AT KENSINGTON; CRfSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUNDS;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;
And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

These are the only Machines that can be depended on to g-ive lasting satisfaction.

TSESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOJF FEOPESLY IfHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OP LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

ShanJis' Patent Lawn Mower will Mow on uneven as u-ell as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, in referring to their IMPROVED LAWN MOWERS for 1867, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in etfecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and durabUity.

A. S. AND SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an e.xtent as possible in the construction of their Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery ai-e employed in manufacturing the various parts, and ihis applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S. AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWERS, -which will enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

Width of Cutter,
10-inch Machine £3 10 0

SHANKS'

Easily Worlied

NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Silent Movement.
45. extra.

12-iiich Machine 4 10 o } ^^^ " ^"'^'■^

14-inoh Machine 5 10 0 B,j a Boy

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE.

n s^"" V "^ ?'"?'!■■• If with Patent Delivering Apparatus.

25-mch Machine £12 10 0 . . .. 2.5s. extra.

28-inch Machine .. 1410 0 .. .. 30s. „

30-inch Machine 15 15 0 _, _ 30s. „

Silent Movement, 12s. &d. extra; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set
Ditto for Donkey, ISs. per set.

Easily Worked

Silent Movement.

0 By a Man or Ttoo Boys . ^^ ^^^^
6 By a Man and Boy (

Width of Cutter,

IB-iuch Miichine £6 10

19-inch Machine 7 12

2tS^h'Sht::: :: :: :: Wi D^yr^oMen .. { i

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

Width of Cutter.

30-iuch Machine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0 .. .. 30s. „

42-inoh Machine 26 0 0 . . . . 40s. „

48-inch Machine 28 0 0 .. .. 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 265. per set,

■s. 6d.
extra.

If with Patent Delivering A,,parata
. . 30s. extra.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OEPICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHA.LL STREET, E.G.

^g" 27, Leadenhall Street is the only place in London where intendinS purchasers of Lawn Mowers can choose from a Stock of from 150 to 200 Machines,
All sizes kept there, whether for Horse, Pony, or Hand Power.

.May 4, 18C7.]

THE GARDENllKS' CIIUONICLK AND AGRICULTURAJ. (JAZKTTE.

477

THE AUTOMATON LAWN MUWEH.

KANSOMES & SIMS'

NEW LAWN MOWER. THE AUTOMATON.

A NEW AND FIRST-CLASS MACHINE, WHICU HAS BEEN THOROU(mLY TESTED.

CONTAINS MANy IMPROVEMENTS.
riilCKS, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND FULL PARTICULARS, FREE, FROM

RANSOMES AND SIMS, IPSWICH.

JOHN WAENEPi & SONS,

BRASS & BELL FOUNDERS .? .>G:^iaSC«:»s, -a TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDEAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.

J. W. ANn SONS' GOODS MAV BE ORTAIXEP OF THE TllADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES:-

35. WARNEUS' I'ATKNT CAST-IKON
LIFT PUMPS.

2i inches diamcti'r

.. £1 8

6

3 „

.. 2 1

0

3i „

..2 6

0

4 ., „

.. 2 U

0

SHORT-BARREL DITTO,

FOR SINKS, PLANT HOUSES, &c.
Ko 37.-2^ ins. diameter ,.£110
Ditto, with 15 feet of IJ-in. lead Suction
Pipe attached, £2.

WARNERS' (No. o68i) AMERICAN
GARDEN ENGINE,

OR FIRE ANNIHILATOR,

Is complete in itself, or can be used to
draw from a Pond or Tank, price £2 2*.

6 ft. Suction Pipe and Rose, extra, 12*.

WAKWi;.±4!S' AaUAJECT.

Useful for every variety of purpose, in Watering
or Washing Flowers or Trees in Gardens, Conser-
vatories, &c. ; also for Washing Carriages or
Windows, Laying Dust, &c.

Price, complete £1 10 0

Small Size for the hand, as an ordinary Syringe, 18s.

No. 42. "WARNERS' PORTABLE PUMPS,

With Improved Valves fnr Liquid Manure .. . . £-1 L'j 0

2-in. Flexible Riil>bi'r Surti.m I'ipt', in 10, 12, and ITi ft. lengths, per foot, 2s. .5./.

WARNiixvo i^x>u. o-^'i \i) vjr.£iKDEN ENGINE.

HOLDS SIX GALLONS.
Is light, portable, and easily worked by a lady or child, price £2 10*.

Letter to The Thnex, July 23, 18G6.

FROM EARL ESSEX.

A Real Fire Extinguislier.

To the Editor of'' The Times."

u g jj I fggi sui-Q you will kindly allot a small space in the Times to these few lines, as the

heat medium through which I would urge every householder who dreads fire to hare on each
floor of hla house one or more small Garden or other Engines on wheels, always charged and in
good order, in case of fire. ^.j, ...ij^.u^ *r ftrn .i^

" Last niKht just as i waa going to bed, I was startled by that most fearful of all cnea, ' Fire,
fire!' 1 soon 'learned that a fire was raging in a larne two-windowed unoccupied bedroom.
How caused is to us all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small Engines
on each floor In two minutes I was in the room with one of them. It was like a furiiace.
The curtains shutters, casements, and cornices of both windows were burning and crackmg
from floor to'ceiling. I wiis quite alone at the moment, vet before assistance arrived {most
of the servants having gone to bed), I had completely subdued the fire of one window without
exhaustme the Enk;iue, and when a.ssistanco and more water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other So fierce was the fire that the lead of the casements waa melted, and the oasementa
themselves were bunit ofl^ their hinges. I will only ada. that by God's mercy, the house was
saved bv this small Engine. Had it not been at h.aiid and In order, most assuredly Cas-siobury
would be now a heap of ruins.— Yours faithfully, " ESSEX.

" Cassiobury Watford, July 20.

"The Engine, even when full, nms so light on the floor, that any woman might draw it,
and also work it."

■WARNERS' GARDEN ENGINES,

WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.
These Engines are much improved in construction, are less likely to
get out of order, and more easily repaired than others.

No. .547. Best ENGINES, in "Wood Tubs.
24 Gallons . . £6 10 0 | 14 Gallons

f.5 10 0

No. .547a. Strong- ENGINES, in Galvanized Iron Tubs, well

painted inside and out.

10 Gallons . . £2 19 0 1 24 Gallons . . £4 19 0

16 Gallons .. 3 14 0 | 28 Gallons .. .5 10 0

No. 54J, in Wood. 647a, in Irun Tub.

579i. "WARNERS' "WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time in "Watering with the Water Tot.
Made of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 13 inches high .. .. £2 2 0

„ 30 „ „ 20 „ .. .. 2 13 0

38 24 .. .. 3 17 0

;; 60. ;; ;; 24 , 512 0

* This is an extra strong ai-ticle, with 'cross handle lor two men, suitable for
nursery Grounda, io.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &c.

j^" Estimates fir any description of EydrMulic Machinery firwaried oh application.

No. 6V9i.

478

THE GARDENERS* CREONICLE AND AORTCULTURAD GAZKTTK

[Mat 4. 1867.

Heating "by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Irun Merchant,
• 31. BanI side. London, S.E.
HOT WATER PIPES, Horn StocK, per yard :— 2-incb, Is. 2d. ;
3-lnch, Is. lOd. ; and 4-mch. 2s. 4rt. BENDS, ft-om Stock, ls.6d., 2s. fid.,
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10b., 13s., and 14,s. eacii. Other
Connexions at equally low pricB,s, and nil goods of flrst-t:las.s inami-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

By Her Majesty's Royal Letters Patent.

I

THE TERMINAL SADDLE BOILER,
with Hollow Bai-s, proves itself to be equal to any form now
in use for economy and power ; while the Simplicity of its Construc-
tion gives it the advatit:;ge over all others. See Testimonials.
J. Ireland, Edward Street, Brougbton Lane, Manchester.

Hot-water Pipes, with Elbows
and Connections, supplied by
pURY ANi> I'OLLARU.

J3 Contracts and Estimates given
for WARMTNG PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS; latest Improvementsin HEAT-
ING by HOT WATER; the Improved
CONICAL BOILERS, for Heating
Pineiies, Conservatories, Greenhouses,
Mansions, Halla, Warehouses, Ac.,
Solely Manufactured by Bury & Pol-
lard These Boilers are adapted for
setting in Brickwork, or annexed
fekotcli shows Buitv & Pollakd's im-
proved arrangement, requiring
NO BRICKWORK SETTING.
These Boilers have for their dura-
bility and economy attained a cele-
brity far surpassing any other Boilers
t\i.r invented. They have been for
many years p'st in use at many Putilic
Establishments, Royal Botanical Gar-
dens at Kew. at the Regent's Park,
theCnstil Palace ind at most of the Nubility's and Gentry's Seats
tbrougnout the United Kiiif,dom. Reiereuces where they have
been for 20 years in coostauc use. „ , , ttt ,

Price Lists on appliciition to Burt & Pollard, Park Iron Works,
17, New Park Street, Soathwark, London, S.E.

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
HORTICULTURE.
" Dry Glazing witnout Putty."
" Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultui-al Society, South
Kensington.

Plans and 1 u u t J i I f ly

ilhistrated post i e for U at ps turn the VutI or i. d Piteitee
Jau£3 CttANbTON Aichitcct Blmimgham

W rks Hlghgate btreet Birmingham
Henry J Gbohtaol Miiiger 1 Temple Row West Birmingham

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION.— Medal, 1862.
Invented by the late Sir Joseph Paxton,
Manufactured in London ; Newton in Cart el, Lancashire ;
loucester; Coventry; Paisley, and Aberdeen.

ILLUSTRATED PRICE LI.ST.S wiil be sent on application to
Messrs. Hereuan & Morton, 7, Pall Mall East, Loudon, S.W.

Also, a HANDBOOK of VINE and FRUIT TREE CULTIVA-
TION, price Is. ; post free. Is. Id.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the materials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, &c.. delivered to any Station.
Estimates on application.
J, Jones & Sons, 6. ifankside, Southwark, London, S.E.

c

0 T T A il AND CO M P

Conservatory and Hothouse Builders, Ac,
Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London,
SADDLE BOILERS.

inches 1
4us, 65s. 923. Gd. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. Gd. 23. Id. 2s, Qd. per yard.
Materials supplied aa above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,

2, Winsley Street.

opposite the Pantheon).

Oxford Street, London, W,

COIL CASF

^^^

HOT WATER API

ARATUS

nr^HE NEW PATENT NONPAREIL GAS BUILEU
JL effects a saving of 75 per cent, in the Consumi^tlon of Gas.
Will keep alight any lengtii of time without attention.
Requires no Setting in Brickwork.
Can be fixed inside or outside the Greenhouse, and
Will Heat from 30 to 200 feet of Pipe.
Price from 3-ns.
A HOT-WATER APPARATUS complete, 50*.
Sole Maker and Patentee, G. Shrewsbury, Ironmonger, Lower
Norwood, S.

pUCUMBER and MELON BOXES. — Two Hundred
Vy 1, 2, and 3-light Boxes and Lights of all sizes, made of best
seasoned materials, glazed and piiinted, com plete, ready f . r
immediate use, packed and sent to all parts of the kingdom.
Jas. Watts 353, Old Kent Road, S.E.

Caution.

BOYD'S SELF-ADJUSTING SCYTHES.—
Ironmongers, Nurserymen, Gardeners, and others are
CAUTIONED that all the aoove Scythes to be genuine must bear
R. P. Taylor i Co.'s name on the label, they being the sole Licensees
iind Manufacturers. — They are the cheapest and best, and being
Sold adjusted, are ready for immediate use. They can be regulated
in an instant lo suit any person, and to cut any Crop without change
ofSeythes, Upwards of HjO,000 of them have been Sold.

To be had of every Ironmonger, Hardw;trem;in. aim Seedsman in
tho United Kingdom, and Wholesale of the Sulo Licensed Makers,
R. F.TaylorAComi-anv (hae l)r;iv, Tavl^r^ t:o,). London Bridge, E.C.

Esq.
Esq.

Agricultural Co-operation.

THE AGRICULTURAL and HURTICULTUKAL
ASSOCIATION, LIMITED.
Council:
The Right Hon. William Cowper, l E. Van.sittart Neale, Esq.
M.P. Frederick Pennington,

Walter Mon-ison, Esq., M.P. [ (Treasurer).

Tlinraas Hughes, Esq., M.P. I Edward Owen Greening,

James Beal, Esq. | (Managing Director}.

This Association supplies its Members with Implements and
Machines by the be^t Makers, and with Unadulterated Seeds,
Manures, and Mimufactured Cattle Food at cost price, upon the Co-
operative System. An Investment of £1 and upw,ards (bearing
interest dividenii) constitutes Membei-sbip after Election by Council.
No further liabihty. Rules and all information post free oh receipt
of two stamps, or by personal application to the Offices of the Asso-
ciation. Edward Owen Greening, Managmg Director.
OlHoBs;— 20, Parliament Street, Westminsior; and
1, Albert Square, Manchester.

QMOKY CHIMNEYS.— The best cure is

^ the PATENT ALBERT CHIMNEY CAP.

300 on Buckingham Palace ; 80 on Windsor Castle ;
100 on St. James's Palace ; 120on Claremont Palace;
230 on the Western Heights Barracks, Dover; and
hundreds also on tho Halts and Mansions of the
Nobility, Public Buildings, &c.

Price, Painted Wrought Iron, 26s. each ; Galvanised
ditto, 30s. each,

James Barton, Iron Works and Patent Stable
Fitting Manufactory, 370, Oxford Street, W.

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great
variety of patterns and raateri.al, the plainer sorts being
especially smted for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
■/^ room, and once put down incur no further labour
[fj and expense, as .-^.o "grown" Edgings, conse-

quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., In
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosuER, ManufactUTPrs, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLEyS PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corriaora, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stone, m blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for ],ining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, Ac.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosuer, at their Premises as above.

SILVER SAND (KKIGATE, best quality), at tKe above
addresses — 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F, & G. Kosher. — Addresses see above.
N B. Orders promptly executed bv Railway.

Bee Hives.

Prize MnnAL ANn Honourable Mention Awarded to George
Neighbour & Sons, for Bke Hives and Honev at tue various
e.yiiibitions.

]VT^IOTIB0UR'S

IN IMPROVED COTTAGE
BEE HIVE, as originally
mtroduced by Gkorge Neio'i-
BOUR & Sons, with all the
recent miprovemeuts, fforkiug
three bell-glasses; is neatly
and strongly made of straw ;
it has three Windows in the
lowor Hive, with a Thermo-
meter afflxod to the centra
one. This H've will be found
to possjss many practical
advantages, and is moro easy
of inanageraent than any
other Bee Hive that has been
introduced.

Price complete . . £1 15 0
Stand lor ditto . . 0 10 0

THE LIGURIAN or
ITALIAN ALP BEE being
much in repute at the present
time, we iiro in a position to
supply Stocks of the pure race
carefully packed in Woodbury Bir-Frame Hives, oo as to travel with
comparatively no risk of damage.

ENGLISH BEES. — Stocks and Swarms may be obtained as
heretofore. „

A newly-arranged CATALOGUE of other Improved Hives, with
Drawings and Prices, sent on receipt of two stamps.

Address, Geo. Neighbour & Sons, 127, High Holboni, W.C. ; or
149, Regent Street, London, W.

AoENTS :— Liverpool : James Cuthbert, 12, Clayton Square. Man-
chester : J. Wilson, 60, King Street. Birmingham: J. H. Cottrall,
16, Bull Ring. Dublin : Edmundson Brothers, 10, Dame Street.
iQlasgow : Austin & McAslan. 16, Buchanan Street.

GREENING & COMPANY'S

PATENT MACHINE-MADE

PORTABLE WIRE CATTLE AND SHEEP FENCE,

AN EXCELLENT AND ECONOMICAL SUBSTITUTE FOR WOOD AND IRON HURDLES.

Ko. 1a fAUIETY.
3 feet 9 inches high, Price Is. per yard.

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Construction, and
Apnlicatlon of WROUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildings

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perleotly neutralize atmospheric conduction

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arrangement.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailing result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
improved system.

OUR PATENT WPOUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the growth of first-class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-lRuN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty.

These Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent,
and from tho complete adiustment of their constructional parts will
vie most favourably with Wood Structures in poiiit of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron,

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Deknis & A. ScRDBY, Horticultural Buildera and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmslbrd.

GREENING and CO., LIMITED, Manufacturers of IRON GATES, FENCES, PALISADES,
ESPALIERS, HURDLES, TREE GUARDS, GARDEN SEATS, VERANDAHS, VASKS, FOUNTAINS, TOMB
RAILINGS, STABLE FITTINbS, GARDEN ROLLERS, POULTRY HOUSES, EMIGRANTS' HOUSKS,
BRIDGES, CORN RICK STANDS, &r.. ; also of Wire Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Moveable
Fences for Railways, Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Courts, Sheep Walks, &c. ; also of Wire
Netting, Plant Guards and Protectors, Garden Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea and Plant Trainers,
Pheasantries, Hen Coops, and Garden Lounges.

GENERAL CATALOGUE for 1865, in Royal 8vo, 72 Pages and Wrapper, with 33 Illustrations (together wifh
SUPPLEMENT of TESTIMONIALS from the leading Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom, to the
quality of Gkeening & Co.'s Manufactures), forwarded on receipt of Two Stamps to defray postage.

1, ALBERT SQUARE, MANCHESTER.

Mat 4. I8n7.1

THE OAT^DENTinS' CTTl^ONTCLE AND AGKICTTLTimAL GAZFTTK.

"179

By Royal Letters Patent.

WELLS'S roirrAHLK GROUND VINERY, for
Growing and HlponitiK Grapes witliout Artiftclnl Hoat.
AwAi-dod a Silvur Modal at the lutornational Exposition of
Horllonlture. hold at Nice, April, 1805.

Drawings and Instructious can bo had of tho P,(tkntek,
Stwim Works '2i, Bouverie Street, London, K.C.
AoBHTS ■— B. J. Edwards, S5, liiahopsgato Street Within, E.C.
J. K. Tantoii, Epsom, Surrey.
Urummond Biothurs, fi'2, George Street, Edinburgh.

T\NNE1> GARUKN NETTING for oeed Beds, and
tho Trotcction of Fruit Trees from Frost, Blight, Birds, or us a
Fonco for Fowls. «c. Frotn 2 to ti yards wide, at 1(/. per sqiuire yard ;
100 yards, 7«. C(I. ; fillO yanls, 35». Carriatio paid to any part of
JEDBlaiid If 1000 vavds are taken. Kamitlauco to accompany ordurs.
CuiuhTMAs QuiNCEv, SeedamaQ, I'aterborouEh.

Uaxdeu Netting.

JOHN EDGINGTON and CO. supply TANNED
NETTING for tlio Frotoctionof Fruit Trees, \d. per square yard.
Any quantitv. SCRIM CANVAS, &c. ; TULIP COVERS and
ORBENHOOSE SHADES, SUN BLINDS. &o MARQUEES.
TENTS, and FLAGS Ibr FETES. FLuW'EH SHOWh>, &c.

John Edoinotun & Co., (Tout Makers to tho Royal Family), 48,
LongLano, Siiiithllold, E.C.; and 18, I'lccadiHy, W

VfKTriNti lor KKUlTfrU':K8,"SKEl) HEDS, RIPK
liN STRAWBERRIES, in.— TANNED NETTING for protecting
the above from Fruet, Blight. Birds, i:c., 2 yards wide, 3d. per yard,
or 100 yards, 208 ; 4 yardbt wide, M. per yard, or 60 yards, 20s. NEW
TANNED NETTING, suited for any of the above purposes, or as a
F''enco for FowIh, 2 yards wide, OU. per yard ; i yards wide, Is. per
yard ; j-incu mebh, 4 yards wide, la. fid. per yard. Can be had In
any quiiutity of .,,.„„„

Eaton & Dellf.r, 0 and T, Crooked Lane, London Bridge, E.G.

s

K A W ■ :5 T i i?' P A K V,

For samples and prices apply to
J, SiFAw & Co., 21), Oxford Stroet, Manchester.

OHAW'S TIFFANY, from 7.s\ per piece. GARDEN
O SEATS (Vine stalk pattern, 25s.) LAWN MOWERS, GARDEN
ENGINES, RoLLEiiS, TERRA COTTAS, &c.

The Garden Rfpository. 32. James Stroet, Covent Garden, W.C.

Price Lists for all Ganlen Requisites may be liad on application.

Q H A D I N G!— The bt- st and chenpest Shading is
O ANDERSON'S SCRIM UANVA.S, 2 yards wide. Price 8rf. per
yard. Simples on .ipptication.
J AUKS T. Andi;ksos,7, Ciimmorcial Street, Shoreditch, London, N.E.

BROWN'S FLORAL SHADING, for~ Shading Plants
under Glass and protecting Wall Treed from frOst.— Sold by all
Nuraerynien and Seedsmen. No. 1 at 6.S. Sd. ; No. 2 at 7s. per piece,
ao yards long, 38 inches wide; No. 3 at 9s, 3rf. per piece, IS yiuda
long, 39 inches wide. Samples on application to

CuAiti-Ks HiiowN, Greeuliey^. Manchester.

IQ BE SOLD, 8 or 10 HrVES of HEALTHY liEES.

For particulars apply to
John Lacky, Stationer, IClthuni, Kent, S.E.

C

4.OLD PHEASANTS. — Sfvoral First-rate Birds for
T Sale. Alfioafow D'^zen EGGS

Apply to R., South JSaelem Gazette OfQce, Maidstone.

G

Farm Poultry.
KEY DORKINO EOWLS, of puroat breed, in any

-T numbers,

Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

broeil kninvn,
Impiovod Ni>i;j<(>]jv TlIRIvEVS. large, hardy, and good brooders.
AYLKSIillltV aiid KOUKN DUCKS.

IrtipnrtLd i;eL(;1AN' hare RABBlTS.forslze and earlv maturity.
BRAIIMA-I'OUTRA. CREVECUiUR, and LA FLECIll-; FOWLS,
fur uuuslarit layurK.

I'ricod Lists and Estimates on application.
John Bailv & Sns, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

SEWAGE of NOKWICH.— Notice is hereby given tliat
the Local Board of Health for the Corporate District of
Norwich are prepared to RECEIVE TENDERS l-r the PURCHASE
of the SEWAGE ot tho DISTRICT, and for the Hire of about
1300 Acres of Land in the possession of the Board, intended to be
irrigated with such Sewage which will be pumped to the highest part
of tno Land at the cost of the Board.

Further particulars, and any other information required may be
obtained upon application to Mr. A, W. Morant, the Engineer to
the Board, at his UOlces, Norwich, or to myself.

Tho Tenders are to be addressed to The Clerk of the Board, and
delivered at my Office on or before the 4th of June next, endorsed
'Tender for Sewage of Norwich."

Tho Board do not bind themselves to accept the lowest or any
Tender. II. B. Millkr,

Clerk to the Norwich Local Board of Health.

Bank Chambers, Norwich, May 2. 1807.

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINESS ; or the present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1500.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadenhall Street,
London, E.G.

To Florists, Jobbing Gardeners, Seedsmen, &c.

TO BE DLSlMtSED OF, a lirst-class well-payin?:
BUSINESS, with Conserviitory well stocked, and onmlortable
home attached, well lurnished with every comfort, for the low sum
of £260.

Apply to Mr. Dekrv, 10, Nelson Square, Elackfriars Road.

T? T. A R C H E K ■ 8 " F R i G 1 DOM U."
X^J • Patronised by Her Majesty The Queen, the Duke of Nortb-
iiniberland for Syon House, His Grto:; tho Duke of Devonshire for
I'liiswick Gardens, Profusaor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
Sir Joseph Paxton for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological Society, &c.

PROTECTION from COLD WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.

"FRIGI DOMO," a Canvas made of Patent prepared Hair and
Wool, a perfect Non-conductor of Heat and Cold, keeping, wherever
il IS applied, a fixed temperature. It is adapted tor all Uuiti cultural
and F Ion cultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and Flowers from
the Scorching Rays ol the Sun. from Wind, irom Attacks of Insects,
Riid from Mornmii Frosts. To be liad in any required lengths.

Two yards wide Is. 9d. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. 6ri. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yai'da wide . . U. 9d. per yard.

An improved make, 3 vards wide . . 2s. Ha. per yard run. Also
"FRIGI DOMO" NETTING. 2 yards wide. Is. 6d. per yard run.

Elisua Thomas A»ci<kk. Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Tnnity Lane, Cimnon Street, City, E.G., and of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen througliout the Kiufi^dom.

" It is inuuh cheaper than Mats as a covering."

Sales 6]p auction.

Bedding Plants, Bulbs, Rustic Work, &c.

MR. J. 0. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
Ills Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden. W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, M:iv 8, at hall-past 12 o'Clock i.recisolv, a
COLLttCriON of GERANIUMS, IRIS, GAZANIA.S, AURICULAS,
Clemnti-, Phloxes, Carnations, Picotees, Pinks, Fuchsias, Veronicas,
Dahlias, Gladioli, Rustic Seats, Stools, Vas'S, Baskets. &c.
On view tho Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Highly Important Sale of Established Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS "begs to announce that he has
been favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION,
at his Ora:it Rtiom^, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
THURSDAY, May 0, at h.alf-past 12 o'Clock preciselv, some
unu>ually fine Specimens and Choice Varieties of ESTABLISUED
ORCHIDS, being duplicates from the renowned Collection of
.S. Rucker, Esq., of West Hill, Wandsworth, Including:—
Trichopilia crispa
Miitonia Candida grandiflora
Odontoglossum Phalienopsis

Aerides Larpentie

,, Fieldingii
Cypriperiium caudatum
Dendrobium Wardii
Cattloya labiata •

,, labiata speciosa

meviura majus
Caianthe Veitchii
Cymbidium ebumeum

MR. A. CHANDLER (of the late Firm of Chandler
& Sons, Nurserymen, Vauxhall), Hokticultcbal Aoent and
Valuer, N.B. Horticultural ExUibtlioi.s attended, as Judge.
Address, 3U8, Fulham Road, S.W.

Winter Ribbon Garden.

JOHN ROSS, hurbiton, Surrey, \V., is prepared to
LAY OUT every desoiiption of PLEASURE GROUND
SCENERY. Photogi-apha of Ribbon Planting may be had for
inspection as above.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., begs to announce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Manslona and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Gibson, lun., Surrey Lane, Battersea,, S.W.

GENUINE TOBACCO PAPER, lOd. per lb.
Terms Cash.
W. DonosoN, Jackson & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers, 29, Lady
Lane, Leeds.

"DOLL TOBACCO CLOTH.— The cheapest and best

JL\ article for Smoking Greenhouses and destroying the Fly ; equal
to TobaCfO in strength. Is, 4(i. per Ir. ; over 10 lb.. Is. Id.

JosEPu Bar>;r, 10, Gough Square, Fleet Street, E.G.
Post Office Orders payable Fleet Street.

BOSTON'S NK PLUS ULTRA, for the Destruction of
Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, &c., on Stove and Gi'een-
house Plants Fruit Trees, Vines, &c. In bottles, with full instruc-
tions for application, price 3s. Gd., 6s., and 10s. Gd.

jAMts Cartkr & Co. beg leave to state that the present time is most
suitable for applying the above genuine Specific before the com-
mencement ol the growing season, thereby preventing the rapid
increase of the above pests which would otherwise take place. The
infallible properties of BOSTON'S NK PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becoming iu.\\y recognised, J. C. & Co. having already sold nearly
2000 buttles since its first introduction m the spring of 1866.
Numerous testimonials have been received, and not a single complaint
of its inefflciency.

Sole Agents, Jaues Carter 4 Co., 237 and 23S. High Holbom.W.C.
%* The TiTide supplied on liberal terms.

/TISHURST

VT COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1859, against
Rod Spider, Mddew, Thnps,
Green Fly. and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede It.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes; le., 3s., andlOs; fid.

Ked
Spider

Magnl.
fled.

Wholesale by

PRICE^S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(Limited)

And many other fine species all in the linest possible health ; aJso
some duplicates from the well-kuown Collection of J. Day, Esq., ot
Tottenham, includine fine Plants and first-class varieties of tho
following RARK ORCHIDS

AngiMcum sesquipedale
Aerides afflne

,, L.arpL'ntie

,, Day.anuni

,, quintjuevulnerum
Cattleya amethystoglossa

,, Exoniensis

„ hibiaia

„ stiperba
Ctelogyne criatata
Cypripedium Lowii

„ Dayanum

„ Stonei

., Iffivigatum
Dendrobium Devonlanum

„ lituifiorum

,, Fiirmeri
Dendrochihim filiforrae
Liella crispa superba

Loelia elegana

„ Scbillenana splendens
Mmx ill aria veuusta
Miitonia Regnelli
Odoiitoglossum BluDtii

„ Pescatorei

,, nebulosum

„ Uro Skinneri
PhaUBnopsis amabilis

„ Schilleriana

„ Luddemanniana
Pleione lagenaria

„ humilis

„ maculata

„ Wallichii
Saccolabium guttatuni

„ ampuUaceuni
Vanda cterulea
&c., &c.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Preliminary Notice.

Highly Important Sale of Established OnCBins.

MR. J. C. STEVENS begs to announce that he has
been favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION,
without reserve, at his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C. on TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, May 14 and 1^^
at half-past 1'3 o'Clock precisely each day, the Collection of CHOlCFi
and RARE ORCHIDS belonging to Dr. Pattison, of tot. John's Wood,
cunsisting ot fine healthy plants of all tne newest and rarest
varieties, including : —

Aerides Fieldingii

,, Larpentto

,, maculosum superbum, &c.
Angrascum sesquipedale
Cattleya amethystoglossa

„ pallida

,, bulbosa a. Walkeriana

,, Warscewiczii superba, deli-
c-tta, ike.
Cyprlpediumcaudatum superbum

„ Fairrieanum

„ Lowii

„ Stonei

,, Veitchii [piganteum

Dendrobium raacropbyllum

,, Farmeri aureum flavum

„ Cauibridgeanum

,, nobile pendulum

„ Parishii

,, priraulinum giganteum

,, Heyneanum, Blandum, &c.
Lailla majalis

Liolia autumnalis

,, Brysinna
Odontoglossum Alexandne

,, cordatum

,, luteo-purpureum

,, Phalieuopsis

,, nfevlum majos, &c.
Oncidium raacranthum

„ nubigenum

,, holochrysum

,, cruentum, &c,
Phalajnopsie amabilis

„ grandiflora (Bomean and
Philippine varieties)

„ Luddemanniana

„ Schillenana
Vanda ccerulea

,, insignis

„ suavis

„ tricolor, &c.
Uropedium Lindlcyanum
Zygopetalum rostratum, &c.

On view the Mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Danbury Palace, Essex.

MR. WAKELING respcr^tfully informs the Public
that he is favoured with instructions from the Executors of
the' late Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Rochester, to SELL by
AUCTION, in the Grounds, on TUESDAY, Mav U, at 11 o'Clock
precisely, 20.000 vnluable GREENHOUSE and BEDDING PLANTS
of esteemed Varieties, consisting of Geraniums, Fuchsias, Verbena.*,
Petunias. Azaleas, Camellias, Ferns, Strawberry Plants in pots, and
various others.

Catalogues may bo had five days prior to Sale, of Mr. Tinsley,
Head Gardener at the Palace ; and of tho Auctioneer, Chelmsford.

Sale of Choice Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, &c.

MESSRS. PR(/J'I1KR()K AM, MORRIS will HKLL bv
AUCTION, fit .'(8 and 'M, (Jracochnrch Stroet City EC

ot URKKNIIOUSE PLANTS, including fine Azalea tndlca ; Show,

icy, andlroiich Pulargonlutii

Scarlet and VartL-gato'l Gura-

nluiiiH, RoHUM in polH, and other PlantH in bloom ; named Khodo-
(lendn.iin;imnortml Flower Seeds; with a varloiy of Omnmontal
Plants lor Bedding; Vorbonii^, FuchBlas, DahlinH Ac

on viow tlio Morning of Halo. Catnl-.tiues may' bo hud at tho
Rooma aN above, and of thu Auctioneers and Valuers, Loytougtono
Essex, N.E. '

Shepherd's Bush.

Sai.k of AiiouT2fi,0l>0 GuKKNiiyuBK ANU B^nDiNo Plants

MEbfciRS. PitOTH KROE and MORRIS are iuHtrur-ted
to HVAAj by AUCTION, on tho rruiiiiwos, Exotic Nuniory
Slnj|ihoid H iliisli, a<Ij.jining the Sheplierd'H Bush Station on tho
Mutn.pnlltaii Railwiiy, on TUESDAY, May 11, at hair-pa«t 11 oUlock
precisely, witli.-iit, loservw, about ^r.jjiK) GREENHOUSE ami
BKDDING PLANTS, compilalng auout 7f>00 Scarlut and Virlogated
Goraniuma, lUDU Pelargunlums, AcaLias, HydrangeaH. Doutziaii,
Eric'LS, Ciimolliat, OardcniHH, Calla Rosi'n in pots, Itc., with a Urge
Assortment of u>'*;l'ul (^rtiumental Plants I'jr Bedding, Clovus
Chrysanthemums, Ilurdy Climbers in pots, &.c- '

May bo vlwwud prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on tho PremlBOH,
and of the Auctioneers &. Valuers, Leytonstono, N.E.

High Beech, Essex.

iMPoaTANT Sale oj- ah.il i i;n,niii) Hkhuimj am> Greenhouse Plants.
IV/fESSRS. PROTliERDE anu .MuRRlS iire instructed
llA. by Mr, J. Crawl'ord (who is retiring from the Business) to
SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, oppi'site the King'u Oak,
High Beech, about iu nm.utes' Wiilk irom tho Loughton Railway
Station, on tho Woodford and Loughton line, on FRIDAY, May 17,
at i:i o'clock precisely, about liO.oOO BEDDING and GREENHOUSE
PLANTS. Including a large quantity of Geraniums. Pelargoniums,
Heliotropes, Calceolarias, Lobelias, Fuchsias, Coleua, ic. ;
1000 Azalea indiea, Ericas, Epacris, Hybrid Perpetual and other
Roses in Pots, Gardenia, Vallota purpurea, Cytlsus, F'ernB, &c. ;
some very liandsome specimen Rhododendrons uf the choiceHt
named varieties, now coming into flower, &c.

Maybeviewod prior to the Sale. Catalogues maybe had on tho
premises, and of tlio Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstono, N.'Jfi.

Forest Side, Chingford, Essex.

Important Sale uk aroot liS.OOU Gukksjiousg and BEnniNc Plants.

iV/l IlSSRS. RRuTHEUuE and MORRIS are directed
j-VX by Mr. James Kelman to SELL by AUCTION, on tho
Premises, Queen Elizabeth's Lodge Nursery. Chingford (about
20 minutes' walk from Buckhurst Ilill Railway Station on the
Woodford and Loughton Line, on SATURDAY, May 18, at 2 o'clock
preci.->ely, about liii.OOO GREENHOUSE and BEDDING PLANTS,
remarkably well gr.wn, including with the usual Miscellaneous
Assortment, some uf the Nuveltles of the present season, such as
Bouton's Gtiianiums, Mrs. Pollock, and others; Lilium auritum, &o.
May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the Premises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

PRELIMINARY NOTICE of FORTHCOMING
SALES by PROTHEROE and MORRIS.
MAY 20.— Kenniiigton Park Road. Bedding Plants, Groen-
huuies. Sheds, and Utensils.
MAV 21 & 22.— The Old Dalston Nursery, by order of Mr. Harrington.
The whole of the Greenhouse and Bedding Plants,
with eight Greenhouses, ranges of Pits, Boxes,
Hot-water Piping, Boilers, &c.
MAY' 23. — Rainsg.ite. The wnole of tne Bedding and Greenhouse
Plants.
The City Auction Rooms, 38 and 39, Gracechurch Street, Citv, E.C.
Sales of Bedding and Greenhouse Plants weekly.

Ember Nursery, Thames Ditton,

A few minutes" walk from the Railway Station at Thames Ditton,
and a short distance Irom Esher Station.

MR. KEKMOCK is in,structi*d by Mr. Lewis to SELL
by AUCTION, upon the Premises, on MONDAY, May 0, at
12 fori o'clock precisuly, about 20,000 BEDDING PLANTS, com-
prising .Scarlet Geraniums, Verbenas, Calceolarias, Heliotropes,
Petunias, &c. ; a choice Collection of about 6000 Pelargoniums,
luiJO Fuchsias, 5U0 Fairy Rosts, &c. ; also a powerful Tubular Hot-
house Boiler, nine handsome Speckled and White Fowls, &c.

Purchasers of lots to the amount of 40s. can hav« them delivered
free within three miles ot Ember Nursery.

To lae viewed alter May 1, when Catalogues maybe had on the
Prwinises ; at the Auctioneer's offices, Kingston, S.W., who will alao
forward the same, on application, by pust.

Burnham, Bucks. Eligible Freehold Estate.

MESSRS. RUCKLAND and SuNS are instnieted
by the Executors of Mr. James Austin, deceased, to SELL by
AUCTION, on MONDAY, May 0, at 1 for 2 o'Clock, at the Auction
M'-rt, Tokenhouse Yard, London, E.C, a very desirable FREEHOLD
ESTATE, comprising a modern built Residence, with Btin, Stable,
Packing Sheds, and large Vinery, together with about G Acres
2 Roods 28 Perches of ri^h sod, cultivated as a Market Garden,
thickly stocked with well selected Fruit Trees, with good under crop
of Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries, &c. This eligible property is
beautifully situated on a rising ground on the entrance to the Town
of Burnham, about 22 miles from London, with southern aspect,
commanding a fine view of Windsor Castle and the adjacent scenery.
Welt adapted for the erection of a good Residence, being in the
vicinity of Dropmore, Burnham Beeches, and Cliveden, and the
picturesque villages of Stoke, Farnham Royal, and Taplow ; within
about 1 mile of ttie Maidenhead Station on .the Great Western Rail-
waj' and 4 miles of Windsor Castle and Eton College.

May be viewed on application to the Tenant. Particulars and
Conditions of Sale may be had at the Bear Hotel, Maidenhead ;
Crown Hotel, Slough ; at tho Auction Mart, London, E.C. ; of '
George A. CuAitsLEv, Esq., Solicitor, Beaconsfteld ; and of Messr-s.
Buoklano & Sons, Auctioneers and Estate Agents, Windsor.

Osborne Park Gardens, Potter's Bar, Middlesex,

Near the Railway Sc ition.
Extensive Sale of Cuoice Beddino Oct Plants.

MR. DUCKWORTH will SELL by AUCTION, by
order of the Proprietor, without the least Reserve, on
WEDNESDAY, May 16, at 12 o'Clock, on the Premises, in suitable
Lots, 20,000 CHOICE PLANTS, in pois. The plants corapnse
Variegated Pelargoniums — Mrs. Poljock. Mrs. Milford, Annie
Williams, Golden Chain, Cloth of Gold, Queen ot Queens, Bijou,
Dandv, Flower of the Day, and Brilliant; Zonals- ^^^s. Wm. Kiul,
Donald Beaton, Christine. Beaton's Indian Yellow, Black Dwarf,
Lord Palmerston, Paul L'AbhC-, Cybister, Stella, Tom Thumb,
Punch, Fireball, Mad, Vaucher, Mrs. Millington, Cerise Unique,
Trentham Rosy Si;arlet, Richmond Gem, Harry Hieover, Bishop-
stowe. Rival Stella, Model Nosegay, Wiltshire Lass, Rollisson s
Unique, and others ; Verbenas — Crimson King, &,c. ; Fuchsias,
Salvias, Ageratums, Heliotrope, Viola cornuta, Gazania splendens ;
Lobelias — Miss Murpny (New White), and speciosa; Cineraria
marittma, Perilla nankinensis, and Amaranthus melancholicus ;
Mimulus, &c. Luncheon will be provided at 11 o'Clock. In ca^e cf
unsettled weather Buyers will be allowed 14 days to clear away their
Lots, during which time the Plants will receive every attention.

May be viewed two d.ay3 prior to and on the Morning of Sale.
Ciitalogues to be had at the usual Inns at Watford, St. Al ban's,
Hertford, Hatfield, Potter's Ear, and Bamet; on the Premises; at
Cowing's Public Libraiy and Press Office, Bamet; andofMr. Ddck-
woRTH, Auctioneer and Estate Agent. Hadley. Barnet.

Chesfield Manor Farm, Stevenage, Herts,

On the Grkat Northern Railway.

MESSRS. PAGE, HARDING, and EVE have
received Instructions from J. Bailev Denton, Esq., who Is
quitting the above Farm, to SELL by AUCTION, on THURSDAY,
May 1(1, at 13 o'Clock, tho very Choice Herd of pure-bred SHORT-
HORNS, consisting of about 35 Cows, Heifers, and Bulls, m hne
healthy condition, and possessing some of the best blood in the
country. Also a Flock of superior SHROPSHIRE DOWN Ewes
and Lambs, and four Rams; and some well-bred Breeding PIGS.

Catalogues, with Pedigrees of the Herd, may be had on application
to Messrs. Palje, HARniso, & Eve, Laud Agents, Surveyors, and
Auctioneers, St. Alban's, Hitchin, and Silsoe ; or to Mr, Hutchinson,
at tho Farm, who will show the Stock.

480

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL Gj^ZETTE.

[M^T 4, 1367. ■

GKEEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR

NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, and COLLECTING MACHINES.

HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN

ON T'WnNTT-NINE DIFFERENT OCCASIONS.

H.E.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES.

PATRONIZED BY

THE KING OF THE BELGIANS.
THE EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH.
THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.
AND MOST OF THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, in introducing their PATENT LAWN MOWERS for the present season, beg to state that they hare no Novelties to report. The fact is,
that after the severe tests their Machines have been subjected to since they added their latest improvements, they have been found to meet all the requirements for which they
are intended, viz. :— the keeping of Lawns in the highest state of peefection.

They ai-e the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked vntti far greater ease than any other Lawn Mower extant ; and in proof of their
superiority, 36,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

THEY ABE THE ONLY MACHINES IN CONSTANT USE AT

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS, SOUTH KENSINGTON I

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK

THE CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GARDENS, SYDENHAM

BUCKINGHAM PALACE GARDENS

MAALBOROUQH HOUSE I

THE HYDE PARK GARDENS

THE WINTER PALACE GARDENS, DUBLIN

THE DUBLIN BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LIVERPOOL BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LEEDS ROYAL PARK

THE HULL BOTANIC GARDENS
THE BOTANIC GARDENS, BRUSSELS
THE SUNDERLAND PARK
THE PRESTON PARK

AND IN MOST OP THE PRINCIPAL PARKS, SQUARES, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

GREEN'S

PATENT

LAWN MOWERS

have proved to be the best, and
carried off eveiy Prize that has
been -given in all cases of com-
petition.

T. GREEN & SON

wai'faiit evjvy Slachine to give
entire Batisfaction, and if no
approved of can be returned
unconditionally.

PEICES of HORSE, PONY, and DONKEY JVIACHINES, including Patent Self-deUvery Box; Cros3 Stay complete; suitable for attaching to

ordinary Chain Traces or Gig Harness.

PONY AND DONKEY MACHINES.

To Cut 26 inches

..£13 0 0

„ 28 ,

.. 1.5 0 0

„ 30 „ .. ..

.. 17 0 0

Leather Boots for Donkey ^ 18*.
Leather Boots for Tony^ 22s.

To Cut 30 inches
„ 36 „ ..
„ 42 „ ..
„ 48 „ .,

HORSE MACHINES.

£21

24

27

30

0 0\

0 of

0 0(
0 0*

Leather Boots for Horse, 265.

Both the Horse, Pony, Donkey, and Hand Machines possess (over all other Makers) the advantage of Self-sharpening. The cutters being steel on each side, when they
become dull or blunt by running one way round the cylinder, can be reversed again and again, bringing the opposite edge of the cutter against the bottom blade, when the
Machine will cut equal to new. Arrangements are made that the cylinder can be reversed, by any inexperienced person, in two or three minutes.

HAND MACHINES.

To Cut 10 inches ..£3 10 0 SuitaUe for a Lady

„ 12 „ .. 4 10 0

„ 14 ,, .. 5 10 0 Suitable for One Person

„ 16 „ .. 6 10 0

To Cut 18 inches .. £7 10 0 SuitaUe for One Person

„ 20 ,,..800 Suitable for Two Persona
„ 22 „ .. 8 10 0 „ „

„ 24 ,,..900 „ „

Packing Cases are charged at the following low rates, viz. :— for the 10 and 12-inch Machine, 3s. ; 14 and 16-inch, 4s. ; 18 and 20-inch, -Ss. ; 22 and 24-inch, 6s. Parties
providing themselves with Lawn Mowers are recommended to purchase the cases in which to stow them away, when not in use, to prevent them from getting damaged ; if
returned, two-thirds will be allowed for them.

The aiove MACHINES are made from the best materials, and of superior workmanship ; are delivered Carriage Free to all the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Ports

in England.

Every Machine ia wan'anled to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of, can be returned unconditionally.

Having above 3000 Machines in stock at our Leeds and London Establishments, we are in a position to execute orders on the day they are received.

1^ niustrated Price Lists, and Sheet of Prize Medals awarded to GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS, free on application.

T. G. AND SON having taken very extensive Premises in London, are now in a position to do all kinds of Repairs there, as well as at their Leeds Establishment.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS;

and 64 and bby BLACKFKIAES EOAD, LONDON, S.

Editorial ComiDimicatlonB should baaddresaed to" The Editor;" AdTertlaemeDts and Business Letters to " The PubUBher." at the OfflcB.il, Wemngton Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed by Jaues MiiTHBivfl, lit the Office of Messrs. Bbadburt, Eyan8,& Uo .Lombard Street. Precinct of "VVhitefriars, City of London, in the Co. of iUddlesex, and Pabliahed by the said JuiKa MATrBawe.at the
Office, No.il, Welliu^n Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Oarden,in the said County.— SAiDaDAX.Uay 4,1807.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

ANU

AGRICULTURAL G

No. 19.— 1SU7.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, MAY 11.

(Price Fivepence,

(Stamped Edition, 6d,

INDEX.

AjtrK'uUuie, Chamber ol ...

- Irish

.^pplccrop

Auriculas

Hiuli'y 4W (

Hiitemun prixe

Jti'(,-tiives

Iturik!. noticed 403 (

t.\ilIl.M>hi;;ii.' ,

{•.iltli-\ii fitciiiii

- u( Agriculture ..

. 4118 b
.R4!I3 c

Ciii.

»t.liiiic mid leuf ...

;i -i, I iliiiurpi's'

ii,.lc!.tli Of Mr

ili;i(iuns. i;ui'ilcnciii' .
■luda

chiU

..495 ti— 5(10 a

lloi'se of tlie Pniiipus 4

Liibourers' cottaKea <

Limo HDd leaf cumpost 4

MiiiiclioHter ex hibitiuu 4

Palis jurors i

— llMtaiiicitl Confess 4

— lettcrsfrom 490f— 4

Pi'liirKoniuitis, trlcolourcd.. .. 4

— viiricgated 4

~ winti-rlns 4

— speiiliuf; 4

Tl!isl.T, It;ilian 4

I'liints. IiprbiiL'eoub ...,, <

I'luiit struiigU'3 4

Sifloii I'luk 4

Sliwp 4

Short hums <

KiiciL'ty, Koyal Horticultural 4

M)laiium capsifiistrutu 4

'Ihi'iinunietors, testing '.

j M)YAL liOT/\^'lC SftCIETY'B G.^UDKNS,

I i' Roi'OiitN I'jLik,— EXHIBITIONS of PLANTS, FLOWEUS,
iiii.l FRUIT, WKDNKSDAVS, M:iy ill, June ly. and July 3. Tickets
til ho ubt'iiiied lit tlio Garduiis ; or of tho Society's Cltirk, Austin's

IVkot Offlco, St. Jrtmus's Hull; ov by orders from Fellows of tho
Sncietv. yjiturday next, lluy Is, is the last day lor the is. Tickets
Liiid the Fellows' Five Guinea Packets. After that day, 6s., and on
lliu duys of Exhibition, 7s. Cd. each. _^________ ___„

/^KYbTAL PALACE.— GRKAT FLOWKR SHOW,

\J MAY ^5. — Schedules, with List of Prizes, may be had on
appliuatlon tu L Wilkinson, Supeilntendent, Crvstal Palace.
*»* The ENTigJiS CLOSE on the 16th in^t.

" AIIW. SEED LIST oflhe LONDON SliED ruJlPANY

13 now imbhshod, and can ho obtainel from the
Manaoeb, tl8, Welbeck Stnu-t, Cavcndisli Siji-are, Loudon W

F

SKIKVINO'8 SWKDK 'i'UllNlP, ois. per busheL
Fine aelertrd stock, from the
LuNDON SiiED Company, OS, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

A^ELLOW GLOBE SrANGKL; 50i. per cwt!
J- Fine sulecteil stock, from the

LuNDoN Sttn Cuui'ANv, OS, Welbeck Street. Cavendish Square, W.

"Ij^AilM SEEDS.— All the "best" kinds'"of 'MANGEL
V WURZEL, SWEDE TURNIP, and other Farm Seeds of

tiucst quality on inurlerato terms.

PHlUEb LIST.S on application to
RictiAKU Smith, Sued Merchant, Worcester.

V^WEDK SEED.—The WORCESTKRSHIRE SWEDE,
O NEW SEED of this excellent kind at 10<(. por lb. Cheaper by

Lhij cwt. or bushel.

Richard SMirn, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

New Mangel and Turnip Seeds.

TAMES EAIIUIEAD and SON, 7, Borough Market,
O and Braiiitree. Essex. Special Select ORANGE GLOBE and
other MANGELS, and all varieties of TURNIPS.
Special prices on application.

1867

T U K N I P SEEDS.

Best selected quality.

PRICED LISTS on applicition.

Jaues Dickso.v & Sons, 102, EastRate Screet, Chester.

New Turnip and Mangel Wurzel Seeds, &c.

ALFRED LEGERTON. Seed Merchant, 5, Aldpate,
London, K., has to offer to the Trade the above m all the
leading varieties, all flue samples, and grown from flue selected stocks ;
also DWARF ESSEX RAPE. MUSTARD, and all other Agricul-
tural Seeds. Prices (which are low) may be had on aopliCMtion.

SUTTOJ^'S H U M E-G HO W N 'J' U RN 1 f iSKKD.
For prices and particulars apply to
Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

/^"EITuTNE W¥^ CARROT SEED^

VT The Three Best Sorts are

WHITE BELGIAN, U. per lb. 1 Cheaper

RED INTERMEDIATE, Is. Qd. per lb. V by the
LUNG RED CATTLE, Is. 6rf. per lb. ) Cwt.
ON ii Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

SUTT(

Robinson's Champion Drumheaa Cabbage.

SUTTUN AND SONS can supply New SEED of the
above direct from Mr. Robinson, at 3s. Cd. per lb., cheaper by
the cwt. Heads of this variety have been grown 75 lb. each.
SoTTo!( & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

s

CARLET BEANS.— Surplus Stock at any price.

Fahihead & Son, 7, Borough Market.

SPECIAL OFFER.— Kim- New SCARLET RUNNER
llEANS. Cash Price, 7s. 6d. per bushel.
Fbedeku'E GtE, Scijd Merchant and Grower, Biggleawade, Beds.

Early Sheep Feed— Mustard and Rape.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply good New Seed of the
above at very moderat« prices, wnich may be had on application
Sutton & Sons, Seed Merchants, Reading,

Sorghum tartarlcum.

SUTTON AND SONS, having imported a supply of
True Seed of the above, can supply it In packets at Is. and
28. 6tl. each (post free).

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Notice.

PURCHASERS of LARGE QUANTITIES of FARM
or GARDEN SEEDS will bo supplied liberally by Sutton &
Sons, For price.-) apply (stating quantity required) tu

Sutton & Sons, Royal IJcrk.sliIre Seed Establishment. Reading.

OQ"*7 aml"23S, illlJll HOLItOliN, LONDON. W.C.
/Co t —CARTERS SELEi;r LIST of FARM SEED.S, at
reasonable prices, forwarded gratis and post free ou application to

Cahtkr's Great London Seed Warehouse, ^37 aud 238, lligh
Holboni, London, W.C. _

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

AMES CARTER and C 0.,

Seed Fawmkus, Meikhantm, and Ncrskkymen,
L'37 & 'Z'SH, High llolburn, Loudon. W.C.

J

New Striped Japanese Maize.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply Seed of the above
beautiful Ornamental P'oliage Plant in packets at \a. each, post
free. Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

The New Forage Grass (Bromus Schraderl).

SUTlON AND SONS have imporled a large supply of
True Seed of tho above, and offer it at 2^, Gd. per lb,, or cheaper
1q large quuntities. Qjantity required per acre, 3ulb. Lowest price
per cwt. and Instructions on cultivation, may be had on application.
Sutton k Sons, Seed Merchant.^, Reading.

' FTne^GrasTSeeds lor Cricket Grounds,

BOWLING GREENS, or CROQUET GROUNDS.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply suitable kinds of the
finest-growing GRASSES and CLOvEUS for theabovo purposes,
at Is. 3d. per lb., 24k. per bushel.

Sutton k Sons. Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Beading.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, 7, Rorough Market,
and Rrauitruo, Essex.
LISTS and S]ieLM)il Prices on application.

RAYNliIRD, CALDECO'i'T, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
ANi. COMPANY, Limited.
Corn, Sked, Manuuk, and Oiluakk Mlrchants,
Addre.ss, M'J, Seed Market, Mart Laue, E.C. ; or Basmgstoko.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
lor Wheat ; 11^0'2. for '* Kxcullent Seed Corn and Seeds."

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHAUfl-rS WHOLESALE SPRING
• PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of ISGG growth la now
ready and may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST Is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.

Seed VV:ire house, Slealord.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STKAIN of PRIMULA.
See large Advertisement

E"VE R Y G A K D" E~N REQUISITE
kept in Stock nt
Cakteh's New Seerl WarolnKisL'. j;!? k i!.i8. High Holborn, London.

T.

Mrs. Pollock Geranium.
BOOTH ottrrs ilio ;ibovr. in good Plants, at

7a. per dozi.'ii, or f.Us. per lUO, for cash.
lUiinliiU Nursery, LaDcashire.

ri^EN THOUSAND BEDDING GERANIUMS,

_L consisting of Tom Thumbs, Punch, Vivid, Stella, Bijou, &c.

loot) ZONAL GERANIUMS, selected from the best varieties of
the la-st few seasons. Price on application to

William Cooks, Old Nurseries, Donington, near Spalding.

H" "USSEY~AND~HON~bog to offer TOM THUMB
GERANIUMS, Bxtm Kti'oiiB ijliiuts, at 14». per 100 ; SILVER
VAUIKOATiSD, ol aoita, ut Via. por 100 ; nai GOLDEN CHAIN, at
18s. per 100.

Mile End Niirsory, E^ttoa, Norwich.

pHOICE BEDDING GERANIUMS.— Italia Unitii,

V^" Luna, Sunset, Mrs. Pollock, C^'stalSea, Le Grand, Amy Hogg,

Venus, Indian Yellow, Glowworm, Orange Nosegay, Enamel. The

above twelve varieties. In strong healthy plants for 128. Tprms cash.

I'liouAS Pestridqe, The Greenway Nurseiy, Uxbndge, Middlesex.

NEW ZONAL PELARGONIUMS for the; present
Season, — For Six choice Vai'ietiefl of the above, selected with
great care from au immense batch of Seedlings, see our Advertise-
ments in this Paper, April 6, 13, and 20.

A liberal discouut to the Trade,
Saltmarsu & Sox, Moulsham Nurseries, Chelmsford.

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTRUSH AND SON'S C.VTALOGUR of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. Highgate, London, N.

New Spring Catalogue.

WOOD AND INGRAM'S Select CATALOGUE of
Dahlias, Pelargoniums, Zonal and Variegated Geraniunis,
Verbenas. Fuchsias, Bedding Plants, &c., ia now ready, and will bo
forwarded on application.

The Nurseries, Huntingdon,

New General Catalogue of Plants.

A VAN GEERT, Nukskryman, Ghent, Belg;iuin,
• begs to announce that his NEW GENERAL CATALOGUE
of PLANTS is just published, aud may be obtained on application
from bis Agents,

Messrs. R. SiLntiURAD & Son, 6, Harp Lane, London, E.G.

NEW VARIEGATED GliRANIUM CASTLEMILK.—
Fine ornamental foliage, one half the leaf margined witli the
purest white, centre line gri^eii. Free robust branchmg habit, anil
effective hedder. Fii'st-clast Certiticato at the Gla.sgoiv and West of
Scotland Hurticultural Society, S-^ptember 12, 18CG. Pricu on appli-
cation. Will be sei't out second week in Mav by

Austin & MoAslan, 10, Buchanan Street, Glasgow.

rri R I C 0 L 0 R RELARGOJSIU M~S .

Mrs, Pollock, Is. and 9s. per doz. I Sunset, 2l8. per doz.
itahu Unita, 21«, per doz. | Mrs, Benyon, 24s, per doz.

In strong plants at the above prices for Cash, package included.
Remittance required from unknown Correspondents.

Address. ALFittn FuvtK, Nurseries, Chatteris, Camtindgeshlre.

Plants for the Season.
/CHARLES TURNER'S DKSCRIPTIVE SPRING

V^ CATALOGUE of BEDDING PLANTS, FLORIST'S
FLOWERS, &c., is now ready, ana may be hud on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough

Bedding Plants, mostly 2s. per dozen.
SCOTT, Merriott, Somerset, for the 17th year ofleis
• his unrivalled Collection of the above.

CATALOGUES on application free.

Bedding Plants.
A RCHIBALD HENDERSON'S DESCRIPTIVE

-l\. priced CATALOGUE is now ready, containing many
Novelties. Can be had gratis and post free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath, S., and at the East Sm'rey Seed
Warehouse, College GroundB, North End, Croydon.

WANTKD, SCARLKT IVY-LEAVED GERANIUMS.
—Any one having Plauts of the above to Dispose of may hear
! of a Purcliiwer by applying to
I TuouAS D\viK3 k Co., Wavetreo Nursery, Liverpool.

NEW ROSES for ISfi?.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
I DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with puces, on application.

JoiiN Ckanston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

ULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.

Second Edition. By John Ciianston, King's Acre Nurseries.
! near Hereford, Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

ROSES, good planr;^ in Pots. — All the choice named
varieti as ofTKA-SCENTED, CHIN A, BOURBON, NOISETTE,
and HYBRID PERPETUALS, in 24 and 30-sized pots, our selection,
' 12 varieties, Ss, ; 26 for 14s., 50 for 2&>., and 100 for 60s.
Trade price on application.
H. & R. Stirzaker, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

ERBENA CRIMSON KING, the finest Crimson

Verbena in cultivation. Strong plants, in pots, 16a. per 100.

PURPLE KING, strong plants, 12s. 6d. per 100.

PRICED LIST of BEDDING PLANTS, 4c,. on application.

John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

V

New Chrysanthemums, Pyrethrums, &o.

JOHN SALTKirS DESORIFTIVE CATALOGUE is
now ready, and will be sent on receipt of two postage stamps.
Versailles Nursery, William Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith,
W. (near Kenaington Railway Station).

Chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemums,
Chrysanthemums.

ADAM FORSYTH'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For-
warded to all applicants for one stamp.

Brunswick Nm^ery, Stoke Newingtou, London, N.

Wholesale Catalogue of Nursery Stock.

GEORGE JA(;KMAN and SON'S PRICED and
DESCRIFnVE CATALOGUE for 1860 and Spring 1807, can
be had free on application, comprising Fruit Trees, Roses, American
Plants, Conifers, Clematises, Evergreen and Decidious Trees and
Shrubs, and transplanted Forest Trees, &c., &c.
Woking Nursei7, Surrey.

American Plants. &c.

WATERER AND GODFREY'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of RHODODENDRONS
and other American Plauts for this Autumn, will be sent on
application. The Catalogue also gives a summary of their General
Nursery Stock, probably the most extensive in tne kingdom.
Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

To the Trade.— Verbenas.

WM. KNIGHT be^s to ofier 20,000 VERBENAS,
strong plants, In about 24 of the best varieties known, includ-
ing the best new of last season, at 16s. per 100, Terms cash.
Floral Nursery, Hailsham, Sussex.
Post-otflce Orders payable at Hailsham.

SHOW DAHLIAS, in strong plants, now ready.
12 Varieties, named, is., or 24 Varieties, named, 8s. Terms cash.
CATALOGUES liree for one stamp.
John .T. IIaslam, late John Holland, Bradshaw Gardens,
Chadderton, Mimcheater.

HOLLYHOCKS, HOLLYHOCKS.— Strong- Plants of
the best named kinds, from 12s, to 24.':. per dozen.
Henry MiNciifN, The Nurseries, Hook Norton, Oxon.

Hyde Park.

THE lar-e STANDARD and other RHODODEN-
DRONS recently planted in Hydo Park were supplied by
Watereii & UouKucir, Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

Cllanthus Damplerl.

BUTLER, Mcculloch, and CO. have to offer a
quantity of the above Seed, just received In splendid condition,
at Is. aud 2s. Cd, per packet. Price to the Trade on application.
South Row, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
Richard Smitu, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester,

FOR IMMEDIATE SALE, 70 to 80 quarters of
Weatmorelaud-gi-own ITALIAN RYE-GRASS SEED (16 lb.
bushel), price 20b.

Apply to J. Dixoxt, Seeilamau, Kendal.

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted

Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES. ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
TuouAs Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries,

Pine Plants.

TO BE SOLD, a quantity of strong FRUITING and
SUCCESSION PINE PLANTS, to make room for other
Plants, consisting of White Providence, Montserrat, Black Prince,
and Jamaica--', warranted free of wliite scale ami mealy bug. Prices
moderate.— Tho3. pArt, UnderclitTe Gardens, Bradford, Yorks.

Rhododendron javanlcum. Finest variety.

WILLIAM ROLLISSON and SONS having raised
many thousands of this beautiful RHODODENDRON from
Seed saved on the best variety are enabled to supply the Ti-ado with
fine Plants at a considerably reduced price. Terms on application to
William Rollisson & Sons, The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.

lOLA CORNUTA, PURHLE QUEEN.— The variety

80 extensively and successfully used by Mr. Bennett, the well-
known Gardener at Osberton, and so highly spoken of in the
Gardeners' Chronicle last week, given away in exchange for spring-
flowering or other plants.
^G H. Fox. .Scoaon, Worksop.

Cineraria Seed, 1867.

FAND A. SMITH beg to announce that the CROP
• of the above will be saved from their whole Collection of
named varieties (the finest in England), as well as from a few superb
Seedlings selected for their superior merits. Their well-known
Strain of Cinerarias is a guarantee of the superior quality of their
Seeds. The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

GLADIOLI BULBS,
for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2s. 6d., 3a. Od., 6». Orf,, 7s. 6d., 9s., and 12s. per dozen.
lOa. Crt., lJJs.,21s., 25a. to 100s. perlOO.
Barr&Sdqdkn, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street
Covent Garden, W.C.

LI L 1 U M A U R A T U M. —

Lai'go Consignment just received, 2s. Qd., 3s. 6d., fis, Gd., and
7s. I'd. per Root. Extra large selected Bulbs, 10s, Qd., 12s. 6d., 15s.,
and 21s. , „.

Barb & Scouen. Seed, Bulb, and Plant Meichanta, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

482

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[May 11, 1867.

Seed of Choice Strains of Florists' Flowers.

The foUowing selected Strains ure worthy oi the notice of all
growers of the most uaefiil conservatory decorative flowers,

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

TD S. "WILLIAMS can with conEdencc offer his
-"-^ • superb Strain of Primula as being undoubtedly the finest in
cultivation. It la now grown in all tbe principal Gardens of the
Nobility and Gentry througbout the Three Kingdoms, and has never
failed to give the greatest satisfaction.

In habit the plants are very robust, and in the foliage difler from
all other varieties ; but their great beauty consists in the depth of
colour in the Red, purity of the White, and beautiful fimbriated
form of all the flowers, which are thrown up in large trusses well
above the foliage.

As a proof of the truth of the above remarks, this Strain has
taken Isb Prizes in every instance that it has been shown in the
Provinces this Spring ; and 1st Prize at the Primula Show of the
Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington ; and 1st at the
Royal Botanic, Regent's Park. It is also the favourite Strain in the
Covent Garden Flower Market.

This Strain may be procured True, in Sealed Packets bearing
B. S. Williams' Name and Address, from any Seedsman; but
B. S. W. particularly requests that Customers will observe, on
purchasing, that each Packet has his Name and Address in full
printed thereon, as no others are genuine.

The Trade supplied on advantageous terms.

Retail price, RED

Per pkt.

WHITE

o 0

..3 6

.. 2 C

5 0

Per pkt. s. d.
Retail price, WHITE ..36

MIXED

Retail price, MIXEDj per packet, 2fi. &d.

.. 2
.. 5
.. 3

WBATHERHILL'S EXTRA CHOI0J3 STRAIN OF CINERARIA.
B. S. W. has purchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of this
Magnificent Strain. Many of the flowers produced by this seed last
season were as large as a crown-piece. This strain is well known in
the London Flower Market, and is the most popular one there, a
eufficient guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail price per pkt., 6s. Od. [ Retail price per pkt., Ss. td.
Retail price per pkt 2s 6d.

JAMES'S HEREACEOtJSCALCEOLARl AS.— The varieties that
took tbe First Prize at the Internatiuaal Horticultural Exhibition
last May were of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt., Us. Hd. | Retail price perpkt., 3s, GU.
RetaU price per pkt 28. Qd.

All FLOWER SEEDS in packets, Post free.

B. S. WiLLiAiia, Victoria and Paradise Nurserie.s, Upper HoUoway,
London, N.

PRIMULAS, CALCEOLARIAS, &c.—
The following varieties greatly exceed in brilliancy of colour
and substance of flower the older kinds ; —
PRIMULA SINENSIS coccinea aurantiaca, very deep crimson,

Is. and 2s. Gd. per packet.
P. sinensis atrocarminata splendena, light carmine. Is. and 2s. 6d.

per packet.
P. sinensis lilacina albo-marginata, lilac, edged white, Is. and 2s. Gd.

per packet,
P. sinensis striatiflora, magnificently striped. Is. and '2s. Gd. per pkt,
P. sinensis fllicifoha, fine Fem-leaved variety, 2s. Gd. per packet.
P. sinensis fimbriata, extra fine, mixed, la. and 2s. Qd. per packet.
P, sinensis fimbriata alba. Is. and 2s. Gd. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from flowers of great beauty, Is., Is. Gd.. and

2s. Gd. per packet.
CINERARIA, saved fiom fine named varieties, Is., Is. Gd,, and
2s. Gd. per packet.

All packets of Flower Seeds sent post free.

CATALOGUES post paid.

Bdtceb, McCoLLocn & Co., Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

Primula New Seed, 1867.

FAND A. SMITH'S NEW CROP of the above will be
• ready the fii-st week in June, quality of flowers unsurpassed
for size and colour, producing 10 pex' Cent, double flowers The
loUuwing colours are now oflered : —

STRIPED, WHITE and PURPLE, 2s. 6d. per packet

KERMESINA. 2s. Gd. and 5s. per packet.

WHITE. Is , 2s. Gd., and 6s. per packet

CRIMSON, ls„ 2s. Gd., and 6s. per packet.

FERN-LEAVKD RED, 2s. Gd, and 5s. per packet

FERN-LEAVED WHITE, 2s, Gd. and 6s. perpacket.
^ Dulwicb, Surrey, S,

New Dahlias.

GEO. "VVHEELER, Nurseryman, Seedsilin, and
^oRiST, Warmmster, WUts, ofiera the following NEW

BIJOU,— Bronzy salmon lilac ; a large, smooth and flnely-shaped
show flower ; vei-y constant and good ; should be ih every
exhibitors stand. Received Certiflcates at Crystal Palace and

V <. 5o1t a'^V^^'*'^^*^'^^ ^'^^ season. Height 3 feet. los. Gd. each.

VANCUARD.—Darkpm'plish maroon; a flnely-foruied noble show
flower, of great depth, and very constant. One of the best dark
flowers let out this season. Cerlificato at Crystal Palace
Height 3 leet. lOa. lid. each.

JUBILEE.— Yellow, tipped with red ; one ot the best of its class ■

very cerUm ; always to be had when wanted. A really cood

useftil flower, fine form. Certificates at Salisbury and Keovil

District Exhibitions. Height 3 feet, 10s. Gd. each.

The above three flowers are confidently recommended to the notice

01 Dahlia growers as decided acquisitions in then: respective classes.
The supply of plants being lunited, eariy orders will obhge.

_^ A liberal discount to the Trade.

r-pHE GOLDEN -VARIEGATED WELLINGTONIA.

-L First-class Certificate from Royal Horticultural Society

For leatimomals, &c., see GarUeiLei-ti' Vhrotucle, October*; 18GC •

Timea, October 7. 18GG ; ScottUih Gardeiu:r, November ISOG '

Gardeners' Chr-jnicle, Januaiy 12, 1867; "Florist," February, 1607. '

LAST YEAH'S PLANTS (a few remaining).

1st Size, very cuoice, 8 to 12 inches, £6 6s each

THIS YEAR'S PLANTS.
2a Size, flne, 4 to 6 inches, £2 2s.
3d Size, nice little bits, 2 to 3 Inches, £i la.
5000 plants are now plunged out-of-doors, in their respective sizes
they may be saiely forwaided during the summer, if desired and
orders will be executed in strict rotation, '

Chromo-lithographs of the parent tree, by Day and Son (Limited)
on superior cards, 10 inches by 8 inches, very lUitliful in outlme but
deficient in representing the glorious colour of the original. These
are sent free by post for 25 stamps, and one sent to each Purchaser

It is intended to exhibit a lew of the fii-st size at the approachine
Paris and Manchester Exhibitions.

K. Hartlamu, The Lough Nurseries.

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN (NOW READY).

WILLIAM PAUL

(SoK- and Successor to the late A. Paul),

BEGS TO OFFER THE

ABOVE MAGNIFICENT HARDY FLOWERING TREE,

Which he believes to be the

reatest acquisition for forcing and out-of-door culture that has been
introduced for many years.

Fine healthy Plants, well established in pots, 2 ft. high, 7s. 6d. each ; 1 ft., 5s. each.

-By Ordi^rmg at once Furchasers may establish these FloJiis to bloom xvell next year.
A First-class Certificate was awarded to him for this Plant by the Eoyal Horticultural Society on the I6th April last.

" A brilliant variety, to which too much attention can scarcely be
directed." — Qardoiera' Chromck.

" This is certainly a plant which cannot be overrated ; the intense

bright red colour, and the numerous clusters of the double flowers i
malte this Crataegus invaluable. No admirer of this charming family
can be without it, all other pink varietiea are truly in the shade
beside it." — Journal of SorticuUiire.

PELARGOjS^ITTM JASON (First-class Certificate). — The finest, most leafy, and deepest colour of all pure gold-
leaved Pelargoniums. Price 7a. 6c?. each.

For other Novelties., see separate Advertisement.
PAUL'S NUHSEHIES, WALTHAM CROSS, LOKDOK", N.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERY, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LO]SDOK, K.

B. S. WILLIAMS

EKSPECTFULLY INVITES HIS PATRONS AMD THE PUBLIC GENEKALLT

TO PAY A VISIT TO THE ABOVE NURSERY

DURING THE PRESENT MONTH.

A contmuous show of SPECIMEN FLOWERING and FOLIAGE PLANTS is maintained iii the
LARGE SHOW CONSERVATORY, and the ORCHID HOUSES, PALM STOVES, NEW HOLLAND HOUSES,
PERN HOUSES, AZALEA HOUSE, &c., kc, are replete with interest for lovers of either Beautiful and Rare
Flowers, or the magnificent foliage of Tropical Vegetation.

The Collection ot MEXICAN PLANTS at this Nursery is perhaps the finest in Great Britain, with the
exception of the one at the Royal Gardens, Eew.

CARRIAGE ROUTE AND MEANS OF ACCESS.— This Nursery is easily reached from any part of London.
The direct carnage route from the West End is through Albany Street or Regent's Park ; Pai'k Sti-eet, Camden
To^vn ; Kentish Town Road and the Junction Eoad.

The " Favorite " Omnibuses from the Bank and London Bridge Railways ; Victoria Station, Charing Cross, and
"Westminster J Regent Str-eet, Piccadilly, and Brompton, lUTive at and start from the entrance of the Nm'sery every
7 minutes.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERY, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

E. G- HENBEESON & SON'S

NEW DESCRIPTIVE SPRING CATALOGUE

WILL BE SENT ON EECEIPT OF THKEE POSTAGE STAMPS,

"WITH A COLOUHED LEAi'-PLATE OP THE BEAUTIFUL

NEW TRICOLOR GERANIUM ** LADY GULLUH " (by Andrews).

It iacludea Notices of the best Novelties o£ the season.

BLANDFORDIA CUNNINGHAMI.

COLEUS LAMONTI.

NAPOLEON ILL, MUI^ or HVBBID PINK.

GERANIUM MAID of KENT. — Rich rose. F:ir BUl-passing
Madame Barre, aud all otliei'ii lu clab;s and colour.

lu the Golden Bronze Sectioa are three dlatiiict styles of Zone In
PRINXESS of WALES, DUKE of EDINBURGH^ and
K. G. HENDERSON. The last one received a i'irat-class
Certificate at the International Exliibibion.

BANKS'S beautiful FUCHSIAS, BRILLLANTISSIMA, DAY
DREAM, and KIBLIEK RANKLE.

FUCHSIA PICTURATA.— A fine variety with white corolla.

FUCHSIA PRINCESS ALEXANDRA. _ With white aepals,
beautiful variety.

NEW CRIMSON BEDDING VERBENA KING ot BEDDERS.—
A first-class bedding variety, colour u brilliant crluiaon red,
style of Admiral Dundaa (one of the heat over raiaoU), but
brighter, growth free and compact, not apreadiug, proluso in
bloom, with large well-formed full trusses, and desirably frattrant.
Having been proved in both beds and belts m the gardens where
it wii£ raised. Its merits are guaranteed equal to descrlptioo, sls
one of the most effective and useful kindi> ever oflered. Certioed
by the Floral Committee of tlie Royal Hoi-ticultural Society.

NEW WHITE BEDDING VERBENA WHITE yUEEN.— For
close dwarf growth, large, compact, and woll-Iormcd truss,
purity of colour, profusiOQ of oloom, and effectiveness in
character, the AVhito Queen Verbena is adruitted by competent
judges to burpass Heunette. Boule de Neige, and Mrs. UoLford.
its short-jointed habit requires little attention to trainmg, and
its purity of coloui* alter rain is a foiture in its favour, both for
garden decoration and for exhibition.

LOBELIA FUMILA ELEGANS, INDIGO BLUE, and WHITE
QUEEN.

CHRISTINE NOSEGAY. — Rose colour. The finest Bedding
Geranium in its olass. Awarded a First-class Certificate.

The MINIATURE GOLDEN TRICOLOR ZONALE GERA
NIUMS are LITTLE BEAUTY, LITTLE FAIRY, LITTLE
GEM, LirrLE HARRY.

In New First-class GOLD and SILVER TRICOLOR VARIETIES,
see Classes IB and lU of Pelargonixims.

CALADIUMS.— Several new and beautiful hybrid varietiea.

FUCHSIA ALBO- COCCINEA.— An elegant and novel fancy tri-
colom-ed variety.

FUCHSIA CLAPJIAM HERO.— Distinguished by its magnificent
size of sepals, and fine proportionii.

NEW GOLDEN ■ LEAVED BEDDING PLANT, GOLDEN
FEATHER {Pyrethnim par thenito limn auroa.— A beautiful
dwarf hardy pereunial plant, 6 to 1) mcbes in height, as required,
sui'paaalng the gold-leaved section of Geraniums in its uniformly

neat aud densely compact growth, which, by simply pinchmg oH'
the premature fiower buds, the plant is furnished solely by its
picturestiue golden fan or feather-lobed leaves, forming an equal
surface as to height, and an eleijant feature for a second front
riband-row, or a double marginal belt to terrace borders, or as a
chaste golden fringe to back tines of Perilla or Coleus. Received
a Firat-class Certificate of Merit and several others.

POA TRIVIALIS ARGENTEA ELEGANS, SILVER-LEAVED
MEADOW GRASS.— This plant is commended as one of thi»
most useful and beautiful varieties of hardy Grasses with silvery
whlte-moi'gined leaves yet introduced to gardens. It is strictly a
perennial tn habit, lomilng a remarkably dense aud compact
many -branched growth fiom the base, and, by Its natural aud
Iree tendency to emit roots upon the under iihoots, It makes a
close yet gracefully free growth from 4 to y inches in height, and
with a luxmiance which renders it suitable for Grass plots,
verges, or ton-aces, covering the ground-aurface with a herbage
as close as an ordinary meadow, whilst Its elegant variegated
leaf-blades produce an effect upon a much larger scale than can
be had from any other Silver-leaved Grass. By fornimg orna-
mental portable specimens and iiuspended basket groups of this
variety m the early winter and spring mouthy, for conservatory
and greenhouse decoration. It will at those seasons be found by
far the most billliaut aud picturescLue plaut In its tribt:.

ACALYPHA TRICOLOR, 2Is. each.

COLEUS VElTCHil, 10s. Gd. each.

DAVALLIA ALFINA, 10s. Gd. each.

DIEFFENBACHIA PEARCEI, Us. Gd. each.

GYMNOSTACHTS PEARCEl, 7a. Gd.

HiPPEASTRUM PARDINUM, 63s. and 4&.

HYPOCYRTA BREVICALYX, 15*-.

LOMARIA CILIATA, 21s. and 15S.

MICONIA PERUVIANA, 10s. Gd. each.

NEPENTHES GRACILIS MAJOR, ais.

NIEREMBERGIA RIVULAKIS, 10s. Gd. each.
,, VElTCHII, iQs. Gd. each.

PANICUH VARIEGATUM, Is. Gd. each.

PRIMULA CORTUSOIDES AMUilNA ALBA, lOtf, Gd. each.

RETINOSPORA PLUMOSA, 2Ii'.

SANCHEZIA NOBILIS VARIEQATA-, i'U. and a*. 6U. each.

F.S. A SuppkmcnCary Hescripiive list of Verbenas sent on application.

WELLINGTON NUKSEKY, ST. JOHN'S WOOI>, LONDON, N,W,

May U, 1867.3

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTR

483

New Zealand Nursery. St. Alban's. Herts.

TNTKNlUNi; PUKClfASKKS of TRICOLOR

L rKL'\U(.!i.)NU'MS will (in wuU tu suo J. Watshn's lioiiutlI"uI
Tricolors iliss WATSON iiud MRS. DIX, pruvious to makiii« tbolr
Durchaaea For flno foilago. oxcellout conBtitution, tVoo growtli, and
brilliancy of colouring they are Qiirivalled. Tlioy have received two
j^rat-class Certiflcites. rinnts of Miss Watsou In Auguat,£2 2a. oacli;
Mra. Dix in Mh.v, l.Hli8. 31.*. M. o^tch.

BICOLOR GEKANIUMS.—ItftUa Unita, Quoen of
Nosefiays, Gold i'heasant, SunBot. Crystal Palace Dwarf, Mrs.
Pollock. Stella Varloi^ata. Yellow Belt, one of each, packing
Included. 12«. ; Mrs. Pollock, 7h. per dozen ; Sunset. IS,-*. .Stront.;
Plants of the following at 3n. per dozen :—lreslne. Coleus. rorillo,
Amaranthus ; Geniniuois Tom TLumb, Spitfire, Chriatiuo, Stella,
Countcsa of Warwick, Alma, Flower of tlio Day, and Bijuu.

CALCEOI^VRIAS. VERBKNAS. AGEKATtTMS. OLrpHKA.
LOBELIA, GAZANIA. KONIUA. and NllCKKMllKRLUA
GRACILIS, 3>i. per dozen ; finest Zonal varieties, Gj. per dozen cash ;
stronK Plants GLOIRE DE NANCY, •!■<. Gd. each.

Om. 11

BEDDING OEliANIUMS.

Por i4yiseii.
HIC()LORSPLKNDENS,112«. I COUNTESS of WARWICK, 3«.
FLOWER of SPRING, 4jt. FLOWER of DAY, 2fl. fW.

CLOTH of GOLD, 3j». | GOLDEN HERO, 3fl.

Choice ZONAL GERANIUMS, 4«. and (to. per dozen. LItiT of
BOrts on application. Remittance rotpieBtud,

CABroit & Son, Qravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

QUPERB VARIEGATED GEliAKIUMS.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son iiiul Successor to the late A. Pavl)
respectfully sohfiits Orders for the following NEW and
FIRST-CLASS PLANTS, which will be ready for delivery in May.

NEW ROSES.
HUACK PRINCE, If. P. (Win. Paul).— Flowers dark crimson, shaded

with black, cupped, lartje and full. Price 5a. each.
QltOBOSA, H. P. (Win. Paul).— Flowers clear dark bright crimson,

colour intense and uniform throughout. Price Ss. each.
ADY SUFFIELD, IT, P. (Wni. Paul).— Flowers purplish orimson,

coloui' uniform throughout, the purple ttut predominatmg ;

large, full, and of fine form. Price ^'K. each.
The best of the NEW FRENCH HOSES, 3*i. 6(i. each, 36s.per doz.

Older kwda, Os. to 3ti,f. per doz.

NEW BEDDING GERANIUMS (Beaton's Race).

Any 12 Varieties from this group of 18 may be selected by the
purchaser for £3 2s.
The followinc NEW ZONALE and HYBRID NOSEGAY
UI&RANiUMS have boon selected from several thousand seedlings
raised from the stock of the late Mr, Donald Beaton. Every one now
oSered has been thoroughly tested, and is believed to bo in advance
of, or distinct from, all pre-existing kinds.
AUTOCRAT (Wm. Paul). — Flowers bright orange, very largo, a

decided advance in sliapo of this colour, blooms freely, very

attractive ; hal#t good. Price 3«. dd. each.
BICOLOR (Wm. Paul).— Flowers blmsh purple, with spot of flory

scarlet on top yietals; free, good, and quite unique in colour and

char.icter. Price 6s. each.
BLUE BELL (Wm. Pnul)— Flowers bluish lilac, large, and of good

shape and tniss ; habit fine. A thorouglily distinct and must

pleasing novelty. Price 5a. each.
CLIO (Wm. Paul).— Flowers rosy purple, upper petals scarlet, large

and good fonii, truss and habit Kood ; price 3s. Gii. each.
CRIMSON QUEEN (Wm, Paul).— Flowers deep crimson, at once the

darkest and brightest crimson yet seen in Zonale Pelargoniums,

flowers abundantly. Price 3h. Gii. each.
CRUSADER (Wm. Paul).~FIowors crimson scarlet, with white eye,

large and smooth, truss large. Price 6a. each.
DR. HOGG (Wm. Paul).— Flowers purplish rose, the colours glowing

and V017 beautiful, trusses good and abundant. Under canvas

this novelty appears to resemble Amy Hogg, but is quite distinct

trom the latter out of doors. Figured m "The Florist" for

November, ISiifl. Price Us. earh.
ENCHANTRESS (Wm. Paul).— Fbwers sort purplish crimson, with

distinct scarlet eye, trusses and habit good, very lovely.

Price as. Hit. each.
FIREFLY (Wm. Paul).— Flowers scarlet crimson and orange, with

scarlet eye; habit free and good; distinct and very eflectivo.

Price 3». 6d. each
GLORY of W ALTH AM ( Wm. Paul).— Flowers splendid even scarlet,

dwarf habit, foliage flue, truss large and close. Probably the

finest " Nosegay" Geranium yet raised. Price 3s. Gd. each.
KINGFISHER (Wm. Paul),— Flowers crimson and bluish purple,

maeenta eye, very free, distinct and effective. Price 3*'. Co. each.
LILACINUM (Wm. Paul). — Flowers dark bright lilac, splendid

trups, and flue habit, tlie colour quite new. Price 5s. each.
ilERLNON (Wm. Paul).— Flowers maeenta, trusses good and very

abundant, habit dwarf. This might be called a rosy purple

" Stella," Price 3s. Gd. each.
oMEN (Wm. Paul). —Flowers reddish salmon, splendid truss,

good habit, very free, distinct, and flrat-rate for bedding.

Price 3s. Gd. each.
PURPLE QUEEN (Wm, Paul).— Id the way of Amy Hogg as to

habit and character of truss and flower, but of a totally cUfl'orent

colour — dark rosv pm'ple. Price os, each.
TROUBADOUR (Wm. Paul). — Flowers rosy purple, fine shape,

magnificent under glass. Price 6s. each.
VILLAGE MAID (Wm. Paul). — Flowei-s bright deep pink, with

clear white blotch m the centre of the upper petals, the colours

being well separated or defined; habit dwarf and compact; very

beautiful. Price 6s. each.
WALTHAM NOSEGAY (Wm. Paul).— Flowera carmine, trusses of

good &ize and abundant ; highly recommended for the effect It

produces in the flower garden. Price 3s. Gd. each.
GOLD-LEAVED VARIETIES.
The following varieties are the result of a cross between Beaton's
race and the ordinary gold-leaved kind.s, whereby has been obtained
the free growth .lud leafy character of the former, properties
invaluable for bedding purposes.
JABON (Wm. Paul).— Flowers blood crimson, trusses large, round,

and compact, leaves pure golden yellow, habit dwarf and free ;

the plant densely clothed with fine foliage. The association of

yellow leaves and blood crimsoo flowera, both freely produced, is,

in this plant, verv fascinating. Price 78. Gd. each.
WALTHAM GEM (Wm. Paul). — Flowers very light red, colour

distinct and peculiarly pleasing, white eye; leaves yellow, with

very faint zone. A beautiXul novelty of dwarf compact habit.

Price?*. Gd. each.

STANDARD ZONALE GERANIUMS.
Scarlet, rose, white, &c., bs. to 10s. Gd. each.
STANDARD, VARIEGATED, and TRICOLOR-LEAVED
GERANIUMS. 78. Gd. to I63. each.
GERANIUM REBECCA.- Cherry coloui", 21s. per doz.
,, NIMROD. — Orange scarlet, 2l8, per doz.

„ ST. GEORGE.— Dark chestnut, 15s. per doz

„ MRS. pollock:, 6s. to 9s. per doz.

„ SUNSET, 183. per doz.

„ ITALIA UNITA, 21s. per doz.

HOLLYHOCKS.— A fine collection of Hollyhocks by name and

well varied iu colour, 12h. to 42s. per dozen.
N E W AUCU HAS,— The lU beat sorts for £2 10s.
NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN. — Good plants in pots,

5a. to Js, till. each.
GRAPE VINES.— Planting canes, 3s. Cd. to bs. each. Fruiting

canes, 7s. Od. to 16s. each.
LILIUM AURATUM.— Flowering bulbs, 2s. 6d. to 10s. 6d. each •

12s. to (Mis, the h:ilf dozen.
RAPHANUS CAUDATUS, Is. to 26. Gd. per packet,

■ Padl's Nurseries, Waltbam Cross, London, N.

MRS. BENYON

HICOLOR SPLENDENS

GOLD I'HEASANT

GLOWWORM

LUNA

TWILIGHT

THE COUNTFSS
MRS. LONGFIELD
YELLOW BELT
LITTLE PET
LURHNE
ITALIA UNITA

Strong plants of the above set 17«. Package included.
Casuon & Son, Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

c

HOICE VAEIEGATED PBLAKGONIUMS.

iiUna

BIcolor splendens

Princess Alexandra

Queen of Queens

The above 12 varieties suitable for Exhibition or Pot-c\iIture for 21s.
Remittances requested from unknown correspondents.

Alfred FiiYta, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridge^

Sunset
Mrs. Benyon
Gold Pbea,sant
Yellow Belt

Italia Unlta
Picturatum
Kenilworth
The Fairy

Sirs. Pollock Geranium.

THOMAS PKSrKIDGE, Thu Greynway Nursery,
Uxbridge, Middle3t>x. cnn supply strong and highly-coloured
MRS. POLLOCK GERANIUM at 7s. per dozen, 60s. per 100.
Luna, 18s. per doz. I Orange Nosegay, Cs. 1 Madame Vaucher, 4s.
Amy Hogg Cs. Venus, Gs. Centaui-eagymnocarpa,4a.

Indian Yellow, 6s. I Cloth of Gold, 4s. [ Coleus V orschaffeiti, 4a.

Iresine Herbstli, 3s.

PELARGONIUMS in large CO-pots, full of flower buds, Os. per dozen.

Terms cash.

THE aUADlUCOLOK PELARGONIUM of the
SeaBon Is METEOR., raUud by SALiMAititii II .Som,
For descriptl'iu nee Advertlsemonts in Uiih I'upur, April 0, 13, and 20.
This splendid variety has reoulvod a FlrHt-oliuiH Certificate from the
Royal Ifortlcultural Society, and was flgurod In the January Number
of the " Floral Magazine,"
A Coloured Drawing bv AndrewH will bo Hont on receipt of 7 atampB.
Moulsuam NurHeries, Chelm^tford.

XUClIbAS7~E'Jt;HSlAS, zonal~gekanTums, &c.

0 Varieties AUCUBAS, 8 Male, 3 Female, for 21a.
12 Select NEW FUCHSIAS of ibOfi for Ha.
12 Select NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS of ISflO for 0<.
12 Select CHRYSANTHEMUMS of IHOO for 4*.
12 Varieties JAPAN EUONYMCS, vurvflne.Cs.

3 Varieties NEW JAPAN O.SMANTUUS, quite hardy, 6a.
NEW WHITE LOBELIA Ml.SS MURI'Il V, 3s. per dozen.
P2 Select NEW VERBENAS ol leoti, lor 3^.
NEW DOUBLE GERANIUM CLOlflK DE NANCV, Is, eadi.
B. W. Kniofit, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

New Zonal Pelargoniums.

DOAVNIE, LAIRD, and LAING most respectfully
announce that they will send out the following splendi'd
varieties, which have been bo much admired, and have received the
highest awards wherever sh')wn, including First-class Certificates at
the Royal Horticultural Society. The following extract is from the
"Journal of Horticulture," July 17, 18U6:— "There are so many
good Nosegays, and so much alike, that it requires something
quite new in colour to surpass iheu), or in many cases to equ.1l them ;
the large bold truss of Stella and Le Grand, or the KING of
the NOSECJAYS, must be the models of perfection in this class of
flowers."
KING of the NOSEQAYS.-Bright orajige scarlet. Very large truss,

dwarf habit. Very free and most effective variety. 7s. Gd. each.
MRS. LAING (NosKOAv).— Glowing carmine scarlet, very dwarf,

free, and most effective as a bedder, A beautiful and distinct

variety, 6s. each.
MRS. MiENZIES. — Bright rosy salmon. Flowers perfect, good

habit, free, and very fine. 6.f. each.
SAMBO-— Very dark glossy scarlet, of great substance. Flowers of

the finest form. Very large compact globular truss ; quite

distinct from all others. 7s. Gd. each.

Rendy second week in M^.
Stanstead Park Nursery, Forest Hill, S.E.

N" E w z"o n a l "g e r'a N I XJ m s.—
These, now so well known as the Cliveden Seedlings, were
selected from many thousands, and have stood the test of trials lor
two seasons with the best named kinds. They have g^iined the
highest awards wherever shown, including First-class Certificates for
each at the Royal Horticultural Society, and have received the
highest and mobt unanimous praise of the Horticultural press. The
following is a specimen of the manner in which they have been
spoken of: —

The "Gardeners' Magazine" says 1— "And this brings me to
Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Constance Grosvenor, which have
been several times shown by Mr. Turner this season, and ought to be
sent out next spring at nothing less than a guinea a plant, to recoup
their raisers for the hundreds they have need to grow for the muck-
heap.

DUCHESS of SUTHERLAND (Noskoay).— A variety of great merit,
rosy purple, very free bloomer, with truss of great size ; it retains
its blossoms to an unusually long time, and is equally effective in
^Dots. vases, or the flower garden. 6«.
INTERNATIONAL (Nosegay).— Rich crimson or crimson-scarlet, a
deep rich shade of colour, with a wider petal than any other
Nosegay, being a decided improvement in the shape of this very
useful class of oedding and pot plants. 6s.
LADY CONSTANCE GROSVENOR (Nosegay). — Intense fiery
scarlet, of the style of Cybister, having a truss of at least double
the size ; an immense truss, with the advantage of a dwarf com-
pact habit and foliage, so clearly zoned as to be handsome with-
out bloom. This is a most beautiful variety. 6s.
Strong plants ready May 1.
Charles Tornkr, The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

A Special Offer of Geraniums. Dahlias, Verbenas,
for Cash.

TC'. P ADMAN, Boston Spa, Torksliire, cau supply
• Two dozen, two eacL, good strong plants, of any or the
Twenty-fom- GERANIUMS named below, for 8s. : —
Amelia Grisan r Helen Lindsay , Virgo Marie

Amy Hogg Indian Yellow Bijou

B;iron Ricasoli Lady Rokeby Jane

Chancellor Madam Dufoy Golden Fleece

Donald Beaton Mrs. Wm. Paul Fairy Nymph

Dr. Lindley Roi d'Ualie Lord Stamford

Gloire de France Symmetry Perfection

Glowworm Una , Mrs. Pollock

DAHLIAS.

12 best leading kinds of, for 3a. Gd. I 36 best leadingkinds of, for 9a. Od.

21 ditto ditto 6 6 | 100 ditto ditto 22 C

VERBENAS.

Crimson King, 3.s'. per dozen, or 22s. per 100.

Eckford'a Sis Varieties of \HQG, 4s. Gd. per dozen, viz. : George

Ecktord, Isa Eckford, Jno. Keynes, Lady Jane Ellis, King Charming,

Mr. GladsLone.

Six Striped Varietiea, beautiful as Pot Plants, viz, :—
M. Missat I M. Wood

Madame Rougies Chanvllle Oreglia

Madame Himian Steyen I Annie.

Two each for . . . . 4s. Gd.

On and after May 16, NEW VERBENAS of 1867, at Is. each, viz. :—

Fannv Martin I Earl Radnor I Coleshill

Mr. Ellice | Wm. Dodds j Umpire.

Price named includes package. All Orders sent in rotation.

Post-office Orders payable at Boston Spa.

CAT.VLOGUES on application.

TAmMV\

GRASS SEEDS,
AGRICULTXmAL S£BDS

Tr«Je Mark.
KITCHEN GAKDEN SEEDS;
^ FLOWER SEEDS.

Bedding and other Plants.

Just PubliHhod, post free 12 stamps (Gratis to Customors), Part III. nl

CARTER'S GARDENERS' und FARMERS' VADE
MECUM, containing complete Lists of now and choice Stove
and Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, with an Addendum comprising
original and practical articles, " On a Visit to Messrs. Carter's
Nursery," by an Amateur Florist ; Subtpipioal Gardening ; aad 120
Geometrical Designs for Flower-beds; with reliable iiiforniation for
the proper combination of Bedding Plants to produce chaste and
striking effects.

Forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps on application to Oautkhs
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High Holhorn, London.

Cheap Bedding and other Plants.

THOMAS SA.Ml'SUN, Pn.|iri['tor of the Preston Road
Nurseries, Yeovil, Suiuer^utshlre, lately c^med on by
Drummond & Co., and formerly by John Scntt, has much pleasure
in announ>;ing that his CATALOGUE for the above Plants is now
ready, and can be had free on application. T. S. begs to assure hia
friends that the above has been for many years one of the largest
inthecountry for CHE.AP BEDDING PLANTS, and that bis pre-
sent Collection is now most unique and extensive, consisting of
upwards of 2011.000 Plants, being two to one of any other Establish-
ment in the West of England. Having recently extended his Glass
Department to upwards of 12,000 feet, expressly for the culture of
Bedding Plants, he is enabled to supply tham in such varieties and
at such low prices as cannot fail to give the fullast satisfaction. T. S.
will feel much obliged if his friends will kindly inspect bis Collection
and forward their Orders early, so a^ to avoid delay or inconvenience.
The Plants will be ready to send out after the 20th of April.
Petbb DituiiaoND, Manager, The Preston Road Nurseries, Yeovil,
Somersetshire.

Verhenas-New Varieties of 1867.

DREGHORN AND AIT KEN, Nuit-sERYMEW,
Kilmarnock, beg to offer the best of this year's NEW
VERBENAS at the following remarkably low prices for well-rooted
plants, viz. : —

SET of SIX sent out by J. Keynes, for fis.
SET of THIRTEEN sent out by Chariea Turner (raised by C. J.

Perrv), 7s. <6d.
SET of FIVE sent out by Hugh Low & Oo. (raised by NichollB),

for 4s. Gd.
Or the Lot for 16s., includhag package and postage.

Keynes's are ready now, the others will be ready on the 25th May.
Early Orders are solicited, as the strongest plants ^vill be sent
out first.

Finest Bedding Verbena in cultivation,
Crimson King.

GEORGE SMALL and t^ON arc now sending out Strong
Plants of the above benutiful Verbona at 3s. p^r dozen ; 60,
10s. 6d. ; 100, 19s. ; less by larger quantities. AIro a f;reat n>nny of
the leading varieties at 2s. Gd. per dozen. VIOLA CORNUTA,
strong plants from cuttings, 2s. per dozen. ZONAL GERANIUMS,
12 of the flnest varieties, including Oloire de Nancy and Le Grand, Ss.
12 best FUCHSIAS of 1866, 68.

CATALOGUES on application.
Nuiseries, Ilkeston, near Nottmgham.

Verbena Crimson King.

THOMAS MET H VEX luis much pleasure in
announcing that CRIMSON KISG having completely estab-
lished its character as the finest Bedding Verbena m cultivation, he
has propagated a large Stock of fine healthy Spring-struck Plants,
which he offers, on and after Apnl 16, at the following prices :—
12 Plants, 48. ; 60, 128. tjrf. ; 100, £1 ; 600, £4 7s. Gd. ; 1000, £7 lOS-

Leith Walk Nurseries, Edinburgh.

TTERBENA, CRIMSON KING.— Having numerous

V inquiries as to the best method of sending plants of this
splendid Verbena to places at a disstance, we beg to say that the
safest, cheapest, and quickest method is by Post. We can now send
stout, well-rooted plants, safely packed to go any distance, at the
following prices, package and postage free:— 12 plants for 3s. id. -.
26 for 6s. ; 60 for lis.

We can also supply the following extra flne varieties on the same
terms as the above, viz. : —

CELESTIAL BLUE, COUNTESS of EGLINTON (splendid
vigorous-growing, profuse-blooming, mageuta-purple variety) r LE
GRAND BOULE DE NEIGE (tbe best white) ; PRINCESS OF
WALES (pink and white striped, very compact habit, first-rate
either for Bedding or Exhibition); BEAUTY of ENGLAJSD
(splendid exhibition white).

PURPLE KING, 12 plants for 28 stamps. 26 for 60 stamps.

Twelve Plants in 12 Varieties of the finest exhibition Verbenas
(including the best of last year's new varieties), for 60 stamps.

IRESINE HEHBSTII, 12 plants for 3U stamiw.

Pohtago stamps taken in payment of suras of 20s. and under.
Dreqworn & AiTKEN, Nufserymeu and Seedsmen, Kilmarnock, N.B.

KEYNES' ^KW VERRENAS for

JOHN

COLESHILL (Eckford),

1867.

Cataiogzies f0'u><^r4tfd post frte to miy address on application.

Intense scarlet, with lemon eye. pips
large, very smooth, one of the finest Verbenas. First-clasit
Certificate at the Royal Horticultural Society. 5s. each.
UMPIRE (Eckford).— Large cerise purple, the largest truss and
flower in cultivation, very showy. 6s. each. Certificate at the
Royal Horticultural Society.
FANNY MARTIN (Eckford).— Beautiful clear rose, very pleasing,
large and fine. Certificate at the Royal HortiJuItural Society.
5s. each.
EARL OF RADNOR (EcE,FOBi)).—Most beautiful clear rosy scarlet,
with lemon eye, good habit, and free bloomer. Certificate at the
Royal Horticultural Society. 6s. each.
WILLIAM DODDS (Eckford).— Light purple, ivith white eye. uiost
perfect flower, exquisite form, grand flower either lor bedding or
show. 6t,'. each,
MR. ELUCE (Eckford).— Peach colour, quite new, a most beautiXul
variety, not to be surpassed. 5s. each.
These six varieties are of the finest quality, and will be found qml-e
equal to those sent out last season from the same Grower. They
have been selected with the greatest care.

The SIX VERBENAS of last year have proved to be of firat-rate
quality. They can now be had fine nlants, and consist of

John Keynes 1 Mr. Gladstone I Kmg Charming

Lady Jane Ellis Isa Ecklord | George Eckford

Many testimonials respecting these Flowers have bten received by
J. Kevnks, all having given great satisfaction. 9s. per dozen.

CRIMSON KING (Methven's), having proved all that was said ol
It, may be had 9s. per dozen. The flnest crimson bedder m

*^ A fine'coliection of the best BEDDING VERBENAS at reasonable
priosH, The u«ial Discount to the Trade.

Castle Street, Sahsbury.

484

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[May 11, 1867.

BrltlBli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
atamp3, Part 1. (British Feraa and their varieties. 36 pagea.
Including prices of Hardy Kxotic Ferns) of his NEW ana PRICifiD
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Siduup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Calceolaria Ambassador (Sang).

EDWARD SANG and SONS, Nurserymen and
Seed Merchants, Kirkcaldy, N.J3., offer strong .antumn-strucii
Plants, in single pots, of this n?w well-known and universally
admired BEDDING-OUT CALCEOLARI.A- Price 12s. per dozen.
Early orders will oblige and have their careftil attention.

The Trade supplied.

Primula flmbriata.

BMALLER has a very superior Stock of the above
• to ofler at Is. and 2s. 6<1. per packet, the usual discount to
the Trade.

Also, a very choice Stock of EARLY PURPLE SPROUTING
BROCCOLI, in large or small quantities.

A DESCRIPTIVE BEDDING-PLANT LIST to be had on
application. Leivisham, and Burnt Ash Lane, Lee, S.E.

Kussell's Pyramid Primula.

The Finest Stkain in E-xistence.

GEORGE CLARKE has New SEED of the above
unequalled varieties, 2s. 6d. per packet; also the Fern-leaved
kinds, 2s. 6d. ; Eermesina (scarlet), 2s. dd. ; The Fairy (a lavender
colour) Is. All of the best qua.lity. Now is the time to sow for
strong early plants.

Nurserv, Streatham Place, Brixton Hill, S.; and Mottingham,
Kent, S.E.

J.

SCOTT'S CHOICE SEEDS.

Post Fice. Per Packet.
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIftlBRIATA.— A most superb strain, and

cannot be surpa.ssed, 6 varieties, mixed. Is, 6ri. and 2s. 6d.
CALCEOLARIA. — Scott's superb strain, extra. Is. and 2s. 6d.
CINERARIA.— Extra fine, carefully hybridized. Is. and 2s. 6d.
A good SEED LIST free on application.
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeopil, Somerset,

To tlie Growers and Admirers of ttie Tulip.

MR. RICHARD HEADLEY, of Stapleford, nenr
Cambridge, baa the pleasure of informing his friends of the
above, that his truly splendid and well-known COLLECTION is this
year in magnificent condition, and he invites all lovers of that noble
flower to pay a visit and inspect his unrivalled SHOW of SEED-
LINGS, which consists of two lonR beds of named flowers under
canvas, besides a very large bed of BREEDERS of even- conceivable
vanetvof coloiu- natural to the Tulio. Theywill bein FtILL BLOOil
from the 16th to the 25th day of MAY.

Shelford, on the Great Eastern and Great Northern Railways, is
the Station for Stapleford, a very short distance from his house and
grounds, where he will be happy to see all who may f.iVour him with
a call, — Stapleford, May 10.

General Plant Catalogue, 176 pages, 8vo.

HLAUUENTIUS', Leipzi-, PRICED CATALOGUE.
• containing Novelties, Beautiful and Rare Plants, also
selected Lists of JuJ the favourite Descriptions of Garden Flowers
ofl'ered by the Horticultural Establishment of H. L.vdrenti03,
Leipzig, Geniiany, can bo had post free on a;jplicatlon to
Messrs. Betdam & BLAciiiTH, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames St., London.

NEW GREENHOUSE FERN,

Pterls semilata var. polydaetyla.

THOMAS CRIPFS has the pleasure to iatorm lovers of
FERNS that he is now prepared to supply strong plants of the
above beautiful and distinct variety. Dr. Moore saya * * • " It has
all the gracefulness of the parent plant, while the points of each
division of the frond are several times forked into a many-flngered
tassel, the weight of which gives the fronds a decidedly drooping
character. * • * It is quite distinct from the var. cristata, and will
be found a valuable acuuisition for Plant Cases and Small Greon-
houaes." It was awarded a First-class Certificate by the Royal
Horticultural Society, 21st August last.

Price 10s. Qd. each. Trade price on application.
The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells.

Strong Drumbead or Cattle Cabbage Plant.

WVIKGO AND SON can supply large quantities of
• the above, at 3s, per lOCKJ. Samples can be had on
application at the Nurserj', Wonersh, Guildford, Surrey.

Delivered free at the undermentioned Railway Stations —
Guildford, South- Weste rn ; Shalford, South- Eastern ; Bramley,
London, Brighton, and South Coast.

CF-OYDOjV

New Garden Seeds.
A RCHIBALD HENDER-

"^SON'S DESCRIPTIVE
PRICED CATALOGUE and useful
GARDEN ALMANACK is now
Published, containing much useful
information. Can be had gratis and
post free on application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heatli,
Surrey ; and at the East Surrey
Seed Warehouse, College Grounds
Nortb End, Croydon.

HE BEST GLOBE MANGEL

in cultivation is
SUTTON'S SELECTED

YELLOW GLOBE, Is. per lb., cheaper by the cwt. Carnage free.

Lowest price per cwt. on application.
For prices of Messrs. Sutton's other traprovo'i Varieties, see
SUTTON'S NEW FARM SEED LIST^ gratis and post free on
application.

SoTTON & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

WHeeler's Imperial, tlie finest Swede Grown.

New Plants for 1867.

HENRY CANNELL has great pleasure in introducing
to the public the following Plants of unusual advance on all
other kinds in their respective classes. They have been chosen from
upwiu-ds of 300 Seedlings, sent from almost every country in the
United Kingdom, and are sure to give the greatest satisfaction by
their superior qualities.

FUCHSIAS.
KING of the DOUBLES. — This is the finest exhibition Double
fSjchsia ever sent out. Habit perfect ; the corolla beautifully
striped. 7s. 6d. each.
MRS. GLADSTONE.— Great advance on all the white corolla kinds,

and reflex equal to the well-known Guiding Star. 73. 6d. each.
BLAND'S FLORIBUNDA. — This Fuchsia will introduce a new
race, being perfectly distinct from all others ever sent out, and
H. C. believes it wUl become eaual to the well-known Tom
Thumb Geranium, and will shortly be planted in every garden
and on every window. It has a scarlet tube and sepals, pure
white corolla ; very short stifl" growth, requiring no stakes. A
bed of this looks at a distance to have the appearance of being
covered with thousands of stars. For bedding and small pots
this really has no equal, and is a decided acquisition. 5s. each.
THE PERFECT CURE.— Scariet tube, andsepalsperfectlyreflexed;
good habit and Krower. with a most estraordmary shaped corolla,
which make it one of the most pleasing and curious novelties in
the Fuchsia ever seen. The corolla is formed on the ends of
each stamen, and measures from tip to tip 3 to 4 inches over, and
is a very attractive and amusing variety. 5s. each ; the set of
four for £1 Is. Ready to send out on the 1st of May.
MONSTER.— This is the largest ever sent out, the corolla measuring
fi-om 2 and 2} inches over, and is as large as a Rose ; scarlet tube
and sepals, very rich violet-purple corolla, very short stifl' habit.
On account of its immense blooms and good growth and being an
abundant bloomer, this is the most saleable Fuchsia ever
sent out. 7s. 6d. each.

The demand being so great for this, H. C. finds It impossible to
get sufficient stock of it to send it out before the li^t of July,
NEW TROP^OLUMS COMPACTUM.
For bedding and libbon bordonng.
LUTEUM IMPROVED. — Immense improvement upon the one sent
out last season. Beautiful bright yellow, for beading, &c. No
Calceolaria is near an equal to ttus for its contmual and abundance
of bloom. Is. 6d. each.
THE MOOR.— In every way equal to the above; colour deep dark
maroon crimson — a grand now colom- for bedding ; has long been
required for geometric gardens. Is. 6d. each.
SCARLET GEM. — For its beautiful colour and dwarf compact
habit, and continual massive blooming, no Scarlet Geranium is
equal to this. 2s. 6d. each.

These were examined when growing in the garden by the Com-
mittee, and all were awarded a First-class Certificate.
NOVELTY.— In every way equal to the above, with a beautiful
peculiar mixed bronze and yellow colour ; fine for fancy beds,
being quite a novel attractive colour. 2s. each.

These were raised by Mr. J. George, who is well known for
introducing this new race of bedding plants ; and they are
equally valuable for pots, having been in bloom ever since
Christmas. All thase are acknowledged to be decided acquisi-
tions. The lollowing is an
0jp,cial Description from the " United Horticultdbal Society,"

December &th, 1866.
"All these were considered as great additions as bedding plants,
and cannot be too extensively grown. They far surpass any other
plants in profusion of bloom, and the weather does not aflect them
to any apparent extent ; no one should be without them. In
Scarlet Gem you have a most brilliant and attractive variety, far
mirpassing the T. Lobbii section for effect m the parterre or ribbon
gardening." — W. Heiale, Secretary,

The Set lor Cs, lid. i 12s. per dozen ; £2 2s. for 60 ; £4 for 100 ;
package included. Ready on the 1st of May.

FLOP.AL GUIDE, with a fuller description, for 4 itampB.
Fuchsia Nursery, Woolwich.

Choice Seeds..

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following :—
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATi*, of the finest possible strain.

Red, White, or Mixed, 2s. 6(1., 3s., and 6s. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very fine, 2a. 6ti,,

3s. 6(1., and Ss. por packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2s. Gd., 3s. Gd., and 5s. per packet.
SNOW'S WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C. & Son's own

saving, '2s. Gd. per packet.
NUJJEHAM PARK UNION, 2s. ikl. per paoket.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post tree,
Highgate NTirseries. London, N.

ROBERT PARKER begs to otter the following.— All
the Plants are strong and healthy, and can be supplied In
quantities.

PANSY CLIVEDEN BLUE, 6s. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN PURPLE, 6s. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN YELLOW, tis. per dozen.
POLEMONIUM CCERULEUM VARIEGATUM, 2s, 6d. each.
RHODODENDRON COUNTESS of HADDIJJUTON, 2s. 6d, each.
TRITOMA GKANUIS. 18s. per dozen
TRITOMA UVARIA GLAUCESCENS, 12s. per dozed.
VIOLA CORNUTA. best varietv. 4s. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE DES VIOLETS. 6s. per dozen.
VIOLET THE CZAR, 6s. per dozon. [per packet

PRIMULA. SINENSIS FfMBRIATA, flnest mixed seed, 2». Gd
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES nf AGRICUL-
TURAL, FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and will be for*
warded free to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

Wellingtonia gigantea for Sale.

JOHN HARttlSONi has about 1000 fine Plants of
the above, varying in size from 2 feet to 6 or 7 feet, at prices
from 7s. 6d. to 40s. each. These plants have been removed every
other season, from the Seedling to the present time, and every
plant cau be warr.inted to grow.

Nearly all the 2 to 3 feet plants have from three to six cones each
upon them. Those with cones, 10s. Gd. to 15s. each.
Darlington Nursery.

ALT. PERSONS having any CLAIM against the
ESTATE of the late Mr. B. B. BIRCH AM, of Hedenharn,
Norfolk, deceased, are requested to send in theif ACCOUNTS for
examination ; and all persons INDEBTED to the same, are respect-
fully requested to pay the amounts to the E.-cecutrix without delay.
Hedenharn Rosery, Bungay, Suffolk, May 7, 1887.
The business will be continued by Mrs. Biacham as usual, under
her late husband's name.

Taxus hlbemlca fasti^ata variegata

(The Golde.s- Ihish Yew),

FISHER, HOLMES, axu CO, have pleasure in offering
the above really beautiful Yew raised by them. It is the
ex ict type of the Irish Yew, with foliage of the same rich golden
colour lis in the old Golden Yew, and forms a truly beautiful and
attractive plant, suit.^ble for decoration in Flower Garden, Terrace,
or other Ornamental Planting.
Plants in pots (which have with-^tood the winter without injurv),

21s. each ; Six Plants for £5 5s.
A few extra Specimens, £1 lis. Gd. each.

F., H., & Co. respectfully return thanks for the liberal orders
received. A-s the stock of plants of the same age as those already
sent out is now very limited, early orders are respectfully sulicited to
secure the same. The annexed are the names and addresses of those
in the Tmde who have oraered and received plants.

Macintosh, R. T., Edinburgh
Morrison Brothers, Aberdeen
Morrison, R., Elsin
Osborn & Sons, Futham
P ml, G. i; Son, Cheshunt
Paul, Wm., Waltliam Cross
Pearson, J., Chilwell
Perkins, Jt.ha, Northampton
Platz & Son, Erfurt, Prussia
Rollis&on, W. & Son, Tooting
Shaw, John, Manchester
Skirving, W,, Liverpool
So.ith, Jas., Darley Dale, Matlock
Tanaley,

Backhouse k Son, Y'oik
Baker, S. C, Atherston
Ballantvne ii Sons, Dalkeith
Brewin,'C., Bawtry
Bull, W., Chelsea
Cooling, E.j Derbv
Cranston, John, Hereford
Cripps, T., Tunbridge Wells
Cunningham, C, Liverpool
Dancer, A., Fulham
Darby, R. F,, Cirencester
Davies, G,, Liverpool
Dicksons & Co., Edinburgh
Dickson & Turnbull, Penh
Dickson & Turnbull. Brechin
Dickson, F. & A. & Sons, Chester
Dickson, James &, Sons, Chester
Dickson & Sons, Edinburgh
Dillistone, W., Sible Hedingham
Dixon, W. E., Beverley
Drummond & Son, Stirling
Farnbworth, H. &. G., Matlock
Fox, G. F,. Wetley Rocks, Leek
Francis, E. P. k Co., Hertford
Eraser, J., Lea Bridge
Glendinning & Sons, Chiswick
Grigor, J. It Co., Foires
Henderson, W,, Birkenhead
Jackson & Son, Kingston
Jefi'eries & Sod, Cirencester
Kennedy & Co., Dumfries
Kimberley, C, Coventry
L^ird & Sinclair, Dundee
Lane & Son, Gt. Berkhampstesd
Lawsou. Peter & Son, Edinburgh
Lee, J. &, C, Hammersmith
Lucombe, Pince, & Co., Exeter

Fisher, H0L1IE3.& Co. 's CATALOGUE of STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE and BEDDING PLANTS, NEW ROSES, &c., is now ready
and may be had gratis and post free on applicitioo.
Handsworth Nursenes, ShefBeld.

Smith, J oseph. Sen.,

Matlock
Smith, Richard, Worcester
Smith, Peter & Co.. Hamburgh
Soden, J., Middle Barton, Oxon
Stewart, J. & Sons, Dundee
Stewart, J. & Sons, Broughty

Forry
Tnmson Bros., Orleans, France
Turner, C, Slough
Van Geort, Aug., Ghent, Belgium
Veitch, James & Sons, Chelsea
Veltch, R. T., Exeter
Versohaffelt & Co., Ghent,

Belgium
Warwick, F., Sleaford
Waterer & Godfrey, Knap Hill,

Woking
Waterer, John, Bagshot
Wheeler, Geo,, Warminster
Wheeler, J. C. i Son, Gloucester
Williams. B. S., Hollowny
Wood & Ingram, Huntingdon
Wood, Wm. & Son, MaresHeld

WHEELERS* IMPERIAL SWEDE,
Is. per lb. ; 45s. per bushel (50 lb.)
This is one of the best if not the best Swede in cultivation ; the
specimens exhibited at the Smithfleld Club Show in London, and at
Cirencester, Birmingham, and at the Great Show of Roots held in
Gloucester, excited considerable admiration, not only for their size,
but for their beautiiul shape and excellent quality.

J, C. Wheeler & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

G

EASS SEEDS for PE1U[ANENT PASTURE,

selected on a new, scientific, and natural system, by

J. C. Wheeler & Sox, Gloucester.

u

TNDOUBTEDLY

GOOD IDEA.

WHEELER AND SON'S ** BOOK on GRASSES."—
"These enterprising Seedsmen, in introducing a new element
into their calculations— viz., the geological formation of the soils for
which permanent Grasses are wanted— ftave ■undoubtedly a good idea.
"Messrs. Wuezlek have prepared a new series of tables "ot the
Grasses which they consider most suitable to different geological
formations. These are arranged in 11 tables, and include mixtures
suitable lor heavy, medium, and light soils in each case." — The Field,
March 9, 1807. _^

JC. "WHEELER and SON are anxious that every
• Gentleman Fermer in England, who is about to Lay Down
Land to Permanent Pasture, or to Renovate Old Pasture with suitable
Grass Sueds, should read their illustrated "Book on Grasses ;" with
this view they will, on receiving a note to that effect, send a copy to
any address they may be favoured with.

Kohl Rabi Seed should now be sown.

Drilled as Swedes, 3 to 4 lbs. per acre.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply superior SEED,
either GREEN or PURPLE, at 2s. 6d. per lb,, or cheaper in
large quantities.

For Instructions on Cultivation, see SUTTON'S FARM SEED
LIST, which tuay be had post fi-ee on application.

SoTTOx & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Turnip Seeds for Early Sowing.

The Best Soiits are
POMERANIAN WHITE GLOBE,
SUTTON'S SHORT-TOP SIX WEEKS.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply New Seed of the
above excellent sorts at Is. per lb., or cheaper by the bushel.
PRICED LISTS of other sorts giatis on application.

ScTToN & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

To Market Gardeners, Farmers, Seedsmen.
Nurserymen, &c.

CABBAGE PLANTS (Kasthum and Enfield Market),
2s per 1000 : DRUMHEAD CATTLE CABBAGE. 'Is. per 1000 ;
RED DUTCH PICKLING CABBAGE, 3s, per lOOU ; KOHL RABI
SEED, Od. per lb. The finest Stock in England. Terms cash.

Richard WiLSER, Seed Grower and Market Gardener, Biggles-
wade, Beds,

c

H 0 I C

E

Post
-a. d.

1 0

0 6

1 0

Per pkt.-
Broccoli, Snow's Imperial

Winter

Albert Sprouts
Cauliflower, Early Erfurt . .
Celery, Manchester

Champion Red . . . . 0
Cucximber, Smith's Fine

Frame 1

Cucumber, Telegraph . . 1
Leek, Henry's Prize .. 0

Endive, Digswell Prize . . 0
Onion, Nuneham Park . . 2
Parsley, exti-a fine curled . . 0
Raphanus caudatus (new

long-podded Radish) . . 2

Custard Marrow . . . . 0

Melon, Malvern Hall .. 1

Tomato de Lnye . . . . 0

\ CaullUower, The Mammoth 1

RioHxBB SiUTH, Seed

S E E D £

Free.

Per pkt.— 8,
Moore's Vegetable Cream 0
Beet, Perpetual Spinach . . 0

„ Nutting's Superb

Red 0

Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom

Thumb 0

Radish, French Breakfast 0
Ascer, Trutfaut's Superb

French, 12 vars. mixed . . 1
Aster, Victoria, 6 vara.

mixed 1

Stock, improved large-
flowering, 12 vars. mixed. 1
Balsam, Camellia-flowered,

6 var. mixed . . . . 1

Balsam, Rose-flowered, 8 vars.

mixed .. . . .. 1

Phlox Drummondii, 12

splendid varieties .. 1

Merchant, Worcester.

May It, 1367.]

THE GARDENEPtS* CIIIJONK'EE AND AGEICDLTIIRAL GAZETTE.

483

Sutton's Grass Seeds for all Soils, Carriage Free.

MESSRS. SUTTON" specially prepare MIXTDUES for
every description of SOIL at "the folluwing prices :—
For PERMANENT PASTURE, best quality Mixture, 3Gs. per acre;

cheaper ditio, life, tu 30*. per acre.
For THREK or FOUR YEARS" LAY, best quality, 24s. per acre ;

second onalitv cheaper.
For TWO YEARS' LAi', best quality, ISs. 6rf. per acre; second

quality cheaper.
For ONE'YEAR'S LAY, CLOVERS and GPvASSES, 15s. per acre ;

CLOVTiRs and RYrvGHA^iS, Via. to 14s. per acre.
BUTTON'S RENOVATING MIXTURE (sow 6 lb. to 121b. per Rcrel,
pilce lOd. per lb. ; cheaper by the cwt. Special Contracts gWen
for large quantities.

SuTTOw & SoKS, Seed Growers, Readinp.

^P H il L U.N I* U IS MAJSUKil-
J (Established 1S40).

C U ivi r A A Y

Have now rej»dy for delivery in dry flne condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Usp
DI.-^SfiLVRn BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
RUPKiiPnoSl'IIATESofUME
FREPAKKD OUASO
MANGKL rind POTATO MANURES
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISHERY
SALT. Ac. E. Purser, SucreUTj.
Offices, 116, Fenchurch Street. E.C. ^__^_

LA W E S ' M A N U K E «. —

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
season of Igf.y are now ready for dolivery at his Factories, at the
following prices, per ton : —
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s. d.

hUPERPHnspHATE --f LIME '1 6

LAWES" SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

Bone or MINERAL PHOSPHATE.S 5 5 0

LaWES* WHEAT. BAKLKY, GRASS, and MAxS'GEL

MANURES SOO

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES -.12 0 0

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes. or through the
apoointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at puces
varying according to cost of carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other C »kes at market prices.

Address, Joas Be.nnet Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

ODAMb'S NlTRO-PHuSPHATE for CORN
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPHaTE for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
OUA.MS'S SOPERPnoSPHATH: of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

WAXCrACTDRED

THE PATENT NITRO-rHOSPHATE OR BLOOD
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief Offices — 109, Fenchurch Street, London.
Western Counties Branch— Queen Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch— 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin
DiRinrroRS
Chairman — John Clavdeu, Littlebury, Essex.
Dfputy-Chnirmau— John Collins, Argyll House, Holloway.
Edward Bell, 49. Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot. Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Miadlfsex.
Robert Leeds, V**est Lexham, Norlolt.
George Saville, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishail Grange, Es'ex.
Charles Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomas Webb. Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Rosa, Lincolnshire.
MaTHJfjing Director — James Odams.
Bantirs- Messrs. Bametts, Hoares, & Co.. Lombard Street.
Solidlors—'M.e&srs. Kingsford 4 Dorman, 2.3, Essex Street, Strand.

Auditor — J. Carter Jonas, Ciunbridge.
TliiB Company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz. — " The Tenant Farmers' Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for yeare under ni:inagement with Manures of their
own manufacture. The consumer, therefore, has the best guamntee
for the genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Company.

Paiticulars will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may be had of the Local Agents. C. T. Macadam, Secretary.

Qiief Offlces~109. Fenchurch Street. London, EC.

J. B. BROWN & CO.'S

NEW PATENT B B LAWN MOWER.

Xote from Thor. Ingram, Esq., the Rnynl Gardens, JJ'nidsor, Auf/itsf 11. IRfifi.
" I h:tTr min'h plca&urc in stating that your New Pa'cnt B II Lawn Mowing Marhinf> [;i 21-inrh] has ha*! a
good trial, and has proved quit*' satisfactory. T/ie work f/ot>e is of the fi>vt nrfler^ Iravinff the Lawn like a piece
of velvet."

*,* Evirif Marhinc sent out is trttrrntttcfl tn give ample satisfacttotiy and^ if not approved of , nunj be at once returned,

J. B. BROWN AND CO.,
WAREHOUSE and LONDON MANUFACTORY, 148, UPPER THAMES STREET, E.C.

EGG MAiNUKE.— Analysis of an Egg bv Baron Liebig :
Carbon, 65,000; Hvdroeen, 707-1; SS" Nitrogen, 15.920; Phos-
phorus, Sulphur, Oxygen, 2'i;.007 = 100,(X»0 IC:^ equal to Animonia,
lft-50 From 2 to 3 Tons of Refuse Eggs to be disposed of weekly.

Apply by letter, in first instance, to Z. A., care of Mr. Roberts,
Advertising Agent, 19, Change Alley, Comhili, E.C.

" pOCOA-NUT REFUSE

^^ la becoming boaroe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
\&s., 2 for 30s., 50 for 66s., 100
for £6.

Fourpenoe allowed for each
bag retomed carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bogs), 405.

Postaj^e Stamps or Post-office
Order, payable to J. Barsham 4
Co., Kingston-on-Thames S.W.

Lawn Mowers.

GREEN'S PATENT. I SAMUELSON'S PATENT.

SHANKS* PATENT. I BARNARD'S PATENT.

DEANE & CO.,

46, KING WILLIAM ST., LONDON BRIDGE.
Horticultural Tools, &o.

LAWN MOWING MACHINKS, 60,.., 70s.. 90.<.. 110«,

GARDEN" >LARROWS, Wood and Iron, 2U. and 20«.

GARDKN ENGINES, Galv.^nised Iron. Prices .Ws, 05.1., 78ji.,90j., I0O.1.. 110«.

GARDEN ROLLERS, £1 10s., £1 Us., £2. il 7«. M., £2 12s. M,, £3 2». M.

STEEL DIGGING FORKS, SPADES, SCYTHES, tc.

GREENHOUSE SYRINGES »nd GARDEN PUMPS.

WIRE NETTING and ORNAMENTiU, WIRE WORK.

GARDEN SEATS and CHAIR.S.

FL(JWER STANDS, Ca,st-iron and Wire.

STRAINED WIRE FENCING and IRON HURDLES.

HOT-WATER FITTINGS for GREENHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES,
FORCING PITS, &c.

Dentins Kev} INmtratM Horticultural Catalogue
post free 07i application.

Established a.d. 1700.

DEANE AND CO., 46, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, E.C.

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON'S RICK CLOTHS.

KICK CLOTHS, Xcw and Second-hand, with
Poles, &c., complete.

JIABQUEES and TENTS, for Croquet, Cricket,
md Archery.

TEMPOUAKY ROOMS on HTF.E for Balls
liiiiners, Parties, &c.

g!,i;^g;it«^«:'?'^***' An Illustrated Catalogue post free on application.

Be particular to Address. BENJAMIN EDGINGTON (in full),

(Tent and Rick Cloth Maker by special appointment to the Queen and Prince of Wales,)

2, DUKE STREET, foot of LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

Xo other Establishment.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, cl' CO.,

LINCOLN : and 78, LOMBARD STREET, LONDON, E.C.

Illii^Imtcd Catalo^nrs. cmitaininc- the Infe.'t revised Price
Lists and particulars of

PORTABLE AND STATIONARY
STEAM ENGINES,

(from 4 to 40-horse power), THIiESniXG, GRINDING,
ri'.MPING, S.\WINa MACHINERY, ..tc , &c., will be
fnvw.nrded free on application as above.

TRACTION ENGINES for COMMON ROADS, and
for STEAJI CULTIVATION.

Note. — Nearly SOOO Engines and 6000 Threshinf;
Machines have been made by this Firm within the last
few years.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Clas.s IX., No. 2119.

Mr. GRAY begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to his
NEW OVAL TTTBTILAR BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quiekness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with
one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from Report in Gardeners' Chronicle of International Exhihition, May 24, 1862, page 476.

"The upright form of Boiler is ueually made on a circular plan,
but the oval form given to Mr. Gfav's vanety of it is eaid to be
oreferable in consequence of its bringinj; the tubes in closer contact
irith the fire. The usual form of a fiiruace being a parallelogram

rather than a square, it seems feasible that the Boilers on the oval
plan should brine the tubes more completel.v mthiu ""«« 'J' 'i""
burning fuel; and this being so, the change, though a sligot one.
IS no doubt an improvement."

f^= Huy ore made of all ^izes, which., with prices^ may he had on application.

.7AMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL AVORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

486

THE CtARDENEHS' CKRONICLE AM) AGRICTJLTTmAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 11, 1867.

CAETEE'S

NEW ANB CHOICE PLANTS FOR 1867.

All Novelties will be ready to send out on the 25th of Maij,

We beg to announce that we have become purchasers of the entire stocks of Seedlings of several celebrated Geranium growers, and have now in our possession some
of the most splendid strains of Ornamental- foUaged Geraniums ever introduced. In the VARIEGATED SEEDLINGS there are many as far surpassing Mrs. Pollock a<id
Sunset, as those two favourite varieties have surpassed Golden Chain and all the other older sorts ; we shall at all times be most happy to exhibit our new Seedlings to any of our
customers who may favour us with a visit at our Nursery at Perry Hill .

A SET OF NEW TRICOLOR GERANIUMS.

The following magniflcent varieties were raised by that successful amateur, Mr. Morris, of Deptford,
who has succeeded in origioating a breed of Trieolor-ieaved Geraniums totally distinct from other
families ot the same class, and unsurpassed for gorgeous colouring, and even beauty of outline of
fohage, A distinguishing characteristic of Mr. Morris's Seedlings over the Sunset aud Lucy Grieve
ection, is their great freedom of habit, an immense advantage both for propagating and for display.

Oberon (Morris).

A splendid variety in the way of Lucy Grieve, equally bright in colour, but with a mucli broader
nearly black zone, edged and blotched with vivid crimson, and margined with golden yellow, fine large
flat surface and round outline ot foliage, and a most vigorous grower- bloom cerise scarlet. Obtained
Honourable Mention at the International Horticultural Exhibition, Kensington.

Price 21s, each,

Titania (Morris),

The finest yet sent out, with dark bronze nearly black zone, surrounded and blotched with vivid
scarlet, margin a pure belt of bright golden yellow, flower cerise scarlet ; a limited number only to
offer of this really splendid variety. Price 42s. each.

Red Gaiintlet (Morris,)

Tricolor-zoned variety, with flat salver-shaped leaves, bright golden margin, scarlet and chocolate
bronze zone ; will make a most admirable Plant for specimens for exhibition, being a very free grower,
and very good habit ; lively scarlet- bloom.

Price 21s. each.

Ruby Ring (Morris).

Tricolor-zoned, with very dark brown zone, blotched and edged with a narrow line of brilliant
crimson, good flat leaf, and fine branching habit.

Price 21s, each.

1^" The Set, one Plant of each of the preceding four splendid Novelties, for £4 4s.

NEW GOLDEN

A SET OF
GROTTND BRONZE-ZONED GERANIUMS.

The following, of which Goldfinch, Luna, Mrs. Longfield, and others are the leading types, and
which have made such rapid progress in public estimation for their effective beauty in Flower Garden
Decorations, are selected from «n immense quantity of Seedlinss raised by Mr. Morris, and are sent
out as 'leing entirely distinct and superior to any hitherto off'erod.

Madeline Schiller (Morris).

Clearly defined crimson bronze zone, delicately and regularly pencilled on a smooth shining bright
canary yellow ground, with rosy scarlet flowor ; exceedingly beautiful as a pot plant, and also a good
bedder. Exhibited at the International, Horticultural, Botiinic, and Crystal Palace Exhibitions ot
1866. Price 10s. 6d. each.

Mrs. Bass (Morris).

Golden ground, with broad zone, nearly IJ inch across, of deep chocolate, fine hold foliage, and
most vigorous habit ; well suited for centres of beds or for large beds, immense scarlet truss of bloom.

Price as. each.

Eclipse (Morris).

A gi'oat improvement on Goldfinch, having darker and broader zone, flatter and larger leaf, and
freer habit, with large rosy scarlet trusses of bloom shown well 'above the leaves, and contrasting with
the golden ground ot foliage underneath.

Price 6s. each,
1^" The Set, one Plant of each of the preceding three splendid Novelties, for 1-55.

NEW DOUBLE-FLOWERED GERANIUM.

Triotnphe de Lorraine (Rendatler).

A magnificent variety of this new section of Geraniums, raised by the celebrated French Nursery-
man.M. Keudatler, of Nancy, who descnbesit as follows:— Enormous truss of very double flowers, well
imbricated, and of the finest cherry carmine, with occasional stripes of pure wlute, habit dwarf, very
tree, flowering the handsomest of all known double varieties."
Price 10s. Gd: each.

IRESINE AUREO-RETICTTLATA.

A most beautiful ornamental -foliage plant, which will become as gi-eat a favourite as the parent
plant, Herbsti, for bedding purposes; veins of leaves beautifully reticulated \ritli bright gold, with
footstalks of leaf and stems of a bright aemi-transparent cannine ; it has a most pleasing' effect in
beds, in bouquets, or as specimen foliage plant for pot culture in conservatory. Firat-class Certificate
at the South Kensington Show.

Price Is. (W. eact ; 12s. per dozen.

NEW TROPiEOLUM (LOBBIANUM).

Crystal Palace Perfection (Gordon).

A variety raised by Mr. Gordon, superintendent of the Crystal Palace grounds, the raiser of most of
the previously distributed good varieties of this useful bedding plant, and considered by him and all
who have seen it to be as near perfection as can be obtained in tnis class, both for habit and growth,
brilliancy of colour, hardiness, and long continuation in perfect beauty. It will be largely planted at
Battersea Park ; Royal Horticxiltural Gardens, Kensington ; and at the Palace ; both Mr. Gibson and
Mr. Eyles, superintendents of the two former establishments, having seen, admired, and secured
stock of it.

Colour brilliant orange scarlet, and bloom produced at every axil, foliage glaucescent silvery in
appearance, habit very dwarf, and not liable, like many of the others, to lun too much to foliage.
Price 2s, 6d. each ; 21s. per dozen.

NEW LOBELIAS.

Lobelia Attraction (Keeler).

A splendid seedling, raised from Paxtoni, a popular variety sent out by us some years ago, which it
resembles in colour, but has a vastly superior strong habit of growth, with blooms double the size, and
has been proved during the sumnier and autumn of last year, botn as a bedder and as a pot plant,
superior to every other bedding variety of speciosa.

Extract from Gardeners' Chronicle^ January 19, 1R67.
" Messrs, Caster & Co. exhibited, during the past year, a variety called Attraction, evidently a
selection tcom. Paxtoni, having the white blotch larger than is generally observed,"'

We have raised a large stock, and offer it at the following low urices : —
2s. 6d. each, and 12s. per dozen. | 18s. per 25, «id 255. per 100,

Lobelia speciosa Miss Murphy.

A lovely pure white variety of the tme Kpeciosa section, and likely to become as universally grown
as a dwarf white bedder a.s Speciosa and its varieties are In the various shades of blues ; it has a remark-
able dwarf and compact habit, and the fiower ia as white as snow, and produced in great abundance ;
will be most xisefnl for an outer margin or line.

Price, per dozen, 6s. [ Price, per 50, 15s.

Price, per 25, 10s. | Price, per 100, 2ls.

Lobelia Beauty of Ravensboume (Stanton).

This charming variety was described as follows in the Gardeners' Chronicle of January 19, 1867 :—
" The best of all the new bedding Lobelias of the year is unquestionably Beauty of Ravensboume,
exhibited by Messrs. Carter k Co. It is very dwarf and compact in habit, and flowers most profoBBly,
having plenty of small lilac flowers, with white centres; very novel and attractive. It is said to be
capable of withstanding exposure without much loss of attractiveness."

NEW GERANIUMS.

Crystal Palace Beauty (Gordon).

Bri ht salmon-coloured variety, perfect shape, large truss, broad nearly black zone.
Price 2s. 6d. each.

Crystal Palace Gem (Gordon).

Brilliant cerise or cherry red self, the most perfect formed flower that ever came under our
notice, 4i to 5 inches in circumference ; verj' large trusses, with scarcely any tendency to seed ; good
dwarf compact habit, deep zoned foliage. All that is said of G. Excellent for habit and free-blooming
qualities may be said of this variety ; it has all the good qualities, with a different colour, and will, ds
it becomes known, be a general favourite.

Price 2s. each, 18s. per dozen.

Goldfinch (Goode).

The most striking of the golden-foliaged Geraniums yet sent out. It has a bushy, vigorous, dwai-f,
and compact habit, witb foliage of great substance, 4 to 5 inches in diameter, margined with deep
yellow ; bronzy scarlet zone 1 incb in diameter, and brieht golden yellow centre. Flowers vivid
scarlet, produced in great profusion in large trusses ; a first-clasa bedder.
Price Is. Crf. each, 12s. per dozen.

Excellent (the best Scarlet Bedding* Geranium).

The many proofs we have observed of the inestimable value of this variety as a bedder, has induced
us to work up a large stock, and to oftlciaUy call attention to its great merits. It has been tried in
numerous places, imd everywhere gives satisfaction; at the Crystal Palnco alone over 5O00 will bo
planted out this year, many of the older less efii;ctive varieties of long standing having been discarded
to make room for it. Colour brilliant orange scarlet, immense truss, carried on strong footstalks well
above the foliage, which is firm and deeply marked with very dark zone; habit, like name, excellent,
and a continuous bloomer. Price 9s. per dozen.

Christabel (Sammons).

This uniquely beautiful miniature Geranium is a moat desirable novelty, and from its great merits
must speedily become a universal favourite. Colour of flowers a deep rich rose, produced in great
profusion on footstalks about 2 inches long (a miniature Christme for edgings.
Price Is. 6d. each, 12s. per dozen.

POA TRIVIAIilS ARGENTEA ELEGANS.

The most elegant vanegated Meadow Grass, greatly admired at the different metropolitan flower
shows. This beautiful iricoloured Gi-ass is the most graceful of any previously introduced, and being
of extraordinary free growth, dense but elegantly droopinK and wavy habit, it is most buiiable for
hanging baskets, for the outer margins of rustic or stone ornamental vases on raised pedestals ; aUo for
divlQing in small tufts for the decorations of drawing-room vaaes, far superseding for this purpose the
well-known Isolepis gracilis, having in advantage of colours, which are pure white, light green, and
]>ale pink, beautifully blended in each linear leaf. First-class Certificate.
Price 12s. per dozen.

GASTRONEMA SANGXnNEUM.

The beautiful greenhouse bulb Gastronema sangutneum, a charming figure of which is published by
Sir W. Hooker as Cyrtanthus sangumeus, is an extremely handsome species, adapted for the cool
greenhouse or conservatory, producing funnel-shaped blossoms3to4 inches across, of a brilhant orange-
tmted scarlet colour. The late Dr. Lindley, with whom it first bloomed, romarked of it as being " very
beautiful, deserving general cultivation, even In the most solect collections,"
Price 2s. 6d. and 3s, 6d, each.

RARE FERN, Lomaria Gibba.

Having a fine lot of seedlings of this beauttful.rare, hitherto very expensive variety, we can offernice
plants as below ; It is admitted to be one of the handsomest hardy greenhouse Ferns introduced oflate
yeais."

Price 2s, 6d. each ; larger, 8s. ^d. each ; extra large, bs. each.

Any of the above forwarded on receipt of Fost-ojice Order,

Just Published, Post Free 12 stamps (Gratis to Customers), Part III. of

CAETEE'S GAEBENEES' AND FAEMEES' VADE MECUM,

Containing complete Lists of New and Choice Stove and Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, with an Addendum comprising original and practical articles, " On a Visit to
Messrs. Carter's Nursery," by an amateur Florist; Subtropical GJardening; and 120 Geometrical Designs for Flower-beds; with reliable information for the j>roper
combination of Bedding Plants to produce chaste and striking effects.

Forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps on application to

CAUTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

May 11, 1867.J

THE GARDENEES" OTTRONTCLE AND AGRICULTUEAT, GAZETTE.

4S7

1) A R R Aun S TT G D E N

From Yokohamn elroot. i> consipimont of LILIUM AHRATUM,
m Uno condition, !», au., 3s. (Id.. fi«. M., and 7». Qrf. o.ioh.

SUlirL0S STOCK ofGLADlOU.
Fine Mixed varletloa of QANDAVENSIS, 7J. «<(., l"". "<« , "id "■'•

nor l(Mi : Is. Orf. and 2n. fld. por dozen.
BOWIKNSI.S, the finest scarlet, 7». M., VU. Oi/., and ISs. per 100 ;

and Is. IW. and 'is. firf. per dozen. , ... ..j j.,

NAMED VARltTlK.S, .Is. Od.. 6«. Od., 7». Od., and lOs.Od. per doz.

A FEW .SPECIALITIES In SEEDS.

RIVINA L'EVIS.— A most cftectlvo plant for table decoration.
Dnrlnntlio antnmn. winter, and sprinc inonttiB. it Is covered
wltli olecant drooplnff racemes of boaiiimu scarlet berries. For
mode of culture, &o , see " Journal of Horticulture, p. 276,
April ■! l.s. per packet.

KF.A CUZKO (from I'on]),— The largest M.alze yot Introduced for
ticooratlvo purposes. Leaves very broad and compact. Last
year In Itaiy tins plant attained the height of 20 leet. Is. and
2s. (id. per packet. »,. „ . ■ j ,, ,

i!K\ .lAPONICA VARIF.GATA.— Beautimlly striped Maize; as
handsome as Anindo Donnx variegatn. od.. Is., and 2s. Od. per

DATURA SPECIES (fVoni Peru).— Described as a most boautlHil

plant. Flowers pure white, 10 Inches long, and delicioualy

fracrant 2s. Orf. per packet.
KARR^SPLENDID STRAIN of PRIMULA SINENSIS FIM-

HRI\TA, ALBA, RUBRA, and Mixed. Kach 2n. fir', por pkt.
RARR'a TERN-LEAF PRIMULA, ALBA, RUBRA, ami Mixed.

Each if. I'm/, per packet. » ^„ . . , ., ,

nVRR'srUIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATANOVA.-A beautiful

Mftdder-red Bbadert variety; and beautiful nuw strlpud variety.

Each 3.<t. M. per packet. .r^v^T^T,^

HULL'S DUPLEX-FLOWERING, a UQiquo and beautlfiU MONKEY

FLOWER.— 1.^. Gil. and ■2s. Qd. per packet.
BULL'S INTERNATIONAL PRIZE CALCEOLARIA. — Thg

llneat strMu in ciUtivatiOD. 2.i. rtrf., 3s. (>d,, and 5«. 6U.

per packet.
FLOWER SEEPS in COLLECTIONS.— ,^s. Gd., f>s. 6d., 7s. Grf., 10s.,

15,1., and 21s- per packet.
FINEST LAWN GRASS SEED, for RenoTOting Old Lawns and

Lnying Down New Ones. — Is. Sd. per lb.
STANDEN'S "GARDENERS' and AMATEURS* FRIEND."
a highly Concentrated, Inodoroiis, Artificial Manure, in all cases
inducing free vigorous growth, and promoting early maturity. It is
now largely used by the leading Nvirserymen, amongst whom we may
mention : — Messrs. Veitch & Sona, Mr. Charles Turner, Messrs. J. &
C. Lee, Mr. Barnes, of Camberwell, Mr. Standish, of Bagshot, &c.,
and many of the leading amateur Exhibitors. Use it freely. Direc-
tions for Use, see Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 2iiL Sold in Canisters at
]«,, 2s. tid., 6.S. &f., lOs, 6d., and 2\s. The above vaiuiible Manure may
bo liiid ot the leading Nurserymen and Seedsmen in England,
troland, and Scotland

Barr & Sdgdbv, The Metropolitan Seed, Bulb, and Plant Ware-
house, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Lobelias, Lobelias, Lobelias.

THOMAS SAMPSON is now ready to supply by the
Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand, the splendid LOBELIA
ERINUS SFECIOSA GRANDIFLORA, well knuivn as the best ot
its class for Bedding and other purpose.^, being of a compact
habit, and of freer growth than the known L. spiiciosa, havmg
proved it to be morf lasting and hardy. Tlio flowers wre lai-go dark
blue, with flue white eye. Per dozen, in store pots, is.; per
inn, 8j. ; per imio, 80.'*.

PETKa DarMMOND, Manager, The Preston Road Nurseries, YeoTil,
Somersetshire.

GREAT NATION'AL HORTICULTURAL
EXHIBITION, lSr.7.
£1000 OFFERED IN PRIZES.

To be HELD in the Gardens of the Botanical and Horticultural
Society, Old Trafford, MANCHESTER, "th to the i6th .TUNE.

Charges for Admission : — First Day, 10s. ijil. each ; Second Day,
'2s. Gd. each ; WHIT MONDAY and romaiomg Days, Is. each.

Subscribers to the Manchester Botanical and Horticultural Society
fV-ee each day.

Annual Subscription— Family, £2 2s. ; Individual, £1 Is., admitting
on all occasions.

Schedules, &c., may be obtained on application to Mr. B. Findlat,
Curator, Botanic Gardens, Manchester, or from the undersigned.
Military Bands in attendance each day.

Cooper Street, Manchester. Henrt Whitworth, Sec.

i^:i."KEAT NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL

V-T EXHIBITION. 1867.— Gardeners will be admitted by Ti.kets
as follows: — First Day, 2a. 6d. each; Second and remamiiig Days,
\s. each. Applications for these Tickets must be made on or before
.sth JUNE. Henry WniTWORTH, Sec.

/-^ REAT NATIONAL HORTICULTUR'aT

VT EXHIBITION, 1867.

Notice is Hereby Given, that all Persons who intend to take part in
this Exhibition must signify their intention to do so (stating the
Classes in which they intend to compctyl, on or before May 17, by
letter addressed to the Undersigned. Bruce Findlat.

Botanic Gardens, Manchester.

"DOTAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

-*-*^ SPECIAL PRIZE SHOW, MAY 7, 1867.

AWARDS of the JUDGES.
PR1?:ES olTorod by HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BUCCLEUCn,

ProBidout of tho Socloty.
Class I.—The fl beet cultivated Greenhouse AZALEAS, In Bloom.
iBt, Measrs. J. Veltoh & Sons, Rnyal Exotic Nursery, OhelRoa, £10.

Class 2— Tho 9 bant cultivated ROSES in Pots, in Bloom.
1st, Mcaars. H. Lano & Sou, Numorymou. Groat Horkhauipstoad,

Herts, £in.

E.xtra, Mr. W. Paul, Paul's Nurseries, Walthara Cross, £2.

PRIZES offorod by W.WILSON SAUNDERS. F.R.S., Member of

Council and VluO-ProBUiunt,

Class 4.— The 10 boHt cultivated ORCHIDS, in Bloom.

1st, Mr. C. Penny, Gr. to H. H. Uibbs, Esq., St. Bunstan'a, Regent's

Park, £10.
Class B.— Tho 6 best culttvutod Show PELARGONIUMS, in Bloom.
iBt, Mr. 0. Tumor, Royal Nurserv, Slough, £6.
Extra, Mr. J. Wiggina, Or. to W. Bock, Es)., Worton Lottago,

laloworth, Uw.
PRIZE offered by MAJOR R. TREVOR' CLARKE, Fellow of tho
Socloty.
Class fi.— Tho best Collection of well-grown FRAGRANT-
BLOSSOMED PLANTS, ol.'nny deHoriptlon. in Bloom.
Ist, Mr. J. Reeves, Juu., Campden Grove Nursery, Kensington, £6.
PRIZES GIVEN BY THE SOCIETY.
Class S.— Tho best fi NEW PL/\NTS sont out in ISC'; or IS08.
1st, Messrs. Jamos Voitch & Sons, Silver Flora Msdal
ikl, Mr. W. Bull, Nunieryman, Chelsea, Broniw Flora Modal

Class li.— Tho best 6 NEW PLANTS sent out in 1867.
1st, Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, Silver Flora Medal
2d, Mr. W. Bull, Bronze Flora Medal

Class 10 —The best NEW PLANT shown for tho first time in flower.

Ist, Mr. W. Bull, for Dalechampia Koczliana var. rosea. Silver

Flora Modal

Class 11.— The best NEW FOLIAGE PLANT, not previously

shown in Great Britain.

1st Messrs. James Voitch * Sons, for Caladlum sp.. Silver Flora

Medal

Class 12.— The best NEW GARDEN SEEDLING, of any kind,

in llower.

1st, Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, for Cattleya garden hybrid, Silver

Flora Medal
Class 13 —The best Mixed Group of FOLIAGE and FLOWERING

PLANTS, G of each.
1st Messrs J &C. Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery, Hammersmith. £10.
■M ' Mr B S Williams, Victoria Nursery, HoUoway, £3.
Extra Mr G Fairbairu, Syon House Gardens, Isleworth, £2.
Extra' Mr W. Gill, Beaufovs, South Lambeth, £1 lOs.
Extra) Mr. A. Walker, Gardener, Oak Lodge, Addison Road, Ken-
sington, £1.
Class 14.-The best 12 STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
distinct, in flower, in IS-inch pots.
1st, Messrs. J. & C. Lee. £10.

Class 15.— The best 6 CAPE HEATHS, distinct, in Flower, in
12-inch Pots.
Extra, Mr. A. Wilkie, £2.
Class 1G.— The best 12 EXOTIC FERNS, distinct, in Pots not larger

than 12 inches ajioss.
1st, Mr. B, S. Williams, £n.

MISCELLANEOUS.
1st Mr. J. Burlev, Albert Nur.sery, Bayswater, for Collection of
Palms and Dractnas, £1.
CERTIFICATES AWARDED at FLORAL COMMITTEE.
FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES.
Messrs Veitch & Sons, for AiocJisia species.
Messrs. Veitch & Sons, for Cattleya, hybrid variety.
Messrs. Veitch & Sons, for Begonia species.
Mr C Turner, for Fancv Pelargonium Brightness.
Mr' c' Turner, for Fancy Pelargonium Pink Perfection.
Mr C. Turner ,foi- Fancy Felargonfxim Perlection.
Mr. C. Turner, tor Fancy Pelargonium Belle of the Season.
Mr c! Turner, for Auricula alpina.

Messrs. H. Low & Co., for Odontoglossum citrosnnmi album.
Mr W Paul, for Ulmus species from Japan.
Mr' W Paul, for Pelargonium Wakham Nosegay.
Mr W Paul, for Pelargonium Dr. Hogg. [stella.

Me'ssrs. Downie, Laird, & Laing, for Pelargonium (Nosegay) rose
Mr. W. Bull, for Ptychosperma regalis.
Messrs. J. Backhouse & Son, for Ibens camosa.
Mr. W. Muir, Gr. to Sir P. de M. G. Egertou, Bart., M.P., for Bpiden

drum cnouiidophorum.
Messrs. Rollisson & Sons, for Erica TurnbulJii

SECOND-CLASS CERTIFICATES.
Mr. C. Turner, for Pelargoniuia Maid Marian.
Mr C. 'I'umer. fur Pelargonium Marmion.
Mr. 0. Turner, for Alpine Auricula Novelty.
Messrs, Rollisson &. Sons, for Erica tubiformis.

SPECIAL CERTIFICATES.
' Messrs. H. Low & Co., lor Collection of Orchids.

Messrs H. Low & Co., for Collection of Cattleya citrina.
i Mr C Turner, for Collection of Tulips. [curvifolium

■ Mr John Richards, Gr. to Lord Londesbo rough, for Saccolabmm

NEW PLANTS.

Jmt rulilished, Trice One HhilUiig,

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF NEW

PLANTS,

MANY OF THEM NEVER BEFORE OFFERED, 'WITH PRICES TO EACH.

Apply to WILLIAM BULL, F.L.S.,
NEW PLANT MERCHANT, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

NEW PLANTS.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

BEG TO ANNOITNCE THAT TREY ARE NOW

SENDING OUT THEIR SPLENDID NOVELTIES FOR 1867,

Amongst wliioh will he found many of fn'eat merit, discovered and sent home by &Li-. John G. Veitch,
■during his recent voyage to the South Sea Islands ; also others received from Mr. Peakcr, Me.3srs. J. V. & Sous'
tOolleotor in South America. Every Plant ottered is perfectly distinct from any previously in cultivation, and
J. V. & Sons contidently recommend them to the notice of all Plant Cultivators.

For full description,-* of the Plants, ilcssrs. J, V. & Sons beg to refer to their large Advertisement, fit pa«:e 458
of the Gardeners' Chronicle for May 4, ia&7, and to their *' NEW ILLUSTKATEU and DESCRIPTIVE
CATALO&UE," which they will be pleased to forwui-d Post Free on application.

KOYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, KTNG'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

GRAND HORTICULTURAL EXHIRITION
at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, In connection with tho
SHOW of tho ROYAL AURICUI/rUUAD SOC'IKTV,
JULY ir>, 1807, and four followiiiK Day.s.
AmonRst various Spocliil Prizes, amounting in vahio to nearly
£.100, und excluaivo of tho ordinary PHko SchoUulo,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £2i).
will he offered by tho ProprlotorH of tho
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL OAZETTE
for tho best COLLECTION of FRUITS find VEGETARLES,
to bo nindo up im follows : —
or FRUITS, any Fivo of tho followinp ElRht kinds, ono DlBh of
cnch : — Grapes, Molonn (2 fruitH), .StniwburrleH. Ooonoborrios, Cur.
rantH, CherrlOH, Ruapborries, or Apples (of tho crop of \Hm\.

Of VEGETABLES, miy Eight of tho following Fourtoon klndB.
ono biUikut or bundle of oiioh :— Pea;*. Fronch Hoann (or Scarlob
Runners), Broad HeaoM, Cimllflowers, CucumborH (hrnco), Suninwr
CahbagtM, Eirly Carrots, TurntpH, Artichokos, Onions, Bpluach,
Rhubai-t), Potat'oB, or Mixed SaladiiiK,

Thia Cup will be open to Conipotitlon amongst Amateur or Pro-
lesslonal Uurdeuers, of all grades, with Fmit ana Vegetablefl of thtir
ntun iirowing i any article othorwise obtalood will diaquolilV tho
exhibitor.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOnTH KENSINGTON. W.
Atlho BUKKCBtlon of HI.S ROYAL HIOHNKSS tllo PRINCE of
WALKS, It Sl'K(;lAL FLORAL FETE will bo lieM in tlie Royal
norticiilturnl Society's (JardonH on the occaaioii of tlio LAYING
ol tlio FOUNDATION STONE of tlie HALL OF ART.S and
SCIENCES by HER MAJESTY on MONDAY. Mny 20.

Admission t.o ibe Gardens. :;». M.

Eiit (5arirenet3S'€iirontcle.

SATURDAY, MAY 11, 1867.

We are requested to announce that in conse-
quence of the ceremony of laying the foundation-
stone of the Haxl of Arw and Sciences by Her
Majesty having been fixed to take place on
Monday, May 2U, at South Kensington, imme-
diately adjoining tho Royal Horticultural Society's
Gardens, the Society has determined, upon
the suggestion of H.E.H. the Prince
OF Wales, to hold a Special Florai,
FfiTE, to which it is hoped that the exhibitors of
Tricolor donate Pelargoniums and other plants
■mil largely contribute. Special medals will be
awarded on this occasion. This Exhibition wUI
in no way interfere with the aiTangements
already announced for the day following.

There are, we cannot doubt, hundreds of
residents within the limits of towns or cities, or
scattered about theii- suburbs, who know nothing
of the amount of enjoyment to be drawn from a
Cold Greenhouse, by which we mean a glass
house merely, without any of the heating appa-
ratus which adds so materially to the cost of
greenhouses and other structures suited to repel
frost. Of course there is greater luxury in the
moder.ately-heated stove or Orchid-house, greater
luxm-y indeed in the nicely- warmed greenhouse
with its Madeira climate all the year round, and
we are not disparaging these in the least, or
recommending their discontinuance by those
who can command them ; but for a most
extensive class of persons — and we may use this
term in the comprehensive sense which Mr.
Mill does in reference to another subject — who
are really fond of their gardens and capable of
deriving great enjoyment from the culture of
Uowers, but who at the same time cannot afford
the expense of a warmed greenhouse or stove,
there is, we can assure them, very much satis-
faction to be drawn from a simple greenhouse,
which is a mere shell of glass, and has no pro-
vision whatever for the supply of artificial heat.

We strongly recommend then to that numerous
section of amateur horticultui-ists to which wo
have already made allusion, the adoption of a Cold
Greenhouse as a garden luxiu-y of comparatively
small cost, and yielding a most abundant return.
Why, to cover over with a glass roof the whole
or the half of any of the long nan-ow strips
which are dignified with the name of town
gardens, would furnish the most enjoyable of aU
modes of gardening in such situations. We
venture to say that greater results in the way
of the production of favourite plants woiJd be
realised by thus covering over a larger portion
of such a garden, than could bo obtained from
the smaller pent-up Ul-ventilated conservatories,
as they are called, which are often attached to
town residences, and in which an attempt is
made, generally without success, to repel the
winter's frosts. True, the same kinds of plants
would not be suitable for the cooler as for the
warmer structure, but there is no question as
to which would be the most pleasing and satis-
fiictoi-y to the owner: — perfect success with
inmates of the cold house, or partial if not total
failure with the inmates of the warmer one,--on
the one hand, we will suppose, luxuriant
Camellias, reveUing in beauty ; and on the
other, frost-bitten or sunburnt Pelargoniums.

Oiu- recommendation that those who can do so
should bv all means set up their Cold Greenhouse,
even though they cannot go further, is founded
on experience, and we may here briefly describe

4S8

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[May 11, 1SC7,

such, a house, of which the particulars are now
bet'cre us : — The length is 50 feet ; the width,
16 feet. The roof is hipped, forming an unequal
span, somewliat flattish, and facing the north-
east, with a boundary wall on the south-west. In
front is an upright glazed sash, 2 feet high, above
which has been introduced a strip, 6 inches
wide, of perforated zinc, so as to yield a gentle
and constant ventilation when desirable, the space
being closed up in cold weather by wooden flap
shutters, which mode of ventilation has answered
the purpose very well. There is no heating
apparatus, the house being in winter shut up
close, and merely opened occasionally on fine days
as a corrective of damp. One half of the two
ends is of glass, and at each end, in the angle
formed by the ridge of the roof, is introduced a
moveable wooden flap for additional ventilation.
Two glazed flaps are also pro'sdded in the short
slope of the roof, to bo used in hot weather as
occasion maj' require. The back wall is covered
with Ferns, Lycopods, Oxalis, &c., planted in
the interstices of galvanised wire netting, which
holds up a stratum of peat earth, and in which
Snowdrops, Crocuses, and Primroses are dotted
for early spring blooming. This house has
now been erected nearly four years, and answers
the purpose admirably.

The plants are all planted out. As a matter
of convenience in this particular case, the
interior has been laid out in a very simple
manner, a straight path running through the
centre, with a raised bank of earth supported by
a dwarf wall on either side, back and front, the
surface of both banks being more or less varied.
But of course a more irregular arrangement
could be adopted when desirable. The jiosition
of the house is somewhat shaded, and for general
purposes no doubt a greater command of light
would be desirable, but as it is, the plants put on
a robing of refreshing verdure, rendering the
house at all seasons a pleasant resort. In a lighter
situation no doubt a greater profusion of varied
flowers might be produced.

With regard to the plants used, experience has
shown that Camellias take the first rank. Even
for these alone, such a house is quite worth
building. They grow healthily, and blossom
freely. Ferns of all kinds capable of enduring
sUght frost, also succeed well. The New Zealand
and Japanese species in particular, thrive
admirably ; and many of the choicer forms of
British Ferns find under these conditions a
pleasant home. Himalayan Ehododendrons,
Fuchsias, Roses of the Chinese section, Berberis
nepalensis and japonica, and Chanr?erops
Fortunei all do well, besides many hai-dy
subjects, which, though in favourable localities
growing well enough exposed, cannot be made
to succeed in the open air in smoky towns.
Of the' latter series may be instanced such
things as Sanseviera carnea, Helonias bullata,
Wahlenbergia hederacea, Calla palustris, &c.,
plants which, in localities such as those indicated,
dwindle away in the open air, but with the mere
shelter of the glass, such as they obtain in a cold
house, grow and flower freely. Then again,
Snowdrops, Crocuses, Hyacinths, and other
bulbs, planted annuallj-, enliven such a house in
the early spring, when it is perhaps most enjoy-
able. There are many other flowering subjects,
such as Cassiopes, Cyclamens, common and
double Primroses, and small herbaceous and
Alpine plants gener.ally, which might be readily
grown in a structure of this kind, in situations
where the light is not too much obstructed. On
the other hand, plants that will not endure slight
frosts are unsuitable ; for in the house to which
we have i-eferred the internal temperature some-
times falls as low as 24° F. =:8 degrees of frost,
and anything like a sharp frost is sure to make
an entrance.

We repeat that the erection of a glass
structrrre of this kind, without fire-heat, would
furnish a most agreeable and enjoyable adjunct
to the dwelling of a town resident. Its interior
might be laid out picturesquely, and there are
plants encmgh which if once fairly started, would
succeed under the care of persons altogether
ignorant of floriculture, to furnish admirably any
such house of ordinary size ; while those who
make the culture of special subjects a hobby,
might without difiBculty make successful arrange-
ments for accommodating their pets.

- — • In anticipation of the Show of Tbicoloe-
LBAVED Pelakqoniums at South Kensington on the
21st inst., which, from the promises of support, cannot
fail to be a most interesting display, a Pedigree
Card has been drawn out by an Amateur, and printed
by Messrs, Wektheimer, Lea, & Co., of Ij-, Circus

Place, Finsbury Circus, who are prepared to supply
them at 2s. 3d. per dozen, or 13s. 6d. per 100. It is a
stout card, 8 inches by 5 inches, containing oblong
spaces (as shown in the accompanyini; reduced
diagram) for the insertion of the names of the imme-
diate male and female parents of the plant exhibited,
for the name or number of which latter a larger space is
appropriated. There are also spaces set apart for the
names of the grandparents of the new variety. With
a view to render as clearly intelligible as possible to the
eye the influence which the paternal or maternal
relationship may have had on the progeny, the
spaces for the names of the seed-producing parents
are enclosed with red lines, and it has been suggested
by the designer that the names of these seed-
beai-ing plants should be entered on the card in
red ink. These cards have been shown to, and approved
by, the Floral Committee of the Horticultural Society,
and we hope tliey will be generally adopted at the
forthcoming Show. It should be understood that the
card is not without its value, even if the grandparents
of the plant shown are not known, or only partially
known. If the exhibitor will put down upon the card
(which is of course to be affixed to the plant), all the
information he is possessed of, before he comes to stage
his plants, he may possil^ly then meet with some
brother-hybridiser, who can assist him to fill up the
blanks on his card : —

Male Parent.

Male Pai^nt.

Female Parent.

New Variety
'Exhibited.

Female Parent.

Female Parent.

In the event of any bybridiser, say Mr. Jones, being
unable to give the name of either of the parent plants,
it would be desiiable that he should exhibit that plant,
as well as aiiy other little-ltnown plant mentioned on
the card. Thus, if the seedling under onnsideration
came, say from the imposition of the pollen of

Jones's ,-gjrg upon Sunset, and if Jones's ^^^ was

D

the result of seed produced by Jones's 7g— _ after being

touched with the pollen of Dr. Lindley. it would
materially add to tlie value of the pedigree, if Labelled
plants of these unknown parents were also exhibited.

Those who are fond of new sensations must

have been gratified by the extraordinary effect produced
by a mass of about a hundred plants— all beatitifully in
flower— of Cattleta citeina as furnished by Messrs.
Low to ttio exhibition of the lioyal Horticultural
Society of Tuesday last. Constant groups of admiring
visitors might be seen hanging about these strange
flowers, and speculating as to the family to which they
belonged, though in most instances, we believe, the
Lilies rather than the Orchids had the credit of them.
And indeed at a distance they might have been
mistaken for a bank of Daffodils! "We hope that Mr.
Low's plants may remain in flower for another
fortnight, and that he will repeat the display at the
next regular Tuesday meeting of the Society, when it
might furnish a hint for some interesting remarks.
One important lesson, however, may even now be
drawn from it, and that is the striking efl'ect which
masses of Orchids of the same or nearly related species
are capable of producing. No plants gain so much by
an orderly, or lose so much hy what we can only
describe as a higgledy-piggledy arrangement, as the
Orchids. We are convinced that the time is rapidly
approaching— and therefore exhibitors must prepare
for it — when a promiscuous jumble of air plants and
Odontoglots, Dendrobes and Cypripediums, Cattleyas
and Burlingtonias, will no more be endured than the
mingling of Orchids with Cacti and other incongruous
forms would be tolerated now ; and yet 25 or 30 years
ago such barbarisms were of constant occurrence.

We understand that there are flve competitors

for the prize that Mr. Bateman offered to give for the
most complete List of Cultivated Orchids
arranged according to Tempeeatuee. The name of
the winner is to be declared at the next Tuesday
meeting (May 21) at South Kensington.

The JuET of the Paeis Exhibition consists,

we find, of three degrees : — 1. The Jury of Groups,
consisting of French and foreign "notabilities," of the
presidents, vice-presidents, and reporters of the Juries
of Classes. The duty of the Jury of Groups is to
confirm the decisions of the Jury of Classes, and to
serve as a Court of Final Appeal. 2. The Jury of
Classes, the members of which are nominated by the
Imperial Commission, and which consist of Frenchmen
and delegates proposed by the Foreign Commissions.
Their duty is to take note of the Exhibition, to prepare
for and direct the labours of the Associate Jury,
and to supply them with all the documents and infor-
mation that they require to draw up reports, and to be
present at the meetings of the Associate Jury. 3. The
Associate Jury is composed of practical men, French
and foreign, selected for their special knowledge.
Their duty is to discuss and decide on the merits of
the objects exhibited; to fix the degree of the award
which is to be allotted, and to give in a report of their
labours to the Jury of Classes, the members of which
latter attend the meetings of the Associate Jury, but

merely as spectators, and are not to take any active
part in the proceedings.

The Botanical Society of Prance, in accordance

with a resolution to which we have before called
attention, has just, issued a circular inviting the
presence of botanists and horticulturists of all degrees
at an International Botanical Congress, to be
held in Paris from the 16th to the 23d of August.
While communications on any matters relating to
pure or applied Botany will be received, the Society
specially think it desirable to call the attention of
those who propose to accept the invitation of the
Society to the following questions: — 1. The nature
and composition of the soil, its influence on the
distribution of plants. 2, The necessity for tlic
establishment of a botanical code with the object
of reducing to order the various litigated pomts
in nomenclature, synonymy, and priority. A pro-
gramme will be published previously;. The meet-
ings of the Congress will be held in one of the
apartments of the Imperial Horticultural Societ.v, 84,
Hue de Grenelle, Saint Germain, theflrst meeting being
fixed for August 16, at 8 P. M. precisely. At this
meeting a Special Committee, for the entire duration
of the Congress, will be formed, and consisting particu-
larly ol savam of all nations. Between the meetings
some of the members of the Society will devote them-
selves to the foreign visitors, to givejthem all necess.ary
information, and accompany them in their visits to
the scientific institutions of^ Paris. Any botanist
desirous of taking part in this reunion should notify
his intention to either of the Secretaries — M. de
ScHoenefeld, M. G. Biteeau, M. G. Planchon, or
M. Henei Vilmoein; and any one mho wishes to
make any communication — written or verbal — to the
Congress, should communicate his intentions forthwith
to one or other of the above gentlemen. Furthermore,
M. de Schoenefeld, General Secretary, begs any
botanist who proposes to visit Paris during the
Exhibition, to make known to him his address ia
Paris, in order that invitations or information may be
sent. We have only to add that Count Jaubert is
the President, and M. A. Gublee, Vice-President, of
the Committee.

■ ■ It may be useful to those who are desirous of

exhibiting at any of the forthcoming series of com-
petitions at the Paeis Exhibition, to know that
10 days or a fortnight's previous notice to the autho-
rities in Paris is sutficient.

We are requested to state that the Royal

Hoeticultue.1L Society's Es.iminations for
Young Gardeners for 1867, will take place on the
3d and 4th of July, and on the 30th and 31st of
December. They will be based upon the Programme
issued by the Society of Arts for the present year, the
particulars of which may he had on application to the
Assistant-Secretary of the Royal Horticultural Society,
South Kensington, W., and are here also subjoined : —

In the Section of Floriculture the candidates will bo
expected to answer questions on any of the undermentioned
subjects; — The leading flowers of the different seasons,
indicating those to be obtfiined natur.il]y, and those by .artificial
means. Leaf buds .and tlower buds, the conditions favoui-able
to their development respectively. Food of plants, how and
whence derived, and in what form received. Manuring sub-
sbtnces best adapted for flower culture. Improveoicnt of
races in plants, how has it been effected, and by what means
can it be carried forward? Hybridis.ation, objectsand grading
principles of. Conditions necess.ar,v to ensure fertility in
llowers. Construction of houses for Plant Cullure. Warmiiif;
and Ventilation, Influence of ventiLation on plants confined
in forcing houses. Limits of temperature endurable by
pLants, and how to turn this to .adviintage in practical flori-
culture. Bottom heat, value of in plant culture. Watering,
the 7-a^irt7m;eof — what to avoid. Liquid Manures. Propag.a-
tion, the various modes of, and their special adaptations.
Germination of seeds, conditions favourable .and unfavour.able
to. Vitality of seeds, dunation of, and how best preserved.
Treatment of seedling pl.ants. Budding, grcafting, and
inarching, how performed, and to what subjects best adapted.
Inci-e.ase by cuttings and by layers. Leaf-cuttings, how is it
that they can organise buds? Potting. Composts. Accli-
matisation : Is it possible to increase the hardiness of .any
race of plants, and by what means ? — The text books are :
LiNDLEv's " Theory and Practice of Horticulture," MclNTOsn's
"Book of the Garden," "Thompson's "Gardener's Assistant."

Under the head of Fruit and Vegetable culture, the subjects
on which questions may be put, are : —Fruits : Kinds of Fruits
ad.apted for various soils and exposures. The propagation,
pruning, and training of fruit trees. The forcing of fruit trees,
and their cultiviition under ^lass, both in and out of pots. The
Theory of Ripening, and the principles that ought to regulate
the preservation of Fruits after they are ripe, or their subse-
quent maturation. The packing of Fruit for transmission to
great distjinees. Vegetable)^ : The kinds and quantities of
vegetable seeds and roots required for cropping gardens of
given dimensions. The culttire of the different kinds of
vegetables and salads. The prep,aration of fermenting
materials for artificial heating. The forcing of vegetables .and
salads. General Subjects : Soils, water, atmospheric air, light
and heat in their relation to the successful cultivation of Fruit
and Vegetables. Manm-es and their application. The diseases
.and insects to which Fruit Trees and Vegetables are subject
and their remedies. The structure and functions of the
organs of plants considered in their relation to growth and
reproduction. The erection, heating, and ventilation of garden
structures. — The Text Books are: LounoN's "Ruburb.an
Horticulturist," Johnson's " Cott-age Gardener's Dictionary,"
Hogg's " Fruit Manual."

These examinations, which are open free to all the
persons indicated below, secure to successful candidates
diplomas, medals, and certificates, Jis follows : —

" 1. Diplomas will be granted to those who, having been
certificated by the Society of Arts, or other public body of
Examiners recognised by the Council, in Mensuration, in
Book-keeping, in Pnactical Geometry, in Botanical knowledge,
in Floriculture, and in Fruit and Veget.able culture, shall also
receive Certificates from the Royal Horticultural Society for
practical skill in the cultivation of fruit and vegetables, and
in the culture of flowers, and shall show a fair amount of skill
in Surveying and Plan-drawing, and taste in Laying-out
gardens. Such diplomas will confer the title of Associates of
the Society.

"2. First .and Second-class Certificates for the follo\ving
brp.nches of practical Gardening will be granted by the Ho.v:il
Horticultural Society to candidates who shall pass the Society's

Mat U, 18C7.]

THK (iAlil)ENKUS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL (JAZETTK,

489

iiKfciinations in tlioso branchcfl :-(<i) In the .Jijci-uti.ni.i "f tUo
Fruit and Vogotablo Gui-don. <i<) IJi tho operations of tlio !• lower

"" 3 A Mcd'il will bo presented aninmlly to tUo candidate
who/havins taken tbo Cortifleates of the Society of Aits in
Botany and in tbo cnltivation of I'-nnt and Vegetables an.l in
Ploricnlture, shall gain the highest nuraher of marks in
Practical Gardening at the csauiinatious of the Koyid lloili-

cultural Society. ... . ti •■ i

" Cimdidatcs will bo eligible for examination in Tractical
Oardening if they have previously obtained Ccrtihcates from
the Society of Arts in Itobiny and in Kloriculturo, or in liotany
and BVuit and Vegetable culture. A candidate who can
uresont a written recommendation from .any I'ellow of the
Soyal Horticultural Society, from the I'losidont of any Moral
or Ilorticultural Association acknowledged by the bociety, or
from the Director of any public park or gai-den, may also bo
flxamiuod in Practical Gardening."

VABIEGATEU PELARGONIUMS.

The Itoyal Ilovticultural Society has proved alike
its wisdom', and the reality of its desire to servo the
highest interests ol' horticulture, by resolvins; to hold
a special Exhibition of Tricolor Zonal Pelar-
goniums on the 21st May. One of the most
useful purposes of such an exhibition will be to
establish real merit, and stamp out of the trade
at least, if not out of existence— for it is a pity that
anything of beauty should perish— all that are decidedly
inferior. While duo importance will, doubtless, be
given to colour, I hope other considerations will not be
lost sight olT. There are some pretty things that have
been in existence for years, and never will be worth
one farthins for decorative purposes. They are pretty
toys, and nothing more. No one can make them grow.
Constitution is one of the first merits in any beautiful
plant, but especially among these, which require to
be produced by the million; habit is another point of
great importance. If these two are faultless, and the
colour striking and disthict, or brighter than existing
varieties, then only will a new variety have sullioient
merit to command public support.

Only of secondary import to this unique exhibition
itself are the questions that are to be a.sked of culti-
vators respecting the origin of their varieties, and the
probable causes of their production. Each plant is to
compete for honours with its history and origin
attached, and if these are certainly kn .wn and truly
given, a most valuable mass of inforination upon the
influence of progenitors, paternal and maternal, and
the transmission of parental idiosyncrasies or
distinctive peculiarities, will be brought together.
The expression of opinion on the causes of variegation
by those who may be presumed to have studied them
in pursuit of their efforts to change the colour of
leaves or flowers, will also have a special interest and
value.

The planis without pedigrees will, in one sense, be
almost as instructive as those that have them, for they
will furnish data on the vexed question of how many
aretheresultsof direct design on the part of hybridists,
how many may have originated in tlieir haphazard,
cbiince-workoperations,and in what proportion theyare
the ijroducts of Nature's operation uninfluenced by the
interference of man. It will only be fair that Nature
should have the credit of producing at least half of the
pedigreeless plants ; for doubtless, if any good thing is
raised, and its raiser knows anything at all about it, he
will not be backward to cover the plant with a pedigree
that reflects some of the beauty and glory back on
himself. I am enabled, however, to state, as a matter
of fact, that many, perhaps most of the best plants that
will appear at Kensington, will be accompanied with a
truthful pedigree. Their history is known to myself
and others as well as to their raisers, and can be traced
back through six or seven generations. Such a record,
written indelibly upon their leaves as well as on their
pedigree cards, and thus twice displayed, can hardly
fail to throw fresh light, if not upon the origin of
yariegation, at least upon the almost equally interest-
ing, if not even more practically important problem of
the likeliest modes of ])roducing it, and of perpetuating
and intensifying it after its manifestation.

Practical men can at least speak with authority
on this branch of the sub.ject. If their practice has
been less carefully minute than that of scientific
manipulators, it has at least been equally or more
successful. By their fruits we are content to assess
their skill, and I challenge even the great Parwin to
place the species or varieties that he has originated
beside those of Mr. Grieve on the 21st of May, and
allow the public to, iudge for themselves. Neither am

I careful to uphold alfthe theories of the hybridists,
A serious slip in the theory or nature of colour may
readily be forgiven when the results of their theories,
right or wrong, has produced such splendid results.
What I contend for is that most of the liest practical
hybridisers have a theory, and that theirsuccess has either
resulted from orbeen coincident with itspersistentappli-
cation. Take for instance Mr. Grieve's practice, as that
with which I am best acquainted, and that has resulted
in at least a great amount of success. His theory was,
and is that, by mixing silver and dark-zonate blood,
the silver would probably be improved, and a new
pink colour obtained. Finding that this was actually
the case, he poured golden blood into zonals, with the
express purpose of developing red, while improving the
gold, and his splendid Golden Tricolors came forth at
his bidding. It matters little whether Mr. Grieve has
or has not given in the " Journal of Horticulture " the
true rationale of the working of his own theory. The
point of most import is that his theory led to the inter-
marriage of such varieties, and has given to the world
such splendid strains of colour, form, and stamina, as
characterise his best seedlings.

Great practical wisdom was also displayed in the
emplo.vment of zonals as the seed-bearing parents. The
formation' of a zone of a distinct colour shows such
varieties to be endowed with selective colouring powers,

II I may so express it ; and it is a singular fact that

most of tlie changes ofl'ected by man are confined to
this region of the leaf, and to the edges.

Ofi the general subjoctof variegation it may seem pre-
sumptuous to write in prospect of the revelations that
may be expected on the 21stof i\Iay. Still there are
several points that I should like to see discussed on
tliat occasion, and I will therefore advert to them here.
The first is the nature of colour. Is it material, and
therefore a quality of bodies? Is it an optical illusion
or manifestation ? Is it something painted on plants,
or a manifestation of their power of playing with, or
selecting and rejecting certain sunbeams of various
velocities or dilierent lengths or angles of incidence ?
Another point closely related to this is the inlluenco, if
any, of structure upon colour. Is it influenced, and to
what extent, by the mechanical arrangement, thickness,
or quality of tissues, or by the texture, form, or
embellishments of their cuticles ? A third question is
the organic chemistry of colour. The influence of
(diomical combustion in changing colour is well known,
and the probability is that this power is equally or
more active within the cells of living plants, as it is
seen to be elsewhere. There it has the range of salts,
acids, and alkalies, and probably may work out or on
most of the colouring matter. Pacts illustrating this,
as in the application of alum or steel filings to
Hydrangeas, would be valuable.

T'lien we must grapple with the influence of vitality
upon colour. After all, our power of changing colour
is limited. In no other pursuit are we more frequently
sto]iped with the imperative law, " Thus far shalt thou
go, and no further." Were colour merely the result of
mechanical arrangement, or the product of chemical
combinations, it were impossible to account for the
sharp, hard boundary lines that seem capriciously to
limit the extent of possible change. How upon either
of these hypotheses are we to account for gold and
.silver tricolor Pelargoniums refusing to blend their
colours in the same leaf, or the impossibility of
producing a blue Rose or a Dahlia? But once
admit the selective power of the vital principle,
and all difficulties of this character vanish. It
would seem that in all matters aSecting the life,
form, and probably also the colour of the plant,
the plant itself must be consulted— violence cannot be
offered to life of any kind with impunity, nor constitu-
tional barriers be swept away without the consent of
the governed. Hence, without any apiiarent reason,
Apples will not intermarry with Pears, Gooseberries
ivlth Currants, nor will some colours appear at
our bidding. The etfect of light upon colour is
pat«nt and obvious to every observer. Light is
probably Nature's great painter; but whether light
carries its paint with it, or finds, or makes it,
within the plant, or simply makes it appear to be there,
are questions of the highest interest, scarcely more
mysteriously difficult than they are practically impor-
tant. The probability is that all vegetable colouring
results from the blendmg of the three primary colours
of the spectrum, yellow, blue, and red ; and that we
cannot by any process of mixing the blood of plants
originate either of these colours. How light acts to
produce variegation may never be clearly understood.
It seems much easier to understand how it may per-
petuate and intensify it after it is developed. For not
only are different rays of the sun, or distinct consti-
tuents of one ray, endowed with diff'erent powers,
but these powers are modified by diflerent coloured
media. Thus we have heating rays, luminous rays,
and chemical rays ; and each is modified diflferently by
passing through the same medium. One medium
intercepts the heat, while almost obscuring the light,
and destroying the actinic force; another adds
brilliance to the luminosity, or quickens chemical
action, while it moderates the heat, and so on to
infinity. It is highly probable that the difi'erent
coloured parts of the same leaf are endowed with these
selective powers; if so, the fact will explain the
perpetuation and progressive increase of variegation.

My last question brings me almost back to my first.
Is variegation the product of an addition of new
matter to the plant, or the removal of old from it?
Probably it is neither; but originates in a redistribution
or classif.ving of matter, or in a quickening or
strengthening of the selective or rejective power for
light of different colours.

It seems as if the uniform action of natural light
produced only or chiefly greens of different shades.
This might have been anticipated from the primary
colours of the spectrum ; blue and yellow form green,
and the red may blend with it in various various ways,
to modify its hues by means that artists wot little or
nothing of. It must be borne in mind, however, that
experimentalists have failed to produce green from the
mixture of the prismatic blue and yellow of the
spectrum. Nevertheless, plant life may accomplish
what man's powers cannot compass, and part of the
red may also be used in the production of vegetable
greens. As a matter of obvious fact we know that
the general colour of vegetable life is green. Hence
we may infer that this is the normal product of white
or natural light. This light, be it observed, is
colourless to us, and yet it has colour in it. It is so
with plants, X believe. They are green all over, it may
be, and yet the primary colours, bright, distinct, and
beautiful, are in them all. How are these colours to be
brought out ? Let us answer the question by another.
How are they brought out of colourless light? We
want a rainbow on the sky or on a Pelargonium leaf
Shall we send an artist with his palette and brushes
to paint it on either? No ; let us tear this beam
asunder — resolve it into its constituent elements— by
sending it through a prism, and the imprisoned light
will instantly burst forth in all its rich beauty and
dazzling glory. It may be, I believe is so, with a
Pelargonium or any other plant leaf. Its green colour
enwraps it, like a ray of colourless light. It hides up
the glory that is there all the while. The pencil

of the hybridist, changes of structure, chemical action,
or the vital force, may liecomn the force that rends
the green asunder, and bids tlie primitive colours
come forth or appear in their ijriniary beauty
and distmctive purity. Wo have only to loosen
or set free the colours and let thorn each stand
alone. They are there already. If this theory
of variegation is correct, then there is no limit
to its extension- except what the laws of life may
impose. And I do not consider there is any sucli limit.
It is possible that any plant may yet yield to our skill'
the product of variegation. And the whole of the
primary colour.s may thus be liberated, and bo made
to appear pure. Red has been the first to come, as
was to have been expected, for it can have but little
real affinity with the other two in the ))roduction of
green. Yellow has also come freely, but then we have
had it sejiarated for a century or more in Golden Chain
to start with. Blue has been long in coming, but if
m.v views arc right it will come at last. ^ It is worth
ivaiting and working for, and when it arrives we shall
have more classifications, exhibitions, and awards to
establish the merit and elucidate the history of the
origin of the Rainbow or Chameleon class of
Pelargoniums. D. T. Fish, Mat/ (i.

ON THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE

AMONGST PLANTS.

By J, D. HoOKKR, M.D., F.B.S.

{CoRtltiited from p. 434).

Making every allowance, then, for the influence of
soil and climate in checking the multiplication of
individuals, we have still two classes of facts to account
for ; the one, that plants which succeed so well when
cultivated, that we are assured both soil and climate
are favourable to their propagation, nevertheless
become immediately or soon extinct when the culti-
vator's care is withdrawn ; the other, that plants of
one country, when introduced into another, even with
a very different soil and climate, will overrun it,
destroy the native vegetation, and prove themselves
better suited to local circumstances than the aboriginal
plants of the country. In the first case, the reasons
are very various, all of them relating to the conditions
of the jjlant's existence. Of these the two most potent
are, the absence of fertilising agents, and the destruc-
tion of seeds and seedling plants. In the present state
of our knowledge it is impossible to say which of these
is most fatal in its etfect. In the case of our annual
plants, or our cereals, which never run wild, it is the
latter certainly, for they seed freely enough ; in the
case of many perennials, shrubs, and trees, it may be
the former, as with the common Elm and Lime, which
rarely or never seed in England, though the latter is so
notably frequented by insects during its flowering
season ; whilst a third cause is to be found in the
seedling plants being smothered by others, of which we
have numerous examples in our common pasture
Grasses, which are, perhaps, the most prejudicial in
this respect. A most conspicuous example of this is
afforded by the common Maple, of which the seedlings
come up early in spring by thousands in the neigh-
bourhood of the parent tree, in lawns and plantations,
but scarcely ever survive the smothering effects of the
common summer Grasses, as soon as these begin to
shoot.

When I visited the Cedar grove on Mount Lebanon,
in the autumn of 1860, 1 found thousands of seedling
plants, but every one of them dead ; and so effectual is
the annual slaughter of the yearlings in that grove,
that, though the seeds are shed in millions, and
innumerable seedlings annually spring up, there is not
a plant in the grove less than about CO years old. It
may hence have been 00 years since a Cedar there
survived the first year of its existence ; that is to say,
has struggled through its infancy, and reached the age
even of childhood !

1 On the other hand, when once the natural conditions
of a country have been disturbed, the spread and
multiplication of immigrants is so rapid, that it shortly

[ becomes impossible to discover the limits of the old,
indigenous Flora. Take the English Flora, for
example. If we contrast the cultivated counties with
the uncultivated, the difference of their vegetation is
so great that I have often been compelled to doubt
whether many of the most familiar so-called wild
flowers of the cultivated counties are indigenous
at all ; nay, more, I have been tempted to suspect that
some of the more variable of them, as some species of
Chenopodium and Fumitory, may have originated
since cultivation began. In the uncultivated counties
the proportion of annual plants is exceedingly small,
whereas, in the cultivated counties, annuals are very
numerous; and the further we go from cultivation,
roads, and made- ground, the rarer they become, till at
last, in the uninhabited isleta of the West Coast of
Scotland, and in its mountainous glens, annuals are
extremely rare, and confined to the immediate vicinity
of cottages. ;Let any one, who doubts this contrast
between the Floras of cultivated and uncultivated
regions, compare the annuals in such Floras as those of
Suffolk or Essex, the North Riding or Cumberland,
with those of the Isle of Wight and the Isle of Arran.
And it is not only that annuals abound in the
cultivated districts, but that so many are nearly
confined to ground that is annually or frequently
disturbed. The three commonest of all British plants,
for example, are, perhaps. Groundsel, Sheiiherd's Purse,
and Poa annua. I do not rememl>er ever having seen
any of these plants established where the soil was
undisturbed, or where, if undisturbed, they had not
been obviously brought bv man, or the lower animals;
and yet I have gathered one of these, the Shepherd s
Purse, in various parts of Europe, in Syria, in the
Himalayas, in Australia. New Zealand, and the
Falkland Islands. Were England to be depopulated,
I believe that in a very few years these plants, and a

490

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 11, 1867.

larse proportion of our common annuar'wild flowers,"
would become exceedingly rare, or extinct, such as the
Poppies, Fumitories, Trefoils, Pedias, various species
of Speedwell, Anagallis, Cerastium, Lithospermum,
JPolygonum, Mallow, Euphorbia Tlilaspi, Seuebiera,
Medicago, Anthemis, Centaurea, Linaria, Lamiura, »{cc.

It is usually said of some of the above-named plants
that they prefer cultivated ground, nitrogenous soil,
and so forth ; and this is no doubt true, but that they
will flourish where no such advantages attend them a
very little observation shows ; and that they do not
continue to flourish elsewhere is due mainly to the
fact that, being annuals, their room is taken as soon as
they die, and the next year's seedling has no chance of
success in the struggle with perennials.

For good instances of this rapid replacement of
annuals by perennials, the new railroad embankments
should be examined. Whence the plants come from
which spring up like magic in the cuttings, many feet
below the surface of the soil, is a complete mystery,
and reminds us of the so-called spontaneous generation
of protozoa in newly-made infusions or in distilled
water. In the South of Scotland in 1840-50, and many
parts of the North of England, the first plant that
made its appearance was Equisetum arvense, which
covered the new-formed banks for miles and miles
with the most lovely green forest of miniature Pines.
In the following year comparatively few of these were
to be seen, and Coltsfoot, Dandelions, and other
biennials, especially Umbellifera;, with a great number
of annuals, presented themselves. For many successive
years I had no opportunity of watching the struggle for
life on these banks, but when I last saw them they were
clothed with perennial Grasses, Docks, Plantains, and
other perennial-rooted plants. Foptdar Science Revietv.
{To he Coniinaed.)

SEFTON PAEK, LIVEEPOOL.

No previous competition, in modern times, has been
at all calculated to excite the same amount of interest
for the English artist in ornamental gardening. The
magnitude of the area to he arranged, the liberality of
the premiums offered, and the certainty that something
like 100,000^. would have to be expended on the work,
were all elements of unusual attraction. And yet,
from some cause, the landscape gardeners of this
country have, for the most part, kept aloof; and,
with few exceptions, the contest has been confined to
architects, nurserymen, or those nondescrijjt tyros
who are ever ready to struggle for a prize, however
apparently unattainable it may be. In this case, too,
we have to recognise the unwonted introduction of
foreign blood among the competitors ; and having,
during the brief reign of the present French Emperor,
inoculated our continental cousins with the English
style of gardening, are now, in return, to receive from
our pupils the Gallicised version of the Jardin Anglais,
which, as in architecture and costume, we are bound
to accept with reverence, and to pronounce the I'ashion,
however much the stomach of a genuine John Bull may
revolt against it.

If space permitted, it might be worth while to
inquire why open competitions are so distasteful to men
of any standing, and why their results are generally so
unsatisfactory. It is only necessary to say, on this
occasion, that the conditions are commonly ill-
considered and badly defined ; and that little
confidence can usually be placed in the judgment of
the arbitrators. If, in the present instance, the Liver-
pool Town Council had consulted some landscape
gardener of repute as to the framing of the conditions,
and announced that no departure from these would be
permitted, and that the advice of a thoroughly com-
petent and independent landscape gardener would be
taken as to the merits of the difl'erent plans submitted,
the competition would, doubtless, have included
designs Irom men of a higher stamp.

In this J ournal, at least, it may be permissible to
assert that there never was a competition which more
thoroughly belonged to the genuine landscape gardener.
The premiums were offered for plans for laying out the
park. Architectural embellishments, however neces-
sary and valuable, could only be subordinate elements
in the general arrangement ; and, except in so far as
every good landscape gardener could plan them, were
no essential features of any design. It is hardly too
much to say, as a rule, that architects are utterly
ignorant of the mode of arranging ground artistically,
especially on a large scale. Hence, the architect's
point of view was in no way the right one from which
to prescribe what was desirable, nor to judge of the
plans submitted. It was emphatically a question for a
landscape gardener.

Two or three serious mistakes, besides those already
glanced at, were made by the Council in issuing their
conditions and suggestions. First, the scale prescribed
(176 feet to an inch) was much too small, and nearly
all the competitors must have felt how diflicult, indeed
impossible, it was to express their intentions clearly
and intelligibly on such a scale. The second error was
in requiring bird's-eye views of the effects proposed to
be produced. This would necessarily give the impres-
sion that it was pictures, not plans, that would be
likely to be rewarded ; and it doubtless induced that
unfortunate expenditure of labour in the preparation
of showy drawings of buildings, conservatories, &c., in
which some of the candidates so lavishly indulged. If
anything were needed to prove the utter fallacy of this
requirement, it would be found in the fact that the
very best bird's-eye view in the exhibition was the
exponent of one of the feeblest and poorest plans;
while the plan which was accompanied by the most
extraordinary number of highly-finished architectural
and other embellishments was probably the crudest
and the least worthy of notice of the ^vhole set. The
third mistake in the conditions was the demand that
the plans should be accompanied by " complete sec-

tions, detailed specifications, and an estimate of the
cost of carrying out the work." If faithfully adhered
to, these requisitions must have caused an infinitude of
useless trouble, which ought never to be exacted from
any man who had not the certainty of executing the
work. Such details could be of no value except as indi-
cating fitness on the part of the competitor for dealing
with these matters ; and this fitness would have
been sufficiently pronounced by the plans themselves
to the eye of a competent judge. To show the
extreme vagueness and want of truthfulness in the
matter of estimates, for example, these range from a
little over 13,000Z. to nearly 100,000^. ; and if all the
details of the plan selected for the highest premium
were fully carried out, the cost (estimated at 85,000/.)
would most likely equal the priceoftheland, and demand
an expenditure of another quarter of a million sterling.
The fourth and crowning mistake in the conditions
was that each competitor should sign his own name to
his plans. The novelty of this proceeding may
possibly find some excuse in the argument that pit
is better to let personal influence be exercised openly
than under the form of any ordinary thin disguise.
But, on the other hand, it may be alleged that it is
wiser to keep up the appearance of virtue than
recklessly to exult in its overthrow; and there is,
unhappily, but too much reason to fear that names
rather than plans are omnipotent in these cases.

Among the "suggestions" distributed with the con-
ditions was one which, although it may not have been
regarded as binding on the competitors, few of them
were likely to imperil their success by ignoring. It
was that " a road 75 feet wide, either straight or very
slightly curved, be carried from the point A to the

Eoint B on plan, and treated as a boulevard." Now,
owever useful the road in question might become, as
an alternative route from and to Aigburth and Liver-
pool, it must be obvious to any practised eye that the
conformation and outline of the land— both extremely
irregular— are quite opposed to anything approaching to
a straight road, which would not only violate the
peculiar character of the place, but greatly embarrass
the designer in dealing with the awkward plots of
building land that would be left on the west side of
this road. Some of the best of the plans have been
seriously damaged by their designers being thus
fettered. If the " suggestion" had been that a public
road between the two points named was very desirable,
and that it should be made as direct as possible, con-
sistently with other important considerations, there is
no doubt that some of the competitors would easily
have overcome the difficulty by a pleasingly curved
line ; and the few extra yards of length that this w'ould
have occasioned would not have been of the slightest
practical consequence. Indeed, in the plan which has
received the 1st prize, this road has been treated quite
naturally, and is really the best feature of the design.

It appears that, in judging the plans, the Council
have obtained the professional assistance of Mr.
Markham Nesfield, and that, under his advice, they
have awarded the first premium (300 guineas) to
M. Andre, of Paris, and Mr. L. Hornblower, of Liver-
pool; and the second premium (150 guineas) to Mr.
E. Milner, of Sydenham. The plan of the first-named
gentlemen is exceedingly elaborate, and, although
possessing a good deal of merit in regard to some of the
lines, is frivolous in many of its details. As already
mentioned, the public road through the land is
admirably devised, and is the only example in which
this point is boldly and appropriately dealt with. The
position of the great open space for a review ground is
also well chosen, and nearly all the lines of roads and
walks are in graceful and easy curves. ^ An inner drive
or equestrian ride is placed along the side of the public
road, but separated by a fence, and this inner road is
carried round the eastern and southern portions
of the park. But, although it is everywhere guarded
by gates from all the inlets to the park, there are a
great many villa plots within it, which could only
be accessible through the gates ; and this arrange-
ment would virtually render it impossible to keep
the park > closed at night, which is very objection-
able, while it would at the same time convert the
" Rotten Kow " into a carriage drive, thus attem])ting to
combine two uses which are incompatible. As in many
of the other plan.s, too, there seems to have been an
attempt to cram in as many villa sites as possible,
without the slightest regard to securing views from
them, or making them effective as parts of a great
general scheme. The radical defect of the plan is,
however, that it is sadly frittered away by roads and
walks, by useless buildings, objects, or compartments,
and by au attempt to utilise or render ornamental a
very insignificant streamlet, breaking it up into pcols
and impracticable cascades. The roads and walks,
indeed, often run nearly parallel with each other, at
short distances apart, and curving in the same direction ;
thus cutting up the ground into narrow and ugly strips,
with Svery long acute corners, and presenting, as a
whole, the appearance of a network of railways, as seen
in a map of Yorkshire, Lancashire, and some other
densely populated counties. Among the singular
objects provided for or introduced, are an archery
ground, a croquet ground, a deer park (!) and deer
house, an apiary, a bird park and aviary, a Moorish
Kiosk, a windmill to be used as a prospect tower, and
other fanciful productions, which are assuredly not
ordinai-ily to be found or expected in a public park.
The water also, if we exclude the impossible streams
and cascades, is very tame, and destitute of variety or
naturalness, and without a single island to relieve it.
Were this plan adopted in anything like its present
integrity, and including the designs for railings, iiuild-
ings, &c., the outlay would be enormous, and the
expense of maintenance equally extravagant.

In Mr. Milner's prize design there is much more of
simplicity, but still far too little of open space. The
ground is sadly too much cumbered with building

plots, and some of the marginal land is even cut up
into straight roads which would be little better than
streets. Considerable blocks of terraces are shown ; and
an extraordinary crescent, embracing au entire half-
circle, would furnish a knotty problem to au architect
to arrange the interior of the houses satisfactorily.
The great public road is arranged in one slight curve
from end to end, and there is a winding carriage-drive
all round the interior of the park, including the west
side, which has an unhappy tendency to cut up the
ground too much, and to leave the open spaces of park
comparatively meagre and insignificant. The Botanic
Garden in this plan is placed on the northern boundary,
at the top of the long, irregular hollow which traverses
the land from north to south — a spot in which, judging
by the contoured survey, serious difficulties of level
would probably have to be encountered ; but the views
from which, over the entire park, and towards the
River Mersey and the Welsh hills, would doubtless be
striking, and superior to those of any other site. The
lake, as here presented, is decidedly more natural-
looking and pleasing than that previously described,
but is lacking in that play of outline and indefiniteness
which are indispensable to any artificial piece of water
that is not arranged in a purely formal manner, or in
imitation of a river. The plantations, too, are all thin,
and deficient in breadth and force of expression ; still
the plan is one that ranks unquestionably high in the
exhibition.

It would be tedious to attempt to describe all the
rest of the designs individually. Some are strong in
particular parts, others present great peculiarities, and
a few are altogether creditable to the designers, and
deserved the utmost commendation. Of these last, in
particular, are the plans of Mr. John Gibson, j unior,
who exhibits the most promising talent, and of Mr.
Wortley, who has evidently studied very carefully all
the salient features of the locality, and worked in
harmony with these. Mr. Bateman's contribution
likewise embodies many of the points which ought to
be established data in legislating on this subject ; such
as placing the review ground near the entrance from
Prince's Park ; the Botanic Garden close to the Police
Station in UUet Eoad, and between that and Toxteth
Farm ; and the simplifying of roads and walks, and the
obtaining of broad sweeps of open Grass laud. The
effort put forth by Mr. D. Brade is remarkable for the
successful treatment of the water, the arrangement of
which is probably superior to that of any other com-
petitor. The other portions of the plan are cleverly
presented, but are in no wise adapted to the ground or
the object. Mr. Newton sends a number of most
attractive sketches, including a set of glass houses, per-
haps extravagantly pictorial. Messrs. Henderson &
Walker show a great terrace across the middle of the
ground, this terrace being 100 feet wide and about half
a mile long, accompanied by an avenue of trees, and a
large architectural pavilion. One of the other plans
includes four or five lakes, another an observatory,
another a Sanatorium and hotel, and a fort sur-
rounded by water, in connection with the review
ground. Finally, M. Duvillers, of Paris, has a sketch
which transcends everything else in singularity, and
looks like the emanation of a by-no-means happy dream,
although not picturesque enough to be the product of
nightmare. K.

LETTERS FROM PARIS.— No. X.

THE LOUVBE AND TUILEEII^ :, THE CHAMPS ELTSEES,
PAHC jSIONCEAU, and OTHlill PUBLIC GARDENS, AND
THE TUXKD FLOWEE SHOW.

A eKEAT point is gained when the public gardening
of a city is not quite out of the way of its promenading
inhabitants ; when, instead of having to go a mile or
two to see a public park or garden, one can scarcely go
out of doors without encountering something green
and pleasant to the eye ; and it is so to a great extent
in Paris, and will be much more so if improvements
progi'ess for a few years more at their present rate.
In Paris the public gardens and all that relates to
them are as a rule admirably managed and kept;
faults they have, to be sure, to au English eye, but on
the whole they are probably more attractive and
useful to the inhabitants than those of any other city
in Europe. In endeavouring to give the reader a concise
idea of those gardens, and which may act as a guide to
him, I will take my stand in the Place du Carrousel.
The eastern part of this great square is narrower, in con-
sequence of the projection into it of the splendid
buildings of the new Louvre, thus projected in conse-
quence of a difference in the line of standing of the two
buildings; and in this part of the square— called the
Place Napoleon the Third— there are two pretty little
gardens surrounded by railings with gilt spears, and
these spots may give the visitor an idea how the
gardens of Paris are kept. It simply displays trees
and evergreens. Grass as green as could he desired. Ivy
edgings, and looks like au oasis in the centre of the
great palace-surrounded square. Doubtless they would
have a garden in the centre of the Place du Carrousel
also, were it not that the traffic across it from the
Rue de Rivoli to the quai and the bridges on the river
side, and which passes in through arches on each side,
is so great. Then by passing through the great court
of the Louvre and out on the eastern side the visitor
may see the garden of the Louvre, which is simply a
rail-surrounded space, laid out with the usual
very green and well-kept Grass, the round-headed
bushes of Lilac, Ivy edgings, evergreen shrubs here and
there, flowers, both spring and summer, and the best,
cheapest, prettiest, and most lasting edgings in use in
any garden, made of cast iron in imitation of bent
sticks. Mucli of this garden was once covered with
old buildings and streets— even the great squarojust
spoken of was once packed with alleys, but the recent
improvements of Paris have swept all those things
away, and on every side the buildings stand as

May U, 1867.]

THE (JARDENEKS' OllEONICLE AND AGKIGULTUKAE (iAZETTE.

491

free as could be desired, unlike our London ones,
which ciin Imrdly be found out, and which when
they have an enclosed space around them, have one
which is merely a receptacle for dead cats, &c. Tho
best idea I can give your readers of the size
of these buildinss is to say that tho space
they occupy is nearly r,0 Enj,'lish acres. Let us next
go to the west end of tho great mass to aeo the gardens
of the Tuileries, which stretch from tho western face ot
tho jialacc to the Place do lat'oiicurdc, hounded on one
sidcliy Ibat line straight street the line do llivoli, on
the olJier by tlie river. Beiiii; nearly in tho centre of
Paris these gardens are tlie most freciuented of all
perhaps. The garden is very largo, and laid out iu the
plain geometrical style by Lo Notre, wide straight
wallis, borders round Grass i)lots dotted with Lilac
bushes, which have been cushions ol' colour in all the
gardens of Paris for some time past, and spring flowers
below. About one-fourth of it near the Palace is cut
ott' for tho Emperor's private use, but this part is
merely divided from the public one by a sunk fence
and low railing, so that the view of the private
garden is enjoyed by all. In it they simply plant
good evergreens and plenty of deciduous flowering
shrubs, while the Grass plots are belted by borders,
and one runs right along under the Palace windows
with the usual round bushes of Lilac, but this
border has looked charming all the spring with
Forgot-me-Not and other spring flowers. They
plant them after a geometrical fashion, and as soon as
one flower is past it is taken up and replaced by a
Fuchsia, Pelargonium, or summer flower of some kind.
However you must not judge of what Parisian bedding-
out is by what you see here. There is a very wide
walk crosses the garden just outside the private part,
at about its centre a large basin and fountain, irom
which another wide walk goes straight towards the
Place de la Concorde, and by looking in that direction
you see the whole length of tho magnificent Avenue
des Champs Elysees, terminated on the crest of the
hill by the Arc de Triomjihe. This walk cuts the
garden into two portions chiefly planted by Chestnuts
and other tall trees, which have not been suiriciently
thinned, but allowed to run up very tall, and thus
alford a high arched shade in summer, the ground
being gravelled underneath so that it is comfortable to
w :ilk or play upon. There is a slight narrow terrace on
both sides, an Orangery, the contents of which are
placed out in summer, an alley arched over with
Lime trees by the side of tho Hue de llivoli, and at the
western end there are terraces which aflbrd a capital
view of the bright and busy scene around, and the
magnificent scene towards the west. The sculpture is
fine, and there is a great deal of it, both copies of cele-
brated works and original ones, but as for fresh
horticultural interest there is little or none to be seen,
and a passing glance is all the visitor need bestow,
though it is only fair to add that its general efiect is
very good, and that it in all respects answers its pur-
pose as a play and promenading ground, and a lung
if you like to the city.

The effect of the Chestnuts in flower has been very
fine for a week or so past. The Place de la Concorde is
not a garden but a noble open square— a worthy centre
to the magnificent roads and streets that are
near and radiate from it, and with a terrible
history. Fountains and statues embellish it; there
is no sign of its fearful associations to be seen ;
it is a place to make one ashamed of Trafalgar
Square, which has been ridiculously called the finest
site in Europe. By looking to the ea.st the Palace of
the Tuileries may be seen through the division made
in the wood of Chestnuts by the central walk, and
the other way the Champs Elysees. It is not
the Avenue of that name that I allude to now,
but the wide piece of ground laid out as a
garden, through the centre of which runs the Avenue.
If the reader will suppose the lower part of Eegent
Street to be on a large and wide pleasure-ground, with
a grand tree-bordered avenue iiassing through its centre
straight away to the highest point of the broad walk in
the Kegent's Park, and there crested by an immense
triumplial arch — the largest in the world, 161 feet
high and 145 wide— he will be able to form some idea
of what the scene here is. It is only in 1860 that the
garden part was laid out as such, and yet it looks a
permanent aflair, has many respectable specimens of
Conifers, Magnolias, &c., numerous large and well made
banks and beds of Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Hollies,
and the best shrubs generally, with abundant room for
planting summer flowers, chiefly however as margins
to the clumps of fine shrubs. It is a large space, large
enough for the allied armies to encamp" here in 181.5,
and the most remarkably diversified scene in the world :
in the centre of all the Avenue itself, usually covered
in fine weather with carriages; then wide asphalte
foot-ways and gravel walks, with about five rows of
trees on each side, and then the ground begins to
assume the gardenesque aspect, and to become in short
a first-rate pleasure-garden, exhibiting however, like
most of the gardens about Paris, too much of the
dotting about style and regular waving banks.
Here and there among the trees may be seen
neat and showy-looking buildings surrounded by a close
planting of Rhododendrons or other shrubs, and with a
rather large gravelled space surrounding each ; these are
cafes, where singing, music, &c., are to be heard in the
summer— the summer residences of the music halls,
in fact. On Sundays and fine days the wide tree-shaded
walks are crowded with pedestrians ; all the little
games are in full swing, and though it may seem a
queer jumble to some readers, so far as I have seen
the whole thing is about as orderly as a crowd at a
flower show, and there is not so much noise as one
mayhear amongst the boys in an ordinary Loudon street.
A little above this is the Rond Pont, a circular ojien
space, where a lot of avenues radiate, and iu which
there are large beds for flowers, fountains, &c.,

disfigured, however, by attempting to undulate the
small bits of Grass. From tliis point to the garden at
the east end of tho Louvre must bo more than a
mile and a half, all of which space is simply
either garden, open space, or palace, and above tho
Rond Pont the Aveuuo becomes flanked with houses
iu tho ordinary way, with a i;ouplo of rows of trees, and
a fine bitumen walk between them, till it reaches the
great arch, beyond which it runs in the same straight
direction for miles into the country.

Tho arch is surrouiided by an immense circular
space, from which straight boulevards and avenues
radiate in all directions. Now, I have read in a guide
hook strong advice to tho visitor to Paris to see the
lamps lit .'it night in tho Champs Elysees, but if he
should want to see the finest ellect from lamps ever
seen, ho must go to this arch of a dark night, and
standing iu the centre look at their effect in the great
avenues, which fall from where he stands, and after-
wards walk round the arch to see them better still.
M'iih a horror of a London illumination and all others,
as i t liniight, I have several times been induced to take
a breal liiug in this direction late iu the evening. It was
the only thing worth seeing in the place during the
middle of winter. Now, one of the avenues that radiate
from this great circle is the Avenue de la Heine
Hortense, and at its end may be seen large handsome
gilt gates : they are the entrance to the Pare Monceau,
aud that is a place which should be seen by every
horticultural visitor to Paris. It is not large, but
exceedingly well stored, and judging from appearances
will di.splay a vast wealth of subtropical plants during
the coming summer. 1 visited it for the second time
on the evening of the 3d of May, and then it was
positively radiant with the sweet bloom of spring-
flowering shrubs and trees, and every bed and bank
covered with Pansies, Alyssum, Aubrietia, and all the
more known of the spring flowers, while thrushes and
blackbirds were whistling away as if miles iu the
country, though it is only a few minutes' walk from
the Rue du Faubourg St. Ilonore. It contains abundant
plantations of good shrubs, large trees, with a few shady
walks through them, masses of good shrubs here and
there — I counted more than 150 plants of the fine Acer
Negundo variegata in one clump— and around nearly
all the clumps and beds are detached circular little beds
just big enough for one plant, filled with sandy peat,
and into wdiich my cane sunk to the handle. These are
for the choicer subtropical plants to be put out in three
weeks' time or so, and as I have told you before that
Theophrast;a imperialis was one of the things grown
for bedding out at Passy. Here, as in all the
public gardens of Paris, may be seen the excellent
edgings before described. A lot of specimens of Thuja
aurea outside one clump of trees and shrubs is a handy
illustration of the way they dot about the subtropical
plants in summer ; and, by the wa.y, if we made good use
of such plants we should have little want for costly
subtropicals. This park— it is more properly a garden
—has glowed with the refreshing beauty of spring-
flowering trees and shrubs for the past three or four
weeks, and will continue attractive till the close of
autumn. In one large bed Aralia papyrifera is pushing
up rather strong. I saw the same bed exactly three
mouths ago snugly thatched over like a little flat
house. It was laid out so long ago as 1778 for Philip
Egalite as an " English garden," and passed through
various changes, till it at last fell into the hands of the
Municipality of Paris, a very astute corporation, who
have converted it into a charming garden, and are not
likely to part with it in a hurry. It contains a small
and not pretty lake, half encircled with round fluted
columns, and exhibits to the full the great fault of
what may be termed the Parisian-English style of
laying out grounds — a sort of ceaseless, monotonous,
objectless and unnatural diversification of the ground.
That and the lumping together of too many things in
one mass are the weak points in the gardening of
la Ville de Paris. Surely a better use could be made
of the beautiful variegated Acer Negundo than putting
many score plants of it in one great pudding-
like bed ! They do the same thing to some extent
with the subtropical plants, but it is a fault which
must be cured some day in the natural order of
things. It is very likely that this " park " will
contain a fuller illustration of the summer
decoration of Paris gardens than any other spot,
and therefore it should be seen by all who
have the opportunity. The best way to go to the
Bois de Boulogne from the Arc de Triomphe is
along the grand Avenue de I'linperatrice, which is
bordered by Grass, trees. Conifers, fine villas, gardening,
&c., and is in itself worth seeing. It leads straight to
the Bois, which I have before alluded to. This should
be seen by everybody ; and as La Muette at Passy or
the great propagating establishment described in my
first letter lies on its east side, exactly in a straight line
between the Bois and the entrance to the Exposition,
there is no lack of real horticultural interest in the
vicinity.

^I have previously described the best way to see the
Bois— pass along the two lakes, L. Supdrieur and L. Infe-
rieur, and go on to the mound with the Cedar on it,
the Butte Mortemart as it is called. The islands in
the lakes have pretty little buildings on them, and
from these islands on a fine day the fashionable driving
along the avenues on each side may be seen to much
advantage. This park illustrates how we improve by
friction, so to speak. Till 1852 the Bois was a forest, a
dwarf tangled one, too, for when the English and
Prussians encampid in it in 1815, they cut dow^n every-
thing for fuel. But Napoleon III., m his admiration
for English parks, determined to add their charms to
Paris, or rather to improve upon them, and the Bois is
one result. In concert with the municipality, the
Emperor dug out the lakes, made the waterfalls, &c.
As a combination of wild wood and noble pleasure
garden it is fine. The deer are placed in a closed-ofl'

part Ui them.selves, and there are .some minor
attractions which 1 have not s])aee to allude to, such as
the J're Catolan, where they oecusioiially bold flower
shows and other fetes. Tlie < 'a.sciide d(^ ]jong(!liamp»
is certainly very beautiful aud natural-looking,
aud is near the race-coursi. of that name, to
see which you must cross tho Bfiis in a direct
line from La Mnette, The Bois is splendid, too,
as regards size— much larger than llie Pho'iiix Park at
Dublin— in fact, nearly 2000 acres. Though I had
large expectations in other directions, it never once
occurred to ine that tho French could beat us in parks.
There is another magnificent park at the eastern end
of the city, which with the other public ganlcns of the
city I shall treat of at a future time. To such as are
alluded to licfore their summer ornaments are in
position I cau easily do justice in an article
descriptive of the best features of the distinct system
of bedding out pursued here, written when they are
in the flush of beauty in August. Perhaps a word
about prices may not bo out of place. There is not
any rise to be alarmed about, in any but the more
exjiensive restaurants; lodgings, however, are very high,
and altogether things will be far from so agreeable as
they are in ordinary seasons in Paris, It is a city
which every horticulturist should see, but except in
particular instances it would probably be better to
defer a visit till things can be enjoyed quietly, and
without great expense, and great inconvenience. The
Exhibition is certainly a marvel, but when it is gone
and the Champ de Mars again level, the horticuUure
of Paris will be still to the good, while any real interest
that may be met with, or facts which may be elucidated
in the horticultural part of the great show, I shall, I
hope, simply explain to you.

In addition to the remarks in last week's issue,
respecting the third show at the Paris Exhibition, I
have to state that three remarkable Orchids were
added on Saturday, a Vanda tricolor about 8 feet
high, and two plants of Cattieya Skinneri, each about
■I feet wide or more, masses of bloom, more like
greenhouse plants of the days of Mrs. Lawrence in
development than Orchids, They were sent by M. le
l)uc d'Ayeu, were grown in large baskets of Moss with
a few lumps of charcoal between, and were altogether
extraordinary as regards their development. The
liDUsc i:irii(aining the New Plants probably contains the
best lot of these that has been seen together for some
time, not excepting those at tho International, Mr.
Ambroise Verschafi'elt, Mr, Veitch, and Mr, tLinden,
each having very large groups for which they received
1st prizes, apart from the minor groups of new plants,
Mr, A'eitch is 1st with a group of new plants, .35 in
number, and Mr. Linden 1st for 0 new plants, Messrs.
Veitch being 2d and 3d, with two groups entered for
the same prize, there being the difference of a quarter
of a point between them and Mr. Linden, one marking
20 and the other 19f ! and which would, I believe, have
been altered had the variegated Pandanus, or the
elegant fine cut-leaved plant alluded to in my last,
been substituted for a Croton which appeared in
Messrs. Veitch's lot, and which, though fine as a
Croton, was not so distinct from others in cultivation
as the plants I have named — and entire distinction
goes a long way with judges of new plants. A great
number of Azaleas are shown, Mr. A. Verschaffelt and
other Belgian exhibitors staging plants very finely
bloomed and trained, after a flat, hemispherical
style. Mr. Vervaene is 1st for a large collection,
and Messrs. Veitch 1st for six, Messrs. Veitch
being 2d for the single specimen ; and, I think
unfairly, for it is a not remarkable specimen of
an old kind that has won the first prize. The judges
objected to the English plant because of its elaborate
training, &c,, and perhaps not unjustly, but the plant
which won was as prim as prim could be. Now an
Azalea first trained into the loose, pyramidal shape,
and then allowed to fall into a naturally diversified
surface, is a much more pleasing object than one
trained precisely in any shape ; but if you object to an
exact pyramid, why bestow a prize upon an even more
exact pudding-shaped plant ? The effect of the large
conservatory with all these plants is not good, by and
by I hope it may be improved by the addition of a large
numberoffine-leavedsubjects, which are much grown in
French gardens, and of which I saw a capital colleotion
with Mr. Knight at Pontchartr,ain last Monday. M.
Chautin is 1st for a fine collection of plants employed
for the decoration of apartments, and Mr. Luddemann
2d. There is scarcely a decent house in this great city
that is not embellished by a graceful " foliage plant "
of some kind— not merely for particular occasions,
but at all limes. In windows within 10 yards of
where I am writing this, the same Palms and
Dracaenas have been greenly growing for the
past three months. This is a branch of gardening
much better done in Paris than anywhere else, and
being much interested in it I shall devote a paper to it
some day, giving at the same time a list, with remarks,
of all the plants shown in this class. The reader may best
understand what is done in this way when I say that
one nurseryman of Versailles, M. Truffaut, a most genial
and excellent horticulturist, told me on Tuesday last
that he invariably sells 5000 plants of one kind alone
for this purpose, and that kind not a cheap one— Di-a-
ciena terminalis. Mr. Veitch was 1st with a single
specimen new plant, a fine example of the best of all
Marantas, M. Veitchii, winning it.

If there be one thing the corps of men under
M, Barillet do better than another, it is watering
the gardens thoroughly with the hose, a thing
the British gardener has not yet learnt, w'ltti
' rare exceptions. The consequence is that the
reserve garden looks as fresh as a bit of Killarney
after a May shower. A nice collection of distinct
Ivies has arrived from Angers since I last wrote.
Great lamprev eels and other fish are beginning
to swim about in fresh-water aquariums ; the salt-

492

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 11, 1867.

water aquanum, the most ingenious thing of the kind
ever seen, is nearly ready, and when these are in work-
ing order, and the summer things planted, the garden
will be the most attractive thing in Paris. W R

Home Correspondence.

Manchester National SoHimltural Sxliibition.— It
may be interesting to many of your readers to know
that the preparations for this Exhibition are progress-
ing with great spirit. Prom the centre of Manchester
to the Kotanical Garden, where the Exhibition is to be
held, IS a little; over two miles, and the Old Trafford
railway station is close to the garden. The site is
therefore an excellent one in every respect. The
entrance to the garden from the main road is by a
splendid carriage way, with side gates of heavy iron
and elegant workmanship ; those who saw that

fern of an Exhibition, of Paintings, called the
lanchester Exhiliition, will remember the garden
entrance to it, which so much enhanced the beauty
of the place, since the Botanic Garden became thereby
the porch to the Temple of the Arts. The arrange-
ments for the display of flowers and plants will be quite
a palace of canvas, with an immense glass-house by way
of reception room. Owing to the peculiar levels of the
site, the Exhibition will be upon an inclined plane of
easy descent, so that when you enter by the glass
structure you come suddenly upon the top of the
incline, and will get an isometrical view of the
weasures as they are .spread out in the vale below.
The sheets of flower will have their lines broken by
raised mounds, which will be gigantic flower-
stands, tier above tier, neatly turfed, the true
English background to the picture, for all
foreigners admit that we excel in greensward.
As regards the programme, it may suffice to say that
any person may exhibit, either for sale or competition,
il he will only give three weeks' notice to the Curator
of what he intends to show. I have just gone through
the schedule of prizes, and poor gardeners will be
astounded to hear that the Manchester men offer the
round sum of WOOl. as prizes to insure a gathering
such as has not been witnessed, if we except the Inter-
national of London, last year. I have watched the
premiums offered to successful competitors at flower

agent for London is Mr. Henry Barker, 17, Harp Lane,
Great Tower Street. Eds.]

Testing Thermometers. — Having seen no answer to
Mr. Backhouse's letter in your Paper of the 19th
January last on this important subject, and the degrees
of cold produced by different freezing mixtures, I am
induced, notwithstanding that the cold weather is now
gone, to send you the following notes, extracted from
Miller's " Elements of Chemistry," vol. i., in case you
should think them worth inserting, as an answer to
your correspondent :— " When matter passes from the
solid to the liquid state, or from the liquid into the
aeriform state, heat in large quantity disappears, and
ceases for the time to affect the thermometer ; hence
this modification of heat is called latent heat. For
example— when a lump of ice of 32° P. is brought
into a warm room, it gradually thaws and is con-
verted into water, but neither the ice nor the
water in contact with it rises in temperature. So
long as any portion of the ice remains unmelted,
the water continues to indicate the temperature of
32^, as does also the ice. Test of a good thermometer :
a good mercurial thermometer should .'answer to the
following tests. "When immersed in melting ice, the
column of mercury should indicate exactly 32 P. ;
when suspended with its scale immersed in the steam
of boiling water in a metal-
lic vessel, as represented in
the accompanying figure
(the barometer standing at
30 inches), the mercury
should remain stationary
at 212' ; when the instru-
ment is inverted, the mer-
cury should fill the tube,
and fall with a metallic
click, thus showing the
perfect exclusion of air.
The value of the degree
throughoutthetube should
be uniform. To ascertain
this, a little cylinder of
mercury may be detached
from the column by _.
the tube it may be made
' " "If

slight jerk, and on inclinin „^„ „^,, ,, ^„„, ^„ ^
to pass from one portion of the bore to another.

^'^^z^x^i^^i^^^:^^ ?^^^rt^:S^i?sS=ISf

down. "Whatever may be said or done in the way of
improving the tastes of her Majesty's lieges in Lanca-
shire and Yorkshire by this overwhelming spread, one
thing IS certain, that the loft-hand breeches pocket of
many a plodding meritorious British gardener will
materially mend its furniture thereby. The show will be
too early for fruit in perfection ; and one might carp at
the offer of 30i. for two bunches of Muscat of Alexandria
Grapes ripened to a golden vellow, as thpy ought
to be, by the first week in June. It is simply a
mockery^ where U. is olfered for a dozen plants of
hardy Ferns from some ditch bank. Shades of
the departed winners at Chiswick, John "Wilmot
and Charles Dowding, resent the affront. "Rise
iathers, rise;" it is not Rome demands your help,
but Manchester. As a sample of the offers made in
the hrst and second classes, I may state that for 14
stove and greenhouse plants there is offered 20Z 15?
and m., and for 20 exotic Orchids, 30?., 15/., and 12? '
making in round numbers 100?. to amateurs for the
hrst two Items. There are 38 classes for amateurs, 30
classes for nurserymen, and 17 classes for fruit (open
to all). Arrangements for the show of implements and
horticultural appliances have been made, from the
sheath knife of the Cabbage grower, up to a galvanic
battery. A. F., Manchester.

Presermng Pelargoniums during the Winter —The
following letter, received by T. H. Carr, Esq., of
Fulwood Park, near Preston, from "W. C. S. Chauncey,
isq., ot Lancaster, in answer to an inquiry respectiu''
his experience in the preservation of Pelargoniums
during the winter, will, we are sure, be read with
interest:- At the end of last autumn I laid in a
trench at one corner ef my garden for the purpose of
preservation during the winter of 50 or more Tom
ihumb Geraniums. The trench was about 12 inches
deep, m which the plants were laid covered with
stiraw, ;Wie earth being heaiped over them, so as to form
a covering 12 or 14 inches thick, and shaped like a roof, to
aUow the water to run ofl; This morning the Geraniums
were dug out of their beds ; they were all alive except
two which had rotted, though the winter has been
very severe They are now put in a dark place, prior
to being potted, and put in the gi-eenhouse. W. C S
L/iauncey, Lancaster, April 23 "
.JiU'^ ""/ if"/ Co»pos?.-"^Till some of your practical
correspondents inform me in a plain way as to the effects
ot a mixture of leaf and lime compost, in whiA the
latter considerably preponderates, upon shrubs, such as
Juniper, Khododendron, Bay Laurel, Portugal Laurel,
and Arborvitsc; alsonpon Conifers generaUy.but espe-
cially on Deodar and Cedar of Lebanon. AH the above
are degenerating, having been planted in lime and leaf
compost at various periods from three to ten vears ; the
last as well as the first planted seem all sickly, and
Sr'^j "'^^"'^f' "'^"^^ *° ■*'5° y<=^''s planted, have died.
^o^S,?^*"^ *"" grow sickly the first year, and in three
years the leaves nearly all fall off The natural soil is
^1°^"' f ''??'?,■ Sheltered and exposed plants

llltalmn Fleeter (see p. 406) is otherwise known by
the Bame of Parian cement, and is in daily use by all
first;class builders. T. S. U., Staplehurst. rWe have
received a circular descriptive of what is called
Italian Composition Plaster," which is described as a
new material, and is said to differ from the plasters
or cements previously k-no™, by resisting all damp, so
that newly-built houses plastered with it will be
Buthoiently dry to paint or paper in 48 hours. The sole

your columns. Of combinations of herbaceous plants,
the sweetest thing I have seen of late, was an edging a
foot wide or so composed of the three forms of Iris
pumila, the yellow, the pale blue, and the dark purple.
Jeffersonia diphylla, considered an interesting botanic
garden plant generally, I have also seen lately gi-own in
fine sandy peat to a large size and really ornamental
cha,racter ; and also Anemone pavonina, a bright flower,
which I am not sure would grow everywhere freely in
England, but which should be fairly tried in everv
select collection of herbaceous plants. One or two of
the above are not to be had in the trade nerhaps, but
I make no doubt that Mes.srs. Backhouse or Henderson,
or some other enterprising cultivators of hardy plants,
vviU add them to their collections. I also wish to add
that Trollius napellifolius is infinitely superior to any
other species I have seen in cultivation. As there are
such an immense number of second-rate hardy plants,
distributed over cold and temperate regions, we should
first select those A 1 in all respects. Stet.

Prospects of the Forthcoming Apple Crop.— I regret
to say that appearances in my immediate neighbour-
hood bespeak a sad falling off in the Apple crop of the
ensuing autumn. "Writing somewhat within bounds,
there would seem to be a deficiency of about 90 per cent,
of actual bloom, compared with data derived from
some five years' experience. The immediate cause of
this untoward poverty of Apple bloom would seem to
be due to the ill-effects of the past severe winter, as
very generally the trees show abundant remains of the
peduncles of now abortive flower-buds. These are
observable plentifully upon trees which are not likely
to have a single example fully expanded. Toung trees
and old seem to have suftered alike in this respect in
kindred positions. Though instances are not wanting
of individual trees having still a fair proportion of
flower, yet it is certain that here at least they are "but
few and far between." Pear trees, on the contrary, are
marvellously productive in the way of bloom this
season. A similar remark might also be made with
reference to Cherries and Plums, the majority of which,
excepting Morello Cherries, are now well set, and are
consequently free from frost, with the exception of
such as would be capable of destroying the harder
enveloped pericarps themselves. How fare others, in
this wise, especially as regards the not hopeful phase
of^ Apple bloom ? William Earlei/, Sigswell, S. Serts.

Solanum Capsicastriim.—Th\s has proved itself with
me to be more hardy than I think it is generally
considered to be. It has stood out of doors here
during three winters, including the last. It has often
borne from 5° to 10' of frost without the slightest
damage, and last winter, wlien the thermometer fell to
S above zero, it escaped without hurt. No doubt the
snow protected it in a great measure, vet to have
ripened its berries, as this plant has done in such cold,
while Bays, Euonymus, &c., close to it, have been killed
to the ground, gives sufficient proof that it possesses a
degree of hardiness hitherto unexpected. This fact,
together with the evidence it had already given us of
its well-doing out-of-doors, will lead many to prolong
the stay of the plants in their quarters in the autumn,
and also to place them out earlier than is usually done
in the spring. Perhaps it would be too much to
expect it to become a plant of sufficient hardiness to
assist us in filling our flower beds in winter. Yet in
sheltered positions I should not be much afraid of it in
ordinary winters after the test to wliich it has been
here suhjected. S. M., Fnys, Penryn.

Freezing mixtures ; 4 oz. nitre a"nd 4 oz of sal-
ammoniac, each m fine powder, mixed witli 8 oz
ot water, reduce the thermometer from 50' to 10'
iqual parts of water and of powdered crvstallised
nitrate ol ammonium, and of carbonate of sod'iuni, also
crystalhs^ed and in fine powder, effect a reduction from
.■11 Ti ■ ?^^* ™*';' *"° P'^rts pounded ice (or better
still ol iresh snow) and one part common salt," not
equal parts of each, "a steady temperature of —4' Fahr
can be maintained for many hours. Again, three parts
crystallised chloride of calcium and two of snow will
produce a cold sufficient to freeze mercury, if before
making the mixture the vessel in which the experiment
is to be performed and the chloride be cooled to 32'
Such a mixture will cause atherinometer when plunged
into It to lall to —60°." From the preceding it will be
seen that your correspondent's thermometer from
JNegretti & Zambra marked about right, as he tested it
in the cold frosty weather, when the salt used was
about 32 probably to start with, and so produced the
extra three or four degrees of cold below the —4° men-
tioned above. C. F. F., Salop.

Herhaceoiis Plants.— I am much obliged to "Ebor"
lor his additions to my selection, and shall be equally
so to any person who may send the names of any
really lirst-.class things that I may omit. I would add
that in endeavouring to do justice to this important
subject ol herbaceous plants, I have from my know-
ledge ol the failures and misfortunes attending the
growth of these fine plants, been induced to omit,
except in the case of really fine and remarka"Dle plants
all such as are diflicult to grow, all such as are very
ditlicult to obtain, and all such as are not first-class
from an ornamental point of view. Were I to mention
all the beautiful plants in this order, I should make a
catalogue, and I know that the reason why people fail
m producing the highest beauty from their herbaceous
borders is that they grow too large a number of Iiadly
.selected kinds. I would also remind your correspon-
dent that I did not omit Anemone palmata, and I did
not enumerate its varieties because I felt I could do
better than by calling attention to really first-rate
Pw •<■ ' "''^^ obtainable, and because I am certain
that if a first-rate species be grown, its varieties
are also sure to receive attention. Neither do I look
through the genus botanically, or I could mention

tinn "1,^;^,"^; ^?t'^' might prove useless in cultiva- ,.„,,,...,„.„ .„ „.„.,, ,.„^,.. _„.„,. ,„,

won. 1 00 not, 11 1 can help it, mention a plant unless was one of the hottest .-rnd most brilliant which we" "havo

1 know It to be hardy m our climate. What we first I exportencod this sea-ion

want IS to get all the really valuable hardy plants into

the notice they deserve. All the plants I mention

I have grown or seen growing, and in many cases

in various soils and positions, so that I have a pretty

good idea of their value for the country generally. I

have observed that some things, useful for one part of

the country, are perfectly useless foi- another, and to

such we cannot give the first position, considering the

great number of first-rate subjects that may be grown

with ease in all parts of the country. Meantime I

have good opportunities of studying this subject

fully, and now add the names of some fine things

which I have recently become acquainted with.

The most distinct and noticeable is Fritillaria latifolia,

which may be described as a large and noble Meleagris.

and altogether a fine bulb; Iris nudicaulis, a very

dwarf but free-growing kind, with broad, fat leaves,

however, and producing a mass of large flowers of a

dark and beautiful purple— masses of rich colour on the

Royal Horticultural : Ma>/ A {IVeeldi/ Show).~-The first of
these sho"\vs to he held during this month and next took place
last Saturday, "when pi-izes were oflfercd for Pelargoniums,
miscellaneous plants, Azaleas, baskets of flowers, and collec-
tions of fruit.

<3f Pelargoniums Mr. Wilkie, gr. Oak Lodge, Kensington,
and Mr. Bartlett, Hammersmith, furnished groups ; and Mr.
Wilkie had also a collection of Miscellaneous plants, among
wliich were Dendrobium nohile, Azalea ciispiflora and Erica
caudidissima, in good condition. Mr. Bartlett also had a col-
lection of plants. The only exhibitor of Azaleas was Mr.
Wilkie, who had variegata, Marie Vervaene, and Coronata
Mr. Earley, gr. to F. Pryor, Esq., Digswell, obtained a
Ist pnze for cut flowers, of which Mr. Bartlett and Mr. Wilkie
alBO showed collections. Jfr. Lyim, gr. to Lord Boston,
Hedsor, obtained a 1st prize for fruit, among which was a
dish of Figs, Sir Charles Napier Strawberries, and a dish of
Black Hamburgh Grapes. Mr. Earley obt.iined a 2d prize, and
was also awarded an extra prize for a dish of Vegetables.
An extra prize was also given to Mr. Morgan, Ball's Park,
Heref oi-d, for a dish of Keens' Seedhng Strawberries, and a box
of cut Roses.

Ma^/ 7 .(Sijccial Prize SJnnc). —Ovfinff to tlie number and
stiikuig bej-uty of some of the novelties prorhiced on this
occasion this was an imysually interesting exhibition, which
Wiis also well supported in other departments. The day, too.

uperba,
the lust a bialhant orange

Ex ,

Magnifica, Delecta, and CheLsoni,

scarlet.

Another prize offered by the President for Roses in pots was
cleverly cai-ried off by Messrs. Lane, with'^beautiful examples of
Souvenir d'un Ami, Vicomtesse de Gazes, Ch^n^dolc, Anna
Alexieff, Charles Lawson, Paul Perras, Gloire de Dijon, Victor
Vcrdier, and Coxipe d'H^^. Mr. William Paul received an
extra prize for another beautiful collection, in which werei
Souvenir d'un Ami in excellent bloom, .inna Alexieff, Pau
Perras, Paul Delamerlleray, Victor Verdier, Madame C. Wood,
Comtessc de Chabrillant, Madame de St. Joseph, and Presi-
dent. Messrs. Lane also contributed several young flowering
plants of the ■magnificent new yellow Rose Mariichal Nicl.

Mr. Wilson Saunders offered prizes for the best 10 Orchids
and the best G Show Pelargoniums. The former was carried
off by Mr. Penny, gr. toH.H.Gibb.s, Esq., St. Dvmstan's, Regent's
Park, with Phalaanopsis graudiflora, with three fine spikes of
large flowers; Cypripediumvillosura'in fine bloom, Saccolabium
curvifolium, and La^ha dnnabai-ina, each with four spikes ;

ffround in fart- Yiinon lntoaV>onc" ^^/l Vu^ ^■^^^■^AiA Dendrobium primulinum, with seven spikes; Vanda suavia,
grouna in lact, lucea lutescens, and the splendid v. tricolor superba, the yellow and browfi Oncidium sarcodes

pnae for Pelargomuma wag

Anemone fulgens. whi* has'been 'brfo?e S^ludldToln | »d"hrroXS' Sri§e"°"m j "'"^ oncidiumaaroodes.

May 11, 1867.]

THE GAliDENEKS' CHUONIOLK AND AGIUOULTURAI. GAZETTE.

493

won by Mr Turner, of Slough, with linolybloomed phmtu of
Patronoas, Boiicon, Desdcmona, Mdllo. Putti. Empress KugL%ic,
antl Rose Ccleatial. Mr. WiKfririH. ri". to Walter Beck, hR.[.,
received an extra prize for half a dozen plants, among whicli
tho moat conspicuous was Roscmn, a vaiicty remarkable for
the brilliancy of its rich rosy-rod col<.ur. ^. . ,,

MaiorTrevor€laiko'« prize fur tlie bust colluction <>f !■ rat'rant
blossomed Plants wjis but poorly conteHtod by Mr. Hfcvua,
Cainpdon Cxn.vo Nursery, Konsinffton, who had Mignuncttc.
Stocks, Gardouiii florida, Ixora acuminata, Stcplianotis
floribunda, Daphnes, Horonia Hormlatjv, Nerium splcndons,
Oranse tree, Acacia .irraata. .lasniinum Ugustrifolium, Helio-
trope, Petunia, Hose, Lily of tbo Valley, and one or twu uthor
plants, all small, and devoid of any distinguisbhig character
oithcr as regards (jrowth or bl<ioni.

New Plants, as already alluded to, constituted tho most
Important feature of the show. For the host six i>lants sent out
In 186.5| anil ISGC, Messrs. Voitch & Sons were 1st with Primula
cortusoidca anitena, boaiinR rich maprentn whitccyed llnwors
as laiK'e .■'.s a florin, and said tu be ^lorfectly hardy ; tho beau-
tiful Maranta roseo-picta and Veitchii, Vorschjiffelti.i.'^plciKhd.i,
Dieffenliaehia Wcirii, and Begonia Poarcei. the latter with ri(-h
velvety daric green leaves veincil with palo gi-een. Mr. Bull
was ^d with Maranta roaco-picta, Verschaffcltia splcndida, a
beautiful Pulm ; the silvoiy-veinod I''ittonia aigyi-oneuva, the
rose-spt 'ttcd Burtolonia guttata, Zaniia villosa. an elegant
epocies, and Anthurium regale, resembling magniticum, with
loaves of a bronzy green colour prominently veined with palo
green. Mr. Williams, of ilolloway, s^-nt tho Variegated New
Zealand Flax, Dieffenbacliia Wcirii, Draciena Siinguinea.
Maranta Lindeni, aglauoousGleichcnia, and apanfulof Chryaan-
themum Sensation, which, in general appcai'auee, is not unlike
Ijidy Plymouth Pelargonium. With new plants of tbcprescnt
year, Mes.Ts. Vciteh wcro again 1st, mth Saneherfa noltilis
Tariogata, a stove Acanthad with large elliptic leaves having
yoilow bands radiating from a yellow midrib ; Coleus Veitchii,
from New Caledonia, with dark choeoLite leaves edged with
bright green ; the slender Panieum variegatum, also from
Now Caledonia, with rose, white, and green stiiped foliage;
Dioffcnbachia Pearcei, noticed before in our columns ; Hypo-
cyrta brevicalyx, from Ecuador, witli nearly orbicular silvery-
veined leaves ; and Lom-iria ciliata, from New Caledonia.
Mr. Bull was 2d, with two Peruvian Dichoi-isandras. named
1), mosnica, with dark green leaves, lined transversely with
pale gi-een and brownish puqilc on tho imder side ; and D.
undata, with imdulated dark green leaves, oniamented longi-
tudinally with pale green bands ; Agave macracantha, with
glaucous pale green leaves edged with bold brown spines ; the
elepuit Adi;»ntura Lindeni ; Maranta illustris ; and Bignonia
omata from Rio Negro, tho latter with broad lanceolate leaves,
which when young are of a bronzy hue, with a rosy
variegation along the midrib, but which becomes silvery in
older foliage. For the best new plant shown for the fiist time
in flower, a prize was awarded to Mr. Bull for Daleehampia
Roezliana rosea, of which a brilliant representation will be
found in the last number of the Botanical Magazine. In the
same class was a scarlet-flowered Begonia, from Bolivia, which
pi-omises to be an acquisition, inasmuch as its showy flowers
seem different both in shape and shade of colour from any-
thing of the kind now in cultivation. This came from Messrs.
Veitch, and received a First-class Certificate. As the best new
plant with om.amental foliage, Messrs. Veitch showed a
species of Alocasia from the East Indies, having nearly heart-
shaped bright green leaves, marked with dark chocolate in
sections between the green veins, and altogether a veiy band-
some foliaged plant, to which a 1st prize was deservedly
awarded ; a First-class Certificate was also given to Mr. Bull,
for Ptychosperma regalis, a handsome East Indian Palm.
For the best new garden seedling, the prize was taken
by Messrs. Veitch with a pretty hybrid Cattleya. The
last-named firm also contributed an extensive collection of
recently introduced and i"are phints, among which were
Anthurium Seberzerianum with three splendid spathes;
Hippeastrum cquestre, the beautiful Bertolonia margaritaeea
and guttata, the red-veined Gymnostachyum Pearcei, a jpanf ul
of Davallia alpiua, the handsome Rctinospora plumosa, Miconia
peruviana, with large and beautiful Sphferogync-like foliage,
Palicourea discolor, Maranta Veitchii, and Acalypha tricolor
with cojipeiy foliage. From Mr. Bull Gime a simiiir collection,
including Termiualia elegans, Dieffenbacbia Wcirii, the silvery-
mottled Habenaria margaritaeea, Eranthemum igneum, with
deep green leaves .and bold orange vcin.s, Rhopala anrea,
having the stem and leafstalks covered with orange down.Ber-
tolonias.jAmectochilus Petola marmorea, Di^monorops elegans,
a handsome-looking plant for taJile decoration ; several new
Ferns, and other plants.

Of Fine-foliaged and Flowering Plants mixed, se-veral
remarkably fine groups were exhibited. That from Messrs. Lee,
to which a Istprizewas awarded, consisted of a handsome speci-
men of Alocasia metallica, Rhopala corcovadense, Croton
variegatum, Theophrasta impcrialis, Dicksonia antarctica, with
a noble trunk, a very large Pandanus elegantisstmns, one of the
best flowered specimens of Genetyllis which we have seen; Medi-
nilla magnifica, with splendid panicles of bloom ; Azalea
Leeana, Erica Cavendishiana, Polygala cordifolia, and Pimelea
spectabilis, Mr. Williams, who was '2d, had remarkably fine
specimens of Pabus, together with Variegated Aloe-leaved
Yuccas, Pandanus elegantissiraus. and Alocasia metallica ;
Azaleas, Eriostemon pnlchellus, Erica Cavendishiana. and other
plants. An extra prize was awarded to Mr. Faii-baim, gi-. to
the Duke of Northumberland at Syon, who had some noble
Palms, large specimens of Alocasia zebrina, and A. macrorhi/.a
Tariegata,PhaLt'nopsis grandifloi-a, Vandas, and other plants.
Similar awards were also made to Mr. Wilkie and Mr. Gell.
Messrs. Lee received a 1st prize for the best 12 stove and
greenhouse pLints in flower.

Of Cape Heaths Mr. Wilkie was the only exhibitor ; and in
the class of Exotic Ferns in lu'-incb pots, Mr. Williams was
first with good examples of Dicksonia antarctica, Alsophila.s,
Glcichenias, a fine Platycerium grande, Adiantum FtSci, Todea
.su]>erba. and others.

Of Miscellaneous subjects Messrs. Veitch contributed a
charming group, consisting of Azaleas Stella, Marie Vervaene,
and Holfordii ; the white-flowered Rhododendron Sesterianum,
Hoteia japonica, Clianthns Dampieri, Coleus Veitchii, and
the variegated -leaved variety of Hemerocallis fulva. Messrs.
L;inc had a beautiful group of Azaleas, and Mr. Btn-ley, of
H;Ly3water, Palms and Draci^nas, for which an extra prize was
awarded ; Mr. William Paul furnished a box of cut-blooms of
e-arly summer-flowering shmbs ; and Mr. Dean, Ealing, cut
blooms of double Tulips. Mr. Anderson, Meadow Bank, and
Mr. Shen-att, gr. to J. Bateman, Esq., Knypersley, both sent
cut Orchids, among which were the beautiful Dendrobium
chrysotoxum, a Saccolabium, PbaUenopais grandiflora, and
others. The beautiful Oncidium bifolirim mentioned in om-
last (see p. 460), came from Mr. Bateman.

Subjects which came more immediately under the notice of
the Floral Committee wei-e numerous. Mr. Muir, gr. to Sir
P. de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., M. P., received a First-
class Certificate for Epidendrum cnemidophorum, with
three spikes of gracefully drooping flowers borne at the end of
long slender shoots. In addition to the beautifi-a specimens
of Cattleya citrina exhibited by Messrs. Low, to which allusion
is made elsewhere (p. 488>, they had a white variety of Odon-
toglossum citrosmnm, which received a First-class Cer-
tificate, and a collection of beautiful Orchids, for
which a Special Certificate was awarded. Mr. Turner
furnished seedling Auriculas and Pelargoniums, of
which some account will bo found in another column.

Messrs. Rolliasou, Tooting, had a First-claBs Coi-tifieato for
Erica Turnbullii, a variety between odorata and vaf#!loni
in aspect ; and a Hccond-cIaMH (^crtific.ito for Erica liibi
forniis, huth pnmiiaing kinds. Fn.m McNsrs. Downie, Laird,
A: Laing came Nosegay Pulargoniuni Uns(! Stella, a variety of
groat merit, which will boausefid bedding plant, and i>f which
soTiie account willbe fuund inmvvl .uliinui. Mr. Willi. Uii I'anl
sent a laigu cullection of seedUng Zi.nul NuHegay I'clargunuiMi.s,
among which Walthain Nu.segay was awarded a First-class
('ertifleato; Dr. Hogg was awarded a First-class Ccrtificato.
An Kim from .Iap:<n, ab.. nhnwn liy Mr. W. Paul, was awarded
a First-class Cortifu'iii'. ii"'i-iM camosa, a very dwarf plant
for rockwork, win. h I nil. hnni Mos-srs. Backhouse, of York,
also bad a First cli s rntiluate. Mr. Williams sent Azalea
Heine dea Roses and Amaryllis aurantiaca. From Mr.
Bai-nos, Camborwoll, eamo Azalea Ilcr Majesty, a fine flower,
which received a First-ehiss Certificate on a former occasion.
Mr. Watson, St. Alban's, again exhibited Polargonnnns Mra.
Dix and Miss Watson, both good in character. Mr. Jlichavda,
gr. to Lord Londcsijorough, sent a Succolabium curvi-
fi>liiun, brighter-coloured than usual, which was awarded a
Special (!ertificato. Mr. Bull exhibited a bright rose-
cnlmircd seodhng Azalea Charmer, which has been noticed on
fornicv occasions.

In the dup:ii-tment under tho caro of tho Fruit Committee,
Mr. TiunLr. nf Slough, received a Special Certificate for three
well ripened bunches of Muscat Grapes ; also for three bunches
of Black Hamburgh, in excellent condition. Mr. Merrott,
Battersea, sent a box of Sir Charles Napier Strawberry, very
fine in flavour, and the same exhibitor had a Special Certificate
for six plants of the same in pots. A similar award was made
to Mr. Fairbaim, for seven pots of Keens' Seedling, likewise
be:uing an abundance of finely-ripened fruit Mr. Gardiner,
Wcstun House, sent a dish of Peaches, and Mr. Earlcy, Digs-
well, Sturmer Pippin, Sam Young, and Cockle Pippin Apples
in giind preservation. From the same exhibitor also came
fine heads of Williams' Alexandra Broccoli, which received a
sjiccial certificate, and from Mr. Uean, Ealing, selected Stan-
stead Park Lettuce, a most excellent Cabbage variety, and
a variegated-leaved Cabbage.

Sixteen new Fellows were elected, and the Stour Valley
Horticultural Society, Ludlow Horticultural Society, Bodmin
Cottage Gardening Society, and Basingstoke Horticultural
Society, were affiliated.

JsTottccs of ISoofeg.

The Technologist for the present month appears
under the ausi)ices of a new editor, Mr. G. Y. Hunter.
It is enlarged in size, and contains a great variety of
pleasantly wTitten and iiistructive articles. It is not
so exclusively devoted as it was at one time to economic
products and tlielr utilisation, but is much more
general in its scope, being, as its title now implies, a
popular magazine of (general information.

iVe have to mention the publication of a second
edition of Dr. Stephen Ward's lectures on Sealfk/i
Bespiration (Van Voorst). The plain unvarnished
facts relating to this all-important function are here
stated with clearness and conciseness. The book is
" popular " in the best sense of the word.

vt. W. M'Nab has recently published in the
Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh,
a classified list of the Selaginella^ eidiivaied in the
S.O]/al Botanic Gardens, l^dinhitrgh^ as well as in other
establishments. The author is however hardly justified
in assuming that Dr. A. Braun's paper on cultivated
Selaginellas "has been entirely overlooked in this
country." That paper is well-known and appreciated
by tho-se who study these plants, and vi'hat is more, Mr.
Smith's'list of these plants in his " Ferns, British and
Poreign," is, like the above, drawn up in conformity
with Braun's views. Dr. 31'Nab describes a new
species, S. Veitchii, introduced by Jlr. 3. G. Veitch
from Japan. As we intend shortly to publish a full
list of the cultivated species of this elegant genus,
together with their distinctive characters, drawn up
by Mr. J. G. Baker, we confine ourselves to the notice
of the above list of Dr. M'Nab's, which will be
useful to many as a catalogue of cultivated species,
with their synonymy, &c.

dFlort«(t0' :JPloto£r!5.

The Auricula bloom, as far as it has been seen at
the London shows during the present season, may be
said to have culminated at the Special Prize show at
South Kensington on the 7th inst., as the prevailing hot
weather will soon tell upon the flowers. On this occa-
sion Mr. Turner staged a very fine lot of the show
varieties, the trusses being generally of good average
size, the pips large, smooth, and clean. There were a
few flowers among them of e.\tra ,'fine quality, such as
Lancashire Hero (Cheetham), the paste of which was
very smooth, and the pips large and stout; Smiling
Beauty (Heap), the dark ground colour of which was
thrown up very strikingly; Apollo (Hudson), very
fine; Sophia (Chapman), ground coloiu' purplish
violet, well defined, and smooth white paste ; Belisa-
rius, green-edged variety, fonning a good truss, but the
pips a little rough ; Great Eastern (Smith), distinct
pure yellow eye, remarkably well shouldered, fine pips ;
Earl Grosvenor (Lee), a very fine white-edged variety,
the ground colour dark violet crimson, with pure white
smooth paste, and greenish yellow eye, fine pip and
truss ; Lycurgus (Smith), ground colour bright claret
crimson, pips very bold and striking ; Sir Wm. Peel
(Lightbody), fine and bold truss ; and Star of Beth-
lehem (Lightbody), eye good and well shouldered,
ground colour purplish crimson, though somewhat
running into tlie green edge as sliown ; a very distinct
variety, possessing a great deal of merit. This fine and
large collection was deservedly awarded a Special
Certificate.

Still more Alpines, and so rich and varied are they
as to be well worthy a close inspection. The hot
weather had, however, told upon these severely, and
the heat of the conservatory robbed many of the
flowers of the charms they jjossessed in the early
morning. A Pirst-class Certificate was awarded to
Bertha (Turner), pure greenish-yellow paste, with
dark crimson ground colour, distinctly margined on
each segment of the pip with pale violet ; and a
Second-class Certificate to Novelty (Turner), another

of tho " Fancy " kinds, having a palo yellow paste, with
a dark blotch at tho base of c;«;h segment, with broad
mar^iu of palo violet, changing to buff with age. This
has a very novel and somewhat striking flower, and
deserved the award made for '.licse, though tho pin of
tho eye wiw too prominent amid tho thrum. Wonderful
(Turner), is an extra-sized ilower, with a clean and
smooth, bright yellow paste, well shouldered ; largo
dark, velvety blotch on each segment, and margined
with bright ro.sy crimson ; tho flowers rough and
indented. Marion (Turner) is another " Fancy " flower,
tho ground colour silken velvet, with distinc:t margin
of palo violet ; very striking char.ictcr, but the pin of
tho eye was much too prominent. One of tho most
conspicuous flowers was Laudsccr (Turner), the ground
colour of which was a bright claret crimson, with pale
yellow paste, somewhat rough; its largo and showy
trusses were freely produced, and the habit was
excellent. Annie (Turner) forms the last of the most
distinct flowers, the paste clear white, and very smooth,
with a narrow dark circle, broadly edged with rosy
crimson and lilac ; of thin substance, but showy.

A grand lot of Tulips also came from Mr. Turner,
tho blooms being pure and of line quality. Of Bizarre
flowers the foUowing were the best :— Everard, very
fine: Dr. Horner, very fine; Geo. Hayward, Poly-
phemus, Sir J. Paxton, Caliph, Vivid, Henry Groom,
Lord Canning, Shakespeare, Lord Raglan, and Glory
of Abingdon. Of Bybkfimens— Duchess of Sutherland
(Walker), Queen (Rutley), >Jora Creina, John Kemblo,
Adonis, Queen Charlotte, Lady Grenville, Duchess of
Cambridge, Queen Victoria, and Desiderata. Of Roses,
Cerise a belle forme, Sarah lloadley, Aglaia, Maid
ofFalais, Emily, Lady Stanley, Lady Waldegrave.
Duchess of Sutherland (Gibbons), Rosy Morn, and
Rosa Bianca.

A batch of Seedling Cinerarias and also of Fancy
Pelargoniums were also contributed from Slough. The
former were but of average quality, and generally the
habits of the plants were somewhat s]iare and thin.
The best flower wxs a large dark purple self, named
Uncle Tim, the florets broad and stout, forming a
bold flower, and having a good dark disc. The others
worthy of notice were Redan, a large bright rosy
purple self; Imperator, deep margin of rosy crimson,
with a narrow ring of white round a dark disc ; flowers
large and bold, but the habit very irregular; and
Agrippa, pure white ground, with narrow margin of
rosy lilac, and dark disc, florets stout and broad, and
good outline.

First-class Certificates were awarded to the following
Fancy Pelargoniums :— Pink Perfection, large bright
ro.sy pink flowers of fine form and quality, with white
centre, bold and very striking, good habit and a fine
exhibition variety ; Brightness, bright rosy carmine,
the lower petals having a rl>tinct narrow edging of
white, and pure white centr-', a flower of excellent
form, smooth and stout, and will be a good exhibition
flower ; Perfection, the top petals claret crimson with
narrow margin of rosy lilac, lower petals veined
and dashed with rosy claret, excellent habit, flowers of
fine form, stout and smooth ; and BeUe of the Season,
pale ground, lower petals with rosy carmine blotches,
upper petals rosy crimson, good form and substance,
and very free blooming. Second-cla,ss Certificates were
awarded to Maid Marian, upper petals rose dashed
with violet, lower petals white spotted and veined
with bright rose, a good flower ; and Marmiou, rosy
crimson suffused with violet and margined with pale
rosy lilac, conspicuous white centre, flowers large,
stout and well formed, and the habit free blooming.
1 1 Of Bedding Pelargoniums shown on this occasion,
Messrs. Downie Laird & Laingfs Nosegay Rose Stella
appeared in the front rank. It has the foliage of the
parent variety, but seemingly more close and compact,
the trusses of rosy-pink flowers are large, and very
attractive : it well deserved the First-class Certificate
awarded. The same award wasmadeto Mr.WilliamPaul
for a large and well-grown plant of AValtham Nosegay,
a plain-foliaged kind, the habit close and short jointed,
and having a profusion of ^ood trusses of vivid crimson
flowers, altogether promising to make a splendid and
reliable bedder ; and for Dr. Hogg, well-defined zonal
foliage, excellent habit, producing trusses of purplish-
rose flowers, of a charming shade of colour. Some small
plants of several other varieties that looked very
promising, and which mil no doubt be seen again, were
also shown by Mr. W. Paul. R. I).

^e ^piaifi.

Bee-CultueE: Hives {continued from p. 4C4).—
During the first season, it is seldom that these large-
sized hives require, or will work in, a super, though
under peculiarly favourable tircumstances additional
room may be advantageously afforded. As a rule, we
may suppose that no super will be necessary during
the first summer of the swarm's occupation. Little
attention will be required until the autumn, when the
hive should be weighed or exairi-ed, and any deficiency
in the supply of stored food must be made up. Tilt the
hive somewhat forward by placing wedges of about
i; inch ,or 2 inches wide under the floorboard at the
back. This allows any accumulation of internal
moisture to run off, and facilitates the removal of dead
bees or other refuse. During the winter but little care
or attention will he required. As the succeeding
spring advances, it will be necessary to ascertain, by
actual examination or otherwise, the exact condition of
the interior. If stored food should be nearly exhau-sted,
care should be taken to supply a small quantity about
twice a week. When the warm weather arrives, the
hive will be in good condition for taking the best
advantage of it. At the end of April or early in May,
remove the cover, and substitute font the thin adapter.
This should, as in all other similar operations, be
efiected by sliding it gently on from behind, taking care
not to put it down on any bees. Not a bee need be

494

THE GAEDliNERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAT- CtAZETTE,

[Mat 11, 1867.

crushed if the operation be performed carefully. Then
take a super, of any shape which may be pre-
ferred, and slip that on in the same gentle manner.
The supers I prefer for these hives are of two
kinds; large octagonal boxes, either of glass or
wood, or square wooden boxes. The octagonal
supers are usually 13j inches in diameter, by from 5
to 8 inches in depth. The second kind of super is
a square shallow bo.\, constructed to carry the bars
which fit into the frames of the main hive. These
are ISJ inches square, varying in depth from shallow
ones or 3 inches, without notches for bars, being only
used to serve as ekes or raisers, to some of 4 i inches
with notches for eight bars sunk below the top only
their thickness ; and others of 5J inches in depth, the
bars sunk as in the main or stock hive, that there may
be I of an inch between the upper surfaces of the bars
and the cover. The bars may be placed wider apart
than in the body box, for the purpose of obtaining
thicker combs ; therefore I have said eight bars instead
of nine, which last number would be right for a
breeding compartment of that diameter. The movable
bars, fitting alike either the supers or the frames of the
stock box, are great adjuncts to the successful working
of these hives and their supers.

By their use, bars containing clean comb can be
transferred from any stock to a super, or at times from
a super to a stock hive. The bars may be ribbed as in
the diagram, or, when it is desired to attach guide
combs, they may be constructed without the ribs.
Some of each will be found the most useful. When no
guide comb is attached, the ribs must be smeared with
melted wax. The super having been added, the hive
should be properly covered with the case, and if neces-
sary shaded from a very hot sun. In the course of a
fortnight or more, it may be advisable to give additional
room; this should be effected by slipping a second
shallow super, with or without any bars, between the
superand the stock. If the season is good this secofld
super will be quickly filled, and even a third may be
necessary. In adding these after supers, great
care is requisite not to break the combs, or
crush the bees. A thin wire should be drawn
through between the super and the adapter to
sever any attachment of comb to the latter that may
have taken place. Then, by the aid of several thin
wedges, the supers may be adjusted with the loss of few
or no bees. The operator should be well protected, as
Irequently a most savage attack will be made. Prompt-

shaking the soil well away from the roots, and repotting
into small pots. Those which have previously under-
gone this operation will require shifting into pots two
sizes larger than the small ones in which they were
first placed, as soon they have made a fair start at the
root. The compost most suitable at this stage will be
the best of loamy , turves, thoroughly decomposed,
three parts, and well rotted spit manure and leaf-mould,
in equal proportions, one-part with one-fifth of the
whole of silver sand. Crock the pots thoroughly with the
least possible number of potsherds. Pot only moderately
firm, and do not fill the pots too full of com-
post, as space for future top-dressing will be needed
with the view of giving them all assistance possible
when laden with flowers, and when the roots are pot-
bound. As they continue to grow, regularly pinch in
all stronger growing shoots ; an operation which should
be performed decisively, or otherwise, according to the
necessity of affording all possible assistance to growths
of lesser strength in their immediate neighbourhood.
AVith the view of securing a good main shoot, or
leader, it may occasionally be necessary to shorten a
plant more or less down to where a good strong shoot
exists for such a purpose, and by thus reducing the
height of a too leggy-formed frame-work, in two or
three-year old specimens, greatly enhance the future
symmetrical appearance of the plant, independent of
affording additional support to the remaining parts.
Pot oflT all cuttings as soon as they may have become
fairly rooted, into a similar compost to that recom-
mended above, with a shght addition only of a little
more leaf-mould and sand, and chopping the loam
smaller. Give all such a moderate amount of bottom-
heat where practicable. Syringe freely, and maintain an
even moist temperature, varying from 55° by night to 65°
by da)', moderated during intense sunshine by shading.
Exotic Ferns will now need an atmosphere constantly
surcharged with a soft humidity. Water all lesser
varieties, such as Adiantums and the like, freely over
head with a fine-rosed water-pot on every favourable
opportunity, and especially when they are forming
young fronds. This will assist them much in forming
fine masses. Do not continue to do so, however, when
these are once fairly formed, but depend more upon a
constant supply of atmospheric moisture, as when
fronds are once formed they do not afterwards receive
so great assistance from actual syringings as is generally
supposed ; moisture, in fact, tends to destroy the fronds
rather than benefit them at that stage. Pot any which
may be more or less pot-bound. With few exceptions
they prefer good fibrous peat, broken potsherds, &o.,
well intermixed together. CAri/santhemums which were
put in as cuttings will now need potting oif into single
pots. A compost similar to that recommended for
Fuchsias will suit them well at this stage, with a little
more leaf-mould added thereto. When potted, place

hours of labour to destroy them, if, indeed, a loss of
crops and premature destruction of the bush itself did
not result.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

Out-door Soses, in whatever stage of growth, should
be carefully gone over in search of liose maggots,
which, in common with many other garden pests, are
very numerous this season. These are to be found
enveloped in the younger leaves, which are found to be
more or less deformed, or otherwise deranged in growth.
Do not crush them up between the growing parts of the
plants, a too common practice, but remove the parts
infested entirely, or what is better, remove the maggot
itself from its stronghold. Continue the potting
off of all annuals and other plants in general, which will
be required for planting-out in open quarters about
the end of the mouth. Harden off all which have
already established themselves in single pots or other
store pots which it is not intended to divide until
planting out begins. These include Pelargoniums,
Seliotropes, Lobelias, Calceolarias, as previously
advised; Tej-irara, and others similar in habit. Look
well after edgings of Cerastiiim, Violas, &c., making
good all blanks which might occur, through the ill
success of any previous plantings.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Continue planting out of frames or other nursery
quarters spring-sown Lettuces, Caulijlowers, Sndive,
Cabbages, &c.^ A second batch of Celery may also be
pricked out in a favourable position, as previously
advised for a similar earlier lot. Pot off also Tei/etable
Marrows into moderate-sized pots. Eidge Cucumbers,
Gherkins, &.C., in positions where a ridge can be
formed of a sufficiency of fermenting materials to
insure a slight warmth. This, when it has commenced
heating, should have a layer of fine rich soil spread all
over it, and seeds of either of those enumerated above
sown therein. Put half a dozen seeds in a place, and
place a handlight over them until they have become
strong plants. Sow Scarlet Sunners in an open situa-
tion for an early row. It is better to defer sowing the
main crop however for another fortnight. Keep the
hoe constantly at work amongst early Lettuces, Cab-
bages, Cauliflowers, &c., for the purposes of destroying
seedling weeds and of admitting the air freely into the
soil around the roots. Make another sowing of Peas
as soon as those previously sown have vegetated. IV. H.

neTand LdM on vU?grSTenHeness"wm- howler '""'^i? ^ t'' """' ^f''"? %' few da?s,'-pccSo'n-a%
save the operator'from much ff the annoyance whicS ' 'P".°'^''"" them, overhead. Pinch the pmnts off in a
the reverse would ensure to one less careful. '
If que of the deepest supers has been first worked

and it appears that additional accommodation .„
necessary, according as the honey season is then
advanced, add one of the shallow or deep supers with-
out any bars or adapter. The combs will be continued
down to the bottom of the space thus afforded. Some-
times a third and even a fourth eke has to be given.
It will then be advisable to insert bars, or the combs
will be unable to sustain the great weight. I have had
these supers piled 15 inches high, and filled from top
to bottom with splendid combs of honey, uncontami-
nated by a cell either of brood or pollen.

When considerable progress has been made in comb-
buiiding, sometimes my suspicions are aroused as to
the probability of the queen having ascended to fill the
cells with her eggs. I then do not hesitate to remove
the top of the super, take out and examine the
combs, and if any contain eggs or larvic, these are,
It ot worker brood, transferred into some young
swarm, or artificial nucleus box, to assist and strengthen
It. Drone brood is usually destroyed. Bars furnished
w;ith guide combs are inserted where the others pre-
viously stood. The queen will have most probably
been induced to take refuge in the lower or stock hive
and is not very likely to ascend again. The bees quickly
repair damages, and, if the weather continue favourable,
tiU up the vacant spaces with new combs. At the
close ot the honey season any unfinished or unsealed
combs are put carefully by to be used as guide combs,
or helps the following year. If the combs contain
honey they should be given to some hive to clean out
prior to putting them away. S. Sevan Fox.

Bees.— N. E. L. L. (next week).

Miscetlaneous.

Death of Mr Lobson, &«.-We regret to have to
announce the decease of Mr. Dobsou, Sen., of Wood-
lands Nursery, Isleworth, which took place on the 3rd
mst., after a long and severe illness, which he bore with
patience and resignation. As a cultivator and raiser
of Pelargoniums, Cinerarias, and other Plorists' flowers
both while actiu" as gardener to the late E. Beck Esq
and subsequently at his nursery at Isleworth Mr'
Dobson s skill, perseverance, and success, are well

t ??'"-RTT°*^'^-i^'"'*i'=H'^,""^'^; ^"d ^'^ productions
at the Metropolitan Exhibitions have always been of
a highly creditable character.

Garden Operations.

(For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
l\u:hsias will now need especial attention accordin"
to the advanced stage of growth to which individual
collections may have attained. Do not delay starting
any much later than this ; place them in a warm moist
atmosphere, after having first reduced the old balls by

week or so, and harden them off, by gradually inuring
them to full sunshine and open air. Continue to put
in cuttings where more are needed ; they will make
fine plants even if put in after this date ; indeed, where
plants are required for ordinary narrow stage work,
they are best put in later.

FORCING HOUSES, PITS, iic.

Melon plants will now need soiling over in a general
way for the last time previous to fruiting. This will
be the case when they have fairly started into growth,
and are making some progress toward filling the
allotted space intended for them. Good stiff yellow
loam alone is suitable for them at this stage. In
placing it over the roots, a space some 3 feet in dia-
meter at least should be soiled over to the depth of 3 or
4 inches ; though, as in the case of frames, ordinary-
sized pits, &c., it is be.st to soil all internal spaces well
over. Do not bury the crowns too deeply, and tho-
roughly ram the soil down in layers as it is put in,
making it as firm as possible in the operation ; finish
the whole surface off as level as possible, with the view
of as.sisting future waterings, to drain down evenly
throughout the whole. Cucumbers, at a similar stage,
will also require earthing up. The soil most suitable
for them, however, will be a good open loam, with a
moderate quantity of well rotted manure intermixed ;
press it down with moderate freedom only, and,
in so doing, bury any portions of the old vines
which are likely, by emitting fresh roots, to aid
the parent plants iu their efforts to furnish a con-
tinuous supply of good sound fruit. Give both an
abundant supply of water at this stage, watering
them, and shutting them down closely at half-past
three , P.ii.,_ daily, upon sunny afternoons : the real
quantity of water to be given them upon respective
days to be judged by the fact as to whether the roots
are so dry as to necessitate more than such a sprinkhng
only as will engender a nice moist warm atmosphere,
in which they are to remain during the night, &c.
Continue pinching back all grosser shoots, tendrils, and
the like, and to stop each shoot bearing a fruit, at one
leaf beyond the joint where it is placed.
HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Keep a searching eye upon Peaches, Nectarines, and
Cherries, for, as previously surmised, I fear that aphis
pests are too abundant everywhere ; constantly syringe
the trees with the proper solutions, as frequently as
any insects are seen to remain alive, and use every
effort to thoroughly destroy them, bearing in mind the
fact, that a high state of culture cannot possibly be
attained contemporaneously with broods of apliides.
Oooseberries should also be constantly looked over, to
see if any symptoms of the Gooseberry caterpillar
exist. Looked carefully after at this date, they may
often be detected Under leaves which have been slightly
punctured in one or more places, where a whole brood
might often be secured by pinching off the single leaf
containing them, while if left a few days, and until
they become diffused throughout the bush, it would cost

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAK LONDOy.
Forthe Week ending May 8, 1667,asol)seiTC(lat the Horticultural Gaidcna.

§ **

Barombter.

Temperature.

"Wind

May.

OCtlieAir.

OftheEai-th

S"'

Max.

Min.

Max.

Mta.

Mean

1 foot'2 feet
deep.! deep.

Thurs. '2
Friday 3
Satur. .1
Sunday 5
Mon. G
Tues. 7
Wed. 8

I

2
3
4

;«l.051
SiLIl-i
30.125
iP.%5

2U.905
29.958
29.8GG

30.0-27

311.07-2
30.003
29.8S9
29.878
29.880
29.8i2

Gli
70
68
73
81
82
82

40
37
39
47
49
51
42

52.5
53.5
53,5
61.0
liJ.O

(i(i.5

02.0

52
53
54
55
5G
5b'
57

49
50
50
51
52
52
53

N.E,

S.
S.E.
S.E.
S.E.
S.E.

S.

.00
.00
.00
.00
,00
.00
.00

Averacc .

29.983

29.941

74.7

43.5 )59,l

54.7

51.0

0.00

-Very line ; overcast; linentuight.
3-Overcast; cloudless and very fine; fine.
4— Very fine throuphout.
6— Very fine throupbout ; warm at night.
«-Very fine ; exceedingly fine; masses of black clouds.

7— Exceedingly line ; cloudless and hot.
'-Very fine ; not and dry ; line at n

:ht.

Mean temperature of the week 8 (j-lOtli des. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,

During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending May 18. 1867.

May.

Average
H ighest
Temp.
Average

Lowest
Temp,

it

No. of
Years in
which it
llaiued.

Greatest
Qunntity
of llain

Prevailing Winds.

3 9
4'll
0 G

21 8
2 7
2 9

,« ho

4
3
4
4
4
l>

Sunday.. 12
Mon. ..13
Tues. ..14
Wed. ..15
Thurs. ..16
Friday ..17
Satur. ..18

62 9 , 4U.6

63.6 1 3B.1
63.2 40.4
64.8 40.6
6C.2 42 5

05.7 41.3
66 0 42.2

51.8
50.9
i 1.8
52.7
54.3
53.5
54.1

19
)9
16
15
15
16
17

1.14 in.

0,66

0 46

0.46

0.34

0.58

0.17

C
8
3

4
4
5

2 3 9

1 5j 9

2 8i 9
- 3113

2 4 13

2, 6,12

4 a'u

3
2

1
2
4

4

I

The hiR
15th and 1
—therm. 2

lost temperature during the
7th. 1833-therm. 3S deg.; and
Sdeg.

ibove peri
the lowe

od oc
t on

cu
th

reil oil

0 15th ,;i

the

850

Notices to Correspondents,

Insects : / 5. The gToiind where your Peas were planted
must have been very foul, or the manure used must have
been greatly infested with the millepedes. We know no
better plan than to sink slices of Potatos or Turnips iu the
ground, examining them every morning and destroying the
numerous millepedes (lulus puk-hellus) which will be there
congregated. Possibly it may be necessary to burn the
soil. W.

Names of Plants.— Correspondents are requested to bear in
mind that they are not to send more than four plants for
naming at one time, and that they must send specimens of
reasonable size, and packed so as to avoid ci-usbing or
shrivelling. They should remember that a small sprig
which would be recognisable when fresh-gathered is utterly
useless when shrivelled up in a letter, or crushed into pulp
along with other similar sanx^s.— Irishman. 1, Dorouicum
Pardalianches ; 2, Berberis Dai-winii ; 3, Stellaria Holostea :
4,INepetaGlechoma; 5, Asperula odorata.— i!f«rfcr. You send
13, mostly undeterminable from the causes above alluded to ;
of these we name four : 5 and G, Dorouicum Pardalianches ;
9, Draba vema ; 12, Tussilago Petasites; 13, Saxifraga cor-
difolia. — A H. 1, Doodia caudata ; 2, Lomariamembranacea ;
3, Lomaria lanceolata ; 4, Loxsoma Cunninghamii. The latter
has been introduced, but is rare.— /il/. Pittosporum tenui-
foHum. — WC. 1, Phlox vema; 2, Nemophila insignis ; 3,
Asperula odorata ; 4. Alyssum sp. ; 7, Nemophila maculata.
G T S. Plantago Coronopus.— P C. 1, Sanieula europaia ; 2,
Alcbemilla vulgaris.— i^" // S. Polygonum complexum.

Oaks : J S. Quercus coccinea and Q. palustris are hardy and
very ornamental ; Q. rubra and tinctoria are also quite
hardy.

Vines : E J W. Your Vine leaves are full of thrip, caught, no
doubt, from the Azaleas. If the removal of a few leaves
here and there will check them, you may adopt that plan ;
but if not, the only remedy will be to fumigate very
cautiously, so as to keep them luider till the crop is
gathered, when it mu.st be done thoroughly.

Communications Received.— A. Forsyth.— D. T. Fish.— R. D.
—Rev. J. Dix.— W. Thomson.— J. Will.s.—Gai-away & Co.—
E. G. Henderson & Sou.— G. Breese.-T.-J. G. B.— D. M.—
H. \V.— W. R.

::,MAy u, 186W

THE GARDENERS' CIIRONKJLE AND A(iRI(!ULTURAL GAZETTE.

495

THE BEST SWEDE IN CULTIVATION

IS

SUTTON'S CHAMPION.

Price Is. per lb.

~|Chcipci by the bushel of 50 1b Caniago ficc

Garter's Oenulne Seeds.

CARTER'S SELECT LIST of GENUINE FARM
SEKOS. nt molorato prices, la now ready, and may bo had post
free on appllcaUoti to

Cabteh's aroat London Soed Warohouao, 237 and 238, Iltgh
Ilolborn, London, W-C. ^^

/:j.it AS S SEEDS for
^^ TEllMANENT PASTURE, of tlie
finest quality, at moderato prices,
cdrofiilly solocted on a new, natural, and
Bcicntific system.

See '■ WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," whicli contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. Wheeler & Son,

Seedamen to the Gloucestershire
Agi'icultural Society.

QPECIAL OFFKR.

O To Parmkks. Gardeners, and Others.

BXCELLKNT NEW YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL WURZEL.
id. per lb.

„ WHITE BELGIAN CARROT, 8<i. per lb.

„ JAMES'S .SELECT INTERMEDIATE do., Wd. per It).

„ REU ALTRINGIIAM do., Oii. per lb.

„ GREEN KOHL RABI, flno topped, lOd. per lb.

„ SCARLET RUNNER BEANS, NEW, 7s. 0<i. per bushel.

„ MIGNONETTE, Is. per lb.
RED DUTCH CABBAGE PLANTS, One, 3s. 6<i. per 1000.

CATALOGUE of Konuiiio NEW SEEDS oa application.

F. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire.

TOENIP SEEDS
direct from the
Growers.

Tho most certain
means of prevent-
ing disappoiut-
inent.

SUTTON'S CHAMPION SWEDE.

A larg:e Purple-toppptl Yellow variety, handsome
shape, perfectly hardy, stores exceedingly well, and
one of the heaviest croppers.

TESTIMONIALS.

From Mr. J. 11. Halse, Secretari/ to the Stdinouth Agricultural
Associalion.
•October 26, 1860.— " At the annual mootiog of the abovo Associa-
tion, hold at Sidraouth on the 23d inst., the whole of the Prizes for
Swede Turnips were awarded to youv Champion Swede, grown from
leod supplied by you during the past season."

From H. J. Hillieh. Esq,, Granham Hill, Marlborough.
*' 1 am bound to say tLat from my experience you are quite
Justified in asserting the Champion Swede to be quite as Hardy as
any of the purple-topped varieties ; if not indeed hardier."

From Mr. Large, Bailiff to (he flight Hon. Lord Bemers.
" Tho Champion Swedes, from seed Lord Berners purcha-sou of
you, are far superior to any other we have (jrown, I can confidently
say they are many tons per acre heavier than any other Swedes
growing on his lordship's farm."

From Mr. B. Hunt, late Steward to W. W. Chute, Esq.. ri/ne Farm,
BasingKioke.
J.anuary 12, 1863. — '* Last season I tried eight diffi^rent kinds of
Swede, and find, after a cirefnl examination, that, although several
of them are good, none of them equal your Champion."

From Mr. W. Tdknkh, Hole Farm, Lyme Regis.
May 19, 18tJ(i.— " Your Champion Swedes last year were the largest
and best keepers grown In this neighbourhood."

From Arthcr H. Woon, Esq., Theilden Orange, Alton.
April 3, 1806.— " My Swedes (Sutton's Champion) have done very
well indeed; iu fact, men on the farm who have worked here lor
20 years aay they have never seen such a crop before."

From Mr. Hknrv Cantrkll, Baylis Farm, Slough.
April 12, 1866.— "The Champion .Swede Kept first-rate last season,
notwithstanding the drought."

From Mr. John Wiiitk, HaUr Mincombf, Sidbury.
April IS, I860,— "I'he Champion Swedes from seed I had of you
last year, wore the best I have ever grown, and stood the dry weather
better tlian any others in the neighbourhood.'

From William Littleuales, Esq,, Burnley, Winchester.
April 28, 1866, — " I won a prize for the best roots at the Bomsey
Show with your Champion Swedes."

J'rom the Rev. H. Ratmond Barker, Daglingworth Rectory,
Cirencester.
May 15, 1866. — '* I find none that an&wer so well as your Champion
Swede on my poor soil."

From BoBEnx A. Bryll, Esq.. Wnod/ord. Armagh.
February 6. 1866. — "Your Champion Swedes last year, notwith-
standing the extremely dry season, were a fii-st-rate crop, and acknow-
ledged by all who saw them to bo the bec^t in the neighbourhood."
From Horace B. Legqatt, Esq., Broumwick, Fareham.
February 10. 1866. — "Your Champiou Swedes are a very fine crop,
uidof excellent quality." ■

From J. H. Wheatley, Esq., Sligo.
March 7, 1886, — "The Champion Swede Seed 1 had ftom you last
year produced the finest crop here."

From KouT. Bnuci; Willis, Esq., North Abbey Cottage, BaUasalta.
Isle of Mail.
March 17, 1860. — " My Champion Swedes grown ftom your seeds
beat any others in the parish, although grown on land naturally
Inferior to moat in this neighbom-booJ.

Price Is. per lb.

Cheapei- by the bushel of 50 lb. Carriage free.

PRICED LISTS of other TURNIP SEEDS gratis on
application.

SUTTON AND SUNS, SEED GHOWERS, READING.

BLUNDKLL'S C.VITLE MELON.— This productive
Fruit is now well-known and generally appreciated for Feeding
all kinds ot Cattle, &c., in the autumu months. Prices, exclusive of
carriage :— lUO Seeds, 2a. tid ; SceJ lor i acre, us. ; do. i acre, 9s. ;
do. 1 acre, His

To bo obt:iincd of all the princip\l Seedsmen, and of Messrs.
Blundeli. 5t pAi.stcu, Land Agent^i, &c., 3. Portland Street, South-
ampton. Cash remtt.t;inci:rs from unknown correspondents.

S~ UTTON 'S MAMMOTH LttNO MANGELS.—
Extract from the Times of Decoinbor 4. containiue; report of the
Birmingham Show, where Messrs. Suttus took First Prize for
Mangels : —

" There is a remarkably fine show of Roots, Messrs. SorTos's Six
Mangels weigh 212) lb."

Mf ssrs. tSuTTov can supply Seed of the abovo improved varieties of
LONG RED and LO^JG YELLOW MANGELS at Is. 6d.per lb,,
cheaper by tho cwt., carriage free.
PRICED LISTS, cratis, on application.

Sutton &. Sonb, Sued Growers, Reading,

SOCIETY of ARTS.
HARVESTING of CORN in WET WEATHER.
The COUNCIL of tho SOCIETY ol ARTS have resolved to offer
the G(_>LD MEDAL of the SOCIETY and a PRIZE of FIFTY
GUINEAS for tho best "ESSAY on tho HARVESTING of CORN
in WET SEASONS." For particulars and conditions apply to

P. Lk NtvE Foster, Secretary.
Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, W.C.

HORSE sllOW-', AG^RICULTURAL HALL,
LONDON, MAY 25, 180".
TO GARDEN IMPLEMENT MAKERS, AND OTHERS.
SPACE TO LET in the ARCADh; and GaVLLERIES for the
EXHIBITION aud SALE of the SAME CLASS of GOODS aa are
sold during the SmithlicNl Club week.

Horticultural and Agricultural Implement Makers, Seedsmen,
Nursery Gardeners, and Manufacturers of Ornamental and useful
articles for domestic purposes. Prizes for Saddles and Bridles.

Terms and Conditious may be obtained at the Offices of the
Company, Barford Street, Islington, N.

By Order, S. Sidket, SecreLiry and Manager.

ANCHESTER and LIVEIIPOOL AGRICULTURAL

SOCIETY (Established 17071. — GRAND CENTENARY
SHOW MEETING at Manchester, August 27, 28, and 29, 1807.

Special Prize List and Forms of Entry will be issued at tho end
of May. T. B. Rtder, Secretary.

67a, Church Street, Liverpool.— April 23, 18CT.

■OOYAL AGRICULTURAL

.11) .SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.-The
PRIVY COUNCIL having REFUSED
PERMIS.SION to hold a CATTLE SHOW
at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, the PRIZES
f:>r HORSES hiivo been incre-ised by
£350, VIZ.. £300 by the SOCIETY, and £50
by the LOCAL COMMITTEE.
rJOjaQH^^ The PRIZES for THOROUGHBREDS
, J^y^ ^t/?i^ . now amount to . . . . £175

O/ XrX do. HUNTERS .. ..405

07 \-\ do. HACKNEYS .. .. 130

Zl ISl do. ROADSTERS . , 90

jjl do. CARRIAGE HORSES.. 105

-' do. PONIES 145

6.7 1060

_>X. -XO/ do. SHEEP 70O

C<>>>'~^<M'x' do. pigs 225

^S^OS-Tl?^ do. POULTRY .. .. 209

LAsr DAY for ENTRY, 1st June. Total £2184

For Prize Sheets and Forms of Entry apply to
12, Hanover Square, London, W. H. Hall Dare, Secretary.

Eiit ^srtcttlttttal ©alette.

SATURDAY, MAY II, 1867.

It lias been evident for some months past that
apprehensions of danger 'were entertained by
dairymen iu certain parts of the metropolis. At
a time when men are rather anxious to replace
the diminished herd than to further curtail
its proportions, the circumstance of cows, appa-
rently in full milk, being sent to market for
slaughter, or being directly disposed of to a
butcher, is significant of something more than
pleuro-pnounionia, or month and foot disease.

Since tho outbreak at Islington last January,

however, no cases of cattle jjlaguo have been
re])orted to have occurred in the metropolis until
a fortnight ago, when tho disease was discovered
to exist among some cows in LiniehouHo. Tho
greater part of the herd had bcrjn removed before
the nature of the malady was asccrlaincd. Of
something like 40 cows, nearly 30 had been sent
for slaughter, and the remainder were killed
immediately on the discovery of the presence of
plague among them. Tho premises wore declared
infected, and the usual ]n'oces3 of disinfection
was adopted. During the worst period of
the prevalence of plague in tho metropolis,
the sheds in which these cows stood were
twice cleared of their stock by plague, but aa
tho herd last attacked had stood there for
some months in perfect health, there is no
reason for believing that the infection was
communicated to them in consequence of any-
thing loft by the former cases of disease ; and it is
tho less necessaiy to seek for a remote cause
when a proximate one exists. In the neighbour-
hood of the infected premises there are private
lairs in which foreign cattle and sheep are
temporarilj' placed every week before being sent
on to market. The cattle plague is ravaging the
herds on tho Continent, and it is next to
impossible to prevent the importation of infected
beasts without doing what is no less impossible
— stopping importation altogether.

The outbreak at Laycocic's Dairy in January
we had strong presumptive reason for believing
to be due to the presence of infected cattle iu the
adjoining lairs. In the case at Limehouso there
are no lairs on the same premises, but foreign
cattle and sheep may be found at no great
distance, and it is perfectly well known
that the disease may be caused to spread
from a centre over a considerable space,
while at the same time no direct contact can be
proved to have occurred. Opposed to the idea
of the contagion being traced to foreign cattle is
the fact that these imported animals have been
noticed to be remarkably healthy in the markets,
and that no case of plague has been detected in
any of the private lairs ; these objections,
however, lose nearly all their force if it be
remembered that the animals remain in the laira
for a very short time, and that no inspection
takes place while they are there ; besides which,
if one or two beasts should happen to be taken
ill, the butcher rather than the inspector is the
functionary whose services would be in request.

Another outbreak of cattle plague was dis-
covered last week among 19 cows, nearly half of
which we believe have been killed diseased, at
Islington ; and here, again, no direct source of
contagion could be found, but the same indirect
evidence exists of the influence of imported
cattle, and if we knew all the facts relating
to the last attacks it might not bo difficult
to connect them with what has gone
before, but the great difficulty in the way
of timely discovery is the objection which dairy-
men naturally feel to publicity, and taking into
account the injury which even a false alarm
would cause to their business, this is not to be
wondered at. Meanwhile we have good reason
to congratulate ourselves that the removal of
cattle from the metropolis is not permitted. This
restriction, even if it is sometimes evaded, mu.st
in a great degree tend to prevent the extension
of the disease to the provinces.

The Journal of tho Koyal Agricultirral ?ociety
■ — that part of the current year's volume which
has just appeared — is occupied for the most part
with elaborate and instructive reports of steam
cultivated farms, drawn up by Messrs, H. Eeed,
J. A, Clabke, and J. Coleman. Of its 436 pages,
340 are devoted thus, so that this subject may at
length be confidently pronounced to have com-
manded from the managers of the Society all the
attention which it deserves. The general body
of members have now ample opportunity of
learning whatever the experience of the last few
years contains of guidance for them on the value
of steam power for tillage purposes. We hope soon
to be able to state the general conclusions to
which these reports must lead their readers.
The point in which an anxious student
will at the outset blame them is the absence of
any index by which , he might be guided from
one to another of the 140 farms whose experience
is related. Assistance of this kind is especially
needed, when it is not so much the success of
steam cultivation that is in question as the
relative values of tho various rival methods by
which it has been carried out.

The first 100 pages of the Journal are filled

496

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 11, 1867.

■with readable and interesting matter of other
kinds. A most instructive paper by Mr. W. K.
BaiDGMAir, on the uses to the farmer of a mag-
nifying glass, worthily stands first upon the list
of contents. It is the production of an expe-
rienced microscopist, and is well illustrated with
diagrams of many of the objects, animal and
vegetable structures, &c., in which the farmer is
interested. The author well defines his subject by
declaring that, " The magnifying-glass ormicro-
scope must not be mistaken for other than it
really is — that is, only ' a means to an end ;' for
it teaches us nothing, it only affords us the power
of examining objects too small for the naked eye,
and thus places those that are wholly invisible,
or but sbghtly visible in the ordinary way, on
an equality with larger structures for the purpose
of examination. For instance, if we mix together
a handful of Beans, Peas, Wheat, Oats, or any
other of the larger seeds, any ordinary observer
could sort out the different kinds with the naked
ej'e, but to name them correctly would require
previous knowledge. But if we substitute for
these the grains of three or four different kinds
of starch or poUen, no human eye, if unaided,
would be able to detect the difference between
them, although under the microscope this case
would prove quite as practicable as the foi-mer.
As, however, the objects to be examined c^ccrease
in size, so must the magnifying power be in creased
in proportion ; hence a range of powers becomes
requisite ; and as these magnifying glasses vary
in description, a short account, with diagrams of
some that would prove serviceable to the farmer,
has been appended to this paper, together with
some few hints to novices and students as to the
selection of glasses, the preparation of objects,
and the choice of books of reference. It must,
however, be borne in mind, that there is no
royal road to knowledge, and in this respect the
use of the magnifying-glass is not an exception ;
its sihccessful applicatioii must he acquired hy
practice."

Dr. VoELCKER contributes to the current
volume valuable reports on the changes which
take place in the field and stack during bay-
making, and on the usefulness of potash and
soda salts as manure for Mangel Wui'zel. One
of the principal lessons taught us in the fonner
essay, is the rapid increase in the weight of solid
matter («. e., of hay), which takes placejduring
the later stages of the ripening of the Clover
crop. Thus, ' ' on comparing the weight of the
Clover reaped on plot 4, on the 26th of May,
with that of the two cuttings made on plot 3 on
the 1 2th and 26th of May, we find a very large
accumulation of organic matter has taken place
by allowing the Glover to grow a fortnight
longer before mowing it. The fresh Clover on
plot 3 weighed 98 lb. on the 12th of May,
and 4|- lb. on the 26th of May, which is 102|- lb.
together, whilst the first mowing on plot 4, made
on the 26th of May, yielded 1311b., or 28jlb.
more. This increase in feeding materials is
greater than the mere weights of the fresh
produce indicate, for in the first mowing of
plot 3, the Clover contained 81 J per cent, of
water, whilst the Clover cut on plot 4, a fort-
night later, contained only 78^^ per cent. ; when
due allowance is made for both these differences,
it win be found that the single mowing produced
nearly one-half more of solid food than the
double one."

Of course the fact here stated about the Clover
crop must not be raised to the rank of a general
law, affecting all kinds of forage plants, until it
has been verified in the case of each. But it is
very desii'able that we should learn how the
matter stands, for example, in the case of Italian
Eye-gi-ass, which is forced into rapid and
luxuriant growth by irrigation. In one case
five cuttings might be taken in the year, and
they might average 12 tons per acre each ; and
it is possible that in another case 10 cuttings,
averaging 6 tons per acre each, so far from being
equal to the former, as at first they might appear
to be, might be found on examination to contain
8 or 10 per cent, more water than the other, and
thus to contain very much less solid serviceable
food. The experiments reported with Common
Salt and Potash Salt respectively as manure for
Mangel Wurzel, are on the whole unfavourable
to the pretensions of the latter.

Mr. II. H. Dixon, whose services to English
agriculture as the historian of the Shorthorn and
other breeds of cattle have often commanded
grateful acknowledgment in these columns, con-
tributes a very readable and interesting paper on
Einderpest Precautions and Bemedies, The

good policy of isolation is amply jjroved by the
instances here collected. The serviceableness of
chlorine, of iodine ointment, and of chloroform,
as curative agents, is less satisfactorily illus-
trated. Mr. Atlmek's treatment by chloroform
seems, from the account given, to have been the
most satisfactory, or rather, the least discouraging
of any.

Professor An"STEd's elaborate paper on Eain-
fall. Natural Drainage, and Subterranean Water
Storage, and the President's very interesting
annual December Address, with the usual statis-
tical paper, make up the remainder of a very
satisfactory volume.

' Me. Dtj Boulat ventures again to foretell the

coming season. Writing from Florence, he declares that
he has now for seven successive years written antici-
patively about the prospects of cereal crops, as founded
on the weather prognostics of the Venial Equinox, and
has not really once failed during that period as regards
the influences of the probable weather to come upon
them. Last year he left Nice and came to England on
purpose to observe the vernal equinoctial weather, and
nearly lost his life by a chill in consequence. This
year he has not attempted personally so to do. But
friends in diSerent parts of England and Scotland have
forwarded to him their equinoctial diaries, and he does
not doubt, from such considerations as have thus been
forced upon him, that the coming season in Great
Britain does not promise to be a bountiful one as
regards the yield of the cereals, and though he has no
special information from any part of Prance or Bel-
gium, or any other near neighbouring country, whose
climate usually follows somewhat that of England, he
can hardly see how they can be expected not to parti-
cipate in some degree in the same weather conditions
and results as we are threatened with.

The following announcement may be made in

connection with the subject discussed last Monday
before the London Farmers' Club, as reported in
another page ;— The Council of the Society of Arts
have resolved to offer the Gold Jledal of the Society,
and a prize of fifty guineas, for the best Essay
on the Harvesting of Corn in Wet Seasons. The
first part of such essay— after noticing the various
systems at present adopted in damp climates for
counteracting the effects of moisture upon cut corn in
the field, and for avoiding such exposure in wet seasons
by peculiar harvesting processes — should furnish a
practical and analytic exposition of the best available
means : —
1st. Whereby cut com may be protected from rain in the

field.
2nd. Whereby standing cora may, in wet seasons, be cut

and carried, for drying by artificial process.
3rd. Whereby corn so harvested mjiy be dried by means of
ventilation, hot .air, or other methods ; with sug-
gestions for the storage both in the ear and after
threshing.
4th. Whereby com, sprouted, or otherwise injured, by wet,
may be best treated for grinding or feeding purposes.

The whole to be supplemented by a statement of prac-
tical results, and actual cost of each system described ;
and authenticated estimates of any prooes.s proposed
for adoption, based upon existing but incomplete
experiments. The above requisitions are given sug-
gestively; not to bind the writer to the order or to
limit the treatment of the subject, provided it be kept
within the scope of practical experience and utility.
The essays must be sent in to the Secretary of the
Society of Arts on or before the 1st of January, 1868.
The Council reserve the power to withhold the whole
or part of the prize, in the event of no essay being, in
the opinion of the judges, of sufficient merit.

In the West of England, particularly in parts

of Dorset and Somerset, a breed of sheep prevails
which is remarkable for the earliness of its lambs,
which begin to come as early as November ; and in
ordinary seasons for this part of England the winter is
not usually too severe for the lambs, but during the
present year many hundreds were lost by the severity
of the weather at yeaning time, and the late frosts
made it necessary to delay such operations as
tailing and cutting; and we have now to record
a deplorable disaster in consequence, connected
with the latter process. A Dorsetshire man, possessing
a fine flock of early well-fed horn lambs, had them
operated upon as late as April, when they were a good
size, and the consequence has been the loss of 50 out of
250, and these for the most part consisting of the finest
and best-fleshed individuals. Of course such a catas-
trophe has raised considerable discussion as to its
cause. In the first place it was considered to have
arisen from the admixture of sulphate of copper with
the verdigris which is employed as a stimulant
and detergent ointment to the part operated on.
There can be no doubt that sulpbate of copper,
^blue-stone — in powder, is frequently used by the
dishonest druggist to dilute the acetate of copper-^
verdigris — and" when the former is sold at dd. per lb.,
and the latter for 8s. per lb., the motive can only be
too apparent. Now, whether such a mixture would
be prejudicial in these cases we are not aware, but the
present case can scarcely be attributable to this cause ;
for there is sufficient to account for the state of things
we have adverted to in the forward and highly fed
condition of the stock, which is a bad preparation for
a severe operation. " The ointment," to use the words
of Prof BsowN, " might have added to the mischief,
but they were left too" long before they were operated
upon." EmoUient treatment, warm bathing to the
affected part, and the use of a little weak solution of
chloride of zinc, one part of the disinfecting fluid to

60 of water, were prescribed with reference to the
survivors. Our own lambs were operated upon still
later than our neighbour's, and we were anxious to
avoid our neighbour's experience. The plan was
therefore adopted of putting the lambs into a dry but
not rich pasture, giving to each (1 drachms of Epsom
salts and li drachm of sweet spirits of nitre in half a
pint of water. This perhaps, and the fact tba,t our
young stock had not been kept in too high condition,
has so far carried us safely over this important crisis
without a single loss. B.

It will be seen in the newspaper that Mr.

Caenegie's Bill for the abolition of the Law of Hypo-
thec in Scotland was lost on Wednesday last by a
large majority against a second reading. The argument
in favour of the law rests mainly on the assertion that,
as it gives to landlords special facilities for the recovery
of their rents, they are able to wait until the crops on
their tenants' farms have not only been raised, but
have actuaby been sold. If the law were repealed it is
alleged that landlords would demand their rent after
six months' occupation ; whereas now they give credit
to the tenant for 18 months. And so it is said that a
struggling but deserving tenant has a better chance
under this law than he would have without it. On the
other hand, it may be said that rents are the higher
for it, owing to the competition of needy men which is
thus encouraged. Landlords are, in fact, thus enabled to
let land to needy tenants at an unnatural rent without
risk to themselves. It is significant of the truth upon
this subject that the landlords as a body are in favour
of the law; and that the tenants demand its abolition.
We see indeed that Mr. M'Lagan, who is a landowner
as well as a farmer, and was one of the commissioners
appointed to inqune into this subject, is of opinion
that the law ought not to be abolished, declaring that,
after carefully studying the evidence taken before the
commissioners, he has become convinced that the
success of many a farmer in Scotland depends in great
measure on the Law of Hypothec, which, though it
might be beneficially amended, ought not to be entirely
repealed. Many things, he says, are just in legisla-
tion but not expedient, and this is one of them. But
it is plain that, if agricultural prosperity in Scotland
depends on the Law of Hypothec, it is built upon a
very artificial and uncertain foundation.

THE HATERING PARK SALE.
On Thursday, May 2, Mr. Strafford disposed of the herd
of D. Mcintosh, Esq., having on the previous day sold
the herd of E. L. Betts, Esq., at Preston Hall, Ayles-
ford. The priced list of the latter sale was given last
week. The following are the prices and the purchasers
of the several lots sold at Havering :—

Lot.

Name.

Age.

Purchaser.

Price.

Years.

£ .!. rf.

1

BlueBeU..

18

Mr. Burchnal ..

40 19 0

2

Coquelicot

12

Mr. P. Sartoris . .

32 11 0

3

Fawsley Garland

11

Sir George Philips

84 0 0

4

Lady Sale

10

Mr. Tunlclifle . .

44 2 0

5

Lady Bates

10

Mr. Bromet

71 8 0

C

Fawsley Garland

10

Mr. Gerard Barton

36 15 0

7

Miss 0.-cford

8

Mr. PuUey

64 1 0

8

Waterloo 24th ..

8

Mr. Z. W.alker . .

110 6 0

0

LadyVaUiintll..

8

Mr. Gaitskill . .

42 0 0

10

Archduchess of

Cambridge

8

Mr. B. J. Cl.aydcn

SO 17 0

11

IMncess AMce . .

V4

Mr. G. Barton . .

65 2 0

12

Charmer . .

C

Mr. Henry Moore

S4 0 0

13

LadyB.atesIIL..

6

Mr. W. W. Slye . .

182 15 0

14

Lad? Valiant III.

5

Mr. Whitworth . .

42 0 0

15

WeUingtonia . .

5

Mr. D. R. Davies.

126 0 0

IC

WcUingtoniall...

5

D. of Devonshire.

168 0 0

17

Lady Oxford V. . .

6

D. of Devonshii-e.

630 0 0

18

Lady Valiant IV..

4

Mr. Whitworth . .

73 10 0

19

Princess . .

4

Mr. A. Lawrie . .

42 0 0

20

Mildred ..

4

Jlr. Whitworth . .

71 8 0

21

Fawsley . .

34

Sir George Philips

52 10 0

22

Wellmgtonia III.

3

Mr. C. Marsh,aU..

58 16 0

23

Princess II.

S

Mr. J. P. Foster .

87 3 0

24

Lady Oxford . .

2i

630 0 0

25

Fawsley II.

2i

Mr. J. Christie . .

52 10 0

26

WeUingtonia IV.

Mr. P. Sartoi-is . .

115 10 0

Ch.armer 11.

2

Mr. W. W. Adcock

178 JO 0

28

Blue Bell V.

2

Mr. J. Whitworth

84 0 0

29

Fawsley III.

2

Mr. Fred Leney . .

198 10 0

30

Fawsley IV.

2

Mr. Chas. Howard

283 10 0

31

WeUingtonia V..

2

Mr. J. \Vhitworth

147 0 0

32

Lady Bates V. ..

2

Mr. Z. Walker . .

215 5 0

33

Lady Valiant V..

2

Mr. H. J. Skeldon

120 15 0

34

Charmer III. . .

H

Mr. T. Walker . .

102 18 0

35

WelhngtoniaVI..

U

Mr. J. Whitworth

131 5 0

36

Fawsley V.

Mr. J. Bulteel .

106 0 0

37

Lady Valiant VI..

Mr. J. Whitworth

59 17 0

38

Mildred II.

Mr. J. Whitworth

60 18 0

39

Lady Valiant VII.

Mr. J. Whitworth

58 10 0

40

Blue BeU VI. . .

Months.

Mr. S. Dickers . .

S" 16 0

41

Fawsley VI.

9

Mr. J. Bulteel . .

210 0 0

42

Charmer IV.

0

Mr. P. Wythes ..

43 1 0

43

Welliugtonia VII.

i

Lord Pcnrhyn . .

126 0 0

44

Fawsley VII. . .

5

Mr. C. How.ard .

71 18 0

45

Princess III.

S

Mr. J. P. Foster. .

74 11 0

46

Miss Wharfdale . .

1 week.

Mr. B.Waimnan..

38 17 0

Baron Oxford . .
Gi-and Duke of

Essex II.
F.awsley Baronet.
Fawsley Hero . .
General Napier . .
Wellington IV. . .
Grand Duke of

Essex III.
Royal Prince IV..
Grand Duke of

Essex IV.
Baron Oxford II,

Bull Stock.
Years.

3

2

It
ij
1

1
1

1
1

Colonel Towneiey

Mr. R. Betts . .
Earl of Radnor . .
Mr. J. Leadbcater
Mr. E. H. Cheney
Mr. R. Tetley

Mr. P. Munn
Mr. W. F. Harvey

Mr. D. R. Davies,
E. HoUand, M.P,

£
625

105
42
84

178 10
525 0

Forty-five cows and calves made 4818/. 9s., or
1071. Is. 6d. apiece, and 12 bulls and calves brought

May U, 18G7.]

THE GARDENERS' CnKONlOLE ANT) AGRTCTJT.TTIRAT, GAZETTE.

497

1829? 2s., or 152?. Ss. 6rf. each. In all 57 fetched together
60-17/. n.t., or UC>I. 12s. Gel. each. The 120 animals
disposed of at both sales by Mr. Strafford amounted to
18,01//. »s., or 150/. 8.'-. each.

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

(PnOM OUR CORRFsrONDENT.)

Admiraulk as is the system of arrangement
adoiitcd, SO far as the different ring.s of this vast
struoturo is concerned, it is greatly to be regretted
that iigricidtnro is not benoliled by it. The Com-
missioners have allowed the different nations to
exhibit tlioir objoets in this department in various
places ; the result is, that those directly interested in it
find them scattered all over the jilace ; and even
those in the Park are in different parts of it. If more
than one annexe was required, the whole should have
been togetlier; anil this would rather have a,ssisted
the classilicalion under the different nations who
have exhibited. As it is the visitor is perplexed.
Nor is the collection of ohjects at liillancourt a less
disturbing clement. It is in some degree a consequence
of this that the labours of the jurymen are not likely
to result in much sutisfaction either to themselves or to
the exhibitors. Already whispers have been heard
which may give place to more audible complaints thnt
tiieir awards will not always be pleasing to either the
makers or them.-elves.

On such comparison as is possible under the
difficult circumstances referred to it appears that in
ma(diincry adaiited to steam cultivation, we are the
strongest in the Exhibition. We are likely for
some years to command the ^ trade ; although,
at present, appearances seem to indicate that this
trade will not be very extensive. The truth is,
]?rench agriculturists are not yet convinced of the
utility of steam cultivation ; or if convinced of this,
do not yet see its adaptability to the somewhat pecu-
liar circumstances of French agriculture. All the
more necessary then does it seem that they should have
as abundant opportunities as can be given them to see
what steam cuUivation can do. In this view of the
matter, it is greatly to be regretted that the Commis-
sioners have not yet seen their way to establish steam
plough trials. The experience of the leading makers
abroad has not been such as to induce them again to
go to the expense of getting up trials.

In the Annexe, part of which contains the British
agricultural machines, Messrs. Howard, of Bedford,
exhibit a very accurate model of their steam culti-
vating apparatus, and in another place one of their
traction engines. Very considerable improvements
have been effected in this engine, since the period of
its introduction in 1SG4, when it attracted such atten-
tion that a large number of orders was the result. To
the general observer the main feature of this engine is
the position of the boiler, with relation to the frame-
work which carries the machinery. The boiler is not
in a line with the framing, as in all other engines intro-
duced hitherto, but at right angles to it, the result of
this arrangement being that when the engine stands
upon sloping or iiii-Iincil ground, the boiler does not
partake of the incliuatiou of the slope in the direc-
tion of its length, but only for that small portion
included in its transverse or cross diameter, so that
the water-level is not altered, and no part of the
internal surface left exposed to the heated air and
flame. Another advantage which this arrangement
gives, is the very large " foot-plate," or that] part in
which the attendant stands ; this is a very great improve-
ment, as the working of the engine is very greatly
facilitated. A third advantage is the large tank
with which the engine can be furni-shed, and which is
jjlaced under the foot-plate. The engine cyhnders, two
m number, of 8 inches diameter and 12-iuch stroke, are
placed upon the top of the boiler, and are supplied with
valve-gearing similar to that employed in locomotives,
so that the engines can be reversed at pleasure. The
fly-wheel shaft, by appropriate gearing, drives the
winding drums, which are employed when the traction
engine is used for steam cultivating apparatus; and
drives also the main wheels which carry the
whole apparatus, and which can be put in and out by
appropriate and very ingeniously contrived and con-
structed gearing. In the first examples of this engine
the steenng wheel was worked from the foot-plate ;
it is now worked from a place in front of the
engine, which enables the steersman better to
see obstructions, &c., and to control the progress
of the engine. Not that it seems especially
necessary to care for any obstructions of the
usual kind ordinarily met with ; for it appears that one
of the tests to which the Messrs, Howard put all their
engines before sending them out, is to drive them
over obstructions placed in the path of the engine, and
which are as large as 8 and 10 inches square, and while
the engine is at full speed, the obstructions being
placed not on a yielding but a hard surface, and, further,
some of them in such a way that only the driving-
wheel passes over them, than which no more crucial
test could scarcely be devised. In addition to this
capability of overcoming such huge obstructions, and
of doing so without injury to the workmg parts or
framing, the engine is so eaaily guided by the steering-
wheel that it can be made to turn in a space but a
little larger than its own length.

And here we may describe the steam-engine
boiler of the same firm, which is at work
in the boiler-house, in which steam is raised
for the supply of the machinery of the British
Departnient. It is a strictly tubular boiler, but not
tubular in the ordinary or popular seuse, in which the
main part consi.sts of a shell containing water through
which pass a series of tubes, these being surrounded
with water, and through the interior of which pass
the heated flames and air from the furnace. The
arrangement is the converse of this, the boiler being

made up of a series of tubes which are fdled, or nearly
so, with water, and round the exterior of which pass
the healed air and flames of the furnace. This prin-
ciple of lilliug tubes with water and heating' them on
the exterior is due, we believe, to Ercnch cuguicers, and
has been partially adopted by more than one in this
country; but to Mr. James Howard h:is bi'cn
left the work of bringing out a boiler ia which
this principle is' carried out to its fullest extent.

The tubes are of small diameter, 7 inches, and are of
wrought iron. They arc jointed, so as to stand ver-
tj(5illy, in a peculiarly ingenious way, to horizontal
oast-iron tobi's, uliirdi run along the furnace in a
direction IVcmi front to back. The vertical tubes are
closed or wclilcd atlheir ujijier ends, and are so arranged
on thohorizoutal jiipes that they do not stand behind one
another, but in zig-zag fashion ; so that the heated air,
&c., from the furnaces is compelled to assume a similar
course and thus act upon as large a tube surface a.s
possible. There is of course free communication with
the interior of the vertical and horizontal tubes. In
the interior of each vertical tube there is placed a
galvanised iron tube of smaller diameter, so that a
concentric space is formed all round it, to admit the
water to the inside of this galvauised tube spaces are
cut out on each side at the lower ends where it rests
upon the bottom of the horizontal east-iron tube to
which the vertical wrought-iron tube is fixed. The
upper end of the galvauised iron tube terminates at a
distance within IS inches or so of the iron vertical tube,
or just below the water line ; aud to maintain the cir-
culation of the water within the galvanised iron tube,
.slots are cut on each side of it, extending some dis-
tance below the water line, so that should the water
pass below its proper level, the circulation will still be
maintained. This is found to act very efliciently. The
horizontal wrought-iron tubes are so placed in the
furnace that the heated air, &c., from it passes along the
under sides, the upper sides being filled in with cast-
iron plates ; this arrangement protects the upper side
of the horizontal tubes from the intense, heat, and still
further.to secure this.screens are placedat intervals. The
steam is taken from the vertical tubes by a series of
; short pipes which communicate with larger pipes,
I which again communicate with a large steam pipe pro-
! vided in the usual way with safety and other appliauees.
j The whole arrangement is particularly novel and
I eSective ; scale rarely forms in the tubes, while from
I their small diameter and the excellent form of the
I joints used, there is practically no limit to the pressure
I which they can safely sustain. Another advantage of the
arrangement is that the upper part of the vertical
tubes virtually act as superheaters, so that positively
dry steam is obtained, an immense advantage, as every
one who employs a steam engine knows.

THE LABOURER AND THE COTTAGE.

[Tlio following is the paper on this subject lately read by Mr.
W. IJrown, of Beach Lodge, Tring, before the Central Bucks
Agi-icultural Association, at Aylesbury.]

Me, Cox, in a paper recently read by him before a
societ.v in Gloucestershire, referring to the ph.vsical
condition of the agricultural labourer and to certaiu
advantages which might be conferred, said — " There is
one thing in which the farmer is particularly inte-
rested, namely, the actual material ixsed in building up
that most noble of all the works of creation, an up-
right, honest man." So far as my experience extends,
the labouring classes are not good managers in this
respect ; they do not economise as they ought to do,
nor do they understand the properties of the various
kinds of food which contain most nourishment. For
instance, they buy white bread from the baker's, which
before hungry children melts away fast, instead of
having a bushel of flour with the bran, at a less
expense, and, if possible, baking at home. Again,
Potatos, which have much degenera,ted within the
last few years, form a considerable portion of the food
of the labourer, but although desirable with other food,
they do but little towards forming the bone and
muscle. Animal food is at the present time too dear
for the labourer to have to any extent ; but there are
portions of the carcase less costly and equally nutri-
tious, which a good housewife may, if she knows her
duty, prepare for the good man at the end of his day's
work. Rice is also cheap. Oatmeal and Peas are very
nutritious, but very little used by the labouring
classes. Milk in the dairy districts is a great advan-
tage to a man, and I am happy to find that in some
parts of the country a liberal allowance is made to
those having the charge of the cattle. In certain dis-
tricts and oh large occupations the foreman is allowed
the use of a cow. Dr. Lankester says, " The question
of food lies at the foundation of all other questions.
There is no mind, no work, no health, no life, without
food ; and just as we are fed defectively or improperly,
so are our iframes developed in a way unfitted to secure
that greatest of all earthly blessings— a sound mind in
a sound body." Before quitting this subject allow me
to call the attention of the managers of this Society to
the benefits which they could confer upon the
labouring classes by devoting a small portion of their
funds to the publication and distribution of advice and
information through the members of the Society to
the labourers they employ, in the hope and behef that
it would have fruit, and take the place of the trash to
be found in many dwellings of the poor.

Labourers' Cottages.

"Jin connection with the food of the people, the
labourer's cottage and garden seem naturally to follow,
and on these I can speak with more confidence than
upon other matters ; but first I would observe that this
point has not been treated as it deserves. Does not
every good (farmer at the present day demand more
and better shelter for his cattle, and conveniences for
preparing their food, aud does he not insist that they

are absolutely nerwssary to the jiropor cultivation of
the soil ? If this be so, is it not right jthat the man
who is to till the soil and look after these cattle should
be treated eipially well V In fact, are not the dwellings
of IIk: l;ibiiin'(!rs part and piirccl of the manufactory of
tlic fariii, and .should not the investments for earth be
I lie same ? tr this is SI), whose duty is it to provide
lli(!si. rnttagrs, and how can they pay? My opinion
is thai this must bo met by the co-operation or mutual
s,icrili('(w)r the three parties, the landlord, the farmer,
and his labourer ; first, the Land necessary for the
cottager and garden, say not less than a quarter of an
acre, should lie given up by the farmer, who should
also )jay the rates; second, the landlord should build
the cottages in pairs, or in threes, at the entrance or
some convcuicnt part of the farm. These should have
good d rainage, water supply, and ready means for cooking
and wasliiiig, and last, but not least, a convenient, well-
arranged closet, not only for the purposes of the family,
but for preserving, by the liberal use of fresh earth,
every particle of solid excrement and refuse in order to
enrich the garden at the proper time, instead, as at
present, of becoming a nuisance and unhealthy to the
occupants. These cottages cannot be erected in this
neighbourhood at a cost of less than 250/. the pair,
which, at 4 per cent., treated as farm buildings, would
make the rent 5/. per annum, or say 2s. per week ; and
this the labourer, with such conveniences, and a garden
at the rear of his house, can well afford to pay— indeed,
better than half the sum for a miserable cottage with a
scanty garden. I approve of the allotment system near
towns and villages; but half the qu.antity of land at
the rear of the cottage is of as much value as double
the quantity at a distance. The .spare minutes of him-
self, liis wife, and family can be better devoted to the
cultivation under such circumstances. The advantage
of having three cottages together is that the centre one
may be built with two bedrooms only for aged persons
aud newly married couples, and the end cottages with
three bedrooms each, which are essential for a growing
family to divide the sexes.

Wages,
I now come to the important question of wages.
I have received many communications from gentle-
men with whom I am acquainted in various districts,
giving me an account of the wages paid in their
different localities, which I will endeavour to lay
before you, for the purpose of comparison, in as concise
a form as possible, beginning with the south of England,
The Rev, Canon Girdlestone has published letters in
the Times, stating that in his parish of Halberton,
Devonshire, the rate of wages has been only 7s. or 8s.
per week, and even this not always paid in cash. Out
of this miserable pittance, with but few exceptions, the
labourer has to pay house rent, and the remainder was
supposed to furnish him with fuel, food, and clothing.
Now, does any man in this room believe this ? The
Times, in one of its leaders, echoes this statement, and
says. How could independence, or self-respect, or even
industry, be expected from the father of a young family,
each of whom perhaps has less than a shilling's wortli
of food in the course of the week ? The labourer on
such wages is a mere animal." You will observe that
nothing is said about perquisites or the earnings of the
wife and family. Further on we are informed that
Mr. Girdlestone set t(j work to get 50 of his parishioners
to the better paid districts in the Eastern and Northern
counties. Of these, IG were married men with families,
and the remainder single men. The married men are
in no case earning less than 12s. a week. Our energetic
friend, Mr. Smith, of Woolston, has written to the
Times and congratulated the men of Halberton on
getting better wages elsewhere, and so relieving the
parish of much surplus labour. The Times winds up
this great case by observing, " In one way or another a
labourer and his family must receive enough to live on.
But even if the farmer pays actually more he will still
be better off, for he will get a better return for his money.
A half-starved man lias neither the will nor the power
to work; and there can be no doubt that the proverbial
sleepiness and sloth of agricultural work are, in a great
degree, due to sheer lack of vit al force." I have no
connection with Devon.shire, the refore I cannot give
you any information ; but in m y native county of
Dorset wages are supposed to be equally low ; and^ I
have lately .seen it announced that a general rise in
wages will be demanded this year in that county. I
have requested a worthy and excellent Dorsetshire
friend to furnish me with his statement, from which
you win see how necessary it is to ascertain surrounding
circumstances before prejudging the systems adopted
in other counties. lie says, " All my labourers have
houses and gardens, and extra laud cultivated all free,
■and the crop hauled home for them. Also fuel. The
wages, paid every Monday evening, are — shepherds lis.
per week and a penny for every lamb bred ; half a hogs-
head of liquor (cyder) for the lambing season, 1/. and a
hogshead of liquor for his assistance during the hay and
corn season. Carters 10s. per week, aud 1/. aud a hogs-
head of liquor for the summer. Other men (many of
whom have piecework a great portion of their time)
8s. per'week, women -Is., boys from 2s. to Gs." He then
gives the prices of various piece work, hay work,
cutting corn, &c., and adds, " All my labourers have
their liquor sent to their houses at the commencement
of the summer, so that they can use it as they like. I
h.ive done this for 20 years, and have never seen more
than one or two cases of any abuse of the system ; I
don't think, generally speaking, they are as good as
they used to be, or do as much labour ; and whether
education has anything to do with it I know not, but
this I do know, their great desire is to try aud raise
the price of piece work, not to earn more money, but
to do less of it for the same sum. How people manage
that have no cottages on their farms I am at a loss to
know. Men are by no means as plentiful as formerly, and
numbers from this and other counties are gone to the

49S

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL G.IZETTE.

[Mat 11, 1867.

coal mines, but some have returned again, not liking
the worlc, however good the ]jay." My next commu-
nication is from a gentleman in Wiltsliire, well known
to many in this room. His farm contains Grass and
down laud 1-13 acres, arahle 375. AVages 10s. per week,
stock men Is. extra, with cottages rent free, Potato
ground, and other perquisites. The summer work is
done by the piece, the women engaging largely in it.
Pemale labour helps to lessen expenses. Total amount
paid for labour on an average, ooOl. per annum. This
gentleman states that in his neighbourhood Sainfoin is
grown to some extent, which is kept down some years,
as well as a good proportion of artificial Grasses. This
also reduces the labour ; but still they are short of
hands, and all would employ more if they had it. Our
friend seems to have settled in a place with great privi-
leges attached— amongst others the right to fish three
leagues into the sea all round the kingdom, also the
right to use any fair or market in the kingdom, toll
free. The former is seldom exercised; the latter may
probably be some day at Aylesbuiy, but I hope it will
not depreciate the shares of the Market Company to
any serious extent. The next is from one of the most
careful and practical men in Berkshire. His farm is
S47 acres, nearly all arable. AVages paid from Michael-
mas to Lady Day — carters and shepherds, 13s. ; cow-
man and general labourers, 12s. The cowman has in
addition a cottage rent free, firing, vegetables, and i
table beer, equal to 18s. per week all the year round.
Taking an average of several years, his labour, inclu-
ding hay time and harvest, will amount to 35s. per I
acre. I now come nearer home, and will refer to the
case which has figured so much of late in the prints —
that of Gawcott, in this county, where what is called a
strike has taken place. A letter has recently appeared
from Mr. Barge, who lives in the adjoining hamlet of
Hillesden, which, like the Devonshire case, puts a very
different face upon the matter. I shall not trouble you
by reading it, as most of you have probably done so
previously, but will give you the information I have
obtained from an independent but reliable source, quite
confirming Mr. Barge's statement. " Wages of carters,
shepherds, and cowmen, generally 12s. per week ; in
some cases, where there is great responsibility, 13s. and
14* ; these of course have Sunday duty. The ordinary
men lis. per week, and if at piece work they are
enabled, in fine weather, to ensure 2.s. 3d. to 2s. Grf. per
day. Boys go to work at nine or ten years old ; the
girls to service or lacework. On an average a man
with five children would have two fit for work, who
would earn 5s. to 7s. per week, thus making an aggre-
gate income of from ifis. to 20s. per week. In the dairy
farms milk is boiled in the morning for the men, and
on Saturday evenings they generally have some given
them to take home for Sunday. The rents of cottages
vary ; several have a cottage and a good piece of garden
ground at 50s. per annum ; whereas, others have to pay
60s. without a garden." Subscriptions have been col-
lected to relieve these men on strike, and in the Buds
fiera^rf of Saturday last I observe it stated that " the
secretary is endeavouring not only to procure more
remunerative employment for the men of Bucks in
other parts of the country, but also to assist others out ,
of the funds at the disposal of the strike committee to
emigrate to Canada and other colonies." We can have j
no objection to men trying to better themselves by
removing from places where there is surplus labour, to j
districts where labour is more in request, at better
wages, but I doubt if strikes are necessary for this
purpose, or if the advice and assistance to em'igrate are
either promoting the happiness of the labourer, or
benefiting his native country. In the more southern
part of this county, amidst hills and stones, the labour
per acre is much beyond that of the districts I have
quoted. One gentleman, who holds a farm of 320
acres arable and 33 of Grass on the border of the
county, states that his regular number of men and
boys employed j'early (exclusive of haymaking.
Turnip hoeing, and harvest) are three men at 13s. each ;
eight at 12s, each ; and six boys at 4s. Gd. each ; the j
hoeing, mowing, and harvesting being nearly all piece I
work. The earnings of the men would not be less than 1
40/. per annum. The women and children are princi-
pally occupied in straw plaiting, and will earn on an
average from 8s. to 10s. per week. Cottage rents are
about 3?. per annum. He adds, " The moral and social
habits of the men generally are far from what I could
wish, owing, in a great measure, to the number of beer-
shops and public-houses, which I consider the curse of
the neighbourhood, tempting not only the men, but, I
am sorry to say, the boys also." The labour of this
farm averages about 35s. per acre (exclusive of beer).
In my own immediate neighbourhood the labourers
with their families are probably earning as much as in
any part of the county, instances having been furnished
to me of the children earning more than the father by
making straw plait; indeed many girls pay their
parents from 3s. to 5s. per week for their board, and
have something left, which, unfortunately, they spend
hberally m dress, instead of looking to the future. I
have solicited information from a few of the best
farmers in my own parish, and find that the average
wages now paid are, for shepherds, cowmen, and
carters, 12s. to 14s., and ordinary labourers 9s. to 12s.
per week. One farmer pays over 40/. per annum for
steam threshing. I also find that their labour,
including hay time and harvest, averages from 34s. to
40s. per acre, hut there are many other cases where
this average is exceeded. I cannot tire your patience
by quoting the wages from many other counties, but
two cases claim special attention, the first being from
the vicinity of Doncaster— size of farm. Grass, 30 acres ;
arable, 300 acres ; wages of ploughmen, from 10/. to 15/.
per annum, boarding with the foreman at a cost of
about 24/. each ; shepherds, 16s. per week, two bushels
of malt, and houses rent free : other labourers, 15s. per
week; total paid, including foreman, harvest wages,
corn threshing, and hay getting, 500/. per annum.

This gentleman, who formerly resided in Lincolnshire,
adds that he finds a great difference between the two
counties, the manual labour here being rather over 30s.
per acre, and even this is smaller than some others
in the same district. The last is from a thoroughly
practical farmer in the county above alluded to (fiiu-
colnshire). He wa,s formerly a tenant, but I am happy
to say is now the owner of his farm, containing about
800 acres, which I wish was the case with many I am
now addressing. I cannot omit one fact — there is
neither a public-house nor beer-shop in this parish of
3000 acres. My friend's letter is so business like that I
prefer giving it to you in his own words. " The general
wages since last liarvest have been 15s. per week for
labourers, the men paying their own rents, varying
from 3/. to 4/. per annum, according to the accommo-
dation. We find it more and more desirable to
provide as much good cottage and garden accommo-
dation for our labourers as possible, with not less
than two and some three bed-rooms, and to pay them
as liberal wages as times and circumstances will afford,
in order to insure a good feeling amongst them, and to
secure a sufficient supply of the rising generation.
There is no fear of losing the old men, but it is very
clear that the young agricultural men are being very
much drawn by the higher wages they can procure in
a variety of other branches. There is not so much
work done by the piece a,s formerly, owing to most of
the laud having been drained and the old hedges
removed or plashed ; also the corn being threshed by
steam. The reaping machines are getting into more
general use, and steam cultivation partially so. We
have companies in different localities who have efficient
sets of tackle, and cultivate by the acre, charging
according to depth and strength of soil. Powler's
cultivator and tackle, worked by two traction engines,
are the most approved, and require no horse to move
them. It was the custom iu this county to board the
servants, but the farmers' wives prefer their being
boarded with the foreman, which is becoming more
general. Schools and proper masters are generally
provided for the education of the children. The hoys
begin work at 10 years old, and the girls can go out to
service at 13 or 14. AVe don't think the men do more
work than formerly, but we have not much to complain
of, and I must say their general habits have improved.
The young men now think more about dress and less
about beer." The labour now amounts to near 30s.
per acre. I will not trouble you with any more letters
or extracts, but proceed to the

Conclusions.

Why do I advocate education ? I will not say better
education, because some do get it, and I regret to add,
abuse it afterwards : but what I am contending for is a
suitable education, that a youth, when he approaches
manhood, may know how to read and write, that his
spare time may be devoted to the improvement of his
mind; and comprehend why he does certain things,
and not move about very often with less sagacity than
a shepherd's dog. A'ou cannot fail to see that better
stock, better implements, and extensive machinery are
being kept : and to whom are these to be entrusted ?
An ignorant labourer, who may ruin an animal or
spoil an implement in a very.; short space. Again,
why do I advocate good cottages and gardens upon or
near to the farms ? It is to encourage the respectable,
honest, industrious man, to prevent his having to pass
a beer-shop every time he goes to his home, or to a
crowded town or village, where " evil communications
corrupt good manners." And here let me ask what
are the great, I may say the crying evils of the present
day ? The gin palaces in towns, and the beer-shops in
the rural districts. Talk about reform of the repre-
sentation of the people — suppose we leave out a portion
of these words by way of amendment and let it read
"Eeforiii of the people." "Know thyself" was the
golden rule of the men of Greece, and this motto was
placed over one of their great temples for all men who
entered to study. It would be well if we would inves-
tigate this a little more. We daily read of deputations
from depressed trades, poor law unions, grievances of
taxation, including the malt tax ; but I do not remem-
ber a deputation going to AVhitehall to represent the
ruinous and demoralising effects of these gin palaces
and beer-shops, and asking for their suppression ;
which have caused more dishonesty, crime, and misery
than all other things put together. Then I suppose I
shall be told that this is impracticable, and the words
" vested interests " will be pointed to, but when the
beer duty was abolished, and beer-shops were esta-
blished, this was not regarded very much. Again, I
may be asked, would you deprive the labourer of the
means of getting his pint of beer ? Certainly not ; but
I would have public or licensed houses restored to
their original purpose for the accommodation of the
public, which I am sorry to say is not the case. Let
beer be sold like other commodities, over the counter,
and taken home for consumption. It is probable that
many present know cases amongst the upner and
middle classes of their getting what is called '' tight "
at their own houses ; but who has heard of a similar
occurrence at the home of the artisan or labourer ? If
I may be allowed to prophesy to those who are
strong advocates for the repeal of the malt-tax, I
should say this is the road that will lead to that
result. Numerous persons very fairly argue that
under the present system the repeal would increase
drunkenness. Why have I troubled you at length
about wages ? It is because I believe it to be a
pressing matter, and that you will have to use
greater discrimination upon this point. A good,
honest, industrious labourer, who does a fair day's
work and interests himself in his master's welfare,
must be treated differently to those who get through
the day as easily as they can, and care but little about
the result. From what I have read to you the highest
wages are not the most costly per acre; and from

my; own experience good men at good wages are
cheaper in the end. I have lately seen it stated that
in certain localities the farmers, unsolicited, have
agreed to raise the rate of wages Is. per week all
round, but I submit to you that this is a mistake, and
wrong in principle. You cannot make alterations all
at once, or reduce some men's pay to what they are
actually worth ; but you can increase the wages of
the deserving, whether he be a married or a single
man. I strongly advocate paying men by piece work,
wherever practicable. I believe the farmer gets more
for his money, and the industrious the advantage to
which he is entitled over the indolent. Steam has
equalised the price for corn and cattle throughout the
kingdom, and I believe it will do the same for labour.
Steam has done wonders in manufactures, although
doubts and difficulties occurred at first, and I believe
every succeeding year will witness its further appli-
ances in agriculture. AVhen I see the ponderous
engine and tender traversing the road up and down
the steep hills of Ashtou Clinton, I arrive at the con-
clusion that before many years they will become as
common and for many purposes take the place of a
waggon and horses. Sueks Serald.

PRESENT
CONDITION!OP IRISH AGRICULTTJRE.

[The followlupr is tlie speecli of His Excellency the Lord
Lieutenant ;it the recent meeting of the Royal Dublin
Society.]

Pekh.ips the pleasure I now feel in being present
here for the first time is enhanced by being able to
I take the bright side of the picture, and being able to
i congratulate you upon the complete success of your
Show and Exhibition this day. I believe the entries
were only IS short of last year, while in Short-
horned bulls the entries were 37 over those of last year.
I AA^e have the testimony of Mr. Maunsell that the
money received at the door \yas in excess of any former
occasion. AA'e have had a winter of unusual severity ;
' we have had nipping winds preventing the verdure of
your fields and almost the vegetation. We have had,
I still more, a disturbed state of the country, which for
i some months paralysed the hands of the farmer, and
has thrown uncertainty, doubt, and distrust upon all
employments and avocations of peaceful and industrial
lil'e. While looking to these facts, the successful
result of your meeting to day is a subject of the highest
satisfaction. It shows that the prosperity and strength
of agriculture here ai-e not built upon a flimsy or
unsubstantial foundation, or liable to be much affected
by extraneous or fortuitous events, but that the
fostering care of societies like this, and the increase
of skill and intelligence among all classes of
farmers have produced their fruits in the cer-
tainty of remunerative returns, and the increased
improvement in agricultural skill and labour. Mr.
i Maunsell has with much ability described the show-
I yard to-day. I need go no further than to say that, as
usual, Shorthorns were in preponderance. AVith
I regard to sheep, the entries have not been so numerous,
i but I believe they have been exceedingly good, many
of the animals being of very high quality. In swine
the entries were more numerous. If we look further
into the matter, we shall find that the evidence of the
past year fully bears out the promises of the showyard
to-day — the increasing improvement in the prominent
feature which eminently and specially characterises
j your Society as far as agriculture is concerned—
namely, the improvement and increase of stock
throughout the country. AA^e find that in the three
years since 1S63 there has been an increase of 600,000
cattle, and the value of these cattle must not be esti-
mated by its numerical increase, considering the value
of cattle at the present time. The increase in sheep
approaches 1,000,000, which must also ;be estimated
upon an increased value as compared with former
years. This is, so far, satisfactory. There is one point
to which I look with some anxiety, which is well
worthy the consideration of those who are able to take a
more comprehensive view of subjects of this nature. T
mean that, while cattle have increased in the last three
years 600,000, and sheep to the extent of a million, the
quantity of land under rotation of crops has decreased
by 450,000 acres, and the decrease of green crops alone
is upwards of 150,000 acres, while there has been very
little increase in hay and meadow lands. Therefore,
there is some doubt whether so large an increase of
cattle and sheep, without corresponding crops, maybe
an unmixed benefit. I venture to throw out these
observations for those members of your society who
have more knowledge than I have upon this subject.
There is another subject that has not been mentioned
here to-night, but it is one to which the Society has
devoted much care and attention — I mean the culture
of Flax. As one connected with a part of the country
where it is very extensively grown, and as I believe I
have as large a number of Flax-growing tenants as any
one, I would take the liberty of making a few observa-
tions on it. I believe there can be no doubt that Flax,
as it is cultivated in Ulster, is a most profitable crop
for the small farmer, and by the small farmer I mean
the man holding from 10 to 15 to 30 or 40 acres of land.
But while I assert that I do not mean to convey that
it is not also a crop profitable to the large farmer.
There are special reasons why Flax should be a
crop more profitable to the small than to the
large farmer, and among others may be mentioned
the fact that the small fanner is able to use the unpaid
labour of his family in the preparation of the crop for
culture, and in all the processes of steeping and drying
in which the small farmer displays his skill and
industry. The large farmer, however, is not so circum-
stanced, for he has to use paid labour— the ordinary
hired labour — without the existence of that esprit de
corps which is to be found among the members of the
same family who work and labour together for a

I

Mat 11,

7.]

THE GARDENERS' CITRONrOLE ANT) AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

499

commuu (ilyeat. It is, tlierelbre, pretty clear tliat
though Flax may bo a profitable crop to the largo
farmer, it is to the small farmer essentially adviin-
ta^'oous, and it is araon;^ tho small farmers you should
wish tosfio it oxtendo'l. I now come to tho riuestion
whether it is possible to introduce tlio culture of I'lax
into tho three other provinces, just as it has been
cultivated iu Ulster, and I confess L have somo doulils
as to whether it is practicablo to introduce it to the
same degree as in Ulster. If you look to the physical
features of Ulster you will lind that it is, as a rule, a
hilly country, and very much intersected by small
natural streaml els, and therefore it is that it is so well
adapted for tho cultivation and preparation of I'lax.
Iu fact. Flax requires as much water in its preparation
as, judging by certain cases in tho Lord Mayor's Court,

Uoo|)or is reported to liavo stated at Ballineen that for
six months of tho year he feeds his farm horses on
bruised Oats and chopped Furze. I am desirous
pf further information on this subject, and Mr. Hooper
will obliKo mo, audi doubt not many morcofyourreaders,
if he will state in your columns his plan of srowins
and nsins Furze. If Air. Jlooper has any experience
of this food for cows in milk, store beasts, and slicci),
I hope ho will kIvo your renders the benelit of it.
Hillside. [Sow 1!0 to 2r) lb. of seed per acre now in
rows 18 inclies apart, and keep tho land clean. You
can cut down every other row, beginning November,
18iW, and thereafter every other row annually during
winter. Give 10 lb. of tho chopped and bruised i>lant
daily to horse or cow. These aro the main points.
Hut if Mr. Ilouijor will give us his experience wo shall

mifk does. It is in consequence of this abundance i bo much obliged _

of water in Ulster that tho small farmer can __'flie Watev Supply of London from

have his own steeping-place or Flax-dain, and it is '

because of tho want of this abundance that you

will find it ditlicult to get tho small fanners of tho

the Upper
Thames. — Under tlio above heading a communication
signed "F. G. S., Cirencester," appeared in your Paper
of the 27th of April. Without entering into tho state-

other provinces to plant and cultivate Flax to the ' ments as to tho quantities of water from a jjiven water
same extent !vs is done in Ulster. And concomitant ' shed, &o., there aro certain positions which, should
with this is the existence of scutching-mills, which aro i they find a practical application, would rather hinder
so essential to the preparation of Flax for market, and \ than promote tho object in view. First, he states, that
which exist in several parts of Ulster. The pith and i under proper management, 30 million gallons per day
marrow of the growing of Flax, therefore, depend on i may be spared from tho Thames with little ell'ect on the
these conditions, iu the absence of which I fear it will rivers. Now, it has been ascertained that in a dry season

be diUicult to get the crop grown to any considerable
degree. My lords and gentlemen, I venture to throw
out these observations as one deeply interested in tho
prosperity of tho country, because they explain, a,nd
oven suggest, jn'obablo reasons for the comparative
failure whi(di has taken place in the endeavour to
increase tho growth of Flax in these provinces. There
is another subject in which I take a very deep interest.

the whole How of the rivers above the CherweU has been
reduced to about 00,000,000 gallons perday; and, with the
best management, it is believed that the whole flow is
barely sutlioient to maintain the navigation ; to main-
tain the head of water for this purpose, tho rapidity of
the water, so necessary to its purity, would bo retarded
by any abstraction. As for an increase by any dealing
with the waters of the Churn or Coin, and as for those

and ill which' this Society has displayed considerable { waters being sullicient for half a million of inhabitant;
concern. While we .spare nothing that skill and science | of London, it has been proved that the whole y ield of
and money can avail in the improvement of oar herds, I the Churn above tho point where its waters are
and in the better cultivation of our fields, we must not j absorbed is about 2,000,000 gallons per day : where the
forget those to whom the care of the cattle and the rest is to come from it were hard to guess. As for all
cultivation of the holds are intrusted— I mean the i this w.ater, or even a groat part, being eventually lost to
agricultural labourers of the country. I confess that, as [ the Thames, that is a physical impossibility ; so surely
a large proprietor in Ireland, I have long felt that tho ' as these waters were conveyed by other means to
improvement of thu home of the agricultural labourer ' London, so surely ivould some of the springs at the
is one that must take a prominent part in the require- i edge of the Oxford clay be diminished in volume,
ments of the present day. No doubt the improvement : Much may be done by storage, no doubt, though tho
of the farmer's home would be advantageous, but the ! localities mentioned do not seem best fitted for the

purpose. Into the calculation of the expense it is not
necessary to enter. The object of this communication
is to protest against any abstraction of water from the
Thames, as proposed by '' F. G. S." J. C. Clulterbiick,

farmers are able, to a certain degree, to take care of them

selves ; and between them tho labourer, the ad.seripfiis

glebie, is apt to fall through. I believe the condition of

the labourer, as regards wages and diet, has been very

much improved during tho last 20 years, but I do not ^ Loiiy Witlenham, May 4.

think it has kept pace with tho times, and I very i - ^—

much fear that the old cabins of their forefathers) rt . — i ,

shelter many labourers of the present day. | Foreign Correspondence.

"While we regret the emigration that is taking so much I Al.oios Farm, Buenos Ayres : Februari/, 1S67-
of the bono and sinew of the land to other countries, i The Horse of the Pampas.— The horse of the Pampas
it will be a questiou well worth the consideratiou of the ; is an animal not unworthy of remark. Descended from
Society, by what means and how far a better and more - the Spanish barb— probably with a cross of other
improved home w(,uld render the peasant comfortable ] Spanish horses of undetermined pedigrees, introduced
and contented, and reconciled to remain on his native 1 by the colonists, it has multiplied on the prairies of the
soil. No one knows better than I do the difliculty Rio de la Plata in an extraordinary degree, and in a
attending such a subject, but it is by the Royal Uublin more or less wild state. Immense troops of wild mares
Society and by societies like it that it must be over- and their progeny everywhere exist, though of late
come, and it is a question that, in my opinion, would years considerably reduced in number by their whole-
amply repay any care bestowed on it in the increased ' sale slaughter for the hides and for their yield of
comfort and content, and the improved condition of a ' grease. In tho killing season several thousands are
large portion of the population. We cannot but hope daily slaughtered ; for this purpose they are worth
1 believe that the softening influence of a bountiful about i'ls. each. On the Estancias numerous separate

" manadas " are formed by accident or intention, com-
posed of mares and their progeny of all ages, kept
together by the stallions, which jealously guard thetn.
As in the case of the cattle, once a year they are
corraled, with the object of marking (branding) the
young stock and cutting the young horses. Also the
mares are sometimes lassoed and thrown, and the

and plentiful harvest may be in store for the country
wo deeply regret that some who have sown the whirl-
wind may reap the bitter and inevitable storm ; but I
believe we may have the confidence and assurance that
you as members of the Society, and others, like myself,
your fellow-labourers, will live to see the rewards of
your labour in the increased prosperity and improved
state of the country and in the contented condition of I manes and tails are cut for the hair, which constitutes

the people.

Home Correspondence.

Barleij. — The curious reasoning of " 0. F.
calculated to promote the cause of the abolition of the
Malt Tax. He correctly quotes the price of Barley as
having varied from 245. to 58s. per quarter, but does
not see that the latter excessive high price was solely

a not inconsiderable article of export. The mode of
throwing them is this— one lasso man (mounted or on
foot, as the animals gallop round the corral (staked
, enclosure), driven by the whirling of the lasso) throws
is hardly j tho noose over the head of one in the group, and allow-
ing it to settle on the neck, he holding, if on foot, the
lasso with his hands about a yard apart, brings the
right hand back on his right hip, and places the left ou
the outer side of the left thigh, stretching forward the

occajioned by the fact of there being a heavy duty, i right leg and bending the left knee, plants his feet firm
which obliged tho maltster to give an unduly high price j set on the ground ; a powerful strain is nut on the lasso
for the best Barley, rather than to run any risk by by the galloping animal, frequently drawing the man

paying the duty upon inferior stuff He altogether
Ignores one argument for the abolition of the Malt
lax, viz., that it is an artificial protection of the heavy
English Barley against the thin foreign corn, and
doubtless the total abolition of the tax would greatly
lower the price of beer to the consumer by enabling
the brewer to use the weak but sound and cheap malt
made on the Continent, which cannot now be imported
to advantage, as it is charged with the same duty as
the stronger English-made malt. It is notorious that
the price of Barley has been for years excessively high
in proportion to other corn, and that the production of
Barley instead of Wheat has been unduly stimulated
since the abolition of the Corn Laws. A tax upon
beer instead of malt would be so expensive and
inquisitive (requiring the collection from a hundred
brewers for every one maltster) that it can never be
substituted with advantage, and what is really required
(not in the interest of the farmer, but of the consumer)
is a decided reduction, with a view to the future total
abolition of the malt duty, and not a mere shifting of
the tax from one stage of the production to another.
The statement of " O. F." that the Malt Tax raises the
price of English beer abroad is mistaken, as the duty is
remitted on all exported, and English beer is delivered
to most Continental ports at a lower price than it is
sold in England. C. E. F.

Gorae.— In your Journal (No. ll,ilS67, p. 277), Mr.

sliding over the surface (when on other occasions a
horseman throws the lasso it is fastened to the ricado
in the usual way). A second lasso man awaits the
cutting ofl' of the mare or colt from the group, and as
she gallops in a circle under the strain of tlie neck lasso
casts tho noose on the ground in front of the animal in
such a manner that the outer portion of the loop
rebounds, and as the animal plants its fore feet into it,
gives it a pull upwards, and closes it into the two fore-
legs, an operation called " prelando," and so trips it up
and brings it heavily to the ground, while another
gaucho. catching at the fallen animal by the mane,
plants his knee on the head. The man who has the
animal by the forelegs now moves rapidly, keeping
the lasso taut and catching it round tho pasterns
of the hind leg or legs draws them up to the
fore legs and makes fast ; whatever operation has
to be performed is then eU'ected. If it is a colt or
horse tliat has to be broken in, a halter is put on, and
the animal tied up to a stake of the " palenqui " — a
row of stakes for the purpose — that he may pull away,
as the f;aucho says, " to soften his neck ;" his legs are
then tied, and the saddle (ricado) put on, also the
bridle, which consists of a strip of liido tied round the
under jaw behind the nippers, and the reins buckled
to it ; the domador, or horsebreaker, then mounts, and
when seated firmly in the; saddle the thongs are
s ipped fromjthc horse's legs, when he either sulks'^for

a while, or immediately bounds forward, plunging and
bucking violently, but only in rare instances succeeding
in unhorsing the rider; ho finally breaks into a gallop,
and another horseman places himself alongside of him
in close contact on tho side he inclines to, and by
main I'orce— tho weight of his own horse— keeps tho
unbroken one heading tho way ho is required to go.
In about half an hour tho colt or horso (they are
often from seven to ten'years old before they aro caught
for breaking) is brought back pretty well tired and
coiKiuered. This being repeated for a fewdays the animal
is more or less serviceable. Tho "bitting" and
" breaking to paces " is an after part of his education.
Numbers aro lamed in the shoulder, or sometimes
their necks or legs broken by the fall in i:atcliing.
The manu'uvres of the stallion in keeping tho mares
together, or collecting tho stray ones of the
"manadas," are interesting; neighing, he gallops
round and tlirough them, sometimes with crested neck,
at others with outstretched neck and head, and ears
back, menacing or biting tho mares to drive them to
tho group ; or missing one or more, dashes ofi' in search,
neighing the while, and from time to time coming to a
sudden halt, listens for reply ; if the missing marc has
got into the " manada " of another stallion, ho dashes
in, singles her out, and chases her back to his own.
Tho stallions often rob mares from one another, and
fight for tho prize. Tho young stallions form their
"manadas" by stealing away mares from the older
horses. Mares are rarely ridden, and any one mounted
ona mare out in tho campo would be exposed to the
jeers of any gauchos who encountered him. This of
course arises from the fact of the equine kind always
running loose, and tho mares with tho stallions, so
that the mares are nearly always in foal or suckling
young foals. Tamed horses (geldings) aro separated
from the "manadas" and formed into " tropillos, ' as
they aro called, and a " carenciada " with (attached to)
a mare, carrying a bell round her neck, which they
follow iu moving from place to place. In travelling
the maro and her tropilla are driven forward,
and when a [change of horses is required, the
mare, which is generally trained to allow herself to be
caught by hand, has the hobbles put on, and the horses
gathering round her are easily caught with lasso or
by hand.

The horses are of every variety of colour, as may be
supposed from the mode of breeding. Many are most
singularly marked, and anything very peculiar in
colour markings is esteemed. I have seen a horse dark
brown, almost black, from the girth forward, as if
drawn by a line, and from the girth back perfectly
white. It is not uncommon to see horses with crisp
curled hair all over, something like the "wool" of a
negro's head ; occasionally whole manadas are seen of
them. I should suppose that it was one of this
singular race that Barnum exhibited in the States ;
these horses have scarcely any mane, and little or no
hair on the tail. I have not been able to ascertain the
origin of this peculiarity in horse-flesh. The horses
of the country, taken oh the average, are well-formed,
short-legged animals, of good bone, round quarters, and
full tails, deep chests, having a tendency to be a little
heavy and straight in the shoulder, arched neck, some-
what short and thick at its junction with the shoulder,
as is to be looked for from their general configuration.
Heads in every variety, neat or large, straight-nosed
and round-nosed, straight backs and long barrel, short
strong pasterns. Their pace is a canter, and particularly
easy, from the action being a little round and short.
They trot fairly when taught, and when in harness.
They stand from 11 hands 1 inr'h to 15 hands, some
reach 15 and an inch, or even 15 and 3 inches, but
this rarely. These horses have carried me well to
hounds over the plain, hunting the deer with a small
pack I had in my younger days, composed of drafts
from the Cheshire and north country packs of hounds.
I have trained them to fence fairly, and on more than
one occasion have taken part in hurdle races, in which
the horses performed creditably. I have even run
down the Emu on them. They are ridden with a
very severe bit, rein perfectly by the neck, and turn
rapidly in the gallop. They can bo brought on their
haunches from full speed, and turned round almost iu
their own length. This training is necessary for
working amongst wild cattle. The short, strong
I)astern is esteemed, from the less liability to lame in
such work.

They have wonderful endurance ; the country horses
are simply Grass-fed, and are never shod ; the day's
work over, and the saddles (ricados) taken ofi", they are
turned loose in the plain, and immediately join the
rest of the tropilla iu their accustomed feeding-ground.
They have an extraordinary attachment to the place of
their birth (carencia), to which they will return almost
as the crow flies from long distances away ; they will
throw up their heads, look around, snuff the air, and
then bound 08" in the direction of their " carencia."

Horses have been known to return thus, distances of
90 leagues, in four days. It is not unusual for one of
the Grass-fed horses to carry his rider 30 leagues in a
day, starting at dawn. The usual mode of travelling is
with the " tropilla," headed by the mare, with a bell,
with 12 or 15 horses trained to follow a " Madrina,"
(mother mare), and a couple of peons driving them
and carrying molotas (saddle bags) ; the traveller speeds
over the plain, and, changing horses every five leagues
or so, can make his 35 to 40 leagues a-day, an exhila-
rating gallop, and particularly attractive in the early
morning, skimming through the dew-bespangled Grass,
festooned with fine spider-web moist with dew, and
glittering in the rays of the just risen sun. In this
way I have ridden 20 leagues of a morning, breakfasting
at 9 o'clock with a friend after an appetising gallop of
GO miles.

When tho horses are fat with the succulent Grasses
of the earlv summer, it is necessary to be very careful
with them in the heat of the day ; a hard gallop in the

500

THE (lARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGKICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 11, 18G7.

sun will kill them : the fat becomes soft, and in effect
melts. In the winter season they frequently become
excessively lean and weak from the scantiness of the
Grass, its cold and watery stage of organism also super-
inducing scour. The mares of the country are well
calculated for crossing with the European stallions.
The thorough-bred stallion gets e.\ceedingly nice stock
out of well-chosen mares, provided the young stock
are insured even growth by prop3i' feeding, giving
greater size and speed, better style, and more elastic
paces. In the second cross the stock is everything that
could be desired. I have bred from two sires— one a
son of Harkaway out of Fanny Kemble's dam (Elcho) ;
the other, which I now have (Buck-hunter), by Fallow
buck (by Venison) out of own sister to Coronation —
and in the second cross, both horses have got stock little
short of thorough-breds in every point. The Cleveland
bay gets excellent carriage and saddle horses out of the
mares of the country ; someof the progeny of this cross
are a trifle loose in form, as is to be expected from the
disparity of size, but the half-bred mares of this cross
put to powerful blood horses, i feel assured will throw
very superior general purpose stocky A friend and
neighbour is now putting a son of \'V"est Australian
(Antipodes) to his half Cleveland mares.

There are also several dray stallions which get power-
ful horses, excellent for rough draught work. It is not to
be expected that when the disparity is so great as
between a great 16J or 17 hand dray-horse with his
hugh hoofs, and the neat 14J hand mares of the country,
that the progeny should he level. The neatness of
the mare, however, frequently prevails, and the result
is then very satisfactory, so much so as to throw hand-
some horses for carriage purposes.

"We labour here under great disadvantages inbreeding
fine horse slock, from the habitual carelessness among
the population at large in respect to horses (which live
or die, according to the season). All are horsemen, but
no one is a groom, and it is difficult in the extreme to
get either young stock or made horses attended to as
required.

Then, again, the horses of the country are of such
comparatively siiiall^inoney-value, owing to their great
number, that prices that would be required to cover
cost of breeding, rearing, breaking, and turning-out
made horses, fed and cared for, as they should be to
give them full development, are not freely paid. It
is, therefore, not yet a paying business, the majority of
the breeders of improved stock being the landed gentry
(Estancieros), l^'ho breed for their own pleasure, and to
improve their general stock, from which ultimately
profit will be obtained, not by the sale of a few colts
r horses at prices that would be remunerative of
pecial care, but in the sale of hundreds at a future
date at equivalent to a few pounds sterling each over
the value of the horses of the country breed. These
estancieros having thousands of mares on the esta-
blishment might, and in a few cases have done so,
put the cross-bred stallions in their " manadas,"
and in this way it would pay them well if they
got equal to 3/., 3/., or 4^. more apiece for the un-
broken stock, as the pasturage on a cattle eslancia
is nearly nominal for the horses, as can readil,y be
comprehended from the fact that it is a fair business
to an estanciero to sell his 3-year old neats and cows
at 26s. to 30*. each by the thousand. A few pairs of
cross-bred carriage horses have recently been sold at
1001. the pair, and a few half-bred blood stock for
saddle or racing purposes for equal to 50/. or GOl. each.
Trained and fed horses for saddle or carriage are
annually rising in value ; they are to-day worth ten
times what 20 years ago was considered a high price,
and I have no question that many sires will be
purchased for these countries in the English markets ;
ten or 12 have been imported during the past year.
There is not such a thing as a regular veterinary
surgeon in the city of Buenos Ayres, which has 200,000
inhabitants, and swarms with horses. There may be
one or two men who profess to be horse doctors — that
is, who can rub in a blister or give a ball ; I believe a
clever active young "vet" or two who had some
practice, as well as passed the College, would find an
excellent opening here, combining the profession with
a well-conducted livery stable. Also a few score of
sober, trustworthy grooms would find immediate
employment at first-rate wages. Alamos.

London : May 4. — On Harvest Work. — A paper on
this subject by Mr. Tuxford was read by the Secretary.
The importance of the subject was illustrated by the posi-
tion in which farmers were placed last year as regarded
harvest operations. The process of ingathering last
autumn was very protracted, and a lack of machinery,
combined with a scarcity of labour, in many cases
increased the difficulty. If English farmers generally
had had the same facilities for harvesting as prevailed
in America, their position would manifestly have been
much better. The reaping of corn had, since the intro-
duction of the reaping machine, been a matter of com-
parative ease to those who possessed that advantage.
Mr. John Hudson, of Castleaore, had, Mr. Tuxfol'd
stated, cut in the course of a day 60 acres of Barley.

1. On the JSmploi/meiit of Seapiiig ani Morning
Machines. — My first allusion will be to the weather.
Every farmer knows the loss and vexation attending a
harvest protracted indefinitely by a succession of wet
weather. Frequently, too, when hot weather super-
venes, the Wheat becomes dead ripe all at once, and
requires immediate reaping, or great loss is sustained
by the grain being shed on the ground. We had an
instance of the misery and loss attending a wet harvest
during the last season, more especially in the northern
counties, where the Wheat and other grain remained
on the ground after cutting for months, until it was
perfectly rotten and unfit for human food. There are
men living with whom we have conversed on this

subject who can recall the harvest of ISOO and 1816.
In those two seasons scarcely a dry sound sample of
corn of any description was saved, and Wheat rose to
fabulous prices. Now, without pretending to show
that the use of the reaping and mowing machines
would alter or even modify directly the character of
such seasons as these, I may and do say that the farmer
who employs these implements can avail himself of a
dry day (which may be exceptional), to cut and carry
a portion of lais corn at such an interval of sunshine,
which even the most unfavourable seasons do aSbrd.
An example of this facility will illustrate what I mean.
A foreman was some years since directed to go
to a farm in an adjoining county to inspect the
working of a particular machine. On arriving at the
homestead he saw a waggon loaded with sacks filled
Avith Barley standing at the barn-door. On inquiry he
found that on the previous morning the same Barley
was standing in the field, and that in the interval of
four-and-twenty hours it had been mown, carted,
threshed, dressed, put up in sacks, and loaded ready to
be delivered to the maltster. Such expedition would
have been impossible under the old regime of the
scythe. On the same occasion the farmer was about
to ])ut the mower to work on another field of Barley
(also dead ripe), having a full plant of Clover 9 or
10 inches high. He was about to mow the whole
field close to the ground, under the idea of improving
the quality of the straw by the mixture, for the use of
the cattle. The visitor suggested that as the Barley
was dead ripe, it would be better to cut it above the
Clover, by which, in a fickle time, it would he ready for
carting at once , whilst, with the Clover amongst it, it
would require several days to weather it; and, on the
other hand, he could afterwards either mow the
Clover for bay, or feed it off as occasion required.
Now, with the scythe, in neither of the above cases
could the corn have been cut in the time, or in the
manner recommended in the latter crop, even if the
whole staft' of harvestmen had been employed about it.
The machine required only two or three men to work
it, the rest being engaged in gathering and carting, or
in other work, as the case might be.

2. JL«5o!(c.— Forme rly, England was visited annually
at harvest-time by a vast number of Irish labourers,
who, using only the reaping-hook were employed by the
farmers in cutting the Wheat, which they performed
at so much per acre ; so that the master had only to
see that the work was properly done. This, however,
was attended with considerable additional expense,
and materially reduced the profits of the farmer. Such
a source of supply is now cut off by the wholesale
emigration of Irish labourers to the United States, or
to the British colonies ; and the farmer must conse-
quently rely upon the native and local supply of
labour. But even this is not the whole of the case in
respect to agricultural labour ; for, taking a leaf out of
the book of the manufacturing operatives, the rural
population is now exhibiting a restlessness and
uneasiness on the subject of wages that bids fair
to assume an almost national importance.
Strikes are a modern invention for coercing the
employers of operatives to increase the rate of
wages, or to lessen the hours of labour. I shall not
enter upon the question of the sufficiency, or otherwise,
of the prices paid (or agricultural labour, only remark-
ing that it is one likely, in a material degree, to affect the
position of British agriculture itself, unless the farmer
finds an expedient to lessen the demand for hand-
labour,inthegreaterand more general use of machinery.
In the United States of America, as shown by Mr. James
Howard, in his excellent paper read before this Club in
November la=t, the use of machinery is an indispen-
sable necessit,v, on account of the small amount of
manual labour procurable. It is estimated by Ame-
rican writers that, on the average, there is not more
than one man and two-thirds to every 200 acres of cul-
tivated land ; so that without machinery it would be
impossible to either reap the crops or cultivate the
ground in a proper manner. Returning to our own
country, where competition with the foreign grower
and an advancing price of labour place the farmer as it
were between two fires, it is doubly necessary to resort
to machinery, even if no other advantage accrued from
it than that of lessening the amount of hand-labour
required. I look upon the introduction of machinery
upon the farm as the regulator that will tend to settle
the balance between labour and capital in that branch
of industry, as itJ has in the cotton factories of the
North, by" economising hand-labour at those periods
when it is of the most importance to do so.

3. Atttiimnal Tillage.— U is now generally admitted
by all advanced agriculturists that autumnal tillage of
the stubble lands and fallows, in preparation for the
succeeding crops, is of essential importance. By the
employment of machines the duration of harvest is
shortened by from a week to 10 days on the average,
thus making room for the plough to perform its task
before it is engaged in the preparation of the land for
Wheat sowing. No one can calculate the benefit of
thus having the stubbles " laid up " in the rough, to
receive the ameliorating influence of the winter's
frost and snow ; but 1 have no hesitation in asserting
that if the week or 10 days thus saved from the
harvest is properly improved by the farmer, it
will frequently make all the difference to him of
a good and a bad crop, of whatever kind, whether
of roots or spring corn. Harvest work, however
joyous to him who employs, is no child's play to the
workman himself Itis true that toayoungand healthy
man accustomed to farm-work the labour of reaping
and mowing, though heavy, is not overwhelming. But
many a man who has arrived at the age of fifty finds it
diflicult and painful to keep up with the gang, and is
generally in the rear of his fellows. I believe that any
medical man will bear me out in saying that the intro-
duction of these machines and of the threshing machine
will tend to lengthen the average life of the agricul-

tural labourer by many years, besides enabling him to
perform the operations of husbandry with ease and
comfort, as certainly with much greater efficiency and
despatch. In conclusion, I beg to add that the advan-
tages above enumerated as accruing to the husbandman
from the use of these machines are sufficiently general
to establish their claim to the character of a national
benefit. Any invention that tends to ameliorate the
condition of a class of the community may be with
propriety considered in that light— especially if, with
other objects, it promotes the health and the duration
of the physical powers, and, consequently, the life of
the labourer. Such is the case with the extended use
of agricultural machinery, and it is therefore to be
hoped that the employment of reapers and mowers will
become, like that of the threshing machine, universal.
[After the subject had received a vigorous practical dis
cussion, to which we shall next week refer, Mr. Tuxford said,
in conclusion, that on visiting Hampshire last year he saw an
immense amount of farm produce exposed to the varying
influences of the climate. He was told that that arose from
the scarcity of Libour, but he found that where the reaping
machine was used the harvest was carried.]

Bath and West op Ensland. — The following
programme of the arrangements for the forthcoming
show at Salisbury, in June next, was brought up by
the Secretary, and confirmed: —

Monday, 10th June, admission %s. 6<i.— Open
Judging at 10 a.m. Implement department open at
10 .i.M. Arts department open at 10 a.m. Sheep
shearing in the j'ard at 11 A.M. The Exhi-
bition to be opened by the President and the
ofllcers of the Society, assisted by the Worshipful the
JIayor and Town Council of the city of New Sarum,
the Bishop of the diocese, the Cathedral dignitaries,
the members of Parliament for the city of New Sarum
and the two divisions of the county of Wilts, and the
members of the Local Committee, at 1 o'clock.
Luncheon in the Pavilion at 2 p.m. Tickets for ladies
and gentlemen (to be paid for on entering the tent),
2s. (id. each, exclusive of wines, &c. Horticultural
department open at 1 o'clock. Band of the Grenadier
Guards at 1 o'clock. Yard closed at 6 P.M.

Tuesday, 11th June, admission, 2s. 6rf.— The sheep,
horses, p'igs, poultry, implements, arts, and horti-
cultural departments open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Field
implements of various kinds at work at intervals from

10 to 3. Band of the Grenadier Guards at 11a.m.
Reception of members by the Bishop of Salisbury at
the Palace at 8 P.M.

Wednesday, 12th June, admission, 2s. Od.—The
sheep, horses, pigs, poultry, implements, arts, and
horticultural departments open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m.
Band of the Grenadier Guards at II a.m. Performarice
of concerted pieces by the bands of the Grenadier
Guards and Royal Marines at 3.30 p.m. The shoeing
of horses at portable forges at 10 a.m. Field imple-
ments of various kinds to work at intervals from 10
to 3. Annual Meeting of members of the Society in
the Council Tent at 12 (noon). Conversazione at the
Council Chamber by invitation of Dr. Lush, Mayor of
Salisbury, at 8 p.m. ; Paper to be read by Mr. E. P.
Squarey.

Thursday, 13th June, admisssion Is.— The sheep,
horses, pigs, poultry, implements, arts, and horticul-
tural departments open from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Royal
Marine Band at 11 A.M. Excursion to Lady Herbert's
farm buildings and Wilton House, under the direction
of Mr. Rawlence. Members to meet at the Council
Tent at 1 o'clock. Reception of members by the Bishop
of Salisbury at the Palace at 8 P.M.

Friday, 14th June, admission Is.— The sheep, horses,
pigs, poultry, implements, arts, and horticultural
departments open at 9 a.m. Royal Marine Band at

11 A.M. The horses (excepting in Class 47) will
remain in the yard until 3 p.m. No poultry to be
removed without special order until after 3 p.m. Hor-
ticultural tent closed at 3 p.m. Poultry tent closed at
3 P.M. Yard closed at 5 p.m.

On Monday the horses will he openly judged; on
Tuesday and following days they will be paraded in the
circle, for at least 30 minutes, at 12 and 4 o'clock
(weather permitting).

In consequence of the decision of the Committee of
Privy Council no horned cattle can be shown at
the meeting of this or any other agricultural society
during the summer of this year.

Wahwickshire Chamber of AORicuLTunB :
The Earl of Clarendon on Agricultural Topics.— At a
dinner held last week at Coventry to inaugurate the
establishment of a Chamber of Agriculture for
Warwickshire, the Earl of Clarendon presided, and
was supported by Lord Leish, Lord Hyde, Mr. A. Pell,
Chairman of the Central Chamber, and nearly 300 of
the principal agriculturists of the district.

The noble Chaieman proposed the toast of the
evening, "The A¥arwickshire Chamber of Agriculture,"
and in the course of a long and interesting address,
said,— The object for which they were assembled, the
importance which was attached to it, the interest
which it excited, and the hope of usefulness with
which it was viewed, were all attested by the numbers
and respectability of those whom he had the honour to
address ; but he thought it would not be out of place,
or in any way detrimental to their future success, if
they, on 'that occasion, which, though not the earliest,
was' the most public of their proceedings, came to an
understanding among themselves as to the principles
to which they intended to give effect. It would be
useful to themselves in steadily directing their energies ;
it would be useful to others in dispelling delusions, for
they must not disguise from themselves that Chambers
of Agriculture, capable as they were, if well conducted,
of vast and beneficial development, were viewed in
certain quarters with feelings of apprehension. They
were thought to be Trades' Unions in embryo. He
spoke, let him saj', from his own knowledge— from

Mat n. I,%7.

THE GATIDKNKliS' GIIUONKJLE 7\N]) iGlJK.lIILTURAL (MZKTTI-:,

5ni

wlmt lio liiid actually heard. Chambers of A^iri-
iiiltiiro wore thounht by some to^ bo anli-social,
;iimI as having a tendency to organise an uprisinR
111' a class supposed hitherto to have been jiiissivc
asainst. another class supposed hitherto to have been
dominant. Some men miiilit harbour evil designs,
others might liave an immoderate tendency to panic ;
but his l)elief was that these notions wore chimeras.
The object of Ch.ambers of Agriculture should be to
advance steadily, to promote by every po.ssiblo means,
the interests of agriculture ; to promote those interests
by an elucidation of facts, by the lights of experience,
and by the application of science. In the desire which
aijriculturists and cultivators of the soil were now
manifesting to better their position, social and national,
he could see nothing anti-social— nothing that wjis
subversive; on the contrary, ho looked with the
greatest .satisfaction at that movement, which .sliowed
, that knowledge was producing its lc'.;iliiiiate results;
that knowledge, with its increased I'acilities, is
spreading; that the cultivators of the soil were deter-
mined to emancipate themselves from the disadvantages
under which they had hitherto laboured, as compared
with manufacturers and other inhabitants of towns,
who had an opportunity of interchanging ideas
and of fostering that spirit of association without
which nothing useful is attempted and nothing
great is ever achieved. That was not setting class
against class. That would not — and ought not—to
disturb those friendly relations between landlord and
tenant which had been productive of such substantial
benefits, and which he trusted would always continue.
There was no one who could say that the landlord
who had an intelligent and well-educated tenantry—
a tenantry who were capable of meeting the
requirements of the times, and who w'ere ready to
adopt all those improvements which the inventive
genius of the age is bringing forward — would not
be happier and wealthier than the man who
had such a tenantry as he and many others could
remember having existed in former days, who.se chief
pride was that they deviated in nothing from the
practice of their forefathers, and who would have been
a,s willing to see an evil spirit come upon the land a.s
they would a. drainer. It must ever be borne in mind
that a tie of common interest bound together the
owners and occupiers of la,ud, and it was only by a
misuse of reason or a perversion of common sense that
the two cln.sses could be supposed to represent anta-
gonistic interests. There might bo dilTerences of
opinion as to how the productive powers of Nature
may be best developed, and as to the manner in which
her bounties may be best appropriated, and with
respect to the rights of capital and the just claims of
labour ; but these were matters which required to he
watched and constantly discussed in a spirit of iden-
tical, not of opposing interests — in a spirit, so to spealc,
of a joint-stock company. It was for that reason that
he ventured most respectfully, but with all the force
that conviction could give, to say that it would be a
grave error on the part of landlords if they held them-
selves aloof from these Chambers of Agriculture, which
were one of the signs of that movement — that vast and
advancing movement, w^hich could not be retracted ; and
tenant-farmers would commit an error not less grave
if they sought to dissociate themselves from their land-
lords, and to avoid ratber than promote that liarmoni-
ous action by wliich intelligence would be made to
fructify, and legitimate intelligence develop itself far
more safely and more quickly than by single-handed
attempts to redress grievances, which would entail
the penalty of resistance and the misforliuie of
enmity among men who ought to be friends.
He trusted the example of Warwickshire would
be followed throughout the country. They w.anted
no Trades' Unions in agriculture; and the best way to
avoid them, or to avoid drifting into something corre-
sponding to them, would be by raising up a frank, an
honest, and a real understanding between ovvners and
occupiers of Land upon matters atfecting their common
interest ; and he could see no better medium of cemen-
ting friendship and reconciling differences than that
which was afforded by a well-condueted Chamber of
Agriculture. He expressed his opinion that, as a
usual rule, not to be adhered to pedantically, politics
ought not to be admitted to their discussions. If such
a rule was found expedient at agricultural gatherings
generally, he thought it was the more especially expe-
dient at the present moment, when all parties were so
jumbled together that Conservative, Whig, and
Radical seemed as much at a loss to know what to
think as to know where they were going.

CouNTT Rates.
Among the various questions which might be
suggested for discussion, he might mention, for
example, the subject of county expenditure, which
seemed to require very strict supervision ; and it was a
matter in which tenant-farmers had a very direct
intere.st. County rates, generally speaking, were on
the increase, and were not likely to diminish. He did
not presume to say that a single shillingwas improperly
levied or improperly expended, but he did say that for
the satisfaction of the agricultural interest a more strict
supervision was desirable, and more evidence should be
given than at present — he did not speak of any county
in particular, but generally. There was another ques-
tion arising out of this, and it was how the rates were
to be levied — whether upon the land alone or upon
other property besides. He was glad to see a Bill
extending the area of rating had passed a second
reading and had been referred to a select committee,
and he thought the subject should be immediately
taken into consideration by the Chamber of Agricul-
ture, as he could conceive nothing that was more
w^orthy of its attention ; and the facts brought out by the
Chamber would be extremely useful to the Committee,
and should be at once transmitted to them.

Tphnpike TiinsT.s.
The next topic to which he rel'erroil as being of great
importance to agriculture was the abolition of turnpikn
trusts— a matter which involved great dinicnltios, and
great emli:nT:issmcnt in reconciling i-oiillirting interests;
but thosf- (lillicultios were not insuin^r;il)lo, and he
trusted a settlement of the dilliculty would be arrived
at by the substitution of a belter, a more economical
and a more convenient system than that which now
existed in England. Tliey bad been abolished in
Ireland ten years ago. Sontli Wales had been relieved
of them by Rebecca, and London- had for the last
three years relieved herself from tolls, which had
stuck like leeches to her suburban districts. That tho
thing was practicable and ought to he done was
apparent from the report mailo to the Committee of
the House of Commons in 180 1, which stated that the
tolls were unequal in pressure, costly in collection,
inconvenient to the public, and injurious, by causing
serious impediments to the free course of trafiic. He
believed that statement correctly described the feelings
of Warwickshire men on the subject. There would
be considerable difliculty in settling this question, but
he was glad to see that on the previous day there was a
debate in the House of Commons tho spirit of which
was favourable to doing awiiy with tolls. He would
only a.sk them to bear in mind that the cost of collec-
tion and management of turnpikes amounted to 11) per
cent, on the amount received, which fully proved that
there was no system which could be adopted more
injurious or less economical than the present. He
would suggest the advantage of Chambers of Agricul-
ture sending up deputations to state the facts with
regard to the operation of the present system,

Dn.lINAGE.

There was another subject in reference to which
those things called stubborn facts had done a great
deal ; but facts required a great deal of .soaking, and
when they met with a stratum of antediluvian pre-
judice they sometimes did not penetrate so deep as one
could desire, lie alluded to the question of drainage.
There w%ts noliody at the present day who denied the
advantages of drainage, but he thought the necessity
of it was not generally recognised.

lie had once vainly urged one of his tenants to drain
a hill-side which grew a very luxuriant crop of rushes,
he did one part of it himself, and having thus clearly
shown the wonderful effects of drainage, in changing
barrenness and waste to fertility and profit, he con-
fidently apiicaled to the faroier to allow the work to be
completed, when, to his astonishment, he dei.-lared he
would sooner pay a trille more rent to have it left as it
was. He felt satisfied that if that man had been
enabled to associate with others, by being a member of
a Chamber of Agriculture, he would not have died in
the conviction that it was better to grow rushes than
to lay drains. He knew that drainage was expensive,
but, at the same time, he believed that there was no
investment which gave a better return, and his prin-
cipal reason in alluding to the subject was that it was
not generally known or appreciated that the burdens
incurred by drainage might be greatly alleviated by
borrowing money from the Government or the Lands
Improvement Society, under the supervision of the
Enclosure Commissioners, and which was converted
into a moderate rent-charge for a term of 37 years,
after which the improvement remained.
Cottages.

This power of borrowing through the Government
had been wisely extended to farm (mildings and tene-
ments, and he thought it would be a question well
w-orthy attention whether the powers of that Act
might not, under certain regulations and strict super-
vision, be beneficially extended to labourers' cottages.
He w-iis speaking to practical men, and he would ask
wdiy it was that farmers erected excellent and comfort-
able buildings for keeping their stock ? It was because
they knew they could not keep their cattle in health,
and could net get good manure, unless they had such
facilities; and for the same reason they would have
good stables for their horses, because they knew that
unless the horses were well kept they could not be got
to perform the amount of work required of them. Now,
he thought that in the cultivation of the land the man
was not inferior in importance to the horse, putting aside
all the moral and Christian obligations that ought to
weigh with us so heavily, but let him ask whether a
man wdio gets up half rested, and puts on his half-
dried clothes and shoes, and trudges four or five miles
to his work, could be in a state to earn even the scanty
wages that he received ? Cottages are bad invest-
ments, he knew, and people shrank from building
them, but they were not wholly unproductive, and the :
difference of interest between wdiat they do and ought j
to produce would be made up by the improved quality
of the labour of the man who lives close to his work, i
Many of the labourers would do an hour's additional
work rather than incur the useless fatigue of the three
hours' walk to and from their homes. The whole
subject had been painfully pressed on public attention
by the disclosures made before the Commission on
Agricultural Gangs. It appears that in the eastern
counties, between the public and private gangs,
upwards of 20,000 children were driven daily four, five,
and six miles to work for which they were unfit. Boys
and girls of ages averaging from 12 to 18 were herded
together. The most frightful immorality ensued, and
the opinion of 70 medical practitioners and the returns
of mortality testified to the evils of the system. No
slave plantation could furnish more horrors than the
evidence taken before this Commission. He well knew
that it was easier to talk about than to effect great
social reforms, and changes such as he had alluded to
must be the work of time and grave consideration, but
nothing could be more worthy of the practical and
enlightened men who would compose Chambers of
Agriculture, nothing could be more calculated to raise

Ihem iu;ihe estimation of their fellow countrymen.
than a determination t ) improve the condition of the
labourer.

STATt.STirS.

There was another subject to which be would allude,
.although it was not poimlnr, but he had for many years
alti'iided to it, and knew the time would come when
its iriiporlanco would be universally recognised. He
alluded to agricultural returns. It was impossible to
exaggerate the importance to all persons interested in
agriculture, or concerned in the supply of food for the
people of this country, of obtaining reliable informa-
tion respecting tho extent of land under cultivation,
and tho relative acreage of the different descriptions
of crops in the United Kingdom. Those returns would
become more valuable as aflbrding the means of com-
paring each year tho annual and periodical variations
in tho cropping of the land. Such returns had been
collected in Ireland lor the last 17 years; the people
there were fully alive to the advantages they derived
from them, and the willingness with which the infor-
mation was contributed annually called forth the
thanks of the Registrar-General. Warwickshire was
not one of the unwilling counties, but in others there
were owners and occupiers of land who looked upon
these returns with the same horror as his tenant did
u|ion draining. The Government now possessed
eilicient machinery for collecting the desired inlbrma-
tion, and it would be almost a disgrarie that a com-
paratively small number of persons in England should
force the Government to apply to Parliament for power
to oblige all the occupiers m Great Britain to fill in the
schedules with the necessary figures.
Game.

He begged to a,pologise to the assembly for having
detained them at such great length, and he would
conclude with one word, wdiich uhould be a mono-
syllable— viz., " game." On an occasion like the
present he thought it would be like shrinking from his
duty if he avoided allusion to it merely because it was
a sore subject, though he need not add that his object
would be to calm and not to excite irritation ; but the
fact was indisputable that high farming and high
preserving did not and could not go hand-in-hand
together. Farming was now-a-days a science requiring
not only great capital, great skill, and knowledge, but
the nicest calculations as to their application ; and it
was manifest that 500 or 1000 hares, and rabbits ad
injhiitnm, were great disturbers of calculations. The
love of sport was genuine and general in this country,
and he hoped it would always remain so. Every
tenant was glad that his landlord should find game on
his farm. No landlord wished to enjoy sport to the
detriment of his tenant ; but the appetite for enormous
returns of game killed, which had latterly increased by
indulgence, went beyond the legitimate requirements
of sport ; those competitive bags entered into the
region of vanity, the superabundant supply of Leaden-
hall Market entered into the region of lucre ; hence
arose irritation, some of it exaggerated, some of it well
justified, but which ought not to exist, and which he
was certain could be removed by a friendly discussion
of facts between owners and occupiers of land.

In short, there was nothing affecting the interests of
agriculture which might not be advantageously
discussed there. All the materials of strength existed,
but they had been scattered ; farmers, owing to the
nature of their calling, had been isolated, and agri-
culture had been w^eak ; but, now that the necessity
and practicability of union were felt, agriculture, he
iioped, would take a foremost place as a great national
industr.v. He saw no objection to a department of the
Board of Trade being devoted to agriculture, but the
advantage of it was not apparent to his mind. He
would prefer a Central Chamber of Agriculture in
London, to which the country Chambers should be
affiliated, but which should have a national character,
and be composed of men fully entitled to confidence.
There would be the concentration of sfirength, the
essence of agricultural opinion. There it would be
determined what legislation could do for the landed
interest, and wdiat it could not do ; and then the
Government in its collective capacity and Parliament
could be applied to. He thought this would have
more concentrated force and weight, .and in action
would be more independent, than seeking aid from the
Government ; and that the experiment ought in the
first instance to be tried; It would be matter for
future discussion and decision, but in the meanwhile
we might congratulate ourselves on being at length in
the right groove, and on a momentum in the right
direction being now given to agriculture which would
prove to be a sound and lasting national benefit.

Farm Memoranda.

Ltllerup lies near Horsens, some 40 miles to the
south of Aarhuus. The farm consists of 218 Tonder-
land of arable and 30 of meadow land, and is drained
throughout with pipes at a depth of 4 feet. A 14 years'
rotation is followed on this farm-
Year

Year.

Fallow.

8. Boots,

Wheat.

!1, Bjirlev

Barley.

in. Tares,

Oats.

11. Bye.

Seeds 1 ( . «
Seeds) ^''^°^-

12. Seeds.

13. .,

Oats.

H, „

Manure to the extent of 20 tons per Tdnde-land is
given to the fallow and to the Oat and root crops. To
the latter 3 owt. of guano and 3 cwt, of bones are given,
in addition to the farm-yard dung. Six pairs of horses
are kept, and 13 regular men, besides some bo.vs. The
farm is worked and managed entirely for dairy purposes.
The dairy staff comprises two chief dairymaids, with
four women to assist. The herd consists of SO cows,
giving an average annual return per head of 506 gallons
of milk, from which an average yield of 160 lb. of

502

THE GARDENEES' CHEONTCLE A^^D AGEICULTIJEAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 11, 1867.

butter and of 1801b. of cheese is obtained. During
the past year the largest yield of milk from one cow
amounted to 990| gallons, and the 10 best cows in the
herd gave an average of 770 gallons each. Everything
is consumed on the farm except the Wheat and one
moiety of the Bye crop.

In addition to the food produce of the farm, about
15 Touder of Rape-cake and the same quantity of bran
are purchased annually for the stock.

The farm of Gjeddesdals is situate on the island of
Zealand, about four miles Eouth-east of Boeskild?, a
chief station on the Copenhagen and Korsoer Railway.
The farm consists of 585 Tonder-Iand of a deep loam,
mostly of a superior quality, containing naturally a
good proportion of organic matter. It is worked and
managed principally for dairy purposes.

" The land has all been drained with pipes at 4 feet
depthj under the personal superintendence of the
proprietor, _ Mr. Valentin, who, with great kindness
and liberality, placed before me the outgoings and
returns of his farm for each year since 1832, when he
came into possession of the property. The accounts
appeared to have been kept with scrupulous exactitude,
even to the smallest details, .and no doubt have contri-
buted much to the reputation he has achieved as a
practical farmer, and to the high value which is every-
where placed upon his advice and opinions. The cost
of drainage averaged about 30 r.d. per Tonde-land ; the
usual cost, however, ranges from 30 to 50 r.d. per
Tonde-land. The rotation followed on the farm is an
eight years' course—

1. Oats !>. Barley

2. Fallow 6. Seeds for hay

3. Wheat and Rape 7. Seeds

4. Peas and Wlieat I 8. Ditto

The manure is applied to the fallow and the Barley
crop, and a top dressing of artificial manures is given
to the seeds cut for hay.

The working force on the farm comprises a bailiff
and 32 regular men, and 11 pairs of horses. The live
stock consists of 140 cows, with 20 heifers and 20 heifer
calves, all for dairy service; about 200 swine for breed-
ing and feeding ; and half a score or so of sheep, kept
merely for their lambs and wool produce, which is used
up for stockings and other knitting,

All the dairy produce, butter and cheese, as well as
the calves and fat smne, are sold; as is also the surplus
grain produce, after reserving sufficient for the require-
ments of the farm.

The entire herd of cows were of the Angel breed,
all good, and many of them excellent specimens of an
excellent breed. It is very rare indeed to see such a
large herd of a pure breed of such good .and uniform
quality. The dairy returns gave good evidence of their
milking qualities. The dairy staff comprised one chief and
ODeseconddairymaid,withnine women tomilkandassist.

" In 18(>l-5 the gross milk produce of the farm was
331,000 pots,* equal to 97,297 gallons, or an average of
695 gallons per cow. In the past year, 1865-6, the gross
milk produce amounted to 328,000 pots, equal to
96,413 gallons, which gives the average per cow at
688i gallons. In 1864-5 the gross amount of butter
made was 19,000 lb.,+ and of cheese 18,000 lb., which
would give an average produce of between 130 and
140 lb. of both butter and cheese for each cow.

A good cow well kept will yield from 600 to 700 gallons
per annum. Mr. Valentin informed me that he has
had cows that have given more than lOoO gallons in the
course of the milking year. The butter made on this
farm has a good reputation in Copenhagen, where all of
it is sent in earthenware jars of different sizes, suitable
for family use. Thus the ordinary sale expenses are les-
sened, and a better price and quicker return obtained.

The following is an abstract of the income and
expenditure of tlie farm for the past year (1S65) ; —
Income.
450 Tend. Wheat which sold for 3,991 Bigs-dalei'S.

J3D „

Bye

970

022 „

Barley

4,992

1650 „

Oats „

6,859

275 „

Peas

1,040

376 „

Rape-seed ,,

„ .5,102

Butter

„ 10,280

Cheese

1,45.5

Calves

,, 616

Swine

„ 1,695

Cast Cows gold off ,,

520

Oddfi and Ends ,,

„ 470

In all , . . . 37,980

E.XPENDITURE,

For house and living e^rpenses, Ijiboin', ifec. 15,495 Rigs-dalers.
Com, &c., for horses .. .. .. .. 4,460 ,,

Com and other food for cows . . . . 7,901 „

Balance for rent, and interest on capital . . 10,124 ,,

Total 37,980 „

This would show a net balance, after paying for all
house expenses, in favour of the farm equal to between
17 and 18 r.d. per Tonde-land. The season, however,
had been very unfavourable for farming throughout
Denmark, and the profits everywhere had been below
the average, as the accounts for the three previous
years showed an average net balance of 32 r.d. per
Tonde-land per annum in favour of the farm.

The rent value of the land was estimated at about
14 to 15 r.d. per Tonde-land ; and the taxes, &c.,
amounted to 1200 r.d., of which 900 r.d. were State,
and 300 local imposts. Professor Wihmi'x Seporf to
the Foreign Office on the Agricidtnral Societi/s Meetings
at Aarhnus and Vienna last year.

Calendar of Operations.

Mat: Turnip Culture. — Swedish Turnips should be
got in during the early part of the month in Scotland,
and in South England in June. The land, after the
cultivation already received, may be reduced to a

sufficient tilth, and vrill probably be sufficiently cleaned
by once using the cultivator or scarifier, which is to be
followed by the harrows, and then by women to gather
weeds, pick stones, &c. The land is then to be ridged
up in drills, about 26 inches wide; the dung-cart
passes up every third furrow, the man behind it
pulling out the manure as the horse proceeds, so as
that the load shall be emptied in a length of from
about 50 to 100 yards, according as the quantity to be
applied is from 40 to 20 loads per acre. The tilling of
the manure may be let at Jrf, per cubic yard. The
manure thus delivered is divided by a man who follows
amongst the three drills to which it belongs, and the
share of each is spread evenly by three women or boys
following the man. If no guano, or especially super-
phosphate of lime, has been mixed with the dung in
the heap, now is the time to apply it broadcast over
the field, so that on the splitting of the drill it may be
covered with the manure, and at the same time
mingled with the earth which is to act as seed bed.
In some cases bones and artificial manures are all that
the Turnip crop receives ; in this case the drills may
be opened as before, the manure sown by hand along
the furrows, and mingled with the soil by a horse-hoe
following the sower. In either case it will be under-
stood that in order to avoid the loss of moisture, both
from the soil and the manure, the ploughs which are
at work in the field, after opening up about 12 drills
on which the dung cart or manure sower is at work,
keep working round and round the parties thus
engaged, opening furrows on the one side for receiving
the manure, and closing them on the other side, thus
covering their contents. The sowing machine is
immediately to follow all, sowing 2 or 3 lb. per acre.
The only safe remedies for fly are a good and rich
cultivation and abundant seeding, which all tend to
force the young plant rapidly through the season of its
danger. It is well to have 12 or 14 drills ready for the
sowing machine on the evening before you commence
sowing, that there be no loss of time in the morning.
A piece of common Turnips may be sown this month,
as an early root crop for consumption in September.
Land thai has been broken out of old pasture, which
received its first shallow ploughing in April, should be
cross-ploughed now, and may be a^ain worked with
grubber, harrows, and roller, until in sufticiently fine
tilth for Turnips. It is advisable to plough shallow at
the first furrow, and cross-plough deep afterwards,
both because the operation of reducing to tilth is
better done thus piecemeal, a few inches at a time, and
because the ashes which were spread on the surface
are thus not buried too deep in the land. CrosskiU's
clod-crusher will be found useful this and next month.

Rye, all through this month, and Vetches during
part of it, will have been supplj'ing cattle, sheep, and
horses with food. The tland which bears these crops
is to be ploughed as soon as cleared. The roller must
immediately follow the plough, to keep all the moisture
in the soil.

Cabbages may now be transplanted in the fields, the
land having been prepared, as for any other green
crop, by deep and clean cultivation, and plentiful
manuring. The large Drumhead Cabbage seldom
requires a less space than 27 by 24 inches ; on very
rich or highly-manured land the distance between the
rows may be as much as 3 feet.

* The Danish pot is «qiial to 1.1758 quart English,
t The Dani'sli pound is equal to 1.1024 lb. EngliBb.

Miscellaneous.

The Sarley Question. — It is in the production of
malt liquor and ardent spirits, and in the fattening of
live stock, that our Barley crops are chiefly consumed.
We have no doubt that it would be better for the
whole community if this grain were more largely used
in the form of butcher's meat, and greatly less in that
of beer or whisky. It has been customary for farmers
to look upon aistillation as beneficial to them, fi-om
the ready market which it affords for Barley, and more
especially for the lighter qualities of this and other
grain crops. But this is a very short-sighted view of
the matter, for careful calculation shows that when
the labouring man spend a shilling in the dramshop,
not more than a penny of it goes for the agricultural
produce (Barley) from which the gin or whisky is made;
whereas when he spends the same sum with the
butcher or baker, nearly the whole amount goes for the
raw material, and only a fraction for the tradesman's
profits. And not only so, but the man who spends a
part of his wages_ upon strong drink, diminishes, both
dii'ectly and indirectly, his ability to buy wholesome
food and good clothing; so that, apart from the moral
and social bearing of this question, it can abundantly
be .shown that whisky or beer is the very worst form
for the farmer in which his grain can be consumed.
Wore the 50,000,000i!. at present annually spent in Great
Britain upon ardent spirits (not to speak of beer),
employed in purchasing bread, meat, dairy produce,
vegetables, woollen and linen clothing, farmers woulu
on the one hand be relieved from oppressive rates, and
on the other have such an increased demand for their
staple products, as would far more than compensate
for the closing of what is, at present, the chief outlet
for their Barley." Mr. J. Wihon^of aldington Mains, in
British Farming.

Notices to Correspondents.

Bailiff.— The Editor of this Journal can recommend a good
working Bailiff, well acquainted with tillage, f.armiug, and
market g.ardeuing ; also acquainted with stock management.
Wages, 901., with cottage aud garden.

Books : J Smith. Any bookseller will get you the hooks youi
name. Solly is, we believe, out of print. \

Coltsfoot: M. A. Pull the flowers in early Spring, .and cut
off the leaves as soon .as aud whenever they appear, and if
you can fork or fallow the land, get rid of the rout.

Dandelion : Ohl Header. You must spud them up, and keep
youi- Crrass hard fed liown with stock of any kind.

LA,CTOttEi:EE ; £ C tiicu. There is no lacton^eter made under
Ttr Voelcker''B name.

"C^OWLER'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
JJ CULTIVATOH may be SEilN at WORK in every Agricultural
County In England.

For particulars apply to John Fowler & Co., 71, Comhill, London,
E.G. ; and Steam Plough Works, Leeds

THE IMPEOVED TANNED LEATHER DRIVING
STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
without lap or cress ioints — superior to alt others for Portable
Engines. Prime STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

Price Lists sent free" by post.
The Tanned Leather Company, Tanners, Curnera, fee, Armlb
Works, Greenfield, near Manchester ; Warehouse, 81, Mark Lane,
London, E.G. Mr. H. Ferrabee, Agent.

TRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal

JL Agricultural Society).

SHEEP, Ss. M. ; CATTLE, 4s. M. ; OX, 6«. llS.

List by Post. GATES aad FENCING of every descriptioD.

St. Pancras Iron Work Company, Old St. Paneros Road, London, N.W.

/"tOTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

V^ cow FITTINGS.

Their adviintH.i;es ai-ii— Portability, not FixtiiroB, removable Rt
pleasm-e, do Woodivork or Partitions to impede Ventilntion or breed
VerniiD, Hay Rack dispensed with sis minecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Ti-oughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of FittinRS per Cow, 55fl.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

Patent Rick Ventilator. Manufactured by

iICHARD GARRETT and SONS,

Leiston Works, Suffolk.

The above rctTftsonls a SeLtmr Hay .Stick, showing

the Patent Vontilating Ai'paraui-- . . ..

This Apparatus will be fouud a c'iiiiiiit;i.L- and perfect means of
detecting and promptly reducing Heat m Com aud Hay Stacks.
Price £1 lis. 6d. each.

Full description forwarded on application to RicnAnn Garrett &
Sons, Leiston Works, Suffolk (Sole Manufacturers).

w,

S. BOULTON'S 36-ffallon SWING WATEJt

BARROW. Price 45s.
Carriage paid to any Station in England.

3 is very cheap and invaluable for carrying Liquids of all
Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard should be ^t^-

The above i:

kinds. No Garden, ..^.w,.^, .-.....-..., ~. --.r.

out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Carriage at a smaTI
additional cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travel
long diEtances over rough grouud a Pony cin be attached. The
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowing, out of many Tesfciroonials, have been received : —

From Lord Otho Fitzgerald, West Park, SaVtabitry.

" Sib,— You are welcome to make use of my letter recommending
your Water Barrow. I find it of great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and more serviceable than one I had made in the neig:a-
'bourliood. the carnape alone of which, without the barrel, cost me
£3 10a. I unfortunately ordered itbefore I saw your advertisement.
— 1 am, yours obediently, " O. Fitzgerald.

"To Mr. W. 8. BouLTON."

From Tuos. Ingle, Esq., M.T>., Emmorth, Hmilt;, June 24, l8tJD.

" H,,i, The Swing Water Barrow is ih every respect a most aUrrtir-

able improvement ou all I have hitherto used in my Gwrdens. All
parties who have seen it. Gentlemen as well as Gardeneifl, have
bestoweii upon it their unqtialilied approval, and several s^d they
would order them of you.— Yours truly, "Toos. Ingle, M.D. '

" To Mr. W. S. J30DLTON."

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

Mat n, I8fi7.]

TTTE ftAI^MNEl^S' rTTRONTCLE A^T) AnPjrFLTTTT^AL OAZETTE.

803

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANUFACTURED BY

No. 1.

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

No. i.

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

No. 2.

r^„f I'll, \

H

This Edging is Manufuctured in Vitrified Stoneware juid in Terr.i Cnttu, and is \v.vhiianti;i> imi'iuu^hahle.
PEAIN riPES, TERRA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON ajjd CO., HICxH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

LAWN MOWERS, SCYTHES, ROLLERS, GARDEN
SKATS. 4c, —SHAW'S ']'l I'KANV, from 7«. por plooo.
The ttarUuii lioptjMltury, aa, .fniiiwt Ktroot, CovenL Uarden,
London, W.O. i'rlutj LilHtH ou applluiitlon.

FA. HAAGK'S (Jun.) WOOD TKAINING STICKS
• Bnd TALLIKS, comnionded hy tho Royal Ilortloultnrftl
Society, tho neiiiotit, vnoapOHt, uml hn<it mado.cau now bn ha^l of all
BlzeB, WholesiJo, vi' Kktiiau & Bi.aomtii, (!ox"« t^uay, Lowor Thamon
Stryut, London E.*.'. ; imd Retad ol tli« iirlncipal Kondsmon and
Florists. I'rico LIhIs .<ti application.

FRIG I DO MO."

Patronised by Her MiijefityTho Qiioon, tho Duko of North-

ET. ARCHER'S
<• Patronised by Her Miijefity Tho Qiioon, the
iiniborland for .Syon House, ilis Urncii tlio Unko of DovooRhlro for
Chwwlck Qardens, ProfoBHor Llndley for the Hortlcnltural Society,
Sir Joseph Piixton fur the Orj'stal Palaco, Royal ZooloKica! Society, 4o.

PROTECTION from the KCORCHING RAYS of the HUN.

"FRIGl DoMo," iL Canvas mad« of Patent prepared Hiur and
Wool, a perfect Non-conductor of Heat and Cold, koonmR, wherever
It in applied, a fixed temporature. It la adapted tor all Horticultural
and Floricultunil purpn^oB. for Presorviug FruitB and Flowers from
the Scorching Rayn ot the riun. from Wind, Irom Attacks of luaoctB,
and from MornluK Fronts. To be had In any required lengths.

Two yards wide ]». 0^. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. dd. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. Brf. per yard.

An improvad make, 3 yards wide . . a«. ffrt, per yard run. Also
" FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, 2 yards wide, Is. 6d. per yard run.

Ei-isHA TnoMAB Arcukr, Whole and Hole Manufacturer, 7, Groat
Trinity Lane, Cannon Htreet, City, E.C., and of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It Is much cheaper than Mats aa a covering."

JOHN WAENER & SONS,

BRASS AND BELL FOUNDERS .1^1^^^. TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.G.

.T. W. AND SONS' GOODS MAY BE OBTAINED OF THE TR.VDE GE>n3RALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES :—

No. 39. WARNERS' CRYSTAL PALACE EIRE ENGINE, or PORTABLE FORCE PUMP.

rnr:

With this compact, portable,
and generally useful Engine, one
man will throw from 15 to 18
gallons of water per minute to a
hr>ijiht of oO feet. All its working
parts are of Brass, the Barrow of
Wrought Iron ; easy access to the
valves is gained, and the work-
manship throughout is sub- 'V-i^r-
Btantial. Not only will it be
found most useful in cases of
Fire, wherever a supply of water
can be obtained, but also for
Watering La^vns or Fruit Trees.

Price on Barrow, with Branch Pipe, Spreader, Unions, and Suction Rose

If-in. 2-ply Rubber Suction Pipe, per foot, 2s. 2d. li-in, ditto Delivery Hose, Is.

"WARNERS' GARDEN ENGINES,

WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.

These Engines are much improved in construction, are less likely to
get out of order, and more easily repaired than others.

Crtstal Palace, Stbekham,
March 2, 1867.

Messrs. Warner & Sons,

" Gentlemen, — I feel great
pleasure in stating that I was
present at a trial of your small
Crystal Palace Fire Engine, and
was much pleased with its
efficiency and simplicity.

" Tho Pump throws out a
steady jet of water to a height of
50 feet with very little labour.
The Pump we have is well made,
Tery simple in its parts, and not
likely, I think, to get out of order.
The advantage of this Pump is its
being very portable. Besides
being a good Fire Engine, it will
make an excellent Garden Engine.
" I remain. Gentlemen,
" Yours obediently,
" Edwin Rose,

" Engineer to the Crystal Palaco Co.

£6.
4d.

No. 547. Best ENGINES, in Wood Tubs.
24 Gallons ., £6 10 0 | 14 Gallons

£.5 10 0

No. .547a. Strong ENGINES, in Galvanized Iron Tubs, well
painted inside and out.

10 Gallons .. £2 19 0 1 24 Gallons .. £4 19 0

16 Gallons .. 3 14 0 28 Gallons .. .5 10 0

570i. WARNEBS' WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time in Watering with the Water Pot.
Made of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 13 inches high •
„ 30 „ „ 20

„ 38 „ „ 24

„ SO* „ „ 24

£2 2 0

2 13 0

3 17 0
5 12 0

* This is an extra strong article, with 'cross handle for two men, suitable for
Nursery Grounds, &c.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &c.

Sstimat«9 for any description of Sydraulic Machinery inrwnrded ott applicathn>,

504

THE (jAPvDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTDEAL GiZETTE.

[Mat 11. 1867.

MACHINE, 36-in., by

all

LAWN MOWING
Ferrabee & Co., including the Leather Shoes for a Pony,
in excellent condition, and to be Sold, a Bargain.

Apply to Mr. G, Hopk.ij.-s, WooIscod, near Southampton.

KKKN'S IMPROVED NiiW FATKNT

GARDEN ROLLER.
The above Rollers possess many advantages over all others. They
are made in two parts, and ai-e free to revolve on tho axis, affording
greater fa^iilities Tor tuminp, ?ji'\ fh^^ ooter edges are rounded off or
turned inwards, thus avoiding the unsightly marits luft by other
Rollers.

Diameter, 30 inches ; Length 32 inches, £7 10 0

„ 24 „ ,, 26 „ 4 10 0

„ 20 „ „ 22 „ 3 10 (I

„ 16 „ „ 17 „ 2 15 0

Prices for Rollers fitted with Shaits suitable for Pony or.Horse

Power, free on application.

Delivered carnage paid to ail the principal Railway Stations and
Shipping Ports in England.

Thoilas Green & Sos, Smithfiold Iron Works, Leeds; 54 and 55,
Black friars Road. London, S. ; and 19, Eden Quay, Dublin.

N.B. All Orders executed on the day they are received.

PRIZE MEDALS AWARDED to GREEN'S PATENT
LAWN' MOWERS.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, x-ONDON, 1862.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, DUBLIN, 1865.
The above Lawn Jlowers have proved to be the best, and have
carried off every Prize that has been given in all cases of Com-
petition.

Sold by all respectable Ironmongers, Seedsmen, &c., in the
Kingdom. Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

Caution to Gardeners,— Wlien you ask for

SAYNOH AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVKS, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Saynor, also the corporate mark Obtain
Warranted, without which none are genmne.

S. & C. regret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complamts to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of wbioh are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s Pruning and Budding Knives are iQe nest and the
cheapest in the market.

Paxton Works, ShefBeld. Established upwards of 125 vears.

pUCUMBER and MELON BOXES. — Two Hundred

V_y 1, 2, and 3-light Boxes and Lights of all sizes, made of best
seasoned materials, glazed and painted, complete, ready f.jr
immediate use, packed and sent to ail parts of the Kingdom.
Jab. Watts 333, Old Kent Road, S.E.

PATENT.

LAWN MuWKRS.— BARNARD'S
Prices.
8 inch . . . . £2 10 0 each ■ 16 inch . . ..£000 each
10 inch . . ..350,, 18 inch . . . . 6 10 0 „

12 inch .. .. 4 10 0 ,, 20inch.. .. 7 0 0,,

14 inch .. ..500,, f 22 inch .. .. 7 10 0 „
Delivered free to any station in England on receipt of Post Office
Older.

Also Lawn Mowers of other kinds, viz.. Green's, Shanks', Samuel-
son'.", Ransorae's, &c., supplied at makers prices.

.1. Josts & So^s, 6, Binkside, Southw.iik, London, S.E.

G

ARDEN ROLLERS.— IMPROVED MAKE.
Prices.
0 each I 24 inch .. ..£3 0 Oeach
0 „ 26 inch .. .. 3 10 0 „

0 „ L8 inch .. ..400,,

0 .. I 30 inch .. .. 5 10 0 „
receipt of Post Ofhce

. £1 13
. 1 17

16 inch
18 inch

20 iLcli .. ..2 3
2: inch .. .. 2 10
Delivered free to any station in England
Order.

J. Jn>-Es & Sons, 6, Bankside, Southwark. London, S.E.

R

0

R

ROLLERS rOR THE FAR5I.

ROLLERS FOR THE GARDEN.

ROLLEKS FOR THE LAWN.

ROLLERS FOR CRICKET GROUNDS.

ROLLERS FOR PARKS.

ROLLERS FOR RACECOLTBSES.

ROLLERS FOR ROAD MAKING.
The best mid cheapest, .ire tlie Patent Adjustable WATER
BALLAST HOLLERS, made only by

Amies, Barford, & Co.. Agricultural Engineers, Petei'borougn,
who will forward Price Lists and ah particulars on application.

GARDEN BOEDER EDGING TILES, in great
variety of pattems and material, the plainer sorts being
especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no fiirthor labour
and expense, as r^o "grown" Edgings, conse-
quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES. FOUNTAINS, &c., In
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great '
variety of design.

F. & G. RosHER. Manufacturrrs, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kmpsland Road, Kingsland.N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLETS PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Dlustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Comaurs, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
StonOj m blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety

of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for IJningWalls of Dairies, Larden,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Irving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. i G. Kosher, at their Premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quaiitj'), at the above
addresses — 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 25. per Ton osLra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway orWbarf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work, F. & G. Kosher.— Addresses see above.

N B. Orders promptly executed bv Railway.

J. B. BROWN & CO/S

NEW PATENT

LAWN MOWER.

AGRICTTLTrRAL and HORTTCTJLTXJRAL |
IMPLEMENTS and MACHINES of everv description.
IMPROVED IRON STABLE FIITINGS.
HURDLES and CONTINUOUS IRON and WIRE FENCING.
Palisading Entrance and Field Gates. Plain and Galvanised ,

GREEN^PATENTLAWN MOWERS and GARDEN ROLLERS. I good trial, and has proveri quite satisfactory. TJic vork done is of the frst order, leavivg the Laivn Wee apiece
Garden Engines, Syringes, Water Barrows, Omanientil Garden | ^
Seats, Chairs. Tables, Iron Fountains. Vases, Ac.
IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS, in greiit variety.
Washing, Wringing, and Mangling Machines.
IMPROVEDSAUSAGE MACBINES and FILLERS.
Separate Illustrated Price Lists free on .application.
TnOMAS GR^E« & Sou, Smithfiekl Iron Works. Leeds.
Show Rooms opposite the Smithficld Cattle Market, North Street,
Leeds: 64 and .'io, Blackfriars Road, London, S. ; and 10, EUcu
^iuay, Dublin.

XotefrODf Tkos. Ingram, Esq., the Royal Garden.% Windsor, August 11, 1866.
' I hare much pleasure in stating that yonr New Tatent B B Lawn Mowing Machine [a 24-inch] has had a
trial,
' of velvety

*^* Every Machine sent out is tvarratdrd to give ample satisfactw7iy and^ if not approved of may be at once returned.

J. B. BROWN AND CO.,
WAREHOUSE and LONDON jMANUFACTORY, 148, UPPER THAMES STREET. E.C,

RANSOMES & SIMS'

HEW LAWN MOWER. THE AUTOMATON.

A NEW AND FIRST-CLASS MACHINE, WHICH HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED,

C02{TAINS MANY IMPSOrSMEXTS.

THE AUTOMATON LAWN MOWER.

PRICES, ILLUSTRATIOJirS, ANT) FULL PAETICHLARS, FREE, FROM

KANSOMES AND SIMS, IPSWICH.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

IMPROVED LAWN MOWING MACHINES.

EVERT MACHINE WARRANTED.

PRICES.

Delivered Tree io any Railway Station in Great Britain.

Cutting 12 inches wide £4 10 0

CuttdDg; 14 inches wide .5 5 0

Cutting 16 inches wide 600

Cutting 19 inches wide . . , 6 10 0

Cutting 22 inches wide 7 10 0

Cutting 25 inches wide 12 0 0

Cutting 30 inches wide 15 0 0

Cutting 36 inches wide IS 0 0

Great improvements have heen made in these Jlachines during the last few vears, in regard to all those small but important points of superiority which the practical workini
of a Lawn Mower suggests ; while for elegance of appearance, lightness of draft, and cfadency in working they cannot be excelled. They possess the following advantages :

1st. Jlotion is given to the Cutting Appai-atus by toothed geanng, which experience has proved to be by far the best method of driving.

2d, The whole of the Driving Wheels are on one side of the Machine, a point of great importance in preventing damage to Shrubs and Flowers, when mowing round th(
edges of beds.

3d, All the smaller working parts of the Machine are made of Malleable Iron, and are not liable to break.

1^" Illustrated Trice lists, with selections from several Tlmusand Testimonials, Tree by Tost on applieation.

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS. BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.G.
AGENTS :— Messrs. TANGTE BROTHERS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DRAY
TAYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.G. ; and all respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom.

Mat 11, 1867.]

THE GAKDKNKliS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTUKAL GAZETTE.

505

J. B. BROWN & CO.'S

NEW PATENT B B LAWN MOWER.

Note from Thos. Ingkam, Esq., the Royal Gardens^ Windsor^ Auyust 11, 1866.
" I have iiiucU pleasuve iu stutinf; Hut your New Piitunt 1! B Lawn Mowing Miichine [a 24-iuch] has had a
'good trial, and has proved quite satisfactory. The work done is of the first order, hmiiii/ l/ic Lawn like a piece
\ufvehet."

> • Kuri) Machine sent out is warranted to yive ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, ma;/ lie at once returneii,

J. B. BROWN AND CO,,
WABEHOUSE and LONDON MANUFACTORY, 148, UPPER THAMES STREET, E.G.

HORTICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS.

READ'S

NEW PATENT HYDRAULIC SUCTION PUMP.

This PUMP is highly approved by the Nobility, Gentry, and by the principal Horticulturists, &c., throughout
the Kingdom ; also by S'uiuxev Hihuekd, Esq., F.lt.H.S., the lute Professor Lindley, und many others connected
with Horticulture, &c.

K. READ has also a large assortment of GARDEN ENGINES, MACHINES, and SYRINGES, upon the most

approved priuciple.

MANUFACTURED BY THE PATENTEE

RICHARD READ, 35, REGENT CIRCUS, LONDON, W.

Drmvings sent Fost Free.

Seed Pans, Garden Pots, Edging Tiles &c

MESSRS. liOX.SKV IIUOTIIKKS U-'-: to othr U
OeiitlBiiic-ii, tJHMr tlani„[HTs, ,ui.l tlio Tra.l«, UAKDEN
POTS. SKED I'ANM. lUi.i KDUlNU TILES, oC ail hIzuh. of httrj
and durublo ^iiiillty iiuil inudunitu prlcu.

AdtlroaH Mcs.-Hrh. lI(JNn^t.v Uiu»Ti|Kjis.^roxJ'otterlofl,Chertaoy, Hurroy

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

■^n ^f^^v^lV^^--^;^^

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preservini,' Iroa Work, Wood, or Stone. Thla Varnish Is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on .ill out-door work, and la fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixing or thinning, and is u.ied cold. It is used in the
grounds at Windsor Custle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of nianv
hundreds of the nobility and nentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials ha.ve been received, which Hill & Suitu will forward on
application.

From the Ri^ht Hon. Lord Gbkenock, Wood End, Thtrsk

"Lord Greenock has si^en the Patent Black Varnish made by
Messrs. HiLbii Suitu, applied with success, and has heard it hiyhly
recommended by frieudu who have tc^ited it extensively. '

Sold in caskb of about 3U gallons each, at Is, Od. por Knilon, at the
M2r:ufactoi7, or \h. 8-(. per (fall on paid to any Station tn the kiuKdom.

Apply to Till,!, * Smith. Urioilv lIUI Iron Work-*, in'ar Imdiev. niid
22, Cannon Street West, E.C, liom whom only it can be obtained.

JAMES PHILLIPS & CO.,

HORTICULTURAL GLASS MERCHANTS,

180, BISHOPSGATE STREET WITHOUT, LONDON, E.G.

JAMES PHILLIPS AN-n CO. HAVE THE PLEASURE TO SUBMIT THE FOLLOWING DESIG.S'S AXU PEICES. THE FLOWEU BASKETS ARE
MADE OF FINE CLAY, AND SUITAELE FOR THE GARDEN, CONSERVATORV, OR SITTING-ROOM.

-^^

No,
FLOWER

""•N -^

S inches

3 ,.

10 „

U ,.

12 „

13 „
,li „

Each.-

diameter . .

1.
BASKETS.

E;icb.-

15 inches (li;uueter . .

16 „ „ ..

17 „ „ ..

18 „ „ ..

19 „ „ ..

20 „

21 „

■i. a.

4 6

.5 0

6 6

6 6

7 6

8 6
10 0

No

2.

TLOWEB BASKETS.

Eacb,— s. d.

7 inch

.. 1 6

14 iueh

8 „

.. 1 9

15 „

9 „

..2 0

16 „

10 „

..2 3

17 „

11 „

..2 6

18 „

12 „

..2 9

19 „

13 „

..3 0

20 „

Each. — s. d.

..3 3

.,3 6

..3 9

..4 0

..4 6

..5 0

.. 5 C

ZINC AaUARIA.

As per Sketch, Glazed with stout Sheet Glass, and
Slate Bottoms.
Each,— £ n. d. , Each.— £ s.

inches long . . 0 18 0 IS inches long . . 1 7

„ „ .. 1 1 0 20 „ „ .. 1 10

„ „ .. 1 4 0|24 „ „ .. 1 16

Larger or Smaller Sizes in proportion.

FERN

CASES.

12 inches

11 ,.
16 „
18 „
20 „

Each.— £ s. d.
..100
..130
..160
.. 1 10 0
.. 1 14 0

22 inches
2-1 .,
26 „
28 „
30 „

Each.— £ s.
.. 1 18
..2 2
.. 2 10

..3 0
.. 3 10

d.
0
0
0
0

u

BEST ROUND AftUARIA,

With Ebony Stands.

T2 inches
13 „

1* ,.

15 „

16 „

17 inches

18 „

19 „

20 „

Syphons, Is. Qd,

GLASS FERN SHADES.

With Rustic Stands.

No. 1.

FERN CASES

"With Circular Tops, 35. extra on above prices.

OLASS FERN SHADES aud STANDS.

No. 3.

Each.— a.

d.

6 inches dia. 3

0

7 „ ..3

6

8

. 4

0

9

. 4

6

10

. 5

6

11 ,<

. 6

6

12

. 8

6

13

. 10

6

14

. 13

6

15

. 17

6

16

22

6

No. 2.

Glass Shades for Ornaments, Fropagating Glasses, Milk Fans, Cucumber Tubes, Glass for Horticultural Fmposes, Faints of all Shades,

and various Miscellaneous Articles, see separate Lists.

8 iuche3 dia

Each !.

.. 5

d.
0

9

n ;;
12 ;,

.. 6
.. 8
.. 9
.. 12

6
0
6
6

Each

5 inches dia. .

0 2

6

6

0 3

0

' )i

0 4

0

8

0 4

6

9

0 5

6

10

0 7

fi

11

0 9

6

12

0 12

6

13

0 16

(1

ii I

1 0

0

15 „

1 6

0

16

1 13

0

506

THE GARDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 11,

s

HAW

TIFFANY,

For samplea and prices apply to
J. Shaw & Co., 29, Osford Street, Manohoster.

SHADING.— The best and eheiipest Shading; is
ANDERSON'S SCRIM CANVAS, 2 yards wide. Price 8(i. per
rard. Samples on application.
JxuraT. Anderson. 7, Commercial Street. Shoretiitch. London, N.E.

BKOWN'S FLOKAL SHADING, for Shading: Plants
under Glass and protecting Wall Trees from frost.— Sold by all
Nurserymen and Seedsmen, No. 1 at 6s. Sd. ; No. 2 at 7s. per piece,
20 yards long, 38 inches wide; No. 3 at Qs. 3d. per piece, 18 yards
long, 39 inches wide. Samples on application to

Charles Brown. Greenheys, Manchester. ^^

TANNED GARDEN NETTING for preserving Seed
Beds, Fruits, Strawberries, H-oni Frost. Blight, Birds, &c,, and
as a Fence for Fowls, &c. 1 yard wide, 1J(/. ; 2 yards, 2id. ; 3 yards,
id. ; and 4 yards, 6d. peryard nm in any qunntitiv, may be had at
^ Chas. Whiqbt's, 376, Strand, W.C.

TANNED GAKDEN NETTING for Seed Beds, and
the Protection of Fruit Trees from Frost, Blighb, Bii-ds, or as a
Fence for Fowls, &c. From 2 to 6 yards wide, at Id. per square yard ;
100 yards, 7.s". 6d. ; 600 yards, 35«. Carriai-e paid to any part of
England if 1000 yards are taken. Remtttanca to accompany orders.
Cbristuas Qdincey, Seedsman, Peterborough. ^^

Garden Netting.
JOHN EDGINGTON and CO. supply TANNED

?J NETTING for the Protection of Fruit Trees, Id. per square yard.
Any quantity. SCRIM CANVAS, fitc. ; TULIP COVERS and
GREENHOUSE SHADES. SUN BLINDS, &c MARQUEES,
TENTS, and FLAGS for FETES, FLOWKR SHOWS, &c.

John Edoinqton & Co., (Tent Makers to the Royal Family), 48,
Long Lane, Smithfleld, E.C.; and IS, Piccadilly. W

NETTING for FRUIT TREES, SRED HEDS, RIPE
STRAWBERRIES. &c.— TANNED NETTING for protecting
the above from Frost, Blight, Birds, &c., 2 yards wide, 3d. peryard,
or 100 vards, 20s ; 4 yards wide, 6d. per yard, or 60 yards, 20s. NEW
TANNED NETTING, suited for any of the aboTO purpo.sos, or as a
Fence for Fowls, 2 yards wide, 6d. per yard ; 4 yards wide, I*-, per
yard ; 5-inch mesh, 4 yards wide, Is. Gd. per yard. Can be had in
any quantitv of

Eaton &"Deller, 6 and 7, Crooked Lane, London Bridge, E.G.

Agricultural Co-operation.

IHE AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTURAL

ASSOCIATION, LIMITED.

CODNCIL

The Right Hon. William Cowper,

M.P.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.
Thomas Hughes, Esq., M.P.
•Tames Beal, Esq,

This Association supplies its
Machines by the best Makers.

E. Vansittart Neale, Esq.
Frederick Pennington, Esq.

(Treasurer).
Edward Owen Greening, Esq.
(Managing Director).
Members with Implements and
with Unadulterated Seeds,

Manures, and Manufactured Cattle Food at cost price, upon the Co-
operative System. An Investment of £1 and upwards (beiu*lng
interest dividend) constitutes Membership after Election by Council.
No further liability. Rules and all information post free on receipt
of two stamps, or by personal application to ihe Ofllces of the Asso*
ciation. EDrt-AitD Owen Greening, Managing Director.

Offices:— 29, Parliament Street, Westminster; and
1, Albert Square, Manchester.

Bee Hives.

PaiZE Medal and Honourable Mention Awarded to Georoe
NEioaBooR & Sons, for Bee Hives and Honev at this vajiiocs

ExniBITIONS.

NE IGHBOUR'S
IMPROVED COTTAGE
BEE HIVE, as originally
introduced by George Neigh-
bour k Sons, with all the
recent improvements, working
three bell-glasses ; is neatly
and strongly made of straw ;
it baa three "Windows in the
lower Hive, with a Thermo-
meter affixed to the centre
one. This Hive will be found
to possess many practical
advantages, and is more easy
of management than any
other Bee Hive that has been
introduced.

Price complete . . £1 16 0
Stand for ditto . . 0 10 C

THE LIGURIAN or
ITALIAN ALP BEE being
much in repute at the present
time, we are in a position to
supply Stocks of the pure race
carefully^packed in Woodbury Bar-Frame Hives, so as to travel with
comparatively no risk ofdamage.

ENGLISH BEES. — Stocks and Swarms may , be obtained as
heretofore. _,

A newly-arranged CATALOGUE of other Improved Hives, with
Drawines and Prices, sent on receipt of two stamps.

Address, Geo. Neighdodr & Sons, 127, High Holborn, W.C. ; or
140, Regent Street, London, W.

AfiENTs :— Livei-pool : James Cuthbert, 12, Clayton Square. Man-
cheater : .7. Wilson, 60, King Street. Birmingham; J. H. Cottrell,
15, Bull Ring. Dublin : Edmondson Brothers, 10, Dame Street.
Glasgow : Austin & McAslan. IC, Buchanan Street.

for

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS
HORTICULTURE.
" Dry Glazing wicnout Putty."
" Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South
KensLDgton.

Plans and Est mates free on appl cation Descriptive B ok fiilly
illustrated, post tree for 2u stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
Jaues Cranston, Architect, Blrmmghiim.

Works : Hlghgate Street, Birmingham.
I Henry J, Growtaqe, Manager, 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

J. B. BROWN & CO.'S

NEW PATENT B B LAWN MOWER.

Note front Thos. Lngkam, Esq., the Uoyal Gardens, Windsor., August 11, 1866.
*' I liave much pleasure in stating tliat your New Patent B B Lawn Mowing- Machine [a 24-inch] has had a
good trial, and has proved quite satisfactory. The work done is of the fimt order^ leaving the Zawn like a piece
of velvet."

*3S* Every Machine sent out is tvarrantcd to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of] mag be at once returned.

J. B. BROWN AND CO.,
WAREHOUSE and LONDON MANUFACTORY, 148, UPPER THAMES STREET, E.G.

PATRONISED BT

HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE LATE PRINCE CONSORT,

ON BOTH THE MODEL WINDSOR FARMS.

By far the most elegant of, and durable, Wii-e Fencing, that has come under our notice is that made by Greening & Co., Manchester. Below it is suflSciently closed
to be proof alike against the ingress of Kats or the egress of Chickens, and being spiked above, it affords no resting place for the Fowls, who consequently do not attempt to fly
over." — From the "Poultry Book."

GEEENINa & COMPANY, Limited,

Manufacturers of IRON GATES, FENCES, PALISADES, ESPALIEES, HTJEDLES, TREE GUARDS, GARDEN SEATS, VERANDAHS, VASES, FOUNTAINS,
TOMB RAILINGS, STABLE FITTINGS, GARDEN ROLLERS, POULTRY HOUSES, EMIGRANTS' HOUSES, BRIDGES, CORN RICK STANDS, &c. ; also of
Wke Strained Fences, Eope Fences, and Patent Moveable Fences for Railways, Parks, Farms, G.ardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Courts, Sheep Walks, &c. ; also of
Wire Netting, Plant Guards and Protectors, Gai-den Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea and Plant Trainers, Pheasantries, Hen Coops, Garden Lounges.

GENERAL CATALOGUE, in Royal 8vo, 72 Pages and Wrapper, mth 33 Illustrations (together with SUPPLEMENT of TESTIMONIALS from the leading
Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom, to the quality of G. & Co.'s Manufactures), forwarded on receipt of Two Stamps to defray postage.

1, ALBERT SQUARE, MANCHESTER.

London Aoents : THE AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION, LIMITED.-OFFICES ; 29, PARUAMENT STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

May U, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

507

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

TH 0 II A S M I 1. L I N G 'J' 0 N AND CO.,
S7. lJi.siii)i)sf.riio Stioet Without, London, E.C
NKW LIST for ORCHAUD HOUSK GLASS as suppliod to Ilcr
Mijoaty, tlio Nobility, Ooutiy. Mr. Eivuis, and tlio loadiug Ilortl-
oulturlsts of tlio United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

;(rds. Suds, j BoBt.

20 by 12 ,

20 by i:i ) (

SObyH^Poi-IOOfeot.^

20 by 16 1
20 by 10 ■■

SMALL SHEET .SQUARES, 16 oz., por 100 feet.

4ths.
14s 3i(

16.v0rf 183 {klliUs 0<l

22s2d 2&it6iil26sM

n. in. iln. in. [Ill in.liu. in.
0 by4 7 by 6 8 by <1 0 by r )
61 by 4(1 71 by 6|| 81 by (l|l U) by 7i;
I'er 100 foot.

i2ibyinil"|l'yloi
13 by 10 16 ■ •
13tby 101 13
11 by 10 |1'

I 4tbs. I 3dy. I 2nda. < Best.
12s 3rf 13* 3ti| IGs Od 18s Oti

10 by 8 112 by 0
lOlbySI 12| by 01
U byO 13 by o
111 by 1)1 1 12 by 10

>r 100 loot.
HI by lot)
16 by 10 [

13 byll f

14 by U J

LAllUE SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 feet.

In. In. In. In.

161 by ini 14 by 12

10 by 10 14) by 121

I4|bvlll 16 by 12

16 by 11 16| by 121

151 by 111110 by 12 ,

10 byll 101 by 12)1 24by M

21 byll 17 by 12 I 22 by 16

13 by 12 18 by 12 I 24 by 16

in.
23 by 12
17 by 13
23 by 13
IS by 11
by H

4ths.

14ii3li

3da.

16s 0(2

2nds.

Best

188 Gil,!(K Oil

In.

22 by 10.

24 by 111

20 by 17

22 bv 17

24 by 17

20 by 18

22 by 18

24 by 18

The above Pnoos are ouly for tlie Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any

other Size bo reiiulrod, a Spouial Price will bo given.

SHEET GLASS.

la Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 9 foot super.

16 oz.

4tb8 quality, por 300 feet ciuie, 38s.
3i1s „ „ 48».

2ds „ ,, G2«.

Best „ „ 92s.

21 oz,

4ths quality, por 200 feet case, 3Ss.
3d3

2d3
Best

00s.
00s.

SHEET GLAS,S is made only in tlio following substances, 16 oz.,
21 oz., 20OZ., 32 oz., 30 oz., and 42 oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8tti in., 3-16tli in., l-4thin., and 3-8tll in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striliing Glasses, &e., Ac.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, So.

STUCCO PAINT, 21s. per owt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, rasists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, .and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 30s. per cwt. One huudrodweitiht of pure
Ziuc Paint, with three gallons of Linsood Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and sis gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryel^s for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 2Ss. to 34s. per owt.
Anti-oorrosion Paint is extonsivoly used for all kinds of work iu
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron IJridgos,
Conserviitories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Propaiod Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon.

Per cwt, — ^«. d-
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECON DS WII ITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRV-
ERS, ,T.(, to41.l per lb.
„ OXFURI) ot'llRE, 3d.

to 41d, per lb.
„ RAW UilBEU, 41iJ. to
6(1. per lb. (per lb.
„ BURNT do., OW. to 9d.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to 110 1
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 30 t
RED PAINT . . 28s. to 30 I

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.
The above .■iri' Net.
L:sts i.f.i

Por gallon. — s. d.
LINSEED OIL .. .,3 2
BOILED OIL .. ..3 8

TURI'ENTINK .. ..30
LINSEED OIL PUTTT,

8s. to 9n. per cwt.
FineOAKVARNISH,10.s.tol2
„ CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. 10s. to 12 0

,, COPAL 10 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE . . 10 0

,. BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
e.'vchunge.
Cash, and as such cannot be booked,
r the ,^bovo on application

Great International Horticulturan5xiilbltlonl.866^

FiaST AND ONLY PhIZE AWARDKD TO

BEARD'8 PATENT METALLIC NON-
CONDUCTING GLASS HOUSES.
Perfect System of Ventilatiou and Glazing.
Maiiufi=ictur6d by Messrs. Sanders, Frewer, & Co., Victoria Ilortl-
caitural Works, Bury St. Edoiund's.
See large Advertisement in Ganleiurs' Chronicle of April 27, 1861.

KEY STONE TUHNIP — TOBACCO PAPEK.

Price to the Trade on application to
H Brown, 4, Commutation Row, Liverpool.

ROLL TOIJACUO CLOTH.— The cheapest and best
article for SmoiiiDg Greenhouses and destroying tne Fly ; equal
to Tobacco in strength, U. 4d. per It. ; over 10 lb., Is. Id.

Joseph Barer. 10, Oough Square, Fleet Street, E.C.
Post Office Orders payable Fleet Street

Fumigate your Greenhouse wltli

TOBACCO TISSUE.

— This article is acknowledged by all parties who nave used i* to
be the best remedy for Destroying Insect Life ; is entirely free from
paper or rag, and will bui-n without, the assistance of blowing.

Price 3s. Gd. per lb., carriagefree, To be had of Messrs, Roberts
& Sons, Tobacco M.inufncturer8, 112, St. John Street, Clerkenwell,
E.C., and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

G' r"S~H U R S~ T

COMPOUND.
Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1S50, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thnps,
Green Fly. and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to tho gallon of soft
water, and of fi om 4 to Ifi ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Treesi. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
bo^es, Is., 3^., and 10s. Cd.

lied
Spidei

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CAUDLE COMPAJ^r

ILimited)^)

BOSTON'S NK PLUS ULTKA, for the Destruction of
Mealv Bug, Scale, American Blight, &c., on Stove and Green-
house Plants, Fruit Treeti, Vines, Ac. In bottles, with full matruc-
tlons for application, price 3s. iid., 5s,, and 10s. 6U.

Jamks Carter & Co. beg leave to state that the present time is most
iultable for applying the above genuine Specific before the com-
mencement of the growing season, thereby preventing tho rapid
lncrf?Rae of the above T»eftn wliic would ol.herwiHo tnke place. The
Infallible properties of BOSTOi-.S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becoming fully recognised, J. i. & Co. having already sold nearly
2000 bottles since its first introduction in the spring of ls66.
NiuuerouH testimonials have been received, and not a single complaint
ofttBlnofflciency.

Sole Agents, JaucbCahteu & Co., i!37and 23B. High Holboro, W.C.
*n* The Trade supplied on liberal terms.

MK. A. CHANDLER (of the hilr Einii ul' Ciianulku
& SoKH, Nurseryifiuu, Vauxiiidl}, IlunricuLTUKAi, AoENr and
Vallek, J4.H. Horticultural Exidblliuns iittDuded, txs Judge.
Addro.ss, 308, l'\ilhain Ruad, W.W.

Winter Ribbon Garden.

JOHN ROSS, Surbiton. Surrey, W., ia prepared to
LAV OUT dvery diwortptiou of PLlSAaURE GROUND
SCENKUV. Photographs of Ribbon Planting may be had lor

luspucLion as above.

TOriN GIBSON, JuN~h''iCs'tn imnourico tliat h.* is

rf proMiiiod to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAVING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
KesKionccs, or for tho FORMATION of PUItLlC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out tho .same by Contract or othurwlso.
Address Mr. John Gihson, lun., Surrey Lane, Hattersea, S.W.

GOLD PHEASANTS.— Several First-rute Bii'ds for
Sale. Also a few D'Zon EGGS
Apply to R., iSouth Ka.'ifern Qaz^tle Otflco, Maidstone.

Farm Poultry.

GREt DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, tho largest and most productive

brooii known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
aYLF;SBURY and ROUKN DUCKS.

Imported UKLrUAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAIIMA-POUTRA. CREVECU-iUR, and LA FLECHE FoWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
JoQM Baily & Sow. 113, Mount Street, London, W.

N'SALE7T\\^iVt-clii"ss"Miadle-bred YOUNG^OWS",

In Pig by Kettledrum, —For price, &c., apply to
TKOSIA9 Stonisdv, EarlsheatoQ. ne.ir Dewsbury,

o

SEWAGE of NORWICH.— Notice iy hereby given thiit
tho Local Board of Health for the Corporate District of
Norwich nro propiu-ed to RECEIVE TENDERS ior the PURCHASE
of tho SEWAGE of the DISTRICT, and for tho Hire of about
1300 Acroa of Land In tho possession of the Board, intended to bo
irrigated with auoh Sewage which will be pumped to the highest part
of the Land at the cost of the Board.

Further particulars, and any other information required may be
obtained upon application to air. A. W. Mokant, the Engineer to
tho Board, at his Offices, Norwich, or to myself.

The Tenders iuro to bo uddrcssud to Tho Clerk of the Board, and
delivered at my Oftlce on or before tho «h of June uoxt, endorsed
"lender for Sewage of Norwich."

The Board do not bind thuuiselves to accept tho lowest or any
Tender. H. B. Miller,

Clerk to the Norwich Local Board of Health.

flauk Chambers Norwich, May 2, 1807.

W

ANTED, a PARTNER, with £400, in a Nursery and
Florist and an extensive JobblngTradeandLaying-nut. Also
THREE ACRES of FLOWER and KITCHEN GARDEN, with
Cottage and Seed Shop, close to the Crystal Palace. A good Invest-
ment for an active Young Man.— Apply to
L. Meaguer, Hamilton Road Nursery, Lower Norwood, Surrey.

¥

710R DISPOSAL, n First-chiss NURSEiiY and SEED

BUSINE3.S; or the present Proprietor would accoi't of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than jElSW.

Apply bv letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, ij, Leadenhall Street,
London, E.G.

Market Garden.

TO BE LET, at Mirhat-hna.^ next, about THIRTT-
SIX ACRES of Capital LAND. wt;ll suited for a MARKET
GARDEN, between the Bath ana SLamea Road, and about IG miles
on the West side of London.

For particulars, apply to Messrs. Taylor, Hoare, & Taylor,
28, Great James Street, Bedford Row, W.C.

Saks fig gluction.

SALE THLS DAY, AT HALF-PAST TWELVE O'CLOCK.

Imported Orcblds from Guatemala.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUG ITON, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY, May 11, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely, the remain-
ing portion of the late Mr. Skioner's IMPORTATION of ORCHIDS
from Guateir.ala, comprising fine masses of Lycaste Skinneri,
Barkeria Skinneri, Oncidium Sprucei, Odontoglossum grande,
Hartwegla purpurea, Barkeria speocabilis, Brassavoia glauoa, Lrelia
superbiens, Epideiulniiii viteliinnm, kn , ic.

On viuw the Muroiiig of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Valuable Imported Orcbids from New Grenada.

MR. J. C. STEVENS wiU SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, ^3, King Street, Coveut Garden, W.C, on
MONDAY, May 13, at half-past 12 o'Olock precisely, an
IMPORTATION of SPLENDID PLANTS of Odontoglossum
triumph:ins, Alexandrte, glnriosum, and other choice Odontoglots.
Several h-mdred Plants of Cattleya Mos.'iie, &c., just arrived m the
finest possible health, and for Sale without the least reserve.
On viow the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Valuable Imported Orcbids from New Grenada.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Coveut Garden, W.C. on
SATURDAY, May 18, at half-oast 12 o'Clock precisely, an importa-
tion of splendid new CATTLEYAS and ODOKTOGLOSSUMS from
New Grenada, comprising wonderful specimens in the finest possible
health, and Including some of tho finest masses ever Imported.
Drawings and dried Specimens will be exhibited at the Sale, and the
Plants are loried to suit all buyers.

On viow tho Moruuig of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Imported OrcMds from Moulmeln.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden. W.C.. on
WEDNESDAY, MAY I'a. at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, a Con-
sit.'imient of Valuable DENDROBIUMS, AEHIDES, SACOOLA-
BIUMS. and other Choice Species from Moulrnein.

On viow the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Preliminary Notice.

Highly Important Sale or EsTAULisu^n Orcuids.

MR. J. C. STEVKNS be^^s to announce that he has
been favoured with instructions to SKLL by AUCTION,
without reserve, at his Great Rooms. 38. King Street, Covent
Garden, W.C, ou TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY. May U nnd l;'..
at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely each day, the Collection of CHdICE
and RARE ORCHIDS belonging to Dr. Pattisou, of St. John's Wood,
consisting ot fine healthy plants of all the newest and rarest
varieties, including :—

Aerides Fieldingii

„ Larpentio

,, maculoaum superbum, ice.
Angriecum ^squipedale
Cattleya amethystoglossa

„ pallida

„ bulbosa a. Walkeriana

,, Warscewiczii superba, dell-
cata, ic.
Cypripediumcaudatum superbum

„ Fairrieanum

,, Lown

„ Stonel

„ Veitchil [giganteum

Dendrobiuni mftcrophyllum

,, Farmeri aureum navum

„ Cambndgeanum

,, noblle pendulum

„ Parish) I

,, primulinum giganteuni

„ Heyneanum, Blanduiu, &c.
Lmlia niajalis

LeoI ia autumnalis

,, Brysiana
Odontoglossum Alosandne

,, cordatum

„ luteo-purpureum

„ Phalaanopsis

,, n^vium majus, &c.
Oncidium macranthum

„ nubigenum

,, holochrysum

,, cruentum, &c.
Plialtenopsis amabilis

,, grandiflora (Bornean and
Philippine varieties)

,, Luddemannlana

„ Schilleriana
V;inda cceruloa

„ insignis

„ suavis

„ tricolor, &c.
Uropedium Lmdieyanum
Zygopetalum rostratum, &c.

On view the Mornings ot Sale, and Catalogues had.

Shepherd's Bush.

SALt; ov AiiuOT iib.OOO GitKKNiiouBL ANi. llj;DniNu Plakth

MESSRS. TROTH KUOK and MORRIS aro iimtructed
^. u''°..'^^.l''v'*y AUCTION, on tho PremlsoH. Exotic Nursery.
siiephordH Bush adjoinlmr the Shophord'H UumIi Station on the
Metropolitan Railway, on TUESDAY, May 14,iiL haU'-nnNt 11 o'clock
pruciaoly, without resorvo, about 2r>,000 GRKKNUOUSK and
BEDDING PLANTS. coiii|)i Isliig about 7600 Scarlot and Variogatod
Uonuiiums, IWio Pelargouiums, Acanlas, Hydrangoas, Doutziae,
KricuH. Camellias, Gardenias, Calla Roues In pots, ic, with a large
Ashortmont of useful Ornameutal Plunts for Bedding Cloves
Chrysanthemums, Hardy Climbers in pots, &c. ' '

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the P'-omlsea,
and of the Auctioneers k Valuers, Loytonstone, N.E

Sale of Choice Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, &c.

MESSRS. PROTIIEROE and MORRIS will SliLL by
AUCTION, at :S8 and .39, Gracechurch Street, Citv, E.G.,
on WEDNESDAY, May Ifl.at 12 o'Clock precisely, a choice Collection
of OREElNHnUSE PLANTS, including fine Azalea indica ; Show,
Fiuioy, andl'Yonch Pelargoniums ; Scarlet and Variegated Gera-
niums, Roses m pots, and other Plants In bloom ; named Rhodo-
<lendruns ; Imported Flower Seeds ; with a variety of Ornamental
Plants for Bedding ; Verbenas, Fuchsias, Dahlias, ic.

On view tho Morning of Sale. Catalogues may be had at the
Rooms as above, and of the Auctioneers and Valuors, Leytonstone,
Essex, N.E.

luPOHTANT SaI

High Beech, Essex.

MiocT 20.000 Bkddinu and Grkenqocse Plants.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are instrueted
by Mr. .f. Crawford (who la retiring from the Business) to
SBLL by AUCriON, on the Premises, opposite the King's Oak,
High Beech, about 20 minutes' walk from tho Loughton Railway
Station, on the Woodford and Loughton lino, on FRIDAY, May 17,
at 12 o'clock precisely, about 20,000 UP^DDING and ORKENHOUSE
PLANTS, including a large quantity of Geraniums, Pelargoniums,
Heliotropes, Calceolarias, Lobelias, Fuchsias, Colons, &c. ;
HX)0 Azalea indica, Ericoa, Epacris, Hybrid Perpetual and other
Ruses ill Pots, Gardenia, Vallota purpurea, Cytisus, Ferns. &c. ;
some very handsome specimen Rhododendrons of the choicest
named varieties, now coining iuto fiower, &c.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues may bo had on the
[)rumlsc3, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

Forest Side, Chlngford, Essex.

iMroHTANT Sals o? auhut 2J,000 GuLtNuotai: and BEnniHo Plants'

MESSRS. PROTIIEROE and MORRIS are directed
by Mr. James Kelman to SELL by AUCTlO^f, on the
Premises. (Jueeu Elizabeth's Lodge Nursery, Chingford (about
20 minutes' walk from Buckhurst Hill Railwav Station on the
Woodford and Loughton Lino, on SATURDAY. Mav IB. at 2 o'clock
precisely, about 2.5,000 GREENHOUSE and BEDDING PLANTS,
remarkably well grown, including with the usual Miscellaneous
Assortment, soma of the Novelties of the present season, such as
Beaton's Geraniums, Mrs. Pollock, and others ; Lilium anratum, &c.
May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the Promises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

Kennington Park.

Clearance Sale 01 Bekoinu and thtcKMiuusK Plants, Grkenuodses,

SnKus, Bhuks, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MOKKIS are instructed
by Mr. Tooley, to SKLL by AUCTION on the Premises,
Garden Cottage, Queen'.s Row, Kcniiington I'ark Road, ,S., close to
the Horns Taveru, on MONDAY, May 20, at 12 o'Clock precisely,
the whole of the GREENHOUSE and BEDDING PLANTS,
including the usual assortment; also 4 Greenhouses. 4 Three-Light
Boxes, Hand Glasses, Sheds, Hot-water Piping, Boilers, Bricks,
Water Butts, and sundry effects.

Mav be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues bad on the Premises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

Dalston.

Clearance Sale of Greenuodse and Beddiko Plants, Greenuooses,
Pits, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE ani> MORRIS have received
instructions from Mr. Han'ington (who is relinquishing tho
business), to SELL by AUCriON, without reserve, on the Premises.
The Old Dalston Nursery, Dalston l..ane, within five minutes walk of
the Dalston Junction fetation on the North London Railway, on
TUESDAY, May 21, and following dav, at 12 o'Clock precisely each
(lay, the whole of the GREENHOUSE PLANTS, including large
Double Camellias, Azalea indica, Flcus, Cytisus, Acacia, Caila,
Oleander, C^cti, Agapanthus, Hoya, Roses in pots, Americjm Aloes,
&c. ; about 15,0o0 Scarlet, Variegated, Zotiale, and other Geraniums ;
2000 Pelargoniums, and the usual assortment of Bedding Plants in
large quantities ; Evergreens in pots, Lilium lancifollum, Hardy
Climbers, Vines in pots, &c., with eight Loan-to and Span-roof Green-
houses i several ranges ot Pits, Boxes, Hot-water Piping, Boilers,
Water and Garden Pots, Bricks, and other eflects.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had on the
Premises, at Kingsland Nursery ; and of the Auctioneers and
Valuers, American Nurseries, Leytonstone, N.E.

Hornsey Road.

CtEARAKce Sale or Greesuocse and Bedding Plants.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by
AUCTION on the Premises, D?Tonshlre Nursery, Homsey
Road on THURSDAY, May 23, at U o'Clock, without resei-ve, the
whole of tho Valuabh^ BEDDING and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
including 7000 very fine Calceolaria aurea floribunda ; 3000 Lobelia
speciosa; 4000 Scarle' and Variegated Geraniums, of various sorts ;
Fuchsias, Verbenas, &o. ito. ; 3uoo well-grown Pelargoniums, fine
blooming Plants; quantity of Manure; 0 Glazed Lights; a Sprmg
Cart; Garden Pots, &c.

May be viewed three Days prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be
had on the l^romises, and of the Auctioneers, American Nurseries,
Leytonstone, Essex, N.E.

Danbury Palace, Essex.

MR. WAKELING respectfully informs the Public
that ho is favoured with instructions from the Executors of
the late Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Rochester, to SELL by
AUCTION, in the Grounds, on TUESDAY, Mav 14, at 11 o'Clock
precisely, 20.000 valuable GREENHOUSE and BEDDING PLANTS
of esteemed Varieties, consisting of Geraniums, Fuchsias, Verbenas.
Petunias. Azaleas, Camellias, Ferns, Strawberry Plants in pots, and
various others.

Catalogues may bo had five days prior to Sale, of Mr. Tinsley,
Head Gardener at the Palace ; and of the Auctioneer, Chelmsford.

At Hendon, near the Church.

7uO dozen Bedding Plants, about 2 tons of Oak Bark. 42 Oak,
13 Ash, 7 Plane, 7 Chestnuts, (J Sycamore, 6 Lime Trees, and
about 200 Faggots.

MESSRS. HUMBERT and COX will SELL by
AUCTION, on tho Premises, Church Lane, Hendon, N.W. on
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, May 16 and IB, at 12 o'Clock,
2U dozen GERANIUMS, consisting of Mrs. Pollock and other good
varieties, 200 dozen VERBENAS, C dozen FAIRY ROSES, 200 dozen
FUCHSIAS, 50 dozen LOBELIAS, and about 10 dozen others.

May be viewed the Mornings of Sale, and Catalogues had at the
Inns in the neighbourhood ; and of the Auctioneers, Watlord,
Herts, and h^, St. James's Street, S.W.

The Laundry Farm, Denham, near Uxbridge.

aluable Fakming Stock, CARRiAiita, Dolblk ako Sinulk Carriage
Harness. Useful Cart-house, Beduinq Plants, Gakuen Impla-

ueNts, and Effeots.

M^

its, and j^ffects.

KSSKS. VENTOM, CLARKE, and BULL will SELL

L bv AUCTION, on the PremiBeB, on MONDAY, May 20, at li
fur 1 o'clock, SIX COWS, tl.ree Hollora, two Calves, a Steer, turee
Sows, 30 Pigs, Poultry, a Howard's Patont Hlwuialiini! MaclliBe an
Oilrake Crushing Maclliue, a Water-cart, a Tumbnl-cart, Iron and
Wooden Hurdles, &c.

Catalogues may be had of Messrs. H»«T, »">""««•■ *^'2'',S*'t'„f,'
Moorgat? Street ; of Messrs. Lawlash:, P"-?;". f ftil'^rt.t md of
14 Old Jewry Cbambors ; at tbe Cliequers Hotel, Ulbrldgo , and 01
the Auotioaeers, 8, Bucltlonibury, E.C.

508

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 11, 1867. i L

SHANKS' NEW PATENT LAWN MQWEBS FOE 1867.

PATRONIZED ON FIVE OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1864 BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY.
DTIEING THE SEASON OP 1865 THEY "WERE PATRONISED ON FOUR OCCASIONS BY HER MAJESTY THE aUEEN,

ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND, AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PIIUSSXA.

AGAIN ON FOUR OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON .OF 1866 BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN

AND BY MANY DISTINGUISHED NOBILITY BOTH IN THIS COUNTRY AND VBROAD.

HORSE-POWER MACHINE.

Every iniaute point in the way of improvement lias been carefully coasidered and adopted, and as A, S. and SON have for more than a quarter of a century
devoted their attention to this particular branch of their business, the Nobility, Gentry, and Gardeners' may rely on the ilACHlNES they may order, to be such
as to ensui'e lasting satisfaction, and to stand the wear and tear of many years.

SHiHKS' PATEIT LAWN MOWERS

ARE IN UAILY USE IN

ALL THE KOYAL GAfiDENS ; IN THE HOKTICULTUEAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON ; CUi'STAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUNDS ;

IN VICTOKIA PARK; HYDE PARK;
And in almost all the piincipal Public Parka and Gardens in the Kingdom.

Tlrese are the only Macliines that can be depended, on to give lasting' satisfaction.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOiF PMOPERLY JTHEN THE GRASS IS TFET.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOnT STOPPINQ, THUS SAVING AN' IMMENSE AMOUNT OF LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWEES are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shanks' Patent Lavm Mower will Mow on uneven as well as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, in referrmg to then- IMPROVED LAWN MOWERS for 1867, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in effecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general efficiency, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. and SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an extent as possible in the construction of their Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery are employed in manufactming the various parts, and this applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S. and SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWERS, which will enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OK SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

width of Cuttsr.
10-inch Machine £3 10 0

SHANES' NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Easily Worked Silent Movement.

12-inch Machine 4 10o]^''''^

14-inch Machine 5 10 0 By a Boy

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE

Width of Cutter.

25-inch Machine £12 10 0

28-inch Machine U 10 0 .. .. 30«. „

30-inch Machine 15 15 0 .. .. 30s. „

Silent Movement, 12s. 6d. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

4s. extra.

If with Patent Delivering Apparatus.

. , 25s. extra.

Width of Cutter.
16-iuch Machine
19-inch Macliine
22-inch Machine
24-inch' Machine

£6 10 0
7 12 6

Silent Movement

Easily Worked
By a Man or Two Boys I ^ ^^^^
By a Man ana Boy \

■ 7s. 6d.
extra.

8 17 6 }-2y 2VoJlfe» .. I

If with Patent Delivering Atiparatus.
,, 30s. extra.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE

Width of Cutter.

30-inch Machine £19 0 0

36-inoh Machine 22 0 0 .. .. 30s. „

42-inoh Machine 26 0 0 . . . . 40s. „

48-ittch Machine .. .. .. .. 28 0 0 .. .. 405. „ ,

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Teet, 26s. per set

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

y(7/^. 27 Xca^fCTi/ia;; .S</-erf is the only place in London where intending purchasers of La mi Mowers can cimse from a Stock of from 150 to 200 Machines.
AU Sizes kept there, whether for Horse, Pony, or Hand Power. e j j j i

f ?ta?eTb?7™ M'.'S'.tr" tt" Offl™'o''r Ma Jii^^H.;!?/;,;' AJ^nl'^-ts «"'' Business Letter to •• The Publisher," at the Olllee, 41, WelUagton Street, Coveut Garden, London. W.O.
te. No. ". WeUhigto"sSt;ptLh%f fe\'„l"'^1£enrtoae'i ^i:^i\7 i'l^'"^'^'"^". Olty of I.oaaon, In the ^. of Middlesex, and Published hy the sal.

I, Covent Garden, in the said County.— Siioanij , May U, 1847,

said J^ues MATiaKnrs,at the

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 20.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, MAY IS.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, 6L

Aiiliiietin Rrsfca

Aiioubtts, IVult ing of

A/iili*'!, iiKiiistrous.

lU'lviiirCustlc

l!ci.'-liiVL's, imdirinp

lt.TkH.-v. I{.>v. M.J

llimUs, iiotU'ed 620 6-

Jtuu^'uinvillcna

)!i-li'k ninkiiiK

Ciittli' nlnguu . . . .623 ft, 62t c,
■ ,.524c,

VU -,

Ei-icii tlntlnnnbula

Fai-m.Ovei-stoneOvanRe ..

— Berwickshire Mci-se...

— "West Sussex

FumieW Clubs

Pt-rn diitributhm

Flux, J iipiineae

Fox biintiiiff battiies

FiiiiKJ ns food

GiirdeuinK, iinture and art i

refereiu'O to

Ouino.i-iitiiiK of

GniftinK, curiosities of

Orape>i. lipe, in March

H»rvcst work

51Dft
619 II

62(i c

S30 b
53IJ n

Hutboiises, paradigm

Hybridising

Hypotbpp

Jiilitp plant

Land (|ucHtionj Irish

Li(.-biK, Barou

Miiltt:ix

Milk, London

Mistleto

t)il(iTitoKlfissimi triuniphnna ,,

Oruliia Mill's

I'aris, Itittcrs from

Peas, enrly ^..

relnrKoniums, vavipcated

zonal 515 a-

PlHntt, new

I'rimula I'ortnsnidesnmoana

H.iUu- \Miu,lhimlH

innKlliim ..

Clii

I till

!?ir Harry

Tratlo lists

Vines, bleeding

Vine extension

Viola oornuta

Wi'iilhcr prcilietions

Ziziinia luioiitica

531 a
filU n

O'JIi ft
528 c
5i7 c
025 a
61!) f.
6m ft
522 a
r.l7 c
619 b

521 a

61(> 6
S20 ft
631 a
615 c
528 ft

619 c

620 c

OiO ft

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
' SOUTH KENSINGTON. W.

SPECIAL NOTICE— MONDAY NEXT, May 20, being the dny
appointed for laying tlio Foundation Stone of the Hall of Arts and
Suienoos bv Her Majesty tha Qaeon, there will be a GRAND
FLORAL FETE given in honour of tho occasion. The Cascades and
Fountains will olav, and Military Bands perform. Doors open at 10.
Admission, by Tickets purcha.sed prior to the 20th, 3s. Gii. ; or on
the Uiiv, OS. After the ceremony all visitors will have free access

to the tent. __ _

OYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
FELLOWS are infonntd that on MONDAY NEXT, the 20tbinst.,
their PriviieKes of Aiiniittimce will be the same as on any other
FOte Day. All Tickets must lie shown on entrance.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
NOTICE. — A MEETING of the FRUIT and FLORAL COM-
MITTEES will be HELD on TUESDAY NEXT, May 21, at
11 for half-past precisely.

Band every Tuesday to June 30, from i o'clock.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
The FIRST GREAT FETE will be HELD on JUNE 4, and the
Flowers, &c., will remam on viewuntiltheath. Bandeachday from 4.
Admission (for the Opening Day) by Tickets purchased prior to
the 4th :— Fellows' Friends, as-. Gil. : Public, 6.f. ; or on tbe Day, 7s. Gd. ;
or by Ticket admitting from 4th to 8th, Fellows' Friends, 7s. Gd. ;
Public. lOs, 6d., which may bb bought of ail the principal Musicsellers
at the West End, and of Keith, Prowse, k Co., Cheapside.

OYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S GARDENS,

ReRent'fi Park. — FIRST EXHIBITION of PLANTS and
FLOWERS, WEDNESDAY, May 29. Tickets to be obtained only
at tho Gardens; and of the Society's Clerk, Austin's Ticket Office,
St. James's Hall ; by orders from Fellows of the Society, price 6s.
each, and on the day of the Exhibition, 7s. 6d. each. Gates open
at 2 o'clock. ^_^______^____

LINNEAN SOCIETY. Burlington House. Piccadilly.
—The ANNIVERSARY MEETING of this Society will be
held' here on FRIDAY, May 24, at 3 o'clock precisely, for the
ELECTION of a COUNCIL and OFFICERS for the ensuing Year.
George Busk, Secretary.

/CRYSTAL fALACE.— (iRKAT FLOWER SHOW,

V^ MAY 26. — Schedules, with List of Prizes, may be had on

applicatioiito I. Wilkinson, Superintendent, Crystal Palace.

Entries should be at once forwnrded.

Plants for the Season.

CHARLES TURNER'S DESCRIPTIVE SPRING
CATALOGUE of BhUJDING PLANTS, FLORIST'S
FLOWERS, &c., is now ready, ami may bo had on appllcatloo.
Tlio Royal Xurserlun, Slough

Bedding Plants, mostly 2s. per dozen.
SCOTT, Wrrriu!.!,, .Suim-rsri, lor tlic 17th year ofleis

• his unrivalloii (.^Mlluctiou nf the above.

CATALOGUES .ui uppHcation free.

Bedding Plants.

ARCHIBALD H KN DERSuN'S DESCRIPTIVE
PRICED CATALOGUE is now ready, containing many
Nnvoltie^J. Can be had gratis and post free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath, S., and at tho East SmTey Seed
Warehouse, College GruuiulK, Nnctli End, Croydon^

High Beech, Essex, N.E.
TAMES C R A W V OKI) licgs to offer upwards of
*J 20,000 BEDDINIj PLANTS, in small CO-pots, Is. Cd. per doz. ;

in stove pots at la. per doz. And other Greenhouse Plants equally
cheap. Weil hardened off and lit to turn out.

Hardy Bedding Plants.

STUART AND MEIN, Nuusruvmen, Kelso, N.B.,
have tho fnllnwing to offer :~-
ARABIS LUCIDA. fnl, v:i!i.'grit:i, (Is. per dozen.
Vl( iL.'V liUTKA— Brii,'hr vrlinw nf dwarf hiibit, Os. por dozen.
VIOLA CUKNLM'A, PURl'LE t.jUEEN, true, V2s. Gd. per 100.

EDDINfr P LANTS"— Strmi? healthy Plants
at lfl,s. per 100. consisting of VERBENAS, CALCEOLARIAS.
GERANIUMS, PETUNIAS, GAZANIAS, LOBELIAS, &c., &c.
VERBENAS, all the best kinds, at IGs. per lOO.

CATALOGUES on application.
H. MiNOHiN, The Nurseries, Hook Norton, Oxon.

CHOICE BEDDING GERANIUMS.— Italia Unita,
Luna, Sunset, Mrs. Pollock, Ci7stal Sea, Lo Grand, Amy Hogg,
Venus. Indian Yellow, Glowworm, Orange Nosegay, Enamel, Thy
above twelve varieties, in strong healthy phmts for 12s. Terms cash,
Thomas PEsniiDOK, The Greenway Nursory, Uxbridge, Middlesex.

CHOICE GERANIUM S.—
LUCY GRIEVE, ITALIA UNITA, SOPHIA DUMARESQUE,
TOPSY, SUNSET, MRS. BENYON, QUEEN'S FAVOURITE,
KLEGANS. FONTAINEBLEAU, and KENILWORTH.

Prices and terms to tbe Trade and others on ajjolic^tion to
Thomas J. Booth, Rainhill Nursery, Ralnhill, Lancashire.

T

Mrs. Pollock Geranium.
J. BOOTH ntliTs ihc aboyu, in good Plants, at
7s. per do/t-ii, • >r fiO.s-. per 100, for cash.
Rainliill Nursery, Lancashire.

GRAND FLORAL FETE, YORK, JUNE 19.—
The PRIZES amount to upwards of £400, includingSpecial Prizes
for ORCHIDS, ROSES, and FRUITS. Schedules on application to
John Wilson, Secretary, 13, New Street, York.

BIRMINGHAM ROSE SHOW, JULY 4 and 5.—
For Prize Lists, 'apply to Mr. A. Forrest, Secretary, Cherry
Street, Birmingham. Entries Close Juno l9.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park.

JOHN WATEREK'S RHODODENDRONS will be
EXHIBITED at the above Gardens at the end of the present
month, and continue on view throughout the month of June.

American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

Hyde Park.

THE lar^e STANDARD and other RHODODEN-
DRONS recently planted m Hyde Park were supplied by
Wateher & GoDFRKY, Kuap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.

' Rhododendron javanicum. Finest variety.

WILLIAM KOLLISSON and SONS having raised
many thousands of this beautiful RHODODENDRON from
Seed saved on the best variety are enabled to supply the Trade with
fine Plants at a considerably reduced price. Terms on application to
William Rollisson & Sons, The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S,

GLADIOLI BULBS,
for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., 6s. fid., 7s. 6rf., 9s., and 12s. per dozen.
10s. 6d., IGs., 21s., 26s. to 100s. per 100.
Barr&Sdoden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street
Covent Garden. W.C.

T ILIUM A U R A T U M. —

-l-J Large Consignment just received, 28. Gd., 3s. 6(J.. 6s. 6d., and

7b. ed, perRooc. Extra large selected Bulbs, 10s. Gd., 12s. fid., 16s., &21s.

Barr & SuoDEN, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12. King Street.

Covent Garden. W.C. ^^___^^_^____^_^_^

HUSSEY AND SON beg to offer TOM THUMB
GERANIUMS, extra strong plants, at 14s. per 100 ; SILVER
VARIEGATED, ot sorts, at 16s. per 100 ; and GOLDEN CHAIN, at
18s. per 100.

Mile End Nursery, Eaton, Norwich.

PELARGOMUMS, Show. Fancy, and Spotted kinds.—
24 choice named sorts for lO.'i. ; 36 fo'r 23s. ; 50 for 30s., all strong
healthy plants. Trade price on application.

H. &. R. SriRZAiieR, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster

SAMBO PELARGONIUM (ZONALE) is the finest
formed and richest coloured variety ever introduced. First-
class Certificate by Floral Committee. Strong Plants, 7s. Gd. each.

DowNiE, Laird, & Laing, Stanstead Park, Forest Hill, S.E, ;
and Edinburgh.

NEW ZONAL PELARGONIUMS for the present
Season. — For Six choice Varieties of the above, selected with
great care from an immense batch of Seedlings, see our Advertise-
ments in this Paper, April 6, 13. and 20.

A liberal discount to the Trade.
Saltmarsh & Son, Moulsham Nurseries, Chelmsford,

NEW ROSES for 18(J7.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with piices. on applicatmn.
John Chanston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

pULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.

v..' Second Edition. By John Cranston. King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.
See large Advertisement

To tlie Trade.— Verbenas.

WM. KNIGHT hcgs to oflfer 20,000 VERBENAS,
strong plants, in about 24 of the best varieties known, includ-
ing the best new of last season, at IGs. per 100. Terms cash.
Floral Nursery, Hailsham, Susses.
Post-office Orders payable at Hailsham.

V

ERBENA CRIMSON KING, the finest Crimson

Verbena in cultivation. Strong plants, in pots, IGj*. per 100.

PURPLE KING, strong plants, 12s. Gd. per 100.

PRICED LIST of BEDDING PLANTS, ice. on application.

John Cranston, King's Acre Nui'series. near Hereford,

D

Cllanthus Dampieri.

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, and CO. have to offer a
quantity of the above Seefi. just received in splendid condition,
at Is. and 2«. 6d. per packet. Price to the Trade on application.
South Row, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

AMERICAN ALOfcl.s. — TWO AMERICA.n ALOES
to be SOLD Cheap, being too large for the owner's green-
house. One striped and the other plain.

Apply to Mr. Fryer. Florist, Camberwell New Road, S.

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and OltNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
Tho«a3 Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

Seeds for Present Sowing.
OBSON'S PRIZE CALCEOLARIA, Is. 6rf., 2*. 6rf.,

3s. Gd,, and 5s.
DOBSON'S PRIZE CINERARIA, Is., 2s. Cd.. and fis.
DOBSON'S PRIZE PRIMULA, Is., 2s., and 5s.
The above strains are second to none.
DoBsoN & Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W.

New Seed of 1867.

DOBSON'S CELblBKATED PRIZE CINERARIA
has taken all First Prizes at the London Shows this Season.
Seed from the above, in Sealed Packets, Is., 2s. 6d.. and 5s.

Without exception unequalled bv any other strain.
DoDSON & Sons, Wuodlamia Nursery, Isleworth, London, W.

New Spring Catalogue.

WOOD AND INGRAM'S S<leet CATALOGUE of
Dahlias, Pelargoniuin.s, Zonal and Variegated Geraniums,
Verbenas, Fuchsias, Bedding Plants, &c., is now ready, and will he

forwarded on application.

The Nurseries, Huntingdon.

New Chrysanthemums, Pyrethruma, &c.

JOHN SALTKR'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE is
now ready, and will he sent on receipt of two postage stamps.
Versailles Nursery, William Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith,
W. (near Kensington ^laijway Station),

Orohard-house Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS, APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
EiOBABD Smith. NiU'serjTuan and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

New Striped Japanese Maize.

SUTTON AND SOlNS can Kujiply Seed of the above
beautiful Ornamental Foliage PIuhl in packets at Is. each, post
free. Royal Berkshire Seed EstablisUmuut, Reading.

Sorghum tartarlcum.

SUTTON AND SONS, having imported a supply of
True Seed of tho above, can supply it in packets at Is, and
2s. fld. each (post free).

Ruyul iierli.shire Seed Kstabli.shmont, Reading.

The New Forage Grass (Bromus Schraderl).

SUT'i'ON AND SONS liave inipurled a lar;j;e supply of
Trdk Seed of tho above, and offer it at 2s. Gd. per lb., or cheaper
in large quantities. Qjanttty required per aero. 3u lb. Lowest price
per cwt. and Instructions on cultivation, may be had on application.
SuTTuN & Sunk, Sued Mcicljants, Re/iding.

Fine Grass Seeds for Cricket Grounds,

BOWLING GREENS, or CKOVUET GROUNDS.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply suitable kinds of the
finest-growing GRASSES and CLOVERS for the above purposes,
at Is. 3d. por lb., 24s. per bushel.

Sutton & Sons. Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

ATirrs ExirrTri TTb~ir^"TiMraueiTtion~o'f

VISITORS to this EXHIBITION is respectfully filled to a
COLLECTION of 200 VARIETIES of NATURAL GRASSES,
Exhibited in SALOON No. 47, by Ernst So von Spfibciielsen
(Successors to J. G. Booth & Co.), Hamburg.

VERY GAR D'W^ REQUISITE

E

kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn, London,

Dahlias.

GEO. RAWLINGS' NliNETEENTH ANNUAL
CATALOGUE contains 176 ^eleot varieties at 33. per dozen.
Including Leah, George Wheeler, and the best of 18C5. Also 47 of
186G, at Os. per dozen, including Fanny Stiirt.

_ Waterloo Road, Romfurd, E,

^- Crenuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application, Uighgato, London, N.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST Is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.

Seed Warehouse, Sleaford,

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE'S WHOLESALE SPRING
• PRICED LIST of the abnvo Seeds of ISCO growth la now
ready and may be had on application.

Heed Growing Eatablishment, Wisbech.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

JAMES EAIRHEAD and SoN, 7, Borough Market,
and Braintree, Essex.
LISTS and Special Prices on application.

J

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Se£D Farmers. Merchants, and N0r9Ertmen,
237 & 238. High Holborn, London. W.C.

OQ17 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W,C.
^O 9 —CARTER'S SELECT LIST of FARM SEEDS, at
reasonable prices, forwarded gratis and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High
Holborn. London, W.C,

F

ARM SEED LISTof the LONDON SEED COMPANY

is now published, and can bo obt;uned from the
Manager, 68, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square. London, W.

SKIRVING'S SWEDE TURNIP, 31«. per bushel.
Fine selectr d stock, from the
London Seed Company, 68, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL, oQs. per cwt.
Fine selected stock, from the
London Seed Company, 68, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square, W.

F^ "ARM~~SEEDS.— All the best kinds "of MANGEL
WURZEL. SWEDE TURNIP, and other Farm Seeds of
finest quality on moderate terms.

PRICED LISTS on application to
EicnARD Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

QWEDE SEED.— The WORCESTERSHIRE SWEDE,

O NEW SEED of this excellont kind at 10(/. per lb. Cheaper by
the cwt. or bushel.

Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

New Mangel and Turnip Seeds.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, 7, Borough Market,
and Braintree, Essex. Special Select ORANGE GLOBE and
other MANGELS, and all varieties of TURNIPS.
Special prices on application.

1 ftfi7 TURNIP S E E II S.

XOvi # Best selected quality.

PRICED LISTS on application.
James Dickson & Sons, 102, Eastgate Street, Chester.

s

UTTON'S HOME-GROWN TURNIP SEED.

For prices and particulars apply to
Suttiin ii. S'ivs, Seed (.Irowers, Reading.

Early Sheep Feed— Mustard and Rape.

SUTTON AND SONS eiLii supply sond New Seed of the
above at very moderate prices, which maybe had on application.
SoTToN &, Sons, Seed Merchants, Re iding.

Rohinson's Champion Drumhead Cahhage.

SUTTON AND St)NS can supply New SEED of the
above direct from Mr. Robinson, at *3s. 0(?. per lb., cheaper by
the cwt. Beads of this variety have been grown 75 lb. each.
ScTToK & Sons, Royal Berksliire Seed EstaOUshinent, Reading.

G

ENUINE NEW CARROT SEED.

The Three Best Sorts are

WHITE BRLGIAN, Is. per lb. ) Cheaper

RED INTERMEDIATE, Is. M. per lb. ^ by the

LONS BED CATTLE, Is. Od. pei - .
Sdtton & Sons. Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reathng-.

s

CAItLET BEANS.— Surplus Stock nt any price.
' F*iBnE«ii & SoK. 7. Boroueh Market.

QPECIAL OFFER.-Fine New SCARLET RUNNER

O BEANS. Cash Price, 7s. ed. per bushel. , ^ ,

FnEDEnicn Gbe, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Beds.

510

THE GAEDENERS* CHEONICLE AND AGPJCtTLTUIUL GAZETTE.

[Mat 18, 1867.

rpKICOLOR GEKANIUiMS.-ItaUa Unitn, Queen of
X Noseirays, Gold Pheasant. Sunset, Crystal Palace Dwarf, Mrs
Pollock, Stella Variegativ, Tallow Belt, one of each, packiiv
included, 12s.; Mrs. Pollock, 7^'. per dozen; Sunset, 15s. Strong
Plants of the following at 3s. per dozen :— Iresine, Coieus, Perill.'i
Amanmthus ; Geraniums Tom Thumb, Spitfire, Chnstine. Stellii,
Countess of \\arwick, Alma. Flower of the Day, and Biiou

CALCEOLARIAS, VERBENAS, AGERATUMS. CUPHEA,
^^'^^KH^i GAZANIA, KONIGA, and NIEREMBERGIA
GKAClLilb, 3k. per dozen ; flnest Zonal varieties, 6s. per dozen cash ■
strong Plants GLOIRE DE NANCY. 2s. Gd. each.
^_^ Gko. Davison, Hereford.

^^ New Zealana Nursery, St. AlDan's, Herts.

rNTENDl^O PUKCHASKl;S or TKICOLOR

.M. PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS. DIX, previous to making their
purchases. For fine foliage, excellent constitution, free griiwth, and
brilliancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
J* irst-class Cei-tillcatea. Plants of Miss Watson in August, £2 2s. each-
Mrs. Dix in May, 18G8, 31s. Gd. each.

^ New Zonal Pelargoniums.

T^OWiVIE, LAIRD, AND LAlNti most respectfully
JL/ announce that they will send out the fullowiog solendid
Varieties, which h.ave been so much admired, and have received the
highest awards wherever sh.)wn, including First-class Certificates at
the tXoyiO Hoi-ticulturiil Society. Tlie following extract is from the
"Journal of Horticulture," July 17, 1866:— "There are so many
good Nosegays, and so much alike, that it requires somethiflg
quite new in colourto surpass them, or in manycisea to equal them ■
tho large bold trass of Stella and Le Grand, or the KING of
the NOSEGAYS, must bo the models of perfection in this class of
fiowors."
KING of the NOSEGAYS.— Bright orange scarlei Very large truss,

dwarf habit. Very fteo and most effective variety. 7s. Gd. each.
MKS. LAING (NosicG ay).— Glowing carmine scarlet, very dwarf,

Itec, and mosc effective as a bcdder. A beautiful and distinct

vanetv. 5s. each.
MRS. MENZIES. — Bright rosy salmon. Flowers perfect, good

iiiibit, free, and very fine. 5s. each.
SAM [JO.— Very dark glo.ssy scarlet, of gi-eat substance. Flowers of

tho finest form. Very large compact globular truss • quite

distinct ft'om all others. 7s. Crf. eacb. "' ' ~'

Reiidy second week In May.
Staustead Park Nursery, Forest Hill, S.E. ; and 17, South Frederick
Stieei, Edinburgi).

NET\' VARIEGATED GERANIUM CASTLEMILK.—
Fine ornamental foliage, one half the leaf margined with tho
purest white, centre fine Kroen. Free robust branching habit, and
efrectivo bedder. First-class Certificate at the Glasgow and West of
Scotland Horticultural Society, September 12, 1866. Price on apoli-
"■"'"-■■ Will bo sent out second week m May by

Austin &, McAslan, 16, Buchanan Street, Glasgow.

cation.

THE QUABRICOLOR PELARGONIUM of the
Senson is METEOR, raised by Saltmarsii & Son.
For description see Advertisements in this Papier, April G, 13. and 20
This splendid variety has recnived a First-cT:uss Certificate from the
Royal Horticultural Society, and was figured in the Januarv Number
of the "Floral Mauaziuc."
A Coloured Drawing by Andrews will be sent on receipt of 7 stamps.
Moulshain Nurseries, Chelmsford.

^RICOLOR PELARGOIIIUMS.

MRS. POLLOCK, 7s. p. doz. I MRS. BENYON", 14s. per doz

ITALIA UNITA,14s. p. doz. LUNA, 143. per doz

SUNSET, 14s. per doz. [ BICOLOR SPLENDENS, 14s. p. doz.

In stj ong plants at the above urices for Cash, package included.
Remittances required, from unknoivn Correspondents.

Address, Alfred Fhveh, Nursferies, Chatteris, Cambndgeshire.

QHOIGE VARIEGATED PELARGONIUMS.

BEAUTY of CALTON GOLDFINCH ITALIA UNITA

NEATNESS SUNSET KENILWORTH

L'JNA STELLA THE FAIRY

MRS. BENYON RAINBOW PICTURATUM

The above 12 varieties .suitable for Ejihibition or Pot-culture
for 21s. Remittances requested from unknown Correspondents.
Alfred Fryer, Nm'series, Chatteris, Cambridge.

T Verbena Crimson King.

HOMAS ^^ILTHVEN has much pleasure in
announcing that CRIMSON' KI\G having completely estab-
lished its character as the finest Bedding Verbena in cultivation, he
?:^ propagated a large Stock of fine healthy Spring-scmck Plants
whu;n he offers, on and after April 15, at the ibllowing prices :—
12 Phints, is. ; 60, 12s. Gd. ; 100, £1 ; 500, £4 l.'i. Gel. ; lOOD, £7 lOs.
Leith Walk Nurseries, Edinburgh.

numerous

3Hjs. Pollock Geranium.
rriHOMAS PESTRIDGE, The Greenw.iv Nursery,
JL Uxbridge, Middlespx. can supply strong and hjKhlr-coloured
MKS. POLLOCK GERANIUM at 7s. per dozen, 50s. per 100.
Luna, 18s. per doz. '

Amy Hogg, Gs.
Indian Yellow, 5s.

Orange Nosegay,
Vepus, Cs.
ClpthofGold, 4s.
Iresine Herbstii,
PELARGONIUMS in large tiO-pots, full of flower buds,
Terms cash.

Madame Vaucher, 4s.
Ceataureagymnocarpa,45.
Coieus Vei-bohfiffolti, d^.

S^

PEEB VARIEGATED GEEANIUMS.

MRS. BENTON"
BICOLOR SPLENDENS
GOLD fHEASANT
GLOWWORM
LUNA

TWILIGHT

Strong plimts of the above set los. Package iuclndod
Casbon &. Son, Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

BEAUTY of DALTON
THE COUNTRSS
MRS. LONQFIELD
YELLOW BKLT
LITTLE PET
ITALIA UNITA

Novelties.
TX^M. PATJL (Son and Suctessor to the Late A. P.wl)

^ ' respectiiilly solicits Orders for the follomiig NEW and
FIRST-CLASS PLANTS, which will be ready for delivery in May.

NEW ROSES.
BLACK PRINCE, H. P. (Wni. Paul).— Plowens dark crimson, shaded

with black, cupped, large and full. Price 5s. each.
GLOBOSA, H. P. (Wm. Paul).— Flowers clear dark bright crimson,

colour iiiten.se and uniform throughout. Price 5.s-. each
LADY SUEFIELD, H. P. (Wni. P.aul).— Eloivers purplish orlmjson,
coloui- uniform throughout, the purple tiut predominating :
largo, full, and of fine form. Pnce 5s. each.
The h.jst of the NEW FRENCH ROSES, 3s. Od. each, 30s. per doz.
Older kinds, 9n. to ?A)^. per doz.

NEW BEDDING GERANIUMS (Bbaton-'s Rack.).

Any V.i Varieties from this group of IS may be selected by the

purchaser for £2 2-y.

The following NEW ZoNALlj; and HYBRID NOSEGAY

GERANIUMS h.ivc been selected from several thousand seedlings . , - - - - - .-. -

raised from the stock of the late Mr. Donald Beatu". Every one now highcs: and most unanimous praise of the Horticultural press. Tho
orlered has been thoroughly tested, and is believed to be in advance . following is a specimen of the manner in ivhich thoy have been
of, or distinct from, all pre-existing kinds. | spoken of :—

AUTOCRAT (Wm. Paul). - Elowers bright orange, very lar^e. a r,''''!,' " ''?''o'™,"''^i Magazine" says:-" And this brin,gs me to
decided advance in shape of this coloiu-, blooms froelv very I P"'°'"=^ of Sutherland and Lady Constance Grosvenor, which have
attractive ; habit good Price 3s Qd each ■ ' ^ , been sevor.al times shown by Mr. Turner this season, and ought to be

BICOLOR (Wm. Paul) — Floweis bluisli purple, with spot of fieiT Jf °' "™ "e'^'sprmg at nothing less than a guinea a plant, to recoup
scarlet on top petals ; free, good, and quite unique in colour and f, '''' ™'°"' '"' ""^ hundreds they have need to gr( " ' '
character. Price 5.s. each. neap.

-vr J! TV

-L 1 Tho.se, ]

ZONAL GERANIUM S.—

, now so woU known as the Cliveden Seedlings, were
selected fi'Om mtiny thousands, and have stood tlie tost of trials for
two s^>a.soiis with the best named kinds, They have giiued tho
hijiheat awards wherever siiown. includmk,' First-ciass Certificates for
each at the Royal Hoitijultui'al Society, and have reouived the

TTERBENA, CEIMSON KING.- Havin-

V inquiries as to the best method of sending plauts of this
splendid Verbena to places at a dmtance, we beg to say that the
safest, cheapest, and quickest method is by Post. "We can now send
stout, well-vooted plants, safely packed to go any distance, at tbo
tollowmg prices, pncUage and pohtago free :— 12 plants for 3s. id ■
25 lor C,i. ; 50 for lis.

We can also supply the following extra fine varieties on tho same
terms as the above, viz. : —

CELESTIAL BLUE, COUNTESS of EGLINTON (splendid
_vigoro US-growing, protuse-blonmmg, magenta- purple yarletv) ■ LE
GRAND BOULE DE NEIGE {the best vfhita); PRltJcfcSS OF
WALES (pink and white striped, very compact habit, fiist-rato
either for Bedding or Exhibition); BEAUTY of ENGLAND
(splendid exhibition white).

PURPLE KING, 12 plants for 28 stamps, 25 for 50 stamps

Twelve Plants in 12 Varieties of the finest exhibition Verbenas
'"l^tt?'"'^'^^^ "^^*' oflast year's new varieties), for 50 stamps.

IRESINE HERBSTII. 12 plants lor 31) stamps. "

Postage stamps taken m payment of sums of 20s. and under.
DiiEcuoRN & AiTKKN, NuiserymoD and Seedsmen, Kilmarnock, N.B.

Verbenas-Ne-w Varieties of 18G7.
T^REGHOHW ANu AITKEN, Nuilseryt^eij,

-L-' Kilmarnock, beg lo offer the best of this year's NEW
VERBENAS at the following remarkably low prices for well-rooted
plants, viz. :—

SET of SIX sent out by J. Keynes, for 5*-

SET of THIRTEEN sent out by Charles Turner (raised by C J

Perrv), 7s. 6^. j ■ •

SET of FIVE sent out by Hugh Low & Co. (raised by Nicholls)

for 4s. Gd. "

KING of BEDDERS and WHITE QUEEN, sent out .by E G

Henderson & Son, Gf(. each.

One plant ot each of the above (2G in all) for IGs. ; or 12 plants (in

12 vars., selected from the above), Ss., including package and postage

'Keynes's are ready now, tfie others will he ready on Slay 25. Karly

Orders are solicited, as the strongest plants will be sent out first

BLUE BELL (Wm. Paul),— Flowers bluish lilac, large, and of good

shape and truss; hiibit Qne. A thoroughly distinct and most

pleasing novelty. Price 5s. each.
CLIO (Wm. Paul).— Flowers rosy pnrple, upper petals scarlet, large

and good form, truss and habit ROod ; price 3s. Gd. each
CIllMSON QaEEN'(Wm. Paul).— Fiowors deep crimson, at once the

darkest and brightest crimson yet seen in Zonale Polargoniums,

flowers abundantly. Price 3s. Gd. each.
CRUSADER (Wm. Paul).— Flowers crimson scarlet, with white eye,

lai'ne and smootb, truss largo. Price 5s. encli.
DR. HOGG (Wm. Paul).— Flowers purplish rose, tho colours glowing

and very beautiful, trusses good and abundant, Under canvas

this novelty appears to resemble Amy Hogg, but is quite distinct

trom the latter out of doors. Figured in "The Florist" for

November, 18CC. Pi-ice 5s. eaoh.
ENCHANTRESS {Wm. Paul).-Fl3wers soft purplish orimson, with

distinct .ycarlet eye, trusses and habit good, veiw lovely

Price 3s. Gd. each. .
FIREFLY (Wm. Paul).— Flowers scarlet crimson and orange, with

aci^rlflt eye; habit free and good; distinct and very efl'qotive.

Price 3s. Gd. each
GLORY of WALTHADI (Wm. Paul).— Flowers splendid even scarlet,

dwarf habit, foliage fine, tmss largo and close. Probably the

flnest " Noaegiy" Geranium yet raised. Price 3s. Gd. each.
KINGFISHER (Wm. Paul).— Fiowors crimson and bluish pumle,

maeenta eye, very tree, distinct and etfective. Price 3s. Gd. each.
L-ILACINUJl (Wm. Paul). — Flowers dark bright lilac, splendid

truss, and fine habit, the colour quite new. Price 5s. eaqh.
MEMNON (Wni. Paul).— Flowers' magenta, trusses good and vet*

abundant, habit dwarf. This might bo called .-i rosy purple

"Stella," Price 3s. Of?,, each,
OMEN {Wm. Paul). —Flowers reddish salmon, splendid truss,

feood habit, very fl-eo, distinct, and fli-st-i-atc for bedSirie

Price 3s. Gd. each. ^
PURPLE QUEEN (Wm. Paul).-In tho way of Amy Hogg as to „

habit and character of truss and flower, but of a totally difl"erent i Amelia Orisan

colour— dark rosv purple. Price os. each. i Amv Honfr

TROUBADOUR (\Vm. Paul). - P^lo.vei^ rosy purple, fine shape, ' - "^ -^^

magnificeDt und»r glass. Price 5s. each.
VILLAGE MAID (Wm. Paul). — Flowere bright deep pink, with

clear white blotch in the centre of the upper petals, tho colours

being well separated or defined; habit dwarf and compact; very

beautiful. Price 6s. each.
WALTHAM NOSEGAY (Wm. Paul). -Flowers carmine, trusses of

good size and abundant ; highly recommended for the efl'ect it

produces in the flower garden. Price 3s. Gd. each.

s they have need to grow for the muck-

DUCHESS of SUTHERLAND (Noseoat).— A variety of great merit,
rosv purple, very free bloomer, with truss of great size ; it retains
its blossoms to an unusually long time, and Is equally eflective in
pots, vases, or the flower garden. 5s.

INTERNATIONAL (Noskgav).— Rich crimson or crimson-scarlet, a
deep rich shade of colour, with a wider petal than any other
Nosegay, being a decided improvement in the shape of this very
u.sel\il class of bedding and pot plants. 5s.

LADY CONSTANCE GROSVENOR (Nosegay). — Intense flery
scarlet, of the style of Cybister, having a tru.s.s of at least double
the size ; an immense truss, with the advantage of a dwarf com-
pact habit and foliage, so clearly zoned as to bo handsome with-
out bloom. This is a most beautiful variety. Ss.
Strong plants ready May I.
Charles Turner, The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

A TTCtJBAS, FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIGIMSj &g.

G Varieties AUCITBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.
12 Select NEW FUCHSIAS of l8(iC for Gs.
12 Select NEW ZO'NAl. GERANIUMS Of 1806 for Gs.
12 Select CHRYSANTHEfilUMS of ISGCfor 43.
12 Varieties JAPAN EUONYMUS, very fine, C.'.

3 Varieties NEW JAPAN OSMANTJCuS. quite haidy, 55.
NEW WHITE LOBELIA MISS MURPHi', 3s. per doaon.
32 Select NEW VERBENAS of 18G6, for 3s.
NEW DOUBLE GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, Is. each.
a. W. Knigqt, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

A Special Offer of Geraniums, DaJilias, Verbenas,
for Cash.

JC. PADMAN, Boston Spa, TorksMre, can su-
• Two dozen, two eacb, good strong plants, of any oi
Twenty-four GERANIUMS named below, for 8s. :—

the

GOLD-LEAVED VARIETIES,

The following varieties are the result of a cross between Beaton's
nice and the ordinary gold-leaved kinds, wherdby has been obtained
the freo growth and leafy character of tho former, properties
invaluable for bedding puiposes.

JASON {Wm. Paul).— Flowers blood crimson, trusses large, round,
and compact, leaves pure golden yellow, habit dv/arf and free ;
the plant densely cloth«d with fine foliaji;o. The association of
yellow leaves and blood crimson flowers, both freely produced is,
in this plant, very faaciuH-ting. Price 7s. Gd. each.
WALTHAM GEM (Wm. Paul). -Floweis very li^ht red, colour
distinct and p'.;culiarly pieasing, -white eye; leaves yellow, with
v<iry faint zone. A beautifid novelty o*f dwarf compact habiu.
Price 7s. Gd. each. '^

STANDARD ZONALE GERANIUMS.
Scarlet, rose, white, &c., 5s. to 10s. Gd. each
STANDARD. VAaiKGATED, and TRICOLOI^LEAVED
GERANIUjrlS. 7s. Gd. to 15,.. each.
GERANIUM REBJ'iOCA.— Cherry colour, 21s. per doz.
„ NIMRi.>D.—Onin;.'e scarlet, 21,'.'. per doz

„ ST. UEORQE,~Dark chestnut, 15s. per doz.

„ MRS. POLLOCK, Cs. to Els. per doz. ■

„ SUNSET, 18.s\ per doz.

ITALIA UNITA. 21s. per doz.
HOLLYEJOCKS.- A fine collection of Hollyhocks by name and

well varied in colour, 12s. to i'ds. per dozen.
NEW AUCUBAS.— The It) best sorts for £2 IQs.
NEW DOUBLE CRlMtiON THORN. — Good plants in nets
5s. to 7s. Gd. each. * ' '

GRAPE VINhlS.— Planting canes, 3s. 6rf. to 5s. each. Fruiting

canes, 7s. Gd. to 15s, oacli.
LILiUM A UR AT UM.— Flowering bulbs, 2s. Gd. to 10s Gd each •
12». to COs. the half dozen. *

RAPHANUS CAUDATUS, Is. to 2s. Gd. per packet.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

Bfiron Ricasoli
Chancellor
Donald l^^tc^
Dr. Xiindley
Gloiro de Franco
Glowworm

Xlelen Lindsay Virgo Marie

Indian Yellpw Byou

Lady Rokebv J'ane

Mndam Dutby Golden Fleece

Mts. Wm. PhuI Fairy Nymph

Roi d'Ualte Lord Stamford

Symmetry Perfection

■■Qua I Mrs. Pollock

DAHLIAS.
12 best leading kinds of, for 3-?. Gd. I 3Gbest leadingkinds of, forOs. Od
2i ditto ditto G 0 [ 100 ditto ditfo 22 G

VERBENAS.
Crimson King, 3s. per doaen, or 22s. per 100.
Eokfora's Six Varieties of ISOC, 4s. Gd. per dozen, viz. : George
Ecktoni, Isa Eckford, Jno. Keynes, Lady Jane Ellis, King Charming,
Mr. Gladstone.

Six Striped Varieties, beautiful as Pot Plants, viz. :—
M. Misaat l M. Wood

Madame RougiesChanville Gi'eglia'

Madame Hirman Steyeu | Annie,

^'wo each for . . . . -Is, Gd.

On and after May 15, NEW VERBENAS of 1SC7, at Is. each, viz. :—

Fanny Martin I Earl Radnor | Coleshill

Mr. Ellice | Wm. Dodds I Umpire.

Price named includes package. All Orders sent in rotation.

Post-ofliee Ordoi-s payable at Boston Spa.

CATALOGUES on application.

New Bedding Verbena, Blondin (Foulisj.

Colour, Brilliant Magenta with a pure white eye

DOWNIE, LAIRD, AM> LAING be^ to intimate that
they send out the above magnificent VERBENA ; they are
now ready. It is much in the style and habit of Pm-plo King
blooms in tho greatest profusion in all kinds of weather, and rain
even does not .seem to spoil it. It was awarded a First-class Certifi-
cate by the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society, Edmbui-gh
September G, 1SG6. Price Is. Gd. eUch, or 12s. per dozen, with the
usual allowance to the Trade.

The following Testimonials as to its superior merits jiro IVom
Gentlemen who have had many opportunities of seeing it in flower
daring last season, and D., L.. & L. have no hesitation in saying it
will prove tho greatest acquisition ever offered as a Bedding Verbena
in its class and colour.

TESTIMONIALS.

From Mr. William PinRiE, Uardeiier to The Right Hon. The Earl of

RossLyn, Dyaart Huu.se.

" I paid a visit to Fordel Gardens last August, and saw a fine New
Verbena named Biondin, in colour a beautiful deep maijenta with
clear white eye. free grower and very profuse bloomer, even during
wet, unfavourable weather. It appears to have the bloomirtg QU.alI-
ties of Purple Kmu'. with the lusurLint growth of Lord R.aglau. This
will prove a real acquisition in Bedding Verbenas."
From Mr. Robert Dewar, Gardener in James T. Oswald, Esq.,
Diiiinikier, Kv'kcaldy.

'* Having seen Verbena Blondjn last autumn. I consider it the
best rost-coloured variety for bedding pur^joses I have seen. "

Froin Mr. William M. Goitiiit:, Qardciier to Colonel Ferguson,
Maith, Kirkcaldy.

" I visited Fordel Gardens last autumn, and saw a Verbena named
Blondin. The beds covered with it were in rich masses of bloom,
and while the others, such as Pui-ple King, Firefly, &c., were noarly
destroyed by the .severity of tho weather, Blondin was flowering in
great luxuriance."

From Mr. William Vair, Gardena- to Sir Arthur Halket, Bart.,
Pitjinrane. Bmi/erfnlihe.

" In passing through the Gardena at, Fordel last autumn, I wijs
very mucli pleased with a new Verbena named Blondin, colour
bright magenta, and flowering most profusely, more go than any
Verbena I nave ever seen."

From Mr. John McLean, Garde/to- fo Mrs. 'Gibson, Duloch,
Inverkeith'ing.

" I was greatly pleased with a beautiful new Verbeua named
Blpndin I saw in Fordi?) Gardens last autumn. It was flowering in
great, ma-saes. This I think wilt pi-ove a great acquisition ainongHt
bedding Verbenas."

DowNiK, LAiim, & Laing, Florists to the Queen, Nurserymen
Seedsmen, and New Plant Merchants, 17, South Frederick Street
Edir»burK(i ; and Stanstead Park, Forest Hill. London, S E.

TTERBENAS and GEUANIUilS, scarlet, &c., fcood
V and well established, supplied as follows -.—VERBENAS, in
varietv, iGs. per lOO ; GX'^HANrUM, in great variety for bedding,
iSs. per 100 ; UNIQUE, crimson, extra strong, 30s. per lO'O.
DESCRIPriVE CATALOGUE of Roses in pots. Stove. Green-
house, Sott-wooded, and Bedding-out Plants. Post free. Trade
price on application.

H. & R. Stihzaeer, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

Notice of Removal.
TSAAC DAVIES, Nurseuyman, late of Larkfield,

JL Wavertree, near Liverpool, having now REMOVED to
CHAPEL STREET, ORMSKIRK, where he will continue his
Business on a more extensive scale, respectfully requests that all
Letters and Communications may be m future addressed tp the last
named place.

Tasus Mbernica fastigiata varlegata

(Thk GoLDt;N Ii;isH Yew).

FISHER, HOLMES, an1> CO. have pleasure in offering
the above really baautiful Yew raised by them. It is the
e.\:ict typo of the Irish Yew, with foliage of the same rich golden
colour as m the old Golden Yew, and forms a truly beautiful and
attractive plant, suitable for decoration in Flower Garden, Terrace,
or other Ornamental Planting.

Plants in pots (which have withstood the winter without injury),
21s. each ; Six Plants for £5 Ss.

A few extra Specimens, £1 lis. 6d, o(ich.

F., H., & Co. respectfully return thanks fpr the lil^^ral orders
received. As the stock of plants of the same age as those already
sent out is now verv limited, early orders are respectftllly soHcit^ to
secure the same. 'I'he annexed are the names and addresses of Ihoso
in the Tnido who have ordered and received plants.
Backhouse k Son, York
Bakor, S. C, Atherston
Ballantyne &, Spus, Dalkeith
Browln.'C, Bawtry
Bull, W., Chelsea
Cooling, E., Derby
Ci;anaton, John, Hereford
Cripps, T., Tunbridge Wells
Cunningham, C, LLverpool
Dancer, A., Fulti^m
Darby, R. F., Cirencester
Dovies. G., Liverpool
Dicksons & Co., Edinburgh
Dickson & 'Turnbidl, Perch
Dickson & Turnbull, Brechin
Dickson, F. & A. & Sous, Chester
Dickson. James & Sons, Chester
Dickson & Sons, Edinburgh
Dillistone, W., Sible Hedingham
Dixon, W. E., Beveriey
Drummond & Son, -'Stirling
FarntwortbjH. & G., Matlock
Fox, G. F., Wetlev Rocks, Leek
Fi-ancis, E. P. & Co., Hertford
Fraser, J., Lea Bridge
Glendinning & Sons, Chiswick
Gngor, J. & Co., Finres
Henderson, W., Birkehhead
Jackson & Son, Kingston
Jefferies i Son, Cirencester
Kennedy & Co., Dumfries
Kiniberley, C, Coventry
Lairu & Sinclair, Dundee
Lane & Son, Gt. Berkha-mpstead
Law-son. Peter i Son, Edinburgh
Lee, J. & C, Hammersmith
Lucombe, Pince, &, Co., Exeter

Macintosh, R. T., Edinburgh
Morrison Brothers, Aberdeen
Mprrison, R., IJlein
O,sborn Sc Sons, Fulham
P.iul, G. &; Stin, Chesiiunt
Paul, Wm., Waltham Cross
Pearson, J., ChilweU
Perkins, Juhn, Northampton
Platz & Son, Erfurt, Prussia
Rollisson. W. & Son, Tooting
Sliaw, John, Manchester
Sku'viug, W., Liverpool
Smith, Jas., Darley Dale, Matlock
Smith, Joseph, Sen., tl^usley

Matlock
Smith, Richard, Worcester
Smith, Peter & Co., Hamburgh
Soden, J., Middle Barton, Oxon
Stewart, J, & Sons, Dundee
Stewart. W. & D., Fei'ndown,

Wimborne
Transon Bros., Orleans, France
Turner, C, Slough
Van Geerl, Aiig , Ghent, Eelgmm
Veitch, James & Son.s, Chelsea
Veitch, R. T., Exeter
Verschaffolt & Co., Ghent,

Be I gi mil
Wanvick, P.jSleaford
Wiitcref & Godfrey, Knap Hill,

Woking
Waterer; John, Bagshot
.IVheeler, Geo., Wiirminster
Wheeler, J. C. & Son, Gliiuce.ster
Williams, B. S., ifolloway
Wood &, Ingram, Huntihgdon
I Wood, Wm. i; Son, Maresfleld

FisBLER, HoLM>:3, & Co.'fi CATALOGUE of STOVE and GREE?f-
HOUSE and BEDDING PLANTS, NBlW ROSiiS, A-cisnow reftdy

and may be had gratis and post free on application. '

Handswbrth Nurseries, Sheflaeld.

Mat 18, 1867.]

THE CxARDENErxS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE

611

T SCOTT'S CHOICE SEEDS.

f I , Post Free. For Packet.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBJIIATA.— A moflt auporli etralii, and

oftimot he siniioflsiKl, 0 viiriotieH, mixed, U. M. tmd 2^. iW.
CALCROLARIA.— Scott's superb Htniln. tixtra, 1«. }\xnljs. nd.
CINEKARIA.— Extra due. carefully bybrJdizort, U. and 23. tiil.
A good SKKD LIST (Veo on application.
" SotiTT, Tlio Seed Sloros. \'oovil, Soinei'Het.

J, SOtlTT,

Extra Fine Quality of

PRIMUL.\ SINENSIS FIMBKIATA RUBRA and
ALBA — UnBurpaaaod for size of rtowor, colour, aud frinno, and
mbust liablt. For Exhibition ii.ud Decorative purposoH tIdB strain
In aokOi'wlednod to bo unequalled. Sood, In Soalod PaoketH, uepaiate
.olours, in. ikl. and &t. ; Milted. U., 2s. Orf., and &».

DoiisoN & Suns. Woodlands Nursery, Isloworth, London, W.

Ruflseli's Pjrramid Primula.

Thk Fikbst Stkais in Existence.

/•^EOROE CLARKE haa Now SEED of the above

VX unequalled varieties, a-r. ChI. per packet; also the Fern-loavod
klnda, 2* 8d. ; Konnoalua (scarlet), 2s. Gd. ; The Fairy (a lavender
colour) Is. All of the beat quality. Now is the time bo sow for
■trouir early plants.

Nuraorv, Stroatbam Place, BrL\tou Hillj H. ; and MottingUam,
Kent, g^. __^

I Primula flmbriata.

BMALLER has a very superior Stock of the abovo
• to ofler at Is. and 2s. Orf. per packet, the usxial discount to
tbo Trade.

Also, a very choice Stock of EARLY PURPLE SPROUTING
IIROCCOLI, In liirpe or fmiall quantities.

A DF.SCRIPTIVE BEDTMNO-PLANT LIST to bo had on
application. Lowishnin aud Burnt Ash Lane, Lee.S.E.

B

Seed of Choice Strains of Florists' Flowers.

The following selected Strains are worthy ot the notice of all
growers of tho most useful conservatory decorative flowers.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

S. "WILLIAStS can ^vith confidence offer his
superb Strain of Primula«3 being undoubtedly the finest in
cultivation. It is now grown in all the principal Gardens of tho
Nobility aud Gentry throughout the Throe Kingdoma, aud has never
ailed to give the greatest satisfaction,
i In hnbtt the plants are very robust, and in the foliage differ from
I ill other varieties ; but their great beauty consists in the depth of
lolour \n the Rod, purity of cho Wliito, and beautiful flnibriated
torm of all the flowers, which are thrown up in large trusses well
above the follago.

As a proof o! the truth of the above remarks, this Strain has
:,aken lat Prizes in every instance that It has been shown in the
Provinces this Spring ; and Ist Prize at the Primula Show of the
Koj-al Horticultural Society, South Kensinp;ton ; and 1st at the
Royal Bot.inic, Regent's Park. It is also the favourite Strain in the
Uovent Garden Flower Market.

Thi8 Strain may be procured True, in Sealed Packets bearing
B. S. Williams' Name and Address, from any Seedsman; but
B. S. W. particularly requests that Customers will observe, on
purchasing, that each Packet has his Name and Address In full
printed thereon, as no others are genuine.

The Trade supplied on advantageous terms.

Retail price, RED .

Per pkt.

Per pkt.
R-etail price, WHITE . .

s. d.
3 6

Choice Seeds..

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON Htrougjy recommend tho
follnwlnK:— ,„ ^ ,

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBR1AT.(\. of tho Unost possible strain,

Red, White, or Mixed, 'Jk. Ilfi., Hk., and fv(. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' oholco strain, very fine, 2s. Oii,,

3.1. Orf. , and Tm, per packet.
CINERARIA, ft-om named floworfl, 2.^. M., ^h. Od. and bs. perpacket.
SNOWS WINTER WHITK BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C. & Son a own

saving, 2ji, tit/, pur )>iickut.
NUNEHAM PARK ONION, 2«. Oti. Tjorpaokct.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free.

Ilighgatu NuTHorloH, London, N. ^^^^^

PRIMULAS, CALCEOLARIAS, &e.—
The following varieties greatly exceed In brilliancy of colour
and substance of flower tlio older kinds : —
PRIMULA SINENSIS cocclnea aurautlaca, very deep crimson,

la. and 2s. 6(i. per packet.
P. sinensis atrocarmiuata aplendens. light carmine, U. and 2». Oti.

per packet,
P. sinensis lilacinaalbo-marginata, lilac, edged white, U. and 2s. Gd.

per packet.
P. sinensis strlatiflora, maRnlllcontly striped, \h. and 23. Gd. per pkt.
P. sinensis flUollblia, fine Fern-leaved variotv, 2». «rf. per packet.
P. sinensis flmbriata, extra fine, mixed, Is. and 2n. 6(i. per packet.
P. sinensis flmbriata alba. Is. and 2s. (W. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from flowers of great beauty. Is., Is. 6d., and

2s. M. perpacket.
CINERARIA, saved from flno named varieties. Is., Is. Grf., and
2s. Gd. pur packet.

All packets of Flower Seeds sent post free.

CATALOGUES post paid.

BcTLEB, McCdi-looh & Co., Covonb Garden Market, London, W.C.

THE GOLDEN -VARIEOATED WELLINGTONIA.
First-class Certificate from Royal Horticultural Society.
For Testimonials, &c., see (Mrditiers' Vlin-'iiicU; October G. 1860 ;
Tinits, October 7, 18G6 ; Scotti.ih aanhiu-r, November. 1800 ;
Gardeners' Ohr-nicle, Jamwry 12, 1H67 ; '* Florist," February, 1807.
LAST YEAR'S PLANTS {a few remaining).
1st Size, very choice, 8 to 12 inches, £5 bs. each.

THIS YEAR'S PLANTS.
2d Size, fine, 4 to S inches, £-J L'.?.
3d Size, nice little bits, 2 to 3 inches, £1 Is.
5000 plants are now plunged out-of-doors, in their respective sizes
they may be safely forwarded during the summer, if desued, and
orders will be executed in strict rotation.

Chroruo-lithographs of the parent tree, by Day and Son (Limited),
on superior cards, 10 inches by 8 inches, very fiiithful in om llne^ but
deficient in representing the gloriovis colour of tho original. These
are sent free by post for 26 stamps, and one sent to each Purchaser.

It is intended to exhibit a few of the fti-st size at the approaching
Paris aud Manchester Exhibitions.

R. Hahtland, The Lough Nurseries.

New Turnip and Mangel Wurzel Seeds. &c.

ALFRED LE(SeKTON, Kekd MEHCH.iNT, o, Ald.^ate,
London, E., has to offer to the Trade tho abovo in all tho
leading varieties, all fine.s.tmples, and urown from line selected stocks;
also DWARF ESSEX R.A.PE, MUSTARD, and all other Agi-icul-
tui-al Seeds. Prices (wbich are low) may be nad on application.

Turnip Seeds for Early Sowing.

The Best Sorts ari:
POMERANIAN WHITE GLOBE,
SUTTON'S SHORT-TOP SIX WEEKS.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply New Seed of the
above excellent sorts at 1*. per lb., or cheaper by the bushel.
PRICED LISTS of other sorts gratis on application.
Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Readiing,

WHITE .. 5

Retail price, MIXED, per packet, 2s. Gd.

WBATHERHILL'S EXTRA CHOICE STRAIN OF CINERARIA.
B. S. W. has purchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of this
Magnificent Strain. Many of the flowers produced by this seed last
season were as large as a crown-piece. This strain is well known in
the Ijondon Flower Market, and is the most popular one there, a
sufficient guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail price per pkt., 6s. Od. | Retail price per pkt., 3s. 6rf.
I Retail price per pkt 2s 6d.

JAMES'S HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.— The varieties that
took the First Prize at the International Horticultural Exhibition
lost May were of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt. 6«. Od. 1 Retail price perpkt., 3s. 6d.

Retail price per pkt 2s. Gd.

t All FLOWER SEEDS in packets, Post ft-ee.

B. .S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Hoilpway,
London, N.

Sktrving's Improved Varieties of Swede Turnip.

WM. SKIRVING, Queen Square, Liveipool, begs to
announce that his present price for SEED oi his three best
varieties ot SWEDE TURNIP is Is. per pound, bags included. Terms
Cash. Sorts. SKIRVING'S KING of the SWEDES.

QUEEN „

,, „ TANKjVRD

A remittance must accompany ordei-s from unknown correspondents.

Strong Drumbead or Cattle Cabbage Plant.

W VIRGO AND SON can supply largt- quantities of
• the above, at 3s. per 1000. Sailiples can be had on
application at the ^ ursery, Woneish, Guildford, Surrey.

Delivered free at the undei-mentioned Railway Stations —
Gmld ford, South-Westem ; Sballord, South- Eastern ; Bramley,
London, Brighton, and South Coast.

BLUNDELL'S cattle melon.— This productive
Fruit Is now well-known and generally appreciated for Feeding
all kinds of Cattle, &c.. In the autumn months. Prices, exclusive of
carriage :— 100 Seeds, 2s. Orf. ; Seed for i acre, 5s. ; do. J acre, 9s. ;
do. 1 acre, 10s.

To be obtained of all the principal Seedsmen, and of Messrs.
Bldndell & Palmer, Land Agents, &c., 3, Portland Street, South-
ampton. Cash remittances from unknown correspondents.

s

ECIAL OFFEK.

To Farmers, Gardeners, and Others.
EXCELLENT NEW YELLOW GLOBE MANGEL WURZEL.
id. per lb.
„ WHITE BP:LGIAN CARROT, 8d. per lb.
„ JAMES'S SELECT INTERMEDIATE do., lOd. per lb.
„ JiteD ALTRINGHAM do., 9d. per lb.
„ GREEN KOHL RABI, fine topped. lOd. per lb.
„ SOARLET RUNNER BEANS, NEW, 7s. 6d. per bushel.
„ MIGNONETTE, U. per lb.
IBD DUTCH CABBAGE PLANTS, fine, 3s. Od. per 1000.

CATALOGUE of genuine NEW SEEDS on application.
F. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire.

VICXOMA md PARADISE :BirUiESEB,Y, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONBOljr, K

The New Australian Splnacli, Cbenopodium

aurlcomum.

QTUART AND MKliN, Mokdsmkn, K.'l^^n, N.B., bcR to

lO Intimate that tlioy havo rijciiivuil a small parcel of tlio above
NEW VEGETABLE, which is superior in every roHpeot to any other
variety of Splnacli. is. Gd. per packet. Tho SoodHhouldbu Kown thitt
niontli, on a well manured bod, and watered (rooly. For Its deHortp-
tlon and other jtarticulars, see (JardeiuriH' VhroiiicU-. page 2!17;
■■ Oiirdenora' Magazine," pane 171 ; "FlorlHt and PoniologlHt," page H'J.

H 0 I C E SEEDS,

post Free.
Per pkt.— ». d.
Snow's Imperial

c

Broccoli,

Winter
Albert Sprouts
Cauliflower, Early Erfurt..
Celery, Man cheater

Champion Rod ..
Cucumber, Smith's Fine

Fraino

Cucumber, Telegraph
Leek, Henry's Prize
Endive, Digswoll Prize
Onion, Nuneham Park
Parsley, extra flnu curled ..
Raphanus caudatus (now

long-poilded Radish)
Custard Marrow
Melon, Malvern Hall
Tomato do Layo
Cftuliuower, The Mammoth

Per pkt.— «,
Moore's Vegetable Cream a
Beet, Porpetual Spinach . . «
„ Nutting's Superb

Rod .. .. .. 0

Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom

Thumb n

Radish, French Breakfant u
Aster, Truffimt'w Snp«rb
French. Vi vara, mixed , . 1
, Aster, Victoria, (1 vam.

! mixed 1

Stock, improved large-
I Iloworing, 12 vare. mixed. 1

Balsam, Camollia-llowereu,
I 0 var. mixed . . .. 1

I Balsam, Ko8i;.floweroii, 8 vars.

I mixed 1

I Phlox Drumiuondii, l!i
splendid varieties .. 1

RioiiAnn SwiTii, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Sutton's Grass Seeds for all Soils.

ti u

O ha

T T 0 N AND SONS

have still on hand some of each of
tho leading kinds of

PERMANENT NATURAL GRASSES
and CLOVERS,

which are mixed expressly to suit the soils
for which they are intended.

Price 2fis. to 30f. per acre.
Carriage free.

Sltton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed
Establishment, Reading.

B. S. WILLIAMS

RPSPECXFOLI-y INVITES HIS PATKONS AND THE PUBLIC GENEILVLLT

TO PAY /iL VISIT TO THE ABOVE NURSERY

DURING THE PRESENT MONTH.

A continuous show of SPECIMEN FLOWERING and FOLIAGE PLANTS is maintained in tlie
L-IKGE SHOW CONSERVATORY, and tho ORCHID HOUSES, PALM STOVES, NEW HOLLANLi HOUSES,
*ERN HOUSES, AZALEA HOUSE, &c., &c., are replete with interest for lovers of either Beaiitiful and Hai-e
J lowers, or the magnificent foliage of Tropical Vegetation.

The Collection of MEXICAN PLANTS at this Nursery is pei'haps the finest in Great Britain, Tvith the
exception of the one at the Ro}-al Gardens, Eew.

CARRIAGE ROUTE AND MEANS OF ACCESS.— This Nursery is easily reached from any pai-t of London.
The direct camase route from the West End is tlirough Albany Sti-eet or Ilcgent's Park ; Park Street, Camden
Town ; Kentish Town Road and the Junction Road.

The " Favorite" Omnibuses from the Bank and London Bridge Riiilways : Yiitoria Station, Charing Cross, and
Westminster; Regent Street, Piccadilly, and Brompton, arrive at and start from the entrance of the Nursery every
7 mjmites. '

yiCOJOjBJLi. and PARADISE NURSERY, UPPER HOf-LOWAX, LONpON, N.

/■:t.R4.S8 SJSEDS for

^^ PBEMANENT PASTnRE, of the
fiDest quality, at moderato prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See "WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains lUustrtu-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. WHEELun i Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agi-icultural Society.

Waeelers' Imperial, the finest Swede Grown.

WHEELERS' IMPERIAL SWEDE,
U. per lb. ; 45s. per bushel (50 lb.)
This is one of the best if not the bust Swede in cultivation ; the
specimens exhibited at the Smituaeld Club Show in Loudon, and at
Cirencester, Birmingham, nnd at the Great Sliow of Keots held in
Gloucester, excited considerable admiration, not only for their size,
but for their besutilul shape and excellent quality,

J. C. WiiEELitn & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

G

E-ASS SEEDS
selected on a nt

J. C. Wheeler* Son, Glonce.-iLer

for PJ?:KMAiN4^NT PASTURE,

scientific, and natural system, by

u

NDOUUTEDLY a tiOOi) II^EA.

W HEELER AND SON'S "BOOK on GRASSES."—
"Thesi; enterprising Seedsmen, in introducing a new element
Into their calculations — viz., the geological formation of the soils for
WUioli permanent Grasses are wanted— 'ftare widoubtedly a good idea.
"Messrs. Wheeler have prepared a new series ol tables ol ihe
Grasses whicli thev consider moat suitable to different geological
form:ttions. These' are arranged in 11 tables, and H'^-lude raivlures
auitftble fur heavy, medium, and light soils in each case."— TVte i' ««*,
Miirch y.JSG-. ___^ _^ ^

JC. WHEELER and SON are aiL^ious tbit every
• Gentleman Farmer m England, who is about to Lay Down
Land to Formanont Pasture, or to Renovate Old Pasture with buitable
Graas Seeds, Bliould read their illustrated " Book on Grasses ; with
itftiis view they will, ou receiving a D<.'te t j that effect, send u copy to
any addresb they may be I'avoured with.

512

THE GARDENERS' CHPvONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[May 18, 186r.

Kolil Babl Seed should now be sown.

Drilled as Swudes, 3 to 41b. per acre.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply superior SEED,
either GREEN or PURPLE, at 2s. 6d. per lb., or cheaper iQ
lartte quantities.

For InatructiODS on Cultivation, see SUTTON'S FARM SEED
LIST, which may be had post free on application.

Sutton & Sows, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

RATNBIRD, CALDECOTT^BAWTREE, DOWLINO^
AND COMPANY, Limited,
Corn, Seed, Manure, and Oiluake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, MarK Lane, E.G. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1662. for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

LAWES' MANURES.—

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
season of 1867 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
following prices, per ton: —
LAWES* PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s. d-

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME 6 6 0

LAWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 6 5 0

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES ..12 0 0

These Manm-es can bo obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
apDointed Agents in all part? of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying accordmg to cost of carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures,

American and other Cakes at market prices.

Address. Joun Bennet Latves, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
B.C. ; 22, Eden Quay. Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

ODAM.S'S NITRO-PHUSPHATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPHATE for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

MANUrAOTDBED

THE PATENT NITRO-PtlOSPHATE OR ELOOD
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief OfBces — 109, Fenchurch Street, London.
Western Counties Branch— Queen Street, Exeter,
Irish Branch— 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.
Directors
CVmirman— John Clayden, Littiebury, Essex.
Deputy-Chnirman — John Collins, Argyll House, HoUoway,
Edward Bell, 48, Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot, Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Middlesex.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Norlolk,
George Savllle, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Essex.
Charles Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand,
Thomas Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Managing Director — James Odams.
Banfcers— Messrs. Barnetts, Hoaroe, & Co,. Lombard Street.
iSolicUors — Messrs. Kingsford & Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

Audiior — J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz. — " The Tenant Farmers' Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for years under managomont with Manures of their
own manufacture. The consumer, therefore, has the best guarantee
for the genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Company.

Particulars will be lorwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may be had of the Local Agents. C. T, Macadau, Secretary.

Chief Offices— 109. Fenchurch Street. London, E.C.

T

HE LONDOJS MANURE COMPANY

(Established 1840),
Have now ready for delivery m dry fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES
Also Genume PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ez Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOWIA, FISHERY
SALT, 4c. E. Pdrseb, Secretary.

Offices. 116, Fenchurch Street. E,C.

EGG MANURE.— Analysis of an Egg, by Baron Liebig :
Carbon, fiS.OOO ; Hydrogen. 7.073; Nitrogen, 16.920 (equal to
Ammonia. 1S.60) ; Phosphorus, Sulphur, Oxygen, 22.007 = 100,000 :
suitable for Hops, Grain, Grass, &c. From 2 to 3 Tons of Refuse
Eggs to be disposed of weekly.

Apply by letter, in flryt instance, to Z. A,, care of Mr. Roberts,
Advertising Agent, 10, ChanKo Alley, Comhill, E.C,

PEAT.— A quantity of good fibrous PEAT for SALE,
as supplied by tho Advertiser to her Majesty's Gardens.
Price per ton lis. Delivered to Seven Oaks or Edenbridge Station,
by F. Haynes, Brasted Chart, near Seven Oaks.

IjiIBROUS PEAT of first-class quality for Orchids,
Heaths, American Plants, and all pottmg purposes, may be
obtained by application to Mr. Thomas Jessop, Farnlngham \Vood,
near Farningbam Station, Kent. It is dispatched by the London,
Chatham, and Dover Railway in trucks of 10 yards, about fl tons, to
moat Stations in the Kingdom, or fetched in carts from the wood.
It is extensively used and appreciated in the principal Nurseries, and
in the Royal Parks and Gardens. Price 5s. per cubic yard, at
Famingham Station.

p(OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^^ is becoming soaroe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold In bags, 1 for 2s,, 10 for
16s., 20 for 303., 50 for 66s., 100
for £6.
^ Fourpenco allowed for each
t^4^ bag returned carriage-paid,

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Fost-offlce
Order, payable to J. Barsham &
^0.. Kingston-on-Thames. S.W.

Plagues of the Garden.

SIMPLE and SAFE RE.UEBy.— By using the
KJ APHIS WASH, these pests of the garden, "together with
Ants, Scale, Caterpillars, Slu[;s, Earwigs, &c., are immediately
destroyed. Leaves no stain, but strengthens the Trees or Plants

" At the first opportunity use a solution of * Aphis Wash,' prepared
at the City Soap Works ; it not only destroys the Aphis, but also
Scile, and every other pest."— Extract from Gardeners' Magazine
Jaiuai7 5, 1867.

■'For strengthening the growth and effectually destroying all
forms of blight, the 'Aphis Wash' supersedes every other prepara-
tion,"—See Oardi^ners'i chronicle, August lil, 1865 ; and Gardeners'
jilagazine, July 1, 1805.

Sold by Chemists and others, in Is, bottles, and 2s. firf, a gallon
with full directions for use. '

ftTiolesale at the City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.C

BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA, for the Destruction of
Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, &c.. on Stove and Green-
house Plants, Fruit Trees, Vines, &c. In bottles, with full instruc-
tions for application, price 3s. Gd., 6s., and 10s, 6d.

Jaues Carter & Co. beg leave to state that the present time Is most
suitable for applying tho above genmne Specific before the com-
mencement of the growing season, thereby preventing the rapid
increase of the above pests whica would otherwise take place. The
infallible properties of BOSTOv'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becoming fully recognised, J. C. & Co, having already sold nearly
2000 bottles since its first Introduction in the spring of 1866.
Numerous testimonials have been received, and not a single complaint
of its inefficiency,

gSole Agents, James Carter & Co., 237 and 238, High Holbom, W.C.
\* The Trade supplied on liberal terms.

ROLL TOBACCO CLOTH.— The cheapest and best
article for Smoking Grotjnhouses and destroying the Fly ; equal
to Tobacco in strength, l.'i. id. per lb. ; over 10 lb.. Is. Id.

Joseph Baker, 10, Gough Square, Fleet Street, E,0.
Post Office Orders payable Fleet Street

Fumigate your Greenliouse with

TOBACCO TISSUE.

— This article is acknowledged by all p.artieswho naveused it to
be the best remedy for Destroying Insect Life ; is entirely free from
paper or rag, and will burn without the assistance of blowing.

Price 3s. (id. per lb., carriage free. To bo hatl of Messrs, Roberts
& Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers, 112, St. John Street, Clerkenwell,
E.C, and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

/^ilSHURST

VX COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1859, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green Fly, and other Blight,
in -solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
wate^and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes. Is., 3s., and lOs. 6d.

Red
Spider

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(Limited)

Garden Netting.

JOHN EDGINGTON and CO. supply TANNED
NETTING for the Protection of Fruit Trees, Irf. per square yard.
Any quantity. SCRIM CANVAS, &c. : TULIP COVERS and
GREENHOUSE SHADES. SUN BLINDS, &c MARQUEES,
TENTS, and FLAGS for FETES, FLOWKR SHOWS, &c.

John Edoincton & Co., (Tent Makers to the Royal Family), 48,
Long Lane, Smithfield, E.G.; and 18, Piccadilly, W

RNAMENTAL WIRE WORK
for Gardens and Conservatories, FLOWER
STANDS, HANGING BASKETS,
TRELLIS for Creepers, ARCHES,
ROSERIES, VASES, AVIARIES, &o.

o

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE.

R, Holliday,

2, Portobello Terrace, Netting Hill Gate,

London, W,

By Royal Letters Patent.

WELLS'S PORTABLE GROUND VINERY, for
Growing and Ripening Grapes without Artificial Heat,
Awarded a Silver Medal at the International Exposition of
Horticulture, held at Nice, April, 1865.

Dramngs and Instructions can be had of tho Patentee,
Steam Works 24, Bouverie Street, London, E C.
Agents :— B. J. Edwards, 25, Bishopsgate Street Within, E.C.
J. R. Tanton, Epsom, Surrey.
Drummond Brothers, 62, George Street, Edinburgh.

Bee Hives.

Prize Medal and Honourable Mention Awarded to George
NEionBODR & Sons, for Bee Hives and Honev at the various
E.^hibitions.

~\T EIGJLBOVU'S

X> IMPROVED COTTAGE
BEE HIVE, as originally
introduced by George Neigu-
BODR & Sons, with all the
recent improvements, working
three bell-glasses ; is neatly
and strongly made of straw ;
it has three Windows in the
lower Hive, with a Thermo-
meter affixed to the centre
one. This Hive will be found
to possess many practical
advantnges, and is more easy
of management than any
other Bee Hive that has been
introduced.

Price complete ,. £1 16 0
Stand for ditto . . 0 10 6

THE LIGURIAN or
ITALIAN ALP BEE being
much in repute at the present
time, we are in a position to
supply Stocks of the pure race
carefully 'packed in Woodbury Bar-Frame Hives, so aa to travel with
comparatively no risk of damage.

ENGLISH BEES, — Stocks and Swarms may |^ be obtained aa
heretofore.

A newly-arranged CATALOGUE of other Improved Hives, with
Drawings and Prices, sent on receipt of two stamps.

Address, Geo. Neighbodr & Sons, 127, High Holbom, W.C; or
149, Regent Street, London, W.

Agents : — Liverpool : James Cuthbert, 12, Clayton Square. Man-
chester : J. Wilson, 60, King Street. Birmingham : J. H. Cottrell,
15, Bull Ring, Dublin : Edniondson Brothers, 10, Dame Street.
Glasgow : Austin &. McAslan. IC, Buchanan Street.

Caution to Gardeners.— When you asK for

SAYNOK AND COOKE'S WAKUANTEO PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Saynor, also the corporate mark Obtain
Warranted, without which none are eenuine.

S. & C. reirret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not ol
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s Pruning and Budding Knives aie the oesL and the
cheapest in the market.

Paxton Works, Sheffield. EstE^blished upwards of 125 years.

s

R

HA"W'S TIFF

For samples and prices apply to
J. Shaw & Co.. 2B. Oxford Street, Manchester.

U.S S I A N MA T S,— A quantity for
Apply to Mr. Siwonds, Oil Mill, Boston.

ANT,

Sale.

ARCHANGEL MATS.— The Trade suppUed with the
best ARCHANGEL MATS at 953. per 100 ; second quality,
00s. per 100. Cash. Prices of Sacks and Seed Bags on application.
Jamks T. Anderson, 7, Commercial Street, Shoreaitch, London, N.E.

ROWN'S FLORAL SHADING, for Shading Plants

under Glass and protecting Wall Trees from frost.— Sold by all

Nxu^erymen and Seedsmen. No. 1 at 6s. 8d. ; No. 2 at 7s. per piece,

20 yards long, 38 inches wide; No. 3 at 9s. 3d. per piece, 18 yards

long, 39 inches wide. Samples on application to

Charles Brown. Greenheya, Manchester.

SHADING.— The best and cheapest Shading is
ANDERSON'S SCRIM CANVAS, 2 yards wide. Price 8d. per
Jard. Samples on application.
AMES T. Anderson, 7, Commercial Street, Shoreditch. London, N.E.

IRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal
Agncultural Society).
SHEEP, 3s. 6d. ; CATTLE. 4s. 2rf. ; OX, 5«. lid.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St. Fancras Iron Work Company, Old SI. Pancras Road, London, N.W

C 0

JAMES PHILLIPS AND
beg to submit their prices as foUows :—
GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSES,
As supplied by them to Mr. Rivers, to the Royal Horticultural Society,
and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentlemen of the United
Kingdom.

Each Box contains 100 feet. The prices only apply to the sizes stated
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 15.

16 oz. to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth quality . . . . 153. Od 19s, 6d.

Third ditto 17s. Od 22g. 6d.

Seconds 16s. 6d 26s. Od.

English 20s. Od 27s, Od.

The above prices include the boxes, which are not returnable,

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes, 16-oz., in 100 feet boxes, boxes included.

These prices only apply to tho sizes stated.

11 by 9

12 by 9

13 by 9

12 .. 10

13 „ 10

14 „ 10

13 „ 11

14 „ 11

14 „ 12

15 „ 12

16 „ 11

18 „ 12

ISl „ 12

10 „ 12

IG „ 13

17 „ 13

20 ., 12

16 „ 14

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

W „ 14

18 „ 14

20 „ 14

14 by 9

15 „ 10

4ths.
3. d.

3rd3.

2Dds.
«. d.
17 0

6bv4
8 by 6

16 to 17 oz. to the foot.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feet Boxes.
6iby4| 7 by 5 7» by 6i 1 ,„ „

8i by 6| 9 by 7 9J by 71 J ■ • '■^- ""•
10 by 8 lOi by 8i . . 133. 6d,

Boxes 2jt. eacb, returnable at full price.
SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of aU sizes,
BRITISH PLATE. PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillips & Co., 180, Bishopsgate Street Without, K.C.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLINGTON and CO.,
87, Bishopsgate Street Without, London, E.C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Majesty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivers, and the leading Horti-
culturists of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

I) by 13) (-15 oz.

0 by 14 j-Per 100 feet-^

Oby 15i (21 oz.

Obvla-'

4ths.
14s 3ii

19s 6ci

in. In,

20 by 12

20 by 13

20 by 14 VPer 100 feet

20

20 by 10

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 16 02., per 100 feet,
in. in.jln. In.jin. In. [in.
6 by 4 7 by 5 8 by 6
6}by4i| 7Jby 6l| 81 by OJ

10 by 8 112 by 9
lOi by 81 121 by 9i

11 by 9 13 by 9
111 by9i 12 by 10

12J by 101

13 by 10
131 by 10!

14 by 10

9 by 7 )

9 J by 71/

Per 100 feet.

14! by 10! ■

3rds. , 2nds.

16» 6d 18s 6d
22s 2d 258 6(2

4tbs. I 3d8. 1 2nds. I Best.
12s 3(2 13s 3(2 168 0(2 18s 0(2

14! by 10! ) I
15 by 10 M

13 by 11 f

14 by 11 J I

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 feet.

4th8.

14s 3(2

3ds.

158 6(2

18s 6(2

Best

0(2

in.
22 by 12 22 by 10
16' by 10' 14! by 121 17 by 13 24 by 16
141 b» 111 16 by 12 23 by 13 20 by 17
16 by 11 151 by 12! 18 by 14 22 by 17
16! by 111 16 by 12 22 by 14 24 by 17
16 by 11 161 by 121 24 by 14 20 by 18
21 by 11 17 by 12 22 by 15 22 by 18
13 by 12 18 by 12 24 by 16 24 by 18

The above Prices are only for the .Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.
SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 9 feet super.

21 oz.

4tbs quality, per 200 feet case, 388.
3ds „ „ 488.

2d3 „ „ 668.

15 oz.
4tb3 quality, per 300 feet case, 38s.
3ds „ „ 488.

gds „ „ 623.

Best „ „ S2s.

SHEET GLASS is made only in the following substances, 15 oz.,
21 oz., 26 oz., 32 oz., 36oz., anj 42oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8th in., 3-16th in., l-4th in., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &c.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, So.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oi[ Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any.
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 308. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc P.aint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and six gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to S4s. per cwt.
Anti-corrosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c. , and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto, 48. per gallon.

Per cwt. — s. (2.
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDSWHITELEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, 3d. to 41(2. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.

to 41(2. per lb.
„ RAW USIBER. 41(2. to
6(2. per lb. [per lb.
„ BURNT do., 6t!. to 9(2.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to 60 0
BLACK PAINT, 248. to 30 0
RED PAINT . . 28s. to 36 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon.— 8. (/.
LINSEED OIL .. ..3 2
BOILED OIL .. ..3 8

TURPENTINE .. ..3 6
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to 93. per cwt.
Fine OAK ■VARNlSH,10.».tol2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. 10s. to 12 0

„ COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE . . 10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken In
exchange.

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

May 18, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AiiRICUJ.TUKAl, CAZi,'!

513

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANUFACTUKKD )!Y

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

No. 1. N(i. 2. No. I.

This Edging is Jlanufactured in Vitrified Stori'\v;ire and in Tcn\i Cotta, and lo waukanteu iMriiiuoiiABLE.
DRAIN riPES, TERRA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, kv..

HENRY DOULTON and CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

LAWN MOWERS.— I) AKNARU'S
I'ltlOKS.
OOftCU I lit tlicll ..

0 „ l«lndi ..

0 ,, 20 1liCh ..

0 „ I 22 Inch _

Dellvorotl froo to anyntatlon in England on receipt of Postoillto
Older.

AlBd Lawn Mowers of other klndH, viz Groon'j., ShanliM', Sainllol-
aouV, RnnHoinc'ft, Ac, Mupplioii iit maicors prices.

.1. JoNKs & SoNB, 6, Banltslde, .SoutliwarI<, London, S.E.

« inch .
10 Incli .
12 Inch .
14 Inch .

, £2 10

. 3 6

. 4 1(1

b

PATENT.

. . £0 0 0 each

. . 6 l« 0 .,

.. 7 0 11 „
7 10

GARDEN ROLLERS.— IMPROVED MAKE.
PUIOEB.

10 Inch .. ..£11.'{ oeacUt 24 inch .. ..£:i 0 OoacU

18 inch .. .. 1 17 0 „ 20 Inch .. .. .3 10 o „

2OI11CI1 .. .. 2 :l 0 „ 28 inch .. ..400,,

22 ilicll .. .. 2 10 0 „ I 30 inch .. ,. &10 0 ,,

Delivered free to ;uiy fitatiou in I'^ngland on receipt of PoKt OfAco
Order.

J. JoNKS & Sons, C, Bankside. Southwark, London, S.E.

R

0

E

R

S

ROLLERS KOa THE FARSI.

ROLLERS lOR THE GARDEN.

ROLLEKS FOR THE LAW.S.

ROLLERS FOR OlllCKET GROUNDS.

ROLLERS FOR PARRS.

ROLLERS FOR RACECOURSF.S.

ROLLERS FOR ROAD MAKING.
The best and cheapest arc tho Patent Adjustable WATER
BALLAST ROLLERS, made only by

Amiks, HAHyoan. & Co.. Agricultural Engineers, Peterborougti,
who will forward Price Lists and all particulars on application.

RANSOMES & SIMS'

NEW LAWN MOWER. THE AUTOMATON.

A NEW AND FIRST-CLASS MACHINE, WHICH HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED.

CONTAINS MANl' IMPEOVEMENW.

THE AUTOMATON LAWN MOWER.

PRICES, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND FULL PAHTICULAES, FREE, FROM

RANSOMES AND SIMS, IPSWICH.

ORMSON'S PARADIGM HOT-HOUSES

ARE

EFFICIENT, SUBSTANTIAL, AND MODERATE IN PRICE.

H. ORMSON, aw."ire of tlie increasing demand for what are termed Clieap Hot-houses (which in reality, as usually constructed, arc far from realising that term)— and
the desire of Hoi-ticulturist^, and the Public generally, to Cultivate their Fruits with a greater degree of certainty and success than can be done on open walls, and also to
enable them lo Grow Choice Flowering Plants under Glass, has mode it his study to produce a class of Structures combining all the qualities and ieciui»ites of the most
expensive Hot-houses, at prices most economical.

The CONSTRUCTION of these HOUSES is based upon a plan which offers many advantages over other low priced Houses, inasmuch as all the parts being framed,
can be readily taken down and rc-erected if required, whilst jis permanent buildings they possess many advantages over all descriptions of "bar roof" structures. They are
adapted for the growth of either Fruits or Flowers, and can be made of any width required.

The VENTILATION is effected in a manner at once simple and most efficient, by machinery, combining all the latest improvements, and in such a manner that neither
"wind nor rain can do damage ; and at the same time not ofi'ering any obstruction to shading, or netting the openings against insects.

SPECIMENS of these HOUSES may
Prices obtained on application.

be seen Erected in the EOTAL HORTICULTURAL GARDENS (EASTERN ARCADE), SOUTH KENSINGTON, and

HENRY ORMSON, F.S.A.,

HORTICULTURAL ARCHITECT, BUILDER, AND HOT-W.VTER APPARATUS MANUFACTURER,
STANLEY BRIDGE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

s.

OWENS & CO.,

(Late CLINTON and OWENS),
MANUFACTURERS OF

PUMPS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY,

WHITEFRIARS STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

No. 46(1.

THE LANDSCAPE SKETCH shows ;in :Hl;iptation ol Till-, IMPROVED H\DRAULIC
RAM for Forcing Water to consideratjle Heights and Distances to supijly Mansions, Famis, he, where »
few feet fall can be obtained. Full particulars of this useful Self-acting Machine can be had on appliaition.

No. 4. Useful YARD, GARDEN, and COTTAGE PUJIPS, from £1 os. each.

No. 38. PORTABLE LIQUID MANURE PUMPS, with Flexible Suction Pipe.

No. 46o. DOUIiI.E-ACTION PORTABLE FORCE PUMPS and FIRE ENGINES fur

WATER or LIQUID IMANURE.

No. 50. IMPROVED (HOLMAN'S PATENT) DOUBLE-BARREL FARM FIRE

ENGINES and IRRIGATING PUMPS.

No. 49. GjUIDEN ENGINES of all sizes.

No. 49«. IMPROVED SWING WATER CARRIERS, holding 24 aud 3.5 Giillons, fur

GARDEN U.SE.

No. 49c. INDIA RUBBER HOSE and FITTINGS for WATERING G.IRDENS.
1^" Furlher particulars, Estimates, and Illustrated Price Lists on application.

514

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[May 18, 1867.

Bedding and other Plants.

Just Published, post freo 12 stamps (Gratis to Customers), Part III. of

CARTER'S GARDENERS' and FARMERS' VADE
MECTJM, containiDg complete ListB of new and choice Stove
and Greenliouse and Bedding Plants, with an Addendum comprising
original and practical articles; "On a Visit to Messrs. Carter's
Nursery," by., an Amateur Flovist; Subtropical Gardening; and 120
Geometrical Designs 'for Flower-beds; with reliable iuformation for
the proper combination of Bedding Plants to produce chaste and
striking effects.

Forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps on application to Carter's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 23S, High Holbora, London.

Cheap Bedding and other Plants.

THO^fAS SAMPSON, Proprietor of the Preston Road
Nurseries, Yeovil, Somersetshire, lately carried on by
Drummond & Co., and formerly by John Scott, nas much pleasure
in announcing that his CATALOGUE for the above Plants is now
ready, and can be liad free on application. T. S. begs to assure his
friends that the above has been for many years one of the largest
in the country for CHEAP BEDDING PLANTS, and that his pre-
sent Collection is now most unique and extensive, consisting of
upwards of 2fiO,000 Plants, being two to one of any other Establish-
ment in the West of England. Having recently extended his Glass
Department to upwards of 12,000 feet, expressly for the culture of
Bedding Plants, he is enabled to supply them in such varieties and
at such low prices as cannot fail to give the fullest satisfaction. T. S.
will feel much obliged if his friends will kindly inspect his Collection
and forward their Orders early, so aa to avoid delay or inconvenience.
The Plants will be ready to send out after the 20th of April.
Peter Drummond, Manager, The Preston Road Nurseries, Yeovil
Somersetshire.

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN (NOW READY).

WILLIAM PAUL

(Son and SucoEssoii, to the late A. Paul),

BEGS TO OFFER THE

ABOVE MAGNIFICENT HARDY FLOWERING TREE,

Wliich. lie believes to be the greatest acquisition for forcing and out-of-door culture that has been

introduced for many years.

Piia6 ire^itixy i^'iailiiiB, -well establisKed ik p6i&, 2 ft. higli, 7s. 6d. eacli ; 1 ^,, ^. each.

£i/ Ordering at once Purchasers may estabtish these Plants to bloom well next year.
A Fu'st-cfass Certificate was awarded to him for this Plant by the Royal Horticultural Society on the 16th April last.

" A brilliant variety, to which too much attention can scarcely be
directed."— Gardeners' ChronicU.

" This is certainly a plant which cannot be overrated ; the intense

DOBSON'S UNEQUALLED HYBRIDISED
CALCEOLARIAS are NOW in fine BLOOM, and are the
admiration of ail who see them.

Seed, in Sealed Packets, l.s. Grf., 2s. Gcf., 3s. fid., aud 55. each.

This strain'of Seed is the result of many years' careful hybridisation,

and is unrivalled by any other strain in the world. Tiiose who are

fond of this class of plants should eecure a packet and judge for

themselves.

DoBSON & Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, London, W.

EDWARD TAYLOR. Nurseryman,
Yorkshire, offers as under, In good Plants :—
LOBELIA SPECIOSA, 2s. (id. per dozen, 15fl. per 100
„ PAXTONIL .3a. per dozen, 20s. per 100
,, MISS MURPHY, the best White. 4s. per dozen, I
IRESINE HRRBSTll, 4.s. per dozen, 20s. per 100
DAHLIAS, choice Show and Fancy sorts, 4s. per dozen, S

Malton,

s. per 100

. per 100
ATJBKETIA PURPUREA, Variegated, 4s. to 6s. per dozen, 25s. to

35s. per 100
VARIEGATED, ZONAL, .and NOSEGAY GERANIUMS, in large
quantities, to be had Cheap.

CATALOGUES gratis on application.

British Fern Catalogue.

r>OBERT SIM C!in now send, post free for six postage
\j stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties. 36 pages,
including prices of Hardv Exotic Ferns) of his NEW anci PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Enstern Railway.

NEW GREENHOUSE FKRN,

Pteris serrulata var. polydactyla.

THOMAS CRIPPS has the pleasure to inform lovers of
FERNS that he is now prepared to supply strong plants of the
above beautiful and distinct variety. Dr. Moore says * « * " it haa
all the gracefulness of the parent plant, while the points of each
ilivision of the li'ond are several times forked into a many-fingered
tasael, the weipiht of which gives the fronds a decidedly drooping
character. * * * It is quite distinct from the var. cristata, and will
be found a valuable acquisition for Plant Cases and Small Green-
houses." It was awarded a First-class Certificate by the Royal
Horticultural Society, 21st August last.

Price 10s. 6d. each. Trade price on application.
The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells,

bright red colour, and the numerous clusters of the double flowers,
make this Cratsegus invaluable. No admirer of this charming fanaily
can be without it, all other pink vanetios are truly in the shade
beside it." — Journal of Horticulture.

PELARGONIUM JASON (First-class Certificate). — The finest, most leafy, and deepest colour of all pure gold-
leaved Pelargoniums. Price 75. 6^. each.

For other Novelties, see

Adfoertisement.

Clirysantliemums, Chrysanthemums,
Chrysanthemums.

ADAM EORSYTH'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For-
wai'ded to all applicants for one stamp.

Brunswick Nursery, Stoke Newington, London, N.

T

U T H Ji T K A D

CHRYSANTHEMUM SENSATION, 21s. per 100.
GERANIUM LOltD PALMERSTON, 25s. per 100,

„ STELLA NOSEGAY, 20s. per 100,

CLEMATIS STANDISHII, 00s. per 100.
HUMEA ELEGANS, Ms. per 100.

W. KusiiFoRTn, Nu'Sirrman, ppHs.

E

RuHhiKT I'ALsKliilt beffs to otter tlie following. — Ail
the Plants are strong and healthy, and can be supplied in
quantities.

PANSY CLIVEDEN BLUE, Os. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN PURPLE, Cs. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN YELLOW, 6s. per dozen.
POLEI\IONIUM CffiRULEUM VARIEGATUM, 2s. Crf. each.
RHODODENDRON COUNTESS of HADDINGTON, Zs. 6d. each.
TRITOMA GRANUIS. 18s, per dozen.
TRITOMA UVARIA GLAUCESCENS. 12s. per dozoLi.
VIOLA CORNUTA. best vai-iety. 4s. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE DES VIOLETS, 6s. per dozen.
VIOLET THE CZAR, Os, per dozen. [per packet

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, finest mixed Boed, 2s. Od
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE 0/VTALOGUES of AGRICUL-
TURAL, FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and wiU be for-
worded free to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

General Plant Catalogue, 176 pages, 8vo.

HLAURENTIUS'. Leipzi-. PRICED CATALOGUE,
• containing Novelties, Beautiful and Rare Plants, also
selected Lists of all the favourite Descriptions of Garden Flowers
offered by the Horticultural Estabh-shment of H. Ladrentius,
Leipzig, Germany, can be had post ft-ee on amplication to
Messrs. Betqam & Blacritu, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames St., London.

Gladiolus Brenchleyensis.

Royal Nurseries,

Great Yarmouth.

'mm

YOUELL AND CO. beg to state that they are daily
executing Orders for the above magnificent variety, in strong
sound selected Roots, the planting of which may be continued till
the latter end of June, affording a magnificent display through tno
late autumn months, when gardens are generally divested of floral
beauty.

Y. & Co. have much pleasuro in submitting the following report from
the Gardene-rs' Chronicle- of September S, 1866 :—
Messrs. Yoitrll & Co.— "The Spikes of Gladiolus Bronchleyensis
are magniricOQt ; among showy autumn sorts this still stands in the

FOREMOST HANK."

Prices of Bulbs as lollows :— No. I size, 20*'. per 100, 3s. per doz. ;
No. 2 size, ISs. per 100, 2.';. 6rf. per doz. Tiiido price on application.
Royal Nviraeries, Gieat Yarmouth,

PAUL'S NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

GOOD PLANTS IN POTS, NOW READY, 6s. EACH.

PAUL & SON'S

NEW DOUBLE SCARLET THORN.

CRATiEGUS OXYACANTHA COCCINEA PLENA (Paul & Son).— Colom- exceedingly vivid, very double and
beautiful. Tlndoubtedlj^ the finest hardy Novelty of the season. An attempt has been made to detract from the
sole credit due to us for introducing it.

Since WG first sent it out in November last, Ave have had the honour to supply Her Majesty's Garden at "Windsor,
the leading Nurserymen here and abroad (see List in this Journal), the most celebrated Amateurs and Lovers of
Hardy Trees. We have gained with this unique novelty — Fust-c-lass Certificrite at Royal Botanic Society, May 21,
1864 ; First-class Certificate from distinguished Jury of New Plants at late International Exhibition.

Opinions of the Press were exceedingly favourable, a Leading Article of the Gardeners' Chronicle especially
notices it.

Having an enormous stock of some Thousands, Paul & Son can offer fine Plants in autumn.

Standards to bloom, 5s. and 3s. 6d- each ; Dwarfs, 2s. 6d. each.

The Advertisers take the opportunity of stating that their Tea Kose House will be during uext \vei>k full of
flower. The Koses in open ground promise to be at their best from the middle of June until early in July. Tbe
stock is particularly fine and worth visiting.

One

THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT, N".

Mile from the Cheshunt Station, Great Eastern Railway.

E. G. HENDERSON & SON'S

NEVf DESCRIPTIVE SPRING CATALOGUE

WILL BE SENT ON RECEIPT OF THREE POSTAGE STAMPS,

"WITH A COLOURED LEAF-PLATE OF THE BEAUTIFUL

NEW TRICOLOR GERANIUM *' LADY CULLUJH " (by Andrews).

It includes Notices of the best Novelties of the season.

BLANDFORDIA CUNNINGHAMI.

COLEUS LAMONTI.

NAPOLEON in., MULE or HYBRID FINK.

GERANIUM MAID of KENT. — Rich rose. Far surpassing
Madame Barre, and all othoi-s in class and colour.

In the Golden Bronze Section are threo distinct styles of Zone in
PRINCESS of WALES, DUKE of EDINBURGH, and
E. G. HENDERSON. The last one received a Firat-clasa
Ci-'rtificate at the International Exhibition.

BANKS'S beautiful FUCHSIAS, BRILLIAHTISSIMA, DAT
DREAM, and KILLIEKRANKIE.

FUCHSIA PICTURATA.— A fine variety with white corolla.

FUCHSIA PRINCESS ALEXANDRA. — With white sepals,
beautiful variety.

NEW CRIMSON BEDDING VERBENA KING of BEDDERS.—
A Jirst-olass bedding variety, colour a brilliant crimson red,
stylo of Admir.il Dumlas (one of the best ever i-aised), but
brighter, growth free and conipaKt, not spreading, profuse in
bloom, with large well-formed fiul trubses, and desirably fra»;rant.
Ha\'ing been proved in both beds and belts in tbo gardens where
it was raised, its merits are guaranteed equal to description, as
one of the moat effective and uselXil kinds ever offered. Certified
by tho Floral Committee of the Koval Horticultural Society.

NEW WHITE BEDDING VERBENA WHITE QUEEN— For
close dwarf growth, largo, compact, and well-formed truss,
purity of colour, profusion of Ijloom, and effectiveness in
chaiacter, the Wliite Queen Verbena is admitted bv competent
judges to surpass Henriette, Boule de Neigo, and Mrs. Ilotford.
Its short-jointed habit retj^uires little attention to training, and
its purity of coloui' after rain is a fetiture in its favour, both for
"arden decoration and for exhibition.

LOBELIA PUMILA ELEGANS, INDIGO BLUE, and WHITE
QUEEN.

CHRISTINE NOSEGAY. — Rose colour. The finest Bedding
Geranium in its class. A^Tarded a First-claas Certificate.

The MINIATURE GOLDEN TRICOLOR ZONALE GERA
NIUMS are LITTLE BEAUTY, LITTLE FxURY, LITTLE
GEM, LITTLE HARRY.

In New First-class GOLD and SILVER TRICOLOR VARIETIES,
see Classes 18 and 11) of Pelargoniums.

GALA DID MS.— Several new and beautiful hybrid varieties.

FUCHSIA ALBO-COCCINEA.— An elegant and novel fancy tii-
coloxired variety.

FUCHSIA CLAPHAM HERO.— Distinguished by its magnificent
size of sepals, and fine proportions.

NEW GOLDEN-LEAVED BEDDING PLANT, GOLDEN
FEATHER (Pyrethnim parthenilolium aui-oa. — A beautiful
dwarf hardy perennial plant, G to 0 mcbea in. height, as required,
surpassing the gold-leaved section of Geraniums m its uniibrmly
neat and densely compact growth, which, by simply pinching off
the premature fiower buds, the phint is furui.shed solely by its
picturesque golden fan or feather-lobod leaves, forming an equal
surface as to height, imd an elegant feature for a second frunt
nband-row, or a double marginal belt to terrace borders, or aa a
■ chaste golden fringe to back lines of Perilla or Coleus. Received
a First-class Certificate of Merit and several others.
POA TRIVIALIS ABGENTEA ELEGANS, SILVER-LEAVED
MEADOW GRASS.— This plant is commended as one of the
moit useful and beautiful varieties of hardy Grasses with silverv
whlte-margmed leaves yet introduced to gardens. It i.s strictly a
perennial in habit, forming a remarkably dense and compact
many-branched growth from the base, and, by its natural and
■ Iree tendency to emit roots upon the under stioots, it makes a
close yet gracefully free growth from 4 to U inches in height, and
with a luxuriance whicb renders it suitable for Grass plots,
verges, or terraces, covermg the ground-surface with a herbage
as close as an ordinary meadow, whilst its elegant variegated
loaf-blades produce an effect upon a much larger noale than can
be hud Worn any otber Silver-leaved Grass. By forming orna-
mental portable specimens and suspended basket groups of this
Variety m the early winter and spring months, for conservatory
and greenhouse decoration, it will at those seasons be found by
fai- the most brilliant and picturesque plant in its tribe.

ACALYPUA TRICOLOR, 2l3. each.

COLEUS VEITCHII, 10s. 6d. each.

DAVALLIA ALPINA, 10s. 6d. each.

DIEFFENBACHIA PEARCEI, 3l5. Qd. each

GYMNOSTACHYS PEARCEI, 7s. Gd.

HIPPEASTRUM PARDINUM, 63s. and 42s.

SYPOCYRTA BREVICALYX, 15s.

LOMAUIA CILIATA, 'lis. and 15s.

MICONIA PERUVIANA, 10s. 6(1. each.

NEPENTHES GRACILIS MAJOR, 21s.

NIEREMBERQIA RIVULAK.IS, 10s. Gd. each.
VEITCHII, 10s. 6d. each.

PANiCUM VARIEGATUM, 7s. Gd. each.

PRIMULA CORTUSOIDES AMtENA ALBA, 10s. Orf. each.
RETINOSPORA PLUMOSA, 2Is.

SANCHEZIA NOBILIS VARIEGATA, 42s. and ZU. M. oach.
F.S. A lSup2)lemcntary Descriptive List of Verbenas scut on application.

WELLINGTON NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, LONDON, N.W.

May 18,

THE GAJIDENEES' CTIWiI^lCLE AND AdliK'UIVrUKAL GAZETTE.

bio

p A K E AN

Ki'om VMkolnuniifllroot, a ooii
u Hue cojialKiHi. i's. li|<„ ■*• ''« .

n S TJ G D E N.

ilJmioi.t, r,( LILIUM AUKATUM
&K. Ik/., iiiiU 7.^. OU. oiicU.

SUBl'I.nS MTOCIC uf (J LAUIOLI
riuoMlxo.lvnrlul.losorUAN'DAVfcNSIH, ?«. 0<(.,

10«. CiJ ,
(!(/^, nnd lfi:f. por lOO ;

por li«i : Vi! f</. iinti ». Orf. per dozon.
JiOWlKNSlS, tlio flncat scnr)ot. 7«. ficl., )0«,

SASKI)VAVJlK'VfKs!'il.rorf!lirW., ?». OA. a.^l Ws.OA per doz.
A FliW srECIALTTIES ill Kl^'IDS.

RIVINA li.'KVlS— A most cffuotivo plrnit for tnblo decoruinti.
DTiPWKtlio nutumn, winter, nnrt spriUK im.iitllB, it Is oovorcti
iltli <Ammt. aioopHW moomes of bo,,ulilu »™rlot imi™. h.,y
mo.lc of culUlro. So , see '■ Jouniiil of Ilgrtioulluro, p. 2,i..

ZBAaJZKO*i&''f oriO.-TliO largest Malzo jot ii.troducod for
liaeorali'o porposis. Leaves very bti>au anil cMui|mct. Last
year in ItaiV tliis plant attained tlie bolght of 20 leet. Is. and

KEA 'jAi'ONlCA VARIEGATA— IleautifuUy fliiipod Miiizo; iis
hftiiUsomo as Arundo Dotiax varieguta. dil. l-t., sind &i. 0*/. per

IJATDRV'SPECIES (fmni Peru).— Described na a most bonutiful
iiliiiil. Flnwcra puru wliito, 10 inches long, nnd dellolously
Ci-'iLTin' ".1 111', por packet. ■

nAUir-^ M'LKNDID ^s1'RAIN of PRIMULA SINENSIS FIM-
liRl V'l' \ AIJIA. RUURA. andMlXDd, KhrIi 2*. (kf.porpkb.

PARK'S KKltN-LKAF PRIMULA, ALRA, KURRA, and Mixod.

IC'i

cWt.

R\RtCS PKIM'ulA sinensis FISIHRIATA NOVA.-A boiutilbl
* Maii.Jor-ru'i t-b:\'iod variety; and beautiful now striped varitty.

BU LL'sNVn PLEx'^FLOWERING, a iinifivio and beaiitiflil MONKEY

FlA>WEll.— I'J. Cd. and 2s. 6d. por packet.
BULL'S INTKRNATIONAL PRIZE CALCEOLARIA.— The

lliicst strain iu cultivation, if. Gd., '^s. Od., aud 6«. Gd.

K'LuWEr'sV/eIiS in COLLECTIONS.— Ss. Gd., 6s. Qd., 7s. ad., 10s.,

Ifis., and I'l.t. por packet.
FINKST LAWN GRASS SEED, for Renovating Old Lawns and
LayiiiK Down New Ones.— Is. -id. per lb.

STANDKN'S "GARDENERS' and AMATEURS' FRIEND."
a highly Concentrated, Iiiodorous, Artificial Manure, in all cases
lortuoing froo vigorous growth, antl promoting early maturity. It is
npsv largely used hv the leading Nurserynjen, amongst whom we may
mention :— Messrs.' Veitch & Sons, Mr. Charles Turner. Messrs. J. &
0. Loo, Mr. Barnes, of Camborwell, Mr. Standish, of Bagshot, Ac.,
nod raanv of the leading antateur Exhibitors. Use it freely. Direc-
tions for "Use, see aardencrs' Chronicle, p. 2!H. Sold in Canisters at
U., 2fl. Oii., 63. Od., l(l«. (Id., and 2\s. The above vaiuablo Manure may
be had ot tha leading Nursei-ymen and Seedsmen in England,
Ireland, and Scotland.

ti\RR & SuoDKN, The Metropolitan So^d, Bulb, and Plaut Ware-
Uoiiso, 12, King Street, Covunt Garden, W.C.

LEKPS "HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—
GREAT EXHIBITION of PLANTS. FLOWERS. FRUIT.
&o., THURSDAY and FRIDAY, June 13th and 14th, 1807. Prizes
nearly £450 ; including £10 clven by the Right Worshipful the
Mavo'r, for CUT ROSES; £.5 by the Mayores'). and £;{ii l>y the
Ladies of Leods and Neighbourhood, for PIOUSE BOUQUETS, &e.
Kntrius ituiit be mads on or before JUNE M.

Tlio North Eastern. Great Northern, .and Midland liailway

Cmipanies will convey Plants, &c., totlieShow at the ordmary rates,

■li rotuni thorn Itee. The Committee provide Ansistants and

I rsL'S for Exhibitors' Vans coming br Rad ; also covwed Spring

iTi.<i to convey Plants, &.C.. between the Railway Statioiis and tne
i.vluhirinn Grounds close at hand.

schc lule.s with Fonn of Kntry and any further information on
iipj'lic itiou to jAMt.s riutiii.i.-B., Secretary, Shakspeare Sticet, Leeds, j

/ 1 UEAT ^A'FlnXAL^ HuKTlCUTTUitAL
or EXHIBITION. ISW.

£1000 OFFERED IN PRIZES.

To bo HF.LD in the Gardens of the Botimicd and Horticultural
Society. Old ■I'latVunl. MANCHESTER, 7tU to the L5th JQNB,

Cllal■^it^s for Ailmis^ioii :— Fust Dav, 10s. Cd. each; Second Day.
2.-!. i\'l. uach ; WHIT MONDAY and femaiiniig Days, Is. each.

Suljhoritiers to the Manchester Botanical and Horticultural Society
fvoo oiich day.

Annual Sub.scriptiou— Family, £2 2s. ; Individual, £1 Is., admitting
on all occasions.

Soliodulcs, fto., may bo obtAmed '.m applicaiion to Mr. B. FiWDltAv,
Cnintor, B-tauio Gaixlens, Manchester,' or from tho underbigncd.
Military Bands in attoadanco each day.

Cooper Street. Mapidlestor. Hhnkv Wmitwdht". Src,

(;

..EAT NATIONAL jH ) KT i U U L'X OR A L
T F.XHIRITION. JSr.T.— Gardeners will be udmittOflby Tlvltets
;is follows:— I'lr.sl Day. 2.s. &/. eaun ; Second and r«.''nA»ning Diys,
l,s. oach. Applications for those Tickets mu.st bo m.i 'u on or tiefore
it-h JUNE. . .. , Hknky Wm-f AoiiTii. Sec.

pKIGITTON iind SUSSKX FLOUlCUL'l'CKAL ■.-.mi
\> HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.-The FOURTEENTH

ANNUAL GRAND f^OMMEK SHuW will be held, by kim! per-
im^ion of the Town Councd, on tlio Ei.sti.Tn Liwd, and in tne Suite
01 Rooms of theRi'Vid Paviligo. on WEDNESDAY and THURS-
DAY, June 26 and 27. Open till 6 p.m. each day on this occasion,
being held at the same time as tho Exhibition of the S'^uthern
Counties Assooi.itioii. Above £2i)U in Prizes, including the R;uhvay
Cup, value £10, which is oflered for tho best Eight Varieties of
Stove and Greenhouse Plants. ScUedules of Prizes to be had on
application to the Secretary, 90, St. James's Street ; or E. Sparv,
Superintendent, Queen's Graperies, Hrighton.

N.B. AUTUMN SHOW will be held SEFTEMIIER U and 12.
May 18. EnwAiin Caiipkstkk, Secretary.

GRAND H O RT 1 0 U LT U U A L KXtllliri'iuN
at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with the
SHOW of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIliTY,
JULY 15, 13C7, and lour following Day.s.
Amongst varioiis Special Prizes, amounting in value to nearly
£1100, and exclnsivo of the ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20,
wilt be ofl-^red by the Proprietors of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ask AGRICULTURAL QAZETfE
for the best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLE.^,
to be made dp as follows ; —
Of FRUITS, any Five of the folloivmg Eight kinds, one Diah of
each :— Grapes, Melons (2 fruits|. Strawberries. Gooseberries, Cur-
raiils. Cherries, Raspberries, or Apples (of the crop of W>6).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of tho following Fourteen kinds, |
one brksket or bundle of each: — Feaa. French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners). Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, encumbers (brace). Summer
caiiliim'js, Eirly Can-ots, 'I'urmps, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rliubari>, Potatos, or Mixed Saladlng,

TliLs Cup will be open to Oompetitiin amongst Amateur or Pro-
fessional Gardeners, of ;dl grades, with Fruit and Vegetables of Uuiir
oirm groiL'ing ; any article otherwise obtained will disqualify the
exhibitor.

SATURDAY, MAY IS, 1867.

MEETINGS Foil THE BNSUINO WF.EK.

TOESBAY,
FlllUAl.

( Roy^il H-iitK iillur.d (Fndt and Florol

— al-I toiiimittn-, it si.utli Kensington ..I

(Ditlo'SniiUilii Di-seussion)

— 21— Linncan i-ViiitiVLTsaryj

From the vast number of new varieties
springing up around us, of -what have hitherto,
for want of a better name, boon called Tricolor
zonate Pelargoniums, but for which it seems to
us better to adopt the more correct appella-
tion of Variegated Zonal Pelarooniums, — a

number which, moreover, is Wlioly soon to become
overwholmii),!^ unless some moalis of limita-
tion can bo found, — it has bucomo most urgent
that a code of ' ' properties " should be adopted, by
means of which those sorts that approach tho
nearest to ideal perfection, may obtain tho pro-
minence which they merit, and may not be
.swamped in the flood of rich leaf colouring by
which wo and they arc aliko threatened. Tho
production of these "things of beauty" mu.st
not be discouraged, nor must any of them be
lightly despised. Thoy all aro charming, and it
would be a sin to destroy any of them ; but on the
other hand, it is quite olJvious that the least
attractive should bo least widely distributed ;
and we may go further and add that so long as
thoy aro sufficient to meet the demand, the best
only .should bo extensively propagated and
circulated. It may ho long before we attain
to any standard of perfection that may be set
up, for colour is a fickle element, and must enter
largely into the estimate in this case ; but still,
we should have tho standard before us, and
work upwards and onwards till we reach it.

Anxious to contribute oar mite towards the
usefulness of the show of these paiuted-leavod
Pelargoniums which is to take place on Tuesday
next at South Kensington, and at which, from
what we hear, we shall see all the finest varieties
which have yet obtained sufficient development
to bo brought out for examination, we have
set ourselves to de\'ise some rules for the deter-
mination of merit amongst the novelties to be ex-
hibited, and which we place at the service of those
who Tvill bo called upon to make the decisions.

The knowledge we already possess that some
beautiful varieties of this painted group are deli-
cate in constitution, and slow in development,
indicates one of tho essential properties which must
be insisted on in any variety which vas,y claim a
high position in popular favour, namely, a free
vigorous constitution ; without that it will be, as
Mr. Fish has observed, a mere toy. Then we
have seen that certain varieties, especially
amongst those with silvery margins, have_ a
tendency to curl up their leaves from contraction
of the edge ; and this indicates a second essential
property, namely, llatness of leaf surface. Next
comes effectiveness in the style of colorrring, as a
third essential before high honours can be gi'anted,
a more difficult point to determine than the fore-
going, since we have here to leave the real and
tangible, for the ideal and imaginary. We have
attenqitod to codify tho several points which it
seems necessary to insist on, in the following
series of propositions, which wa .submit as the
essenti.al properties of an ideally perfect Va;Ti'e-
gafed Zonal Pelargonium.

1. The plant must be of vigorous constitution, fi'ee-
growinK. but not long-jointed

2. The habit must be .stout, close, and branching,
and the branches thickly furnished with hori-
zontally-set well-displayed leaves.

3. The surface of the leaves must be fiat, that is,
neither concave nor convex from contraction of
the margin.

-1. The leaf-colouring must be bright, distinct, and
, well defined.

5. The ground colour (green) must occupy a space
in the centre equal in diameter to the combined
zone and marginal belt, i. e., half the diameter of
the leaf; it must be of uniform hue, and must
not extend into or appear beyoml the zone.

6. The zone must be either evenly arcuate, or regu-
larly scolloped or vandyked, dark on the inner
and brightly coloured on the outer edge.

7. The inner portion of the zone to an extent not
exceeding one-luilf its whole breadth, must be
dark-coloured throughout (blackish or deep
brownish red), Ijreaking outwardly in a symme-
trically radiated manner into the bright colour
(red o'r pink) of the outer half, which latter
must at no point break through the^dark belt so
as to touch tlie ground colour.

8. The marginal belt must be of uniform breadth,
and of the same tint throughout (yellow, straw-
colour, cream-c»lour, or white), entirely sep.a-
rated from the ground colour, or from contact
with the darker belt of the zone.

Now, iu judging according to these rules we
ought first to separ.ate the real from the ideal,
and allow etiual marks, say 15, for each, making
a total of 30 for those which reach the standard.
The real would include tJio points numbered 1 to 3,
perfection in any one of which worild conse-
quently secure 5 marks for that point. The
ideal would include the points numbered
4 to 8, and when perfection in any of these is
attained there would be 3 marks for that point,
while in the meau time a lower number would
be awarded iu ]n'oportion to the degree in which
the idea of perfection had been therein realised.
Suppo.sing our essential points to be themselves
correct, and they are the result of a very careful

study of tho snlijeot, it must with their aid bo an
easy task to Iind out which aro tho best sorts,
namely, those which come nearest tho standard.
One word as to tho collective term. Variegated
Zcnal Pelargoniums, hero adopted. Many
attompts huvo been made to desiguato and
classify tho zouale-iuquinans group of Pelar-
gouiums, now so essential to the decoration of
our gardens and oouscrvatorios, and promising
every year to become more and more so. Our own
columns, indeed, have contained many sugj'es-
tioiis towards this end. Some classification, when
tho cultivated varietiesof a particularplautbocoiuo
so numerous and varied as in this case, is no
doubt useful for purposes of discrimination, but
an excess of subdivision is rather apt to become
confusing and embarrasing than otherwise.
Now, for tho whole group of what were ouco
known as Scarlet Geraniums, there has been
no general term proposed so distinctive and
suggestive, so clearly indicating the intended
group, and so littlo open to objection, as that of
"Zonal Pelargonium," which iu our opinion is
therefore the best that can be adopted, notwith-
standing tho few exceptions that occur in the
shape of green-le.aved, and marginate variegated
varieties. We think moreover, that for all
practical purposes the three primary divisions of
Concolorous or whole-coloured, Zonate or zoned,
and Variegated or parti-coloured (in which
latter it is always to be understood that white
or yellow occurs), .are quite sufficient; while
practically tho two first may soon be expected to
merge into one, as the line of distinction between
them is every day becoming more _ and more
broken down.' Subdivi.sious are readily formed,
the principal being tho Nosegay . and the Golden
Zonate forms in the Zonate series, and the
Marginate and Zonate forms in the Variegated
series. Thus we arrive at the term Variegated
Zonal as the most suitable by which to designate
tho particular group which forms the siiecial
subject of these remarks, and which, of course,
is intended to include both those with golden,
and these with silver variegatiim. M.

IIeu

It has been oflicially announced that

Majesty the Queen will nass tlirough the lioyal
Horticultural Gardens, after laying the foundation-
stone of the Hall of Arts and Sciences, on Monday
next. It is, therefore, to be hoped that the imprompiie
Show or Floral Fete with which the Council of the
lioyal Horticultural Society, a.s mentioiipd by us la«^
week, has deteriiiiued to mark the Boyal visit, muy not
only bo such as to prove gratifying to the QuEEN, but
equ'allv so to the numerous visitors who "

bo

expected to assemble on such an occasion, ibe prin-
cipal ceremony of the day is fixed to take pla.;e at
half-past U o'clock, and Her Majesty s visit to tho
garden will be immediately after its comi.leticm^ .I'e
understand that most of the growers of '1 riC(i!or-lfa\ra
Pelar"oniums have intimated their intention to exliibit
their plants on the 20th; and we cannon but
think that such an occasion will afford a line oppor-
tunity for extending the popularity of those ver.v
beautiful plants. The more critical exammation ot
them proposed for the 21st, will not be at all intcrfereil
with by the proposed Jlonday show, which is held
entirely in honour of the Royal visit.

We are glad to observe that amongst the Civil

List Pensions recently granted, .is one of lOOZ. a year
to our much-valued correspondent and fellow-laljourer,
the Rev Miles Joseph Berkeley, on account ol
the eminent services which he has rendered as a
botanist, to practical horticulture and agriculture.
These together with his almost unrivalled acqiijunt-
ance with Cr.vptogamic plants tpwards the dittn-
sion of a knowledge of which he has done so miioh,
amply entitle him to such a distinction. I" "I's
country we have so little cause to be proud nl the
rei^ognition accorded to our men of science, that we
cannot afiford to pass over in silence this mark ol honour
—small though it be, relatively speaking— to our
luost distinguished Cryptogaraic botanist. Long may
he live to enjoy it !

. It is announced in our advertising columns

that the Sixth Annual Birmingham Rose Show will
lake place on Thursday and Friday, July -t and 5,
and that as u.sual, it will be held m the Town Hall.
The Schedule of Prizes, which will be in circulation m
a few days, is a decided improvement on those ot
former years, good though they have been, the
principal additions to the Prize lists are ;-m the open
class a division for 18 varieties, Tea-scented, >,;oisette,
and Chinas, single trusses; and one for 13 varieties of
summer Roses (including Provence, not Moss), Uybna
China, Hybrid Bonrbou, Gallica. DamasK. and Alba
Roses; and a reduction iu the number of varieties ot
Moss Roses, which must be shown in that condition
which will best dLsplay their distim-tive '^'^''•■'■'•■'f"3^-
Baskets, designs, and vases of R^^f 1"™, ^ '*'^«'^?
been classed together: in this schedule basket., and
designs form one division, and vases ^lo^f ': . f° ^.'^
Amateur Class we note the Mlow'^S "«" d'y^'»° •-
13 varieties, single trusses, *" . '^« , ™^Pf ,,Sl for
exhibitors who have never previously ™"J,,^'''=^f"
Roses This has evidently been inserted vyith a view
to enroura"e s iiall giou-ers in tlie immediate neigh-
boni-heod of Birmin gham, and seems to be a very proper

516

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 18, 1867.

'

experiment. Seedling Roses, seedlings of other plants,
and new plants are invited, their merits to be
adjudicated on by an efficient body of judges.

■ In what are called PAEADiffM Hothouses,

and which are described as being moderate in price and
yet substantial structures, Mr. Oemson has adopted a
somewhat novel mode of ventilation, which appears to
be both simple and efficient. The roof-sashes are
fixtures; and instead of being carried up to a ridge
plate^ in the usual waj', the rafters on each side
terminate so that there is left a continuous open space
of a foot in width along the upper angle of the roof — as
if, in fact, a lantern has been let down flush with the
roof. This opening is closed by a bevelled cover or
cipping, which is held on by moveable iron bars, fixed
at intervals on each side, and by means of a sash
line and pulleys this capping may be elevated as well as
thrown forward in a longitudinal direction, whenever
it is desired to give air, while the slackening of the line
allows the capping to fall back in its place when it is
desired to close the ventilators. When open, the
capping is elevated 6 inches .above the roof, so that the
ventilation is ample, while, as it still remains over the
opening, there is small risk of inconvenience from the
entrance of rain. This plan has all the advantages of
the lantern mode of ventilation, combined with the
economy arising from its greater facility of con-
struction, a consideration of some importance, consi-
dering the use to which Mr. Oemson proposes to
devote these houses.

Among the objects of interest to which the

attention of the Fellows of the Royal Horticultural

Society will be called at their meeting on Tuesday

next, will be found, we are informed, some specimens

of the Fabrics (such as handkerchiefs, &c.) made from

Japanese Flax, as well as specimens of the Flax

itself, which Mr. Allison

has the credit of having been

the first to bring into notice.

It is already in e.xtensive use

as a substitute for Russian

bass, for tying plants, flowers,

and bouquets. Mr.BATEJiAN

will, on this occasion, exhibit

his plant of Dendrobium

M'Carthia! and also some

other Orchids.

Bearing in mind the

importance of the subject in
all ways, it is desirable to
chronicle all the Ctjkiosi-
TiES of Gkatting that are
brought to light. ^ Here is
one such recorded in a recen t
number of the Meime Horti- ^
cole by M. Beiot. Liboce-
drus tetragona (one of the
Cupressinea?), when grafted
on the Saxegotha?a (Podo-
carpeie) not only succeeds in
spite of the somewhat distant
aflinity, but, says M. Beiot,
its habit becomes changed in
consequence; instead of form-
ing a narrow cylindrical
column it spreads widely,
so as to form with its nume-
rous and short branches an
irregul.arly spherical or some-
what depressed mass, similar
to Juniperus O.xycedrus
echiniformis. An instance
of an opposite kind is also
cited in the case of Chamse-
cyparis. When C. obtusa
pygmfea is grafted on C.

Boursieri, plants are obtained which are very free
growing and erect in habit, while if it be grafted on a
Biota or a Thuja, or if it be propagated by cuttings, the
plants instead of becoming erect spread horizontally
on the ground. We should be glad to hear how far our
cultivators are able to confirm these statements.

. — - Mr. Parsons, of Daneshury, has forwarded to
us some flowers of a new Azalea which he has raised
that are noteworthy, inasmuch as they have outside
the ordinary corolla, between it and the calyx, but
detached from both, five small coloured petal-like
bodies, oblong in shape, and slightly revolute at the
margins. These petalodes alternate with the sepals,
and are, therefore, superposed to the petals. We
think it probable that these curious structures will in
course of time be further developed. We refrain at
present from expressing a definite opinion as to their
morphological significance.but simply chronicle theirex-
istence, and hint at the possible analogy between them
and the similar formations sometimes seen in Gloxinias.

In the current number of the Pharmaceutical

Journal Mr. Daniel Hanbuet recommends the
cultivation of the Jalap Plant (Bxogouium
Purga) on the ground of the deficient and unsatisfactory
supply of that drug. The plant might be profitably
cultivated, in the opinion of Mr. H.ASBUEY, in the
Neilgherry Hills, in Jamaica or Madeira, while even in
the Isle of Wight, in Devon, and Cornwall the experi-
ment might be tried.

We understand that the works of the Sefton

Paek, Liverpool, are to be commenced without delay,
and to be completed in two years, according to a
revised design prepared from that which obtained
the first ^ premium. The Improvement Committee
of the Liverpool Town Council, have, it appears,
accepted the contract of Messrs. Andee and
Hohnblowek, the terms arranged being 5 per
cent, on the outlay. According to the conditions
of the competition the premium might have been
absorbed in the commission, but the Committee have

presented the designers with a cheque for the amount.
This graceful act will no doubt be fully appreciated,
and deserves to be recorded. The above statements
will, in great measure, supply a satisfactory answer
to sundry questions and unfavourable criticisms which
have reached us with reference to this subject.

New Plants.

Odontoglossuji teiumphans, Rchb.f., Sonplandia,
ii., 99. OdontoglossumHallii, Zindl. in Orch. Zind.,
p. 15 ; FoUa, No. 6, nee Bot. Seg., 1992. Odonto-
glossum spectatissimum, Zind. Folia, No. 55.
Racemosum seu paniculatnm, sep.ilis oblongo-iiguLatis
acutis, petalis subjequalibua hinc grosse dentatis, labello
ab im^e linean columnaj adniito p<andurato acuto seu
emarginato denticulato, carina depressa ligulata antice
divergent! biemri in b.asi, papiUia utrinque, coliimnai alis sub-
quadrati.s denticulatis.
This plant has an unlucky history. At first it
was put with the old Odontoglossum Hallii, when Mr.
Linden had the good fortune to discover it. Later
an anomaly was described as O. spectatissimum,
and the type left again as O. Hallii. Incapable of
making out these puzzles at a distance, we gave a new
name, and we believe one ihat must be retained from
all laws of justice. It has long been familiar to us in a
fresh state, yet we have received! it only three times.
The first flowers were sent by Mr. Linden. Later
ones came from Consul Schiller, of Hambm-gh,
then an enthusiastic collector of Orchids ; and while
writing this a flower came from Mr. Low. No
doubt it is a splendid thing. The pure golden yellow
of the flower is revived by the dark cinnamon-brown
blotches. The lip is nearly white, with some brownish
blotches, but it occurs also yellowish. That it is
subject to varieties, may be seen from our repre-
sentations. Perhaps these are also hybrids with

Odontoglossum luteopnrpnreum — we are not sure of
it : yet we believe it must be a good species, having
before us numerous wild specimens gathered by various
collectors. S. Q. Schb. Jll.

HYBRIDISING AND CROSS BREEDING.
Me. Andeeson-Heney's remarks on this subject
(see p. .370) have much interested me, and brought to
mind many of the almost-forgotten experiments of my
early manhood. His remarks on the difficulty of crossing
the Rubus, in particular, have arrested my attention,
owing to my having, in jjears long past, turned my
mind to the apparent facility of creating some new
variety out of species nearly related. Mr. H. is an
unbeliever in a cross between the Raspberry and the
Bramble (Rubus fruticosus) — so am I ; and yet I have
experienced such curious results from the crossing of
Raspberries that I am tempted to give some .account
of them. In doing so I may probably induce Mr. Henry,
or some one like him in perseverance and observation,
to throw some light on a subject which has for many
years been to me a mystery. Some time ago (probably
nearer forty than thirty years since) I received from a
very old gardener, living at Weathersfield, near
Braintree, in Essex, a curious kind of Raspberry, which
he called the "Black Raspberry," and at the same
time he stated that it was a cross between the Bramble
and the common Raspberry. At that time I took a
mere horticultural view of the plant, and observing it
to have, when established here, long, dark brown
shoots, I thought it just possible. In the course of
time these so-called black Raspberries bore fruit, and
true enough, the fruits were, although not black,
yet of a dark purple, small, and acid, and^Cof a
very different flavour to other Raspberries. I became
interested in the variety, and began to think of its
probable origin, dismissing the idea of its being a cross
with the Bramble, as that flowers in August, while the
Raspberry flowers in June ; but thinking it j ust possible
that it might be a cross with what is here called the

Dewberry (Rubus caisius), which flowers in June with
the Ra.spberry. In the course of years I raised many
generations from my black Raspberry ; the seedlings
all partook more or less of the qualities of the parent
stock, giving berries more or less purple and acid, and
keeping themselves distinct from our Red Antwerp
and other sorts of Raspberries. I cannot now recall
how many generations I raised. They occupied my ;
notice for a time only, because they formed part of the
routine of business ; but a change came, not " o'er the
spirit of my dream," but among my seedling Rasp-
berries. Some ten or twelve or more years since 1
received, among many novelties, from the late A. J.
Downing, of America— a man whom I feel proud to
have personally known, and the creator of true garden-
ing taste in America— a plant of the Ohio Everbearing
Raspberry, a variety of the Black Cap (Rubus
occidentalis). This was planted, with other new kinds,
in a department near to my seedling black Raspberries,
and, after observing its peculiar nature of bearing a
full crop in autumn, it did not attract further notice,
as its fruit was small and acid. A few years— perhaps
two or three— after the introduction of this sort, I
happened to be passing a bed of my seedling black
Raspberries which had been raised in the usual way,
and observing among them some canes different in
colour to the others— they had the blue tinge peculiar
to the canes of the Ohio Raspberry— I paid them very
close attention. They bore fruit in summer of a darker
colour than those they were growing amongst, and
smaller, varying in colour as did the canes. I thought
at first that they were sports from my original black
Raspberry, resulting from— may I so call it ?— domes-
tication ; and although interested, I was not surprised,
this being reserved for the autumn, for then surprise
did come, the canes which I liad noticed, or rather the
young canes of the growth of the summer, putting
forth in October an abundant
crop of fruit, the canes
which had given fruit in
summer being then dry and
sapless. The colour of the
canes, most of them having
the pretty blue tint of the
sort from Ohio, induced me
to think that I had by acci-
dent obtained some curious
cross-breeds. I now believe
this to have been the fact. I
wished, however, to see the
end of this curious out-
break ; for I thought, why
.should not other kinds of
Raspberries growing near the
Ohio Raspberry, and from
which seedlings had been
raised, receive a stain ? I
therefore raised a number
of seedlings from the first
apparent hybrids I dis-
covered, ^ and I have since
then raised three or four
generations, confining myself
to the seed taken from the
largest berries of adeep purple
colour, hoping to establish a
race that might be repro-
duced from seed without
difficulty;" for I must add
that nearly all my black
autumnal Raspberries are
like their Ohio parent— they
make a large stub after being
repeatedly cut down, but
produce no suckers from their
roots. The result of my
sowingcarefuUy-selectedseed
from the finest purple berries produced in autumn is
most curious. I have had red summer Raspberries,
red and pink, flesh-coloured, and large white autumnal
sorts ; yellow summer and yellow autumnal varieties ;
small-berried black autumnal Raspberries of gigantic
growth — making strong canes 15 feet^ in length, and
some dwarf bushes 3 feet in height; in short, such a
melange as I think never before was seen in a bed of
Raspberries. It would take a long chapter to describe
them ; but as the greater portion were horticulturally
valueless, they have been destroyed. I have, however,
settled down to a few sorts, which seem as if they would,
with the exception of a few slight vagaries, prove
constant. One, a large black autumnal variety, with
blue canes, ripening in October; another with large
black berries, and with canes not so blue, ripening m
August; another with very large orange berries, and
another with large white berries, covered with a
glaucous bloom, both ripening in October. It is curious
to note that the sorts with pale berries put forth suckers
from the roots like the common kinds of Raspberries,
whereas those with blue canes and black berries put
forth none, yet all came from the same source — the
black autumnal hybrids.

Prom these four varieties I raised, in 1866, some
hundreds of seedlings. They are now in the second
year of their growth, and are of much interest. Those
from the black-berried hybrids seem to adhere to the
character of their parents in having shoots more or less
purple ; still a few among them have white spines, and
will probably give white or yellow fruit. Those from
the large orange variety— one of the largest Raspberries
I have ever seen— seem to adhere pretty closely to the
habit of their parent, having white spines. Nearly all
these strange hybrids seem to partake of the character
of the Ohio Everbearing Raspberry in their tendency
to produce a more abundant crop of fruit in the
autumn than in summer.

I beg to ask your readers to help to solve my
little mystery-rwhy is it that seedling Raspberries
from one variety only, have deviated so widely

May 18, 18(57.]

THE GARDENEliS' CUIIUMCJ.E AND AGRICULTURAL (iAZETTE

517

Iruia all known vmieties, aud tliiit seeaiiuns raised
I'l-oiu our well-knowii kinds, siioU as the Red
and Yellow Antwor]) and other kinds of summer
liaspberries, althouiih Rrovvin;,' near the Ohio sort,
sliould most strictly adhere to the habits of their
parents in ^ivini; only one crop of fruit in the summer,
merely varying in the size and colour of their berries?
I am well aware of the varieties of our summer Rasp-
berries that bear abundantly in autumn ; hundreds of
seodiin'js from those kinds (the October Red and
Yellow) have been raised hero, but they have been only
reproductions without any cross, such as occurs in
the various hybrids I have endeavoured to describe.
In these hypercritical times as regards vegetable

ghysiology one fears to propound a theory, yet I cannot
elp, with humble submission, endeavouring to tell
the reason why my original Black Raspberry has been
the only sort open to cross breeding. It is this :—
the variety was undoubtedly a hybrid between the
Raspberry aud the Dewberry, so that, so to speak, the
continuity of the species was broken into, and the
variety tlius became more susceptible of impregnation
by a wild and vigorous species like the Rubus
cooidentalis. My opinion may be weak and untenable,
but if a clever observer like Mr. Henry will take the
trouble to read my Raspberry narrative, be will pro-
bably be able to give one more sound, and I for one
shall be thankful.

With respect to the cross-breeding of other fruits,
what can seem more probable than the union of the
Apricot Peach (Admirable Jaune)— really partaking of
the Apricot in flavour— and the Apricot, or the
Orange Nectarine and the Apricot ; yet, after years of
trial hero in the orchard houses, under most favourable
circumstances and great care, no impression has been
made. Some of the seedling crossed Apricots have, in
their early stages of growth, shown leaves more
elongated than usual, but after a time there was no
hope. The most facile of all crossing — it scarce deserves
the name — is that between Peaches and Nectarines,
the Pitmastou Orange Nectarine being carefully
crossed with the Stanwick Nectarine has produced an
Orange Nectarine, with the full flavour of the Stanwick,
and ripening later than its female parent. A very early
IVach being crossed w ith a Nectarine has produced an
early Nectarine with the flavour of the Peach, its
female parent. All these trifling crosses are
easy enough, but when the Plum and the
Cherry are operated upon no eflect is produced — like
the Peach and the Apricot they seem obstinately fixed.
Still we may hope on. It is now some 20 years since,
that looking on a grand tree of the Pyrus spectabilis
(the double Chinese Apple) growing here, a tree
some ro years old, the thought struck me that if such
a tree, covered with the scarlet flowers of the Pyrus
(now Cydonia) japonica, could be raised, what a glorious
creation it would be ! I therefore set to work iu crossing
the Pyrus spectabilis, which bears abundance of fruit,
with the Cydonia, and I raised many seedlings, but after
waiting many years and seeing them all bloom, I found
I had totally failed in my cross, although the foliage
of some of them gave me hopes. One, however, proved
distinct, to which I was vain enough to give the name
of P. specta bills Riversii ; it gives flowers larger, darker,
and later than its parent. I fully believe that in a
warm climate some fine hybrids may bo raised between
Cydonia japonica and the common CJuiuce. If I lived
in the warm south, I should try this.

Mr.AV. Paul, in his lecture on Spring Flowers, stated
that the double aud some other kmds of Thorns
are mostly from sporting shoots or branches. This
is doubtless true of the sort he exhibited ; it is
not, however, generally known that the double Pink
Thorn produces haws tolerably freely if the flowers be
fertilised. I happen to know this fact well, for many
years since I fertilised the flowers of this very beautiful
sort with the pollen of the single dark crimson Thorn ;
two or three plants were raised, and on one, particularly
Tigorous in its habit, I placed my hopes. In due time
it blossomed and gave flowers of the purest white. In
my agony of disappointment I destroyed the tree, a
hasty act of which I have long since repented. Tlios.
Rivers.

FUNGI AS FOOD.

(Coiicluitedfyoiii page 4G0.)

4. The larger Mushroom, called sometimes White-
Caps or Horse Mushroom— the latter probably because
horses and cattle are usually allowed to destroy them,
or, as some say, because " they are not fit for a horse "—
I have found growing in rings in Oakley Park,
Cirencester, some specimens being nearly a foot across.
AV hen not fully grown, and their paler gills lookin g fresh ,
I have always relished this species, "and consider its
flavour second to none. Cooke says, "Like its ally,
the common Mushroom, it has several varieties, and
some of these are of a much finer flavour than others.'*
They are excellent for catsup.

o. The Shaggy Agaric is not very abundant. I
have partaken of occasional specimens found growing
in my garden, and have liked them very much. This
and the following are commonly exposed for sale in
Covent Garden Market.

6. The Blewit, so called from its bluish or purple
stems, is very common, frequently occurring in large
fairy rings. Next to the Musi/room it is the commonest
at Covent Garden ; but it is coarse in flavour, in which
respect, though it may vary, I prefer several other
species of its month, namely October.

7. The Stump Agaric, is well distinguished by its fine
plum blue colour and by its growing in clusters on old
tree stumps. I knew that this was a favourite on
the Continent, and so onee upon a time having
gathered some of these in the neighbourhood of Church

• Sec IJritish Fungi, by JI. C. Cooke, which should be in
tne litirary of every one in the country.

Strattun I got them cooked lor a inid-diiy meal; but
whether from the state of the stomach, or a subscf[uent
coach journey, or both, I know not, but at midnight
in the hotel at Ludlow I felt all the symptoms of
having been poisoned. After some dilliculty I
succeeded in getting a glass of brandy-and-wator, hot
and strong ; Ibis soon caused the olfending Fungus to
be ejcctotl. Hero let me digress to point out the merits
of hrandy-and-water inall suspicious cases of poisoning
by Fungi. At the first symptom of opi)ression, take
this fluid, stilf, hot, and in iilenty, and if the case be
mild, digestion will proceed and sound sleep be
obtained, but if obstinate, sickness soon follows, the
olfending Fungus is got rid of, while the stimulus of
the fluid relieves that prostration which usually attends
such cases. This is advice which an old stager has
found of benefit more than once.

I will say no more of this Fungus, except that
this lesson decided me not to eat it again, and always
to have a flask of brandy in my bedroom, whether at
home or on a journey.

8, The Esculent Boletus has delicate white flesh,
which docs not turn blue or brown when broken.
It should be skinned and (he gills removed, and
simply cooked, either fried with butter or oil, and
seasoned with lemon juice, or treated with pepper,
salt, aud butter, aud cooked in a warm oven or before
the lire.

i>. The Chanterelle occurs in woods, oftentimes in
great profusion, and is well distingushed by its bright
yellow colour; to this may he added its congener
Lactarius deliciosus. Both of these I have partaken of
with great relish, but have not had sufficient experi-
ence of them to be able to accord the lavish praises
which some have bestowed upon them. They are
sometimes served as most rare and expensive dainties
at great dinners, though their rarity is rather
attributable to the scarcity of judges of the species on
the one hand, or of cooks who can properly serve them,
on the other.

10. The Giant Pulfball is a Fungus which has been
abundant on my own farm this year, and which I
was glad to welcome. One specimen was growing
in a dry ditch, and was so large that at a distance
I mistook it for a lamb — it measured 2 ft. 2 in. round,
and weighed 3 lb. It was quite white when cut into,
and slices of this done over with egg and bread-crumbs,
and fried like a veal cutlet, proved to be most delicate,
and easy of digestion. !More than once I have intro-
duced it at dinner, and always to the satisfaction of
those who can overcome the usual prejudice to any-
thing they have not seen before. Still the labourers,
whose meals are usually free fi*om meat, could not he
prevailed upon to touch it, which is a great mis-
fortune, as it contains most of the nutritive elements
of meat itself, and in this case is certainly more
digestible than any white meats, not excepting the
chicken, than which I consider it far more delicate.

My friends saw some of a smaller species of Pufi-
ball exposed for sale in the market at Weymouth, from
which it may be gathered that everybody idoes not
reject these plants as " Toadstools and Cankers." Of
course when the Pufl'balls have gone to seed, or have
lost their original fine white colour, they will not
be good for food, but this is not a difficult fact to
decide upon.

11. The Morell was first intToduccd to me in Oakley
Park, Cirencester, where I have in some years found
it in great abundance under old Fir trees. I was
told that the Earl Bathurst's family sometimes
partook of them, and I have seen them exposed for
sale at the greengrocers, and heard that they became
highly esteemed at the mess of the Militia officers.
I prefer them stufl"ed with forcemeat or sausage-
meat, and fried, to any way, but as a foreign method
may he preferred by some I give the following, not from
the cookery book, hut from Cooke's book before cited.
" MoreUs a la Ilallenne. — Pick, wash, and dry your
Morells. Cut them in two or three pieces according
to size, and place them in a stew-pan over a lively Are ;
add olive oil, pepper, salt, a bundle of sweet herbs, a
little Onion, and a chive of garlic. Continue the
cooking over a gentle fire. Soften with beef gravy and
a glass of white wine. Sen'e with a ]iiece of lemon and
bread crumbs fried brown and crisp." There now,
that ought to be good, and yet how few know of the
delicious flavour of the fresh Morell, though for
English, or perhaps French cooking, it meets with a
steady sale at the Italian houses at Irom Is. to Is. Cxi.
an ounce ; and Cooke asserts, " that the demand was
formerly so great for Morells in Germany, that the
ijeasantry were induced to burn down the woodland in
immense tracts, on account of the more productive
nature of the burnt soil, until legislative enactments
put an end to the practice."

Why, this is as bad as the Chinese burning down
houses to roast pigs ; and I can assure my readers
that if they ever tasted well-cooked Morells, tliey would
very likely wink at some maljiractice — say trespassing
— to procure them.

12. Of the Trufliel scarcely knowanvthingexceptfrom
foreign examples. Atkyns, in his " History of Glouces-
tershire," says that formerly Truffles were obtained by
dogs in Oakley Park. I have long been anxious to
see the process of finding tliese by means of dogs
bred for the iiurpose, a few of which, I am told, are
still used in Hants, Should any of my readers possess
one, and be able to show a day's sport, in a Truffle
wood, i would go far to see it.

I cannot conclude these notes without a word of
regret that a tribe of plants so useful as the Fungi
should yet be not merely neglected, but despised. I
have only commented on a few species— such, indeed,
as I am practically acquainted with ; I am, how-
ever, convinced that there are many more that are
capable of yielding wholesome and nutritious food, and

1 1 therefore hope that in time they will obtain a

I proper share of attention. J. B.

LETTERS FROM PARIS.-No. XI.

FUKNITT IIETHOD OF WIKINO WALLS— CORDONS AT
THE ImI'EBIAL ICITCHEN QAKUEN— AND THE
E(jrilTH KLOWEK SUOVV.

Many good gardeners in England still adhere to
old shreds aud nails, aud their consequent holes
for vermin, expense, and great loss of limo. This Is
one of the odds and ends that they do thoroughly well
here, having a simple and lasting system of wiring
which is satisfactory in all respects. It is applied in
many ways, but the best example of it, as aiiplied to
Willis that I have seen, is at Pontchartrain, a fine
iduutry-seat in charge of Mr. Knight, formerly of
Dalkeith Gardens, and which has been much improved
by him. Although conversant with the best English
practice he has followed the French mode of doing some
things, and believes that some of their ways might with
advantage be introduced to English gardens. Nobody
who resides here any time can iail to jierceive that any
mode of culture successlul with fruits and vegetables
in the neighbourhood of Paris will be found efpially so
in England generally. So far as I observe and hear,
there is a closer correspondence between the two
climates than is generally supposed. It has been so
through the winter and spring, and lately we have
experienced the few exceptionally hot days wdiich also
visited London, and since their disappearance, we have,
like yourselves, the most dismally wet weather; this
16th of May being remarkably like a December day in
England. All the walls that surround the kitchen
garden at Pontchartrain are wired thus : strong bolt^
like nails are driven in at each angle of the walls, and
to these the galvanised wire is attached, lint the first
thing to be done is to employ a mason to insert rough
nails with an eye along the walls at equal distances — say
10 inches apart, row fromrow, and the nails 10 feet apart
in the row. ^ Through these thewire is to pass for its sup-
port, and of course it is necessary to have those lines of
hooks quite straight, a thing which a mason can readily
arrange. Then the wire— about as thick as a crow-
quill— is passed through the eyes, being fastened at both
ends of the wall into the strong iron nails, and then
made as tight and firm as can he desired by a tiny
rack-wheel revolving in an oblong loop of metal, galva-
nised like the wire, ;ind, in fact, a part and parcel of it.
One wire is attached to the tongue of the loop, so to
speak, and the other passes in through a hole in the
opposite end, and is inserted through another which is
lierforated in the strong little axle of the wheel, and
then with a few turns the wire is made as tight as pos-
sible, and quite permanently and neatly. These little
tighteners being placed one over another, or nearly so,
in vertical lines, and at great distances apart, they are
no noticeable disfigurement to the wall. The wires
remain at about the distance of half an inch or three
riuarters from the wall. They are ten inches apart
from top to bottom of the wall, a most convenient dis-
tance, for the shoots, which are tied straight along each
wire with willow twigs. The difl'erence in the amount
of training and tying a man can perform on a wall thus
arranged I need hardly suggest to your readers. In
the course of a few years such a handy means of training
would save the cost of its erection, and do away almost
entirely with the expense, trouble, aud great amount of
time lost upon nails, shreds, pock-marked walls, &c. I
trust to see it universally adopted in British gardens ere
many years elapse. This ivire and its appendages is to
be bought cheaply here, and probably more so in some
of the manufacturing tow^ns of England.

The Calville Blanc, or White Calville Apple, a
superb kind for any purpose, is now selliu" in a first-
rate fruit house in the Rue du Marche St. Honore, at
three dilferent prices— 1 franc for the smaller, 2 for the
medium-sized, and 3 francs each for the largest fruit !
The way in which this fine kind, and a few others of the
choicest kinds are grown in France, is, trained as cordons,
/. e.,as single freely fruiting shoots along a singlewire. In
like manner must they be grown in England if we
desire to perfect such fruit. Now, in nearly every
French kitchen garden, and even running into many
of their little flower-gardens, you may see a single
cordon trained along as an edging to the bed or border,
hut I had no idea of what the system was capable of
till I visited the Imperial Potagerie, or Frogmore of
France, at Versailles the other day. This is a large, an
interesting, though a rough kind of place as compared
with Frogmore, but contains an immense quantity of
these cordons trained invarious ways, and all masses of
bloom. The prettiest and most successful arrangement
was on a border with a warm aspect, in front of a low
w.allon which Pears were trained. First, there was alow
edging of Parsley or some useful herb, and then behind
it a single cordon. Then at a distance of 2 feet or so,
or just about as much as would permit a man to get
between the rows, another line, but this lime with two
cordons, one over another, and behind it again a line
of three cordons. The whole was a mass of Sloom, and
the sight one of the most attractive I have ever seen in
a kitchen garden. I am told the crops are fine, and
hope to visit it again in the autumn to see how they
look. Such an arrangement would he a useful and
desirable addition to the English kitchen garden.
The wires for those cordons are, in the first instance,
tied to strong Oak posts at each end of the border, and
then strained precisely in the way described above for
the walls. It need hardly be stated that these cordons
are all formed of small trees worked in the Paradise or
Doucin stock. They come into bearing immediately,
and cost no more than about 2d. apiece, at least so I
have been told.

The Fourth Show commenced yesterday, but as usual
win not be finished in arrangement till this afternoon.
Its main features are Palms, &c.. Azaleas, Rhododen-
drons, and other greenhouse plants ; Roses, herba-
ceous and annual jdants. Mr. Chantin was engaged
in quite filling a large house with many of the

518

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

i^

[Mat 18, 1867.

best of his capital collection of Palms, and Messrs.
Veitch have a splendid group of 10 Azaleas in the large
conservatory. In that structure, Palms, &c., now
predominate, and make it look quite different to what
it did 10 days ago with Azaleas, Sec, but still the effect
is bad— unmitigatedly bad, and will, it is to be hoped,
be imjiroved upon, for it is the one really objectionable
thing in the design. There is a lot of green turf in it
which should be removed immediately, and gravel
substituted, as it is of course impossible to have turf
look decent in such a place without renovating it
every few days. I saw, too, charming young Palms
just unpacked, Cocos elegantissima, of the most
exquisite grace, eure one day to make a fine thin^ for
room decoration ; and Desmoncus species nova, like a
graceful small Bambusa. A very charming feature in
the grounds just now are numerous beds of all kinds of
pretty annuals, mixed with ornamental Grasses, &c., in
full bloom, perhaps 60 or more kinds in one bed.
They have been grown in shallow pits for this purpose,
and planted out just ready to bloom. Occasionally
there are large beds of the best things, like stocks, &o.,
on the massin;J! system ; and a bed of Rhodanthe, about
21 feet long and 10 feet wide, surrounded with
CoUinsia, and outside that, with a band of Neraophila
insignis, is one of the prettiest things ever seen, the
Rhodanthe being strong and in the full flush of its
beautiful rose. Sir. Liiddemann has again sent some
nice Orchids, and Mr. Oudin aine has a beautiful pure
white and hardy new seedling Bhododendron, aUo
Laurocerasus fastigiatus, which he describes as a Laurel
that forms a pyramidal bush. A military band plays
in the garden every afternoon, a belt oE well-flowered
Hydrangeas filling the borders around the band-house.
There are some very fine cut Roses shown by
M. Margottin, not as we do, but with a considerable
portion of stem and leafage, and looking all the better
for it. The fine Wellingtonia appears to be dead, and
also some other specimens in the grounds ; but on the
whole the great variety of things planted look very
fresh and well. It is fortunate that the Roses, and
many other things exhibited in the open ground, have
been covered with waterproof canopies, as the weather
has been of the vilest description for some days past.
W.H.

pecuUnr to it, and no species c;in even be said tu have its head-
quarters there. The two most pre-eminentlynorthGrn Ferns are
Asplenium crenulatum and Nephrodium f ragrans. and both are
widely dispersed in the north temperate zone. Fifteen species
inhabit Arctic America, all of which, with one exception,
grow also in Arctic Europe, and the other Hi are in the Arctic
zone exclusively European, with one exception, Nephrodium
fragrans. All the Arctic Ferns have a wide range in Temperate
Europe, and only two species, the two just mentioned, are not
inhabitants of Britain.

2. Temperate Eicrnpe ami Africa. — Of all the temperate
districts this has the smallest Fern-flora, and considerably the
smallest number of peculiar species. The total number of
species which it yields is 81, 4 per cent, of the order. Taking
first those of Europe, which are C7 in number, we may divide
them into four classes, viz. — 1, Species almost universally or,
at any rate, widely diffused through Central Europe. The
number in this class may be put at 22 ; 2, Species widely
diffused through the centre of the Continent, but restricted to
mountainous tracts, say 12; 3, Species pre-eminently south-
western, restricted to the vicinity of the Mediterranean and
Atlantic, say 18. This leaves 15 species, only one of which,
Asplenium crenulatum, is particularly northern in its range,
the other 14 being scattered more or less sparingly through
Central Europe, not a sing-le one being pre-eminently eastern,
or having its head-quarters in Asia, and coming a little within
European bounds. The only widely diffused Central European
species which we do not possess in Britain are, with some
doubt as to the last, Onoclea germanica, Cystopteris alpina,
Asplenium fissum, and Botrychium rutaccum. On the other
hand, eight of the south-western species enter into the British
list, one of them, Hymenophyllum tunbridgense,"* being widely
dispersed, but two not reaching further north than the
Channel Islands. Twelve species grow in the West Africaii
Islands which are not European ; these are —
Dicksonia Culcita

Adiantum reniforme
'Chcilanthes pulchella

Asplenium monanthemum
,, furcatura

,, umbrosum

FEEN DISTRIBUTION.

[The following is an abstract of Mr. Baker's paper read before
the Linnean Society (see p. 4G3), obligingly furnished by the
author,]

This paper is intended as a geographical inde.^ to the
" Synopsis Filicum," planned and commenced by Sir William
Hooker (and carried on after his death by Mr. Baker), which is
e.x:pecbod to be ready for publication in the course of the
present year. For nomenclature and species limitation this
work had of course been followed as a standard. The jiaper
consists principally of a Table, in which the species arc all
enumerated, and their distribn tion traced through the different
parts of the world by means of districts, which we will explain
presently. The total number of species admitted is ^2229.
This includes, besides the true P^erns, the Osmundaccse,
Schiz^aceje, Marattiace^, and Ophioglossacece, but not Salvi-
niaccie, Lycopodiaceai, or Equisetacere. The districts adopted
are 10 in number, the north temperate zone, south temperate
zone, and torrid zone being each divided into three longitu-
dinal sections, so as not to include in the same district portions
of different continents, but the arctic zone is not divided at
all. We obtain, therefore, by this plan the 10 districts already
named, as follows ; —

Approximate
area.

1. Arctic district .. ..3 millionsof square miles.

2. Temperate Europe and North

Afi-ica .. ,. .. .. G „ „

3. Temperate Asia 14 „ „

4. Temperate North America .. 5\ „ ,,

5. Temperate South Africa -.3 „ ,,

6. Temperate Australia and New

Zealand 2J ,, „

7. Temperate South America .. ij ,, „

8. Tropical Africa 10 „ ,,

9. Tropical Asia and Polynesia . . 5i ,, ,,
10. Troi)ical America .. ..6 ,, „

The/olloioing Table slioics the total number of .tpecies known in
each of these dlftricta, arranged according to the tribes, or, in
the case of the Pseiido-Filices, the suborders :^

■R

.

North

South

Torrid
Zone.

a -3

t3

•a

Temperate
Zone.

Temperate
Zone.

iS

=

1

2

3

4

5 1 6

7

8

9

10

1

OleicheniaccK

25

0

0

2

0

2 8

3

4

11

6

2

Cyathcffl . ,

IM

0

0

S

1

3 11

4

T>

in

74

3

Dicksonieje

53

s

5

1(1

9

1 6

2

3

17

15

4

Hymenophyllece..

151

0

2

Ifi

2

10 26

21

26

.'i4

66

5

Davalliete . .

K(i

1

5

2(i

3

4 4

1

12

■17

T'

G

Lindsayse . .

49

0

0

4

0

1 S

n

5

"0

17

V:Pterideje ..

;U2

3

13

53

28

33 42

'T

'^<l

81

15-^

8 Blechnefe ..

Bl

0

I

7

4

1 8

3

1

in

11

9 Asplenieje . .

284

4

21

64

12

29 19

n

64

116

in-'

10

ScolopendrieoB . .

«

0

2

2

2

0, 0

0

0

1

4

11

Aspidiese ..

•lit'I

5

13

81

1(>

is; 20

in

'■'I

i-i)

W)

12

Polypodieie

■AHi

4

5

72

14

21' 26

17

4"

170

165

13

GrammitideEe

ie,s

(1

5

211

7

13 9

13

9.T

61

80

14

Acrostichese

i;i5

0

1

13

1

7 (i

1

31

4=i

SO

If)

Osmundacepe

H

0

1

4

f

2 4

n

1

4

lo-

Schiz^aceae

CO

0

0

5

4

.■; 7

3

8

14

37

ir

Marattiacete

21

0

0

2

(

1 2

n

2

5

It

18

Ophioglossacere . .

IT

3

7

9

8

3 6

3

7

9

Total number of

1

species . ,

22aa

ae

81

413

114

153212

118

346

863

946

Percentage of the

order

1

4

IS

5

- s

5

15

39

42

Number of peculiar

species .,

0

12

114

37

22' 74

32

127

477

757

Going through the districts one by one, the following are the
most noteworthy points about them : —

l.—Arctic Zone.— The Arctic region yields in all only 2G
species, about 1 per cent, of the order. Not one species is

■ Aspidium falcinellum
,, frondosum

Nephrodium moUe
■Polypodium drepanum
Gymnogramma Totta
Acrostichum squamosum
The four marked with a star are quite peculiar to these islands,
the Dicksonia being much the most distinctly-marked specific
type which this second district furnishes. Of the others, the
Adiantum is Mauritian (but the Mauritian plant is a well-
marked variety), Aspidium frondosum, lon^ supposed t-^ be
peculiar, has been detected recently in Natal, and the other
six arc widely diffused tropical and subtropical species, all
being met with in tropical Africa, so that in the Fern-flora of
these islands we cannot find any trace of an American affinity.
The number of Canarian species is 31 ; of Azorean, 25. The
species common to the islands and Europe are all of the south-
western or genei-al European type, the 12 Montane Conti-
nental species being quite absent. To the European list we
get only two species added in North Africa. Nephrodium
unitum and Actiniopteris radiata, a very significant fact in
illustmtion of the clos" connection there is between climate
and Fern -geography, as we shall see best when we come to
contrast this addition of only two species for an area of between
two and three million square miles of subtropical country,
with the large number of species which are added in sub*
tropical Asia to the list of those that grow further north.
The number of species peculiar to Continental Europe is only
six— Asplenium germanicum, Heufleri, Petrarchfe, fissum,
Selosii. and Cbeilanthes hispanica. Nephrodium remulum is
confined to Britain, the Canaries, and Madeira ; and Davallia
canariensis to the West Mrican Isles and Spanish peninsula.
Of species nearly biit not quite peculiar to this second district,
Nephrodium montanum (Oreopteris) extends into Lapland
and Georgia, and Asplenium Hemionitis to the Cape Verde
Isles.

3, Temperate A^la. — It is here, as compared with all the
other tempei-ate districts, that the Fern-flora reaches its
maximum development. This district yields 413 species,
18 per cent, of the total number, more than half the total
number of temperate species, out of which one out of
between three and four is peculiar to it. But a large pro-
portion of the species, and nearly all the peculiar ones, are
concentrated in a small part of its area, in Japan, East China,
and the Himalayas, a tract not embracing more than a tenth
part of the fourteen million square miles which the district
includes. In broad terms we may say, the northern half of
the district belongs to Asiatic Russia. The tot;d number of
Russian .species, European, Asiatic, and American put together
is only 49. Taking the provinces of Asiatic Russia as defined
in Ledebour's " Flora." and reckoning the species according to
the Synopsis standard, we find they produce Ferns as follows ;
Caucasian provinces . . 28 I Dahurian Siberia . . 14

Altaic Siberia . . . . 20 Eastern ,, . . . . 8

Baikalian ,, . . . 22 j Kamschatka .. ..17

Uralian ,, .. .. 27 1 Eastern Isles , .,14
nearly all of them being species which belt the world in the
North Temperate Zone. For Amur-land Maximnwiuz gives 21
species, only 6 of which are not European. Turning to the
south-west we find for Asia Minor only 25 species, all of them
European. The small Syrian and Palestinian Fei-n-floras are
also entirely European ; in fact, we do not geta single addition
to the European list in this direction till we reach the
Himalayas. The number of Himalayan species we may state
safely at 320. In separating these out into subtropical and
typically temperate I have had to rely almost entirely upon
the notes of Dr. Hooker and Dr. Thomson, who have observed
and recorded carefully the altitudes of all the species they
gathered. Taking the Temperate region as beginning at 500,0
feet above sea level in the Eastern Himalayas, and at the base
of the hill country in the north-west we have definite know-
ledge that 18-1 species grow above this line. There can be no
doubt that this figure is too low, as we have no definite infor-
mation as to the heights at which Wallich. Grifiith, and
others gathered their specimens, and I have not included .any
species as Temperate on mere presumption alone, so that there
is every probability that fiu-ther exploration will raise it con-
siderably above 200. Passing from north-wpst to south-east,
along the range we find the European species gradually dis-
appear, whilst from the M.alayau Isles, the second in import-
ance and productiveness of the great tropicnl Fern centres, a
crowd of subtropical species extend to the southern slope of
the eastward extension of the great chain, and find a congenial
home inUhe close humid valleys of Khasia, Sikkim, and
Assam, where the hill-spurs shut out the wind, and the rays
of almost vertical sun fall upon dense masses of subtropical
forest-vegetation. According to our present knowledge this
sub-tropical region of the Himalayas yields 136 species not
knov?n in the Temperate region above it, and many of the
species that extend to the latter have their head-quarters
here. It is of course evident that it is through the combination
of conditions of station and climate brought about by the
Himalayan range filling the position which it occupies, and no
doubt partly also by reason of the proximity of the range to
one of the great head-quarters of the order, with a suitable
idghway of communication between the two, that Temperate
Asia is so much richer in Ferns than any other of our five tem-

* [This name indicates the principle of species limitation
adopted by Mr. Baker, and which of course affects his num-
bers throughout. The Hymcnophyllums of Great Britain are
counted as one species. Eds.]

perate districts. To see this we need only contrast the 136
sub-tropical snecies added here, with the two added to the
European list in North Africa. Passing from the Himalayas
eastward we have a few peculiar species in East China, but
the number is very small. The Japanese Fem-flora is a
remarkable one, on account of, latitude considered, its
richness and southern character. Of the species in the
synopsis US arc known to us clearly as inhabiting the
Japanese group of Islands, exclusive of the more southern
clusters of Bonin and Loo-Choo, In latitude Japan
is about upon a par with the Spanish peninsula
and considerably smaller in area, but the Japanese Ferns are
to the Spanish ones as three to one, 118 species against 3 1>,
We see here well shown, what was indicated before by the
British list, how that with Ferns an insiUar position may com-
pensate to a very large extent for the effect of a higher latitude.
Of the Japanese species 20 are peculiar, 14 restricted to Japan
and other parts of temperate Asia, we have only 17 out of the
34 European species that belt the globe, and the others, at any
rate we may safely say, 60 species, are characteristically sub-
tropical, and nearly all Malayan. If we classify according to
their geography, the pectUiar Ferns of temperate Asm, the
following will be the result : —

Restricted to the Himalayas 66

,, Japanese isles .. ..21

, , Korea and Siberia . . . . 4

,, East China .. .. ., 6

Common to Japan and the Himalayas , 1

,, East China and Himalayas 2

„ Japan and Siberia or Korea 5

,, Japan and East China .. 9

Total . , . . 114 species.
The most remarkable circumstance thus elicited is the
absence of that affinity, which we might d priori expect
between the essentiaUy temperate species of Japan and the
Himalayas. In point of fact it seems that such an affinity can
scarcely be said to have any existence. The species which the
two Floras have in common are the subtropical ones which
they possess in common with the Malayan isles, not the
characteristically temperate forms. Comparing the list for
temperate Asia as a whole with that of the two other north
temperate districts, we find 34 species common to it and both.
the other two, 18 species which are European or North African
and Asiatic but not American, and 8 species which are Asiatic
and American, but not European. These latter are : —

Onoclea sensibilis

* Adiantum pedatura
*Pelli£a gracilis

* Blechnum serrulatum

^Asplenium thelyptproides
Nephrodium fra-i^'T.iiis
Osmunda Claytoniana

* ,, cinnamomea.

Of these the five marked with a * extend to the Himalayas,
and the other three do not reach further south than Siberia
and Manchuria,

(To be Continued.)

Home Correspondence.

The Relations of Gardening to Nature and Art. —
By accepting Mr, Miller's dictum, that gardening is the
art of producing monstrosities, as true, we make war
with Nature, ignore art, and reduce gardening to the
low level of such barbarous practices as tattooing the
skins _ of savages, cramping the feet of women, or
crushing in the skulls of heathen children. Such
devices aimed at the production of monstrosities, and
they succeeded. Gardening has also had its monstrous
era in days gone by, "With appliances analogous to an
iron boot for root or stem, and fetters, shears, or knives
for the top, the graceful freedom of Nature has been
cut or cramped into the most hideous distortions, and
gardeners and savages have rejoiced at the work of
their own hands, and declared them to be very good and
beautiful. But surely we have outgrown such conceits.
Surely we are not to go back to the times when living
things were squared into pillars, rounded into balls,
fashioned into men, horses, apes dogs, pigs, fowls, or
likeness of things in heaven and things on earth, and
many other things that had never been seen in either.
Every rule of art, every grace of nature forbids the
resuscitation of the grotesque taste of the dead past.
Neither, to Jo IMr. Miller full justice, do I think that
this is bis meaning. His [object is cultural, his aini is
to bend the vital power to the growth of monstrosities
— not their external manipulation^ afterwards. Tet
his expectations of success are not based chiefly nor
wholly, if at all, on cultural considerations. It is from
our findings and developments that he makes our art
culminate in the production of monstrosities. Now, it
is easy to join issue with Mr, Miller on every point here.
In what respect is a Cabbage a less perfect plant than a
wild Brassica— a Plum tree than a Prunus — a Rose,
with the single exception of its comparative inability
to seed, than the Briar ? The pulp of tlie Plum and the
heart of the Cabbage are so much clear gain, and in no
way mar the perfection of the plants as such. But I
go further than this, and demand on what authority
we are to accept it as true that man — 'taking the name
in its widest sense — found all these things in such a
worthless slate as is here assumed ? Having the coinci-
dent testimony of observation and history to show us
how rapidly the vegetation of a country rises and falls
with the knowledge, civilisation, or virtue of its inha-
bitants, I refuse to accept the development theory in
the off-hand, absolute manner proposed by your corre-
spondent. T cling to the old faith, that our first Father
had as fair a start in the midst of such a garden of
the best fruits, vegetables, and flowers, as the earth
has ever seen — the possessor of an Eden of beauty
and glory. If so, man's boasted developments and
improvements of vegetable life may be simply restora-
tions of their primitive excellence and beauty,_ a
re-awakening and bringing back of the old qualities,
and not the origination of anything nevv: and the
development theory and the monstrosity fancy both
fall together. I pass Mr. Miller's surgical mistake in
his pursuit of illustrated parallelisms with simply
denying that "surgery is practised upon beings in
their natural state," and proceed to notice the
distinctions drawn between Nature's intentions and
our own, I am pleased to be able to accept his
definition of Nature's cultural intentions. "Nature
has in view the perfection of the entire plant. She js
equally careful for root, stem, branch, leaf, flower, fruit,
seed, and every other part." She aims at the perfection of
the whole by securing the excellence of the parts, a
proper balance being maintained between the roots

May 18, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANl) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

519

aud their work by reciprocity of actiou and adaptation
of means to tlieend. 1 further agree with Mr. Miller
"that the true art of tlie gardener consists in
exercising these his jiowers in accordance with
the principles on which Nature acts, that is
in accordance with the laws God has laid down— the
reciprocity of action— and the adaptation of means to
the end. Therefore 1 infer that as our object, like
Nature's, is the production of perfect plants, the
totality of the greatest possible excellence of all their
parts, &e., our oicupatioii should be simply to follow
Nature, " not only iu the iiriuciple of the action, but
in the action itself?' Most certainly, the action that
results in perfection is the identical action, principle,
and all that we desiderate. Not so, however, reasons
Mr. Miller, lie seems to think that if we thus follow
Nature our occupation is gone. He therefore falls back
upon ourheritageoflordshipover Nature, and entreats
gardeners to exorcise their power in the production of
monstrosities. How your correspondent gets from his
logical premises to his illogical conclusion, or what con-
nection there can possibly be between the laws of
reciprocity, adajitation of means, &c., which are alike
in accordance with the common sense of men and the
laws of God, and "how gardening is the art
of producing monstrosities," it is impossible to
tell. To my mind there seems none whatever.
It is received as an axiom in logic that the greater
includes the less. Mr. Miller's theory seems based
upon the opposite assertion. According to him, the

Serfeetion of the whole is incompatible with the highest
evelopment of the individual parts. Now, whatever
modicum of truth this statement may contain in refer-
ence to the preliminary stages of growth, or the
secondary function of plants, it contains none what-
ever applicable to the case before us. For if Nature
aims at perfection iu any part of its vast economy, it is
in the reproduction of itself. Her whole powers are
put forth in the preservation of fruits, or what is the

I have found it effectual. I, too, should be glad
to know the reason why Potalos stop the bleeding
of Vines. Geo. Brrexe, Jiilluriiei/ Ganleiis. - —
Thanking you fur inserting a previous communication,
I take the liberty of forwarduig a second letter from
Mr. Trollope, as his experiment will, I think, probably

interest some of your readers. Geunje Jlensloio.

I have moulded warm gutta-percha on the end of a
Vino which had been cut down, and before it got cool
tied Wiixed thread round it so tight that you would
think that no sap could possiI)ly getaway; yet it did.
backwards under the gutta-percha, and whore tlio
thread went round. Nothing (;oul(l lit tighter than
the gutta-pnreha, having been moulded to the stem.
The latter did not yield to the pressure, being too old, so
that it does uot seem to be mechanical force that will
stop bleeding ; it must, I think, be the poison in the
Potato that arrests the sap. [just as we said. Eds.1

The Rev. Mr. • , residing here, had his Viue pruned

at the end of Mandi, and which had been allowed to
grow last year iu consequence of the death of his i)re-
decessor. It bled from every lateral ; he stuck pieces
of Potato on each extremity, and the whole ^^ine
stopped bleeding directly. Arthu<r Trollope.

iijpe Grapes in March. — I should very much like to
know what Mr. Sage means by three years' bard
forcing to obtain 4 lb. of Grapes to a rod. I suppose he
will admit that to force a liouse of Vines they must
at any rate bo planted one year before they can be
forced, and that is all I propose to do. Mr. Sage tells us
that Grapes cannot be produced year after year in
March on the same Vines, and then he tells us that
21 lb. per rod can be produced. Now, if ever Mr.
Sage has done this, no wonder his Vines would not
do it a second year; it would be about the same
thing as a person, who, when he once got on the
back of horse, rode him until his tail dropped off; in
fact, for a house that I have described, 41 feet 6 inches
by 15 feet, 3 1 rods, about 10 feet each, would give

same thing, the ripening of seeds. Every vital force, 810 lb. of fruit. I am not quite a greenhorn in these

every living function becomes tributary to the primary
purpose, is determineilly bent in this direction. The
question then is narrowed to this. Will fruit— Grapes,
Inr tliat is the specific point— become larger or better if
roots, stems, or leaves are rendered imperfect? Are the
sensation monstrous bunches with which we are all
more or less familiar, the legitimate results of the designed
enfeeblemcnt of any of these organs ? Let the names of
our Merediths, Powlers, Thomsons, and others
answer these questions. We know that the vigour of
the whole plant is essential to the highest perfection of
any and every one of its parts. Especially is this the
case in relation to fruit. This, above all things, cannot
be monstrously developed. If it must be large, other
organs must be large also, and then monstrosity would
merge into natural size by the operation of the law of
comparison. Mr. Fowler has lately sent some extra-
ordinary measurements of bunches of Grapes to the
Gardeners' Chronicle. Might I beg of him to supple-
ment these with the size of some of the leaves of his
Tine, and I will promise beforehand to allow my
argument against special monstrosities to stand or fall
by their measurements. I ought, perhaps, to add that
I know nothing personally of Mr. Miller. I am, how-
ever, sorry to have to diller so entirely from him on
these points. But I could not allow any one to degrade
our art to the low level of the manufacture of mon-
strosities, which seems to me almost as despicable as
the miracle-mongering of the dark ages, without utter-
ing the strongest possible protest. I). T. Fish.

Bouiiainvilhea spectahilis and glabra as Co)iservatory
C?imieri.— Although these beautiful climbers have
been in this country for several years, yet we seldom
see them in good condition as regards bloom. I have
not even seen them grown as conservatory climbers,
but I take the liberty of sending you a cut specimen
from a plant of spectabilis now in perfection in our
conservatory at this place; it was planted out in good
turfy loam and peat intermixed with a considerable
(luantity of sand, in June, 18Go. It was trained to an
iron rod, and it is now 18 feet in height, 5 feet through,
and forms a perfect column of such beautiful
inflorescence as I now furnish ; it has been in bloom
over two months, and not one flower has as yet faded.
As far as my experience goes, these climbers require a
liberal supply of water during the growing season, so as
to induce a quick growth, and tlieir wood must be well
ripened before winter, when the plants ought to be kept
moderately dry till they show flower, and then treated
as you would any other plant : water when required.
Unlike glabra, spectabilis flowers from the shoots of
the previous year, so that the stronger you can grow it
the finer and longer will be the wreaths of flower,
I am toid that all the sorts blossom freely in Spain
trained over verandahs in front of dwelling houses.
I expect our plants to be in bloom from two to three
mouths longer. W. Dodds, The Gardens, Ashton
Court, JiristoJ. [A most charming specimen of spec-
tabilis, beautifully ornamented with mauve-coloured
inflorescence for at least 4 feet in length. Eds. J

Aucubas Fruiting, — I have an Aucuba japonica
fruiting, with bright scarlet berries in clusters. There
are only two plants in the garden, and each is over 20
years old. I thought it was a fact that there were no
fruiting plants in England until the new Japanese
varieties were introduced. There are none of the n^w
ones near. F. II. S. [Has there been no pollen arti-
ficially applied ? Eds.]

Vines Bleeding. — The application of pieces of Potato
is no new method of keeping Vines from bleeding.
Forty years ago my father always adopted the same
plan. Ho was then gardener to Sir Thomas Neave,
llagnam Park, Essex. At that time he was considered
a good Grape grower, and carried off many prizes
at the now nearly forgotten Chiswick shows. I
have been growing Grapes for these last 15 years,
and for stopping the bleeding of Vines I have always
adopted the I'otato remedy, and in every case

matters, and I am ready to challenge Mr. Sage or any
other man iu England in a good rouud sum to grow my
Royal Ascot Black, to fruit in March year after year,
from three to seven years in succession, against any
other Grape at present known that can be brought
against it, both for quality and quantity; in fact, for a
house of the same size, which ever would be worth the
most money in Covent Garden, each to have two
referees. I should have a fruit salesman for one. and the
best gardener I could find for the other. John Standish,
The Royal Nursery, Ascot, Berks.

The forthcoming Apple Crop.— I think that Mr.
Farley's prognostics of a very light Apple crop in his
own locality may prove to be a very exceptional case,
and that we may hear from other parts of the country
as good an account of the present Apple bloom as it is
in my power to give from this neighbourhood. I do not
think that I have ever seen a more promising bloom
than that of the present season ; the trees in all
directions have been literally garlanded with flowers,
and the past warm sunshine, coupled with the mild
gentle rains that have just fallen, have served to set it in
rich abundance. Indeed, all kinds of fruit trees are
promising us a large crop, and we may well look
forward to one of the most plentiful fruit seasons we
have ever had. It is a noticeable fact, also, that in
spite of the very hard winter the Strawberry has sent
up an immense bloom, and the earlier kinds are setting
freely ; the bush fruits are also exceedingly abundant.
I cannot but think that to the defective and immature
setting of the fruit-buds of last autumn is to be attri-
buted the failure of which Mr. Earley writes, rather
than to the severity of the past winter. Alexander

Bean, Maybush, Southampton. 1 fear that many

will have to lament a partial if not a total failure
of their Apple crops. In my own orchard, and also in
two belonging to my employer, the prospect of having
fruit is most unpromising. The trees generally show
abundant remains of the peduncles of now abortive
flower-buds, which, had all been well, would have
furnished plenty of fruit ; but little can now be
expected from them. A number of young trees, too,
planted here about six or seven years ago, and which
have made all possible progress, look as if some
malicious thumb and finger bad been assiduously at
work nipping out the whole of the buds. Geo. Scott,
Flkington Hall, Louth.

Frica tintinnabula.— At p. 492 it is stated that we
had a First-class Certificate at the late Special Prize
Show at South Kensington for Erica TurnbuUii, a
variety said to have been raised apparently between
odorata and vasiflora. Instead of TurnbuUii, however,
it should have been tintinnabula, and the cross was one
between E. odorata and hyemalis, not odorata and
vasiflora. William Mollisson Ji' Sons, Tooting.

Early Feas.—I have had Peas ready since the
7th inst. I simply cut turf from an old pasture
6 inches wide and 1 foot in length, making a groove in
it with an edging iron. On February 2d, I sowed
Dickson's first and best Early, removing them to a cool
Vinery when a few inches high. I staked them in the
turf, and owing to the severity of the season I kept
them indoors till the first flowers had produced pods.
I then removed them to a south border, and protected
them by means of straw ropes tied on stakes, after the
fashion of a wall, and to-day, May 13, I can gather
a peck of Peas. Joseph Baxter, Caythorpe Gardens,
Lincolnshire.

Singular Growth of Mistleto.—l submit a freak of
Nature that baflles my judgment to explain, viz., at
Hayle Place, Loose, near here, is an old Mountain Ash,
the branches of which got in headway and were cut off'
and instead of a repetition of itself, all the shoots
which came from between the wood and bark are
Mistleto ; this has been repeated for three years with
the same result, although no atom of the parasite was
on it before. If opportunity occurs I would walk with
you and show it, as it is only about a mile from

here. Thomas Jiunyard, Maidstone. [We submitted the
above ciimniunication to our friend Dr. John Harley,
of Kiiig'^ ('ollege, who has made a special study of the
im>dn of growth of the Mistleto. That gentleman has
kindly sent us the following observations, and
we can but echo his reipicst, that a small i)ortion
of an infested branch be sent for examination. Eua.] :
— ■ The statement made by Mr. liunyard inmlies a
fact so strange as to be well nigh inexplicable. Indeed,
if ouo aecciits the whole of his statement, 1 must
(;onfess that it is to me wholly inexplicable. Granted
that the Mistleto had formed a jirevious connection
with the Mountain Ash, there is no difiiculty in
accounting for the jtroduction of Mistleto shoots upon
the cut ends of its branches, as will aiipear upon the
following considerations :— 1. A single plant of .Mistleto
may infest all the main branches of a given tree by
the extension of its horizontal roots within the bark.
2. The roots, or more properly rhizomata, having
spread away from the sides of the parent, this, by
previously causing the death of the branch upon wuicli
it grows, itself dies, and both iu course of time rot and
fall away, or are removed by the hand of man. 3.
When this has happened the tree may appear to a
superficial observer to be free from Mistleto, when, in
reality, its branches are pervaded by the rhizomata of
the parasite, from which young shoots will be deve-
loped as soon as favourable circumstances arise. _ In
such a case, I should certainly expect to find obvious
indications of the existence of these slumbering
runners, such as a thickening of the branches
here and there, with cracking of the bark, and
the protrusiou of a stunted shoot of Mistleto an inch
or so high, or only a pair of small leaves through the
chink. Such being the case I can readily understand
how, upon the amputation of such branches, the
rhizomata would soon develop green leaf-bearing
shoots of Mistleto upon the face of the stump from
between the wood and the bark. I have frequently
seen branches of the Hawthorn and Apple infested
with the cortical stems or rhizomata of the Mistleto
distending and here and there rupturing the bark,
when at the same time the tree was to all appearance
destitute of the parasite. In such a case careful
examination will discover the rotted base of an old
plant of Mistleto upon some dead and stunted branch,
or possibly only the cavities occupied by its roots. It
may indeed be possible for a seed to germinate within
the bark of a given tree, and thus infest it without ever
developing into a conspicuous plant. I do not say that
such is really the fact, but in the case referred to in
Mr. B.'s letter it would appear that the Jlistleto had
not, for some years at least, been observed upon the
tree. It is clear to me however that the rhizomata of
the Mistleto, whether prevented by a large bushy
plant of the parasite, or by an inconspicuous shoot,
really occupied the branches of this Mountain Ash lone
before its branches were subjected to the pruning
process. And yet it is very remarkable that they
should have remained in such a quiescent state^ for
three years at least, as to elude the notice of an
experienced observer. The question would bo readily
solved by a further examination of the tree, and a
careful dissection of a portion of a branch, and I hope
that you may be able to procure this evidence, and so
put an end to all future speculations about the matter.
John JIarley, M.D., King's College, London.

Sir Harry Strawberry. — I have grown Sir Harry for
several years, having at first obtained only half a dozen
plants with some difliculty. With me it has never
degenerated in the smallest degree, nor has it ever
failed to bear an abundant crop. It is more produc-
tive than any of the 20 varieties that I have cultivated,
and may easily be distinguished from all others with
which I am acquainted by the appearance of the plant,
the berry, and the long fruit stalk. The fruit is not so
brilliant as the Marguerite, nor has it the regular form
and firm texture of La Constante, nor the luscious
flavour of the Frogmore Pine ; but take it for all in
all, I know nothing of the Fragarian tribe which can
compete with it. I have never had any diflicnity in
preserving it genuine, or keeping it to itself, although
grown generally within 3 feet of other varieties, it
being my constant practice to cut off all the straggling
runners as fast as they grow, and Sir Harry with me is

now full of promise. JV. Worsley, Gainsborough. ■

Will some of your correspondents have the kindness l;o
state some of the distinctive marks of the true Sir
Harry Strawberry plant, viz., — 1. Its general habit ?
2. Leaf light or dark-green; deeply furrowed or
smooth? 3. Stalk long, short, or hairy? 4. Shape
and flavour of fruit? Subscriber from Jan. \^\\. [In
Dr. Hogg's " Fruit Manual " the fruit of Sir Harry
is described as follows :— " Fruit very large, roundish,
irregular, frequently cockscomb-shaped. Seeds large,
and deeply embedded. Skin dark crimson, being
almost black when fully ripe. Flesh dark red, not very
firm, but tender, veryjuicy,and richly flavoured." Eds.J
Viola cornuta.—\n your " Notices to Correspon-
dents " (see p. 4(JC) I observe that you speak highly of
a boxful of Viola cornnta flowers which are of a
beautiful mauve colour. This is a variety which I
brought into notice some few years ago, and which is
now known by the name of Purple Queen. The stock
grown by Messrs. Veiteh, who sent you the specimens,
originally came from Osberton, and consequently
consists of the true Purple Queen. I state this because
two beautiful varieties are now in existence, one being
known as Mauve Queen, the other as Purple Queen.
Of the latter I may positively assert that I have cart-
loads. While speaking of the above I cannot help
calliiigattention to the beautiful blueGentian (G.verna),
a little plant which is certainly unrivalled for beauty
of colour at this season. I have large masses of it in
full blossom, and a more lovely sight I have never
beheld. This, like many old favourites, is fast drifting
into obscurity ; but I venture to say that a sight ot
my margins and masses of it would drive many persona

620

tEE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICtJLTtJRAL GAZETTE.

[May 18, 1867.

almost Gentian mad, as has been the case with "Viola
cornuta. Edward Bennett, gr. to O. S. FoJJamhe, Esq.,
Osbei-f oil Rail, TT'or/csop. [How do you treat it ? Eds.J
Vine Extension. — I do not blame any man for
adhering to a plan that he knows to answer, and
that he can depend upon ; but such an one cannot
at the same time be aware of what he loses by
another method which he has not tried. Let us sup-
pose the Vines at Clumber (see p. 260), instead of
being one to each rafter, had been cut out except
one, and that one encouraged to fill the house— can
your correspondents allirm that there would not have
been better wood and better Grapes than at present ?
Again, if the Vines in a particular house have a
tendency to shank, there will certainly be one or two
better than the others, and if one of these were
encouraged, it might surprise the manager by very soon
filling the house, bringing excellent Grapes, and saving
labour and loam, which is a serious object where it costs a
good many shillings per ton. Where soil is an object,
and where a Vine, being allowed to extend its top, would
extend its roots also, and get beyond our cramped
concrete dishes, holding frequently sour mixtures, the
advantage is self-evident. No one would imagine that
a large Vine is dependent upon the surface for
its food. I have not the least hesitation in saying
that the roots of the Vine at Hampton Court are
50 feet down in some good stratum. I do not mean to
affirmsurfacedressingwillgivenoassistance,butthemain
source of supply should be far beyond that influence.
But no Vine roots planted on the present system can
at any time be in a position to find out these feeding
sources. They are cut and cramped so much in their
natural development that the roots have no strong
action to push beyond their narrow limits, or where
that does not exist, no provision has been made for
their obtaining extra food. The necessity for con-
creting borders cannot exist in more than one place out
of 20, if they are carefully drained. I therefore maintain
that we who are short of fine loam, lose a great many
chances to get fine Grapes, from the want of trying a
good development of wood and foliage. The size of
bunches and berries is, I believe, in every such
case, a question of pruning and top treatment.
I admit that in old Vines, as in young ones,
a steady system of pruning must be adhered to. A
good many old Vines I have seen are completely
cramped by fagots of old hard wood, that really tends
to weaken them. A fearless cutting would in many
cases bring a strong growth and better fruit, and would
add greatly to the vigour of the plant by stimulating
the roots to fresh action in search of supply. Fmtex.

1 must own that I never saw a Vine die a natural

death ; but I have known a great many to be murdered,
or to undergo treatment such as no other plant would
live under. At the same time no other plant I know can
assume the same proportions as the Vine, and make a
similar return of fruit in the time. Let any one visit
the conservatory at Chiswick when the Grapes are ripe,
and study for himself the problem— Do we not cut to
waste every season or are our summer houses
sufficiently large ? I think he wiU come to the same
conclusion as myself, that we know very little about it.
Has any one experience sufficient to say what the result
T^ould be if the Vines in the conservatory in question
were by degrees reduced to one on each side ? rerhaps
more and better Grapes would be got from the two, and
I think they would continue longer in vigorous bearing
than the collection would, as their roots must now be
jostling each other. A collection could be had upon
one of these Vines by grafting, as easily as hy planting,
and the healthy stock would bring to greater perfection
than they would acquire upon the^r own roots, some of
the varieties of weaker constitution. There is one
point I think we must all agree upon, namely, that the
Grapes from large Vines are as a rule better flavoured,
particularly in the white sorts,, as Tokay. With
respect to forcing old Vines, I think there is as
much to be said in their favour, both in a practical and
scientific point of view, as there is for young ones. At
all events, I have seen several that have been forced
for March and April for 50 years, and have never failed.

mis. 1 thought that I had made it sufficiently

plain in my former letter (see p. 378) that my Vines
pruned on what I shall call (to please Mr. Miller) the
limited extending system, occupied three and four
lights each, and although when they reach tbe top of
the houses I cut down to the next coming shoot, I am
still allowing them to extend right and left. When I
state I cut a shpot I mean it, and that I do not cut with
finger and thumb. , I. also stated that I got fruit in
proportion to the .space the Vines cover;' therefore I
do get some advantage; and although I cut off my
largest shows, I allow the Vines to carry two or three
times the number of bunches they would have borne
had I left the large ones. And here I will state what
I. consider to be the great point in growuig good Grapes,
and that, is, to know exactly what amount of crop the
Vines are capable of bringing to perfection. If the
crop is too light the Vines will be always striving to
run too much to wood to the neglect of the fruit. If
too heavy the growth will be stopped altogether, the
fruit will not come to perfection, and the Vines will be
weakened for the next season. And now I will tell
Mr. Miller my reason for preferring the progressive
method of pruning. It was from no shrewdness of mine
that I adopted it, but it was forced upon me by cir-
cumstances. In g, Vinery here, which we call the
earliest, were four Muscat of Alexandria Vines at
the warmest end of the house, the rest were Black
Hamburghs. The rods were excessively strong and
closely pruned every year. After a good many years
forcing to have the Hamburghs ripe in May the
Muscats in June and July, the latter began t'jtnow
weakness ; and first the one next the fire split up the
centre of the large root and died ; in a year o. two
afterwards the second and third did the same; the
fourth was also getting very weakly, but in consequence

of the loss of the other three it was allowed to extend
itself to fill their places. It soon began to increase in
vigour, and although it has been forced to be ripe at
the same season of the year ever since, is as healthy as
I could wish it to be. I attribute the death of the
Vines to having too little foliage to keep the large stem
properly supplied with sap. If Mr. Miller, or any one
else, can give me a better reason, I shall be happy to be
made acquainted with it. The extension way of pruning
must be the most rational one — the Vine is particularly
fond of rambling, and I think .should be pruned and
trained more conformably with its natural habits tban
is generally the case. M. Henderson, Cole Orion Ball,
Ashhy-de-la-Zo^ich.

Zizania agwa^zcra.— This Grass was much sought,
but without success a year or two since, for tbe purpose
of sowing it in the shallow lakes of the north as food
for water fowl. I have lately obtained a good supply
of the seed for our Botanical Garden at Cambridge
tlirough the kindness of the Bishop of Rupert's Land,
and we shall be happy to send a small quantity to any
person who will send a stamped (2rf.), and directed
envelope to Mr. Mudd, Curator, Botanical Garden,
Cambridge. The seeds should be sown immediately,
and in mud covered constantly with water, so as to
have a chance of germinating, after being for a long
time on their jourftey frorrf the centre of Noirth
America. C. C. Babington.

Aiihrietia grceea.- — In connection with spring garden-
ing, I have seen no plant more deserving tbe attention
of the amateur than this newly introduced variety of
A. purpurea. Its flowers are considerably larger than
those of any other that I have met with, and in many
of the plants are of the finest violet-blue. It is very
early, commencing to bloom iii February and lasting in
perfection until the present time. When raised from
seed there is some variety of shade, which rather
enhances its value than otherwise, as any particular
shade can be readily increased. I have raised one of a
deep red-purple which will, I think, prove an acquisi-
tion. W. T.

Primula cortusoides amcena. — Prom your notice of
the above plant at p. -193, as exhibited by Messrs.
Veitch, its hardiness might appear doubtful. We have
had plants of it out for the last two winters, and it
formed this spring one of the most charming beds we
have had, up to the morning of the 9th inst., when a
heavy thunder storm broke the flowers about a good
deal. The first plant was sent to us by Mr. Veitch in
the autumn of 1861, in order to try its usefulness as a
spring decorative plant, and we have had it growing
outside since the summer of ISGo, or as soon as we
could get a duplicate, hut either for the early spring
borders or in-doors it is a great acquisition. Our
practice has been to remove the plants, after blooming,
to a north border, where they are planted in a good
mLxture of rather heavy loam, peat, dry cow dung, and
sand. It must be borne in mind, tbat the habit of the
plant very much resembles that of the Lily-of-the-
Valley, namely, that it forms flowering crowns in the
summer and loses its leaves in the autumn, therefore
the roots are at work all the_ suipmer, and I think
during the winter also, for it is surprising with what
balls it may be lifted in spring. I have generally
put a small wooden frame round the roots to prevent
the workmen treading on their crowns. The leaves
with us begin to come up in March, they are of
a rich green, and fringed, so as very much to resemble
some of the Ferns. The bed should be a little shaded
from the hot sun, which robs the flowers of their rich
mauve colour. The flower-stems should also be tied,
otherwise the wet will break down the heavy heads of
bloom. J. Fleming, Cliveden.

Nottrcs of aSooTtg,

Light, its Influence on Life and Health. By Forbes
VVinslow, ,M.D., D.C.L. Longmans. Small 8vo.
pp. 301.
No classes of the community are so fully alive to the
"influence of hght" as medical men and horticul-
turists, or in one word, as physiologists. Their daily
avocations bring them constantly face to face with the
beneficial efiects resulting from a free exposure to light,
and with the untoward results of the deprivation of
this agent, and therefore it is no matter of surprise
tbat in tbe contest wpjjed against the window duty, and
the restrictions on tbe glass trade, that such men as
Lindley and Ward, were associated with physicians and
philanthropists. Dr. Winslow's book is a comijilation
from various authorities who have written on the
nature and efiects of light. It reads like a string
of extracts from the Doctor's common-place book,
strung together upon a very slender thread of
personal observation or research, so that the ordi-
nary reader might readily take them all to be
equally trustworthy, equally well established, or
equally important. If the learned author were
examining a patient as to his degree of sanity, he
would bardly follow the plan he has adopted in the
work before us.;, he would no doubt collect all the
evidence he could get, rthether oh the oiie side ot the
other; but be would not in forming his conclusions
give equal weight to all the signs and symptoms of the
disorder which he inight discover, either by his own
observation or tbe statements of othejrs. This want
of appreciation of the relative value of facts is a
singular feature in the work before us, afld gives an
unfavourable impression that the author was not so
conversant with his subject as he must necessarily be.
Even in matters coming strictly within his own
province, such as the alleged influence of the moon on
the insane, on which so much has been written. Dr.
Winslow adds nothing at all to the stock of definite
knowledge ; be tells us be has httle faith in what has
been written on the subject, but he does not say upon
what grounds he bases his disbelief. The following

extract will show the method in which the subject is
treated : —

" It is stated as a fact that if Peas are sown in the
increase of the moon they never cease blooming ; that
if fruits and herbs are set during the wane of the moon,
they are not so rich in flavour, nor so strong and
healthy, as when planted during the increase. All
Vines should be pruned at tbe wane of the moon, says
Sibley, the astrologist. He also asserts that Pome-
granates will live only as many years as the moon was
days old when they were planted. In planting shrubs,
if they are desired to shoot up straight and late, and to
takelittle root, they are to be set when the moon is in
an airy sign, and in increasing light. Flowers that are
under the influence of tbe moon only open their
blossoms at night, whilst those that are peculiarly
under the government of the sun open every morning
wheii it begins to rise, and close in the evening when
he sinks below the horizon. M. Auguste de Saint-
Hilaire states, that in Brazil, cultivators plant during
the decline of the moon, all vegetables wbose roots are
used asfood; and, on the contrary, they sow during the
increasing moon the Sugar-cane, Maize, Rice, Beans,
&o., and in general those which bear the food upon
their stocks and branches. Experiments, however,
were made and reported by M. de Chanvalon, at
Martinique, on vegetables planted .at different times in
the lunar month, and no appreciable difference in their
qualities was discovered. There are some traces of a
principle in the rule adopted by the South American
agronomes, according to which they treat the two
classes of plants distinguished by the production of
fruit on their roots or on their branches differently;
but there are none in the European aphorisms. The
directions of Pliny are still more specific : he prescribes
the time of the full moon for sowing Beans, and that of
the new moon for Lentils. ' Truly,' says M. Arago, ' we
have heed of a robust faith to admit, without proof,
that the moon, at the distance of 210,000 miles, shall, in
one position, act advantageously upon the vegetation of
Beans, and that, on the opposite position, and at the
same distance, sbe shall be propitious to Lentils.' The
wise husbandman is said to prune his Vines in obedi-
ence to certain phases of the planet. It is a maxim
amongst gardeners that Cabbages and Lettuces which
are desired to shoot forth early, flowers which are to be
double, trees which it is desired should produce early
ripe fruit, should severally be sown, planted, and pruned
during the decrease of the moon ; and, on tbe contrary,
that trees expected to grow with vigour should be sown,
planted, grafted, and pruned during the increase of the
moon. These opinions Dr. Lardner considers to he
altogether erroneous. The increase or decrease of the
moon, he maintains, has no appreciable influence on
the pbenomeua of vegetation ; and the experiments and
observations of several French agriculturists, and
especially of M. Duhamel du Monceau, have, he
observes, clearly established this fact."

At the present moment, when tbe subject is attract-
ing so much attention, we may mention that Mr. Dixon,
gardener to W. Blinkhorn, Esq., Waterdale, Sutton,
St. Helens, has published a small pampblet, entitled a
Practical Treatise on the Hijhridization and Cultiva-
tion of the Tricolor Pelargonium (St. Helens; Lees),
It is brief but thorougbly practical, and gives plain and
succinct instructions how to effect the crossing of
Pelargoniums,and by inference thatofmostotherflowers.
The Tricolor, Mr. Dixon states, is got or improved by
getting the zone of a zonal parent on the variegated
leaf of another parent, " the different colours being
produced by the dark zone passing over the variegated
leaf, forming the different shades of red where it passes
over the white or yellow, and dark or black where it
passes over the green. The darker the zone of the
zonal parent, and the iiiore white or yellow thete is on
the leaf of the other, the better the Tricolor progeny is
likely to be. The nearer to the margin of the leaf the
zone is in the zonal parent the more red will it be in
the seedlings, as the zone will be thrown more on to
the variegated part, as in Sunset. The nearer the zone
is to tbe centre of the leaf the more black will it be in
the seedlings, as the zone will be thrown more on to
the green part of the leaf, as in Mrs. Pollock." To the
uninitiated this little book will be very useful.

A very useful companion volume to Hoa&'s
"Gardener's Tear Book" has just been published,
under the name of the HoETicnLTUEAL DiebctOet
(oBice of " Journal of Horticulture," 171, Fleet Street).
We believe that it will be found indispensable by the
gardening community.

The last part of 5J. Van Houtte's Flore des Serres
is in great part devoted to plates of Hardy Bulbs- a
class of plants which deserve far more attehtion tban
tbey usually receive. Among those figured are the
lovely Scilla sibirica. Double Anemones, and Ranun-
culuses, 2 plates of different varieties of Crocus, and
4 plates of hardy Tulips, single and double. These
latter are invaluable for flower-garden decoration in
the mohth of May.

Catalogues RECEitio.- J". Linden's (Bi-uxelles)
Supplement et Fxtrait du Catalogue des Plantes
E.voliques I L. Van Houtte's (Gaud) Catalogue de
Plantes des Serres et de Plein Air ; A. Verschaffelfs
{OunA) Prix Couraiit pour le Printemps et Fte 1SG7 ;
J. Veitch Sc Sons' (Chelsea) Plant Catalogue; also List
of Bedding Plants ; and Catalogue of New and Beauti-
ful Plants ; Lomnie, Laird, cf Laing's (Forest HiU)
Descriptive Catalogue of Florists' Flowers; C. Turner's
(Slough) General Spring Catalogue; E. Abraham's
(Limerick) Catalogue of Bedding Plants; F. c\- A.
Smith's (Dulwich) New and Choice Plants ; J. Eraser's
(Lea Bridge Road) General Descriptive Catalogue;
T. Sampson's {Yeov'\\) Catalogue of Bedding Plants ;
J. Garaicaij Sc Co.'s (Bnstolj List of Plants for Spring
of 18G7: W. Bull's (Chelsea) Betail List of New
Plants; /, Carter 4' Co.'s (Holbom) Stove, Greeit'

JlAY 18, 18C7.J

THE GARDENERS' CMONniEE AND AOltlCULTtlUAL GAZETTE.

521

liouse ami Beddimj I'laii/s ; V. Paul's (AValtliain
Croas) Sprinn Catalogue; IS. O. Hendersoii \ Son's
(SI. .fohn's iVood) Catalogue of Slow, GrretiTiouse
(iml Jieihlint} Planls, cnnt:iinin(? a coloured figure of
Ladj' (Allium tric(ilor-l0!iv<'d IVlargonium ; H. J'urlrn-'s
(Tool.inp) C'lfnln'/ii'' of S/orr, Grrrnfionse, atltl Jfanlf/
rialilx; ,/. Sal/iiiarsI, ,\- Sail's- (Cliclnisrovdl ,S,/,r/
CalnloijM' of CIniirr Fl„,;s/s' Flom-rs ; /(.A. Ullli.niis
(Holloway) Oeneral Ctifa/o{tue of I'tants ; (f. Suii/li's
(Honisey Uoad) JJcsrripfive Calaloi/iw of Florists'
Flowers ; T. S. Ware's (Tottenham) Seleot Calaloriue
ofMorder Plants, i\'-c.

"R'liEN cnRnged a short time aso in supplying notes
of the new Tuu'Oi.dR-i.KAYEi) I'uLAnGONiuMS of the
past year, I alluded incidentally to some lino things in

this way shown by Slessrs. Carter & Co., the well-
known seedsmen and nurserymen, at one of the Eoyal
Botanic Society's shows in ISUG, and promised to
furnish notes of some of them at a future date.
Having just had an opportunity of inspecting their
stock of the four new varieties thej; are now sending
out, seedlings raised by Mr. Morris, of Peptford, I
append the following notes of the same in fidlilment of
the promise given. At the International Horticultural
E.xliibition, in class 15", a group of seedling tricolor
and bicolor-leaved Pelargoniums were shown by Messrs.
Carter & Co.; of these Oboron, Titania, Red Gauntlet,
and liuby King were very promising. These were the
most distinct and striking of the group, and were
selected by them to be sent out in the spring of the
present year. Oberon is a very fine variety in the way
of Lucy Grieve, and only requires to be contra,sted
with it 1,0 manifest its superiority in the matter of
foliage. The zone of Oberon is much broader and
darker, it is edged and blotched witli bright crimson,
the zone is regularly and evenly traced on the leaf, and
is niiirgined with a clear golden-yellow edge. The
leaves are large and well rounded, the habit close-jointed
;uul vigorous; thogoodqualitiesof colour, constitution,
and habit appear to be well blended. The colour of the
flowers is a lively cerise-scarlet. Titania is, however, the
gem of the quartette, having a very distinct and nearly
black zone, blotched and lined with liery scarlet, with-
out an.\- confusion of colours, and margined with a pure
belt of bright golden yellow. The habit is excellent, and
the leaves bold and striking. The flowers of this variety
are also ceri;e scarlet. Red Gauntlet has large bold
and very slightly concave leaves, with a well defined
bronzed cliocolate zone blotched with bright scarlet,
and leaf margin of clear gold; a very free and strong
grower, habit good, and flowers bright scarlet. Ruby
Ring has a dark brown zone, blotched and narrowdy
edged with vivid crimson, and deep yellow leaf
margin ; habit strong and freely branching, apparently
a good bedding kind. The following new golden
ground bronze-zoned varieties, raised by Mr. Morris,
are also being sent out :— Madeline Schiller, ground
colour of leaf bright canary yellow, with a zone
of crnnson bronze which comes out clearly defined
and regular, contrasting well with the bright
yellow leaf margin; habit close, and excellent for
pot culture, and promising to be a very effective
and durable bedding variety. Mrs. Bass, a variety
that promises to become a standard bedding
kind in this section. The leaf colour is clear yellow,
with an unusually broad, deep chocolate zone, well
defined, not too large for the bold leaves which bear
it ; the habit is close and yet vigorou.s, and there are a
profusion of large trusses of scarlet flowers. Eclipse,
not so bright in the ground colour as the previous
variety, though it has obvious excellent qualities ; it
has a broad dark zone, distinctly traced on a golden
ground, the leaves are large and flat, and the plant has
large trusses of rosy scarlet flowers. A new variety,
not yet sent out, named Egyptian Queen, is an improve-
ment on Mrs. Bass, excellent as are the qualities
centered there. The ground colour is clear creamy
gold, with broad bronzy zone, very distinct, and well
defined; the habit dwarf and vigorous, the leaves large,
bold, and fully exposed to view. This will make a
most eflective kind for massing, as exposure does not
detract from the distinctness and durability of the leaf
marking.

But Mr. T. C. Boston, the enterprising manager of
Messrs. Carter & Co.'s nursery, at Perry Hill, Syden-
ham, is doing something more than relying on
adventitious aid for new tricolor-leaved Pelar-
goniums. He is also engaged in the work of hybri-
dization, and that with the most cheering
results. He has now a large quantity of seedling
plants, some of which have " broken " into fine things,
while the large majority have yet to display their
character. His record of the pedigree of all these has
been kept with a minuteness that will gladden the
heart of the worthy chairman of the Floral Committee ;
that of a Derby favourite could not he more explicit.
Mr. Boston aims at the production of leaves that shall
be large, smooth, well-rounded, and very slightly
convex, so as to form a graceful habit; the zone dark
and clearly defined, with the attendant colour clear
and vivid, and not running into or confusing the zone,
and with so much of strength and durability infused
"Jto the blood as shall beget a fixity and continuity
of the leaf marking, not, he hopes, so evanescent as is
observed in some of the kinds already in cultivation.
Hhether this last be, or be not, scientifically correct,
Mr. Boston is bent on its development. He also aims at a
strong constitution, allied with a close short-jointed
and yet vigorous habit, capable of withstanding
exposure to cold and wet. To these he aims to add
large trusses of deep-coloured flowers, that shall be
stout, well-formed, and durable in their character, and
to be thrown up well above the foliage on short stiff
foot-stalks.

Some other bedding Pelargoniums were worthy of

notice. One named Excellent, not however now, is
l)r<]pagated in very largo qunntitios because of its great
value iis a bedder. The foliage is deep green with a
dark Zfine, the habit dwarf and vigorous, and it jirftduccs
iinmen.so trusses of brilliant orange-scarlet Mowers, well
ii]) above the foliage ; it is also a continuous bUxniKT.
It is a variety very largely used at the Cr.islal
I'alace. Crystal Palace (iem (Gordon), has all the
ifualities of the foregoing, but the colour is a brilliant
cerise scarlet, the flowers very large, stout, and well-
Ibrincd. Crystal Palace Beauty is a variety with an
excellent habit, marked with a distinct zone nearly
black ; the flowers salmon, trusses largo and bold.
Souvenir de Sir Joseph Paxton has deeply marked
zonato foliage, habit dwarf and vigorous, flowers bright
rosy pink, a charming colour; pips large, bold, stout
and smooth, freely jiroduc^ed, and blooming con-
tinuously. This appears a line variety lor cxiiiliilion.
Chrislabcl is a mini.ature bcdiliiig kind with Ibc I'nliage
of Christine and the colour of Jladamc Barre ; it grows
about -1 inches only in height, and would be quite
elfective in small beds or as an edging for large ones.
The habit is excellent, and it also blooms freely. It. I).

Nadieing Stocks.— AVill you kindly tell me what
would be the probable result of putting an old hive
with a stock of bees in it on the top of a new hive
which I wish them to inhabit ; would they work down
into it and take to the new hive as their permanent
habitation ? N. F. L. S.

rit is not considered to be good practice to raise an
old stock hive above an empty one with the object of
having the colony transferred into the latter habitation.
The probable result would be, that the bees would
almost certainly discard and fill the lower box with
combs; the queen would also after a short time go
down and fill the combs with eggs, and the lower hive
would become the stock. This result, you will say, is
just what you desire, why then is it wrong ? In the
first place, a large proportion of the combs in the lower
compartment will almost certainly be drone-celled,
more particularly the most central, and therefore the
most important. The cause being, that at the period
favourable for the descent of the bees, the queen will
be just at the height of her greatest laying of drone
eggs. This preponderance of drone comb, especially if
occupying a central position, is almost sure to militate
against the ultimate prosperity of the colony ; in fact,
we have generally found that the bees dwindle away to
nothing after one or two seasons.

Another great objection to the plan of nadiring is,
that as the brood in the old stock becomes hatched out
the cells are filled with honey, so that at the close of
the season a quantity of honey is obtained which is
almost useless, from having been stored in dirty black
combs mixed ui) with pollen. This being taken ofi', it is
often found th:it there is next to nothing stored in the
lower division, and the bees will in that case require
liberal feeding.

Having objected to the course of procedure suggested
by you, it is right to state what we should recommend
you to do under the circumstances. If you do not
object to the uncertainty attending the issue and
successful capture of a natural first swarm, wait for
that to make its appearance, and tenant your uew^ hive
therewith. Exactly three weeks afterwards, invert the
old stock and drive out all the bees, which unite to the
new swarm, or to any second or weak swarm you may
have. If united to the first swarm, you may then, if
not already done, put on a super, the season being
favourable for honey gathering. Or, if you do not like
to run the risk of the contingencies attendant on
natural swarming, towards the end of May, or earlier
if your stock is sufficiently strong, drive out the bees,
and proceed to make an artificial swarm, fbllowing the
directions given in reply to a correspondent at p. .381.
If you do not wish to retain the old stock, three weeks
afterwards drive out all the bees, and unite as in the
former case, breaking up the old stock. The reason
for waiting exactly three weeks is that all the brood
which was in the old stock at the time of its being
forced will have become hatched out, the young queen
not having yet commenced egg laying. Take what
honey there may be, and all that is not good enough
for domestic use either give at once in its pure state "to
the swarm, or put by for autumn or spring feeding, to
he then added to artificial food prepared in the
proportion of 6 lb. of loaf sugar to 4 lb. of water, boiled
for five minutes, to which, when cooling, from 2 to 6 lb.
of honey may be stirred in.]

Garden Memoranda.

Beltote Castle Gaeden.s. — (ContUmed from
p. 16G). — Prom the Spring Gardens we descend to the
Kitchen Gardens. Itisadescentliterallyandfiguratively.
The kitchen gardens are on a much lower level, and
the stoop is tremendous from such scenes of beauty
as we have attempted to describe, to wide patches of
Cabbage, Kale, or Spinach, and acres of Potato ground.
Therefore to provide a gradient, safe, and, if possible,
pleasant to travel on, we elect to pass boldly through
the kitchen garden and plunge at once into a series of
Paxtonian plant houses, placed in the slip beyond it.
"We are just in time to witness the waning glory of
much that has formed the winter and spring garden
within the Castle itself. In these houses immense
numbers of fine healthy Azaleas, Camellias, Kalmias,
Deutzias, Roses, Rhododendrons, and other plants that
have lightened up by their brilliance, or sweetened
with their fragrance the dull, cheerless, months of
winter, are either being prepared for another campaign
in pots, or for a permanent residence in the pleasure
grounds. The former classes of plants are now being
stimulated into vigorous growth, with the intention of

i«ncentrating their vital force into fully developed
and early matured blossom-buds ; the latter are
maturing their growth a.s siieedily as ijossible. The
object in the one case is early ;ui<l abundant infloros-
ccru'C, in the other tlie restoration of tljat pristine
vigour that may have been seriously impairod by
forcing. This affer tn'atmeut isessentia"l to the rostitu-
lion of the original slaiiiina in so-called hardy forced
plants. And thi» want of it is the ciiic'f reiuson
why so many of them sicken or actually die when
rcturnod from whence they came, to do'battlo with
the fickleness of our somewhat harsh and capricious
climate.

lint here is a house that at once recsills us from
speculating iijioii the pa.st or anticipating the future to
I lie high enjoyment of the actual present. It ig a
Duchess's spring garden in pots, jirobably eicelling
even it in variety of tint and profusion of bloom. It
is a iiicturo of many coloured beauty and endless
diversity of form, an inexhaustible floral bank of
deposit, capable of being drawn upon for any amount
at sight without danger of breaking. It seemed rich
enough to meet all demands, from a few snrays for a
child's bouquet, to a van load for the embellishment of
a palace.

Turning from that dazzling display to cool our eyes
in the next bou.se on Cneumber plants that have
borne well all winter, and still seem capable of ren-
dering good service, we note the following useful
facts about their treatment. Along the whole of the
back wall a screen of garden mats is suspended.
Behind the screen the flue that furnishes the surface
heat is placed. The lower ends of the mats just touch
the front edge of this flue. The mats are kept more or
less saturated with water, according to the brightness
or otherwise of the weather. The dry heat generated
by the flue has to pass through the interstices of the
mats before it can reach the general atmosphere of the
house, or come into contact with the Cucumber leaves;
and of course it is entangled sufliciently long in the
meshes of the mats to be charged with the complement
of water proper to its temperature before it is liberated.
In fact, the mats perform the functions of the
genialising wet blanket in the Polmaise mode of
heating. Now, however simple and primitive this
arrangement may be thought, it possesses the rare
merit of efficiency. But another plan isalsoadopted here
which may find more favour with those w'ho disap-
prove of the use of mats. Along the front side of the
flue drain pipes hermetically stopped at their lower
ends are placed vertically, with their flat soles
impinging closely against the hot surface of the flue.
The pipes are then filled with water, and their upper
ends left open. The greater the warmth in the flue ot
course the more copious the evaporation, and vice
versa ; and by this arrangement also something like a
proper reciprocal relation may be maintained between
the caloric and the moisture of any given atmosphere.
This small house conveys another lesson. On the top
of the furnace a hot-air chamber is formed for
economising the heat usually wasted up the chimney.
It is connected with the external air with a drain that
receives its fresh supplies from the lowest available
point, and thus furnishes facilities for changing and
renewing the air of the Cucumber house in winter
without lowering its temperature.

Another point of great interest here is one of Mr.
Ingram's Strawberry houses. Those who have visited
Kensington will be familiar with their form. The
glass is on three diS'erent levels, like the steps of a
stair or the shelves of a plant stage. Each plane of
glass lifts up and admits air to the plants which are
placed in double or treble rows on a stage of the same
form as the roof, and at a distance of from 0 to
18 inches from the glass. The advantages of this form
are that every ray of light is utilised, and the ventila-
tion is abundant and direct. Nothing could exceed
the health and vigour of the plants in this house,
which is one of Beard's patent metallic ones, and
seems extremely well adapted for the object in view.
In this quarter are also a series of shutter pits for the
preservation of Cauliflower, Broccoli, Lettuce, Endive,
&c., in winter, and cold pits for the growth of early
salading in spring.

Close by these useful expedients for resisting or
neutralising the cold of winter and early spring another
invention is found which tends to set the vicissitudes
of climate at defiance. This consists in a series of
hollow pillars 5 feet high and 2 feet square, placed
at intervals of 9 feet apart. The whole are connected
with an underground flue that rises gently from the
furnace to the highest outlet. The pillars are built of
4i brickwork, thus leaving a large space in the
centre hollow for the difl'usion of warmth. Each pillar
thus fiu-nishes four aspects and 40 feet of surface. I
believe Mr. Ingram has generally allowed only one
tree to a pillar, and expects a considerable succession
of fruit from the fact of its being exposed to four
distinct aspects. I think however these pillars admi-
rably adapted for cordon trees. Each side could thus
receive one or even two trees. Thus four, or oven
eight distinct varieties or species of fruit could be
obtained from one heated pillar, and from four or six
pillars a tolerably large collection of first class fruit
could be gathered. Both for utihty and ornament I
should prefer the pillars round, hexagon, or octagon,
to square. These shapes would look lighter and more
artistic, obviate sharp angles, and aflbrd more variety
of aspect. The size could of course be enlarged to any
extent. I w^ould, however, strongly recommend the
restrictive system of training as the most profitable for
furnishing them. Having gone to the expense of
building and warming fruit pillars, the great object is
to gather the largest possible amount of good fruit from
their limited surface. This will be most readily accom-
jilished by planting cordon trees all round them at
distances of from 1 foot to 18 inches. Ropes of fruit
will then hang from the base to the summit of the

522

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGKICULTtJRAL GAZETTE.

[May is, 1867.

pillar, and more would be obtained than by any other
system of training.

The tops of such pillars should also be surmounted
with vases, both for ornament and use. A pipe for the
discharge of the smoke could be carried up through the
centre of each vase, and the vase itself be filled either
with flowers for ornament, or such plants as Tomatoes,
Capsicams, Chilies, Cucumbers, Bat-tailed Eadishes,
or even small pocket Melons or Gourds, for use.
Perhaps few things could be made more artistic in
kitchen gardens than such pillars prettily constructed,
richly furnished, and artistically planted on the top.
A kind of umbrella frost protector could readily be
invented for them in the early spring, and this, with
their internal heat, would almost insure a crop against
destruction from cold.

Having an underground flue I would also propose to
utilise its warmth by connecting the pilllars together
with ground or curates' vineries. Thus, while each
pillar was laden ivith luscious fruit, the ground itself
would contribute perhaps the richest portion of
the dessert. For, with the help of glass, and the
warmth from the flues, no one can doubt that
excellent Hamburghs, Muscadines, Sweetwaters, or
even Prontienan Grapes could be ripened. The pil-
lars themselves ne.tt the furnaces might also be
devoted to Grape culture. Another might be used for
Apricots, a second for Peaches, a third for Nectarines,
a fourth for Plums, a fifth for choice Pears, so that
with si-\ pillars, and four or six varieties of fruits on
each, a pretty extensive and choice dessert might be
secured. Few things could give a more artistic
character to the sides of a main walk in the kitchen
garden than these pillars. Or covered with tender
Tea Roses they would prove invaluable embellish-
ments for terraces or for lining the principal walks in
the flower garden or pleasure grounds. The objection
of smoke could be met by burning coke in the flues,
and even this could be dispensed with as soon as all
danger from frost was over. For Rose culture of
course the pillars niigbt be much taller, aud of any cir-
cumference. The vases could also be filled with
delicate Tea Roses. The power of supplying artificial
heat would enable us to set the cold at defiance,
and to introduce pillars of such Roses as Cloth of
Gold, 10 or 15 feet high, as charming novelties in
garden scenery.

Architectural Fern pillars might also be heated and
placed as centre pieces to gardens, conservatories,
corridors, passages, &c. Furnished with rich tropical
Ferns the eflect would be charming. Or more rustic
stands could be associated with hardy Ferneries out of
doors. The power of supplying heat would enable
most of the tender varieties to be grown to great
perfection in sheltered places, and would add immensely
to the interest and enrichment of such scenery. F.

(To be Continued.)

Miscellaneous.

Sales of Orchids.— Semml sales of established Orchids
have recently taken place at Stevens's. In that of
Mr. Cooper, Alpha House, Coburg Road, the highest
price realised for a single lot was for those of Phalte-
nopsis Schilleriana and amabilis, fine specimens of
each of which fetched about 91. Aerides Lmdleyanum
superbum realised SI. 8s. ; other lots fetched from lis.
to 41. The whole of the lots, of which there were in
all some422, fetched 4317. IG*. Gd. Among duplicates,
selected from the collections of Mr. Rucker and Mr.
Day, a very fine plant of the spotted variety of
Odontoglossum Pescatorei fetched as much as
251. ; the spotted variety of Cypripedium ebumeum
realised IM. ; and a flue plant of C. caudatum, 141. 14s. ;
for Veitch's variety of Vanda suavis, 71. 15s. was
obtained; the Fox-brush Aerides sold for a similar
sum, aud altogether for some 230 lots o21l. 6s. Gd. was
realised. In the late Mr. Blandy's collection, which
has also recently been brought "to the hammer, no
such prices as those just mentioned, however, were
obtained for individual lots, which ranged between
10s. aud 51. ; nevertheless, for some 374 lots as much as
645?. was obtained. Among duplicates from Mr.
Basset's collection, a fine plant of TVichopilia crispa
fetched 221. ; and another of Odontoglossum Phalie-
nopsis, IGl. ; O. nsevium majus fetched IM. 13s. ; for
Aerides afiine superbum 111. was obtained, and for
Cypripedium barbatum superbiens, 10/. The whole
sale, which consisted of some 320 lots, realised 8211.
Among recently imported Orchids 416?. was obtained
for some 237 lots, among which the highest price
realised was 10?. 10s. for Barkeria spectabilis, a fine
mass on native wood, associated with Epidendrum and
Tillandsia. Other examples, however, only fetched
about 1?. per lot, and many lots of other kinds of
Orchids only fetched from 6s. to lOs. each. Saccolabium
giganteum realised 51. 13s., and the beautiful Dendro-
bium M'Carthise 4?. 5s.; Vanda Beusoni realising
about the same amount.

Garden Operations.

(For the enduing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
_ EaBLT flowered Fpacrises and Ericas previously cut
in, and which have since formed young shoots at the
points of the shortened branches, if in want of larger
pots, or requiring a shift into fresh soil, should now be
potted, and receive every assistance likely to aid them
in perfecting a good growth preparatory to flowering
in the ensuing season. Good crude fibrous peat and
silver sand alone are suitable for them in proportions of
about four to one respectively. Thoroughly chop the
peat up into small particles, without, however, removing
any of the fibrous matter ; after which the whole should
be completely amalgamated with the sand. Crock the
pots thoroughly, after having used every precaution in

1 lieir preparation, as regards cleanliness, &c., laying an
even mass of very small crocks over the larger ones,
la potting use a small neat rammer, with which ram
each layer of soil down as firmly as possible, bearing in
mind that it is hardly possible to place the soil too firmly
around the balls. Be very careful, however, not to
bury the base too deeply ; it is better, indeed, to have it
at too great an elevation than too low. Afterwards
give a searching soaking with clear water, and place the
plants in a cool airy situation upon a stage, or elevated
upon pots in a cool pit, which if it has an easterly
aspect all the better. If placed in any position due south,
or approaching that aspect, they will require moderate
shading for about four hours daily about midday, when
the sun shines uninterruptedly aud intensely. Keep
the lights slightly tilted at the back at night, in order to
allow free egress to any damp which may have collected
around the plants. Pot off seedling Cyclamens so soon
as they show the second leaf; theyneed a good rich loamy
soil, which should be pressed moderately firm around
each corm, burying it about half its depth in the soil.

FORCING HOUSES.

By studied economy in the use of fuel, besides the
saving of it much labour in applying it may now be
obviated, if, by proper attention to the weather, all
structures, in which forcing is going on, are shut up at
the earliest moment possible in the afternoons. If,
with an abundance of atmospheric moisture, the tem-
perature then rises to a maximum of 93% the conse-
quences will be the reverse of injurious. Promote the
growth of Cockscombs and Halsams in every possible
manner by giving them abundance of liquid manure.
Shift the latter into larger pots if large specimens are
needed, as frequently as the roots " feel " the sides of
the pots they are in. Give abundance of light and
heat ; give air freely by night as well as by day to
Peaches, Nectarines, Sfc, ripening, as their flavour
depends greatly upon attention to this matter. Do not
moisten the upper surface of Figs when the fruit is
ripening, and cease giving such an abundance of water
to the roots as they have hitherto received.
HARDY FLOWER GARDEN'.

Serhaceous Phloxes will now be much benefited by
having their stools thinned. Select from five to eight
of the strongest and best placed shoots, and cut away
all smaller ones down at the base, placing stakes in
the centre of taller-growing varieties lor future
support. Sardy Annuals, such as the following, may
now be sown in the open ground in places where it is
intended they should flower, namely, Collinsias,
Clarkias, Convolvulus (both major and minor), Lark-
spurs, Nasturtiums, Lupinus, Mignonette, Nemophila,
Love Lies Bleeding, &c. Sow in patches on borders!
or in beds thickly, thinning them out to

2 or 3 inches apart when well above ground. It
will now be perfectly safe to proceed with bedding-out.
as there is little fear of frosts after this date. Having
made ;the necessary arrangements as to which plants
are intended for certain beds, &c., proceed with the
preparation of them. Where the soil consists of light,
open, stony materials, do not fork it over, but rather
run the hoe over the surface and rake off the larger

' stones. Heavy tenacious soils, on the contrary, lighten
'! up by forking and other means. Add a little extra
I well decomposed leaf-mould and manure to all beds
intended for tricolored Pelargoniums, such as Mrs.
Pollock. Judiciously commence with hardier subjects,
such as Verbenas, Calceolarias, &c., leaving^more tender
sorts, such as Coleus, Amaranthus, and others until the
last. In planting press the -soil firmly around the ball
of every plant, and fix by pegging or otherwise all those
that may be planted in exposed situations, and which
are likely to be injured by violent winds.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Attend to manuring and forking between planta-
tions of Globe Artichokes. In doing this first remove
carefully, and without injury to the roots, all the soil
around the stools, some 4 feet in diameter, and just
sufficiently deep to barely uncover the surface roots,
placing the soil in ridges close at hand, to be returned
when the necessary operations are finished. When the
soil is removed, carefully select foui' or five of the
strongest shoots upon each stool for future flowering,
removing all smaller ones, and thoroughly eradicating
any other symptoms of future growth from around
the base. When this is done, place a good layer of
well-rotted manure upon the roots, and return half
the soil; then place another layer of manure, and
cover it well over with what soil remains, pressing it
firmly around the selected shoots to keep them from
injury by wind-waving, and as an additional induce-
ment to push forth fresh roots from the sides, which
they do readily under favourable circumstances.
When it is intended to form fresh plantations, the
opportunity to do so occurs when the above operation is
being performed. Choose from amongst those useless
suckers from which it is necessary to separate the finer
growths, strong, well-rooted shoots, removing them in
such cases with great care, so as not to inj ure the roots.
Having selected a site for them, which should be in an
open, sunny (situation, with soil in good heart having
been previously well manured, they should be dibbled
firmly into the soil in rows, four feet apart, and
about three feet stool from stool. Where abundance of
well-rooted suckers are at haud, and it is an object to
form plantations quickly, three such suckers may be
dibbled in eight inches apart, in the form of a triangle,
in the place of the single ones. Dibble them in quite
half the length of the main stems and keep them
well watered afterwards. As they generally do better
planted in wet, showery weather, it is advisable at all
times to take advantage of such when convenient. Make
a sowing of Cardoon seed, where a demand for
Cardoons exists. It should he sown in good rich soil,
in rows, in patches, some six seeds in a place at
distances of SJ feet oetween the rows, and § inches

apart, to be thinned out to the necessary number when
properly grown. Continue to earth up Potatos, by
drawing soil up to them with a hoe, as soon as they
show well above ground. Any planted out iipon the
ridge and furrow principle, as previously advised, will
be benefited if a slight forking be given to the soil
forming the furrows, drawing a little more up over the
ridges afterwards. Keep the hoe at work upon every
favourable occasion, as long as any weeds remain
within the garden ; by thoroughly destroying these as
they come up, much subsequent labour is saved. Give
frequent and copious waterings to earher Celery plants
pricked off, and now growing freely, if the weather
continues fine. Look well to the earlier sowings of Beet,
Carrots, Parsnips, &c., throw a mixture of soot, lime,
or woodashes, over any which are being destroyed by
slugs, &c., constant watchfulness being now needed
against injury likely to accrue from the attacks of
these pests. Run tbe hoe also between any of the
above as soon as sufficiently large to be well seen in
the rows. Stake Peas as soon as convenient after
earthing them up, and when well above ground, as they
receive much injury if left too long, especially if beaten
down by heavy showers, or twisted about by wind-
waving._ If forwarding and enlarging the earlier pods
is a desideratum, pinch the tops off all the stronger
shoots, as soon as sufficient flowers are set. Continue
cutting every stem of Asparagus that pushes through.
Do not let any of the shoots continue to grow, until
all are allowed so to do ; as it is impossible for individual
plants to thoroughly develop such final growth whilst
being constantly robbed at the base by a deprivation
of other growths in process of formation. A good
sprinkling of salt given once every three weeks, for
two or three months to come, will greatly benefit the
plants. W. F.

STATE OF THE WEATHEll AT CHISWICK, NEAR L0>rD0X,
For the Week ending May 15, 1867. as obserreil atjthe Horticultural GardenB.

Thurs. 9

Friday 10

Satur. 11

Sunday 12

Men, 13

Tues. U

Wed. 15

Average

Max. Min.

20.953
29.778
29.776
29.444
29.685
29,80a
29.916

Max. Min. Mean

29.825
29.597
29.461
29.341
29,523
29,723
29.020

29 761 f 29..584

44.1 I aS'i

1 foot 2 feet
deep. deep.

56.8 ' 53,

0.60

May 9 -Cloudless and yery fine ; exceedingly line throughout

— 10— Cloudy and hot i thunder shower in forenoon ; overcast.

— 11— Hea\'y thunder-storm 4— 5 A.M., cloudy ; tine at night.

— 12— Slight rain; densely overcast throughout ; rain.
13-Overcast; hazy : densely overcast at night.

— 14— Overcast and cold ; cloudy ; cold at night.

— 15— Overcast and cold ; cloudy, cold, and dry ; overcast at night.
Mean temperature of the week 2 dog. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending May 25, 1867,

titlla

ad,

Eh

No. Of
Years in
wliich it
Roiued.

Greatest
Qunntity
of Itain,

Prevailing 'Winds,

May.

2

2
3
G
1
4
4

H
2

8
7

1

8
8
11

(4

B
9
12
5

7
7
4

ca

3
3
2
3
3
1
2

4
4
5
3
4
6
2

&
a

G

11

9

11
11

^i

Sunday.. 19
Mod. ..20
Tucs. ,.21
Wed. ..22
Thui's. ..23
Friday ..24
Sntur. ..25

ee.fi i 42.7

67.0 1 43.4
fiG.5 ' 45.1
G5,9 42.6
67 9 44.2
67 9 43-3
66 6 43.3

54.6
65.2
55.8
54.2
56.0
55.6
55.0

13
19
18
17
14
11
15

0.50 in.

0.44

0 50

0.3f»

0.53

0.54

0.6 1

4 I

1 4
3 2

5 I
5 %

The highest temperature duringtlie above period occurred on 1
22d, l&17-therm. 89 dec ; and tlic lowest on the 23d and 25th, 18
and 23d, 18li4-therm. 26 dejc-

Notices to Correspondents.

BaTCHER's Broom ; / G, Cumberland. You doubtlesa know
that this is dioecious. If, therefore, your plants are all male,
you cannot possibly have fruit.

Insects: WA. The insects which have attacked the crowne
of your AaparagTis are a small species of millepede (lulus sp.).
The plants must have been in a diseased state to have
attracted the insects in such numbers. If you had salted
your beds well the insects would not have gained such a
head. — WHEN. Your Camellias are attacked by a black
aphis. You must fumigate the plants in the usual manner.
W.

Lily of the Valley : R i. Plants bearing double flowers
may occasionally be met with, but of their value in a
commercial point of view we can offer no opinion.

N.\MEs OP Plants: 1, Mormodes lineatum ; 2, variety of
Oncidium CeboUeti. — W D. 1, Saxifraga hypnoides ; ,2,
Polemonium coeruleum album ; 3, Polemonium cceruleum ;
4, Veronica gentianoides ; 5, insufficient. — C W, Halesia
tetraptera. — T Davis. 1, Nothochlcena nivea ; 2, Pteris
erenata; 3, Platyloma sagittatura ; 4, Acer striatum.— J2 P.
Bauera rubia^folia.— Gi66a. 1, Doodia caudata ; 2, 5,
Selaginella Martensii varieties ; 3, Gymnogramma Ochracea ;
4, Bleclmum occidentale minor. — / DUlistone. 1, Tellima
grandiflora; 2, Chelidonium majus; 3, Arenaria trinervis ;
4, Bunium flejinosum. — Cholinondelei/. 1, Cupressus macro-
carpa; 2, Juniperus vii-giniana ; 3, Pinus Piimilio ; 4, Picea
nobilis var. ; 5, Thuja occidentalis ; 6, Pinus Lambertiana ; 7,
Abies (Tsuga) canadensis ; 8, Pinus ponderosa : 9, Pinus
Pinaster; 10, Pinus Pallasiana ; 11, Forsythia viridissima;
12, Cratajgus coccinea var. ; 13, Halesia tetraptera.— 7 /. As
far as can be ascertained from a single leaf, your plant, if
not Berberis japonica, which it most nearly resembles, is
E, nepalensis ; send flowers.—// IK. Some Crinum, but the
flowers were hopelessly smashed. — J C Wheeler. Quercus
rubra, Pruuus (Cerasus) Padus,

Onion : Sibble. The young shoots of last year's Onions, or
the stems of Onions which have run to seed prematurely,
are called Scallions. What you mean by Sibble is probably
the Ciboule, a name applied to the Welsh, Onion, which being
a bulbless sort, bears much resemblance to the shoot from
an exhausted bulb of the common Onion. The Scallion
itself is in some books said to be sometimes called Sybol.

Orchard House Trees: ReaJcr. Au Orange tree which has
been cultivated in au orchard house with fruit trees is
certainly itself a fruit tree, aud under the circumstances
might be entered amongst orchard house trees.

Palms : Reader. Tbe probable cause of your Palms turning
yellow and losing their leaves is that you have not given them
sufficient heat. They like a strong moist beat, and are all
the better for a good bottom heat. As a rule, thoy also like
plenty of moisture at the ruot.

Communications Received.— M. Y.— C, ^ext week) — R. D.—
M. N, E.— M. C. C.-Prof. Passerini.— W. Paul.— D. T. Fish.
—J. Fleming.— 3. WalUker.—Un Viel Abound.

i iMay 18, 1SG7.1

THE GABDENERS' CnRONIdLE AND AGRICULTUKAL GAZKTTl

5^3

THE BEST SWEDE IN CULTIVATION

IS

SUTTON'S CHAMPION.

Price Is. per lb.

tUiapei by the busha of 50 lb Cairiage free.

Carter's Oeouine Seeds.

/^AUTRirs SKLKCT LIST of GKNUINK l-'ARM

V^ SKKDS. lit iiio.lorftto prlous, in now veiuiy, and may bo luul [joat
IVoooii iip|)lio:Uiuu to

Cautkii".< (Jruiit L'liiaoii Sood Warohouso, 23T nnd 233, Ul«li
Hulborii.Lnii.liJii. W.C. _ . _^„ — ,

U U C I li T Y of ARTS.

O IIAIIVKSTINQ of CORN In WET WEATHER.

Tbo COUN<'lI. of tlio SOCIKTV c.( ARTS bavo loiolvod to ollVr
tbo O(tLl) MKUAL uf ti.e SOCIETY and a TRIZR of U'lKTY
OUINEAS for tbo bust "ESSAY on tbo HARVESTING of CORN
ill WET SEASONS."' For imrtlculars nnd cimditiofts apply to

r. Lk Nfve FosTJtii, Secretary.

Society of Arts, JobnStrcct, A<lol(Mil, W.O. ^_

M^ rANCirEStER"iiiid LiVl'iUPOOL AGIUCULTUKAL
SOCll'yrY (EHtiibllabod 1707). ~ GRAND CENTENARY
SHOW MEETING at MaiicUcstor, Aiigiist 27, 28, and 2'J, 18U7.

Special Prizo LUt and Forma of Entry will bo Issued at tbo end
of May 1'- ^- HvDEit, Secretary.
fi7A, Cburch Street. Ltvorpool.— April 23. 180T.

TURXIP SEEDS
dreet

Growera.

The most ccrtuin
means of prevcnt-
disLippoint-
ment.

SUTTON'S CHAMPION SWEDE.

A larjjo Pui-ple- topped Yellow variety, handsome
shape, perfectly hardy, stores
one of the lieaviest croppers.

ATH and WEST of ENGLAND

SOCIETY.— For the Encoiirngoment

of Agriculture, Arts, Mauufacturea, and

B^

Palruii, H.R.H. The Prince of Walks, K.Q.
President, Jons TftKUAVNE, Esq.

The ANNUAL EXHIBITION of SHEEP.
IKiRSKS. riOS, POULTRY, IMPLE-
MIONTS, WORKS of ART, niid HORTI-
CULTURAL SPECIMENS will tako place
at SALIsmJRY on the lOtb, lltb, 12th,
Utb, and Hth JUNE, 1S67.

JosiAH GooDwiy, Secretary.

4, Terrace Walk, Bath.

cousumptiou of the llosh of cattlo affected with
plague.

At the beginning of tbo present week some
cows suffering from riiidorpost Were found in a
.shed also in the llacknoy district, and in this
instance, as in otbors whiob we bavo recorded,
tbo greater part of tbo stock bad boon sold boforo
any suspicion was aroused. Sometimes tbo
owner, in bis alarm, at once calls in the aid of
tbo butcbor, and tbo matter ends; but in many
instances only the sick beast bas boon slaugbtered,
and tbo otburs, apparently well hut really
infected, bavo been sent to the mctrojiolilau
market. AVheii tbo cattle plague ilrst uppcarud
in Ijondon two years ago, a similar plan of
getting rid of infected animals was adopted, and
we know with what disastrous results. Under
tbo present systom tbe danger is very materially
diminished, but we cannot admit that it is
entirely obviated. If any over-confident purcbuscr
should be so unfortunate as to successfully
exercise his ingenuity in evading tbe law and
get a few of theso infected beasts out of tbe
metropolis, a vast amount of mischief would
follow. At present we appear to bold tbe plague
within bounds, but wo aro dealing with a subtle
thing that may at any moment pass from our
control.

The Society of Arts ofifers its gold medal and
a x>rize of 50/. for tbe best essay on harvest work *
in wet weather. It must contain an accurate
statement of results under tbo several
methods employed in various countries and in
various parts of this country ; and it must also
give some account (with results) of such methods
of artificial drying as have been adopted or
attempted under such circumstances as those of

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.— Tbo
PRIVY COUNCIL having; REFUSEO
PERMISSION to bold a CATTLE SHOW
jit BURY ST. EDMUND'J5. tbo PRIZES , ' , v 11.4.1, t 1 n J

fjr HOKSKS have been increased by , last vear s harvest, Wflon the natural metnoa

exceedingly well, and

£350, VIZ,. £300 bv tbe SOCIETY, and £01)
by tbo LOCAL COMMITTEE.
The PRIZES for THOROUGHBREDS
notv amount to .. . . £17iJ

do. HUNTERS 425

do. H.VCKNEYS 130

do. ROAD.STERS 00

do. CARRIAGE HORSES .. US

do. AGRICULTURAL HORSES 625

do.'PONIES 145

15S5

do. SHEEP VOO

do. PIGS 226

do. POULTRY 20'J

LAST DAY for ENTRY, June 1. Total £271S

For Prize Shoets and Forms of Entry apply to
12, Hanover Square, London, W. H. Hall Park. Secretary.

P^TUYAL AG HI CinTrilKAL SOCIKTY of" ENGLAND.
t — Tho GENERAL MEETING of MEMBERS will bo hold at
the Society's House, 12, Hanover Squaro, on WEDNESDAY,
May 22, at 12 o'Clock. JJy Order of the Council.
London, May 18. H. Hall Dare, Secretary.

TESTIMONIALS.

From Mr. J. H. HAi.sr, Sei^rdari/ lo the SUliaouth Agricultural

.IsHnci'ation.
October 2G, 180G.— " At the annual meeting of the above Associa-
tion, held at Sidmoutb on tbo 23d inst., the whole of tbo Prizes for
Swede Turnips were awarded to your Champion Swede, grown from
Mod supplied by you during the past season,"

From H. J. Hillieb, Esq.. Granham Hill, Marlborouyh.
I am bound to say that from my experience you aro quite
justified iu asserting the Champion Swede to be quite as hardy as
any of the purple-topped varieties ; if not indeed hardier."

From Mr. Large. Bailiff to the Right Hon. Lord Bemers.
" Tho Champion Swedes, from seed Lord Bemers purcha-sed of
you, are far superior to any other we have grown. I can confidently
say they are many tons per acre heavier than any other Swedes
growing on his lordship's farm."

^'roiA Mr. B. Hunt, IcUe Steward lo W. W. Chute, Esq., Vyne Farm,
Basingstoke.
January 12, I860.— " Last .season I tried eight different kinds of
Swede, and find, after a careful examinition. that, although several
Of them aro good, none of tbena equal your Champion."

From Mr. W. Torskk, Hule Fai-m, Lyme Regis.
May 19, 18ii6.— " Y'our Cbamyion Swedes last year were tho largest
and best keepers grown in this neighbourhood."

From Arthur H. Wood, Esq., Theaden Oranffe, Alton.
April 3. 180G.— " My Swedes (Sutton's Champion) have done very
well indeed; in fact, men on the farm who have worked hero for
20 years say they have never seen such a crop before."

From Mr. IIknrv Castbell, Baylw Farm, Slough.
April 12, 1806.—" The Champion Swede Kept first-rate last season,
notwithstanding tho drought."

FroTH Mr. John White, Hnhe Mlncombe, Sidlmry.
Anril IS, 180C.— "Tliu Champion Swedes from seed I had of you
Last year, were the best I have over grown, and stood the dry weather
better than any others in tho neighbourhood,'

From William Littleiiales, Esq., Hursley, Winchester.
April 2^, ISCii.— " I won a prize for the best roots at the Romsoy
Sbow with your Champion Swedes,"

J<rom t/u Rev. H, Raymond Barker, Dai/liiigicorlfi Rectory,
Cirencester.
May 16, 1800.—" I find none that answer so well as your Champion
Swede on my poor sod."

From Robert A. Brvll. Esq.. Wood/ord, Armagh.
February 6, 1866. — "Your Champion Swedes last year, notwith-
standing the extremely dry season, were a lirst-rate crop, and ackn')W-
IvUged by all who saw tbem to be the beat in the neighbourhood."
From Horace B. Lewoatt, Esq., Browitwick, Fareham.
February 10, 1806,— "Your Champion Swedes are a very fine crop,
and of excellent quaUty."

From J. H. Wheatlet, Esq., Sligo.
March 7, 1860. — "Tho Champion Swede Keed I had from you last
year produced the finest crop here."

^roin RoBT. Bruce Willis, Esq,, North Abbey Cottage, Ballasalla,

Isle 0/ Man.

March 17, I8GI1,— " My Chanipiun Swedes gr'-wn from your seeds

beat any others in the parish, although grown on land naturally

inferior to most in tbi.s neighbourhood.'*

Price Is. per lb.

Cheaper by the bushel of 60 lb. Carriag;e free.

Eixt Egvtcultural @s|ette.

SATURDAY, MAY IS, 1867.

MEETING FOIt THE ENSUING "WEEK.
Wrnvt.niT Alav o.,/Itoynl AKricultuinl Society of England
1>EDNE»ijiT. May il'^ (General Mtctingj-Naon.

PRICED LISTS of other TURNIP SEEDS gratis on
application.

SUTTON A»B SOKS, SEED QEOWEKS, EEADINQ.

The efficacy of the restrictive measures wbicli
have been in force for some time past, with the
avowed object of preventing the extension of the
cattle plague from the metropolis, is undergoing
a somewhat severe test, and, as far as we can
judge at present, with satisfactory results. Fresh
outbreaks of the epizootic have, indeed, been
discovered during the last few days. Even while
our last article recording the fact of the
existence of tho plague in the metropolis
was in tho press the disease has just com-
menced its ravages among a herd of cows
at Stoke Newington. Nine animals have been
condemned, and the remainder of the herd, 21 in
number, havo been slaughtered to prevent the
extension of the disease ; thus in a few days
30 fine cows in full milk have been lost to their
owner, and what is yet more calamitous, the
plague has extended to a much larger herd
belonging to the same person. Another case of
plague appears to have been discovered, by the
vigilance of the police, in Hackney ; the cow,
which was subsequently condemned by the
inspector of the district and destroyed, undoubt-
edly came fi'om a shed at no great distance, and
as she was seen by the inspector upon premises
where the manufacture of sausages was being
carried on at the time with considerable activity,
it is not unreasonable to suppose that she was
destined to contribute some portions of her carcase
to swell the bulk of the savory mass ; although the
prime joints would probably have escaped a fate
so ignoble. The prejudice against " rinderpest
meat" is stronger by far than that which affects
the public mind in reference to the flesh of
animals afllicted with any of the other maladies
which attack stock, but lovers of savory mix-
tures may take consolation from the proved fact
that no serious consequencea have followed the

fails of completeness.

Of course the natural method is generally suffi-
cient. Agriculture grows in every place out of
the uatui'al circumstances of soil and climate ;
and its methods, corrected by generations of expe-
rience, must, under these circumstances, be on
tho average the best. Moreover, the results of
the natural method as, under thfe ordin.ary con-
ditions, it is carried out, far transcend in economy
those of any other that can be substituted
for it. Ten tons of Clover, ripe for hay,
cut and lying iu swathe over an acre of
ground will, after 24 hours of drying weather
in Juno or Jul}', weigh but five. Five
tons of water have thus disappeared without the
expenditure of a single penny ; whereas, had it
been driven off artificially, the process must
have needed fuel, labour, and machinery, all of
which aro costly. At least 75 per cent., some-
times more nearly 85 per cent., of the weight of
a green crop has to be driven off before the
remainder is dry enough to stack or store without
the risk of excessive fermentation, and it is
doubtful if the value of the 25 or 15 per cent,
which remains can generally bear much greater
cost than is at present incurred. There is a
better chance of success in the case of corn crops
than in that of hay, for the remainder is then
both larger and more valuable : there is less to
drive off before the residue is fit to store, and the
value of that residue is better able to bear the
expense of the process. What the loss of
weight may be in harvesting Peas or Benns
or Oats (cut greener than other grain both
that the corn may not shed and waste in
drying, and that the straw may be bettor fodder),
wo do not know ; — probably the fresh-cut crop is
in these cases twice as heavy as it is when ready
to be carried, and if it then weighs '6 tons per
acre, 3 tons of water have been driven off in tho
interval ; but tho remainder may be worth 10/.
to 15?. if well harvested, and not more than al,
or &. if spoiled in the process. There is thus a
larger margin of value dependent on the com-
pleteness of a much smaller quantity of work,
than exists in the case of other crops. And if
this is so in the case of Beans or Oats, still more
is it in that of Wheat or Barley — especially tho
latter, which is always left till dead ripe before
being cut ; from which therefore a much smaller
quantity of water is driven in the harvest process ;_
and in which there is much greater variation ol
quality and price, according to the manner in
which its harvesting is done.

Tho most costly and least promising of all pro-
posed substitutions of an artificial for the natui'al
process, undoubtedly is in the case of young and
succulent Grass which it may be proposed to
convert into hay. We aro now cutting a swathe
of 12 tons of such Grass per acre. One ton of

* See p. 496, lost week,

524

THE GARDENEES' CHUONICtE ANi) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[May 18, 1867.

it, weighed and sold last month upon the ground,
■was cut off 400 square yards of ground. How
much of this was water p — probably, at least
sis-sevenths ; nearly all of which must be driven
off to make hay dry enough to rick.

Of course, if it had been intended to make hay
of it, the crop would have been allowed to attain a
further stage of ripeness ; but it was already
substantial enough to make first-rate cow food ;
and even in the stable, where the horses have
as much as they will eat, it is good enough
to enable them to do with a diminished allowance
of Oats. Being left till riper, there would not
only be a larger relative proportion of hay from
the Grass grown in a given time, but according
to Dr. Voelcker's experiments on the Clover crop,
a larger actual quantity of diy substance from
the land. We have however to consider the
character of the plant which in our case yields
the crop ; and there can be little doubt that it is
the best policy in the case of Italian Eye-grass
to cut often and not to allow a seed stem to show
itself at all. A greater quantity of actual food
might perhaps be won per acre by letting the
crop ripen, but it would be at the expense of
injuring the future productiveness of the plant.
If therefore Italian Eye-gi'ass grown on water
meadows has to be converted into hay by artificial
means, the probability is that 6 to 6 tons of
water must be driven off to make 1 ton of hay.

The question is — can this, or, supposing' it
possible to get rid of some of it by a day or two's
exposure in the natural way, can 3 tons of
water be evaporated artificially for less than 11,,
which is all the expenditui'e that a ton of hay at
most will bear ? Now to this question an immediate
answer can be given in the affirmative. The heat
produced by burning 1 lb. of ordinary coal will
boil off in vapour from 6 to 8 lb. of water.
And we may therefore say that (provided we can
apply all the heat it will produce) from 10 to
12 cwt. of coal is all the fuel needed for driving
off the quantity of water of which we propose to
get rid in order to make a ton of hay. It is
however impossible to apply strictly to our pur-
pose all the heat thus produced. The water in
the Grass is contained in a cumbrous and bulky
sot of vessels which have to be raised to the full
heat before the water which they hold can be
affected by it. If the e.Kperiments in evapora-
tion, whose result is given above, had been
conducted in clumsy apparatus, .absorbing much
heat before any of it reached the water to be
dcted on, no such result as we have given could
have been obtained, and probably 1 lb. of coal
would not have driven off more than one-half
the quantity stated. It is therefore plain that it
is on the mode of carrying out the process of
evaporation, even more than on the mere
theoretical datum, that our success depends.

The heat has to bo produced by the combustion
of fuel in a fui'naoe, and thence it has to
be carried to the water in the Grass. If
carried by steam, then whatever quan-
tity of water is to be driven off from the
Grass, at least that quantity of water must be
evaporated in the furnace to convey the heat
needed for the purpose. If 1 ton of hay is to be
made per hour, our furnace power must be equal
to the evaporation of at least 3 tons of water in
the same time ; and seeing that heat will be
wasted both in the Grass itself and on the way to
it, it is probable that in place of H or 12 cwt.,
14 or 15 cwt. of coal will be needed, which is at
the rate of 1 lb. for every 4 or 5 lb. of water
to be evaporated.

A nest of steam pipes packed together at the
foot of a shaft or chimney through which air is
driven, -frould give off its heat, and the air
passing through it would thus be sent heated up
the shaft, to do what it can in the way of evapo-
rating water. What can it do ? That depends on
the temperature at which, supposing it to pick
up this water on its passage, it leaves the
chimney in a perfectly saturated condi-
tion. If it enter the heating apparatus at
65°, already saturated, it will take in with it
about 7 grains of water per cubic foot ; and if it
leave the chimney saturated at 1 50° it will tdke
with it about 64 grairts of water ; so that it must
have picked up on the way about 57 gr.ains per
cubic foot — rather more, indeed, for the cubic
foot which contained 7 grains of w.ater, has
expanded and become more than a cubic foot at
the higher temperature. If, then, Grass is
falling down this chimney for the purpose of
saturating with water the au' driven up it, the
object should be to get rid of the air as soon as
it approaches satui-ation, and not allow it to get
cooled below the temperature at which any of its

acquired water would be condensed, either upon
the sides of the chimney or on the Grass itself.

In the following Table the first column names
the temperature at which the air may emerge from
the chimney ; the second represents the number
of grains of water which it will hold per cubic
foot as vapour at the given temperature ; and
the third states the number of cubic feet of air
of the given temperature which must be driven
off saturated in order to carry off 50,000,000
grains or 3 tons 6 cwt. of water, which is what
we suppose to be driven off in order to make
1 ton of hay.

Fahr.

Grains of water held per

No. of cubic feet to bold

cubic foot.

50,000,000 grains.

88

12+

4,166,000

95

164-

3,125,000

104

22

2,272,000

113

28

1,785,000

122

35+

1,428,000

131

44+

1,136,000

140

55+

909,000

149

70

714,000

158

86+

681,000

167

105

476,000

176

129

387,000

185

158

320,000

IM

187

267,000

203

223

223,000'

212

259

191,000

It appears, then, from this Table, which is
calculated from one given in the article Vapoue
in the lately published edition of Brande's
Dictionary of Science, that if air at 212° can get
saturated with moisture by passing through
Grass before it becomes cooled to 150°, then
800,000 cubic feet of it will carry off the water
which the Grass needed for 1 ton of hay contains.
If the heated air has to come in contact with so
much more Grass before it can be saturated as
will reduce its temperature to 140°, then 1 ,000,000
cubic feet are needed to carry off the 50,000,000
grains of water which must be got rid of to
mate a ton of hay.

In any contrivance, then, for drying Grass tile
object must be to get rid of saturated air at as
high a temperatui'e below that of boiling water as
we can. Conduct the process how we may, con-
sidering that all our processes take place in an
atmosphere at from 50" to 70°, in which our heat
7nust waste, it is plain that it must be more
economical to burn our fuel slowly, and thus to
produce a large quantity of comparatively low
temperature, than to burn fast and thus produce
a compar.atively small quantity, so to speak, of
high temperature. Eapid furnace work means
rapid draught of air, which goes red hot to waste.
We are therefore shut up to the adoption of slow
firing with a minimum of draught. The whole
heat of our burning fuel being thus carried off by
the water in the form either of water or of steam
(probably the former will be most economical), is
conveyed by it to air, which must then be carried
through a shaft in which there may be a thick shower
of falling Grass or a succession of zigzag open webs
carrying Grass, from which it takes the moisture.
What the power may be which is required to
manipulate 4 or 5 tons of Grass until it gradually
becomes 1 ton of hay, and to drive 1,000,000
cubic feet of heated air throughout it, so
as to effect by its drying action this reduction
of weight, we do not know. But, of course,
whatever this power may be, that, too, must be
represented by so much fuel, and the 12 or
15 cwt. needed to drive off 50,000,000 grains of
water must be increased by, perhaps, 6 or 6 cwt.
more, for such horse-power as the fan or
pum]) may requii-e to create the current needed.
A shaft 20 feet by 10 feet in section would
need to have air passing through it at the rate of
about 1 mile per hour, and it would need to be
long enough to give sufficient time for the air at
that rate of movement to pick up all the moisture
it will hold before being parted with; and
there must be a sufficient quantity of Grass
in continual motion downwards to feed the
upwivrd current of the air, and satisfy its
appetite for moisture, before it is cooled down
below 140", and then we shall have a manu-
factory of hay at the rate of 1 ton per hour.

In any case, it must be remembered that the
efficiency of the process depends on, and is
measured by, the qaantiij^ of saturated air of the
highest possible temperature below boiling water
which we can send off in a given time. Every cubic
foot of saturated air at 200°, 180°, 160°, oi- 120°
Pah., of which we can get rid, will carry off 200,
150, 70, or 35 grains of water ; and it is therefore
obvious that the higher the temperature at which we
can obtain saturation the better. The ingenuity of
the contriver must be directed to the invention of
some method which shall carry all the heat of the

burning fuel to the air, which is our drying agent,
and which shall saturate each cubic foot of this I
air as rapidly as possible from the Grass, so as to
get rid of it fully charged with water before it
has materially lost its carrying power by being
cooled. Looking at the principal fact that 1 lb.
of coal will boil off 6 lb. of water, it seems
almost certain that we ought to be able to drive
off the water which a ton of hay contained when
it was Grass, at less cost than 20s.

Since the publication of our recent article on

the doctoring of Clover seed we have had to review
samples of Clovers from many parts of the kini^dom,
and it is satisfactory to note that not more than three
per cent, of them were found to contain the doctored
Hop Trefoil. Indeed the present season may be said
to be in some respects unfavourable to the success of
this particular form of roguery, as the generality of
samples, especially of home growth, are naturally
diluted with au unusual quantity of dead seeds, our
examples varying from .3 per cent, of seeds that could not
germin.ate to as much as 80 per cent. Now, as a matter
of course, tliis latter seed is cheap enough, but it can
scarcely be used for diluting a better sample, as it would
at once be seen by the most careless observer. The
doctored Hop however is not in this category, as
it can and has been used with apparently, and indeed
in other respects reallj-, good samples. It is then
satisactory to know that for this season its use in the
ditution of Clover seeds has received a consider-
able check ; but our information is correct upon
the point that tons of it are in existence, and
there is reason to think that much of what has
been subjected to only the first process, viz., merely
kitting, is now getting vent in samples of Hop Clovers.
Purchasers stiould have regard to this, and should test
their samples by trying its germinating power.
Common Clovers and Hop Trefoil seeds should germi-
nate to the extent of 01) per cent, to be considered at
all good samples, and if not so good, as a matter of
course they should not command so good a price.
Again, as regards red Clover seed, we must
inform our readers that it is very difficult
to find samples altogether free from Plantain seeds,
and as these are so natural to even clean crops,
advantage is taken of this by the dishonest dealer to
mix a large percentage of Plantain. And as each seed
of this is nearly double the weight and size of tlie
Clover seed, a mixture of 5 per cent, of Plantain robs
the farmer of 10 per cent, of his Clover, and what is
worse, places in his fields a plant which cannot be
considered much better tlian a weed. It behoves
farmers, then, not only to deal with upright men, in
whom they can trust, but to be able to judge and
examine into these matters for themselves.

On Friday of last week an Order in Council

was published, permitting after this month exhibitions
of animals in any county in England and Wales, with
the licence of the "lords of the said Council. But no
such licence will be granted unless their lordships
shall be satisfied with the regulations under which
such show is held, and that no case of cattle plague
has occurred in the county where such? exhibition is
to be held within four calendar monttis prior to the
date of such licence, nor imless the exhibition is
situated at a distance exceeding 30 miles from the
outward boundary of any infected place. No animal
shall be admitted to such exhiljition from anyplace
within 20 mites of which a case of cattle plague has
occurred d uring the four calendar months previous to
the holding df such exhibition, nor from any place
situated out of the county within which such exhi-
bition is held. Each animal on entering and leaving
such exhibition shall be examined by a duly qualified
veterinary surgeon, appointed by the society holding
such exhibition, and approved of by the local authority,
and if any animal is declared to be suffering from
infectious disease, it shall forthwith be slaughtered.
Tliis relaxation of the existing orders will enable many
county associations to hold their usual shows this
summer, and as the Mark Lane Ej-pt-ess points out, it
will enable the Suffolk Agricultural Society, or the
local committee at Bury .St. Edmunds, to hold a county
show, if they please, of Short-horns and Polled SuSblks
at the Bury meeting of the English Agricultural
Society in July.

• It will seen in the newspapers that Colonel

BiKTELLOT and Mr. C. S. Read have obtained then-
Committee to inquire into the operation of the Malt
Tax — the former urging that we should then learn
what experience had taught of the value of malt as a
food for cattte, and what degree of truth there was in
the allegation that to collect 6,000,000?. revenue cost
the consumer 20,000,000?. And it would also be shown
that, by checking adulteration and reducing the price
of beer, the repeat of the Malt Tax would be a great
boon to the working classes. Mr. Read, in seconding
the motion for the Committee, entered at greater
length into the agricutljural relations of the subject.
AVe give his speech in auotlier column.

The discussion which followed Mr. Tuxfoed's

paper on Harvest Work, read last week before the
London Farmers' Club, brought out a number of inte-
resting particulars. Mr. Leeds, of West Lexham, Bran-
don, said that Mr. Hudson, of Castle Acre, had cut as
much as 40 acres a daybymachiuery, and his harvestmen
had cut 12 acres before breakfast, and carted 50 acres
after during the day, making in all, cut and carted, 102
acres— a pretty fair day's work. He had himself always
found that the quickest and ctie.apest way of getting
harvesting done was to put it out by tlie lump ; so that
the labourers had an equal interest with the master in
finishing the work. His harvesting generally cost
lis, Qd. an acre ; but, they did not grow very heavy

Mat 18, 1867.]

TTIT; HAT^DENEI^S' rmumTCLE AVJ) AnT?TOTTETnt?AL OAZETTE.

625

.Tops, tho lEind of liis district being poor. Tn other
.listrirts (lio cost ^vas much greater, tlio crojis lioiiij;;
ln'i-haps :dninst linuble in quantity.— ]\Ir. Ckosskim,
huiionled thainotiiing had been said about the relative
merits of carts and WE^ggons for carrying lionie the
<'rop. Mr. Pusey's report on tho subject had been
iliat three horses in carts wore as efiicient as four in
waggons.— Mr. T. Ji. DniNG referred to the progress of
Kngiisli agriculture iu crop growing as well as crop
harvesting : —

*' Lniul in this country was much better cultivated now
than it was when liu wiis li boy. At tbiit poriod tho Imid was
badly cultivated; tho scud cm-u w:w put into it fit various
times and in various conclitious, .lud as it liid n..t come up
togothov a longer time was alloWL'd fur liarvcsiinj/. lIu
remuiidiorcd the barvest extending over ei^tbt weeks. Now,
the scud being jiut in in lime, tbe erops came nom-er together
tbiUk was formerly the case, and honcc the work could be done
better within a given time than under the old system. A
(froater weight of produce was grown, and a gi-eater aniount of
laljour was reriuircd. These wore the chief reasons why there
was a cloficioney of hibour for tho gotting-iu of the crops, and
farmers bad been obliged to bavo recourse to reaping-
macbinos. The better a crop was, or tbe riper, tbe nmrc
necessary it was that it shoiUd be cut in a short time, and
tiioy had to pioiiaru to meet that difficulty. He found that
even with reajiiii;,'-maehinos at bis command his com ripened
faster than he eould get it cut. Tbcy should always take earc
t' L,'ot all othi.T Work done in preparation for harvesting. Tbe
li.nvu.st titne I'anie vi.'vy often 'like a thief in tbe night,' and
r. I grout many men wfndd be required, all tbe work con-
iiurted with Tuinips, Thistles, and so on, should bo completed
beforehand, lie thought, that, as a rule, harvesting was not
begun soon enough by about three days. Tbe labouiing
populations of a district would generally suffice to get in the
harvest in about 18 days, and it would be a gi-eat advantage if
by getting everything closo done early tbe farmer was enabled
to begin three days before tho crop had l)ccomo dead ripe. A
K'tin of three days in 18 would, of course, be one-sixth, or
nil ive than 15 per cent., and beginning three days earlier, they
WDidd not have much difficulty in getting in their crops well,
cx'icptiu very wet seasons. It might sometimes have been
supposed that be bad begun too soon : but while be had often
regretted beginning late, he bad never regretted beginning
f;ir]y. He hud found that Wheat which was cut early wjis
bner iu tbe skin, less rough and coarse, weighed heavier, and
made a shilling or two more at market than Wheat wbieb was
'ol, bito. Wheat was tbe heaviest when the kernel had tho
1 vitest amount of sap, and this was the case when it was cut
( ly. He thought, therefore, that the difficulties which they
' t with in some seasons might be met by using reaping-
1 1 Kuhines and cutting early."

hi answer to a tiuestion Mr. Deino stated that if
I he corn were cut Avith a machine, he would take off
about ouc-iliird of the cost. Supposing the whole of
llie work to be worth Ifl-?. an acre, he would allow the
Dion two-thirds for tying up the crop, shocking it, and
in:iking it tit for the waggon. He thought that was
:i liberal allowance; and it was good policy to give a
Hboral allowance in such cases. — Mr. J. Clayden, of
Saffron Walden, advocated the use of the scythe :~

" lie fiiinul that with tbe scythe a man, with bis wife and
family, earned a yreat deal of money. And com eutwith a scythe
would stand wet better than corn cut with a'sickle. When
coi-n was cut with a sickle, and bound closely together, the
water was held in it, and tbe grain was swollen and injured ;
but when corn was cut with a scythe or a reaping machine, it
■was held more loosely, the water run tbrough ic, and its
quality was not much ixffectod by wet. The reaping machine
increased the amount of dirt in the sample. A large quantity
of dirt was ean-ied up by the wheels ; and it got into the
sheaf, and was thi-ashed with the corn in the wet weather that
W.1S experienced last harvest."

Mr. CoussMAKER, of Guildford, related his experience
under somewhat different circumstances : —

" He bad a heavy-clay farm, with small lands, in which a
reaping-machine would not work. As to the mowing-machine
he had found it invaluable. He bad employed it over since
the wet summer of 1860, and he had made his hay, cutting it
with the mowing-machine, and performing with haymaker
and horse rake all the work with very little manual labour.
But the case was very difficult with regard to cereal crops. He
was an old-fashioned man, and there were certain rules by
which he had always abided. One of those rules was never to
cut corn unless be could tic it up. Another rule was never to
allow a larger sheaf to be made than could be spanned by
three hands. A large sheaf that had once got thoroughly wet
never, scarcely, became dry again. So much for tbe
cutting. As to the harvesting, many persons thought
that in order to save time it was best to stack in the field.
But he had sutlered great loss from threshing and being caught
in bad weather ; his sti-aw had, in consequence, got damaged,
and the cavings, which were of gi-eat value to him as fodder
for his cattle, liad iu some cases been almost good for nothing.
Again, there bad been great complaints-he was talking now
of fields averaging from 10 to 30 anres—that the stacks in tbe
fields bad caused them to be over-run with rats. There were
perhaps fewer rats about the buildings than there were
formei-ly, but then they Wbre concentrated about tbe field
stacks : and whereas in the buildings they could be easier got
rid of, being killed by bushels, in tbe fields it was almost
impossible to destroy them. He had done all he could by
means of ferrets, poison, and so on, but without much effect,
and this evil was to be attributed to tbe practice of making
stacks in-tbe field and meadows. Rats were as bad as rabbits.
He thought the best mode of harvesting was to bring the crops
to tbe homestead, building the stacks on staddles, making them
long, high, and narrow, so that the wiad would go through
them. The effect of making the stacks in this form last year
was wonderful. Through the adoption of a system of havuig
narrow stacks, the corn was prevented from receiving as
much damage as it otherwise would have done, and the result
was very satisfactory,"

The discussion was perhaps somewhat out of season
ia the month of May, but it was a thorough ventilation
of a most important subject, to which in some of its
aspects attention is now directed by others as well as
agriculturists. Consumers as well as producers are
interested in good and economical harvest work, and
the Society of Arts, as stated in another column, have
offered a handsome prize for ihe best essay on the subject
which last week occupied the London Farmers' Club,

THE LONDON MILK TRADE.

[At a recent meeting of the Sub-Comnuttee of tbe Society of
Arts, on Milk, thii following evidence on tbe subject was
given, and is now taken from tho report of it iu the bociety's

Journal.

Mr. W. Hope eaid that he was connected with the
DairyEeform Company, the chief depot of which is at
the West-end of London, and the intentiou was to

esiablish branches in hs mahy districts of London as
IHissiblo for the salo to the public of pure unadulterated
milk. At i)re«ent arran^'munt.; wero made for tho
daily supply of milk fnnii about "100 cows, and tlicmilk
was brought to tho establishment hj road in the
('ompany's own vahSj so that if po.ssiblo there should
be no tampering with it. Tliey had already made
arraufjements for tho sale of skim milk and a small
quantity of now milk tfl tho poor in Wliltechapol.
They had also a branch in Westminster, at wliich
about 20 or 30 gallons of milk were sold per day.
Upon tho branch in Whitecbapel being oi)ened a
dealer in that neighbourhood nnulc an application to
the Company to make n,rr;tn^'enlon^s lor the sah- of the
milk to him, instead of its being supplied through their
own agent; but on inquiry being made into his
character, it was found that ho was a person who would
not be likely to carry out tho objects of the Company
with regard to tho quality of milk they wished to
sujiply, and the application was refused. It was ascer-
tained that be immediately afterwards went to tlie
agent and o(r<Tcd him riti/. (u retire, and a little tinio
after subscriplion.s wero mado by the dealers in that
locality amounting to 100/., whicii was olfered to the
man to induce him to retire from the agency of that
branch. The agent, however, withstood the temptations
of those offers, and the business of retailing new milk
was continued amid many oppositions and annoyances
on the part of the dealers. Those who dealt at the
company's shop were subjected to personal interruption
by a number of rough people employed to molest them.
This having been put a stop to by the police, tlie
opposition had placed some persons with a can of milk
opposite the shop, and engaged men to "tout" the
milk as that which the company really supplied, and
many people discovered the imposition by the quality
of the milk they thus obtained. He might say there
was the most determined and organised opposition to
the introduction of pure milk by the company into that
quarter of the metropolis. The opposition parties
reduced the price to a penny per pint by the addition
of a certain quantity of water, and the agent was
subjected to numerous remonstrances as to the quality
of the article by the parents of children who had been
sent by them to get milk at the branch, but who had
been induced to buy that supplied by the competing
parties. One of the principal — he believed the largest
milk dealer at the West-end, came to the company in
a very friendly spirit, and, with many profesisions of
desire to put a stop to the "tricks of the trade," made
various offers to buy milk of the company. Amongother
offers was one to_ take 13 to 15 barn gallons of skim
milk per day, stating that he had a contract to supply
a workhouse with that quantity of new milk, and that
the price at which the contracts for these establish-
ments were let precluded the possibility of new milk
being supplied unless it was well watered. The com-
pany had been applied tofortenders for variousplaces, but
on ascertainipg the prices usually paid they refused, as
it was impossible to supply pure milk on such terms,
The prices varied from Is. 4d. to 1*. Gd. and 1*. S(7. per
"barn" gallon delivered. He believed tho dealers
received 17 pints as the barn gallon from some farmers.
The company sold 10 pints to the barn gallon, this
being the quantity which they received. The per-
centage of waste in retailing, IG pints of milk in the
small quantities usually sold to the customers by the
milk carriers depended very much upon the carefulness
of the milk-carriersiin serviug it out. In the com-
pany's shop he did not think the waste would be more
than a quarter or half per cent. Most dealers did not
profess to sell skim-milk, but they were ready to buy
any quantity of it. The company had sold skim-milk
at Is. per barn gallon, or Ihd. per quart. As far as he
had been able to ascertain, no new milk was sold in
London except that which was supplied for the uso of
infants and invalids. He believed some dealers, if they
got a good contract, did sujiply genuine milk, but the
price they got would be equal to about 5^. per quart.
The price of milk at the West End at the present time
had been reduced since the company supplied milk at
4d. per quart. As he passed a dairy in Brook Street
that day, he saw the prices put up— new milk, id. ;
skim milk, 2c/. ; and cream 4*. per quart. With regard
to the quality of milk sold generally in London, he
took the e.xisting evidence on that subject, chiefly that of
Dr. Letheby and the statistics Mr. Morton had given,
showing that the milk supply of London was derived
from about 30,000 cows. Dr. Letheby stated, in his report
to the Corporation oftheCity of London in 185 4,that the
addition of water to the milk amounted to about 30 or
40 per cent., and so if an Act of Parliament were passed,
rendering the use of water for tiie reduction of the
quality of milk practically impossible, an increase of
SOpercent.inthenumber ofcows from which the supply
of milk to London was derived would be necessary
to keep up the existing supply. Before the company's
shop was opened they sold a large quantity of milk-
about 70 barn gallons per day— to a dealer at the East
End. He bought it on the farm, and brought it away
at his own expense, and he made his living out of it,
although he stated he had a contract for a workhouse
at Is. (kL a gallon, or 2d. less than he paid for it. The
Company made a tender for the supply of the Brompton
Hospital at I*. M. per imperial gallon, the milk being
guaranteed to contain 12 per cent, of cream. That
would be about 3frf. per quart. Milk varied very
much in quality, even when not tampered with. Cows
which had recently calved yielded richer milk than
those which had calved five or six months ; the milk
of a young vigorous cow was richer than that of an old
animal. The best cows would yield considerably more
than a pailful of milk at each milking, a pailful being
about 8 quarts. It was difficult to state what would
be the percentage of cream from a bulk of milk taken
from a number ofcows of different ages and condition
of circumstances, and it could only be done by a know-
ledge of the general average quaUty of the milk so mixed

together, but the Company had offered to guarantee
12 per cent, of cream in tho milk they sui)plied. IIo
could not say what was tho average iiercentago of
vAx-.un (tontamed m London milk. It varied in didbrent
disiri(.as The company had sent large quantities of
^kini-milk to a charity lu Soho Square, which was dis-
tributed to tbe ].oor gratuitously, and lu- had been
assured that tho skim-milk so sent was better than
what tho dealers charged fid. per quart for. Tho
quality of tho milk of course dej)ended very much upon
the food of tho animals. The compjnij's Mipidy was
derived from a largo dairy-farm near Barking. The
cows there wero fed on Mangel Wurzel, hay, and
grains. Somo Barlcy-ineal was given to the cows
which were heavy in milk, and those which were
shrinking in milk were fattening. Mr. lIoi)e further
stated that dairy farmers could supply the <lealers with
milk wholesale at 2d. per quart deUvered in LoutUm,
but he thought there was very little delivered quite
genuine at the stations. Many of the farmers no
doubt adulterated their milk to a certain extent before
they scut it away. He should say a large projiortion of
it was adulterated.

Mr. Caird remarked that where neither of these practices
was resorted to, there was no produce which yielded so large
a profit to the farmer as milk at 2*/. per qnnrt. He would,
therefore, like to know bow it was the company could not
supply milk at less than double that price ?

Mr. liopE replied that tho carriage cost about 2\il. per
bam gallon delivered at the depot. He thought that a
small dealerrequiredamargin of profit of Is. per barn gallon, or
Od. per imperial gallon, to pay for the transit from the station
and the delivery in town, to cover waste, wear and tear, and
wages. The quantity of milk taken by each customer was
small, and tlie laboiu- of retailing it was great. The expcri-
ence of tbe company had as yet been short, bdt as far as it
went he should say that no milk-carrier on foot could retiiil
more than 80 quarts in the two deliveries per day. That
depended, of course, upon the number of separate deliveries and
the distance between tbe customers. Sixty quarts per day,
be thought, would bo as much as some carriers could deliver
on an average.

Mr. Caird remarked that tbe question was whether, if milk
could be produced tu yield a good profit to the farmer at 2d.
per quart, it could not be sold by the dealers at less than
double that price, and give a fair margin of profit tn them V

Mr. Hope said the whole question turned upon tbe i)nrity of
the article supplied. He thought the reason why there was
not a greater demand for milk in London was because people
felt that they could not get it genuine, and therefore used as
little of it as possible ; and though the dealers got it at prices
from U ^d. to Is. 4d. and Is. Gd. per gallon, until lately they
had been charging bd. per quart for what they called new milk.
Moi-eoverthe dealers " protected " themselves by tbe measure
given. When the company was organised he went to the
person who made the small delivery cans for the principal
dealers in London, to order some dozens of cans ; and in
speaking of those which were wanted for cream be asked
" Do you want them 'full?' " which he found meant whether
he requii-ed them to be of full measurement. He then learnt
It was the ''custom of the trade" to have cans for cream
which held 25 per cent, less than the proper measure. A large
West-end dealer offered to purchase the cream of the company
at 2,s'. Cd. per quart, which he sold at 5s. and Cs. per quart. In
course of conversation he (Mr. Hope) asked him, if he gave the
full measure in cream ; to which he replied, " Oh. yes ; that is
to say we give full 'cream ' measure," and implied that that was
as much understood by tbe public in the article of cream aa
the wine-merchant's six bottles to the gallon of wine. A small
measure was thus adopted for tho more valuable commodity
of cream. It was, no doubt, a more difficult operation to adul-
terate cream than milk, but be believed the dealers more gene-
rally "protected" themselves by tbe short measure. The
public got a genuine article, but 2J per cent, short of the
measure. Tbe dealers bought the cream full measure, by the
imperial quart or gallon. When asked why he preferred to
pay 2(W. per gallon for tbe milk from this faim instead of
is. id. for that delivered at the railway stations, the reply of
one dealer was. "There is a gi'cat deal more 'room' in it ;"
which led him to infer that the farmers sent out their milk
adulterated to a certain extent. He bad seen a great deal of
tampering with milk at the railway stations ou the part of
porters. He bad seen them tipping tbe cans over and filling
jugs from them.

Mr. Head suggested that it was the practice of some dairy
farmers to give food to cows with a view to the quantity rather
than the quality of the milk they produced.

Mr. Hope then proceeded to explain the plan which had
been adopted by tbe Company for collecting tbe cream from
the surplus milk, and also their experience in making butter
from tbe now milk on their own premises. As far as the
experiment had gone at present, using tbe atmospheric cbum,
the yield of butter had been as much as an average of I .j-17tbs
of a pound of butter from two imperial gallons of mtlk. That
was no doubt in excess of tbe yield of ordinary new milk.
There was some difficulty in the use of the atmospheric cbumi
from tbe extreme nicety to which it was necessary to regulate
the temperature of the chum. The best yield of butter was
at C8°. H it were raised above that, such butter as was
produced was of a lardy appearance, and of a colour which
made it unsaleable, and the quality was not good. There was
sometimes difficulty in getting the precise temperature
required. The residue under the operation of the atmospheric
churn was nothing but pure skim milk, perfectly sweet. It
was not what is usually termed buttermilk. The butter,
when produced in sufficiently large qua^titi^s, was sold in
Newgate Market at Is. G'^ per lb. ; and none but very freshly-
mad? butter w^s sold in the Company's shop at 22(^ per lb, at
tbe present time. He had not fouudjtbat any prejudicial
effect was produced on the milk by the carriage from the farm
to the establishment in London, so far as its cburnuig qualities
were concerned. As the result of some consideration of the
subject, and looking to the natural laws by which tbe process
of the rising of the cream upon the surface of the milk was
governed, he had tried the experiment of " setting " the milk
in deep and narrow metallic cylinders, instead of the, ordinary
method of doing ho in y/^(\e and shallow vessels. The residt
was that in the Ibhg and narrow cylinders the cream rose
more quickly than was the e;ise in the shallow vessels, and.
forming a compact mass at the top, it could be dipped out
with much less labour and in much less time than was
required to skim the same quantity of cream off the surface of
the shallow vessels, and there was a less quantity of surface
cream left upon the milk. Where there was a large quantity
of milk to be "raised," and when the shallow vessels were
used for the purpose, it occupied two women the whole of the
day in skimming oS tbe cream, whereas by the use uf the
deep cylinders the cream was removed by dipping out the
mass which formed to a considerable depth at tbe top of the
cylinder. The results of the latter method of raising the
cream were tested in the first instance in a glass tube about
It! inebes high and 2 inches diameter. This tube was filled
with new milk in order to see whether bis assumptions were
based ou fact. Tho milk was placed in the tube at half-past

526

THE GAEBENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[May 18, 1867.

nine o'clock in the morning, and at five minutes past
11 nearly the whole ot the cream had risen. His partner, who
was at first sceptical on the point, afterwards admitted that
the theory was proved to be correct. That plan he believed
would in future be acted upon in the establishment, and his
endeavour would be directed toobtaiuing large glass cylinders,
5 or 6 feet in height and 9 inches diameter, iu which to raise
the cream in the manner ho had described. By the use of
glass cylinders the line of demarcation between the two
liquids could be exactly ascertained, and the removal of the
cream be conducted accordingly. The wasting surface of
cream by this meth-id was nothing in comparison to that
which would exist in the nine or ten shallow dishes that
would be required for raising the same quantity of milk as
was contained in a cylinder of the dimensions he proposed to
adopt. Temperature had much to do with the rapid rising or
otherwise of the cream. The company had painful experience
of that during the recent very severe weather. The cream
would not rise, and the milk had to be sold, or rather given
away, to the company's loss.

Mr. Caird mentioned that when travelling in Sweden in the
Bummer time, he was much struck by the practice which was
adopted by a large and thoroughly experienced dairy farmer,
of placing the vessels containing the milk from which tho
cream was to be raised, in water cooled by pieces of ice being
placed in them. The reason given for this was that it caused
the more rapid rising of the cream ; that was a plan adopted
by a man of great intelUgence and practice ; and, therefore, he
concluded it was based on sound conclusions, although differ-
ing from his preconceived ideas on the subject.
. [The French milk-can which had been sent to theComraittee
from Paddington Station having been exhibited to Mr. Hope,
that gentleman expressed his unqualified approbation of it,
both as regards its handy size and the material of which it was
constructed, as also the mode in which the top was fitted in,
so as to prevent the agitation of the milk in travelling by rail-
way or other conveyance.]

Mr. Beooks, an officer of the London and North-Western
Railway Company, having been introduced to the sub-com-
mittee,

The Secretary read a return of the gross quantity of milk
carried on the above railway, which had been furnished from
that company, as follows :—

No. of gallons,

1. Milk brought to the Buston Square)

terminus in the year ending December, >

1865 ) 490,320

Ditto in year ending December, 186G . . 1,209,284

2. The stations from which the milk arrives at the Euston
terminus are the following, viz., Aylesbury, Bletchley,
Cheddington, Claydon, Crick, Dunstable, Leightou, Marston
Gate, Newport Pagnell, Northampton, Rugby, Swanbourne,
Tring, Ullesthorpe, Winslow, and Wolverton. N.B.— The
quantities received from each station cannot be arrived at
with any degree of accuracy, from the mode of keeping the
accounts not being framed with such an object in view.

3. The company run one special train with milk from the
country daily, and return the empty cans in like manner.

4. The milk is conveyed [in cans pro^dded by the senders]
on open caiTiage trucks, and no special mode of stowage is
resorted to.

Mr. Brooks said, in reference to the figures just read, there
was a considerable falling off in the quantity of milk carried
since the period embraced in this return. He had taken out the
last week's cash receipts for carriage of milk, and he found they
were only S3i,, or equal to about 4.i00/. a-yoar, as compared
with the corresponding period in 1866". when it was 2291., or
equal to about 12,000^ a-year. He accounted for this decrease
by stating that the London milk trade was regaining its
normal condition previous to the cattle disease breaking out.
The same rates were charged this year as last. The charge for
a distance not exceeding 100 miles was l^i^ per gallon, and
exceeding 100 miles 2d. per gallon (imperial). When the
gi-eat increase in the traffic commenced, milk was sent up
from places 180 and 200 miles distant— from Hudderaficld,
Macclesfield, &c. The greatest dishxnce from which milk was
sent now was about 95 miles. The largest quantity of butter
sent from any place on the London and North-Wcstcrn lino
was from Aylesbury, but that did not come under his
attention, as the carriage of that article was by goods trains.
He did not think any material imi^rovement could be made in
the carriages which were used for the conveyance of tho milk,
carriage trucks being now used for that purpose. Those now
used were about as well constructed in respect of the spiings
as they could be, and it was desirable that the milk should be
as little shaken on the jom-ney as possible. Ho thought tho
size and form of the French milk-can much better than that
in use in this countrj^ He considered it an advanUige that
the milk should be fixed as solidly as possible in the cans, but
he had heard no complaints as to the condition of the milk
being deteriorated by the journey on the railway, although he
thought it might be somewhat aflEected in hot weather ; but
that, he believed, depended a good deal on the quality of
the milk and the distance travelled.

Mr. MORPON (being appealed to on this point) said the
London-produced milk sold at a higher price than that which
was sent from the country, the highest price paid by tho
dealers being for the milk which they themselves milked.

Mr. Brooks said the Fi-euch can was much more convenient
to handle at the station. It was a stipulation with the dealers
that their men should assist the porters in unloading the cans,
because the cans were too heavy to be handled by one person.
The weight of a can filled with milk would be near upon 200 lb.
Tho trade came to be of such an extent as to lead to tho
putting on of special trains for the purpose. They wore timed
as passenger trains, and passengers could travel by them if
they pleased. The milk was brought to the various stations in
time for tho arrival of the milk trains. One train arrived in
London at a quarter to twelve in the forenoon : that was for
the afternoon supply, and the second train arrived about
half-past eight in the evening ; that was for the next
morning's supply. The reason for puttmg on the special
milk train was owing to the impediment to the ordinary
passenger trains caused by stopping at the stations to take up
the milk. With regard to improvements in the method of
carrying milk and cream long distances, Mr. Brooks mentioned
that, during the time of the greatest scarcity of milk, an
arrangement was made for bringing cream from a distance as
remote as Carlisle, and that was done by tho article being
placed in small cans— much smaller than the French milk-can
—and carried suspended in the truck ; but, when it arrived in
London, it was found that the cream was reduced almost to
the consistency of milk. That trade was therefore abandoned.
He believed in that case the vessels were filled as full as
possible, to prevent the shaking of the cream. In the long
journey of 300 miles the cream was converted— by some means
he could not account for— into the consistency of milk. It
arrived in London quite sweet, but could not be used as cream.
There was at the present time a considerably larger quantity
of mUk sent up by the railway than was the case previously to
the cattle plague, and he thought it likely that the present
quantity would be continued for some time. Tho quantity
began to fall off in March and April last year, from 161,000
gallons in March, to 142,000 gallons in April, and from
125,000 gallons in May, to 95,000 gallons in .June; In July to
80,000 gallons, in August to 04,000 gallons, in September to
53,000 gallons, in October to 63,000 gallons, in November it fell
ftgain to 50,000, and in December it rose to 6^,000 gallops, The

quantities for the corresponding months in 1865 were— July,
6288 gallons ; August, 17,400 gallons ; September, 61,868
gallons; October, 95,484 gallons; November, 116,760 gallons :
and December, 148,296 gallons. Thus it would be seen that
tho marked increase in the milk trade on this line commenced
in the month of August, 1865, the month in which the disease
first broke out in the herds of Lord Granville and Miss Ooutts.
Mr. Brooks, in reply to other questions, stated that no
other means were taken by the railway company to develop
tho milk trade than the putting on of more trucks and
eventually establishing special trains for it. The rate charged
was increased as soon as the special trains were put on, and
that had not had the effect of diminishing the quantity. The
rates were increased from a penny per gallon uuder 100 miles
to liiiL, and that rule was still continued for that distance.
Tho trade at present amounted to about 54,000 gallons per
month. Those parties who made complaint about the
increase in the rates could not have calcuhited at what price
per ton the company carried the milk, or they would have
found that the milk, including the weight of tho cans, was
carried up to a distance of 100 miles for Is. per cwt. When
the milk train arrived the dealers assisted in the unloading
of the vans, and the milk was carried away in the dealers'
own conveyances. He was not aware of any other means by
which the milk could be more promptly or more rapidly
distributed than it was under the present system. When the
large business in milk was commenced the dealers wanted
something of a market place, but there was not space enough
at the station for that ; they then adjourned to some of the
adjoining streets, but that was stopped by the poUce
authorities. As far as the raUway authorities were concerned,
he imagined it made no difference to them whether tho
smaller siaed can were used or the present large size, inasmuch
as the same quantity would have to be carried, whether it
were done in large or small cans. Undoubtedly the French
can was more conveniently handled, and a man of ordinary
strength could load and unload one of these cans without
help. He apprehended if the small cans were adopted
waggons with two tiers, something in the form of the sheep
vans, would answer the purpose, as it was not desirable to
place the load too high ; but, if special vehicles were con-
structed, they must be reserved for the milk traffic alone, and
would not, hke the carnage trucks now in use, be available
for other purposes. There had been c^ses in which cans of
milk had been stolen from the station by the milk dealers ;
and he knew of one instance iu which the offence was
condoned by a public apology and the payment of a sum of
money to the poor-box of the poUce court.

THE IRISH LAND QUESTION.

It is now about, I believe, 20 years since Mr. Caird
commenced to write on the state of things in Ireland,
and it is by no means with a desire to take from that
gentleman's great merits if I say that in some things I
cannot agree with him, I wish by my remarks to
as-iist him and all others who interest themselves in
and out of Parliament in the settlement of that
discord, so shameful to Ireland herself, and by no
means creditable to the British Legislature, whilst a
source of weakness in both a moral and material sense
to the whole of the United Kingdom.

In the last letter of Mr. Caird to the Times,
going the rounds of the Irish press, he says, *'A11
may admit that Ireland was over-peopled in 1846,
immediately after the Potato famine." Now, sir, I
flatly but respectfully deny that any man sufficiently
well acquainted with Ireland and its vast resources of
industry could admit that, even before 184G, when its
population was greater than it ever was before, since,
or for a long time may be again.

It was not from an over population that starvation
had ensued, but because of absolute ignorance— more
in the case of the landlord and legislative bodies than
of the farmers themselves, ignorant though they then
were, and in so many cases still are— and because of
the uncertainty amongst those who were comparatively
intelligent of ever being permitted to reap the reward
of their industry in the expenditure of their capital.
And if Mr. Caird had takeu the same stand in
Ireland then which they are seeking to take now,
the case would be now quite different to what it
is in all the relations of life. But the time was let
slip which may not for a long time, if ever, return
to settle the land and other social questions in this
country as readily and with as much advantage to
all without injustice to any as could then be effected.
Mr. C. goes on, " Since that time, however, more than
a third of her people havedisappeared, yet it is said on
higJi authority (the italicism is mine) that it will bo
necessary that she should lose one and a-half million
more before she can be fairly prosperous." I care not
how high those authorities who say so may be con-
sidered by those who rely on their opinions, and I
defy them to the proofs of their qualifications to justify
such statements. Mr. C. proceeds, " Then it is said
Ireland is, from the humidity of her climate, not at all
fitted for the production of corn.". I utterly deny thi.-)
also, and defy all such authorities. I care not how
scientific they may be, pretend to be, or may be con-
sidered by ignorant men ; nor do I care what amount
of what is called practical knowledge they may fancy
they possess in sustentation of such views. When I
speak thus I am ready to admit that some who write
and speak in disparagement of the Irish climate as
regards profitable corn culture may understand its
mere routine corn culture pretty well, but I protest
against their assumed knowledge, whether in a scien-
tific or a practical point of view, of its intrinsic value
when grown and harvested as a true source of Irish
wealth. I will go further with Mr. Caird and others
who may think, as I have no doubt he honestly does,
and admit it has been said by high authorities outside
of Ireland, and inside of it too by a high authority,
that even our green crops, for the production of which
Ireland is so distinguished, and whose extension in
cultivation is said to be one of Ireland's chief panaceas,
if not the only one, that they too, the class of
Beets more especially, are deficient in nutritive
matter generally, but in sugar more especially
compared with those grown not only in England
and Scotland, but in the supposed more favourable
climes of the European continent. I deny that;
and permit me to say that whilst agreeing in prin-
ciple with such a high authority as ne is— and if a

politician, which I by no m^ans am, I might agree
with him generally and in detail to a §reat extent — I feel
bound to say that some of his leading propositions or
suf;gestions are not likely to meet at the hands of the
Irisli landlords or the Legislature the favourable con-
sideration he would bespeak for them. " Two things,"
writes Mr. C, " are wanted for profitable farming,
fixed capital in buildings, drainage, fences, and roads,
and a security of tenure for the floating capital of the
farmer." To this I will add a third want, industrial
knowledge, scientific and practical — a want though
seemingly not felt by all, visible, with some honour-
able exceptions, in all classes connected with agricul-
tural proceedings in Ireland, from the highest peer
and his land-agent, to the lowest peasant and reut
" driver."

"Will the landlords of Ireland, or even a majority of
them, have " fixed capital " so employed ? They will
not, for the majority who would, cannot do so, for the
chief of many reasons, they have no such capital " to
fix." Will the tenants, or a majority of them, apply
such " floating capital " for the purposes specified ? As
a whole, or even a great majority, they will not, because
of the same reasons which govern the landlord's pro-
ceedings, and for others besidfes.

Mr. Caird says, " My idea of a Tenant Bight Bill
would be that Government should be authorised to
advance money to landowners for the exhibition of
such specific permanent improvement on the land as
should be sanctioned by permanent Government
officers, on the condition that by a voluntary agree-
ment betwixt them, the landlord should for 34 years
secure the tenant in the possession of his farm, provided
he regularly paid, in addition to his rent, the annual
sum of 5 per cent, in payment of principal and interest
of the Government loan." Will the Government, or
any other Government, ever agree to lend money on
such terms to landlords with the view of securing on
the Irish soil the class of small tenants that Mr. Caird
alludes to in another part of his letter ? If they do,
I will for one be agreeably disappointed. If the
Government so agrees, will the landlords agree to a
34 years' lease to such tenants, or to any even larger
tenant landholders without further restrictions ? They
will not, and though it may be by some considered

; censurable in me to say so, they ought not. But sup-
posing I am quite mistaken in these views. ;ind that

I both Government and landlords agree to Mr. Caird's
suggestions, will the tenants of Ireland be satisfied to
be bound by the ipse dixit of the permanently employed
Government officers ? They will not, and here I
confidently say they should not, without having iu
themselves some controlling power over the capricious
arbitrament of such Government officers, in whose
knowledge, giving them credit for the best intentions,
the Irish public, from sad experience, place but a very
questionable reliance.

All must agree with Mr. Caird when saying,
" What I feel is, that the nation has been," and will be
*■' weakened " even more than it is, " by the withdrawal
year after year of so many thousands of the young,
strong, and intelligent, it is no longer a question only
of landlord and tenant, for the constant drain is a
national loss." JEdward Carroll.

ALSIKE CLOVEE.

[Tho following, taken from the columns of tbe North Btithh
Atjricultiti-cst, is translated from tbe " Hand-liook of Swedish
Agriculture," by J. An-henius, Secretary to the Royal
Academy of Agriculture, and late Superiiiteudcut of the
Ultuna Agriculture Institute.]

Alsike Clover (Trifolium hybridum) is a pale red
perennial species of Clover, which, mixed with Grass,
IS cultivated with great advantage on permanent Grass
land, whether employed for pasture or mowing. This
species of Clover thrives best on marly clay with a
somewhat moist bottom.

Alsike Clover has obtained its name from the parish
of Alsike, in Upland, where it was first discovered, and
where it grows in the greatest abundance in every field
ditch.

This species of Clover has pale red flowers, a some-
what lank stalk, and oval obtuse leaves, which are less
and of a lighter green than those of Eed Clover. The
flower-head, growing from the upper leaf joint, is
globular, and formed of fragrant blossoms supported by
stems. These blossoms are at first whitish and upright,
and subsequently of a pale red, which, when tho
flowering has passed, becomes brown and somewhat
bent. The calyx is smooth, and its tags of equal length.
The seed pods, containing three or four grains of seed,
extend out of the calyx, surrounded by the withered
crown. The seed is much less than that of Eed Clover,
is in the form of a kidney, and dark green, or verging
somewhat towards violet. Yellow green seed of this
plant is not ripe.

Alsike Clover does not attain its full luxuriance
until the second or third year after it has been sown,
and during the first year seldom arrives at any great
degree of growth. It is therefore best adapted to
mixture with Grass, for permanent Grass land. It
yields, on suitable and fruitful soil, rich and good
fodder. It loves clayey soil, especially marly clay, with
a somewhat moist position ; but it also thrives on
cultivated fens and marshes. Alsike Clover grows but
little after mowing, and no second crop can be expected
from it, as is the case with Eed Clover. Both in this
respect, as well as in the longer time it requires before
it yields a full crop, Alsike Clover stands after Eed
Clover. Its great and undeniable advantage, on the other
hand, lies in the fact that it is far more hardy than Eed
Clover, and can be cultivated on moist soil, and laud
that is flooded at certain times of the year, on which
Eed Clover will not grow. If Alsike Clover be mixed
with White Clover and suitable Grass, it yields rich
and certain crops, and when cultivated on arable land
common Eed Clover may and should be mixed with

Mat 18, 18117.]

THE GARDENERS' CMONTCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

527

the seed wibli vvhioli the lield is sown, by wliicli the
great advaiitago is gained Uiat, the lirst year after sow-
ing, two crops of fodder may be gathered, chiolly con-
sisting of Hud Clover ; and that the following years, in
the same proportion as the lied Clover dcolincs the
Alsike Clover appears in its place, and yields rich and
oertaia crops, together with the Grass with which it is
sown.

With reference to cultivation and tending, the same
prescriptions will ajiply, in the main, that are nsually
given with respect to Red Clover, with the addition of
the following :— As Alsike Clover, in full vegetation,
has a great tendency to lodge, it should always, when
cultivated for fodder, bo sown together with Grass— by

firei'erenco witli Meiulowor Fox-tail Grass on marshy
and, and with 'I'iiuDtliy Grass on drier soil. Thecrops
by this means become much richer, and the Grass
supports the Alsike Clover, so that it does not fall
down to the ground and rot.

As Alsike Clover seed is not more than about half
the size of Kod Clover seed, no more than about half as
much, in measure, of the former is ret^uired as of the
latter and may be sown winnowed or in its pods liko
Bed Clover. Every farmer will soon learn by observa-
tion what quantity of seed is required to the aero. If
he uses the unwiunowed, or seed in the pod, the (quan-
tity required is four or live times greater than if he
uses the clean seed.

The quality of Grass and other kinds of seed that
should be mLxed with Alsike Clover in sowing, when
it is cultivated for fodder, we will specify below. Alsike
Clover seed, both winnowed and unwiunowed, may be
sown in the autumn, directly after the sowing of
autumn grain, or in the spring. ATTieu the seed is
unwiunowed it is considered best to sow it in the
autumn ; it may, however, also be sown in the spring on
the last snow. From the time Alsike Clover first began
to be cultivated by us, it has been found that "the
unwiunowed seed produces a stronger growth than the
winnowed," which has been rightly attributed to the
fact that " the tender shoot derives, in part, its first
nourishment from the husks that surround the seed."
(Annals of the Academy of Agriculture for the year
1810, 2d vol., p. 223.)

The yield of mixed Grass and Alsike Clover seed is,
on good and rich soil, very considerable. Lundstrom
(Hand Book for Farming, p. 29i), considers that it
should yield, with certainty, from two to three tons
per acre. At Frotuna, in Nerike, in four years, one of
which was a very dry year, the average yield was nearly
two tons of Alsike Clover and Timothy hay per acre ;
the largest crop, on well manured and lime strewed
soil, amounted to between four and five tons per acre
(Farming Transactions, 2d vol., p. 104), a yield that
certainly cannot be expected, e.xcepting on very rich
sotI and in rainy years, in which Alsike Clover espe-
ciaUy_ thrives and attains much greater luxuriance
than in ordinary dry summers. It yields, however, in
general, good and safe crops, and both in the middle of
Sweden (especially in Nerike), as well as at several
places in Upland, Gestriekland, and Helsiugland.
Alsike Clover, mixed with Grass, is prized as tieing
far more reliable then Bed Clover. Alsike Clover
yields, too, better and finer hay, and, when ripe, the
stalk is not so hard as Bed Clover.

Gathering the seed of Alsike Clover demands especial
care, as it is of importance to gather seed for home use ;
the purchase of such seed being always connected with
considerable expense. In addition to this, however,
the gathering of Alsike Clover-seed for sale may be
attended^ with considerable profit, it being in great
request in the foreign markets, and fetching high
prices. Itisalsowcll known that thegathering and sale of
Alsike Clover-seed is now prosecuted on several estates
as the main object, and it is desirable that the produc-
tion of this seed for sale were more generally carried
out, as from it might be derived a very profitable article
of export.

On one estate in Sweden, where 20 acres were set
apart for raising the seed, the average annual produc-
tion for five years was 133 pounds per acre, while the
production of one year was 200 pounds per acre. "When
it is recollected that Alsike Clover-seed generally
obtains in the market about double the price of the
common Red Clover-seed, it is evident that the gather-
ing of the former seed must render a very handsome
return.

Alsike Clover seed is more easily threshed than Bed
Clover seed. When cultivated and threshed together,
the Alsike Clover seed always comes out of the pods
before the Red Clover seed. The ripened seed-heads of
Alsike Clover, however, falls off easier than that of
Red Clover, and therefore in moiving Alsike Clover
that has been allowed to ripen, still greater care must
be taken than with the seed of Red Clover.

The mowing of ripe Alsike Clover should always be
effected either early in the morning or late in the
evening while it is moist with dew ; otherwise the
riper seed pods fall off with the best and finest seed,
however carefully the mowing may be performed. The
mowed Alsike Clover is left lying as it falls, and is
turned once or twice while moist with dew, after which
it is housed when dry. In carting home canvas lining
should be used in tlie carts, of sufficient size to cover
the whole of the bottom and a part of the sides of the
carts, so that those seed pods that fall ofl' in carting may
not be lost.

BRICKMAKING.

[The following u.^eful paper was lately read before the Bally-
mahon Farmer.')' Club by Mr. W. B. Digby, of Ballimeena.]

The composition of a well-burnt brick may be
expressed chemically as a silicate of lime and alumina
in the proportion of three parts of silica (or sand), one
of lime, and one of alumina, bonded together not merely
mechanically, as in the ordinary method, but amalga-
mated chemically. There are no natural clays found

in England or Ireland composed of these ingredients
alone, and in their exact proportions; neitner is it
necessary that an artificial clay should ; but by knowing
the chemical formula, we can, in practice, make such
a compound as will fully answer the purpose.

In selecting clays, those must bo rejected which con-
tain bog-earth or vegetable-mould, because these con-
tain organic matter, which in burning would be
reduced to a.shes; also earths containing gravel or small
stones, because these will burst in the lire ; and if lime-
stone, the escape of carbonic acid gas will and must find
a vent, and burst the bricks.

Ill districts, however, where no other clay is found,
this rtilliculty is got over by grinding the clay under
metal rollers, as in Nottinghamshiro; but this increases
the cost of the bricks considerably. The presence also
of iron, whether as earth, or ore, or rhalyliiate water,
in any quantity, must bo avoided ; liccaiisi', ;illliough
at first the iron may aid in fusing and cnnibiiiing the
ingredients, yet, after some time, it will by cxiiosure to
the air and weather oxidise and decompose, and, like
the feet of Nebuchadnezzar's imago composed of iron
and miry clay, will ultimately crumble away. The
presence of a small quantity, however, of iron, if as a
peroxide, and if evenly distributed through the clay,
H ill not be injurious, provided there be no more than
the alumina in fusing can take up and combine with,
thus neutralising its efl'ects.

As I observed before, the best clays are those
containing most alumina. It is, however, very " refrac-
tory," or infusible, at ordinary furnace heat. To cause
it to fuse slightly, so as to combine with the silica and
other ingredients in the clay, and form a homogeneous
mass, it is necessary to add a " flux " — a substance
which will cause it to fuse. For this purpose chalk is
procured, and mixed with the clay in the following
manner: chalk not being found in Ireland, slaked lime
will do equally well. Tiie chalk or lime is reduced to
powder, and mixed with water to the consistence
of cream, in an enclosure on the surface of the ground,
formed by temporary walls or banks of the brick clay,
and close to the clay pit. When ready it is either led
in by wooden gutters or emptied by scoops upon the
clay, until the mass is saturated with it. Besides
acting as a flux, the lime acts mechanically, by pre-
venting the clay and sand, when drying, from cracking
and warping. It also improves their colour greatly,
which, for house fronts and ornamental work, is an
important consideration. This powerful effect of lime
as a flux is made use of in the smelting of ores, as
I have seen in _ the iron foundries of Scotlaiad, where
quantities of limestone from the north of Ireland are
thrown into the furnaces along with the coal.

After selection of the clay, the ue.xt process is to
prepare for working it. The soil or vegetable mould
to the depth of 12 or 1.5 inches is removed, both because
it is unsuited for bricks, and for restoring the arable
earth after the brick-making is finished. The brick
clay must then be raised in heaps for exposure to the
weather; this should be done late in the autumn.
After lying two or three months at least, it should be
turned over, and any stones carefully picked out. At
this stage there is another important difference in the
manufacture of bricks in England, namely, the
addition of ''breeze" to the clay. This consists of
crushed and sifted cinders, domestic coal ashes, refuse
of coke from gas works, &c., collected for this purpose,
forming enormous heaps ; as I have seen in the brick-
fields of England some 30 feet high and 100 feet wide.
There the value of such things is known, and paid for
at the rate, sometimes, of 95. per ton ; whereas, in this
country they are treated as refuse, or at best as
manure.

In laying it on the clay the proportion of breeze
is about 3 inches deep to every spit (12 inches)
of clay. By measure it is about 35 chaldrons
(= 3(5 bushels weighing 18 cwt.) to every 100,000 bricks.
182 cubic yards of strong clay and 200 cubic yards of
loose clay will make 100,000 bricks, or one statute acre
one foot deep will yield about IGOO cubic yards, or
1,000,000 bricks. This process of mixing cinders is
called soiling, and is essential to their excellence. It
has many advantages : 1st, it facilitates the drying of
the bricks ; 2d, it lightens the brick ; 3d, it enables
them to bum quicker and more thoroughly, being
actually fuel inside the brick. Simultaneoiis with this
soiling the liquid chalk or lime-wash is introduced.
The clay is then lifted into a pug mill for the purpose
of being tempered, which I will describe. There are
various forms of them, but the simplest is like a vat,
made of staves like a tub ; it is about 7 feet high, 5 feet
wide at top, and 3 feet at bottom. It has a small open-
ing about a foot square at the bottom, opening at the
side next the moulding table. There is an upright
shaft in this, and a frame attached armed with knives
for cutting the clay. A beam is attached similar to a
common threshing machine, and is worked by a horse.
In a short time the clay, lime, sand, and breeze are
mixed, the door is opened, and the clay comes out like
well-kneaded dough, almost dry to the touch. I should
mention that no driver is required; for, being near the
table, the clot boy, who carries the clay from the mill
to it, sets and keeps tlie horse agoing. This process is
called dry or clot moulding, in contradistinction to our
Irish method, the sloplmouldiug.

The advantages of the dry moulding are numerous.
The bricks so made shrink very little in drying, and
dry much quicker; beside.s, the whole process of
spreading, with all its trouble, waste of time and space,
risk of rain, and being trodden on by animals, is
dispensed with. Moreover, instead of several moulds
being required, one is sufficient, which never leaves the
table. This mould is of iron, brass, or sheet iron cased
in wood : the latter is the best. The mould is well
dusted with fine sand or sifted road stufi'; then the
clot, a lump of clay, also dusted, is dashed into the
mould with great force : a stick with fine edge, called a
I plane, is slid along the top of the mould to cut off the

superlluous clay. I should mention that the mould i.s
not laid on the surface of the table, but on a "stock-
board." This stock-board rests on four pins, one at
each corner, which can bo screwed up or down at
pleasure, according to the required thickness of brick.
'JMie hoard itself fits the mould true, but frcdv. On
this board, and next to the brick, is an angular slip
of 'wood, called a "kick;" it is 7 inches long by
2 inches wide, tapering to an arras like a ridge
tile. The object of this is to make a hollow in the
under side of the brick, to give the mortar a good
hold ; it also lightens the brick. The brick is t«rned
out by the moulder upon a "pallet," a thin piece of
wood, the size of the outside of tlie mould ; a boy
then lifts the brick oil the tabic between two pallets,
placing it on the hack barrow, a framework on wheels,
which carries 21 or 2iJ ln-idis; they are brought direct
to the hacks, which ;ircllie same as in this country :
they should be about -lO yards long, and two hacks
should be built up simultaneously, to allow the bricks
a little time to harden before others are laid on them ;
they are laid edgeways on each other, and set obliquely
lu the hacks, to afford better ventilation. I have seen
in this way hacks of eight and nine bricks high, built
iil> the same day they were moulded. The rapidity
with which a practised hand can mould is very great.
With sullicient assistance, a moulder has been known
to turn out 1000 in an hour, and I have seen a man,
with his wife and two boys, mould at the rate of
7000 a day. The contract price for this work is 4-y. per
1000 for moulding and hacking. To guard against rain,
the hacks are covered at night, or in wet weather with
little portable roofs made of wood, .straw, or matting.
The period of drying depends on the weather, but it
takes a much shorter time than in this country, where
the drying consists of two operations, instead of one.

We now come to the last process— building the kiln,
or clamp. A layer of old bricks or bats is laid on the
ground, the size of the intended kiln. This floor is
not quite level, but hollowed in the middle, to cause
the bricks to lean inwards, according as the support of
the fuel is taken away as it burns. In laying this floor
there are galleries left, 3 feet apart (C inches wide by
9 inches high), wdiich are filled with faggots. Common
peat would suit as well. These are called " live holes,"
and are the means of setting the kiln on fire. Upon
this floor is laid a stratum of bats and inferior bricks
edgeways, and 3 inches apart. In these spaces a quan-
tity of breeze, coarse cinders, or common slack is
thrown, and swept into the interstices, till they are full
and all even. Upon this the fir.st layer of raw brick is
laid, over this again are 7 inches of breeze, &c.,
extending the length and breadth of the kiln. This is
carefully levelled, and a course of raw brick laid on it ;
then a stratum of breeze -1 inches deep ; then a layer of
bricks and a stratum of 2 inches of breeze. Every
course of brick has a thin layer of breeze about £ or
t an inch, merely to conduct the fire up. The whole
is surmounted with a course of breeze and ashes 4 inches
deep. Up to the 16th course there should be a casing
of either old brick or clay, to keep in the heat ; then the
faggots in the live holes are lit, the openings closed, and
the kiln is left to itself The period of burning varies
in proportion to the number of the live holes and quan-
tity of fuel ; but the longer and slower the better ; there
is less chance of the bricks being fused into clinkers,
which will be the case if too much fuel is used. The
shortest time is a fortnight, but it will be far better if
the kiln take three weeks to burn.

The cost price of such bricks in England is 11. 6s.
per 1000. This includes labour, fuel, plant, interest on
cost of machinery, rent of field, and excise duty of
5s. IQd. per 1000. Consequently, in Ireland, where v,e
pay no duty, deducting 33 per cent. (i. e. jd.) for differ-
ence of labour, but making some allowance for the
difficulty of getting the breeze, also the expense of
slack, bricks might be made for about 12s. or 13s. per
1000. Although novel to some of us, I am of opinion
that the method I have described could be carried out
quite well here, especially in the vicinity of large towns,
near gas works, railway termini, and large stations, also
near country towns where coal is used ; also smiths'
forges, many private houses, &c., might supply a good
deal, if carefully saved. This breeze is only necessary
for " soiling," i. e., mixing with the clay. For burning
the kiln, if sufiicieut breeze cannot be obtained, com-
mon slack, which is one-half the price of coal, could bo
got, and will do as well as breeze for fuel.

THE OPERATION OF THE MAIT TAX.

[The following is Mr. C. S. Read's speech on this subject in

the House of Commons on Wednesday last.]

An opinion was very prevalent out of doors that
several Parliamentary inquiries had already taken
place upon this question ; but of inquiries conducted
at the instance of the House of Commons the only
trace he could find was in 1835, wdien Commissioners
were appointed by the House of Commons to inquire
into the Excise revenues generally. The Commis-
sioners reported upon paper,' bricks, glass, soap, and
lastly upon malt, and they said, remarkably enough,
that if it was possible to increase the supply of Barley by
admitting free importation, it would be perfectly safe
for the Government to abolish half the duty on malt,
as in a very few years the revenue would be recouped
by increased consumption. Through the medium of
free trade the farmers had learnt many lessons and
acquired much information which previously they
had not the means of obtaining. With regard to
meat, for instance, they found that although it cost
no more to send a bullock from Holland, or
even from Hamburgh, than from the eastern
counties of England, vet the prosperity of the working
classes, and with it the demand for animal food, had
increased to such an extent that the farmers continued
to receive a very large amount of money for the meat
consumed in this kingdom. In the case of wool, again.

o2S

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 18, 1867.

we had prided ourselves upon the short Southdowns as
the kind best adapted to our English climate ; hut it
■\vas found that other counties could produce these
short varieties in greater excellence than ourselves,
and so the despised long-wools of Leicestershire and
Lincolnshire had come permanently into favour. Other
countries, it was found, could grow AV'heat cheaper
and much better than we could. But in Barley it was
impossible for the foreigner to touch us, the soil and
climate of England being peculiarly favourable to its
growth. We received from Australia a little Wheat,
but ient in return not only malt and beer, but a con-
siderable and increasing quantity of Barley. In 1863
we sent 275 cwt., and last year 3S10. It was said that
the Malt Tax acted as a protection to the growers
of the best Barley, and especially to those in
Norfolk. Let him ask whether an Excise duty
of 6d. in the pound upon meat would be any
henfit to the graziers ; whether a tax of Is. on
woollen yarn would be any benefit to the growers of
wool ; or whether an Excise duty of 20*. on flour would
be of any service to the growers of Wheat. Would
that not create a monopoly ? Should we not have the
trade fall into the hands of a few gigantic manufac-
turers ? This certainly would be the result ; and, as a
consequence, cultivation would be restricted and con-
sumption diminished. Now, he contended that the
Malt Tax was a similar restriction. On certain descrip- ^
tions of heavy and of very light land, it was found that j
it paid best to keep the land in Grass; for as you
employed less capital and less labour, more profit was
obtained. It was well known that an acre of Wheat
produced more human food than ten acres of ordinary
Grass. It did not answer to grow Wheat at os. Cd. a
bushel, and it was only malting Barley that paid. The
right hon. gentleman the member for South Lancashire
had told them more than once that they ought to be
content with the improved value of their Barley crops ;
but he could assure the House that the farmers ^vanted
all the improvement in prices to enable them to
compete with the foreigner, who had the advantages
of cheap labour, cheap land, and very light taxation.
Under free trade Wheat had fallen 10s. a quarter,
except during the Crimean war ; but the imports had
very largely increased. In 1831 they amounted to only
one million of quarters; during the last five years the
average imports had been 15 million quarters. He
found by experience that winter grazing did not
answer. On every bullock he had been winter grazing
he lost 405., on every sheep os., and he also lost one
penny per lb. on pork. Every extra bushel of corn,
every extra pound of meat, produced, not by Iprotec-
tion, but by freeing the producer from fiscal restric-
tions, must be a benefit, not only to the farming class,
but also to every other class of the community. He
wished he could prove what he said by statistics. A
few years ago the Poor Law Board attempted to collect
some, and he believed that among the most accur.ate
were those compiled in the county of Norfolk by Sir
J. Walsham. It appeared that in 1854 there were
under Wheat 203,000 acres ; in 18B6 there were
189,000 acres : in the former year there were
under Turnips 161,000 acres ; in the latter there
were 134,000 acres. In 1854 the number of acres
in pasture was 193,000 ; last year it was 200,000. In
1854 the cattle were 100,000 ; last year they were
reduced by 9000, but there were losses by the cattle
plague. In 1854 the sheep were 811,000 ; last year
they were 596,000. Some attempts made by the right
hon. gentleman the member for South Lancashire to
afford relief to the farmers had signally failed. Of a
total of 50^- millions of bushels last year only 3^ millions
were malted by weight, or something under 4 per cent.
(Mr. Gladstone : "Seven per cent.") He quoted the
figures as he found them. It was sufficiently proved
that malt made a very useful condiment for grazing
cattle, and for young and sick stock it was particularly
■faluable. As to the question of the consumers of beer,
it was said that in the desire of country gentlemen to
henefit the labouring classes, they were treading on
dangerous ground. He did not believe in the evange-
lising influence of beer, but he did believe that Pro-
vidence intended that it should be a' national beverage
in this country to strengthen and refresh the people.
It was commonly said that the artisans got too much
beer, but he believed that the great majority of agri-
cultural labourers got very little. If there were a
moderate supply of good beer to the labourer it
would be of incalculable advantage to him, and
if it were not for the Malt Tax a great deal of beer
would be brewed by the cottagers. Abroad, where wines
were cheap, drunkenness was not prevalent. Indeed
he heard Archbishop Manning state the other day that
during a long sojourn in foreign countries he had seen
only two drunken men, and not one drunken woman.
The arguments used against the repeal of the Malt Tax
were numerous. First of all it was said that we
should be inundated with foreign Barley, but he might
remark that at the present time we got all the foreign
Barley which foreigners chose to send us. Then it
was said that we should be inundated with foreign
malt, and, indeed, a few years ago, when an import
duty of 2os. was imposed upon malt, the hon. member
for Derby expressed a fear that we should have a very
large importation of malt. Experience, however, had
shown that that fear was entirely unfounded, although
the foreign maltster had several advantages which the
English maltster did not possess. The former could
bond his malt, but the latter was prohibited from
doing so, and, consequently, when there was an
extraordinary yield of Barley, he was unable to
keep a portion of it till another year without
paying duty for it at once. There was no credit
now, as they used to have in former days. There
was, no doubt, a short credit of six weeks, but he did
not call that|any credit at all. Again, the maltster could
not use his malt-house as he pleased. To show what a
monopoly malting and brewing had become dui'ing the

last ten years, he might mention that the number of
maltsters had decreased in that period by 1000, while
the present number of brewers was 3000 less than it was
ten years ago. This year, notwithstanding a small and
damaged crop, the price of Barley was exceptional, and
it was preferred to foreign Barley, and, no doubt, the
price would have been still higher if there were no tax.
With regard to sugar, he Ibuud from the returns that
the quantity used in brewing in 1805 was 2700
tons, and in the following year had increased
to 7372 tons. It was very remarkable too, that the
return moved for by the hon. member for Suffolk
showed that in the first six weeks of this year, the
quantity was 2853 tons, or more than was consumed
during the whole of the year 1865. In his opinion the
Excise unfairly favoured sugar. It was clear either that
adulteration went on to a considerable extent, or else
that the brewers could extract a larger quantity of beer
from a quarter of malt than they could formerly. The
following figures showed this. In 1862, 42,000,000
bushels of malt produced 17,000,000 barrels of beer; but
in 1866, 45,000,000 bushels of malt produced 22,000,000
barrels of beer: whereas if the beer had been extracted
in the last-mentioned year in the same proportion to
the malt as in 1862, the produce would only have been
18,500,000 barrels. The prosperity of the labouring
classes was shown to be greatly increased by the con-
sumption of beer. If a man got more wages he would
eat more meat and drink more beer than before. Last
year the Malt Tax amounted to nearly 7,000,000?., and
the right hon. gentleman, the Chancellor of the
Exchequer, calculated that it would produce the same
amount this year. He thought, however, that in the
first six weeks after Lady Day the right hon. gentle-
man would not receive so large an amount from the
tax as he expected. Comparing the consumption
of malt with the population, he Ibund that 30 years
ago it was 2'350 bushels per head, but this year the
consumption was only 2.071 bushels per head. At
the time of the Crimean war it fell to 1'833 bushels per
head, although in the early days of the Malt Tax, l)efore
tea and coflee were much used, it was nearly five
bushels per head. He was of opinion that the only
practical argument against the repeal of the Malt Tax
was that the Chancellor of the Exchequer could not
spare the revenue ; but if the right hon. gentleman
could not remit the whole of the tax, he might remit a
part of it. It seemed to be the fashion of late to substi-
tute one tax for another less obnoxious. Thus, the
house tax had taken the place of the window tax, and
the brewer's licence had replaced the hop duties.
Now, he thought that the imposing of a tax on beer
would be the only way of escaping from the malt duty.
Three shillings a barrel duty would produce over four
millions of moueir. If there must be an excise licence
on private brewing, he felt assured that the burden
would be cheerfully borne. He thought he had proved
to the House that a great injustice was inflicted by the
Malt Tax. If a committee were appointed to inquire
into the matter, he believed it would show the iniquity
of the tax, and would be the means of showing the
House that the farmers had not unfairly complained
of it.

Home Correspondence.

Sorghum tarlarictim. — In your impression of the
4th inst., Messrs. Carter state it as a "fact," that they
are informed the above " has been successfully grown
in this country." I do not entertain the slightest
doubt of the correctness of their assertion, but not
being able to substantiate that fact from their own
experience, it would be a satisfaction not only to
myself, but to agriculturists generally, to know
if any one else than their incognito friend, to
whom let all due respect be paid, has done so, or
even seen the crop alluded to by Messrs. Carter,
in its state of growth, and where it was produced!'
I obtained a half-crown packet of seed from Messrs.
Sutton, of Beading, advertised by them to be the true
Sorghum, not one of which has vegetated with me,
although tried in various ways, and therefore, I am
inclined to think it was imperfectly ripened, notwith-
standing its having been imported, as mentioned in
their advertisement. From the appearance of the seed,
it seems to me to be more of a species of Lentil than
Cereal, though so ^called by Messrs. Carter. What
may I ask, is its habit of growth, how ought it to be
sown, and treated when reaped ? Are the seeds con-
tained in ears or pods ? If in the latter, should it not
be regarded as a Pulse plant ? &. M.

The Danger of a Metiirn of Rinderpest. — My
attention was called yesterday to a paragraph in a daily
newspaper giving a very alarming account of its spread
and destructive attacks in Holland. I have not the
paragraph at hand, but the substance is, that about a
month since the deaths exceeded 2000 head, the follow-
ing week about 1800, and last week about 1700, and
such was the excitement at these heavy losses, and the
probabilities of greater, that about 7000 head were
doomed to die, and the authorities in effecting this
destruction came into collision with the populace, who
resisted so determinedly that the military were com-
pelled to act, and in the attack some of the people were
killed. If such strong measures are necessary in order
to " stamp out the disease " in Holland, it is highly
suggestive for this country. Unquestionably it is
exceedingly rife there. Does our Government take
suflicient care against its inroads here ? Some months
ago the importation of cattle from Holland was pro-
hibited, and the importation of hay from thence was
deprecated, but I am not aware that it too was stopped.
There ought to he the most stringent means adopted
and pursued to prevent any intercourse with that
country likely to result in the re-introduction of that
awful pest. Infected skins, yes, and infected hay, will
bring it. In 1767-68 it was said to be introduced by
skins or hides, or by two calves imported. This
country requires to be thoroughly aroused to the

renewed danger. If we are afraid of its re-visit from
the Steppes of Eussia, how much more cause for fear
from our very next neighbour ? We must not relax
our vigilance. We are open to a fresh visitation at
any time. Surely our official authorities are on the alert.
If not they are unpardonable. It is very gratifying to
know that last week's Cattle Plague report is without
a case of attack. We earnestly hope it may long con-
tinue so ; but in order to keep clear it is imperatively
requisite that great care be taken. The minds of the
cattle graziers and dealers have become indifferent to its
late woful evils ; and they are ready — yes, anxious — to
do away with all restrictions. Now this is wrong. It
may subject them to a little inconvenience, but what
is that compared with such wholesale destruction as in
the past two years. They certainly have great cause
of complaint of the way in which these restrictions are
carried out. Iii many districts the markets are open ;
the adjoining districts are quite closed. Some counties
are entirely open; others entirely closed. One market
town enjoys quite a monopoly in the sale of cattle ;
the neighbouring town stands prohibited. The county
magistrates shut up the divisions of counties. The
borough magistrates open their markets. This leads
to no protection at all. All parties take advantage of
the open markets, which are excessively crowded, and
the facilities for moving cattle have become almost
nominal ; magistrates, local authorities, policemen, are
all alike becoming careless relative to certificates ;
little or no inspection takes place. Certificates are
almost indiscriminately granted, nearly as a matter of
course, for the applicant seldom meets a denial now.
I confess I am not without serious apprehensions of
another outbreak, the country is so indifl'erent and
careless. As one of the local authorities, my applica-
tions for certificates are numerous, but almost every
applicant laughs at the idea of a return of the pest.
I deprecate this false confidence. My only hope is in
governmental supervision. O. F.

Baron Liehig. — Let me advise my young practical
friends to have in their agricultural library the Baron's
works on Agriculture, viz., " Chemistry in its Belation
to Agriculture," "Principles of Agriculture," and,
above all, " Letters on Modern Agriculture," and " The
Natural Laws of Agriculture." It is only by the
perusal and the frequent re-perusal of these original
and profound works that we can form a true estiniate
of our agricultural ignorance, and the mere empiricism
of ordinary agriculture. It is here that we learn the
why and wherefore of our agricultural puzzles, — why,
in one case, nitrate of soda, guano, or bones, are
a great success, in others a perfect failure — why
certain plants succeed on one soil, and fail in
another— W'hy a rotation of crops is necessary. These
works teach us, for the first time, that each
plant is variously composed, and that the want or
absence of any one of its component parts will
render unavailable all the others, much as in building
a house we may have lime, bricks, slates, sand, boards,
nails, and labour, and yet they will all be useless for the
want of one element— water, or any one of the other
materials. From him we learn how unprofitable it is
to leave the soil below the ploughed land undrained,
uncultivated, and unmanured, for he proves to us that
we cannot manure the heavy subsoils through the top
or ploughed soil, and hence all deep-rooted plants fail
to come to their fullest development. Altogether we
owe to that great philosopher an immeasurable debt
of agricultural gratitude. J. J. Mechi, Mai, 1867.

Farmers' Clubs.

Taepoeley: Cheshire Farmers.— ilr. Finchett, of
Tlushton, read a paper on this subject referring to want
of united action in matters of importance, as, for
instance, (1), in the steps that were taken, or rather
the steps that ought to have been taken, in our recent
visitation of the cattle plague; (2), in the atternpt
which was made a few years ago to adjust the varying
natures of our weights and measures; (3), in the
desirability, or otherwise, of abolishing the Malt-tax ;
and (4), in our efforts to obtain a better farm agreement
between landlord and tenant. He said :— I think there
isnoclassof people in whichthere is less combination than
among the tenant farmers. I am not one to advocate
anything nearly akin to the trades unions among the
mechanics, but I do think it would have been better
for us, had there been suflicient union, to have resisted
some of the Government restrictions imposed upon us
with regard to the movement and disposal _ of our
cattle, without some guarantee had been given for
compensation, for you are aware that our losses were
not confined to cattle, but, owing to the Orders in
Council, were extended to sheep and pigs ; and this was
done to benefit the nublio as well as ourselves, so the
public ought to bear a share of its loss.

(1.) As to the compulsory Slaughtering Act, con-
sidering the little sympathy we received from the manu-
facturing interests, or from the small country tovvns
who partly live by us, and the small compensation
granted by Government for the few that were
slaughtered, some would say we should have been
justified in offering an active resistance to their mea-
sure. Our receiving no compensation for cattle dying
between the 23d November and 23d February is doubly
galling, when we think that neither the late nor present
Government deny the justice of our claim. Sir StaSbrd
Northcote, in the House of Commons, when speaking
of the deputation that waited upon him, said, " The
inhabitants of Cheshire had suffered a very severe
calamity, which had fallen upon them particularly
during this period, and under these circumstances
they, not unnaturally, came to Government to
know whether anything could be done to compensate
them for that loss." When he says we " not unna-
turally came to Government," I say it is admitting
our claim ; and were the same calamity again to befall
us, I think we should not unnaturally resist their inter-

May 18, 1867.]

THE rrATIDKNKlJS' OnRONTCLE AND AOrJOHLTUlUL GAZETTE.

529

fercnco wiUimit compensation. No other cliuss but thp
farmer would have tolerated such arbitrary oijact-
monts. Those of who you read tho Koyal Agricul-
tural journals will seo that Earl Cathcart, at one ol
theWecklv Council mcetinRs, in sneaking upon thissub-
iect •Mid reVfrriiis to the plasuo WO years ago, in quotiiif!
froiiillie"<lentlc'niiirsMMKazino" from 1715 to 1/5,. says

'that ill I he sixlll year of

the plague the justices have

' " and " in the

the Quarter

(Treat dilliculty in cnlorcing the orders ii
iighth the cattle are shot by order oft
Sessions and paid for out of the county stock, and
■when it spread to Holland, that " the population was
impatient of restrictions, and even resisted them by

Tho lecturer then noticed (2) at lengtli the
inconvenience resulting from a want of unanimity in
tlie weights and measures in local use, stating how
difficult and puzzling the transaction of business
became with such varying standards. In regard to the
Malt-tax (3) he thouglit its abolition would conduce to
sobriety rather tlian the opposite, leading to more
extensive cottage brewing. Beer was now sufficiently
ciieap for a man to make a beast of himself if he
wished, and if it were cheaper, the disgrace attending
drunkenness would be greater. In order, however,
that the abolition of the tax might produce its legiti-
mate elfect, he thought that small beer houses should
he put donii, as insobriety proceeded more from the
adultcialeil drink solil at these places than from the
coiisiiiiiptiiin of good wholesome ale. The duty, again,
was taken off Wheat to benefit the consuming part of
the population, and it ought to be taken off Barley for
malting purposes to benefit the producing part.
Barloy, Mr. Pinohett added, is a grain that h.as hitherto
been little grown in this county, but this year, owing
to the cattle plague, and having found it a very produc-
tive crop, I think it will be more extensively cultivated,
especially if we consider its value as a cattle food
which we are )n-evented using by the duty payable on
its being made into malt. The growth of Barley does
not so much exhaust the land as Wheat, and a^i the
maltsters are not now so particular as to colour, and
if the duty was taken off there would be a readier sale
for this description. Our want of unity on this sub-
iect w.as shown .just previous to the present session of
Parliament. When a deputation waited upon Mr.
Disraeli to aliolish the Malt-tax, he replied by saying,
" Tli.at when he proposed to reduce the tax by one-
half, in 1852, the proposal was not received with any
enthusiastic support from the agriculturists themselves,
and it was owing to tho opposition offered to that
raeasuro that any portion of the tax now remained."
(.11. The subject' of farm agreements is one of great
difficulty, not only in this county but in the adjoining
ones. About two or three years ago the North Staf-
fordshire Agricultural Society offered a 50/. prize
for the best farm agreement, for which there
was good competition, and the best failed to give
satisfaction.

In connection with our county society's meeting some
few years ago, wo had discussion meetings, and this was
one of tho .subjects, and I think it led to Mr. Hum-
berston's bringing out a farm agreement, and it, too,
was not satisfactory. The difficulty in this county
arises from the varying natures of our farms, some
being all clay, some aff sand, and others an admixture
of both : heiice arises the difficulty of making the same
agreement apply to all ; I think we sliould have
agreements for each. I shall not attempt to draw out
one suitable for any of the above classes of farms, but
will just point out one or two objectionable clauses that
are sometimes inserted, and tliiat we ought to have
erased— First, where tenants are not allowed to sell
off root crops. I think this very objectionable, as very
often these have been raised with artificial manures
bought, and the farmer mayh,ave more than he requires;
secondly, where in our agreements certain fields are
mentioned that we are not allowed to plough, others to
mow, without the consent of our Landlord or his agent
in WTiting. Where this occurs we are no longer our
own farmer, but our landlord is for us. It is very right
and proper we should be bound to a certain quantity
(and for my own part I should not care how little), but
it is placing us very low as a class when we are told
where we shall plough or mow. It is not long since I
saw a farmer going to ask his landlord if he might
plough a certain field. I felt th.ankful that I did not
live under such an one. Thirdly, where we are charged
with 10 per cent, for an outlay our landlord may make
in bone manure. Under a good agreement it is almost
impossible for a farm, with a good tenant, to sink into
its former state after a large outlay in bones, and if the
landlord charged, say 6 or 8 per cent, for the outlay, it
would pay him better than buying more land, which
would in all probability pay him only 3 per cent. The
tenant with a small capital may take a hint from this
by improving what land he already has, instead of
taking' more or a larger farm, and so produce more
food for our fa.st-increasing population. When I
have said that all farm agreements ought to have
compensating clauses for inexhausted improvements,
, I think I have mentioned all that we as tenants
need keep in view; the rest the landlord will not
lose sight of. After pointing out these oWection-
able clauses, and suggesting the last one, I would
wish you to understand I do not think it important to
have such strict agreements with all landlords ; on the
contrary, I would rather live under some without one,
than others with the most stringent. These facts
prove the necessity for the formation of chambers of
agriculture, vvhicli would have a tendency to produce
more unity of action in these matters.

(5) I will mention a failing very general and of great
importance— not keeping better farm accounts. There
is no class of people who keep such loose or bad
accounts as the tenant farmers; in fact, veiy many
keep i.one at all, whilst others have them in a most
complicated and unintelligible form. A few years ago

a nobleman's baililf, having heard that I kept farm-
accounts, called upon me with his l)ooks to com]iare
notes, but I must confess I could not understand them.
I said, "Can you tell mo from these .accounts— with a
very little trouble— what you make of any particular
liart of your stock, say sheep ? " " Well, no," said he,
•■ not without going through the year's accounts."
Well now, gentlemen, it is very easy to arrange our
accounts so that such questions may be answered as
quickly as asked, and tell at a glance what we make of
any particular stock or produce. I have always been
in 'the habit of keeping a farm account, but never saw
any before my own, and had to form them to suit my
system of farming. They are very plain and simple,
but answer every purpose of my own ; and I lliiiik farm
.accounts are like machinery— the simpler tin- liiltcr.
It is said it more difficult to keep farm accounts tli:in
any others. If so, some are very easy. My plan is to
keep a separate account of every kind of stock
and produce bought and sold, or reared upon the
farm, and a labour account, and then on the
(Jtli March (the day on which I commenced
farming, and which I think a good time for a
Chesliire farm), I make out a balance-sheet, and so
know wliat profit or loss I may have had. If every
fanner kept accounts, many would farm very differ-
ently ; they would be a guide in many cases to show
what is the most profitable system, or otherwise, of
farming in Cheshire. I found keeping accounts bene-
ficial to me in 1857, when I lost 20 cows and a few
heifers In' Ihe pleuro, by getting off the property-tax,
under Schrdule B. I don't think it necessary to keep
a field accimnt in this county, except on very large
farms. A bankruptcy commissioner once said, "If
men kept their accounts better we should have far less
come into this court." The lecturer then proceeded
to remark that it was one of the farmer's failings not
to employ more manual labour. They underworked
their arable land, and did not keep it sufficiently clean,
especially when in green crops. The weeds which were
encouraged impoverished the land more than a proper
crop, and in too many eases took place of it. Again, it
was said by some to be one of their failings to spend .all
they got upon their farms, and perhaps it was often
done where there was confidence in the landlord. It
would be well to remember the advice given by a
retired tradesman in that room, that "out of every 100?.
made off the farm, 50/. should be spent upon it in
improvements and 50Z. put in the bank for the family."
There were those who erred on the other side, and
spent nothing on the farm; but were he landlord
to such, he would give them notice to quit. Another
fault was to be behind-hand with their labourers' work
—not to be fully prepared for each succeeding season of
the year. Having too much tillage, again, was a fault,
while other failings were taking a larger farm than
they had capital to stock well, under-keeping their
dairy stock ; and, finally, there was a mistake com-
mitted by many farmers of bringing up all or nearly all
their sons to agricultural pursuits.

Lost they should think him too censorious, he
would now go on to notice the hindrances to
successful farming. Some of these were — the
growth of too much hedge-row timber, such as
Ash, Sycamore, and that worthless sort. Poplar, the
over-preservation of rabbits, which, besides making
it very expensive to keep neat fences, and almost
impossible to rear young ones, was a great encourage-
ment to poaching, and often led to unpleasantness
between landlord and tenant ; the hazardous nature of
their dairy and feeding stock, owing to the periodical
return of the pleuro-pneumonia, and now of the
Rinderpest, the state of the labour market, as labour
•was becoming scarcer and dearer every day, the sale of
land above its legitimate value, and lastly, the difficulty
of obtaining good female farm servants.— The lecturer's
remarks under all these heads were eminently prac-
tical, and we regret that our limited siiace precludes
the possibility of giving them fully. While consider-
ing the paucity of efficient labourers, he strongly advo-
cated the building of good and substantial cottages on
every farm , by the landlord, as a means of retaining the
active and skilful among them. He was aware, he
said, that this, viewed by itself, would not be a paying
speculation, and, to meet that part of the outlay which
was unremunerative, he thought the farmer should be
prepared to sink a small sum annually, as well as the
landlord. In the end it would, he felt convinced,
answer the purposes of both.

Newcastle: Sheep Farminii on St rout/ Land. — At
a recent meeting of this Club a paper was read by
Mr. William Bell, of Harlow Hill, on " Sheep Farming
on Strong Land, and the Best Means of Extending it."

This subject is one of considerable importance,
and must have engaged the attention of all con-
cerned in the cultivation of strong land, and more
especially in this county, where land of this character
is so extensive. Taking into consideration the impro-
kability of a permanent rise in the price of grain, the
increasing demand for labour, and, on the other hand,
the enhanced price of butcher meat and consequent
demand for pasturage, it becomes all the more impera-
tive that the subject should be considered in all its
Ijearings, and some decision arrived at as to the best
mode of applying it to feeding purposes. On such soils
the cereal crops are chieffy depended upon, and in the
preparation of the land for them, if the expenditure
cannot be curtailed, or an increase take place in the
price of the produce, or crops of a more valuable
description can be substituted, it appears to be very
improliablo that after the improvement effected by
drainage the land will be much further increased in
value. By the use of manures and good management
it will be brought to a higher state of cultivation,
thereby yielding a larger produce ; but too fre-
quently, as soon as these are withdrawn, it recedes
to its former state. On the less retentive portions.

Turnips, llape, and Calibages may be grown ; but it
is important to inquire whether these can be
grown to advantage. For such crops it is esisen-
tial to have the land prepared and the seed sown
in proper season ; and as the disadvantage of com-
mencing operations too early is well known, tho work
must be iierforined in a much more limiteii linif^ than
is required on land of a freer nature; consciiucnlly
more horse power is required ; great expense ;iim1 risk
are entailed, and tho objections to consuming tho crops
on tlie ground arc so great as scarcely to warrant
the iirodiiction of them to any great extent.
It will bo generally admitted that of the aliovo-
mcntioned roots the cultivation of the Turnip will be
found most iirolitable ; and as there exists a diversity
of opinion as In wlielher strong arable soils capable
of growing green crops can be more remuneratively
employed in tho feeding of stock than if laid to Grass,

I will endeavour to show the number of sheep likely
to be profitably fed on the Turnips grown on such
land, worked on the four-course system— assuming
the roots are drawn off the land as early as possible-
stored up and consumed upon a dry and well sheltered
Iiasture, care being taken that the land from which
they are led is sufficiently dry so as to prevent it from
Ijcii'g ]ioai-lied or cut in the operation, otherwise it not
nil rnipieiitly follows that a deficiency is experienced
in the yield of the succeeding corn and hay crops. I
may here mention that sheep fed under cover will con-
sume a less quantity of food and jierhaps feed quicker ;
but by such a mode I don't think there is much to
be gained; they require considerably more attention,
and if laid on to Grass in the spring, I have noticed
that they do not make the same progress or feed so
quickly as those fed in the usual way. The extent
of strong land a man and a pair of horses will be
able to cultivate on the four-course system, one-
fourth being in Turnips, is 44 acres. We have first

II acres of Turnips, averaging say 14 tons per acre ;
and .as a sheep cannot be depended upon leaving more
than 3.5. 4rf. per month, and will consume in that time
about 7 cwt. of Turnips, the 11 acres of Turnips will
carry 73 sheep six months, leaving 73?.; 11 acres^of
Barley, 5 quarters per acre, at 28«. per quarter, 77/. ;
11 acres of hay, 1 ton per acre, at 4/. per ton, .11/.;
11 acres of Oats, 5 quarters per acre, at 20s. per quarter,
55/.; 11 acres of Oat straw, 11/. ;— making a iotal of
2()0/. for the 41 acres. The straw and hay supposed to
be eaten on the premises, and the manure made to be
applied to the land for the com crops. From the above
we must deduct expenses as follows ;— Keep of horses
wages for man, small work, blacksmiths' and joiner's
work, etc., 110/. ; seed for above-named crops, 17/. ;
manure for Turnips, 27/. lOs. F'rom the average value
of crops we may put down rent, including rates, at
28s. per acre, i. «., 61/. 12s. ; total, 216/. 2.s. The capital
required will be six times the rent, or say 369/., and the
amount of profit, after deducting the expenses, being
43/. 8s., is at the rate of ll!j/. per cent, for interest
on capital, management, and casualties. You will per-
ceive by those figures that the average yield of crops has
not been taken, but isstilUiable to be affected by unfavour-
able seasons. Assuming such land to be worked with
a bare fallow, 00 acres will be as easily cultivated with
the same capital and at the same cost as 4-1 acres with a
root crop; and calculating on the same principle,
making allowance for extra small work and manure
which the root crop requires, it will be found to leave
134/. per cent. ; showing that the advantage of a Turnip
crop on strong soils is more than met by the additional
cost it is attainable at.

It thus appears to be unprofitable to grow root crops
purposely for the feeding of sheep on soils where they
cannot be advisedly consumed, though, when horses
are not kept solely for the purpose of working the
whole of a strong fallow quarter for a root crop, to a
certain extent, a portion may be grown to advantage to
assist in breaking up the straw, and carrying store
cattle and sheep over the winter. On fine working
soils the result is entirely different ; they being worked
at considerably less expense, and the roots drawn off or
consumed on the ground, and the land ploughed at
almost any season without incurring scarcely any risk
to the succeeding crops. How, then, are we to keep
pace in supplying a population increasing at the rate of
about 200,000 per year with butcher meat ? It has
been suggested, to increase the stock in this country,
that a prohibition on the slaughter of lambs and calves
would be beneficial ; but when we consider that even at
present no hay, straw. Turnips, or Grass go unconsumed,
it appears such a mode would only tend to enforce the
slaughter of older animals. The impossibility of increas-
ing the stock without first increasing the articles of food
for them, must be evident to all ; and the weekly
variation of about 2s. per stone in the quality of cattle
' sold in our fat markets, is a proof that there is an
ample supply of store stock in the country, and a
! scarcity of food to bring it to perfection. On looking
' at the agricultural statistics which have been recently
' issued, we find 870,857 acres standing under the head
of bare fallow. Now, supposing it cultivated on the
four-field system, which is likely to be most generally
adopted on inferior soils, we have 3,4S3,428 acres of
this class of land in England and Wales; and judging
from what we see around us, comparatively speaking,
doing little towards the keeping and feeding of stock.
Then what might we suppose would be the result if a
large portion of this description of land was laid down
to pasture ? Taking, for instance, the 44 acres to feed
73 sheep six months, and assuming it to be sown .away
with a spring corn crop. The capital required will be
about 0/. per acre, or say 306/., viz., 30s. per acre lor
seeds, 50s. per acre for manure for a top dressing in
the spring following the cutting of the corn, leaving
5/. per acre for the purchase of stock, management, &c.
Now, it may with safety be estimated that one acre
will carry two sheep throughout the year, a^d a sheep
calculated to leave 2s. 6d. per month. We find on

530

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[May 18, 1867.

deduotins rent, that the 41 acres will carry SS sheep ,
and leave a profit of l"? per cent., less the usual losses a
sheep stock is subject to — against 44 acres arable teedinfi
73 SIX months, and leaving llfi. per cent. And
Assuming out of 3,483,428 acres of this kind of laud
there are 2,500,000 on which, from the nature of the
soil, a root crop cannot be advantageously grown ; and
supposing it, after having been laid out dry by drainage,
to be sown to Grass in such a way as to enable it
to carry two sheep to the acre, by this means
the sheep stock in this country would be increased by
5,000,000, and mutton and wool produced to the value
of 7,500,000 per year. And as a sheep leaving Ws.
should produce 2J stones of mutton, the addition to
the country in butcher meat would be 35,9371 tons,
and equal to a yearly importation of 343,750 foreign
cattle averaging 40 stones each. From this statement
it must not be inferred that it is most beneficial to
graze new lands solely with sheep, or that they will
convert Grass into a greater weight of meat than cattle,
but merely to ^ive an idea of how our home supply of
animal food might be augmented. The supply being
regulated by the demand, stock of either description
would be reared accordingly. Nor do I think any
serious loss need be apprehended to the country in corn
and straw.

Mr. Bkowell said he was in the unfortunate
position of having to cultivate a quantity of strong
land, and he had considerable difliculty in remlering it
tvt all profitable. He was of opinion, however, that
Sill land which was too strong for Turnips might
be put to Grass, and he was now still more strongly
impressed With that opinion. Draining was another
point which should be looked to, so that the land
might be well cleaned before it was manured, and
the result of this would be that they could get good
Gi:ass land.

Potash as a Manure: a Lecture delivered by Mr.

W. C. Spooner before the Winfrith Farmers' Club.

Dorset County Chronicle Office, Dorchester.

Mr. Spooner is a very good lecturer, and well

qualiiied to speak to agriculturists on both the theory

and practice of their profession. In the present tract,

reprinted from a county paper, he gives a number of

telling illustrations of the defective character of many

scientific theories. The mineral theory in its original

limited dimensions is very well exposed.The need of all

the elements of a plant to its growth, and the oon-

.sequeut advantages of artificially adding some of them

to the soil are sufficiently admitted ; but, as Mr. Spooner

told his audience —

" They paid an annual rent for the land they occu-
pied, with all those stored minerals— at any rate all
those within reach of the plough. They did not want
to buy over and over again that which they already had
and paid for. They did not wish topurchase that in which
the soil already superabounded, but rather to supply
that in which the soil was deficient, and which would
enable the plant to put on such increased growth,
upwards and downwards, as to extract both from the
atmosphere and the soil a far greater amount of nutri-
ment than could otherwise be supplied. He w'ould
just illustrate a point. He occupied a small farm for
something like 20 years, and he gave it up at last,
because he was unwilling to pay double the rent for it,
or at least an increase of 60 percent. Be that as it may,
he was enabled during that period to try a great
number of experiments, and he would proceed to
mention one which would illustrate the subject before
them. He applied to a AVheat stubble in the early
spring a solution of ammonia, and it had no other
manuring than this carbonate of ammonia. The land
was ploughed and afterwards sown with Oats, some
portion of the field— about an acre— being left M-ithout
any dressing. The contrast was most striking. AVhere
there was no manure he had about 10 sacks of Oats per
acre; but where the ammoniacal dressing had been
applied he reaped more than 20 sacks. The increase of
straw was still more striking, and it was almost
dangerous to walk across the field after the Oats were
cut with a reaping hook, as the stubble stuck up like
so much reed. This increased quantity of grain and
sti'aw contained, as they imagined, treble as much
silica and potash as that portion of the field not dressed
with ammonia, and yet not one single particle of silica
or of pota-sh was added in the manure. Now what did
this show ? That this land possessed sufficient silica
and potash for this large and bumper crop, and that
the ammonia which was applied enabled the plant to
take the properties of the soil into its possession. Well,
supposing he had added some potash and silica to the
ammonia, most people would have attributed half the
beneficial result to that application ; and this showed
then they should be most careful, whenever experi-
ments were made, in order to come to anything like an
accurate conclusion. Now, supposing he were to take
this piece of felspar, which he held in his hand, and
which contained about 12 per cent, of potash, and were
to grind it up and sell it as manure, telling farmers it
was a wonderful substance, it would be a fraud ; but it
he were to combine it with some guano, or ammonia,
or dressing of some sort, it would be no fraud, but
simply humbue."

Mr. Spooner's arguments and illustrations go lo
prove that we have enough potash in our soils for all
the requirements of English agriculture : —

" That, although potash enters so largely into the
composition of vegetable produce, yet, under the system
pursued in British farming, the greater poriion is left
behind in the dung of animals, so much so that every
ton of dung contains 12 to 151b. of ])0tash, and is thus
the cheapest and most available form of supplying or
i-estoring this alkali. That, in woods and forests,
plants and timber requiring and possessing potash have
been grown and removed for hundreds of years without

any apparent injury to the land, although no potash
has been returned to the land during this period.
That, an analysis of a great \>ariety of soils demon-
strates that potash exists in almost all, and in many to
the extent of many tons per acre, reckoning to the
usual depth of the plough, whilst phosphate of lime is
found much more sparingly. That the facts above
mentioned sufficiently explain the reason why nearly
all experiments with potash as a profitable manure have
hitherto failed, and aflbrd no encouragement whatever
to the employment of this alkali as an artificial manure,"

And to the same conclu.sion Mr. Lawes arrives. A
letter from him was read on the occasion of Mr.
Spooner's lecture, and we transcribe it here'; —

"Dear Sir, — I have been experimenting with potash as a
manure for the last 25 years, .and 1 have sent it out as an
artificial manure both alone and mixed with other ingredients.
The conclusions I have an-ived at are as follow :— 1. That its
action is very uncertain. 2. That it will not pay a farmer to
use it as an artificial manure. 3. That it is moi-e suifcible for
Clover or Beans than for other crops. 4, That on most of our
English soils where gi'ain and meat are sold, and roots and
green crops are consumed on the land, there is .sufficient potash
set free in the soil by the action of the atmosphere to supply
the qu,antity removed in tho grain and meat. 5., That oh
highly cultivated farms where cattle foods .arc largely used,
as much or more potash is brought upon the land than is
removed, 6, That it will not piiy to purch.ase potash to grow
Potatos or roots for sale, unless the potash is contained in some
bulky manure, such as town dung, sea-weed, &c. 7. Th.at
although potash is much cheaper, owing to the supplies
obtained from Geimany, the price is too high to enable farmers
to use it with profit. 8. Potash cannot be recommended for
gencr.al use or to be mixed with other iugi-edients used arti-
ficially ; each farmer must therefore try it on his own land
and decide for himself whether it is worth his while to use it.'

JPifjeons ; their Structure^ Habits, and Varieties. By
W. 15, Tegetmeier, l'',Z,S,, &c. With coloured repre-
sentations by Harrison Weir. G. Eoulledge & Sons,
Broadway, Ludgate.
The first number of this beautifully illustrated book,
which is coming out in parts, has just appeared.
Never, we suppose, was there a better union of author
and artist for the satisfactory attainment of a particular
end, than when Mr. Routledge induced Messrs. Teget-
meier and H. Weir to unite their forces here. The
former in the present part contributes a chapter on the
structure and general character of the genus Columba;
and makes Sir. MacGillivray tell the natural history
of the native species " Eockdovo," from which our
domesticated pigeons are derived. The latter gives four
well drawn but highly coloured pictures of as many
varieties, viz., turbits, jacobins, nuns, and swallows,
No. 1 gives handsome promise of a very successful
volume.

Farm Memoranda.

Mekse of Berwicksuire : Alar/ 11.— Farm work
is getting much in arrear. Since the opening fortnight
of April, which barely sufficed for seed-time, little
good has been done on the land. We are not sure that
all have got their Potatos planted this week, and we
certainly never saw them done in such bad order.
The rainfall of four weeks is 31 inches. A dry day or
two occasionally tempted us to stir fallow, but then on
came the rain, and we had better never have stirred.
During the cold rains of April young Grasses were
much poached by the invariable wandering of hog"s in
such circumstances; latterly, however, the high
temperature has caused a marked improvement in all
pastures.

Store hoggs have now come down to amoderate price,
and yet dear enough if mutton is to continue at 6:1.
per lb. Cattle sold in winter left more pay than the
few that have been held to the last. Our "sheef-
anchor " seems rather insecure just at present, (xood
fat stock is a pleasant sight to see ; pity 'tis that, when
the cake is paid for, there is so little left for the poor
Turnip crop. That corn is sold out is a fact that may
come to the knowledge of market reporters by and by.
The braird is flourishing in general, but grey slugs
are walking otf with the Oats on our clay lands, for
which we intend a dressing of nitrate of soda. J. T.

West ISusses, Mai/ 13.— Though the spring has
been late it is now making up for lost time, everything
is growing at a rapid pace, and we have a promise of a
large crop of hay ; it is seldom that we have seen the
Clover so heavy, and so few failures, and the meadows
are good, and as stock has been dear they are not so
heavily stocked as usual, and so there will be more
Grass mown. All our growing crops look well, and it
is to be hoped that such will continue to be the case,
for at present the old Wheat is nearly all gone ; the
stock has not been so low for many years at this
season, and the reason is very obvious ; it was
a light crop especially in straw, and the winter
being wet, straw was wanted more than usual,
and both corn and straw have been dearer, so that
there was every inducement to thresh more readily.
The yield upon the high lying farms has been
fair, but deficient on the lower and colder lands, but the
price has compensated the farmer to some extent.
Mangel is nearly all sown, but the land has worked
rather coldly and has required more labour than usual,
and we have to defer turning up the fallows till rather
late, as they get hard if not dry when ploughed up.
And those who employ steam in cultivating will find
that a grubber run through the cold land in the
spring will be far better than ploughing it up, as it
then dries gradually without getting lumpy. But
nothing tends so much to allow of its early v.'orking in
the s*pring as deep autumn cultivation, done before the
land gets wet.

Wages have been raised,inot so much on account of
scarcity of men, as of provisions being dear. At one
time there was a prosiiect of hands being short on
farms, but for some time that will not now be the case, as
many of those Who were employed on railway making

are thrown out of work there, and will find their way
back to farming. And machinery is being still more
extensively used, and will be more and more. G. S.

OveesTone Grange, Noethampton.— Mr. WaUis
— occupying a home farm of 375 acres arable, with
28 of pasture, and also a large grazing farm at a distance
— has had five years' experience of steam cultivation.
The soil of the largest part of the fai'm is a clay-loaiu, ,
with a subsoil of calcareous clay— a drift clay, contain-
ing flint and other pebbles and small fragments of
chalk ; four large fields are of stiff clay ; some of the i
land has clay-and-sand veins, which are noted for j
being " either all bricks or all mortar ; " and a portion
of the farm is of a lighter description, adapted for
Turnip as well as Bean growing. There is very httle
stone to interfere with the progress of the implements ,j
or to grind the rope. The surface presents gentle ■
slopes, without being steep or hilly in more than two \
or three fields, .and the enclosures are large, haying
been squared and fences straightened some time before
steam ploughing was adopted. In some fields an
exchange of property has enabled a straight feuce to be
struck, in place of a most crooked boundary ; and old
parish bounds and the sites of grubbed-up hedges are
seen across several of Mr, Wallis's fields by the big
timber trees still left standing in line in the middle of
green crops .and stubbles. Were it not for these
remnants of " the forest primeval," this farm would be
splendidly laid out for steam tillage ; as it is, we know
from experience in similar situations, that many
plough-skifes must be broken in the course of a year
against the huge roots of these field trees ; and the
necessity for going at a snail's pace when under their
shadow, and shifting the ropes twice at each tree, must
lose the engine and men a great deal of precious time.
We observed, too, that while Mr. Wallis sides up his
Thorn-fences to perfection (topping, however, only^ in
the winter, so as not to weaken the growth by cutting
away too much green) many of the fences are over-
crowded with timber— a state of things eminently
mischievous, we should say, to the tenant, and of no
earthly advantage to the proprietor, seeing that the
trees are damaging one another, and the felling of one-
half would both enhance the picturesque eflect and
promote the growth into profit of the remainder.
Perhaps we may be permitted to name here the
example of Lord Leicester, whose practice is to sell
injurious hedge-row or outstanding timber to his
tenants at below market-price, with an order for
immediate cutting-down.

At the Leeds meeting, in ISfil, Mr. Wallis purcha.sed
a Fowler 14-horse engine, cultivator, and plough, with
drag harrow to work at the side ; and added a " rope-
carrier," or light four-wheeled carriage, with reel uiinn
it, made by Amies & Barlbrd, of Peterborough, which
he finds very handy in removals, and for taking care of
the most costly wearing part of the tackle. Elaborate
book-keeping has not been pursued with respect to the
steam tillage, so that we can record only the experience
and results as they appear in the long run. The
engine is used entirely in field work, an old portable
doing duty with the threshing machine, &c,, and no
steam culture has been undertaken ofi' this one fariti.
The "road gear" of the engine has stood well; ho
difficulty or special delay has arisen with the anchorage,
the implements, or " slack-gear," and only a very few
new "clips" have been required on the drum.
Between 300 and 400 acres have been grubbed or
ploughed, say nearly 2000 acres in the five years, and
the renewal of rope has amounted to only 050 yards;
the remaining portion of old rope is still working,
and the 650 yards of new is, in our judgment, about
one-fourth worn. The consumption of rope due to
the 2000 acres' work wraild appear to be about 900
yards length, or say about 1*. per acre. The daily
performance is 6 acres with the digger or the plough
and 12 acres with the cultivator, the coal burned being
15 cwt. per day, at los. per ton. The water is carted
from a brook or from the homestead, as most con-
venient.

To shift the whole machinery from one field to
another generally occupies four horses and the st«am
hands for three hours.

On the principal part of the farm a 5-course rotation
of cropping is adopted, that is to say (1), Turnips, (2),
Wheat, (3) Barley, (4) seeds, (5) Wheat; or else,
(1) Turnips, (2) Oats, (3) Wheat or Barley, (4) seeds,
(5) Wheat. The steam work embraces "smashing-
up " all tho Wheat stubble for the fallow crop or fbr
the Barley ; the preparation for roots consisting of
"three times over" with the cultivator or the plough,
while the seed-bed for Barley is worked twice. When
clean, the land is broken up by the " digger ;" when
any Twitch has to be eradicated, the cultivator is the
first tool employed. Then, further, a portion of the
seeds (layer or aftermath) is ploughed by the engine
for Wheat ; the remainder being ploughed, as usual,
by horses. And Mr. Wallis makes admirable steam
ploughing with the shallow furrow slices requisite for
a Wheat seed bed by driving five 8-inch wide instead
of four 10-inch wide furrows, thus obtaining the right
proportional dimensions for neatly turning work only
5 inches in depth; and the drag harrow hung beside
the plough reduces to tilth without the trampling of
horses' hoofs. By a judicious aiijiliiation of steam
power husbandry the fallow break, at first-starting,
was cultivated only 6 or 7 inches deep ; whereas now
the digger is put in 9 or 10 inches ; and this cautious
and sensible method of procedure has undoubtedly
avoided many of the disappointments which have
overtaken soriie adventurous steam ploughmen before
they began to realise the wondrous profits they had
expected.

Mr. Wallis's Turnip crops are certainly very nne,
and his practice is to feed off about three-fourths, the
other quarter being carted to the homestead. One
field of Rape was shown us, part of which had been

May 18, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CTTRONICLE AND AGRIOUI/rURAL GAZMTTE.

531

steam tillod and theKother horso ploughed ; the plant
•was small and somewhat " foxy " on the latter part,
but very tliiek, liiBli, and luxuriant on the " steamed "
portion' of the laud. We had the pleasure of walkiuK
over "a Rood farm, well done," the stuhbles beinf;
strou),', and the whole farm remarkably cleau, except-
ing only one "close," a little Grassy, and this is a
Wheat stubble, the seed bed for the Wheat having
been pliiiinlii'il !'< inches deep by steam power, after one
year's [Ivc-Krass. On the lour lields of clay soil (jrecu
crops liavc lieou a^aiu entirely due to steam cultivation,
takuig the place of bare fallow in a l-course rotation,
which brings Beans and Clover every eiffhth year.
Mr. Wallis has not greatly reduced his stock of farm
horses, the It he used to work being now lessened by
two or three. ,. , .

The drainage of the farm was formerly accomplished
by bundles of wood tied up and buried some 18 inches
deep, anil tliis sort of work stood (in some places) for
25 years. All is now well drained with pipes at an
average depth of I. feet, that is, varying from ;ii to
44 feet; the old broad high ridges have been gradually
lowered, and now "the water sinks away better" after
the steam work than after horse ploughing. Mr. J. A.
Clarice's Report in Hie Journal of Ihe Roi/al
Agricultural Society.

Miscellaneous.

Lam of niipolliec.—l ask, is this a just law? Or
rather, should not the tScottish landlords be ashamed
to come forward to advocate its continuance, as if
every other class of society were formed only to
minister to their especial security ? Is it not a fact
that, upon a farm becoming or likely to become vacant,
this is put up to auction — or competition, if you like
the term better, the cll'ect being the same — and
knocked down to the highest bidder, wdio, 10 to 1, is
a man of straw, but anxious to have a farm at any rate,
trusting to the chapter of accidents to render the
speculation good or bad, as the case may be ? Is it not
a fact that,"the instant a lease is executed by a poor
tenant, he is compelled to sign also a sequestration
over .all the proiierty that may be on the farm at
any future period, including stock, crop, and
machinery, in consideration of which the landlord
is to allow him to keep the payment of rent in
abeyance for two or two and a-haJf-years ? Is
it not a fact that both parties calculate upon the
tenant's obtaining credit for large purchases of stock
and machinery, during those years, by which the work-
ing capital of the farm, and consequently the landlord's
security, are enhanced to the same amount ? Is it not
a fact that, should a bad season or two occur at the
i^oramencement of a lease, the poor tenant is certain to
be unable, at the expiration of the landlord's credit,
to pay the rent, and be left without a chance of
retrieving his jiosition, having nothing to fall back
upon, and his other creditors pressing upon him for
payment'? Is it not certain that, under such circum-
stances, the landlord, unless he is a merciful man, will
avail himself of the law, and put his sequestration in
force, selling stock, crop, and implements and machinery
by public roup (the chief part unpaid for), probably at
half the cost price ; paying himself in full out of the
proceeds, and handing over the balance, if any, to the
other creditors, wlio in fact are the only sufferers, the
tenant himself being no poorer than when he began ?
Is it not, in the last place, a fact that, supposing the
proceeds of the sale are insufficient toipay the rent due,
the landlord, if he can discover any miller or other
tradesman who has at any time within the two years,
privately (or not at the open market or fair) purchased
any portion of stock or crop, has the power of com-
pelling such purchaser to pay over again the full
amount of such purcha,se, although he had already paid
it to the tenant ? Mark Lane Express.

Ealintj of Woodland and of Game. (1.) Woodland. —
I do not mean the underwood— that is the growth
from the old stub ( which when the land is let is the
property of the tenant)-^hut the saplings, the tillers,
aud the timber trees, which are retained by the land-
lord, and are not uncommonly of three or four times
the value of the freehold on which they have grown,
and yet according to the present law of assessment
cannot be valued, because the Act directs that the
property shall be asses.sed at what it will let for— mark
you — from year to year, and the right to cut the
timber is never let. In addition to this permit me to
remind you that as the timber trees increase in size,
and thus exclude from the underwood below thern both
light and air — the two most important elements iu the
vegetable as well as the animal kingdom — they destroy
it, and so not only is timber free from rating, but it
depreciates the rateable value of the land that other-
wise would bear a portion of its liability. These
particulars apply to titnber grown in hedge-rows as well
as in woods. (2.) Game.— He might mention an
instance of how the law worked. Supposing a gentle-
man were to take a farm, at say 1/. an acre, the land-
lord might, if he chose— and many did at the present
time— let that shooting, the result of which would
probably be that such a large amount of game would be
preserved that the tenant would suffer severely when
the landlord was reaping a large profit. He would
suppose an opposite case, when a farmer took some
land with the right of shooting. The tenant would
say, " I will give you 2s. or Ss. an acre for the right of
shooting," !ind concluded the bargain. When the
Assessment Committee came round, they would ask
for the lease, and tell from that what the tenant had to
pay. The law said they should have no appeal, and iu
consequence of the unequal bearing of the law one man
would pay (on) 20.v. while another would pay (on) 23«.,
and thus ;i.v. per acre would be lost to the country.
That was where game was preserved in moderate
quantities. In the neighbourhood of Croydon he had
seen where a tenant was obliged to leave his farm while

it was at 1/. an acre, while another man could carry it
on at Ml. per acre ; but then that was when there was
no game preserved. Mr. It Fuller, Chairman oj
CriH/tUin Farmers' Club.

tilurm Warninr/.— In ISliO the late Professor hspy,
of Washington— whose great work on meteorology, 1
say advisoilly, is tho only modem work on the phy.suw
of tho science worth tho study— made a request t.. tlic
liritisli Association, tlion mot at Aberdeen, that tliey
w(juld a|ii)oint a committee to examine and report
11)1011 certain phenomena that had been wholly over-
lookc.lliv Knropcaii mrlcon.logists. SirDavid Brewster
(.anicsllyliarki.d up this proposal, (general Sabine, now
president of the Royal Society ol London, could not
see his way to recommend such a step, and the inatkT
fell to the ground. At that same meeting, however, the
British Association may be said to have instituted the
Meteorological Departmentofthe Board ofTrade. They
then imposed upon Admiral Fitzroy some tasks which
neither he nor they could possible solve. W hat has
been the result's' We have expended BO.OOO; on
tho Meteorological Department, and the French, I
think, must have expended far more. Ilave they
found out ft single principle which either they or
any one else have any confidence in':' They have
translated Dov6, but what of that? When Signer
Matteucci was organizing his storm warnings for Italy,
and was beseechingly a.sking for some plain rules to
guide him, and, as he said, wanted " none of the grand
discoveries of Dov^," I then contributed my mite. I
told him that the chief thing he had to do was to watch
the barometer at Valentia, on the west coast of Ireland.
When a great fall occurred there, it would be propa-
gated on to Italy, and he should be on the out-look.
He asked for my authority for such an opinion, and
asked if there were no such things as cyclones. I told
him there was no evidence of such meteors ; and as for
the easterly progression of the falling barometer, the
"Transactions of the Meteorological Society of the
Palatinate " had established that fact SO years ago. But
I told him neither to believe me nor the oyclonologists,
but to judge for himself. Well, he has tested the
matter for several years, and what is his experience ?
In the last Jnimary number ot the Nuoro Anfolotjia,
published at Florence, he says : —

" Tho creat storms frortl the AtUntio, after iovosttag the
west coasts of Ireland aud England, cross FrfHice, Switzerland,
iind the Alps, and arrive at our ports in the Meditorr,incan and
Adriatic iu a ap:ice of time v.irymg from one to two days. The
wind begins to blow at Naples, and the sea is raised liefore tho
ditch * has passed Genoa. This knowledge is of little use,
however, .as we cannot obtain with punctuality and despatch
tclegnuna from Penzance or V.aleutia."
Now, if the winter storms of Europe are of a similar
nature and character to those of 2d and .'id December,
1S63, do you see any difficulty any country in Eastern
Europe has in allowing either the easterly or the north-
westerly storms bursting upon them without being
warned of their approach by telegraph. The steepness
of the sides of the " ditch " might be given as it
approaches from the west, and all its bondings known
Sweden must watch the barometric curve at Aalesuud
on the west of Norway ; and every country in Europe
must watch the character of the barometric curve on
the farthest land west of them. Had the French not
have been theoretically predisposed to believe that
storms come from the south-west, might not the port
of Marseilles be warned of every north-west wind or
mistral, as they term it, on its appearance at Brest or
Ilochefort ? We face the Atlantic, out of which all
the storms issue, and we have less space to work on.
Can it be possible to give warning to the east coasts of
England in such storms as those of the 2d and 3d
December, 18f)3, which were travelling at the rate of
upwards of 50 miles an hour, without having a night
and day watch on the west coast to telegraph the
characters of the storms as they became manifested ?
If we at Edinburgh w isli to know the flatness or sharp-
ness of the curves as they approach us, and know the
force of the wind as it changes from one quarter to the
other, we must look to Greencastle. But there is a
point to the far west where we could now look for
material guidance. I said 10 years ago that, as soon as
the Atlantic telegraph was laid down to Newfoundland,
we might telegraph from that quarter great breakings
up in our weather— such as in the December distu^ban<^e
of 1863. Had the notion not pre-occupied English
meteor agents, that our storms all travel from the Gulf
Stream, I think it is not improbable that we should
have had recourse to this easterly point of the American
continent before now. Mr. E. Russell, of Pilmuir
before the Royal Society of ISdinhiirgh, April 13.

Notices to Correspondents.

Ato.mic Wetohts : ./ B lluHlon''. The most recent chemical
works should bo consulted for the truth on this subject.

Bailiff.— The IMitor of this Journal can recommend a good
working Bailiff, well acquainted with tillage, farming, and
market gardening : also acquainted with stock manaecment.
Wanes, 90/., with cott,aee and garden.

Herefordshire Cider Mill: Mr I}Hck-hain informs "W. M. '
that tho maker of the cider mill he uses was Mr. Davios, of
Linton, near Ross. Mr. Coleman, of Westbury-on-Severu,
Gloucester; and Mr. Latch.am, of Hereford, are both of
them extensive makers of the same kind of mill.

Manure for Pasture : SiiburOan.— In the absence of farm
yard or town dung, i)robably bone dust applied now will
be most beuefici.al to the Grass. If you get some well
broken and mix it with some damp moiUd to heat and rot
before apjilying, it will be more immediately active :
IB bushels an acre are a good dressing.— The Thorn and
hedges of it .are to be grown just as any other plant is
cultivated, by planting iu land properly prepareo, and
tiiking care that no other plant ia with it. Clean tho hedge,
stir tho earth about tho roots, .and cover them up with good
conipoat mould.

SoECHUM : Mr J Slriai/ir's letter arrived too late for this
week. He a.sks Messrs. Carter where their Sorghum has
been grown in EligUnd, and who has proved its yielding
qu.alitica in this country

If.-iOWLKll'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and

1' CUL'riVATDR iriay be SKl-iN at WORK ID ovory ARrloultural
County In Kni{lau(l.

J-'or piu-tiiailarH aoply to .John Kowi.br & Co., 71, CornhUl, London,
E.C. ; aud -SLuaiu I'IoukIi WorkH, Lue(l».

ri-iJlM IMTUOVKD TANNED LEATHRH DRTVINa

i STRAPS. PATENT ICnGK-LAlU LEATHER BTRAP8.
wiilmuL hip or oro8H JointR— snptn-ior to uU otliors for Portable
l';iiKiiifB. Prlmo yXRAP ftncl HOLE HUTTH.

Price LlstB sent Irco by puHt.
TiiK Tannki> Lkatjidr CoMi'ANY, TuiiiiorH Oiirriors, &o.. Armlt
WnrkM. (Jroonflold, near Manchoator ; WaruhonHo, 81, Mark Lftno,
Loiiduii, K.C. Mr. H. Fkuuaiikk, Agoot.

MOTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITEU

COW FITTINGS.

This is Matteucci's pbrase for the line of minimum
barometer.

Thcli ilviiitLx s iiie—lortibllitj not iiixlnrLs rciuot thlo at
pli iwii, no Wnofhvork 01 Partitione to mipcde Ventilation or brood
veimin H i\ Riick Uispenspd with as unnocoshaiy mcroasod width
and deptli of FoedinR Troughs, Wiiter Clfetem, and I'atcut Drop
Cover to iirevent over-mrgini,'. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, 653.

Proapeciusos free of CoTTAM & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are (.'xhlbited, together with several Important Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

w.

S. BOULTON'S 36-2allon SWING WATEU

BARROW. Price 46s.
Carriage paid to any Station in England.

Tho above is very cheap and invaluable for carrying Liqui''s of all
kinds. No Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard shouid be with-
out one. Two or more Tuba can be had with one Carriage at a small
addilional cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travel
long distances oviir rough ground a Fony cin bo attached. The
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowing, out of many Testimonials, have been received :—

From Lord Otuo Fitzgerald, JVest Far?:, Salisbury.

" Si R,— You are welcome to make use of my lei ter recommending
your Water Barrow. I find it ol great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, an'l more serviceable than one 1 had made iu the nelgii-
bourbood, the carnage alone of which, without the barrel, coat me
£3 lO.'. I unfortunately ordered it before 1 saw ynur advertisement.
—I am, yours obediently, "O. Fitzgerald."

"To Mr. W. S. BouLTON.'

From Tnos. Inclk, Esq., M.D., Emsworth, Bants, June 24, 1806.

"Sir— The Swing Water Barrow is in every respect a most admir-
able improvement on all I have hitherto used m my Gardens. All
parties who have seen it. Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
bestoweti upon it their unqualified approval, and several said they
would order tliom of you.— Yours truly, " Tnos. Ingle, M.D."

"To Mr. W. S. BouLTON."

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, aud is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thiumng, and is used cold. It is used In tne
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, ft-om whom the most flattering
te.-itimonlals have been received, which Hill & Smith will forwara on
application.

F7\'m. J. A. Taylor. Esq., Streyisham. Court.

'• In answer to your iiui\iirie.s. I heg to inlorm you I flno your BiacK
Varnish an excellent substitute for oil paint upon iron ^jna wood
out of doors, and have found the iron Ban'ow with apparatus
essential in applying tne Vaniish to lines of fencing. Jf^^JL'''^^"^'?
r-rommend the Black Varnish for all out-door ^""^"^ J^^^'JP^^^Iif^
anything 1 have yet used for the purpose, and it can be applied with
great economy by caretXil labourers."

Sold m casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. 6d. per gallop at the
M^md-actovy, or 1«. 8.^. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

i,mly *-•• TIn.L ^ Smith. Rrieilv HiH I.oi, Works, n-^^r Dudley, and
22. Cannon Street W«6t, EC. from whom only it can be obtained.

532

THE (lARPENEES' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[May 18, 1867.

GEEEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOK,

OB

NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, and COLLECTING MACHINES.

PATRONIZED BY

HEK MOST GEACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN

ON TWENTT-NINE DIFFERENT OCCASIONS.

H.E.H. THE PEINCE OF VALES.

AND MOST OF THE NOBILITY, CLEKGY, AND GENTRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

I^M^J

THE KING OF THE BELGIANS.
THE EMPEKOR OF THE FRENCH.
THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, in introducing their PATENT LAWN MOVERS for the present season, beg to state that they have no Novelties to report. The fact is,
that after the severe tests their Machines have been subjected to since they added their latest improvements, they have been found to meet all the requirements for which they
are intended, viz. : — the keeping of La>vns in the highest state of perfection.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease than any other Lawn Mower extant ; and in proof of their
Superiority, 36,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

THEY ARE THE ONLY MACHINES IN CONSTANT USE AT

THE ROYAL HORTICDLTURAI, SOCIETY'S GARDENS, SOUTH KENSINGTON

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK

THE CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GARDENS, SYDENHAM

BUCKINGHAM PALACE GARDENS

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE

THE HYDE PARK GARDENS

THE WINTER PALACE GARDENS, DUBLIN

THE DUBLIN BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LIVERPOOL BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LEEDS ROYAL PARK

THE HULL BOTANIC GARDENS
THE BOTANIC GARDENS, BRUSSELS
THE SUNDERLAND PARK
THE PRESTON PARK

AND IN MOST OF THE PRINCIPAL PARKS, SQUARES, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGPOM.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

GREEN'S

PATENT

LAWN MOWERS

have proved to be the best, and
carried off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of com-
petition.

T. GREEN & SON

warrant ever}'' Machine to give
entire satisfaction, and if not
approved of can be returned
unconditionally.

PRICES of HOUSE, PONY, and BONKEY MACHINES, including Patent Self-delivery Box; Cross Stay complete; suitable for attaching to

ordinary Chain Traces or Gig Harness.

PONY AND DONKEY MACHINES. HORSE MACHINES.

To Cut 26 inches
,. 28 „ ..
„ 30 „ ..

£13 0 0
. - ^ ^ 1 Leather Boots for Donkey^ \%s.

I Leather Loots for Lony, 2*25.
17 0 0.

To Cut 30 inches
„ 36 „ .,
„ 42 „ .,
„ 48 „ .,

0 0\

0 of

0 0/
0 o)

£21
, 24

. 27 0 Oj
. 30

Leather Loots for Sorse, 26s.

Both the Horse, Pony, Donkey, and Hand Machines possess (over all other Makers) the advantage of Self-sharpening. The cutters being steel on each side, when they
become dull or blunt by running one way round the cylinder, can be reversed again and again, bringing the opposite edge of the cutter agMnst the bottom blade, when the
Machine will cut equal to new. Arrangements are made that the cylinder can be reversed, by any inexperienced person, in two or three minutes.

HAND MACHINES.

To Cut 10 inches
„ 12 „
„ 14 „
,, 16 „

£3 10 0 Suitable for a Lady

4 10 0

5 10 0 Suitable for One Person

6 10 0

To Cut 18 inches .. £7 10 0 Suitable for One Person
„ 20 ,,,.800 Suitable for I'wo Persons
„ 22 „ .. 8 10 0
„ 24 „ ..900

Packing Cases are charged at the following low rates, viz. :— for the 10 and 12-inch Machine, 3s. ; 14 and 16-inch, 4s. ; 18 and 20-inch, 5s. ; 22 and 24-inch, 6s. Parties
providing themselves with Lawn Mowers are recommended to purchase the cases in which to stow them awa}', when not in use, to prevent them from getting damaged ; if
retui-ncd, two-thirds will be allowed for them.

The 'jbove MACHINES ai-e made from the best materials, and of superior workmanship ; are delivered Carriage Free to all the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Ports

in England.

Every Machine is wan'anted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of, can be returned unconditionally.

Having above 3000 Machines in stock at our Leeds and London Establishments, we are in a position to execute orders on the day they are received.

1^ Illustrated Price Lists, and Sheet sf Prize Medals awarded to GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS,/»-«e on application.

T. G. AND SON having- taken very extensive Premises in London, are now in a position to do all kinds of Repairs there, as well as at their Leeds Establishment.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS;

and 64 and 55, BLACKE SLARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

May 18, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CmWNIGLE AND AGRTCULTUUAL GAZETTE.

533

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

PATENT LAWN MOWING and ROLLING MACHINES.

/

EVERY MACHINE •VTAEEANTED.

TO BE OBTAINED OF

TAYLOR

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS. BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.C.
tOFNTS -Messrs TANGYE BROTHERS ani, HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and C^o London Bridge; Messrs DRAY-
XOR Ld^O Londo^ridge ■ Mr THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, 1'leet Street, E.C. ; and aU respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom.

JOHN WAKNEK & SONS,

BRASS & BELL FOUNDERS

TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.

No. ?.-..
35. WARNEUS' I'ATK.VT CAST-IRON |
LIFT PUMPS.

J. W. AND SONS' GOODS MAY BE OBTAINED OF THE TRADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING miOES:-

2J iuohes diameter

.. £1 8

G

'' n )»

.. 2 1

0

^ 11 >,

..2 6

0

4 „

.. 2 11

0

SHORT-BARREL DITTO,

FOR SINKS, PLANT HOUSES, &c.
No. 37.-2-^ ing. diameter ..£110
Ditto, with 15 feet of l.^-in. lead Suction
Pipe attached, £2.

WARNEES'KNo. 668^) AMERICAN
GARDEN ENGINE,

OR FIRE ANNIHILATOR,

Is complete in itself, or can he used to
draw from a Pond or Tank, price £2 2s.

6 ft. Suction Pipe and Rose, extra, X2s.

No. 42. WARNERS' PORTABLE PUMPS,

With Improved Valves fiU- Liquid Manure .. .. £2 15 0

.'n. Fli^xible Uiihlur Sinfinii Pipe, in I'l. Vi.and 15 ft. leiii^tli-^, per foot, 23.57.

WARNERS' AaUAJECT.

Useful for every variety of purpose, in Watering
or Washing Flowers or Trees in Gardens, Conser-
vatories, &c. ; also for Washing Carriages or
Windows, Laying Dust, &c.

Price, complete £1 10 0

Small Size for the hand, as an ordinary Syringe, 18s.

WARNERS' (No. 547 r.j OiiiCDEN ENGINE.

HOLDS SIX GALLONS.

Is light, portable, and easily worked by a lady or child, price £2 10*.

Letter to The Times, July 23, 1866.

FROM EARL ESSEX.

A Real Eire Extinguisher.

To the Editor o/" The Timesr

•I g,([ I feel sure you will kindly allot a small space in the Times to these few lines, as the

best medium through which I would urge every householder who dreads Are to have on each
floor of his house one or more small Garden or other Engines on wheels, always charged and in
good order, in case of fire. ... ^. ^ .^, -,...„■ ,-r^

" Last night, just as I was going to bed, I was startled by that most fearful of all cries, ' Fire,
fire!" 1 soon 'learned that a fire was ragmg In a large two-windowed unoccupied bedroom.
How caused is to ua all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small Engines
on each floor. In two minutes I was in the room with one of them. It was like a furnace.
The curtains', shutters, casements, 6.nd cornices of both windows were burning and cracking
from floor to ceiling. I was quite alone at the moment, vet before assistance arriTed (most
of the servants having gone to bed), I had completely subdued the fire of one window without
exhausting the Engine, and when assistance and more water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other So fierce was the fire that the lead of the casements was melted, and the casements
themselves were burnt ofi their hinges. I will only ada, that by God's mercy, the house was
saved by this small Engine. Had it not been at hand and In order, most assuredly Cassiobury
would be now a heap of ruins.— Youi-s faithfully, , " ESSEX.

"Cassiobury, Watford, July 20. .,. ^ .^ . > ^.>. a i..

" The Engine, even when full, runs so light on the floor, that any woman might draw It,
and also work it."

•WABNEBS' GABDEN ENGINES,

WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.
These Engines are much improved in construction, are leas likely to
get out of order, and more easily repaired than others.

No. 517. Best ENGINES, in 'Wood Tubs.

21 Gallons

£6 10 0

14 Gallons

£•5 10 0

No. 547a. Strong ENGINES, in Galvanized Iron Tubs, well

painted inside and out.

lOG-aUons .. £2 19 0 I 24 Gallons .. £4 19 0

16 Gallons . . 3 14 0 28 Gallona . . 3 U) 0

579i WABNEBS' WATER BABBOW

Saves a Gardener's time in Watering with the Water Pot.
Jlade of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out.

To hold 20 Gallons
„ 30 „
„ 38 „
„ 50* „

, wheels 13 inches high
„ 20
„ 24
„ 24

£2 2 0

2 13 0

3 17 0
5 12 0

Nu M'

A, uxjiruii Tub.

" This Is an extrsi strong article, with cross handle tor two men, suitable for
Nursery Grounds, ftc.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &c.

Il^" Ettimatea for any description of Bychraulic Machinery forwarded on application.

No. 579i.

534

THE GARDENJlTiS' CERONICLE AND AGMCULTMAL GAZETTR

[JktUT 18, 1867.

Agricultural Co-operation.

THE AGRICULTUKAL and HORTICULTUKAL
ASSOCIATION, LIMITED.
Council:
The Right Hon. William Cowper, I E. Vansittart Neale, Esq.

M.P. Frederick Ponniiigton, Esq

Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P. (Treasurer).

Thomas Hughes, Esq., M.P. Edward Owen Greeuiog, Es]

James Beal, Esq. | (MaDaging Director).

This AssociatioQ supplier its Merabai-s with Implements and
Machines by the best Makers, and with Unadulterated Seed'*
Manures, and Manufactured Cattle food at cost price, upon the Co
operative System. An Investment of £1 and upwards (beiumt,
Interest dividend) constitutes Membership after Election by Council
No further liabiUty. Rules and all information pot,t free on receipt
of two stamps, or by personal application to the unices of tlie Asso-
ciation. EnwARoOwEN Greening, xilanagiug Director.
Offices :~21), Parliament Street, Westminster; and
1, Albert Square, Manchester,

CKANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
HORTICULTDRE.
" Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Koyal Horticultural Society, South
Kensington.

Plans and Estimates tiee on appl cation Descr ptive Book fill?
illuBtrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Architect, Birmmghaus.

Works : Highgace Street, Birmingham.
Henry J. GnowTAOg, Manairer, 1. Temple Row West, Birmlneham.

Midland Steam Power Horticultural and Hot Water
Works, Loughborougli.

TG. MESSENGER, Midland Steam Power
• norticultui-al Works, Loughborough, Hot-Water Apparatus
and Valve Manufacturer.

Honourable Mention awarded at the International Exhibition, 18G2,
and it, the Dublin Exhibition, 18G5 ; also a Fih-JticlEibB GertlROftte -by
the Royal Horticultural Society.

T. G. Messenokr. Patentee of many important improvements in
Buildings and Implements connected with Horticulture, and which
meet with unqualified approbation, is prepared to -give-reforenceto
hundi'cds of works entrusted to him and pre-eminently answering
the purpose for which they were constructed.

Any House Glazed slnfcle or double, with or without putty.

The mode adopted by T. G. Messenger forHeating and Ventilating
Forcing Houses is particularly successful.

Houses aro constructed by his Patented Ventilating principle to
open the whole of roof and sides as though the ^lass were entirely
removed, at once placing the plants in the external atmosphere.

T. G. Messenger's Boiler possa^ses all the advantages of the
Tubular and Saddiu combined, has hollow furnace bai-s, requires but
a shallow stokehok-, and exposes as much surface to the direct action
of the fire as can possibly be obtained, the whole of which can be
easily cleaned ; and it is an important fact that out of upwards ol
600 now at work made upon the improved principle not one has
cracked.

T. G. Messenger's Valve (sincle or double) is effective, simple,
easy to work, and as dmable as the pipe to which it is attached

Designs and Estimates supplied for all kinds of Horticultural
Worktt, and guaranteed to answer the purpose for which they may
be intended. j ;

GreenHouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON'S RICK CLOTHS.

rriHE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for

-L Various Improvomcnts in tlie Ventilation. Construction and
Application orWHODGHT-IEON to Horticultnjal BuilSs '

^??nT,'rF3''^^'''rY>.'"i?';'"-™°'' ^^^'^^ MEDAL CoWsER-
VATORIEb aro of the liighest order.

„8Sfp.|'^'''P.T WROUGHT-IKON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN.
HOUSES perlectly neutralize atmospheric conduction

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAi VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and rictiness of colour

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
BOOSES and STOVES, »ith double-gta«d roSfs^ are a cSnSote
arrangement. ' ^

r,P.FT?„«'^'^'^'''^ ^?°,^'i?^i^-^°^'; ^^^^ MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), mduce perfect svmmetrv and
unfailiDK result. ^

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM
and. PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

*^At J'i^^T^nnS.ISiF^^'^-^^'^?? ^^^^^ MEDAL CUCUMBER
aqd JflELON HOUSEb are specially arranged and hoatud uuon an
Improved system. ^

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the growth of first-class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently auperior for all early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-lRuN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-!
BERRT HOCrSES admit a complete flood, of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty.

These Houses are now potected by three Royal Letters Patent,
and from the complete adjustment of their constructional parts will
vie most favoumbly with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Ket'niatea prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Dennis & A. ScROBy, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

RICK CLOTHS, New and Second-hand, with
Poles, &c., complete. z

ItAEQUEES and TENTS, for Croquet, Cricket, ;
and Archery.

TEMPORARY ROOMS on HIRE for Balls,
Dinners, ^Parties, &c.

ui^n Illustrated Catalogue post free on q,j)pUccition.

Be particular to Address, BENJAMIN EDGINGTON (in full),

(Tent and R,ick Cloth Maker by special appoiutqient to the Queen and Prince of Wales,)^

2, DUKE STEEET, foot of LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

No other Establishment.
'■ ■ -'■ < — - —

HORTICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS.

READ'S

NEW PATENT HYDRAULIC SUCTION PUMP.

This PUMP is highly approved by the Nobility, Gentry, and by the principal Horticulturists, &e., throughout
the Kingdom ; also by Shikley HlBBEltD, Esq., F.K.H.S., the late Professor Lindley, and many others connected
with Horticulture, &c.

E. HEAD has also a large assortment of GARDEN ENGINES, MACHINES, and SYKINGES, upon the most
approved principle.

MANtrrACTURED BT THE PATENTEE,

RICHARD READ, 35, REGENT CIRCUS, LONDON, W.
Descriptions sent Post Free.

GUMMING & EDMONDS,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

LILLIE BRIDGE, RICHMOND ROAD, EULHAM, LONDON, S.W.

C. & E. BEG TO DRAW ATTENTION TO THEIR SUPERIOR ARRANGEMENT AND

DESIGNS FOR HOTHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES, &c.,

And to the great facilities -which they possess for the construction of this class of work at a CHjEAP KATE,
by the use of POWERFUL and SUITABiuE ISTEAM MACHINERY, and from the advantage they possess of
then- Premises being situate on the West Lcittdon Railway, in connection with nearly all the Railways in the Kingdom.

Gentlemen desirous of consulting C. & E. ™th respect to the erection of New Hothouses, or any alterations to
theii- present Hothouses, will lind their comirninications most promptly attended to.

Prices on application of C. and E.'s PATENT TUBULAR ARCHED SADDLE BOIL^^S. AdtDcwledged
by gardeners of experience to be the best inyentpd.

Flans, Speeijicattons^ Fstimates, and Surveys, made free of all expense.

GREENING & COMPANY'S

PATENT MACHINE-MADE PORTABLE WIRE SHEEP FENCE.

No. 7e variety.

AN EXCELLENT SUBSTITUTE FOR "WOOD AND IRON H.URDLES.

8 feet higli, 9d. per lineal yard.

GREENING and CO., LIIIITED, Manufacturers of IRON GATES, FENCES, PALISADES,
ESPALIERS, HURDLES, TREE GUARDS, GARDEN SEATS, VERANDAHS, VASES, FOUNTAINS, TOMB
RAILI.NGS, STABLE FITTINbS, GARDEN ROLLERS, POULTRY HOUSES, EMJUJiANTB' HOUSES,
BRIDGES, CORN RICK STANDS, &c. ; also of Wire Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Moveable
Fences for Railways, Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Courts, Sheep 'VS/'alks, &c. ; also of Wire
Netting, Plant Guards and Protectors, Garden Rordering, Garden Archways, Aviaiies, Pea and Plant Trainers,
Pheasantries, Hen Coops, and Garden Lounges.

GENERAL CATALOGUE, in Royal 8vo, 72 Pages and "Wrapper, with 33 Illustrations (together w^th
SUPPLEMENT of TESTIMONIALS fiom the leading Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom, to the
quality of Greening & Co.'s Manufactures), forwarded tree on receipt of Two Stamps to defray postage.

1, ALBERT SQUARE, MANCHESTER.

LONDON AGENTS : THE AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION,

29, PARLIAMENT STREET, WESTMINSTEli, S.W.

May 18, 1867.J

TTTE GAT^DTlNEnR' rTTI^ONT^T^] .AKP ArmTrtlLTlTl^AL GAZKTTE.

636

HOTHOTTSES for the MILLION.— Medal, 1862,
Inventkd »t T)ik late Sir Joskph Pa.xton.
.Mrimiffictured In London; Nowton In Ciirt, el, Lancashire;
i.iiccstur; Covonti7; I*iii8loy, and Abei'doon.

ILLU'^rRArhU 11 ICF Ll^rs vriW bo sent on application to
Messr 1! ■< t Mo tun 7 Tall Mall Knst, London, SVV,

All 1 IIVSLUOJK. t \l\i: and FRUIT TRiiK CULTIVA-
TION IT <jl p atf 00 1 U

HOT-WATEll APPARATUS, of every descripTaoTi,
fixed cniiiiilete in any part of the country, or the materials,
yJk., Boilora, Pipes, ic, dolivurod to any Station.
Jisthiiatea ou application.
, J. J0NE8 & Sons, 0. Bankside, Soutbwark, London, S.B^

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ". HOLLANDS, Ikon MerchanTj
• 31. R:ml.sia«. Loudon. S.E.
HOT WATER PIPES, trum StocK, por yard :— 2-inoli, Ifl. 2d.;
S-lncih, Is. luii. : untU-iucli, 2s. id. BKNDS, IVom Stock, Is.Od., lis. (id.,
Bnd3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., I3s., and 14s. oacli. Other
Connexions at vnually low pncfcs, and all goods ol' first-class mftmi-
Gicture. Estiniatuii i;ivon, and onlurs by po^t punctually attended to
tlio same day.

c

so

•lbs.

0 T T A M AND C 0 M P A

CossLRVAToitY and IIothodse Coildehs, kc.
Iron Works, 2, Wlusley Street, Oxford Struct, London,
SADDLE IIOILERS.
24 :50 niches long,
Cr>s. 0'2s. (id. each.

N Y,

HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 iiicb.

Is. M. 2s. 1(1. 2-t. S>d. per y;ird.
Materials supplied us abuvc,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to
Cdttam & Co.,
Iron W'orlcs,
2, Winslcy Street,
opposite tho Pantlioon),
Oxford Street, London. \v.

HOT WflTC

Hot-water Pipes, with Elbows
and Connections, .suppiied by
i > iMiY AM) I'OI.LAUb.

I -J CoiiLia>.'ts juiil EbLinintts givr^n
lor WARMING PUliLIC BUILD-
INGS; latest IiiiprovemeMs in HEAT-
ING by HOT WATER; the Improvucl
CONICAL BOILERS, for Heating
Fineries, Conservatories, Greeuhouses,
Mansions, Hidls, Warehouses, &c..
Solely Mftnulactured by Bury & Pol-
LAno. These Boilers are adapted for
setting in Brickwork, or annexed
Sketch shows liunv & Pollarc's ini-
pioved arrangement, requiring
NO BRICKWORK SETTING,
riiese Boilers have for their dur.i-
bility and economy attained a cele-
biity far surpiissi'X any other Boilers
tver inventtid. They have been for
many years p.'st in use at many Public
Establishments, Royal Botanical Gar-
dens at Kcw. at the Regent's Park,

tho CiTstal Palace, and at most of the Nobility's and Gentry's Seats

throughout the United Kuij^doui. References where they have

beon for 2it ycirs in constiint use.
Price Lists nn application to Bpry & Pollard, Park Iron Works,

17, New Park Street, Southwark, London, S,E.

By Her Majesty's Royal Letters Patent.

THE TERMINAL RADULE BOILER,
with Hollow Bai-s, proves itself to be equal to any form now
in use for economy and power ; whilo the Simphcity of tts Construc-
tion gives it the advantage over all others. See Testimonials.
J. iKELANn, Edward Street, Broughton Lane, Manchester.

GARDEN BOEDER EDGING TILES, in p-t-iit
variety of patterns and material, the plainer sorts being
especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take mp little
room, and once put duwn incm- no further labour
and expense, as flo. "j^own" Edgings, conse-
ouently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, Ac, in
Artilicial Stone, of great durability, and in great
vai'jety of design.

F. & G. RosNLR, Manufacturers, Upper Giouud
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; (.Queen's Kuad West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Sole London Agents ibr FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
■BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by pout. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES lor Conservatories,
Halls, Cornuors, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stone, ID blue, red, and baff colours, and capable of forming a variety
t»i designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the abcve

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Mricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, P^ed and Stoneware Dniin Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. ft G. Rosher, at their Premisos as above.

SILVER SAND (RElGA'l'E, best quidity), at the above
addresses— 14s. per Ton, or Is.Sd, per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
tor dolivei7 within three miles, and to any Loudon Riilway or Wharf.
Vuantities of 4 Tons. Is. per Ton loss.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
" °''''« F. & G. RosiiER. — Addresses see abovo,

if B. Orders promptly osecuted by Railway.

Seed Pans, Garden Pots. Edging Tiles. &c.

MiifciSitS. JiONSEY liRoTHERtJ bug to otter to
(JL-ntleincn, thoir Gmdeners, and tho Trade, GARDEN
POTS. SEED l'.\NS, and EDGING TILES, of all sizes, uf hard
and durnble qinillty and modonito prtco.
Address Messrs. noNsi.v ItnoTirERS, Bros PotterlcH, Chortsoy, Surrey

L'^VWNMOWERS, SCYTHES, KOLLEKS", GARDEN
SEATS. &c.— SH A W'H Tl h'KANT, ffom Is. por piece:
Tho Garden Ropository. ifi, James Street, Coveut Garden,
Lo[idou, W.C Price Lists uii application.

1? T. " ARC iTE R ' S *'"E K 1 G I DOM U."
U • Patronised by Ilor MiijoslyTho Quoon, tho Duke of Nnrth-
umberland for Syon House, IlisOrnce tho Duke of Dovonshii*o for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Llndloy for the ftorti cultural Society,
Sir Joseph Pastou for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological Society, &C.
PROTECTION from tho SCORCHING RAYS of tho SUN.

"FRIGI DOMO," a Canvas ma<l« of Patent prepared Unlr and
Wool, a perfect Non-conductor of Heat and Cold, keomng, wherever
It is applied, a llxed tempomturo. It is adapted for all Ibirticullural
and l''liirlcultunil purposes, for Preserving Fruits and Flnwors from
the Scorching Rays of the Sun. ft'om Wind, from Attucka of lusucts,
and from Morning Frosts. To no had In any ronuired lengths.

Two yards wl<lo 1.^. ad. per yard niu.

'>'our yards wide 38. Gd. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. 'Ml. per yard.

An improved make, 3 yards wldo . . 2s. Hd. por yard run. Also
"FRIOI DOMO" NETTING, 2 yards vrtde. Is. Oti. per yard run.

Elisha Thomas Arcukk, Whole and Sole Manufactuitir, V, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C., and of all Nurserymen tind
Soed.snien throughont tho Kingdom.

" It is much cheaper than Mats .as a coverliiii."

Winter Ribbon Gartlen.
TOHN ROSS, Surljit^.n. Sunvv, \\., is preparrd to
O LAY OUT overy description of PLEASURE GROUND
SCENERY. Photographs at Ribbon Plui^ting may be had for
inflpecti'ou as above.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., -betrs to announce that he is

rf prepared to Furnish PLANS "and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND ftttached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS aWd to early oitt the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. .Tonv Giusun, lub , Surrey Lane. Batteri^ea, .S.W.

Sefton Park, Liverpool.
JOSEPH NliWTOiN bpjrs to inlonu those who cou-
f / tomplato In'iproving their P.ark Plantations, Ornamental
Grounds, Horticultural Buildings, &c., that ins PLANS and
PlCTUKESt^UE VIEWS for the above and other Parks and
Ornamental Grounds now in progress under his direction, will
.shortly be exhibited in London, Livori)ool, Rdinhnrgh, Manchester,
;ind IJuhlin. Particulars and opinions of the Press sent on appli-
cation.—74, Oxford Terrace. Hyde Park, London, \V.

Farm Poultry

GREY DORKING ioWLS, ol purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the lai'gest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NUItFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AILESUURY ar,d ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for aizo and early maturity.
BRAHMA-PUUTRA. CREVKCtEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Joists and Estimates on application.
Jons Bailv iJi So.s, 113, Mount Street, London, W,

SEWAGE^f ls^OR\VICIL^Natire is hcrebj^iven that
the Local Board of Health for the Corporate District of
Norwich are prepared to RECEIVE TENDERS for the PURCHASE
of the SEWAGE ol the DISTRICT,', and for the Hire of about
130U Acres of Laud in the po^^session of .the Boaro. intended to be
irrigated with such Sewage which will be pumped to the highest part
of the Land at the cost of the Board.

Further particulars, and any other information required may bo
obtained upon application to Mr. A. W. Mohant, the Engineer to
the Board, at his OflBces, Norwich, or to myself.

Tho Tenders are to be addressed to The Clerk of the Board, and
delivered at my Office on or before the 4th of June next, endorsed
' Tender for Sewage of Norwich."
Tlio Board do not bind themselves to accept the lowest or any
Tender. H. B. Miller.

Clerk to the Norwich Local Board of Health.
Bank Chambers Norwich, May 2, 1807.

W' ANTED, aPARTNERT^vitli £400, in a Nursery and
Florist and an extensive Jobbing Trade and Laying-out* Also
THREE ACRES of FLOWER and KITCHEN GARDEN with
Cottage and Seed Shop, close to the Crystal Palace. A good Invest-
ment for an active Young Man. — Apply to
L. Meagueh, HamJItOii Road Nursery. Lower Norwood, Surrey.

A"n"T IUJ~rM ftfE D I A T E L Y;~a^n^k'rate~^ized
WELL-FURNISHED HOUSE, in thorough Repair, for a
few weeks or longer. Three Sittmg Rooms, 7 or 8 Bed Rooms.
Situation drv, sheltered, and rural, not near London. Rent
moderate. The House must in every respect be suitable for the
residence of aUentleman's Family.
Apply to A, B. C, 107. Park Street, Grosvenor Square, London, W.

~ — SMALL FLORISTS'

BUSINESS, or PREMISES suitable for Growing Flo weis lor

WAiNTEl) to KENT,
BUSINESS, or PREMISES suitable for Growing Floi
Market. Address, C. A., Oardener.K' (Tliroukle Office, W.C.

Tj^LORLsT'S BUSINESS for DISPOSAL.— A tine
JL opening for the Jobbing Ti-ade. No Premium. The Proprietor
having taken a Nursery ii< the North of England.

Apply immediately to Robkrt Bullen, Horticultural Agent,
1, Newland Street, Kensington, W.

jj'OR DISPOSAL, a First-class N UltSERY and S,KEX»
i BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor wonld accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1500.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, C, Leadenhall Street,
London, E-C.

f'jiO LfclT un LEASE, 7 ACRES of good MARKET

X GARDEN GROUND, well stocked, with Two Cottages
standing thereon. Situated near Hayes Station, on tho Great
Western R-iilway. For particulars, inquire of the owner,
Mr. Jonathan Benn, Botweli, Hayes, Middlesex.

Hants.

TO BE let;, for a Ti;rm ol Tears, about 80 ACRES
of LAND, recently broken up, in the New Forest. There is
a nice fi-roomeu Ctfttage. with Barn, Cow-house, Stable, Pigsties, &.C.,
on It, all in good repair. This would suit a Gardener who could
Manage a Small Dairy, combinii.g tho raising of American Plants,
Ferns, &c., as the soil is admirably suited for Propagating, About
8 acres of a fine Loamy Mould would form an Early Market Garden.
A Small Stream of Water intersects tho property. The Partridge
Shooting is very good. A ready hale for every description of produce
IS to be luund at Southampton, which can be reached in half an
hour. inioKrdiate entry on taking the Stoek and Crop at a Valuation.
Apply to Mr. Smith, Land Agent and Surveyor, Romsey, Hants.

^alcg 6p auction*

SALE ON MONDAY NEXT, AT TWELVE FOR ONE O'CLOCK.

The Laundry Farm, Denham, near Uxbridge.

Valu.ahle Fanoui^^ Stock, L'arria|L;es. Double and .smglo (.Carriage
Haiiiess, i;aoiLal Hunter, useful Ciirt-iiorse, .about 2W dozen
Bedding Plants, comprising Mrs. Pollock, Madame Vaucher,
Christine, Cloth of Gold, and other Choice Geraniums ; Orange
Trees, dmellias. Azaleas, Rose Trees, Fuchsias, Carnations,
Rt!awh.?iTy Plants, kc, ; Garden Implements and Effects.

MESSRS. VENTUM, CLARKE, and liULL will SELL
by AUCTION, on the Premises, on MONDAY NEXT,
May 2i), at 12 for 1 o'clock, SIX COWS, three Heifer-s, two Calve?, a
.Si-gur, three Sinvs, 30 Pijf-'. Poultry, a lioward'.s Patent Havuiaking
Machine, an Oilcake Crushing Machine, a W.^tor-cart, a Tumbiil-
cart. Iron and Wooden Hurdles. Jtc.

Catalogues may be had of Messrs. Hart, Brothers, & Co., 57
Moorgato Strco!, i ofMe.^srs. Lawranok, Plewh, & Bovtit, Soiiijitfjis,
14, Old Jewry Chambers : at the Chequers Hotel, U;tbrlilgi^ ; and of
the Auctioneers, 8. Bucklersbury, E.G.

Kennington Park.

Cleakancf: Sale of BEnniNO an» tJREKMiocbK Plants, Greeniioubrb
Suens, Brickh. &o.

MESSRS. PROTJIEKOE and MORRIS are instrueted
by Mr. Tooluy, to SELL by AUCTION on the Promises.
Ciinleu Cottage, tiucuo's Row, Kennington Park Road, S., clone tu
tliu Ilorna Tavern, on MONDAY, May lid, at 12 o'Clock procn-oly,
the whole of tho GREENHOUSE and BEDDING PLANTS,
Including the usual nnsortinent ; also 4 OreenbouBCH, 4 ThrccLight
Boxes, Hand Ola«sos, Sheds, Hot-water Piping, BoHers, Brlclis,
Water Butts, and sundry etiects.

May bo viewed prior to the Salo. Catalogues had on tho Promlaos,
and of tho Auctioneers and Valueis, Luytonatono, N.E.

Dalston.

Clearance Sale or Greknuoumk and llEnoiNo Plasts, QRKENitocitEi,

I'JTK, &u.

MESSRS. PROTHEROI^ and MORRIS liave receivi-d
instructions from Mr. IlarMugtiin (who is relinquishing tho
business), to SELL by AUCTION, without lescrve, on tho PrenilBes,
The OUl Dalston Nuroory, Dai&tou J..ano, within Ave minutes walk of
the Dalston Juuotion Station on the North Loudon Railway, on
TUESDAY, May 21, and following day, at 12 o'clock proclhcly oacli
uay. the whole of the GREENHOUi^E PLANTS. Including larye
Double Camellias, Azalea indica, Ficus, Cytlsus, Acacia, Calla,
Oleander, Ciicti, Agapanthus, Hoya, Roses in pots, Amoricjm Aloes,
kG. ; about Ifj.oou Hcarlet, Variegated, Zonalo. and other Geraniums ;
2000 Pelargoniums, and the usual assortment of Bedding Plants lu
large quantities; Evergreens in pots, Lilium lancifolium. Hardy
Climbers, Vines in pots, £i,c., with eight Lean-to and Span-ioof Green-
houses ; several ranges of Pits, Bo.tes, Hot-water Piping, Boilers,
Winter and Garden rots, Bricks, and other effects.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues may bo had on the
Premises, at Kingsland Nursery ; and of the Auctioneers and
Valuers, American Nurseries, Leytoustone, N.E.

Hornsey Road.

Clearance .Sali; oi- Greemiocsk ani> BEoniNO Plants.

MESSRS. PRuTiiEltOE a.nd .MORRIS will SELL by
AUCTION on the Premises, Devonshire Nuroery, Homsey
Roioi, oil I'ii L'liyDAY, May 23. at 11 o'Cloik, withoit resoi-ve, the
wholu 01 tho Valuable BEDDING and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
including 7UUU very fine Calceolaria aurea horibunua ; 3UUl> Lobelia
speeluaa; 4UU0 Scarlo* and Variegated Geraniums, of various sorts ;
Fuchsias. Verbenas. 4c. &c. ; 3uuo well- grown Pelargoniums, fine
bloommg Plants; quantity ot Manure; U Glazed Lignts ; a Spring
Cart; Gulden Pots, 4c.

May be vipwed Ihreo Days prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be
had Oil the Premises, and of the Auctioneers, Amencau Nurberles,
Leytoustone, Ks.sbX, N.E.

The Last City Sale for this Season of Greenliouse
and Bedding Plants.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL by
AUCTION, at 3S and 311, Gracechurch Street, City, E.G.,
oil li'lUDAY, May 24, at 12 o'Clock, a choice assortment of GllEEN-
IlOUoE aud BEDDING PLANTS, Including tine Azalea mdica ;
Show, Fancy, and IVench Pelargoniums ; Scarlet and Variegated
Geraniums; Hoses in pots, ana other Plants m bloom; named
Khododenorons. I'uchsias, Verbenas, PeLunius, Heliotropes, Lobelias,
Herbaceous and Shrubby Calceolarias, Dahlias. CupUeas, Aguratumu,
Intermediate Siojh.s, Double Nasturtiums, ^c.

On view the Morning of Sale, Catalogues may be had at the
Rooms as above, una of the Auctioucera and Valuers, Amerii^an
Nur-series, Leytonstoiie, Essex, N.E.

/4.EORGE r. MORRIS (of the Firm of Puothehoe

VT &, Morris) imdertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LAN DED ESTATES, LhLtVSEH OLD and REVERSIONARY
PRuPEKTl' of every description. FARMING aud MaRKEI'
GARDEN PRODUCE, HOUSEHOLD iURNITURE, STOCK iu
TRADE, &c.
Auction and Estate Agency Office, The Limes, Leytonstone, Essex.

SALE THIS LAY, AT HALF-PAST TWELVE O'CLOCK.

Valuable Imported Orcliids from New Grenada.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3ts, King titreet, Covent Garden, W.C., on
SATURDAY, May IB, at ball-uast 12 o'Clock precisely, an importa-
tion of splendid new CATTLElfAS and ODOKTOGLCSbUMtt Irum
Ntw Grenada, comprising wonderful specimens in the finest possiblu
health, and including some of the finest ujo^sses ever imported.
Drawings aiid dried Specimens will be exhibited at tho aale, and tho
I'iauta are lotted to .suit all buyers.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Periodical Sale of Poultry and Pigeons.
H. J. C. STEVENS Will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, I*.**. King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
TUESDAi, May 21, at hali-past 12 o'Cloik precisely, choice
POULTRY. I'iGKOisS, FANCY SONG BIRDS, and EGGS, Irom
the yaido of wdl-knowu Brocdeis.
Qn view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

M'

Bedding Plants.

ME. J. C. STEVENS wUl SELL bv AUCTION, at
his Great Roouis, US, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAi', ilay 25, at hall-past IJ o'clock precisely, a quantity of
ViaiogateuJandGreenGERANlU MS, FUCHSIAS, HELIOTROPES
VERBENAS, AURICULAS, CUPllEAS, VIuLETS, PHLOXES
DAHLIAS, GLiUJlOLl, LILIUM AUiLATUM, RUSTIC SEATS
VASES. STOOLS, BASKET.s, &c.
Ou view the Moruuig of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Ipi;ported Orcliids from New Grena,da and moulmeiln.

MR. J. C. sTlVEKS win SELL by AUCTION at
his Great Booms, 36, King street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
Monday, May l'", at hiih-past 12 o'clock precisely, the remaining
portion ot Mr. Bowman's CONSIGNMENT of IMPORTED
ORCHIDS from New Grenada, comprising fine Plants of many very
choice varietius. Also an Importation from Moulmein of fine masses
of Saccolabium curvifollum, b. Blun.ei majus, ..ilndes Lobbii, virena,
and afflne ; several fine Dendrobos, &c.
On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

MR. DUCKWORTH will SELL by AUCTION,
without reserve, at Park Farm, Flnchley, Middlesex on
THURSDAY, May 23, at 12 o'clock, 81 UO CHOICE PLANTS lor
Beddiijg out and lor Vases. The Plants are large and in the most
healthy condition, aud comprise the following sorts ;— GERANIUMS ■
Mrs. Pollock, Mrs. Milford, tiueen ot Queens, Bijou, Donald Beaton,
Indian Yellow, Christine, Paul L'Abbe, Cybister, Stella, Tom Thumb,
I'unch, Madam Vaucher, Cense Unique, ilVenth^.m Rose, Harrj
Hieover, Maatei piece. Little David, Coimtess of Warwick, Rubens,
and many other choice sorts, among which are some very choice
seedlings just coming into bloom. VERBENA: Crim^o 1 King.
LOBELIAS (New White): Miss Murphy aud speciosa. HELlU-
TKOPES. FUCHSIAS, CHRYSANTHEMUMS, uuLDEN BALM
PELARGONIUMS, and otocr cliuiCv- SL'ita oi Bi^ading plants.

May be viewed one day prior to Salo. Catalogues had of Mr.
DpLK-weitTH, Auctioneer aud Estate Agent, Hadloy, Bamet.

Manor House, CMsleliurst, Kent! ~

MESSRS. G. B. AND S. BAXTER and PAYNE
have been favoured with instructions to SELL by AUCTION,
on the Premises, as above, on THURSDAY, May 23, at 12 oClock
precisely, about COOtt very excellent BEUDXNG PLANTS of
different sorts, the whole of the very Choice S'loVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS. 210 very fine Fruiting Pines {some of them
forward). Garden Touls, Frames and LighU", Hand Lights, Garden
Pots, Matting, Netting, Wheelbarrows, Orange Boxes, vVater Butta,
Water Tub on wheels, a quantity of Peat anu Manure, 40-rouiid and
:iu-round Ladders, Stack Cloth, Poles and Ropes, Hay Forks and
Rakes, nearly new Hajmaking Machino, a Horse Rake, ne;irly new
Liquid Manure Cart, 2 nearly now Dung Carls, Iron Hjrse Hoe,
Patent Plough, Sheup and I'lg Troughs, Cow Cribs, (.nicake Crusher,
Carpeiitui's Bench, Grindstouo ana Frame, Pig Tub and Form, a
large Meat Safe, very tthe Short-horn Cow, useful Van Horse, Sec, 4c.
May be viewed the Morning of Sale, atd Cataloenes had on tho
Premises, at the Inns in tho neighbourhood, and of the Auctioneers
aud Valuers, Sun. Fire, imd Lii&, Mid-Kent and General Property
R,egtBter Offices, Towu Hall, Bromley, Kent ; and B, Culluiu Street,
Fenchurch Street, London, E.G.

536

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 18, 1867.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT LAWN MOWEES FOE 1867.

PATRONIZED ON FIVE OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1864 BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY.
DtTRING THE SEASON OE 1865 THEY WERE PATRONISED ON FOTIB OCCASIONS BY HER MAJESTY THE OUEEN,

ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND, AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA.

AGAIN ON FOUR OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1866 BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN

AND BY MANY DLSTINBtTISHED NOBILITY BOTH IN THIS COUNTRY AND ABROAD.

HORSJi-l'UU'JiU ilAClIINE,

Every minute point ia the way of improvement has been carefully considered and adopted, and as A. S. and SON have for more than a quarter of a century
devoted their attention to this particular branch of their business, the Nobility, Gentry, and Gardeners may rely on the MACHINES they may order, to be such
as to ensure lasting satisfaction, and to stand the wear and tear of many years.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

ABE IN DAILY USE IN

ALL THE ROYAL GARDENS; IN THE HOKTICULTUEAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUNDS;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;

And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

These are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOW PEOPESLT WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWEES are the only Machines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quarter of a century.

Shanks* Patent Lawn Mower will Mow on uneven as well as on level Lawns.

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, in referring to their IMPROVED LAWN MOWEES for 1867, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them. The principles which guide A. S. and SON in effecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general eflficiency, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. AND SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an extent as possible in the constniction of their Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improved Machinery are employed in manufacturing the various parts, and this applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines. .

A. S. AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWEES, which will enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OE SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

Width or Cutter.
10-inch Machine £3 10

12-inch Machine 4 10

14-rnch Machine . . 5 10

SHANKS'

Easily Worked

NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

I El/ a Lady
0 By a Boy

Silent Movement.

is. extra.

Width of Cutter.

16-inch Machine £6 10

19-inch Machine 7 12

22-inch Machine 8 7

24-inch Machine 8 17

Easily Worked SUent Movement

0 By a Man or Two Boi/s I . ,
6 By a Man and Boy )*'-^^^^-

6 ]l^yTu,oMen .. [ 7^^- " "

6d.
extra.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE.

Widtli of Cutter.
25-inch Machine £12 10

If wtu Patent Delivering Apparatus.
. . 2.5s. extra.

0

28-inch Machine 14 10 0 . . . . 30s. „

30-inch Machine 15 1.5 0 .. .. 30s. ,,

Silent Movement, 12s. 6^. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set.
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

If with Patent Delivermg Apparatus.
.. 30s. exti-a.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE,

Width of Cutter.

30-inch Machine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0 .. .. 30s. „

42-moh Machine 25 0 0 . . . . 40s. „

48-inch Machine 28 0 0 .. .. 40s. „

Sil^t Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH,
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

N.B.

I^" 27, Zeadenhall Street is the only place in London where intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers can choose from a Stock of from 150 to 200
All sizes kept there, ivhether for Horse^ Pony^ or Hand Power.

Editorial ComniTiiiicatlons should bo addressed to " The Editor ; " Advertisements and Business Letters to " The Publisher," at the OfHce, 41, WelUnffton Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed by James MATTBBwa, at the Office of Messrs. Bradbort, EviNs, & Co., Lombard Street. Precinrt nf WhiteCrlars, City of London, la the Co. of Allddleaejc, and Published by the said ikK&i MATrHBWs.at tb
Office, No. 41. Wellington Street, Parish of 8t. Paul's, Covent Garden, 1 the eaid County.— SATnaoAT, May 18 , 1867.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 21.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, MAY 25.

f Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, 6rf.

AgriculturnlBeneTOlentAsso-

i-latlon 051 c

Amcrlcnn ilalries S5J «

Asli.litiitchodBreadftlbane ,. 641 «

Kcf culture ^^ >>

Jlelvoir Castle 54» c

Books iiulia'd 55S 6

Botiiiiiiul prize, Swiss !>U a

Cvlndiiini tremors 544 a

Crtttlo plnKiie 65lfl— 552n

Ciittle l'l«KueHin 552 b

CutWKPs.l 'boupers' 555 e

Crops, spcdinn of Kinin 553*

Dairies, Amt'ilcim 555 n

IJuckhiim tustimuniiU 552 n

Kuphorbiiiceic, nomeocla-

tureof 544 n

Fiu'ui nutos 555 c

Fi)rmiii|c, Dnnlsli 558 c

Famiprs' Clubs 557 r

Fern disttiibution 546 n

Voud, liibourora' 5^6 «

Fruit, new QuccnRliind 544 ii

Oiu-deiuTH' lloyal lleiievoleiit

Institution 543 6

Ooosi-berry wine .147 n

Goi-se 556 b

Grupos, March 547 a

Hups 5Jl b

Lenf parofiites 543 a

ulonmier cuttings 5Hi e

OoUicainuini 547 a

Parasites, leaf 543 a

Paris, letters from 545 c-55J h

Peas, curly 546 r

PclurKoniums 54!) a

— zuna) ^^' ^

Plniits, new 544 h

~ ditto at Paris 546 fc

Pliint poi-traits 544 c

— stiuKcles .,.; 545(1

Rose, Murtihal Niel 643 c

Seii.reelaniutiou fi'om the.... 553 c

-ilk worms 547 a

Society, lloyal Horticultural,

543 c— 547 b

— Royal Aariculniral of .

Ensland 557 n

.SnrKliunis 556 c

Stock, importation of 552 a

— fiittcniiiK yomig 556 n

Tunibayimx ^^^ "

mniip eulturo 550 a

V(in(las,i'ot in 646 c

VarifKatioii; cause of 541 n

Vines, l)leedins 64(i e

Yine-leaf excrescences 550 c

"Weather 556 b

Rrrathm.— Lkeds Horticultural Society.— In the Advertisement
of this Socioty, insorted last Saturday, for House Bouquets,
road Hand Uouquets.

pOYAL

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Lt SOUTH KENSINGTON", W.

Tho FIRST GREAT FETR will be HELD on JUNE 4, and the
Flowers, &c., will 1 en. am ou view until the Sth. Bands each day from 4.

Admission (for the Opening Day) bv Tickets purchased prior to
thi- 4th :— Fellows' Fritiids,3.'!.6rf. ; Public, 5s. ; oruu tueDay. "s. «<*. ;
or by Ticket admitting from 4th to &th. Fellows' Friends, 7s. 6d. ;
Public. IOjj. Ut/., which mny be bought of all the principal Musicsellers
tit the West End, and oi Kkitii, Phowse, & Co., Cheapside, E.G.

SAMBO PELARGONIUM (ZONAL) is tho finest
formed and richest coloured variety ever introduced. First-
olaaa Uertiflcate by Floral Committee. Strong Pl-inta, 7s. 6<l. each.

DowNiK, Lahui, & LAiNci, Staubtcad Park, Forest Hill, S.E. ;
and Ediu burgh. ^

PELARGONIUMS, Show. Fancy, and Spotted kinds.—
24 choice named sorts for 10«. ; 30 for 'JSs. ; 50 for 3()s., all strong
healthy plants. Trade price on application.

U. & R. STiRZARKn, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

NEW ZONAL
Season.— Foi

PELARGONIUMS for the pn-sent
or Six choice Varieties of the above, selected with
great care from an immenso batch of Seedlings, see our Advertise-
ments in thlB Paper, April 6, U. and 'JiX

A libiral discount tu the Trade.
Saltmarsji k Sos, MiJiiUliam Nurseries, Chelmsford^^

Mrs. Pollock Geranium.

TJ. BOOTH oti'era the iibove. in good Plants, at
• "ifi, per dozen, or C>Os. por 100, for cash.

RainliiU Nursery, Lancashire,

c,

MRS. POLLOCK GERANIUMS, 7*. and 96-. per doz. ;
VERBENAS, GERANIUMS, CALCEOLARIAS,
FUCHSIAS, LOBKLIAS. Stc, £1 ^er 100 ; 5u for 10s. Qd.

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUE free on application.

W. H.iorER, New Wandsworth, S.W.

BTO iCEGERANIUM S.—

LUCY GRIEVE, ITALIA UNITA, SOPHIA DUMARESQUE,
TOPSY. SUNSET, MRS. BENYON, tjUEEN'S FAVOURITE,
ELEGANS, FONTAlNEIiLEAU, and KKNILWORTH.

Prices and terms to the Trade and others on application to
TooMAS J. Booth, Rainhiil Nursery, llainbill, Lancashire.

EW VARIEGATED GERANIUM CASTLEMILK.—
Fine ornaniental foliage, one half the leaf margined with the
purest white, centre fine Rreen. Free robust branching habit, and
effective bedder. First-class Certificate at the Glasgow and West of
Scotland Horticultural Society, September 12, 1S66. Price on appli-
cation. Now re idv to send out by

Austin &'McAslan, IB. Buchanan Street, Glasgow,

ROYAL
I R.

BUTAMC SOCIETY'S GARDENS,

— Rejienfa Park. — WEDNESDAY NEXT, May 29, FIRST
GENERAL EXHIBITION of PLANTS and FLOWERS. Tickets
to be obtained only at the Gardens ; and of the Society's Clerk,
Austin's Ticket Office. St. James's Hall ; by orders from Fellows of
the Society, prico 6a. each, and on the day of the Exhibition,
7>. )'"'. I'lich, Gates open at 2 o'Clock.

AMKRICAN PLANTS, MONDAYS, June 3d and 10th. Tickets,

ULTU'RAL "DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.

Second Edition. By Jorn Cranstox, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

pi

. ("(. .

,ioh.

/'I RAND FLORAL FETE, YORK, JUNE 19.—

V_T The rRI?:F.S amount to upwards of £400, including Special Pi-izes
tnr ORCHIDS, ROSES, and FRUITS, Schedules on application to

ii'TiN WjLsos, Secretar\-, 13, New Street, York.

1 :> I RJUNGHAM ROSE SHOW, JULY 4 and 5.—

NEW ROSES for 1867.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with piices, on application.
John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

BUTTON'S HOME-GROWN TURNIP SEED.

5 For prices and particulars apply to

Sdtton & Sons, Seod Growers, Reading.

T U R NIP SEEDS.

Best selected quality.
PRICED LISTS on application.
James Dickson & Sons, 102, Eastgate Street, Chester.

1867

Farm" 'SblEDS.— All the best kinds of MANGEL
WURZEL, SWEDE TURNIP, and other Farm Soeds of
finest quality ou moderate terms.

PRICED LISTS on application to
RicHAHD Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

U WEDE SEED.— The WORCESTERSHIRE SAVEDE,

O NEW SEED of this excellent kind at lOd. per lb. Cheaper by
the cwt. or bushel.

RioHARP Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester. ^^^

New Mangel and Turnip Seeds.

JAMES FAIRHl^AD and SON, 7, Borough Market,
and Braintreo, Essex. Special Select ORANGE GLOBE and
other MANGELS, and all varieties of TURNIPS.
Special prices on application.

Strong Drumhead or Cattle Cabbage Plant.

WVIHGU AND SOX can supply lar^-e quantities of
• the above, at tis. per lOW. baniples can be had on
application at the Nursery, Wonersh, Guildford, SuiTey.

Delivered free at the undermentioned Railway Stations—
Guildford, South-Western ; Shalford, South- Eastern ; Bramley,
London, Brighton, and South Coast^

Robinson's Champion Drumliead Cabbage.

SUTl'ON AN'D SONS can supply Nt;w SEED of the
.-_ above flirectfrom Mr. Robuison. at 'is. M. per lb., cheaper by
the cwt. HeiuLs Ml tins viiriutv hive been L;rown 7;> lb, each.

SutT'i'' v^ So^■^, K'iv:il I! -rk^fiiro Sed Ksr.n>iLsUnicnt, Reiiriing.

Early Slieep Feed— Mustard and Rape.

QUTTON AND SONS c-.m supply fiuod .New St-ed of the

lO above at very moderate prices, which may be had on application.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Merchants, Reading.

^ To the Trade and Others.

GENUINE NEW RAPE or COLE SEED.— Fine
sample. For sample and price apply to
Frehk. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, uiggleswade, Beds,

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.
See Iirgo Advertisement.

"" ERBENATTRIMSON KING,

the finest Crirason

V"" ERBENA CRIMSON
Verbena in cultivation. Strong plants, in pots, IGs. per 100.
PURPLE KING, strong plants, V2s. Gd. per 100.
PRICED LIST of BEDDING PLANTS, tec, on application,
John Cranston, Kin^:;'s Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

F

To the Trade.

OR SAMPLES and PRICES of fine English-grown
RAPE SEED, apnlyto ^
Charles Sca-rpe & Co., Seed Mei chants, Sleatord,

For Prize Listi
btreet, Birniingli.'tm.

apply to Mr. A. Forrest, Secretary, Cherry

Entries Ck'se June iQ.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park.

JOHN WATEKER'S RHODODENDRONS will be
EXHIBITED at the above Gardens at the end of the present
month, and continue on view throughout the month of June.

American Nursery. BaKshot, Surrey.

Hyde ParK.

THE large STANDARD and other RHODODEN- I T? ED D I N G
DRONS recently planted in Hyde Park were supplied by I -L^ ^^,}^fiJ^^^

Waterek & Godfrey, Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey. """."."•'-^

The AMERICAN PLANTS at Knap Hill will be m their greatest
beauty during the ensuing fortnight. The Nursery is readily
reached by Train to Woking Station.

Bedding Plants, mostly 2s. per dozen.

J SCOTT, iMerridtt, Soiucrset, lV.r ihe 17th year offers
• his unrivalled Cnllection of the above.

CATv\L'-H!l'l'',S ou iipplicati^in free.

Hardy Bedding Plants.

STUART AND MEIN, Nuksf.rymen, Kelso, N.B.,
have the following to offer : —
ARABIS LUCIDA, fol, variegata, t'>s. per dozen.
VIOLA LUTE A. —Bright yellow of dwarf habit, Gs. per dozen.
VIOLA CORNUTA. purple QUEEN, true, 12s. M. per 100,

PL"A~N""T~S.— Strong"

IF

QPECIAL OFFER. -Fine "New SCARLET RUNNER
0 BEANS. Cash Price, 7s. C<d. por btishel.

FREnERicK Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Beda.
OR SALE, about 3 Tons ofYORK FI.UKE SEED.
Apply to J. H. Batb, York Street, Borough Market, S.E.

vITrY garden REQUISITE

kept in Stock at
Cahter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 2.'!8, Hich Ilolbom. London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

JAMES C A R V E K and C 0.,

Seed Farmers. Merchants, and Ncrsertmes,

237 &. :;38, High Holborn, Loudon, W.C. ^^^

PINES (QUEENS) in all sizes, very strong and healthy,
from a stock that never had scale. Surplus stock, cheap.
M. RocHFORD, Market Gardener, Page Green, Tottenham, N.

Pines.

TJ. BOOTH ofl'ers clean, well-rooted Suckers of
• BLACK JAMAICA PINES. Any one who will take the
lot, about 160, may have them cheap. Price on application.
Rainhiil Nursery, RamhilJ, Lancashire.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACKLS, iNEuTAKlNES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
plums. PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RicoAKD Smith, Nur.serynian and .Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Just Imported, a quantity of Handsome Healthy

OKANliE TltEKS lu Puts, with tnnu oi) to lUU blooms
and bloom buds ou each, some with Fruit, 3s, Od,, 5.i., &Cs. each.
R. Grekn. The Bedford Conservatories, Covent Garden Market, W-C.

T~"RIC"0L0R-LEAVED and" OTHER "iVIES^
Twelve of the most beautiful IVIES in cultivation will be sent
anywhere on receipt of Poat-offlce Order on Castle Hedingham for 10s.
D1LLI8TONE& WooDTnORPE, MunroNursery, SibleHedingham, Esaeju

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES ot the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
Tii'iMAS Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries,

healthv Plants
per 100. consisting of VERBENAS, CALCEOLARIAS.
GERANIUMS, PETUNIAS, GAZANIAS, LOBELIAS, 4c., &c.
VERBENAS, all the best kinds, at 16fl. per 100.

CATALOGUES on application.
H. MiNCHiK, The Nurseries, Hook Norton, Oxon.

Bedding Plants.

ARCHIBALD HKNDERSON'S DESCRIPTIVE
PRICED CATALOGUE is now ready, containing many
Novelties. Can be had gratis and post free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath, S., and at the East Surrey Seed
Warehouse, College Grounds, North End, Croydon^

G

LADIOLI BULBS,

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2a. Gd., 38. 6d., 5s. Qd., 7s. 6d., 9s., and 12s. per dozen.
10s. 6d., 15s., 21s., 25s. to lOOs. per 100.
Barr&Suoden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

T<

FOR SALE, the finest ALOE in this country, almost
ready to blo^^som. Would be disposed of on moderate terms.
Apply to J, DraiiAM, Gardener and Coachman, 34, Grove End
Road, St. John's Wood, N.W.

CENTAUREA CANDIDISSIMA.-Wanted, five or six
dozen of the above. State price, 4c., to
E. P. Francis & Co., Nurserymen, Hertford.

CALADIUMS, CALADIUMS.—

BICOLOR SPLENDENS, CHANTINI, HOWLETTI, and
WIQHTI. The four varieties sent free for 30 Stamps. Also eight
varieties of Ornamental GRASSES, Including Striped-leafed
Japanese Maize, post tree for 12 Stamps.

Q. C. Short. Seedsman and Florist. Market Place, Stokesley,

Retinospora flILfera.

JOHN STANDlbH la tlie liuldtr of the stock of the
above most distinct and beautifid weeping CONIFERA. It is
of a pale glaucous green, with slender thread-like branches a Inot
long, which hang in the most graceful manner, and altogether the
most nii-tiiict weepii g plant ever offered to the Public. It is also
perfectly hardy. Strong Plants, now ready, 3ls. Gd. each.
Royal Nursery, Aacoc.

0" THE TRADE.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SENSATION, 21fi. perlOO; GERANIUM
LORD PALMERSTON, 25s. per JOO; Ditto STELLA NOSEGAY,
20.S. per 100; CLEMATIS STANDISHII. 60«. per 100; HUMEA
ELEGANS, 30s. per 100.

W. RusHFORTH, Nurseryman, Leeds.

New Chrysanthemums, Pyrethrums, &c.

JOHN SALTr.R'S DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE is
now ready, and will be sent on receipt of two postage stamps.
Versailles Nursery, William Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith,
W, (near Kensington Railway Station).

Chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemums,

Chrysanthemums.

ADAM FORSYTH'S CATALOGUE is now ready,
containing a Descriptive List of all the best varieties ; also a
Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Chrysanthemum. For-
warded to all applicants for one stamp.

Brunswick Nursery, Stoke Newington, London, N.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

JAMliS FAIRHEAD and SON, 7, Borough Market,
and Braintree, Essex.
LISTS and Special Prices on application.

'^ Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. HiKhpato, London. N.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE'S WHOLESALE SPRING
• PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of 1866 growth la now
ready and may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment. Wisbech,

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST Is now ready,
and wdl be forwarded post free on application.

Seed Warehouse, Sleaford.

New Seed of 1867.

D ORSON'S CELEBRATED PKIZE CTNERARU
has taken all I'lrst Prizes at the London Shows this Season.
Seed from the above, in Sealed Packets, 1.*., 2s. 6*/., and 5s.
Without exception unejujiUed by any other strain
s. Woodlands N'

DoBSON & Sons,

Nursery, Isleworth, London, W.

Seeds for Present Sowing.

DOBSON'S PRIZE CALCEULARIA, Is. 6d., 2s. 6d.,
3s. Gd., and 6s.
DOBSON'S PRIZE CINERARIA, Is., 2s. 6(i., and 5s.
DOBSON'S PRIZE PRIMULA. Is., 2s.. and 5s.
The above .stniins are .second to none.
DoBSON & Sons, WnoillaiulM Nurwerv, Isleworth, W.

Extra Fine Quality of

PRIMULA SINENSIS FiMBRlATA RUBRA and
ALBA.— Unsurpassed for size of flower, colour, and fringe, and
robust liabit. For Exhibition and Decorative purposes this strain
is acknowledged to be unequalled. Seed, In Senled Packets, separate
colours, 2s. 6d. and Ss. ; Mixed, la., 2s. 6d., and 5s.

DoBsoK & Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, London. W.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
and COMPANY, Limited.
Cork. Seed, Mandre, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 80, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Piices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1861,
for Wheat ; 1862. for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds,"

New Striped Japanese Maize.

SUTTON AND SO.NS can sujtply Seed of the above
beautiful Ornamental F^-liage Plant in packets at Is. each, post
free. Royal IJerkshire Seed EstablishmLnt, Reading.

Fine Grass Seeds for Cricket Grounds,

BOWLING GREENS, or CROQUET GROUNDS.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply suitable kinds of the
_ finest-growing GRASSES and CLOVERS for the above purposes,
at Is. 3d. per lb., 24». per bushel.

SuTTuN 4 Sons. Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

PARIS E X H I K 1 T 1 O N . — The attention of
VISITORS to this EXHIBITION is respectfully called to a
COLLECTION of 20i) VARIETIES of NATURAL GRASSES.
Exhibited in SALOON N i. 47, by Ernst S von Spkkcrelskm
(Successors to J. G. Booth k Co ), Hambm-g.

Clianthus Dampierl,

BUTLER, McCULLUCH, and CO. have to offer a.
quantity of the aboveSeeri. just received in splendid condition,
at Is. and 2s. Gd. per packet. Price to the Trade on application.
South Row, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

L ILIUM AURATUM. —
Large Consignment just received, 2.1. 6d., 3s. 6d.. 5s. 6d., and
7s. 6d. per Root. Extra large selected Bulbs, ICs-. 6d.. 12s. 6d., 15s..i21s.
Barr 4 Suoden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

Notice of Removal. „ ^ , ^ tj

TSAAC DAVIES, Nuuservman, late of Larkfield,
X Wavertiee, near Liverpool, having now REMOVED to
CHAPEL STREET, ORMSKIRK, where he will continue hia
Business on a more extensive scale, respectfully requesf^s that all
Letters and Communications may be m future addressed to the labt
named place.

538

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE iND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[May 25, 1867.

THE aUADRICOLOR PELAKGONITJM of the
Seiison Is METEOR, raised by Saltuarsh & Son.
For description see Advertisements in this P.iper, April fi, 13, nnd 20.
This splendid variety has received a First-class CortiQcate from the
Royiil Horticultural Society, and was figured in the January Number
of the "Floral MagaziLe."
A Coloured Drawing by Andrews will be aeut on receipt of 7 stamps,
Moulshara Nurseries, Chelmsford.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.
TNTENDING PURCHASEl^S of TRICOLOE

L PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS. DIX, prcilous to making their
purchases. For fine foJiage, excellent constitution, free growth, and
brilliancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
i'irat-class Certificates. Plants of Miss Watson in Augiast, £2 2s. each;
Mrs. Dix in May, 1808, 31s. ikl. each.

TjaCOLOR GERANIUMS.— Italia Unita, Queen of
Nosegays, Gold Pheasnnt, Sunset, Crystal Palace Dwarf, Mrs.
Pollook, Stella Variegata, Yellow Belt, one of each, packing
included, 12s. ; Mrs. Pollock, 7s. per dozen ; Sunset, 15s. Strong
Plants of the following at 3s. per dozen :— Iresine. Coleus, Perilla,
Amaranthus ; Geraniums Tom Thumb, Spitfiie, Christine, Stella,
Countess of Warwick, Alma, Flower of the Day, and Hijou.

CALCEOLARIAS, VERBENAS. AGERATUMS, CUPHEA,
LOBELIA, GAZANIA, KONIGA, and NIEREMBERGIA
GRACILIS, 3s. per dozen; finest Zonal varieties, Gn. per dozen .cash ;
strong Plants GLOIRE DE NANCY, 2s. fitZ. each.
Geo. DavjsoN, Hereford.

A UCUBAS, FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

6 Varieties AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.
12 Select NEW FUCHSIAS of ISSG for Os.
12 Select NEW ZONAL GERANIDMS of 1866 for 63.
12 Select CHRYSANTHEMUMS of 18GG for ■is.
12 Varieties JAPAN EDONYMUS, very fine, Gs.

3 Varieties NEW JAPAN OSMANTHUS, quite hardy, 5s.
NEW WHITE LOBELIA MISS MURPHY, 3s. per dozen.
12 Select NEW VERBENAS of 1S6C, for 3s.
-NEW DOUBLE GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, Is. each.
B. W. Kniqut, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Va.vl)
respectfully solicits Orders for the following NEW and
FIRST-CLASS PLANTS, which will be ready for delivery in May.

NEW ROSES.
BLACK PRINCE, H. P. (Wm. Paul)— Flowers dark crimson, shaded

with black, cupped, lai'ge and full. Price 5s. each.
GLQBOSA, H. P. (Wm. Paul).— Flowers clear dark bright crimson,

colour intense and uniform throughout. Price 6s. each.
LADY SUFFIELD, H. P. (Wm. Faui)._FIoweis purpUsh crimson,

co!om- unilorin throughout, the purple tint predominatmg :

large, fuU, and of fine form. Price 5s. each
The best of ihe NEW FRENCH ROSES, 3s. 6d. each, 363. per doz.

Older kinds, Os. to 30s. per doz.

NEW BEDDING GERANIUMS (Beaton's Race).

Any 12 Varieties from this group of 18 may be selected by the
purchaser for £2 2s.
The following NEW ZONAL and HYBRID NOSEGAY
GIlRANIUMS have been selected from several thousand seedlings
T-Mn6d from the stock of the late Mr. Don.^ld Beaton. Every one now
ottered has been thoroughly tested, and is believed to bo in advance
of, or distinct from, all pre-existing kinds.
AUTOCRAT (Wra. Paul). —Flowers bright orango, very large, a

decided advance in shape of this colour, blooms freely, very

attractive ; habit good. Price 3s. Gd. each.
BICOLOR (Wm. Paul).— Flowers bluish purple, with spot of fiery

■scarlet on top petals ; free, good, and quite unique in colour and

chai'acter. Pjice 5s. each.
BLUE BELL (Wm. Riul).— Flowers bluish lilac, large, and of good

shape and truss ; habit fine. A thoroughly distiDct and most

plensing novelty. Price 6s. each.
CLIO (Wm. Paul).— Flowers rosy purple, upper petals scarlet, large

and good form, truss and habit good ; price 3s. Gd. each
CRIMSON QDEEN (Wm. Paul).— Flowers deep crimson, at once the

dark'est and brightest crimson .yet seen in Zonalo Pelargoniums,

flowers abundantly,. Price 3s. Gd. each.
CRUSADER (Wni. Paul).— Flowers crimson scariet, with white eye,

large and smooth, truss large. Price 6s. each.
DR. HOGG [Wm. Paul), —Flowers purplish rose, the colours glowing

and very beautiful, trusses good and abundant. Under canvus

this novelty appeare to resemble Amy Hogg, but is quite distinct

from the latter out of doors. FiKured in "The Florist" for

November, 1866. Price os. ea'jh.
ENCHANTRESS (Wm. Paul).— Ebwers soft purplish crimson, with

distinct scarlet eye, trusses and habit good, verv lovelv

Price 3s. Gd. each. a , j j

FIREFLY (Wm. Paul).— Flowers scariet crimson and orange, with

scarlet eye; habit free and good; distinct and very effective'.

Price 3s. Gd. epch
GLORY of WALTHAM (Wra. Paul).— Flo wei:s splendid even scariet,

dwarf habit, foliage fine, truss large and close. Probably the

finest " Nosegay" Geianmm yet raised. Price as. 6rf. each.
KINGFISHER (Wm. Paul).— Flowers crimson and bluish puiple,

magenta eye, very free, distinct and effective. Price 3s. Gd. each.
LILACINUM (Wm. Paul). — Flowers dark: bright li!.ac, splendid

tru,es, and fine habit, the colour quite new. Price 6s each
MEMNON (Wm. Paul).— Flowers magenta, trussts good and very

abundant, habit dwarf. This might be called a' rosy purple

" Stella." Price 3s. Gd. each.
OMEN (Wm. Paul). ^Flowers reddish salmon, splendid tiiiss,

good habit, very free, distinct, and first-rate for bedding

Pi'icB 3s. (Td. each.
PURPLE QUEEN (Wm. Paul).— In ihe way of Amy Hogg as to

habit and chai-actev of tmss and flower, 'but of a totally diflTerent

colour— dark ro^ pm-ple. Price fis. each.
TROUBADOUR (Wm. Paul). — Flonei-s rosy purple, fine shape

magnificent undet- glass. Price 6.s. each.
VILLAGE MAID (Wm. Paul). — Floweis bright deep pink, with

clear white blotch m the centre of the upper petals, the colours

being well separated or defined; habit dwarf and compact- very

beautiful. Pnce 5s. each
WALTHAM NOSEGAY (Wm. Pau!),-^FlowQrB cfiiraine, truSsfta of

good bize and abundant ; highly recommended fdr thb efffect it

produces m the flower garden. Piice 3$. Gd. eatih.

GOLD-LEAVED VARIETIES.

The loUowmg varieties are the result of a cross between Beiiton's
raceand the ordmary gold-leaved kinds, whereby has been obtained
the tree gro^vth and leafy character of the former, properties
invaluable lor bedding pui'poses.

JASON (Wm. Paul).— Flowers blood crimson, tnisses large, round
and compact, leaves pure golden yellow, habit dwarf and free •
^ , -£. ° densely clothed \vith fine foliage. The association of
yelidw leaves and blood crimson flowers, both freely produced, is,
-^ i"t;^^^P'*"*' \^^y fascinating. Price 7s. Gd. each.
WALTHAM GEM (Wm. Paul). -Flowers v^ry lif-ht red, colour
distmct and peculiarly pleasing, white eye; loaves yellow, with
very famt zione. A beautiful novelty of dwarf .compact 'habic.
Price 7s. Gd. each.

STANDARD ZONAL GERANIUMS.
Scarlet, rose, white, &c., os. to lUs. Gd. each.
STANDARD. VARIEGATED, and TRICOLOR-LEAVED
GER.tVNIUMS, 7s. Gd. to 16s. each
GERANIUM REBECCA,— Cherry colom-, 21s. per doz
i, NTMROD.— Oi-ank'e scarlet, '21s. per doz

Z ST. <?EORGE.-Dark chestnut, 16s. per doz.

„ MRS. POLLOOK, Cs. to 9s. per doz.

,, SUNSET, ISs.perdoz.

„ ITALI.^ UNITA, 21,5. per doz.

HOLLYHOCES.— A fine collection of Hollyhocks by name and

well varied in colour, 12^;. to 42s. per dozen.
NEW AUCUBAS.— The 10 best sorts for £2 10s
NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN. - Good plants In pots
5s. to 7s, Gd. each. '

GRAPE VINES.— Planting canee, 3s. Gd. to 5s. each. Fruiting

canes, 75, Gd. to 16s. each.
LILIUM ADRATUM.— Flowermg bulbs, 2s. Gd. to 10s Gd. each ■

12s. to 60s. the balfdozen.
RAPHANUS CAUDATUS, Is. to 2s. Gd. per packet.

Pacl's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

s

UPEEB VARIEGATED GEBANIXJMS.

MRS. BENYON

BICOLOR SPLENDEKS

GOLD PHEASAUT,

GLOWVVORM

LUNA

TWILIGHT

BEAUTY of JULTON
THE CODNTKSS
MRS. LONOFIELD
I'ELLOW BELT
LITTLE PET
ITALIA UNITA

Strong plimts of the above set 15s. Package included.
Casbon & SiiK. Gravel Walk Nurser.v, Peterborough.

Mrs. Pollocls Geranium.

THOMAS PESTKIDGE, The Gietnway Nursei-y,
Uxbridge, Middlesex, can supply strong and highly-colom'ed
MU3. POLLOCK GERANIUM at 7s. per dozen, 50s. pe: '"'

Luna, 14s. per doz. I Orange Koaegay, Cs.
Amy Hogp, Cs. Venus, 6s.

Indian Yellow, 5s. [ Cloth of Gold, 4s.

Iresine Herbstii, 3s.
Package included. Terms cash.

Madame Vauchur, 4s.
Oentaureagymnocarpa,4s.
Coleus V erschaffelti, 4s.

N

JOTICE.— The folknving .Magnificent GERANIUMS,
one of each for One Guinea, or six of the best for 12s.

ITALIA ONITA
CA.VARY BIRD '
BRILLIANTISSIMA
MRS. P. J. PERRY
ANNIE WILLIAMS
CRYSTAL SEA

GOLDEN NUGGET
LUNA

MRS. LONGFIELD
MBS. M. BUTTON
Variegated QUEEN of
NOSEGAYS

12 of the finest ZONALE and NOSEGAY GERANIUMS of 1866
for 7.^. Gd,; 12 of the best FUCHSIAS of 1806 for (is. ; 12 of the
best VERBENAS of 1866 for 4s.

CATALOGUE of NEW PLANTS for one stamp.
DiLLisToNE&WoonTHORPE, Muuro Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

Special Offer.

BEDDING PLAiNTS, BEDDING PLANTS.
strong Plants in or put of pots as may be requested.
The following (for 2is., or half the quantity for lis. Gd.), contains
many of the new and beautiful kinds of

25 Distinct Named GERANIUMS
12AGERATUM PRINCE
12 Choice DAHLIAS [ALFRED
12 Choice DAISIES

12 Choice FUCHSIAS

12 Choice LOBELIA MISS

MURPHY
12 Choice PETUNIAS

Post-office Orders on Castle Hedingham.

LISTS and CATALOGUES free.

DILLISIOKE & WoonrnoRPE, Munro Nursery, Siblo Hedingham, Essex

VERBENAS and GERANIDMS, scarlet. &c-, good
and well established, supplied as follows : — VERBENAS, in
varietv, iCs. perlOO ; GERANIUM, in great variety fur bedding,
18s. per 100 ; UNIQUE, cnmson, extra strong, 30s. per 100.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Roses in pots, Stove, Green-
house, Sott-wooded, and Bedding-out Plants. Post ftee. Trade
price on application.

H. & ~R. Stirzaker, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

New Vertenas of 1867.

HCANNELL lias ]uircliased a large quantity of all tlie
■ above, both English and Foreign. Several of these are now
m Bloom, and are certainly fine. They will be sent out <-'n and after
June 1 at the following prices;— Established Plants, in thumb pots,
Ss. per dozen ; strong rooted little Plants, 6s. per dozen, warranted
to be delivered safe, tresh, and free by post to any part of the United
Kmgdoni. H. C.'s FLORAL GUIDE contains full descriptions of
all the best older varieties in cultivation. Free for three stamps.
Fuchsia Nm'sery, Woolwich.

Verbenas-New Varieties of 1667.

DREGHORJS AND AITKEN, NuKSERYMEiV.
Kilmarnock, beg to offer the best of this year's NEW
VERBENAS at the following remai-kably low prices for well-rooted
plants, viz. : —

SET of SIX sent out by J. Kevnes, for 5s.

SET of THIRTEEN sent outby Charles Turner (raised by C. J.

Perrv), 7s. Gd.
SET of FIVE sent out by Hugh Low & Co. (raised by NicholJs),

for -is. Gd.
KING of BEDDERS and \VHITE QUEEN, sdnt out by E. G.
Henderson & Son. Gd. each.
One plant ot each of the ahove {2C in all) for 15s.'; or ISipIants (in
12 vars., selected from the above), Ss., including packawe and postage.
Keynes's are ready now, the others will be ready on May 25. Karly
Orders are solicited, as the strongest plants wiU be sent out first.

XTERBENA, CEIMSON KING.- Having numerouB

V inquiries as to the best method of sending plants of this
splendid Verbena to places at a distance, we beg to say that the
safest, cheapest, and quickest method is by Post. We can now send
stout, well-rooted plants, safely packed to go any distance, at the
following prices, p.ackage and postage free; — 12 plants for 3s. 4.d. :
25 for 6s. ; 60 for lis.

We can also supply the following extra fine varieties on the same
terms as the abovt?, viz. ;—

CELESTIAL BLUE, COUNTESS of EGLINTON (splendid
vigorous-growing, profuse-blooming, magenta-purple varit.ty) : LE
GRAND BOGLE DE NEIGE (the bust white); PRINCESS OP
WALES (pink and white striped, vei7 compact habit, first-rate
either for Bedding or K-chibition) ; BEAUTY of ENGLAND
(splendid exhibition white).

PURPLE KING, 12 plants for 28 stamps, 25 for 50 stamps.

Twelve Plants in 12 Varieties of the finest exhibition Verbenas
(including the best of last year's new varieties), for 50 stamps.

IRESINE HERBSTII, 12 plants for 30 stamps.

Pobtage stamps taken in payment of sums of 20s. and under.
Dreghorn & AiTKEN, Nurserj'men and Seedsmen, Kilmarnock, N.B.

Verbena Crimson King.

THOMAS JI E T H VE N has much pleasure in
announcing that CRIMSON KI\"G having completely estab-
lished its character as the finest Bedding Verbena in cultivation, he
has propagated a large Stock of fino healthy Spring-scruck Plants,
which he offers, on and after April 15, at the following prices : —
12 Plants, 4s. ; 50, 12s. Gd. ; 100, £1 ; 500, £4 7s. Gd. ; 1000, £7 lOs.
Leith Walk Nurseries, Edinburgh.

New Bedding Verbena, Elondin (Foulis).

Coloui-, Brilliant Magenta with a pure white eye.

DOWNIE, LAIRD, and LAING beg to intimate i!hat
they are now ready to send out the above magniflcenb
VERBENA. It is much in the style and habit of Pm-ple King,
blooms in the greatest profusion in all kinds of weather, and rain
even does not seem to spoil it. It vvas aw.arded a First-class Certifi-
cate by the Royal Caledonian Horticultural Society, Edinburgh,
September C, 18C6. Price Is. Gd. each, or 12s. per dozen, with the
usual allowance to the Trade.

The following Testimonials as to its superior merits are from
Gentlemen who have had many opportunities of seeing it in Bower
during last season, and D., L.. 3c L. have no hesitation in saying it
will prove the greatest acquisition ever offered as a Bedding Verbena
in its class and colour.

TESTIMONIALS.

From Mr. Wiluam Pirrie, Oardener to The Right Hon. The Earl of

Rosslyn, Dysart Bouse.

" I paid a visit to Fordel Gardens last August, and saw a fine New
Verbena named Elondin, in colour a beautiful deep magenta with
clear white eye. free grower and very profuse bloomer, even during
wet, unfavourable weather. It appears to have the blooming quali-
ties of Purple Kin'JT. with the luxuriant growth of Lord Raglan. This
will prove a real acquisition in Bedding Verbenas."
From Mr. Rouert Dewah, Gardener to James T. Osjvald, Esq.,
Duiinikier. KirJccaldy.

"Having seen Verbena Bl^nclin last autumn. I consider it the
best rose-coloured variety for bedding purposes I have seen."

From Mr. William M. Gorrie, Gardener to Colonel Ferguson,

Itaith. Kirkcaldy.
" I visited Fordel Gardens last autumn, and s.iw a Verbena named
Blondin. The beds covered with it were in rich masses of bloom,
and while the others, such as Puri)le King, FireSy, &c., were nearly
destroyed by the severity of the weather, Blondin was Howering in
gi'eat luxuriance."

From Ml". William Vair, Gardener to Sir Arthur Ilalket, Bart.,
Ptt.firrane, Dunfermlirit.

"Inpassiog through the Gardens at Fordel last autumn, I was
very much pleased with a new Verbena named Blondin, colour
bright magenta, and flowering most profusely, more -so than any
Verbena I liavo ever seen."

From Mr. John McLean, Gardeiier to Mrs. Gibson, t3tilo6li,
Inverkeithing.

" I was greatly pleased with a beautiful new Verbena nunied
Blondin I saw in Fordel Gardens last autumn. It waa floweriug in
great masses. This I think will prove a great acquisition amongi>t
bedding Verbenas."

DowNiE, Laird, &, Laikg, Florists to the Queen, Nurserymen,
Seedsmen, and New Plant Merchants, 17, South Fi'ederickStreet,
Edinburgh ; and St anstead Park, Forest ^ill, London, S.E.

E. a. HENDERSON & SON'S

NEW DESCRIPTIVE SPRING CATALOGUE

W-ILL BE SEjJfT ON EECEIPT OF THREE POSTAGE STAMPS,

WITH A COLOURED LIIAF-PLATE OT' TITE BEAUTlJ'rL

NEW TRiCOLOil aEHANIUM *' LADY OULLUM " (by Andrews).

it includes Notices of the best Novelties of the season.

BLANDFORDIA CpNNINQHAMI.

COLEUS LAMONTI.

NAPOLEON III., MULE or HYBRID PIKE.

GER.VNIUM MAID of KENT. —iRich rose. Far surpassing
Madame Barre, and all others in class and colour.

In the Golden Bronze Section are three distinct styles of Zone in
PRINCESS of WALES. DUKE of EDINBURGH, and
E. G. HENDERSON. The last one received a First-class
Certificate at the International Exhibition.

BANKS'S beautiful FUCHSIAS, BRILLIANTISSIMA, DAY
DREAM, and KILLIEKRANEIE.

FUCHSIA PICTURATA— A fine variety with white corolla.

FUCHSIA PRINCESS ALEXANDRA. — With white sepals,
beautiful variety.

NEW CRIMSON BEDDING VERBENA KING of BEDDEKS.—
A first-class bedding variety, colour a brilliant crimson red,
stylo of Admiral Dundas {one of tjie b.est ever raised), but
brighter, growth free and compact, not spreading, profuse in
bloom, with large we II- formed full trusses, and desirably f ray raut.
Having been proved in both beds and belts in the gardens where
it w;is raised, its merits are guaianteed equal to desciiption, as
one of the most effective and useful kinds ever offered. Certified
by the Floral Committee of the Koval Horticultural Society

NEW WHITE BEDDING VERBENA WHITE QUREN.-For
close dwaif growth, large, compact, and well-lbrraed trus$,
P'lrity of colour, profusion of bloom, and effectiveness iu
chaiacter, the White Qneen Verbena is admitted hy competent
judges to surpass Henriette, Boule de N«ige. and Mrs. Holford.
Its short-jointed habit requires little attention to training, and
its purity of colour after rain is a feature in its favour, both for
garden decoration and for exhibition.

LOBELIA PUMILA ELEGANS, INDIGO BLUE, and WHITE
QUEEN. ^

CHRISTINE NOSEGAV. — Rose colour. The finest Bedding
Geranium in its class. Awarded a First-class Certifioate

The MINIATURE GOLDEN TRICOLOR ZONAL GERA-
NIUMS are LITTLE BEAUTY, LITTLE FAIRT. LlTTlS:
GEM, LITTLE HARRY.

In New First-class GOLD and SILVER TRICOLOR VARIETIES,
see Classes 18 and 19 of ■Pelargoniums.

CALADIU MS.— Several new and beautiful bybrid viirieties.

FUCHSIA ALBO-COCCINEA.— An elegaiit and -novel fancy tri-
coloured variety.

FUCHSIA CLAPHAM HERO.— Diatingulshad by iti magnificent
size of sepals, ajjd fine proportions.

JP.S. A iSUppUfiientary Descriptive

NEW GOLDEN- LEAVED BEDDING PLANT, GOLDEN
FEATHER (Pyrethrum partheni folium aurea).— A beautiful
dwarf hai-dy perennial plant, fl to 9 inches in height, aa required,
surpassing the aold-leaved section of Geraniums in its uniloanly
neat and donsely compact growth, which, by simply pinching off
the premature fiower buds, the plant is furnishec? solely by its
picturesque golden fan or teuther-lobed leaves, forming an equal
surface as to height, and an elegant feature for a second frynt
riUand-row, or a double marginal belt to terrace borders, or as a
chaste golden fringe to baok lines of Fenllo. or Coieus. Received
a First-class Certificate of Merit and several others.

POA TRIVIALIS ARGENTEA ELEGANS, SILVER-LEAVED
MEADOW GRASS.— This plant is commended as one of the
nioit useful and beautiful varieties of hardy Grasses with silveiy
wJute-margmed leaves yet introduced to gardens. It is strictly 'a
perennial in habit, forming a remarkably dense and compact
many-branched growth from the ba.se, and, by its natural and
ireetendency to emit roots upoh the dndisr shoots, it makes a
cliifie yet graoefdlly free growth from 4 to 9 inches in heiglit, itnd
With a lu^uriauc6 which renders it suitable" for Grass pldts,
verges, or terraces, covering the groimd-surface with a herbage
as close as an ordinary meadow, whilst its elegant variegated
leaf-bliides produce an effect upon a much larger scale tljan can
be h:td from imy other Silver-leaved Grass. By funning orna-
piental portable specimens and suslpended basket groups of tliis
variety in the early winter and spring months, for confiurvatory
and greenhouse decoration, it .will at those seasons be found by
fai- the most brilliant and picturesque plant in its tribe.

AOALYPIIA TRICOLOR, 21s. each.

COLEUS VEITCIlir, 10^. Gd. each. \

DAVALLIA ALPINA, lOs, Gd. each.

DIEFFENBACHIA PEARCEI, 31s. fid. each, :

6TMN0STACHYS PEARCEI, 7s. Gd.

HIPPEASTRUM PARDINUM, C35. and4^.

HYPOCYRTA BREVICALYX, 153.

LOMAttIA CILIATA, 21s. and 15s.

MICONIA PERUVIANA, iOs. Gd. aasAi.

'iliSPENTHES GRACILIS MAJOR, -j.Is.

5flEREMBERG-IA 'RIVULAKIS, 10s. Gd. each. '

y VEITCHII, 10s. Gd. eaili. \

PANICUM VARIEGATUM, 7s. Gd. each.

PRIMUIvV CORTUSOIDES AM<EN"A ALBA. -10s. -M. each.

RETINOSPORA PLUMOSA, 21s.

SANjCHEZIA NOEILIS variegata, 'i2s. and Sis. 6d. aaoh.

List of VerhenGs seHt on application..

WELLINGTON NTJUSERY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, LONDON, N.W.

Mat 25, 1867.]

THE GAliDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

539

Bedding and other Plants.

JuatP«bIl3hod,poatfrcet2stamp8(Orfttla toCi'*tomoi8) raitlll of

CARTER'S GARDENEUS' nml FVRMXRS VADL
MECUM. coutninlne; comnleto LUta f i o v an i cl ni o Stovo
and aroonlioiwo and IJoddlup Plftuts. witli fti V I It} i cu 1 1 -s i i,
orlKintil mid imictioiil articles, "On a \ it to Muiais Cnitoi s
Nimary'' by an Amatour Florist; KuVitn i c I Gir 1 nluR ind \M
OeomotnciU DoslKnn for Flower-beds; witliiyli tie formation fur
the proper combination of Bedding rliinta to pod ico chaste ana
striking olfecte. ,, ^, ^ ,

FarvFttrdtid on receipt of 12 stamps on nptllcatlon to LAixras
Oroiit Lohdbn Seed Warehouse. 23T and 'i: "< IlfS Holborn Loi d^n

Russell's Pyramid Primula

TiiK FiNi:sT ^STlt\l^ in 1 \. h cv

/^IBORGJE CLARKE hn3 N^-w bLl U of thr> nbovo

vTTinequalled varieties, i'f. 6tf. per packet il i tl e l-er i luavea
kinds, 2«. M. ; Korrnosinti (scarloC), 2^. C i Tho F r> (a I ivonder
colour) \s. All of tlio boat quality. Noi\ la the t o to sow foi
■-t ntiig eiivly jddiits.
Nuraei-v, Btroiithain Flacs, JJitaton >HiU, S , and Mottingluwi

kL'llt. S.fi.

Primula fimbrlata

7> MALLER li;is a very superi t Stxk of tlic abovi
1 -) • to odor at 1«, and 2s. thi. per packot tl o U'>ual d si, uut to
the Trade.

Also, a very choice Stock of EARLI PUllFLE si ROUTING
UROCCOLI, in larpe or small quantities.

A DESCRIPTIVE ItEDDlNG-PLA^T LIST to bo 1 ii on
nppUoation. Lewlsham and Uunit A?ili Line Leo & E

Choice Seeas

WM. CUTBUSH A.ND SON stiongly uc miiuna the
followinR :—
ruiMULA SINENSIS FIMBR1ATJ\, of tho flnot,t possible strain

Kod, Willie, or Mixed, 2«. Gd., 3s., and js poi picket
CALCKOLARIA, siivcd from James" choice strain, very fine, 2s. Cd.,

'Is. (i(i., ivnd 5s. per packet,
(■INERAUIA, from named flowers, 2s. Q<i., 3k. ed., and 5s, per packet.
SNUW'S WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C. & Son's own

saving. 2,"!. Qd. per packet.
NUNEHAM PARK ONION. 2s. flii. per packet.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, poat free,
Highgate Nurseries. London, N,

PR I M U LAS, CALCEOLARIAS, &c.—
The following variotiL's greatly exceed in brilliancy of colour
and substance of tiower the older kinds :—
PRIMULA SINENSIS cocclnea aurantiaca, very deep crimson,

Is. and 2s. Gd. per packet.
P. sinensis atrocarniinata splcndcns, light carmine, Is. and 2s. Crf.

per packet.
P. sinensis lilaclna albo-niarginata, lilac, edged white, Is. and 2s. Gd.

per packet.
P. sinensis strlatiliora, raagnifiLcently striped, Is. and 2.f. Gd. per pkt.
P. sinensis fllicifoHa, tine Fera-loaved variety, 2a. Gd. per packet.
P. sinensis flmbnata, extra fine, mixed. Is. and 'is. Gd. per packet.
P. sinensis flmbriata alba, I,'*, and 2s. 6d. per packet.
CALCEOLjVKIA. saved from Bowers of great beauty, U., Is. Gd., and

'2n. Gd. per packet.
CINERARIA, saved from fine named varieties. Is., Is. Cti., and
2h. Gd. per packet.

All packets of Flower Reeds sent post free.

CATALOGUES post paid.

BoTLER, McCuLLocu i Co., Covt^nt Garden Market, London, W.C.

Seed of Choice Strains of Plorlsts' Flowers.

Tbfl following selected Stnilns are worthy of the notice of all
growers of tho most useful conservatory decorative flowers.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

T> S. WILLIAMS can with eonfidence offer hi.s
-*-^ " superb Strain of Primula as being undoubtedly the finest in
cultivation. It is now grown in all the ptinoipal Glardens of the
Nobility and Gentity througboat the Three Kingdoms, and has never
ailed to give the greatest satisfaction.

In habit the plants are very robust, and in the foli.nge diOfer from
all other varieties ; but their great beauty consists in the depth of
colour uj the Red, purity of tU^e Wl^lto, and beautiful fimbriated
lorm of all the flowers, wblah axo thrown up in large truases well
above the foliage.

As A proof of the truth of the above raniarks, this Strain has
taken 1st Prizes in every instance that it has been shown in the
Provinces this Spring; and 1st Prize -dt the Primula Show of the
Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington ; and 1st at the
Royal Botanic, Regent's Park. It is also tho favourito Strain in the
CjMfflut Garden Flower Market,

This Strain may be prpcfured True, in Sealed Packets bearing
B. S. Williams' Name and Address, from any Seedsman; but
B. S. W, particularly requests that Customers will obaerte, on
purchasing, that each Packet has his Name and Address in full
printed thereon, as no othem are genuine.

The Trade supplied on advantageous terms.

Retail price, RED .

Per pki. e. d.
5 0

■:3 '6
2 6(

Per pkt.
Retail price, WHITE

WHITE .. *

Retail pricj0,MIXEI),pdrpack6t, 2s. C<i.

. 3 6

WEATHERUILL'S EXTRA CHOICE STRAIN OF GINERAKIA.
E. S. W, has purchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of this
Magnificent Strain. Alauy of the flowers produced by this Beod last
seaaon were,^ large as a crownrpiece. This strain is well known in
the London Flower Market, and ia the most popular one t^re, a
sifflclent guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail prioe per pkt., 66'. Od. ;| Hetail^nceperpkt., 3s. fid.
■RetaU price per pkt 3b Crf.

JAMES'S HERBACEO.USCAliCEOLARIAS.— The varletlesthat
took the'Flrst Prize at the International Horticultural Exhibition
last May were of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt. fis. Oti. | Retail price per pkt, ^s. 6(i.

ReViil pricQ per pkt Ss. 6^,

All FLOWER SEEDS In packets, POSttree.

B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Niirflories, Upper Holloway,
London, N.

THE BEST SWEDE IN CULTIVATION

SUTTON'S CHAMPION.

Piioe Is pei lb

Cbt pel by the buslitl of 50 lb Cainago free.

TDIINIP SEEDS
direct from the
Growers.

The most certain
means of prevent-
ing disapj)oint-
ment.

SUTTON'S CHAMPION SWEDE.

A large Purple-topped Tollow vapioty, baudaome
shape, perfectly hardy, stores exceedingly well, and
one of the heaviest croppers.

TESTIMONIALS.

From Mr. J. II. Hals?, Secretary to Uie Sidmouth Agricultural

Association.
October 26, ISCi;.—" At the annua! meeting of the .iboTe Associa-
tion, held at Sidmouth on the 23d inst., tho whole uf the Prizes for
Svvede Turnips were awarded to your Champion Swede, grown from
peed supplied by you dm-ing the past season."

From H. J, IIillier, Esq., Oranham H.llj Marlboroifgh.
'* I am bound to say tbat from my experience you are quite
justified in asserting the Champion Swede to be quite as hardy OS
any of the purple-topped varieties ; if not indeed hardier."

From Mr. Largk, Ballijf to the Right Hon. Lord Bornen^.

"The Champion Swedes, from seed Lord Bern evs purchased of

you, are far superior to any other we have grown. I can confidently

say they are many tons per acre heavier than any other Swedes

growing on his lordship's farm."

From Mr. B. Hunt, late Steward to W. W. Chute, Esq., I'i/7tfi Farm,
Basing>ti 'kf.
January 12, 186G.—" Last season I tried eight different kinds of
Swede, and find, after a careful examin^ition. that, although several
of them are good, none of them equal your Champion."

From Mr. W. Tciinkr, Hole Farm, Lyme Regis.
May 10, 18(56. — " Your Cham'^iion Swedes last year were the largest
and best keepers grown in this neigh bo ui'hood."

From AnTiiuR H. Wood, Esq., Theilden Qrange, Alton.
April 3, 18GC., — " My Swedes (Sutton's Cljampion) liave done very
well indeed ; in fact, men on the farm who have worked here for
20 years say they have never seen such a croii before."

From 5^r. Heney Cantreli,, Baylis Farm, Slough.
April 13, 1866.^ — " The Champion Swede kept first-rate last season,
notwithstanding the drought."

From Mr. JojiN White, Salse Mincombe, Sidbury.
Airil 18, lB06.— "The Champion Swedes from seed I had of you
last year, were the best 1 have ever grown, and stood the dry weather
better than any others in tho neighbourhood."

From WiLLUu Littleoales, Esq., Bur.sUy, Winchester.
April 28, ISCC— *' 1 won a prize for the be.st roots at the Romsey
Show with your Champion Swedes."

Jirom the Rev. H. Rathond Bahskb, Daglingworth Reetory,
Cirencester.
May 15, J.866.— " I find none that answer so well aa your Champion
Swede on my poor soil."

From Robert A. Brvll, Esq., Woodford, Armagh.
February 6, IH&G. — "Your Champion Swedes last year, notwith-
standing the extremely dry season, were a first-rate crop, and acknow-
ledged by all who saw" them to be the best in the neighbuurhoud."
From HoftACE B. Leooatt, Esq., BromnTi-'ick, Fareham.
Februai7 10, I8(i6.— " Your Champion Swedes are a very line crop,,
and of excellent quality."

From J. H. ^VflEATLEy, Esq., Sligo.
March 7, 18(19.— "The Champion Swede Seed I had from you last
year produced the finest crop here."
From Ro»T. Bruce Willis, Esq., N'orth Abbey Collage, Ballasalta,

Isle of Man.
March 17, ISfifl. — " My Champion Swedes grown from your seeds
beat any others in the parish, although grown on land naturally
inferior to most In this neighbourhood.'^

Price Is. per lb.
Cheaper by the bushel of 50 lb. Carriage free.

PRICED LISTS of other TURNIP SEEDS gratia on
application.

SUTTON AND SONS, SEED GROWERS, READING.

The New Australian Spinach, ChenopoUlum
aurlcomum.

UTUART AM) MKIN, tii:i,i.NMi.;N, KcUo, N.»., beg to
O liaimato t hat Ihcy have reculvud a small parcul uf the itbovo
NEW VEUKTAHLE, wliicli is Hiipurlur In ovury iLMpcot to any other
variety uf Spinach. 1». Cd. jior packet. Tim Kecdhliuuld ht; sown this
mnntli, on a well manured bod, uud wutuiud truely. l<iir its dcNcrlp
tton and ollior partiruUuw, soo Ourdaicra' OUrvnicW, page 'A^
" Oardoners' Magazine," pago 171 ; " Florist and Poiuologlut,^' page bO

C

H 0 I C

Per pkt.-
Broccoli, Snow's ImporlBl

Winter

Albert Kprout-s
Ciiulilli>wur, lOarly Erfurt ..
Celery, Manchester

Champion Red
Cucumber, Smith's Fine

Fram e

Cucumber, Telegraph
Li'ok, Henry's Prize
Endive, Digawoll Prize
Union, Nunoham Park
Parsley, extra fine curled ..
Raphanus caudatus (new

long-podded Radish)
Custard Marrow
Melon, Malvern Hall
Tomato do Layo
Caidillowor, Tho Mammoth
RiGifARD Smith,

E

Post
•tf. d.

0 Q

1 0
Seed

S E JS D S .

Free.

Per pkt.— 8. d.
Mooro'H Vegetable Cream 0 f}
Beet, Perpetual Spinach ,.00
„ Nutting's Superb

Red 0 0

Lettuce. Whoolor'B Tom

Thumb

Radish, French Itroakt^usb

Aster, TriilTaufa Superb

French, 12 vars, mixed . .

AKter, Victoria, (J vara.

mixed

Stock, improved largo-
flowering, i;i vara, mixed.
Balsam, C'amulUa-flowureJ,

6 var. mixed
Balsam, ilose- flowered, 8 vara.

I mixed 1

I Phlox Druinmondil, 12
' splendid varieties .. 1

Merchant, Worceater.

0 a

I 0

Sklrving's Improved Varieties of Swede Turnip.

WM. SlvIUVING, Queen Siiuuro, Liverpool, bogs to
announce that his present price for SEED of bis three beat
varieties ol SWEDE '1' URN IP is la. per pound, bail's included. Terms
Cash. Sort.s. SlviRVlNG'S KING of the SWEDES.

„ „ tjUEEN „

TANKARD
A remittance must accompany orders from unknown correspondents

SANG'S FIFESHIRE YELLOW TURNIP.— This
TURNIP, introduced by us in 180.3, keeps longer than any other
variety whatever, being sound so late in tho season as June and .July.
The tlesh and skin are of a rich cream y olour, and tho yield is an
nverav;o tor Yellow Turnips. Fourteen jiouiids prdd to any Railway
Station in England or Scotland, bag included, 143.

Edwaiid Sanu & Sons, Nurserymen and Seed Merchants, Klrk«
caidy, Scotland.

Tuinip Seeds for Early Sowing.

The Best Sorts aoe
POMERANIAN WHITE (ILOBE,
SUTTON'S SUORT-TOP SIX WE'^EKS.

SUTTON AND SUNS can .supply New Peed of the
above excellent sorts at Is, per lb., kt cheaper by the bushel.
PRICED LLSTS of other aorts gratis on application.
Sutton & Sons, .Seed Growers, Reading.

BLUNDELL'S CATTLE MELON.— This productive
Fruit is now well-known and i;onerally appreciated for Feeding
all kinds of Cattle, &c., in the auuiinn months. Prices, exclusive of
carriage : — 100 Seeds, 2s. Gd. ; Seed for J acre, Us. ; do. i acre, 9s. ;
do. 1 acre, 16s,

To be obtained of all the principal Seedsmen, and of Messrs.
Bi.DNDELL & Palmer, Land Agents, &c., 3, Portland Street, South-
ampton, Cash remittances from unknown correspondents.

Wheelers' Imperial, the finest Swede Grown.

WHEELERS' IMPERIAL SWEDE,
Is. per lb. ; 4Bs. per bushel {50 lb.)
This is one of tho best if not the best Swede in cultivation ; the
specimens exhibited at the SmitlifieldClub Show in London, and at
Cirencester, Birmingham, und at the Great Show of Roots held in
Gloucester, excited considerable .admiration, not only for their size,
but for their beautiiul shape and excellent quality.

J. C. Wheeler & Son, Seed Growei"s, Gloucester.

G

.RASS SEEDS for PERMANENT PASTURE,

selected on a new, scientific, and natural system, by
J. C. Wheeler & Son, Gloucester.

u

NDOUBTEDLY a GOOD IDEA.

WHEELER AND SON'S " BOOK on GRASSES."—
"These enterprising Seedsmen, In introducing a new element
into their calculations— viz., the geological formation of the soils for
which permanent Grasses are wanted— ftave undoubtedly a good idea.
"Messrs. Woeller have prepared a new series of tables i it the
Grasses which they consider most suitable to different geological
formations. These are arranged in 11 tables, and 'delude niixturea
suitable for heavv, medium, imd light soils in each case, —liit field,
March 9, 1867. ' ^ .

JC. WHEELER and SON are an.xious that evei;y
• Gentleman Farmer in England, who is about to Lay Down
Land to Permanent P.u-ture, or to Renovate Old Pasture with J-uttable
Grass Si-eds, stiould read tlieir illustrated "Book on Grasses; vntft
this view they will, on receiving .i nnte to that effect, send a copyto
any address they may be favoured with.

540

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 25, 1867.

KoM RaM Seed should now be Bown.

Drilled OS Swedes, 3 to 41b, per aci-e.
OUTTON AND SONS can supply superior SEED,
O either GREEN or PURPLE, at ys. GU. per lb., or cheaper lu
larRe quantities.

For iDBtnictlons on Cultivation, see SUTTON'S FARM SEED
LIST, which may be had post free on applicatlou.

Sdtton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed EatabUshment, Reading.

Sutton's Grass Seeds for all Soils.

a U T T 0 N AND SONS

k^ have still on hand some of each of
the leading kinds of

PERMANENT NATURAL GRASSES
■^x\ and CLOVERS,

,^|| which UTi mixed expressly to suit the soils
'Z/l for which they are intended.

Price 2Gs. to 36s. per acre.
Carriage free.

Sdtton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed
Establishment, Heading.

/ J- K A S S SEEDS fTr
^^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
acientific system.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

J, C. Wheelek & Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agi'lcultural Society.

PEAT.— A quantity of good fibrous PEAT for SALE,
as supplied by the Advertiser to her Majesty's Gardens.
Price per ton 14s. Delivered to Seven Oaks or Edenbridge Station,
by F. Haynes, Brasted Chart, near Seven Oaks,

Ij^OR SALE, m any quantities, selected SILVER
- SAND, PEAT SOIL. LOAM, SPHAGNUM, .SANDSTONE
GRAVEL. SHINGLE. GARDEN POTS, GARDEN ENGINES,
IMPLEMENTS, &c., cheaj) for cash. Carefully dispatched by Rail,
Canal, and Ship. List of Prices post free on application to
W. Seoax, Horticultural Dep6t, Reigate.

/^lOCUA^NUT REFUSE
^^ is becoming scarce, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold In bags, 1 for 23., 10 for
16s., 20 for 308., 60 for 66a., 100
for £6.

Fourpence allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not In
bags), 40«.

Postage Stamps or Post-offlce
Order, payable to J. Babsbah &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames. S.W.

ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPHATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPIIATE for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERDVLAN GUANO.

M AND FACTORED

THE PATENT NITRO-PHOSPHATE OR BLOOD
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief Offices— 109, Fenchurch Street, London.
Western Counties Branch— Queen Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch— 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.
Directors
Chairman — John Clayden, Littlebury, Essex.
Deputy-Chairman — John Collins, Argyll House, Holloway.
Edward Bell, 48, Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot, Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Middlesex.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Norlolk.
George SaviUe, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chriahall Grange, Esiiex.
Charles Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomas Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Mariaging Director — James Odams.
Banfcw*— Messrs. Bametts, Hoaros, & Co.. Lombard Street.
SoZtcj'fors— Messrs. Kingsford & Oorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

Audito-r — J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for It another
title, viz.—" The Tenant Farmers' Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for years under management with Manures of their
own manufacture. The consumer, therefore, has the best guarantee
for the genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Company.

Paiticulars will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may be had of the Local Agents. C. T. Macadam, Secretan-

Chief Offices— 109. Fenchurch Street, London, E.C.

Tflii LONDOJN MANURE COMPANY
(Established 1840),
Have now ready for delivery m dry fine condition.
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genume PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOWIA, FISHERY
SALT, 4c. E. pDHsea. Seereturv

Offices, 116. Fenchurch Street. E.G. ijbbi:k. ^screi^ry.

LAWES' MANURES.—

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
season of 1867 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
following prices, per ton: —
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s d*

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME 6 6 0

LAWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME ftom BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES ... 6 5 0

LAWES" WHEAT. BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES ..12 0 0

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying accordmg to cost of carriage.

Qduulue Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
So la, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cukes at market prices.

Address. John Bennet Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
£.C. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA, for the Destruction of
Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, &c., on Stove and Green-
house Plants, Fruit Trees, Vines, &c. In bottles, with full instruc-
tions for application, price 33. 6d., 6s., and lOs. Gd.

Jahes Cartkh &, Co, beg leave to state that the present time is most
suitable for applyiug the above genuine Specific before the com-
mencement ot the growing season, thereby preventing the rapid
increase of the above pests which would otherwise take place. The
infallible properties of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becoming fully recognised, J. C. & Co, having already sold nearly
2000 bottles tiince its Qrsb introduction in the spring of 1860.
N umerous testimonials hava been received, and not a single complaint
of its inefficiency.
Sole Agents, James Carter & Co., 237 and 238. High Holbom, W.C.
*,* The Trade supplied on liberal terms.

ROLL TOBACCO CLOTH.— The cheapest and best
article for Smoking Greenhouses and destroying the Fly ; equal
to Tobacco in strength, Ls. 4d, per It*. ; over 10 lb.. Is. \d.

JosEPU Baker, 10, Gough Square, Fleet Street, E.C.
Post Office Orders payable Fleet Street

Fumigate your Greenhouse wltli

TOBACCO TISSUE.

—This article is acknowledged by all parties who nave used it to
be the best remedy for Destroying Insect Life; is entirely free from
paper or rag, and will bum withouL the assistance of blowing.

Price 3s. ed. per lb., carriage free. To be had of Messrs. Roberts
& Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers, 112, St. John Street, Clerkenwell,
E.C, and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen,

/4.ISHURST

VT COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1859, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green Fly, and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Wiuter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
Bupereede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes. Is,, 3s., and 10s, Qd,

Red
Spider

Magni-
fied.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

s

fi A

W ' S T i F F A

For samples and prices apply to
J. Shaw & Co,. '^. Oxford Street. Manchester.

N y,

R

US S IAN MATS,— A quantity for Sale,
Apply to Mr. Simonds, Oil Mill, Boston.

BROWN'S FLORAL SHADING, for Shading Plants
under Glass and protecting Wall Trees from frost.— Sold by all
Nurserymen and Seedsmen. No. 1 at 6s. 8d. ; No. 2 at 7s. per piece,
20 yards long, 38 inches wide; No. 3 at 95. Sd. per piece, 18 yards
long, 39 inches wide. Samples on application to

Charles Brown, Greenheys, Manchester.

TANNED GARDEN NETTING for preserving Seed
Beds, Fruits, Strawberries, from Frost. Blight, Birds, ac, and
as a Fence for Fowls, Ac. 1 yard wide, Urf. ; 2 yards, 2id. ; 3 yards,
4d. ; and 4 yards. Qd. peryard run in any quantity, may be had at
Cbas. WnioHTS. 376, Strand, W.C.

Garden Netting.
rOHN EDGINGTON and CO. supply

TANNED

NETTING for the Protection of Fruit Trees, Irf. per square yard,
Any quantity. SCRIM CANVAS, &c. ; TULIP COVERS and
GREENHOUSE SHADES, SUN BLINDS. &c MARQUEES,
TENTS, and FLAGS for FETES. FLOWER SHOWS, &c.

John Edoington & Co., (Tent Makers to the Royal Family), 48,
Long Lane, Smithfleld, E.G.; and 18, Piccadilly, W,

NETTING for FRUIT TREES, SEED BEDS, RIPE
STRAWBERRIES. &c.— TANNED NETTING for protecting
the above from Frost, Blight, Birds, kz., 2 yards wide, Sd. per yard,
or 100 yards, 208. ; 4 yarda wide, &d. per yard, or 50 yards, 20s. NEW
TANKED NETTING, suited for any of the above purposes, or as a
Fence for Fowls, 2 yards wide, 6d, per yard ; 4 yards wide, Is, per
yard ; J-inch mesh, 4 yards wide, Is. Ct2. per yard. Can be had in
any quantity of

Eaton &'Deller. 6 and 7, Crooked Lane, London Bridge, E.C.

Seed Fans, Garden Pots. Edging Tiles. &c.

MESSRS. BONSEY BROTHERS beg to offer to
Gentlemen, their Gardeners, and the Trade, GARDEN
POTS, SEED PANS, and EDGING TILES, of aU siies, of hard
and durable quality and moderate price.
Address Messrs. Bonset Brothers, Bros Potteries, Chertsey, Surrey

/^ARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES,

great

V-l variety of patterns and material, the plainer sorts being
especiallv smted for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, conse-
ouently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., In
Artificial Stone, of great durabiUty, and in great
variety of design.

F. k G. RosHER, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W.; Kingsland Road, Klngsland,N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLErs PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Comuors, Balconies, ftc, as cheap and durable as
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety

Also TESSELATBD PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Uning Walls of Dairies. Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bncks of great durability. Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copmgs, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosher, at their Premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGAT_E, bt-st quality), at the above
addresses— 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less,

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work, F. & G. Kosher.— Addresses see above.

N B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

Caution to Gardeners.— When you ask for
QATNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
O PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Saynor, also the corporate mark Obtain
Warranted, without which none are uenuiue.

S. Sl C. regret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not ot
their make, all of whioh are warranted both by Sellers and Makers,

S. &. C.'s I'runing and Budding Knives aie tne cesL and the
cheapest in the market.

Paxton Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 125 years

Horticultural Glass Warebouse.

THOMAS MILLING TON and CO.
87, Bishopsgftce Street Without, London, E.C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Majesty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivers, and the leading Hortl-
culturisti of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.
4ths.

14s 3rf

193 6d

3rds. I 2nds.
15a 6d 185 6(2
229 2d! 26s 6d

Beat.
205 Od
2^M

in. in.

20 by 12 ,

20 by 13/ i-1,5 oz. 1

20 by 14 vper 100 feet^

20 by 16 i (21 oz.

20 by 16 ■'

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz.. per 100 feet,
in. in.lin. in.[in. in.jln. in. | 4th8. 1 3da. I 2ndB. | Best.

6 by 4 7 by 6 8 by 0 9 by 7 1 12s Sd 13* 3d 16«0d IBs Od
0iby4j| 74 by 6il 81 by 6i| 9* by 7^/ [1-^ ^a|i<« ^|^m"«|1H8 ««

Per 100 feet.
12ibyl0i|14ibyl0n |
13 by 10 15 by 10 f U,„ o^ ,
13ibyl0) 13 by 11 j" i-JS ^a 1

10 by 8
lOi by Si

11 by 9
111 by 9i

12 by 9
12i by 9i

13 by 9
12 by 10

14 by 10 ll4 by 11 j I

14s 6d

17«3d

ViaQd

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz,. per 100 feet.

In, in. in. in.
164 by lOi 14 by 12
16 by 10 14i by 12i
14i by 114 16 by 12

15 by 11 154 by 124
154 by 114 Ifi by 12

16 by 11 164 by 124
21 by 11 17 by 12
13 bv 12 18 by 12 (

22 by 12

17 by 13

23 by 13

18 by 14
22 by 14

24 by 14
22 by 16
24 by 16

4ths.

The above Prices are only for tho Sizes stated ; ifa quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.

SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 9 feet super,
15 oz.
4tbs quality, per 300 feet case, 3S3,
3d8 „ „ 48s,

2ds „ „ 62a,

Best ,, „ 82s.

21 oz.

4tlis quality, per 200 feet case, 38v.
3d3 „ „ 488.

2ds „ „ 66*.

Best

SHEET GLASS is made only in the following substances, 15 oz.,
21 02., 20 oz., 32oz., 36 oz., ana42oz,

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8th in., 3-16th in., l-4th in., and 3-8th in. substances,

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, Ac, &c.

PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s, per cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, re.<?ists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PdlNT, 3(is. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and six gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 34s. per cwt.
Anti-corrosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron Bndges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, Sec, and is easily laid ou by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon.
Per cwt.

Per gallon.— s. d.
LINSEED OIL .. ..3 2
BOILED OIL .. ..3 8

TURPENTINE .. ..3 6
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to 9s. per cwt.
Fine OAK VARNlSH,10».tol2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 12». to 14 0
„ PAPER do. lOs. to 12 0

,, COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE ,. 10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN . , 12 0
GLAZIER'S DLAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or token In
exchange.

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 t
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 C
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, 3(Mo 44d. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.

to 4id. per lb.
„ RAW UMBER. 44d. to
6d. per lb. [per lb.
„ BURNT do., 6d. to 9d.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

2S«. to 60 [
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 30 (
RED PAINT . . 28s. to 36 (

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

C 0.

TAMES PHILLIPS awd

tl beg to mibmlt their prices as follows :—

GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSES,
As supplied by them to Mr. Rivera, to the Royal Horticultural Society,
and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentlemen of the United
Kingdom.

Each Box contains 100 feet. The prices only apply to the sizes stated.
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 15.

16 oz. to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth quality . . . . 16s. Od 19s. 6d.

Third ditto 17s. Od. 228. 6d.

Seconds ISs. 6d 26s. Od.

English 20s. Od. 27s. Od.

The above prices Include the boxes, which are not returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes, 16-oz., in 100 feet boxes, boxes Included.

These prices only apply to the sizes stated.

11 by

12 „

13 „

14 .>
18 „
16 >t
16 „

9

12 by 9

13 by 9

1(1

13 „ 10

14 „ 10

n

14 „ 11

\i

16 „ 12

15 „ 11

Vi

19 ., 12

16 „ 12

Vi

17 „ 13

20 „ 12

14

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

17 „ 14

18 „ 14

20 „ 14

Uby 9

) s. d.
[-13 6

16 to 17 oz, to the foot.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feet Boxes.
6 by 4 64 by 44 7 by 6 74 by 54 > ,„^ _.

8 by 6 84 by 63 9 by 7 94 by 74 J ■ ' ^^' "***
10 by 8 104 by 84 . . 13«. 6d.

Boxes 2s. each, returnable at full pnce.
SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes.
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on appUcation to
Jamks Phillips & Co., 180, Bishopsgate Street Without, E.C.

Iji T. ARCHER'S "FRIGI DOM 0."
J • Patronised by Her Majesty The Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, His Gt:^c9 the Duke of Devonshire for
Chlswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
Sir J oseph Pax ton for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological Society, ^0.
PROTECTION from the SCORCHING RAYS of the SUN.

" FRIGI DOMO," a Canvas made of Patent prepared Hair and
Wool, a perfect Non-conductor of Heat ana Cold, keeping, wherever
It Is applied, a fixed temperature. It is adapted for all Horticultural
and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and Flowers from
the Scorching Rays of the Sun. from Wind, from Attacks of Insects,
and from Morning Frosts. To oe had in any required lengthi.

Two yards wide Is. 9d. per yard run.

Four yards wide Ss. 6d. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yarda wide . . Is. 9d. per yard.

An improved make, 3 yarda wide . . 2s. 8d. per yard run. Also

"FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, 2 yards wide, Is. 6d. per yard run.
Elisha Thomas Aboheb, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C, and of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It la much cheaper than Mats as a covering."

Mat 25, 18C7.1

THE GARDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGETCIIETimAL GAZETTE.

541

SHANKS' NEW PATENT LAWN MOWEES FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED ON FIVE OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1864 BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND ONCE BY HLS MAJESTY THE KINCJ OF SAXONY.

SXTBINQ THE SEASON OF 1865 THEY "WERE PATRONISED ON FOUR OCCASIONS BY HER MAJESTY THE QUJiEN,

ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND, AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PliOSSIA.

AGAIN ON FOUR OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1866 BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN

AND BV MANY IHSTINUUI.SII KD NODILITV JJOTII IN THIS COUNTKV AND /IBROAD.

HORSE-POWER MACIIINK.

Every minute point in the way of improvement has been earefully considered and adopted, and as A. S. and SON have for more than a quarter of a century

devoted their attention to this pirtieiiliu- braneh of their business, the Nobility, Gentry, and Gardeners may rely on the MACHINES they may order, to be such
as to ensure lasting satisfaction, and to stand the wear and tear of many years. *

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

ARE IN DAILY USE IX

ALL THE EOTAL GARDENS; IN THE HORTICULXaKAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRFSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUNDS;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;
And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

These are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

TSESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT IfllL MOW FMJPEiaY WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THKSE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Macliines that have been in operation in Her Majesty's Gardens for a quwtcr of a century.

Sh"}>/,W lafnit L'ltVfi Mon-vr v'j'U Mow on tnu-ven ti.i wdl ftN on /eftl Lnwiis,

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, in referring to their I.MPROVED LAWN MOWERS for 1867, doubt not but that the preference which in past years has invariably
been given to their Machines will still be awarded them The principles which guide A. S. and SON in erfecting improvements compel their Machine ever to stand the first in
point of general elbcieucy, simplicity of construction, and durability.

A. S. and SON have particularly aimed at substituting Wrought for Cast Iron to as great an extent as possible in the construction of their Machines. None but skilled
Workmen and the most improvtd Machinery are employed in manufacturing the various parts, and this applies not only to the Horse and Pony, but also to the Hand Machines.

A. S. AND SON have now ready for delivery a large stock of their celebrated LAWN MOWEES, which will enable them to execute orders on the day they are received.

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OK SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

Width of Cutter.

SHANKS'

Easily Worked

10-inch Machine £3 10 0 i „ , ,

J Eu a Lady
12-mch Machine 4 10 0i

14-inch Machine 5 10 0 By a Boy

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE

Width of Cutter.

25-inch Machine £12 10 0

28-inch Machine 14 10 0 .. .. 30*. „

30-inch Machine 15 15 0 .. .. 30i. ,,

Silent Movement, \2s. Qd. extra; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set.
Ditto for Donkey, 18*. per set.

NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Silent Movement.

4s. extra.

If with Patent Dolivenng App.aratus.
. . '16s. extra.

Width of Cutter.

16-inch Machine . .

19-inch Macliine . . . .

22-inch Machine 8 7 6

24-inch Machine 8 17 6

Enaily Worlied .Silent Movement

., £6 10 0 Bu a Manor Two Rous \ .

7 12 6 By a Man and Boy f *"' '=='"■''•

Two Men .. [ '''■.^■

]sy-

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

Width of Cutter.

30-inch Machine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0

42-inoh Machine 26 0 0

48-inch Machine 28 0 0

If with Patent Delivering App iratus.

30s. extra.
.. 30s. „
.. 40s. „
. . 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH, N.H.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHA.LL STREET, E.G.

ff^ 27, Zefidetihall Street is the only place in London where inleudh'f/ purchasers of Lnwn Mowers can choose from a Stoc!( of from IJO to 200 Mtfr.'t'.ii^s,
All sizes kept there, whether for Morse, Pony, or Hand Fower.

542

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND ACxRICULTUKAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 25, 1867.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for sis postage
stnmps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 30 paRes,
includinp prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. ?.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E,, a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

NEW GREENHOUSE FERN,

Pterls semilata var. polydactyla.

THOMAS CRirPS has the pleasure to inform lovers of
FERMS that he is now prepared to supply strong plants of the
above beautiful and distinct variety. Dr. Moore says • » * " It has
all the graceflilness of the parent plant, while the points of each
division of the frond are se'.'eral times forked into a many-flngered
tassel, the weight of which gives the fronds a decidedly drooping
character. * * * It is quite distinct from the var. crlstata, and will
be found a valuable acquisition for Plant Cases and Small Green-
houses," It was awarded a First-class Certificate by the Royal
Horticultural Society, 21st August last.

Price 10s. Qd. each. Trade price on application.

The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells.

J SCOTT'S CHOICE SEEDS.
• Post Free. Per Packet.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA— A most superb stcaip, and

cannot be surpa.ssed, 6 varieties, mixed, Is. Gd. and 2.5. 6(li
CALCEOLARIA.— Scott's superb strain, extra. Is. and 2s. m.
CINERARIA.— Exti-a fine, carefully hybridized. Is. and 2s. 6d.
A good SEED LIST free on application.
J. Scott. The Seed Stores^ Yeovil, Somerset.

"pOBERT PARKER begs to offer the following;.— All

Xv the Plants are strong and healthy, and can be aupplied Ux
quantities.

PANSY CLIVEDEN BLUE, 6s. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN PURPLE. 6s. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN YELLOW, as. per dozen.
POLEMONIUM CCERULEUM VARIEGATUM, 2s. Gd. each.
RHODODESDRON COUNTESS of HADDINGTON, 3s. Gd. each.
TRITOMA GKANDIS. 18s. per dozen.
TRITOMA UVARIA GLAUCESCENS, 12s. per dozea.
VIOLA CORNUTA. best variety. 4s. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE DES VIOLETS, 6s. per dozen.
VIOLET THE CZAR, 6s. per dozran. [per packet

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA. finest mixed seed, 2s. 6d
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGQES of AGRICUL-
TURAL, FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and will be for-
warded free to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Sun-ey, S.

CATALOGUES FOE 1867.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THE FOLLOWING

NEWLY-PRINTED CATALOGUES ARE NOW READY,

and will be forwarded Post Free on application : —

CATALOGUE of NE"W PLANTS for tbe PRESENT TEAR.

CATALOGUE of GENERAL COLLECTION of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, ORCHIDS^ FERNS, &c.

CATALOGUE of SOFT-WOODED and BEDDING PLANTS.

1^^ £ach Catalogue contains Lists of the tnost distinct and popular Plants in their respective classes.

ROYAL EXOTIC- KURSERY, KING'S ROAD^ CHELSEA, S.W.

THE MAGNIFICENT NEW VIO^LET,
QUEEN of VIOLETS.
The fallowing additional Nurservmen have giVL'n Orders :—
Bell, Mr. J., Nonrtch I Giddens, Mr. B., Stoke Newmgton

Henderson, Messrs. A. & Co., Fry, Mr. Geo., Lee
Edgware Road, London | Erewin, Mr. C. M., B.iwtry

For complete List see back Papers.

Strong Plants potted now will bloom well In autumn and spring.

Price Is. 6c/. each, ISs. per doz. Full particulars on applicatioo,

Post-office Orders on Castle Hedinghani.

DiLLisTONE&WooDTiionPE, Munro Nursery, SibleHedingham, Essex

D ORSON'S UNEQUALLED HYBRIDISED
CALCEOLARIAS are NOW in fine BLOOM, and are the
admiration of all who see them.

Seed, in Sealed Packets, Is. CtZ., 2s. Gd., 3s. Gd., aid 5s. each.

This strain'of Seed is the result of many years' careful hybridisation,

and is unrivalled by any other strain in "the world. Tuoso who are

fond of this class ol p'ants should Bccurc a packet and judge for

themselves.

DoBsoN & Sons. Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, London, W.

POA TRIVIALIS AKGENTEA ELEGANS,
Silver-leaved MEADOW GRASS, 4s. per dozen.

CHRYSANTHEMUM SENSATION, white edged, 4s. per dozen.
AGERATUM PRINCE ALFRED, the darkest aud dwarfest blue

variety out. 3s. per dozen.
100 VERBENAS, in 50 varieties, for IGs.
100 ZONAL GERANIUMS, in 50 varieties, for 30s.

B. W. Knight, Nurseryuian, Battle, Sussex.

s

E

■WBEEKIES

ADMIRAL DUNDAS (Myatt)
ALPINE

BLACK PRINCE (Cuthill)
BRITISH QUEEN (Myatt)
CAROLINA SnPERBA (Kltley)
COMTE DE PARIS
ECLIPSE (Reeves)
ELEANOR (Mvatl)
ELIZA (Rivers)
ELIZA (Mvatt)
ELTON PINE (Knisht)
ELTON IMPROVED
EMPRESS EUGENIE (Knivett)
FILBERT PINE (Mvatt)
EROGMORE LATE PINE (In

GOLIATH (Kitley) [siamj

HAOnlN

HAUTBOIS (Myatt)
HAUTBOIS, ROYAL
JOHN POiVELL
KEEN'S SEEDLING

Strong Plants of the above are now ready, with other kinds of less note.
CnARLES Tltrner, The Royai Nui-series, Slough.

LA. CHAL0NNAI3E

LE CONSTANT

LEON DE ST. LANNIER

MARGUERITE (Lebreton)

OSCAR (Bradley)

PREMII5R

PRESIDENT (Oreen)

PRINCE ARTHUR (Ingram)

PRINCE CHARLIE

PRINCESS ALICE MAUD

RIFLEMAN (Ingram)

SCARLET PINE

SIR C. NAPIER (.Smith)

SIR HARRY (Underliill) [ley)

SIR JOSKPH PAXTON (Brad.

SOUVENIR DE KIEFF (Do

Jonghc)
VICTORIA (Trollope)
WIZARD of the NORTH

(Robertson)
WONDERFUL (Joyes)

YIGTOEIA and PARADISE JSTURSERY, TJPPEK HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

B. S. WILLIAMS

Juniperus excelsa strlcta.

A New Plant, suitable from its pyramidal growth for Ornamenting

Flower Gardens and Terraces.

WILLIAM EOLLISSON anu SONS beg respectfully
to inform the Nobility, Gentry, and Trade, that their
New JUNIPERUS EXCELSA STRICTA is now ready for sending
out; it is unquestionably the best and most suitable plant ever yet
introduced for decorating Terraces and Elower Gardens ; also any
situations in which single Specimen Shrubs or Trees are usually
planted. It is cheerful in appearance and of a close and compact
nabit ; upright and pyramidal in growth, and perfectly hardy; in
proof of which several hundreds of thetn stood in the open ground
exposed to the severity of the weather all last winter and spring,
without suffering tlie least injury, even in the foliage.

They may now be seen grovring in perfect health in the open
ground in their Home Nursery at Tooting,

Price per Plant, or by the dozen, will be forwarded post paid on
application,

A GENERAL CATALOGUE of their extensive Collection of
Orchids, Stove, Greenhouse Plants, Hardy Shrubs, Emit Trees,
Ac, &;c. ; and a DESCRIPTIVE LIST of Tree and other Jems,
will be shortly ready for forwarding ; these also may bo bad post free
on application to

The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.

THE GOLDEN - VARIEGATED "WELLINGTONIA.
Elrst-class CertiScate from Royal Horticultural Society.
For Testimonials, &c., see Gardeners' Clironicle, October C, 1866 ;
Times, October 7, 1866 ; ScottisJi Qardentr, November, 1866 ;
Gardeners' Chrunich, January 12, 1S67 ; " Florist," February, 1867.
LAST TEAR'S PLANTS (a few remaining).
- 1st Size, very choice, 8 to 12 inches, £6 6s. each.
THIS TEAR'S PLANTS.
2d Size, fine, 4 to 5 inches, £'J 2s.
3d Size, nice little bits, 2 to 3 inches, £1 Is.
6000 plants are now plunged out-of-doors, in their respective aizes
they may be safely forwarded during the summer, if desired, and
orders will be executed in strict rotation.

Chrorao-lithographs of the parent tree, by D.iy and Son (Limited),
on superior cards, 10 inches by 8 inches, very faithful in ou' line, but
deficient in representing the glorious colom" of the original. These
are sent free by post for 26 stamps, and one sent to each Purchaser.

It is intended to exhibit a few of the first size at the approaching
Paris and Manchester Exhibitions.

R. Hartland, The Lough Nurseries.

BES-PEGTFULLY IWVITE& HIS PATRONS AND THE PUBLIG GENERALLY

to PAY A VISIT TO THE ABOVE NURSERY

PUJHISTG: THE FilESSIST MOI^TH.

A continuous sllow oS SFHGIMEX FLOWERING and EOLIAGE PLANTS is maintained in the
^AEGB SHOW COiNSERVATORY, and the ORCHID HOIISES, PALM STOVES, NEW HOLLAND HOUSES,
FERN HOUSES, AZALEA SOUSE, &c., &c., aj:e replete with interest for lovers of either Beautiful and Rare
Flowers, of the mugoificertt foliage of Tropical Vegetation.

The Collection of MEXICAN PLANTS at this Nursery is perhaps the finest in Great Britain, with the
exception of the one at the Royal Gardens, Kew.

CARRIAGE ROUTE AND MEANS OF ACCESS.— This Nursery is easily reached from any part of London.
The direct cai-riage route from the West End is through Albany Street or Regent's Park ; Park btreet, Camden
To-vra ; Kentish Town Road and the Junction Road,

The " FaTorite " Omnibuses from the Bank and London Bridge Railways ; Victoria Station, Charing Cross, and
Westminster; Regent Street, Piccadilly, and Brorapton, arrive at and start from the entrance of the Nursery every
7 minutes.

VICTORIA and PAKADISE NURSERY, UPPER HOLLOW AY, LONDON, N.

NEW ORCHIDS.

JAS. BACKHOUSE & SON

INVITE ATTENTION TO

THE FOLLOWING NEW ORCHIDS,

"WMcli have been received dii'ect from their owu Collector amongst the Cordilleras of Ecuador,

ODONTOGLOSSUM ASTRANTHUM (Rohb), 4&. each.
RETDSDM 7 42s. each.
ROSEUM, 4-2s. each.
ONClDinM AUROSUM (Rchb.), 21s. each, 180s. por doz.

AUROSUM, extra strong, 12s. to 03vt. each.

ACINAOEnM, 31s. 6ii. each.

COOULLATDM, 42s. eaeh. 2IOs. for Si.l.

GYRIFEROM (Rchb.), C3s. each.

HOLOCHRYSDM (Rchb.), 31s. Cd. to lOSs. each.

HYFHCEMATICUM (Rchb.), 42s. each.

MACEANTHUM, 63s. to 210s. each.

ONCIDIUM NtJBIGENUM, 43s. each, 210s. for Six.

„ NXJBIGENUM, a few extra size, 105s. each.

„ OBRTZATTJM, 21s. each.

„ TRIFOECATCM (Llndl.), C3s. each.

„ CHEIRI, 21s. each.

CATTLETA MAXIMA VAR.? very distinct, 42s. each,

21US. for Six-
CATTLEYA MAXIMA VAR. ? extra size, 63s. to 105s. each.
EPIDENDRUM ASPERDM (Lindl.l, 42s. each.
MESOSPINIDIDM SANGUINEtJM, 42s. to 105s. each.
RODRIGUEZIA BATBMANXII, 21s. to 428. each.

For Descriptions see CATALOGUE just issued, sent free on application.

YORK NURSERIES.

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN (NOW READY).

WILLIAM PAUL

(Son and Successor to the late A, Paiol),

BEGS TO OFFER THE

ABOVE MAGNIFICENT HARDY FLOWERING TREE,

^Tiich he belieres to be the

reatest acquisition for forcing and out-of-door culture that has beBtt
introduced for many years.

Fine healthy Plants, well established in pots, 2 ft. hig*h, 7s. 6d. each ; 1 ft., 5s. each.

£t/ Ordering at once Purchasers may establish these Plants to bloom well next year.
A Fii'st-class Certificate wag awarded to him for this Plant by the Royal Horticultural Society on the IGth April last.

" A brilliant variety, to whicb too much attention can scarcely be
directed."— Gardeners' GhromcU.

" This is certainly a plant which cannot be overrated ; the intense

bright red colour, and the numerous clusters of the double flowers,
make this Cratsegus invaluable. No admirer of this channiug family
can be without it, all other pink vai'letles are truly in the Bha<le
beside it." — Jownial of Horticulture.

PELARGONIUM JASON (First-class Certificate).— The finest, most leafy, and deepest colour of all pure gold-
leaved Pelargoniums. Price Is. Qd. each.

For other Novelties, see separate Advertisement.

I^ See Coloured Drawing by Fitch, and History, in the " Florist " for June.

PAUL'S NURSEKIES, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

May 25, 1807.]

THE fiAKDMERff OlfRONTCT.E AND AORTCITLTURAL GAZETTE.

543

GEEAT NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL
i5xniniTinN, 18(17.

£\(m OFFKRKD IN PRIZES.

To bo HKLD in the (lardons of tho Botauic^il and HortloultAiral
Soclotj, Gift Ti-ftffonl, MANCUKSTKR, 7th to the I5th .JUNK.

Clifii'gos for Acimlqiittiii :— Fust Diiy, 10.«r, (Jrf. eiich ; Second Dny,
2S. fW; eiich ; WHIT MONDAV aiut romivlnlng Ilnys, \.t. eaoh.

Subscriberii to the Manclie.stor Botanical and HortlouItunU Society
froo each day.

Annual Siibscrfptton— Family, £2 2s. ; Indlviduftl, £1 Ls., admitting
oQ nil ooaitslons,

Schedules, &C-, may bo obtained on applioation to Mr. B. Findlay,
Cumtor, Biitanic Gardens, Manchoster, ov from the unflorslgULd,
HlHtary Bands in attendance ea^h day,

Goopw Street, Manoliostor. Henrt WiiiTWonTir. Sec.

G

RE AT NATIONAL H OUTICULTURA L

EXaiBITIOS, IPfir.— Garden ern ^ill be atlmltted by Ti.'kets
_._ follows :— First Day, 2s. M. each ; Second njid reiiminiiig Days,
Is. each. Applications for those Tickets must be made on or before
6Lh JUNE. Hknry WnifwoitTi^Sec;.

GRAND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBlflON
at BURT ST. EDMUND'S, in connoctioo with tho
SHOW of the ROVAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 16, IS67, and lour following Days.
Amon(?st varloiLs Special PHzc!, amonntintj in valno to nearly
£300, and oxolusivo of tho ordinary Prize Sohediilo,
A SILVER GUP, VALUE jG20.
will bo offered by the Piopiietors of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICILE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for tho bast COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES.
to be miido up a.s follows :—
Of FRUITS, nny Five of tho foUowjnK EiRlit kinds, ono Dish of
OBch :— Grapes, Melons (2 fruits), Strnivbenies, Goosobontos, Cur-
rants, Cherrios, Raspberries, or Apple.s (of the crop of ISfiO).

Of VEGETABLES, any EiRht of the following Fourteen kinds,
one basket or bundle ol each :— PGa.-j, French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners), Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace), Suramor
Cabbages, Enrly Carrots, l\irnip3, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rhubarb, Potatoe, or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will bo open to Compotitinn amongst Amateur or Pro-
fessional Gardeners, of all grades, with Fruit and VBgyt:ibles of their
owji (rromng ; any article otherwise obtained will disquaiitV the
exhibitor.

Site ®artreneriS'€ftrantcle,

SATORDAY, MAY 2.5, 1867.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING "WBEK.
■Wednked \Y Miv '«! ' R"'?*' Botanic { Firet SciieraliExhibition

' ' ■ ' J - I of Plants and *;iowe«t) 2r,M.

A LETTKE has just boon re'^eived from Pi-ofesi3or
Passerini, in which he alludes to two LisAF
Parasites which have lately been observed in
Italy. Of tho first he says — "It may perhaps
interest you to know that I have lately published
and describofl, under the name of Urottryces
Amygdali, in ' lirbario crittoRamico Italiano,'
No. Wi'i, a now Piingus which has been gathered
ou Peach loaves at I^ago Maggiore ; and in the
fasciculus of that woi'k just published I have
given specimens and a description of another
new Fungus, which has been named Zythia
Eabiei, from its being found on Cicer arietinum
(the Chick Pea) when attacked by Eabbia, a
disease which causes gi-eat injury in our fields to
the crops of that plant. Though I have long
been acquainted with the disease, I have not
hitherto been able to detect the immediate cause,
which perhaps is not dependent on the Zythia,
though it seems at least to be a constant
attendant on the malady."

We shall have occasion to allude to the latter
in some observations we shall havo to offer on a
disease which has occurred in Cotton fields in
Italy. The former is of es]iecial interest to us,
as we touched ou a similar subject in this
Joui-nal (Nov. 2(3, 1864) ou receiving some
diseased Peach leaves from an unknown corre-
spondent, " W. W." These Peach leaves were
attacked by a little Fungus, Puccinia Pruii,
which in an early stage of growth is Lecythea
Pruui spinosse of LeveiUe. We had, however,
previously received from different parts of the
world a distinct though nearly allied parasite on
Peach leaves, of which .also we gave a figure.
We have specimens of this from Madeira, sent
by Mr. Salwey ; from South Caroliiia, by I)r.
Curtis; from Port Louis, Mauritius, by the late
Dr. Atrbs ; from Valp.araiso, \>y Mr. Bridges ;
and on Apricot leaves from Marseilles by
Monsieur Castagke — so that it has a very wide
geographical range ; and like Puccinia Pruui,
which occurs on Apricot and Peach leaves
occasionally, as well as on those of the Plum,
seems to travel wherever the tree which produces
it is carried. It becomes, therefore, a matter of
some interest to ascertain exactly what f?iguor
Passerini's parasite is, and we hope, therefore,
to obtain specim&us of that as well as of the
Zythia.

It is curious to see several of our leaf parasites
so widely distributed. Both smut and Wheat
mildew occur wherever our coinmou cereals are
cultivated, and seem quite indifferent to climate.
We are prepared to meet with the same species
of Fungi in similar climates, but scarcely in
such dilforent localities as Northern Europe and
the hot plains of India. We might perhaps
attribute this to tho extreme simplicity of their
organisation, which enables them to adaipt them-
selves to very diverse conditions, were it not
for th& fact that Sonie plants, as the common

Hollyhock, which are free from parasites hero,
aro martyrs, to thum in other countries. M. J. B.

If there is one calling more than another that
would seem by its very nature likely to foster
habits of prudence and providonco, that calling
is Horticulture. Without forethought, without
provision for possible contingoncies, without
unceasing care for tho prasont and thoughtful
provision for tho future, the professional duties
of tho gardener could not bo satisfactorily
fulfilled. It might reasonably be expected that
the habits of care so engendered would bo mani-
fested in other matters besides those more imme-
diately connected with the craft. It is in general
easy to recognise the mititai-y man, oven if he be
in " mufti ; " the clergyman carries the domure-
ness of the cloth with him, even if he don an
unclerical costume ; the beUTister needs no wig to
reveal his calling ; tho doctor stands confessed,
meet him whore you may. In truth the daily
avocations and daily habits of thought leave their
impress on the man, and mould and fashion his
actions, and so, no doubt, it is to a certain extent
with the fraternit}' of blue aprons. They yield to
nono in intensity of love and zeal for their work,
in cordiality and good fellowship among.st each
other. But lest we be accused of a desire to
flatter these hard-working toilers, let us at ouoe
recommend them as a class to practise for them-
selves a little more of that same kiudof forothou,<;ht
which they bestow on the subjects committed to
their chai-ge. There are many ways of doing
this, of an individual or personal cliaracter, on
which it would be impertinent for us to say
aught, but there are certain otlier means of a
more public nature where co-operation is
needed, to which we may allude, and especially
to tho Gardeners' Eoyal Benevolent
Institution.

Through the aid of such an association it is
possible to provide for emergencies more cheaply
than by most other means ; it is possible in sucli
an Institution, while providing for one's-self, if
necessity should ever arise, to contribute towards I
the alleviation of the misfortunes of others. No
one can doubt for a moment the value of such a
Society ; no one can denj' its claims upon the
liberality of those in anj' way concerned in horti-
culture. There may be differences of opinion as
to matters of detail, — one class may think that it
is not fairly represented, or that it does not share
in its fair proportion the benefits the Society has
to bestow. These are points into which we do
not care to enter now, further than to say
that the fault, if any there be, lies
with the gardeners. There has been no
lack of liberality on the part of the
wealthy or of the large employers of labour ;
they have come forward again and again
to help tho Society ; but they complain, and
as it appears to us justly, that the class for
whose benefit all this is done is apathetic in the
matter, and though the Society bears their name,
yet that the number of practical gardeners who
show theii- interest in it is comparatively limited.
Now this is a st.ate of things which should be
immediately remedied. We believe in most oases
it arises from, mere thoughtlessness ; in others
because the objects of the Society are not suffi-
ciently well known. In any case it is not credit-
able to a class numbering so many thousands of
members dispersed thi'oughout Great Britain,
that they should not be able to render more
efficient support to a Society instituted for their-
especial behoof. It is idle to find fault with the
regulations, when the very class whose ojiinions
would have most weight hold aloof as they do.

Even if tho regulations are open to improve-
ment, what chance is there of their being
improved if the gardeners themselves do not
lend a hand 'i Are they content that others
should labour for them, that others should be
rSady to loose their purse-stiings on their behalf,
while they themselves do nothing ? Let us
consider what the effects of such a course are
likely to be : either the management of the
Society is likely to fall into the hands of extra
professional persons, who with all their good-will
are not likely to understand class interests and
class requirements, so full}' as actu.al gardeners
are ; or, and this is really a danger that is more
than imminent, many who are ready and willing
to help — many who have helped, and that largelj'
— will cease, and are ceasing, to do so — not
because they have any doubts as to tho value
of the Society, but simply because it is an
ungracious task to be continually helping those
who will not, or do rtot try to help themselves.

Wo repeat that it is a shame to tho craft that
out of so many thousands, so small a proportion
should bo found provident enough to secure for
thomselves, in case of need, a share in the^
benefits tho Society offers, a blemish to tho8»

whose general rsjirH (If

"orjM is so strong that

they should not bo more an,xions to do what thev
can to alleviate tho misfortunes of their leas
prosperous brethi-en. If every local horticultural!
society would contiibute to the general fund, or
if they would publicly call attention to tho
objects and the necessities of tho Institution ; if
every present subscriber would urge the claims,
of the Socioty upon his neighbours and friends,
wo should not much longer hear of difficulties in
making income and expenditure meet — W9.
should not have to lament the fact of nccessitoua
cases being necessarily unrelieved or torturt'd by
delay — we should not hear the taunt that the
Society's designation is a misnomer — wo should
not hear of funds which would go towards
helping m.-uiy a deserving member being locked
up or diverted into other channels, because the
gardeners will not show then- interest in their
own Institution. We cannot doubt but that we
shall hear at the annual dinner on June 27th,
when Sir Egbert Peel is to preside, that the
subscription list, upon which the Socioty chiefly
depends for its annual outlay, has been largely
augmented. A guinea a year is a sligfhK
premium to pay for the prospect of future
personal relief if necessary, for the promotion of
habits of self' reliance and forethought, and last,
not least, for the comfort and relief of those who
have not merely general claims ujion us as feUow
men, but a special title to our consideration as
being all of the " same strain." Subjoined are
a few statistics which show what has been done
and is doing — it is for the gardeners to say what
shall be done in the future.

We have been favoured with the following

statistics of the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent*
Institution, to which ive cnrnestly call the attention
of our readers. Two main oljjects are sought by tile
Committee, the one the increa-se of the annual sub-
scriptions, the other the increa.se of the Funded Slock
of the Society, so as to provide for the fluctuations-
which, under the best circumstances, must occur in the
annual income; —

Pensioners pljiced on List for July, 1866, 159. Of these —
20 were Widows, who succeeded their Husbands without

election.
20 were either Sub.scribers of V. Is. per annum for 15 yearfi.
or their Widows, and were jj'aced on the Pension List
without election. *

55' were Subscribers for a shorter term, and had to standi an

election. And
64 were not Subscribers at .all.

Total amount paid to Pensioners to December, 1S86, 12,89t)/.
giving an average of 8H. to each Pensiouer.

Stock in 1S45, £ 1400 Consols. Diridend . . . £42

1S.55, 3tm „ „ .... Ill

„ 1865, 590O ,, m

„ 1866, 7100 „ 213

No. of Pensioners in 184.'7, 21
185,5, 38
186.5, 5.5
180», 61

Annual Subscriptions in 1845 £414

1855 547

„ 1865 621

1866 591

Average Age of the Pensioners, 73.
60 Pensioners now on List —

32 Women, at .£12

2S Men IS

- — ■ We may fairly congratulate the Rotal Hoe-
ticultural Society nn the success both of its
impromptu show estabhshed to do honour to the
Royal visit to the garden at South Kensington on
Monday last, and specially on the magnificent display
of Teioolored Pelargoniums and other plants
on the following day. We look back upon this
exhibition with the more pleasure, inasmuch as
it gives a proof both that the Society is alive to
the interests of horticulture in its scientific
no less than its commercial and icsthetic phases,
and that exhibitors are no less willing to come forward
and promote the good cause. A full report of
this most interesting exhibition will be found in
another column, and at a future time wc shall revert
to some among the many points of physiolnjical
interest suggested by this unrivalled display, and by
the remarks of the various speakers, among whom
we are specially glad to have to record such practical
men as Messrs. Grieve and Wills. This sort of dis-
cus.sion is specially deserving of encouragement. Prac-
tical experience, as Mr. Mill says, requires brains to
make it useful, while practical experience without
brains is of less avail than are brains alone. In this
case, where both were combined, the results are not a
little hopeful.

A superb bloom of Marechal Niel Rose,

grown by Mr. J. Cox, was shovrn at Nottingham
market, on Saturday last, by Mr. J. Gibbons, jun., of
Bramcot. This flower was of the richest golden yellow,
and measured 5 inches in diameter, the petals being
beautifully cupped and symmetrically arranged. It is
most gratifying to find that this magnifieen' Rose
is perfectly hardy, is an e?!cellent grower, and
blooms, when well established, beautifully in all

544

THE (URBENEES' CHRONICLE AND ACxRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[May 23, 1867.

situations. Its parent, Isabella Gray, though fine
in some situations in the open air, is in others
perfectly useless, as not a single flower will open,
but the present variety has no such drawbacks.
We learn from the same Nottingham paper that
records the above, that the finest plant of that grand
old Tea Rose, Devoniensis, is, or was some years back,
at Newstead Abbey, where it was tr.ained upon one
corner of the mansion ; and to see 50 or 60 of its fullv
developed flowers at one time was a sight worth going
a long distance to witness.

The Blotched Bkeadalbane Ash, incident-
ally alluded to in Mr. Andesson Henry's remarks on
Hybridisation at p. .379, aSbrds an illustration of a cross
efiected by inoculation. On recently making further
inquiries respecting the facts at the Kinnoull Nurseries
of Jlessrs. Diceson & Tfenbull, Mr. Heney has
obtained from Mr. John Anderson the following
particulars, which are condensed from a letter addressed
to the Farmer : — " With regard to the Ash you inquire
about, my uncle says it is an event of half a century
ago. Mr. Brown and he were on a botanical excursion
in the Highlands, and looking over a glen about three
miles west from Kenmore, they noticed the branch of
an Ash with entirely yellow foliage, which they took
away with them, and budded on the common Ash
at Perth Nurseries. As far as I can ascertain from
him, none of the buds grew, and memory fails him in
recollecting much about it, only the fact that the
operation communicated the disease or blotch to the
stocks on which it had been budded, and it has been
grown since that time, and annually grafted and
catalogued under the name of Blotched Breadalbane
Ash. It had been further experimented on by grafting
Weeping Ash on the same stocks, and it communicated
to the Weeping Ash the blotch also. We must pre-
sume that the piece of bark introduced mth the bud
did attach or grow, although the eye did not push :
this is a circumstance that often takes place in budding.
I have seen the bud of a variegated Holly lie dormant
or blind, as we term it, for a number of years, and grow
afterwards. Tour inquiry fixes the fact of the inocula-
tion of the disease by budding in this case, and
perpetuated through a long series of years." This is
exactly analogous to the case of the variegated Jasmine
operated upon by Mr. W. Anderson while Curator of
the Chelsea Botanic Garden. A variegated white
Jasmine was budded on a branch of Jasminum revo-
lutum ; the bud adhered but never pushed, yet the
following year slight variegation appeared in the stock ;
the worked branch was the next year accidentally cut
out, yet the variegation increased, so that the whole
plant became variegated. How suggestive these facts
are to the growers of variegated Zonal Pelargoniums.

■ We are glad to see in the current number of

the " Journal of Botany " a letter from Professor De
Candolle, relating to the confusing and. as we think,
unwarrantable innovations which Dr. Muller intro-
duced into the nomenclature of the Euphorbiace;e
in his recent monograph on this vast family. We took
exception to these changes at the time (see p. 1094,
1866), and are now glad to find that Professor De
Candolle declines to hold himself responsible for
these injudicious changes, and has not himself adopted
them, although he points out that it is quite possible
to ascertain the original author of any genus or species,
even though it have the letters MiiU. after it, and not
those of the original author. As to the value of the
monograph in question there can be but one opinion,
and that a most favourable one.

In the same communication as that above

referred to M. De Candolle calls attention to the
Prize of 20Z., offered by the " Societe de Physique et
d'HistoireNaturelledeGeneve,"forthebest unpublished
Monograph, in French or Latin, of a family or genus
of plants, to be sent to the Society through Professor
De Candolle on or before the first of July, 1869. No
award was, it appears, made in 1866, as no monograph
was sent in— a fact we are not particularly surprised at.

Mr. Walter Hill, the director of the Botanic

Garden at Brisbane, records in the Queenslander the
existence of an edible erdit indigenous to
the colony :— " Some years ago," says Mr. HiLL,

I discovered in the coast scrubs a small, but
rather handsome, tree, the botanic name of
which IS Macadamia temifolia; but I was not
aware, until recently, that it bore an edible
fruit, and, singular to say, the aborigines appear to
have been equally ignorant. The tree is now bearing
abundantly in the scrubs, both to the southward and
northward, and in several localities the children of the
Europeans, as well as those of the blacks, are regularly
employed in gathering the fruit for the purpose of food
The fruit is about the size of a Walnut, and contains
within a thick pericarp a smooth brown-coloured nut
embracing a kernel of a remarkably rich and agreeable
flavour, resembling in some respects that of a Filbert
but, to my taste, much superior." This must be an
acquisition, and we cordially endorse Mr. Hill's
wishes that the tree may be soon brought under culti-
vation so as to enhance its productiveness and the size
and quality of its fruit.

leaves of the Colocasia struck the neighbouring plants
with suflicient distinctness to enable the author to
count the pulsations by a stop-watch ; he found them
to be between 100 and 120 per minute. On several
other occasions the fits were exceedingly violent. On
the 2d of March last, although the temnerature of the
hothouse had fallen to T Cent., the plant seemed to be
labouring under a fit of ague, so that the very pot
containing the plant, and weighing 10 kilos., shook so
that the hand of a man could not steady it. [!j The
rhythmical tremor was likewise communicated to a flue
leaf of a Strelitzia Nicolai, another of a Philodeudrum
nertusum, and to some fine clusters of flowers of the
Begonia manioata. M. Lecoq cannot explain the
cause of this tremor, but he thinks himself warranted
in not attributing it to the temperature; he
suggests the possibility of its being the result of a
stoppage _ in the perspiration of the plant. While
engaged in this exercise the leaves are said to have
emitted jets of water. Such is the substance of Prof.
Lecoq's communication, which we for the moment
are obliged to take at second hand. Should they excite
a smile or suggest thoughts of table turning and such
like myths, we must ask our readers to suspend their
judgment. This Caladium has long been known to
emit water from a large pore near the apex of the leaf,
and there is nothing improbable in the idea of its leaves
being sensitive.

IVew Plants.

Begonia boliviensis, Alph. Be Cand., Prod.,
vol. XV., sect, prima, p. 287.
Glabra, foliis aneruste lanceolatis, acummatis, valde insequi-
lateralibus, penni-palmatmervias, lobo inferiore .amplo,
rotundato, serrato-dentatis, dentibus set.aceis ; stipulis
lanceolatis ; pedunculis paucifloris ; bracteis ovato-ellipticis ;
floris masculi sepalis oblongis, petalis angustioribua sub-
similibus ; floris feminei bracteolis fugacibu.s ; lobis 4—5
longe lanceolatis, capsula turbinata, triquetra, bast acuta,
alA majore lanceolata.

Among the many interesting and beautiful plants sent
home by Messrs. Veitch's collector, Mr. Pearce, from
South America, the Begonia above described takes

to a section of Begonia by De Candolle; a genus
including no less than 354 species, according to the
enumeration of the last-named author, some of
which, however, are as diflicnlt of discrimin,ation as
the present one is easy. There are some minor
discrepancies between De CandoUe's account and the
characters visible in the living plant, attributable no
doubt to the learned monographer having examined
dried and confessedly imperfect specimens collected in
Bolivia by Weddell. Thus, the male flowers are
described as erect, and smaller than in the cultivated
plant, while there is less diflerence in the length of
the individual segments of the female perianth than is
stated to be apparent in the dried specimens. The
flowers, however, vary in size on the same plant.

We believe that a coloured figure of this very
desirable greenhouse plant will shortly appear in the
" Botanical Magazine." M. T. M.

Phajus inqdilinus {hyb.).
Sepalis euneato oblongis acutis, petalis spatulato obovatis
apiculatis, labello a basi utrinque semicordato flabellato
antice obtusato emarginato. utrinque plica insilienti plicate,
carinis dorse obtusis transver-seque .sulcatis ternis parallelis
a basi in discum, columna utrinque obtusajigula.

This is a plant whose parents are not known, though
it is one of Mr. Dominy's hybrid seedlings, raised at
Messrs. Veitch's Eoyal Exotic Nursery. No doubt
Phajus vestitus is one of the parents; perhaps
Calanthe masuca or versicolor the other. The flowers
are cream colour, the three keels of the lip yellowish
white.

Nasonia oinnaeaeina, Lind. S,chb.Jil.
Vaginis ncrvosis, foliis camoso membranaceis, linearibus.
acutis, infra apicem ancipiti carinatis, fioribus axUlaribus,
sepalis ligxilatis acutis, petidis paulo latioribus, labello cor-
date triangulo .acute. caUo Uneari in basi, apice obtuse
bilobo, rostello sigmoideo.

Centropetala and Nasonire are native ornaments of
some mountain ranges of Western South America,
creeping on their summits between Mosses and
Lichens, bearing small distichous-leaved stems, as
some Angrffica, Podochilus, Appendioulas, &c., and
producing" scarlet or purplish coloured very pretty
flowers. Poor Warscewicz was full of enthusiasm when
talking about these gems. Though we warn amateurs
not to expect some grand thing, yet we would point out
that tufts of these modest plants, covered with their
admirable flowers, must be charming. No doubt, by
reasonable, cool treatment, one might succeed iu
growing them. The plant has been introduced by M.
Linden. S. O.Echb.f.

high rank. It has been exhibited in Paris and at the
Royal Horticultural Garden, and at both places
attracted much attention from the beauty and singu-
larity of its flowers. The stem springs from a tuberous
stock, and attains a height of 12 to 18 inches, the
leaves are very oblique at the base, lanceolate, and
toothed. So far the plant diflers little from
its many congeners, but in the appearance and
structure of the flowers there is considerable
diversity from ordinary Begonias, as will be seen from

PLANT PORTRAITS.

_ Agave schidigeea.— _Bo<. Mag., t, 5641. Amaryl-
lidaceae. One of the more remarkable and ornamental
of the American Aloes, closely related to A. filifera.
It is stemles.s, forming a sub-hemispherical mass; the
leaves linear ensiform, with red subpungent apices, and
longitudinal white bands and margins, from which
latter are given off broad, white, recurved woolly
filaments. The scape is erect, 6 feet high, bearing a
slender,' cylindrical, many-flowered spike of pale green
flowers, with projecting stamens. Native of Mexico.
Flowered by Mr. Williams.

COLEUS GiBSOsi.— Floral Mag., t. 338. Labiatje.
A free-growing, soft-wooded plant, suitable for summer
bedding. It has purplish stems, and ovate leaves,
which are irregularly blotched aloug the veins, often
most conspicuously so on the under surface with dark
chocolate-brown. Native of New Caledonia. Intro-
duced by Mr. J. G. Veitch.

Dalechampia Eoezliana rosea.— 5oi!. Mag.,
t. 56-10. Euphorbiaceas. One of the most remarkable
stove plants which have of late been introduced ; and
fully described by us at p. 236. Dr. Hooker regards the
variety described as having the bracts green, as an
imperfectly developed condition of that with the rose-
coloured bracts. Native of Vera Cruz. Floiveredby
Mr. Bull.

DODECATHEON Jeffreyi. — Flore des Serres,
t. 1662. Primulaoese. A very beautiful hardy
perennial of vigorous habit, with long, erect, lanceolate
leaves, much tapered downwards into the stalk, and
numerous scapes supporting umbels of pretty nodding
rose-coloured flowers, which become paler towards
the base, and have a ring of yellow and dark brown
at the orifice of the reflexed corolla. Native of the
Rocky Mountains. Flowered by M. Van Houtte.

Epidendeuji eburneum.— So):. Mag., t. 5643.
Orchidaceaj. A neat stove epiphyte, which has been

Professor Lecoq, of Clermont, has recently

made a communication to the Botanical Society of
France, descriptive of the rhythmical tremors
observable in the leaves of Caladium esculentum
Sometimes the tremor would last the whole day and
follovving night ; it usually occurred from nine in the
morning until noou, and not unfrequently the plant
would remain in a state of perfect rest for days and
even whole weeks. This induced M. Lecoq to attach
a few light bells to the plant, in order to be warned of
the approach of the paroxysm. On one occasion it
began at two o'clock after midnight and continued
nearly the whole morning. The bells tinkled, and the

the following remarks:— The flowers are pendent, given I described at p. 404. The stems "are erect, the leaves
ofl Irom the stem in groups of two or three, and are of j oblong, and the raceme terminal, bearing four to six
" DrigPt scarlet hue. ihe male flowers are about , flowers, which have narrow yellowish sepals and petals.

2 inches long, and of a compressed, bell-shaped form
the two sepals are oblong-lanceolate ; the two petals
decussate with the sepals, and are similar in shape but
narrower. The stamens, in place of being aggregated
in great numbers in a sort of head, as happens
in most Begonias, are in this plant consoli-
dated at the base into an elongated column rather
shorter than the petals, and resembling that of
Mallows ; the anthers are small, egg-shaped, and
sharply pointed, bursting outwardly. The female
flowers are about half the size of the males, and have
an oblong perianth of five lanceolate scarlet segments.
The ovary is inferior, sub-globose, and provided with
three wings,— one, small, forming a shght rim along one
side of the ovary, another rather larger, and a third
forming a triangular or falciform coloured wing,
the point of which is directed upwards. The three
styles are short and fleshy, each of them dividing
almost immediately into two linear, twisted, yellowish
stigmata, which are about half the length of the
segments of the perianth. Such are the more salient
features of this beautiful plant, sufficient in the opinion
of Klotsch to warrant the formation of a new genus
(Barya), but this has we think properly been reduced

and a broad flat cordate white lip. Native of Panama.'
Flowered by T. R. Tufl'nell, Esq.

Geiffinia hyacinthina maxima. — Flore des
Serres, t. 1667-8. Amaryllidaceas. A handsome stove
bulb, resembling the old G. hyacinthina, but of a much
larger size. The bulb has a long neck ; the leaves are
ovate-oblong, and the flowers are white b.anded with
blue, very large, measuring between 4 and 5 inches
across. Native of Brazil. Flowered by M. Van
Houtte.

Hydrangea paniculata ghandifloea. — Flore
des Serres, 1. 1665-6. Hydrangeacea3. A remarkably fine
hardy or half-hardy shrub, with elliptic, acuminate,
toothed leaves, and large branched pyramidal panicles
of white flowers, each floret me:isuring about an inch
across, but very abundant, and forming a crowded and
highly-ornamental inflorescence. Native of Japan.
Flowered by M. Lemoine.

lEESINE HeRBSTII APKEO-RETICULATA. — J^ora?

Mag., t. 333. Amaranthacepe. A variety of I. Herbstii
(Achyranthes Verschaffeltii), in which "the red colour
of the leaves is replaced by green, the secondary veins
being marked by creamy-white reticulations, while the
stem, leaf-stalks, and primary veins retain the natural

Mat 25 1SG7.]

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND ACRKIULTUUAJ. (iA/KTT;

545

red colour. A Belgirvn garden Yariety, selected by
Jl. Van den Hecke, of Ghent.

Magnolia Lehhej.— Flore des Serres, t. IfiyS-l.
JIagnoliacea). Tliis is probably tlio finest of all ihe
deciduous group of Masnolias, and is admirably suited
for forcing. It is said to be the produce of M.
Yulan and purpurea. The flowers are very large, obo-
vate or somewhat pear-shaped when moderately
expanded, white within, and of a fine reddish purple
without. An Italian garden variety.

Mab.inta illustris. — Flore lies Serres, t. 1091-2 ;
Illust. Sort., t. Slf). Marantaceas. One of the
finest of tlie numerous beautiful forms which have
of late been added to this very ornamental genus.
It resembles M. roseo-picta in form, but appears to be
of larger growth, and the leaves have more play of
colour. The basis is a very deep rich green, the midrib,
itself red, is marked out by a paler green, which breaks
outwards in broad strea! across the "face of the leaf,
while a broad band of silvery grey passes up each side
atsome distance within the margin. The under surface
is a rich wine purple. Native of the country of the
Upper Amazon. Introduced by M. Linden.

MauaNTA EOSEO-picta. — Flore des Serres, t.
1075-0 ; Illiisf. Jlort., t. 508. Marantaceas. One of
the most beautiful of the many stove herbs with
painted leaves which are now met with in cultivation.
The habit is dwarfish and compact, the leaves broadly
roundish-oval, stalked, wii • purple beneath, and on the
upper side of a lustrous s! ,ded green marked with a
deep rose-colouredlmidrib, n ud on each side ^vith a broad
wavy band of the same colour. Native of the Amazon
country on the frontier of Peru. Introduced by JI.
Linden.

SACCOLADinM GIGANTEtU.— J?o/. Jt/aff., t. '5035.
Orchidaceffi. A magnificent stove epiphyte, with broad
distichous leaves, bi-lobed at tlie apex, and of a leathery
texture, and with dense racemes of very fragrant fiowcrs,
which have white sepals, ^vhite ])etals with a few
purple spots, and atrifid li]' prominently tipped with
rose purple. It is nearly related to S. vioLaceum, and
has been called Vanda dens'flora. Native of llangoou.
Flowered by Messrs. Veitch & Sons.

Tapeinotes Carolinm. — Floral Mag., i. 3-30.
Already noticed at p. 120.

TiNNEA iETHiopicA.— 5ti<. Maij., t. 5037. Labiata:.
An erect-habited warm greenhouse or cool stove shrub,
4 to G feet high, with moderate-sized ovate entire leaves,
and two to three-flowered axillary peduncles, bearing
rather showy flowers, which have ventrieose green
calyces, and deep maroon purple, two-lipped corollas.
The flowers are described as having a delicious smell of
violets. Native of Central Africa. Plowered by Mr.
"Williams.

Zea japonica ALBO-tittata. — Flore des Serres,
t. 1G73-4. Graminacesc. A very effectively variegated,
stout-growing, annual Grass, with broad ribbon-like
leaves, boldly striped with bands of white and green
varying in tint, and of various width, producing a most
efl'ective variegation. Introii iced from Japan.

ON THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE

AMONGST PLANTS. j

By J. D. Hooker, JI.D., P.R.S.

(CoHcladcdfyompa^e i^Q.) \

The destruction of native vegetations by introduced '
is a subject that has only lately attracted much atten-
tion, but it has already assumed an aspect that has
startled the most careless observer. Some 30 years ago
the fecundity of the horse and of the European Cardoon
in the Argentine provinces of South America, so I
graphically described by Sir Edmund Head, drew the
attention of naturalists to the fact, that animals and
plants did not necessarily thrive best where found in ',
an indigenous condition ; and the spread of the
common Dutch Clover, Trifolium repens, in North
America, where it follows the footsteps of man through
the pathless forests, has long allbrded an equally
remarkable instance of vegetable colonisation. Still i
more recently, in South Africa, Australia, and
Tasmania, the Scotch Thistle, Bri:;r Rose, Xanthium,
Plantains, Docks, 4c., have all bnome noxious weeds ; i
and this leads me to the last and most curious point to
which I shall allude in this article, viz , that the same
annuals and other weeds that are held so well in check
by the indigenous perennial plants of our countrj-, wh e u
transplanted to others, show themselves superior to
the perennial vegetation of the latter. Of this. New
Zealand furnishes the most conspicuous example. It
was first visited scarcely more than 100 years ago, and
it IS not yet 50 since the missionaries first settled in it,
and scarce 30 since it received its earliest colonists!
The Islands contain about 1000 species of flowering
plants, amongst which no fewer than 180 European !
weeds have been recorded a,s intruding themselves, and '
having become thoroughly naturalised ; and probably
double that number will yet be found, as they have
never been systemically collected; but the most
curious part of the history is this, that whereas of
indigenous New Zealand plants scarcely any are
annual, no less than half the naturalised European
ones are annual.

Of the eflect of these introduced European plants in
destroying the native vegetation, I have given examples
m an article that appeared in the Natural Bistory
Semeto (January, ISOi), from which I quote the
following : —

. ".In Australia and New Zealand, the noisy
train of English emigration is not more surely
doing Its work than the stealthy tide of English
weeds, which are creeping over the surface of
the waste, cultivated, and virgin soil in annually-
increasing numbers of genera, species, and indi-
Tw m- .^Apropos of this subject, a correspondent
i^I' r/ }""^}l Tra^''!'--''. Esq., F.L.S.), a most active
JMew Zealand botanist, writing from Canterbury, says •

" \'ou would he surjirisc'd at tho rapid spread of
European and other foreign plants in this country.
All along tho sides of tho mam lines of road through
the plains a Polygonum (aviculare) called ' Cow-grass,'
grows most luxuriantly, the roots sometimes 2 feet in
depth, and tho plants spreading over an area from
1 to 5 feet in diameter. The Dock (Rumex obtusifolius
or R. crispus) is to bo found in every river-bed,
extending into tho valleys of tlio mountain rivers,
until those become mere torrents. The Sow-thistle is
spread all over the country, (;rovving luxuriantly up to
OUOO feet. Tho Watercress increases in our still rivers
to such an extent as to threaten to choke them
altogether; in fact, in the Avon, a still, deep stream
running through Christ Church, tho annual cost of
keeping the river free for boat navigation and for
purposes of drainage exceeds 300^. I have measured
stems 12 feet long and three-quarters of an inch in
diameter. In some of the mountain districts, where
the soil is loose, the White Clover is completely
displacing the native Gra.sses, forming a close sward.
Foreign trees are also very luxuriant in growth. The
Gum trees of Australia, the Poplars and Willows,
particularly, grow most rapidly. In fact, the young
native vegetation appears to shrink from competition
with these more vigorous intruders."

Dr. ^ Haast, F.L.S., the eminent explorer and
geologist, also writes to me as follows : —

"The native (Maori) saying is 'As the white man's
rat has driven away the native rat, as tlie European lly
drives away our own, and the Clover kills our Fern, so
will the Maoris disappear before the white man
himself.' It is wonderful to behold the botanical and
zoological changes which have taken place since first
Captain Cook set foot in New Zealand. Some pigs,
which he and other navigators left with the natives,
have increased and run wild in such a way that it is
impossible to destroy thein. There are large tracts of
country where they reign supreme. The soil looks as
if ploughed by their burrowing. Some station-holders
of 100,000 acres have had to make contracts for kilUng
them at Gd. per tail, and as many as 22,000 on a single
run have been killed by adventurous parties without
any diminution being discernible. Not only are they
obnoxious by occupying the ground which the sheep
farmer needs for his flocks, but they assiduously follow
the ewes when lambing, and devour the poor lambs as
soon as they make their appearance. They do not
exist on the western side of the Alps, and only on the
lower grounds on the eastern side, where snow seldom
falls, so that the explorer has not the advantage of
profiting by their existence where food is scarcest.
The boars are sometimes very large, covered with long
black bristles, and have enormous tusks, resembling
closely the wild boar of the Ardennes, and they are
equally savage and courageous.

" Another interesting fact is the appearance of the
Norwegian rat. It has thoroughly extirpated the
native rat, and is to be found everywh^'re, even in the
very heart of the Alps, growing to a very large size.
The European mouse follows it closely, and, what is
more surprising, where it makes its appearance it
drives, in a great degree, the Norway rat away.
Amongst other quadrupeds, cattle, dogs, and cats are
found in a wild state, but not abundantly.

" The European house-fly is another importation.
When it arrives it repels the blue-bottle of New
Zealand, which seems to shun its company. But the
spread of the European insect goes on very slowly, so
that settlers, knowing its utility, have carried it in
boxes and bottles to their new inland stations."

But the most remarkable fact of all has been
communicated to me since the above was printed, viz.,
that the little White Clover, and other herbs, are
actually strangling and killing outright the New
Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax), a plant of the
coarsest, hardest, and toughest description, that forms
huge matted patches of woody rhizomes, which send
up tufts of sword-like leaves, 0 to 10 feet high, and
inconceivably strong in texture and fibre. I know of
no English plant to which the New Zealand Flax can
be likened, so as to give any idea of its robust consti-
tution and habit to those who do not know it : in some
respects the great matted tussacks of Carcx panioulnta
approach it. It is diflieult enough to imagine the
possibility of White Clover invading our bogs, and
smothering the tussocks of this Carex, but this would
be child's play in comparison with the resistance the
Phormium would seem to offer.

The causes of this prepotency of the European
weeds are probably many and complicated ; one very
powerful one is the nature of the New Zealand climate,
which favours the duration of life in individuals, and
hence gives both perennials and annuals a lengthened
growing season, and, in the case of some, more than
one seed crop in the year. This is seen in the
tendency of Mignonette and .annual Stocks to become
biennial and even perennial ; in the indigenous form of
Cardamine hirsuta being perennial, and in the fact
that many weeds that seed but once with us seed
during a greater part of the year in New Zealand.
Another cause must be sought in the fact that more of
their seeds escape the ravages of birds and insects in
New Zealand than in England, the granivorous
birds and insects that follow cultivation not having
been transported to the Antipodes with the weeds, or,
at least, not in proportionate numbers.

Still the fact remains as yet unaccounted for, that
annual weeds, which, except for the interference of
man, would with us have no chance in the struggle
with perennials, in New Zealand have spread in
inconceivable quantities into the wildest glens, long
before either white men or even their cattle and flocks
penetrate to their recesses. Such is the testimony of
Drs. Haast and lleotcr, and Mr. Travers, the original
explorers of larse areas of dill'erent parts of the almost
uninhabited middle island, and who have sent to me,
as native plants, from hitherto unvisited tracts, British

weeds that were not lound in tho island by the careful
botanists (Uank.s, Soljinder, Forster, and Sparrmann)
wdio accompanied Captain Cook in his voyages, and
which wore not found by the earlier missionaries, but
which of late years have abounded on the low lands
near every settlement.

This subject of the comparative creat vis-vit» of
European plants, as compared with' those of other
countries, involves problems of the highest interest in
botanical science, and the subject is as novel as it is
interesting; it is quite a virgin one, and requires this
calmest and most unprejudiced judgment to treat it
well. It cannot be doubted that the progress of
civilisation in Europe and Asia has, whilst it has led
to the incessant harassing of tho soil, led also to tho
abundant development of a class of plants, annual,
biennial, and perennial, which increase more rapidly
and obtain a greater development when transplanted
to the Southern hemisphere than they have hitherto
done in the Northern, and that, in this respect, they
contrast strikingly with the behaviour ol' plants of the
Southern hemisphere when transplanted to the
Northern ; and hitherto no considerations of climate,
soil, or circum.stance have suHiced to explain this
phenomenon. Popular Science Review.

LETTERS FROM PARIS.-No. XII.

The Veesaihes Flower Snow, Eillancouet,
AND Miscellaneous Subjects.

A flower show was held in the Gardens at
Versailles on Saturday last and the four following
days; in point of eflect it was much prettier than
anything at the Exhibition. Several of the plants
and various items were shown in the open air; tlie
best things, however, being grouped in a large circular
tent. In this the eflect was charming, in consequence
of a free mingling of fine-leaved plants among the
Azaleas and brilliant subjects. The groups of fine-
leaved plants that came from Pontchartrain and
Madame Fortado's would have been considered remark-
able in any show, being in fact the finest kinds known,
and very well cultivated. By alternating beds of such
as these between the Roses, Rhododendrons, &c., it need
hardly bo stated that a pleasing result wa^ produced.
A fine Cocos, with drooping leaflets, was jilaced in the
centre of the tent, tree Ferns, &.C., were plunged in the
turf here and there, some of the beds were edged with
dwarf plants (Spirccajaponica for instance surrounding
a bed of Azaleas) ; and of course all this was in the
right direction. The plants were mostly placed on, or
plunged in, beds of light mould, surrounded by turf
and occasionally mossed over. The hardy Ferns were
shown in a very rustic kind of pot, evidently made of
clinkers, covered with cement, cemented together,
and plunged in a Moss-covered bed, looking very nice
and natural. Mr. Jean Verschattelt had a good show
of his fine collection of Agaves, &c., and also half a
dozen seedling Clematis, of a new and desirable
strain, but considering the distance of Versailles from
most of your readers, and remembering that there is a
perspective in literature as well as in art, I must not
go into details. One little " exhibit," however, deserves
special notice ; it was a large collection of very dwarf
Rhododendrons used three deep as an edging to
a bed. Each little plant bore one good truss of
flower. They may be almost exactly compared with
those strong flowered but dwarf Hydrangeas sold
with a single truss in Covent Garden. They will
be found highly useful for conservatory decoration,
and are obtained by grafting short shoots with plump
buds on small plants of R. ponticum iu autumn. This
is the first time they were shown here, and they were
much admired. For edging large vases, pits, benches,
or any decoration in which tidy plants are required,
they will be found highly useful. The Mignonette was
also remarkable — much better than it is seen in
England. They grow it in very rich earth— all very
rotten dung in fact, with the exception of a little sand.
It is considered that the plant growing in the neigh-
bourhood of Versailles is better than it is elsewhere in
France. In the evening of the first day the members
of the Horticultural Society of Seine et Oise
dined together in the town. The banquet was attended
by about 80 gentlemen, and altogether the afiair was
very suggestive of the great interest taken in horti-
culture by a large section of the French people.
Taking them " in the lump," French private gardens
are a good way behind our own. They have not the
number of wealthy amateurs that we have in England.
But the French middle-class garden is often very
pretty, full of well-trained little and big fruit trees,
spring flowers, &c., and on the way by rail to Versailles
numbers of such may be seen.

I visited Billancourt for the fourth time on
Tuesday. It is, of course, more intended for an agri-
cultural than a horticultural display; indeed, the
latter is quite a minor point. As a whole, the place is
a failure, for reasons which are known but need not be
detailed here. In our own way, the most interesting
portion is that devoted to fruit trees, which are shown
by Durand & Baltet and other French nurserymen.
One arranges a complete little fruit garden, with every
style of training exhibited, the plants being mo.stly
fastened to the galvanised w'ire alluded to iu my last.
Space forbids the description of their methods of
training, though I may give an idea of its variety.
A tree with a tall stein has its head trained in the
shape of a wine glass. Then around it are planted at
a distance, say of a couple of feet, a ring of cordons
pretty thick ; these are then drawn in towards the
base and attached to a loop, when they are taken
back again and attached to a very much wider one, and
that is followed by two others higher up, to which the
trees are trained, so as to form a gigantic tulip-like
vase around the central tree. There is much ingenuity
of this kind displayed both here and at the Exhibition,
though I cannot add that such curiosities are much in

546

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRK^ULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 25, 1867.

favour with good French fruit growers. Another
exhibitor was busy coverinj; a considerable space with
fruit trees of various kinds, trained on spiral wires ;
these are Ralvanised, of various heights, from 1 yard to
10 feet. They may be described as large tapering cork-
screws. The exhibitor's object, as he said, was to afford
the trees more space within small compass— the tree
being trained in cordon fashion around the spiral wire.
In some cases his trees were in pots, placed in single
iile in a narrow bo.x, a case of the galvanised wire
springing from and covering this box so that it might
be covered with mats at pleasure. In fact, some were
thuscovered with the matsdescribedinapreviouspaper,
the sunny side being open. In this way he hopes to for-
ward the fruit trees in pots a good deal. The system is
probably more plausible than useful. One of the little
fruit gardens is very neatly done and pretty, sur-
rounded by tall subjects, and nicely varied with
different forms within, the ground being mulched and
dotted with strawberries, annuals &c., and the beds
edged with the cordons described in my last. There
is also an interesting specimen of the way they grow
the Peach in the south of France. In some places, as is
well known, it is grown as a field tree. But the
climate, while warm enough, is by far too windj-,
and so they are obliged to train them as very dwarf flat
standards, spreading their limbs on the ground, but
never rising, so that the breeze can " get under them,"
so to speak ; they are dwarfer than an ordinary
Gooseberry bush. There are a few other interesting
things in our way at Billancourt, such as plantations
of Vines, edible plants, &c., but they are better left
alone till fully developed.

As for the fourth exhibition, there is very little to
be said. It is not so good as the previous ones.
Messrs. Linden, Terschafl'elt, and Dalliere show new
and newish Palms, among the best of which are Cocos
vVendlandiana, Calamus sumatrana, Acanthophoenix
crinitus, and Areca nobilis. M. Linden has also a fine
plant of the noble Seaforthia robusta in the
Conservatory, and the rich collection of M.
Chantin alone fills the second-sized structure in
the place. The weather i.s still very bad, the
breeze yesterday and to-day (32d and 23d May) being
such as would be considered cold for April in England!
We had hailstones on the 21st ! With all this they
have planted out some Bananas in the grounds. These
poor Bananas look no better than could be expected,
and if they survive I shall be surprised, the leaves
being quite broken down. We shall want a great deal
of hot weather to compensate for all this.

At La Muette at present they have a great quan-
tity of the more tender things out of doors, the most
delicate being placed between narrow and tallish
hedges of Arbor-vita;. They have already sent out
many thousand plants.

The freshest-looking things in Paris for some time
past have been the wide edgings of Irish Ivy around
the flower borders in the Louvre and other gardens.
When the young fresh leaves come up and spread over
the old ones that have stood the winter, they are very
refreshing to look upon. In England we do not make
half sufficient use of this, the finest of Evergreen
climbers. As regards Aralia Sieboldi, there are
two facts which should be generally known,
i. e., that it is very hardy and about the
best plant in existence for room cultivation. I have
seen this spring plants of it making leaves as fresh
and healthfully green as the Ivy just mentioned,
m rooms where it was even far removed from the light;
and I yesterday saw a plant, of it in M. Andre's little
garden at Passy which has stood out all the past winter
without a particle of protection. It has made strong
shoots and fine leaves, and is now in a much betterstate
than if brought out of the greenhouse and planted out
for the summer. Therefore it is one of the verj'
best plants that can be employed in the " sub-
tropical garden"— a phase of horticulture, by the
way, which will yield little but disanpointment
if not carefully done. I should have said some-
thing of the Jardin des Plantes ere this, were it
not that its best feature is a fine collection of hardy
plants, especially in the part known as the School of
Botany, and I have been waiting to see these open.
There are not a few good things among them worthy
of introduction to British gardens.— As I post this
(4 o'clock on Thursday) there is a breeze blowing across
the bridges of the Seine such as one would not be
justified in expecting in the end of May in any other
locality than the top of an iceberg. Blue noses are
again the rule in the streets of Paris, and one is afraid
to reflect upon the condition of the sub-tropical plants
that they have just begun to move out. JF". S

Throuffhout Britisli North America we have only 46 species,
seven of which are absent from the Northern States. In the
Southern States east of the Mississippi, there are 57 species,
19 of which are not known in the Northern States. The
remaining 3V are peculiar to California and New Mexico.
About one-fifth of the Ferns of this district belong to Cheilan-
thes and Pellfea, a group proportionately prepooderant also
at the Cape.

North Temperate .^o?ic.— Taking the north temperate zone as
a whole, we Jand it to yield 514 species, 34 of which are
common to the three districts. 18 to the second and third,
8 to the tliird and fourth, and 2 to the second and fourth. Of
these 177 species, or about one in three, are peculi.ar to it.

5. Temperate South Africa. ~ In temperate South Africa we
have mthin an area of under a million square miles 153 species
or 9 per cent, of the order. Of these 23 are peculiar to Cape
Colony, 4 to the island of Tristan d'Acunha, 11 belt the world
in the South Temperate zone, 7 others .are American and 19
Australirin : and the remaining 89 are species common to this
district and the tropics, 20 of them being confined exclusivelj'
to Tropical Africa. When we consider the strongly marked
peculiarityof the phanerogamic Flora of this district, the lack
of individuality in its Fern-Flora is remarkable. Even out of
these 23 peculiar species 4 or 5 are doubtfully distinct. The
three most distinctly-marked types are Schizrea pectinata,
Anemia Dregeana, and Ophioglossum Bergianum, all Pseudo-
Filices. Ten speciesout of the 23 belongto Pelliea, Chcilanthes,
and Nothochlffina, of all groups perhaps the least moisture-
needing in its stations. The species which the districts of the
South Temperate zone have in common, it may be noted here
once for all, are many of them not characteristically temperate,
but plants which have their head-quarters in the tropics and
occur less abundantly outside them. Of well-marked truly
temperate species common to the Cape and Australia, we may
note Todea barbara, Asplenium bulbiferum and flaccidum, and
amongst those common to the Cape and Temperate South
America Polypodium incanum and Lomaria magellanica. To
meet with Aspidium falcatum and Asplenium varians again,
we must go from the Cape to the Himalayas, and for
Asplenium ebeneum and Pelljea andromedffifolia to North
America. Of weU-marked species peculiar to Africa, which
have their head-quarters here, but pass slightly within the
tropic, Pteris flabell.ata, Mohria caffrorum, Cy.athca Dregei,
and Nothochliena inequalis are examples. Considering the
smallness of the Tropical African list, the addition to that of
this district of 89 subtropical species is large, but several of
them inhabit Mauritius and Madagascar, and do not pass
further south than Natal.

_ We _ have included Tristan d'Acunha in this district. This
little island is not more than 20 miles in circumference, and is
situ.ated in the midst of the Atlantic, nearly in the latitude of
Cape Town and Monte Video, where the distance between the

mentioned as first in the only two " concours" of new-
plants, the " lot of six new plants," and " that of the
group of new plants" (sic), while Messrs. Veitch and
A. Verschaffelt are each first with collections of plants
of recent introduction, but not of those of new intro-
duction. These two concours," moreover, as in the
case of the group of new plants, were not contested.
An Old Subscriber. [Disregarding the question,
whether the substitution above referred to would
or would not have been productive of a different
issue, we find the facts of the case to have been as
follows: — The official programme now before us sets
forth that there were four concours for new plants of
any description, "de tout genre." The first concours was
for a " lot" of distinct [varices) stove plants of recent
introduction. In this the Messrs. Veitch alone
exhibited, and to them a first prize was awarded. The
second concours was for a lot of six distinct (varices)
plants of new introduction. For this, which was the tug
of war, Messrs. Linden and Veitch competed, each with
two sets of six. Of these four sets of six, one of M.
Linden's was first in the opinion of the .jury; the
remaining three lots being thus classed— Veitch 2nd
and 3rd, and Linden 4th. M. Linden gained the first
prize with 20 ; Messrs. Veitch the second with 19 J
poinfis. This is, we believe, a correct account of the
decision of the jury. Into the merits of the case we
cannot enter. It must be distinctly understood that
our reporter is alone responsible for his opinions, though
we have full conlijenoe in his impartiality. Eds.]

Cuttings of Oleander. — Is it true that if a cutting,
say of Oleander, be struck in water and well rooted
and afterwards be placed in earth, that the original
roots perish and new ones are formed ? The fact was
stated in one of Dr. Masters' lectures at the Horticul-
tural Society. P. [We believe the statement to be
quite correct as a rule, though we cannot vouch for its
truth in the particular case you mention. Eds.]

Tambatjang. — What is the botanical name of the
plant called Tambayang, and which is used for lozenges
in the same way as jujubes ? C. [Can any correspondent
furnish information on this point ? Eds.]

Vanda Spikes Sotting .—Why do the young flower
spikes of Vandas at times turn black when they are

two continent! _

Sma;ka?,W^,r''b^'^,,lV»°''Fr '° ■^"'l''-*?"" ^^^^

remarkable for having the Flora, in which, as compared with ' v,„ j„ „„ ;+ u i- t ■ j-i, * 4.1, i *. i 1 1

aU others that are known. Ferns are most nearly upon an | ''^S^ ^^ *^i,^^l,^ perceive that the lowest bud alone
equality with flowering plants in number of species. The 1 "'l'^ Open, the Others being quitedead. A Reader. [The
following is its Fern list, 23 species, Lycopods not included ; probable cause of your Vanda spikes going black is that
the number of flowering plants enumerated by Captain j water has been lying in the axils of the leaves. This
Carmichael in his monograph of the plants of the island in the I should be avoided asjnuch as possible. It is a good

12th vol. of the Linnean Trausaetions, beln;
Hymenophyllum senigi- ; Nephrodium toraentosum

nosum . - .-

Adiantum sethi opicum

Pteris inciaa
Blechnum aiistrale
Lomaria alpina

,, Boryana
Asplenium obtusatum
„ erectum

, , monanthemum

„ medium

"Trichomanes tonerum

Aspidium coriaceum
"Polypodium aquilinum

„ punctatimi

„ australe

Gymnogramma cheilan- I

•Vittaria striata [thoides

Acrostichum conforme
„ hybridum

„ spathulatnm

,, succisfcfolium

Ophioglossum bulbosum

plan never to syringe Vandas while their flower spikes
are in the leaf-axils ; in fact, the tops of the plants are
the better for not being syringed at any time, as this
often causes the heart to rot, especially when the heat
is low. Eds.]
Early Peas. — The cause of the disparity of opinions

FERN DISTRIBUTION.

{Vontiniicd from p. 518).

4. Temperate North America.—^e^t to Europe and North

Africa, this has the smallest Fern-flora of the temperate

districts, 114 species, 5 per cent, of the order, which mav be

classified as follows ;—

It is curious to analyse this list and compare it with that of
St. Helena. Here we have four peculiar species, those marked
with a star, three only found elsewhere, in the Mar.ritius, nine
of which arc both Cape and American, six which are American
but not Cape, one which is nominally Cape but not American,
but very doubtfully distinct from a common American plant.
There arc only 16 species altogether which are common to
temperate South America and the Cape, and here we have
half of them in this little isolated half-way island ; whilst
St. Helena, which is much nearer a continent, has moiv than
half its Ferns peculiar to it. Here we have only a sixth of
them, and for the rest, although it is nearer Africa than
America, the affinity is considerably closer with the latter.

C. Tt'iipenxte Australia and New Zealand.— Oi the south
temperate districts this is the largest and most fertile, yielding
a much larger number of species and peculiar ones than any
other temperate district except the third. The total numbt^V
of its Ferns is 212, and of these one in three is peculiar to it.
Taking New Zealand and Australia separately we obtain the
foUowmg results : —

New Zealand.

Species quite peculiar 34

Not peculiar but not Australian .. 12

Common to New Zealand and Australia 67

Total

Australia.

Species quite peculiar . .

Not peculiar but not New Zealand

Common to New Zealand and .\usti-alia

113

67

Total

Essentially temperate species peculiar to it
Do. Common to Asia, America, and Europe
Do. Common to America and Europe
Do. Common to America and Asia

37
34

. . 8—81

And the remaining 33 species are nearly all subtropical forms
common to this district, and the tropical zone of the same
Continent. The most prominent point to be noted is the
smallness of this last element. We have excluded from this
district the whole of Mexico. If the subtropical species of the
northern part of Mexico were included, the number would be
considerably increased, but we do not possess the means of
clearly separating them out. Comparing this district with
Europe, which, as a whole, it resembles most, the greater
range and abundance of several of the peculiar species is note-
worthy. We have instances of this furnished by Woodwardia
areolata and virginica, Polypodium hexagonopterum, Dick-
soiiia punctiloba, Cystopteris bulbifera, Seolopendrium
rhizophyllum, Nephrodium marginale, _ noveboracense, and
Goldieauum. All these have their head-quarters in the
Northern United States, which yield all together 51 species

Of the 74 species peculiar to the district, 34 are confined to
New Zealand, 2.5 to Australia,llonly are common to both, and4
inhabit the adjacent small islands. Eleven species are common
to this district and the other two south temperate ones ; 12
others to this and South temperate America ; 19 others to this
and the Cape. The 12 New Zealand species not peculiar but
not Australian, are nearly all Polynesian, and the G3 Austra-
lian species which are not peculiar but do not occur in New
Zealand, are many of them subtropical Malayan species which
do not reach further south than Queensland. To complete the
Australian list it must be borne in mind that a few, not more
than three or four species, require to be added, which are
restricted to the tropical part of it.

{To be Continued.)

Home Correspondence.

New Plants at the Paris Sx/tibitioji.~l beg leave to
call your attention to an inaccuracy iu your correspon-
dent's account of the competition that occurred in
the exhibition of new plants on the 1st of May (see p.
491). Your correspondent begins by saying that Messrs.
Veitch were first with a group of new plants, 35 in
number ; and goes on to express his opinion that these
exhibitors would have obtained a higher award in a
more important " concours'* if they had substituted a
Paudanus, which formed one of the second lot, for a
Croton, in the first lot. If you will refer to the oflicial
report, published in the Moniteitr Universel, you will
see that your correspondent is mistaken in the first of
these assertions, as M. Liudeu, of Brussels, is there

upon these Peas is quite clear to my mind. The
numerous amateurs, gardeners, and some nursery and
seedsmen who have pronounced that Eirst Crop or
Ringleader is difierent to DillisLon's Early Prolific
evidently have not had the true variety of Dihiston's
Early Prolific, as was originally sent out by a whole-
sale London establishment. If the true stock of
Dilliston's and Carter's First Crop or Sutton's Ring-
leader were all sown the same day, the following result
would ensue, which I proved myself, and saw others
prove also, the first season that Carter's First Crop or
Ringleader were sent out. I had the sealed bags ; their
contents were sown on the same day as Dilliston's ; they
kept pace Avith each other in growth, in height, came
into flower, podded, were ready to pick, were gathered,
and the ground cleared at the same time ; to use an old
phrase they were as like as two Peas. This was a fair
and impartial trial, of which I could, if needed, ^ive
further proofs from persons who saw them growing.
Last season I had the sealed bag for trial of First Crop
or Ringleader, and ofDilliston's Early Prolific. Dillis-
ton's came from another source, and from whence I
should have thought it would have been true ; in this
instance it was much better than the original stock,
more in the way of Sangsters' No. 1, but different to
that variety. I presume many people must have had
this variety of Dilliston's, which has been the cause of
the various opinions. I have this season again the
sealed bag of Carter's First Crop, and Dilliston's
Early Prolific from the original source, and the result
of the two up to the present time is, that they make
the same growth, are both equally of the same
height, and arc both full of flower. He would be the
cleverest man in England that could at the present
time tell if there is any difference as they are now
growing. M. N. S.

Vines Pteeding.— Avery simple and eSective remedy
for this may be found in the late Mr. Andrew Knight's
Horticultural Papers. He says (see Paper No. 17),
" If to four parts of scraped cheese be added one part
of calcined oyster shells, or other pure calcareous
earth, and this composition be pressed strongly into
the pores of the wood, the sap will instantly cease to
flow, so that the largest branch may be taken oS" at
any season with safety." I may add that the same
proportions or even equal quantities of cheese and
slaked lime braided up together are equally effective,
and I have used this simple remedy successfully many
years. It is not surprising that Mr. TroUope's
remedy, the application of Gutta-percha, was found
ineflectual, when the force of the ascending sap is
considered. It is shown by Hale, in his " Vegetable
Statics," vol. ii , p. 114, that the sap of a Grape Vine
can force up a column of mercury 32^ inches in height,
or about 36 feet 5 inches height of water; and by
applying the principle of the hydraulic press to the
Vine stem capped with gutta-percha, it will be seen
that the covering must be of extraordinary strength to
resist the force of the sap flowing from the surface,
covered by the gutta-percha. I doubt if the Potato
remedy, mentioned by Mr. Breese in your columns,

Mat 25, 1867.J

THE GAUDENURS' OITRONICLE AND AGllIOULTURAL GAZETTE.

547

can be accounted for on the supposition of poison.
I have not tried this remedy myself. Probably, as
you have suggested, some chemical action takes
place, by which a portion of the juices of either
Vine or Potato, or both, may become soliditiod so
as to act similarly to Knight's composition (which
appears to be mechanical), and niay be the cause
or the elliciency of the Potato. The Potato remedy
does not appear to bo so generally, or so oasili
or effectually applicable as Knight's composition.
Oeorije Wood, Rochford, Essex. The best appli-
cation for the prevention of bleeding which I have
yot met with consists of the following ingredients :—
half a pint of patent knotting (as used by painters),
placed in a wide-mouthed bottle, adding half an
ounce of shellac, and placing it in a warm place
till dissolved ; then add by degrees ftnely-povvdered
resin till it attains consistency enough to dry quickly
without cracking ; api)ly with a hard brush, forcin;; it
into the pores. The above will cost about lorf. a pint,
and is better than all the styptics I have met with.
I have seen Potatos used with various degrees of
success, and often applied when the bleeding was on
(lie decline, and would, in all probability, have ceased
without the application. As for the poison in the
Potato stopping the bleeding, I think that far-fetched,
as the only poison contained in it is a very small
portion of solanin, and that only exists after germi-
nation. Should solanin have the power to stop
bleeding it is easily obtained in quantity from the ripe
berries of Solanum nigrum, or S. Dulcamara by a
simple process. Thomas Shorlt. [No one supposed that
the solanin produced the etfeots in question. Eds.1

Elpe Chrapes in March. — The assertion of Mr.
Staudi.sh as to his producing Grapes from young
\'ines in March is all very well on paper, but it will
cause much mischief between many employers and
their gardeners, and is to my own knowledge doing
so already. Prom what I saw of the Vines at Ascot
l;ist year, a very dillerent system from that which
Mr. Standish was then practising must be followed to
ensure the result in question, and were I required to
produce Grapes in March I should certainly use a
iirape less liable to crack than the Royal Ascot, which
lias this fault equally with Josling's St. Alban's.
A'. O. Cainweron, WoodJiou.ie, Winchjleld, Hants.

Silk Worms. — Can any of your readers tell me how
silk worm cocoons should be wound, and how many
together ? and if there is any manufacturer who would
make the silk afterwards into ribbon ? Lady J. W.

Gooseberri/ Wine. — Can any of your readers inform
me at what stage of their growth Gooseberries should
be gathered for the purpose of making Gooseberry
wine ? /. M., Templeagne, co. Dublin.

very abundant. Toctona grandis and Dalbergia latifolia
are also met with towards the foot of the ghaut. Of
Ferns, Adiantum caudatum, Asplenium exiguum,
Cheilauthes mysorensis, and Actinopteris radiata are
very common by the road side, the principal under-
growth being Stachytarpheta nuitabilis and Justieia
Ijuxil'nlia. A low-growing Date Palm, with a stem
>i'lilnni more than a foot high, is very common. The
Mills around the lower part of the ghaut are very steeiJ
and rocky, and the soil consequently of little depth, so
that in seasons deficient in rain large tracts of
vegetation, including trees, die out. At the foot of
the ghaut Bamboos of majestic proportions fringe the
banks of the streams, along with groves of the
wild Mango and Tamarind. Santalum album is
common, and seems to thrive in a deep alluvial soil
composed of vegetable mould, in a close warm
atmo.sphere. Several Colfee plantations have been
established here, and the climate seems well adajited
for them. Several varieties of Plantain are cultivated
in them, one of which bears a scarlet fruit of great
merit. 'The Papaw is also thrown, and produces a fruit
the size of a man's head, of a green colour when ripe.
The Cocoa-nut, Charaicrops Portunei, Artocanms
integrifolia, and Psidiumpomiferum are also cultivated,
and are doing well. From here the country stretches
into Mysore in a large unbroken i)lain, with occasional
isolated conical hills, sometimes forming small chains,
as in the Mudamalli Hills, from whence the principal
amount of Teak timber used in Ootacamund is
brought. The country is generally wooded, but the
forests are by no means dense. O. S.

Foreign Correspondence.

The Seegoor Ghaut, Neilgheeeies.— The main
road from Ootacamund to Mysore passes down the
Seegoor Ghaut, which lies in a north-westerly direction,
and about four miles distant from Ootacamund. Prom
the edgeof the Neilgherry plateau and at the commence-
ment of the ghaut an interesting view is obtained.
Precipitous hills, their bases sunk, as it were, in a
debris of time-worn boulders, these again embedded in
a fine alluvial soil, in which luxuriant crops of Potatos,
Onions, and European vegetables and fruit trees
generally thrive in abundance. The climate here is
mild, and free from the cold drenching rains of the
south-west monsoon, so that the district towards the
upper part of the ghaut is well suited for general
cultivation, consequently a good-sized village has been
established by people who cultivate vegetables for the
Ootacamund market. The vegetation also shows the
approach to a warmer climate ; a fine magenta-ilowered
Argyreia, Asparagus racemosus, Thunbergia mollis-
sima, and two or three small-flowered Convolvulaceaj
are common, and on moist rocks with a northern
face Coelogyne corrugata, Aerides Lindleyanura, and
Selaginella cuspidata. Of Ferns, Niphobolus lingua;-
forme, Cyrtomiumcaryotideum, and the pretty Lastrea
eriocarpa are the commonest on this part of the ghaut.
Lower down, two species of Cucurbitacea;, having
scarlet fruits with white flaked stripes, are very common,
also a fine Asclepiadaceous plant with green flowers.
Cotoneaster buxifolia is the principal shrub about half
way down the ghaut, where the temperature is quite
subtropical; a blue Clerodendron is also common, in
company with the beautiful Indigoferapulcherrima,and
a little thorny Jasmine-like plant, with white, highly
odoriferous (lowers. Emblica oiiicinalis is very common
here, and is generally called the Gooseberry ; its fruit
has a peculiar sweet, mild astringent taste when
chewed, and is used in the plains to correct the taste
of bad water. Its foliage is extremely pretty, the leaves
being pinnate, the little oblong pinna: set regularly
and closely together, and the whole having a reddish
tinge. The beautiful Rivea cuneata, with its deep
crimson flowers, is common ; also a species of Artemisia.
On the hanks of streams, Hedychium Gardnerianum,
Caladiura antiquorum, Klugia Notoniana, Nasturtium
officinale, and a species of Equisetum, with Didymo-
carpus Humboldtii, are common. The Ferns in
similar situations are Hemionitis cordata, Pteris
geraniifolia, and a small-leaved Cjrtomium. Begonia
malabarica and Selaginella cuspidata are also common.
About halfway down the ghautacomfortable rest-house
has been built by Government, and close to it is a tine
waterfall, probably GO feet high, the rock over which
the water falls being nearly perpendicular. On the
submerged rocks Podostemons grow in abundance, and
on half submerged rocks the pretty Utricularia
reticulata, Bignoniacese are well represented on the
lower part of this ghaut, a subscandent one with
yellow sweet-scented flowers being the most plentiful
species. A handsome white-flowered kind, forming a
small tree, is to be found, though sparingly. Ptero-
Wrpus Marsupium, yielding an excellent gum kino, is

RovAL HuRTioULTURAi, : Maij 20 (Special Flortd FeU). —
This, as was announced la&t week (see p. 515), was held in cun-
nectiou with the laying of the foundation stone of the Royal
Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences by her Majesty, the Queen,
and we have much pleaaure iu statinj,' that the display made
on the occasion was one well worthy of Ruyal inspection.
Large groups of beautiful plants from Messrs. Veitcb, Bull,
Lane, E. G. Henderson, Turner, Lee, and otheis, graced the
Society's fine Conservatory, through which her Majesty passed
after the performance of tlie ceremony ; and in the Arcades
were Rosea, stove and greenhouse plants, hardy Ferns, and
othcrobjectsof interest, from Mr. Wm. Paul, Messrs. Paul & Son,
Williams, and Ivery ; while variegated zonal Pelargoniums
were fumi.shed in profusion, their handsoraely-zoued golden
leaves lending quite a charm to the gay scene of which they
formed by no means an unimportant part. Of these some
account of the best will be found below. We may add
that Her Majesty and the Royal party, in passing through
the Conservatory, specially noticed the Prince Consort's Gold
Medal, a,warded last year to Mr, Bull ; and a bouquet of
flowers of the Bougainvillea spectabilis, which was exhibited
in Mr. Bull's collection, was presented by Mr. Bateman to
the Princess Beatrice.

Mcuf 11 {Scientific Meeting.)~W. Wilson Saunders, Esq., in
the chair. After the election of 17 Fellows, and the affiliation
of the Wolverhampton Horticultural Society, the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley remarked, that as the meeting was chiefly devoted
to tricolor-leaved Pelargoniums, he would call attention
to the principles on which their colouring depended.
The original species from which they were all derived
was the! old Cape species Pelargonium zonal, of which he
produced a specimen, in which the leaves were only
slightly zoned. The first improvement on this was
FothergiUii, which was a seedling, from which all the improved
varieties around him had emanated. Variegation, he said,
was really a disease ; and in the vegetable kingdom everything
abnormal in structure may be considered as the result of
disease. Kuhl Rabi, the useful portion of which results
from an overgrowth of the stems. Radishes, &C-, were cited
as illustrations of this fact, even blanching was stated to
be a species of disease, as was also the variegation in Tulips
and other matters of that desciiption. Diagrams showing
the structure of the leaf of one of the best showy zoned
Pelargoniums were then exhibited. If a vertical section
of a leaf of the common zoned Pelargonium be placed
under the microscope it will be found that beneath
the colourless cells of the cuticle is a single layer of elon-
gated prismatic cells which are pertectly green if taken
from the unzoned part of the leaf, but are filled either with
red or green matter if taken from the zone. Beneath these
are several laj'ers of more or less rounded cells, with spaces
between, some of them containing air. The red and green
matters are always contained in distinct cells, and the brown
tint of the zone arises from the green rays passmg through the
red cells, the brown tint being more or less intense in propor-
tion as a greater or less quantity of green prismatic cells
is mixed with the red ones. In variegated leaves it
is clear that if the border consists of a pure
white, the red colour of any overlying cells will be
very slightly, if at all, modified by the subjacent cells, which
contain no chlorophyl ; if, on the contrary, the border
is more or less of a golden tint, the subjacent cells will have a
tendency to make the red tint more or less flame-coloured, and
where the variegation is not confined to the border, but radi-
ates towards the centre, we shall have various tints according
as the subjacent cells contain a greater or less proportion of
chlorophyl ; and if, at the same time, there is golden and
white variegation, there will be a still greater variety of
colouring. The red cells, it should be observed, as well as
the green, when perfect, contain distinct grains with
definite outlines in the general fluid mass, but in a
section these are seldom distinctly visible, as if
the slice is very thin, most of them are injured.
Beautiful, he said, as were the plants exhibited, it might, how-
ever, safely ho concluded that perfection iu regard to chese
Pelargoniums had not yet been attained, and in illustration of
this he exhibited a drawing of a leaf, in which occun-ed dis-
tinct zones of yellow, red, and green, without radiation, which
he said it has been proposed by Mr. Moore should in future
form a criterion by which the merits of these plants should
be jud£ted (see p. 515).

The Rev. Joshua Dix congratulated the meeting on the success
of the Exhibition, the idea of holding which had first originated
with Major Trevor Clarke. He mentioned that the Committee
could give no certificates to yearlings, on which little dependence
could be placed ; they could only deal with plant^i sufficiently
established to have their variegation fixed : and this he said
would explain why some highly -promising seedlings, from
Messrs. Carter and others, were passed over apparently
without notice.

Major Trevor Clarke said, that when he had put together a
few notes on the general phenomena of v.ariegation in plants,
he was not aware that the subject would be taken up by Mr.
Berkeley ; but as his own views were somewhat different from
those of the reverend gentleman, he would state thorn. He
then said —
, Fqw who have bcon accustomed to roam about with.

ob.servant eye through copso and doll, or by lake and river, in
the sweet spring time, can havu failed to notice the frequent
occurrence of variegation in wild trees, Hhrubs, and plants.
Wliatover the nature of it may bo, it is certainly not a special
uffcct of cultivation. What is it then ? a morbid state, jw pro-
pnsi:d by some y I think hardly mo. Although In some cases
acn.mpanied by constriction >,f the loaf and tendoniesH of
i:'iiiHtitutlon, these conditions aro by no meanM necessarily
rutifvimitant. Not a few plants in tho variegated state are
IiL'altby and vigorous. The beautiful gold or Hilvor Holly
Hjirig, with coral berries, tliat flcckn our homuH at Christinas
tido, was gathered from a. sU-Mnt.' ;iiid li.altby tree, as strong
and healthy us those plainly clad in Iinuiuly green. Tliev do
say tho berries won't gmw, but that wo may havo to dlscuBs
by and by. Again, tho Sycamore, with Icjif striped with silver
or tlecked and dusted with gold, is a lofty, vigoroun, and
healthy tree. Gardoncrs havo but little to say agaiUHt tho
general gooii constitution of our beautiful Queen of tho May,
Mrs. Pollock. She is of fair and noble presence, and like
another monarch in our land, has given birth to a fair, noble,
and numerous offspring. Mrs. Pollock still lives in tho hearts
of our gardeners as our own dear Queen lives in the hearts of
her people. Say then, is this strange and certainly beautiful
manifestation a healthy but rarely occvirring natural
plieuomeuoii ? It is not a normal one, for there is in such
plants a conshmt tendency to recur to another form, which
is more generally frequent than itself. Gardeners call it a sport,
translating unconsciously the " Lusus Xaturaj" of the old
Latinists. It certainly appears more frequently as a bud
formation than as a seed change. The late Dr. Lindlcy used to
say that a bud and a seed were pretty much the same thing.
The main difference is, that in tho case of reproduction by
seed like never — strictly speaking— produces like. I onco
made a very curious observation bearing upon this subject. A
half variegated or Magpie Seedling Pelargonium crew into a
plant, and in this plant I traced the uumingled lines of green
aud white from stem to branch, from branch to flower stalk,
and thence to the seed vessel, which enclosed a parti- coloured
seed. That seed again produced a pied offspring, of which one
cotyledon was white and the other green. When a pure green
line in this case passed up into the seed vessel, the seed waa
green and so was the seedling. A white stripe or line ruled in
like manner the destiny of a pure white offspring. These
hitter never developed a second or true leaf pair : seedlings
with golden seed leaves, however, produce perfect plants.
Perhaps we snould not be far wrong in considering variega-
tion, at any rate symmetrical variegation, as an occasional
natural state, and to class it with other vmusual developments :
as laciniations in entire leaved plants ; red or yellow twigs
where plain brown should be the rule ; the abnormally
rampant shoot lately observed on the Devonian Tea Rose, and the
pigmy " Clanbrazilianized" branch occasionally seen mimick-
ing a rook's nest high on the lofty Norway Spruce tree. I will
not take up time in multiplying insUmces, but hope that
I have sufficiently explained myself on this point. Closely
connected with variegation or the partial absence of chlorophyl
from the leaf, is the occurrence of striped or pure white
flowers upon red, blue, or otherwise coloured plants. I find
that the colouring matter, if white m.iy be called a colouring
matter {and in this case it is), is identical in both cases. It is
probably the fact that both in white flowers and variegated
leaves there exist yellow cells which become more apparent
when the tissue is treated with an alkali. I believe the
colouring matter is what chemists call luteoline. For fear of
wandering into another and still more interesting subject,
that of the colouring matter of flowers and plants in general,
I will not now allow myself to soar into the regions of
chemistry ; I will merely remark that this subject has been
partially investigated by several distinguished IVench
chemists, and that I hope I may live to tell you some day
what little glimpses they gained from their peep into Nature's
wondrous laboratory.

I regret extremely that circumstances have prevented me
from contributing more practically— I mean in the way of
plants, and so on— to this most interesting exhibition, and
that, for the same reason, 1 have not been able to put together
a more detailed scientific note, or collection of facts on the
subject. I have scarcely attempted this ; my mission to-day
being principally to place before you a subject upon which, I
understand, several of mj' brother gardeners are prepared to
give some valuable and interesting information. How well
they have responded to our invitation to ventilate this subject
I need not say. We reckoned upon a certain number of enthu-
siastic exhibitors, with a few choice plants, but they have
come upon us like an army, — even like the Byronic Assyrian,

"Their banners are gleaming with purple and gold."
On entering the room this morning I found Judges and Com-
mittee in a state difficult to describe,— in a perfect ci/iiaiTcts
(Ic richeKse. It had evidently been raining Golden Pheasants
and Golden Fleeces. Poor Mr. Dix stood there, looking liko
— like — Danae in a golden shower of Mrs. Pollocks.

Mr. Grieve, gr. at Culford Hall, near Bui*y St. Edmund's,
who was introduced by Major Clarke, and to whose inde-
fatigable industry we owe the first and best of the fine forms
of tricolored Pelargoniums which now grace our gardens, then
read a Paper as follows : —

The cause or causes of variegation in the leaves of plants,
including of course the Pelargonium, are as yet I believe
unknown : consequently, no means could be successfully used
to produce it ; but when from some unknown cause it spon-
taneously developed itself in an individual pLant, then in
accordance with the law or doctrine of hereditary trans-
niission of qualities, little difficulty is experienced in inducing
it to reproduce itself in succeeding generations.

The chemical or other changes, however, which must take
place in a plant to induce its foliage to become variegated, pre-
sent undoubtedly a very interesting subject for inquiry, and
one worthy, it may be supposed, of the attention of the
vegetable physiologists. I have at different times consulted
various authorities upon this subject, without, however, being
much enlightened thereby. Doctor Hope says: "That ther«
is in plants a colourable principle consisting of two separate
parts, one of which forms a red compound with acids, while
the other forms a yellow with alkalies." And he attributes tho
green colour produced by the latter to the mixture of the
yellow matter with the blue infusion. The two principles,
according to him, may exist together or separate, in diifereut
parts of the same plant.

Dr. Balfour alsi says : " The whitish or brown spots which
occur on the leaves are often produced by thickened cells
containing peculiar colouring matter underlying the chlorophyl
cells. In such cases variegations might be traced to an
alteration in the epidermal cells, and the same is true of
certain bright colours assumed by the surface of some leaves."
With regard to the leaf of the tricolored Pelargonium I have
sometimes lieen inclined to think that the zone undergoes no
change whatever when the leaf becomes variegated, or yellow
margined, and notwithstanding the fact of red being one of
the primary colours, consequently, according to tUeoiy, cannot
be produced by any combination of colours. But covering aa
the zone does the junction of the yellow margin with the
green disc, or centre of the leaf, we find that whatever part of
the zone rests upon the yellow appears bright red, while the
portion which may rest upon the green part of the leaf retains
its normal or brown colour. The question now is, how is this
red colour produced ? For my own part I too hastily jumped
at the conclusion that the brown and ycUow had produced the
red ;but this, according to the theory of colour, could not have
be n the case. So 1 must leave the settlement of thi^

548

THE GAilDENEES' CHRONICLE AKB AGRlCtlLTtJRAL GAZETTE.

[May 25, 186?.

interesting question to thoae whose scxentiiic knowledge may
qLVilify them for the task.

Before proceeding to what was intended to have been the
principal part of this paper, viz., the furnishing what little
information 1 could as to the history of the tricolored Pelar-
goniums, I may notice a defect" incidental to the Silver
tricolored section, but VTithout being able, 1 am sorry to say,
to suggest a remedy. I alluded to the cupping, or crumpling
of the foliage, more particularly when the varieties are
cultivated in the open air, and if the weather is at all cold
and wet. This crumpling appears to bo caused by the facb of
the white or colourless margins being unable to expand in pro-
portion to the growth of the green, or central part of the leaf,
consequently cupping or crumpling is inevitable : and very
possibly this deficiency of expansive power in the white
margins of the leaves may be attributed to the nearly entire
absence of chlorophyl, or the green colouring matter : and
that this defect does not in any way apply to the yellow-
margined varieties may bo accounted for by the fact that their
yellow margins are not entirely destitute of this principle.

Some 20 years ago there were I believe but few varieties of
variegated Pelargoniums in existence. Of these the two best
fitted for the purpose of bedding or massing in the flower
garden, were a sort known as Variegated Nosegay, and another
called Mangles' Variegated Nosefjay. Of the origin of the
first named I know nothing. Of the latter I have heard that
it was obtained by the late Captain Mangles as a sporfc from a
green-leaved variety. This sport is well adapted for the pur-
pose of bedding, and is still I beheve extensively used for that
pui-pose. The two varieties named above were both silver-
margined sorts, with Nosegay, or verynaiTow-petaled Sowers.
The only golden-margined sort of any merit was the variety
known as Golden Chain, and of its origin I am also quite
ignorant, but I have been informed by an old gardener that he
recollected having grown it along with a collection of stove
plants nearly .50 years ago.

But somewhere about 17 or 18 years since the horticultural
world was somewhat startled by the announcement of a
Scarlet Pelargonium, having broad-petaled flowers and
variegated foliage. Tllis proved to be the celebrated and now
well-known variety called Flower of the Day, and I believe
that we are indebted to Mr. Kinghorn for the introduction of
this fol-erunner of a highly ornamental race of plants. This
variety was soon followed by others of increased merit, the
production, I believe, of more than one successful raiser,
amongst which the names of Lennox, Elphinstone, 6ic., deserve
to be mentioned.

Amongst these new introductions the beauty of several
varieties was greatly enhanced by having, in addition to
their silver margins, a well defined red or pink zone, well
defined and excee'dingly beautiful when the leaves were in the
early stages of their development.

These varieties, combining as they certainly did three dis-
tinct colours in theii- foliage, may with propriety be desig-
natei:' as the foi-erunners of the silver tricolored race. And to
Mr. Kinghorn, I believe, belongs the creditof having originated
the first of them, and the variety was, I think, named
Attraction.

A'juut the year 1855 or 1856 I had succeeded in originating
aeveral varieties which were considered as advances on their
predecessors, the best of which however was the variety
named Italia Unita, which in its class is perhaps unsurpassed.
And about -the time stated above it occurred to me that
similar improvement might possibly be effected in the golden-
margined varieties, which at that time consisted only of
Golden Chain,, and I think one or two other sorts inferior to
the sort named. But at all events I confined my experiments
to the variety I have named (Golden Chain), and after tr>hig
many experiments, many of them resulting in failures, I at
last succeeded in originating two varieties which were con-
sidered as worthy of being distributed under the names of
Golden Tom Thumb, and Golden Cerise Unique.

These were succeeded by Gold Pheasant, which was also in
its turn eclipsed by the variety known by the name of Sunset.
And in the following year I succeeded in raising the now well
known variety, Mrs. Pollock, which was succeeded by Mrs.
Benyon, Lucy Grieve, and lastly Lady CuUum, which is now
being distributed by the Messrs. Henderson, and about which
variety it is quite unnccessaiy to say that it will be sure to
prove a public favourite. The great desideratum in a varie-
gated Pelargonium ia a vigorous constitution, and conse-
quently the power of rapid increase by cuttings. And this
quality is possessed in an eminent degree by the variety last
named, and in a still ereater degree by the variety which I
had named Queen Victoria, which I consider to be in all
respects the best 1 have ever raised, and on that account took
the liberty of giving to it the name of her gracious Majesty.
But since doing so I find that I have been forestalled, as the
name appears to have been already assigned to another
variety ; but I think that I may still adhere to the name in the
slightly altered form of Victoria Regina.

Soon after the introduction of the variety named Mrs.
Pollock the attention of other cross-breeders api>ears to have
been directed to this subject, and the consequence is that the
number of tricolored Pelargoniums may now be sair! to be
legion ; and growers have ample opportunities of selecting and
adding to their collections varieties of the greatest merit
includmg, of course, habit of growth, quality of bloom, &g.

In the pages of the Gardeners' Chronicle, &c., I have recently
given the pedigree of the variety Mrs. Pollock, so that it ia
unnecessary for me to again repeat it here, but I imiy briefly
state that all the Golden Tricolor Pelargoniums which I have
originated have all descended from the well-known Golden
Chain. I have also at various times tried sundry experiments
■with the variety called Mangles' Variegated Nosegay, without
havmg been very successful. It is a sort which did not
produce pollen freely, nor did it se'ed freely when fertilised by
the pollen of other varieties ; and even when it does appear to
npen seeds, they very frequently refuse to gi-ow. I have
however, succeeded in raising a few seedlmgs from it and
one of them is known as Stella variegata, and was produced
between a seedlmg Nosegay variety (raised from a very strong-
growing soi-t known as Mrs. Vernon), and Mangles' Variegated
Nosegay. _ This variety (SteUa variegata) greatly resembles
sports which have at different times, and in various localities
been obtained from Beaton's SteUa, although their origin as
I have endeavoured to show, is entirely distinct and their
flowers, It will also be observed, are of a different shade of
colour.

Last year I fertilised blooms of a small-leaved seedling
Nosegay sort, with well-deflned zones, and which has been
named Blackband, with pollen taken from Stella variegata
and one of the results is the Minimum variety, with very
white leaf margins, which has been named Minnie
Warren. Some years since, on the introduction of some of
the better sorts of the white-flowered zonal varieties such as
Madame Vaucher, White Tom Thumb, »tc., all kind's having
well-defined zones,' it occuired to me that if sorts with
foliage similar to Mrs. PoUock, Lucy Grieve, &,(•., could be
induced to produce pure white flowers, that it would be a
very desirable acquisition. And I immediately set about
experimenting in the matter, but found the process to be
much slower than I had at first calculated upon ; and I fear
that if I were to attempt to describe all my experiments and
failures, that it would, justly entitle my paper to be con-
sidered as tedious and lengthy, if it be not already entitled to
that distinction. But suffice it to say, that in fcur genera-
tions I succeeded in producing plants having golden
tricolored foliage, and also in producing pm-e white flowers, but

unfortunately accompanied by an exceedingly feeble consti-
tution, and apparently a strong determination to leave this
woidd as soon as they conveniently could, and which most of
them succeeded in doing ; still I managed at the same time
to persuade a few of them to live, and one of them is now
before you ; it is named Tho Ghost, as it is only the ghost of
what I wished it to be. But the first two points had been
gained, viz., tricoloured foliage and white flowers; and the
third point only is wanting, and that is vigour of consti-
tution ; and the fiist step towards that point is, I believe,
successfully taken, and the proof of which is now before you
in the variety named Eva Fish.

Two principles, it wiU be observed, had been active in
tending to enfeeble or debilitate the constitutions of the white-
flowered and golden tricolor race ; that is, variegation itself,
which always tends to diminish the vigoiir of any variety :
and also wh-.it is called the "in and in" system of breeding,
which is known to have a similar effect in the vegetable as well
aa in the animal kingdom. And the method I have adopted to
throw fresh blood, as it were, into the race is as follows, and,
as far as I can udge at present, I think that it is likely to
prove successful : —

I selected one or two strong-growing sUver-margined
seedlings, having very light pink, or nearly white flowers ;
these 1 fertihsed with pollen taken from Madame Vaucher,
White_ Tom Thumb, and some other green-leaved, white-
flowering sorts. Most of the progeny proved green-leaved;
a few, however, showed variegation ; but I selected a few of
those which showed no symptoms of variegation whatever,
and when they bloomed they nearly all proved to have white
flowers, and these I fertilised with pollen taken from the
variety named The Ghost ; and_the result of this cross is the
plant named Eva Fish, and one or two other promising
seedlings, which I have little doubt wiU produce white
flowers.

It would appear that because the hand of Science has not
directed such experiments as I have endeavoured to record
above, scientific men hardly feel inclined to assign to the
rough and ready cross-breeder the amount of credit which he
may possibly consider aa due to his exertions. Professor
MoiTcn in treating upon this subject saya that the cause
that operates in the production of such varieties aa Mrs.
Pollock, Sunset, &c., is a multiple or complex one ; and draws
attention to the apparent diversity of the origin of such plants,
and to the simultaneous appearance of similar forms in
different localities in England, in France, and in Belgium.
Now, all this I believe to be incon-ect, and to be an instance of
conclusions being arrived at without trouble having previously
been taken to ascertain the facts. I believe, in common with
moat growers and raisers of these plants, that no Golden
Tricolored Pelargonium deserving of the name existed ante-
cedent to Mrs. Pollock and Sunset ; and if any similar
varieties originated simultaneously, either in this country or
on the Continent, let me ask where they are to be found, or
what has become of them? M. Morren further says— "These
varieties are not the result more or less directly of man's
agencj-, nor of this or that operation of the cultivator, but they
are the indirect but inevitable natural and spontaneous conse-
quences o£ tho mode of development belonging to the species
when grown under artificial circumstances, &.c." Possibly we
may be told some day that St. Paul's Cathedral was a sponta-
neous production, independent of man's agency, &.c. ; and some,
perhaps, may be found to believe it.

For my own part I believe that the Pelargonium is grown at
present under much the same artificial cu-cumstances asitwaa
grown a hundred, or, possibly, two hundred years ago ; and
our great-grandfathers might have enjoyed the luxury of
bedding-out tricolored Pelargoniums in the summer of 1707 in
precisely the same way as their descendants are doing at the
present time had their tastes led them in that direction, and
if the idea had occurred to them to use the means at their
command.

As I have said before, I believe that the cause of variegation
is unknown, and consequently cannot be produced ; and the
cross-breeder does not for a moment presume to say that he
can control Nature. All that he can do is to watch her closely,
and when he perceives her in the least degree inclined to tread
the path he wishes her to pursue, he can, as it were, smooth
that path and render it as inviting aa possible. He may,
perhaps, even go a little further, and poUceman-like toucli
her gentlj'- on the shoulder, and respectfully request her to
move on. More than this he cannot do, for what the Poet
has said with regard to Nature's faii-est production will also
apply to Nature herself—

" For if she will, she will, you may depend on't ;
And if she wont, she wont ; so there's an end on't."

I have stated that the pedigree of the Pelargonium Mrs.
Pollock was made public in the pages of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, &c. But as some who may read, or hear this paper
read, may not recollect the particulars, I will agai:i briefly
state that the seed parent of Mrs. Pollock was Emperor of the
French, and the pollen parent Gold Pheasant. The seed
parent of Gold Pheasant was also Emperor of the French,
and the pollen parent Golden Tom Thumb. The seed parent
of Golden Tom Thumb was Cottage Maid, and the pollen parent
Golden Chain.

As to the parentage of some of my seedlings of the present
and last years, I am unable to give any information, as in
most instances both parents were themselves see.ilings, and
many of them have not been preserved.

Mr. Wills, gr., Huntroyde Park, near Burnley, Lancashu-e,
next gave some illustrations of the manner in which sports
of variegated Pelargoniums become fixed, and said that
although he intended to have read a paper on the origin of
variegated Pelargoniums, as Mr. Grieve had touched on many
of the same points he would not occupy time by reading it
but it would appear in the Society's Proceeding.s.

Jlr. Chater then at some length atiited his views as to the
causes of colouration in Pelargonium leaves.

Mr. Bateman followed with some observations on the Orchids
which were exhibited. He . had heard it often remarked that
these occupy too much attention at these, Tuesday meetings ;
but his friends Mr. Dix and Major Clarke had on this occasion
had a magnificent revenge, for he Wiis quite overwhelmed bv
the golden shower of Zonal Pelargonivims that they had
brought upon him. Cattleya citrina, of which Messrs. Low
again exhibited a collection, had, he said, a tendency always
to grow downwards, and he pointed out the singularity of
the pseudo-bulbs, which are, as it were, wrapped in silver
paper. The plant lasts quite a month in flower, ahd he
never saw a more remarkable sight than a regiment of it
nearly a thousand strong, which he had met witli at Messrs!
Low's. It was an Orchid with which dry and cool
treatment agreed. Cypripedium caudatum, from Mr Bull
with tail-like appendages nearly 2 feet long, next occupied
attention. For Cypripediums with tails we are indebted to
America; but, kinds possessing most bejiuty we obtain from
the East, and foremost among them in that respect was
C. Iffivigatum, a fine plant of which was exhibited by Mr.
Buller. Dendrobium MacCarthife was also shown for the third
time ; it was now arriving at ita full maturity, and Mr.
Wentworth Buller had informed him he had seen imported
specimens of it with as many aa 12 spikes of flowers ; and
very few Dendrobiuras, indeed very few Orchids of any
kind, would be able to compete with it when it shall have
become better established. Ke had next to notice alittle gem,
viz., Oncidium nubigenum, so called from its hving almost
in the clouds, for it was found in Ecuador, at an iUtitude of
12,000 to 14,000 feet — a greater elevation than ever attained

by any other Orchid. It had gone under the names of 0,
Bennisonianum and O, Phalsenopsis ; but Prof. Reichen-
bach, after careful comparison and examination, had proved
that the v>lants to which these names had been applied
were nothing but the O. nubigenum of Lindley, for which
0. cucuUatum had been mistaken. A beautiful group
of LasUa purpurata from Mr. Buller, and wreaths of Bougain-
villea spectabihs, shown by Mr. Bull, were then noticed ; the
latter, it was remarked, came from Cliveden, where this plant
ismost successfully managed by Mr. Fleming. Mr. Bateman
then announced that Mr. Anderson of Meadow Bank,
near Glasgow, was the successful competitor for his prize
offered for the best list of Orchids arranged according to
climate, winning by about 20 marks, and that Mr. Wentworth
Buller was second. There were five competitors, and some
of the lists contained some 1200 or 1.300 names of Orchids
that either are or have been in cultivation. After men-
tioning a Sarcopodium, which was said to exist in
New Guinea, as a plant which it would be desirable to
introduce on account of the size of its flowers, which are said
to be 8 inches in diameter, attention was directed to the
Japan Flax, sold by Jlr. Alison, and which whilst resembling
bass matting is much stronger. Mr. Bateman considered it
much superior to matting for tying purposes. A handkerchief
made of its fibre was also shown to the meeting ; in appearance
it looked like a mixture of silk and cotton. Mr. Bateman con-
cluded by announcing that the subscription to erect a memorial
tothelate Mr. Skinner had alreadyproduced a considerable sum,
which would be stated at the next meeting, by which time
the subscription hat would be exhibited in the room.

Major Clarke said that Mr. Bateman ought not to complain
that Orchids had been treated coolly, since he himself was
always advocating cool treatment for them.

Mr. Wilson Saunders said that the use of the term Tricolor
Pelargoniums was botanically incorrect, and exhibited a plant
of Pelargonium tricolor to which alone the name should apply.
Versicolor or parti-coloured Pelargoniums would, he thought,
be a better name ; indeed the best of the so-called Tricolors
exhibited not three but four colours.

May 21 (Floral Committee).— Of tricoloured Pelargoniums
there was, as has been already stated, a ma^inifieent
assemblage ; but owing to the gi-eat similarity which exists
among them, those to which Certificates were awarded were
comparatively few. Messra. E. G. Henderson contributed
collections, in which we noticed fine specimens of Lucy Grieve,
Sophia Cusack, Lady CuUum, Sophia Dumaresque, Sunset,
and Italia Unita. To Sunshine, which has a yellow edge and a.
showy flamed deep crimson zone, was awarded a First-class
Certificate. From tho same firm came also a collection of
miniature Tricolors, both golden and silver-edged, most of
them not exceeding 4 inches in height, and consisting of
Golden Pet, The Bride, Jenny Wren, the Fau-y, Queen'.';
Favourite, Little Dear, Little Pet, Minnie, Tom Tit, Little
Harry, and one or two others. Mr. Wills, gr. at Huntroyde
Park, Burnley, also had a very fine coUectiou of new sorts,
havuig for the most part large bold leaves, broadly zoned
with reddish brown. Of these Beauty of Ribblesdale was very
conspicuous. It has large foliage, with a showy vandyked
reddish bronze zone on a yellow ground. This received a First-
class Certificate, as did also Her iMajesty, a vigorous-growing
kind, of a yellowish brown, with a very broad even deep brown
zone. Messrs. Garaway & Co., of Bristol, had a number of good
varieties, both bronze-leaved and tricolor; of the latter, Mrs.
Allen, which received a First-class Certificate, has nearly circular
leaves, with a narrow golden cdgo, and a regular crimson zone,
which in the young leaves is very bright. From Messrs.
Carter & Co. came a collection of seedlings, remarkable for
robust growth and striking colour, but to which, for reasons
already stated, no award could be made. One named Prince
of Wales, with roddish-purple leaves 5 inches across, with a
brood yellow edge and a very broad zone, is especially
promising, Mr. Grieve had a veiy fine collection, the gem of
which was a variety called Victoria Regina, to which allusion
is made above, and which we believe was at one time called
Mrs. Grieve. This beautiful variety deservedly received a First-
class Certificate. Minnie Warren, with a broad white edge,
was also very pretty.

A beaiitiful tricolor named Lord Stanley, from Mr. Groom,
of Ipswich, received a First-clasa Certificate, as did also
Sunrise, from Messrs. Saltmarsh & Co. The latter has a
compact neat habit, and is otherwise a variety of first-class
merit._ Crown Jewel, from the same exhibitors, is also a
fine kind, apparently^ more robust in constitution than that
just named. Mr. Watson, St. Alban's, furnished his fine
kinds called Mrs. Dix and Miss Watson. First-class Certificates
were given to Jetty Lucy, Magnificent, and Resplendent,
shown by Messrs. F. & A. Smith ; and to Prince
Leopold, from M. Langloia of Jersey. Perkins' Queen
Victoria was exhibited, but not in sufficiently good condition
to receive any award. It is stated to have been raised
between Wonderful and Mrs, Pollock. From Mr. Chater, of
Cambridge, came a group, in which was Senior Wrangler, a
variety raised between Mrs. Pollock and Woodwardianum.
Collections also came from other raisers. A silver-edged Ivy-
leaved Pelargonium, suitable either for edgings or baskets.
Game from Mr. Cunningham, The Forge, Burton-on-Trent,
anda purple-edged example of the same variety of Pelar-
gonium, to which a Fu'St-class Certificate was awarded, came
from Mr. Wheatley, gr. to the Rev. A. Clive, Whitfield,
; Hereford.

Of other plants Messrs. Veitch exhibited a fine collection,
in which Dichorisandra mosaica, Drac!»na retina. Adiantum
concinnum luteum, Retinospora fllifera, and Maranta illustris,
received Fh-st-class Certificates ; and Dichorisandra nndata,
a Second-class Certificate. Mr. Bull, who had also a good col-
lection, received First-class Certificates for Anthnrium regale,
Dichorisandra mosaica, and the handsome spreading Zamia
viUosa, and a Second-class Certificate for Dichorisandra
nndata. For a pretty Golden Elm, from Afr. W. Paul and
Measrs. E. G. Henderson, a First-clyss Certificate was awarded
to both exhibitors. W. W. Buller, Esq., received a Special
Certificate for fine examples of Laslia purpurata, and other
Orchids. From Mr, Wilson Saimders also came a collection of
curiosities in the way of Orchids and other plants. Mr.
Sherratt, gr. to J. Bateman, Esq., also showed Orchids. To
Messrs. Osborn &, Sons was awarded a First-class Certificate
for a new variety of the Royal Fem (Osmunda regalis aeutiloba).
Messrs. Backhouse and Osborn showed the little pal« blue
Viola pedata, and a little tree of what is called Silver-variegated
Deodar was exhibited by Messrs. Maule & Son, of Bristol, who
also furnished a gi-oup of Zonal Pelargoniums. Mr. Williams,
of HoUoway, contributed a group of finefoUaged and flowering
plants.

Mai/ 21 (Fruit Committee). — Prizes wore offered for the
following siibjects :~1, The best three dishes of dessei-t Apples.
In this class there were three exhibitors— Mr. Lynn, gi-. to
Lord Boston ; Mr. Whiting, of the Deepdene ; and Mr. Cox, of
Redleaf. Mr. Lynn and Mr. Cox each showed two collections.
The 1st prize was awarded to Mr, Whiting for Adams' Pear-
main, Mickleham Pearmain, and a variety not named, but
which was similar to Federal Pearmain. Mr. Lynn was
2d with Scarlet Nonpareil, Golden Knob, and Cocklo
Pippin. Mr. Cnrd, gr. at Sulhampstead House, Berks,
obtained a 1st pi'ize for three dishes of Strawberries.
They were fine fruit and in good condition, consisting of
Reeves' Eclipse, Marguerite, and Sii* Harry. For the best dish
of Cherries, Mr. Lynn took a 2d prize with Frogm ore Early ;
and Mr. Tegg was awarded a 1st prize for a splendid dish of
Bellegarde Peaches, from the Duke of Newcastle's gaj-den at

May 25, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL {}AZi;Tri

549

Clnmbor. Mr. Tearmn, of Chilwcll exhibitecl a dish of
Wnlmits that bad boon kept in flue coiidiUou by Mrs. Hutley,
of Ortol, near PotorboninijU, fur two years and five moiitlw.
to which a Speuial Certificate was awarded. The rnethod
adopted is to allow tho nnts to fall naturally froui the tree,
then dry them in tho sun and wiml, and afterwards to hang
them in bags in an attic. Mr. Oos, of Rcdioa , also veccivod a
Special Certificate fm- a collection of .six kitchen .\|iplcs kepi,
in nno condition. Mr. Short, nr. to Lord Eversloy, llockfijld
sent fruit of tho cmioiis Corasus r»oudo-Cerasns. ft w a small
Cherry of a yellowish pink eolunr, with a hooked beak at the
ape.x. and m .some inaUmces grows in pairs on one stalk, like
the Cluster Cherry and Iii(;.arreau Logroy. The tl.a-»oin- i.s flat
and .acid.

iFlorfsts' d?lotoers.

Tht! great conireqation of Variegtited Zonal Pelav-
(joniums assemliled at Smith Kensington on tlie 21st
inst., e.itensive as it was, did not altogether crowd out
some other NovELTtKS of great interest, that for the
time were content to be subjects of minor consideration.
Foremost among these was Mr. Kinghorn's beautiful
new Azalea Lizzie, that w.as awarded a First-class
Certificate. The flowers are large, bold, stout, and of
fine form, the colour white, flaked with rosy carmine :
and though tho style of the plant as shown did not
allow much room to judge of the merit of its habit, it
is yet a very free-blooming kind, and will make a first-
olassexhibitionllower. TheprettylittleNorth American
Viola pedata, which came from Messrs. Osborn & Sons,
of Fulham, had ,all the attractions of a new plant,
because so very rai-elyscen, though introduced upwardsof
acenturv ago.' The ilowcrs are deep lilac, which becomes
paler with age ; it is very dwarf, and blooms profusely,
but does not continue long in flower. It is, however, a
pretty and elTective plant for rockwork.

Some new Pelargoniums of the large flowering
section, raised by Mr. G. M'. Hoyle, of Reading,
were shown by Jlr. Turner. It has been urged as au
objection to these new Pelargoniums that, as shown,
the habits of the plant are invariably spare and wiry.
It should however be remembered that the plants are
grown on without "stopping," solely for the head of
flower, for the purpose of producing them at the exhi-
bition table, and that if they were "stopped," as is
usually the case in the young plants, they would
become branching, and consequently of closer and
dwarfer growth. First-cltiss Certificates were awarded
to Example (Hoyle), a flower of very fine shape and
quality, the lower petals rosy pink suffused with violet,
intense dark blotch on upper jjetals, bordered with
fiery crimson, and margined with a slight edge of
violet, a conspicuous white centre, very free-blooming,
with bold effective trusses ; and to Victor (Hoyle), a
very fine spotted variety, rosy pink, lower petals
heavily suffused with carmine, and blotched
and pencilled with rich dark, upper petals
glossv dark, with narrow margin of rosy crimson,
white centre, the flowers bold, showy, and of fine form,
ttnd the habit good. A Second-class Certificate to Heir-
loom (Hoyle), a large and bold flower, with lower petals
soft pale rose, dark top petals, bordered with fiery
crimson, conspicuous white centre: 'a fine exhibition
variety. Another spotted kind was P.atrioian (Hoyle),
liaving bright rosy carmine lower petals, pencilled and
slightly spotted with dark, and having a very narrow
edge of p.ale violet; upper petals glossy dark, with very
narrow edge of deep ro.sy crimson : a fine and eflectivc
flower, which should be seen again, as the truss was
too small to judge accurately of its qualities. Two
very free-blooming Fancy kinds were shown by Mr.
Turner, viz., Fanny Gair and Excelsior, both light
flowers, very free blooming, but wanting form and
smoothness; and another named Leotard, having large
rosy carmine flowers sufl'used with violet, the flowers
large, but w.antirig outline and smoothness.

A group of Zonal Pelargoniums was shown by Mr.
Bull, and among them one named Valiant, the flowers
of a rich hue of vivid orange scarlet, the pips being very
smooth, stout, and of fine form, but too much reflexed,
the trusses were also very small.

Messrs. Downie, Laird, & Laing, received First-
class Certificates for two splendid pink Nosegay varie-
ties, viz.. Countess of Rosslyn, bright violet pink
flowers, smooth and stout, large bold trusses, very
effective, plain foliage, habit dwarf and compact; and
Emmeline, a delicate and beautiful shade of blush
pink, pips stout and smooth, truss large and bold, and
excellent habit. These two fine varieties were the
result of a cross between Lord Palmerston Nosegay and
llose Rendatler. Marksman was another fine Nosegay
variety, the result of a cross between King of Nose-
i:ays and Rose Rendatler, and had large trusses of
vivid cherry crimson flowers, and good zonal foliase.
Mr. Paul had a First-class Certificate for a dwarf rosy
lilac Nosegay, called Lilacinum. He also exhibited a
large plant of Nosegay Crimson Queen, a very striking
shade of colour, very vivid deep crimson, a free
bloomer, having good zonal foliage ; also several plants
of the gold leaf variety Ossian, the trusses of bright
scarlet flowers contrasting well with the yellow foliage;
Troubadour, flowers somewhat loose, but very showy-
cherry colour, suffused with purple, zonal foliage ; and
Blue Bell, a beautiful shade of violet, or bluish lilac,
flowers large and stout ; a distinct and pleasing variety.
In a collection of Zonal and other Pelargoniums
from Mr. John JIann, of Brentwood, was a plant that
bids fair to rankas the premier Zonal Pelargonium of the
year. It was named Lord Derby, and received a First-
class Certificate. The foliage was dark green, with a
■well defined dark zone, the flowers intense scarlet of a
very bright shade, large, and of very fine form and
substance ; trusses fine, and habit excellent. This will
make a valuable and effective exhibition kind. A
Second-class Certificate was awarded to Mr. Mann,
for Christabel, havina good zonate foliase, with large
rosy-salmon coloured flowers suffused with violet, stout
and smooth, and the plant of excellent habit.
Messrs. F, & A. Smith also had a collection of Zonal

Pclarwiiiums, mainly of varieties of their own raising.
Thoy were of remarkably good quality, though no
awaid w.as given iu this collection. A very free-
blooming variety in the large-flowcrcd or show class,
with medium-si'zod white flowers, tho upper petals
marked with rosy crimson, was shown by Messrs.
E. G. Henderson & Son. It was named Empress, and
appeared as if it would make a good forcing kind. The
lluwers were crumpled, and yet this very defect
imparted to it a real attractiveness. A double-flowered
variety of the French chtss htid mottled crimson and
pale-coloured flowers, which may, perhaps, urovo useful
to cut from, a.s the flowers do not fall to pieces so
readily as the single kinds. Incomparable was a single
variety received from France, having flaked carmine
and white flowers, very peculiar, and which will
probably prove of great use to breed from. A Pelar-
gonium'of the old Tricolor race, with its showy white
and purplish crimson flowers, was also contributed
from the AVellington Road Nurseries. H. D.

W&t Eptarii.

sulphur pit. These were transferred into a bar hive,
furnished with empty combs, the bees of which had
died during Ihe summer. They were fed on boiled
sugar ill sulltriout quantity to enable them to go safely
1-hrougli tlie winter. It is now a niostproinisiujj; stock.
*S. 'Besan Fox.

Bee Cultuee: Random Notes.— Having been
much engaged during the early months of this year, I
was unable to give ray hives the attention whicli I have
always hitherto afforded them. As soon as the bees
show vigorously at work in carrying pollen, every bar
or frame hive is examined, the combs and bees being
tr.ausferred into clean, dry boxes with clean floor-boards
andcovers. At the same time the presence of the queen is
ascertained, and note taken of the quantity of brood and
strength of the population. The amount of stored food
is also noted, and if deficient, feeding is resorted to.
Having a few surplus hives, I proceed with the work
of transference by doing two or three stocks on one day :
the boxes, boards, &c., which have been in use are
thoroughly cleaned and dried, and on the next favour-
able opportunity are again made use of to do duty for
another shift. So, in the course of a week or 10 days,
20 stocks may be easily gone through. It is remarkable
with how much more energy the bees seem to be
inspired after this assistance in the cleansing line. The
presence of au accumulation of dirt, and debris of the
covers of unsealed cotubs, mixed with bad pollen and
the nibbled away particles of mouldy combs, all
saturated with moisture, is a soui'ce of very great dis-
comfort to the bees, tending to make them listless and
corapar,atively unprogressive. Until the population
becomes very strong, and the season hot and dry, so that
the moisture within the hives is completely dried away,
the bees are quite unable to grapple with the abominable
mess, and to carry it off in minute particles.

For the operation of shifting combs and bees from
one hi ve to another, a mild, dry day must be chosen, and
the affair carried through as expeditiously as possible,
to prevent either the bees or the brood becoming
chilled. The box into which the combs are being
shifted should be placed on the usual stand, that
returning bees may at once enter the domicile where
they are to remain.

Soon after the breaking up of the great frost in
January, I examined three or four hives, which had
succiunbed. In one or two cases the combs contained
a sufUciency of stored food, but the population seemed
to have perished from starvation combined with cold,
although surrounded by plenty, probably being unable
to leave the centre, where they were closely huddled
together, to shift their quarters to other combs. So
sensible are the Germans and Americans of the
possibility of this contingency that they frequently cut
channels through the middle of the combs to allow of
easy passage from one to another. It is, however, seldom
necessary to adopt such a plan in our milder climate.

Some of the moribund hives perished from sheer
starvation, notwithstanding that they were all most
liberally supplied with food in the autumn. The con-
sumption of stores during the whole season, but par-
ticularly during the period of intense cold in January,
must have been enormous. Food is fuel, and the
greater the cold the more fuel required to sustain the
temperature necessary to existence.

Since the early part of February, other hives in my
home apiary would have perished had I not resorted
to timely feeding ; while iu an apiary at a distance in
the country, to which I was unable to give the required
supervision and assistance, some hives, which were then
alive, have been lost.

Having lately been able to accomplish in some
degree what, in the way of cleansing hives, ought to
have been effected long ago, I have been particularly
struck with the evils of negligence in this respect. In
some hives the accumulation of saturated refuse was
very great. In one case the heap was perforated by
the'larvaj of the wax moth, which had left their spun
passage ways behind. In others, families of woodlice
were in quiet possession ; and iu another hive, a large
spider was comfortably quartered iu a snug corner
of the interior, with his web attached to the end comb
and the side of the box. The number of carcases
proved that the rogue had made good use of his or her
opportunities. The bees seemed to endeavour to keep
as far away from their enemy as possible, and had evi-
dently suffered considerably by its ravages. Although
in possession of a very fine queen, the hive appeared so
little likely to recover to much purpose during the
present season, that I did not hesitate to tmite the
bees and brood-combs to another colony.

The late Mk. Cabpentee's Bees.— Mr. Carpenter,
one of the great bee-masters of Hampshire, died a fen-
days ago. He had 200 stocks. He and his family have
resided at Godfrey's Farm, at Beaulieu, in the New
Forest, for upwards of a century. Western Times.

CoTTAGPEs' Condemned Bees.— Almost, i foot quite,
the strongest and most prosperous colony of bees I am
at present acquainted with, is a condemned lot which I
drove out lust autumn from a hive destined for the

Garden Metaoranda.

Belvoie Castle Giedens (roiirhuledfrom p. .')22).
— There isarange of Vineries at Bel voir about .3000 feet
long, divided into six compartments, varying in width
from 17 to 21 feet. The whole are cultivated on what
may be termed the restrictive system, if that term can
properly be applied to such long rods as tho width of
these houses demand. Each Vine, is however confined
to a single rafter, and instead of meditating an extension
of top, Mr. Ingram is now engaged in doubling the
number of the roots to each individual Vine. Some of
the Vines are planted inside of the houses, with free
access to the outside borders. These have not only more
roots than those wholly planted outside, but the two
sets of roots are excited to action at somewhat different
periods in the growth of the Vines.

But those Vines that are planted outside have only
one great supply of roots, and to these Mr. Ingrain is
engaged in supplying a second-fold root power. For
this purpose he has formed borders, and planted young
Vines inside the house. These are to be inarched uu
young shoots, near the bases of the present Vines.
When thoroughly established the present rods will be
cut out, and replaced by these inarched rods, that
will be endowed with a double root power. Such is
tho practice for which I prophesy abundant success.
The theory lies in a nutshell, thus :— Well-ripened
Vines will break, show, flower, and swell up to the
process of stoning, with but a very limited supply of
fresh food from the roots. It is important, however,
that they should not only pass through these prelimi-
nary stages without exhaustion, but that they should
acquire fresh vigour at every step of their progress.
Hence the importance of having some roots to act in
advance of, or at least simultaneously with the tops.
This is the service performed by the inside roots. Then
just when the great tug of war, the stoning, the second
swelling, and colouring period arrive, the outside roots
have jiist gathered up their energies for active service,
and they forthwith send such a supply of food to the
front, that the berries are distended almost to bursting,
the seeds are perfectly matured, the colour laid on iu
the highest perfection, and that inimitable finish of
form, colour, smd flavour imparted which is the
glory and delight of Grape growers. The surplus
energy, if I may so designate it, is packed away in hard
solid brown bundles, or buds, for use another season.
I Now, had these outside roots been stimul.ated into
I languid action at first, or had they withheld their
supplies until the economy of the Vine had become
enfeebled, it is obvious that such results could not have
been obtained. And I look with confidence to the
double-root system, so happily initiated by Mr. Ingram,
as probably affording a solution of most of those diffi-
culties that meet and often master the cultivator in
the last or finishing stages of Grape growing.

We turn from Grapes to Mushrooms. These are
largely grown here iu back sheds ; and the mode of
culture is peculiar. First of the materiah This consists
mostly of horse droppings mixed with straw collected
from the covered exercise house at the stables. The
beds are formed of about the usual depth on the floor of
back sheds against the wall. Along the front of the
bed a sunk flue is carried, which economises the heat
that would otherwise be discharged through thechimney.
The beds are covered with wooden shutters that pro-
ceed from the back wall, and rest upon either a wall or
slab of wood beyond the flue. This simple arrangement
ensures sufficient warmth and obviates the necessity of
any other covering for the beds. The Mushrooms
soon spring up and a plentiful crop is gathered. Up to
this point there is excellent but not exceptioiial culture.
As soon however as the produce begins to fail, the beds
are allowed to become rather dry, and are then
stimulated to fresh production by the following treat-
ment. They are thoroughly watered with strong
manure water made from horse or cow's droppings.
And into every 4-gallon can of the water a good haud-
ful of common' salt is thrown, and well stirred into and
dissolved in the water, and applied with it. The
Mushrooms spring up as if by magic, and the same
bed is renewed several times in this manner. Nothing
could exceed the productiveness of the bed that was in
bearing at the time of my visit, which, I understood,
was producing its third crop.

I had previon.sly tried manure-water with good
results ; but confess that I should have dreaded salt
almost as ranch as lime, which is fatal to most forms of
fungus life. Mr. Ingram, however, values the salt
more than the manure, and says it will stimulate the
growth of Mushrooms in meadows as well as in-doors.
He also added that the French have long used salt-
petre as an aid in Mushroom culture, but th.at he
never derived much benefit from it; but that salt is a
sure stimulant for exhausted beds, and a certain pro-
ducer of Mushrooms. I have already tried it in a bed
in full bearing, and also on an exhausted bed. with
the best results, and advise your readers to do the
same and report progress through your columns.
Mr. Ingram also thinks that the salt improves tlie
quality and flavour of the produce. The whole
subject is full of interest, and opens up almost
untrodden cultural, chemical, and physiological
fields of inquiry. Possibly it may turn out that
the urine of animals, from the salts they contain
may prove almost as useful as stimulants to
Mushrooms as their droppings seem to be essential

to their production. . „i„„„„

Entering the kitchen garden, we obtain at a glance

some striking proofs of the value of science to practice.

550

TttE GARDENERS' CHUONICLE AND AGRICliLTtlHAL GAZETTE.

[May 25, 1867.

I

Mr. Ingram's favourite sciences are meteorology and
geology. His knowledge of the former appears in the
number, quality, and skilful disposition of the instru-
ments for measuring with exactness the temperature,
moisture, motion, and weight of the air. And his acq uaint-
ance with the latter is seen in his persevering efforts to
alter and improve the entire staple of the kitchen
garden. His chief renovating or ameliorating forces are
burnt earth, charred refuse, and a modicum of the clay
subsoil, the latter being used with the greatest caution.
Only a thin sprinkling thrown on the surface at the
winter digging, and thoroughly pulverised by the
winter frost being used in conjunction with burnt
earth or charred refuse. Trenching on the usual
topsy turvy style would be absolute rum to this garden,
as the surface soil is a strong unctuous loam, and the
subsoil is heavy, dead, unmanageable clay. But by
caution and perseverance the surface is being deepened
and lightened, until most crops are produced in great
perfection, and even fruit trees are well grown. Many
of these latter, however, have a special soil provided for
them thus :— Spaces about 3 feet square and from
2k to 3 feet deep are dug clean out and removed.
The bottom is closely paved or solidly concreted,
and the sides built up with 4V-inch brickwork.
One or two holes are left near the bottom, so that
the roots may be allowed at some future time to
enlarge their feeding space if desirable. The position
of these holes being known, the e.xcision of the
outside roots becomes a very easy matter. But the
chief object is to confine the roots to these large brick
pots. They thus escape the chilling influence of the
clay subsoil; form fibrous instead of gross feeding tap-
roots, are kept near the surface, can readily be pro-
tected from an excess of rain by covering the top
with two boards, and thus, without the disturbing
operation of root pruning, the trees become a mass of
fruit buds, and produce excellent crops. Similar
expedients, high planting, paring the bottoms for the
roots, and entire removal of the soil from the borders,
have also been found necessary for the wall trees,
which are now in robust health and great beauty.
In fact, in spite of an ungenial soil, fruit
culture is carried out with great success at Belvoir
both in the gardens and in several fine Orchards, and
a very extensive choice collection of fruit is grown.
I observed that the Apricots are protected with wooden |
shutters hung on to hooks from the top of the wall, ,
and kept clear of the trees by iron spikes projecting a
foot or more from the wall towards iheir longer ends. I
The labour of their daily removal must be considerable,
but of their power of resisting any amount of frost
there can be no doubt whatever. Several of the wall
copings, which are very wide^ are also provided with
water troughing— a point ot great importance, alike
for the protection of early blossoms, and the preserva-
tion of late fruit, such as Cherries, &c.

The anti-stake method of Raspberry culture deserves
a passing notice. Mr. Ingram has taught the canes
self-reliance, and educated them into standing alone
without any support whatever. The stools are planted
in rows 7 feet apart, and 5 feet from plant to plant. As
many as from 15 to 20 canes are left to each stool, and
they are shortened back to from 2 to 3 feet in height.
Treated in this manner the produce is enormous, and
of fine quality; and yet the canes support their
burdens without touching the earth. The pruning is
well nigh confined to the removal of the previous
year's growth, as most of the young wood is left to
perform its natural function of producing a crop of
fruit. Looking at the promising character and number
of these canes, one can only congratulate the Raspberry
upon its deliverance from the galling s'avery of reckless
reduction and harsh stifl'tieings to stubborn stakes.

Mr. Ingram is also a great Potato grower, a believer
in Paterson's varieties, and in surface culture as
an antidote to disease. Paterson's Regent and Victoria
are largely grown, and their hardy vigorous constitu-
tions have hitherto resisted the inroads or ma-stered
the insidious power q1' the disease. The Potato
ground is laid up to pulverise as early as possible in
the autumn. At i>lanting time shallow drills an inch
deep are marked out ou the surface of the ground at
intervals of 30 inches. A liberal dressing of burnt
earth and charcoal is strewed along these tiny drills.
IJpon this the Potatos are placed whole. Then the
surface soil on each side is drawn on to the top of the
sets in sufiicient quantity to render any further earth-
ing up unnecessai'y, and the planting is complete. The
advantages of this are that the Potatos are placed
in direct contact with only the best and warmest
portion of the soil ; they are as far as possible removed
from the influence of the cold subsoil, and placed
beyond the chilling reach of stagnant water. This
system has been tried in wet and dry seasons at
Belvoir, the whole crop being grown in "this manner,
and the result both in quantity and quality has been
highly satisfactory. It can therefore be recommended
with the utmost confidence to all who have to grow
Potatos on unctuous loams or clayey soils. On light
spongy lands, or with chalk, sandy, or gravelly subsoils,
surface-planting might unduly expose the crop to the
inroads of drought.

Altogether the kitchen gardens at Belvoir, while
replete with cultural interest, are of regal dimensions.
They contain about 8 acres within the walls, besides
extensive slips outside, and three large orchards on the
sites of old gardens. The walls average from 13 to
14 feet in height, and are surmounted with a massive
stone coping, 2 feet wide. The main walks intersecting
the garden are 18 and 12 feet wide; they are approached
from the pleasure grounds by a magnificent straight
walk proceeding from the dairy. The three main
entrances are through massive gothic arches, adorned
with beautiful chaste towers, which accord well with
the massive grandeur of the place, and the style of the
Castle itself.
But with a hurried look into Mr. Ingram's geological

museum — so rich in fossils, strata, soils, &c. — where
the horticulturist might spend a profitable day or two.
and after once more sharing his cordial hospitality, I
regretfully turned my back on Belvoir. The one great
lesson these fine gardens teach beyond all others, is
the charm of congruity. The Castle is imposing, the
site commanding. Art has done much, Nature perhaps
more, for the embellishment of the place ; the kitchen
gardens are grand; the spring gardens fairy scenes of
brilliance, and sweetness; the woods are vocal with
the hum of life, and echoing with the sweetest melody ;
the distant prospect embraces in its wide sweep the
greater portion of three or four fine counties, — and all
these are sources of satisfying pleasure. But the chief
charm after all is, that everything seems to be just
where it ought to be. It could not look so well any-
wdiere else. Remove any one feature of the place, and an
aching void would be left, which a sense of want would
crave to have instantly filled up. In one word, here art
has linked her arms so closely around Nature, that
the two have grown up together into one harmonious
whole, without a discordant note between them.
Higher or more truthful praise to the past and present
artists who have left their marks, or are imprinting
them now upon the gardens and pleasure grounds at
Belvoir, few could desire and none give. F.

Garden Operations.

(For the ensuing weeJc.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Plants of Victoria regia, which should be now fairly
starting into growth, must not at first be kept buried
too deeply under water ; as, owing to becoming drawn,
they thereby lose much of their proper robustness.
The apex, or growing crown of the plant, should not
be more than three or four inches below the surface,
until about two pair of leaves are formed, after which
it will be well to encourage rapid grovvth, by gradually
habituating it to all the depth possible. The same
remarks apply with equal force to Ni/mphteas, and
most others of that class. Use every possible means to
keep the water in the tank in a constant state of agita-
tion, bearing in mind the fact that aquatics, like other
plants, are equally benefited by constant motion
of the elements which surround them. I have found
nothing better for the purpose of keeping the
surface of large tanks constantly in motion, than
a vessel in the form of the balance, or flour-hod, used
in a general way for weighing flower or meal ; this, made
with a nicely adjusted balance, should be hung up
under the roof over the tank, a small water pipe being
so fixed as to run directly into it, constantly if required.
When filled, it will by overbalancing itself, shoot its
contents abruptly down into the tank, and as quickly,
when emptied, right itself again, to be again emptied when
required. Pancratiums which may have flowered, if in
need of a shift, should have it now. They should be
potted firmly in an admixture of three parts good loam
with one of leaf mould and a little silver sand, and, if
convenient, should afterwards be plunged into a slight
bottom heat. If it should be necessary to enlarge the
stock, offsets might be removed, where they exist, from
around the base of the older bulbs.

FORCING HOUSES.

Do not omit all necessary stopping, tying, and
arranging the lyoung growths in late Vineries^ as the
Vines growquicklynow,andneedfrequent attention. In
thinning out the berries upon bunches of Royal Vine-
yard, Trebiano, West's St. Peter's, and Hamburgh
Grapes, intended for use from December onward, do
not overlook the fact, that if left too thick they will,
when fully grown, be the reverse of what is needed to
ward ofl'the damps of winter. Cut freely away, there-
fore, in order that air may be evenly difl'used throughout
the bunches. Be careful not to load the Vines with
too great a crop, as it is only by the formation of well-
matured fruit that a good and long hanging crop can
be secured. Stone fruits, generally, will be much
benefited if, at the time of stoning, or just anterior to
that event, the plants receive a copious supply of liquid
manure; if a good syringing be given to the upper
parts at the same time, it will be all the better. Pines
generally will soon need shifting, prepare therefore a
plentiful supply of the necessary soil for that operation
as previously advised.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

Pinish staking Carnations, Pinks, and Picofeps, and
so secure the spindles that no injury may befall them.
Transplant seedling Pansies as frequently as any have
fully occupied the spaces allotted to them individually ;
they like a soil containing an abundance of well-
decomposed leaf-mould, more especially at this their
earlier, stages of growth. Secure each plant firmly at
the base, thus to encourage any roots which may be
formed upon the base of the main stalks. Beds or
patches of Ranunculus may be assisted materially at
this season if a good mulching of well rotted manure be
placed over their roots. Violets generally should
now be divided and transplanted. The Czar,
which is a great advance upon other single varie-
ties, if a constant succession of flowers be needed
throughout the winter months, should be treated
in two separate ways. Old established plants
should if necessary have all suckers removed from
around them. These, by simply keeping them free
from weeds during the summer, will form fine masses
for autumn and early winter blooming. Where a
sufhoieut stock does not exist, old plants may be pulled
into as many pieces as possible, provided some stem is
attached to them, and a few roots. These, or indeed
the suckers dibbled in some 8 or 12 inches apart, will
make fine plants, which, generally speaking, will supply
a succession of blooms after the older established
plants are over. Neajiolitan Violets will succeed,
treated in a similar manner, To form fine stocky

plants, however, strong crowns only, with abundance
of roots, should be selected. Remove from such all
side shoots, or suckers ; and dibble them into _ a
good rich loam, with abundance of leaf-mould, in
an open warm situation ; be careful however not to
bury the crown too deeply. Sowings should now
be made of Wall-flowers, Brampton Stocks, Sweet
Williams, Diant/mses, ^'c. Pinch all seed vessels off
out-door Tulips, so soon as they have begun to look
shabby, and so direct the whole energy of the plants to
the formation of good bulbs, for flovvering the following
season.

HARDT FRUIT GARDEN.
Do not delay removing all superabundant shoots
from Peaches, Nectarines, Clierries, &c., and especially
all stronger misplaced ones, which, by appropriating an
undue supply of the energies of the tree, are likely to
impoverish in an unnecessary degree all lesser ones.
Pinch back all stronger-growing ones which it may be
necessary to retain,thereby diverting the sap to other
weaker channels. Be very careful in operating on any
at this advanced date not to slit the rind of the more
permanent wood at their base ; to obviate doing this it
is at all times better to cut them off with a keen-edged
knife. Finish thinning the fruit upon Apricots, and
commence the same process with Peaches and
Nectarines, doing them only partially this time.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Sow seeds of Green Curled Endive ; and of Knight's
Protecting, ffalcheren. Snow's, and Alexandra
ProccoUs, for a successional supply. Make final
sowings of Scarlet Runners and Beet; also another
sowing o( Dwarf French Beans. These latter may now
be sown in the open quarters. Prepare a trench or
two for early Celery ; these should be 10 inches deep,
put the plants in b inches apart. Do not continue to
cut young plantations of Asparagus beyond this date,
but rather afford it an opportunity the better to
establish itself for future usefulness. Plant Tomatos
against walls in sunny aspects. They do well planted
upon south borders with the ground around them
covered with slates, upon which to grow and ripen
their fruit. W. F.

STATE OF THE "WEATHER AT CHISWICK. NEAU LONDON

For the Week ending Jlay 22, 1667, as observcil at;the Horticultoral Gardens,

Teupekature.

May.

1^

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

■Wind

1

Max.

Mln.

Max.

Min.

Moan

Ifoot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thnrs. 16

12

30.051

29.977

.13

31

42 5

53

52

N'.E

on

Friday 17

13 ;'30.12i

30,067

60

2/

43.-5

53

52

s-w.

,i«i

O 30.039

29.925

66

54.0

53

52

E.

.(HI

Sunday 19

l.-i

29-867

29.714

67

45

5G.0

55

52

E.

,(i:t

Mon. 20

Iti

29.570

29.529

(59

50

.5,'.

51

N.W

,711

17

29.939

29,560

64

30

42 0

55

51

NE.

(W

Wed. 22

m

au.oti;

29.919

48

28

380

5-t

51

N.E.

.12

Average .

29 918

29.ei3

59.5

36.3 1 47 9

51.0

61.5

0.99

May 16 -Cloudy and cold ; densely clouded ; overcast.

— 17— Fine; overcast; very line at uiglit.

— 13-Frost early in morning ; fine ; very fine at night,

— 19— Very line; densely clouded . overcast at night ; rain.

— 20-Overciist , constant heavy rain ; very wet at ni:;ht.

— 21— Clear and cold ; rain ; cold and wet ; cloudy ; frost at night.

— 22-Clear and cold ; snow mixed with hail ; overcast ; frosty.
Mean temperature of the week 6 6 10 deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending June 1, 1S67.

May
and June.

Eh

No. Of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quiintity
of Rain

Prevailing Winds.

15

3
2

3
3
2

1

!C

12
10
10
13
8
9
11

e; 3 2'i2

8 J 6 8
3: 3 Si 6
fil 2I 4I10
7 2' 5: 9
e 1' 5 11

i

Sunday . .26
Mon. ..27
Tues. ..28
Wed. ..29
Thurs. ..30
Friday ..31
Situr. .. I

C7 3 43.0
66.3 44.9
67.8 41.5
67.1 43,9
67 9 44 6
691 45.1
68,0 44.0

55.2
55,6
56.1
55,5
56.3
57,1
56 0

16

15
13
16
15
15

0.50 in.

0.63

0 97

0.97

0.34

0,48

0 76

3' 2
3 3

■I 7
4: 4

3 3

The his

28th. 1847
25 des.

lest temperature d
-therm. 91 deg. ; a

uring the
Qd tbe Ion

ibove per
est on th

od occurred on the
e 29th, 1865-thcmi,

Notices to Correspondents.

Errata. — P. 518, col. c, 21 lines from bottom, for " as fiiir a
start," read "tv fair start;" p. 519, col. «, for "bow
gardening," read "novr gardening;" for "preservation of
Iruits," read "maturation of fruits ; " and for " the pruning
purpose," read "this pruning purpose."

Ambatcha ; C, This name is applied to the edible corms or
roots of Ai-um abyssinnicum. We do not know what
Anemone mirabilis is, nor do we believe in the existence of
a shrubby Anemone.

Calampeus : The distinctions between this and Eccremn-
earpus are not now deemed sufficient to allow of the
retention of the former name.

" Illumination with Dark Lanterns : " Lucus a iwn Lucendo.
The correspondent of tbe " Horticulteur Fran^ais " can
apparently see through a stone wall. We saw no such
illuminations, perhaps because it was dark I But after all.
it was not a correspondent, but a " telegiam from London, '
which announced the fact. If not the electric light, it was
the electric spark that lit up the "lanternes sourdca." la
any case you will agree with us that it was a Will-o'-the
wisp. Statements like these, to use our contemporary's
motto, vana aunt et risu digna.

Insects : W H T. Your Vine is infested with the common
Vine Coccus. The white mass beneath the scale is at the
present time iilled with a vast number of eggs, which will
be very soon hatched, and if the insects are not previously
destroyed, your plant will swarm with the yoiuig to si:ch an
extent as to destroy it. When the scale have been carefully
picked off, it will be well to give the affected parts a coating
of lime, flowers of sulphur, and soft-soap suds. W,

Names of Plants: Kemo. 1, Ajuga rep tan s ; 2, next week;
3, Viola comuta. — Mot. 1, Gymnogramma chiysophylla ; 2,
Platycerium alcicome ; 3, Pilea serpyUfefolea ; 4, Hypcestes
sanguinolenta. — Novice. 1, Pnmus Padua ; 2, Syringa
persica.— ir W B. 1, Osmunda regalis ; 2, Polypodium
Dryopteris ; 3, Davallia canariensis ; 4, Polypodium vulgare.
— J T S, Scolopendrum vulgare obtusidentatum. — W M.
Passiflora Banksii.

Vine Leaves : A' T Z. Your leaves have two sorts of
excrescences upon them ; one which is extremely common,
and resembling very much those which occur on Pear leaves,
the other of a more gelatinous nature. The former certainly
ai'e not injurious, and we suppose that the latter are so
many safety valves to get rid of superabundant nourish-
ment, If so, they are rather beneficial than otherwise, MJ£%

Mat 2o, 1SG7.J

THE GARDENEHS' GMONICLE AND AOmOPl/rURAL GAZETTE.

551

IriOWLER'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
(cultivator may bo SEJiN at WOKK In every Agrloullural

•^U'^^rtSSanply to Jo„» Fow..a 4 Co., 71, CoruhlU, London.
E.C. : and Steam Plough Wor''

THE IMPROVED TANNED LEATHER DRIVING
STRiiPS PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
vitboSt "llT or crcfs ioints-simorior to all otlwrB for Portable
Eng moB. frime STRaI" and SotE BUTTS.
' Price Lists sent free by post.

Tub Tasmbd Lbatuer Companv. Tanners. Curnora ic. Armlt

cTouthi^k'n^^counties association

O BRIQHTON SHOW. JUNE 24, 25, 20, 27, and 28. „

An Enlarged POULTRY PRIZE LIST la kojv Ready. ENTRIES

to CLOSE JUN E 1. G. B. H. Shoie, Secretary.
Yfttely, Farpborougb. Hants. __^ -

T\ /iTN CHESTE^itliiid LI VE K TOO L AGEICULT QRA L

iVi .SOCIETY (Eatabllshed 1707), - GRAND CENTENARY
SHOW MEETING at Manchester, August 27, 28, and 29, 1807.

SDOclal Prize List and Forms of Entry will bo issued at the end
otMay '!'■ "■ R»n'". Secretary.

67a, Church Street, Liverpool.— April 23, 1867.

B

ATH and WEST of ENGLAND
.—For the Encouragement
Ai'ts, Manufactures, and

of Agriculture,
Commerce.

Patron, H.R.H. The Pbiucb or Wales, K.G.
Pirnittenlt John Treuavne, Esq.

The ANNUAL EXHIBITION of SHEEP,
HORSES, PIGS, POULTRY-, IMPLE-
MENTS. WORKS of ART, and HORTI-
CULTURAL SPECIMENS will take place
at SALISBURY' on tlie lOtb, lltb, 12th,
13th, and Itth JUNE, 1SC7.

JosiAu Goodwin, Secretary.

4, Terrace Waili, Bath.

R^ OYAL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF
PKIVY COUNCIL

ENGLAND.— The
having REFUSED
PEH.M1SSI0N to hold aCATTLE SHOW
at BURY ST. ELIMUNDS, the PRIZES
fjr HORSES have been increased by
£3,-|0, VIZ.. £300 bv the SOCIETY, and £60
by tlie LOCAL COMMITTEE.
The PRIZES for THOROUGHBREDS
now amount to .. ..£175

do. HUNTERS 425

rio. HACKNEYS 130

(in, ROADSTERS 90

do. C.-VRRI AGE HORSES .. 95
,10. AGRICULTURAL HORSES 625

do. PONIES 146

1585

do. .SHEEP 700

do. PIGS 226

do. POULTRY- 200

LA.ST DAY for ENTRY, Jvme I. Total £2710

For Prize Sheets and Forms of Entry apply to
12, Hanover Square, London, "VV. H. Hall Dare, Secretary.

discovered in the beginning of May at Lime-
house ; and that in reality the disease had,
unlike the outbreak in January, made some
l)rogross before its detection led to the adoption
of the necessary measures for its eradication.

Since the outbreak at Limehouse -we have had
to record one at Islington, -which caused the
sacrifice of over 20 cows ; another at Stoke
Newington, causing the loss of 30 , and since
then of more thau 70 in the same neighbourhood.
In tho last eight days cases have occurred at
Hackney and Whitechapel, and quite recently
among two large herds at Islington ; and in
addition a case of tho plague has been detected
close to the Metropolitan Cattle Market.

That the Govornniont authorities are
thoroughly impressed with the gravity of the
question is apparent from their late proceedings.
An order, which took elt'ect on Thursday,
provides that no cattle shall be driven through
the streets of the Metropolis, not even to the
Metropolitan Market, without a police licence.
This regulation, if properly carried out, -wUl
place a barrier in the way of those who seek
to evade the law ; and although at fir.st some
embarrassment may arise, principally from in-
attention or misapprehension of the terms or even
of tho existence of the order, it may be expected
to work -well in a short time.

On Thursday last the experiment commenced,
and with a small number of cattle and other
stock in the market the circumstances were
especially favourable, nevertheless some

triot is HaUertan, a section of country of about
20 German square miles (about 100 English
square miles) in extent, lying partly in the
province of Upper Bavaria, and partly in that of
Ijowor Bavaria, and comprising tho coininuual
districts of Wollnzach, Au, Moosburg, Nandl-
stadt, and Geisenfeld.

Hops are also cultivated to a greater or les8
extent in all the other provinces of Bavaria
Proper, vin. Upper and Lower Franconia, Upper
rfalz, and Swabia ; and a small quantity is
likewise produced in Ehonish Bavaria, on the
left bank of tho Rhino.

Tho average extent of land appropriated to the
cultivation of Hops in tho whole of the Bavarian
dominions is about 02,000 Bavarian acres,-*
equal to about 43,000 English acres, and the
average yearly produce is about 122,000
Bavarian cwt., or about 134,404 cwt. avoirdupois.

The average annual yield during the 10 years
preceding ISOO was 12S,000 Bavarian cwt. ; but
it is calculated that if the whole of tho land
planted with Hops wore to yield throughout a
full crop (an event however which scarcely ever
occurs), the total yearly produce would amount
to about 225,000 Bavarian cwt. It would there-
fore appear that the actual average crop i.s little
more than two-thirds of what it would be if each
district produced regularly what is considered to
be a full crop.

As regards the Hop harvest of the year 1866
no ofBoial return has as yet been made public.

Eht ^grtcultural <*la?ette,

SATURDAY, MAT 25, 1867.

MONnAT,
Tuesday,
Wednese

MEETINGS rOK THE ENSUING WEEK.
^^^ ^alnorse Show at the .igricultmal Hall,
^T Z. ^gf IsUngton.

oqJRoval Agrieultm-al Society of Enxland
■ 1 (UiscussiononSteamCultivation)— Noon.

Cattle plague in the Metropolis is again a
serious and substantial reality, which day by
day becomes more and more portentous. After
the outbreak of the disease in January last at
LaYCOCk's Dairy, a long period of immunity
gave rise to confident hopes that the pest had
been stamped out. Nor does it now appear that
this was not the case, so far as that centre of
infection was concerned. At the time we
remarked upon the obvious probability of the
contagion having been received from foreign
cattle which were kept in adjoining lairs. The
malady was discovered at once, measures were
promptly taken to arrest its spread, and beyond
doubt those measures were for the time success-
ful, and no fresh cases occurred for something
Uke three months after the slaughter of the
whole of the co-ws in the infected sheds.

During last month, however, rumour was rife,
and the facts which transpired were significant.
Cow sheds were mysteriously emptied of their
occupants. Cows in unusual numbers were seen
in the Metropolitan Market, animals which were
not fat in the butcher's sense of the word, but
uumistakably milking cows, that would never
have been sent away without good reason. It is
undeniable that much of this was due to a species
of panic, which naturally upon slight provoca-
tion attacks those who have pre-viously gone
through the sad experience of seeing their beasts
swept off by the pestilence. When the slightest
change in an animal's habits or condition is per-
ceived— if the appetite be slightly impaired, or
the quantity of milk lessened, these are at once
sufficient grounds for alarm, and perhaps the
hasty consignment of several animals to the
butcher is the result ; but a panic -will not
explain the hurried slaughter of an entii-e herd,
nor will it account for the removal of cows
which under ordinary circumstances would be
far more valuable as milkers than as butcher's
meat: and making every allowance for possi-
bilities, we cannot shut our eyes to the known
facts which tend to the conviction that cases of
cattle plague had occurred, not before any sus-
picion was aroused, but before they were

fioulties occurred. Drovers came to the market
gates unprovided with the police licence,
and in some cases without the neces-
sary certificates from the counties whence
the cattle had been brought ; and the police
authorities consequently refused the pass to ,
the market area. A number of calves from
Prance arrived, riii Southampton, at the Maiden
Lane Station of the North London _ Railway
without the certificate of the Customs inspector,
and in its absence the consignees were unable to
obtain a poUce licence to take the animals to the
market. Beyond these little grievances, which,
however deserved as the reward of negligence are
nevertheless trying to the temper, everything
seemed to progress smoothly, but we shall look
forward to a crowded Monday market as the
test of the working capabilities of the officials,
whose energies will be taxed to the uttermost.

[It was satisfactory to find at the general
meeting of the Agricultural Society on Wednes-
day last, that the Council entirely sympathised
with the general feeling that Government should
be urged to require the slaughter of all imported
cattle at the place of laucbng. The Bill intro-
duced into the House of Lords on Tuesday last
is to be referred to a Select Committee, and the
whole influence of the Agricultural Society of
England will there tell upon the side of anxiety
and precaution.]

and

The Hop gardens of England, and more
especially of Kent, have often been spoken of as
forming one of the prettiest sights to be seen in a
cultivated country. When the Government
relieved the growers some few years since of the
duty inflicted upon their produce, and withdrew
the Excise officers from the supei-vision of their
Oasts, the Hop cultivation became more profit-
able to the growers, besides relieving them of
many binding restrictions which no doubt caused
them some anxiety.

Foreign Hops are, however, still largely
imported, and are admitted into this country
free of duty. The total quantity of Hops
brought into England during the past year
was 85,687 cwt,, of which we exported again
13,224 cwt. Bavarian Hops are well known to
English brewers, many of whom deal largely in
them. It seems from the following report that
the crops in that country during the past year
were below the average : —

The most important of the Hop-growing
districts of Bavaria, both as regards the quantity
and quality of its produce, is the province of
Central Franconia, of which Nui-emberg is the
chief to-wn, and which city may be considered as
the centre of the Bavarian Hop trade. The
particular districts of that province in which
the finest Hops are grown, and which rank
amongst the best produced on the Continent of
Europe, are Spalt, Weingarten, Stein, and
Moosbach, known under the general designation
of the ' Spalterland,' and after these districts
rank those of Heisbruck, Lauf, Altdorf, and
Bischgrund, all in the same province.

Next in importance as a Hop-producing dis-

dif- ] beyond a statement contained in the general
Eeport of the Bavarian Agricultural Association,
to the effect that the crop was below an average
both as to quantity and quality, and inferior in
both respects to that of the previous year ; but
from information obtained from private sources
it would appear that in point of quantity
the harvest of 1866 has fallen very far
short of the usual average ; so far .short, indeed,
as to be considered almost a general failure, a
parallel to which is only to be found by going
back as far as the years ISol and 185-4 ; for,
whilst the extent of groimd under cultivation
was about 57,000 Bavarian acres, or 10 per cent,
more than the average, the entire crop gathered
is reckoned at only about 70,000 Bavarian cwt.,
or 43 per cent, less than an ordinary average.
As regards the quality, however, the harvest
of 1866 is considered to be, generally speaking,
a very fair one.

The natural result of the shortness of the crop
has been a considerable rise in the prices as
compared with those of previous years. The
finer description of Hops, viz., those from the
Spalt district, which, as being especially suited
to the English and other foreign markets, are
much sought after for exportation, were held, at
the date of my information, viz., at the beginning
of November last, at prices varying from 130 to
200 florins per Bavarian cwt. (about Ql. 15.5. to
Val. 6s. per English cwt.) according to their
quality ; and those from the second-rate districts
of Central Franconia, from HaUertan, and from
the other provinces, at 110 to 150 florins per
Bavarian cwt. (about SI. 6.5. to III. 16s. per
English cwt.) . , . ,i

The average value per Bavarian cwt. ot tne
whole crop of 1866, taking one quality with the
other, the inferior descriptions being by far the
most abundant, may be estimated at about
115 florins. It would appear that up to the
above-mentioned period, but a small proportion
of the crop had been disposed of, buyers having
been unwilling to pay the high prices demanded
by the growers. But the latter showed no
inclination to make any abatement; on the
contrary, as the yield of Hops not only m
Germany generally, but also in the other Hop-
growing countries of Europe, was belie-ved to
have been far below an average, and as it was
also known that the greater portion of the crop
in Wurtemberg, Baden, and Bohemia, had
already been bought up, the Bavarian growers
were of opinion that prices would at any rate be
maintained, and might, not improbably, rise
still higher in the course of the coming -winter
and spring. J. R. J.

On Wednesday next the Agricultural Bene-
volent Association will dine together under the presi-
dency of Colonel Loyd Lindsay, M.P., and elect'™
to the annuities which the Society confers will take
place on the following Wednesday at the Salisbury
Hotel, Fleet Street. The Society deserves more ot tue
support of landowners and wealthy farmers^ than it at
present receives. For every one ot its

small annuities

. The Bavarian acre or "tagwart." =™tams M,"M '^^''^i?
feet, English measure. The Bavanan cwt., or ceutnei, w
equal to 132i lb. avoii-dupoia,

552

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE ANP J\GPJCTJLTURAL CtAZETTE.

there are many applicants, most of whom lay very
uistressmg claims before the electors. And in addition
to those, having been farmers, or being the a^ed
widows or orphan daughters of farmers, now being
without the means of subsistence, who alone have
hitherto been eligible, it is now proposed to maintain
J™ /ai^cate a certain number of a still larger class—
the destitute orphan children of farmers ; so that there
is now an even greater claim presented by the Society
for the contributions of the benevolent ; and we
cordially hope that an influential gathering next
Wednesday may receive a vigorous impulse which will
spread over a still larger circle, and result in placing
more abundant means at the disposal of the Society.

-—-We are happy to see it announced that on
Wednesday last, at a pubhc dinner, in Hereford, in
honour of Mr. Thomas Duckham, of Baysham
Court, Ross, a valuable testimonial,* was presented to
that gentlenien in recognition of his services in con-
ducting the " Hereford Herd Book." and in promoting
tlie Hereford meeting of the Bath and West of
England Society. The Kev. Aechee Clive, who pre-
sided, thus referred to Mr. Duckham's services :—
_ I can traly say that Mr. DtJCKHA.-« has rendered us and the
farmers of Herefordshire who are interested in preserving and
improving our excellent breed of cattle great service by the
compilation of the " Herd Book." I may aay that every one
throughout England is interested in our beautiful breed of
cattle. When the cattle plague was frightening us all, and we
were anxious to indemnify those who had suffered loss from
that fearful ealanntj', Mr. Duckham's exertions were not
wanting -whether with his pen, his tongue, or his contri-
butions—to aid in the work. It is to him, again, th.at we are
indebted for the meeting of the Bath and West of EnglandSociety
in Hereford, which not only enlivened the city and caused
a great deal of money to be spent and much valuable informa-
tion to be commuuicated to us, but led to a great many men of
eminence becoming acquainted with this part of England, of
which they had previously known nothing. We were much
disappointed in not having the meeting of the Royal Agricul-
tural Society here, but I think we were almost indemnified by
the excellent meeting of the Bath and West of England
Society. Now these .are services which many men wish to
render to their neighbours, and which many men would take
a journey or some trouble to render ; but we find few menwho
go on labouring year after year, devoting their- services to one
useful object .and another for the public benefit. This Mr.
Duckham has done, and I am sure that in the acknowledg-
ment which we this day offer to him we are not in any way
exceodmg his deserts, but simply paying a tribute of our
thankfulness for his exertions and showing that we are not
ungrateful for the services which he has so efficiently
rendered.

77~ ,¥'■■ Samuel Jonas, of Chishall Grange, Cam-
bridgeshire, writes to the newspapers urging the
necessity of forbidding the importation of live stock :—

" Surely the time has arrived when the only precautionary
measures that can be adopted, whereby the safety and security
of the cattle and sheep of England can be ensured, should be
carried into effect, namely, the slaughtering of all foreign
cattle and sheep at the poi-t of debarcation, which would not
lessen the supply of meat to this countiy ; that public
slaughter-houses should be provided at the public expense ;
that certain seaports only should be licensed by the Privy
Council for the landing of foreign cattle, which should be
slaughtered on landing, and forwarded as dead meat only into
the country.

" By the importation of foreign cattle England has sustained
an immense loss by the rinderpest, or cattle plague I
believe nearly 60,000 head of healthy English cattle have been
slaughtered for the stamping out this fearful malady, thus
entailing a loss of about one million sterling, and that those lost
by the disease may be fairly put at from three to four millions
sterhng ; say, total loss from four to five millions. I ask, can
we afford a repetition of such a loss by still allowing the free
import of foreign cattle .and sheep alive into this country, and
to be forwarded to our gre.at Metropolitvn market, and from
thence to spread into our London dairies as this frightful
scourge has recently done ? I answer, certainly not ; but that
we should, by the adojjtion of such restrictive measures as
slaughtering foreign animals on arrival .at the port of Landino-,
secure to our people .an abundant supply of animal food, aiTd
yet secure our own producers from the losses entailed by this
frightful disease.

" We have now, I regret to s.iy, a fresh outbreak in some of
our London dairies. Can this be attributed to any other
source th.an the import of foreign cattle into our London
market ? We are also informed the disease has broken out in
several fresh centres on the Continent ; and let mo ask, is not
our danger inci-eased in the same ratio ? .and is it fair to us,
the British farmers, after the immense sacrifice we have Lately
made in attempting to stamp out this fearful calamity, thus
to continue to endanger us by subjecting us to a repetition of
this scourge, when so simple a plan as the slaughtering
animals on their arrival in this country can so easily bf
adopted !

" Take the port of London as the most important. Surely
a site on the b.anka of the Thames, on tho Essex side of the
river, could be procured by Government, on which slaughter-
houses could be erected. I name the Essex side of the river
as it would give every facility for the conveyance of the de.ati
meat thus shaughtered, by the various lines of raUwav
runnmg from the Essex coast to nearly .all our great
hives of industry by the Great Eastern, Gre.at Northern
Midland, &c. Then why not adopt a plan that would not
lessen the supply of anim,al food one ounce, yet at the same
time give security and s.afety, not only to the owners of'our
own herds and flocks, but to the meat-consuminT ponulation
of Enyland ? =1-1-

" Last winter, in consequence of this disease, I should not
have had the courage to have bought any beasts for stall
feeding ; but in consequence of Ireland being free from this
disease I sent two of my sons over, and they bought largely
sufficient tor all our farms ; and, thank God, we escaped" the
disease, and did not lose a bullock.

" In January, 1865, by letters in the StamJard and the Mark
Lane Express, I urged the necessity of adopting the plan of
sLaughtering all foreign cattle on arrival. Had this plan been
adopted, something like four millions sterling might have
been .saved. Let this ph^n be now carried out, and I h.ave no
fear as to the future."

[Mat 25, 18S7.

possible argument in favour of the plan here
insisted on.

Our corresipondent at Paris tells us that

the programme of the agricultural department
of the Great E.xhibition of 1867 must now take
its place as a remarkable example of ■' how not to do
it." The trials of steam cultivating apparatus, which
were announced to fake place on specially prepared
land at the Imperial Farm at Vincennes, may be taken
as an example. For this altogether fell through, and
long before the Exhibition opened it was quite an
understood thing that there was to be no trial of steam
cultivatmg apparatus. Each exhibitor might, if he
chose to go to the expense of his own trial, have a share
of the trial field, on which, without assi,stauce, to work
The upshot has been, that a model in the Exhibition
building, and specimens of the various forms of steam
ploughing tackle in the Annexe and at Billancourt
are all the illustrations steam cultivation receives *
Indeed, it must be confessed that steam cultivation is
not believed lu on the Continent ; and this which is a
great reason for regretting the public trials of it which
had been promised, is actually urged ,as a justifica-
tion of their abandonment. And it has not only
been m connection with steam plough trials that
the programme has so signally failed ; in other
departments also its promises remain unfulfilled
The plough trials came off, indeed, some weeks ago"
and resulted in establishing the superiority of the
ploughs seut for competition by Messrs. Eansome &
Sims, and by Messrs. Howard, who were the only
English exhibitors who competed ; not the least
attractive part of the competition, so far as the
Continental spectators were concerned, being the
exhibition, so to call it, of the horses and
tlie men working the ploughs above-named. The
Continental Exhibitors were much more uumer-
°"^' but their work by no means came up the staudard
of efBcieucy set before them by the Englishmen
much of their failure being due rather to the way the
tools were handled than to the ploughs themselves
It is a uiinous thing that, fond as the French people
are of having everything done according to " rule " on
this occasion much loss both of time and of practical
utility resulted from the want of order or regulation.
So far then as the trials, or projected trials, in connec-
tion with the Paris Exhibition of 1S67 are concerned
the result seems to be a lesson more what to avoid
than what to copy; and we say this with all the more
regret that in many even agricultural respects the
E.vhibition must be considered admirable and complete.

The reappearance of the disease in London, to which
reference is made above, is certainly the strongest

• On one of the shields of the base of the cper^ne is the
follo^.-ing inscription ;— " Presented to Mr. Thomas DncKHAii
uf Baysham Court, Herefordshire, together with a purse

of , in recognition of his services in conducting the

'Hereford Herd Book,' and promoting theraeetingof the Bath
and West of England Agricultural Society at Hereford, and
the general interests of Agriculture. 1SG7." The blank ni this
inscription is not yet filled, the subscription list not being
closed -the amount received is nearly 500i,

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES (ANIMALS) BILL.

[The following is the speech of the Duke of Marlborough on
moving the second reading of tho Bill in the House of Lords
on Tuesday evening.]

In asking their lordships' consent to the second
reading of the Bill, he must remind them of the legis-
toliou which had already taken place upon this subject.
Parliament had had to cope with a mysterious and
fatal disease, which, during last year and the year
preceding, had made most fearful ravages among the
cattle m this country, and early last session their lord
ships nad been called upon to consider the state of tht
law as regarded the powers which were in the hands of
the Government for arresting and for employin"
remedies for that disease. Their lordships would also
recollect how great were the difficulties they had
experienced in introducing efficient remedies for copinn-
with that national calamity. It was first of all thought
that a large measure might be proposed to receive the
sanction of both Houses, and that in that measure
might be introduced those provisions that would enable
Parliament to make such enactments as would be
adequate to meet the emergency of the case. But it
was found on experiment that though very excellent
provisions might be framed, yet in their application
there would be so much difficulty, affecting as they did
such varied interests in the country, that it would be
impossible to legislate by Act of Parliament for emer-
gencies as they arose, and it would be more desirable
on all accounts to give powei-s to the Privy Council to
frame orders and regulations as they might be necessary
to meet emergencies. It might not be without interest
to know that the course forced on them by tho neces-
sity of circumstances was that which, without knowin"
it, the House followed in imitation of that adopted
by Parliament above 100 years ago. He found in
1745, when cattle plague broke out in this country
and continued its ravages for 11 or 12 years, that'
Parliament being met together and called on to
consider the measures that should be adopted various
resolutions were passed and a Bill was brought in
founded upon them ; clauses were added in committee
to empower justices in Quarter Sessions to grant
licences for collections for the immediate relief of
"poor sufierers " by the distemper, and to enable the
King to lay a penalty on the importers of raw hides.
Considerable discussion then took place as to a clause
which was proposed to prevent driving infected cattle
from one county into another. A division was taken
upon the adjournment, which was carried by 57 to 44
This seems to have decided the fate of the Bill, for on
the same day a second Bill was introduced " to enable
His Majesty to make rules, orders, and regulations

In the Park, between the Belgian Annexe on the left hand
side of the avenue leading from the Ecole MiUtaire entrance
and the French Annexe, and near to the traction engines of
Aveling & Porter and of Fowler & Co , the visitor wiU find an
example of a steam ploughmg engine by Mr. Lotz, senior of
Nantes. In this the arrangement is evidently borrowed from
Savory's patent, in which the leading feature is the drum on
which the wire rope is wound, encircling the boiler. By this
means a very large circumference of drum is obtained, which
is a decided .advantigo, lessening the wear of the rope
The workmanship, as woU as many points of the design bear
out the remark we have made as to the status which steam
cultivatmg mechanism occupies in Fi-ance,

more effectually to prevent the spreading of the dis-j
temper which now rages among horned cattle in this
kingdom," This Bill was passed with the utmost!
expedition through both Houses, and received thei
Eoyal Assent on the 13th of February. It was rather
a remarkable circumstance that about 120 years afteji
that event the very same course should have been
taken by Parliament. Finding the impossibility ofl
introducing a satisfactory measure, the attempt "was
abandoned, and power was given to the Privy Council'
to deal with cases as they arose. He need not remind
their lordships of the Act passed last year. Its prin-
cipal feature was to order the slaughter of all diseased
animals ; following that Act various Orders in Council
had been passed from time to time, so th.at they now
numbered upwards of 140. These related to contagious
diseases ; 126 related to cattle plague ; and of these 53
orders, or parts of orders, were still in force. That
was the state of the case at present as regarded Orders
in Council. These Orders in Council, in conj unction
with the enactment ordering the slaughtering of
diseased animals, had produced a most favourable and
beneficial effect. As regards slaughtering of animals,
tlie results had been most remarkable. The Cattle
Plague Commissioners stated in their third report :—

" The Act authorising sLaughter came into force on the 20th
of February, and, as wiU be seen, the diminution in the num-
•L" i,,^*'''"'''' '° siw^^essive weeks was not only coincident
with the action of the new restrictive measures, but runs a
course closely paraUel to the operation of the most important
of these measures— slaughter. Taking Yorkshire as a fair
indication of the success of these measures, it was found that
on the 0th of January, 1886, there were 2,028 fresh attacks ■
that number continued varying to the 18th of February, when
It was 1,836; but after the Act the number fell, on the 3rd of
March, to 1,193, .and on the Tth of April there were only 330
attacks.

He could not omit the opportunity of doing justice to
the wisdom of the Commissioners who were appointed
to investigate this subject, as to their recommendations
for the slaughtering of animals, particularly as on one
occasion he had taken a contrary view. He must
confess that the view he then took had been proved by
the event to be erroneous; and no measure, under
Providence, could have been more successful in stop-
ping the progress of the disease than slaughtering the
cattle. Having referred to what had been done in
former times with regard to the outbreaks of cattle
plague. It was curious to find that in 1771 the practice
of slaughtering had been employed with marked
success. The cattle plague broke out in 1745 • in 1771
there was a fresh attack, and by adopting the strong
measure of slaughtering the cattle attacked it was put a
stop to. He held in his hand a letter written by Dr.
Layard to M. Gamier, Charge d'Affaires in France,
lr9m which he would read, with their lordships' per-
mission, a somewhat long extract : —

" Inasmuch as at the end of the year 1769 and in the spring
of 1770 this disease appeared in the county of Southampton in
England, and in the county of Banff, in Scotland, where it
had spread through the medium of infected skins and ballots
of str.aw tor packing purposes .also infected, the English
Government ordered that wherever this disease evinced itself
the magistrates, called the justices of the peace, should
assemble and immediately cause all the cattle on the premises
to be valued, the healthy as well .as the diseased, and to be
killed without any bloodshed ding, and to be buried about six
feet deep, without slastiing their skins, as was the former
practice ; taking care, by means of stakes driven into the
ground by the side of the carcass m such a m.anner that the
dead animal should be fastened in the pit so that it could not
be removed ; then, having completely covered it with the
earth, and having stamped the earth down with the rammer,
to have sentinels posted there to watch for several days, in
order that the peasants or others may not in any way disinter
the carcasses for the purpose of obtaining the skins. The
reason why they no longer -slash the skins is from fear of the
purulent matter of the abscesses flowing from the incisions,
the vapour of which .abscesses infects the air and the clothes of
the assistants, and, through the medium of dogs and certiiiu
substances, equ.illy communicates the disease to neighbouring
cattle. Care is taken at a certain distance from the contagion
to separate the healthy beasts, and to place them in remote
pastures, forbidding them to be restored without permission
to do so. It has .also been forbidden to convey them there
from an infected place, and if it is discovered that they have
passed by such a pla.ce in spite of the order, they .are pursued,
as actually liappened in the county of Surrey, and, without
awaituig the slightest symptom or the permission of the
owner, they are all killed on the very spot where they have been
caught. By such means the English Government h.ave put an
end to that cruel disease which threw the whole nation in the
greatest confusion, and incited the lung and his Government,
as much as the subjects, to neglect nothing in freeing them-
selves from it Pi ovidence permitted that at a sm.all expense,
below 2000?., a disease which had cost the English nation
between 1774 and 1750 212,.100I. odd should be seen to disappear
entirely,"

The other Orders in Council related to the movement
of cattle, aud it was, perhaps, hardly known to what
extent it bad gone. The regulations connected with the
movement of cattle were intended to affect merely the
oases of cattle plague ; but the incidental benefit which
arose from them had been very great indeed, not ouly
with reference to the cattle plague but other diseases
most fatal in former years, which had now almost
disappeared. It had been supposed that cattle plague
was the most destructive disease that could visit the
country ; but pleuro-pneumonia was still more so. In
the appendix to the report of the Medical Officer of
the Privy Council it ivas stated that in 1845 the Agri-
cultural Cattle Insurancs Company was formed, which
was joined by five other companies aftervyards. Insu-
rances were effected at the rate of 300,000^. weekly for a
length of time. In three years there were ten millions'
worth of stock insured. In their report of 1818 they
state that nearly three-fourths of their losses were due
CO pleuro-pneumonia. This company was compelled
to wind up its attiiirs in 1861. Mortality among cattle
appears to have increased year by year, as the insurance
companies commenced by assuming that 3; percent,
would cover all possible losses, but were eventually
obliged to increase their premium to more than double
this amount, and yet came to ruin. He estimated that
in the year 1860 there died of disease in the United

Mat 25, 186?.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AiiRICUETXHUL GAZETTE.

553

Kingdom 374,018 horned cattle, and that more than
half this loss was from pleuro-pnoumonia. The average
loss for the six years cnjins ISliO is estimated at
upwards of Kirt.OOO/. per annum from pleuro-pneumonia
alone. Jioariiii? these (ads in niin(l, it was gratil'j-in^:
to know that tiie elfect of Iho ( Irdors in Council passed
in reference to the cattle pla:.;ne had nol only stopped
it, hut pleuro-pnoumonia as well. 'I'licrc was a report
on the subject from Frofessurs Simouds and Brown,
dated the Cth of March, 18G7 ;—

" It appears from the siatomonta cf tbose veterinary surgeons
wlio have rcpliod thi^.t j)leurO'pncununiiii and foot and month
dieciiso prov;ul only to ii eUffht oxtilit, whk-h they vety
soiirnilly iittrilmto to tho olTcct of tho rrstiictinns which have
been iniiiosLtl upon tho movLineiits of catllo. The logulati.ais
ntToctiiiK -'niiiiat^ sent to tho niotvopolitan nmrkot have had a
Iioworfoi iiilhionco ii\ prevr-iitio)^ tl)r oxtonsion of infec-tioua
di«ease« : and aUboiigh iiistanct-s of pU-uro-pucumonia and
nnnith and foot disease are nnieh loss fieqiicnt in the niarltet
than they fonnerly were, little donbt can fie entertained that
these affections would again be eai ricd to different parts of the
country by infected beasts were the reuulations at present in
force to be withdrawn. From all wo have observed in our
Inspections, .and from the evidence obtained from votorniaiy
MMiioons ami agriculturists, we see no reason todovUit that, the
i iiLlitiuanco of eorlaiu restrictions upon the movenrent of
hn'k, with tire view to prevent the exposure in fairs and
markets of animals affected with contagious diseases, would
lie attended with the best resulla."

\'arious reports had come in from diCTeront counties,
all expressing a similar opinion. Another remarkable
( ircumstance as regards the social comfort of the people
ol' this country in connection with the restrictions
imposed on the movement of cattle, was well worthy
of meutioy. It was grati lying to find that the restric-
linns necessary to prevent the spread of this disease
had not had any injurious etfect in raising tho price
of nieat, as shown by the quotations of the Metropolitan
markets. The averaso price from the 1st of January,
ISi'ii;, to the 21tli of March, was i'l'iil per lb., and from
the arth of April to the 20lh of May, 18G6, when the
disca.se w;is raging at its height, and the restrictive
luilcis were in full force, the price was exactly the
•ame. namely, (i|(/. per lb. A^arious orders had been

I M^sed prohibiting the importation of sheep from
I'l 'Igium, and cattle from other parts of the Continent,
:nid the price of meat had not been materially alFct^ted
by I ho.se orders. It was therefore gratifying to know
lliat Hie orders which had had tho effect of dimiuish-
iiig and almost annihilating the cattle plague, and
which had also been incidentally beneficial in greatly
neutralising other complaints ot a serious character,
had not materially interfered with the supply of the
necessaries of life to the community. There was one
pi lint on which great interest centred. A serious out-
lircak of the cattle plague had broken out in the
^Ictropolis, where it was difficult to carry out the
rciinlatious Avith respect to the movement of animals.
< hie great omission in the Clrders of Council was the
absence of a provision prohibiting the movement of
III tie in the Metropolis without a police licence.
Ill consequence of that omission great infringe-
ments of the law had taken place, and animals had
liLi'ii moved about that ought not to have been per-
iiiitled to be moved without a licence. He believed
that there existed a general opinion that the increase
of the cattle plague in the metropolis within the last
month was attributable mainly to the omission he had
referred to; but the other da.y the Privy Council passed
an order prohibiting the removal of cattle to or from
market in the metropolis without a police licence. A
great deal of fear, however, was entertained in reference
to iraportation.s, and it was thought that all animals
ought to be slaughtered at the ports of entry. The
endeavour of the Privy Council had been to take every
imssible precaution with respect to the importation of
animals. At the satne time the supply of food to the
people was a matter that should not be overlooked, and
it was deemed not possible in every case to slaughter
animals at the port of entry, without seriou.sly affecting
the price of meat. The object should be to apply at the
ports of entiy the regulations, which would ensure the
cattle being brought under inspection, so as to prevent
any disea.sed cattle from being sent up to London. By
su'h an arrangement a great advantage would be
secured, and be did not believe that any danger of
inlectiou would be incurred. The object of this Bill,
the second reading of which he now proposed, was to
continue the existing Acts, but in consequence of the
experience derived in the application of the Orders of
Council with respect to the removal of cattle, it had
been thought desirable to introduce some of the early
regulations into the measure. It was proposed to
continue the existing Acts for three years, during
which period the experiment would be made of
those statutory provisions with respect to the

II uioval of cattle. The Privy Council would have
power, for the purposes of the Act, to declare any
disease which made its appearance among cattle
or other animals, contagious or infectious. It was
possible that other diseases besides the cattle pkague
might, from the facilities of communication now
existing, reach this country^ from abroad. No doubt
there were cattle diseases in Eussia, the nature of
which were not yet known in this country, and
therefore it w.as thought highiy desirable not to
limit the provisions of the Bill to the cattle plague
alone. There was another important point he wished
to advert to. I)uring the existence of the cattle plague
counties were required to keep inspectors, but when
the plague ceased they had no power to appoint per-
manent inspectors. Now, as it was known by experi-
ence that the cattle plague might at any moment make
its appearance, it was thought desirable that there
should be an enactment requiring the local authorities
to keep a competent inspector, who would have power
to enter premises wherever he suspected that the
cattle plague existed, atid who would be required to
make a report immediately to the Privy Council.
Another important change was made by the Bill in tho

present law. Under the present law a place was not
considered an infected place until it was declared so by
the local authority ; but the Bill enacted that when an '
inspector I'ouud that tho cattle plaguo existed in a
)ilai;e, that place should be deemed ipso favlo to be an
nilec!ted place ; and it was not left for the local autho-
rity to declare the place infected. In .some cases the
local authorities had been luiwiUing to declare a iibicc
infected, in conscqueuecof tho inconvenience resulting
froui such a declaration, in respect lo the movement of
cattle. At the same time tho Privy Council vyould have
tho power to vary the limits assigned to infectious places,
inid to declare places to have ceased to bo infectious.
Another important point was that the Bill authorised
places to he declared uifeeled, in which the cattle plague
existed within the previous seven or eight days. The
present law only required the declaration to be made
in respect to jilaces where tho cattle iilague existed at the
time. The ell'ect of this had been that when the cattle
plaguo manifested itself the infected animal or animals
had been killed, and then the disease could no longer
bo said to exist there, lie now needed only to mention
Olio or two points connected with the duties thrown on
the pulico by tho Bill. It would be their duty to
apjirehcnd persons by whom its provisions were
infringed, very much as the existing law einibled them
to do. Stringent regulations were also laid down to
prevent false declarations from being made. At present
the greatest difficulty wa.s experienced in following up
those declarations when fabricated, so that many of the
certihcates for the removal of cattle were rendered
practically useless, for most palpable untruths were
constantly told with impunity. He had now staled
the general provisions of the Bill, and he hoped it
would meet the approval of the House. It was impos-
sible to review the course of events with regard to the
great national calamity to which it related without
bearing testimony to the willingness of the people, in
all parts of the country, to put their shoulders to tho
wheel in the endeavour to assist the Government in
carrying out the law for the general good. It was to
that co-operation that the success which had attended
their efforts was mainly to be attributed, and he trusted
that by continuing the course of legislation which had
hitherto been adopted the further spread of a dreadful
disease would be etlisctually prevented. The noble
duke concluded by moving the second reading of the
Bill.

THE SEEDING OF GRAIN CROPS.

[What .\s an ordinary rule is the most economic and beneficial
seeding of our ordinary cereal and grain crops ? ]

It is a remarkable fact, that in this very year 18G7,
nay, after the lapse of 2000 years and upwards, during
which agriculture has been tho most vital interest
which has engaged the mind of man, it is an unre-
solved question of frequent controversy — what is the
quantity of seed per acre of the diiferent varieties of
grain we cultivate, which will produce the greatest
return in point of crop? That such is a fact is palpable
to every one who reads the periodicals devoted to
agriculture, or who is in frequent communication with
farmers. Is not this mainly attributable to the relative
idiosyncracies of farmers, and merchants, and manu-
facturers ? The latter class is trained to careful scru-
tiny of quantities, weights, and measures, and habi-
tual accuracy in every detail of their occupation ;
while the former, with rare exceptions, contemn such
trammels, and submit only to those loose computations
which are aptly enough characterised as " the rule of
thumb."

Surely this^ question is resolvable by carefully con-
ducted experiment. It is one of serious imjiortance
both to the farmer and the public. Kegarding the
point as to the quantity of "Wheat per acre which a
seeding of one peck has in fact returnedj or may
return by careful manipulation, as illustrative rather
than practical, the actual usage in the case of "Wheat
has no less a range than from between 4 pecks and
13 pecks of seed per acre, and with other grain in the
same proportion. In the absence of those statistics so
material to the true interest of the farmer, and of
which we have been hitherto deprived by his pre-
judices, I am unable to compute the value in money
involved in the question lietween a seeding of 4 pecks
and 13 pecks per acre of Wheat alone over the annual
acreage of "Wheat in the United Kingdom ; but it may
be safely stated this would amount to several millions
annually, I anticipate the remark, that circumstances
which suggest the expediency of employing various
quantities of seed vary materially. No doubt about
that ; but are they not few and exceptional, affording
no ground for discouraging an attempt by experi-
ment to establish some approximation to a safe
general rule as to quantity of seed ? I cannot admit
quality of the seed to affect the argument, for I con-
clude that a common heresy amongst the less informed
farmers which extensively prevailed in my time, that
any unmarketable grain would do for seed, has been to
a great extent abandoned; and that farmers generally
have learned the true economy of using only the
best quality of grain for seed. I can recognise
only two exceptional cases of any material
importance, the one arising from any deviation which
weather or other hindrances may occasion from the
most advantageous date for sowing in any given
district, the other arising from the natural character of
the land. For example, assuming in the former case
that it has been ascertained in any given locality that
September is the most favourable month for sowing
Wheat, and the impediments referred to have
prevented this before November, a moderate increase
of the normal quantity of seed would be judicious.
Then, in the latter case, in good Wheat land, in which
the plaut tillers freely, the quantity of seed requisite is
considerably less than on lighter and poorer soils, in
which it tillers very sparingly.

It must bo home in mind that every seed requires a
specific amount of food to enable it to produce and
mature the largest increase of which it is naturally
capable, and, consequently, that the employment of
any greater quantity is not only sheer waste, but
diminishes both the quantity and the market value of
tho rest.

With respect to the experiments by which, it
aiiliears to me, useful and economical results may
bo arrived at, I concur entirely with the remarks in a
late number of the Society's Journal by J)r. Voelcker,
on tho care and attention essential in their perform-
ance and superintendence ; demanding more time,
trouble, and expense to some extent, than can be
expected at the hands of a tenant farmer, unless he
have a more than common love of invcstigtilion.
Such experiments, untiertaken by gentlemen farming
their own land, would, on the other hand, be a source
of interest and amusement. After some experience of
tho unavoidable incidents which alfcct the conclusive-
ness of a single experiment, I would suggest that the
terms of one should be settled by the Council of tho
Society — that the execution of it should be entrusted
to gentlemen in different counties to bo carried
out in, say four successive seasons, the results of
which, in detail, should Ijc sent to the secretary. I have
tried this experiment during the two past seasons on six
contiguous acres of land, in order to secure as nearly
as possible land of the same quality, hut this will be still
better assured by taking half acres. My experiment in
18(J.5 was rendered inconclusive from my having
unfortunately performed it on the side of a field which
rabbits invaded from a cover at some distance, instead
of on the opposite side, which they did not reach. I
give below the result of the last experiment. The only
remarks which occur on this are, that the general
character of AVheats last season was unusually thin
on the ground, and the eai'S shorter than usual, and
that the acres Nos. 5 and (i extended further into the
field than I had contemplated, and encroached on a
clayey surface, unfavourable in so unpropitious a
season; the other 4 acres were a fair loam on the stone
brash.

The impression left on my mind, after several years'
observation is, that on good Wheat land, and in that
I state of cultivation usually found on an araidy stocked
farm, and when sown sufficiently early to ensure the
free tillering of the plant, 4 jiecks of good plump seed
drilled in rows 10 inches apart, which admit of the free
use of the horse-hoe, are a sulFicient seeding. If the
sowing be retarded for three or four weeks, I should
use 5 pecks, and if the period of sowing were
necessarily extended to seven or eight weeks, when
vegetation has become feeble, and liable to the check
of iVost, I shotild employ ti pecks. My usual practice
has been to set the drill for 12-inch work ; but I now
adopt 10-inch, as giving me more straw, which I use
more extensively than heretofore for feeding stock.
Reiults of Sxperiment iji I860 on Six Contignovji Acres.

No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6

Distance

between

rows.

inches
8
10
12
12
12
13

Quan- I Weight
tity per per
acre, bushel.

pecks

Total
weight
of grain.

lbs.
05
63
G2
01
C2

"Weight of
straw.

lbs.
1883
1993
1967
1925
1801
1839

cwt. qr. lb.

30 0 23

31 3 23
29 0 1"
27 2 18

25 0 6

26 0 G

Feeding off Wheat in tTie Spring. — I will take this
opportunity of stating the result of an experiment,
ascertained for the information of some students at
our college to whom the practice seemed hazardous.
I had a field of young Wheat of 10 acres in a state ■
of forwardness which was very inviting at the begin-
ning of April for ewes and lambs, when other
food was getting scarce. We divided this in the
centre with a hue of hurdles, and put on 100 ewes
with their lambs, on one portion, on the morning
of the 7th of April. They were removed on the
evening of the 32d — 18 days. The Wheat was fed off
close to the ground ; there was not a blade of Grass
left standing. The 5 acres so fed were harvested four
days after the 5 acres hurdled off. On a mere inspec-
tion over the surface, the general impression was that
the 5 acres fed off would give the best yield of corn ;
but on being threshed out, the portion not fed yielded
just 5 sacks more than that which was fed. The feed
of the ewes and lambs, at that season, would be an equi-
valent for the u sacks of corn. I may add, that rather
over 2 acres of the land fed was of a comparatively
unkind and inferior quality to any part of the other
5 acres. Charles Lawrence^ Cirencester,

RECLAMATION FROM THE SEA.

[At a recent meeting of the Eoyal Agricultural Society this
subject w.as introduced by a paper from Mr. IShellabear,
agent to the Earl of Leicester, who described what had
been done at Holkham. In Mr. Shellabear's absence his
paper w.as read by Mr. Hall Dare. We were not able to find
room for it .at the time, .and hence the delay of its appear-
ance here.]

The enclosure of the land at Holkham was begun in
the summer of 1S5G, by the erection of a short length
of embankment of about 150 yards at the western end,
excluding the sea, which llowed over it in that direc-
tion from Holkham Bay. At this time the land was
protected from the sea, on the north side, by a long
range of sand hills of considerable width and height,
covered with marram, the growth probably of a long
series of years ; and there is, perhaps, no more secure
protection against the sea than these bills, with ordi-
nary care and attention in repairing with rows_ of
faggots the occasional damages made from time to time
by currents of wind, and planting the new-dnftmg
sand with marram on the south side, where the Gra.ss-

554

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[May 25, 1867.

marshes, enclosed many years since, and the whole of
the eastern end, open to the shifting channel of Wells
Harbour, which formed its boundary in that direction to
alength of a mile and 200 yards. The embankment here
was the heaviest portion of the work connected with the
enclosure ; it was commenced in the spring of 1857,
and completed in the autumn of 1858, starting from
a point at the western end of Wells Quay, and running
in a straight line alongside the Channel, nearly due
north to a hi^h shingle beach, forming the eastern end
of the sand hills, and crossing the old channel twice in
its length, a new one having been previously cut to the
eastward. The south end of this bank being upon the
high level clay deposit, is formed entirely of that
material for a distance of about 400 yards, but the
remainder of it is built upon the sand, and is formed
entirely of sand inside, protected on the sea side by
2 feet thickness of puddle (dipping at the foot 5 feet
into the sand), and on the land side by 13 inches.
The width at the top is 5 feet. On the sea side its
slope is 4 to 1 for a distance of 8 feet from the top, and
5 to 1 for the remaining distance. Upon the land side
the portion made in 1857 had a slope of 2 to 1 to a dis-
tance of 8 feet from the top, and then 3 to 1 to the level
of the ground. The portion made in 1858 was formed
throughout to a slope of 2 to 1. The upper portion of
the slope upon the sea side, and the whole of that upon
the inside, were covered with glass flag, cut 3 inches
thick. The top of the embankment and the 5 to 1
slope on the outside were covered with shingle. Expe-
rience has shown sand to be the better material for
the construction of these banks, no settlement
having occurred in the large one so formed, while the
smaller one, entirely of clay, has been added to, to
maintain the original dimensions. The sluice is in
this bank, towards the south end, and is built in the
clay upon piles : it is a barrel-arch of 3 feet 6 inches
diameter, with a self-acting sea-door, and a second
door upon the inside, raised or dropped by a screw.
Besides carrying otF the water from the 580 acres of
land comprised in this enclosure, it is required to dis-
charge the drainage water of 1000 acres of Grass-marshes
and the supply from some strong springs upon them.
It is found to be too small to do this during the short
time the tides will allow it to work, and not being in a
good state from a settlement in the centre, it is con-
templated to remove it, and put in an arch of 5 feet
diameter. The whole of this work was executed by
Messrs. Buxton, of Manchester, from the designs and
under the superintendence of Mr. Arthur Saunders, of
King's Lynn. This bank has not received any serious
injury since it was completed, except upon the inside
during the winter of 18G2 and spring of 18G3 from the
water inside, after the breach made in December, 1862
—in fact, none beyond the occasional renewal of the
flag and shingle being washed away, and the necessity
of maintaining the shingle which protects the foot of it
to a higher level than was originally contemplated. It
should,^ however, be said that it is but little exposed to
the action of the sea. Its sea-face is towards the east
and adjoining the channel, on the opposite side of
which are unenclosed marshes but rarely covered by
the sea, with the additional protection of high sand-
hills in the distance. The highest tides (which alone
cover these unenclosed marshes) occur only with a west
or north-west wind; in an easterly gale, therefore,
there is no expanse of water to break upon the bank,
and in a gale from the west or north-west it is to a
great extent self-protecting. The extreme north of
this bank is connected with a high bank of shingle,
with the sand-hills forming the remainder of the
northern boundary. It was through this bank that
the breach was made by the very high tide of Decem-
ber 22, 1862, which at the same time also broke over
and swept away the short bank at the west end of the
enclosure. The last was speedily replaced ; but the
shingle bank, when once broken over, wasted rapidly
to an extreme depth of 28 feet in the breach and a
width at the upper j^art of 125 yards, and its repair was
a work of greater difficulty. The breach was success-
fully closed in the month of June following with
shingle, conveyed to the spot by two lines of tramway,
from an average distance of about half a mile. The
new bank thus formed, having a slope of 12 to 1 on
the sea-side and 5 to I towards the land, has stood
exceedingly well up to the present time, costing but
little for repairs. Marram is rapidly growing upon it,
and in a very few years it wiU probably become a high
sand bank, with a strong base and face towards the sea
beneath the sand and about 5 feet above the highest
tides.

Detailed Report.

Of the 5S0 acres enclosed, above 200 acres adjoining the old
Grass-marshes were a strong clay loam , 80 acres mud land (origi-
nally skirting the high clay lands), 170 strong blue clay, or clay-
loam, buried beneath the sand to a depth of from 6 inches to
3 feet, and the remaining 130 are either shingle, stones, or sea-
sand, to an miknown depth. A very large portion of the land
enclosed was therefore either almost worthless or required
considerable outlay to bring it into cultivation ; and to this
may be added, that from the meeting of the tides from the
east and west upon the land, it was intersected by several
large creeks and the best portions of it by innumerable small
ones. In the autumn of 1859 the land was laid out for divi-
sion into fields. One road, passing throuL'h the entire length,
was crossed at intervals of about 500 yards at right angles by
two others. These roads are each 30 feet wide, and are
bounded on each side by a ditch. The lands betv?een are again
divided by a ditch into fields, vai-ying in extent from 10 to 20
acres. Every field, therefore, has access to a road, and is
squai-e— two "very important advantages with steam-cultiva-
tion. In bringing it into cultivation the next operation
was to fill up the large creeks, which has been done
throughout the farm, sand beiug brought from a dis-
tance where necessary by means of a portable tram-
way worked with horses, or moved from the adjoining
lands where available by barrow roads ; in cither case the
creek being ultimately brought to the level of the land on
each side of it by a coating or soil of similar quality. In the
same way the small creeks which appeared only in the stiff
lands were filled up, or by digging, thus reducing the level of
the adjoining land. By the summer of 18G2, a large breadth

of this land had been brought into cultivation ; Cole-seed, Peas,
Wheat, and Oats being grown upon it, and a further portion
was sown with Wheat when the sea again came over it. Up
to this date the crops were better than they have been at any
time since, and it seems probable that the cultivated lands,
especially those which had been subsoiled, became more
strongly impregnated with the salt than when in their
original state.

The damage done to the watercourses and roads was incon-
siderable ; but the land had become so thoroughly saturated
as to be incapable of bearing horses until late in the spring,
and the roots of autumn-sown corn were destroyed by the wet
and salt in the land. Underdraining, which had been done
partially before, was now systematically commenced, and up
to the present time fields containing about 230 acres have been
drained with l^-inch pipes at 12 yards distance in the clay,
and 24 yards in the sandy subsoils, nearly all the dratiis
emptying into the ditches. The fields being all flat, con-
siderable diB5culty was experienced in maintaining a regular
and proper fall in the drains, the slightest dip in them in the
sandy lands causing the drain pipes to tilt up. The plan now
adopted is to set out the level of the outlets in the ditches,
and a point 4 feet above the bottom of the drains to be cut
across the centre of the field with a spirit level, adding the
rise to be allowed in the drains. From these two points given
him, the foreman is enabled to give an even fall to the bottom
of the drain throughout its length, by placing a staff 4 feet
long upon the level point at the outlet, and havmg a similar
staff moved up and down the drain, aligning it upon the level
given him in the centre of the field. Four levels only are
given in each dish, and four across the centre of the field, the
remainder being put in with the T staves in the same manner.
By this means the work is satisfactorily done, and the foreman
is able to superintend the whole, check the levels of every
drain, and assist a second man in laying the pipes in the
drains, of which about 16 to 18 chains are cut every day
from April to August, the work being impracticable in winter.
420 acres of the land have been cropped, but only 340 are
at present under cultivation ; the remaining fields are being
treated sis follows : Some of the heaviest clay lands are being
sanded to a depth of 3 or 4 inches by means of the portable
tramway (two horses drawing a load of from 4 to 6 tons), 8 or
10 inches of sand being taken from the sandy fields for this
purpose, to biiug the clay beneath and within reach of the
steam plough. In other fields where the clay is at a greater
depth, pits are sunk, and the clay is baiTowed upon the land
to a depth of 5 or (J inches (when solid), the sand having been
previously reduced to that extent, and harrowed into the last
pit sunk ; and in others, where the clay is from 12 to 16
inches from the surface in portions of a field, or where
the sand is not required for the heavy lands, the ground is
trenched, and from 8 to 10 inches of the clay brought to the
surface. But in these cases, from the frequent occurrence
of creeks iu the clay below, the sinking of a pit is often neces-
sary to complete the field, and make the soil equally good
throughout. With respect to cultivation, but little at pi'esent
can be said. Good crops of Wheat, Oats, Barley, Cole-seed,
Turnips, Mangel Wurzel, and Clover have been grown upon
the land, both before and since the winter of 1862 ; but it was
not until the summer of last year that we can he said to have
recovered to any extent from the flooding of the land. As
soon as they have been drained, the fields arc broken up with
Fowler's steam subsoil plough to a depth of 16 inches, allowed
to lie the winter, and put under crop the following year.
Since the erection of the main bank the work has been all
done by Lord Leicester's own staff and labourers, with the
surplus labour of the immediate district, under his own
personal direction. It has necessarily, therefore, occupied a
considerable time, and no steps have at present been taken to
reduce the cropping of the land to any system-.

Discussion.
Mr. R. B. Grantham, C.E., F.G.S., said that he had taken
some pains to collect information on the reclamation of land
from the sea, and the formation of tidal and other banks, and
was very glad of the opportunity to lay his practical experience
before the Society. Mr. Shellabear's paper was very appro-
priate, although it had a local bearing, because it gave an
ex.ample of the reclamation of land on the coast of Norfolk,
showing at the same time that there had been some failures,
and that the bank had proved very expensive. The question
was perhaps of more interest to the agriculturist than the
engineer; and this was why he had determined to bring it
before the notice of the Society. In reclaiming lands from
the sea there were several considerations which ought never
to be lost sight of. There was, first, the question of ai'ea —
whether it was worth while to make an expensive bank to
reclaim a certain number of acres? Then came the question
whether, when the expense of shutting out the sea had been
undertaken, the land would prove of sufficient value to be
worked for agricultural purposes. In his own experience, on
the coast of Essex portions of land had been reclaimed at
considerable cost, but a long time elapsed before it could be
utilised by the agriculturist. In these instances the land was
rough in itself, and seemed to retain the salt of the sea so long
that it was necessary to wait while a protracted course of air
and rain dispersed the salt before it was fit for cattle to graze
upon, and, in fact, some years elapsed before it was properly
cultivated. On the other hand, he had known cases where
the land had been brought into cultivation almost as soon as
the sea had been shut out. He remembered a peculiar
example in the case of one of the large rivers in Ireland,
where the tenants of the landholders ran small walls, and
shut out the sea. Bj this means the mud was enclosed, and
the next year the farmers were able to raise a crop of Wheat.
In this particular instance he attributed the success to the
river running over a large bed of limestone, and bringing
down a deposit which neutralised the effect of the salt. The
soil, too, was very rich, and under these circumstances
perhaps It was natural that the crops would take almost
immediate effect. Instances similar to this, he believed, had
been experienced in Norfolk. The nature of the soil which
the rivers brought down into the bays that were to be
reclaimed was a highly important consideration. Limestone
always neutralised the salt, but there were materials often
brought down of a totally different character. Much skill
was required in determining the kinds of banks to be used for
different places. An engineer of even long experience could
scarcely find two cases admitting of precisely the same
treatment. The excavation for and formation of banks
depended upon the surrouniling circumstances, which of
course were of the most varying description. Hence anything
like classification was impossible. Generally speaking, embank-
ments might be treated under three heads. One was an
embankment of earth against the sea, with large slopes, and
perhaps flat foreshores, where the waves did not break with
great force, in which case the work might safely be done by
sodding, and other similar coiitrivancea. This method was as
inexpensive as it possibly could be. The second method was
banking against the deep water of the sea. Thiswork required
to be stoned on the one side and of consider.ablw strength
on the top, the width being generally suflicient to bear the
blow of heavy waves, even at a considei-able elevation above
them. The back slopes of these banks were of pretty much
the same kind, because a foreshore was really the portion that
received the blow of the sea, and was therefore more likely to
be injured. It was here the engineer found the greatest
trouble in resisting the opposing force. The thud kind of
embaukiattnt was the ston^ wallinj, or the upright wall,

which was of all the most difficult of construction. The value
of earth walla depended entirely upon the locality. Mr.
Shellabear mentioned that sand had been found to be the best
substance. Mr. Grantham, however, did not agree with this,
believing there was a great deal of difficulty attending the
working of such a material. Of course, much depended upon
the tQodc in which the faces of the banks were made. A good
sodding, in some cases, might be made from the marram
inentioned in the paper; and if it could be got to grow in
time to save the bank from injury, no doubt ic was one of the
best protectors it was possible to get. He had been called
upon to prepare plans for fencing off some accumulated land
in the Humber. The land (an island) had accumulated from
the sea, and a wall was built, round which it was proposed to
extend farther. The sort of sod that had been referred to
seemed to be the best adapted for the purpose, and he bad no
doubt they would be able to place it at a very small slope. A
wall had been in construction for some years on the principle
of pitching it with stones. In the first place, for the purposes
of temporary protection, faggots were used with great
advantage. Groins were also used, and they acted well in
protecting the foundations from wear and tear. The More-
cambe Bay Railway might be instanced as a case where a good
deal of land was recovered by banks of facing stone and also of
groins. He had himself at the present time superintendence
of a bank at Fleetwood which had been successful to a certain
extent. There were several circumstances of a secondary
character that operated iu the erection of walls, which, if not
properly attended to as minor matters, gave vast trouble, and
involved enormous expense. Particularly might be mentioned
sluices and culverts for drainage. It was seldom that sluices
were put in at sufficient depth ; and often the capacity of the
drains was not properly regulated. It frequently happened
that the sluices were cheaply made, and were merely effective
for the moment when the bank was made ; afterwards they
were sources of perpetual trouble and cost. He himself had,
same time since, to repair works of this kind that in the first
instance had cost but little, while the repair alone cost 700^,
simply because of a want of attention and foresight in the
original builders. Another question that should not be over-
looked was the cost per acre at which these reclamations could
be made with profit. Having gone carefully into the question,
he was of opinion that, except in the case of extraordinarily
good lands, an agriculturist should not go beyond a cost of
20L per acre in making a bank. This might be considered a
rather high figure, but he had known it pay in a case of large
reclamation. At the same time he admitted it was a hard
thing to quote precise figures ; and he had mentioned 20^
because he thought that was very likely to be remunerative.
It would have to be brought quickly into cultivation, and all
the work should be well done, so as to incur as little annual
maintenance as possible. Some lands were done at a much
cheaper rate, but it was doubtful whether the cheaper was
not actually the dearer method. He called the attention of every
agriculturist interested in these matters to the recent Act of
Parliament, by which a combined sj'stem could be established
for the purpose of bringing about extensive reclamations. An
individual enclosing land would do .so at his own cost and
risk, but theie was no reason why this should be involved.
The Commissions of Sewers appointed under the 2;id of
Henry VIII. had been continued, and the powers of the Act
had been increased by the Land Drainage Act of 18G1, enabling
landowners who were interested in a piece of reclaimable
land to combine to execute the work of enclosure, being
equally taxed to defray the expenses. His experience of
inland rivers had taught him that there was great advantage
to be gained by such a union of landowners. He recom-
mended all who felt a concern in the question to look into the
Act, and become acquainted with its provisions. The
advantage was that in combining iu a work of this kind every
contributor took his part, not only in the cost, but in the
management and benefits to be derived from the prosecution
of a work in a systematic way. The Enclosure Commissioners
had the sanctioning of this Act, and therefore everything was
done in a public manner. The operations of the Act could be
carried out without difficulty, and the result would be the
improvement of inland rivers, and the reclamation of land
from the sea. the latter being, of course, the original intention
of the Legislature in the time of Henry VIII. No doubt there
were a great many persons having coast lands, and large areas
of border, who would be glad to combine to borrow or expend
money for their reclamation. The Act to which ho had
referred would show how this could be done, and the general
interests of agriculture would be promoted thereby.

Mr. Lawrence said there could be no doubt the Wash was a
fruitful school for engineering of the description connected
with the reclamation of land, and experience of the most
useful character had been acquired there. Sir J. Rennic, Mr.
Fowler, and some of the other eminent engineei"s had attempted
too much there, when they endeavoured to grapple with the
ocean at once. They stmck a line across the estuai-y of the
Wash, and in one instance they spent 14.000/. in making a
fragment of an embankment which was washed away with a
single tide. The quiet processes which were now being
followed to reclaim the land were very instructive, and they
would probably lead eventually to the saving of that immense
tract of land which once had the designation o£ Victoria
County, This could only be done by degi-ees, and to save any
land from the sea it was alwaj-s necessary to follow the opera-
tions of nature slowly. He did not believe in some of the
great works that had been undertaken of building large sea
walls, and grappling suddenly with a tidal ocean with 26 feet
rise and fall. In a sea-girt island like ours, such wonders
could not be expected. We must proceed as it were terrace by
terrace. The notion that once prevailed in this coimtry, and
that led to the expenditure of hundreds of thousands of
pounds in the Wash, proved how great were the mistakes
made in the reclamation of lands. The drainage of the Fens
was one of the greatest works in the country. Even iu Holland
there was nothing that exceeded the Norfolk estuary for the
drainage of high land Ijdng behind the sea. The Norfolk
Estuary Company undertook a vast work ; but their shares at
the present time were only worth a few shillings, and hundreds
had been bought at half-a-crown each. The general question of
land enclosure closely concenied the society and its supporters,
because all agricultural topics were strictly economical
questions. The reclamation of land should be encouraged by
all practical agriculturists. The mode of makmg embankments
was not a whit more important a subject than it had been
described, and equally important was the question of the
President as to the underminiug of banks by the water. The
only thing to do was to give a good foreshore. Of course if the
occupiers of land chose to go to more expense they could stone
the front of the bank and make an effectual barrier against the
sea, as they did in Holland.

Mr. Hawkshaw said it was impossible to lay down general
principles regarding slopes, because so much depended upon
material. The sand of the sea-shore made its own slope, and
that was six or seven to one. This proved to be an effectual
barrier against waves if it was long enough. General principles
as to the formation of banks could not, however, be laid down,
unless in every instance the nature of the material of which it
was formed was given. He could give one piece of information
respecting slopes in works of great magnitude. In Holyhead
it was found that stone thi-own into the sea in deep water
gradually assumed three kinds of slopes. At about five feet
below the water it was six to one ; deeper down it was three
to one ; and very deep down it was one and a-half to one,
showing^ that everything depended, upon the force of the water

Mat 25, 1867.]

THE GAEDENEKS' CnRONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE

mnd Wiivos and tlio kind of mateiinl. If tbo material had been
softer tbo slopes would have been Hatter. Neither could
eeneral rules bo laid down aa to where laud could bo roclaimod.
Ail that could be said was that if the land was worth Ml. an
acre when reclaimed, not more than 1.5(. or 20;. ought to bo
laid out upon it. If the cost was greater, it was much better
to buy land ready made. .Slopes covered with soil and sods
wore in his opinion, utterly inadequate to resist the sea,
unless there wore a very largo foreshore and shallow wator
If the foreslioro was flat and very wide, .an ombaukmont
liossessing a slope of two to one was practicable covered with
sods No slope of such a desenption, however, should bo
relied upon to resist the action of the soa. In tlie Mediterranean
tbo French made all their b.arricrs against the sea by blocks of
stone of some iit) tons each, which they found stood to a slope
of one to oiio, and if they were a third the size they would bo
two to ono, and so on. ,

Mr. UoLL/iND, M.P., said that taking into consideration the
fact th.at our population was increasing every year, that our
island did not increase except through these .adventitious
circumstances and scientific achievments, and that a largo
area was taken anmially from agriculturists for the purpose of
building, the discussion of such a subject as this could hardly
f.iil to bo of service. Knowing that with a diminished area
agi-icnlturists had to multiply their produce to meet the wants
of an increasing population, it was necessary to gather all the
facts that could bo gathered as to the means by which our
waste lands might bo m.ade serviceable. One or two interest-
ing things hiid arisen out of the discussion. One was as to the
viuue of silt, .and .another remark showed how v.aluable it was
in all agricultural matters to .apply animal matters to the land
for the production of vegetable substance. In reclaiming lands
from the sea they were providing additional area, and at the
s.amo time a in.anure to enrich it— things of weighty importance
at the present moment. The hon. member concluded by
moving a vote of thanks to Mr. Grantham and Mr. Shellabcar
for their addresses.

Mr. Clavden seconded the motion. He s.aid he was con-
nected mth the Norfolk Estuary Company, whose depreciated
shares had been mentioned during the discussion, and he
begged to state they were not in quite such a bankrupt condi-
tion as had been represented. The company was working
^l.'wly in the reclam.ation of land, and they felt assured they
-liiiild be able in a few years, from the siltiug-up of the land,
ti, add to the value of the county of Norfolk.

The vote of thanks havnig been carried, and a similar com-
liliment paid to the Chairman, the proceedings terminated.

that is rcquircii is a pioco of ground of suHicient extent
to aJniit of tlio ercution of sheds fur tlie cows. Tlio
number to bo iirovidcil for will bo in proportion to the
quantity of " swill " produced in the cstablishnicut. 1 1
tho desired space cannot be obtained, such as is avail-
able is devoted to the purpose, and e.tcavations are
made underneath tho premises of such e.ttent as may
bo needful. The stables must be close to the distillery
to be at all sorviiKablo and economical, the furthest
distance allowalilc buint; tho width of the street. In a
well-mana|,'cd undcrtakint; they are never removed
further than the exactly opposite part of tho roadway.
As some of the distilleries do a very extensive busines.s,
and as land is very high-priced in New York, the
number of cows requiring accommodation is some-
times excessively great. In one of the largest dairies
in that city 3000 animals are stabled above and under
ground in what appears an incredibly small space; but
we shall see by-and-by that the cow is treated precisely
in the same manner as any part of the distilling
apparatus, except in one respect, and is considered
solely as a machine for converting "swill" into milk.
They are, therefore, stowed as closely together as the
utmost ingenuity of a stevedore could accomplish, if
he tried.

Tho majority of them are kept in the stables under-
ground, and thus where there is but little land avail-
able, a great advantage is gained as far as accommoda-
tion and space is concerned.

Tho animals are placed in long rows, and at the two
opposite sides of the stable long troughs are fitted
running the whole length of the wall. The cows thus
stand in two files, tho hind quarters facing inwards.
At the head of each trough is the mouth of a pipe

ulceration, the vitals generally are decayed and wasted
away. The wholo of the interior of the body, in fa(;t, is
ruined by tho same cause. This is not confined to the
interior only ; tho udder is attacked at an early period
of tho life in the stables, and becomes as badly
ulcerated as any other part. These horrible effects
are produced by the want of proper food, the constant
consumption of hot .smoking '' swill," by tho inocula-
tion and tho unnatural position which they are com-
I)elled to maintain, as they can never lie down. They
are also allecled by the shocking impurity of tho atmo-
sphere, where so many poisonou.s breaths are mingled
together and can find no free ventilation, and by tho
fearfully dirty state of the floor, which is neglected for
an unlimited length of time. The Augean stable was
no worse than this at certain periods. Hercules
would have had his hands full here. The ill-fated
prisoners commenco losing flesh shortly after
entering these abodes of wretchedness, and con-
tinue to do so until they are nothing but
skin and bone. They are milked with constanii
regularity, and the milkmaids are so energetically
industrious that the approach of death makes no differ-
ence to them. If a cow should, through weakness, be
unable to stand, and should slip down between the two
on either side, she is taken out and slung up by a stout
band to a hook or beam overhead, and in this position
the milk is taken from her. There have been instances
where death has actually occurred before the milking
was quite finished, and the wretched carcase has been
lowered down immediately after for conveyance to the
knacker's yard. Those cows which cease to yield milk
and are thus useless, are purchased by butchers, and
are by them fed as well as they can manage to make

DAIRIES IN NEW YORK.

TnEKE are in the city of New York and its suburbs

communicating with the distillery, and by this means I them eat, till they are enabled to furnish forth some
the " swill " is made to flow directly from the still to ! slight show of meat, when they are slaughtered and
the stable. This method of supplying stalled animals 1 positively sold for food 1 To see one of these poor
with their food is certainly the most convenient ever i tortured and mutilated creatures with no tail, and the
practised. Wherever the stable may be situated, it is j appearance of no animal that ever was created by the
so easy to lay a pipe in connection with it, and ] Almighty, is a shocking sight ; but to behold hundreds
immense labour is thereby saved. The quantity of : of the same kind imprisoned, starved, ill-used, and
" swill" that will be consumed is easily calculated, and ' stupefied with an unnatural fluid, and to know that a
there is seldom accommodation for a sufficient fearful disease is raging within every one of them.

number of animals to exhaust the entire supply ' preying on their vitals and killing them by inches, is a
everal dairies, some of which do a very extensive j produced in the distillery, a large quantity is still left ' spectacle which makes the blood boil in one's veins,
business. But no one thinks of setting up a dairy by | available. We shall account for this residue further i The Creator made this animal perfect m its adaptation

itself. There is, of course, no grazing to be had, and
hay or roots for the cows would be very expensive if
imported from the country. Besides which they
would not serve sufficiently well as a milk-producing
aliment. Tho practice therefore is to establish the
dairv in connection with some business which shall

Yroper means are taken to regulate the supply of , to our proper wants, fitting it to live in the open
"swill," and occasionally it is varied in strength, country, enjoying the fresh air and the sweet refresh-

aecording to the necessities of the case. The under-
ground stables are, of course, low, dark, wretched-

looking dens, and worse, if possible, 'than some of the he acquires at the cost of the life that was given for so

ing Grass, and man has abused and ruined the useful
and docile creature for the sake of present gain, which

London subterranean cow-houses. Those above

furnish an artificial mode of supplying food for the I ground are by no means pleasant places, but they are

animals in an inexpensive manner. This is admirably
managed, and in such a way as to make the two under-
takings mutually beneficial. The idea might reason-
ably occur to one uninformed on the subject that the
dairy would be attached to some factory for the pro-
duction of artificial food, such as oilcake for instance.
But the ingenious man who first undertook this line

different a purpose.
Magazine for April.

Stephen Buekland, in Fraser't

FARM NOTES.— By Me. Mechi.

1. The Labourer's Cottage.— It built of 45- or 9-inch

brickwork it will be very hot in summer and damp in

winter. The clay with which our Essex bricks are

made is, when baked, very porous and absorbent. This

sun's rays instead of absorbing them, and thus keeps
the house cool. I have before mentioned that
lime washing slated roofs keeps the house cool.
A whitened slate in the hottest summer's day

the way, and that to be troubled with the whisking of
3000 co'ws' tails in the stables would be such a nuisance
that they could not put up with. As every animal is
minus this appendage, a most extraordinary sight
is afforded to a visitor standing at the end of the

attics as sleeping rooms are almost unbearable in the
summer heat. All cattle sheds should be so treated.
It is a curious fact that heavy rains will not detach or
wash oU' the lime, but the winter's frosts remove it
from the slates, not from the bricks. Where vegetation

ten times better than those below.

We now come to the cows themselves. These unfor-
tunate animals are in the most pitiable situation which
it is possible for any creature to be placed in. There
are no animals anywhere that undergo a quarter of the
misery and pain which they pass through. The horses

„. , in Prance which are so barbarously vivisected do cer- 1 r' -—,-.- -. '-it *• u t t* ii

of business would have scorned such a commonplace ] tainlv endure more acute physical sufl'ering for a time, ; remark applies to many other counties but not to all,
notion. The milk-producing department must have a I but death is not so long delayed as in the case of the , for I have seen in htaffordshiro and elsewhere pipes
suitable parent establishment prepared for it, and this [ poor cows in the " whiskey " dairv. Por five years, in | and bricks so dense as to be nearly impervioixs to water,
was no other than a whiskey distillery. It is probable I some cases, do they endure the extreme of pain and ill- 1 But into porous bricks the winter rains will enter, and
th.at the idea of the dairy was not the original inten- 1 treatment, and are not even allowed to expire ! the moisture natural y draws towards the warm room,
tion of the inventor, but resulted as an after-thought. I in peace. They are, as we stated above, packed 1 1 have found that lime wash well worked into the
He most likely was in the first instance the proprietor ' together in rows so tightly that when, as some- surface of the bricks closes the pores, and thus keeps
ofadistillery, and being gifted with a brighter genius i times happens, one of them has lost the power | the house dry. It requires doing annually : the cost is
than had fallen to the share of other distillers, saw ■ of standing on its feet, it does not fall down at ; trifling. In summer it has the effect of reflecting the
a first-rate opportunity of diminishing the normal ] once, being too tightly wedged in between the others. ' ^

expenses of the established business, and of combining , The first thing that is done to them when they enter
with it an entirely new commercial undertaking. He the stable is to make an incision in the tail, and
possibly, also, had an eye to the prevalent taste on the inoculate them for the " swill " disease. The result is
part of spirit drinkers for mixing milk with the spirit ;
a combination of whiskey and milk being a very
favourite drink with many persons. It may be that
he foresaw how convenient it would be if he main-
tained a retail branch of the business on the premises,
to have a tap laid on for milk as well as for spirits.
But these were minor points.

The first and principal benefit was obtained as
follows ; —

In all distilleries there is, of course, a large quantity
of waste liquor which results from the evaporation of
the pure spirit after passing through the condenser.
This liquor, which is called "swill," had generally been
considered of no value, and merely an incumbrance.
But our speculator determined to utilise it, and with
that view resolved to extend his business by the addition
of a new one which should atlbrd the desired opportu-
nity. This new undertaking was that of a dairy. It
was known thai the " swill" was a powerful stimulant
or agent in the production of milk in the vaccine
economy, and further that the animals were very far
from showing any dislike to the flavour. In this
respect the quadrupeds were only imitating the human
beings whose tastes they naturally respected, and were
willing to follow at a humble distance by partaking of
the weaker and less fiery "residuum" which their
masters rejected. The difference in quality between
the spirit and the " swill " typified the space which lay
between the qualities and gifts of the human being and
the beast. This accommodating behaviour of the cow
was really the origin of the whole undertaking, and we
are glad to give our testimony in favour of this useful
creature ; but good intentions often fail of good results,
and the sequel illustrates the fact in relation to the
animals in question. So much for the far-seeing indi
vidual who first thought of applying to a useful purpose
a propensity which had always been productive of evil
results. We are unacquainted with his name, but he
is no worse off in this respect than many a fellow-
genius. We will now describe the way in which the
business is carried on, as improved and increased by
several years of experience since the day when the idea
first commenced to bear fruit.

We will suppose that in some quarter of the city
there stands an extensive distillery. The first thing

shed or vault, and looking 'along°the rows. He will i has begun to establish itself on slated and tiled roofe

see two long rows of angular, bony, tailless creatures

wedged and jammed together, with short and prominent

stumps protruding from the hind quarters, and looking

like a succession of pegs for hanging bridles on. It is,

in fact, a horrid unnatural spectacle. The inoculation

results in the " swill " disease, a kind of cow-pox in a

mild form as to its immediate effect, and which would

otherwise have speedily killed them. But from the

moment they enter the stable they are doomed, and the

inoculation only delays the approach of death, for

nothing can afterwards save them entirely. The next

event to be noticed as following the destruction of the

tail is the loss of the teeth. It is true they do not feel

the loss of these so much, because they have no use for

them. But it is believed with good reason that they

suffer very great pain whilst the decay continues. The

only kind of food supplied to the poor creatur-3s is the

swill which is always pouring down the troughs, and

which they swallow in immense quantities. As we

noticed above, they like the taste of it, and do not

refuse to drink, but they must crave for more solid

food at times. They no doubt do so at first, but after a

time they become as unable to partake of anything

more substantial, as a confirmed drunkard who cannot

eat, though he is always longing for drink. They

become, in short, in a constant state of stupid

intoxication, and go on drinking in the deadly poison

which is to produce nourishment for thousands of

infants and older persons till they are completely worn

out. If they do not then die, they are sold for what

they will fetch.

The longest time during which a cow can endure
this kind of existence is five years, but most of them
die very much sooner, and examination after death has
shown that it is surprising they are able to last out a
twelvemonth. Tho lungs are totally destroyed by

lime washing with hot lime destroys it. Frosts
remove the lime, and old-looking roofs then look quite
new and fresh. The interior of cattle sheds and stables
should belime washed at least once a year, on the score
of health. The land on which the labourer's cottage
stands should be always well drained at least 4 feet
deep, with pipes covered with loose stones. This pre-
vents the moisture of the ground rising up into the
walls by capillarity. Capillarity is overcome thus by
gravity. Lime washing brickwork before painting
saves much paint.

3. Birds' Nests in Chiiimies. — We were once a good
deal puzzled by a smoking chimney that had never
smoked before, and was perfectly clean. On opening
the trap at the angle or turn, we found half a bushel of
birds'-nest materials,'.oompletely filling the chimney;
what surprised us was that it occurred at least 13 feet
from the top, so that the birds must have descended in
the chimney. I believe that they were starlings.
Swallows also build in chimnies occasionally, and
sparrows in gutters, so that one has to take note of such
matters, or sufl'er discomfort. It is desirable to examine
the flues before winter.

3. Agriculture a Naturally Slov) Business. — Ardent,
ambitious, and impatient minds, anxious for speedy
accumulations of wealth, must not look to agriculture
for a realisation of their desires. Nature will have its
course. A Wheat crop is a nine months' child, and
another nine months is taken in its realisation. One
year for sheep and two years for bullocks are the very
earliest returns that can be expected, and then we have
adverse seasons to contend with. Besides, there is not
the opportunity for credit, as in trade- where an honest,
industrious, and prudent young man may be trusted
and encouraged by manufacturers; fortunately this is
so, or else who would submit to the murky contme-

556

THE GARDENKKS' CEEONICLE AND AGEICULTDEAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 25, 1867,

ment of a town life ? Agriculture ought to be very
intellectu-il, for tUere is plenty of time for study and
reflection while the crops are growing. No doubt pure
country air is a more sleepy atmosphere than that of a
town— at least my town friends say so; but in my
opinion much of this eOect is due to the tranquillity
oi* NaUr--? as compared with the noisy trallic, bustle,
and flaring gaslights of a crowded city — so we coun-
trymen must be excused for being somewhat dull and
stolid. I have remarked frequently how ready my
town friends are for an early bed when in the country,
and how soundly they repose.

4. The Fatteuinrj of Younr} Oroimng Animals. — The
days of four and flve-year old beef and mutton are pass-
ing away under the influence of modern agriculture,
which requires a more speedy realisation ; one-year
old mutton and two-year old beef are becoming the
order of the day. To arrive at a satisfactory conclusion
in this matter it is necessary to take a review of the
conditions required. Young growing animals are like
young growing schoolboys — who, always in motion,
rarely get fat; — so it is with young growing animals ;
allow them to roam at large, and vain will be your
efforts to produce obesity. At one year old my sheep
are e.xtremely fat, and at two years old my bullocks are
full of fat, the lean being everywhere well mottled with
intervening fat. The result is a rich mellow meat,
satisfactory to the butcher, because pleasing to his cus-
tomers. The flavour may be somewhat higher and
the colour darker in old meat, but the fibre is
hard, and not easy of digestion, unless well hung in cool
weather. Large joints, too, are unsuited to small
families. Good rich food from their birth, and a limited
area for exercise, are essentials for early fattening. In
addition to cake, corn, malt-combs, and bran, a small
quantity of crushed Linseed and a little condimental
food are essential to early ripeness. I could never
satisfy myself or my butchers until I gave my young
bullocks 1 lb. daily of crushed Linseed, and about 1 lb.
of condimental food. I have this year sold my bullocks
(exactly two years old) at '2Zl. each, and my sheep (one
year old) at Zl. Zs. (half-bred Down and Lincoln).
Linseed contains 25 per cent, of oil, and in that form it
appears to answer admirabl.y as a I'attening ingredient.
The stimulants in the condimental food, such as fenu-
greek, ginger, aud carraway, prevent flatulence, and \
facilitate digestion. My bullocks rarely get more than |
one bushel of pulped or cut roots daily. Although I
have not used it myself, I know of cases where Linseed
oil, mixed with Bean-meal, has been most eO'ective in I

Sutting on fat. I again commend a study of the late
Ir. Horsfall's most valuable pjpers on " I'attening
and Dairy Management," in the 17th and 18th vols, of
the Royal Agricultural Society's Journal. Our lambs,
after leaving the ewes, are generally folded; our
bullocks kept in sheds. Locusts, molasses, and sugar,
being all soluble saccharine substances, promote early
fattening.

5. The Labourer's Food. — It is instructive to see bow a
natural instinct has caused the labourer in South
Britain to select the most economical as well as the
most nutritious food, well adapted to climatic require-
ments, viz., bread and cheese — much of the former,
little of the latter; at night for supper some hot
Potatos and a slice of fried fat pork, also some very
small beer provided by the farmer (one bushel of malt
to the hogshead). Said one of my labourers to me '
to-day, " There are 11 of us (baby included), and we \
consume in bread and puddings 5 pecks of flour
weekly, eijual to 20 4 lb. loaves, and we could eat more."
As the price of flour is 35. per peck, this makes a large
claim upon the man's average weekly wages of 14s. 6d.
per week, and leaves little for rent, clothing, firing,
cheese, butter, milk, and grocei'y. It is true his three
eldest children earn a trifle, for without this he could
not go on. How unfavourably a deficient harvest like
the last tells upon the agricultural labourer. There is
less corn to harvest, thresh, dress, carry out ; less straw
to cut up, and less manure to cart ; in fact, with
considerably dearer food, the demand for his labour is
diminished, and the farmer is no better olf than with
an abundant harvest aud a low price. But to return
to the food. We all agree that milk contains all the
elements necessary for the formation and support of
the human frame, aud that before dentition it is the
most suitable form of nourisliment. In the cheese we
have all, or nearly all, the elements of milk ; and so
we have in bread, though in a less condensed
form; so that we may safely rely upon bread and
cheese as strength-supporting food. As to
economy, we must also give for it a most favourable
verdict. The price per lb. of meat and cheese are
about equal ; not so their nutritive properties. 1 lb.
of cheese contains only 6 oz. of water ; 1 lb. of meat
about 12 02. of water. In Mr. Morton's admirable
" Cyclopoedia of Agriculture," vol. i., p. 1, page 410,
under the head " Cheese " ;— " It will be seen from the
foregoing analysis that cheese is an exceedingly nutri-
tious substance, standing considerably higher in this
respect than butcher's meat. Dividing the constituents
into the principal nutritive groups, cheese is composed
as follows : —

Flesh-forming substances 31.02

Heat-giving substances 25.30

Mineral matter .. * 4.90

Water 3S.78

100.00"
The instinct of growing children attracts them to
cheese, and it is a great mistake not to allow them to
indulge that instinct. My children have always had
free access to bread and cheese, and the result has been
a most ample and vigorous development and unob-
structed health. We may leave out of the question
" curry powder," for the labourer will find a sufficient
stimulant in a strong raw Onion: the needful salt he
gets in his cheese. Unfortunately, I fear that too many
labourers' children get a very short supply of cheese.
Seeing that cheese is so nutritious^ we may reasonably

expect that its exportation from the soil is a heavy tax
on its fertility. Cow farming requires good natural
soil, or very high farming, or we shall grow little corn
where cows are kent for cheese or m ilk.

(■>. Mai/ 2, 1866, and Man 2, 1867.— What a contrast !
This day last year, a heavy thunder and hail-storm,
the ground afterwards covered with snow. To-day,
a genial temperature, a lovely sunshine, the surface-
soil dr.v and crisp and warm; smoke ascending verti-
cally, light airs fluctuating from all points of the
compass. All this gives us hope of a better harvest
than last year, when we had severe frosts up to the end
of May. Spring crops plant admirably. Now is the
time to .judge whether the Wheat crops are "going to
Halstead Pair," which is on the 6th of May. It is
a saying in Essex, when the Wheats look pale and
bilious early in May, that they are going to Halstead
Pair, aud will never return. How truly plants testify
by their appearance to the condition of the subsoil in
w'hich their roots ramify ! On deeply and clean culti-
vated, drained, and well-manured land they have the
colour and bloom of the Cucumber. On the contrary,
without drainage, with foul and shallow cultivation,
and insufficient manure, the thin, narrow, pale, vertical
leaf, with its yellow tinge and slow growth, almost
reproaches man for his suicidal neglect. A paltry
saving of a few shillings per acre, in not eradicating
the weeds at the right time, permits them not only to
starve the Wheat plant, and thus greatly diminish the
crop, but also stocks the soil with innumerable
seeds of weeds for future and still more injurious
competition. When 2s. worth of labour will spud
out several hundred Docks in a day, who would not
readily pay it ? After all, it is in the subsoil, below
the ploughed land, where most of the mischief takes
place, for that subsoil is raw, unaerated, and uu-
manured. The roots of our Wheat crops have already
passed through the ploughed land, and as they descend
into the subsoil its unhealthy condition affects their
appearance and growth. A rank old Dock or
Thistle will plunge its roots deep into this sub-
soil, without suffering ; not so the corn plants.
Beans are the most hardy in this respect. Passing at
railway speed, we can detect readily those fields of corn
that are suffering from the causes I have named.
Experience has taught me that the removal of these
causes is a profitable operation, and that neglect or
want of means for such a purpose results in heavy
pecuniary loss. A high temperature of the soil pro-
motes the growth of plants. Drainage, deep and clean
cultivation, raise the temperature of the soil. I have
in my conservatory a striking instance of the advan-
tage of warmth to the roots of plants, and consequently
to their general development. An ordinary bricked
flue passes (below the surface) near the roots of some
Camellia and other trees, and raises the temperature of
the soil ; the result is a most vigorous development, and
very numerous and large flowers at least two months
before any are produced by those on the other side of
the conservatory. The temperature of the atmosphere
is alike for each ; but the temperature of the soil being
higher in one case than in the other causes the differ-
ence. It teaches us that we should by every means in
our power endeavour to increase the temperature
of the soil. Spring sown crops look remarkably
well, and so do Clovers— ou well-managed farms.
Many heavj'-land fields of Wheat have been destroyed
by slug, and are resown with Oats or Barley. I have
only lost about one acre in this way, including a part of
my peck an acre. May 14 : Since writing the fore-
goinz we have had very hot weather, succeeded by
thunder storms and much rain, and the drains dis-
charging abundantly. A strong cold north-easter is
now drying the land rapidly. Altogether the crops
present a most promising appearance on all well-farmed
land. [What about the contrast between May 2 and
May 20 oHMs year? Ed.]

7. A Salurday New Moon. — It is a common saying
hereabout that a Saturday new moon is always a wet
one, and that it comes in harvest time once in seven
years— which is once too soon. The new moon on
Saturday the 15th December was followed by a heavy
fall of snow in January, and now the Saturday new
moon of this month has been succeeded by heavy
rainfall and floods. Assuming that this tradition is
correct, we can shape our arrangements more in
accordance with it, for in 1SG5 much corn might have
been secured earlier and in good order had . the
tradition been attended to. J. J. Meehi, May, 1867.

Hosne Correspondence.

Qorse. — I see a wish expressed by you and your
correspondent " Hillside " for further information as to
my mode of growing and using Furze or C4or3e as food
for horses. I have merely followed the custom of this
county, where it is in general use, and where I first
saw it used. The poorest part of the farm is generally
chosen for the " Furze brake," and the seed is sown
broadcast, either with or without corn, like Clover.
As I have known it to tail in several instances when
sown with corn, I will state the plan I adopted for the
last piece of brake I sowed. I ploughed as for Lea
Oats, harrowed down in dry weather in March or
April, then sowed the seed broadcast at the rate of
10 or 12 quarts an acre, and covered with a chain
harrow and roller. Furze is fit to use, as you say, the
October twelvemonth after sowing, and every alternate
year after; but any cutat the beginning of one season may
be cut again at the end of the next. If an acre of Furze
is desired, half should be sown one year and half the
next. (I have never heard before of sowing the Furze
in rows, and cutting them alternately. I should think
it an excellent plan as far as the growth of the
plant is concerned, but is there not a difficulty in
cutting and carting so as not to injure the young
shoots of the rows which are to be left?) Grass
growing amongst the Furze is not considered a disad-

vantage by the farmers here, but the contrary. Some
prefer to sow Purze in the best part of the farm and
cut it every year. At this age it is very soft and succu-
lent, and I think should have a good proportion of hay
cut up with it. The best implement for cutting the
Purze is a scythe with a short strong blade made for
the purpose. Care must be taken to out it close to
the earth the first time, and then there will be no
difficulty in mowing it on future occasions. Our
mode of preparing it for the horses is simply to pass it
through a chaff-cutter, cutting it into half-incli lengths ;
the man feeding the machine wearing hedging gloves.
Horses that have not been accustomed to Purze will
not eat it at first, and I have found it a good plan in
such cases to cut up a little Furze with some hay,
increasing the former and decreasing the latter by
degrees. I write in haste, having only observed your
correspondent's letter this morning, but may perhaps
add a line next week. Wm. Hooper, IDritmkeen, co.
Cork, May 14. [We add to Mr. Hooper's letter the
following memoranda from the Irish Farmer^
Oazette : — " Furze should be sown, at the latest, some
time in May. Amongst Barley or Oats it does
remarkably well ; or, better still, it may be sown alone,
without a corn crop. It requires a very light covering ;
so that one stroke of a light bush harrow is all that is
required. The land should be tolerably clean, and
particularly free from Scutch Grass, as the latter injures
it considerably in the first year of its growth ; but
after the Furze takes full possession of the soil, it will
smother most weeds. It is in its prime from early in
November, or by the end of October, to April each
year, but will not be fit for cutting till the October or
November twelvemonth after sowing, and lasts good
for many years after. The Ilev. Mr. Towusend says :
' A statute acre of good Furze will feed five head of
cattle from 1st of November to 1st of May, giving
three feeds of one bushel (eight gallons) each by-day,
and two bushels at night, with one stone of Mangels
or Turnips at each feed for Milch cows ; the Turnips
or Mangels to be cut in a Gardner's Turnip-slicer. It
is beneficial to cut a portion — a fourth — of Grass in
the long cut of the Furze-cutter (the Furze being cut
with the short cut), and mix with the Furze. Horses
at work should get two feeds of steamed Swedes or
Carrots and 81b. of crushed Oats. Dry cattle or
young stock require no additional food.' 'A very
great improvement, which greatly facilitates the mas-
tication, is to put the Furze, when cut, into a vat, and
cover it with boiling water, and add to it 4 lb. of any
meal and 2 lb. of malt dust. Pigs feed on this food
and thrive well ; the vat to be kept covered for 12 or
more hours.' Some years ago it was thought advisable
to give a ration of Swedes or other roots to animals fed
with Furze, as the latter were thought to be too heat-
ing, if given alone. Such has been our own practice,
and we believe it to be good, and founded on practical
experience ; and we have no doubt that those who may
be induced to try the cultivation of a Furze meadow,
even on a small scale, not only on poor, dry land, but
on the deepest and best, will have no reason to repent
of their having done so, but, on the contrary, will be
more inclined to increase its area than to lessen or give
it up. Hay aud straw have been gradually getting
scarce aud dear for some years past, and those who
have had a good Furze meadow were enabled to save
and sell their hay to their own great advantage,
besides keeping their stock in a better condition than
they ever did before. This is in itself a great incentive
to Purze cultivation ; but there is yet another blessing
attending it, which is, that of giving employment in
mowing and preparing it at a time of the year when
manual labour is ditficult to provide, and keeping the
husbandman, to whom the farmer is so much indebted,
employed, and enabled to maintain himself and family,
instead of consigning him and them to the poorhouse
or to emigration. Mr. G. Bolster, Currabower, Mallow,
stated that in November, 1804, he then fed 40 cows
and 8 horses, giving the cows 24 Ijushels of the prepared
Furze, with 1 stone of pulped Turnips mixed through
them at night, and oaten straw in the morning. The
area of Furze cut was about 5i or 6 Irish acres, grown
on cutaway bog, not worth 6s. per acre, of two years'
growth. The cows were fed from 1st December till
25th March ; the horses a little longer. The number
of hands employed were — one man cut the Furze in
the meadow, brought to the mill in two cartloads, and
another man and boy cut the Furze and pulped the
Turnips in four hours. The machinery used was a
lOi. Richmond and Chandler's straw-cutter, to chafl'
the Furze, which was conveyed to a bark-mill by an
endless web, and thoroughly bruised— all worked by
.water-power."]

Sorghum tartarieum. — As a farmer I am as much
interested about this Sorghum as your other inquirer,
and I think Messrs. Carter's reply is not fair in a matter
of such importance as the introduction of a grain that
they lead us to believe has been grown in England,
reported to yield 60 bushels per acre, and said to be
four times more nourishing than bread from Wheat-
flour. I think Messrs. Carter, who are inducing the public
to purchase their half-crown pinches of the seeds, have
no right to withhold from us their authority for these
representations. I have bou,ght and sown some, but
none has come up yet, though put in at the same time
with Indian Corn, which is sprouting. Of this I am
very sure, no gentleman would condescend by such
means, and through such a medium, to make
public the introduction of a grain that would
prove so inestimable a boon to the country at large :
speaking in my own humble position, I should not
hesitate a moment about it, though as a farmer I might
endeavour to turn a penny honestly when so doing ;
and I now ask Messrs. Carter if they will tell us where-
abouts this Sorghum has been grown in England, and
who also has proved its yielding qualities in this
country, as well as its superiority over Wheat as a
staple of life. I think, Mr. Editor, you will not cm-

May 25, 1867.J

THE GACTMERS' CITKONICT-E AND AGinCTILTURAT, GAZETTE.

557

sider nie asking an impertinent question. A great
number of my frieml* are rery anxious about it

James Stringer, Liiim. Permit rae to give the result

of my experience of the above. From Messrs. Carter
& Co a packet containing 150 seeds was received in
' ' '0 for 30 stamps, 100 seeds of which I sowed in

Fah. About id plants

exchange

pots, in heat averaRing 70'

made tlioir nppearanoo m a very weak state, it evidently
being a difficult matter for them to vegetate at all (the
seeds having the appearance of damaged Rice, and as
if they were not ripe when gathered, and were artifi-
cially dried), and were now treated in every respect like
half hardy annuals,— being removed to a lower toin-
perature of 50° to G0°, again shifted to a cold frame
(being protected at night by covering to secure from
frost) and then the second week in April were
turned out in the kitchen garden ; and now they are all
dead through cold. Two plants were, however, potted
and placed in heat averaging 50° by night, and
they are growing fairly. The remaining 50 seeds
were sown in a drill, covering them the same
as for Onions ; these were sown April 4th, and
have not yet made any appearance. The plant is
certainly not so hardy or so rapid a grower as Zea Mays,
or Indian Corn, which has been under similar treat-
ment, not one of which has failed. The Sorghum has
the appearance of Wheat, and does not at present show
that, if hardy, it would bo at all likely to be useful as a
forage plant. Will Messrs. Carter kindly inform us
where the plant is a native of, the result of the present
breadth sown at their seed farm, also who fattened
pigs with it ? Was it Mr. Thorley ? or Mr. Hullett ?
What dairy has been overflowing with milk through
its use? Their doing so would oblige many.
J. B. B. M.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL OF ENGLAND.

The Annual General Meeting of this Society was
held on Wednesday last, at the Society's House,
Hanover Square, H. S. Thompson, Esq., President,
occupying the Chair. Being the Derby Day the
litteniiance was very limited, but it was e.xplained that
tlie 22d of May was the day fixed for the meeting by
tbp charter, and that it was impossible to alter it.

The President submitted the List of iMembers of
Council proposed for election and re-election to that
office, containing the following new names:— The Hon.
H. G. Liddell, M.P. ; and N. C. Stone, Esq. The
members present having signed and handed in the
voting papers, the scrutineers were appointed, and
after examining them, reported that the list, as proposed
by the Council, was unanimously adopted.

Lord Walsingham proceeded to move the election
of his Grace the Duke of Richmond, as President for
the ensuing year. All who knew the attention which
the late Duke of Richmond paid to agricultural
matters, and his interest in this Society, would be glad
(ci learn that the present Duke was following his
example, and had consented to accept this office.

The motion was seconded by Sir M. Lopes, M.P.,
and carried unanimously.

The Trustees and Vice - Presidents were then
re-elected.

The Secretary read the following Report :—

The Council have to reporb that since last December the
Society has lost by deaths and resignations 'l-iG Governors and
Members, while 5 Governors and 173 Members have during
the same period been enrolled on its list, which is now consti-
tuted .as follows : —77 Life Governors, 82 Annual Governors,
i:}SS Life Members, 3903 Annual Members, 15 Honorary
Members— making a total of 54(1.5.

The Council have elected the Right Hon. Lord Tredegar and
the Right Hon Lord Cheshani to be Trustees in the room of
the late Sir John Shelley, Bart., and the late Lord Feversham ;
the Right Hon. Earl Cathcart a Vice-President, in the room of
the late Marquis of Exeter, K.G. ; his Grace the Duke of
Devonshire, the Right Hon. Sir John TroUope, Bart., M.P. ;
^Ir. William Hassell, of Bubney, Whitchurch, Salop, and
Mr. James Webb, of Springhill, Fladbury, Persbore, Worcester-
shire, to be Members of Council in the room of Lord Tredegar
and Lord Chcsham elected Trustees, and of bir Edward
Kerrisou, Bart., and Earl Cathcart elected Vice-Presidents.

The Bury St. Edmund's Meeting, to be held in the week com-
uicncing Monday the 15th of July, postponed from 1866 in
consequence of the prev.alencc of the cattle plague, promises to
be unusually largo in the display of Implements. 'The entries
of Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Poultry, will remain open as
usual till the 1st of June, but the Privy Councilhaving decided
not to allow any Exhibitions of Store Stock to take place during
the ensuing summer, the Council have been compelled to
withdraw that portion of the Prize Sheet relating to Cattle.
The Society have therefore increased the amount offered in
Prizesfor Horses 300/., which, with 50/. added by the Local
Committee, makes the total amount for Horse Prizes 1565/.

The Council have decided, subject to the usual conditions, to
hold their Country Meeting next year at Leicester.

Lectures have been delivered before the Members by
Professor Simonds on Diseases in Sheep ; and by Professor
Voelcker on the Relative Value of different kinds of Purchased
Food, with especial reference to their Manurial Properties ;
and a discussion has taken place on the Reclamation of Land
from the Sea, and the Formation of Tidal and other Banks.

The improvement of the education of the agricultural
classes has been the subject of much consideration by
the Council, and they have voted 300/. for the
promotion of that object during the ensuing year,
subject to the following conditions: — The Candidates
for the Society's honours and prizes must be between
the ages of 18 and 25 years, and must produce satisfactory
certificates that they have received a good general edu-
cation. They must also satisfy examiners appointed by the
Council that they possess a competent knowledge of the
Science and Practice of Agriculture, of Book-keeping, and of one
or more of the following subjects : -1. Agricultural Chemistry.
■2. Mechanics in their application to Agriculture. 3. Sur-
veying ; Veterinary Science, Geology and Botany.

The Council invite special attention to the number of the
Journal lately is-sued. It will be in the recollection of the
members of the Society that soon after the decision was made
not to hold a Country Meeting last summer, the Council
resolved to vote the requisite funds for a special inquiry into
the results of Steam Cultivation in England and Wales.
The Committee appointed to conduct tliis inquiry have
lately reported that they have concluded their labours, and

that notwithstanding the very unfavourable character of the
summer and autumn of 1806. thoy are 3,atl»fied that the work
has been well and thoroughly done. They state that the
rcport.1 of tho Committees of Inspection occupy 3.^0 pages of
the Journal, and have boon prepared at a cost of 180/.
Indopondontly of this amount, which may properly be
classed among tho Journal expenses, tho whole cost of tho
inquiry has been 602/. Tho widonoss of tho area ovor
which this investigation h.-w extended, and the magnitude of
the interests involved, give to these reports an almost nation.al
character, and tho numerous lessons to be derived from their
careful perusal, both in tho way of encouragement and of
warning, will be fully appreciated not only by those engaged
in Stoam I'ullivatiou, but by that much more numerous body
wh" are anxiously endeavouring to satisfy themselves whether
or no they may .safely tako a part in this Latest and most
IHjwerful dovelopmont of the resources of British Agriculture.
By order of the Council, H. Hali, Dark, Secretary.

Sir H. Vavasour, Bart., moved, and ATr. J. C.
Morton seconded, the adojition of the Report.

Mr. J. D. Dent, M.P., begged to call the attention
of the meeting to the alarming outbreak of cattle
plague in the metropolis, to which he thought the
attention of the Government had not been sufficiently
directed. If they were asked what course they would
pursue, it might be the means of imposing some
restrictions on the importation of diseased foreign
cattle, but without wishing to criticise severely the
Privy Council Office, he thought there were marks of
doubt and indecision which might lead to great danger.
He hoped, lioiMner, that remonstrances would be
made in Parliament, and by the farmers generally,
against allowing foreign cattle to be brought, as at
present, into tho metropolitan market. He believed
the disease was raging in many parts of Europe, and
no adequate supervision was exercised to prevent its
being brought into London. He hoped the Bill which
the Duke of Marlborough had introduced, and which
had been read a second time in the House of Lords on
the preceding evening, would contain some very
Last year he scarcely thought

country generally under .severe restrictions, which
must seriously interfere with the ordinary traffic in
animals, tho l*rivy Council do not feel justified in
relaxing any of such restrictions in favour of a Society
whose object is to improve the breed of cattle by
collecting them for exhibition from all parts of Great
Britain ; an object which cannot be accomplished at
the present time without considerable risk."

Dr. Cbi.sp said that tho importance of preventing
the spread of the cattle disease was so great that he
would move as a resolution, "That in the opinion of
this meeting, during the existence of cattle plague in
this country, and for some timo after its disappearance,
all foreign cattle used for food should be slaughtered
at tho ports of landing, and all store cattle kept for
21 days in quarantine."

The Pbesident said that a resolution on tho
subject had been prepared by Sir Massey Lopes, a.s
follows :— " That the Council be requested to give their
s|)ecial and immediate attention to the Government
Bill on contagious diseases among cattle, and to
appoint a deputation to represent their views to the
Lords of tho Privy Council, as well as to impress upon
them the importance of enforcing the slaughter of all
foreign cattle at the ports of disembarkation during
the prevalence of cattle disease in the countries from
which they are brought."

Dr. Crisp said that although he preferred his own
resolution, as he could not trust the Government on
the subject, he would withdraw it in favour of that
now suggested. , , ^.^ t^

Sir Massey Lopes having moved, and Mr. Dent
having seconded, the above resolution, it was carried
unanimously.

The adoption of the Report of the Council was also
agreed to unanimously, and the proceedings terminated
with thanks to the Auditors and the President.

stringent restrictions, xiusu ^eai ue outnucij' uuwuf^uu - ^_ ,

they could insist upon the slaughter of foreign cattle Farmers ClUDS.

at the port of disembarkation, but he was now Morayshire : Steam Cultii'ation.—Al the last
inclined to think they should be compelled , quarterly meeting of this Club, Mr. Yool, Coulartbank,
to resort even to that measure. The Govern- 1 read the following paper on Steam Cultivation :—
ment should get more complete information a-s to i At the request of the Committee, I have now much
the existence of the disease abroad, so as to prohibit | pleasure in laying before you a few notes of my experi-
the export of cattle from any part of Europe where it ence in steam cultivation, as carried out on the farms I
existed, but until that were done it was essentia! to the occupy. I will not enter on any lengthened review of the
prosperity and health of our own stock that cattle comparative merits of the different systems of steam
should be slaughtered at the port where they are ciiltiv.atiounowinuse,seeingthatthereportoftheCom-
disembarked. The present outbreak was of a very ' mittee of the Royal Agricultural Society of England,
grave and serious character. One case had been traced soon to be published, will be much more full and
to some Austrian cattle, which had been placed in one \ explicit on that subject than any remarks I could offer,
of the lairs in the vicinity of the dairy in which it The system which I have in use, as many of you doubt-
occurred. ' less know, is that in which the engine and windlass are

Mr. Symes thought it was not desirable to impose stationary, being set down at the end or any other
such restrictive measures as might be equally injurious convenient part of the field, while the hauling rope is
with the cattle plague itself. It was essential however carried round the field on porters, the implement
to stop importation from infected districts. | (plough, cultivator, or harrows, as may be desired)

Sir Massey Lopes, M.P.^ concurred in the ' being worked backwards and forwards between two
advisability of slaughtering foreign cattle at the port of , moveable anchors. The reasons which induced ine to
entry. He thought the meeting should ask either the adopt this system were, its first cost being comparatively
Council or a Committee to meet the Government and moderate, and its general adaptability to fields of any
ask for the adoption of stringent measures. No cattle size, shape, or irregularity of surface. The double
should in his opinion be allowed to leave a foreign port engine system requires less rope, and where the fields
until we bad had no disease in England for one year. are square and large a greater amount of work can be

Lord Walsingham said that the Government Bill got over in a day than with the stationary engine

was referred to a Select Committee, and there would
therefore be an opportunity for the Society to inter-
fere, and it was most desirable that they should do so.
He inclined to Mr. Dent's opinion that fat cattle.

system. The double engine system also reqiiires less
time in removing from field to field, but I consider it is
more adapted for letting out for hire than for a farmer's
own use, unless his holding is exceptionally large.

intended for consumption, should be slaughtered at the Besides, the first cost is nearly three times that of

port of entry. the other. The cost of such a set of tackle as I use

Dr. Ckisp believed there would be no difficulty in with a ten-horse power portable engine, as supplied by

carrying such a measure out, as there had been none Messrs. Howard, Bedford, is 520/. This sum includes

in introducing other changes. He had always the cultivator, but not a plough or harrows. The price

advocated this course. He looked upon the present of a three furrow plough is 65/., and of steam harrows

outbreak as a very serious matter indeed, and thought 22/. 10«.

it scarcely possible that the disease could exist in The apparatus came to hand last October, and was
London without spreading into the country. He worked during the autumn and early winter. As might
hoped the Society would pass a resolution that foreign have been expected, there was, at first starting, a con-
animals should be slaughtered at the port of lauding siderable loss of time and many annoyances, owing to

for the next 12 months.

Sir Henry Vavasour thought that a treaty might be
entered into with advantage between England, Russia,
Belgium, Holland, and Prance, to prevent the importa-
tion of diseased foreign cattle.

Sir Walter Stirling regretted the smalluess of
the meeting, as it would have been very desirable to
discuss not only the important question of the cattle
disea.se, but also the proposal as to the establishment
of Chambers of Commerce, and the question of the
Malt-tax. He should also have been glad to see some
public tribute paid to the ability and exertions of the
President, and of the late Lord Feversham and Sir
John Shelley.

The President referred to the proposed special
meeting appointed for Wednesday next to discuss the
great question of steam cultivation, when from the
number of those interested therein, who had promised
to attend, there would doubtless be a very useful and
interesting discussion. With regard to the cattle
plague, the Duke of Marlborough had intimated to
him his wish that the Council of this Society should
appoint a deputation to the Government with reference
to the Bill now before Parliament. He had himself
been of opinion that an effectual system of quarantine
might be adopted. With regard to the prohibition of
the showing of cattle at the Society's next exhibition
at Bury St. Edmund's, the President read a letter
which he had addressed to the President of the
Council, and the official reply thereto, dated the
7th instant, to the effect " that if the Privy Council
were to allow exhibitions of Store Stock, like that of the
Royal Agricultural Society, to take place, the risk of
spreading the disease would be increased, without a
corresponding increase of advantage to the public;
and that, so long as the danger of the cattle plague
spreading is such as to render it necessary to place the

the want of knowledge on the part of the men employed,
not one of whom had ever seen or known anything of
steam cultivation before. From these causes, no just
or accurate idea of the cost of working would be got
from a detailed account of the first few weeks' experi-
ence, so that I propose, in the following remarks, to
confine myself to the period embraced between the
starting of the apparatus in February of this year and
this date.

The hands employed consist of five men and two
boys, with occasionally an additional boy with pony
and water cart, when the engine does not happen to
be set down near a ditch or other supply of water.
The wages paid are at the following rates :— Engine
driver, 2s. 8rf. per day ; three men at %s. id. each, one
at Is. 8rf., and two boys at 10/?. each— in all, 13s. per
day. When the boy with pony and water cart are
required, I have charged them at 4s. per day additional.
I may mention here that at first I had 800 yards of
rope on each drum of the windlass, but have now added
250 yards more, making 1050 yards on each, which is
sufficient to go round a field of 40 acres, the largest I
have. By this a considerable saving of time and labour
is effected, as, before, with the shorter rope, first
one half and then the other of a large field had to be
done, entailing an additional shifting of the tackle, and,
of course, considerable loss of time. I have also
adopted the patent snatch block slings. By their use
time is also economised, the anchor men being enabled
to shift their anchors without any help from the
ploughman, who has merely to change his seat from
the one end of the plough or cultivator to the other,
and away he goes again. c u <•

The first work this spring was ploughing a held ot
Grass for Potatos, and then cross cultivating it. ihe
field was 14 acres in extent, and consisted partly ot
hard gravelly soil, and partly of light sand, with ocoa-

ti

So8

THE GARDEiVERS' CHRONICLE A^'D AGHIGULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 25, 1867.

sional bars of day tllfough it. Most of it had a very
hard indm-ated Subsoil. It was ploughed 8 iii'ehes
deep in four days at Hn expenditure for wages of 534. ;
for coals, 2 tons 7 cwt. at 16s.— 37s. C<d. ; and is. for oil
— in all, 93s. 6d., or 6s. 8d. per acre. A good deal of
time was lost in ploughing this field, owing to the
number of large stones which the plough encountered,
and which broke several shares, besides a mouldboard,
The same field was immediately afterwards crossed
with the cultivator to a depth of from 10 to 11 inches,
and at a much quicker rate. Two days sufficed for this
latter operation, at an expenditure for wages of 26s. ;
for coals, 1 ton 3 cwt. at 16s., 18.v. 9d. ; and 2s. for oU—
in all, 46s. 9d. or 'is. 4d. per acre. This finished the
preparation of the field for Potatos, the next operation
being the drilling and planting. The engine in this
case was set close to a well in a drain, so that a water-
cart was not required.

The next field operated on was one of 37 acres,
intended for Turnips. The previous crop had been
Oats, and the field was rather dirty, and in one hollow
very wet. This hollow had been several times drained,
but after a very short time the drains always ceased to
run. Immediately it was steam cultivated the water
disappeared, as I suppose from the breaking of the
hard Moray coast, which underlies that part of the
field, and since then (25 March last) notwithstanding
the unusual amount of rain which has fallen, water has
not lain on it. The 37 acres were once cultivated from
8 to 9 inches deep in five days and two hours, including
time occupied in removing from the previous field, at
the following cost— Three hours of a man and pair of
horses removing windlass, running out ropes, &c., 3s. ;
wases (including boy pony, and water-cart, at 4s. a-day),
88s. Gd. ; four tons of coals, at 16s., 64s. ; and oil, 5s. M.
—in all, 161s., or 4s. 4d. per acre. A considerable part
of this field had to be done with only three tines to the
cultivator instead of five, as in the previous case. The
only breakage was of one of the cultivator tines, which
struck an earth-fast stone while the implement was
going at a considerable speed, and snapped right across.
The most of the field was of a light, sandy nature,
and partly, as I have already said, overlying what
is too well known in this county by the name of
Moray coast.

■ The next field operated on was one of 24 acres, con-
sisting in the middle of very fine, deep, alluvial loam,
and towards the sides of lighter and more gravelly soil.
It had been steam ploughed in the autumn to a depth
of 8 inches, and was, on the occasion now referred to,
cross cultivated with three tines to a depth of from
10 to 11 inches, in preparation for Turnips. When
steam ploughed in the autumn, a good many large
stones were turned up along a ridge whioli runs
through the field, and a number more were
turned up while cultivating it across. These
stones caused a good many breakages with the
plough, but none with the cultivator, the engine-
driver being instructed to slacken speed while passing
over the ridge, so as to avoid a sudden concussion.
The time occupied in cross cultivating this field, with
three tines, to the depth indicated, was three and
a half days, which included the time occupied in
removing from the previous field, about three-fourths
of a mile away. The cost was— three hours of a man
and pair of horses shifting, 3s. ; wages (including boy
and water-cart, at 4s. per day), 59*. 6rf. ; coals, 2J tons
at 16s., 40s. ; oil, 3s, 6rf. — in all, 103s., or 4s. 5d. per
acre. Being clean, this field lies in a fine state ready
for drilling.

The next field cultivated was one of 30 acres, also
intended for Turnips. It consisted of lightish soil,
which had been in grass the two previous years, and
was, during the end of last season, skim-ploughed with
horses for the purpose of turning do vn and rotting
the surface. A deep ditch runs through the corner of
this field, cutting off a triangular piece of about
6 acres. This caused some waste of time, which
always occurs with such sinall pieces. The larger and
the nearer square a field is, the more economically it
can be worked by steam. The time occupied in culti-
vating this field, to a depth of 9 inches, including the
time taken in shifting from the previous field, which
■was 2's miles distant, was five days. The cost for
wages, including boy and water cart, was 85s. ; for
coals, 2 tons 17J cwt. at 16s., 4Ss. ; oil, 5s. ; four hours
of a man and pair of horses shifting windlass, &c., 4s.
— in all, 140s., or 4s. Sd. per acre. Except a few spots
which contain couch Grass, this field requires no more
vrorking previous to opening the Turnip drills. One
large stone was encountered, but there were* no
breakages.

The next field cultivated consisted nlostiy Of strong
clay, and intended for Barley. The Turnips on this
field had been eaten off' by sheep, and the ground was
consequently very hard. Owing to the wet unfavour-
able nature of the season during the time the sheep
were on the field, a good deal more poaching aUd con-
sequent hardening of the land took place than would
have been the case had the season been more favourable,
Part of the field was ploughed and part left unplouglled,
as an experiment. The steam cultivator was sent
right across both the ploughed and unploughed, and the
(frill kept going immediately behind it. The field was
36 acres in extent, and was broken up in a masterly
manner to the depth of from 9 to 10 inches in four and a
lialf days. It lay contiguous to the previous field, and
consequently little time was required in shifting. The
outlay was : — For wages, 58s. dd. ; for coals, 4 tons 16 cwt.
at 1 6s., 76s. 9d. ; oil, -Is. 6d. ; and two and a half hours
of a man arid a pair of horses shifting, 2s. Orf. -in all,
142s. 3rf.., or very nearly 4s. per acre. The quantity of
coal used for this field was large, owing to the high
pressure of steam required to drive the implement at
the rapid pace at which it went through the indurated
clay. The cultivator oanie in contact with two large
stones, which it tore out dnd brought to tire surikce',
but, luckily, without any breakage'.

This comprises all the work that has been done this
spring up to this date. The apparatus is still at work,
and has a good deal to do for myself yet, as well as
some on hire, in preparation of laud- for Turnips.

In the previous remarks on the cost of the various
work done, I have not put anything down to the
expense of keeping the apparatus in repair, nor for
tear and wear, nor interest on capital. I could not, do
so without more extended experience. The heaviest
item of tear and wear will, I expect, be the wire rope,
which, if not kept off the ground, soon wears, and is
expensive. Altogether, I do not anticipate that the
wear and tear and expense of rejiairs will cost more, if
so much, as that of the horses and implements displaced.
I have not, in the previous remarks, made any com-
parison between the cost of horse and steam work.
Each of you can do so for yourself; at the same time I
may state that, from my experience, the same work
could not be done by horses at anything like the same
cost ; in fact, many of the operations could not be done
by horses at all. A steam drawn implement shatters
the land in a way that a horse drawn implement
cannot do. Of course, the great test of the value of
any operation in agriculture is the result in the
crops. This I cannot state, seeing that I have not yet
reaped a crop from land that had been steam cultivated ;
but, judging from analogy, I have no fear of the result.
Deep and efficient cultivation at the most favourable
season, more especially^ on strong land, is admittedly a
great means for securing a good crop, and I have no
hesitation in saying that steam gives us a power by
which such may be obtained, which horses cannot
equal. It is of great importance to work strong land
when dry ; but this is precisely the time when horses
cannot do it, heavy clay becoming so hard and blocky
after a tract of di"y weather in autumn, that horses
have not suSicient power to pull through it, and the
work must be delayed until some rain falls to soften
the land. The horses' weakness is the steam engine's
opportunity. It does not matter how hard and dry
the laud is for steam ; indeed, if there is one thing
more than another that should be attended to in steapi
cultivation, it is never to attempt to work unless the
l^nd is dry ; the tackle should be laid aside whenever
it becomes at all wet. If clay land is ploughed or
cultivated by steam when in a wet state, more power
will be expended in hauling the sinking implement and
dirty rope than if the land were ever so hard and dry.

I may mention that the engine I use is a traction
one of 10-horse power, which removes itself and all
the necessary apparatus, except the windlass, from
place to, place, thus saving a good deal of heavy horse
work. The engine, besides ploughing, is also, of course,
available for tTireshing. I use a portable threshing-
mill, which the engine takes back and forward between
the two farms as it is recuiired.

In conclusion, Mr. Yool stated that he had no
doubt his steam cultivation was a success ; but the
man who adopted it must lay his account for a large
amount of personal labour. It would not do to leave
the cultivator to ihe care of servants; the master
must be there. The machinery would never be got
into working order without a large amount of personal
labour to begin with. His cultivator would have stuck
altogether, if he had not been in attendance at the
working of it himself. When the implements were
left to the care of servants, they would not work them.
Their prejudices were against the innovation, and so
much in favour of their old ways that, unless a man
were determined, it could not succeed.

AoricuUnral Class Book. Longmans. 1867,

This is printed and published under the direction of
the Commissioners of National Education, Ireland, It
is one of the first fruits of Mr, Baldwin's directorate of
the agricultural department of the Board.

It is addressed to the wants of three classes of
readers.

" It is intended to be read as an Agricultural Class-
book in rural National Schools, and as an introductory
text-book by the agricultural boarders who are under-
going a regular course of agricultural training in the
large National Agricultural Schools of the country.
And it is also hoped the book will be read by the adult
farming classes.

" The author has aimed at explaining the principles
and describing the practice of modern agriculture in
plain and simple language, intelligible to these classes,

"The book is divided into four parts. In the first
part the nature of the soils and manures, or raw
material on which the farmer operates, is explained.
Then follows a description of the principal implements
and machines used in agriculture. The crops i;ai3ed on
the soil, and the mode of cultivating them are described
in part three, A description of the breeds of live stock
fed on these crops, and themodB of rearing and feeding
them, are given in the fourth part,

" In the first part, several terms are used, of which
the reader, who has had no previous knowledge of the
subject, requires an explanation. These terms, and
some others, are explained in a glossary at the end of
the work,

"It is hoped the book will be the means of
disseminating coiTCct views of agriculture amOng the
tenant farmers of Ireland, and materially aid in correct-
ing those defective practices which have hitherto been
a source of reproach and loss to the Irish people."

We quote this from the preface, which is a fair
description of the contents of the work. It is a small
octavo of 340 pages, as closely packed as possible with
useful information on soil, manure, and implement,
and crop, and animal — and there is a long list of illus-
trations of tools, and plants, and breeds of cattle, sheep,
and pigs. The drawihgs of the Grasses are vei-y good—
those of live Stock are lesS satisfactory— the fanh iniple-

ments are well drawn— the whole is a very excellent
class book, well adapted for all the three purposes to
which its preface points.

We' have to lament the recent death of Dr, Eii-k-^
Patrick, the late director of the Irish Agriculfcurit
School's ; the Work just issued shows that his office is
filled with admirab'te efficiency by his successor.

The arable land is

1016 Tondei'-Iand,
270 „

529

280 „

Farm MemoraBda.

JiisT^a is one of the most fertile of the DauisB:
isles, and contains probably the best managed and most
productive estate in the whole kingdom, Mr. TesdOrpfj
the proprietor, is well known as an advanced farmer of
the advanced school, practically acquainted with all the
details of modern husbandry, ready from his knowledge
to appreciate all real improvements, and able and will-
ing to carry them out on his farms as soon as he_ is
satisfied that they are sound and suitable. His farming
is upon a very extensive scale, having in his own hands
and under his own direct management, no less tha^
2386 Tonder-land = 3352 acres, in tillage cultivation,
with 260 Tonder-land = 338 acres, in permanent
pasture, and 910 Tonder-land =^ 1231 acres, in wood-
lands, chiefly Oak and Beech,
divided amongst five farms ;—
Ouriipgaard, which contains
Kringelborg ,,

Gjedsergaard ,,

Frisenfeld ,,

Bottogaard ,,

The soils are chiefly strong alluvial loams, containing 2c
good percentage of organic mvatter, with generally a
strong marly substratum. The land lies pretty levelj
the maximum elevation of the surface not exceeding
50 feet above the sea level. This, however, gives ah
inclination quite suflicieut for all the purposes of
drainage, which has been carried out gradually all over
the estate.

Mr, Tesdorpf, like Mr, Valentin, believes in the
importance and value of strictly-kept " farm accounts,"
and can turn to his " ledger" and give the dtebtor and
creditor statement in produce as well as in cash rfeturhs,
of every department of his farming since he came into-
possession of the property. From these soureeS Mr.
Tesdorpf was able to reply to every inquiry in the
fullest and most satisfactoi-y manner, attaching the
stamp of exactitude to his information, which the mere
opinions even of the most scrupulous and honest could
not give. The land has all been thorough drained. The
cost of draining averaged 40 rigs-dalels per Tonder-land
or about U. 7s, per acre. The drains were laid with
pipes at a general depth of 4 feet,* and' at 48 feet
distances apart. The Kringelborg fatm, which is or a'
more argillaceous character than the others, was
drained 5 feet deep, with 30 feet intervals.

The estate is farmed on a seven years' rotation :—

1st year, Bare fallow— two-thii-ds \vinter, one-third summer,

2d year, V/heat,

3d year, Barley or Oats,

4th year. Beans, one-fourth : Peas, one-half ; Turnips, one-
fourth,

5th year, Oats or Barley,

6th year, Seeds, mown and grazed.

Vth year, do. do.

This rotation has been found to succeed very well,
and it allows a long interval to elapse between the
recurrence of the same crop on the same land — a
principle that never should be forgotten— a policy that
cannot be questioned. The large area of permanent
pasturewhich has been drained and improved, furnishes,
with the seeds of the regular rotations, ample keep for
the large stock of cattle and sheep kept on the estate.

The use of artificial manures was only introduced on
the farms a few years ago, now they are applied
liberally, in conjunction with the farmyard dung, to all
the crops. The following are about the proportions in
which manure is applied to the different crops. For
winter corn— Wheat and Rye— 14 loads of farmyard
manure with 4 cwt, of superphosphate, and 1 cwt, of
Peruvian guano per Tonder-land, For the Barley crOp,
3 cwt, of superphosphate, \ cwt. each of nitrate of soda
and Peruvian guano. For Oats, 4 to 5 cwt. super-
phosphate and 1 cwt, of Peruvian guano. For Beans,
5 cwt, of superphosphate and 2 cwt, of Peruvian guapo.
For roots, 4^ cwt. supei-phosphate and 2 cwt, Peruvian
guano. For 'Beans and Peas, 12 loads of farmyard dwg.

The superphosphate is aU made on the farm. The
average annual consumption of bones is betweem
350;000 and 400,009 lb, weight ; th«se are steamed and
ground, and then treated with sulphuric acid (sp, gr,
1,52) at the rate of 35 lb, to each 100 lb. of hones. The
cost of the manure applied averages about ISJ rigs-
dalers per Tonder-land under tillage crop.

The effects of thorough drainage and of a judicious
and liberal application of manure on the pi'od'uce of the
land, maybe seen in the following returns, summarised
from the. detailed annual statement.

Aver.age

corn
produce
1850 to 'o4

Un-
drained.

" TGndor.
Sim
1624'
2?80
104S

Average
produce

for
IS.IS to 'off.

Average

produce

for

1860, to '84.

After & artificial
dr.aining manure.

Tender.
V324
2293
37,48
1965

1365.
Estimated
producet

Tonder.

6931

172g

2833

1416

Tonddt.
8233
2M
4268
3070

1. Ouriipgaard .

2. Kringelborg .

3. Gjedscrga.ird .

4. Frisenfeld

The "Wheat and B'arley are all sold; the Itye is only
grown for home use as a bread corn ; Beans^ Peas, and
Oats are all consumed on the farm. The principal
object of the management is dairy farming, and two of
the best farms are devoted to that ohject.^the soils and
arrangement of the others not being- so suitable.

Five labourers are kept, on the average, for each

100 Tander-land, besides a certain force of women and

* The Tiarii^ foot is equal t^ 1.0298 feet Englis"h.

May 25, 1867.] ^

wTHit liinchtllimraJaitioiial to^Tre'employetl.
The ncoess ty for such help has of Into years heen con-
siderably Ic^eficd by the use of reaping and mowms
and haj™akiuK imchines. Two pairs of horses are
kept for each inO Tiinder- and for th'].''J-<li""y. ^^^''..^^
the farm If the farm lies at a distance from the
markets"or shipping port an additional horse or two
may be required for road work. The labourers are
Generally h red by the year or half-year. The single
men live altogether on the farm ; the married either
live in cottages at the homestead or in the neighbouring
villages. The present rate of wages for single men
ranges from 60 to 70 rigs-dalers per annum (5/. 10«. to
81 ) The married men living off the farm have about a
half rigs-daler (13Jrf.) per day. In harvest time they
earn about double this sum. In all the host districts
the rate of wages is gradually being raised, io most oi
the cottages a portion of land is attached, generally two
to three Tiinder -land. Those married men working
regularly on the farm who have no land with t lOir
dwellings have the privilege of obtaining a certain
quantity of corn, butter, and milk of their employer at
reduced rates— in addition to which thoy receive hre-
■wood, medical attendance for their family, and school-
ing for their children, all free, besides that general
consideration and those many little kindnesses which
are rarely omitted when the relations between the
master and his servants are properly understood by
both. , ,,

In Denmark the ordinary labourers cottages are
good, comfortable, and very cheap ; the rent, with about
half an acre of garden ground attached, being only from
eight to ten rigs-dalers per annum. The men are free
to work for whom they please, but, as a rule, they work
on the nearest farm. There are altogether on this
estate 114 cottages, with about three Tonder-land
attached, and about 100 other cottages, with garden
ground, but no arable land. The rest of the property
consists of small farms, averaging 60 Tdnder-land each
(Bdndergaard), which are let on the usual tenures.

The live stock on the several farms consists of
10 bulls, 36S dairy cows, 10.3 head of young stock,.
90 head of feeding beasts, 2353 sheep, and 310 head of
swine of various ages, besides the horses already enume-
rated. The cows are all kept for milking purposes, and
are all of the Angel breed. The sheep are coarse-bred
Merinos ; about 600 of them are breeding ewes, and
about the same number of wethers, &c., ready for the
butcher, are sent to market each year.

The wool produce of the flock averages 4 to 4! lb. all
round. The fat sheep and cattle are generally sent to
Leith, where they have averaged lately about 3os. per
head for sheep (out of the wool), and 20?. per head for
cattle. The pigs are sent to Hamburgh, where 235 were
soldfat during the last 12 months, at an average price
of .32 rig.s-dalers (3Z. 12.S.) per head.

The entire herd of dairy cows are of the Angel breed.
Mr. Tesdorpf considers that this breed gives a larger
yield of milk in proportion to its size and weight, than
any other breed. By .judicious selection in breeding,
and care and good feeding from the birth, his stock has
acquired proportions and points far superior to what
are usually to be met with in its native districts, and
he is sanguine that in the course of a few years he will
have secured a herd with milking qualities of a very
superior description. The milk produce of each cow is
noted daily, and the best milkers are put to the best
bulls, and each year fresh heifer blood is bought in from
the choicest stocks in Slesvig, and a fresh bull obtained
from a well-known herd in Zealand. The cows are kept
for half the year in the byres, and the other half in the
fields, where they are tethered in the usual way until
September, and then allowed to go loose. The strong
feeding they receive in the byres during the winter,
aided probably by the want of proper exercise, causes a
rather large percentage to miss being in calf. The loss,
too, by milk fever after calving is rather high, being
about two per cent.

The general management of the dairy is on the most
improved system; any improvements that are made,
either in the manipulation of the materials or in the
utensils used, are from time to time introduced.
Besides the large staff of dairymaids and assistants,
there is a small three horse-power steam engine to do
all the heavy work connected with the dairy. It grinds
corn, &c., for the cows, works the churns, and supplies
steam for the preparation of the milk for cheese, and
for cooking the food as well as warming the chambers
of the persons employed in the dairy. The whey from
the cheese vats is carried by means of a pipe direct
from the dairy to the piggeries. Professor Wilson's
Official Report.

THE GAEDENEES' nnBON](ll,K AND T^GI^ICULTIIT^AI. HAZETTE.

859

Calendar of Operations.

June : Turnip Culture. — We repeat here the
memoranda on Turnip culture which have previously
been published in the Agricultural Gazelle Swedish
Turnips should be got in during the early part of the
month of May in Scotland, and in South England
during the latter part of it, and in June. The land,
after the cultivation already received, may be reduced
to a sufficient tdth, and will probably be sufficiently
cleaned by once using the cultivator or scarifier, which
is to be followed by the harrows, and then by women
to gather weeds, pick stones, &c. The land is then to
be ridged up in drills, about 26 inches wide ; the dung-
cart passes up every third furrow, the man behind it
pulhng out the manure as the horse proceeds, so as
that the load shall be emptied in a length of from
about 50 to 100 yards, according as the quantity to be
applied is from 10 to 20 1 lads per acre. The Blhng of
the manure may be let at frf. per cubic yard. The
manure thus delivered is divided by a man who follows
amongst the three drills to wdiich it belongs, and the
share of each is spread evenly by three women or boys
following the man. If no guano, or especially super-
phosphate of lime, has been mi.\ed with the dung in

the heap, now is the time to apply it broadsast over
the field, so that on the splitting of the drill it may bo
covered with the manure, and at the same time
mingled with the earth which is to act as sec^d jjed
In some cases bones and artificial manures are a I tliat
the Turnip crop receives; in this case tne driUs may
bo opened as before, the manure sown by hand along
the furrows, and mingled with the soil by a horse-hoo
following the sower. In either case it will bo under-
stood that in order to avoid the loss of moisture, &c,
both from the soil and the manure, the ploughs which
are at work in the field, after opening up about
13 drills, on which the dung-cart or manure-sower is
at work, keep working round and round the parties
thus engaged, opening furrows on the ono side lor
receiving the manure, and closing them on the other
side, thus covering their contents. The sowing
machine is immediately to follow all, sowing 2 or 31b.
per acre. The only safe remedies for fly are a good
and rich cultivation and abundant seeding, which all
tend to force the young plant rapidly through the
season of its danger. It is well to have 12 or 11 drills
ready for the sowing machine on the evening before
you commence sowing, that there be no loss of tune in
the morning. A piece of common Turnips may be
sovm this month, as an early root crop for consumption
in September. Land that has been broken out of old
pasture, which received its first shallow ploughing in
April should be cross-ploughed now, and may be again
■worked with grubber, harrows, and roller, until in
suffioientlv fine tilth for Turnips. It is advisable to
plough shallow at the first furrow, and cross-plough
deeji afterwards, both because the operation of reducing
to tilth is better done thus piecemeal, a few inches at a
time, and because the ashes which were spread on the
surface are thus not buried too deep in the land
Crosskill's clod-crusher will be found useful this and
ne.-it month.

Cabbaiies may now be transplanted in the helds, the
land having been prepared, as for any other green crop,
by deep and clean cultivation, and plentiful manuring.
The large Drumhead Cabbage seldom requires a less
space than 27 by 24 inches ; on very rich land the
distance between the rows may be 3 feet.

Flax is to be carefully hand-weeded by women and
children, who go on the land on their knees, facing the
wind, that the bent plants may be blown upright.

Buckwheat— One bushel of seed per acre should be
sown in rows 12 inches apart, in the middle of this
month, on any light soil ploughed early in spring, and
now cleaned and reduced to a tilth by the action ot
scarifier and harrows. ,, , , j

GsAss Lands may be fully stocked. Meadow lands
must all be " laid in."

Live Stock.— jKesK/*.— As the hot season
approaches, animals become more subject to diseases of
the digestive organs, and epidemic diseases become
greatly modified ; for instance, in horses, ivjlucnza,
when it occurs, is characterised by great derangements
of the liver, and the mucous membrane of the bowels.
Colic, particularly the flatulent kind, is also very
common with horses, from the green food with which
they are usually supplied, and which might to a great
extent be prevented by greater moderation with this
article of diet. lujlammation of the bowels is also
more prevalent ; and also inflammation and congestion
of the'lungs from over exertion. Lamenesses, from the
hardness and dryness of the roads, are frequent.

In animals more in a state of nature, such as horned
cattle and sheep, summer is the healthiest period. In
both classes, however, Somn, or blasting, is common,
from the Clovers and Grasses which are partaken.
The Flv also proves exceedingly troublesome.

Sheep— The practice of night folding on fallows,
eomnion along the edge of the Chalk Downs, begins
this month. The ewes on good pastures will now be
doing well. Their lambs will require constant atten-
tion; and change of pasture and food will be necessary.
Fattening and ordinary grazing sheep will require
extra care, as the transition from Turnips to Grass
frequently causes purging, which may be partially
stopped by bleeding; if, however, it prove obstinate,
some astringent must be given, as Catechu, chali,
laudanum. Wheat-meal, &c. Their feet should be
examined, and all loose portions of skin and hoof
removed, in order to prevent foot-halt.

Bairu J'aj-iH.— Cheese-making is become general,
even in" the smallest dairies. Care must be taken that,
in turning out the cows to Grass, which is done about
the lOfch of May, tbey be not chilled by sudden
changes of weather, as' this will immediately lessen
their produce of milk. Pigs must be bought to consume
the whey and buttermilk. By the end of this month
the earliest calves are turned to Grass, which is done
with great care. There are placed in a field near the
homestead, where milk and water, or sweet whey, is
given them once a-day. It is well to wean them
from milk by diluting it with water. At ten weeks
old they will need nothing but Grass. The older cows
are allowed access to the bull this month. In cheese-
making the night's milk is used to cool the morning's
new milk. The rennet should be added at a tempe-
rature of about 80' Fah., and when the curd has
formed, a portion of whey may be heated, so that when
returned it may raise the whole to 90' Fah., when the
curd will be rich, firm, and well formed. The whey
should be run into shallow vats, and the cream
collected and churned ; the quantity of whey butter
should never exceed half a pound per week for each cow.

Notices to Correspondents.

Poultry : E R R. In an instance known to u.s 1.3 liens and a
Ciick (no young birds raised) consumed •2i. 8.«. .1(/. worth of
Barley, Wheat, and graves in 11 months. In another,
4(. -». 6<Z. worth of Wheat, Barley, Oats, and Groats were
consumed in the year by 10 hens, one cock, four dncks, and
one drake ; as many as 104 chiekens and ducklings bemg
raised, to the average value of Is. 6(i. apiece. In the latter
case there was a good run, in the former very little.

J.

B. BROWN AND CO.'S NEW TATRNT BB LAWN
rovolutton, bo t'l spoiik. In Lawn Mowors, bo tor
L!i'.4. All SI/.U8 now in Block.

(loan it uxcijl nil uLli

rpilK Bli LAVVN MUWKll.— Hcforo imrchasini? uny
i: other, Hco the B D JIACUINB, and you will be Biue to hiwo

riTHE BB LAWN MOWER.— In ilo^i}?n, qimlity of

-L rn.itorial, workmanBliip and Qntsb, very far oxcola ovory obhftr

rpHE BB LAWN MOWER.— Beware of uufounilod

X. and unprinciplod statomontB In somo Lawn Mower iidvortlBc-
inonts. . . ...

rtTHE BB LAWl^ MOWER liavinf: moro unbreakaWu

J- piivtH than nnv other Mower. \n fur nioro durable. The
It 11 IIORSK and PONY MACHINES deliver the OruHs without
stopping tlio Mnchlne; and ovury B li MACIIINK Cuts the Grass

Wot or Ury on Lawns, uneven or otborwiaB. ^

IHE B B LAWN MOW KR.— "The work done is of

the llr.st ortloi", leavii'O Hie Lawn like a piece of wlvef."— Mr,

Inobam, The Ruyat Garduns, WIndBor Cafltle. __^

rpirOTE^U^rTTEWT ^^ LAWN MOW E R.—

X Tatented in Kngland, Franca, and Belgium. All Sizes now

Patontoos nnd Solo Manufacturers: i. B. Brown i Co., 148, Upper

Thames Street, London, EC. ^^_^__

rpi

AWN MOWERS, SCYTHES, KOLLEKS', (JAR1>EN
SKATS. Ac— SHAW'S TIFKANY, from 1&. per pi9C0.
The Garden Ilopository, 32. James Street, Covout Garden,
London, W.C. Price Lihts on application.

/^REKN'^S" "I M PRO VEL» NJJJW i'ATENT

VT GARDEN ROLLEU.

The above Rollers posaesa manv advantages over all others. They
are made in two parts, and are free to revolve on the axis, affori^ng
ereater PLcUitida for turning, and tliP outer edges arc rounded off or
turned inwards, thus avoiUmg the unslgl^tly marks I'jft by other

Diameter, 30 Inches : Lengtli 32 incbea, £7 10 0

24 „ „ 20 „ 4 10 0

20 . „ 22 „ 3 10 0

I IG ,! „ ir „ 2 16 0

Prices for Kollers fitted vrith Shaits suitable for Pony or Horso

Power, free on application.

Delivered carnage paid to ad the principal Railway Stations and
Shipping Ports in lin^land.

TuoMAS Urekn & Son, Smithfleld Iron Works, Leeds j 64 and 55,
Blackfriars Road, London, S. ; and 19, Eden Quay, Dublin.

N.B. All Orders executed on the day they are received.

PRIZE MEDALS AWARDED to GREEN'S PATENT
LAWN MOWERS.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 18G2.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, DUBLIN, 1SC5.
The above Lnwn Mowers bavo provdd to be the best, and bavo
carried oil" every Prize that ha^ been given in all cases of Com-
petition,

Sold by all respectable Ironmongers, Seedsraen, &c., in the
Kin"doni. Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

AGRICTJLTXJRAL and
1

HORTICULTCRAL

IMPLEMENTS and MACHINES of every description.

IMPROVED IRON STABLE FITTINGS.

HURDLES and CONTINUOUS IRON and WIRE FENCING.

Palisading Entrance and Field Gates. Plain and Galvanised

Wire Netting.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS and GARDEN ROLLERS.

Garden Ensines, Syringes, Water Barrows, Ornamental Garden

Scats, Chairs, Tables, Iron P'ountains, Vases, &c.

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS, in gi-Ciit variety.

Washing, Wringing, and Mangling Machines.

IMPROVED SAUSAGE MACHINES and FILLEPS.

Separate Illustrated Price Lists froe on application.

TnosiAS Green & Son, Smithfleld Iron Works. Leeds.

Show Rooms opposite the Smithfleld Cattle Market, North Street,

Leeds ; 54 and 65, Blackfriars Road, London, S. ; and 10, iCdeu

yuay. Dublin.

LAWN MOWERS.— BARNARD'S
Prices.
S inob . . . . £2 10 0 each ■ 10 inch . .
10 inch .. ..350,, is inch ..

12 inch .. .. 4 10 0 „ 20 inch ..

14 inch .. .. 5 0 0 „ I 22 inch ..
Delivered free to any station in England on receipt of Post Office
Order. , , ^

Also Lawn Mowers of other kind3, viz.. Green s, Shanks , Samuel-
sonV-, Ransorae's, Ac, supplied at makers' prices.

•J. Jones & Sons, 0, B.inkside, Soutliwark. London, S.E.

i^ A XL NT.

. . £G 0 0 each

. . G 10 0 „

.. V 0 0 „

7 10 '

G

ARDEN KOLLEES.— IMPEOVED MAKE.

Prices.

16 inch .. ..«13 0 each p slinoh.. ..£.■> 0 Oeach

18 inch . . ..1170,, 26 inch . . . . 3 10 0 „

20 inch . . ..230,, 28 inch . . . . 4 0 0 „

22 inch .. .. 2 10 0 „ I 30 inch .. .. 5 10 0 „

Delivered free to any station in England on receipt of Post Office

Order.

J. Jones & Sows, 6, Bankside, Soutbwark. London, S.E.

■IOTTAM'S i-ATJiW'l' POKTABLJi UMTEU
COW riITIX&\

Their advantaRes are— Portability, not JLlturcs, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermm, Hav Hack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Place of Fittings per Cow fos.
Prospectuses free of Cottjm i Co., Iron %'orks, 2, Wmsley Street
__.'!_ .L. ii-_.i > r\,F^^A cjiroflf London, w.. Where the

Iron worts, '.
(opposite the "Pantheon), Oxford Street, London -
above are exhibited, together with several Important Improvsmenta
In Stable rittlngejust secured by Patent.

S60

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND ACtRICULTURAI. GAZETTE

[Mat 25, 1867.

IRON HUKDLES (Silver Medal of the Koyal
Agricultural Society).
SHEEP, St. id. : CATTLE, 4s. 2d. ; OX, Sn. lid.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St. Fancraa iron Work CompaDy, Old St. ^ncras Road, London, N. W.

c

AST IRON VASES. FLUTED PATTERN.
Size. Price. With Pedestal.

High. Diam. Each.

20 by 16 £10 0 £1 10

30 by 25 I 1 13 0 ' 2 10

Delivered tree to any Station in England on receipt of Post Office
Order.

J. JoHEB & Sons, 6, Bankslde, Southwark, London, S.E.

/■^AST-IRON
^ Si.e.

VASES. TAZ
Price.

ZA PATTERN.

With Pedestal.

High. Diam.
14 hy 22
22 by 30
25 by 42

Delivered
J. Jokes & Sons,

Each.
£16 0

2 5 0

3 15 0

free to any Station in
6, Bankside, Southwa

£1 15 0

3 3 0

4 16 0
EuRland.

rk, London, S.E.

GARDEN SEATS, TABLES, CHAIRS, HTDRO-
PULTS, GARDEN ENGINES, LAWN MOWERS, GARDEN
ROLLERS, WIRE NETTING, HURDLES, STRAINED and
CONTINDOnS FENCING supplied by

J. Jones & Sows, 6, Bankside, Southwark, London, S.E.

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANUFACTURED BY

HENEY DOULTON & CO.,

No. 1.

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDOjST, S.

No. 2.

No. 4.

This Edging is Manufactured in Vitrified Stonewai-e and in Terra Cotta, and is warranted imperishable.
DRAIN PIPES, TERRA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON and CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

JOHN WAENEE & SONS,

BRASS AND BELL FOUNDERS

TO HER MAJESTY.

No. 39.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.

J. W. ASD SONS' GOODS MAY BE OBTAINED OF THE TRADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES :—

WAENEES' CRYSTAL PALACE FIKE ENGINE, OK PORTABLE FORCE PUMP.

With, this compact, portable,
and generally useful Engine, one
man will throw from 15 to 18
gallons of water per minute to a
height of 50 feet. All its working
parts are of Brass, the Ban-cw of
"Wrought Iron ; easy access to the
valves is gained, and the work-
manship throughout is sub-
stantial. Not only wiLl it be
found most useful in cases of
Eire, wherever a supply of water
can be obtained, but also for
"Watering Lawns or Fruit Trees.

Price on Barrow, with. Branch Pipe, Spreader, Unions, and Suction Rose

IJ-in. 2-ply Rubber Suction Pipe, per foot, 2s. 2d. 14-in. ditto Delivery Hose,

WARNERS' GARDEN ENGINES,

WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.
These Engines are much improved in construction, are less likely to
get out of order, and more easily repaired than others.

Crtstal Palace, Stdekhah,

March 2. 1867.

Messrs. "Wakj^er & Sons,
" Gentlemen, — I feel great
pleasure in stating that I was
present at a trial of your small
Crystal Palace Fire Engine, and
was much pleased with its
efficiency and simplicity.

*' The Pump throws out a
steady jet of water to a height of
50 feet with very little labour.
The Pump we have is well made,
very simple in its parts, and not
likely, I think, to get out of order.
The advantage of this Pump is its
being very portable. Besides
being a good Fire Engine, it will
make an excellent Garden Engine,
" I remain. Gentlemen,
" Yours obediently,
" Edwin Rose,

" Engineer to the Crystal Palace Co."

... £6.
Is. 4d.

No. 547. Best ENGINES, in Wood Tubs.
24 Gallons . . £6 10 0 I 14 Gallons

£5 10 0

No. 547a. Strong ENGINES, in Galvanized Iron Tubs, well

painted inside and out.

10 Gallons .. £2 19 0 1 24 Gallons .. £4 19 0

16 Gallons . . 3 14 0 | 28 Gallons . . 5 10 0

579|. ■WARNERS' WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time in Watering with the Water Pot.
Made of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out.

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 13 inches high
„ 30 „ „ 20

„ 38 ,, ,, 24 „

50* „ „ 24 „

£2 2 0

2 13 0

3 17 0
S 12 0

4 m \\ i ^4"^ xn Iron Tub

* This is an extra strong article, with cross handle lor two men, suitable for
Nursery Grounds, &c.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &,c.

I^" Estimates for any description of Hydraulic Machinery forwarded on application.

No. 579i.

Mat 25, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CIIRONrCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

661

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mb. gray begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &o., to his

NEW OVAL TtJBULAB BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with
one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from Report in Gardenehs' Chronicle of Internatmml Exhibition, May 24, 1862, page 476.

"Tb8 upright fomi of Ilollor is usually mBdo on a circular plan,
but the oval form Kivon to Mr, Gbav's Tarlety of it 1h said to bo
oreferable in consequoiice of Its bringing the tubes In closer contact
with tho Are. The usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram

rather than a square, it seems feasible that tho Hollers on the oval
plan should bring the tubes more completely within range of the
burning fiiel ; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,
is no doubt au improvement.'

1^^ Jluy are made of all sites, which, with prices, may be had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DAN VERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON'S RICK CLOTHS.

RICK CLOTHS, New and Second-hand, with
Poles, &c., complete.

MARQUEES and TENTS, for Croquet, Cricket,
and Archery.

TEMPORARY ROOMS on HIRE for Balls,
Dinners, Parties, &c.

^>

An Illustrated Catalogue post free on application. ^ — 'a^t*jJ^9^

Be particular to Address, BENJAMIN EDGINGTON (in full),

(Tent and Rick Cloth Maker by special appointment to the Queen and Prince of Wales,)

2, DUKE STREET, foot of LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

No other Establishment.

FA. HAAGE'S (Jun.) WOOD TRAINING STICKS
.and TALLIBS, commended by tiio lloyal Horlloultural
Society, tho neatest, cheapest, and beit niade,can now be had of ail
sizes. Wholesale, of BcrnAM fit Hlackitii Cux'a unay. Lower Thammi
Street. London E.C. ; and Retail of tho principal Soedsmou and
Florists. Price Lists on application.

WS. BOULTON'S .Ifi-pallon SWING WATER
BAUItOW. Price 4r,s.
Carriago paid tu uny Station In Kni<lftinJ.

The above is very cheap and Invaluable for carrying Liquids of all
kinds. No Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard Hhould be with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Carriage at a small
additional cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travel
long distances over rough ground a Pony cm be attached. The
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowing, out of many Testimonials, have been received i —

From Lord Otho Fitzoerald, West Park, Salisbury.

"Sir,— You are welcome to make uae of my letter recommending
yoar Water Barrow, I And It of great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and more serviceable than one I had made in the neigh-
bourhood, the carnage alone of which, without tho barrel, cost me
jEii His. I unfortunately ordered it before I saw your advertisement.
— I am, yours obediently, " U. Fitzoerald."

"To Mr. W. S. BoL-LTO».'

From Thos. Ingle, Esq., M.D., Emsiriorth, Hants, June 24, 1868.

" Sir,— The Swing Water Barrow is in every respect a most admir-
able improvement on all I have hitherto used in my Gardens. All
Cartios who have seen it. Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
estowea upon it their unqualified approval, and several said *,bey
would order them of you.— Yours truly, " Thos. Inole, M.D."

" To Mr. W. S. BouLTON."

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich,

EANSOMES & SIMS'

NEW LAWN MOWER. THE AUTOMATON.

A NEW AND FIRST-CLASS MACHINE, WHICH HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED,

CONTAINS MANY IMPROVEMENTS.

THE AUTOMATON LAWN MOWER.

PRICES, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND FULL PARTICULARS, FREE, FROM

RANSOMES AND SIMS, IPSWICH.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

IMPROVED LAWN MOWING MACHINES.

EVERT MACHINE WARRANTED.

PRICES.

Delivered Free to any Railway Station in Great Britain.

Cutting 12 inches wide £4 10 0

Cutting U inches wide .'5 .5 0

Cutting 16 inches wide 600

BT ItM^ J£.> Mlimil * IIM Cutting 19 inches wide 6 10 0

^^°^^^iiiW!l ' * iii^ Cutting 22 inches wide 7 10 0

Cutting 25 inches wide 12 0 0

Cutting 30 inches wide 15 0 0

^^mJ^^^^^^^^^S Cutting 36 inches wide ... 18 0 0

Great improvements have been made in these Machines during the last few years, in regard to all those small but important points of superiority which the practical working
of a Lawn Mower suggests ; while for elegance of appearance, lightness of draft, and efficiency in working they cannot be excelled. They possess the following advantages : —

1st, Motion is given to the Cutting Apparatus by toothed gearing, which experience has proved to be by far the best method of driving.

2d, The whole of the Driving Wheels are on one side of the Machine, a point of great importance in preventing damage to Shnibs and Flowers, when mowing round the
edges of beds.

3d, AU the smaller working parts of the Machine are made of Malleable Iron, and are not liable to break.

1^" Illustrated Price Lists, with selections from several Thousand Testimonials, Free by Post on application.

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS. BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.C.

AGENTS :— Messrs. TANGYE BROTHERS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DRAY,
TAYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.C. ; and all respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom.

362

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLE AW AGRTntTLTURAL GAZETTE.

[Mat 25, 1867.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every descriptioB,
fixed complete in any part of tlio country, or the materlaiB,
viZi, Boilers, Pipes, &c,. delivered to any Station.
Estimates on application.
J. Jones & Sons, G. B.ankside, Soutliwai'k, London, B.E.

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION.— Medal, 1862.
Invented by tue late Sm JosiiPH Paston.
Manufactured in London ; Newton in Carl el, Lancashire ;
oucester; Coventry; Paisley, and Aburdeen.

ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS will bo sunt on application to
Messrs. Hereman & Morton. 7, Pall Mall East. London, S.W.

Also, a HANDBOOK of VINE and FRUIT TREE CULTIVA-
TION, pi'ice Is. ; post free. Is. Id. ^_^_^^

Hot-water Pipes, with Elbows
and Connections, supplied by

BURY AND rULLARO.
Contracts and Estimates givm
for WARMING PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS; latest Improvementsin HEAT-
ING bv HOT WATER; the Improved
CONICAL BOILERS, lor PTeitting
Pineries, Conservatories, Greenhouses,
Mansions, Hidls, Warehouses, Ac,
Solely MBnufactured by Bury & Pol-
LAiD. These Boilers are adapted for
sett ng in Brickwork, or annexed
bl Uch shows BuiiY & Pollaud's iin-
pi ved arrangement, i-equiring
NO BRICKWORK SETTING.
These Boilers have for their dura-
b t ty and ecoaomy attained a cele-
br ty far surpassing any other Boilers
tver invented. They liavo been for
many years p;ist in use at many Puijlic
Lstablishmenta, Royal Botanical Gai
„ dens at Kew, at tho Regent's Paik

the Crystal Pilaco ni at most of the Nobility's aud Gentry's 'ae its
throughout the L rited Kii gdom. Relereuces where they have
been for 20 j eare m constant u^ie

Price Lii>ts on application to Burt & Pollard, Park Iron Work-,
17, New Paik Street, Soathwarb, London. S.E.

OKANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for

K^ HORTICULTDRE.

"Dry Glazing without Tutty."
" Glass without Laps."

*' VentUation without Movfng Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Hurticultui-al Society, South
Kensington,

Plana and Etitimatet. Iiee on applicati,iin. Descriptive Book fully
illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
Jaues Cranston, Ai'chitect, Blrmmgham.

Works: High gate Street, Birmingham.
Henry J. Growtaok, Manacer, 1. Temple Row West. Birmindham,

Greenliouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

Patent Rick Ventilator, Manufactured by
TDICHAED GAERETT and SONS,

Leiston Works Suffolk.

The above represents a ^ectH.l^ i l ileited Hay Stack, showing
the Patent Ventilating Apparatus in operation

This Apparatus will be found a c mplete and ptiftct means of
detecting and promptlv reducing Heat in Com and Hay Sticks.
Price £1 lis. Cd. each.

Full description forwarded on applicrLtioa to Richard Garrett &
Sons, Leiston Works, Suffolk (Sole Manufacturers).

Agricultural Co-operation.
"IHE AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTTJKAL

ASSOCIATION, LIMITED.
Codncil;

The Right Hon. William Cowper,

M.P.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.
Thomas Hughys, Esq., M.P.
James Beal, Esq,

This Association supplies its
Machines by the beat Makers,

E, Vansittart Neale, Esq.
Frederick Pennington, Esq. ■

(Treasurer).
Edward Owen Greening, Esq.
(Managing Director).
Members with Implements and
and with Unadulterated

Manures, and Miinulactured Cattle Food at coat price, upon the Co-
operative System. An Investment of £,1 and upwards (bearing
interest dividenH) constitutes Membership after Election by Council,
No further liability. Rules and all informaliion post free on receipt
of two stamps, or by personal application to the Offices of the Asso-
ciation. Edward Owen Greening, Managing Director.
Offices:— 29, Parliament Street, Westminster; and
1, Albert Square, Manchester.

HORSE SHOW— STAND 34.

c

OTTAM AND COMPANY,'

Conservatory and Hotuouse Bdilders, &c..

Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

. 0 inches long.
92s. 6rf. each.

20 24
45s. C5s.

HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 .4 inch.

Is. Gd. 2s. Id. 2s. flrf. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,

2, Winsley Street.
(opposite the Pantheon).
Oxford Street, London, W.

^

•Mot water appabatus

Lawn Howers.

GREEN'S PATENT. I SAMUELSON'S PATENT.

SHANKS' PATENT. 1 BARNARD'S PATENT.

DEANE & €0.,

46, KING WILLIAM ST., LONDON BRIDGE.

Horticultural Tools, &o.

LAWN MOWING MACHINES, 60s., 7l)s., 90s., 140s.

GARDEN BARROWS, Wood and Iron, 21s. and 20s.

GARDEN ENGINES, Galviinised Iron. Prices, 55s., 65.s.,7Ss., 905;, 100.1.. 110.S.

GARDEN ROLLERS, £1 10s., £1 lis., £2, £2 7.!. Sd., £2 12s. CtJ., £3 2a. OcJ.

STEEL DIGGING FORKS, SPADES, SCYTHES, Sc.

GREENHOUSE SYRINGES and GARDEN PUMPS.

WIRE NETTING and ORNAMENTAL WIRE WORK.

GARDEN SEATS and CHAIRS.

FLOWER STANDS, Cast-iron and Wire.

STRAINED WIRE FENCING and IRON HURDLES.

HOT-WATER FITTINGS for GREENHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES,
FORCING PITS, &c.

Beanos New Illitstrated Horticultural Catalogite post free
on application.

Established a.d. 1700.

DEANE AND CO., 46, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, E.G.

GREENING & COMPANY'S

PATENT MACHINE-MADE WIRE POULTRY HURDLES

AU^E PERFECTLY MOVEABLE, READILY FIXED TO FOKM ANY SIZE OF ENCLOSURE,

And are Manufacttired at 30 per cent, less cost tlian inferior hand-made fences.

" By far the most elegant of, and durable, "Wire Fencing, that has come under our notice is that made by
Greening & Co., Manchester. Below it is sufficieutly closed to be proof alike against the ingress of Rats or the
Boiess of Chickens, and being spiked above, it affords no resting place for the Fowls, who consequently do not
attempt to fly over." — From the " Poultry Book."

rpHE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for

X Vanous Improvements m the Ventilation, Constraction, and
Apolication of WKOUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildings.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIilE MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IHON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmospheric conduction,

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arrangement.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supphed to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailmg result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light,

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon a^n
Improved system.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the growth offirst-cltiss fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRuN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Hoases can be glazed with or without putty.
Those Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent,
and from the complete adiustment of their constructional paiis will
vie most favourably with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,
T. H. P. Dennis & A. ScaoBv, Hortiouttural Bvrildera attd Hot-
Water Engineera, Chelmsford.

GEEENINS AND CO., LIMITED, Ifanufacturers of IRON GATES, FENCES, P.iLIS.VDES,
ESPALIERS, HURDLES, TREE GUARDS, GARDEN SEATS, VER.VNDAHS, VASES, FOUNTAINS, TOMB
■RAILINGS, STABLE FITTINbS, GARDEN ROLLERS, POULTRY HOUSES, EMIGRANTS' HOUSES,
BBIDGES, CORN RICK STANDS, .&c. ; 3I30 of Wire Strained Fences, Kope Fences, and Patent Moveable
Fences for Railways, Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Comts, Sheep Walks, &c. ; also of Wire
Netting, Plant Guards and Protectors, Garden Bordj^ring, Garden Archways, Av;aries, Pea and Plant Trainers,
Pheasantries, Hen Coops, and Garden Lounges.

GENERAL CATALOGUE, in Royal 8vo, 72 Pages and Wrapper, with 33 Illustrations (together with
SUPPLEMENT of TESTIMONIALS from the leading Noblemen !md Landowners of the United Kingdom, to the
quality of Geeekdjq & Co.'s Manufaoturps), 'forwarded free on receipt of Two Stamps to defray postage.

1, ALBERT SQUARE, MANCHESTER.

LOJSfDON AGLNTS : THE AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION,
29, PARLIAMENT STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Mat 25, 1867.]

THE GvVRDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

56.3

Bee Hives.

FrIZR MkDAL and ilONOUKAULB MkNTION AWAUDED TO QBORCK

NKiaiiiiouR & Sons, lull Bkk IIivks and Honev at tub vauious
K,„.,..T,«».. TVTE TO II HOUR'S

1^ IMfUOVKD corrAGE

BEE HIVE, !i,s oiiKinulIy
Introduced by Uxokoe Nitiuir-
noiMt & .Suns, with nil tlio
recent lnipioviincuts, working
tbrco boll-Kliu-soa ; is iioatly
ami f.tr(.iii;iy made of straw ;
it hna tliroB Windows In tliB
lower Ilivo, witli si Tliermu-
mutur ninxod to tho CLiitre
0110. This Hive will bo found
to posBuss many practic.il
ndvaiitnKcs, and ia moro easy
of maiiapomcnt tban any
nthcr Boc ilivQ that has boon
Introducud.

Prlco coniplote . . £1 15 0
atand for ditto . . 0 10 0

THE LIGDIIIAN or
ITALIAN ALP BEE bein^
much In repute at tUo .present
tiino. wo nrc in a position to
supply .Stocks of tho pure nco
cnrefully packed In Woodbury Har-Frame Hive.i, so as to travel with
comp'irallvely no risk of damage. ^ . .

ENGLISH BEES. — .Stocks and Swarma may bo obtained ns
lioretofuro. , . „.

A nowly-arranged CATALOGUE ol other Improved Hives, with
OniwloRs and Prices, sent on receipt of two stamjis.

Adfiroaa, Geo. NtiQiiiioiiR & Sons, 127, Uigb llolbom, W.C. ; or
ll!i. Hogent Street, London, W.
A,;knts -—Liverpool: James Cuthbert, 12, Clayton Square. Man-
iKstor: .1. Wilsoii, 60, Kins Street. Birmingham: J. H. Cottroll,
i:. Bull Ring. Dublin: Edniondson Bvotliors, 10, Dame Street,
Gliiagow : Austin ft McAslan, Hi. Buchanan Street.

Oil Faint no longer Necessary.

. j^K W^ /wt^w-t.-^^^^^^^

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT CLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is ac
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requirus no mixing or thtmiiiiK, and is used cold. It ia used in the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom tbo most flattering
testimonials have been recoived, which Hill & Smith will forward on
application.

From Chas. E. B. Suedlev, Esq., JVte Grniigr, near Boston.

" 1 have much pleasure in giving you a reply toyour inquiries about
the Black Varnish I have had from you for the la^t two years. It has
answered my expectations fully, and as far as 1 am able to judge, it
is the best material for presei-ving iron fencing, gates, and other wood
work exposed to theair ; and I can with safety recommend it as the
best and cheapest article that is yet out. Wishlngyou every success."

Sold in ciLaka of about 30 gallons eacn, at \s. M. per palioa, at tUe
Mp-'jufactory, or Is. Sd. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Hill A Smith. Rrierly Hill Iron Work.s, nc-ar Dudley, and
■j:;. Cannon Street West. E.G., from whom only it can be obtained.

7?0R SALE. 30 PIT LIGHTS, New, made of the best
1 Deal, 22 Glazed, 8 not Glazed, 6 feet 6 inches by 3 feet 9 inches.
The hit £15.

J. Pvlk, Jun.. St. John's Nursery, Bottom of John Street, Upper
HoUoway, London, N.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Ikon M e r c h a n t,
• 31. BanI side, London, S.K.

HOT WATER I'IPES, Irom StocK, pur yard :— 2-iiich, l,t. 'M.
3-Inch, iH. 10(2. : aiid4-lnch, 2h. Ad. BRNDS. IVoin Stock, !>i.il(i.,'Jjt. (W.
ondiiit. ouoh. THIlOfiTLK VALV*:s,Il"i., IS*.. and Ut*. uacU. IJthor
ConiioxiuiiB at equally low prices, and all goods -d' ftrat-class manu ■
ftLCturu. Kutlmatcs glvou, imd orders by vo*l punctually attondod to
t!ii«s4i,io.l;iy. _^_

The Gardener's Watch.
i:) A T 1'^ N '1' J . K V l^ K \V A I C H in

I Ejigliiu-Lurnc'l Silver (J.t,80, with all tbo
latL'st UiiprovuuiojitH, .icwilkd, secondfl hftn<l,
Htnmg, and calcuhited iur hard wear, il. 14.s. M.
The same Watch in Hunting Cases, 51. f>».
STRONG SILVER ALBMiT and GUARD
CHAINS.

Tlio ubovo being Manufactured on tho Pre-
mtai'8, are with conllilLMico recnmraendod and
warranted for correct peilormance.
phlet, and all particulars gratis, on applicatlou to
K (Liuir):it), 11 & 11', Coiuhill. JLoDugn, E.C.

i^iaiSTKAilS, nATTrb\"7^ntll7A>iPR.— '\TO"Xr/Ui^.
I_> BURTON has Twulvo Large Show Rooms devoted cxclusivolv to
the soparate display of Lanip.s, Baths, and Motallic Bedsteads. The
stuck of each is at once the Im-gd&t, newo^, and n\08t varied over
submitted to tho public, and marked at i rici h proportionate with
those that have tended to make his Establishment tho iiiout
distinguished In this country.

Boiisteads. from !'-'.■*. 0(/. to £20 Os. each.

Sh.iwor Biitlis. from 8.^. Orf. to £0 O.s. each.

Lamps (Moderatour), from . . lin. i)d. to £8 lOd. each.

(All otner kinds at the same rate.)

Pure Colza Oil 4«. 0(i. per gallon.

TEA URNS, of London Mnko only.— The litrgcst
assortment of London-made Tea Urns in tlio world (including
all the recent noveltios, many of which are registered), is on Sale at
WILLIiUI S. BURTON'S, from 30a. to £0.

CUTLERY, WarninteJ. — The most Taricd assortment
of TABLE CUTLERY in tho world, all warranted, is on sale
at WILLIAM S. BURTON'S, at prices that aro remunerative only
because of the largeness of the sales.

Goi.U^MITIl

Ivory Haudloa.

3i-inch ivory handles

3i-inch flneivory balance handles ..

4-inoh ivoi-j[ b-ilance handles . .

■l-inch fine ivory handles

4-inch finest African ivoi-y handles ..

Ditto, with silver ferules

Ditto, carved handles, silver ferules

Nickel electro-silver.handles ..

Silver handles, of any pattern

Table

Knives

per
Dozen.

55 0
25 0

84 0

Knives

per
Dozen,

Carvers

6 0
5 9
8 6

12 0

13 6
18 6

7 6
21 0

Bone and Horn Handles — Knives and
Forks per dozen.

White bone handles 11 0 8 6 2

Ditto, balance handles I 23 0 17 0 4 6

BUck horn rimmed shoulders .. ..' IS 0 15 6 4 6

Ditto, very strong riveted handles ..' 12

The largest stock in existence of Plated Dessert Knives and Forks,
and of the New plated Fish-eating Knives and Forks and Carvers.

WILLIAM 8. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING
IRONMONGER, by appointment to H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, sends a Catalogue gratis and post paid. It contains upwards
of tioo Illustrations of h's unrivalled Stock of Sterling Silver and
Electro Plate, Nickel Silver, and Britannia Metal Goods, Dish
Covers, Hot Water Dishes. Stoves, Fenders, Marble Chimney-pieces,
Kitchen Ranges, Lamps, Gaseliers, Tea-trays, Urns, and Kettles,
Clocks, Table Cutterv, Bjiths, Toilet-ware, Turnery, Iron and Brass
Bedsteads, Bedding, bedroom Cabinet Furniture, &c., with Lists of
Prices and Plans of the Twenty Large Show-rooms, at 39, Oxford
Street, W.C., 1, Ia, 2, 3, and 4, Newman |Street; 4, 5, and 6, Perry's
Place, and 1, Newman Vard, London.

rpHu; SMOKER'S BONBON efiectu'ally REMOVES
-L the TASTE and SMELL of TOBACCO from the MOUTH and
BREATH, and renders Smoking agreeable and safe. It is very
pleasant and wholesome. Prepared by a patent process from the
recipe of an eminent uhysician by Schooling & Co., "Wholesale Con-
fectioners, Bethnal Green, London, N.E., in Sixpenny and Sliilling
Boxes ; post free, 7 and 14 stamps.

Sold by Chemists, Tobacconists, &c.

MR. DICKENS'S WOEKS.

THE

CHARLES DICKENS

EDITION.

MESSRS. CHAPMAN and HALL have the honour to announce AN ENTIRELY NEW EDITION of the
WHOLE of MR. DICKENS'S WORKS. It will be produced with especial care, and has been devised by
Mr. Dickens and his Publishers, with ihe object of conifciJiing the four important points ;
LEGIBILITY, DURABILITY, BEAUTY, AND CHEAPNESS.

Twenty years have elapsed since the first Stereotype Plates werecost for Cheap Editions of this Series of Books. It ia considered that
the time has come for reprinting them in a far more agreeable and remarkable form, and for offering them to the Public in association
with every available modem advantage.

In the New Edition now announced, each Novel will be completed In a Single Volume. The page will be a flowing, open page, free
Irom the objection of having double columns. A descriptive Jieadlfne will be attached bv the Author to every right-hand page. Every
Volume will contain eight ol the original Illustrations, selected iis the best. Every Volume will be printed in clear type, on fine toned
p:il>er, by one or other of the first printing-houses in London, and will be strongly hou,,d i:i led cloth. The price of THE PICKWICK
PAPERS in this form (taking that Book as an example) will be THREE SHILLINGS and SIXPENCE. The Editioa will bear the
distinguishing fac-simile Title :

THE

CHARLES DICKENS

EDITION.

This Title, appended to every Volume, may suggest to the Ai^th^pr's countrymen, his present watchfulness OTer his own Edition, and
his hopes that it ttiay remain a favourite with them when he shall have left their seiTice for ever. On the other side ol the Atlantic, it
may perhaps act as* reminder *hat he has arranged with Messrs. TiCKMOR & Fields, of Boston, to reproduce his Works (in this Edition
and in others) in the Uj.ited States, with a just recognition ol his claims as their Autbor, If the great Americln People should see any
goon reason for recognizing those claims too, without detriment to themselves, the imprint of Messrs. Ticrkob & Fields will henceforth
afford them their opportunity.

The First Volume will bo published at the end of the month of iSlay, and the Series will be issued monthly.

On May 31, with Eight Illustrations,

THE PICKWICK PA1»ERS,

Price Three Shillm^s dnd Sixpence.
LONDON : CHAPMAN and HALL, 193, PICCADILLY, W.

/4.EORGK F. MORRIS (of the Firm of Prothkkoe

V_^ k Mi.aiuK) undtTtakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Lcanoliold und Reversionary Property

(.r every description, K.iiminK and Market Garden Produce, iloudO-
hold Furniture, Stuck in Tradi-, io.
AuoMoii and Estnto Agincy Olllce, The Llmos, Luytonstono, Ehsox.

Wiater Ribbon Garden. '

JOHN ROSS, Surbituu, Surrey, W., ia prepaird to
fi LAY OUT every descrlpti'.n of PLEASURE GROUND
SUKNERV. Photcgraphs of Ribbon Pliuitlng may bo had for

inspection as above.

JOHN GIIJSON, JuN., begs to announce that he is

\y prepared to Furnish PLANH and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND iittached to Manwlons and Villa or other
Residences, or for tlio FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out tho wimo by Contract or othorwlso.
Address Mr. John Ginbuv. )un,, Surrey Lane, Battersua, H.W.

Farm Poultry

CI KEY DORKINO Ft)\VLS, of purest breed, in any
T numbers.

Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, tho largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, largo, hardy, and good broodoru,
AYLKSHURY ai-d ROUKN DUCKS.

Impurtcd BELCIAN HARK RA MBITH, for sliw and early maturity,
BRAHMA-i'OlJTRA, CREVEC'ICUR, .and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for conhtant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
JouN Bailv & Sow. 113, Mount Street, London, W.

ANTED, a PARTNER, vith £400, in a Nursery and

FlnriHt and an extensive Jobbing Tradeand Laying-<mt. Also

THREE ACRES of FLOWER and KITCHEN GARDEN, with

Cottage and Seed Shop, close to the Crystal Palace. A good lavaBt-
mont for an active Young Man. — Apply to
L. MKAouEn, Hamilton Road Nursery, Lower Norwood, Surrey.

ANTED, a NXJRSERY"iind SEED BUSINESS,

requiring a Capital of jEIhoO. Full particulars to
E. F , Messrs. Mackto & Sons, 108, Princes Street, Edinburgh.

w

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINES.S ; or ttie present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst &. Son, 0, Leadenhall Street,
Loudon, E.C.

TT'LOUIST'S BUSINESS fm- DISl^OSAL.— The best

-L opening in London for the Jobbing Trade. Stock at valuation.

No Piemium. Apply to

K. BuiJ-EN, Horticultural Agent, 1, Newland Street, Kensington, W.

SbdiW 6s Auction*

SALE THIS DAY', AT HAiF-PAST TWELVE O'CLOCK.

Bedding Plants.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Ruums, 3S, King Street, Covei.t Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY, May 23, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely, a quantity of
Vnriettated and Green GERANIUMS, FUCH.SIAS, HELIOTROPES,
VERBENAS, AURICULxVS, CUPHEAS, VIOLETS. PHLOXES,
DAHLIAS, GLADIOLI, LILIUM AURATUM, RUSTIC SEATS,
VASES, STOOLS, BASKETS, &c.

On view the Morning of S.ale, and Catalogues Lad. ^^

Imported Orchids from New Grenada and Moulmein.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. on
MONDAY, MAY 21, at hall-past 12 o'Clock precisely, the remaining
portion of Mr. Bowman's CONSIGN MENT of IMPORTED
ORCHIDS from New Grenada, comprising fine Plants of many very
choice varieties. Also an Importation from Muulmein of fine masses
of Saccolabmm curvifolium, S. Biuniei majus, J!;ride3 Lobbii, virens,
and affine ; several fine Dendrobes, &C.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Piialsenopsis LowiL

MR. J. C. STEVENS wiii include in his SALE, at
his Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
MONDAY, May 27, 20 healthy Plants. jui>t starting into growth, of
PHALvENOPSIS LoWlI, a very loVely aud scarce species, Irom
Moulmein. A Coloured Plate will be shown which was taken from
small Plants. The flowers attain the size of those of P. amabilia,
and number 12 to 14 on a spike.

On view tlio Muriiiog of S;ile, and C.ita! agues Jiad.

Sale of Choice Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, &c.

MEbSKS. I'ROTUEKOK and .MORRIS will SELL by
AUCTION, at 3S and 39, Gracechurch Street, City, E.G.,
on SATURDAY, June 1, at 12 o'clock precisely, a choice Collection
of GREENHOUSE PLANTS, including fine Azalea indica ; Show,
Fancy, and French Pelargonmms : Scj,rlet and Variegated Gera-
niuniis. Rosea in pots, and other Plants in bloom; nudied Rhodo-
dendrons; imported Flower Seeds; with a variety of Ornamental
Pl;mtslor Bedding; Verbenas, Fuchsias, Dahlias, &c.

On view the Morning of Sale. Catalogues may be had at tho
Rooms as above, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone,
Esse?, N.E^

Final Sale.— Dal St on,

MESSRS. FROTHEROE and .MORRIS are instructed
by Mr. Harrington to offer by PUBLIC AUCTION, without
reserve, on the premises, the Old Dalston Nursery, Dalston Lane,
Middlesex, On TUESDAY, June 4, at 12 o'Clock, the choice
Collection of GREENHOUSE and BEDDING PLANTS from his
Kingsland Hursery, including Specimen Azalea Indloa, Camellias,
Ericas, Acaci^is, Cjtissus, Ficus Elastica, Cacti, Hoya, Plumbago,
Erythriria, Show and Fancy Peiargoniums, Scarlet, Zonal and
Variegated Geraniums, Fuchsias, Veibenas, Heliotropes, &c..
Hardy Clinibprs and Roses in pots, with the Greenhouses, Pits,
Hand-Glasses^ Garden Pots, and sundry effects.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the premises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, American Nuraefies, Ley ton-
stone. N.E.

Ipswich.

An Unreserved Sale of the Manufactured Stock of the I'ATENT
CONCRETE STONE COMPANY (Limited). The greatly
extended field of the Company's operations, superinduced by the
constantly increasing demand for the Valuable Material manufac-
tured by them under Mr. Ransome's Patent, has rendered it
necessary to Remove the Works from Ipswich to the far moro
extensive Premises recently ereeted by them in the neighbour-
hood of the Metropolis.
1\/r R. B. RIX, in consequence of this removal, is
IVX instructed to SELL by AUCTION, on THURSDAY, May 30,
at 11 o'clock precisely (IN ONE DAY), at the Patent Concrete
Stone Yard in Ipswich (the occupation of which the Conipany is
relinquishing), all the remaining STOCK of MANUFACTURED
GOODS, embracing im extensive variety of Classic Ornaments,
Arcliitectural Enrichments, &c., consisting of upwards of 2u0Ofeet of
Balustniding. A great number and variety of Vases, Tazzas. Foun-
tains, Figyres, Busts, Statuettes, and Pedestals, Conservatory and
Tree Pots. Tree and Flower Guards, Flower Boxes, several Thousand
feet of Gordon Edgings of various patterns. Gate Piers, Sun-dial
Pedestajls, aod other subjects adapted for the Decoratibh of Parks,
Pleasure Grounds, and Gardens of smaller extent; Ttjrniinals and
Finials of various sizes and Patterns. Capitals and Bases, Wall
Copings, Cornice and Bed Mouldings, Window Dressings, Sills, Key
Stones, Trusses and Corbels, Chimnoj Pots, upwards of 100 Chimney
Pieces, Tomb, Head and Foot Stones, Mural Tablets, several thou-
sand Rub Stones, and other articles required for building purposes.

The attention of Gentlemen, Landscape Gardeners, Builders, Con-
tractors, and the Public generally ia respectfully and earucstly
requested to this Sale, which will comprise several hundred Dots ot
considerable value and in great variety, the whole of which will be
sold without reserve.

Catalogues may be had at the Offices of Mr. B, Rix, IpBWicb, and
76, Old Broad Street, London, E.C.

564

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGEICIILTITRAL GAZETTE.

[May 25, 1867.

HEATING BY HOT WATER.

It 13 now generally admitted that BUILDINGS of any kind can be more effectually "WARMED by HOT "WATER than by any oilier means ; but as so much
depends on the way in which the Apparatus la fixed, it is of the greatest importance that it be done by experienced Men.

J. JONES & SONS

HAVE EVERY FACILITY FOR

EXECUTING WORK

THE BEST MANNER

AT A MODERATE COST, AND HAVESTG THE

LAEGEST STOCK IN THE KINGDOM OE BOILERS, PIPES, ETC.,

THEY CAN COMPLETE WORK WITHOUT DELAY.

Their great experience in HOT WATER HEATING enables them in all cases to supply an APPAKATUS best suited to the purpose for which it is intended, and they will
be happy to send to any part of the Country at a moderate charge, to take particulars of work, and prepare Plans, &c., or on receipt of pai'ticulai'S per post, they
\vill forward Estimates free of charge.

J. JONES AND SONS having been so extensively patronised for many years by the Nobility, Clergy, Gentry, and others, are enabled to give references to work
done in nearly every part of the Kingdom.

J. JONES & SONS

ARE PREPARED TO ESTIMATE FOR WARMING, TO ANY EXTENT-

CHURCHES
CHAPELS
SCHOOLS
LECTURE HALLS
BANKS

PUBLIC OFFICES

WAREHOUSES

FACTORIES

GREENHOUSES

CONSERVATORIES

VINERIES
HOTHOUSES
FORCING PITS
PINE STOVES
PEACH HOUSES

ORCHARD HOUSES
HALLS and PASSAGES
PICTURE GALLERIES
MUSIC ROOMS
BILLIARD ROOMS

BATHS

DRYING CLOSETS
COACH HOUSES
HARNESS ROOMS

J. JONES AND SONS' APPARATUS is simple in construction, moderate in cost, and economical in workino-.

It is equally available for the AMATEUR'S GREENHOUSE, or the longest range of FORCING HOUSES ; for the smallest Chapel or the largest Church ; for
Private Offices, or those of Public Companies.

It is admirably adapted for DWELLING HOUSES, as coils of pipes can be placed in any part, for warming the various rooms. One or more Baths may be
heated from the same Boiler, and a constant supply of hot water obtained in any part of the house.

For "WAREHOUSES and "WORKSHOPS this system of Heating is unsurpassed as, unlike Stoves and Hot Air Flues, the circulation of Hot "Water in Pipes is
perfectly safe, and the Management of Apparatus can be left to any ordinary workman.

I

J. JONES & SONS

HAVE LATELY

FIXED THEIR HOT WATER APPARATUS IN OR NEAR THE FOLLOWING

AND THE WORKING OF THE SAME HAS IN ALL CASES GIVEN THE GREATEST SATISFACTION.

Abbey Wood

Abergavenny

Abingdon

Addlestone

Aldershot

Alton

Ascot

Ash

Atherstone

Aylesbury

Balhara

Banbury

Barnes

Bath

Battle

Beckenham

Beccles

Bedford

Bexhill

Bickley

Bu-mingham

Bishop Stortford

Blackheath

Blandford

Blisworth

Bournemouth

Boxmoor

Bracknell

Brentford

Bridgend

Bridgenorth

Brighton

Bristol

Broads tairs

Bromley

Broxbourne

Buckingham

Burton

Bury St. Edmund's

Cambridge

Canterbury

Famworth

Lutterworth

Cardiff

Faversham

Lymington

Carshalton

Finchley

Lynn

Caterham

Gloucester

Maidenhead

Cheltenham

Glynde

Malvern

Chepstow

God aiming

Manchester

Chertsey

Godstone

Marlow

Chester

Gom shall

Middleton

Cirencester

Grantham

Minster

Congleton

Gravesend

Nantwich

Cookham

Guildford

Newbury

Coventry

Hailsham

Newhaven

Cowes

Hammersmith

Ne^vnham

Crawley

Hampton

Newmarket

Croydon
Culham

Han worth

Newport
Northampton

Harrogate

Darlington

Haslemere

Northwich

Dartford

Hastings

Norwich

Datchet

Hatfield

Nottingham

Deal

Hayward's Heath

Oswestry

Derby

Hereford

Oxford ^

Dingwall

Hertford

Paris

Diss

Hitchin

Pembroke

Dorchester

Horsham

Petersfield

Dorking

Hull

Pinner

Dover

Huntingdon

Poole

Dowuham

Inverness

Potter's Bar

Dublin

Kettering

Ramsgate

Eastbourne

Kingston

Reading

East GriDstead

Knaresboro"

Reigate

Edenbridge

Leamington

Richmond

Edmonton

Leeds

Rickmans worth

Elgin

Lewes

Ringwood

Ely

Leytonstone

Ross

Enfield .

Limerick

Rugby

Epsom

Liphook

Rushton

Erith

Liss

Ryde

Exeter

Liverpool

Sevenoaks

Famborough

Ludlow

Shiffnal

Farnham

Luton

Shrewsbury

PLACES

Solihull
Southampton
St. Albans
St. Asaph
Stafford
Stamford
Stanstead
Stone

Stonehouse
Stroud
Sunninghill
Swansea
Teddington
Teignmouth
Thame
Thetford
Tongham
Torquay
Tunbridge
Tunbridge "Wells
Twickenham
Uckfield
Hxbridge
Virginia Water
Wallingford
Waltham
AValton
Warlingham
Warrington
Watford
Wellingborough
Weiwyn
Weybridge
WejTnouth
Wimborne
- Windsor
Wolverhampton
Worcester
Wisbeach
York

J. JONES AND SONS,
IRON MERCHANTS and HORTICULTURAL ENGINEERS, 6, BANKSIDE, SOUTHWARK, LONDON, S.E.

pS^b?S^M*™w.'*'^t the^wKJ ^l"; J,!i'R«]^/ ' " Advertisements and Business Letters ta '■ The PubUsher." at the Otflce. 41. WelUn^o Street, Covent Garden,

t Garden, in the saJd County.— Satdbdat, May 25, 18fi7.

, London. W.C,
blished by tha s&ld Jambs Matthbws, at the

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZI

ri^ s^

No. 22.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, JUNE 1.

I Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, Qd.

INDEX.

A|n"ic«n«rnl Benevolent losti-
tutJiin dinner

Ajtrkulturnl co'Operntion....

Arnucariii inibrlcutft

Hooks notlroO 676 b-

Curter'8 (Messrs.) nursery

CuttlP pincuf 58i)fc,W2n,

Co-upo' Htion, aKriuiiltural

Crvstal Pii'ncp Show

FiimiiTs" Clubs

Fences, livo

Fcm distribution

Frosts, May

Gardeners' Roynl llpnevolcnt
Institution

GinseitR

(irapcs, March

Hoi-s<'S and oxen, draught ....

Horse show

International Exhibition
surplus

Kew Gardpiis, misuse of

Leaves. piTloriited

587 h

580 c

672 b

mi c

577 e

5ftl n

580 c

575 fi

&»!> h

581 c

573 b

574 c

574 b

678 a

574 a

68a h

5&4 c

.-571 6

.172 n

572 n

Malt tax

Manure, home-made

Moon, Saturday new

Nadirs

PelarKoniums, tartan

— — naming

— seedling

Plfints, new

Hats

Hetinospom fllifc ra

Uoads

Hose show, Brie Comte

Robert

Society, Roval Kotnuic

— H oyal' Caledonian ....

— Royal Aericultural of

Eneland

steam cultivation

Tilliifre

Turnip, Swedish ,

Victoria Park

Vines, restricted or not
"Wheat flour

5R1 c
5B4 b

bTi tt

573 a
682 c

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT,
ROUTH KKNWINGTON. W.
Tlio GREAT FKTE will he HELD od .TUNE 4, wad the Flowers,
Ac, will reuiaiii on view until the Sth. Military Bands each day
from 4.

Admission (for the Opening Davl by Tickets purchased prior to

tho 4th:— Fellows' Friends, 3s. 6rf. ; Public, 6.-*. ; oruntneD.iy,?'*. *W, ;

1- hv Ticliet admitting from the 4th to 8th, Fellows* Friends, 7s. Crf. ;

■lie. lOs.tid., which maybe bought of all the principal Musicseliers

tiiu West End; and of Keith's, Cheapside ; or of Meli-ibhip,

Westbourno Grove. ^_^___^__

i^OVAL JiUT.-\NlC SOCIETY'S GARDENS,
fi ii Regent's! Pnrk,— EXBIBITION of AMERICAN PLANTS,

"\1U\DAY NEXT, June 3. Tickets to be obtained onlv at the

Gardens ; and of the Society's Clerk, at Austin's Ticket OflQco, St.

.Tririies's Hall ; bv Vouchers from Fellows of the Society, price 2,1. 6rf.

e:iLli. Gates open at 2 o'clock. Band will play from 2.30 to G o'clock.

TUNHKTUGE WELLS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETV— The GRAND ANNUAL FLOWER SHOW will
take place on FRIDAY. .Tuly 6. Prizes Open to all Enpland. Also
PriKes for the best arrangeme"ut of Flowers or Fruit in Groups, for
Sinjilo Bouquets, &c. Schedules nf Prizes may be obtained of Mr.
E. F. LouF, Secretary, S, Parade, Tunbridge Wells.

BIHMTNGHAM rose SHOW, JULY 4 and 5.—
For Prize Lists, apply to Mr. A. Fokbest, Secretary, Cherry
street, Birmingb*m. Entries Close June 29.

lyijSE "show; "iUIGBY, WARWICKSHIRE,

1\ will be HELD on FRIDAY, the 12th of July next, when a
Silver Cup value £10, and Other PrizeR will be offered. Entries to be

iiifide on or before July S. Scheduleof Prizesand further particulars
may be obtained on sending two postage stamps to

John Savare or Willfam Mason. Hon. Sees.

T

Mrs. FoUock Geranium.
J. BOOTH otters the above, in good Plants, at

7s. per dozen, or 60s. per lOO, for cash.

Kftinhill Nursery, Lancashire.

1\/| IIS. POLLOCK GERANIUMS, 7s. and 9j. per doz. ;

iVI VERBENAS. GERANIUMS. CALCEOLARIAS,
FUCHSIAS, LOHKLIAS, Sc. £1 IJOr 100: !M for 10a. U.

D ESCRIITIVE PRICED CATALOGUE free on application.

W. II.,oi'KH, New Wandsworth, S.W.

F

OR SALE, S.iO ffood Plants of MRS. POLLOCK and

SUNSET, and 350 REBECCA, AMY HOGG, ST. GEORGE, in
32, 4.1, and CO-pots, to be sold cheap.

Apply, Mr. Barti,ett, Shaaeabury Road, Hammersmith.

PELARGONIUMS, Show, Fancv, and Spotted kinds.—
24 choice named sorts for 1G«. ; 36 for 23s. ; 60 for 30s.. all strong
healthy plants. Trade price on application.

H. & R. Stirzaker, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

HUSSEY AND SON beg to o1!Vt extra fine TOM
THUMB GERANIUMS, at 14.t. per 100 ; BIJOU and
SIIOTTESHAM PE I', 16.^. per lOit ; STELLA and MINIMUM,
14s. per 100; and GOLDEN CHAIN, at 16s. per 100.

Mile End Nui-sery. Eaton, Norwich.

QAMBO PELARGONICM (ZONAL) is the finest

O formed and richest coloured variety ever introduced. First-
class Certificate by Floral Committee. Strong Plants, 7s. 6rf. each.

DowNiE, LAiitn, & Laino, Stanatead Park, Forest Hill, S.E. ;
and lildinburgh. _^_^_^

NEW ZONAL PELARGONIUMS for the present
Season.— For Six choice Varieties of the above, selected witli
great care from an immense batch of Seedlings, see our Advertise-
ments in this Paper, April 6, 13. and 20.

A liberal discount to the Trade.
Saltmarsh k Son, Moulsbam Nurseries, Chelmsford.

CH(»ICE GERANIUM S.—
LUCY GRIEVE, ITALIA UNITA, SOPHIA DUMARESQUE,
TOPSY, SUNSET, MRS. BENYON, QUEEN'S FAVOURITE,
KLEGANS, FONTAINEBLEAU, and KENILWORTH.

Prices and terms to the Trade and others on applicatiou to
Thomas J. Booth, Rainhill Nursery, Rainhill. Lancashire.

Hyde ParJr.

THE large STANDARD and other RHODODEN-
DRONS recentlv planted in Hyde Park were supplied by
Waterer k GoDFREv, Knap Hill Nursery, Wokinjr, Surrey.
The AMERICAN PLANTS at Knap Hill will be in their greatest
beauty duruig tlio eiisviini' fortnight. The Nursery is readily
reached by Tram i'< Wiiki-it; Station.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park.

JOHN WATKRKH'S display of Hardy, Scarlet, and
other RHODODENDRONS {the only one in" London) is NOW
in FINE BLOOM at the above Gardens, and will continue in great
perfection throughout the month of June.

^ The Scarlet and White RHODODENDRON clumps, also
the large Single Plants, which bloomed and were so much admired
at E.otten Row last year, were supplied by

John Waterer, American Nurser}', Bagshot, Surrey.

PEONIES, IRIS, and FYRE i'HRUMS. — These
beautiful flowers are NOW in BLOOM, and may be viewed
every dav, except Sunday, admittance free.

Versailles Nursery, Willi.am Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith
(near Kensington Railway Station).

Koyal Ascot Grape.

JOHN STANDISH be^s to invite all Grape Growers
to come and see the above GRAPE, which is now coloured
and will be on view for three weeks.

Royal Nursery, Ascot, Berks.

Pines.

TJ. BOOTH oifera clean, well-rooted Suckers of
• BLACK JAMAICA PINES. Any one who will take the
lot, about 160, may have them cheap. Price on application.
Rainhill Nursery, Rainhill, Lancashire.

Orchard-liouse Trees Fruiting in Pots.
DEACHKS, NEi.;TARINKS. APRICOTS, CHERRIES,

PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RiOBARU Smith. Nui'soryinan and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

NEW VARIEGATED GERANIUM CASTLEMILK.—
Fine ornamental foliage, one half the leaf margined with the
purest white, centre fine green. Free robust branching habit, and
effective bedder. First-ciass Certificate at the Glasgow and West of
Scotland Horticultui-al Society, September 12, 18C6. Price on appli-
cation. Now ready to send out by

Austin & McAslan, 10. Buchanan Street, Glasgow.

New Zealand Nursery. St. Alban's, Herts.

TNTENDING PURCHASERS of TRICOLOR

JL PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS. DIX, previous to making their

Eurchaaes. For fine foliage, excellent constitution, free growth, and
ri'liancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
First-class Certificates. Plants of Miss Watson in Augiist, £2 2s. each;
Mrs. Dix in May, 1808, 31s. &d. each.

King of Swedes.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply true seed of the
above excellent SWEDE at \a. per lb., or cheaper by the bushel.
Carriage fi'ee.

Royal Berkahlro Seed Establishment, Reading.

s

UTTON'S HOME-GROWN TURNIP SEED.

For prices and particulars apply to
Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers,

Tuinlp Seeds for Early Sowing.

TiiE He.st Sorts are
POMERANIAN WHITE GLOBE,
SUTTON'S SHORT-TOP SIX WEEKS.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply New Seed of the
above excellent sorts at Is. per lb., or cheaper by the bushel,
PRICED LISTS of other sorts gratis on ajiplication.

Sdttiin k Sons. Seed Growers, Reading.

Early Sheep Feed— Mustard and Rape.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply g:ood New Seed of the
above at very moderate prices, which may be had on application.

Sutton ft Sons, Seed Merchants, Residing.

Kolil Rat)i Seed should now be sown.

Drilled iw Swedes, 3 to 41b. per acre.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply superior SEED,
either GREEN or PURPLE, at 2s. Orf. per lb., or cheaper in
large quantities.

For Instr\ictions on Cultivation, see SUTTON'S FARM SEED
LIST, which may he had post free on application.

SoTTON ft Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

FARM SKEDS.— All the best kinds of MANGEL
WURZEL, SWEDE TURNIP, and other Farm Seeds of
finest quality on moderate terms.

PRICED LISTS on applicati<m to
Richard Siiitb, Seed Merchant, Worcester,

QWEDE SEED.— The WORCESTERSHIRE SWEDE,

lO NEW SEED of this excellent kind at lOrf. per lb. Cheaper by
the cwt. or bushel,

Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.
See large Advertisemept.

GLADIOLI BULBS,

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2s. 6d., 3s. 6d., 5s. 6d., 7s. 6rf., 9s., and 12s. per dozen.
10s. 6d., 1.^., 21s., 25.f. to 100s. per 100.
Barr&Sdqden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

r;

I L

"l" u

M

AURA

T

u

M. —

received, 2s. 6(/., 33

6a

.6s

6d., and

7s fd

per Root

Extra

argeselected Bulbs. lOs.ed.,

.2s. 6d.,

5s.. 4 213.

Ba

\R ft SOGD

EN, See<

, Bulb, and Plant Merchants

12,

King Street,

Covent Garden

W.C.

Clianthus Dampieri.

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, and CU. have to oSer a
quantity of the above Seed, just received in splendid condition,
at Is. and 2s. Qd. per packet. Price to the Trade on application.
South Row, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

NEW ROSES for 1867.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with piices, on application.
John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

New mangel and Turnip Seeds.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, 7, Borough Market,
and Braintree, Essex. Special Select ORANGE GLOBE and
other MANGELS, and all varieties of TURNIPS.
Special prices on application.

Skirving'3 Improved Varieties of Swede Turnip.

WM. SKIRVIXG, Queen Squ.'irc, Liverpool, begs to
announce that his present pricu lor SEED ol his three beet
varieties of SWEDE TURNIP is Is. per pound, bags included. Terms
Cash. Sorts, SKIRVING'S KING of the SWEDES.

QUEEN
„ „ TANKARD „

A remittance must accompany orders from unknown correspondents'

ANIL'S EIFKSHIRE YELLOW TURNIP.— This

TURNIP, introduced by us in 1863, keeps longer than any other
variety whatever, being sound so late in the season as June and July.
The flesh and skin are of a rich cream colour, and the yield is an
average for Yellow Turnips. Fourteen pounds paid to any Railway
Station in England or Scotland, bag included, 14s.

Edward Sano & Sons, Nurserymen aud Seed Merchants, Kirk-
caldy, .Scotland.

B LUND ELL'S CATTLE MELON.— This productive
Fruit is now well-known and generally appreciated for Feeding
all kinds of Cattle, ftc.. in the autumn months. Prices, exclusive of
carriage :— 100 Seeds, 2s. Gt/. ; Seed for i acre, 6s. ; do. 4 acre, 9s. ;
do. 1 acre, 16s.

To be obtained of all the principal Seedsmen, and of Messrs
Bldndell & Palmer, Land Agents. &c., 3, Portland Street, South
ampton. Cash remittances from unknown correspondents.

PECIAL OFFER.— Fine New SCARLET RUNNER

BEANS. Cash Price, 7s. 6d. per bushel.
Frederick Gee, Si^cd iMLT(.'haiit and Grower, Biggleswade, Beds.

H' Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

AND F. SHAKI'E'S WHOLESALE SPRING
* PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of 18C6 growth is now
ready and may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Aero Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
Thomas Warner. Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

TRICOLOR-LEAVED and OTHER IVIES.—
Twelve of the most beautiful IVIES in cultivation will be sent
anywhere on receipt of Post-office Orderon Castle Hedinghani for 10s.
Dillistone&Woodthorpk, Munro Nursery, SibleHedingham. Essex.

Ij^ERNS. — Cultivators and those interested in this
beautiful class of Plants, are recommended to obtain
" HOOPER and CO.'S CATALOGUE '* of every estimable species
and variety, British and Exotic. Post free for two stamps.
Hooper & Co., Covent Garden, London, W.C.

J SCOTT'S CHOICE SEEDS.
• Post Free Pei' Packet

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA.— A moat superb strain, and

cannot be surpassed, 6 varieties, mixed. Is. 6d. and Is. 6d.
CALCEOLARIA.— Scott's superb strain, extra. Is. and 2s. 6d.
CINERARIA.— Extra fine, carefully hybridized. Is. and 2s. 6d.
A good SEED LIST free on application.
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Bedding Plants, mostly 2s. per dozen.
SCOTT, Merriott, Somerset, for the 17th. year offers
• his unrivalled Collection of the above.

CATALOGUES on application free.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 36 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foots Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway

P>AYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
^ AND COMPANY, Limited,

Corn, Seed, Manure, and Oiloase Merchants,
Address. 89, Seed Market, Mart Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post freo on application. Prize Medals, 1861,
for Wheat ; 1662, for "Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

Bedding Plants.

ARCHIBALD HENDERSON'S DESCRIPTIVE
PRICED CATALOGUE is now ready, containing many
Novelties. Can be had gratis and post free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath, S., and at the East Surrey Seed
Warehouse, College Grounds, North End, Croydon.

Cheap Bedding Plants.

JAMES HOLDER can supply the following :— Scarlet
and Variegated GERANIUMS, VERBENAS, FUCHSIAS,
CALCEOLARIAS, DAHLIAS, SALVIAS. CUPHEAS, HELIO-
TROPES, LOBELIAS. KONIGAS, AGERATUMS. PERILLAS,
TROP.iEOLUMS, CERASTIUMS, ftc— Eight dozen for 20s., or
four dozen for lOs. 6d., hamper and package included.

Crown Nursery, Reading^

Cheap Bedding Plants.

JOSEPH WESTLKY is now prepared to offer the
above, from a stock of imi.iiuo Plants, in 300 varieties, including
STELLA, FLOWER of the DAY, SENATOR, CERISE UNIQUE,
LITTLE DAVID, and BRILLIANT GERANIUMS. PRINCE of
ORANGE CALCEOLARIAS, and LOBELIA SPECIOSA, from
2s. per dozen. A liberal discount allowed to the Trade.

Packed on the most liberal terms.
Address, Joseph Wkstlet, Floral Nursery, Blbworth, Northampton.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

JAMES FAIRHEAU and SON, 7, Borough Market,
and Br.aintreo, Essex.
LISTS and Special Prices on application. _^^_

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, Merchants, and Ndrsertmem,

237 k 238, High Holbora, London. W.C.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.

Seed Warehouse, Sleaford.

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and J'ARM SEEDS, post free on
application. Highgate, London, N. _

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehou.se, 237 k 238, High Holbom. London.

Fine Grass Seeds for Cricket Grounds,

BOWLING GREENS, or CROQUET GROUNDS.

SUTTON AND SONS can supplv suitable kinds of the
_ finest-growing GRASSES and CLoVfellS for the above porposes,
at Is, 3d. per lb., 24s. per bushel,

Sutton ft Sons. Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading,

PARIS ii; X K I H 1 T I 0 N . — The attention of
VISITORS to this EXHIBITION is respectfully called to a
COLLECTION of 200 VARIETIES of NATURAL GRASSES,
Exhibited in SALOON No. 47. by Ernst ft von Spheckelsen
(Successors to J. G. Booth k Co.). Hambuig.

Retinospora fllifera. , ^ ^,

JOHN STANDISH is the holder of the stonk of the
above moat distinct and beautiful weeping CONIFERA. It la
of a pale glaucous gre^n. with slender thread-like branches a toot
long, which bang in the most graceful manner, and altogether the
most distinct weeping plant ever offerer! to the Public, it is aUQ
perfectly hardy. Strong Plants, now ready. 31s. 6d. each.
Royal Nursery, Ascor.

566

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAE GAZETTE.

[JiTNE 1, 1867.

R A V B E K E

E

ADMIRAL DUNDAS (Myatt)
ALPINE

BLACK PRINCE (Ciithllll
BRITISH QUEEN (Mjatt)
CAROLINA S0PERHA|Kitlej)
COMTE DE PARIS
ECLIPSE (Reaves)
ELEANOR (Slvatl)
ELIZA (Rivers)
ELIZA (Mvatt)
ELTON PINE (Knicht)
ELTON IMPROVED
EMPRESS ECGENIE (Knivett)
FILBERT PINE (Myatt)
FROGMORE LATE PINE (In-

GOLIATH (Kitley)
HAQUIN

HAUTBOIS (Myatt)
HAUTBOIS, ROYAL
JOHN POiTELL
KEEN'S SEEDLING

[gram)

L\ CHAL0NNAI3E

LE CONSTANT

LEON DE ST. LANNIER

MARGUERITE (Lebieton)

OSCAR (Bradley)

PRKMIIIJR

PRESIDENT (Green)

PRINCE ARTHUR (Ingiam)

PRINCE CHARLIE

PRINCESS ALICE MAUD

RIFLEMAN (Ineram)

SCARLET PINE

SIR C, NAPIER (Smltlj)

SIR HARRY (Underbill) [lev)

SIR .lOSKPH PASTON (Brad-

SOUTENIR DE KIEFF (De

JonElie)
VICTORIA (Trollope)
WIZARD of tile NORTH

(Robertson)
WONDERFUL (Jeyes)

Strong Plants oftheabove are now ready, with other kinds of less note.
Charles ToaNER, The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

ROBERT PAKKER begs to ofl'er the following.— All
the Plants are strong and healthy, and can be siipplled in
quantities.

PANSY CLIVEDEN BLUE, 6s. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN PURPLE, Us. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN Y'ELLOW, Os. per dozen.
POLEMONIUM COiRULEUM VARIEGATUM, 2s. M. each.
RHODODENDRON COUNTESS of HADDINGTON, 3s. Sd. each.
TRITOMA G RANDIS, 1S.«. per dozen.
TRITOMA nvARIA GLAUCESCENS, 12s. per dozen.
VIOLA CORNUTA. best variety, 4s. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE DES VIOLETS, 6s. per dozen.
VIOLET THE CZAR. 6s. per dozen. [per packet.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBEIATA, finest mixed seed, 2s. 6i(
PRICED and DE.SCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of AGRICUL-
TURAL, FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and Bill be for-
warded free to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

Beddiag and other Plants.

;M^

Just Published, pobt free 12 stamps (Gratis to Customers), Part III. of

CARTER'S GARDENERS' tind FARMERS' VADE
MECUM, containing complete Lists of new and choice Stove
and Greenboxise and Bedding Plants, with an Addendum comprislno;
original and practical articles, " On a Visit to Messrs. Carter's
Nursery," by an Amateur Florist ; Subtnipical Gardening; and 120
Geomotncal Designs for Flower-beds; with reliable information for
the proper combination of Bedding Plants to produce chaste and
striking effects.

Forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps on application to Carter's
Gro:it London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High Holborn, London.

A UCITBAS, FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

a Varieties AUCUBAS, 3 Male. 3 Fqmale, for 21s.
12 Select NRW FUCHSIAS oflSfiG for Gs.
12 Select NEW ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1866 for Gs.
12 Select CHRYSANTHEMUMS of 186G for 4s.
la Varieties JAPAN EUONTMUS, very fine, Qs.

3 Varieties NEW JAPAN OSMANTHUS, quite hardy, 5s.
NEW WHITE LOBRLIA MISS MURPHT, a,-, per dozen.
12 Select NEW VERBENAS of 1SC6, for 3s.
NEW DOUBLE GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, Is. each.
B. W. Kkiodt, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

THE MAGNIFICENT NEW VIOLET,
QUEEN of VIOLETS.

The following additional Nui-aerymen have given Orders : —
Bell, Mr. J., Nnrsvich I Giddens,Mr. B.. Stoke Newington

Henderson, Messrs. A. & Co., Fry, Mr. Geo., Lee
Edgware Road, London | Brewin, Mr. C. M,, Bawtry

For complete List see back Papers.

Strong Plants potted now will bloom well in autumn and spring.

Price Is. Crf. each, I8s. per doz. Full particulars on application.

Post-offlce Orders on Castle Hedmgbam.

DiLLisTONE & WooDTHORPE, Munxo Nurscry, SibleHedingham, Essex.

"tHDWARD TAYLOR, Nitiiseryman, Malton,

.1— J Yorkshire, offers as imder, all good Plants, well established in
single pots :—

LOBELIA SPECIO.SA, 15s. per 100

„ MISS MURPHY, White, 15s. per 100

,, PAXTONII, 15s. per 100

IRESINE HERBSTII, 15s. per 100

AUBRETIA PURPUREA VARIEGATA, 4s. to Gs. per doZen
IRESINE HERBSTII AUREA RETICULATA, Is. each
GAZANIA SPLENDENS VARIEGATA, Od. each
AGERATUM PRINCE ALFRED. 28. 6tl. per dozen

LITTLE PET. 2s. fid. per dozen
BEATON'S NOSEGAY GERANIUMS, 4s. to Gs. per dozen-
20s. to 30s. per 100

CATALOGUES gratis on appUcation.

Genista prsecox.

GEO. WHEELER, Nurseryman, &c., "Warminster,
Wilts, is prepared to send out good established young Plants
of the above, now growing in pots in the open ground, at 6s. each,
the usual allowance to the Trade when six or more are ordered.
This new, very hardy, showy, pea-flowered shrub will be found an
acquisition to any collection of shrubs. The flowers are of a light
lemon colour on opening, and become paler when futly bloomed.
The original plant was in full bloom on the 1st of May, having with-
stood the past seveio winter in a very cold exposed site, sloping
to the north, without the slightest protection, not losing a twig or
flower bud. It is well suited for the rockery, border, or lawn.

A Photograph taken the 1st of May, from the original Plant,
which is G feet in diameter by 4 in height, showing its graceful and
drooping habit and profusion of bloom, may be had for 12 stamps.

Juniperus excelsa strlcta.

A New Plimt, suitable from its pyramidal growth for Ornamenting
Flower Gardens and Terraces,

WILLIAM ROLLISSON and SONS be- respectfully
to inform the Nobility, Gentry, and Trade, that their
New JUNIPERUS EXCELSA STRICTA is now ready for sending
out4 it is unquestionably the best and most suitable plant ever yet
inti'oduced for decorating Terraces and Flower Gaidens ; also any
situations in wlaich single Specimen Shrubs or Trees are usually
planted. It is cheerful in appearance and of a close and compact
hibit ; upright and pyramidal in growth, and perfectly hardy ; in
proof of which several hundreds of them stood in the open gi-ound
exposed to the severity of the weather all last winter and spring
without suffering tbp leiist iiyury, even in the foliage. '

They may now bo -seen pfrowing in perfect health in the open
ground in their Home Nm'sery at Tooting.

Price per Plaint, or by the dozen, will be forwarded post paid on
application.

A GENERAL CATALOGUE of their extensive Collection of
Orchids, Stuve, Greenhouse Plants, Ilardv Shrub';, Fruit Trees
Sc, &c. ; and a DESCRIPTIVE LIST of Tree and other iems,
will bo shortly ready for forwarding; these also may be had post free
on application to

The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.

TtlE DOVE FLOWER.

MB. WILLIAM BULL

Has just received an imporlaticiit itam. Panama in fine ootttlition of

THE DOVE FLOWER " PERISTERIA ELATA "-" ESPIRITU SANTO"

(HOLT GHOST FLOWEE) OF THE SPANIARDS.
The centre of eacK blossom gives a sti-ildng resemblance to a AVaxen Dove, hence its name.

Price — Half a Guinea each, or Five Guineas per dozen.

Fine Specimens can be made hy grouping several together.
ESTABLISHMENT for NEW and RARE PLANTS, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERY, UPPER HOLLOW AY, LONDON, N.

B. S. WILLIAMS

EESPECTPDLLT INVITES HIS PATRONS AND THE PUBLIC GENERALLY

TO PAY A VISIT TO THE ABOVE NURSERY

DURING THE PRESENT MONTH.

A continuous Show of SPECIMEN FLOWERING and FOLIAGE PLANTS is maintained in the
LARGE SHOW CONSERVATORY, and the ORCHID HOUSES, PALM STOVES, NEW HOLLAND HOUSES,
FERN HOUSES, AZALEA HOUSE, &c., fee, are replete with interest for lovers of either Beautiful and Rare
Flowers, or tbe maguilicent foliage of Tropical Vegetation.

The Collection of MEXICAN PLANTS at this Nursery is perhaps the finest in Great Britain, with the
exception of the one at the Royal Gardens, Eew.

CARRIAGE ROUTE AND MEANS OF ACCESS.— This Nursery is easily reached from any part of London.
The direct carriage route froni tBe West End is through Albany Street or Regent's Park ; Park Street, Camden
Town ; Kentish Town Road and the Junction Road.

The " Favorite" Omnibuses from the Bank and London Bridge Railways ; Victoria Station, Charing Cross, and
W^estininster ; Regent Street, Piccadilly, and Brompton, arrive at and start from the entrance of the Nursery every
7 minutes. _

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERY, UPPER HOLLOVi^AY, LONDON, N.

GOOD PLANTS IN POTS, NOW READY, 5s. EACH.

PAUL & SON'S

NEW BOUBLE SCARLET THORN.

CEATyEGUS OXYACANTHA COCCINEA PLENA (Paul & Son).— Colour exceedingly vivid, very double and
beautiful. Undoubtedly the finest hardy Novelty of the season. An attempt has been made to detract from the
sole credit due to us for introducing it.

Since we first sent it out in November last, we have had the hohon* to supply Her Majesty's Gardeh at "Windsor,
the leading Nurserymen here and abroad (see List in this Journal), the most celebrated Amateurs and LoVers of
Hardy Trees. We have gained with this unique norelty — Fii-st-class Certificate at Royal Botanic Society, May 21,
1864 ; First-class Certificate from distinguished Jury of New Plants at late International Exhibition.

Opinions of the Press were exceedingly favourable, a Leading Article of the Gardeners' ChronicU especially
notices it.

Having an enormous stock of some Thousands, Paul & Son can offer fine Plants in autumn.

Standards to bloom, 5s. and Ss. 6d. each. ; Dwarfs, 2s. 6d. each.

The Advertisers take the opportunity of stating that their Tea Rose House will be during next week fall of
flower. "The Roses in open ground promise to be at their best from the middle of June until early in July. The
stock is particnlarly fine .and worth visiting.

THiE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT, N.

One Mile from the Cheshunt Station, Great Eastern Railway.

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORi? (NOW READtJ.

WILLIAM PAUL

(Son and Successor to the late A. Paul),

BEGS TO OFFER THE

ABOVE MAGNIFICENT HARDY FLOVyERlNtS TREE,

Which he believes to be the greatest acquisition for forcing and out-of-door culture that has been

introdnced for many years.

Pine healthy Plants, *ell established in pots, 2 ft. high, 7s. 6d. each ; 1ft., 5s. each.

By Ordering at once Purehasers may establish these Plants to bloom well next yiar.
A First-clasa CSi-tificatfe wis awarded to him for this Plant by the Royal Horticultural Society on the 16th April last.

" A briHiant variety, to whicli too niuch attentioti can scarcely be
directed."— Gard€/iej'«' Chronicle,

' This is certainly a plant wiiicli cannot be overrated ; tbe intense

bright red colour, and the numernus clusters of the double floffia^,
make this CratEegus invaluable. No admirer of this charming IMifly 1
can be without it, all other pink varieties are truly in tbe shado i
beside it."— Journal of HorlictiUure.

PELAROONIUM JASON (First-class Certificate).— The finest, most leafy, and deepest colour of all pure gold-
leaved Pehu-goniums. Price Is. 6d. each.

Por other Novelties, see separate Advertisement,
^f See Coloured Drawing by Fitch, and History, in the " Florist " for Juiic.

PAUL'S NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

June l, 1867.]

TTTE GAl^DENET^S' nillONIOTE A^'T) AninOULTIIRAT- GAZETTE,

86'r

Mrs. Pollock Geranium.
rpHOMAS PESTRIDGE, Tho Greonway Nursery.
1 Uxbrhlge, MIddlosBx. onn supi.ly strong and hlRbly-colourod
MUS rOLtOCK QKRANIUM at 7». pov dozen, «J». per lOU.
Luua 14» per Joz. I Omn«0 Noaogny, 0». I Mndnmo Vauotior, Is.
Amv'U"«« 0» Venu«, lis. Centnureagjmnocarpa,!..

fndmiVeliow to. Cloth of Gold, 4.< J ColeuB Vorschaffolti, 4.,
Iroslno Horbatil, 38.

Package included. Torm.'i cash.

HE QUAniilOnr.OR PRLARGONIDM of the

.SoiiRon iH MF.Tl'loR. ralRed by Saltmarsii & Son.

Fordescrlptinn suo Advorttsements In this Paper. April fi, 1.1, and SO.

This splendid variety has received a first-class Certincato Irom the

Koyal Ilorticidtuial Society, and waa llgured in the January Number

of the " Floral Mairazine." , ^ „,. ^

A Coloured Drawing by Andrews will be .sent on receipt of? stamps.

Moulsham Nurseries, Chelmsford.

VERBENAS and GERANIUMS, scarlet, &(•■• Kood
nnd well established, suppllocl as follows ;— VERBENAS, in
varlotv li:,< per 100: GKRANIUM, In Croat variety for bedding,
laj per ll"l; UNUIUK, crimson, extra strong, S0.<. per 100.
DESCRIPTIVE CATAHIOUE of Roses In pots. Stove, Green-
house, Solt-wooilod, and Boddlng-out Plants. " * " - - - -
price on application.

H. ft R. Stirzaker, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster

Special Offer.

BEDDING PLANTS, BEDDING PLANTS.
strong Plants In or out of pots as may bo roquestod.
The rolh.wiog (for :l«., or half tho ijuantlty for lis. M.), contains
many of the new and beautiful kinds or ISOll :—

26DlslhictNr,lned(IERANIUMS
ISACiEHATUM PRINCE
12 Choice DAHLIAS [ALFRED
12 Choice DAISIES

12 Choice FUCHSIAS

12 Choice LOBELIA MISS

MURI'IIY
12 Choice PETUNIAS

Post-onico Orders on Costlo Hedingliam,
LISTS and CATALOGUES fToe.
DiLLisTONB&WeoDTiienpE, Munro Nursery, Slble Ilodingham, Essex
OrfCE.— Tho following Maj-iiiacont GERANIUMS,

eno of each for Ono Guinea, or six of tho best for 12fl. :—

. . ,......*,-. ..art ^t<«T t-*T*fcT %^T^r<rw*n

ITALIA UNITA | SUNSET
CANARY mUD
RUILLIANTISSIMA
MRS. P. .1. PKIiRY
ANNIE WILLIAMS
CRYSTAL SEA

GOLDEN NUGGET
1.11 N A
MRS. LONGFIELD
MRS. M. IIUTTON
Variegated ejUEEN of
NOSEGAYS

Post free. Trade

12 Of the llnost ZONALE and NOSEGAY GERANIUMS of 1860
for 7« Oil ; 12 of tho best FUCHSIAS of 1800 for OS. ; 12 of tho
best VERBENAS of 1800 for 4.s.

C.\TALOGUE of NEW PLANTS for ono stamp.
DiLLisTONB & WoODTUOupK, Muuro Nursory, Slble Hedingham, Essex

CATALOGUES FOR 1867.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

BEG TO ANNOt'NCK THAT THE FOLLOWING

NEWLY-PRINTED CATALOGUES ARE NOW READY,

and will be forwarded Post Free on application : —

CATALOGUE of NEW PLANTS for the PRESENT YEAR.

CATALOGUE of GENERAL COLLECTION of STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, ORCHIDS, FERNS, &c,

CATALOGUE of SOFT- WOODED and BEDDING PLANTS.

1^ £ach Ciitalor/ue contains Lists of the most distinct md popular Plants in their respective classes.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

UUPERB VARIEGATED GERANIUMS.

MUS. UENYON

IIIIOI.OR SPLENDENS

Gcll.ll PHEASANT

GLOWWORM

LUNA

TWILIGHT

BEAUTY of OULTON
THE COUNTKSS
MRS. LDNGFIKLI)
YELLOW BELT
LITTLE PET
ITALIA UNITA

Strong pltintH of tho above set 16s. Package included.
Cahhoh & Son, Gravel Walk Nursery, Fetyrborough.

THE SUPERB NEW GRAPE.

"MRS. PINCE'S BLACK MUSCAT"

IS DECIDEDLY THE BEST GRAPE EXTANT.
It has been repeatedlj' exhibited at the London Horticultural Meetings, and obtained the higheit Prize
awarded to Seedling Grapes. ,^. Orders, if sent nou; can be executed in August next.

The Vines from which last year's Grapes were cut (as late as the 4th inst.), can now be seen bearing a heavy
crop. The PubHc are respectfully invited to see for themselves, or send for Copies of Testimonials to the

EXETER NURSERY, EXETER.

BATH and WEST of ENGLAND SOCIETY.

SALISBURY MEETING, 1867.

STAND 168.

SUTTON & SONS,

SEEDSMEN TO THE QUEEN, READING, BERKS,

Inform their Patrons and the Public generally that they will have their usual extensive display of
AGRICULTURAL, HORTICULTURAL, and FLORICULTURAL SEEDS, (JRASSES, FORAGE PLANTS,
and ROOTS, at the above MEETING, and invite inspection of the same, which will be found well worthy a visit.

Orders received for SUTTON'S IMPROVED VARIETIES of SWEDES and TURNIPS for Present Sowing
at very moderate prices, and the Seed will be dispatched from Reading the day after the order is given.

All Goods Carriage Free, except very small parcels.
\ SUTtON AND SONS, SEEDSMEN TO THE QUEEN, READING, BERKS.

NEW ORCHIDS FROM PERU AND ECUADOR.

JOHN LINDEN

Novelties.

WM. PAtJL (Son and Su<;cc;sHor to the late A. Paul)
roflpoctfuUy Holiclts Orders for tho foUuwlnR NEW aiid
FIRST-CLASS PLANTS, wliich will be roiwly fur doUvory in May.

NKW ROSES.
ULACK FMIINCK, II. P. (Win, I'niil).— Flowers dark cvlmHOii,nhadud

Willi bhick, cuppud, liiree and lUll. Frlce 5n. uuub,
GLOBOSA, II. P. (Wm. Paul). —Flowers clear dark bright orlmaon,

colour iutuufiu riud aiiifoi'iii thruugbout. Price bs. each.
LADY SUl-'FIKLU, II. P. (Win. Puulj.—FloworB purplish crlmHou,

coloui' unii'orui tbrrjujJtrnjut, tbo jjurplo tint prodoniinBting ;

largo, full, and of tine fonu. Price 6a. each.
The best ot tbo NEW FRKNCH ROSES, 3«, 0(i. each, 308. por doz.

Older kiiid^, Sin. to aos. per doz.

NKW BEDDING GERANIUMS (Bkaton'h IUoe).

Aiiy 12 Varieties tVotn thlw yroup of 16 may be selected by the

purcbmier for £2 2jf.

The Ibllowing NEW ZONAL and HYBRID NOSEGAY

GERANIUMS have been aeleotod from several tbou.sand needllngs

raiaed from the stock of the late Mr. Donald Beaton. Every ono now

ofllered has boon thoroughly tested, and lu believed to be in advance

of. or distinct from, all pre-existing kinds.

AUTOCRAT (Wm. I'aul). — Flowers bright orange, very large, a
decided advance in shapts of this colour, blooms freely, very
attractive ; habit good. Price 3fl. fn/. each.
BICOLOR (Wm. Paul).— Flowers bluish purple, with spot of fiery
sciirlet on top petals ; free, good, and quite unique In colour ana
character. Pnce bs. each.
BLUE BELL (Wm, Paul).— Flowers bluish lilac, large, and of good
.shape and truss ; habit lino, A thoroughly distinct and most
pleasing novelty. Price 58. each.
CLIO (Wm. Paul). — Flowers rosy purple, uppei' petals scarlet, large

and good form, tru-ss and habit good ; pnce Zs. M. each.
CRIMSON QUEEN (Wm. Paul).— Flowers deep crimson, at once the
darl;est and brigliteat crimson yet seen in Zonale Pelargoniums,
flowers abundantly. Price 'ia. Oid. each.
CRUSADER (Wm. Paul).— Flowers crimson scarlet, with white eye,

large and smooth, trus.s large. Price ba. each.
DR. HOGG (Wm. Paul).— Flowers purplish rose, the colours glowing
and very beautiful, trusses good and abundant. Under canvas
this novelty appears to resemble Amy Hogg, but is quite distinct
from the latter out of doors. Figured in "The Florist" for
November, ISGO. Price bs. each.
ENCHANTRESS (Wm. Paul).— Fbwers soft purplish crimson, with
distinct scarlet eye, trusses and habit good, very lovely.
Price 3s. M. each.
FIREFLY' (Wm. Paul).— Flowers scarlet crimson and orange, witb
scarlet eye ; hiibit free and good ; distinct and very effective.
Price 3s. M. each.
GLORY of W ALTH AM ( Wm. Paul).— Flowers splendid even scarlet,
dwarf habit, foliage fine, truss large and close. Probably the
finest " No.segay" Geranium yet raised. Price 3». 6d. each.
KINGFISHER (Wm. Paul].— Flowers crimson and bluish purple,
magenta eye, very free, distinct and effective. Price 3s. 6rf. each.
LILACINUM (Wm. Paul). — Flowers dark bright lilac, splendid

truss, and fine habit, tile colour quite new. Price 6s. each,
MEMNON (Wm. Paul). — Flowers magenta, trusses good and very
abut)d.int, habit dwarf. This might bo called a rosy purple
" Stella." Price Zs. Gd. each.
OMEN (Wm. Paul). — Flowers reddish salmon, splendid truss,
good habit, very tree, distinct, and firat-rate for bedding.
Price 3s. Crf. each.
PURPLE QUEEN (Wm. Paul).— In the way of Amy Hogg as to
b»bit and character of truss and flower, but of a totally different
colour— dark rosy pmple. Price 6». each.
TROUBADOUR (Wm. Paul). — Flowers rosy purple, fine shape,

magnificent under gloss. Price 5s. each.
VILLAGE MAID (Wm. Paul). — Flowei-s bright deep pink, with
clear white blotch in the centre of tbe upper petals, the colom's
being well separated or defined; habit dwarf and compact; very
beautiful. Price 5s. eai;b.
WALTHAM NOSEGAY (Wm. Paul).— Flowers carmine, trusses of
good size and abundant ; highly recommended for the effect it
produces in the flower garden. Price 3a. 6d, each.

GOLD-LEAVED VARIETIES.

The following varieties are the result of a cross between Beaton's

race and the ordinary gold-leaved kinds, whereby has been obtained

the free growth and leafy character of the former, properties

invaluable for bedding pm-poses,

JASON (Wm, Paul).— Flowers blood crimson, trusses large, round,
and compact, leaves pure golden yellow, habit dwarf and free ;
the plant densely clothed with dne foliage. The association of
yellow leaves and blood crimson flowers, both freely produced, is,
in this plant, very fascinating. Price 7s. Od. each.
WALTHAM GEM (Wm. Paul). —Flowers very light red, colour
distinct and peculiarly pleasing, white eye; leaves yellow, with
very faint zone. A beautiful novelty of dwarf compact habit.
Price 7s. Qd. each.

STANDARD ZONAL GERANIUMS,
Scarlet, rose, white, &c., bs. to 10s. 6d. each.
STANDARD, VARIEGATED, and TRICOLOR-LEAVED
GERANIUMS, 7s. 6d. to lbs. each,
GERANIUM REBECCA.— Cherry colom-, 21s. per doz.
NIMROD.—Orange scarlet, 21s, per doz.
„ ST. GEORGE.— Dark chestnut, 15s. per doz.

MRS. POLLOCK, &s. to 9s. per doz.
SUNSET, 18s. per doz.
,, ITALLA UNITA, 21s. per doz.

HOLLYHOCKS.— A flne collection of Hollyhocks by name and

well varied in colour, 12s. to 42s. per dozen.
NEW AUCUBAS.— The 10 best sorts for £2 10s.
NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN. — Good plants in pots,

bs. to 7.''. 6d. each.
GRAPE VINES.— Planting canes, 38, 6ti. to 5fi. each. Fruiting

canes, 7>'<. 6(2. to 15s. each.
LILIUM AURATUM.— Flowering bulbs, 2s, 6d. to lOs. 6d. each ;

12s. to Oils, the half dozen.
RAPHANUS CAUDATUS. Is. to 2s. 6d. per packet.

Pacl's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

THE FOLLOWING

INTRODUCED DIHECTLT THEOUGH HIS

IJDONTOGLOSSUM ASTRANTHOM, 31s. 6d.

BREVIFOLIUM, 03s. to 106s.
CRtSTATUM, 42s., 210s. for six, 4008. per doz.
CROCATUM, 42s., 211JS. forslx.
HALLII, 42s. to 63s., 2MJs. for six
ONCIDIBM ACINACEUM, 31s. M.

AtJllOSUM, 18s., 180s. per dozen.

„ extra strong, 31s. Off. to 52s. 6d,

C0CULLATUM MACRaNTHUM, 42s.

„ RAOKMOSUM, 42».

UOLOL'HRYSUM, 26s. to 42s.
Hrpa/EMArlC0M, sis. M., 180.i. for six
MACRANTHUM, 63s. to 105s.
.VDBIGENOM, 31s. 0.!. to 63s., 3208. per dozen, ■

„ LINDLEYANUM, splendid, lips and petals
spotted with crimson, 63*. to 109s.

NEW SPECIES,

COLLECTORS IN PERU AND ECUADOR.

ONCIDIUM NUBIQENOM MACRANTHtjH, extra large variety
and described as very fine, C3s. to 109s.
„ SEMELE (Rcbb), 31s. 6i<.

SERRATUM (IHadema), 42s., 400s. per dozen.
„ XANTHORNIS, 31s. Cd.

MESO.SPlNIDiaM SANGUINEPM, 31s. 64, 320s. per dozen.
NANONES MEDUS.!; (Rcbb.), 1475.

CATTLEVA MAXIMA VAR,, witb glaucous leaves, described as
very fine, 42s. to 109s., 4008. per dozen.
„ NOVA, from Cboco, very distinct, of pseudo bulbs,

but described as being in tbe way of C. Warscewiczil,
C3s. to 109s.
BURLINQTOMIA ( RODRIGUEZIA ) BATEMANIANA, 18s.,
180s. per dozen.
.. „ TRICOTIHM IRchb.l, quite new

and very distinct, 2Is. to 42s.

POA TEIVIALIS ARGENTEA ELEGANS,
silver-leaved MEADOW GRASS, 4s. por dozen.
CHRYSANTHEMUM SENSATION, white edged, 4s. per dozen.
AGERATUM PRINCE ALFRED, the darkest and dwarfost blue

varietv out, 3s. per dozen.
100 VERBENAS, in 60 varieties, for 16s.
100 ZONAL GERANlnMS, to 60 varieties, for 30s.

B. W. Kniqut, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

c

H 0 I C

For other NEW and RARE ORCHIDS, see the CATALOGUE just published.
ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL and HORTICULTURAL GARDENS, BRUSSELS.

Per pkt.-
Broccoli, Snow's Imperial

Winter

Albert Sprouts
Cauliflower, Early Erfurt . .
Celery, Manchester

Champion Red
Cucumber, Smith's Fine

Frame

Cucumber, Telegraph
Leek, Henry's Prize
Endive, Digswell Pnze . .
Onion, Nuneham Purk
Parsley, extra flne curled ..
Raphanus caudatus {new

long-podded Radish)
Custard Marrow
Melon, Malvern Hall
Tomato de Laye
Cau]i:lower, Tne Mammoth
Richard Suitb

E SEED

Post Free.

Per pkt.—
Moore's Vegetable Cream
Beet, Perpetual Spinach . .
„ Nutting's Superb

Red

Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom

Thumb

Radish, French Breakfast

Aster, TmlTaut's Superb

French, 12 vara, mixed . .

Aster, "Victoria, 6 vars.

mixed

Stoek, improved large-
flowering, 12 vars. mixed.
Balsam, Oimelllft-flowerea,

6 var. mixed
Balsam, Rose-flowered, S vara.
1 6 : mixed

0 0 Phlox Drummondii, 12

1 0 splendid varieties
Seed Merchant, Worcester.

0 e

0 6

2 (J
0 6

S .

s.d.
0 6
0 6

568

THE GAEDENERS' CHROMCLE AM) AGETCTJLTITKAL GAZETTE.

[June 1, 1867.1

Verbenas— New Varieties of 1867.

DREGHOEiN AND AITKEN, Nursertmev.
Kilmarnock, beg to offer the best of this year's >'EW
VERBENAS at the foUowing remarkably low prices for well-rooted
plants, Tiz. : —

SET of SIX sent out bv J. Kevnes, for 5s.

SET of THIRTEEN sent out'by Charles Turner (raised by C. J.

Perrv). 7*-. 6d.
SET of FIVE sent out by Hugh Low & Co. (raised by Nicholls),

for 4s. 6d.
KING of BEDDERS and WHITE QUEEN, sent out by E. G.
Henderson & Son, 6d. each.
One plant ot each of the above (26 in alll for 15s. ; or 12 plants (in
12 vars., selected from the abovel, 8s,. including package and postage.
Keynes's are ready now, the others will be ready on May 25. Early
Orders are solicited, as the strongest plants will be sent out first.

New Bedding Verbena, Blondin (Focus).

Colour, Brilliant Magenta with a pare white eye.

DO"NV^IE, LAIRD, and LAING beg to intimate ttat
they are now readv to send out the above magnificent
VERBENA- It is much in the styJe and habit of Purple King,
blooms in the greatest profusion in all kinds of weather, and rain
even does not seem to spoil it. It was awarded a First-class Certifi-
cate bv the Roval Caledonian Horticultural Societv, Edmburgh,
September 6, 1S66. Price Is. 6d. each, or 12s. per dozen, with the
usual allowance to the Trade.

The following Testimonials as to its superior merits are from
Gentlemen whcThaTe had many opportuoities of seeing it in flower
during last season, and D., L.. 4 L. have no hesitation in saying it
will prove the greatest acquisition ever offered as a Bedding Verbena
in its class and colour.

TESTIMONIALS.
From Mr. "Williaii Pirbie, Gardener to The Right Hon. The Earl of
Rceslyn, Dysari Bouse.
" 1 paid a Tisit to Fordel Gardens last August, and saw a fine New
Verbena named Blondin, in colour a beautiful deep magenta with
clear white eye. free grower and very profuse bloomer, even during
wet, unfavourable weather. It appears to have the blooming quali'
tiesof Purple Kin^. with the luxuriant CTowth of Ijord Raglan. This
will prove a real acquisition in Bedding Verbenas,"
From Mr. Robert Dewae, Gardener to James T. Oswald, Esq.,
Dunnikia; Kirkcaldy.
" Having seen Verbena Blondin la^ aucumn, I consider it the
best rose-coloured variety for bedding purposes I have seen."
From Mr. ■William M. Gobbie, Gardener to Colonel Ferguson,

Raith, Kirkcaldy.
" I visited Fordel Gardens last autumn, and saw a Verbena named
Blondin. The beds covered with it were in rich masses of bloom,
and while the others, such as Purple King, Firefly, &c., were nearly
destroyed by the severity of the weather, Blondin was flowering in
great luxuriance."
FYoin Mr. Wiluam Vaib, Gardener to Sir Arthur Halket, Bart.,

Pitjirrane, I>unfermUhe.
** In passing through the Gardens at Fordel last autumn, I was
Tery much pleased with a new Verbena numed Blondin, colour
bright magenta, and flowering most profusely, more so than any
Verbena I have ever seen."

From 2klr. Johs McLeas, Gardener to Mrs. Gibson, DuJoeh,

Inverkeilhing.

" I was greatly pleased with a beautiful new Verbena named

Blondin I saw in Fordel Gardens last autumn. It was flowering in

great masses. This I think will prove a great acquisition amongst

bedding Verbenas.'*

DowsiE. Laird, & Laixg, Florists to the Queen, Nurserymen,
Seedsmen, and New Plant Merchants, 17, South Frederic kStreet,
Edinburgh ; and Stanstead Park, Forest Hill. London, S.E.

Tlie'BestlSwede in.Cnltivation lis Sutton's Cliampion.

Wbeelera' Imperial, tlie finest Swede Grown.

WHEELERS' lilPEEIAL S'VTEDE.
Early Orders are necessary, as the Seed is scarce.
This is one of the best if not the best Swede in cultivation ; the
specimens exhibited at the Smithfield Club Show in London, and at
Cirencester, Birmingham, and at the Great Show of Roots held in
Gloucester, exciled'considerable admiration, not only for their size,
but lor their beauiirul shape and excellent quality.

J. C. Wheeler & Soy. Seed Growers, Gloucester.

G

EASS StEDS for FhiKilA.NENT rASlUEE,
selected on a new, scientific, and n-itural system, by

J. C. Wheeleb & Sox, Gloucester.

u

TNDOUBTEDLY a (jOOl) IDEA.

WHEELEE AN-D SON'S "BOOK on GRASSES."—
"These ent€rprising Seedsmen, in introducing a new element ,
into their caJculations — viz., the geological formation of the soils for
which permanent Grasses are wanted — have undoubtedly a good idea, i
" Messrs. Wheeler have prepared a new series of tables ol the '.
Grasses which they consider most suitable to different geological
formations. These" are arranged in 11 tables, and include mixtures
suitable for heaw, medium, and light soils in each case." — The Fields
March 9, 1867.

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANl
(Established 1640),
Have now ready for delivery in dry fine condition,
CORN MANCFRE. for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BON'ES, for Dressing Pasture I.andB
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUASO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genmne PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMO MA, FISHERI
SALT, &c. E PuRSEa, Secretary.
Offlces. 116, Fenchurch Street. E.C.

LAWES' MANURES. — ,

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present <
season of 1S67 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the I
following prices, per ton: —
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BON^ £ 8. d. i

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME 660|

LAWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 6 5 0\

LAWES? WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL '

MANURES 8 0 0){

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES ..12 0 0 j

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying according to cost of carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphat-e of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cites at market price=!. ,

Address, Joas Benset Lawes, L, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

ODAMS'3 NlTRO-PHuSPHATE for^COR-T '

ODAMS'S N^TRO-PHOSP^^ATE for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

MASTTACrUBED

THE PATENT NITltO-PtluSPHATE OR BLOOD
MANURE COMPANT (Limited).

Chief Offlces— 109, Fenchurch Street. London,
Western Counties Branch — Queen Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch — 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.

DiBECTORS

Chairman — John Clayden, Littlebury, Essex,
Deputy-Chaij-man — John Collins, Argyll House, Holloway.
Edward Bell, 4S, Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot, Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Middiesei.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Nortolk.
George Saville, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chnshall Grange, Es^ex.
Charles Dorman, 23, Esses Street, Strand.
Thomas Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Metton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Managing Director — James Odams.
Bankers — Messrs. Bametts, Hoares, £ Co.. Ixrmbard Street.
Sohcifors— Messrs. Kingsford £ Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

^udilor — J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company wns originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz. — " The Tenant Farmers' Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for years under minagement with Manures of their
own manufecture. The consumer, therefore, has the best guarantee
for the genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manu^tured by
this Company.

Paiticulars' will be lorwarded on application to the Secretarr, or
mav be had of the Local Agents. C. T. Macadam, Secretafv.

C'hief Offices— 109, Fenchurch Street. London, EC.

JC. WTTKRT.F.R axd SON are anxious tliat every
• Gentleman Fanner in England, who is about to Lay Down
Land to Permanent Pasture, or to Renovate Old Pasture with suitable
Grass Seeds, should read their illustrated "Book on Grasses;" with
this view they will, on receiving a note to that effect, send a copy to
anr address they may be favoored with.

G

:lRASS seeds for

PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See •* \VHEELERS BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Hlustra-
tious and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. Wheeleb & Soir,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agricultural Society^

SUTTON'S CHAMPION SWEDE.
A large Purple-topped Yellow variety. Handsome shape, per,
fectly hardy, stores exceedingly well, and one of the heaviest croppers,
F^m Mr. J. H. Halse, Secretary to the SidmoiUh AgriaiUural

dssodaiioTu
" October 26, 1866. — At the Hnnnal meeting of the above Associa-
tion, held at Sidmouth on the 23d inst., the whole of the Prizes for
Swede T^imips were awarded to your Champion Swede, grown from
seed supplied by you during the past season,"

From H. J. Hiujse, Esq., Granham Hill, Marlborough.

" I am bound to say that, from my experience, you are quite

Justified in asserting the Champion Swede to be quite as hardy as

any of the purple-topped varieties ; if not indeed hardier,"

Lowest price per bushel on application.

PRICE LISTS of other TURNIP SEEDS gratis on application.

ScTTOK & Soss, Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

Sutton's Grass Seeds for all Soils.

SUTTON AND SONS
have still on hand some of each of
the leading kinds of

PERMANENT NATURAL GRASSES
and CLOVERS,

which are mixed expressly to suit the soils
for which they are intended.

Price 26>s. to 363. per acre.
Carriage free.

ScTTos & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed
Eatablishment, Reading.

Notice.

HCANNELL has received so many letters requirmg
• various information on the extending System of GRAPE
GROWING, that he begs to say he really cannot answer any more
privately, and has determined to publish his System in fall, mcluding
all the valuable Correspondence that has lately appeared in the
Gardener;>' Chronicle : so that all persons possessmg Vmes may be
able to see at a glance how Tines and all other Plants should be
grown naturallv and to perfection for manv years without decaying.
Fuchsia Nursery. Woolwich.

"XT OTICEisHtKEBiLfiVEN, that the PARTNERSHIP
l.\ lately subsi^.ne between us. the undersigned, SPENCER
MITCHELL HAMILTON and JAMES VINCENT WRIGHT, as
Seedskus- NuESERvaiEs, and Floeists, at Thornton Heath Terrace.
Crovdon in th£ Countv of Surrev, was on the l&th day of May instant
DISSOLVED bv mutnaJ consent. The said Business will hencetorth
beamed onsofelTbythesaidSPENCER MITCHELL HAMILTON
at Thornton Heath Terrace, aforesaid, and ail debts due to and
owinc bv the said late firm will be received and paid by the said
Spescee Mjtcheu, Ha-sultos. As witness our hands this 29th day of
Mav 1S67 S- M. Hamiltos and Jas. V. Weight.

Witness, Jso. Au. Temple, Solicitor, 5, Bloomsbnry Square.

PEAT. — A quantitv of good fibrous PEAT for SALE,
as supplied by the Advertiser to her Majesty's Gardens.
Price per ton lis Delivered to Seven Oaks or Edenbndge Station,
by F- Hat>es. Brasted Chart, near Seven Palis.

Li'^OR Sale, in any quantities, selected SILVER

J: SAND PEAT SOIL, LOAM, SPHAGNUM, SANDSTONE
GRAVEL. ^HDfGLE, GARDEN POTS. GARDEN ENG1,SES.
IMPLEMENTS, &c, cheap for cash. Carefully dispatched by Rail,
Canal, and Ship, List of Prices post free on application to
W. Shoet, Horticultural Depflt, Reigate.

/^OCOA-NUT KEFUSB
^^ is becoming scabcb, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 20 for 30s., 60 for 66*., 100
for £6.

Foorpence allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40«.

Postage Stamps or Fost-offlcs
Order, payable to J. Babsham &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

BOSTON'S .Nl:- PLUS ULTRA, for the Destruction of
Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, &c., on Stove and Green-
house Plants, Fruit Trees, Vines, ic. In bottles, with full mstruc-
tions for application, price Zs. 6d., 5^,, and 10s. 6d.

James Caetee & Co. beg leave to state that the present time is most
suitable for applying the above genuine Specific before the com-
mencement of the growing season, thereby preventing the rapid
increase of the above pests which would otherwise take place. The
infallible properties of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becoming fuUy recognised, J. C. 4 Co. having aireadj sold nearly
2000 bottles since its first mtroduction m the spring of 1866-
Numerons testimonials have been received, and not a smglecomplaint
of its inefficiency.

Sole Agents, Ja^ixs Caeteb & Co., 237 and 238. High Holbom, W.a
%* The Trade snpphed on liberal terms.

S T

/;! 1 s a u R

VT COMPOUNT).

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since ISod, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thnps,

Green Fly, and other BLight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to I6 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, In
boxes, Is., 35., and 10s. &d.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CASDLE COMPANi'

(Limited)

Plagues of the Garden.

SIMPLE and SAFE REMEDY. — By using the
APHIS WASH, these pests of the garden, toeether with
Ants, Scale, Caterpillars. Sluss. Earwigs, ic, are immediately
destroyed. Leaves no stain, but strer^hens the Trees or Plants.

" At the first opportunitvuse a solution of ' Aphis Wash,' preparer*
at the City Soap Works ; it not only destroys the Aphis, but also
Scale, and every other pest."— Extract from Gardeners' Magazme-,
January 5, 1S67. . n

"For strengthening the growth and effectually destroying au
forms of bUght, the 'Aphis Wash" supersedes every other prepara^
tion."— See Gardeners^ Chronicle, August 1», 1S65 ; and Gardenerr
.Utujasw*, Julv 1, 1S65. ^ „ ^j .^ii«n

Sold bv Chemists and others, in 1*. bottleg, and 2*. 6d. agauon,
with full" directions for use. ^.tj xr n

Wholesale at the City Soap Worts, Mflfcon Street, London, ii-(--

J\rsB 1, 1S67.]

THE GAT^DENERS' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTUIUL GAZETTE

569

OEMSON'S PAEADIGM HOT-HOUSES

ABE

EFFICIENT, SUBSTANTIAL, AND MODERATE IN PRICE.

H. OEMSON, aware of the increasiiig demand for what are termed Cheap Hot-houses (which in reality, as usually constructed, are bi from realising that term)— and
the desire of Horticulturists, and the Tublic generally, to Cultivate their Fruits with a greater degree of certainty and success than can be done on open walls, and also to
enable them to Grow Choice Floivering PlanU under Glass, has made it his study to produce a class of Structures combining all the qualities and requUites of the molt
expensive Hot-houses, at prices most economical.

The COSSTKUCTION of these HOUSES is based upon a plan which offers many advantages over other low priced Houses, inasmuch as all the parU being fuamed,
can be readily taken down and re-erected if required, whilst as permanent buildings they possess many advantages over all descriptions of "bar roof structures. They aro
adapted for the growth of either Fruits or Flowers, and can be made of any width required.

The VENTILATION is effected in a manner at once simple and most efficient, by machinery, combining all the latest improvements, and in such a manner that neither
wind nor rain can do damage ; and at the same time not offering any obstruction to shading, or netting the openings against insects.

SPECIMENS of these HOUSES may be seen Erected in the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL GARDENS (EASTERN ARCADE), SOUTH KENSINGTON, and
Prices obtained on application.

HENRY ORMSON, F.S.A.,

HORTICULTURAL ARCHITECT, BUILDER, iN'D HOT-WATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURER,
STANLEY BRIDGE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

EANSOMES & SIMS'

NEW LAWN MOWER. THE AUTOMATON.

A NEW AND FIRST-CL.iSS MACHINE, WHICH HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED.
CVXTAiyS MAXr IMFROrEMEXIS.

THE AUTOMATON LAWX MOWEr.

PRICES, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND FULL PARTICULARS, FREE, FROII

RANSOMES AND SIMS, IPSWICH.

«

WARNER'S SILICATE OF IRON PAIKT.

The peculiarities and advantages of this PAINT are that it will stand e.\treme Heat and Damp, and is not affected by Acid, Sea 'Water, Sulphuretted
Hvdrogen, or Ammonia. It is equally well adapted for Iron, TVood, Brick, or Cement. Even" Shade of Colour ground to order. The Creamy H hlte and
Bright Stone will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of the fumes of Gases. It has no smell, and there is an entire absence of deleterious effect.

WARNER'S ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION

Is suitable for Felt RooBng, and is a cheap Coating for Iron Work, and preserves Wood in India from the ravages of the White Ant.

Price Is. 3d. per Gallon.

17, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.C.

CONSERVATORIES, GREENHOUSES, FRAMES.

THE OXIT PAIXT THAT SCCCESSFtTLLY STANDS TTPON THE ABOVE TETIXG WOKK IS

CARSONS' ORIGINAL ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,

TRADE MARK.

UTERES ATSTATIOHEBS K*LU

ASD IS CO.VSEQUESTLY LARGELY USED BY THE XOEILITT AND GENTRY, ALSO THE LEADING HORTICCLTCRISTS.

IT IS EQUALLY ADAPTED FOR ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF EXTERNAL WORK.

Three Cwt. Free to ac}' Station in England and Wales, and most Ports of England,

Ireland and Scotland.

PREPARED OIL MIXTTJBE FOB, THE ANTI-COBKOSION PAINT.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VAKNISHES, BRUSHES, i-c, ire.

inAOE MARK.

ENTERED ATST«TIONEBS HALL,

Before Painting, send for PATTERNS, PRICES, and TESTIIIOXIALS, which can be had Post Free on application to

WALTER CARSON and SONS, LA BELLE SAUVAGE YARD, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, EC.

CAUTION.— All Casks bear the Trade Mark, or are not Genuine,

670

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 1, 1867.

Seed of Choice Strains of Florists' Flowers.

The following selected Strains are worthy of the notice of all
growers of the most iiseftil conservatory decorative flowers.

WILLIAMS- SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

TI) S. "WILLIAMS can with confidence offer his

-"-^ ■ superb Strain of Primula as being undoubtedly the finest in
cultivation. It is now grown in all the principal Gardens of the
Nobility and Gentry throughout the Throe Kingdoms, and has never
failed to give the greatest satisfaction.

In habit the plants are very robust, and in the foliige differ from
all other varieties; but their great beauty consists in the depth of
colour m the Red, purity of th.e White, and beautiful fimbriated
form of all the flowers, which are thrown up in large trusses well
above the foliage.

As a proof of the truth of the above remarks, this Strain has
taken 1st Prizes in every instance that It has been shown in the
Provinces this Spring ; and 1st Prize at the Primula Show of the
Royal Horticultural Society, South KenstnKton j and 1st at the
Royal Botanic, Regent's Park. It is also the favourite Strain in the
Covent Garden Flower Market.

This Strain may be procured True, in Sealed Packets bearing
B. S. Williams' Name and Address, from any Seedsman; but
B. S. W. particularly requests that Customers will observe, on
purchasing, that each Packet has his Name and Addfese «i full
printed thereon, as no others are genuine.

The Trade supplied on advantageous terms.

Retail price, RED ,

Per pkt. s. d.
5 0

Per pkt.
Retail price, WHITE , .

5. d.

MIXED ..5 0

WHITE ..5 0

Retail price, MIXED, per packet, is. Qd.

WBATHERHILL'S EXTRA CHOICE STRAIN OF CINERARIA.
B. S. W. has purchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of this
Magnificent Strain. Many of the flowers produced by this seed last
season were as large as a crown-piece. This strain is well known in
the London Flower Market, and is the most popular one there, a
sufficient guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail price per pkt., 5s. Orf. | Retail price per pkt., Zs. 6d.
Retail price per pkt. . , ..2s M.

JAMES'S HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.— The varieties that
took the First Prize at the International Horticultural Exhibition
last May were of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt. 5s. Od. I Retail price per pkt., 3e. 6ii.
Retail price per pkt 2s. Gd.

All FLOWER SEEDS in packets. Post free.

B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurserias, Upper HoUoway,
London, N.

Russell'3 Pyramid Primula.

TuE Finest Strain in Existence.

GEORGE CLARKE has New SEED of the above
unerjualled varieties, 2s, 6d. per packet; also the Fern-leaved
kinds, 2s. Od. ; Kormeaina (scarlet), 2s. Qd. ; The Fairy (a lavender
colour) \s. All of the best quality. INow Is the time to sow for
BtroDg early plants.

Nursery, Streatham Place, Brixton Hill, S. : and Mottingham
Kent, S.E. ^

Choice Seeds.

WM. CUTBTJSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following : —
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATv\, of the finest possible strain.

Red, White, or Mixed, 2s. Gd,, 3s., and fis, per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very fine, 2s. Qd.,

'6s. Od.j and 6s. per packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2s. M., 3s. 6d., and 5s. perpacket.
SNOWS WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C. & Son's own

saving, 2s. 6d. per packet.
NUNEHAM PARK ONION, 2s. M. per packet.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free.
Hifihgate Nurseries, London, N.

PKIMULAS, CALCEOLAKIAS, &c.—
The following varieties greatly exceed in brilliancy of colour
and substance of flower the older kinds : —
PRIMULA SINENSIS coccinea aurantiaca, very deep crimson.

Is. and 2s. OcZ. per packet.
P. sinensis atrocarminata splendens. light carmine. Is. and 2s. Qd.

per packet.
P, sinensis lilacina albo-marginata, lilac, edged white, Is, and 2s. 6d.

per packet.
P. sinensis striatiflora, nai^ificently striped, Is. and 2s. fid, per pkt.
P. sinensis filicil'ulia, line Foni-leaved variety, 2s. Gd. per packet.
P. sinensis flmbriata, extra fine, mixed. Is, and 2s. fid, per packet.
P. sinensis flmbriata alba. Is. and 2s. Cd. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from flowers of great beauty. Is., Is. Qd., and

2s. fid. per packet.
CINERARIA, saved from floe named varieties. Is., Is. 6d., and
2s. fid. per packet.

All packets of Flower Seeds sent post free,

CATALOGUES po^t paid.

Bdtler, McCdlloch & Co., Covent Garden Market, London, W,C,

Dutcli Bulbs.

AE. BARNAAKT, JNursertman, Vogelenzang.
• Haarlem, begs to inform Nurserymen and the Trade
generally, thtt he has just published his New CATALOGUE
of DUTCH BULBS for the coming fueason, which may be hiid post
free on application to bis Agents, Messrs. R. SiLiiKURAoi Son, 5, Harp
Lane, Great Tower Street, Loudon, E.C.

A. E. Barnaart having extensive Nurseries at Haarlem, Overveen,
and Vogelenzang, possess unusual cultural advantages, being able
to select the soil and situation most desirable for perfecting tbe
growth of each description of Bulb.

His HYACIISTHS were crowned this spring at the Paris
Exposition Universelle.

ri^HE GOLDEN - VARIE(iATED WELLINGTONIA.

X First-class Ceitiflcate fl-om Royal Horticultural Society,

For Testimonials, &c., see Qardeners' Clironicle, October 6, 1866 ;

Times, October 7, 1866 ; Scottish Gardener, November, 18C6 ;

Gardeners' Chronicle, January 12, 1867; "Florist," February, 1867.

LAST TEAR'S PLANTS (a few remaining).

lat Si^e, very choice, 8 to 12 inches, £5 6s. each,

THIS YEAR'S PLANTS,
2d Size, flne, 4 to 6 inches, £2 2s.
3d Size, nice little bits, 2 to 3 inches, £1 Is.
5U0O plants are now plunged out-of-doors, in their respective sizes
tney may be safely fonvaraed during the summor, if desired, and
orders will be executed in strict rotation.

Chromo-lithograptis of tbe parent tree, by Day and Son (Limited),
on superior cards, 10 inclies by 8 inches, very faithful in ou'line, but
deficient in representing the glorious colour of the original. Theae
are sent free by post for 26 stamps, and one sent to each Purchaser.

It is intended to exhibit a few of the first size at the approaching
Paris and Manchester Exhibitions.

R. HiRTLAND, Tlie Longh Nurseries.

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS,

REGENT'S PARK.

FIRST GENERAL EXHIBITION of PLANTS and FLOWERS,

WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, 1867.

LIST OF AWARDS.

LARGE GOLD MEDAL,
Mr. J. Baines, Gr. to H. Micholls. Esq., Bowden, near Manchester,

for 10 Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Mr, C, Penny, Gr, to H. H. Gibbs, Esq., St. Dunstan's, Regent's

Park, for 15 Exotic Orchids

MEDIUM GOLD MEDAL.
Mr. B. Peed, Gr. to Mrs. Tredwell. St. John's Lodge, Norwood, for

10 stove and Greenhouse Plants
Messrs. J. & C. Lee, Nurserymen, Hammersmith, for 8 Stove and

Greenhouse Plants
Mr. D. Donald, Gr. to J. G. Barclay, Esq., Leyton, for 3 Stove and

Greenhouse Plants
Messrs. S. Glendinning, Nurserymen, Chiswick, for 8 Greenhouse

Azaleas
Mr. S, M. Carson, Gr. to W. R. G. Farmer, Esq., Nonsuch Park,

Cheam, Surrey, for 8 Greenhouse Azaleas
Mr. W, Wilson, Gr. to W, Marshall, Esq., Clay Hill, Enfield, for

15 Exotic Orchids
Mr. C. Turner, Nurseryman, Slough, Bucks, for 10 Roses in Pots

GOLD MEDAL.
Mr. W. Kemp, Gr, to Earl Percy, Albury Park, Guildford, Surrey, for

10 Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Mr, O, Rhodes, Nurserymen, Sydenham Park, Kent, for 8 Stove and

Greenhouse Plants
Mr, J, Coles, Gr. to H. H. Page Henderson, Esq., Beckenham Place,

Beckenham, Kent, for 8 Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Messrs. J, & C. Lee, for 10 Foliage and Flowering Plants
Mr. O. Rhodes, for 8 Cape Heaths
Mr. B. Peed, Gr., for 8 Cape Heaths
Mr. C. Turner, for 8 Greenhouse Azaleas
Mr. J. Wheeler, Gr. to Sir F. H. Qoldsmid, Bart., Regent's Park, lor

8 Greenhouse Azaleas
Mr. W. Gidney, Gr. to Rev, W. ElHs", Hoddesdon, Herts, for 15

Exotic Orchids
Mr. T. Hill, Gr, to R. Hanbury, Esq., Poles Ware, Herts, for 8

Exotic Orchids
Mr. C, Tumor, for 9 Pelargoniums

Mr. J, Fraser, Nurseryman, Leyton, Esses, for 9 Pelargoniums
Mr, W. Paul, Nurseryman, Waltham Cross, for 10 Roses

LARGE SILVER GILT MEDAL.
Mr J. Wheeler. Gr. to J. Fhillpott, Esq., Stamford Hill, for 10

Stove ana Greenhouse Plants
Messrs. S. Glendinning, for 8 Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Mr. A. Wilkie, Oak Lodge, Kensington, for 8 Stove and Greenhouse

PUuits
Mr. J. Ward, Gr. to F. G. Wilkie, Esq,, The Poplars, Leyton, for

fi Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Mr. B. S Williams, Nurseryman, Holloway, for 10 Foliage and

Flowering Plants
Mr. R. Baxindine, Nurseryman, Guildford, Suney,for 8 Capo Heaths
Mr. W. Kemp, Gr., for 8 Cape Heaths
Mr. C, Penny, Gr., for 8 Greenhouse Azaleas
Mr. C. Turner, for C Greenhouse Azaleas
Mr. B. Peed, Gr., for 15 Exotic Orchids

Messrs. J, Veitch & Sons, Nm-serymon, Chelsea, for 6 Exotic Orchids
Mr. J. Wiggins, Gr. to W. Beck, Esq., Worton Cottage, Isleworth,

for 8 Exotic Orchids ,

Mr. J. Ward, Gr., for 9 Pelargoniums

Messrs. Paul & Sons, Nurserymen, Cheshunt, Herts, for 10 Roses |
Mr. J. Terry, Gr. to A, G, Pullen, Esq., Toungsbury, Ware, Herts,

for 6 Koses
Mr. B. S. Williams, for 12 Exotic Ferns

LARGE SILVER MEDAL,
Mr. B. S. Williams, for 8 Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Mr. 0, Smith. Gr. to A. Anderson, Esq., Tde Grove, Norwood, for

0 Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Mr, J, Ward, Gr., for 6 Cape Heaths
Messrs. J, & C. Lee, for G Greenhouse Azaleas
Mr. B. S. Williams, for 6 Foliiige Plants
Mr. J. Fraser, for 6 Fancy Pelargoniumsa
Mr. D. Donald, Gr., for 6 Fancy Pelargoniums

SILVER GILT MEDAL.
Mr. G. Wheeler, Gr., for 10 Foliaso and Flowering Plants
Mr. W. Kemp, Gr., for 8 Cape Heaths
Messrs. J. & C. Lee, for 6 Cape Healths
Mr. A, Wilkie, Gr,, for 8 Greenhouse Azaleas
Messrs, H. Lane & Spn, Nurserymen, Great Berkhapapstead, Herts,

for 6 Greenhouse Azaleas
Mr, B. S. Williams, for 6 Exotic Orchids
Mr, G. Fairbalrn, Gr. to Duke of Northumberland, Syon House,

Isleworth, for 8 Exotic Orchids
Mr, W. Taylor, Gr. to W. Yates, Esq., Lauderdale House, Highgate,

for 12 Exotic Ferns
Mr. J. Fairbairn, Gr., for 0 Foliage Plants
Mr. J. Wiggms, Gr., lor 9 PeJargoniums
Mr, C. Turner, for 6 Fancy Pelargoniums
Mr. J. Weir, Gr. to Mrs. Hodgson, The Elms, Hampstead, for 6 Fancy

Pelargoniums
Mr, T. Baines, Gr., for C Folioge Plants

SILVER MEDAL.
Mr. G. Wheeler, Gr., for 6 Cape Heaths
Mr. B. Peed, Gr., for 6 Greenhouse Azaleas
Messrs. J. & C. Lee, for fi Exolic Orcliids
Mr. G. Young, Gr. to W. H. Stone, Esq., LeighPark, Havant, Hants,

for 8 E.votic Orchids
Mr. J. Weir, Gr., for 6 Pelargoniums

Messrs. S.. F. Francis, Nurserymen, Hertford, for 10 Rases
Messrs. Paul & Sons, for Boxes of Cut Roses
Mr. T. Baines. Gr., for Collection of Sarracenias
Mr. D. Donald, Gr., for 6 Foliage Plants
Mr. T. Baines, Gr,, for 12 Exotic Kerns
Messrs, S. Glendinning, for 6 Foliago Plants

SMALL SILVER MEDAL.
Mr. W, Bull, Nurseryman, Chelsea, for 6 Exotic Orchids
Mr. R. Baxindine, for 8 Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Messrs. Downie, Laird, & Laing, Nurserymen, Forest Hill, for 30
Pansias

SMALL SILVER MEDAL,

Mr. E. Kingston, Mditia Barracks, Bath, for 24 Pfmsies

Messrs. S. Glendinning, for 6 AniBctochilus

Messrs. Hooper & Co., Covent Garden, for Cut Blooms of I:cias,

Spiraxias, 4c.
Messrs. J. Ivery t Son, Nurserymen, Reigate, for Collection of Hardy

Ferns
Mr. J. James, Gr. to W. F. Watson, Esq,, Isleworth, for Collection

of Calceolarias
Messrs. J. Dobson & Son, Nurserymen, Isleworth, for Collection of

Calceolarias
Mr. W. Paul, for Collection of Foliage Plants, Hardy
Mr. W. Paul, for Collection of Standard Geraniums
Mr, C. Turner, for Collection of Fruit

BRONZE MEDAL.
Mr. H. Hooper, NuraerjTiian, Widcombe Hill, Bath, for 36 Pansies
Mr. W. Meddiok, 9. St, James Parade, Bath, for 24 Pansies
Messrs. H, Lane & Sons, for Collection of Azaleas

CERTIFICATE.
Mr. H. Hooper, for 36 Fancy Pansies
Mr, J, James, Gr,, for 24 Pansies

Mr. J. Lewis, Stamford Hill, for Dish of Black Hamburgh Grapes
Mr. J. James, Gr., for 12 Ferns

FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES of MERIT.

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sods, for Dichorisandra mosaica

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Echites rubro-venosa

Messrs. J, Veitch & Sons, for Maranta illustris

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Coleus Veitchii

Messrs. J. Veitch & Son.s, for Hypocyrta brevicalyx

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Miconia peruviana

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Panicum variegatum

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Retinospora fllifera

Messrs, J. Veitch & Sons, lor Sancbezia nobilis variegata

Messrs. J, Veitch & Sons, for Anthurium regale

Messi-s. J. Veitch & Sons, for Cvpripedium Itevigatum

Messrs, J. Veitch & Sons, for Dondrobium McCarthias

Mr, W. Bull, for Polystichum angulare parvissimum

Mr. W. Bull, for Ptychosperma regahs

Mr. W. Bull, for Tillandsi l argeotea

Mr. W. Bill, for Amorpbopbalius nobilis

Mr. W Bull, for Echites rubro-venosa

Mr. W. Bull, for Maranta illustris

Mr. W. Bull, for Pyi-ethrum Parthenium aureura

Mr, W. Bull, for Scolopendrum vulgare Morgan!

Mr. W. Bull, for Sanchezia nobilis variegata

Mr. W, Bull, for Coleus Veitchii

Mr. W. Bull, for An^ctochilus Dayi

Mr. W, Bull, for Dichori uandra mosaica

Mr. W. Bull, for Panicum variegatum

Mr, W. Bull, for Gymnostachyum Pearcei

Mr. W. Bull, for Maranta picturata

Mr, W. Bull, for Anmctocbilus Petola marmorea

Mr. W. Bull, for Adiantum Lindenii

Mr. W. Bull, for Anthurium regale

Mr. W. Bull, for Agave macracantha

Mr. \V. Bull, for Ziimia villosa

Messrs. J. Ivery & Sons, for Athyrium Filis-foemina Girdlestonil

Messrs. J, Ivery & Sons, for Athyrium Filix-fcemina plumosum
(Axminster var.)

Messrs. J. Ivery & Sous, for Polystichum angulareoxyphyllum (Jack-
son's var.}
Messrs. E. G. Henderson k Son, for Philodendron Lindenii
Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son, for Echites rubro-venosa
Messi-s. E. G. Henderson & Son, for Pyrethrum Golden Feather
Messrs, E. G, Henderson & Son, for Blandfordia Cunnin^ihamii
Messrs, E. G. Henderson K Son, for Clmus carapestris aurea
Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son, for Alnus glutmosa aurea
Mr. Wm. Wilson, Gr. to W. Marshall, Esq., Clay HUl, Eqfleld, fcff

Miltonia spectabilis rosea
Mr. Wm. Wilson, Gr., for Dondrobium thyrsiflorum
J. Gray, Esq., Ashridge Park, for Deutzia gracilis variegata
Mr. Wm, Paul, Waltham Cross, for Pelargonium Dr. Hogg
Mr. Wm. Paul, for Pelargonium Waltham Nosegay
Messrs. Downie, Laird, ^ &. Laing, Forest Hill, for Pelargonium

Emmiline
Mr. John Maun, Nurseryman, Brentwood, for Pelargonium Lord

Derby
Mr- J, Wiggins, Gr. to Wm. Beck, Esq., Worton Cottage, Isleworth,

for Pelargoeium Hermit
Mr. J. Wiggins, Gr., for Pelargonium Ladv of Quality
Mr. W. Nye, Gr. to E. B. Foster, Esq., Windsor, for Pelargonium

The Emperor
Mr. W, Nye. Gr., for Pelargonium Grande
Mr. W. Nye, Gr., for Pelargonium Rob Roy
G, W. Hoyle, Esq., Reading, for Pelargonium Example
G. W. Hoyle, Esq., for Pelargonium Man of Mark
G. W. Hoyle, Esq., tor Pelargonium Victor
Mr. C, Turner, Slough, for Pelargonium Pink of Perfection
Mr. C. Turner, for Pelargonium Mai-mion
Mr. C. Turner, for Pelargonium East Lynn
Mr. Wm. Bull, Chelsea, for Pelargonium L'Elegante
Mr. Wm. Bull, for Pelargonium Rosy Gem
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Sanchezia nobilis variegata
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Panicum variegatum
Mr, B. S. Williams, for Coleus Veltchu
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Anthurium regale
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Echites rubro-venosa
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Polystichum angular© parvissimum
Mr. B, S, Williams, for Stenochl»na beteromorpha
Messrs. J. Dobson & Son, for Pelargonium Magnet
Messrs. J. Dobpon & Son, for Pelargonium L'Elegante

SECOND-CLASS,
J. Veitch & Sons, for Eranthemum igneum
J. Veitch & Sons, for Bignonia oriiata
J. Veitcb & Sons, for Epidendrum ap.
J. Veitch & Sons, for Dieffanbachia Pearcei
J. Veituti fit Sons, for Asplenlum eleg^mtulum
J. Veitch & Sons, for Dichorisandra undata
Bull, for Nephrodium molle polycuspis
Bull, for Nephrodium molle grandiceps
Bull, for Odoiitoglosauin luteo-pnrpureum
Bull, for Bignonia ornata
Bull, for Maranta Legrelliana
Bull, for Lastrea Fllix-mas Bamesii
Bull, for Dieffenbachia Pearcei
Bull, for Eranthemum igneum
Bull, for Dichorisandra undata
E. Q, Henderson & Son, for Anthurium Lindenii
E. G. Henderson &. Son, for Eranthemum igneum
E. G, Henderson &. Son, for Epigynium acuminatum

Messrs.
Messrs.
Messrs,
Messrs.
Messrs.
Mr. W.
Mr. W.
Mr. W.
Mr, W.
Mr. W.
Mr, W.
Mr. W.
Mr. W.
Mr, W,
Messrs.
Messrs.
Messi^s.

June 1, 1SG7.]

THE GARDENlsI^S' CHRONICLE AND AGRI(]ULTUKAL GAZETTE.

571

r^ RKAT NATIONAL HOKTICULTUllAL

I T ICXHIHITION. W.7.

£1001) OFKERIOD IN I'RIZiOS.

Tu ho IIKLD in tlio tinrdens of til o IJotanical fiQcl norti«ultm-al

so.-lutv Old TraBonI, MANClllOSTKR, 7th to the K.tb JUNK.

rhnfces for Admltsion :~First IMy, iOft. fid. each; Hecond Day.

iUi ouch- WHIT MONDAY and romainiiig J)a>'fl, l.*. each.

.SubscriboRi to tbo Mancbeater Botiuiical and Horticultural Societj

' Anmiai Subscription— Family, £2 *2«. ; Individual, £1 U., admittlui:
mi till [■coaslons. ,, „ »,

Sisliediilos, &c , niav hu obtained on application to Mr. B. Fisdlav.
(.iiimtcr. Brttfinio Oardons, Manchostor, or from the uodofBigued
Millt'u'v Hands In attendance each day.

Cooper Street, Munchestor. Henrv WnrTytttn. Soc.

/--I };RAT N A T 1 0 N A 1. HO HT 1 C'U L T U ii A J

VT JCXIliniTlON, 18B7.— Gardeners will bo admitted by Ti'ket^
AB follows:— Firnt Day, 1'n. M. each ; Second and renmining Dnyi-,
lit. oaeh. Applioations for tbcso Tickets must bo made on or beforu
8th .lUNE. Hf.nuv WniTwouTn, Soc.

BKIGHTON Rnd""SUSSK^FLORlCULTaRAL .inH
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.— The FOURTEENTH
ANKUAL GRAND SUMMER SHOW will be held, hy kind per-
raisaton of the Town Council, on tlio E'lstcm L'lwn, and in the Suit''
of Rooms of the Royal Pavilion, ..n WEDNESDAY and THURS-
DAY, June 21) and 27. Open till S p.m. each day on this occasion.
being h«ld at the same time na the Exhibition of tbo Southern
Counties Association. Abovo £200 in Pnzes, including tbe Railway
Cup, value £10. which is ofletod for tbe best Eigbt Varieties of
Stove and Greenhouse JPlants. Schedules of Prizes to be bad on
application to the Sacretary. 00, St. James's Street; or E. Spary,
Superintendent, Quotn's Oraperliis, Brighton.

N.U. AUTUMN snow will be held SEPTEMBER 11 and 12.
Edwakd Carpkntku, Secretary.

:!^ay IS^

/ 'U.VJSIi* HtmTlCULTIJKAL i■:XHlBIT10^

\ T at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with tbo
SHOW of tbe ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
J PLY 15, 1807, and four following Days.
\iuongst varloiLs 'Special Prizes, amonntini? in value to nearly
.^;:ii|i, and exclusive of the ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20.
will be offered by the Proprietors of tbe
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for the best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGET.1VBLES,
to be iriade up as follows : —
Of FRUITS, any Five of the foltowiiiR EiRht kinds, one Dish of
each :— Grapes, Melons (2 fruits). Strawberries. Gooseberries, Cur-
rants, Cberriew, Ruspberrieg, or Apples (of the crop of IStifi).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of the following Fourteen kinds,
one biiskut or bundle of eacb : — Peas, French Boan.s (or Scarlet
Hunners), Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace), Summer
' ibhages, Eirly Carrots, Turnips, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
1; iiubarti, Potatofi, or Mixed Salading,

This Cup will be open to Compeiiti'^n amongst Amateur or Pro-
' ^^ionai Gardenei-s, of all Rradea, with Fruit and Vegttables of their
■ ■ii'K, ifrou-'iiiit ; any article otherwise obtained will disqualify the
f\hibitor.

Eiit ©arUeneriS'Cfii'onicle.

SATURDAY, JUNE 1, 1867.

MEETI^'GS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
MO.'.DAT. .Tunc J.; atKcsenfsl'ark.

Tuesday. — M Iloyal Trorticultiiral [Firet Gipat Show), at
Patiiroat — si Soutli KenMUgtyii.

Tni'RSDi^, — 6— Linncan fi i- m.

FuiiiAV. — 7)

to ^MauchestL't Great KortU-ultunil E:ilubition.

Saturday, — 15)

PoK elicitiiiK facts there is notliing like a
brisk Discussion, even if the facts be mixed up
with a good deal of irrelevant matter, or hidden
by a largo admixture with nonsense. The
hearers and participators are pretty sure, if not
at the time, at any rate no long while after, to
winnow the chaff fi'om the gi'ain, and store up
the latter in their granaries till occasion calls for
its use. Wo were forcibly reminded of this by
what took place at the Eoyal Horticultueai
Society at its last Tuesday meeting.

There were learned botanists, intelligent
amateurs, shrewd practical men, all taking part
in the discussion relating to the Tartan Pelargo-
niums as we might, by the way, call them, and
thus obviate the difficulty as to the number of
colours to ■ bo found in their harlequin leaves.
But the discussion — How is it possible to
chi'onicle half that was said ? We should have
to call in the aid of the Herald's College or of
those complaisant gentlemen who for a small
consideration will furnish a pedigree di-awn up
secvnilum urkut to all coiners. We should have to
take note of the behaviour of Anthoxanthin and
Anthocyan, of Erytophyll and Xauthophyll, of
Phylloxanthin and Phyllocyanin, while Chloro-
phyll and Chromule would pall upon the ear from
frequent repetition. Having become familiarised
with these euphonious words we should
lind ourselves rather perplexed to know what
is health, what disease ; and we .should join
issuewith our excellent correspondent "M.J. B.,"
who maintains, or is reported to do so at any
rate, that anything out of the ordinary coiu'se
is disease, or the result of disease, were it not
for the paradoxical fact that there are many
diseases which do not perceptibly impair the
health of tbe patient ; and so while we listen ,
as in duty bound, to the communications of
"M. J. B.," we are quite as much disposed to
pay heed to the opposite notions propounded by
Major Clarke, while Mr. Gtrieve's practical
assertion, contii-med as it is by a glance at our
ribbon border, of thecrumpling of the White-edged
silver zonals, must assuredly be thrown into the
botanist's scale. For our own parts we, in spite
of being considered "trimmers," cannot help
thinking that in this matter of variegation , neither
one nor the other speaker was wholly right or
wholly wrong. We shall not be accused of dogma-
tism in so saying, because it must, we think, be

evident, that under this general term, variega-
tion, several distinct conditions are implied, some
quite cousistmit with health — constituting, in fact,
the normal, or, as wo should prefer to call it,
tho ordinary condition of the plant (c. f/,, the
particoloured Marantas, in which chlorojihyll is
present, though disguised by the presence of
coloured fluids, &c.), whilo others are as
certainly morbid in their nature. To pursue
this subject we should have to write a treatise on
variegation, which it is not our present inten-
tion to do.

Between Mr. Grieve and M. Morren there
is no such wide gap as the former seems to
suppose. Ml'. Grieve, as we infer, makes special
application of a general statement to his own
particular case : he is of course at liberty to do
this if he chooses, but he must boar in mind the
popular saying if ho does so. Neither M.
MoKREN, nor any one else so far as we know,
would be silly enough to depreciate the labours
of so intelligent a cultivator, especially of one
whose labours have been crowned by such
brilliant success.

Mr. Grie\T3 himself, with tho characteristic
modesty of one who has earned an undoubted right
to be proud of his achievements, will, nay does,
admit that many varieties spring up as it were
spontaneously — we know not how — certainlj'
not from any designed action on oui' parts. This is
really all that Professor Morren has asserted,
except — oh those huts, ifs, and excepts ! — except
that he has expressed an opinion that many of tho
varieties for the origination of which the gardener
now takes the credit upon himself — in perfect
good faith — may nevertheless be the result of
agencies perhaps wholly beyond, or at any rate
only indirectly under, the control of the gardener.
Taken in the limited sense, in which Professor
Morren meant his remarks to be understood —
nay, in which he expressed them — we certainly
feel inclined to " trim " again, and while accord-
ing to Mr. Grieve and his fellow-labourers
all the credit which is so justly due to them,
reiterate our conviction that ' ' there is much to
be said on the other side," and that many of
the garden varieties, not only of Pelargoniums
but of other plants, supposed but not known
for certain to be the result of intentional
cross-breeding, may really originate from
causes beyond man's control. Meanwhile an
exhibition and discussion, such as we have
alluded to, cannot fail to put us upon the right
track in these matters, and must assuredly
increase the well-earned fame of those practical
men, to whose well-directed, zealous efforts we
owe so much of the beauty of om- gardens.

The following correspondence, relating to the

appropri:ition of the Surplus Funds of the Inter-
national IIOETICULTUEAL EXHIBITION of 18(Ti, and
by which the proposition to found therewith a Horti-
cultural Library was adopted by the Executive Com-
mittee at its meeting of the 30th ult. in the form therein
set forth, has been forwarded to us forpublicatiou. The
Library, it will he seen, will be secured, by investing
it in tlio names of Trustees ; it will be deposited at
South Kensington, as an adjunct of the Royal Horti-
cultural .Society; and it will he accessible to gardeners
and others, under regulations for its preservation, to
be agreed upon by the Trustees. A\'e may fairly con-
gratulate the Executive Committee on this wind-up
to the grand enterprise, which they have carried to so
successful an issue. The correspondence runs thus :—
Botanic Gardens. Chelsea, April II, 1867.
Sir, — I am desired by the Execntive Committee of the Inter-
national Horticultural Exhibition, to forw.ard yon the enclosed
copy of certain proposals for the disposal of the surplus funds
now in its bauds, adopted at its hist meeting, and through
which it is ti-usted the fciucicty will deiive some permanent
benefit in acknowledgment of the Laeilities griinted by yuur
Council to the Committee at the time the extension of the
Great Show was thought desirable.

May I beg that you will lay the proposals before the Council
at the earliest opportunity, and that you will aa soon as
possible acquaint me with its reply.— I am. Sir, your obedient
servant, Thomas Moure.

To the Secretary of the Royal Horticultur.al Society.
Extract from Miitutta of Executive Committee, embodying t?tc

Proposals at^ove referred to.
"1. That the Surplus Funds realised at the International
Horticultural Exhibition of 1866 be applied to the estab-
lishment of a permanent Horticultural and Botanical
Library, to be vested in Seven Trustees, as hereinafter
mentioned, and to be called the Lindley Library, in
memory of the late Dr. Lindlky, and his zealous devotion
to the cause of Horticultural and Botanical Science.
" 2. GOOi. of this Surplus to be applied to the purchase of
Dr. Lindley's own Library. As it appears that the
Rny.al Hoi-ticultui-al Society has already provisionally
secured possession of this collection with a view to
prevent its dispersion, tbe Society to surrender it to the
Trustees .absolutely, in consideration of being repaid the
sum of ROO;. in question.
"3. Tho Society to consent to the Library now proposed to
be formed, being pl.aeed in the Council Room during the
period of the continuance of their Lease under the Royal
Commissioners for the Exhibition of 18-'>1.
■'4 Of the b:Uanee of the Fund (about 12()0(.) tho Trustees to
expend such sum as they m.ay think expedient in the
purchase or cunstruetion of bookcases and fittings for
tho reception of the Lindley Library, and any subse-
quent extension of it in the Council Room of the Society.

".1. Tlio Library to bo availaljle for consultation l>y Fellows,
Members, and ,\HsoeiateH r.f the Royal Horticultural
Society, and other persons pusBeHSlng rights of adnimsion
to the premises ; also by O.irdcners on their producing
a satisfactory introduction from their cmjjloyerh, and by
young gardeners who may have passed or are preparing
lor the Examinations held by the Royal Hortieulturai
Society and by the Society of Arts. In the case of other
persons to whom it may appear desirable to give thfl
privilege of consulting the Library, tbo Trustees and the
Society to agree upou the conditions luider which the
privilege of adiuission sh.rll be given.
"0. lu llio event of the books being kept under lock and
key in the book-cases, tho Society to entrust the custody
of the Keys to one of its Oflicors, who shall be propurod
at all reasonable times to give access to the books to
those persons entitled to consult them.
"7. Tho remaining balance of the Siirjtlus, after providing
for the above items of expenditure, and setting aside
any sura that may be necessary for contingencies (aucti
as the preparation of the Trust Deed herciifter referred
to, A'c), to bo a])plied by tho Trustees to the Jjurebiuio of
further works to be .added to tho Library.
"8. A Trust Deed to be prepared for tbe puritoMO of giving
effect to the iircsent arrangement,— three of the Trustees
to be appointed by the International Executive Com-
mittee (namely, the three Secretaries of the International
Horticultural Exhibition and Botanie.'il Congress, Mr.
Thomas Moork, Dr. M. T. Masthrs, and I>r. R. lioijrt))
three by the Royal Horticultural Society (namely, the
Treasurer and Secretary of the Royal llorticulturij
Society for tho time being, and one other person to be
chosen by the Society), and one to be added by the si):
Trustees above-mentioned jointly.
*' 0. The Trustees to have the power of removing the whole
of the books purchased under the Trust, or added to the
Library by presentation, together with all the book-
cases, fittings, Aic, referred to in paragraph 4, in the
event of tho detormin.ation of tbo Lea.se held by the
Society under the Royal Commissioners, and of making
such arrangements as they may think fit for establishing
the Library elsewhere."

Royal norticultur.aI Society, South Kensington,
April 17, 1887.
Sir,— Tho Extnact from the Minutes of the Executive Com-
mittee of the International Horticultural Exhibition, respect-
ing their- surplus, which you were good euough to forw.arcf me,
was yesterday read to the Council, and I am requested to
convey to you their thanks for tho very liberal proposition
which your Committee has made.

The Council will, as wished, surrender absolutely the
Lindley Library for the sum of 600(. : and in accordance with
the terms of paragraph 8 has elected Mr. W. Wilson SAUxnEHs
as the third and permanent Trustee from the Council.

With respect to paragr.aph 5 the Council would prefer that
the admission of strangers should be regulated by the Trustees,
and perhaps your Committee will find no difficulty in adding
this .slight concession to their very handsome present.

The Council desire me to add that in their opinion no better
or more .acceptable return could have been made to the Society
for the facilities afforded to your Committee, by the Council.
— I have the honour to be. Sir, your obedient Sei-vant,

Henry Scott, SecreLary.
To Thos. JIoobe, Esq., F.L.S., &c.

Certain practical difficulties having prevented the
realisation of this idea of a Horticultural Library in
the exact form originally contemplated (see p. 161), the
Committee could scarcely have done better than adopt
the plan now determined on, which substantially
secures the same privileges to the profession.

■ Among the curiosities exhibited at the Pelae-

GONIUM SHOW on Tuesday week was a plant of " Mrs.
Pollock " exhibited by Messrs. Veitch. As we under-
stand, the plant in question was originally procured on
the Continent. In consetiuence apparently of tbe sea
voyage it lost all its leaves, but shortly afterwords it pro-
duced on one branch green leaves without dark zones ;
on another branch were produced green leaves with
bronzed zones ; while later still on the youngest
branch the parti-coloured dress of Mrs. PoUofk was
resumed. The plant exhibited had the three descrip-
tions of leaf still attached to the plant. Regarding
the three branches as so many distinct generations, we
have here a phenomenon such as occurs in the animal
kingdom, when an ancestral peculiarity, after lying
dormant as it were for a generation or two, reappears
in a subsequent one. In this cise the loss of the leaves
seems to have produced the effects in question. Messrs.
E. G. Henderson & !S ln also exhibited a very^
interesting series sliowin ; ibc germs, so to speak, of
the parti-coloured leave-, llieir gradual development
and fixation, or in other cises their degeneration, if
we may use such a term. To complete our record of
this interesting Show, we may add that the Council
of the Royal Horticultural Society has awarded the
following Medals in recognition of the merits of the
several collections :— Silver Flora Medals to Messrs.
E. G. Henderson & Son, who besides showing fine
specimens of all the best known kinds, had, as above
stated, copious illustrations of the dill'erent stages and
phases of variesation ; to Mr. Wills, who had admir-
able representations of the Beauty of Oulton type ; to
Mr. Grieve, hitherto the principal raiser of these
variegated Zonals ; and to Messrs. Carter & Co., who
had some varieties of extraordinary growth. SUver
Knightian Medals to Messrs. F. and A. Smith of
Dulwich, Messrs. Gaeaway & Co., and Messrs. Salt-
MAUSH; and Bronze Flora Medals to Mr. GROOM,
M. Langlois, and Messrs. Windebank and
Kingsbury.

Rose lovers may he interested to know that the

third Special Exhibition of Roses will be held at
Brie Comte Robert (Seine et Marne) on the UtU and
15th July next. At the same time will be held a
Congress of Rose growers, to discuss matters de Rosii.
It appears that about 2,000,000 Rose trees are grown
in the immediate vicinity of Brie Comte Robert hj
professional cultivators, hence a fine show is anticip.ated.
Last year 78,000 Roses were exhibited! Horticiil-
turists and Sosiirhtes of all grades are invited to take
part in these Rosalia. Those who purpose doing so
should communicate with M. Camille Beenaedis,
tlie President of the Society.

Some years ago we gave in this Journal

(IS19, p. 595), a notice accompanied by hgures ot oer-

572

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GiZETTE.

[June 1, 1867.

tain PEEFOEATIONS IN Cheeby leaves and Plum
leaves, which we attributed to the effect of cold, and we
have seen no reason to alter our opinion, as we have
observed in a near relation of the Cherry, the Portug:al
Laurel, similar perforations clearly produced by the
same cause. A few days since, in a garden at Kew, some
perforated leaves on a White Heart Cherry attracted
our notice, and we were inclined at first sight to attribute
the perforations to the same cause, but on examining
the withered discoloured membrane, which in many
cases still closed the aperture, we observed that,
especially on the under side of the leaves, there was
always a perfectly round aperture, and that the
membrane instead of being simple was double, con-
sisting merely of the two cuticular layers, the inter-
mediate cells having vanished. We were obliged
therefore to look if possible for some other explanation
of the nhenomenon. We soon discovered a leaf in
which there were apertures, and the larvae apparently
of some sawfly at work; but this accomplished
its task effectually, and left no membrane behind :
everything on the contrary, whether cuticle,
parenohym or vein, disappeared before it. We
were obliged therefore to look farther, and at
length our search was rewarded by finding some
little brown cases, made of young leaves, or stipules,
and resembling in form the larva-cases of the common
clothes moth, attached to the above-mentioned aperture
by one end, the other remaining open. In each of these
was a small larva, which was able at pleasure to dive
into the depths of the leaf for food, while the upper
open end served for the discharge of the e.xcrements.
We have thus before us three several causes for the
apertures in Cherry leaves, which might all have been
.judged to proceed from a single cause, had we not been
able to watch the progress of their formation. It is
very possible that tbe habit of this little
insect may have been observed by REAnsiUK,
to whose admirable work we have not at
present access, though there are multitudes
of curious matters in the insect world which
have not at present been reported. Our
object in recording what we have observed
is not so much connected with eiitomology,
as to supplement our former notice, and to
give a word of caution to horticultural
observers in general not to come too hastily
to conclusions, which a more diligent
research or better opportunities may over-
throw. M. J. B.

The subjoined has been sent to us

for publication, and we earnestly hope that
the TicTOBiA Paek Peesebv'ation So-
ciety may succeed in preventing a short-
sighted piece of Vandalism :— "Last year the
East-enders, thanks to the timely aid of
Parliament and the Press, were enabled,
after a sharp but decisive struggle, to pre-
vent the Gas Companies from erecting their
proposed gigantic works in the immediate
vicinity of ViCTOEIA Pabk. This year we
are threatened with a new and equally
serious danger. At a time when the heavily
rated Parisues here are, as in the case of
Poplar, making every effort to procure
recreation grounds for the use of their
labouring poor, it seems almost incredible
»hat of the 290 acres which form tbe area of
Victoria Park no less than one-third should be
devoted to building purposes. Fancy that portion
of St. James's Park abutting on Piccadilly being
covered with houses. This is what is being done
at Victoria Park. It is being surrounded by a thick
belt of cottages and villas, which completely shut out
the Park from public view. When Victoria Park was
originally formed, the then Commissioners of Woods
and Forests, apparently unaware of the extensive
popularity it was afterwards destined to enjoy
among the working classes, thought a space of
290 acres would be too large. Instead of this, the area
has proved far too small. Large as it is, Victoria Park
is already insufficient to accommodate the thousands of
cricket players and others who resort thither on
Saturday afternoons. Take Victoria Park away from
these, and where are they to go ? Hackney Common
is being built upon, London Field is a mass of muddy
pools, the Hackney Downs are being cut up by new
railway lines, while Epping Forest is being stolen
piecemeal from the people. Yet this is the time
chosen for the purpose of building rows of fourth-rate
streets over the grassy acres on which the pale-faced
children of the labouring poor have so often come forth
to bask and play in the bright golden sunshine; to
threaten with destrucl ion almost the only bits of real
landscape scenery remaining in this part of London. . .
Before it is too late, before the Government finally
sanction what is virtually the destruction of this little
Arcadia of the Bast-enders, let something be done to
preserve to them and their children their beautiful so
highly-prized Park."

What an agreeable duty must the Curator of

the BoYAL Gaedens, Kew, have had on Sunday last
if we may judge of it from a paragraph in the Express
of May 30 ! It appears from the above journal that the
Council of the National Sunday League, with sundry
of the members {pro tern.) assembled in the " forest"
adjoining (we presume the pleasure gardens are meant),
then and there to hear an iutroduotory lecture on
Botany. Mr. Smith seems to have thought that
an introductory lecture (n Botany might possibly have
served for the introduction of conti oversial matters
—relating to Politics, perhaps to Eeligion — for the
discussion of which the IJoyal Gardens are not exactly
the proper place, and in all courtesy seems to have
suggested an adjournment to the "Green." We are
not informed as fo the name of the botanist who was

to have delivered the " Introductory Lecture," and in
the absence of guarantees that the Lilies of the field
and nothing else were to be descanted on, we think the
Curator acted wisely in suggesting, and the Society in
acceding to his suggestion, that the lecture be delivered
elsewhere.

New Plants.

BOLBOPHYLLUM SIAMENSE, Mchh.f.
Affine Bolbophyllo Lobbii Lindl. sepalo summo ligulato
acuminato, sepalis lateralibus subEequalibus falcatis, petalis
basi superiori semicordatis lanceolatis acuminatip rectis,
labello un^iculato basi anjfustissime cordato haatato,
oblongo .acuto utrinque medio plica insiliente.

This has pale yellow, nearly nankin-coloured flowers,
striped with purplish brown lines, and a yellow lip with
purplish black lines, and little points, and a deep yellow
disk to the base. It stands between Bolbophyllum
Lobbii and Eeinwardtii, but the petals and the lip
furnish very good characters of distinction.

It was imported from Siam. The bulbs are long and
oval, placed at intervals along the rhizome. Leaves
much longer than those of Bolbophyllum Lobbii. It
is one of the numerous nice introductions of J. Day,
Esq., and is grown at High Cross, Tottenham, under
Mr. Stone's care. The remarks on the vegetative
organs are Mr. Day's.

Odontoglossum nebulosum, Lindl, Sert. sub 25 ;

Folia 21 ; Batem. Odontogl., No. 1. Odontoglossum

apterum, Lex. Nov. Veg. ii. .35 ? Odontoglossum

maxillare, Lindl. Bat. Seg., 1847, sub t. 47 ?

This is one of the earlier Odontoglossa, having been

found 30 years ago on Oaks, near Oaxaca, by Baron von

Karwinski, from whose dried specimens Dr. Lindley

described it. We learn from Mr. Bateman's splendid
work, that he introduced the plant during the severe
winter of 1837-1838 ; though ultimately it perished from
excess of heat. Then it was found again by Galeotti,
and later by Ghiesbreght, who sent his plants to
Mr. Linden, with whom it flowered in 1856. We saw it
in flower at Consul Schiller's. There are two varieties,
one with brown one with red blotches. Later still
it came into Mr. Low's hands, and he does not consider
the plant so easytogrowas it is in Mr. Bateman's opinion,
the latter being iierhaps misled in his judgment by
Mr. Day's good specimens. It appears that the accli-
matisation is the grand difficulty with this species, for
when newly introduced many perish, while established
plants do well enough. Thus, perhaps, both these
gentlemen are right. As to the question whether
this is Odont. apterum, we believe it will never
be easily solved, though it appears probable. As
to Odont. maxillare we have before us two copies of
Dr. Lindley's original representation, made by Miss
Drake we think. These sketches are very good, but
not made with the accuracy of the Dr. himself When
Dr. Lindley described the plant, he had never seen a
fresh flower of Odontoglossum nebulosum, and we
believe that he may never have seen one. Let us add,
that he saw a single flower only. Among the numerous
dried specimens we have now before us, there is one,
coming from the gardens of M. Reichenheim at Berlin,
extremely like it as to the lip ; others correspond
exactly as to the petals. Thus, without being sure, vve
have a strong belief of being entitled to reduce the
mysterious plant, never seen again, to Odontoglossum
nebulosum. H. G. Echh.fiL

ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA.

In the year 1836 I saw a charmingly healthy specimen
of this tree at Mr. Wells', of Redleaf, growing high and
dry on a rockwork, and was at once struck with its
beauty and majesty, thinking at the time that such was
the position it naturally likes. I have never been at
Redleaf since, but if it has lived through all the severe
frosts up to the present time it must be one of the
finest specimens of the second batch introduced. In
that part of tlie country, and in many others, there are
numerous specimens of this fine tree, though that it
does not grow freely, and is not hardy every wher» in this
country, is quite true. But it is possible, that even in
places where it fails to do well, further trials or more
attention to its natural habits may induce success.

It is a mountain tree, and we learn from travellers that
its roots run about like serpents above ground over
the rocks, and into the fissures in search of food, and
this fact might be of some service or some guidance to
us. More than 26 years sf^o I found two nice Arau-
carias here, planted on the natural surface of the
ground, in light sandy loamy soil, the subsoil being
a sharp red sand, just such as masons like to use for
mortar-making. They were planted in a large hole
filled with turfy loam, and in this throve very well
till their roots reached the natural soil, and then they
stopped short, and became rusty and " blighted." I then
had a circle of the bad native earth taken out all round,
the top soil being put by to intermingle with good
holding loam, which I brought to take the place of the
sand, and I dug this trench out 18 inches deeper than
the original hole had been made. This deeper
18 iriches I filled up with stones and rubble,
covering the same with tough turf turned upside
down, then filled in the 3-feet circle with the soil
before named. I only did this at first with one tree to
see the result. It was quite marvellous to see how
the roots enjoyed the new " medium" I provided for
them, and how amazingly the tree throve. In the
course of time it got too big for its position, and
we determined upon removing it to the arboretum,
and planting it in the place of a sickly plant, which we
resolved to take elsewhere and give another chance to.
In moving our large tree I had some tons of earth to
carry, but we did it safely, and for its position I chose
a pretty high and sloping bauk, turning off the turf
30 feet in diameter, and trenching the ground. The
ball was from 4 to 5 feet thick, and 9 or 10 in diameter,
solid as a rock, and I placed it on the surface of its
new station, ond well it looked when perched up,
I assure you, chough rather awkward about the base.
We were not daunted by that, however,
and soon gave it a more respectable aspect
by heaping firmly around it a large bank of
earth that was near at hand, and soon
formed, with the aid of carts, a circular
mound 60 feet in diameter round our tree ;
an easy slope from sides to centre being
obtained, and all the mass made firm, and
the whole neatly turfed over. It got no
check, but grew to be a noble tree, and
proved to be a female, which has produced
abundance of female cones. The afflicted
tree that had stood on the same spot we
then removed ; it was sadly blotched with
dead brown branches, and I had no hope of
its ever becoming a fine tree, and very
little of its returning again to a presentable
state. However, we resolved to try, and
in any case determined that the prepara-
tion of the ground should not disgrace us,
choosing this time a low but otherwise
favourable situation. I had a hole dug
about 15 feet in diameter, and deep, into the
bottom of which we shot loads of rough
old stone and brick rubble that was con-
venient to hand, placing turf over it of
course. Here again the tree was placed, on
about the natural level of the surrounding
ground, and some scores of loads of good
soil carted round as in the previous instance,
to form an easily graduated mound. That
was done 21 years ago. The second year after
this the plant began to make very vigorous growth,
and ill a few years it became a splendid tree, well
shaped, and of the darkest green, with dead branches,
leaves, and all, cast off and forgotten ! About nine or
ten years since to my astonishment it commenced to
show itself a male plant, bearing a profusion of catkins,
and has continued to do so ever since. Those catkins
are not only produced in spring, but in every month of
the year, from the extreme points of tfie shoots, in
bunches of from two to ten, growing in the course
of the season to about 4 or 6 inches in length,
about the size of a Spruce cone, and so freely
produced that when ripe the pollen flies about of a fine
sunny day in clouds of a yellowish-brown colour.
How unfortunate, thought I, that we should have
brought this male plant from our arboretum, where the
fine female specimen is exposing her charms without a
response from the distant male. The male is now
nearly 30 feet high, and branched to the ground, or I
think I should have thought of effecting a natural
marriage between them by moving it back to the
arboretum. Of course I carried pollen to the female ;
succeeded in raising perfect seed from it, and we have
now promising young specimens planted out, raised
from that seed. There is an erroneous idea prevalent,
consequent upon what I conceive to be erroneous
descriptions, as to the difference of shaoe and habit and
hue of the male and female plant. I am perfectly
satisfied that nobody can point out to me in any way
the difference between the male and female Araucaria
before they have seen them show then- cones ! We
have a long avenue of large Araucarias here, as many of
your readers may know, and many fine specimens iu
various parts of the grounds. I have seen three females
producing cones, and have had 15 males in full catkin
during the early months of the spring season. I cannot
understand how it is that travellers state there
is such a difference to be seen between males
and females in their native country; here I can
perceive no trace of a variation of habit, though
perhaps it may be developed at a maturer age.
However I cannot find a trace of difference, though
I have had such a number of trees daily under
observation for such a length of time. Besides, it
appears unnatural that the female should be higher,
producing its cones quite erect on the summit of its
branches, as they describe it. The oldest Araucaria
here is only about 30 feet high, its coning for so many
years having prevented it from obtaining a nobler
groivth, the head being about 26 feet iu diameter, with

June 1, 1867.]

THE GARBENEES' CII]!()NICLE AND AGEICULTUKAL (iAZl'TTl

573

a clean stem of IS feet to the first branch, and a bole
4 feet in circumference. As it grows on, the lower
branches hang down, and eventually get exhausted,
while it is growing freely and producing "cones" as
large as a child's head above. This specimen seems
fallmg into the way of the long straight and bare-
stemmed trees described by travellers. The perfect
seeds of this tree are about from IJ to 2 inches long.
Jos. Barnes, Jiiolon.',

My restricted trees, of the same age as my standards
(25 years), have been removed several times, and am
now marvels of fertility and beauty. My standard
trees stand 20 feet apart; my restricted trees, mostly
pyramids, are from 0 to 8 feet apart, and not at all
crowded.

In the fowlines I have troubled you with I hope I have
shown that the " sago cxporiciico " given so oraculiirly
in p. ViCt by your correspondent, must be taken with a
largo grain of salt. Pomum.

BESTEICTED AND UNRESTllICTED
GROWTH.
To prune or not to prune, that is the question. I have
been much amused with the confession of Mr. Watson
(see p. 130) that he is inclined not to trouble himself with
that great and constantly recurring plague, pruning. I
canquito understand his leaving nice little Alpine plants,
such as Drabas, and Saxil'rages, and Gentians to grow
as Nature dictates, also the Cedar of Lebanon, and the
Oak, which, left to Nature, like that glorious tree at
I'anshanger, seems to form itself unaided into one
of God's temples, so beautifully arranged are
ite branches, but I cannot form a high opinion
of his " sage experience " when he, wishing, as
it seems to me, to lead an easy life, allows his unpruned
trees to run into riotous unfruitfulness. He writes
also about starving a tree ; now if my gardener allowed
a tree, even in a " 12-inch pot," to starve, I should
think his weekly wage a high figure at 12.t. I sincerely
hope that Mr. Watson's employer is not of my way of
thinking. The terms " restrictive and non-restrictive"
are in gardening language pruning and not priming; to
the gardener who delights in walking round his garden
on a sunny summer's morning with bis arms folded and
his pipe curling its delicate wreaths of smoke upon his
nose, while he divides his attention between them and his
non-restricted trees, the latter must be high in favour
—the true " dolce far niente " of a gardener's life. How
tappy must Mr. W. be in his Swiss house with
nothing, or at least no pruning, to do, and a good
salary, which I trust he has. I have, like Mr. Watson,
had the privilege of seeing many thousands of acres of
Vineyards in Germany and in Prance, and from my
conversations with the most clever vignerons in both
countries, I have always felt a conviction that their
long experience is a safe guide. Could such wines as
Chateau Lafitte, Margaux, or Clos Vougeot be pro-
duced if the Vines were suffered to run wild ? I think I
see the shrug of surprise with which the experienced
vignerons of those districts would listen to the question.
It is po.ssible that the 31) years' old Vineyard in Switzer-
land alluded to by Mr. Watson was worn out, the climate
and soil not being favourable ; but Mr. Watson
should have gone to the favoured sites in the south
and south-west of France before he pronounced his
dictum, that a "limited" Vineyard is worn-out and
" bankrupt " in 30 years. There is no doubt about the
beauty of a Vine in a fine climate, left to Nature ; no
tree can be imagined more magnificent ; but the
question, whether it would give the finest quality of
wine would soon be put to rest if the fine claret
and Burgundy growers were applied to. The truth
is, they would laugh in the inquirer's face.
But even if the restricted system limits the
existence of a Vineyard to .30 years, there is no
doubt that, long ere then, if the Vines were properly
pruned, it would have bought the fee simple of the
land five times over. There is, however, no foundation
for the assertion that the Vineyards in Europe are
allowed unrestricted growth, there may possibly exist
some few experimental Vineyards, but they are very
rare. I have only to-day received a letter from a
gentleman, who is largely engaged in the wine trade,
prior to his making an extended tour in the wine
districts of France and Spain, from which he has but
recently returned. I requested him to notice the
different modes of pruning the Vines in both countries.
He writes as follows ; — ' As I promised you, I took
particular note of the pruning of the Vines, both in
France and Spain, and I found that different practices
obtain in the various districts. In the Bordeaux
districts they always leave three short shoots, which
are to throw out the bearers of the following year.
In Montilla (Spain), and in some parts of France they
cut evei-y shoot close back ; in Xeres, where the finest
sherries are produced, they leave one or two shoots to
each Vine, about 2 feet long, and cut all the rest close
back. In Xeres the Vines must be 15 to 20 years old
before the Grapes will make fine wines; the young
Vines produce large quantities of Grapes, but the wine
made from them is not good ; how is this ? "

As this intelligence comes from an experienced and
close observer, the fullest dependence may be placed
upon it. What, then, can we say to Mr. Watson's
assertion, that a pruned Vineyard will not yield profit
after 30 years ?

With respect to the restricted and unrestricted
culture of garden fruit trees, I have had some few
years experience, as I have, say a quarter of an acre
of unrestricted standard trees, and about the same
quantity of ground occupied with restricted trees,
such as bushes, pyramids, cordons, &c., all pruned
by summer pinching, and occasionally removed
or root-pruned. My large standard Marie Louise,
and other fine Pears, give me a full crop two
years out of five ; my Standard Apple trees a full crop
three years out of live. When these abundant crops
come to hand I cannot thin the fruit, consequently it
is small, unmarketable, and comparatively useless.
My restricted trees, owing to their being easily pro-
tected, seldom or never fail to give me a fair crop ;
and as I thin the fruit, and amuse myself by attending
to the summer culture of my trees, I am generally
rewarded by having fine specimens. My unrestricted
standard trees give me pain, because it is
most laborious to have to place a ladder to reach
their branches, whether in winter or summer.

FERN DISTRIBUTION.

{Concl mlviL j'vohi parte U\Q.)

7. Smith T- tHiu:,-(il,: Am- rinr.—'Wii hiivo incluflcd the whole
of Hr;i/,tl with t.inpic:il Aiiiuiieu. iLiul kuowso Httlo of tho Ferns
of Uini^'iuiy ;m(l l,ii I'littix tliiit our list for this district :ippUcH
I»riii(iii;illy tu L'hili :iud l';itftgui»ia. It includes 118 spocica, of
which :\'2 iiro peculiar, 11 common to this and the other two
south temperate zones, I'J others to this distrift and the
last, and 7 to this and the Capo. The other 58 are tropical
American species which pass hcyonvl the tropic, and as before
indicated, we cannot consider all those that are common to
this and the other two Nuuth temperate zones as charactcriati-
cally temperate.

Sout/i Tcmperaic Zonf. — Takinjc the sonth tompcrato zone as
a whole, wo tin<i it to yield 4'J3 speeios, 131 of which are
pccidi;ir to it. It \» only one-tifth the area of the north
tcni]icvate zone, but the total number of species and the
number of peculiar ones are to those of the latter as 4 to 5.

8. Trojiiaii Afrk'o. — This district offers a great contrast to
the other two tropical ones in its Fern geography, and is even
considerably below temperate AsLa in the number of species it
yields. Beginning with the Cape Verde Islands, we find in
the group a total absenco of individuality. There are only i;j
species in all, not one of which is peculiar. Asplcnium
lleniitiuitis and Xothochlaina lanuginosa are not tropical
Afiican. but they are both Canarian and Mediterranean ; and
Nephrudiimi odoratum is not known nearer than Mauritius.
For the west side of the continent, from Senegambia south-
ward through Giunea to Angola, the botany of which the
recent explorations of Barter, Mann, and Wcl'witsch have done
so much to make known to us, we can now enumerate l'J7
Ferns, 47 of which are peculiar. Of these 116 are common to
both sides of the continent, fi being restricted to Angola, and
most of the other 41 to Guinea and Senegambia. A small
number (13) of the West African species are very interesting
geographically as being essentially tropical, and common to
tropical Africa and .Vmcrica, but absent from AsLa. This is
the case with —

Hymenophyllum eiliatum
Pteris ehilensis
Triehonianes crispum
Asplenium Sen'a

,, dimidiatum

,, cicutarium

Neplirodium hirtum

St. Helena comes next of known Floras to Tristan d'Acunba
in the proportion which Ferns bear to flowering plants, which
is nearly as two to three ; and it is very remarkable from the
fact that half of them are peculiar to it. The St. Helenau list is
as follows, the peculiar species being those marked with a * : —

Nephrodium subquiuque-

fidum
Polypodium cultratum
,, rigescens

glaueophyllum
Acrostichum hybridum
„ villosum

'Dicksonia arborescens
"■ Hymenophyllum capilla-
ceum

Cheilanthes multifida

Pteris flabellata

* , , paleacea
Asplenium compressum

„ erectum

* ,, platybaois
,, furcatum

„ laneeolatum

"■ ,, nigro-paleaceu m

Nephrodium patens

*Nephrodium Napoleonis

* ,, cognarum
"Polypodium molle

,, marginellum

,, punetatum

,, laneeolatum

Monogramma graminoides
'Gymnogramma Houghtoni
*Acrostiehum dimorphum

* „ bifurcatum

* ,, subdiaphanum
,, conforme

Ophioglossum vulgatum

Analysing the list we find the result as follows :—

Species peculiar to the island 13

Common to Africa and America 5

African not American . . . . 2

American not African . . . . 2

Canarian neither African nor American .. . . 1

Total

25

Ascension Island yields only seven species, as follows ;-

Pteris incisa

,. flabellatii
Asplenium erectum
■'Nephrodium ascension is

Polypodium triehomanoides
"Gymnogramma ascensionis
Marattia fraxinea var. piu*-
purascens

Two of these are peculiar, two common to Africa and America,
two African only, one American only ; so that it is very
curious to note that if we sum in a single phrase the leading
charactei-istics of the Fern Floras of these Atlantic islands, it
is different in each case : —

Of Tristan d'Acunba it is American affinity.

Of St Helena, ,, individuaUty.

Of Ascension Island, ,, the want of any decided
characteristic.

Canaries, Madeira. 7 jjediten-anean affinity.

and Azores, J

We must note in passing the want of individuality in the
Angolan Fern Flora. A few of the Angolan Ferns are Capo
species which do not reach Guinea, but the rest, with the
exception of six species, all occur elsewhere in the district.
For the east side of the Continent, principally through the
researches of Schimper in Abyssinia, and Kirk in Zambesi-
land, we know now 133 species ; but here there is even less
individunlity than in Angtjla, not a single peculiar species in
Zambesi-land, and in Abyssinia only one. Asplenium
pumilum is an east coutuieutal species, only known elsewhere
in America ; Cheilanthes Kirkii in Angola, Cheilanthes
arabica and Onychiuin melanolepis in Arabia and Persia.
Taking next the East African islands, including Madagascar,
Mauritius. Bourbon, and the Seychelles and Comoro groups,
we find that they have a Fern Flora which presents several
points of interest. The total number of species is a little over
200, and very likely, when Madagascar is better explored, it
will be raised to 2.50. But dealing wdth it as we know it at
present, we find that more than half these species are not
known in the tropical parts of the Continent, that more than
a quarter of them are absolutely peculiiir, and that it has a
strong Indo-Malayan aflinity, as the following table will
show ; —

Species known in Tropical Africa .. .. ..90

., quite peculiar 56

, , tropical Asiatic 40

,, Cape 13

„ American .. 7

, , Australian 3

„ Tristan d'Acunba 3

„ Temperate Asia 2

Total

213

The Aiiuniciui hpucicH not already mentioned for West
Africa aro UyiiiLiiuphyllum lincaro, Nophroiiium conter-
iiiiiiuui, Aspiiliiun m..lnii.ide.s. Pulypudiuni parvulum, AcroH-
tichum iineare, and OphiiiKlossurii palnmtuiu, tho Austra-
liaii llymont.phyUiim graeile, Nephrodium hispidum and
I'latyceriuiii alci(;oriie. In tho above analyHis the WeychoUos
arc included, but very likely when wo know thoia bettor It
uill bu worth whilu 1o consider them separately. So far aiwc
kiK.w tliiur Mura. uioMt of tho spccicH aro buth Mascaron and
Iiidi'Miilayati ; but there aro three which aro peculiar, and
two which (110 Malayan but not African. Stnnming up tlto
district as u whole wo find that it has 346 «poeiCH, the peculiar
oncH boing diHtributud as foUowH : —

Mascaron isles .. .. .14

Guinea and Senegambia 41

St. Ilolona 13

Common to cost .and west 8

Angola . . . . . . 0

SoychelleM :(

Abys-siniji .. I

Common to cast .and Mauritius .. .. 1

Total .. ..127
0. Troinral Aniu. — Wo come now to the great centres of
Kern-distribution. Our list for Tropical Asia and Polynesia
as a whole includes 8G3 species, 39 per cent, of the whole
(irdcr, outof which 477 species are peculiar to it. Beginning
in the west, we find a million square miles in Tropical Arabia
almost a blank so far as Ferns aro conceipied. For-skahl's list
for Arabia P'elix includes only 19 species, and we do not know
one that is peculiar. The Ferns of Peninsular India are verj'
much concentrated in the range of hills that runs parallel
with the coast from Bombay to Cape Comorin, and especially
on tho Neilgherries. Of the state of things in the driertracts
of the centre we get an idea from Mr. Edgeworth's florula of
Banda, which only includes seven Ferns for a district which
produces upwards of (300 flowering plants. There arc probably
very few additions still to make to the Ferns of Southern
India and Ceylon, and we have a full account of them in the
recent works of Dr. Thwaites and Captain Bcddome, tho
latter containing quarto plates of all the species. We may
reckon the number of species at 230, of which 200 are
Ccylone.sc. The number of species which are neither M.alayan
nor Polynesian is 4C, of which about half are peculiar and the
other half nearly all Himalayan. Of well-marked peculiar
species we have instiinces in Cyathea Hookeia and sinuata,
Asplenium zeylanieum, Nephrodium deparioides, Polypodium
zeylanicum and Gardneri ; of .species common to South
India and the Himalayas, but not known elsewhere, Cyathea
spinulosa, Sphreropteris barbata, Asplenium normalc, Aspi-
dium auriculatum, Nephrodium cuspidatum, Polypodium
membranaceum and hemiouitideum. ChtJilanthes myrio-
playlla, and Pteris palmata only grow elsewhere in Tropical
America : Pellwa Boivini, in South Africa ; Acrostichum
spathulatum, in Natal, Tropical America, and Tristan
d'Acunba. Of the Ferns of Siam and the counti*y to the
cast we know nothing. For the island of Hon^-Kong
V5 species are enumerated in Bentham's Flora, of which three
are peculiar, and two interesting species, Brainea insienis,
known only elsewhere in Khasia, and Alsophila podophylla on
the mainland further north. For Formosa the collections of
Ohlbam, received lately, contain 81 species, andseveral others
have been sent by Mr. Swinhoe, making the number 100 in all.
But the great concentration is in the narrow Malayan
peninsula and the Malayan and Philippine groups of islands.
Here, in a space not more than a hundredth of the globe in
area, we have more than a quarter of the known Ferns
gathered together. For this tract we can now with confidence
enumerate 030 species, and still Borneo, Celebes, and Sumatra
can only bo considered as very partially explored. (Jut ()f
these B30, 250 are absolutely pecuhar, about one in nine of
the known Ferns ; 70 other species are not knovra in Polynesia
and peninsular India, of which upwards of 50 are Himalayan.
Our list for Polynesia contains now 380 species, of which
about 150 are absolutely pecuhar, and 30 others not Malayan,
the latter mostly occurring In New Zealand and Australia.
Taking Polynesia as a whole, the most noteworthy point about
it seems to be that the portion of its Feni Flora that is not
peculiar is, with the exception of a faint Australian tinge,
thoroughly Malayan, not American. We may conveniently
subdivide the islands into three groups ; first, a western one,
including New Guinea, New Caledonia, and the Solomon and
Loyalty Isles; second, a central group, including the Society
and Friendly Isles, Samoa and Fiji; and third, a north-
eastern one, including the Sandwich Isles. About the finst
' group we know very little, and that Uttle has principally been
: gained by the recent travels in New Caledonia of M. Vieillard.
His collections, happily for science, were worked up by
Mettenius, in whose death, occurring as it has so soon after
that of Sir W. Hooker, Fern literature has sustained a loss
that can scarcely be estimated too highly. AVc know already
in this western group 55 of the species peculiar to Polynesia ;
and no douVjt further investigation wiU add to the number
largely, and add in this group to the Polynesian list many
species now known in Malaya alone. The central group we
know much more thoroughly, principally through the explo-
rations of Powell in Samoa, of Seemami and others in Fiji, and
of Brackenridge in most of the islands. For Samoa the list
will reach nearly to 150 species, and for Fiji exceed 200. In
this central gi-oup are known 47 of the peculiar Polynesian
species, mostly special to the group, and here many of the
Malayan type reach their eastern limit. The Sandwich Islands
have a smaller list, many of the Malayan species that grow in
the other two groups being absent here. The number of
peculiar species is smaller than in the other two, being only
y7, but .several of them are very distinctly mai'ked plants, as,
for instance, the three species of Cibotium, whilst Sadleria
is nearly and DicUia quite confined to the group. The only
American .species which occur here and not further west are
PcUsea tcrnifolia and Asplenium fragile and sandwichianum.
To this group in Polynesia Aspidium aeuleatum and Nephro-
dium Filix-mas appear to be restricted, and we do not
know Cystopteris fragilis, Asplenium Adiantum-nigmm,
Trichomaues, and monanthemum anywhere else in Tropical
Asia.

10. Tropical America. — Rut taking it as a whole, tropie;d
America is the most productive district, in pecuhar specie.^
especially, of which, indeed, it has nearly as many as all the
other districts put together. It is here, amongst the dripping
rocks of the higher levels of the Andes, the forests of their
slopes and ravines, and the dense humid flats that border the
innumerable br.anches of the Amazon, where the sun's rays
and the wind never penetrate tho recesses of the primeval
jungles, and climbers and parasites seem almost to contest
with the leaves of the bright fiowering trees for the possession
of the branches, that wc obtain the great concentration of
•species. Our list for tropical America contains 946 species,
42 per cent, of all that are known, and of these more than
three out of four are quite pecuhar to it. And as by giadual
degrees, as each traveller brings or sends to Europe, the result
of his explorations, our knowledge of the distribution of the
epeeies is increased, two points are more and more brought
out into prominence, how that all this vast area constitutes in
any broad sense of tho term, but one single and indivisab.e
Fern-region, and how prommently individuahsed the
characteristic.^ of that region are. It has one Fern out of
every three that are known in the world, quite peculiar to
itself and yet a vei-y considerable proportion of them reach

S74

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[June 1, 1867.

from Mexico and Brazil on the north to Peru and the south of
Brazil. How completely the West Indian islands form part of
the same region may be judged from the fact that whilst they
yield upwards of 400 species, and have been much better
explored than the adjacent parts of the continent, only one
species in seven has not been g.atheved on the mainland ; and
for the Galapagos group we know clearly only one sxiecies that
does not occur on the mainland.

Ton-id .Zoiit.— Taking the torrid zone as a whole, we fiud
that it yields 1901 species, 85 per cent, of the whole order, and
that of these 1437 species 65 per cent, of the order are
peculiar to it, upwards of 1000 species being confined to Malaya
and tropical jVmerica.

The Genei'al Plait of Distribution. — To illustrate the most
striking point about the general distribution of the order, I
will borrow a quotation from Mr. Darwin.* " Some few
families, many sub-families, very many genera, and a still
greater number of sections of genera, are confined to a single
region ; and it has been obseiwed by several natm-alists that
the most natural genera, or those genera iu which the species
are most closely allied to one another, are generally local or
confined to one area." A very remarkable point about the dis-
tribution of Ferns is that there is so little trace amongst them
of this concentration of .allied forms in the same district.
Most of the tribes are distributed thi-ough the districts in very
much the same proportion as the whole order, and in the
genera there is no striking exception to the same plan,
although three-fourths of the species are confined to single
districts. The only instances in which any district has more
than half the species of a tribe are the following ; —

Tropical America. — Cyatheie, Acrosticheffi, Schizajaceai,
Marattiacese.

Tropical Asia. — DavalUete, Lindsayse, Ophioglossaceffi.

Teinperate ^sia.— OphioglOssacepe.

That is to say, eight instances out of 180, and the highest
percentage which any tribe containing more than 100 species
attains in any district is 68 ; consequently the leading
characteriijtie of any district must be expressed by giving the
percentage it yields of the total number of species, nut by
s.aying, as is so often the case In flowering plants, that such
orders, gi-oups or genera, characterise it specially. The
theoretic bearings of this are important. /. G. Baker.

Home Correspondence.

Sipe Grapes in March.— 1 saw the Eoyal Ascot
Grape, when it first fruited on tlie seedling plant. It
showed no symptoms then of crackins; on the con-
trary, it appeared to be as fine a sample of a hiijhly
developed Grape as I had ever seen. I have since
met with gardeners who have seen it, and not one has
mentioned, or even hinted at, its liability to crack.
The first mention of such liability is that at p. 5i7, by
Mr. E. G. Cammeron, who may probably have seen a
plarit of this Vine under difliculties, which are quite
as liable to overtake the oldest favourites among our
Grapes, as the new Royal Ascot. An attack of mildew
is easily brought on, and as easily killed, but it is rarely
expelled without leaving its marks, which, when on
the berries, consists of an incrusting or thickening of
the skin, which prevents the affected part from swelling
equally with the non-affected, and hence inducing the
liability to crack. Any person seeing a Vine under
such circumstances, may, if so disposed, do much
mischief. When first I commenced Grape growing
I experienced the same thing ; my Viaes got mildewed,
and did little good the first year, during which two
celebrated gardeners called to see me, and not finding
my Vines particularly satisfactory they did not fail to
parade my temporary misfortune. The Vines were
not my seedlings, so that it was only my reputation as
a gardener that for the time suffered— enough, too,
for a young man. It is hardly necessary for me
now to say that these same Vines have increased in
strength year after year, and have produced such crops
as to be the wonder of every one who has yet seen
them. Muscats, too, are equally luxuriant and prolific
as the Black Hamburgh and other Grapes ; so that,
unlike the unfortunate Vines at Cliveden and Portuall
Park, I have the pleasure of seeing my Vines all thrive
alike. Were I, even now, to pull up and replant
all my Vines, calculating on the same amount of
success I have had during the last four years,
and including even my greater prospects for this,
I should have better Grapes, and of more com-
mercial value, in the same or less time, than
■was obtained either at Cliveden or Portnall Park,
under the system of extending— a system of surrender-
ing the gardener's powers to dame Nature herself. I
have lived down my early misfortune with mildew,
and Mr. Standish, 1 have no doubt, will have little
difliculty in doing the same. In choosing a Vine
with which to challenge " Mr. Sage and his supporters"
in the production of Grapes in March for several
years, without injury to the Vines, I should have
supposed that, had the Royal Ascot a tendency to
crack, Mr. Standish would have been aware of it, and
have carefully avoided it, but his having chosen it is, I
think, the strongest possible proof against its having
theslightesttendeucytocrack. IFm. Miller, Combe Abbei/

Gardens, Coventry. 1 should be exceedingly sorry

if I thought I was doing any injury to gardeners
or gardening (see p. 547), but I imagine that I am
doing quite the contrary. I know that March is the
most difficult season of the year at which to ripen
Grapes, and that the most careful treatment as well as
proper appliances are required to accomplish this, but
still it has been done even with the old flues, and with
the appliances we now have, I cannot see that it
would be so difficult as your correspondent Mr.
Cammeron seems to think it would be. I
am sorry to say that my Vines were very
badly managed last year, and were smothered
with mildew, and that under those circumstances
several of my Grapes cracked. But I question if Mr.
Cammeron saw the Royal Ascot at all, as there were
only a few berries on two little scrubs of plants. I
bought a Vine which turned out to be a cracker under
any circumstances, so much so that though it has cost
me a large sum of money, I have decided not to send
it out. My Vines, however, this year, under the able
management of an old Grape grower, Mr. Daniels,

' Origin of Species,*' p, 3 T.'J.

have no mildew on them ; and as Mr. Daniels is out
of a situation, he would be happy to undertake to grow
this Grape for any nobleman or gentleman so that
they could have it ripe in March. My answer to
Mr. Cammeron is, that I invite the public to come and
see it now in all its stages and judge for them-
selves. John Standish, Roi/al Nurseries, Ascot, Berks.

As a gardener and resident at Ascot, I beg to state

that I have watched Mr. Standish's Royal Ascot Grape
ever since it first fruited as a seedling, and I can safely
say that I have never seen it show any disposition to
crack until last season, when a few berries on a plant
or two of it growing in pots, and covered with mildew,
did crack. I have examined it this day in two houses
—one in which it is coloured, and another iu which it is
just beginning to colour — and I cannot see a cracked
berry in either. The bunches are so full that if any
had been cut out it could have been easily seen. In
fact, I should only like to have an opportunity of forcing
a house of it. G. Talbot, The Gardens, Englemere, Ascot.

1 was surprised toseeMr. Cammeron'saccount of the

Royal Ascot Black Grape, which has been classed with
Josling's St. Alban's, as regards its liability to crack.
I am sure that if Mr. Cammeron were to pay the Ascot
Nursery a visit now, as I have done, he would form
quite a different opinion of it from what he did last
year. I have no hesitation in saying that it is one of
the best early Black Grapes iu cultivation. J. Wells,

Fernhill, Windsor. Whatever Mr. Cammeron's

opinions may be about ripe Grapes in March, I cannot
agree with him that the Royal Ascot Black Grape is
liable to crack. Mr. Meredith and I were, I believe,
about the first to taste and approve of this Grape.
What I have seen of it since confirms the opinion we
then formed of its qualities ; as to defects, I should say
cracking is not one of them. John Shatu, Manchester.

Gardeners^ Moyal Benevolent Institution. — You
deserve the hearty thanks of gardeners for your out-
spoken leader (see p. 543). It contains much, but not
the whole truth. Carelessness about the Society, or
dissatisfaction with its management, have doubtless
prevented some from becoming subscribers. But for
one that these have kept away— hundreds have been
stopped by a sheer lack of means. A guinea a-year is
not a large sum ; but it is large to those who cannot
spare it. And such is the state of thousands of gar-
deners in what are termed good situations. Allow me
to propound this problem. Take a family of five to
feed, clothe, educate, and keep in health on 80/. per
annum; how many guineas can be spared to make
provision for the future ? I wait for an answer. Mine
has long been ready, and it is, none. Why, food alone
at present prices will absorb one-half or more of the
sum. Then there are the clothes, from shoes up to
hats, caps, or bonnets for five. Will 201. per annum
find these ? If it does, then there is 15?. or 201. left for
education, books, doctor's bills, travelling and inci-
dental expenses. Even our virtues and our talents
increase our difliculties. That very cordiality and
good fellowship that you so justly praise, cannot
be cultivated without expense. Societies, too, follow
in the same strain. I have known gardeners travel
miles to act as judges at horticultural shows, and
be offered half their railway fare as compensation.
Thus while our regular salaries are insufficient,
it becomes almost impossible to supplement them.
And if society and our employers alike demand that
ourselves and families should be well clothed and
taught, and maintain a social status far beyond our
limited means, we are also expected to make provision
for ihe future if we have held a situation for a few
years. Now I answer emphatically that all this cannot
be honestly done. With a family it is utterly
impossible, at the present rates of wages, to make
provision for the future. I have held situations better
than the average, and have lived with the best of
employers for the last 20 years, and find it is utterly
impossible to save money out of my salary. I have
been unhappy— positively unhappy— about this very
Institution for years, but the guinea was constantly
needed for something else ; and even now, while I have
resolved to respond to Sir Robert Peel's personal invita-
tion—and I trust many will make a special effort to do
likewise— the guinea I shall send is not saved out of my
regular income. I therefore most logically meet the
appeal for more subscribers among gardeners, with the
more urgent appeal for higher wages. Only by such
means can the permanent prosperity of such an
Institution be maintained. This would help the
Society at both ends. It would augment the number
of subscribers, reduce the number of pensioners, and
render it probably in the end almost self-supporting. I
therefore most humbly submit to Sir Robert Peel
and the gentlemen who will dine on behalf of the
Society on the 27th of next month, that the best
mode of promoting its nermanent prosperity is
to raise the wages of gardeners, and thus enable
them not only to live free from harrassing care
in the present, but to make provision for themselves
or families in the future. I would also urge every
gardener who has it in his power to send a guinea to
this excellent Institution. Thus may we comfort and
solace some brother or sister in distress, while my
earnest wish for every practical subscriber is that we

may never need it for ourselves, i). T. Fish. 1 have

received a circular signed by Sir Robert Peel, Bart.,
M.P., in reference to the next anniversary dinner of
the Institution, and I hope every effort will he made to
give Sir Robert the support he so generously asks for;
but I think it will be very satisfactory to the subscribers
generally if the following passage iu Sir Robert's
letter can be explained. It is this — " I learn that from
various causes its income last year suffered a severe
reverse." Perhaps Mr. Cutler will, through your
columns, explain why the income of the Institution is
so much reduced. I have been a subscriber for nearly
20 years, and therefore venture to ask this. A. [The
falling off was, we presume, owing to the general

monetary pressure, from which charitable institutions
gener.ally suffered more or less. Eds.]

Itelinospora fdifera. — The Pirst-class Certificate
which was awarded to this plant on Tuesday, May 21,
was awarded to Mr. John Standish, of the Royal
Nursery, Ascot, and not to Messrs. Veitch & Sons, as
is stated (see p. 513). Mr. Standish holds the entire
stock of this splendid Conifer, which he is now sending
out. J. Smith.

The Nomenclatureof Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums.
— There is great danger of a considerable amount of
confusion resulting from the naming of such a large
nuniber of these new Pelargoniums, as two professedly
distinct varieties are receiving the same name. Mr.
Grieve, in the paper he read before the Royal Horti-
cultural Society alluded to a very fine variety he had
named Victoria Regina, having intended to name it
Queen Victoria, but found there was already another
variety of that name iu the field, viz., that of Messrs.
Perkins & Sons. Messrs. P. & A. Smith have a
Victoria Regina, also a Queen Victoria. Messrs.
B. G. Henderson & Son have a Sunshine; so have
Messrs. P. & A. Smith. The latter have also a Prince
of Wales; so have Messrs. Carter & Co. In your
report of the show of " Tricolor " Pelargoniums it is
stated that Mr. Grieve's fine variety, Victoria Regina,
" was at one time called Mrs. Grieve." Under the
name of Mrs. Grieve, a fine variety shown by Messrs.
F. & A. Smith received a Certificate at the Crystal
Palace show on the 25th inst. Should this variety by
any means prove to be identical with Victoria Regina,
nee Mrs. Grieve, confusion will be rendered "worse
confounded," and to know " what is what " will prove a
difficult task. Such confusion is the more to be
regretted because of the sameness that exists to a great
extent among the varieties, a similarity that does not
apply so readily to flowers merely ; as in the case
of two show Pelargoniums, they may receive the
same name but yet be so very distinct that they
could not possibly be confounded the one with the
other. E. D.

Variegated Pelargoniums. — I enclose two leaves
just received from Mr. Rush, of the Eaton Road
Nurseries, Chester. No. 1 is a cross between Helen
Lindsay and Golden Fleece. The whole leaf, as you
will observe, is of a golden hue, without green, beauti-
fully edged with a band of very bright crimson. It is
the most novel thing I have seen, being a yellow self
with a crimson edge. It is not only beautiful in itself,
but will probably give us a new class. I advise Mr.
Rush to lose no time in forwarding the plant, which,
has only seven leaves as yet, to the Floral Committee
at Kensington. No. 2, the Nigger, is a cross from
Stella. The dark zone covers the greater part of the
leaf ; the green being conflned to the ramifications of
some of the largest veins and to a well defined
margin. The edge of the leaf is tipped with
brown. The irregular crimson blotches on the dark
ground are probably the result of bruises in the
transit of the leaf. Will you kindly add your opinion,
especially of No. 1 ? D. T. Fish. [No. 1 is per-
fectly novel, a yellow self with red margin, as described
by Mr. Fish ; No. 3, with a dark centre instead of zone,
has been seen before. Eds.]

The Great Mai/ Frost of 1887.— During the last
two nights a most destructive frost, considering the
season of the year, has occurred, and I have been
induced to Imake a minute investigation iu my own
garden at Carshalton to ascertain the probable damage
the country has sustained therefrom. All trees are in
full leaf except the Catalpa, the Ash, and Mulberry,
the tops of all of which, especially the latter, have
suffered. Besides these the young shoots of the
Walnut, Tew, Holly, and Ivy, are much damaged, and
those of the Laburnum slightly, but the leaves of all
other trees have escaped. The Oak frequently suffers
from May frosts, but this year, in my grounds, it is not
injured, probably because the leaves are forward and
capable of resisting cold. A very large crop of Apples
is destroyed, the fruit being completely frozen through.
The largest Apples iu my grounds are those of the
Irish Peach, some of which are larger than marbles.
Some are saved, but many destroyed. The state of
the crop varies from this condition to trees now in
flower of the Court Pendu Plat, and over a collection
of about 300 distinct kinds, nearly all the young Apples
have perished. The leaves of the Siberian Crab are
damaged. Medlars appear secure, and possibly Quinces
may not be destroyed where the fruit is not set. Pears
did not set well this year, and of those that did, very
few in a collection of over 200 kinds will come to per-
fection, nearly all being killed. The crop of Plums was
unusually large, but hardly one is left of about 50 kinds.
Curiously enough the out-door Peaches, Nectarines,
and Almonds, appear uu inj ured. Cherries also promised
an enormous crop, but of 15 kinds every one, whether
late or early, appears to be utterly disorganised.
The aspect of the Morello Cherries is particularly
pitiable. Gooseberries have partially suSered where
exposed. All kinds of Currants are uninjured
where covered by leaves, but where exposed are killed.
Strawberries are in great part ruiued. The Black
Prince about half-grown, the Keens' seedling well-
formed, the British Queen and the Alpine Straw-
berrieSj have been frozen. Probably later flowers and
later kinds not iu flower have escaped. The first fruit
of the Raspberries is frozen, but the blossoms and
buds are uninjured. Figs, Plums, Peaches, Nectarines,
Apricots, Apples, Pears, and Strawberries in the
orchard house are safe, and Strawberries now ripe in
cold frames escaped injury. The havoc in the vege-
table garden has been equally great ; French Beans and
Scarlet Runners are destroyed. Perhaps, however,
the latter may shoot again. This is a misfortune
which the cottager will especially feel. Broad Beans,
Novemljer planted, which have withstood the last
winter, have their young pods frozen, and iu some cases
the stalks are bent over as though broken. The spring

June 1, 186?.]

BOWD, now in flower, are similarlj' damaged. Peas,
November planted.and vieldinR their first crop, this day
showmarksof frost, and theyoungpodsofSangster'sNo.l,
sprinn planted, are completely destroyed; Champions
are also iniiirod in the liaulm.but all latercrops are safe.
Potato plants, from li foot high, with incipient tubers,
to those of the first growth, are completely destroyed,
and also those grown in frames, and now ripe, have had
their leaves frozen, the glass having been removed. The
tubers in this case are perfect. The Early Cauliflower
somewhat flags, but Lettuces, and all other crops, arc
safe. The curious now vegetable, the Raphanus cau-
datus of Japan, ha-s defied (lie freezing- bl.ast. In the
llower garden. Pelargoniums, Fuchsias, Heliotropes are
destroyed in open spots, and Dahlia roots, which with-
stood the severe winter, and have since sprouted about
a foot high, are cut down like the Potato haulm.
Azaleas in great beauty last Thursday, and many kinds
of English Orchids in llower, have had (hi>ir blooms
utterly destroyed. Alpine plants remain intact. Roses
have remarkably escaped, even the Tea-seented, the
Noisette, and monthly Roses, show no signs of
damage. The Hybrid Perpetuals, now budding, and the
Seotcii, ciHiiMioncing to flower, have not felt the cold.
0( English Ferns, the Lady Fern and Mountain Fern
have suffered most severely, some having been utterly
ruined, and others more or less disfigured. The l!rake
Fern. Male Pern, Broad Fern, Shield Fern, Hard Fern,
and Hart's Tongue, and some flowering Ferns have had
some of the tops of their fronds frosted, and are conse-

Suently damaged for the season. On the contrary, the
lak, Beech and Limestone Fern, the Holly Fern, the
Marsh Fern, the Hay-scented Fern, the Parsley Fern,
and all the Aspleniums, have stood their ground.
Amongst foreign Ferns, young fronds of Hypolepis
repens, and of Woodwardia radicans and orientalis,
have suflered, but North American Ferns have
entirely escaped, and the frail and delicate fronds of
Adiantum pedatum have not cared for the vicissitudes
between the 1st of March and the present time. There
is no out-door Vine on my premises, but in the neigh-
bourhood some had their young shoots utterly
destroyed, some are partially injured, and others have
not sufl'ered. The Chinese Banana has its leaves con-
siderably frosted. I made a minute inspection on
Tliursday evening. May 2:id, fearing mischief, but all
was safe and exhibited the glorious beauty of spring,
but between this and Saturday morning. May 25, this
unprecedented damage was done. Gardeners always
dread May frosts. History and individual experience
abounds in examples of damage, and therefore the
present instance simply stands out as one of intensity
of degree and lateness of occurrence. May frosts
must bo regarded as a phenomenon of Nature unex-
plained and philosophically unexplainable ; but never-
theless to be acknowledged, feared, and practically
dealt with. All we can say is that the frosty blast of
-May has passed over Europe this year with unusual
severity, and doubtless will be hereafter described as
the Great May Frost of 1867. Alfred Smee, 7, Finsburi/
Circle.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

675

Hcaihn WLTu fiiniisUod by Mcasis. UhodcH, Biixindiue, Peod,
Whcolor, WUkiu, Ward, iiiid Leo, from nil of whom cumo
excellent exainple« of Hkilfiil cultivation.

Ay.:deiiH were in sonio instaiiees past tboir best, fbore
wore, however, wull-bluuuiud si)eeiniena of Extrani, Coronata,
Jlolfordi, Puiryana, Ivcryuiia, Chelsuni, Optima, Trotturiuna.
Critoriun, TrinmiihanH, (iledHtanerti furmoaa, Uarclayana, and
the Mtill iiuiHt iiNuful yullnw-ilowei-ed JSiuonsis. Tho bent col-
IrL-tii.ii.s L-atDo fn.iji MiH, CluiidinninLT & Suns, Mr. Turner,
Mr. r.iiMiy, Mr. (^iLCHun, and Mu.shph. Tveo.

howu Mu jiluntifully asuHual. Tho boat
fmiii iMf. IVainy, i,t. lo H. Gibbs, Esq.,
id odMiitui,d(iHHuiii rbalnin(]p«a with Ave
Ijcautiful lilac tluHhed wliilu bluum.H, rbalaaiapwia j.Tandilloni
with throe Rood spikes, a gnud Cattleya Skinneii, Dendrobium
nubile, tho yellow and binwn Diuidinrn Harcodes, Liiilia pur-
purata. L. ciunaburina, Vanda suavis. Cypiiiiedium heviKatum
with fovn- blooms, andatinuspecinacnof (J. barbatuniHUperbum.
Mr. Gcdnoy, gr. tu the Rev. W. Kllia, Hoddoadon, was 'Jil with
(Jattleya citrina with six finebloomw ; Ljoliacinnabarina. with
four Miiikoa of brifjht oniiiKe lluweiH ; the showy Oncidiur-

Orchids wciv
ciiUct^tion of 'Zi.) ■
!te^,'enra Park, \

majiia, Di:
Kpijiliora pnboscona, a Smitl
rarely now niceta in cullucli
Mossin!, and Haecolabinuis.
of Ilulloway, was lat, witli

ibiuiJl

AfriL'

tllL

^ocittfes*

Loe, UhodcH, (jlendiunintf, WiUianin, and Uaxindino. CoUec*
tlous of U plants wore funitshed tty McHMtH. Ward and Hnilth,
Among thuHo weru Ihnmanthua puniecus bearing six large
heads of aearlot intioresceuce, Azaleas, Hcatha, PImeleas,
Ailamandaa, Hteplianotia, Ithynchoaperinnms, UrueophyllnmB,
GenetylliH. lOrinHtuiu'ina, Mudinilla luaKidQca, a magnitlcont
example iif which camcfiutii Mr.Wilkle.Tetrathcca vorticlllata,
Clei'nuendrun Thomadiia!, l!()yaH, Polygidaa, and Apheloxla.

Collections uf U) line foUaged and llowuiing iiUinta mixed
together wore highly effoetivu ; Moahrs. Leo, WilliamH,
Wheeler, Uhodes, Uaxindhio, Peed, Kemp, and Ward all
cniitributed groups of this description, in which wore associated
with thi^ lluwcrnig planta already named, Tree and other
Perns, Thcuphrastas, with ample deep green gioasy loaves of
great beauty ; lUiupabia, variegated Aloe-leaved Yuccas,
Oonlylines, Palms, Screw Pinoa, and Alocaaias of dllfuront
kinds, among which a fmo specimen of Zobrina, with beauti-
fully marbled snakediko atoms ot great atrength, came from
Mr, Pairbaini, gr. to the Duke of Northumberland, at Sion.
IHeffenbaehiaa and Dracionas .also foi-mcd no inconsiderablo
proportion of tho groups just named.

Groups of fine-itjliagcd plants unmixed with othora eauie
from Messrs. Williams, Fairbaim, Baines, Glendiuning, and
DonaUl, all of whom had linely-raanaged plants, consisting
chietly of Oycada, Palms, Perns, Alocasias, among which woro
[,owii, ii magniticent kuid. Yuccas, Curdylinea, Boaucameas,
lihopalas, Theophrastis, variegated New Zealand Flax, 8arra-
conia purpurea, and othora,

Roses were magnificent, especially a group of 10, to which
a Ist prize was awarded, from Mr. Turner. Theao were not
only loaded with blossoms of the most perfect descriijtion,
but the plants themaelves were models of fine growth, round
and shapely, audfurnishcd to the base with foliagoof wonderful
health and beauty. The varieties consisted of Anna Alexieff,
Vjcomto Vi«ior, a brilliant and fine rose; Charles Lawson,
Souvenir d'un Ami, CiJlino Forestier, MariScbal Vaillant,
General Jacqueminot, Barronne Provost, Souvenir do la Mal-
niaison, and Victor Verdier. Mr. Wm. Paul was but Uttle behind,
with Lajlia, loaded with blooms remarkable for their large
size ; Souvenir d'un Ami, President, Charles Lawson, a fine
variety for pot culture ; Juno, Paul Ricaut, Madame Villermoz,
in beautiful condition ; and General Jacqueminot. From
Messrs. Paul & Son came Celine Forestier, well furnished with
bright yellow blossoms, Madame do St. Joseph, Charles Lawson,
and others equally fine; while Messrs. Francia had goodexamplea
of Madame Villermoz, Vicomtesso Decazes, Souvenir d'un Ami,
Comte do Paris, and Souvenir d'Eliae Vardon, the last a hand-
some Tea Rose. Messrs. Paul & Sons contributed beautiful
boxfuls of cut blooms, among which, though there was
nothing new, were glorious examples of Gloire do Dijon,
Madarao Willcrmoz, Maurice Bemardin, and other favourite
well-known varieties. Mr. Terry, gr. to Giles Puller, Esq.,
Youngsbury, showed a good group of Roaes, in pots, in the
amateur class.

Ferns, where all was so bright with Azaleas, Pelargoniums,
and Roses, formed an agreeable relief to the eye fatigued with
gay colours, and to these many turned with evident deUght.
Beautiful collections of them came from Messrs. Williams,
Taylor, and Baines, all of whom had fine specimens, among
which were Lomaria gibba, the green-surfaced silver-backed
Juno. Charies Lawson, General Jacqueminot, Madame de St. | Nothocblajnal^vis. the huge Dicksoniaantarctica, Woodwardia
Jo.seph (Tea). Souvenir d'au Ami, Madame Villermoz, Senateur , ^^dicana Cyathea doalbata Gleichemas. Cibotium prmceps,
Vaisse, LWa. President, and Paul Ricaut. Mr. Turner showed ! g^''* i^ tenuifoha, with Ught feather' fohage ; the handsome
Anna Alexieff. Victor Verdier, Souvenir d'un Ami. Charles Daya^.a bullata, various varieties of Ptens Todea africana
Lawson, GOn^ral Jacqueminot, Souvenir de la Malmaison, and Lomaria cycadifoha, the laat with a bUck short trunk and
Mar^chal Vaillant, Pai.1 Perras. Madame Damaizin, and Presi- , fine head of coriaceous pale green leaves From Mr. Ivety, of
dent. From Messrs Paul & Sons, who were 3d, came, among I JJ'^'"1^^"K' P-'^'^l^^ ^ome beautiful British kinds among which
uthcra, a fine plant of Mar^chal Niel. In the class for 12 Roses the following three new sorts received First-class Ceriificates,
in 8-inch pota Messrs. Paul & Son were 1st with mce young

tortile, Vanda cristata,
Lu species, with which ono
ivsis I.iuuninf^'hi, Cattleya
^"clas.-^ <if 111, Mr. Williams,
liuui Stonui, with icniark-
ably fine flowers, unu.sually' delicate in colour; Anguloa
Clowesii. Cattleya Skinneri, Lielia elegans, and others.
Messrs. Leo, who were 2d. had, among others. Dendrobium
densiflonim and nobile, Odontoglossum citrosmum, vrith more
colour than usual ; and Oncidium altiasimum. In the collec-
tion of Mr. Young, gr. to W. H. Stone, Esq.. Leigh Park,
Havant, who was 1st for 12, were fine examples of Phalainopsis
Schillcriana, C'ypripcdium hirautissimum, and Odontoglossum
citrosmum.

New and rare plants were shown in considerable numbers by
Messrs, Veitch, Mr. Bull, and others. First-class Certificates
wero awarded to Messrs. Veiteh for the yellow-veined
Sanchezia nobilis varicgaUi, Dichorisandra mosaica, Maranta
Vcitchii. Dracama regina, with creamy yellow variegation,
and Arcc.a crmita, a graceful Palm; Second-class Certificates
fur Linii;u-ia ciliata, from New Caledonia, Retinosporaplumosa,
and Hignonia ornata. Mr. Bull had First-class Certificates for
Sanchezia nobilis variegata, Dichorisandra mosaica, AiiPecto-
ehilus Pctola raarmorea, Tillandsia argentea, and Zamia
villosa : and Certificates of the Second Class for Asplenium
rayriophyllum. Agave macracantha, Athyrhim Goringianum
pictum, and Maranta roseo-picta. The last two being likewise
shown by Mr. Williams, a similar award was made to him for
these, as also First-class Certificates for Sanchezia nobilis
variegata, and the golden-variegated New Zealand Flax
Mr. Carr, gr. to P. L. Hinds, Esq., Byfleet, bad a First-Class
Certificate for a beautiful specimen of Adiantum Farleyense, a
distinct and bold-looking Fern, favourable allusion to which
has often been made in our columns. A similar award was
made to Messrs. Lee, who, together with Messrs. Veitch,
exhibited Areea crinita.

Roses were exhibited in considerable numhers, and generally
in good condition. The two collections of ten exhibited by
Mr. W. Paul and Mr. Turner were magnificent. Mr. Paul had
Charles Lawson, General Jacqueminot, Madame de St.

viz., Atbyrium Filix-fcemina Girdlestonei, the Axminster
A. P. f. plusosum, and Polystichum angulare oxyphyllum.

Among Orchids, though scarcely perhaps so fine as a
whole as wo have seen them in former years, were never-
theless some remarkably fine specimens, foremost among
which was a plant of Cypripedium caudatum, bearing a
dozen great brown-stained greenish yellow blossoms from which

Crystal Palace Horticultural Exhibition: JV/ay 25.—
This was in many respects equal to previous shows ; but,
owing to the comparative coldness of the weather some of
the more tender plants suffered so much as to be almost
wholly ineffective.

Stove and greenhouse plants were shown in great numbers.

Mr. Baines, gr. to H. MichoUs, Esq., Summerfield, Bowden, .

Manchester, took the lead in the class for 16 with a wonderfully ; good,
fine collection, in which were Ixora aurantiaca and coccinea, ~
Acropbyllum venosum, in beautiful condition ; a large and
finely-bloomed plant of Genetyllis tulipifera, the showy
Clerodendron Thomsona-, Dipladenia crassinoda, Boronia
serrulata, Erioatcmon densiflorum, Franciscea confertiflora,
Aphelexis, Azaleas, Heaths, and a fine plant of Epacris
Eclipse. Mr. Peed, gi\ to Mrs. Tredwell, Lower Norwood,
was 2d with, among others, a fine specimen of Erica Caven-
dishiana, E. ventricosa magnifica, Eriostemons, Pimelea decus-
sata, Genetyllis fuchsioides, Dracophyllum gracile, Tetratheca
ericiefolia. and Allaniandas. Mr. Donald, gr. to J. G. Barclay,
Esq., Leyton, who was 3d, had a charming Stephanotis flori-
bunda, SoUya linearis, a fine 'Clerodendron Thomsonfe, Rhyii-
chospermum jasrainoides, and the deep yellow-flowered Cassia

specimens of Princess Mary of Cambridge. Maurice Bernardin,
Souvenir d'un Ami, and others. Messrs. Paul & Son exhibited
some boxes of licautiful cut blooms.

Of P(.l;LrK<>niiiiii.4 tlierc was a magnificent bank. Mr. Turner,
to whuni tho Isl, jicize was awarded, had Desdemona, Rose

Celestial, Lilacinum, Royal Albert, Spotted Gem, Mdlle. Patti, . -;., ... , ., -.- oi * -» T„ i „^i, tk- e

Pericles, Bello of the BaU. Fair Rosamond, Exhibitor, and ; ^,»^^gj?^'^'^'^ii-li^e tails quite 2^ -This came from

Fairest of the Fair. Mr. Praser was 2d with Celeste, M'/. Wilson, gr. to W MarshaU. Esq., of Enfield. The same
SanspareQ, Desdemona, Candidate, Empress Eugenie, Beacon. ! exhibitor had also Odontog ossum Alexante beanng a noble
R^<ri„.afnr;nn...^ P^^HHpa. Roseum. and James Lod^e. Amongst I wreath.of dehcato blossoms ; Eriopsis rutidobulbon with a fine

spike of warm brown and yellow innorescence ; the Gloxmia-
like Warzevriczella discolor, with buff sepals and petals and
violet purple lip ; the pale variety of Dendrobium densiflorum.

Regina formosa, Pericles, Roseum, and Jamea Lodge. Amongst I ^
Amateurs Mr. Nye, gr. to E. Foster, Esq., Clewer Manor, I ''
was 1st with Favourite, Mdlle. Patti, Royalty, Sir C. Campbell, i
Belle of the Ball, Rose Celestial, Patroness, Fair Rosamond,
and Garibaldi. Fancy Pelargoniums were also abundant and [
Mr. Turner was again 1st, vrith Lady Craven, Ellen

Cattleya citiina, in fine condition, and various others. To
these a 2d prize was awarded. The Ist prize collection came
Beck. Lucy, DeUcatum, "Roi des Fantaisiei. and Undine. ' from ^Ir. Penny, who had Aerides Wameri, the Fox-bmsh
Mr. Fraser. who was 2d, had Chira Novello, Undine, Delica- i ^/^^f • f"^ other varieties of that genus a fine specimen
tum. EUcn Beck, and Marionette. Amongst amateurs, Mr. ! ^f Calanthe veratrifolia. the aame Odontoglossum Phahe-
Donild was Ist ; and Mr. Weir, gr. to Mrs. Hodgson, 2d. Of ; "opsjs,, TJ'\':^-'"^i.^?'^.'i™.'?/"^5^If.'^^^f ^^^^^^^^^'^.l^Z^^I^^^^!
Seedlings some account will bo found in another column,

Among miscellaneous subjects were some remarkably fine
Ferns from Mr, Baines. who likevrise contributed Sarracenias
in magnificent condition ; and Mr. Gedney furnished
Nepenthes Rafflesiana. From Mrs. Glendinning & Sons came

Crystal Palace, still in fine condition ; a small example of
Dendrobium Parishii, Lxha purpurata, Cypripedium lajvi-
gatum, one of the handsomest of the kinds whose flowers are
furnished with tails ; tho ever-flowering Lycaste Skinneri,
and other equally well-known species. In another good group

rsepentues ivamesiaiia. rroui luia. uicikjauuluk oi uuuo \.auic h. /-f j i. .„i ■ i, ha ^ a ^ ,^ „ j i

some pretty AnajotochUs ; and from Mr. Drewett, p-. to H. 'rom Mr. Gedney. tu which a 3d pme was awarded, ^
TurnbuU, Esq., Rookery Down, came beautiful wreaths of ex.ample8 of Lrfia cmnabanna Fox-biush Aendes and

corymbosa. Other coUeetiona in the same classwere furnished
by Mr. Kemp, gr. to Earl Percy ; Mr. M^heeler, gr. to J.
Philpott, Esq. ; and Mr. Coles, gr. to R.H. Page Henderson, Esq.
In the chiss of 10 Stove and Greenhouse plants, Mr. Peed
was 1st, and Mr. Wilkie, Oak Lodge, Kensington, 2d ; the
latter had Medinilla magnifica, and Clerodendron Balfourii in
good condition. Mr. Kemp, who was 3d, had a large speci-
men of Coleonema rubrum, and Erica Westphalingia in fine
bloom. I^om Jlr. Wheeler, gr. to Sir F. Goldsmid, Bart., M.P.,
came the old-fashioned yellow-flowered Dillwynia floribunda.
In the Nurserymen's class, Messrs. Lee, of Hammersmith,
took the 1st prize with tine specimens of Genetyllis tulipifera,
Ixora coccinea, Aphelexis maciantha purpurea, Stephanotis
floribunda, Franciscea confertiflora. Azaleas, and Heaths.
Mr. Rhodes was 2d with Heaths, Aphelexis, and Genetyllis
tulipifera and fuchsioides. In the collection of Mrs. Glen-
dinning (t Sons, which was 3d, was a charming example of
Stephanotis floribimda ; and in that of Mr. Williams, which
took the next place, was Bougainvilljea glabra.

In the class of six Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Mr. Ward,
gr. to F. G. Wilkins, Esq.. Leyton, was 1st ; Mr. Smith, gr. to
A. Anderson. Esq,, Norwood, 2d: and Mr. Wheeler, Stamford
Hill, 3d. The first two had good examples of Dracophyllum
gracile ; and Mr. Ward had also a fine specimen of Phcenocoma
prolifera Barnesii.

Mixed collections of fine-foliaged and flowering plants were
in all respects satisfactory, especially those from Messrs. Lee,
Williams, and Baines, who took the three principal prizes.
Among fine-foliaged plants were Theophrasta imperialis,
Rbopalas, Cordyline indivisa. Alocasia metallica, Sphserogyne
latifolia, Pandanus, tree Ferns, Palms, Crotons. variegated
Aloe-leaved Yucca, and Marantas. Mr. Baines had a noble
specimen of Dickaonia antarctica, Gleichenia Speluncse and
flabellata, large and in beautiful condition : and Sarracenia
purpurea, with green and purple-veined pitchers, in wonder-
fully fine condition. Among flowering plants were Ixoras,
Clerodendron fallax, Aphelexids, Genetyllis tulipifera, Stepha-
notis floribunda, Medinilla magnifica, Rhynchospermum jasmi-
noidea. Azaleas, Heaths, Eriostemons, and Mussaanda frondosa,
whose showy white bracts and feciall yellow blossoms elicited
geueral admlratiQa«

were

TurnbuU, Esq., Rookery, Down, came beautiful wreaths of examples oi i.^ua umnauai^u« ru^-u.u»u ^cimi.«, a..d the

Bougamvilhea spectabilis. orange yellow Epiphora pubeacens. from the C^iffre country

^ "^ In a collection from Mr. Peed was a finely-flowered plant of

the bright yellow Oncidium sessile, a fine species, which
-This, the was also shown in good condition from Syon by Mr. Fairbaim.

Royal Botanic, May 29 {First Great Shmo).- , .^ . .

opening show of the season as regards this Society, though one The best gi-oup of eight plants came from Mr. Hill, gr. to R.
of tho most effective that have ever graced its g.irden, was Hanbury, Esq., The Poles, Ware, who contributed, among
held under most unfavourable circumstances in reference to , others, good examples of Vanda suavis and tricolor ; C'alantho
weather, a thunder-storm occun-ing in the morning, and j veratrifoha, the still somewhat rare Chyais Limminghii,
heavy rams falling at intervals during the whole afternoon, j from Central America; Phalajuopsia grandiflora, the showy
Stove and greenhouse plants were present in large numbers, ' Cattleya Skinneri, and Cypripedium Stonei, the last a fine
and in excellent condition : Roses and Pelargoniums were the species, yet by no means common. The nest collection in
admiration of everybody. Ferns occupied shady recesses, point of merit came from Mr. Wiggins, gr. to Walter Beck,
while Azaleas, masses of bloom, stood out in bold relief, their Esq., Isleworth, who furnished the charming Saccolabium
gay colours lending a charm to the scene and rendering it one prajmorsum, Dendrobium densiflorum, Cypripedium hirsu-
of unrivalled brilliancy. Orchids, though sometimes gathered tissimum, and other well-managed plants. Messrs. Veitch
together in larger numbers, rarely contained finer examples of received a 1st prize for a collection of six plants, among which
cultural skill than they did on this occasion, and of new were Cattleya Mossiije superba and lobata, Cypripedium bai--
plants there was an extensive display. < batum. Lajlia purpurata, and the Fox-bruah Aerides, beauti-

In the Class of lu Stove and Greenhouse Plants. Messrs. 'fully flowered, and otherwise hidicating good management.
Baines. Peed, Kemp, and Wheeler exhibited collections, prizes From Leigh Park came the beautiful Phafenopais Schilleriana,
for which were awarded in the order in which the names which was shown in good condition by Mr. Young ; and Mr.
stand. Mr. Baines' collection differed httle, if at aU, from Williams. Messrs. Lee, and Mr. Bull all contributed collections
that shown at the Crystal Palace. His fine Acrophyllum was ; of Orchids.

reproduced in excellent condition, as was also his Azaleas, as is usual at this season, constituted the most
Genetyllis tulipifera, the only fault belonging to which important feature of the Show. To Mrs. Glendinning & Sons
was a little too much formality as regards training. Its large was awarded the Ist prize, for eight well grovra pyramidal
finely coloured flowers, placed about 2 or 3 inches apart, plants, covered with bloom ; but not suJficiently so to hide
covered a ball some 4 feet in diameter. Aphelexis and Ixoras I entirely the green leaves which here ;ind there displayed
were good in this group, as were also Dipladenias, Azaleas, and themselves with excellent effect. The sorts were Gem, Alba

Heaths. From Mr. Peed came Allamanda grandiflora, literally
a mass of large clear yellow blossoms, a healthy well-grown
and flowerco Acrophyllum venosum, showing rich reddish
brown young leaves at the end of the flower spikes, a condi-
tion in which it should bo when in perfection ; the beautiful
Erica ventricosa maguifica, the Now Holland Dracophyllum
gracile and the sombredooking Genetyllis Hookeriana. In
other collections we noticed the purplish lilac Statice profusa,
blue Leschenaultia ; Genetyllis tulipifera, with unusually large
drooping cream-coloured bell-shaped flowers, conspicuously
flaked with crimson ; Stephanotis floribunda in charming condi-
tion ; and other plants, the names of which have often appeared
in our columns. The most successful exhibitors in groups of
8 Stove and Greenhouse Plants were, among amateurs, Messrs.
Donald, Coles, aud Wii^ie ; aud among nurserymen, Messrs.

lutescena, white striped with red ; Madame MieUez, white
striped with purple ; Variegata, Perryana, Extrani, Eulalie,
and Iveryana. Mr. Turner was 2d with plants, which as
regards size and beauty have for these last few seasons been
the admiration of all who have seen them, as well as the envy
of Azalea growers, but on this occasion, though " mountains
of bloom," and very effective, it was evident that their con-
stitutions had given way under the hard work to which
they have been subjected, and that they were greatly past
their best. The sorts were Gledstanesii formosa, Perryana,
lUustris nova, purpurea arborea. Conqueror, EtoUe de Gand,
Gem, and Coronata, aU plants of unusually large size. In
the Class 6 Azaleas, Mr. Turner was Ist with magnificent
examples ot Juliana, Petunia?flora, a pretty rosy coloured
kind; HvUordi, Sir Charles Napier, Iveryana, and Flower of

576

THE GARDENEKS' ClffiONICLE AND AGKlCtlLTUKAL GAZETTE.

[JUNE 1, 1S6?.

the Day. Other collections from other exhibitors bore no
comparison with these in point of size or effect. From Messrs.
Lane, of Berkhampstead, came a charming collection of small
plants, to which a Bronze Modal was awarded.

Of Pelargomums there was a beautiful bank, with which all
who saw them were delig-hted. In collectiong of nine plants
Mr. Turner received a 1st prize for finely Ijloomed specimens
of Lilacina, Spotted Gem, Pericles, Royal Albert, Fail-
Rosamond, Desdemona, Belle of the Ball, Patroness, and Lord
Clyde. In Mr. Fraser's group, which was placed equal in
point of merit with that of Mr. Turner, were finely-managed
plants of Rose Celestial, Empress Eugenie, and others.
In the Amatem-s' Class Mr. Nye, gr, to E. B. Foster, Esq.,
had the beat collection, in which were Sir Colin Campbell,
Desdemona, Belle of the Ball, Patroness, Garibaldi, Etna,
Rose Celestial, Madlle. Patti, and Fail- Rosamond, Mr. Ward,
Mr, Wiggins, and, Mr. Weir also showed collections in this
class. In Fancy kinds Mr. Fraser was 1st with a beautiful
collection, in which were magnificent examples of Lucy, Clara
Novello, Celestial, Roi des Fantasies, Ara.bella Goddard, and
Maroon. Mr. Turner made a good 2d with Delicatum, Lady
Craven, Godfrey Turner, and others, in nearly equally good
condition. Mr. Donald, Mr, Weii-, and Mr. James also showed
pretty collections of Fancy kinds.

Calceolarias, beautifully flowered, bright, and stiiking, were
shown both by Mr, James, gr. to W. Watson, Esq., Isleworth,
and Messrs. Dobson. They were 2-year old plants, of
herbaceous kinds, which, although not so fashionable as they
have been, still cannot be dispensed with, and need not be
while beautiful varieties like those in question can be
procured.

Of Cape Heaths there was a fine display of well-known
kinds, the best of which came from Mr. Rhodes, Sydenham,
and Mr. Peed. New and distinct varieties in this class of
plants is still a desideratum.

New Plants were plentiful. From Mr. Wilhams came the
variety of Polystichum angulare called parvissimum, Steno-
chlsena heteromorpha, a promising species ; Panicum varie-
gatum, which will doubtless make a useful basket plant ; the
handsome-leaved Antburium regale, Echites rubro-venosa, the
foliage of which is beautifully veined with bright red ; San-
ehezia nobilis variegata, an effective plant frequently noticed
already ; and the handsome Coleus Veitchii with black leaves
bordered with pale green. To mostofthese Certificates (see iist
at p. 570) were awarded, as well as to the f oUoviring f rom Mr. Ball,
viz., the wavy-leaved Dichorisandra undata, and the silver-
leaved D. mosaica ; the richly -veined dark -leaved AnaJctochUus
Dayi ; Eranthemum igneum, with dark green foliage orna-
mented with a flame-coloured variegation ; Bignonia ornata.
Golden Feverfew, Zamia villosa, a graceful-habited, fine-looking
plant ; Maranta Legrelliana, and picturata, two plants remark
able for the beauty of their foliage; Antectochilus Petola
marmorea, Odontoglossura luteo-purpureum, Ptychospermum
regalis, a promising young Palm ; Dieffcnbachia Pearcei, and
Gymnostachyum Pearcei, the last with a beautiful red
venation ; the singulai'-looking Tillandsia argentea, and
several fine Ferns, conspicuous among which were
Lastrea FiUx-mas Barnesi, Nephrodium moUe grandiceps,
and N. m. polycuspis, Polystichum angulare parvissimum,
Scolopendrium vulgare Morgani, and Adiantum Lindeni, all
acquisitions to the genera to which they belong. The same
exhibitor also showed tho singular-looking Arad called
Amorphophallus nobilis, coming into flower, and forming,
as ic were, a solid fleshy Fungus-like mass, some 6 or
8 inches in height, and 4 or 5 through, deep chocolate-coloured
at top, becoraiug paler towards the base. When fully deve-
loped, its smell will, we apprehend, be anything but
pleasant ; but in its present state it is apparently perfectly
inodorous. Messrs. Veiteh showed fine examples of most
of their novelties mentioned above, for which they received
Certificates, as well as for the fine-leaved Miconia peruviana ;
Retinospora plumosa, a beautiful species ; the silvery-veined
Hypocyrta brevicalyx. a species of Epidendrum, the beautiful
Dendrobium McCarthias, Asplenium elegantulum, and other
plants, all worthy of the fino establishment from which they
come. Mr. Wilson, gr. to W. Marshall, Esq., had a pretty
variety of Miltonia spectabilis, called rosea, and also a good
example of Dendrobium thyrsiflorum ; and Mr, Grey, of Ash-
ridge Park, showed a distinctly variegated form of Deutzia
gracilis.

Among miscellaneous subjects was a neat group of flowering
and fino fohaged plants, edged with thcsUvery-leaved Meadow
Grass and Golden Feverfew, from Messrs, E. G, Henderson ;
some beautiful Aucubas and other variegated hardy plants,
from Mr. Wm. Paul ; LUium auratum, from Mr. Turner and
Mr. Bull ; Ansectoehili, from Mrs. Gl end inning &, Sons ; a
matchless pair of Agave filifera, from Mr. Bull ; a huge
and handsome specimen of Iresine Herbstii, from Mr. HiU, gr.
to R. Hanbury, Esq, : a magnificent group of Sanacenios from
Mr. Baines ; cut flowers of Ixias and other Cape bulbs from
Messr.'^. Hooper ; and variegatedjBamboo and other plants from
Messrs Barr &, Sugden.

Of Fruit Mr. Turner had a small collection, in whi^h
were ripened Muscat and Black Hamburgh Grapes, Peaches,
Nectarines, and Strawberries. Mi-. Lewis, Stamford Hill,
fm-nished Black Hamburgh Grapes, and Messrs. Lane White
Heart and May Duke Cherries.

It may be worthy of mention, that Messrs. John Waterer's
beautiful exhibition of Rhododendrons, held annually in the
gi'ounds of this Society, will be in perfection during the next
week or ten days, and we may add that they are well worth
inspection.

RoyAL Caledonian Horticultural, MaT/ 23. — Tho usual
Midsummer Exhibition, under the auspices of this Society, in
the City Hall, was more remarkable for fine specimens than
for a great and preponderating variety of plants for mere table
filling. The orchestra was as usual decorated with specimens
of Tree Ferns, Rhododendrons, and other plants of imposing
appearance, contributed by the various nursery firms. The
principal prize of the day was for a table of miscellaneous
plants, and this was awarded to Mr. Thomson, gr. to
his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, Dalkeith, who had, among
other things, Dicksonia antarctica and a handsome Draccena,
the old but effective Marantii zebrina, two good plants of Erica
Cavendishiana, Croton angustifolium and C. pictum. Erica
veutricosa magnifica, E. persoluta alba florida, Clerodendron
BalEourii, Vanda suavis with three spikes, each twelve-
flowered ; the best variety of Vanda teres we ever saw, having
flowers twice as lai-ge as the variety generally bearing that
name, and of fine substance ; Oncidium sphacelatum, Antbu-
rium magnificum, DracEena ferrea, the handsome Hibiscus
Cooperi, Sanseviei-a japonica. Yucca quadricolor, and a
finely managed plant full of bloom of the old but interesting
Epidendrum ciliare.

Mr. Lees, gr, to the Right Hon. the Earl of Haddington, her
Majesty's Lord High Commissioner, had a very fine lot of
plants, not quite so majestic looking upon the whole as Mr.
Thomson's, but as specimens of cultivation they were worthy
of aU praise. Bjs specimens of Saccolabium guttatum were
beautifully managed plants, the one with six spikes and the
other with four, each 18 inches long, and hanging very grace-
fully to wii'cs bent for the purpose. Each plant had at least
20 leaves, in the rudest health, and was growing on a block of
wood. Another remarkable plant m this collection was Cypripe-
dium spectabUe, with five very fine peduncles, some of them
two-flowered, and the leaves showing the best state of henlth,
Calanthe veratrifolia had 20 spikes of flowers. This old plant
ia scarcely now seen in decent order^ and it would bo very

useful if Mr. Lees would publish his mode of cultivation.
Conspicuous among the otliers was a crimson tubed variety
with a shaded white corolla, of an Erica named profusa ; as
well as E, ventricosa var. and florida campanulata, Cleroden-
dron Ealfourii, Aerides Lindleyanura, the handsome Rhododen-
dron Countess of Haddington, loaded with bloom ; Alocasia
macrorhiza variegata, a very fine Adiantum trapeziforrae, &c.

Rhododendrons were in very fine condition, especLally those
from Mr. Methven, Leith Walk Nurseries, which were not
only very large plants, but densely clothed with bloom,
Stanwellianum album is a good white ; Hugh Fraser a splendid
rosy purple, slightly spotted ; Melanthemum, good dark ;
Rosalie, immense truss of good purple with very dark
spotting ; Criterion, showy as a plant, but not so good as an
individual ; and Bouquet Parfait^, a fine soft rose, Messrs,
Dickson & Co. had also an assortment, but not so good by
odds as Mr, Methven's. The best in their lot were roseum
magnum, and nigrum. A variety named Napoleon HI.' was a
very finely formed crimson, of conspicuous character. Dr.
Johnson, March Hall, had a very fine lot, comprising Lord
John Russell, dark purple, heavily spotted with rose, the
chaste crimped-edged Everestianum, the dark black-spotted
Sir Isaac Newton, and the soft rose Sir Charles Napier.

In stove and greenhouse plants Mr. J. Paterson, gr. to
Professor Syme, Millbank, was successful with fine plants of
Pimelea spectabUis and Hendersoni, Erica Cavendishiana and
candidissima, Oncidium spharelatum, Aphelexis macrantha,
a very finely bloomed GenetylUs fuchsioides, and Tremandra
cricoides. ilr. Fowler, gr. to G, C. Arbuthnot. Esq., Mavis-
bank, had some good Heaths and Azaleas in his collection.

In show and fancy Pelargoniums there were some very
good lots, Messrs. Downie & Co. being 1st among nurserymen,
and Mr. Alan Cameron, gr. to Samuel Hay, Esq., Trinity
Cottage, and Mr. John Jones, gr. to Captain Boulton, Bang-
holm Bower, were the most successful among gardeners. The
best sorts were Lord Clyde, Lilacinum, International, Rosa
Bonheur, Rose Celestial, Prince of Wales.

Messrs. P. Lawson & Sons had an extra award for a fine lot of
Tree Ferns and a miscellaneous collection of plants, comprising
ConiferEO in 30 rare sorts, some nice plants of dwarf Palms, &c.
Messrs. Dickson & Sons had an extra award for a lot of
Azaleas, new and old, in 8-inch pots, which were very effective.
Messrs. Downie ifeCo.hadafine plant of Souvenir de la Mai maison
Carnation, full of flower, and several stands of Pansies, Among
the fancy section were some very good sorts, which attracted
general attention, including Hugh Adair, a bronze ground,
with black dense blotches, and prominently edged with
yellow, beautiful ; Major Mackay, bronze and black ; Amy,
large blucish black on a bronze ground ; Mrs. Northcote ; Black
Prince, very deep black, shining like a piece of silk ; and Ninian
Niven : all most desirable varieties, and by far the more
prominent among a very large assortment.

P. Neill Fraser, Esq., Canon Mills, hadanicelotof Ferns, both
hardy and tender, which received a First-class award ; and
along with them several panfuls of Saxifraga Stansfieldii, a
good white and mauve variety ; S. hypnoides, S. g^braltarica, a
tiny white ; and S. incarvifolia, Sedum Rhodiola, and the deep
blue Vei'onica saxatilis, most interesting plants for general
cultivation,

Mr. Thomas Garstairs, Warriston Nurseries, had some fine
flowered Azaleas, especiaUy Roi Leopold and Beauty of
Europe, as well as some Ferns and other plants. Mr. R.
Mcintosh, The Dean Nursery, had some very fine hardy Ferns,
conspicuous among which was the Scolopendrium vulgare
fissura, with elegantly cut fronds, and Lastrea Filix-mas
cristata. John Stewarii & Sons, Broughty Ferry, Dundee, had
a very good lot of cut Roses, and Drummond Brothers had
also a table of miscellaneous plants.

In the fruit department, Mr. Foulis, gr., Fordell, Inver-
keithing, had two good Pines, the one a smooth Cayenne, and
the other a Queen. In Grapes, Mr. John Laing, gr. to R.
Cathcart, Esq., Pitcau-Ue, had 1st for excellent Bl.ack Ham-
burghs, and 1st for flavour. The same grower had also 1st in
the White class with Golden Hamburgh, beating Mr, Thomson
with the Archerficld Muscat. Both samples were unripe.
The Duchess of Buccleuch again obtained the premium for
flavoiu- against Buckland Sweetwater, Mr. J. Goi'don, gi".,
Niddrie, being 1st, and Mr. Thomson J2d.

Vegetaljles were a good display, especially tho collection
from Mr. Temple, gr. to J, Balfour, Esq., of Balbirnie, Mark-
mch, and from Mr, William Reid, gr. to C, Dalrymple, Esq.,
of Nowhailes; capital samples of Henderson's Champion
Cucumber came from Mr. Lamg.

The day was propitious, but the visitors were by no means
numerous, owing to the greater attractions of the Assembly
Meeting.

Iffotices of ISoofes.

A Sandy Hook of Meteorology ; by Alexander
Buchan, M.A., Secretary of the Scottish Meteoro-
logical Society. 12mo. Pp. 204 "William Blackwood
& Sons.

The Society, of which the author of this Manual is
the Secretary, is one of the most active and popular
of the scientific institutions of Edinburgh. It has Sii
stations at home and abroad, where journals are kept
by competent observers ; and it is composed of 582
members. Its 3uarterly meetings are of a very inte-
resting description. Recently at one of these meetings
its venerable President, the Marquis of Tweeddale,
who is well known as a distinguished agriculturist,
signalised the approach of his 8Ist birthday, by an
address "On Solar Eadiation in relation to Crops,"
replete with enlightened views and happy suggestions.
Not less fortunate is the Society in its secretary. It is
his duty to remain in Edinburgh as the centre of
correspondence, to keep the machine in motion, to
tabulate observations, and to enunciate results. He
generally enlivens the quarterly meetings by a short
lecture on some point of interest, such as " The
Meteorological Peculiarities of the Summer of 1865,"
illustrated by 26 maps constructed by him for the
occasion, an exposition which we had the pleasure of
hearing. The amount of work he gets through is
wonderful. He has charted, he teUs us, 100 European
storms. In short he lives in a sort of atmosphere of
meteorology; he is intimately familiar with all its
details, and it is scarcely possible to conceive any one
better fitted, from daily experience, to be the author of
a practically useful treatise on the subject.

Mr. Buchan has traversed the whole range of the
science. Beginning with a brief sketch of its history
and scope, he proceeds, in successive chapters, to treat
of the pressure of the atmosphere, its temperature,
solar and terrestrial radiation, distribution of tempe-
rature, moisture, &c. The instrurqents employed are
described and figured, illustrative woodcuts are inter-
calated when necessary, and various charts are given.
Observed facts are stated, and the laws deduced from
them are explained. "We cannot do better than present

to our readers some specimens of Mr. Buchan' s
volume ; and we shall select those which, from recent
discussions in the pages of this Paper, are likely to
prove most interesting.

Sensible Coldness of Damp Air. — " Damp air is a
rnuch better conductor of heat than dry air. Damp
air consequently feels colder than dry air of the same
temperature, because it takes away the heat from our
bodies more rapidly. Thus at the breaking of the
severe frost which prevailed in Great Britain in
December, 1360, when the temperature had risen to
32', the air being moister, the weather was more
disagreeably chilly, than when the temperature was
below zero." P. 4.5.

Increase of Temperature with Height in Cold
Weather.—" This takes place invariably in dry, calm,
clear weather during the night, and in winter, when the
temperature ofthe air falls by contact with the chilled
surface of the earth (Proofs from the observatious of
Mr. Glaisher and Mr. Oh. Martins). But the rate
at which the temperature rises with the height is
modified to a very great extent by the physical con-
figuration of the surface — that is, whether that surface
be level, undulating, or mountainous. Suppose an
extent of country, diversified by plains, valleys, hills,
and table lands, to be in circumstances favourable to
radiation, and each part under the same meteorological
conditions, except in the single point of position.
Radiation will proceed over tlie whole at the same
rate, but the eS'eots of radiation will not be felt every-
where in the same degree and intensity. For as the
air in contact with the declivities ol the hills and
rising grounds becomes cooled by contact with the
cold surface of the ground, it acquires greater density
and weight, and consequently slips down the slopes,
and accudulates in the plains below. Hence places
situated on rising grounds are never exposed to the
full intensity of frosts ; and the higher they are
relatively to the surrounding ground, the less are they
exposed, because they are protected by their elevation
providing, as it were, an escape for the cold almost as
xast as it is produced. Oa the contrary, valleys more
or less environed by hills or eminences, not only retain
their own cold of radiation, but also serve as reservoirs
for the cold of neighbouring heights. Hence low-lying
place are peculiarly exposed to intense cold. Plains
and table lands are similarly affected by their own
radiation. This explains why vapour becomes visible
so frequently in low places, whilst adjoining eminences
are clear ; and the same fact instinct has made known
to cattle and sheep, which generally prefer to rest
during nights on knolls and other eminences. Along
most ofthe watercourses of Great Britain, during the
memorable frost of Christmas, 1860, Laui'els, Arau-
carias, and other trees growing below a certain height,
were destroyed, but above that height they escaped,
thus attesting by unmistakeable proof the great and
rapid increase of the temperature with the height
above the lower parts of the valleys." Pp. 57, 58.

" Kints to Sorticulinrists. — ^^The ascertaining of the
dew-point is of great practical importance, particularly
to horticulturists, since it shows the point near which
the de.scent of the temperature of the air will be
arrested during the night. For when the air has been
cooled dowu to this point, dew is deposited, and latent
heat is given out. The amount of heat thus set free
being great, the temperature ofthe air is immediately
raised. But as the cooling by radiation proceeds, the
air again falls to, or slightly under, the dew point : dew
is now again deposited, heat liberated, and the tem-
perature raised. The same process continues to be
repeated ; and thus the temperature of the air in con-
tact with plants, and other radiating surfaces may be
considered as gently oscillating about the dew-point.
For if it rises higher the loss of heat by radiation
speedily lowers it, and if it falls lower by ever so little,
the liberation of the heat, as the vapour is condensed
into dew, speedily raises it. Thus then the dew-point
determines the minimum temperature of the night.
This suggests an important pritctical use of the
hygrometer. If the dew-point is ascertained by it, the
approach of low temperatures, or of frost, may be fore-
seen and provided against. Thus suppose on a fine
clear spring day towards evening, that the dry bulb
was 50" and the wet 40°, the dew-point at the
time is therefore 29.4i''. Frost on the ground may
then be predicted with certainty, and no time ought
to be lost in protecting such tender plants as may be
exposed in the open air at that season. If, on the
other hand, with a sky quite as clear, the dry bulb was
50' and the wet -17', the dew-point being thus 43.8', no
frost need be apprehended. The raising or depressing
of the dew-point during the night by a change of wind
is the only circumstance that can happen to interfere
with the predictions founded on the hygrometer."
—P. 92.

In reference to the diathermancy of the air, and
the manner in which it is affected by aqueous vapour,
we intended to cite the account given in pp. 01, 95 of
the observations of Lieut. -Colonel Strachey at Madras,
and of M. Nenmayer at Melbourne, as confirming
Professor Tyndal's discovery of the interceptive power
of aqueous vapour, and slightly modifying its applica-
tion in practice ; but tho limits set to such notices as
the present require us to stay our hand. "We must
refer to the volume itself on this as on many other
points. In conclusion, we have to state that this
" Handy Book of Meteorology " is wonderfully correct,
both in its statements and in the reasonings deduced
from them. After careful, and, of many parts, repeated
perusal, we have found nothing the accuracy of which
we were inclined to challenge. In the chapter
on storms we should have liked a little more
evidence on the movements of the so-called
Cyclones. Contrary to the views of Dove and many
others Mr. Buchan holds them to be not circular but
vorticose. His explanation of their progressive motion
is singularly ingenious, and it is probably original,

June 1, 1867.]

THE TtAI^DENET^S' CTTEOT^TdLE ANT) AfiPvJCEETHUAL GAZETTE.

677

thout!ii in a. recent number of the Sevua des Deux
Moiides smnnViimi similar is jjropoiuKled by M. Jamin,
and claimed as exclusively lus own. The stylo of tho
volume is equable and lucid, except in a passage or
isfo, wliicli have become obscure from over condensa-
tion. There is no sensational writing, and no
epigrammatic touches to astonish tho unlearned. It
deserves also to be remarked that there is almost a
total absence of mathematical symbols, which aro so
abhorrent to the general reader, but there is no
discernible want of mathematical power and inform;i-
tion. Any person of ordinary intelligence, if he will
read patienlly and thoughtfully, will not fail to under-
stand llie iiii'ik from beginning to end. Wo do not
know a bettor book on meteorology, and certainly it is
by far the best book on that subject which we know
for the horticulturist, the farmer, and, speaking
gonerall.v, the unscientific reader. Every gardener of
the least pretensions to an intelligent knowledge of his
profession should not only possess it, but thoroughly
master it.

Profe.ssor lleichenbaoh has recently published, under
the title Beitraije zit ciiiei' Orchldeenkiinde Centfal-
Ameriknn (Ho, pp. 112), adescriptive list of the Orchids
collected in Central America by Warscewicz, Oersted,
Wendland, Tloll'mami, and Wullsohliigel. Ten litho-
graplis ae('om]>anj- llio Latin descriptions, which refer
for the most part to plants already published elsewhere,
though some are here described for the first lime. It
will be valuable for reference to those interested in tho
rich Orchid flora of the region to which it refers.

The filth volume of Dr. Ferdinand 'M.viWef^Fragmenta
Phytofiraphioi Ausiralice has recently been issued.
AVe have already had occasion to speak of this useful
record, with reference especially to Australian Ferns.
In the present volume, among other plates is one
representing a graceful Palm, 70 to 80 feet high, named
Ptychosperma AJexandrse, found near the Pitzroy
river in Eastern tropical Australia.

dFlorfiSts' dFlotoers.

T HE great show at the Crystal Palace on the 25th ult.
brought together a few Novelties of special interest.
Foremost were some new bedding Lobelias of the
Erinus section, shown by Mr. Bull, of Chelsea. A First-
class Certificate was awarded to Rosy Gem, a variety
much in tho way of Beauty of Baven.sbourne, but
larger and of a taller and stouter growth. Mr. Bull's
variety has more rose in the lilac than Carter's variety,
and has a white centre slightly spotted with ro.sy purple.
This central marking also differs from that of Beauty
of Ravensbourne. As shown, the habit of the plant
was somewhat spare ; all the under leaves withered,
but thismiglit have resulted from pot cultivation. The
habit is erect and free, and it promises to make a very
desirable and effective bedding plant. Crown Princess
was a very novel variety, having a ground colour of
violet blue, with a white centre, and the segments were
also mottled with white— excellent compact habit,
cni'l, and very free blooming. Celestial was of a
liiiirish lilac shade, with white cenlire, having small
s]i"i^ ul' deep blue— habit dw.arf and compact, the flower
stalks freely spreading ; a good kind for massing. In
addition to some of the zonal and nosegay varieties of
Pelargoniums shown by Messrs. Downie, Laird, and
Laing at South Kensington, on the 21st ult., they bad
here Mrs. Laing, a nosegay, with pale zonate foliage,
and having large, bold, and striking trusses of bright
cherry crimson flowers. This is a very promismg
variety, and will no doubt be yet seen in better con-
dition. Hercules is a zonal kind, with verystrong foliage,
the broad zone by no means regularly defined, bulj
having immense salmon scarlet flowers, very
stout and of fine outline; but not sufficiently
advanced in bloom to judge accurately of its merits.
Perfection, a zonal variety from Messrs. F. & A.
Smith, had salmon scarlet flowers, a little deeper in
colour than Hercules, though not quite so large or so
smooth as the last named ; habit good, well-defined
bronzy zone and free blooming. Achievement was
much in the same way, the zone darker, and more
orange in the flowers; a very good free bloomin kind.
Superexcellent has an irregular pale bronzy zone,
with large and bold trusses of bright orange scarlet
flowers; excellent habit. These three varieties were
the best of a large batch of seedlings from Dulwich.

Mr. Wiggins, gr. to W. Beck, Esq., of Isleworth, and
Mr. Nye, gr. to E. B. Poster, Esq., of Clewer, both
exhibited Seedling large-flowering Pelargoniums. The
latter were not nearly enough in bloom to .j udge of their
value, and will be seen later in better condition. First-
class Certificates were given to Queen of Roses (Beck),
lower petals vivid rosy crimson, the upper petals rich
dark blotch,shaded and margined with fiery crimson, the
centre rayed with purple; a very fine and striking
shade of colour ; medium-sized flowers, a little rough ;
and to L'Empereur (Beck), warm pink lower petals,
slightly blotched with rosy crimson, the upper petals
dark, with margin of fiery crimson, edged with rosy
pink, conspicuous white centre; a large and bold
flower. Others that will no doubt be sent out for their
obvious good qualities were. Hermit (Beck), a large
flower, the lower petals white, slightly suU'used with
pink ; dark lop petals, with margin of fiery carmine,
and broad edgmg of pink ; the flowers as shown some-
what lacking outline and smoothness ; and Prince of
Orange (Beck), a small flower, but noticeable for its
superb shade of dark orange scarlet, with broad edging
of dark scarlet to the upper petals ; a rich and striking
hue of colour. S. I).

The first Great Show of the Royal Botanic Society,
held on the 29th nil., brought together as usu.al a
eousiderablc quantity of Novelties. Among these, the
show in large flowering Pelargoniums contained some
flowers of high-class quality. First-class Certificates

wore awarded to Mr. C. Turner for Example (Iloyle),
and Victor (lloyle), described at page 5 IH, and which
were hero shown in fine condition ; and to Man of
Mark (Hoyle), a cheerful-looking but somewhat small
spotted flower, lower petals bright- carmine rose spotted
with rich dark crimson ; uppei- pulals dark, \villi lnviiid
margin of glowing rosy crunson ; the habit: somewhat
spare and drawn. First-class Certificates wore also
awarded to Mr. Turner for the following Fancy Pelar-
goniums: Marmion (Turner), described at page 49.3,
a variety that may be termed an improved Godfrey
Turner, tho\igh not so dark in colour as tho last named,
and it also has a pure white centre instead of the
somewhat confused blueish centre of the older flower ;
it is of a very pleasing shade of colour, but a
little crumpled on the edges; to Pink Perfection
(Turner), also described at p. VXf, ; and to Ea-st Lynne
(Turner), a flower somewhat in the way of Mr. Turner's
new variety Perfection, but rather larger, the lower
petals rosy crimson, suffused witli purple, and slightly
edged with pale rose, top petals dark rosy crimson,
with a pale edge ; flowers stout, smooth, and of fine
fijrm and excellent habit. First-class Certificates were
awarded to Mr. Wiggin.s, gr. to W. Beck, Esq., Isle-
worth, for Hermit (Beck), described above, and shown
in much better condition than at the Crystal P;ilnce —
a promising exhibition flower ; and to Lady of Quality
Imjiroved (Beck), a very finely formed and smooth
flower, the lower petals vivid carmine rose, stained and
pencilled with dark crimson, dark ton petals, with
narrow rosy crimson margin ; habit goon. Some others
furnished by Mr. AViggins w^ere Electra (Beck), a very
delicate and beautiful flower, though not of first-rate
properties ; lower petals delicate pink, slightly blotched
with carmine on eaeh petal ; dark top petals running into
and margined with fiery crimson, and broadly edged
with pale rosy pink, another very promising exhibition
kind ; Queen of Roses (Beck), described above, not in
good condition, being rough, the centre of the lower
petals also becomes long with age, and the blue centre
of this flower has a confused appearance, though the
hue of colour is very rich and striking; Mignonette
{ Beck ), a small flower, but of a striking shade of colour,
rosy violet lower petals, dark top petals, broadly edged
with briglit rose, white centre; Calypso (Beck), clear
orange carmine lower petals, dark top petals, with
broad rosy crimson margin, run into by the dark ; and
iVsp.asia (Beck), lower petals rosy pink, with dark top
petals, margined and run into with bright rosy crimson,
and edged with pink, conspicuous white throat, a large
and bold flower. Mr. Nye, gr. to E. B. Foster, Esq., of
Clewer, had some very fine and striking flowers, among
them the best new Show Pelargonium of the present
year, namely. Emperor (Foster), pale rosy salmon lower
petals, the upper ]ietals having a well-defined medium
dark blotch, regularly margined with fiery crimson
carmine, and broadly edged with pure salmon rose;
flowers large, pure, and very smooth; a beautiful
and striking flower, the colours on the upper petals
being very regularly defined. It was awarded a First-
class Certificate, as were also Rob Roy (Foster), lower
petals rosy-violet, with small blotch of pale rosy crimson
on each petal, the upper petals dark margined, with
deep rosy crimson, which runs into the dark blotch,
and edged with rosy pink ; a fine, bold, and stout
flower; and Grandee (Foster), clear pale pink lower
petals, pencilled and stained with crimson, and having
a regular and smooth edge of pink ; flowers of fine form
and substance. Magician (Foster) has a rich shade of
colour, but was not in good condition, the upper petals
appear to have a tendency to become crumpled, and
tlie white centre is confused and ill-defined; while
King of Trumps (Foster) and Troubador (Foster) are
beaten by Emperor, though they have more carmine
in the colour of tfie lower petals, and some claim to
distinctness, they still run in the same way, while being
inferior in quality. The Peer (Foster) is a very fine
stout and smooth stained flower of good qualities;
Conquest (Foster), a very free blooming flower in the
way of The Peer: but darker in the lower petals ; and
Northern Star (Foster), a flower of good quality, bright
orange scarlet lower petals, with slight dark blotch ;
upper petals dark, margined with glossy rosy scarlet, a
taking flower, but rough on the upper petals.

If it had been in the province of the judges to grant
a certificate to a plant that has an excellent character
both for decorative and market purposes, it should
have been given to Dobson's Pelargonium Magnet. A
largequantity of small plants literally covered with bloom
were grouped together, and a most striking efl"ect they
had. The colour is very bright purplish crimson,
the habit good, and it has the appearance of forcing well.
Messrs. Downie, Laird, & Laing received a First-class
Certificate for their beautiful pink Nosegay Pelargo-
nium Emmeline, described at page 549 ; and the same
award to Mr. John Mann, of Brentford, for Zonal
Pelargonium Lord Derby, also described at page 549,
which, though not so fine as at South Kensington tfie
previous week, was yet in excellent comlition. Eugenie
(Mann) had good zonal foliage, and large and stout
pale salmon flowers produced on good trusses. Evidently
Mr- Mann has in his possession the materials by which
to produce some very fine things in the way oL Zonal
Pelargoniums. Mr. W. Paul has some small plants of
Nosegay and other varieties, and two large specimens
of Dr. Hogg and Waltham Nosegay; the former,
probably one of the finest formed and stoutest flowers
in the Nosegaj; section, promises to make a very
efl'ective exhibition kind. A First-class Certificate was
awarded to Dr. Hogg. Some Stand,ard Variegated
Pelargoniums shown by Mr. AV. Paul, were an excellent
feature in the way of decorative plants. The steins
averaged 3 feet in height, and were surmounted with
robust heads of foliage .and masses of bloom. For
conservatory work these will be very eflfective. A large
jjlant of Little Gem, a hybrid variety with scented
loliage, also came from Mr. W. Paul, and is the brightest
coloured of this tribe yet seen. The colour is lively

rosy pink, marked with purplish crimson on the top
petals ; free blooming and good habit.

A l''irst-oi:uw Certificate was awarded to Mr. W.
Bull for his new Lobeiia (Erinus) Rosy Gem, described
aJiovp ; and ill addition Mr. Huil had another variety
named While and Blue, flowers while, with slight
edging and tip of pale blue, a somewhat tall growing
bntr free blooming and showy kind.

Cut I'ansies were shown by Messrs. Doivnio, Laird,
& Laing, and Hooper of Bath. Tlie former had a good
stand of lit! kinds, and Mr. Hooper's Uowers were much
better than generally comes from tliat quarter. Of
Mr. Hoopers now flowers, John (iray and George
Galley are two fine dark selfs, the former having
a good deal of rose, the latter rich glossy dark. Cream
of the Creams, a cream ground Ilowcr ; and .Mrs. Glad-
stone, both classed among the while grounds, are large
and bold flowers. Air. Hooper's Fancy I'ansies con-
tained some large and stout flowers, though generally
rough and crumpled. Mr. Jaines, of Isleworth, had a
box of blooms somewhat small in size, but clean,
smooth, and of good quality ; and it was plea,sing to
note the appearance of two new amateur exhibitors of
the Pansy— Messrs. Kingston and Weddick, who
showed in very good condition. Mr. Hooper had some
flowers of a new yellow self Pansy for bedding, named
Sunset. The lilolch was extremely well defined, the
flowers stout, and of a good bright yellow colour. R. D.

Drone Comb in N.^dirs.— I should be glad if Mr.
Thompson, who has hitherto so kindly and efficiently
instructed us in the management of Stewarton hives,
would give his opinion on the following case. Finding
one of my stocks in a Stewarton hive weak this spring,
and the season very bad for bees, I thought it best to
join it to its next neighbour, which I did in the
manner usual with these hives, on the 3d of May, by
first putting in five or six pufl's of tobacco smoke into
the entrance of each, and then putting the top boxes
together, having of course first drawn the slides of that
that was to go underneath.

Upon looking into the box, which I had removed
from beneath tbe weak stock, and which was about
two-thirds full of combs, I found them to be
all drone combs, except one little bit at the
side. This directed my attention to the under
box of the hive to which the weak stock had been
joined, and I saw plainly through the window that the
combs of this one too, which by the way had not been
over strong, were also, as far as could be seen, drone
combs. As this would have eventually injured the
prosperity of the hive, I took away this box, which I
had left as a nadir to the united slock, and found upon
examination of the combs, which were about the same
in quantity as in the corresponding box of the other
hive, that fully two-thirds of them were drone. This
much I cut away, and then returned the box, as the
season for nadiring appeared to have arrived. The
stock is now very strong, and working in its nadir.
The inclination of bees to construct drone combs in
nadirs, stated by you, first occurred to me; but I then
recollected tliat this liad happened to weak stocks only,
for two strong stocks, which had been likewise nadired
last summer, and an accountof which I had given you, had
not constructed drone combs elsewhere than at the very
sides of the nadirs, and only in usual quantity. Of
one, that in 9-inch Slewarton's, I can speak with
absolute certainty, as I look its nadir away as I told
you; and through the windows of the other, which
command the centre of the box, no drone comb can be
discovered. It appears thus that the strength of the
stock makes a material difference in this matter; and
also that it is necessary to keep a sharp look out as to
what kind of combs are being constructed. In both
cases it was in the very centre of the box that the most
drone comb was constructed, one being wholly of that
except a very trifling portion.

The account that you have given of your own
peculiar modification of Langstroth's hive, has sho^vn
me what is the most probable reason that the lioney-
box, which I took ofl' a Stewarton slock last year, and
which I told you of, was not perfectly finished and
sealed. I believe the bees wanted more entrance space,
to ventilate four boxes one over the other, than the
entrance cut in the Stewarton boxes affords; and
I intend now either to alter my floor-boards so as to give
ventilating space the whole breadth of the boxes, or to
slip a bit of board i of an inch thick, and cut to suit
the shape of the box, beneath the nadir, so as to have
the same effect. Possibly the climate of South AVales
being warmer than Scotland, may make a ditference in
the amount of ventilation required. A. Boyle.

Garden Memoranda.

Messrs. Carter's Nuesert, Stdenh.4m.— In an
establishment like Messrs. Carter & Co.'s Nursery,
where, at present at least, bedding stuff is the staple
article of trade, and is produced in great quantities,
the extent to which certain kinds are propagated is a
pretty sure index to their value for this purpose. Thus
Coleus Verschafl'eltii, and C. nigricans, are largely
grown, because they are the two best kinds for out-
door work. Mr. Boston entertains a high opinion of
the value of Iresine Herhstii aureo -reticulata as a
bedding plant, and is propagating large quantities of it.
In a young stale it looks stronger than the red variety.
The striped Japanese Maize was to be seen in several
stages of growth from strong plants 2 feet in height
down to young stufi'just polled ofi' from the seed pans.
In the larger plants the beautiful variegation was
showing itself, and it cannot be loo highly recom-
mended for sub-tropical work. AVherever ijsed in
the garden it will always please, and it is very
effective grouped in parties of three, five, or

578

tHE GARtlENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRlClTLTimiL ftAZETTE.

[June 1, 1867.

seven plants. That beautiful new Silver Grass, Poa
trivialis argentea elegans, is in ftreat demand. This
elegantly-variegated meadow Grass is eminently
valuable for its wonderfully free growth, its dense but
gracefully drooping habit, and for the combination of
three colours on its beautiful foliage, pure white, light
green, and pale pink, being " blended in each linear
leaf." It is recommended for "hanging baskets, for
the outer margins of rustic or stone ornamental vases
on raised pedestals, also for dividing ia small tufts for
the decoration of drawing-room vases." A very dwarf
form of Tagetes signata pumila, selected by Mr. Gordon
of the Crystal Palace, is largely grown for the extreme
compactness of its habit. The flowers are well above the
foliage, and, being freely produced of a pale yellow
colour, it is the best substitute for the yellow
Calceolaria grown. It has the great advantage of
blooming very late in the season. Large patches of
Tyerman's variety of Viola lutea, and the Osberton
Hall purple variety of Viola cornuta were in flower in
the open ground. The yellow one blooms earliest, and
is of a dwarfer habit. Of the varieties of Alternanthera,
A. parouychioides is the best for beilding purposes,
being stouter and hardier in constitution than the
others. A. (Teleianthera) versicolor should have a
sheltered position assigned to it, as it needs some pro-
tection out of doors. It looks the strongest of all, but
it is not so in fact. Tropseolum Perfection (Gordon), is
an excellent dwarf growing variety for beds, having a
profusion of deep orange-scarlet flowers. Some plants
in pots were quite little bouquets in themselves.

All the higher classes of plants are cultivated here,
and this department of the nursery is now being
rapidly extended. In the Orchid-house were some
plants of Phalienopsis amabilis, P. grandiflora, and
P. Schilleriaua that had been fertilised by Mr. Boston,
and were now producing their seed pods. A very stout
and vigorous-growing golden Gymnogramma, a sport
from G. aurea, was noticeable in the Pern-house.
Mr. Boston says that it excels any golden variety he
has yet cultivated. One house had as a part of its
occupants a large collection of the choicest Cannas
from the south of Prance. They are expected to
produce something of more than average quality
among this class.

The cleanliness of the stove house was remarkable,
as not the slightest trace of scale or mealy bug could
be discerned. Mr. Boston uses a preparation of his
own, termed the "Ne plus ultra," and with the
happiest results.

It may throw some light on the " Early Pea con-
troversy" to state that in the grounds there were
growing both Carter's First Crop, and Dickson's Pirst
Best. The first named had been in bloom since
May 6th ; the last named began to bloom on the 9th,
and certainly had the best situation. Both were sown
on the 2d of February.

Miscellaneous.

Oinseng. — The Foreign Commissioner at the treaty
port of Newchwang reports that Ginseng maintains its
great repute in China. Every native, from the Emperor
10 the humblest coolie, places implicit faith in the
eilicacy of this strange root, which, for ages, has been
extolled as a universal medicine or panacea. The
genuine Manchuriau Ginseng consists of a stem, from
which the leaves spring, of a centre root, and of two
roots branching off at the same point from each side of
the centre root; the stem somewhat resembles the
head and neck, the side roots the shoulders and arms
of a man, the main root represents the body, and a fork,
which the main root frequently forms, supplies the
legs. The Chinese, with a not ungraceful feeling,
believe that a plant which thus expands into the human
form, amid thickets and j ungles on which the foot of
man never trod, must be intended to alleviate the
sufferings of the human race. For Ginseng loves the
moist, dense !forests which cling to the slopes of the
hills; it nestles in recesses which are as pathless now
as in the days when the Golden Tartars were dwelling
in the plain. Fine Manchuriau Ginseng is only found
ia the uppervalley of the Usuri, where ruined towns and
forts mark the cradle of the race which occupies the
imperial throne. The precious qualities of Ginseng
are increased and intensified by age, and a plant is of
no great value until it has been growing and gathering
strength for at least an ordinary lifetime. The upper
portions of the root possess the healing power; the
stem which appears above ground ought not to be
eiten. Formerly the collection of Ginseng was in the
lunds of some 40 merchants, who obtained the necessary
authority from the Tartar General Kirin on pa.vment
of a heavy fee, handing over to Government also a
certain weight of the product of the search. The
merchants employed outlaws, whom the fear of punish-
ment had driven to take refuge in these wilds, and who
underwent great hardships in the task, menaced by
starvation, and by the wolf, the tiger, and the leopard.
But in the time of Taukuang, Ginseng was becoming
yearly more scarce, and plants of any great age were
rarely found. In order to arrest their utter extinction
the collection of the wild root was prohibited by
Imperial edict. Nevertheless a very small quantity is
stiU clandestinely collected— to a considerable e.xteut,
however, in Eussian territory. The cultivation of
Ginseng, though allowed, is not encouraged. It is
cultivated in Mauchooria, and in the Corea. Times.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)

PLANT HOUSES.

With increasing light and warmth, and the power

of more largely assimilating the internal air of all

structures with the nrbre natural outer air, let no

proper opportunity be lost to aid all plants by every

possible means in the formation of good sound
growth. By securing this thus early, if possessed
of a luxuriant foliage, there is a greater possibility
that abundant flower-buds will be set in the autumn,
and that the plants will be the better matured to
withstand the ills of winter. Keep a keen eye upon
all plants, quickly to detect any insects in process of
formation ; the high temperature prevalent at this
season greatly increases the liability to the attacks
of red spider, whilst mealy-bug and other detestable
pests will likewise thrive apace. As the only thorough
cure for the former of these is prevention, therefore
ply the syringe constantly and with searching effect.
Deluge every chink and cranny with tepid water upon
sunny afternoons ; shutting up closely about half-past
Sp.M.afterwards, thereby forcing actual and atmospheric
moisture to still further permeate the whole. Continued
attention will be needed by stove plants as they
cease flowering individually; they will require
cutting back, potting, and the like. It is only by
proper attention to their several requirements, and
by a seasonable application thereof, that thorough
success can be attained. Such plants as Impaiiens
Sookeri, and others, together with Justicias^ and
Peiitas carnea, should he cut back so as to form nice
compact plants, according to their respective habits, as
soon as the flowers upon them commence getting
shabby, soon after which give them a shift into fresh
compost. Shake the balls smaller, potting them into a
general admixture of peat, loam, leaf-mould, and sand.
Pinch all decayed flower stalks off Gooch/eras, Pepero-
mias, &c., where they have flowered. Give the latter a
small shift into a good fibrous soil with abundance of
silver sand, and induce them to make a kindly growth.
Rondeletias, not potted in the early spring, should when
flowering is over receive such attention if necessary.
They like fibrous loam and sand. Carefully remove
all remnants of decayed flower stalks, and neatly tie
the _ shoots into all vacant spaces. These and many
similar plants derive great benefit from a slight bottom-
heat at this season, where it is possible to apply it.
Place Gesneras in warmth with the view of start-
ing them into growth for the purpose of forming fine
plants for autumn and midwinter decoration. Cut
back any late flowered plants of Jluphorhia fidgem,
keep the plants so cut in, rather dry for a time to induce
more plentiful breaks ; the pieces so cut off grow freely i
if dibbled into sandy peat, in pieces 4 or 5 inches in length,
and properly prepared at the base. IS. splendens equals
the above in usefulness, and should be more generally
grown. Keep all structures, whether conservatories or
cool houses, constantly sprinkled over the borders,
side paths, &c., as this, independent of the assistance it
gives upon hot parching days to the plants actively
growing, will aid also in prolonging the flowers upon all
plants in bloom. Plants of Tliyrsacanthus rutilans
should be potted about this time where it is
intended the older stock should be grown on. Give
them a moderate shift into a general admixture of peat,
loam, decomposed manure, and sand ; cleansing them
well, should that be necessary, before replacing them
in the house. It is better at all times, where no
necessity for large specimens exists, to strike a fresh lot
of cuttings annually, as, thus grown, they are not
nearly so liable to be infested with the many insects
which are generally so partial to them, as when old
plants are kept year after year. They strike very
freely if put into a warm, close place, in a sandy
compost for two or three weeks ; and they
should be potted off singly when well rooted.
Seedlings [of CliantJms DampieH, Jwhich have been
sown singly in small pots, should be potted into larger
ones as soon as they have well established themselves.
The compost best suited to them is an admixture of
two parts fibrous peat, one good yellow loam, and one
of sand, charcoal, and well broken potsherds; well
intermix the whole, and thoroughly crock the pots
previous to potting. These like an intermediate tem-
perature, with abundance of fresh air, after being
gradually hardened to withstand exposure, and to be
treated successfully they must be grown on quickly,
after the fashion of many of our tenderest annuals. Be
very careful not to break the balls, or otherwise injure
the roots in the process of potting. Daphnes, which
require shifting, might now have that operation per-
formed. They do best in an admixture of sandy peat ;
good drainage being indispensable to successful cul-
ture. Carefully attend to watering; some plants in
smaller sized pots will now require watering twice upon
ver.vhot days. Gradually inure the inmates of all inter-
mediate houses, conservatories, &c., to a constant
supply of night air. Make small sowings of Primula
and Cineraria seeds, where a demand exists for fine
specimen plants for early winter decoration. The
Primula seeds will not germinate freely unless every
attention is given them. Prepare a pan, nicely filled
with well-sifted loam, leaf-mould, and sand, by filling it
nearly full, and first giving it just a sprinkling overhead;
place the seeds evenly over the surface, sprinkling a
little drier soil evenly over them, and well water the
whole ; after which, place a piece of thick paper firmly
over the pan, where it should remain, excepting when
water is required, until germination has commenced.
They germinate more freely in an avera.ge temperature
of 55° than in any other.

FORCING HOUSES.
Pines, which received a shift early, will now when the
pots are getting well filled with roots be benefited by
occasionally watering them with the proper manure
water. Be particular to keep the atmosphere in very
late Vineries perfectly dry at the time the pollen is in
a proper state for fertilising the flowers, as some sorts
do not set too freely at that season. Strong growing
shoots upon Peach and Nectarine trees should have the
points removed at or about the period at which the
fruits cease to swell, and are making a collective effort
finally to ripen; by doing so at a proper moment

much assistance will be given to the trees. Use ua-
intermitting vigilance in order to keep down red spider,
which are ready visitors at this stage, and such as are
not quickly expelled from Peach houses if once
allowed to become established. Their origin is certainly
attributable to a too dry atmosphere or ill-health in
the_ plants they attack, and by some cause or other,
moisture in any and every form is the greatest and
best preventive ; hence it will be seen that permitting
any to originate now will prove an immense source of
mischief at a later date, and when, to ripen the fruit, '
a drier atmosphere will be absolutely necessary. Use
every precaution, should the weather continue so
chaugeablCj to give air at the proper moment, when
the sun shines, and not to allow the foliage near the
glass in Vineries to become scorched, which it readily
will do, if condensed moisture rests thereon.
HARDT FRUIT GARDEN.

All grafts should now be examined minutely, and it
the clay around any has crumbled away it will need
renewing. Fasten permanently all grafts which have
commenced growing, and those that are likely by weight
of moisture, caused by heavy rains or high winds, to
become loosened, and so destroy their juncture with the
stock. So fasten them therefore that it may not be
possible for them to oscillate to and fro. At the base of
Raspberries, in a fruiting state, it will be seen that
numerous strong suckers will have made some
progress. These, the intended canes for next
season's fruiting, should now be thinned out, choos-
ing about one in excess of the requisite number
for saving for that purpose, when all others should be
removed bodily and with the least possible injury to
the stools.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

I cannot too earnestly impress upon all the necessity
for frequent hoeing amongst crops. This not only very
greatly affects the destruction of weeds, but also
advances cultural success on account of its^ per-
mitting access of the air, and its vast fertilising
properties, freely to the roots. If constant succes-
sional sowings of Peas have been made it will
be necessary about this time again to make
another. Sow a pinch of Cabbage seed for early
autumn use. I would especially advise a sowing to be
made this week of Cattell's Eclipse Broccoli. This,
which is in cutting at the present time, is an excellent
late variety. Plant out Lettuces ; also Cucumbers upon
ridges, placing hand-lights over the latter. Celeri/, if
pricked out from the seed-bed, should have well-
prepared beds, the surface of which, for 2 inches deep,
should consist of well-rotted manure, soaked with
water, and rolled or pressed level previous to pricking
out the plants . W. IB.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,

For the We

eker

limgi

lay 29,1

J67,a3

bserv

dat,th

eHort

jcultuj

ralGar

lens.

Temperature.

a

1

May.

sSi

Of the Air,

Of the Earth

Wind

g-^

Max.

Min.

Max.

Mm.

Mean

Ifoot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thurs. 23

]9

30.101

29.937

51

25

3S.0

SI

50

Friday 21

20 130. 125

30,038

52

25

33.5

50

49

NF.

M

Satur. 25

21 :30,011

29.803

56

;n

4;{5

50

49

E.

;«

Sunday •Hi

(T

29.6JO

29.533

';i

4;i

57,0

50

49

S.

n->

Mon. 27

n

29.621

29.557

tin

u

56,0

50

49

s.

00

Tues. 28

?.i

29.80-

29.759

70

47

58.5

60

50

s.w.

.00

Wed. 29

26

29.929; 29.836

li

a

59.0

SI

51

S.E.

M

Average .

29 8M 29.780

63.1

37.0 ' 50 0 1 50.3

4C.7

0.41

24— Heavy clouds ; cloudy ; fine ; sharp frost at night.
25— Slight dry haze; densely overcast ; heavy nuu,
26— Heavy rain ; tine; cloudy at night.
27— Heavy clouds ; cloudy nud fine ; very fine at ni3:ht.
28— Densely clouded ; fine with clouds ; mild at night,
29— Densely overcast ; showery ; cloudy at nifjht.
Mean temperature of the week 5 5-10 deg. below the average.
STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICIt,

During the last 41 years, for the ensuin

g Week, ending

June 8,

18G7.

June.

lid Isd

Hi Ui

ad
3h

No. Of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

Prevailing Winda.

1
1
2
2
5
3
4

%

4

5

6
8
7
9

8

4

2
2
2

-
2

5

1

1
2
5

4
5
4
7
4
3

a

■t.

11
16
13
111
12
13
17

C
3
8
8
6
4
S

■A

5

5
4
8
3
4
3

Sunday.. 2
Mon. .. 3
Tues. .. 4
Wed. .. 5
Thura. .. 6
Friday .. 7
Satur. .. 8

C8 4 1 45.0

69.4 44.2

69.5 I 41.5
70.8 47.3
69.7 ' 47 S
69.2 46.8
70 6 46,6

56.7
56.8
57.0
59.0
58.6
58 0
58.6

18
20
IS
23
21
25
15

0,87 in.
0.91

im

0,90
0.28
0.53
0 45

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
fithand7th, 1846— therm. 90 deg.; and the lowest on the 6th, 185C—
therm. 33 de({.

Notices to Correspondents.

Cattleya ciTRiNA : -ff / Harty will find 'a reference to the
superb collection of Messrs. Low ^t p. 488.

Crown Imperial : &v,hscrih6r. The bulbs of these plants may
be taken up after they have become thoroughly ripened, if
requii-ed ; but, like those of Lilies, they are bettor not
exposed longer than is necessary. They do not requiie
frequent removal.

CucuMBKR : D R, Liskard Hall. Your Cucumber had a small
leaf adherent to it for half its length.

Liquid Manure; ETA. Liquid manure may be made from
dung in any state, fresh or fermented ; but it must always ho
used in a fined or clear state, and diluted to a very moderate
strength.

Musa : W K. a Musa would be eligible to show iu a
collection as a fine foliaged plant, certainly ; whether It
would be effective therein would depend on its condition.

Peat; £ T A. Peat earth cut from tolerably high and dry '
situations may be used at once. If it is boggy peat, it is ,
better that it should be aerated before usintj.

Rhododendrons -.ETA, It will tend to benefit the next
year's bloom if the flowers are removed. Old decaying
flowers and seed vessels should, in fact, always he removed
early.

Tan : Weston. Wc cannot advise you to use fresh tan as a
manure for a kitchen garden on a heavy soil with clay
subsoil, nor. indeed, Xan in any state, exceptit be the harder
portions of old tan, after it has been charred or " smother-
burnt,"

CcMMiTNiCATiONS RECEIVED.— J. WiUs (with thauks).— H. v.—
D. T. Fish.— J. Miller.— J. Anderson.— J. A. Watson,— J,
Donald.— A Gardener,

June 1, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICUETURAL GAZETTE.

570

To Landownkkh.

EN(it.A

Tho Compftny nUvancu;

IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,

y Special Act of X*ftrltainont Id 1803.
K Ci-KBOY, Estate AoKNTa.SuitVEvoita, tnj., in

riiHE LANDS

X Iiiconiorated by Special Act of X*ftrltainont Id 1803.

I Wales, anu in Scotlj

loiioy, uullintroil In iimomit.

iMll<nviuK works of Agrloulturiil Iniprovuiiiuiit, tho wh.ilo oiiLlay (iini

oMioiists in !iU oiisos bt!lii« litiuidivted hy ii roiiL-chrirnu for lifi ycaru.

1 DminiiKa, IrrlKattoii, ami Wiupln;,', Kmbiiiikliik'. IucIohIuk.

Clorulug, Uoclaniatiou, PlantlnR, for any boiioftolal pmpoao,

EhkIiios or Macliliiory for Dralua>;o or Irrlgiltloii.

2. Farm Uoads, Trarawaysauailalhoiulafor agricultural or farming

uurpusos. ...

8 Jotcioa or Landing places ou tho aoa-coast or ou tlio banks ol

uavittablo rivers or laku-s.
4 Tbb Erection ot Earm Houses, Labourers Cnttagos, and otlior
BulldlngH required for Farm purpoaoa. and tho Iniprovoiuout
of and additions to Farm Houses aud otlior bulldluga for
Farm purposes. ..,„,,

Landownura assessed mider tho provisions of ftny Act of i «rlla.
liiont, Roval Cliartor, or Conuuission lu ruspoct of iiny publlo or
Koneral works of Drainage or otlior improvonioiits, may borrow their
proportionate share of tlio cost, auu cLargo tho muiie with tho
uxpenses on tho lands Improved. ,., .,

The Company will also nogotiato the Knnt-charnoa obtained by
Landowners undor the Improvement of Laud Act. 1S04. In respect of
lliolr Subscription of Shares m a Railway or Canal Company.

No investlgatiou of title Is required, and the Company being of a
slrlctlv Pnauolal oharactor, do not Interfere with the plaua and
I'Xecutton of tho Works, which are controlled ouly by the Govorn-
Kient Enclosuro Commissioners

Apply to Gkanvillk H. Rvdkb, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street, London, S.W.

B

ATH nnd WEST of ENGLAND

SOCIETY.— For tho Encouragement
of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures, and
Cummeree.

PiUron, H.R.R. The FniscK of Wales. K.G.
Presiiienl, John Tremayne, Esq.

The ANNUAL EXniBlTION of SHEEP.
HORSES. PIGS, POULTRY, IMPLE-
MENTS, WORKS of ART, and HORTI-
CULTURAL SPECIMENS will take place
at SALISBURY on the 10th, Uth, 12th,
13th, aud Uth JUNE, 1807.

JosiAu Goodwin, Secretary.

4, Terrace Walk, B.ith.

BrU^riXGHAM HORSE and HOUND SHOW.-
Tho BIRMINGHAM and MIDLAND COUNTIES EXHI-
tUTlON of HOUSES. PONIES, FOX HOUNDS, CARRIAGES,
HARNESS, SADDLERY. &c., will he hold in BINGLEY HALL,
Itroad Street. Birmingham, ou TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, and FRIDAY, June 11, 12, 13. and 14. Admission on
Tuesday, tho day of JudgiDE. 5«. ; on Wednesday, Thursday, and
,.-.1.... .. j-j,^ Excursion Trains, seo the Companies' Bills and

■ T.l.l

UANi'iri:sTER!md LIVERPOOL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY (Established 1707). — GRAND CENTENARY
SHOW MEETING at Mauchester. August 27, 28. and 29, 18G7.

Special Prize List aud Forms of Entry will bo issued at the end
of May. T. B. Rvdek, Secretary.

57a, Church Street, Liverpool.— April 23, 18C7.

Eixt Agricultural ©alette.

SATURDAY, JUNE 1, 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE TWO FOLLOWING WEEKS.
Wbdneso&v, June 5— Ro^al Agricultunil Society of Enxland.
MOMoiv, — 11 1 Bath and West of England Society at

F««,»T. - Ui Sali^buiy.

The publication of a Journal full of reports
of steam cultivated farms lias been followed
by a very interesting discussion of the infor-
mation thus coUectcJ and on steam cultiva-
tion generally. On the invitation of the
Council of the Eoyal Agi-icultui'al Society, some
30 or 40 gentlemen who farm all over the
country, between Northumberland and Kent,
and between Gloucestershire aud Essex, and
who have adopted Fowler's, Howard's,
Smith's, aud Coleman's steam cultivating appa-
ratus, assembled in the Society's room last
Wednesday, and, after a preliminary address by
the President, stated the results of their expe-
rience, not so much of the rival merits of the
different machines emploj'ed, as of the main
features characterising steam cultivation gene-
rally— its cfBcieucy and its influence on general
farm management, on fertility, on the laboui'er,
and even on the landlord.

Mr. Thompson stated that faults had been found
in his hearing with the collection of reports which
the Society had published, because there is no
statement of average results given. It is 10 or
12 years since steam cultivation has been
adopted, some hundreds of farms are now cul-
tivated in this way, and there ought now to be
a settlement, by the comparison and averaging of
results, of some of the questions on which a
purchaser needs advice — as, for example, which
is the best apparatus to employ, and what is the
exact superiority of each over ordinary horse-
power. Then, again, the best mode of laying
cut a farm, and of accommodating the general
scheme of farm management to the new power,
ought to have been stated, or ought to have
appeared in a full report of so many instances.
But in answer to this it was pointed out — 1st,
that averages are of no value whatever where the
examples averaged differ widely from one
another ; and the experience of farms differs so
immensely as regards soil and other circum-
stances that no collection of instances for the
purpose of mere tabulation and extraction of the
average result would afford any guidance for the
steam cultivator. And, 2d, as to the information
needed outhelaying-out of land and accommoda-

tion of small-farm practice to steam cultivation,
time enough has not yot been given for the growth
of a perfect system undor such experience as yot
exists. There is but ono man in the couuti-y
who has had II years' oxi)orience of steam tuilti-
vation on his i'arm : ami of all the iiistaiicoH
reported there are but 'Si wlio can speak of live
years' practice. No wonder, thou, that there
has not yot grown up a perfect code of rules for
tho right administration and development of
steam culture, aud no wonder that the task of
doscriliiiig such a scheme remains still to bo
accomplished. Mr. TiioMi'soN concluded by
reconimeiuUiig that tho discussion on the pub-
lished reports should turn on tho questions : — ■
(d) What is their most useful practical feature Y
(h) Dues it appear from them that steam culti-
vation is successful as a commercial speculation ?
and — (c) In what direction does it now require
guidance or assistance ?

But it was hardly Ukoly that gentlemen who
had come for the most part prepared just to state
their individual experience on steam cultivation
should at once be able to apply it in the parti-
cular direction thus desired ; and so the first
speaker, Mr. EuoK, of Cricklade, declaring his
perfect satisfaction with the reports which had
been published, stated that he was unable to
answer Mr. Thompson these questions ; he would
rather substitute another triplet : — What power
can be extracted from 6f^. worth of coals ? — Is the
work done by the steam power thus obtained
equal or superior to that done by horses ? and —
Is the land made better, as proved by the
superiority of its produce ? And to these questions
he made answer — that from Gr/. worth of coals he
can get power equal to that of one horse
throughout a day — that two operations by steam
power are equal to at least three by horses — that
clay land is gradually, and light laud almost
immediately, improved by steam cultivation ; the
improvement being equal to at least 8 bushels
per acre of additional corn produce per annum.
Mr. EuoK uses Mr. Fowiek's double-engine
apparatus.

Mr. Smith, of Woolston, followed Mr. Ruck.
He had examined the published reports, and
read them carefully, and he thoroughly approved
of them. Trustworthy evidence had been col-
lected, and the task had been well done — both
by the reporters and by the several tenant
farmers who had furnished their experience.
And as regards Mr. Thojipson's second question,
Mr. Smith contended that the reports furnish
ample evidence that steam cultivation has been
a commercial success. Take the example of Mr.
Randal, of Evesham — his tackle had been
bought' in 1837, and has been worked ever since.
His own tackle had been at work for 11 years,
and it is now the same tool as he had originally
employed. The drainage of his land is im-
proved by it — its cultivation is easier year by
year. His cold clay land has not had a water
furrow on its surface all these years ; all the
rain water sinks where it falls, and finds its way
through the drains. Of course it is a com-
mercial success — the land is deepened, more easily
worked, and in every way improved. On his little
farm three horses have never had full work since
he started his steam cultivator, whereas six had
formerly been fully employed. Certainly steam
tillage will not altogether make up for manure,
but it makes the natural stores iu soil and sub-
soil more available. He now applies artificial
manure to the sui-face of the land, and takes
successive corn crops annually from it, confident
that by steam tillage he can both clean the land
and keep it fertile. The saving is gi-eat what-
ever system is adopted. Mr. Prout, of Saw-
bridgeworth, had adopted Fowler's plan, and
many others had long adopted the Woolston
plan. Both had been successful; and he rejoiced
in the success of both. It was little to him
whether he ever sold another set of his tackle
to any one — he had made his tackle not to sell
but to cultivate his farm, in which it had
thoroughly succeeded, and many therefore had
followed his example.

Dr. VoELCKER followed Mr. Smith's remarks
on the better drainage of his clay land, with the
suggestion that possibly hereafter, when steam
cultivation had done its work, even clay soils
might be able to deal with all the water falling
on them without the help of drainage. Mi-.
Pbout's success upon clay soils near Sawbridge-
worth had been so great, that it had made him
bold enough to think that ultimately land
drainage might not be needed on such land. It
was evident, however, that oa this .subject Dr.

VoELCKEu's expectations were not sympathised
with by his audience.

Mr. BoMFOUD, of Evesham, stated that having
omjiloyed Savory's double engines for some
yoaiM, ho was about to purchase another sot of
tackle for an outlying I'arui of clay land, with
tho iutention of letting it out for hire when
othiii-wiso unemployed. lleforence had been
made to his case as one of unusual pluck, and
this statement of tho circumstaucos was
necessary.

Mr. Bulstrode, of Maidenhead, made by far
the most interesting and insti-uctivo contribution
to tho discussion, addressing himself t(j anuuibor
of points arising out of the reports, aud con-
nected with steam cultivation generally. The
question of first outlay is one of importance to
the greatmajority of farmers. The direct system,
which has throughout been patronised by the
Society, is the most costly. It is no doubt the
most scientific, and the best for large open areas ;
but its success in the show yard and trial ground
has been greater than on farms, as evidenced by
the fact that the prize tackle purchased by Lord
Berners and Lord Vernon had in both
instances been a failure. The "roundabout"
cheaper system, though condemned by the
Society, has been going on from year to j'ear
satisfying the e.xpectations of large numbers
of comparatively small farmers. While,
therefore, tho costly direct system may be the
best and even cheapest for large farms, yet for
farms of ordinaiy size, and for fields of ordi-
nary shape, and for ordinary agricultural
experience, he believed that the roundabout and
cheaper plan of working tools by steam is
thoroughly efficient, satisfactory, and profitable.
But if the direct system is the best, under
favoui-able circumstances, why should we not
adopt it, and go in for hiring the tackle instead of
buying it ? To this there are two objections :
(1), we dare not reduce our stock of horses, if
we only have a chance of getting our work done
iu this way; and (2), unless we can certainly
have the tackle when we want it, we are better
without it altogether.

Mr. Bulstrode alluded, in conclusion, to two
points of practical importance, which steam cul-
tivators ought to bear in mind. They should not
attempt too much , it is better to get a certain
depth of work done at two operations than break
your ropes in trying to do it at one. And
every care should be taken to avoid aU unne-
cessary hindrances and delays. The fields ought
to be prepared for the operation, and all helps for
avoiding delays at the end of the furrows should
be adopted. It is a point often greatly in favour
of the stationed engine and windlass plan, that
it can be placed by a tank or pond, and thus
the very considerable cost and labour of water
carnage is avoided.

Mr. Edmonds, of Lechlade, had adopted
Fowler's system for three or four years on a
large farm ; it had diminished the expense and
increased the efficiency of his cultivation. He
could not agree with Dr. Voelcker in his
remarks about drainage. Water falling on clay
laud must either evaporate, or flow off the surface,
or flow through drains below the surface ; and
whether steam jiloughed or not, it was necessary
to such laud that the last plan be adopted. On
the light land portion of his occupation he had
found an especial profit in steam cultivation ;
but a wider tool was necessary than we yet
possessed, in order to gain the fuU advantage of
it. He believed that good autumn cultivation,
followed by a mere drag harrowing, or the use of
a drag with scarifying teeth in spring, was all the
tillage that most land needed. He lived in a
county where coal cost 1/. per ton, and additional
means of economising fuel in the engine are
required. He also found on his clay land that
roads are necessary to get the engines to and
from their work. Under ordinary circumstances
Fowler's tackle can be moved from one field
to another with the aid of two horses in two
hours' time.

Lord Vernon explained the failure of the prizo
tackle which he had bought at Newcastle, and
to which Mr. Bulstrode had refen-ed. He had
2000 acres in hand of the very stiffest soil, and it
was necessary to substitute stronger apparatus
for the machinery he had first bought. This
Messrs. Fowler & Co. with great fairness had
enabled him to do, and now his experience was
perfectly satisfactory. He had now some of the
most promising Wheat crops in the country after
steam cultivation. He could not lay the blame
of his failure in the outset on the Society — for

68ff

THE GAEBENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGPJCtlLTtmAL GAZETTE,

[June 1, 1867.

the judges at Newcastle, hy wliose verdict he had
been guided, had done their duty thoroughly,
and he quite agreed with their decision. The
circumstances, however, to which he had intro-
duced their prize implement had been so different
that his experience was not to be wondered at.
The Society had little by little urged steam
cultivation on the attention of the agricultural
world, and he believed that it had done great
service to agriculture in this way.

Mr. Holland, M.P., spoke of the need of
dealing with the subject, not on the ground of
first principles, but with special reference to the
case of each farm by itself. Like the medical
man who studied the particular constitution of his
patient, we must apply our remedy to the indi-
vidual farm. TherS are however certain leading
influences which the system exerts, and the
fruits of which, wherever it has been success-
fully adopted, must appear on all classes alike.
It will necessitate on the part of the landowner
greater attention to the equipment of the estate
— fields must be enlarged, clay lauds drained,
roads made, and hedgerows removed. The
greater intelligence and enterprize which it
will call for in the tenants will enable them
very soon to secure leases of these lauds for
terms of years ; and the educated labourer
whom it requires wUl command better cot-
tages. In reference to a remark of Lord
Veenon's, about the staff of mechanics he
employed, whose extra wages even when the
tools are lying idle aro in his case a charge upon
steam cultivation, Mr. HoLLAKD said that aU
his steam ploughmen and engineers are the
ordinary working men of his home village.

Mr. Jacob Wilson' explained that Lord
Veenon's experience on this point had arisen
out of the fact that, commencing with only a
smaU farm, he had not had a body of labourers
from whom he might select efficient hands, and he
had thus had to hire his mechanics from the steam
plough works. Mr. Wilson has now for two or
three years used Fowler's double engine
apparatus, and finds that crooked hedgerows and
winding roads are no diificulty in his way. He
can cultivate any field, of whatever shape ; coals,
indeed, are very cheap in his country, only 3s.
and 4s. a ton; and under his circumstances steam
cultivation is a perfect success. Ho does not,
however, want any the less manure upon his
farm, he needs even more than formerly ; for

freat as may be the increased fertility due to
etter tillage, the demands of the stimulated
crop are greater still.

Mr. Peauce Brown referred to his experience
on a farm of 2000 acres near Swindon. The
steam plough is a fair-weather implement only.
The question of cost has very little to do with
the question of its adoption ; for when used in
fitting weather, the cultivation it effects is so
much better that it is worth the cost, whether it
be greater or less than that of horse power. The
idea of doing without manure, whether horse or
steam power bo adopted, is mere moonshine.

A gentleman farming near Evesham stated
that steam cultivation is being very widely
adopted in that neighbourhood. Mr. Holl^vnb's
example had told upon the locality, and now
seven or eight farms, within a radius of five or
six miles there, are cultivated in this way. He
had adopted the Woolston apparatus, and it was
perfectly satisfactory.

We have thus referred to only the principal
contributions to this very interesting discussion,
which was closed by a vote of thanks to tho
Society's Commissioners, on behalf of whom Mr.
J. A. Clauke, the author of one of the reports,
replied. He said that the President had told
them, some had expected to find at the close of the
reports adecisionof the question in some such terms
as these : — " You farm so many acres of land of
this, that, or the other quality and character ;
we therefore confidently recommend you to try
Mr. A, B, or C's steam cultivating apparatus."
But he thought that any such decision as this on
the part of the reporters would have been both
untrustworthy and mischievous. It was much
better that every instance of actual experience
should be described by itself, in order that
intending pui-chasers might seek out the example
which was most nearly a guide to himself, than
that reporters, the influence of whose work
depended very much on their reputation for
disinterested fairness, should pretend to decide
upon the relative merits of the rival manu-
facturers.

The suggestion made before the conclusion of
the discussion, that the reports of the Society's
oorreapoudenoe be pubhshed separately in a

cheap form, is one which well deserves the
attention of the Council.

Mr. Holland congratulated the Society on
having given such a volume to the agriciiltural
world, on which it was remarked that nothing
has ever yet been given to the agricultural
world in a 10s. volume. It seems that the
number of the volume containing the reports
can be had for 6s. ; and that the reports are to be
extracted and published separately for 5s. An
experience of many years enables us to say that
there is no greater delusion than the very
common one that anything . printed in a book
or periodical is piiNished. The Society has gone
to very great expense to obtain these reports ;
and it is upon the publicaiioii of them that the
serviceableness of its great outlay altogether
depends. It is, therefore, a most suicidal policy
which, for any purpose whatever, shall put any
hindrance in the way of making known through-
out the agricultiu-al world the valuable results
of this expensive inquiry; and we hope very
soon to hear of a cheaper edition of the report
than is at present contemplated.

The last order issued from the Piivy Council
OSice, to take effect on the 18th of June, is a
step in the right direction. It provides that
foreign cattle landed in England on theh' road to
the MetropoUtau Market must be kept at the
landing place for 12 hours, and then be taken to
the market, or the lairs, or such other lairs as
shall be licensed by the Privy Council, by rail
only, to within 1000 yards of the market. Next
to slaughter at the landing places, these
provisions appear to us to promise the greatest
amount of security with the least interference
with trade interests. A short experience wUl
prove how far the arrangements will require
modification, and should more radical changes be
found necessary we do not despair of their being
eS'ficted. The interests of agriculture, which are
intimately associated with the prosperity of the
country, must be held to be paramount, and
minor considerations must give place.

Contagious diseases, we are told, proceed
from east to west, and, whether in obedience to
this assumed law or not, the Cattle Plague in
the Metropolis just now may be quoted as an
illustration ; the first outbreak which was
recorded a few weeks ago, occurred in the east of
London, since then the disease has progressed
along the line of cattle traSic from the landing
places of the port of London to the Metropolitan
Market, and now it exists in the west on the
extreme verge of the metropolitan boundary.
In the neighbourhood of Netting Dale, cows
have died during the last few weeks under very
suspicious circumstances, and suspicion becomes
almost certainty in the presence of the fact that
a cow affected with cattle plague was discovered
in Latymer Eoad, Netting Dale, last week.
The animal, it appears, was taken ill while she
was pastm'cd in Wormwood Scrubs, and it is
therefore hardly a matter for surprise that
another instance of the disease has since been
reported in an animal on the same pas-
tures, which have been declared to be an
infected place. At last, then, we havo the
Plague in a position from which its extension
to the country is so imminent that the most
rigid enforcement of the law is imperatively
demanded. The hardship of the case is extreme :
most of the 60 odd animals on the Common
belong to comparatively poor owners, to whom
no amount of compensation wUl be an adequate
recompense for the loss of their livelihood ; but
every consideration must give way before the
great danger which exists of the disease getting
beyond the boundaries in which it has, up to
this, been confined. An order has been given,
we understand, for the slaughter of the healthy
cattle on the Common, and we can only hope
that the mischief which we see reason to appre-
hend has not already happened.

At Islington cattle plague has been for the
time arrested by the slaughter of healthy and
diseased cows in the two dairies in which the
malady last appeared. In one instance 95 cows,
and in the other 35 have been kUled, and so
rapidly did the epizootic spread among the herd
that, in the first case, where the 95 cows were
in the shed, 60 of them were attacked in a few
days. Other cows, belonging to the same owners,
but kept in sheds some short distance from the
infected premises, have not yet been attacked,
although they cannot be considered free fi-om the
risk of infection.

MeanwhUe, there are anxious inquiries on all
sides as to the means of repression. The disease
may be eradicated when it occurs in a confined
space by the simple process of slaughtering all
the animals that are likely to come under its
influence, but the agricultural interest demands
something beyond the stamping out of the
disease. The prevalent opinion among
stock owners seems to be, that for the pro-
tection of home-bred cattle some more strin-
gent precautions should be taken in reference to
foreign stock.

Slaughter at the ports of landing has long been
estimated as a panacea ; whether it would prove
to be so, can only be ascertained by making the
experiment. There are two sides to the question,
and the truth probably liesbetweeu the twoextreme
views, one of which represents our own stock
enjoying perpetual immunity from imported
diseases, whUe the other threatens the gloomy
alternative of meat raised in price and becoming
a luxury in which only the rich could indulge,

AOEicuLTUHAi Co-OPEEATION, in the sense in

which Mr. Lawson means it, is not likely to be a plant
of natural growth. When proposed by a master to his
servant, or when proposed at a time of difficulty by a
body of allotment tenants to a landlord it may perhaps
obtain commencement, and if carefully superintended
during its earlier years its members may ultimately
find their interest in it stimulated by annual success ;
and capital may grow out of industry sufEciently to
meet the occurrence or the risk of loss which in agri-
culture more than any other occupation so often
dashes the hopes and destroys the means of the
employer. Co-operative trade or manufacture seems
to be almost the only remedy for the ill-conditioned
state of things between masters and servants, which
the almost daily strikes in every trade reveal.
And in agriculture, too, if ever that method of
expressing the dilference between the employer and
employed shall become general, possibly co-operation
may be called for as a cure. Masters and servants on
the farm do however at present manage to accommo-
date their differences pretty satisfactorily, and in an
occupation with so much casualty and hazard as
agriculture presents it is impossible to look for success
except in the employment of sufficient capital to tide
over many inevitable losses ; and this supposes the caseof
a master by whom this capital is owned. Agricultural
Co-operation, however, in the sense in which Mr.
E. 0. Gkeeninq * means it, may very reasonably be
expected to succeed. The association which he pro-
poses and which has been inaugurated by the Hon. W",
CowPEE, and Messrs. W. Mokhison, M.P., and
Thomas Hughes, M.P,, and three other gentlemen,
taking 25 to 100 shares apiece and constituting
themselves a Council under articles of association
seems likely enough to meet an e.-cisting difficulty— and
to save some at least of the large percentages which are
at present lost between the manufacturer or the
grower and the purchaser. If the gentlemen whose
names are given above as the Council of Mr.
Greening's Association do exercise any real control,
if iudeed the shareholders or "associates" have any
means of making their views beard in the management,
there can be no doubt that unadultered and genuine
goods will be obtained for them by their co-operative
association with that end in view, at a lower price than
has hitherto been generally given.

As we are threatened with renewed outbreaks

of the cattle disease, it may interest our readers to
peruse an ancient account of a visitation among our
sheep in a.d. 1274. It is the more interesting, as
showing the disease was then of foreign origin ; and
though there seems to have been no fresh infection,
yet the virus once introduced took almost a generation
before it disappeared. The St. Allan's CJiroiiicle runs
thus : — " In that year an unfortunate pestilence among
the sheep crept into England, so that everywhere on
a sudden the folds were emptied as the disease made pro-
gress; which pestilence lasted for the 28 following years,
so that no village in the whole kingdom was free from
the destruction wrought by this calamity. The cause
of this disease, previously unknown to the inhabitants,
was attributed by many to a certain rich man who had
come into Northumberland from quarters in France,
bringing with him a Merino sheep affected with the
disease, which by transporting the disease contaminated
the whole of the English fiock." Isis.

RATS.

Has any one ever estimated the number of rats that
prey upon the farmer's property ? Allowing one to
each acre, we should then have about GO millions in the
United Kingdom. As animals consume according to
their weight, a full-grown rat would consume much
grain in a year. But, unfortunately, it is not ouly what
they consume, but what they destroy that concerns us.
Said an old labourer's wife to me, " A rat has taken
away in one night eight of my brood of young ducks,

worth Sd. a piece. My neighbour, Mrs. B , a small

farmer's widow, cannot raise any poultry, for under her
house is a honeycomb of rats' runs. She took them la
a hamper into her sleeping room last night, and even
there they tried to get them out."

I can testify to their destructive powers from expe-
rience. When they have young they will carry away
and store up scores of young chickens, ducks, or
turkeys in a single night, much the same as a cat
having kittens. A friend of mine who had a little

* AgricitUural Co-operatirm. Articles of Asmcialion of the
AgricuLtural and Horticultural Association, formed to supply
its members with implements, aud machines, and seeds,
manure, &c., 20, Parliament Street, Westminster,

June 1, 18G7.]

TilK GARDENF-RS' CITRONICI.Tl AND AQllICULTUpAL GAZETTE.

S81

rabbit warron opposite his windows, saw liis cat catcli
a young rabbit. lie followed her, and found that she
already had laid up 3fi that morninpt near her kittens.
I have known of a brace of foxes taking ;)7 turkeys in
a sinale night, and burying many of them up in some
dung-heaps which were upon an adjounng held ready

for spreading. ,„„,,., , -, •

When hard pressed for food for themselves or their
young, rats are very daring, and will attack large
chickens and good-sized rabbits. I know a case
where a youth was awoke in the night by a rat
beginning upon his ear. Wherever stock are fed wiih
meal or grain there the rats will surely come, to share,
•vpith the pigs especially, their Uarley-meal and pollard.

When dining at Vintners' Hall with the late excellent
Mr. Green, the great shipowner, he said to me :—
" Mr. Mechi, I can beat you in pigs : I make a
thousand a year by my pigs." I expressed my
surprise, and said if I got their manure free of cost I
thought myself a lucky fellow. " 'Well, said he, " I
have only UO pigs ; before 1 kept these pigs the rats
used to damage the sails of my ships to the extent of a
thousand a year, eating every greasy portion. They
now dine nith or after the pigs, and never touch the
sails." This hint may be useful to shipowners as well
as to housekeepers, who find that the mice destroy
the greased or .stained portions of table cloths.

Rats migrate, and travel a long way in a night, in
search of food. A neighbour of mine told me that he
one night met a small army of them, some hundreds
together. The carelessness of some farmers or their
false economy causes serious loss to their neighbours.
They may be called rat-preservers or rat-breeders. I
used to pass frequently by two Wheat stacks which
were completely honey-combed by the rats, whose
paths into and up the stacks were visible from the road.
Having consumed nearly all the grain, tliey left the
slacks for better quarters. When threshed there was
plcaty of straw, but the corn was nearly " nil." Those
who keep their corn in stacks for seven years (and I
know of some who do so) had need have an eye to the
rats. I have used a dozen iron stack frames (Garrett's
patent) for the last 20 years, without any rats. The
fact is, they cannot do without water, so if one gets
into the stack he must come down to drink and cannot
re-ascend. It is too common a practice to leave carts,
liiilders, or anything close to the stacks, thus affording
Illness. As soon as these are removed, Mr. Rat must
1 line down for water and cannot return. We always
1< iiu or shave our stacks (cost Is. per stack) to cut olf
aufcss from below, as well as for economy of corn and
Pi'atness.

Mice are more difficult to expel than rats, for they
Lit into the sheaves at harvest time and are thus
r:irried on to the stack. Unless poisoned by liquid
immediately after putting up the stack they soon find
out that they can exist by the 12 per cent, of water
contained in straw and 11 per cent, in the grain. They
also learn to avail themselves of dew and rain. In the
spring and summer they w'ill so multiply as to destroy
or damage a large quantity of the grain, especially if
left over-year. To show how animals can exist by the
\\ ater contained in what is called dry grain and its
straw, I will relate the case of a horse at Cressing
Temple, a few miles from me, where a horse used for
treading or consolidating the Barley in the barn, being
left there all night, slijiped down between the closely
packed Barley and the boarded sides of the barn. In
vain was search made for him in the morning, and it
was concluded that he had been stolen. On Christmas
Day, as the ploughmen came to attend to their horses,
they heard the neighing of a horse in the barn, and
after removing the B,arley they found the lost horse as
fat and as sleek as a mole. Thinking he must be very
thirsty they ignorantly allowed him to go the pond and
drink his fill, and in consequence he died. This is
well known to many persons now living. The horse had
gradually eaten his way into a comfortable space. But
to return to our rats. They are most industrious and
destructive burrowers : as they cannot destroy a solid
brick wall they will burrow under it, unless the foun-
dation is well connected ; where beams enter the wall
they will gnaw the wood. It requires a watchful eye
to keep them under. Every hole should be noted, and
plugged at once with a piece of tile or brick fixed with
cement, or a piece or hard wood dipped in gas tar.
ffheir runs should be tarred, and thus they will soon

fet disgusted with their quarters. Wherever a small
eap of earth is thrown up near a wall, the run .should
be traced and at once stopped ; lime and stones as a
concrete conquers tliem. Loose lime they cannot work
in, it blinds and disgusts them. In every barn and
shed door there should be a round hole, about eight
inches in diameter, so that the cats can have
free access in search of the rats. It is at night
they work, and they do so as much as possible
under cover. They may be easily poisoned by strych-
nine, mixed with ground Barley or Oats,
but before trying this they must be fed for several
nights with the meal unmixed with poison. Rats are
yery sagacious, and had I space I could relate many
instances of their cunning. It is a most dangerous
tiling to spread poison on bread and butter, for they
carry it away; and I know of too many instances where
valuable dogs, fowls, &c., have perished. Another
inconvenience is that when poisoned tliey die in their
burrows, which are too frequently under your drawing
or dining-room, or in the walls. Their decomposition
causes a most detestable and too durable stench. There
is nothing like plenty of cats. I find male cats castrated
when young by far the best rat-catchers, and by block
ing the holes you give the cats a better chance of
catching them. Traps may also be set, but they are
very wary of them. Hollow walls are objectionable,
so is thatch on buildings.

Water rats undermined the banks of my pond until
I turned in a few pike, which soon converted rats into
fish. A pike of 3 lb. will take a rat and swallow him

at once. Beware of pike where you have young diK^ks,
for they enjoy thetn quite as much as they do rats,
1 had imagined that there was a cliance of the rat
biting the stomach of Mr. Pike ; but, as an old angler,
and examining the condition of the pike's stomach
with a bait in it, I found that there is no fear of that,
for instantly the stomach collapses like an clastic pitch-
plaster, and not a single breath could the rat or any
living tiling draw. Pike always swallow their prey
alive and head foremost. They are very fond of eels,
and swallow them alive and head foremost. They
always seize their prey across the middle, and, unless
very hungry, hold them so for some time.

llats find abundant .accommodation and concealment
under the old-fiishioned wooden barn floors and
dilapidated or thatched farm buildings. The modern
system of asiibalting upon concrete is an elfectual
barrier : they cannot gnaw it ; their only chance is to
burrow under between the ground and the concrete,
and this, by a careful examination, may be easily
prevented. A very destructive cunning old rat, that
could never be trapped, wa.s taken as follows -.—Every
hole except one was carefully stopped with gas-tar
substances, and the trap set at the remaining hole.
For two days and nights he declined coming out, but
hunger and thirst at last compelled him to face the
traps, and he was taken.

I very much commend asphalted floors to my agri-
cultural brethren. It is so cheap and clean, and, above
all, prevents any damage to corn, &c., by preventin
damp ari.sing from the earth beneath it. Cats such as
I have will not only kill rats, but also weazels. The
latter will destroy a brood of poultry in a night, if they
have access to them. Of course every one knows the
value of ferrets and a good rat dog. J. J. Mechi.
Mai/, 1867.

AGRICULTURAL MEMORANDA.

[A p.apcr on " Agriculture in Common Ijife," w.is lately read
by Mr. Whitfield, of Garden House, before the Chcster-le-
Street Farmers' Club, Durham, from whicll we make the
following extracts) :—

1. Home-made Manuee.— I believe it is now gene
rally admitted that the best part of manure is in the
urine ; if so, it becomes of some importance how best
to utilise this manure. A gentleman farmer would at
once exclaim — why, erect your manure tank and
pump, and convey it away by pipes or water cart, and
spread it on your land. Now, I am quite of opinion
that these tanks and pumps at all events ought to be
permanent erections by the landlords on small hold-
ings, but seeing such is not the case, my object is now
to show how best we can do without such appliances.
I believe it is now an undisputed fact that urine, if
carefully collected, would bear a very large proportion
in bulk to the bulk of the droppings. I believe it
is equally certain that straw mixed both with urine
and droppings will make a much larger quantity of
good manure than straw mixed with droppings alone ;
while straw mixed with neither, but simply rotted
down by water, will bear a very small proportion to
either as to bulk of good manure. It is still a practice
far too general (or at all events was recently) to set a
day apart now and then to lead short or spoiled straw
from the stackyards into the fold or middenstead, and
m some instances in great quantities, when it is almost
impossible it can get properly saturated with urine, or
even with rain-water, to make it anything like good
manure. Now, I have a perfect horror of seeing a
stackyard littered with gi-eat quantities of straw, at all
events after the stacks are all covered and finished.
The plan I adopt and would strongly recommend (at
all events for a trial) is to collect all the short or spoiled
straw into a heap as convenient as possible to the cow
byres and stable, but more especially the former; and
every morning, as soon as the dung, &c., for the night is
taken away, to have a portion of the aforesaid straw
stowed neatly behind the cows, &o., which not only
keeps the byres perfectly clean for the milkers, but also
absorbs all the urine— which is carried out the next
morning, and so on every morning in succession,
making the quantity of straw used each time to
correspond with the quantity on hand, so as always to
have a supply. Because, to be successful, it must not
be done, as it were, by fits and starts, but must be
introduced and maintained as a system ; and as fresh
straw accumulates, by taking in stacks or otherwise,
to have it regularly carried to the main heap, as albre-
said, and if properly carried out, it will not only take
up all the urine, but also prevent those unseemly
streams of liquid manure too often witnessed, which is
an unmitigated nuisance. I also make a practice in
mixing the cow and horse dung together as carried
out, which I think makes better manure than when
stored separately; but I am not eloquent enough to
explain the reason why, except that the heat of the
horse dung is qualified by the coldness of the cow
dung. One thing, however, is certain, that if carefully
mixed they make nxuch more solid manure than when
stored separately, especially the horse dung, which is
very apt to get to a white mould when stored alone, but
it is prevented from doing so when mixed together.
It is a lamentable fact that of many farm onsteads far
in the country, the chief thing aimed at is, how to get
rid of the urine, which may be seen in sadly too
many instances running down from the low side of
the 'onstead, and absolutely destroying vegetation,
and even in some instances injuring the quick
Fences. The best that can be done in such cases
is to alter its course a little now and then, and in
some instances it is got as soon as possible to any little
runner of water to carry it away. Another considera-
tion which I think is of some importance, is to have
the middensteads so arranged as neither to get too
much saturated with rain, nor to let the urine escape
more than can possibly be avoided. The plan I adopt
is to have the bottom of the middenstead taken out
considerably below the surface of the ground, but so

sloped at the sides that laden carts can easily be got
out, and not to let more rain-water from the buildings
or otherwise enter the place than what is necessary to
keep the manure in a moist state, but certainly on no
account (if it can possibly be avoided) to let rain-water
enter in such quantity as to carry olf the liquid manure
aforesaid. I am also very careful to have the manure
as taken out spread on the midden, as I have no notion
of having it lying in heaps like hay-cocks to dry. I
am also an advocate for keeping the manure in the fold
or midden till wanted to lay on the fields; biitwliere
the distance from the onstead is too great to he conve-
nient in Turnip or Pcjtato time, it is then necessary to
lead it out in the winter season, and store it in the
fields where it will be required ; but in every case when
this is necessary I would have it carefully put together
and covered over eitlier with ashes or soil of some sort,
as I am perfectly satisfied if any person would count
the loads led out of the fold or midden, and count the
loads again when used, he will liiid a great many loads
short, more especially when it is only in small quantity.
I am equally opposed to turning manure heaps in the
fields, as I am of oiiiniou a great deal of the vc^ry essence
of the manure is lost by so doing. Still I presume it is
properly mixed in the middenstead ; and when I say
mixed, I simply mean the barrowfuls laid side by side,
which will answer every purpose.

2. Live Fences. — A short time ago there was a
great deal of prejudice amongst old farmers about
cutting hedges. When I went to the north a few
years ago and began to cut my hedges, all sorts of jeer-
ing remarks were made, such as " cutting hedges pay
no rent," "a new besom sweeps clean," &c. ; but I paid
no attention to them, and had the satisfaction before
I left to see nearly all the hedges in the neighbourhood
cut. I am quite of opinion that to cut and dress the
fences every year is ^cheapest in the end. No doubt,
when fences have been a long time neglected, they take
a good deal of putting right at first; but when once
properly dressed it is astonishing how easy they are
kept if attended to at the proper time. Besides you
get a good deal more land when the fences are all
properly dressed up, and if the Thorns are not too far
gone the more you cut them the better they become.
Besides great ugly undressed fences are only fences in
name, and are continually wanting repairing ; and if
once cattle and sheep get wrong in the summer season,
there is no end of trouble with them, besides they
seldom do much good when once unsettled ; whereas
when the fences are properly kept, either cattle or
sheep very seldom attempt to stray, and consequently
do much better.

3. Roads. — A writer says that good roads are a certain
test of a high state of civilisation, whilst bad roads
show the very reverse. Now, we all know the value of
good roads when leading our hay and corn, and par-
ticularly in a bad season. Now, in keeping up good
roads on a farm many things have to be taken into
consideration, such as the nature of the soil, whether a
high or low situation, and the distance of ballast of any
sort for repairing them ; I shall therefore only treat of
the means which are within the reach of every one.
Now, on almost every farm the stones, if carefully
gathered and judiciously applied, will almost always
keep the roads in tolerable repair. There is a great
advantage, however, in this respect in having a farm
bordered either with a turnpike or a good township
road, where you can get in or out of a great many of
your fields without encroaching as it were on any of
the others, over a farm situated as it were inland, where
every road path for leading in and out is necessarily
in the fields, and will of course take a great deal more
labour to keep them in repair. Still, if every oppor-
tunity is taken to repair them at a proper time, and in
a proper manner, we should not often see such roads
as unfortunately we sometimes come upon at no very
great distance from towns. Still, after all that can be
said in a general way, a great deal depends upon
people making the best they can under the circum-
stances in which they are placed, or, as it might be
termed, doing things by brains.

4 Tillage Land.— As far as I understand it (I
speak only for small farms), I would strongly recom-
mend the four-course sy.stem ; and if Turnips can be
grown, and the land is suitable, to have a considerable por-
tion of them eaten on with sheep, which I am of opinion
is the best and cheapest mode of improving light land.
Besides there is a great deal less labour and carting
when eaten on with sheep than when carted off and
stored to be consumed with cattle ; but as there must
be a part so consumed to put down the straw, perhaps
about half eaten on by sheep and half consumed by
cattle may be the most acceptable. If the farmer is so
fortunate as to have a fair proportion of Grass land, I
am of opinion that sheep are the best stock for
improving it also. But perhaps in this case also about
one-half sheep and one-half cattle may be most
generally acceptable. Another excellent method lor
improving Grass lauds (especially if undrained) is to
have a plough prepared to cut about 4 or 5 inches
square out of every furrow, then carted into heaps,
mixed with lime, and laid ou the land the following
year; and if the ridges are of the ordinary size, it will
be an excellent covering; but if not needed for the
Grass land, I understand it is an excellent substitute
for manure for Wheat, but I have not tried it for
Wheat myself. "When the above is used for Grass, it
should be got on the early part of the winter if possible;
as if put on late in the spring and dry weather sets in,
it is possible it will do very little good, if not absolutely
harm. But if got on in autumn or early winter, it
will in most cases be very beneficial. If got on early, L
would recommend it to be well brushed in as soon as
possible, and if brushed again in the .spnug " will
almost entirely disappear, and the land will get the lull
benefit of it ; but if put on late in the spring it remains
on the surface, and I have known instances ol it doing
. harm by raising dust when making hay in dry weather,

682

THE (lAEDENERS' CMONICLE ANt) AGHICULTUBAL GAZETTE,

[June 1, 1867.

THE RINDERPEST-PRECAUTIONS AND
REMEDIES.

The following are Cattle Plague notes -which were
made in the course of last summer's ramble among
English herds. First, as regards precautions against
the disease. As soon as this broke out in Sussex, Mr.
Dumbrell, of Ditchling, who had upwards of a hundred
Alderneys in milk, commenced washing them all over
every morning with a weak solution of chloride of lime
before they were put out to graze ; the same disinfectant
was kept standing in earthern vessels behind the stalls ;
the feeding troughs and the drains were also sluiced
out with it daily ; and everj; cow was tarred just above
the nostrils. This herd was in a position of no ordinary
danger, as three owners of adjacent land were losing
beasts, and the infected farms were only separated
from Mr. Dumbrell's by a hedge. A fourth herd was
also suffering within a quarter of a mile. One of Mr.
Dumbrell's shippons was bounded by the high road on
one side and by a footpath on the other, but the cows
were kept as private as possible, and no fat stock was
brought on to the farm. These precautions were
attended with complete success.

Major Gunter's Wetherby farm was in a deeply
infected parish, and cattle were dying or beint
slaughtered almost daily, close up to the park gates, for
months. Chloride of lime was used liberally, but the
Major's main reliance was on the very strictest observ-
ance of the isolation principle. The Duchesses and
the rest of the cattle were divided into several lots of
two each, and placed in small sheds all over the six-
hundred-acre occupation ; the yards attached to these
sheds were netted round the bottom, so as to keep out
dogs, hares, rabbits, and other "travellers." The
herdsman and his assistants never went near any other
cattle or person engaged about cattle on any pretence
whatever ; and if the Major had been out hunting, or
anywhere else in the country, he never entered the
sheds until he had changed his clothes. One valuable
bull was slaughtered after a slight accident, rather than
run the risk of bringing a veterinary surgeon to attend
upon him ; and when the butcher came for fat sheep
they were driven out of the field for him while he
waited with his dog on the road.

The Warlaby herd were in nearly as great peril, and
had an equally happy escape. For six months the
plague was within Ij mile of them, and nearly
300 beasts went down either by disease or pole-axe.
The last outbreak was within 400 yards of the farm
buildings, and the fate of this great herd seemed to
tremble in the balance. Vaccination and MacDougall's
disinfectant were freely used, but Mr. Thomas Booth's
main reliance was on burning tar in braziers at several
points of the farm yard. These fires were carefully
looked to the last thing at night and the very first thing
in the morning, and might have been smelt down wind
for a couple of miles. So much for successful pre-
ventives— quantum valeant.

Secondly, as to remedies. In the case of Mr. Davies,
of Mere Old Hall, near Knutsford, preventive measures
failed, simply, as he believes, because, when the Grass
came, he placed his cattle in the field for a short time
time daily, out of the influence of chlorine gas. In this
belief he is confirmed by the experience of his near
neighbour Lord Egerton of Tatton, whose milch cows
and feeding stock were subjected to the same treatment,
but never allowed to leave the shippons. Hence, in
spite of a severe attack of the plague on several farms
in the vicinity of the Tatton Home Farm, they all
escaped, while some of the West Highland bullocks in
the park went down. Chlorine gas was quite the
fashion in Cheshire, and as farmers were very " jealous "
of contagion, every rural policeman carried, at the
suggestion of Professor Stone, a wooden kit with him,
as well as a waterproof bag, for disinfecting his dress.
The kit had four compartments for bottles of muriatic
acid, chlorate of potash, Stockholm tar, and " soap and
sundries." The two former generate chlorine gas by
contact, and a few drops of the tar poured upon some
hot cinders will disinfect boots or clogs when suspended
on a poker within reach of its vapour. The inspection
dress is made of strong calico and fashioned like a
diver's, and is fumigated and made ready for the next
visit by putting it into the bag along with a perforated
box in which chlorine gas has been generated and
retained on pumice stone.

Mr. Davies' shippon is at the junction of three roads
leading to Chester, Warrington, and Knutsford, and in
the centre of a district through which the plague wended
the same fatal way that it did in the last century-
commencing near Warrington, and coming along the
low ground. In the small township of Tabley alone
663 beasts died ; 41 were slaughtered, and only 20 per
cent, were left. It skipped some farms and attacked
others, and it would sometimes in its later stages
take one cow, and return to the same herd for another
victim at the lapse of three weeks. Cleanliness was of
no avail, and some of the very worst-kept shippons
escaped. Mr. Davies' precautionary etforts were
unintermitting from the first; every beast about the
place was vaccinated ; hyposulphite of soda, beginning
at 3 lb. and so on to 5 lb., was mixed for four or five
months in 100 gallons of water ; and chlorine gas was
used night and day in the shippon. Sawdust was
substituted for straw, in consequence of its absorbing
the faces better, and being so much more easily
removed. The cattle were never more blooming than
when they were turned out in the middle of May, for
a few hours daily, into a field adjoining the shippon and
abutting on the high road. There was no infected
farm nearer than a mile, but at the end of three weeks
an Alderney heifer was taken ill, and died in 36 hours.
She had no symptom of illness about her except a
slight discharge from the vagina, and until the
veterinary surgeon opened her he -thought she was
ruptured. The bull by which she had been recently
served was slaughtered immediately, but there was no

arresting the evil, and in two days more nine or ten
were down with it. Leonora, from Mr. Jolly's, was
the first decided case, as they found her one morning
with her back up, her coat staring, and her head and
ears drooping ; but Lady Best, from the late Mr.
Langston's, Minstrel from Holker, Heiress from Mr.
Hales', Cherry Empress from Mr. Logan's, and Water
Girl from the late Mr. Anthony Maynard's, soon
followed suit. They sickened for three or four days,
and on the fourth there was a strong discharge from
the nose, eyes, and vagina. They could neither lie nor
stand ; their legs and heads were never still, and their
moanings were sad to hear. They would become
feverish, and then shiver like a man in the ague, and
their faces were quite lax and costive by turns.

As they were very valuable stock, and Cheshire was
at its wit's end in the hope of discovering some
alleviation or remedy, the local committee consented
to have them treated, but everything was useless
except the iodine ointment, a compound of iodine,
mercury, and lard, which was recommended by Mr.
La,wson, veterinary surgeon, of Manchester. His
object was to set up a counter-irritation if possible,
and the ointment rubbed twice or thrice a day on the
chest gave apparent relief When applied in the early
stage it seemed their only chance, but unfortunately it
was not thought of till some of the best had died. The
climax was generally on the fourth day, and those
which died often lingered on about three days more.
One old cow of the Towneley blood fought on for
upwards of a fortnight. When the turn for the
better came, frequent doses of Oatmeal gruel were
administered. Up to that point they could not be got
to take anything, as their mouths were sore with
inflammation, and they did not even notice water.
Countess of Barrington and Surmise were never so ill
as the others, but they wasted to skin and bone, and it
took them and seven others (which had all been treated
with iodine ointment) several weeks to recover their
bloom. None of these nine survivors out of 36 were
able to carry their calves, bat slunk them, a perfect
mass of putridity, after which they " came to hand "
much quicker.

Mr. Aylmer, of West Dereham, grounded his treat-
ment entirely on the administration of chloroform.
When the plague broke out on this gentleman's farm
last April, 16 store bullocks were immediately
slaughtered; and of his Short-horn herd, which
numbered 90 head, five died before treatment, and six
were not attacked, while 41 recovered, and 38 died
under chloroform treatment. On April 4th the disease
showed itself by simultaneously attacking Easthorpe
Rose in the home shippon, and then Easthorpe Lady
in the fen (which is li mile distant) ; and on the 11th
Henrietta was taken ill at the White House Farm,
within 300 yards of Mr. Aylmer's residence. The
herd, which its owner always regrets having turned
into the fields so early, was, like Mr. Davies', of far
too much value to be given up to the pole-axe without
an eflbrt, and hence, by the advice of Mr. Anthony
Hamond, and with the ultimate sanction of the Privy
Council and the assistance of Mr. Robert Overman, of
Egmere, who had cured six by that agency already,
Mr. Aylmer determined to try chloroform. " A friend
in need is a friend indeed," and with very occasional
absences, Mr. Overman worked day and night at West
Dereham for nearly two months. They commenced
on the 12tb, when five had gone down, and a staff of
17 or 18 men were soon in regular hospital work.

The cattle were kept as warm as possible, and
covered with sheets in their sheds, which were made
still more snug by hanging curtains of sail-cloth or
sacking in front of them, and the disease was always
allowed to develop itself in the mouth before the treat-
ment began. They were also kept on as short commons
as possible, and their mouths were examined the
moment their appetites failed. Still there was no
exact rule in the matter. Some were heavily smitten
and full of mouth symptoms when the appetite was
good and the dew was on the nose. The fat cows were
uniformly the worst cases ; and the one ear down, the
drooping eyelid, and the nervous twitch of the head,
were among the sure and certain symptoms of seizure.
Some became quite mad with pain, and broke their
horns and tore out their teeth with convulsive rushes
at the manger ; whenever the air lodged in the tissues,
the skin was swollen up some inches from the flesh,
and nothing could bring them round.

It was found in practice that the chloroform acted
best on an empty stomach, and that it could be applied
too soon after the premonitory symptoms. A white
steer, among others, which inhaled for seven days, and
relapsed at the end of a fortnight, was certainly dealt
with too soon. In fact, looking back upon the cases,
both Mr. Aylmer and Mr. Overman believe that with
their present experience they could have saved many
more with half the quantity of chloroform. The bulls
were as easy to chloroform as the cows, and they were
one and all cast and bound, to prevent them breaking
their horns. With some young bulls the chloroform
acted too severely on the kidneys, and fatal inflammation
of the bladder and urinary canal set in. After this,
diuretics and alkaline solutions were used to neutralise
the salts of the urine, and in two or three oases it had
the desired effect.

Full-grown beasts had an ounce of chloroform
administered to them each time, calves a quarter of an
ounce, and others in proportion to their age. A
saturated handkerchief was simply put in a bag, which
was hung close under the nostrils, and tied by a string
behind the poll. Five to seven minutes was generally
sufficient to produce insensibility, and the cattle were
kept under the infiuence for periods of from half-au-
liour to two hours. Seven or eight doses upon the
average were generally found sufficient to effect a cure.
Rosa Lee had 74 inhalations between April 19th and
.lune 18th, and five others had from -18 to 60. General
Hopewell, which was hired from Mr, Thomas Booth at

200 guineas for the season, was a very anxious and
curious case, as his general external symptoms were
healthy, but his mouth very bad. He was only ill
three days, and had six inhalations, but his cure became
hopeless, and he was killed on the fourth. Master Jolly
fought hard for a month, but 52 inhalations only kept
the disease underj and failed to cure him.

The leading efifect of the chloFoform was to convert
the breath of the cattle from a very foul into a perfectly
pure state. Before the administration the stench from
their fevered mouths was fearful, and in a few minutes
the breath became " as sweet as a nut." The inflamma-
tion of the mouth also seemed very much subdued, and
the blood -shot fiery eye, under its influence, gradually
grew quite natural again. It appears to neutralise the
poison in the system, while the suspended vitality gives
the constitution rest, and enables it to " spar for time."
The fever usually returned in not less than twelve
hours, and if it kept away for more than 43 they were
generally safe, and ready for Linseed tea. Oatmeal
gruel, and other stimulants. Still the disease was most
treacherous. They would rise up, eat hay, and drink
water after chloroform as if nothing had happened, and
then, when everything seemed to be going on well,
they would relapse and become as ill as ever. However,
after all this care and anxiety, Mr. Aylmer found him-
self, before July, with a clean bill of health, and with
upwards of 50 per cent, of those which had been treated
alive and well in their stalls. All of those which were
in calf went their full time, and the calves showed no
traces of the crisis through which the dams had passed.
The treatment was originally suggested by Dr. Dickson,
author of "The Fallacies of the Faculty." Such are
the principal facts as to precautions and remedies
which I gathered in the course of my tour. Mr. S. S.
Dlxoii, in the Royal Agricultural Society's Journal,

THE FLOUR OF WHEAT.

[At a recent meeting of the Gener.ai Committee of the Society
of Arts, on the Food of the Peopie, Professor Wilson laid
before the Committee the following information on the
subject of bread-food .ind the nutritive properties of Wheat,
more especially with reference to a system of grinding and
dressing corn and the process of panitieatiou which had
resulted from the investigations of M. Slfege-Mouri^s,
of Paris.]

Pkofessoe Wilson stated that he need not go into
the question, as to the different properties of alimentary
substances, which might be divided into two classes-
one which subserves the plastic purposes of the body,
and the other which subserves the respiratory process
generally ; and that for healthy life these must be had
in definite proportions, these proportions being about
six of the respiratory aliment to one of the other; '
Wheat, better than any other grain, possesses those
two alimentary principles in the proper proportions;
consequently Wheat has been generally looked upon
as the bread corn of all civilized nations ; as people
progress in civilization they give up the old Barley and
Rye, and employ Wheat solely for that purpose. About
12 years ago (1853-5-1) M. Mege-Mouri(5s directed his
attention to the composition of the grain of Wheat,
and to the processes of grinding and of panification,
and the results he obtained were sufficiently important
to form the subject of a report, which was presented to
the Academy of Science by M. Chevreul, in 1857. The
object of M. Mouries' investigation was to show the
defective knowledge and the waste of material in the
ordinary practices of the trade ; but, although these
were fully proved by his results, there appeared to be
trade and other ditticulties in the way of its general
adoption ; for, with the exception of some of the large
public establishments in Paris, including the Ecole
Polyteohnique, the Ecole Normale, and the Lyode
St. Louis, where it was carried out with marked success
and advantage, no good has practically resulted from
the principles he so ably marked out and made known
to us. In the summer of 1865, while acting as juror on
food substances at the Dublin Exhibition, Professor
Wilson's attention was recalled to the subject by an
article which was e.xhibited under the name df
" Cerealine," and purported to be a preparation of
Wheat flour by the process indicated by M. Mege-
Mouries. On examination this preparation replied to
the tests in a very satisfactory manner, so much so,
indeed, as to induce them to verify them by a determi-
nation of the nitrogen it contained. This confirmed
the opinion they had previously formed of its food
value. On further inquiry he found that a simple
mechanical process had been devised in the United
States, (where, indeed, the flour exhibited had been
prepared,) for effecting the most difficult part of M.
Mouries' process — that of decorticating the grain.
This renders the operation of preparation so easy and so
inexpensive as to make it desirable that attention should
again be called to M. Mouries' process, for, besides
being far more philosophical, it unquestionably effects a
large saving in a food point of view, as compared with
the ordinary practice of mealing. Before describing
M. Mouries' process it may be well, for the purposes of
comparison, to give in a few words a rough outline of
the ordinary process of grinding, bread-making, ko.
The Wheat is taken in its natural state, and submitted
to the friction of two stones between which it is placed.
It is then passed through sieves for the purpose of—
1st, separating the bran from the flour; and 2d, of
separating the finer from the coarser portions of the
flour. We thus have three principal divisions ; the
two latter again are sometimes further separated, and
various names — boxings, shaps, &c. — given to them.
The br,an averages from 14 to 15 per cent, of the whole
weight, the relative proportions of the residue vary
according to the differences of separation. In
examining the composition of the grain of Wheat
M. Mege-Mouries found that it was a far more compli-
cated structure than was commonly understood. This
structure consists — 1st, of an outer covering or
epidermis ; 2d, epicarp ; 3d, eudocarp ; and that thesa

June 1, 1867.J

THE GARDl'NEES' GI!U0N1CLE A^ j\GRlCU!,TUlL\l. GAZETTE.

5S3

three layers cuusist cliietly ol' lijjueous tissue, and lorm
the extreme coverini; or true bran. Together they
average from 3 to 3 per cent, ol' the weight of the
Wheat. The three outer, or ligneous tissues, are
valuelos.< for food. They contain a certain amount of
uitrogen, but are indigestible ; and are not only value-
less as food, but do harm as local irritants. These are
distinct from the ordinary bran of tho mealing process.
Beneath these come, 1th, tho " testa," or seed coat
proper, which is a distinct cellular tissue of a, dark
colour, yellow or orange, according to the description
of the grain. Nc.\t to that comes tho embryonic
membrane, directly connected with the germ, which,
indeed, it supplies as soon as tho vital processes of
growth are excited. These two enveloping membranes
contain nitrojjenous principles in larger proportion
than the interior portions of the grain; and as we go
from the exterior coverings to tho centre and follow
the starch granules, tho amount of nitrogenous com-
pounds dimuiishes. The ordinary bran not only con-
sists of the " epidermis," or true bran, but also contains
the whole of tho nitrogenised tissues enveloping the
starch granules, and always a certain proportion of
them also. Indeed, it has been found commercially

Srotitable to purchase bran and separate the starch or
our from it ; from 5 to 6 per cent, of flour are thus
often obtained. As already stated, the ordinary
bran averages from 11 to 16 per cent, of the weight of
the "Wheat. It is the same in the case of the Potato.
We throw away a good deal of valuable food in the
peeling of Potatos. We ought only to remove the
epidermis. Simple experiment shows that. The nitro-

fenous compounds do not exist in the starch granules,
ut they envelop them. As you approach the centre
of the Wheat grain the starch cells do not contain
so much nitrogenous compound as the other tissues.

tissues off the grain, and the grain will como out in
this shape I producing specimens of decorticated grain],
that is, the absorbent envelopes will be taken oil', and
nothing will remain but tho cellular tissues : and in that
state Wheat may be kept stored for any length of time
without its quality being impaired. On the Continent
this question is more important, where they have
Government stores ol AVheat to last for 1:1 months,
whereas wo have free markets. When tho Wheat is
decorticated it can be kept for years without a chance of
mustiness or mould gettnig on it. Ho would give the
Committee the relative values of these ditferent pre-
parations [referring to samples on the table], assuming
that the proj)ortion of nitrogenous compounds deter-
mines the nutritive value, and that is what we usually
go upon. This sample of true bran or epidermis was
taken from a very coarse sample of red Wheat, and no
doubt it exists in larger proportious than in the finer
samples of Wheat. The true bran contained -1.571 of
nitrogenous compounds, the ordinary bran of the
market contained 15.019. These analyses were all
carried out last winter in Edinburgh. Of ordinary
market flour he got three samjiles, and made an
analysis of each, and he found they contained on an
average 9.7U5, whereas the flour prepared by M. Mou-
ri^s' process contained 15.072 per cent, of nitrogenous
compounds, showing an excess in nutritive value of GO
per cent, over the ordinary flour. The average
proportion of bran is 11 to 15 per cent, while by Si.
Mourics' process it is only from 3 to 1 per cent. ; we
thus have a result of 10 per cent, addition in weight
and CO per cent, more of nutritive properties than by
the old process, and at the same time we deprive the
Wheat of those portions which render it not so well
able to be kept. As he had already stated. Wheat, by
this process of decortication, has less affinity_for mois-

He might further state that the embryonic membrane ture, and may be stored with less risk. The flour
plays the most important part, both in alimentation' '-'' .1--^-- -i i.~ ^ .- «--

and germination. That is tho active agent of decom-
position during the process of panificatiou. The outer
ooTering of Wheat when immersed in water speedily
becomes saturated with water, but if salt be added,
the solution only penetrates so far as this mem-
brane, where it is arrested. These two inner tissues
contain nitrogen in large proportions, and enve-
lop the mass of starch cells which form the body
of the grain. Ordinary flour is composed entirely
of these interior starch cells, the remaining portions
of the grain being separated in the shape of bran,
and carrying away with them at the same time

contains more gluten, absorbs more water in paniSea'
tiou, andimakes more bread, which retains its fresh-
ness. All smut and other dirt from insects or otherwise
is removed, and the phosphates as well as gluten are
preserved. The gluten obtained in starch manu-
facture has been utilised by mixing it up into bread,
with ordinary flour, and thus greatly improving its
quality. In this ease the same result is obtained by
simply not losing it in the ordinary bran. M.
Mouries' plan has, in fact, more nutritive v.alue than
the actual whole Wheat, because y9U take away this
three or four per cent, of what is no good what-
ever, and the 96 per cent, left behind contains

proportion— generally 5 or 6 per cent. — of the flour | higher per centage of nutritive value than the whole
also. M. Mouries found that the proportion of nitro- i Wheatdoes. Thus it appeared to him that M. Mouries'
genous compounds in the grain was very unequally process increases the quantity of food material obtained

divided ; that while in the epidermis proper it was
least, it existed in larger proportions in the two next
layers than it did in the starch cells or flour of the
interior, and consequently, if we would preserve the
maximum food properties of the grain, we must return
and combine those two layers with the flour, and not waste

from wheat by at least 10 per cent., because here we
have only 4 per cent, of valueless matter, while in the
ordinary process we have 14 per cent., so that we get
an improved quantity of 10 per cent., and when we
come to the manufacture of flour we get an improve-
ment of 60 per cent, upon the value. M. Mourie, "

them by separation with the bran. In the starch cells flour was found to be equal to 15i, whereas the'ordinary
or flour too the nitrogen was found to diminish towards . flour was equal to only y". The grain would weigh
the centre of the grain, where it was at its minimum, heavier, bulk for bulk, after decortication, as it would
and where of course tho flour, though finer and whiter, pack closer, owing to the smoothness of the surface.
has the least nutritive value. This ?s known practically We find that the nearer Wheat assumes the form of a
by the fact that the finest Wheat flour will not com- ; sphere, the heavier it is per bushel, and the specific
bine with so large a proportion of water in bread- ' gravity of the grain is a market test of its quality,
making as the second quality will, though it may not j Chidham Wheat is heavier than Talavera Wheat, and
be so well known that the cause is due to the smaller yet the latter usually fetches a higher price in the
proportion of gluten present. It has been found by i market. A bushel of Talavera Wheat weighs about
experiment that the finest flour will not take up more i 65 lb., while the same quantity of Chidham Wheat
than 20 per cent, of water, known as pain blanc ; that weighs from 65 to 6S lb. That is determined chiefly by
the second quality will take up 30 per cent., -pain de , the shajie of the particles. No doubt by this
gruaux; while the third quality, with which a portion 1 process the shape of the grain is altered, because in
of the ordinary bran is always mixed, will take up 10 i Wheat in its natural state there is always a little
per cent., pain his. M. Mourics, therefore, recommends i beardy roughness, which, though invisible to the naked
that the grain should be merely decorticated previous I eye, exists, and increases the tendency to fermentation
to grinding, and that the Layers of cells, so rich in | when afl'ected by moisture, and also prevents the

gluten as the testa and embryo membrane, shall be
ground up with the starch cells, and form part of the
flour used for bread and other food purposes. The
bread thus made absorbs more water, rises from 20 to

particles lying so close together; tlierefore, he should
say a bushel of decorticated Wheat would weigh 5 lb.
or 6 lb. heavier than ordinary Wheat.
Mr. Bead observed, with regard to the commercial

30 per cent, more, and is more nutritive as well as 1 value of the bad portions of the grain — The price of
digestible. Gluten is the nitrogenous property of the . flour for the last 10 years averaged Is. %i. per stone,
"Wheat, and by the greater absorption of water by the while the price of bran was 9^^. ; therefore, though the
flour inwhiohitis present, weight forweightofflourthero latter was lost to the liuman race, it was not lost to the
is a gain, in the greater number of loaves produced from ! animal world, because it took the place sometimes of
a given weight of flour, and that would be the baker's Wheat meal when it was cheap relatively to other
inducement to try this process. It would be at the same grain in the feeding of animals.

time more nutritious, owing to the greater proportion , Professor Wilson said that the animal organisation
of nitrogenous matter the loaves contain. The loaves was better adapted for it than our own. They got rid
will contain more water, but the extra proportion of of it easy enough. An animal, out of 14 lb. of ordi-
nitrogenous compounds will counter-balance that. '• nary bran, would appropriate 10 lb., and 4 lb. would be
One hundred parts of flour of this sort will make say , expelled in the shape of manure. The ruminating
140 loaves, whereas 100 parts of the other flour would process could not convert this into food value at all.
only make 100, and every one of the 140 would be more ! Professor "Wilson then proceeded to describe the process
nutritious than the other. This process may be said I of decortication as follows : Tho Wheat, he said, is
to add 60 per cent, to the nutritive value of the flour, I carried up to the topmost floor, then passing through a
while the bulk is only increased 40 per cent. ] screen, or riddle, it falls through a hopper into a long

The true bran, according to M. Mouries, consists of I narrow trough which contains water, and is traversed

the grain, The grain then passes along a spout into a
second cylinder, where it undergoes the same process,
and fuially is carried into tho drying chambers, com-
posed of a series of iron troughs, along which it is
proi)ollod by screw shafts, a current of warm air being
driven along them in an opposite direction. It then,
being dry, receives its last friction in tho polishing
cylinders, where the friction is applied to tho surface
of tho grains themselves, which are left in a dry,
smooth, rounded form. As this generates a con-
siderable elevation of temperature, the grain requires
to undergo a cooling process before storinR
or using. This is effected by carrying it up
to the upper floor, and allowing it to fall down
inclined planes through a flat shallow shoot, up which
a blast of cold air is driven. With regard to the
grinding of this prepared Wheat, there are some
advantages over the old system. In ordinary grinding,
Professor Wilson continued, there is always a
mechanical difliculty in arranging the stones. The aim
of tho miller is always to produce the best flour, and
he has to grind it in such a manner as not to crush
and cake the meal, not to allow it to heat between tho
stones, but to granulate it perfectly and ^ evenly
throughout, giving it the wiry feel characteristic ot
No. 1 flour. If set too close, or if the stones be dull,
the flour cells are crushed r.ather than granulated; it
has a soft unctuous feel, and is then termed " killed."
In that state it never mixes well, will never work up
properly, or rise well in the oven. If the stones bo
too keen or sharp they are apt to shave and cut up the
bran into flne scales, which speck the flour. Therefore,
the successful miller has to steer between dull bran
with deadness and sharp bran with speckiness. By
this process the true bran (epidermis) is all removed
and the stones have to act on a gluten surface
and not on tho bran, and consequently the latter
risk is avoided. In baking, care should be taken not
to let the dough stand too long, as is frequently done,
and not to have the oven too hot at starting. The
bread rises 35 to 30 per cent, more than when made
with the ordinary flour, and if the heat is too great at
first the crust hardens, and the panificatiou forces the
loaf out of shape. This process adds at least 10 per
cent, to the weight of the food portion of Wheat, while
it increases the nutritive value of the flour about 60 per
cent. These proportions in all probability admit of
some modification, as the flour and the bran of the
ordinary process of mealing were obtained in the
market, while the flour and bran of M. Mouries' pro-
cess were, no doubt, obtained from a finer description of
Wheat than that grown in our climate. This, upon
the Wheat consumption of the kingdom — say,
20,000,000 of quarters— is a matter of considerable
importance. By this process you get a large increase
of food value, but you do not get the white bread which
is so universally eaten in this country.

Mr. Chester inquired whether Professor Wilson
could give any practical suggestion to the Committee
whereby the process could be brought into notice, and
whether he was aware of any public establishment, in
any part of the country, where, on the advantages of
the process being demonstrated, it was possible a trial
of it might be induced 'i

Professor Wilson replied that he was not prepared
with any suggestion at the moment. It was hardly a
matter for private enterprise. It was a matter which
might be represented to the Government or the Poor-
law Board. There was no gainsaying the adv.antages
that were derived from the process ; and it might be
put to them whether it was worth their while to direct
a trial of it in some of the poorhouse establishments.
The decorticating machinery would not be very expeii-
sive. In the first instance public prejudice to this
flour would have to be overcome ; he feared that it
would take some time to bring the flour into favour
with the lower classes, who have a proverbial preference
for very white flour. It was computed that we should
require this year foreign supplies amounting to eight
millions of quarters of corn, whereas five millions of
quarters treated by M. Mouries' process would be equal
in food-value to eight millions treated in the ordinary
way. He added that he w-as thoroughly satisfied with
the philosophy of the subject that it was sound, and it
was owing to the circumstance of his acting as a juror
on food substances at the Dublin Exhibition that his
attention was called to it by seeing some of this article,
tho value of which the Americans were keen enough to
recognise. Journal of the Society of Arts.

only the outer coverings, the ligneous tissues, which
represent 3 to 4 per cent, of the whole. He was only
speaking of the Wheat as it is in the market ; and as
we are told we shall probably require 8,000,000 quarters
of foreign Wheat, it is a matter of vast importance to
utilise the grain to the utmost extent it admits of.
There is another point of importance in connection
with M. Mouries' process, in regard to the storage and
preservation of Wheat. It appears that the outer
covering— epidermis— absorbs moisture far more readily
than the regular cellular tissues of the inner layers,
and this renders the grain more or less liable to mould
and other injuries, unless great care be taken by
occasional shifting, &c. If you soak Wheat grains in
water, you will find that the water is readily absorbed
by the outer or ligneous tissues, and when you come
to tho inner tissue there is no longer the same
tendency to absorb ; consequently, if you moisten the
outside surface, and rub it gently, you wiU rub these

through its length by an Archimedean screw. Thii
carries the Wheat slowly along the trough to the
discharge end, where it now, in a moistened state, falls
down a tube to the unbranning or decorticating cylin-
ders. These are formed of cylinders of cast iron,
ridged on the interior diameters, and with closed ends.
A screw shaft traverses the centre of them, carrying
broad arms, or floats, set at an angle diagonal or
"aslant" to the face of the cylinder, and with a
diameter so much less than that as to cause friction,
but to allow the grain to pass without crushing. ^ A
rapid rotation is given to this central shaft, and, owing
to tho angle at which the floats are set, a slight pro-
gressive motion is given to the grain. The friction
causes a large proportion of the true bran — epidermis,
epicarp, &c., — to be separated, and this is removed as it
is separated by a blast driven through the cylinder in a
direction contrary to the motion of the shaft, which
also has the effect of drying the excess of moisture of

Home Correspondence.

The Committee on the Malt Tax.—T\ns is better
than nothing. It keeps the ([uestion under "agitation,"
which politicians now so much approve of. But what
is the Committee to do ? Can they obtain any
extensive information which is of greater value than is
already known 'i Will tho Committee bo able to throw
any new light upon the subject ? We can only hope
they will. This they will do, and so far it will be
exceedingly serviceable, — they will bring the whole
question from first to last once more before the pubUc
— yes, a thinking and right-judging public— who upon
being shown the rank inj ustice of such a tax, will pay
but little regard to Chancellors of tho Exchequer,
and at once proceed to its repeal. The general public
will alike repudiate the tax on " drink " as they would
upon " meat." This will ere long be the result.
Colonel Barttelot has obtained a Select Committee to
inquire into the operations of the Malt Tax. I will
endeavour to put in the form of direct objects and
questions what this Committee should more particu-
larly inquire into to make it complete. The origin or
the tax— the amount first imposed— the sum rea,lised—
the su"Dsequent additions to the original tax, and when
increased— tho variations in subsequent taxation,
reductions and increase— the eflect upon the price ol
Barley under these various alterations— their influence

584

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June l, 1867.

upon th? quantity of beer brewed or malt used— the
actual or estimated number of .tores of Barley grown
under tiiese ciroumstances. This would show in
farm practice the plain results ; for farmers as a body
soon learn to grow the crops that pay best. In the
form of questions I will now put down what appears to
me the chief business of the Committee for present
guidance. What is the number of acres now under
culture for Barley, and the annual produce ? Would
the quantity be greatly increased if the duty was
removed? Is English Barley superior to foreign for
malting purposes? Will much inferior Barley be
malted upon the repeal of the duty ? Would much
inferior malt be used for live stock? Would great
alterations take place in rotations of cropping in order
to produce more Barley, upon the repeal ? Would not
the price of best Barleys be greatly enhanced, and the
price of inferior Barleys partake of like benefit? Has
the price of Barley gained relatively upon the price of
Wheats in the past few years ? What is the actual tax
upon malt at the present time as taken by the Excise
in their peculiar modes of assessing it ? Would a tax
upon Wheat-flour be synonymous with the tax upon
malt ? i. e., Wheat made into flour, B.arley into malt.
How, then, is it shown that it is not a tax upon the
producer of Barley ? What would be the effect of a
like tax upon Wheat-flour? What is the cost of
collection by the Excise ? Does not the interference of
the Excise operate against malting for cattle ? Would
the change of taxation from malt to beer be advan-
tageous and cost less in the collection ? Would a
partial reduction be of much avail if the restrictions in
malting are kept up ? Would this partial reduction
recoup the revenue to any extent by an increase
of consumption ? Would it tend much to the
increase of a foreign trade in beer ? What is
the total amount of duty now realised ? Does
not the large increase in duty prove a great extension
in the consumption of beer iioth at home and abroad?
Does not the heavy duty lead to great monopolies in
the brewing and malting business ? What has been
the reduction both of brewers and maltsters in the
past few years? Would not tlie repeal lead to an
increase of both departments, and consequent useful
competition? What is the quantity of Barley malted
and of beer consumed annually ? Would the tax be
best upon malt or beer ? What are the adulterations
practised, and to what extent ? What are the chief
ingredients used ? Is sugar extensively used in
brewing ? What would be the effect of the repeal
upon the distillation of spirits ? What is the dr.awback,
• and how charged, upon the exportation of beer ?
Ought the common brewer to be charged a licence ?
Would there be much danger in allowing private and
cottage brewing without a licence ? Would not a daily
supply of beer be a boon to the labouring poor ? Will
drunkenness greatly increase under such arrangements?
Would the labouring poor brew at their homes, or join
in companies for that purpose ? What has been the
result of charging the duty by weight instead of
measure? Have farmers taken advantage of the
privilege of malting for cattle ? Can the revenue be
replaced by other taxes less objectionable? These
questions, &c., I have penned down as my humble
contribution towards obtaining a repeal of the odious
malt tax, the last great burden upon our agriculture.
They have simply struck me as the more important
matters for investigation, although not requiring all
the abilities and urgent attention of a Select Committee
of the Commons House of Parliament to set them
before the public. O. F.

The Continuance of Cattle Plague^ and on the hest
method of eradicating it.— J>r:. Crisp thus describes
his correspondence with Government on this subject: —
In my first letter (September 21st, 1865) I .advised the
stoppage of all movements of cattle and the establish-
ment of dead-meat markets in all our large cities and
towns. In my second letter (September 30th) I advo-
cated the establishment, for a short period, of one
experimental hospital to test the efficacy of disinfect-
ants and internal medicines ; a plan long after resorted
to by the Government on so small a scale that it was
entirely useless. In my fourth letter (October 30th) I
was the first to point out the exauthematous nature of
this disease (Pathological Society, October 17th, 1863),
which has little or no resemblance to typhus or typhoid
fevei-, as stated by the Government advisers ; tliat the
meat of animals (sheep and oxen) suffering from cattle
plague, as shown by experiments upon myself and upon
the lower animals, has no injurious eUect when used as
human food ; that sheep, as shown by the report of 27
autopsies made by myself, were liable to cattle plague,
and that these animals should not be driven along
public roads (October 31st, 1865) ; that so-called disin-
fectants are nearly if not altogether useless, and that
heat and exposure to the air are the best means of
eradicating the poison (December 26th, 1865) ; that
hounds and bunting have been the means of dissemi-
nating the disease to a great extent. In my eighth
letter (January 8, 1860) I was the first to point out the
non-identity of small-pox and cattle plague ; that the
only way to eradicate the disease was to kill and com-
pensate, to slaughter all foreign sheep and cattle at the
ports of landing, and to keep all store animals in quaran-
tine. I need not again dwell long on the dilatory nature
of all the proceedings forthe suppression of this murrain.
The passiveness of the Eoyal Agricultural Society ; the
non-assemblage of Parliament for eight months ; the
" patient " trusting to local authorities and their divided
counsels ; the suggestion of the Royal Commissioners
that inspectors should not have the right to slaughter ;
homceopathic delusions and garlic disseminations ; the
assertion by four members of the House of Commons
(February 21st, 1806), that sheep could not be affected
with cattle plague; the order to tie up single dogs
in Ireland and to allow of their hunting in packs
in England; these and many other inconsistencies
and short-comings I could, as I have said before.

dilate upon ; but let me proceed to the practical and
more useful part of my letter, viz.. Why does cattle
plague exist in this country ? and how is it to be got
rid of? The first question, I think, is easily answered :
Cases occur from the disturbance of the dormant
poison, and the bringing it into active life ; but more
frequently from the introduction of foreign sheep and
cattle from the Continent of Europe. According to
the last return now before me, during the week ending
April 20, two fresh outbreaks of cattle plague have
occurred in Derby and Lincolnshire ; and here let me
point to one important omission in these returns, viz.,
the want of information respecting the origin of this
disease. We are told week after week, in a stereotyped
form, that a certain number of animals have been
attacked, and that a given number in contact with the
diseased animals have been killed ; but we are left
entirely in the dark as to how the disease originated —
whether it arose from latent poison, or whether from
recent importation. Surely, if a competent person
were appointed to investigate thoroughly every case,
and to report weekly on the supposed cause of the
outbreak, it would be a great advantage to the public,
and we should be more likely to get rid of the
pestilence. In some instances the existence of a latent
poison is clear enough ; but in others I have reason to
believe that the importation of cattle and sheep from
the Continent has been the means of disseminating the
disease. I moreover believe that whilst cattle plague
exists in Holland, Belgium, and other parts of Europe,
and whilst the present lax and careless system exists
at the ports of landing, we shall never get rid of cattle
plague for any length of time. At an early period of
the outbreak of the disease in this country I pointed
out the impossibility of detection in the early stage,
and that an animal (ox or sheep) might infect others
witliout having the disease itself, so that animals
coming from infected countries, unless they undergo
proper seclusion, will always be liable to import the
plague. Edwards Crisp, M.B., 42, Beaufort Street,
Chelsea, May 1, 1867.

Introduction into Great Britain of the Swedish
Turnip. — Something over 20 years ago I was invited to
join in an examination of the i pupils of the establish-
ment from which I now write, and had the honour of
meeting for the first time the late Protestant Bishop
of Kildare as a brother examiner. On that occasion,
amongst other important matters, he told me of the
early history of the Swede in Scotland, introduced into
that country by his late father, the Earl of Balcarras,
who not only grew the Swede on his own demesne, but
distributed the seed amongst his tenantry, who were at
first, as he said, and for some time, averse to such an
innovation on their then habits. I took notice of all
the good Bishop then told me, of not only the intro-
duction and progress of the Swede in Scotland, but
also of his attempts at industrial teaching in this
country in the early part of the present century, when
he came into it as chaplain and private secretary to his
brother-in-law, the Earl of Hardwicke, in ISO I. He
at that early period took such an interest in industrial
improvements, especially in regard to the Hibernian
School in the Phoenix Park, over which he had con-
siderable control, and set the first example of public
agricultural or rather horticultural teaching by
employing the boys in the school during a portion of
their recreation time in cultivating various things in
the grounds attached to the school, and gave prizes to
such as showed excellence of skill, taste, and industry.
He it was who planted the beautiful dell in the park
convenient to where the Eoyal Zoological Gardens now
stand, as indeed other parts of the park. He invented
an atmospheric churn, a model of which he presented
to the Duchess of Dorset, then Lady-Lieutenant,
in 1816; and in 1816 — the period at which I had
the honour of becoming acquainted with him —
he had a large churn on the same principle
capable of churning the milk of 10 or 12 cows on his
demesne at Glasnevin, by which the milk was churned
in what was then considered an unusually short period,
and producing a greater quantity of butter from a
given quantity of milk or cream than could be pro-
duced by any other mode of procedure. But to return
to the Swedish Turnip, said to be first grown in the
British dominions as a field crop in Wiltshire, by Sir
.John De Beausoir, the seed brought by Sir Robert
Keith, British Eavoy at Stockholm. The Earl of
Balcarras having seen it growing there, had a large
quantity of seed procured for a seedsman in Edinburgh,
and another in some other part of Scotland — these
names I forget — who offered it for sale, but at first
could get no one to purchase it until its value was
proved by the Earl of Balcarras and his tenantry.
Thus far for the early history of this invaluable plant
to the British, Scotch, and Irish farmers, according to
my information from the foregoing respectable source :
but if any of your readers can account ibr its introduc-
tion at an earlier date as a historical event of great
magnitude, it would, in my opinion at least, be well
worth recording through your valuable and widely
circulated pages. Permit me in justice to the memory
of the good Bishop, to whom I have been indebted for
the above and other important facts connected with
the industrial improvement of this country, to mention
one or two traits in his character, both in his private
capacity as a landlord and employer, and in his public
capacity as a member of the House of Lords, well
worthy the character of a christian, a statesman, and
philanthropist. Although a rigid and steadfast Pro-
testant, he never made a distinction in selecting his
tenants or employers. He has seldom, if ever, been
known more than once or twice to take a leading part
in politics. One of his first acts in the House of Lords
was to vote for Catholic emancipation, early in the year
1812, and long before the same course was adopted by
any other Irish Bishop. The other was his opposition
to any and every law used in taxing the people's food.
Edward Carroll, Olasnevin, May 21. — P.S. In my letter

on the Irish land question, which appeared in your last
issue, there is an omission of two words, whether through
the type or pen, which I wish to supply, in reference
to certain writers and speakers of the present day,
compared with the views of such sentimentalists
20 years ago. " And if Mr. Caird and others had taken
the same stand in Ireland then which they are seeking
to take now, the case would be now quite different
to what it IS in all the relations of life." E. C.

A Saturday New Moon.— I was accidentally in error
as to the Saturday new moon on the 15th December
last. There was no Saturday new moon in last year.
An old labourer tells me that he alwavs found that a
Saturday new moon was followed by a flood. J. J. Mechi.
May iSth.

Socfet(ES.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL OF ENGLAND.

Special Council : Wednesday, May 29, 1867.—
Present— Mr. Thompson President, in the Chair; the
Earl of Powis, the Earl of Shrewsbury and Talbot,
Lord Vernon, Lord Walsingham, the Right Hon.
Sir John Trollope, Bart., M.P. ; Sir Massey Lopes,
Bart., M.P. ; Sir A. K. Macdonald, Bart. ; Sir Watkin
Wms. Wynne, Bart., M.P. ; Major-General the Hon.
A. N. Hood, Mr. Cantrell, Mr. Clavden, Col. Challoner,
Mr. Dent, M.P ■ Mr. Brandreth Gibbs, Mr. Holland,
M.P. ; Mr. Button, Mr. Jonas, Mr. Milward,
Mr. Read, M.P. ; Mr. Eigden, Mr. Wells, Mr. Jacob
Wilson, Professor Wilson :— to consider the Govern-
ment Bill on Contagious Diseases among Cattle.

It was resolved that in the opinion of the Council of
the Eoyal Agricultural Society of England, all foreign
cattle should be slaughtered at the port of entry ; and
that quarantine establishments should be formed at all
ports where store cattle are imported, in which they
shall be detained a sufficiently long time in
quarantine.

A deputation consisting of Mr. Thompson, President,
the Earl of Shrewsbury, Lord Vernon, Lord Walsing-
ham, Sir John Johnstone, M.P.; Sir Thomas Western,
M.P. ; Colonel Kingscote, M.P.'; Mr. Claydon Dent,
M.P.; Mr. Brandreth Gibbs, Mr. Holland, M.P. ; Mr.
Milward, Mr. Read, M.P; Mr. Wells, and Mr. H.
Hall Dare, Secretary, had an interview with the Lord
President of the Council on Thursday, to impress the
above unanimous opinion of the Council of the Society
upon his Grace, who informed the deputation that the
Privy Council under the proposed Bill would have
power to regulate or to prohibit the landing of foreign
cattle, and to regulate their removal or " disposal,"
which word would give power to order their
slaughter; but he should be reluctant to give
such order without great consideration, and
without obtaining the sanction of the Govern-
ment. The Privy Council were well informed
of the state of the Cattle Plague on the Continent, and
were of opinion that the recent outbreak in England
must be attributed to the seeds of the disease of last
year, as in many instances it had appeared in spots
where diseased stock had been removed, and that it was
erroneously assumed to spring from lately imported
cattle : of this there was no direct evidence. They had
been in correspondence with the Metropolitan Board
on the subject, and had induced them to reappoint
cornmittees, who exercised constant vigilance over
their districts.

Mr. Thompson, Mr. Dent, M.P., Lord Vernon, Mr.
Clayden, Mr. Milward, and Mr. Read, M.P., urged the
views of the Council on his Grace, and the deputation
then withdrew.

SHOW OP HORSES.

Ageicultueal Hall. — Large crowds have daily
filled the Agricultural Hall during the past week,
attracted by the largest if not the best collection of
horses which has yet been shown there. As large a
Show— as good a Show indeed, in many respects, is any
fine day to be seen in Rotten Row ; a collection, too,
in as good condition, the sight of which you
can enjoy without the perpetual intimation that
almost every where meets you here that the animal
is for sale — a collection of horses therefore for the most
part good enough to keep, including the pride rather
than the culls of the stud. No doubt, however, the
pride of many a man's stud is here also, whether for
sale or not ; and the ring in which the classes succes-
sively were judged on Saturday and Monday, and in
which the prize animals have since been daily paraded,
is certainly one of the most attractive and charming
sights imaginable. No wonder that galleries and area
and reserved seats have been well filled.

The 1st Class (weight-carrying hunters) included no
fewer than 50 entries, many of them animals already
well known in the exhibition ring and prize takers at
many previous shows. The prizes went, 1st to Major
Stapylton, for " Sprig of Nobility ;" 2d, to Mr. Gilman,
of Birmingham, for " Little John ;" and 3d, to W.
Deacon, Esq., for " Priest " — the decisions, excepting
perhaps in the last case, being generally approved. The
Class, as awhole, did not however meet ^vith the approval
of the judges. Hunters, without condition as to weight,
numbered more than 40, and the winners made a very
good exhibition of their jumping powers; then, too,
the Class is on the whole a mixed lot, including how-
ever first-class specimens at the upper end of the scale.
Mr. Lucy's "Goldfinder" jumped beautifully, as did
" Brayfield," the property of Mr. Sandars, who took
the 1st prize. The other Class of hunters are inferior
in both number and quality. Harness horses included
20 entries, and both single and as pairs they
form an extremely interesting department of the Show.
The prizes are taken by Mr. Kirby and Captain Speirs.
No fewer than 100 entries compete in the classes of
cover hacks and roadsters, and park hacks and ladies'
horses, and the judges bad a long and laborious task

I

June 1, l86r.J

THE GAEDENERS' CTTRONTCT-E ANT) Am^TOULTni^AL GAZETTE.

585

bofore them. Among those is Chamiuon of the
World," the property of Mr. Edwards ol Kilmg, who
lins however, to be satisfied with a 3d phico here. His
liorformaneo, as a trotting horse, is declared to be hall
,1 mile in 70 seconds. . ,. ,

The Pony Classes are as interesting a.s ever, and
I nothing can bo more beautiful than the spirited display
made by them in the ring. The prize list below states
the awards. In the Stallion hall, where some of the
Pony Classes are located, wo have the thoroughbred
olaases, of which a very fair show is made, notwith-
standing the comparatively small offer of prizes.

" Aristocrat," a very showy and beautiful, alinosl
black horse, is beaten by " False Alarm," a somewhat
sleepy-looking ('liosnut, the property of Captain Barlow,
who 'is placed lirst, and by " Beckhampton," Mr.
Starkey's tliick-nocked bay horse, and so are six or
seven others, making on the whole a fair exhibition of
the class to which tliey belong.

On Wednesday the prize animals in certain classes
competed for the Gold Medal offered for the best cob
up to 16 stones, and not exceeding seven years ; and it
was awarded to " Brunetti," Mr. Jonas Webb's " Park
Hack," which had received the .'id prize in its class.

On Thursday the Show was attended by II.R.H. the
Prince of Wales, before whom the prize animals were
paraded in the ring.

LIST OF JUDGES.

i'LA88E.s 1, 2, ."*. 4, and 14.— Tho E;irl of Portsmouth, Lieut.-
* okmol Lord Suffiold, Captiin Porcy Williams.

Classes 6, T, 8. 11, 10, i:i, 1.1, and 18— Tho Ripfht Hon. Sir
John Trollopo, Hart., M.P. ; Sir Goorse W. Worabwcll, Bart. ;
Colonel Maudo, U.B. ; Colonel lOiigacote, M.P. ; Harvie Far-
qiihar, Esq.

LIST OF AWARDS.

Cl.\ss I. Hunters — Weight Cauriers, equal to not less
than 15 stone.— 1st prize, lOOJ., Major Stapylton, Boro\iKh-
bridtro (Spriff of Noliilitv) : 2d, 40/., Mr. Joseph Oilman, Bir-
mingham (Little John);'3d, 2o;., Henry William Deacon, Esq.,
Alresford (Priest).

The Judges report their regret that the quality and power of
tin; horses exhibited in this CI.iss are not commensurate with
tlio very liberal Prizes that they were ealled upon to award.

I'l.A.ss 2. Hunters, without condition a.s to Weight. — 1st,
'■"'.. Mr. Henry Sanders, Northampton (Brayfield) ; 2d, 25/.,
Ilriiry Spencer Lucy, Esq. (Gold Finder); 3d, 15/., Walter dc
W'iiiton, Esq., Hereford (Springy Jack).

Class 3. Hunters, without condition as to Weight, and not
exceeding 15.2 h.ands high. — 1st, 40/., James Morrison, E.sq.,
Glasgow (Countess); 2d, 20/., Horace Beck, Esq., Brandon
(Hawk) ; 3d, 10/., Jlr. R. John Moss, Wellington (Othello).

Cl-Ass 4. Hunters, 4 years old.- 1st, 50/., Thomas Gee, Esq.
(Tom) : 2d, 25/., Mr. James Toph.am, Welford (Rugby) : a very
lair class.

Class 5.' Harness Horses, not exceding 15.2 hands high ;
for the Horses of the best shape with Park .action exhibited in
single harness with suitable carriages.— Ist, 15/., John R.
Ivirby, Esq., Inverness Terrace (Violet); 2d, 10/., Captain
^i'cirs, M.P., Eaton Square (Beauty); extra prize, 5/., Mr.
Ihiim; s Bradfield, Bishop Stortford ; an e-xcellent Class.

Cla,ss 6. Cover Hacks and Roadsters, not exceeding
1..1 hands high.— 1st, 15/., the Earl of Rosslvn (The Dean):
■Jd, 10/., Mr. Thomas W. MarshaU, Islington (Tom) ; 3d, 51.,
Thomas Daniel Hill, Esq., Piccadilly (Bismarck).

Class 7. Park Hacks— Weihht Carriers, not less th.an
U.2 nor exceeding 15.2 hands high.— 1st, 20/., MajorStapylton,
.Mvton Hall (Stamford) ; 2d, 10/., Thomas Johnson, Esq.,
North Allerton (Greyleg) : 3d, Mr. Jonas Webb, Ulceby
(Brunette). Commended : Miss Henrietta Turner, Godatoue.

Class 8. Park Hacks and Ladie.s' Horses, of .any height
above 15.1 hands high.— 1st, 20/., .Mr. G. Hohnes, Beverley
(Deer Stalker) ; 2d, 10/., Robert Campbell, Esq., Army and
Navv Club (The Peer) ; 3d, 5/., Alexander Barker, Esq., Don-
caster (Sidtana).

Class 9. Park Hacks and Ladies' Horses, not exceeding
15.1 hands high. —1st, 20/., Mr. William Banks, Grays Inn Road
(Beauty); 2d, lOi., John Delaware Lewis, Esq., Petersfield
(Bridesmaid); 3d, 5/., John R. Kirby, Esq., Inverness Terrace
(Violet).

Class 10. Park Hacks and Ladies' Horses, not exceeding
14i hands high. — 1st, 20/., William Henry Gaunt, Esq., Kirk-
hammerton (Pinwire) ; 2d, 10/., Mr. John Grout, Woodbridge
(Unique) ; 3d, 5/., Mrs. Spence, Otley (Black Bess). Com-
mended : F. Penn, Esq., Lee.

Harness Pairs. — Captain Speirs, M.P., extra^ prize, 10/.
(Beauty and Rouen). An extra prize for extraordinary merit,
" the Agricultural Hall Medal," was awarded to the White
Ar;ib Mare, exhibited by R. Chev.allier, Esq.

Class 11. Ponies, not exceeding 14 hands, in single harness.
—1st. 15/., James Wilson, Esq., Enfield (PoUy); 2d, 10/., Mr.
William Burton, Marylebone (Camperdown Lass) ; 3d, ;>/.,
Captain Speirs, M.P. (Dot). Highly Commended : Mr. Phillip
Piitter, Bury St. Edmond's (Pea Blossom).

Class 12. Ponies, not exceeding 13 hands high, in single
harness. — Extra prize, 15/., W. F. Pileher, Esq., Russell Square
(Pink) ; 1st, lu/., Mr. John W. Richardson, Willoughton
(Uncle Tom) ; 2d, 5/., Mr. Lewis Myers, Myddleton Squiire
(Ruby) ; a very exceUent Class.

Class 13. Ponies, not exceeding 12^ hands high, to carry
children.— 1st, 5/., Mr. John William Richardson, Willoughton,
Lincolnshire (Uncle Tom); 2d, 3/., W. H. Stone, Esq.,
.M.P., Dulwieh (Billy); 3d, 2(., Mr. J. Sykes Calthrop,
Moulton (Brown). Highly Commended ; Mr. John Edwards.

STALLION HAIL.

Class 14. Stallions, thorough-bred. — Ist, 40/., Captain F.
Barlow, Woodbridge (False Alarm) ; 2d, 20/., J. B. Starky, Esq.,
Farringdon (Beckhampton).

Class 15. Stallions, not less than 15 hands high, for getting
Roadsters or Hacks.— 1st, 20/., Mr. John Grout, Woodbridge
(Quicksilver Shales) ; 2d, 15/., Mr. John Grout (Sportsman) ;
;id, 5/., Mr. John Edwards, Ealing (Shepherd F. Knapp).

Class 16. Stallions, under 15 hands, for getting Hacks,
Cobs, or Ponies.— 1st, 15/., no merit ; 2d, 10/., John Belamere
Lewis, Esq., Petersfield (Golden President) ; 3d, 5/., Fergus
Ferguson, Esq., Beverley (Arab Brown).

Hants and Beeks Ageicultueal.— We have
rarely had the pleasure of attending an agricultural
Show more successful or better sustained than that of
the above Society, held at Basingstoke on Thur.-day
last. Not being in a grazing or dairy district the nun-
exhibition of horned cattle was not felt so much
as it would have been in other districts, and the
excellent show of sheep and of agricultural horses
fuily made up for any deficiency. This Societj,
although hitherto confined to the counties of Hauls

and Berks, yet liberally throws open their premises to
comiietitiirs from a distance; and indeed in tho case ol
sheep, alllioiigh in a short-wool distrii^l, many of the
prizes were ojieu to the Liuig Wools ;uid other breeds.
In sheep there were 15 classes, in which there were
more than 100 competitors. In horses there wore si x
classes, with '■i!> comjietitors, beside those for extra
stock for horses and sheep. There were four classes
for pigs, viz., two for tho Berkshire, the favourite
breed of the district, and two for other sorts. The
lierkshiro were very good, but other kinds not very
muucrous. There was a caiiitalshow of poultry as well
as of implements, and the scene was enlivened by a prize
being given by tho President, Lord Bolton, for jum|)iug
There were 10 good hunters entered for competition,
and ridden by tho owners or their friends, and the
leaping was more severe and much better than at the
late Horse Show at Islington.

The day's jiroceedings concluded with a Dinner,
at which about 200 attended, the President being in
the Chair. IF". C. S.

Farmers' Clubs.

ClBENCF,STEK, Mai/ 211 : T/if JleUtlive Merits of
Horses and Oxen for Purposes of Draught. — Professor
Wrightson, who introduced this subject at the May
monthly meeting of this Society, said ; —

The tiuestion I have to introduce to .vour notice this
afternoon is one which can be discussed better by this
Club than by any other which I know of. We liave
among us men who have worked bullocks ever since
they commenced business, and who will continue to
work them ,as long as they live. Others have ceased
to employ oxen for draught, and are prepared to argue
in favour of horses ; while a third select circle have
gone beyond both the first named and h.ave adopted
the giant power of steam. I believe I am right in
considering these meetings as intended for discussion,
and that the discussion is the most important part of
our proceedings, because in it we hear the opinions of
many practical men who have made the question under
consideration a study for years. I hope, therefore, to
introduce this subject to your notice and to lay before
you certain facts concerning it, and some figures which
I think will be borne out by the experience of many
here, and then to leave the question in your hands.
One of the most important facts which may be urged
against the working of bullocks is that from being
general throughout the country it has become gradually
restricted to a few localities. Another general objection
to bullocks is that they are slow, and that they impart
a corresponding slowness to those who work them.
However true such objections may be, yet all must
confess that they are of a very general character — that
it will be difficult with such arguments to convince
men who have an opinion of a contrary character, or
who find bullocks to answer their purpose as animals of
draught. If you .show a business man that he is using
an ineflicient implement, or that he might use a portion
of capital with better effect if he adopted a more
economical method of working, he would listen to the
advice, and if reasonable he would follow it ; but merely
to tell him that he is wrong and you are right — that all
the world have adopted horses instead of bullocks, or
steam instead of horses, and therefore he must follow
the fashion, would be more likely to " set his back up"
than to induce him to alter his practice. This kind of
objection to bullock labour is well illustrated by a
remark of Mr. Wilson, of Edington Mains, who, in his
admirable book on " British Farming," says, " We see
that duly as agriculture reaches a certain stage of
progress, ox labour has been found inadequate to the
more rapid and varied operations that are called for,
and has been superseded by that of horses." This is no
doubt true with regard to many kinds of land, many
kinds of farming, and many kinds of work. Few people,
however, would argue in favour of bullocks being used
on every kind of soil, or even for their use to the
exclusion of horses. Oxen are only used as supplemen-
tary to horses, and there are alwa.ys certain kinds of
work better done by the last named animal. The fact
that oxen have been abandoned over large areas of this
country in favour of another kind of power is not in
itself a conclusive argument, because it is quite possible
to conceive such changes in markets, and the relative
value of animals, or the food required for their support,
that the tables might .again be turned, and the discarded
bullock once more become the favourite. We have
specially to do with the wants of the district that this
Club represents, and we cannot pretend to lay down
the law for the whole of England. Here on the Cotswold
hills we find many of our leading farmers, men not
behind the times, men who have done their part in
advancing the agriculture of their county and of their
country, employing bullocks and convinced that they
are right in doing so. In order properly to consider
this question it will be necessary to compare oxen with
horses in several points. I propose to discuss first the
amount and quality of the work that can be got out of
both kinds of .animals ; secondly the cost of obtaining
and maintaining them respectively, and, lastly, the
money value of the mature animal in both cases.
In an old book entitled " Observations on Live Stock,"
by George Culley, of Northumberland, a well known
man, we find some statements made the worth of
which can hardly vary with age. Mr. Culley worked
150 bullocks besides many horses about the beginning
of this century, and gives his opinion after many years'
experience " that oxen will do several kinds of work
(such as ploughing, leading dung, corn, &c.) equally as
well as horses," but would recommend that both
animals should be kept, and the most suitable work
apportioned to each. Mr. Culley used them " in carts
singly," (the Northumberland carts are much lighter
than those used in the South,) " and two in a plough
with cords, without a driver, where they go equally as
well as two horses, though not quite so swift." In the

fifth volume of tho Royal Agricultural Society's
.journal there is a paper upon the coinp:irativo merits
of horses and oxen, in which the comdusion come to is
that horses are really the more economical animals to
keep. I shall with the more pleasure, therefore, quote
a few sentences from it about draught oxen. First,
when speaking of the quantity and relative value of
the work done by both animals, Mr. Cowie says " that
except in frost, when tho land cannot be ploughed, th(3
amount and value of the work performed by ea<;h are
equal." Mr. Cowie worked two oxen to a team, and
relates that in a ploughing match where upwards of
70 ploughs started his oxen team was second off tho
field. Mr. Cowie further says "they work ten hours
a day as steadily all the year over, except in frost, as
tho horses, and keep in perfectly good condition."
Although this may be possible, it is a question whether
it is wise, because oxen should not bo worked so hard
as to interfere with their growth, and a rest now and
then is well repaid by an inereased develfipment of
frame. The usual practice of this neighbourhood is
biased upon this principle, and we accordingly
frequently find six oxen kept, four of which are worked
every day, or 16 are kept, and 12 of them are yoked
each day. Daily toil might not be injurious to five
or six years' old cattle, but young bullocks broken in
at two years old will grow much better if lightly
worked. Four oxen are usually seen in a plough, but
it has been fully proved in this neighbourhood that
two will plough land of a light descripton (i inches
deep in the spring, and that three will do the winter
ploughing. It is difficult to arrive at a correct con-
clusion as to the exact number of bullocks which will
be equivalent to a certain number of horses. I think,
however, we may come to a pretty near estimate of
the relative power of the two animals. I have received
letters from some well-known agriculturists of this
district, informing me upon this point, and I will now
briefly give you the result of their experience. Mr.
Playne, The Downs, Chalford, considers two bullocks
to be equivalent to one horse. Mr. Burnet, agent to
Colonel Kingscote, worked bullocks for many years
until steam power was introduced, and he informs me
that two bullocks will easily do the work of one horse.
He always worked the bullocks in double harness, two
to a plough for half a day (five hours), and they would
do their half-an-acre of ploughing in that time. Mr.
Plumbe, of Ashton Fields, works Devons, and is of the
opinion that this breed steps faster, stands the heat
better, and have shoulders peculiarly adapted for
draught. He says " a pair of good Devons will do as
much ploughing and as well as a pair of horses. I took
the prize at Down Ampney some years ago with a pair
(of oxen) in the horse class. I do not find the work
hurt them when kept properly." Mr. Plumbe works
his bullocks every (lay, and ploughs them in double
harness with reins without a driver. On one of the
best managed farms in this neighbourhood (Earl
Bathurst's Home F.arm) 16 bullocks and eight horses
are kept. The horses receive IJ bushel of Oats and
Hay in the winter, and 1 bushel of Oats and green
food in the summer ; and the bullocks are out at Grass
all the summer, and are fed entirely on hay and straw
chaff mixed, without any additional food in the winter.
Here we find that two bullocks are reckoned as equal
■or rather superior to one horse. From these data we
may look upon the fact of two bullocks being equal, if
not superior, to one horse as established. The next
point to be settled is the relative cost of maintaining
bullocks ami horses for one year. If both animals are
bred upon the farm where they are subsequently
to work, can there be any doubt as to which can
be bred .and reared at the least cost? I do not
think this point needs discussion, and therefore
content myself with stating that here the bullock
has the advantage over the horse. In the next place,
we may ask which will bring the most money at six
years o'ld ? and I think here also the answer will be
in favour of the bullock. It is true that horses
occasionally will bring high prices, but how frequently
we find them going wrong in some way, which,
although apparently only slightly interfering with
their usefulness, lowers their selling price consider-
ably. We have all seen bullocks fetching Wl. at this
age, and a farmer may look for an average price of
26?. if he keeps the right sort and works them
judiciously. There are so many estimates as to the
cost of keeping a farm horse per annum that we
cannot get far wrong here. Mr. Morton, in his
Farmers' Calendar, has taken pains to collect together
the methods of horse-feeding in several parts of
England and Scotland during both winter and summer,
together with the cost per week of the diet, at a certain
fixed market price. Hay is valued at Zs. per cwt., Oats
at Zs. per bushel. Beans at 5s. per bushel. Turnips or
Mangel at id. per cwt., and Carrots at 6rf. per cwt. ;
straw is not charged. At these prices we find the cost
per week to vary between 6?. and ll5. throughout the
year. I find the cost of horse keeping is thus given
upon two farms in this neighbourhood. (1) The
College Farm ; Here the horses are described as
receiving in winter 81 lb. of Oats, and 16 lb. ot Beans
per week, and straw and chafl" ad libitum^ the cost
being 's. id. per week : and in summer 42 lb. of Oats,
and cut Clover or Vetches (at 6d. per cwt.), the
expense being 6s. &d. per week. (2) Mr. Rich's Farm,
at Didmartou ; The horses, according to the same
authority, received in winter 168 lb. of hay, 63 lb. of
Oats, and 2 bushels of grains, with straw ad lib., at a
cost of Vis. 9rf. per week ; and in summer the food is
valued at 7s. &d. per week. The average cost per week
through the year in the first case may be taken at "».,
and in the second case at 9s. The average of 13 cases
collected by Mr. Morton gives the winter keep as
costing 9s. 6rf., and the spring and summer keep as 9».
per week per horse. We cannot be far wrong m
taking 8s. per week as a very fair estimate of the cost
of the food of a farm horse, and we shall add to this

58.6

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 1, 1867.

sprue other expenses connected with their management
Which can hardly be overlooked.

Cost of food at 8s. por weak, for 52 weeks

Shoeing . .

Deterioration in value, losses from accident and

death. 10 per ,co,:tt., a,i;i,4 inte,reat at 5 per

cent., on 30/.
Furnishing and repairing gear

,£ s.
20 IG
0 12

4 10
1 5

£27 3 0

Many extensive farmers would not have considered
the estimate extravagant at 30?. per annum, but we
shall take it at 27?. Let us now tiy to find the cost of
keeping a bullock for one year. Bullocks are some-
times fed on straw and hay chaff in the winter, and
Gr;iss in the summer ; in other cases they receive meal
and straw and a few roots in the winter, and Grass in
the summer. Let us suppose the bullock to be turned
out from May 15 to October 15, and to be on winter
keep for the remainder of the year :—

U acres of land, at 2/ £3 0 0

6 lb. of crushed Oats or Barley meal per day,

from Oct. 15th to May 15th, 212 days at Sd. 5 6 0

Repairs of gear 0 10 0

Risk, losses, &c., 5 per cent., and interest at

5 per cent, on 201. . . . . . . ..200

10 16 0

In case these estimates are objected to, I have pre-
p^l^ed another upon a different principle :

Cost of Maintaining a Farm Hone.
From Oct. 1st to May 15th, li bushel of

Oats, at 3.*. per bushel (32 weeks) . . £7 4 0

From May 15th to Oct. 1st, 1 bushel of Oats,

at 3.1. (20 weeks) 3 0 0

Deterioration, interest, and shoeing, as before 5 15 0
Hay. straw, green fuod, &lc., grown on the

farm, not charged 0 0 0

Cost of Maintainivg a Working Bttllock.

Clb. of Barley meal per day, from Oct. 15th
to May 15th, at ^s. per cwt., 6rf. per day
fo,r212da,ys £■

jRisk, Ipgses, &:c., 5 per cent., ai?d interest at
5 per cent, on 20i . . . . :

15 19 0

'years old and afterwards at six years old,

Dr. fforses.

Twelve horses at 20^ £240

Loss of one horse . . . . . . . . 20

B^rlance or profit

Cr. Hor-ien.

Eleven horses at 3U. lO-s.
One sold out at 2.1/.

In neither case have we estimated anything but
marketable produce, yet here, as in the first estimate,
the cost of keeping two bullocks is less than that of
maintaining one horse ; yet in the last case the bullocks
would be fed better than usual and the horses worse
than usual, or in other words the actual cost of the
horse is under-rated and that of bullocks over-ra''^ed.
We have before found that two bullocks ai-e usually
kept to do the work of one horse ; we have, therefore,
in the first estimate, the cost of the horse, 271., to set
against the expense connected with the bullocks of
21^. 135. : or taking the second method of estimating,
we have 16^., the expense of keeping a horse, to set
against Ml. 13.?., the annual cost of two bullocks.
Tn both cases we have an advantage in employing
bullocks. Lastly, we have to consider the relative
value of the animals after they have worked a year,
or a series of years. Some fortunate men by breed-
ing young horses and keeping them till they are six
years old, may turn the usual deterioration \vhich
horse stock is subject to, to a profit. Be this as it
may, I put it to this meeting whether horses should
be considered as a deterioratiug stock, or one which
increases in value. T'or my part, I feel confident that
in a general way horse stock deteriorates, and we
know that various sums above and below 5/. per
annum have been named as representiag this annual'
loss. This is a point which I should like to hear
discussed. There is, however, no doubt about the'
growth and increase in value of an ox. I have heard
this increase in value placed at ol. or G^. per annum.
I have heard it stated to be such a sum that the ox
labour is absolutely obtained for nothing, and I
believe this to be the opinion of many clever farmers
who continue to work these animals. Bullocks may
be purchased at two years old for 14i., and after
working until six years old or four years, they may
be sold for 28^., or the annual average increase will
be 3^. 10.V. or 71- the two. Unless a similar sum can

be deducted off the expenses of keeping horses, we

have a right to deduct 71. from the expense of keeping
two oxen one year, and this would reduce the sum

already named to 14/. 13.?. or 71- 12s., according to

the estimate employed. We should in this case have

the expense of keeping one horse, 271. or 16/., and

the cost of keeping two bullocks, 14/. 13*., or 7/. 12s.,

leaving a balance in favour of the bullocks of 13/. 3s.

or 9/. 8s. I find then the followiug points of the

bullock versus horse question to be brought out

clearly :— 1st. That the quality of work done by

buUodks is equal to that of horses. (N.B. In cases

where very deep ploughing is required, this statement

may not hold f^ood.) 3d. That two bullocks are

well able to do as much work as one horse. 3d. That 1

the cost of keeping two bullocks well is considerably

less than the cost of keeping one horse well. 4th. That '

bullocks may be reckoned upon as profitable stock,

and the sale of three or four-year-old bullocks every

year will do much towards meeting that half-yearly

call to which farmers are generally liable. I have still

to mention two or three other points in connection

with this question. Bullocks are cheapest obtained by

bringing them up from calfhood. Calves can be bred,

or bougtit for 35s. each, and after having been grazed

in the ordinary way for two years, may be broke to

harness. Thus draught animals will be obtained

cheaper, and with infinitely less risk than horses.

Bullocks are valuable to the last — they work four years,

and are then sold to graziers,_ and fatten into magnifi-

,cent beef, which fetches prime price in the market.

On the other hand the horse after woi'king out his

strength is consigued to the kennels. It is true that I but I by no means see the force of them now ; and

some philanthropic individuals have of late years ' considering the question in all its bearings, I cannot

help leaning in favour of the ox for hght land, especiall;,
where the close proximity of the rock precludes thtt
possibility of deep ploughing.

Discussion.
The CiiAiEMAN said they must be all deeply indebted Jo
Mr. "Wrightson for the very able and interesting manner lii
which he had brought this subject before them. Mr. Wiight-
son had shown that two oxon could be kept for about £7 a
year less than one horse ; but the question was whether a?
much work was got out of them. It was not a subject ^f-
wbich he had any practical knowledge ; but there were gentle-
men present who bad tried both hoi'ses and oxen, and he
hoped they would favour the meeting with theix- opinion of
the relative merits of those animals.

Mr. W. Smith (Bibury) concurred in the views of Mr.
Wrightson with regard to oxen. If anything, he bad under-
rated the merits of oxen as compared with those of horses.
He had stated that two oxen were equal to one horse ; but an
opinion was held by some farmers that an ox and a-half we.¥'e
equal to one horse, and he (.Mr. Smith) himself believed that
three oxen could do as much work on light land as a pair itf
horses. There was one point in favour of oxen which Mr."
Wrightson had not touched upon. Oxen could be bought and
reared at, comparatively, little expense, and if they did npjb
want to work them, or, the weather being unfavourable, they
could not go out, they could be lying by at a triflmg cost
whereas horses could not be kept by excex^t at a gi-eat
expepse. Then tlie risks with horses were much greater
than with oxen. One fell with' the spavin, another went
broken- winded, and so on, and they were oftener knocked
down than oxen. Oxen, if worked say from two years to five,
would pay il. a-year towards their keep. The lighter they
were worked the more improvement they would make. He
did not disapprove of steam cultivatifin on strong deep land.
but his opinion was that oxen would do ploughing upon light
land cheaper than it could be done by either steam or horses.
Oxen were objected to on account of their going slowly ; bufc
he thought that if active young oxen, not more than four years
old, were sent into a field for Light ploughing, they wovild not,
if narrowly watched, compare very unfavourably with horses,
even in point of speed. True, they might not toss their
heads about and go in that gallant style in which horses did,
and they might at first sight seem to go slow, but watch them
carefully, and it would be seen that they crept over the grouud
much faster than they appeared to do. He was strongly in
favour of oxen, and he was surprised that they were uo,t
brought miich more into requisition for ploughing and other
draught purposes. His opinion was that, if they lived a few
years longer, they Vould sec a great deal of the ste.ini tackle
thrown aside, and oxen tiiking up their old position again.

The CiiAiR^MAN said Mr. ITnlbert bad tried both horses and
oxen, and perhaps he would state his opinion.
i\Ir. IIULHERT : Oxen for ever !

ilr. H. Ruck had worked oxen, and he thought much was
to be said in their favour. Mr. "Wrightson had made sonic
good remarks on the subject, and his address was well worthy
the consideration of the Club. While admitting this much,
however, he could not agree with Mr. Smith that they would
go back to oxen altogether. They would be more likely tu
progress to steam. It might be that land could bo ploughed
as cheaply by oxen, but then there was the after work. Land
cultivated by steam requu-ed a less number of labourers fur
the after work.

Mr. C. HoBBS thought that oxen could do ploughing

cheaper than horses. Whether steam coiilddoit cheaper than

either remained to be proved.

The Chaikman said the opinion of the meeting seemed to bo

, . , 4. f 4--I - i- 4. - „. „H. ' iu favour of oxen for plouijhing— after steam, he supposed.

war at the commencement of uhe present century a great , ^^ ^3^^^ ^1^^,.^ j^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ "steam-man " present. He was

inducement for farmers to mcrease this stock? while | never more gratified than when seeing, on Saturday, Messrs.

beef at od. or 5^ r?. per lb. was no great attraction towards | Slatter and Porter's steam-plough at work. AVhat with the

keeping horned stock. The following balance sheet, ! smoke and the noise of the machinery, be seemed to have got

which T have taken from Stone's "Agricultural ! into a manufacturing district. The pace at which it went was

Survey," published in 1800 will show the relative ; g^fiJ^^Sh i^L^"^^: '^^^ "^^^^ '''' ^' ^'^^''

value of the two annuals at that time, first at three j ^j^ g^^^.^.^ . ^^^^ ^^^^ j j^^^ ^ steam-plough to plough a fo^v

acres on my farm. It began a field, and had to leave it
because it could not get on. vVfter the steam tackle was taken

attempted to call attention to the excellence of horse
beef, but I cannot help thinking that by working a
larger number of oxen, a large increase in animal food
might be obtained, without outraging our present pre-
judices against that other kind of animal food. Another
'important point connected _ with working bullocks to
winch I would invite discussion, is the amount to which
work influences the growth of oxen. I have been often
assured, and to a certain extent believe, that when lightly
worked they grow quicker than when idle. AVork is said
to " rax them out/' and I see no reason why a moderate
amount of work should not increase both bone and
muscle. If this could be proved, gentlemen, then it
would be evident that to keep bullocks idle is prejudi-
cial to the animals, and the case of the bullock worker
over the horse worker would to my mind be as clear
as the day. I have still another reason why in this
and other districts similarly situated, a proportion of
the tillage should be done by bullocks. This is a sheep
district, as well as a corn growing one, and consequently
straw is apt to accumulate. Bullocks eat and tread
down a great quantity of_ straw, and hence are useful
in a neighbourhood in which there is a superabundance
of that article. Horses not only consume less straw,
but the manure which they make is of a dry and
heating character, and not nearly so ^ood as that made
by bullocks. Lastly, bullocks require less attention
and less costly accommodation than horses. All kinds
of bullocks may be worked. The best for draught are
the Devons, next the Herefords, but the Short-horns
will also do very well. AVhy, then, gentlemen, do we
find that bullocks have been given up throughout the
country ? How is it that almost every man who writes
on the subject at once condemns the ox-team as anti-
quated, as an indication of medieeval agriculture, as a
sure sign of stupid labourers, and a symptom of
farmers the reverse of go-a-head ? The statement that
oxen are slow seems to most men a suificient answer to
the numerous arguments that can be adduced in their
favour, and yet I think the difference in speed between
horses and oxen is measurable, and we find in practice
that two oxen can be made to do the work of one horse.
Whether bullocks or horses are really the mo^t
economical animals of draught, is still a diflicult
question ; but I firmly believe that the present gene-
ration of British farmers cannot be said to have given
up working oxen because they really have found the
horse to be a better servant. The great bulk of them
have never worked or seen anything worked but horses,
and therefore they cannot be quoted as showing by
practical demonstration that bullocks are inferior to
horses. Their fathers, not they, made the change, and
if ever bullock labour again becomes general it will
have to force its way as a new idea rather than as a
revived old one. It is quite possible, although I do
not say it is the case, that our fathers may have been
right in changing from bullocks to horses, and that our
sons may be justified in going back again to bullocks.
Was not the demand for horses during the long French

Dr. BiUhcks.

Eighteen oxen at 12/

Extra manual labour ..

Cr. JJtUlocks.
Eighteen oxen sold at 18/.
Balance ..

Ill 10

0

£3?! 10

0

£346 10
25 0

0
0

£371 10

0

£216 0
120 0

0
0

£330 0

0

£324 0
12 0

0
0

away, my oxen went and did the work.

Mr. Little said the great f.ault in workini? oxen was that
they were not fed high enough. If they had food in propor-
tion to hor.'ies, three oxen would easily plough a.s much as a
pair of hor.ses. Consequently, oxen had an advantage over
hoi'SOs.

Professor Wrightson, in reply, said he had listened witJl
interest to the remarks that had been made. In making his
estimates, he purposely put the oxen at a moderate figure,
allowing two oxen to a horse, although he considered that one
. and a halt oxen would be able to do the work of one horpe.
The figures he had quoted must only be looked upon a^
approximative ; he had, however, endeavoured to keep them
as much within the ordinary practice as possible.

A vote of thanks having been passed to Professor Wrightson,
on the motion of the Chairman, the meeting separated.
— Wilts and Gloucester Standard.

£336 0 p
The above is only useful as showing the relative value
of horses aud bullocks in the .year 1800. The annual
cost of maintenance is considered the same in both
cases, that is, that 18 bullocks may be kept at the same
co.st as 12 horses. I cannot help thinkin.:; that if this
Club had to draw up a similar balance sheet to-day
the profit would appear on the oxen rather than on
the horse side. Since Mr. Stone has brought together
more arguments against o.Ken than any other writer
I have met with, I will mention them to you in
his own order : — 1st, the o.\ is slow. 2nd, o,^ labour
demands more manual labour. This depends on the
way they are worked; if in double harness one
man will work two in the morning and two in
the afternoon. Tf four are worked in the plough,
then an extra lad to drive will be required. 3rd,
that the bullock eats so much more in quantity than
the horse that, in spite of his provender being
coarse, he costs the farmer as much as a horse. 4th,
that horses are not so expensive to keep as many
people make out, as they can be frequently kept
without corn. 5th, that the breeding aud rearing of
horses is much more profitable. This no doubt was
the case then, but I think times have changed,
fith, that upon the conclusion of the present unfor-
tunate war (1801)), from the enormous destruction of
horses which it has occasioned upon the Continent, the
demand for that animal is likely to increase to a
greater extent than at any other period. These argu-
ments are satisfactory to my mind when viewed in
connection with the times for which they were written

Reports of the Agrieultnral Exhihifions at Vienna and
Aarhus (Denmark). By John Wilson, F.E.S.B., &0.
Presented to both Houses of Parliament. 1867.
From this small blue book we have already made sonje
extracts which indicate its character, and our readers,
especially those in dairy districts, have already learned
tb at it is well worth their careful study. And
though there is here a collection of information
useful to all classes of agricultural readers— it is more
especially in its account of the dairy farms of
Denmark that its utility to English farmers is apparent.
To this therefore and to the account of the educational
institutions of Austria, we especially direct attention.
Dr. Lyon i'layfair, in a recently published letter on
our growing deficiences as a manufacturing nation,
attributes the relative advance of other countries
mainly to the perfect organisation and efficiency of
their means of technical and professional education,
aud he gives a high place to Austria in this parti-
cular. From Professor Wilson's account of Austrian
agricultural schools we have already published extracts
in these columns. It will suffice if now, on the eve of
our great annual agricultural meetings, we ask him to
tell our readers the points of difference between the
Austrian management of such meetings and our own,
in which, in his opinion, we ought to copy them. He
says of the Austrian show at Vienna : —

"' There were one or two points of difference which,
I think, we may glean from them and engraft with
advantage on our own. The one has reference to the
issue of tickets of admission for the whole period of the

June 1, 1867.J

THE GARDENEES' OITRONICLE AND AGRTOUI/rUlUL GAZETTE.

587

meeting ; the other to the mode of distribution of the

" Many persons are willing to purchiwo the ri«ht of
free entry at a cost fur higher than thoy would be
disnnseil to incur were they to be called upon to pay
eaoli time they wished for admission. It is a privilcRc
that they are willing to pay for ; and the oftener thoy
exorcise it the hotter, as thoy not only increase the
number of visitors, l)ut frequontly act as inducenionts
to others to enter, who would not have done so without
some such determining agency.

" The arrangements for, and tho distribution of, the
prizes in tho cattle classes were very eli'cctive, and
together formed a very interesting and attraclrivq cere-
monial. The prizes were awarded by tho juries in the
usual manner, and the awards were ailixed on tho
stalls at the head of the animals thus selected. Those
notices gave those interested in the matter good oppor-
tunities of inspection and inquiry on any ))oints they
wished. On tho last d.ay of their exhibition, tlie jirize
animals,— horses and cattle,— were led from their stalls
up to the tribune, where the, prize itself, whether in
money or medals, was handed to the owner or his
representative : the different classes of animals suc-
ceeding eacli other until all wore satisfied.

" On tho present occasion, the whole proceedings
were not only interesting but extremely picturesque.
Tho Hungarian and Solavonian grooms and herdsmen,
in their gay and striking costumes, followed by the
dairymaids '»( Salzlnirg and tho Tyrol, in their quaint
and^beautiful national attire, each dressed « )•(</«<■«(•,
and each leading a favourite animal, produced a very
striking pictorial effect, which was well sot oQ by the
serried background of eager spectators, who sur-
rounded the ring in front of the .tribune, where the
owners of the animals received the prizes awarded. It
was the intention of the Emperor to have been present
and have distributed the prizes himself. Circum-
stances, however, required his presence elsewhere, and
the Archduke Karl Ludmg acted as his representative,
being attended on the tribune by the .jurors, the com-
mittee, and the leading members of the Imperial
Agricultural Society.

"Although to one accustomed to the advanced
farming of this country the exhibition presented no
marked novelties or improvements, either in the pro-
cesses of tillage or the practices of breeding, still ho
could not but luark with satisfaction the estimation in
whii'li a^-riiiilture is held in Austria by the highest in
the liiud, and be gratified by the encouragement that
is given to it by the State, not only as regards its
practical development, hut also as regards the incul-
cation and difi'usion of the principles upon which a
sound and successful practice can alone be based."

tion this season; we fod 115 shearling wethers, and
about a like number of ewes in the yards, upon Ivohl
llabi, Manuels, Linseed, and Cotton Mcd cakes ami
I'eas. The sheep were healthy and fed rapidly, the
former weighing when wo clipped them last
month 11 stone per sheep ; but they went to
bad markets, making only about M- per lb., and
realising very little over 5(1.?. por head. They clipped
from U to 12 lb. of wool each, which is now at market,
and likely to sell as biidly as tho mutton. In addition
to llicso wo winl-ered 1 10 iu-lamli oW(!s, and 150 hoggotts
in the y.ards. Tho ewes have lainlied well, only two
having died during the lambing time. Last .year we
pursued a similar plan with our ewes, and both they
and their lambs were unusually healthy. We finished
lambing in April, 18GG, with 15J lambs, and 150 of
these are alive to-day. AVo beliovo in this country
there is no system of sheep-breeding so healthy and
profitable as keeping them in yards from December
until they lamb.

VVe make most of our manure with slieoj) and horses,
but tills winter grazed lo Scots, which wore biuiglit in
October at 171. G.?., and liave just been sold at '17f. each.
During the last three weeks we have had most unusual
weather; first, we had tho temperature of July, the
thermometer marking over 80 ', and then in a few days
at the same hour it registered only 42° : a few days ago
it was again warmer, to-day we have the cold of mid-
winter, with rain and N.E. wind, and IT the tempera-
ture. We hope soon to have more settled weather,
and a more uniform temperature. A. S. S.

Farm Memoranda.

Chatterts, Isle of Ely, Cambs.— The weather
during the last few weeks has been extremely variable,
with a tcndeijey to downfall. We have hitherto had
but very few fine dry days in succession, hence spring
tillages have been worked with great difficulty, and
ofttimes very disadvantageously. On our stronger
soils we have felt this partici;larly to be the case. Last
summer and autumn were so W'ot, that we wore unable
to steam cultivate a single acre. We conveyed our
tackle to the field during a wet day in harvest, hoping
in a very few days to be able to start it, but rain, inces-
cant rain, frustrated all our plans ; and after iho appa-
ratus had stood there for weeks, we felt the ease to be
hopeless and ashamed and tired of seeing it stand
about idle so long, wo at length returned it to the
shelter whence it came, not having attempted its use
at all. This spring we managed to steal suflicieut fine
days to cultivate 2i acres twice over, and 27 once over
for Barley. These, after great patience, and with some
difficulty, we managed to get sown, and are thankful
to be able to report favourably of the appearance of
the crop at the present moment ; it certahily looks far
bettor than we could have anticipated, considering how
unkindly the land worked. It is quite clear to us
that for steam cultivation to bo employed to the
greatest advantage, we must have fine weather and dry
land. But the weather which has been so inauspicious
for our steam cultivating lands, has just suited our
gravelly fen soils, and we never saw our Wheats on
these more vigorous and promising. These light fen
lands like an abundance of rain and the showers
frequent. We have suffered a little from slugs on our
black fen lands where full of clay, and sown with
Wheat after Clover, and have had to dibble some more
seed in early in the spring. It is a very rare occur-
rence that we sufl'er on these soils from slugs. The
severe snoTV storms and hard frosts which continued
learly to the end of March retarded our Oat seeding,
anil made us nearly a fortnight later than we other-
wise should have been in completing this work. We
have put every acre both of Oats and Uarley in
with the liquid or dry manure drill (chiefiy the
former) and Lawes' manure. With the exception of a
few patches injured by wirew-orm, tho Oat crop is
looking extremely well, and should the remainder of
the summer he suitable we may fairly expect a full
crop. Beans, too, are strong and healthy, and grow
rapidly. We are now busy giving them their last
hoeing. We have sown 10 acres of Mangels, but they
are not coming very well, and indeed comjilaints are
very numerous, and several persons are re-sowing. We
have also put in 52 acres of Kohl Rabi, which has
generally planted very well, and will afford abundance
of plants for filling up any vacancies there may bo in
the Mangels. The pastures are unusually good this
spring, full of Grass, and stock appear to bo thriving
well. Clovers and seeds generally are very fine, and
where stocked take a deal of eating and keeping down,
and where intended for mowing promise an abund-
ance, and some of them will very soon be fit to cut.
The winter grazing of sheep has been a poor specula-

Miscenaneous.

Bo'jal Agriculliiral Benevolent Insiilution. — On
Wednesday last the seventh anniversary festival of this
institution took phoe at the Salisbury Hotel and
Farmers' Club, Salisbury Square, Lieutenant-Colonel
Loyd Lindsay, M.P., in tho chair. The Chairman, in
proposing the toast of the evening, said the institution
had flourished and was continuing to flourish. It
commenced in 18G0, and from that date had risen into
very groat prosperity. Its income was large and its
funded property was still larger, and he felt that their
council had exercised a wise discretion in their mode
of deaUng with the funds entrusted to them. 16,000/.
had been invested in government securities. He
believed the income of the institution was now between
5,000/. and G.OOO. Although at first sight that might
seein to be a large income, yet when they considered the
enormous amount of property in this country, and the
multitude of claims upon the bounty of this institution,
they must admit that it was, comparatively speaking,
but a small income. They must by no means relax in
their efforts. The institution commenced under the
most favourable auspices. If the Prince Consort had
lived he would have been one of its most zealous sup-
porters. His son, the Prince of Wales, must be enlisted
in the cause. The institution was gradually enlarging
the sphere of its usefulness. In various counties in
England many gentlemen were active supporters of the
institution ; but; in many other counties that \yas not
the case, and perhaps even tho name of the institution
was not known there. He hoped the institution would
penetrate these counties. He hoped the friends of the
institution would importune their neighbours until
they became supporters of it. Mr. Charles Shaw, the
secretary, read a list of subscriptions, amounting to
upwards of 4,000/.

Cultivation ofSops.—Vtotessor John Wilson, in his
report on tho agricultural exhibition held at Vienna
last year, mentions that, along with the samples of
Hungarian Hops was shown a plan of the method of
cultivation carried out at Bellye, adapted for all other
districts where wood suitable for Hop-poles is scarce.
Wooden pegs or short stakes are driven into the
ground, at such distances apart as it is intended to
plant the Vines ; and at longer distances— usually
about 20 to 25 yards— light poles are erected, with a
height of from 12 to 15 feet above the surface, so that
there are parallel lines all over the ground of short
stakes or pegs placed at certain distances, and project-
ing about 8 to 12 inches in height, while parallel rows
of poles, from 12 to 15 feet high, cross these at right
angles, and at from 20 to 25 yards distance apart, A
stout wire is stretched horizontally from pole to polo
all over the ground, while vertical wires or light rope,
made of any suitable material, are attached to the pegs
and carried up and fastened to the horizontal wires,
thus offering a steady support to the Hop Vine during
the period of growth. At harvest time the ropes are
detached and carried to the picking stage with the
Vines, and the field cleared for the usual tillage opera-
tions without the trouble and expense of shifting,
stacking, and resetting tho poles. This plan has been
carried out during several seasons at Bellye, and has
been introduced into Wurtemburg, Baden, Bavaria,
and other hop-producing countries, with satisfactory
results.

Notices to Correspondents.

Failint. Barley and Oat Crops: Farmer. The failure arises
.app-irently not only from wire-worm, but from a starved
condition of the plants. They ought to have been more
forw.ird in their growth by this time : possibly the soil is in
poor condition.

White Clover : J ComUrtt Seedsman, has forwarded us a
sample of White Clover seed, which, he says, " after several
trials onl.v grows 70 per cent., which is much too small a
percent!i«:'e for such a freshdooking, well-matured4ooking
seed." Now, as we are asked to account for this, we take
the percentage as stated by our correspondent to be correct,
and should say that much, if not all, of the 30 per cent, of
non-germinating seed c;in be accounted for — 1. By bright-
coloured but .small and immature examples ; 2. By darlj,
probably over-ripened and over-exposed, seeds ; and, 3. By
weavil-eaten specimens. The sample is brighter-looking
thao usual, as it is rcm.arkably free from weed seeds. It
may be that the darker seeds are older than the rest of the
aample. J £.

TJiOWLKK'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and

1. CULTIVATOR may be SEKN at WOKK In oiory Aj{rlcultiiral

C'tnatv Ui IOiikIiiikL

I'ur iiiuCK'iiliiiH apply to John Fowleb & ("o., 71, Cofiihlll, London,
ICC. ; uud iStuaui Plough Works, Leods.

/lOTTAM'S PATENT POllTABLE^UNlfEiU

\J cow FITTINOS.

'lii.n :iiiv uit > .1(1^— rort;iO;Iity, not Fixtures, removable ^

pleasure, no Wnorhvork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
vermin, Ilav Rack Olspen.sed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Ti-oughs, Water CiBtom, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and Impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of Fitting,, por Cow. fi.'is.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Wiusloy Street
(opposite the P.antheon), Oxford Street, London, W., wliore the
above are BXhit,itert, together with several Important Improvements
iu .'^tali'-i Fittings just secured by Patent.

tfiOK the llES^T^jKiUIl) MANURE CABX,
IlrtPr.UVED ROLLER and CLOD CUUSHBB,

Apuly to I. .J.\5IKS, Tivoli W

w.

S. liUULTON'S 36-saUon fciWiNG WATJfiK

BARROW. Price 458.
Carriiige paid to any Station in England.

The above is very cheap and invaluable for carrying Liquids of all
kinds. No Garden. Farm, Stable, or Kitchun Yard should be with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Carnage at a small
additiooal cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travel
long distances over rough ground a Pony cm bo attached. The
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowing, out of many Testimonials, have been recBived :—

From Lord Otuo FixzoEaAi.D, West Fark, Salvibury.

" Sir,— You are welcome to make use of my let,ter recomraonding
your Water Barrow. I find it of great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and mure serviceable than one I had m-^de in the neigh-
bourhood, the carriage alone of which, without tht; barrel, cost ma
£3 lOs. I unfortunately qraered it before 1 saw your adverLisemeat.
—I am. yours obediently, " O. Fitzokrald.'

"To Air. W. S. BouLTON.'

From Tuos. Ingle, Esq., 31. D., Emsworth, na7tts, June 24, 1866.

" Sm.— The Swing Water Barrow is in every respect a most admir-
able improvement on all I have hitherto used m my Gardens. All
parties who have seen it, Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
bestoweii upon it their unqiialifled approval, and several said they
would order them of vou.— Yours truly, "Thos. Inolb, M.D.

"To Mr. W. S. BoDLTON."

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

1-1 T. A K G H E K ' S " F R 1 G I U 0 M 0."
J • Patronised by Her Majesty The Queen, the Duke of North-
umberlan.1 for Syon House, flis Gnice the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
Sir J oseph Paxton for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological Society. &c.
PROTF.CTION from the SCORCHING RAYS of tho SUN.

"FRIGl DOMO," a Canvas made of Patent prepared Hatr and
Wool a perfect Non-conductor of Heat ana Cold, keening, wherever
it IS applied, a fixed temperature. It is adapted for all Horticultural
and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and Flowers from
the Scorching Rays of the Sun, from Wind, from Attacks of Insects,
and from Morning Frosts. To be bad in any required lengths.

Two yards wide la. 9rf. per yard run.

Four yards ivide 3j{. 6d. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide , . Is. 'Jd. per yard.

An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s. 8d. per yaid run. Also
"FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, 2 yards wide, Is. 6d. per yard run.

Elisra Thomas Arcreb. Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7. Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C, and of all Nurscri-men and
Seed-sraen throughout tho Kingdom.

" It is much cheaper th.in Mats aa a coverin,:."

"^FSigate yourGreennouse wltH

TOBACCO 1 1 t) t) U ^±i.

-This article is acknowledged by all parties who "^Tf Vi« fr™
bo the best remedy lor Destroying lost-ct Life ; is entirely free from
piper or rag, and will burn without the assistance olblowmg.
^ liice 3s. 6d. per lb., carriagefree To t^« J^'' «f ^"^",,5°S^Yll
& Sons, Tobacco Manuf.icturerB, 112, St. John Street. Cleikenweu,
E.C, and of all Seedsmenaud Nurser>men.

588

THE GARDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[June 1, 1867.

GEEEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOE,

OR

NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, and COLLECTING MACHINES.

HEK MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN

ON TWENTY-NINE DIFFERENT OCCASIONS.

H.E.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES.

PATRONIZED BY

THE KING OF THE BELGIANS.
THE EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH.
THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.
AND MOST OF THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, in introducing their PATENT LAWN MOWERS for the present season, beg to state that they hare no Novelties to report. The fact is,
that after the severe tests their Machines have been subjected to since they added their latest improvements, they have been found to meet all the requirements for which they
are intended, viz. : — the keeping of Lawns in the highest state of perfection.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease than any other Lavra Mower extant ; and in proof of their
superiority, 39,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

THEY ABE THE ONLT MACHINES IN CONSTANT USE AT

THE ROTAL HORTICULTtJRAI, SOCIETY'S GARDENS, SOUTH KENSINGTON

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK

THE CRYSTAi PALACE COMPANY'S GARDENS, SYDENHAM

BUCKINGHAM PAiACE GARDENS

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE

THE HYDE PARK GARDENS

THE WINTER PALACE GARDENS, DUBLIN

THE DUBLIN BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LIVERPOOL BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LEEDS ROYAL PARK

THE HULL BOTANIC GARDENS
THE BOTANIC GARDENS, BRUSSELS
THE SUNDERLAND PARK
THE PRESTON PARK

AND IN MOST OP THE PRINCIPAL PARKS, SQUARES, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

GREEN'S

PATENT

LAWN MOWERS

have proved to be the best, and
carried off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of com-
petition.

T. GREEN & SON

warrant every Machine to give
entire satisfaction, and if not
approved of can be returned
uncon dition ally .

PEICES of HORSE, I'ONY, and UUNIvEY MACHINES, including Patent Self-delivery Box; Cross Stay complete; suitable for attaching to

ordinary Chain Traces or Gig Harness.

PONY AND DONKEY MACHINES.

To Cut 26 inches
,. 28 „ ..
., 30 „ ..

£13 0 0
. r « Q ( Leather Boots for Bonkey^ 18s.

17 0 0

Leather Boots for Pony, 22,

To Cut 30 inches
„ 36 „ ..
„ 42 „ .,
„ 48 „ .,

HORSE MACHINES.

£21

24

27 0

30 0

0 0'\

0 of

Leather Boots for Sorse, 26s.

Both the Horse, Pony, Donkey, and Hand Machines possess (over all other Makers) the advantage of Self-sharpening. The cutters being steel on each side, when they
become dull or blunt by running one w.ay round the cylinder, can be reversed again and again, bringing the opposite edge of the cutter against the bottom blade, when the
Machine will cut equal to new. Arrangements are made that the cylinder can be reversed, by any inexperienced person, in two or three minutes.

HAND MACHINES.

To Cut 10 inches
„ 12 „
,. W ,,
„ 16 „

. £3 10 0 Suitable for a Lady

4 10 0

5 10 0 Suitable for One Person

6 10 0

To Cut 18 inches .. £7 10 0 Suitable for One Person

20 „

,.800 Suitable for Two Persons

22 „

.. 8 10 0 „ „

24 „

..900

Packing Cases are charged at the following low rates, viz. :— for the 10 and 12-inch Machine, 3s. ; 14 and 16-inch, 4s. ; 18 and 20-inch, 5s. ; 22 and 24-inch, Qs. Parties
providing themselves with Lawn Mowers are recommended to purchase the cases in which to stow them away, when not in use, to prevent them from getting damaged; if
returned, two-thirds will be allowed for them.

The above MACHINES are made from the best materials, and of superior workmanship ; are delivered Carriage Free to all the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Ports

in England.

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of, can be returned unconditionally.
T. G. AND SON have to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this season has been unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which they
are held. The 3000 Machines they had in stock at the commencement of the season are now materially reduced , still with their present facilities they are prepared to
execute Orders on the day they are received.

Saving taken ve^-y extensive Premises in London^ we are in a position to do all kinds of Repairs therey as well as at our Leeds Establishment,

THOMAS GREEN and SON, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS;

and 64 and 56, BLACKFKIAES BOAD, LONDON, S.

June 1, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

589

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

PATENT LAWN MOWING and ROLLING MACHINES.

EVERY MACHINE WARRANTED.

TO BE OBTAINED OP

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS, BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE: 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANt^ E.G.
.nUNTS- Mpssrs TANGYE BROTHERS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London BridKo; Messrs DRAY,
TloTLnTO.! London Bridge ; Mr THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, I'leot Street, E.C. ; and M respeetable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the lungdom.

TAYLOR

JOHN WARNEE & SONS,

BRASS & BELL FOUNDERS

TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDEAIJLIC ENGINEERS,

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.

No. 3r..

35.

WARNERS' PATENT CAST-IRON

LIFT

PUMPS.

01

incln'S ili:iiiii>ter

,£1

8

6

3

M n

o

I

0

o\

)i »»

2

(5

0

4

)» n

■ • <

2

14

0

J. W. AND SONS' GOODS MAY BE OBTAINEO OP THE TRADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES:

SHOBT-BAPwKEL DITTO,

FOR SINKS, PLANT ROUSES, &c.
No. 37.— 2.^ ins. diameter ..£110
Ditto, with 15 feet of Ij-in. lead Suction
Pipe attached, £2.

WARNERS' (No. 568i) AMERICAN
GARDEN ENGINE,

OR FIRE ANNIHILATOR,

Is complete in itself, or can be used to
draw from a Pond or Tank, price £2 2s.

6 ft. Suction Pipe and Rose, extra, 12s.

No. 42. WARNERS' PORTABLE PUMPS,

With Imprnvfd Valves for Liquid Manure . . . . £2 15 0

2-in. FlexibU- i:iil>'"i- Si.clinn Pine, in 10, 12. and 15 ft. Icni^th^. per foot, 2s. 5rf.

"WARNERS' AaUAJECT.

Useful for every variety of purpose, in Watering
or Washing Flowers or Trees in Gardens, Conser-
vatories, &c. ; also for Washing Carnages or
Windows, Laying Dust, &c.

Price, complete £1 10 0

Small Size for the hand, as an ordinary Syringe, 18s.

WARNERS' (JSo. 647 b) GARDEN ENGINE.

HOLDS SIX GALLONS.

Is light, portable, and easily worked by a lady or child, price £2 IDs.

Letter to The Times, July 23, 1866.

FROM EARL ESSEX.

A Real Eire Extinguisher,

To the Editor o/" The Times."

ti gjK I feel sure you will kindly allot a small space in tbe TiTiwt to these few lines, as tba

best medium through which I would urge every householder who dreads fire to have on each
floor of hie house cue or more small Garden or other Engines on wheels, always charged and in
good order, in case of fire. , . , t-u

"Last night, just as 1 was going to bed, I was startled by that most fearful of all cnes. Fire,
fire'' 1 soon 'learned that a (ire was ragmg In a large two-windowed unoccupied bedroom.
How caused is to ua all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small Engines
on each floor. In two minutes I was in the room with one of them. It was like a furnace.
The curtains, shutters, casements, and cornices of both windows were burning and crackmg
from floor to ceiling. I was quite alone at the moment, yet before assistance arrited (moat
of tbe servants having gone to bed), I had completely subdued the Qre of one window without
exhausting the Engine, and when assistance and more water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other So flerce waa the flre that the lead of the casements was melted, and the casotnenta
themselves were burnt off their hinges. I will only a4a, that by God's mercy, the house was
saved by this small Engine. Had it not been at hand and In order, moat assuredly Cassiobury
would be now a heap of ruins.— Yours faithflilly, " ESSEX.

"Cassiobury, Watford, July 20. .^ ^

"The Engine, even when full, nins so light on tho floor, that any woman might draw It,
and also work it."

WARNERS' GARDEN ENGINES,

WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.
Tliese Engines are much improved in construction, are less likely to
get out of order, and more easily repaired tlian others.

No. 547. Best ENGINES, in Wood Tubs.
24 Gallons .. £6 10 0 | 14 Gallons .. £5 10 0

No. 547a. Strong ENGINES, in Galranized Iron Tubs, well

painted inside and out.

10 Gallons . . £2 19 0 | 24 Gallons . . £4 19 0

16 Gallons . . 3 14 0 28 Gallons . . 5 10 0

579|. WARNERS' WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time in Watering with the Water Pot.
Made of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out.

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 13 inches high
„ 30 „ „ 20

„ 38 „ „ 24

„ 60« „ „ 24

£2 2 0

2 13 0

3 17 0
6 12 0

i47a, ui Iron Tub.

* Tbis is an extra strong article, with cross handle tor two men, suitable for
Nursei'y Orounds, &c.

No. 579}.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &c.

1^^ Estimates for any description of Hydraulic Machinery forwarded on application.

390

THE 6AEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 1, iseZj

WELLS'S PORTABLE GROUND VINERY, for
Growing and Ripening Grapes without Artificiftl Seat.
Awarded a Silver Medal at the International Exposition of
Horticulture, held at Nice, April, 1S6G.

Drawings and Instructions can be had of the Patentee,
Steam Works 24, Bouvorie Street, London, E.G.
Agents:— B, J. Edwards, 26, Bishopsgate Street Within, E.G.
J. K, Tanton, Epsom, Surrey.
Druramond Brothers, 52, George Street, Edinburgh.

USflN^S ARTtFICTAL STONE, In\'ented 1826.

The entire Stock of this Manufactory comprises
180 difleront MODELS of VASES.
70 different MODELS ot TAZZAS.
About 200 different FOUNTAINS.
74 STATUES from the Antique, and by Modern Artists, and

SMALL FIGUllESof GHILDREN.
22 SUN-DIAL PEDESTALS.
GARDEN SEATS.

15 BASKETS, from 12s. to Seven Guineas.
SHELLS, suitable either for WATER or ROCK PLANTS,

from IS inches to 12 feet diameter.
JARDlNlSlRES, or large BOWLS for MASSESof FLOWERS.
53 FIGURES of ANIMALS and BIRDS.
ORNAMENTAL RIMS to WATER BASINS.
34 BAPTISMAL FONTS.

CRESTS and other ORNAMENTS for GATE PIERS.
BALUSTRADING, in various styles.
TRIPOD, and other ANTIQUE PEDESTALS.
Manufactured by Austin, Seelev, & Co., at Nos, 369 to 375, Euston
Road, Regent's Park. N.W.

GAUDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great
variety of patterns and material, the plainer sorts being
especially smted for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no iXu-ther labour
and espen.se, as rlo "grown" Edgings, conse-
ouently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., in
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. &, G. RosBER, Manufacturrrs, Upper Ground
Street, Biackfhars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLEys PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAYING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls. CoiTiaors, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walts of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great dui-abiiity, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, P^ed and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Ceinents, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosher, at their Premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality)^ fit the above
addresses— 148. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Eitshel ;' 2s. per Ton- oxLra
for delivery within three miles, and to any Loudon Kaihvav or Wtiarf.
Quantities of 4 Tons Is. per Tou less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURKS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. & G. KusHEii. — Addresses see above.

N B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

Bee Hives. ~ "~

PmzK Medal and HoNOoaAbLE Mention Awatided to Gnoitos
Neioubodr & Sons, for Ble Hives and Honey at the tariods
Exhibitions.

NE TGHBOUR'S
IMPROVED COTTAGE
BEE HIVE, as originally
mtroduced by George Neigu-
noDR & Sons, wi^h all the
recent improvements, working
three bell-glasses ; is neatly
and strongly made of stniw ;
it has three Windows in thi;
lower Hive, with a Thernm-
meter affixed to the centre
one. This H've will be found
to possess many practical
advantnges, and is more ettsy
of management than any
other Bee Hiv© that has been
introduced.

Price complete ..jEl 15 0
Stand for ditto . . 0 10 6

THE LIGURIAN or
IT^VLIAN ALP BEE being
much iu repute at the present
time, we are in a position to
supply Stocks of the pure race
carefully packed in Woodbury B.ir-Frame Hives, so as to travel with
comparatively no risk of damage.

ENGLISH BEES. — Stocks and Swarms may be obtained as
heretofore.

A newly-arranged CATALOGUE of other Improved Hives, with
Drawings and Prices, sent on receipt of two stamps.

Address, Geo. Nkigubour & Sons, 12", High Holborn, W.C. ; or
149, Regent Street, London, W.

Agents :— Livei-ponl : Jiimea Cuthbert, 12, Clayton Square. Man-
chester : J. Wilson, 60, King Sbreet. Birmiugham : J. H. Gottrell,
15, Bull Ring. Dublin : Edmundson Brothers, 10, Dame Street.
Glasgow : Austin & McAsIan, 10. Buchanan Street. ,

MOULE'S PATENT EARTH CLOSETS.

PERFECT SIIBSTIT0TE FOR VATER CLOSETS.
NO UNWHOLESOME CESSPOOLS.
NO BAD SMELLS.

INVALUABLE IN HOSPITALS, GAOLS, UNIONS,
MILLS, ETC.

I NO "WATER PIPES TO GET OUT OF ORDER.

THE BEST NIGHT COMMODES.

MAT BE APPLIED TO ANY EXISTING CLOSET.

EARTH RECOMMENDED BY THE PRIVT COUNCIL
I IN THEIR " CHOLERA " CIRCULAR.

A VALUABLE MANURE SAVED.

MOULE'S PATENT EARTH CLOSET COMPANY, LIMITED,

29, BEDFORD STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.
Manager, MR. T. M. EVANS.

HORTICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS.

PiEAD'S

NEW PATENT HYDRAULIC SUCTION PUMP.

This PUMP is highly approved by the Nobility, Gentry, and by the principal Horticulturists, &c., tlu-oughout
the Kingdom; also by Shirley Hibberd, Esq., F.K.H.S., the late Professor Llndley, and many others connected
with Horticulture, kb.

K. READ has also a lai-ge assortment of GARDEN ENGINES, MACHINES, and STRINGES, upon the most
approved principle.

MANUFACTURED BY THE PATENTEE,

mCHAKD READ, 35, REGENT CIRCUS, LONDON, W.

Descriptions sent Fast Free.

GUMMING & EDMONDS,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

LILLIE BRIDGE, RICHMOND ROAD, FULHAM, LONDON, S.W.

C. & E. BEG TO DRAW ATTENTIOJf TO THEIR SUPERIOR ARRANGEMENT AND

DESIGNS FOR HOtHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES, &c.,

And to the groat facilities which they p6ssess for the construction of this class of work at a CHEAP EATE,
by the use of PUWEKFUL and SUITABLE STEAM MACHINERY, and from the advantage they possess of
then* Premises being situate on the AVest London Railway, in connection with nearly all the Railways in the Kingdom.

Gentlemen desirous of consulting C. & E. ^vith respect to the erection of New Hothouses, or any alterations to
their present Hothouses, will find their communications most promptly attended to.

Prices on application of C. and E.'S PATENT TUBULAR ARCHED SADDLE BOILERS. Acknowledged
by gardeners of experience to be the best invented.

Flam, Spccificatiohs^ Bttimates, afid Surveys^ made free of all expense.

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON'S RICK CLOTHS.

IRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal
Agncultural Society).
SHEEP, 3s. 5d. i CATTLE. 4«. 2d. ; OX, 6r. lid.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St. Pancrasii-on Work Company, Old St.PancrasRnad, London, N.W.

THK IMPROVKD TANNEb LEATHER DRIVING
STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS.

without lap or crcs.s joints— superior to alt otheis lor Portable
Engines. Prime STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

Piico Lists SBUt free by pust.
Thk Tanneo LE.iTHKii Company, Tanners. Curriers, &c., Artnit
Works, Greenfield, ne:ir Manchester ; \Viveb&u<,e, Si, Mark Lane,
London, E.G. ^_^_ -^^^^ ^'- FtauAitEE, Agent,

Caution to Gardeners.— When you asiifor

SAYNOH AND (JUOKE'S N\AUKA.NTKiJ PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get tbem.
Observe the mark Savkor, also the corporate mark Obtaik
VVahbanteu. without which none are Eteuuine.

S. i C. recTct having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to bo made to them of Knives which were not ol
their make, all of wbloh are warranted both by Sellers and Makers,
S. It C.'e Pruiiini; ^.m! iiudding Knives aie the Debt iiiiU t
cheapest in the market.

Paxton WorkSi SheflBeld. Established upwards of 125 yeara.

RICE CLOTHS, Kevir and Second-hand, with
Poles, &c., complete.

MARQUEES and TENTS, for Croquet, Cricket,
^ ^ and Archery.

-^' TEMPORARY ROOMS on EIRE for Balls,
' ™ Dinners, Panics, &c.

^)f^^

^^^>^' An Illustrated Catalogue post free on application.

■^^.^■B^S^'^^

Be particular to Address, BENJAMIN" EDGINGTON (in full),

(Tent and Rick Cloth. Maker hy special appointment to the Queen and Prince of Wales,)

2, DUKE STREET, foot of LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

Mo other Establishment.

TERRA GOTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANUFACTUKED BY

HENEY DOULTON & CO.,

. No. 1.

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDOjST, S.

No. 2.

Il\

No. 4.

This Edging is ManufacUncd ia Vitrified Stoneware and in Terra Cotta, and is wakranted imperishable.
DRAIN PIPES, TEEKA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &o.

HENRY DOULTON and CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

I

June 1, 18G7.]

THE (tAHDENEKS' (!1IK()NI(1LE and AUlUGULTtRAL (}AZl<7m;.

s'^'l

H nr-WATHK APPARATUS, of every Jescriptioti,
1X0,1 co„.,.k>t» 1.. ■inyr-rt »f tho country, or tho n,ntorI,il»,
.''. .. '.. .... -I. ,ti>. ..!■.., Mil iinv St.ltt Oil.

viz., Bollisra, I'ljiCii

J ViloIivui'Oti to iiny Wt-iitioii.
i'^stlniiitOH oil applKiitlun.
!i Sons. 0. llftnkHtile, Soutliwark. London, U.K.

|,0T

lldllSKS for the

"lli'unifivoliiVodin London; Nowton in CirUnol,
iluuoMtor; Covoutry; I'alsloy, and Aborrtoon.

MU.l.IUN.— Meilal, 1861!.

Lauoftshiro ;

w.

Heating by Hot Water.
H 0 L L A N 1 » M, Iron M h a o h X rf t,
T T • 31, IJftnlfiido, London, S.E.

HOT WATKll ni'KS, Iiwrn StocK, per yard :-2.1iich, 1h. W
C-lnch,l« ]0d. ■ iuid l-inch, 2h. i<l. [tRNDS, fVom Stock, l<t.fl(I.,-ifl. M.
nnd3«. each. TIIIUnTliK VALVKS, HW., 13H.,imd H«. oach. OtliBt
ConuuxionH at oinuilly low imcoH, iuid all Roods of lUnt-oloaH nmiin
factmo. KhtliuatuH givuu, and ordum by iio»t punctually attouded to
the sjune day.

By Her Majesty's Royal Letters Patent.

Economical free OuardB:

illustratkh i*rick j.ists wiii b..- „..., ......,,.....,

Alsoti liANDlJOUK. of Vli^E and FKUIT TllJiE OULTIVA-
■f lON.'pnco Is^i puat freo. In. Id. _ ^

" Hot-water Pipes, witli Elbows

and Connections, supphud by
l >UR\ AND VOLLARt).

1 J toi tracts and Estimates Ktvgll
ir W\RM1NG PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS latest Improvemouts in HEAT-
ING by HOT WvVl'ER; tho Improvaa
CONILAL BOILERS, lor Heating
Pinurios Loneervatones, Oreenliousos,
Minai IS Hulls, Warehouses, &c.,
Solelj Manufactured by Bcitv & Pol-
lAKi) These Boilers are adapted for
settn b in Brickwork, or annexed
Sketch shows Bury & Pollard's im-
« fflfl 1 ulll'v^"u oimiBjaiH provwl an mgemeat, requiring
[fcJf(J .«n. ON mSBLl ^^ BRICKWORK SETl'ING.
^nT^ M ..y"!?.,..„lMWI These Boilers have for tlioiv durrt-
I rv md economy attained a oelc-
tu surpassi-'g any other Boilers
invented. They bavo been fov
years pust in use at many FutiUc
I 1. Lhshments, Eoyal Botanical GaV-
JL del s it Kuw, at the Regent's Park,
-I , 1 st of tho N ability's and Gentry's Seata

n ^ ,11 I Kit f, lorn Relereiices where they have

L ul r jL\i3ini. 1 tu t U!>e „ , ^ ™. ,

I lO Lists n ai plication to Bury & Pollard, Pai-k Iron Works
1 7, Now Park btreat, bouthwark, London, S.E.

f VuANSTON^TA^rENT BUILDINGS for

\y HORTICULTDRE.

*' Dry Glazing without Putty."

" Gliuia without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Lights."

Highly Commended by the Royal Horticnltui-al Society, South

Kensington.

THE
with

E T E KM I N A L SADDLE BOILER,

ItU Ilollow BaiH, provofl ItHoIf to bo equal to any form now
in U80 forocouomj' and power ; while the Simplicity ofitH Constnic-
tlou given it tho advaiitnuo ovor uU othei-s. Sec TefltlmonlaU.
J. luKi.ANiJ, Edwjiid Street, Broughton Lane, ManehcMtcr.

/lEORGl

„ „ F. JIOURIS (of the Firm of Pkothkroe

T &M,.i,iM8)und.Ttak0B SALES and VALUATIONS ofPREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Lea.sehold and Reversionary Property
of uvtry dcHi^rlptloii, EarimiiK fm'l Market Garden Produce, IIouab-
liolil Furniture, Stuck in I'nule, ic.

Auction and Estate Agency OlBce.The Limes, Leytonatone. Essex.
HTTa. cllAN IH.KR (of tlK' liiiL! Firm of Chandler

& SdNH, Nur^i.'ivnu!n, Vauxhall), HonTiocLTeuAL Aoest and

ALUKn.

N U Ilnrticultural Exhibitions attended, as Judge.
Address, 3»S, Fulham Road, S.W.

■^ ^nN-^"^' ■ ' **,iv\ —'/— £-^5*-

By a Combination of Iron and Wire in the Manufacture of Tree
Guards. Grkening & Co. are enabled to supply them at prices
much below those usually charged.

GREENING AND CUMPANT (Limited),
Manufacturers of Iron Gates, Fences, Palisades, Espaliers,
Hurdles, Tree Guards. Garden Seats. Verandahs, Vases, Fountains,
Tnmb P^ilincs, Stable Fittmgs, Garden Rollers. Poultry Houses,
Eniigrants' Houses, Bridges, Corn Rick Stands, &c. ; also of Wire
Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Movable Fences for
i:;vil\v;i.v^ Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Courts,
<■]„■,:]■ \\\,\\i^. .^r.. • also of Wire Netting, Plant Guards and Protectors,
fiiiiluii Mnrduiiiig, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea and Plant
'['•■■mi.c'; riica.-:tiitries, Hen Coops, and Garden Lounges.
' I M il Catalogue, in roval 8vo. 72 pages and Wrapper, with
: I . ,- ( ritions (together with Supplement of Testimonials from tlie
,. I ■: ■ «.,blemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom to the
i.ilLtj' of Greening & Cn.'s Manufactures), forwarded free on receipt
■ two tetanipa to defray postage.

1, Albert Square, Manchester.
London Agents: The Auricultural and Horticdltdral Associa-
i..N- (Limited), 20, Parliament 8trt;et, W.

Agricultural Co-operation.

IHE AGRICULTURAL aud HORTICULTURAL

ASSOCIATION, LIMITED.
Council

JOHN GJBSOM, JuN,, begs to announce that he is
propavod to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GllUUNi) attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out tho same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. Joiin Giiison. lun., Sm-rey Lane. Battersea, S.W.

JWHTHOMSuN, F.K.H.S., for Ten Years at the
• Royal Gardens, Kow and Windsor, and for many years Director
of the celebrated and extensive Gardens of the Duke of Northumber-
land at Syou House, and of Lord Ashburton, the Grange, Hants,
cnntinues his pri.fesstonal employment of Landscape Gardener and
Hot-housa Designer. Also acts as a Judge at Provincial and other
Flower Shows.— Hortiilan Lodge, Penge Station, near Sydenham, S.E.
Every description of Garden Structure, Hot-water Apparatus,
Nm-sery Stock and Garden produce valued for Probate and for
ilailway and other compensation claims.

Farm Poultry

GREY DORKING lOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY acid ROUEN DUCKS.

Iiiiparted BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA, CREVECCEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on apphcation.
John BaiLy & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W. ^__^__

To the Seea Trade.

WANTED, a PARTNLllSHii' in an Established
Busines.s, by a Young Man with some Capital, and who has
had seven years' experience.— S. B., Gardeners" Chronicle Office, W.C.

T

Plans anu l-.sUUKiri.-- liu« ou ;ipplic;iLi'jii. iJescni'Livt; buoK tally
iltustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Ai'chitect, Binningham.

Works: Uighgate Street, Birmingham.
HKWRy J. Gromtahk, Manager. 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

Greenliouses— Heating Apparatus,

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

n

J.^::-'-l :, ^,^:i 1865. IL't i i t-^l

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Ci">n&truction, and
Application of WROUGHT-IKON to Horticultural Buildings.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER-
VATOP^IES are of the highest order.

OUR. P.VfENT WROUGHT-IKON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmospheric conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON-PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
urrangerucnt.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supphed to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
iinfailmg result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GERANIUM
!«d PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
majtimuni degree of light,

OTTR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
Impn^ved sjstem.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the growth of flrst-ulii~ss fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
emiiitintly hUpL:riur fur all early worft.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-lRoN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air an.! light.

The above Patent Uoust-s can bo glaiied with or without putty.

These Hoaxes are now umtected by thi-eo Ro.ial Letters Patent,
and from tho complete aiijustiuent of their constructional parts will
vie most favourably with Wood Structures in poii.t of cost.

Designs and Ehtimatea prepared for single or complete ranges ol
Houses 111 Wooil or Iron.

Illustrated Cmdogues on application to the Patentees,
T. n. P. Dennis & A. Scruby, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Euifmoers, Chelmsford.

The Right Hon. William Cowper,

M.P.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.
Thomas Hughes, Esq., M.P.
James Beal, Esq.

This Association supplier its

_. Vansittart Neale, Esq.
Frederick Pennington, Esq.

(Treasurer).
Edward Owen Greening, Esq.

(Managing Director).
Members with Implements and

Machines by the best Makers, and with Unadulterated Seeds,
Manures, and Miinufactured Cattle Food at cost price, upon the Co
operative System. An Investment of £1 and upwards (bearing
interest dividend) constitutes Membership after Election by Council.
No further liability. Rules and all information post free on receipt
of two stamps, or by personal application to tbe Offices of the Asso-
ciation. Edward Owen GaEENiNo, Managing Director.
Offices:— 29, Parliament Street. Westminster ; and

1. Albert Square, Manchester^

Oil Paint no longer Necessarj*-.

WANTblD, a" PARTNER^ with £400, in a Nursery and
Florist and an extensive Jobbing Tradeand Laying-out. Also
THREE ACRES of FLOWER and KITCHEN GARDEN with
Cottage and Seed Shop, close to the Crystal Palace. A good Invest-
ment for an active Young Man.— Apply to

L. Meagueh, Hamilton Road Nursery, Lower Norwood, Sm-rey.

I" 'iOR DISPOSAL, a F ir.st -"classic if RSERY and" SEED
BUSINESS; or tho present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1500.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadeuhall Street
London, E.C.

ITl

Rose Business to be Disposed of.

Devon Rosekv. Torquay.
ENRY CURTI8, in eonseqiu-nce of nearly total
loss of sight, being unable to carry on the above, wishes to
meet with an offer for the STOCK, LEASE of 10 years, and
GOODWILL of the same.

The Ro,sery. consisting of 5 acres, is delightfully and most favour-
ably situated, and close to the Torquay Railway Station.

Address, Henry Curtis, Devon Rosery, Torquay.

^alcs lijp auction.

SALE THIS DAY, AT HALF-PAST TWELVE O'CLOCK.

Bedding Plants, Roses, Shrubs and Conifers,
in Pots, &c.

MR. J. C. STEVENS wUl SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Coveiit Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY, June 1, at hall-past 12 o'clock precisely, a large
quantity of CONIFERS and SHRl/BS in POTS, consisting of Rhodo-
dendrons, Araucarias, Kalmias, Heaths, Yews, Ferns. Cedars,
Humeas, Aucubas ; also some choice Pot Roses, Camell as, Lilium
auratum, Achimeues, Dielyhas, Wisterias, Aloes, Bedding Geraniums,
Rustic Seats, Stools, Vases, Baskets. &c.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

^n V^-H/^T^^'*>:^^;<^^25

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is at
i:;xc,?Ilent substituie for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
..wo-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
.oquires no mixmg or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in tht
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of man*
lundrods of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, wuich Hill & Smith will forward or
ippHcatlon.

From Richard Hesimino, Esq., Bordesley Park, Worcestershire.

"Gentlemen, — I have great pleasure in stating that I highly
approve of your Blaci: Vai'nish, as a substitute for paint for farm
iniildinga, barn doors, gates, and especially when the wood has been
,*reviously painted in the usual way a few \ ears before ; in this par-
Mcular case it leaves a very nice glazed surface, than winch nothing
i:ouid be bettir. Tho same observation also ajiphes to ironwork ol
-■very description, such as iron hurdles, &c. The Wraught-iron
Marrow with ajiparatus for heating gas tar has been found most
'laeful, and so gi-eat a convenience do I consider it that I shall beg

ou to send mo another, as well as a c;isk of the Black Varnish, for

he use of the property which I have in Warmckshire. Please to

end the whole by the same conveyance as before."
Sold in casks of about 3(i K-dloua each, at la. Ori. per gallon, at thi

*Ie:iufactory, or l3. 8rf. per gallon paid to any Station in the kinedora.
Apiily to Hili. & Smith. Hrlerly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and

-2, Cannon Street West, E.C, f^'om whom only it can be obtained.

Final Sale.— Dalston.

MESSRS. PROTHEROl'J and MORRIS are instructed
by Mr. Harrington to offer by PUBLIC AUCTION, without
reserve, on the iiremiscs, the Old Dalston Nursery, Dalston Lane,
Middlesex, on TUESDAY, June 4, at 12 o'Clock, the choice
Collection of GREENHOUSE and BEDDING PLANTS from his
KIng.sland Nursery, including Specimen Azalea Indica, Camellias,
Kriii;is, Acacias, Cjtissus, Ficus Elastica, Cacti, Hoya, Plumbago.
Erytlinna, Show aLd Fancy Pelargoniums, Scirlet, Zonal and
Variegated Geraniums, Fuchsias, Veibenas, Heliotropes, &c ,
Hardy Climbers and Roses in pots, with tho Greenhou&es, Pits,
rtand-Glasses, Garden Pots, and sundry effects.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the premises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, American Nurseries, Leyton-
stone, N.E.

\/fES8RS
IVX by Mr.

Wliitton, near Hounslow.

Important Sale of Greenhouse ani> Bedding Plants.

RS. PKOTHEKOE and MORRIS are instructed
Mr. Ferguson to SELL by AUCTION on the Premises,
Wliitton Nursery a short distance from Hounslow Station, on
TUESDAY, June 11, at 12 o'Clock precisely, about 25,000 GREEN-
ilOU-SE and BEDDING PLANTS, including large quantities of
:->pL-cimen and other Pelargoniums of the choicest varieties, fine
( 'rassulas. thousands of well-grown Zonal and other Geraniums ;
i-bout. "OOO Calceolaria aurea, Canariensis and Kayii, with the usual
vliscellaneous assortment of Plants for Bedding ; Roses in pots, &c.

May be viewed prior to the Sale ; Catalogues had on the Premises,
Liidotthe Auctioneti-a and Valuers, American Nurseries. Leyton-
>tone, N.E, _^_^

Important Sale of Choice Plants.
l/TESSRS. PROTHKltO!': and MORRIS have received
.VX instructions to offor to PUBLIC COMPETITION by
\.UCT10N, atth-: City Rooms, 38, Gracechurch Street, ouTUESDAY^
'une 13, at 12o'Clo ;k, avery v:ilu.ible jVssortment of fine SPECIMEN
,'LANTS, remarkably well grown, many of which are well adjiptod
or exhibition, incluuing some choice Ferns, Orchids, ai.d hoe foliage
■Ui.ts, Azalea indica, Ericas, flue plants of the grand new Linum
uratuin in pots, just coming in Flower ; also some very thrivmg
.alf specimens of Ixora, Dlpladenia. Pimelia, Ealosanthos, PUiSno-
nmo, Eriostemon. UracLena, and ether desir .bte Stove and Green-
louse Plants, all in tho best possible health, and with ordinary
ultm-e will soon become niagniticent exhibition specimens.
Mar be viewed tho Morning of Sale. Citalogues ruay be hadatthe
itoonis as above, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytoustone,
Esiex, N.E.

592

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND JVGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 1, 1867,

1

SHANKS' NEW PATENT LAWN MOWEKS FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED ON FIVE OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1864 BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY.
DURING THE SEASON OF 1865 THEY "WERE PATRONISED ON FOUR OCCASIONS BY HER MAJESTY THE ftUEEN,

ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND, AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRUSSIA.

AGAIN ON FOUR OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1866 BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN

AND BY MANY DlSTINOniSHED NOBILITY BOTH IN THIS COUNTRY AND ABROAD.

HORSE-POWER MACHINE.

ALEX. SHANKS and SON are gi-atified in being able to state that in tbe extraordinari/ and inereaiiag demand for their celebrated Machines Wjis &«S(i«, tbey see a
further and conclusiTe proof that their merits are beinj fully appreciated by the pr.tcdcal Gardener. The increased demand has been more particularly for the NEW
IMPROVED HAND MACHINES. The demand for the HORSE and PONY MACHINES is also on the increase ; and as A. S. and SON have devoted their attention for the
last 30 years to the Manufacture and Improvement of Lawn Mowers, they are enabled to state confidently that their ilachines, whether for Horse, Pony, or Hand Power,
surpass all others for general efficiency, simplicity of construction, ease in working, and durability.

A. S. AND SON subjoin a List of a few of those whose patronage they have had the honour to receive during the past few weeks for their favourite Horse Machine. It
would take many pages to contain a List of all the distinguished Patrons they have had for the other sizes.

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, for the ROYAL GARDENS, WINDSOR, one 42-inch
HER MAJESTY THE aUEEN, for the ROYAL GARDENS, KEW, one 42-inch
HIS GRACE THE DUKE of SUTHERLAND, one 42-inch
HIS GRACE THE DUKE of BEDFORD, one 42-inch

HIS GRACE THE DUKE of BUCCLEUCH, one 42-inch

HIS GRACE THE DUKE of ATHOLE, one 42-inch

THE MOST NOBLE THE MARQUIS of AVESTMINSTER, one 42-inch

THE MOST NOBLE THE MARQUIS of STAFFORD, one 42-inch

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

ALL THE ROYAL GARDENS ;

ARE IN DAILY "DSE IN

IN THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUNDS
IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;
And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

Tliese are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOW PEOPERLT WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE ABE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Machines that have been in operation in HER MAJESTY'S GARDENS for a quarter of a century.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWER WILL MOW ON UNEVEN AS WELL AS ON LEVEL LAWNS..

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Easily Worked Silent Movement.

SBi/ a Lady
By a Boy

Width of Cutter.
10-inch Machine £3 10 0

12-inch Machine 4 10 0

14-inch Machine 5 10 0

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE

Width of Cutter.

25-inch Machine £12 10 0

28-inch Machine 14 10 0 .. .. 30s. „

30-inch Machine 15 15 0 .. .. 30j. „

Silent Movement, 12s. 6(f. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22s, per set.
Ditto for Donkey, 18s, per set.

Width of Cutter.

16-inc,h Machine £6 10 0

19-inch Machine 7 12 6

22-inch Machine 8 7 6

24-inch Machine 8 17 6

Easily Worked Silent Movement.

By a Man or Two Boys i ^^ ^^/^^
By a Man and Boy \

' By Tu'O Men , . |

7s. 6d.
extra.

If with Patent Delivering Apparatus.

.. 25s. extra.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

Width of Cutter.

30-inch Machine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0

42-inch Machine 26 0 0

48-inoh Machine 28 0 0

If with Patent Delivering Apparatus.
30s. extra.

.. 30s. „

.. 40s. „

.. 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH,
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

N.B.

27, Leadenhall Street is the only place in London where intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers can choose from a Stock of from 150 to 200 Maekines,

All sizes kept there, tohether for JSorse, Pony, or Sand Fower.

Editorial CommunicationB should be addressed to " The Editor ; " AdTertlsemeDts and Buainess Letters to " The Publisher," at the Office. 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London. W.C.

Printed by Ji,mes MATTHBwa, at the Office of Meears. Bhadbuht. EviNs.a: Co..IiOmbard Street, Precinct of Whitefriara.City of London, in the Co. of ftliddleses.and Publidhed by the said Ji>ME9 MiTTHSffa, at the
Office, No. 41. Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County —Satdedat, Junel,lB67.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLf

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 23.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, JUNE 8.

(Price Fivepence,
(Stamped Edition, 6i.

Afrlciiltural Beaevolont Asso-
ciation

Aiubatchu

ApoiiOKi-tou, lmrdln(>sa of ... .

Apple DloHHom, doable

BtiVH

Bird fiTiUiiK, French

HonUmiotlcod

Camelliit ciiltura

Cuttti- plagUL- 607*-

Cluvcr

Co-operation

Ca» , rcniiirkable

Do)f *lio\v , .

Downlc, iJiird, & Lalng's
nurspry

Etluentlon. ii^iculturol

Farms noticed

Fencos, Holly

Frosts, May .,

Fruit ripcninK

Onrtlcners' examiniitions ....

Gftrdeners' Royal Benevolent
Intititutiou

Grape, Uoyal Ascot

Haymnk in<;

Horac show

Milk

Moon, Saturday's

OR'lmrd bouses

INDEX.

Orchis inaoulatft

OniitliOKiiluni pyrcunicuni

608 b

602 c

WI3 a

m c

60&6

600 a

GH a

601 b

tm e

612 c

608 a

615 a

615 a

605 0

61-2 c

GU b

602 o

601 c

GOfi 6

699 c

603 a

Wi a

607 c

6)5 n

608 e

612 c

603 a

PnrJB, Icttenifrom

Peas, parly

I'elargoniiinia, names of varie-
gated

— tiu'tnn

— Hccdlinu

Pelargonium leuvos, coloured

ccllaof

Pig, the

Pliints, sleep of

Potato a styptic

Hoses, canker in tree

— new

— Kumelinn

Sea. reclamation from

Sewape, house

Skin.disensi-d

Society, Koyal Horticultural

— Glasgow Horticultural ,

— Entomological

— Royal Agricultural

Rorghum tartaricum . . 612 c—

Steam cultivation

Trinidad Botanic Garden ,,.,
Variegation, is it disease?....

Vine leaves, sizes of

'Wall, what is a south?

"Window plants, show of ....

615 b
615 a
GI5 b

603 r
COl b

604 c
G13 b
613 a
610 b
6U3 b
600 a
603 a
603 a
600 a

T>OYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S GARDENS,

LV Reponfs Park.— SECOND EXHIBITION of PLANTS,
FI.UWERS, and FKUIT, WEDNESDAY, June 19. Tickets to be
oht->ined only at tho Gardens; aiid oftho Society's Clerk, at Austin's

I'lckol OiBce, St. James's Hall; by Vouchers from Fellows of the
Society, price 6s., or on the day of the Exliibition, 7s. 6d. each. Qatss
open at 2 o'Clock. Military liiuiiis will play fioni 2 to 7 o'clock.

AMERICAN PLANTS, MONDAY NEXT, June 10. Tickets,
2jt. dd each.

THK BRISTOL, CLIFTON, and AVKST of ENiiLAND
ROSE SHOW, at the Zoological Gardens, Clifton, TUESDAY,
June 2b. Schedules to be obtained on application to the Secretarv,
at tho Gardens. N.B — All Entries to be on Saturday, May 23.

ROSE SHOW, RUGBY, WARWICKSHIRE,
win be HELD on FRIDAY, the I'Jth of July next, when a
Silver Cup Taluo £10, and Other Prizes will be offered. Entries to be
made on or before July 8. Schedule of Prizes and further particulai's
may be obtamed on sending two postage stamps to

John Savaub or William Mason, Hon, Sees.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula flmbrlata.

SUTTON ANU SONS can supply NEW SKED of tho
above, Havod from clioloeut tluwuru, lu packutu, le,, 2s. OU., and
Gs. each, post free.

Koyal Berks Seed KHtiblislimont, Ruading.

D

ORSON'S STRAIN ..f I'ltlZK OAI.CKOI.AIUA,

CINERARIA. iUiil PRIMULA, Uio IUiumI hi I'ultlvitlim.

Calceolaria aurea florlbunda.

WANTED IMMEblATELY, 300 strung Plants of the
above, turned out of pots, reading for planting.
State lowest Trade price to G. &. J. Rumlev, The Nurseries,
Newton-Ie-Willows, no.ir Bcdalo, York.-ihire.

Calceolaria Seed, 1867.

FAND A. SMITH hi.-g U> annoiiTice that tlieu* superb
• STRAIN of the above is NOW in BLOOM, and Will well
repay a visit. The NurtierioH. West Dulwich, S.

Cineraria Seed, 1867.

FAND A. SMITH beg to announce that tho CROP
• of the above will be saved from then" whole Collectioa of
named varieties (the finest in England), as well as from a few superb
Seedlings selected for their superior merits. Their well-known Strain
of Cinerarias is a guarantee of the superior quality of their Seeds.
The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

eS" For Present Sowing.

DOBSON'S INTERNATIONAL, ROYAL HORTI-
CULTURAL. ROYAL BOTANIC, CRYSTAL PALACE, and
KINGSTON PRIZE and UNEQUALLED HYBRIDISED CAL-
CEOLARIA now ready, in Sealed Packets, with full Diiections for
Sowing and Growing, Is. 6d.. 2.*. 6d., 3s. Gd,, and 6:*.

DoBsoN & Sons, Seedsmen, Isleworth. London, W,

Prize Cineraria Seed.

DOBSON'S UNKQaALLEI) STRAIN, which has
taken 50 Fir.st Prizes in six years, is now ready for sending out.
Fine new seed, in \s., 2s. G'l., and fiv. packets.

DoBSON It Sons, Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park.
TOHN WATEKER'S display of Hardy, Scarlet, and
O other RHODODENDRONS (the only one in London) is NOW
in FINE BLOOM at the above Gardens, and will continue In great
peil'oution throughout the month of June.

S^ The Scarlet and White RHODODENDRON clumps, also
tlie large Single Plants, which bloomed and were so much admired
at Rotten Row last year, were supplied by

John Watehkr, American Nurserj', Bagshot, Surrey.

' Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASS
KOSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, kc, advertised at length in
this Paper in May laat.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltbam Cross, London, N.

RS. POLLOCK GERANIUMS.— Strong estabhshed
Plants hardened in the open air, 2 guineas per 100, 6s. per doz,
Mavle St Sons, The Nurseries, Bristol.

T

Mrs. Pollock Geranium.

J. BOOTH offers the above, in good Plants, at
7s. per dozen, or 50s. per 100. for cash.
Rainhill Nursery, Lancashire.

IV/I RS. POLLOCK (jERANIUMS, 7*. and 96-. per doz. ;
iVI VERBENAS, GERANIUMS. CALCEOLARIAS,
FUCHSIAS, LOBELIAS, &c., £1 per 100 : 50 for 10s. Gd.

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUE free on application.
W. HuOPEB, Now Wandsworth, S,W.

Extra Fine Fringed Primulas.

DOBSON'S CELEBRATEO STRAIN, that has stood
u ten years' teat, is now ready for sending out in Is., 2s, Gd., and
6s. packets. The quality may be depended upon.

DoBsoN & Sons, Seedsnion, Isleworth, London, W,

ILLIAMS' SUPEKB STKAIN of PRIMULA.

Seo large Advertisement.

Kussell's Pyramid Primula.

TuK Finest Strain in Existence,

GEORGE CLARKE has New SEED of the above
unequalled varieties, 2s. 6d. per packet ; also the Fern-leaved
kinds, 2s. Gd. ; Kermesina (scarlet), 2s. 6rf. ; The Fairy (a lavender
colour) Is. All of the beat quality. Now ia the time to aow for
strong early plants.

Nursery, Streatham Place, Brixton Hill, S. : and Mottingham,
Kent. S.E.

Choice Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following :—
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, of the finest possible strain.

Red, White, or Mixed, 2s. Gd., 3s., and 6s. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very fine, 2s. 6d.,

3s. Gd., and 6s. per packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2s. 6rf., 3s. Qd., and 6s, per packet.
SNOW'S WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C. & Sou's own

saving, 2s. 6rf. per packet.
NUNEHAM PARK ONION, 2s. Gd. perpaoket.

For other Cljoice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free.
Highgate Nurseries. London, N.

Royal Ascot Grape.

JOHN 8TANDISH bes^B to invite all Grape Growers
to come and hoo the above GRAPE, which 1b now coloured
and will be on view for tliroo weeks.
_ Royal Nursery, Ascot, Berks.

Pines.

TJ. BOOTH offers ch-un, woU-rooted Suckera of
• BLACK JAMAICA PINES. Any one who will take the
lot, about 160, may have them cheap. Price on application.
Rainhill Nursery, Rjuuhlll, Lancashire.

ANTED to PURCHASE, a Lot of SUCKERS, also
some SUCCESSION PINE FLANTS of tho True BLACK
JAMAICA PINE— Address, stating pri
W. 11. M., Post Office, St. Asa

w

Awaph, North Wales.

Orcliard-liouBe Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHKS, NECTARINES, APltlCOTS, CHKKRIES,
PLUMS, I'lCARS. API'LES. VINfCS, mid FIGS.
RicuARD Smitu, Nurseryman aad Seed Morcbant, Woreester.

HlglUy Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, coiiKisting chieflv of
FKOIT TREKS, ROSE.S. EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, wUich for Koiieral excellence are unaurpaaaed.
Tbouas Warnee, Leiceater Abbey Nurserlea.

ILIUM AURATUM.—

Large Consignment just received, 2s. Gd., 3s. Gd.. 6s. Gd., and
7s. Gd. perRooL. Extralargeselected Bulbs, lOs. Od., 123. 6d.,16s.,A21s.
BAKRi Sdoden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

II^ERNS. — Cultivators and those interested in this
beautiful clans of Plants, are recommended to obtain
" HOOPER and CO.'S CATALOGUE " of evorv estimable species
and voi'iety, British and Exotic. Post free for two stamps,
HitopKK & Co., Covent Ganleu, London, W.U.

Brltlsli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now srnd, post free for six postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 30 pages,
inchidiiig prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nurserj-, S.E., a mile fj-om Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

JAMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, Merchants, and NuRSKavuEN,
^^^ 237 t 23S, High Holborn. London, W.C.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

JAMES FAIRHEAU and SON, 7, Borough Maiket,
and Braintree, Essex.
^LISTS and Special Prices on application.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND P. SHARPE'S WHOLESALE SPRING
• PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of 1806 growth is now
ready and may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

J.

New Trlcolored Geraniums.

FAND A. SMITH beg to announce that their superb
• selection of the above, as per Descriptive Catalogue, will be
sent out on the 24th inst, as far as the limited stock will permit.

The Nurseries, West Dulwich, S.

HUSSEY AND SON beg to offer eztra line TOM
THUMB GERANIUMS, at Us. per 100 ; BIJOU and
SHOTTESHAM PET, 16s. per 100 ; STELLA and MINIMUM,
14s. per 100 ; and GOLDEN CHAIN, at 16s. per 100.
Mile End Nursery, Eaton, Norwich.

rpRICOLOR and QUADRICOLOR GERANIUMS.

MRS. POLLOCK. C«. to la^i. p. doz. | SUNSET, 16s. to 18s. per dozen
IT^U^IA UNITA, I8s. to 30s. do. | QUADRICOLOR, 12s. to 18s. do.
Cheaper per IW.
Jaues DicRsoN & Sons ofl'er several thousands of tho above ; also a
few extra sized Plants.

Newton Nurseries, Cheater.

/^~H O I C E G~E ir~A N "l~U " M""S.—

V_y LUCY GRIEVE. ITALIA UNITA, SOPHIA DUMARESOUE,
TOP.SY. SUNSET, MRS. BENYON, QUEEN'S FAVOURITE,
ELEGANS. FONTAINEBLEAU, and KENILWORTH.

Prices and terms to the Trade and others on application to
Thomas J. Booth, Rainhill Nursery, Ramhill, Lancashire.

PELARGONIUMS, Show, Fancy, and Spotted kinds.—
24 choice named sorts for 10m. ; 36 for 23s. ; 50 for 30s., all strong
healthy plants. Trade price on application.

H. & R. Stirzarer, SUerton Nurseries. Lancaster.

New Zealand Nursery. St. Alban's. Herts.
TNTENDINii PURCHASERS of TRICOLOR

.1. PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS. DIX, previous to making their
purchases. For lino foliage, excellent constitution, free growth, and
DriUl.incy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
Jflrst-class Certificates. Plants of Miss Watson in Augiiat, £2 28. each;
Mrs. Dlx in May, 1868, 31s. Gd. each.

SCOTT'S CHOICE SEEDS.

Post Fiee. Per Packet.
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA.— A most superb strain, and

cannot be surpa.ssed, 0 varieties, mixed, Is. Gii. and 2.t. Gd,
CALCEOLARIA. — Scott's superb strain, extra. Is. and 2s. Gti.
CINERARIA.— Extra fine, carefully hybridized. Is. and 2s. Gd.
A good SEED LIST free on application.
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

N

EW ROSES for' 1867.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with puces, on application.
John Cranston, King's Acre Nui'series. near Hereford.

CiULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
^ Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Niirserles.
Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

PEONIES, IRIS, and PYRETHRUMS. — These
beautiful flowers are NOW in BLOOM, and may be viewed
every day, except Sunday, admittance free.

Versailles Nm-sery, William Street, Valo Place, Hammersmith
(near Kensington Railway Station)

GLADIOLI BULBS,
for Summer. Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2s. Gd., 3s. Gd., 6s. Gd., 7s. 6rf., 9s., and 12s. per dozen.
10s. 6ti.. 15s., 213.. 25s. to 100s. per 100.
BARRiSooDEN, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

Bedding Plants by the Thousand.

GEORGE LOWE, Bloomfield Nursery, Maida Hill,
has an immense STOCK left, which will bo SOLD at greatly
Reduced Prices.

~~ Bedding Plants.

A RCHIBALD HENDERSON'S DESCRIPTIVE

Xi PRICED CATALOGUE ia now ready, containing many
Novelties. Can be had gratis and post free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath, S., and at the East Surrey Seed
Warehouse, College Grounds, North End, Croydon.

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTliUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. Highgate, London, N.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.

Seed Warehouse. Sleaford.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLlNG,
AND COMPANY, Limited,
Corn, Seed, Manure, and Oilcake MtncoANTs,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C, ; or Baslngatoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1861,
for Wheat ; 1802. for "Excellent Seed Corn and Seeds."

QPECIAL OFFER.-Fine New SCARLET"RUNNER

O BEANS. Cash Price, 7s- Gd. per bushel.

FnEDERiCK. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Beds.

I^ARM SEEDS.— All the best kinds of MANGEL
WURZEL, SWEDE TURNIP, and other Farm Seeds of
Snost quality on moderate terms.

PRICED LISTS on application to
RicBAitD Smith, Seed Merchant. Worcester.

WEDE SEED.— The WORCESTERSHIRE SWEDE,
NEW SEED of this excellent kmd at lOd. per lb. Cheaper by
the cwt. or bushel.

Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

New Mangel and Turnip Seeds.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, 7, Borough Market,
and Braintree, Essex. Special Select ORANGE GLOBE and
other MANGELS, and all varieties of TURNIPS.
Special prices on application.

s

UTTON'S HOME-GROWN TURNIP SEED.

For prices and particulars apply to
SoTTON & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn. London.

Dutch Bulbs.

MESSRS. KONING and COMPANY, Nursebymen
and SpxDSMEK.Sassenheim. near Haarlem, have much pleasure
in announcing to their Friends and Cu.'itomers that the FIRST
PRIZE for a fine Coll^ctioii of HYACINTHS, grown in Glasses, was
awarded to them lu March, 1867, at the Exhibition at the Hague, In
Holland.

Cheap Bedding Plants.

JAMES HOLDER can supply the following :— Scarlet
and Variegated GERANIUlilS, VERBENAS, FUCHSIAS,
CALCEOLARIAS, DAHLIAS. SALVIAS. CUPHEAS^ HELIO-
TROPES LOBELIAS, KONIGAS, AGERATUMS. PERILLAS,
TROP^EOLUMS, CERASTIUMS, Ac— Eight dozen lor 20»., or
four dozen for 10s. Gd., hamper and package included.

Crown Nursery, Reading^

Retlnospora filifera.

JOHN STANDISH is the holder of the sto^k of the
above most distinct and beautiful weeping CONIFERA. It is
of a pale glaucous green, with slender thread-like branches ft foot
long, which hang in the moat graceful manner, and altogether the
most distinct woepl' g plant ever ofTereH to the Public. It is also
perfectly hardy. Strong Plants, now ready, 3l8. Qd. each.
Royal Nursery, Ascot.

Tuinlp Seeds for Early Sowing.

The Bhst Sorts akk
POMERANIAN WHITE (fLOBE,
SUTTON'S SHORT-TOP SIX WEEKS.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply New Seed of the
above excellent sorts at Is. per lb., or cheaper by the bushel.
PRICED LISTS of other sorts gratis on application.

Sdttdn & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading^ ^^^^^__

King of Swedes.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply .true seed of the
above excellent SWEDE at Is. per lb., or cheaper by the bushel.
Carriage free.

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

"~ Early Sheep Feed— Mustard and Rape.

UTTON AND SONS can supply good New Seed of tbe

' above at very moderate prices, which may be had on application.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Merchants. Reading.

S^

Fine Grass Seeds for Cricket Grounds,

BOWLING GREENS, or CKOQUET GROUNDS.

SUTTON AND SONS can supplv suitable kinds of the
_ ane8t.gro.int! O RASSES and CLOVEUS for tUe above porpoass,

at Is 3d, ner lb., 24s, per bushel. „ , ,, , . „ ,,

sinoK 4 Sons. Royal BorksUire Seed EsUblisbment, Reading.

594

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 8, 1867.

Seed of Choice Strains of Florists' Flowers.

The followiDg sulected Stmiua aio worthy ol the notico oE all
giowera of the most useful conservatory decorative flowers,

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

S. WILLIAMS can with confidence offer his

B

• superb Strain of Priciulaas being undoubtedly the finest in
cultlTatiOD. It is now grown in iiU the principal Gardens of tbe
Nobility and Genlry througbout tlia Threo Kiugdoms^ and has never
failed to give the groatest satiafiiction.

In habit the plants are very I'obust, and in the foliiige dilfer from
all other varieties ; but theii- groat beauty cont>ist3 in the deplih ot
colour in the Rod, purity of the White, and beautiful fimbriated
form of all the flowei-s, whioh< are thrown up in large trusses well
above the foliage,

A.8 a proof' ot' tTie truth of tlie above remarks, this Strain has
taken 1st Prizes in every instance that it has been shown in the
Province.s this Spring ; audi Ist Pcizo at the Primula Show of the
Boyal aortiicultaral Society, Soutb Kensington; and IsG at the
ftoydlBotanic, Riigenb'a Park. It iS alBo the- favourite Strain in the
Covent Gai-den Flowur Market.

This Strain may be procured True, in Sealed Packets bearing
B. S. Williams' Naraa and Address, from any Seedsman; but
Hi S. W. particularly requests that Customers will observe, on
purchasing, that each Packet has hia Name aud AddVess in ftill
printed thereon, as no others- arc genuine.

TheTi-ado suppUed'onadvantageoua terms.

Retail price, RED .

Per pkt. 3. d.

2 0

5 0

Per pkt.
RetaQ prioe, WHITE ..

s. d.

3 6

2 0
5 0

3 G

Retail price, MIXED, per packet, -Is. Gd:

WBATHERHILL'S KXTEA CHOICE STRAIN" OF CINERARIA.

B. S. W. has purchasedtho entire Stock andright of Sale of this
Maguiflcent Strain. Many of tbe flowers produced by this seed last
seoGon were aa large as a orowu-pieco, This- stmin is- well known in
the London Flower Market, and is the most popular one there, a
sufficient guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail price perpltt., 5s. Oii'. \ Retail price per pkt., 3s. Ci^.

Retail price per pkt.

>■ m.

JAMES'S HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.— The varieties that
took the Fust Prize at the International Horticultural Exhibition

last May were of thts nutcd strain.

Retail- price per pkt. Gs. Odi | Retail price perpkt., 3s. 6d-.

Retail price per pkt 2a. Od.

All FLOWER SEEDS in packets, Post free.

B. S. WiLLiA.ys, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holioway,
London, N.

J^ulperus excelsa stricta.

A New Plant, suitable from its pyramidal growth for OrnamentiDg-
Flower Gaideijs and Ten'atjes.

WILLIAM ROLLISSON and SONS beg respectfully
to inibnu the Nobility, (gentry, and Ti-ade, that their
NeV JUNIPERUS EXCELSA STRICTA is now ready for sendmg
out';' itis unquestionably the best and mnst suitable plant ever yet
introduced for decorating Terraces and Flower Gardens ; also any
situations in which single Specimen Shrubs or Trees are usuallv
planted. It is cheerful in appearance and. of a close and compact
hAbit ; uprit^ht and pyramidal m growth, and perfectly hardy ; iu
prbof of which several hundreds of them stood in the open ground
tixposcd' to the severity of the weather all last winter and spring,
wiLhout suffering the le:ist injury, even in the foliage.

TJiey. may now. be seen growing in perfect health in the open
ground in their Homo Nuisery at Tooting.

?rioe, per PUuat, or by the dozen, will be forwai-ded post paid on
application.

A GENERAL CATALOGUE of their extensive Collection of
OrohidSj Stov«, Greenhoine PlantSi Hm-dy Shrub.s, Fruit Trees,
act. Sic. ; and a DESCKIPTI'VB LIST of Tree and other J eras,,
will be shortly ready for forwarding ; these also may be had post fl-oe
on application to

The Nurseries, Tooting, London. S.

TO BE SOLD-, FKUIT TK'EKS (Fii-st Prize at the
Crystal Palace two years, in succea-ilDn). — An opportunity
seldom to be met with now offers itself to buyers of Peacli,
Nectarine, Apricot, Plum, Poai:, and Fig Trees, well laden with
fruit, in pots; the above. 120 in number, being offered for Sale, a
bargain, in consequence of removal, A visit to view them will
attMJly repay all those interested in the same.

John Vertigan, Gardener to C. Lucas, Esq., Sister's House,
Clapham Common, S.

BATH and WEST of ENGLAND SOCIETY.

SALISBTJET MEETrN"G, 1867.

STAND 168.

SUTTON & SONS,

SEEDSMEN TO THE Q€EE]^, READING, BERKS,

Inform thek* Fatrons and the PubHc generally that they will have their usual
AGIUCULTCTEiL, HORTICULTOR'AL, and FLOBICULTUEAL SEEDS, GRASSES,
and BOOTS, at the above MEETING, and invite inspection of the same, which will be found well worthy a visit.

Orders- received for SUTTON'S IMPEOVED VARIETIES of SWEDES and TURNIPS for Present Sowin]
at very moderate prices, and the Seed will be dispatched fi-om Reading the day after the order is given.
AU Goods Carriage Free, except verj/ synall parcels.

extensive display of
FOKAG^' fLANTB,

SWTTON AND SONS, SEEDSMEN TO THE QUEEN, READING, BERKS.

VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERY, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

B. S. WILLIAMS

RESPECTFULLY INVITES HIS PATRONS AND THE PUBLIC GENERALLY

TO PAY A VISIT TO THE ABOVE NURSERY

DURING THE PRESENT MONTH.

A continuous Show of SPECIMEN FLOWERING and FOLIAGE PLANTS is maintained in tie.
LARGE SHOW COJ^SEEVATORY, and the ORCHID HOUSES, PALM STOVES, NEW HOLLAND HOUSES,
FEEN HOUSES, AZALEA HOUSE, &c., &c., ar<; replete with interest for lovers of either Beautiful and Rare
Flowers, or tbe magnihcent foliage of Tropical Vegetation.

The Collection of MEXICAN PL.ANTS at this Nursery is perhaps the finest in Great Britain, with the.
exception of the one at the Royal Gardens, Kew.

CARRIAGE ROUTE AND ME.ANS OF ACCESS.— This Nursery is easily reached from any pai-t of London.
The direct caniage route from the West End is through Albany Street or Regent's Park ; Parlt street, Camd'eil"
Town ; Kentish 'Town Road and the Junction Road.

The " F.avoi'ite" Omnibuses from the.Bauk and London Bridge Rriilways ; Victoria Station^ Charing Gro?8> and.
Westminster ; Regent Street, Piccadilly, and Brompton, arrive at and start from the entrance of the Nurserj' every'
7 minutes'.

YICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERY, UPPER HOLLOW AY, LONDOS,. N.

NEW ORCHIDS PEOM PERU AND ECUADOR.

JOHN LINDEN

The following new species,

INTRODUCED' DIRECTLY THROUGH HIS COLLECTORS IN PERU AND KCUADOB.

ODONTOGLOSSlfM ASTRA'NTHUM, SU. Bd.

UREVIFOLIUM, C3s. to 105s.
„ caiSTATUM, 42s., 2106. for six, 4iK)ff. per doz,

„ CROCATUM, 42s., 210s. for SUL

„ HALLU, 428. to 63s., 210s. for six.

ONCIDIUM' ACINACEUM, 31s. Oii,

„- AUROSUM, ISs., ISOs. per dozen.

„ „ extra stroug, 3ls. G;/. to 52s. Hd'.

CnCULLATOM MACBANTHUM, 42s.
„ „ RACEMOSOiT, 42s.

HOLOUHRYSUSt. 2os. to 42i.
HYPH^MATICUM, 31*. 6<i., 160B. for six.
MACRANTHUM, 63». to 106s.
„ NDBieENUM, 31s. U. to 03.S., 320s. per dozen.

„ „ LINDLETAUUM, splendid, lips and petals-

spotted with crimson, 63s. to lOtts.

OSCIDIUM NUBIG-ENIJM MACRA-NTHlTMi extra Inrge variety
and described .13 very fine, 63s. to lOSs.
„. SEMELE (Rcbb.l, 31s. dd.

SERRATUM (Diadema), 42s., 4CUs. per dozen.
„ XANTHORNIS, 31s. M.

MESOSPINIDIUM SANGUINEUM, 31s. 6A, 320ft per dpzen. \

NA^fO!>ES MEDUiSJS (Rclib.l, 147s. ' , . '

CATTLEYA MAXIMA VAR., witb glaucoua leaves, described aa
very Que, 42s. to lODs., 400s. per dozen.
„ NOVA, from Cboco, very distinct, of pseude bulb

but described as being in tbe way of C. Warscoiviozi-
638. to 109s.
BURLINGTONIA ( KODRIGUEZIA ) BATEMANIANA, 18s.,
180s, per dozen.
„ „ IRICOTIUIH (Rchb.), quite aelT

and. very distinct, 31s. to 42s.

For other NEW and RARE ORCHIDS, see the CATALOGUE just published.
ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL and HORTICULTUEtAL GARDENS, BRUSSELS.

CATTlirrA lOWIAlA and AITHIFEITIM SCHEIZERIAIUM.

HUGH LOW & CO.

HAVE RECEIVED, IN FINE CONDITION,, FROM BRAZIL AND COSTA RICA,,

IIARQE SUPPLIES OP

CATTLEYA DOWIANA, CATTLEYA LASrATA, CATTLEYA (L/ELIA) ELECiA?*S,

CATTLEYA BULBOSA or WALKERIANA, TRJGHOPHILPA STJAVIS,

ALL OF' WHICH ARE. ON SALE AT EXTREMELT MODERATE PRICES, WHICH WILL BE QUOTED^ ON APPLICATION. ■

ALSO TO HAMD A LARGE QUANTITY OF

STRONG ROOTS OF ANTHURIUM SCHERZERIANUM,

WHUGH ARE OFFJJfflSD S.;27GI,T,. OR BTf TH^ DOZEN' OR HlWDEKD:

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

JtTNE 8, 1867.J

THE GAEDENEBS' CimONTCLE AND AriMfiULTURAL GAZETTE.

S95

New and Raxe Bedding Plants.

DRUGHORN AND AITKEN, Nuesertmen and
SFED8MFN-. Kiliimi-nock. boK to olTor strong Plants of tbo follow-
ing now an.l liitorostlng BEDDING PLANTS, safely paokod and
post paid, at the pnfcos noted.

POA TRlVIAtfia AKOifiNTEA ELEGANS,^ 12 plants for I'i. C(^
ALTEBNANTBBEA .S'PATHULATA, C'OLEOS GIBSONJI, and
IRESINE nERBSTn AOREO llETlCnLATA, two plants
oaoli for 4s.

CHRYSANTHEMUM §ENli\TION, 12 plants lot 3?, -Iti.
FUCHSIAS, bost sorts, Including the cream of last year's

Varieties, ils. I>er donen.
VERBENA CRIMSON KING (SCO ftWilor Advoi-tlfiooionts).
Postage staiup.s talcou iu payiileut of suJila of 203. or less.

DIGITALIS ALBA' MACULATA SUPERBA.—
AVo boK to call Htteiitluii td tliissuperb nowvarioty of Fosgtova.
whlob W« l"^^'' tills softijou tlie Uouoyr to liiti-oUuco to tne I'ubUa It
is" mnoh more beiuitilXil ihnn any variety of this showy genus that h^^
vot come under notice ; find, as It comes true from seed, irtll prttvtJ il'
Lmtnt acqiiisttinn to mixed flower borders and shmbberles. ThO
coloUc w pure white, houvlly spotted In the throat with purple. It
.litfui-M from any varltsty of Foxglove we know, in having much 1 irgor
lloffijrs, wlt>i hennbr" arid binphtor coloured spots, while the spikes of
hloom ure longer und dunsctr than the oldsOrts. A number of spiltoS'
wurc ahowu at tUo Exhibition of the Glasgow and West of Scotland
Ilyrtlcultural Society in July Inst, whan it was awarded a First-clasS'
i^^tinlllimto. N'o hai-dy plant is more orDariioutal when planted by the
sidiw nf woodland walks, or among shrubs m the pleasure ground,
Clijiii llio Foxglove ; and this variety will be found a highly desirable
:iadition to already existing varieties. Should be sown in June to
bloom ne-xt season. Is. and 'is. ikl. per packet. ,

Price to the 'IVado on iippllcation.

AJ!lTlK.K.inNUIJ,saved from splendid varieties. Gfl.andlj*. Derpkt.

TwelVevariotles, separate, of selocthardyBORDERPERENNlALS,
28. fld. UuKi;noiiN & Aitki::n. Kilmarnock, N.B.

rpHE GOLDEN - VAUIEGATED "WELLINGTONIA.

X Eii-st-closa Certiflcate tiom Royal Horticultural Socioty.

FOi' Trfstihionlalrf, &6.. s'ee Oarderiefs' OironicU, October C, 1866 ;

Tillies, October T. 18(!0 ; Sc-i(ti.sh Gardener, November, 1868 ;'

Oardeim'ti' Ohr<iiicle January Pi. 186?; "Florist," Pobnmry, IWT.

hAST YEAR'S PLANTS (a few remaining)'.

lat Size, vpry choice, 8 to 12 inches, £3 6s. eaob.

THIS TEAR'S PLANTS.
Zd'Siuc, Gne; 4 to 5 inches, £2 'Is.
3d Size, nice little bits, 2 to 3 inches, £1 Is.
fiOOU plants are now plunged out-of-doors, in their respective sizes,
they may be safely forwarded dtirin^ the summer, if desired, and
orders will be executed iu strict rotation.

Chromo-Hthogmphs of the parent tree, by Day and Son (Limited),
on superior cavils, 1,0 inches by 8 inches, vefy faithful in outline, but
ileflcient In repvosontiTig the glorious colour of the original. These
LiL- ^ent free by post for 25 stamp?, and' one sent to each Purchaser*.

It is intended to exhibit a few of thn iiret size at the approaching
iai IS aod Manchester Exhibitions.

R. Hahtland, The Lough Nurseries.

Suttoia'a <3PraBs Seeds for all Soils.

UUTTON AND SONS
O havo 8tiU on hand some of each of
thcJ loading kinds of

PERMANENT NATUllAL GRASSES
and CLOVERS,

which are mixed expressly to suit the s
for which they are Intended.

Prloo 2(l«. to 30rt. per nuro.
Carriage free.

Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed
EutilbllHhment. RoadlnK-

Wheelers' Imperial, the finest Swede Grown.

C

H 0 I C

Pbr pkl.-
Broccoll, Snow's Imperial

Winter

Albert Sprouts. ,-.
Oaulitiower, Early Erfiii't..
Celery. Manchester

Champion Red
Cucmnbur, Smith's Fine

Frame

Cucumlier, Telegraph
Leek, Henry's Priae
Endive, Digswel! Pnze
Onion, Nunebnm Park . .
Mt^ey, exti a flno curled ..
Raphanus caudatus (new

loDg^podded Hiidish)
Uustaru Marrow
Melon, Malvern Hall
IViniato de L-iye
L':uiliUt<wer, The Mamin^tth
Richard Sdiua,

E

Post

,SBed

SEED
Free.

I Per pkt.-

Moore's Vefjetabie Cream

Beet, Perpetual Spinach . .

,, Nutting's Snpeib

Red

i Lettuce, "Wheeler's Tom

1 Thumb

[ Radish, French Breakfast
' Aster, TrutRj.ut'3 Superb
j French. 12 vars, mixed . . 1
Aster, Victoria, 6 vai's,

piixed 1

Stock, improved large-
I powering, 12 vaj's, mixed; 1
l' Balsam, Camellla-flo\\''ered,
I R var. mixed .. .,1

Ba] sam, Kose- flowered, 8 vara.
I mixed . . . . ^1

Phlox Drummondii, 12
splendid varieties ,. 1

Merchant. Wor.ccstcc

KvM Rabl 9fe«d sHould now be EfaWii

"Drilled :is Swedes, 3 tb 4 lb. per acre.'

SUTTON AND SOXS can supply superior SEED,
either GREEN or PDRPLE, at 2^. 6t/. per lb., or cheaficr in

''^For^^fnS.rucubns on Cultivation, see SUT^TON'S' FAltk' SEED
LIST vfhich may bo had post IVee on- application.

SjjTTON k Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Bsta.bli^hiTreirt;_B.eading.

FiBROTJS PRAT of tirst-clas3 (lualitv for Oi-diids,
Heaths, American Plants, aittP all potting pin-poses, ni:jjr be
obtained by arppllCHtlon to Mir: Tii')SiAS' jESEOr, Famlngbam wood,
iiearFaruingbam StiitionjKerit. It is diSprttcheU bv tbe London,
CiwthtnM. and DoVer Railwil^ m tru{;l<!s of 16 yardff, about 6-tons, to
most Stations in the Kingdom, or f\Jtche_d' iii caHlsfrtrtn tke"Wb6d.
it is extensivelvusadanU appreciated in the principal Nurseries, and
in tne Royal Parku and Giird^ns. Pnfce' 3s. per ciibic yard; at
F'araiughatn Station.

fikeii

Q. R A fg 8 SEEDS ^ot

^^ PERMANENT PASTORK» of tho

llnubt quality, at moderate prlcoH,
crtrel\illy selootod'on anew, natural, and
scientlUe ayHtom.

See •* WHEELER'rf fiOOlC on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tioDH and Descriptions of the mOut
Bultablo CrasBoa for I'trmanent Paature,

J. C. Whkklkii ti Son,

Gloucester,

SeedsmuQ to the Oloucosterahlre
Agi'lcultural Society.

est Swedeiin:Oultlvatloii Is Sutton's Champion.

WHEELERS' IMPERIAL S"U^EDE.
Early Orders are" necessary, as the Seed ia scarce.
This is one of the best if not the best Swede in cultivation ; the
specimens exhibited at the Smlthfleld Club Show in London, and at
Cirencester, Birmingham, and at the Great Show of Roots held in
Gloucester, excited considerable admiration, not only for their size,
but for their beautiml shape and excellent quality.

J. C, WiiEELKR & SoM, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

G

RASS SEEDS for PERMANENT PASTURE,
selected on.a new, scientlQc, and natural system, by
J. C. WiiicELER & Son, Gloucester,

u

NDOUBTEDL Y

GOOD IDEA.

WHEELER AND S0N;S " BOO^ on (BRASSES'."—
"These enterprising Seedsmen, ir^ intToducing * new element
into their calculations — viz,, the geological formrttion'of the soilfe for
which, peruianent Grasses are wanted — Tiiive undoilht^dl'i^ a gbod' idea.
"Messrs. Whkeler have prepared a new series of tables of thtf
Glasses which they consider most suitable to diffferent geological
formations. Those are arranged in 11 tables, and include mixtures
suitable for heavy, medium, and light soils in each case." — The Field,
March-9, 18G7.

JO: WHEELER. A^-D SON' am anxious that ever\'
• Gentleman Parmer m England; wTio is abbut to Lay Dow'a
Land to Permanent Pasture, or to Renovate Oid Pitsture with suitable
Grass Seeds, should read tliieli! illustratbd "Bookv.n GHiiises.;" with
this view they will, on rtceivinj; ii. not*; to that effect, send a dopy to
any address they may be favjurud with.

THE SUPERB NEW GRAPE.

"MRS. PIIfCE'S BLifr^E MUSOAT"

Ig' DlECEbEDiT I'kE BEST GRAPE EXTANT.
I(j hs^ beeu, repeatedly exhibiled' at the London Horticulturnl- Meetings,, and' obtained' the llighsst; Prize
awmSed't'o Seedling Grapes. ^, 0,.4g„, if seta now, can be executed in August' next.

The Vines fromwhKli last year's Graphs were out (as late as tie 4-th ^ay), dnjiriow be seen hearing a heavy
The Public are respectfully invited^ to see for themselves, or send for Copies of Testimonials to the

crop,

EXETER NURSERY, EXETER.

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN (NOW READY).

WILLIAM PAUL

(Son and Successor to the late A. Paul),

BEGS TO OFFER THE

ABOVE MAGNIFICENT HARQY FLOWERING TREE,

WTiich lie lielieves to be tUe greatest acquisition for forcing and out-of-door culture tliat has been
I introduced for many 3'ears!

I Stroiig^ healthy Planteywell eStamiShed in p6t3, 2ft. high", 7s. 6d; dach ; 1 ft. high, S's. each.

A Firttr-clasa' Certificate ^^ rfWarddd to him for this Plant by the Royal Horticultural Society on the 16th April last.

(^ See Coloured- Dhivring- by Fttdrf, and' History, ih the *' Florist " for June.

"We do not l.oaitate to adviso every one who has a garden tt __ „ .„

purchase this plant at oHCe'. » • * Plants purchaa'ed in potsl grtrtlfta* in th^ aiitHmn' df*tl
I now may be grown and established, so as to tlower well either | to do this." — The. Florist, ifr.

in oj- out-of-dooia next spring; whereas if removed tiom tiie
■■■ ■ ■' ■ ■"*■ itilr, they catr Hardly be expected

PA^UL^S NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON-, N.

SUTTON'S CHAMPION SWEDE,'
A large Purple-topped Yellow variety. Handsome shape, per-
fectly hardy, stores exceudingly well, and one oith'; heaviest croppera.
Fi'om Mr. J. 11 H\ls£, A'^oeWry to the Sidnwuch Agricultural

Assoctatfou.
" October2G: 18CG:~At' the annual meeting of the above Associa-
tion, hcld'at sidmoutli on'th.^ 23d inst., the whole of the Prizes for
Swede Turnips wore awarded to your Champion Swede, grown from
seed supplied by you during the past seasoiC"

From II. J. HiLLiER, Esq., Oranhaiii Hill, Mailborougfi.

" 1 am bound to say that, from my esperience, you are quite

justiSed in assorting the Champion Swede to be quite as hardy as

any of tbe purple-topped varieties ; if not indeed hardier."

Lowest price per bushel on application.

PRICE LISTS of other TURNIP §EEDS gratis on application.

ScTTOw & Sons, Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

"pEAT.— A quantity of good^ fibrous PEAT for SALE,
JL as supplied by tbe Advertiser to hei; Majpsty's Gardens.
Price per ton, 14s. Delivered to Seven 0.aks orEdenbridge Station,
by F. Uavnes, Brasted Chart, near Seven Oaks.

pOCOA-N^T REFUSE
^-^ is becoming" scarce, the
old' reserves will sobn be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 20 fbr 30s., 50 for 66s., 100
for £6.

Fourpence allowed tor each
bagretuiiied carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-office
Order, payable to J. Baksbam &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

iQ.lS HURST

VT COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners smce 1S59, agiiinsc
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green Fly. and other Blight,
in solutions of from I to
2 oancea to the gallon of sort
water, and of from Ato IG oUtices
as a Winter Drestiiiig for Vihea
and Fruit Ti-ees. Hag outlived
many preparat?ona mtended to
supersede it.

Sold' Retail by Seeds;nen, Itt
boxes; is., 3s;, and lOS. Gd.

Spider'

MngUi-
aed

Wholesale' by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANiT

(LlAUTEDj

696

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICTILTIIRAI, GAZETTE.

[June 8, 1867.

B

OSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA, for the Destruction of
j_^ Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, &c., on Stove and Green-
house Plants. Fruit Trees, Vines, &c. In bottles, witli full instruc-
tions for application, price 3s. 6d., &s., and 10s. 6d.

James Carter & Co. beg leave to state that the present time Is most
suitable for applying the above genuine Specific before the com-
mencement of the growing season, thereby preventing the rapid
increase of the above pests which would otherwise take place. The
infallible properties of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becommg fully recognised, J. C. & Co. having already sold nearly
2000 bottles since its first introduction in the spring of 1866.
Numerous testimonials have been received, and not a smgle complaint
of its inefficiency.
Sole Agents, James Carter & Co., 237 and 238, High Holbom, W.C.
\* The Trade supplied on liberal terms.

Fumigate your Greenhouse TTltli

TOBACCO TISSUE.

—This article is acknowledged by all parties who nave used i*; to
be the best remedy for Destroying Insect Life; is entirely free from
paper or rag, and will bum withouti the assistance of blowing.

Srice 3*. 6d. per lb., carriage ft-ee. To be had of Messrs. Roberts
& Sons. Tobacco Manufacturers, 112, St. John Street, ClerkenweU,
E.C.,andofall Seedsmenand Nurserymen.

GAKDEN BOEDER EDGING TILES, in great
Tariety of patterns and material, the plainer sorts being
especially smted for KITCHEN GARDENS, aa
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" ifidgings, conse-
quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., In
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosHEB, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriai-s, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLET'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corrldurs, Balconiea, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety

of designs.

Also TESSEIjATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bi-icks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosder, at their Premises aa above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — 148. per Ton, or Is. 3d. par Bushel ; 2s. per Ton ostra
lor delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. & G. Rosher. — Addresses see above.

1^ £. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

/^AST IRON VASES.— FLUTED PATTERN,
size. I Price. With Pedestal.

Hot-water Pipes, with Elbows
and Connections, supplied by

BURY AND I'OLLARD.
Contracts and Estimates given
for WARMING PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS; latest Improvements in HEAT-
ING by HOT WATER; the Improved
CONICAL BOILERS, for Heating
Pineries, Conservatories, Greenhouses,
Mansions, Halls, Warehouses, &c.,
Solely Manufactured by Burv & Pol-
LAKD. These Boilers are adapted for
setting in Brickwork, or annexed
Sketch shows Buitv & Pollaru's im-
proved arrangement, requiring
NO BRICKWORK SETTING.
These Boilers have for their dura-
bility and economy attained a cele-
brity far surpassing any other Boilers
ever invented. They have been for
many years pnst in use at many Public
Establishments, Royal Botanical Gar-
dens at Kew, at the Regent's Park,
the CiTstal PtiHce and at most of the Nobility's and Gentry's Seats
throufjhout the United Kingdom. References where they have
been tor 20 years in constant use.

Price Lists on application to Bury & Pollard, Park Iron Works,
17, New Park Street, Southwark, London, S.E. ^^ ___„_

Midland Steam Power Horticultural and Hot Water
Works, Lougliborougli.

High. Diam. 1 Each.

20 by 16 £10 0 £1 10 0

30 by 26 | 1 13 0 2 10 0

Delivered free to any Station in England on receipt of Post Office
Order.

J. Jones & Sons, 6, Bankside, Southwark, London, S.E.

c

^AST-IRON VASES. — TAZZA PATTERN

Size

High

"Dlam.

14

by

22

22

by

30

26

by

42

Price.

Each.
£15 0

2 & 0

3 15 0
Delivered free to any Station In England.

J. JoHEa & SoHs, 6, Bankside, Southwark, London, S.E.

Wltb Pedestal.

U 16

3 3

4 16

0
0
0

c

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
Qxed complete in any part of the country, or the materials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, 4c.. delivered to any Station.
Estimates on application.
J. Jones Ac Sons, 6, Bankside, Southwark, London, S.E.

OTTAM AND COMPANY,

Conservatory and Hotho08e Bdiloers, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Wineley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.
20 24 30 inches long.
453. 658. 92^. Qd. each.
HOT- WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. 64. 2s. Id. 2s. 9d. per vard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given Qxed com-
plete to Plan, on application to
COTTASI & Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street.
(opposite the Pantheon),
Oxford Street, London. W.

COIL CASE

TG. MESSENGER, Midland Steam Power
• Horticultural Works, Loughborough, Hot- Water Apparatus
and Valve Manufacturer.

Honourable Mention awarded at the International Exhibition, 1863,
and it the Dublin Exhibition, 18C5 ; also a First-class Certificate by
the Royal Horticultural Society.

T. G. Messenoer, Patentee of many impoi-tant improvements in
Buildings and Implements connected with Horticulture, and wbich
meet with imqualified approbation, is prepared to give reference to
hundreds of works entrusted to him and pre-eminently answering
the pm-poso for which they were constructed.

Any House Glazed Gingle or double, with or without putty.

The mode adopted by T. G. Messenger for Heating and Ventilating
Forcing Houses is particularly successful.

Houses are constructed by his Patented Ventilating principle to
open the whole of ro-'f and sides as though the glass were entirely
removed, at once placing the plants in the external atmosphere.

T, G. MtssENGta's Boiler posse.oses all the advantages of the
Tubular and Saddto combined, has hollow funiace bars, requires but
a shallow stokehok-, and exposes as much surface to the direct action
of the fire as can possibly be obtained, the whole of which can be
easily cleaned ; and it is an important fact that out of upwards ot
600 now at work made upon the improved principle not one has
cracked,

T. G. Messenger's Valve (single or double) is effective, simple,
easy to work, and as durable as the pipe to which it is attached

Designs and Estimates supplied for all kinds of Horticultural
Works, and guaranteed to answer the purpose for which they may
be intended.

GreezLhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
BXHIBITiON

iCO

^ ^E^V

HOT WATCH, APPAHATUS

for

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS
HORTICULTURE.
" Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South
Kensington.

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements In the Ventilation, Cnnstruction, and
ApnlicationofWROUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildings.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmospheric conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arrangement.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailing result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.
I OUR PATENT "\VROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
1 and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
improved system.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the growth of fii-st^class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY" HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty.

These Houi>e8 are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent,
and from the complete adjustment of their constructional parts will
vie most favourably with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Cai.alogues on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Dennis Sc A. Scbdby, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford,

Plans and Estimates free on application. Descriptive Book fully
Illustrated, post Itee for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee
James CKANaxos, Ai-chltect, Birmingham. '

Works : Highgate Street, Birmingham.
QxKBT J. Grob-taqe, Manager, 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

B. BROTV^N AND C

NEW PATENT BB LAWN MOWER.

Guaranteed to give perfect satisfaction, and If not approved of,
may be at once returned,

T B. BROWN AND CO.'S NEW PATENT BB LAWN

^^ • MOWER is a revolution, so to speak, in Lawn Mowers, so far
does it excel all others. All Sizes now in Stock.

rpHE BB LAWN MOWER.— Before purchasing any :
-^ other, see the BB MACHINE, and you will be Bure to liave |
no other.

nPKE BB LAWN MOWER.— In design, quality of
"^ material, workmanship and finish, very far escela every other
Machine.

nPHE BB LAWN MOWER.— Beware of unfounded
-*- and imprincipled statements in some Lawn Mower advertise-
ments.

rpHE BB LAWN MOWER having more unbreakable

-*~ parts than any other Mower, is far more durable. The '
B B HORSE and PONY MACHINES deliver the Grass without
stopping the Machine; and every BB MACHINE Cuts the Grass
Wet or Dry on Lawns, uneven or otherwise.

rpHE B B LAWN MOWEll.— " The work done is of

-^ the first order, leaving the Laioii like a puce of vtlvet" — Mr.
Ingbam, The Royal Gardens, Windsor Castle.

rpHENEW PATENT BB LAWN MOWER.-
-^ Patented in England, France, and Belgium. All Sizes now
in Stock.

Patentees and Sole Manufacturers : J'. B. Browk & Co., 148, Upper
Thames Street, London, E.G.

10-inch Machine
12-inch Machine
14-inch Machine
16-inch Machine
18-inch Machine
20-inch Machine
22-inch Machine
24-inch Machine

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTEBNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mr. gray begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to his

NEW OVAL TUBULAR BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with
one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from Report in Gardeners' Chronicle of International Exhibition^ May 24, 1862, page 47^.

"The upright form of Boiler is usually made on a circular plan,
but the oval form given to Mr. Gbay's variety of it is said to be
^referable in consequence of its bringing the tubes In closer contact
with the fire. The usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram

rather than a square, it seems feasible that the Boilers on the ovaj

Elan should bring the tubes more completely within range of the
uming fuel; and this being so, the change, though a Blight one,
is no doubt an improvement.

I^' They are made of all sites, which^ with prices.^ may be had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL "WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAI), CHELSEA, S.W.

Peices—PATENT BB HAND MACHINE, including carriage to
any Railway Station, with all necessary Tools und Directions
for use.

£4 0 0
6 0 0

5 10 0

6 10 0

7 10 0

8 0 0

8 10 0

9 0 0

Easily worked by a Boy.
Easily worked by a Man.
Easily worked by Two Men,

Prices— PATENT BB HORSE MACHINE, complete, without
extras, including delivery free to any Railwaj Station, with all
necessai7 Tools a,nd Directions for use.

42-inch Machine . . £28 10 0 } ri„„,™ , „„„ „

36.inch Machine .. 24 10 oj^'^*^"^ ^^ * ^o"^^^-

30-inch Machine . , 21 10 0 Drawn by a Horse or Strong Pony.

Phices— PATENT BB PONY MACHINE, complete, without
extras, mcludmg delivery free to any Railway Station, with all
necessary Tools and Directions for use.

i:SchMac££e V.^WW SlE^wbyaPo-yor^trongDonkey.
26-inch Machine . , 14 10 0 Drawn by a Donkey.
J. B. BaowN & Co., Warehouse and London Manufactoi^—
148, Upper Thames Street, London, E.G.

FA. HAAGE'S (Jun.) WOOD TRAINING STICKS
• and TALLIES, commended by the Royal Horticultural
Society, the neatest, cheapest, and best made.can now be had of all
sizes, Wholesale, of Bethau & BLACtire, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames
Street, London E.G. ; and Retail of the principal Seedsmen and
Florists. Price Lists on application.

AUSTIN'S ARTIFICIAL STONE, Do'Ented 1826.
The eDtire Stock of this ItfaQulkctory conipnses
180 diflerent MODELS of VASES.
70 different MODELS ol TAZZAS.
About ZOO different FOUNTAINS.
74 STATUES from the Antique, and by Modeim Artists, and

SMALL FIGURES of CHILD REN.
22 SUN-DIAL PEDESTALS.
GARDEN SEATS.

15 BASKETS, from 12«. to Seven Guineas.
SHELLS, suitable either for "WATER or ROCK PLANTS.

from 18 inches to 12 feet diameter.
0 ARDlNlilRES, or large BOWLS for MASSES of FLOWERS.
63 FIGURES ot ANIMALS and BIRDS.
ORNAMENTAL RIMS to WATER BASINS.
34 BAPTISMAL FONTS.

CRESTS and other ORNAMENTS for BATE PIERS.
BALUSTRADING, in various styles.
TRIPOD, and other ANTIQUE PEDESTALS.
Mantifactured by Adbtik, Seelby, & Co., at Nos. 369 to 376, EustOD
Road, Regent's Park, N.W.

June 8, 1867.]

THE CrAKDENETiS' rTITlONTCLE 7\^'T) j\r,?jnTT,TTll^AT, nAZETTE.

697

SHANKS' NEW PATENT LAWN MOWEES FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED ON FIVE OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1864 BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY.

DURING THE SEASON OP 1865 THEY WERE PATRONISED ON FOUR OCCASIONS BY HER MAJESTY THE aUEEN.

ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND, AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PRDSSIA.

AGAIN ON FOUR OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1866 BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND BY MANY DlSTINOUIsnED NORILITV KdTFI IN THIS COUNTRY AND ABROAD.

HORSE. POWER MACHINE.

ALEX. SH.VNKS and SON arc gratified in being abli' to state that in the exiraordinarij and iticreminf/ demand for their celebrated Machines fhis Season^ they see a
further and conclusive proof that their merits are being fully ajjpreciated by the practical Gardener. The increased demand has been more particularly for the NEW
IMPROVED HA.\D MACHINES. The demand for the HOKSE and PONY MACHINES is also on the increase ; and as A. S. and SON have devoted their attention for the
last 30 years to the Manufacture and Improvement of Lawn Mowers, they are enabled to state confidently that their Machines, whether for Horse, Pony, or Hand Power,
surpass all others for general efficiency, simplicity of construction, ease in working, and durability.

A. S. ANB SON subjoin a List of a few of those whose patronage they have had the honour to receive during the past few weeks for their favourite Horse Machine. It
would take many pages to contain a List of all the distinguished Patrons they have had for the other sizes.

11 KR MAJESTY THE QUEEN, for the ROYAL GARDENS, WINDSOR, one 42-inch
UKR MAJESTY THE QHEKN, for the ROYAL GARDENS, KEW, one 42-iiuli
HIS GRACE THE DUKE of SUTHERLAND, one 42-inch
HIS GRACE THE DUKE of BEDFORD, one 42-imh

HIS GRACE THE DUKE of BUCCLEUCFT, one 42-inch

ins GRACE THE DUKE of ATKOLE, one 42-inrli

THE MOST NOBLE THE JIARQUIS of WESTMINSTER, one 42-inch

THE MOST NOBLE THE MARQUIS of STAFFORD, one 42-inch

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

ARE IN DAILY USE IN

ALL THE ROYAL GARDENS; IN THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUN IS

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;
And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

These are the only Machines that can he depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOW PROPERLY WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OP LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Machines that have been in operation in HER MAJESTY'S GARDENS for a quarter of a century.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWER WILL MOW ON UNEVEN AS WELL AS ON LEVEL LAWNS..

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.

Width of Cutter.

10-inch Machine £.3 10 0

12-inch Machine 4 10 0

14-inch Machine 5 10 0

SHANKS'

Easily Worked
I By a Lady

By a Bay

NEW PATENT HAND

Silent Movement.

MACHINE.

4s. extra.

Width of Cutter.

16-inc,h Machine .. .. .. .. £6 10

19-inch Machine 7 12

22-inch ]\£achine . . . . . . ..87

24-inch Machine .. 8 17

Easily "Worked Silent Movement
By a Man or Two Boys t ^^
By a Man and Boy i ' '

( 7s. 6d.

By Tim Men

\ extra.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE,

Width of Cutter. If mth P.itent Delivering Apparatus,

2.5-inch Machine £12 10 0 .. .. 2.5.s. extra.

•28-inch Machine 14 10 0 .. .. 30s. „

30-inch Machine 1.5 15 0 .. .. 30s. ,,

Silent Movement, 125. 6d. extra; Boots for Pony, 22*. per set.
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

Width of Cutter.

30-inch M.achine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0

42-inch Machine 26 0 0

48-inch Machine 28 0 0

If with Patent Delivennc,' Apparntu
30s. e,xtra.
.. 30«. „
. . 40s. „
. . 40s. „

Silent Movement, 20s. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEX.A.NDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRO.\^ WORKS, ARBROATH, N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHA.LL STREET, K.C.

27, Leadenhall Street is the only place in London where intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers can choose from a Stock of from. 1-^0 to 200 Marhims.

AH sizes kept there, tvhether for HorsCy Po^iy, or Mnvid Power.

598

THE eiEDENEES' CHRONICLE AlsD AGRICUL'IUML GAZETTE.

[j^jHE 8, i8?r.

YERBENAS and GEEANIIBIS, scarlet, &c., good
and well established, supplied as follows :— VERBENASj in
varletv, IBs. per 10(1 ; GERANIUM, in Rreat variety fur liodding,
18s. per 100 ; UNIQUE, crimson, extra strong, 30s. per 100.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of Roses In pots. Stove. Green-
house, Sott-wooded, and Bedding-out Plants. Post free. Trade
price on application.

H. & R. Stirzakeh, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

HOICE VARIEGATED GERANIUMS.—

The following 12 distinct Varieties, in good strong Plants,
will be sent on receipt of Post-ofBce Order for 12s.

ITALIA UHITA

QUEEN of QUEENS
QUaDRICOLOR TARIEGATA
YELLOW BELT
MISS KINGSBURY
BIRD of PARADISE
Saltmarsh & Son, Monlsbam Nurseries, Chelmsford.

GERANIUMS.

LUNA
SUNSET
MRS. BENTON
VIRGIN QUEEN
STELLA VARIEGATA
MRS. POLLOCK

s

UPERB VARIEGATED

MRS. BENTON

BICOLOR SPLENBENS

GOLD PHEASANT

GLOWWORM

LUNA

TWILIGHT

BEAUTY of OULTON
THE COUNTESS
MRS. LONGFIELD
YELLOW BELT
LITTLE PET
ITALIA UNITA

Strong pliints of tte above set 15s. Package included.
Casbon & Son. Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

POA TRIYIALIS ARGENTEA ELEGAN&,
SUver-leaved MEADOW GRASS, 4s. jier dozen.
CHRYSANTHEMUM SENSATION, white edRed, 4s. per dozen.
AGERATUM PRINCE ALFRED, the darkest and dwajrfest blue

variety out, 3s. per dozen.
100 VERBENAS, in 50 v.irieties, for 16s.
100 ZON.AL'GERANTUM.S, in 60 varieties, for 30s.

B. W. Knight, Nurseiyman, Battle, Sassex.

Primula New Seed, 1867.

FAND A. SMITH'S WEW CROP of the above is
• now readv. Quality of flowers unsurpassed for size and
colour, producing 10 per Cent, double flowers. The following
coloiu's are now oHered : —

STRIPED. WHITE and PURPLE, 2s. Gd. per nacket.
KERMESINA, 2s. 6d. and 5s. per packet.
WHITE, Is., 2s. 6d., and 5s. per packet.
CRIMSON, Is., 2,s-. Gd,, and 6s. per packet.
FERN-LEAVED RED, 2,s-. 6d. and 5s. per packet.
FERN-LEAVED WHITE, 2s. Qd. and 5s. ptr packet.
Dulwich, Surrey, S.

H

New Fuchsias.
CANNELL is now sending out the following;

a they are stated to be an advance upon all existing Varieties.

ACHILLES
CARRY SYMES
DEFIANCE I EVj!
FREEDOM
IMBRICATA PLENA

L'AERICAINE
LEONORE MULTIELORA
NOVELTY

FAVOURITE of FORTUNE
And NORA

Strong Plants of all tlie above for 7s. 6d., package included.

Strong rooted little Plant by pest, warranted to arrive safe, fresh,

and free, for 5s.

Fucbsia Nursery, Woohvich.

THE FINEST KNOWN FERN,
CIBOTIUM PRINCEPS, cood PLants 10s. Od. oacli.
THE FINEST PALM, PIlyENlCOPHORiaM SECHELLARUM
(or STEVENSONIA GRANDIFOLIA). — Le.aves beautifully
spotted with yellow, edges elegantly fringed, and stems orna-
mented with long shining jet black thorns. Nice Plants, with
3 to 5 leaves, 10s. liti. each.
MARANTA ROSEO-PICTA.— The gem of the late International

Kxliibitiou. Nice pl.iiits, 15s. each.
The above Three Plants should be added to the most select collection.
John Morss, Nurseryman, Dursley, Qloncestershiro.

KOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GREAT FLOWER SHOW, JUNE 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.

Bedding and otter Plants.

Just Published, post free 12 stamps (Gratis to Customers) Part III of

CARTER'S GARDENERS' and FARMERS TADE
MECUM, containinK complete Lists of now and choice Stove
and Grecnliotise and Bedding Plants, with an Adilendum comprising
original and practical articles, " On a Visit to Slcssrs. Carter's
Nursery," by an Amateur Florist ; Subtropical Gardonmg; and 120
Geometrical Designs for Flower-beds: witb reliable information for
the proper combination of liedding Plants to produce chaste and
strikmg effects.

Forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps on application to Carter's
Groat London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High Hotborn, London.

ROBERT PARKER begs to offer the following.— All
the Plants are strong and hoalthy, and can be supplied in
quantities.

PANSY CLIVEDEN BLUE, 65. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN PURPLL;, Gs. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN YELLOW. Os. per dozen.
POLEMONIUM CCERULEUM VARIEGATUM, 2s. Gd. each.
RHODODENDRON COUNTESS of HADDINGTON, 3s. 6ri. each.
TRITOMA GKANDIS, ISs. per dozen.
TRITOMA UVARIA GLAUCESCENS, 12s. per dozoti.
VIOLA CORNUTA, best variety, 4s. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE DES VIOLETS, Gs. per dozen.
VIOLET THE CZAR, Gs. por dozen. [per packet.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FI.MBRIATA, finest mixed seed, 2s. Crf
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGCJES of AGRICUL-
TURAL, FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and will be for-
warded free to applic.T.nts.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

Dutch Bulbs.

AE. BARNAART, ISursertiian, Vogelenzang.
• Haarlem, begs to inform Nurserymen and the Trade
generally, thtt be has just published his New CATALOGUE
of DOTCH BULBS for tho coming season, which may be had post
free on application to his Agents, Messrs. R. SiLBEURAn & Son, 6, Harp
Lane. Great Tower Street, London, E.G.

A. E. Barnaart having extensive Nurseries at Ha.irlem, Overveen,
and Vogelenzang, possess unusual cultural advantages, being able
to select the soil and situiitioa most desirable for perfecting the
growth of each description of Bulb.

His HYACINTHS were crowned this spring at tho Paris
Exposition Universelle.

Genista prsecox.

GEO. "WHEELEU, Nurseryman, &c., "Warminster,
Wilts, is prepared to send out good established young Plants
of the above, now growing in pots in the open ground, at 5s. each,
the usual allowance to the Trade when six or more are ordered.
This new, very hardy, showy, pea-flowered shrub will bo found an
acquisition to any coUeclion of stirubs. Tho flowers are of a light
lemon colour on opening, and become paler when fully bloomed.
The origin il plant w.as m full bloom on the 1st of May, hiiviug with-
stood tue oast seveie winter in a very cold exposed site, sloping
to the norlh, without the slightest protection, not losing a twig or
flower bud. It Is wall suited for the rockery, border, or hiwn.

A Piiotograph taken the 1st of May, from the oiiginal Plant,
which is 6 feet in diameter by 4 in height, showing its graceful and
drooping habit and proftision of bloom, may be had for 12 stamps.

AWARDS GE THE JUDGES.

Class 1.-9 GREENHOUSE AZALEAS, difltincfc. (Open.)
Ist Prize, Mr. C. Penny. Gr. to H. H. GJbbs, Esq., St. D.tthPt^a's,

Regent's Park, £15.
2d, Mr. C. Turner, Royal NurseiT. Slough, £10.
3d, Mr. A. Wilkie, Gr., Oak Lodge, Addison Road, J£;ensiQgton, £7.

Class 2.-6 GREENHOUSE AZALEAS, distinct. (Nurseryinen.)
Ist, Messrs. Glendinning & Sons, Nurstaies, ,Chiswick, ^9.
2d, Mr. C. Turner, £6.

Glass 3.-6 GREENHOUSE AZALEAS, distinct. (Amateurs.)
1st, Mr. S. M. Carson, Gr. to W. R. G. Farmer, Est]., Non^uoh Pari,
".Gheam, £9.

Class 4.— JS GREENHOUSE AZALEAS, in pots not wore than
12 inches across, not fewer than 5 varieties. (Opei;i.}

1st, Messrs. James Iverv & Sons, Nurserymen, Dorking, ^.

2d, Mr. C. Tuiner, £0.

Class 5.— 9 JIOSES, <^istiuct, in pats not more -than 13 inches aorpsa.
" ' " ~ (Open.)

1st, Mr. C. Turner, £8.

2d, Mr. W. Paul, Paul's Nurseries, Waltham .Cross, £5.

Class 0.— 6 ROSES, distinct, in pots not more than 13 inches across-

(Opeu.)
l&t, Messrs. Paul & Son, Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, Herts, £S.
2d, fieasrs. E. p. JFrancis & Co., Nurserymen, Hertfvjrd, £5-

Class 7.-6 NEW ROSES, not sent out previous .to 1^64~G5, in any

sized pot. (Open.)

[Judgment suspended.]

Class 8.— 9 SHOW PELARGONIUMS, distinct, in pots not larger

than Sinchea across. (Opon.J
1st, Mr. C. Tm-ner, £10.
2d, Mr. J. Eraser, Nurseryman, Leyton, Essex, £6.

Class 9.-6 SHOW PELARGONIUMS, distinct, in pots not larger

than 8 inches across. (Nurserymen.)
1st, Mr. J. Eraser, £6. | 2d, Mr. C. Tiurner, £4.

Classic— 6 S50W PELARGONIUMS, distinct, in pote not larger

than 8 inches across. (Amatem-s.)
Ist. Mr. W. Nye, Gr. to E. B. Forster, Esq., Clewer Manor, Berks, £6.
2d, Mr. J. Ward, Gr. to F. G. Wilkins, Esq., Leyton, Essex, £4.
3d, Mr. J. Wiggins, Gr. to W. Beck, Esq., Worton Cottage,
Isleworth, £2.

Class 11.— 6 FANCY PELARGONIUMS, distinct, in pots not larger

than 8 inches across. (Nurserymen.)
1st, Mr. J. Fraser, £6. | 2d, Mr. C. Turnor, £4.

Class 12.— 6 FANCY PELARGONIUMS, distinct, in pots not less

than 8 inches across. (Amateurs.)
1st, Mr. T. B.T.iley, Shardoloes Gardens, Amei-sham, Bucks, £6,
2d, Mr. Weir, Gr. to Mrs. Hodnson, Tlio Elms, Hampstead,£4.
3d, Mr. D. Windsor, Gr. to J. P. Rsivenhill, Esq., Forest, Waltham

Gross, £2.
Extra, Mr. D. Donald, Gr. to J. O. Barclay, Esq., Leyton, £1.

Class 13.— 6 ZONAL PELARGONIUMS, distinct— Nosogay and
Variegated sorts excepted. (Open.)
1st Mr. J. Fraser, £6.

Class 15.— SPECIMEN PELARGONIUM, of any kind. (Opcn^
1st Mr. C. Turner, £2. I Equal, Mr. W.Nye, £2.

3d, Mr. J. Fraser, j£l lus.

Class 17.— 1 FUCHSIAS, distinct, in pots not larger than 13 inches

across, (Amateurs.)
''d Mr. J. August, Gr. to Rev. A. Bi-idge^, Beddington, Siurey, £3.
3d Mr. J. James, £2.

Class 10—9 HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS. (Opon.)
1st, Mr. J. James, £3.

Class 20.— 3 POTS of LlLIllM AURATUM, tho pots not more than

10 inches across. (Open.)
1st, Mr. C. Turner, £3. [ 2d, Mr. \V. Bull, £2.

Class 22.-12 PANSIES, distinct, in 0-inch pots. (Open.)
1st, Mr." J. James, £2.

2d, Mr- H. Hooper, Vino Nursery, Widcombe Hall, Bath, £1 10s.
3d, Mr. W. Meddick, 9, St. James Parade, Hath, £1.

Class 25.-12 EXOTIC ORCHIDS, distinct. (Open.)
1st, Mr. C. Penny, £15. | 2d, Mr. J. Wiggins, £12.

3d, Mr. B. Peed, Gr. to Mrs. Tredwell, St. John's Lotige, Lower
Norwood, £10.

Class 20.— 10 EXOTIC ORCHIDS, distinct. (Nurserymen,)
Ist, Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, £12.
2d, Mr. B. S. Williams, Victoria Nursery, Holloway, £9,
3d, Mr. W. Bull, £G,

Class 27.-8 EXOTIC ORCHIDS, distinct. (Amateurs.)
1st, Mr, C. Penny, £9.

2d, Mr. G. Fairbairn, Syon House, Isleworth, £7.
3d, Mr. J. Wiggins, £5.

Class 28.-6 EXOTIC ORCHIDS, distinct. (Nurserymen.)
1st, Messrs. T. Jackson & Son, £9 | 2d, Messrs. J. 4; C. Lee, £7,

Class 29.— SPECIMEN EXOTIC ORCHID. (Open.)
1st, Mr. J. Sheratt, Gr. to J. Bateman, Es:]., £3.
2d, Mr. G. Fairbairn, Gr., £2.

Class 30—12 STOVE or GREENHOUSE PLANTS, distinct.
(Opep.)
Ist, Messrs. J. & C. Lee, £15. | 2d, Mr. B. Peed, £12.

3d, Mr. A. Wilkie, £10.

Class 31.— 6 STOVE or GREENHOUSE PLANTS, distinct.
(Nurserymen.)
1st, Messrs. J. & C. Lee, £7.

2d, Mr. O. Rhodes, Nurseryman, Sydenham Park, £S.
3di Messrs. Glendinning & Sons, £4.

Class 32.-0 STOVE or GREENHOUSE PLANTS, distinct.
(Amateurs.)
1st, Mr. A. Wilkie, £7.

2d, Mr. J. Carr, Gr. to P. S. Hinds, Esq., The Lodge, Bydeet,
Surrey, £5.

Class 33— SPECIMEN STOVE or GREENHOUSE PLANT.
(Open.)
1st, Messrs. Glendinning & Sons, £3. | 2d, Mr. A. Wilkie, £2.
3d, Messrs. J. & C. Lee, £1.

Class 54— 9 GREENHOUSE ERICAS, distinct. (Open.)
lat, Mr. O, Rhodes. £6. | 2d, Mr. B. Peed. £7.

3d,'Mesj9rs. T. Jackson & Son, £4.

Class 35.-6 GREENHOUSE ERICAS, distinct. (Amateurs.)
Oat £rizB, Mr. J. Ward, £6, | 2d, Mr. A. Wilkie, £5.

Class 36.-15 GREENHOUSE ERICAS, in pots not more than

5 inches across, not fewer than 5 kinds. (Oper.)
1st, Messrs. T. Jackson & Son, £5. | 2d, Mr. R. Osborne, £4.

Class 37— SPECIMEN STANDARD HARDY RHODODEN-
DRON. (Open.)
1st, Mr. A. Wilkie, £3.

Class 38.— 12 AMARYLLIS, distinct. (Open.)
Ist, Mr. B. S. Willianas, £i.

Class 39—9 FINE-FOLIAGED STOVE or GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, distinct, including Variegated Plants. (Open.)
1st, Mr. B. S, Williams, £10. | 2d. Mr. G. Fairbairn, £7-

3d, Messrs. Glendinning & Sons, £5,

Class 40.— 6 FI3H E-FOLIAGED STOVE or GREENHOUSE

PLANTS, distinct, including Variegated Plants. (Nurserymen.)

1st, ilr. B. S. Williams. £7. | Messrs. T. Jackson & Sun, £5.

3d, Mr, J. Burley, Albert Nursery, Bayswator, £3.

Class 41.- G EINE-FOLIAGED STOVE or GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, distinct, including Variegated Plants. (Amateurs.)
1st, Mr. W. Layton, Qr. to J. Y'ates, Esq., Landale House, High-
gate, £7.
2d, Mr. G. Fairbairn, £6. | 3d, Mr. D. Donald, £3.

Class 42.-6 CAIiABIUMS, distinct. (Open.)
1st, Mr. G. Fairbairn, £5.
2d, Mr. J. Burnett, Gr. to W. Perry, Esq., Peterborough, £3.

3d, Mr. A. Wilkie, £2. "" ' •

Class 43.-3 ANTHURIUMS, distinct. (Open.)
1st, Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons. £3. I 2d, Mr. B. S. Williams, £2.
3d, Mr. W. Bull, £1.

Class 44.— 1 PAIR of GREENHOUSE YUCCAS or BEAU-

CARNEAR, &c. (Open.)

1st, Mr. B. S. Williams, £4. I 2d, Messrs. J, Veitch & Sons, £3.

3d, Mr. W. Bull, £2.

Class 45.-1 PAIR of DRAC-^NAS or CORDYLINES. (Open.)
1st, Mr. G. Fairbairn, £4. 1 2d, Mr. B. S. Williams, £3.

3d, Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, £2.

Class 46.— C AGAVES, distinct. (Open.)
1st, Mr. B. S. WiUiams, £4. I 2d, Messrs. J. & C. Lee, £3.

3d, Mr. W. Bull, £2.

Class 47.— 0 TRICOLOR ZONATE-LEAVED PELARGONIUMS,

not fewer than 3 varieues. (Opeu.)
1st, Messi-s, E, G. Henderson & Son, Wellington Nursery. St. John's

Wood, £6.
2d, Mr. J. James, North Road, Highgate, £4.

Class 48.— The largest and finest PALM. (Open.)
1st, Mr. B. S. WiUiams, £5. | 2d, Mr. G. Fairbaitn, £3.

3d, Mr. W. Taylor, £2.

Class 49.— The largest and finest PANDANUS. (Open.)

1st, Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, £4. I 2d, Messrs. J, & C. Lee, £3.

3d, Mr. B. S. Williams, £2.

Class 50.-12 STOVE or GREENHOUSE FERNS, distinct. (Open.)
1st, Mr. B. S, Williams, £10, | 2d, Mr. W. Taylor, £5.

Class 61.— G STOVE or GREENHOUSE FERNS, distinct.
(Amateurs.)
1st, Mr. J. Carr, Gr. to P. L. Hindes, Esq., £4.
2d, Mr. C. Smith, Gr. to C. Walton, Esq., Manor House, Eaat

Acton, £3.
3d, Mr. A. Wilkie, £2.

Class 62.— G STOVE or GREENHOUSE FERNS, distinct.
(Nurserymen.)
1st, Mr. B. S. Williams, £3. | 2d, Mr. W. Bull, £2.

Class 53.— 12 HARDY FERNS, species or varieties, distinct. (Open.)
1st, Messrs. J. Ivery & Son, £5.

2d, Mr. J. Salter, Versailles Nuniory, Haiumersmith, £3.
3d, Mr. W. Bull, £2.

Class 64.-1 PAIR of TREE FERNS. (Open.)

1st, Messrs. J. Voitch & Sous, £6. I 2d, Mr. B. S. Williams, £4.

3d, Mr. W. Bull, £2.

Class 55.— The lai-gest and fiuest TREE FERN. (Open.)
1st, Mr. B. S. Williams, £5. I 2d, Mr. W. Bull. £3.

Equal 2d, Messrs. J. Voitch & Sons, £3.

Class 67.-12 HARDY* EVERGREEN TREES and SHRUBS,
distinct. (Open.)
1st, Messrs. J. Voitch & Sons, £6. | 2d, Mr. W. Bull, £4.

3d, Messrs. R. Osborne & Sots, £2.

Class 59.-1 PAIR of STANDARD EVERGREEN HARDY
TREES. (Open.)
1st, Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, £4. | 2d, Mr. W, Bull, £2.

Class GO.— 20 HARDY VARIEGATED ALPINE and
HERBACEOUS PLANTS, distinct. (Open.)
1st, Mr. J. Salter, £3.

Class ^L— 6 NEW PLANTS, of any description, in or out of Flower,

distinct, (Open.)
1st, Messrs. J. Veitch & Som>. Silver Medal.
2d, Mr. W. Bull, Bronze Medal.

Class C2.— 1 NEW PLANT, shown for the first time in Flower.
(Open.)
1st, Messrs. J. Veitch &, Sons, Silver Medal.
2d, Mr. W: Bull, BrOnze Medal.

Class 63.— I NEW PLANT, in or out of Flower, not found in
commerce, (Open.)
1st, Messrs. Veitch & Sons, Silver Medal,
^d, M^i^srs. ^> G- Henderson & Son, Bronze Medal,

Class 64.— SEEDLING FLORISTS' FLOWER, of any kind.

named. (Open.)

1st, Mr. W. Nye, Silver Medal. 1

Class 65— NEW GARDEN VARIETY, named. (Open.)
1st, Messrs. J. Veitch S; Sons, Silver Medal.
2d, Messrs. R. Osborne & Sons, Bronze Medal.

Class 66— MISCELLANEOUS PLANTS, FLOWERS, or FRUITS,

not specially invited in the preceding sections, (Open.)
1st, Mr. W. Paul. £6. " . - _ .,

Messrs. Pa\il. Colteotion of Cut Roses, £3.
Mr. 9, Burnett, for Collection of Medicinal Plants, £3.

JlTN.E 8, JSn?.]

THE nAT^llFA'l'.RS' CITRONICLE AND AfiRlCULTHF.AI. (JAZETTE.

$&&

i ^ RANi) HOKTICULTURAL EXHIBITION

V X ftt BURY ex. EDMUND'S, tn coniioction with tlio
SHOW of tho ROrAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIEXr,
JULY 1ft, ISfiT, U11.1 four following Days.
Amnncat virio.is SpeciJil Pnzos. iimoinitmg in viilno to nonrly
i^SiKi uiid uxolnsivo of the ordlimrj- Piiat) Hchotlule,
A SILVKK CUP, VALUI'l j;2().
witl bo offered by tho Proprlotnrs. nl'tbo
GARDENRRS' CIIRONICLK anii AORIOULTURAL GAZETTE
" for the bust COLLEUTION of i-'RUITS and VBOEU'AULES,

to be iimUo up us foUowa :—
Of FRUITS, nnv Five of tho fnHowiiiK Elfiht kinds, ono Ulfih of
•aoh :— GmpOH, Molons (2 fi-uitfi). Stmwbon-loa, Goosoborrto«, Cur-
mntB, Oheniwt, Ruflphorriea, or Apples (of thu crop of lisiitj).

Of VKGETAIfLKS, any EiKht of thy following Fourteen ];lnda,
nno b.iski-t nr hundlo of oncli :— PoriM, Fronch BoanR (or Si'iirlet
Runners), Rroad Boana, Cum Hfln wore, Cncunibors (hrnco), Snnimor
Cnlibagi-s, E:nly Cnn'ota, TuniipH, Artichokes, Oruoiis, Spiniiuh,
Rhuhiiri', Fotiitos, or Mixed Siiliulltvg.

This Cup «'lll bo open to t'<impotitl'>n amongst Amateur or Pro.
fOMlonal Gardonei-K, of all Krocios, witU Fruit aud Vegetables of their
oujii arowing ; any iirtiolo otUorwlse obtained wlU diBn"'''li'i' the
ojtlilbltor. _ _ __

T' HE"^ GAUDENERS'' " ' ROYAL " UEdNEVOLENT
INSTITUTION.
Tho TWENTY-FOURTn ANNIVERSARY FESTIV^VL will
tnke placo at tho LONDON TAVERN, KISHOPSGATI-; STREET,
LONDON, on THURSDAY, Juiio 27.

Prmidfut of the Day.

Thf. RiotiT Hon. Sin RmmitT Vt.v.i., Bart., M.P.

Board of Stfirartia.

Georgu Chil'L Escu, Ohainitaii

Tlie Right Hon. Earl Duciu

Tho Ripht Hon. Lord ERorton of Tabton

Tho Right [Ion. Lord Londesbomiigh

Tlio Riiilit JIou, Lord Viscount S;iiidop

Tho Right Hon. Sir William Hutt, M.P.

Tho Haron Lh.nel do Rothschild. M.P.

Sir William KniRlitou, Bart.

Sir OsivaUl Mosley, Burt.

Sir Writtor Stirling, But.

Professor Owou

.Taino3 iBatonian, F^Hq.
RoboFt Uroiuhvdtor, Esq.
T H Brnwiip, E*i.

:!rnn Bull. K-n., F.L.S.
vs'tiitworrh Ibillor, Esvi.
' ■111 M. CaniphL^li, Esq.
.1 ujiOH Crispo, Esq.
.iiihii Dny, Esq.
Ii'. Eastou, Eag.
I'l.T^.^Eean. E-^.i.
uicis Fuller, Esq.
iiL'w Henderson, Esq.
: Steiner noirord,Gsq., M.P.
iiiKitn Hursl., Esq,, Jan.
' iituiol Jeakes

. Johnson, Esq.

OharlcB Lnwsoti, Esq.
Hoary Giah iJM Jjiwyson, Esq.
Goorge S. Litweon, Esq.
DouKld NiooH, ICsq.
Oeorg© Warde Normin. Esq.
Wui. J. Nuttiug, Esq., Juu.
Thoniiid Osborne, Esq.
Ch;LS. Ratclitf, Esq.
Mr. AlUerraau Salomons, M.P.
W AVilsoii Siuind-Jrs.E.q.F.R.S.
John Spencer, Esq,
Jamee Veitch, Esq., F.-L.K.
R. S. Vivian, Esq.
Robert Warner, Esq,
llonsleigh Wedewood, Esq.
G. F. Wi!sou, Esq..F.R.S.

Dinner upon T.ible at 0 o'clock precisely. Tickets, 21.s-. eacU.
Ltdies' Tickets foi- the Gallery, Ts.Gd., for whom a Hundsome
>li:itioni3proviiled. Edw\bd R. Cutler, Secretary.

11. Tavistock Row, Covont Garden, W.C.

SATUBDAY, JUNE 8, 1867.

MKETmG FOR THE ENSUINO WEEK.
MtNOW, Jiiiif Ifll

to iMsnchc'-stpr 6J'«it HortioiiUural Esliibltion,

Nimlum ne erede colori is one of those many
ijilioristio sayings which people now-a-days
I iko the liberty of heeding ov of disrogard-
ii ;!■ at their own swoet will and pleasure,
:!iiil wholly independently of the sayings or
doings of poets or philosophers ; and when
the soft, velvety pile of a Pansy, or the
exquisite tints of a Hose are in question, it is too
much to expect one to heed the admonitions of
those botanists who are apt to pooh-pooh Colour
in Plants as beneath their notice, or at any rate
as being, insufficient to ' ' furnish specific charac-
ters." In this latter point, indeed, we feel com-
pelled to concur, not, however, without an
impression that when more is known as to the
mode of production of colour, its disposition in
certain portions of the plant to the exclusion of
others, and when the curious relations that exist
between colour aud fr)rm, as pointed out some
years since by Dr. Dickie, are sufficiently worked
out, then the botanists will have to alter their
opinions, and colour, like the other attributes
of the plant, will furnish its quota towards the
sum of characters by which one set of plants is ,
distinguished from another. It does so now to
some extent, notably so in the case of seaweeds,
but by-and-by its services in this way will, we
doubt not, be better appreciated. In the mean-
time thfi increasing jjopularity of plants with
brilliantly Colouebd Foliaxje necessarily leads
to the consideration as to how these varied hues
are produced, and induces the cultivator to
reflect on the power that he has to produce,
modify, or obliterate thsse tints at will. The
principal facts relating to the coloration of leaves
are pretty well known to our readers, or, if not,
theyareresidily accessible. Mr. BEBKELBTalhided
to pome of tham at tho last meeting of the Eoyal
Horticultural Society, and our main object at
present is to supplement his remarks by calling
attention to some facts, not novel, indeed, but
still worthy the consideration of the gardener,
and which we have lately had the opportunity of
testing by the examination of specimens kindly
furnishoci to ufi by Mr. Wills, whose remarks
on the origin of the Tricolor Pelargoniums wo
hope shortly to lay before our readers.

Wc would specially call attention to the
localisation of the colour in particular cells.
'Kksn, in the 2oi>al PelargoniijDjfi, pot only is the

colour distributed in a somewhat semicircular
zone, but a microscopic section reveals that tho
coloured cells are almost entirely to bo found
just under tho epidermis, especially on tho upper
surface of tho leii/f; no doubt in some cases they
may be found elsewhere, but the spots miinlioimd
aro, 80 to spoak, the hoad-quarters of tho coloured
juices, and tho same thing holds good in tho
Red Cabbage and many other brightly ooloiirod
plants known to us.

This may be due to tho more intense notion of
light on the surfaces of thn leaf, though there are
many difficulties in (ho way of accepting siich a
solution to which our space now forbids us to
allude. Again, the anatomical structure of tlio
loaf, so correctly described by Mr. Berkeley,
does not fully explain the localisation of the
colour ; for while it is undoubtedl.y trao that in
most cases the coloured fluids aro to bo found in
the prismatic colls to bo found j ust beneath tho
upper skin of the loaf, yet they are not confined
to those cells ; and some of the Pelai'goniums are
destitute of cells of this form. But perhaps the
leaf-stalk shows the greatest peculiaiities in tho
position of the coloured juices. On submitting
to the microscope a longitudinal slice of the pink
leaf-stalk from one of Mr. Wills' seetUiugs we
saw, what we had often seen before in other
plants, that tho coloured cells were arranged in
longitudinal rows through(mt the stalk, the rows
being separated one fi'om the other by colourless
cells, so that the appearance was not unlike that
of a ribbon border, so regular was the arrange-
ment. It is very difficult to account for this
arrangement, and wo .shall not attempt to do
so at present.

There is one point upon which we should be
glad to have further information, as we think
probably there are more exceptions to be met
with than wo have ourselves encovuitered, and
that point is as to the precise part of the cotyle-
dons or seed-leaves in which tho red tint first
makes its appearance. As far as we have seen
in seedling plants of red zoned varieties, while
in the pei-fect leaves the red tint fir.st shows itself
in the median zone of the leaf, in the case of
the seed leaves, and also in the case of the
stipules, the red tint is first peixeptible at or near
the edges, and specially as regards the stipules
near their points.

Other matters revealed by an examination of
Pelargonium leaves, not without significance
for the thoughtful cultivator, are these : —

The pure white spots are due to the entire
absence of chlorophyll, hence it is no wonder that
if a .seedling show itself with two wholly white
seed-leaves that it speedily dies, because the due
production of chlorophyll or leaf-green is well-
known to be intimately associated with the
healthy development of the plant. Hence, as
Mr. Wills says, "if tho white is allowed to
have its course, the plant will do no good for
itself." Indeed, specimens sent to us by Mr.
Wills show this conclusively ; the green leaves
having been removed and only the white ones
.suffered to remain, the effect has been to check
the growth : and had the experiment been pursued
longer, death must have ensued. This absence
of chlorophyll, and attendant loss of vitality in
the cells, as Mr. Grieve well remarked (p. 54S),
accounts for the puckered convex leaves of so
many of the Silver Tricolored Pelargoniums. To
us it has also appeared, though in this matter
our experience is in some degree opposed to that
of others, that the red colouring matter is not
produced unless there be at least some chlorophyll
in the leaf ; in other words, we have never seen
a trace of pink colouring matter in leaves that
are abaolutely white, though in those that have
even the faintest tinge of j'ellow, indicating the
existence in small proportion of chlorophyll, the
reddish tint may very often be met with. But
while we have not satisfied oiu-selves of the
existence of red colouring juices (or we may add
of starch grains) in leaves which are entirely
destitute of chlorophyll, we have frequently
peen clusters of crystals or " raphides" in the
colourless cells of tho white leaves. If this be
borne out, it will furniah an additional argument
to those who look on raphides as more excretions.
But this is running away from the subject of
colour, and in order not to weary the patience of
oar readers, we dismiss the subject for the
present, merely adding a record of a circum-
stance which has been made known to us by the
courtesy of Mr. Bull, and which is very signi
ficant, and that is, that a pink tint may readily be
produced in the silver-edged Ivy-loavcd Pelar-
goRiuHL.B Jay placing the plants near to tho glass.

aud thus expelling theEi tally to the action of
light. In thi.-j plant the coloured juices may fee
seen to be contained in spheroidal or polygonall,
not prismatic colls, and, in some parts of the loaf
at ajiy rate, to be as abundant on the lower ae
on tho upper surface of tlie loaf.

TnE week just en(!letl ismotewortUyin ttioannalf

o( Hortioultiiro, ii'om the 'OG{^un'eM(:o of two Flowi^
Sa-iowfi of more iiram ordinary iiitorcsi— i;ti:it (jf t/he
Boviil HortionHiirjil iSocietj', svt Soiitli KeasinKbon,
In which tho jiracedeiiit sot ]tin\, yciir by thfe
"Inlornabionnl," iis *o the I'KOi^ong-ec DUniiTIGSi
of the Rrrait shows, hiis been partiully I'oUowed, and
thnit of the Miiportatit'exhvbitior. at Manchester, wbicii
was aiiau;j:iupatied jicstcrdny, and is to reuiain open until
the Lllih iust. Ol the ibrioer, which, liorlicnltiimlly
speaking, was somewhat disappointing, a full report
will he found in another page; of the latter, whiclj,
from its magnitude, the ample amount to be awardeO
in prizes and the length of time it is to remain open,
is specially remarkable as tho nearest approach to the
grand floral festival of last ye.ar, wo shall give a
detailed account in our next issue.

Mr. C. HuBBAUD, gardener to Lord Bebnees,

Ins kindly favoured us with a specimen of a uouBte
Apple Blossom similar to that ligiweii in ourooluraus
in June, 18G,5 (,i)..5.5t). It is cei'taiuly morelike a Rowe
than an Apple, being muidi larger than the ordiuary
ilowers, and on alougcrstalk,«liileit is prodnced subse-
quently to the others, Mr. Hubbard's llower has a
calyx of five se^parate sepals, numerous petals, some paj*-
tiaJly changed into stamens, several perfect stamens, and
five separate, snperior, 2-ovuled oairpels. Here then,
as 60 often happens in Frotilerous looses, all traces of
the swelling beneath the flower— all traoe.s, in faot, of
what would, under ordinary circumstances, }je the
Apple, are obliterated, aud the live ovaries stand above,
and not as t,liey are usually, embedded within an
expanded and succulent flower-stalk. Such instances
are botajiioally most instruotive,

Since our observations were made on file

disposition of the coloured cells in the pahti-
COLOITKED Pelargoxia, aud the consequent modifica-
tious of colour (sec p. 517), we have had an oppoi-tuuilv
of examining the leaves of the Emperor of the ;Fr^nch
Pelargonium, one of the parents of the variety -Mrs.
Pollock, as stinted by Mr. (iEiEVE. In the yery_ vivid
cokuaired patches by which the yaiMety is distingJiished,
we find two layers of prismatic cells filled ^^ith red
endochrome. We find also two layers of the same cells
in the green parts, but on examining other xonafl Pelar-
goniaw'e fioad sometimes one larger, sometiiiies two; the
oells of the latter varying greatly in form, so as to
resemble in some cases very closely the subjacent more
or less rounded cells of the under part of the leaf In
older leaves of the Emperor of the French, where a
great ]iortion becomes of a vivid red, we find ad I tic ccll>
filled with red colouring matter, except the two layers
of subcuticular cells, the one on the under, the other
on the upper surface of the leaf. It appears from the
above statement that scarcely any variety could have
been so judiciously selected for crossing, with a view to
obtain highly distinguished tints, and, as is generally
tlie case, good practice and science coincide. M. J. B.

We have lately met with a kiud of Cankee in

Tree Boses, which has not, we believe, l>een hitherto
recorded. The base of the shoots becomes gouty, the
cuticle and subjacent cells die and are cast off, while
tho remainder of the hark is greatly thickened, and is
studded with the papillaiform tips of adventitious
roots. On examining a thin slice under the micro-
scope the greater part of the tissue is found to consist
of radiating cells, in many cases continuous with the.
medullary rays. The shoot is ultimately exhausted,
and dies. The case resembles very closely one of the
several forms of Canker in Apple trees, in which discs
are formed studded with adventitious roots, whose
tips soon die and iufeo- ine surrounding tissues.
These discs occur all ovir the tree indifferently, and
at length extend so far th it, jcarcely a health.y portion
can be found, and the tree perishes. The soil of our
garden is peculiarly dry, a circumstance which may
have some influence both on the Apple aud the Rose.
M. J. B.

We gather from circumstances wdiicli trans-
pired at the recent Great Show at South Kensington,
but which it is unnecessary here to particularise, that»
there is a difference of opinion amontist growers as ki
the chronological status of New Roses. This differ-
ence materially affects the interests of exhibitors, on
wliich ground it ought to be cleared up. We will
attempt a solution, and commend the subject to the
notice of the Floral Committ'Ce as a proper one for it
to entertain and decide upon judicitilly. The question
may be put in this form — What is to lie understood by
a Rose "sent out" in 1867? It is well known that
most of our new Roses come from France, and it is
also well known that they are distributed by thu
French growers in the autumn of the year, say in
October. Now it seems clear to us that, ns the trarlc
generally can purchase these new Roses at thetime jusfc
indicated, and as they are equally open to amateurs
who like to give the price charged for them, the.v
are from that date absolutely " sent out,"' and that a
Rose sold in this way in the autumn of 18n7, is a 'new
Rose of 1367." Custom, however, seems to liavo
hitherto generally ruled U^ the contrary, and in conse-
quence certain Kiowers understand by a new Rose oi
1807 one sold out by the raiser in ISfW, and first propa^
gated and cal.alogued in this country in 18(>;. Con-
sidering the r.npiditv of cnmmunicatiou between this
country and tin-. Contii-snt, and the g-neral circulation
of dewriptive cafji Iokuos and of her lufonuotion reapccD-
ing the coming Boses of csch year, we do not thmJt

600

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 8, 1867.

there is the least necessity to make any sucli distinc-
tion between the circumstances of heing " sent out,"
andbeing"sent out in England," seeing that all may
share intlie original dispersion.ifsodisposed. Practically
it will make no difference what rule is adopted, so that
the question is decided in some authoritative way, since
the decision will of course be alike fair to all; but
while the guestion remains an uncertainty, and is
differently interpreted by different growers, it places
exhibitors on unstable and therefore disadvantageous
ground. From the preceding remarks it will be seen
that we think " custom " is wrong in dating the new
Rose for the year after it leaves the raiser's hands, and
that the date assigned to it would be better determined
by the fact of its having actually passed out of the
hands of the raiser or original holder. But whatever
verdict florists in their wisdom may arrive at^ it is
quite obvious that there should be a positive decision.

yVe learn from the " Journal of the Society of

Arts " that the following Gakdenees have been judged
■worthy to receive Prizes at the final Examinations
conducted under the auspices of the Society. The
first prizes for Botany and Floriculture, of SI. each,
were awarded to Robert Creaser Kingston, aged 20,
Richmond Parochial Library and Reading-room,
gardener. The second prize of 3Z., for Floriculture,
was allotted to William Pritchard Roberts, aged 27,
Bromley Literary Institute, gardener. The first prize
for Fruit and Vegetable culture, 5Z,, was adjudged to
John Charles Higgs, aged 26, Southampton Athenseum,
gardener; and the second prize to George Stanton,
aged 26, Slough Mechanics' Institute, gardener. The
Royal Horticultural Society's prizes were awarded as
follows : — In Botany : 1st prize, Bl., to Robert Creaser
Kingston, 20, Richmond Parochial Library and Read-
ing-room, gardener ; 2nd prize, 31., Richard Lee Keenan,
23, Richmond Parochial Library and Reading-room,
gardener. No other candidate qualified to receive a
prize. In Floriculture : 1st prize, Bl., Robert Creaser
Kingston, 20, Richmond Parochial Library and Read-
ing-room, gardener ; 2nd prize, 3i., William Pritchard
Roberts, 27, Bromley Literary Institute, gardener. In
Fruit and Vegetable culture: 1st prize, bl., John
Charles Higgs, 26, Southampton Athengeum, gardener;
2nd prize, U., George Stanton, 26, Slough Mechanics'
Institute, gardener. The Gardeners' Chronicle Prize
of U. is awarded to Robert Creaser Kingston, 20, Rich-
mond Parochial Library and Reading-room, gardener.

We may remind our metropolitan readers that

the FlOTVEK Seemon, at St. James', Mitre Square,
-ildgate, will be held as usual, next Whit Tuesday
evening. The young people attending this special
service bring with them bouquets of flowers, and the
sermon is on some floral text. The sermon will be
preached by the Rev. W. M. Whittemoee, D.D., the
rector of the parish ; the musical parts of it will be
sustained by members of the Cathedral choir, under
the able superintendence of the Vicar Choral.

VARIEGATION— IS IT DISEASE?

This long-disputed question is not likely to be
settled soon ; there is so much to be said on both sides.
The two varieties of the Sycamore, the gold and silver-
striped, grow as rapidly as the species : this has been
observed by Major Clarke ; but then that most perfect
and beautiful of all variegated deciduous trees, the
variegated variety of Negundo fraxinifolia, has only
about one-third the vigour of the species, for while the
latter is making a growth of 15 feet, the variegated
sort will scarce reach the height of 6 feet : here, then,
is a great diminution of vigour from variegation.

With regard to the Holly, there is to be seen here an
increase ol vigour in the variegated kinds as compared
with the species, for in an enclosure near a farmhouse,
which was formerly the pleasure-ground of an old
manor house, long since pulled down, is a group of
large Holly trees, reputed to be 150 years old ; some of
these are of the variegated varieties— the silver-edged.
On measuring the stems of these, which vary from
3 to 4 feet in circumference, and which are upwards of
30 feet in height, the stems of the variegated kinds
are found to be all of larger girth than those of the
common green Hollies in the same group ; and if they
had not been most unmercifully cropped in for the last
20 or 30 years at Christmas, their heads, which now
equal in size those of the green Hollies, would have
exceeded them in bulk. One of the green Hollies
bears only male flowers, and has never been cropped,
yet the variegated trees exceed it in size ; this is
certainly extraordinary, yet exceeded by the anomalous
fact which I now proceed to relate.

Some years since I was struck by the enormous
quantity of berries these large variegated Hollies
occasionally bore, and thinking it just possible that
they would reproduce themselves, I purchased some
bushels of them They were sown on beds alongside of
those in which the common Holly berries were sown, and
in due course they made their appearance above ground,
iihe berries or the green Hollies, as usual, gave an
abundant crop of vigorous young plants, but those of
the variegated came up sparsely, and all with yellow
cotyledons ; my hopes were raised, for I thought I had
tound a cheap and easy way of raising variegated
Mollies. They were treated during the summer, with
regard to shading and watering, like their green
brethren, but they continued to die, seemingly from
weakness of constitution, so that in autumn not a
plant was left ; the experiment was repeated with the
same result, I therefore ceased to sow the berries of
variegated Hollies. This fact, that trees in vigorous
growth should be incapable of producing healthy
offspring, is one thati never recollect having published ;
it has always appeared to me interesting, and is one from
the storehouse of a memory full of the byegones of a
practical horticultural life— its ways pleasant and its
paths not unprofitable either to body or mind.

The variegated Althea Frutex (Hibiscus syriaous) is
quite equal in vigour of growth to the species. The
gold and silver variegated Beeches are the opposite. The
variegated variety of the Pear (Pyrus communis) is
remarkable for its delicate and slow growth, showing a
great want of vigour; the variegated Ash is also of slow
growth as compared with the species. The variegated
variety of Quercus sessiliflora, which has leaves
blotched and margined with silver, is of a robust
growth ; the silver-edged variety of Quercus pedunculata
has slender shoots, and grows very slowly; while that
beautiful tree, the silver-edged Turkey Oak (Quercus
Cerris) attains a size equal to the species, if the soil be
favourable. I remember seeing many years since a
large and vigorous tree of this variety, near Chertsey,
quite as luxuriant in growth as the species. In con-
trast to this we see in that beautiful variegated tree
the silver-striped English Elm (Ulmus oampestris), a
great diminution of vigour ; its leaves are blotched and
margined with pure white, and its habit as compared
with the species (or variety) is dwarf and compact ;
occasionally out of the mass of variegated leaves a
green shoot will make its appearance, which seems to
rejoice at its escape from its variegated enthralment.
for it at once takes the lead and absorbs all the food
of its variegated brethren, and in the course of
two or three seasons seems to starve them to death.
It IS to be hoped that Mr. Berkeley will examine the
cells of some of our variegated trees, and compare
them with those of the species from which they have
diverged; the subject appears to me to be of high
physiological interest.

Again another contrast,— variegation without diminu-
tion of vigour,— and also in the Elm. In a hedgerow
near the entrance-gate to the Rectory at Little Paru don,
Essex,near the Burnt Mill Station on the Great Eastern
Railway, is a fine vigorous-growing Elm of perhaps
80 years' growth, and some 60 feet in height— in fact,
a fine timber tree. This is truly a golden-leaved Elm,
for towards the middle or end of June its branches
from head to foot are clothed with leaves, some streaked
with yellow and others bright yellow, which, when the
sun shines, are like burnished gold : the tree is most
beautiful and remarkable. In some seasons it is more
brilliant than in others ; as far as I can learn it has for
very many years sustained its golden character. Some
20 or 30 years since I was inclined to pooh-pooh its
fame, attributing its colour to its growing on a dry
bank, and the leaves prematurely showing autumnal
tints. I have, however, long since decided that it is
really a variegated tree, for numerous grafts have been
taken from it which have been grafted on a variety of
Ulmus montana. At first they have shown no
tendency to the golden variegation, but after a period
of three or four years they .show the character of
the parent and put forth leaves, some streaked with
gold, and others— about 25 per cent.— entirely golden
in their hue, seeming after the first vigour of growth
from the graft, to subside into the character of the
parent tree, yet without any diminution of vigour.
The parent tree is of the variety or species described
by Loudon as the Ulmus glabra ; this, a seed-bearing
Elm peculiar or seemingly indigenous to a large district
lying to the north-east and east of London, bears seed
so freely in this neighbourhood (the east of Hertford-
shire), that one is inclined to think that the whole
district, if neglected, would become an Elm forest.
Its leaves are of a paler green, and placed less closely on
its (often pendulous) shoots than those of the English
Elm (Ulmus campestris), the kind which is so common
to the south and west of London, which is easily
recognised by its dense dark foliage, and by its seldom or
never bearing seed.

The father of our tree knowledge. J. C. Loudon,
occasionally visited this place, and was always sur-
prised at the different forms the seedlings of the'Ulmus
glabra took ; he used half jokingly to say that more
species of Elms could be found in Pishobury Park
than he had noticed in his "Arboretum," i. »., species
according to the ideas entertained in those days, when
varieties of Willows were set down as species.
The Elm known as the Chichester, or, as it is
sometimes called, the Huntingdon, is of this race,
and came from the extreme north of France,
formerly called "FlandreOccidentale." In travelling on
the old diligence road from Dunkirk to Lille they may
be seen in every hedge-row, and also in large groups :
their large pale green leaves, and their grey smooth
boles are so remarkable as to arrest the eye of any tree-
observer. In Bushy Park there are rows of this variety
of Ulmus glabra, many of them very large trees ; they
were probably imported by William the Third, and
planted there in his time. The Golden Elm, which I
have attempted to describe, seems to have reached the
Continent, as the dealers there are now offering one for
sale. From a Belgian catalogue I extract as follows :—
" Ulmus campestris aurea vient de paraitre au com-
merce, et sera certainement la plus belle nouveaute de la
saison comme plante a feuilles panach^es." So much
for the ways of the world : old things become new. In
alluding to the pendulous shoots of some of the varieties
of Ulmus glabra I may call the attention of those of
your readers who travel from London to Cambridge
by the Great Eastern Railway to some detached trees
standing in the hedge-rows to the right of the Roydon
Station, just past it; these are pendulous and most
graceful. Some American friends state that they much
resemble the Elms (Ulmus americana) planted so
abundantly in the New England villages. T. Mivers.

LETTERS FROM PARIS.-No. XIIL

Fettit Teees at the Geeat French Exposition
AND in the Neiuhboukhood of Paris, and
Fifth Fiowee Show.
Ir there be any one thing the French grow pre-
eminently well in their gardens, it is hardy fruit,
especially Apples and Pears. I have before stated the

extraordinary price commanded by the finer Apples in
the Paris market in spring, and most readers have
often had an opportunity of seeing their fine Pears in
Covent Garden and at some of our own fruit shows.
One of the, most extensive features in the reserve
garden at the Exposition is the fruit garden. I have
been told by M. Barillet that this is not at all as good
as might be expected; and certainly think so too,
comparing it with what may be seen in private
gardens and nurseries, but withal it is extensive and
interesting, and will probably^ please the English
horticulturist more than anything at the Exhibition.
There are a good many things shown that are
more curious than practically useful. In some
of those instances the branches spring from the
stem in horizontal whorls, so to speak, and being
united by inarching at their points very neatly,
they present au appearance something like a wheel,
the outer ring of the branchlets being circular.
There are many little knick-knacks of this kind, which
I must not weary you by describing. Suffice it to say
that apparently the most generally accepted and
generally useful forms are the well-trained pyramid
and the simple dwarf cordons. In some cases much
pains appears to have been taken to induce the
standard tree to assume a geometrical habit, the
branches being brought in straight vertical lines from
the main stem, four or five sets to each tree ; but it
may be safely said that the advantages of such
trees are not sufficient to warrant general growers in
ta,kiug the pains necessary to produce them. Subjects
of this kind are chiefly useful in showing us how much
may be done with such trees, and how tractable they
are under almost any method of training. The fan
form of training does not seem to be in so much
favour as in England and Ireland, the main stem being
allowed to rise to the top of the wall, either in a
single or double state, and to give off its branches as it
goes, the points being often led up to the top of the
wall, each higher branch being of course shorter. In
this way some pretty and fruitful trees are formed.
The borders are mostly edged with a single cordon,
as is the fashion in French gardens. These are
trained exactly as I have before described, on
galvanised wire. The most durable and best
support _ for the cordon wires ^ seems to be a
bit of T iron with a square bit acting as a shoulder-
ing support, and joining the T a few inches above
the surface. For training the Vines, of which there are
not many here, there is a neat method shown. It con-
sists of iron rods, cast in imitation of rustic wood, two
" sticks " being at each end, with small imitation spray
and leaves between them, thewirebeingstrained as before
described, the little wheel being placed quite close to
the end support. All the borders are mulched witli
about an inch-and-a-half of short manure. The cordons
are in some cases badly grown, in others well, the best
being those which have been carefully pinched so as to
form close, short, and compact sets of buds. The best
stock for the cordon is the Paradise, the Doucin being
too vigorous. The most interesting exhibit, perhaps, in
the whole of this_ fruit garden is that of two Peach
trees, perfectly trained and in capital condition, con-
sidering their removal at a ripe age. One of these is
trained in the form known to the French as Pecher en
lyre, and nothing can look more finished and beautiful
in its way than this tree. When destitute of leaf and in
flower its beauty could be best seen, and now the wood
is all that could be desired. Each main stem branches
into two parts a little above the surface of the ground,
and as it diverges gives off two branches. Then
again it approaches its centre, and again diverges, so as
to leave a lyre-shaped space between the two main
stems. The proportion and finish of the tree is admir-
able, and the wood is as firm and equal in all its parts as
could be desired by the most fastidious. In the other
tree the branches diverge horizontally from a simple
stem. It is, or was, an equally perfect tree, but seems
to have suffered more from removal than its fellow'
both are trained against a white wall at the south end
of the fruit garden. The mastery attained by the
French over the Peach tree is certainly extraordinary,
but as I have not yet visited the place where it is best
exemplified, I cannot speak more fully about it.

Wishing to see some specimens of French fruit
culture other than those exhibited, I have lately
visited the nurseries of Jamin & Durand at Bourg-la-
Reine, and the private garden of an amateur at
Chatillon, both places a little to the south of Paris.
The nurseries are extensive, and amongst the
largest fruit-tree training ones in France. The
quantity of Apples grown as cordons, and Pears as
healthy dwarf pyramids, was very large, and their con-
dition capital, especially that of the pyramidal Pears.
The cordons were admirably managed, and bearing
freely at two years of age. They are pretty closely
pinched when the shoots attain a length of 4 inches
or so, and by this means kept compactly at home.
Pruning and culture there is little or none beyond this,
which is simplicity itself. Supposing, however, that the
cordon exhibits a bare portion with the eyes dormant :
the good cultivator makes a double incision with his
knife and cuts out a bit from before the said eye,
pinches perhaps the strong shoot before it, and does any
little thing in this way that is likely to equalise the
development of the shoots. The simple cordon seems
the most desirable, and the Pear is grown in this
manner as well as the Apple, though not to such an
extent. It may be that English cultivators are preju-
diced against tliis mode of culture, but undoubtedly, if
sufficiently meritorious to be so much adopted here, it
must be equally useful for our wants. The French have a
warmer sun, or rather a less cloudy clime than our
own, and have (I hope) a warmer summer and autumn,
but withal they find immense advantage in cultivating
these dwarf and early fruiting trees near the ground,
where they get more heat, light, and shelter ; and there-
fore a judicious following of the same plan in Britain

June 8, 1867.]

THE GAKDENEES' ClIllUJviCEE A^'D AGEK^ULTUKAL (u\ZETTE.

601

i^ sure to lead to most satisfaotory results. 'Ihe kinds
<,r Annies most worthy of cultiiro m t iis way are such
:,s Alexamlro, Ueauty of Kent, Belle Josephino,
Colvillo blanche, Cox's Orange P.ppui. Osto-
L-atte, Ueinctte du Canada, 11. de Caux, 11. de
Granville and several others, best ol all perhaps beuii,'
the Colvil'le Blanche and the Rouiette du Canada, both
hlanche and ari^e. I have to thank M. J. Durand
verv heartily for his courtesy and kindness in sliowinR
mo this nursery and other gardens in tlio neighbour-
hood The garden of M. Chardon, the amateur above
referred to, is certainly the most inteiesting o( the
kind I have ever seen. To give a mere list ot the
variations of training in his garden would make a sort
of catalogue, lie covers bowers, chain gardens, taU
trellises walls, cordons, and all sorts of surfaces, with
tliem Many arc curiously trained, but it is only fair to
add there is a suilicicncy of fruit on all the trees.
He grows the I'ear most successfully as a cordon, and
fruits the Apricot abundantly as a sort of lyre-shaped
double cordon, closely trained together on a high
trellis. Some of his walks are arched over with
Apples, Vlums, Pears, Cherries, &o., the shoots trained
lom'itudinally. For his tall trellises lie does not employ
the little tightening apparatus before described, but
simply has the wires drawn very tight to the wooden
posts that support them. One man draws them very
tight while another uails them firmly into the
wood with hooks. The owner is continually among
his trees, pinching and directing their energies, and is
in fact his own gardener. Uis pyramid I'cars are very
fine, as are the trees arched over the walks; but on
the whole, the evidence would seem to be in favour of
the dwarf style of the tree— the cordon especiall.v.
Not only are iiuer fruit obtained, but they are obtained
almost as soon as a common garden crop, and planting
with the philanthropic view of supplying one's heirs is
rendered quite unnecessary.

For the past few days the weather has been clear
and bright and warm, and in the evenings the Champs
Elysees presented a most brilliant and animated scene :
the large banks of Rhododendrons planted round most
of the neatly painted and trim concert halls, restau-
rants, &c., helping much in the way of colour ; while
many fine trees. Conifers included, supply as much
verdure and character to the scene as could he desired,
desired. The best Orange trees to be seen about
Paris are now arranged in great quantity in the
Tuileries gardens. I go once a week to the Jardin
des Plantes to see the hardy things open, and the l!i;it
time had the pleasure of seeing a dense line, sej^-al
hundred yards long, of the noble Iris pallida .^kind
I have often recommended in your columns), in full
bloom. As a school for teaching practical and useful
botany, and displaying useful plants, it is the best
I have ever met with, though as to laying-out and
general appearance nothing can be more lamentable.
'I'here are several features well worth adoption in our
tluglish gardens, though not in the same positions ^
^vhich they occupy at the Jardin des Plantes. It would | as to i
he thought perhaps that with all their success with , several

them merits notico-the Pinks being mostly of a
weedy hybrid typo. A splendid lot of cut blooms ol
many kinds of seedling horbacecms Delpliuiiums is
shown, and nothing can surpass the exquisite colour-
ing of these flowers. They will prove highly pojiular
plants, these now and sweetly-tinted IJolphiniunis,
being so hardy and so far removed from the weed in
style. Some of the new ones in light cerulean tints,
if I may so speak, are particularly pretty and chaste in
their tintings— just the things to charm a lady's eye.
The conservatory now contains many noble foliage
plants, the most remarkable being an enormous
Bromeliad— more like one of the largest Agaves
than anything else, while distinct and line in every
line. It is not named. Thovarietyof planting m the
grounds is very great— now you meet a bed of Musa-s,
the ground beneath covered with Phlo.x Urummondi ;
presently a great mass of the red London market Pelar-
gonium, or one very like it, as bold and ugly and
glaring as need be ; then banks of Rhododendrons m
full glow; presently a bed of Dahlias, with their lirst
flowers well out, succeeded by Rosesunderuglybutneces-
sary canopies ; then a bed of Porget-me-Not, and so on
with other things. . .

Notwithstanding all this, the prettiest things in the
gardens— and about the prettiest things I have ever
seen in any gardens, are numerous large beds of well-
grown annuals— perhaps many dozen kinds in one bed,
nicely arranged both as to colour and height. These
please everybody. One bed, displayed by Messrs.
Vilmorin, containing a great number of the newer
kinds— the dwarfs and margined and ameliorated
annuals, so much brought out of late— is very charming ;
and indeed all are so ; they are e-xhibited by seedsmen,
who of course display all the variety they are possessed
of These beds of annuals please everybody, simply
because thev are delightfully varied as well as pretty ;
and hy-and-by when they go out of flower they can he
removed in a moment, and replaced with summer or
autumnal plants. The gorgeous pavilion-like tent that
abuts against the central conservatory is now finished,
and its floor covered with numerous beds of fancy
and other Geraniums, very pretty and useful for the
show, but not nearly so well grown or finished as
Messrs. Turner, Bailey, and other Englishmen are
wont to stage them. W. S.

/ CAMELLIA CULTURE.-No. IV.

{ConUui'ed/roui 2J. 37S.)
Coiiiiless o/.EHes«!ere.— This is a plant of shy growth
and fickle in producing flowers that have " constancy "
for a recommendation. When in character, they are
1 of fine formation, with good shell petals, and quite imbri-
cated, of white ground, flaked, and minutely dotted
I with carmine. The buds are often so large, and the
1 petals are bound together so closely, that expansion to
' the centre is simply impossible. Very often the
natural pressure from within is so great and so fruitless
split the little ball of uurapanded florets in

JCinillo C'atnplatip. — This is one of a more recent
introduction, but it has been under cultivation so long
that it cannot be considered a.s belonging to the pros-
pective list of novelties, which will eventually bo
submitted. It is one of those wliicli sucrrcd well if its
bulls bo " well set " c arly in the srason. That is a point
which cannot be too nuicli impressed upon Ihc general
grower, for success in many instances is mainly due to
a recognition of this practice. A lengthened disserta-
tion upon it will come in more appropriately when
wo are dealing with the more formal points of
cultivation, but a simple mention of it hero may be the
means of doing some good. The habit of the variety is
.straggling, and it is not at all inclined to " get up " as a
pyramid, assuming somewhat of the squatty formation,
if well cut in, however, like the Holly and the Atlas
Cedar, its appearance will bo much enhanced. Flowers
of a rich carmine, sometimes conlused towards the
centre, but upon the whole good in form, and of full
average size.

Fra Anioldo da Srescia.—ThU is really a very fair
sample of one of the newer Camellias. It is a good
grower, a good flowerer, and a good flower to boot. I
don't say it is first-rate— it does not merit the character
of magiii/ique from a staid sobered-down Englisliman.
It is a pretty ruby flower, fully imbricated, and when
pressed early into flower becomes blotched with
white. It has not the geometrical finish in ))oint of
outline of petal that the florist would desire, but
albeit it is worth growing generally where the collection
is not too limited.

Oraiidi-1 is a medium flower, fully imbricated. It is
of a good cast of crimson, with an undefined band of
white appearing in the centre of petals. It too is^ fully
imbricated, and having moreover a good habit, it is a
desirable variety for general cultivation.

JIallei/i is a variety possessing a somewhat delicate
constitution, and on that account is not so desirable
for gnieral cultivation as some others named
above. With good nursing it is capable of yielding an
amount of bloom that will give satisfaction, and in
individualising it there are not so many detrimental
points as will present themselves if the culture of a
collection has not been studied, and the various
idiosyncrasies of individuals systematically and
correctly prescribed for. The flowers are of a rich
crimson and imbricated to the centre, although they
are somewhat flatfish and deficient in build. I have
en them produced fit for a ivinuing stand of 12,
" ' ;h is no slight meed of piaise. A.
(,Tolc Continvot.)

..„ . „„. perhaps that with all their success with , several places over its suiface^ ..„„„;„„

hirdrfrSit the French could not make a very bad thing 'avoiding the formation of large buds s by keeping
with iSr ci4s Swes &c ■ but the saddest sight I the plant onflow diet,'' circumscribed at the root ;
ima^inaWe is the stracture in which they grow while a low temperature durmgthe season of rest must
such things. The worst culture you meet with in the i be maintained.

British Isles is creditable compared to it. J)onkelaan.-Thi>, is a semi-double soit, which no

To come at once to the more important and ! collection, however sma 1, s^o"'d be w tlout its

distinct e.xhibUions. I must commence this time I features are so undoubtedly pvely and ^p^^^^^^

with the Seedling Caladiums of M. Bleu, an amateur the most captious ftort it he si ould turn up In^

who lives near the Jardin des Plantes. He quite fills nose and attempt to throw cold water upon its

■ - ■ - them all raised I character, would be sharply exposed to ridicule. Get

! the buds of this variety set early under strong heat

roportionate degree of moisture, and I'll engage

a stove with a wonderful collection of ' ,

from seed by himself. Anything like_ the exceeding ;

iriety and beauty of colour in some

of these it would and a propor

Home Correspondence.

Mai/ Frosts.— ily learned friend, Mr. Alfred Smee,
in his interesting "letter on the late May frost, which
appeared in last week's issue (see p. 571), states that
"May frosts must be regarded as a phenomenon of
nature imexplained,and philosophically unexplainable."
The best method of : Now, although loth to difler with so accurate and
' scientific an observer, I firmly believe that these spring
frosts are explainable on simple meteorological grounds.
It is now generally admitted that two opposite wind
currents constantly reign on the surface ot the earth—
a cold, north-east current, from the poles to the equator,
and a warm, south-west current, from the equator to
poles. Temperature and weather depend everywhere,
to a great extent, and especially in the temperate zones,
on which of these currents is superficial. If the warm,
south-western current is superficial, the weather is
warm ; if the cold, north-east current is superficial, the
weather is cold. In spring the north-east current may
which win i be considered the systemic superficial one ; and as long

vaiiei-y aim yeo-uoj. u. uyiu^i ri^'Tf,,^ r^f V^^ur,^ for a disnlav unon plants of some size wh ch w 11 be considered the systemic supernciai one ; anu as loug

varieties. Some of the noblest among them are
sufl'used with livid red which intensifies towards the
centre, the margin being quite green, while in one or
two with very large leaves the central colour is of a
delicate violet rose ; but it is vain to hope to say any-
thing about them in limited space— suflice it to say 1 treatment the
that a more interesting result of cross-breeding could ; coloured— red ;
not be seen. Many of'the kinds are not named yet,
but all have the names of their parents carefully
attached. Doubtless many of these varieties will soon
findtheirwayintoculture in Britain. Thechiefexhibitor
of Orchids is JI. Linden, who shows a very large group of
good kinds, mostly well-known, and some new ones,
among which the following are the best: Oncidium
nuhigenum, several varieties, very pretty; Oncidium
serratum, distinct, curious, and vigorous; and
O. holochrysum, rich and clear yellow, fine. There are
three well-bloomed plants of Vanda teres in the
Orchid-house, one unusually well-bloomed, while
Jlessrs. Thibaut & Keteleer, Liiddeman, and others,
show respectable groups, but as a whole a large show
is not the result. The vegetables have much improved,
though the salads &c., are not as good as might be
bought in many of the shops here, or, indeed, found in
an ordinary restaurant. The Asparagus is still extra-
ordinary, it is no nine days wonder in Paris ; for many
weeks past loads of it may have been seen in every
street. Those in England who say— of course without
having tried it — that this Asparagus is not good,
totally deceive themselves, as I can safely say, from
having eaten it constantly in all states during the past
10 weeks.

There are considerable quantities of Roses shown,
both cut and in beds, but they do not excel us
in this way. They show the cut Roses in bottles,
placed in wide masses, or perhaps on a small stage.
Their eft'ect is not good when thus arranged— not so
good as in our own way, which is not perfect. The
herbaceous Ptcony is .shown in great abundance and
variety of colour by Margottin, Paillet, Verdier, and
other French nurserymen ; they are plants which,
judiciously placed, are worthy a great deal more
attention in England. Pinks and Ranunculuses are
shown to a considerable extent, but nothing among

floral j)ictures. Treated as above described, no Carna-
tion is blotched and bizarred in a more Iwely
manner, and the colours too are so striking
and so imposing. Under a sort of standstill
flowers will be nearly all self-
hut when early finished up in bud
formation and liberally treated, they present
quite a difl'erent spectacle. Habit good, leaves
somewhat small, but flowers expanding to the dimen-
sions of an ordinary-sized Lilium auratum, and
immeasurably more captivating. The difference is
this— the one is au old plant, the other a new ; and as
the iihrase goes—" far awa' fools (fowls) have bonnie
feathers," which is ajn-opos here, although the writer
pays hom»ge as much as any one to the advent of the
splendid Lily. I need scarcely say that the variety in
question is ruddy crimson, mottled and blotched with
white. , . , ,

Bite de Sretagiie.— This is a fine grower, and yields
flowers of good outline, although not quite full to the
centre. It is of a ruby colour, and the substance is
unobjectionable, but after expansion it is apt to became
rough and tawdry-looking. Like some others, in the
act of expansion it is a good flower, and taken in that
state would be a fit subject for a gentleman's " button-
hole." It requires to be pruned to keep it within
bounds. A good flower for medium season of
flowering.

Elizabeth Serhert.—Tlus, like some other ot our
English introductions, is a " fickle jade." It has all the
appearance of a good grower, being abundantly clothed
with large noble-looking leaves, but a slight check
seems to incommode it. Grown under wise lavys it
will succeed and merit " class distinction." It dift'ers
from many in point of colour, being of a salmon and
rose, blended and sufl'used. It is a flatfish flower of
good size in outline, with the petals pretty well formed. It
IS only free so far as growth and bud setting are con-
cerned wheu well managed, but once let it get out of
order, and a multitude of troubles begin. Grafting on a
good stock will improve its chances of doing well, and,
if for nothing else than colour, I would place it well
up in the second rank.

th snow, that is until early June, this wind must be
cold, dry and biting. As May advances the struggle
between the cold, north-east current and the warm, ■
south-west current, as to which ^sliall invest the earth
with its mantle, waxes stronger as the days become
longer and the sun gains more and more power. The
atmosphere in contact with the surface of the earth is
wanned, expands, and must have a tendency to rise
into the higher atmospheric regions. What more
natural than that the cold, north-east current should
often descend from the higher atmospheric regions^
where it reigns, when the warm, south-west wind
blows on the surface, especially at night. If this
explanation be the correct one, the warmer the
weather in early May with southern winds, the more
the terrestrial atmosphere is heated, the more likely
are we to have, subsequently, cold north-east down
currents, bringing with them from the snows and ice
of North Europe the low temperature so destructive
to our spring vegetation. These meteorological facts
account for the, at first sight, singular caprices of
these spring frosts. Thus, during the late frost on the
night of the 24th, I was even more punished at my
country residence at Claybridge than Mr. 8mee at
Car-haUon, although in a warm sheltered po.sitiou._
My house is situated on sandy soil, on the outskirts of
a 'forest of Scotch Fir, with a margin of Chestnut
brushwood some 10 feet high, and at the base of a hill
(St. George's Hill) which eU'ectually shelters the garden
from the north-east. As an evident result ot this
sheltered, warm situation, the spring frosts are more
severe with me than with my neighbours in compara-
tively bleak, exposed situations on the brow of the hill.
On the night of Friday the 21th the thermometer
went down to 27% giving five degrees of frost ; the
leaves of the Chestnut brushwood, tully out, are totally
destroyed, and the copse looks as if a fire had passea
through it. The foliage of Deodars, which had escaped
the severe frost of January the 3d, has been damagea
in the same way, and the leaves of Oak trees m many
places, for fifteen or twenty feet from the ground, have
been destroyed ; the lower branches of tliese yaktrees
are now covered with burnt-up,

shrivelled leaves.

11

602

Nearly all out-door fruit was destroyed. Owing to
.proteotiou from north-east winds, and to the generally
sheltered character of the garden, yesetation is cene-
. rally rather more advanced with me than with my
neighbours located on higher ground, and the warm
air at night also rises, no doubt, in greater volume ;
the cold upper currents thus descending to fill the
vacuum more freely with me than on the ajioining
hilly ground These are, no doubt, the two principal
reasons why Irosts are more severe and destructive in
warm valleys than on bleak hills. Vegetation is more
advanced, more tender, and cold down currents are
more Irequeut and severe at night. In such situations
also extreme e.xceptional frosts are generally more
severe than on hills. Thus, on the night of January .3d
my gardener on examination found the register of
the minimum thermometer as low as it could go
some degrees below zero. How much lower than
that it did go we know not. Our common Laurels
were nearly all killed to the ground; the Portugals were
only injured, they seem hardier. In such situations
bedding out should be deferred until the first week in
June, until the snow and ice are melted in Norway
and Sweden, and the descent of the upper cold current
to the earth can no longer bring with it frost and
devastation. Some years ago I had all my bedding
plants destroyed on the night of the 29th of May so
now I never bed out until the 1st of June, or even
later. Henri/ Sennet, M.D., Orosvenor Street.

OniHhogalum pyrenaicmn.—A better substitute for
Asparagus could not be desired than is to be found in
the immature flowering racemes of the Ornithogalum
pyrenaicum, gathered from the wild plants just at this
season of the year, and cooked and served in the same
way as the more costly delicacy. They are very tender
and have a very similar flavour to true Asparagus-
indeed, were it not that they are so slender (not more
than a quarter so thick as Asparagus), I doubt
whether many would detect the difference in the
eating. The plant grows in pastures in Somersetshire
bussex, andBedfordshire. Intheneighbourhood of Bath
It IS very common, and the young shoots are collected
by the poor, and sold m the market under the name of
l<rench Asparagus." Only two other species of
Ornithogalum are (bund in Britain, namely, 0 umbel-
latum, L., the bulbs of which are said to be nutritious
and palatable when boiled, and wdiich have been
thought by some to be identical with the "dove's
dung mentioned in the Bible; and O. nutans L
All three species are rather restricted in their distri-
w*'?"-,. -S'™!" "??!,"" experience of the merits of the
Wes.of England 'Prcnch Asparagus," it would seem
worth the trouble of an extended cultivation as a
vegetable. Perhaps those who read these lines aud

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

to remove my garden. The old one, which is very
JJfge, and very ill-placed, has become unmanageable.
I lie walls are decayed and crumbling, and surrounded
with forest trees grown to maturity long since they
were built. Their aspect seems to have been inge-
niously adapted to catch as little direct sun, and as
much north-east wind as possible ; and each year
seems to bring round a fresh battle with the elements
of a rather costly nature, -with the most ignominious
results. At length therefore I am resolved to have
one acre of good garden, instead of nearly three acres
of bad. I may repeat with humble and literal truth,
Hoc erat in votis modus aqri non Ha magnv.s ■"
and the first thing to which I look forward
IS the luxury (which I have never hitherto
enjo.yed) of a real south wall. But before I begin to
build It, allow me to say that the very word appears to
have no certain definition. I have discovered that it
has at least four different meanings ! One of my friends
interprets it as " nominally " south, but really with a
slight turn to the west. I need hardly say that that
other iriend of mine who systematically contradicts his
propositions, prefers "a slight cant towards the
morning sun, and goes in decidedly for east. It struck
me that my pocket compass was not a bad arbitrator
between these gentlemen, being sure to " dissatisfy both
parties (the received formula of a just award) • but
wheii I was about to as.sign the victory to the needle
(in this only following the spirit of the age, which is
exactly- what I wish to do), "then comes in the
other- —one whose name and word would carry wei"ht
in more than one quarter of the globe, a well-known
traveller m a 1— and in the drawing-room tones of the
Athenajum Club quietly says to me-" Of course you'll
allow for the variation?'" Now, the whole sum of
these diUerences maj', practically, not be great ; but
brick-and-niortar IS a serious thing. There are, the
btagynte tells us, "athousandwaysofgoingwrou" aud
one vvay of going right." Is it not worth while, before the
loundation is dug out, to try to ascertain what is really
the best tbat experience has decided, upon this point
before settin" up 70 yardsrun of wall, upon the position
ot which will depend three times as much more, after
that IS hnished ? I can readily anticipate that some may
answer. What does it signify, inasmuch as ivhatever
maybe the arguments for a little east ora little west, those
wal s will themselves supplement all that is required
or that the aspects themselves can furnish. This may
be true; but my reply is that in these days of much
use of glass, a south wall is, or ought to be, almost in
Use f a fruit garden ; and I am, on this ground, desirous
to depend as little as possible on the others I shaU
certainly postpone the building of them till I have se"n
what I can, with the help of glass, do with mv south

[June 8, 1S67,

,"-°'"-'"'=; j.o,uaj^o uuusB wuo reau luese lines aud what I ca

have tasted the plant m question will "ivp tVipl- -wall oinnn 't/~ — — i'."* >,"'■'.=, "u i>nu m.v souiu

opinions upon it. J. M. JacTcfon ° ^ I 1 T^' ii^V? ''"" 1'°'"'^''' J '^"^"^ ™^y '^"'I'i «'«"

%„,„,„„'„„ e..,.,..-, A J™"-.. „, .. __ fa'-l; a walled-m square was formerly a necessity, for

Potato as aSt!/i>fic.~A day or two after reading Mr
Heuslow s letter I cut down two plants of Cyano-
P,li.yll"m magnificum. They bled most profusely. A
thick Potato slice was applied to each. Within an
hour it had moderated the flow of sap, and tlie ne\t

reasons quite irrespective of frait-growing, and must
always partake ol the atmospheric and hygienic
disadvantages of a court, intercepting the cur-
rents of the air and the abrasive, evaporative, and
alterative action (if I may so describe it) of the various

IVmCltJ m f.hoiT» cnncnn fTlK « 1. T __ . n , , .

.. — . .„ .....^ -w^,.. 1*1,0^ tuu uuvv ui s;ip, ana lie next alterative act on (\fT r

portion of the Potato deposited after t^hesanhad^eis^edN^^ '"'.?"' '^?*. ■=« supposed to

flowing, and not tdre cauie of the ^ "uoifi^t^^^ I f^^mt ^ ""Sf:^?^ °^„??i"^J?5i.i&_'"^^'^'

,,„.„; — „, „..i, J. v,™„u uopuoiicu aioerme sapiiau ceast
flowing and not the cause of the cessation of bleedin.
As to the fact of the Potato stopping the bleeding
there can be no doubt whatever; aud I desira to thank
Messrs. Henslow and Trollope for directing attention
to such a simple and eflective styptic. D. T. Fish
Orc7iis maculata as a Border Plant.— Oaa day I

hope to write you a sort paper on h»riromid i 'h?sTn?, ,f ' l*''" ';§'. Pancras " s.ystem of moveable
Orchids, and ho'w to cultivate\S, mul mtLS^^ ? h/f i"^. ^^ f ±Ti. ?;i'\° ^fi^^^^'l^ S^'™. °f -?"

ri,.,T-r 11 ^ V f:' . ^''^er ou naray grounu
Orchids, and how to cultivate them, and merely send a
word now in favour of Orchis maculata. It is usually
prettily tinted in the poorest and driest soils, but a
very dillerent object in a rich Buckinghamshire
meadow (where I have seen it sometimes so thick that
the spikes were as plentiful as those of the Grass
flowers) to what it appears on a starved Surrey he.ath
Wow, It well grown m moist and rather stifl' garden
loam it will surprise and please even those who know
it well m a -lyild state. Obtain it at any season, and
plant 12 or 20 roots m a patch ; take the roots lip as
tenderly .as possible, and plant them carefully ft is
quitepossible to do more damage to one of those finger-
rooted Orchids in planting it than in taking it up I

in writing this IS solely to seek for information • and
next to the question of aspect, the point which seems
to me of most importance, and on which I am most
desirous to learn, is the best use of glass in connection
witli walls There are various systems existing, and
recommended : the '■ St. Pancras " system of moveable

coping panes projecting a little from the top of the
walls, and many others. Has any conclusion been
formed, -ivhich is the best ? I have looked in vain for
some disinterested-or shall I say "non-commercial? "
discussiou upon this question, and I cannot help
thinking it is one from the practical treatment of
which many of your appreciating readers may derive
information and interest. "Una Mcenia"* fWe
specially mvite a response to the important questions
put by our correspondent, on the part of some of our
practical gardeners. Eds.]

■^ames of rariegated Pelargoniums.— Tlw number
*il^^H?'™'''^"^ Pl'"'"*^ 's or will soon be legion, and
"° t^;^^:T.^'^'^h ^^ f°™« °f «?<> vafieties are

always succeeded without Injuring a particl'e' ofth" ' ™„.uVf,u "^'T ^''"'y-'^y?' i>s some of the varieties are
roots by making the side of the little "cut ''firm and ^ Tach slS 'o"'i ''?f " ,'' * ^"^ ?"•'' impoi't™* that
nearly straight, and then placing the root a.4inst t ' own „. ,?^ wf l^''"'^ ^^ f?'''^^ distinguished by its
I pressed in the loose soil carpfnfiv ,„,i T,,:ir „1".''' 0"nname. AVhat is needed is some high court of appeal

-. „ _..„.„„, ,.m „„„,, juaumg i,uo root against il

1 pressed in the loose soil carefully and firmly after
wards opening another little firm circular cut to
complete the patch. I mention this from bavin"
observed some men planting things of this sort b|
dabbing them into a ho e such as a bird would scrape
out, and tacn pressing them with their fingers stronnly
and ciuite close to the collar," with but very little
soil inteivenmg. Bythis unthoughtful method they
sometimes succeed in breaking ofl- the best part of the
roots, and no plants are more likely to be injured by it
than palmately rooted Orchids. Plant in a rather moist
position and if when the plants form dense patches in
two or three years' time, their beauty be not higher
than some poor ipidendrums and other Orchids vet
fo^V-.V"™^ ^°"'°"''''' '"•*' *'''" ^ ''*'"' deceived
SoUu Fence.^.-Ca.a any of your correspondents
inform me of the present state and condition of the
iarl of Haddington's Holly fences at Tynin"ham?
Selbj' described them 25 years ago as in length nearly
limie, m height from 10 to 25 feet, and from 9 to
13 feet m width at the base. I observed no mention
-ivas made of these fences in your Journal durin" the
year ISGl nor in any subsequent year. Did thej^pass
unscathed through the winter of 1860-61 ? Diss

What is a South Wall I— I should feel much obli'^ed
to any one of your many scientific readers, or corres-
pondents, who would kindly afford his advice on a
subject which may prove of general interest at a time
of so much advancement in horticulture. I am about

,„„. „„„ „ uocxiou 1= sumo uigii court 01 ai-)peal,
possessing a knowledge of all the names already applied
to v.arieties of merit, and invested with the power of
preventing names ^ already in use from being appro-
priated by new varieties. I think we have the nucleus
ol such a court m the Ploral Committee of the Royal
Horticultural Society. This Committee is now endowed
with the iigher functions of determining merit, it
might surely readily be allowed to revise names. At
present i; takes sufficient cognisance of names to
insist that the new plants that come before it shall each
have a narne. Logically it is almost bound to go
turther, and see that the name of the new favourite
1.S distinctive enough to make it known, aud not
the same as that of half a dozen other varieties,
of It may be of equal, or it may be of no merit,
the present rule might continue in force with the clear
understanding that the names given by the raisers
were provisional only, and were not authoritative until
sanctioned by the Floral Committee. The provisional
names might be given through the press in italics, and
the public would at once appreciate the difference
between provisional and settled names. The Commit-
tee would of course keep an alphabetical registry of all
names and a clerk would be appointed to go round
at all the Tuesday meetings, aud note and cornpare the
names of the new plants with the book. If the raiders
happened to be present the change might be effeated ait
once;if not,the change could be announced at the next

' Vide Eton GnvJHc-ir,

meeting The duties of the Committee need not 1^

plani'-' b".? ^'^T'^ "^^ ^"^P^ i^°'"* °f pre.5^n«ngC
plants, that had received honours at their hands

appearing With the same name. It could liar ly he
expected that they would take the trouble of cor!
mi'S^^S' °''"'f °f worthless varieties tlmt
^-1^ t„ "w™'" ^^ ^""^'"^ ''S^"--! of- I" i-efer-
d (tiilt fr,.T5'''""r''''"^''ff' '^ ^™"l'i 1-"= perhaps
ritrn , i/r *''® 'f ''"I °' ^^^ Committee to Be made

TCiy tar, if the raiser's name were added, withtho
proper name of the plant, no serious mis ake could '
occur. 1 may add for " E. D.'s" comfort, that as I ac^ed
as a sort of godfather at the chrisf euing of Mrs Grieve
It has no connection whatever with Mr. Smith's variet^
of that name, and indeed it has never been named
Ml.-.. Grieve anywhere except by myself in the
,W?"^ "^ Horticulture. The circumstances attend-
ng the great exhibition of tricolors, and the loyalty of

he M?-=f 'S""';!'"''- ? 't!,'=li'™S'3 of "^™e, and I hope
P ^T '5^'"*- ^,";"' will withdraw their nanie in favour
°/^^^'i.^li?I''^H™''f"l Victoria Regina. J3 TFiM
../iiM 3d, 186/ -^-Iqiute agree with "B.D." (seep 5745
a.s to the confusion very likely to ensue from the namin"
ofsoma.nySeedhng Variegated Pelargoniums ; audit
may perhaps seem necessary forme to offer a few words
rn explanation as to tire naming of the variety called
Victoria Eegina. This is only a seedling of 18G3 and
was never outside the garden walls here until it was
sent to Kensington on the 21st of last month. Previous
to that It had_ on many occasions been seen and

fw'uL ft?™,";" ^'''to'l; aifl one gentleman said
that toughtbyall means to be named Mrs. Grieve ■
but this name was never applied to it by me, and no
one else wa,s authorised to do so. But thinking, as I
did, that It was the most beautiful of any that
I had raised, or indeed that I had ever
seen, I hke a loyal subject of Her Majesty,
named it .Queen Victoria;" but, on learning that
another variety had had that name already assigned
«-vr- J ■ "i?rely Latinised the name, rendering it
Victoria Eegina." I know nothing of the variety
mentioned by your correspondent as having been
shown by the i>,Iessrs. Smith, of Dulwich, at the Crystal
Paiace and named Mrs. Grieve, but I read the report
of that Show, and saw that the Messrs. Smith had
received a iirst-class Certificate for a variety named
Mr. Grieve, not "Mrs. Grieve." And I recollected,
when at South Kensington on the 21st of last month,
that Mr. P. Smith very kindly said, that he con-
sidered me as the founder of the race of Tri-
colorcd Pe argoniums, and directed mv attention
to a variety which he said he had, or intended to
name in honour of me. This honour, however I
begged most respectfully to decline. I think that
the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society acted
VFith great discretion m declining to notice, or at least
111 declining to assign any awards to yearlings or plants
which had not been propagated from cuttings; and I
likewise tnink that the practice of attaohingnfines to
such plants ougat also to he discontinued, as it tends to
add very much to the confusion of which your corre-
spondent so justly complains. A great many such
plants look promising enough when in the seedling
stage, but when attempts are made to increase them
by cuttings they are found to be worthles.s, and are no
moi-o heard ot ; although they have, as it were, appro-
priated a name which might otherwise have been
assigned to an established and useful variety
A umbers, in my opinion, attached to each specimen
would answer every purpose required, and much'
confusion and mystification would be avoided
I quite agree with Mr. Wilson Saunders in thinking
that the term Tricolor is not the correct term for these
Pelargoniums. The term Versicolor would certainly
be much m9re appropriate, and I confess that I can see
little objection to the term you have yourself applied
VIZ., lartau. Or to he more definite, would there be'
any objections to the terms Golden Variegated Zonals
and Silver Variegated Zonals, Golden Margined and
Silver Margined, the two latter terms to apply to the
zonelcss varieties, such as golden Chain and Flower
of the Day, &o. ? With regard to the bronze or yellow
leaved varieties, such as Beauty of Oulton, &c., they
are certainly very beautiful ; but they cannot be classed
as Variegated Pelargoniums, or if so, all the other
varieties wmch have zoned foliage must also be con-
sidered as such. P. Grieve, Ciilford.

Tartan Pelargonhtms.-Shades o' a' the Stuarts,
Lampbells, and M Gregors-to ca' yon pretty things
tartans! A f ham- were the stripes and bands and
squares, man ? I It en the gairdners can do moui'
things gie wcel, buta tartan leaf !— they'll ne'er do that.
1 only wish they could. We would hae the tartans in
every Hieland window. The clans would come
doon with a swoop, or march a' the way to
London, to make a clean sweep o' a' the Tartan
Pelargoniums, aud carry them across the border where
they ought to hae come frae— as they will if ever yon
see them ava, I'll warrant ye. But jist ye ca' them
by their ric it names o' Variegated Horseshoe, and let
the tartans be I wish you'd be gude enough to tell us
benichted bodies the meaning o' thae awfu' big words
ye wrote doon just below the tartans, heginnin" wi'
Anthoxauthin, and ending wi' chromule ! ! ! Dinua
ye read yer Bible eneuch to ken that whaur a Ian"
word IS used it is added, " which being interpreted is or
means -^what it does mean ? Jist ye sit doon noo, and
do likewise, and no write doon ony sic tremendous
jaworeakers again, and ye'll obleege A Canny Scot.
LVVe tnank our correspondent for his "perfervid"
correction but p.s he hails apparently from the vicinity
ot the modern Aathens " we are surprised that a wee
bit 0 (jri-eek should come amiss. Eds.]
,,.--f '»*'"''■'''«■ — Observing some allusion to this in
I>JoticestoCorrespondents"ofyourissueNo 21 May25
IbO/, page 630, and supposing it may have reference to
I my mention of the plant (see paper read 12th May

JPNE 8, imf.]

THE GARDENEES' CMONIOLE AND AGRICtTLTlIKAL GAZETTK,

603

ISrtt, in the "Transactions of the Historic Society of
Lancashire and Cheshire, vol xvi., pages 107, el srq.), I
bcj! to say that "Anemone mirabilis," as there stated,
is a misprint; it should have been "(Edemono mira-
biUs." The late Dr. Theodore Kotschy, of Vienna, an
eminent botanist and African traveller, informed
me that it had also the name of "Horminiera
elaphroxylon." That gentleman sent me an uncoloiired
lithographic print of a mass of the plant, a piece
of the dry stem, and a coloured drawing of a
branch with the flowers and seed pods. It grows
in the beds of shallow stagnant rivers of the Upper
Nile country, having long, bare, broomstick-hke
stems, rising to a height of 15 and 16 feet, with tufts of
leaves and (lowers at the ends of branches on their tops.
It is in such thick masses that it very much impedes
the navigation of those rivers; but when the stems
vfither and become dry they are very fragile, and are
easily beaten down by the natives with their paddles,
so clearing a passage for their canoes. The leaves are
shaped like those of the pseud-Acacia, as well as the
flowSrs ; the clusters, however, being larger, and of a
deep yellow colour, and they have a pleasant and
aromatic fragrance. The Arabs call the plant
" Ambatsch." J. A. T. [This leguminous plant is very
different from the Arum, also said to be called
Ambatcha. Eds,]

Vine Leai'es.— Mr. Fish (see p. 519), in speaking of
the " Eelations of Gardening to Nature and Art," says:
" Mr. Fowler has lately sent some extraordinary
measurements of bunches of Grapes to the' Oardeners'
Chronicle. Might I beg of him to supplement these
with the size of some of the leaves of uis Vine, and
I will promise beforehand to allow my argument
against special monstrosities to stand or fall by their
measurements." I have much pleasure in supplying
the information requested. I presume Mr. Fi.sh more
particularly alludes to the "White Nice Vine, the
largest leaves of which measure 16 inches across, and
average about 14 inches ; they are very equal in size,
and of good substance. Other varieties, such as
Muscat Hamburgh, Black Hamburgh, Golden Ham-
burgh, Trebbiano, &c., average from 12 to 14 inches,
and all are of a dark glossy green colour. Archibald
JFowler, Caslle Kennedy. Stranraer.

Earh/ I'eas. — In the letter on early Peas in your
impression of May 25 (see p. 546), in the 25th line from
the top, the word better is misprinted for taller.
In reading the paragraph alluded to, if the word taller
is substituted for better, the correct meaning will be
given. I forward you samples, taken up just as they
are growing, of Dilliston's Early Prolific and Carter's
First Crop. M. N. E. [In their present stage of growth
the two Kinds seem to be in all respects identical.
Eds.]

Aponogeion distacJiyon. — As it has been stated that
this has been grown with success in the open air in the
south of England, I may mention that from 1844 to 1854
it was growing vigorously in a small loch in the vicinity
of Dunkeld, and that it had in the course of the period
just named increased from one to about a dozen.
Whether or not it is still growing there, I cannot at
present say, but I may have an opportunity of doing
so hereafter. /. S.

Eoyal Ascot Gfape.— Some two years ago I had the
pleasure of inspecting Mr. Standish's large collection
of Grapes, and was much struck with the general
appearance of his Eoyal Ascot. It is earlier than the
Black Hamburgh, an abundant bearer, and good in
quality. It seems in short all that a Grape grower
can desire, and it is destined, before we are much
older, to play an important part on the 'Exhibi-
tion table. A. Henderson, Sion Nursery, Thornton
Heath, S.

Gardeners^ Hoyal JSenevolent Institution, and
Oardeners' Wages. — I can endorse all that Mr. Fish
has stated (see p. 574) on this subject, liaving been a
bead gardener for more than 20 years. Like Mr. Fish
I will now, however, send my guinea to the Institution,
and I may also state at the same time that this guinea
is by no means saved out of my wages, for if I had
never received anything except what I have received
in the shape of wages I should certainly have no
guinea to spare. But I happen to have a small
independent income, " growing smaller by degrees and
beautifully less " of late, however, I am sorry to say.
I trust that brighter prospects may shortly dawn on
the succeeding generation of young gardeners, and that
they may, by strict integrity and diligent application
to the duties of their position, prove themselves
deserving of a happier lot than has been that of

their sincere well-wisher. An Old Gardener. ■

ilr. Fish says a gardener with 801, a year, and a
family of five to support, cannot spare a guinea a year ;
and if so, how much less can I and hundreds of others,
who are only blessed with 65Z. a year ! Under gar-
deners' wages have very much improved of late. We
have to work in the busy season from daylight till dark,
and our system is to pay our men overtime at the rate
of id. per hour, so that they can earn 25s, a week. Yet
I, who have the superintendence,anxiety, responsibility,
and no small part of the work to do, am remune-
rated with 651. a year, and a gate lodge of three rooms
to live in, my wife having the delightful privilege of
opening the gate. I therefore beg of you, and all who
have the interest of the Institution at heart, not to
he hard upon those who would assist but have not
the means. A badly-paid Gardener.

Orchard House Trees. — The silence whicli has
reigned for a long time in reference to the culture of
fruit trees in pots seems somewhat ominous. For weeks
during spring and autumn has your Paper been
anxiously scanned for accounts from some one elated
by success or depressed by failure in regard to them, or
for the more sober accounts of those who have for a
number of years tried the "pros and cons" of the
system, and whose experience would serve as a guide
to others if made known, I do not mean such culti-

vators as Mr. Bivers, because I suppose failure, or
rather houses withoutfruit, with him must bo unknown,
for it seems reasonable to suppose that where fruit
trees in pots aro so extensively grown for sale as at
Sawbridgeworth, and where numbers of visitors, both
native and foreign, annually go to inspei't and purchase,
that if the constitutional vigour of a tree flags it would
not be retained in a house where it would cause
unpleasant questions to bo asked, hut would be
replaced by a more healthy subject ; for this reason I
think information from professional gardeners or
amateurs would be more valuable. If some of your
readers who have orchard houses would tell us how
their trees are doing after seven or ten years of
cramping of their roots in 13-inch pots, and where
nothing remains save roots and the 2 or 3 inches of
top-dressing they annually get, we should be able
to compare notes and determine with some degree
of certainty how long our trees will bear such
treatment. The season is now far enough advanced
to be able to ascertain pretty accurately what
are the prospects for the present year. Our house
here, which is 120 feet by 18 feet, with one path down
the centre, is filled with trees of the following sorts,
viz.. Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Plums, Cherries,
and Pears, the last fill nearly half the house. The
whole were potted in January, 1860, and have annually
yielded excellent crops of fruit. Plums have been the
admiration of all who have seen them ; Pears, too,
have been pronounced at my employer's table to be of
first-rate quality both as to size and flavour, especially
some of the earlier sorts. This year we have again had
a fine show of blossom. Stone fruits have set well
generally, but many varieties of Pears are entirely
unproductive, they seem unable to develop the embryo
fruit, showing evident signs of decay, though they have
received the same treatment as in former years. Pears
are emitting young roots at the base of the stem. Some
of these I intend mulching with good rotten dung and
loam, allowing the roots to permeate it, and then cut
as much of the bottom of the ball away as possible, and
repot, operations which I think will give fresh vigour
to the tree. I attribute much of our success during
the past seven years to giving a constant supply of
liquid manure during the growing season. I hope I
may not be confirmed in my opinion by the experience
of others that at the age of six or seven years under
pot culture the trees begin to decline. J. H., Cheshire.
Sleep of Plants. — That plants do enjoy a state of
reinvigorating rest at night, answering to sleep, will be
evident to any one who, at this season, will make a
few simple observations in an ordinary Vinery. In
sunshine it will be found that the footstalks of the
Vine leaves are, in general, erect and straight, support-
ing their leaves at right angles. A few hours after
sunset it will be found that the footstalks are no
longer erect, but are inclined downwards, with the
leaves pointing to the ground. In this latter case, had
the leaves retained their sunny position, their loss of
heat, by radiation during the night would have been
at its maximum ; whereas, by the manoeuvre of
" hanging at ease," pointing to the ground, they radiate
into each other, and little or no heat is lost. But
probably a still greater economy of the vital force, and
a corresponding restoration of vigour, results from the
mechanical relaxation of the tissues, no longer held in
tension. An idea may be formed of what takes place
in this last respect, by holding the arms for a few
minutes extended at full length, and then allowing
them to " hang at ease." An Amateur, Clapham.

Foreign Correspondence.

Teinidad Botanic Garden: April 22. — I am
happy to say that all parts of my department are pro-
gressing favourably, and improvements long proposed
are now being carried out in the garden. In such I
have the Governor's entire approbation, and his kind
support, as far as it is possible for him to give it, in the
most agreeable manner. In December last, by official
request, I drew up a report on the garden, from the
time of my appointment, including suggestions for
improving the garden, with a view to render it more
useful to science and to the colony. As may be
expected, I did not spare myself in offering suggestions,
&c., and I have the satisfaction of knowing his
Excellency approvedofthe majority, few of which only,
however, can be taken into consideration for carrying
out at present, as means are wanting, and the uncer-
tainty existing with respect to the site for the new
Government House prevents one of the most desirable
alterations being entered upon, viz., the doing away
with the farm-yard — now occupying a central position
in the garden— and extending the flower garden and
shrubbery over its site ; the steadings to be placed in
the grounds at the hack of the garden, now in " bush,"
and surrounding land to he occupied by plantations of
useful trees, and to be used as a pasture. This sugges-
tion has given rise to a grand project, which I am proud
to say the Governor has entered into with some spirit.
It is to renovate the declining forests with the best
of our timber trees, and to establish plantations of
useful timber trees in every wood, sufficiently large to
give an abundant supply of wood for local uses.
Dr. Mitchell, Mr. Devenish, and myself have been
requested to report on the subject. Meantime, I have
already nearly 15,000 young plants of Mimusops
globosa raised from this spring's fruiting. I have
already shown that the establishing of government
plantations must ultimately be enormously
remunerative ; and as I am desirous of acquiring
all knowledge possible of the management of
tropical plantations, I would feel very thankful
for any means of information you might be
able to refer me to of the East Indian plantations,
which I am informed are being carried out on a very
large scale. I have lately succeeded in clearing a large
extent of land, till now covered with. " bush "—some

200 acres, on a spur of the LavcntiHe Hills, quite on
the confines of our botanical territory. The clialigo
has beenellected in so short a time, and the result is so
s:itisfactory, that it astonishes every one. Contrary to
what is invariably done hero in clearing land, I was
careful to mark all useful trees standing at the proper
distance from each other for preservation ; and now
that scarcely a year has passed, a most luxuriant
pasture is brought about, regularly shaded with trees of
nearly uniform size, and the whole lias the appearance
at a distance of a well-kept lawn or shniljbery on a
gigantic scale. Here and there aro magtiilict.Mit clumps
of Bamboos, and I need not tell you how cil't'ctive they
are in adding beauty to the landscape. I'lio late dry
season has enabled me to clear also about 22 acres at
the back of the garden, and this is now available for
planting. I shall proceed with it as with other portions
of .the previous season's clearing, viz., plant out my
specimen trees at their proper distances, and fill up
with Coffee and Indian Corn, both of which give
handsome returns, the latter very readily. I think I
ought to mention that since the time of Lord Hat i-is
till my arrival here, the " hush " had been gradu;illy
creeping into the garden.

You have doubtless heard of the ravine traversing
the whole garden. This ravine at its lower part is
occupied almost exclusively with Nutmegs. The
upper portion (the larger one), however, has been till
recently a rank wilderness. It is very moist, even in
the dry season, and densely shaded, mainly by gigantic
trees (Inga Samans). The clearing and regulating of
this has been, and continues to be, a great work for us.
The splendid opportunities, however, it aifords as it
becomes cleared. for the cultivation of the more delicate
and moisture-loving plants — not to be grown in any
other part of the garden — as well as the many pretty
features its arrangement brings about with bub little
effort on my part, is an irresistible inducement to have
the whole thing gone through. This latter season an
extra gang of convicts has been allowed, and the whole
of the heavy work proceeds rapidly, and I have now
the satisfaction of seeing a well-paved gutter at the
bottom of the ravine in the place of a gully some
10 feet wide and 6 deep, generally more or less filled
with seething filth. The slopes, too, are either turfed
or occupied by Ferns, Soitamineai, and shade-loving
Cyperaceai. We frequently get 0 feet of w^ater in this
ravine in the wet season, and to meet this the paving
is carried up the sides correspondingly high ; imme-
diately above which occurs a gravel walk, following the
ravine in its windings. The effect of this, as you may
imagine, is extremely pretty, added to which are the
enormous trunks of the Samans, loaded with the
prettiest (any way parasitical) Ferns, Anthuriums,
Pothos, jEschynanthus, Lycopodiums, Philodendrons,
&c. In order to keep these sufficiently moist in
the dry season I have run a small pipe up the
trunk, and by the aid of a small stop-cock below,
and a spreading jet above, a most effectual mode of
irrigation is brought about. Elaphoglossum L'Hermin-
ieri is growing splendidly, also Platycerium Stemma ia,
having fronds 5 feet broad and the same long. It has
continued to enlarge since an unlimited supply of water
has been given it. I find the smaller specimens of Palms
are doing admirably in this ravine — such, in fact, as will
not even live in more exposed places in the garden.

You will be pleased to know that our Amherstia
nohilis has flowered for the first time. It is now about
14 feet high, 8 feet broad, with a stem girth of 9 inches.
It has produced 17 spikes, flowers averaging 11 on
each— other spikes are coming out. It has caused an
unusual influx of visitors, who are generally full of
admiration for it. I am glad to say the whole of the
Conifers sent me from Kew are doing most admirably,
and excite the admiration of visitors quite as much as
the beautiful foliaged plants do their visitors at home.
The succulents also, supplied from the same source,
are similarly well. Our amateurs (amongst whom our
Attorney-General ranks first) are astonished at this,
inasmuch as they thought, from their experience, ihey
could not be grown. These, however, with the
Conifers and other species of difficult management
here, are under my own immediate care.

I am now desirous of obtaining all Amaryllidese
that are likely to do here, and if you could favour me
with roots, of whatsoever species, I shall be most
thankful. All I have at present (seven species) are
doing admirably, and I intend to do what I can in the
way of hybridising- for I am of Mr. Duncan's opinion
as to their being the "Tulip" of the Tropics. Henry
Fresioe.

^octettes.

Royal Horticultural: June 4 (d 8 {First Great Show).—
This five days' great exhibition was iu many respects very
successful, especially so as far as fine plants and striking effects
were concerned, and judging from the large numbers of
visitors which attended it, we imagine that it was equally satis-
factory in a financial point of view. It was held in the Eastern
Annex, in the large Rhododendron tent, which was tolerably
well filled with gay flowers and fine foliage, here and there
relieved by stately Tree Fema, and other subjects of a similar
description . The weather, though showery, was upon the whole
favourable.

Azaleas, both large and small, were contributed in abundance
by Messrs. Pecny, Wilkie, and Caraon among amateurs, and
Mrs. Glcndinning Is. Sons and Mr. Turner among nurserymen.
In the Class of nine plants, Mr. Penny was 1st with Brilliant,
a kind with vivid orange scarlet flowers of good shape and
substance, and one of the latest and best of Azaleas ; Chelsoni,
Sir C. Napier, Formosa, and Magnet, all different shades of
orange scarlet ; Magnificent and Iveryana, white ; and Model,
rose. Mr. Turner again furnished large plants, among which
Holfordi, Iveryana, and Gem were the most effective. In the
Nurserymen's Class for six plants, Mrs. Glendinning & Sons
took the Ist prize with the same plants as were shown at the
Royal Botanic Society's late Show. In the Amateurs' Class
fi.r six, Mr. Carson, gr. to W. R. G. Farmer, Esq., Cheam, was
awarded a 1st prize for fine specimens of Apollo, orange
scarlet, Symmetry, Stanleyana, Sir C. Napier, Varicgata, and
Jlodel. In the Class of 15 plants in 12 inch pots tho beat

604

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE A^^D AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JtJNE 8, 1867.

(M 111 .-> a it ;-ii.--i. I .^ > V. ""' ' ' ■ ; If- ■■' I ' ' ■ I
?Didame Ambroise Verscliaffelfc, white flushed with salmon,
;iud heavily spotted in the upper petals with deep red ;
President CLaeys, salmon broadly edged with white ; Etoile de
Gand, Gem, still one of the best of its colour ; Duchesse
Adelaide de Nassau, scarlet blotched with violet crimson in
the upper petals ; Leopold I., deep rose ; Elegantissima, a fine
vvhite, flaked with carmine ; and Kiiighorni, the last with
large rose-coloured flowers. Mr. Turner had a 2d prize for a
very good collection, in which most of tho sorts just named
re*appeared.

Roses, as usual, formed a beautiful feature of the Show :
Mr. Turner had the best nine, among which were beautiful
examples of Charles Lawson, Gloire de Dijon, Madame Boll,
GiSneral Jacqueminot, Souvenir d'un Ami, Vieorate Vig-ier,
Queen, Juno, and Comtesse de ChabriUaut. Mi*. William Paul,
who was 2d, furnished fine plants of Juno, Paul Perras,
Souvenir d'un Ami, Niphetos, Senateur Vaisse, and Comte de
Nanteuil. In the Class of Q plants Messrs. Paul & Son were 1st
with Charles Lawson, Juno, Souvenir d'un Ami, Gfeline
Forestier, Lord Raglan, and Niphetos, all excellent. Messrs.
Francis, of Hertford, who were 2d, had good examples of
!Madame Villermoz and Souvenir d'un Ami, In a miscellaneous
collection from Mr. Turner were Alba Rosea, generally a
pleasing Rose ; Souvenir de la Malmaison, and
Beauty of Waltham, all in fine condition. Of new
Roses not sent out previous to 1864-5, there were two
collections, one from Messrs, Paul ife Son, and another from Mr.
iViltiam Paul, to both of whom 1st prizes were awarded. Th*i
former had Michel Bonnet, Duchesse de Caylus, Pierre
Netting, very dark ; Madame Victor Verdier, and Princess Mary
of (Tambridge. Mr. W. Paul had, among others, Triomphe de la
Terre des Roses, large violet rose ; Jean Rosenkrantz, crimson ;
and Dr. Andry.

Pelargoniums were exhibited in great quantities, and for
the most parb in excellent condition. Mr. Turner had the
1st prize for 9, among which were Deademona, Patroness, and
i''airest of the Fair ; Golden Hue, Lord Clyde, Landaeer ;
.Spotted Gem, Mdlle. Patti, and Lilacinum. ilr. Fraser was
2d with Caractacus, Sylpli, Festus, Empress Eugenie, Sans-
pareil, Pericles, Mdlle. Patti, Lilicinum, and Rembrandt. In
the Class of 6 plants Mr. Fraser was 1st with Ariel, Rose
Celestial, Lilacinum, Lord Clyde, Desdemona, and Leander ;
.and Mr. Turner was 2d with, among others, John Hoyle. a
showy clouded scarlet variety, with dark upper petals edged
with carmine ; Mary Hoyle, a very pretty orange salmon variety
with a white centre and a rather small black blotch. Among
Amateurs, the best six came from Mr. Nye, gx. toE. B. Poster,
Esq., Clewer Manor, who had fine .specimens of Mdlle. Patti,
I'ltua, Desdemona, Belle of the Ball, Garibaldi, and Conqueror.
iilr. Ward, gr. to F. G. WiLkins, Esq., and Mr. Wiggins, gr. to
W. Beck, Esq., also showed in this chiss. In the Class of
Fancies, Mr. Fraser was 1st in the Nurserymen's Class, with
beautiful examples of Ellen Beck, Roi des Fantaisies, Crystal
iJoauty, Lucy, Undine, and Celestial. Mr. Turner was 2d,
with Acme, Ann Page, and others, none of which differed from
those just named. Mr. Bailey, gr. to T. Drake, Esq., Shar-
deloes, had tho 1st prize in the Amateurs' Class. Among
.specimen plants, Mr. Tumor received a 1st prize for JDelica-
tum, a Fancj' variety, measui'ing about iJ feet across ; Mr.
Nye had a 2d prize for Rose Celestial, about 3i feetacross, and
Mr. Fraser was equ;Tl 2d, with Desdemona, all finely bloomed
v/eil-grown plants. Among new Pelargoniums, The High
jVdmiral, Charles Turner, and William Hoyle, were tho most
.striking.

In the Class of six Zonal Pelargoniums Mr. Fraser was the
only exhibitor: he had admirably grown and well
bloomed plants of Madame Werle, white, with a pink centre ;
Louis Rceseler, salmon scarlet ; Rose Rendatler, Emilo Licau,
orange salmon ; Monsieur Rendatler, white, suffused with
calmon ; and Clipper, brilliant orange scarlet.

Orchids were again somewhat defective as regards numbers
and fine specimens. Mr. Penny showed the best collection of
Vi, in which we noticed a fine Cypripedium barbatum, C.
Hookeriffi with a dozen blooms, Vaudas, Lajlia purpurata,
Dendrobium raacrophyllutn giganteum, D. nobile, Aerides
Warneri, and Cattleya Wariieri. Mr. Wiggins was 2d with a
collection in which there were Saccolabium prsemorsum, with
two fine racemes, Fox-brush and other Aerides, Cypripediums,
and Cattleyii-s. In the Nurserymen's Class of 10 Orchids,
Messrs. Veitch were 1st with Ltelia purpurata, Cattleya lobata,
Messiah superba, and McMorlandii, the last conspicuous for its
orange-marked lip ; Cypripedium barbatum, and Veitchii,
Saccolabium guttatum, and others. Mr. Williams, who was
2d, had Cattleya citrma vrith a dozen blooms, Lselia
elegans, Aerides crispum, and Oncidium altissimum. Mr.
Bull was 3d, with among others Cypripedium caudatum with
five flowers, several varieties of Cypripedium barbatum, and
Cattleya citrina. In the Class of six Orchids, Mr. Penny, who
was 1st, had Saccolabium guttatum vnth. five racemes, and a
hue specimen in beavitiful bloom of Trichopilia crispa. Mr.
Fairbaim, who was second, showed Vandas and good examples
of other genera. In the Nurserymen's Class of six, Messrs.
Jacksbn, of Kingston, and J. &■ C. Lee, of Hammersmith, stood
Ist and 2d. In these collections were examples of Dendj'obium
densiflorum, Odontoglossum citi-osmum, Cattleyas, L^ellas,
and Vandas. For the best single specimen, Mr. Sherratt, gr.
to J. Bateman, Esq., Knypersley, was 1st with tho rare Den-
drobium MftcCarthise ; and Mr. Fairbairn 2d with Phalisnopsis
grandiflora.

Stove and Greenhouse plants in flower were shown in large
numbers. The principal exhibitors were Messrs. Lee, Rhodes,
and Glendinning, among nurserymen ; and among amateurs,
Messrs. Wilkie, Carr, and Peed. Conspicuous among the plants
shown were .specimens of Medinilia magnitica. Rhynchos-
permum jasrainoides, Dracophyllum gi-acile, AUamandas,
Stepbanotis floribunda, Ixoras, Clerodendrons, Heaths, Azaleas,
and Genetyllis; especially tulipifera, which when well flowered
is really a beautiful plant. AUamanda Henderson! was shown
as a specimen plant, both by Mrs. Glendinning and Sons,
and Mr. Wilkie ; and Messrs. Lee had Dipladenia crassinoda.

Of Heaths Messrs. Rhodes, Peed, Jackson, Ward, and
Wilkie, showed well grown eollections, whUe beautifully
bloomed plants in pots not exceeding 5 inches in diameter
were shown by Messrs. Jackson and Osboni,

Among other subjects in bloom was a fine standard Rhodo-
dendron from Mr. Wilkie ; some Fuchsias and herbaceous
Calceolarias. Of the last Mr. James had as usual a beautiful
group. Mr. Williams contributed a dozen Amaryllises; and
Mr. Turner and Mr. Bull LiUum auratum, a plant of which
from the former had 10 blooms on a spike.

Among fine-foliuged plants were Fenis, Pandanuses, Palms,
Crotons, Dracsenas ; Alocasia metallica, Lowii, and macro-
rhiza variegata ; Yuccas, Theophrastas, and others.

Of Caladiums, there were also some very fine plants, espe-
cially a group from Mr, Faii-haim. Messrs. ^^citch had three
Anthuriums, viz., A. Scherzorianuin, A. cordifolium, and
A, regale, all in fine condition, and for which a 1st prize Vftis
awarded. Mr. Williams also showed in this class, and for the
best pail- of Yuccas or Beaucarneas he took a 1st prize with
two I'emarkablcspecimensof Beaucamearecurvaand B. glauca :
Messrs, Veitch were 2d, with the Variegated Aloedeaved Yucca;
and Mr. Bull, Sd. Of Dracaenas, Mi', Fairbami showed a
remarkably fine iiair, and Mr. Williams had a 2d prize with
two fine examples of D. lineata. Of Pandanus distichus,
Messrs. Veitch had a remarkable fan-shaped specimen ; and of
tree Ferns, Mr. Williams showed a Dicksonia ant:irctica not
less than 18 feet high; Messrs. Veitch and Mr. Bull also
showed very large specimens of the same species. Chamierops

humilis, of which Mr. Williams sent a large specimen, was
awarded the prize tor the Largest and finest Palm. Among
other things we also noticed a small group of Agaves.

Of hardy evergreen trees and shrubs, interesting collections
were shown by Messrs. Veitch, Bull, and Osborne ; and Mr.
Saltor, of Hammersmith, had a fine collection of variegated
hardy plants. Of hardy British Ferns Messrs. Ivery had a
beautifully -grown collection, in which . were remarkable
specimens of Athyrium Filix-fcemina Victorije, A, f.-f.
plumosum, A. f,-f. pukherrimum, and Polystichum angulare
proliferum and plumosum.

Tricolor Pelargoniums were shown by Messrs. E. G. Hender-
son, Messrs. F. &; A. Smith, Mr. Watson, and others.

Mr. Ball's Amor pho phallus, referred to in our report of the
Royal Botanic Society's show last week, was reproduced on
this occasion, fully developed. Its singular Fungus-like
growth appeared to (.interest most people. Mr. Fairbairn
showed some fine Selaginellas, of which a panful of S. apoda
was particularly fine.

Amoug subjects which came more immediately under the
notice of the Floral Committee in addition to Pelargoniums, of
which a separate notice is given in another column, were
Sileue i^ennsylvauica, a dwarf rock plant, covered with
bright pink flowers, from Messrs, Backhouse, to which
a First-class Certificate was awarded. Messrs. Iveryreceived
First-class Certificates for Polystichum angulare oxyphyllum,
Athyrium Fillx-fcemina plumosum multifidum, the Axmiuster
variety of A, Filix-fcemina plumosum, and A. Filix-fmmina
Girdlestonii. Messrs. Salter had a similar award for Coprosma
Baueriana variegata, a pretty plant with green leaves edged
with pale yellow. Mr. Robert Veitch, Exeter, sent two fine
specimens of Adiantum Farleyense and Adiantum species, the
last probably a aeedliug from the former. Mr. Stone, gr. to
J. Day, Esq., received a Fii-st-class Certificate for a magnifi-
cent variety of Cypripedium Stonei, with much broader petals
than those of C, Stonei, which it otherwise resembles. He also
exhibited Cattleya Dowiana, a grand species with bu£F sepals
and petals and large violet purple lip veined with gold ; Epi-
dendrum vitellinum majus ; and Oncidium Kramerianum,
which was reported to be O. papilio pictum, also came from
the same exhibitor.

Messrs. E. G. Henderson sent a group of plants arranged
somewhat in the same way as that which they showed the
other day in Regent's Park, and edged as that also was with
their Pyi-ethrum aureum, or Golden Featherf ew.

Of Fruit, Mr. Ward, gr, to T. MUler, Esq., Bishop Stortford,
had Pine Apples, among which was a Queen weighing 5ilb.,
and a Providence, 8 lb. Mr. Neale, gr. to R. A. Cartwi-ight,
Esq., Banbury, also had a very good smooth-leaved Cayenne.
Mr. "Tegg, gr. to the Duke of Newcastle, furnished Brugnon
Nectarines ; Mr. Sage, gi-. to Earl Brownlow, Ashbridge,
Peaches ; Mr. Sherratt, ELruge Nectarines ; and Mr. Henderson,
Cole Orton Hall, a 14-lb. box of Black Hambm-gh Grapes,
together with other sorts. Mr. Fraser had very good
Strawberries in pots ; and to the Fi'uit Committee on
the first day, Mr, Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, sent
seven varieties of Cherries from pot trees, which
being very fine were awarded a Special Certificate.
They consisted of Early Purple Guigne, ripe May 24 ; this is
one of the best of the early Chen-ies — the tree tender. Guigne
Tres PrtScoce, ripe May 22 ; small dark red, round ; stalk very
short, sweet and juicy, without much flavour : tree very
hardy, and a great bearer. Noire Precoco de Strasse, a small
black Cherry, sweet ; tree hardy, and a great bearer — ripe
May 30. Early Strassen, a pale red, very sweet CheiTy ; flesh
tender and juicy, flavour rather flat. Guigne H2.tive Rose de
Lyon, a large, handsome, red CheiTy ; not quite ripe, but vrith
a brisk good flavour. Belle d'Orlt?ans, a smali, p;Ue red
Cherry ; very sweet, but did! in flavour. Guigne Marbr^,
a small, dark red sort, remarkable for its turning bright red
and looking ripe by the 15th or 20th of May ; in that stiito it
is sent in boxes from the South of France to London in large
quantities ; its stone large, and its thin covering of flesh
flavourless, but it sells freoly. Mr. Lydiard, of Batheaston,
sent a small collection of vegetables ; and Mr. Francis, of
Hertford, Hill's June Broccoli, a hardy sulphur-coloured
variety.

The Cups and some of the other prizes to be awarded at the
forthcoming Bury Show were placed on a table in the centre
of the e.xliiCition-tent for public inspection.

Glasgow and West of Scotland Horticultuhal : Ma^j 29. —
The City HaU of Glasgow was more olegantly aiTanged with
plants than hitherto, and the great majority of them were
good specimens. The public flocked in thousands to witness
the display, and all appeared highly delighted. The usual
20 Guinea Prize, which was formerly awarded to a miscel-
laneous assortment, without any regard as to numbers, was
on this occasion offered for 20 Plants, various. The change
was decidedly advantageous in point of appearance, the plants
appearing much more effectivo, showing both the skill of the
cultivator, and the merits of the plants themselves for decorative
purposes.

Jlr. Mitchell, gr. to His Grace the Duke of Hamilton,
Hamilton Palace, again was successful in carrying off the
"blue riband " of the day with splendid specimens of
Cibotium princeps, Ci-oton angustifohum and variegatum,
Cordyline indivisa, and Pandauus clegantissimus, foniiing a
centre, of bold, undulating outline, flanked on either side with
some very well managed plants, chief among which were
Acrophylium veuosum, Bougainvillca glabra, Dracophyllum
gi-acile ; several good Heaths and Azaleas : among the former
was a good Bothwelliana, and among the latter the parti-
coloured Beauty of Europe and Due de Nassau, both good late
keeping vaiieties. Among othei*s was Stephanotis floribundas,
Kalosauthes coccinea, Clerodendron Balfourii, &c.

Mr. Dickson, gr. to Thomas Coats, Esq., Fergushe, Paisley,
who was 2d, had two magnificent Ti'ee Fei"ns, which from
their graceful frondage reheved much of the stiff formality
of ordinary flowering specimen plants — Alsophihi australis
and Dicksonia antarcfica, on either side of Latania borbonica.
Chief among the others were the old but distinct and interest-
ing Ei'ica elegans, a good BougainvUIea glabra, which makes a
fine competition plant ; two or three good Heaths, Aphelexis
macrantha purpm-ea, a very good AUamanda grandiflora, a
good Cattleya Mossixe, and a large mass of Brassia maculata.

Mr. MuiTay, gr. to D. Tod, Esq., of Partick, had some well
bloomed plants of lessor size, tie most prominent among
which, a very fine plant of Ixoi-a amboynensis, full of its showy
orange corymbs ; several fine Heaths, the beat of which was
Bothwelliaiia ; Phcenocoma prolifera, still one of the most
effective of the everlastings ; the Balfour and Thomson variety
of Clerodendron ; a good Lrelia purpurata, &c,

In the Miscellaneous Class there were several exhibitors,
the best coming from Mr. D. McBride, gr. to R. Goodwin,
Esq., Hazlewood; Mr. Jas. Forbes, gr.. Beech wood ; and Mr.
Boyd, gi". to T. D. Finley, Esq., Eastcrhill. In Cape Heaths
Ml-. Neill Campbell, gr. to R, Addie, Esq., of View Park, Both-
well, had a good lot of plants. These miscellaneous subjects
had the usual complement of Azaleas, ApheUxis, Tremandras,
&e. The more prominent was Ixoi-a Griffithii, with very
large orange scaxlet heads of bloom ; Pimelea elegans, a distinct
and good plant, with white trusses, conspicuous for the yellow
bunches of stamens which adorn them ; and Aphelandra varie-
gata, with fine white lines radiating from the mid and inferior
ribs on a pale green surface.

Orchids were contributed with success by Mr. Mitchell
against several competitors, his best plants being Phahenopsis

Schilleriana in excellent condition, Vanda insiguis, Lselia
purpurata, &c. Mr. Murray, Ironbank, had a very good
Cattleya Aclandise, Laslia purpurata, Cypripedium barbatum,
and some others. Mr. Dickson had a good lot for exhibition,
comprising Cypripedium caudatum with four very fine fiowera,
Cyripedium Lowii, Aerides crispum, Aerides Fieldiugii, Slc.

The Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums were quite a show o£
themselves, especially those furnished by Mr. Campbell, gr.
to_W. Stirling Crawford, Esq., of Castlemilk, which besides
being grown into pyramids were nicely arranged as to varieties
and colour. The best were Flower of Spring, Cloth of Gold,
Lizzie, Luna, Queen of Queens, Golden Sceptre, Countess of
Tyrconnel, Kenilworth, Sunset, Castlemilk Seedling, Bronze
Queen, and ItaUa Unita. Mr. Ingram, gr. to John Garden,
Esq., of Aitkenhead, had also a good collection, comprising
Sunset, Annie Williams, Luna, and Queen of Queens.

Ferns were contributed in considerable numbers, the more
prominent, as engaging general attention, were Nephrolepis
exaltata, Gymnogramraa Laucheana, the beautiful Pteris longi-
folia, Doryopteris grandis, Asplenium Nidus, and many others.

Mr. Clark sent from the Royal Botanic Gardens a Collection
of Ornamental Plants, including several Ferns, towering above
which was Alsophila excelsa, and intermixed some good showy
Orchids, and the curious Xylophylla latifolia with its inflo-
rescence arranged on the margin of the leaflike branches.
Messrs J. & R. Thyne had a good lot of plants, conspicilous
among which was Phoenocophorium sechellarum, with large
fronds so elegant and admirable as to enhance its value in
general estimation as it progresses in growth ; Anthurium
Scherzerianum, and the handsome Livistona altissima. Mr.
Methven contributed the'same Rhododendrons full of flower as
were shown and descanted upon in the report of the Royal Cale-
donian (p. 576). P. M'Kenzie had a good gi'oup with the stall
ornamental Rhododendron Dalhousiie, fcc. Messrs. Dreghorn
& Aitken, Kilmarnock, had an interesting batch of herbaceous
and bedding-out plants arranged in lines in square boxes,
filled with moss, which had a very good effect. The purple
Camassia esculenta is a good pLant, so is the double-flowered
variety of Ranunculus acris, the double-flowered Pseonia
tenuifolia, an* the handsome yellow-flowered Alpine Cheiran-
thus. Bedding-out plants in lines in moss were pretty as repre-
sented by Chrysanthemum Sensation, Iresine Herbstii, Mrs.
Pollock Pelargonium, Centaurea rigusina, and the more hand-
some C. argentea with very handsome minute eut leaves, &c.

Pansies were a very select exhibition, and it was generally
remarked that the 1st Prize, 24 and 12 of Mr. Matthew Todd,
Newmilns, Kilmarnock, were the finest that have been exhibited
in the west. Tho names of the best ■were James DalzeU,
Lavinia. Miss Grieve, Wm. King, Captain Speirs, Perfection,
J. B. Downie, Band of Hope, Queen of Whites, Rev. H.
Dombrain, Sir Isiiac Newton, Lady Hastings, Village Maid,
General Justice, Mrs. Laird, Miss Williamson, Lizzie, Emily
Lyle, Prince Imperial, John Bright, W. E. Gladstone, Cupid,
Lord Clyde, and Perfection. Mr. Wm. Boyd, gr. to T. D.
Finlay, Esq., of EasterhiU, had a very good stand.

Emit was not a large exhibition, the best Black Grapes
coming from Mr. John M'CuUoch, and samples scarcely less
inferior from Mr. IVIurray, Ironbank. A very fine assortiment
of Strawberries came frcm Mr. John Barnwell, gr. to J.
Fleming, Esq., of KiikeiTan, the best of which were Eclipse,
Sir Harry, Oscar, and Keens' Seedling. A Collection of
11 Cucumbers was also fumisbed by Mr. Barnwell, which
deservedly received an extra award. Ve2etables were a large
exhibition, and many good dishes were furnished from some
of the milder localities on the Clyde.

Ektomologioal : Mat/ 6. — Professor Wesfcwood, V.P., in the
chair. Mr. H. W. Bates read a communication from Dr.
Felder, of Vienna, on the question of priority of publication
of various species of butterflies described ui the Novara
Expedition, and commenting very severely upon Mr. Francis
Walker's Catalogues of the British Museum Lepidoptera. Mr.
Staiuton exhibited Coleophora excelsa, the caterpillar of which
at first feeds upon the flowers of Thymus Serpyllum, of the
calyx of which it forms a moveable case, but afterwards it
feeds on Grasses. Also specimens of Hyponomenta egregiella,
first found in Spain, and subsequently at Cannes and Fon-
tainebleau, the cateriiillars of which feed on Erica
cinerea, and were then forming their cocoons. Mr.
Fereday commimicated a notice of the capture of Cynthia
cardui in New Zealand, but ilr. Bates affirmed the specimens
to be the Australiiui species alhed to, but distinct from the
European one, the BraziUan representative of which is a rosy
variety of C. Hunters. Mr. Wilson, of Adelaide, sent a note
of entomological observations, mentioning the capture of a
species of Strepsiptera for the first time in New Holland, pai'a-
sitic on a wasp which proved to be the Paragia decipiens. Pro-
fessor Westwood mentioned the capture in Australia of a species
of Heteroptera (Enicoeephalus tasmanicus) which assembled
high in the air in considerable numbers, flying like ephemerje,
and emitting a strong musk-like scent. Mr, Stainton men-
tioned that he had noticed the development of one of the
species of Muscidpe from a Pentatoma, in which it was para-
sitic, and Mr. Smith stated that Mr. Haliday had observed
the genus Stizus to be attacked by Strepsiptera in Italy.
Mr. H. W. Bates read descriptions of new species of butterflies
taken by Mr. Bell, at Marauam, 160 miles S. E, from Para,
where 364 species were captured in three months. Mr.
Stevens exhibited some very interesting Carabidie amd
Cicindelidse, captured by Mr. Dawell, at Cape York, New
HolLond.

dPlorigts' dFlotocrsi.

A BATCH of veryfine large flowering Pelaegoniuhis
will be bequeathed to Floriculture by the present year.
At the Great Show of the Royai Horticultural Society
on the 4th inst. they were a^ain in force, but Mi*-.
Hoyle's seedlings had suffered from the intervention
of hot weather that oanie between the above exhi-
bition and the one preceding it at the Regent's Park.
Example, Victor, and Man of Mark have lost some-
thing of their original beauty, the flowers of the latter
were very small compared with what was seen at the
Regent's Park, though at best it is but a medium-
sized, yet a stout, smooth, and finely marked flower.
Captain John (Hoyle) is a stout and well-formed
stamed flower of remarkably good (lualities, and very
free blooming ; the lower petals bright rose sufl'used
with pale "violet towards the margin, and blotched and
stained with dark ; the upper petals dark, rayed with
bright rosy crimson, and having a smooth and regular
outer edge of pink. This variety, and the two
following composed the cream of Mr. Hoyle's flowers
that had not been previously seen ; viz., Etrennes
(Hoyle), lower petals vivid deep carmine, stained witih
dark ; rich dark top petals, with narrow edge of
bright rosy crimson ; striking white centre ; the flowers
as shown somewhat cnimpled, but a showy variety;
and Success (Hoyle), pale rose lower petals, heavily
pencilled with dark, the white centre somewhat con-
fused by being run into with the dark pencilled lines;
top petals dark, with narrow margin of pale rose;

June 8, 1867.J

THE GArvMNERS' CnRONlCLE ANT) AGinCtTLTTJRAL GAZETTE.

605

S!

n"^tirnoverin"charaoter, and very free blooming.
^Jbltov (Foster), and Emperor (Foster) were again
Ihown in Ine condition, tl,e former espoo.aUy, and were
awarded First-class Certilicates by the Floral Com-
n^ttec and tbc .same award was made to a very fine
fever namod Joan of Arc (Foster , deep rose lower
notS suffused with purple and. stained with dark.
Cor' petals dark, the blotch running into a vivid kery
inar'in.edRed with deep rosy violet; a very brig it an 1
D casing shade of colour, flowers large, stout, and bold.
I'hTvecr (Foster), had a few flowers of remarkably
fine fluality but tlieyliad un fortunately become injured
in some vvay, or a tirst-class Certificate wou d have
been awarded. The Floral Committee requested that it
Sit bo sent again. The Pre ate (Foster) is a very
striking flower of massive build and large size, but
somewhat crumpled on the edges as shown, and, though
a good sized and bushy plant, no truss had more than
three flowers, and some onlytwoblooms, a radical delect,
the lower petals are rosy violet crimson, staineil witn
dark ; the upper petals dark, with narrow edge of
bright rosy crimson ; good habit. Hermit (Postoi^ has
fiery carmine lower petals, suffused and edged with
)alo violet, and stained with dark ; upper petals intense
dark, shaded and rayed with bright crimson, and edged
with pale pink ; large white centre, free, and of good
habit Autocrat (Foster) has the lower petals pale
carmine rose, stained with fiery crimson, and conspi-
cuous white centre; top petals dark mf?'"fi ^™]
fiery crimson, which breaks into the dark Wotoh, and
broid edging of pink, a very pretty flower, b"t having
a somewliat sportive tendency. Rival Queen (tester)
is a very bright-looking flower, having veined rosy
carmine lower petals, richly stained with dark, white
centre, sufl'used with violet, and dark top petals,
with narrow margin of bright . crimson
carmine. Firefly (Foster) is a smal flower in the way
of the French varieties, the colour vivid orange
carmine, with small dark blotch on the top petals very
effective in point of colour, but " not enongh ot it as
it is termed. A First-class Certificate was awarded to
Hermit (Beck), a flower that preserves its fine qualities
to the very last; and a Second-class Certificate to
Filomena (Beck), a somewhat novel, but beautilul
shade of colour, lower petals bright rosy violet, with
regular dark blotch on each segment ; glossy dark
ve!vet top petals, with narrow edge of vivid rosy
crimson, white centre, good habit, and very Iree ; a
flower of good character, which, if seen again, will pro-
bably obtain a higher award, as it was only just coming
into bloom. Both of Mr. Beck-s new flowers, Electra
and Lady of Quality improved, which have been
previously described, had very much changed m
character, and suggested a doubt as to their con-
stancy. In the case of the first named, some flowers
had quite lost the small crimson blotch on the
delicate pink ground of the lower petals ; in
others, the pink had changed to bright rose ; and
in the case of the latter the dark crimson stains and
pencillings were in some flowers almost withdrawn, in
Sthers much intensified. Darkle ( Beck) had intensely
dark Bowers, the lower petals broken into and lit up
with vivid crimson, and having a narrow edge ot the
same ; the upper petals intensely dark ; flowers small but
very Striking. A Second-class Certificate was awarded
to Mr. Turner, for Fancy Pelargonium Madame Vilda,
colour dark rosy crimson, with pure white throat, and
very narrow edge of white round the flower ; flowers
small, but well-formed and smooth, very tree blooming,
and good habit. , , , i i . j

Mr John Mann, of Brentwood, who has obtained a
very fine strain of Zonal Pelargoniums, received a
First-class Certificate for Mimas, very bright orange
scarlet, a pure and beautiful shade of colour, flowers ol
good size, very stout and smooth, and of fine outline ;
good dark zonate foliage, close and excellent habit.
This was one of a small group of plants remark-
able for their compact and yet free habit,
and having a well-defined black zone on deep green
fohage. Eleanore had pale orange salmon flowers, the
upper petals slightly white, large and stout, but wanting
smoothness ; Lady Hope, pale salmon, tinted in the
centre of the flowers with carmine ; and Ivosabel, a
very bright shade of clear orange scarlet— a beautitu
hue of colour. These were most promising, and will
no doubt be seen again later in the season. Messrs.
Downie, Laird, & Laing received a First-class Certib-
cate for Seraph, a variety with distinct dark zonate,
foliage, and orange salmon flowers, with white centre,
the pins large, smooth, and stout— a fine exhibition
flower They also had Miss Catley, a half-nosegay
variety with robust plain foliage, colour rich r9sy pink,
the pips large and stout, but forming an irregular
truss ; and some nosegay kinds, of no great merit as
shown. Mr. Watson, of St. Alban's, had a variety of
the nosegay section, with a good bedding habit,
named Excelsior, having pale orange crimson flowers,
the centre slightly white, dark, well-deflued zone on a
dark green leaf ground. , , , ,,

A Second-class Certificate was awarded to Mr.
James Clark, of Bury St. Edmund's, for a seedling
miilfi Pink, named Clark's Rose Pink, which had the

'named Black Sam. The judges drew a somowdiat
"hard and fast line," a.s it would "mifr «;'' ™'^
variety was sent out by Mr. Kimberley, of Stol o, near
Coventry, as a Fancy flower, though it seemed to h. ve
lost to some extent certain distinctive traits w h ui
more clo.sely allied it to the Fancy flowers, oo^e
<mt blooms of very fine Pansics were shown by Messrs
Downio, Laird, & Laing, as well as cut blooms ol the
Faucy kinds. S. JU.

C!)C ^ptarg.

James (jiarK, oi uury i3u. i;uuiuuLi o, lui ,» .3,.^.^..ub
mule Pink, named Clark's Rose Pink, which had the
growth and habit of a Picotee, and which probably
came from some Continental seed; the colour clear
lilac rose, the centre of the flowers and base of tne
petals mottled with rosy crimson : the flowers slightly
fragrant. Mr. Bull had Petunia Official, having small
but well formed flowers of a dark rosy crimson hue,
with regular bars of white ; a good and showy variety
for pillars in a conservatory.

A Pan of Aubrietia Campbelli, from Messrs. E. G.
Henderson & Son, was charmingly attractive. Appa-
rently grown under glass, it was of a good dark colour,
and yet when the flowers were thus massed together
a very lively hue prevailed.

In the class for Fancy Pansies in pots, both collec-
tions competing were disqualified, in consequence of
the presence, as it appeared, of a dark self flower,

Drone-hreedinq STocKs.-Last season I had
two Woodbury bar and frame hives stocked with very
strong swarms of common bees. In the autumn i
observed a good deal of intercommunication between
the two, and this spring I found that one was tenant-
less (nothing but empty combs being left), while the
other was very strong in honey and tees. I^ereloie
concluded that it had possessed itself of the stoie ot the
other hive, and that the bees had also followed it, and
inferred tiiat it would turn out a very good honey-
producing hive in consequence ; but, on the contrary.
It appears to have done nothing this spring; and on
carefully examining the combs I can find no signs ot
breeding going on except of drones, of which the stock
^ns to be principally composed. They abound m
every stage of development, but of worker grubs theie
is not a sign ; nor can I find any queen. Can tl"? he
accounted for by supposing that the queen was killed
during the contest of the two stocks, and that tne
drones are bred from fertile workers? Not
having a spare queen available, I have endea-
voured to repair the mischief by giving them
a comb from a Ligurian stock, having worker and
drone brood in every stage, from the egg "Pw^™'*'
hoping they would raise a queen from it ; and that at
the same time she might impart some ol the l^igunan
breed to the stock. Will this be likely to answer my
purpose ? and, if not, what course would you recom-
mend in the absence of a spare queen or royal brood ;■
Would you kindly give some instructions for the con-
struction of a "Nucleus Hive," such as you have
referred to in your articles on bees, as a means ol
providing queens in an emergency ot this kinai-
Arthur Maw.

TThere seems to be a great probability that your
hive is without a queen ; and that the drone eggs are
laid by fertile workers. If so, it is a case ot consider-
able interest; for probably no part of the bee-economy
has more puzzled scientific apiarians than this
peculiarity, connected with this and some other species
of insects. It is, however, necessary to be very caretui
before deciding that this is the real state of the hive in
question. Old, worn-out queens become drone-breeders,
as also may those that meet with accidents, or are
subjected to a great chill. Sometimes these queens
become very diminutive, and are not readi.y discernible
from the other bees on inspection of the combs. II tne
queen be lost it is most probable that she iell a victim to
the hostile attack of the immigrants,even although there
mi"ht have been no general conflict among the workers
fou have done quite right in giving a comb of
worker brood. This should be examined a few days
after it was put in, and if no royal colls have been
commenced. It may be inferred that a queen is present ]
in the hive. Of course it is necessary that there should .
be a suflioient number of workers to take the necessary
steps for queen-rearing. If there '"' no royal cells in
course of construction, search through the hive very
carefully, and if a queen should be discovered, crush
her at once. If no queen can be seen and there are no
signs of royal cells after the lapse of a week from the
time of giving the worker-brood, add a second comb,
or exchange the first for one. with younger grubs or
eggs. The hive may have gamed a suflicient number
of workers to set about rearing royal cells at once, it
is possible that if there be fertile workers the rearing
of roval larvfe may be prevented, or the death ol any
queens that may be brought ,tp maturity may be
accomplished by them. It would be advisable to keep
a sharp look-out for any aged or peculiar looking bee ,
which, if found, should be destroyed.

A good plan, if, as you say, workers are for irom
numerous, would be to drive out or brush off all the
bees and drones, and destroy them utterly. With the
exception of the young bees that may have emerged
from the worker comb given, it is most likely that
all the worker bees ai-e very old. Give the hive a
suitable brood-comb, and having removed .a strong
stock to another stand, place the first hive in its stead.
There will then he little doubt of a queen being raised,
and all danger from the presence of fertile workers is
avoided. Care must be taken not to allow too many
bees to leave the removed stock. This may be effected

''^ ™nuoleus box is one constructed to hold four frames
only. It may be made of Mnch stuff; is of the same
length from back to front as the stock bives^ by
6J inches wide. No window is required. When m
use the entrance may bo in the lower side instead ol at
the ends of the frames, giving it ,th.e »I'P<^"^°'=J °"^,^
front of an ordinary hive. To establish a small swiuTnin
a nucleus box, we cannot do better than .extract
from the directions given by Mr. Woodbury. In the
middle of a fine day look over the combs of a. stock
until the queen is discovered on one of them ; P"* th ^.
comb with the queen careful y on one side, so that her
majesty may not be jeopardised, or ^l^terfered w th in
any way, whilst another comb is selected contain ng
worker brood in all stages, from the egg.to the sealed
nvmph, which with the adhering bees is put in tne
nudlui box, into which the bees from two other combs
are swept with a feather. Two spare combs being placed
one on lach side of the brood comb, the bees must be
confined by the top of the box being covered .by per-
forated zinc instead of the crown board, whilst the

entrance is closed by the same material : and the
nucleus should then be conveyed to a dark room or
cellar, there to remain until evening. After dusk it
must be placed in the position it is intended to occupy,
the bees set at liberty (this is important, as great
loss of life often takes place if the liberation
be delayed until the next morning), the crown board
put in its place, and all made snug for the night.

" Au examination should bo made on the third day,
when if the population bo too scanty, it must be
recruited by brushing into it the bees from
one or more combs of the parent stock, the same
preliminary precautions being of course taken to
ensure the safety of the queen." .

These little artificial swarms will frequently raise
many royal cells. On the ninth nr tenth day all hut
two of these may bo extracted, and given to more
recently-formed nuclei, which will thereby gain a
considerable advantage in point of tunc. I hey .should
be cut out with a triangular bit of comb attached
(apex downwards), and inserted in a similar y-s^iaped
hoe cut in the brood-comb. It is not well to put
royal cells in the small box at the time of first forming
the artificial swarm, as the bees are very apt, in tbe
time of their excitement, to tear them open and
destroy the m . ] .

Garden Memoranda.

Messes. Downie, L.urd^ & LiiNo's NnESERT
Stanstead Park, Forest Hill, is but a short walk
from the Pev^ HiU Nursery. Here I had the pleasure of
nspecting the batch of . Zonal and Hybrid Nosegay
PelargonUims from which liad been obtained Bo»e
Stella! to which was awarded a First-class Certific. te
by the Floral Committee at their meeting on May 7th
It originated in a cross between Rose Rendatle.r and
SteUa," and the result was satisfactory m the hiriiest
degree. It is a decided improvement on the Pink
Stella of a year or two ago. It was one of the earhest
to flower of the batch of seedlings; ™d.was followed by
two or three others very much akin to it m colour and
apparently of tlie same parentage, but wanting the
stoutness and form of Rose Stella ^"^^^^.^.^"^^n^
of the same batch had been named Mr. W. W. Brown,
the leaves deep green, with a distinct narrow dark zone
flow'ers salmon scarlet, tbe upper petals suffused with
violet; the petals longer and broader than those of
Lo d i'almerstou, one Sf the parents ; the h-jb.t exce U
lent, the trusses of flower large and bold. 1 he largest
part of these seedlings have yet to bloom The pecu-
liar hue of colour of Sambo, a .new zonal variety now
heins sent out by Messrs. Downie, Laird, and Laing, is
Derhlns°oaroely equalled. The colour is bright dark
SSstv scarlet tLfl'owers large, well f^^ed a^d very
Smooth, the trusses large, compact ™d globular a
very dL^tinct and fine variety, and f'uly deserving the
First-class Certificate awarded by the . lloral Com-
mittee of the Roy.al Horticultural Society. It is an
excellent kind for cultivating in pots.

Even under the influence of the hot sun which
prevailed for a few days with a fierceness more charac-
teristic of July than the early par of M^^. the new
hertdini' Pansy Imper al Blue, had a good depth ot
ootoirdespSe excessive heat. What gives it such
rmarked superiority over all the .»* ;?;\ ^^'"^^ f «X°|
kinds, is its stouter and more regular build and its l^i ge
and well-defined dark blotch ; it blooms freely, and its
colour under the influence of the great heat was much
better than that of the Cliveden Punjle under the best
cfrcumstances. Of their new f^'^eyP^^^'f.t'f '''■?)' l''/„
in flower, the following are great novelties ;-Orange
Bovei, dark orange-red, Ut up with a Aery g earn pass-
in- through the colour, and having a large black blptch,
flowers ofltout texture and extremely iiove;&unn^^^^
combination of rose and orange, .with adark shading, and

lar-e dense blotch, colour very rich and strik ng , Sweet
Lufy bright crimson-claret, with large black blotch a
novel aii<r fine shade of colour ; .Hugh Adair the top
petals cherry crimson, lit up with a dash of orange

Hack laree black blotch, distinct and hne.

A bed of Seedling Fancy Pansies had a peculiar
interest for the extreme novelty in the marking of
many of the flowers. The history of the improve-
ment of the Fancy Pansy, in so far =is 't has been
carried out by Messrs. Downie, Laird, & .Laing, and
Mr Dean of Shipley, ^ould seem to have given to the
former the production of colour, to the latter form and
substance allied to soberer hues. In many pi these
seedliS- flowers at Stanstcad Park m ght be noticed the
presence of unparalleled and novel combmatroiis of
colours, to a degree approaching .ecceut city and for
purely decorative purposes nothing could have been
better adapted. But there was sei^erally in ths valuable
batch a want of size in the lower, petals of the flowery
disqualifying them from appearmg on the exh bition
table, wliere the important pomt of forf T*!'.^ ^'^J
commandment of the florists' decalogue-is lassted on-
One of these flowers struck me as bei-ig somethmg
verv distinct The ground colour was pure yeuow,
S a distinct edge 'of French -^te surrjimiding i^^
which with age appeared to. get tmgod with h lac ine
blotch was bright br.jnzy crimson, as we Idefined^^^^^
regular as could be wished, but the low-ei petal wanreu
siz\ and the edges of the flower smoothness. Bvk.s,
however, one of the most striking forms ot tne laucy
Pansy I have ever seen. ^ Euonymus,

I saw some plants of the P'^t'Slv hardy out of
from Japan, which had P"™'^ PffJ'^t"ii7common one
doors during the past winter, while he con

had been completely cut HP, by^fi/'^'erv distinct and
green leaves of the °ew variety give » a very^ ^^ ^^^ ^
handsome appearance, so that on ^m- d. i^oulated,
for its hardiness, it deserves to be widely ciroui<iieu,

606

THE GARDJNERS' CHRONICLil iND IGElCtlLTtlRAI. GAZWTE.

[JtTNE 8, 1867.

Both the new yellow Tea. Hoses, Boutou d'Or and
Isabella Sprunt, were blooming very nicely indeed
under glass. The former had flowers of good substance
and colour; the latter not quite so deep in colour, but
yet good. Phloxes, both of the early flowering, or
Suffruticosa section ; and the late flowering, or Decus-
sata section, Pentstemons, Antirrhinums and Holly-
hocks, are largely grown here, and of the latter a large
quarter had just been planted out for exhibition and
stock purposes. It. D.

Miscellaneous.

Slrd JFeeding in the Tiiileries Gardens.Snme ot
our readers may be interested in the way in which
birds are fed in the Jardin des Tuileries. It is
a pretty sight, and seems to aflford much pleasure
to those who look on, and doubtless much more to the
successful feeders. It is quite a little scene in the
gardens every day, and on fine days is looked at by
numbers of people, though it is an every day occurrence
here. The Jardin des Tuileries is inhabited by a great
number of the common " wood-queest " — those wild
pigeons which flash away from man like an arrow from
the bow in Britain and elsewhere, when in a wild state.
In these and other gardens in Paris they seeni perfectly
at home, and perch at ease in the trees over
the heads of the multitudes of children who
play, and of people who walk on fine days. Their
intimacy does not extend further except in special
instances. Here is one of them. A man, evidently a
respectable mechanic, comes to a certain spot, near the
private garden of the Emperor — or rather detached
portion, for it is quite open, and you may see him
occasionally walking there with one of his staS". Pre-
sently some of the pigeons fly to their friend. He is
an old one, and a bird lights on his arm and gets a bit
of bread to begin with; another comes and lights on
his other arm. He has previously put a few crumbs of
bread into his mouth, of which the birds are well aware,
and, arching their exquisitely graceful necks, put their
bills into his mouth and take out a bit " turn about." Per-
haps one alights on his head, and he may accommodate
two or three on his right arm. There are others perched
on the railings near at hand, and they come in for their
turn by-and-by. A dense ring of people stand a few yards
off, looking on, especiallyif it be a fine day, but they must
not frighten the birds, and this persistent feeder looked
daggers at a small boy who allowed an audible howl
of deliuht to escape. Presently the sparrows gather
round the feeder's feet, and pick up any crumbs that
may fall while he is transferring the bread from his
pocket to his mouth. The sparrows, sagacious creatures,
do not as a rule light upon the arm, and never even think
of putting their heads in the mouth of the man, hut
flutter gently so as to poise themselves in one spot
about 15 inches or so from the hand of the feeder. He
throws up bits among them, and they invariably catch
them with slight deviation from their fluttering
position, or at most with a little curl. It is very pretty
to see them thus fed, and to see the exquisitely graceful
heads and necks of the wild pigeons as they move them
to extract the crumb is beautiful. In one instance we
saw a sparrow or two alight on the hand of an
individual, and pluckily root out crumbs that he held
rather flrmly between his finger and thumb. But he
was an ancient and persevering one. However much
we may regret it, as faithful chroniclers we must state
that not one sparrow approached within 10 inches of
the hand of a Gentile. Similar instances of this
interesting bird-feeding would be a pleasant pastime in
other places than the Tuileries gardens.

Rumelian Moses. — Mr. Blunt, the British Vice-
Consul at Adrianople, in his report to the Foreign
Oflioe this year, gives an account of the Rose fields of
the vilayet of Adrianople, extending over 12,000 or
14,000 acres, and supplying by far the most important
source of wealth in the district. This is the season for
picking the Hoses — from the latter part of April to the
early part of June ; and at sunrise the plains look like
a vast garden full of life and fragrance, with hundreds
of Bulgarian boys and girls gathering the flowers into
baskets and sacks, the air impregnated with the
delicious scent, and the scene enlivened by songs,
dancing, and music. It is estimated that the Rose
districts of Adrianople produced in the season of 1866
about 700,000 miscals of attar of Roses (the miscal being
li drachm), the price averaging rather more than Zs.
per misoal. If the weather is cool in spring, and there
are copious falls of dew and occasional showers, the
crops prosper, and an abundant yield of oil is secured.
The season in 18B5 was so favourable that eight okes of
petals (less than 3.51b.), and in some cases seven okes
yielded a miscal of oil. If the weather is very hot and
dry it takes double that quantity of petals. The
culture of the Rose does not entail much trouble or
expense. Land is cheap and moderately taxed. In a
favourable season a donum (40 paces square) well culti-
vated will produce 1000 okes of petals, or 100 miscals
of oil, valued at 1500 piastres ; the expenses would be
about 540 piastres — management of the land, 55 ;
tithe, 150 ; picking, 75 ; extraction, 260— leaving a net
profit of 960 piastres, or about 91. lis. An average
crop generally gives about bl. per donum clear of
all expenses. The oil is extracted from the petals by
the ordinary process of distillation. The attar is
bought up for foreign markets, to which it passes
through Constantinople and Smyrna, where it i.s gene-
rally despatched to undergo the process of adultf- .-ation
with Sandal-wood and other oils. It is said that in
London the Adrianople attar fiods a readier sale when
it is adulterated than when it is genuine. Times.

Provincial Korticxdtural Societies. — The following
floral and horticultural societies have announced their
intention to hold exhibitions and meetings during the
month of June, viz., Bristol and Clifton, 25th;
Pennoy (freland), 25th; Grand Floral and Horti-
cultural F6te, York, itfth and 20th; Halifax, llth;

Leeds, 13th and 14th; Maidstone, 26th; Nottingham,
26th ; Royal Jersey, 19th ; Royal Oxfordshire, 25th ;
West London Rose Show Society (Ealing), llth ;
Wolverhampton, llth; Wrexham, 26th.

Chemistry of Ripening Fruit. — Br. Dupre has been
publishing the results of his investigations into the
chemical changes which occur in fruits which are
passing from the green to the ripe state. In a paper
lately read before the Chemical Society, he showed
that although the relative quantity of acid in fruit
diminishes as the fruit ripens, the absolute quantity
remains tolerably constant, or, at least, diminishes but
slightly. There can be no doubt, therefore, that the
sugar increases in quantity, and it seems not unlikely
that the development of the sugar may take place
through the action of the acid in a manner similar to
the production of sugar from starch by the action of
dilute acids. Dr. Duprd states that a hundred average-
sized Apples gathered on September 13, October 12,
and November 16, were found to contain respectively
2'5 grammes, 1'9 gramme, and IS gramme of tartaric
acid— a result which tends to bear out his opinions,
expressed above. Medical Times.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Orchids, which are coming into flower, may be
removed to a cooler house, in which less moisture is
present than in that in which they are at this time ; keep
them free from draughts ; give them less water at the
roots, and constantly shade them during intense sun-
shine. ^ Keep all structures containing Cape Pelargo-
niums in flower as cool as possible, consistent with due
regard to health; carefully shade the blooms at all
times when necessary, and especially early upon bright
sunny mornings, when much mischief is often caused
through condensed moisture resting upon the petals.
Give copious waterings with clear water frequently,
and now and then they may receive a dose of clear
liquid manure. Replace carefully any stakes which
the plants may have overgrown with longer ones, of
greater strength if necessary. Inattentiou to this
matter might be the means of allowing some main
portion of a specimen to fall over, from the weight of
its flowers, and snap off near the root. Auriculas
should now occupy a cool shady situation. Green-fly,
to which they are subject, must be kept in check. If
infested, remove the plants to a pit, in order that they
may be effectually fumigated. Balsams and Cocks-
combs must now be encouraged to grow freely, giving
them a little weak liquid manure occasionally, and
accommodating them with larger pots as they may
require them. Keep Camellias close, moist, and warm,
until their growth is completed, when more air and
less moisture should be given in order to cause them to
form flower-buds. Let the main shoots of Carnations
and Picotees be carefully tied to neat stakes. Remove
dead leaves, and top-dress with fresh sweet soil.
Destroy greenfly. Cut down Cinerarias which are
out of flower to within 3 or 3 inches of the surface.
Stir and top-dress with light soil. A north aspect is
the best at this season. Take cuttings as soon as they
can be had for early flowering plants. Keep Dahlias
regularly watered, should the weather prove dry, and
secure them to stakes as they advance in growth.
Many kinds of Seaths and Epacrises may now
be transferred to pits and frames, where they will
thrive better, during the summer months shading them
from the hot sun ; any done blooming should be cut
back slightly, to insure a bushy habit, and kept in a
shady place till they commence to grow. Removing
the young and early-blooming stock to frames will
permit plants in the house to stand thin. Pro-
pagate Pansies whenever cuttings can be obtained
They strike best on a shady border under small hand-
glasses. Hoses, showing their blossoms, will be much
improved by liquid manuring ; mulching, too, in a dry
season is very beneficial. If the preservation of the
early flowers is desirable, the Rose maggot must be
closely looked after ; the green fly, too, should be kept
down, and where mildew shows itself, dust immediately
with sulphur.

FORCING HOUSES.
Where a constant supply of Pines is needed, it will
be well forthwith to pot a few of the largest, and best
succession plants — " Queens" especially — into the pro-
per fruiting pots. These, if pushed along kindly, will
have their pots well filled with roots about the earlier
part of November, and be likely to fruit well in
January. The secret of getting fine fruits upon them
rests mainly upon the fact, that the pots should be well
filled with good healthy roots before any inducement is
offered them to show for fruiting. Keep the atmosphere
as moist as it is possible to make it by frequent sprink-
lings. In Vineries laden with ripening fruit a high
temperature should be kept up during the day, giving
as much air at the top of the house as is possible
without chilling the plants. Syringe more frequently
Peach trees which have ripened off their crops. Remove
Cherries in pots in a similar stage into a warmer corner
in the outer air, plunging the pots at all times when
practicable. Syringe freely the successional crop of
Figs, watering them copiously at the root, and pinch-
ing back all unnecessary lengthy shoots, as previously
advised. Melons, when a crop has been set, will
require a little thinning out, pinching back, &c., of the
more prominently growing shoots; renewing the
bottom heat by adding a little fresh litter to the
linings, if the heat has decreased materially. Let old
Mushroom beds be examined as soon as they begin to go
out of bearing. If, upon removing the soil, the dung
appears decayed or exhausted, tlie bed should be imme-
diately renovated; but if, as often happens, the beds
are found in good order, solid, and full of spawn, they
should be watered moderately with tepid water, if they

are found to require it, and in a day or two afterwards
the surface shonll be covered with 2 or 3 inches of
loamy soil. In hot weather the house should be kept
as cool as possible, without throwing it open ; in order
to assist in effecting this, the paths and walls should be
sprinkled frequently with cold water, and the evapo-
ration allowed to escape at the top. Continue to collect
horse-droppings, and let them be stored up to make
new beds, or to renovate old ones.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Choose a favourable opportunity to go over all Fruit
Trees, Filberts, &o., for the purpose of removing all
suckers which have formed around their base. When
practicable, give all Strawberry plants a good drench-
ing with liquid manure at the root ; after which,
protect the fruit from the consequences of heavy rains,
grit, &c., by placing any materials at hand around
the plants, upon which to rest the fruit. Nothing is
better than clean, wholesome straw for this purpose ; a
truss of " wheaten "goes a long way, if placed over the
borders with care. Finish thinning Peach and Necta-
rines, and having removed superabundant shoots, as
previously advised, nail the stronger of those retained
neatly to the wall, using every precaution to admit of
each shoot receiving the utmost possible amount of
light and air.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Stir the soil constantly and effectually amongst
growing crops. Sow Red Cabbage for pickling next
season, and a rather large and final sowing of Cauli-
flowers may now be made for autumn use. The large
Asiatic, and the Erfurt, are good for this purpose.
Where Turnips have come up unevenly, choose a wet
period to transplant a good breadth of them; plant
thickly in rows, and hoe frequently. They succeed
well if treated in this way.

STATE OF THE "V
Forthe Week. ending J

AR LONDON
cultural Gardens.

'FATHER AT CHISWICK, NE
une 5, 1867, as obsRrved at the Hort

BiROMETER.

TEUPERtTUttE.

Wind

May

Of the Air. 1 Of tte Earth

(

Max.

Mia.

Max.

Min.

nr„.„ 1 foot'2 feet
^^f^^" deep. 1 deep.

Thm-3. 30
Friday 31
Satur. 1
Sunday 2
Mon. 3
Tues. i
Wed. 5

26

27
28
•
1
2
3

30.0-21
30.124
30.076
29.990
29.819
29,95S
29.8i8

29.929

30,05 1
30.055
29.805
29.587
29,899
29.737

70

75
76
83
63
68
63

50
40
44
56
43
40
51

60.0
57.5
60.0
69,0
53.0
510
56 5

51
52
52
53
51
53
66

5L
52
52
53
54
54
54

S.E.
SE.
SW.
S.W.
W.

w.

S.E.

.Ot
.01
.00
.78
.05
.00
.24

Average .

30 007

29.866

70.8

46.3

58 5

53.2

52.8

11.12

Jlay 30

-Ve

ryflne

; overcast and mild

yery

fine.

31— Uniform haze ; exceedingly tine ; fine at night.
Juae 1 — Very fine ; very fine throughout.

— 2-Cloudlessand hot; very fine ; heavy rain at night.

— 3— Overcast and warm ; rain ; very fine at night.

— 4-Cloudy and fine ; cloudy ; very fine.

— 5— Densely clouded; rather boisterous ; rain; cloudy.
Mean temperature of the week , 1 i deg. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHEH AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending June 15. 1867.

Hi lit

No. of
Years in
which it
Ilaiued.

Greatest
Quiintlty
of liaiu

Prevailing Winds.

June.

1^"

~i
1
1

1
1
1

7
9
7
8
5
3
6

W

4
3
3
3
6
7
7

tc

2
2
3
2
1
1
2

1
4
G
7

2
7
5

ai

16
9
10
14
12
12
11

3
8

11
4

10
9
3

Sunday . . 9
Mon. ..10
Tues. ..11
Wed. ..12
Tliur3. ..13
Friday ..14
Satur. ..15

70.6 1 47.5

71.6 47.1

71.7 47.6
70.7 46.0
717 i 47 7
72.4 ' 48.1
72 9 48.3

59.1
59.3
5H.7
58.4
59.7
60.3
60.6

20
19
13
20
20
19
18

1.48 in.

0 95
0 47
0.78
0.56
0,48
0 38

3
5

3
3

I
6

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
13th andl4th, 1842-thenu. 90 deg. ; and the lowest on the lltli, 1865,
and !5th, 1850— therm. 30 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Bulbs ; E T A. The evil you compl.^in of 13 doubtlesg cauged
by want of maturation of the bulbs, caused either by a
previous wet season or by cutting off the leaves before they
are matured. The leaves should never be removed till they
are fully ripened.

Gill Air-warmer: A Subscriber should have addressed such
an inquiry in his proper name.

HyoROMKTER: All Old Gardener, horn before deio-polnt was
hiveiUed. By dew-point is understood that point of tempe-
rature at which dew is formed on bodies vrhen they become
colder than the atmosphere in which they aro placed. It is
variable, for it depends on the greater or less quantity of
moisture which exists in the air. If the air is very dry the
bulb of a thermometer must be cooled down some 20° or 30"
before dew, or moisture from the air, is deposited upon it.
If the air is comparatively moist, dew will be formed at a
temperature very little lower than that of the air. That
temperature, whatever it may be, when dew is visibly
formed, is called the dew-point. It may be indicated
by hygrometers directly or indirectly. Renault's is
now much employed for taking direct observations of the
dew-point. Daniel's is perhaps more simple and more
easily managed, but Mason's, or the Dry and Wet Bulb, is
the cheapest. To know from it the dew-point a calculation
is, however, required, or a reference made to Glaisher'a
" Hygrometrical Tables." By referring to them we presume
your difficulty will be obviated, and nothing can bo easier.
For example, at the time we are writing the temperature of
the air by dry bulb is 66°, by wet bulb 58° ; opposite thisj^^
by Glaisher's table, is the dew-point 53° and , a small fraction.
By Daniel's and Regnault's hygrometer, in a similar state
of the air, a ring of dew is formed when the thermometer in
lowering reaches this temperature, 5.3', and at once the
dew-point is thus indicated by them without further
reference or calculation. ||

Mahonia Berries; E C D. These ben-ies are not poisonousin
the ordinary sense of the word, though no doubt they would
" disagi-ee with a child " if they were eaten green.

Names of Plants : R Butler. 1, Begonia xanthina, Hook.
2, B. rex, var. ? 3, B. xanthina. Hook., var. marmorea,
Hort.— -P C. 1, Berberis vuli^aris, L. ; 2, Pyrus (Sorbus)
hybridus, L. ; 3, Pyrus aria, L. ; P.lanata, Don. — J C{Bromley).
1, Scrophularia vernalis, L. ; 2, Crataegus arborescens, L.—
Forth. 2, Lathyrus (Orobus) vernus, L. ; 3, Fedia olitoria,
L. ; 4, Ranunculus bulbosus, L. — Wilcobe. Prunus (Cerasua)
vii-giniana, D.C. (both specimens).

White Scale : M 0 R. If your Pine plants are much affected
by this pest, the best thing you can do is to burn them, and
start afresh with clean plants and clean houses. The
insects may, however, be got rid of by persevering attention.
The favourite remedy is a very moist and hot atmosphere,
kept charged with the steam from fermenting stable dung.

JUNE 8. 18G7*1

THE gaudenehs' cmonicle and AGtiicuLTimAL gazette.

607

T A W E S • MANURES.—

-I J The M-imires niauiifiiotured bv J. B. Law e3 for tho present
soisoii of IHC'Tiiro now rofidy lor delivery ut his Fiictorlea, at tbe
I'lllnwltii; pricoa, per ton :—
I WVKS' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s. d.

slU'kRI'lIOSPHATE of LIME 0 « 0

LAWKS- SUPERPnOSPIIATB of LIME from BURNT

B<)NE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES ••,■•,„■■ 5 6 0
LAWKS' WHEAT, BARLEV, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 8 0 0

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES ..12 0 0

Thesu Miinuros can bo ohtalnod of Mr. Lawks, or through the
appointed AgentB In all piirtH of the Ualtod KlDgdom, at prices
varying nccordinK to cost ..fcarrmKe.

Oeiuiliio Peruvian Guano direct from tho Importers. Nitrate of
Sodiv, Sulphate of Ammonia, and otlier Chonitciil Manures.

American and other Cikes nt market prico-J.

Addresa. Joiin Behnet Lawes, 1, Adolnuio Place, London Bridge,
B.C. J 23, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market rinunre, Shrewsbury.

ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPHATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPHaTE for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

MIVOFAOTDRED

THE PATENT NlfK()nMUSPHATE OR RLOOD
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief Offlces— 100, Fenclmrch Street, London.
Western Cuuntios Brancii— Quoon Street. Exotcr.
Irish Branch— 10, Weatniorolftud Street, Dublin.
Directors
Oiairman — John Clayden, Littlebury, Eaaei.
Deputy-t'h.iir man— John Collins, Arg\Il House, Ilolloway.
Edward Bell, 48, Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot. Herts.
Thoiiiaa Knight, Kdmonton, Middltflex.
Robert Leeds, \veat Loxhiim, Noitolk.
George Saville, ingthorpe, near .Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrlsliall (JranRO, Es^ex.
Chnilea Dorman, '23, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomas Webb, Ilildershara, Cambridgeahire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshiie,
Managing Dirfclor — James Odams.
Bankers— Messrs. Burnetts, Ho.iros, &. Co.. Lombard Street,
i'oiwrt ora— Mefcsra. Kingslord & Dorman, 2.3, Essex Street, Strond.

Audit(yr--J. Carter Jon;»8, Cambridge.
This Company was oilglnally funned by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circunistuncos that bave justly earned for it another
title, VIZ.—" Tlie Tenant Karmi.'rs' Manure Company."

Its memliers are cultivators of upwurds of 50,000 acres of land
which hiis been for yeai-s under management with Manures of their
owD manufacture. The consumer, therefore, has tho best Ruaruntee
for the genuineness and efllcacy of the Manures manufactured by
tilts Cimpany.

Paitlculars will be torwardcd on application to the Secretary, or
iiifiv be hud of the Local Agents. C. T. Macadam, Secretary

Chief Offlces— 109. Fenchurch Street, London, E.G.

rPHK LONDON MANURE COMPANY

J (Established 1840).

Have now ready for delivery in dry flno condition,
CORN MAN QRE. for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, lor Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED QUA SO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genmne PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
es Dock Warehouse: SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY
SALT, 4c. E. PoESEB, Secretary.

Offlces, Ufl, Fenchurch Street. E.G.

17'OR SALE, in uny quantities, selected SILVER
J.^ SAND, FEAT SOIL. LOAM, SPHAGNUM, SANDSTONE
GU AVEL, SHINGLE. GARDEN POTS, GARDEN ENGINES,
IMPLEMENTS, &c., cheap for cash. Carefully dispatched by Rail.
L.mal, and Ship. List of Prices post free on application to
W. Short, Horticultural DepOt, Reigate.

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Incorporated by Special Act of Parliament in 1853.
To Landowners, the Clerot, Estate Aoents,Sobtetor3, Ice, in

England and Wales, and in Scotland.
The Company advances money, unlimited in amount, for the
following works of Agricultural Improvement, the whole outlay and
expenses in all cases being liquidated by a rent-charge for 25 ye,ars.

1, Drainage, Irrigation, and Warping, Embanking, Inclosing,

Clearing, Reclamation, Planting, for any beneiiclal purpose,
Engines or Machinery for Drainage or Irrigation.

2, Farm Roads, Tramways and Railroads for agricultural or farming

purpose.''.

3, Jetties or Landing places on the sea-coast or on the banks ot

navigable rivers or lakes.

4, The Erection of Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other

Buildings requli-ed for Farm purposes, and the improvement
of and additions to Farm Houses and other buildings for
Farm purposes.

Lnndowners assessed under the provisions of any Act of Parlia-
ment, Roynl Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
general works of Drainage or other improvements, may borrow their
proportionate share of the cost, and charge the same with the
expenses on the lands improved.

The Company will also negotiate tho Rflnt-charges obtained by
Landowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 1864, in respect of
their Subscription of Shares in a Railway or Canal Company.

No invcstl^tion of title is required, and the Company being of a
strictly Pnancial character, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissions ra

Apply to Granville R. Ryder, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street, London, S.W.

TjIOWLER'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and

L} CULTIVATOR may bo SEEN at WORK la every Agricultural
County In England. „ ,_.,.,

For particulars apply to Jonn FowLm & Co., 71, Cornhlll, London,
E.G. ; and Stoani Plough Works, Leeda.

IRON hurdles' (Silver Medal of the Royal
Agricultural Society).
SHEEP, 3.1. Cd. ; CATTLE. 4.i. 2d ■ OX, 6«. lid.
List by Poat. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St. Pancras iron Work Company, Old SI, PancriiB^Roail. London, N.W.

rpUE IMPROVED TANNED LEATIIKR DRIVING

JL STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAP.S,
without lap or crcas J.iinta— supL-rlar to all others for Portable
Engiuea. Prime STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

Price Lists sent free by post.
TiiK Tanned Lkatukr Company, Tanners, Curriers, &C., Armlt
Works, Greenfield, near Manchester ; Warehouso, 81, Mark Laiio,
Loudon, E.C. Mr. H. Fkrrabek, Agent. _

Farm Poultry

GREY DORKING l-'UWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbora.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breodora.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABIilTS, for size and early maturity.
BRAIIMA-POUTRA. CREVECOiUR, and LA FLECIIE FOWLS,
for conetarit layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on apphcatlon.
John Railv & Son. 113. Mount Street, London. W.

MANCHESTER and LIVERPOOL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY (Establishod 1711V). - GRAND CENTENARY
SHOW MEETING at Manchester, August 27, ^iS, and 2», 18ll7.

Special Prize List and Forma of Entry are now ready to be
Issued, T. B. Rtder, Secretary.
67a, Church Street, Liverpool.— April 23, 1867.

BIRMINGiLU"riHORSK" and HOUND SHOW.-
Tho BIRMINGHAM and MIDLAND COUNTIES EXHI-
BITION ot HORSES, PONIES, FOX HOUNDS. CARRIAGES,
HARNESS, SADDLERY, Ac, will be hekl in BINGLEY HALL,
Broa.i Street, Birmingbam, on TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, and FRIDAY, June 11, 13. 13, and U. Admission on
Tuesday, the day of Judging, 5s. ; on Wednesday, Tliursday, and
Friday, Is. For Excursion Trains, see the Companies' Bills and
Time Tables.

^liDIIIiilliilitilltinlllll

BATH and WEST of ENGLAND
SOCIETY. — For tho Encouragement
of Agriculture, Ai'ts, Manufactures, and
Commerce.

Pat}-on, H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G.
Pi'esident, John Themayne, Esq.

The ANNUAL EXHIBITION of SHEEP,
HORSES, PIGS. POULTRY, IMPLE-
MENTS, WORKS of ART, and HORTI-
CULTURAL SPECIMENS will take place
at SALISBURY on the lOtb, lltb, 12th,
13th, and I4th JUNE, 18G7.

JosiAn Goodwin, Secretary.
Terrace Walk, Bath.

?J<ie ^grtcttltural (BK^tttt.

SATURDAY, JUNE 8, 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
MosoiT, June loig^t^ a„j yy^^ „f England Society at
F.,„.T, - li( S'"'"""^-

Tuesday — "( Horse and Hound Show at Binglej Hall,

.^ .. f Birmingham.

Friday. — 14) "

THE GENERAL LAND DRAINAGE and
IMPROTEMENT COMPANY. Offlces. 22. Whitehall Place.

Cnder this Company's Act Tenants for Life, Trustees, Mortgagees,
Guardians, Committees of Incompetent Persons, Beneficial Lessees,
Corporations (Ecclesiastical or Municipal), Incumbents, Charitable
Trustees, Ac, may effect the following Land Improvements, and
charge the outlay and expenses on tho estate improved, by way of
rciitcharge, to be paid by half-yearly instalments, viz. ; —

1. All works of Drainage, Irrigation, Warping, and Embankment.

■.;. The Election of Fannhouses, Cottages for Agricultural
Labourers, and all kinds of Farm Buildings.

3. Tlie Construction of Roods.

4. The Grubbing and Clearing of old Woodlands, Enclosing.
Fencing, and Reclaiming Land.

The owners of Estates, not ent.illed, who may be desirous to avoid
the expense or inconvenience of a Legal Mortgage, may also charge
their Estates with an Outlay in Improvements under the simple and
Inexpensive process of tho Company s Act.

The Term of Years for the Rentcbarge is fixed by the Landowner,
ao as to adapt the amount of Annual Payment to the circumstances
of the Tenants.

No Investigation of Title being required, and the Charge not being
affected by Encumbrances, no Legal Expenses are incurred

The Arrangements for Effecting Improvements are threefold —

No. 1. The Works may be Designed and Executed entirely by the
Landowner's Agent, and the Company employed only to supply the
Loan and conduct the matter through all the otficlal Forms for
Charging the Outlay on the E.state.

No. 2. The Company will supply Plans, Specifications, and Esti-
mates for any Improvements to be executed by the Landowner's
Agent as under No. 1. In each of these cases the Landowner will be
solely imdirthe control of the Enclosure Commissioners.

No. 3. Tlie Company will undertake thoentire responsibility of the
Improvements, prepare the Plans, execute the Works, and finally
charge on the Estnte the actual amount expended, with their Com-
mission thereon, approved by the Enclosure Commissioners.

Landowners may thus obtain what assistance they require from
the Company, and no more, in effecting tho objects in view.

Works of Drainage and other Improvements are aiso executed on
Comuiifsion for Landowners, who merely require the skill and
ex.)erieiice of the Company's Offlcers and a Staff in constant practice.

Applications to be addressed to Horace Broke, tne Secretary, at
the office of the Company, 22, Whitehall Place, London, S.W.

tho time of tho outbreak by tho samo mon. In
fact, unless it can bo provod that tho healthy
cows have been coniplotely iHolatocl, it is the best
policy to deal in a summary manner with all
that are within reach of tlio virus.
This is better than to prolong tliii duration
of the disease by what oxporionco has
almost invariably proved to be a i'uliln attempt
to save a portion of tho herd by isolating them
after the disease has appeared aiuoiif; others
placed at a short distance, and in constant
indirect communication through the inodium of
tho milkers, who pass from ono promises to tho
others, until they are prohibited from 8o doing,
after the mischief has boon done.

AVe can hardly hope that the plague has j-ot
been completely eradicated from tho Metropolis,
but it is nevertheless satisfactory to know that a
very serious outbreak, comprising moro than
150 attacks since the end of April, and necessi-
tating the slaughter of nearly 2}() healthy
animals, has been so quickly reduced to insigni-
ficant proportions.

The advocates of the system of " stamping
out" the Cattle Plague may claim a success.
During the past week no instance of the disease
has been reported in the Metropolis, and no
intelligence has been received of its extension
beyond the boundary. The two herds at
Islington, belonging to owners who had already
lost a large part of their stock on neighbouring
premises, were attacked at the end of last week,
and were immediately slaughtered, before the
disease had made any progress ; in one case only
two animals of 28 were affected, and in the
other not more than five or six of nearly 60
succumbed to the malady ; all the remaining
animals, except a few which had recovered in
1865, were slaughtered healthy. Another out-
break occun-ed last week in Newingtou Green
Road, and here also the disease was arrested by
the prompt slaughter of all the cows in the shed
directly it was ascertained that one of them was
affected.

Owing to the energy which has been displayed
by the Government, and also by the local
authority in the Metropolis, we are happily
saved from an impending calamity. Had the
disease gone on unchecked, as it did in the early
days of its first appearance, it could hardly
have been dealt with successfully ■without
extensive destruction of property. In reference
to the necessity for the slaughter of healthy
animals that have been in contact, or in the
same shed, with di-seased cattle, there can be
but one opinion among those who have observed
the progress of the disease in different parts of the
country. On open commons and marshes Cattle
Plague spreads with less rapidity than it does in
crowded cow-sheds, but it rarely fails in time to
do its work on the whole of the animals that are
exposed to its influence, no matter how favour-
able their situation ; and for this reason we would
suggest that in all future cases animals which
are only separated from diseased bea-sts by a
few yards of ground should be considered as
practically being in contact with them ;
especially if they belong to the owner of the
diseased cattle, and haye been attended to up to

As the time for hay-making is near at hand, a
few notes upon this important operation can
hardly be considered as out of season, and we
therefore proceed to discuss

1st, The nature and property of hay-herbage.

2d. The best means of securing these in our
winter hay-store.

1. We may look upon good natural pasture as
consisting of several species of Grasses of good
feeding quality, with which are intermixed
many plants of different natural orders, all of
which not only add to the bulk, but tend more
or less to act as correctives, and present a food of
a mixed and more wholesome character. Such
pastures afford the largest crop of hay, and of
the most nutritious kind.

On the other hand, a poor pasture will be
full of hard innutritions Grasses, approaching
to Sedges in roughness and feeding pro-
perties, as well as Sedges and Rushes them-
selves; and the other herbage plants, such as
Cowslips and Orchids, which die before the
hay-making season, neither add to the weight
of the rick or to its quality, but on the
other hand, they occupy space which would be
better taken up even with some poor Grasses.
Indeed, much of such stuff is not simply innu-
tritious, but it is to be feared it has something
approaching to a poisonous action.

Now as regards the first of these, it may be
considered as the only one fit for the rick ; the
second class require draining, top-dressing,
and depasturing processes by which what may
be termed pasture weeds, /. e., useless herbage,
are rapidly killed, and as they die their elements
are appropriated to the feeding of better kinds.
It hence follows that meadow herbage is at
once an index to the state of the farming
in a meadow as it is in an arable field,
for if the required crop be smothered out with
weeds, in either case the real crop is injured and
the produce reduced. It is true that in tho
pasture we cannot get rid of weeds by the plough
and the cultivator, yet experience has taught us
other methods, and their success ■will be shown
by two blades of good Grass growing where
perhaps was only one bad one before.

Let us now then conclude that we have our
pastui'o in a fit state for hay-making: in that
case the taking of an occasional crop will be a
positive advantage to the pasture itself, in
keeping the whole in a smoother and more even
state, and in getting rid of tussacks of the kinds
which get " sour " when too coarse. On the
other hand, too frequent haymaking positively
kills out some useful species, and impoverishes
the soO. If, again, we attempt to correct
this by constant manuring, it is true we may
take a large annual crop of Grass, as has been
done by Mr. La'wxs in his instructive experi-
ments at Rothamstead ; but it will be of few species,
and the produce will not possess the quality
{proof) that should belong to good hay.

In making hay it is important to consider that
Grasses and other hay-herbage consist for the
most part of sub-perennial species, many of
which produce their seeds and then die out, but
not being allowed to seed their root-stalks ■will
be perennial. It is then of great consequence
that Grass never be allowed to ripen, or indeed
nearly ripen, seed, before being out for hay,
because by so doing the aftermath is much
injured on the one hand, while the resulting hay
crop ■wUl be more woody and less nutritious on
the other ; and besides, the seeds become wasted,

608

THE UABDENEKS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 8, 186/.

and if carried to the arable leave beliind a colony
of 'what, there, are weeds.

We know it is thought that over-ripe Grass
adds to the bulk of the rick, but when we con-
sider that as the seeds ripen the lower leaves
wither and decay, it is certain the increase is, if
not altogether doubtful, yet much less thaa is
generally supposed.

Our own experience confirms us in the view
that hay made when the Eye-grasses are in fuU
flower is the best in quality, and gives quite as
great a yield as that out several days later. In
determining this point, we have adopted the
following guide : — When the Grass torn away at
a node gives full evidence of the formation of
saccharine matter in the young white base of
the torn-oflf portion it is fit to cut. A short time
before this it will be rather bitter than other-
wise, and a short time afterwards it will consist
of unflavoured woody fibre. Should there be
any doubt upon this point, we would urge our
readers to repeat an experiment which we have
repeatedly performed, viz., that of testing the
specific gravity of an infusion of a given weight
of hay : this can be done by the saccharometer in
the same manner as a brewer tests the amount
of "extract" from malt, and whether we are
testing single Grasses or their compounds in the
nok we shall find that the higher the specific
gravity of the sample the greater the amount
of feeding matter — "proof" — and the more
valuable the prodirce.

Of course, however timely cut, if there be
much wet it will injui-e the sample, which will
lose its extractive matter ; but in timely cut, well-
made hay the extractive will be in proportion to
its quality. B.

A FEINTED correspondence between Mr.
Greening, the manager of the Co-operative
Agricultural Association named last week, and
one of our leading firms of agricultural machine
makers has been sent to us, and as it possesses
some public interest, we were about to lay it
before our readers, when the words, ' ' Private
and confidential," unnoticed on a first perusal,
appeared to forbid us. They need not, how-
ever, hinder us from stating the nature of the
discussion. The manager of the Co-operative
Association sends an order for goods to the
manufacturers, and accompanies it with a
cheque for the amount due on " trade terms."

Mr. • asks, in reference to this order, whether

retail customers are to be supplied with the
implements in question at the wholesale price.
Thereupon Mr. Gkeening states the case as
follows : —

"Our Association is a Co-operative Trading Company,
the members of which employ their own capital and
their own servants, and at the end of the year or half
year divide the profits amongst themselves. The dif-
ference between a Co-operative Company and an
ordinary Joint-stock Company, is that the former after
paying a limited dividend upon capital (o to 75 per cent. )
returns its profits to its shareholders in proportion to
their purchases, "whereas a Joint-stock Company
returns its profits entirely in proportion to capital
subscribed. We have 650 Co-operative Companies now
in Lancashire and Yorkshire, dealing in everything, or
nearly so, to the great advantage of their members.
Surely your firm will not be alarmed at the proposal to
introduce the system into agricultural dealings.

" If ordinary Companies and private firms are
founded on a sound basis, they need not fear the com-
petition of Co-operative Associations. If they are not
founded upon the best basis, then they cannot prevent
us making way, and it is no use individual firms
setting themselves to maintain class monopolies to the
injury of those who are really their supporters, viz.,
the purchasing public."

To this the reply is ( 1 ) That while the Co-opera-
tive scheme may be beneficial to the members of
the Company, it will be most injirrious to agents
and dealers in agricultural implements, who
have .spent time and money in urging on farmers
the advantages of improved machinery, and to
whom manufacturers are greatly indebted for the
more general appreciation of good machinery by
agriculturists — (2) That whUe it would be to the
advantage of manufacturers if farmers bought
direct of them, yet, as a rule, they buy their
implements as they do their stock, through
middlemen, and there is no sign of any change
in the practice ; and (3) That though the order is
declined, it is not on the ground of any objection
to Co-operative Associations, but because the
interests of those on whose exertions the trade in
great measure depends must be protected.

It is plain, then, that Mr. Greening's difficulties
are only those which attend the commencement
of any new business. When Co-operative Asso-
ciations shall, as they ultimately mUst, come to
be regarded as benefiting " the trade," their

interests, too, wiU be "protected" by the
manufacturer. Only let them be prepared with
considerable and continuous orders, and they will
readily command trade terms. Individual manu-
factui-ers and old-established firms may possibly
feel bound by the tie of past services as well as
of present interest ; even they, however, argue
almost exclusively on the latter ground alone :
certainly, however, if they are hampered by any
such considerations, new firms wiU rise to meet
the orders which they decline.
:t! Agriculture as well as trade has now for many
years felt the invigorating and ultimately bene-
ficial results of that policy which in Imperial
matters regards the interests of consumers only,
leaving their uninfluenced demands to ' ' protect "
and encourage all kinds of trade and production
in the several degrees in which the natural
circumstances call for them. Certainly we shall do
nothing in the limited relationship between pro-
ducer and consumer here concerned, for the
promotion of any other policj'. Agriculturists,
whether by the urgency of trade agents, or much
more Hkely by the influence of circumstances
upon themselves, are learning the need and ser-
viceableness of good implements and machines,
In particular, steam cultivators at one end of the
agricultural process, and harvest implements at
the other, are thus in great demand. We may
be quite certain that those manufacturers who
compete among each other for the business thus
created, wiU not be slow in accepting orders of a
wholesale kind, upon the usual wholesale terms,
from whomsoever they may come. All
the allegations to the contrary, whether illus-
trated by individual refusals, or, which is more
proper for discussion here, on the ground of that
mischief which may arise from breaking up the
existing agencies by which good machinery is
now supplied, we may unhesitatingly throw to
the winds. The consumers whose demands have
to be supplied can well take care of their own
interests, and if these are best secured by banding
together for the purchase of theii' machinery, we
may depend upon it they will soon come to
satisfactory terms with manufacturers.

On Wednesday next an election to the

annuities granted by the Royal Agricultural Bene-
volent Association takes place, and thus 10 or 12 out of
more than 100 applicants will be removed from the ranks
of entire dependence into a position of comparative
comfort. What need exists for the help thus given
appears not only in the small proportion of the
claimants who are relieved, but in the many distressing
tales with which subscribers to the charity become
familiar before the day_ of election. Surely if it was
known in how many instances a busy agricultural
career has terminated in utter loss and disappoint-
ment— how many active tenant-farmers, once in
extensive business, are now in poverty — how many
widows and families are left destitute — 'a Society
which aims at the relief of utter destitution
in this one class, and effects its purpose at
the very minimum of cost for administr.ation,
ought to have larger funds entrusted to it for distribu-
tion. Its present income is derived from compara-
tively few English counties ; and the great body of
English landowners seem to be unaware of its exist-
ence.* We should rejoice if any reader of this para-
graph should be induced by it to make inquiry of
Mr. SH.iW, the Secretary of the Society, into the
claims which it possesses, especially on the prosperous
portion of the agricultural community. Tenant
farmers, as well as landowners, ought universally to
contribute to an income which is so usefully applied.
Let us give here one of the many distressing cases
seeking aid from it whicli have come to our know-
ledge during the last few weeks. The letter has been
sent to me by Mr. Mechi, to whom it has been
addressed by a lady, in the hope that her widowed
mother might, through his intercession, obtain the
help of this charity. She says :—

"My father held neivrly 100 acres of farming land for

certainly more than 30 years, at , in Sm-rey, but acting on

the old system he could not compete witli the more energetic
modern stj'le, and all things went wrong ; and a.s the lease
expired he fell baclt on a market garden which he had tjiken
when a mere boy, 60 years ago. Misfortune, however, .stUl
attended him, and be died nearly heart-broken, after a few
days' illness, many ye.ars since, leaving my mother, my
si>iter, myself, and a young brother, penniless, and involved in
debt of several hundreds. Until my brother was old enough
to m.anage, we struggled on, — had a school, .and did anything
to maintain ourselves in respectability and p.ay off what was
owing. I became a governess, but as I was unable to afford
the education necessary in the way of accomplishments, I
could only obtain a very moderate salary. Still I have always
contiived to give at least 10?. every year to aid in our object,
and people were kind, and gave us time. A i-ailroad lately
passed through our garden, and the compensation from it
enabled ?tia joyfully to cleai- off every penny. But the great
evil, want of a little capital, quite prevented our getting on.
My sister cannot leave my mother, who is 75 ; and my brother,
who lives close by with his wife aoad four little children,
devotes himself with unceasing p.atient labour to keeping a
home together. The most rigid economy has ever been prac-
tised, and we hoped that this year we should reap the benefit
of his toil ; but the bitter east winds and severe frosts of last
week have brought destruction on our prospects. The Plums,
Pears, and Apples are destroyed, Gooseberries lying shrivelled
under the trees, and Potatos terribly injured. Our lease will

' The offices of the Society are at 65, Oharine Prosp, S, w.

expire in two years, and it is so painful to think of my poof
mother, at her age, destitute. We have nothing but the
garden to depend upon, and cannot expect it to produce well |
if not weU prepared. My brother had been so proud of i^ \
cleanliness and good prospects, when one night destroyed om:
hopes ! 1 fear there are many sufferers from the same cause,
but few can have struggled more bravely through trial and
trouble, hoping ever that some change for the better would
come. Will you, then, pardon me for the liberty I have
taken ? "

Then follow references in attestation of the sad tale. '
We insert the letter here in the hope that it may
promote the interests of the charity to which it refers.

There is an interesting paragraph in the last

number of Land and Water, entitled " Milk the Life-
blood of the Nation." Mr. Geokgb Manning
describes there the difficulties in both the manufacture ',
and the carriage of milk to London. (1). To try the
eflfect of carriage upon very small quantities of milk
within a reasonable distance, 30 miles from the metro-
polis, he bought a quart. of milk from the can of a
retail milkseller, as delivered at the houses and
cottages in the suburbs of the cotmty town (Chelms-
ford), on the 12th of April last. The cows were milked
at 2 tfclock. The sample was purchased at 4 o'clock.
After testing it by the lactometer (the reading on the
thermometer was 65°) he filled entirely a flat glass
bottle holding about a pint. This was so filled that
the milk nearly touched the cork, and scarcely any
motion could take place ; another pint bottle he half
filled with the same sample. These bottles were packed
in sawdust in a box, and sent by train to Messrs.
M.iRSHALL & Mellin, pharmaceutical chemists, in
Titchborne Street. The box was not received until
10 o'clock on the following morning. When it
was opened the milk was found to be slightly
sour, and by the litmus paper considerably more
so than that supplied from the country twice
daily in London. The test paper showed no difference
in the state of the two bottles, but the difference in the
per centage of cream was great, the full bottle showing
\0\ and the other 12i per cent, of cream ; from which
it may be inferred that the half-filled bottle suffered
most, the cream indicating a higher state of fermenta-
tion. No fatty matters had separated, and in this
respect no material damage had been done in either
case ; deterioration in the half-filled bottle was, how-
ever, a little more advanced than in the other. The
specific gravity of the milk was rather low, but the
quantity of cream yielded classified it as good milk.
The morning of the"l2th April was frosty, and the day
somewhat chilly, the reading of the lactometer on other
milk in London being less than that of the previous
day. (2). Again, as to the production of milk ; in order
to compare milk from this source with other milk sold
retail in the same parish on the 10th of May, three
samples were tested, the last fed on Italian Eye-grass
from meadows flooded with sewage manure. These wo
name respectively A, B, and C, the first being from the
same source as that used on the 12th April ;—

Specific
When milked. When tested gravity.

A. First sample .. 5.30a.m. .. 8.30a.m. .. 27
Second ,, ..2 p.m. .. 4.15 p.m. .. 27°

B. First „ .. 5.30a.m. .. 7.30a.m. .. 29°
Second „ ..2 p.m. .. 4.30 p.m. .. 28"

C. Fii-st ,, ..7 a.m. .. 8.30 a.m. .. 29"
Second ,, .. 7..30p.m. .. 9 p.m. .. 30°

The above shows the variable quaUty of milk, even in
the same neighbourhood, but it gives a high preference
to that fed on the Rye-grass. He adds : The subject
is becoming a matter of vital importance to the popula-
tion, and will increase in importance as the tendency
of the population to towns increases. With the two
startling facts before us, that the cattle plague is again
emptying the London cow sheds, and that country
milk and cream lose their nutritive properties by
carriage, we must, in the meantime, look for those
artificial means by which the lost properties of milk
may be restored."

Mr. Clitdon writes a very vigorous letter to

the Mark Lane Express on the subject of the Cattle
Plague. He was one of a deputation of the Council
of the Eoyal Agricultural Society, to endeavour
to show the importance— if the herds of England are
to be saved, and the meat-consuming population to be
fed hereafter at a moderate price— of establishing a
place at every port of debarkation for the sale and
slaughter of foreign cattle and sheep, and he then points
out how the fear and dread of Cattle Plague outs at
once at the root of the production of future supply.

I will just put two cases of A and B, calling myself A,
grazing say 50 head of beasts for the London market, and
B keeping a breeding herd of the like number. A has one
beast taken with disease, and destroyed ; the remaining 49 are
ordered to be immediately slaughtered, and are fit (not then
having disease) for human food, and a loss is sustained which
is easily calculated, say of 51. per head. But how widely
different is the case of B, with his breeding herd ! One
animal is taken and destroyed ; the others, having been in
coutjict, are wisely ordered to be slaughtered ; but now much
greater is the loss sustained ! B.'s animals being in breeding
condition, instead of fat ai*e worth very little as food, amUthe
loss is immense, from future production being at once cut off,
and tlie food for the future supply of the people entirely taken
jiway. The case of Cheshire, as a breeding county, will fully
exemplify ijiis ; and if the' disaster of Cheshire should unfor-
tunately occur in many of our breeding counties, no man
living can foresee or predict the future price of meat.
Is it not, then, I would ask, the duty of the Goverament to
take every possible means of preventing such a disastrous sUate
of things? And 1 feel bound, after deep and long thouglit
on the m.atter, to say that the only j:ogsible remedy we h.ave is
sale and sl.aughter and perfect isolation of foreign stock.^ This
only will cut at the root and core of our present difficulty.
.... Is, I would ask, the energetic conduct of the Irish
authorities to be lost upon us ? Isolation saved the cattle of
th,at country, and gave us in the Eastern Counties, in the
autumn of last year, a supply for feeding purposes which wo
should have looked for elsewhere in vain had not that wise
and wholesome step been taken. Have we not also .another
example worthy of imitation in the Emperor of the Fkenoh ?
H,ave not the most stringent measures he .adopted saved to
a great extent the cattle of that country, and taught our

June 8, 1867.]

THE GARBENEBS' OMONTCLE AM) AfiRICULTimAL GAZETTE.

609

iilris jv most important loBson, and ono, I trust, that ttioy
nil ill !io case neglect? Does not tho spread of the dlaoaso
li Ihc Ciiutincnt prorc that wc have every day greater rather
lull loss cause for fear !

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

(FftOM OliK CORRF-SrONIJENT.)

Now that the Exhibition in all its departments may
bo said to be complete, altliouf^h here and there
workmen are engaged either in making new or in
altering old arrangements ; now that the great inllux of
visitors has at last set in, and the " season " fairly com-
menced, it will be well for us to give our readers as fair
a notion as can be conveyed in a few sentences of what
the Exhibition does show in the way of agricultural
machinery and appliances, and by whom exhibited,
with such brief notices as spacM will allow of such
novelties as may be deemed worthy of special note.

Coming under the head of machinery, one wo\ild
have naturally expected that all the machinery con-
nected with agriculture would have been placed in the
(jreat Gallery of Machiuery in the main Exhibition
Building; but, vast as that gallery is, it has proved
too small for all the machinery that is exhibited, so
that much of it has to be shown in Annexes in tho
I'ark. This is especially true in the case of agricul-
lurai machinery, by far the largest portion of which
ire to be met with outside rather than in the building.
This is very unfortunate, for, in consequence, all the
benefits of the cliissiticatiou, and the facilities of com-
imrative observation which that chassificatiou was so
well calculated to afford, which was adopted by the
Domraissioners, and which in an early paper we
explained, are lost ; and not only so, but from the
imfortuniito disposition of the machinery exhibited in
;he Park Annexes, it is a matter of no small difficulty
,0 find out in what Annexe and in what part of the
Park th.at Annexe is in which the visitor will be sure
n lind specimens of agricultural machinery. We shall
lo our best to act as "guide" in this matter; in
he first place pointing out to the intending visitor
vherc the machinery is to be met with, and in
the second place of what the various collections
■nnsist.

What is contained in the Great Gallery of Machinery
iM.'ir. and within what sections exhibited, will be easily
iHiugh discoverable, for the visitor has only to continue
,\;\lking round the gallery, and he will come
iii'oessively upon the various collections ; for although
,vi: have stated above that the majority of the
iizrifultural exhibits are out of the main
Hiilding, there are not a few in it. Each
li liartment or section in each nation exhibiting is
I -ily discovered by placards announcing the name;
•li tliat the visitor will readily enough ascertain who
ir what nation is exhibiting the collection he may
■nine across. The gallery of machinery is divided
liroughout its whole extent into three floors, or plat-
orms as we may call them, the largest or widest of
ivliich is in the centre, which is tilled with heavy
nachinery and machines in motion; this part being
iominated, so to say, by a gallery which is raised upon
liUars, and which is reached by stairs at intervals —
uul by no means too numerous — and from the platform
■ I wliich the visitor can look down upon the machinery
below. The central platform is bounded on each side
I by an alley or walk, which does not reach quite up to
[the wall, but leaves a wide floor or space in which a
variety of objects are exhibited, and above which on
the walls are displayed drawings and plans, amongst
which the visitor will find many connected with
agricultural buildings, farm steadings and cottages,
both Continental and British, although the first

gredominate greatly, and are greatly enriched by
no drawings of the Imperial farms. The agricul-
tural implements and machines are to be found
within the central platform or floor, while the models
and drawings are to be found on the side platforms or
floors. But as the gallery is of enormous dimensions,
it is necessary to adopt a systematic mode of examining
lit so as not to lose sight of any of its objects, which
one is very apt to do by running here and there over
its vast surface. The best way to do, at least we found
it so, is to take the central platform first, containing
the heavy machinery, commencing at the point on the
left hand immediately on entering the machinery
gallery from the grand entrance oppo.site the Pont
de Jena on the Seine or Champs Elysees side ;
this point being the commencement of the French
Division— the part on the right hand as you enter being
the beginning of the British Division. From this the
reader will perceive that he will thus begin with the
French part of the central platform of machines and
end with the British— the Belgian, the next in impor-
tance to the French, so far as its agricultural
machines are concerned, being exactly opposite
to the grand entrance. The breadth of the
central platform being great, the visitor will find it
occupy him no small amount of time to examine
<all the machinery, even should he omit looking at any
not connected with agriculture. The central platform
'being thus examined, he should next take the two
I side floors and their wall spaces, devoted to drawings,
I &c. Work enough for one day he will find in doing
I this ; what he will see in doing it we shall hereafter
describe, we meanwhile proceed to point out the other
places in which specimens of agricultural, machinery
are to be met with. The first in precedence is the
Annexe which contains the British and American
exhibits, not only because within it are to be found
the greatest number of agiicultural appliances, but
becavise they are by far our best specimens as far as
both design and construction go. This Annexe is a
street of large dimensions, of much greater length than
I breadth, and is on the side of the Park next the Seine;
and on entering by the grand entrance opposite the
Pout de Jeua the visitor will find it on his right hand,

immediately upon entering, for it is close up to the
o\itsido barrier of the Park. Tho British exhibitors
begin at the end nearest the entrance, and the American
exhiliition will be found at tho termination of the British
machinery. If after inspecting this Annexe the
visitor will continue his walk in this direction, keeping
the outside barrier of the Park always on his right
hand, and kcejiing close to it, shortly after he pns.ses
the liussian stables— which being an object of great
attraction, and therefore being wortli visiting, are
easily rooogni.sod— he will como upon the beginning of
the French Annexe, devoted, not altogether but prin-
cipally, to agricultural machinery; although there is
connected with it part of the Swiss Annexe, containing
some agricultural implements and machinery. Con-
tinuing his walk .still in the same direction, he will
como to the shed which is entirely occupied with the
machines of Mr. 51, T. Gumming, of Orleans, one of
the largest agricultural implement makers of Franco,
and a notice of the contents of which we shall give
hereafter. The other sheds or Annexes contain a
variety of appliances more or less directly connected
with agriculture, such as grain-drying apparatus,
ditto for washing and regenerating damaged grain,
dough - making machines, mill-stone dressing and
other machines. His inspection of these as he passes
through the Annexes will bring him up to the
barrier of the Park which is parallel to the
Military School, and in the centre of which tho
entrance to the Park is placed precisely opposite to
the entrance of the school. In working his way round
to this entrance the visitor will pass on his right hand
along building; this is the Working Men's Refresh-
ment Room ; and in the open space opposite to which
he will find a considerable number of agricultural
machines exhibited, chiefly those belonging to tho
field— ploughs, one or two rather queer specimens of
steam ploughs, pumps for liquid manure, &c. Not far
from this place, and in tho direction of the main
building, and still in the open air, the visitor will find
a few traction engines collected ; those of Aveling &
Porter, and of Fowler & Co. being the principal ;
they may, however, be contrasted with a traction
engine exhibited by Albaret & Co., of Liancourt, also
close by, and in which each of the two driving wheels
is driven by a pitch chain, passing over a chaiu pulley
fixed in an intermediate shaft. These chains can be
tightened as they wear by moving tho chain pulleys
along slots. The steerini; wheels are kept close
together, to enable the steering to be easier done.

We have said above that a good deal of agricultural
machinery is placed in the open space opposite the Work-
ing Men's Refreshment Room, and it may not be useless
if we remind our readers that here, for one shilling,
a very good dinner may be had, wine included. We
have known of those who have dined here for this sum,
who were capable of affording twenty times the amount,
and yet who confessed they had dined well. The hall
is 300 feet long, some 20 feet wide, and is capable of
dining 800 at once. Passing this building on the right,
the visitor will come on the entrance opposite the
Military School above alluded to. Turning round, so
as to face the main building, and approaching it, a little

the shed of the British Annexe containing the agricul-
tural machinery, with which he began his survey.

Wo have now taken the reader, or presumed visitor,
round the building and tho Park which contains it,
and pointed out to him as best we could, unaided by a
map, the locale of tho various collections of agricul-
tural machinery, and this, without being egotistical, is
a service of some value; for before wo ourselves had
gone round and round the building and the Park,
"and better round," as the story book says, we could
scarcely say that wo knew where tho machinery was to
be met with ; and many an hour we snent in liunting
it up. If the reader, therefore, will follow up the

Elan we have above laid down, he will at least save
imself much weary walking and loss of time. In
going to see a thing, it is, indeed, a great point to know
where to go to look for it. Having thus pointed out
tho localities of the various exhibitions, as we may call
them, of agricultural machinery, we shall in our next
proceed to give detailed statements as to what is to bo
seen in these collections, and to point out what we may
consider features worthy of attention, either from tho
novelty in design or tho excellence, or otherwise— for
the " otherwise" exists— of their construction.

THE PIG.

"Pigs," it is said, "are a happy people." We may
talk disparagingly about living like a pig, but it is
nevertheless true that to live like a pig is to live like a
gentleman. Although it is not permitted by the order
of Nature that a pig should laugh or even smile, ho
enjoys the next blessing of humanity — the disposition
to grow fat. How easily he goes through the world !
He has no fancy stocks to purchase— no bank notes to
pay — no reconstruction meetings to attend — no
political caucuses to hold ! Ho has no occasion to take
the benefit of the Bankrupt Act, or to have his estate
confiscated to defray the expenses of the war — no
income tax to pay. Free from all the troubles that
disturb the country, he is unconcerned about national
affairs, as was the man who was awaked in the earliest
light of morning by being told day was breaking:
"^Vell," said he, as he turned again to his repose, " let
it break— he owes me nothing."

The pig is the personification of independence. He
acknowledges no law save that of his stomach. He is
no teetotaller. Give him a chance, and he will drink
ale or wine unto drunkenness, and in those countries
where Grapes grow, if they come into the vintage, they
get drunk with eating Grapes, for which he has an
intense liking, and often does terrible damage in Vine-
yards. The worst of the matter is, that the animal so
riots and revels among the Vines that he destroys and
tramples down many more Grapes than he can eat, and
does irredeemable damage. If the lees of wine be
mingled with their food, they will grow fat without
measure.

In China they have a provcrh that every gentleman
works for his living except the pig. In Illinois, a few
years ago, he was made to work. When a chimney
was to be built, or a cabin to be daubed, a hole was
dug in the earth of sufficient dimensions, and water

and

down the avenue he wiU see, on his left hand, a build- { poured into it— the hogs called, and a few grams
ing with an open central gate, with the words above, of corn throwii into the hole, when the hogs plunged in,
" Seine et Mame," with some others, indicating that it [ and soon prepared the lump of clay for the hand of the
is an agricultural exhibition of the above department ; dauber.

of France. Entering he will find on his right and
left hand stables or cow-houses, in the right hand one of
which are some beautifulspecimensofContinental breeds
of dairy cows and bulls. The visitor will, we are sure,
be pleased with the fine cow of the Swiss and of the
Holland breed. In the house on the left there are
some specimens of sheep. Merinos, and sheep of this
breed crossed with the Leicesters. Passing out of this
and going on to the inner court the visitor will find a
small but very interesting collection of drain tubes and
bricks, seeds, and samples of cereals, and, on oue side,
modes of training fruit trees, and in a court adjoining
a specimen of a hen or poultry house, stocked, and
which is worthy of notice. Coining out of this cattle
exhibition— the only one in the Champ de Mars which
contains live stock — and continuing his walk down the
avenue towards the main buildiuK, he wUl reach on his
left hand a large shed or building, which is tho
Belgian Annexe, or r:)ther one of the Annexes of this
thriving and industrious nation. Entering it he will
find several agricultural appliances which are worthy
of notice, these being chiefly met with on the left-hand
side as you enter— a novel cattle food-cooking
apparatus m the corner nearest the entrance being
worthy of notice. Turning out of this shed or Annexe,
let the visitor cross the avenue over to the
right-hand side of it, still however approaching
the main building, and, keeping'.to his right ihand,
he will come to a large archway, supporting on
either side two recumbent and gigantic figures in
bronze ; this is called the Porte d'Anvers or Antwerp
Gate. Passing under this, and, almost immediately
opposite, he will see a large isolated building, octagonal
in shape ; this is another Belgi.an Annexe, ;containing
examples of tools, minerals, building materials, and,
what is more to our purpose, agricultoi'al machines,
more especially a series of Flax machines, well worthy
of notice. Passing out of this Annexe and still pro-
ceeding onwards, but keeping well to the right, the
entrance of the Porte Rapp (of all the entrances the
easiest and the best known) is passed; immediately
after which a range of sheds is met with, forming the
boundary or harrier of this side of the Park. These
sheds contain a most interesting collection of
machinery, amidst which are a few in which our agri-
cultural visitors will be interested, as portable engines
with boilers. When this range of sheds is gone
through the visitor, continuing his walk onwards, will
skirt the piece of water in the middle of which the
French lighthouse raises its head, and once more
intersect the grand avenue, at the foot of which is

It is rather remarkable that the Irishman and the
negro hold much the same opinion of the pig. Both
consider the pig as the only gentleman, for he does no
work ; all his meals are brought to him ; eating,
drinking, and sleeping are all he has to do ; and the
more he eats, drinks, and sleeps, the better his duty is
performed. But then the motives for the opinion are
widely different. The negro— that is the negro slave-
thinks that the very summit of human felicity is to do
no work. This is likely to he the case, for he has no
motive for work, and therefore only looks upon his
daily work as a terrible task, which he is bound to
evade in every possible way. Therefore the pig is his
ideal of enjoyment ; he does no work— he eats and ho
sleeps.

But the opinion of the Irishman is founded on more
rational grounds. The pig, in his opinion, is a gentle-
man, and ought therefore to be treated as such. Does
not the pig pay the rent, and sure isn't he a gentleman
to do that ? So the pig has the full range of the cabin,
and pokes his nose just where he pleases. Indeed, he
is often better off than his mastei-'s children, for he is
never in want of a meal, and the food which he gets is
precisely that which he ought to have, namely, Potatos ;
while the children get the same food, which is not
the proper food for man taken by itself The pig has no
care, and no fear for the morrow. He continues to
enjoy himself until the knife is at his throat, and even
then he knows nothing about his coming death until
he is actually in the hands of his slayers, who probably
do not inflict on him more pain than the children sufier
when flogged by paternal or maternal authority, or
when pummelled by larger boys.

A pig, in Ireland, is olteu the saving of a family, and
his inquisitive snout, peeping out of a cabin door,
should be considered a mark of prosperity rather than
a sign of decreasing finances.

Pigs are an obstinate race, and are not easily driven.
Boys generally succeed better than men in driving
pigs, always excepting Irishmen, whose treatment of
pigs is a perfect art. An Irishman never seems to
drive a pig, but coaxes him along. A little push one
way, a little pull another, a whistle, a few endearing
expressions, and the pig trots comfortably along, giving
no trouble " at all, at all." If a pig is very obstinate
indeed, and utterly refuses to go where he is wanted,
the Irishman manages him bv putting his no.se m the
direction he is intended to take, and then pulling his
tail. The result is evident. The pig imagines he is
' wanted to come backwards, and therefore with the
perversity of a porcine nature runs forward as last as

ti

tJlO

THE GARDENERS' CHSONICLI! ANt) AGMCULTMAL GAZEWE.

tJtTNi: 8, 1867;

lie can. This method is generally used in getting pigs
on board ship, where they evince much dislike to the
planks on which they are required to walk. The
Chinese also make use of the tail-pulling process when
they wish their pigs to enter the bamboo cages in
which they_ transport them when fat.

There exists perhaps, in creation, no animal which
has less justice done him by man than the pig. We
see him gifted with every faculty of supplying himself,
and of providing even against the approaching storm,
which no creature is better capable of foretelling, and
we begin our treatment of him by putting an iron ring
through the cartilage of his nose. Having thus bar-
barously deprived him of the power of searching for
and analysing his food, we then generally condemn him
for the restof his life to solitary confinement in a pen.
While his faculties are still his own, only observe
how with a bark or a snort he starts if you approach
him : and mark what shrewd intelligence there is in
his bright, twinkling little eye. But with pigs, as with
mankind, " idleness is the root of all evil." The poor
animal, finding that he has absolutely nothing to eat —
having no enjoymentj nothing to look forward to but
the pail which feeds him, most eagerly, or, as we accuse
him, most greedily he greets its arrival. Having no
business or diversion, nothing to occupy his brain, the
whole powers of his system are directed to the digestion
of a superabundance of food. To encourage this,
Nature assists him with sleep, which, luUmg his
faculties, enables his stomach to become the ruling power
of his system— a tyrant that can bear no one's presence
but his own. The poor pig thus treated gorges himself,
sleeps, eats again, sleeps ; awakens in a fright, screams,
struggles agamst the blue apron, screams fainter, turns
up tbe whites of his little eyes, and dies !

It is very amusing to watch the pigs when " ringed,"
as their behaviour is not at all that which ought to be
expected of them. Indeed they seem to be actuated
by the oriental ideas of fatalism, and after struggling
as much as they can, they give up the matter as hope-
less, and resign themselves to their fate. When they
are about half grown, a man armed with a coil of rope,
a pair of pincers, and the rings, one for each pig, enters
the pen and seizes one of the pigs by the ears. The
aggravated animal instantly proceeds to remonstrate
most audibly at the proceeding, and sets up a series of
ear-piercing screams. But screaming is of no use, and
he is dragged out of the pen. A rope with a slip-knot
is now thrust into his mouth, the knot is drawn close,
and the pig is held in a kind of curb. He is now
thrown down, the point of the ring inserted into the
cartilage of his nose, and the end turned over with a
pair of pincers, until it nearly meets. The ring is now
complete, and when the pig tries to root or grub up
the ground the pointed end curves round and pricks
his nose, so that he is warned to cease. During his
struggles, his cries are loud and incessant; but the
moment the point enters the nostril, piggy exchanges
his squeals for a series of half-satisfied grunts, and
probably says to himself, " Oh^ is that all ? I thought
I was going to be converted into pork or lard at the
least, and perhaps salted afterwards. Who cares for
rings?"

A pig is a more clever animal than is generally sup-
posed ; that is, if he can find a chance of exercising his
abilities, and is left tolerably to himself. AYe remember
seeing several persons engaged for half an hour in
catching a pig, which had got into a small enclosure.
They tried managing it by throwing in an ear of corn
for the animal to engage himself with, while they crept
up behind him ; but the pig was much too cunning for
that, and continued to keep one eye always on his foe.
When a number of them came up to surround him,
he picked up the ear of corn, and ran away to
another spot.

Not only is the pig naturally clever, but it is capable
of instruction, and has been taught to perform duties
that belong to other animals. They are often suf-
ficiently tame to permit children to mount on their
backs, and one person actually put some of his pigs
through a course of training for the saddle. A team of
four hogs has been trained to draw a carriage, such an
event having taken place at St. Alban's some years ago,
when an old farmer of the neighbourhood threw the
town into much excitement by driving a carriage into
town drawn by four pigs. He drove round the market-
place several times, and had his porcine steeds put up
at a stable, and fed on corn and wash. In a few hours
the pigs were again harnessed and trotted o£f briskly
with tueir master.

In some respects the pig resembles man, so that there
may be some ground for calling children pigs besides
those generally given. The pig and the man are both
omnivorous ; that is to say, they both can eat vegetable
or animal food — the one being an omnivorous
quadruped, and the other an omnivorous biped or
''^ omnivorous tripod," as the negro called it, on the
authority of Tom Cringle, so when the trough is filled
with Potatos and vegetables it will make a very good
dinner upon them ; if the butcher chooses to throw in
some of the offal of the slaughter-house, the pig will
eat the offal; if a thriftless housekeeper lets the pigs
have plum pudding and slices of roast beef, the most
inveterate gormandiser could not attack them with
greater zest than does his omnivorous companion. If
the brewer has pigs and gives them grain, they will
devour enormous quantities of the sweet, soft com-
pound, and if any ale is mixed with the grains, as is
often the case, they will get gloriously drunlc upon it.
Many is the time that a pig has been staggering about
the yard quite unable to direct himself, merely because
he had taken too much of the deceptive mixture ; hence
the saying, " as drunk as a hog."

Among the many qualities and properties which the
pig is acknowledged to possess, there are some which
are not generally known. For example, 99 of every
100 pots of bear's grease are obtained exclusively from
the pig, and have had no connection whatever with

the bear. Bears are not quite plentiful enough, or so
easily killed as to supply all the vast amount of " bears'
grease" which is usually consumed in the whole
world. The fact is, lard is purified, scented, put into
pets, decorated with coloured labels, called bears'
grease, sold at high prices, and has the double advantage
of bringing in a very large per-centage to the sellers,
and doing quite as much good to the buyer as if it were
the genume fat of the bear.

The pig ciuite revels in an Oak wood or under the
Oak trees in autumn. We cannot, however, praise
the good taste of the pigs quite so much in this
instance, for acorns are detestable. It is true that we
used to eat them at school ; but then school boys, like
ostriches or sharks, will eat anything. Even we, how-
ever, could not manage them till we had roasted
them.

Tet this shows the degeneracy of our race, or rather
it would do so in the ears of some people, for our early
ancestors used to make Acorns a considerable portion
of their diet. The Arcadians (happy race !) were said
to live almost exclusively on that delectable food. This
reminds us of an amusing print published, where a
pig was represented as seated under an Oak, and
exactly facing him an Arcadian also seated under
another Oak. The ingenious artist contrived to infuse
so much of the pig into the Arcadian, and the Arca-
djan into the pig, that there was some difficulty in
discovering which was quadruped and which biped.
American Farmer.

STEAM CULTIVATION.

[The following is a very abridged report of the discuasion
on this subject, which took place last week before the
Royal Agricultural Society, and to which reference was
made in a Leading Article lust Saturday,]

After the President, Mr. H. C. Thompson, had
offered, on behalf of the Society, their best thanks to
the Commissioners for the zeal with which they had
undertaken a most difficult duty, for the perseverance
with which they have carried it out in spite of
numerous difficulties, and for the great abilityand talent
with which they, especially those gentlemen to whom
was entrusted the work of preparation, compiled
reports that will no doubt be read with interest in all
parts of the civilised world, he alluded to remarks
expressive of a little disappointment that they do not
contain certain things which the objectors hoped and
expected to find in tUem. He said : —

I have heard it said that the reports should have contained
a statement of average results, which would have settled some
of the leading features and principles of steam cultivation.
This objection very probably takes some such form as this :
" It is now 10 or 12 years since steam cultivation was first
introduced ; there are now hundreds of steam engines at work
on the land, and so extensive an inquiry as that of last year
ought to have settled some of the main questions affecting
steam cultivation, such as giving us an average comparison
of the cost of steam ver&n-'^ horses, or any other power; the
kind of implements which we had best employ, and the best
mode of applying the best power." Now, with reference to
averages, I think we are very apt to attribute too much
importance to a statement of average results. There is a sort
of feeling common amongst most of us, that if a number of
instances in which the average has been taken is sufficiently
great, we have arrived at something like a law of nature from
which there is no appeal. When considering the value of
averages we ought especLally to consider what the kind of
results is from which the average is coUected, because if the
results themselves are dissimilar it is plain the average loses
its value altogether. If we apply this to the case in hand, we
shall see that the cost of cultivating strong clay land will always
be greater than the cost of cultivating light land farms. There-
fore, the average cost of cultivating tbe two different kinds of
land would be of no value to tbe man who wished to obtain infor-
mation as to cultivating one or the other. In endeavouring to
strike an average of the cost of steam-cultivation in a certain
number of cases where tbe soil is somewhat similar, you have
to take into account the old adage that " one man will thrive
where another will starve ; " and if you are to consider not only
the difference of soil and chmate and the size and position of
farms, but also what is the average of the capacities of the man
who would have to conduct the operations, then I think you will
perceive that if our reporters had attempted to deal with the
question of averages at all, they would have been brought into
great difficulties in their calculations, and would in the end
have produced a result that would have been of no practical
value. Then we come to tbe second point I mentioned-the
kind of machinery to be adopted. In the early days of steam
cultivation there were a great number of inventors and makers.
During the last five or six years, however, many of these
implements have been found unable to stand the test of every-
day wear and tear, and the consequence is that the best of the
inventions have been gathered up by a select few implement-
makers, 30 that at the present time the number of those who
stand as recognised manufacturers of steam-cultivators are so
small that if a man intending to purchase an apparatus after an
exhibition of the implements at work, and a pei-uaal of tbe
descriptions furnished of their different merits and capabili-
ties by those who have worked them (and especially if these
reports were considered), if he cannot after that decide which
maker he should go to, and which system he should adopt, he
is, depend upon it, not in a position to begin to cultivate by
steam, and had better postpone altogether the introduction of
a steam implement upon his farm. The third point I men-
tioned as an objection I had heard raised was, as to tbe best
mode of applying steam-power, the best system of husbandry,
and the best mode of bringing out the full steam-power upon
certain farms. I think that here, as in the other points, so far
from feeling any disappointment that we have not made greater
progress in settling a definite code of steam -cultivation, we shall,
if we look faiily at it, feel very grateful that so much has been
accomplished. Let me tell you that, amongst the answers
returned in reply to questions sent out by the Society,
178 came from owners and employers of steam apparatus ; and
out of those 178 how many do you think had had their appa-
i*atus at work for 10 years ? Only one. There is only one who
has at the present time had steam implements at work for
11 years ; and out of the 178 there were 33 who had been
working a steam apparatus not more than five years. Some
perhaps would say that a man who has been at work so long
ought to have been able to make some progress towards esta-
blishing a definite system of cultivation adapted for steam ;
but we must bear in mind that even going back so short a
time as eight or ten years, the steam apparatus itself was by
no means in the perfect state it is now. It required great and
constant improvement. In fact they had not only to adapt
agriculture to steam, but to adapt steam to agriculture at the
same time. If that is so, I have a strong feeling that we are

much indebted to those pioneers of progress who have thrown
themselves heartily into this question, and have spared neither
time nor money in their determination to make the cviltiva-
tion of the land by steam a great and signal success. Having
dealt with the objections which I have heard stated, ana
which I hold have no foundation, I would next ask your
opinion and invite your discussion upon certain questions
which I wQI very briefly indicate. One question I put before
you is this: What in your opinion is the most useful and
practicnl feature of these reports? I have no hesitation
in saying for myself that I should assign the chief
prominence to the fact that the reports are a faithful i
record of numerous cases where steam has been introduced
for the cultivation of farms under a great variety of circum-
stances, soil, climate, position, and other special conditions.
Indeed, there is hardly any difficulty which will occur to a
man using a steam apparatus which is not here described and ■
respecting which he will not find advice and experience to
assist him out of it. A second question, which it might be
useful to direct your attention to, is— "Does it appear from
these_ reports that steam cultivation is successful as a com-
mercial speculation?" As the solution of a mechanical
problem, no doubt it is a most perfect and thorough success.
That which was proposed has been accomphshed, and gi-eat
feats of cultivation have been performed by steam which no
other power could possibly have undertaken with the same
result. But then comes the question whether as a commercial
speculation generally steam cultivation has been a success.
Does it in the majority of cases lead to profit fi'om a pecuniary
point of view? I should be inclined to describe it as a success
which a very small amount of ignorance or inattention would
convert into a failure ; it is a success where it has been well
managed, and a failure where badly managed. No doubt
upon clay land, a degree and depth of cultivation and a
perfection of cultivation can be attained which could not he
attained by any other way. But, unfortunately, that kind of
soil is chiefly held in small occupations, and that part of the
problem has not yet been solved which shows us how to apply
steam to them. This is one of the directions in which progress
and development are most needed. The purchase of a powerful
st£am apparatus by the owner of 200 acres or so of clay land,
is, of course, out of the question, unless the apparatus is used
on the adjoining farms as well. As yet, however, the partner-
ship or company principle has not been sufficiently tried in
agi-iculture for us to speak of the results with any degree of
confidence. This is one of the things upon which I should be
very glad to hear any suggestions, and in which it would be
most gratifying to see advancement made. Another point is
with respect to light lands. I believe we shall soon see steam
engines veiy generally employed for the cultivation of light
land as an auxiliary on a large farm, for cleaning stubbles in
the autumn, for breaking up land for Barley in the spring, and
for many similar purposes. There are various cases in which
I believe a light cheap steam apparatus would be one of the
most valuable things on the farm. I believe we shall soon see
no farm of any considerable acreage without a steam appa-
ratus. This is a matter, however, in which we want further
progress ; we want suggestions for the use and management
of an apparatus for light lands, not too heavy nor requiring
too much power, and to be purchased for a reasonable sum.
The three questions then which I should like to propound to
the meeting are these— 1st, Which is the most practicable and
useful feature of the report ? 2d, Does it appear from these
reports, or from the general knowledge of those who may
apeak upon the subject, that steam cultivation is successful
generally as a commercial speculation? And 3d, In what
direction does our present system of steam cultivation most
require improvement.

Mr. Ruck, Lechlade, said he rose not to express an
opinion upon the three questions asked by the Chair-
man. The reports must be read with general satisfac-
tion by every member of the Society, for, no doubt, the
investigations of the Commission had been carried out
in a most impartial and straightforward way, both as
regarded those who allowed their farms to be exhibited,
and the implement-makers whose machines were tried.

The excellent address of the Chairman and tbe reports had
suggested four questions to him rather different from those of
the Chairman, but still equally important. They were— 1st,
What power can we get out of aixpennyworth of coalai
2d, Will work that is done by steam be equal or superior to
that done by horse-power? 3d, Will the land cultivated by
steam be in a superior state to that cultivated by horse-power?
4th, Will the ^crops produced by steam cultivation be larger
than those produced by horse power ? His own opinion was
that sixpennyworth of coal would give as much power as one
horse in a day's work ; and that two operations with steam
would be worth at least three by horse-power. By steam-
cultivation, clay land would be improved in the course of
time, and light land almost immediately. With li^ht land
the first operation would have a decided effect, but clay land
would take two or three years before it could be ameUorated
and brought into proper condition. He had no hesitation in
saying that, with respect to crops, steam cultivation would
yield an average increase of 8 bushels an acre throughout the
whole of the countiy.

Mr. Smith (of Woolston) said he had read the
reports very carefully, and could endorse the praise the
Chairman had uttered respecting the authors. He
thoroughly approved of them from end to end, and
believed the Commissioners had used their best
endeavours to produce faithful reports — reports which
would be found full of good and ample evidence, if
people would only take the trouble to read them.

The question as to how far steam cultivation was a com-
mercial success was touched upon iudirectly in the reports.
Upon that point Mr, RandeU said that he bad bought a set of
tackle in 1857, and had worked it ever since with the moat
successful and gratifying results; and the main advantage
appeared to be that a deeper soil was produced. What better
evidence could be given of the commercial results of steam
cultivation than Mr. Randell's testimony that he had worked
a set of tackle for nine years, and was still working it?
Similar evidence was given by Mr, Stephenson, of Yorkshire,
who declared that he had not spent hs. upon his implements,
and who pointed out that the ropes and porters were the main
item of wear. Mr. Armstrong and others supported this
testimony as to the wearing powers of steam implements. In
two cases it was shown that heavy lands had been worked at
Is. and a trifle per acre, while with horse work it would have
been at least 14s, The reports showed throughout that the
drainage was greatly improved by the break-up of the imder-
soil. He (Mr. Smith) told the Society that years ago, having
found it out on his own land. The thing had been done there
for 11 years, and the land was cold clay as stiff as any in
England. Never a drop of rain i-an off it : it all went through
the soil into the drains, leavintr its fertilising properties as it
passed. If land could be cultivated 8 or 10 inches deep, and
the steam engine brought to bear directly after harvest, what
could the result bo but a complete commercial success ? The
most extraordinary thing in connection with steam cultivation
was, that when land had been worked for some time it required
but a few days every year of engiue work. Farmers could then
afford to let their horses be idle for a portion of the year.
Since he had cultivated by steam he had never used more than

JuxE S, 18Gr.J

THE GAIiDENKHS' rilROXlOLE AND iVGI^TCUf/rrilAl, GAZKTTE.

611

IhiLU bov.''C^ whereas before ho used six at hanl lubour.
'rinro WIS no account of bis farai in those reports; but bo
1 i.iilionod those fivcta to confirm the cvidonco that by stcinn
cultivation horses woro saved. Jlr. Uomfuvd, for instance,
howcd that it saved hiin so much in burses that lie was
uiiiu' to spond anutlior 1400^ if by stenni cultivation tlio
liriiiiaL'O was iniprnvcd, the natm-al conycqiienco in niowt
aoila must ho auincreaM-' of jiroduco. Professor Voelcker, in bi-i
Analysis of «oil.H, .staled that thoro was a vastfortilising qualUy
in our cl-iy3 IIo(Mr. Siidth}had oxpcricneed that on his own
farm wlicro ho grew eoni every year, Wheat and Beans going
on romilurly. He could nut manure tho land deep enough for
Beans every year, and had occasionally to use a littlo
artillcial manure. No doubt with this kind of cultivation ho
could keep growing on the cold clay for over. The great thing
to do waa to keep the productive quality np by artitieial
stimuliUitH, and cidtivating deep. The most prominent feature
of steam (■nltivution, in liis opinion, was, that it kept tho land
clean ■ wliiJe por.sons who bad not the advantage of steam
cultivation ha i dead fallows for four or five years, and had to
use thrt-u (.r four operations for their fourth crop. Another
prominoiit feature in tbo report was the proof it gave that a
stoani cii-ine did three or four times moro work in one
opcratiun than a horse. A double depth was reached, and a
double effect produced. Mr. Front said ho bad saved con-
siderably by ut>ing Fowler's apparatus. Upon tho question of
7>ri»diui\ Mr. Randell, who was an execUcnt farmer, said he
did nut' appear to mako any increase, but he acknuwledgod
lli;it he got stronger straw ; and Mr. Stevenson, in Yorkshiro,
.V lid he got good crops before he used steam cultivators, and he
gut no better now. The fact was, that where a man farmed
high it was a difficult matter to drivo cultivation beyond a
certain point ; but when it was acknowledged that the straw
was stronger, it was evident there must be in the end a better
ref^ult with less manure. Referring to tho Chairm;m's remarks
as to an apparatus suitable for light soil, he thought we
^Inadd nut look to reduced prices in machines. lie woidd not
I cIhlo Ibc cost of his, for the machine ho worked was as good
ii.'was it was ten years ago. The Commissioners said that
i;:iiiden's windlass was better than his; but that was a matter
if opinion. His was constructed upon sound mechanical
iniiieiplcs, and had stood the test of ten years' work. Ho did
nut, however, wish to enhance the value of his own apparatus.
It was of no consequence to him whether he sold one or not.
lie made them, not to sell, but to work upon his own farm.

Professor Yoelcker: Kefereace was made by tho
last speaker to Mr. Prout's farm. I iiaid a visit to it
lately and was strongly iiiipre^sed with the great
improvement in drain^se. That was nothing novel to
ni". I conCess. because i had, many years before, seen
the ^vonderful iniinovement in drainage effected by
steam cultivation on Mr. lUick's fauu.

This recent visit to Mr, Prout's makes me say, I believe that
it" .''team ploughs wcic placed on our stronj* clays we should
iiMt want any drainage at all. We should merely have, for a
time, to carry off the surface water, and depend entirely upon
.steam ploughing for the drainage work. I know that in well
(■ diivated clay land, during the greater part of the year, all
tlie water that falls upon it is reqvnred. I have a strong
impression that, after years of cultivation of onr clay soils, wo
^^l;'ndd require .nil the water that falls. It now goes through
the drains simply because it runs through the cracks in the
Lruund ; it does not go through the soil. If, however, the
■ i".>d effects of steam cultivation could he realised, we should
liave an abundant store of fond within the reach of the
-niw-ing crop; and, like Jlr. Smith of Woolston, we should
uidy require once now and then a little artificial manure to
^lii'iiulate the surface ; and wo could then depend upjn the
\ line of our clay soils. If this could be done, we should reap
:l j^reat advantage. Wo should s.avc, in the first instance, m
nut having to expend upon tho drainage, and could throw
our plans altogether \ipon the resources of the soil. Perhaps
at tho present time this is a little Utoiiian; but, at the same
time, I think wc could aim at it; and, if steam cultivation
reaches a high state of perfection, we shall have made a very
great step towards saving our manures. We shall not then
require any look uig after our drains; nor shall we have to
t.ike them up and put fresh pipes in, or furnish an increased
i^iijiply of drains to carry off the water; for, as I have said
Ijefuvc, by the constant cultivation of the heavy clay lands,
wc should reduce the porosity of the soil so much and improve
it^ mechanical condition to such an extent, that every inch
of rain that falls upon the land wuuld require to be taken up
and rendered useful.

Mr. TncBLOW said lie could not agree with the
preceding speaker, that cultivation by steam would
entirely do away with the necessity for drainage ; but
from what little experience he had had, he should say
that in proportion as thty deepened cultivation by
using steam, they would improve the ground by
enabling it to soak up more moisture.

With reference to the three questions stated by the Chau--
man he had not much to remark. Howard's apparatus having
been alluded to, he wished to say one word with regard to it.
In the concluding report of the Committee of Investigation it
was stated that engines required to be driven at a uniform
.speed and pretty fast, by which ho presumed was meant that
the steam apparatus for breaking up tho land ought to go at a
uniformly quick pace. In that view he quite concurred ; but
he was afraid that with Uoward's apparatus the thing could
lic done in all cases or in all weathers, That apparatus was
"^vi^irked by a leather strap, and the .strap could not always be
1: opt on in wet or windy weather. In fine weather no duubt
the apparatus answered extremely well, but when wet and
wind prevailed the case was different. He mentioned that
defect some time ago to Mr. Howard, who then brought out a
union-joint, which was fixed to the central axle of the fly-
wheel, and of course being so fixed, it went at a slow pace.
If by the intelligent mind of Mr. Howard anything could
be devised to make the apparatus work in all weathers, they
would have in that case an implement which was almost
perfect.

_ Mr. BoMFORD wished to ofTor one word of explana-
tion with regard to the double set. He had 600 acres
of land where he was living, and 300 nine miles away.
His reason for purchasing a second set was that he
required it for tho:^e 300 acres, intending to fill up the
time by letting it out. If the 900 acres were all
together one set of tackle would be suQicient. As soon
as his crop was off he was anxious to get his land
broken up. The work could only be done in fine
weather, and therefore tho sooner it vras done the
better.

Mr. BuLSTRODE (of Cookham, Maidenhead), had
read with great pleasure the full and able report of the
Commissioners.

Tlicre were several points to which ho thought it would be
well to direct attention. In the first place, be would remark
that the question of outlay would always bo one of primary
importance to the ordinary farmers of England. The trials
made hitherto were in favour of the direct sy.stcra, in which
the apparatus was tho most scientific, but also the most expen-

sive. If farmers were to take the verdict of that Soeiely firom
llio trials already made, they would bo obliged to purcii:ifie at
a eu.st of from SOO/. to lOOU/., and a great many fariner.i
woidd have to think a g.iod while before they either
Would or cuuld do that. When ho looked at tlio rci)urtn
bo found several startling results. In tho fli'st place tho
trials of machinery did nfit appear to havo lioen always
successful. Fur oxaniplc, there woro two machines, one uf
wl]ich was pvuchasetl liy l.urd Itorners, and tho other by
Lord Vernon. Hulh took inizi'H !it the »hows whore thoy were
rcspcclivcly cxldbltutl, and yet, liulli proved failures in practice.
Again, altliuugh the stationary or roundabout system had been
condemned by that Society, htmdreds of seta on that .lystom
had been going on for years, and they had been successful, and
had yielded a good profit to iicrsons who had unod them, Mr.
tSrnith of Woolston being among tho number. Tlic results
wcro at 11 rat rather startling, but if thoy considered how tho
trials had boon n.ado they could not after all feel very nnich
surprised. There were small i'e>ul;n' plots uf grunu'l, tbo
machines wcro of tho best description, and tho men by whom
thoy wcro managed wero RkiUcd men, well up to their wiak.
All this involved great advantage over tho work on an ordiniuy i
farm, and, in some dogi'co, accounted for a system which
possessed gi'cat general utility not appearing equal to one
which had special oxceUencc. Tho caso was something like
thatof a short run between athorongh-bred racer and a hunter.
Tho du'cct system waa sure to bo very creditable when it had
full and free play. This, ho said, fully explained why
apparatn.? which had been almost alway.s defeated in these
trials had, ucvcrthelesg, been perfectly successful in practice,
and wcro working to the ^:atisfaction of their owners in
hundreds of instances about the country. This was a matter
which he thought should bo specially brought before the
f.armcrs of this country. If they found many instances in which
farmers having engines from 8 to 10-borso power were enabled
by m.aking an additional outlay uf from 2501. to 300/. to
adopt steam-cultivation successfully, surely that was a matter
wi'll-wortby of attention. This bore very much on one of the
qviestions brought forward by the Chairman. Of course,
hail those farmers simply followed the verdict of tho
Society, they must have spent from 800L to T500(., or let
steam cultivation alone. At the same time, while speaking so
positively in favour of the stationary system, he hoped ho
should not be misunderstood. He was perfectly convinced,
and the remarks of the Commissioners bore him out in stating
that the direct system was tbo most acientifie and economical
for farms which wero really adapted for it, for farms of Large
size, and with fields in every way favourably situated. What
he wished to impress upon farmers was, that on farms of
ordhiary size, with fields of ordinary shape, with ordinary
covenants and leases, and with ordinary purses, the indirect
sy.stem was generally the best, and would prodiico the
greatest result with the least risk. Soaio persons might say,
" Why not hire machinery on the more economical and
scientific system?" He thought that the remarks of the
Commissionei'S on the hiiing system afforded a full and suffi-
cient answer to that question. The Commissioners spoke of
the two great advantages of steam cultivation— namely, a
reduction of the number of horses required, and facilities
for performing operations at a rapid pace. Both these
advantages were to a great c::tcnt lost by persons who
adopted the hiring system. Faiincrs could not venture to
reduce their horse strength if it were uncertain whether they
would be able to have an engine to cultivate their fields when
they wauled it. Again, supposing a few d.ays after ploughing
they thought it would be an advantage to give the land a good
drar-harrow, which was a very valuable adjunct to steam
cultivation, they could not do that because the machinery was
gone. They would have to fall back on their horses, letting
them draw over the ground, and thus undo the very work
which had just been done .so carefully and at such great
expense. ATiother objection to the hiring system was that in
some cases they mu.st pay almost double what the rate of cost
would he if they had tackle at home. Then, again, the Com-
missioners said a good deal about the importance of judicious
management. The bc.'st tackle that v^as made might with
injudicious management bo perfectly useless, while with good
management even inferior tackle might be comparatively
iiseful. As regarded management, two things ought to be
borne in mind. Sometimes persons did a great deal of mischief
to their tackle, tearmg it very much, by doing at one opera-
tion wh.at ought to be done in two or three CLinsecuLivc opera-
tions. Under such a system as that tackle could never be kept
in good order. In tho next place it was most important to
avoid all umiecessary hindrances. When he first began culti-
vating by steam himself, he had so many stoppages, there was
so much loss of time from implements at one end or the
other, that he soon bcjan to study how he could reduce the
hindrances to the minimum ; and in this point of view it was
most important that the tackle should be worked in the best
manner. There was another advantage of the indirect system,
which had hardly been spoken of sufficiently ; lie referred to
the saving in the expense of water-carriage. Under the
direct system there were many farms where the water c;irri.age
must involve great expense and vexation; while under the
indirect system the water-carrying could be done almost for a
nominal sum. His object, he wished it to be understood, was
not to condemn the more scientific apiiaratus, which was well
adapted for large and special farms, but to show the great
v.alue of the cheap and stationary apparatus. Notwithstanding
all tho drawbacks, he felt perfectly convinced that steam culti-
vation would overcome all the obstacles it had to contend with.
It had needed, however, some impetus, and he was sure the
thanks of the country were due to the Royal Agricultur.al
Society of England for the money which had been devoted to
the late investigation, and for the ability displayed in the
valuable report which had been published.

Mr. Davis said, notwithstanding what had fallen
from Dr. Voelckcr, he would ventiu-e totally to deny
that steam cultivation would produce any' effect on
strong land, unless it were thoroughly drained iu the
first instance.

Sir. Edmonds, of Lechlade. said he could endor.'^e
the opinion of previous speakers as to the value of the
steam-plough. He had had one for three or four years,
and liked it extremely, and in Aict he "should not like
now to farm without one, especially on strong laud.
_ He could not agree with Dr. Voeleker, that with steam cul-
tivation they could do away with drainage altogether. He
hardly Uked to oppose the opinion of such a scientific
authority, but in practice they found that where there was a
depth of 10 or 12 feet of clay, the rain that fell w^ould either
remain on the land till it was evaporated, or must run away
from tho surface through the drains, and he did not think it
could remain long enough to evaporate without injuring the
crops. His opinion was that thoy must continue to drain
deeply on clay soil, and one advantage of the steam plough
was that it would hclij to do away with deciJ furrows.
With rog.ard to light land, he thought steam cultivation was
much less expensive than cultivation with horses. He was
also of opinion that the implements at present employed on
light land might he improved, and that special attention should
be directed to the implements required for the after-working
of the soil. He thought that land dug up in autumn, and left
in that .state in winter, might bo cultivated with a simple
draft-, with a scarifying tine that woidd cut the whole of the
land. There was another matter in which he was still more

anxious for a change. In hii neighbourhood they had to give
something like a pound per ton for coaln. That was a very
heavy item of expense, and ho Hhould bo very glad if sorac-
Ihnig could be done to economise fuel. As regarded roads for
l'u\vler'.s plough, ho would observe th.at last autumn being
very wuL, ho co'dd not got on the strong heavy headlands
wlien ho wanted to plough some Wheat. Had there been a
road there, or a patton like IJoydell's on tho engine wheel, ib
nUght havo been dune ; but one of those tbing.^ w.is osHcntlal
where there was strong land :— tlioy nnist either have roads
for tho engines on headlands, or something put upon tho wheel
to prevent the implement from getting stuck and grubbing.

Lord VEnNON said :— I do not set myself up in the
least ivi a jirtictical farmer, although I have tlio groat
uiisforLiuio to farm nearly 2000 aei-es ol' very heavy
clay land. Jjooking upon that at i'n\-,t as a hoi)eles3
t;isk, ] wafchod very carefully the scrio.s of trials which
conimcuced at Leeds down to that which took plaoo at
the lust sh(j\v of tho Society at Ne\vc;i.stlc— I had the
honour to act during almost the whole time wa one of
the stewards o( implements connected witli steam
ploughing— beibro 1 could .satisfy' my mind tliat any
implement had suflicient power to work my land.

It is perfectly trvio, as was stated by P.rr. Bulstrodc, that tho
prize set of ap^iaratus on tho direct system which I bougJit at
Newcastle did not work so successfully on my faun as on tho
trial ; but I am perfectly satisfied that, so far as tho trial went,
the judges, who devoted an immense .amount of attention to
the task, came to a correct decision, and chose the bcbt imple-
ment that was exhibited ; and I can only account for its not
having been ao successful on my own farm by the fact that tho
land was unusually stilT and ungrateful, and that the breakages
were, in consequence, very heavy. I am glad to have this
opportunity of stating that Mr. Fowler, of whom I bought that
imijlement, supplied mo with otlier apparatus on terni.^ which
were very crcditablo to him indeed; and that set, whicli has
been on my farm for a year, has worked very successfully in
every way. I might appe >l to Mr. Wilson, who is present, to
confirm my statement that, instead of land that was before
almost unproductive, I havo now got land which will produce
some of the best Wheat crops in the county. It is, I think,
hardly fair to lay the blame of any failure on this Society, for
the successful adoption of steam cultivation has been very
gradual. I have no doubt that as we go on we sliall improve
in details. I cannot quite agree with Jlr. Smitli, of Woolston,
that when the ploughing apparatus is not at wurk there is no
co.st attending it. The case has been very different with me.
I have worked my apparatus with an expensive staff, the
manager has been paid very high wages, and I am firmly con-
vinced that unless you employ duly-qualified men, men
superior to ordinary agricultural labourers, the cost of break-
a'^es wdll be enormous. If the wages paid are higher than
those of ordinary agricultural labourers, that should be fairly
set down to the apparatus. I may add that I pay my staff on
the sc.Uc which Mr. Fowler recommended me to pay, and I
find from the reports of the Commissioners that it is not
higher than what is generally paid elsewhere, I cannot con-
clude witliout saying how very highly the Society ought to
value the labours of the Commissioners, who have travelled so
far over the country, and have produced, as I understand they
have, such a very able report. Having returned from abroad
only a few days ago, I have not yet had the satisfaction of
reading the report ; but I am happy to hear tliat it is w>irthy
of gentlemen who, in their capacity as judges and reporters o"f
agricultural meetings, have been constantly l.H3foi'e the public.
I may add that, liaving been instrumental to some extent,
together with Mr. Wilson, in impressing upon tho Council the
importance of these investigations, I very ranch regret that
circumstances have not enabled me to assist my colleagues ia
the performance of their duties as commit tecni<n.

Dr. VoELCKER wished to say one word in explana-
tion. It was an accepted axiom that without drainage
no improvement of land v/ns pcsisible, and he had not
intended to express any opinion to the contrary. His
remarks applied to the future. His impression was
that, many years hence, after plenty of good steam
cultivation, the meehanical condition of tho land
would havo been so improved that there would not be
as much want of drainage as there is now. Of course
they must begin with drainage, and what he hoped for
might not be realised in some cases under 10, :?0, or
even 50 years. He had been speaking prophetically.

The Cn.^inMAN said he had hoped that Professor
Yoelcker, for whose scientific attainments he felt the
greatest possible respect, was going to withdraw alto-
gether what he must say was i?uch a rank heresy that
if 300 years ago he hod uttered it before a meeting of
a Society of that kind, he would certainly have
been burnt.

Mr. SiiiTil (of Woolston) observed that he had
worked his tackle with his ordinary farm labourers
from the time he started, 11 years ago, and had found
no diihcuUy whatever. He had experienced no break-
ages, and his implement was as good now as ever it was.
In consequence of his windlass being made on an
unsound principle, he changed it at the end of about
foiu' years, and adopted the four-wheeled windlass,
which had kept in very good order. As to the cost, it
was comparatively trilling, being simply the interest of
money on about 180/, to himself, but 210/. to other
people.

ilr. HoLLiND, M.P. : "\Te must all feel satisfaction
in having been brought together this day, and had
such an opportunity of listening to the remarks of
practical men.

There is this feature in connection with all professions, that
you should have a knowledge of the individual with whom as
a professional man you are about to act. A medical man may
bo the most perfect physician that ever existed ; but what
docs he do first of all, when ho has to treat a patient ? Why
hu feels his pulse ; and so with us, in the same manner we
should feel the pulse of our own land, so to speak, before we
apply steam power to it in any particular shape. In this
volume any man who wishes to apply steam power to his land,
whatever that land may be, will land all the information he
needs in a condensed and handy shape. Now, in spite of
what Dr. Voeleker says, I believe that you must have deep
drainage iu connection with steam-ploughing. I take my own
country for example, in order lo show this from my persomai
experience and practice. The heavy land in the Vale of
Gloucester is all in deep ridge and furrow, the work of some
unkind agriculturists in former ages ; and this must all be
undone by tho steam cultivator before we shall make a full
profit out of that land. It is thrown np in such immense hisn
ridges, that a 5 feet 6 inch man in one furrow can hardly bo
seen from the next adjoining furrow. And not only ]S_ the
land on the surface of that shape ; but, on going dov,ai into
the subsoil, you find that the under-surfaee has taken tho
same shape, and that that is a heavy clay. How, then, are
you to deal with land such as that, without dramage ? Agam,

612

THE GAimENi'TvS' CHEONICLE A^^D AGRICUETDEAL GAZETTE.

[June 8, 1867.

these fiirvows-vcry seldom run parallel with one another, and
are generally in the form of an S. I tried to drain them in
parallel lines ; but my drainage failed, and I was obliged to
follow the old course of ridge-furrows, as the only mode of
getting the water oS the laud. Through the apphcation of
steam-ploughing, however, 1 am bringing down these high
ridges on my land by degi-ees. I find that we need not be at
the expense of puttnig drains in the furrows so deep as other-
wise wo should have to do ; and now, after seven years' steam-
ploughing, I have more or less done away with the ridges, and
made the surface comparatively flat. I too, like Mr. Smith,
find that the water does not run oS the land, so as to do it
damage by carryin^r away the fine silt and .alumina into the
furrows ; but now th.at the water runs off through the drams
it takes a much less quantity with it. To brijig tlie land into
this state has taken me seven years, .and I admit th.at the dram-
age is not of .so much consequence now as it was previously:
because there is a larger flow of water through the interstices
of the Land into the drains, and the land is placed m such a
position that it can take advantage of the water which faUs
from the air. I should be sorry, however, under any circum-
stances to begin the expensive system of steam-ijloughmg
■without the previous application of drain.igc to the land. We
have heard a good de.al of valuable information to-day respect^
iiig the practice of different gentlemen ; but there is one light
in which I view the system of steam-ploughing, .about which 1
should wish to make a remark or two. I eaU it not oiily a
revolution in onr method of working the heavy clay Lauds of
this country with all the adv.antages that have been described
to us ; 1 call it also a moral revolution, which affects every
class of persons connected with agiiculture. I look upon it
in this light, that it is initiossible for tenants in the long run
to take up steam-ploughing unless the farms are put mto
steam-ploughing condition for them. Small fields must bo
done away with ; hedgerows must be done away with, for I
should be son-y it I had to plough with less than 200 yards of
rope. Hut .an important question now arises -Will the tenant
farmer, when the advantages of steam-ploughing are well
understood throughout the country, embark his capital m the
enterpiize where his tenancy is for a short period only? I
beheve that, with the c,apit,al and the intelligence which
always flows with capital into any trade, and the increased
education which on the part of the tenants is being applied

a matter of gratification to him that be had been associated in
the ijrepar.ation of the report, and that it bad been so well
seconded by the country at large, and especially by gentlemen
who used m.achinery in the cultivation of the land, of what-
ever make it might be. The desire of the Council w,as, that the
report should not be bLasscd in any w.ay in favour of or against
any individual maker ; and he was sure thiit the reporters
would have the credit given them of having made a fair
statement. That report would, he thought, bring out one
point in a practical way which had never before been educed.
There were a great many persons, whom he might term
amateurs, who thought of going into steam cultivation, with
the hope that it would do everything for them ; but those
who had had experience of its working, he w.as sure, would
agree with him that there could be no greater f.allaey. So far
.as he was concerned, he might state that, in the matter of
manure, for instance, he did not want less, but probably more,
because .steam enabled him to grow a greater v.ariety of crops.
Another thing ought to be borne in mind, for which credit
.also should bo taken. The Piesident had told them that very
few instances indeed occurred where farmci-s had had this
means of cultivating the land for more th.an five years. Now,
during that period they would naturally have, as he himself
had experienced, a good deal of up-hill work. They probably
went a little deeper than they had need. Perhaps they broke
the pan, and probably some part of then- implements also. It
was not, therefore, until their second course through the farm
that they realised the great adv.autage which he believed was
to be derived from the system.

Mr. Peaece Bkowne, of Burderop, said that, like
Lord Vernon, he was the occupier of about 2000 acres
of land, and had been in possession of one of Fowler's
sets of tackle for six years. This he had kept in con-
stant use, and he had arrived at the conclusion that it
was a fine-weather implement only, and that in such
circumstances it was most valuable.

A pi*eat deal h.ad been said about the cost of working, but
he did not think that that had anythmg to do with tbe
qiiestion. In comparison with horse-labour, the advantage
of it was, that it could be used and made to do an enormous
amount of work at the right time, .and that, in his opinion.

seconded, a vote of thanks to the Committee of
Inspection, and especially to the gentlemen who had
acted as reporters. The motion having been carried by
acclamation,

Mr. AlGEKNON Claeke, One of the reporters, briefly
acknowledged the compliment. One remark had fallen
from the President which he should like to say a few
words about. It was, that they could not take up a
volume containing the reports, and turning to the last
page or two, see a direction of tliis kind : " If your farm
is of such and such a description, you ought to buy
Mr. So-and-So's set of tackle." Now, as far as his
colleagues and himself were concerned, he begged
to say that they were not prepared to assume any
such responsibility. They did not undertake to save
people the trouble of thinking for themselves. All they
undertook to do was to save people the trouble of going
round the country for themselves, and they had endea-
voured to collect as much information as they could
with the least expenditure of their own time and the
Society's money ; and he could assure the meeting that
his colleagues and himself had worked hard with that
object before them.

to their holduigs, we shall find these holdings cease to he I was its chief advantage. As to doing without manures in
vearlT and that a system of leasing will pervade the whole j consequence of the adoption of steani-cultivation, that was all
country Here I connect the landlord and tbe tenant together | moonshine. They could not do without manures,^ butjnust

in the nVatter of steam ploughing. Let me now connect the
labourer with it, .and show wh.at will be the moral advantage to
him of the steam plouijh. Of course you take your best
labourers. Like Mr. Smith, I have not a man from my village
who ha.s not been educated as a steam-plougher. The seven
years during which I have been engaged in the system have
given time enough for a gener.ation of young steam Labourers
to grow up, .and I find that the men who are connected with
the steam plough have become a species of aristocracy among
the villagei s, that they v.alue the advant.ages of their position,
and are determined to'hold it. and have their children educated
also, so that they in their turn shall become some of the best
men in the village. All these things are gomg on together :
and I h.avc remaiked not only at home, but in other pLaees,
that your best labourers, your steam-ploughcrs, or those whom
you employ in conneetion with steam cultivation, must come
out of decent cottages. In fact, you cannot make steam-plough
labourers out of families who are crowded to .an indecent
extent under one roof. Now, all these matters upon which I
have thus briefly touched are worthy of consideration. In
conclusion, I would observe that, by these oper.atious of steam-
ploughing, and by sending irito the world this volume, we .are
not only promotiiig a revolution in the tillage of tbe land, but
effecting a revolution in the habits, the manners, and mor.als
of all who are connected with the land, whether as owners,
occupiers, or labourers.

Mr. Stevenson concurred with some of the previous
speakers in giving the preference to the roundabout
system. He had been a roundabout man for 10 years,
and quite coincided with the greater part of the
remarks of Mr. Smith. With regard to draining, he
agreed in thinking that all land ought to be drained
before being steam ploughed.

Mr. AVatts had been working Powler's apparatus
for the past six years, and last season added another
engine to the set, so that ho was working upon the
double-engine system ; and it appeared to him that
steam cultivation had now attained ahnost to perfec-
tion. Like Mr. Holland, ho had had to encounter
the difficulty of some very high-backed land, which,
however, he had gradually reduced, and in every way
he was satisfied with this system. As lar as regarded
working the machinery, the labourers in the field had
been tauglit to work it, and did so successfully.

Jlr. Coleman drew attention to tlie fact that in the
statistical report the cost of working the apparatus
constructed by himself was shown in a different manner
to that generally adopted throughout the report. The
case he referred to was in No. 23, where tlie cost of
working was made to be 17s. id. per acre, whereas he
believed it was under 5s. an acre, taking a day's work at
11. Us. 4d. for 7 acres per day. But by some curious
arrangement, which he did not understand, a charge of
31. Us. 3d. was added to that, whioli produced the
result of 17s. -id. per acre to which he had alluded.
He fancied it must have arisen from this : That the
year 1805, when only 150 acres were done, was an
unfortunate year for steam-ploughing, and he pre-
sumed that the whole amount of the interest on
capital, maintenance, and so forth was concen-
trated in those few days. He mentioned this
because he did not observe that there was any other
case of the sort.

Mr. Smith (Woolston) said that w.is a mistake, for
there were a great many cases where the cost was
brought up to a higher sum than it should be.

Mr. Jacob "Wilson said that when Lord Vernon
commenced steam cultivation he had a very small
farm in hand, and had therefore to engage a special
staff to work a pair of engines. Tlien he was simply
working for the good of his tenantry ; and when tlie
men were not employed in steam operations, they were
employed in the plantations and in other work.

He had himself .adopted Fowler's double-set engine after
much .attention to the subject of steam cultivation. He
might, perhaps, be peculiarly situated in having three roads
running through his farm ; consequently, however much he
chose to enlarge his fields, he bad always had crooked fences.
He did not hesitate in going to Fowler for a dhect set, with
which he was perfectly satisfied, for he could work it at any
angle in any corner, and from whatever place he chose to put
the engine. He lived in a coal country where the best coal
was from 3s. to 4s. a ton, and thjit brought expenses down
coDsidcriibly, in comparison with those of Mr. Ruck. It was

have them as well. One of the faults he found with the

system w.as, th.at he sometimes went deeper than he wished
to go. But on the whole he could speak most highly of it, and
his only wonder was th.at it was not more widely adopted.
In wet weather it was found that the tackle broke ; and, in
fact, he was of opinion that the time for bringing it out was
when the sun shone on both sides of the hedge and they could
do a good long day's work. It had been observed that the
ordinary agi-icultural labouier w.as not ad.apted to the work ;
hut he had inst^iUed his men into the ofiice, and had bad no
ditticuUy whatever in woi-king the app.aratus with them. Of
course their wages h.ad to be raised, but he met with no difti-
culty after following the instructions given by Jlr. Fowler.

Mr. Jajies Webb had himself used steam cultiva-
tion only for a short time. He had lived in a neigh-
bourhood, however, during the last six years, where it
had been extensively carried on, and had had experience
of its operations on the lands of Mr. Holland and Mr.
Eandell.

Within a seven miles radius of Evesham he found that
there wore not less than nine sets of tackle at work, so he was
obliged to follow the stre.am, and he did not know a siiTgle
case in which steam culture in that neighbourhood h.ad been
unsuccessful. Those who used it then were using it now ;
those who had come into the neighbourhood since h<ad adopted
it, and there was not one instance of its being given up. He
mentioned this because in the vicinity of Worcester, which
was not many miles off, two or three landlords had started
implements which were always in the rep-airor's hands.
Success, ho believed, greatly depended on the skill of the
people who worked the machines. Those in the neighbour-
hood of Evesham, with the exception of Mr. Holland's .and
one other, were in the bands of the f.armers, and worked by
their labourers. At first he had some doubt which he should
adopt ; the direct .action or the roundabout. His farm was
large enough to have employed the direct action ; and he
could get on it .at all times ; one portion was light land, and the
other portion a strong clay ; but he adopted tbe cheaper plan
—the roundabout system— and was perfectly satisfied with
tbe results.

Sir W. Stieling wished to know whether there
was any gentleman present with a small holding, say
of three, four, or five hundred acres, who had purchased
a sfeam-cugiue himself, and could state the benefit he
had derived from its use. At that moment they were
all, as it were, in conflict with the labourer. "Whatever
might be the opinion of Dr. Voelcker with respect to
the drainage of lands, there could be no further
question about the drainage of our labourers, who
were constantly being withdrawn from the land for
many and various purposes. On that account, there-
fore, it was that agriculturists turned to machinery
with an anxious eye, and therefore he himself was
most desirous of learning what course he should take
from such information as might be given by practical
gentlemen that day. He had come to the meetmg for
information in the simplest and readiest manner, by
the testimony of any gentleman of practical experience
who would furnish the results in a few words— mtiUiim
in parvo, and which would be much more valuable to
the farmer than any report that might he published on
the subject, however admirably got up.

The Peesident: Mr. Stevenson, for one, who has
given his testimony, occupies a farm of about 300 acres.
He is one of the early patrons of steam machinery, and
speaks well of it after 11 years' experience on those 300
acres. Then there is Mr. Robert Helmsley. who also
farms a small holding by steam.

Mr Webb observed that one of his neighbours
purchased an engine last autumn for a farm of less
th.an too acres, and had employed it very successfully.
Mr Heljislet said that in introducing the steam
engine on his farm he had first looked round to see
what purposes he could apply it to besides cultiva-tion,
and he had turned it to account in grmdmg, threshing,
and carrying on a variety of other operations. In his
opinion, a man ought to have at least 300 acres of
arable land if he would use the steam engine, and he
certainly should not have done it himself had he not
held pretty nearly that amount. The system he
adopted was the roundabout, which he considered the
simplest and best. ,,,-„, ,.t>

The Pee.sident then moved, and the Earl of PowTs

Home Correspondence.

Cloecrfed off, or twice Mowed ?— I am so often told
" I get better Wheat after Clover twice mowed for hay
than after Clover fed off all the season," that I was
induced to search for an explanation of this apparent
paradox, and it appears to me to be as follows :—
Animals, especially sheep, when turned into Clover
earl,v, take the first little shoots made by the plant and
continue to do so_, thus preventing the full growth of
leaf, without which there can be little root or stem
development. If we pinch off the youngest shoots
of a plant in a flower pot and continue to do so
as fresh ones appear, the consequence must be
very obvious. On the full development of Clover
root formation depends the future Wheat crop.
My practice is to mow the first growth of Clover for
hay, then spread manure over the surface, and as soon
as the plants are fully developed, sheep are folded upon
it, eating cake and corn after this. I can safely take
two good crops of Wheat, the second crop being pithy
Eivelts. If Clovers were permitted to be well-grown
before being fed, the difference of opinion_mentioned
would cease to exist. J. J. Mechi, June ]..

A Saturday New Mooii.—ln a recent letter to the
Times, Alderman Mechi says there is an established
tradition in Essex that a Saturday new moon is always
followed by a flood of water, and he declares that so
far as his own experience goes it is so. A Saturday
new moon in 1835 before harvest was followed by a wet
harvest. In like manner, Porster averred that the
maxim proved true in 20 year.s' experience. He adds,
however—" To ascribe such a phenomenon to the
occurrence of the new moon on the day specially
dedicated to Saturn, must, of course, obviously appear
superstitious; but there may be natural causes why
the conjunction of the suu and moon, happening at
some such diurnal periods may, in the long run, turn
out to be connected with rough weather; and these
periods once falling on a Saturday would for a long
time continue to do so ; hence maj have arisen this
vulgar notion. Old shepherds, gardeners, hunters,
and men of education have alike testified to the fact.
Indeed, the whole doctrine of atmospheric pheno-
mena is very little understood." So far Porster ; the
register, however, will only show casual coiticidences
in this respect, and then to be referred to the influence
of the conjunction, and without reference to the
particular day of the week. The new moons of the
present year, although only in one instance occurring
on a Saturday, have generally Ibeen followed by snow
or rain ; but that of the last month (May), which
occurred on a Saturday, was followed by unusually hot,
dry weather. If the adage be confined to the now
moon before harvest, as Alderman Mechi seems to
believe, then it is satisfactory to know that the new
moon of September will not occur until the end of the
month (the 27th), by which time it is to he hoped that
the Harvest Moon will have seen the Harvest
Home. A. S. [The phases of the moon diinng the
present month present matter for observation with
respect to the weather that may attend them. All the
phases strikingly coincide with her critical positions.
Thus, new moon on the 2d, in perigee (or nearest the
earth), preceded and followed by heavy downpour
throughout the country ; in London, more than three-
quarters of an inch. The first quarter will occur an
the 9th, when the moon will be astride the equinoctial.
Full moon on the 17th, when the moon will be in
apogee (or farthest from the earth). Last quarter on
the 25th, when the moon will be again astride the
equinoctial. It will be curious to note if there be hot
weather in the first quarter, wet with the full, and hot
with the last quarter.]

Sorghitiii Tartaricum.—la reference to the remarks
of your correspondent in the Gardeners' Chronicle of
the 18th inst., your readers know that we have never
recommended the Sorghum Tartarioum, as we have
had no opportunity of testing its adaptation to this
climate, but when curiosity has been raised concerning
any new plant or seed it is incumbent on us to procure
the article for trial. In the present instance we have
already discovered that although the seed germ.inates
freely (96 per cent.) in artificial heat, it does not yet
show itself in our open trial ground where sown on
28th March, though possibly it might if sown in more
genial weather— this however would materially shorten
the season for maturing the plant and ripening the
grain. Sutton 4' Sons, Heading.

" A Bill to Provide for the Better Education of
Children Employed in A!iriculture."—Ro\\eyer much
we may approve the views and appreciate the motives
of our philosophers and philanthropic statesmen, and

June 8, 1867.]

THE OARDENERS' Cm^ONTCLE AND AfiRTOTIT/rUfiAL CiAZETTE.

613

admire their laudable endeavours to benefit thoir
fellow-countrvraen, it is hiRhly necessary to watch
their movements, and the raea-sures they bring foriyard
for this especial purpose. The old and trite axiom,
" that private interests must always give way to public
(rood " is sometimes at fault. It is so in the case of
this and similar Bills which have been this session
brousht before rarliament. The Earl of Shaftesbury s
Hill is dcsiRned to prevent women going to field labour
except at, or not to exceed, certain hours; girls not
to 1)0 so employed under 18 years of age, nor children
under 10 years, with various stringent regulations
relative to education, &c. Now we have the Bill of Mr.
Fawcett, a gentleman of high attainments, but much
more versed in natural and moral philosophy than
practical details of busines,s particularly the business of
a farmer. Here is the outline of his Bill— Children
under 13 not to be employed in agriculture except
on production of certificate of school attendance
on alternate days. " This " certificate to bo
handed to employer of child at the end of
each month." Magistrates in Petty Sessions may
suspend these certificates for terms not exceeding two
months, ;. e., harvest time, &c. These certificates must
be from schools duly approved by inspectors, magis-
trates may also in Petty Sessions exempt any child
residing more than three miles from any school. They
are further to have the power to levy a rate upon any
parish destitute of a proper school, whose population
exceeds 300, " for the building of a school-house, or for
the due maintenance of a school." The only appeal of
the ratepayers is to the Privy Council, in order to
prove that they already have a sehotd sufficiently good
for the purpose. Employers are liable to a fine of 10/.,
and not less than •2!., for einploying children contrary
to the provisions of the Bill, and parents 11., and not
less than 10s., for permitting such employmen' of their
children. Beligious instruction is also provided for in
• the schools, " and a majority of the ratepayers shall
' have the power of determining the kind of religious
instruction which shall be thus given." It is high
time farmers took especial care to look after their own
interests. Verily, the establishment of our Chambers
of Agriculture is in accordance with the spirit of the
times. Here are some pretty things for their discus-
sions:—"Women to be compelled by Act of Parliament to
care for their families ; girls under 18 years to be idling
about at home rather than earning by field labour.
Boys under 13 years not to be allowed to work at all,
unless they can read and write. Certificates of age
and competency must be shown by employers when
iisked for (bv whom ?— Policemen probably). The
dignity of the bench is to be lowered to granting a
child a holiday or liberty to go to the gleaning field.
On the other hand, the benc;h is to possess the extraor-
dinary power of establishing schools in all small
parishes. Then comes the imposition of fines upon
employers and parents for petty transgressions. But
I the best of all is the religious instruction. This is to
I depend for its kind upon a majority of the ratepayers.
j In my parish, which is purely agricultural, we have
two churches, eight dissenting chapels, besides other
preaching places; fancy the squabbles it would entail.
Happily we have schools in abundance, and work in
abundance, too. Next autumn we shall have to take
up from within a radius of three miles from where I
now sit writing this somewhat angry paper about
lOOO acres of Potatos, and about 300 acres of Mangel
Wurzel. Pray, what are we to do ? It would take
between 50,000 and 60,000 hands to get them up in one
day ; but as that is impossible, we must take ."iO or CO
days to do it in, employing 1000 hands daily. Our
population is not large— aliout 4500. Supposing women,
boys, and girls to be so restricted (for we take up
immediately after harvest, when the magisterial holiday
must cease), we should be in a complete fix : we
1 could not secure our crops, therefore we must
curtail our growth of these valuable roots ; but what a
loss of food to the kingdom. Well, but look at the
poor man's family— scarcely any but his own earnings
to provide for them. Why the wife and children of
many of our labourers earn as much as the head of the
family. To curtail their earnings, to prevent their
freedom to labour, to destroy their independence, their
liberty to dispose as they may of their families— why,
this is thraldom indeed. This may accord with very
strong philanthropic notions, but it is strange
philosophy. Our Parliament is certainly doing
unaccountable things this session, but surely it will
never pass any such undigested and impracticable
measures as these- doing evil that good may come.
0. F.

Foreign Correspondence.

Paeis : Sorghtim iartaricum. — I felt already inclined
sometimes to communicate to you what I know of the
much-lalked-of plant. Sorghum tartaricum ; but
expecting to see each time in the next number full
particulars about it, I never did so, and simply men-
tioned to your correspondent, Mr. Robinson, the fact
that I had tried it last year and found it too late for
cultivation. This was at the best nothing more than
a repetition of many trials made before to introduce
the plant in France, and the result was perfectly
anticipated, as the seed received from Italy last spring
has been easily identified for Holcus carnuus. Under
the latter name it is well known as a cereal very
extensively grown in Nubia, Egypt, Northern Africa,
and I believe all the adjoining jiortiou of Asia. It is
said to be a native of India, but, as many plants which
have been long under cultivation, it is very seldom if
ever to be found in a wild state. In Algeria it is called
Pughiffa, and perhaps is sometimes confounded with
Holcus sorghum under the more common appellation
of Doura. Several varieties of it are known, but the
white-grained one is bv far the most widely diffused.
If the seed imported to England be exactly the same as

tho one I got from Italy (I enclose a few grains for
comparison), it is a subioct of wonder to me how
professional seedsmen failed to recognise m it a cereal
which must exist in every collection of vegetable
products used for food.

The plants grown at my place la.st year were
extremely like in appearance some late strong variety
of Indian Corn. Tho stems were very thick, about
5 inches in circumference and 5 feet high, the leaves
largo and broad; it took about four months for the
plant to attain that size, then the panicles made their
appearance, but after a fortnight or so the rain and
cold set in, and the progress w;is stopped altogether ;
not one single grain wa-s produced, and I think that
even tho flowers did not come to perfection. This of
course might bo attributed to the cold and wet season,
had the same experiment not been tried here over and
over again. In hot summers it can ripen its seed in
tho south of France, but it gives no certain crop. As
a forage plant it seems inferior to many varieties of
Indian Corn, both in quickness of growth and bulk of
product.

The numerous inquiries made by several of your
subscribers on the subject, and tho wish of sparing
some persons an expensive trial, alone prompted me to
send you the above statements, which I did not intend
as an article in my name for the AriricuUural Oazette,
but only give for you or the agricultural editor of the
paper to use in the way you think the best. Perhaps
it may not be uninteresting to mention the fact that
at the Universal Exhibition it is to be found in the
agricultural collections of at least five countries, viz.
Algeria, Egypt, Turkey, Italy, and France. X

ROTiVL AGRICULTURAL OF ENGLAND.
Monthly Council : Wednesdai/, June 5, 1867.—
Present— Mr. Thompson, President, in the Chair ; the
Earl of Shrewsbury, Lord Berners, Lord Vernon,
Lord Walsingham, Major-Gen. the Hon. A. N. Hood,
Sir J. Johnstone, Bart., M.P. ; Sir E. C. Kerrison, Bart. ;
Sir T. Western, Bart., M.P. ; Mr. Amos, Mr. Barthropp,
Mr IJowly, Mr. Cantrell, Mr. D. R. Davies, Mr. Dent,
M P.- Mr. Druce, Mr. Brandreth Gibbs, Mr. Hoskyns,
Mr ' Jonas, Colonel Kingscote, Mr. Lawrence,
Mr. Milward, Mr. Pain, Mr, Randell, Mr. Read, M.P.;
Mr. Shuttleworth, Mr. Robert Smith, Mr. Torr,
Mr Wells, Professor Wilson, Major Wilson,
Mr. Jacob Wilson, Mr. Frero, and Dr. Voelcker.

The following new Members were elected :—
Hevi«i, Geo, James, Godmanc-he-stor, Huntingdon.
Bromley, Joseph.R*'"''^. Gesyiis, Newmarltet.
Brown, WUli.iin, tlighgate, Holme on Spalding Moor. ^ork.
Brown Philip M., Fomhani AU Saints, Bury St. Edmund's.
Casswell, Jobn Henry, Laugbton, Folkingham.
Day, Henry Morgan. Limgliam, Bury St. Edmunds.
Doiiell, G. C. North John Street, Liverpool.
Exeter The Right Hon. Marquis of, Burghlcy House, Stamford.
Ford Fr.ancis, Hatter Street, Bury St, Edmund's.
Geo Thomas, Dewhurst Lodge, W.^dhurst, Sussex.
Gillow, Richard Charles, Leighton H.all, Lancaster.
Goldsmith, George, Sapiston, Ixworth.
Green, Stephen, Haverfordwest, , i ,, ,, .

Greening, Ed wardOwen, Nelson House, Broughton, Manchester,
Gedgo, Charles Johnson. Bury St. Edmund's.
Hales, Frederick C, Denham Hall. Bury St. Edmunds.
Hall, George Samuel, The City of Ely,
Human, N, Harlock, Islehjim, Sohain.
McKenzie, William, D,awson Street, Dublin.
Marsh, John Edward, Alderton, near Woodbndge,
M.athew, William, Knettishall, Barling.
Middleton, Charles, Holkh.im, Wclls-next-the-Sea.
Miller, John, Walsham-le- Willows, Ixworth.
Moor, Simon, Lidg<ate, Kewmarki^t,
Newson, Henry, Bury St. Edmu»d's.
Oliver, George John, Bury St. Edmund's,
Ogilvie, Alex.ander, Sizewell House, Leiston, Suffolk,
Ord John Thomas, Fordham House, Bury St, Edmund's.
Payiie, George E,, Badwell Ash, Ixworth, Suffolk,
Pennington, Frederick, Broome Hall, near Dorking.
Richardson, Rev. John, St, Mary's Parsonage, Bury St.

Edmund's,
Roe, Rev, Charles, Sieclesmere, Bury St. Edmund s.
Southgate, Walter, Ipswich.
Sturt, Henry Gerard, M.P,, Crickel, Wimborne.
Taylor, Samuel Garrod, Hfirtest. Bury St. Edmund 3.
Tozer, Charles James, Bury St, Edmund's.
Tracy, Anthony W., Abbey Gate .Street, Bury St. Edmund 8.
Waddington, H.arry Spencer, Cavenham Hall, Mildenhall,

Suffolk.
Wade, Henry Roe, Little Waldlngfield, Sudbury, Suffolk.
Waters, Benjamin, Matcombe, Eastbourne.
Wcstrup, John, Venston, Newmarket, Suffolk.
Whitlocke, John, Great Yetdham HaU, Halsted, Essex.
Williams, Frederick Martin, M.P., Qoonvrea, Perranai-worthal,

Cornwall.
Wilson, John, St. Bees, Whitehaven.
Wilson, Joseph, Penrith.
Wing, Charles, Bury St. Edmund's.
WoUaston. Charles, Bury St. Edmund'n.

Finances.— Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood pre-
sented the report of the Committee, from which it
appeared that the Secretary's receipts during the past
month had been examined by the Committee, and by
Messrs. Quilter, Ball, & Co., the Society's accountants,
and were found correct. The balance in the hands of
the bankers on May 31 was lUal. 3.9, Wd. The Com-
mittee recommend that the sum of 1900?., now on
deposit, be withdrawn.

This Report was adopted.

JouENAL.— Mr. Thompson announced that the
Judges report that in Classes IV. and VI. the Essays
are not considered worthy of the prize ; but that in
the former the Chairman should be empowered to
open the motto papers and communicate with two of
the authors with a view to the insertion in the Journal
of portions of each of their Essays. That Mr. Angus
have the option of receiving a copy of the Journal
instead of 25 copies of his paper on Statistics.

This Report was adopted.

Chemical. — Sir John Johnstone, Bart,, M. P.,
stated that the Committee recommended that the fol-

lowing paper, which had been drawn up by the
Society's Consulting Chemist, should be immediat«ly
published : —

INHTRUOTIONS FOn SeLKOTINO AND SkNUINO SaMRNKS FOR

Analvhih.
Artitkial ManurcR. — Take a largo handful of tho mnnuro
from throo or four bags, mix tho wfiolo on a largo shoot of
papur, breaking down with tho hand any hiinps prosont, and
fold up in tin-foll, or in oil silk, about thrco ounces of tho woll-
ndxcd sample, and send it to 11, Salisbury Htiuaro, Fleet
Street, E.C, by sample post. Or place tho mixed manure In
a small wooden or tin-box, which may bo tied by string, but
must not lie scaled, and send It by sample post. If tho manure
be very wot and lumpy, a larger box -full, weighing from V2 to
\r> ounces, should be sent either by sample post or railway.

Samples not exceeding 4 ounces in weight may bo sent by
sample post, by attaching 2 penny postiigo stamps to tho
piirccl.
Samples, not exceeding 8 ounces, for 4 postage stamps.
Samples, not exceeding IC ounces, for 8 postage stiunps.
Samples, not exceeding '2i ounces, for I«, In postage stamps.
Thcro must be no writing or printing in the packet or its
cover, In addition to tho address : Dr. Augustus Voelcker,
11, Salisbury S(iuaro, Fleet Street, K.C., and tho address of
tho sender of tho parcel, and the number or mark of tho
article sent.

These particulars must in all cases be given, not on loose
pieces of papers but on small labels attached to tho samples
or packages containing them.

The samples must be sent in covers, open at the ends or
in boxes, bags of linen or other materials, which may be
fastened by string, but must not be sealed, so as to be easily
examined. No parcel sent by sample post mu.st exceed IJ lb.
in weight, or 2 feet in length, or 1 foot in width or depth.

Sfti/s. — Hsive a wooden box made 6 inches long and wide,
.and from 9 to 12 inches deep, according to the depth of soil
and subsoil of the field, Mark out in the field a space of
about 12 inches square ; dig round in a slanting direction_ a
trench, so as to leave undisturbed a block of soil with its
subsoil i) to 12 inches deep ; trim this block or plan of the
field to make it fit into tho wooden box, invert the open box
over it, press down firmly, then p.ass a spade under the box,
and hft it up, gently turn over the box, nail on the hd, and
send it by goods or p,arcel train to the laboratory. The soil
will then be received in the exact position in which it is found
in the field.

In the case of very light, sandy, and porous soils, the wooden
box may be at once inverted over the soil and forced down by
pressure and then dug out.

Wafers.— i gallons of water are required for analysis. The
water, if possible, should be sent in glass-stoppered Win-
chester half-gallon bottles, which are readily obtained in any
chemist and druggist's shop. If Winchester bottles cannot bo
procured the water niiiy bo sent in perfectly clean new stone-
ware spirit.jars, surrounded by wickerwork.

For the determin.ation of the degree of hardness before and
after boiling, only one quart wine-bottle full of water is
required.

limnioncs, Marls, Ironalones, and oilier Minerah.—Whoie
pieces, weighing 3 to 4 ounces, should be sent, enclosed in
small linen bags, or wrapped in paper. Postage by sample
post 2(/,, if xuider 4 ounces,

■^ Oi7catc.^,— Take a -sixmple from the middle of the cake. To
this end break a whole cake into two. Then break off a piece
from the end where the two h.alves were joined together, .and
wr.ap it in paper, leaving the ends open, .and send parcel by
sample post. The piece should weigh from 12 to 15 ounces.
Postage, ea. If sent by railway, one qu.arter or half a cako
should be forwaided.

Feeding Jl/«i!«. — About 3 ounces will be sufficient for
analysis,' Enclose the meal in a 8m.all linen bag. Send it by
sample post.

On forwarding samples sepai-atc letters should bo sent by
post to the laboratory, specifying the u.ature of the informa-
tion required, and, if possible, the object in x'iew.

BuEY St. Edmund's Meeting.- Mr. Milward
reported that the Committee recommended Mr.
Woodrufl's (55, Southwark Bridge Road) tender be
accepted for first and second class refreshments ; that
Mr. Elphick be engaged as Stewards' Assistant on the
usual terms ; that the pay of the Assistant Veterinary
Inspector be increased to il. per diem ; that shedding
and hurdles as per entries bo ordered from the
contractor ; that 50 large placards be placed about the
metronolis, 50 about the railway stations, and 501)
smaller in the country ; that 8000 stock catalogues and
5000 implement catalogues be printed ; that pupils
from the Royal Veterinary College be permitted to
attend as before ; that Mr. Barthropp be requested to
act as Steward of the Poultry department; that an
insurance for 300?. be at once efl"ected on the Wheat
and Barley on the premises of Mr. Nunn, the Mayor
of Bury St. Edmund's, with whom an arrangement for
the supply of forage had been made, including that
which would have been required for cattle, and who
very liberally consented to allow the Council to take
only that which will now be required.
This report was adopted.

CouNTEY Meeting Districts.— The report of
this Committee was referred back to them for
reconsideration. . .

Judges.— A Committee, consisting of Mr. Amos,
Mr. Barthropp, Mr. Bowly, Mr. Clayden, Mr. Davies,
Mr. Druce, Mr. Brandreth Gibbs, Mr. Randell, and
Mr. Robert Smith, were appointed to recommend
Judges of Stock, Implements, Poultry, Butter, and
Cheese, whose Report would be presented at a Special
Council on the 19th inst. „ ., t^ i

Education.— A Committee, consisting of the Larl
of Powis, Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood,
Mr. Acland, M.P. ; Jlr, Dent, M,P. ; Mr. Holland, M.P. ;
Colonel Kingscote, M.P. ; Mr. Wren Hoskyns,
Dr. Voelcker, Mr. Wells, and Professor Wilson, was
appointed to prepare a scheme for carrying out the
Educational Grant for the current year. On the
motion of Lord Walsingham, seconded by Mr.
Dent, M.P., a cordial vote of thanks was accorded to
Mr S, Benj. L. Druce, Honorary Secretary to the
late Education Committee, for his zeal in conductmg
the business, and the care and attention he naa oe-

stowed on it. „ , j j„, „mr.s

Reports relating to the acreage of land under crops

were received from the Board ofTrade, and Reports of

the Agricultural Exhibitions at Vienna and Aarhuus

(Denmark), by Professor Wilson.
The thanks of the Council were o"l«red for the

present of a Silver Meda from the United States

614

THE GAEBEJs^EES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[June S, 1SC7.

Agricultural Society, and it was resolved tbat a Siker
Medal be fetui-ned to the TTnited States Agricultural
Society.

The Journal of Agrimlttire. June, 1867. 150^ Fleet
Street.
Ancient history— Roman and Scottish ; Natural history
—birds of the shores and marshes ; French experience
of portable hen-house, and of their feeding poultry in
the field; another of Mr. Dwarfs chapters on the
improvement of landed estates, referring especially to
the construction of embankments; the news of "the
month included in the farmer's note-book, and in
various trade tables— these make up a magazine with
less variety than usual, but with a good deal to interest
the reader. The Buccleuch Estates form the subject
of what may hereafter be a very instructive asricul-
tural essay ; meantime the writer confines himself to
antiquarian research into the history of the family
rather than of their lands. "WTien those shall come to
be described ; and their history during the past two
generations of occupants has been given as it ought to
be, we shall have a fuU account of all that is most
interesting in the history of English agriculture. The
article on the Agriculture of the Romans is a review
of Dr. Daubeny's recent lecture on the subject, or
rather of the preceding work of the Eev. Adam
Dickson, of Dunse, to which Dr. Daubenv expresses
his obligation. We extract a portion of this' unfinished
essay, illustrating the existence long ago, in Italy, of the
very same maxims and practices that now obtain
among ourselves : —

■■ As to the size of the farms, the Romans had the
excellent rule that ' the farm should be weaker than
the farmer ; ' that is to say, he ought to have capital
enough to manage it properly. They perfectly under-
stood the difference between high and low farriing.

" One of the old rural stories may illustrate this. A
man, it was told, had a vineyard and two daughters.
When the eldest was married he gave her a third of
his vineyard, yet what remained produced as much
wine as before. On the marriage of the second, he
shared the remainder with her, yet the third that was
left to him produced quite as much as the whole had
originally done. Mr. Mechi would not be at a loss to
explain this story.

" Nothing connected with agriculture can be more
important than the condition of the labourers, the
actual cultivators of the soil, the men whose daily toil
produces the food we eat, and in great measure the
raiment which we wear.

" In nothing have we to congratulate ourselves so
much as in the profound difference which exists
between the position of the modern ploughman and
the ancient labourer. The latter was

properly drained. Drains were made from 8 to 4 feet
deep, narrower at the bottom than the top, and packed
with gravel or broken stones. It is probable that tile-
drains, in our sense of the term, were unknown, and
Dickson was of course ignorant of them ; but Daubeny
points out that Cato mentions tiles {tegula) as being
used in the formation of drains ; but he suggests that
they were house-tiles used to prop up the sides of the
drain. As regards ploughing, we say advisedly that
the Romans seem to have understood its true prin-
ciples much better than is done in this country, if we
are to txke what is called prize-ploughing as the
standard of what is considered perfection.

" Prize-ploughing seems to consist in cutting the soil
into equal rid.ges, pressing the subsoil firmly down,
turning over the furrows in rigid order, and leaving
them locked together in one compact mass. If the
object was to prevent the action of the air, no bettei-
means could be devised. Soman ploughing, on the
other hand, left the ground much in the sanie state as
is done by the modern steam-cultivator,— loose and
free, and open to the influences of the atmosphere.
The plough had no mould-board, and by changing the
angle at which it was held, the ground was rather
torn up and loosened than turned over. The depth to
which it was stirred seems generally to have been 9
inches, ;ind the baiUff is directed to carry in his hand a
measure, that, by probing the soil in many places, he
might see that the labourers were executing the work in
a proper manner. After a time many of the ploughs
were furnished with wheels. Our ploughmen follow
with praiseworthy uniformity one of tlie directions
given to the Romans, which was to stop and rest the
oxen at what in Scotland is called the 'rig-ends.' Here
they were to lift the collars, and let the air cool the
necks of the cattle."

W.

On Disinfectants.— By Dr. Augustus Voeleker.
Clowes and Sons, ijtamford Street, S.
At a time when our anxieties have been rudely
re-awakened, and rumours of Cattle Plague are again
everywhere surrounding us, the republication from" the
"Bath and West of England Journal" of its paper
on the subject, by so trustworthy a man as Dr.
Voeleker, ought to be made known. The reader may
safely rely on what he here learns of the possibilities
and impossibilities of prevention, isolation, and disin-
fection, and on the relative values of the several means
that have been recommended. The follomng are Dr.
Voelcker's general observations on the various disinfec-
tants here treated of : —

"1. Chlorine, nitric acid, and sulphur fumigations,

in order to be efficacious, cannot be used in sheds where

animals are kept.

"2. In applying disinfectants, such as chloride of

,, , lime, or carbolic acid, it .should be reiuemhei-ed that

, . . -; . ,----„ ; ■■-,•- slave, and a the disinfectants must be used in qu,intities propor-

slaveiua sense to which all modern slavery bears no i tionate to the amount of matter or surface to be

comparison He was not, like the African, of an infe- disinfected; a mere sprinkling of chloride of lime or

nor race. He was tlie victim of war, perhaps a gallant \ carbolic acid solution does no good.

soldier taken in battle, or, even worse, a native who, | " .3. When two or more disinfectants are used, care

Irom debt or some other cause, had lost his per.soual [ must be taken that the mode of action of one does not

liberty. He ms .lable to be subiectod to the most : neutralise that of another. Oxvdizing agents, that is

cruel tortur^ at the mere caprice of Ins owner, and he ; substances which, like chlorine'or nitric "acid, destrov I

miglit even be put to death without any form of law. > organic matter, must not he employed simultaneously

uu one occasion a man was crucified simply because ; with antiseptics, i. e., sub.stances which have the power

he was lound to possess a boar-spear— not, we presume, ' of preventing decomposition.

i?Lf"'I„,l^'i S°f ^'°"' ^"' i'"' '"•^*ing the law that I '^ Thus, chlorine or chloride of lime must not be used

of lime be applied at the same time with sulphur
fumigations. But cow-slieds m.ay well be fumigated
with sulphur vapours, and then washed over with

slaves should not possess anus. Such" instances of
cruelty and oppression were no doubt rare ; but a sad
view of the Roman labourer's life is derived from

Cato's directions to masters as to the management of ,. ,

flieir servants. In a book where such .slight affairs as ; carbolic acid, inasmuch as both agents are good antT-
recipes for tarts and puddings are duly discussed, he ' septics

fw ''"P"'^'"^ t^\' o" t^»«=.i'- 'f;s,its to their estates ; •' 4. IJefore disinfecting cow-sheds, stables, pens, &c.,
tney should see that all their old or disabled slaves all manure, loose straw, hay, &c., should be removed
^^IL t ' f'^'Jt'^-it'.t'iey miaht not I'urdeu the pro- i and the place thoroughly cleansed with hot water, soft
perty. Poor fellows! we wonder who bought them, I soap or soda

"■"^^ rLrn/'^.^" i„"i"-""*^ ^f^ '.*,,, I " ^''"" ^^f'^'y'^ ^^1<«. tl^e "S" of artificial disinfectants

™.vll„y^'t„i, '0"S'ns™'l food the ahourer seems j should not be dispensed with, but their application
very much to have resembled the Scottish bothy-man t should always be preceded by the free use of soft soap
?iir^ present day. Like him, he was entirely a vege- or soda-ash and plenty of water, and be f dlowed up
wh^Pb b» rlff^li ?°'"l?'! ';\'i'"-''™lj of. bread of | by thoroughly veiitilating the place two or three days
Te^n^in^ t„^^ ""^ from 3 to 5 lb. avordupois per day ! before putting healthy stSck ag^n into the premises,
work ne?fo?meH W?1?V' r fi""' Ta^-^" T"™-' "^I "»• ^'"' <=^rth, and water am the three great natural
^nsonfof ni^v„: n^i lru'"''V'^'^\''™,'l'''f'S"' r""^^^^^^ ■^'^'o'^' when acting in mutual concert
conr P wL inlSi ; ™ohhke. For dnnk he had a ' efficiently prevent accumulations of organic filth and
nf th».^n?,„„J 1 7i '""'"'' '^■'u" the husks and skins | attendant diseases. All three agencies are needed to
°L; J 1 A?' ■ "■"«^'ii''5 ""f allowed /4 gallons in the i maintain the health of man and beast. If the soil is
L„/'„°f ;lt'l°;!*?.?';AY.' "*'^l arule, the quantity not sufficiently porous to allow the rapid passage of

" ' i water and air through its interstices, organic refuse

matters, instead of becoming completely oxydized and
transformed into inorganic, as is the' case in well-
drained thoroughly aerated soils, give rise to foul
smelling and highly injurious products, which may be

was not very strictly measured.' Salt andvineg'ar were
also supplied, and he had occasionallv Maize, Apples
Pears, Figs, and oil. The only approach to animal food
was a small quantity of salted fish. Pork is not
mentioned, and as for beef or mutton, they were out
of the question. Oxen were reared for their labour ;
and at one period it was a capital ofl'ence to kill a
bullock for food. Sheep were kept for the sake of
their wool and of their milk, of which cheese seems to
have been exclusively made. It was also the duty of
the master to clothe the slave. Mr. Dickson states
that, when he wrote, a laTjourer in the south of Scot-
land received as wages l/ilb. of oatmeal per week,
being exactly the amount now given in the central
districts at the present day. The ploughman was also
niud Is. per week ; in the present day he gets 7s. Mr.
Dickson makes no mention of milk, but surely it must
have been given in his time as part of the ploughman's
wages ? Upon the whole, Mr. Dickson calculates that
the Roman slave cost rather more than the Scotch
labourer of 1770.

"It is not our purpose to attempt, within the neces-
sarily circumscribed limits of this article, to enter into
any minute detail of the various operations of Roman
agriculture, and we shall only endeavour to present the
reader with a sketch of its leading fesfures. To begin
at the foundation of all. good farming, the Romans were
well acquainted with the Beoe.8sity tor the land being

termed products of partial combustion. Earth may be
compared to the grate or oven in which organic filth is
burned, water to the person who feeds the grate with
combustible materials, and air to the fire (oxygenjwhich
destroys the combustible refuse matters. Perfect
drainage, ventilation, and a good supply of water are,
for these reasons, our best safeguards against nuisance
and infection.

"6. Artificial disinfectants cannot properly supply
the place of these essential purifiers, which are employed
in Nature's economy to maintain the well-being of man
and beast. Artificial disinfectants are only useful in
pecial cases, or for a temporary purpose. "

Farm Memoranda.

Meese of Beewickshike: June 1.— Three weeks
ago it was possible to report the young corn as flourish-
ing, although grey slugs were swarming among clay
land Oats. The change, however, that then took nlnce
gavetlie wretches the advantage, and in the course n,^a
fortnight oi withering weather from N. and B., they
have rt'ell nigh made am end of the esco^ in portions of

fields. It is worthy of note that the destruction was
most marked where the muck had been applied on tie
young Grass of the previous year. It was pleasing ,to
observe the destroyers wriggling under a dressing of
salt, and it may be hoped that the nitrate of soda will
stimulate the remaining plants to do their best. During
all this time pastures were steadily failing, and young
seeds getting quite bare in all but the most favourable
circumstances, and consequently store stock is duller to
sell than ever. But cold winds, and comparatively dry, '
did something towards repairing the damage already
inflicted on fallows, in the course of so troublesome aij(J
uncertain a season.

_A considerable portion of Swedes were sown ia
middling order on free soils, and we notice the flea in
attendance to-day. Since ]\Ionday's thunder and rain,
little has been done on the land; but vegetation
answers to the milder temperature, and the wind is
fine and drying this afternoon.

We men of theMersehave now amongst us a working
example of steam culture on Fowler's double engine
system. With such a motive powei', the grubbar
attains the rank of a practicable implement ; ao^
where the maker makes provision against breakages
and loss of time by the excellence of his workmanshipu
his tackle must command the approval of practiosl
men. J. T.

OvEBSTONE Geasge, Noethampton.— Mr. Walljs
— occupying a home farm of 37o acres arable, with 28m
pasture, and also a large grazing farm at a distanc6=r
has had five years' experience of steam cultivation. The
soil of the hirgest part of the farm is a clay loam, wi%
a subsoil of calcareous clay— a drift clay, containing
flint and other pebbles and small fragments of chalk;
four lar.ge fields are of stifl" clay ; some of the land has
clay and sand veins, which are noted for being "either
all bricks or all mortar ; " and a portion of the farm is
of a lighter description, adapted for Turnip aswelliag
Beau growing. There is very little stone to interfere
with the progress of the implements or to grind the
rope. The surface presents gentle slopes, without being
steep or hilly in more than two or three fields, and the
enclosures are large, haviujj been squared and fences
straightened some time before steam ploughing was
adopted. In some fields an exchange of propei'ty h^
enabled a straight fence to be struck, in place of a most
crooked boundary; and old parish bounds and the sites
of grubbed-up hedges are seen across several of Mr.
Wallis's fields by ttie big timber trees still left standing
in line in the middle of green crops and stubblqs.
Were it not for these remnants of " the forest primevsJ^
ttis farm would be splendidly laid out for steam tillage;
as it is, we know from experience in similar situation^,
that many plough skifes must be broken in the course
of a year against the huge roots of these field trees;
and the necessity for going at a snail's pace when under
their shadow, and shifting the ropes twice at each tree, ,
must lose the engine and men a great deal of precious
time. We observed, too, that while Mr. Wallis sid^
up his Thorn fences to perfection (topping, however,onlp
in the winter, so as not to weaken the growth by '■
cutting away too much green), many of the fences afe '
over-crowded with timber — a state of things eminently
mischievous, we should say, to the, tenant, and of no
earthly advantage to the ]iroprietor, seeing that the
trees are damaging one another, and the felling of opsr
half would both enhance the picturesque eifect aw
promote t!ie growth into profit of the rem;iin4er.
Perhaps we may be permitted to name here Ito i
examjjle of Lord Leicester, whose practice is to sell
injurious hedge-row or outstad'ding timber to his
tenants at below market x^rice, with an order wf
immediate cutting down.

At the Leeds meeting, in 1861, Mr. Wallis purchased
a Fowler 14-horse engine, cultivator, and plough, with
drag harrow to work at the side ; and added a '" rope
carrier," or light four-wheeled carriage, with reel u^ob
it, made by Amies & Barford, of Peterborough, whim
he finds very handy in removals, and for taking care of
tlie most costly wearing part of the tackle. Elaborate
book-keeping has not been pursued with respect to t^
steam tillage, so that we can record only the experienoJ
and results as they appear in the long run. The engifle
is used entirely in field work, an old portable doiog
duty with the threshing machine, &c., and no steajja
culture has been undertaken off this one farm. The
"road gear" of the engine has stood well, no difficulty
or special -delay has arisen with the anchorage, the
implements, or " slack gear ; " and only a very few new
" clips " have been required on the drum. Between
.300 and 400 acres have been grubbed or ploughed eaoji
year, say nearly 2000 acres in the five years, and the
renewal of rope has amounted to only 650 yards : the
remaining portion of old rope is still working, and the
650 yards of new is, in our judgment, about one-fourth
worn. The consumption of rope due to the 2000 acres
work would appear to be about 900 yards length, or say
about Is. per acre. The daily performance is 6 acres
with the digger or the plough, and 12 acres with the
cultivator, the coal burned being 15 cwt. per cW, at
\bs. per ton. The water is carted from a brook, or
from the homestead, as most convenient.

To shift the whole machinery from one field to
another generally occupies four horses and the steam
hands for three hours.

On the principal part of the farm a five-course
rotation of cropping is adopted, that is to say (1) Turnips,
(2) Wheat, (3) Bariey, (t) seed.s, (5) Wheat; or else
(ij Turnips, (2) Oats, (3) Wheat or Barley, (4) seeds,
(5) Wheat. "The steam work embraces " smashing up "
all the Wheat stubble for the fallow crop or for the
Barley — the preparation for roots consisting of " three
times over" with the cultivator or the plough, while
tho seed bed for Barley is workeJ twice. When clean,
*hn laud is broken in by ilie "digtrer;" ivhen any
twitch has to be eradicated, the cultivator is the first
tool employed. Then, fturther, a pcfftsoa of the eieii

.TrxE 8. 18Cr.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL (JAZETTF.

610

(Inver or nftermath) is ploiigbed bv the engine for
^\'heat; the remainder beiu^ ploui^ed, as usual, by
horses ' And Mr. Wallis makes admirable steam
plouehinp with the shallow furrow slices requisite for
a Wheat seed bed by di'iving five 8-inch wide instead
of four lO-iutrii wide furrows— thus obtaining; the right
proportional diaaeui^ion.s Jbj- uo^^J^v -tur-niftK work mh'
5 inches in depth ; and the dras hnrrow hun^ beside
the plough reduces to tilth, \vithont the trampJ-ing of
horses hoofs. By ajudicious application of steam power
husbandry, the fallow break, at first starting, was
cultivated only 6 or 7 inches deep; whereas now, the
digger is put in 9 or 10 inches ; and this cautious
ana sensible method of procedure has undoubtedly
avoided many of the disappointments which have over-
taken some adventurous steam ploughmen before they
began to realise the wondrous profits they had expected.

Mr. AVallis's Turnii) crops are certainly very tine,
and his practice is to feed off about three-fourths— the
other quarter being carted to the homestead. One
iield of Rape was shown us, part of which had
been steam tilled and the other horse ploughed : the
plant was small and somewhat " foxy " ou the latter
part, but very thick, high, and luxuriant on the
" streamed " portion of the land. We had the pleasure
of walking over " a good farm, well done ; " the stubbles
being strong and the whole farm remarkably clean,
excepting only one "close," a little Grassy, and this is
a Wheat stubble, the seed bed for the Wheat having
been ploughed 5 inches deep by steam power, after one
year's K-ye-grass. On the four fields of clay soil green
crons have been a gain entirely due to steam cultivation
takmg the jdace of bare fallow in a four-course rotation,
which brings Beans and Clover every eighth year. Mr.
Wallis has not greatly reduced his stock of farm horses,
the U he used to work being now lessened by two or
three.

The drainage of the farm was formerly accomplished
by bundles of wood tied up and buried some 18 inches
deep, and this sort of work stood (in some places) for
25 years. All is now well drained with ]upes at an
average depth of 4 feet;, that is, varying from 3^ to
4^ feet; the old broad high ridges liave been gradually
lowered, and now " the water sinks away better " after
the steam work than after horse ploughing. From
Mr. Clarke's Reporfs on Steam Cultivation in the
Journal of the English Agricultural Socreti/.

Miscellaneous*

Birmingham Horse and Sound &/iow. — The entries
for the approaching Horse and Hound Show, in
Kinsley Hall, closed on Tuesday last, and are of a very
^;itisfactory character. For the horse prizes there will
I'o about 250 competitors— amply sufficient to till every
liortion of the hall which can be appropriated to them.
Ill our next publication we shall be enabled to supply
Ihe details as to the various divisions ; but we may in
ilic meantime state that of hunters^ especially, there
will be a splendid collection. With regard to the
hounds, we understand that several well-known packs
will bo represented. We may also take this oppor-
tunity of reminding our readers that the interest of
the exhibition will not be limited to these two descrip-
tions of animals, and that it will be rendered addi-
tionally attractive by a display of carriages, harness,
saddlery, and stable fittings. The executive body will
spare no efforl-s to render the arrangements within the
hah as complete as possible; and, as the railway com-
panies aro making liberal arrangements for special
trains to bring visitors from a distance, a successful
result of tlie undertaking may be confidently
anticipated.

Beniarkable Coio. — A correspondent in the Conntnj
Gentleman gives an account of an astonishing yield of
milk by an Ayrshire cow, bred and owned by Mr. S.
Scammon, of Stratham, N.H. The writer of tbe com-
munication from which we quote took considerable
personal trouble to a,scertain the facts of the case, and
vouches for the correctness of the statements. The
cow was "of a pale yellow colour, and girths
6 feet 3 inches." The year that she was six years old
Mr. Scammon kept an "exact account" of the butter
made from this remarkable cow, which amounted to
610 lb. Her milk weighed 14,540 lb.— being almost
40 lb. per day through tlie year, and nearly 13 lb. per
week of butter through the year. Mr. Scammon gives
his cow good hay during the winter, and generally
2 quarts of conn meal per day when she gives milk. In
summer he gives her 4 quarts of meal per day till
July, then decreases to 2 quarts, and after haying turns
her out to Grass, and gives no meal. He also gives
her green corn stalks in the season of them. He thinks
the meal is principally useful in increasing the quality
rather than the quantity of the milk. His two
daughters, he says, milk this cow, " erne on each side
of her, with a large pail apiece."

House Seioage. — I have caught in cemented cesspools,
for 20 years, the sewage of this establishment, consisting
of upwards of a hundred persons, and I find its value
may be computed at from 10*. to 12.?. per head annually.
I think, if the whole excreta of human beings be pre-
served, it would, if returned to the soil, reproduce the
amount of vegetable food eaten by them, or at least but
little less. The value of the excreta of 15 persons would
not be more than 12/. annually. In erecting tanks, the
water from sinks, which is valueless, ought to be
separated and allowed to subside, and the return from
waterciosets and bedroom slops alone ought to be taken
into the cemented tanks. If the tanks be far from the
house, a practical difficulty arises in the separation
occasionally, as the water may be necessary to flush the
drains. I have used for upwards of 20 years a Beane's
cesspool cart, which is exceedingly rapid and ea,^y in
its action of emptying cesspools, and it costs me about
Zl. annually to empty my cesspools. Their contents are
best disposed of on a dung or rubbish heap, as they are
too concentrated and potent to be applied directly to I

the soil, and a dilution or admixture of some kind must
be used. I beliovo my cart is the only one in use ; and
as I have made some alterations in it since it was
su]tplied to mo by Messrs. Deano, of King William
Street, 20 years ago, I shall be happy to explain its
nature and use if needs be. I may add that tlio
value ^f manure lijcaps \v> doubied by the apiili-
cation of sewage, as the crops of Wurzel will
at once prove. In my experience the straw
absorbs the urine of tho horses, and not a drop
of this most valuable liquid ought to be wasted.
J. D. M. Pearce, Cravfwrd Colhge, Maidenhead,

Berks, in Field. 1 have used on (Jrass land the

entire drainage of a household of about i;i persons for
tho last three years with great advantage to the land
and very little trouble. Having at that time to
rearrange tho whole drainage of the premises, 1 con-
structed a cesspool to contain the sewage that might
collect in three weeks, and carried every drain of house
and stable into it, fixing a i>ump by which it could be
e;us,ib; emptied into a cart. I have used it during
the time on H acres of land, which have had uo other
manure, and have been grazed and mown alternately.
The character of the Grass has decidedly improved,
and I have never found any evil result from spreading
the sewage in dry weather, which has at times to be
done, as I make a rule of emptying the tank once a
fortnight. I have tivico had tbe [cesspool opened and
the solid matter cleaned out. This produces wonderful
ctrect on the Grass, and is done in frosty weather
without nuisance. Four hours' work for a man and
horse once a fortnight removes ajid spreads all the
drainage we collect. I may add that, as we preserve all
the rain collected from the roofs, there is nothing in
the cesspool but pure sewage. W. X., in Field.

Beclamaf ion from the ^S'm.— At the recent discussion
on this subject before the Royal Agricultural Society —

Mr. Hardin(1 said he had had considerable experience nf
the reclamation of lands durinfr many years residence at
Ivirg's Lynn. For 20 years he had had a con.siderable portion
of the fen lands nnder his control, and had, in the capacity of
contr.ictor, executed nearly ^ULi,OO0/. of work. His first under-
taking was a sea embankment near Louth, It was at the
entrance to the LIuniber, and there were undoubtedly different
slopes there. The first portion of the bank was silt ; then they carue
to a strongj clay ; and the slope varied from sis to one to three
to one, according to the position and the manner in which the
bank was struck by the tide. On the Norfolk coast, between
Cromer and Wells, thei'e was a bank four miles long, and
there the slopes were five to one, the material being uf clay.
In Norfolk and Lincolnshire they saw nothing of stone ; for it
would not do to go to so great an expense in reclaiming the
land for agricultural purposes : 40?. per acre would never cover
the expense. In 1839, he remembered, Sii- John Rennie devised
a pl.in for inclosing several hundred acres of land on the
Wisbech river. It was a bold project ; the proposition being
to make an immense bank, and cut off the whole of the sea.
The contract was undertaken for something like 00,000^
Every practical man wlio knew the Fen country said it was
impossible to carry it out, becaup.e every time there was a
spring -tide the large tract of land w.-is covered with water.
When the work was partly done it was found that the back
water w.as so great that it was impossible to proceed, and the
conti-actor was ruined. The way to do it would be to run
across small embankments, which could be cast up by a tool
instead of baiTow work. This would divide the work into
sections, and largely increase the chances of success, because
the area of the waterway was gradually reduced. The land
would thus be reclaimed piece by piece. The value of land
depended of course a gi'eat deal upon what it had cost. Some-
times land could be brought from the sea at two or three pounds
jiur acre. On portions of tbe Norfolk coast the land was veiy
licb, while on other coasts it was very poor and miserable. On
the Essex coast he knew a piece of land that was enclosed ; all
the coast was impregnated and poisoned by something that
came from the oysters, and since the land had been enclosed
millions of ant-hills had risen, costing about 31. an acre every
year to level them. The Grass did not grow till late in the
season, and as soon as the hot weather came, the land began to
crack. The consequence was that no tenant could pay his
rent. In Norfolk it was different, because you got a sufficient
quantity of alluvial soil to make the land pay well. Various
reasons were given for this richness. His opinion was that
the sea had nothing to do with it. There were two
sources to which he looked : one was the matter washed out
of the drains into the rivei-, and the other was tbe animalcuhe
deposited. It was possible to achieve gi-eat results by judicious
enclosure of land. Some time ago he was asked to' make a
certain embankment ; but, as a practical man, he declined. A
Loudon engi:ieer in the neighbourhood came forward, and,
although he was told the work was impracticable, he said
there was no difficulty, and imdertook to do it in six weeks, at
the moderate cost uf between 400?. and 600/. The gentleman
wished to make an earth embankment with brick-bats and
faggots, and a wooden tunnel at the bottom. The work went
on for 16 weeks, 400PL was spent, and the first tide that came
swept every pai-ticle of the bank away. He mentioned this to
show that, after all, practical experience was the chief thing
to guide those who attempted the reclaiming of hinds, A
great deal more might be done in improving our rivers. The
chief thing, was to train rivers : as a rule the back waters were
not sufficiently concentrated to scour a deep channel. Faggots,
if used, might be placed at a slope of about one to one ; and it
was astonishing how well they stood.

Notices to Correspondents.

Diseased Skin : Bidl Calf. A correspondent \vrites as
follows :— I have a valuable bull calf, which was affected
by a heat or itch in its akin a few days after birth. I
have rubbed it all over twice with grease and powdered
sulphur mixed, but this does not seem to kill the affection.
The hair comes off in large patches, and now a scurf skin is
coming off. The calf is now seven weeks old, and although
thriving, tho constant itching must keep it back, and I
know it is not vermin. [The irritation of the skin^ may
arise from the growth of a vegetable parasite. Avoid all
greasy compounds, which will aggravate the evil. Wash
tho calf with warm water containing 1 ounce of soft soap to
the gallon, and immediately afterwards sponge the skin
with a lotion composed of 2 ounces of carbolic acid (the
purest you can obt.ain) in one gallon of warm soap and
water. Tbe same solution which is to be used for the
washing will do. If the calf is kept in. thoroughly clean
out the shed, and give the animal a supply of fresh litter.
Repeat the washing and sponging two or three times, at
intervals of a few days.]

Oats : R S. Thirty-eight pounds a bushel indicates a very
poor and chaffy sample. Oats will generally weigh 41 lb. or
42 lb. a bushel ; and a very, good pfuuple will wjgh 44 lb. or
43 lb. The'so-callod Canadian Oafs rfo'metimes w©igh 4618^
or4Slb.

pARSON'S ANTI-COUROSION PAINT,

\^ PatroniBod by tho Nobility and Oontry, Is oxtonsively used
for nil klT.dR of t)UT-DOOR WORK. uiiU is proved, naor a tost
of 711 y earn, to suriiass any other I'ulnl. It In ON|iociftllv applicable
to Iron, Woixl, Stonu, Brick, Com|"i, lunl U thu orjly I'aliit that will
eftuctnallv ri'slut tliy rays of tho mhii upon Cunsi^r/atorlos, Oreen-
liniiMCH, I'rniiieM, &c. Ik twlco a-s dunihio iu< gonuiiio White Lead, 80
simple in application that any purnon oan iiku it, p^^ f^^

WIllTK, LIOHT STONK. HATU, and UOHT rORTLAJTD

uoLonus 30«.

LKAD.CIIOCOLATK, RKD, PURPLK, RROWN.andlJLACK 26a

BRUJlir tJREEN, DkKt' GRKLN.und liLTTE 4^*.

Proparod Olli MIXTURE lor tlio ANTl CORROSION.
OILS, TURPENTINE. VARNISHES, BRUSHES, ftc.
.■) cwt. Free to all Statluna In England and Wak-K. and most Porti
of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and TuBtlmoulalH noat post froe.

Wa4JB|1 CaIWoK & S"'NB,

La Bollo Snuvago Yard, LiidKato Hill, Lontlnn, EC.
Caution.— All Casks should bear tho Trado Murk. .No Af^eata.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATKNT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varaish Is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It Is used in tho
errounds at \Vind,sor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at tho soats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentrj', from whom the mo-U flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
application.

From RoBT. Rajkes, Esq., East Da7e, near BrougJi, Yorkshire.

"I have used your Black varnish for park palings and consider It
to be tbe nm-st durable and best thing of the kind 1 have ever eeen.
I thmk it might be applied with still greater advantage to iron
fencing instead of paint, and it is my intention so to employ it in
future. "

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. Gd. per gallon, at tha
■Manufactory, or Is, 8rf. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Hill & Smith. Brierly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22. Cinuon Street West, E.C., from whom only it can be obtained.

'^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

COW FITTINGS.

Their advaiiUitiLS arc— Poi:t;Lli:l,i,y. nob Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partituns to impede Ventil.ition or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecess.ary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, diu^ble, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of Fitting per Cow, SSs.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winslcv Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with .several important Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

w.

S. BOULTON'S 36--alloii SWING WATER

BARROW. Price 45s.
Carriage paid to any Station in England.

The above is very cheap and invaltisblo for carrying Liquids of ail
kinds. No Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard should ha with-
out one. Two or more Tubs cin be had with one Carriage at a small
additional cost. A Lad can easily ffrork it ; but if requued to travel
long distances over rough ground a Pony cin bo attached, uhe
wheels and carriage are vrrought iron, and tbe tub oak. The fol-
lowmg, out of many Testimooials, have been received :—

From Lord Otho FirzGERALn. M'cM Pari', SaH-iburil.

•' Sin,— You are welcome to make ^se of my letter recommandtng
your Water Barrow. I find it oi great use, and fiti'Kicer, better,
lighter, and more serviceable than one 1 had mide m the neiK|>-
boiirhoori. the carriaee alone of which, without th^ banel. cost me
£3 lOs. I unfortunately ordered it before I saw y.mr arivertiaement.
—I am, yours obediently. " O. Fitzgerald.

"To Mr. W. S. BocLTOs." , ,„.

From Tros. Ivr.LE. Esq., M.D., Fmsworth, Hants, Junc2i 1866

"Sia,-Th8 Swing Water Barrow is in every respect ^™ost admir-
able improvement ou all I have h'tl>erto used in ni% Gardens au
parties who hare Been it. Qentlemea as weU jf G^j^f «f«i ?^J^
bestowe.. upon it their unqualified ^PP^°'^'-..";^,fT^rt' ^m D "^
would order them of you.— Tours truly, >tttJ?- ixgli, sa.u.

^•ToMr. W. a BooLTON.^*

Rose Lane Iron and Wtre Works, Norwich.

616

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUKAL GAZETTE.

[June 8, 1867.

EANSOMES & SIMS'

NEW LAWN MOWER. THE AUTOMATON.

A NEW AND FIRST-CLASS MACHINE, WHICH HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED.
CONTAINS MANY IMFEOVBMENTS.

THE AUTOMATON LAWN MOWER.

PRICES, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND FULL PARTICULARS, FREE, FROM

RANSOMES AND SIMS, IPSWICH.

«

WARNER'S SILICATE OF IRON PAINT.

The peculiarities and advantages of this PAINT are that it will stand extreme Heat and Damp, and is not affected by Acid, Sea 'Water, Sulphuretted
Hydrogen, or Ammonia. It is equally -well adapted for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Every Shade of Colour ground to order. The Creamy White and
Bright Stone will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of the fumes of Gases. It has no smell, and there is an entire abienue of deleterious effect.

. WARNER'S ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION

Is suitable for Felt Roofing, and is a cheap Coating for Iron Work, and preserves Wood in India from tlie ravages of the White Ant.

Price Is. 3d. per Gallon.

17, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.G.

JAMES PHILLIPS & CO.,

HORTICULTURAL GLASS MERCHANTS,

180, BTSHOPSGATE STREET WITHOUT, LONDON, E.G.

JAMES PHILLIPS and CO. HAVE THE PLEASDEE TO SUBSIIT THE FOLLOWING DESIGNS AND PKICES. THE FLOWER BASKETS AEE
MADE OF FLME CLAY, AND SUITABLE FOR THE GARDEN, CONSERVATOKY, OR SITTING-ROOM.

\

V

\\'

No. 1.
FLOWER BASKETS.

8 inches diameter

9
10
11
12
13
14

Eftch. — s. d.

2

0

15 inches diameter . .

2

3

16

2

6

17

2

9

18

3

0

19

3

3

20

3

y

21

4 6

5 0

5 6

6 6

7 6

8 6
10 0

No. 2.
FLOWER BASKETS.

7 inch

9
10
11
12
13

. 1 6

14 inch

. 1 9

15 „

. 2 0

16 ,,

. 2 3

17 „

. 2 6

18 „

. 2 9

19 „

. 3 0

20 „

Each.— 5.
3
3
3
4
4
5
5

ZINC AGUARIA.

As per Sketch, Glazed with stout Sheet Glass, and
Slate Bottoms.

Eacb.— £ s. d.
12 inches long . . 0 18 0

16 14 0

Each,— £ s.

18 inches long . . 1 7
20 „ „ . . 1 10
24 „ „ .. 1 16

Larger or Smaller Sizes in proportion.

12 inches

14 „
10 „

15 ,,
20 „

FERN CASES.

h.— £ s. d.

. 1 0 0 I 22 inches

, 1 3 0 j 24 ,,

, 1 6 0 26 „

. 1 10 0 28 „

, 1 14 0 30 „

Each.— £ !.■. d.

.. 1 IS 0
.,220
.. 2 10 0
.. 3 0 0
.. 3 10 0

FERN CASES
With Circular Tops, 3*. extra on above prices.

GLASS FERN SHADES aud STANDS.

No. 3.

Each.— s.

d.

6 inches dia. 3

0

7

.. 3

6

8 „

.. 4

0

9

.. 4

6

10 „

.. 5

6

11

.. 6

6

12 „

.. 8

6

13 „

.. 10

6

li „

.. 13

6

15

.. 17

6

16

.. 22

6

BEST ROUND AftUARIA,

With Ebony Stands.

Each.— .1.

d.

12 inches

. . o

0

17 inches

13 „

.. 6

0

18 „

14 ,,

.. 8

0

19 „

15 „

.. 9

0

20 „

16 ;;

.. 10

0

Svpt

12 0

i;i n

14 0

15 0

Is. ea

GLASS FERN SHADES.

With Rustic Stands.

No. 1.

a inches dia.

. . 0

0

9 „

.. r.

6

10

.. 8

0

11 ,•

.. 9

6

12

.. 12

6

No. 2.

Each.— £ s.

d.

a inches dia. . . 0 2

6

6 „

. 0 3

0

7

. 0 4

0

8 „

."0 4

6

9 „

. 0 5

6

10

. 0 7

6

11 ,1

. 0 9

6

12 „

. 0 12

6

13

. 0 16

0

14

. 1 0

0

15

. 1 6

0

16 „

. 1 13

0

Glass Shades for Ornaments, IFropagating^ Glasses, Milh Tans, Cucumber Tubes, Glass for Sortimltural Fmposes, Pamis of all Shades,

and variom Miscellaneous Articles ; see separate Lists.

June 8, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS' CKRONICLE AND AGllICULTUllAL GAZETTE.

617

Lawn Mowers.

GBKKN'S PATKNT. I SAMUELSON'S PATENT.

SHANKS' PATENT. I ISAUNARD'S PATENT.

DEANE & CO.,

4G, KING WILLIAM ST., LONDON BRIDGE.

Horticultural Tools, &c.

LAWN MOWINU UlAI'lllNES. f.in., 711.1,. IHK, M0».

GARDEN HAIIROWS, W 1 iiii.l Ir.jii, 'Jl.!. una 'JIJs.

OARTIKN E.VdINKS. OiiKiii]!™! Ii'.iTi. rrlcim, Wi»..ll6«..78»., 90«.,HI0«.. U0».
OARDKN Kdl.LKK.S, £1 K.,,., £1 |.|.,., £,«, £,■^^,, M.. i,2Via.U., « 2». IW.
STEEL IIUlllINc; KlJUKS, Sl'ADKS, SCYTUES, 4o.
GREENIKIU.SK .SVHlNliHS nii.l HARDEN I'UMPS.
WIRE NETTING luij URNAMENTAL WIRE WORK.
GARDEN SHATS iind CHAIRS.
FLOWER STANDS, L'lwt-lron and Wlro
STRAINED WIRE FENCING mid IRON HURDLES.
HOT-WATER FITT'INGS for OliEENHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES,
FORCING PITS, So.

Deane^s New Ithisti-ated UorticulUiral Catalogue post free
on application.

Established a.d. 1700.

DEANE AND CO., 46, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, E.G.

/^AUDKN SEATS, TABLES, CHAIRS, HTDHO-

^7,, ,',."„''™'„'i','>.'i'^'5,1i, ■'-''" "^l^S. ■'AWN MOWeAs, GARDEN
,'^L',M'.^n;,„^v'i.','?„,-^S""^"l HURDLES, STRAiNED and
CONTINUUU.S FE.NCING supiiflcjd hy

J. Jo.-Jha 4 SoNB, 0, Rttnkatdo, Sonthwark, London, S.E.

National Horticultural ExWbltlon.

OEAKD'S PATENT METALLIC GKEENHOUSES

and CONSERVATORIES.

GARDEN VASES, CHAIRS, oud ROLLERS.

ORNAMENTAL WIRE WORK.

UEjVTINQ APPARATUS.

W. BLMMtTr, JuD., Sir TUonias'H Bulldlnga.
Iron Foundry, Liveri>ool.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

IMPROVED LAWN MOWING MACHINES.

EVERY MACHINE WAEKANTED.

PRICES.

Delivered Free to any Uailway Station in Great Britain,

Cutting 12 inchea wide £4 10 0

Cutting 14 inches wide 550

Cutting 16 inches wide ,, ., 600

Cutting 19 inches wide .. ,. .. .. ., G 10 0

Cutting 22 inches wide 7 10 0

Cutting 25 inches wide 12 0 0

Cutting 30 inches wide . , . , , . , . , , 15 0 0

Cutting 36 inches wide 18 0 0

Great improvemeuls have been made in these Machines duiing the last few years, in regard to all those small but important points of Buperlority which the practical working
of a Lawn Mower suggests ; while for elegance of appearance, lightness of draft, and efficiency in working they cannot be excelled. They possess the following advantages : —

Ist. Motion is given to the Cutting Apparatus by toothed geariiig, which experience has proved to be by far the best method of driving.

2d, The whole of the Driving Wheels are on one side of the Machine, a point of great importance in preventing damage to Shrubs and Flowers, when mowing round the
edges of beds.

3d, All the smaller working parts of the Machine are made of Malleable Iron, and are not liable to break.

I^° Jllustrated Price Lists, with selections from several Thousand Testimonials, Free by Post on application*

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS, BANBURY.

LONDON WABEHOUSE : 10, LAUEENCE FOUNTNEY LANE, E.G.

AGENTS i—MeBsrs. TANGYE BROTHERS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE PODNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DRAY,
TAYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Sti-eet, E.C. ; and all respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom.

S. OWENS & CO.

(Late CLINTON and OWENS),
MANUFACTURERS OF

PUMPS and HYDRAULIC MACHINERY,

WHITEERIARS STREET, LONDON, E.C.

T'l^,'^-*^™^*^'''^^ SKETCH shows an adnplalion of THE IMPROVED HYDRAULIC RAM. This is a simple

-1- Self-acting Machine, suited for raising a Sup^jly ol Water for use in I^iblic and Private Ebtablishments. Its adoption is not confined to
positions as shown, but it is suited for any situation where a Fali can be obtained from a Stream, Brook, or Spring.

S. OWENS AND CO. have fixed a great many in various parts of the coimtry for raising from 600 to 6000 or more Galloni net day to
elevations varymg from 30 to 300 feet, and forcing through Main Pipes 60 yards to several miles in length. u»"ou. per ua, i,u

No. 37. IMPROVED TREBLE BARREL PUMPS, with HORSE GEARING for Raising Water from DEEP

WELLS, for the supply of MANSIONS and PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

No. 28a. DOUBLE BARREL PUMPS for HAND-POWER for simUar purposes.

,,i,,*!'t£V^'*'' """ ""^ Mani.f.ctuie and Erect every description of Engineer's Work required in Public or Private Establishments such as
^.'icFSl°.!.^y' J'i';f;£'=°.!;."i''i?J^?''"' smaHest scale, steam ENGI1«ES, WATER WHEELS. TURBINES, WARMING and 6BriNa
APPARATUS, BAl'BS, GAS WOTlKS and FITTING^. Estimates tomisbed from Plans or on Inspection of position; t-nim"*

l^° Illustrated Catalogues Free o?i application^

28«.

ftl-8

flE. GARBENEKS' CIIEONICI.E Mi> AGMetJEItJRAL GAZETTE.

[JtrS^E 8, iW';

CLAYl^ON, SHUTTLEWOBTH, & CO.,

UCKCOLN ; aiul 78, LOMBARD STREET, LONDON, E.G.

Illustrated Catalogues, ooDtainmg. the latest I'evised' Fme
List^' aiid p^ticulara of

PORTABLE AND STATIOMARY
STS'AM ETSrGlNES,

(from 4 to 40-liorse powci-y, THRESHING, GEliTDING,
PUiMPING, SAWING MACHINERY, &c., &c:, ivili tie
forwarded free on application as above.

TRACTION ENGrt'ES for COMMON ROADS, and
for STEAM CULTIVATION.

Note. — Nearly 8000 Engines and 6000 Threshing
Machines have been made by this Eii-m within the last
few years.

S'

Shading.

CRIM CANYAS, 2 yards inde, Si

STRIPED bUN BLIND, Is. U. per yard.

per yard run.

ARCHANGEL MATS (soft and bright), 958. per 100.
James T. Anpebson, 7, Commercial Street, Shoreditch, London.

ET. ARCHER'S "FRIGI D 0 M 0."—
• Patronised by her Majeety tbe Queen, the Duke of North-i
umberland for Syon House, bie Grace the Duke of Devonahlro for
CnisWick Gardens, Pi-ofessor Lindley for tbe Horticultural Society,
aiid Sir Joseph Faxton for tbe Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological
Societv. &c.

PROTECTION from tbe SCORCflTNG RAYS of the SUN", r
"FRIGI DOMO" NETTING; White or Brown, made of prepai-ed
Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor of heat or cold, keeping a
fixed temperature where it is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-
cultural and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and
Flowera from the Scorching Riiys of the Sun, iTom Wind, from
Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any
required lengths.
" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING, 2 yards wide. Is. C^. per yard i-un.
"FllIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide Is. 9(i, per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. Gd. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. Od. per yard.
An improved mal;e, 3 yards wide . . 2s. 8d. per yard run.
Elisha TnoMAs Archer, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C., and of all Nurserymen aud
Seedsmen throughout tbe Kingdom.

" It is much cheaper than Mats a.s a covering."

JOHN WAENEE & SONS,

BRASS AND BELL FOUNDERS

TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, ORESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.G.

J. W. AND SONS' GOODS MAY BE OBTA^OTED' OP THE TRADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES :—

No. 39. WAENEES' CRYSTAL PALACE EIRE ENGINE, or PORTABLE EORCE PUMP.

Witli this compact, portable,
and generally useful Engine, one
man will throw from 15 to 18
gallons of water per minute to a
height of 50 feet. All its working
parts are of Brass, the Ban-ow of
Wrought Iron ; easy access to the
vaWes is gained, aud the work-
manship throughout is sub-
stantial. Not only will it be
found most useful in cases of
Fire, wherever a supply of water
can be obtained, but also for
"Watering Lawns or Fruit Trees.

Price on Bai'iow, with Branch. Pipe, Spreader, "Unions, and Suction Rose

CttYSTAL Palace, Sydehhau,
March 2, 1867.

Messrs. Warner & Sons,
" Gentlemen, — I feel great
pleasure in stating that I was
pieseut at a trial of your small
Ciystal Palace Fire Engine, and
-3 WIS much pleased with its
-^ elSciehcy and siHi^liciBy.
,-jy^ ^ " The Pump throws out a

jj rn\ bteady jet of water to a height of
'Hill I 50 feet with very little labour.
The Pump we have is well made,
very simple in its parts, and not
hkely, I think, to get out of order.
The advantage of this Pump is its
being very portable. Eesides
being a good Fire Engine, it will
make an excellent Garden Engine.
" I remain, Gentlemen,
" Yours obediently,
^ " Edwin Kose,

Engineer to the Ci7stal Palace Co."

£6.

li-in. S-^y Rubber Suction Pipe,; per foot, 2s. 2d-. li-in. ditto Delivery Hose, Is. 4d.

Ng. iJ7, in Wu^ 1 j47i, m Iron Tub.

WARNERS' GARBEIT ENGINES',

WITH REGISTERED SPREADEKS.
'I'hese Engines are much improved in construction, are less lilcely to
get out of order, and more easUy repaii'ed tkan others.

No. Si7. Best ENGINES, in Wood Tubs.
2iGaUon3 .. £6 10 0 | 14 Gallons .. £5 10 0

No. 547a. Strong ENGINES, in Galranized Iron Tubs, well
painted inside and out.

10 Gallons . . £2 19 0 | 24 Gallons . . £4 19 0"

16 Gallons . . 3 14 0 28 Gallons . . 5 10 0

579*. WARNERS' WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time in Wateiing-with the Water Pot.-
Made of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out.

■Po hold 20 Gallons', wheels ' 13 inches high
,,, 30- „ „ '20

)j 3?,, n J5 24, ,j

„ 50» „ „ 24 „

£2, 2, 0-

2' 13 0,

3.1^ ft

5 12 0

• This is an extra stctjnff articlej- mth' crO^ handle tor two medj^aultaWe'f&r
Nursery Grounds, &c.

No. ST9J.

SiYRI-N'GES, BRANCH PlPfiS, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &c.

1^" Estimates for any description of Bydraidio Machitwry forwarded on amplication.

jtJNE s, i8«7:]

THE GAimi'lNERR' CHRONICLK AND AGRICDLTUIUL GAZETTil.

W#

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON'S RlCK CLOTHS.

RICK CLOTHS, Now and Sccond-lumd, witli
PuluB, &o., ctimpleto.

ItAEQUEES and TENTS, for Croquet, Cricket,
and Archery.

TEMPOKAllY UOOMS on HIUE for Ball-,
Dinners, Pai'tiea, &c.

■S

An llUistraicd Catalogue post free oh appliealion.

.ja!Ecv^.;>i"«"-

Bo particular to Adtbess, BENJAMIN EDGINGTON (in full)^

(Tent and Kick Clotli Maker by Bpccial appointment to the Queen and Prince of Wales,)

2, DUKE STREET, foot of LONDON BRIDGE, S.B.

iVo other EstMishment.

MOULE'S PATENT EARTH CLOSETS.

•hkfect substitute foll watek closets.
s'o unwholesome cesspools.
<0 bad smells.

Invaluable in hospitals, gaols, unions,
mills, etc.

( NO WATEll PIPES TO UET OUT OF OKDEE.

THE BEST NIGHT COMMODES.
I MAY BE APPLIED TO ANY EXISTING CLOSET.

EARTH RECOMMENDED BY THE PRIVY COUNCIL
IN THEIR " CHOLERA " CIRCULAR.

A VALUABLE MANURE SAVED.

MOULE'S PATENT EARTH CLOSET COMPANY, LIMITED,

29, BEDFORD STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.
Manages, JIk. T. M. EVANS.
I VIEW and in OPERATION at the SALISBURY AGKICULTUllAL SHOW; ORDINARY SHED21; STAND 141.

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANUFACTURED BY

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

No. 1. No. 2. No. 4.

f>v ;P°>^^fT>^;#=^"'^:sO

"': i,:il'::,:.iiii!.',i;iiiJ:(HH!'ll

'this Edging is Manufactured in Vitrified Stoneware and in Terra Cotta, and is WAiaLkNTKD imIpemshable.
DRiUN PIPES, TERRA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON aud CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

HOTHOUSES rOR THE MILLION.

AWARDED A PRIZE MEDAL, 18B2!
INVENTED AND PATENTED BY THE LATE

SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.

itANUFACTORIES:— LONDON; NEWTON IN CARTMEL, LANCASHIRE
GLOUCESTER, COVENTRY, ABERDEEN, and PAISLEY.

" Nothing can be more easy than to build them, nothing more simple than to remove them."— ZJaf/y iVti^-

, May 22, 1802.

Ill^UUIKliMKiNTS

IHlUTlOULTUaEl

Illustrated Price Lists will be sent on prepaid application. Estimates given for Ornamental Conservatories, Sec.
special sizes and designs ; also for Heating Apparatus, fixed complete.

HEREMAN and MORTON, 7, PAXL MALL EAST, LONDON, S.W.

A HANDBOOK of VINE and FRUIT TREE CULTIVATION, as adapted to tile above Patent Hothouses, may
e had of Mr. Hereman. Second Edition, price is. ; post free, la. irf.

''-.The, instructions given for the Cultivation of the Vine and other Crops are essentially practical, and are evidently written by one who
. ittrmmaBlfpert'ormed all th&operatione before he attempted to instruct othera;"— Oo««t/e oordener, Oct. 9, 1883.

HAW'S TIFFA

For samploa and prices apply to
J.-SHit* ACo.. 29. Oxford Street, Manohostar.

N T.

Q H A W ■ S TIFFANY, from 7.«. per

it

Is. \WY Piece.

LAWN MoWIOilS, .SCVTIIliS, GARDEN ROLLERS,
GARDKN SKATH, mid ovury (i.'.i-'lni roMUlsito to Im lind iil tlio
Chvidcn ttopOHltiory, '.Vi, .IiunOH Street. Covont UarUoii, W.U.

PatentsAlck Ventilator, Manufactured by
n A K V V. I 'I' AND (SONS,

Luihtoii W orlfj, SuCfulk.

1 he abovo ri. prosenta a Section of a Heated Hay Stack, shuwiuif
tbe Patent Ventilating Apparatus in operation.

This Appiiratns will bo found ;i completiJ and perfect meaina of
detecting and promptlv reducing Huat in Corn and Hay Stacka.
Price £1 lis. M. each.

Full description forw/irdijrl on application fii Uioh'^d Gatihett 4
Sons, Leiston Works, Suffolk (Sole Manufacturers).

Mil. A. CHAN'DLER (of the late Firm of Chandler
& Sons, Niu-serTOien, Vauxhall), Horticdltoral Aoknt and
Valubb. N.B. Horttcultunii Exhibitions attended, as Judge.

Address, 308, Fulham Road. S.W.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., begs to announce that he ia
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for tbe FORMATION of PQBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Giubon, luu., Surrey Lane. Battorsea, S.W.

/GEORGE F. MORRIS (of the Firm of Prothkroe
VT &MoRn.t3| undertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasehold ynd Reversionary Property
Of every description. Farming and Market Garden Produce, Houbc-
hold Furniture. Stock in Trade, Ac
Auction and Estate Agency Office. The Limes, Leytonstono, Essex.

To the Seed Trade.

WANTED, a PARTXRRSHIP in an Established
Business, hy a Young Man with some Capital, and who ha^
had seven yeare" experience. — S. B., Gardeners' Chronicle Office. W.C:

F~^Oir DISJ'OSAL, a First-class iNURSEHY and 8EED
BUSrNESB; or the present Proprietor would accOi't of 4'
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1500.

Apply bv loiter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, C, Leadenhall Street,
London, E.G.

Rose Business to ^e Disposed of.

Dbvon RostiiY. ToitllLrAY.

HENRY CURTIS, in consequence of nearly totul
loss of si^.ht, being unahl* to carry on the above, wishes to
meet with an offer for the STOCK, LEASE of 10 years, and
GOODWILL of the same.

The Ropery, consisting of 6 acres, is delightfully and most favour-
ably situated, and' close to the Torquiy Railway Station.

Address, Henrv Curtis, Devon Rosery, Torquay.

' To~Fiorrsts, &C.

FOR SAT,E, the LKASE of a FLORIST'S SHOW and
RETAIL BUSINESS— L'lrge, hand.^omo, and convenient
Premises ; situation one of the best in the West-end of London, in a
wealthy and improving neighbourhood. To Growers would be
invaluable for the Exhibition and Sale of Plants, and every brancU
in the Trade. ,

Apply to Messrs. Proto eroe & Morris, Nurserymen and Horticul-
tm-ai Agents, Leytonstone.

SbsAt& 6p Auction,

Imported Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
TUESDAY, Juno 11, at balf-nast 12 o'Clock precisely, Importutions
of ORCHIDS from New Grenada, Costa Rica, and Moulmein
including many choice species.

On view tlie Morning of Snle, and Catalogues had.

Wlutton, near Hounslow.

Important Sale ok GiitENuuL'M: ,\m. IU.hding Plants.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORUIS are instructed
by Mr. Ferguson to SELL by AUCTION on the Premises,
Whittou Nui-sery a short distance from Hounslow Station, on
TUESDAY, June 11, at 12 o'clock precisely, about 25,000 GREEN-
HOUSE and BEDDING PLANTS, including large quantities of
Specimen and other Pelargoniums of the choicest varieties, fine
Crassulas, thous.inds of well-growa Zonal and other Geraniums
about' 7000 Calceolaria amea, Cananensis and Kayli, with the usui
Miscellaneous assortment of Plants for Bedding ; Roses in pots, &c.

May he viewed prior to the Sale ; Catidogues had on the Premises,
and ot the Auctioneers and Valuers, American Nureeries, Leyton-
stone, N.E.

Tottenham— Highly Important Sale.

MESSRS. PliOTIIEKuK AND .MOKKIS un-instructed
by R. A, siminoii't.s E.sq,, to SELL by AUCTION, witliodt-
reserve, on the Premises, Grove Villa, Tottenham, ,on S.VTURDAY,
Juno Ifi, at 12 o'Clock precisely, the whole of Kis choice Collection of
GREENHOUSE and STOVE PLANTS, including some handsome
specimens of Evicns, Azalea indiC", Epacris, Catneilias, Hydrangeas,
Apholexis, OvtlHiis, Pelargoniums, Epipliyllum, Puchsiag, Begonias,
Ciiladiunis, Poinsettias, Gloxinias, Orchids, &c, ; nbout 10,000 Biiddnic
Plants, comprising ;ill the best varieties of Scarlet and Variegated
Geraniums, with the usual Misciillaneous assortment ; splendid
Variegated' Aloes, collection of Choice Bulbs, Four Pairs of Teira
Cotta Vases, and other effects.

May bo viewed two da>s prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be liad
of the Auctioneers and Vahiers, American Nur.^eries, Loytoiistone.

Important Sale of Choice Plants.
IX/TESSRS. I'KOTHERUE and .MORKiS have received
iVI instructions to offer to PUBLIC COMPETITION by
AUCTION, at the City Rooms, 38, Gracechurch Street, on TUESDAY ,
June 18, at 12o'Clo^k, avery v.aluable Assortment of fine SPECIMEN
PLANTS, remarkably well grown, many of which are well adapted
for exhibition, including some choice Ferns, Orchids, and floe foliage
PUi.ts, Azalea indica, Ericas, fine plants of the grand new Lilium
auratum in pots, just coming in Flower ; also some very thriving
half specimens of Ixora, Dipladenia, Pimelia, Kalo-ianthos, Phwno-
como, Eriostemon, Dracceoa, arid other desirable Stove and Green-
house Plants, all in the best possible health, and with ordinary
cultm-e will soon become magnificent exhibition specimens.

May be viewed the Morning of Sale. Catalogues may bo had at the
Rooms as abofe, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Laytonstoue,
Essex, X.E.

li

620

THE GAEDENERS' CHEOMCLE AND' AGBICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Jtinb 8, 1867.

GEEEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOE,

OS

NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, and COLLECTING MACHINES.

PATRONIZED BY

HEE MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QOEEN . *^,sAi^ '''^^ ^^'^ °^ "^^^ BELGIANS.

ON T-n-ENTT-NTOE DIFFERENT OCCASIONS. .^ S^^^^^^^J « THE EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH.

H.K.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. ^^Sfe^^^^ THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.

AND MOST OF THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY m THE UNITED KINGDOM.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, in iatroducing their PATENT LAWN MOWERS for the present season, beg to state that they have no Novelties to report. The fact ii
that after the severe tests their Machines have been subjected to since they added their latest improvements, they have been found to meet all the requirements for which the
are intended, viz. :— the keeping of Lawns in the highest state of PEEPEcrioN.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease than any other Lawn Mower extant ; and in proof of thei
superiority, 39,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

THEY AHE THE ONLY MACHINES IN CONSTANT USE AT

THE ROYAL HOETTCULTDRAI. SOCIETY'S GARDENS, SOUTH KENSINGTON

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK

THE CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GARDENS, SYDENHAM

BnCKINGHAM PALACE GARDENS

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE

THE HYDE PARK GARDENS

THE WINTER PALACE GARDENS, DUBLIN

THE DUBLIN BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LIVERPOOL BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LEEDS ROYAL PARK

THE HULL BOTANIC GARDENS
THE BOTANIC GARDENS, BRUSSELS
THE SUNDERLAND PARK
THE PRESTON PARK

AND IN MOST OP THE PRINCIPAL PARKS, SQUARES, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

GREEN'S

PATENT

LAWN MOWERS

have proved to be the best, and
carried oflf every Prize that has
been given in all cases of com-
petition.

T. GREEN 8c SON

warrant e. 'cry Machine to giv
entire Batisfaction, and if m
approved of can be returm ;
unconditionally.

PEICES of HORSE, POXY, and DONKEY MACHINES, including Patent Self-delivery Box; Cross Stay complete; suitable for attaching to

ordinary Chain Traces or Gig Harness.

PONY AND DONKEY MACHINES.

To Cut 26 inches
n 28 „ .,
» 30 „ ..

£13 0 0
1 ' 0 0 ( ^^'''^'"' Soot' foi" I)onhey, 18s.

17 0 0

Leatlur Boots for Poiiy, 22s.

HORSE

MACHINES.

To Cut 30 inches

* . • ■ •

.£21 0 0^

„ 36 „ ..

..

• 2* ° °(;>»/A

„ 42 „ ..

. 27 0 o)^""'

., 48 „ ..

. 30 0 o)

Leather Boots for Horse, 26s.

Both the Horse, Pony, Donkey, and Hand Machines possess (over all other Makei-s) the advantage of Self-sharpening. The cutters being steel on each side, when the \
become dull or blunt by running one way round the cylinder, can be reversed again and again, bringing the opposite edge of the cutter against the bottom blade, when th
Machine will cut equal to new. Arrangements are made that the cylinder can be reversed, by any inexperienced person, in two or three minutes.

HAND MACHINES.

To Cut 10 inches

12

„ H „

„ 16 „

, £3 10 0 Suitable for a lady

4 10 0 ., „

.5 10 0 Suitable for One Ferson

6 10 0

To Cut 18 inches . . £7 10 0 Suitable for One Person

20 „

..800 Suitable for Two Person

22 „

.. 8 10 0

24 „

..9 0

Packing Cases are charged at the foUowing low rates, viz. :— for the 10 and 12-inch Machine, 3s. ; 14 and 16-inch, 4s. ; 18 and 20-inch, 5s. ; 22 and 24-inch, 6s. Partii
providing themselves with Lawn Mowers are recommended to purchase the cases in which to stow them away, when not in use, to prevent them from getting damaged ;
returned, two-thirds will he allowed for them, -

The above MACHINES are made from the best materials, and of superior workmanship ; are delivered Carnage Free to all the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Pop'

in England. I

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of, can be returned unconditionally.
T. G. AND SON have to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this season has been unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which the
are held. The 3000 Machines they had in stock at the commencement of the season are now materially reduced, stUl with their present facilities they are prepared 1
execute Orders on the day they are received.

Saving taken very extensive Premises in London, we are in a position to do all kinds of Bepairs titere, as well as at our Leeds £stablishment.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS;

and fi4 and 55, BLACKERIAES KOAD, LONDON, S.

Editorial Commanicatioassliould be addressed to" Tbe Editor;" Advertisemeatsand Busineas Letters to " Tlie Piibliaher," at the Office.*!, WeUlartoa Street, Coveat G^ep'.tlOiidoii. W.C. ,,„„-« «f the

Printed by James Mj.ttkhvs, at the Offlce of Masafs. Baujawax. Evans, i Co.. Lombard Street. Pr-^cict of Wliitefriars, City of Londofl, in the Co. of Jtiddleaex, and PuhUahed hy the iaid jAJiaa M^TiMffs, »6 v"':
Ofice, Ko.il, WelUiigtoaStxeet,Farlah of Bt-Fftal'i,OoTeat Oardentin the said County.— Satqu&t, June 8, 1867.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 24..— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, JUNE 15.

f Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, Qf.

Arriculturul atutistica

Hci- iuUmv '.'.'.*.'.'.*'.'.'.'.'.'.*.*'".'

Hii..l..ii.itii'.'a

.'jitUi', Simiilsli

;if'l'' [•higuti

iiilinii in ilelds

■ I I'lurution

i)ij(i show

UnilniiKO

Funu, Dorset

Puriiil iix . Amtricnn ,

t-'ux-lmriting Kattues

iaitli'iiiiix, I'Clntiuu of, t<

uuturo iind ai"!

Ho'* worm ,

-lay-iiiaklnK

(IiirNCs, wintering

ilorKi' tihow

.il"iiiriT8' food

I II I lord and tenant

,lllM'ril

vliiiKlioster exluWtioo, 626 c-

fi35 n

C3') c

633 b

(133 a

637 c

63(! 6

628 6

fA3h

6J3 h

Gil b

636 6

643 b

640 0

■C14 a

6311 6

63U a

6-26 e

635 b

643 t

641 6

644 a

638 a

637 a

636 a

-632 a

630 b

Ootitcamund

Urt'lmrd houses

Orchidt, Centml AmericaD . .

— in Yorkshire

Pansies

I'lins, letter frou\

I'cas, parly

Pelar(;oiiiUQi», Wills on

— variegated....
Plant portraits

— train in(f

Hoses, yellow

Uiiise dates

Salads

Showers

Silk plant .,

Society, Botanical of Edin-

burv;h

— Hath Agricultural

Statistics, asricultural

steiim cultivation

Stones of fruit, reducing . , . .

Thorn, double crimson

Trees, liardy pictorial

'Wall, what is a south?

"Water supply

"Window gardening

a-lG b

62a f

633 b

627 b

625 c
631 a
631 a

ROYAL HORTICULTURAJ- SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
NOTICE. — A MEETING of the FRUIT and FLORAL COM-
MITTEES will be HELD on TUESDAY NEXT, June 18, at
1 fur half-past precisely. Sir R. J. Murcdisok will take the Chair
a :; LECTURE on L.ELIA MAJALIS (a plant of which will be
■xhibitod 111 full flower) by Jamks Bathuan, Esq., F.R.S., &a,
Ilaud every Tuesday to Juno 30, from 4 o'clock.

1>0YAL MORTICtlLTirHAL SOCIETY,

I t SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.

Ti:0 GREAT ROSE SHuW will be HELD on TUESDAY,
iiiiv *.', liand of the Scots Fusiliur Guaida from 4 o'clock.
\>niils.sion by Tickets purchased befiire the lid, Fellows' Friends,

. li.^ ; Public, fia. ; or on the day. 7s. Gd.

poYAL HORTICULTUUAL SOCIETY,

Lt SOUTH KENSINOTON. W.

hURATA IN PRIZE LIST OF GREAT FLOWER SHOW.
Ci-*ss 7.— 0 NEW ROSES, Lot sent out previous lo 1804-65.
1st Prize, Messrs. Paul & Son, Old Nurseries, Cheshimt, £3.
-d Prize, Mr. W. Paul, Paul's Nurseries, Waltbam Cross, £2.

13 OYAL BOTANIC~SOCIETY'S GARDENS,

I i R6*;enfs Park.— WEDNESDAY NEXT, June 19, EXHIBI-
riUN of PLANTS, FLOWERS, and FRUIT Tickets to be
It uued only at the Gardens; and of the Society's Clerk, at Austin's
I'lc^ot Office, St. James's Hall; by Vouchers from Fellows of the
•^uLn;ty, price 6s,. or on the day of the Exbibition,Ts. 6d. each. Gates
' pL'u at 2 o'clock. Military Bands ivill play from 2 to 7 o'clock.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASS
ROSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &c., advertised at length In
this Paper in May last.

Padl 3 Nurseries, Walt ham Cro.ss, London, N,

MRS. POLLOCK GERANIUMS.— Stronp established
Flanta hardened In the open air, 2 guineas per 100, 63. perdoz.
Maile & Sons, Tbo Nurseries, Bristol.

MRS. POLLOCK GERANIUMS. 7s. and 9s. per (ftz.
VERBENAS, GERANIUMS. CALCEOLARIAS
UCIISIAS, LOBELIAS, &c.. £1 per 100 : ftO for 10a. 6d.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUE free on applicatioQ.
W. HoOPEK, New Wandsworth, S.W.

Nev Zealand Nursery. St. Alban's, Herts.

TNTENDING PUROHASEKS of TRICOLOR

L PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS. DIX, previous to making their
purchases. For fine foliage, excellent constitution, free growth, and
brilliancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
First-class Certiflcates. Plants of Miss Watson in August, £2 2s. each;
Mrs. Dix in May, 1868, 3U Gd. each.

T

KICOLOR and QUADlUCOLOK GERANIUMS.

MRS. POJ.LOCK.Cs.tolit. p.doz. I SUNSET, 15s. to 18.S-. per dozen
ITALIA UNITA, ISs. to 3(l». do. | QU ADRICOLOR, 123. to 18s. do.
Cheaper per 100.
James Dicasofi & Sons ofler several thousands of the above ; also a
Tew extra sized Plants.

Ne\vton Nurseries, Chester.

LIUPEKB VAKIEGAJ'ED GEKANIUMS.

MRS. BENYON"

BIi DLUR SPLENDENS

GOLD PHEASANT

GLOWWORM

LUNA

TWILIGHT

BKAUTT of OULTON

THK codnt:-ss

MRS. LONGFIELD
YELLOW BELT
LITTLE PET
ITALIA UNITA

Strong phmts of the above set 15j*. Package included.
Casbon & Son. Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

CHOICE VARIEGATED GERANIUMS.—
The following 12 distinct Varieties, in good strong Plants,
will be sent on receipt of Post-office Order for ir

( iKVSTAL PALACE.— ROSE SHOW will be held on
^ SATURDAY, June 29. Schedules, with List of Prizes, on
ipplicaLionto I. WiLkiNSoN, Superintendent.

THB BRI.STOL, CLIFTON, and WEST of ENGLAND
ROSE SHOW, at the Zoological Gardens, Clifton, TUESDAY,
June 2d. Schedules to be obtained on application to the Secretary,
at tbp Gardens. N.B.— All Entries to be on Saturday, May 23.

LUNA
SUNSET
MRS. BENYON
VIRGIN QUEEN
STELLA VARIEGATA
MRS. POLLOCK

ITALIA UNITA
QUEEN of QUEENS
QU.4DKICOL0R VARIEGATA
YELLOW BELT
MISS KINGSBURY
I BIRD of PARADISE

Saltuarsh & Son, Moulsham Nurseries, Chelmsford.

GLADIOLI BULBS,

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2ti. fid., 3s. 6d., 5s. 6d.. 7s. Hd., Vs., and 12s. per dozen.
10s. 6d., 155., 21*., 2fts. to 10()s. per 100.
BARR&SnonEN, Seed, Buib, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

ROYAL PAVILION, BRIGHTO N.—
ANNUAL GRAND HORTICULTURAL and FLORI-
CULTURAL SHOW, June 26 and 27, will be HELD in the a^'lendid
suite of Rooms and Eastern Lawn. Schedules of E. Sparv, Queen's
Graperies; or the Sicbetabt, 96, St. James's Street, Brighton.
I June 14. Edward CARFK^TER. Secretary.

IKMINGHAM. ROSE SH0\V7TULY 4 and 5.—
For Prize Lists, apply to Mr. A. Fokrest, Secretary, Cherry
Street, Birmingham. Entries Close June 29.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park.

JOHN WATKRER'S display of Hardy, Scarlet, and
other RHODODENDRONS (the only one in London) is NOW
i in FINE BLOOM at the above Gardens, and will continue in great
perfection throuehout the month of June.

^* The Scarlet and White EtHODODENDRON clumps, also
the large Smgle Plants, which bloomed and were so much admired
' at Rotten Row last year, were supplied by

Jou.v Watereb, American Nursery, Baeshot, Surrey.

To the Trade.

ARCHIRALD HENDERSON has a fine lot of
SOLANUMS, of sorts, so beautiful for decorative purposes at
Christmas time. Prices on application per 100 or 1000.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath ; and at tbo East College Grounds,
North End, Croydon.

rpHE ASSOCIATION of SURREY NURSERYMEN.
J- Temporary Offices, East Brixton.

The Committee earnestly mvite the CO-OPERATION of the
TRADE, irrespective of Locality.

A Copy of the Rules and every infonnation to be obtained of
Chables YoD-NQ, Hon. Sec, Balham Hill Nursery, S.

Pines.

TJ. BOOTH offers cleAan, well-rooted Suckers of
• BLACK JAMAICA PINES. Any one who will take the
lot, about 160, may have them cheap. Price on application.
Raiiihill Nurserv, Rainhill, Lancashire.

Vines, Extra Strong from Eyes.

JOHN KELLKfT begs to announce that he has a large
and fine htock oi all the leading sorra fit for immediate Planting.
Also all the best varieties of ROSES, in Pots.

Wellington Nursery. Heaton Chapel ; and Green Lane Nurseries,
1 He .ton Nonis, Stockport.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHK8, NECTARINES. APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
Richard Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplant ed""
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
Tbomab Wabneb, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

L ILIUM AURATUM. —

I Large Consignment just received, 2s. Od., 3s. 6d., 6s. 6d., and

I 7i^d. per Root.. Eitralargeselected Bulbs, 10s. 6d., 12s. 6d.. 16s., A21s.
1 Babr & Sdoden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Alerchants, 12, King Street.
Covent Garden, W.C.

NEW ROSES for 1867.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with puces, on application.
Joas Cranston, King's Acre Nm-series. near Hereford.

ULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE^

Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula fimbriata.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply NEW SKED of the
above, saved from choicest flowers, in packets. Is., 2s. 6d., and
6s. each, post free.

Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

ORSON'S STRTlN~~^f~PRIZE~~CALCEOLARIA,

CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, the flnest in Cultivation.

D

^ For Present Sowing.

DOBSON'S INTEK>jATIONAL, ROYAL HORTI-
CULTURAL. ROYAL BOTANIC. CRYSTAL PALACE, and
KINGSTON PRIZE and UNEQUALLED HYBRIDISED CAL-
CEOLARIA now ready, in Sealed Packets, with full Du-ections for
Sowing and Growing, Is. 6d.. 2*. 6d., 3s. Qd., and 5s.

DoBsoN &; Sons, Seedsmen, Isleworth. London, W.

Prize Cineraria Seed.

DOBSON'S UNEQUALLED STRAIN, which has
taken 50 First Prizes in six years, is now ready for sending out.
Fine new seed, in Is,, 2s. Gd., and 6a. packets,

DoBsos & Sous, Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W.

Extra Fine Fringed Primulas.

DOBSON'S CELEBKATEU STRAIN, that has stood
ti ten years' test, is now ready for sending out in Is., 2s. Od.. and
6s. packets. The quality may be depended upon.
DoBsoK & Sons. Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W.

inyiLLiAMS'

SUPERB STRAIN
See large Advertisement.

of PRIMULA.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA.— A most superb
strain, and cannot be surpassed, 6 varieties, mixed. Is. M. & 2s. Cnl.
per packet. CALCEOLARIA and CINERARIA, extra, Is. & 2s. Gd.
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

J„„ Retinospora fllifera.

OHN STANDIbH is thp holder of the stock of the
above moat distinct and beautiful weeping CONIFERA. It is
of a pale glaucous green, with slender thread-like branches a foot
long, which hang in the most graceful manner, and altogether the
most difttinct weepii g plant ever offered to the Public. It Is also
perfectly hardy. Strong Plants, now r6;uiy, 31s. Gd. each.
Royal Nursery, Ascot.

Russell's Pyramid Primula.

The Finest Strain in Existence.

GEORGE CLARKE has New SEED of the above
unequalled varieties, 2s. 6d. per packet ; also the Fern-leaved
kinds, 2s. Gd. ; Kermesina (scarlet), 2s. Gd. ; The Fairy (a lavender
colour) Is. All of the best quality. Now is the time to sow for
strong early plants,

Nurserv, Streatham Place, Brixton Hill, S. ; and Mottingham,
Kent, S.E.

TO BE SOLD, FRUIT TREES (First Prize at the
Crystal Palace two years in saccesslim). — An opportunity
seldom to be met with now offers itself to buyers of Peach,
Nectarine, Apricot, Plum, Pear, and Fig Trees, well laden with
ft7ilt, in pots; the above. 120 in number, being offered for Sale, a
bargiiin, in consequence of loinovul. A visit to view tbem will
amuly repay all those interested in the same.

XoHN Vertigan, Gardener to C. Lucoa, F.sq., Sister House,
Clapbam Common, S.

Improvement of Grass Lands, at from 6s. to 10s.
per acre.

SUTTON'S RENOVATIN(i MIXTURE Bhould be
Sown after the Hay is carried. G to 121b. per aero.
SoTTriN & Sons, Seed Giowura, Reading.

King of Swedes.

SUTTON AND SONS cau supply true seed of tht'
above excellent SWEDE at Is. per lb., or cheaper by the bushel.
Carriage free,
Royal Berkshire Seed EstabliBhment. Reading.

T71ARM SEEDS.— All the best kinds of MANGEL
V WURZEL, SWEDE TURNIP, and other Farm Seeds of
Qnest quality on moderate terms.

PRICED LISTS on application to
Richard Smith, Seed Merchant, Worcester.

QW^EDE SEED.— The WORCESTERSHIRE SWEDE,

O NEW SEED of this excellent kind at lOd. per lb. Cheaper by

the cwt. or bushel.

Richard Smith, Seed Mercliftiit, W.^rcestei-.

To Farmers, Gardeners, and Others.

FINE DRUMHEAD CABBAGE PLANTS,
Zs. per looo.
Various CULINARY PLANTS also on offer.
Fbedkrick Gee. Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Bods.

To the Trade and Others.

/^ENUINE NEW RAPE ..r COLE SEED.

VX Fine sample. For sample and pricet. apply to

Frederick Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Beds.

The Forwardest Pea is Sutton's Ringleader.

SUTTON AND SONS had the honour of introducing
this unrivalled EARLY PEA in the year lSt>5, and after
careful trials of it and all of its competitors, they have no heslt ition
ill stating that it is still forw.irder than any other Pea, exceptins
imly Carter's First Crop, which was sent out the same season, and
sub.sequently Droved to be identical, which latter fact was unknown
to either party at that time.

AlthouRh increased crops of Seed have been grown each successive
season, the supply has not yet been equal to the demand, and
Messrs. Sutton are again unable to execute Orders until the New
Seed is ready in July.

Early orders or inquiries are therefore recommended.
Sdtton It Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

H Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

AND F, SHAKL'PrS WHOLESALE SPRING
• PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of 186G growth is now
ready and may be had on application.

Seed Growing KatablLshmeut, Wisbech.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.

Seed Warehouse, Slealord.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, Merchants, and Nl'bskrtmbh,
237 &. 238, High Holb(-rn, London. W.C.

Genuine Garden Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON'S CATALOGUE of
VEGETABLE, FLOWER, and FARM SEEDS, post free on
application. Highgate, London, N.

RAYNBIED, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
Corn, Seed, Mancbe, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, SO, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples .and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat : 1S62, for " Excellent S^ed Com and Seeds."

EVERY G^A R D E N R EQU rs I T E
kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom. London.

InOR SALE, a very fine Specimen of the Variegated
ALOE, of many years' growth. For price apply to
Mrs. R. Babton, Bewley Villa, Lacock, Chippenham.

FERNS. — Cultivators and those interested in this
beautiful class of Plants, are recommended to obtain
" HOOPER and CO.'S CATALOGUE " of every estimable species
and variety, British and Exotic. Post free for two stamps.
Hoofer & Co., Covent Garden, London, W.C.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 3C pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS.
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nurserv, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Cheap Bedding Plants.

JAMES HOLDER can supply the following :— Scarlet
and Variegated GERANIUMS, VERBENAS, FUCHSIAS,
CALCEOLARIAS, DAHLIAS, SALVIAS, CUPHEAS, HELIO-
'J ROPES, LOBELIAS, KONIQAS, AGERATUMS, PERILLAS.
TROP-EOLUMS, CERASTIUMS, Ac.— Eight dozen for 20s., or
four dozen for 10s. Gd., hamper and package included.
Crown Nursery, Reading.

Choice Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following :—
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, of the flnest possible strain.

Red, White, or Mixed. 2s, 6</., 3s., and 5s. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very flne, 2s. 6d.,

3s. Gd., and 5s. per packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2s. G.i., 3s. Gd., and 5s. per packet.
SNOW'S WINTER WHITE BROCCOLI (True), Wm. C. A Son's own

saving, 2s. Gd. per packet.
NUNEU AM PARK ONION. 2s. Gd. per p.-voket.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free.
Highgate Nurseries. London, N.

Dutch Bulbs.

AE. BARNAART, Nur-^jeryman, Vogelenzang.
• Haarlem, bega to inform Nurservmen and the Trade
generally, thit he has just published his' New CATALOGUE
of DOTCH BULBS for the commg season, which may be had post
free onapplication to his Agents, Messrs. R. SinjEKaAD& So.v, 6, Harp
Lane, Great Tower Street, London, E.C.

A. F.. Bahna^ht having extensive Nurseries at Haarlem. Overveei>,
and VoKelenzang, possess unusual cultural ndvantages, b&mg able
to select the soil and situation most desirubie for perfecting the
growth of eai;h ■!. ■^criptiou ul Bulb,

His HYALINTHS were crowned this spring at the Paria
Exposition Universelle.

622

THE GAEBENERS" CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Juke 15, 1867.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT LAWN MOWEES FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED ON FIVE OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1864 BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KJNG OF SAXONY.
DURING THE SEASON OF 1865 THEY WERE PATRONISED ON FOUR OCCASIONS BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN.

ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF HOLLAND, AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF PKUSSIA.

AGAIN ON FOUR OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1865 BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND EY MANY DISTINGUISHED NOBILITY liOTH IN THIS COUNTRY AND ABROAD.

HORSE-POWER MACHINE.

ALEX. SHANKS and SON are gi-atified in being able to state tbat in tlie extraordinary and i'noreasing demand for their celebrated Machines this Season^ they see a
further and conclusive proof that their merits are being fully appreciated by the practical Gardener. The increased demand has bectx more particularly for the NEW
IMPROVED HAND MACHINES. The demand for the HORSE and PONY MACHINES is also on the increase ; and as A. S. and SON have devoted their attention for the
last 30 years to the Manufacture and Improrement of La^vn Mowers, they are enabled to state confidently that their Machines, whether for Horse, Pony, or Hand Power,,
surpass all others for general efficiency, simplicity of construction, ease in working, and durability.

A. S. AND SON subjoin a List of a few of those whose patronage they have had the honour to receive during the past few weeks for their favourite H^rsq SJachiue. It
would take many pages to contain a List of all the distinguished Patrons they have had for the other sizes.

HEE MAJESTY THE aiJEEN, for the ROYAL GARDENS, WINDSOR, one 42-inch
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, for the ROYAL GARDENS, KEW, one 42-inch
HIS GRACE THE DUKE of SUTHERLAND, one 42-inch
HIS GRACE THE DUKE of BEDFORD, one 42-inch

HIS GRACE THE DUKE of BUCCLEUCH, one 42-inoh

HIS GRACE THE DUKE of ATHOLE, one 42-inch

THE MOST NOBLE THE MARQUIS of WESTMINSTER, one 42-inoh

THE MOST NOBLE THE MARQUIS of STAFFORD, one 42-uich

SHaHES' PATENT imM HOWEBt

ALL THE ROYAL GARDENS ;

ARE IN DAILY 'DSE IN <

IN THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GEOMBS-i
IN VICTOKIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;
And in almost all the principal Public Parks and Gardens in the Kingdom.

Tliese are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfactioa.
TMESE ARE TRE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOW PROPESLT WHEN THE G£ASS JS^ ifi??,

THESE ARE THE OKIA' MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPINO, THUS SAVING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OE LABOUR.

SHAJSKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Machines that have been, in operation in HER MAJESTY'S GARDENS foi; a, quarter of a century.

SHANKS' PATENT LATTN MOWBE WILL MONK ON UNEVEN AS WELL AS ON LEVEL LAWNS,.

?®ie£B, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANY RAILWAY STATION OK SHIPPING POET IN THE KtNGPOtW.
SHANKS' NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Easily Worked Silent Movement.

i El/ a Lady
By a Boy

) is, extra.

Width of Cutter.
10-inch Machine £3 10 0

12-inch Machine 4 10 0

, 4-inch Machine 5 10 0

SHANKS' NEW PATaNQ?- BONY and DONKEY MACHINE.

Widtll of Cutter.

2S-inch Machine £12 10 0

28-inch Machine 14 10 0 .. .. 30s. „

30-inch Machine . . .. .. .. 1.5 15 0 .. .. 30s. ,,

Silent Movement, 12s. Qui. extra ; Boots for Pony, 22». per set.
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

Widtll of Cutter.

16-iuch Machine £6 10

19-inch Machine 7 12

22-inch Machine . . . . . . ..87

24-inoh Machine 8 17

:^aaily Worlted Silent Movement.

0 By ^an or &o Boys | ^ ^^

6 By a Man and Boy V -^

1 ]ByT.,oXen .. ( ^^t.

If witll Patent Delivering Appjiratua.

.. 2.3S. extra.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

Wi^th of Cutter.

30-inch Machine . . . . . . . . £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0

42-inoh Machine. 26 0 0

48-inch Machine 28, 0 0

Silent Moyementi 20s, extra ;_ Boots for ^orse'^ Feet, 2&Si. jer 8eti

If witll Patent Delivering App V7ltlJ|.

. , 30s. extra,

... 30s. „

... 40s. „

.. 40s. „

The. Maotines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, niay b^ 3;^ pn^e. r^uined.

PATENTE?;^ AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEX.A.NDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATft,
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

N.B.

27, Zead^haU Street, is the onlp place in London, where intending purchasers of Lawn Mower.s, can, choose from a Stock of from- 15* to 200 Machines.

All sizes kept there^ whether for Horse, Pomj, or Sand Power.

June 15, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICT,E AND AGRICTILTDRAL GAZETTE.

62S

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

PATENT LAWN MOWING and ROLLING MACHINES.

EVERT MACHINE WARRANTED.

TO BE OBTAINED OP

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS, BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.C.
AGENTS :— Messrs. TANGYE BROTHERS AN» HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE^ Meisrs. DEANE and CO., London^ Briagc;_ Mosera. DRAY,

AYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.C. ; and all respeotable Seedsmen and Itonmongcrs throughout the Kinf

;dom.

JOHN WAKNER & SONS,

BRASS & BELL FOUNDERS ^i^M^i^'S TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDKAULIG ENGINEERS'

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.

No. 35.

. TN'AIINERS' PATENT CAST-IRON
LIFT PUMPS.

inches diameter .. ..£18 6

..210

„ .. ..260

„ .. .. 2 U 0

SHOBT-BAKREL DITXO,

FOR SINKS, PLANT HOUSES, Ac.
: 37.— 2^ ius. diiimeter ..£110
tto, with 1-5 feet of Ij-in. lead Suction
Pipe attached, £2.

J. W. AND SONS' GOODS BIAY BE OBTAINED OP THE TRADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES: —

EARNERS' (No. 568h) AMERICAN

OR FIRE ANNIHILATOR,

Is complete in itself, or can be used to
;iw from a Pond or Tank, price £2 2*.

6 ft. Suction. Pipe and Rose, extra, 12s.

WARNERS' AQ;IFAJECTv

Useful for every variety of puxpose, in Watering
•or Washing Flowers or Trees in Craj^ens, Conser-
vatories^ &c. ; also for Washing Carriages' or
Windows, Laying Dust, &,q..

Price, complete £1 10 0

Sw^U Size for the hand, as an ordinary Syringe, 18*.

No. 42. ■WARNERS' PORTABLE PUMPS,

With Improved Valves for Liquid Manure . . . . £2 15 0

2-in. Flexible Rubber Suction Pipe, in 10, 12, and 15 ft. lengths, per foot, 2s. 5d.

WARNERS' (No. 547 b) GARBEN ENGINE.

HOLDS SIX GALLONS.
Is light, portable, and easily worked, by a lady or child, price £2 10s.

Letter to The Times^ July 23, 1866.

FROM EARL ESSEX.

A Real Fire Extinguisher.

To the Editor of-' The Times:'

" Sir,— I feel sui'e you will kindly allot a small space in the Times to these ftw ifnes, as the
beat medium through which I would urge every householder who dreads Are to have on each
floor of his house one or more small Garden or other Engines on wheels, alwaya chai-ged and in
good order, in case of fire.

"Last Dight, just as 1 was going to bod, I was startled by that moat fearful of all criesi 'Fire,
fire I' I soon learned that 4 lire was ragmg In a large- two-windowod unoccupied bedroom.
How caused is to U3 all a great mystery. It ia my custom to keep one of those amall Engines
on each floor. In two minutes I was in the room with, one of them. It was llkea furiiace.
The curtains, shutters, casements, and cornices of botk windows were bm-ning and cracking
from floor to ceiling. I was quite alone at the moment, vet before assistance arriTed (most
of the servants having gone to bed), I had completely subdued the fire of one window without
eshaustrng the Engine, and when assistance and more water did arrive, we ver^ soon extinguished
the other. So fierce was the Are that the load, of the casements was melted, and the casements
themselves were bui-nt ofl their binges. I will only ada, that by Qod'a mercyj the house was
saved by this amall Enscine. Had it not been at hand and in order, most assuredly Cagsiobury
would be now a heap of ruins. — Yowa faithfully, " ESSEX.

"Caasiobury, Watford, July 20.

" The Engine, even when fulv VOX)a. ^0 lighji on th& floor, that an; woman might draw It.
and also work It."

WABN£BS' GARDEN BKGINES,

WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.
These Engines are much unproved, ia construction, are less likely to
get out of order, and more easily repaired than others.

'Sfi.MI- Best ENGINES, in Wood Tubs.
24 GaUona . . £6 10 0 | It Gallons . . £5 10 0

No. 547a. Strong ENGINES, in Galvanized Iron Tubs, well
painted inside and out.

10 Gallons . . £2 19 0 I 24 Gallons. . . £4 19 0

16 Gallons .. 3 14 0 28, Gallons .. 5 10 0

"^47*, m Iron Tub.

579*. "WASNERS' WATBR BAKBfOW

Saves a Gardener's time in "Watering with the Water Pot.
Ittodje of strong Wrought Iron, Galvani;!ed and painted inside and out.

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 13 inches high
-. 30 „, ■ „ 20

„ .38 „ „ 24 „ .. ..

„ 50* „ „ 24 „ .. ..

*^This is, an, es.tra stiong article, witdi orQaB-haiuUe tor two meo,
Nursery Groimds, &c.

£2

2

0

2

13

0

3

17

0

5

12

0

, suitable for

No. 6V91.

SYRIMGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &c.

1^^ Estimates for any description of Mydraulic Machinery forwarded on application.

II

624

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZIiTTl

[June 15. I8ti7,

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great
variety or patterns and material, the plainer Bort3 being
especialW suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no SluEs and Inaects, take up little
room, and once put aown incur no ftirther labour
and expense, as do "Rrown" Jfldgings, conse-
quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., In
Artificial Stone, of greac durability, and In great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosHEft, Manufacturprs, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland.N.E.
Sole London Agent3 for FOXLErS PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corrmurs, Balconies,, &c-, as cheap and durable as
Stone, in blue, red, and buEf colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
tlian the abcve.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lli ing Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitcben Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, P.ed and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosher, at their Premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses— 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 23. per Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons la. per Ton leas.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. & G. RosHEs.— AddretBos see above.

N B. Orders promptlv executed by Railway.

BOSTON'S Ni'J PLUS ULTRA, lor the Destruction of
Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, Ac, on Stove and Green-
house Plants, Fruit Trees, Vines, kc. In bottles, with full instruc-
tions for application, price 3s. Qil., 5s., and 10s. 6d.

James Carter A Co. beg leave to -state that the present time is most
suitable for applying the above genuine Specific before the com-
mencement ol the growing season, thereby preventing the rapid
increase of the above pests which would otherwise take place. The
infallible properties of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becommg fully recognised, J. C. & Co. having already sold nearly
2000 bottles since its first Introduction in the spring of 1866.
Numerous testimonials havabeen received, and not a single complaint
of its inefficiency.
Sole Agents, James CAKTj;n& Co., 237 and 238. Hifih Holbom.W.C.
*t* The Trade supplied on litienil terms.

Fumigate your Greentiouse with

TOBACCO TISSUE

—This article is acknowledged by all parties who nave used i j to
be the best remedy for Deatroymg Insect Life ; is entirely free from
paper or rag, and will bmTi without the assistance of blowing.

Price 3s. fid. per lb., carriage free. To be had of Messrs. Roberts
& Sons, Tobacco Manufiicturors, 112, St. John Street, Clerkenwell,
E.C., and of all Seedsmenand Nurserjmen.

/ ^ ISaURST

VT COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1859, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green Fly, and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to Ifi ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many prepamtions intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes. Is., 3ff., and 10s. 6d.

Red
Spider

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(LiMlTEn)

Plagues of the Garden.

QIMPLE and SAFE REMEDY. — By using the

O APHIS WASH, these pests of the garden, tojuether with
Ants, Scale, Caterpillars, Slugs, Earwigs, &c., are Immediately
destroyed. Leaves no stain, but strengthens the Trees or Plants.

" At the fli'st opportunity use a solution of * Aphis Wash,' prepared
at the City Soap Works ; It not only destroys the Aphis, out also
Scale, and every other pest."— Extract trom Gardener^ Magazine,
Januai? 6, 1867.

"For strengthening the growth and effectually destroying all
forms of blight, the 'Aphis Wash' supersedes every other prepara-
tion."—See Gardeners' Vhronicle, August 19, 1865 ; and Oardenert^
AlagaziTie, July 1, 1866.

Sold by Chemists and others, in 1«. bottles, and 2s. 6cf. a gallon,
with full directions for use.

Wholesale at the City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.C.

ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPHATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPflATE for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SaPEBPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

UANUTACTUBUD

THE PATENT NITltO-TaUsPHATE OR BLOOD
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
".' ■■ Chief OfflcQ3~109, Fenchurch Street, London.
.... Western Counties Branch— Queen Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch — 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.

DlEECT0B3

Chairman — John Clayden, Littiebury, Esses.
Deputy-Chairman — John Collins, Argyll House, HoUoway.
Edward Bell, 48, Marine Pai-ade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot. Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Mitidlesex.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Noriolk.
George Saville, Ingtborpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Esses.
Charles Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomas Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Managing Director — James Odanis.
Bankers — Messrs, Bametts, Hoaros, & Co.. Lombard Street,
Solicitors — Messrs. Kingsford & Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

Auditor— 3. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz.— "The Tenant Farmers' Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for years under management with Manures of their
own manufacture. The consumer, therefore, has tho best guanintee
for the genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manufactm-ed by
this C'lmpany.

Paiticulars will be torwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may bo had of the Local Agents. C. T. Mac.vdam. Seci'etary

Chief Offlcos— 109, Fonchuroh Street, London, E.G.

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
{Ebtablisbed 1840).
Have now ready for delivery in dry fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture I*anda
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUAflO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERS
SALT, &c. B. Pdbser, Secretary.

Offices. 116, Fenchurch Street. E.C.

L AWES' MANURES.—

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
season of 1867 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
following prices, per ton: —
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ 8. d.

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME 6 6 0

LAWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 6 6 0

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 8 0 0

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES ..12 0 0

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying according to cost of carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cakes at market prices.

Address, John Bennet Lawks, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; 22. Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

TAN, Gratis, in the immediate neighbourhood of
Covent Garden Market.
Apply to W. Essex & Sows, 28, Stanhope Street, Clare Market, W.C.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^^ is becoming soarob, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 20 for 30s., 60 for 66s.. 100
for £6.
^ Fourpence allowed for each
i* bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Tnick-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Fost-offlce
Order, payable to J. Bahsbau &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W

Sutton's Grass Seeds for all Soils.

SUTTON AND SONS
have still on hand some of each of
the leading kinds of

PERMANENT NATURAL GRASSES
and CLOVERS,

which ard mixed expressly to suit the soils
for which they are intended.

Price 26s. to 36s. per acre.
Carriage free.

Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed
Eatablishment. Reading.

/':j. K A S S SEEDS for

^^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific Hystem.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Faature.

J. C. Wh££L£r tc Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agricultural Society.

c

H 0 I C

Per pkt.—
Broccoli, Snow's Imperial

Winter

Albert Sprouts
Cauliflower, Early Erfurt . .
Celery, Manobeater

Champion Red ..
Cucumber, Smith's Fine

Frame

Cucumber, Telegraph
Leek, Henry's Prize
Endive, Digswell Pnze ..
Onion, Nuneham Park
Parsley, extra flne curled . .
Baphanus caudatus (new

long-podded Radish)
Custard Marrow
Melon, Malvern Hall
Tomato de Lays
Cauliflower, The Mammoth
Richard Suith,

E SEEDS.

Post Free.

Per pkt. — a. d.
Moore's Vegetable Cream 0 6
Beet, Perpetual Spinach . . 0 6
„ Nutting's Superb

Red 0 6

Lettuce, Wheeler's Tom

Thumb 0 6

Radish, French Breakfast 0 6
1 0 Aster, Truffaut's Superb
1 0 French. 12 vars. mixed .. 1 0

0 6 Aster, Victoria, 6 vars.
mixed 10

Stock, improved large-
flowering, 12 vars. mixed. ]

Balsam, &imellla-flowered,
6 var. mixed . . . . 1

Balsam, Rose-flowered, 8 vars.

1 6 mixed 10

0 6 Phlox Drummondii, 12

splendid varieties ..10

Seed Merchant, Worcester.

To Market Gardeners and Others.

RICHAKD AVALKER, Market Gardener and Seed
Grower, offei-s the following :—
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE PLANTS,

2s. 6d. per 1000.
DRUMHEAD SELECTED STOCK PLANTS, 3s, per 1000.
WALCHEREN, splendid true stock, CAULIFLOWER PLANTS,

Is. per 100.
Fine SAVOY PLANTS, 6<(. per 100.

Imported very flne BRUSSELS SPROUT PLANTS, 6d. per 100.
EASTHAM CABBAGE PLANTS, true, 33. per 1000.
DICKSON'S MANCHESTER CHAMPION BED CELERY

PLANTS, Is. per 100.
INCOMPARABLE WHITE CELERY PLANTS, Is. per 100.
IVERVS NONSUCH CELERY PLANTS, Is. per 100, transplanted,
Terms Cash.
RioHABO Walxer. Biggleswade, Beds.

THE GOLDEN - VARIEGATED "WELLINGTON! A.
First-class Certiflcate from Royal Horticultural Society.
For Testimonials, &c., see Gardeners' Clirouiclt, October 6, 1866;
Times, October T, 1806 ; Scottish Gardener, November, 1866 ;
Garden^s' Chronicle January 12, 1867 ; " Florist," February, 1867.
LAST YEARS PLANTS (a few remaining).
1st Size, very choice, 8 to 12 inches, £6 6s. each.

THIS YEAR'S PLANTS.
2d Size, flne, 4 to 5 inches, £2 2s.
3d Size, nice little bits, 2 to 3 Inches, £1 Is.
5000 plants are now plunged out-of-doors, in their respective sizes
they may be safely forwarded during the summer. If desired, and
orders will be executed in strict rotation.

Chromo-lithographs of the parent tree, by Day and Son (Limited),

on superior cards, 10 inches by 8 inches, very faithful in our line, but

deficient In representing the glorious colour of the original. These

are sent free by post for 26 stamps, and oue sent to each Purchaser.

It is intended to exhibit a few of the fli-st size at tho approaching

Paris and Manchester Exhibitions.

. R. Hartlanb, The Lough Nurseries ^^

Bedding and otber Plants.

Just Published, post free 12 stamps (Gratia to Customers), Part III. nf

CARTER'S GARDENERS' and FARMERS' VADE
MECUM, containing complete Liata of new and oh"0!cf Stove
and Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, with an Addendum ccmpnsliig
original and practical articles, " On a Visit to Messrs. Carter s
Nursery," by an Amateur Florist; Subtropical Gardeninc; rind lao
Geometrical Designs for Flower-beds: witn reliable infori^i;ition for
the proper combination of Bedding Plants to produce chaste and
striking effects.

Forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps on application to Carter's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High Holborn, London.

The Forwardest Turnip
known Is

SUTTON'S SHORT-
TOP SIX WEEKS, price
Is. per lb. ; cheaper by the busiiel.
This excellent Turnip, if sown
in June and July, will produce a
heavy Crop, to come off Id time
for Wheat Sowing.

I

Sutton & Sons,
Royal Berkshire Seed Establish-
ment, Reading.

Seed of Choice Strains of Florists' Flowers.

The following selected Strains are worthy ol tho notice of all
growers of the most useful conservatory decorative flowers.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

"P> S. "WILLIAMS can with confideuce offer hU

-'— ^ • superb Strain of Primula as being undoubtedly the finest la
cultivation. It is now grown in all the principal Gardens of the
Nobility and Gentry throughout the Three Kingdoms, and has never
failed to give the greatest satisfaction.

In habit tho plants are very robust, and in the foliage differ from
all other varieties; but theii- great beauty consists in the depth ot
colom- in the Red, purity of the White, and beautilul fimbriated
form of all tho flowers, which are thrown up in large trusses well
above the foliage.

As a proof of the truth of the above remarks, this Straia has
taken 1st Prizes in every instance that it has been shown in the
Provinces this Spring ; and Ist Prize at the Primula Show of the
Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington; and 1st at ths
Royal Botanic, Regent's Park, It is also the favourite Strain in ths ■
Covent Garden Flower Market.

This Strain may be procured True, in Sealed Packets bearlug
B. S. Wilhamb' Namo and Address, from any Seedsman; but
B. S. W. particularly requests that Customers will observe, on
purchasing, that each Packet has his Name and Addreaa in ftiU
printed thereon, as no others are genuine.

The Trade supplied on advantageous terms.

Per pkt. s. d.

Retail price, RED . . ..6 0

„ ,, ., ..3 6

Per pkt. *. A
Retail price, WHITE ..3 6

WHITE .. 5

Retail price. MIXED, per packet, 2a. Qd.

WEATHERHILL'S EXTRA CHOICE STRAIN OF CINERARIA.
B. S. W. has purchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of this
Magnificent Strain. Many of the flowers produced by this seed last
season were as large as a crown-piece. This strain is well known la
the London Flower Market, and la tho most popular one there, a
iufAcient guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail price per pkt., 6^. dd. \ Retail price per pkt., 3«. 6d.
Retail price per pkt 2tf 6d.

JAMES'S HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.— The varieties that
took the First Prize at the International Horticultural Exhibition
last May were of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt. 5a. Od. i Retail price perpkt., 3s. 6d.

Retail price per pkt 28. Crf.

All FLOWER SEEDS in packets, Post Iree.

B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Niirseries, Upper HoUoffBf,
London, N. _^

Genista prsscox.

GEO. WHEELER, Nurseryman, &c.. "Warminster,
Wilts, Is prepared to send out good established young Plants
of the above, now growing in pots In the open ground, at 6^. each,
the usual allowance to the Trade when six or more are ordered.
This new, very hardy, showy, pea-flowered shrub will be found an
acquisition to any collection of shrubs. The flowers are of a light
lemon colour on opening, and become paler when fully bloomed.
The original plant was in full bloom on the 1st of May, having with-
stood the past seveie winter in a very cold exposed site, sloping,
to the north, without the slightest proteotiour not losing a twig or
flower bud. It la well suited for the rockery, border, or lawn.

A Photograph taken the Ist of May, from the original Plant,
which is 6 feet In diameter by 4 in height, showing its graceful and
drooping habit and proIXision of bloom, may be had for VZ stamps.

DIGITALIS ALBA MACULATA SUPERBA.—
We beg to call attention to thissuperbnew variety of Foxglove,
which we have this season the honour to intixiduce to tne Public. It
is much more beautiful than any variety of this showy genus that has
yet come under notice; and, as it comes true irom seed, will prove a
great acquisition to mixed flower borders and shrubberies. The
colour is pure white, heavily spotted in the throat with purple. It
differs from any variety of Foxglove we know, in having much larger
flowers, with heavier and brighter coloured spots, while the spik s. or
bloom are longer and denser than the oldsorts. A number of npik' s
were shown at the Exhibition of the Glasgow and West ot Scotland •
Horticultural Society in July last, when it mis awarded a First-class '
Certiflcate, No hardy plant is more ornamental when planted t-y tlio ^
sides of woodland walks, or among shrubs in tho pleasure ground,
than the Foxglove ; and this variety will be found a highly desi-abla
addition to already existing varieties. Should be aown in June to ■
bloom next season. Is. and 2s. fid. per packet. '"

Price to the Trade on application.
ANTIRRHINUM, saved from splendid varieties, Gd. ami Is. perpkt.
Twelve varieties, separute, of select hardy BORDER PERENNIALS.
2s. 6d. DaEOBOBN & Aitken, Kilmarnock, N.B.

June 15, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZKTTl'.

626

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN (NOW READY).

WILLIAM PAUL

(Son and Successor to the late A. Paul),

BUGS TO OFFER THF.

ABOVE MAGNIFICENT HARDY FLOWERING TREE,

WTiirh he believes to bo the greatest aequisition for forcing; and out-of-door ciilturo that has been

introduced for many years.

Strong: healthy Plants, well established in pots, 2 ft. high, 7s. 6d. each ; 1 ft. high, 6s. each.

A First-class Certificate was awarded to him for this Plant by the Rnyal Horticultural Society on the I6th April last.
1^* See Coloured Drawing by Fitch, and History, in the " Florist" for June.

"We do not >,esitate to tidvlse every one n-lio hns a garden to I in or out-of-doova next Bpring ; whereas if removed ft-om the
pUTchRso tills pliuit at once. * • • Plants purchased tn pots ground in the autumn of the year, they can hardly be expected
i,ow may bu giown and established, so oa to flower well either | to do this." — The FlorUt, d:c.

PAUL'S NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

PAUL & SON'S NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN.

(THE UNIQUE HARDY PLANT OF THE SEASON.)

PAUL & SON,

THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT, N.,

The exolnsiro introdnoers of this Plant, [have had the honour, since they sent it out in November last, of
snpplying it In Her Majest}''s Garden at Windsor, our leading Amateurs and Nurserymen, and those of the Continent.

First-class CertiJicateSj Royal Botanical Society a»d International Exhibition.

The Reviewer of our Introduction in the "Florist" somewhat ignorantly and unpractically advises planting
email Plants in pots, in preference to larger ones in autumn. "We counsel otherwise, as we shall have ready some
3000 PYRAJIIDS and STANDARDS, specially pruned to flower next spring.

Price of such. Standards and Pyramids, 5s. each ; Dwarfs, Ss. ed. each.
Dwarfs in pots, for Kxport, 2s. 6d. each.

PAUL AND SON beg also to announce that their ROSES ore finely in BLOO.M, and well worthy of a visit.

Frequent Trains from 6.30 A.M. to Che?liunt Statio

FULHAM NURSERY, LONDON, S.W.

OSBOEN & SONS

HAVE TO OFFER FOR SALE

A FEW PLANTS OF THE BEAUTIFUL STATICE FROST!!,

A Garden Hybrid, with elegant sinuous foliage, and fiowers of a brighter blue than any other of the genus.

Price 15s. each.

ALSO THE FINE AZORIAN PORTUGAL LAUREL,

which has been uninjured by the late severe winter ; 10s. Qd. each.
1^^ Both the above have received First-class Certijicates.

CATALOGUES of HARDY TREES and SHRUBS, FRUIT TREES, and HERBACEOUS PLANTS

may now be had on application; and a SELECT LIST of STOVE, GRKENHOUSE, and oiher PLANTS
will shortly be ready.

NEW ORCHIDS FROM PERU AND ECUADOR.

JOHN LINDEN

THE FOLLOWING NEW SPECIES,

INTRODUCED DIRECTLY THROUGH HIS COLLECTORS IN PERU AND ECUADOR.

ODONTOGLOSSUM ASTRANTHUM, 31«. 6d.

BREVIFOLIUM, 63s. to 105s.
., CRISTATDM, 425., 210s. for sis, 400s. per doz.

CROCATUM, 42s.. 210^. for six.
„ HALHI, \1s. to 63s., 210s. for six.

ONCIDIUM ACINACEUM, 31s. 6d.

„ AUROSUM, 18s., 180s. per dozen.

' „ „ extra strong, 31s. 6d. to 628. M.

„ CUCULLATUM MACRANTHUM. 42s.

RACKMOSUM, 42s.
HOLOCHRTSUM, 26fi. to 42s.
HYPH^MATICUM, 31s. 6rf., 180s. for six.
- „ MACRANTHUM, 63s. to 105s.

„ NUBIGENUM. 31s. 6d. to 633., 320s. per dozen.

„ .. LINDLEYANUM, splendid, Hpsandpetals

spotted with crimson, 63s. to IOO5.

OyClDITTM NUBIGENUM MACRANTHUM, extra large variety
and described as very fine, 63s. to in9s.
„ SEMELE (Rohb.). 31s. 6d.

„ SERRATUM (Dladema), 42s., 460s. per dozen.

„ XANTHORNIS, 31s. 6rf.

MESOSPINIDIUM SANGUINEUM, 31s. 6d . 320s. per dozen.
NANONES MEDUSA (Rchb.), 147s.

CATTLEYA MAXIMA VAR., with glaucous leaves, described as
very fine, 42s. to lOOs., 4008. per dozen.
„ NOVA, from Choco, very distinct, of pseudo bulb

but described as being in the way of C, Warscewiczi
63s. to 108s.
BURLINGTONIA ( RODRIGUEZIA ) BATEMANIANA. 18.^.
180s. per dozen.
„ „ TRICOTIUM (Rchb.), quite new

and very distinct, 21s. to 42s.

For other NEW and RARE ORCHIDS, see the CATALOGUE just published.

ROBERT PARKER hog.s to offer the following.— All
the Plants are strooR and healthy, and can be oupeliod tn
quantities.

PANSY CLTVEDKN BLUE. 6,^. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVKDF.N PURl'LK, On. per dozen
PANSY CLIVEDEN YELLUW, 6«. per dozen.
POLEMONIUM CfERULKUM VARIEOATUM, 2s. 0(/ each.
RII<)I_M>DENDR()N COUNTESS of HAOUINOTON. 3«. 6d. eaoh.
TRITOM.X GKANDIS, ISs. per do^.on.
TRITuMa IIVARIA GI.AUOEHCENS. 12«. perdozod
VIOLA ( OKNUTA, best variety, 4«. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE DP:s VIOLETS, fls. per dozen.
VIOLET THE CZAR, 6/t. per dozen. [per packet
PRIMULA SINENSfs p'lMBRIATA, finest mixed aood! 2«. 6rf
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALotHTKS f>r AGlflCUL-
TUKAL, FLOWEll, and VEGETABLE SKEDS. OREENIloUSK
HARDY, aud STOVE PLANTS, ivro publl«tiod, unci will be {at,
warded free to appllcautH.
Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, 8.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIRIT of IRELAND.
—GRAND SUBSCRtPTION ROSE PRIZES (Open to the
United Klnedom). A SllTor Cup, or other piece of Plalo, value
Ten Soverolunn; Second Prize, do. do., value Sovon Soverelgua ;
Third do., Five SovoroiKn"; Fourth do.. Four SovoielRns; Fifth do.,
Three Soverelnns ; and Sixth iio.. Two SnvurotgnM, for Stand of
48 Roses, each dlfforent, Mti^jlo blooms, ur tnisHOB, on sIhrIo htems.

Exhibitors who are not Members of the Rojal H0rtlcultur.1i Society
of Ireland, or SubHcriborH, can compete on fiaymont of an Entranoo
Foe of lOa., to be forwarded with their notice of entry.

N.I3. — The Stands must bo painted green, and varnished, and of
the uniform breadth (from frout to rear) of 2 feet ; depth In rear,
8 Inches, and In front, 5 inches.

Competition for the above will take place at the ROCIETys
SUMMER SHOW, to be held at KINGSTOWN, on THURSDAY.
June 27. Schedules can bo obtained on application to the Secretary,
28, Westland Row, Dublin.

GRAND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION
at BURY .ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with the
SHOW of tho ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 16, 1867, and four following Days.
Amongst various Special Prizes, amounting in valuo to nearly
£300, and exclusive of tbe ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20.
will be offered by the Proprietors of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for the best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to bo made up as follows : —
Of FRUITS, any Five of the following Eight kinds, one Dish of
each : — Grapes, Melons (2 fruits). Strawberries, Gooseberries, Cur-
rants, Cherries, Raspberries, or Apples (of the crop of ISliiSj.

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of the following Fourteen Itlnda.
one basket or bundle of each :— Peas, French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners), Broad Beans. Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace). Summer
Cabhiiges, Early CaiTots, 'I'urnlps, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rhubarb, Potatos, or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will be open to Competitif>n amongst AmatflTir or Pro.
fes-sional Gardeners, of all grades, with Fruit and Vegetables of tlieir
ovyn growing ; any article otherwise obtained will disqualil^ the
exhibitor.

THE GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT
INSTITUTION.
The TWENTY- FOURTH ANNIVERSARY FESTIVAL will
take place at tho LONDON TAVERN, Bl&HOPSGATE STREET,
LONDON, on THURSDAY, .Kme 27.

PrenUleiil of the Daij.

TnF, RiGUT Hon. Sik Rohert Pkkl, Bnrt., M.P.

Board of Stewards.

Georgo Child, Esq., OJiairninn

His Grace the Duke of Devonshire. E.G., F.E.S,

The Right Hon. Eari Ducie-

The Right Hon. Lord Egertoii dl T.itton

The Right Hon. Lord Loridcsb'-r-iiigh

- The Riglit Hon. Lord Viscount S mrlou

The Right Hon. Sir William Hutt, M.P.

The Baron Lionel de Rothschild, M.P.

Sir William Knighton, Bart.

Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart.

Sir Roderick Murchison, Bart , F.B.S,

Sir Walter Stlrimg, Bart.

Professor Owen

James Bateman, Esq.
Robert Broiidwater, Esq.
J. B Browne, Esq.
William Bull, Esq.. F.L.S.
W. Wentworth Buller, Esq.
Colin M. Campbell, Esq.
James Crispe, Esq.
John Day, Esq.
E. Easton, Esq.
Pierce E^an, Esq.
Francis Fuller, Esq.
James Heywood, Esq.
Antlrew Henderson, Esq.
Robt. Stelner Holford, Esq.,
William Hurst, Esq., Jun.
Colonel Jeakes
W, S, Johnson, Esq.

Charles Lawson, Esq.

Henry Grab mi Lawson, Esq.

George S. Laivaon, Esq.

C. N. Newdes:ito, Esq., M.P.

Donald N.coll, Esq.

George Warde Norman. Esq.

Wm. J. Nutting, Esq.. Jun.

Thomas Osborne, Esq.

Chas. Ratclilf, Esq.

Mr. Alderman Salomons, M.P

W.Wilson Saunders,E'q.F.R.S.

John Spencer, Esq.

J.anies Veitch. Esq., F.L.S.

R. S. Vivian, ISsq.

Robert Warner, Esq,

Henslul^h Wod^vooi, E-q,

G. F. Wilson. E^q., F.R.S. -
Dinner upon Table at 6 o'clock precisely. Ticket*. 21«. eacli.
'" Ladies' Tickets for the Gallery, 7.''. Gd., for wbom a Handsome
Collation is provided. Edward R. Cutler, .Secretary.

14, Tavistock Row, Covent Garden, W.C.

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL and HORTICULTURAL GARDENS, BRUSSELS.

SATURDAY, JUNE 15, 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

i Koyal Horticultural (Fruit and Floral
TnEsuAY, Juno 18^ Committees). iit South Kensington ., 11 .\.m.
f Ditto (Seientiflc Discussion) ,. .. 3r.w.

WTniorflniv _ lofl^'*^^' Bolanic [Exhibition of Plants,

WE0NE8DXY, — IJJ Howpi-B, and Fnilt) 2p.m.

THUH8Di.y, — 20— Unnean Sp.m.

ShAXL the magnificent specimens exhibited at
OUT flower shows be half plants or whole plants ? '
Shall they be shams or realities ? That is again
becoming the question, as a glance over our'
recent great shows, that at Manchester in parti-
cular, will have afforded abundant evidence.
Lideed, next to that of the possibility of keeping
the exhibitions open long enough to make them
pay, this question of what should be the form of
Specimen Exhibition Plants is the inquiry
more particularly suggested by an attentive
examination of the shows of the present season.

It is but a few years since that this same
question was put to the growers, with an intima-
tion that sham plants would not be tolerated ;
the hint was taken, and the evil was remedied ;
but old habits are again creeping out, our Rose
growers and oui* Pelargonium growers have come
to need a gentle reminder as to what is required
of them, and our Azalea growers have to be told
plainly that such plants as have disfigured some
of the' shows of this year cannot be tolerated

m

626

THE eARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 15, 1867. |

another season. They exhibit, not plant culti-
vation but plant distortion.

At the time to which we have alluded the
stern voice of public opinion was raised against
such things as specimens of Azaleas, Roses, and
Pelargoniums trained to one face, so that they
were really half-plants only, as well as against.
Fuchsias which presented shapeless and scraggy
outlines, bearing evidence of an utter want of
intelligent management. What was insisted on
was this, that exhibition plants should be perfect,
that is to say, symmetrical, and balanced in their
growth, and presentable in every direction ; such
perfect development being the evidence of well-
directed cultivation — evidence, that is, of the
skill of the grower, and not of the mere sleight-
of-hand and dubious art of the trainer*.

The Eoses and Pelai-goniums and Fuchsias
were after this remonstrance creditably refoi-med;
they were grown so as to be fui'nished honestly
in every direction ; and public taste was satis-
fied. There is now just a perceptible indication
of an inclination on the part of the growers of
these flowers to return to the old path, an incli-
nation which a gentle hint may perhaps be
sufficient to arrest, but which, if this is not the
case, must be stayed by stronger measures. To
some extent the Azaleas, too, were reformed at
the period to which we allude; but unfortunately
crinoline- training was soon after introduced,
though never favourably received by the public ;
and though we thus obtained well-formed plants,
they soon became but as whited sepulchres,
covering dead and dying limbs and all manner of
deformity within. Thus, instead of growing them
as well furnished plants throughout, it became
the habit to train them so as to present a fair
exterior, and to hide their too-weU-known
deficiencies. That evil would doubtless have
worked its own cure, for such deficiency of
foliage as soon became apparent under such I

pyi'amidal figure, which tells decidedly against
them on the exhibition stage. Hard pruning
would do good to such as these. A bush-formed
plant of the Eose, however well furnished, is too
heavy and lumpy to accord with the naturally
elegant character of this flower, and the short,
conical form is, we think, in every way much
to be preferred.

To sum up : let us impress on jurors the import-
ance of marking with their especial displeasure
any declension from the high standard of plant
growing which has hitherto been the glory of
our exhibitions ; above all, and as one means to
this end, let them set their faces against one-
sided, half-formed specimens. And let us beg
cultivators to depend more on their skiU as plant
growers than on their dexterity as trainers ;
specially, let them abjure crinoline and sm-face
training, and build up their specimens by legiti-
mate stopping and thumb-pnining. Verily, if
they do this, they wUl have their reward.

Professor Eeichenbach's work on the
Orchids of Central America has made its appear-
ance at an auspicious moment, the attention of
collectors being now more than ever directed to
the Orchid treasui'es of that particular portion of
the world. More than 30 years ago Ma. Bate-
man had already fixed his eye upon the «ame
country as pre-eminently an Orchid-bearing
region; but his muster-roll, as found in "The
Orchidacese of Mexico and Guatemala," is left
far behind by that of the Grerman Professor ; for
while the latter gives us a list of about 300
species, chiefly taken from an area not
extending more than 200 miles, Ma. Bateman
was not able to reckon up more than 240,
although he laid the whole land under contri-
bution, from the most northerly frontiers of
Mexico to the southern extremity of the Isthmus
of Panama. So rapidly duiin

. , ... .- r-"-j 5, the space of one

trammg, would necessarily lead to exhaustion of generation has our knowledge advanced ! For
the plants,— a doom which overhangs all such the progress made we are chiefly indebted to
specimens, and which we have this year seen | German travellers, e.(/., Warscewicz, Oersted,

too palpably exemplified. The shield-formed
plants, however, with every flower brought
to the front, and not even a leaf to hide
the hollow deficiency behind, such as were
offensively prominent at Manchester, cannot for
a moment be endru'ed without protest. They
would be bad enough seen staged against the
wall of a greenhouse, but in an exhibition tent,
where from many points a side view of them is
unavoidable, they are simply execrable. TVe trust,
therefore, that every juror and every critic will set
his face against them with an unflinching dcter^
mination to put an end to such an obvious falling
off; while the fate of the crinoline plants will be
a lesson to all those who depend on wire and
twine, instead of stopping and thumb-pinching,
to work out the shape of their plants.

No doubt, in regard to all kinds of exhibition
plants, the mode of framing adopted is far too
rigid and formal. The general outline should
indeed be symmetrically developed, but the plants
should present as broken a surface — in other
words, as much light and shade, as the particular
subject under training wiU permit ; they should
never present such a continuous even sheet of
colour as we often see, suggesting that they
have been clipped over with a pair of shears.
The topiary art is not permitted in modern
plant cultm-e, and it should not therefore be
simulated by excess of ti-aining.

As to the general outline of the specimens,
some diversity must be allowed. Amongst stove
and greenhouse plants, forinstance, some subjects,
such as creepers, probably look as well when
grown in the balloon shape as in any other ; but
some of them are better as round-headed bushes,
and sorae certainly look best as pyi-amids.
Pelargoniums seem to come out most effectively
as flat-headed bushes ; but we notice this year
an inclination to carry this flatness to excess,
and certainly the specimens in which this form
was manifested were much less beautiful than
those in which there was a moderate degree of
convexity in the outline of the heads of bloom.
Fuchsias are decidedly best grown as pyramids,
and Azaleas also are generally so, though round-
headed plants among them often come in useful,
as tending to break up monotony of character.
Eoses, too, may be shown in both forms, though
of the two we think the pyramidal the more
effective and graceful ; but here we must add a
caution, that the pyramid must not be too much
drawn out, or the furnishing of the plant wUl in
consequence be rendered less complete, and much
of its beauty of finish will be lost. In old plants
here is a strong tendency to acquii-e the elongated

WENnL.\ND, HoFFiiAXN", and Wagener, the fou:
first of whom placed their collections in the hands
of Professor Eeiohenbach for investigation.
This labour — a labour of love we cannot doubt — he
has discharged with his usual conscientious care
and skill, the result being now before us in the
work which he modestly terms a ' ' contribution " *
to the Orohidology of Central America, adding a
hope -in which we heartily join — that further
" contributions " of the same kind may be occa-
sionally forthcoming. When these shall have
been completed it wiU probably be found that
the total Orchid flora of that wonderful isthmu;
connecting North with South America wiU not
fall far short of a thousand species ; at all events,
including Skhwer's discoveries in Guatemala
and those of Lexarza, Hartweg, andGALEOTii,
in Mexico, we can already count up nearly 600.

These facts are the more interesting when we
keep two principal facts in mind — the one that
the Orchids of the countries in question are
remarkable for their beauty, even in the charm-
inp; family to which they belong; the other
that, with the exception of some 50 "coast"
plants, nearly the whole of this great multitude
will be amenable to "cool" treatment, and wiU
therefore be brought within the reach of
thousands who shun the East India house as
they would a lazaretto in the Tropics. Not
more than 100 kinds — we speak of course of
the Mexican and Central American species — -are
at present alive in our collections, but as new
arrivals are continually announced, it is high
time that we should consider the special treat-
ment to which this important section of the family
should be submitted. And this will not be
hard to learn, if we remember that being the
denizens of a narrow strip of territory exposed to
constant breezes from two mighty oceans, the
air around them can never become confined or
humid to the same extent as that of the close
valleys of the Peruvian Andes. Moreover, there
is in Mexico, and more or less along the whole
course of the Central American isthmus, a
decided winter, either dry or cold, or both,
which must be imitated in the houses to which
oiu- plants are consigned, if anything like their
natural amount of health and vigour are to be
attained.

In the neighbourhood of Quito — which may be
taken as a typical example of another cool
Orchid climate — there is little variation either in
the temperature or in the degree of humidity all
the year round. Hence the Mexican should

■ See our notice of this work at p. 577.

differ from the Peruvian house in having at alll
times a drier, and at certain times a warmej
atmosphere. These are points that are only jusi
beginning to be appreciated, but the sooner thei
are folly recognised the sooner shall we see th'
splendid Ltelias and other Epidendreae of Mexico
and the glorious Odontoglossa of New Grenadi
and Peru, in all the fulness of their native beauty.
Already much has been done for the latter, anc
that even the former have made some progresi
win be proved at the meeting of the Horti-
cultural Society on Tuesday next, when Mi'
Anderson intends to exhibit a splendid exampli
of Laalia majahs (the " Flor de Maio" of tht
Mexicans) in full bloom.

Before we take leave of Professor Eeichen-
bach's work, we must be allowed to express oui
regret at the great changes — they really amount
to a revolution — that he has wi'ought in tbi
distribution of several of the most important
genera belonging to the tribe of " Epidendreae.'
Thus the well-known Cattleyas and Barkerias
are consigned to Epidendrum ; while our long-
tried friends the LseKas, Schomburgkias, Brasa-
volas, Broughtonias, and so forth, are all meta-
morphosed into Bletias ! We say nothing about
these changes on purely scientificgrounds, because
whether or not desirable from that point of view,
we are convinced that their adoption generally '
is a simple impossibility. At all events, not
until ovii people have consented to forego theii
first education and agree to spell on the phonetic
system, shall we believe that Orchid-growere
will cast aside the old nomenclatiu'e and adopt
the new, even although it should offer them the
privilege of turning Cattleya Skinneri into
Epidendrum HugeUanum, &c. The Orchid-
world is evidently not ripe for such an
extensive scheme of " Disfranchisement" and
" Redistribution," which would at once turn
it upside down. Sui'ely, if any change be neces-
sary, it would be far better to let these unfortunate
genera stand as suffragans or sub-genera, rather
than attempt to extinguish them altogether.

Of the National HoETictTLTUEAL Exhibi-
tion opened last week at Manchester, and of which a
report will be found in another column, it may be
recorded that it stands second only, as to extenlj and
merit, to the Great International Show of 18C6. That;
alone e.xcepted, no other flower show, metropolitau or
provincial, has been of so e-^itensive a character, nor
from the horticultural point of view so thoroughly
successful ; and we are glad to be able to add, that like
its great forerunner, which seems to have suggested it,
the Manchester Show gives every promise of proviu;.; a
financial success. Comparing its several elements with
the constituents of the great gathering of IStiG.we may
say that at Manchester the display of Orchids was
equal to the International, if not superior. In Stove
and Greenhouse plants the Manchester display was
equal in quality, though necessarily inferior in quantity;
in Foliage plants the International had the advantage
in quantity and size, though the Manchester plants were
equally good in quality ; while in Azaleas, Ferns, Eoses,
Pelargoniums, and hardy Trees and Shrubs, the Inter-
national was in a marked degree superior. Neverthe-
less this Show, which closes to-day, taken as a whole,
stands, as we have said, inferior, only to the Great
International, and its high character reflects great
credit both on the managers and the exhibitors. Mr.
FiNDLAY in jiarticular deserves especial recognition,
both for his original conception of the idea of tiolding
a monster show in the provinces, and for the hearty
and successful manner in which he has carried it out.
It was a bold attempt, which has been fully justilied by
the display produced ; and we are glad to learn that
the Manchester Botanical and Horticultural Society,
for whose behoof it was got up, will, if the last days
are propitious, have largely benefited by the financial
proceeds, and that the discredit and clog of a heavy debt
will have thus been sensibly lightened, leaving it the
prospect of a more prosperous future.

Haie -Worms. The violent thunderstorm,

accompanied by a deluge of rain, which burst over the
metropolis in the early morning of Monday, the
3d inst., was followed in the course of a few hours by a
curious phenomenon but rarely observed. The Rose
bushes and other shrubs in various gardens at Keu-
uington, Brixton, and other southern suburbs, were
seen to be swarming with small, slender hair-worms
(about 2 or 3 inches long, and not thicker than a lace-
pin). These creatures are occasionally found in the
earth, but they are parasitic in the bodies of different
kinds of insects. A correspondent from the neighbour-
hood of Carlisle, in a letter also dated the 3d inst.,
informs us that he had found a number of these
creatures in his garden, stating that " they come out in
quantities in our garden on damp evenings. They are
long, hair-like looking worms, from 3 to 4 inches in
length, rather pale in colour, and their habit is to wind
half of their length round some leaf or stalk, and make
a circular sort of motion in the air with tlie other
half" Their history is very obscure, but we believe
they are in no wise injurious to plants. /. 0. W.

A Flower Show, in encouragement of Window

Gardening amongst the Working Classes, is
announced to take place at Hull on Saturday, the
13th of July next. Among the general instructions

June 15, 18fi7.J

THE GARDENERS' niRONICLE AND AOinrni/rTlRAL GAZE1TE.

627

asreed on are the foUowini; :-That the exhibitors
iiiust belong bondjideio tlie working classes; that the
olants Ibr exhibition must be taken to certain con-
venient places, to be registered, together with the
names, aildressos, and occupations ol the exhibitors ;
and that each plant and pot bo so marked that the
production of no other plants than those which have
been duly registered, may be ensured. Three classes
are to be rorincd: 1, Ibr plants grown m courts, and
neighbourhoods generally unfavourable to tlio growth
of plants; 2, for plants grown under less unlavourablo
conditions; 3, for plants grown under favourable con-
ditions. Twelve prizes at least will be given in each
class, viz., three to the exhibitors who shall respect-
ively show four, three, two, or one plant each.
Three prizes are also to be .given for bunches of wild
flowers, and three for collections of fresh gathered
Gra.«ses, besides various special prizes. This example is
worthy of imitation in other municipalities.

Several new or rare Obchids are likely, we

believe, to be exhibited at the meeting of the Royal
Horticnltur.il Society on Tuesday next, especially
the glorious Ladia mnjalis ("Flor de Maio" of the
Mexicans), which Mr. Andekson has flowered with
his usual success, and which Mr. Bate5i.\n is to make
the subject of a lecture. The chair will be taken by
Sir Sj. ilUKrnisoN.

We are happy to announce the safe return to

this country from his second trip to Nicaragua, of
Br. Sekmann, who ha.s, we understand, made a very
full collection of all the plants of the Chonlales gold
region, and amongst them has secured some very orna-
mental garden plants, which latter have been handed
over to Mr. Bull.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Cattleya TVaescewiczii. — Florist and Fomol.,
isi.r, 09. Orchidaceso. A beautiful cool-house Orchid,
remarkable for the variety of colour presented by
diQ'erent plants, and especially valuable as a winter-
blooming species. The colours vary from pure white
to deep rosy blush, and the lip is richly stained with
deep rosy-purple, finely contrasted with an orange-
coloured blotch, and generally having a well-defined
Sale margin. Native of New Grenada, and now widely
istributed amongst growers.

CORDYLINE AUSTKALis. — Bot. Mag., t. 56.36.
Liliacea^. This is the handsome Yucca-like narrow-
leaved greenhouse shrub wdiicli was formerly called in
gardens G. indivisa, a name belonging to a broader-
leaved yellow-veined plant. It grows from 12 to
20 feet high, has narrow ensiform leaves 2 to 3 feet
long, and bears an erect and very much branched
panicle of white blossoms, forming a dense head just
emerging from among the leaves. Native of New
Zealand. Flowered at Kew.

DoMBEVA Mastersii.— 5o<. Mag., t. 5639. Stercu-
liacea;. This is the plant described with some doubt
as D. angulata at p. 14. It is a fine cool-stove shrub,
with cordate-ovate velvety leaves, and axillary
jjcduncles, bearing simple or subcompouud corymbs
of perfumed white flowers. Native of tropical Africa.
Plowered at Kew.

DiCTYOPsis Thunbekgii. — Bot. Ma-g., t. 5638.
SmilaceJe. An elegant creeping greenhouse herb,
furnished with sessile ovate-acuniinate leaves, which
are its chief recommendations ; it has a paniculately
branched inflorescence of inconspicuous white flowers.
Native of South Africa. Flovvered at Kew.

EUCODONIA N.EGELIOIDES.— i'ifort. Franc, 1867,
t. 3. GesneracciE. A charming stove perennial herjj,
raised between Eucodonia Ehrenbergii and Ntegelia
zebrina spleudens, to which the new and inadmissible
nameofEucodonopsishas been given. It isa lovely plant,
with broad ovate and hairy leaves, and large Gloxinia-
like flowers of a fine rose, the under side of the tube
being yellow, spotted with crimson, and the face of the
limb marked with bars of deeper crimson. A Belgian
hybrid, raised by M. Van Hontte.

FiTTONIA AKGTKONEUEA.— J'7ore <f?s Serres, t. W&i. :
Acanthacese. A charming stove perennial herb of
dwarf habit, bearing a profusion of broad Bat oval
leaves of a bright green colour, traversed by a network
of pure white veins. It is similar in character to 1
F. (Gymnostachyum) VersohafTeltii and Pearcii, hut
differs in the colour of the venation. Native of Para.
Introduced by Mr. Bull,
i GoMPHiA TheophkaSta.— 5o*. J(i(rsr.,t. 5642. Och-
nacese. A showy stove shrub, leafy at the apex of the
stem, the leaves a foot long, elongate ovate-lanceolate,
serrulate, and very shortly stalked, and the inflorescence
consisting of copiously branched panicles a foot long, of
golden yellow flowers. It has been called Wolken-
steinia Theophrasta by Regel. Native of South Ame-
rica. Flowered at Kew.

I L^LIA PiLCHERi.— J!'/o™Z.3foy.,t. 340. Orchidacese.
i A fine new hybrid Orchid obtained from Lielia
Perrinii fertilised with L. crispa. It has narrow
petaled white flowers, and a small nan-ow lip, the base
of which is white, slightly veined with purple and
rolled over the column, and the front portion, which
is of a rich purple edged with white, is drawn out to an
acute point. A garden hybrid, raised by Mr. Domiuy,
I in the nursery of the Messrs. Veitch.

Myhtus C'heken.— 5o< Mag., t. 5&14. MyrtaceaB.

' A pretty evergreen greenhouse or half-hardy shrub,

I much branched and densely leafy, the leaves small,

closely set, oblong-ovate, obtuse, and the flowers nume-

I rous, whitie, seated in the leaf axils. Nutive of Chili.

Flowered at Kew.

! NiEaELIAS.—F/orerfe.! «?«•««, 1. 1671-2. Gesneracea;.

j In this plate are representations of several beautiful

1 varietiescombining the zebrina liabit,vvith pale-coloured

flowers, namely ;—CHROWATELLA, with clear yellow

blossoms J LiNDLEYANA, with yellow blossoms, finely

dotted with red on the face, and with a rosy-tinted

tube; CYMOSA, with whitish flowers, creamy in the
throat, and flushed with rose on the tube and uiipcr
segments; hoska I'IJNctatirsi.via, with blush white
limb, finely dotted on tho face aa well as in the throat
with crimson, while the lower part of the tube is iialo
yellow, anil Ihu upper strongly tinted with rosy pur|de.
Tliey will bo very decided acquisitions. Belgian
varieties, raised by M. Van Uoutte.

l'Ei.\nuoNUiMS.— .fYoivi/ Mag., t. 334. This plate
is devoted to two fine show varieties:— Negress
(lig. 1), a rich deep crimson maroon with white throat;
and Milton (lig. 2), a llower of better quality, with
dark upper petals bordered with deep rose, purplish
rose blotched and pencilled lower petals, and a broad
white centre. The first is a remarkably dark flower
of novel character. Raised by B. Foster, Esq.

SEur.M siAXmuJl VEKSirOLOH.— F/orc de.^ Serre.i,
t. 1609. Crassulacea^. The plant is also called S. Rodi-
gasii. It is a hardy iiereunial of the Telephium group,
and has rouudish oblong somewhat concave leaves,
which are green in the centre and unequally margined
with white, the latter colour being irregularly flushed
and generally bordered with rose pink. A Belgian
garden variety.

Verbena Lady of Lanoleyduey. — Floral Mag.,
t. S37. Verbenaccie. A very handsome striped-
flowered variety, wdiich originated in a sport from
Purple King. The flowers are purple with the seg-
ments broadly and evenly margined with white, so as
to give them a striped character. Obtained by Mr.
Cruickshanks, gardener to W. Jones Loyd, Esq., Lang-
leybury, Herts.

Peak Pkincess of yVfihES.— Florist i^ Fomol,
1807, 93. A very handsome and valuable dessert fruit,
of full average size, variable in shape, obtusely obovate,
or sometimes with a contracted waist, smooth, pale
yellow, mottled over ^vith thin cinnamon russet ; eye
open, set in a rather shallow basin, the segments
erect acute; stalk short, stout, inserted in a deepish
cavity; flesh smooth, melting, juic.r, with a highly-
flavoured aroma. Ripe in November and December.
Raised by the Rev. J. Huyshe, Clysthydon, Devon.

LETTERS FROM PARIS.— No. XIV.

Miscellaneous Jottings.
The edgings in many of the publ ic gardens of Pari!: are
the best, most stable, and neatest I have ever seen. They
are made after the old-fashioned pattern of bent sticks

pretty. Tho New Zealand Flax also looked quite in
])lace planted beside the water.

As a rule tho nurseries 1 have seen are far from
being like ours, but not a lew nurserymen have left
the iimuediate vicinity of i'aris of late years, and gone
to more wholesome (luarters. The Pear seems par-
ticularly well cultivated in many places, even in small
humble gardens; .spring gardening too is carried out
everywhere. Good private collections are far from
being so common as they are with us, and though tho
peojile generally are very fond of flowers yet they do
not spend nearly so much money on gardening as the
Jiritish. As for the making of the roads and streets
it is admirable, as many of your readers may ha\e
learnt for themselves. When they have finished
repairing or making a street here, the surface is love)
and crisp as the broad walk in the Regent's Park, so
that tho horses are spared much pain, and carriage
movement is much facilitated. Stones of much the same
size as we spread on the roads are thrown down, and
then comes the heavy steam or horse-drawn roller,
making but a slight impression at first, as might be
expected, and indeed it has to be passed over many
times ere the work is completed. But they persevere
and roll away day and night, and soon the street looks
as I have described. All the time, or nearly all the
time that this rolling is going on, a man stands at the
side of the footway in charge of a hose on little wheels,
and keeps swishing the stones with water, while others
shake a little gravel on them between the rollings,
and so they wash and roll and grind day and night, the
result being that the Parisian roads .are aa comfortable
for locomotion as could possibly be desired. Doubtless
such management as this, and the immense improve-
ment eUected in Paris gardens of late years, and their
perfect keeping, will act beneficially on the horti-
cultureof the country generally ; and unlesssome happy
change should start us on the same road to improve-
ment, we shall soon have good reason to be ashamed
of the state of our towns and cities.

Vegetables were not very plentiful here during the
ivinter, but good salads were very abundant. Endive
being perhaps the nicest, but the blanched Chicory,
or Barbe de Capucin, thoroughly blanched, is good,
bitter, and wholesome. Pisse-en-Lit (Dandelion) was
much in vogue, but is not nice to my taste ; there was
a good soft Cos Lettuce in general use ; and Corn
Salad, or Miche, as the French call it, was good
all through the winter. It is a great pity that London
and our other great towns are not better supplied with

inserted in the ground, but thev are of cast-iron, in 1 salads, but the whole subject of the supply of our
fact bent iron rods, modelled evidently from bits of , cities with fruits and vegetables is in want^ol a com-

bent saplings. They are about 15 or 16 inches in span,
strong, and about as thick as the middle finger, and of
a brown colour. The points are flattened for tho
readier placing of the irons in the earth, and of course
they are placed so as to form a cross work, just as in
the little fence of bent saplings which everybody must
have seen. AVhere the rods touch each other they are
tied with a bit of copiver wire in most cases. In others
of the same pattern that I noticed near the Louvre, a ! tre'^^^
little ring or eye projects from each, and catches hold
of its neighbour. These form an edging fronr 6 to
S inches high, neater and firmer than any other edging
whatever, ami cheaper than many, while almost ever-
lasting, and of such an aspect that no taste could be . .
ofl'ended with them. They are decidedly the best edgings ] sistin
for a public garden, and no doubt much cheaper th:
those cement and artificial stone , abominations
which look so much astr.iy in a nice garden. Here
they are mostly placed about 2k inches from the
margin of the Grass or bed, so as to_ permit
of cleaning it without

plete reform. Celery mixed with Corn Salad is a
popular, cheap, and capital salad, very gratefully
flavoured. Every day in sipring I was delighted with
the most delicious young Radishes, and as for forced
Asp.aragus, magnificent is the only word that can
describe it ; as I have before mentioned, each stick of
the best quality is as Tiig as a goodly-sized eel. The
French grow Asparagus as well as they grow Peach
!. One day I went to the Luxembourg and heard
M. Riviere deliver one of his free lectures, which
was thoroughly practical, and was elucidated by
the aid of a fine Peach tree brought bodily in in full
flower. The lecturer went through the theory and
practice of the matter before an attentive class, con-
' ■ of several hundred persons, pruned his boughs,
and elucidated the matter in a way which could
not fail to highly benefit the numerous amateurs
who attended the class. It was a very inte-
resting sight to me to see such a number

the firmly-set edging. I have seen a few other neat
kinds, but as they do not surpass, as these " cast-iron
sticks" do, any edging in use in crowded places in
England, I omit notice of them.

A word or two about the Grass in Paris gardens :
it is kept perfectly neat and fresh at all times, even in
the heart of the city, and through the nasty spring it
looked as green as an emerald. They gave it a top-
dressing of fine, rich, and thoroughly decomposed
manure with leaf-mould in April, a time when great
.activity prevailed in the innumerable gardens in the city,
and wdien they were diligently planting the beds with
WallHowers, Arabis, Lychnis, ic. They plant out as
systematically as they drill the human subject. For
some weeks previous to planting, the various beds were
scored with lines, and the exact spot for every spring
flower indicated.

In the Jardin des Planles I was much pleased
to see a fine display of spring flowers. It is a splendid
garden for hardy and medicinal plants, both kept dis-
tinct and clean. Ofthe earlier flowers, the old Saxifraga
(Megasea)crassifolia proved one of I he best, and it is very
extensively used for spring gardening in Paris. They
have a great spread of ground devoted to large masses
of good things, several acres in fact, and in this I hope
to Bave a rich treat by-and-by. In fact, it is the
grand feature of the garden, which is, however, curious
in many ways, attempting as it does to exhibit all
things, from young alligators to elephants, and being
surrounded by galleries containing immense zoolo.^ical,
botanical, anthropological and mineralogical treasures.
It is not devoid of interest to the fruit gardener, for
immediately to the right when you enter there is a
grand collection of Pear trees in beautiful condition
and training, and these I should advise every visitor to
the Exhibition to see.

The Jardin d'xVcclimatation in the Bois de Boulogne
is a pretty one.and highly interesting to those interested
in animal life. They do not do mueh gardening, but I
was very much pleased with the arrangement of the
conservatory, hi what may be called the natural style,
with a few rocks and a little winding stream, a fresh
and verdant turf being formed of Lycopodium denti-
culatum, and in this beds of Chinese Primulas were
plunged during the spring, the eflbct being very

of people here at 9 o'clock in the morning, taking a
t'he"least distiirbTng 1 deep interest in the matter^ and speaks much for the

excellence of the Professor. 1 have heard a few lectures
in England, but none so directly useful to the horticul-
turist as these. The fine old gardens of the Luxem-
bourg are to a great extent destroyed, but new features
are being added to compensate, and of the whole place
I hope to speak at seme future time. Every day is
adding to the beauty of the scene around the Expo-
sition. In the building things are now fairly in order.

My Diary for April 19 reads thus ■.—'^- Saw ripe
Melons to-day at the Exhibition, grown in the pits
formerly described. Also Calville Blanc, a noble
largo yellow Apple, selling at one and two francs,
a splendid fruit for any purpose; six beautifully-
coloured fruits of the Belle Angevine Pear, weighing
collectively 44 lb. ; Easter Beurr(5s were also magni-
ficent. Cherries were ripe and good— forced, of course.
In a house near the Rue St. Honore, a great vegetable
and fruit magasin, I measured one stick of Asparagus
an inch and a half in diameter. This is grown on deep
sandy ground. In this house they preserve an
immense quantity of Jlushrooms in tin boxes, about
14,000 boxes per annum, quantities of which are sent
to England. Nearly every sort of vegetable is also
preserved in great quantity in this house. They begin
their preservation in the month of May, and in every
case select the very best and tenderest specimens that
can be had in the country." Tomatos were ripe in April
and fine ; they came from the warmer parts of France »

Called in at the Cemetery of Mont Parnasse on m,/
way to M. Chantin's nursery. Saw them making a.
new drive, the bottom being made with, broken^head -
stones, many of them bearing the date of 1860 and
thereabouts. These had heen placed on ground that
had not been paid for in perpetuity, and were conse-
quently grubbed up when, as I before described, they
want to fill the trenches a second time. I have read
and admired Lyell's illustration that all flesh is Grass,
by telling .about an old graveyard being undermitied by
the sea on the Eastern coast, and a stone inscribed to
" perpetuate" the memory of somebody being knocked
and ground about bv the waves on the beach, but 1
never knew what a poor, transient, weedy kind ot
Grass is the flesh of the lords of creation till I came
here. Chantin's nursery, from whence the Caladiums
were sent out, is very rich in Ferns and handsotafe-

628

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL G/,ZF,TTR

[June 15, 1507.

leaved plants of all kinds ; and it is the place in whicli
most of the great number of Palms used for decoration
are grown. I took a list of the more desirable' kinds,
which I will lay before your readers in due course. W. S.

HARDY PICTORIAIy TREES.— No. V.

Flowering Trees and Shrubs (Eveegreen).

So numerous are the species and varieties of hardy
flowering trees and shrubs that there is a difiiculty in
reducing thenumber within rea,sonable limits. Many of
the old kinds which have had a name in the past,
must now give place to kinds of recent introduction,
which, while they serve to fill the place of the former
as regards general character and foliage, e.xcel them in
the beauty of their flowers. In making a selection,
the amateur will be guided by the season at which
he_ wishes to have the greatest display ; in some places
this may be spring, in others summer, and in others,
again, autumn. Leaving this and other special objects
to be sought out and realised by the individual
planter, I can but deal with the matter from a general
point of view, selecting the most desirable kinds at
whatever season they may flower.

Andromeda farihmda. — Height, 3 feet. This
beautiful dwarf evergreen, which is covered with
numerous spikes of snow-white flowers in winter and
early spring, thrives best in peat or light loam. It is
worthy of a special plot in every garden.

Arbutus C/nerfo.— Height, 15 feet. This is the type
of a numerous family, all more or less interesting,
thriving best in light loam. The flowers are white.
Of the scarlet flowering kinds, A. U. Croomii is the
largest and handsomest. A. Andrachne ki/brida is also
a beautiful kind, with large shining leaves, and long
spikes of white flowers.

Berberis AquifoUum. — Height, 5 feet. A dark green
evergreen with ample foliage, producing an abundance
of yellow flowers in early spring, succeeded by clusters
of purple berries in autumn. Hardy, handsome, and
free thriving in any soil, this plant, oa account of its
beauty and cheapness, should be abundantly planted.
It forms excellent cover, pheasants and birds generally
feeding freely on the berries. B. fascicidarli hijbrida
is also a beautiful kind of taller growth.

Berberis JldCKiinii.— Height, 5 feet. Perhaps the
loveliest of this genus, thriving in common garden soil.
The flowers are rich deep orange, often so profuse as to
completely cover the plant.

Ceanothus j)n//irf?M.— Height, 6 feet. A beautiful
shrub, producing spikes of sky-blue flowers; very
hardy. Of other species, rrznreus, derttatus, divaricatus,
rirtidus, and papitlosvs are good, but not quite hardy ;
they are however valuable and suitable as wall plants.

JJaphiie pont/ca.— Height, 4 feet. This is a valuable
hardy plant on account ol the siveetness of its insigni-
ficant greenish flowers, which perfume the garden and
shrubbery in the evening. B. Cneornm and D.
Cneorumfol. var. are also charming plants, of trailing
habit, with pink sweet-scented flowers. The latter are
of less ea.sy culture than the former and require light
loamy or peaty soil. D. Fioniana is a pretty dwarf
free-blooming kind with lilac flowers, thriving like the
D. pontica in any soil.

Erica in varieties (the hardy Heath),— The varieties
of hardy Heath are almost endless, if we include, as
from the mere decorative point of view we may well
do, the genera Oi/psocnilis (Moor Heath), and C'aUuna
(Ling or Heather). They range in height from 1 to
4 feet, are mostly very hardy, and thrive best in peat.
Por a siiiall collection take the following:— C. vulgaris,
fi varieties ; Erica, 10 varieties ; Oypsocallis, 4 varieties.
The flowers are white or red.

Qarrya ellipiica. — Height, 8 feet. A fine evergreen,
with dark shining oblong leaves, produeing in mid-
winter catkins resembling those of the Filbert. The
plant is sometimes damaged by frost in winter, but
quickly recovers. Thrives in any soil.

Kalmia lafifolia.—Heii^H. 6 feet. This is one of the
chastest of what are popularly called American plants,
the^ leaves are of a beautiful dark green, the flowers
white, tinted with pink. K. m!/rfifolia is similar in
character, but has flowers of a deeper colour. K. glauca
is a lovely little plant, rarely exceeding 1 or li foot
in height, covering its branches with pale red flowers
in April and May. AH these require peat or light
loam.

Zigustrum lucidum (the Chinese Privet).— Height,
13 feet. A very handsome evergreen, but scarcely
hardy enough for the climate of London except in
dryish soils, and sheltered situations.

Magnolia grandijlora ea-OKieBsis.— Height, 30 feet.
One of the grandest of flowering evergreens, most
suitable for training against mansions and dwelling-
houses, where in time it will rise to the height of
30 or 40 feet. The large oval flowers are white; very
fragrant ; thrives best in sandy loam or peat.

Rhododendron. — Of all flowering evergreens the
Rhododendrons are pre-eminent. They require peat,
natural or artificial. The garden varieties are so hybri-
dised that I shall not attempt to bring them under
any one species, but simply give a list of names and
colours of a few of the best. M. arboreiim, catambiense,
maximum, and ponii^itm, are the species from which our
best garden varieties have descended. White and black,
variously spotted and shaded: Album elegans, Chi-
noides, Gulnare, Ingramii, Madame Miolan Carvalho,
Minnie, Mr. Otto Porster, Mrs. Mangles, Papiliona-
ceum, Zuleika. Lilac : Fastuosum, Maculatum super-
bum, Sherwoodianum. Pinkish white: Star of
England. White or blush edged with rose : Bylsianum,
Concessum, Comtesse de Morella, Limbatum, The Gem.
Peach-colour : Standish's Perfection. Rose and cerise :
Blandyanum superbuin, Etoile de Plandres, Lady E.
Cathcart, Madame Titiens, Mrs. John Waterer, Pax-
tonii. Crimson of various shades : Blandyanum, Fleur
de Marie, Atrosanguineum, Barolayanum, Grand Arab,
lago, John Waterer, Robert Burns. Purplish crimson

and lake: Brayanum, General Wilson, Neilsonii. Blood
colour : Brebnerii. Purplish claret : Blatteum, Macu-
latum grandiflorum. Blueish purple: Schiller.

Spartium jnnceum (the Spanish Broom). — Height,
8 feet. One of the gayest of flowering evergreens ;
flowers yellow, thriving in common soil.

Utex europcea JJore-pleno (the double-flowered
Furze). — Height, 5 feet. A compact evergreen, thriving
in common soil; the yellow flowers are produced so freely
in spring that it forms a complete golden bush. A'"ery
eflfective, but apt to sufler from severe frosts.

Viburnum Tiiius (the Laurustinus). — Height, 8 feet.
This is perhaps the most beautiful of winter-flowering
dwarf evergreens, thriving in common garden soil. It
is sometimes damaged in low damp situations if the
winter be severe, but is seldom killed. Viburnum
lucidum (the black Laurustinus), and V. stispensum
are also valuable and handsome evergreens. TTilliam
Paid, JVaJtham Cross, N.

SALADS, AND HOW TO GROW THEM.

Celery.— This most deservedly and almost univer-
sally esteemed salad veaetable is worthy of all that can
be said in its praise; though without proper cultivation,
i. e., if left to grow naturally, it is merely useful as a
pot herb for flavouring soups, &c., its leaves growing
close to the ground, and spreading similar to those of
Parsley. When properly cultivated we all know how
relishing its leaf, stalks become. Some winters are
severe enough to kill Celery outright, but this has only
occurred once within the last 20 years.

The first week [m March is the time to sow Celery.
Make up a hot-bed for it similar to that recommended
for spring-sown Lettuce ; if the mould is not fine it
must be sifted, as the seed being small it will not come
up well without that attention. The hot-bed should
be about 18 inches high. When ready, put on the
boxes, and cover the dung with earth to the depth of
6 or 7 inches. Also make a solving in some sheltered
spot on light land about the middle of the month for
late planting. The best mould to sow Celery in is a
nice friable loam, haying an admixture of leaf-mould
and sand. This will induce the roots to become
fibrous, which is a great point gained. Having filled
the boxes with mould to the required depth, rake very
smoothly, and pat the ground with the back of the
spade to make it level, in order that the plants may come
up more evenly. Sow and sift over the seed aboiit half
an inch of fine mould, put on the lights, and cover
them^ with litter or mats in order to bring up the
heat in the boxes. This covering must be removed
on fine days and when the sun shines brightly, covering
them again early in the afternoon. As soon as the
plants come up, give them a little air by means of
pushing the lights down about an inch, gradually
hardening the plants off according to the weather,
until the lights can be altogether open. The young
plants will require attention in the way of watering,
weeding, &c. They will be ready to prick out, about
the second week in April ; a slight hotbed should
then be made up, say about a foot in depth, on which
the_ boxes and lights should be put. The plants,
which will be very small, must be pricked out 3 inches
apart each way in rows ; keep the boxes close and well-
watered until the plants have struck root. They
may then be gradually hardened, so that the same
boxes and lights may be used for another pricking.
This second lot will do very well without dung. As
they progress, 'a small hoe must be used frequently
among them, in order to keep the earth loose about
them ; a table-knife, bent at the point, is the best
hoe for this purpose. Continue to prick out the
plants as they grow large enough for that purpose,
and as the spring advances beds may be made in the
open ground in the following manner :— Rake the bed
smooth, 4 feet wide, then mark lines out on it 1 foot
apart; place a board on the bed to stand upon, and ,
work backwards. The spaces between the lines will i
take two plants, and one on each line ; there will thus be
16 rows on the bed, and the plants should be 3 inches
apart each way. Care must be taken not to allow the
plants to suffer from want of water ; sometimes I find
it necessary to shade the plants from the sun until
they have taken root, but I give them the benefit of the
dews at night.

The plants first put in the boxes may be thinned
out as soon as they are large enough for that purpose,
which will be about the third week in May, to a foot
apart from row to row, and 6 inches asunder in the
row. Give the bed a good heavy watering after
thinning, and put a little earth between the plants ; as
this progresses continue the waterinas and keep the
mould well up between the rows ; to do this properly
two thin pieces of board, about 9 inches deep, will be
required : place the boards between the rows while
earthing. If properly attended to this will be ready
for table in the end of July. The other beds may be
treated in the same manner, allowing them a little
more room. If it is desired to have small Celery all
the winter, a much larger quantity can be grown by
this method than by any other, but the heads will not
be so large, as if the ordinary plan of cultivation was
pursued. To this let us now advert.

The thinnings of the first bed should be used for the
general crop. Plant in the months of February or
March two rows of Cauliflowers or Cabbages. IS inches
apart by 2 feet in the row. The next row should be
3 feet 6 inches from this ; then again have a
double row, and so on alternately. The wide
intermediate spaces may be sown with Spinach ;
or Radishes, or Lettuce may be grown among
them ; rows of Peas may also be sown 5 feet apart,
and Celery grown between them ; also many other
tilings. When the Radishes, Spinach, &c., have been
cleared off the ground, throw out the mould 18 inches
wide and 6 or 8 inches deep, dig in a good quantity of
rotten dung deeply, deep digging being one of the

main things in Celery growing. The rows of Celery
will then be 6 feet apart, and it should stand 10 inches
from plant to plant, for early work ; later in the season
it will do even at 7. Give the plants plenty of water; iu
short, they cannot well be watered too much ; if this
is neglected the root becomes hard, and instead of
obtaining early or large heads failure will be the
result, for if Celery once stops growing it is veiy
difficult to make it start again. Should this occur,
a deep hoeing and heavy watering must be resorted
to. Hoe frequently, and as soon as the Celery is 8 or
9 inches in height, put a little mould to it with
the back of the spade or a broad hoe, taking care to
keep the outside leaves upright, and not to smother the
heart. A row of hardy green Coleworts, or a row or two
of Lettuce, should be grown between the rows of the
second, and after plantings, as the Cauliflowers, &o.,
come off. Plant for succession until the first week in
August, but not later ; of course I am now only speaking
of March-sown Celery. When the plants have grown a
foot high or more, clear any thing off that may be between
the rows, and dig the earth to the Celery. This is
called back-spitting. Give itmore earth as itadvances
in growth, always leaving the top of the bank broad, to
allow for putting more earth on it. Top or close it as
the Celery is wanted. It will take about a month after
doing this before it will be ready for table. Some
advise covering it over quite from the air, to make it
blanch quickly, but that is a mistake. It will be found
quite suflicient to close it up high with earth.

A little judgment must be used so as to keep up a
succession both as regards planting and earthing. The
latter must not be pushed too forward, as the
early Celery will not keep good for any length of time
after it is ready for table. As autumn progresses put
sufficient earth to the late planted to keep the leaves
upright, but not close enough to bleach it much until
the end of November ; or if the weather be open, leave
the closing of it until the middle of December. This
in ordinary seasons will last good until April.

The soil best suited for this plant is good boggy earth,
not drained too dry ; it luxuriates in this, and with
proper attention will grow as large as could be wished.
It will do well in any good soil, provided it has enough
water given it. The plan of using earthenware pipes
to keep it upright is a useless expense. Some of the
old gardeners used to tie the leaves together with bast;
this, too, I consider simply a waste of time.

The best sorts of Celery are undoubtedly the red
varieties. They are more crisp and sweet than the
white kinds, and keep much better in the ground.
The whites, perhaps, are best for garnishing. The sorts
I recommend are Solid White and Lion's Paw White,
and Early Red. These varieties will not keep good
after Christmas. The best Celery in cultivation is
that grown by the London market gardeners, viz., a
dwarf solid red, which is good for table from August
till the end of April. To obtain Celery in May and
June, sow Italian White or Lion's Paw in the middle
of May in good open ground, and prick out in beds as
soon as ready. If the plants get too long in the beds,
cut off part of their tops— an operation which will not
hurt them. Plant in October or November in shallow
drills 3 feet apart by 6 inches in the row. This does
not require the ground to be thrown out, &c., as in the
case of that planted in summer ; digging some good
dung in in the ordinary manner, and throwing the
drills out after is sufficient ; do not give it any earth
until the following spring, when it begins to grow. By
the end of April or beginning of May it will grow very
fast, and will soon run to seed, so it is not advisable to
grow a large quantity.

Celeriac, or Turnip-rooted Celery, is useful only for
soups. It is grown like any ordinary crop, and is
tolerably hardy. /. M, M.

ORIGIN OF VARIEGATED PELARGONIUMS.

[The following is the paper on this subject which Mr. Wills
inteuded, had time permitted, to have read at the Royal
Horticultural Society's Meeting, May 21st.]
Mv intention was, had there been time, to have brought the •
whole of my specimens of the old Pelargoniums before the
meeting. They would have illustrated the progress that has
been made from the year 1710 to the present time. 1 have to
thank Mr. Davies, gardener to Lord Bridport, for several of
these curious old forms. One of them, Miller's Old Variegated,
is especially interesting, as being the first Variegated Pelargo-
nium ever seen in this country, and probably the parent of all
the beautiful varieeated foiTns we see around us on this occa-
sion. 1 have also in my collection plants of two of the vidld
Cape Pelargoniums — namely, Pelargonium inquinaus, the
parent of all the plain-leaved section, and the wild Pelargo-
nium zonale, which is the parent of all the zonate varieties.
These old varieties, which have been so long cast aside aa
worthless, are, nevertheless, very interesting, as being the
parents of the magnificent host of variegated Pelargoniums
we now meet with.

1 am very much inclined to think that it was not by man's
agency that our first variegated Itinds were obtained. My
opinion is, that Nature in the first instance received no
assistance from man, but that some of the earliest variegated
kinds originated naturally. The lirst Silver Variegated Pelar-
gonium of any note was sent out many years ago by the
Messrs. Lee, of Hammersmith, and was named by them Lee's'
Variegated Scarlet ; and I think there can be little doubt but
that the origin of this variety was a sport from a green parent,
which may have been naturally impregnated by the pollen of
Pelargonium zonale variegatum. One of the seedlings from
this natural cross, although perfectly green for several years,
may have had the tendency to variegation, and many years
may have elapsed before the plant had sufficiently matured
itself to enable it to produce a variegiited sport. In support
of this view, I may quote a letter I received some months ago
from Mr. Davies, and in which he says, " Many years ago I
raised a quantity of seedlings from Lee's Flower of the Day.
One of them produced a beautiful bright scarlet flower, the
flower-truss of which was very large. The original parent,
which is now about 18 feet high by 10 feet wide, continued
perfectly green till about four years ago, when it occasionally
threw out spurts, producing variegated leaves on different ■
parts of the plant, which are generally greatly admired."
Many instances of a similar nature have come under my own
observation. This, I think, will show the possibility of plants
retaining variegation in their nature for many .years, and only

June 15, 1807.]

TflE GAllDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICIILTlIliAE (iAZETTK

629

lovclophiB it wlicti tho plant has grown to a largo size, or been
mbjectcd to sonio peculiar treatment. ,.,,,. . ,

Wlritcvcr may bavd been tbo origin of Lees Variegated
Hcailct it is certain it was the parent of nomo of our very best
silver- niargiiiod varieties. Fn.m it Mr. Kmghorn raised
Flower of tho Day, a variety which is still grown very largely,
■md ia not yet sui-passcd for general usefulness by any at
present in cultivation. Flower of tho Day was followed by
Mountain of KiMlit, "ind a little later Mrs. Lenox appeared ;
after this Ilijou, Alma, and many others in the same way.
Previous to tho appearance of these varieties Mr. Iviutrhurn
raised Attraction, which was the tirst variety ever T'^o-iueed
with a pink zone. This was followed by Countess of Warwick,
and then tho appearance of Mr. Elphiistonc's varieties created
ii Bensation. Tbcir names were -Fontainebleau, Hotel dc
Chiuy, St. Cloud, and The (Jucen's Favourite. In 1S;13 Mangles'
Silver Variegated appeared as a sport on Pcliu-gonium hetero-
(fftmum in tho garden of Captain Mangles at Sunning Hill,
rbin variety has never been of any iiso for cross-breeding
Ipurposcs. I havo never known it ripen seed but once ; that
iWiisat Oulton Park during the hot and dry summer of 18GJ.
iNoneoftbeseed vegetated. The origin of Golden Chain was in a
sport from P. inquinans, produced about the year 1844, in the
neighbourhood of Ipswich. Some years after this Lady
! Plymouth also sported from P. gravcolens. Osborne's Brilliant
I tppcarcd in 1851 ; this was also a sport.

There are several claimants to tho honour of having raised
(he first Tricolor-leaved Pelargonium. A correspondent stated
in the Journal of HorticvHurc lately, that the first Tricolor was
raised in tho neighbourhood of Blackheath nearly 20 years
ago, and that it was named Riiinbow. If this statement be
correct, it is strange that avariety nearly equal to Mrs. Pollock
ihould have remained unknown so long, and that its fortunate
raiser bad not a keener eye to business. Mr. Elphiustone, of
the Sprowston Nurseries, Norwich, appears to have exhibited
tho first Ti-icolor. In a letter which I received from him some
months ago, he said, " I raised the first Tricolor Pelargonium,
ind exhibited it at the Horticultural Society's Rooms in
Regent Stteot in the year 1851, and was highly complimented
by tho late Dr. Lindley." This variety ftlr. Elphinstoue sold
to Mr.'Voitch, who could do nothing with it, and eventually
lost it. Major Trevor Clarke, I believe, was the first to
iiscovcr the potency of tbe pollen of Golden Chain upon other
varieties. To Mr. Grieve belongs the honour of h.iving pro-
duced the first permanent Tricolor. His name will be handed
lown to posterity, as tho sole originator of this beautiful
.'lass of plants. The advent of his Mrs. Pollock in 1861 eanscd
]uite a revolution amongst raisers and growers of bedding
IVlai'goniums. I have no doubt that Mr. Grieve procured
Mr. Elphinstone's and Mr. Kinghorn's vaneties, and with
:btin was enabled to bring about such wonderful results.
I know, from my own experience, that green seedlings from
Mr. Elphinstone's varieties were produced in large numbers
with very dark and partly variegated zones. The pollen of
3oldcn Chain applied to the flowers of these would produce
both Golden and Silver Tricolors. One of these seedlings, \
raised five years ago from The Queen's Favourite, I used last
;'ear as a female parent, because the zone was very dark and
jeautifuUy defined, and the plant showed faint sigiis of varie- '
1 ,'ation on its stem. Its flowers were fertilised with the poUen
' if one of iny Golden Tricolors : it has produced both Golden
md Silver Tricolors, and one of the seedlings that remained
lerfectly green for nine months afterwards threw out both
iilver and Golden Tricolors. This plant, also shown in my
tollection, is a living proof that both Golden and Silver
[Vicolors can be produced by one plant .spontaneously.

I have noticed in many instances seedling plants producing
I solitary variegated leaf after they had attained a height of
) or 12 inches, ana"that this leaf has had sufficient power to
noculate the whole of the plant. If the variegated leaf is
^xrefully preserved on the plant, and some of the green leaves
ibovo it are removed, the effect of inoculation will soon be
jbserved. This will go on spreading and increasing until the
i ;vhole system of the plant has become inoculated ; the plant
j .vill then break out into variegation, and if any green leaves
i ippear on the variegated sport they should be immediately
! removed. This wUI enable the variegated portions to pre*
! dominate, and the future character of the plant will remain
I fixed and permanent, only occasionally, perhaps, showing .i
I ^een leaf.

Again, small seedling-plants only showing very faint signs
I of variegation in the cotyledons will ultimately become pcrma-
iDcntly variegated, although no signs of variegation may be
: seen on any of the leaves of the plants for 9, 12, or 24 months ;
afterwards, if such plants be kept, it will be seen on close
examination by any one that there are streaks of variegation
appearing on the stem near the position of one of the cotyle-
dons. These streaks, if the plant be freely cultivated, will
extend very rapidly, and the vaviegatiou will increase month
after month until the whole system of the plant becomes
thoroughly impregnated ; then the plant will begin pushing
out variegated shoots from the base upwards. Sometimes I
have _ found the variegated porti.^n extend too rapidly,
.especially when it begins to develoj) itself on very young
plants or in an early stage of their growth. In this 'case, I
always pinch portions of the variegated foliaye away to enal'le
the green leaves of the plant to recruit its strength, and when
it is found necessary to check the predominance of the green
part, portions of the foliage on this part of the plant are picked
off. To such plants as these I give the preference. I have
found, after the sports they produce are fixed, that they arc
propagated much more easily, and grow much more freely,
than do the cuttings from plants that arc pei-petuated from
seedlings which have become very much variegated in an
early stage of their growth. In these, the constitution of the
plant becomes veiy much crippled by variegation.

A curious instance of sporting is seen in a large plant of the
bronze and gold section, named Her Majesty. The female
parent of Her Majesty was one of the green seedlings from
The Queen's Favourite, which I have before referred to. The
plant was two years old when it was used as a pollen parent,
and did not exhibit the slightest signs of variegation at the
time I selected it for fertilising with the pollen of Beauty of
Oulton, on account of its having a very deep zone. Two
months ago it threw out a white sport near the ptisition of one
of the cotyledons. I took it off, struck it, and it is now to be
' seen in my collection. Another white sport appeared shortly
afterwards ; this still remains on the plant, and may be seen
by any one who will examine the beautiful specimen named
Her Majesty in my collection.

The preceding, I think, abundantly shows the way in which

' variegation is transmitted from one generation of plants to

■ another ; also that although it may not appear in the first,

second, or third generation, it may in the fourth or fifth.

This, I think, goes far to prove that variegation iu plants is a

disease.

I think I have stated enough to show that our old Variegated
Pelargoniums originated from sports, and that from them
the numerous varieties now in cultivation have been per-
petuated. I will now leave the subject to be dealt with by
some of our scientific gentlemen, and hope they may he able
I to find out the causes of variegation.
I [To the above we append, through the courtesy of
J"^- /VVills, a descriptive and genealocical Hst of the
I seedlings, many of thomraised by himself, which will be
\ considered as a valuable document by those interested
in this question :— Eds.J
In the following list will be found specimens representing

t!io earliest known varieLies of Pelargoniums, also typos
showing the progress made from tho year 1833 up to the
present time. One cf the varieties named in my paper (Lee's
old Variegated Scarlet) I havo not been able to procure ; I fear
it is totally lost to our gardens. Should this meet the eyo
of any persons who may possess it, 1 should be greatly obliged
if they would Idndly communicate their name and address
to me, as I am particuhirly anxious to procure it. As it was
the parent of all tho present race of silver-edged varieties, it
is a groat pity it should be lost sif,'lit of altogether : —

1. Xonale, scarlet, parent of all tho zonal section, introduced
to this counli-y iu the year 1710.

2. lur]uinans, dyed llowerod scarlet, parent of all the smooth-
leaved sccti"U, introduced to this country in tho year 1714.

:!. Jlillcr's Old Variegated, the first Variegated Pelargonium

ever seen in this country, and no doubt tho parent of

Leo's Old Variegated Scarlet.
4. Golden Chain, pollen parent of Mrs. Pollock and other

tricolors ; origin of this variety, a sport from Inquinana,

1844.
.T. Jlauglesii (Captain Mangles* Silver Variegated) ; origin,

tport, 18:t3.
(). Flower of tho Day ; parent, Lee's Old Variegated Scarlet ;

i>ii or about tho year 184!).
~. ('uttago Maid, zonal. Female parent of Mrs. Pollock;

first generation, about tho year 1840.
8. Cerise Unique, female parent from which many of our

best Gold and Silver Tricolors havo been obtained, 1847.
0. Variegated Dandy.

10. Countess of Warwick, tho first variety having a pink zone,
1854.

11. Mountain of Light | 12, Bridal Bouquet.

13. Osbom's Brilliant ; origin a sport, 1850.

14. Attraction, pink zone ; parent of Elphinstone's varieties ;
1851.

1.7. Meteor. Fine silver-edged variety.

IG. Alma. 18?i4. I 18. Mrs. Lenox.

17. Moiuitain of Light. |

10, Mountain of Snow (Lenox), 1855.

20. Fairy Nymph (Lenox), 1655.

1857. Advent of the beautiful foliage Pelai goniums. The
following fivo varieties, four of them raised by Mr. Elphin-
stone, of the Spruwston Nurseries, Norwich ; and one, Culford
Beauty, raised by Mr. Grieve, caused quite a sensation. It
was from these fine varieties that Mr. Grieve produced his
beautiful and never-to-be-forgotten Mrs. Pollock. Mr. Grieve
after this period took the lead, and Mr. Elphinstoue appears
to have lost the thread of his previous success. Mr. Grieve
has explained how he set to work for tho purpose of bringing
about the grand result, which afterwards crowned his ener-
getic labour (see p. 548).

21. Culford Beauty (Grieve), 1857.

■22. Hotel de Cluny, E., 1857. I 24. Lady of Loretto, E., 1857.
23. Fontaincbleau, E., 1S57. |

25. Lady Durothy Neville, E., 1857.

26. Emperor of the French (Grieve). Female parent of Mrs.
Pollock (2d generation).
Bridal Wreath (Grieve), 1858,

28,

32. St. Cloud, 1859.
3:!. Baron Ilugel.

34. Bijou.

35. Ilenry de Beaudot, 1860.

29. Shotesham Pet, 1858,

30. The R;iLubow (Grieve),

1859.

31. Silver Chain, 1859.
3G. Cloth of Gold. 1860.

37. Golden Fleece. These two varieties were the commence-
ment of the improved race of the gold-leaved section ; up
to this time the old Golden Chain was the best gold -leaved
variety in cultivation.

38. The Queen's Favourite (Eljihinstone), 1860. This beautiful
little variety attracted the speciiil notice of her Majesty
when it was exhibited at the St. James's Hall ; it is
scarcely surpassed by any variety amongst the Silver
Tricolors up to the present time.

39. The Fairy, similar to the above variety, and veiy dwarf
and compact in habit, 1860.

40. Lateripes, pink-flowered, variegated

41. Princess of Prussia, female parent of many of my rao.st
beautiful tricolor varieties.

1861.— Advent of Mrs. Pollock, Sunset, The Countess, and
other beautiful varieties.

42. Mrs. Pollock.

43. Sport from original plant of Mrs. Pollock, showing the
exact form of female parent of Mrs, Pollock.

44. Sunset (Grieve), 1861.

45. Golden H.arkaway.

46. Yellow Belt, improved Gold Chain, 1861.

47. Burning Bush (Hally).

43. Spitfire, dark-zone variety ; female parent of some of my
best Tricolor.'?.

49. Baron lltcasoli : female parent of Lottie Wills, Beauty of
Iluntroyde, and Beauty of Oulton. Sunset was the male
parent of these beautiful varieties.

50. Flower of Spring.

51. Queen of Queens, origin a sport. This Ls one of the most
beautiful of the silver-edged varieties, and is a great
advance upon anything in its class ; it has a very dwarf
style of growth, and is a most uniform blooming variety :
1862 (Bull).

Hose Queen. I 54. Silver Chain.

Rosetta. | S5. Snow Flake.

50. Gold Pheasant.

57. Italia Unita, 1S64. One of Mr. Grieve's most beautiful
Silver Tricolors, and a great advance upon anything yet
•produced.

58. Mrs. Uenyon, 1864.

59. General Longstreet, 1805 ; fine improvement upon Golden
Fleece.

60. Beauty of Oulton. Female parent. Baron Ricasoli ; male
p.T.rcnt, Sunset.

61. Circlet. Female parent, Emperor of the French ; male
parent, Golden Fleece.

G2. Gaiety. Female parent, Pi-inccss of Pnissia ; pollen parent,
Mrs. Pollock.

63. President Liucolu. Female parent. Princess of Prussia ;
male parent. Cloth of Gold.
The above five varieties are types of a new race of bedding

Pelargoniums. These varieties were raised at Oulton Park iu

the year 18G3.

G4, Bronze Queen, 1865. ] 65. Neatness.

66. The bride ; the only white variegated kind having white
flowers ; it is a very dwarf -growing variety, and well
.adapted for small beds or marginal lines. It originated in
the neighbourhood of Birmingham ; pedigi-ee unknown.

C7. Golden Ray, 1866.

68. I>ucy Grieve. One of Mr. Grieve's very best varieties ; 1866

G8. Queen of Tricolors (Garaway), 18G6.

Gi». Light and Shadow, 1866.

70. Stella albo-m.irginatum ; spoi-t from Stella.

71. Lady Cullum. One of Mr. Grieve's latest and best
Tricolors, 1867.

72. Seedling from Queen's Favourite.

73. Seedling from one of my best Tricolors (Northern Star).
This plant has two distinct tricolors on it— one a Silver
Tricolor, the other a Gold Tricolor, ; it has also a green
shoot, which ia identical with its original female parent.
The pedigree of this curious plant is this : a green seedling
from Queen's Favomite ; four ycai's ago, it being a very
dark-iconed variety, I fertilised flowers of Northern Star
with its pollen. The present plant remained perfectly
green for nine months, when it threw out two distinct

53,

sports. I'ho silver Tricolor appeared on one side of the stem,
and tho Gold on the other, imd between these tho plant
produced at the same time green shoots like the original
female parent. This in one of tho most wingular instances
I have met with in all my practice, proving the contrary
of what has been asserted by Mr, Grieve and others."

74. Seedling from Baion Itieasuh. Male parent. Beauty of
Oulton. This is also a Kiugular phmt ; it has on it a
beautiful white sport, and the plant itself does not
roseniblu in tho sliglitcst degree either of its parontH.
This will lead one to look back several genenitlons for tho
parentage of Baron Ricasoli, which was in all probability a
green scedliug from some variegated kind ; this, again,
shows how the germ of disea.se in transmitted from one
generation to another, and only manifests itself under
some peculiar state of development.

75. Seedling from Amy Uo^g. Male parent, Queen's

Favourite.

76. Seedling from Commander-in-Chief. Third generation.
This plant has also a variegated sport ; no pollen from any
varicf^'ated flower has come near this pLint.

77. Seedling' from Mrs. Wm. Paul. Male parent, Queen's

Favourite.

78. Seedling from Amy Hogg, Male parent, sport from
Queen's Favourite.

79. Curious white variegated sport from Her Majesty. Thin
is a most curious phenomenon ; I havo particularly
referred to this instance of sporting in my remarks on tho
" Origin of tho Variegated Pelargonium," in u previous
column.

80. Curious seedling from Beauty of Oulton. Pollen parent,
Mrs. Lenox ; showing the effect produced by crossing u
yellow-leaf variety with a silver-edged kind.

fil. Seedling from Stella. Male parent. Queen's Favourite.

S2. Matchless. Sport fj'om a green scedUng, from a croBs

between Sunset and Princess of Prussia, third generation;

a, very distinct and beautiful variety.

83. Lizzie. This beautiful variety is a sport from a greou
seedling raised from Augusto Ferrier, one of tho double
varieties. Mrs. Pollock was the pollen parent. There was no
sign of variegation pcrceptiljle till the plant was two
years old ; the leaf is of great substance and the flower
large. None of my seedlings from the double varieties
havo produced double flowers, but the leaves borne by
them are of much greater substance, and the constitution
of tho plant much more vigorous.

84. Florence. Female pai-ent, one of my darkest-zoned seed-
lings ; pollen parent, Mrs, Pollock. This is also a sport
from a green phmt. The plant which this vai". sported from
was two years old before any sign of variegation was
perceived.

Bj. Fanny. Sport from a green seedling, female parent of
which was Cottage Maid ; pollen parent, Mrs. Pollock.

86. Unique. Also a sport from a green seedling, the female
parent of which was Baron Ricasoli ; male parent, Queen's
Favourite.

87. Female, Flower of Spiing; male, Beauty of Oulton.

88. Pour seedlings from one single flower. Female parent,
lI.^o.uty of Oulton ; pollen parent. Countess of Warwick.
These prove that a single Pelargonium flov/cr can produce
three or more distinct varieties. In this instance one of
the plants is just like the male parent, and the other
three are quite distinct one from the other.

SO. Seedling from dark-zoned seedling. Pollen parent, Lucy
Grieve.

90. Seedling from a dark-zoned variety raised in 1863
from Attraction, fertilised in 1866 with pollen taken from
Lucy Grieve, This plant is producing a sport the very
counterpart of Attraction, showing that the pollen of Lucy
Grieve had no influence on the flower whatever.

91. Sport from a green seedling. Male parent, Circlet ; female
pai'cnt, Attraction.

92. Perilla. Female parent, Au^uste Ferrier, double ; male
jiarent. President Lincoln. This and the following varieties
are magnificent bedding kinds.

93. Model. Female parent, Beauty of Oulton ; male parent,
Auguste Fen-ier.

91. B:;auty of Ribblesdale. Female parent, Cii-clet; male
parent, General Longsti'eet.

95. Beauty of Caulderdale. Female parent, Gaiety ; male
parent, Beauty of Oulton.

96. Princess Alice. Female jjarcut. Beauty of Oulton; male
parent. Sunset.

97. Her Majesty, Female parent, a very dark-zoned variety,
raised several years ago from one of the silver-edged
varieties; male parent. Beauty of Oulton. This and the
above varieties are quite distinct in character from any-
thing at present in cultivation.

The varieties enumerated above are not more than half of
tho number rei">resented in my collection. Amongst those not
described arc a large number of very interesting sports,
contributed by my friend Mr. Davies, gr. to Lord Bridport ;
other curious sports were kindly sent me by Major Trevor
Clarke : amongst the latter are two distinct sports from Mrs.
Pollock and one from Golden Chain. Jly collection exhibited
on this occasion contains upwards of 20U specimens, illustrat-
ing the manner in which sports are produced, from the earliest
stage to their fixed and permanent character. J. IVilU.

Home Correspondence.

Orchids ui Yorkshire. — There are two collectious of
Orchids, which have recently been formed in the
neighbourhood of Leeds, which bid fair to become
celebrated amongst the Orchid collections of the
country. The first is that belonging to Edward Salt,
Esq,, Shipley, near Leeds, and the second, that belong-
ing to the Right Hon. Lord Loudesborough, Grimston
Park, Tadcaster. Both are young collections, having
been brought together within a space of 18 month.s,and
e;ich is already very extensive, and includes a very
large number of rare Orchids. Having a desire to see
these collections, I recently took an opportunity of
doing so, and be.^ore long shall do so again, as many
very rare things will shortly be in bloom. In Mr.
Salt's tine collection, I noticed in bloom the lovely
Oncidium concolor, with 15 fine blooms; this is
indeed a gem ; it is exceedingly scarce, and this is
l>robably the finest plant iu the country. There
was a very fine variety of Odontoglossum hastilabium
iu flower, a.nd a superb variety of Odontoi^dossum
luteo-purpureum, richly marked, and very larg3 in
flower and spike. Two very distinct varieties of Odon-
toglossum cucullatum were in bloom, one a dark
purple, the other much paler, and the lower lip spotted
with lilac. Both were very distinct and handsome, and
the lighter coloured kind is, I think, quite new. Disa
granditiora grows here like a AVillow, and was showing
llower in a cool Odontoglossum-house, where plenty of
air was admitted, and water freely given. Vanda

Namely, that a Golden Tricolor will not produce a Silver
Tricolor.

630

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 15, 1867.

suavis, Broughtonia sanguinea, the beautiful Dendro-
bium Devonianum, Burlingtonia fragrans, Sobralia
macrantha in superb health, and with enormous
flowers, and other good things were in bloom. Dendro-
blum infundibuUforme, with its dark orange red centre
to its white blossoms, was exceedingly pretty, and
Backhouse's magnificent variety of hxYix purpurata—
amabilis, very pure white, with rich violet purpleblotch,
was in fine condition. I noticed several veryfine and dis-
tinctly marked strains of Cattleya Mossia;. obtained, I
believe, from Messrs. Backhouse & Son, as unbloomed
imported plants, but believed to be fine. Some of them
have jjroved to be so, and are very beautiful. The true
Onoidium sphacelatum was in great jjeauty, well
marked, and with enormous spikes. Cypripedium
barbatum is common enough, but some strains are
infinitely superior to others ; Mr. Salt has one which
is the finest that has yet been seen. Dendrobium
Balhousianum was also in fine character. A block of new
Orchid houses, and a very pretty Fern house, are now
close upon completion, as additional accommodation is
needed for this fine collection. In one of the houses
I noticed some exceedingly pretty rookwork, con-
structed with Derbyshire spar, over which Lycopodsand
Ferns were spreading rapidly, and from which Campy-
lobotris refulgens in most superb health and character,
and other small growing fine-foliaged plants, showed
out. From one of these rocky banks an immense
Clerodendron Balfourii covered a back wall, and formed
a sheet of beautiful blossoms. In the conserva-
tory I noticed two things deservedly worth
general notice. Tbese were Lapagerias growing freely
up the rafters; for each plant a long box
was placed at the back of the pipes, underneath the
stage, andin it a compost of rough bits of peat, charcoal,
and crocks ; the Lapagerias were planted out, using at
first only sufficient compost at one end of the box to
accommodate the roots, and adding as the roots
extended. Nothing could indicate greater health, and
perfect success, than these plants did. The other thing
worthy of notice was a beautiful collection of Ixias and
Sparaxis in pots in the conservatory. Really we don't
half know the beauty of these most lovely little things,
and as they are so cheap, and easily grown, they are
within the reach of every one. Amongst the Ixias,
Nelsonii, white ; crateroides, pale carmine ; purpurea,
pale rose; viridifiora, green and black ; and magaiflca,
orange and red, were very distinct. They require
simple treatment, merely potting in December, and
keeping them in a cold frame or house. There is in con-
nection with Mr. Salt's residence, an archery and croquet
ground worth seeing. It is situated in a ravine, and is
both artistical in design and beautiful in appearance.
The Grimston collection now includes a very lai'ge ;
number of rare Orchids, and additions are constantly ■
being made. The plants are in capital health, and the
collection is growing so rapidly that more accommoda-
tion must speedily be provided. Several quite rare kinds
will shortly be blooming here, a notice of which shall :
be sent you. A few days ago I noticed in bloom there j
amongst many others, Aerides roseum, a wonderfully !
fine specimen of Oncidium arapliatum majus, O. cris- I
pum, and O. phymatochilum ; Phalicnopsis roseum, '
and P. grandiflora (Borneo) ; the beautiful Scuticaria !
Steelii, Dendrobium Farmeri, D. Griffithii, and D.
eburneum ; Saccolabium retusum, Aerides Fieldingii, 1
several Cattleyas, and an extremely fine Vanda teres. I
A. M.

The Qlowioorm. — In Staffordshire and in some of the !
Midland Counties, during the calm summer nights,
the grassy banks of the lanes sparkle with the pale
green light of the female glowworm. The female
glowworm is a very soberly-dressed insect, and destitute
ofwings— hencenodoubtthe name of 'worm,' meaning
a creature that ca-awls, but it is the female that gives
the greater part of the glow; for although the male
carries a lantern, so as to be in every respect a fire-fly,
his is such a feeble spark that it only serves to identify
him as being in reality the mate oi' the female glow-
worm; and it may be well to remark here that
hundreds of females may be gathered without ever
finding a male, which being a winged insect, is not
easily captured, and indeed is very seldom seen. When
I have put three or four female glowworms into a
common spirit-glass, I could see to read by their light ;
and when I have collected a number of them and
placed them on a sloping grassy bank, it gave quite a
new feature to the spot. As glowworms abound in
Staffordshire it would be easy enough to send them in
pill boxes by post to friends who knovv them not.
In window gardening they produce a strange
effect, crawling over the leaves of the plants at
night when all is dark and still. Invalids confined to
the four walls of a bedroom watch with intense interest
the tiny lantern as it moves over the slender twig, that
the lady grub may let her winged mate know that she
is waitmg for him— it is to be hoped in a better spirit
than Tam O'Shan tor's lady love, " nursing her wrath to
keep it warm." Be that as it may, we may well feel proud
of the glowworm, for we have no other fire-fly in
our northern clime, and we could ill afford to lose the
specimen of such a curious living lamp. On board ship
for a short voyage the light would be of some service,
and in a mine it would give the eye some aid. Then it
serves to give idioms to our language, and although it
may not do much to point the moral, still it adorns the
tale. Sir "Walter Scott seizes it in the " Heart of Mid-
lothian," which is only a quaint name for the Tolbooth
or jail of Edinburgh, and makes David Deans, the
heart-broken father of the prisoner, exclaiming in true
Puritan fashion, crying down good works, and compar-
ing them to the feeble light of the glowworm, say,
'■it looks fair to the eye when all is dark around it,
but when the morning dawns, it is but a crawling grub
after all." I have given this quotation in English, as
it is scarcely intelligible as Sir "Walter Scott gives it, for
the word " kythe " which he uses, might as well be
Greek for aught that any living Scotchman ever heard.

The simile is what our French neighbours would
politely style " inexact," inasmuch as the male is not a
crawling worm but a winged insect, and has therefore
a higher and wider range than even the talented
author of "Waverley himself ever had. It is quite
wonderful to see the consummate skill Sir "Walter
displays in marshalling the crude material of this tale.
The heroine, Effie Deans, is charged with murder,
although only guilty of bastardy, and the tales of woe
of the jail of what he terms ''mine own romantic
town" are worked up until the novel is quite equal to
the stirring original, where we are told an infuriated
mob broke into the Tolbooth, and by the hot and hard
arguments of fire and sword, produced the jail delivery
in favour of the prisoner Effie Deans, when all other
means had failed ; and it is to this stirring event that
we ate indebted for the beautiful simile of the glow-
worm. It is a great mistake to imagine that there is
heat wherever there is light, for we have it on the best
authorities that when the moon's rays have been col-
lected and focussed on a thermometer bulb it has not
raised the mercury in the smallest degree ; and the pale
green light of the glowworm seems cold as marble.
The light of the glowworm is decidedly its own,
whereas the light of the moon is not, but, as the poet
has beautifully expressed it —

"The rays she borrowed from a better star."
Alex, Forsyth.

What becomes of Showers ? (see p. 437). — There is a
cause for everything— the difficulty is to find it out.
In the delta of Egypt the electrical state seldom alters,
and it therefore rains about once in 30 years, although
clouds pass over it; but these clouds meeting the
mountains in Abyssinia are involved in another
electrical state, give out rain in abundance, and that
river falling into the Nile makes the principal source
ofitsri.se. "When the earth gives out electi-icity, the
mountains are the points, and are within a distance at
which the fluid (so called) will pass, and it begins to
rain. The Intrepid, 6i, at anchor in the Bay of
Palermo, was struck by lightning (so described) from
the earth below her. F. W. M.

Mice and their Doings. — The last "hit " of these little
pests has been to threaten the destruction of our
Yuccas. Although I have known them to eat bits of
the roots, and even stems that have been left about
after planting, I have never heard that they kill after
this fashion. They begin by making a hole in the
plant under the ground and working upwards, clearing
away all the pulp of the stem, but whether they eat it
or not I cannot say. A plant here of "Tucca recurva
was thus served by them ; it was 2 feet high, 3 inches
through the stem ; not an old plant, which one might
think might render shelter or furnish material for
making their nests, but a young plant full of sap and
healthy. It was left a complete shell, the few unex-
panded leaves fell over, the others blew out. On
examination under ground the largest of its roots were
also found to be hollowed out. Ht/. M., Fini/s, Penri/n.

Qardetilng inits Itelation to Nature and Art. — Mr. Fish
need not be alarmed ; if tjie art has no greater enemies
than your humble servant, it will long flourish. After
reading his paper (p. 518), and observing the style of his
reasoning, I ha^'e no right to be surprised at Mr. Fish's
totally mistaking the whole scope of my remarks, and I
confess that I do not know how to frame a reply, though
to a great extent JIi*. Fish has saved me the trouble.
After characterising my argument as a " dictum," he
gives us his idea of argument by sotting up a dictum of
his own. And such a dictum ! How the acceptance
of a statement that gardening is the art to do some-
thing, can be in any sense the ignoring of art, is
beyond my comprehension ; but not content with this,
he goes on with much picturesque description and
illustration, only to end with the acknowledgment
that it is all beside the mark. He then finds it easy
to join issue with me on every point— and as easy to
answer himself; for what he calls the single exception
to the perfect condition of highly developed plants, is
in connection with a point that he afterwards
specifies as the fundamental one— I'eproduction. The
historical part of his argument is just as self-
answering as the rest. Your printer must surely
have made some great mistake, for no sane man
could argue that the fact of the vegetation of a country
rising arid falling with its civilisation, tells against the
development theory. "Why, what does cause the rise
of vegetation except the superior development caused
by civilised cultivalion ? and if civilised cultivation
causes development, how can this be an argument
against the theory of development being caused by
cultivation ? Not having had the advantage of being
there, I of course cannot judge of the reasonableness
of Mr. Fish's faith in reference to the Garden of Eden.
But I do not see any occasion to disturb it; his faith
one way or other has about as much to do with our
argument as he has to do with Adam — rather too far
removed a relationship for one to care to reckon
up. He is kinder in reference to what he
calls my " surgical mistake " than you were, Mr.
Editor, with your parenthetical remarks; but, both
of you notwithstanding, I hold that there is no
mistake about it, though I am not going to argue the
matter. After such reasoning, I should be indeed
surprised if Mr. Fish could trace any connection
between my premises and conclusion. His paper can
but have the effect of taking off our attention
from the real point at issue. He harps upon
the word " monstrosities," interprets it for him-
self apart from my meaning, and in reasoning
upon his false interpretation all unconsciously
supports ray case. To clear the point from verbiage,
I will simply re-state my position :— Our art as
gardeners consists in so studying the operations of
nature as to ascertain the proper balance of parts
requisite to obtain a certain result. We have to
ascertain how nature would proceed to produce
abnormally large fruit or flowers, or whatever we

especially want, and then act accordingly ; and as I
understand the point at issue, it is whether this
abnormally large fruit, &c., is or is not the result of
other abnormal circumstances when it occurs in
Nature, and whether v c as gardeners have or have not
to artificially produce these abnormal circumstances to
get this abnormally large fruit. Such is a statement of
the case without using that misunderstood word-
monstrosity. Mr. Fish's paper is wide of the mark, to
say nothingof its self-contradiction. One might support
alternately either of his apparent opinions, without
havnig, as he evidently has not, the slightest idea of
the point really at issue. Wm. Miller, Combe Abbey
Gardens, near Coventry.

Variegated Pelargoniums. — What constitutes a
variegated plant of any kind ?— that is the question.
How many colours must a plant have to be considered
variegated ? and why should white and yellow give a
title to variegation while red and black do not?
These questions must be speedily settled. Intending
exhibitors at the forthcoming Bury Show of the Eoyi3
Horticultural Society are asking in all directions
whether this, that, or the other kind of Pelargoniums
may be shown for the 10 guinea cup offered
for 12 "Variegated Pelargoniums. One considers
bronze-leaved Pelargoniums variegated; another holds
that any two colours on one leaf is sufficient-
some again contend for three colours ; and more still
that green combined with either white or yellow is all
that is needed. I cannot see myself why white and
yellow should be more highly favoured than red,
bronze, or black, but I would rather not express an
opinion, and leave the matter for the decision of you
and your readers. I may j ust caution them, however,
that there is one way of answering the question which
can settle nothing and please no one, namely, the
attempt the settle it by an appeal to the past. Those
who_ do this contend that what has been generally
considered variegation should still be our standard of
what is to constitute a variegated plant. This is some-
thing like measuring the time occupied on a journey
now by the bad roads, heavy waggons, and half starved
horses of the olden time— instead of by the time-
saving expedients of the present. That Mangles' is a
variegated Pelargonium gives me no assistance what-
ever in determining whether the gold leaf with the
crimson edge, without green, described by me at
p. 489, is variegated or not. And if it is variegated
why not a hundred others — bronze, yellow, crimson,
red, brown, or black, with green, or each other in con-
j unction ? It seems to me the question should be decided
by the number, and not by the quality or kind of
colour. A leaf with one colour is not variegated.
There is no doubt about that. But is a leaf with two ?
Then that would include every horse-shoe variety.
Well, then, shall we say it must have at least three
colours ? Perhaps this would be a safe standard. But
then I understand that will keep very many collections
of great beauty from Bury. Now, I wish everything of
beauty to be there, and hence my appeal to you to settle,
authoritatively, if possible, once forall, this troublesome
and knotty point, that is constantly cropping up at
great and little flower shows. D. T. F. [Popularly the
term variegation is apt to be applied to plants which
are by no means in that condition. In a strict sense
variegation is a disease or defect of development, conse-
quent on the absence or deficiency of chlorophyll.
Hence, as green is the normal colour of vegetation, true
variegation must show a paler hue, practically, either
white or yellow, in the leaf, in combination with the
green. "Variegation run to excess produces an albino.
Coloration, which gives the red tint to Amaranthus
and the zone to the Horse-shoe Pelargoniums, is
another thing altogether, though our correspondent
evidently considers that and variegation to be identical.
Hence it follows that a variegated Pelargoniuui should
have leaves with a green ground colour, and with some
part of the surface (usually the margin) white or
yellow. The plants may likewise be zonate from
coloration, but they are none the more or the less
variegated from the presence or absence of a zone.
Hence neither those sorts known as golden bicolors,
nor "D. T. F.'s" golden variety with crimson margin,
nor any ordinary zonal, come properly under the
designation of " variegated." We have received other
enquiries to the same effect. Eds.]

New Variegated Pelargonium. — I enclose a leaf of
Pelargonium raised in this neighbourhood. The raiser
tells me it is a strong grower, and the plant is two feet
high. You will see it is a fine bold leaf, with a clearly
defined centre of light green, something in the way of
Cerise unique ; then follows an irregular dark zone,
spotted here and there with red. Beyond the zone, and
proceeding as it were out of it, each vein feathers
out into irregular masses of a green colour, much
darker than the centre of the leaf, which fades into a
pale yellow before it reaches the outer edge. Thus
green" feathers are laid upon a yellow ground over an
inch wide, and give the leaf a very novel appearance.
It looks as if a Fern frond was laid over a cloth of gold.
Of course all the spaces not covered by the frond would
be gold, and it is just so with this leaf. The veins
branch out like Ferns, and cover the yellow, leaving_ a
very singular mixture of these two colours ; the leaf is
nearly round, rather deeply divided, and the margin
slightly serrated. D. T. F. [A very interesting novelty,
chiefly remarkable for the green feathered veins run-
ning out into the yellow margin. The Messrs. E.(j.
Henderson & Son have recently sent us a leaf of a
variety which is reticulated throughout with green and
yellow, and has a very curious appearance. Eds.]

Aponogeton distachymn.— For the information ot
"J. H." (see p. 603), I may state that the Aponogeton
grows like a vigorous weed in the water in the Edm-
burgh Botanic Garden. When I visited it, the pond
was almost covered with its pretty flowers and shining
handsome leaves. It may be grown in any clean
water, I think, though it is soon cut off when planted

I

JnNii 15, 18G7.J

THK GAUDl'NEl^S' CMoNIOLE Am ArTrvlCTTI-TUlUt. r.A^^FTTl^.

631

in muddy r""''s. »'o"K '*''''li "'^ *'"''''* of strong and
luxuriant wiitcr weeds. Any clean bit of water with a
sandy or clean bottom would be the most likely place
to establish it, and it should be planted rather deep,
putting in some soil for its roots to feed upon. To
iirnily plant a good specimen in a little basket
and siuK that carefully in a likely spot would also
bo a good plan, and if the place suited it would
soon s|)read about. Perhaps Mr. McNab, or Mr.
Uaxtcr, of O.xford, could enlighten us a little
upon the subject. I know of nothing more
worthy of naturalisation. In fountain basins it may
bo readily grown, and in such will be much
admired. I have seen it growing in many
places, even well iu London houses, in comparatively
small bell-glasses, but I have never seen it hall so pretty
anywhere as in the Botanic Gardens at Chelsea grow-
ing in a slightlv raised tank in a cool, or nearly cool,
house. The heat brought tho flowers to a purer colour
and greater degree of perfection than they attain in the
open air, and nolhing could look prettier than the
graceful fresh green leaves and sweet flowers upon the
water. Therefore all having tanks pretty well exposed
to the light in a conservatory, or indeed in any otlier
structure, may enjoy the plant to the full. In such it
is better to grow it in pretty large pots of loamy soil,
with stones on the surface, to prevent its being washed
out. It is also most suitable for a Fernery in which a
little water basin is placed, as is sometimes the ease,
though it is not fond of shade. I fear ducks would be
apt to destroy the roots, as they do those of the fine
double Sagitt'U'ia. Vry/uuum.';.

On-lninl Jluiisi- Trees hi Pots.—\n reply to " J. H.,
Cheshire" (see p. U03), I may state that I have now
had my Nectaruie and Peach trees four years, and
they were decidedly four years old when I had them.
They are covered with frnit. It has been quite a work
for my gardener to thin them out. Pears I do not
grow in pots. I should say I had live times the quan-
tity of fruit that I could possibly have under the same
space of glass if the trees were not in pots. My house
holds nicely 75 trees, I have 100, Twenty-five of
those that may have but little fruit on I turn out in
the end of May, thereby giving my gardener room to
work between the trees. These 25 turned out will bear
the best next year. " J. H. C." says that he only takes
out about 2 inches of the old soil from the pots in the
autumn. I take out fully G inches. Of course I destroy
some of the mass of roots ; but if carefully done it does
little or no injury. Nectarines ought to have a house
to themselves. E. W. Fi/ffe, Boi; Stroud.

ISarhj Peas.—'S'fe gathered a good dish of Sutton's
Ringleader or Carter's First Crop on the 2Sth of May.
These were sown and grown in the open ground, with-
out any protection. Six rows of Daniel O'Rourke were
sown at the same time, from which our first gathering
was on the 8th June. Ringleader has also the advan-
tage of being dwarfer, and I do not hesitate to pro-
nounce it the best early Pea that has been grown here.
No other Peas had been gathered about here at the
date. Charles Ttinier, Slough, June 12.

Yelloii} Eoxex. — I beg to send you specimens of
Cloth of Gold and Marechal Niel Roses, from a south
wall, which I consider to be the proper position for
both sorts. M. Niel may be perfectly hardy in some
districts, but it is safer in the place I have assigned to
it. The specimens sent are cut from one plant of each
variety. I could manage to gather at least 100 blooms
of the two sorts. Benjn. li. Cant, St. John Street
X'urseri/, Colchester. [The blooms and foliage were
superb. Eds.]

The date of New Roses and Roses generally. — I do
not think that new Roses should date from the time
of transmission from France, but from the time of
usual sale to the public, and that is in the spring
succeeding the time they were received by the English
aurserymen from the French raisers. It is plain that
if the Roses are purchased (which is rarely the case)
in October they cannot be exhibited that year, and
the unfortunate purcha.ser has got to winter
them. They are wretched objects even in the
spring following, and rarely come out in their
true form before we have had them two, or probably
three years. I have new Roses now blooming beauti-
fully, that for the last two years have done nothing. In
passing, I may observe that we are too hasty in
approving or condemning new productions. In dating
from the fall of the year, one year is taken from the
Rose as a 3-years' exhibited novelty. Roses here are
blooming in abundance, especially Jules Margottin, of
which there are several hundred blooms out — a famous
Rose. Baronne Pelletan de Kinkelin is very beautiful.
Besides these, Gloire de Dijon, Souvenir d'Elise,
Devoniensis, Maurice Bernardiu, Due de Rohan, John
Hopper, Charles Lefebvre, Duo de Cazes, Pierre
Netting, Victor Verdier, Rubens, are doing them-
selves great credit. The Black Prince and Carl Coers,
both apparently superior Roses of rich colour, will
soon bloom. I will faithfully describe them. The
sepals of Carl Coers are vine-leaved, large, and extra
fine ; the buds, trusses, and foliage of the Black Prince
are astonishing. W. F. Radclyffe, Olceford Fitzpaine,
June 10. [We cannot but hold that when every Rose-
grower in; the trade — supposing the supply limited
to these, which it is not — has possession of a new Rose,
it is to all intents andnmrposes "sent out." Eds.1

Wliat is a South Wall '{ — Your correspondent " Una
Mceuia" (see p. 602), asks, " What is a south wall?"
Let me relate, not what it is, but what it ought to be
— a thing of the past. In these days no man with
brains in his head ought to build a south wall, but,
on the contrary, should build glass houses instead,
which are much cheaper, and much more certain to
produce a crop of fruit. A common orchard house
with a span roof and perpendicular sides, say 7 feet
high at the sides, 12 feet high at the ridge, and 21 feet
wide inside, can be built and finished well for \l. per
lineal foot, that is to say, a house 70 yards or 210 feet

long can be completed for 210?. Let this house run
line north and south, and let the fruit trees in it be
trained to upright espaliers 7 feet high and 5 feet apart.
It will hold four such espaliers, the two outside
espaliers being set 3 feet from the sides, and will give
810 feet of espaliers 7 feet high, every atom of which
will get every bit of useful sun, and produce three
times as much fruit as a south wall 70 yards long and
10 feet high. A projier compass will give a true north
and south line, as it is corrected lor variation; but a
simple magnetic needle, now so commonly sold, will
not do so. In a compass the needle is not seen, being

placed below tho revolving dial. G. A. H.

Thirty years' experience leads me to predict that ere
long fruit houses are destined to supplant garden walls,
at least iu tho colder counties. Where good walls exist
they might be advantageously covered with glass ; but
gentlemen who are about to form now gardens, will do
well to compare the relative cost of providing in-
adc(inutu pnitei:tion for their fruit trees in the shape
of biic-k walls, with that of .securing certain and
elUcient prolci'tion in the form of fruit houses; houses,
in fact, iu which the trees may be placed in something
like natunal conditions as to soil and space for develop-
ment, and not structures adapted only to soiuo fanciful
system of culture. Under a proper system of house
culture, many fruits which we do not now usually get,
would not only he found at table in abundance, but at
seasons when they otherwise could not be had ; for
under the system of culture on open walls, when the
utmo.st success crowns the gardener's efforts, the season
of many sorts is of extremely short duration ; whilst if
cultivated under glass, and the sorts properly grouped, in
houses of differing a.spects, with the aid of a hot-water
pipe in some, a larger or smaller admission of air, &c.,
iu others, tho season of supply would b^ considerably
extended. How few families enjoy as a rule a supply
of the delicious late-hanging Plums which might be in
use up to Christmas. Again, there are various late
Cherries, &c., which are rarely seen, whilst the best
varietiesof des.sert Pears areoftensoimperfectly matured
out-of-doors that they do not " ripen " in the fruit room.
The following are I conceive a few of the advantages
which would be realised in the case of indoor fruit
culture— 1st, The cost of a lofty brick wall would go
far towards the expense of houses ; 2dly, under good
management, the crop would be certain, abundant, and
of longer duration than if it were out of doors ; 3dly, a
comfortable promenade for members of the family
would be secured in all states of the weather ; 4thly,
less of rheumatism mightperchanoefall to the gardener's
lot, as he would be able to do the necessary dressing
and training in wet and bad weather, when otherwise
he would be performing his duty under the worst
inflictions of^ the elements. Let us trust, therefore,
that the subject may receive that amount of considera-
tion which its importance demands. S, Sotolett,
Mr. Ormson's Works, Stanley Bridge, Chelsea.

Foreign Correspondence.

FKOM OOTAC.IMUND TO M.ILAB.4.E AND BACK.—

Starting from Ootacamund in a south-westerly direc-
tion, the road into Malabar runs along the bottom of a
shallow valley, the sides of which present the undula-
ting surface characteristic of the l^eilgherry plateaux,
and being about the same elevation as Ootacamund,
little diversity of vegetation exists. Native farms are
somewhat more numerous here, and cultivation conse-
queutly extended ; large herds of cattle are also kept
up. The first stage from Ootamacund is Avalanche, so
called from a large landslip occurring some time since.
A good substantial bungalow has been erected, and is
maintained by Government for the use of travellers.
This place being lower than Ootacamund, the vegeta-
tion around is more luxuriant and somewhat different.
In the forests large quantities of Calanthe Perotettii
occur, growing in a loamy soil. The Tree Fern, which
growscommonly over the hills atabout 6000feet altitude,
is here found of large size. Sacoolabinm paniculatum
and ^schynanthus tricolor grow in abundance on the
stems and branches of trees, in company with a fine
Lycopodium. Ferns are plentiful, Blechnum orientale
and Pteris argyriea being among the commonest. On
the protruding and exposed rocks Ceelogyne nervosa
and C. corrugata grow in matted masses, generally most
robust and plentiful on a northerly aipect. From this
place the road crosses the Koondah mountains, and from
its direction and elevation receives the full force of the
south-west monsoon during its prevalence from June
to September. The cold is then most intense, and
when this road formed the principal way of communica-
tion with Malabar, numbers of coolies perished from
the inclemency of the weather. Graves marked by
rough wooden crosses are constantly met with by the
roadside ; indeed, one part of the road, from its situation
in the direct line of the monsoon, and running along
the bottom of a deep narrow valley entirely unpro-
tected, has acquired such a fata! celebrity as to be called
the " Valley of Death." The vegetation is also charac-
teristic of its exposed situation, as beyond a few dwarfed
unhappy-looking Rhododendrons the verdure consists
of coarse sedgy Grass intermixed with Hedyotis verti-
cillata. On approaching within a mile or two of the
termination of this stage (18 miles), plants become
much more luxuriant, thick masses of Osmunda cover
the banks of streams, and the ravines are filled with a
dense undergrowth of Acanthacete, one species being
particularly distinguishable by its large hoary foliage.
Sonerilas and two species of Hymenophyllum grow
abundantly in moist shady places. Near the rest
house a tremendous precipice exists, the depth^ of
which I have been informed is 2500 feet. At the time
of my visit the bottom was not visible, on account of
clouds suspended in it, but the black perpendicular
walls of bare rock had an aspect sulficiently appalling.
This rest house, called Sispara, is situated at the top of
the ghaut of that name, and commands an extensive

view ol Malabar and the western coast. Near the top
of the gliaul. Ilie liaiMls(.iiie .Msiiidiila crinila grows,
and in the wooils anmiid a. slender I'ahii (prolialily an
Areca) is found in coiisidorablo abundance. Though
these ajiproaehes to a tropical vegetation were abun-
dant, yet the excessive radiation, and consequent cold
produced at night, was sulhcient to cover the Grass
around with hoar frost. On passing down the ghaut
the vegetation gradually bocomea thicker and more
luxuriant, the trees are matted together by Calami, and
the groiiiid is covered with a small Apostasia or nearly
allied plant. A pretty little Eria giv.ws on Ihr, rocks
along with a green-leaved .Viia'clochijus, Tlie JM-autiful
llexacentris lutea is also iilenlitul, and on tin- roadside
banks Begonia malabiu'iea, Soneril-is, Sageuia coadu-
nata, and Trichoinanes rigidum, with many other
Ferns, grow in great abundance. Torenia asiatica grows
in tangled masses over the road, and is the worst weed
the Coffee planters in this part have. In warm and
moist ravines Anioclochilus clatus grows pleutil'ully in
a stiff, moist, loamy soil, and Impaliiens Jerdonii grows
a-s an epiphyte on trees. Scindapsuspertusiisiscommcm
ou rocky banks, in company with yellow-flowering
.Malvacea- ; a .Maraltia and an Angiopteris are also
common. Fine s|iccimens of Arenga saccharil'cra and
Caryota urens are plentiful in tho forests, which here
have an undergrowth of Zingiberaceaj. Bombax mala-
barica and Butea frondosa form the bulk of forest trees.
They were at the time of my visit (January) iu full
blo.ssom, looking like so many masses of fire. Dry-
naria quercifolia was very common on the trees about
here, its immense rhizomes extending for several feet,
and the persistent qucroiform foliage making it very con-
spicuous. On nearing the foot of the ghaut the line of
Bamboos is passed. The altitude of the line is generally
most distinctly defined, and where the Bamboo exists
arborescent vegetation in any extent is excluded. At
the foot of this ghaut a rest house was built some years
since by Government, but on account of the fatal
nature of the malaria here, no one could be induced to
remain in it, and consequently, although it was pro-
tected by strong palisades, these as well as the roof have
been pulled to pieces by wild eleph.ants. The jungle
about here is very dense, with a thick matted under-
growth of Malvacere, Cyperacere, &e. The Teak
(Tectona grandis) and Blackwood (Dalbergia latifolia)
are plentiful ; in open marshy glades thickets of
Pandani and Cannas grew, and Lygodium scaudens
was creeping among the Grass everywhere. As the
forest grew more open. Rice fields and villages enlivened
the scenery, the crops in the former were rapidly
attaining maturity, and it being nearly nightfall when
we passed, the proprietors were busy making fires in
different parts of the field on small covered stages, each
lire being attended by two men, who maintain a con-
tinual shouting throughout the night to drive away
wild animals from eating the Rice. The next rest
house is at Wemdoor : it is a fine substantial building
of laterite, and surrounded by trees of Artocarpus
integrifolia. Near Wemdoor I saw several Strychnos
trees in full fruit, which is very similar to a small
Orange. A pale-flowered variety of Saeeolabium
guttatum is common on exposed trees about here, also
a Cottonia, and Drynaria quercifolia grows everywhere.
The road from here to Nellumboor runs through open
forests alternating with Rice fields ; in stony places
Bryophyllum calycinum and a Plumiera were in full
flower, and a small white-flowered Dendrobium is
frequently found on trees. The rest house at Nellum-
boor is very much out of repair, but affords suflScient
shelter for those who do not object to the entire want of
windows and half a door. Some fine Teak plantations
have been established in this place by the Government.
Caryota urens is conrmon here, aud is evidently held in
considerable estimation on account of the toddy it
yields. This is collected in the following manner: —
When the spadix bursts from the spathe, and before
the flowers expand, the ends of the flowering branches
are cut off level, an earthen vessel is then attached, which
receives the cut ends, the whole is then closely matted
to prevent evaporation, and the toddy or fluid of the
growing spadix distils into the vessel, which is removed
from time to time, generally early in the morning.
When taken from the tree it is by no means an
unwholesome or unpleasant beverage, having a taste
something like new milk, with a peculiar vinous
flavour. From Nellumboor to Addycara the vegeta-
tion is very similar to the last stage, but from Addycara
to Nahdagahuy the road is very interesting, it being
the highway from the plains of Malabar into the
Wynaad plateau, the length of the ghaut being about
six miles. At the foot of the ghaut (Carcoor) there
are some fine Ipoma;as or ArgyraBas ; the flower of one
I noticed especially, had a pure white limb, with a
crimson throat, and was 4 to 5 inches across.
Nelumbium speciosuiu grows abundantly about here,
as also does Cycas circinalis. Selaginella rubricaulis is
common on the road side, and Ferns, rich in numbers
and species, cover the ground. The curious little
Pleopeltis nummularia frequently entirely covers large
trees. An Isonandra, and a resin-yielding Dammara,
are found on this ghaut. Some gold diggings were
formerly worked here, but the amount realised was
insufficient to induce a continuance. Particles of
mica from the schistose rocks which characterise this
ghaut are abundant in the streams and soil. Our rest
house at this stage was a mud hut. Bushes of Pandani,
Cannas, &o.,and a large white-flowered Eugenia, having
a broad-leaved Aerides on its stems, with abundance of
Ferns, among which Callipteris malabarica and
Blechnum orientale were the most conspicuous, formed
the principal features of the vegetation ; and though
these tropical forms existed, there was abundance of
hoar frost in the early morning, and a thick overcoat
was warmly appreciated. The road to the foot of the
Neddivuttum ghaut lies over a. scantily-wooded plateau
with occasional tracts of Bamboo ; it is the southern
extremity of tho great CoflV-e districts. O.i the

632

THE CtAEDENEES' 01T"ROKTCL"R AND ArTPTnTTT.TTT^.AT, GA^FTTR

[JtTNE 15, 1867.

banks of streams an Osmunda and Acropliorus
immersus grow, and on the trees abundance of Den-
drobium ramosissimum. The foot of the Nedivuttum
ghaut is well wooded, Bignonia xylocarpa being one o!
the principal trees ; on rocks Scindapsus pertusus and
Acrophnrus elegans grow plentifully, and on shady
banks an Adiantum and a glaucous Selaginella. In
pastures at the top of the ghaut two handsome species
of Exaouiu (E. trigona and E. bicolor) grow abundantly.
The forests here are heavily wooded, and from the
moisture of the district, the stems of the trees are
entirely OTergrowu with Hymeuophyllura exsertum,
Elaphoglossum squamatum, and other Epiphytes ; a
Calamus also grows here, and it is at this place,
Neddivuttum, that the principal Cinchona plantations
are situated. &. B.

Manchester National Horticultural Exhibition : June 1
to ]5.— The people of Manchester have raueh reason to feel
gratified at the success of this the first attempt that has been
made in the provinces to inaugurate a Horticultural Exhibition
of more than local or metropulitan interest ; and that this was
80, was evident from the variety of ai-tieles sent from England,
Scotland, and Ireland, the majority of them reflecting credit
upon the exhibitors. The Show was held under the auspices of
the Manchester Botanical and Horticultural Society, in the
Society's Botanic Garden at Old Trafford. Much of its success
was due to the ai'duous and unwearied exertions of the able
curator, Mr. Bruce Findlay, who ever since the success of
the South Kensington Show of last year has been prompted
by a laudable effort to get up something grand in the Midland
Counties, so as to assist in some measure in wiping off a debt of
nearly 8000^ which burdens the Institution. That he has been
successful in getting up a grand exhibition there can be no
doubt, and from the immense influx of visitors by which the
garden is thronged while we write, there is a reasonable
prospect of its commercial success.

The area occupied by the exhibition was very extensive,
and of diversified character. The large conservatory, the
usual repository for periodical displays, was i-esorved for the
more tender and valuable plants, while the new gi-uund for
other articles consisted. of an extensive L-shaped tent immedi-
ately adjoining'. The principal limb of this exterior space
presented a very picturesque effect from a raised mound
which commanded a bird's-eye view of the whole. The
parallelogram was laid out in a series of circles, forming !
concentric terraced platforms, and was principally occupied '
by Azaleas and Pelargoniums, while the sides formed a series
of undulating grassy slopes, favourable as a resting place for
the plants that adorned them. The Azaleas, with the excep-
tion of one lot, were more open to objection than anything
else in the exhibition ; they were all trained to one face
appeax'iug as if they had once foi-med pyramids, and had been
cut up into halves, while they were completely distorted and
stabbed with innumerable stakes. Indeed, aU our specimen i
growers err in that direction, pleading as an excuse, when the
thing is commented upon, that severe tying is necessary to
ensure safe transit. Were they relieved during show time of
many of these stakes, the plants would appear much more
elegant, and would be more in keeping with their fellows of
graceful habit, such as Tree Ferns and some of the more pro-
minent foliage plants.

Taking a glance at the more mei-itorious things in the large
conservatory, tlie first subjects that demanded attention were
the Orchids, which are represented largely and well. Many
of the specimens were unique, and reflected ranch credit upon
the exhibitors. The first and best lot was contributed by
J. A. Turnci", Esq., of Manchester. Prominent among them
were one or two good plants of Vanda suavis and ti-icolor ;
Saccolabium guttatum giganteum in splendid atyle, vigoi-ous in
growth, and yielding three fine long spikes ; Aerides virens, and
Dayanum, a grand form of the virens type ; the curious fiddle-
shaped Ccelogyne pandurata, with numerous spikes, and in
some cases eight flowers to a spike ; a fine Cypripediura Stonei ;
a rich Lrelia elegans, with a broad, highly coloured labellum ;
the best specimen Oncidium bifoUum probably ever exhibited,
with as many as 17 flowers to a spike ; a very largo and highly
cultivated Saccolabium ampuUaceum ; and one or two good
Odontoglossams, &c. These plants reflected particular credit
upon Mr. ToU, the gardener.

A. Turner, Esq., of Leicester, won the 2d prize with a
fine 20, some of the plants being very good. Mr. Brocklehurst,
the gr.. staged his plants very neatly. The better and i-arer
species exhibited were a unique variety of Odontoglossum cor-
datum, vrith 30 flowers to a branched flower spike ! quite
abnormal, so far as our previous knowledge of the S2)ecies
extends ; Phalrenopsis grandiflora, good as a plant, but
sparsely bloomed ; Cattloya Aclandife, with numerous
flower.s ; Odontoglossum Pescatorei, in very fair condition ;
O. nsevium and O. Uro-Skinneri, mth a very good spike ; a
very fine form of Anguloa Kuckeri, much more highly
coloured, and better spotted' than usual ; an old, but most
lovely plant of one of the very first Orchids introduced into
the country, Epideudrum cochleatum, but a splendid variety,
having spikes '6 feet long, and large flowers, with a prominent
labellum, adonied with two sanguineous blotches ; Cattleya
lobata, and some others. Thomas Jones, Esq., of Manchosttir,
had, among others, a good Vanda Roxburghii co^nilea,
Odontoglossum Phalienopsis, O. najvlum, Saccolabium
Holfordii, a very fine spotted form of guttatum ; and an
excellent plant of Aerides roseum superbum.

In the Class for 12 Orchids, Dr. Ainsworth reserved his
strength, and beat Mr. Turner, of Manchester, by a neck and
neck race. He had good plants of Vanda insignis, and tricolor,
and a very fine suavis, with 16 flowers to a spike, the maximum
yet arrived at by the best cultivators ; Aerides Lindleyanum,
in good order ; a fine form of Odontoglossum hastatum ; and
some bearded Ladies' Slippers, &c. Mr. Turner had an
excellent plant of Dendrobium chrysotoxum, numerously
flowered ; a fine Odontoglossum citrosmum ; one of the best
plant.s of Barkeria melanocaulon we have seen, Qfcely grown
and flowered, it being a pale foi-m of spectabilis.

In the Class for 8 Orchids there were two praiseworthy
collections, that of Mr. John Stevenson, Larkhill, and that of
Mr. Thomas Kendall. The former had a well-selected assort-
ment full of bloom, the best plant being Dendrobium densi-
florum album, literally covered with masses of its snow-
white and yellow blossoms, and measuring a yard across;
Aerides Fieldingii. Phala^nopsis Luddemanniana, &,c. The
best in the second group were Calanthe veratrlfolia. which
seems to be taking up again, as more good plants of It have
been shown throughout the eoimtry this season than for some
years past. This gentleman showed, as a single specimen, the
most remarkable flowered plant of Saccolabium retusum'that
has probably ever been cultivated. It had four spikes, each
30 inches long, and in perfect condition as to inflorescence.
It had been grown, we wei'c given to understand, in a stove,
among miscellaneous plants. Mr. Thomas Jones had one of the
largest and best plants of Phal^nopsis Luddemanniana ; and
Dr. Ainsworth had a plant of Tiichopilia crlspa with 20 flowers.
Mr. Williams, of Paradise Nursery, London, had much the
best set in the Nurserymen's group. His Dendrobium

densifloi"UTO was 4 feet across, and full of flowers : and Ladles'
Slippers, both the bearded and the Hookerian varieties, were
excellent plants. Mr. John Shaw had among his lot one or
two good plants ; and Mr. Stafford, of Hyde, had a few little
bits. S. B. Callender, Esq., "Whalloy Range, Manchester, sent
one of the best varieties of Lielia purpurata at the show.
Mr. Richards, gr. to Lord Londesborough, sent an excellent
variety of the rare Dendrobium Bensoni. This is an acqusition
among Dendrobes, being distinct In growth, and having white
flowers with a yellow blotch in the centre of the lip, and two
brilliant dense crimson spots on either side.

Stove and Greenhouse plants were contributed In splendid
condition by that indefatigable cultivator, Mr. Baiues, gr. to
H. Mlcholls, Esq., Bowden. Ills Ixoras were perfect masses of
high class cultivation, and adorned with corymbs of the most
captivating character; the species re fen-cd to being javanica
and coccluea ; nor was the Dipladenia crassinoda less
meritorious. In fact, seldom do we see so fine a lot of plants
so successfully brought out. His Everlastings and I<"raneiscea
confertiflora were also fine. Sir James Watt (Mr. McMillan,
gr.) had some very fine plants, foremost among them being the
handsome Allamanda grandiflora, the charming Azalea Etoile
dc Gand, and a noble bush of Pimelea diosmajfolla. Mr.
Thomas Kendall, Mr. John Stevenson, and some others contri-
buted good plants in the lesser groups. Mrs. Cole & Sons,
and Mr. B. S. Williams had the best lots among Nurserymen.
These collections included many of the plants common to all
exhibitions.

In the matter of Flne-foliaged plants, Mr, Mitchell, gr. to
the Duke of Hamilton, took first place among several good
exhibitors. This has been the first attempt which any one
north of the Tweed has made to caiTy off any uf the great
plant prizes, and it was creditable aud plucky of Sir. Mitchell
to come forward. He exhibited one of the best Thief Palms
(Phoenieophorium sechellarum) In cultivation ; a most con-
spicuous plant of Pandanus ornaLus, and two veiy good plants
of Croton variegatum, and angnstifolium. Mr. Stevenson and
Mr. Thomas Hobson also furnished capital groups. Mr.
S. Schloss and Mr. E. PhUlips had good plants in the smaller
classes, the former exhibitor showing by far the handsomest
Croton angustifolium in the Show, beautifully clothed with
golden and green gracefully depending foHagc.

Mr. B. S. Williams took a great number of prizes in the
different classes, and it is due to this enterprising; exhibitor to
remark, that whUe he exhibited so largely in Manchester, and
helped with his spectoiens to give character and vaiiety to the
Show, he also, as will be seen by last week's report of the
Royal Horticultural, had a large and diversified assortment
at that imposing display. As usual, he was successful with
Ferns, prominent amone them being several handsome
Gleichenias ; he also furnished groups of Azaleas, Lilium
auratum, aud Hippeastrums, the best of which was William
Pitt, one of the finest-formed flowers we have seen of the
crocea grandiflora type, larger and better every way, with
fine .substance ; Cleopati'a was also good, both In this and Dr.
Ainsworth's collection.

Among New and Rare plants there were a few interesting
things that merit more than a passing notice. The best group
camefiom the Messrs. Veitch&Sons, and occupied a prominent
and centi-al spot in the conservatory on a raised circular stage.
Among the taller specimens were the toUowing :— The Striped
New Zealand Flax ; the charming Hoteia japonica, than which
a more elegant and beautiful plant is not in cultivation, nor one
which withstands a larger amount of hard work in the way of
cutting up, forcing, &c. : its fine Queen of the Meadow
inflorescence, of that creamy white cast so pleasing to the eye,
and its fragrance, are not the least of its attractions ; the
BorneanKfBmpferia Roscoeana. a good thing; asis Retinospora

Slumosa ; the parti-coloured prominent-leaved Ai*alia Sieboldli ;
epentbes hybrlda maculata, which is a promising pitclier
plant of no ordinary merit as a bloomer, and a subject that
wUl not become leggy so soon as some others ; the curious
Testudinaria elephantipes ; a noble plant of the Todea
superba, faultless in appearance ; the beautiful Maranta Veitch-
iuna and roseo-picta, which have been often commented
upon ; one of the best novelties of modern introduction,
Sanchezia nobilis variegata, in the way of Aphelaudra
Leopoldli, but a decided improvement upon that species for
inflorescence, and for freedom of gi'owth, which is of the more
consequence still, when we look to the beautiful golden
lines that adorn the principal and secondary venation, and
which stamp it as far up in the scale of excellence ;
Croton undulatum, Dendrobium Bensoni ; Ar-alia Veitchii,
one of the most elegant things in the whole exhibition,
having a straight hai'd-wooded stem carrying palmate leaves
very much divided, the leaflets presenting' an attenuated
appearance, with wavy edges; Croton Hookerianum, which
seems to be an acquisition to tliis beautiful genus, having hand-
some leaves in the way of variegatum, but the yellow some-
what regulai'ly dispo.sed towards the centre, and the margins
aud extremities pale green; Dendrobium M'CarthiiB; Athynum
Goringianum pictum, something after the cast and coluiu- of
Pteris tricolor ; the velvety zebra-looking Begonia Pearcei,
and some other good things, Mr. Williams had a fine
Phoenieophorium ; a good plant of Yucca Stokesii, which h.is a
broad band of gold between two stripes of green ; Calamus
Impferatrice Marie, Arecaaurea, &c. Mr. Shaw, of Manchester,
had several good things, among them, Cycas plumosa and
some good) Dractenas; one thing was conspicuous by its
comparatively imattractive appearance after it has attained
some size— Bertolonia margaritacea ; it is most conspicuously
pearl bearing in a yoimg state \mder a tilass. The iKst thing
of that character yet cultivated is undoubtedly the pearl-
bearins? Sonerlla margaritacea. M. Linden, of Brussels,
showed a variety of things, which we have described before ;
one of surpassing excellence we have now to note in the
Anthurium regale. It yields very larcre leathery-looking
leaves of a narrowly cordate acuminate outline, and presents a
beautiful finished appearance. It will undoubtedly take rank
as a plant of the first order of merit. Mr. Bull had Amorpho-
pballus nobilis, which is a curious plant, the flowers being in
shape not unlike the frilled neck-collar of the Elizabethan
period.

Hardy Plants and Shrubs in fifties wore contributed by
Jlr. Shaw, Messrs. G. & W. Yates, and Mr. Stafford of Hyde,
The Messrs. Yates were most snccessfiU in the Rhododendron
Classes.

Mr. John Shaw had a nice group of 36 Hardy Ferns
prominent among the lot was the Killarney Fern (Triehomanes
radicansj, and several very fine now forms of Athyi-ium Filix-
fcemina, some of them very dense, and finely cut, showing
more and more the sportive character of this most interesting
species. Mi-. Robert Ashcroft, West Derby, had several good
•samples of Athyiium, Polystichum, Polypodium, Scolo-
pendrium, (fee. The vaiiety Edwardsii of the Ijady Fern, a
dense and elegant plant, was shown by Messrs. Edwiwds &, Son,
of NuthalL filrs. Hampson had a pretty lot, containing the
elegant' Adiantum pedatmji ; and Mr. ^m. Pearson had also a

good lot.

Zonal Pelargoniums were not remarkable, except those
shown by Mr. Wills, gi'., Huntroyde Park, which have been
noticed, and those from Mr. Watson, of St. Albans, who had
a very good form of Vaiiegated Zonal Miss Watson, with a deep
ruby-shacled zope, well defined. Nosegay Excelsior is a good
habited soi-t, with a distinct zone, and a fine warm pmk
truss ; so is a new Ivy-leaved one, from Mi'. Cimning-
ham, with very distinct flowering trusses and good leaves,
Messrs. Smith, of Dulwich, had Eclipse, fiery red zone and
yellow ground; L'Empereur, and Jetty Lacy. Show and

Fancy Pelargoniums were shown by Mr. Henry May, Bcdale
aud Mr. Charles Rylance, the sorts being much the same as
shown at the great London shows. Mr. R. P. Ker, Seedsman,
Livei-pool, showed a vei'y fine box of cut Ixias and Sparaxis,
suitable for indoor decoration,

Messrs. Paul & Son and Messrs. Lane, of Great Berkhamp-
stead, exhibited collections of Roses; and Mrs. Cole & Sons,
Sir James Watt, and Mr. Hanmer had the best groups of
Azaleas.

Messrs. Dickson & Brown, Manchester, had a very fine
collection of 50 Alpine plants, the best among them being the
charming SUene pennsylvanica, with short flowering stems,
Raraondia pyi-enaica, Iberis gibraltarlca, the elegant deep
azuie blue Myosotis iiipicola, and Orchis laxiflora.

Fruit was exhibited in much better coudition as to quality
than is usually seen at the beginning of the season, Messrs.
Lane had the best grown in pots on the orchard-house prin-
ciple. Mr. P. N. Miller had a good Queen Pine, and Captain.
Glegg a showy well-developed Providence. Smooth Cayennes
were not large, nor very high in point of merit. Black Ham-
burgh Grapes were furnished by numbers of exhibitors, Mr.
Meredith, of Garston, having by far the largest bunches, wiUi
berries of fine size, although not quite perfect in point of
finish, Mr. T. Dixon, St. Helen's, who was placed equal 1st,'
had medium-sized bunches perfect in point of finish ; and so
had Captain Glegg, and the Bishop of JManchcster, The prize
for any other black went to Mr. Dixon for a finely finished
bunch of BldweU's seedling. The Buckland Sweetwater was
also well shown by the same grower, and so was Blaclc
Prince. The best Muscat of Alexandria came from
Mr. William Chittock ; Mr. Hopwood and the Bishop o£
Manchester had also very excellent Grapes. Peaches and
Nectarines came from Mr. Hopwood and from tho Duke of
Leinster, while the Duke of Portland's gardens, at Welbeck,
furnished a fine assortment of Strawberi'ies. Mr. Colquhoun,
Argyll Arcade, Glasgow, had also fine dishes. Mr. Hopwood
showed a collection of Grapes.

Seeing that it is simply impracticable to render a great show •
a commercial success without holding it open for a lengthened
period, it is to be regretted that several contributions of note*
were not allowed to remain over the allotted time. It seemed
to be a griev.ance to the general exhibitors, and a fertile,
subject of comment throughout the week, the more so as aU_
exhibitors from a distance allowed their plants to stand over, '
aud in the majority of instances, not even excepting the
Orchids, they escaped unscathed.

Botanical of Edinbukgh. — The monthly meeting of the
Society was held on the 9th ult., in the histology class-room
at the Royal Botanic Garden; William Gorrie, Esq., Vice-
President, in the Chair. The following communications were
read:— 1. On. Siibma>-i7ie Forests and other remains of Indi-
genous Wood i)i Orkney. By Dr. William Traill, St. Andrew's.
— With the exception of the island of Hoy, where bushes of
Mountain Ash, Bii'ch, and Aspen Poplar are fovind in some
sheltered nooks, no natur.il wood now grows in Orkney, nor
is there any reliable account of trees having existed there in
former times. Nevertheless there are submarine forests in
Orkney, and while history is uncertain, we are fortunately
in possession of other silent records of the past, which enable
us to affirm that at some period anterior to the Norse Invasion
these islands were Inhabited by a rude race of men who
appeared to have obtained a part of their subsistence by
hunting deer and other wild animals in the forests. This ia
clearly proved by numerous remains of human habitations, >
constructed of stone, found on nearly all the islands, which
generally contain horns and bones of the red deer, and of a
species of ox, Bos longifrons, along with bones of the hog
and other smaller quadrupeds and birds, incbidlug the Alca
impennis, or great auk, which has become extinct in Orkney
only during the present century. The specimens of antloi-a
and bones of red deer are interesting, not only as relics of a
fauna locally extinct, but they are also valuable as enabling
us to connect the period at which these forests grew with,
undoubted marks of the presence of human inhabitants ; so
that it is evident that before the epoch of the forests and their
fauna had terminated, that of the human Inhabitants had
commenced. Most of the principal islands of Orkney show
remains of trees In their peat mosses. During last summer I
visited the island of Hoy, and on i>assing by a farm where
extensive driiuing was going on, I observed that the surface,
of the ground on each side of the trench was litcr.ally lluo(i
with fragments of decayed trees that had been thrown out in
the process of digging. In the island of Rousay, where I
spent a few days in the summer of 1S65, there were many
traces of ancient forests, not only in the peat mosses towards
the centre of the island, but also in two places on the coast
much below high-water mark. The trees, for the most part,
lay deep in the iieat, within a few inches of the clay or rock, _
Some were prostrate, but the stumps of others appeared quite'
undisturbed, their root fibres being traceable in :ill directions
through the groimd. Many of the smaller branches were
flattened by pressure. None of tho stems that we saw
exceeded 6 or 8 inches in diameter, though we were told that
larger pieces are often found by the peat cutters, who dry.
them in summer, aud add them to their winter stock of fuel.
Jt was not easy to determine the different kinds of trees with
any ceitainty. Birch coiild bo disting-uished by the peculiar
appearance of its silvery bark ; other trees had rough thick
bark not unlike Pine ; that Hazel was one species is evident
from the extraordinary abundance of the nuts ; leaves also of
different shapes are occasionally found woudei-fuUy well
preserved. Some of the sites of these trees are curious enough^
There is a fresh water lake in the island of Hoy, where trunks
and branches of trees are found in abundance under water.
1 have not myself seen the place, but while exiilormg with my
friend among the hills of Rousay we came upon trees ina
somewhat similar place, viz., in a mill dam of 2 or 3 acres in
extent, which, owing to the unusual heat of the summer, was
perfectly dry, and its black suriacc was deeply fissured alt
over. On raising some of the cracked masses of peat, we found'
that the entire area wixs lull of dead branches and roots of
trees, and when we examined the sides of the dam or,
reservoir, we saw many stems and branches of trees projecting
horizontally from the peat. Most of them were about the_
thickness of a man's leg, but sonie were a good deal larger ;'
they were all much decayed, and in some instances were so
macerated by the wat^sr that they were reduced to a pulpy
mass of fibres. In the winter of 1838 theie was a long-
continued gale of north-east wind, which entirely cleared
away the shell sand from about 50 acres of the flat surface
usually left dry at low water (our rise and fall of tide is
12 feet, and sometimes as much as 15 feet). Going down one
day at low tide, 1 was astonished to see, instead of tho white
sand, what appeared a wide stretclf of black moss covered
with fallen trees, lying with theii- roots sticking up, exactly
as I saw trees afterwards in Canada laid prostrate by a
hurricane. I went down to the moss, stepped from trunk to
trmik of the trees, and found their substance, when cut into
by a spade, quite the same p.s that of the moss in which they .
lay, just that of our blackest coal peat. Tho largest of the
trees seemed not more than 2 feet in diameter, and ail were
lying in the same direction, from S.W. to N.B. I secui-ed
several specimens with the bark on, but they soon dried and
fell into dust. On taking to a boat, I found the same mosa
surface, mostly denuded of sand, showing itself under tlie
deep clear water, with trees lying along its surface, quite
across the bay to Tuftsness, four miles off, where a rupture of
the peat had taken place, as all over that ness, under 9 or 10

,IPNE 15, 18fi7.]

THE GARDENERS' CllROXICI.E ANT) AGRICTILTURAL GAPIETTI

633

foot of WowiiiB shifting sand, tlio samo peat moss ,md tioo
om. lis aro t,. bo fuu.,d as ..nder tho waters of tho bay,
al ..Kb raised ..bove bigb-wator mark bo,„« 10 ">■ J -^ '>-■''';
liintatioii ui.ds, Tho iirosout slate of JJrkuoj- as

The original

re;!ards ^ivi.a-.e.ilt.ire may bo briefly doscnbcd, , , ,

wo ,1« d>..ibtloflfl, 8i.ri.lieo fuel to tho inhabitants a.id w.ml,
th s s owly b..t ;..roly disapi.ear ; and it a a well-known fact
t ■ t V 00 .nt.v or distriet entirely denuded of trees w w.lb
d i\f.'ltv .■osi;..od toitato.-mur oondition ; yovmg rbu.tntions
a,' . rf rroteeto.l by otbe.- treoH, and no walls or teneoa on..
Ie,.atey s.u.plv tboir pbie.,-. The oa.-ber attempts a
a. iK'socn. 1.. have failed partly from tbo p biccs soleoted
} r f.'ial being too exposed, bi.t chiefly f.ora tho tieos not
havi..g bco.i plantod i.. snHi.i.-..t mn.ibera to shelter oaeb
ntbo.- Uoioi.t exiu.i.iit'i.la i.i fiivo.n-ablo situations, and
whori a s..llleio..t lava.lth has been planted show a raoro
oncoiira.'i..K roKolt, tho trees being at present from 20 to 2.,
feet high- a.1.1 from their healthy appearance there is every
reason to expect that they will continno to ineio.i.se in s./.c.
In the town of Kirkwall and its iicighboinhood, where houses
Soi-d shelter, trees readily attain a height of 3n and 4" feet,
and liv their minibersadd notalittlo tothepicturosqiio appear-
,mco of tho place ; so much so, that, not very long ago, tho
Prince of llrauge, who had been on a visit to Iceland and the
FuroJ Islands, and on his return touched .it Kirkwall,
remarked, much to tho sui-priso and gratiticatn.ri of his
hewers, tlwt it was delightful to got back to a well-woodc.l
country ..nee more. Tho species of trees that seem to tbnvc
hu-t are tho Sycamore or Scotch plane, tho Elm, the Ash, the
Mo.mtain Ash, and tho White Poplar. I..ireh may succeed
tolemblv well in sheltered spots, but cvorgi-oen Pirs, ann
I'Ines i'n geno.al, do not appear suitable. A i-omarkablo
oxceptiou to this is tho Araucaria imbricata, or Chilian tine
whicli, so far as it has yet been tried, seems kkely to stand
tho eli.nate, as it is thero exempt from the severe frosts that
mo so .apt to iuinre it hero and in England. Evergi'een shnibs,
ua a rule, aro gi'own with difSeulty, and, from a strange
ftnomaly in tho cliraato, those kinds commonly esteemed
hardy aro often the most difficult to re.>ir, and rj« verse.
Thus while the La.n-el refuses to glow. Rhododendrons .are
more tractable : common Box can hardly he kept ahve, yet
tho Box Myrtle, or Veronica decussata, which is here treated
as a greenhouse |.hait, grows out-of-doors there in great
lux.u-ianco, retaining its vivid green throughout the wmtor
and in spiing producing a profusion of fragrant whlti
blossoms This beautiful shrub, which in Orkney gl-ows to
the height of 5 or C feet, is .a native of the Falkland Islands
off theco.istof South America, and there is httlc doubt that
other plants from that locaUty might be introduced into these
islands with a fair chance of success. The i-e^iarkable mild-
i.i.is of winter in so high a latitudo as 59" north is cbieHy
..liutable to tho influence of the Gulf Stream, which
. . ptibly naises the temperature of the sea, and frequently
.< upon these northern shores Palm leaves, pieces of
llHiiilioo, masses of caoutchouc or gum elastic, .and seeds c|f
v.arions tropical plants, as ."tizolobium urens, of Cowage, and
Mimosa scandens, be. Various speeimens of these foreign
products are on the table, incb.ding two pieces of gum elastic,
one of which bea.-s evidence of its long sea voyage by having
attached to it seveml minute pedunculated shells allied to the |

birn.acle which infests ships' timbers. 2. 0}i the lichen

l"<,r<, „/■ Ih-i'vlii-nl .Strma of Scrtltand. By Dr. W. Lauder Lind-

,,v l:i A^.r.c, or'Kouie ,-<ire Byituh Mosaes recently collected

, /.■ Rliiihmh. 'By Mr. John Sadler. 4 Notes of cm

I: iii/'.iion to tilt Forest of FontaineMeau. By Mr. George W. B.
1I:lv. 5. MUcellaneoHH Cootmxmications.

2*rot(ccs of JSoofeg.

Jurors' Seport on the VeqetahU Produels in the Inter-
uuliotml Sxhihition of 18G0, Uellounte. 8vo, pp. 43.
Some time since we had occasion to speak of the
'1. -irability, for scientific as well as for practical pur-
IHWcs, of establishing in connection with our Botanic
Gardens a laboratory, wherein duly trained chemists
and physiciste might under the most favourable
circumstances pursue researches into the physiological
action and chemical nature of plants, to the great
benefit of pure as well as of applied science. The
above pamphltt shows what has been accomplished in
this way at the antipodes, mainly by the labours of
that most untiring and zealous botanist, Dr. Ferdinand
Miiller. In the Report alluded to, we find
interesting notes on the collections of timber
and other vegetable substances, communicated by
Mr. C. Moore, of Sydne)', and Mr. Hill, of Brisbane,
M. Thozet and others— notes of exceeding value
and interest, to some of which we may have to refer
again— notes which will be consulted by all in quest of
iuformation on Australian products. But perhaps the
most interesting portions of this Report in an econo-
mical point of view are those relating to the
e.\periments of T)r. Miiller and Mr. HoS'manu on the
products of the distillation of wood, the manufacture
of paper, &c. Happy is it for the Australian colonies
that its botanical treasures are subjected to the scrutiny
of such an observer a-s Dr. Miiller, than whom no one
has contributed so much towards the knowledge of the
natural history and the development of the resources
of this vast continent ; a continent equalling Europe
in dimensions, but with no arctic regions to restrict
man's ojierations, and with a tropical zone which
enables him to cultivate numerous plants which it
would be hopeless to attempt to do in Europe.

The following passage from Dr. Miiller's Essay on
the Vegetation of Australia, prepared on the occasion
of the Intercolonial Exhibition, mil show in brief
what Dr. Jliiller, while always contributing to the
advance of scientific botany, is doing towards rendering
it practically useful to the colonist :—

'■The Eiicalypts, a,s now proved by extensive and
accurate experiments, yield him (the colonist) tar in
abundance ; they will furnish fibres, even those of the
stringy bark, as one of the cheapest and most exten-
sively available paper material. By a few simple
appliances he may secure, simultaneously with the
tar, also wood-vinegar and wood-spirit ; and these
again might bo at once converted into dye materials
and varnishes.

" He might obtain potash from woods and volatile oils
from the leaves of Euoalypts, in almost any quantity,
by simple processes and at little cost. He might
gather tho gum resins and barks for medicinal or
tanning purposes, or he might effect a trade in Fern
trees. He might shake the Eucalyptus grains out of
their capsules, with a view to furnish the barren tracts
with trees, and might secure locally other' mer-

cantile substances far too numerous to be evuimcrated
here. Whocivor may choose these ranges as a
permanent homo, ami may direi'l tliouglitriilly his
attention to tho future, will recognise that the mere
scattering of I ho acorns of tho Cork tree, or the seeds
of the red t'edar over cleared and yet sheltered ground,
ur the planting of the Vino and Olive, will yield to his
iloscendants sources of great riches." It must he
renioniborod that those aro tho remarks of no closet
botanist, but of ono who has tho right to say experlo
crcde, ^___^__

A modest but vuluablc contrihution to meteorolo-
gical literature has been recently published by tho
Rev. C. Clouslon, under tho following title :— " An
Explanation of '/"' Popular Wealhrr Pro'/noHirs nf
Scotland on Srirnli./ic Principle.'.: (A. & C. Black.)
Tho various " saws" aro cited at length under various
appropriate headings and an explanation given of each
of them. Notwithstanding that wo cannot accept the
author's explanations as being correct in all cases, while
some of them aro only ol local applicability, wo can
nevertheless strongly recommend this pamphlet to the
attentive consideration of all interested in meteorolo-
gical phenomena. Referring to " prognostics" afforded
bv the expansion or closing of such flowers as the
pimpernel, &c., tho author remarksthat he would rather
look up to the clouds than down to the flowers for
indications of the weather.

The Pooh: of Knots, by Tom Bowling (Hard-
wioke), contains no less than 173 clearly executed
figures, showing the manner of making every knot-
tie, and splice. Failing practical instructions, this
book will prove very serviceable, as there are few call-
ings in which the art of " splicing" or tieing is not
required. ^^__^___^^_-_

dPIortsts' dFlotoerg.

Pansy CntTiv.vTioN.— I am very desirous to make
experiments in hybridising this interesting family of
border flowers, but being quite a tyro in such matters I
feel the want of some practical help. Will some of your
experienced correspondents kindly assist me with sug-
gestions for my guidance? The points on which I
desire information are the following :— 1. I have a very
finely-formed and in every way well-habited variety of
florists' Pansv, called Lucifer, and I wish to cross it
with the Belgian Pansy Princess Alice, and with
seedling Belgians of my own raising, in which I
have delightful combinations and diversities of
colour, but deficiencies of shape. How must I pro-
ceed to impart the colouring of the latter to the
excellent habit and form of the first-named ?

2. How can I tell when the pollen of the variety to
cross with is ripe for use, for hitherto I have failed to
detect its presence at all except in most minute
qu.antities— most of the stamens I have examined
seeming either abortive or nearly so.

a. Which is the most likely parent to secure form,
and which colour— male or female ? Or, to put the
question more pl.ainly— must I use pollen from the
Pi-incess Alice (which has the colour 1 admire) to fer-
tilise Lucifer with in order to secure colour of the
former in con.iunction with the form of the latter, or
vice versa I and if so, what would be the probable
result of nsingpollen from Lucifer— the dark self above-
named— to fertilise the richly-coloured Princess Alice ?

i. What is the modus operandi of hybridising
Pansies? ^, ,„ „

A reply from Mr. Turner, Mr. W. IDean, Messrs.
Downie, Laird, and Laing, or some other successful
cultivators of Pansies would be greatly esteemed by me,
and would doubtless prove useful to others, who may
be equally desirous with myself to make experiments.
P., Worcestershire.

Bee Culture : Random Notes. — Pees Killing
Prones.—A lady correspondent writes :— " On Sunday,
May 20, after a chilly wet morning, we had here
(Warwickshire) a geuial afternoon ; about 2 o'clock
my bees were working well, from oue hive, however, I
found some two or three hundred drones expelled.
The stock is a strong one, to which I gave a super in
the beginning of May. How is this irregular proceed-
ing to be accounted for ? N. E. L. L.

A gentleman also writes on the same subject, stating
that, on the 29th of May, the bees of a hive in which
drones had not long been visible were already destroy-
ing them in great numbers.

To both tuese correspondents we may reply that to
the late ungenial weather must be attributed the
cause of the persecution of the poor drones. Food was
very scarce, honey-gathering and comb-building
almost at a standstill, so that the drones were voted a
useless incumbrance to the community, the workers
considering, perhaps, that they could not afford to
allow them to-
on others' toils in p.ampered leisure thrive,
The hizy fathers of tb' industrious hive."
The season h.aving changed for the better, the destruc-
tion of drones by tho workers will have ceased, and
they will be allowed to pursue their joyous flights
unmolested until a recurrence of unfavourable weather,
or the cessation of the honey harvest towards the close
of autumn.

Clioosing a Habitation prior to Swarming. —
Two years ago a strong hive which was filling a large
super suddenly threw off a large swarm, which made
no attempt to pitch anywhere, but at once flew
across the lawn, and entered a hive, the bees of which
had lately died, and which, through inadvertence,
had l3een allowed to remain on its stand. I' ^'*^
curious to see the bees covering the whole outside of
tho hive, crushing in to the entrance, and large
clusters of them tumbling off to the ground. It

WO.S a considerable time before they were all settled in.
This spring the bees of an old established Langstroth
hive, after dwindling away by degrees, died quite out,
and 1 meant on tho first opportunity to remove it, and
break up the combs, which were about six yearn old.
However, on the 2'.(lh of May, a cottager, who keeps
be(!s about 100 yards distant, had a fine swarm, which
was hived as usual in astraw butt, and carefully shaded
from tho sun. There the bees did not remain very
long, but suddenly rose and flow across an orchard, and
over some high trees, and precipitously threw them-
selves into the habitation whicli they had for some
days, as I snb.scquently learned, been assiduously
clearing out. When I examined the combs, two days
after, I was siu'prisod at their appearance of cleanness
and litncss lor ii.se. The queen had already deposited
an inunense number of eggs. I have removed several
of the frames, and substituted frames with newer combs.
Again on the 10th of June my best stock, which had
been working well in a glass super, threw off an
immense swarm soon after nine o'clock in. the morning.
Tho bees at ouco ascended over some exceedingly high
trees, which bound tho old city wall behind my house,
and flew aiToss a large lawn to a hollow in an Elm
tree at a considerable height from tho ground in our
bishoji's garden, close by tho cathedral and the palace.
All endeavours to force the bees to leave their place of
refuge have been fruitless. The above are three
instances out of many which I have met with, which
indicate that bees do often fix on a locality adapted
for their future home. S. Pecan Fox.

Pees and Hives at the Great Horticultural jExhiUi-
tion at Manchester.—" Among the objects of greatest
interest in the exhibition were :— Two stocks of those
beautiful and superior honey bees, 'the Li gun an or
Italian Alp bees, at work.' These were exhibited by Mr.
William Carr, of Clayton Bridge, Newton Heath, in
one of his ' improved observatory revolving bar-frame
bee-hives,' the four sides and the top of which are
composed of glass. The bees and combs in the hive
are always in view. There is a thermometer mside
the hive, and Mr. Carr informed us that it is the
warmest hive in the winter of any wood or straw hive
that he has tried. There are about thirty thousand
bees in this hive. The other stock of Ligurian bees
are in Mr. Carr's 'improved unicomb observatory
revolving bar-frame bee hive,' which for scientific
purposes is one of the most wonderful hives ever
invented, as all the mysteries of the hive are exposed
to view, and it is most interesting to see the queen
laying her eggs in the cells surrounded by her maids of
h(i.nour, who are constantly paying her some attention ;
at one time feeding her, then dressing or smoothing her
hair, crossing their antenna; as if in conversation, or
communicating to one another by their sensitive touch,
and then moving out of her way as she walks in royal
dignity over the combs in search of empty cells in which
to" deposit her eggs. Mr. Carr informed us that a
fertile Ligurian queen will lay from one to two
hundred thousand eggs in a year, and that one impreg-
nation fructifies more than half a million oteggs. In
this unicomb hive the eggs and brood can be seen in
the cells, and the young bees biting the cover of their
cradle away and emerging into life perfect bees. The
bees that ii.ave been abroad collecting can be seen
unloading the pollen from the baskets in their thighs
and depositing the honey in the cells. Mr. Carr also
exhibited the finest bell-gla.ss filled with upwards oj
32 lb of the most splendid honeycombs ever collected
in I,ancashire. They were collected at Clayton Bridge,
principally from white Clover, by these superior and
beautiful ' bees, the Ligurians. He also exhibited
improved bar-frames, filled with beautiful honey-
combs, weighing from 6 to 7 lb. each ; and Mr. Carr
informed us that any comb out of these improved
humane bar-frame hives can be taken out and placed
on the tea table in less than five minutes, at any
time of the day, without killing a single bee. Manchester
Courier. ^^^

Miscellaneous.

The Neio BouUe Crimson Thorn (Cralmgus Oxi/a-
cantha coccinea fi.-pleno). — As a hardy ornamental
tree for planting in the shrubbery and flower garden,
we look upon this Thorn as the grandest acquisition
that has been obtained for many years ; and as a forcing
plant it is equally desirable, for the young plants
appear to flower freely when only a few inches high.
This, indeed, has been sufficiently shown by the
examples which have been exhibited by Mr. W.
Paul at the Royal Horticultural Garden, South
Kensington, and at the Royal Botanic Garden, Regent s
Park, several times during the spring of the present
year. As there has been some doubt created in the
minds of the public as to whether there are not two new
double Crimson Thorns, issuing from difl'erentestablish-
ments, under similar names, we are glad to be able to
dispel the mystery. We speak advisedly when we say
that the plants shown by Mr. William Paul, and the
branches sliown by Messrs. George Paul & Son, are
identical both in leaf and flower. The variety is a sport
from the double Pink Thorn, and originated in the
beautiful and well-kept garden of Christopher Boyd,
Esq., of Cheshunt Street, near Waltham Cross, where
it still exists. It has, therefore, never been the exclu-
sive property of any one nurseryman. The history ot
the sport is briefly this : About seven or eight years ago
some flowers of this intense hue were observed on a
plant of the double Pink Thorn, and on examination
it was found that a strong branch had started uP ironi
near the centre of the tree, with ^f™-'. i;^„;^f ' ^^
flowers differing from its parent. The branch was
encouraged, and year by year increased >°sje, Retain-
ing the Solour and character originally obsei:ved The
parent plant is apoarently about 25 years old 30 feet
high, and as muci in diameter, measured from the
outermost branches at its greatest width. Ihere is

634

THK OA]U)l-,Kl'nS' CHliOKICLE Am) AGRlOtTLTtlRAl, GA^^ETTE.

[JtTNE 15, 1867.

still only one stout central branch of this deep colour;
the other branches, which ai'e profusely adorned with
flowers, being of the original pale pink so well known
to horticulturists. When looking at the tree recently,
so great was the contrast between the sport
and the original, that we could not rid our-
selves of the impression that the parent variety was in
this instance paler than usual, and we asked ourselves
whether the colouring matter had not been drawn
from the larger surface and intensified in this parti-
cular branch by one of those secret processes which
the student of Nature is often called upon to behold
and wonder at, without being able to account for or
explain. This may be fanciful, but here is certainly a
lustcs natui'ce worthy of the attentive consideration of
our vegetable physiologists. It may be added, to
complete the history of the plant, that it has won
First-class Certificates at the exhibitions oftheEoyal
Botanic Society and the Eoyal Horticultural Society
and also at the Great International Horticultural
Exhibition of 1865. Florist and Pomohgist.

A New SorticiiUtiral Process.— Ai the last meeting
of the Agricultural Society in India, the Eev. Mr. Fir-
minger communicated a plan by which the stones of
fruit may be reduced or made to disappear, and the
pulp increased in size and flavour. At any time during
the cold season select a branch, says the New York
Tribune, that is to be used afterwards for inarching. Split
it up carefully somewhat less than a span long. Prom
both halves of tlae branch thus split scoop out clearly
all the pith; then bring the split halves together
again, and keep them bandaged till they have become
thoroughly united. At the usual time, the beginning
of the rains, inarch the branch thus treated upon
suitable stock, taking for the place of union the
portion of the branch just below where the split was
made. Upon a branch of the tree thus produced a
similar operation is performed, and so on for successive
seasons ; the result being that the stone of the fruit
becomes less and less after each successive operation.
This process has been applied likewise to the Grape
Vine at Malaga; and plants thereby have been 'pro-
duced which bear the finest fruit, without the slightest
vestige of a stone within them. [Very doubtful.]

Silk Plant.— The Department of State at Washington
had received information from the United States
Consul at Lambayeque, Peru, says the Morning Post,
that an important discovery had recently been made in
Peru of the Silk plant. Preparations were being made
to cultivate it upon an extensive scale. The shrub is
3 feet or 4 feet in height. The silk is enclosed
in a pod, of which each plant gives a great
number, and is declared to be superior in fineness
and quality to the production of the silkworm.
It is a wild perennial, the seed small and easily
separated from the fibre. The stems of the plant
produce a long and very brilliant fibre, superior in
strength and beauty to the finest linen thread. Small
quantities have been woven in the rude manner of the
Indians, and the texture and brilliancy is said to be
unsurpassed.

Garden Operations.

(For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Indian Azaleas, the generality of which will now be
going out of bloom, should have all remaining seed-
vessels, &c., carefully removed. After that has been
done, any needing a shift should be potted at once into
good fibrous peat and sand, as previously advised (see
p. 410). Any which do not require potting, after
having been gone carefully over in the way of tying,
restaking, &c., had better be placed in some close
warm structure, where attention can be given them, in
order to induce them to make good wood, and to set
abundance of flower-buds for the ensuing j'ear. Syringe
frequently, and shade constantly from intense sun-
shine, shutting up close at 3 p.m. daily. Be particular
not to over-water them at the root at any time ; giving,
however, at all times when necessary a copious soak-
ing in order that it may percolate effectually through-
out every part of the material in which the plant is
growing. Attend to Sfooe Creepers, and constantly
tie them into vacant spaces as they continue to extend.
Any which are not growing sufficiently thick to occupy
the spaces allotted to them should have a few of the
stronger shoots pinched back,— an operation, however,
which should not be performed upon Bougainvillscas,
Ipomoea Horsfallise, and others of similar habit. As
one of the great faults in modern plant-growing is
overcrowding, especially at this season when Caladiums,
Gloxinias, Achimenes, &c., are speedily getting larger,
I cannot too earnestly advise that a weeding out be
made in regard to the inmates of most mixed struc-
tures. Some of the more hardy sorts may be placed in
empty pits previously used for winter stuff, &c. They
will do well in such a situation for the next two
months, if kept close and moderately shaded. This
will permit the air to play more freely around them,
and will aid greatly in perfecting a well-developed
growth. Cinerarias being now nearly out of flower,
should be placed in a cool situation, and when the
growth has acquired sufficient firmness, cut down to
within 3 inches of the base ; dress the surface of the soil
with some light compost, and protect from too much
wet. Take ofl' cuttings when ready, and put them in
pots, which place under glass in a shaded situation,
potting them off when rooted, and shifting into
larger pots as often as more room is required.
Sow seeds for early bloom. Holhjhocks : Propa-
gate as soon as side shoots can be taken off. To
Pelargoniums give air freely, but not so as to cause
draughts. Water in the mornings, but sparingly in
dull weather, and do not shut up with much moisture.
Before the plaits are cut down, they should be kept
J ather dry at the root. Prolong the bloom by careful
ghadins and watering, avoiding a close warm moist

atmosphere. Fancy varieties should be struck in a
cool frame.

FORCING HOUSES.

Most coverings might now be removed from Vine
borders, and especially that upon the roots of any
Vines which may have ripened their fruit. Continue
gradually to syringe fruit less freely after it has swelled
to half its size. Leave here and there a strong shoot to
grow uninterruptedly at the apex of Vines swelling off
their fruit, as it may be the means of preventing one
or more principal buds from starting. Pines swelling
at this advantageous season may receive more copious
waterings with clear liquid manure. Any which may
have ripened too quickly for the uses for which they
are intended, should be removed, plant and all, into a
cool dry room, where they will keep in greater per-
fection for a fortnight or so than in any other place.
Do not omit to remove gills when sufficiently firm to
be taken off, as these rob the fruit. Pines grown in
vineries, or at least under Vines, and which are
intended to fruit next season, should be potted at an
earlier date than others in proper pineries. Pot them
firmly in a good, well-decomposed turfy loam, collected
with the surface herbage upon it, as previously recom-
mended. Expose good succession stuff to an abundance
of air now that a maximum summer heat may
be depended upon. Do not neglect, however, early
closing, which I have so constantly recommended.
Gather Peaches by laying hold so that the fruit shall be
untouched in the hollow of the hand, whilst the padded
ends of all the fingers and thumb surround the base ;
and thus with but slight pressure equally divided
among these five soft tips, the fruit, though perfectly
ripe, may be removed without the slightest bruise.
Give plenty of air, and if the foliage can be inured
gradually to bear the direct rays of the sun, the flavour
of the fruit will be greatly enhanced. As Melons begin
to ripen give plenty of heat and air ; of the latter there
should be a moderate circulation both night and day,
if the nights are not unusually cold. A great breadth
of foliage in Figs should not be encouraged, nor are
spongy luxuriant shoots desirable ; therefore keep them
in a medium condition, both as regards moisture and
warmth.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

Bedding-out will now have been finished sufficiently
long to allow the plants to have made some progress at
the root, the surface soil:in the beds, encrusted through
the late dripping weather, should therefore now be
carefully loosened with the hoe, in order to allow air
to freely enter the soil ; pick off all decayed portions of
the plants, and peg down all prostrate growing kinds,
such as Verbenas, in need of such assistance. Examine
the ties upon Picotees and Carnations, loosening where
necessary any spindles which by elongation have
become too tight, or which are in consequence bent or
twisted. Continue to fasten Dahlias as they advance
in growth, fixing the stakes to all forthwith, if not
already done. Trap slugs by means of Cabbage leaves,
&.C. Do not neglect to remove the remains of flower-
stalks from Auriculas immediately any show symptoms
of decay. Make fresh plantations ot Arabis, Cliveden
and other Pansies, &c., needed in the autumn for the
purpose of filling beds and other places set apart for
early spring display; they strike readily by means of
division of the roots, and by cuttings. _ liemove Tulips
from the positions they have occupied during their
flowering period so soon as the leaves commence to
decay, and stow them away in a cool airy shed for
a time.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Attend to all young trees planted last season, as
these will now in most cases need assistance, in order
to ensure a good preliminary shape, upon which to
build the after superstructure. Pear trees especially,
whether trained to walls, or treated as espaliers,
should have one main central shoot trained upright,
choosing either two or four upon either side, for the

Surpose of training upon the horizontal tier principle,
to not train these latter into the spaces they are to
occupy yet however, but rather encourage them to
make a strong growth individually, bj; allowing them
for the present to assume a more upright and natural
form. The centre shoot may be pinched back when
about 14 inches in length ; an operation which will be
the means of affording additional support to the others
which remain. Young Peach, Nectarine, Apricot
trees, &c., should, on the contrary, be allowed to assume
a fan-shape, in which the more central shoots will
slightly take the lead, having less space to travel ;
these, however, must not be permitted to grow too
strongly, but will need pinching back about this time,
in order to duly balance the distribution of sap
between them and others of less robust growth,

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Those who have followed my advice, not to make the
main sowing of Scarl-et Runners until a reasonable date,
when it may he anticipated no further frosts will
occur, will now have robust rows well above ground,
requiring to be earthed up and staked, operations
which should be performed without delay. Before
earthing up, it will be well to give them a good dusting
with soot, lime, or wood-ashes, either separately or
mixed together. This will not only tend to destroy
any insects which surround them, but will also act as a
preventive in the future. Transplant into their permanent
quarters the necessary breadths of such as the following
in quantities sufficient to meet the demand for them,
namely Savoi/s, Brussels Sprouts, Caulifloioer, Borecole
(Kale), Broccoli, &c. In every instance where prac-
ticable make several distinct plantings from each seed
bed, and especially of BroocoUs, such as Snow's, Osborn's
White, &c., choosing upon each succeeding occasion
the largesD and best plants. Keeping in view the occa-
sional severity of our winters, it will be best at all
times to separate all Broooolis intended to stand till
March or April as wide apart in the rows as possible,

for the purpose of inducing them to form firmer
growth, which they are the more likely to do, if
sun and air are admitted freely around them. Sow
a good breadth of Parslei/ about this date, as if sown
now it may be expected to form fine plants, likely to
withstand all inducement to " bolt " until the autumn,
when it will be of much service for after winter use.
W. F.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR. LONDON
For the Week ending J une 12, 1867, as obsRrvcd at the HortU-ultural Gart

Bauokbter.

TEMPERiTDBE.

June.

Of the Air. |OftheEartU

Wind

^,*-

Max.' Min.

1

Max.

Min.

Mean!,f"0^!2 feet
"^'''"'j deep.] deep.

Thuri. 6
Friday 7
Satur. H
Sunday 9
Mon. 10
Tues. 1 1
Wed. 12

4 -29.730' 29.665

5 29.6301 29.662

6 .30.037 29.987
5) 130.198 30.0li6

8 130.242 30.227

9 '30.268 30.110
10 130.061. 29.922

68
68
72
75
80
82
85

48
44

il

45
50
50

58.0
56.0
59.5
59.0
Gi.S
66 0
67.5

66
57
57
57
57
59
60

51
56
56
56
56
57
58

S W.
R.W.
S W.

W.

W.

s.
s.w.

Average .

j 30 052' 29.948

75.7 i 46.7 1 61.2

57.5 1 56. 1

June 6 -Cloudy ; tine ; cloudy at night.

— 7— Low white clouds ; fine; overcast.

— 8 -Fine ; cloudy and fine ; overcast at night.

— 9 -Very fine ; fine, with clouds ; very fine,

— 10— Exceedingly fine ; very fine throughout.

— 11— Very hot and cloudless ; very fine at night.

— 12— Very hot ; veiy fine ; cloudy at night.

Mean temperature of the week, 3 3-10 deg. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISAVICK,

During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending June 22,1807.

,.17

72.8

Sunday ..16 72 6 49.3

Mun. ■- -'" '"•

Tuea. ,

Wed. ,

Thurs. ,

Friday ,

Satur.

,18 72.1

.19. 70,8

.20 72 3

.21 74 3

.22 1 73 7

No. Of
Tears in
which it
Raiued,

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

Prevailing Winds.

; 2 4i|5 8 3

; 2 cUa 9, 2

3 2121' 4 1

1' 2'18— i—

ThehiRhest temperature during the above period occurred on the
l9th and 22d, 1616-therm. 93 deg. ; and tbe lowest on the 20tb, 18fi5,
— themi. 30 dej.

Notices to Correspondents.

Beech Trees : £ H M. The Cottony production on Beecbea,
though the work of an insect, is not American Blight. Tbe
only remedy for it with which we are acquainted, is
brushing the Cottony substance off, and rubbing tbe parts
affected with a mixture of tar and grease.

Double Pelaegonidsi : S G Henderson tt Son. The double-
flowered variety with undulated petals, which it is proposed
to call marginatum fiore-pleno, will doubtless be a very
xiseful decorative variety, since tbe blos.3oms must be mord
enduring than those of the single- flowered kinds. The
colour is a deep maroon crimson, passing off into a broad
zone of ricli crimson veined with darker lines, and tbe edge
is distinctly though narrowly bordered with white. The
salmon-coloured zonal marked with white stripes, named
salmonium striatum, is very promising, and suggestive of a
i-ace of striped flowers. That with the reticulated yellow
and green leaf is very curious.

Ficus STiPULARis : F S, Windham Club. The fruit of this
species is not reputed to be edible, and judging from
appearances it can hardly be worth much in this way. Is
your plant a standard? It appears from the leaf to be so.
The leaves vary considerably in form according as the plant
is grown against a wall or as a standard.

Fuchsias ; Nil Despera?idum. Mr. Cannell, who is a practical
authority on the question, says, discontinue stopping ten
weeks before tbe plants are required to be in bloom. This
applies to esbibition plants that have been well furnished
by means of previous stopping.

Grapes : J H II. If you examine the diseased bunches of
flowers in your Grapes, and compare them with healthy
bunches, you will see that there is a consider.iblo difference
in tbe mode of development. Your diseased b\mcbes will in
all probability be entirely or partially abortive. The
affection now and then occurs in cultivation, but not very
frequently, and no one has hitherto, as far as we know,
detected the cause. Your Vine may bear healthy buuijhes
another season, but should it still continue diseased it
would be well t.o replace it with some fresh individual.
MJB.

Insect.'^ ; W F. The minute animals sent from the nel!>h-
bourhood of Carlisle are a species of hair-worm (Gordius)
which are parasitic in the bodies of different kinds of
insects. If.

JusTiCiA : Nil Besperamlum. The leaves look as if they bad
been scalded by strong sun heat.

LiTHospERMUM FRUTicosuM : W, Btlfast. You probably
allude to Lithospermum fruticosum, not Lophospermuni.
The former is quite hardy, if tbe last three winters bo
accepted as a sufficient test. At Battersea Park it was used
as an edging tfl one of the geothermal beds, the thorough
drainage of which is no doubt the cause of its early and
profuse flowering. The south side of an artificial rockwork,
where its roots could penetrate some depth among stones, so
arranged as to afford complete drainage to the surface soil,
and where its branches could hang over a perpendicular
piece of rock, would be the sort of placo to bring out the
real merits of this beautiful plant.

Names of Plants : C R. 1, Geranium multifidura, L. ; 2,
Geranium pilosum, L. — C W StricHand. Crinum latifolium,
L. _ Q 3/, Luplnus varius, L. ; Anthericum (Heraerocallisj ;
Liliastrum, Jacq.— -E" A M. Your Rose belongs to the
Chinese or Bengal class, and is named viridiflora.— P C. 1,
Polystichum aculeatum lobatum ; 2, Polystichum angulare;
3, Jlyricaria germanica ; 4. Berberis vulgaris, — Nil Despe-
randv.ia. Pteris semilata.

Peas : / M will feel obliged by any one informing him how he
shall mauage to preserve Peas green and fit for the cook all
the year round. He has been told that they can be kept in
bottles, but he does not understand the process. We may
add that some dry them while green iu a cool oven, and
bang them up in paper bags for winter use.

Pyrethrum : J Fleming. The seedling from M. Vilmorin is a
finely-coloured double rosy crimson, and we can well
imagine that the bed of it has a very striking appearance.
Some of the best named sorts are very similar in colour.
We are glad to find your experience coincides with the
favourable opinion we have always entertained of these
Pyrethrums, because in some quarters theii- utility has been
questioned.

Zonal Pelargoniums : Nil Desperandum, Young plants
intended for specimens are the better for not being allowed
to bloom while they are being grown on.

CoMirDNicATioNS RECEIVED.— J. Fleming. — J. Anderson.—
C. Turner.— D. T. F.— M. Nesfield.— W. P. R.-J. W.-B. S.—
W. Dean.— J. Wills (too late for this week, but your ^
question is partly answered at p. 630).— D. Buchanan. -« J
W. E.— E. H. Marshall.— W. D. '■%

June 15, 18G7.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICUETURAL GAZETTE.

635

MANCHKSTER and LIVERPOOL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY (EsUbllsliOfi 17rt7|. — GRAND CENTKNAUY
snow MEKTENG at MnnchoHtor, August 27, 2fi, mid 'JO, 18ii7.

Spoci.ll X*iizo List and Forms of Kiitry are now roady to bo
lasuod. '!■ n. KvOKK, tiecrotary.

67*. Cliuroh Street, Ltvorpooh— Ai^ril 23, 1807.

ROYAL AG RICirLTURAL^OCIR'rY of ENGLAND.
BURY ST. EDMUND'S MEETING.

PROGRAMME.
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY. FRIDAY,
and SATUHDAY. July 10, 11, T-', it 13—
TUlALof IMi'LEMENTS. Admlssluii,
f)S. oaoh person.
MONDAY. July 1ft— Tlio ENTIRE SHOW-
YARD OPEN from 8 in tho Morning, at
which hour tho Judcea wlH coniinmn;u
inspoitlng tlio Live Stock, and niaklnK
their Awards, AdnilRsion.&s. oaoii poiKoii
TUKSDAY and WEDNESDAY, July If. &

17— Admission, 2.1. M. each person.
THURSDAY and FRIDAY, July 18 & 111—
Admission, 1«. each person.

The Showyard will bo cleared of
Visitors at 8 o'clock each ovening.
FRI DAY*. July I'J— GENERAL MEETING
of the MEMBERS in the Showyard at
10 o'ClocIc.

By permission of the Officer coinmiindlng tho Coldstream Guards,
tho Band of that Regiment will attend during the Show,

Tho hours at which tho Exhibition of Horsos In tho Ring, and the
uortbrmances bv the Bund will take place, will be notilled by
riaoards in tho Showyard.— By Order, H. IUll Dark, Secretary.
I'i, Hftuover Square, London, W.

Oie Agricultural (gazette.

SATURDAY, JUNE 15, 1867.

We aro informed that the Board of Trade, as
tliey did last year, are again immediately to
place in the hands of the occiipiera of land in
Great Britain schedules of their crops and live
stock, with the request that these tabular forms
be filled up and returned on the 25th of tliis
month. The prejudice against giving the infor-
mation thus asked i'or is dying out ; and it will
ultimately no doubt altogether disappear. Every
occupier who makes the desired returns must
know in tho first place that he is no more publish-
ing his circumstances by this return, cither to his
neighbour or to the world at large, than if he
kept tho whole a secret to himself. His case is
entirely lost in the cloud of particulars into
which it enters, so that his privacy is
not in any way invaded. And in the
next place he must bo aware that the bargain
which is offered him is a very great advantage to
himself. He is asked to contribute an item, and
in return he acquires a knowledge of tho total.
This is a proposal which wo have now for more
than 20 years annually made to some 300 or 400
correspondents in all parts of the country, and it
has always been cordially accepted. Any agri-
cultural subject which is thus at any time
exciting an interest, is made the subject of a
question ; and the results of the whole inquiry
are promised to aiiy one who will contribute his
personal experience in connection with it. We
invariably receive a large quantity of trustworthy
information in this way, and every one who
helps to furnish it is benefited far beyond the mere
repayment of whatever labour or inconvenience
may have attended his own small contribution to
the whole result.

We have even issued a circular request before
now to a number of large occupiers of land,
asking them to furni.sh us with tho dates, and
quantities, and prices of all their grain sales
during a preceding twelvemonth, when great
variations in the price of com had taken
place — the object being to ascertain whether
intelligent and wealthy occupiers of land had
profited or otherwise by these abrupt vari-
ations in the market. Every man that was
addressed frankly gave the information ; and
the result upon the whole was serviceable to
each by showing upon tho great scale, as his own
experience had already done upon the smaller
scale, that the ignorance out of which these
abrupt alternate refusals and supplies of grain
at market arise (to which tho corresponding
changes of market price are due) was in that
year at any rate universal. The rich and able
men knew no better than the poor and needy. Not
a man among them had been advantaged by the
.short periods of excessive prices, for they always
corresponded, as they always must, with the
periods of minimum supplies. Everybody was
selling when prices were low, and no one (so to
speak) was selling when they were high, and
thus the ignorance to which abrupt changes of
price are due was, as it always is, mischievous
to all alike.

It is the removal of this mischievous ignorance
■which is the object of the returns now asked
for by the Board of Trade. Every one admits
that the corn-dealer and the cattle-dealer
are benefited by the information of our supplies
which such returns afford, but few seem to
remember that every farmer is himself a corn-

dealer and a cattle-dealer, and will profit in
the smaller sphere of his one occupation just as
much as tho man through whoso hands tho
produce of many farms and occupations passes
on its way to tho consumer. Some individual
farmers have been wise enough to make tho
study of our annual produce and that of other
eiiuntrios thoir particular caro for many years,
and we know of ono instance in which this know-
ledge thus acquired has resulted in a ]U'ofit
within tho past year of several thousand pounds.
<^f course this has not been done by learn-
ing how to dispose of the homo produce merely
of one's own farm. It has been by corn-
de.aling on alarger scale than this that such a profit
has been made. But if this farmer, by his superior
knowledge, could sell what he had bought at a
greater profit than his neighbour in Mark Lane,
no doubt he has also sold the corn which he has
grown at a similar greater profit than was
realised by those who occupied land all around
hia own in Hertfordshire.

Any how, it is certain that ignorance is mis-
chievous, and that knowledge must be always
power and wealth. Tho existing distinctions
may be very profitable to the few who aro
enlightened, but the many are all this while
suffering for their ignorance. If by publishing
to all the j-osult of a genor.al statistical inquiry
into our annual agricultural produce, we shall
thereby only distribute over all the excessive
profits at ]irosent made by only one or two,
undoubtedly tho many will to that extent be
bcnofitod ; but this is putting the very lowest
estimate on tho advantages which must ensue.
We can understand how a selfish man would
desiro to retain exclusively the advantage
which tho ]ircsont lack of general intelligence
may secure to liim; but it is altogether
impossible to defend on any general ground
the prejudice which has hitherto been held
by the laiik and file of British farmers
against tho publication of information which
it must be generally useful to make gene-
rally known. Wo hope, therefore, that an
even greater success than was achieved in 1866
may this year attend the renewed attempt of the
Board of Trade to collect the Agricultm'al
Statistics of Great Britain.

In our last Number we made some observa-
tions relative to hay-making, and we now
propose to submit certain considerations, which,
so far as they go, should induce us to remove
the crop as early as possible — with the direct
object of beneficially influencing the grain
harvest.

This may seem a startling proposition ; but we
doubt not that the consideration of the established
facts on which it is based, will induce the agri-
cultural reader to admit that it is reasonable
enough and worthy of his attention.

There is no doubt that agriculture improves a
climate disposed to humidity and coldness only
by reducing the quantity of evaporating surface,
— in consequence of which a less cloudy sky is
formed, and the solar rays are admitted to warm
and defecate the earth — all which is highly
conducive to salubrity as well as to profitable
vegetation.

This amelioration is effected by draining
morasses and felling and clearing forests, because
the grain and other vegetables cultivated on the
surface thus changed cause it to exhale much
less aqueous vapour than it did in its previous
state of superabundant wood or morass.

Now, it should be remembered that the general
produce of this renovated surface exhales
moisture only during a part of the spring and
summer. About a seventh part is usually in a
state of fallow, and if kept free from weeds,
affords little moisture compared with its former
state.

Perhaps we should state, in passing, that with
respect to evaporation (although a most important
meteorological and agricultural topic), we have at
present very little trustworthy information ; but,
taking Luke Howard's estimate, it appears that
the annual amount of evaporation is 30.40 inches,
and of this there are supplied in spring8.55 inches,
and in summer 11.58 inches, whereas in autumn
there are only 6.44 inches, and in winter
3.58 inches.

But to continue : we all know that the immense
quantitj' of water that falls in rain must have
"gone up" by evaporation; but we find it
difficult to imagine how such enormous quantities
of water can escape unseen from the surface.
Long ago, however, Bishop Watson ascertained

I by direct experiment that even in tho fallow
state laud may give water to tho atmosphero at
tho rate of 1200 gallons from an aero iu
12 hours.

The mode he took to ascertain this curious
fact was as follows :— He measured tho mouth of
a drinking-glass, and found the area to bo
20 square inches ; this was put on a closo-mowu
Grass-plot after there had been no rain for a
month. When the glass had remained inv<irtod
on the Grass-plot a quarter of an hour, tho
inside was wiped with a piece of muslin previously
weighed ; tho muslin was then weigliod again,
the increase of weight showing tho quantity of
collected vapour. Tho mean between 12 and
3 o'clock, on a hot day, from 20 square inches of
earth, was 6 grains. Now, as there aro
12"J6 square inches in a square j'ard, and
4840 square yards in a statute acre, wo find that
above 16(X) gallons, reckoning 8 pints to tho
gallon, would be raised from 1 aero every
12 hours. Two other experiments were tried
after the ground had been wetted by a thupdor
shower the day before, and the heat of tho
ground, by the thermometer laid on tho Grass,
being at 96°, when one gave 1973 gallons in
12 hours, the other 1905. Bishop W.\TSON
also placed the glass upon a diy foot-path, when
the vapour rose from tho foot-path as well as
from the Grass, but not so abundantly. But, as
these experiments were tried in the hottest part
of the day (from 12 to 3), perhaps 1200 gallons is
about the average of 1 2 houi-s. *

The inference fi'om these experiments must be
obvious. If the evaporation from the dry close-
mown Grass-plot was much greater than from
the bare foot-path, how much more must it be
from rich pasture lands than from close-mown
walks, and how much more still from luxuriant
vegetable crops f Besides, the cultivated annuals
do not completely cover the ground till towards
the end of May, and the eai-th is then warmed
by the uninterrupted rays of heat from the sun,
which moderates the nocturnal cold and thus
prevents those sudden checks which vegetation
frequently receives in England from irregularity
of temperature.

Thus, when lands are brought into cultivation ,
intersected by high quick fences, and become
productive of luxuriant crops, they generate
a more vaporous atmosphere ; and consequently
the climate undergoes a change ; it actually
reverts, so to speak, especially in the spring and
summer, when such causes are most in action, to
its earlier condition ; but at the time of harvest,
when the crops are removed, the soil presents a
surface to the sun almost as little shaded as a
field under summer fallow ; and when the outward
soQ is dry these stubbles contiibute evidently, by
the dry, heated air which we see undulating
over them in the day, to clear the atmosphere,
and tend, in some degree, to brighten the sky.
Hence the fact, which is proverbial, that our
autumns are frequently the finest, the hottest, and
driest part of the year. The reason is, because the
heat the soil thus receives is gradually and, as it
were reluctantly, given back to the atmosphere,
Hence, possibly, the fact that our springs and
summers are, on the average, colder, and our
winters milder than of old.

Now, by the same reasoning, there cannot be
the slightest doubt that when the hay harvest is
early, the removal of such an immense exhaling
or evaporating surface of Grass has an influence
on the weather, especially if a few bright days
immediately succeed, as a check is then given to
the latter-math ; and during this interval
between the hay and corn harvest, we have fine
weather for filling and ripening the grain.

This is a serious consideration ; and it may be
proper to suggest that on this account it may be
not only advisable, but economy in the farmer,
noverto "haineup late." Abad or inferior harvest
may be the consequence. Delay in hay-making
may have had much to do with the losses in
wet seasons, when our farmers have had to wait
for sunny days, that never come, to rip en the
grain !

Perhaps policy, both with respect to land and
cattle, would — if the winter be mild — forbid
sending the cattle to field after Candlemas.
Fastening the gates of pasture land early may
be thus the surest ganie : neglecting or delaying
this may be hazardous in the extreme.

Practical agriculturists should impress this
truth on their memories, that after a showery
summer the chances are five if not six to one in
favour of a dry harvest — on account of the

Chemical Essays, iii.

636

THE GAHDENERS' CMONTCLE AKB AGRICTTLTtmAL GAZETTE,

[Jtwe 15, 1867.

enormous exhaling surface ■which is removed, Tvith
the hay, at that time.* S. [The extravagant, if
not whimsical urgency vfith Tvhioh a writer
will sometimes represent a truth of very limited
influence and applicability, is often a useful stimu-
lant to independent thought ; and we are glad,
therefore, to give " S." a hearing in these pages.
It must not be forgotten, however, while listening
to his argument on this subject, how greatly our
climate depends upon our insular position, and
how slightly any agricultural cause can affect
the influence of the winds, which sweep over our
small area, after receiving their character from
the great sheet of water on the one side of it, or
the great stretch of land upon the other. Ed.]

The time was when Linseed cake had almost a
monopoly as a cattle food, but modern invention
and the art of advertising has had the effect, not
indeed of removing it from the list of cattle
edibles, but certainly to put it somewhat in the
background. Instead however of a falling off
in the imports of oil-cake, as one might sirppose
would be the result by the extension of the use
of various advertised compounds, the returns for
the past year show an increase over the former
years. Other seed-cakes besides those of Linseed,
Eape, &c. , have recently been introduced into
the markets. The advent of any new oil seed
must almost necessarily lead to the production
of a new oil-cake ; for where the seeds are crushed
for the sake of the oil, the maro or refuse
seed would be sure to be used, if possible,
either as cattle food or for manure. It is the oil
that is of the first value and consideration, and
if the marc likewise proves useful so much the
better for the oil-crushers ; thus it is that. Linseed
and Rape-seed oils being so much in demand, a
large supply of the cake is produced. The
residuum of some oil-seeds, however, are of
little or no value to the cattle keeper, and conse-
quently seldom or never enter into commerce
in this country.

One of the most recent introductions, which
has now become an established trade both in
England and at Marseilles, is Cotton-seed cake.
Attempts were made to introduce it some years
liaok, its recommendation being based, perhaps,
more on account of its cheapness than any
superiority in quality. The extraction of oil
from the Cotton-seed has been the means of
utilising a portion of that valuable plant
hitherto considered useless. Perhaps not more
than half of the whole crop of seed in the
United States is requii'ed for sowing, conse-
quently there is an immense quantity at the
service of the oil crashers, who, it is said,
obtain from every 100 lb. of seed about 2 gallons
of oil — equal in appearance to that known as
salad oil — and 48 lb. of oil-cake, besides a
quantity of soap stock. Prom this it will be
at once seen that the utilisation of the Cotton-
seed must be of a remunerative character, espe-
cially when it is estimated that not less than a
million and a half tons of seed are annually
available for commercial or agricultural purposes.
Cotton-seed in an unprepared state had been
used for feeding cattle in the Cotton -growing
countries long before its introduction into this
countj' for a similar purpose, and in many parts
of India it is a distiviot and important commercial
article, the cattle employed in ploughing and
other agricultural work being constantly fed
upon it. It is also frequently taken as food for
milch cows on board homeward-bound ships.
The cake is now exported to a large extent from
the United States to the Mediterranean, and is
also brought from several American ports into
this country. Besides this, large quantities of it
are made in England and at Marseilles. The
English made cakes are much more neatly
formed than those made at the latter port, being
of an uniform thickness of about 1 inch, corru-
gated or waved on both sides, and of an oblong
shape, wider at one end. The Marseilles cakes are
usually square, with the corners cut off and
about three quarters of an inch thick. The
English cake is of a darker colour externally,
with a brightish yellow fracture, and the seeds
are more finely crushed.

The oil-crushing trade of Marseilles is a most
important branch of the commerce of that port.
Cotton, Arachis, Sosamum, Linseed, Cocoa-nut,
Palm-nut, and Tui-nip-seed, are all imported in
considerable quantities for the sake, principally,
of their oUs. The consequence is that oil-cake
from all these seeds is sent out to vaiious parts,
either as cattle food or for manure. Cattle are
said not to be fond of the cake at fii'st, but they

* Williams, " Climate of England,"

readily take to it and thrive upon it. The follow-
ing analysis will show the nature of its compo-
sition : —

W.iter 11.19

OU 9.08

Sugar 10.70

Albuminous compounds 24.69

Nitrogen 3.95

Ask 6.64

It is well-known that the marc or residuum of
most oleaginous seeds after the oil has been
expressed, contains a large percentage of nutri-
tive matter, and is useful for the twofold purpose
of feeding cattle and manuring land ; thus it is
that in India the Poppy-seed, after the expression
of the oil, is used for this purpose, and in some
parts of continental Europe, Camelina sativa and
other seeds are similarly used, while Walnut
cake is a common cattle food in the north of
Italy. Some few years back an attempt was
made to introduce into England as a manure the
cake obtained in expressing the seeds of the
Castor-oil plants, it however never came into
general use : it is easily distinguished from
ordinary oil-cake by its colour' and the large
fragments of the husk of the seed which it con-
tains. In the countries where the Cocoa-nut
grows the dried pulp of this fruit, after the oil
has been expressed, foiTas a useful food for cattle,
as well as a good manure for the plantations. No
doubt there are many new materials of a similar
nature, which, were they introduced, would
prove valuable to the farmer, either for feeding
his stock or enriching his land. The importations
of oil seed cakes of all kinds have been gradually
increasing in quantity during the past few years,
the returns for 1866 showing 129,023 tons ; and
those of the first four months of 1867 being
25 per cent, greater than those of the corres-
ponding period of last year. J. S. J.

- — Mr. W. C. Spoonee, of Eling, V. S., does not
believe that the reappearance of the Cattle Plague is
due to its re-importation. He believes that it is due
rather to the vitality and resuscitation as it were of
old poison, and he urges this view strongly upon the
President of the Royal Agricultural Society of England
in a letter, of which the following is an extract : —
'' The recent recurrence of the disease in London and
the provinces must of course be owing either to the
importation of diseased cattle, or to the remains of old
infection. I believe the latter is the case, but the
prevailing idea is that it is the former, and thus the
slaughter of all animals at the ports is strongly
advocated. The Government object to this strong
proceeding, believing that it will greatly interfere with
the supply of meat, and it appears that the Privy
Council suggest a quarantine of 12 hours for fat
animals. It is not likely that this will meet the views
of farmers, and hardly the necessities of the case. I
would beg to propose an alternative, which I think
would meet the case and also the views of most people :
and that is, not to compel the slaughter of foreign
cattle at the Ports, but to give importers the choice
of a quarantine on shore of 10 days or slaughter at any
time within this period. The time will no doubt be
advantageously employed in enabling the cattle to re-
coverthe effects of the sea voyage, audfromtheexhausted
and fevered state thereby induced, and it will also
serve to test the doubtful point as to whether slaughter
at the ports can be adopted without injury to the
importers or the public. There is one other point to
which attention might also well be called, and that is
the importance of having a clause in the intended Act
forbidding, not merely for a time, but as a permanent
measure, cattle coming out of London alive. I think
amongst allprecautionsthiswouldbe themost effective."

I drained 45 acres of very heavy land (which I rent)
with 1-inch pipes, at the following depths, distances^
and cost : —

Chapel Land, 45 Acres, Drained in 1846.
9 acres, 42 feet ap.-irt, 5 feet deep, with l-inch pipes :— £ s. d,

64 rods of cutting, at 6fZ 112-0

1100 rods, l-inch pipes, at 12a. per 1000 (144

allowed for breakage) .. ,, ,. ..0146
Cartage of pipes .. .. .. 030

Per acre £2 9 6

13-acre field same as above. —

11-acre field, at 28 feet apart .. .. per acre 3 2 6

7-acre field, drained 50 feet apart, and 5 feet

deep, as above .. .. .. .. ,, 2 0 0

Wages were then much lower than now.

A DEAINAGE EETEOSPECT.

Time tests many things. It is now more than 3-1
years since my draining was completed on every acre
of the farm (170 acres) ; and as I walk over every field
and examine every drain I ask myself, has this been a
profitable operation, and have those 24 years of observa-
tion given me additional draining knowledge ? It will
be satisfactory to drainers to know that not a single
drain is choked, but in spite of 24 yeai's' use every one
is in thorough working order, and all are now dis-
charging freely.

It will be remembered that about 60 acres of my
heavy clay were drained in a peculiar manner with
small stones and a 2-inoh pipe over them, to prevent the
earth pressing in among the stones. My good friend,
Mr. Morton, objected to the pipes being so placed, and
I, after seeing Mr. Parkes' 4-feet pipe drainage, stated
in my book that T thought I had done wrong, and
subsequently in some new drainage I adopted the
deep pipe principle, as less costly and more effective.
Twenty-four years have elapsed, and I am bound to say
that that pipe and stone drainage has been most effective,
the furrow corn coming to ripeness equally with the
rest, which is a certain test of perfect draining.

My men also find that the land works earlier and
more friably in the spring than in the deeper and
wider drainage. The drains were placed only 12 feet
apart, and 2 feet 8 inches deep, filled with stones and
pipes, and cost 101. per acre. But, although this has
been very satisfactory, I should noli do it so again, but
should adopt the deep pipe drainage at close intervals.
A good deal depends upon climate and rainfall ;
where the climate is late, stones added to the pipes,
and close drainagBj will very much forward the crop.

If thought desirable, it would be easy to cut a draia
between each of the others.

These have been done more than 20 years, and,
although so cheaply done, they have been suflloiently
effective to remove stagnant water and to permit of
excellent crops ; for I have several times had 7 quarters
of Wheat, 7 quarters of Beans, and U quarters of black
Oats per acre, besides large crops of Mangel, Clover,
and Tares. .

The land does not work so well in early spring as my
own land, nor does the land walk so dry, but still the
water flows to the drains and leaves the land, although
not so quickly as the close drained. I can, therefore,
confidently recommend tenant farmers, who desire to'
economise their capital, to adopt that system as an
advantageous one under the circurnstanees. There will
thus he no just excuse for non-drainage.

In very humid climateSj with a heavy rain and low
temperature, I must^ candidly admit that I believe the
late Lord Wharncliffe's system of close and shallow'
drains, combined with deep 4 or 5 feet leaders at reason-
able distances (say 50 feet), would be most effeotiTB-
drainage under the circumstances.

The shallow drains, not less than 3 feet, in tenacious
soils, permit a more ready escape of the water, when
you have successional rains at short intervals ; the
deeper ones drain the whole area in time, but are
longer about it. For instance, as I have witnessed on
a field of my own, in a very wet winter I have seen
both deep and shallow drains discharging abundantly,
like two taps in a full cask, one above the other : the
upper drain stops running first, the lower one some
time after, and, of course, the lowest drain lowers the
level of the water in the soil to its own depth or level;
and, therefore, deep drains should always be present, .
although shallow feeders may come into request for
frequent or continuous rainfalls. Water will always
pass a shallow dr.ain and descend to a deep one, until
it accumulates in the soil, and thus rises to or above
the level of the shallow dr.ain, and then both shadow
and deep drain will run, the shallow one conducting
water to the leader much quicker than it can filter
through the soil. The great object of drains is to
prevent delay or stagnation near the surface in winter^
and thus prevent rotting of the winter roots of Wheat,
Tares, and Clovers.

After a di-y summer the rains will naturally pass
down to the deepest drains and flow away. It is only
after the ground becomes super-saturated that the
shallow drains are called upon to act. All the fore-
going remarks apply to tenacious .birdlime-like clays,
through which, when thoroughly so'aked, water filtrates
very slowdy. On friable soils it would be absurd to
have either shallow or close drains. On my mixed soil
my drains are more than 4 feet deep, and 00 feet apart.
All the'se remarks apply to surface water.

In dealing with waters rising from below, drains-
should never be shallower than 4 feet-;-5 feet is the
better depth; with shallow drains capillarity would'
overcome gravity, and so render the drtiins useless.
There are certain soils where the gridiron or uniform
principle would be a partial failure, and it is always,
desirable to lay drains in the old water-way. Where'
there are sand-pots surrounded by wahs of clay it is -
necessary to cut through those walls, where a mi.xed
spring or sandy soil meets a stiff clay (as in some of my
fields) ; great care is required in laying the pipes at the
junction, suri'ounding them with a little hay, especially
if the spring is "^veak and occasional ; and even so, the
sand, owing to the drain being occasionally dry, will-
accumulate and h,arden in the pipes, which must be
taken up and cleared. There is no such danger with,
a constantly and full running spring. I have three
very strong spring-drains discharging from 10 to
25 gallons per minute winter and summer. For
25 years one has never choked, and they all dis-
charge white sand abundantly, especially during winter;
therefore, take especial care to have a clear outlet
whence the sand can be frequently removed, so that
it never rises above the drain. One of my spring-
drains was originally 12 feet deep, the other two G feet;
these latter have always been perfect, except where
they come into shallow ground near the outlet. In
one case some singular roots, like small brown Cabbage
leaves, choked it, the other, passing through a neigh-
bour's hedge, filled at that point with roots from the
fence, and his field being lower than mine soon became
a quagmire.

A very watchful eye is required for all drains, ipore
especially spring-drains, forif not immediately attended
to the sand, &c., has time to settle in the pipes, and
thus choke them for a very long distance, and you are
put to a great cost. It is useless to put spring-drains
anywhere near trees or fences; if they must pass
through the latter the outlet pipes shovdd be of iroh
for many yards. It is a ' remarkable instance of the
instinct of plants and trees, that they will surely intro-
duce their roots into constantly running drains—
the most minute crevice will suffice— and then the
roots multiply and expand until they choke the drains,
frequently in masses as thick as one's wrist or arm,
and some yards long. But they take care never to
enter a drain which is alternately wet and dry for the

JrNE ir>, 1867.J

THE GAEDENERS' CMONTOT^E AND AflKTOTTLTMAL GAZETTE.

637

n-,.>.n nr ^i-hce or rain-water. Thistles, Mangels, i draiuiui,' his Qekl o rushes It is acomnion belief amons
ifn -l.fL I sm^u''-anuii it' near the surface. Scots farmers, and Scots farmers are no delective «t

Nvdlcliokoasi>im„arun I "^^.^^ ^^ dilches as Udfe-ineut in their calliut;, that when rushes grow, ho

■ ■ ■ ■ '■< ■ Uiuuirh wot, is linn, and can boar stock— that it

than most dry

uUel^Tfii^llinil'dSjs:- lam letting my drains into
uS pTacocU foot deeper tlian the drams, but con-
lootod with thorn by stonos, &c.

Open ditches got dry in summer, and the oapiUarity
,f the dry sides heads back water in the sod; besides,
,no outlet well exposed to view is lar loss likely to be
o"looled or overlooked than a number ol them sur-
ounded by or buried in Grass or other vegetation.
IJesldcs, wo save laud by abolishing open ditches.

On pulling in those leaders 1 observe that the land,
,0 the depth of the ilraius, has become more riablo,
,ut the extra spit that we lake out below the (bam is
iko putty or birdlime, and most adhesive.

It IS thus ctuite clear that depth of drainage, even in
-ho very stillest soils, is most important. Jivery addi-
.ioual loot places l,iUO tons per acre of porous earth lor
,ho use of the roots of iilants ; and I know that \V heat
uidmost plants will tend down their roots lour to hve
eet deep where the land is drained. All open ditches,
IS well :« drains, require close supervision in dry
.veather: buuebes ol rushes, bushes aud other
ibstructious, should then be removed. It is too late
,vhen the Hood comes, aud your land gets carried away
iv ol)structed torrents. . , . , J n ,

' I know of so much neglect m this matter ot clear
iiige-way that it should be strictly enforced on

It

could be

W lien we have heavy rains I sally forth, in maom-
osh and water-boots, and see to these matters mysell,
liiviug especial regard to clear troughing round the
lings, aud generally clear water-ways. The pro-
ng "cores" m ditches should be removed lu dry
....iihor. , , . . .

Kewarewhom you trust to place your draining-pipes,
or see to it yourself. A careless unprincipled lellovv
uillputthciu in anyhow to save hiiusell trouble, and
Uius ruin your drainage. The loss occasioned this
very wet spring by non-drainage is indeed serious,
lar exceeds the largest per ceutage
diarged for draining.— iliay, 18G7.

The following letter from Mr. Eailey Denton—
-:i( knowledged to be one of our very best authorities
ni .h-ainage— is instructive and convincing:—

" Woodflcia, Stevenage. JuueS, 18G7.

-I y dear llechi,— 1 bave rcid with uuicli mterest your

I ';nid those of other correspondeuts in the Tum^s, us to

, niesent eonditiou of the crops; aud if it be at till possible

I . iitd-'O I'y api.earanccs >ii this seusuu, we may faii-ly couclude

I't I (he iidvjiit.ife in favour of drained heavy hinds, com-

i.-r. l with the siiiiie chiiniuter of uudraiued lands, will quite

_MU,Llh;ai the cost of draining them. . . / j

■ ll.(Ving taken .some pjiins to es.amine into l.acts (as lar

i; cjLU form judgment now), I write you these lines, that

. 1 iiiiiy if occasion ari.sc, refer to them with some security,
liuiiig back as far as five years, "I find the Hverage cost of
n M nlcl driiiuage, varying from 24 to 42 feet apart, has been
I J !,■ G</ an acre. 1 am spciking of the works of the General
I, ind Drainage Company, from 18G2 to 18li6 inclusive. The
-i.\i .go charge of the Company to repay the principal (i. e.,
iliu U( 5.!. (ill., which includes all expenses), with interest, m
:n jo.irs, has been «. l.(. per cent., or about 7». 6i(. per acre.

"Now, the difference in the crops of thi.s year— taking the
must moderate view of tho matter— canni
nt the drained lauds than—

1 quarter in Wheat = £3
3 coombs in Uean.s ^ 3 3 0
1 quarter in Oiits = 17 0
1 quarter in Darley = 2 0 0
with .iioeds and Tares to match, saying nothing as to roots,
->\iiich we sh;dl know better of presently.

■ the hah of the average cut of draming being 31. 2s. 9d.,
y>.u wUl see, by compariag tho figures 1 have quoted, that the
i;i ic.ise in tho Wheat and Beans, which absorb the larger part
ot t he croppuig of the heavy lands, quite equals this moiety, let
■A.ma the dilfereiice in the cost of tUlage, which has been very

' If we turn from this comparison to the fact that the cost
.if draining is repaid by 7s. (iti. per acre, it is indeed difficult
nMiudcrstand how occupiers can withstand the advantage of
li.iving their wet lands di-ained with borrowed capital. But it
i> true that many would rather lose their crops than pay this
s;ii:ill annual charge, because they cannot bear the thought of
Ibtir rents being r.iisod (as they call it), and ot submitting to
the obUgation ot maintaining outfalls and outlets under the
" urdeis of Government.'

■ All those who are obliged to grow Barley on heavy Land,
if they grow it at all, will do well to study the different con-
nitioii ol theii- fields. Wherever the laud has been mauled by
sheep or plough, they may wish in vain for a crop.

' <' " • •' Yours faithfully,

" J. BAiLEV Denton."

AVe should have the difference in tho Oat and Barley
crop at li to 21 quarters per acre.— J«ne, 18(57.

laud, ,--- ,, , , , ,,

gives often more valuable («rass ^

grazing lields, thai amongst the rushes the (jrass is
more abundant and sweet, and thO more valtiablo
as it sliuuls it out in droughts; that drainage
and the removal of the' rushes often renders
the Hold less valuable for gra/.ing. If this ho true in
the cool and moist climate of Scotland, it must not be
less true in the warmer aud drier climate of Kugland.

•id. i'hf very iiiipoi'taid aiiu-ishn. — In your lord-
ship's able speech touching upon several important
subjects, particularly the relation between landlord and
tenant, I cannot see how your lordship eonld avoid by
far tho most important subject of all— far more impor-
tant than all other subjects your lordship treats of put
together. Cau I believe that your lordship is not
cognisant that there is no protection to the farmer s
capital necessary to bo invested in an enrichment of
the soil, aud that from the want of this protection the
vegetable mould, the mother of fertility, is generally
being exhausted, and is already to such an extent that
in most soils good crops can no longer be obtained but
by the applieaiion of stimulating foreign small manures,
an evil which will go on increasing till the cost of the
small mtuiures swallows up the rent. Your lordship
must be aware that protection to property is necessary
to the existence of property— that nations prosper or
decline, are high or low in the scale of civilisation,
nearly iu tho ratio of the protection to property— that
the vast manufacturing and commercial wealth ol
Britain is mtiiuly owing to the superior protection to
those kinds of property, aud that the great increase of
our city population is owing to the same cause- and I
may add, the decline of our rural population to the
want of protection to farmers' capital. It is not alone
what is termedpersonalproperty that requiresprotection.
The enrichment of the land, and even the prevention
of exhaustion of the natural riches of the soil, requires
protection quite as much as personal property. This
holds almost universally, except in the case ot land ot
extreme fertility, such as the alluvion at the mouth ol ]
some of our rivers. By the present land tenure of the

is that his rent will bo raised— that is, his incomo
lowered.

Votir lordsliip strongly commends a friendly con-
nection between landlord and tenant ; so do I, and
something done to promote it. Such a friendship at
present .seems rather an impossibility, at least to bo
genuine on tho tenant's part, from his very (lopondent
position when no lease exists. Under the jiresent
Itinil tenure it is not the farmer, possessed of the higher
<iu;ilitics of mind or intellecli, most fitting for tho
comptiuionable friend of the landlord, that will he most
in favour, but the most subservient, the humble
submissive drudge.

The ancient moralist ha.s said " the descent to hell
is etisy." It is etisy to waste tho fertility of the soil by
scourging, cropping, and throwing the most valuable
portion of our manure into the sea. This exhaustion can
also be ell'ectedinnogreatlengthof time, but it requires
considerable time and skilful treatment to feed the soil
into greater richness by easy cropping— crops that feed
tho soil by attracting much from the atmosphere or
from tho deep subsoil to form after manure, and by
returning as much as possible of the manure of the
produce to the earth, also by the application of any of
the necessary constituents of plants the soil may be
wanting in. To poor land, guano, sulphate of
ammonia, bones, nitr.ate of soda, will be welcome to
raise hulk in the first place, the manure of which must
all be returned to the soil along with as much as
possible of city manure. If Potatos or hay are sold off
the farm, a double proportion of extraneous large
manures is necessary. I am, my lord, your lord.ship s
most obedient servant, Patrick Maithem, OoiirdieluU,
Errol, N. B., June 1, 18G7.

CATTLE REARING IN SPAIN.

Mr Con.sul Graham Dunlop gives the following account of
Cattle Hearing in Spain in his Report on the Commerca of
Andalusia. ]
OUB system of cattle rearicg may be reduced to
two fundamental principles— first, the open-air system
at all hours and seasons ; aud, secondly, the double
system— viz., half the year housed, the other half in the
Constant stabling of cattle is never

ot be less in favour

, o, rno I open pastures. ,^

(^^; it; Britaui, whether \vithout or with aiease of j-^'^^^jXlI-^j^i j^r^'-^ X^S^n s o^
afewtleeting years, there is, with some ^^i*' <=''»^P- Sued br breeding a?ektpt (in the south of Sptun)
tious,uo protection to the capital laid out '^ Pe™a- r«=-\'°^"g'°\ °'f^t^^° opeu-t:^ir pasturing at all times,
nent improvement of the soil, at least so permanent as Pn"..;^^ °;^,;i^^ueve^ enter stables or places of shelter ;
with good management cau,undei;prot_ection be main- J^'^^/fiJ^'^^t^Sy in tdie pasture grounds, which are

■^°'^"^' ""^ ' uncultivated meadows aud hiU sides, covering a vast

They feed on the heroage and

^ ,., .,._ natural produce of the earth, and

^h^ ' their food tiius depends on the seasons, on the scarcity

tallied. The consequence is, that as a ^ ,. ,

the grain-producing districts, with exceirtion of the , country

vicinity of large t«^vns, an exhaustion of t^evege^^ ; ^,^^ f,'^^ .^ili «|^ ,5,,, li,, .^uTrar produce oYllio earth, and

mould IS going on ; while with piotection-that is the l depends on the seasons, on the scarcity

farmer reaping the ^yhole beneht, even should •^'^ , ^^ abundance of tho pttsture, and on the fertility or

render the land doubly productive, which in many I ?' '^'^"""•'"^hl^', ':"^r, ICl'Z „„ "w^fbi^™ ;. ,„-nvi,lp,l

would
re in
that

cases he would effect— a great enrichment
take place. Nothing but this will put agriculture m
its right position, aud it is only to obtain thic "^-^
Agricultural Chambers are worth a straw.

Man is the creature of circumstances. The lamer
without lease, under his mild despotism— landlord
beneficence, if your lordship prefer the term— cannot
have his energies called out as he would have were ho
exposed to free trade under protection ; as he would be
were he subject to Nature's great law of selection by
competition which I laid before the public nearly
37 years ago; and as a consequence he will sink m
ability as many entailed landlords have themselves
sunk, or if the farmer rise in ability at all it will be in
the art of most completely exhausting the vegetable
mould— to take out all plant matter from the soil and
put little in, which it is his interest to do, and like the
American fanner remove to where he can find land
unexhausted. Kven with a lease the laud will, at the
end of the lease, be fully as much exhausted as without
a lease. This will to a certainty occur as a general
rule, notwithstanding any form of lease that can be
contrived short of protection. With his capital

barrenness of the soil they are on. Nothing is provided
for them by man, either in winter or summer. If there
be enough for them to graze on, they live ; if not, they
die These cattle have no dwellings or artificial places
of shelter ; they endure the rigour and the variations
of the seasons entirely iu the open air. They are
exposed to cold, frost, snow, and (in summer) to a
burning sun, with no other protection than what a
bush, tree, or rock can atlbrd them.

During the autumn, winter and spring months they
are generally kept in the pasture grounds of the Sierras,
on the brows and spurs of the mountains, because
these pasture grounds are more sheltered than those on
the coast or table-laud. In the summer they go to the
wide uufeucetl stubble lands of the plains and V egas
near the coast, and wherever there is table-land, if good
watering places, especially ruiiuing streams and rivers,
are also found near. During the heats of summer they
are most liable to common cattle ailments, and the cow-
herds require to be doubly careful in this seascin ot the
year 'I'b'-" makB tlm cattle feed during the night, and

LANDLORD AND TENANT.

|Onr old and valued correspondent, Mr. Peter Matthew, of
t luurdiehih, Errol, forwards to us for publication the foUowing
letter to the flight Bon. the Earl of Clarendon, founded
uijon the exeelleut Address recently delivered by his lord-
ship on the various subjects proper for discussion before the
chambers of Agriculture.]

To THE KiGHT Hon. the Easl of Claeendon.

My LoKD.— I have read with much pleasure your
lordship's speech, addressed to the members of the
Warwickshire Chamber of Agriculture, and, with the
exception of two clauses, I have seen nothing better
expressed, or more to the purpose, connected with agri-
culture. Pardon me, I only commend what merits
commendation, that I may with equal sincerity blame
the two clauses referred to, the one, a not very important
error, and the other very important— not so much,
however, an error of commission as one of omission.
Let me place this omission— no allusion to our very
pernicious system of farmer htnd occupancy— clearly and
honestly before your lordship for consideration in all
its bearings, so that your lordship may judge aright. 1
may observe here that I have no class interest in lavouf
of the British farmer, not having any laud so occupied.
1. The less imiiortant error.— Your lordship is
unfortunate iu the ridicule of your farmer for not

They make the cattle feed during the nig

early in the morning turn them into a species ot told

where the auimtils lie down to chew the

at which hour they

or rough pen.

invested in the.soirprotected,haying_any improvement ^;?^''^|;°f^^^f„,';ilito"pasLre.^"Dm^^^^^^^ the greatest heat

ke makes to belong to himself, placed under the law of
natural selection- that is, free trade— and knowing that
if he raise his laud to a high premium he would not
likely be ejected, or if he lowered the value that he
would be ejected and made pay the loss, the farmer
would, as they say, move Heaven aud earth to improve
his land. The natural result of such a system would
be that the demand lor land would rise, that numbers
of small capitalists would transfer their capital to the
enrichment of the land of Britain as a safe investment,
and farming become the most independent as well as
the most wholesome and delightful of oocupaiious.
This in the course of years would tend immeasiirably
to increase the fertility of the British soil. \\ ith our
vast importation of food the soil of England might be
rapidly enriching, and the whole country, with excep-
tion of the mountains, rendered rich and productive as

'^ fn this world, generally, nothing is given for nothing,
and the kindness and patronising l)eneficeuce ot the
landlord to which your lordship alludes is in most
cases to be bought by complete vassalage in the larmer.
Is then, with the growing liberties ot the British
people, the farmer to be the only class to remain in
thrall, and to be under the will of another --at
least subservient as far as the power to deprive him
of home and in many cases ot worldly means can
render him subservient, not only to the landlord him-
self but to the factor, lawyer, and not uufrequeutly,
to every gamekeeper, valet, groom, who may have
opportunity to poison his masters ear, it tueir
patronage is not bought in some way. Your valet or
your groom is in a much more independent position
than your tenant. They cannot be robbed as your
tenant may. The valet or the groom has not ms wages
lowered because he does his duties well, V» itu tlie
farmer something like this takes place. Should he do
his task well iu enriching the land, the probability

of the day (12 to 1) they are never driven, or allowed to
go for food, to a great distance ; m July, August ana
September this would be attended with risk ot spleen-
congestion, sometimes very fatal in summer During
the other season there is no danger ot this kind, and
the only care taken is that they go from one district ot
pasturage to tmother, as plenty or scarcity dictates
l%is is a rude system, and although at first sight it
appears economical, is not so, but is expensive, and
sometimes prejudicial to the cattle. Its only advantage
is that no outliiy of money is involved, except the cow-
herds' wages and the rent (or value) of the pasture
grounds. Its dilnculties and disadvantages are— hrst,
this system can only answer in the least-inhabited parts
of Andalusia, where, from want of labourers, there is ot
necessity a wide extent of uncultivated land; and,
secondly, by it the cattle are often obliged to endure
.'reat privations aud want of food during drought ana
scanty seasons; they fall away in health, become weak
and consumptive, i. e., easily overpowered with any
triUing malady (or accident), and sometirnes die m
great numbers, the owner thus suffering loss from want
of precaution iu procuring other food besides natural
pasture. During the winter, also, the storms ol wina
aud snow kill many valuable cattle ; besides this by
this system, the cows are not prolific, and they biBea
irregularly. The increase, therefore, is small (m com-
parison with that obtained by other system;
calculated that only one-third part of ff ™" f
herd calve during the year. , ^^ the total number o
head of cattle produced under this (o&t;'^) «?^^r"
is far from what could be expected. '^^I'^^^Zl ^™
not employed in any otjher way, ^",^,S^J'^'&r^° tit °t
are they milked for yield of milk or Matter i^o. Dm u
is also to 1)0 acknowledged that "" f^^ 'V.f.!'^'!^' to
summer and very depth of winter, tl^^^^.'^.^^J^^y^g^^^^^^
suffer little from occasional disease or oi dinary sickness,

and it is
in a

638

THE (lARDENEES' CHUONICLE AND AGUlCULTtJRAL GAZETTE.

The system gives them a sort of hardihood and power
of resisting privations (I may almost call it abstemious-
ness, or bpanish sobnedad), which frequently stands
tnem m good stead. It is a necessary consequence of
tne want or the sparseness of population in Spain, a
laot too little considered by all Spaniards.
■ il* '^S,''*^!" extent this open-air system is followed
in the Oastiles, La Mancha, Aragon, Navarre, &c. ;
whilst m the Asturias, Galicia, and part of Catalonia,
where land and landed property are much divided and
suMivided, and where the climate is sometimes very
cold this system would not do at all, and is not
practised. Were it modified and improved in the south
ot bpain it might retain some of its crude and natural
advantages ; but, alas ! we Andalusians are devoted to
our primitive and accustomed routine ; and thus we
are punished, and cannot boast of half the fine herds of
cattle and of pastoral wealth which we might do if we
were wiser.

Ever since our regime and form of government was
changed in 1833, when the large sales of the national
and clerical properties placed a great many of the then
pasture grounds and uncultivated lands (which till
then had been unalienable estates) in the hands of
private individuals, and when impulse was given to
private interests, and, from the price of corn and grain,
these lands began to be cultivated, the herds of cattle
have not increased as they ought to have done, and as
1 hope they will do, as we improve our knowledge and
our treatment of the difierent breeds of horned cattle.
VVe now come to the second system of rearing and
treating cattle throughout Spain— viz., part of the year
housed, and part in open pastures.

During winter, and indeed from the first days of
autumn, the cattle intended for exportation or for work
are always housed at night in sheds or semi-open stalls.
In Orahcia they are regularly stabled whenever it is
cold.^ In Andalusia the peasants obstinately adhere to
making these cow-houses or sheds far too open The
animals derive certainly some shelter from the rigour
of the atmosphere ; but their food gets wet with rain,
and often they refuse to eat it in consequence, and thus
become ill and weak, and liable to disease. The peasants
are stupid and obstinate about this, and give as their
reason, that if there is a shelter immediately above the
cattle (afforded by a roof), the sides cannot admit too
much air. It is singular how they persist in this view.
In the middle of Spain, and in the northern
provinces, the houses for cattle are,' on the whole, well
and carefully built, with windows and openings for air ;
but the animals never suffer from the rain or snow
beating upon them or their food. These cattle are often
worked, and they are much more attended to than the
semi-wild herds in our beautiful province. It is sup-
posed to improve the northern cattle (intended for
exportation), to make them labour regularly and mode-
rately at the plough and with the cart.

In the spring, the cattle in most districts of Spain
leave oil going into the houses or sheds, and live and
teed on the uncultivated portions of the large farms, a
third portion of which is sown every year, the other
two-thirds remain uncultivated or "fallow," and there
the oxen intended for labour and the market, &c., &o
graze. This rotation system, as regards " fallowing " is
pursued with considerable regularity throughout Spain.
Alter the harvests are reaped, the stubble lands, on
which grow also some herbage and green weeds, afford
abundant pasture, and the cattle graze these districts
very advantageously. They produce largely the Wheat
lirass, Iriticum repens, which is considered nutritious
and wholesome. This second system (mixed) of treat-
ing our cattle keeps them more directly under the
management of the man under whose care they are
And thus it is only when there is abundance of food in
the fields that they are not supplied with it in their
stalls. ^ The cattle thus brought up are, of course, many
tewer in number than under the first detailed system :
they sufler fewer privations, and are much finer look-
ing ; but most of the cattle in Spain are born under
the wilder system of perpetual open air pasture. I
think that the second system is brought to most
pertectipn in the provinces of Galicia and the Asturias.
Ihere they are also housed carefully during the heats
of summer, so as to avoid distress from flies and insects,
ihe cattle are cleaned carefully and groomed ; and are
also clothed during the rigorous nights of cold winter
iheyare more prolific than in Andalusia; their milk
IS more abundant and nourishing, and their fiesh is
esteemed even in England and at Madrid *

[June 15, 186^.

the skins and stones of the Grapes— of which he
received about 74 gallons in the year.

Sheep were then reared in Italy for their milk and
their wool, oxen for their labour, and to kill the latter
for food was at one period a cajiital offence. Like the
Saxons, the Romans had no single word for beef or
mutton, and such food is never heard of amid all the
luxury of their banquets and feasts.

The Sixth Report on Public Health by the Medical
Officer to the Privy Council, an important and un-
usually interesting Blue Book, presents us with what
seems an exceedingly accurate account of the nature
and amount of food at present obtained by agricul-
tural labourers in every district of England; the
reporter. Dr. Edward Smith, having personally inves-
tigated 634 individual cases. Dr. Smith also reports
the result of similar inquiries in several of the
counties of Ireland and Scotland, and some of the
conclusions of this scientific inquiry may probably be
read by many persons with surprise. The first of
these conclusions is, that from a scientific point of
view, the Scottish farm-labourer is shown to be better
fed than his brethren in the other divisions of the three
kingdoms. The whole food of every description, fluid
or solid, consumed by the adult male labourer, is thus
summarised and chemically expressed :—

Carbon, grains Nitrogen, gi-ains
„ ,, , per week. per week.

Scotland .. .. 48,980 .. .. 2348
^ales .. ..48,354 .. .. 2031

Ireland .. .. 43,360 .. .. 2434

BngUnd .. .. 40,073 .. .. 1594
It may render these figures more intelligible to state
that Dr. Smith calculates that the lowest dietary
capable of warding off starvation diseases is, for an
average man, 30,000 grains of carbon, and 1400 grains
of nitrogen per week ; and this amount was the mini-
luum considered necessary for the Lancashire opera-
tives when out of employment.

We are next struck with the amazing disparity
which exists between the amount of food obtained by
labourers in various counties, and even in different
portions of the same county, in England, as well as
by the disparity which too frequently exists between
the redundant meals supplied to the unmarried plough-
boy in farmers' kitchens, and the scanty fare of the
married labourer's family. Of the many details given
we shall reproduce several examples of the two
dietaries, taking the kitchen system first :—

Nottingham.— Breakfast, 6.30 a.m. : Bread and boUed mUk
followed by cold boiled bacon and bread. Luncb, 10 30 A m •
Bread and cheese in the field. Dinner, 3 p.m. : Broth
pudding, meat, hot and cold alternately, with bread, .ale and
vegetables. (Sundays, hot roast beef, and Yorkshire pudd'mi^ )
Supper, 7 p.m. ; Cold bacon and broad. "

Salop.— Breakfast, 7 a.m. : Broth made from meat, oatoie.al

children, dumpling made of flour and yeast. Supper : Tea
bread and butter. '

Rutland.- Breakfast : Coffee, bread and dripping. Dinner-
Husband, broth and vegetables. Wife and chUdren, tea and
bread. Supper : Tea, bread and dripping.

These are examples of the poorest rural dietaries ■
and it is satisfactory to be able to say that in many
counties the labourers' families are rather better off-
hut still it is too clear that in most districts of England
the rural cottagers are under-fed, and Dr. Smith states
that " in almost every county wives and growing
children obtain an insuflScient quantity of food." It
must not, however, be supposed that there is anything
brutal or savage in the male head of the family eating
the most nutritive portion of the daily provisions. The
family depending upon the strength of the husband, it
IS not selfishness, but the exigencies of his condition
that force him to consume nearly all the bacon and the
beer. Potatos, it will be observed, almost never appear
in the English labourer's dietary, but more Cabbage is
used in broth than in Scotland. It is also to be noted
that in winter, when most food is required, the southern
labourer's family is worse off, the husband at that
season being frequently unemployed.

Turning to Ireland, we find that agricultural
labourers may be classed under two heads— those who
are permanently engaged by the same employer, and
those who depend upon casual employment.

Wages in all save the best-cultivated districts, do not
exceed an average of 6s. per week. As may be sup-
posed, with such a miserable income, butchers' meat is
unknown in the Irish cabin, and bacon only rarely
appears in its dietary, whilst bread, butter, and tea are '
luxuries which are only occasionally obtained.

Even Potatos, once the staple, and still the typical
food of Ireland, no longer occupy the predominant
place they so long held in the Irishman's bill of fare.
In bygone times there was a period of the summer
called the " July pinch." That was when the old stock
of Potatos was exhausted, and the new had not come
in ; but now the redoubtable " murphies" are absent for
the greater part of the year. Housed in a ruinous
hovel -his wife and children more ragged, if possible,
than himself— the Irish peasant and his family are
stout and healthy, and, as we have already shown, are
more substantially fed than those of the average
English labourer. Milk and Maize, a patch of Potato
ground, and the facilities for keeping a cow, form the
secret of this mystery. The wages are spent almost
exclusively on food, and that purchased food is in
many parts of the country exclusively Maize. Indian
corn costs from Is. to 1*. 2rf. per 14 lb., being
less than half the price of flour or meal. Of
this grain a mess called "stirabout," similar to por-
ridge, is made and eaten with milk, or, where that

bALop.--Breakfast, 7 a.m. : Broth made from meat, oatme.al, ridge, is made and eaten with milk, or where that
and vegetiibles with bread, cheese, and beer. lu summer, cannot be obtained, with sugar Upon this food the
^ '^"''?'?"'"^pi?rS' ^■"■i ?r-f' ^ill-L -11--- tall peasantry of Tippefary, the iinesf men n Ireland'

THE AGEICULTUEAL LABOUEEB AND HIS
FOOD.

[The following interesting p.aper, by Mr. R. Scot Skirviiie

appears m the current number of ■■ Good Woods ']
rJ^iJ'^f^ tli^ recent meetings of the Pood Com-
mittee of the Society of Arts, the chairman, the Bight
H™^H. A Bruce MP asked their soientiflo adv ser
Dr Thudichum y " he looked upon meat as essentia
to human food ?'" Certainly," wis the doetor'slaconte
reply. And yet the fact is undoubted that throughout
^r^f 'h""! "^V "^f' *e agricultural, labourerhas
subsisted almost exclusively upon a vegetable diet;
and we know of no other peasant who has ever
obtained so much animal food as the English plough-

, J^ti?Tf ^Sricultural writers leave us in no doubt

^t,w \f'^*^''^ "^ *?^ •'''*7«' '^lio titivated ancient
Italy. It was ex'clusively a vegetable diet The

HT'^'tr"""^''.-'^;''"" ^ ^ 5 1''- avoirdupois of bread
per day, the quantity varying according to the season
of the year and the amount of work done. He had also
some slight additions— Olives and such like - but there
IS no mention of meat of any kind, or even of milk
Hot drink he had wine-or at least a liquor made from

* No "artificial" food, such as boiled roots or oil-cake is
ever given to cattle in Spain. ' "

- -tj-"..".-- ., ' — - .^...-.x, ....„..o&, aiiu ucci. in summer,
hot and cold milk. Luneh, 10 a.m. : Bread, cheese, and beer
Dinner, 1 p.m. : Boiled meat and bacon, with ve"etables
bread, and beer. Dumpling or pudding twice or tlirioe per
week. Supper, 7 p.m. : Same as breakfast, or me.at pie

Derbvshi BE. -Breakfast: Milk (hot in winter, cold in
summer), followed by cold meat or bacon. Dinner : Butchers-
meat five days in the week. Broth when there is hot meat
and pudding when the meat is cold, with vegetiibles and
bread. Supper : Meat or bacon, new milk, bread and cheese

Devon,— Breakfast and supper: Bread and clotted cream
followed by fried Potatos, and boiled mUk, and plum-pudding
or bread and cheese, and cider, or cold meat. Dinner • Hot
meat always, with vegetables, bread and milk pudding and
li pint cider. ^

YoEKSHinE (near Malton).— Breakfast : Beef or bacon pies
with bread .and milk. Dinner : Beef, bacon, and vegetables
and broth (two or three days meat-pies and milk). The meat
roasted and boiled alternately. In this case no beer.

Yorkshire (near Burlington).— Breakfast and supper : Beef
or bacon pies, cheese-cakes, or custard-puddings, milk and
bread. Dinner : Hot boiled meat and broth, three days hot
meat pies four d.ays, with vegetables, fruit pies, or milk
puddmg and bread. Beer at discretion.

From the above examples, it will be seen that young
ploughmen in various English counties receive four
meals per day, and that at three of these animal food
IS supplied, with ale, beer, or cider. All the food is
given in unlimited quantity; and Dr. Smith closes this
part of his subject with the following remark — " It
seems absurd to find in Yorkshire that cheese cakes
and custards are given almost daily both at breakfast
and dinner, the men taking a nap for an hour after
swallowing the latter. So well fed are they, that they
object to mutton because it is fat, and when supplied
with it they only eat the lean, throwing the fat under
the table.

Having looked upon this somewhat unlovely picture
let us now glance at the other side of the medal, and
look into the cottage of the married labourer— the
same man, perhaps, who was wont to reduce fat to
lean by tossing the former away. It may be too he
has married one of the girls who used to cook his food
and who, no doubt, would share his plenty, and both
are likely now to wish that they could eat of the
crumbs that fell from their too prodigal table. Let the
reader remember the "clotted cream " and hot meat of
the Devonshire ploughman, when he reads of his
cottage fare.

Devonshire.— Breakfast: "Tea-kettle broth" (i.e., bread
hot water, and one-third pint of milk, with bread and treacle)'
Dinner : The husband, bacon and pudding. Wife and children
tea, bread and treacle. Supper : Husband, cocoa and bread'
or pudding and Cabbage. Wife and family, tea, bread and
treacle, and sometimes a little butter.

Somerset.— Breakfast : "Bread broth" (i.e., bread, milk,
salt, and pepper boiled in water). Dinner ; Boiled rice, s.alt
or .sugar. Supper : Tea, bread, treacle.

Dorset. — Breakfast : Husband, bread and cheese. Wife and
children, dry bread. Dinner : Husb.and, bread and cheese.
Wife .and children, dry bread. Supper ; Bacon and Cabbao-e.

Wilts. —Breakfast : Bread and butter, or water brath.
Dinner : Bread and cheese. Supper : Bread and butter with
Onions.

Hants.— Husband has all the bacon. Tea is taken twice a
day. Supper : Hot bacon. Cabbage, and flour-pudding.

Cambridge,— Husband breakfasts in the iield on a mess
composed of bread, water, butter, with pepper and salt.
Dinner : Husband, meat-pudding and Onions. Wife and

v..iiiiiuu uD uuuameu, niLll sugar. uponthlS lOOd the

tall peasantry of Tippefary, the finest men in Ireland,
exclusively subsist ; and a gentleman farming in Mayo
informed us he had known his men work full days'
labour for mouths at a time, though sustained by
nothing save one single meal of Indian corn.

Unfortunately, Maize is far from being palatable,
and the Irishman longs for his feast of Potatos savoured
with bacon ; but no other food which he could possiblv
purchase is at ouce so economical and so strength
sustaining. There is no doubt that an increase in the
wages of agricultural labour would solve many of the
perplexing problems of Irish social life. No popula-
tion can be contented with a payment of 6s. a week,
and no labourer will do a full day's work for half a
day's wage. Ten or 13*. a week would change the
whole character of the farm work in Ireland, and would
make Irishmen better workers as well as better sub-
jects. Peniauism is a monster which is fed by poverty
and starvation, and which would itself starve if the
people were better off.

In Scotland, while the price paid for agricultural
labour is more uniform than in England, the form of
payment varies very much, and the conditions of the
ploughman's life are very different in one part of the
country from what they are in others. In some dis-
tricts, including the highly-cultivated south-eastern
counties, every ploughman is a householder, living
with his family in a cottage situated near the steading
of the farm upon which he works, while the central
districts, including Stirling, Perth, Forfar, and Kincar-
dine, are cultivated under what is called the " Bothy
system." To save the building of cottages, the
labourers on the farms, generally young men, are lodged
together in a single building, where their primitive
meals are cooked in a common apartment, in most
cases by themselves. Their wages consist of money,
milk, and meal. The money varies from IGl. to 201
a year, according to the age or qualifications of the
ploughman, but the payment in "kind" is in almost
every case identical. Of oatmeal the labourer receives
17ilb.per week, and of new milk 12 gills per day.
Some Potatos are generally added in winter ; but this
is properly a gratuity.

In Perthshire, which may be looked upon as in the
centre of the system, the men breakfast and sup on
porridge and milk, and dine at mid-day upon " brose "
and milk. In all cases the whole allowance of milk is
used, but in most instances a portion of the meal is
sold, and we think we have ascertained that this
amounts on the average to 1| lb. per week, leaving
16 lb. as the actual quantity consumed.

Bread, tea, cheese, bacon, and herrings may no doubt
occasionally enter into the dietary of the bothy-man,
but, upon the whole, his fare is almost absolutely
uniform. As regards milk, the only wish of the men
IS to get more of it ; and as regards the diet as a whole,
we believe a Forfarshire ploughman expressed the
general opinion when he said to us that " he had lived
36 years on meal and milk, and he did not like anything
else." There are many races of men whose food is as
simple and as unvaried as that of the bothy-man :
the South Sea Islander with his Bread-fruit and

June 15, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZCTTl-].

639

Coooa-nuts, the Hindoo with his Rice, the Arab with
his milk aad Dates, tlio Neapolitan with his maccaroni,
the Giiaoho with liis endless beef, and, most curious of
all, the Tierra del FucRoan with his single cryptoaamio
plant, a tree-growins fungus, eaten raw. Wo doubt,
however, if any other dietary could be so accurately
estimated as to weight and quantity as the Scotch
plouf(hman's uniform allowances of milk and meal.

In Aberdeenshire, while a considerable number of
young men are fed in tho farmers' kitchens, the bothy
system is also common, and it may be remarked that
tho Oatmeal is generally used in a manner to which
ploughmen in moresoutherncountiesareunacoustomed.
Porridge is by no means so common, " brose," that is,
Oatmeal merely scalded with boiling water, being sub-
stituted for it, an<l the mess is made so thick that men
from the south say they cannot eat it. The milk, too,
is frequently soured before being used. Advancing
farther north, wo find the labourers worse housed, but
better fed. In Ross, Sutherland, and Caithness the
dwellings are generally very wretched, but the diet of
the men is more liberal and varied. In Perthshire a
section of the ploughmen recently endeavoured to
establish a legal claim to 16 in place of 13 gills of milk
per day. They lost their cause, the sheritls deciding
that 12 gills was the usual and settled, though not the
universal, quantity : but in the far north the coveted
16 gills are often obtained, many men having as much
as 18 gills in summer, though only 12 in winter. Fish,
too. caught by themselves, is a frequent article of diet,
and a few Potatos are almost always given as a gratuity.

Passing from the mainland to the remote but most
interesting county which comprises the two archi

lately, paid altogether in " kind," but nearly a third of
their w.agcs is now given to them in money. Ihc
following detail of a ploughman's wages may servo to
indicate his mode of living, as well as the amount ol
his income : —
].

!l.
10.
U.

A cottatro on tho f.xrra, ront froo.

A small )?;vriloii, with manure for it.

t.'oiils at tUo prico of tho pit mouth.

]jO)ivo to kcop II pip.

A oow'a Gmsa, or 5/. in lieu of it.

l''ood (poiTidgo, milk, bread, and a bottle of light beer)

for four weeks duiing; harvest,
ISisht huuiUod yards nf Potato drill, with mauure

(ho supplies Ilia own seed).
Six and u half bolls of oatmeal.
Four bushels of Beans.
Twelve bushels of Barley.
In money, 14(.

Tho values of these wages vary of course with the
prico of grain, but they may be held as averaging
155. per week.

With tho substitution of money for a portion of the
grain, and with the gradual change in the manners
and habits of tho people, the dietary of tho hind, and
still more of his wife and children, has become less
primitive, and not quite so substantial. Purchased
wheaten "bread has taken the place of home-mado
bannocks of Barley and Oats and Bean flour, whilst
tea has become an indispensable article of consumption.

No butchers' meat, however, crosses tho plough-
man's door, save on highdays and holidays, such as
New Year and Hansel Monday; but pork, fed by
himself, is seldom absent from his dinner-table. His

■ of porridge

vuuai...u.-- -..„ daily food may be described as consistin;.

peiagoeso? Ortney and She'tTa'nd', We" find a popufatiou | and' milk for break fast, or tea and bread when milk
of nearly 70 000 persons, for the most part small crofters, cannot be had. Broth, made of pork and vegetables, with
herdsmen, and Ushers, who, though miserably poor as Potatos, is his usual mid-day meal, and in the evening,
far as money goes, are yet rich in the means of obtaining tea with bread and butter. No liquor ot any desorip-
an abundant supply of food. , tion-beer, ale, or whisky-enters into the plough-
In Shetland in particular nothing can exceed the man's diet, and, as a body, they are as tlioroughly sober
abieet poverty indicated by the dwellings of the people as any class of men in the kingdom. lixtra allowances
-dark; dismal, ruinous hovels filled with a heteroge "* "—'-*= ......nnniw ho «,

neous mass of broken sticks, stoues, rags, and nonde-
script rubbish, an indistinguishable chaos which
represents furniture. But casual, careless, agricultural
labour enables tho cottager to procure meal ; imme-
morial custom permits him to keep a cow, and perhaps
several sheep ; a patch of ground supplies him with

at markets may occasionally be spent on a dram, and
on all festive occasions they are glad to have one, but
neither health nor purse is ever impaired by strong
drinks.

Having thus endeavoured to give our readers some
idea of the various dietaries upon which our agricul-
tural labourers e.tist, we shall now make some sugges-

Potatos, and the sea, nowhere distant, is affluent of tions for their improvement, which we ventuie to think , _

fi<ih His cookerv is neculiar Meal, milk, and fish are are practical, and such as individual proprietors and ! ago, there are still some portions ot o.xen and sheep

upon which he works, and that ho has also the sad
tomiitation of having an ale-house near his door, in
which his evenings, and even those of his wife, are
too frequently spent. Wo earnestly wish that milk
could be given as wages in place of beer, over which
its superiority as an article of food is no Ictnger a
matter ol dispute. Milk, as Professor .fohnston says,
"is a model food." It contains the curd and butter
which represent the musciilino and fat of beef, and at
the samo time a largo proportion of sugar, which repre-
sents tile starch of broad. Its advantage over beer in
a family where there lire children cannot bo expressed
by chemical analyses. It represents health and strength
and rosy cheeks. Oatmeal porridge and milk for
breakfast would strengthen the English labourer alike
in limb anil brain, and alter his whole personal appear-
ance. It would enlarge his shrunk shanks and curtail
bis protuberant stomach, and take from his eye that
lack-lustro look which so many English writers and
speakers now deplore.

Why should a labourer's family breakfast upon
"tea-kettle broth," and dine upon bread and cider,
amid the rich dairy pastures of Devonshire ? Surely
there are many kindly masters who would not refuse
to keep an additional cow in order to give his servants
milk for their families, in place of a quantity of cider
for themselves. No Scotchman can advocate the
use of porridge and milk more fervently than Dr.
Smith has done in his report, and yet, like every
Euglishm.an since the days of grand old Johnson, he
cannot allude to Oatmeal without having one parting
fling at it. He slily remarks, that however much
Scotchmen may be devoted to Oatmeal in their own
country, they invariably discontinue its use when they
come to reside in England.

Had Dr. Smith been lecturing on food to an English
audience, we can imagine the smile he would have
evoked at poor Sawney's expense ; but for all that, it is
the doctor who has misunderstood the circumstances of
the case. Scotchmen do cease to eat porridge in
England, but it is simply because they cannot procure
tho description of meal to which they have been
accustomed. One stout Scot in Cheshire answered for
the whole, when he told us, " We cannot get porridge
in England ; the meal is apothecary's stufl' that would
sicken a dog."

Notwithstanding the almost prohibitory prices of
butchers' meat, exactly double what it was 30 years

each manufactured into dishes designated respectively farmers might be able to carry into eflect. Beginning
"burstan" "blund," and "blaun." To produce the with the simplest of all the dietaries, that of the
latter delicacy a vast pile of fish, generally cod or ling, Scottish bothy-man, we would say at once that, so loni
is seen near the door of the cottage, in size emulating as the system itself exists, the primitive -milk and
the peat stack The olfactory nerves of a stranger tell meal " is the best diet which the circumstances admit
him at some distance that decomposition has begun. A ' of, and the changes which we would suggest are sli;

partial fermentation also takes place, and the final
result is a staple article of food, highly relished by the
Shetlander, but which our uncultivated taste denies us
the pleasure of being able to appreciate.

ght.
We would urge, in the first place, that a certain
amount of Potatos be in every case given as wages, and
that four additional gills of milks be allowed per day,
making the quantity l(i in place of 12. On the other hand

The north-west of Scotland," including portions of we suggest that the quantity of oatmeal be reduced.
Argyle and Inverness, as well as Skye and the Hebrides, : The whole 174 lb. is not at present consumed, and the
is inhabited by a race which difters from that of the sale of the surplus has been declared by the SheriH ol

south in blood, in language, and in character.

Here only has an absolute want of food been occa-
sionally experienced in Scotland.

The rainfall is always large, and any great increase of
the ordinary amount of moisture and cold is apt to
destroy the scanty crops of Oats and Potatos, and it
is singular that Indian corn has never to any extent
been resorted to, as it has by the analogous populations
of the west of Ireland. This is the only portion of the
country where we have not had an opportunity of
personally inquiring into the subject of the food of the
peasantry.

It consists of Potatos, Oatmeal, fish, and milk;
whilst shepherds receive, as part of their wages, a
certain portion of mutton, the meat of sheep that die
on the farm.

This " braxy," as it is called, is also purchased by
cottagers, the price being generally 50s. per "herring
barrel." The meat is steeped for 15 hours, and the

Perthshire to have betrayed the men, in many cases,
into dishonest practices.

The simplicity of these labourers' fare we need not
pity. Science and practical experience have alike
shown that it is amply suflicient to sustain health, .and
to build up stalwart frames which need not fe.ar

wdiich it would be well to find occasionally upon the
cottager's table. The following, for example, are
generally to be had at something like the aflixed
prices : —

Half an ox head U, id. to Is, Gd,

Sheep's head .and trotters 0 7

A pig's head and feet . . . . per lb. 0 ;j

(Costing as solid food, when potted, 3d. per lb.)

Tripo perlb. 0 :l

Ox liver ,, 0 1

Ox heart ,. 0 3

0.x chips (i. c, bony portions of neck) ,, 0 3

Ox raw bones . . „ 0 1

Calves' head at certain seasons . . .. Sd.io 1 0

Suet perlb. 0 7

Sheep's pluck .. .. .. -■ >• 0 0

In Scotland the ploughman's family is in general
much better ofl' as regards a supply of milk than that
of the English labourer. In several counties the
excellent system prevails of the hind keeping a cow

with" any others on the face of the ' of his own, and it would be diflicult to over-rate the

a comparison wiuu any umcL-s Kiu. uuc 11*1-0 wi ui,v "• — , .- — -- ■; -- -. „„„f, i,:„,

earth. Then as to taste, we are very sure that were , advantages he derives from it It costs him.
we to carry a Forfarshire ploughman to the Paris ' reduction of wages, only 5/., whilst the value ol its
Exhibition, and treat him to all the delicacies of the ' produce calculated in money would-be very rauoii
Trois Frires, he would not ttiink the dinner an more. Its possession "

improvement upon his own. But the men, one and
all, desire more milk ; and we are certain their masters
would not be losers if they granted them the additional
quantity.

Of the lads fed in farmers' kitchens we say nothing.
In Scotland they are plainly and substantially fed;
in England, as we have shown, they are in many
cases over-fed, and we only wish we could transfer

water once changed before' being used, and many of I some of their redundant fare to the scanty boards of
those who eat it declare they prefer it to ordinary I their mothers, and little brothers and sisters, who
Constant experience in all parts of starve upon bare bread and tea-kettle broth

butchers' meat. -.,.-

the country has proved that this food is perfectly
wholesome. It is, no doubt, due to this mutton that
Dr. Smith places the food of the Argyleshire crofter so
high in the scale of dietaries, and we can readily
sympathise both with the doctor and the shepherds,
whom he questioned, when he recounts the difficulties
of the examination. " The labourers," he says, " were
slow either to appreciate the object of the inquiry, or
to give the required information, so that it was necessary
to exercise much patience and whatever tact might be
possessed, and to give as much time to each case as
would have obtained the answers from three cases in
England. So great was the reluctance to be personally
questioned that, in some instances, the beads of pers-
piration would stand upon the man's brow whilst
passing through the examination." We think we can
understand this scene. A Highland shepherd, a splendid
fellow, who, were it necessary, would confront a regi-
ment of dragoons, is suddenly accosted by an English
savant. For the first time in his life he is subjected to
a string of interrogatories, in what perhaps, to him, is
an almost unknown tongue. He is asked to state what
articles he eats and drinks, and how much of these he
habitually consumes. The stranger notes down his
replies in a book. "What can it mean?" he asks
himself. " Is it a gauger wanting to see if I keep a
'still' ? Does the laird think I take too much braxy ?
Ifl he one of the Englishmen that has the game, and
does he think I poach his deer or his grouse ? "

Leaving this sorely perturbed mountaineer, we
shall conclude our survey of the various agricultural
dietaries by turning to that of the cottage plough-
men of Scotland, the householders who cultivate the
south-eastern districts. These men were, until

Neither do we purpose, as regards the cottage homes
of England and Scotland, to advocate the intro-
duction of any new or unusual articles of diet. It
is well, no doubt, that the Society of Arts is devoting
time to tho question whether the overplus of animal
food in Australia and South America can be made
available in this country. We confess, however, that
as yet the elforts which have been made in this
direction have not been crowned with any marked
success. The salted meat is simply uneatable, and the
"extract"— the sight of which, Liebig says, "trans-
ported him with joy"— besides being expensive, is
pronounced to be deficient in several essentials of food.

Horse flesh and esculent Funguses have each their
earnest, and, indeed, enthusiastic, advocates; and as
regards'the latter, wo know from practical experience
that much excellent food is ofl'ered by nature and
rejected by man. But all strange foods must be appre-
ciated by peers before peasants can be induced to taste
them : " Na, na, nane o' eer deed horse an' paddy stills
forme!" we fancy -a'C hear a "hind's wife" exclaim.
A comparison of the daily food of English and
Scottish lab uirers seems to us to suggest that tho
dietaries of both might be improved by simply borrow-
ing from each other. The English bake, the Scotch
boil. Wheat is the Englishman's slafl' of life ; Oats, to
a great extent, is still that of the Scot. The English
cottager cultivates a variety of kitchen vegetables, and
far too few Potatos; the Scotchman exactly reverses
the mistake. Above all, the English labourer drinks
beer ; the Scottish ploughman drinks milk.

Taking the case of the Englishman first, we find
that be has too frequently the great disadvantage of
living in a village at some distance from the farm

.._ J induces careful and frugal

habits on the part of his wife, and its milk helps to
fatten his pig as well as to feed his family, and so
marked are "the efiects upon his children that an
eminent agriculturist in East Lothian said he could
tell from the looks of the boys and girls whether
their father did or did not keep a cow. Persons not
familiar with the custom have objected that the death
of the cow would nearly ruin the hind, and that his
wife might be tempted to pilfer farm produce in order
to better its fare.

The loss from death is, however, in a great measure
met by insurance, which is universally adopted, and
it would be very diflicult for one of " the wives " to
steal systematically without the others finding her
out. If one cow got fatter than the rest, the fact
would be quickly noted by a jealous female police,
who would not be slow in acting the part of detec-
tives. We would, therefore, on behalf of the plough-
men, strongly advocate the continuance and extension
of this system ; but where it is nnt followed out, the
farmer ought to see that the servant has the power of
obtaining an adequate quantity of milk in some other
way. Dr. Edward Smith has well remarked that
"the supply of milk is virtually a monopoly, and
th.at a heavy responsibility rests upon those who have
a control over that monopoly."

In the art of cookery we fear rural housewives are in
Scotland very defective, and their pride or their pre-
judices make it a difficult task to instruct them.
Most of them have ample opportunities for improve-
ment if they would only use them. Cooks and other
domestic servants are very frequently ploughmen s
daughters and ultimately become ploughmen's wives,
and thus, in almost every farm, there is some one ol
the women who has a good knowledge of cookery, and
who would be flattered by being requested to instruct
her neighbours. We fear they are seldom asked.
We recently inquired of a ploughman s wile, whom
we knew to be a thoroughly good cook, if the people
living beside her ever requested any hints. Iseiore
replying, " she laughed a l^ush of ?;<"'''^i'f™™'n,;„ht
told as plainly as words that she thought we might
have known better than to ask her such a question
"They confess their inferiority by coming to her toi
help!"

640

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June IB, 1867.

A short, simple work on cottage cookery, specially
adapted to the circumstances of a ploughman's family,
■would, we think, be of great use, and would soon find
its way into hinds' houses. All existmg works are
rendered nearly unserviceable from the fact that the
weights and measures are English, and that the books
themselves are more fitted for villagers than for agri-
cultural labourers. One great step in the direction
of improving the dietaries, as well as the cookery of
Scottish farm-servants, would be the introduction of
grates furnished with ovens into their cottages, as is
the custom in England, E.\-cellent cottage grates of
this description can be purchased for from 11. 10s. to
2.1. 10s., and a good many ploughmen have provided
themselves with such at their own expense; but we
would suggest that each cottage should be furnished
with one as part of the fixtures of the house, which
the occupant should be bound to keep and leave in
repair. "We would also wish the Scottish ploughmen
to follow the example of their English brethren as
to the management of their gardens by cultivating
a greater variety of vegetables, instead of planting
them almost entirely with Potatos.

The hind has from the farm, as part of his wages,
an amount of Potatos which is, in most cases, greater
than he is able to consume, and he has therefore a
surplus to dispose of; but because a larger amount of
food, and of money value, is produced by this root

mile of it, and that one was attached to a straggling
limb well out from the fence ; the fruit, or rather the
arrangement which bears the seed, is a rough knotty
thing, like an Orange in size and colour, which is rotted
to get them out."

than by other vegetables, he fills his little garden with -„,i Pr,,,,,,.;'! „f tv,= s„„;„t„ „„y n "n rrr"

it. He thus loses variety, in wanting .various useful Zl!^T.';^"n^l'lL1S'^.'."",l^ll"■„i^„^li™:?'^l*'^^

Bath and West op England.— The annual meet-
ing of this Society has taken place during the past
week. The show-yard opened on Monday, and the
public award of the prizes to the comparatively small
classes of horses, sheep, and pigs, was soon accom-
plished, in the presence of a comparatively small
number of spectators. The yard has been, however,
thronged nearly as hitherto during the other days of the
show, and certainly it has been as well worthy as ever
of inspection. The implement makers are, as usual, in
great force. The long row of steam engines at work-
Mr. Aveling's travelling traction engine, all the way
from Rochester— as many and as full a set of sheds as
ever— present the whole manufacture of agricultural
machinery to the spectator. And exhibitors have
displayed real public spirit in coming in such force to
the same place a second year. At 2 o'clock on the
opening day, after judging was accomplished, the
Mayor and Corporation of the City, and the Bishop of
the Diooess, were received in the yard by the President

pot herbs ; the Englishman, on the other hand, who
has not Potatos from the farm, should grow more of
them himself. Mobert Scot SJcirving.

sheds were entertained 'at luncheon, with a lar
number of members and their friends. And we had
the pleasure of listening to a very excellent speech
from the Bishop, in which he thus referred to the
objects of the Society : —

Home Correspondence. '"^^^ ^"'^^ "''j'"^' °' '' '°'^™'' *° i"= t° promote art, to

^..^w '»w>><^i>^wuu<^uv,c. promote commerce, and to promote manufactures. Now,

Steam Cultivation. — One little correction is needed when speaking of this I do not forget that we cannot now
in your report of the discussion on steam cultivation ' 5°™'- ■'',s we could some year,s ago, to our miUs, and show you
Tou make me to have said, " the Commissioners say L=°?S'*^f? *J?"',"A"'"°/''°'",T''-^=^^^^ ^^'^ very best
EandeU's windlass is better than mine " Now, th^ ; i'o^2:SrtT f "cf'nfeil 'y^Sl °mj Me^T ti'it^wl-'^slS
Piirt 01 the Commissioners lieport that drew from me , pride ourselves upon having one manufacture in Salisbury
what I did say about windlasses is to be found at ■ and that is the manufacture of cutlery. However, if we h.ave
p. 411 of the Uoyal Agricultural Society's Journal I 8"""= l'^* ™ m.inufacturea, we have not gone back in the
The Commissioners say there, "Tlie windlass made ^ i?"'?'^' ?' "s^"^,""™"- ,' ''^""=™ ""='■'= ^'"^ "i" t^<"=»™ties in
by Batlin, of Northampton" (who is a manufacturer ' England more famous for their apiculture than Wiltshire and
«p™;.,„\ ''• v/ii.i.u.iLi[ji,uii I.VV11U 13 ti, inauuiacuuier Dorsetshire, .and I would only ask those persons who Wish to
pfrnine) is on four wheels, heavy to move on wet ' get a little .air upon this occasion, this le?y £ot day t^Ko up
It IS worked by double gearing, with reversible to where our forefathers used to live, namely, to the top of Old

land.

break, carrying adjustable pressure behind. "We do
not think this arrangement so perfect as the blocks in
Howard's apparatus." Now, you see that it was not
Mr. liandell's windlass that I was speaking about, for
his windlass was the first four-wheeled windlass turned
out, and by it I have stood ever since. Yet it is true
that 1 invented and patented the windlass now called
Howard's; the drums framed on the axle of the
travelling wheels. At the end of three years, after
patenting it, I gave the invention up because it was
constructed upon unsound principles— the drums
revolving round their own axis, therefore wearing
themselves out; whereas, in the four-wheeled wind-
lass the drum is hung upon a shaft fixed in adjustable
brasses, therefore is constructed upon sound principles,
and its durability has been proved by Mr. llandell,
Mr. Stevenson, and hundreds of other usersof it. The
break is very simple and etlloient, and the weight to
be moved is mainly the weight of the ropes. When
the Messrs. Howard added the drop drum
to the windlass they knew that I had given
the invention up, therefore they had a perfect
right to make the addition and use it. All I
had to find fault with was that they did it upon
the quiet, unknown to me, at a time when they were
my special and confidential agents and manufacturers.
They are welcome to it, tor it matters not to me
what windlass works out the roundabout system. The
roundabout system is mine as well as the smasher, and
all workers upon those principles are followers of mine.
I ask for the insertion of this to put Mr. llandell right,
and because I think myself quite as good a judge as
the Commissioners are as to what is useful and needed
by the farmer, and not a bit more interested, for I
never receive a penny on any windlass that is sold by
any of my agents. Willia:n Smith, Woohton, Bletchleii
Station, Bucks, June 9.

Foreign Correspondence.

ILLINOIS.- [Having been favoured with the perusal
of a letter from an intelligent settler in one of the
western counties of the State of Illinois, a few extracts
are subjoined which cannot fail to interest farmers in
this country and our agricultural colonies. S. M. F.]

Prices and Progress.— " Our farmers in the West
are m much better circumstances than they were
when yon knew them 24 years ago ; they ship a great
many cattle and hogs to New York, Boston, &c. Since

1 came here I could buy good beef, hind-quarters, at

2 cents a lb. ; now we can sell two and three-year-old
cattle off the Grass, what we call stock cattle, from 4 to
5J cents per lb. gross. Wlieat used to go a begging at
50 cents a bushel, now 2 dollars, i. e., 200 cents, is no
unusual price, but I believe it arises from its being
a very uncertain crop. I believe if all the land
that is sown to winter Wheat were to be taken into
account, one year with another it would not average
8 or 9 bushels. There are great lots of it ploughed up
every spring, and sowed to Oats or planted with Maize ;
12 or 15 bushels of Wheat per acre is considered a very
fair crop. The railways and the Michigan Canal, that
IS between the Illinois river and Lake Michigan
at Chicago, have helped things along wonderfully.
We have also got a good hedge plant the Osage Orange,
which, with proper attention, will make a fence in
four years that the most unruly stock is very unwilling
to try itself on, having very stifi', keen thorns ; even
the birds appear shy of it. I have been trimming
some lately, and only found one nest in a quarter of a

S.arum, .and to look around from there .and see what kind of
farmers we have in this neighbourhood. They will there see
the Land cultivated in a w.ay which, I believe, no f.armers can
excel in any part of England. I wUl teU you, also, that our
friends the farmers have quietly come to this conclusion,
that in order that agriculture m.ay flourish, .art must flourish,
manufactures must flourish, and commerce must flourish.
j And I now coneludo how earnestly you endeavour that these
I .should flourish, because I see in a note appended to your
report these admii-able words, " Work and learn." I cannot
conceive of a society bemg put forw.ard upon two better
principles than those. > I believe that there are no
more industrious labourers, no more industrious farmers,
than the members of this society — working men, men who
give themselves up to the work which they h.ave undertaken,
and I believe that they arS thoroughly willing to learn from
that which the industry, .and the skill, and the genius of
others provide to help them, and to help the agi-iculturc of the
kingdom. I h.ave, perhaps, a natural clinging to those who
have gone before me. I have a most reverent feeling for all
those most excellent men who have preceded us, and I believe
that this is a most remarkable feature of all Salisbury men.
We arc great be^-gars hero in Sahsbuiy. All kinds of good
works prosper here, and we often go about begging and getting
money. On one oocasion I had to do this, and I was very
much struck with the admirable rooms that were in so ra.any
houses I s.aw in Salisbury. I asked the reason why there
were so many better roomsin S.alisbury than are to be seen in
almost every other place, and I was told that it was because as
soon as the men of Salisbury in former generations made any-
thing out of their trade their first object was to make those
.around them happy, and to receive them into their own
houses. Now, I believe that this is a most admn-able principle.
It is a principle th<at Sidisbury men still cling to, and I do not
think they intend, by any expcrieneo they have learned from
others, to give up that practice. With regard to art, I believe
you .s.aw to-day what we can do, as we walked along and saw
the pictures— each very good of its kind. I think, too, that
everybody would say we are very famous here for music, at
any rate, and I do hope thjit when you do me the honour of
coming to see me on Tuesday and Thursday evenings you will
find that my words are justified— th,at few cathedral towns
can produce greater musical powers than we hope you may
hear on Thursday evening."

From the leisurely inspection of the different classes
of stock, which was afterwards accomplished without
any of the inconvenience of crowded sheds, it appeared
that the yard, as largo and commodious as last year, is
quite as satisfactorily filled.

The Live Stock classes are quite up to last year's
mark.

The Leicester classes of sheep include 10 entries of
yearling and older rams, and one pen of yearling ewes.
The prizes all go to Mr. Joseph Gould, of Poltimore,
Exeter, whose sheep are apparently higher bred, with
less of the white face and almost Cotswold character of
wool about them than the others.

The CotswoMs, with their magnificent frames and
beautiful coats, appear in small classes, which, however,
well represent the breed. The 1st and 2d prize
sheep in the class of older rams, girth 5 feet 10 inches,
and two prizes and two High Commendations in a class
of only seven entries, sufliciently mark the opinion of
the judges. Among the other Long- wool classes, the
Lincolnshire breed are fairly represented.

Of the Southdowns there are some 16 entries, many
of them of great beauty. Mr. Farquharson's compara-
tively short and stocky sheep have to yield the place of
honour to Sir W. Throckmorton's longer and larger
sheep, descended from Jonas Webb's flock, and to
Lord Eadnor's, also containing some of the Babraham
blood. Most of the prizes have been allotted to Sir W.
Throckmorton.

The SampsJiire, or rather the improved Hampshire
sheep, for there are very few representatives of the old
breed now remaining, are well represented at this
show. Originally a white-faced itoraed sheep, then

some 60 or 60 years extensively crossed with the largest
and darkest faced Sussex rams until the horns had
disappeared, and the faces became blacker than the
average of the Sussex themselves, whilst the large he ad
and the Eoman nose of the old breed still remained, a
race of sheep was produced of a hardy character and of
large size for a short-wooUed sheep, and remarkable
lor the rapid growth made by the lambs. These sheep,
crossed with the Cotswold, gave rise to the new
Oxtordshire breed in one direction, and in another
crossed again once with the best prize Sussex
rams, produced in the discriminating hands of Mr.
Humphrey and others the improved Hampshire,
a valuable animal, retaining all the good qualities
ot the old Hampshire, free from his many defects, and
completely'establishing the fact that by care, vigilance,
and skilful knowledge, a new and improved breed of
animals can be established, well adapted for aparticular
district, and possessing both on the male and female
side a capability of propagating the breed without
the necessity of resorting again and again to the
original sources. This doctrine has also been well
proved in other breeds, and ought to be sufficient to
upsetthosedogmaticalopinions so perpetually reiterated
that no other horse than the thorough-bred should be
allowed to beget a hunter. Mr. Humphreys some five-
and-twenty years ago began his improvements with
two of Jonas Webb's prize rams, and ever since has
used no other rams but the descendants of this cross,
althou.gh he replenished bis flock from time to time
with Hampshire ewes from other flocks, and the
result has been most successful.

Now supposing that instead of this he had continued
to use Sussex rams every year, why his flock would at
length have become almost entirely Sussex sheep, and
the labour of years would have been thrown away. In
like manner, by always using race-horses to beget
hunters, the stock in the course of time become useless
weeds, unfit to carry weight. The improvement
becomes more distant than ever, and the game has to
begin again with a violent cross, and some fresh impor-
tation from the cart tail.

Returning to the Show, we may observe that there
are some fine Cotswold sheep exhibited ; but with all
their advantages as profitable animals. Agricultural
Societies will do well to encourage as much as possible
pure Short-wool sheep, having due consideration to
the wants of the million, who love good mutton
without too much tallow.

We have referred at this length to the Hampshire
breed because they are at once the breed of the locality,
and the best represented classes here. In particular
the pen.s of yearling ewes are a remarkable feature of
the exhibition ; and nothing could be finer than Mr.
Rawlence's pens in this class. The prize list shows
that the honours have been divided between him and
Mr. W. B. Canning.

The Shropshire sheep are well represented, and here,
too, the class of pens of 5 yearling ewes has been
exceedingly good. Mr. Wallis and Mr. Futcher show
very good Oxfordshire Downs, and there are interest-
ing classes of Dorsets.
The following is the Prize List :—
Leicester.

Class 19. For the best Ye.oi-ling Ram 101., .and 2d, 5^., Mr.

Joseph Gould, Poltimore, Exeter. Commended : Mr. George
Badmore, Court Hayes, Thorverton, CoUumpton, Devon.

Class 20. For the best Ram of any other age. -5;., and 2d,
3!., Mr. Joseph Gould. = , u.

Class 21. For the best Pen of Five Yearling Ewes.— lOZ. Mr
Joseph Gould.

Cotswold.
Class 22. For the best Yearling Ram.— lo;., Mr. John King
Tombs, Langford, Lechlade, Gloucestershire ; 2d, St., Mr
Thomas Herbert, E.ast Leach Turville, Lechlade, Gloueester-
shne. Highly Commended : Mr. Robert Lane, Cottage Farm,
Northleach, Gloucestershii-e.

Class 23. For the best Ram of any other age.— 5!., Mr. Thos.
Beale Browne, S.alperton P.ark, Andoversford, Gloucestershire * .
2d, 31, Mr. John Gillett, Oaklanda, Charlbury, Oxfordshire
Highly Commended : ditto.

CLASS 24. For the best Pen of Five Yearling Ewes— 10?.,
.and 2d, St., Mr. John Gillett. Commended: Mr. Thomas
Beale Browne,

Other Long-wool.

Class 25. For the best Yearling Bam.— lo;., Mr. George
Radmore, Court Hayes, Thorverton, Collumpton, Devon ; 2d,
oL, Mr. Clarke Hales, Manor House, Bassingboume, Royston,
Cambridgeshire.

Class 26. For the best Ram of any other Age.— 5?., Mr.
George Kingdon Badmore ; 2d, 3(., Mr. Clarke Hales.

Class 27. For the best Pen of Five Yearling Ewes.— 10/.. and
2d, 5i., Mr, Clarke Hales. v.,.,u

Southdown.

Class 28. For the best Yearling Ram.— lOJ., Sir William
Throckmorton, Bart., Buckland, Faringdon, Berks ; 2d, 51.
The Right Hon. the Earl of R.idnor, Coleshill, Highworth.'
Highly Commended ; Sir William Throckmorton.

Class 29. For the best Ram of .any other Age— 5/., and 2d, '
3i., Sir William Throckmorton, B.art. Commended ; The ";
Right Hon. the Earl of Radnor.

Class 30. For the best Pen of Five Yearling Ewes.- 10?., .
Sir William Throckmorton, Bart. ; 2d, 51., The Right Hon. the
Earl of Radnor.

Hampshire Down.

Class 31. For the best Yearling Bam.— 10'., Mr. Robert
Coles, Middleton Farm, Norton Bavant, Wilts : 2d, 5/., Mr, -
J.amcs Rawlenee, Bulbridge, Wilton. Highly Commended • ■ '
Mr. W. F. Bennett, Chilmark, Wilts; and Mr. James Raw-""
lence. Commended : Mr. J. Rawlenee and Mr. W. F. Bennett. . ;;

Class 32. For the best Ram of any other age.— 5/., Mr. Jaa.
Rawlenee ; 2d, 3(., Mr. W. B. Canning, Elston Hill, Devizes. ■ ■•'
Highly Commended: Mr. James Bawlence. Commended: '
Mr. Edmund Olding, Baffin Fiii-m, Araesbury.

Class 33. For the best Pen of five Yearling Ewes.— 10?., Mr.
James Rawlenee : 2d, 5(., Mr. William Browne Canning.
Highly Commended : Mr. James Rawlenee and Mr. W, F.
Bennett. Commended: Mr. Edward Waters, Stratford-sub-
Oastle, Wilts ; Mr. Alfred Morrison, Fonthill House ; and Mr.
James Bawlence.

Hampshire Down,
Bred in Wiltshii-e, or within 20 miles of Salisbury. Piizes

given by -the Salisbury Local Committee.
Class 34. For the best five Four-teeth Ewes, with their

June 15, 13fi7.]

THE GARDENERS' CIIPvONICLE AND AGRKJULTURAL (iAZKTTE

f)41

Lambs, nnd In Iheir Wool.— lOi., nnd 2d, 5(., Mr. James

Class .35. For tbo best five Blx-toeth or Full-mouthed Ewob,
with tboir Lambs, and in the Wool.— 10^, and 2d, rtl., Mr.
James R.iwlence.

Shropshire.

Cms 35. For the best Yearling Ram.— 101., Mr. Thomas
Mansell, Adcott Hall, Shrewsbury ; 2d, ^l., Mr. Joseph Beach,
Brewood, Dudley, Worcoster-shire.

Class 37. For the best R.am of any other Ago.-,")?., Mr.
Thomas Mansell.

Class 38. For the host pen of Five Yearling Ewes.- 10/., Mr.
Joseph Beach,

O.xroRD Down.

Class 89. For the best Y'oarling Ram.— 10/., Mr. George
WalUs, Old Shifford, Banipton, Farringdon, Oxfordshire.

Class 40. For the best Ram of any other Ago.— .'j^, and 2d,
31, Mr. George Wallis.

Class 41. For the best pen of Five Yearling Ewos.— 10/.,
Mr. Aaron Futcher, Fovant, Salisbury, Wilts.
Somerset and DoRSEr Horn.

Class 42. For tho best Y'earling Ram. — 10/., Mr. Thomas
Sanger, Huntstile, Bridgwater ; 2d, .5/., Mr. Alfred J. PitfieW,
Bype. Bridport.

Class 43. For the best Ram of any other Ago.— 5/., and 2d,
3(., Mr. Thomas Danger.

Class 44. For tho best Pen of five Yearling Ewes. —10/., Mr.
Henry Mayo, Cokers Frorae, Dorchester ; 2d, 5/., Mr. Thomas
Danger. Highly Commended : Mr. Henry Mayo.
Mountain.

CLAS.S 45. For the best Ram of any Age.— 10/., Mr. Edwin
Uaunder, Htiiselly Mill. North Molton, Devon ; 2d, .5/., Mr.
James Quartly, West Molland, South Molton, Devon. Highly
Commended ; Mr. Edwin Maunder.

There is really a capital show of jiigs. Mr.
Duckering, of Kirton Lindsey, Lincolnshire, one of
the most successful exhibitors of late years, shows a
number of his large white breed, and is most success-
ful here, taking the 1st prize for an enormous white
boar, the 1st and 2d for sows of the same breed, and
many other little prizes and commendations.

Mr. Stewart, of Gloucester, is successful in many of
the classes with his well bred Berkshires, exhibiting
more vigour and constitution than are commonly
united with the precociousness of highly bred stock.

The following is the Award of the Prizes :—
Laroe Breed.

Class 58. For the best Bojir above 1 Year and not exceeding
:^ Years old.— 5/., the 2d, 3/., Mr. Rich.ard Elmhurst Ducker-
ing, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey, Lincoln.

Class 50. For the Irest Boar not exceeding 1 Year old. — 5/.,
Mr. Arthur Stewart, Saint-Bridge, Gloucester ; 2d, 3/., Mr.
Heber Unmfrey, Kingstone Farm, Shrivenham, Berks.
Highly Commended ; Mr. Arthur Stewart. Coraniended : Mr.
William Hewer, Sevenbampton, and Mr. John King Tomb?,
Langford, Lechlade, Gloucestershire.

Class (iO. For the best Breeding Sow. — 5/., the 2d, 3/., Mr.
Richard Elmhurst Duckering. Highly Commended : Mr.
James D. Allen, Tisbnry. Commended; Mr. Heber Humfrey
(2 pens).

Class 61. For the best Two Breeding Sows not exceeding
0 Months old.— 5/., Mr. Richard Elmhurst Duckering ; 2d, 3/.,
Mr. William Hewer. Commended : Mr. Arthur Stewart.
Berkshire Pigs.

Class 62. Special Prizes given by the Salisbury Local Com-
mittee. Forthebest Boar. -5/., Mr. William Yells, Highworth,
Wilja. Commended : Mr. James Rawlence, Bulbrirlge, and
Mr. John Iving Tombs.

Class 63. For the best Sow of any Age, with Pigs or in
Farrow. — 5/., Mr. John King Tombs ; 2d, 2/. 10.^., the .Marquis
of Ailesbury. Highly Commended : Mr. Harry Rivington,
Cirencester, Gloucester ; and Sir William Throckmorton,
Barb., Buckland, Faringdon, Berks. Commended ; Mr.
Harry Rivington.

Class 64. For the Three best Hilts, above 4 and not exceed-
ing 8 Months old.— 5/., Mr. Arthur Stewart ; 2d, 2/. lOj.,
Mr. William Yells. Commended ; The Rev. Henry G. Baily,
ywindon.

Small Breed.

Class 65. For the best Boarabove 1 Ye.ar old and not exceed-
ing 2 Years old.— 5/., Mr. Rich<ard Elmhurst Duckering ; 2d,
3/., Captaui Richard Pelham Warren, Worting House, Basing-
stoke.

Class 66. For the best Boar not exceeding 1 Y'ear old. — .5/.,
Mr. Edmund Coles, Y'eovil, Somerset; 2d, 3/., Captain Richard
Pelham Warren. Highly Commended : Mr. Edmund Coles
and Mr. Richard Elmhurst Duckering. Commended : the
Earl of R.adnor.

Class 67. For the best Breeding.Sow. — 51., Mr. Richard Elm-
hurst Duckering ; 2d, 3/., Mr. Edmund Coles. Highly Com-
mended ; Mr. Edmund Coles .and Mr. James D. Allen, Tis-
bury, Salisbury, Wilts.

The horses are named last in our list, not because
they command less interest than the others, for the
horse ring has been the most attractive feature of the
Exhibition all the week, but because this is their place
in the Catalogue. Mr. Henry Corbet, of tBe Central
Farmers' Club, and Mr. Thurnall, of Eoyston, were
on Monday engaged in adjudicating on Ihe merits of
comparatively small classes of hunters, hacks, and
ponies ; and Mr. Watts, of Melcombe, and Mr. Howard,
of Temple Brewer, awarded the prizes on the behalf
of agricultural classes. In the class of agricultural
stallions the prizes have gone to Mr. Sainsbury, of
Lavington, and Mr. Gale, of Marlborough, the
former showing a very handsome dark grey horse,
come of a prize-taking stock. In a very good class of
mares, Mr. Holland, M.P., shows his wonderful prize-
taker, distinguished also for her prize-getting progeny.
She has herself taken some 30 prizes, having begun as
a two-year-old 11 or 12 years ago at the Carlisle
Meeting of the English Agricultural Society, and she
is again 1st here. In the older class of hunters,
" Voyageur," the property of Mr. T. Sutton, is 1st, as
he has often been in other fields : and Captain
Heygate's " Mountain Dhu " is 2d. Tho four-
year-old hunters were represented by a small
number, of considerable merit. Two dark chesnuts
were placed 1st and 2d — a very handsome bay, the
property of Mr. Woodcock, dividing with them the votes
of the spectators. A fair class of three-year-old fiUies
and geldings, and a poor show of ponies, Lave made up
the remaining attractions of the horse ring. The
Prize List is given below.

HOESES FOR AOHICULTITRAL PURPOSES.

Class 47. For the best Stallion, foaled before 1865.-30/.,
Mr. William Sainsbury, Hunts House, West Lavington,

Devizes; 2d, 15/., Mr. William Henry Gale, Manor Farm,
Burbago, Marlborough. Highly Commended : Mr. Robt.
Jacob, Boltdnsborougli, Glastonbury.

Class 4R. For the best Stallion, foaled in ISC').- 20/.,
Mr. E. Gibhs, Chittorne, Wilts ; 2d, 10/.. Mr. Arthur Thomas
Newman, West Dean, Chichester. Highly Commended ;
Mr. Edward Holland, M.P., Dumbleton Hall, Evosh.am,
Worcestershire.

Class 49. For the best Mare and Foal, or in Foal.— 1.^/.,
Mr. Edward Holland, M.P. ; 2d, 6/., Mr. Jacob Gollodge,
Whaddon Grove, Trowbridge. Commended : Mr. James Lush,
Winterbourno E.arls. Salisbury ; .and Mr. A. Lavington,
Poulshot Lodge, Devizes.

CLASS 50.— For the best pair of Agricultural Horses, foaled
before tho 1st of January, 1862.— 20/., Mr. Fred, Lavington,
Chittorne St. Mary, Hoytosbury.

i:;las3 51. For tho best pair of Agricultural Horses, foaled
after tho 1st of Janu.ary, 1S62.— 20/., Mr. Edward Oibbs, Chit-
tcrne, Heytcsburj-, Wilts ; 2d, 10/., Mr. Jas. George Simpkins,
.Vlton Priors, Marlborough.

Hunters.

Class 52. For tho best Mare or Gelding, foaled before the
Ist of January, 1863.-25!., Mr. Thomas Sutton, Alwent,
Darlington, Durham; 2d, 10/., Captain Edward Nicholas
Heygate, Buckland, Leominster, Hereford. Highly Com-
mended : Mr. Erlysman C. Pinckney, Berwick St. James ;
and Mr. Wm. Paull, Puddletown, Dorset.

Class .53. For the best Mare or Gelding, foaled in 1863. —
25/., Captain Edward Nicholas Heyg.ate ; 2d, 10/., Mr. John
AVoodcock, Netherhampton, Salisbury.

Class 54. For the best Filly or Gelding, foaled in 1864.—
15/., Captain Edward Nicholas Heygate ; 2d, 5/., Mrs. Louisa
Malcom, Becchwood, Totton, H.ants. Commended ; Mr.
Robert Canning, Townshend M.anor, Over Wallop, Stock-
bridge, Hants.

We shall not here give any particular comment on
the implements exhibited. They make a very useful
contribution to the attractions of the yard, and the
implement makers deserve great praise for coming
(notwithstanding the great expense which is incurred)
in such full force again to the same place. La.st year
we had a display of steam engines, barn machinery,
agricultural implements of all kind.s, and contrivances
for use in the farmhouse as well as in the field such as
have hitherto been seen only in the show-yard of the
National Agricultural Society ; and this year the same
space is again as fully filled, and the Catalogue is a
volumeofasmany pages. Thesteamcultivatingmachines
(though Fowler& Co. do not exhibit) are as interesting
and as efficient as ever. Mr. Higgins, of Marshwood,
shows through Messrs. Tasker, of Andover, a machine
for cultivating, and harrowing, and sowing at the same
time, which, drawn to and fro by wire rope from adrum
actuated by a stationed steam engine, presents all the
advantages which art is ever likely to offer to the
farmer of a clayey soil in wet weather. Messrs. Howard
show their plough and cultivator at work, driven by
Clayton & Shuttleworth's engine, and furnished with
all the devices for saving time at the headlands to
which Mr. Bulstrode referred the other day at the
rooms of the Agricultural Society.

The other principal feature in the implement yard this
year is a number of novelties in the reaping machines
exhibited by Mr. Burgess, Messrs. Hornsby, and
Messrs. Turner & Pardon. In the last the oscillating
knife is actuated, not by a crank but by a cam— the
principle (a faulty one on the score of friction) being
much the same as that exhibited some years ago in
Wray's reaper and the Eagle mower. There is here
also a horizontal revolving rake, coming round once in
about every 6 feet, and sweeping the contents of the
platform as a sheaf on to the stubble.

Messrs. Hornsby's sheaf raking apparatus is also
extremely clever and effective, and it is in Jlessrs.
Burgess's "M'Cormick" of the same class (sheafing
machine) that the chief improvements which they
have made appear. Opportunity has been given iu
fields near the yard for the display of these and other
machines in operation, and the mowers and reapers,
hay tedders, horse rakes, and tillage implements,
seen at work, have attracted large numbers of
spectators. Within the yard the usual departments of
Pine Art exhibition, flowers, and poultry are as
attractive as ever. In particular, the tent devoted to
the very beautiful show of plants and flowers is a
great addition to the charms of the place. And we
cannot doubt that the Horticultural Society's meeting
and exhibition at Bury during the agricultural
meeting next month will greatly help to swell the
crowds that may be expected. It is right to mention,
that besides the agricultural implement manufacturers
many other trades and interests connected with
agriculture have been fairly represented. Mr. Sutton
worthily represents the seed trade — the manufacture
of cattle loods is largely represented, and cattle
medicines, too, are shown by Messrs. Day & Hewitt in
their compendious veterinary chest. The meeting, has
been favoured by very satisfactory weather, and may
be pronounced a great success.

Birmingham: Morse and Hound Show. — [The
following report is abridged from the Midland Counties
Herald.'] The Judges commenced their duties at
nine o'clock on Tuesday morning with the thorough-
bred entire horses likely to produce weight-carrying
hunters, of which there are ten— only a moderate
collection, the Ivanhoff of Mr. Griffiths being by far
the best. He is a handsome bay, with a remarkably
neat head, well set on, good neck and shoulders, as
well as good loins and thighs. He is stated to have
been ridden to hounds all last season, and to be so
docile in temper as to be frequently ridden by young
persons, who can manage him without difficultjr.
Tippler, from the Donington Park stables, is short in
his shoulders, and without any great character to
recommend him; while Mr. Bryan's Young Knight
of Gwyune looks more likely to prove the sire of hacks
than of hunters. The honours here were not difficult
to adjudicate.

The second class of weight-carrying hunters included
Master of Arts, who has greatly improved since his
previous appearance in the hall, when he was plaoed

2d ; also Mr. Westley Richards' Hobby Noble, a very
useful horse ; and Mr. Gilraan's Little John, a nice
wiry horse, 1st, 2d, and 3d.

Tho hunters, " without condition as to weight, five
years olrl and upwards," are an excellent class in
which Mr. Spencer Lucy deservedly takes the lead
with Goldfinder, a very handsome and blood-like
chesnut, with fine shoulders, and good head and
action, but falling off below the knee. Mr. Westley
Richard.s' Freeno.v, a brown hor.se, which takes 2d prize,
is also an attractive animal, though faulty about the
hocks. Mr. Everitt's Redstart should have been in the

S receding class as he is evidently a weight-carrier.
Ictal, for which Mr. Westley Richards is highly com-
mended, possesses great substance for a thorough-bred
animal, which he is.

Tho four-year-old colts and fillies for hunting pur-
poses are a strong class, as may be inferred from tho
fact that of the l.*) who entered^the lists six occupied the
attention of tho judges for a considerable time.
Finally, after a careful estimate of conflicting claims,
the blue ribbon was given to The General of Mr.
Thomas Gee, an animal which promises, when
thoroughly furnished, to become a valuable weight-
carrying hunter. The 2d prize fell to the lot of Mr.
Lynes, for The Dean, half-brother of Rural Dean, who
gained a similar place last year. Though blood-like, his
forelegs are by no means unimpeachable, and he cer-
tainly does not possess the qualifications of his more
distinguished opponent. Mr. Millward's Nobility is a
very useful style of horse, with much character.

The three-year-old colts and fiUies for hunting pur-
poses are not equal to their seniors, and do not call for
any special notice beyond the remark that we liked Mr.
Harrison's second prize animal better than the one
which gained for Mr. Pitterton the 1st prize.

The two-year-old colts and fillies, as a whole, are only
of modest pretensions. Neither Mr. Wise's Roulette
nor Mr. McKnight's Maggie took our fancy. We should
have placed before either of these Mr. Lynes' highly-
commended Honcydew, half sister to Rural Dean,
which shows considerable power for her age, and is
apparently a very useful filly. Mr. Booth's British
Queen is plain, with plenty of substance, however, and
seems capable of growing into a very desirable mare.

The carriage horses are not numerous, probably
because gentlemen who keep them are unable or
unwilling to dispense with their services for so many
days together as their presence in the hall would
require. Notwithstanding that there are only four
entries, they were considered sufficient to justify the
award of both the prizes ; the 1st being again carried
off by Mr. Thomas Avery, of Chad Road, Edgbaston,
for a well-matolied pair; and the 2d by Mr. Charles
James Shaw, of Greenfield House, Edgbaston.

There is a numerous array of hacks, roadsters, and
cobs, the three classes appropriated to them containing
some serviceable animals. For " ladies' horses " there
are two classes opened on this occasion— one for hacks
15 hands high and upwards, and hacks under 15 h.ands,
but in neither do we meet with any animals of marked
excellence. In the former division, which may fairly
claim the superiority. Major St. Quentin, of Wood-
leigh, Cheltenham, again comes to the front with
his showy and highly-trained chesnut. Knight
Templar.

The ponies took the field in great force. They form,
as usual, a diversified and interesting display, some of
them being perfect little animals for make and style.

The dray horses are a small but praiseworthy class,
Mr. Brierley, of Middleton, Lancashire, being 1st,
with a pair of thick-set powerful greys, and Mr. Robert
Evans, of Cliveland Street, 2d, with another pair of
greys, unequally matched, which took the same position
last year, and have improved in condition during the
interval.

The agricultural stallions are few in number but
better in quality than last year. Mr. Wynn's A 1
is wonderfully developed for his age, exceeding in girth
the next best competitor, Mr. Wallis's Young Samp-
son, which is rather more than two years olaer,_and
which, moreover, in other company would be difficult
to beat. In Class 22, for geldings or mares, four years
old and upwards, Mr. Brierley is again 1st with a clean-
legged, active pair ; and Mr. Hyla Elkington, of Selly
Oak, 2d, with two useful mares of the true Suffolk type.

Much curiosity has been excited in respect to the
celebrated American trotter Shepherd F. Knapp, of
whose performances the circumscribed limits of the
hall do not of course afford a fair test. Even here,
however, his speed is extraordinary, and upon the road
must be still more so.

The Fox Hounds are an interesting addition to the
show, and if this department is not so efficiently filled
as we hope to see it on future occasions, it is a great
advance on what we have been accustomed to see at
our canine meetings iu Birmingham, the masters of
several well known packs in the Midland Counties
having responded to the invitation of the Council. The
Marquis of Hastings sends three couples of bitches
which, by their symmetry, uniformity, and good looks,
bore away the palm ; the Warwickshire taking second
rank with three couples of useful working hounds, and
the North Warwickshire third for three other couples,
of which our old favourite Rosey was conspicuous as
by far the best hound iu the hall. Of the unentered
puppies there is nothing to compare with the promising
couple which represent the juvenile stamina of the
Shropshire kennels. For the 2d prize, however, there
was a close contest between the Old Berkshire and the
North Warwickshire, the former eventually carrying
the day against the latter, owing to the defective feet of
Dainty, one of its representatives.

The following is a complete Prize List :—

HUNTERS.
Class 1. Thorough-bred Sires.— 1st, 30/., Edward Grif-
fiths, Esq., Marl Hill, Cheltenham (Ivanhott) : 2d 15/., the
Most Noble the Marquis of Hastings (Tippler); 3d, 5/., Mr.

f<

642

THE GARDENKPS' CHEONTCLE iND j\GRICULTimAL GAZEHE.

[June 15, 1867.

Davies Bryan, Rhydwiman, near MontgomoVy (Young Knight

of G Wynne).

Class "2. Hdnters, equal to 15 Stones, Five years old and
upwards.— 1st, 20^., Tbomas Gee, Esq., Dewhurst Lodge,
Wadliurst, Sussex (Master of Arts) ; 2d, 10^., Weatley Richards,
Esq., Birminghafti (Hobby Noble) ; 3d, 51., Mr. Joseph Gil-
man, 148, Lancaster Street, Birmingham (Little John).

Class 3. Hunters, -without condition as to weight, Fife
Years old and upwards. -1st, 20i., Mr, Henry Humphreys,
Winchcomb Street, Cheltenham; 2d, lOL, "Westley Richards,
Esq., Birmingham (Freeney); 3d, 31., W. E. Everitt, Esq.,
■Augustus Road, Edgbastbn (Redstart).

' Class 4. Four- Year-old Colts oh Fillies.— 1st, 20^.,
Thomas Geo, Esq. (The General): 2d, lOi., G. B. Lynea, Esq.,
Preston Deanery, Northampton (The Dean) ; 3d, St., Walter A.
jVlillward, Esq., Hall Green, Birmingham (Nobility, sire
Hunting Horn, dam by Cervantes). Price 120i.

CLASS 5. Three-Year-old Colts or Fillies.— 1st, 15/..,
John Fielden, Esq., Dobroyd Castle, Todmorden, Yorkshire
(Bird of Passage): 2d, IQt., Mr. Anthony Harrison, Metchley
Gottage, Edgbaston ; 3d, 5^., Captain Harrison, Noi-ton Hall,
■Cannock, Stafford (Monkey).

Class 6. Two-Yeae-old Colts or Fillies. — 1st, 15L, George
Wise, Esq., Woodcote, Warwick (Roulette); 2d, 10^., Mr.
Qeo'tge MeKnight, Mossy Gl^en, Oaken Gkites, Salop (Maggie) ;
3d, St., John B. Booth, Esq., Killerly Hall, Catterick, York-
shire (British Queen).

CARRIAGE HORSES.

Class 7. Pairs of Geldings or Mares.— 1st, 20^., Thomas
■&.V6ty, Esq., Church Road, Edgbaston; 2d, 10^., 3Ir. Charles
James Bhaw, Greenfield House, Edg:baston.

HACKS, ROADSTERS, AND COBS.

Ctass 8. Not exceeding loi hands high.— 1st, 15/., Mr,
Jo'seph Gilman, 148, Lancaster Street, Birmingham ; 2d, 51. ,
Mr. Wm. Avery, Selly Place, Pershore Road, Birmingham ;
Sd, R. Milward, Esq., Thurgarton Priory, Southwell, Notts.

Class 9. Weight Carriers, from 14 to 15i hands high. —
r^t, 15;., Thomas Johnson, Esq., District Bank, Northallerton ;
2S, 51., Richard Wynn, Esq., Crickett, Ellesmero, Shropshire,

Class 10.— Under 14 hands high.- 1st, JoL, Ciiptain J.
Simpson Ballai'd, the Verlands, near Cowbridge ; 2d, 51., Mr.
Edward Tranmer, East Harlsey, Northallerton.

LADIES' HORStlS.
Class 11. 1-5 hands high and upwards.— lat, 15/., Major
Quentin, Woodleigh, Cheltenham; 2d, 5^, Major Richal'ds,
39,. Carpenter Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
- Class 12. Under 15 hands high. — 1st, 15i., Henry Span'ow,
tesq,, Himley House, Staffordshire; 2d, 5^., Mr. Georgo
Hughes, 46, Whlttall Street, Bii-mingham.

HARNESS HORSES AND PONIES.

Class 13. Exceeding 15 band-g high,— 1st, 151., Thomas
Moyrick, Esq., Bush House, Pembroke, South Wales (The
Parson) ; 2d, 51., C. H. Hawkins, Esq., 30, Great Chalies Street,
Birmingham.

Class 14. Prom 13i to 15 hands high?— let, 15?., Howarth
Ashton, Esq., Polefield Hall, Prestwich, near Manchester;
2d. 51., Mr. J. Tyler, Broad Street, Birmingham.

Class 15. Under 13^ hands high.— 1st, 10/., Mr. Joseph
Scott, Albion House, Carlisle ; 2d, 51., Mr. George Clements,
47, New Town Row, Birmingham.

PONIES.
. Class 16. Under 13 hands high.— 1st, 10/., Mr. Richard
Habbcrfield Short, The Grove, Birmingham; 2d, 5/., Mr.
Edward Woodhouse, Kirton-in-Lindsey, Lincolnshire.

Class 17. Under 12 hands high, to caiTy children.- 1st,
10/., Mr. Richard S. Mimpson, 6, Bull Sti-oet, Birmingham ■ 2d
5/., Mr. Richard Walker, Guest Streut, Hockley.

HACK, ROADSTER, COB, or PONY SIRES.

Class 18. Hack or Roadster Sires, not under 14^ hands
high.— 1st, 10/., exhibitor and breeder. Captain Barlow
Castle Donington ; 2d, 5/., Mr. W. Robinson, Bonehill
Cottage, Tamworth.

Class 19.. Cob or Pony Sires, not exceeding l4i hamls
high.— 1st, KL, the Marchioness of Hastings; 2d, 51., -Mr.
Charles Sheridan, Wheeler Street, Birmingham,

DRAY HORSES.
Class 20. Pairs op Geldings ur mares, 4 years old aud
upwards.— 1st, 15?.., Charles William Brierley, Esq., Jliddleton,
near Manchester; 2d, 10/., Mr. Robert Evans, Clivelaud
Street, Biiiningham.

AGRICULTURAL HORSES.

Class 21. Sires.— 1st, 30/., Mr. William Wynn, Cranhill,
Alcester, Redditch; 2d, 15/, Messrs. Yeomans Brothei-s,
Pennymore Hay, near Wolverhampton.

Class 22. Pairs of Geldings or Mares, 4 yeai-s old and
upwards.-lat, 15/., Charles William Brierley. Esq., Middleton
near Manchester; 2d, 10/., Mr. Hyla Elkington, Selly Oak,
Birmingham.

FOX HOUNDS.

Class 1. ThIiee Couples of Working SoTiSris, of eilUei- or
both sexes. -1st, The Most Noble the Marquis d! Hastings
(The Quotn) ; 2d, Henry Spencer Lucy, Esq., Chariecote Park
(The Warwiokshire) ; 3d, Oswald Milne, jun., Esq., Woodville,
Leamington, (The North Warwickshire).

Class 2. Couples of unentered Puppies, one of each sex.
—Ist, The Hon. Rowland Clegg Hill, Plawkestone, Shrews-
bury; 2d, ;John Bayntun Starky, Esq., Longworth, near
Faringdon.

JUDGES.

Classes 1 to 4.— The Right Honourable Viscount Comber-
mere, Combermere Abbey, Cheshu-e ; Sir Watkin Williams
Wynn, Bart., Wynnstay, Ruabon.

Classes 5 and 6.— Mr. J. Russell Cookes, Woodharapton
Stourport ; Mr. Charles Millwai-d, Hall Green, Birmingham

Classes 7 to 19.— Mr. J. C. Welby, Cariton Club, London ■
m^. H. Thurnell, Royston, Herts.

Classes 20 to 22.— Mr. Henry Lowe, Comberford Tarn-
■vPorth; Mr. Shepherd, Coleahill. Mr. Edmund Ly thai! assisted
in judging Class 21.

Vox Hounds.— Mr. Cornelius Tongue, TrysuU, Wolverhamp-
ton ; Mr. John Walker, AVrexham.

Honorary Steward of Fox Hounds.— Mr. R L Hunt
Bagley Road, Edgbaston. '

Veterinary REFtiREE.— Mr. E. Stanley, M.R.C.V.S. 35
Broad Street, Birmingham. ' '

Society of Aets : Tke Water Sv.pjylf/ of the Metro-
polis.—Mr. Bailey Denton read a paper on this subject
la&t week before this Society, from which, as reported
in the Society's Journal, we make the following
extracts : —

1. Our diminished rainfall:—! have not hitherto
kid any great stress upon the diminution of tlie rainfall,
because it has always been considered that the position
of Great Britain, in its proximity to the wide Atlantic
Ocean— from the surface of which evaporation takes
place to an unlimited extent, increased by the warm
current of the Gulf stream— is such as to make any
diniinution of rainfall resulting from reduced evapo-
ration from the surface of our island a matter of very

little moment. The valuable essay of Professor
Ansted, recently published in the Journal Of the
Royal Agricultural _ Society of England,* however,
places the matter in so clear a light, and raises
its importance in the eyes of scientific men so
considerably, that the subject cannot loPg remain oire
of indifference to the people at lar^e. He shows, by
very simple diagrams, formed from the records kept at
Greenwich — which are reliable, I ptesume, aud have
been kept for a period extending over 50 years— that a
"considerable decrease" in the amount of rain has
taken ijlace within that period. The Professor, when
comparing the rainfall within the period from 1814 to
1864 inclusive, states that during the first 25 years the
mean annual fall was 26.69 inches, or l.^i4 inch above
the general mean of the 50 years, and that during the
last 25 years the mean fall was 33.75 inches, or 3 inches
less than the first 35 years. He also shows that during
succeeding periods of 7 and 14 years, from 1815 to 1863
inclusive, the decline iu quantity has been as follows :—

Mean of 14 years.
Tears. Inches. Inches.

181-5—1821. Mean tainf all 28.7 \

1822-1828.

1«48— 1849t

4.1 \

23.1

2S.3
28.1

24.0

I

23.8

1850-1855. „

1857-18133. „ „ 23.7 f

3. Effect of Drainage.— li we deduce from tliis
instance that the rainfall is generally declining, we
cannot re.iect from consideration the counterbalancing
circumstance that land drainage, which is taking place
all over the countrj;, discharges into the rivers from the
land a larger quantity of water than found its way to
them before draina.ge, and more than is actually lost to
the rivers by the lessened rainfall. In fact, if the v/hole
area of the Thames watershed consisted of wet land,
which would be beneHted by drainage, we should in
the aggregate be considerable gainers by the extension
of the practice; hut the wet lands form only the
smaller portion of its area, and therefore we can only
apply the advantage to that lesser extent. Moreover,
it is^ hardly necessary to repeat, the water of drainage
issuing from our clay lands is not constant; it is for
the most part discharged in the winter months, when
both soil and air are frequently in a state of saturation,
and when vegetation is dormant ; aud ceases to flow in
summer, when evaporation is active, and the demands of
vegetation can hardly be satisfied. Hence it is that
the underground operation of drainage, which we adopt
for the amelioration of our heavy wet lands, adds to
the derangement already caused by the improved culti-
vation of the surface and the spread of population.
It extracts from the soil, in fact, the water which has
hitherto been retained to moisten the air of summer
and to support our rivei's. Thus the floods of winter
and the droughts of summer are both increased, and
the hygrometric condition of the atmosphere altered so
much as to make us acknowledge that England is
undergoing an appreciable change of climate.

Before passing from this point, it is right to
state that if drainage consisted only of subsoil drainage
the tendency would be to render floods less frequent,
because the water having to pass through the soil inter-
mediate between the surface and the drains, would be
seized and detained in that depth of earth on its way to
the outfall, and if the rains were not repeated too
quickly the sudden congregation of water would be
prevented. But as the primary object of drainage is to
get rid of excessive wetness as soon as possible, the
outlets and watercourses are now so much improved,
and are everyday becoming more and more improved,
by straightening and widening, that tho expected
detention is more than counteracted by the facility
afforded for the immediate discharge of both surface
and drainage waters, which are precipitated into the
valleys with a suddenness unknown 50 years back.

3. CapaUUties of Storage. — While asserting that if
storage be resorted to the excess of the driest winter
will more than compensate for the drought of the
driest summer by which it may be succeeded, I am
content to place before you the following facts in sup-
port of the assertion : —

Out of the average mean rainfall of 2C inches due to
the Thames basin, it requires only three-quarters of an
inch of the surplus of winter from the whole watershed
of the Thames, or IJ inch of rainfall from one moiety of
the watershed, to satisfy the whole population within it.
Or, to put the matter more practically, as it will only
be necessary to collect water for six months of the year,
half an inch of rain falling upon an acre of land is suffi-
cient to supply two persons with 30 gallons each per
diem for six months, and no winter passes by in which
there does not run off to the sea, without serving any
useful purpose, in excess of the mean summer flow of
the river, at least five times the quantity required to
meet the supply of the metropolis in the dry times of
summer, when the river cannot fairly part with any
portion of its volume ; and this, or any portion of it,
may he stored for compensation to the river if reser-
voirs were properly constructed for the purpose. To
appreciate our present position it should be understood
that the water companies are continuing the un-
exampled practice of abstracting from the Thames
00,000,000 of gallons daily, which may be increased to
100,000.000, independent of what is now desired to be
taken by the Bast London "Water Company, without
any compensation whatever, although it is acknow-
ledged that the volume of the river (which should
always be maintained, if possible, at a standard flow, —
say of 450 millions of gallons per diem) is^ sometimes

* Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England,
JTog. III. and v., sec6nd aeries.

reduced, in dry summers, after the companies have
abstracted their supphes, to from 300 to 350 millions of
gallons.

4. Pollution by Sewage. — The water-closet system has
now acquired such a firm place in our household
arrangements, that we cannot anticipate the use of any
other vehicle but water for the discharge of sewage
from towns of any size, however we may modify the
system in villages, and for suburban and country ,
houses, by the adaptation of earth closets, which are
most excellent expedients, and will no doubt come into
extensive use where combination in sewerage is not
necessary to effect the duties of the scavenger. It is
the daily increasing use of water-closets in towns, and
the immense growth of special trades and manufac-
tures using and abusing our streams, that sets aside all
previous provision.

It is admitted tha:t rivers, to answer their full
iiatural purpose, must serve as drains to receive the
liquid refuse of their watersheds, as well as sources of
water supply for the towns within them ; and, perhaps,
the most difficult problem to solve in tlie present day
is, the obligation to maintain, at one and the same
time, these two objects— reconciling, as it were, the
antipodes of riparian service. The conclusion, I
believe, to which the intelligence of the country has
arrived is, that, abstractedly no water can be used
with impunity for drinking purposes after sewage has
been mixed with it. Or, to give the matter a practical
bearing, it may be more truly said that, as soon as
sewage can be detected by chemical analysis to exist in
an appreciable degree in the water we are called upoa
to drink, it is a vital error so to use it.

5. JPuriJlcalion of Seioage Water.— 0{ all methods of
purification, the application of sewage to land is tlis
only one to which science accredits the power of
arresting objectionable matter, though the mode of
application is found to govern the extent to whicli
the process succeeds. Sewage discharged from towns
by gravitation, or lifted by mechanical power to high
grounds, if it passes simply over the surface of land
without passing through it, retains a large part of the
noxious mattei*, and connot be considered to be in a fit
condition to mix with river water used for drinking.
This view applies with increased force the nearer the
irrigated lands approach the river. The absorbent
powers of vegetation are doubtless very great, but they
are not sufficient in themselves to appropriate the
impurities held by water in suspension as well as in
solution. Moreover, vegetation has not equal vital
powers all the year roimd to seize and appropriate the
fertilising elements which are its food. It has its
seasons of rest a-! well as of growth, and at such times
its extractive and retentive capabihties are very small.
When vegetation, however, grows on a deep bed of
free soil, through which the sewage can descend and
percolate, after satisfying the vegetation, we possess the
best means of purification, its perfection depending
quite as much on a sufficient depth of subsoil through
which the effluent water must descend as upon jjhe
action of vegetation.

We must not confuse the system of irrigation wffich
allows the eflluent water to sink into the subsoil after
satisfying vegetation with the "dumb- well" or cess-
pit mode of disposing of sewage in its normal state.
In the first case, the eflluent water which would pass
into the river as clarified sewage, if "run over land"
sinks into the soil and replenishes the springs, after
being utilised on the surface ; whereas, in the second
case, the sewage is dropt into holes of porous ground,
which retain the solid matter to fester under foot, and
allow the liquid sewage to sink into the earth without
doing any good whatever to vegetation.

AYhere free soils affording natural drainage are
not to he obtained, the nearest approach to them is
land to which under-drainage has been or may be
applied, the drains in such case affording artificially ti
means of discharge, when the level of the drains is
reached, similar in character to that which takes place
in a deep bed of free soil when the descending water
reaches the level of the springs. But as the depth of
under drainage is limited to a few feet, the extent of
purification is limited correspondingly, and though
to the eye, and probably to the taste in many instances,
the discharged water from lands irrigated with sewago
may be unobjectionable, I believe I am correctly
stating the fact in saying that such water is seldom it
ever free from organic matter. The question which
therefore arises, when applying sewage to drained
land, is whether the filtration it undergoes, in addition
to absorption by vegetation, is sufficient to allow of the
eflluent liquid from the drains being mixed with
impunity with river water used for drinking.
Abstractedly, it is ivi'ong to do so; but, as under man^
circumstances theory cannot always be carried to its
extreme, it will probably often occur that the distance
to be travelled by the mixed'waters Ijeforb use will bo
sufficiently great to effect oxidisation, and so remove
all objection. Expediency may thus ovei"-ride principle
and sanction the proceeding.

As a rule, it may be assumed that the application of
sewage will be profitable in proportion to the comm&n.d
the farmer may have over the sewage he applies. It
may percolate the soil and pass away too quickly, and a
sufficient breadth of land may hot be covered at a
dressing. The irrigated land may, in fact, be far tso
open and free for the farmer's profit, though not {9f
purification. To irrigate undrained clay lands is
opposed both to profit and purification, for it baniiflt
be expected that land already suffering from excess
of rainfall will benefit by double the quantity of
sewage-liquid being run over it and added to the
rainfall. The same lands drained will benr afly
amount of irrigation with an increase of i^roduce df
good quality, though the effluent water may remaiil
polluted ; but to apply sewage to laud possessing no
escape through the soU is to "put the compost onto
make the weeds gWw ranker," ftii' the herbage cflfl

June IB, 1867.] ^

"^nly bo ooarso and^verFinferior in character.. When
we have had more experience in aewase farmin«-ana
it will doubtless become a special business, as the
Rivers Commissioners have pointed out in their reports
-it will probably bo found that a system ot drainage
admitting of tho plugginff of theoutlets so as to hold
back tho water iu the soil for a tune, and to lUish the
drains, will bo adopted. In some parts ol jLUKland
this plan is adopted for water irrigation with success.

Thus we are compelled to view tho application ol
sewiiKO to land in three ways :— n , , i • i

1st, That sewa^io run over a surface of land which
has neither natural nor avtiticial drainage to assist
vegetation in retaining tho deleterious elements,
altogether fails to secnro that degree of purity which
will allow of its being discharged into rivers, from
whence rariy be taken Water for drinking purposes,
though the operation may servo to clarify and
improve its character sufficiently to allow of its being
utilised in rivers for navigation, and for many other
riparian uses. , . , ^ j ^u r *•

2d, That land artificially drained to a depth of a few
feet nU'ords, if irrigated, only an imperfect means, m
conjunction with vegetation, of separating from sewage
its objectionable elements,

3d, That where sewage can be lifted to high and
fertile grounds with a free and porous subsoil, which
will admit of its penetration to a considerable depth
after it has fed vegetation on the surface, a perfect
means of purification may be attained.

With these conclusions as to the utilisation ol
sewage, and tho steps to betaken to exclude it from
rivers when in an objectionable condition, we have to
consider how far they wilt be acted upon or enforced
by the Board of Conservators, under whose care the
Thames and its tributaries are now placed ; and iu my
remaining observations I shall content myself by
bringing before you the position and duties of the
Conservators of the Thames in relation _ to water
supply, and the powers Ihev possess of securing to the
five water companies, with whom Parliament has
associated them, water of unobjectionable quality.

[This 8ubje(^ is of comjiaratively insignificant agri-
cultural interest, and we do not, therefore, continue
the report. We extract also only such portions of
the discussion as are interesting to the agricultural
reader.]

Tho Rev. J. Clutterbuck thought it was quite useless to
niako auy calculations iu reference to water supply founded
on the avciinic rainfalls, as the miniuium only ought to be
taken; and he alsoobjocted to the avenige which had been
tiilcen by Mr. Bailey Denton, as deduced from the observations
at Greenwich. He most emphatically denied that the rainfall
had decreased durir.K the last oU years ; observations of his
o%vn for It) year.s, and of others ou whom he could rely for
23yeara, showed i-ather an increase than the reverse. This
seemed u principal point iu the paper, and he therefore wished
to remove what seemed a false assumption, which might
uutieeessarily frighten people. Nor did he think that anything
which could be done in the way of cultivation of land, drain-
ing, or cutting down timber, would in the least appreciable
degree affect the rainfall, which was due to tho Atlantic and
Northern Oceans. The storage of \.-ater iu the Upper
Thames might be very easily accomplished, as there was great
power uf storage in the river itself. If any one could see the
miserable ruined inheritance on which the Thames Conservau cy
had entered, they would know that a great deal more money
must be spent before the river could be restored to its proper
condiriou, and one very great point gained wovdd be the
saving of the water by improvement in the navigation. With
a little patience he believed they would see that they need not
go elsewhere for water, but that Old Father Thames would be
true to his great mission, and give them a good and abundant
supply.

Mr, R. Rawlinson, C.B., said he had listened with consider-
able pleasure and interest to Mi-. (Jlutterbuck's remarks. The
amount of rainfall was dependent upon causes of so vast a
character, that he wa.s perfectly satisfied that anything man
could do would only modify it to an inhnitesimal extent. Culti-
vation, clearing of land, and draining, would have but a veiy
■ftactional influence on the fall of rain. Averages for even 50
years were not to be relied \ipon, but whether the rainfall
had decreased or not they might take it for gi-anted that
noliiing they could do would influence it either for good or evil.
It appeared, moreover, that out of an average of 23 inches of
rain, taking that as the datura, four-fifths of the entire
volume could not bo accounted for by measurement in any
way, and they could only come to the conclusion that 20
inches out of the 25 passed again into the atmosphere. That
result was so startling that he himself was sceptical at
first until he had thoroughly investigated it. With regard
to the application of sewage, that also was a speciality
of Mr. Denton's, but he thought a little fuither inquiry
would teach him that sewage was clarified by a proper appli-
cation to clay land, even if nut underdrained, which Mr.
Denton stipulated for. He (Mr. Rawlinson) by no means said
the land should not be underdrained, but he coidd assure Mr.
Denton that some persons, practically acquainted with sewage
irrigatiou, woidd prefer, from their experience, to irrigate
' day-lands without underd raining, if Italian Rye-grass, which
' was the most profitable crop, were to be sown. In this Grass
' the roots were near the surface, and the sQica of the clay com-
' hinod with the aewat^e and tended to precipitate it. Experi-
ence showed that when such irrigation was judiciously carried
on, although the process of . assimilation did nut proceed
equally at jdl times, there was not a day in the year, winter
or summer, wheu yo\\ could not beneficially place sewage on
the land, and when that sewage would not come clarified from
that land. That had been proved, and it was a very important
fact. He sincerely hoped that Parliament would foUow the
^dvico given in the paper, and make sewage irrigatiou imper-
i-tive on all towns which now tainted rivers withit, for itnever
wo'iidbe done until tho law was stringently applied.

Professor VoELCKiCR said ho understood Mr. Denton to say

tbat there were great difflctilties in the way of sewage water

tliiit passed over huid being perfectly purified. There was nu

'i'jvibt some truth in this stiitement, but if sewage farms were

I i-iilly pruperly m.anaged tho purification of sewage might bo

ii-udered perfect ; inasmuch, however, as there were not these

uiudel establishment.^, and iu many cases the water simply

flowed over the land, the purification was generally very

iniperfect. It was far inoro difficult to get the water through

I the 9oil than was generally believed, especially on clay lands,

where it often ran through the cracks, and did not actually gu

through the soil at all. Where properly managed, however,

I sewage water, after passing through the soil, became quite fit

! for ordinary uses and fur drinking.

Mr. Bailey Dentok, in reply said, Mr. Rawlinson's authority
stood as high as that of any man in relation to the question
of irrigation by sewage, but if he had understood him aright

THE GAEDENEBS' rnRONTOTE AKT> j\fiRTrTTT,TFI^AT, GAZETTE.

643

in siiyliiK that tho (hiiiiiiigo of such land was not nocossary, ho
nimt, with tho Ki^ato.Ht rtinpeot, ylvo a oouli-aUictiuii U> Huch a
Mtatomoiit. ITi) ivmnliloruil 11 alinnlutoly cssuiilial.

Farm Memoranda.

T)oi!Si!T Parm.— lliiviiiK so rcc'ontly csraped I'rom
Uio bliKlitiiiK iiilUioiioe (if " tliick rihbod ioo" in tlio last
part of tho "inorrio monctli.oC May," we may make
uso of our tliawod I'iioiillics in lookinR about us in
order to understand our future prosnects.

Tlie mild wontlicr of the last week hiis had a decidedly
beneficial ell'cct upon tho cereals, but withal Wheat is
very patchy and uneven, and what we term in Dorset
a suant, ('. c, a level unbroken piece, is rare indeed, as
much wa.s starved in the severe winter, and in spring
tlio wire-worm was unusually busy. The early-sown
crops look the best, and these are now just bursting
iuto ear. The later frosts at first turned the blades
brown, and then they got to yellow, iu which state
rust was pronounced to have commenced; but more
genial weather seems to so lav have put matters
to rights ill this respect, and if we have a warm dry
summer we may yet hope to avert this cause of a poor
yield of light-wcishing ^yheat, which was so heavily
felt last year. .Should, however, a wet cloudy slimmer
continue, a deticiont harvest under present circum-
stances is cerliliod for Dorset, as well as every other
district wo have wandered into.

Barley has been greatly injured by frost, and much
of it looks yellow and sickly. This year Pulse promises
well. Peas look uncomiuonly well. Some of the
forward Winter Beans which were in flower in the
May frosts have sulfered somewhat in the bloom, other-
wise we never saw them looking so well, and they will
be unusually early. Spring Beans are very promising.
The early sown has suffered most, as in cold spots a
great part of it has perished.

Potatos were utterly scalded down to the soil, but
with fine weather we "hope that much apparent mis-
chief will be righted, as tho injured ones are rapidly
breaking into new leaves. At the same time it is but
reasonable to expect that such severe treatment will
have the effect of shortening the crop.

Tliere will be but a short crop of hay in the west, as
the Grass was most severely checked by the frost, and
so short was the crop of last year, and so fully used up
on account of the long winter, that a great proportion
of meadow and artificial pasture was obliged to be fed
off early both by sheep and cattle.

The late showers are of value in bringing up and
securing from the fly this year's crop of roots, so that
come wTiaff may there seems every probability of plenty
of Mangels and Swedes for the winter supply of stock.
The mortality in wether lambs, from the operation of
cutting, has been very considerable in the west, both
Downs and Dorsets suDering greatly. J?.

Miscellaneous.

Emploifment of Children in J'jeWs.— Earl Shaftes-
bury's Bid on this subject, not yet introduced, has been
thus described by himself in a letter to the secretary of
the Midland Farmers' Club :—

" May 6, ISer.

" Sir,— Tho Agricultunal Bill is not yet drawn. Tho niata
points are as follow :— No child liudcr tight years of age to he
employed for hire in field labour. No girl at and under 18 years
of age to be permitted to work in gangs. No girls under
13 years of age to work for hire in field Labour. Exceptions
would be allowed for times of harvest. iW\ between ages of
eight and 13, when v.'orking for hire, to attend school either
ou the half-time, the alternate-day system, or that under the
Print-works Acts, according to the convenience of the locality.
Under the Print-works .\cts the children have to produce a
certificate before employment that they have attended school
for so many hours during a preceding interval. These intervals,
and the number of hours of attendance in «ach, would be
regulated in agricultural districts according-to seasons, it being
provided that a certain number of hours are req-dred for the
whole year. — Your obedient servant, " Sh.\ftesburv.

■'Mr. John B. Lythall."

Agncultural Co-operation : Proposal for an Aijri-
cuHural and SoriicMural Mutual Snppli/ Association.
—There is a wider and deeper commercial gulf between
the farming classes and the industries which supply
them with wdiat they require than there is between any
tivo classes in the country having the same relation-
ship to each other. The loss arising from this separa-
tion falls almost entirely upon the farmers. A
manufacturer of agricultural machinery cannot as a
rule turn over his caiiital more than once in a year-
must spend unusually heavy sums upon travelling
expenses and advertising, and is compelled to allow
enormous discounts and commissions to agents who can
bring him into contact with his customers. All this
results from the commercial distance between the pro-
ducer and his market. Adulterations of seeds and
manures are carried out with a recklessness which
proves how feeble is the connecting link between seller
and buyer, improvements are slowly and painfully
made known and agricultural engineers are thereby
discouraged from introducing new implements, or
making alterations in the old ones. There is, too, an
utter absence of taste in the design of articles
made for the agricultural community. It will
not "pw" ^ introduce graceful ideas into farm
requisites. Skilful architects, contractors, &c., light
shy of a farming market, and, in short, there is -less
competition for the custom of the agricultural com-
munity than there is for the custom of commercial
classes which can be reached with less difficulty. I

was recently staying with Mr. (the co-operator),

of , Notts. I found he had just bought 2000^.

worth of machinery for his new farm, and I know the
agents' profits on tliat order would not have been less
than 300?. (15 per cent.) We are all agreeably asto-
nished at the large profits made by the co-operative
stores; but there is no trade that leaves so large a
margin of certain profit for a co-operative association

to work upon as tho trade in agricultural implement*'
seeds, manures, and farm reiiuisiles. The association
is formed with small shares of 1/. each, so that every
tenant farmer can join and just invest as mahy
"l)0und9"as ho thinks proper. All the shares will be
paid up, so as to leave no liability upon them, and to
make them as marketable a pro])crty as possSWfe.
Seven-and-a-half per cent, per annum will be divided
on these shares as a first charge out of tho profits, and
this will, no ihiubl, sullicc lo tempt farmers to leave
their spaio capit:al in siiflicient amount with the
association. Tho rest of tho profits will be divided
amongst jiurchasers, being shareholders in proportion
to the profits realised on the business tliey have done
with the association. H. O. (?., in The Industrial
Partnerships^ Record for April.

Winter Manni.iement of Farm -Bbrses.— Althoupfli
the days are comparatively short during winter, yet
iho work which falls to be performed by the horses on
the farm is by no means of a light description, and as
the days lengthen out, the work, as a matter of course,
becomes heavier, because it is of longer continuance,
ft is essential, therefore, that horses be kept in a
condition rather over than under their work ; and we
must bear iu mind that once horses have been " let
down " iu condition, it is diflicult to bring them up to
the mark again, llay and Oats must always form the
main staple of the food of farm horses; but the farmer
may be assisted Ijy good fresh Oat straw, at least to
some extent, while there are other articles capable of
being used as food which help to restrict the consump-
tion of the latter. Oat straw must be sound and fresh
if given to horses ; and it is advisable to chafl' both it
and hay, and also to crush the Oats. Chaff cutters and
corn bruisers— the latter in the absence of a convenient
corn mill— are most valuable machines where horses
are kept, much more so than many farmers appear to
imagine. It is, perhaps, a little troublesome at first to
get horses accustomed to long hay to use it in the
chaffed state, and " trouble," as we well know, has led
to the neglect of many useful things besides chaff
cutters. Extra trouble is what too many farm servants
mortally hate, and they will try every dodge to get a
machine condemned which involves even a small share
of it. But it should not be forgotten that the value of
chaff cutters has been well proved, and that all who
have continued to use them, and to combine crushing
the Oats along with chaffing the hay, have found it
decidedly beneficial and economical. A full allowance
of Oats, when Oats and hay alone are used, varies from
12 lb. to 1-1 lb. daily, and when the work is more than
usually heavy, even 10 lb. are given, divided, of course,
into at least three feeds. We have always acted on the
principle of frequent feeding, ''little and often;" that
is, as often as the arrangement of the work \vould
allow; and we have done so because we consider it
highly dangerous to allow a horse to eat a large quantity
of Oats greedily, which he will certainly do if kept long
at work without feeding. Long fasts, foUosyed by
heavy feeds, is a sure way to bring on colic and inflam-
mation of the bowels, which may be entirely prevented
by an opposite system of management. At one time a
valuable cart horse came into our hands, which was
notorious for his liability to severe fits of colic. He
had been chiefly employed on the road, and the man
who drove him was in the habit of working him for
many hours without feeding, giving him a feed early in
the morning and another at night when he came to
the stable. By adopting the plan of " little and often "
the horse was perfectly cured of his tendency to colic,
and we never had any trouble with him on that score.
Some disapprove of giving cooked food to farm horses,
but our experience has long since convinced us that it
is not only a useful auxiliary in the dietary of the
stable, but even an indispensable article. During
summer and autumn horses are chiefly, we may say
wholly, fed on green food, and a sudden change to dry
hay is not advisable. The plan adopted by many experi-
enced farmers is to give each horse Bib. of bruised
Oats at 5 o'clock in the mornina. and a similar quantity
at noon, with 47 lb. of steamed food at half-past seven
iu the evening. To make 47 lb. of steamed food requires
almost 62 lb. of raw Turnips and Potatos, along with
about IJ lb. of Wheat chaff. For the latter we have
substituted chaffed hay, and in each feed— that is,
-10 1b. of steamed food — 3 to 4 oz. of salt should bo
mixed. Swedes and Potatos are the best materials to
make up the bulk of the steamed food, and these
articles are better when mixed together than when
used alone. Even should Potatos be diseased, they can
be used in this way, provided they are firm and not
rotten. The husks of Oats, or meal seeds, as these are
called, should be studiously avoided, and other mill
refuse which is occasionally mixed up with the food of
horses, as the use if such leads to the formation of
those balls which are sometimes found of large size in
the stomach. There is one article which is very common
in the north of Ireland, as well as elsewhere, the value
of which as part of the winter food of horses does not
appear to be sufficiently understood. We allude to
whins, the young shoots of ivhich, when properly
prepared, become an excellent and particularly whole-
some article of food for horses and cows. When
prepared by an eflicient bruising machine, 14 lb. of
whins are siiflicient to make a feed at night for a horse ;
but if the whins have been run through a chaff cutter,
which is a common mode of preparation in some parts,
it will take four times that quantity, owing to the
greater waste. By using whins we save hay, for it has
been found that liorses do very well upon whms w'lth-
out any hay. Whenever we see the horses on a farm
in poor condition, while there are plenty of whins
growing on the fences, we experience a feeling of regret
that their owner should think so lightly of an article
which is of the greatest value to him, and ready at his
hand. WTiins are now extensively grown m some parts
of Ireland for the express purpose of feeding horses and
cows during winter, and we should be glad to see their

644

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GAZETTE.

[June 15, 1867. -

Talue better appreciated in the north. Journal of

Chemico- Agricultural Society,

Fox-Hunting Battues. — Sir Kirkby Killemsitting —
the gentleman to whom the sporting world is indebted
for this most decided improvement in the noble art —
has lonf! advocated that the Battue system, which has
been found to work so well and to aiford so much more
sport than the old-fashioned mode of shooting practised
by our grandfathers, might with equal propriety and
advantage he introduced as regards hunting, more
particularly as he has of late remarked a growing
distaste on the part of our aristocratic youths for the
drudgery of the hunting field, such as drawing covers
blank, riding to and from meets, &c., besides the dangers
which the ordinary mode of hunting entails. Keeping
this in view, the noble baronet last year gave orders to
have his extensive park laid out as a fox-hunting pre-
serve ; and, considering the head of game shown at the
inaugural meet, which took place on the first of April,
it may be pronounced an unparalleled success. The line
of run, which is enclosed by rails and wire-netting, is
incomparably superior to any met with in the old cross
country style: while the foxes, from being hand-fed,
do not go at that unenviable pace so fatal to many of
our hunting swells. North British Agriculturist.

ITotices to Correspondents.

Grass: A Toioifi AfsricvUnrht. We recommend sowing Rape
and feeding oif, iind then putting in seeds and Barley next
spring.

Imports is the Four Months ended April 30, 186G, and
1867; R.

Articles.

Quantities Imported.

and

No.

I. Articles Free of Jhtty.
Animals, living — Oxen, BuUs,

Cows

Calves

Sheep and Lambs
Swine and Hogs
Bones burnt or not, or as animal
charcoal . . . . . . . . tons

Flax (dressed and undressed), and
Tow or Cedilla of Flax — From
Russia . . .

Holland

Belgium . .
Other Countries
Guano . . . . . . . . tons

Hemp (dressed and undressed) and
Tow or Cedilla of Hemp — From

Russia . . cwt.

Venetia

lllyria, Croatia, and Dalmatia
British India .. .. , .._
Philippine Islands
-Other Countries
Hides, untanned-Dry — From British
India

Other Countries . . . . cwt.

Wet — From Argentine Confedera-
tion and Uruguay . .
Brazil

Australia . .

Other Countries . , . .

Tanned, Tawed, CuiTiod, or Dressed
(except Russia) . . . . lb.

Hops . . . . . . . . cwt.

Oil Seed Cakes . . . . . . tons

Potatos . . . . . . cwt.

Provisions — Bacon and Hams . .
Beef, salt

Pork/ salt

Butter -

Cheese

Eggs

Lard

Saltpetre

Cubic Nitre
Seeds - Cotton

Clover

Flaxseed and Linseed-
Northern Ports - .
Ports in the Black Sea
British East Indies
Other Countries
Rape . .
Tallow — From Russia
Australia . .
South Americii . .

_, Other Countries ., .. .,

Wool, Sheep and Lambs'— From Hause
Towns and other parts of Europe lb.
British Possessions in South Africa

British India

Australia . . , . . . , .

Other Countries

-Alpaca and tho Llama Tribe . .

Yeast, dried . . . . , . cwt;

11. Artieies Subject to JhUtj.
Com'* — Wheat - From Russia . . cwt.

Denmark - -

Prussia

Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenbnrg

MecklenlSurg

Hanse Towns . . i

France

Turkey and Wallachia and Moldavia

Egypt ..

United States

British North America

Other Countries

Barley

Oats

Peas

Beans

Indian Corn, or Maize ;

Wheatmeal and Flour — From Hanse

Towns . - . . . . . . cwt.

France

United States

British North America

Other Countries

Indian Com .Meal . . . . . .

1867.

No.

cwt.

tons

From Russia
qrs.

cwt.

42,301

6,190

244,792

20,08:'

19,063

76,996
32,438
50,673
41,459
42,49'

060

j- 83,.525

6,477
16,.589
0,971

34,196
21,079

21,666
11,988
26,887
66,540

2,240,673
13,61'
29,3.53

129,745

225,856
72,56'
80,662

270,945

127,305
140,188 560

106,406
- 64,22:!

414,804
:i6,129

157,482

33,540
83,064

107,673
59,285

112,022
81,286
11,026
35,074
54,020

7,830,229
5,339,209
2,616,552

21,934,222

4,835,563

829,328

_; 3-2,107

43,125

5,682

161,523

9,431

19,962

118,397
43,193
74,312
56,397
22,314

7,968
33,987
10,678

2,878
18,147
12,667

44,891
15,499

12,642
2,936
25,382
21,790

2,110,360

20,041

39,945

255,794

136,499

60,427

42,370

306,360

176,814

142,220.760

54,659

29,66:'

301,.550

.30,700

73,512

51,389
91,073
83,950
57,961
128,204
38,000
6,170
14,455
28,239

3,743,473

7,959,607

2,421,59)

32,708,929

7,840,007

855,038

37,007

3,092,245

5.5,5781
409,2221
39,.520
82,827
87,425
1,740,207
218,788

303,084

8,789

1,145,723

2,608,425

1,757,571

209,867

119,635

4,074,576

78,127

2,011,452

162,412

6,043

86,374

7,072

4,100,404.
222,582

1,581,281
57,608
262,388
276,042
259,011
912,996
12,988
680,361
87
926,122

2,725,840

2,411,698
385,423
650,611

2,288,404

178,208
437,332
78,474
6,582
429,867
2,135

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANUFACTURED BY

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

No. 1.

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDOjST, S.

No. 2.

No. 4.

'^''4> S 4> ^^ 4lt

This Edging is Manufactured in Vitrified Stoneware and in Terra Cotta, and is wakranted imperishabi.e.
DRAIN PIPES, TERRA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON axd CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

PAXTON'S STRAWBERRY CRINOLINE.

.^%

The STRAWBERRY CRINOLINE is in the form of a table, made in halves, so as to be used without disturbing
tlie plant. It is 16 inches in diameter, and stands 4 inchts above the ground, Galvanised. Its use is to preserve
Strawberries from sXngis, contact with the soil, supei-tiuons moisture, and other nuisances. They are considered to
last 10 years at least with care. p^j^^ ^^^ jj^.^^^^ ^^

The contrivance is by the late Sir Joseph Paxtoii, who, after testing them for one seasrn in his own Gardens,
Rock Hills, gave his approval of their usefulness. The right to Manufacture them was transfeiTed to

R. HOLLIDAY, PRACTICAL WIRE "WORKER, 2a, PORTOBELLO TERRACE,

NOTl'ING HILL GATE.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES OF HORTICULTURAL WIRE WORK FREE ON APPLICATION.

GARDEN ARCHES, ARCADES, VERANDAHS, ORNAMENTAL FENCING, TRELLIS WORK for CREEPEES,.

FLOWER Sl'ANDS, SUSPENDING BASKETS, AVIARIES, PHEASANTRIES, &c.

^^ Every description of IFire Work for Gardens, Conservatories, ^-p.

GREENING & COMPANY'S

WROUGHT-IRON ENTRANCE GATES,

IN A GREAT VARIETY OF DESIGNS,
At PRICES varying from THREE to THREE HUNDRED GTTINEAS.

* AU kinds of imported Com and Grain (malt excepted)
have been entered at the Custom House, and charged with
duty by weight instead of measure, since September, 1864.

GREENING and CO., LIMITED, Manufacturers of IRON GATES, FENCES, PALISADES,
ESPALIERS, HURDLES, TREE GUARDS, GARDEN SEATS, VERANDAHS, VASES, FOUNTAINS, TOMB
RAILIiNGS, STABLE FITTINUS, GARDEN ROLLERS, POULTRY HOUSES, EMIGRANTS' HOUSES,
BRIDGES, CORN RICK STANDS, &c, ; also of Wire Strained Fences, Rope Fences,' and Patent Moveable
Fences for Railways, Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Courts, Sheep Walks, &c. ; also of Wire
Netting, Plant Guards and Protectors, Garden Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea .and Plant Trainers,
Pheasantries, Hen Coops, and Garden Lounges.

GENERAL CATALOGUE, in Royal 8vo, 72 Pages and Wrapper, with 33 Illustrations (together with
SUPPLEMENT of TESTIMONIALS fiom the leading Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom, to the
quality of Greening & Co.'s Manufactures), forwarded on receipt of Two Stamps to defray postage.

1, ALBERT SQUARE, MANCHESTER.

LONDON AGENTS : THE AGRICDLTURAL and HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION,

29, PARLIAMENT STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

i

June 15, 1867. j

THE GARRENEES' CHRONICLE AND ACtRTCULTTIRAL GAZETTK

646

Agricultural Co-operation.
IHE AGUXCULTUKAL and HORTICULTUEAL

ASSOCIATION, LIMITED.
Council;

The Right Hon. William Cowpor,

M.P.
Walter Morrleon, Esq., M.P.
Thomas Hughes, Esq,, M.P.
Jaiiifls B«al, Eaq.

E. Vanslttort Neale, Esq.
Fredeviok PenniiigtoD, Esq.

(Treasurer),
Edward Owen Greening, Esq.

(Managing Director).

This AfasoclatloQ supplloa its Members witli Impiemouts and
Maohlnes by tlio bout Makers, and with Unadulterateri Seeds,
Manures, and M;.nufacLurod Cattle Food nt cost price, upon the Co-
opoiatlvo System. An Investment of £1 and upwards (bearing
interest dividenii) consMtulea Membership ufLer Kloctiim by Council.
No lUrther liability. Rules and all information post free on receipt
of two Htanips, or by poraonal application to the Olhces of the Asao-
ciattou. EdwaudOwkn Gkkknino, Managing Director.

Offices:— 21), Parliament Street, Weatniiuslor ; and
1, Albert Squui'o , Manchester.

THE IMPROVED TANNED LEATHER DKTVINQ
STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
without lap or cress joints — superior to all others for Portable
Engines. Prime STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

Price Lists 3ent free by post.
'I'liK Tannkd Lkatiikr CoMi'ANY. Tftnnofs Currlora, &c.. Armlt
Works. Grounfleld, near Manchester; WarehouHO, 81, Mark Lane,
Liiudou, E.C. Mr. il. Fkrkaukk, Agent.

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON'S RICK CLOTHS.

KICK CLOTHS, Now and Second-hand, with
Poles, (Sic, complete.

MARQUEES and TENTS, for Croquet, Cricket,
and Archery.

TEMPORARY ROOMS on UIUE for BalU,
Dinners, Parties, &c.

Aa lUuatraUd Catalogue poat free OM application.

.Mi^nm*'-

Be particular to Address, BENJAMIN EDGINGTON (in fuU),

(Tent and Rick Cloth Maker by special appointment to tho Queen and Prince of Wales,)

2, DUKE STREET, foot of LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

No other Eatablishmcnt.

RANSOMES & SIMS'

NEW LAWN MOWER. THE AUTOMATON.

A NEW AND FIRST-CLASS MACHINE, WHICH HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED,

CONTAINS MANY IMPROVEMENTS.

THE AUTOM.iTON LjVWN MOWEU.

PRICES, ILLUSTRATIONS, AND FULL PARTICULARS, FREE, FROM

RANSOMES AND SIMS, IPSWICH.

WARNER'S SILICATE OF IRON PAINT.

«The peculiarities and advantages of this PAINT are that it will stand extreme Heat and Damp, and is not affected by Acid, Sea Water, bulnhuretted
Hydrogen, or Ammonia. It is equallr well adapted for Iron, Wood, lirick, or Cement. Every Shade of Colour ground to order. The Creamy White ana
lii ighl Stoue will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of the fumts of G.ases. It has no smell, and there is an entire abjence of deleterious effect.
WARNER'S ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION

Is suitable for Felt Roofing, and is a cheap Cciting for Iron Work, and preserves Wood in India from the ravages of the White Ant.

Price Is. 3d. per Gallon.

17, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, CANNON STREET. LONDON, E.G.

CONSERVATORIES, GREENHOUSES, FRAMES.

THE ONLY PAINT THAT SUCCESSFULLY STANDS UPON THE ABOVE TRYINO WOKK IS

CAKSONS' OEIGINAL ANTI-COKKOSION PAINT,

TRADE MARK.

E'iT£REO AT STATIONERS HALL

AND IS CONSEQUENTLY LAROELY USED BY THE NOBILITY AND QENTRY, ALSO THE LEADING HORTICULTDBISTS.

IT IS EQUALLY ADAPTED FOR ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF EXTERNAL WORK.

Tliree Cwt. Free to any Station in England and "Wales, and moat Ports of England,

Ireland and Scotland.

PREPAHED OIL MIXTURE FOB THE ANTI-COBROSION PAINT.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, &c., &c.

TRADE MARK.

CMTEflCQ AT STATIONERS HALL.

Before Painting, send for PATTERNS, PRICES, and TESTIMONIALS, which can be had Post Free on application to

WALTER CARSON and SONS, LA BELLE SAUVAGE YARD, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.G.

CAXJTION.— All Casks bear the Trade Mark, or are not Genuine.

RIDDELL'S

PATENT PORTABLE ELASTIC PIPE JOINT*

Especially adapted for HOT-WATER PIPES for WARMING CHURCHES, PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, CONSERVATORIES, HOT-HOUSES, &c., is extremely simple,
perfectly watertight, saves four-fifths of the time and labour in erecting hot-water work, can
be rapidly put together by an ordinary workman, and can be removed and re-erected without
injury to pipes or joints.

Frospectits and Price Zisi free.

RIDDELL'S

PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

. For WARMING CHURCHES, CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &c., by the
circulation of Hot Water, requires no brick-work setting, saves half the fuel usually consumed, is
not liable to get out of repair, is easily regulated, will work from 8 to 20 hours without attention,
and 13 made in sizes capable of heating from 30 to 5000 feet of 4 inch pipe.

* Proapectits and Price List free.

PATENT PIPE JOINT J. HAD LEY RIDDELL, Patentee, 155, CHEAPSIDE, E.G. patent slow combustion boiler

646

THE GAEDENET^S' CHRONICLE ANT) i\GEICIjr,TURAL GAZETTE,

[June 16, 1867i •

AUSTIN'S ARTIFICIAL STONE, Isvented 1826.
ThG entire Stock of tbjs mnuufactory compnaee
180 diflerant MODELS of VASES.
70 different MODELS ol TAZZAS.
About 200 different FOUNTAINS.
74 STATUES from the Antique, and by Modern Artists, and

SMALL FIGURES of CHILDREN.
22 SUN-DIAL PEDESTALS.
GARDEN SEATS.

15 BASKETS, fiom 12s. to Seven Guineas.
SHELLS, suitable either for WATER or ROCK PLANTS,

froai 13 inches to 13 feet diameter.
JARDlNlijRES, or large BOWLS for MASSESof FLOWERS.
53 FIGURES of ANIMALS and BIRDS.
ORNAMENTAL RIMS to WATER BASINS.
34 BAPTISMAL FONTS.

CRESTS and other ORNAMENTS for GATE PIERS.
BALUSTRADING, in various styles.
TRIPOD, and other ANTIQUE PEDESTALS.
Manufactured by Austin, SEHLEr, 4 Co., at No3. 369 to 375, Euston
Road, Regent's Park, N.W.

AMES PHILLIPS a k i) CO.

beg to submit their prices as foUow.i : —

GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSES,

As supplied by them to Mr. Rivers, to the Royal Horticultural Society,

and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentlemen of the United

Kingdom.

Each Box contains 100 feet. The prices only apply to the sizes stated
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by Ifi.

16 oz. to the foot. 21.07„

Fourth quality . . . . 15s. Od IDs. Orf.

Third ditto 17s. Od 22s. 6d.

Seconds 18s. fid 26s. Od.

English 20s. Od. 27s. Od.

The above prices include the boxes, which are not returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock gizes. 16-oz., in 100 feet "boxes, boxes included.

These prices only apply to tho sizes stated,

for

PATENT BUILDINGS

HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Glazing' without Putty."

" Glass without Laps."

Ventilation without Moving Lights."

' Highly Couiirveaded by tl^e Royal Hoi^ticultural Society, South

Kensington.

4tbs. 3rds. Znds,

11 by 9

12 by 9

13 by 9

14 by 9

\ .1. d, s. d. B. d.

12 „ 10

n „ 10

14 „ 10

15 ,„ 10

U3. a . 16, 6 M 0.

13 „ 11

14 „ 11

14 „ 12

16 „ 12

15 ., 11

10 „ 11

18 „ 12

19 „ 12

16 ,, 12

IT ., 12

10 „ 13
10 „ 14

17 „ 13
20 „ 13

20 ,. 12
18 „ 13

> 15 0 17 0 18 0

17 „ 14

18 „ 14

16 to 17 oz. to tbo foot.

20 „ 14

12s. Cd.
13s. Sd.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 foot Boxes.
6 by 4 Gl by 41 7 by 5 7i by 5\ \
8by6 SibyCS 9 by 7 9! by 71 /
10 by 8 104 by sj
Boxes 2s. each, retm-nable at full pnce.
tondoii Agonts for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT RODG 11
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all siz^s,
BRITISH PLATE. PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, GROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of tbe best Manufacture, at tile lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillips & Co., 180, Bishopsgate Street Without, E.G.

e 0.

Horticultural Glass Wareionse.

THOMAS MILLINGTON and
87, Bisliopsgice Street Witbout, London, E.G.
NEW LI.ST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Majesty, tlie Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivers, and the le.ading Hortt-
culturists of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

20 by 12

rl5 oz.

Per 100 feet-^

1 21 oz.

19s 6d

in.

20 b

20 by 10-'

SMALL SHEET SQ^JARES^ 15 oz,, per lOB f6e(.

16b 6<; 18s M
22s 2d 26s 0(Z

I 4tl,s. j 3ds. I 2nd3. I Best.

in.jin. in.lin in.iin.

Per 100 feet.
12 by 9
lit by 9i
U by 9
12 IJXIO
LAR9E SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 feet.

10 by 8
101 by 81

11 by 9"
111 by 91

12}byl0i!14iliyl0n

13 by ID 16 by 10 f
131by 101 13 byll f

14 by 10 1 14 by 11 J

13s 3rf

I I7s3(i

19s Oci

In.

151 by 101

16 by 10
14ibvlll
16 byll
151 by 111
10 byll
21 byll
13 by 12

14 by 12'
14} by 121
16 by 12
15} by 121

16 by 12
161 by 121

17 by 12

18 by If

151,. I in.

14s 3<;

15s 6(1

18s Cci-20s Od

22 by 12 22 by 10

17 bv 13 24 by 10"

23 by 13 20 by 17

18 by 14 22 by 17
22 bf 14 24 by 17

24 by 14 20 by 18
22 by 16 22 by IS
24 by 15 24 by 18

The abovo Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any

other Size bo required, a Special Price will be given,

SHEET GLASS.

In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 9 feet super.

16 oz. 21 oz.

4tlis quality, per 200 feet case, 38s.

4ths.

3ds.

2nds. j Best

4tbs quality, per SOOfeet ease, 38s.
3ds „ „

3ds

GOs.
903,

^^ V ii e.35,L2da.

Best ,V „ 92s. I Best

SHEET GLiSS is made only in tho following substances. 15 oz .
21 oz., 26 oz., 32 oz., 36 oz.. an J 42 oz. » ■'

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8th in., 3-16th in., l-4th in., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &c
PAIXTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAIN'T, 24s. per cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
wallSj resists tbo weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, rcaombling a ston,3 suiface, and can bo made any
required shade. It is mixed with r.ain or pure river wate^.

WHI'TE Zl NC P iINT, oils, per cwt. One hundredweight of piu:o
Zinc Pamt, witb three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as raueb'as
one hundredwolglit and a half of White Lead and six gaUons of
Linseed Oil. Special Drvora for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTJI-CORROSION PAINT, 2Ss. to 31s per ewt
Anti-eorrosion ?fl,i,i^li. is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, pn Brick, Stone, Coinpo, Iron, Iron Bridges
Conservatorlas, Gveonnousos, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinai-v
workman, p^ep^rer]. Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon.

Per cwt. — .■;.
GENUINE WBiIlS LEAD 32
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30
GROUND PATEIO' DRY-
ERS, 3d.to4i,*J)W^'>r

„ OXFORD, 9a;^EjE,3ti.

to 4id. peiT, lb.
„ RAW U^eSft. 41* to
" " "" '[PSClb.

, tH'to

J. A

GREEN ^A\^% ^\ shades,

■ 2S«, to SO
BLACK EAINiT, 24& to 3C
REDEajNT

to 30 0

GROu:ND. BRUSHEa
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER .^RUSHES

Per gallon.
LINSEED OIL .. .32
BOILPID OIL .. .38

TURPENTINE .. 3 6

LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to Os, per cwt.
FineOAKVARNISH,10.s.boI2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. lOs. to 12 0

„ COPAL .. .. ..30 0

KNOTTING .. .. 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE . 10 0

„ BLACK JAPAN .. 12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
ascfiaijge.

The above are Net, for Caali, q,T,d. as such cannot be booted.
Lists of anyoftheabpTe on application.

Hot-water Pipes, witli Elbows
apd Connections, supplied by

BURY AND I'OLLARD.
Contracts and Estimates given
for WARMING PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS; latest Iraprovemcnts in HEAT-
ING by HOT "WATER; the Improved
CONICAL BOILERS, for Heating
Pineries, Conservatories, Greenhouses,
Mansions, Halls, Warehouses, &c.,
Solely Manufactured by Euav & Pol-
lard. These Boilers are adapted for
setting in Brickwork, or annexed
Sketch shows Burt & Poll,\rd's im-
proved an'angement, requiring
NO BRICKWORK SETTING.
These Boilers have for their dura-
bility and econoray attained a cele-
brity far surpassing any other Boilers
ever invented. They have been for
many years pjst in use at many Public
Establishments, Royal Botanical Gar-
dens at Kew, at the Regent's Park,

the Cry.sta] Palace, and at most of the Nobility's and Gentry's Seats

throughout the United Kingdom. References where they have

been lor 20 years in constant use.
Price Lists on application to Bdrt & Pollard, Park Iron Works,

17, New Park Street, Soathwark, London, S.E.

pRlN'STOSrs""

ft

Plans and Estimates free on application. Descriptive Book fully
Olustmted, po.'it Irce for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
J.vMEs C«ANi=T('N, Architect, Blnningham.

Works: Hlghgate Street, Biruiingharfi.

' " ' " T West, BiiTuinRham.

Henry J. Growtaoi;, Sianager, 1, Temple Ro

Qreenliouses— HeatiEs Apparatus,

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

rp^E ONLY PRIZE MEDAL A^ARDEIX for

J- Various Improvements in the Ventilatinn, Cinstruction and
Apuhcation of WKOUGUT-IRON to Hoi-ti cultural Buildings

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atraospherie conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDA^ VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour,

OUR PATENT WBO.UGHT-IttON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arrangement.

OUR PATENT WR^UGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect syi^imatry a^d
i^nfailiDi^ result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUH
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
improved system,

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when hooted upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the growth of first-class ffujt,

OUR. PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early work,

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-lRuN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or ^vithou^ putty.

Those Houses are now pi;i,»t6cted by three "^lo^ial Letters Patent,
and from the complete adjustment of tlioir constructional parts will
vie most favourablj' with Wood Structures in poiijt of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Uliistratod Catalogues -on application to the Pateiitiei8fl»

T. H. P. Dennis &. A. Scrdbt, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford,

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION.— Medal, 186?.l
Invented bv tug late Sir Joseph Paxton.
Manufactured in London ; Newton in Cartmel, Lancashire ;
Gloucester; Coventry; Paisley, and Aberdeen.

ILLL^ii \ii i) J 1 i( }- i I'^t-^ uiii be seat oh application t{>
Messrs Htai mw A. M iitjn 7 I ill Mall East London, SlW.

Also a HANDBOOK ol VINE and FRUIT TREE CULTIVA-
TION puce Is postfice Is Irl

By Her Majesty s"Royal Letters Patent

THE TERMINAL SADDLE BOILER,
with Hollow Bai-s, proves itself to be equal to any form now
in use for economy and power ; while the Sinaplicity of its Construc-
tion gives It the advantage over all others. See Te-stiraonials.
J. Ireland, Edward Street, Broughton Lane, Manchester.

c

OTTAM AND COMPANY,

Conservatory and HoxnoosE Bdilders, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, OsJford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

inches long.
45s. G5s. 92s. Gd. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. Crf. 2s. Id. 2s. Od. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fiscd com-
plete to Plan, on application to
Cottam & Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street,
(opposite the Pantheon),
Oxford Street, London. W.

^Hfiga

HOT W.'\Tcn APPARATUS

HUT-W'ATi'^K AiM'AilATUa, of every descripuon,
fixed complete in any part of tbo country, or tbe mateiials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, &c., delivered to any Station.
Estimates on application.
J, JosKS & Sons, G, Baiik.sjrie, Southwark, London, S.E.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31, Banl-side, London, S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, trum StocK. per yard :— 2-inch, Is. 2d :
3-inch, Is. lOd. ; and 4-inch, 2s- id. BENDS, from Stock, ls,6d., 23. 6d.,
find 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s., and U.^. each. Other
Connexions at equally low pnces, and all goods of fii-st-class manu-
facture. Estimates given, .and orders by post punctually attended to
tho same da)'.

By Royal Letters Patent.

WELLS'S PORTABLE GROUND VINERY,
Growing and Ripening Grapes without Artificial Heat.
Awarded a Si,lyer Med.'^l at the International Exposition of
Horticulture, held at Nice, April, 18G.5.

Drawings and Instructions can be had of the Patentee,
Steam Works 24. Bouverie Street, London, E.G.
Aop.:\Ts:— B, -T. Edwards, 2.'), Bishopsgate Street Within, E.C.
J. It. Tantou, Epsom, Surrey.
Dnimmond Brothers, 52, George Street, Edinburgh,

E.

T. ARCHEK'S "FKIGI D 0 M 0."—

Patronised by her Majesty the Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of Devonshire for
Chis^wicly Gardens, Professor Lindley ioy the Horticultural Society,
and Sir Joseph Paxton for tbe Crystal Palace, Royid Zoological
Society, &c.

PROTECTION from the SCORCHING RAYS of tho SUN.
" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepared
Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor of heit or cold, keeping a
fixed temperature where it is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-
cultural and Floricultaral purposes, f.u' Preserving Fruits and
I'lowers fn.im the ycorching Rijs of tlie Sun, from. Wind, txont
Attacks of Insects, and from M^tmiig'Fiosts. To be had Inany
required lengths.
" ijRIGI DOMO '■ NETTING, 2 vards wide. Is. 6d. per yard run.
"FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide Is. 9d, per yard run.

Four yards nide 3s. 6d. per yard.

An improved make. 2 ynrds wide . . la. 9d, per yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s. Sd> per j'ard run.
Elisha Thomas Argbeb, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all Nuiaerymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

*' It is nmph: cJjjeapcr than Mats as a covering."

GUMMING & EDMONDS,

HORTICULTUEA_L BUILDaRS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

LILLIE, BRIDGE, KICHMOND ROAD, FULHAM, LONDON, S.W.

&C.

C. £ B. BEG TO DK,4W ATTENTION, TO; TIJiEIR SUPBRIOR AKRANGEMENT AND

DESIGNS FOR HOTHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES,.

And to the great facilities which they possess for the construction, of this dass of worlc at a CHEAP IJAfE,
by the use of POWERFUL and SUItABljE S.TEAl:^ JJsACHINE.RY, aud feom the advantage tlicy \iosiii:sa, of
their Premises being situate on the "West London Kailwa^s in connection with nearly all the Kailways in the Kingdom,

Gentlemen deshous of consulting C. & E. with respect to the erection of New Hothouses, or any altjerationa to
tlleir present Hothouses, will find their communications most promptly attendetTto.

Prices on application of C. and E.'s PATENT TUBULAE ARCHED SADDLE BOILEES. Acknowledged
by gardeners of experience to be the best invented.

Flans, SpeoificatioHs^ JEitimates, atid Surveys, made free of all expense.

June 15, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ' AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

64V

c

AST IRON VASES.— FLUTED PATTERN.

Size.

Price.

Hlgli. Uiam. Ench.

20 by 10 £10 0 jEl 10 0

30 by 26 | 1 13 0 2 10 0

DeliTered iVoe to any StatloQ in England on receipt of Post Oftlca
Order.

J. JoNKs & Sons, 0, Bankside, Soiithwai-k, London, H.E.

With Pedestal.

iC

~tAST-IBON
Size.

VASES. — TAZZA PATTERN
Pvioo. With PodOBtal.

Hliili. DIam.
H hy 22
22 by ,10
26 by 42

Delivered iVee to any Station in KnciancL
J. Jones at Soss, 0. Banltaltlo, Sftutiiwaik. London, S.E.

Each.
n 6 '

3 li

iCl 15

3 3

4 la

GARUtiN SEAT.S, TAlil.KS, CIIAIKS, HTDIlO-
I'ULTS, GARDEN ENGINES. LAWN MOWERS. GARDEN
ROLLERS, WIRE NETTING, UUlllJLlCS, .STRAINED and
CONTINUOUS FENCING supplied by

J, JoNKS & So.vs, C, Bankside, Soutliwark, London, S.E.

Caution to Gardeners.— When you asK for

SAYNdR AND CHOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, boo that you get tlioni.
Observe tlio mark SAVNon, also tho corporate mark Outain
ffAnnAKTKn. without which none are eonuine.

S. & C. recret having to caution Gai-denore and others, hut are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, ol" common
quality, having been sold for tho genuine one, and whicii has cau.scd
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not ol
their make, all of whioh are wan-anted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s Prunuig and Budding Knives are the oest and tho
cheauest in tho market.

Paxton Works. Shoffleld. Established upwards ofl25 ve.ars.

Bee Hives.

PrIZR MeOAI, and HoSOURABLE lilENTION AwA^KD TO GliOROB

NKionHoita & Sons, for Bee Hives and Uomey at tub VAnroua

KXHIIUTIONS.

NEIGHBOUR'S
IMPROVED COTTAGE
HlflE IllVK, as oriKiimlly
llltioduced by Gkouge NtUJii-
uouR & Sons, with all the
recent Improvements, working
three bell-glasses ; is neatly
.ind strongly made of straw ;
it has three Windowa in the
lower Hive, with a Thermo-
meter affixed to the centre
one. This ri've will be found
to pos3>:;ss many practical
advantnges, and is more easy
of management than any
other Bee Hive that has been
introduced.

Price complete .. £1 15 0
Stand for ditto .. 0 10 0

TnE LIGURTAN or
ITALIAN ALP BEE bein-
nmch in repute at the present
time, we nre in a position to
supply Stocks of tUa pure race
.1 .'illy packed in Woodbury Bar-Frame Hives, so as to travel with
: i;i iratively no risk of damage.

i.NtiLlaH BEES. — Stocks and Swarms may bo obtained as
.i-'i •Jtuforo.

A uewly-nrrangod CATALOGUE of other Improved Hives, with
1 1 iwinna and Prices, sent on receipt of two stamps.

Address, Geo. NEionoouR & Sons, 127, High Holborn, W.C. ; or
\i'.>. Regent Street, London, W.

A.:i;nts :— Liverpool : James Cutbbert, 12, Clayton Square. Maa-
■h.-tcr: J. Wilson, 50, Kmg Street. Birmingham: J. H. Cottrell,
16, Hull Ring. Dublin: Edmundson Brothers, 10, Dame Street.
<:Hnsgow: Austin & McAslan, 16, Buchanan Street.

C

"(OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

COW FITTINGS

Their Rdvflntap;eg are — Port lij 1 ty i t tii.ti ts removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecassary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Pi-ice of Fittings per Cow, 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winslev Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several Important Improvements
in Stable Fittings ju.°;t secured by Pateut.

Oil Faint no longer Necessary.

^x^'W'*^.;i/;n<^*'S^;^<:^^E7

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for^oll paint on all out-door work, and is fully
t"vo-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixmg or thinning, and is used cold. It is used In the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, wnicb Hill & Smith will forward on
application.

From Major Rx. Bell, Samlhoe, Northumberland.
"1 have much pleasure in saying I have known your Black Varnish
j-'J bo used for some time by ft-iends of mine, and they all spea,k
highly of it, which has induced me to got the quantity [ have from
^°u'i '^'^"■^ I have used looks remarkably well."
Sold m casks of about 30 gallons each, at la. 6d. per gallon, at tht
. Maiiufftctory, or Is. 8(i. per gallon paid to any Station in the kiuedom.
„ ^PPly to Hill A Smith. Brierly Hill iron Works, near Dudley, and
^i, Caanon street West, E.C., from whom only it can be obtained.

Uarden Netting.
JOHN KDGINGTUN .\ni) CO. supply TANNED

rJ N KITTING for tho Protection of Fruit Tioos, Id. per square yard.
Anv quantity. SCRIM CANVAS, &c. : TULIP CO VK US and
OKEOfclNHOUSK SUAUJfiS, SUN HLINUS, &o MABUUEES,
TENTS, and FLAGS for FETES. KLoWKR SHOWS, 4c.

Joii\ EuuiNOTON Si Co.. (Tent Uakura to the Kuyal Family), 48,
Long Liuio, Suiithflold. E.C.; and 18, Piociwlllly, W. ^

/^.ARDEN NKTTIiVGCut Ucdur.a IMoe) for the
VjT Protection of Fruit Trees from I'mst,. lilight, and Birds, also
as a It'oiico for Poultry, Rabbits, ami Shuup, Id. per square yard,
carriiigu Ireo, in quantities of ilO, 6U0, or 1000 yards.

SCRIM CANVAS lor Wall Fruit, GroonliousoShade8.TullpCovor8.

RICK COVKKS, with Polos and Ropua coiupluto, for Salo or Ulro.
Sovoral Second-hand, cheap.

Bu particular, Fukor. EntiiNQTON &. Co., Miu-queo, Tont, and
Flag Manulucturora, 00 & Gi, Old Kont Road, London, S.E.
A liberal diHcount to tho Trado.

N~' ~mi'N¥lbrFUUlT TR™r'SK>^l>^^E^, RU»i
STRAWBERRIES. Ac— TANNED NETTING for protecting
the above tVom Front, Blight, Hirds, Ac, 2 yards wide, 3d. per yard,
or lOi) vaidH, 20« ; 4 yards wide, Qil. per yard, or 50 yards, 20s, NEW
TANN'EI) netting, suited fur any of tho above purposes, or as a
Fence for FowIh, 2 yards wide, Od. per yard; 4 yards wide, !«. per
yard ; J-inch mesh, 4 yards wide, 1». Od. per yaud. Can be bad in
any quantity of

Eaton &"Deli.kr, 0 and 7, Crooked Lano, London Bridge, E.G.

11 k¥n^ IMPROVED NEW PATENT

GARDEN ROLLER.
Tho above Rollers possess many advantages over alt others. Thoy
aro mado in two parts, and are I'roo to revolve on the axis, affording
greater ficihtles i'or turning, and the outer edges aro rounded olf or
turned inwards, thus avoiumg the unsightly marks left by other
Rollers.

Diametor, 30 inches ; Lengtii S2 mohes, £7 10 0

„ 24 „ „ 20 „ 4 10 0

„ 20 „ „ 22 ,,. 3 10 0

16 „ ., 17 „ 2 16 0

Prices lor Rollers fitted with Shaits sultablo for Pony or Horse

Power, free on application.

Delivered carnage paid to ad tho principal Railway Stations and
.Slilijplng I'orts in En::land.

Thomas Grkkn & Son, Smitbfleld Iron Works, Leeds; 64 and 65,
Blackfriars Road, London, S. ; and ly, Ed^u Quay, Dublin.

N.B. All Orders executed on the day they are received.

PRIZE MEDALS AWARDED to GREEN'S PATENT
LAWN MOWERS.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1802.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, DUBLIN, 18C5.
The above Lawn Mowers have proved to be the best, and have
carried off every Prize that has oeen given in all cases of Com-
petition.

Sold by all respectable Ironmongers, Seedsmen, &c., in the
Kingdom. Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

s

HAW

TIFFANY.

For B.amples and prlceM apply to
J. SnAW & Co.. *20. Oxford Street. Alimchenter.

rnOWLKK'S PATENT STKAM PLOUGH and

J-' CnLTIVATOR may be SEEN at WOKK Id every AKrtcultural
Connty In ICui;land.

For partlculnrs apply to Joim Kowi.r.n & Co., 71, CornhlU. London.
E.C. ; and .Steam rlough Workw, I.oodti.

TKON HUKDU!;,S (Silver Uuial ot the Royal

■L Agnoultural Sooloty),

SHEEP. 3.1. Cid. i CATTLE, !,-(. 2d. ; OX, fix Ud

List by Post. GATES aud FIONCl NG of ovory dosoripMon

St. Panciaairon WorkCoiupiiuy, 01.1 St I'ancniK Ruad, London, N.W.

1? AND P. CROOKS 1MPU0~VED POULTRY
-i • APPLIANCES of every doHcrlptton, as supplied to Her
M:i.jcsty, and many of tho Nobility, Gentry, and Farmers, kc, at
homo and abroad.

Illustrated Catalogues frco upon rocalpt of stamped and directed
envelope.

ProinlMCs and Land inspected. Plans aud Estimates submitted, for
orectmg Poultry Houses and lards to any extent, upon tho usual
terms out of London ; free of cost in London.
5. Carnaby Street, Regent Street, London, W.

oTt C K S 'Fe R KITCHEN it A N G E.

JONES AND ROWE, Patksteeb.

w

The most approved Cooking Apparatusyct introduced, combining
the advantnges of an open Fire Range, Hot Plate, and other appli-
ances, adapted for small or large establishments.

Sole Lriiidon Agents, Barron & Wilson, Ironmongers, kc,
130, West Strand, opposite the Charing Cross Station, where a
variety may be inspected, and Citalo^ues obtained

AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTURAL
IMPLEMENTS and MACHINES of every description.
IMPROVED IRON STABLE FITTINGS.
HURDLES and CONTINUOUS IRON and WIRE FENCING.
Palisading Entrance and Field Gates. Plain OiUd Galvanised

Wire Netting.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS and GARDEN "ROLLERS.

Garden Engines, Syringes, Water Barrows, Ornamental Garden

Seats, Chairs, lables. Iron Fountains, Vases, &c.

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS, in gre.it variety.

Washing, Wringing, and Mangling Machines.

IMPROVED SAUSAGE MACHINES and FILLERS.

Separate Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

TnowAs Green & Sos, anithfield Iron Works, Leeds.

Show Rooms opposite the Sniithfield Cattle Maiket, North Street,

Leeds ; M and ;ij, Blackfriars Road, London, S. ; and 19, Eden

Quay, Dublin.

w.

S. BOULXON'S 3G-Kallon SWING WATER

BARROW. Price 45s.
Caniage paid to any Station in England.

The above is very cheap and inva,luable for carryinj^ Liquids of n'.i-
kinds. No Garden. Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard should bo witli-
out one. Two or more Tuba can be had with one Carnage at a smriM
additional cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travi.-'
long distances over rough ground a Pony c^n be attached. Thi.-
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fo'-
lowing, out of many Testimonials, have been received :—

From Lord Otho Fitzokralb, West Park, Salisbvri/.

" Sir, — You are welcome to miiJce use of my letter recommendinc:
your Water Barro^^. I find it o£ great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and more serviceable than one I had mide in the neigh-
bourhood, the carriage alone of which, without the barrel, cost me
£3 lO.t. I unfortunately ordered It before I saw your advertisement,
—I am, yours obediently^ '* O. FrEzoERALi>."'

"To Mr, W. S. BoDLTos.'

From Tiios. Ingle, Esq., M.D., EmAiuorlJi, Hants, June 24, IS66.

"SiR.—The Swing. Water Barrow is in every respect a most a<^iic-
abje improvement; on all t hf^ve, fcutberto used in my Gardens. AU
parties who have seen it. Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
bc&towoa upon it their unqualitled approval, and several said ihey
would order them of you.— Yom'-s truly, " Tiios, Inol" ^ ri >■

" To Mj. W. S. Bodlton."

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Work;s, Norwich.

, M.D."

The Gardener's Watch.

PATENT LEVER WATCH in
Engine-turned Silver Caso, with all the
latest improvemorit.s, jewelled, seconds hand,
strong, and calculated lor hard w&ar, it. lis. Gd.
The same Watch in Hunting Cases, 51. 5s.
STRONG SILVER ALBERT and GUARD
CHAINS.

The above being Manufactured on tho Pre-
mises, are witli confidence recommended and
warranted for correct pcriormance.
Illustrated Pamphlet, and all particulars gratis, on application to
JoLDS-MiTus' Alliance (Limited), H & 12, Comhill, London, E.C.

JOHN GIBSON, JiJN., begs to announce that he is
prepared to Furnisb PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Gibson, lun., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

:t.EORGE F. MORRIS (of the Firm of Photheroe

& Morris) undertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasehold and Reversionary Property
of every description, Fanning and Market Garden Produce, House-
hold Furniture, Stock in Trade, Ac.
Auction and Estate Agency OfBco.The Limes, Lejrtonstone, Essex.

G

Farm Poultry

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY at,d ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturitv.
BRAHMA-POUTRA. CREVECGLUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLft,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Bailt & Son. 113, Mount Street, London, W.

TO BE SOLD, the LEASE and GOODWILL of
WESTBOURNE NURSERY, Denbigh Road^ Bayswater. Price
£400, including Shop, with hand.soine Plate-glass Front, Greenhouse,
&c. Ileturns, £1200 per annum.

Apply, J. Rekvbs, 5 and C, Denbigh Roa4, Baysw^iter, W.

rpO BE SOLI), tlie LEASE aud GOODWILL of
X CAMDEN GROVE NURSERY. Church Street, Kensington.
Price £?.■'/[), tp include Shop, Greenhouse, Pits, &c. Purchase of
Stock optlonaL

Apply, J. Reeves, 5 and 6, Denbigh Road, Bayswater, W.

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hui-st & Son, 6, Leadenball Street.
London. E.C.

Salts lijo Auction.

Important Sflie of Choice Plants.

MESSRS. PROTllEROE and MORRIS have received
instructions to offer to PUBLIC COMPETITION by
AUCTION, at the City Rooms, 38, Gracechurch Street, on TUESDAY,
June 18. at 12 o'Clo :ik, a very valuable Assortment of fine SPECIMEN
PLAiNTS, remarkably well grown, many of which are well ad;ipted
for exhibition, including some choice Ferns, Orchids, arid fine foliage
Pl luts. Azalea indica, Ericji.3, fine plants of the grand new Lllium
auratum in pots, just coming in Flower ; also some very thriving
half specimens of Ixora, Dipladeni^i, Pimelia, Kalosanthos, Phreno-
Gonio, Eriostemon, Draciena, and other desin-ble Stove and Green-
house Plants, all in the best possible health, and with ordinary
culture will soon become magnincont exhibition specimens.

May be viewed the Morning of Sale. Catalogues may be had at the
Rooms as above, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone,
EBiex, N.E. „_^

Wandsworth Common.

V.\loable Collection of Greenhocse and Stote Piasts.

MESSRS. NORTON, TRTST, WATNEY, and CO.
(having disposed of tbe residence) have received icstmctioDB
to SELL by AUCTION on the Premises, known as BurntwCod
Grange, Burntwood Lane, Wandsworth Common, S., on ^"^^^^k"
DAY, June 19, at 4 o'clock, the well-selected stock of GKJi,t,]N-
h6USE and STOVE PLANTS, including Orange Trees, Camellias,
Azaleas, Heaths. Fuchsias, Aran carina, Gloxlnhij, Begonias, uam-
diiims, and numerous other choice Plants.

R^ay be viewed, and Catalogues had on tho Premies ; and of
Messrs. Norton, tniST, WAXt^eV, & Co., 02, Old Broad Street, Royfti
:?;RC^^ga^E,C.

648

THE GARD]<;NRRS' CHE0NICI,E and iGRICDLTURAL GAZETTE.

[Junk 10, 1867. .

i'9i'j,t!.l^fkJcd±axfijkSURA.SlXiil*.&AiSlii&ittSil*9*IH9*X

^^-K-^^^m^^ms^mm^^^m

0;

OEMSON'S

FIRST.CLASS CONSERVATORIES AND HOTHOUSES

ARE THE BEST THAT CAN BE BUILT.

OEMSON'S PAEADIGM FEUIT AND PLiNT HOUSES

ARE THE BEST LOW-PKICED HOTHOUSES EVER IN7ENTED.
ALL FORMS OF ROOFS.

OEMSON'S VENTILATING APPAEATUS

IS OF THE TERY BEST DESCRIPTION.

OEMSON'S PATENT WEOUGHT-IEON MULTITUBULAE BOILEES

COMBINE IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE POWER, SAFETY, EFFICIENCY, AND ECONOMY.

OEMSON'S HOT-WATEE APPAEATUS

IS MOST EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL FOE HEATING ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF BUILDINGS.

PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS, AND ESTIMATES ON APPLICATION.

HENRY ORMSON, F.S.A.,

HORTICULTURAL ARCHITECT, BUILDER, AND HOT-WATER APPAEATUS MANUFACTURER,
STANLEY BRIDGE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

Editorial Comniunicationa should be addressed to " The Editor ;•■ Advertisements and Business Letters to " The Publisher," at the Office. 41, WeUinrton Street, Covent aarden, LoodOD. W.C.
„_,"ln;ed by JiMRS MiTTHBvva, at the Office of Messrs. BaioBuRv, ETiN8,& Co., Lombard Street, PPrtCiFict of Whitefriars, Cltr of London, in the Co. of Middlesex, and Published by the said Jambs MiTraaffs, at the
Office, No. il. WelUngton Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Oarden. in the said County.— SITOASAT, June 15, 1W7.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

No. 25.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, JUNE 23,

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, 6J,

Afiul.T, iniainijal

Ac.iiitliii^ I'lMtiuiicua

AKilcuiniK.Uhanibei'Ol

Ari ictiltiiral Ucnc^utcat Asso-

CllltlOH

Ai;»ix'ii, KAitlcritng In

Vfvs

«o>>ks ii'UKcd

Clltll.' p\:\.;w

Cutllo ll:i-n.' Law

ClK'Osi^ ma'.iii^'

ClustmUs. Ili.rso

Cllmilo. lai/li-h

Oonj:i-init..!nulili'

Colour, i-ili'i't 111' lii;lil on

COH^'l■^■-s, I'ai'is Jiuliuiicul ....
Ciop-. iiin'in'ftsof .... 6G3 6-

Hiirth.ilrv

Farm, lUillbitlshire

rnnniinUs

Viinn.rs' fhilig

Fisli.illiHssol'Mr. D.T

FlorishVlliwpm

fianlriK-ts' lloyal Jlenovolont

Instiliition

OUliiirst Cuinnouiid

OlnsjjlioiiscB, cheap

INDEX.

G:51 b flniiie.lloynl Ascot

«37 b LaMiiCttu

(IU3 e Li'srliennultin formosa

Mnhogjiiy , Indinn

Milk

Moiistcrii <lc\)ciosa

OrcUurdlioases

Oi'cliid culture

I'uris, letters from 6S6 a-

Polargoniums, variegated ....

Plants, new

— . neglected

Plum , stmielcss

6.^3 c Selaginellu!)

6158 n Smilhfleld Club

GM c Society, Royal Horticultural
;G7 b — Royal Uotanic .,

— Linnc.iii

— Entomological

— Norfolk Agricultural ..

— Bath Aftricnltural

Species, \aviability of

058 6
653 a
G58 a

G-'jT c
GU b
CIS c
05i c
Gil C
GUi a
0*7 c
G55 (1
-G6G b
657 c

Stenin cultivation.^ ..
Stock, M'iiitev feeding .
Vanilla

» lili: i»uiiiuv

>Vinc, Gooseberry....

. G63 0

. urn c

. 651 b

. mi c

. GG7 c
. CJl h

. GJ8 a
. G58 b

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
Tlio GREAT ROSh; SIloW will be HELD on TUESDAY,
July 2. liiind of the Scots Fusilier Guards from 4 o'CIock.
Admission by Tickets purchased before tho 2d, rellcwa' Friends,
Sij. 6d. ; Public, 6s. ; or on tUo day, 7s. Gd.

ryillE GRE.\T ROSE SHOW.— Tickets can be bought

X nt Mitchell's; Lacon's; Ollivier's, Bond Street; Westerton's,
KiilKlJt-.bridge; Mellersuip, Wcstbom-ne Grove; or Keito Prowse,
L'lioapsido.

Calceolaria. Cineraria, Primula fimbriata.

SUTTON AND SUNa can supply HiiW iSKEl) of the
above, savoil Iroiu cbolccat flowoio, in p;ickets, Is., 2a. Cd., nnd

D

OUSON'S STRAIN of PRIZLl CALCliOLAlUA,
CINEHARIA, niid PRIMULA, the flnost, in Cultlvatioa.

' it'-ff' For Present Sowing.

D ORSON'S INTKltN ATH ).\AL, Ri »YAL HORTI-
CULTURAL. ROYAL BOTANIC, CRYSTAL PALACE, nnd
KINGSTON PRIZE find UNEQUALLED HYBRIDISED CAL-
CEOLARIA now re.idy, in Sealed Packets, with full DUoctions for
Sowing and Growing, 1». Ci/., 2*. 6d., 3.'i. Od., and 5s.

DonsoN & Sons. Seedsmen, Isloworth, London, W.

Prize Cineraria Seed.

D ORSON'S UNKQUALLEU STRAIN, which has
taken 50 First Prizes in six years, is now ready for sending out.
Fine now seed, in l.<t., 2s. d?,. and Tim. pncketa.

DonsoN & r 'Ns, S'^L^dsiiioii, l^lewortb, London, W.

Extra Fine Fringed Primulas.

D ORSON'S CELERKATKIJ STRAIN, that has stood
II ton years' test, is now ready for sending outiu Is., 2s. 6d., and
6s. packets. The quality may be depended upon,

DoBsON & Sons. Seodsmon, Islewortb, London, W.

Lilium auratum.

CHARLES TURNER has strong Plants in Flower
and in Bud, which he offers from 33. Gd. to 15s.
Tho Royal Nurseries, Slough,

LI L I U fil A U R A T . U M. —

Largo Consignment just rec>3ivod, 2s. Crf.. 3s. Gd.. Ps. Cif., and
7s.*'d. per Rooc. Exrra large selected Bulbs. 10s. Gd., 12s. 6d.,15s..&2l3.
Barr & SroDKN, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

T3 0YAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY*

JTV FIR.'^T VISIT TO THF. PRuVINCES.

The GRAND EXHIlilTION of PLANTS and FRUITS will OPEN
0liTUE.-3DAY,Jiilvlil, in the VINE VAltD. BURY ST. EDMUND'S,
in close proximilv to the Royal Agricultural Show. Nearly One
Thoasimd Pounds Prizes in Money and Cups will be offered for Com-
petition. Tickets are now ruady, and can be hnd either in London or
Bury ; for the 1st dav (if purchased on or before the liith).5s. ; 2d day,
28 6d ; or to admit for the four days, not transferable. 7s. Gd. each ;
or by P.ayment at the Gates— If-t day, 7s. Gd. ; 2d dav, 3s. Gd. ; 3d and
4th days. Is. each. Band of tho Royal Horse Guards daily from 2 to G.

RYSTAL PALACE, NKXT SATURDAY, GREAT |

ROSE SHOW and FASHIONABLE PROMENADE.
The Eiindof tho CoMstruam Guards will attend, in addition to tho .

CMiipan>'s Orcli',.str;a U.'IskI. I

" OtiO I f tiie nmst flelightful fCtos of the season."
Admiision, Fii'oSliilliiigs ; or by Half-crown Tickets i£ piivchased

beforehand. Guinea Season Tickets Free.

ROYA L PAVILION, B RIGHTO N.—
ANNUAL GRAND HORTICULTURAL and FLOBI-
CULTURAL SHOW, Juno 20 and 27. will be HELD in the sr.lendid
suite of Rooms and Eaatern Lawn. Schedules of E. Spary. Queen's
Graperies ; or tho StcKETAuv, OG, St. James's Street, Brighton.
June 1\. Edward Carpenter, Secretary.

BIRMINGHAM ROSE SHOW, JULY 4 and 5.—
For Prize Lists, apply to Mr. A. Forrest, Secretary, Cherry
I Btr«et. Birmingham. Entries Close June 29.

E6T of ENGLAND ROSE SHOW, to be held at

the SHIKE HALL, HEREFORD, JULY 9. Over 100 Guineas
distributed in Prizes. Exhibitors are particularly requested to notice
that ENTRIES CLOSE JUNE 29.

AU Communications to be addressed to Rev. C. H. Bclmer,
Ilonojary Secretary. Credenhill Rectory, near Hereford.

To tne Trade.

ARCHIBALD HKNDKRSON has a fine lot of
SOLANUMS. uf sorts, so beautiful f-n- decorative purposes at
Christmas tune. Prices 0!i application iier 100 or 1000.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath ; and at tho East College Grounds,
North End, Croydon, ____

Novelties.

WJL PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Vavl)
respectfully fiolii:iLs Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASS
KOSKS and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &c., advertised at length in
this Paper in May last.

Paul 3 Nurseries, W.attham Cross, London, N.

MllsTpTurUKTK GERANltrMS, 7s. and 95. per doz.
VERBENAS, GERANIUMS, CALCEOLARIAS
UCHSIAS, LOBELl.\S, A,c,. £1 poi-100; 50 for 10s, Gd.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUE free on aijplication.

W. II.njPKR. New Wand^,worth, S.W.

THIRTEEN SUPERB TRICOLOR GERANIUMS
for 30s., or 13 STRONG CUTTINGS for 13s. Sorts and
price of new ones far IStiii on application.
MRS. POLLOCK, 9s. per doz. I ITALIA UNITA. IGs. per doz.
MRS. BENl'ON. 16s. per doz. | GOLD PHEASANT, 14s. per doz.
G. Wal&ling, Seedsman, Florist, and Cucumber Grower, North
Row. Lewisham, S.E,

rilRICOLOR and QUADRlCOLOR GERANIUMS.

MRS. POLLOCK.Gs. 10 12.1. p. doz. I SUNSET, 15s. to 18?. per dozen
ITALIA UNITA, 18s. to 30s. do. | QUADRlCOLOR, 128. to 133. do.
Cheaper per 100,
James Dicrson & So>*s ofl'er several thousands of the above ; also a
few extra sized Plants.

Newton Nurseries, Chester.

s

LEICESTERSHIRE FLORAL and HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY'.
Prcsidt'uf— Right Hon. Earl Howe.
The GREAT SUMMER ROSE SHOW of this Society will bo
hold on the Leicester Eaco Course, on TUESDAY and WEDNES-
DAY'. July 9 and 10. A SHOW ol BRITISH and FOREIGN BIRDS
ami PIGEONS wdl be held in conjunction with the abova Show.
For Schedules and lurther particulars apply to
Market Place, Leicester. William Penn Cox, Secretary.

UPEEB VARIEGATED GERANIUMS.

BEAUTY of OULTON
PRINCESS ALEXANDRA.
BICOLOR SPI.ENDENb
GOLD PHEASANT
GLOWWORM
LUNA

GENERAL LONGSTREET
ITALIA UNITA
MRS. LONGFIELD
YELLOW BELT
MRS. BE.STON
SILVER STAR

Strong pliints of the above set, 15s. Package included.
Casbon & Son, Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

CHOICE VARIICGATEU GERANIUMS.—
Tho following 12 distinct Varieties, in good strong Plants,
will be sent on receipt of Post-ofBcs Order for 128.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park,

TOHN \VA'IIOKICll'.'5 displaj- of Hardy, Scarlet, and

0 other KIIODODICNDRONS (the only one m" London) is NOW
in FINE BLOOM at the above Gardens, and will continue in great

1 "ifefjtion throughout the month of .Tune.

itsf The Scarlet and White RHODODENDRON clumps, also
:hr; largo Single Plants, which bloomed and were so much admired
i' rotten Row la^t year, were supplied by

John Watkreh, American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

Retlnospora fllifera.
TOHN 6TANDISH is the holder of the stouk of the

'J above most distinct and beautiful weeping CONIFERA. It is
oi a pale glaucous green, with slender tliread-lilie branches a foot
long, which hang in the most graceful manner, and altogether tho
most distinct weepirg plant ever offered to the Public. It is also
perfectly hardy. Strong Plants, now ready, 31s. Cd. eacb.
Royal Nursery, Ascot.

LUNA
SUNSET
MRS. BENYON
VIRGIN QUEEN
STELLA VARIEGATA
MRS. POLLOCK

ITALIA UNITA
QUEEN of QUEENS
QU,\DllICOLOR VARIEGATA
YELLOW BELT
MISS KINGSBURY
BIRD of PARADISE

Saltmarsu & Son, Moulsliam Nurseries, Chelmaford.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.
TNTENDINij rUUUHASEKS of TRICOLOR

.L PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS. DIX. previous to making their

Eurchases. For fine foliage, excellent constitution, free growth, and
rlUiancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
Jb'irst.class Certificates. Plants of Miss Watson in August, £2 2s. each;
Mrs. Dix in May. 1868, 31s. Gd. each.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.
See largo Advertisement.

pALADIUMS, CALADIUMS.— The following: 12, in

\j strong Plants, package included, for 8s., viz. :— Two Chantlnii,
two Wightii, one each Belleymei, Newnianii, Mirabile, Argyrites,
Gigantea violacea, Uicolor splendens. Amabilis, Bicolor.

ECKFORD'S Six NEW VERBENAS of 1867 for 43.

Post Office Orders accompanying orders payable at Boston Spa.

J. C. Padman, Providence Nursery, Boston Spa, Yorkshire.

Genista prsecox.

GEO. AVHEELEK, Nurseryman, &c., AVamiinster,
Wilts, is prepared to send out good established young Plants
of the above, now growing in pots in the open ground, at 5s. each,
the usual allowance to the Trade when six or more are ordered.
This new, very liardy, ehowy, pea-flowered shrub will be found an
acquisition to any collection of shrubs. The flowera are of a light
leiuon colour on opening and become paler when fully bloomed.
The original plant was m full bloom on the 1st of May, having with-
fltood the nast seveie winter In a very cold exposed site, sloping
to the north, without the slightest protection, not losing a twig or
flower bud, it IS well suited fur the rockery, border, or lawn.

A Pl]oto|j;raph taken the Ist of May. froni the oiigmal Plant,
which Is e feet tn diameter by 4 in height, showing its graceful and
drooping habit and profusion of bloom, may be had for 1^ stamps.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA.— A most superb
strain, and cannot be surpn-ssed. G varieties, mixed. Is. Gd. & 2s. 6<(.
per packet. CALCEOLARIA and CINERARIA, extra, Is. & 2s. Gd.
J. Scott. The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Eussell's Pyramid Primula.

TuE Finest Strain in Existence.

GEORGE CLARKE has New SEED of the ^bove
unequalled varieties, 2s. 6(Z. per packet; also the Fern-leaved
kinds, 2s. Gd. ; Kermesina (scarlet), 2s. Gd. ; The Fairy {a lavender
colour) Is. All of the best quality. Now is the time to sow for
strong early plants.

Nurserv, Streatham Place, Brixton Hill, S.; and Mottingham,
Kent, S.E.

Choice Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following : —
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATj>, of the finest possible strain.

Red, Wliito, or Mixed, 2s. Gd., 3s., and fis. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very flno, 2s. Gd.,

Ss. Gd., and fis. per parket,
CINERARIA, from named (lowers, 2s. 6.I., 3s. Gd., and bs. perpacket.
For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free.
Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

Woodlands Nursery, MareGfleld. near Uckfleld,

THE COL li EOT ION of ROSES
at WondlandK, extending over an area of eeveral acres of
land, is NOW COMING INTO FINE BLOOM.
Wm. Wood H, Son

NEW ROSES for 1S67.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with puce.?, on application.
John Ckanston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

/ ~UJ L 'Rj R A L~I)Tr E C T 1 0 N S~for^he ROSE^
\w> Second Edition. By JonN Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Roses.

JOHN CRANSTON has the pleasure to announce
that his ROSES are NOW in FULL BLOOM, and that tho
whole of his stock is In tho finest condition possible.

Tho sfivoro frosts (which proved so destructive in many parts of
England throughout hst wintiir) not having visited this locality, he
Is happy to say that his Roses, Conifers, and other Trees, escaped
entirely unharmed.

Nmscries, King's Acv.^, near Hereford.

SPLENDID N E AV ROSE, 1867.—
COMTESSE JAUCOURT (Hybrid Perpetual) is not only the
finest New Roso of this season, but it excels anything that has been
introduoad (or sever d years. Tho flowers are lai-gc and very full ; of
exquisite farm, imbricated, and expand perfectly. Colour, superb
Heshy roso. and very distinct; hiibit vigorous.

John & Cuarlks Lek aro now prepared to send out strong Planti
of this fine variety, at 7s. Gd. each. They also offer other fine varietub
of this season at 'ds. Gd, to 5s. each.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
London, W.

Vines. Extra Strong from Eyes.

JOHN EEl-LEl"!' be<;s to announce th<it he has a lar^e
and fine stock ol all the leading sor'e fit for immediate Planting.
Also all the best varieties of ROSES, in Pols.

Wellington Nmsury. Henton Chapel ; and Green Lnne Nuiserief,
Heiton Norris, Stockport.

Orchard-liouse Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NEuTAUlNES, Ai'RKJUTS, CUKRRIES,
PLUMS, PE.\PS. APPLES. VIN'KS, and FIGS.
RioHAnii Smith. NiLnseruii.ui and Scud ^Murchaut, Worcester.

Higlily Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTr ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS. Rnd ORNA-
MENTAL TREKS, which for t,'onaral excellence are unsurpasded.
TnoMAs Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

FERNS. — Cultivators and those interested in this
beautiful cla.ss of Plants, are recommended to obtain
" HOOPER and CO.'S CATALOGUE " of every estimable species
and variety, British and Exotic. Post free for two stamps.
Hooper &. Co., Covent Garden, London, W.C,

Brltisli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SI51 can now send, post free for six postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 36 pages.
Including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway,

:i,LADIOLI BULBS,

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2s. Gd., 3s. Gd., 6s. Gd., Is. Gd., 9s., and 12s. per dozen.
IOn. Gd., 1.5s., 21s., 2os. to 100s. per 100.
Barr&Sl'oden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

G

EVKRY GAllDEN liEQUISITE
kept in Stoclt at
C.^rtkr's New Seed Warehouse, '237 & 2^S, Kifih Rolbom. London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
A M JS S C A K T E It and C 0,,

Seed Farmkrs. JlERriiANTS, and Ndrsehtmen,

237 & *j:;s, High Ilolborn, London. W.C.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE'S WHOLESALE SPRING
• PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of 180G growth is now
ready and may bo had on application.

Seed Orowiiij; Eatablishmont. Wisbech.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CHARLES StlARPK and CO. bej? to iutorm the
Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.
Seed Warehouse, Sleaford.

RAYiNJilKU, CALDECOTT, BAWTEEE, BOWLING,
inn COMPANY, Limited,
Conr, ScEn, Mandke, anh Oilcake IIercoants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.G. ; or Jia5!nfc'.stokc.
Samples and Pi ices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1861,
for Wheat : 1S62, for '* Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

CA B ii "A"' G^^E PTTA N T S."

DRUMHEADS and COLLARDS, 3«. 6il. per 1000.
Apjily to -Mr. D Touou, Lodge Farm, Barking.

Improvement of Grass Lands at from 5s. to 10s.
per acre.

SUTTON'S EENOV.iTING MIXTDKE should be
Sown after tho Hay is carried. C to 12 lb. per aero.
Sdtton & Sons. Seed Growers. Reading.

King Of Swedes.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply true seed of the
above excellent SWEDE at Is. per lb., or cheaper by the bushel.
Carriage free.

Roy.al Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

The Forwardest Pea is Sutton's Ringleader.
QUTTON AND SONS hiid the honour of introducing
C* this unriv.aHed EARLY PEA in the vear 18G5, and aaer
careful trials of it and ail of its competitors, they have no hesitation
in stating that it is still forwarder than any other Pe.a, excepting
only Carter's First Crop, which w.as sent out the same season, and
subsequently nroved to be identical, which latter fact Wiis unknown
to either pirty at that time.

ARhough increased crops of Seed have been gi'own each successive
season, tbe supply has not vet been equal to the dem.ind, and
Messrs. Sutton are again unablo to execute Orders until tho ^ew
Seed ia ready in July.

Early orders or inquiries are therefore recommended.
Sdttox & So.vs, Seed Growers, Readmg.

650

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[JimE 22, 1867.

/^KASS SEEDS for

PERMANENT PASTURE, of tbe
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

Sea ■* WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. Wheeler & Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Glouceatorahire

Agiicultural Society.

Sutton's Grass Seeds for all Soils.

SUTTON AND SONS
have still on hand soma of each of
the leading kinds of

PERMANENT NATURAL GRASSES
and CLOVERS.

which are mixed expressly to suit the soils
for which they are intended.

Price 2Gs. to 3G3. per acre.
Carriage free.

SoTTON & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed
Establishment, Reading.

Tlie Forwardest Turnip
known Is

SUTTON'S SHORT-
TOP SIX WEEKS, price
Is. per lb. ; cheaper by the busbel.
This excellent Turnip, if sown
in June and July, will produce a
heavy Crop, to come off in time
for Wheat Sowing.

Sdtton & Sons,
Royal Berkshire Seed Establish-
ment, Reading.

SEEDS

TURNIP

PRESENT SOWING.

Per lb.— s. d.
SUTTON'S BED

PARAGON . . . . 0 10

SUTTON'S IM-
PERIAL GREEN
GLOBE .. .. 0 10

POMERANIAN

WHITE GLOBE ..10

GHET STONE.. .. 0 10

SUTTON'S SHORT-
TOP SIXWEEKS . 1 0

Cheaper by the Bushel.
Carriage Free.

Sdtton Sc Sons,
Sued Growers, Reading.

To Market Gardeners and Otbers.

RICHARD WALKEK, JIabket Gakdener and Seed
Grower, offers the following ; —
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE PLANTS.

2s. 6d. ver 1000.
DRDMHEAD SELECTED STOCK PLANTS, 3s. Der 1000.
WALCHEREN, splendid true stock, CAULIFLOWER PLANTS,

Is. per 100.
Fine SAVOY PLANTS, 0.(. per 100.

Imported very tine BRUSSELS SPROUT PLANTS, 6cZ. per 100.
EASTHAM CABBAGE PLANTS, true, 3s. per 1000.
DICKSON'S MiVKCHESTER CHAMPION RED CELERY

PLANTS, Is. per 100.
INCOMPARABLK WHITE CELERY PLANTS, Is. perlOO
IVERY'S NONSUCH CELERY PLANTS, Is. per 100, transplanted.

Terns Cash.
Richard Walrkr, Biggleswade, Beds.

Dutcli Bulbs.

AE. BAENAAKT, Nurseryman, Vogelenzang,
• Haarlem, begs to inform Nurserymen and the Trade
generally, th-it he has just published his New CATALOGUE
of DOTCH BULBS for tlie coming season, which may be had post
free onapplication to his Agents, Messrs. R. Sii.berrai>& Son, 5, Harp
Lane. Great Tower Street, London, E.C.

A. E. Barnaaht having extensive Nurseries at Haarlem, Overveen,
and Vogelenzang, possess unusual cultural advantages, being able
to select the soil and situation most desirable for perfecting the
growth of each description of Bulb.

His HYACINTHS were crowned this spring at the Paris
Exposition Universolle.

THE GOLDEN -VARIEGATED "WELLINGTONIA.
First-class Certificate from Royal Horticultural Society.
For Testimonials, &c., see Qardeners' Olironicle, October G, 1866 ;
rimes, October 7, IStifi ; Scottish OardeJter, November, 1866 ;
Qardenei-s' Chronicle January 12, ltJC7; "Florist," Febmary, 1807.
LAST YEAR'S PLANTS (a few remaining).
lat Size, very choice, 8 to 12 inches, £5 5s. each.

THIS TEAR'S PLANTS.
2d Size, fine, 4 to 6 inches, £'i 2s.
3d Size, nice little bits, 2 to 3 inches, £1 Is.
6000 plants are now plunged out-of-doors, in their respective sizes
they may be safely forwarded during the summer, if desired, and
orders will be executed in strict rotation.

Chromo-lithographs of the parent tree, by Day and Son (Limited),
on superior cards, 10 inches by 8 inches, very faithful in ouiline, but
deficient in representing the glorious colour of the original. These
are sent free by post for 25 stamps, and one sent to each Purchaser.

It Is intended to exhibit a few of the fii'st size at the approaching
Paris and Manchester Exhibitions.

R. Hartland, The Lough Nurseries

DIGITALIS ALBA MACULATA SUPERBA.—
Wa beg to call attention to this superb newvariety of Foxglove,
which we have this season tho honour to introduce to the Public. It
is much more beautiful than any variety of this showy genus that has
yet come under notice; and, as it comes true Irom seed, will prove a
great acquisition to mixed flower borders and shrubberies. The
colour is pure white, heavily spotted in the throat with purple. It
diflfers from any variety of i oxglove we know, in having much larger
flowers, with heavier and brighter coloured spots, while the spik' s of
bloom are longer and denser than the old sorts. A number of spikes
were ahovm at the Exhibition of the Glasgow and West of Scotland
Horticultural Society m July last, when it was awarded a First-class
Certificate. No hardy plant is more ornamental when planted hy the
sides of woodland walks, or among shrubs m the pleasure ground,
than the Foxglove ; and this variety will be found a highly de.'Sirable
addition to already existing varieties. Should be sown in June to
bloom next season. Is. and 25. 6d. per packet.

Price to the Trade on application.

ANTIRRHINUM, saved from splendid varieties, 6d. and Is. perpkt.

Twelve varieties, sepanite, of select hardy BORDER PERENNIALS,
2s. Qd. Drkohorn & AiTRKN, Kilmarnock, N.B.

SOUTHERN COUNTIES AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

BRIGHTON MEETING, 1867.

SUTTON & SONS,

SEEDSMEN fo THE QUEEN, BEADING, BERKS,

Inform their Patrons and the Puhlic generally that they -will have
their extensive display of AGEICULTUEAL, HOETICULTUEAL. and
FL0RICULTUB4L SEEDS, GEASSES, FOEAGE PLANTS, and fiOOTS,
at the above MEETING, and invite inspection of the same, which mil be
found well worthy a ™it.

Orders received for SUTTON'S IMPEOVED VARIETIES of SWEDES and TUENIPS for Present Sowing
at very moderate prices, and the Seed will be dispatched from Eeading the day after the order is given.

All Goods Carriage Free, except very small parcels.

SUTTON AND SONS, SEEDSMEN TO THE QUEEN, READING, BERKS.

FULHAM NURSERY, LONDON, S.W.

OSBORN & SONS

HAVE TO OFFER FOE SALE

A FEW PLANTS OF THE BEAUTIFUL STATICE FROSTII,

A Garden Hybrid, with elegant sinuous foliage, and fiowers of a brighter blue than any other of the genus.

Price 15s. each.

ALSO THE FINE AZORIAN PORTUGAL LAUREL,

■which has been uninjured by the late severe winter ; 10s. &d. each.
I^" Both the above have received First-class Certijicaies.

CATALOGUES of . HARDY TREES and SHRUBS, FRUIT TREES, and HERBACEOUS PLANTSi
may now be had on appUcation ; and a SELECT LIST of STOVE, GREENHOUSE, and other PLANTS!
will shortly be ready.

NEW ORCHIDS FROM PERU AND ECUADOR.

JOHN LINDEN

THE FOLLOWING NEW SPECIES,

INTRODUCED DIRECTLY THROUGH HIS COLLECTORS IN PERU AND ECUADOR.

ODONTOGLOSSUM ASTRANTHUM, 31s. 6(J.

„ BREVIFOLIUM, 03». to lOM.

„ CRISTATUM, 42s., 210s. for si.x, 400s. per doz.

„ CROC ATUM. 42s., 210s. for six.

„ HALLII, 42s. to 63s., 210s. for six.

ONCIDIUM ACFNACEnM, 31s. M.

AUROSUM, 18s., 180s. per dozen.

„ extra strong, 31s. Od. to 52s. Qd.

CUCDLLATUM MACRANTHUM, 42s.

RACEMOStJM, 42s.
HOLOCHRYSUM, 25s. to 42s.
HTPH^JIATlCUa, 31s. Crf., 180s. for six.
MACRANTHUM, C3s. to 105s.
NUBIGENUM, 31s. flrf. to 63s., 320s. per dozen.

„ LINDLEYANUM, splendid, lips and petals
spotted with crimson, C3s. to 109s.

ONCIDIUM NUBIGENUM MACRANTHUM, extra large variety,

and described as very fine, 63s. to 109s.

SEMELE (Rchb.l, 31s. U.

„ SERRATUM (Diadema), 42s., 460s. per dozen.

„ XANTHORNIS, 31s. 6d.

MESOSPINIDIUM SANGUINEUM, 31s. 6d,, 320s. per dozen.

NANONES MEDUSAE (Rchb.), 14rs.

CATTLEYA MAXIMA VAR., witli glaucous leaves, described asi

very fine, 42s. to 109s., 400s. per dozen.

„ NOVA, from Choco, very distinct, of pseudobulba, ,

but described as being in tile way of C. Waracewiczii, ,

63s. to 109s.

BUKLINGTONIA ( RODRIGUEZIA ) BATEMANIANA, 18s.,

180s. per dozen.

„ „ TRICOTIUM (Rchb.), quite new '

and very distinct, 21s. to 42s.

For other NEW and RARE ORCHIDS, see the CATALOGUE just published.

ROYAL ZOOLOGICAL and HORTICULTURAL GARDENS, BRUSSELS.

PAXTON'S STRAWBERRY CRINOLINE.

The STRAWBERRY CRINOLINE is in the form of a table, made in halves, so as to be used without disturbmg
the plant. It is 16 inches in diameter, and stands 4 inches above the ground, Galvanised. Its use is to preseive
Strawberries from slugs, contact with the sofl, superfluous moisture, and other nuisances. They are considerea to
last 10 years at least with care. Price tjer Gross £4,

The contrivance is by the late Sir Joseph Paxton, who, after testing them for one season in his own Garden?, .
Rock Hills, gave his approval of their usefulness. The right to Manufacture them was transierred to ,

R, HOLLIDAY, PRACTICAL WIRE WORKER, 2a, PORTOBELLO TERRACE,

NOTTING HILL GATE.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES OF HORTICULTURAL WIRE WORK FREE ON APPLICATION.

GARDEN AECHES, AECADES, TERANDAHS, ORNAMENTAL FENCING TRELLIS WORK for CREEPERS,

FLOWEE STANDS, SUSPENDING BASKETS, ATIAEIES, PHEASANTELES, &c.

1^ Fvery description of Wire Work for Gardens, Conservatories, ^c.

June 22, 1867.] i

THE GAKDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTUIUL GAZETTE.

661

LAWES' MANURES. —

The Manures manuf&otured by J. B. Lawes for the prenoiit
Beison or 18i>7 are now ready for dolltery at hts Factories, at the
following prices, per ton :—
LAWKS- FATKNT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ a. d.

SUFERriloSPHATE ..f LIME ^U„.™ ^ <> "^

LAWKS- SUPERPUOSPHATK of LIMK from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPIIATKS 5 6 0

LAWES' wheat, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES ^ ° X

CONCENTRATED CORN aud GRASS MANURES . . 12 0 0

Thoao Miinures cao bo obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Aeeuta In all parts of the United Kingdom, at pncou
rarying accordinR to cost ol carriage.

Genutiio Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cakes at market prices.

Address, Joun Bknnet Lawks, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
B.C. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

H K LONDON MA NURE COMPANY

(Estabu8bed1840),
Have now ready for delivery in di7 flno condition,
CORN MANORE. for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOWLA. FISHERY
SALT, &c. E. Purser, Secrettiry,

Offices, lie, Fenchuroh Street. E.G.

T

ODAMS'S NITRO-PnoSPHATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPIIATE for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SUPERPHOSPilATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

UANCFACTURED

HE PATENT NIT'k<")^KuS'PHATE OR BLOOD

MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief Offices— 109, Fenchurch Street, London.
Western Cuunties Branch— Queen Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch — 4'), Westmoreland Street, Dublin.
Directors
Chairmait—J ohn Clayden, Littlebury, Essex.
Dtpnty-Chnirman — John Collins, Arpyll House, Holloway.
Edward Bell, 48, Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot, Herts.
Thomas Knight^ Edmonton, Middlesex.
Robert Leeds, West Loxham, Noilolk.
George Savilie, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Essex.
Charles Dorman. 23, Esses Street, Strand.
Thoniaa Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire,
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Managivg Director — James Odams,
Bankers— M&ssrs. Bamotts, Iloaras, & Co., Lombard Street.
fioJiort07-«~Messrs. Kingsford & Dorman, 2.1, Essex Street, Strand.

Auditor— J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
Otlo, viz.— "The Tenant Farmers' Manure Company."

Its members .are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 acres of land
which has been for yeai-s under mnnagemeut with Manures of their
own manufacture. The consumer, therefore, has the best guarantee
for the genuineness and efficacy of the Manures manufactured by
this Company.

Paiticulars will be lorwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may be had of the Local Agents, C. T, Macadam, Secretarj-,

Cihief Offices— 109, Fenchurch Street. London, E.C.

TAN, Gratis, in llie iinmrciiate Deighbourhouil of
Covent Garden Market.
Apply to W. Essex 3: Sons, 28, Stanhope Street, Clare Market, W.C.

ORTICULTURAL SILVER SAND, 7.«. per Ton, at
the Reigate Town .Station; the best KENT PEAT, Os. per
cubic yard, at the EdenbridKe Station; tlio best .SUSSEX SAND-
STONE, 9*. per Ton, at the Wadliurst Station, m fidl iruck-loads.
W. SeoKT. HotticuUural DepOt, Reigate, Surrey.

FIBROUS PEAT of tirst-class quality for Orchids,
Heaths, American Pl.ants, and all pottmg pmposes, may be
obtained by appUcition to Mr. Thomas Jessop, Farningham Wood,
near Faminpham Station, Kent. It is dispatched by the London,
Chatham, and Dover Railway m trucks of Iti yards, about 6 tons, to
most Stations in the Kingdom, or fetched m carts from the wood.
It ia extensively used and appreciated in the principal Nurseries, and
In the Royal Parks and Gardens. Price 6s. per cubic yard, at
Farningham Station.

r~(OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^^ is becoming scarce, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 20 for 308., 50 for 66«., 100
for £6.

Fourpence allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-office
Order, payable to J. Barshah &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION.— Medal, 1802.
Invkntkd bt Tn« latk Sin Joseph Paxtos.
Manufactured in London ; Newton in Cartmel, Lancashire ;
Gloucester; Coventi? ; I'jilsley, and Aberdeen.

riilSHITKST

VT COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1859, against
Red Spider, Mildew. Thnps,
Green Fly. and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Wiuter Dressmg for Vines
and Fruit Trees, Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6d.

ILLUSTRATl-^D PRICE LISTS will be sent on application to
Messrs. IIkkkmav k Mohton. 7, Pall Mall East, London, S.W.

Also, a HANDBOOK of VINE and FRUIT TREE CULTIVA-
TION, price Is. ; post free. In. Vt.

HOT-WATKU APPARATUS, of every degcription,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the m-aforials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, &c.. delivered to any Station,
Estimates on application.
J. Jones*; Sons, (J, Baukstdo, Southwark, London, S.E.

Red
Spider

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY-

(Limited)

Hot-water Pipes, with Elbowa
and Connections, supplied by

BURY AND POLLAKLy.
Contracts and Estimates givpn
for WARMING PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS; latest Improvementain HEAT-
ING by HOT WATER; the Improved
CONICjUj boilers, for Ideating
Piriorles, Conservatoriea, Greenhouses,
Mansions, Halls, Warehouses, Ac,
Solely Manufactured by Borv & Pol-
lard. These Boilers are adapted for
setting In Brickwork, or anno.\cd
Skctcli shows BuRV & Pollard's im-
proved arrangement, requiring
NO BRICKWORK SETTING.
These Boilers have for their dura-
bility and economy attained a cele-
brity far surpassii'g any other Boilers
ever invented. They have been for
many years p^'st in use at many Public
Establishments, Royal Botanical Gar-

.. dens at Kew. at the Regent's Park,

the Crj-stal Palace, and at most of the Nobility's and Gentry's Seats
tbroughout the United Kingdom. Reierences where they have
been for 20 years in constant use. „ , , „r ,

Price Lists on application to Bonv & Pollard, Park Iron Works,
7, New Park Street, Southwark, London, S.E.

r^KANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for

\J HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Glazing without Putty,"

*' Glass without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Lights."

Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South

Kensington.

Plans and Estimates free on application. Descriptive Book fully
illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Architect, Blrmmgham.

Works : Highgate Street, Birmingham.
Henrt J. Growtaoe, Manager, 1, Temple Row West, BirminKham.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

Heating ijy Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iuon Merchant,
• 31, Banl Hido, London, S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, ti.jm tStocK, per yard :— 2-lnch, 1«. M. ;
3-lnch,ls. litrf. ; an<i4-iiich, 'Jm. 4fi. BKNLS, from Stock, l«.fiU.,'<;i!. Od.,
and 38. each. TIIROTTLK VALVKS, IDh,, I3»i.,and \in. each. Other
Connexions at equally low pric«H, and all goods of flrflt-cliu'W manu-
focture. Kstimatos given, and ordura by post i>unctually attended to
the same day.

BOSTON'S NR PLUS ULTRA, for the Destruction of
Mealy Bug, Scale, American Blight, Ac. on Stove and Green-
house Plaiits, Fruit Trees, Vines, Ac. In bottles, with full instruc-
tions lor application, pnco 3s. M., 6s., and 10s. 6d.

Jamf.9 Carter & Co. beg leave to state that the present time is most
■uitable for applying the above genuine Speciflc before the com-
mencement of the growing season, thereby preventing the rai>id
Incroa-Ho of the above pests which would otherwise take place. The
infalliblo properties of BOSTON'S NE PLUS ULTRA are rapidly
becoming fully recognised, J. C. & Co. having already sold nearly
2000 bottles since its first introduction m the spring of 1866.
Numerous testimonials have been received, and not a amgle complaint
of its ineificiency.

Sole Agents, James Carter & Co., 237 and 238, High Holbom.W.C.
*/ The Trade supplied on liberal termj.

C

OTTAM AND COMPA

CONBKRTATOHT allti H0TIIOU8E BuiLDKRR, &C.,

Iron Works. 2, Wtnflloy Stroet, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE bOILK[l.S.

N y,

!4 3D inches long.

45s. 668. 928, Of/, each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

U. M. 2s. Id. 2s. Od. per yard.
Mattiriala supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to
CoTTAM U Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Wmsley Street,
(opposite the Pantheon),
Oxford Street, London, W.

■^

HOT WAT£R APPAHATUk

Iji A. HAAUK'S (Jan.) WOOD THAIMNU STICKS
3l} • and TALLIES, commondod by the Royal Horticultural
Society, the neatest, cheapest, and best made, can now be had of all
sizes, Wholesale, of Betham & Blaokitii, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames
Street. London E.C; and Retail of the principal Seedsmen and
Florists, Price Lists on application. ^_^_____

QHAW'S TIFFANY, from 7*. per Piece.
O LAWN MOWERS, SCYTHES, GARDEN ROLLERS,
GARDEN SEATS, and every Garden requisite to be had at the
Garden Repository, .32, James Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL A-^^ARDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Construction, and
Apt-licatlon of WROUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildings.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRli^E MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmospheric conduction,

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arrangement.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailing result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

OUR PATP:NT WKOUGHT-IRON prize MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially aixanged and heated upon an
improved system.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIKS,
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the growth of fiis*'-cla.'*s fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for nil early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-lRuN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty.

Those Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent,
and from the complete adiuatmcnt of their constructional parts will
vie most liFivourably with Wood Structures in point of cost,

'Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,
T. H. P. Dennis & A. Scrcbt, Horticultural Builders and Hot
Water Engineers, Chelmaford.

TANNED GARDEN NETTING for presenang Seed
Beds, Fruits, Strawberries, from Frost, Blignt, Birds, &c., and
as a Fence for Fowls, ic. 1 yard wide, lid. ; 2 yards, 2id. : 3 yards,
id. ; and 4 yards, M. per yard run in any quantity, may be had at

CuAs. Wriouts, 376, Strand, W.C.

GARDEN "NCTTING (at Ri^dueed Price) for the
Protection of Fruit Trees from Frost. Blight, and Birds, also
as a Fence for Poultry, Rabbits, and Sheep, Id, per square yard,
carriage free, in quantities of 'JM, 6UU, or lOOL) yards.
SCRIM CANVAS for Wall Fruit, Greenhouse Shades, Tulip Covers.
RICE COVERS, with Poles and Ropes complete, for Sale or Hire.
Several Second-hand, cheap.

Be particular, Freds. Edoinotov & Co., Marquee, Tent, and
Flag Manulactmei-s, tio & 62, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.

A liberal discount to the Trade^

Uarden Netting.

TOHN EDGINGTUN and CU. supply TANNED

O NETTING for the Protection of Fruit Trees, 1(/. per square yard.
Anv quantitv. SCRIM CANVAS, &c. ; TULIP COVERS and
GREENHOUSE SHADES, SUN BLINDS, &c MARQUEES,
TENTS, and FLAGS for FETES, FLOWER SHOWS, &c.

JoH.v Edgington & Co., (Tent Makers to the Royal Family), 48,
Long Lane, Smithfteld, E.C.; and 1«, pjccadilly, W,

NEtTIN("rfor FRUTtTREES,'S~KED HEUS, RIPE
STRAWBERRIES. &c.— TANNED NETTING for protecting
the above from Frost, Blight, Birds, &c., 2 yards wide, 3d. per yard,
or 100 vards, 20» ; 4 yards wide, fl</. per yard, or 50 yards, 20s. NEW
TANNED NETTING, suited for any of the above purposes, or as a
Fence for Fowls, 2 yards wide, 6d. per yard ; 4 yards wide, 1». per
yard ; J-inch me^h, 4 yards wide. Is. 6d. per yard. Can be bad in
any quantity of

Eaton & Deller, G and 7. Crooked Lane, London Bridge, E.C.

Bee Hives.

Prize Medal and Honourable Mention Awarded to Georok
Neiobhodh & Sons, for Bbe Hives and Honey at the variocs
ExniniTioNS,

NEIGHBOUR'S
IMPROVED COTTAGE
BEE HIVE, as originally
introduced by George Neigh-
bour & Sons, with all the
recent improvements, working
three bell-glasses ; is neatly
and htronijly madt: of straw;
it has three Windows in the
lower Hive, with a Thermo-
meter affixed to the centre
one. This Hwe will be found
to possess many practical
advautiiges. and is mora easy
of management than any
other Bee Hive that has been
introduced.
Price complete .. £1 15 0
Stand for ditto . . 0 10 6

THE LIGURIAN or
ITALIAN ALP BEE being
much in repute at the present
time, we are in a position to

_ supply Stocks of the pure race

. refully packed in Woodbury Bar-Frame Hives, so as to travel with
comparatively no risk of damage. ^ i.. ■ „j „.

ENGLISH BEES. — Stocks and Swarms may be obtained as
heretofore. , „. ..»,

A newly-arranged CATAIiOGUE of other Improved Hives, wita
Drawings and Prices, sent on receipt of two stamps.

Address, Geo. Neiohbodr & Sons, 127, High Holbom, w.O. ; or
149, Regent Street, London, W. „ „^„

Agents ;— Livei-pool : Jamos Cuthbert, 12, Clayton Square. Man-
chester : J. Wilsoii, 50, King Street. Birmingham : J. H, Cottreli,
15, Bull Ring. Dublin : Edmondson Brothers, 10, Dame btreet.
Glasgow : Austin & McAslan. 10, Buchanan Street.

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, In great
variety of patterns and material, the plainer sorts being

especiallv smted for KITCHEN GARDENS, as

they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, conse-
quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c.. In
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & 0. Rosher, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S, ; Queen's Road West,

Chelsea, S.W, ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
HaUs. Comaora, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable aa
Stone, m blue, rod, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSEIlATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the abcve.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for I jning Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clmkera, Wall

Copings, Bed and Stoneware Di-aln Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G, Rosher, at their Premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses— 14«. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS -n- CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. & G. Kosher,— AddroEses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

652

Till'; (TAliDKNimS* CnRONICLE AN!) AGRlOULTtJRAL GAZKTTK

[June 22, 1867.

Gloxinia Madame de Smet.

JAMES VEITCH and SONS are now prepared to ofPer
strong Flowoiing Plants of the above beautiful and distinct
GLOXINIA.

The flowers nro extna large and of great substance, tlio throat
creamy white, lobes mauve, beautifully shaded.

It was exhibited at tho Koyal Bitanic Society's Exhibition on
Wednesday last, and was awarded a Fn-st-class Certlflcato.
Price 6.9. each.

Bedding and other Plants.

Just Published, post free 12 stamps [Grc.tis to Customers), P-irt III. of

CAllTER'S GARDENEKS' and FARMERS' VADE
IIECUM. containinK complete Lists of new and choice Stopo
and Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, with an Addendum comprisuig
original and practical articles, " On a Visit to Messrs. Carter s
Nursery" by an Amateur Florist; Subtropical Gardenmg ; and UO
Geometrical Designs for Flower-beds; with reliable information for
the proper combination of Bedding Plants to produce chaste and
striking elTects, , . , , . „ .

Forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps on application to Cxutf.rs
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 23S, High Holborn, London.

Lobelia coronopifolia.

J AS. BACKHOUSE and SON beg to infomi their
friends that thcvhave now ready for distribution well-establiabed
plants of this lovely winter-flowering LOBELIA, and that the many
orders with which tliey have been favoured will at once bo forwarded.
When grown out-of-doors during the summer months, and taken
in before frost comes, it forms a dense tuft, with spreading shoots,
from each of whicli a flower-stem rises 4 to G inches high, bearing
large and lovely blue blossoms, which remain in perfection many
weeks, so that the plant is gay throughout the whole of the winter
months— a timo when so much boauty has a double charm. For
Conservatory Decoration and Cut Flowers it is invaluable. It was
figured in the "Floral M^igazine" for September, 1805. Price 6s.
each. York Nurseries.

ROBERT PARKER begs to offer the following.— All
tho Plants arc strong and healthy, and can be supplied in
quantities.

PANSY CLTVEDF.N BLUE, Gs. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVKDEN PURPLE, 68. per dozen.
PANSy CLIVEDEN YELLOW, Ofi. per dozen.
POLEMONIUM CCERULEUM VARIEGATlTIvr, 2s. 6([. each.
RHODODENDRON COUNTESS of HAUDIUGTON, 3s. 6d. each.
TKlTOilA GKANDIS. ISs. per dozen.
TRITOMA UVARIA GLAUCESCENS, 123. per dozej.
VIOLA COUNUTA, best varietv, 4s. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE DES VIOLETS, Qs. per dozen.
VIOLET THE CZAR, Cs. per dozen. [per packet.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, finest mixed seet], 2s.6d.
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of AQKICUL-
TQRAL, FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and will be for-
warded free to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Sun-ey, S.

PAUL & SON'S NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN.

(THE UNIQUE HAEDY PLANT OF THE SEASON.)

PAUL & SON,

THE OLD NUKSERIES, CHESHUNT, N.,

The exclusive introducers of this Plant, have had the honour, since they sent it out in November last, of
supplying it to Her Majesty's Garden at AYindsor, our leading Amateurs and Nurserymen, and those of the Continent.
Fhst-class Certificates^ Royal Botanical Society and International Exhibition.

The Eeviewer of our Introduction in the "Florist" somewhat ignorantly and unpractically advises planting
small Plants in pots, in preference to larger ones in autumn. "We counsel otherwise, as we shall have ready some
3000 PYRAMIDS and STANDARDS, specially pruned to flower next spring.

AVe are authorised to state by Mr. Boyd, in whose garden it originated, that he kindly placed the Plant at our
entire disposal, and neither gave nor authorised it to be given to any other person. Thus settling the merit of our
claim KS its only and original introducers or senders out.

Price of such Standards and Pyramids, 5s. each ; Dwarfs, 2s. 6d. each.
Dwarfs in pots, for Export, 5s. each — (priced in error last week, 2s. 6d.)

PAUL AND SON beg also to announce that their KOSES are finely in BLOOM, and well worthy of a visit.
Frequent Trains from 6.30 a.m. to Cheshunt Station.

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN (NOW READY).

WILLIAM PAUL

(Son and StJCCEssoE, to the late A. Paul),

BEGS TO OFFER THE

ABOVE MAGNIFICENT HARDY FLOWERING TREE,

Which he believes to be the gi'catest acquisition for forcing and out-of-door culture that has been

introduced for many years.

Strong healthy Plants, well established in pots, 2 ft. high, 7s. 6d. each ; 1 ft. high, 5s. each,

A First-class Certiflcate was awarded to huu for this Plant by the Eoyal Horticultural Society on the 16th April last.
(^^ See Coloured Drawing by Fitch, and History, in the " Florist " for June.

*' Wc do not I.eaitate to advise every one wlio lias a garden to I ia or out-of-doois next spring ; whorcas if removed from tho
purcliase thla plant at once. * « * Plants purchased In pots ground in tbe autumn of the year, they can hardly bs expected
now may be grown and established, bo as to flower well cither | to do this." — The Florint, &c.

PAUL'S KUKSERIES, AVALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

Seed of Choice Strains of Florists* Flowers.

The following selected Strains are worthy of tho notice of all
growers of tho most useful conservatory decomtive flowers.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

X> S. "WILLIAMS can with confidence offer his
-^-^ • superb Strain of Primula as being undoubtedly the finest in
cultivation. It is now grown in all the piincipal Gkirdens of tlio
Nobility and Gentry tln-ougbout tho Three Kingdoms, and has never
foiled to give tbe greatest satisfaction.

In habit the plants are very robust, and in llio foliage differ from
all other varieties ; but their great beauty consists in the depth of
colour in the Red, purity of the Wliite, and beautiful fimbriated
form of all the flowers, wliich are thrown up in large trusses well
ahove the foliage.

As a proof ol the truth of the above remarlis, this Strain has
taken Ist Frizes in every instance that It has been shown In the
Provinces this Spring ; and 1st Prize at the Primula Show of the
Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington ; and Isb at tho
Royal Botanic, Regent's Park. It is also the favourite Strain In the
Covent Garden Flower Market.

This Strain may be procured True, in Sealed Packets bearing
B. 9. Williams' Name and Address, from any Seedsman; but
B. S. W. particularly requests that Customers will observe, on
purchasing, that each Packet has his Name and Address in fUll
printed thereon, as no others are genuine.

The Trade supplied on advantageous terms.

Per pkt.
Retail price, RED . .

s. d.
6 0
3 C
2 C

Per pkt.
Retail prico, WHITE . .

s. d.

3 0

2 C

5 0

WHITE ,, 5

Retail price, MIXED, por packet, 23. Gd.

WEATHERHILL'S EXTRA CHOIOB STRAIN OF CINERARIA.
B. S. W. has purchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of this
Magnificent Strain, Many of tbe flowers produced by this seed last
season were as large as a crown-piece. This strain is well known in
the London Flower Market, and is the most popular one there, a
eufflcient guarantee that its qualities are good,

Retail price per pkt., Bs. fid. \ Retail price per pkt., 3if, 6d.
Retail price per pkt 2s Gd.

JAMES'S HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.—Ttevarleties that
took the First R'ize at the International Horticultural Exhibition
last May were of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt. bs. del. \ Retail price perjikt., Ss. Cd.
Retail price per pkt 2s, Ccl.

All FLOWER SEEDS In packets, Po3t tree.

B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Ntu^eries, Upper Holloway,
Londo.i, N,

SUPERB NEW LATE GRAPE.
"MRS. PINCE'S BLACK MUSCAT."

THE PUBLIC ARE RESPECTFULLY INVITED TO AN INSPECTION OP THIS REALLY FINE LATE GRAPE,
THE HOUSE IN WHICH IT IS GROWING MEASURES ONLY 24 FEET BY 13.

Beautiful bunches were cut as late as May the 4th this year. It has now 230 fine huuches, more than

200 having been taken off to lighten the Vines.

The real Muscat flavour, so rarely obtained, is unmistakeable in this valuable late-lieeping Grape.

I^^ Orders, if sent noiv, can be executed in August next.

LUCOJIBE, PINCE, and CO. will have great pleasure in showing the House to all who can come, or

Testimonials of its merits will be forwarded by post upon application to them.

EXETER NURSERY, EXETER— June 22, 1867.

SPLENDID NEW BLACK GRAPE, THE MUSCAT CHAMPION.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

■WILL BEND OUT, ON AND AFTEK THE FIRST OF JULY NEXT, THIS

MAGNIFICENT SEEDLING VARIETY,

UNDOUBTEDLY THE FINEST YET OFFERED TO THE PUBLIC.

It was raised by Mr. Melville, of Dalmeney Park, from the Champion Hamburgh, crossed with the Cannon Hall
Muscat. It is a very free setting variety, and succeeds perfectly under the same treatment as the Black Hamburgh.
The bunches are lai-ge, well shouldered, and the berries of great size, resembling in every respect the Champion
Hamburgh, but with a nwst exquisite a7id powerful Muscat flavour.

In the "Gardeners' Tear Book" for 1862, Dr. Hogg says:— "This is perhaps one of the greatest advances iii
new Grapes we have yet had. It is, in fact, a Mill Hill Hamburgh with a Muscat flavour. The bunches are very
large and well shouldered, the berries roundish and oblate, and the flesh firm and melting, juicy, richly flavoured,
and with a fine Muscat aroma."

In the Report of the Fruit Committee of the Eoyal Horticultural Society for September 10, 1861, it is thus
mentioned : — " The bimch in size and shape had all the appearance of one of the Mill Hill Hamburgh. It was large
and well set. The berries were large, round, and oblate, shaped like small oranges, and very much ' hammered.'
The flesh is firm, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured with a marked Muscat flavour." The Committee were of opinion
that it was a decided cross, a very excellent Grape, and well worthy of notice.

The Editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle remarks : — " Large both in hunch and beiTy, possessing A fine Muscat
PLAvouR, and, in the opinion of many, one of the best Grapes in the 'World."

The " Scottish Horticulturist," in quoting the ahove, says : — " An opinion we can cheerfully endorse. To those
who thiuk from the term Muscat that it requires an equal amount of heat to ripen it to perfection, we can assure
them that it ripens as early, under exactly the same treatment, as the Black Hamburgh."

Good established Plants, on 1st July next, 21s. eacli.
Extra strong Plants, for fruiting in pots, 31s. 6d. and 42s. each.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

June 22, 18C7.]

TnE GAEDENETIS' CIirvONIOLK AND AORICHLTUKAE 07\ZKTTE.

BfiS

ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS,

REGENT'S PARK.

EXHIBITION of PLANTS, FLOWERS, and FRUIT,

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 19, 1807.

LIST OF AWAIIDS.

LARGE GOLD MEIJAL.
Mr. a. rccd, Gr. to Mis. T. Trodwoll, St. John's Lodge, Norwood, lor

10 aiftvQ ftiid Groonhniiso Plants
Mr.C. rotmv, Or. to H. 11. Gilib.s, Esq., St, Dunataa s, Ragouts

Park, fbi- 15 Exotic Orchitis

MEDIUM GOLD MEDAL.
Mr. J, Wheolor, Gr. to J. Pliillpott, Esq., Stiiniford Hilt, for 10

Ktovo and Greonhousc Plants
M«6sra. J. & C. Lee, Nursovjniou, Ilommersmitli, for 8 Stove and

Orocnliouso Plants
Mr, h. Donald. Gr. to ,1. G. Barclay, Esq., Loyton, Essex, for 8 Stovo

and Groonhouse Plants
Mr. W. Wilson, Gr. to W. Marshall, Esq., Clay Hill, EnQcld, (or

15 Exotic Orchids

GOLD MEDAL.
Mr. W. Komp. Gr. to Erirl Percy, Albury Park, GuildforJ, for

10 Stovo and Greenliouse Plants
Mr. B. S Williams, Nurseryman, Holloway, for 8 Stovo and

Greonhouso Plants [Greenhouse Plants

Mr. A. Wilkio, Gr., Addison Uoad, Kenstneton, for 8 Stovo and
Mr. O. Rhodes, Nursorynian, Sydenham Park, Kent, forS Cape Heatlia
Mr. B. Pocd, Gr., for » Cape Heaths
Mr. W. GIdnoy, Gr. to Rev. W. Ellis, Hoddesdon, Herts, for 1.^

Exdtio Orchids [Exotic Orchids

Mr. I. Hill. Gr. to R. Hanbury, Esq., Poles, Ware, Hurts, for S
Mr. C. Turner. Nurseryman. Slough, Bucks, for 9 Pelargoniums
Mr. W. Nyo, Gr. to E. B. Foster, Esq., Clewer Manor, Windsor, for

0 Folargoniums

LARGE SILVER GILT MEDAL.
Mr. O, Rhode.?, for 8 Stovo and Greenhouse Plants
Mr. G. Wheolor, Gr. to Sir F. H. Goldsmid, Bart., Regenf.'i Park, for

8 Stovo and Oreenhoaso Plants

Mr. J. Ward, Gr. to J. F. Wilkins, Esq., Loyton, Essex, for 6 Stovo

and Groonhouse Plants
Mr. B. S. Williams, for 8 Cape Heaths
Mr. J. Whoeler, Gr., for 8 Capo Heaths

Mr. A. Wilkie, Gr., for 0 Greonhouso Azalc.TS [house Azaleas

Messrs. J. Ivory & Son, Nurserymen. Dorking, Surrey, for 6 Groen-
Mr. J. Wiggins, Gr. to W. Bock, Esq., Worton Cottage, Isleworth,

for 15 Exotic Orchi'la
Messrs. J. Voitch & Sens, Nurserymen, Clielsoa, for 6Exotio Orchids
Mr. T. Pago, Gr. to W. Leal, Esq., Park Hill, Streatham, f^-r 8

Exotic Orcbids
Mr. B. S. Williams, for 10 Foliago Plants
Mr. B. S. Williams, for 1-' Exotic Ferns
Mr. W. Taylor, Gr. to J. Yates, Esq., Lauderdale House, HiKhgate,

for 12 Exotic Ferna [0 I'liclisias

Mr. J. Brockivell, Gr. to Mrs. Hcnrv, Bu>h Hill, Edrnonton, for
Mr. J. Fmsor, Nurseryman, Leyti^n, Ecsox, for 0 Pelargoniums
Mr. J. Ward, Gr., for » Pelargomums

LARGE SILVER MEDAL.
Mr. R. Baxcndino, Nursi.Tjtnau, Guildford, for S Stove and Groen-

bouso Plants
Mof srs S. Glendinninjt & Sons, Nurserymen, Chiswick, for S Stove and

Greenhouse Plants
Mr. C. Smith. Gr. to C. Anderson, Esq., Norwood Grovo, for 6 Stove

and Greenhouse PUnts
Mr. J. Ward, Gr., for G Cape Heaths
Mr. B. S. Williams, f-r G Foliage Plants
Mr. J. Eraser, for 6 Fancy Pelargoniums
Mr. D. Donald, Gr., for G Fancy Pelargoniums
Messrs. Paul & Son, Nurserymen, Cbcshunt, for £0 Roses in pAs

SILVER GILT MEDAL.
Messrs. J. & C. Lee, for 8 Capo Uo.iths
Mr. W. Komp, Gr., for 8 Capo Heaths
Mr. G. Wheelei-, Gr., for G Cape Heaths
Messrs. S. Gleuciioning & Sons, for 10 I'oliage Plants
Mr. W. Taylor, Gr., for ti Foliage Plants
Mr. J. Carr, Gr. to C. L. Hinds, Esq., The Lodge, Byflect, Surrey, for

12 E.tot!c Ferns
Mr. G. Wheeler, Gr., for G Groonhouse Azaleas
Mr. B. Peed, Gr., for 15 Exotic Orc;hids
Mr. B. S. Williams, tor 0 Exotic Orcbids
Mr. T. Burnett, Gr. to W. ferry, Esq., Peterborough House, Fulham,

for 8 Exoiic Orchids
Mr. J. Weston, Gr. tn D. Martmeau, Claphim Eark, for 6 Fuchsias
Messrs. J. Dobson & Sou, Nurserymen, Isleworth, for 9Pcl;irgoniatns
Mr, S. Crawley, Gr. to C. J. Honghton, Esq., Leyton, Essex, for

9 Pelargoniums

Mr. C. Turner, lor G Fancy Pflargoniums

Mr. D, Windsor. Gr. to J. R. Kavenliill, Esq., Forest, WiiUhamstow,

for G Fancy Pelargoniums
Mr. T. Bailey, Gr. to T. T. Drake, Esq,, ^Vmorsliara, Bucks, foi

0 Fancy Pcl.irgoniums
Mr. J. Mitchell, Nurseryman, Marosfield, Sussex, for 25 Cut Koscs
Mr. R. Maichani, Gr. to E. Gates, Esq., Hanwell, for 25 Cut Roses
Mr. T. Bailey, Gr., for Providence Pino
Mr. G. Ward, Gr. to S. N. Miller, Esq., Bishop's Stortford, for

tjueen Pino
Mr, J. Hannan. Gr. to R. T. Crawshay, Esq., Cyfarthfa CasHe,

Merihyr Tidvit, for 1 Pino Apple
Mr. W. Hill, Gr. to R. Sneyd, E--q., Keele Hall, Staffordsbiro, for

dish of Black Hamburgh Grapes
Mr. M. Henderson, Gr. to Sir G. H. Beaumont, Bart,, Coleorton
Hall, Ashby do la Zoucli, Leicester, lor dish of Bl.ick
Hamburgh Grapes
Mr, W. Mtad. Gr. to R. Currie, Esq., Minley Manor, Farnborough,

Hants, for dish of Black Prince Grapes
Mr. T. Bailey, Gr., for dish of Muscat Giapes
Mr. J. Allport, Gr. to H. Akroyd, Esq., DoddingfconPark, Nantwieb,

Cheshire, tor dish of Front'grian Gmpcs
Mr. D. Pizzoy, Gr. to Mr.s. Edwards, Fulmers, near Slough, Bucks,

for disli of Grapes
Mr. M. Henderson, Gr., for dish of Grapes
Mr. G. Osborne. Kay's Nursery, Finchlcy, for dish of Peaches
Mr. W. Allen, Gr. to E. J. Hopwood, Ksq., Hopwood Hall, Middleton,

Manchester, for disti ot Nectarines
Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son, St. John's Wood, for Group of Plants

SILVER MEDAL.
Mr. O. Rhodes, for 10 Foli;tge Plants
Mr. D. Donald, Gr., for 6 Foliage Plants
Mr.C. Smith, Gr. to C. Walton, Esq., Manor House, East Acton,

for 12 British Ferns
Mr. B. Peed, Gr., for 6 Greenhouse Azaleas
Messrs. T. Jackson & Son, for 6 Exotic Orchids
Mr. J. Wheeler, Gr., fer 8 Exotic Orcbids [6 Fuchsias

Mr. J. August, Gr. to Rev, A. Bridges, Beddington, Surrey, for
Mr. D. Windsor, Gr., for 9 Pelargoniums
Messrs. J. Dobson & Son, for 6 Fancy Pelargoniums
Mr. S. Crawley, Gr., for 6 Fancy Pelargoniums
Messrs. Paul & Son, for 25 Cut Hoses
Mr. W. Ingle. Gr. to C. G. Round, Esq., Birch Hall, Colchester, for

25 Cut Roses
Mr. W. Bull. Nurseryman, Chelsea, for 60 Lilium auratum
Mr. C. Penforth, Or. to Viscount Folkestone, Longford Castle,

Salisbury, for Providence Pine

Mr. J. Barnes, Gr. to Lady Rollo, Bicton, Budleigh, Exeter, for

1 Queen Pino [Apple

Mr. G. Gordon, Gr. to J. Sparrow, Esq., Hampton Wick, for 1 Pino

Mr, J. Douglae, Gr. to F. Whitburn, Esq., Loxlord flail, Ilford, for

dish of Black Hamburgn Grapes
Mr. Q. Sage. Gr. to Earl Brownlow, Aehridge Garden, Borkhamp-

stead, for dish of Black Hamburgh Grapes
Mr. J. Allport, Gr.,for dish of Black Prince Grapes
Mr. Q, O&boruo, for dish of Muscat Grapen
Mr. J. Douglas, Gr., for dish of FrontlKnan Grapes
Mr. J. Allpoit Gr., for dish of Grapes
Mr. J. Miller, Gr. to Earl Craven, Combo Abbey, Coventry, for dish

of Peaches
Mr. C. Allen, Gr. to Captain Glegg, Withington Hall, Congleton,
CbcBhlre, for dish or Nectarines [6 Roses

Mr. J. Torry, Gr. to A. Puller, Esq., Youngsbury, Ware, Herts, for

SMALL SILVER MEDAL.
Mr. W. Foreman, Gr. toG. Maule, Esq., Denmark Hill, for GFuohaioB
Mr. C. Turner, for 24 Pinks
Messrs. Downio, Lairri, & Laing, for 3ii PansLCs
Mr. D. Plzzey, Or., for 12 Pinka
Mr. G. Wilson, Dnn.so, for 21 Pansios

Mr. J. Eraser, for "Jri Cut Roses j

Mr, .T, Torry, Gr., for 25 Cut Roscb I

Mr. J, Cranston, Nurseryman, Hereford, for 24 Cut Rofcr |

Messrs. Carter & Co., Ilolboni, f >r Collection of Zonal Pelargoniums
Mr. C. Allen. Gr,, for Providence Pino
Mr. W. Milter. Gr., for Queen Pino
Mr, n. Ilarvov. Gr. to J. Wroughton, Esq., WooUey Park, Berks, for

Qiiocn Pino
Mr. G. Ward, Gr., for 1 Pino Apple
Mr. H. Cliilninn. Gr. to Earl Normanton, Somcrloy, Rlngwortb,

Hants, for Pino Apple
Mr. J. Bailov, Or., for Green-flcshcd Molnn
Mr. J. Standish, Nurscrvman, Ascot, for Scarlet-fleshed Melon
Mr. J. Jefferson, Gr. to J. Garslde. Esq., Carlton House, Worksop,

Notts, for dish ot Black Hamburgh Grapes
Mr. G. Osborne, for dish of Black Hamburgh Grapes
Mr. J. Allport, Or., for dish of Black Hamburgh Grapes
Mr. W. Lunn, Gr. to Lord Boston, Iledsor. Maidenhead, di.sh of

Black Prince Grapes
Mr, J. Holliugwortli, Maidenhead, Kent, for Muscat Grapes
Mr. J. Pottle. Gr. to It D. Colvin, Esq., The Grove, Dealings.

Suffolk, for dish of Muscat Grapes
Mr. J. Togg, Gr. to Duke of Newcastle, Clumber, Worksop, for dish

of Frontignan Grapos
Mr. J. Wilmot. Hounslow, for dish of Grapes
Mr. S. Snow, Or. to Countess Cowper, Silsoe, Beds, for dish of

Peaches
Mr. W. Linn, Gr., for dish of Nectarines

Mr. G. Miles, Gr. to Lord Carrington. Bucks, for dish of Ncotarinos
Mr. G. Gordon, Gr., for dish of Black Cherries
Mr. J. EoKtono. Gr. to Sir J. Duckworth, Bart., Wearo, Exeter, for

dish of White Cherries
Mr. R. Clarke, Market Garden, Twickenham, for 2 dishes of Straw.
Mr. G. Osborne, for b:ifket of Peaches [berries

Mr. W. Allen, Gr., for box of Nectarines
Mr. G. Mills, Gr., for dish of Ftps
Mr. W. Hill, Gr., for ba-kot of Grapes

BRONZE MEDAL.

Messrs. Paul & Son, for 2! Cut Roies

Mr. H. Hooper, Nurseryman, Bath, for 12 Carnations

Mr. H. Hooper, for 24 Piuks

Mr. W. Bragg, Nurseryman, Slough, for 24 Pinks

Air, H. Hooper, lor 3G Pansies

Mr. E. F. Kingstono. Bath, for 12 Pinks

Mr. E. F. Kingstono, for 24 Pantiea

Mr. T. Young, Gr., Ahcraman Park, Glamorsan, for Providence Pine

Mr. R. Smeo, Gr. to W, H, Stone, Ksq,, Dulwicb, for Queen Pine

Mr. R. Budd, Gr. to Earl Darnley, Gravesend, for Grcon-fleshcd

Mr. J. Enstone. Gr,, for Scarlet-flcshcd Melon [Melon

Mr. J. Hollingwortb, for Black Hamburgh Grnp?s

Mr. B. Peachey, Gr. to R. Hole, Esq., Qucon Lodge, Loughborough,
for dish of Frontignan Grapes

Mr. J. Perkins, Or. to C. Keyser, Esq., Warren House, Stannioro,
for di,sh of Poaches

Mr, J. Enstone, Gr.. for dish of Peaches

Mr. W. Whittaker, Gr. to Lord Crewe, Crewe Hall, Cheshire, dish of
Nectarinos

Mr. S. Chambers, Gr. to H. Fowler, Esq., Woodford, Esses, for dish
of Black Chenies

Mr. I. Hill. Gr. to R. Hanbury, Efq,, for White Cherries

Mr. J. Douglass, Gr., for 2 dishen of Strawberries

Mr. C. Penny, Gr., for 4 Queen Pines

Mr. M. Henderson, Gr., for box of Grapes
CERTIFICATES.

Mr. T. Shortb, Gr, to Viscount li^versley, Heckfleld, for P.issitlora
macrocarpa in Fniit

Mr. H Flooper, for 21 Pansies

Mr. W. Piici\ Gr., for Orchis foliosa

Mr. B. S. Williams, for collection of Amaryllis

Mr. R B. Poatans. Brentwood, for 24 cut Roses

Mr. In^^lc. Gr., tor 24 cut Roses

Mr. C. Lan?ley. Gr. to R. B. Wrey, Esq., Lyme Reg's, Dorset, Green-
fleshed Melon

Mr. A. Johnson, Gr. to Marquis of Ailcsbury, Marlborough, Grcen-
fl-fihcd Melon

Mr, J. Wallis, Gr. to J. Dixon, Esq., Astle Park, Cheshire, for dish
of Peacliea

Mr. W. Fernejhough, Gr. to R. O. Leycester, Esq., Loxford Hall,
Cheshire

Mr. T. Perkins, Gr., for dish of Nectarines

Mr. J. Enstone, Gr., for dish ot Nectarines

Mr. C. Penford, Gr., for Black Cherries

Mr. J. Enstono, Gr., for Black Cherries

Mr. I. Hill, Gr., for White Cherries

Mr. R. Budd, Gr. for 2 dishes of Strawberries

FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES.

E. B. Foster, Esq., for Pelargonium Sosnr de Ch.iritiS [Comet

Messrs. Downio, Laird & Liing, Forest Hill, for Nosegay Pelargonium

Messrs. Downio, Laird StLain^, for Noseg.ay PeliTgonium Flonbunda

G. W. Hoylo, Esq., Reading, for Pelargonium Needle Gun

Messrs. J. Carter & Co.. 237, High Holboin, for Variegated Zonal
Pelargonium Prince of W.iles

Messrs. J. Carter & Co., for Variegated Zonal Pelargonium Princess '

Mr. C. Turner, for Rose Mi.ss Ingram [of Wales

Messrs. J. Veitoh & Sons, for Dracena regina

Messrs. J, Veitch & Sons, for Dracajaa Moorei

Messrs. J. Voitch & Sons, for Begonia boliviensia

Messrs. J. Veitch 4; Sons, for Alocasia (bybrida) intermedia

Messrs. J. Voitch & Sons, for Dendrobium Bensoniio

Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Cattleya Biabantiie

Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son, for Aucuba sulphurea^

Mr. W. Wilson, Gr. to Wni. Marshall, Esq., for Odontoglossumroseum

E. J. Lowe, Esq., for Athyrium Filix-fceraina umbraculfoforme

E. J. Lowe, Esq., for Scolopendrium vulRare formosum

E. J. Lowe, Esq., for Scolopendrium vulgaie notabilo

E. J. Lowe, Esq., for Scolopendrium vulgare marginatum undulatiuu

E. J. Lowe, Esq , for Scolopendrium vulgare stenomenon

Messrs. Edwards & Son, Nurserymen, Nuttall, Nottlnghamsliiro, for

Athyrium Filix-fceroina Edwardsii
Messrs. Edwards & Son, for Scolopendrium vulgare Edw.ardsii
Mr. Fra.'-er, Lea Bridge Koad Nursery, Lejton, for Pelargonium

Empereur
Messrs. Ivery & Son, Reigate and Dorking, for Polystichum angulare

brachiatum cristatum
Messrs. 1 very & Son, for Scolopendrium vulgare marginatum triforme
Mr. W, Bull, for Oreodoxa saucbona
Mr. W. Bull, for Calamus adspersus
Mr. W. Bull, for Oreodoxa regia
Mr. W. Bull, for Arcnga saccharifera
Mr. W. Bull, for Calamus javanica

Mr. W. Bull, for Astrocaryum niveum [Pelargonium Retaliator

Mr. J. Aldred, 22, Bridge Street, Kilbum, for Variegated Zonal
Mr. G. Smith, TolUngton Nursery, Homsey Road, for Nosegay Pelar-

fonium First Favourite
'oster, Esq., for Pelargonium Hermit
E. B. Foster, Esq., for Pelargonium Empress

SECOND-CLASS CERTIFICATES.
Messrs. E, G. Henderson k Sou, for Gnaphalium Mannii
Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son, for Cyperus Lacouri
Mobsrs. E G. Henderson 4. Son, for Ficns Suringarll
Mr. W, Wilson, Gr. to Wm. Marshall, Esq., Clay Hill, Enfield

MiddlesL-x, for Odonloglnssum cristatum
Mr, Lawrence, Gr. to his Grace tho Bishop of Winchester, for Tricho-

pilla turialva
Messrs. Ivery & Son, Reigato and Dorking, for Scolopendrium

vulgare Ehvorthii

GUAND IIOUTUJULTUKAL EXHIUITlON
at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with tho
SHOW of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY 16, 1807, iirid four following Days.
Amongst varloiLs Special PrlzcM, iiniounting In value to nearly
X300, and exclusive of tho ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE I'ZO,
will bo olfei'od by tho Pmprlotors of tho
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTB
for tho best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to bo niado up as follows :—
Of FRUITS, any Fivo of tho following Eight kinds, ono DIbIi of
each : — Grapes, Melons |2 fruitwl, Stra\vborrics, OoosoborrloH, Cur-
rants, CherrloH, Raspberries, or Apples (of tho crop of 1800|.

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of tho following Fourteen klnda,
one basket or bundlo of each :— Peas, French Beans (or Scarlob
Runners), Broad Beans, CauUllowora, Cucumbers (briioo), Summer
Gabbages, Early Carrots, Turnl |i8, Artichokes, Oulonfl, Spinach,
Rhubarb, Potatos, or Mixod Salndlng.

This Cup will bo open to Coiniictitlon amongst Amatuur or Pro-
fessional Oardonei-.-i, of all grades, with Fruit ana VogefibloH of their
onyti growing ; any article othcrwlso obtained will Uisqualiiy tho
exhibitor, „_^

THE GAUDENEKS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT
INSTITUTION,
Tho TWENTY-FOURTH ANNIVERSARY FESTIVAL will
takeptacoattho LONDON TAVERN, BISHOPSGATE STREET,
LONDON, on THURSDAY, Juno i;7.

President of the Day.

TheRigut Hom, Sir Roheht Pekl, Bart., M.P.

Board of Stewards.

George Child, Esq., Cltatrman

His Grace tho Duke of BuccIeuKh, K.G,

His Grace the Duko of DovoriHhiro. K.G., F.R,S.

Tho Right Hon. Earl Ducii^

The Right Hon. Lord Egorton of Tattou

The Right Hon, Lord Londcsborough

Tho IllKlit Hon. Lord Viscount Sandon

Tho Right Hon. Sir William Hutt, K.C.B., M.P.

Tho Hon. E. Parker Jervis

Tho Baron Lionel de Rothschild, JI.P.

Sir William Knighton. Bart.

Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart.

Sir Roderick Mnrchlson, Bitrt , F.R.S.

Sir Walter Stirling, Burt.

Professor Oweu

Jamo3 Batcman, Esq., F.Il.S.

Robert Broadwater, Esq.

J. B Browne, Esq.

William Bull, Esq., F.L.S.

W. Wentworth Butler, Esq.

Colin M. Campbell, Esq.

James Crispe, Esq.

Richard Davcy, Esq., M.P.

John Day, Esq.

E. Easton, Esq.

Picrco Esan. Esq.

FrancH Fuller, Esn.

James Hejwood, Eiq.

Andrew Henderson, Esq.

Robt. Steiner Holford, Esq., M.P.

William Hurst, Esq., Jun.

Colonel Jeakcs

W. S. Johnson, Esq.

Charles Lawson, Esq,

Henry Grab mi Lawson, Esq.

George S. Lawson, Esq.

C. N. Newdesato, Esq., M.P.

Donald Nicoli, Esq.

George Wardo Norman. Esq.

Wm. J. Nutting, Esq., Jun.

Thomas Osborne. Esq.

Chas. Ratcliff, Esq.

Mr. Alderman Salomons, M.P.

W. Wilson Saunders,Esq.F.R,S.

.Tohn Spencer, Esq.

Han-y G. Veitch, Esq.

James Veitch, Esq., F.L.S.

R. S. Vivian, Esq.

Robert Warner, Esq.

Hensleigh Wedgwood, Esq.

G. F. Wilson, Esq., F.R.S.

Dinner upon Table at 0 o'clock precisely. Tickets, 2U. each.
Ladies' Tickets for the Gallery, 7s. H4., for whom a Handsome
Collation is provided. EnwAiiD R. Cutler, Secretary.

14, Tavistock Row, Covcnt Garden, W.C.

SATUPiDAY, JUNE 22, 1867,

The many curious facts connected with (he
history and structure of the Double Cocoa-nut
Palm (Lodoicea seychellarum) have been
frequently aUuded to, but these, though interest-
ing, aro not novel. The newest point of
interest connected with this remarkable Palm is
the singular bowl or socket-like portion of the
trunk, which was figured in our colujnns
in 1865, and which figure" we here reproduce.
The probabilities and possibilities of tho forma-
tion of this apparently abnormal appondago
were much discussed at the time it was first
brought into notice. The trunks of tho trees
were described as absolutely rocking or sway-
ing during high winds in this natural bowl,
and the fibrous roots penetrating the tubes
were said to be so elastic as to "give" with
the motion of the trunk. Tlie questions naturally
enough asked, in reference to this descrip-
tion, were "what relation can the bowl bear
to tho trunk?" " hoAV could it have been first
formed ?" and " at what period could the separa-
tion of the two have taken place ? " To these
questions wo had at that time arrived at no
satisfactory answer, with the exception that, so
far as the formation of such an appendage went,
we had a clue to it in the fibi-ous sheathing base
of the young leaves at the end of the long germ.
Germinating fruits were to be seen at Kew, and
by the side of them the hard, perforated socket.
A link was wanting, which to our minds has
now been supplied, for the Kew Museum has
lately been enriched by the addition of another
socket, in which the lower portion of the trunk
itself remains in siiu. To an ordinary observer
there would appear to be nothing remarkable
about the rooting portion of this trunk. The
rootlets or fibrous bundles appear only of an
adequate thickness to the rest of the tree, and the
spaces between the tubes through which these
rootlets pass are filled up with coarse, stony
gravel. The specimen lately received is much
smaller, and apparently much younger, than the
socket received some three or four years back. The
diameter of tho trunk itself is 10| inches, and
the greatest diameter of the block is 2 feet 3 mches,
the total height of the specimen being about
.3 feet. „ ,

Upon cutting the block vertically down the
centre, the wood proved to be veiy soft, until

654

THE GAEDENETiS' CHRONICLE AND J\GEICULTCEAL GAZETTE.

[June 22, 1867.

the saw encountered the hard, dense substance
of the bowl. The line of the formation of the
bowl is very distinctly seen in the section, though
it and the trunk are in no way detached from
each other, but are firmly fixed together ; indeed
they appear to be part and parcel of the same.

The fibrous roots which pass thi-ough the
tubes are continued into the mass of cellular
tissue of which the lower part of the trunk is
composed; these fibres appear very similar in
form and structure to the well-known dark woody
bundles which are dispersed through the cellular
tissue of the Palms, and which give strength and
hardness to their trunks. From an examination
of this specimen it appears impossible that the
trees can ever have the slightest motion below
the level of the ground, even in the highest
vrinds. We suspect that when this motion has
been seen, it has been in the case of trees the
lower part of whose ti'unks has partially
decayed, and being so much softer than the
bowl the latter has remained sound for a much
longer period.

Though the specimen now at Kew appears to
decide the question as to the absolute union of
the bowl and trunk in their hving state, the
interest is not diminished as to the manner of
formation of the former. It seems clear fi'oia an
examination of the fruits which have germinated
but not sm-vived in this country, that in their-
youngest state these bowls are simply the fibrous
sheaths before spoken of, the fibres of which.

however, are very brittle and black. May not
these fibres correspond with the woody bundles
of the trunk, and having become larger and
more thickly placed, have, hke the cii-cumference
of the trunk itself, become of much greater den-
sity ? If this be so, the roots must either have
grown with or penetrated the socket when very
young, the tubes, rootlets, and indeed the whole
mass having gone on increasing at the same ratio.
If more attention were paid to the mode of
germination of the Palms, or rather their manner
of rooting, we believe that the Double Cocoa-nut
would not be found to be alone in this peculiar
root formation. Something similar, though not
of such regular form, occurs in many other
Palms, particularly in Attalea, Thrinax, &c. To
examine these properly, however, in the various
stages of their growth, many valuable plants
would have to be sacrificed.

We have more than once called attention to

the fruit of Monsteka deliciosa, as a choice occa-
sional addition to the dessert, but the presence in the
pulp of minute prickly crystals or raphides has been
thought to detract very much from its merit as an
edible fruit. We find however that if the fruit is
thoroughly ripened on the plant the delicious juice
may be sucked from the pulp with very little, if any, of
the unpleasant sensation caused by eating the sub-
stance of the fruit itself in the earlier stages of ripe-
ness ; and the flavour is, as might be expected, much
richer when the fruit is thus thoroughly matured. The
fruits take about a year, more or less, to swell and ripen.
The supply of an occasional fruit of Monstera is no
chimera. We have ourselves, from a plant only some

three or four years old, and confined in a half-bushel
pot, gathered half a dozen fruits during the present
season, and the same plant has now five other spadices
just passing through the flowering stage. What we
mean by thorough ripening on the plant will be under-
stood when we explain, that though the half dozen
spadices flowered in succession within an interval of
three or four weeks last summer, the earlier fruits had
appeared to become ripe by the end of January, while
the latest has only just been gathered. This latter had
been kept on the plant by supporting it with a tie to
the adjoining leaf-stalk, their weight being sufBoieut,
if they are not thus supported, to break them over at a
much earlier stage, just at the top of the stalk.

The extraordinary establishment at La Muette,

near Paris destined for the supply of plants to the
public gardens, &c., of that capital, has been frequently
mentioned in our columns in terms of commendation.
When our iirst notices appeared they were received
in certain quarters with some amount of incredulity.
The letters of our correspondents since the opening of
the Exhibition have, however, more than confirmed
the original statements, and shown the extraordinary
activity that is manifested in horticultural matters by
the municipality of Paris. Prom a report before us
we find that in the year 1865 there were at La Muette
101 gardeners and pupils ; that the number of plants
sent out for the decoration of the squares and parks of
Paris during the same year amounted to 1,575,500;
while from a branch establishment devoted to the
growth of Conifers, 3187 plants were sent out, and
from the nursery of Longohamp, 23,379 hardy trees and
shrubs (not Conifers) were distributed. The actual
cost per plant, taking one with another, amounted only
to 13 centimes, or little more than a penny.

, — ;- Probably the best plant of Vauilla in cultiva-
tion in this country is to be found at the present time
in the Sheffield Botanic Garden. There, in the
Victoria house, at the western extremity of the fine
range of hothouses which that garden contains, it is
growing in the greatest luxuriance, and fruiting freely
under the management of the estimable Curator, Mr.
EwiNG. It is planted in aborder at the end of the house,
occupying fully half the width of the structure, and is
trained parallel with, and at a short distance from, the
upright sashes, before which it forms a thick screen
from the floor to the roof, and it would soon cover a
much larger space if accommodation were afforded it.
Mr. Ewing's object in planting it in this situation
was to secure a plentiful circulation of air about it.
We believe the fine plant at Osberton, from which
Mr. Bennett exhibited ripe pods at the International
Show last year, was formerly under Mr. Ewing's care.

Those who have not yet learned how to make

the most of Selaginellas as decorative plants should
pay a visit to the Sheffield Botanic Garden, where they
may see how well Mr. Ewing has turned them to
account. The north wall of his Victoria house is draped
with them, several species being mixed up together,
and the contrast of form and colour is most pleasing.
Indeed, we have never seen so pretty an effect pro-
duced by these refreshing-looking plants in any other
situation. The wall is faced with a 6-inch layer of
coarse peat and rubble, with a little Moss outside, the
whole being held in position by strong galvanised wire
netting, with rather wide diamond-shaped meshes ;
and the only attention required by the plants is a
damping with the syringe daily.

Always on the look out for illustrations of the

vakiabi LITT of what are termed species, M. CARRifeEE,
in a recent number of the Sevue Sorticole, says that
seeds of Pjeonia Wittmanniana produce plants of
P. officinalis, and that in the same way Cratsegus
linearis may be shown to be a mere form of C.
Oxyacantha.

M. CAEEliiEE assures us that while in the case

of the Pyramidal Acacia (Robinia Pseud-aoacia
fastigiata), if a cutting or a graft be taken from the
upper portion of the tree, the fastigiate habit will
be reproduced, and the branches will be furrowed and
covered with short prickles ; yet if the plant be
multiplied by detaching portions of the root, then
instead of getting a pyramidal tree with erect branches,
a spreading bushy shrub is produced, with more or less
horizontal cylindrical branches, destitute of prickles.

A correspondent has just forwarded to us from

Londonderry a curious Plum, which merits a few obser-
vations. The tree which bore it, with about 30 others
of the same kind, belongs to the variety calied Mogul,
the same, according to Hogg's "Fruit Manual," as
the Bed Magnum Bonum. The tree blossomed fairly,
and the fruit when set swelled, assuming a broad
clavate form, reminding us of a young bread-fruit, with
fleshy walls, but entirely devoid of any trace of stone.
A similar case is described by Dr. Eobb, in Sir W.
Hooker's "Journal of Botany, vol. iii,, p. 99, with
illustrative figures. The specimens there described
were produced at New^ Brunswick, where Plum trees
flower very freely, but seldom produce ripe fruit.
Dr. Robe's account is as follows : — In the summer
of 1S39 I had an opportunity of watching the
process of destruction among the Plums, and it
was as follows: — Before or soon after the segments
of the corolla had fallen ofl", the ovarium
had become greenish-yellow, soft, and flabby ; as
the fruit continued to increase in magnitude, its
colour grew darker and of a more ruddy yellow, and at
the end of a fortnight or three weeks the size of the
abortive fruit rather exceeded that of a ripe Walnut.
In fact, an observer might imagine himself to be
walking amongst trees laden with ripe Apricots, but
like the fabled fruit on the banks of the Dead Sea,
these Plums, though tempting to the eye, when
examined, were found to be hollow, containing air, and
consisting only of a distended skin, insipid, and taste-

less, By-and-by a greenish mould is developed on the
surface of the blighted fruit ; then the surface becomes
black and shrivelled, and at the expiration of a
month from the time of flowering the whole are
rotten and decomposed. The flower appears about
the beginning of June, and before August there is
hardly a Plum to be seen. It is curious that where
two flower stalks arise from one point of the branch,
one will often go on to ripen in the normal way, while
the other will become abortive, as above described. A
case of the kind is mentioned in De Caneollb's
memoir on the Leguminosse, where the Plums
assumed an elongated form, and we have had abundant
specimens of a similar character in the Common Sloe.
In the specimen before us two distinct ovules of equal
size appear close to the apex of the fruit, connected
with the base by vessels running down the walls; but
the fruit was so crushed in the post that we are unable
to examine their structure. It should be observed that
there is a worthless variety of Plum, Kirke's Stoneless,
or Sans Noyau, specimens of which were exhibited last
year at South Kensington, in which the kernel is not
surrounded by any bony deposit. M. J. B.

Planters of Horse Chestnuts would do well

to bear in mind the nuisance occasioned near towns by
boys in their attempts to knock down the seeds. In
Paris it seems they are planting the double-flowered
variety, which while it forms as fine a tree as the
single-flowered kind, has the further advantage of
retaining its flowers for a much longer period, and of
preventing the dangerous practice before mentioned.
Poor boys !

■ Drs. Andbbson and Cleghoen have recently

issued a report on the Introduction of the
Mahogany Tkee into India. From the report in

Question it appears that the Mahogany thrives well in
ndia, and that its culture might profitably be extended
by procuring seeds from Jamaica. As these seeds
soon lose vitality, they should be packed in dry
charcoal, and transmitted to India with as little
delay as possible. The Report in question gives the
following interesting details : —

" Several of the trees orifjinally introduced into the Calcutta
Botanic Gardens in 1795 from Jamaica as young trees were
destroyed in the great cyclone of 18()4, when the trees were
probably 71 years of age, from the time the seeds producing
them sprouted. These trees had, in that time, .att.ained a
very large size, averaging about 12 feet in girth at 4 feet above
the ground. A log taken from one of these trees, aud con-
sisting merely of tlie trunk to the commencement of the first
branches at a height of 13 feet above the ground, gave, after
squaring and removiil of the sap wood, 1()9 cubic feet of
timber. Tins log has not been -sold yet, but two offers have
been made for it, ranging between 41 annas aud 5 annas for
the superficial foot 1 inch thick, or about 600 rupees for the
entire log. In the Calcutta Timber Market Report which
appeared shortly after the sale, the following report was
given :— ' Country wood refers to a public sale, held on behalf
of Government, of trees blown down in the Botanical Gardens
during the 1864 cyclone. The Mahogany brought extreme
prices, and so did the Sissoo, both descriptions being much
wanted by the trade.' I understiiud that the Mahogany was
found by the original purchasers to be of so good quality that
a considerable profit was obtained in selling it by retail."

" From 17M until August, 1865, there were no new introduc-
tions of mahogany into India. In 1865, 183 pods containing
8235 seeds were received from the Government of Jamaica, on
requisition by Dr. Tho.mas Anderson, Superintendent, Bota-
nical Gardens, .and these were taken from trees gi'own in that
island. The pods were packed in three boxes, two of which
were ventilated, .and the third air-tight. The seeds in the
former (6235) were received in apparently good condition,
while those in the latter (1930) were quite mouldy ; all were,
however, sown on the 7th August, 1865, .and on the 18th of the
same month they began to germinate ; but in the end only
460 plants were produced, and these were from the seeds in the
ventilated boxes, those in the air-tight one having entirely
failed ; 333 of these plants were sent to Darjeeling to be
planted in the Terai, and the remaining 112 were kept in the
Botanic Gardens.

" In 1864 there were 69 trees of large size growing in the
Garden, besides numerous small ones, averaging upwards of
1 foot in diameter. Many of the former were blown down by
the cyclone of 1864, and when they were examined the roote
of the majority of them were found to be more or less decayed,
owing, in all probability, to the richness and dampness of the
alluvial soil in which tliey were planted. The dimensions of
the largest tree now in the Garden are as follow : —

Ft. in.
Circumference at 4 feet above ground. . .. 14 3i
Ditto 5 feet ditto .. .. 14 2

Ditto 6 feet ditto . . . . 14 2

Length of bole 130

Extreme height of tree ., 150 0

Spread of branches 102 0

And the following are the dimensions of a log at present lying
in the Gardens, cut from one of the trees blown down in the
cyclone : — Ft. in.

Length 18 9

Mean breadth 0 51

Meandepth 0 34

Cubic contents . . . . . . . . . . 169 2

To contrast with the above, the following are the meaaure-
ments of the largest log cut in the Honduras up to the yea^ ■

1830 :—
Length
Breadth
Depth
Cubic contents

Ft. in.
17 0
0 57
0 64

430 8

We extract the following particulars relating to

the Botanical Congress in Paris in August next,
from the Bulletin of the Botanical Society of France : —
" The International Congress will profit by the results
of the London Congress and by the pacific state of
Europe. M. A. De Candolle, who it is hoped will be
present at the Congress, is to draw up a programme in
which the different contested points as to the nomencla-
ture, &c., of plants will be noted for discussion. Many
objects of botanical interest will be exhibited, especially
some fine collections of fossil plants."

We may remind our readers that the anni-
versary festival of the Gasdenees' Royal Bene-
volent Institution wiU take place at the Loudon
Tavern, Bishopsgate Street, on Thursday next, at
6 P.M. The advertisement in another column will
show how large and influential is the board of Stewards

I

JtJNE 22, 1867.]

THE GACTENTES' rTTl^OYTCTE AVT) j\r,l^TrTTTTTT-RAT, fiAZETTE.

655

on this occasion ; and we trust not only that there will
be a large gathering, but that those who have the
power will contribute largely to the supply of flowers
and fruit for the decoration of the table.

New Plants.

CTBTdbBIKA CHONTALENSIS, Seem. sp. n.
drsuta ; foliia ovatis v, ovato-oblongi8 acutis basi subcordatis
serratis reticulatim rugosis, aiipra variogato .smiu-agrlino
atro viridibun. aubtus purpuraacentibua ; lobis calycinia
5 apathulato-linearibua, corolla tubo (albo) olongato, laciniia
oboyato-rotundatia crouatis, iiltua lilacinis, exUia albidis,
fauci flavo ; ovario glabro.

This is one of the finest plants of the Chontales gold
region of Central America, and was first found by ray
able assistant, Mr. James Griffin, at the Pavon end of

, the Javali Mine, where it grew in only a very small
spot— shady groves on the banks of a rivulet. Although
wo became afterwards well acquainted with the vegeta-
tion of the district, we never met the plant anywhere
but there ; and after we had taken up 60 specimens, and
planted them in a miniature Wardian case, fire had to
bo set to the very siiot where the Cyrtodeira grew.
The 60 specimens took root readily, and in April last a

I boy was engaged to carry them on his saddle before
him to Leon, a distance of about 80 leagues. AH went
on well till one evening darkness overtook us on the
iiiimenso grassy plains of Tipitapas, and the boy's
mule fell into one of those wide cracks which always
form in the tropics during the dry season where the
Kfound is clayey. Down came the Wardian case with
a lioavy crasii, and one-half of our plants were lost.
'I'lio other half looked well enough till within about
'_' miles of the port of embarkation, when the waggon
in which, for greater safety sake, they had been placed,
went into a deep hole, and turned right over. This
time all but six specimens were destroyed, and these
were so much injured that, when we arrived at
l/imdon, and handed them to Mr. Bull, of Cheksea,
imly one was in a sound condition ; but that one is
ii"W, I am happy to hear, doing well, and may become
111" pro'.;ciutnr of a numerous race. This little narrative
allows wbat trouble the iutroduetion of new plants
ipquires, and how unforeseen accidents will interfere
w ith well-devised ])lans.

Cyrtodeira choiitalcnsis is one of the most beautiful
(icsneraceous plants I Imve seen. The leaves are
purple on the under side, and on the upper light
:,'rccn (like those of Begonia smara^dina), with very dark
LiTpu I'lotches. The flowers appear in Novendjer and
l>i rpniher, and arc lilac, and as large as a crown piece,
11 itii a yellow centre, and a whitish tubo. The roots
are fibrous (noc catkin-like riiizomes, as in the Achi-
uienes tribe) ; and in habit the plant resembles the
only other known species of the genus (C. cupreata,
Ilaustein), which has smaller and scarlet flowers, and a
Imiry ovary.

I may add that the climate of the Chontales gold
region appears favourable to the development of plants
with variegated leaves. There arc some flue species
of Co.stus (including, besides the well-known C.
zebrinus and malortianus, several new ones) ; two
beautiful species of Cissus, one with bright scarlet
flowers (also introduced by me), and several Marantace;e
and Aroidetc. B. Seemann.

EpidendBUJI SophrONITIS, Zind. Rchb. etjll.
(Aiilizevim Hormidimn) paeudobulbia abbreviates aiibovatis
monopbyllia, folio caniosissimo oblungo acuto discolori,
lloribus aolitariia usque ternis, .subaeasilibus, eepaln summo
triangulo, sepalis lateralibus triangulo falcatia, petalia fal-
catis, labelli adnati lamina triangula utrinque nunc apicem
versiia unidentata, carina per discuni, columna utrinque
imilobata juxta nndroclinium.

A dwarf species introduced by Mr. Linden, and
later by Messrs. Backhouse, who, as it would appear,
have their collectors hunting over the same grounds.
Mr. Linden's collector, who condescended to dry a
single flower, remarks that the stifl' leaves are covered
with a whitish mealy hue. The flowers he calls
greeiiish with violet stripes, and small glands, and
the lip covered with a glandular juice. He has sent
asketchofavigorous plant. Messrs. IJackhouse'scollector
sent a dried specimen and a coloured sketch. This
proves the leaves to be purplish on the underside, the
sepals and petals white, streaked with purple, the
lip purple, and the limb of the anther-bed purplish.
The representation is inferior to the dried specimen.
The plant is a curiosity in several points, and the
largest type of those Aulizea which Dr. Lindley called
Hormidia, from their being miserable objects. We
scarcely think amateurs will be very desirous of making
the acquaintance of this plant, provided they do not
become less desirous for large Orchids after study-
ing Mr. Saunders' " Refuge " now in preparation.
H. G. Schh.f.

ORCHIDS AND THEIR CULTIVATION.
No. XVI.

(Continiied from p. 77).
. Adheeing to the line of arrangement marked out
m a previous paper, I propose to classify the Oncidiums
into three diSerent groups, giving a brief outline or
diagnosis of the more prominent features of the plants,
and appending any other practical remarks which may
seem to me to be of a useful nature for advancing the
interests of cultivation. The first fjroup taken up will
be the extreme cold section, comprising such plants as
will live in any ordinarily managed greenhouse in
summer, and can be successfully wintered in a minimum
ranging between 36° and 45'. I have never sided with
the parties holding extreme views in cool Orchid treat-
ment, not because of their views being altogether
erroneous, but simply because I deemed that an
initiatory practice based upon such counsel, was cal-
culated to do harm. My notions in this respect, as

may be gathered from the figures above quoted, may
seem to m.any verging on tlm cxtn'Oic, and my counsel
.and leadings maybe accordingly doubted. If novices
in practice, in feeling their way, do not abuse these
figures of temperature for the uiidernoted varieties,
practised growers know well enough that, all other
things being equal, success is a matter of certainty.
To oscillate between the two extremes in cold frosty
vyeather is safe practice, while to o.Kcced the maximuui
given, by means of dry artificial heat, is pregnant with
damaging results, and to transgress the minimum is
equally if not more fatal. As to the summer manage-
ment— in the details of wdiich growers, in days jtast, were
aocustometl uniformly to fall into error— abundance
of ventilation, and an equally abundant supply of water
for_ a root and atmo.snhere supply, constitute the
main heads of a successful practice. These are just the
very points that were not half understood, and a little
reflection will show the absolute necessity for enjoining
and enforcing a rigid observance of such important
particulars in cultural routine. Most of the species
that wo are about to treat upon are indigenous to the
loftiest ranges of the world— to the Andes and Cor-
dilleras of tropical America — where air currents and
moisture play and act a very different part upon vege-
tation than is the case iu the low countries. I said a
greenhouse treatment, biit by way of an auxiliary for
geothernial purposes (which does not seem to imi)ress
growers half so much as it ought to do), artificial heat by
means of hot-water pipes, or any of the other modes in
operation, should never be wantiug. It acts in the
capacity of a,dministering ground heat to the roots, as
well as assisting air circulation, and may also be looked
upon as a substitute for draining superiluous moisture.
With a little artificial heat, then, the plants may be
treated in all respects as is the case with a common
greenhouse, only the house, unless on very warm nights,
had better be shut up about 8 or fl o'clock.

The members of the Oncid family are extraordinarily
numerous, and it will be my object to enumerate only
such as are under general cultivation, putting aside the
many prominent and well certificated sorts, according
to collector's notions, that have been recently intro-
duced from Peru, until a more fitting opportunity
occurs for testing their merits. This much may be
said, that the whole of them, including the beautiful
nubigenum coming from that alpine altitude, seem to
grow to best advantage in a moderately cool house.

0. bifoliiim, Lindley.— Monte Video. This is one of
the most elegant of the Oncidia, possessing roundly-
ovate bulbs when grown in first-rate condition, fat and
plump, scarcely showing the slightest corrugation on
the surface. Occasionally it is to be met with a little
oblong, looking variable iu character of growth upon
imported plants. Placed, however, under the same

treatment they assume forms very similar. The
pseudobulbs are mottled irregularly over the surface
with black, and are adorned each with a pair of
terminal leaves, as a rule, which was one of the prin-
cipal reasons for naming it bifolium. I have it how-
ever, in some instances, with three instead of two
terminal linear-lanceolate leaves, the one leaf generally
a little broader than the other, a distinction holding
good throughout. At one time it was supposed that
this would not produce a branched raceme or panicle.
Cultivation has dispelled that illusion, for both
at the International of 1860, and in several private
places since, there have been no want of branched
racemes. It is capable of producing them with from
10 to 16 flowers made up of nearly uniform sepals and
petalsrather narrowand short, of a yellow ground-colour
with brown blotches ; labellum very large, of a fine deep
rich yellow, about an inch across, with calli very pro-
minent, and densely spotted and blotched with brown ;
the basal portion of the lip is also adorned with two small
yellow wings. A plant with a single spike will remain
in bloom from eiglit to nine weeks ; period of flowering.
May and June. It should neither be treated to bare
block nor pot culture, but suspended near the glass in
earthenware pots if possible.tbesebeingbetteradaptedfor
retaining moisture than woodeu baskets of any make.

O. coriiii/eriim, Lindley. — Brazil and New Grenada.
A most distinct grower, with cylindrical or conical
pseudobulbs from 6 to 9 inches long, bearing elliptic
lanceolate leaves, smooth, and of a very deep-coloured
sombre shade of green ; in point of substance the leaves
are not much less fleshy th.an those of a Phatenopsis,
and on that account it is more likely to suffer from
extremes of fatigue than most others of its congeners.
It emits its marbled flower-stalks from the growth in a
state of maturation, and is ornamented with a gay
panicle of flowers having a yellow ground and Indian red
blotches and spots. Under more extended culture I
have a very favourable impression of the decorative
importance of this plant. Period of flowering, April
and May.

0. cnctdlatnm, Lindley. — Peru. The very fact of
such an ornamental subject as this coming from the
Peruvian Andes invests all its fellows with propor-
tionate interest. Its pseudobulbs are ovate, witn a
short and generally solitary leaf, of elliptic acuminate
form,at the extremity. The flower raceme proceeds from
young growth in process of development, and produces
from three to eight flowers of a highly ornamental
character; inferior sepals connate, dorsal sepal and
petals uniform, ovate, of a Vandyke brown, tipped with
indecisive yellow ; the labellum is of a pale flesh ground
with most prominent highly-coloured violet spots
arranged densely over its surface, and running to a
densely blotched baseofyellowcalli, its form beingspread-
ing and bifid. There are a great variety of shades of violet
in this O. cucuUatum, from a very pale ground and less
highly-coloured spotting, to the very high coloured
one above described. It flowers at different periods of
the year as the young growths are finishing, but gene-
rally sjieaking from November to April. It is by far
the most important addition that Oncidiums have
received for years, and now that we are in the way of

cool treatment it is to be hoped that it will never be
lost to the country again. Conmion not culture is well
.suited lor it. Some plants of the variety gigantoum we
have received, principally through M. Linden, are
makingnioo specimens, capable, judging comparatively,
of yielding an inflorescence far in excess of tlie esti-
mated number which the common sorts have produced.
It is one of the hardiest of the race, and should be
prescribed for, and attended to accordingly.

O.Jlexuosum, Sims.— Brazil. One of the oldest and
brightest of the yellow division of the family. Its
pseudobulbs are flat, ovate, and shining, its leaves lanceo-
late, and its flowers produced in terminal corymbs at
the top of a very slender stem. As it is so well known
it ueed not be minutely described. As a plant bearing
cool winter treatment, it has no equal It is better,
however, to be re-invigorated with a good bri.sk heat'
during the summer and autumn months to mature its
growth, which takes it a little out of the cool section.

O. incuri'iim, Barker. —Oaxaca, Mexico. No one
who takes delight in flowers, be they Orchids or
not, can fail to be struck with the quiet beauty and the
general traits of elegance of the inflorescence of this
species ; yet it does not seem to bo a plant in general
cultivation. Tho white and violet flowers which
crowd together up tho flower stems are like so many
elegantly dressed dolls, with pink boddices and white
skirts. If it were not of the easiest possible culture
one could understand its scarcity. Could the many
gentlemen who are beginning Orchid cultivation be
induced to try their hand with this subject as a cool
jilant, treaioil upon the principles laid down in the
series of articles which have from time to time
appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle, I would engage
that they would not be disappointed when the period of
flowering came round. A large plant flowers twice a
year, and it will remain in faultless condition in a cool
temperature for eight weeks. The plant itself forms a
handsome specimen, with ovate wrinkled pseudobulbs,
which in the growing season drink up water like a
pumpkin, and bearing oblong lanceolate leaves, about
2 feet in length, the terminal ones sheathing together
in pairs. The flower panicles are emitted freely from
the young growths in process of maturation, bearing
each from 1.50 to 200 flowers ! Judge of such a plant
with 20 such panicles, as can be seen frequently in
autumn. The sepals are recurved ; the petals inclined
forwards, nearly uniform, rosy pink, tipped with
white; the labellum contracted towards the extremity,
its lower portion expanded and white, its upper
portion gathered a little outwards at the edges,
giving it a rounded appearance, and of a pink soinetiiues
inclining to a viidet shade; flowers nearly three-
quarters of an inch across. I'eriod of blooming from
June till January, rendering it one of tho most
serviceable plants in general cultivation.

O. leucochilum, Bateman. — Mexico, Guatemala.
This variety improves more under cultivation than
any other Oncid with which I am acquainted. The
best imported bulbs I have ever seen can be beaten
fourfold with generous treatment in our greenhouse
Orchid-houses. The plant yields immense roundly
ovate pseudobulbs, so plump as to appear almost
conical, and very slightly grooved. The brown ochre
tint which pervades the fine-finished extericu' of the
bulbs, shining as if polished, at once gives a character
to tho plant. When in vigour it very often has
bulbs about i inches long, crowned with a pair of
lanceolate leaves, very smooth, and of a nice healthy
green. The flower racemes or panicles are produced
from the young growths, sometimes as many as four
spikes from one bulb, and each bearing from 13 to
.30 flowers. Sepals and petals linear and uniform, with
a long cleft or divided labellum, lilac and white suffused,
some of the varieties being of a rich rosy lilac, and very
prepossessing in appearance; general anpearance like
a bird in the act of flying, with short heck and small
head, in the shape of the usual hood, which protects
the apex of column ; calli very much raised and
pronged, with a dash of lemon pervading the base.
Period of flowering from September to February, and
duration of a single spike trom six to eight weeks.
Very easily managed as a cool plant, and certain when
known to give unqualified satisfaction.

0. reflexnm, Lindley. — Mexico. This bears a very
round pseudobulb, fat and plump, with the central
divisions prominent. Other three divisions also show
up in the outline on either side, and the whole is as
glossy and transparent as any sample of vegetable pro-
duce could be. The leaves are about 9 inches long,
lanceolate ; and the flower panicle comes from the
maturing growth, bearing rich golden-lipped flowers
with sepals and petals small, uniform, wavy in outline,
of a bistre hue, with slight blendings of yellowish green
or rather olive ; labellum fully an inch across, with two
short flat lobes on either side of the column, and of a
nice chrome yi-Uow. Period of flowering, June and
July, and duration of each branched raceme about four
weeks. This improves very much under good culture,
and is upon the whole a very desirable plant to have
in any collection.

O. TFentwortkiamtm, Bateman. — Guatemala. This
possesses oblong, ovate pseudotiulbs. of a jiaie green
ground colour irregularly mottled and barred with black,
something in the way of bifolium as to mottling of
bulb; leaves linear, lanceolate, of a lustrous hue,
forming a good specimen jdant. Pkiwer panicles
coming away from the young growth, and, like leuco-
chilum, taking from four to six months to show their
inflorescence. It also reaches a height of similar pro-
portions to the variety named, and is a capital plant
for contrasting with leucochilum. The flowers in this
instance are of a pale lemon, barred towards the base of
the sepals, petals, and labellum with vandyke brown.
Thelobesofthe I ip are large,.and add much to the general
appearance of the flower, while the lower portion is
expansive, fully an inch in diameter, and the flower
longer than broad. Period of flowering, July and

656

THE GAKDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 22, 1867.

August ; and duration of panicles in flovferins order,
from seven to nine weeks. James Anderson, Meadow
Bank.

LETTERS FEOM PABIS.-No. XV.
The Jaedin des Plantes, &c.

We have nothing like the Jardin des Plantes in the
British Isles. It is half zoological, half botanical, and
nearly surrounded by museums, containing vast zoolo-
gical,botanical,audmineralogical collections. The portion
entirely devoted to botany is laid out in the straight,
regular style, while the part in which are the numerous
buildings for the wild animals, has winding w'alks, and
some trifling diversity here and there. The place is
really an important school of science, and as such it is
great and useful. In addition to able lecturers on botany,
culture, and allied matters, there are, I believe, a dozen
lecturers on various other scientific subjects, some of
these gentlemen being among the ablest and most
famous naturalists in Europe. Here liuffon, Cuvier,
Jussieu, and many other leading men have worked;
and here at the present day work, even in minor
departments, many men of well-known ability.

Although the Jardin des Plantes is quite inferior in
point of beauty to any of our large British botanic
gardens, it contains some features which might be
introduced to the latter Avith the greatest advantage. Its
chief merits are that its plants are better named than
in any British garden ; it possesses several arrange-
ments which enable the student to see conveniently,
and most correctly, all obtainable useful plants
infinitely better than in any British botanic garden ; and
it displays most fully the vegetation of temperate and
northern climes, and, consequently, that in which we
are the most interested, and which is the most
important for us. Its chief faults are that it has a bad
position in an out-of-the-way part of the town ;
the greater part of its surface is covered with
plants, scientifically disposed ; the houses are
poor and badly arranged compared to those in our own
good botanic gardens ; and there is no green turf to be
seen in its open and important parts. It has, in
addition, a very bad "climate" for Pines and Ever-
greens, and there is a ridiculous kind of maze on the
top of an otherwise not objectionable mound. Half
way up this elevation stands a tolerably good Cedar of
Lebanon, the first ever planted in France. It was
planted by Jussieu, to whom it was given by the
English botanist CoUiuson. Beyond this there is not
much tree-beauty or tree-interest in the Jardin des
Plantes. The houses are in some cases very well cared
for, but are quite inferior to those in English gardens.
There are fine collections of Palms and other subjects of
much importance for a botanic garden, and the bouse
collections are on the whole good, but the plants in a
great many cases are very diminutive and poorly
developed, therefore I will pass them by.

There is one admirable feature whicii I must not
forget, and that is the magnificent collection of Pear
trees. This is the one which Mr. Elvers mentions,
and which convinced him of the fact that the French
surpass us a good deal in the management of them, and
it was also much admired by the late Dr. Lindley.
M. Cappe has had charge of this garden for about
35 years, and is now a very old man, but still he attends
to his trees, and has them in fine condition, though
contending with many difliculties, because the space
upon which the trees stand is really not big enough for
cne half the number, and thus ho is obliged to keep
lines of little trees between and under big cues, and so
on. There are few things in our way about Paris better
worth notice than this collection.
, Eemarking that they have a graceful way of com-
memorating great naturalists by naming the streets in
the immediate neighbourhood of the garden after
them, I will pass on to the more important feature of
the garden ; that is, its very e.\tensive and well-named
collection of hardy plants. They have in the first place
a little reserve garden near the bear-pits, in which I
found the following plants, chiefly suited for aflbrding
a good effect among hardy foliage plants, so to
speak. Here I met with a dwarf and very compact
species of Asparagus (from Japan) of a glistening green,
and very neat in bahit, which will probaljly make a
useful plant for producing diversity of character
a.mong the dwarfer inmates of the flower garden ; it is
like a very close little Cypress. Here grow Heracleum
latisectum, Magydaris panacina, and Gundelia
Tournefortii— the latter a very remarkable and distinct
plant both m marking and habit. Thapsia garganica
is also here, and more beautiful than usual ; it is rather
fine and distinct in leaf, and by pinching the flower
stems out the moment they show, might prove a useful
thing among large-leaved hardy plants. Crambe
juQcea is also pretty good, though not quite so fine as
cordifoha. The only species of Pelargonium that
ventures mto Europe (P. Endlicherianum) is also
grown here.

The first of the principal arrangements of hardy
plants is a curious and distinct one. It is simply two
large and wide spaces planted with masses of first and
second rate thmgs; and at present it looks pretty well,
though far from being arranged in a way to develop
fully the beauty of its contents. Here I have found,
from time to time, a good deal of interest, but
as it is chiefiy composed of rather popular
plants, most of them are known in England, Edgings
composed of the several varieties of Iris ))umila, looked
very well in early spring, and many plants are u,sed
for edging which we are not accustomed to see so
employed in England. Thus the good double variety of
Lychnis Viscaria has been very pretty as an edging,
and so has the neat, bright, and pure white Silene
alpestris, an alpine plant not half so popular as it ought
to be, though I observe that some seedsmen, while not
oflering it, vend a pretty free prooortion of the weeds
that belong to its genus. An herbaceous Coronilla

(C. montana) here is very fine. Itisneat, free to bloom,
and bright yellow, in a word A 1 as a border plant. Many
of the finer-leaved things are not as yet fairly developed.
Acanthus hisitanicusisvery conspicuous among them. It
is one of the very best things among large-leaved hardy
plants. The Perulas are also fine here, and their leaf
beauty is exposed very early in spring. In addition to
the kinds grown in English botanic gardens, I found
here one called F. neapolitana, a magnificent species.

Then there is a tolerably large space devoted to
plants used for the decoration of the parterre, all or
chiefly tender plants or annuals. Thisisnotsosuccessful
or useful as some of the other arrangements. I will
pass on to a large space devoted to the culture of plants
used as food, and in commerce_. It is at once successful,
useful, and complete. The chief varieties of all garden
crops, from Eadishes to Kidney Beans, are to be seen ;
the various species of Ehubarb, all important varieties
of Lettuce — m a word, everything that the learner
could desire to see in this way. It is not merely the
plan of the thing that is sensible and good, but its
carrying out. Here the annuals are regularly
raised and put out ; the ground is kept perfectly
free from filth, and it is, in fact, the best place
I have ever seen to become acquainted with
useful plants. Such arrangements well done, and hidden
off by judicious planting from the general verdant
and chief area of any of our great public gardens,
would be of the greatest service. The ground is thrown
into beds about 6 feet wide, and each kind is allotted
6 feet run of the bed. The sweet Potato is grown here,
and, indeed, all interesting plants that may be grown in
the open air. Below this arrangement, and near the
river end of the garden, is another very interesting
division. It is chiefly devoted to edible and useful
plants of all kinds, arranged in a distinct way. Eirst
we have the Sorghums, Millets, Wheats, and Cereals
generally — all plants cultivated for their grains or
seeds. Then come plants cultivated for their stems,
from Polymnia edulis to UUucus tuberosus. Next we
have the chief species and varieties of Onion, such
plants as Urtica utilis, the Dalmatian Pyrethrum
rigidum, and in a word almost every plant likely to
interest in this way, from Lactuca perennis to the
esculent Hibiscus. Here again the plants are well
named and kept clear and distinct, each having full
room to develop, (he general space devoted to the
subject being sufficiently large. All these divisions we
have just passed through cover an oblong expanse of
ground, the effect of which is of course anything but
beautiful from an ornamental point of view, but yet,
in consequence of the ground being well kept, each
subject grown well and vigorously, and all the squares
bordered with Eoses and summer flowering plants, the
effect is better than might be expected. This great
oblong space is bordered on each side by double rows
of Lime trees planted by Bufibn. Between these are
Avide walks, agreeably shady on hot days.

The second great oblong space to the north is entirely
devoted to the school of botany, and this is simply a
large portion of ground planted on the natural system,
remarkable for the correctness of its nomenclature, and
the richness of its collection. Here again everything
is well taken care of and kept distinct; the aquatics
are furnished with cemented troughs, in which they do
quite luxuriously ; and the whole is most satisfactory,
with one exception— that they place out the greenhouse
and stove plants in summer to complete the natural
orders. _ These poor plants are stored pell mell in
winter in a great Orangery, from which they are taken
out in early summer literally more dead than alive.
They make a few leaves during the summer, and are
again put into their den to sicken or die. There is no
medical gai-den special, but the medicinal and other
plants for special uses are indicated by variously
coloured labels.

Thereis apoorandvery badly-managed medical garden
attached to the school of Pharmacy, which is not more
than 10 minutes' walk from the Jardin des Plantes.
They have a good lot of Irises and Tulips, among
which were several noticeable things, but particularly
the charming I, nudicaulis. This is dwarf, strong in leaf
and sturdy in habit, free to flower and rich in colour,
in a word perfect as a spring plant. It is better than
the popular I. pumila or Crimean Iris, which is saying
a good deal for it. Here are several hardy Yuccas
which we ought to hear more of— Y. lutescens,
Y. flexilis, and Y. Treculeana. The last is in England,
but not common ; the others are perfectly hardy, hand-
some kinds, worthy of association with gloriosa and
recurva. They have a pretty good collection of the
genus Asparagus, among which one, A. Broussonetii,
IS remarkable for its great vigour and rapidity of
growth. It quickly runs up with dense vigour to a
height of 10 feet in spring. Its foliage is glossy and
dense, and it might be used with success as a covering
for bowers or to make pyramids in a highly diversi-
fied garden of hardy plants, and of course it may
be used easily in such a place as the subtropical
parden at Battersea Park. " Fortune's Palm," or
Chamserops Fortunei is quite hardy in several parts of
these gardens, as with us. Among the Grasses I
noticed one perennial, graceful and ornamental, one I
had not grown in England— Glyceria Michauxii.
Asparagus tenuifolius is as graceful and elegant
as the one before-named is vigorous and strong. Iris
Monnieri, of Western Asia, is a really fine, bright
yellow kind. Among the larger Corapositce are some
likely to prove useful for the subtropical garden.
Notably Ehaponticum scariosum, and cynarioides;
Serratula pinnatifida is elegant in leaf ; and particularly
fine is a silvery-leaved Tanacetum (T. elegans), with
finely divided and elegant frond-like leaves. Dipsacus
laciniatus is magnificent in its lines when well grown,
and it will prove really well worth raising annually,
somewhat like the Castor-oils, for the garden where
distinction is desired ; it is a native of France. Sideritis
syriaca is hai'dy here, and fairly tried might make a |

useful edging plant in the way of Gnaphalium lanatum,
than which it is a shade more silvery. Phlomis
herba-veuti, a native of France, is an exceedingly
pretty and distinct herbaceous plant, medium-sized,
and Eremostachys iberica is a yellow species, well
worthy of association with laciniata. Next there
is one of the most charming dwarf plants I
have ever beheld — Acantholimon venustum. It is
prettier and more elegant than the admired glumaceum,
the dwarf cushion of leaves being of a glaucous tone,
and the large rose-coloured flowers being well thrown
out on bold graceful stems. For a well-made and
tasteful rockwork it will prove one of the best summer
ornaments ever seen. Geranium platypetalum is very
good here, and is one of the best of the family. Erodium
carvifolium is so elegantly cut that I should not hesi-
tate to place it beside Thalictrum uiinus, from which it
is, of course, quite distinct in character. Thalictrum
foetidum is quite as delicate and pretty as the best
form of minus, and forms a capital addition to the class
of hardy Fern-like plants for the fiower garden.
Of hardy plants, seen here in unusually pretty condi-
tion, the distinct Jeffersonia diphylla, and the fine
Corydalis nobilis were among the most remarkable. The
Jeffersonia grows in deep peat, and forms a pretty free-
flowering mass in spring.

There is a capital and remarkable collection of
the very neat Sempervivum family, planted in the
open air, where they do remarkably well. Seseli
gumrniferum is a pretty umbelliferous plant, of a
peculiarly distinct and pleasing glaucous hue. Thapsia
villosa is also fine, and so is Aralia edulis. Ononis
fruticosa makes a charming bush here : it is a thing
which one would like to see more frequently iu
England, Vicia tenuifolia formosa is a very handsome
climber ; and Orobus rosea, is one of the most elegant
and pretty of its family, having arching and drooping
shoots, and being well suited for a large rockwork, I
only name the most important of these plants, and
those most likely to meet present wants, and will now
finish with a few words on hardy Bamboos, which I
met with in the nursery and in various other parts.
They are plants well worthy of much attention ia
England and Ireland, and in favoured parts of the
coasts of the British Isles generally. In dry cold places
they make little progress, but iu moist nooks and gullies
near the sea, in the south of England and
Ireland, they would prove exceedingly beautiful,
especially in sheltered localities. As flower garden
ornaments in such places there is nothing to surpass
them. I doubt if any plants exceed in grace of habit
the Bamboos in the open air, when freely grown. But
if the climate and position be not good enough to
encourage them to grow strongly and gracel'ully,
nothing can be more miserable. In the county of
Cork, Dr. Moore states that Arundinaria falcata attains
a height of from 16 to 20 feet, and I now proceed to
mention Bamboos hardier than that— B, nigra, aurea,
Simonsii, mitis, gracilis, and viridis glnuce^cens ; the
last is very fine, and has made shoots 15 feet long in the
open air about Paris, I have seen B. Metake and A.
falcata grow luxuriantly in Sussex and Devon in
sheltered positions, so that there can be no doubt of
the success that will attend their culture in some parts.

I am much indebted to Messieurs Neumann, Verlot,
Carri^re, and Houllet, for their kindness in furnishing
me with information, and I wish to add, that should
any visitor to the Jardin des Plantes wonder at the poor
external aspect of its houses and some other features
as compared with those at Kew, he would do well to
bear in mind that money has a good deal to do
with such things; and that the grant for museums,
lecturers (the lectures are free), the expensive
ollection of animals, and everything else iu the Jaidin
des Plantes, is miserably small. On the other hand,
the gardens and plants of La Ville de Paris are
luxuriousl.v provided with the " needful ;" the munici-
pality of ]?aris often spending prodigious sums for the
purchase of plants, and even for the plant decoration
of a single ball. One ball at the Hotel de Ville during
the recent festivities cost considerably over 30,000i,
while the poor Jardin des Plantes gets from the State
— I am not quite sure how much, but probably not ,
quite one third of that sum, to exist upon for a whole '
year. W. S.

NEGLECTED PLANTS.

LeSCHENAULTIA rOKMOSA.

It is an inexplicable fact, but nevertheless true, that
at the great International Horticultural Exhibition
only one plant of this little gem was shown. Twenty
years ago, to see it glinting out in the most conspicu-
ous position in every miscellaneous collection of stove
and greenhouse was not an uncommon thing, and the
superb manner in which John Green, William Hunt,
and others used to colour it, and at the same time
retain a sparkling crispness upon the flowers, was quite
enchanting. The finished and peculiar manner in
which some plants, I might almost say all plants, are
brought out upon the day of exhibition, constitutes a
chief, if not the chief part, of their charms. It is
astonishing how one man will bring a plant or a set of
plants out to the day, while another with the same
number and varieties will have some over — past their
best— others in tolerable perfection, and the remainder
not nearly in bloom. The possession of this knowledge
constitutes what is considered tact in plant manage-
ment, and can only be attained by studious
observation and attention, carried over a series
of years. As a rule it is always better to have the
plants, if not up to the exact mark, coming to per-
fection, rather than going out of bloom. A stale plant
is never pleasing to any one, as its charm is over, its day
is gone; but a plant nicely sheeted with fresh flowers,
and with plenty more to follow, will always please,
because there is something to look forward to. The
colouring, too, of flowers is quite an art. Some require

I

Jtinb 22, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CnRONKJLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

657

full tunliBht, others a subdued light, and a third coin-

Sarative shade. The plant under notice, to briuj; the
owers to a proper colour, requires to be shaded from
the uiid-day sun ; but for an hour or two in the
morning, and after three o'clock on a May afternoon,
it may be fully exposed with decided advantage. Then,
again,' it must have a nice circulation of air throughout
the night if the woatlior is favourable ; but cold
draughts must bo avoided. Twenty years ago we used
to grow L. formosa and Baxteri for bedding in tlie
flower garden, .and very nice they looked. Then wo
could purchase at Pampliu's Paradise Nursery, or
Fairbairn's of Clapham, nice plants in ■1-incli pots at
Ss. to 9s, per dozen, .and larger ones in like proportion,
but now good plants can scarcely bo procured at all,
even .at a price far beyond their value. Indeed
many of our old friends have gone out of I'asbion, but
whether from the want of taste, or tho necessary know-
lodge of cultivation, it is dillicult to say.

1 sliall not waste space by detailing tho method of
propagation further than to remark, that young half-
ripened shoots I'oofc freely in silver sand under a bell-
glass, in a gentle heat in the spring, and that cuttings
of the same quality may be put in in August in a cold
frame, the same as Heaths, and they will bo nicely
rooted and fit to pot off in January. For the few
plants required in a gentleman's establishment it is
never worth while to incur the trouble of propagation,
as nice plants ought to bo procurable at from Is. to
3s. (u^. each, according to then* size. For growing into
specimens it is a great point to get a nice healthy start.
The plants should be stiff and bushy, bright green to
the e.vtreme point of each shoot, and without any dead
foliage about them. If they are not so, but on the
contrary weak and lanky, .avoid them, for they will
never bo worth the trouble of cultivation. Good plants
procured, the next thing is soil, and that of suitable
quality is becoming yearly more dillicult to procure.
That Irom Wrotham Heath near Maidstone is excel-
lent, and at one time good peat could be had at
Shirley Common, near Croydon. For quick growth
the soft spongy peat is the best, but if you want the
plants to st,ay with you, a mixture of the hard ,
peat of Wandsworth or Wanstead is desirable.
Soils, however, for high class plant cultivation should
be duly collected and prepared for many months '
before they are used, or, in other words, a stock
sufficient for 12 months' consumption should be got in
every autumn, and be kept exposed to the free action
of sun, air, and frost for at the least six months before
it is used. At the time of collecting, it is a good plan
to have the peat assorted, placing the good in the best
situation for aeration, and putting the other aside for
secondary purposes, American dumps, &c. Some years
ago, when extensively engaged in plant cultivation, I
had a rough rack, like a bottle rack, made for storing
peat, upon the shelves of which it was placed in layers
(i to 9 inches thick, and thus tlae air and frost had free
access to it, while at the same time it was protected from
rain. Before puttingitupou the rack, all sand, fine earthy
particles, and extraneous matter were removed, so that
every ounce stored was fit for use. Messrs. Fraser, of the
Lea Bridge Eoad, used to treat their AVanstead peat in
the same manner, by introducing strong stakes and
Pea-sticks between the layers of turves as they were
stacked up, and making the top waterproof. This
may appear a very troublesome process, but where
the best results are desidered, and plants forming a
hemisiihere 2 to 21 feet in diameter are wished for, it
must be taken. As many persons will be unprepared
with such soils, a method of extemporising a compost
may be suggested, and it is this. Take the best peat
you can procure, and having deprived it of all unsuit-
able matter, break it into pieces about the size of a
Walnut, and then place it in a thin layer under glass,
where it will be fully exposed to the action of the air,
but at the same time be protected from damp. Thus
exposed for a week or 10 days, it will be materially
improved ; but if it is poor, as most peats from upland
situations are, take about half of it, and placing it in
sieves, put them in a hotbed frame, or upon a dunghill
where the steam is rather strong. In this way after
two or three days the peat will be much enriched by the
ammonia absorbed, and when mixed with the remaining
portion, and exposed to the air for a few days, will
form a highly stimulating compost. Time was when
the use of stimulants for hard-wooded plants was looked
upon as being highly heterodox, and contrary to pre-
cedent, but it is those that leave the beaten track that
make new discoveries, and fortunately for the progress
of good cultivation there are many who have ventured
to leave the " old groove " within the last 20 years. So
far as has been recorded, it was the late T. A. Knight,
Esq., who first ventured to give weak pigeon dung-
water to Heaths. He found his account in it, and
others ventured to follow the lead and practice which
lie had inculcated. Now guano and stimulants are
used extensively for hard-wooded plants, and why
should they not be ? If we go to Nature, and examine
plants in their native habitats, we find the voidiugs of
wild birds and animals freely distributed amongst
them, and as this is washed to the roots by the rains
that fall, it is quite certain that even the plants of Alpine
regions receive some stimulus in the form of manure.
The first time I spoke of giving manure-water to a
large and very select collection of Heaths, and other
hard-wooded plants, the foreman in charge, an
expert and enthusiastic plant-grower, looked upon
me as being decidedly "daft." "I might if I liked,
but he would not. The plants were doing well
now, and it was the best to let well alone." However,
unknown to him, I persisted. Begularly as the tank
wg filled I dropped into it a certain measure of

Potter's Liquid Guano," and so unconsciously he not
only watered the plants regularly with weak manure-
water, but the water for their daily ablution came from
the same source. The progress made was most complete
and satisfactory j the best plant growers in England

pronouncing tho collection, for its age, unsur])assablo.
From that time to this I have used weak guano-water
in the growing .season for plants of all kinds, but for
the last 12 months 1 have, njion the recommendation
of my old friend, and your correspondent, " Alpha,"
used "Standen's Gardeners' Friend Manure," and
I think with superior results. This manure seems to
have soino peculiar inlluenco upon the blooming
principle of hard-wooded jdants, causing iliem not only
to set their flowers most profusely, but to ojjcn them
with singular vigour and richness of colour. This
remark aiiplies particularly to Azaleas, Chorozomas,
Pinieleas, Lpacriscs, Heaths, and Zichyas.

To return to the enriched peat, the value of which
we have been endeavouring to show. Take for Lesche-
naultias two parts of the soft and one part of
the hard, and without breaking it unnecessarily,
reduce it so that every portion will pass through
a half-inch sieve. Then to each peck by measure put a
quart of silver sand, and a pint e;icli of clean soft-
burned potsherds and charcoal broken to the size of
Horse Beans. Mix the whole intimately together by
passing it once more through the sieve, and it will bo
ready for use. The size of the pots must be governed
by the size and health of the plauUi to be put into them.
If they are strong and healthy those in 4-inch may
bo removed into 8-inch, while partly grown specimens
may go from C or 8-incli into 11-inch pots at
once. The pots must bo carefully and efficiently
drained, placing some rough peat or a little
Sphagnum to keep tho crocks clean. The plants should
be watered the day prior to potting, so as to have
the ball in a proper state as to moisture, as that
is a most important point. Fill tho pot to the neces-
sary height with the compost, making it quite firm.
Then take the plant, and turning it out of the pot,
remove^ loose potsherds, and with a sharp pointed
stick disentangle a portion of the young fibres care-
fully from the side of the ball, place it in position, so
that the collar or base of the plant will be
upon a level with the top of the pot, and fill
in the soil, making it as firm as possible
by the compression of the hand, but not using
the usual rammer with unnecessary force. A well
potted plant, the soil being in proper condition as to
moisture, should be so firm that the broad part of the
thumb pressed with full force upon it will not make
much impression. Plants will grow faster when more
lightly potted, but they rarely live so long. The pots
should be new, or if not new should be washed perfectly
clean, and be dry at the time of use. I like a dry pot,
as carefully watched it is an index of the due percola-
tion of moisture through the compost. After potting
give the plants a gentle watering, so as to moisten the
soil in contact with the disturbed roots, and then set
the plants away where they are to remain. If it can
be had, a brick pit is the best place for hard-wooded
plants through the growing season, as the ground if
sprinkled daily gives ofl' a congenial moisture, and is at
the same time cool for them to stand upon. It has
another advantage— the sashes can be quickly put on
or off; and on warm dewy nights, or with warm gentle
showers in the daytime, I have great faith in giving
the plants the advantages arising therefrom. The pit
containing the Leschenaultias should be kept to a tem-
perature of 50' during the growing season, and should
be freely ventilated both back and front, on all
favourable occasions, but the plants must not
at any season be exposed to cold draughts. The routine
treatment will be : ventilate freely in the morning,
increasing it as the day warms ; water copiously when
the plants require it, but avoid driblets. On the after-
noon of warm sunny days sprinkle the ground between
the plants, dew them gently over with a fine syringe
a short time before the sun leaves the pit, and shut up
close, but before leaving for the night give a little air
at the highest point, so as to allow the steam to pass off.
Stake the plauts when necessary, using as few sticks as
possible; remove every flower-bud directly it can be
handled, and guard against insects and mildew. The
greenfly is the greatest pest, but it can be removed by
fumigating slightly two or three nights in succession ;
then place them upon their sides, and with a syringe and
water wash the insects clean away. Mildew is quickly
checked by sulphur dusted over the parts affected.

Manure water must not be used until the newly
potted plants have filled the pots with roots, but the
walls of the pit and the ground between the jilants
may be sprinkled once or twice a week with advantage.
The plants may be kept in the pit until October, but
through the winter a warm airy part of the green-
house will bo the best place for them. Plants
shifted from <t to 8-inch pots in early spring will, if
properly managed, take 11-inch pots in August, but it
would not be advisable to shift them later than that
month. Leschenaultias grow all through the winter,
therefore they must not be exposed to cold draughts,
though they require a free circulation of air at all
times. The subsequent treatment of specimens will
be given in another paper. An Old Subscriber, Mid-
land Counties.

Home Correspondence.

Acanthus hisilanicus. — As I have repeatedly said
that we might produce much of the better kind of
effect in the flower garden with perfectly hardy plants
alone, than with many that are employed at much
expense, 1 shall follow up that statement byrecommeud-
ing, from time to time, such first-class hardy plants as
I have ascertained to be highly suitable for the purpose,
perfectly distinct, and easily cultivated. The plant
now mentioned is in all respects fine. The leaves are
bold and noble in outline, and the pl.ant has a tendency,
rare in some hardy things with otherwise fine qualities,
and that is, to retain its leaves till the very end of
summer, or rather of the season, without losing a par-
ticle of its freshness and polished verdure. In fact, the

only thing wo have to decide about the subject ia, what
is tho best ijlace for it ? Now, it is one of those things
that will not disgrace auyposition, and will prove equally
at homo m the centre of the mixed border, projected a
little Irom tho edge ofa choice .shri.ubery in the Gra-ss
or 111 the flower garden ; nobody ncedfear itsdisplaying
anything hko the na.stiucss that such things as the
Ileraclcums, which have often been recommended for
their leaves, do in the end of summer; and, in fact
there are few things turned out of the houses that wili
furnish a more .satisfactory elfect. I should not like to
advise its being planted in the centre of a flower bed, or
in any other iiusition where removal would be neces-
sary; but in ca.se it were determined to plant i)enna-
nent groups of fine-leaved hardy plants, then indeed it
could bo used withgreatsuccess. Sup])osiug wc liave an
irregular kind of flower garden, or pleasure ground, to
deal with (a common case everywhere), one of the best
things to do with it is to plant it in the Grass, at some
little distance from the clumps, and near perhaps a few
other things of like merit. It is better than any species
of Acanthus hitherto commonly cultivated in botanic
gardens, though one or two of these are iine. Give it
deep good soil and don't begrudge that attention,
because it will not, like tender plants, trouble you
iigain for a long time. How about a ring of it round
a strong clump of Trilomas (grandis in the middle, and
glaucescens surrounding it), the very dark polished
green Acanthus being in its turn surrounded by that
fine autumn-flowering Sedum, called Fabaria ? There
would bo nothing finer. I should have little dilliculty
in suggesting a dozen equally suitable uses for this fine
plant, and it is only one of many kinds which I hope
to speak of in due time. It is to be had now in London
nurseries, and more aljucdautly in those of Paris. I{.

Varie([ated Pelai'fjonlums.—A^ there is likely to be
very spirited competition for the County Silver Cup to
be awarded at the Bury St. Edmund's Exhibition for
the best 12 Seedlini; Variegated Pelargoniums of 18GG
and 1867, it is important to myself and several other
intending exhibitors to know before we undertake to
ciury our plants so many miles— what is a Variegated
Pelargonium ? Mr. Grieve says (p. 002), with regard
to the bronze or yellow-leaved varieties, such as
Beauty of Oulton, &c., that they are certainly very
beautiful, but they cannot be classed as Variegated
Pelargoniums. My opinion is that they are variegated,
for any departure iu colour from the normal condition
must be a variegation. If the fine varieties I exhibited at
South Kensington on the 21st of May are not Variegated
Pelargoniums, then the leaves of a new section I now
enclose cannot be variegated. The Council of the
R. H. S. would do well if they would state as early
as possible whether collections containing Gold and
Silver Tricolors and bronze and gold would be dis-
qualified at the forthcoming exhibition ; their schedule
does not say that the 12 seedlings for which they
ofl'er the 10/. 10*. prize are to be confined to Gold or
Silver Tricolors, but that the prize is offered for
12 Seedliug Variegated Pelargoniums. I think it
impossible for one raiser to exhibit 12 seedling Tricolors
of 186G and 1867, distinct in every feature. I also
understand seedlings of 1866 and 1807 to mean varieties
that have not been exhibited previous to the year 1866.
By giving your opinion as early as may be convenient
you will much oblige. I exhibited my bronze and
gold varieties at the Manchester Exhibition on the 7th,
and took the 1st prize for them in the class for
10 Variegated Pelargoniums. There was only one
Golden Tricolor and one silver-edged variety in the
collection, eight of the plants were bronze and
gold ; yet they were considered variegated. J. Wills.
[The interpretation of the Bury schedule rests with
the Eoyal Horticultural Society or the Bury C9m-
mittee. AVe can only refer to the general question,
and on that our opinion will be found at p. 630. We
must repeat that variegation proper is quite distinct
from coloration; and with all deference to Mr. Fish,
we think on the eve of a show it would be manifestly
unfair to adopt any other thau the custom,ary explana-
tion of the term, which is to the effect that Vatiegated
Pelargoniums mean those varieties with leaves having
tho ground colour green, and a white or yellow margin,
with or without a coloured zone. Your examples,
marked Nos. 1 and 2, are very beautiful. The one
yellow, with crimson zone ; the other yellow, with
brownish red zone. A diff'ereut term must be used when
it is desired to bring in the beautiful Golden Bicolors as
they are commonly called. Eds.]

Orchard-Souse Trees in Pols. — l made an error
last week (see p. 031) in the remarks I wrote you
respecting these trees ; I should have said " Apricots "
require a separate house, not Nectarines, as has been
printed. .E". jr. Fi/jfe, Box\ near Stroud.

Eoyal Ascot Grape. — Having inspected this Grape
once a fortnight siuce the middle of February, and
being also unfortunately the person who so badly
managed the Grapes for Mr. Standisli last year, 1
ought to know a little of the quality of this variety. It
certainly cracked very much on the small one-year
canes in pots ; that, however, was owing to the quantity
of liquid manure with which it was continually
watered, by Mr. Staudish's order. It is a very luxuriant
grower, short jointed, and I believe it to be a good Grape;
but anyone who discards tho Black Hamburgh for
the Royal Ascot will be greatly disappointed as
regards its earliness, which is said to be its great
recommendation. I say that it is not so early as the
Hamburgh by a fortnight under the some treatment —
a fact which any one can ascertain for themselves by
visiting the early Vinery at Ascot, ivhere both are
growing iu the same house. The Hamburghs are now
being cut, the other is not nearly ripe. Mr. Standish
has also cut Muscat of Alexandria, and other v.arieties
of Muscat long before he has cut his Royal Black, all
being started on the same day. There are two rows
of hot-water pipes running under each border in his
Royal Ascot house, within 1 Toot of the roots— in tact.

(53S

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[JtWE 22 1867.

the roots are entwined round the pipes. Try a
Hamburgh under the same circumstances, and see
what will be the result. I should like to ask Mr.
Standish if he has cut a bunch of his Grape that
weighs J lb., or can he do so ? Thomas Carpenter,
Gardener, King^s Seeches, Sunninghill, Berlcs,

Proposed Experiment in Vine Fninintj, — An idea has
occurred to me, suggested by the discussion which has
taken place in your Paper upon the various systems of
pruning and training the Vine. One of your corre-
spondents (not without reason) has designated the
system in common use, of cutting off the best buds in
pruning, as " barbarous ; " and instead of pruning to
the lowest bud, irrespective of its condition, he states
that his practice is to prune to a good bud wherever he
can find one. From a good bud there is every pro-
bability that he will get a much finer bunch than from
a bud of inferior development, and he accepts the
inconvenience of unduly extended branches. I
presume, however, he would very much prefer "short
spurs," provided they were furnished with suitable
buds; and it strikes me that it might be possible
to cause strong buds to grow in the places
where they are wanted, and where, in practice,
they are seldom or never found, viz., at
the base or insertion of the branches in the main
stem. In the month of May or June, while the Vines
are in full growth, the fruit-bearing branches have
perhaps six leaves, each leaf having a bud in its axil.
The lowest bud to which these branches would in the
ordinary course be pruned, is generally backward and
insignificant in comparison with those above it, which
are cut off in November under the "barbarous" short-
spur system. The lowest bud on the branch is the one
we desire to favour, and if all the others, with the
exception of the lowest only, were now to be cut out,
and the lowest left without any rivals, it would pro-
bably attain to a much better development than if all
the buds were, as usual, allowed to remain. It is true
that in the ordinary course the buds proposed to be
cut out would be pruned off in November with the
branch; but their removal in May or June would
probably have a very different and a better effect,
inasmuch as during the season of growth and secre-
tion the whole of the sap belonging to the branch
would be devoted to the fruit and to the development
of the single bud reserved in its proper place, in or near
to the axil of the branch for the succeeding year. I
have myself treated several Vines in the manner pro-
posed very recently, and I should be glad if some of
your readers, of greater knowledge and experience,
would favour us with their opinion upon the scheme,
being myself only an Amateur, Clapham Park.

Cheap Glasshouses. — I should be very much obliged
to your correspondent " G. A. H." (see p. Cil) if he
would tell me where I can get an orchard-house,
" 7 feet high at the sides, 12 feet high at the ridge, and
21 feet wide inside, built and finished well for 1^. per
lineal foot." The Paxtonian greenhouses are advertised
as models of cheapness, yet a Paxtonian house, 10.5 feet
long and 21 feet wide, costs 205Z., so that I presume one
210 feet long and 21 feet wide, would not cost less much
less than 400Z., or about double your correspondent's
estimate, and even then there are no sides. Amateur.

Change of Colour in Pelargonium Leaves, — I have
sent you a few leaves of Pelargonium Lady Plymouth
in corroboration of Mr. Bull's observations respecting
the power of light to give a pink tingo to the silver-
edged Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums, and also to show how
soon the change is effected. The plants from which
these leaves were cut had been standing on a shelf
within a few inches of the glass on the north side of a
span-roofed house in a somewhat warm and moist
atmosphere for the purpose of getting them on for
cuttings ; in that position the margins of the leaves
were pure white, the green portion having a very
beautiful silvery appearance. On Friday, the 7th inst.,
they were removed from the house in question and
placed in a cold frame ; the glass was left off on Satur-
day, and has not since been replaced. Sunday and
Monday the sun shone very powerfully. On Monday
afternoon, when passing the spot, I noticed that the
margins of the leaves had assumed a pinkish hue, but
at the time I took no particular notice of the circum-
stance. Your Paper did not reach me till Monday
morning, and as I had not the opportunity of
looking at it till the evening, I had not then
read your article on the subject. On Tuesday
I examined the leaves with more care, and found that
not only the margins were changed, but many of the
midribs and lateral veins had a pretty distinct line of
colour running parallel with them. Were the whole
surface of the affected leaf changed, one might readily
suppose that it was simply a case of "sun-burning;"'
but the very distinct thread of colour running along
the edge of the leaf, and also that following the
ribs and veins, show that matter exists there peculiarly
sensitive to the influence of the sun's rays. To-day
(Wednesday), the sun has been very hot, but I do not
see that there is any increase of colour since yesterday
morning, showing that the change was effected in a
very short period. Supposing that shade and moisture
would again bleach out these tints, could it not then
be determined whether or not the cells change their
form under the different circumstances ? D. Buchanan,
Dyrham Park Junel2. [They might change their
contents, but hardly their form. Eds ]

Gishurst Compound. — I noticed two years ago the
presence of a quantity of a sort of insect, with the
name of which I am not acquainted, and could not
obtain from any one, in a wood of 900 acres of young
Fir trees, only 1, 2, or 3 feet high. These insects were
then (in 1865) confined to two or three acres scattered
about in the wood in several parcels, and they did
some harm, destroying some hundred of trees. The
insects lived through the whole year, notwithstanding
the cold and the warm weather. Last year (in ]8(ifi) 1
noticed that they had much increased, and that they

covered 20 or 25 acres, also scattered about the wood in
many parcels, and at the end of the year I had to
ascertain that many thousands of trees were destroyed
by them. Finally, the Easter of 1857 came, and I
saw with terror that (contrary to what had ever been
seen in this country) all these insects were still living,
although the winter had been very cold and very long,
and that the trunks of the trees were literally covered
with millions of nests, of 20 to 30 eggs each, so that it
was feared that the whole of the wood might be over-
whelmed by them and thousands of trees destroyed.
I tried several things to kill these insects, but nothing
succeeded ; or when it really killed them it also killed
the trees. I finally heard of Gishurst Compound, and
used it by brushing the trunks and dipping the
branches. It succeeded admirably, without doing any
harm to the trees. I determined, although the cost of
such work was considerable, to apply it all over the
20 or 25 acres where it was necessary. I had nearly
done 2 or 3 acres when I was happily stopped, after
some very extremely hot days, from continuing, by the
arrival of thousands of small animals (which I think
to be mealy bugs), which destroyed in a week all the
insects in the nests to the last one. A. B., Antwerp.

Forthcoming Anniversary Dinner of the Gardeners'
Moyal Benevolent Institution. — The thanks of all who
are friendly to gardening and gardeners are due to you
for your recent earnest appeal to those whose only
interest it is to subscribe to the funds of this Institu-
tion. And whilst I fully endorse all that has been
since written upon the subject, I do nevertheless urge,
by every possible means, those whom it personally
concerns, to do all they possibly can, to place forthwith
their initiatory claim upon the books of the charity.
This Institution. I am happy to say, is rising, as
regards its funded stock, to a good firm footing,
and in proportion to the support it receives
will it be enabled to meet all calls upon its funds
in the future. The 24th anniversary dinner in aid of
the Institution, which takes place at the London
Tavern upon the 27th inst., from its goodly array of
influential stewards, promises to be a success. Let us
hope that there may be a fine display of flowers on the
occasion, as well as plenty of fruit for dessert. The
Committee invite every earnest friend of " The Insti-
tution," to aid them in this matter. Even those who
are unable otherwise to assist may by the consent of
their employers do much toward making this festival
a success in this respect. Let us, mftreover, trust that
Sir Bobert Peel, who presides upon the occasion, may
be efficiently met by many members of the class for
whose benefit the dinner is especially devised. W. E.

Gooseberrii Wine. — I beg to inform your corre-
spondent " J. M." (p. 5-17a), that Gooseberries for
j making wine should be gathered in fine weather, as
\ soon as they are perfectly ripe. And as they some-
times appear ripe to the eye before they really are, so
( it is necessary to taste them, in order to ascertain
j whether or not they have arrived at maturity. This is
' an important point in the making of excellent wine.
j If the fruit be not ripe it will he harsh and hard,
unpleasant to the palate, and more so to the stomach ;
and if the fruit be too ripe the wine from it will be
low and spiritless. W. B., Coventri/.

Foreign Correspondence.

Gardening in\the Island of St. Michael. — The follow-
ing notes have been contributed by M. E. Goeze, tlie
curator of the Botanic Garden of Coimbra, Portugal,
who has recently made a trip to the Azores, with tlie
view of obtaining plants for the garden under his
charge. Eds.] Furnas is a charming valley, offer-
ing to the spectator a full view of volcanic phenomena
in action ; the most remarkable objects are the mineral
waters, which have a temperature in some cases of
218' Fahrenheit, while the lowest degree measured by
me was 75°. But what struck my attention particu-
larly, while observing the temperature of these springs
was that the coolest (in one case 75', and in another 116')
were close to others whose temperature was much
higher. Near Furnas, and surrounded partially by a
charming lake, is an estate belonging to Signer do Canto.
This estate is very large androckj'. Imagine high moun-
tains thickly plan ted with different speciesof Eucalyptus,
some of which have attained a height of 20 metres (over
(iO feet) in less than eight years. It is true that the
wind much injures these trees, but this may be partially
obviated by planting them very thickly. Many of
these trees in their native country are remarkable, not
only for their great height, but also for the value
of their timber, as well as of the resinous and other
products derived from them ; hence Signer do Canto
has introduced a great number of them, and also of
Melaleucas, Callistemons, and Acacias. Of these
latter. Signer do Canto cultivates more than a hundred
species at St. Anne, more however for the variety of
their form than for their utility, since there arenot
more than a dozen which deserve cultivation for the
sake of their timber. Some Casuarinas are also grown
here lor the sake of their wood. Among Conifers the
Cryptomeriajaponica seems to merit the most atten-
tion, as it grows with extraordinary vigour and
rapidity, and seems destined to play an important part
in the industry of the island ; it does well at different
elevations even in a poor soil. The plantation,-, of
Finns maritima here constitute true forests, but they
are suffering from a disease the cause of which is at
present unknown. The wood of P. maritima is used
for the fabrication of the chests in which the Oranges
are packed for exportation ; but as the growth of the
Cryptomeria is much more rapid, audits woodis harder
and more durable, I shall not be at all surprised to see
it supplant the Pinus maritima. The Cryptomeria
gives seeds in abundance, and is easily multiplied
by cuttings ; hence thousands are planted every
year. Generally speaking, however, the climate does
not seem favourable to Japanese or Chinese plants.

Thus the Skimmia, the Euonymus, and the Aucuba,
do not grow well. The Chinese Pseonies thrive no
better ; Dicentra spectabihs does not succeed, although
the Fumariacea; are well represented among the
indigenous species of the island. Camellias and
Hydrangeas do well, the latter have always blue
flowers. Sikkim Rhododendrons are here planted in
large masses, and thrive admirably. In fact, nothing
seems to have been omitted to render the vegetation of
the Island as varied as possible, and while on the
mountains may be found numerous representatives of
foreign floras, lower down there are plantations of
Oaks, Planes, Ash, Maples, and other trees, common
in Europe. Apples and Pears grow also vigorously;
but the latter suffer from a little insect, which eats the
cellular tissue of the leaf. (See Gardeners^ Chronicle,
July 28, 1866.) From the summits of the mountains a
splendid view may be obtained, the effect of which is
heightened by a cascade of about 150 metres in height ;
but singular to say, in the midst of this charming spot
there is a desert region. There is, in fact, a plain of
considerable extent almost entirely destitute of vege-
tation. This arises from the emission of sulphurous
vapours from the earth ; so strong are they, that birds
are killed as they attempt to fly over these spots, while
the locality is even dangerous for man. ******

At the other extremity of the island is an estate
belonging to Signer Borges. Here, as at Furnas, are vast
craters and immense depressions of the soil, varying
much in aspect and extent. Descending the sides of
one of these, the eye takes in an immense crater, sur-
rounded by mountains, the flanks of which present
many ravines filled with Myrtinese, Perseas, Ferns and
arborescent Heaths. There are no warm springs here,
but numerous large lakes surrounded by high moun-
tains. Pinus maritima is here grown by thousands.
Here also I saw some fine specimens of Phyllocladus
trichomanoides, 20 to 25 feet high, Dacrydium cupres-
sinum, Dammara australis, with its branches laden
with cones, several kinds of Araucaria and Cryptomeria.
The Camphor tree grows with vigour, while the Bona-
partea juncea, seen in Europe only in a small state, may
here be seen in full beauty, producing abundance of
flowers and fruit.

I must now speak of some gardens at Ponte Delgada,
the principal town of the island. Signer do Canto has
a very rich garden in this locality, containing at least
3000 species, and although there are numerous stoves, yet
these do not strike one as so remarkable as the collec-
tions of plants out-of-doors, under the azure blue of the
heavens, and in full view of the ocean. This garden
involuntarily brings to recollection the fairy-like
gardens of which one reads in the " Arabian Nights."
Amongst the trees and shrubs with edible fruit I may
mention different species of Psidium and Eugenia. Of
thelatter, E. Mitchelli, called in the West Indies Cayenne
Cherry from its scarlet cherry-like fruit, E. cauliflora,
E. malaccensis, E. bracteata, E. araplexioaulis,
E. Jambosa (the Hose Apple), and E. Ugni are the
most to be recommended for their excellent flavour.
The Mangosteen and the Jack fruit thrive well, but
have not yet fruited. In the course of my walk I was
much struck with the fine foliage of some clumps of
trees comprising the following kinds: — Heritiera
macrophylla, Aralia quinquefolia, Brexia madagas-
cariensis, Spathodea fraxinifolia, Chrysophyllum specio-
sum, Jacaranda mimosajfolia, several species of
Bro\vnea, a tropical genus of Leguminosaj, the grace-
ful habit of which almost rivals the brilliancy of the
flowers ; all these are well-known plants in our stoves,
but what a difference ! Doryanthes excelsa, that
lovely Australian Amaryllid, is equal in beauty to the
preceding ; its spike of flowers attains the height of
25 feet. Fourcroya gigantea, a South American
member of the same family, has thrown up a spike
covered with greenish flowers to the height of 50 feet.
Ceroxylon andicola, the Wax Palm of South America,
Phoenix plumosa, Pandanus utilissimus, several speci-
mens of Cycas revoluta, and C. circinalis, also demand
a tribute of admiration ; while magnificent specimens of
Strelitzia do not allow us to overlook them. The
variegated Geraniums lose their beautiful colours in
this climate, on account of the great heat; but
this is hardly matter of regret, as their place
is filled by such plants as Plumiera, various
Melastomaceaj, Hibiscus sinensis, Calliandra Tweedii
(the rose-coloured flowers of which diffuse a
delicious fragrance in the evening), Erythrinas, Poin-
settias, and many others. The walls of the garden are
covered with Bignonias, Combretums, Allamandas,
"Dipladenia splendens and urophylla, Stigmatophyllum
ciliare, Thunbergias, and Lapageria rosea. Proteaceae,
nowsorare inEuropean collections, do well here. Inpar-
ticular I may mention flne specimens of Leucadendron
argenteum, Brabeium stelluliferum, of Ehopalas, and
others. Although some of these trees sufl'er from the
winds, yet others escape, as may be judged from the
dimensions of some of the species, which are greater
than are met with in Europe. For instance, Leuca-
dendron argenteum, 35 feet in height; Banksia
marcescens, 16 feet ; B. littoralis, 14 feet ; B. compar,
35 feet ; B. integrifolia, 36 feet ; B. verticillata,
14 feet. Australian Myrtacea) are also to be seen here
in great luxuriance, such as Melaleucas, Callistemons,
Metrosideros, Leptospermums, &c. Among Conifers, a
specimen of (jupressus macrocarpa measures round the
trunk 10 feet. Here, too, are specimens of Dammara
Moorei, D. Brownii, D. australis, and D. obtusa.
The last-mentioned seems to grow very rapidly, as
three years ago the wind broke off the trunk at a few
feet from the ground, but at present the same tree
measures no less than 25 feet in height. The Dacry-
dium Franklinii, the Huou Pine of Tasmania, promises
well here as a timber tree.

Araucaria excelsa, the Norfolk Island Pine, grows
here in all its beauty, attaining to as great a height as
in its native clime ; there are specimens here of 50 and
70 feet in height respectively, somt^ bearing cones.

June 22, 1867.J

THE GAUDENEES' CMONICI.E AND AGWCULTUKAE GAZETTE.

659

The other species of Araucaria are also well represented.
Drimvs Wintori (Winter's Bark) flowers andlruitsUerc
abunclimtly, as do also several kinds of Cinchona,
which Signer do Canto is desirous of acclimatising in
the mountains of Furnas.

In another communication I shall have somelliing
to say of other gardens in the island, of the Orange
plantations, and otlier productions of interest.
Edmond Ooeie.

HovAC Horticultuhal, Jiuu 18 (ScifuOjlc Meet hi (>).—Biv U.
Murchison, Bart., in the chair. After the election of five now
jiiouibcia and the ivlhliiition of three societies, tho nwarJs of
the Floral and Fruit Committeca wore announced, and Mr.
Sbortt, KI-. to Lord Evcrsloy, at Ilcckficld, was called upon to
offer a tcxv remarks in reference to two fruits of what was
callod I'assitlora macrocarpa, which ho exhibited. Ho stilted
that this variety of Passion (lower was of Brazilian origin, and
that ho considered it to bo in some respects different from
r. quad ran gulari.s, which it resembled. The phmt on which
the fruit in quuMtion was produced was not 10 months old, and
any one who eould give moderate heat and moisture could
grow it. he said, in an 8-inch pot. He himself had plants in
llowor in Tj and flinch pots. When fully ripe this assumes a
beautiful golden hue, and its flesh is not unpleasant to the
taste, although it was stated that in that respect it is super-
seded by other species of this genus.

The Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in his remarks on some of the
plants exhibited, first directed attention to Gordonia javanica,
which belongs to tho same natural order as the Tea plant.
Gordonias, ho said, arc bog plants, the bark of which is used
In North Amorica for tho puriJoscs of tanning. Fruiting
Bpccimens of Butcher's Broom were next adverted to, and
their ornamental appearance for dinner tiible decoration was
pointed out. After noticing Limuanthes Douglasil as a pretty
spring hcdding plant if sown in autumn, a beautiful specimen
of a fasciated Pinus Pinaster, furnished by Lady Dorothy
Nevill, came under notice ; in this, although not only tho
main stem near the top, but also the little branchlets were
]K ifcctly flat, the cones were quite normal both as regards
loi Ml and size. Abnormal pressure in the bud, he remarked,
wiuKl not account for this example of fasciation. In reference
ti> Pelargoniums it was stated that a doubt had been expressed
w hother it was possible for a white ground to become pink,
aiul to show that such a change may occasionally take place
he exhibited two leaves of the same variety, L'EIegante, shown
by Uv. Bull, tho one with white, the other with pink edges,
the result, ho believed, solely of different treatment, the plant
ill tho former case being subjected to ordinary treatment, and
in the latter kept dry and exposed to strong light. Another
cvuious subject for investigation was the appearance of the
leaves of a hybrid between the common Zonal and tho Ivy-
leaved Pelargonium, in which the upper part of the leaf
partook of the Zonal character, whilst the lower part had that
of tho Ivy-leaved Pelargonium, and the flowers were partly
tbo-^c of the Zonal, partly of the Ivy-leaved parent. This case
cuuld not bo aecouutod for in tho same way as the production
ci Tytisua Adami, by cell-grafting, and tended to show that
the theory which had been formed respecting it was entirely
^\Tong. Schleiden supposed that the end of the pollen-tube
entered the embryo sac and became a now plant : but,
pt obably, the action of endosmoso and exosmose would account
iov tho passage of the pollen influence into the aac. Mr.
Berkeley then said that about a month ago he was in the
t,'ioand3 of Sir Fi-cderiek Pollock, at Hatton, near Hounslow,
and observed that four plants of Cupressus maerocai-pa, once
the pride of the garden, had perished. On examiniuE them
]!■; found that the whole of the plant was covered with the
Bporcs of a Fungus (Pestalozzia funerea), which under tho
mijroscope formed one of tho most beautiful objects he had
ever seen. This Fungus was not hitherto known to be British,
though it was common in Carolina and Italy. It was remarked
that some years ago tho Camellias in one of tho principal
nurseries in Kent were devastated by an allied species of
Fungus originally discovered in France, it was believed, by
M. Gu^pin.

Mr. Batoman said, that though all knew tho splendid speci-
mens of Orchids which Mr. Anderson, Mr. Dawson's gardener
at Meadow Bank, was in the habit of exhibiting from time to
time, yet he had never sent finer than those which be
exhibited on this occasion. Beautiful as his bunch of
Odontoglossum Pescatorei was, it only representedafraction of
the blossom on the plant from which it was cut, and on
which no less than 300 flowers were counted ; but,
glorious as Mr. Anderson's Odontoglossum was, even it was
surpassed by the cut specimen of Aerides Fieldingii, from
Lord Egerton of Tatton, which was the most magnificent
example of that species which had ever been exhibited, and
to. which, on the recommendation of the Floral Committee, the
Lindley medal bad been awarded. Mr. Batoman then noticed
two or three small species of Orchids, and especially the
little carmine -coloured Peruvian Odontoglossum roseum,
which, though beautiful in ininimi)!, as now exhibited for the
first time, wovild present a still more striking appearance
when larger specimens were obtained. Miltonia spoctabilis,
of which his own gardener had sent a fine variety called rosea,
was mentioned as having been obtained from Brazil through
Messrs. Low ; likewise the Mexican Epidendrum vitelUnum,
from Mr, Anderson, which was figured 25 years ago by Dr.
Lindley, from dried spocimcns ; but when the plant was flowered
Home 5'ears later by Mr. Barker, every one considered the draw-
ing exaggerated, so poor were the blossoms then ; now, how-
ever, that the cultivation of the plant, which comes from an
elevation of 7000 to 8O00 foot, is conducted on the cool, that is,
the sensible, mode of treatment, the original representation
was seen to fail in doing justice to its beauty. Beautiful, how-
ever, as Jlr. Anderson's example of this Epidendrum was, Mr.
Bateman said he had seen one far superior a day or two before
at Mr. Day's, at Tottenham. Dendrobium Bensoniie from
Messrs. Veitch was a very promising addition to that beautiful
I genus.

Coming now to the immediate subject of his lecture, La?lia

majalis or Flor de Maio, it was, he said, one of the few Orchids

■which was fortunate in having a history as well as a name— in

1 fact, many names, the native one being Itzumaqua ; besides

which it had two or three Spanish, and three or four Latin

j names. It was all very well for old Rumphius to say that

I the Orchids are the aristocrats of tho vegetable kingdom, but

I not one In a hundred of them had ever been heard of before

' toe present century, and in classical or heroic ages they were

unknown. No one, not even tho Chairman, had ever found

a fopsil Orchid. Any Orchid, then, whose history could

bo traced back to the conquest of America, would hold

a distingwished place. It had been said that when tho French

took possession of a settlement the first thing they did was to

estabhsh a co/V, just as in a like manner the Spaniards were

in the custom of erecting a church. For the elaborate services

of these churches the Spaniards, being ignorant of the

resourees of their new possessions, at first carried with them

their old-world flowers ; but they soon discovered the value of

Orchids for church decoration. In connection with this part

of the subject he might mention that his late friend Mr,

Skinner had sent home from Guatemala some bulbs which

proved to be no other than those of the common white Ijily,

which had doubtles.H been takon out for tho very purpose, and
had run wild. Tho value of Orchids for church decoration
baving boon discovered, as before remarked, they were largely
euiployod for tho purposo ; and tho names of tho saints' days
and festivals for which their flowering season suited were
applied lo thorn, and of these Mr, Batoman cited a number, of
whicli " Flor du Maio" waaono. Knowing the extensive use of
I Jreliids in church dccoiution, Mr. Skinner, ho might remark,
when he wanted to know what Orchids grow hi a district,
always went to the church to look at tho altar decorations.
To i)roceod with the history of Laslia majalis, tho first
niituralist who wont to Mexico was Ilornaudoz, who published
in Ifi'lH, at Rome, a book, in tho fi-ontispieeo of which two
Orchids wcru roproHonted, onu of which was the beautiful
Liidia majalis. Humboldt was tho next to notice it under tho
nanio of lUetia HpueJosa, as one of those beautiful Orchids, the
rceolloetion of which, as ho was onco assured by that illustrious
traveller himself, no timo could efface. About the same
time Loxar/a, wbo wont out to Valladolid, in the provinco of
Meeliuacan, failing to recogniso tho plant as described by
Ihnub..ldt. called it Blotiagrandiflora. His description of this
and other Orchids ho ienprossod the youthful Reichcnbach,
that ho wanted to visit Mexico himself ; but this proved un-
necessary, for Mr. Barker dospatehod a traveller thither,
who sent a numbor of plants of tho Liclia, which arriving
in midwinter, were sent home in blankets, but none of them
over flowered, and the whole disapijoared in a year or two.
Next M. Desch.amps, in 1 8.37, exactly 30 years ago, brought homo
a cart-load, for which ho at first asked enormous prices, but
eventually ho was glad to soil the plants almost for nothing ;
these too all disappeared without flowering, except one, which
w.a3 purchased by Mr. Dillwyn Llewelyn, and which was
figured in Mr. Bateman's work, on the Orchids of Mexico and
Guatemala, and by Dr. Lmdley in tho "Botanical Register."
1844. Tho drawing in the former work was made under Dr.
Lindloy's direction, who thought tho plant produced four or
five flowers; but never, except under exceptional clrcum-
stanecs, did it produce moro than one on a scape. Just as
Humboldt failod to make his description of the plant intel-
Hgiblo to Lcxarza, so did tho latter to LindJoy, who called tho
plant first Cattley a Grahami, and afterwards L. majalis, and
though Reichcnbach wishes to go back to Blotia speciosa,
L;elia majalis it is to cultivators, and so It ever will be. Ho
would wish it to bo noticed that while Lexarza described
the flowers as a span across in thoirnative wilds, Mr. Dawson's
specimens were not a whit inferior. It should also be noticed
that the Romish festival of Corpus Christi (whence the La'lia
derives its name of tho " Flor dt Corpus") takes place this very
week.

Mr. Bateman said that he approached, and not withoiit
perplexity, the subject of the treatment best adapted for this
beautiful Lajlia, tho more so as it perhaps ouyht to be con-
sidered typical of the proper regime in what was called the
"Mexican," as conti-adistinguished from the Peruvian and
other cool houses. At present the treatment pursued with so
mueh success by Mr. Anderson (Mr. Dawson's gardener) varied
considerably from fhat followed by Messrs. Backhouse,
of York, who had also succeeded in flowering the plant, and
with whom that, if possibly, still more glorious Orchid,
Epidendiiun erubescens (the "Flor de San Joseph" of the
natives) was likewise coming into flower. Mr. Anderson
grows his plants on flat pieces of tile of the same form
as the tiles of a house, only somewhat smaller, but
the branch-Orchid pots would probably be found to answer
the purpose still better. They are in a low span-roofed
house, the temperature of which fell sometimes to the
freezing point during tho late winter, while in summei-, when
the sun is vertical, the temperature rises to 80" or moro in tho
day, tho house being moderjitely damp and close, especially at
night, when, at this season of the year, it is kept as cool as
possible. The summer treatment at Messrs. Backhouse's
(which Mr. B. g.ave in tho words of a letter from Mi-. Wont-
worth Bullcr, who has lately visited their establish-
ment) was different in many respects from that
of Mr. Anderson, the temperature belnsr lower, the atmo-
sphere drier, and air admitted very freely indeed. Probably
it may bo found that the success achieved by both these
eminent Orchid -growers was in a great measure due to the
very decided winter, which, in each case alike, tho plants were
subjected to. And as regards the summer treatment, there
can be no doubt that a plant which— like the LjeUa — was dis-
tributed over a large portion of Mexico, had to submit to many
varieties and vicissitudes of climate. Plants, as the late Dean
Herbert remarked, do not always grow where they like, but
where other plants will let them, and this may be to some
extent the ease with the Lielia. At all events there can now
be no doubt whatever that this most beautiful plant is
amenable to cool treatment, and with it there will soon be
associated (in the Mexican house) a very extenaive brigade of
beautiful Orchids, which can be tended and enjoyed in a house
of which the atmosphere may be as mild and pleasant as that
of an ordinary greenhouse.

The Chairman, in returning Mr. Bateman the thanks of the
mooting for his interesting lecture, said that though a fossil
Orchid had never yet been discovered, he would endeavour to
stimulate geologists to search .after such, and did not despair
of finding such a thing when the geology of the countries where
Orchids now most abound was thoroughly investigated.

Two Orchids, presented by Messrs. H. Low & Co., were
balloted for.

Floral Committee: June 18.' — Gordonia javanica, above
alluded to, from Messrs. Osbom, was awarded a Special Certi-
ficate. Mr. Shortt exhibited a cut specimen of the true Pentste-
nion Cobo^a, a now nearly forgotten plant, with large blueish
white flowers ; also examples of Ruscus aeuleatus, covered
with berries, produced by careful fertilisation. Messrs. J. & C.
Lee sent Hypericum (sinenso) monogynum, and Carex piluli-
fera fohis aureis. Mr. Bull exhibited a specimen of the curious
Drosera filiformis ; likewi.so Cypripediums, Bertolonias, Podo-
carpus, and other plants, for which a Special Certificate was
awarded. Messrs. Veitch sent Dendrobium BonsoniEe, which re-
ceived a First-class Certificate. Mr. R. Warner received a Special
Certificate for a very fine collection of cut Orchids. Mr.
Sherratt, gr. to James Bateman, Esq., Knypersley, was
awarded a First-elass Certificate for Miltonia spoctabilis var.
rosea, a very beautiful phint, with a richly coloured lip. Mr.
Anderson, whose beautiful pi'oductions are mentioned above,
received a First-class Certificate for Odontoglossum roseum.
W. W. Bullor, Esq., exhibited Odontoglossum flavescens, for
which a Second-class Certificate was awarded. A email collec-
tion of Orchids was sent from the Society's gardens, and
among other objects in the room were some remarkably fine
specimens of Arum Dracunculus. Someaceountof the seedling
pLants shown on this occasion will be found in another column.
Fruit Committee: June 18.— Mr. TiUery, of Welbeck, sent
three dishes of Strawberries grown imder glass. They were
fine specimens, and Mr. Tillory stated hi a letter that he had
been gathering fruit of the same size and quaUty over since
the beginning of May. Tho plants were grown in pots only
5 inches wide and 6 inches deep, and the fruit was thinned
out so that each plant camied only two fruits. They were
placed on shelves, which held about half an inch of soot water.
The sorts were Ingi-am's Prince of Wales, Empress Eugenie,
both excellent in flavour, and Reeves' Eclipse, which was not
so rich. The Committee awarded them a Special Certificate.
Messrs. J. & C. Leo exhibited "Tho Lady" Strawberry, the
fruit of which, though large, was stated to be somewhat
indifferent as regards flavour. Messrs. Wood & Ingram sent
speeimens of the fruit of a small oblate Apple Toiued with

rusnet, which appeared to bo Grango Apple, and
which was perfectly sound, and of good quality.
Mr. Shortt sent specimens of a hybrid Melon called Golden
Evorsloy, which, huwover, was overripe, and the flavour flat.
Ho also Hont four varieties of early I'utatos -viz,, Paterson's
Early Red Kiiluey. Karly Handsworth, Rivers' Hoy.al Kidney,
and Old ANhlcat kidney, all of which were planted on the Cth
of March in tin; open ground, and tho tubers exhibited of
each wore ton of tbo largest, selected from three plants. Of
those Mr, Shortt stated that Paterson's was tho best. Mr,
Batoman sont a dish of forced Peaches. Several dishes of
Strawberries wore sent from tho Society's Garden at Chiswlek,
among which tho best-flavoured wore PrcHidcnt, Sir Joaoph
Paxton, anil Napoleon III. Princo Imperial was highly-
flavourod with a fine aroma ; Souvenir do Kieff is a hirgo
conical Strawboiry, having a solid flesh, and with a fine brisk
decided flavour ; La Constant© was firm, solid, and with a fine
flavour.

UovAi. Botank;, Jane 10 {Second Great S/tojp).— This wa-j in
most respects fully equal to tho fine display which was
made here in May. Stove and Greenhouse plants were repro-
duced in groat beauty and abundance. Orchids were decidedly
finer tUan wo have seen them before this season about London.
Rud tho same may bo said of fine-foliaged plants, which filled
up shady recesses with excellent effect. Azaleas and Roses
in pots were over, but by way of compensation for their com-
parative absence there was a fine display of cut Roses, charm-
ing collections of Pelargoniums, and a beautiful exhibition of
fmit.

Stove and Greenhouse Plants maintained their usual
positions, and did mueh credit to the respective growers of
them. Foremost in large collections was that of Mr. Peed, gr. to
Mrs. Tredwell, St. John's Lodge, Norwood, who bad among
others Ixora Giiffithii, a fine bright orange flowered species,
also Ixora coccinea, and a lovely Allamanda grandiflora,
literally one mass of canary coloured blossoms. In a
second group from Mr, Wheeler, gr. to J. Pbillpott,
Esq., wore Statice jjrofusa, a free flowering kind, very
suitable as regards size for gardens in which glass accommo-
dation is limited ; BougainvilliDa glabra, which also appeared
in another colleetion, covered with flowers surrounded with
gay mauvo coloured braeta : and a charming specimen of
tho variety of Clcrodeudron Thomsonre, called B;ilfouiii,
which, when scon in tho fine condition in which this was, is
one of tho most effective of pot plants. Mr. Kemp, gi-. to Earl
Percy, at Albury Park, furnished a third group, in which were
Barnes' variety of Phoenocoma prolifera, loaded with dry
hard crimson blossoms ; a finely-flowered Acrophyllum
vonosura, the Oleander-leaved Allamanda, Pleroma elegans,
with rovmd deep violet-purple blossoms, each as large as a
crown piece ; and the now seldom-seon blue Leschenaultia.

In collections of eight Stove and Greenhouse Plants Messrs.
Loe, of Hammersmith, were 1st in the Nurserymen's Class,
with largo and fine plants, among which were Allamanda
eathartica, their large Hederoma tulipiferum. and tho
Willow-leaved Ixora, tho last scarcely sufficiently far advanced
in bloom to be effective. Messrs. WiUiams, Rhodes,
Baxendine, and Glendinuing also showed in this clas-i, in
which we noticed Ixora aurantiaca, with beautiful deep
salmon coloured heads of little star-shaped blossoms, packed
together with wonderful beauty and regularity : Erica obbata,
which is one of the very best of Cape Heaths ; Dracopbyllum
gracile, the pretty little Hoya bella, and tho orange-blossomed
Bignonia grandiflora. In the Amateurs' Class, Mr. Donald,
gr. to J. G. Barclay, Esq., Ley ton, was 1st, with a fine collection,
in which were Dipladenia splendens, with some dozen bunche.s
of fine blooms ; the showy Allamanda Schottii, Clero-
dondron Bidfourii, and Statice imbricata. Mr. Wilkie,
gr. to J. McHonry, Esq., Addison Road, Kensington, was
2d with Ixora javanica, covered with rich salmon-coloured
heads of flowers, rendering it certainly one of the moat striking
plants of tho day ; the beautiful Dipladenia amabiUs, a
brilliant addition to tho genus to which it belongs ; also
D. splondens, AUamandas, and other well managed plants.
Mr. Wheeler, gr. to Sir F. Goldsmid, Bart., M.P., furnished
some good AUamandas.

Among groups of six Stove and Greenhouse Plants the best
came from Mr. Ward, gi-. to F. G. Wilkins, Esq., Leyton. who
had, among others, a fine Bougainvillasa glabra, also Statice
macrophylla, Allamanda grandiflora, and Phtenocoma pro-
lifera in good condition. From Mr. Smith, gr. to A. Anderson,
Esq., Norwood, who was 2d, came an example of the old-
fashioned Prostanthora lasianthos.

Plants remarkable for the beauty of their leaves, exclusive
of Ferns, were plentiful. From Mr. WilHams, of HoUoway,
came a fine collection, tho chief feature of which was a magnifi-
cent specimen of Croton angustifolium, with foliage as bright
as that of a golden Yew, which is not more conspicuous among
its more sombre-leaved brethren of the common kind than
this was among the deep greondeaved plants with which it
was associated. Among other plants in this group were
Anthurium m.agnifieum, with very large loaves ; Dasylu-ion
.acrotrichum. Variegated Aloe-leavtd Yuccas, Aloeasia Lowii,
"Theophrasta imperiali-s, Pandanus utilis, and Palms. Messrs.
Glendenning, Rhodes, and others, also showed good plants, as
didiUso Mr. Tittles, gr. to J. Marrion, Esq., Willcsdeii. The
latter contributed some fine speeimens of Caladium, espe-
cially of BLlleymel, Wightii, Chantinii, and marmoratum ;
together with Cisaua discolor, and Aloeasia macrorhiza
variegata.

Of Exotic Ferns there were some fine collections, especially
one from Mr. Taylor, gr. to J. Yates, Esq., Lauderdale House,
Highgato, in which wore fine examples of Davallia buUata,
Adiantumformosum,Mierolepiastrigosa,Platyceriumalcicorne,
Phlehodium auroum, and others. Another good group was
contributed by Mr. Carr, gr. to P. L. Hinds, Esq., Byfleet.
This contained, among others, Gleichenia semivestita, a charm-
ing small-leaved species ; Adiantum farleyense, and Nephro-
dium mollc corymbiferum, with fronds so mueh curled and
crested as to look not uidike Parsley leaves. Mr. Smith, gr. to
A. Anderson, Esq., had the beautiful Pteris tricolor, also
P. argyrea, and P. erotica albo-lineata, Adiantum pedatum,
with handsome leaves, and a charming specimen of the
Maidenhair Fern.

In the Nurserymen's Class the best collection came from
Mr. Williams, who had large plants of Cibotium prineeps,
and other strong growing Ferns, the handsome Lomaria
gibba, Gleichenia Spelimca; and dichotoma, Marattia elegans,
Todea africana, and Woodwardia radicans, the last with lai-go
gracefully drooping fronds which concealed the turf banks
on which it stood, even down to the gravel walk.

Of Hardy Ferns, Messrs. Ivery had as usual a charming
group, the most conspicuous in which were Aspleuiura
Adiantum nigrum ineisum, Athyrium Filix-fcemina Apple-
byanum, A. F.-f. glomeratum, A. F.-f. plumosum, A. F.-f.
Victoria, Blechnum Spicaut crispum, Lastrea Fihx-maa
Bamesii, L. F.-m. grandiceps, the crested variety of Osmunda
regalis, Polyatichum aculeatum acrocladon, P. angulare
oxyphyllum, and P. a. plumosum, all fine kinds. Messrs.
Edwards & Sou, Kemp, and CaiT also contributed collections.

Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son had a charming group ot
miscellaneous plants arranged so as to show the effect of con-
trast of colour, which, although on a small scale, it
did in a manner at once so striking and pleasing as
to make it worth consideration whether or not prizes should
not be offered for tasteful arrangements of this description.
It was edged with a row of Ccntaurca argcntea Plumosa,
inside of which were little masses of Golden feverfew

660

THE GAliDENEES* CHEONICLE Am AGMCtTLTtJllAL GAZETTE

[June 22, 1867.

Tricolor Pelargoniums, Dracjenaa, and other coloured-leaved
plants, associated with the dwarf pale blue Lobelia Erinus
pumila elegaus, and L. E. Indigo Blue, in patches ; ami
with Ferns, the speckled-stemmed Sauromatum bulbiferum,
Marantaa, Cahidiums, Jatropha multifida, with, beautifuUy-cut
leaves, the scarcely less handsome Cupauia fllicifolia, and
other plants, all of which were objects of gi-eat attrai;tion.

Of Orchids there was a glorious bank ; conspicuous in
which, both as respects skilful culture, amount, and quality of
bloom, was a collection of 15 varieties from Mr. Penny, gr. to
H. H. Gibbs, Esq , Regent's Park. It contained two magni-
ficent varieties of Cattleya Mossi^e, which were efficiently
backed up by Vandas, Aerides, Lselia purpurata, and the
brown-flowered Oncidium crispum, while in front were
Cypripedium barbatum gi-andiflomm, Saccolabium guttatum,
Anguloa Ruckeri, a charming example of Odontoglossum
nsevium, the singular green and black flowered
Ccelogyue pandurata, Odontoglossum cordatum, and Den-
drobium anosmum. Another very good collection came from
Mr. Wilson, gr. to W. Marshall, Esq., Enfield. It comprised
Odontoglossum Alexandra, bearing a noble plume of delicate
blossoms ; Selenipedium caudatum, with eight fine flowers,
furuished with tails of great length ; the Mexican Epi-
dendriim vitellinum, with no fewer than five spikes
of orange-scarlet blossoms ; the Bomean Cypripedium
Stonei; also C. viUosum, with abundance of flowers
of unusually bright colour ; the Madeira ten'estrial
Orchis foliosa, and Cattleya "Wameri. These were supported
at the back by fine plants of Aerides odoratum, Dendi'obium
Dalhousianuni, La;lia purpurata, and Calanthes. From
Mr. Gedney, gr. to Rev. W. ElUs, who was 3d, came
Aerides Lobbii, with two branching spikes uf well-coloured
flowers, the white-blossomed Odontoglossum pulchellum, a
fine mass of Cattleya Aclandiaj, with seven fiowers carried well
up above the mosa-covered pan in which the plant was
growing ; also Vandas, Aerides, Odontoglossum hastiiabium,
with flowers having brown-barred sepals and petals, and
pinkish-tinged lip ; and the yellow-flowered Caffreland
Epiphora pubescens. From Mr. Wiggins, gr. to W. Beck, Esq.,
came a group in which the most conspicuous plants were
Epideudrum vitellinum, in luxuriant health ; Cattleyas,
Aerides, Saccolabiums, and Ladies' Slippers. Mr. Peed also
showed in this class.

Among groups of eight Orchids the best came from Mr. Hill, gr.
to R. Hanbury, Esq., The Poles, Ware. It contained a fine
Cattleya AclandlEe, bearing six flowers, Cypripedium Stonei,
Vandas. Calanthes, and Odontoglossum cordatum. Mr. Page,
gr. to W. Leaf, Esq., was 2d with a beautiful example of
Aerides Lobbii, two good_Ladies' Slippers, iPhalsenopsis grandi-
flora, Oucidium ciispum and Lselia purpurata. Mr. Burnett,
gr. to W. Terry, Esq., Fulham, who was 3d, sent, among
others, PhalEenopsis grandiflora, Aerides odoratum aud cris-
pum, Leelia purpurata, with an unusually large amount of colour
in it ; Cattleya Mossite splendens, and the little Trichopilia
tortilis. From Mr. Wheeler, gr. to J. Phillpott, came Tricho-
pilia crispa and Epidendrum vitelUnum, both in good
condition.

Am'^ng groups of six Orchids the best was contributed by
Messrs. Veitch, from whom came Lselia purpurata, finely
grown and beautifully flowered, an excellent Cypripedium
barbatum majus ; Saccolabium guttatum, with three charm-
ing spikes of flowers ; Aerides Lindleyanum, a robust, free-
flowering kind ; Anguloa Clowesi, with ten bright yellow
blossoms ; and Cypripedium Veitchianum. From Mr.
Williams, who was 2d, came the buflf-flowered Dendrobium
moschatum, Vandas, Aerides, a fine variety of Saccolabium
guttatmn, and a very fine variety of Bearded Ladies' Slipper.
In a group from Messrs. Jackson, of Kingston, were Sacco-
labium retusum, Lffllia purpurata, Phalteuopsis grandiflora,
and Aerides Lobbii in excellent condition.

Fuchsias were shown in unusually fine condition, more espe-
cially the collection to which the 1st prize was awarded, which
came from Mr. Brockwell, gr. to Mrs. T. Hem-y, BushHill,
Edmonton. This consisted of beautiful ; pyramidal phmts,
some 5 feet in height, aud loaded mth healthy fohage and fine
flowers from tojj to bottom, the gracefully drooping branches
in some instances even reaching the ground and completely
concealing the pots in which the plants were grown. The
sorts were Puritani, Madame Cornelissen, Sensation, Wiltshire
Lass. Lord Elcho, and the Fair Oriana. Others from Mr.
Weston, gr, to Dr. Martineau, were also good, and so was a
collection from Mr. August, gr. to the Rev. A. Bridges,
Beddington.

Azaleas were furnished by Mr. Peed and Mr. Wheeler, gr. to
Sir F. H. Goldsmid, Bart., and Mr. Wilkie, but the best group
came from Mr. Ivery, of Dorking, who hadEtoile de Gand, two
plants of Variegata snperba, Salmouia alba cincta, and
President, all still exhibiting a fair amount of bloom.

Pelargoniums as usual made a fine display. Mr. Turner, of
Slough, had the best collection, in which were Miss Burdett
Coutts, Guillaume Sevcryns, Jewess. Mary Hoyle, Lord Clyde,
Viola, Royal Albert, Patroness, Regina, and fomiosum, Mr.
Fraser, who was second, had also a good collection, in which
were beautifully -managed plants of Princess of Prussia,
Excelsior, G. Severyns, Ariel, Lord Clyde, Fair Rosamond,
Amy, Favourite, and Inez. Messrs. Dobson also showed in
this class. Among collections from Amateurs, Mr. Nye, gr. to
E. B. Foster, bad the best group, in which were fine plants of
Pericles, International, Fair Rosamond, Lord Clyde, Perdita,
Lord Chancellor, Empress Eugenie, Conflagnition, and Mdlle.
Patti. Mr. Ward made a good 2d with prettily-managed
dwarf spreading plants. Among fancy kinds the best collec-
tion came from Mr, Fraser, who showed charming plants of
Roi des Fantasies, Arabella Goddard, Miss m her Teens, Lady
Craven, Hebe, and Ellen Beck, all well formed, and literally
bouquets of bloom, Mr. Turner, who was 2d, had Clemanthe,
Ann Page, Dehcatum, Mrs. Dorling, Silver Mantle, and Sanih
Tunier. The Amateurs' class was well represented by Messrs.
Donald, Bailey, Crawley, and Windsor.

Cape Heaths were contributed in excellent condition by
Messrs. Peed, Rhodes, Glendinning, and others. Among
them, however, was httle novelty.

Of Roses in pots a collection of small plants came from
Messrs. Paul &, Son, and one of larger size from Mr.
Teny. Both, however, were superseded in beauty by
the fine exhibitions of cut blooms, which were shown
by Mr. Mitchell, of Piltdown, Messrs. Paul & Son,
Fraser, Cranston, Ingle, Marcham, Hollingworth,
Postans, and others. In Mr. Mitchell's collection especially
were some magnificent blooms, which were deservedly the
admii'ation of everybody. Among them we noticed Marechal
Niel, Maurice Bernardin, John Hopper, Charles Lefebvro,
Senateur Vaisse. Madame Furtado, Xavier Olibo, Madame
Victor Verdier, Caroline de Sansals, and others equally fine.
Messrs. Paul had Alfred Colomb, Gloire de Dijon, and Beauty
of Waltham, in beautiful condition ; and in the other collec-
tions were also charming blooms of most of the leading
kinds. From Mr. Fraser came Monsieur Noman, a promising
new pink variety ; and Mr. Turner, uf Slough, showed
splendid blooms of a new Hybrid Perpetual Rose, stated to
have been raised at the Royal Gardens, Pi-ogmoi-e, and named
Miss Ingram. It is light-coloured, largo, full, aiid incurved,
like the old Cabbage, and therefore cannot fail to be a
favourite. It gained a First-class Certificate.

Among New Plants were some glorious acquisitions, fore-
most among which was a magnificent Gloxinia named
Madame de Smet, with large blossoms of a pure white
colour having a band of rich violet inside the bell. This came
from Messrs. Veitch, who also showed Cattleya Brabantiaa, a

hybrid between C. Aclandis and Loddigcsii ; Dendrobium
Bensonlw, the gold variegated Dracaena regina, also D,
Moorei with dark bronzy leaves ; Alocasia intermedia
a cross between A. Veitcbii and longiloba, and other
fine plants. Mr. Lowe, Nottingham, bad some fine
hardy Ferns, among which Athyrium FiUx-foamina um-
braculieforme, Scolopendrium vulgare formosum, S. v.
notabile, and S. v. stenomenon received Certificates. Mr.
Edwards, Nuttall, also received similar awards for Athyrium
Filix-fcemina Edwardssii, A. P.-f. Footii, a free-growing
kind ; and Scolopendrium vulgare Edwardsii, a finely
crested sort. Mr. Ivery's varietien selected for Certificates
were Scolopendrium vulgai'c Elworthii, Polystichum angulare
brachiatum-cristatum, and Scolopendrium v. marginatum
triforme. From Mr. Wilson, gr. to W. Marshall, Esq., came
Odontoglossum roseum and a dark brown and white-flowered
kind called O. cristatum. Mr. Bull showed, among other
plants, the singular-looking Amorphopballus carapanulatus
and from Mr, Lawrence, gr. to the Bishop of Winchester at
Farnham Castle, came a new primrose-coloured TrichopUia,
with an orange-stained throat, called turialvie.

Among Miscellaneous subjects were some beautiful
Amaryllids from Mr. Wilhanis, and a charming collection of
the showy Lilium auratum from Mr, Bull. Messrs. Glen-
dinning reproduced their Antectochili, and Mr. Shortt his
fruit of Passiflora (quadraugularis) macrocarpa, shown on
Tuesday last at South Kensington.

Fruit was plentiful ; but some of it, more particularly Grapes,
was not in fli-st-rate condition as regards ripeness. Three bunches
of Black Hamburgh from Mr. Hill, gr. to R. Sneyd, Esq., how-
ever, formed an exception. These were beautiful, both in bunch
and berry, wliich was well finished. Equally good bunches
came from Mr. M. Henderson, Cole-Orton Hall. Mr. Pottle,
gr. to B. D. Colvin, Esq., also showed fine fruit in this class ; as
did Mr. Sage, Ashridgc ; Osborne, Finchley ; Jefferson, Work-
sop ; Hollingworth, Maidstone ; AUport, Douglas, and others.
The best Black Prince came from Mr. Meades, gr. to Raikes
Ciirrey, Esq., who had three admirable bunches of that kind,
examples of which likewise came from Mr. Lynn, gr. to Lord
Boston. Mr. Allport showed good West's St. Peter's. Buck-
land Sweetwater in good condition came from Mr. Pottle, Mr,-
Holhngworth, Mr. Osborne, and Mr. Bailey ; aud we noticed
good bunches of Golden Hamburgh from Mr. Wilmot and
other growers. Grizzly and White Frontignans came from
Mr. Peachey, Mr. Douglas, and Mr, Tegg ; and Mr. Allport had
Black Frontignan, Muscats, from Mr. Allport and others, wei-e
scarcely up to the mark as regards colour. From Mr. M.
Henderson came a new Black Grape of good size, both with
respect to bunch and berry, and distinct in form. This was
stated to be a seedling from the Black Prince. Of its flavour
we had no opportunity of judging. The best basket of Grapes '
came from Mr. Hill, and the second best from Mr. M.
Henderson.

Pine-apples were not very numerous. The best Providence
came from Jlr. Bailey— a finely formed fruit, weighing some
10 lb. or more. The best Queen came frftn Mr. Ward, gr. to
N. Miller, Esq., Bishop Stortford. It weighed G lb., and was
altogether a good example of skilful Pine growing.

Of Peaches some very large fruit of Grosse Mignonne was
shown by Mr. Miller, Combe Abbey, and others. We also
noticed some finely-ripened Violet Hative from Mr. Snow.

The best Nectarines consisted of a dish of Violet Hfitive,
from Mr. Allen, gr. to J. Hopwood, Esq., the colour of which
was remarkably fine. Mr. Allen, gr. to Captain Glegg, had
also good fruit of the same variety. Elruge came from
Mr. Whittaker, gr, to Lord Crew, Mr. Sliles, and others.

Among Melons, Mr. Meredith, of Garston, sent a fine
white-fleshed sort : Deckfield Hybrid came from Mr. Budd,
gr. to Lord Darnley ; and Orim, from Mr. Bailey. These were
the best in the greeu-fleshed class. Among red-fleshcd sorts,
Mr. Standiah had a good kind called Royal Ascot, a sort
resembling Gem, but more firmly netted. The last-named
variety, which still stands at the head of this class, was also
shown by several exhibitors.

Of Strawberries, the most remarkable, in point of size, were
Sir C. Napier and Marguerite, from Mr. Clarke. Twickenham.
Mr, Budd had British Queen and Empress Eugi5nie, in good
condition, and Mr. Douglas British Queen and La Cunstantia.
Dr. Hogg, a new kind, belonging to the British Queen section,
was shown by Mr. Turner.

Black-heart Cherries, largo and fine, came from Mr.
Chambers, gr. to H. Fowler, Esq., Woodford ; Black Circassian
and Elton from Mr. Miles, Empress Eugenie from the garden
of Sir T. Duckworth ; May Duke from the neighbourhood of
Salisbury, aud Elton from Mr, Enstone and Mr, Hill,

Mr. Miles contributed a dish of Brown Turkey Figs, hu-ge In
size and beautifully ripened.

Two sets of designs for the decoration of the dinner table
were exhibited ; but ia neither of them was there any novelty,
either in the way of materi;il or construction.

We may add that Mr. John Waterer's fine exhibition of
Rhododendrons is still to be secu, and that it ia well worth
inspection.

LiNNEAN : May 2.— G. Bentham, Esq., President, in the chair.
Mr. Howard exhibited a beautiful series of drawings by Mr.
Tuffen West, of sections of the bark of Cinchona succirubra,
grown under the care of Mr. Mclvor, at Outacamund, exhibit-
ing the renewed bark after partial decortication, uuder the
apphcation of Moss. This is considered the most successful
plan of cultivation, the renewed bark producing the alkaloids
in lai'ge quantity. A portrait of the late Dr. Boott was pre-
sented by Mrs. Boott, to whom the special thanks of the
Society were returned for so valuable and acceptable a
donation. Carl Fischer, M.D., was elected a Fellow, and
Piof. J. G. Agardh and Dr. Anton de Bary, were elected as
foreign members. The following papers were read : — 1. On the

genus CresceRtia, by J. Miers, Esq. 2. Note on the characters

of the geniis Canna, by G. Dickie, M.D. After adverting to the
general statement that the Cannas ai-o distinguished by having
a single anther, bearing only one cell, supported on a petaloid
filament, the author observed that a superficLal examination of
the expanded flower leads to this conclusion, but that before
expansion the stamen will be found to be perfectly developed
and evidently two-celled. In Canna he remarks we have one
of those cases in which self-fecundation takes place, being in
fact alone possible, the anther performing its function before
the individual flowers expand. In the early stages the solitaty
stamen is much larger than any other parts more internal
than the petals, and at the time of fecundation the face of the
anther and that of the flattened style are in close contact, the
pollen being shed before the flower opens, and being adherent
to the upper part of that org:ui ; it is in fact swept out of the
anthers by the stigma, owing to the i-apid upward growth of
the style. The petaloid filaments he regarded as representing
one of tlae stamens of the same series as the fertile stamen,
adherent to this latter, and petaloid. A. Richard, while he
regarded the anther as one-celled, stated moreover that the
petaloid filament ought to be held as formed by the union of
two stamens, one producing jiollen, the other abortive ; and

Dr. Dickie regards this as undoubtedly the coiTect view.

3. Fitnui Cubenses (U7/7ne7iomi/cetes), by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley

and Dr. M. A. Curtis. 4, On- a new species of Umbilicana, by

the Rev, W. A. Leighton. 5, Note on the Spiroptera san-

guinolenta, a varasite found in the heart of dogs in China, by
W. Baird, M.D. ; icith an account of the occurrence of these
toorins at Shanghai, by J. Lamprey, M.D.

May 24 iAnniversar!/).—G. Bentham, Esq., President, in the
chair. The Treasurer read a general statement of the

Society's accounts, from which it appeared that the balance
in favour of the Society on the year's account was lOlZ. lis. 3rf.
The Secretary reported that since the last anniversary the
Society had lost by death 8 fellows, 3 foreign members, and
1 associate ; and by withdrawal, ,3 fellows ; while 29 new
fellows, 2 foreign members, and 1 associate had been elected,
At the ballot which ensued, J. W. Dunning, Esq., R. Hogg.
LL.D., R. Hudson, Esq., J. T. B. Syme, Esq., and E. Hart
Vinen, M.D., were removed from the Council, and the following
elected in their place : — Sir C, Bunbury, Bart., R. McLachlan,
Esq., J. Miers, Esq., St. George J. Mivart, Esq., and S. J. A.
Salter, M,B. The following officers were then re-elected,
namely :-G. Bentham, Esq., President; "W.W. Saunders, Esq.,
Treasurer ; and G. Busk, Esq., and F. Currey, Esq., Secretaries.
It was thereafter resolved that the President's address and the
Secretary's obituary notices should be printed, and the thanks
of the meeting were voted to those gentlemen for the prepara-
tion of the address and notices respectively,

June C. — G. Bentham, Esq.. President, in the chair. The Presi-
dent nominated J. J. Bennett, Esq., J. D. Hooker, Esq., M.D,, .
Sir J. Lubbock, Bart., and W. W. Saunders, Esq., Vice-Presi-
dents for the year ensuing. A note from Dr. lUff was read,
announcing the occurrence in great abundance of a thread-Uke
worm, Mermis nigrescens, in gardens in the neighbourhood
of Epsom, after heavy rain and thunder, on the 3d of June ;
an observation which was confirmed by several fellows of the
Society who had observed a similar phenomenon in other
locahties about the same time (see p. 626). Dr. Cobbold exhibited
specimens of Lepidium rudcrale, gathered at Southall, Middle-
sex. T. C. Allbutt,Esq.,M.B., J, Colebrook, Esq., Dr. C. Mellor,
and E. Newton, Esq., were elected Fellows, The following
papers were read: — 1. Fu.rthei- observations 071 Cygnus Passmori

and C. Buccinator, by the Rev. W. Hincks. 2. Notes on the

Tkysanura, part "i, by Sir J. Lubbock, Bart. 3. Notes on

some Insect and other Migrations observed in Equatorial A^nerica^

by R. Spi-uce, Esq. ; communicated by the President. ■

4, On the Mechanical Appliances by which Flight is attained in
the Animal Kingdom, by J. B. Pottigrew, M.D. ; communicated
by Prof. Huxley.

Entomological : June 3.— Sir John Lubbock, Bart.,
President, in the Chair. Mr. F. Pascoe exhibited a box of
interesting Coleoptera from Graham's Town, South Africa.
Some specimens of a Vanessa closely allied to V. Urticaj, from
British Columbia, were exhibited, in which the pale markings
of the hind wings were denuded of scales. Mr. Stainton
exhibited specimens in various states of a large Tortrix (Earias
siliquana), which is extremely destructive to the Cotton crops
both in Upper and Lower Egypt, devouring the flowers.
Although so abundant, a single specimen only had hithei-to
been known in collections. Mr. F. Bond exhibited a aew
species of Tortrix, from Darcnth Wood, and a splendid golden-
coloured variety of jAdela De Gcerella. Mr. F. Smith gave an
account of a series of nests made by the Solitary Wasp,
Odynerus quadi-atus, buUt in the open end of an old razor case.
The cells, for want of space, were built very irregular. Mr.
Stevens and several other members residing in the neighbour-
hood of London exhibited specimens of a species of hair worm
(Gordius), of which vast numbers had been observed a few
days ago upon Rose bushes aud other plants immediately
after violent rain. The President exhibited a very rare
wingless species of Tipulideous insects allied to Molobrus,
taken at High Elms, Kent, being apparently the Epidapus
venaticus. Mr. MacLachlau mentioned the curious fact, in
opposition to the general opinion that males were produced ia
far greater abundance than females, that of a species of a saw
fly which inhabits the common Fern, thousands of females
might be captured, aud not a single male. Mr. Janson also
stated that Tomicus vellosus, a small wood-boring beetle,
might be found by thousands, without a single individual of
the other sex being seen.

Notices of Jioo'ks,

A Fern Book for lEveri/hodi/, containing all the British

Ferns, with the Foreign Species suitable fora Ferneri/.

By M. C. Cooke. London : F. Warne & Co. Pp. 134,

pi. 12.
The aim of this shilling Fern Book is described to be
that of fostering the commendable taste of those who
are interested in Perns, and are desirous of cultivating
them in their dwellings, and it is added that it contains
nothing sensational or new. The author, however,
proposes the new, aud not very necessary name of
Boss-fern, for the Lastreas ; and it is moreover new, if
true, that Perns may be, as the writer leaves to
be inferred, distinguished from other plants by the
absence of midrib, and by the veins dividing regularly
in a forked manner. "This regular forking of the
veins of the leaf," it is added, " is a great assistance in
determining whether any unknown leaf belongs to a
Pern or not," and the statement is illustrated by a
figure of the Maidenhair, to which indeed it accurately
applies, but unfortunately to no other of the 40 or 50
true Perns found iu Britain. Of course the intention
of a cheap book like this is to be popular, and we
naturally look first to see if the writer has a sufficiently
firm grasp of his subject, to deal with it popularly.
"We are, nowever, startled to find him describing a
Plume Polypody as a species new to Britain, and then
admitting that he does not even know whether this,
and " the plumosum of the Lady Pern which may be
had at some nurseries, is the same plant^" but of which
he surely should have informed himself, as any
tyro might easily have done, that hundreds of seed-
lings from it, showing it to be a true Lady Fern, have
been raised. We must express our regret at this want
of sufficient care on the author's part, hut we
may remark that the book is a neat compilation
on the popular subject of British Ferns, much better
done than some we could name, although possess-
ing no specially distinctive feature, except it be
that of adding as an appendix brief notices of some
80 exotic Ferns "suitable for cultivation," but not
over well selected, and many of them referred to under
fanciful English names, e. g., the Halbert Fern for
Polypodium filipes. Brown American Fern for Cheilan-
thes micromera, Florida Fern for Woodwardia areolata.
Hairy Maidenhair for Adiantum hispidulum, and
Downy Maidenhair for Adiantum pubescens, which is
the same thing; Siehold's Boss Fern for Lastrea
podophyllum, L. podophyllum being in this case mis-
taken for L. Sieboldii, &c.

There are a dozen woodcut plates, besides smaller
cuts scattered through the text, but we cannot praise
either for their accuracy. In plate 8, for example, are
figured Asplenium lanceolatum and Polystichum
angulare, and both figiures might pass readily for the

June 23, 1867.]

WV. GAT^TfFl^ET^S' OTTPONTnT-E ANT» AHT^TrTTTTTT^AI. GAZETTE.

661

latter plant, which scarcely at all resembles the former.
On the vogefable parasites of Perns Mr, Cooke writes
with aulhority, and this, and the chapter on structure,
form the best and most novel parts of the book.

The Edible Molluscs of Great Britiiiil and Ireland,

H'lt/i Secipes for Cookbuj Them. By M. S. Lovell.

London : llceve & Co, Crown 8vo. Pp. 207, tab. xii.
What a real blessinK to gardeners it would be if only a
taste for the fat, luscious,.juicy snail could be engendered
among our fastidious gourmands. How the now luck-
less amateur gazing iu despair on the ravages of grey or
black slugs would pluck up courage if he knew that his
detested enemies would not only be destroyed but
eaten. Why it would bo a refmement on cannibalism,
the eating of one's natural enemies and the filling of
one's pockets in consequence. This would be sweet
revenge indeed !

In sober earnest, however, there is no doubt that
among these said MoUusca there are very many,
besides the oyster, the mussel, the cockle, and the com-
pai'ativcly few that are made use of for food, that
might profitably be turned to accouut.

Our neighbours across the Channel look upon
" escargots " as real luxuries, the species principally
used being the large Heli.v pomatia found in limestone
districts on this side of the Channel, but not very
commonly. Our author tells us that the Paris markets
are principally supplied with this delicacy from Troyes
at an average price of five francs the hundred, and that
the animals are boiled in their shells, and seasoned with
fresh butter mixed with Parsley. At Nantes, says our
author, in 1SG3 and 180;5, the escargots brought to
market " on Sundays and fete days amoiuited in
number to 990,000, producing the sum of 2190 francs."

It seems probable that the relish for snails must be
acquired ; in this respect snails are no worse off than
are olives, for most persons complain of a *' slimj,
soapy, green " taste, which is, to oay the least, objection-
able. The Parisians don't think so, however, for they
" eat about 15 or 20 for breakf:ist," and consider them
to enhance the flavour of wine !

The Spaniards are fonder still of snails ; they are
said to eat all and every snail that is not too small to
be cooked, while some are so esteemed that they are
only to be found on the tables of the wealthy.

It is not a little doubtful whether John Bull will
soon get over his prejudice against eating these crea-
tures, but if he be inclined to try, the volume above-
mentioned will furnish him with full particulars, as to
how to make the attempt ; it will, moreover, afford
him much pleasant and valuable information as to
many other land and water molluscs not quite so
repulsive to his prejudices. It is quite certain
that many of them require only to be tasted to be
generally appreciated, but it is equally certain that
others mentioned in this book are more in place as
bait for fish, than as dainties for man's use. We must
not dismiss the volume before us without a word or
two of commendation. It is a well-intentioned book,
full of information which is well arranged, while the
references and index are so full that it may be placed
on the library shelf as a book of reference on concho-
logical matters even by those who have not the courage
to "taste and try" the delicacies recommended to
notice.

dFloristg' dFlotuers,

Some further examples of Messrs, Dowuie, Laird, &
Laing's fine hybrid Nosegay Pelargoniums were pro-
duced at the meeting of the Floral Committee, at South
Kensington, on the 18th inst. They were seedlings
from a fertilised Stella, but all were of a different
shade of colour to that of the parent plant. A Second-
class Certificate was awarded for the Hon. G. Hardy,
having immense and well-rounded trusses of vivid
orange-scarlet flowers, a fine shade of colour, excellent
habit, foliage pale zonate, and free-blooming, Flori-
bundum, clear pale orange scarlet ; and Comet, bright
cherry crimson, are two remarkably good varieties ;
the shade of colour of the former is very striking, and
the trusses of great size ; the flowers of the latter were
stout and smooth, and the habit excellent, A
very free-blooming Fancy Pelargonium, named
Mrs. J, W. Todd, came from the same
e-^hibitors; it had rosy-violet upper petals, with
pure white lower petals, blotched and margined
with rose, Mr, Davidson, of Highfield Park, Hants,
had a rosy pink variety, with zonate foliage, named
Emily ; the colour was soft and pleasing, but it was
considered to be uo advance on Rose Queen. Mr.
Davidson may be taken as representing a somewhat
numerous class, who even in remote districts are
labouring persistently to improve this class of Pelar-
largoniums, though as yet behind what is being done
nearer Loudon. Mr. Whitehorn had plants of one
variety, and cut flowers of another, of seedlings raised
from RoUissou's Uui(^ue Pelargonium ; they were
decided improvements, in point of colour, on the parent
variety. The one represented by the plants was named
Purple King — a bad name, as the flowers were
of a bright and yet deep rosy crimson colour; the
plants were in a somewhat indifferent condition,
and it was requested that they might be seen again.
Constellation was represented only by cut flowers, of
a larger size than Purple King, of a vivid rosy
crimson shade, suffused with violet. When well
grown, these two varieties will be great acquisitions in
point of colour. Mr. John Mann, of Brentwood, had
I^onal Pelargoniums — Guardsman, glowing orange
scarlet, small trusses, but excellent habit; Startler,
clear and very bright orange scarlet, good smooth
tlowers, but with a fatal tendency to cup; and the
Baron, bright orange crimson, a very effective shade of
colour, but the trusses of flower very small. Mr.
Maim has been very successful in producing rich

shades of orange, wliii'li, as in the i';ise of his fine variety,
Lord Derby, lie ha^ iissorinled willithc very finest pro-
perties, Mr. 11. Tircbm-k, nursery Mian, Luton, hail plants
of his pink Nosegay Pelargonium Felix, not nearly so
good as when it received a Second-class Certiliiatc last
year: the plants had been badly grown, and should not
nave been shown in such indifferent condition; also
a group of a very free-blooming bright orange
scarlet variety, named Emily Moorland, having dark
zonate foliage, .short and stiff— a sort that will make a
very effective bed ; and a very useful looking golden-
foliage kind, named Her Majesty, well coloured, and of
a good habit, appearing as if it would be suitable for
bedding out.

Mr. C. Kimberlpy, of Stoke, near Coventry, hail
some plants of a good-looking sjiotted Pelargonium,
named Grand Arab, having light lower petals, with a
medium dark spot on each floret, lit u\) with fiery ro.se ;
dark top petals margined with fiery rose, and edged
with pale pink ; flowers smooth and of good shape,
and free blooming.

Mr. W. Lee, of Albion Road, Hammersmith,
received a First-class Certificate for a very dwarf
growing Lobelia, of the Erinus section, named Leo's
Dwarf Blue ; the habit very short and dense, like
Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Sons' L. jiumila elegans,
and having a profusion of azure blue flowers, with
small white spot on the centre of the flowers. It
promises to be a most eff'ective bedder. Mr. Lee also
had some varieties of L. speciosa, viz., Ultramarine,
dark blue with white centre; and Fawn, a loose-
growing variety with pale lilac flowers. Messrs.
J. & C. Lee had Sparkler, deep blue with conspicuous
white centre, a seedling apparently I'romL. Paxtouiana,
the habit very straggling and spare ; and a weedy-
looking variety with sickly-looking foliage, named
Queen of Lobelias, was shown as a variegated foliaged
plant by Mr. J. Parker, gr. to S. J. Cooper, Esq.,
Mount Vernon, Barnsley.

The Second Great Show at the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Regent's Park, on the 19th inst., brought out
a considerable group of new Show Pelargoniums of
the large-flowered section. First-class Certificates were
awarded to Hermit (Poster), described at page 577;
to Soeur de Charitd (Foster), a novel and beautiful
flower, lower petals orange salmon, pencilled with
dark, top petals^ark, margined with bright rose, and
having a white throat faintly pencilled with rosy
lines, a few of the flowers a little rough on the edges,
while the majority were smooth and of fine quality,
habit excellent ; and to Empress (Foster), salmon rose
lower petals, suffused with violet, and pencilled with
orange crimson, dark top petals, the blotch lit up with
fiery orange, and having a narrow edge of rasy pink :
flower large, very smooth, and of fine quality, good
habit. Second-class Certificates were awarded to Joan
of Arc (Foster), described on page C05, shown smaller
on this occasion than when previously seen, though
still smooth and of good quality ; and to Prince Consort
(Foster), carmine rose lower petals, with a just percep-
tible shade of violet ; medium-sized blotch on the top
petals, with broad fiery margin paling of to the edge,
and white centre : good habit, and free-blooming.

The following varieties shown on this occasion will
no doubt be sent out with the certificated flowers : —
Marksman (Eraser), lower petals rosy salmon, slightly
veined with dark, top petals dark, with broad fiery
margin and edge of pink, flowers small but very free-
blooming, and good trusses and habit : it lacks novelty
of colour, but will be valuable because so free in
blooming; Beauty (Beck), is something in the same
way as the preceding, but having more orange in the
lower petals the colour is thereby brightened and made
more striking, though the hue pales with age ; free-
blooming and good trusses, but the habit somewhat
spare; Aspasia (Beck), not quite so good as
when previously described ; Aurora (Beck) and
Camilla (Beck) are flowers of good properties, and
will probably be seen in better condition later ;
Bacchus (Foster), is a stained flower, with a large and
bold white throat, and rich dark top petals, with bright
rosy edge, of good habit, and blooming freely, but the
trusses had not more than three pips on each; Trou-
badour (Poster), one of those taking salmon-coloured
flowers, the peculiar hue of colour of which is sure to
be attractive : the variety was much in the way of
Mary Hoyle, but Avith more carmine, and consequently
a brighter hue, especially on the upper petals : flowers
of large size, but too thin and flimsy as shown, — a flower
not good enough to receive a First-class Certificate in
the condition in which it was shown, and yet too good
forthat sometimes questionable distinction, aCertificate
of the second class. The Cardinal and Firefly, both
from Mr. Foster, are two self-coloured flowers, belonging
to the French class, the last very bright, having vivid;
rosy carmine flowers, with a small dark blotch
on the upper petals : flowers small, but in plenty ; the
first-named had a somewhat dark colour irregularly
distributed over the top petals, but was darker and
duller in colour than the preceding ; habit good, and
very fine ; will make good decorative or market kinds.
Autocrat (Foster), in the way of Hermit, but not so
good, still retains its sportive tendency. King of
Trumps (Foster) was thin and flimsy, the flowers are
large and bold notwithstanding, the lower petals orange
salmon, top petals dark, with broad fiery margin and
pale edging, and showy white throat. Robin Hood
( Fester) is of a very pleasing hue of colour, the lower
petals violet pink, slightly suffused with carmine, dark
top petals with a fiery crimson margin, white throat,
good habit, and free blooming. The foregoing were all
shown as Pelargoniums of the second year of
flowering. A few yearling flowers came from Messrs,
Hoyle and Dobson & Son, to which the judges are
empowered to award Commendations for anyspecial and
promising features, A Commendation was given to
Needle Gun (Hoyle), a painted flower, with deep
orange lower petals, stained with dark ; upper petals

dark, with narrow edge of fiery rose, small flowers, but
of good shape, and very smooth ; commenderl for its
hue of colour. Others were Patrimony (Hoyle), a
large and bold flower, very smooth and stout, that pro-
mises to make a first-class variety; lower petals palo
ro.sv pink, dark top petals, with medium blotch, lit up
with fiery orange crimson, and having a narrow edge of
pale rose— a flower not without a defect or two that
another year's growth may possibly do much to
remove. Miss Horvcy (Hoyle), a largo stained flower,
not in good condition, being loose and thin, but having
a very striking white throat. Prince Imperial ( i)obson),
pale orange salmon lower jielals, rich dark top
petals, margined with fiery rose, medium-sized
smooth flowers, and good habit, a very promising
fiower ; and Lord Derby (Dobson), a rich coloured
small stained flower, but badly shaped. Some Fancy
Pelargoniums from Messrs. Dobson & Hon were also
shown, viz. :— No. 1, deep rose self flowers, with a
purple tinge round a white throat, and narrow edge of
white, flowering freely, but spare in the habit: Homer,
in the way of the foregoing, but having tno lower
petals broken into by lines of a palo colour ; and
Achievement and Silver Star, two light flowers of but
little character.

Messrs. Downie, Laird, tt Laing, received a First-
class Certificate for their Nosegay Pelargonium the
Hon. G. Hardy, and Certificates of Merit for Comet
and Floribundum, described above. A First-class Certi-
ficate was awarded to Mr. George Smith, Tollington
Nursery, Islington, for a very handsome and valuable
Nosegay Pelargonium, Grand Duke, the colour a deep
but rich hue of orango scarlet; flower stout and
smooth, trusses large^ bold, and circular, and excellent
habit. First Favourite (G. Smith), is another nosegay
of a very pleasing shade of bright orange scarlet, habit
and truss ijood. A basket of La Graude, the colour of
which is highly effective, was also shown by Mr. Smith.

A splendid batch of variegated Zonal Pelargoniums
was shown by Messrs. Carter & Co. ; Prince of Wales
and Princess of Wales, two very fine yearling plants,
were Commended, the latter being very novel in
character, and of an excellent habit, though somewhat
rough on the leaves. Royal Standard, Aurora, and
Marian are also yearling plants of very great promise,
being noticeable for their large, bold, and well-roundea
leaves. Egyptian Queen promises to be one of the very
best bicolors for next year, and Black Prince has first-
class properties also. R. D.

Beb-Coltuee ; Egyptian Bees.— Having already
related how I became the possessor of three stocks of
this variety, I need not here revert to that portion of
their history, but I have thought that a short account
of how they have fared with me during the winter, and
up to this period of the summer, might not prove
unacceptable.

To begin with No. 14. This hive, when received from
Mr. Woodbury last summer, was a well-established
stock in one of his bar and frame boxes. Having to
transfer the combs into frames suited to my own hives,
by some accident the queen was sacrificed. As the
bees seemed tardy in setting about the task of raising
royal cells from their ovvn brood, I gave them a sealed
cell from a Ligurian hive, which became in due time
the reigning queen. The hive is, at this time,
without any trace of the Egyptian element. The
bees passed through the late trying winter and
spring in admirable condition. Being crowded, they
were transferred into a more capacious hive on the
23d May. Since that time a large super has been given,
iu which they are now working nicely.

No. .3, at the commencement of the winter, was a fine
stock, but being Insufficiently supplied with honey, a
large supply of artificial food was necessary; of this
the bees stored up and sealed a considerable quantity.
Soon after the break up of the second great frost, I
observed that the bees were dead. On examination, it
was evident that they had died from starvation and cold
while in close proximity to an abundant store of food.
The bees were too numerous to have succumbed to cold
alone.

On the side of one of the combs, surrounded by a
cluster of her subjects, who had died with her, I found
the dead body of the beautiful queen : beautiful
exceedingly, even in death, and easily to be distinguished
by her colour and markings from either a Ligurian or
an ordinary queen, I regretted the loss of this stock,
as the queen had been a very prolific breeder.

Of No. 1, the stock, like No. 3, was raised from a very
small nucleus, at the head of which was a young queen
artificially raised a week or two before coming into my
possession. As there were very few if any drones then
out from any Ligurian or commoner stocks, it was
hoped and believed by both Mr. Woodbury and myself
that the progeny as well as the queens would be quite
pure. In this supposition we were, I believe, correct.
The bees have been very beautiful and uniform in
their markings. This hive (No. 1) seemed to thrive
better than its sister stock, and was at the close of
autumn in a better condition to stand the winter.

After the break up of the second great frost, I
thought the bees must, like those of the other hive,
have fallen victims to its severity, as they did not show
out at all for a day or two aftJer the change ; but at
length the bees made their appearance in considerable
numbers, and soon became more apparently active
than any other stock in my apiary.

On the 18th of May the hive appeared to be so
strong that I forced a swarm by driving out all the
bees. These I placed in a box with a few frames of
empty combs, adding one of their own brood combs. I
found a considerable number of ro.yal cells m various
stages, A hive. No, 12, ivas now visited, all its own
combs and the queen removed, and the brood-combs a*'

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GiiZETTE

I

[June 32, 1867.

the Egyptian stock, having several royal cells, were
substituted. Contrary to my expectations, and the
very first time that I have ever had such an
occurrence_ in the forming of artificial swarms,
the bees, instead of accepting their situation and
attempting to raise a queen, or waiting for one naturally
developed to come out in due course, declined to
remain, but threw themselves into the adjoining colony,
where they were received without any lighting. This
state of affairs I did not discover until it was too late
to save the brood. I am sorry to say that the loss of
brood was very large. There was a large proportion of
drone-brood both m worker and in proper-sized cells.

The stock hive was very much weakened, but soon
recovered a portion of its former populous condition.
I have since then removed two full brood-combs, my
object being two-fold : first, to prevent all possibility of
the hive swarming, as I do not wish to run
the risk of losing the queen ; second, to force
the bees to construct entirely new combs, believing
that, in the course of a generation or two, the cells
will be very much smaller. To explain this latter
point. The Egyptians were first bred in combs con-
structed by Ligurian bees. The Egyptian bees thus
raised are very much smaller in size even than the
Liguriaus, therefore it is likely that those first raised
will, when comb building, make somewhat smaller sized
cells; the bees reared in these will again be
likely to construct smaller still, and so on until the
proper dimensions suited to the very diminutive sizes
of the bees may be reached.

Since this last robbery, the bees have been compara-
tively listless and idle ; this may partly have been
induced by the unfavourable state of the season.
Within a few days I have been compelled to feed
them, as I feared they would otherwise perish from
actual starvation. The queen is small, and of a richer
yeUow colour than her Ligurian sisters; both the
drones and workers are very beautiful. I am sorry to
say that the latter still merit the character for savage-
ness of disposition when molested that I have already
had to award them. I am not, therefore, very anxious
to increase their numbers in my apiary, but should be
sorry to lose the variety altogether. S. Sevan Fox.

Miscellaneous.

JD)'y Earth.— VoTOMs earth acts on putrefying ani-
mal and decaying vegetable matters on the same prin-
ciple as that on which the purifying powers of charcoal
depend. On account of their greater porosity and
absorbing properties, wood and peat charcoal are
superior to earth as disinfectants. However, dry earth
is a very good absorber and destroyer of foul smells ; and,
as it can be had anywhere at little cost, it deserves to
be used extensivelj', especially in the country, for pre-
venting nuisance and loss in fertilising constituents,
which is caused by the careless mode in which
human excreta are usually disposed of Earth
impregnated therewith, like charcoal, has the power
of purifying itself on exposure to the air; so
that earth may be used over and over again for
the disinfection of human excreta. It is, indeed,
worthy of special notice that a mixture of earth with
night-soil, after having been kept for some time
under a shed, confined at one or more sides and
covered by a roof to exclude rain, and become
dry, has its original disinfecting powers almost
completely restored, and may be used again
for absorbing and retaining the manuring elements
of a fresh quantity of night-soil. Earth in this
wajr may be used three or four times over for the
disinfection of human excreta, and at the same time
becomes a valuable vehicle for absorbing and concentra-
ting all the fertilising constituents which enter into
the composition of liquid and solid excreta. Human
urine contains from 91 to 91 per cent, of water, and
faeces not less than 80 to 83 per cent.; hence the
practical difficulty of converting them into a dry
and portable manure. Simple evaporation or artificial
drying is impracticable ; because, in the first place, it
creates an intolerable nuisance; and secondly, because
it is attended with the decomposition and loss of the
nitrogenous and most valuable manuring constituents.
These practical difliculties, which are experienced in
the conversion of night-soil into a portable manure
may be completely obviated, at all events in the
country, by the free use of dry earth in closets.
li a sufficient quantity of earth is employed to
absorb completely the mi.xture of the excreta the
contents of the closets can be removed periodically
say once, a month, in the day-time, with little
or no inconvenience. They should he wheeled
at once under a roofed shed, and spread out as
much as the space admits, and left exposed to the
drying influences of the air. According to the state
of the weather, the mixture of night-soil and earth
will become sufficiently dry in two or three months
when it may be used again in the closet like
Iresh soil, and the same process be repeated three
or four times. During the drying in the shed no
appreciable amount of fertilising matter is lost • and as
the earth after each removal from the closets becomes
charged with an additional quantity of manurin"
matter, a very useful manure is finally produced with
little trouble and at a mere trifling expense In
country places, where proper drainage is not provided
the nuisance of open closets may be best avoided by
the use of the arrangements adopted in the so-called
earth-closets. VoelcJcer on Disinfectants.

Garden Operations.

{.For the ensuing weeh.)

PLANT HOUSES.

AnactocUU will, now that they have re-established

themselves by the formation of fresh roots, &c., after

recent potting, require more frequently copious water-

ings overhead. I prefer doing this at this season with
a very fine rosed watering-pot, so fine indeed that a con-
tinuous stream of tepid spray may he forced to enshroud
the whole of the plants for a time. Eemove with care
all weedy accumulations attached to the surface of the
soil in the pots, occasionally rinsing the bell-glasses,
and keeping all as fresh as possible around them. After
watering them as above, upon fine sunny days, and
with a maximum moist temperature pervading the
whole structure, remove any covering from around
them, and by full exposure afford them every possible
assistance by the admission of fresh air for at least
two hours, when the glasses, being well dried, should be
replaced. Any flower spikes which show are best
removed as soon as they have grown sufficiently firm
to withstand the damp contained in so close an atmo-
sphere as that habitually surrounding them. Keeping
this in view, it is better to keep them upon all such
occasions as dry as possible until the wounds thus
caused are healed over. Seaths, Fpacris, &c.,
should, where convenient, now be removed to a
cool, shady, northerly aspect. Be particular to
place them upon either slate or coal ash
bottom.s, otherwise worms will prove very trouble-
some, besides doing likewise much injury to the
roots. Be careful not to over water them in such
situations; too much moisture at the roots is as
injurious as the not afi'ording them a sufficiency. Should
mildew attack them— a not unfrequeut occurrence at
this time— dust them well over with flowers of sulphur.
Look to the drainage of pots containing specimen
Auriculas, as it not unfrequently happens that some
need attention at this time. Much injury will accrue
to any which are allowed through inattention to become
over sodden at the ball. Divide Chinese Frimitlas,
of the double-flowered and Fern-leaved sections, or
any required to be peii)etuated ; plant them out in a
cool, shady situation, in a rich, moist soil. Strike
cuttings of stove plants in general, where an increase
of any given sorts is needed. Attend to any Painting or
Glazing necessary upon glass structures generally, as
soon as any crops or plants contained within them
afford an opportunity of doing so. Mood the floors of
houses generally upon sunny afternoons, shutting up
early when practicable for the purpose of perfecting a
good summer's growth.

FOHCINO HOUSES. *
Early ripened Grapes, which it is desirable to keep
hanging for a time, should receive all the air possible,
and should have a rather dry atmosphere. Do not
allow the younger leaves, formed upon late laterals, to
shade the larger original ones, but aflird them all the
light possible, in order duly to elaborate the ripening
processes necessary to properly flavour the fruits, and
to form good plump buds for next season's fruiting.
Finish thinning withoutdelay the late varieties intended
for midwinter use. Pinch back the laterals which may
form at this time, decisively. A maximum temperature,
with abundance of moisture, will be needed throughout
the day, to be moderated some degrees at night during
the swelling period. Do not omit to give air at the
earliest moment at which it is needed upon bright
sunny mornings. Keep all Farli/ Vineries denuded of
their fruit, free from any signs of "spider," giving
abundance of air without artificial moisture. Water
copiously again all Figs from which the first crop has
been gathered. Stop all planted-out ones in a similar
stage which are forming fresh wood at the third or
fourth age, and revert to constant and copious
syringmgs. Do not allow the bottom-heat in Melon
heds to fall below a minimum of 75°; this they
too frequently do at this time without observation.
When any bed formed of fermenting materials ceases
to produce heat, and becomes a sodden mass of inert
matter, it is of all things the most ungenial upon
which tender subjects can be expected to thrive.
In collecting fresh droppings for Mushroom heds for the
purposes of successional crops, as previously advised,
do not by any means collect those from horses fed
upon Grass or other green food, but choose at all
times droppings from stable horses fed for the most
part upon dry hay, &o. Give all Mushroom beds which
commence to fail in production a good soaking with
water strongly diluted with salt, and with other strong
fresh liquids from stables, giving all the air possible to
the house by keeping any windows or doors therein
constantly open.

HARDY FEUIT GARDEN".
Finish thinning forthwith the fruit upon Peaches
and Nectarines, and stop all lateral shoots beyond the
second bud. Many leaves in consequence of the cold
wet spring are very much blistered ; these should be
removed wholly, and as where they exist mildew too
frequently attaches itself, they should at aU times
when removed be placed in baskets and carried
carefully away. Ply the syringe or, what is better, a
garden engine throughout their whole surface as often
as possible, as nothing tends to imbue them with a
vigorous healthy growth more than copious sousings
with pure water. Lay Strawlerrij Runners singly
upon any vacancy that occurs around the plants,
placing a crock or stone upon each one for the
double purpose of aiding it in its efforts to attach
itself to the ground by means of roots, and to
keep additional moisture around them should the
weather prove dry. Lay also any needed for forcing
during the ensuing winter or spring months, singly
upon the surface of soil placed firmly in large 60-sized
pots, placing a pot-sherd firmly upon these also. Place
them in fives or sixes, close together, for the purpose
of watering them more readily than when tliey are
placed athwart the bed singly. Fresh plantations of
Strawberries may also be now made by planting out
any old forced plants in hand in a deep, well trenched
and manured border. Before planting, however, give
the halls of all intended to be planted two or three
consecutive soakings of maniue-water, in order to

moisten them. Tread the freshly dug border firmly all
over, make a slight drill down where it is intended the
rows should be, and fixing the base of the balls firmly at
least half a yard apart. Scatter a little well decom-
posed manure around them, then afterwards draw the
soil from between the rows well up around the crowns,
and tread all firmly. Be careful in the process not to
bury any of Llie foliage or the crowns too deeply.
Afterwards another good soaking of manure-water
around the plants will be of much heneSt, aiding
quickly in settling the soil around them. Prepare all
trees of robust growth, and especially wall trees, such
as young Cherries, &c., for heavy thunderstorms, often
very prevalent at or about this date, by securing them
as constantly as they become elongated sufficiently to
need support.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
As the season is stealing gently onward amidst much
variable and ungenial weather, with many things
makinglittle or no progress,allcropsshouldreceive every
possible extra assistance by frequent hoeings and the
like. So also is there greater need for constantly antici-
pating the requirements of the future. It may he
necessary to make a few risk-sowings some fortnight
earlier than is customary ; hence I advise that a
small sowing be at once made of Cauliflowers, Callages,
Carrots, Onions, and the like, for so-called winter
cropping. These, should they become too strong, may
be supplemented by others sown— the weather favour-
able— at a later date ; besides which, much good is
done all such by transplanting them, thus by succes-
sive checks to harden them the better to withstand
the winter. As the general appearance of the kitchen
garden is so much enhanced by keeping neat and tidy
walks, I cannot too heartily advise cleanliness in this
wise ; brush them over and roll them as frequently as
necessary; the doing so is besides a great preventive of
weeds and Mosses generally, so prevalent in moist
seasons. W. F.

STATE OF THE -^'EATHER AT CHIS-\VICK, NEAR LONDON,
Foi- the Week ending June 19, 1867. as observed at the Hoi-ticultural Gardens.

June.

~T

2

3

4
O
16
17

Baroueteii.

TEMPEIIA.TDRB.

Wind

Of the Air.

OftteEai-tli

1

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

Ifoot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

""

Thurs. 13
Friday U
Satur. 15
Sunday 16
Mon. 17
Tues. 18
Wed. 10

30.057
29.818
30.024
30.090
30.115
30.032
30.008

29.901
29.790
20.936

30.051
30.092
29.978
29.966

GG
68
62
62
■34
75
70

46
42
46
42
41
59
40

5G.0
55.0

64.0
52.0
52.5

67.0
55.0

60
59
69
69
59
58
60

56
67
57
56
66
66
56

SW.
N.W

NE.

N.
N.W.

S.E.
N,E.

.00
.00
.12
.00
.00
.00
.00

Average .

30025' 30.002

6G.7

45.1

55 9

59.1

56.3

0.12

13 -Partially o'vercnst: densely clouded; cloudy at night.

— 14-Fine ; overcast; very fine at night.

— 15 -Fine, with white clouds; cold and overcast; cloudy.

— 16 - Overcast ; cloudy ; very fine at nifrht.

— 17-Oloudy ; overcast ; fine, but cold at nig-ht.

— 18— Fine ; overcast ; overcast and warm.

— 19— Hazy and warm ; cloudy ; overcast at night.
Mean temperature of the week , 41 deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICIC,
Duiing the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending June 29, 1867.

if

Eh

No. Of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

Prevailing Winds.

Juno.

1
1

1

4
3
3

2

I

3
3
2

5

p4

4
6
6
6
2
7
3

n

2
5
2
3
3

to

fs

15
15
14

7
12
Ifi

6
10
6

in

9
6

7

■A

Sunday.. 23
Mon. ..24
Tuea. ..25
Wed. ,.26
Thurs. ..27
Friday ..28
Satur. ..29

72 6 [ 47.3

73.7 49.1
72.9 49.5
71,1 49.6

72 3 1 48.2

73 7 49.5

72.8 48,8

59.9
61.4
61.2
619
G0.3
61.6
60.8

16
IS
20
20
15
16
12

0.41 in.

0 72

072

0.69

0.80

0.65

0 62

6

4
4
3
1
7
6

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
27th,1826-therm. 93 deg. ; andtUc lowest on the 26th. 1662. and 28th
1864— therm. 34 dc^-. '

Notices to Correspondents.

AoAPANTHUs : H M. Please send the specimen.

CoKDYLiNE iNDivisA : Recidev. This is rather a difficult plant
to grow. It does not like close heat, nor too much water at
the root.

HvoROMETERS: John Davis. Wc have seen very good hygro-
meters, dry and wet bulbs, for general gardening pm-poses,
showing the amount of moisture in the air, hothouses, &c.,
by Cassella, 23, Hatton Garden, E.G., from 13s. 6rf. to
17.". Gd. At the latter price you can have porcelain scales,
which we should recommend, as they are distinct and
indelible. Daniel's hygrometer, and likewise Regnault's,
are, we observe, very expensive, 3?. or 4i.— Will " P. W. M."
please send his name and address? ||

Judging Plant.s: Rea.der, It is next to impassible to give a
satisfactory answer to inquiries such as yours, as the whole
of the conditions cannot be presented in the compass of a
short letter. A.t the London shows the names of the
esJaibitors are affixed before judgment, and therefore we
see nothing objectionable in a juror seeing the same plants
at home before they arc bro\ight out. If he is capable of
making dishonest use of the knowledge he may have
acquii'cd, he would do so in cither case, or in .any case.
Then as to Orchids : if two competing plants were equal as
to health and bloom, we should give the preference to that
which is most difficult to cultivate, because it would repre-
sent the greatest horticultural skill, and not to that which
might bear the highest money value, for that would
represent only the length of the owner's purso. If both
were equally difficult or equally easy to grow, then the value
of the plant might be considered, but it is very rarely indeed
that specimens are so nearly balanced as that. Cypripedium
Lowii with foui- flowers to a spike is well grown.

Names of Plants : U nder-gardentr. Drosera rotundifolia.—
ir D. 1, Viola persicifolia ; 1, V. cornuta; 3, Thymua
Serpyllum, v. lanuginosus; 4, Goodia latifolia ; 5, Geranium,
sanguineum.— P E F. I, Thalicti-um aquilegifolium ; 2,
Spu-jea sorbifolia ; 3, Sp. Filipendula; 4, Campanula Medium
fl. -pi.— Nemo. \. Saxifraga punctata ; 2, CorydaUs lutea; 3,
Tellima grandiflora ; 4, Geranium moW^.—EUen. A Ciinum,
but too much crushed for determination.— J" M. Geranium
sangumeum.

Peach Leaves: WAD. We find neither Fungus nor insect
on your Peach leaves. Their present appearance is probably
due to some sudden chill. M J B.

Thuja aurea : Header. Plants of this 3 feet high might be
considered large. We cannot give the measurement of the
tallest in England.

Communications Received.— W. Denning.— W. E. S.— R. D.—
W. M. B.— W. R.-J. C— G. Lowe.— P. W. M. (thanks).—
P. Grieve.— Exhibitor (apply at South Kensington}.— W. S. D.
—J. A. Watson.

JuKE 23, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GA;5KTTE.

663

TTfOWLKR'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and

Jf CULTIVATOR may bo SEKN at WOUK iQ every Agricultural

^ For^p,i?tl^uftavpty to John Fowler & Co., 71. Corublll. London,
E.C. : and Stciiin Tlougb WorkH, Lecda. ^

I "RON HUKDLES (Silver Medal of tlio Royal
Agnoultural Society).
SHEEP, 3(f. 6rf, : CATTLE, 4s. 2d. ; OX, 5a. lid.
List by Tost. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St Panoraa iron Work Company, Old St, Fancnis Road, London, N .W.

THE IMPROVED TANNED LEATHER DRIVING
STRAPS. PATENT EDGE-LAID LEATHER STRAPS,
witbout lap or cross Joints— superior to all otbers for Portable
EnKlnoB. Prlmo STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

Price Lists sent free by post.
TuK Tannkd LEATiita Oompanv. Tanners, Curriera, &0., Armlt
Works Orconflold, near Mancboster ; Warcbouso, 81, Mark Lano,
Loudon, E.C. Mr. H. Fkruaukk. Agent.

Caution to Gardeners.— When you astt for
UAYNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE

O PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get tbom.
Observe the maik Savnor, also the corporate mark Outain
WAnRANTED, without which none are eeniune.

S. & C. rCL-ret ha\ing lo caution Gardeners and otbera, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an Imitation, of common
quality baviug been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which wero not ol
their make, all of whloh are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.
C 'a Pruning and Budding Kulvea are the Dest, and the

cheapest In the market.

Paxton Works. Shotllold.

Established upwards of 125 years.

MANCHESTER and LIVERPOOL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETV (Established 17li7|, — GRAND CENTENARY
.siluW MEETING at ManehosLer, August '27, 2S. and ^, 18«7.

spuchU Prize List and Forma of Entry aro now ready to bo
issued. 1. 1*. RvDKB, Socrettuy,

ii7A, Church Street, Liverpool.— April 23, 180T.

Jl\\t Slsricttltural (Safette.

SATURDAY, JUNE 22, 1867.

On Wednesday of last '(voek 12 or 14 candidates
for the small annuities annually granted by the
Ivoy al Agricultural Bono volont Association, gained
tlioir election — and upwards of 100 candidates,
many of them presenting more distressing claims
than those of their fortunate rivals, were rejected.
'J.'liis fact alono is sufficient to prove the great
need of the Institution ; and if it does not prove
that gi-eater liberality on the part of conti-ibutors
to its funds is required, or that greater effort
should bo made to secure new subscribers to so
useful a charity, this is the fault of those who
direct its proceedings. With what wonderful
force could not any benevolent man plead for
the Society if he were able to say of
Iho mass of unrelieved distress which is
annually turned .away unhelped: — It is beyond
our power — our income is already exhausted.
Tlio sum collected goes as far as it can, and
until a larger income is placed at our disposal,
we can do no more.

The fact we understand to be, that the income
of the Society exceeds 4000?., and not one-half
of this is annually spent. Instead of doing all
it can, it is accumulating a capital fund which,
by making it independent of the liberality which
it has evoked, must at the same time diminish
and dry up the main sources fi-om which its
income has been hitherto derived.

The necessity which is the real spur of all
benevolent effort must appear, not only in the
objects to bo relieved, but in the agency by
which this relief is administered. If the agency
iswealthy and already in fact sufiBcient, no one will
feel called upon to assist it. We are persuaded
that it is a very great mistake to accumulate
too large a capital fund. Let us believe that our
children will be as liberal and benevolent as
ourselves. The duty chiefly resting upon us is,
that we serve our own generation. There is
great distress and misery to be met around us.
If the money that has been subscribed can any-
how be made effective to remove this, it will have
achieved the end for which it was contributed ;
and more than that no management can aocom-
] liyh. Wo hope that the Council of the Society
%\ ill he a little more confident and liberal than
tliey have been in applying the money they have
rrceived to the purpose for which it was given.
For one man who will give to ensure relief for
the troubles that may arise 20 years hence, there
are 100 who will lend a helping hand to those
who have fallen by their side. It is the 100 whose
interest and effort we want enlisted in behalf of
the Eoyal Agricultural Benevolent Society, and
we hope that wo may for the future be able to
uige the claims of the Institution on our readers,
on the plea that every shilling they may contri-
bute will bo at once spent for the benefit of the
class whom it is intended to relieve.

unfortunate cattle-dealer, appear to havo con-
sidered the matter as a capital joke, and the
judge's remarks and his inference as to tho
defective stato of tho law, elicited " loud
laughter," wo aro told.

Looking at tho fact that Cattle Tlague has
again made its aiijiearanco in London and in some
parts of tho country, and impressed as every
one ought to bo with the importance of provou-
tivo aud ])rocautiouary measures, it is painful to
observe the ilippancy with which the matter was
treated in the case before us, showing that the
Devonians havo not known tho horrors of
tho plague, aud showing, moreover, that they
are not thankful for their immunity. " Sweet
aro tho uses of adversity," aud if our AVost
Country friends had had a mouth's experience of
the calamity as it raged in Cheshu'e, they might
havo come out of tho ordeal sadder but wiser
men. When making application for a pass, it does
not appear that tho plaintiff, William Stone, was
" rude in speech," nor is ho charged with having
been rude in manner, and on what grounds,
therefore, tho pass ho asked for was refused it
is difficult to conjecture. It appears that tho
defendant had given thousands of passes to others,
and had given tho plaintiff many on former
applications, still, according to tho judge's ruling,
the owners of stock are entirely at the rnercy of
tho magistrate in those cases ; and if this is so,
and if they — the owners — are to be subjected to
anxiety of mind, serious inconvenience, and
pecuniary loss consequent on the exercise of such
caprice on tho part of gentlemen holding Her
Majesty's commission, then the sooner that
application is made to Parliament as recom-
mended, and an Act to amend au Act obtained,
the better. C.

Tho following is the newspaper report: —

EXTnAOKDINARY ACTION AGAINST A MAGISTRATE.
Barnstaple.
[Il'fore Sergeant Petersdorff, Jwlffc.']
William Stone v. George E. A'(n(;so«.— The plaintiff,
a dealer in cattle, sued the defendant, one of H.XI.'s
Justices of the Peace for the borough of Barnstaple,
for damages allegfid to have been sustained in con-
sequence of defendant's refusal to grant a cattle pass.
According to plaintiff's statement he applied on the
21th of May for a licence. Mr. Kingson asked him
if he had had tlie cattle in his possession for 28 days,
and he said he would swear he had and could bring
50 witnesses to prove it ; if that was not enough he
could bring 600. Mr. KiNGSON then said, " Who are
you speaking to ? " and he replied, "You, sir;" upon
which the defendant refused to grant him a pass. He
had been put to the e.xpense of keeping the cattle ever
since, as ho could not convey them to the party to
whom he liad sold them. His Honour said that there
was not the slightest ground of action. There was no
obligation on the part of magistrates absolutely to
grant applications that were made to them ; they were
at liberty to exercise their own discretion. _ The
plaintiff's only remedy was to make an application to
Parliament. (Laughter.)

If the following, copied from a Barnstaple
paper, is a correct report of a County Court
trial lately held &t that place, then, notwith-
standing the acres of printed matter which have
gone forth on the subject, there appears to be
still something rotten in the state of our Cattle
Plague law. All the persons present, except the

Mr. Sandebson gives his opinion of the present

promise of the crops as follows in the columns of the
Times: — "The greater portion of land for autumn
seeding was ploughed rather wet, and Wheat was sown
in— what is really favourable— a moist and compact
i)ed. The autumn braird generally was regular and
vigorous, although not forward. On low-lying and
wet soils the plants during winter were decimated by
slug ravages, and it was feared that on such soils the
crop would be greatly deficient. The Wheat plant was
not injured by the severe winter frosts, and while
many of the liner trees and shrubs succumbed, this
hardy cereal remained unscathed. With the e.xceptiou
of that on the chalk and red sandstone formations.
Wheat in the opening of spring was rather thinly
planted, while not a few undrained fields presented a
patchy appearance. The brilliant and forcing weather
from the 1st of May till the 11th instant produced an
extraordinary change on the crops, and fields
which formerly looked indifferent suddenly exhibited
great luxuriance. That rapid vegetation, however,
was rapidly checked by the cold easterly winds and
severe frosts that prevailed from the 11th till the
21th of May. Crops— autumn as well as spring sown —
gradually lost their rich hues, while the upright and
Grass-like blades of the plants showed unmistakeable
symptoms of arrested growth. Happily that severe
check was followed by even a more rapid vegetation
than that which preceded it, and the glorious weather
— a combination of heat and moisture— of the last three
weeks has produced such a rapid progress of agricul-
tural crops as is rarely witnessed. For the last three
days the temperature has been lower and the sky over-
cast ; but this, so far from being injurious, is favourable
to the crops, inasmuch as it will give strength to the
succulent stem, and fit it to nourish and carry a richly-
laden ear. Excepting on badly-f;irined land, which is
no criterion. Wheat is remarkably promising, and
although the plants in many instances are too widely
apart, yet, judging from their vigorous stems aud
blades and luxuriant hues, the length of ear and closely-
set grain will more than balance that deficiency.
Barley, the least hardy of the cereals, suffered most
from May frosts. It has, however, rapidly recovered
during the late forcing weather, and what was early

sown promises an abundant yield. The sowing of
Barley on clay soils was, however, much retarded, and
a considerable area, especially in lissox and Wilts, was
unsown on tho 1st of ,1 une. That area cannot bo early
cut, but tho braird is strong and regular, aud promises
an abundant straw produce, without which there
could only bo a dofioiont yield of grain. Tho
Oat oro]>, .suited to a variable climate and a moist
soil, looks singularly promising, being regular, vigorous,
aud closely |)lauled. Ijiko its sister cereals, it is about
eight days later than in ordinary seasons. Beans aro
by no moans promising, as they aro dclioiont in plants,
stem, aud jiods. From this, llerefordsliiro and tho
west of Worcestershire may claim exception, as there
the Bean crop promises to bo a fair average. 'I'he Pea
crop, which luxuriates in a thoroughly coirimi tinted
soil and in a dry climate, has found in 18117 an unfa-
vourable season. Slugs, May frosts, and a new enemy —
an aphis, have greatly injured the Pea crop, and its
Iiroduec must fall at least one-half short of that of last
year. Tho preparation of the Turnip fallows has been,
from the wet weather, very iirotracted, and there is still
a considerable breadth of Turnip land to seed. Tho
braird of early-sown Turnip is healthy, and is free from
insect attacks. Early planted Potatos wero severely
l)itten by the frost of last month, but they are vigorously
issuing fresh sprouts, and the plants are equal and
healthy. Mangels havo in many districts been severely
injured by frost. Hay, natural and artificial, is a full
average crop. Mowing has commenced in the southern
counties. Pastures suffered considerably from the cold
spring winds. They have recovered, and are now
yielding abundant feeds. On the whole, the harvest
prospects are cheering."

A Council meeting of the Central Chamber of

Agriculture was held on Tuesday at the Salisbury
Hotel, Fleet Street, Mr. Albeet Pell in the chair.
Deputies from Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Berkshire,
Hampshire, Kent, Leicestershire, Shropshire, Wor-
cestershire, Warwickshire, Northamptonshire, Norfolk,
and Suffolk were present. At the meeting in April,
18 chambers were reported as formed ; but in two
months the number has nearly doubled, and the total
constituency of the Chambers of Agriculture now
numbers nearly 8000 members. The Council, having
transacted general business and elected new members,
including the Marquis of Exetee and the Earl of
Lichfield, proceeded to consider the subject for the
day — " the employment of women and children in
agriculture, and proposed legislation connected there-
with ;" and the following resolution was unanimously
agreed to : — " That this Chamber, while strongly sympa-
thising with any efforts for the improved and increased
education of the labouring classes engaged in agricul-
ture, considers that Mr. Fawcett's Bill would not
accomplish this object; that the measure is impracti-
cable in its details and totally inapplicable to the rural
districts ; and that no legislation on the education of
children engaged in agriculture should take place until
the Commission appointed to inquire into the subject
shall have given in their report." We arc informed
that a public meeting of the members and friends of f-lio
Chambers will be held at Bury St, Edmund's on Tues-
day, July 10, for the purpose of urging the Legislature
to 'enforce the slaughtering and effectual quarantine
of all imported animals at the ports of landing.

At the Fakenham meetin" on Wednesday of

the Norfolk Agricultural Society, H.R.H, the Prince
of Wales exhibited in both sheep and cattle classes,
receiving a prize for " ewes of any age," bred from the
Southdown stock of Lord Sondes, and receiving also
a Commendation in extra stock for fat cattle shown.
The cattle classes were of course confined to the live
stock of the county ; but it is satisfactory to have them
once more in our show-yards, in however limited a
manner ; and they were a very satisfactory department
of last Wednesday's Show. At a dinner held in
connection with the Show the Earl of Kimbeeley
spoke at some length upon the position of labourers in
the agricultural districts. He looked to an alteration in
the law of settlement to produce a salutary change in
the cottages of the labourers. It was becoming a
matter of the utmost importance to landlords, to tenant
farmers, and to all persons connected with agriculture,
to place the labourer in such a position as to lessen the
inducements which might tempt him to leave his
employment. With respect to agricultural gangs, he
referred to Mr. Fawcett's Bill, with which he did
not altogether agree, and to a Bill of which Lord
SUAFTESBURY had charge. He hoped that Lord
Shaftesbury would propose that there should be no
mixed gangs, and that the gang-master should be
licensed.

The reappearance of the Cattle Plague amongst

us has again turned men's minds towards the dreadful
scourge. The information gained from the British
Consuls' reports from various places on the Continent
are, when compared, of some interest as showing the
singular or irregular manner in which the plague has
spread throughout Europe. Extracts from these
reports have from time to time been given in the pages
of this Journal. The most recent report, dated from
Leipsig, says : " In the beginning of September the
rinaerjjest broke out with great violence in Hungary
and Moravia, and rapidly spread into Lower Austria.
The provincial Government of Bohemia took active
measures to arrest the progress of the evil by pro-
hibiting the passage of cattle from Hungary, Moravia,
and Lower Austria. The Saxon Government seconded
the Bohemian provincial authorities in the endeavour
to stop the plague by an order (issued September 10)
forbidding the import into Saxony from the Austrian
border of all Podolian, Hungarian, and Gallician
sheep and cattle, as well as of all Bohenuan cattle
unaccompanied by certificates of origin. In November,
all meat, tallow, hides, horns, and hones were com-
prised in fhe pniliibitio'.i Tu sn.t' .pf al! >Mr.':n'-'<'<^.

664

THE eiEBENEKS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[June 22, 1867.

the rinderpest appeared in Bohemia in December,
which led the Saxon Government to include Bohemia
in a final order, dated the 15th of that month, closing
the frontier to all Bohemian sheep and cattle." J.

FAEM NOTBS.-By Mk. Meohi.

1. Dung Seajts are, in ray opinion, breeding places
for the insect tribe ; not so shed manure, constantly
trampled upon by cattle, — it is far too pungent for any
living thing to exist or breed in it.

2. advertising. — It is a singular fact that one rarely
Sees a farmer's advertisement of what he has to sell and
vfhat he wants to buy.^ The result is that he must
either employ commission agents (called dealers), or
sell his own stock at the neighbouring market. Many
dealers are very conscientious men, but I have known
some cases where 30 or 40 per cent, profit has inter-
vened between the seller and buyer. Besides, a single
market is a limited one both for buyer and seller,
animals are often worn down by travel from market to
market, and too frequently contract and bring home
diseases. Advertisements were once dear and heavily
taxed, now they are cheap, and would be cheaper still
were the farming advertisements more numerous. A
newspaper reaches a whole county, and probably beyond
that. I find it by far the most ready way of obtaining
what stock I require, and at a moderate price— espe-
cially during the prohibition of cattle markets caused
by the cattle plague.

3. Ml/ Sfeam-iJnyijie.— After 20 years of heavy wear, I
still find it as ellicient as on its first purchase, and
likely to last for many years to come. Last year I
fitted it with a new Cornish boiler, preferring perfect
safety, especially as we work at a pressure of 70 lb. per
inch. The old boiler was allowed for in exchange, and
would still do a great deal of work at 40 lb. per inch,
the water in it having always been kept at a proper
level: for two years it was worked at 1201b. per inch.
I also fitted shakers instead of rakes to my old thresh-
ing-machine, and put all the machinery, engine, pumps,
&c., into thorough repair, — the cost of this was 150?.
The new boiler is 12 ft. long and 4 ft. C in. in diameter ;
the furnace is within the flue, so that all the radiating
heat is applied to the boiler. There is thus no brick-
work immediately in connection with the furnace but
merely for the flue. We have always an abundance
of steam for every purpose without much stoking, and
use the dust coal, which only costs us 10s. Grf. per ton,
and Ss. per ton cartage from Maldon. It is the screen-
ings from the best coal, and practically we can keep up
more steam with this than with the large coal, because,
being in such minute pieces, it is quickly converted
into flame when spread over the surface of the fire.
During the six winter months our engine has daily
work in threshing, grinding, pumping, chaS'-cutting,
cake-breaking, working Bentall's pulper and Gardener's
cutter, pumping water, irrigating, and steaming for our
cattle, which vary from 50 to 70 head, young and old,
besides 200 sheep. It also raises all the sacks of corn
to the upper floors. It earns a considerable sum
annually by grinding for my neighbours, when wind
or water mills are at a stand-still for want of wind or
water. Our engine (fixed) is nominally of 6-horse
power, but with an 8-horse boiler, and 70 lb. of steam,
no 16 horse could do its work-^and they would
have been worn out. Its consumption of dust coal is
from 8 to 13 owt. per day, according to the severity of
the work, at a cost of about 6s. to 8s. 6d. per day. We
sometimes ask ourselves how it is possible for a farmer
of 170 acres (having a regard to profit) to do without
an engine, especially where much stock is kept. I paid
l&Ol. for the engine and boiler 20 years ago— of course
all the machines connected with and worked by it
were an additional cost. A¥hen Barley was 20s. per
quarter our mill-stones (4 feet 2 inches in diameter)
ground 1500 quarters in one year for our pigs. Barley
is too dear now for pig-feeding. One of our agricul-
tural labourers has driven the engine for 20 years. One
can generally find among one's men a handy labourer
with mechanical tendencies ; the engine soon teaches
him to be a handy man, who will learn to dress the
mill-stones, keep the machinery in repair, and do a
number of mechanical jobs, such as rough painting,
carpentering, smith's work, and even a little slating
and bricklaying. It certainly does astonish me
that so many large farmers, with means, are
without suitable steam machinery. I quite agree with
the reporters on steam cultivation, in the latest
number of the Society's journal, that the farmer should
himself know something about the steam-engine to use
it vrith comfort and profit.

4. The Difference hettceen Ploughing and ChiUivaiion.
^Deep ploughing may be ruinous where deep culti-
vation would be beneficial. This apparent paradox
may be easily explained;— Where the land, just below
the regular ploughed line, is undrained, panned down,
and consequently has never been subjected to the
ameliorating influence of aeration by exposure, it is, in
too many instances, absolutely poisonous to young
plants. I know of some cases where, by at once
ploughing up and bringing to the surface 4 or
5 inches of raw subsoil, the land has been rendered
much less productive for several years, that I warn
my amateur farming friends against committing
such a costly error. The young growing plants
cannot thrive, in the beginning of their growth, in
such unprepared mass, and, consequently, ai-e enfeebled
before their roots reach the good buried top soil.
That able agriculturist, the late Mr. Smith, of
Deanston, wisely recommended that the subsoil should
be allowed to dry a little after being drained before
even subsoiling was attempted; and that kind and
enlightened man, the Rev. Sam. Smith, of Lois
Weeden ploughed his top soil together, and then
worked his manure into the uncovered subsoil, leaving
it bare for a time, and then re-covering it with the
surface soil. When I deeply cultivate I plough the

top soil, and follow in the same track with another
plough (minus its breast or mould hoard) : the next
turn of the first plough then covers up this raw
subsoil. In this operation a portion of the subsoil
gets gradually mixed with the surface soil, and
thus my staple is gradually increased, with
benefit to the crops. My experience teaches me
that from 10 to 20 years will hardly suflice to
bring into a suitable condition some of our tenacious
plastic clay subsoils. It is on these grounds that
I should, in the case of usiug steam power, commend
the use of the grubbers, or cultivators, that stir the soil
deeply without bringing much of it to the surface, and
that it should be a gradual deepening instead of tearing
up at once great masses of thesubsoil. I have never seen
any implement so suited to the purpose as that which
steam ploughed a portion of my Clover in 1856, in the
presence of a large company. That deep cultivation
showed its good efleot for several years. Fowler's
plough was supplemented by Cotgreave's subsoil
plough. They were attached, so that as they moved along
one furrow slice laid under the other, the top soil being
laid on the top of the other ; and yet, strange to say, I
never have seen this used since. The fact is that this
double ploughing takes much power and cannot be
hurried over, but it is the proper and most profitable
mode. Many farmers have been ruined by rashly
burying their best soil, and covering it with several
inches of raw subsoil. There may be some subsoils
sufliciently wholesome to permit of their being
suddenly brought to the surface. In many cases
ploughing is objectionable, leaving long unfilled spaces
obnoxious to the roots of plants. The cultivator has
many advantages.

5. Working out a Farm. — There are certain persons
always on the look-out for a farm that ha^ been highly
cultivated and in first-rate condition, with the intent
of working it out, very much to the ultimate injury of
the landlords. Such persons are generally very bad
farmers. They will, probably, offer a higher rent than
a known good farmer could afiord to give ; but, at the
end of the term, the land will be in such a foul and
exhausted condition that the apparent gain in rent
will have been more than lost to the landlord, as he
will find when he attempts to relet it.

6. Agricultural Sayings. —

" Siiturday's moon,
And Sunday fiill,
Never was good,
And never wull,"
is as old an adage as the hills (in Suffolk). It appears
by the foregoing that a Sunday full moon is as likely to
be a wet one as a Saturday new moon. " As May leaves
the crops, so harvest finds them," is another accepted
belief. June, 1867.

7. Artificial Condition of Line StocTc. — The necessity
for producing a much larger quantity of meat and
manure per acre obliges us to obtain early development
and maturity by rich and varied food, combined with
suitable shelter and temperature. Fat mutton at one
year old and beef at two years is the order of the day.
This cannot be obtained by the natural and ordinary
system of out-of-door field feeding, unaided by rich
supplemental food and warm quarters. Therefore,
from the very beginning of its growth the animal
should be highly fed and well cared for. If we buy in
lean stock, and attempt to force them by a too sudden
change to rich food, disease and death will most likely
follow ; and I am more and more convinced that this is
one of the main causes of pleuro-pneumonia in cattle.
The too sudden increase in the richness and quantity
of blood causes irritation and inflammation in the
small and contracted blood-vessels, then suppuration
follows. In covered yards or boxes, beware of using
long unbroken straw too liberally. Tou will get
fermentation and disease. The straw must be short
and broken, either by the chafi'-cutter or otherwise.
When the bedding is in a hodge-podge condition,
without heat, health is safe.

8. Sprats v. ff«a«o.— The necessity for comparative
experiments is well illustrated in this case. Several
acres of Barley were manured with 30 bushels of sprats,
at a cost of 9d. per bushel and cartage. One acre was
dressed with Peruvian guano and salt at the same
cost. Judging from present appearances, there will
be at least one quarter more Barley on the spratted
land. The soil is drained, light soil, intermixed with
various other kinds of soil. The Barley is higher,
thicker, and altogether visibly superior to the guanoed
portion, although they were both drilled and manured
at the same time. On a heavy land 7-acre field, the
same comparative trial has been made with black
Oats. Although the difference is by no means so
striking, the balance of advantage appears to be in
favour of the guanoed portion. I drill 6 pecks of
Barley and 8 pecks of Oats per acre. The appearance
of the crops, especially the Barley, convinces me how
wrong it would have been to have put in 3 or 4 bushels
of Barley and 5 or 6 of Oats, which is too frequently
done. This season such sowing on good or highly
farmed lands will cause a too early laying of the crop,
and a very heavy loss. Sprats are much the best
before spawning, which takes place at Christmas,
or soon after ; they then are only worth 7d. a bushel
(about 56 lb. weight), as they contain so many drops
less of oil. I shall try the same comparative experi-
ments with " flve-fiugers," as they are called, better
known as star-fish. These star-fish are very destructive
to oysters. I am also comparing sprats with guano or
mangel.

9. Advice io JButchers.— Hot summer weather, espe-
cially if accompanied by thunder-storms, causes heavy
losses to butchers. If the meat cannot be got cool and
stiff after slaughtering, it soon becomes unacceptable
to the consumer. A block of Wenham Lake ice, worth
a few shillings, may save many times its cost. When
I gave my great agricultural gatherings, there was
cooking going ou for some days previously. The end

of July was a time for flies and rapid decomposition.
I always, however, succeeded in keeping everything [
sweet and wholesome. A block of ice, iveighing 60 to
100 lb., was placed in the larder. The caloric of the
atmosphere was employed and absorbed in melting it •
the consequence was a low temperature, in which flies
cared not to enter. The block of ice disappeared gra-
dually, and if necessary was replaced by another. There
were several advantages in this proceeding. 'The fibre
of meat got nicely broken down, rendering it tender,
while perfectly free from taint. Every alderman knows
that buck venison is in high season in the hottest parli
ol July. Nine times out of ten venison is then spoiled
by taint ; the very smell of it is disagreeable.
A noble duke once sent me half a buck in July. By
the plan I recommend, it was kept sweet and whole-
some for nearly three weeks. Every one praised it,
and the fat was like marrow. I am induced to make
this suggestion because some of the best portions of a
fine fat bullock purchased of me were spoiled for want
of a little cool air. Blocks of ice triivel cheaply by rail
(goods train) packed in sawdust and old sacking. If
meat cannot be got cool enough to become stiff' before
packing, sending it in that soft state to a market is a
ruinous affair. The same remark holds good for meat
that is to be salted. A number of my pigs, when ready,
were divided ; one-half I sold to a neighbouring
butcher ; and the other half, slaughtered at home, ana
placed in my larder, got cool and stiB': not so the
others. My pigs realised in London 12s. per head, or
30 per cent, more than those soft, flabby ones sent up
by the butcher, who thus suffered a heavy loss, I am
informed that the Messrs. Harris, of Calue, in Wilt-
shire (who slaughter 500 fat hogs weekly, weighing
from 200 lb. each upwards), import a cargo of ice
from Norway, in order to get their meat properly
cooled in hot weather, before they salt and convert it
into bacon.

10. Chaff Cutting. — 'We are gradually arriving at the
sound conviction that we must, or rather our animals
must, eat our straw instead of wasting it in sopping up
water in open farmyards. Science and practice have
taught us that a ton of straw is worth much more as
food than as litter. The only difficulty is the prepara-
tion of it ! as food. The main point is that it should
be cut into very short lengths, say J to '[ of an inch,
that it should be clean cut, without " slivers " or long
lengths or strips of straw. There is no difficulty in
doing this if the knives are kept properly sharpened.
Every hour and half the knives should be roughed or
sharpened with a file. Every day and half the knives
should be ground. The work is thus effectually done,
and there is diminished strain and waste of power. Too
often labourers go blundering on with dull edges,
incurring useless cost and waste.

11. Lean Stock, Lean Crops ; Fat Stock, Fat Crops,
— Experience has convinced me of the truth of this
axiom. Therefore those who supply us with lean or
store stock must not expect heavy crops, unless they
consume much cake, corn, &c., or use artificial manures
abundantly. Dairy farming for cheese or milk, is
exhaustive, for butter much less so.

12. Italian Jiye-grass <Sewa(7erf.— 10th June. lam
now cutting for hay, Italian Eye-grass, 4 feet high,
from which I calculate on 3! tons of hay per acre.
Last year we cut it on the 2Sth May, and on the 31st
carted 1,5 tons off 5 acres. The stubble of the Grass is
almost like that of corn. How I wish that I had the
command of a sewer. How it would add to the profits
of my farm. Sewaged Italian Rye-grass hay surpasses
in nutrition the very best Grass or Clover hay. Surely,
then, it is the duty as well as to the interest of every
corporation to apply all human voidanoes to the produc-
tion of milk or other food for the people. The law will
no longer permit the poisoning of our rivers.

Burned Clay Ashes are true farmers' friends on
heavy land ; they descend gradually into the sub-soil
beneath the ploughed laiid.s, fertilising it and rendering
it more porous and acceptable to the roots of our
plants. Twenty years of experience have taught me
that nothing pays better than burning our stiff
tile clays in dry weather, especially where it is
mixed with a hodge podge of stones. From a
state poisonous to plants, it passes, by burning, into
a fruitful condition. Worthless pastures ploughed
lightly and burned, become fruitful and productive
fields. How remarkable is the change produced in
stiff clays by burning. Cold, wet, heavy, and adhesive or
slippery, according to weather, they at once become
friable, non-adhesive, warm, and,dry. June, 1867.

STEAM CULTIVATION.
[The following is the conclusion of the series of reports on this

subject in the Journal of the English Agricultui-al Society,

viTitten by Mr. J. A. Clarke,]
Our report might be expected to close with a
summary of points believed to be established by the
foregoing body of evidence. But as we have, for the
most part, avoided tabular synopses of averages, so we
feel that a string of pat " conclusions" would be more
likely to mislead than to convey a sound impression ;
and that the reader who will not take pains to refer
to the cases where information is given upon special
l;opics ol inquiry would not be fairly treated even were
we to oblige him with a number of easy generalities.
A schedule of "inferences," appropriate enough had
we been conducting a series of experiments or collecting
evidence for or against one or two simple issues, would,
in the complicated subject of Steam Cultivation, be
very much like our report written over again. And
the facts elicited from occupiers of the selected
110 farms, embracing 66,000 acres (probably not one-
third of the whole steam-tilled area in the kingdom)
will furnish matter for comment and discussion, by no
means to be forestalled and settled off-hand by the
present Inspection-Committees.

At the same time we have endeavoured by our

June 22, 1367.]

THE GAEDENERS' (inRONIOLE AND ArTRICTTLTtmAE GAZETTE.

665

Tables at the end of the several " Sections," and by the
general arrangement of the farms, to Knide readers to
the kind of information of which thoy may be in
search : they can refer at once to examples of greatest
acreage tilled per day, of lowest price per aero, of
greatest proportion ol^ draft - animals displaced, of
least number of horses still kept ; they will find the
"single" and "donblc engine" systems discussed in
the accounts of those farms which employ two engines,
anil so on.

Those persons who may have expected this report to
pronounce decisively upon the question between a
stationary or heaJland-moving engine, or between one
engine and two, will bo of necessity disappointed ; we
find it impossible to separate the choice of a "system"
from the circumstances in which it is to work and the
results demanded of it. In a general way, wo might
stale our impression that, while advantage is derived
from employing cheap light tackle for a few funda-
mental operationSj such as autumn cleaning, greater
ln'iii'lit is realised Irom a more powerful apparatus that
. iiulrive all the heavy tillage work of the farm: we may
Miv that, for farms of diminutive inclosures (not
iinissarily small occupations), if you must have only
one engine, apply it in connexion with the "round-
;tl)imt" or stationary-engine system ; but that, until
111!' useless and encumbering fences .are removed, the
il.iuhle-engine system is the best for such circum-
sliiiices; tliat while on clay land the benefits of steam
( allure are great enough to warrant the purchase of a
single-engine apparatus on a comparatively small farm,
siiKill occujiatious in general must depend upon
" piirlnorsliii)" or the " liirinfj system;" that the ten-
(li'iicy on large occupations is to adopt two engines
insli'ad of one, for the sake of the time saved; that
'" partnership" works well in several cases ; that the
" hiring system" under both individual and partner-
sliip proprietors, works well; that the contract busi-
iHss by companies has been proved remunerative;
tli;it, inordinary steam-working, payment of hands by
Iho day is preferable to payment by the acre ; that no
iiiMiperable difliculty exists about drilling agricultural
liliDUrers to manage the steam machinery : and to this
\M' might add many other points, such as the cost
p.. r acre being demonstrated to be of less consequence
1 hull the saving of time ; that clay land can be Uattened
anil yet drain well, that the annual cost of steam
tillage on a farm is generally less than that of the horses
it lias displaced, and that in most cases an increase of
produce, in some instances as much as 8 bushels per
acne, has resulted from steam cultivation. We may
slate, as our general conclusion, that steam tackle,
Mliether of Fowler, Howard, Smith, or other makers, is
iiDW so far perfected and settled in form and details
that it may be classed among old-established, standard
laiiii-niachiuery, and no longer among the novelties of
the day : that the expenses in repair, wear of rope, &c.,
aic now so moderate as to be amenable to the ordinary
c4i mates of wear and tear made in the case of ordinary
implements j that, as a rule, steam culture gives satis-
fai'tion to its adopters. For, while more or less of
sui;cess in economy of tillage or increase of produce
marks almost every instance contained in this report,
the failures or cases of doubtful or neutral result are
easily explainable. So that we have arrived at this
general conclusion— Steam cultivation in the main
answers well ; and here and there, where anybody has
tried it and given it up, we are quite sure from the
su(.'cess of so many men in all parts of the country and
uiiiler every varying circumstance of soil, situation,
and climate, that there must be an explanation of the
fact, either in the fault of the manager or the ineffi-
ciency of those particular pieces of machinery, not
allecting the credit of " steam tillage" at all.

One fact has become very patent to us, that while
farmers in some neighbourhoods have largely followed
the example of a successful steani-plough man, in
many instances they have considered themselves
warned off by the failure of an unsuccessful case.
Thus we have lighted upon a large farm of between
600 and 700 acres, under an educated and intelligent
manager, where, nevertheless, steam cullivation
appears at a sad discount. The greasy clay, with
small stone in it, was said to be deep-drained, the

ipes lying in solid clay : the steam cultivator had
evelled the old high-backed lands (probably much
too fast) ; and we found the farm, during very wet
weather, to be in anything but a well-drained con-
dition, water standing in various places. The farmer
maintained that that sort of land will not drain if
laid flat: there may be soil too tenacious to do this,
and, as our report records, we have found varying
pieces of evidence on this point in different localities ;
but we have our doubts as to the eflieiency of the
drains themselves upon this particular farm, which
certainly does not lie under a remarkably rainy sky.
The normal force of 24 horses had been reduced to 16,
which we saw at plough, very starved and weak ; in
fact, the occupier frankly admitted that he last year
killed 10 horses with hard work. The crops were
wretched ; the Turnijis very bad and weedy ; the corn
crops poor; though the ground, in general, was not
particularly foul. This we felt to be an instance of
farming under diOiculties— a more liberal use of capital
being required on a holding that, we learned, had been
cursed with a bad name for generations. Is it likely
that steam cultivation could earn any credit under such
circumstances?

"We have found on a large farm an efficient steam-
plough regularly worked for years in association with a
monstrous growth of Couch on heavy soil, for which no
excessive wetness of the climate presented an excuse,
and with any amount of inattention to Thistles and
Charlock. On that farm we saw (in September) a field
of two-years old seeds which had been " lientalled " by
horses both ways, foul with Grass " from the wet," and
then waiting to be burnt." Here, certainly, was a
poor specimen of the advantage of keeping an expensive

^

piece of steam-power, which, if of use at all, ought to
have tilled and cleaned precisely such a field as this.

"We have visited an estate farmed by an agriculturist
of some eminence, in whoso hands the steam-plougli
might be expected to shine to advantage— seeing that
there was not the least sign of lack ijf capital. There
was, obviously enough, a want of judgment in the
general tillage management of this medium-soil and
clay, as well as a want of appreciation of what might
bo done by the apparatus. The green crops were of
moderate ([uality, most of the so-called " dead" fallows
were green and lively with Couch and worse Grasses,
and many of the stubbles were foul. " No wonder,"
we thought " if steam tillage extends very slowly, when
it has to be answerable for such bad management as
this, in the very circumstances where everybody looks
for all the results that largo farming and abundant
resources can realise."

In other cases we have found too much (rather than
the more common " too little ") demanded of the steam-
plough. Sinking men have made a desperate venture
upon a costly machine that was to retrieve the condition
of their farms, and, as it were, manure the land, stock
the land, and do everything else, besides merely cheaj)-
ening, exjicditing, and improving the mechanical ope-
rations of tillage; the apparatus, being unable to fulfil
these delusive hopes, has not raised the prospects of
such unfortunate people, and steam culture comes in
for blame really attaching to general impoyerishnient.

It is no compliment to a steam-cultivator for its
owner to keep it shut up for two or three years, from a
merely local or perhaps personal cause. Yet we know
farms where this is the case : one farmer telling you
that he liked the steam-tackle uncommonly well, but
has not cared to apply himself to its management since
the death of his son, who had all the direction and
control of it; and another artirining that the culti-
vator had answered his purpose, but now he was
wanting good men to "go with it" — we suppose,
after losing an engine-driver, or some everyday diffi-
culty of the kind. Yet these very gentlemen acknow-
ledge that neighbours, working similar " sets," got their
work so forward last year, and all their land so clean,
with other good results in prospect, that the merit of
steam culture upon medium soil was clearly and
practically demonstrated.

We met with the case of a farm-bailiff who, having
saved a comfortable round sum of his wages, bought a
steam-plough and went to work on the letting-out
system. But, as described to us, " his men took it
easy, and got muddled in the management— a wet time
cominfj on suddenly, the engine could not be got out of
the middle of a clay field, where it stood for four
months, and this proved a heavy blow to the poor
fellow." Need we wonder that very powerful w'eighty
engines should get a bad name in that immediate vici-
nity: whereas the machine in distress was a spectacle
due to inefficient management, not to the helplessness
of a 12 or a 14-horse engine in a soft country ; because
there are numbers of such, in similar circumstances,
free from like accidents and laughable ill-luck.

One reason why steam-ploughing does not spread
rapidly in the vicinity of very successful examples was
thus put by one good manager that we visited : —
" Neighbours of mine who could buy my farm to-
morrow, but have never spent 50/. in guano — miserly
save-alls, devoted to mean savings, investing no capital
in remunerative improvements, for want of enterprise
and largeness of mind — are not the men to lay out
hundreds of pounds in a machine which they can,
nevertheless, see does me good."

We have been to a farm, expecting to see a good
example, knowing it to be in the hands of a man of
capital, and have been disappointed by finding the
several parts of the tackle rusted-up in a back-yard^
in fact, laid aside a couple of years ago ; and, as far as
we could make out, mainly because it began to call for
a slight outlay in repairs. How is steam-machinery to
make its way, if subjected to such niggardly and suicidal
treatment as this ?

We have seen expensive steam-tackle standing out in
the rain, with not even a tarj^aulin covering the wind-
lass, the rope frightfully red-rust-coated on the drums
— not in the field, where work was left off and work
was to be renewed but on the farm premises, where
the rope-porters and anchors and pulleys laid there for
months, were ^row ; round with Grass, because of there
being no possible shelter under which they could be
put ; so pitiful was the accommodation (there was little
also beside a poor barn, tumble-down hovels, and ranges
of the vilest thatched sheds in addition to one or two
decently built houses, stables, &c.), afforded by a land-
owner on a farm of many hundred acres arable.

We have been surprised at the number of farmers
who can afford to be careless in their treatment of
machinery which cost them so many hundreds of
pounds ; at the common lack of a house, even on
scientifically-planned and architecturally elegant pre-
mises, capacious enough and lofty enough, and with a
lock-up doorway wide enough and high enough, for the
lodgment of an engine or two, witn heavy ironwork
that requires some elbow-room ; to say nothing of the
frequent deficiency of a smith's shop, properly fitted
and furnished with such things as ratchet-drills,
tapping irons, and other handy tools wanted in
manifold little jobs of home-done repair. It is hardly
to be believed that the major part of the farmers are
negligent of that important member of their apparatus
—the rope; not only in deficient attention toportering
in the field, but also in not properly dressing the rope
before laying by for the winter. We have seen costly
steel rope lying wet and rusting in the furrow,
where rainy weather interrupted the progress of the
implement weeks and weeks before. This is a piece of
unconcern for which no excuse can be found j but, far
worse than that, we believe that comparatively few
employers of steam-tilling machinery put themselves
to the slight trouble of coating the rope with a pro-

tective covering against rust before laying by for a
season. A noted land agent paralleled tliis unthrifty
appreciation of economy in minor details by the
following example : ho has drained 6000 acres of land,
fiiiding the tiles, but the tenants defraying the cost of
cartage and the execution of the work ; yet, strange to
say, they allow any amount of weed or mud to .seal up
the outlets, so that this agent has himsell' to send round
men to clear the drain-mouths— the farmers, contented
that the pipes have been put in, never troubling them-
selves even for iilans of the drains, in order that thoy
might know where tho outlets are.

That steam culture is to a largo extent a landlord's
iiucsliou is very evident. An engine cannot profitably
traverse the clay lanes and founderous farm roads that
exist upon many estates, and the tenant cannot under-
take to make, at his own risk and expense, such jierma-
neiit improvements as sound hard roads. An engine
cannot work in diminutive polygonal or irrei^ular-
sliaped enclosures, with any of the jirofit which has
been related in the course of this Beport ; and the tenant
cannot undertake to clear away, at his own charge, mile
after mile of straggling hedges and priinev.al coiises
and spinneys. Mucli less is it in his power to eifect
exchanges of slices of land between his landlord and
abutting proprietors, in order to get straight field-
boundaries, which are so conformable to tho operations
of tillage machinery. The engine cannot earn profit
for the tenant upon land in want of drainage ; ana this
surely is a preparation to be provided by the landlord.
Steam tillage is obstructed, and the machinery
damaged, by outstanding field timber, and by excessive
hedgerow wood, more particularly Ash trees ; and tho
tenant cannot fell these beauties of a bygone age
without the owner's sanction. And where tenants are
forbidden the use of a reaping machine, or limited to
stubble of a certain number of inches' height, or, if
allowed to mow, are forbidden to rake after; where the
impositions of a mediaeval forestry are laid upon a
luckless tenantry, it is simply impossible for steam
tillage to be resorted to at all— the very backbone of
which is the earliest up-turnini» of stubbles, as well as
winter tilths deeper and more lightly laid than the best
blood and bone in a hunting field dare venture to
plunge over. A\'e have felt, too, in the ]irogress of our
Report, that we have been, of necessity, revealing
sources of profit to the farmer, and laying oiien his
gains to the eyes of some unprincipled men, who are
ever on the watch for a chance of profiting by labours
and investments which are not theirs, who have a
sharp eye for a fresh excuse to " send a valuer over the
estate," and who are forward enough to " urge," and
"advocate," and "introduce" agricultural improve-
ments in this fashion :— " Jones, you see, by the Royal
Commissioners' Report, that Notes is clearing at least
a pound an acre by steam ploughing ; you had better
start, too, and so make farming pay better for both of
us." It is, indeed, a bitter position for an enterprising
occupier to be in, when any new thing he may discover
to make a purse out of has to be held as far as possible
sub rosa ; and there would at once be an end to all
agricultural progress if we were to hush up every new
means of advantage for the husbandman, lest a greedy
proprietary should hastily demand a share in proceeds
which, after all, should be considered not as making
the farmer's fortune, but as helping him to retrieve (in
many districts, at least) a downcast position. Let pro-
prietors do their part in preparing estates for the steam
plough — themselves raising the value of their fee-
simple ; and then the tenantry will not begrudge the
enhanced rent due for the use of more serviceable
holdings.

THE MOIST CLIMATE OP ENGLAND.

In an editorial protest appended to my article in the
last number of the Agricultural Oazefte on the
influence of the hay crop on the humidity of the
climate, I find the following averment :— " It must not
be forgotten, while listening to his argument on this
subject, how greatly our climate depends upon our
insular position, and how slightly any agricultural
cause can affect the influence of the winds which,
sweep over our small area, after receiving their character
from the great sheet of water on the one side of it, or
the great stretch of land upon the other." There can
be no doubt of the first of these propositions ; but the
second happens to be just the point which has not been
sufficiently considered by practical men, namely, to
what extent any agricultural cause can influence the
climate.

The primary causes of our climate are four : 1st, our
insular position ; 2d. our distance from the equatorial
and polar parts ; 3a, our having the great European
continent on the east; and 4th, an extensive ocean
to the west.

Now, it is certain that our geographical position on
the globe has not varied materially, and we do not
hearthe same complaintof wet and cold seasons from our
neighbours who inhabit the same parallels of latitude
on the Continent. We must, therefore, infer that this
increasing disposition to humidity in summer and
mildness in winter, is owing to some change effected
on the surface of our island. Admitting the authori-
ties of our history to be authentic, the Vine was
successfully cultivated in former ages, whereas for a
long time the summers have in general been so cold
and cloudy that the Grapes have seldom ripened
properly, even with the advantage of a convenient wall
and southern aspect. Particular lands bear the appel-
lation of Vineyards down to the present day.

During the last 60 years or more, an opinion has
prevailed that the generality of our summers are more
wet and consequently colder, and our winters less frosty
and milder than they were in former times. This
change has been taking place since about the years
1770 or 1775, and the period coincided sulliciently with
the alteration in the Calendar, in 1762, to induce
superstitious people to ascribe the change to that fact,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTtlRAL GAZETTE.

[June 23, 1867.

believiiis that to change the style was to alter the
seasons, and to this so-called " impious act of our legis-
lature " was attributed the cloudy and ungenial weather
we have more or less experienced ever since, and the
years of scarcity we have frequently felt.

Now, there must be a cause for this change ; aud if we
cannot find it in any alteration of the primary sources
of climate before mentioned, it seems that we must
look for it in the altered disposition of the country, as
affected by man. "Williams has to a vast extent
established the fact that we must attribute the
humidity, and consequently the coldness, of our
modern summers to the increased evaporating surfaces,
caused by the enclosing of the open fields and
wastes ; to the multifarious intersections of them by
fences, especially with Hawthorn, a profusely exhaling
plant ; to the increased luxuriance of our crops by a
general system of improvement in the agriculture of
the country ; to the increase of pasturage, productive of
a serious disproportion between that and tillage ; _ to
the numerous plantations, more especially of foreign
trees and those whose exhaling power is very great ; to
the immense bodies of nearly stagnant water in the
numerous canals cut within the assigned period of the
change ; to which may, finally, be added, the prodigious
quantities of aqueous vapour in the shape of steam,
Eumost continually poured into tlie atmosphere by the
numberless steam-engines in daily journeys of millions
of miles, and in the multitudinous factories which
characterise our modern advancement.

No idea is more common than that man can do as he
likes with his earth in the range of appropriation.
This is only true with the addition that, in meddling
with the ordinances of Nature man must take the
consequences. Sometimes these consequences are at
once made manifest by human suffering; but there
are numerous effects of such unwise action, which
require experimental demonstration in order to show
their results. This is certainly the case in our doings
with the vegetable kingdom.

From the calm, apparently inert exterior of plants,
no notion can be formed of their prodigious activity in
dealing with the two main causes of climate— tempe-
rature and humidity, but especially the latter. As a
universal rule, all plants radiate a portion of their
daily acquired heat during the night, and are constantly
exhaling more or less moisture. If to these facts we
add that all plants have the power of depriving
vapour of its electricity, it will be evident that
their existence cannot be a matter of indifference,
aud that their peculiar nature or adaptations
have been designed for special circumstances or
situations, that is to say, best suited to the peculiar
climate in which the Creator has appointed their
habitation— the profusely exhaling to the hot, di'y
regions, those that exhale less profusely to the cold
and moist— and that men have incautiously removed
the former, still retentive of their original habits and
capacities, into situations where the sun's influence is
insufficient to dispel the vaporous atmosphere which
they continually generate.

Long ago Dr. Hales made some interesting experi-
ments on the evaporating power of vegetables, which
he published in the "Philosophical Transactions."
He found, by exposing a Suu-flower plant to the
influence of the sun and air in a garden pot, carefully
guarding against any evaporation except what arose
from the process of vegetation, that a plant weighing
3 lb. perspired about 30 ounces in 12 hours during
a day in the month of July, but in a warm night
perspired only 3 ounces, and lost nothing in a cold
night ; on the contrary, it gained weight by imbibing
dew. He found that when the perspiring surface was
diminished by removing the leaves, the power of
exhaling moisture nearly ceased; a plant so circum-
stanced, which before had evaporated 30 ounces in 12
hours, now only exhaled 1 ounce.

It would carry us much too far on the present occa-
sion to enter into the interesting details of this curious
topic. Suffice it to say, that according to experiments
carefully conducted by Williams, the Oak leaf loses less
than a third of its weight, while that of the Elm loses
one-half. The Elm, therefore, gives out moisture to the
air almost at a double rate. He also tried to ascertain
whether the exhalation from the fences which intersect
our fields might not be lessened by substituting other
shrubs or plants for those now generally used, and he
found that a sprig of common Hawthorn, consisting of
eight leaves, exhaled seven grains out of 16, and a
similar sprig of the Evergreen Thorn only lost three
grains out of 16, The next comparison was the Haw-
thorn with the Holly ; each weighed, previous to the
experiment, 48 grains; the Hawthorn exhaled 19 grains,
and the Holly only two grains. The loss of the
Furze was only half a grain in 17 grains; and of the
Scotch Fii', a gi-ain and a half in 74 grains.

The exhalation is always least from the indigenous
trees, the native Crab and Pear giving less than the
cultivated varieties, and that of the Sloe and Bullace
still less, compared with the Orlean aud Greengage
Plum.

Is not the climate on the north-east coast of Scot-
land more fair and dry than that of England or
Ireland, that is, where the less exhaling Fir trees have
been left in possession of the soil ?

And now as to enclosures and luxuriant pasture.
"We will suppose a given portion of the surface of the
country in a state of Grass, and another in an arable
condition. It is certain that the vegetable surface on
this island must have its greatest influence on the
atmosphere from about the middle of April till the
harvest, which varies according to the quantity of
solar heat that the crops have experienced during that
season ; the difference is usually about three weeks.
If there has been much sun between the vernal
equinox and the first week in August, the grain in the
southern and midland counties is then ripe ; but if the
weather during this period has been cloudy and wet,

the earth, from the evaporation and the absence of the
sun's rays, is rendered colder than it otherwise would
have been, and the corn does not ripen till the end of
that month or the beginning of September. Hence
it must be evident that tiie spring and summer
are the seasons when the local effects of our
increased vegetable surface is principally experienced.
After the vernal equinox, the suu's altitude being
greater, its power every day to dispel the vapour,
whether rising from the land or brought by the winds
from the sea, continually increases ; aud between this
period and the end of April or the middle of May we
have usually some clear sunshine, which sets vegetation
in motion. The Grasses, especially those which are
perennial, aud those on highly-manured pastures in the
vicinity of cities and towns,^ soon throw out a dense
foliage, which, like a forest in miniature, is so closely
matted together that the solar influence is almost pre-
vented from producing its effect on the soil ; for the
rays of light and heat falling ou the leaves, the heat
unites with the perspiring matter, and is given back
to the atmosphere combined with it in the form of
vapour.

Now, when the earth is thus covered with a luxu-
riant surface of Grass, there are two impediments to its
becoming properly heated — first, from the close cover-
ing, and secondly, from the raised vapour, occasioning
cloud, aud thus obstructing the sun's rays from falling
upon it.

The temperature of the cold air which descends on
us in a calm night in spring is not moderated, as it
otherwise would be, owing to the ground not having
previously acquired sufficient heat to give out during
the night to counteract the cold; so that we have
often a frost in the end of April or May as severe as in
January.

And now as to arable land. Suppose a surface
divided into seven parts, probably one is cropped with
Wheat, others with Barley, Oats, Peas, Clover or
Vetches, and one uncropped, or fallow.

It will be a matter of general experience that in the
beginning of spring three only of these crops would in
any way cover the ground ; viz., the Wheat, Clover,
and Vetches. We say cover, for even these do not
completely screen the earth from the solar rays until
towards the end of May ; and the land covered with
Lent-grain then presents a considerable unshaded
surface to the sun, and the fallow— if free from weeds-
receives all the rays without interruption.

Taking the whole surface together, it is evident from
the physical necessities already explained, that there
must be much less vapour raised at this early season,
less cloud formed, and the earth more heated during
the day— whatever may be the mean temperature of the
season— and then, like a heated wall, it gives out a
part of its acquired aud accumulated temperature, and
thus moderates the cold (to that extent) of the succeed-
ing night. This is not mere theoretic reasoning;
actual experiment will show that Grass land is less
heated than arable or less shaded surface. Williams
buried tubes of water at the depth of 8 inches beneath
the soil, and found, after the continuance of a few
bright days, that the water contained in these tubes
was more heated under the uncropped land. But,
indeed, the fact is demonstrated by the appearance of
the frost half an hour before sunrise, on Grass
land and arable land. If the preceding day has
been bright, much more hoar frost will bo found
on the Grass than on the arable or less shaded land.

Hence an important agricultural experience : the
dryness and consequent warmth of the early part of
the summer in Eugland, is greatly influenced by the
state of the atmosphere from the middle of April till
the end of May ; and we need not expatiate on the
beneficial effect, if, during this period, the prevailing
weather has been dry, with easterly winds, and a clear
bright sky.

Surely, after considering all these undeniable facts,
it cannot be said that " any agricultural cause can but
slightly influence the winds" and climate. On the
contrary, it rather seems that climate is influenced by
any agricultural cause, in accordance with the general
effect properly attributed to the clearing of land, culti-
vation, drainage, &c. In the positive absence of
geographical or cosmical cause, whence the centenary
increase of temperature, demonstrated by Mr. Glaisher,
in England ? Lastly, can any one doubt the influence
of drainage on the climate of lands, and that, too, in
spite of the persistence of the winds that " sweep over
our area" ? &c.

AVe venture, therefore, to repeat that by the early
removal of the hay-crop we not only secure a more
nutritious article, but also influence the weather for
the early maturation of the grain harvest. We believe
that au early hay-making throughout the kingdom
would materially diminish the chance of a wet harvest,
and that by directing attention to the facts and prin-
ciples herein established, much agricultural loss or
inconvenience might be prevented. S.

. THE PAEIS EXHIBITION.

(From dub Correspondent.)
Before commencing to give a detailed account of
what is to be seen, and what is particularly worthy of
notice in the coUections of agricultural machinery and
products to be met with at the various localities
indicated in our last paper, it will be well to note that
since that was prepared, here and there in the Park
several additions in these collections, more or less
important, have been made, more especially in the
neighbourhood of the Working Men's Refreshment
Room, on the side of the Park nearest the Military
School. A large shed or Annexe is devoted to a very
interesting display of agricultural products, foods of
all varieties, cereals, cheeses, and plants used in the
industrial arts. And not far from the Annexe in
which these are shown tliere is another containiug a

small but a very interesting collection of objects con-
nected with the Agricultural School at Grignon, con-
sisting of plans and models of the buildings, portraits
of the stock, examples of the produce grown on, and a
very complete herbarium of the plants grown in the
neighbourhood of, the farm ; specimens of the text
books used in the instruction of the students; the
books of the farm, showing the complef;e way in which
the whole operations are carried on and recorded : the
whole forming an exceedingly suggestive collection,
to which, in due course, we shall more fully direct the
attention of our readers.

Eeturnini, then, to our labours in recording what is
to be seen in the collections at various points in the
Park and the main building, we shall begin then by
taking as first in point of the direct interest it has for
our readers — if not, indeed, for the high class of the
work displayed in it— the Annexe containing the
examples of agricultural machinery exhibited by
British manufacturers in the Annexe in the Park at
the side nearest the Seine, and commencing at the end
next the Railway Station of the Chemiu de Per
Ceinture (the railway which encircles Paris, and a
branch of which runs into the Exhibition, ending on
the one side of Paris in the Avenue de Clichy, and
on the other at the Station St. Lazare, hear the
Madelaine).

At this end of the Annexe Messrs. Barrow & Car-
michael, of Banbury, have their stand, and exhibit a
specimen of their 8-horse power portable sl;eam engine
for agricultural purposes, the cylinder being in the
centre of the boiler, aud outside. Near to this
engine there is a stand containing a number
of specimens of different sizes of the "Needle
Lubricator," or Ijieuvain's Patent, and the English
agents of which are Messrs. Clarke & Dunham, 48, Mark
Lane, London. This is a very simple form of lubrica-
tor, by no means easily got out of repair, and its use
results in a very large saving of oil. It consists of a
glass globe, into the neck of which a wooden stopper is
fitted, which carries a conical metal tube. In the
interior of this tube a small piece of metal wire, or
needle — hence the name— is inserted, so as to work
easily in the tube, and is of such a length that when
resting on the bottom of the globe, its upper end is
flush, or nearly so, with the end of the tube at the
mouth, so to call it, of the globe. When the globe is
filled with oil it is reversed, and placed upon the bear-
ing of the shaft of the machine to be lubricated, the
end of the stopper fitting into the central part of the
plummer block, or pedestal carrying the shaft. The
needle,^ or wire, then fills down, and its lower end
comes in contact with the shaft to be lubricated ; and
by the revolution of this a series of shocks, so to say,
are communicated to the needle, causing it to vibrate
in the tube, aud disengage a small portion of oil ; the
quantity disengaged is in proportion to the speed of the
shaft, and when this is not working no oil passes from
the lubricator. This simple appliance, which is very
cheap^ is worthy of the notice of those using
machinery, for it is too often the case that;
a large loss of power is brought about in their working
through neglect. This is especially true of farm
machinery, which, generally speaking, is allowed to
get into a disgraceful condition of neglect, exposed
often to the atmosphere, and allowed to become
encrusted over with all manner of extraneous matter.
A word to the wise here : whatever form of lubricator
may be used, let the oil used with it be good ; to use
bad oil is " penny wise and pound foolish." Next to
the specimens of these lubricators are examples of
flour-dressing machine brushes and millstones, exhi-
bited also by Messrs. Clarke & Dunham. The next
stand to be noticed is that of Mr. Underbill, of New-
port, who exhibits as his principal article a specimen
of his traction engine. In this the driving wheels have
their tires made in zig-zag fashion ^ , the object
of this arrangement being to enable the tires to take a
bite of the ground over which they are passing, and
enable them to pass over heavy land— the soil pressing
into the corners of the zip:-zag give a hold to the
wheel. The steering gear is worked from behind, a
place at the side of tlie firing end of the boiler being
appropriated to the steersman. We might here point
out some details of this engine which we think could
be improved both in point of arrangement and construc-
tion. Mr. Underbill also exhibits a horse hay-rake, in
which a balance or counterpoise weight is employed to
ease the lifting and working of the levers when the
tines are filled, and their load is to be released. Next
to the stand of Mr. Underbill is that of Mr. William
Newsham Nicholson, of Newark-upon-Trent, who
exhibits specimens of corn-weighing and sack-lifting
apparatus, oilcake breakers, and a specimen of his hay
tedding machine. We have so often had occasion to
make favourable remarks, both upon the arrangement
and construction of the machines of Mr. Nicholson,
that we pass on, simply pointing out their locality to
the notice of the visitor. Opposite the exhibits of
Mr. Nicholson, T. A. Brae & Co., of Ludlow, show
a small grinding mill, in which, in place of the usual
steel and iron coue and grinding surface, the grinding
surface and cone are made of the usual millstone ; the
arrangement for working the mill is simple. The
portable engine next to this stand, which is exhibited
by Messrs. Fox, Walker, & Co., of the Atlas Iron
Works, Bristol, is characterised by its sound workman-
ship and its good arrangement ; it is a double cylinder
engine with outside cylinders. On the other side of
the main alley of the Annexe, opposite to the
above engine, are the articles exhibited by
Messrs. Wallis, Haslam, & Co., of Basingstoke,
aud which consist of examples of their portable horse
povver threshing machine and driving gear. By a
judicious arrangement of the parts the carriage, which
when the apparatus is at work forms the framing of
the horse driving gear, carries the threshing machine,
so that the whole can be transported from place to

JtTNE 22, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

GOT

place. "We next come to the articles exhibiteil by
Messrs. Ashby and Jeffory, of Stamford, and wliich
consist of specimens of their well-known horse hay
rakes, hay teddinp; machines, and straw cutters. Oppo-
site Messrs. Kobey & Co. exhibit a specimen of their
threshing machine for power, with portable steam
ennine, both ol' which, in point of workmanship and
arrangement, will sustain the high reputation this (inn
has already achieved for work in this department of
agrieultur.al engineering. Opposite these machines,
Mr. Greer, of Rothloy, near Loughborough, exhibits a
specimen of his corn dibbling machine. This is some-
what complicated in arrangement, yet works easily and
deposits the seed at intervals in any quantity desired.

The main feature of the machine is the employment
of hollow disc wheels, in the interior of which arc a
number of passages which communicate with the
receptacle above containing the corn to be
dibbled, and with apertures at the periphery

the shaft, by the lateral movement which is permitted
to it, can give anil take, .so to .speak, within a certain
limit of range. The same lirm exhibit also specimens
of their well-known " horse gears;" the whole of the
working parts of which are enclosed in an elegant iron
case. Tiio u]iper ]iart of this case revolves with the
action of the horses, and the annular wheel with which
its interior is provided, gears with three equal dia-
metcred spur wheels, from wliicli the ])ower to drive the
machine is taken by appropriate means. A specimen
of their circular saw bench, of their hay tedders, str.aw
cutters, and very beautifully executed models, are also
exhibited by the iirm.

Opposite the stand of tlio Rcadin;; Iron Company,
Sir. Kearsley, of North Street, Ripen, exhibits
his reaping machines, and Mr. Hartley, of Otley
Jlills, Yorkshire, his corn cleaning machine. This
apparatus consists of a vertical cylindrical case, in
the interior of which is a central shaft, carrying

of the wheel, and which apertures are closed inverted cones of plain and jicrforated surfaced iron

' ■ ' ' ' '"'" these being surrounded with a perforated casing nearly

in contact with the cones ; a pair of fanners i.s placed
in proper position, and in connection with the interior
of the case. The corn to be cleaned is poured into
the cylindrical case at the upper part, and in
falling down Is caught up by the revolving cones,
and the smut, &c., rubbed off by coining in contact
with them and with the outer perforated case, which
is finally taken ofl' by the power of the blast, the
cleaned corn falling into a receptacle provided for the

and opened at regular intervals by means of iron bolt:
(ir studs worked by levers, which receive their motion
iiy the revolution of the wheel as the machine pro-
LMCsses. Each machine is provided with two of these
licillow wheels placed at a certain distance apart on
I lie central axis, so that two rows of dibbled corn are
put in at the same time. By no means desirous to
discourage any inventor, on the contrary believing
that Mr. Greer has made an important step towards
the solution of the problem involved in the bringing

outofacorn dibbling machine, we nevertheless think j purpose of receiving it. >fext to the stand of the
that there is yet much to bo done before a good and Reading Iron Company, and on the same side of the
a cheap machine is produced, Mr. Bamlett, of Annexe shed, is that of Messrs. Fowler & Co., of Leeds,
Thirsk, Yorkshire, exhibits specimens of his now the main feature— and it is one worthy of the high
well-known reaper; Mes.srs. Brown and May, of position which English agricultur.al machinery occu-
Dcvizes, a specimen of their threshing inachino, with pies in this Exhibition— of which is the steam culti-
pnrtable steam engine; Messrs. Whitwell & Co., of vating engine with clip drum and traction gearing^
London, specimens of their hand-power corn-grindinj
Messrs. E. and G. Turner, of Ipswich, speci-

soils by frost last month. A crop not so extensively
cultivated as was the case a few years ago. Carrots :
Very extensively grown, a plant generally promising.
Mani^els : A very broken plant, many resown ; others
rcfinu-ing to be filled up by transplanting. A good
plant from the first sowing is the exception. Kohl
Rabi : A crop more largely grown during the last few
years. Generally looking well, and growing rapidly.
Our great dread on all our corn crops is rain. A. iS.
littffon, Ckat/nris, Jttnn 18.

Crops in Liiwohisfiii-e.—Tha present appearance of
the Wheat crop in this neighbourhood is very good •
excepting on some few heavy soils, it will bo a fuli
average bulk of straw ; on the heavier soils to the
north and e:ist of Spalding it will perhaps be light, but
isstiffin straw, and promising for a fair crop. Oats
arc very good in this immediate neighbourhood ; on
the heavy soils they have yellowed, and will not be so
bulky ; on the whole, I should say above an average
appearance. Beans are but little grown on our fen
soils ; reiiorted good in the district round Spalding.
Flax, of which there is a considerable breadth sown
hero, is a very good crop ; in common with our Wheat
and Oats, it is now needing dry sunny weather, or
some quantity of all the crops vyill lodge with the first
heavy rains. Mangels are looking well hero; in some
districts where heavy thunder storms have fallen they
got silted up, and were not able to push through the
cnist. Potatos are well planted. Carrots are a
deficient plant. Hay is a very great crop. Tfios. Ailken,
Decoy Farm, Spaldhuj.

Crops in Wiltshire, — This is a very early stage to give
an opinion as to the growing crops, the Wheat is not
yet out in ear, the weather has been so changeable
that the appearance of the Wheat has changed with
it — one week the appearance improved, the next not
looking so well from frost and cold winds from the

ini..„, _ _. . -- _, - - , .

mens of their well-known seed crushers, oilcake
iireakers and portable steam engine ; Messrs. Riches
i Watt, Duke's Palace Iron Works, Norwich, speci

Socfttics*

The arrangement and workmanship of this splendid north : by no means a full crop on the ground ; Barley
machine is worthy of any of our high-class locomotive and Oats at present looking very promising to be a fair
engine factories and in saying this we can give no crop; Sainfoin, generally speaking, inferior; Clover
higher praise. In addition to this engine, filessrs. j and Rye-grass good ; the general crop of hay I think
Fowler & Co. exhibit specimens of their balance is a very fair prospect. As to roots of all kind we can

mens of some oilcake breakers and flour grinding plough and self-acting anchor, together with various [ say but little about. Very great ditlioulty in getting

mills; and Mr. Sheen, Aylesbury, Bucks, specimens of parts of their ploughing apparatus; and some very ■ the land in anything like condition to receive the

chair cutters ; all of these stands being near each other, beautiful photographs of the whole at work, as well as ^ seed, particularly on the strong laud. Qeorge Broion,
On the stand of Messrs. Whitwell is exhibited a some- one of their newly-introduced steam cranes, to which , Avehuri/, Calne, June 19.

what curious-looking apparatus, which named only in branch of mechanism the firm is, we believe, devoting

French would rather puzzle English visitors who are some attention, With our notice of what is in this

not acquainted with that language to divine what it shed we shall for the present conclude, only remarking,

was. ft happens to be an artificial incubator, or shall however, as appropriate to the mechanism \yhich

we say a steam chicken producer ? The steam to raise makes up its illustrations, that there is now no likeli-
hood of steam cultivation being practically exempli-
fied in the field during the Exhibition. Negotiation ^,^^„

after negotiation between the leading representatives of Qiijjjj' ("jj(m^ g^c )_ q Howard, J. Painter, H,
steam cultivating machinery and the Commissioners Thurnall, J. S. Turner, Thos. Twitchell,— the foUow-

use, hut if the latter, the desire to make the whole have been undertaken, and all with one result— nothing in g report of the Committee appointed to recommend

compact has resulted in making it cramped and con- will be done. This is to be regretted ; better, however, ^ jg ^j^g proposed alterations at the Agricultural Hall

fined. For an apparatus of this kind ample room to have no trials than to have only_ those which the was received and adopted :—

should be given, for the room required at the most Commissioners were willing to allow, and which bein|

is of no great extent. We rather incline to think that trials only in name, as they would have been, would

the day is yet far off when a chicken hatcher will form only have resulted in putting our systems alto-
gether in a false position. In this view we are there-
fore glad that the trials of steam cultivating apparatus, j
promised by the programme, are not to be realised.

the temperature of the hatching compartment is pro-
duced in a small vertical boiler by the aid of a gas jet.
We do not know whether the apparatus exhibited is
only a large model, or a full-sized apparatus for actual

Smithfield Club; J'ioip 11.— At a special Council
meeting, held by order of the President,— present,
Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood, President, in the
Chair ; Messrs. B. E. Bennett, J. Clayden, Brandreth

.lart of the regular apparatus of a farmer. Yet all
iionour to those who, like M. Shroeder, the inventor of
the apparatus now under notice, endeavour to intro-
duce any means of economising waste, or of adding to
the general food stock of the country. There is
nothing difficult in the hatching, but the rearing
of the birds so hatched is quite another thing. The

Home Correspondence

Crops in Berkshire.— The Wheat I consider a most

stand of the Reading Iron Company, (late Barrett, uneven crop. We have some very good, but, take the
Exall, & Andrewes) does not comprise many articles, crop as a whole, there is much the greater half looking
but what are shown are of a character in every way thin, and cannot be a good yield ; a great deal will
worthy of the reputation which the firm has for depend on the next fortnight ; it is fast coming into
sending out first-class work. We would draw special ear, but none nearly out. Our Barley is promising on
attention to the horizontal steam engine of 12-horse all good-conditioned land, and so are the Oats on
power. This engine is fitted with expansion gearing— upland. Hay crop, except the Sainfoin, is very good,
cut off, or degree of expansion, being regulated by a and will in a few days more be all secured in very good
very simple arrangement of handwhoel and gradu- order. I never remember the land so behind in pre-
ated index ; by turning the wheel the valve which paration for the root crops. Most of the Swedes and
regulates the degree of cut off is adjusted, and one Turnips and Rape sown early are all destroyed by the
feature is that this can be done without stopping the fly, and I never knew the slugs so destructive to all
engine, so that according to the wishes of the engineer \ young plants. Beans and Peas we have not much
any amount of expansion can be given during the ' sown, but what are, are looking well. Mangels better
working of the engine. The cylinder of this engine is than last year, but not good. The Potatos, in con-
steam-jacketed, which still further economises the use sequence of the severe frost on the 23d or 21th May,
of steam. The same firm exhibit a specimen of an are much cut up, and not looking near so well as last
8-horse portable steam engine, which is provided with year. Thos, Owen, Clapton, JIun<ierford, JnnelS,
a water-heater. The water to supply the boiler is | Crops in Cambricli/eshire.— Vi'beal: On light and
passed through a range of pipes placed in the smoke- , gravelly soils the crop is heavy, and rather long in the
box before it is passed into the boiler ; a portion of the straw, and requires fine weather to get it well out in
heat which would otherwise be wasted and passed up ' the ear. A little is already laid, and heavy showers
the chimney is thus economised. In consequence of, are much dreaded, and would doubtless produce very
the position of the engine, close up against the wall, i serious results. With fine weather for the next two or
we could not get the smoke-box door opened to I three weeks, we might reasonably anticipate something
examine this form of water-heater, but from the more than an average crop. On strong clay highlands,
cxplanaticm we received of it, we do not think it will , and wet, cold fen lands, the crop is not so good, but hiis
be so efficient as the plan proposed by Mr. Brown suffered from excessive moisture and cold, and, in
some years ago, of encasing the whole of the smoke- many instances, has sustained serious injury from
box with a wronght-iron case, the water being admitted slugs. Take good and had together, and we should
into the space between the smoke-box and this estimate the crop, from present appearances, to be
case, heated, and from thence passed into the boiler, about an average. Oats : Partially injured by wire-
Those who have felt the temperature of the smoke-box worm, and on cold wet lands too pale and short

ends of portable engines while in full work must have
been convinced of this, that a large amount of heat
was being wasted. We have yet a vast deal to do in
the economisation of the waste heat evolved in the
working of our steam engine furnaces. There are one
or two points of construction in this portable engine
exhibited by the Reading Iron Company worthy of
notice here. The crank shaft is supported in pretty
high bearings, and these are capable of being adjusted
vertically or laterally by appropriately placed set
screws. To give a certain degree of lateral play to the
crank shaft, and thus prevent the chance of its being
broken— a contingency to which all shafts are more or
less subjected— the shaft from the fly wheel has no
collars or mils on it, and only one collar or ruff is
given to the end of the shaft opposite to this •
under certain circumstances of extra strain, therefore,'

on dry soils, where there is a full plar^ the
crop is very promising, rich in colour, broad m flag,
and long in straw. The best fields might be laid and
injured by heavy rains, and probably would be. Barley :
This crop has suffered more than any other from the
inclemency of the weather. The season has been too
wet and cold, and but few fields have been able to keep
their colour. But it is a crop not extensively cultivated
in this neighbourhood. Beans: On good Be.an soils the
crop is very vigorous, and very full of blossom. It is
premature to express any opinion as to what the produce
may be. The flowers may or may not set well, or the
fly may or may not come to injure it. At present the
prospect is unusually good. Peas : The remarks made
about Beans will apply in every sense to the Pea crop.
Hay and seeds : A most abundant crop, requiring fine
weather for its in-gathering. Potatos : Injured on some

Report.
The Committee recommend that the re-solutions communi-
cated by the Agricultural Hall Company be acceded to, with
the following conditions : —

1. That the whole of the space for the small (or supple-
mentary) pig hall be covered over, to be used either for
cattle or pigs.

2. That in the event of the Agi-icultural Hall Company not
being able to finish the new pig halls and dining room in
time for the next show, the present pig haU shall not be
interfered with until the new halls are ready.

Resolutions of the Agricultural Hall Compant,',
referred to above,
Resolved, that the Smithfield Club be informed that (subject
to the consent of the shareholders of this Company) the
directors are prepared to can-y out .alterations in the building
and arrangements, as set forth in the following conditions.

1. That the Smithfield Club shall cede the present pig hall,
with the exception of 25 feet wide on the north side.

2. That the .\gricultur.al Hall Comp.any shall build to the
satisfaction of the Smithfield Club a new hall on the south
side of the arcade.

3. That a dining room shall be erected over the new hall,
and that the Smithfield Club sh.all have the free use of it
for a dinner on such a day during the show as the Club
shall determine.

4. That in the event of the now hall not being large enough,
au additional building shall be erected by the Agricultural
Hall Company on the spare ground on the notth side of
the arcade, sufficient to accommodate not more than 50
extra pigs, and that there shall bo access left to it from
the arcade and through the 25 feet left on the north side
of the present pig hall.

5. That accommodation for the food for animals belonging
to exhibitors sh.all be built by the Agricultural H.all
Company to the satisfaction of the Club.

It is proposed to erect this on the vacant ground belonging
to the Company on the south side of the hall.
G. That in consideration of the above, the Smithfield Club
shall pay the Agricultural H.aU Company 1000/., in order
that the' g.alleries may be increased as proposed, for the
exhibition of machinery, &c.
7. That the alterations in the galleries shall be completed by
the 30th of November next ; the other alterations shall be
carried out by the Club in 18C3.

Report on Shows.
That 15 guineas be given for a report on the animals
exhibited at the Club's Show, and that the President, Stewards,
and Hon, Sec. be requested to select a reporter, and to an-ange
this matter.

His Grace the Duke of Marlborough was elected a
member of the Club. His Grace the Duke of Marl-
borough and the Right. Hon. the Earl of Powis were
elected Vice-Presidents, in place of Lord Feversham
and C. T. Tower, Esq., deceased. The thanks of the
meeting were voted to the President.

W'enlock: Winter Feeding Stock.— Ai the l.ate
quarterly meeting of this Society a p.aper on this sub-
ject was read by Mr. Wickham ; —

I fear, after we have as fully discussed the question
as I hope after I have read this paper we shall do, we
shall still find that the real difficulty in fanning pro-
perly during the winter months lies m applying the
principles we may all agree upon to the changes and
chances of each successive year. Our primary and

668

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 22, ISG?.

most natural object in cultivating the land is to pro-
duce man's food as dii-ectly from the land as possible—
to grow corn upon our tillage and meat upon our
Grass. Mr. Coke, when he introduced the four-course
system, taught us to look beyond this— taught us that
by producing meat upon our tillage, as it were second-
hand through the medium of a fallow crop, we could
increase the quantity of our corn. Ho advocated it,
not because lie found so great a profit from the meat
so produced, but because it enabled him upon his
light and almost barren laud to keep more stock, by
which means more land could be manured each year,
and as a consequence uiore corn grown. In grazing
and in growing corn for sale the profit is direct, and
only the actual expense of the crop itself has to be
deducted from the gross value received in estimating
the profits. In accusing, as we are apt to do, the
system of winter feeding of being unprofitable, except
in the value of the manure left us, are we not too apt
to forget that there are two sets of expenses to be paid
for— the cost of growing the forage and the cost of
using it — and that not only the value of the manure
made, but also the value of the extra crop of corn
grown in consequence, must be brought in to balance
the account of winter feeding ? It is clear this winter
feeding requires especial care and attention. Its
profits or its losses are so mixed up with other depart-
ments of the farm that they do not exhibit themselves
to the careless. I cannot propose to decide the exact

have been left in it, but if the corn was fully ripe it is
small indeed. The chemist, on the other hand, tells
us, that the more vegetable matter we mix witli the
manure heap, ti.o more of those volatile salts and gases
shall we retain which constitute the value of the
manure heap, and the loss of which the artificial
manure manufacturer would persuade us he can supply.
Is this economy, to waste what we want and then buy
it ? Surely the conclusion is that the proper place for
straw is the manure heap. It may be economical to
use straw as fodder, in order to save good hay or to
make up a deficiency in that crop ; Imt it is poor
economy to feed an animal on good food, and to spoil
the manure because you have let him eat his litter.
It is not necessary to run to the other extreme — to
throw the straw wastefully about the yard, and then
count the value of the manure heap bj; the number of
loads of strawy manure produced. As in feeding, so in
making manure— the great art, the real economy, lies in
finding the proper proportions to be used, the propor-
tion of litter which should be mixed with the manure.
On the light hungry soil, where your object is to apply
little and often of well rotted manure, the proportion of
straw should of course be less than on the stiff retentive
c'.ay, where the more undecayed the straw, the longer
the manure when ploughed in, the better. This point
each must decide for himself. He must not waste one
straw, but he must not starve the manure heap. If he
has too much straw, he has not got his crops so arranged

mode in which each beast, whether store, dairy, or i as to give him the proportion of the different kinds of

winter forage which he requires to enable him to keep
most stock on the land. Straw can be very profitably
used as fodder for all classes of stock ; but it is, I believe,
very false economy to so use it when it is wanted as
litter. It is but a poor substitute for hay as forage,
whereas there is no substitute that I know of at all
equal to it as litter.

feeding, whether horse, sheep, or pig, must be fed in
order to gain as much as possible in the extra growth
of corn crop, and at the same time to gain some profit,
however slight, from the means we use to obtain it—
the feeding process itself. I can only propose to dis-
cuss the princioles which should guide us each year to
a profitable answer to the question— Here is my stock
of winter forage of all its various kinds, some good,
some bad, some indifferent ; how can I best apply it
again to the farm ?

Winter Foeage.

With good hay you may do almost anything ; even in-
different if not bad hay is too good to waste. In summer
we have comparatively little difficulty in keeping our
stock in profitable condition, for J^ature does our work ;
but when Is ature stops our supply then we must use

our heads. Of all our v/inter forage hay is the nearest i chemicals preparatory to the process which Nature
approach to, if I may not .say the only, natural fodder ; will carry out at the proper .season, even though you
we have left us, and we cannot be too careful in our use , top and tail this little store-room, and deprive it of all
of it. It must be economised by being only used when further supplies of nourishment, viz., the growth out
really wanted, by careful protection from weather or ; of these ingredients of the flower, stem, and seeds, after
from being wastefully littered about. Whenever used which you find the store-room, like the straw, a mere
it should be cut up. We are told that in this form it mass of fibre. If then we wish to apply our root crop
is much more easily assimilated and made use of by properly, we must see that Nature does not cheat us
the stock, but I think the saving from waste thus , by robbing our root ^ "— •' ' —

EooT Chops.

These plants are biennials. In the first year they form
an excrescence on the stem, as is shown more clearly in
the Kohl Eabi. This excrescence, or root as we call it,
is the receptacle, as is the straw in Grass or corn, of all
the ingredients required by the plant to form the seed,
and which we use as feeding matter while so stored up
for us by Nature. As winter comes on, the store ceases
to increase, and certain changes take place in the

How often do we hear men con-

gained is a much more practical and important reason.
Hay is seldom so bad that we can afford to let it be
trodden under foot and made into a bad substitute for
straw. The question naturally arises here, what is
good hay ? Not merely that which grows up_ou good

gratulating themselves quite late in spring that they
have still got plenty of Swedes ? Go and look at them ;
they are not rotten, but they are growing, and are
being a second time topped, proving that Nature is at
work. The Swede is an early and a hardy plant. It

upland, or that is made" well in fair weather. Of their , may he sown much earlier, it may be used much
several kiuds all classes may be good, and all, even the earlier, and the crop should be finished up much
best upland made without a drop of rain, may be | earlier than it usually is on this side of England. The
worthless. We are too apt to listen to the chemist, : Mangel, though sown earlier, is much better adapted
who can supply us with artificial manures, when we | for keeping, as it will lie dormant in the character of a
have either failed or neglected to make our proper root far longer than the Swede ; indeed, by the end of
quantity of farmyard manure, and we don't pay atten- | the following August it will show far less impatience
tion enough to the natural history of the plants we j to start its flower-stems than the Swede does at
grow and store away for winter use. Good hay must ; Christmas. The same ma.v, to a less extent, be said of
be well made and without too much drowning, but still j the Carrot. The Mangel, it is true, cannot_ be so
all is vain if it is not cut at the right time. Nature carelessly or freely used as the Swede. It requires, or
won't wait any more than the weather. The Grass at least is better for, a certain amount of keeping, and
throws up a stem, and into that and through that it should be more carefully proportioned to the other
sends the properties to form the seed or corn, after kinds of fodder usedwitliit; but when properly used,
which the stem dies and becomes a mere piece of fibre, there is no root more valuable for feeding purposes,
it is while these properties are in the stem (and they Perhaps the best way of using it is cut up into fingers,
are on the decrease as soon as ever the flower begins to mixed well with hay and straw chaBT, and allowed to
form) that we must cut, if we wish to secure them, for lie in a heap for 24 hours. Early in the season, or
the seeds are too small to give us any chance of saving : when first used, it should he mixed with Swedes, or
a fair proportion after they are ripe enough to shed, ' whatever roots have been used for the stock before,
and the remaining matter, or Grass straw, is poor On light land there is little or no excuse for hoarding
fodder, and must not be reckoned as hay. In using the Swede too long, for there Cabbages can be grown
good hay we cannot do harm, but the art of feeding lies for the ewes and lambs, besides Rye, Tares, aud such
in giving such a proportion of the different sorts of food ' other early spring green crops which can be got in
that uone may be in excess. Hay is the foundation of upon the Wheat or Pea stubbles, and eaten off wiih
whatever mixture we use, without which we cannot : sheep before the ground is required for the next
use our green crop or our artificial food. If we waste | regular green crop. Stock always thrive best not only

our hay we waste our other forage — we cripple our
resources by upsetting the proportions of our supply.
All stock require a certain amount of bulk in their
food. If then our hay is really good, if it is rich in
feeding material, in order to avoid giving this matter in
excess, we may make up the bulk by mixing cut straw

upon a mixed but a changing diet, and it is in the root
! crop especially that we can obtain this variety. Our
' root crop may be mainly Swedes, but it should include

all those green crops which will grow upon our land.
i If one fail from drought, blight, or the attacks of our

insect foes, we have other strings to our bow. If all

which is only another species of Grass which has seed succeed, our cattle will enjoy, and enjoy it thoroughly,

large enough to be worth the trouble of collecting, and
the stems of which we therefore leave uncut long
enough to enable them to passon the feeding properties
they possess, when green, into the seed or corn.
Inferior hay, which either has been left uncut till too
late, has been drenched till it is impoverished, or is less
rich in food owing to the unfavourable character of the
soil it grew on, must be used upon the understanding
that it will supply more nearly the required bulk of
food, without that excess of those feeding properties to
economise which we should mix straw with good hay.
Some advocate the steaming or salting of bad hay.
Doubtless it will make it more palatable to the stock,
but it can never restore those feeding properties which
have been lost. Salt, all stock should be supplied with,
whether the hay be good or bad. Steam cannot be
nourishing, even if it be forcing. We now come to
our straw crops. What shall we do with them ? Straw
may be valuable as fodder ; no doubt, if cut early, it is
so to a certain extent. The naturalists explain that
straw is but a stem which has discharged its function
as a conductor from the root of the rich ingredients of
the corn. Some small portion of those ingredients may

^reater change of food. As to the economy of
cooking roots, I think we may look to practice for an
answer. No doubt it renders the food somewhat more
easy of digestion, bul} when we see so many an
apparatus which was once to do wonders left after the
first year or two to rust, I think we may presume that
the benefit is not considered equal to the trouble
and el)3ense. To prevent waste of the quantity
of our crop, roots should be cut up. I don't like
pulping : it is done at a greater cost of labour, with
no other result that I can see than that it makes
a greater mess of the food. To prevent waste in
the quality of our crop, roots must be used before
nature robs them of their goodness. There remains
only that portion of the cereal crop which we
can consume upon the farm, in conjunction with cake
and other artificial food. It is useless for me to
attempt to lay down a general rule as to the best
mixture or the proper quantities to be used. The
market prices and the quality of the material must be
our guide. At the same time, it is the care in
proportioning this part of our forage which will mainly
decide the question for us, whether it has paid us to

feed at all. There is, I am sure, great waste in this
respect. A majority may almost always be found at a
farmers' meeting to own that feeding beef at present
prices won't pay, and the excuse given to the world for
the apparent insanity we are all guilty of in feeding
beef for other people when it does not pay us, is — we
have our profit in the increased value of the manure.
How do we know this ? A thorough chemist might
ascertain whether all he sacrificed in the beef was
present in the manure, but no farmer knows this. He
knows, as a general rule, that good feeding makes good
manure ; but he does not know how wasteful feeding
will look upon the scales. A very much smaller
quantity than is usually used of corn and cake of good
quality, well mixed and proportioned with our other
forage, will produce quite as much and much better
beef, and if_ the manure has not then so much corn
and cake in it as where double the quantity is
consumed by the animal, we can add it ourselves to
the manure heap, and we then know the exact cost of
our wisdom or our folly, without troubling a poor ox
to pass it through him.

Mode oe Feeding.

The great rule in feeding is the same as that
recommended for ourselves. They should always
finish a meal with an appetite. Like us, cattle
vary very much — some are coarser feeders than others,
and these fancies of their appetites must be attended
to. Another point is, they must he undisturbed ; they
must know, as they soon learn by habit, when their
food will be given them, and they must not be
disappointed. Nothing can beat the system I used to
see in Norfolk. The cattle, whether in loose boxes, or
tied up, or in open yards, were'fed regularly as clock-
work four times a day, and each meal was divided into
at least two courses, the man taking to each a feed of
roots, cut up and well mixed with hay and straw chaff,
and when they had quite finished that a feed of meal,
cake, and chaff was supplied them. If any course in
any meal was not licked up clean by any beast, what
was left was at once removed and less given the next
time, or if thought necessary a change made in hia
diet. Under this system the cattle all lay down as
soon as they had finished they second course, and did
not stir till they again saw their friend. Each beast
was thus carefully watched and humoured. With
sheep the same care and attention will be amply repaid,
but to watch them properly requires the practical eye-
of the regular shepherd— a very rare person to find_ on
this side of England, where the dairy is the principal
class of farming. A farmer may, however, be sure that
if he sees food in any rack, manger, or feeding trough,
and an animal not then or there eating it, his forage is
being wasted and the appetite of his stock injured.
I will now only touch upon one other form in which
I think we are too apt to waste our forage. How
often do we see a fine lot of beasts, either store or
feeding stock, in a yard up to their bellies in good
straw, and on praising them as a nice useful lot of
beasts, are met by the mournful reply — " Yes, but they
won't pay me a farthing, they cost me too much ; but
I must have something to tread the straw into
manure." Is this only another proof of our insanity ?
Is there really no other way of treading our straw into
manure ? What are our farm horses doing ? They
are shut up in the stable with as little straw wasted
upon them in the way of litter as possi'ole. Why so ?
There is no reason on earth why a horse should not
make his legs useful when he is not actually at work.
A hunter is shorn of his natural clothing and every
eflfort made to render his skin as little susceptible
of heat as possible, because he is wanted for fast
work. He is fed upon nothing but dry food, for
the sake of his wind. All superfluous flesh, such
as green food would produce, would injure his
speed. None of these points do we require in the
farm horse, but just the contrary. We want him
to care nothing for cold, to be able to stand about in
the wet aud cold, and we want all the weight he can
carry to match the load which we put behind, not on
him. There is no need to keep him in a hot stable at
all. His coat will protect him from cold, and it
confined in the extent of his ramble, a shed or even a
good wall will give him ample shelter. He need not
be fed on dry food— on the contrary, he should carry
flesh. If roots are to be had, it is better economy to
cut them up for him than for the beast bought in at
such a price that feed him how we will he cannot pay.
Our cart horses are the enemies of our haystacks, the
most valuable forage crop we have. Like other stock,
they thrive best upon a mixture of food, but they
seldom get it. A waggoner will give them day after
day as much uncut hay, or generally half as much
again, as they can eat, and all the corn he can get.
Well, they do very well— true ; and it is also true that
the oldest dairy cow or working bullock with plenty of
hay and Turnips will in time make beef, but is it
economical? Cannot the horse be made to do
better? Cannot the old cow be fed quicker and
cheaper by a little more care and skill in the use of
our forage ? In this short paper I have not attempted
to go into the details of feeding either store or fatten-
ing stock. I have only attempted to point out some
of the leading principles to guide us to an economical
use of our winter forage. It should be harvested at a
time when it contains in the greatest quantity the
ingredient we want for feeding. It must be used while
those ingredients are still preserved free from that
deterioration which by nature comes to all sooner or
later. It must be used for the purpose for which it is
best suited, in such quantities only as the appetite of
each animal requires (which our own eyes can tell us
better than all the chemists), and in such a form as it
is least liable to waste.

Discussion.

Mr. Benson, the Cbairman, was perfectly satisfied that if,
wlien he kept 3. iaxm, lie could have got a waggoner to have

June 22, 1S67.]

THE GARDENEES' OHRONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

669

ittri .1,-ii to lu3 ovi:lor3 ho could havo kept bis carfc horses for
■ nr Iviif the moiioy for which they had been kept. He never
, -111, I uet a ni!in to cut the hay and straw properly, and givo it
to the borsos regularly, with a littlo Swede, although bo had
fuund the horsoa cat it with greediness, that showeil plainly
enough bow much they liked it. Uo bad carriage horses,
whore a certain amount of speed was required with a certain
amount of wind, and be nuvor found anything to suit tbcin
better than this. It laid their coats, and the horses looked
better than they would have ttono with any amount of grain
that could have been crammed into their manger. Waggoners,
however, were not of ibis opinion, nor could you persuade
thorn to it. They believed that nothing could be done with-
out largo amounts of grain, while hay was frequently given by
them in such quantities that very often it was trodden under
foot, and oue-baU of the bed was composed of really gooil
fodder. Ho was perfectly convinced that this mode of feeding
did not conduce to the benefit of the horses ; and he found it
HO difficult to get tbo men to do what bo wanted tbeni that
this was one reason why be ha'l given up farming altogether.
Tho keep of horses was a most important item m the expenses
of the farm, and if tboy did not look to it themselves, and see
that their waggoners really did their duty, this put of the
work would never be done as it ought to be. He believed
thore was as much skill required in the feeding of cattle as in
tho manauementof farm horses ; indeed, the cultivation of the
soil was an easy matter as compared with tbo rearing and
fcediug of stock. In the feeding of cattle there was nothing
more certain than that there should be a certain amount of
bulk in tho food as well as a certain amount of nutritive

auality, therefore mixed food suited tbem best. With horses
ieir object was to get the greatest amount of nutriment in
tho smallest compass. In the feeding of cattle, therefore,
straw becomes a very valuable ingredient. There was another
matter to which be intended to refer, but ho wished it to be
understood that whatever be spoko upon was open to cor-
rection. It had often struck him as surprising that in this
part of the country i\Iangcl Wurtzel shonld be altogether dis-
curded. Down in Kent and Worcester it was onco much used,
and ho might say that tho root is there coining into fashion
again. There were several points, he thought, in them which
deserved the attention of the farmer. One recommendation
was that Swedes had lost or were losing their good qualities
just about the time that Mangels began to show their excel-
lence, lie was a short time ago at the house of a farmer who
was a very scientific man, and he described Mangels as the
most valuable things be bad upon his farm. Of course he
was quite willing to admit that Swedes were most valuable
while sound, and that they could not be replaced by any-
thing else, but when they got woody and stringy, which
they did early in the year, Mangels afforded a very excellent
substitute.

Mr. IncTONe said he found be could keep more stock on tho
same quantity of roots by pulping than he could before. He
mixed cut straw, bay, or cb:iff with the pulp, and this made
tbo roois go much further. His experience also convinced
him that the cart, horses as a rule tbiived much better out in
tho yard than in the sUible. Even in winter be found this to
bo the case. IVeated in this way they looked as well, were
much hardier, and did as much, if not more, work than when
kept in the st-ablc.

Mr, Evan Daviks said he believed that whatever money the
farmer may lay out in artificial manures there was nothing
like the refuse from tbo farmyard and stable. This was the
natural " forage " of the soil, and it contained all the elements
necessary for any crop they might grow upon tbeu* farms.
Where there was plenty of this there was no need for the aid of
tbu chemist or the manure vemior. Mr, Wiekbam, in bis paper,
laid great stress upon the cutting of hay at the precise time,
and certainly it was a most impoi-tant matter. It was a.
wonderful j'ct beautiful and valuable dispensation of Provi-
deuce, that the Grasses which they made into hay did not all
contain their maximum amount of nutriment at tho same
stages of their growth. To explain this moie fully he would
divide the Grasses into three classes. One of these produced
its seed in the spring, another in the summer, and another in
the autumn. Now, two out of these three were particularly
well suited for making hay. Those Grasses which produced
their seeds in the summer contained their maximum amount
of nutriment just before their seeds began to lipen ; while
those Grasses which produced their seeds in spring, when it
would be ton early to cut and harvest them, did not come to
their bigbcbt state of nutriment till some time after. It was
consequently very necessary to mow the Grass at the proper
time, so as to get as much nutriment as possible, both in the
spring and summer Grasses. Mr. Wickham had stated that
they did not use their Swedes off early enough — that they
were used so late in the spring that their nourishing qualities
were, to some extent, lessened. As a substitute for the late
use of Swedes, JIangels had been recommended by Mr.
Benson, As that gentleman had stated. Mangels were not
much used in that part of the country, and the reason for it
was a veiy simple one. Mangels would not grow at a greater
elevation than 400 feet above the level of the sea, while there
he believed they were at an elevation of about 800 feet. There
was also a considerable quantity of Grass land ; and what they
wanted there was winter forage, not forage which would carry
them far on into the summer, which Mangels would do. He
had him-clf no doubt that a much less quantity of grain might
be used in the feeding uf stock than was used at present, and
that with equally good results. The quantity of grain now
used was immense. There were some in this room, be dtire
say, who give from 10 lb. to 12 lb. per day, and some whom he
had asked said they do not know how much ; the cowman
kept the key of the granary, and be gave what he liked. Now
this was not the way to go to work. That farmer could not
tell whether his beasts paid him or not, nor could he benefit
his fellow-farmers. He never heard before of feeding beasts
four times a day, or at least of making it into eight times by
giving each beast two courses. He w.as glad Mr, Wickham
and Jlr. Benson had touched upon the keep of waggon horses.
There was nothing be behoved in which there were greatrr
mistakes made than in this respect, among the farmers of this
countrj'. If there was not one-half there was certainly one-
third of the fodder wasted and trampled uoder foot, and how
to prevent this was a matter that had long occupied his
attention. The only way be saw, and what he thought it must
come to at tbo last, was to do away with racks altogether. It
was a matter, however, which was worthy of every one's
attention, and a few tons of hay saved in this way would
repay the farmer for any little extra expense he might be put
to at first.

Mr. Keary said he did not altogether agree with Mr.
Instoue, although he agreed with him in the main, as to the
manner in which be emploj'cd the pulped food. Where roots
were pulped, mixed with chaff, and where a little cake was
added, he believed a large quantity of young stock might be
kept very profitably. He could not however, recommend this
system for the feeding of cattle, and be did not think it would
be found to answer. Animals, like ourselves, got more dainty
;is they got more fat, and they would have to give them better
food, and in different and more dainty form. He believed, too,
there was nothing like giving the food in small quantities
several times durinu' the 24 hours, and that with the tfreatest
regularity. Get tbem to eat it up at once, and then lie down.
This, he beUeved, was the great secret of feeding. As much as
12 lb. and 14 lb. of corn or cake had been given in a day,
whereas he always found that he could make his bullocks fat
with half the quantity with proper attention. There are many

things necessary for feeding besides good food A good bed,
regularity in feeding, cleanliness, and undusturbed repose
were rao^^t essential. He .Tppioved of what Mr. Instono bad
said respecting horses running in the yard, lie did not approve
uf their being let loose in tho yard indiscriminately, for the
weak ones and the young ones would always get pushed against
tho wall, and fare Iwdly. With proper care in this respect,
however, ho found them do well. In tho winter they never
took cold, they did their work well, and made him yards-full
of manure such as no bullocks could make. Bad as was the
keeping of horses in stablea in tho winter, it was still worse to
turn them out to Grass in tbo summer. They spoU more
Grass than tboy eat, and there is no reason whatever why they
should be let loose as they were at present. In the yard as
he bad said, they provided plenty of excellent manure, while
he never .said tbo droppings of borse-i upon the fields did any
good whatever— indeed, he considered the keeping of horses in
the yards was a system that could be canied on with the
greatest success, Ho bad heard of a very valuable mixture for
horses, which be bLlicvcd was also very palatable to them. It
was comiwunded of cut bay, straw, chaff, and such a quantity
of corn as they may think proper, with a certain quantity of
Unseed cake soaked in water and poured over the whole. Ho
entirely agreed with Mr. Benson that a great quantity of
fodder was wasted, and that a great deal might be done in this
way to economise winter forage. He was afraid also that the
remarks of Mr. Davies were too true, and that there was no
chance whatever of growing Mangels in such an elevated
country as that. He concurred also in what Mr. Wickham said,
that Swedes were used too late in the spring. But if they
dispensed with Swedes they must have something to supply
their place, and it had been shown that this could not bo done
with Mangels. There was, however, another useful vegetable,
which ho was much surprised was not used in this neighbour-
hood : it was the Cabbage— the Drumhead and the Thousand-
head being p.artieularly siiit.ablc for spring feeding. By means
of thcso, and these alone, be bad been ablo to rear very large
numbers of lambs very successfully. The seed is sown the same
as tho Turnip, in drills 27 inches apart ; they are hoed and
attended to liko Swedes, and they keep good till this tune of
tho year. No one that kept ewes should be without them. In
Norfolk there was a largo quantity of Clabbage grown in this
way and for this purpose. If plants were purchased it would
be more expensive, but where seed was sown one pound and
a-balf was sufficient for an acre. He recommended tbem as
most valuable, for they were in good condition just at a time
when Swedes were getting done. Severe as this winter had
been he had some now as sound as possible.

Mr. Griffiths said Mr. Evan Davies had attempted to
throw cold water upon the use of artificial manures. But
let him ask Mr. Davie.^ bow, if all the .artificial manures
were withdrawn from the market, the farmers were to
manage '! There was no doubt that much of the manure of
tho farmyard was at present wasted, and he thought it very
strange that farmers were not more careful in preventing this
waste. Ho thought it essential that every farmer should have
on his premises a few tons of gypsum, and that he should
apply somo of it regularly to his farmyard and manure heap.
It would keep the ammonia in the manure, instead of having
it drawn away and wasted, as at present. He submitted this
as a proposition that was worthy of their consideration.
Ammonia was the very essence of the manure, and it
evaporated very readily, and therefore in farmyards where
somo means were not taken to prevent it the waste must be
very great. Mr. Davies had also said this part of the country
was too elevated for the cultivation of JIangels. He believed
the highest cultivated land was admitted to be at Sedgley, in
Staffordshire, and upon that laml he had seen some as fine
Mangels grown as any in tbo kingdom. It was a medium
soil, neither very light nor very hard ; and he did not see why
the soil of thisnci-.ihbourhood would not suit them as well.
He believed if more manure were worked they would get
lavgci- crops of all sorts. No doubt there was a great de.al of
difference between feeding horses on a farm and feeding them
in towns. The draught horses in Liverpool, which were very
fine animals and did a vast amount of work, were fed upon
cut hay and Indian Corn, both steamed, or with farmers they
might be scalded instead of being steamed. These were
weighed out to each horse by the man who looked after the
stables, and then steamed till the corn became soft and pulpy.
The result of this mode of feeding was that those horses could
do much harder work than farmer's horses were generally
able to do.

Mr. Evan Davies said Mr. Giifotbs was not eoiTect in
.saying that he wished to advocate the disuse of artificial

Jfr. GniFFiTus said tho gypsum was removed, and tho
manure was left as sound as ever.

Mr. Wickham said what ho laid great stress upon in his
paper was that Iho amount of nutriment in Grass crops
depended very much upon the time of cutting them, while in
the Swede a great deal depended upon tbo time when it was
used. Tho Swede and Mangel were not roots, as was
commonly supiKised, and as they were commonly called.
They were, as the botaidst would tell tbem, receptacles, in
which all the ingredients were collected together for tho
formation of the seed, and where they remained for a time
instead of i)assing on at onco to produce the flowers and the
seeds, as in annuals. In this state tho Swede remained
during tbo winter months, and it was very necessary that it
should be used in this state before it showed tbe least
symptoms of renewed growth, for as soon as that commoneod,
and Indeed before it was visible, a great chemical chango
took place in the so called root, which dindnlsbed its nutritive
properties in a very great degree. It could not, therefore, bo
true economy to keep on feeding with those ro >ts till so lato a
period in tho year. Mr. Wiekbam concluded by suggesting
that Kohl Uabi nught form a useful substitute for the Swodo
in spring.

Mr. C. Wadlow said he believed be farmed as elevated a
piece of land as any one in that neighbourhood, and he had
grown Mangels very successfully. The only difficulty he met
with was in using them in the following spring. He found that
early in tho season they were likely to scour the sheep and
other stock ; but as the weather got warmer he did not find
them have that effect. He had had as much as 30 cartloads
off ail acre.

Mr, Si'iiAQOE believed he never beard a more animated ana
interesting discussion at any of that Society's nieeting.s. On
the subject of Mangels they seemed at any rate to be all
agreed— they did not become serviceable till such a time as
they did not want tbem.

Mr. Evan Davieh, in the couiso of a few remarks upon the
resolution, said ho was suro they ought all to feel much
indebted to Mr. Wickham for coming some distance at much
personal inconvenience and some expense to give tbem that
paper, and especially so as bo was in a delicate state of health
at present. Uo could assure them it was no trifling task to
write a paper of that kind. There was also another reason
why they shoubl feci gi-atcful to Mr. Wickham. That Society
bad been in existence about 22 years, and tbe opinions of one
member had become known to all, and he might almost say
the stereotyped opinions of all. They wanted new matter and
new men to come forward and enlighten Ihem, therefore they
were much obliged to Mr. Wickham. He thought tbe paper
road that day and the discussion which bad followed woidd
prove of benefit to everyono who read them.

Bath and West of England: Sali-sburt/. — H
appears that tho attendance in the Society's Yard
durin;; the past week has been almost identical in
number with that of last year's meetiu?;.

The foUowins is an official return of the number of
visitorsj as compared with the number last year :—

The receipts on Jionday we: e
227/. Os. 6d. ; Wednesday, 007^ 1C5.
Friday, lUl. 14s.

The Annual Meeting was held during? the week,
when the report from the Council was read, from whieli
we make the following e.xtracts:—

The Council have tbe gratification to report that there are
at present on the books of the society 65 life governors and
members, lOD governors, 578 members subscribing not less
than \l. annually, 2i>7 subscribers contributing in». annually ;
total, 1040. The financial statement for the year endiug
December :il, 1560, and the assets and liability account for tbe
.same period has been printed and circulated among tbe
members. The society's funded property remains the same as
at the end of the year 18G5, namely, 4925/. 12s. Consols ; tbe

, — ,- *i i. ' value of tbe plant was estimated at 3153/. 3s. 2rf. ; and the

manures. He merely wished to impress upon tavmers tliau ^^^ .^ j^,^^^^ ^^.^^ 274/. 18«. M. Tbe result of an examination
they should try to collect the manures themselves instead of ^^ ^^^ account of the income and expenditure of the past year
trusting too much to the market. No one would deny that | .^ f,^^o„i.^iji(, inasmuch as the balance-sheet of the assets and
the natural manures were the best when they could be got ; 1 1: i^nHeg gf {i^e year 186fi, as compared with those of the yen

but it was not possible always to get tbem in sufficient
quantities, and in such cases artificial manures were very
useful. He did not agree with Mr. Griffiths in the necessity
for covering tbe farmyard and manure heap with gypsum.
Ammonia did not evaporate under C5°, and therefore so long
as the atmosphere was below that temperature none could be
lost, since it would, on reaching the air, be condensed and fall
down ag.ain. The closeness of tbe manure, too, prevented
evaporation, and the only loss of importance that could take
place was when the manure heap and tbe air were above 65% ■
a-nd wlicn the manure was being turned over. If anything
■was lost, it would be tnc nitrates. lie believed much more
damage was done by heavy rains and by the water running
from the manure heap than in any other way, and this was a
matter that ought really to be looked to.

Mr. Griffiths said be did not know at what temperature
ammonia evaporated ; but be knew this, that in London the
staijles were sprinkled with gypsum to prevent unpleasant
smells, which consisted of nothing but the ammonia.

Mr. Davies said if Mr. Griffiths would go to his farm he
would smell nothing that indicated a loss of ammonia.

The Chairman said be once accidentally met with a gentle-
man in a railway carriage who called himself a philosopher,
and who denied that the peculiar smell alluded to by Mr.
Griffiths was ammonia at all. He then proceeded to argue
that there was nothing like good natural manures, but where
enough of them could not be got, tbe artificial manures
were very valuable. He also spoke in favour of keeping
horses in the yard in summer months, instead of turning
them out to Grass, suggesting Vetches, Lucerne, and Clover
as good food.

Mr. Keaev said he did not see anything impracticable in
what bad been said abi ut keeping cart horses up during tbe
summer. It was true thero might be some farms where it
could not be done, but if they took the district between there
and Bridgnorth for an example, he believed it might be done
on every farm in that area. In the autumn a certain quantity
of Vetches sliould bo sown. In the spring they should sow
again, ur even two or three times. With a little manure and
a little attention in this way, they would have an abmidant
supply all through the summer. By this means be thought
they would be able to keep their horses for less, and would
besides be able to keep more sheep.

Mr. Griffiths said when guano did not selloneseason it was
covered over with gypsum to preserve it till tbe next. This
was a plain proof of what he said just now relative to gyjDsum
preventing the evaporation of the ammonia and other gases.

Mr. Davies : And very likely the gypsum is afterwards dug
in, so aa to increase the profits.

ISC'), show an increase of 210/. 15s. 10</. Tbe Council deeply
regret that owing to the precautions deemed necessary to
prevent the spreading of the cattle plague not yet extinct in
England, tbe society is again un.able to hold an exhibition of
homed cattle. Anxious to redeem their engagement with the
local authorities of Salisbury and the agriculturists of tbe
county of Wilts, a deputation, comprisi-.tr, amongst others,
the president of tbe society and the Mayor of Salisburj^
waited on the Privy Council, in the hope of being enabled to
obtain permission to hold an entire show ; but the Lord
rresident, after courteously receiving tbe deputation and
carefully reviewing their representations, ultimately arrived
at the conclusion that during the continuance of this visitation
it would be impossible to allow any society whose operations
extended over a large area to hold an exhibition at which
horned htock could be shown. The Council havo the satisfac-
tion to state that, in tbe opinion of the judges and other
persons competent to pronounce autborit,atively on the subject,
the show of sheep, especially that of the Hampshire or West
Country Downs, for which tbe neighbourhood of Salisbury is
so celebrated, is remarkably good. The horse show, thoueh
not large in number, contains several animals of remarkable
excellence ; but the Council regi-et that the prizes offered for
pairs of agricultural horses, for which the neighbourhood of
Salisbury is noted, have not produced the expected competi-
tion. The prizes offered in former years for thorough-bred
stallions having failed to elicit competition, have not been
repeated this year ; and the practice has been gradually
introduced for giving prizes for produce. The various classes
of pigs are well represented ; many of the entries are
remai-kably good. No less than 46 compartments are occupied
by machinery in motion ; a very large space is also appropriated
to the exhibition of valuable and important implements. Tho
implement exhibition as a whole, considering that the society
bad met in the same locality for two years consecutively, is
highly satisfactory. The poultry show fully maintains its
interest and importance, but it will be desb-able to consider a
suggestion offered by the judges, hereafter to adopt a different
classification of foreign birds. The pleasing feature ot t^e
meeting is the very beautiful display of flowers m the Horti-
cultural department, for which the society is mainly indebtecl
to the courteous liberality of distinguished patrons ot horti-
culture in the neighbourhood of SaUsbuiy. The Council refer
with satisfaction to tbe fine collection of works by living
artists exhibited in the Arts department, and desire to record
their obligations to tho Lord President of the Pnvy Council
and the authorities at South Kensington for the fine collection
of works in decorative art entrusted to the society for exhibi-
tion It has been decided that the meeting for 1868 shaU be

670

THE GARDFNEES' CHEONICLE J\ND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 22, 1867.

held at Falmouth. The Council recommend that Sir John
Thomas BuUer Duckworth be elected President for the ensuing
year.

Horse-shoeing. — The competition for the prizes
offered by Sir W. Miles, Bart., for horse-shoeing, ca-me
off in the yard on Wednesday, the arrangements being
under the direction of Lieut.-Col. Luttrell, and the
judges beine Mr. Aubrey, of Salisbury, and Mr. Broad,
of Bath. There were no fewer than 20 competitors,
and the contest was consequently a remarkably keen
one. The 1st prize of three guineas went for the
second time to Eliel "Warry, of Westbury-on-Trym,
near Bristol, he having been fortunate enough also to
win it last year. The 2d was taken by John Wood-
ward, of Bishopstoke; and the 3d by Charles Durnford,
of East Pennard, Somerset. "Warry occupied 10 minutes
longer time that "Woodward, but the great superiority
of his work influenced the judges in awarding him the
1st prize. It should be stated, too, that the foot of the
horse on which he operated was not a good one.

Conversazione at the Council House. — On Wednesday
evening a large party of ladies and gentlemen, members
of the Society and others, accepted the invitation of
I)r. Lush, Mayor of Salisbury, to a conversazione at the
Council House.

On the Farming of the Southern Comities. — In the
course of the evening a paper was read by Mr. E. P.
Squarry, of Odstock, from which we take the following

Outline Picture of Agriculture about the End of the Last
Centur7/.—ln the counties of "Wilts, Hants, and Dorset, the
farms were held for the most part in copyholds or leaseholds
for lives, under the large proprietors. The area of the occupa-
tions ranged from 30 to 100 acres, and they remained for
generations with singular uniformity in the same family. The
renewal for comparatively moderate fines took place at
intervals, and the whole burden of erecting and maintaining
the dwelling-house and homestead fell with scarcely an
exception upon the copyholder or lessee. The cottages of the
few labourers employed were generally of similar tenure,
having too frequently been built on waste spots for a nominal
acknowledgment to the lord. The laud was for the most part
farmed under the common field system", of which a few
inst-ances yet remain, a striking example laeing found in the
wonderful Fordington Field, near Dorchester, This tenantry
or common field system appears to represent the earliest
aggregation of lands fur the joint and yet separate use of the
tenants of a manor. The entij'e area of arable land in a manor
thus came to be divided according to its character and quality,
into the three or four field course of cropping, according to the
system adopted. To each copyholder or freeholder belonged
strips of ai-able and meadow land of various areas, dispersed at
iiTegular intervals over the whole field, so as to secure as far
as possible uniformity of quality. On the arable portion the
occupier exercised his discretion in sowinEr Wheat. Barley, or
Oats. He took the hay crop, and thereafter his lands were
fed and folded over by the sheep of the whole manor, whose
numbers were regulated by the old-established rights attached
to each holding. To these common fields were added a large
down pasturage, over which the flocks of the manor fed
during the whole summer. P'requently, too, meadows formed
part of this system, where each occupier took the fore share,
or first cut of the Grass, whilst the after feed was consumed
by the cows, horses, or oxen of the manor.

The roads of this period were, according to tradition,
scarcely useable for carriages, except in the immediate vicinity
of the larger towns. To illustrate this, it may be mentioned
to those who know the locality, that within the last 40 years
the roads between the villages of Broadchalke and Ebbes-
bourne were impassable except by market waggons, and that
the whole intercourse of that district was carried on on horse-
back. It may interest some of my yoxinger audience to know
that the bells which they still occasionally see on the teams of
horses were originally adopted for the purpose of giving
notice of the approach of a waggon, so as to warn advancing
waggoners to halt at a spot where a passing might be effected.
The sheep of the period in this district was the Wiltshire
Horn, altiiough the South Down had just been introduced jis
fashionable novelties. It is a strange but singular illustration
of the rapid but silent changes which occur in aU mundane
matters, that of the breed of sheep which fed over the wide
pastures of this and the adjoining counties not more than 70
years ago, there is not one single specimen left — nay, more
than this, not even a single picture or engraving exists, so far
as I can ascei-tain, by which its character and appearance can
be handed down. Tliose of my audience who have seen Sir
Edwin Landseer's picture of the Chilliugham cattle in this
year's exhibition will regret that the humbler but scarcely
less interesting sheep of these counties should have failed to
secure an artist's attention before they became extinct. It
must not, however, be accepted that tliese sheep were swept
off before the advancing tide of the Southdowns. As in most
other cases, compromises were effected with the new comers,
and some of the best and most highly reputed flocks of the
Hampshire and West Country Dowus, now the successors of
the Southdowns, doubtless owe a large portion of their size
and hardihood to a descent from the old Wiltshire blood. The
homed Dorset ewe may be taken as the indigenous but
wonderfully improved sheep of that county. Doubtless in
some of its characteristics, hke the old Wiltshire sheep, it has
through the care and skill of its breeders been improved into
its present high position. For the soil and climate of its
home it is specially adapted, and a nobler or more useful
animal can scarcely be found in England. The cattle, too,
have undergone changes very analogous to those described
amongst sheep. The Long Horn was the dairy cow of the
district. This breed is still to be met with in isolated cases
in the southern counties, and when the fine character and
quality of good specimens of this breed is considered, one is
almost tempted to regret that an imperfect adaptation of the
Shorthorn and other mixed breeds should so nearly have
superseded it.

The character of labour and its remuneration are singularly
interesting, because at a period not long preceding that which
I am attempting to describe, the line between the copyholder
or leaseholder and the labourer was very faintly marked, and
the character of the holdmgs was such "as to enable a thrifty
labourer to emerge from his condition into the small farmer.
At this period it was the custom to hoard and lodge the
younger men who were employed on the farm, and at certain
times, such as harvest, haymaking, shearing, the whole body
of labourers were fed by the farmer. But the altered condition
uf the farmer and his family has tended to a complete abolition
of this practice, but not possibly without some loss of the good
feeUng which traditionally is stated to have existed between
the master and his men. It is not for us to discuss the policy
or otherwise which reduced a class so valuable as these yeomen
to a quasi servile condition : however much we may regret
this consequence, and sympathise with those affected, I cannot
but believe that a largely increased power to produce food for
the whole population was developed by the circumstances
which I have attempted to describe. The transition state was
one of acute suffering to the dispossessed yeoman and labourer,
and the agricultural annals of the period are full of schemes

for the relief of the distress which prevailed amongst the
labourers of the .agricultural districts -its prevention by
emigration, or apphcation to new sources of industry. The
wages were larf>-ely subsidised by supplies of com and other
necessaries, at prices generally below the mai'ket value. An
examination of the available sources of information leads to
the beUef that during the first increase in prices of coi-n, &c. ,
incident to the war which terminated by the peace of Amiens,
the condition of the labourer was worse than at any other
period of our history, and from its very desiieration arose the
system of parish relief, which, untU the recent just and sound
legislation, contributed much to the demoralised and dependent
condition of the present farm labourer. The implements of
this period were simple in the extreme, and had buc little
advanced during the preceding century. The plough with two
wheels (to which principle, after a multitude of trials and
failures, we have now returned), the drag harrows, and a nine-
share plough constituted the means by which tillage was as
perfectly, though possibly not so rapidly, achieved by a good
farmer as it is now. Waggons and carts were built more heavily
than at present, and the use of iron for axles was quite
unknown. But I have yet to touch upon the great feature which
revolutionised the farming of this country. I refer to the
system of enclosure, and the consequent abolition of the
common field system which has been previously described at
length. A reference to the journals of your society and other
sources indicate that a few parishes only were enclosed prior
to 1780. It would seem about that period that the advantages
of enclosures, the greater economy of management, the
increased quantity of stock which might be kept, and the
individual benefit resulting to the farmer from improvements
which he personally effected were fully recognised, and,
stimulated by. the increasing prices of com, they were pushed
on with great energy. Up to 1836 the number of enclosures
were— in Hampshire, 21 ; Dorset, 18 ; and Wilts, 85 ; and it is
probable that a large number of parishes were enclosed by
agi-eement, of which no record is kejjt. The change in the
character and position of the occupier is indicated by the fact
that the rentals of farms after enclosures had taken place
ranged generally from 100/. to 400^ per annum, whilst the
rental of the lands held in ten.antry varied from 15/. to 40/.
per annum. It is obvious from this that a wealthier class was
found to rent the enclosed lands, and it is equally obvious, as
has been suggested, that the dispossessed and small occupier
sank generaUy to the condition of the laboin-er instead of
migrating to other districts to farm, or otherwise apply his
powers. During this period and the subsequent 25 years the
continuous high prices of grain stimulated the conversion of
down pasture into arable land. In many cases thi.s was most
judicious, and profitable aUke to the farmer and the nation,
but often the selection of land for this purpose was indis-
criminate and unwise. A terrible reaction followed, for much
of this type of land, which for years remained uncidtivated,
until the introduction of bone dust, gnano, artificial manures,
and the like, at length awakened a faith (justified by practice)
that these previously illtreated and starved lands might be
usefully cidtivated. Of the produce per acre of the com crops
of this period, and quantity of stock kept, there is no reliable
information whatever. But the experience of those with
whom I have conversed on these subjects leads to the behef
that the yield per acre on the ordinary soils has increased very
considerably, while the greater production of com and its
consequently decreased price has resulted in an equal extent
from the larger area under cultivation. From one point, how-
ever, there IS little doubt that on the stronger Wheat lands
which underlie the chalk, the mode of cultivation for the
st.iple commodity. Wheat, was as perfect 60 years ago as at
the present time, and consequently the yield from these lands
was equally large. It must, however, be borne in mind that
the produce from this type of land in mutton, woul, and beef,
has enormously increased, for at the date referred to the
system of growing artificial food for stock was scarcely
practised.

Preaent State of Agricidture.^-'Let us now glance at what has
been the progress out of the mass of theories, inventions, and
systems, successes and failures, which, more or less occupying
men's minds, have endured or disappeared according to the
good that was in them. By progi-ess is meant those practices,
those implements, and those breeds of cattle, which, without
claiming for them finality, are yet intimately and inseparably
welded into and bound up with the present modes of farming.
During the interval which it has been attempted to bridge
over, the most marked feature appears to be the enormously
increased production of stock, and this increase is not only
numerical, but in an equal if not larger proportion it consists
in the improved quahty and earUer maturitj' of the individual
animal. Many of my audience can measure the wide diff^er-
ence in the size and quality of the lambs brought to Britfurd
and Wilton fairs thirty years ago, with those which now
occupy their places. The far-seeing ability of a compa-
ratively few men, whose names will at once occur to the
flockmasters of these counties, has conduced to this
national benefit. Consequent upon the larger numbers
and improved condition of sheep is the increased production of
grain ; no means are open of measuring what such increase really
has been, but in the collective form of Larger produce and wider
area it may be estimated probably at something like 40 to 45 per
cent, during the last 60 years. The application of machinery to
farming operations dming this period has been singularly
extensive and useful. At about the commencement of the
century a Scotch mechanic was struggling to develop the
threshing machine, and it is marvellous to think that only ;J5
years ago this neighbourhood was disquieted by riots arising
from the introduction of these implements. What an interval
of time, human thought, and invention lies between cattle
treading the eorn from the outspread sheaves in the far-off
Palestine, and the locomotive engine one now meets dragging
its own complicated but effective threshing and winnowing
machinery to the next homestead ! Nor is this the only appli-
cation of that giant power in the service of agriculture. After
years of laborious thought and careful trials, and an immense
expenditure of money, as yet pecuniaiily unrewarded. Fowler,
Smith, Howard, and other patient inventors have brought
into the domain of practice and fact the dreams of thoughtful
men — steam cultivation. Perhaps in no district has it
been as yet more widely applied than in Wilts, for on the
estate of one nobleman only no less than nine steam ploughing
or cultivating apparatus are at work. Those who have used
them constantly concur in one most valuable result, viz., that
whatever doubt may exist in the economy of these operations
as compared with horse power, there isno doubt of the superior
excellence of their work. Every retiectiveman must see in
their application another source of extended production for an
increasing people. The legislation of the past 60 years affect-
ing agricultural matters has been uf an exciting character.
Dming that time arose, flourished, and fell the system of pro-
tection to agriculture. More silently, but provoking grave
discussion amongst those interested, was introduced and
passed the Tithe Commutation Act, which more largely con-
duced to the increased production of England than any
previous legislation, except possibly the Enclosure Acts.
Lastly came the gradual enfranchisement of agricnltm-al
labour by the modifications of the law of settlement, which as
a measure at once of justice and policy may be expected
greatly to benefit the labourer himself, whilst its operation
will undoubtedly contribute to the development of superior
and more skilled labour for the farmer. A long-postponed
but certain residt of the enclosure system has been the erection
of homesteads and residences adapted for the enlarged character

of the farm and for their comparatively concentrated arrange-
ment. A similar action has also operated on the wretched
cottages which had gi-o wn up under the system before referred to, '
and of which too many yet remain. Looking round this neigh- '
bourhoodandseeingtheimmenseimprovemeuts effected in these
directions on various estates, it is interesting to reflect that,
large as the outlay has been, it is fully repre.=iented in the
annual improved valueof the farms, in the high character of the
tenantry, and their liberal management of the land ; .and,
lastly, by the increased comfort and happiness which it has
brought home to the labourer. Of the great questions affect-
ing the present, and to a possibly larger extent the future of '
farming, the supply of manual lalaour is almost paramount.
The action of laws interfering with the natux'al and healthy
distribution of labour in the earlier period under considera-
tion, aggravated by other causes before referred to, tended to
reduce the remiineration for farm labour to its lowest known
point in these sonthem and western counties. This excessive
supply of labourresulted in an nnifonnity of wages, in which the
value and capacity of the most unskilled and inferior servant
was too often the measure of payment to the best. The stimu-
lants to energy, industry, and skill were thus neutralised ; in
too many cases a dead level of mcapacity resulted. But in the
tide of advancing wages, for labour of whatever character, no
exception will be found in the future remuneration of the farm
labourer. Such advance will probably be leas abrupt than in
other types of wages, because a good cottage and garden
in the sweet country air, with sufficient plain food and no
excessive exertion, is more attractive than iron puddling or
cotton spinning, though the money wages may be double or
treble in the latter cases. The influence of mother earth
seems to operate alike on landlord, tenant, and labourer.
They each love what has been their home— the field, the
meadow, the breezy down over which they have sported or
worked, and this insen-sible but strong influence is not to he
omitted in considering the causes which have governed and
will govern yet further, the future question of wages. The
capital required for farming in those days is in great contrast
to the requirements of the present. Considering the
value and number of stock of all descriptions at that
time, rhe mode of entry on, and the manage-
ment of farms, I am disposed to think that the capital now
invested in farming (partly due, of course, to the larger area
under cultivation) is probably doubled. Let me conclude this
outline sketch of a grand subject with a regret that its treat-
ment has fallen into such incompetent hands. I feel that if
this paper has failed to interest you, that it is due to the
incomplete manner in which it is put before you, rather
than from any lack of importance or charm attaching to thd
subject itself,

Cheese-mahiltff ; heiug a Practical Ji^xplanation of the
Cheddar System and other Leading Methods. By
Kobert MaoAdam, Gorsty Hill Dairy, Crewe. New
Edition. Harailton, Adams, & Co.
Here is a pamphlet by a man who has himself made
cheese in upwards of 100 dairies in different parts of the
country ; who has ^ been employed to introduce
improved cheese-making in many new districts, and has
been thus successful in overcoming prejudices which
are nowhere stronger than in the agricultural world,
and nowhere stronger there than in the department or
dairy management. Mr. MacAdam was, we believe,
first employed by Mr. Caird on his farm at Waldon,
where he succeeded in convincing the Edinburgh sales-
men that good cheese could come out of Galloway,
first adopting the Cheshire plan as an improvement
upon the home management, and then that of the
Cheddar district as turning out cheese of better quality
still. Mr. MacAdam has thus ample right to speai
with authority on his subject, and we recommend his
pamphlet to the attention of all who are interested in
the improvement ofthe cheese manufacture. Wemake
two extracts, one on the value of whey and the other
on extension of the cheese-dairy system : —

" 1. On the Value of JF/icy.— Whey is of considerable
value wherever cheese is made from full milk, and
dairy managers should consider well how it can be
turned to the best account. When the tender curd is
broken up carefully and gently, the quantity of butter
obtained from the whey is considerably less than when
broken up incautiously. We find, from personal expe-
rience, that when the operations of cheese-making are
carefully conducted, and the cream properly separated
from the whey and made into butter, the amount
obtained averages only a quarter of a pound weekly
from each cow ; and while the returns are so small, the
making of whey-butter adds a considerable item to the
labours of the dairy, and consequently renders this
mode of disposing of whey by no means the most profit-
able. Hence, in many dairies, a quantity of cream, or
the ' stripping ' of the cows, which is almost identical,
is added to the whey cream, probably because the
parties concerned are aware that the results would
otherwise appear somewhat meagre and unsatisfactory.
But while this practice apparently enhances the value
of the returns from the whey, it, in reality, diminishes
the quantity and quality of the cheese, and ought,
therefore, to be regarded as reprehensible and unprofit-
able. Indeed, whey butter, even when thus enriched,
is only an inferior article, and does not even form an
equivalent to the loss and detriment sustained by the
cheese.

" It is found that pigs, fed on whey, with some kind
of meal cooked and mixed with it, thrive and fatten
well, and form excellent pork. At various times, we
have used, in addition to the whey. Bean-meal, Indian
corn-meal. Barley, and Oats, and prefer them respec-
tively in the order in which they are enumerated. The
practice of feeding pigs on whey alone is unprofitable,
as it does not contain the nutritive or flesh-forming
elements in sufficient quantity, except when it has
been enriched by the unskilful manipulation of the
cheese-maker, who may allow it to carry away part of
the substance which rightfully belongs to the cheese.
On the contrary, if mixed with food of a more sub-
stantial nature, and in sufficient quantity, the proper
amount of nourishment is supplied, and the pigs are
kept in a healthy groiving condition. As the practice
of the writer is to buy the pigs which he feeds, and also
the meal given to them, the money value of the whey
is easily ascertained, and for the last 20 years has
averaged (on a stock of sometimes more than 100 pigs

June 22, 1867.]

THE CtAEDENERS' CrmONICLE and AGETCUETUT^AL r.AZETTR

671

annually) from one-tenth to one-eighth of the value of

the cheese." _^, , ■ , ^i j- , ■ ,

" 2. Extension of Chfese-makmci to other districts.—
Occasion has arisen in the foregoing iniges to alliulo to
the imperfect knowledge of the art of cheese-ninknig
possessed by those who make it their special business.
And as the area over which even this limited knowledge
extends is small when compared with the pa-storal
resources of the British islands, so the number of the
oheese-producing districts is less, and their extent
more limited than might be. In England, chee.se-
making (worthy of the name) is confined to ten or
eleven of the midland and south-western counties ; in
Scotland to si.\ or seven counties in the south-west ;
while in Ireland this department of dairy husbandry
has hitherto been almost unknown. In e.xtensivo dis-
tricts of England and Scotland beyond the bounds
alluded to, cheeses arc made in consulerable numbers,
but with such primitive means and appliances, and of
such an inferior quality, that they can scarcely be
regarded as a marketable commodity. It is not to be
e.vpected or desired that cheese-making should become
tiie speciality of British husbandmen, but certainly it
is desirable that they who make it an adjunct of their
farming operations should master its details and prin-
ciples suHiciently to render their labour satisfactory
and profitable. And these details and principles are
not by any means so abstruse or difficult but that they
may bo mastered by those who desire to do so, or
acquired under the guidance of a skilful cheese-maker.

" In Ireland, where there are extensive tracts of
excellent pasture, the i)rincipal product of the dairy is
butter, the best qualities of which are disposed of at
little above the price of fine cheese, while the more
inferior sorts do not equal it in value. And as the
respective weights of butter and cheese, obtained from
a given quantity of milk, are in the proportion of 9i to
22, it is easily perceived that the making of butter is
less profitable than the manufacture of cheese. iSIore-
over, the margin is so wide as to show a handsome
surplus, even after allowing for the diiference in value
uf buttermilk over whey for pig-feeding. These
remarks are applicable, not to Ireland alone, but also,
in a more or less restricted sense, to several pastoral
districts in England and Scotland."

Some reference is made in this pamphlet to the dairy
system of America, where the factory system prevails
the milk of adjacent farms being carried to some central
depAt, where the process is carried out on the great
scale, the proceeds being divided among the contributing
dairies in the proportion of their several contributions
of milk. The difficulty in the way of success here lies
iu the extremely sessitive character of milk, which
will not bear long carriage without injury. Thus
Jlr. MacAdam says :—

'■ It is questionable whether the Americans, with all
their enterprise, and characteristic energy and perse-
verance, will ever succeed in raising the products of
their cheese-factories to a degree of excellence which
Hill rival or excel the finest productions of the British
dairies. For the cheese-factory system, carried on
miller the disadvantages of a high and variable tempe-
rature, presents obstacles to the manufacture of the
finest quality of cheese which will tax the utmost
ingenuity of the Americans to overcome. Besides, tho
factories, as at present arranged and organised, could
not produce the best quality of cheese, although they
were conducted with the greatest ability and skill. Eor
the milk being massed together, and frequently carted
to the factory from farms situated several miles ofl', it
undoubtedly sustains an injury which cannot after-
wards be altogether remedied. The difliculty of attain-
ing the highest standard of quality, after thus violating
the conditions essential for the production of the
finest cheese, will be apparent, if rationally con-
sidered. This is not written to decry the factory
system, or laid down as an unproven theory, but
is simply the conviction arising from long expe-
rience and close observation of results."

Farm Memoranda.

Bkit.innia Fakms, Bedfokd.— It is not necessary
here to relate the history of Messrs. Howard's reclama-
tion and remodelling of the Clapham Park and Green
Farms, and their impovement of the lloo Farms (all
now classed together as " The Britannia Farm "), in
the neighbourhood of Bedford. Clearing of forest-
timber and underwood, abolition of old boundaries,
throwing field to field and planting new fences, the
formation of direct hard-metal roads in place of wind-
ing clay lanes or across newly-opened country, the deep
underdrainage of heavy soil, the laying down of new
Grass and cleansing of old tillage-land, have all been
executed here with an expedition and completeness
which may well stand out as an example of what should
be done, and how it should be dune, to prepare an
estate for the full development of steam cultivation.
Ten miles of hedgerows have vanished before an army
of workmen, all stubbing by the piece ; and their
removal has added just 10 acres to the area of Clapham
Farm. Sound roadways enable the master-spirit of the
tillage-work — the steam-engine— to perambulate where
it will, uphill and down, in almost any weather, into
any of the enclosures ; and when there, though it is
stationary with a windlass while working, it cultivates
fields of 10, 20, 30, and up to 55| acres " at one setting
down." The drainage of almost every field has been
designed with a view to supply the engine, a pond or
open tank at almost every site occupied by the engine
during the tillage of the whole estate receiving the
drain water, retaining supplies at all seasons, and
letting only the " overflow " pass away by the mains
which ultimately conduct it to the Ouse. At the
principal farmstead a reservoir has been excavated,
which contains half a million gallons, the cost of
digging being odl.
, The extent of arable is 445 acres, all heavy land.

The Hoo Farm present a deep .staple, 10 or 14 inches
in thickness, upon homogeneous clay. Yet, hcl'nre
steam culture was practised, there wore but a frw
inches of staple soil ; tho dill'eronce, on digging in a field
and upon the headland edge, where the deep work has
not reached, being remark.Tlile — tho raw tenacious
gaulty clay having been oli\ idusly changed by cultiva-
tion into a brown unctudiis ciirth, at once perceptibly
better to the feel. Although tho old high-backed lands
have been everywhere levelled over a 4-feet dceji
drainage, tho whole of tho fields are declared to dram
well in the wettest of seasons ; and we found nothing
like slopniness or sponginess, though we entered almost
every field in wretchedly wet weather.

One set of tackle, of Messrs. Howard's own prin-
ciple and manufacture, with a 10-horso power double-
cylinder engine, performs the heavy tillage labour of
liieso farms, and is now limited to this work alone, not
being let out on hire ; while another portable engine
is employed to do all the threshing and other yard
work. Thus the expenses of steam cultivation are not
mixed up with those of any other operations ; and the
cost of repairs, &c., has been charged against the farms,
on the same scale as they would he to a complete
stranger, in order to make them a thorough test and
example of the pecuniary as well as other aspects of
the question. Mr. James Dickson, tho farm-manager,
has furnished us with tho following "epitome" from
his account books, giving the totals of three years'
experience : — Acres.

The extent cultivated by steam has bocu 27.'^1

Cultiviiterl for neighbours . . . . . . _ . . 3<10

HaiTowed by steam, 535 acres, equivalent to cultivatiog

(h.alf) so-

la three years .. .. .. .. ■■ ^yl8

The expenses for rope, repairs, and renewal of
wearing parts have amounted to 99^. 15s. 5rf,, or say
iU. per annum. Divided by the acreage it comes to
7d. and a fraction per acre.

Interest, at 5 per cent, per annum on the cost price
of 540?., comes to 801. 2.s. in the three years, or a frac-
tion under 6d. per acre.

Depreciation, at 5 per cent, per annum on the main
portion of the engine and apparatus, but excluding
rope and other wearing parts, say upon 440/., amounts
to 60;. in the three years or a fraction over 4Srf. per
acre. The three items of repairs, interest, and depre-
ciation, make a total of about Is. Cut. per acre.

We must remark here, however, that any heavy
repair, such as a new fire-box next year, would mate-
rially increase this very low average, derived from an
experience of three years.

To get at the total cost of any given operation,
according to this statement, we have only to ascertain
the daily working expenses atd the number of acres
done per day. Mr. Dickson gives them as follows ;—
Engine-Llriver . . . . . . . ■ . . ..£028

Four labourers, at 2.<. 3»'. .. .. .. .. ..09U

Two porter-boys, at l(l(/ 0 18

One boy carrying water (no water-cart being \ised) . . 0 0 10

One day's m.anuallabour . .. ...£0U 2

Coal (for 11 .acres per day of 10 hours, a r.ite of work
to be mentioned presently), 15 cwt. sit 14.<. per ton,

with carriage, 2s. 6rf 0 13 0

Oil, one penny per acre on 11 acres .. .. .. 0 0 11

Repairs and renewal of rope and wearing parts, at
7d. per acre 005

Total working expenses per day . . ..£114 6
Or 35. li<l. per acre.

Add— Interest, e</. per acre 0 .5 0

Depreciation, at 5t/. per acre 0 4 7

Total outlay per day *2 4 7

Or a fraction over 4.'*. per acre.

Mr. Dickson states that, on their very heavy clay
soil, the cultivator taking 3 feet breadth and smashing
up the land 6 to 8 inches deep, and travelling at the
pace of three miles an hour, requires a pressure of
80 1b. in the double -cylinder 10-horse power engine.
There is "regularly on the move" by the cultivator
from 6 to 8 cwt. of soil, the shares cutting 3 feet of
width, while it is 4 feet from the foremost point to the
heel ofthelundermost share— the weight of soil in a
square yard, 6 inches deep, being 4 cwt. 3 qrs. 111b.
At this width, depth, and length, the rate of perform-
ance for a full day of 12 hours is 11 acres. The ordinary
average of work, we were informed, was G to 8 acres
a day (we suppose including removals), from C to as
much as 10 inches deep— the steam working at a
pressure of 50 to 701b., with a consumption of 9 to
13 cwt. of coal. The manager's statement refers to
their highest speed, with a greater pressure and more
fuel burnt. In his figures, too, he has forgotten the
cost of removals, which must he allowed for, if we
would get at an average instead of a full day's work.
The shifting, we were told, is done by help of 7 horses
(4 horses, except for great distances), and takes 2i
hours. The engine, when uninterruptedly at work,
has to he moved about twice a week ; so that we may
add say 2s. 5d. a day to the total daily outlay, making
21. 7s. per day. Dividing this by the lower average of
8 acres per day, the total cost of a first smashing up
(without including cross-cultivating or harrowing) is
within a trifle of fls. per acre. Undoubtedly, heavier
repairs during the next three years will tend to raise
these figures, which, as they are, certainly speak well
iu favour of steam cultivation. In fact, the cost is "a
mere nothing" compared with the " value received;"
the deep tillage of strong land is not accomplished
by horses for as little as twice the cost here incurred
by steam.

We saw the apparatus at work, deeply breakiu" up a
stiff piece of Bean stubble with excellent effect, though
the rains had at that time (September 13th) hindered
most people wherever we went from bringing out their
steam-cultivators at all.* We need not describe

* This field has not been touched since, and, notwith.

Messrs. Howard's windlass, compensating double
snatchbloi'ks, two-way cultivator, rope-porters,
anchors, Ac. ; hut one feature in the apparatus struck
our attention as a great improvement upon the old
method of shifting the anchor-pulleys. 'J'bis was the
" Bulstrode " sling, by means of which the pulley,
mounted on a boat-shaped block of wood, slides from
one anchor to another, elTectiug a considerable economy
of time. We observed that only seven or eight seconds
elapsed between the implement stopping at Ibo end
and starting again. Tho headlands are 7 or 8 yards
wide, and the practice is sometimes to finish olf these
by horse-labour, sometimes to break them U]j by steam
before setting to work iijion the surface of the field —
the same plan is sometimes pursued with horse-
grubhers not lifted out of the ground for turning.

Our remarks upon the farms in general were that
everything seemed well done, and that the ground was
very free from root-weeds and " vegetation ; " the
Mangels were particularly good and very <;lean. One
solendid field of Mangels had been grown without
farmyard manure, the artificial dressing being 5 cwt.
of guano and 5 cwt. of salt. This was one of the few
first-class crops we saw in all our journey. We must
also compliment Messrs. Howard ui)ou their magni-
ficent Swedes and Turnips, upon rather kinder land
than the majority of their property, though this parti-
cular piece has not been at present drained. One piece
of yellow Turnips, on newly-broken-up land, was
patchy and defective; while a portion of the same field,
which had been longer under cultivation, bore an
exceedingly good crop of the same roots, put in at the
same tirae'and in the same way. The stubbles every-
where showed well— the heaviest Wheat being after
Potatos, and sown iu a steam-cultivated seed-bed.

We have remarked in our tour how few employers
of steam-apparatus adopt a new system of culture
along with the new power. In many, or rather in
most cases, the rotation of crops is altered ; but in
comparatively few instances (which will he found in
the course of our Report) did we find anything like so
great a change in the tillage operations themselves aa
prominent advocates of steam culture have recom-
mended—or a revolution in husbandry like that
exemplified with extraordinary success, though in a
small way, at Woolston. Mr. Bignell's practice of
grubbing and trenching, in place of ploughing (see
farm No. 48), is one great deviation from the time-
honoured track: hero, on the Britannia Farms, we
have it on a more important scale. Scarcely any horse
turn-over ploughing is done ; nor is the steam tillage
limited to smashing up stubbles, or the turn-over
ploughing of leas. And from the practice here we
learn how mistaken is the view that a steam-cultivating
tackle is to be used merely (or even mainly) as a
supplementary assistant to the farm-team, and general
forwarder of the heavy work of a farm. In fact, in the
course of our journeys, we gradually came to classify
(in our own minds) the users of steam apparatus
according as they looked upon it as an "auxiliary" to
horses, or as " the slave of the farm ; " and when we
lighted upon a man using his engine only to clean
stubbles in autumn, and occasionally to " cross " again
in spring, upon sucn land as we had seen made into
seed-beds for almost all crops by men of larger insight
into the powers of steam, we called it a case of " steam
culture made easy to small minds." How did Messrs.
Howard prepare for their Mangel crop ? The Wheat
stubble was not smashed up and then left for horse
tillage iu spring, but at once ridged by steam— the
ridges 27 inches wide ; this being done by a double-
breasted plough-body fixed in the cultivator-frame, in
place of the tines, while a subsoiling tine on the same
implement rooted up the bottom of the open trenches,
the ridging and subsoiling being accomplished in one
operation. This lay all winter for the frosts and
weather to make into the finest tilth imaginable ; and
in spring manure was applied, the ridges were torn
down by a cross cultivation by steam, and the seed-bed
was ready for the Mangels. Of course the ground
must be clean to admit of cheap, quick tillage like this.
Another field was done as follows —The Oat stubble
was forked over by hand to get out tufts of Couch,
farmyard manure was applied, then the steam culti-
vator smashed up the field, and, after lying some time,
the rough fallow was ridged into 27-inch wide ridges
(or "drills") by horses. In spring came a cross-
cultivation by steam, the land was harrowed, and the
Mangel-seed drilled in. Messrs. Howard steam-grub
their Clover-leas for Wheat, doing this in the summer,
early enough for the land to get sufficiently firm at
bottom before sowing time comes ; finding that, when
this point is attended to, the Wheat roots do not meet
with the hollow bottom so difficult to be avoided
except by first-rate and closely-tucked ploughing. In
fact, this work being done in June and July makes a
"bastard fallow." Report on Steam Cultivation,
Journal of English Agricultural Society.

Miscellaneous.

The Milk of Commerce. — In the Manchester
County Court lately, before Mr. E. Ovens, judge, an
action was brought by Thomas Rogers, provision
dealer Ijny-i ilillgate, against Edward Broomhead,
farmer, Jk-.lluck Vale Farm, near Ashton-under-Lyne,
to recover 50/. damages. The particulars of claim
stated that iu January the defendant sold to the plain-
tiff a milk-round, goodwill, and shop and appurte-
nances in Long Millgate, Manchester, for. 90/ ; and
that the defendani agreed to supplv the plaintitl witU
good new milk at 2r/. perdozeu quarts below the market
price, but had failed so to do, and had supplied instead
thereof a compound of milk and water, or other Huid

standing the wet season, it is now a mrt-brown, ineUow tilth
"like ail ash-heap," ready to be drilled with Barley after no
other preparation than harrowing. F. H.

612

THE (lAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTUKjVL GiZETTE.

[June 23, 1867.

or substance, whereby the plaintiff had lost the price
paid by him to the defendant, together with tlie
profits which he ought to have derived from the
business; and had otherwise been injured in his
business and reputation. There were also tv.-o counts
for misrepresentation. Mr. Higgin, for the plaintiff,
said that, soon after the plaintiff took possession of
the business which he had bought from the defend-
ant, complaints were made by his customers of the
quality of the milk. At length one of the customers,
named Travis, being possessed of an instrument called
a lactometer, tested a quantity of the milk. The process
was to get the milk to a temperature of GO', and to
place in it this instrument, the index of which showed
the proportion of water in the Hquid. In the instance
in question the lactometer showed that there were
three quarts of water in a dozen quarts of the liquid
sold as milk. On the plaintiff remonstrating, the
defendant's wife said her husband would not supply
milk without water to the plaintiff or anyone else.
The plaintiff confirmed his counsel's statement, and
added that, though at first he sold a daily average of
36 dozen quarts, at the end of April he sold not more
than 14 dozen daily, and he finally sold for 20?. the
business for which he had given 90i. Cross-examined
by Mr. Leresohe : When the milk came from defendant
he (the plaintiff) added water in the proportion of one
quart to the dozen; but he did so only to make
up the measure of 13 quarts to the dozen, which one of
his customers required. He also got milk from
another farmer, and in this he (witness) put three
quarts of water to the dozen. He did not add any
water to the milk supplied to Travis. Joseph Travis,
milkseller. Cross Street, Swan Street, proved the
testing of the defendant's milk. He at first denied that
he had heard of annatto ; but afterwards inadvertently
remarked that a druggist had told him that it was a
colouring matter, and on being questioned he said he
had used it to give milk a rich cast. The defendant, in
answer to the judge, said he did not know what was the
usual proportion of water in milk sold by farmers to
milk dealers. Sometimes they rinsed their cans,
and then put a few quarts of water in them. The
Judge : What did you mean by agreeing to supply
good new milk? Witness: Milk to suit customers.
The Judge : The defendant was a wholesale
customer of yours, and you had no right to
put in all the water : you ought, you know, to have
given him a chance. Witness : Ho should have suited
himself in that, 1 didn't tell him to put in any water.
The Judge : Then you put in the same water for your
wholesale customers as for your retail customers,—
3 quarts to the dozen ? Witness replied that he did
not put in that quantily of water, but he would not
say that in his milk there were not 2 quarts of water to
the dozen. The defendant's son said that when he had
delivered the milk he had seen the plaintiff take out a
dozen canfuls and then put in their place a dozen
quarts of water. The plaintiff's late housekeeper gave
similar evidence. Of the defendant's milk, she added,
the plaintiff used on every occasion to take four dozen
quarts, put it in a churn, and then add 15 or IC quarts
of water, a little salt, and some annatto to colour it.
Witness used to keep a milk shop, and when the milk
was pale she used to add some annatto to it. Mr.
Leresche : " That's my case, your Honour." The
Judge : " And a very nice case it is." In giving judg-
ment, the Judge said he had no doubt the plaintiff's
real complaint was that the defendant had nut more
water in his milk than he ought to have done.'and tliat
thereby the plaintifi' had not had a fair chance of making
a further addition. As to the proportion, from the
experience he had had, he did not believe that i quarts
of water to the dozen ivas sufficient to prevent
customers buying the milk. It was simply impossible
to get at the truth in the present case. If the plain-
tiff had come into Court with clean hands, ho (the
Judge) would have awarded him the 50i. he claimed;
but this was not the case, for, in his opinion, he put in
the milk as much water as the defendant put in it.
By the contract "good new milk" was to be supplied
by the defendant, and he should consider the words to
mean pure milk. Mr. Leresche said the words only
meant the milk of commerce, which, he contended, the
defendant had supplied. The Judge said he should
not take it tliatthere wasa recognised practice of supply-
ing adulterated milk. The result of his judgment
would be that both parties would in effect' be fined.
The plaintiff had already lost considerably, as he only
got 2QL for what cost him 001. ; and defendant would bea
loser of 201., for which sum he now gave the plaintiff a
verdict. Each must pay his own costs. He (the
Judge) wished he had the power to fine the plaintiff
and defendant 1001. each. Manchester Giiardiait.

Notices to Correspondents.

Cow AFTER Calving: Sabscribir. The drop after calving is a
not uncommon paralytic att,ick, generally fatal ; commonly
treated by the application of blistering omtment over the
lumbar vertebne.

Drainage : B A. The sole operating cause in land drainage is
the weight of the water : a deep drain is more efficient than
a shallow one, just because a greater weight of water is thus
pressing its way out of the exit hole.

LniE : IVestoti. Apply 60 to 80 bushels of hot lime per acre,
covering every bushel heap with earth, and then letting it
slack ; after which, mix earth and lime together, and
spread and plough it under with a shallow furrow. It should
be done either iu the preparation of a com stubble for roots,
or if on a naked fallow, immediately before the last
ploughing for Wheat.

Manures: X Y Z. It is "food riunus gi'Owth "—including in
the latter term not only the portions of food actually built
up iu the growing body, but those particles which are
expired in the process. Horses are generally better fed than
cattle, therefore horse-dung should be better than cow-dung ;
and so it is for heavy soils, which are the better for its
hghter .and moro open character. On light lands, however,
horse-dung ought to be mixed with other manures, or rotted
in compost before application.

c

AST IRON VASES.— PLUTED PATTERN.
Size. j Price. I With Pedestal.

High. Diam. Each. I

20 by IG £10 0 £1 10 0

30 by 25 I 1 13 0 ] 2 10 0

Delivered free to any Station in England on receipt of Post Offlco
Order.

J. Jones & Sons, 6, Bankside, Southwarl:, Londoo, S.E,

'■^AST-IRON

C

VABDS.— TAZZA PATTEKN.
Price. With Pedestal.

Hii^li. Diam. Each.

11 by -a f 1 6 0 jEI 15 0

by 30 2 5 0 3

by 42 3 15 0 4 16 0

Delivered free to any Station in England.
J. JoNKS a Sons, C, Baiiksido, Souttuvark, London, S.E.

GAKDKN SEATrl, TAliLES, UIIAIKS, HYDkO-
PULTS, GARDES ENGINES, LAWN MOWERS, GARDEN
ROLLERS, WIRK NETTING, HORDLES, STRAINED and
CONTINUOUS FENCING supplied by

J. Jokes & Soxs, 6, Bankside, Southwark, London, S.E.

AUSTIN'S ARTIFICIAL STONE, Invented 1826,
T ho entire Stock of tliis Manufactoiy compiiscs

180 diOerent MODELS of VASES.
VO diffcroiit MODELS of TAZZAS.
About 200 different FOUNTAINS.
74 STATUES from the Antique, and by Modern Artists, and

SMALL FIGURES of CHILDREN,
- 22 SUN-DIAL PEDESTALS.
GARDEN SEATS.

15 BASKETS, from 12s. to Seven Guineas.
SHELLS, suitable either for WATER or ROCK PLANTS,

from 18 inches to 12 feet diameter.
JAIID1NIJ;RES, or largo BOWLS for M ASSESof FLOWERS.
63 FIGURES of ANIMALS and BIRDS.
ORNAMENTAL RIMS to WATER BASINS.
31 BAPTISMAL FONTS.

CRESTS and other ORNAMENTS for GATE PIERS.
BALUSTRADING, in various styles.
TRIPOD, and other ANTIQUE PEDESTALS.

to 3?5, Eustou-^

Manufactured by AcsTis, Seelev, & Co., at Nos.
Road, Regent's Park, N.W.

MOULE'S PATENT EAETH CLOSETS.

PERFECT SUBSTITUTE FOR WATER CLOSETS.
NO UNWHOLESOME CESSPOOLS.
NO BAD SMELLS.

IKYALUABLE IN HOSPITALS, GAOLS, UNIONS,
MILLS, ETC.

NO WATER PIPES TO GET OUT OF ORDER.
THE BEST NIGHT COMMODES.
MAY BE APPLIED TO ANY EXISTING CLOSET.
EARTH RECOMMENDED BY THE PRIVY COUNCIL
IN THEIR " CHOLERA " CIRCULAR.

A VALUABLE MANURE SAVED.

MOULE'S PATENT EARTH CLOSET COMPAKY, LIMITED,

29, BEDFORD STREET, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.
Manager, Mr. T. M. EVANS.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mr. gray b?gs to call the attention of the Nobilit}', Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to his

NEW OVAL TTJBXJLAB BOILES,

Acknowledged by practical judg-cs to he a great improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with
one-third less the amount rcquhcd by any other.

Extract from Meport in Gaudeners' CnnoxiCLE oj International Exhibition, May 21, 1862, page 476.

" The uprighc form cf Boiler is usually niade on a circular pl.an, I rather than a square, it seems feasible that the Boilers on the oval
but the oval femi Riven to Mr. Gkav'b variety of it is said to be plan should brins the tubes more completely within ranRe of the
prefcniblo m tcnsequcnce of its bringing the tubes in closer contact burning fuel; and this being so, the chiffige, though a slight one,
with the fire. The usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram 1 is no doubt an improvcraent.

ig^ Thiy are riiacle of all Uzes, which, with prices, inai/ be had on application.

JA5IES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL "WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAP, CHELSEA, S.W.

Lawn Mowers.

GREEN'S PATENT. I SAMUELSON'S PATENT.
SHANKS' PATENT. I BARNARD'S PATENT.

DEANE & CO.,

46, KING WILLIAM ST., LONDON BRIDGE.
Horticultural Tools, &c.

LAWN MOWING MACHINES, 60s., rOs., OOs., 140s.

GARDEN B.AUROWS, Wood and Iron, 21s. ana 20s.

GARDEN ENGINES, Galvanised Iron. Prices, 60s.. C5s., 78s., 90s., I003., IIOS.

GARDEN ROLLERS, £1 10s., £1 lis., £2. £2 ^s. M., £2 12s. M., £3 2s. M.

SfEEL DIGGING FORKS, SPADES, SCYTHES. ,tc.

GREENHOUSE SYRINGES and GARDEN PUMPS.

WIRE NETTING and ORNAMENTjVL WIRE WORK.

GARDEN SEATS and CHAIRS.

FLOWER STANDS, Cast-iron and Wire.

STRAINED WIRE FENCING and IRON HURDLES.

HOT-WATER FITTINGS for GREENHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES,
FORCING PITS, ic.

Bsane's New Illmtrated Horticultural Catalogm post free '
on application.

Established a.d. 1700.

DEANE ajjd CO., 40, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, E.G.

THE "NIAGARA" FORCE PUMP

(Holman's Patent)

Deliveis .1 continuous stream under the ioflucnce of a Double-action Air-
vesfel, and the water being forced out both at the upward and downward movement
of the handle, a steady jet or stream is thereby effected.

For Watering Garden-beds, Plants, and Footpaths, "Washing Carriages, ,
Windows, t.\:c., the great advantage of a continuous stream over an intermittent '
jet will be very obvious.

The " I^iagara" is light, extremely easy to work, and very substantially made.

The release of one screw only gives immediate facility to esamine all the
■working details.

Special Machinery has been erected capable of producing these excellent
Fngincs with great speed and accuracy, thus the price is considerably less than
hitherto charged for Single-acting Pumps, which give just one-half the result.

Price SOs. each, with Hose and Fittings complete.

Orders for three at a time and itpioards delivered free to any Mailway Staiionj .
in Great Britain^ also Dtiblin, Cork, and Belfast.

'/ "^ Wholesale Agents and Manufacturers of Pumps, Garden Engines, and Fire Engines,

TANGYE BKOTHEES and HOLMAN,
^^ LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, LONDON.

^ KoTE. — A large Stock kepi. A liberal Discount gii-en.

June 22, 1867.J

THE GAKDV.NERS' CIIRUNICLE j\ND AGRlOUl/rUEAL GAZETTE.

673

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANUFACTUKED BY

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

■ No. 1. No. 2. No. 4.

c

-tOTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

' cow FITTINQS.

Tliis Edging is Maniit'actui'cd in Vitrified Stoneware and in Terra Cotta, and is "\v.\niiANTED imperishable.
DIIAIN PIPES, TEKEA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &(:.

HENRY DOULTON and CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

Their advantaces aro — Portability, not Fixtures, roniov.iblo at
pleasm-u, no Woodwork or Partitinns to Impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Ilay Hack dlsponned with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Fi;ediny Truugha, Water Cibtem, and PatGiit Drop
Cover to prevent over-gortjinp. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
Infection, being nil of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow. 66s,

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Worlts, 2, Winslov Street
{opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, Loudon, W., wKere the
above are exhibited, together with several Important Improvementa

iu fcitable Fittings just secured by Patent.

JOHN WAENEK & SONS,

BRASS AND BELL FOUNDERS

TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDRAULIC ENGIlEl

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.G.

J. W. AUD SONS' GOODS MAY BE OBTAISIDD OP THE TRADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES :-

No. 39. WAENERS' CRYSTAL PALACE FIRE ENGINE, OR PORTABLE FORCE PUMP.

■ ^Vith this compact, portabk

and generally useful Engine, o ic

man will tlirow from 1.5 to 18

gallons of water per niinute to a

hiiglit of 50 feet. All its working 'C-v:

parts are of Brass, tlie BaiTow of

"Wrought Iron ; easy access to tlie

valves is gained, and tlie woil _ -j — ^

manship tlu-oughout is sub "5

stantial. Not only will it bt

found most useful in cases of <^

Fire, wherever a supply of watei

can be obtained, but also f i

Watering Lawns or Fruit Trees

Price on Barrow, with Branch Pipe, Spreader, tTnions, and Suction Rose
If in. S-pIy Rubber Suction Pipe, per foot, 2s. 2d. IJ-in. ditto Delivery Hose,

WARNERS' GARDEN ENGINES,

WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.
These Engines are much improved in construction, are less likely to
get out of order, and more easily repaii-ed than others.

No. 517. Best ENGINES, in Wood Tubs.
2i Gallons . . £G 10 0 | 14 Gallons . . £5 10 0

No. 547a. Strong ENGINES, in Galvanized Iron Tubs, well
painted inside and out.

10 Gallons . . £2 19 0 | 24 Gallons . . £4 19 0

16 Gallons . . 3 14 0 28 Gallons . . 5 10 0

Crystal Palace, Sydexhau,
March 2, 1807.

Messrs. Warner & Sons,

" Gentlemen, — I feel great
pleasure in stating that I was
present at a trial of your small
Crystal Palace Fire Engine, and
was much pleased with its
efficiency and simplicity.

" The Pump throws out a
steady jet of water to a height of
50 feet with very little labour.
The Pump we have is well made,
very simple in its parts, and not
likely, I tliiuk, to get out of order.
The advantage of this Pump is its
being very portable. Besides
being a good Fire Engine, it will
make an excellent Garden Engine.
" I remain. Gentlemen,
" Tours obediently,
" Edwin Eose,

" Engineer to tlio Ci7stal Palace Co.

... £6.

Is. 4d.

No. 547, in Wood. 547a, in Iron Tub.

579^. WARNERS' WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time in Watering with the Water Pot.
Made of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and p.ainted inside and out.

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 13 inches high . . . . £2 2 0

„ 30 „ „ 20 „ .. .. 2 13 0

„ 38 „ „ 24 „ .. .. 3 17 0

„ 60» „ „ 24 „ .. .. 6 12 0

* Thl3 is an extra strong ai-ticle, with cross handle lor two men, suitable for
Nursery Grounds, &c.

679}.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &c.

I^° Estimates for any dacription of MydrauUc Machinery forwarded on application.

674

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRICUTTTTRAL GAZETTE.

1

[June 22, 186?.

s

HAW'S TIFFANY.

For samples and prices apply to
J. Shaw & Co., 29. Osford Street, Manchester.

ET. ARCHER'S "FRIG I D 0 M 0."—
• Patronised by her Majesty the Queen, the Duke ofNortb-
mnberlanri for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
and Sir Joseph Paxton for the Crystal Palace, Roysl Zoological
Society, &c.

PROTECTION from the SCORCHING KAYS of the SUN.

" FRIGI DOMO" NETTING. White or Browu, made of prepnred
Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor of hoiit or cold, keeping a
fixed temperature where it is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-
cultural and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and
Flowers from the Scorching Rays of the Sun, from Wind, from
Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosta. To be had in any
required lengths,

" FRIGI DOMO "

L per yard run.

' NETTING, 2 yards ^vide, Is.
•'FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide Is. 9d. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. 6tj. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. 9d. per yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s. 8d. per yard run.
Elisha Thomas Archer, Whole and Solo Manufacturer, 7, Groat
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It is much cheaper than Mats as a covering."

BENJAMIN EDGINGTON'S RICK CLOTHS.

EICK CLOTHS, Now and Second-hand, with
Poles, &c., complete.

MAEQUEES and TENTS, for Croquet, Cricket,
and Archery.

TEMPOEAEY EOOMS on HIEE for Balls,
Dinners, Parties, &c.

An Illustrated Catalogue post free on application. ^

Be particular to Address, BENJAMIN EDGINGTON (in fuU),

(Tent and Eick Cloth Maker by special appointment to the Queen and Prince of "Wales,)

2, DUKE STREET, foot of LONDON BRIDGE, S.E.

No other Mstahlishment.

WARNER'S SILICATE OF IRON PAINT.

The peculiarities and advantages of this PAINT are that it -will stand extreme Heat and Damp, and is not affected by Acid, Sea Water, Sulphuretted,
Hydrogen, or Ammonia. It is eq\ially well adapted for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Every Shade of Colour ground to order. The Creamy White and'
Bright Stone will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of the fumes of Gases. It has no smell, and there is an entire absence of deleterious effect.

WARNER'S ANTI TERMITE COMPOSITION

Is suitable for Felt Roofing, and is a cheap Coating for Iron Work, and preserves "Wood in India from the ravages of the "White Ant.

Price Is. 3d. per Gallon.

17, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.G.

EIDDELL'S

PATENT PORTABLE ILASTIC PIPE JOINT.

Especially' adapted for EOT-WATER PIPES for "WARMING CHURCHES, PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, CONSERVATORIES, HOT-HOUSES, &c.. is extremely simple,
perfectly watertight, saves four-fifths of the time and labour in erecting hot-water work, can
be rapidly put together by an ordinai'y workman, and can be removed and re-erected without
injury to pipes or joints.

Frospecttis and JPrice List free.

EIDDELL'S

PATEIT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

Fm; "WARMING CHURCHES, CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &c., by the
circulation of Hot Water, requires no brick-work setting, saves half the fuel usually consumed, is
not liable to get out of repair, is easilv regulated, will work from 8 to 20 hours without attention,
and is made in sizes capable of heating Irom 30 to 5000 feet of 4 Inch pipe.

Frospectus and Price List free.

PATENT PIPE JOINT.

J, HADLEY RIDDELL, Patentee, 155, CHEAPSIDE, E.G.

PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

IMPROVED LAWN MOWING MACHINES.

EVERT MACHINE 'WAEEANTED.

PRICES.

Delivered ¥ree to any Jtailway Station in Great Britain,

Cutting 12 inches wide £4 10 0

Cutting 14 inches wide 550

Cutting 16 inches "wide 600

Cutting 19 inches wide . , 6 10 0

Cutting 22 inches wide 7 10 0

Cutting 25 inches wide . . . . . . . . . , 12 0 0

Cutting 30 inches wide 15 0 0

Cutting 36 inches wide 18 0 0

Great improvements have been made in these Machines dunng the last few years, in regard to all those small but important points of superiority which the practical working
of a Lawn Mower suggests ; while for elegance of appearance, lightness of draft, and efficiency in working they cannot be excelled. They possess the following advantages :—

1st. Motion is given to the Cutting Apparatus by toothed gearing, which experience has proved to be by far the best method of driving.

2d, The whole of the Driving Wheels are on one side of tile Machine, a point of great importance in preventing damage to Shrubs and Flowers, when mowing round tb
edges of beds.

3d, All the smaller working parts of the Machine are made of Malleable Iron, and are not liable to break.

^^ Illustrated Price Lists, with selections from several Thousand Testimonials, Free by Post on application.

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS, BANBURY.

LONDON ■WAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.G.
.\GENTS :— Messrs. TANGYE BROTHERS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE PODNTNET LANE; Messrs. DEANE aud CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DRAt)
TAYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.C. ; and all respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom.

June 22, 1867.J

THE GAEDENERS' OTTRONTOT.E AND AfiRTCULTTTl^AL GAZETTE.

676

/^ARSON'S ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,

\J Patronised by the Nobility Mid Gentry, Is extensively used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, luid Is proved, after a test
of 70 years, to surpass any otber Paint. It Is especially applicable
to Iron Wood, Stone, Brick, Conipo, and Is the only Paint that will
effectually resist the rays of the sun upon Conservatories, Oreen-
houses. Frames, &o. Is twice as durable tia genuine Whito Lead, so
simple in application that any person can use It. Per cwt.

WHITE, LIGHT STONK. BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS ■ 3"»-

LBAD,CnOCOLATK, RED, PURPLE, BROWN, and BLACK 2li».

BRlGHr GRKEN, UKEt' OREEN, and BLUE lii.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSIOK.

OILS. TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, 4o.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Ports

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post ft-eo.

Walter Carson k Sons,

La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgato Hill, London, E.C.

Caution,— .Vll Ciisks should boar tiio Tr;i(le Murk. No Agents.

^n'^<^.U^ll(''''-^'.:^~<j223

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent BUbstltute for oil paint on all out-door work, and i3 fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used In the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the eoats of many
hundreds of the nobility and Rentry, from whom the most flattering
teatmionlals huve been received, which IIill 4 Smitq will forward on
appticitlon.

From the Right lion. Lord Greenock, TT'oorf End, Thirsk

■■ T.ord Gioonock has aoeu the Patent Black Varnish made by
Mes.srs. IIiLL A; Smitu, applied with success, and has heard it highly
rciMuimeudod by friends who have tested it extensively."

Sold in casks of about 3U gallons eacu, at \s. lid. per gallon, at the
Mp.iiufftctoi'y.or Is. Hd. per i:;aUon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to tiiLL ft Smith. Hrieily Ulll Iron Works, near Dudley, and
'22. Cannon Street West, E.C, from whom only it can be obtained.

R

Patent Rick Ventilator. Manufactured by
ICHARD GARRETT and SONS,

\) Leiston Works, Suffolk.

The above represents a Section of a Heated iiay ^tack, showing
the Patent Ventilating Apparatus in operation.

This Apparatus will be found a complete and perfect means of
detecting and promptly reducing Heat in Corn and Hay Stacks.
Price £1 lis. 6rf. each.

Full description forwarded on applioition to RicHAitn Garrett &
SoK8, Leiston Works, Suffolk (Sole Manufacturers).

w.

S. BOULTON'S 36--aUoii SWING WATER

BARROW. Price 45s.
Carriage paid to any Station in England.

The above is very cheap and invalurible for carrying Liquids of ali
kinds. No Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard ihouJd be with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Carriage at a snviU
addliiooal cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to tnivf.
long distances over rough ground a Pony an be attached. The
wheels and carriage are ivrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowing, out of many Tostimotiials, have been received : —

From Lord Otho Fitzqerai-d, JVest Park, Salisbur}/.

"Sir, — You are welcnme to iimke use of my letter recommendini^
your Watijr Barrow. I find it of great use, and stronger, bettec,
lighter, and mure serviceable than one I had mide in the neii,'li-
bourhootl, the carnage aloiio of which, without thu barrel, cost mt
£3 10a. I unfortunately ordered It before I saw your advertisement
—I am, your^ obediently, " O. Fitzqehald."

' "To Mr. W. S. BouLTON.'

From Tijos. Inole, Esq., M.D., Einsioorlh, Hants, June 24, 1866.

"Sir, — The Swing Water Barrow ia in every respect a most admir-
able improvement on all I have hitherto used m my Gardens. All
parties who have seen it. Gentlemen as well aa Gardeners, havi
bestowed uprin it their unqiialifled approval, and several said "hey
Would order them of yoiL— Yours truly, " Tnos, Inolb, M.D."

**ToMr. W. S. BooLTON."

Roie Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

Horticultural Glass WareliouBe.

THOMAS M I L L I N G T 0 N and CO.,
87, Blshopsgftto Street Without, London, E.C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD IIOUSK GLASS as supplied to Her
M.ijesty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivera, and the loading Hortl-
culturlsts of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

in. In.

. by V

-" >'j' '•> \

lilt by 13 1 (la (

'JO by 14 VPor 100 foot^

liOby Ifil (.21 (

20 bv 10-'

4th8.

Boat.

20 by 10

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 feet.

In. In.im. In-Jln. in.lln. in. I 4tbs. i 3da. [ 2nd3. , Best.

(J by 4 7 by fi 8 by 0 0 by 7 I 19. -i,? n« ^,i Kim Orf iss od
ti4by4ii7iby mI 8i by Oil »i by 74 1|12« J<iH3s 3ci|10s Od| 18s Od

i'er lou foot.

10 by 8

10) by 81

11 by 9

11) byO)

12

bv 0

1-J by ut

u

by »

12

by iu

I21by lOJIlli by 111)) |
13 by 11) llii by 10 M
I3i by lOi n by II f
H by 10 14 by 11 J I

lisdtt

ns3(i\WaOd

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

In. 111. In.
15i by lOi 14 by 12
10 by 10 ll44 by 12i
Hi bv UJ 15 by 1'^

16 by U
ISibylll
10 by 11
21 by 11
13 bv 1

161 by 12j
111 by 12
ll>| by 121

17 by 12

18 by 12

4tb8.

14s 3d

3ds.

169 Cd

2ada, i Best

18s ed 20s Od

in. in. I In. In.

22 by 12 22 by 10

17 by 13 24 by 10

23 by 13 20 by 17

18 by 14 22 by 17
22 by 14 I 21 by 17

24 by 14 20 by 18
22 by 16 22 by 18
24 by 16 I 24 by 18

The above Prices are only for tlio Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.

SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 0 to 0 feet super,
16 oz. 21 oz.

4ths quality, per SOO feet case, 38s.

3ds
2d8
Best

488.
02s.
02s.

4tbs quality, per 200 feet case, 38s.
3tls „ „ 48.f.

2d3 „ „ COS.

Best „ „ DOS.

SHEET GLASS is inado only in the following substances, 15 oz.,
21 oz., 20 oz., 32 oz., 30 oz., ftnd42oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROnoH PLATE In
l-8th in,, 3-16th in,, l-4th in., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GL/VSS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Gliisses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &c.

PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &o.

.STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 30s. per cwt. One hundredweightlif pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and sis gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Piilnt.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 34s. per civt.
Antl-corroslon Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinai-y
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon.

Per cwt. — s. d.
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEilD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, 3(1. to4if/, per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.

to lid. per lb.
„ RAW U5IBER. 4id. to
(id. per lb. [per lb.

,. BURNT do,, Cd. to Oii.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to 00 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 30 0
RED PAINT .. 2Ss. to 30 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOL.S.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon. — s. d.
LINSEED OIL .. ..3 2
BOILED OIL .. ..3 8

TURPENTINE .. ..3 6
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

Ss. to 9s. per cwt.
FlneOAKVARNISH,105.tol2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. 10s. to 12 0

„ COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE .. 10 0

„ BLACK JAPAN .. 12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
exchangi

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

Glass for Garaen Purposes.
AMES PHILLIPS and

beg to submit their REDUCED PRICES as follows;.

PROPAGATING

C 0.

Each

-s. d.

Each.— s. d.

2 inches In diameter

0 3)

12

inches in

diameter .. 19

0 4i

„

0 6)

14

„

„ .. 2 e

0 6)

16

,,

„ .. 3 c

0 8

10

„

..3 6

0 10

17

„

„ .. 4 C

1 0

18

,,

..6 0

1 2

la

„

..6 0

0

1 4

20

..7 0

HYACINTH and FLOWER DISHES.
0 inches diameter . . ..Is. Oct. | 9 inches diameter .

1 0

12 inches diameter
Hyacinth Dishes are intended to contain a number of Roots
Bedded in and covered with Moas, instead of the common Hyacinth
Glass.

LACTOMETERS, for Testing the Quality of Milk.

48. Gd. I Six Tubes . . . . 68. 6d.
With Stands complete.

WITH
OPEN TOPS.

Four Tubes

Painted and Glazed with 16-oz. Sheet Glass,

London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes,
BRITISH PLATE. PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOtJRED. and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
erms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillips & Co., 180, Bishopsgate Street Without, E.C.

W'HITE and SOUND TEETH are indispensable to
personal attraction, and to health and longevity, bv the
proper mastication of food. ROWLANDS' ODONTO, or Pearl
Dentifrice, preserves and imparts a pearl-like whiteness to the Teeth,
eradicaies Tartar and spots of Incipient decay, strengthens the Gums,
and gives a plensijig fragrance to the Breath, Its truly efficient nnu
fragrant aromatic properties have obtained its selection by her
Majesty the Queen, and the Soverudgns and Nobility throughout
Europe. Price, 2a, Od. per box. Sold by Chemists and Perfumers.
'%" Aflk for " Rowlands' Odonto.'

s

A N K S' N E W

LAWN MOWEItS.

PATENT

HAND MACHINE.
These are tho only Machines in daily use in all the Royid Gardens.
Those are tho only Machinufl that will mow properly when ihe
Grass Is wot.

These aru tho only Machines that will last for years without
requlnng repair.

Illustrated Circulars with full particulars free on application.

A. Shanks & Son, Dens Iron Works, Arbroath.

London Office and Show Rooms — 27, Leadenhall Street, E.C.

C3^ 27, Leadouhall Street, is the only place in London where

intending purcha-sors of Lawn Mowers can choose from a stock of

160 to 200 Machines. All sizes kept there whether for Horse, Pony,

or Hand-power,

To BE SOLD, several CANVAS COVERINGS, in
various sizes, .suitable for Agricultural and Horticultural Showc,
and for Rick Covers or Marquees, Stc. Can bo seen at Mr. Mannino'b,
251, High ilolbom, London.

Also for Immediate Sale, and may be seen now in uso at the
Southern Counties Agricultural Show-yard, Hove, Brighton, about
60U IRON CATTLK HURDLES.

Tho Entrances and Portable Offices, Including Turnstile Registers,
Exits, Secretary's Offlco, &c.

For particulars, apply to Bisnop & Co., Show Yard, Hove; or
Mr. Manning, 261, High Holbom. ____^_

The Gardener's Watch,

PATENT LEVER WATCH iu
Engine-turned Silver Case, with all the
latest improvements, jewelled, seconds hand,
strong, and calculated for hard wear, il. lis. 6(1.
The same Watch in Hunting Cases, U. 5s.
STRONG SILVER ALBERT and GUARD
CHAINS.

The above being Manufactured on the Pre-
mises, are with confidence recommended and
warranted for correct performance.
Illustrated Pamphlet, and all particulars gratis, on application to
Goldsmiths' Alliance (Limited), 11 & 12, Cornhill, London, E.C.

Sauce.— Lea & Ferrlns

WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE.—

This delicious Condiment, pronounced by Connoisseurs
"THE ONLY GOOD SAUCE," is prepared solely by Lea & Perrihs.
The public are respectfully cautioned against worthless imitations,
nnd should see that Lea & Perriks' Names are on Wrapper, Label,
Bottle, and Stopper. Asa for Lea & Perriks' Sacce.

*,* Sold Wholesale and for Export, by the Proprietora, Worcester ;
Messrs. Crossk & Blacbwell ; Messrs. Barclay h Sons, London, &c.,
and by Grocers and Oilmen universally.

w

niTE TURKEY COCK and HEN to be SOLD,

of pure first-class breed, not two years old, for £3.
Apply to L. L., Bridge End Home, Ockham, Woking Station.

Farm Poultry

GREY DORKING t'OWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTKA, CREVECtEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on appbcation.
JoBN Bailv & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

JOHN GIBSOM, JuN., bega to announce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or othenvise.
Address Mr. John Girson, jun., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

/ ^ EORGE F. aiORRIS (of the Firm of Protreroe
or & Morris) undertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasehold and Reversionary Property
of every description. Farming and Market Garden Produce, House-
hold Furniture. Stock in frade, Ac,
Auction and Estate Agency Office, The Limes, Leytonstone, Essex.

To Market Gardeners and Dairy Farmers.

MR. SEARLE, Auctioneer and Land Agent,
2, Bond Court, Walbrook, London, E.C, solicits instructions
from Market Gardeners and others, who require VALUATIONS
or S^VLES by AUCTION of Land, Timber, Growing Crops. Cattle,
Sheep, and other Farming Stock. Railway and similar compensa-
tion claims adjusted.

TT'OR DISPOSAL, a First-clasa NURSERY and SEED
1- BUSINESS ; or the present Proprietor would accept of a

WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1500.
Apply by letter to E., Messrs, Hurst & Son, 6, Leadenhall Street.

London. E.G.

To Florists, &C.

TO BE SOLD, the LEASbl of a FLORIST'S SHOW
and SALE BUSINESS. Large and handsome Glasshouse.
In one of the best and most commanding positions in the West-end
of London. To a grower would be invaluable.
Messrs. pRtiTiiKRoK & MoRRrs, Horticultund Agents, Leytonstone.

To Nurserymen and Market Gardeners,

TO BE LDT, from MicbaelnKis next, a COMJIODIOUS
HOUSE, called POOL HOUSE, with Outbuildings, Yards,
Garden, and Paddock, a L.ibourer'8 Cottage, situate on the west
blink of the River Severn, near to Upton- 3n-Sevem, and having the
Turnpike Road from that Town to Malvern passing close to Pool
House and through the Estate. The Arable Land is in 5 pieces,
and contains 41a. Ir. 7p.. and Ls a fertile and deep liam on a
bed of gravel, and well suited for conversion into Nursery and
G^irden Land. There is also a piece of good Meadow Land contain-
inc 14 acres, which may be had if required.

Pool House is within I mile of the Upton-upon-Sevem Station on
the Tewkesbury and Malvern Railway, and Smiles from the Town
of Malvern.

For fuither particulars apply to Messrs. J. Cabtree & Son, Land
Agents, College Green, Gloucester-

^alcis 6b ftuctton.

Clapbam Common.

A number of very lino FRUIT TREES, of beat Tanetlea, In foil
bearing, and many of which are First Prize plants.

ME. STEVENS is instructed to SELL by AUCTION,
on the Premises of C. T. Lucas. Kaq.. "The Sister House,
Clapham Common, on SATURDAY. June 29, at 12 for 1 o LlooK
precisely, about 120 Choice FRUIT TREES of superior tieacrptlon
In Pots, and now in full bearine, and amongst wh.ch are known
varieties of Peaches, Apricots, Nectarines, Plums, Pears, 4c.

On view three days prior to Sale, and Cataloguee had of Mr.
Vatican, the Gardener, on the Premises; and of the Auctioneer,
Mr. Jauxb Stkvbns, Clapham Common.

676

THE GARTJENEliS' GHSONIOLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 22, 1867.

GEEEN'S PATENT SILENS^ MESSOE,

OB

lOISELESS LAWM MOWING, ROLLING, and COLLECTIIG MACHINES.

PATRONIZED BY

HEK MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QtJEEN ^^^\,^'^ '^^^ ^^^'^ ^^ "^^^ BELGIANS.

ON T-WENTY-NINE DIFFERENT OCCASIONS. _ ^^l'^^^*^ THE EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH.

H.E.H. THE PRINCE OF VALES. &.' "'..'Si THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.

AND MOST OF THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

THOMAS GREEN AND SON, in introducing their PATENT LA"WN MOVERS for the present season, beg to state that they hare no Novelties to report. The fact ia,
that after the severe tests theii- Machines have been subjected to Eince they added then- latest iniproveuients, they have beeu found to meet all the requirements for which they
are intended, viz. : — the keeping of Lawns in the highest state of perfection.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be ■n'orked with far greater ease than any other Lawn Mower extant ; and in proof of their
superiority, 39,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

THEY ARE THE OWLT MACHINES IN CONSTANT TISE AT

THE KOYAi HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETrS GARDENS, SOUTH KENSINGTON

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, REGENT'S PARK

THE CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GARDENS, SYDENHAM

BUCKINGHAM PALACE GARDENS

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE

THE HYDE PARK GARDENS

THE WINTER PALACE GARDENS, DUBLIN

THE DUBLIN BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LIVERPOOL BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LEEDS ROYAL PARK

THE HULL BOTANIC GARDENS
THE BOTANIC GARDENS, BRUSSELS
THE SUNDERLAND PARK
THE PRESTON PARK

AND IN MOST OF THE PRINCIPAL PARKS, SQUARES, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

GREEN'S

PATENT

LAWN MOWERS

have proved to be the best, and
canied off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of com-
petition.

T. GREEN & SON

w:irrant every Machine to give
entire satisfaction, and if not
approved of can bo returned
unconditionally.

PRICES of HORSE, PONY, and DONKEY MACHINES, including Patent Self-delivery Bo.': ; Cross Stay complete ; suitable for attaching to

ordinary Ch,aiu Traces or Gig Harness.

PONY AND DONKEY MACHINES.

To Cut 26 inches £13 0 0 \

n„ 1": n n ( I'eather Boots for Donkei/, 18s.

" "'*' ' '^ " " I Zeather Boots for Foni/, 22s.

„ 30 „ 17 0 o;

To Cut 30 inches
„ 36 „ ..

42
„ 48 „ .,

HORSE MACHINES.

£21 0 0\

2i 0 0

27 0 0

30 0 0

Leather Boots for Jlorse-, 26s.

Both the Horse, Pony, Donkey, and Hand Machines possess (over all other Makers) the advantage of Self-sharpening. The cutters being steel on each side, when they
become dull or blunt by running one way round the cylinder, can be reversed again and again, bringing the opposite edge of the cutter against the bottom blade, when the
Machine will cut equal to new. An-angements are made that the cylinder can bo reversed, by any inexperienced person, in two or three minutes.

HAND MACHINES.

To Cut 10 inches

,. 14 „
„ 16 .,

, £3 10 0 Suitable for a lady

4 10 0

5 10 0 Suitable for One Person

6 10 0

To Cut 18 inches .. £7 10 0 SuitaUe for One Person

„ 20 ,,..800 Suitable for Tm Persons
„ 22 „ .. S 10 0
„ 24 „ .. 9 0 0

Packing Cases are charged at the following low rates, viz. :— for the 10 and 12-inch Machine, 3s. ; 14 and 16-inch, 4s. ; 18 and 20-inch, 6s. ; 22 aud 24-inch, 6s. Parties
providing themselves with Lawn Mowers are recommended to purchase the cases in which to stow them away, when not in use, to prevent them from getting damaged ; Jl
returned, two-thirds will be allowed for them.

The above MACHINES are made from the beat materials, and of superior -n-orkmansliip ; arc delivered Cai-riage Free to all the principal Railway-Stations and Shipping PortB

in England.

Every Machine is wan-anled to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of, can he returned unconditionally,

T. G. AND SON have to state that the demand for their LAWN MO'WEKS this season has been unprecedented, -which ia a proof of the high estimation in which the)

are held. The 300O Machines they had in stock at the commencement of the season are now materially reduced, still with their present facilities they are prepared ti

execute Orders on the day they are received.

Saving taken very extensive Premises in London, tee are in a position to do all kinds of Repairs there, as well as at our Letds Ustablishment .

THOMAS GREEN and SON, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS -

and 64 and b5, BLACKEBIAES EOAD, LONDON, S.

Editorial Commnnicatlona should be addressed to " The Editor ; ■' Adyertlseinents and Business Letters to " The PabUsher," at the OIHce, 41, WelUaiirton Street, Covent Gardeo, London, W.C. «.,.,„»«, at the

Printed by J*.me3 iMatthrws, at the Office of Messrs. BaiDBuaT. Evans, & Co., Loiubai-d Street, Precinct of WhiteEriars, City of London, in tbe Co. of Ididdleses, and Publiahed by tjhe said Jambs ftiAirHEiYs, «v
Office, No. 41, WeUIngtpn Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Cot ent Garden, in the said County.— Satcrdat, June 22, 1867.

THE

GARDENERS'

AND

CULTURAL

CHRONICLE

No. 2G.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, JUNE 29.

I Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, GI.

INDEX.

iilluvo, proftresa of

lUuiul notes, Conti-

iiiisl out..

i-,siimll

ii<l)sto1icVk'arago ....

' .^ noticoil 68

i^fs V. Turnips

]i1nsuu

tisRinuoa ,

:i , theory of

II «L- plnnts G

iiictilse.cmnty 6

k-neis' Rojal Uene^'oleot
ii'<lituttou t;

(;i..|.c. Kova! jVscot .

llHvswrcp

LUiiiui nurntitm

^liiiu'fi.Mndeii'a

Mnnurc closet

Mmiii's (Mr.) fiirm .
Miltc sickness

.il

Oit'liiils. ffcundntlon o(

I'ului, }:rcut Fun

I'liris, letter from

Pt'iiohea droppintr

l*<'ncli tipp Imemls

I'rns, enily .,

rchirj-'oniiinis, viirlcciited ....

- Ivy l.Hvert

— wJntc'viii^'

rcl.-ir

601 a

om b

fiH3 h

I'liU'.THl.le M.iimtain..

riaiits.soxuiility of

— form uf specimen

I livbvidisjition .. 681 c

. fi85 6
, (>82 a

Uosps, new ,

Hose shows

Seduhi spectnbile

Society, Leeds Horticultural

— York Horticultural ...

— Briehtou Au'iieultural,

— HiLMilnnd AKricultural

— Midland AKricultural ..

— Yoik Asticultural . . .

— Cheniieo-Aijncultural.. GflS a

Rtrawbeiriea G86 6

A'anilla planifolin 688 6

Vines in Switzerland 6B6 c

■\Vases, agricultiiral G9i c

■\Vall9, garden CUj b

687 b
687 h
093 b

C!i6 h
696 e

. 697 .

POTAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

[ t SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.

Tin3 GREAT ROSK SHOW will be HELD on TUESDAY NEXT,
ii!v 2. Band of the Scots Fusilier Guards from 4 o'Clock.
liiiiilssion by Tickets purchased before the 2d— Fellows' Friends,
.■ 0:1, ; Public, 55. ; or on the day, 73. 6rf.

I T 1 iK GltEAT ROSE SHOW.— Tickets cau be bought

ii nt Mitchell's ; Lacon's; OLLivtEn's, Bond Street; Westerton's,
. m-htsbridge ; Mkllisiiip's, Westbourno Grove; or Keitq £[

'i;'>\\ ^r.'s, Che;ip.s'do. ^^^^

R

3 !' O V AL H 0 R Tl C I ) I/r IJ K A h SO CIKT Y ,
5 \ SOUTH KENSINOTO.^, W. |

• I iTICE.— In conscqueuce of tho Great Show at Burv St. I
i;.!inuii(ls on the 10th. there will NOT be the usual MEETING at 1
> nth Kensington on that day.

1 >"0 YAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY; i

i \' FIRST VISIT TO THF. PROVINCES. |

liio GRAND EXHIBITION of PLANTS and FRUITS will OPEN ,
ouTUESDAY, July IG, in the VINE YARD. BURY ST. EDMUND'S. '
HI dose proximity to the Royal Agricultural Show. Nearly One
Tliuus:md Pounds Prizes In Money and Cups will be offered for Com-
jir^titioD. Tickets are now ready, and can be had either in London or
Burv ; for the 1st day (if purchased on or before the 15th), 5s. ;2ddftv,
!>. tif/. ; or to admit for the four days, not transferable, In, G-i. each ■
ui by Payment .at the Gates— Ist d.iy, 7s. 6rf. ; 2d day, 3s. 6d. ; 3d and
4t:ii (la^s, IR, each. B.ind of the Royal Horse Ouards dally from 2 toC.
.' --^ NEW ROSES wil 1 date from the time they are sent out In
E 1 1^1 and^

R"OYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
BURY ST. EDMUND'S SHOW.
NOTICE of ADDITIONAL SPECIAL PRIZES,— In addition to
the Society's Silver Gilt Cup, value £25, a Second Prize of £15, and
a Third Prize of jEIO, will be given.

OYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S OARDENS,
— ~ REGENT'S PARK.-WEDNESDAY NEXT, July 3, LAST
EXHIBITION this Season of PLANTS. FLOWERS, and FRUIT.
Tickets to be obtiined at the Gardons ; and of the Society's Clerk ;
Austin's Ticket Office, St. James's Hall ; by Vouchers from Fellows
of the Society, price 53., or nn the day of Exhibition, 7s. 6d. each.
Gates open at 2 o'Clock. Military Bands from 2 to 7 o'Clock,

BIRMINGHAM ROSE SHOW, JULY 4 and 5.—
For Prize Lists, apply to Mr. A. Fohbebt, Secretary, Cherry
Street, Birmingham. Entries Close June 29.

EST of ENGLAND ROSE SHOW, to be held at
the SHIRE HALL, HEREFORD, JULY 0. Over 100:Guineas
distributed in Prizes. Exhibitors are particularly requested to notice
that ENTRIES CLOSE JUNE 29.

All Communications to be addressed to Rev. C. H. Bulmer,
Honoriry Secretary, Credenhill Rectory, near Hereford.

L^EICESTliRSIIIRrE ^FL0RAL~7iid~H0RTlCUL-
T0RAL SOCIETY.
Pre3klenC—R\ght Hon. Earl Howe.
The GREAT SUMMER ROSE SHOW of this Society will be
held on the Leicester Race Course, nn TUESDAY aud WEDNE.S-
DAY. July 9 and 10. A SHOW ol BRITISH and FOREIGN BI RDS
and PIGEONS will be held in conjunction with the above Show.
For Schedules and turther partlculiws apply to
Wiirket Place, Leiceater. William Pens Cox, Secretary,

UGBY GREAT ROSIO SHOW, July 12.
t LAST DAY for ENTRIES, July 8.

£130 in Prizes ; £10 Cup.
ILiiyby, June 20. J. S. Sayaok. Hon. Secretary.

Hoyal Botanic Gardens. Kegenf a Park.

I OHN WATERER'S display of Hurdv, Sr-arlet, nnd

U other RHODODENDRONS (the only one in London) Is NOW

ui I INE BLOUM at the above Gardens, and will continue in great

peifeotion throughout the month of June.

^S- The Scarltt and White RHODODENDRON clumpa, also
the large Single Plants, which bloomed and were so much admired
at Rotten Row last year, were supplied by

John Waterer, American Nurserj', B.aR3hot, Surrey.

Koses.— Lea Bridge Road Nurseries, Le;^on, N.E.

JOHN FRASi!)lt respcctfullv invites an inspection of
his COLLECTION of ROSES, 'which ho begs to announce are
NOW IN BLOt)M. The Collcctum contains numerous Now and
flue varieties. The NiiiRories are about five milcfi from London, and
nro easily reached by Ttaiu on the Great Eastern Railway, to Lea
Bridge Station.

At^the Old Nurseries, cneshunt,

PAUL AM> SON'S UOSKS are NOW FINELY IN
BLOOM The Show is finer than for many years past.
Frequent trains to Chesliunt, one mile from the Nurseries.

Roses in Bloom.

WM. PAUL'S KOSKS are NOW IN FULL
BLOOM. Inspection reppoctfully invited. Trains almost
honrly from Shoreditch to Walthani Station, Great Eastern Railway.
Paul's Nurseries, Wall ham Cross, N.

Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near UcKfield,

THE COLLECTION of ROSES
at Woodliindg, extending over an area of several acroa of
land, is NOW COMING INTO FINE BLOOM.
Wm. Woon * Son.

Roses.

JOHN CRANSTON has the pleasure to announce
that his ROSES ARE NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and that the
whole of his stock is in the finest condition possible.

The severe frosts (which proved so destructive In many parts of
England throughout last winter) not havlns visited this locality, he
Is happy to say that his Rosea, Conifers, and other Trees, escaped
entirely tmharmed.

Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

Roses In Bloom.

THOMAS WARNER begs to state that his COLLEC-
I TION of the above, including most of the new and fine varieties.
Is NOW IN BLOOM. An Inspecton Is invited. They are seen to
the greatest advantage in the morning, or from 0 to 8 o'Clock m
the evening.

The genei-al NURSERY STOCK is regularly and frequently
transplanted, and affords a most e-\.tensive choice to persons con*
templating Planting.— The Nurseries, Leicester Abbey.

NEW ROSES for 1867.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with piices, on application.
John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by post fVoin the Author for 20 stamps.

Roses. Roses.

ROSES, on own roots and in pots, grown on now, will
flower indoors next spring, viz. : —
0 CHOICE TEAS | 3 CHOICE NOISETTES I .. p„oTrP THINAS
C ,. H.P.s I 3 „ BOURBONS | ^ ^""'^^ CHINAM

The Collection of 20 distinct and flrst-class sorts for 20s.
Post-offlce Orders on Castle Hedlnghani.
DiLLiaxoNE & WooDTuoRPE, Munro Nursery, Sible Hedlnghani. Essex.

New Roses of 1867.

TORN HARRISON begs to inform his Friends in the
Trade that be can now supply fine Plants of all the best new
ROSES at 183. per dozen, taking the full collection ; also fine extra
strong Plants of MARECHAL NIEL and ISABELLA SPRUNT, at
2s. 6d. eich; smaller Plaints, ISs. per dozen, or £7 pet 100.

LIST of the NEW ROSES can be had on applUation.

North of England Ruse Nursery, Darlington.

FITEN" D"l"D"~N~"irW~^R"O^S E,""~1867.—

COMTESSE JAUCOURT (Hybrid Perpetual) la not only the
finest New Rose of this season, but it excels anything that has been
introduced for sever d years. The flowers are large and very full ; of
exquisite form, imbricated, and expand perfectly. Colour, superb
fleshy rose, and ven" distinct ; habit vigorous.

John & Cuables Lee are nuw prepared to send out 6trong Plants
of this fine variety, at 7s. Gd. each. They also offer other fine varieties
of this season at 38. 6d. to &s. each.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammeramith,
London, W,

R

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RiOBARD Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Vines, Extra Strong from Eyes,

JOHN KELLETT begs to announce that he has a large
and fine stock ol all the leadinc? sorls fit for immediate Plantmg.
Also aU the beat varieties of ROSES, in PoLa.

Wellinpton Nursery, Heaton Chapel ; and Green Lane Nurseries,
Heitog NoFrlfl, Stockport.

Li L I U M A U R A T U M. —
Large Consignment just received, 2s. Od., Ss. 6d.. 6a. Cd., and
7«,ed. perPkOOt. Extra large selected Bulbs, lOs. Od., 12s.6d.,168.,42l3.
Bare & Sugden, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,
Covent Garden, W.C.

Foliage Plants, Edging Plants, ice.

JAMES HOLPKR can supply the followiii!: at 12s. per
100, or 7s. for 50 Plants, hamper Included ;— C0LEU3, IRESINE,
CERASTICM. LOBELIA (ihieo varieties), PERILLA, KONIGA,
TR0P.,EOLUM, HELIOTROPE, and CUPilEA.
Crown Nursery, Reading.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASS
ROSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &c., advertised at length in
this Paper in May last.

Pacl's Nuiscrics. Waltham Cross, London, N. __ _

MRS. POLLOCK GERANIUMS, 7«. and 96-. per doz. ;
VERBENAS. GERANIUMS, CALCEOLARIAS,
FUCHSIAS, LOBELIAS, ic, £1 per 100 : 5u for 10s. 6d.

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUE free on application.

W. HooPEB, New Wandsworth, S.W,

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.
TNTENDING PURCHASERS of TRICOLOR
L PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS, DIX, previous to making their
purchases. For fine foliage, excellent constitution, free growth, and
brilliancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
First-class Certificates. Plants of Miss Watson in August, £2 2s. each;
Mrs. Dix in May. 18G8, 31.^. Od. each

SUPERB VARIEGATED GERANIUMS.

BEAUTY of OULTON
PRINCESS ALEXANDRA
BICOLOR SPLENDENS
GOLD PHEASANT
GLOWWORM
LUNA

GENERAL LONGSTREET
ITALIA UNITA
MRS. LONGFIELD
YELLOW RELT
MRS. BENYON
SILVER STAR

Strong plants of the above set, 15s, Package included.
Casbon b Son, Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

Retlnospora fllifera.

JOHN STANDISH is the holder of the stork of the
above most distinct and beautiful weeping CONIFERA. It is
of a pale glaucous green, with slender thread-like branches a foot
long, which hang In the meet graceful manner, and altogether the
most di&tinct weeping plant ever ofiered to the Public. It is also
perfectly hardy. Strong^ PI ants, now re.idy, 31k, 6d. each.

Royal Nursery, Ascot.

Lomarla Gihba. &c.

A VAN GEERT, Nurseryman, Ghent, Belgium,
♦ begs to offer fine Points of this beautiful and decorative
Fern, LOMARIA GIBBA, -at 10*. per dozjn, or fiOs. per hundred;
also fine Plants of LARIX KAIMPFERII at 7^. Gd. each.
CATALOGUES (published In English) may be obtained on appU-
' cation to his Agents in London, Measrd. R. SiLBKaRAO & Sus,
I 5, Harp Lane, Tower Street, E.G.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula fimhriata.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply NKW SKKl) nf the
above, saved from choicest flowoia. In packets, Is., 2.f. 0((., and
5a. each, post free.

Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

D ORSON'S STRAIN of PRIZE CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, the finest In Cultivation.

;TS* For Present Sowing.

D ORSON'S INTERN ATK INA l„ R< lYAL HORTI-
CULTURAL. ROYAL BOTANIC, CRVSTAL PALACE, and
KINGSTON PRIZE .and UNEQUALLEIJ HYBRIDISED CAL-
CEOLARIA now ready, in Sealed Packets, with full Directions for
Sowing and Growing, Is. Qd., 2s. Gd., 'da. Gd., and 6s.

DoijsoN & So.ss, Seedsmen, Isleworth. London, W.

D

Prize Cineraria Seed.

ORSON'S UNKQUALLED STRAIN, which has
taken 60 First Prizes in six years, is now ready for sending out.

Fine new seed, in ts., 2s. Gd., and &3. pa

DoiisoN & Sons, Seed.siiien, Isleworth, London, W,

Extra Fine Fringed Primulas.

D ORSON'S OELERRATEO STRAIN, that has stood
II ten years' test, is now ready for sending out in Is., 2s. Od., and
6.1. packets. The quality may be depended upon.

DoDsON & Sons, Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W.

ILLIAMS" SUPERB STUAIN of I'KIMULX

See liirge Advertisement.

P""iaMULA"SiNKI^IS"FIJ£BKIATjVT^'.rmost superb
strain, and cannot be surpassed, 0 varieties, mixed. Is. Od, St 2s, Gd.
per packet. CALCEOLARIA and CINERARIA, extra. Is. & -Zs. Gd.
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Choice Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following : —
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRiATA.of the finest possible strain.

Red, White, or Mixed, 2s. Gd., 3s,, and 5s. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choicu strain, very fine, 2s. Gd,,

3s. 6d., and 6s. per packet,
CINERARIA, from named fiowers, 2s. Gd., 3tt. Gd., and 5s, perp.icket.
For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free.
Highgate Nurseries. London, N,

Lllium auratum.

CHARLES TURNER has strong Plants in Flower
and in Bud, which he oflers from 3*. Gd. to 15«.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

c

EMT AUKE A

CAN DID IS SIM A.

■ Wanted, 21 dozen of the above, — Price, &c,, to
Wood & Ingrau, Huntingdon.

HUSSEY AND SON beg to orter LOBEMAS, sorts,
from Cuttings; KONIGA VARIEGATA, TOM THUMB,
and MINIMUM GERANIUMS, at Is. 9.(. per dozen; BIJOU.
SHOTTESHAM PET. and GOLDEN CHAIN GERANIUMS, at 2s.
per doz. Mile End Nursery, Eaton, Norwich.

IpERNS. — Cultivators and those interested in this
beautiful cla-ss of Plants, are recommended to obtain
"HOOPER and CO.'S CATALOGUE" of every estimable species
and variety, British and Exotic. Post free for two stamps.
Hooper & Co., Covent Garden, London, W.C.

DEVONIAN FERNS.— Twenty varieties of Native
Ferns will be forw.arded carriage paid to tho Nine Elms
Station, London, or any Intermediate Goods Station on the London
and South-Westem Railway, on the receipt of a Post-office Older
for 12s., payable to Thouas Carh, Winkletgh, North Devon.

GLADIOLI BULBS

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,
2s. Gd., 3s. Gd., 6s. Gd., 7s. Gd., 9s., and 12s. per dozen.
lOs. Gd., 1.5s., 21s., 25s. to 100s. per 100.
BARit&SDon£N, Seed, Bulb, and PlantMerchauts, 12, King Street
Covent Garden, W.C.

Brltisb Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, part I, (British Ferns and their varieties, 30 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW ana PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CAT.:U.OGUE of BRmSH and EXOTIC FERNS.
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept m Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 i 23S, High Holboni. London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed F.irmers, Merchants, and Ndrsertuen,
237 4 23s, High Holborn, London. W.C.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE'S wholesale: SPRING
• PRICED LIST of tho above Seeds of 1866 growth la now

ready and may bo had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment. Wisbech.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

/IHARLKS SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
y^^ Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,
and will be forwarded post fiee on application.

Seetl Warehouse, Sleaford.

RAYNBIRD, CALDEUOTT, BAWTREE, DOVVLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited,
Cork, Seed, Manure, and Oilcake MERcnANTS,
Address, 89. Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. j or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1&62. for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

Improvement of Grass Lands, at from 53. to 10s.

per acre.
QUTTONS RENOVATING MIXTURE should be

k3 Sown after tho H;iy is carried. 6 to 12 lb. per acre.

Sutton A Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

The Best Cabbage for Spring Use is

SUTTON'S IMPt:KlAL, wliich should be Sown in
June and July. Price 8(i. per oz.. Post free. Cheaper by tha
pound. Sdttok & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

King of Swedes.

SUTTON AND RONS can supply true seed of th?
above excellent SWEDE at Is. pe. in,, or cheaper by the bushel.
Carriage free.

Royal Berkshire Siea Establishment, Keadtcg,

678

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND iGRlCtJLTURAL GAZETTE.

[Jtjne 29, 1867.

AUSTIN'S ARTIFICIAL STONE, Invented 1826.
Tho entire Stock of this Manufactory comprises
ISOdifierent MODELS of VASES.
70 different MODELS ot TAZZAS.
About 200 different FOUNTAINS.
74 STATUES from tho Antique, and by Modern Artists, and

SMALL FIGURES of CHILDREN.
22 SUN-DIAL PEDESTALS.
GARDEN SEATS.

15 BASKETS, from 12s. to Soven Guineas.
SHELLS, suitable either for WATER or ROCK PLAJSTS,
from 18 inches to 12 feet diameter.
- JARDINIERES, or large BOWLS for MASSESof FLOWERS.
53 FIGURES of ANIMALS and BIRDS.
ORNAMENTAL RIMS to WATER BASINS.
34 BAPTISMAL FONTS.

CRESTS and other ORNAMENTS for GATE PIERS.
BALUSTRADING, in various styles.
TRIPOD, and other ANTIQUE PEDESTALS.
Manufactured by Adstin, Seelev, & Co., at Nos. 3(19 to 375, Euston
Road, Regent's Park. N.W.

JAMES PHILLIPS and CO.
beg to submit their prices aa follows : —
GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSES,
As supplied by them to Mr. Rivers, to the Royal Horticultural Society,
and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentlemen of the United
Kingdom.

Each Box contains 100 feet. The prices only apply to the sizes stated
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 16.

IGoz. to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth quality . . . . 15s. Od 19s. 6d.

Third ditto 17s. Od 22». 6^.

Seconds 18s. 6d 265. Od.

English 20fi. Od 27s. Od.

The above prices include the boxes, which are not returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes. 16-oz., in 100 feet boxes, boxes included.

These prices only apply to the sizes stated.

11 by

18 ,
IC ,
10 ,

!)

12 by 9

13 by 9

Ill

IS „ 10

14 „ 10

11

14 „ 11

IS

15 „ 12

16 „ 11

V,!

19 „ 12

16 „ 12

in

17 „ 13

20 ,. 12

T4

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

IT „ 14

18 „ 14

20 „ 14

By Her Majesty's Koyal Letters Patent.

14 by

15 „ 1

3rd8.
s. d.

16 to 17 oz, to the foot.

\2s.Sd.
13s. M.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feet Boxes.
0 by 4 6J by 4} 7 by 5 7! by 6) )
8 by 6 SJbyOI 9 by 7 9i by Jj J
10 by 8 lOJ by 8!
Boxes 2s. each, retainable at full pnce.
London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT RODGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colour-S, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes,
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James PniLLirs & Co., ISO, Bishoijsgate Street Without, E.G.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLINGTON akd CO.,
87, Bishopsgiie Street Without, London, E.C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Majesty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivers, and tho leading Horti-
culturists of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

20 by 12 ,

20 by 13 / (-15 oz.

20 by 14 VPer 100 feot.^ ■

20bvl6l t21 oz.

20 by 10'

4ths.
14s 3rf

19s 6d

3rd8. 2ndR.
158 Od 18s M

Best.
20s Orf

sort

22» 2d 26s Oii

I

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

in.lin. ln.lin. in. [in. in. | 4tbs, i 3ds. | 2nd8. j Best.

0 by 4 7 by 6 8 by 0 9 by 7 1 io.m his M ifi« n.i is.n.
6>by4i|7iby 6!| 8J by Oil 9i by 74^ |l« 3(I|138 sajlOs 0d|18s Ot

Per 100 feet.

In.

10 by 8 112 by 0
101 by 8i 12* by 9i

11 by 9 13 by 9
lU byoj 12 by 10

12i by 101114) by ion
13 by 10 15 by 10 (
131by lOi 13 by 11 C
14 by 11 )

11 by 10 I

13s Srt

14s Od

LARGE SHEET SQDARES, 16 oz., per 100 feat.

in. in. I in.

161 by 10) 14 by 12

-" 14) by 12)

16 by 10
141 by 111
16 by 11
151 by 11)
16 by 11
21 by II
13 by 12

16 by 12
151 by 12)
10 by 12
10) by 12)

17 by 12

18 by 12

149 3d

16s 6d

18s 6d

20s Od

in. 4tb6. 3ds. 2ndB. Best

22 by 12 22 by 16
17 by 13 24 by 16

23 by 13 20 by 17
IS by 14 22 by 17
22 by 14 24 by 17

24 by 14 20 by 18
22 by 16 22 by 18
24 by 16 24 by 18

The above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any

other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.

SHEET GLASS.

In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 0 to 0 feet super.

15 oz. 21 oz.

4th3 quality, per 300 feet case, 38s.

2ds
Best

4th3 quality, per 200 feet case, 38s.
3da „ „ 48s.

SHEET GLASS is made only in the following substances, 15 oz ,
2I0Z., 26oz., 32oz., 30OZ., and 42oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
1.8th in., 3-16thin., l-4thin., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Lookmg
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, Sc , io
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 21s. per oirt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is free from the glo.ssy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, .and can be made any
reqmred shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 3Bs. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with throe gaUons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a halt of White Lead and six gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 34s, per cwt
Antl-corrosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron Iron Bndges
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c. , and is easily laid on by any ordinarv
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon .. ' J

THE TEEMINAL SADDLE BOILER,
with Hollow Bars, proves itself to be equal to any form now
in use for economy and power ; while the Simplicity of its Construc-
tion gives it the advantage over all others. See Testimonials.
.1. Ireland, Edward Street, Bronghton Lane, Manchester.

Per cwt s. d.

GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, 3d. to 4)d.per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.

to Ijd. per lb.
„ RAW UMBER. 4)rt. to
Od. per lb. [per lb.
„ BURNT do., 6<i. to 9d.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to 00 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 30 0
RED PAINT . . 28s. to 36 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

. ,„„ Per gallon.— s. d-

LINSEED OIL .. 3 s

BOILED OIL . 4 2

TURPENTINE ,. "30
LINSEED OIL PUTTY

8s. to 9s. jier cwt.
FineOAK'i'ARNISH,10s.tol2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0

" ?.Mf^ <"'• 1»»- '0 12 0

„ COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING .. . 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE .. 10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN . 12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
exchange.

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

CKAWSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
HORTICULTDRE.
" Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Laps."
" VentUation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticxiltural Society, South
Kensington.

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION.— Medal, 1862.
Invented by the late Sir Joseph Paxtom,
Manufactured in London; Newton in Cartmel, Lancashire;
Gloucester ; Coventiy ; Paisley, and Aberdeen.

ILLUyTilATi:;D I'lUUE LISTS will be sent on application to
Messrs. HEnEMAN & Morton, 7, Pall Mall East, London, S-W.

Also, a HANDBOOK of VINE and FRUIT TREE CULTIVA^
TION, price Is. ; post free. Is. Irf.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Mbkchant,
• 31, Banl'Side, London, S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, from StocK, per yard :— 2-inch, Is. 2d j
3-iiich, Is. lOd. -.and 4-inch, 2s. 4(/. BENDS, from Stock, Is.Cd., 2s. 6d.,
ond 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s., and l\a. each. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all gooas of first-class manu-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

0 T T A M Tnd company,

CONSEBVATOItY OHd HoTHOUSE BoiLDERS, &C.,

Iron Works, 2, Winsiey Stieet, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

c

Plans and Estimates fVee on application. Descriptive Book fully
lllusbiTitecI, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Architect, Birmingham.

Works: Highgate Street, Bii-rainghara.
Henry J. Groistaoe, Manager, 1. Temple Row West, Rlrmlngham.

Midland Steam Power Horticultural and Hot Water
Works Loughborougli.

TG. MESSENGER, Midland Sleam Power
• Horticultural Works, Loughborough, Hot-Water Apparatus
and Valve Manufacturer.

Honourable Mention awarded at the International Exhibition, 1862,
and it the Dublin Exhibition, 1866 ; also a First-class Certificate by
the Royal Horticultural Society.

T. G. Messenger. Patentee of many important Improvements in
Bulldiiiga and Implements connected with Horticulture, and which
meet with unqualified approbation, is prepared to Rive reference to
hundreds of works entrusted to him and pre-emiuently answering
the purpose for which they were constructed.

Any House Gbized single or double, with or without putty.

The mode adopted by T. G. Messenger for Heating and Ventilating
Forcing Houses is particularly successful.

Houses are constructed by his Patented Ventilating principle to
open tho whole of roof and sides as though the glass were tntirely
removed, at once placing the plants in the external atmosphere.

T. G. Messenger's Boiler posse.=ses all the advantages of the
Tubular and Siiddie combined, has hollow iXimaco bai's, requires but
a shallow stokehole, and exposes as much surface to the direct action
of tho fire as can possibly bo obtained, tho whole of which can ba
easily cleaned ; and it is an important fact that out of upwards ot
500 now at work made upon tho improved principle not one has
cracked.

T. G. Messenger's Valve (single or double) is effective, simple,
easy to work, and as durable as the pipe to which it is attached

Designs and Estimates supplied for all kinds of Horticultural
Works, and guaranteed to answer the purpose for which they may
bo intended.

Greenliouses— Heating Apparatus,

DUBLIN
RXHIBITION

rpHE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for

X Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Cfn.struction, and
Apolication of WROUGHT-IRON fi Horticultural Buildings
'OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmospherie conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and ricbness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arrangement.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailing result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and adiaiit a
maximum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
improved system.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the gi-owth of flrstr-class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty.

These Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent,
and from the complete admstment of tbeir constructional parts will
vie most favom-ably with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron,

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Dennis & A. Scrdby, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

20
46s.

) inches long.
Qbs. 92s. 6d. each.

HOT- WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. M. 2s. \d. 2s. 9d. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,

2, Winsiey Street,

(opposite the Pantheon),

Oxford Street, London, W.

COIL CASE

Bwa

HOT WATER APPARATUS

B^

Hot-water Pipes, wltt Elbows
and Connections, supplied by
- ~ URY AND rOLLAED.

Contracts and Estimates given
lor WARMING PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS; latest Improveraentsin HEAT-
ING by HOT WATER; the Improved
CONICAL BOILERS, for Heating
Pineries, Conservatories, Greenhouses,
Mansions, Halls, Warehouses, &c.,
Solely Manufactured by Burt & Poi.-
i..\BD. These Boilers are adapted for
setting in Brickwork, or annexed
Sketch shows Bury & Pollard's im-
proved an-augement, requiring
NO BRICKWORK SETTING.
These Boilers have for their dura-
bility and economy attained a cele-
brity far surpassing any other Boilers
ever Invented. They have been for
many years p:ist in use at many Public
Establishments, Royal Botanical Gar-
dens at Kew. at the Regent's Park,

the Crj'stal Palace, and at most of the Nobility's and Gentry's Seats

throughout the United Kingdom. References where they have

been for 20 years in constant use.
Price Lists on application to Bdrt & Pollard, Park Iron Works,

7 , New Park Street, Soutlnvark, London^ S^.^

WELLS'S PORTABLE GROUND VINERY, for
Growing and Ripening Grapes without Artificial Heat.
Awarded a Silver Modal nt the International Exposition of
Horticultui-e, held at Nice, April, 1865.

Drawings and Instructions can be had of the Patentee,
Steam Works 24. Bouverie Street, London, E.C.
Agents :— B, J. Edwards, 26, Bishopsgate Street Within, E.C.
J. R. Tanton, Epsom, Surrey.
Drummond Brothers, 52, George Street, Edinburgh.

Caution to Gardeners.— WHen you asK for

SATNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRaNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Savnob, also the coi-porate mark Obtais
Warranted, without which none are genuine.

S. k C. retrret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequonce of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of whloh are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s Pruning and Budding Knives are the oesc and tha
cheapest in the market.

Paston Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 12S years.

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great
variety of patterns and material, the plainer sorts being
especially smted for KITCHEN GARDENS, aa i
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little i
room, and once put down incur no furtner labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, conse-
quently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, he. In
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosBER, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Klngaland, N.E.
Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price Lists free by post. The Trade s-jpplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatoriea,
Halls, Corridors, Balconies, Jfec, as cheap and durable aa
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also^ TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for IJning Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosoer, at their Itemises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — 14s. per Ton, or Is. Zd. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton ostra
for delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons la. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. & G. RosHEK. — Addresses see above,

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

June 29, 1867.]

THE O^T^T^T.VET^R* rTTTtONTOTE ATVT) j\OT?TnTT,TFl?AT, 0\ZF,TTE.

679

GARDEN NETTING (at Reduced Price) for the
rrotoction of Fi-uit Troes IVoni Frost, Blight, and Birds, alao
B8 a Fence lor Poultry, Riihhits, niid Sheep, Id. per square yard,
oarrlnce free. In quantities of 2fiO, 600, or lOOO yards.
SCRIM CANVAS for Wall Fruit, OroenliouaoShadcs.Tulip Covers.
RICK COVERS, with Poles and Kopoa complete, for Sale or Hire.
Several Sucond-baud, cheap.

Be imrtlcular, Fukdk. EDtiiNtiTow A Co., Marquee, Tent, and
Blag ManuluotuieiH, CO & 02, Old Kent Koad, London, S.E.
A llhoral discount to the Trade.

NETTING for FRUIT TREES, SEED REDS, RIPE
STRAWBERRIES. Ac— TANNED NETTING for protecting
the fibovG ft-oni Frost, Blight, Birds, &c., 2 yards wide, 3d. per ynrd,
or 100 vm-ds, 20h ; '1 yards wide, Hd. per yard, or 60 yards, 208. NEW
TANN'ED netting, suited for any of the above purposes, or a.s a
Fence for Fowls, 2 yards wide, Gd. per yard ; 4 yards wide, Is. per
yard ; J-liich meih, 4 yards wide. Is. fld, per yard. Can be had In
any quantity of

Eaton & Deller, 0 and 7, Crooked Lane, London Bridge, E.G.

Oarden Netting. „,

TOHN EDGINOTON and CU. supply TANNED

f I N ETTl N a for the Trotection of Fniit Trees, Irf. per square yard.
Any quantity. WCKIM CANVAS, &c. : TULIP COVERS and
GREENHOUSE SHADES, HUN BLINDS, Ac MARQUEES,
TENTS, ttud FLAGS for FETES. FLOWER SHOWS, 4fi.

John EnoiNOTon &. Co., (Tent Makers to the Royal Family), 48,
Long Lane, Smlthllold, E.G. ; and U, Piccadilly, W.

TO RE SOLD, Bovoml CANVAS COVERINGS, in
varloua sizes, suitable for Agricultural and Ilortloultural Show-,
and for Rtok Covers or Marquees, Ac. Canbesoou at Mr. Manninu's,
2&1, High Ilolborn, London.

Also for Inimudiato Sale, and may be seen now In use at the
Southoni Counties Agi'Icultural Show-yard, Hove, Brighton, about
COO IRON CATTLE HURDLES.

The EntranocB and Portable OfHcea, Including Turnstile Roglstoro,
ExUrS, Secretary's OIRco, &c.

For particulars, appW to Bibhop & Co., Show Yard, Hove; or
Mr. Mannino, 2fil, High Ilolborn.

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANUFACTUKED BY

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

No. 2.

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

SET, LAMBETH, L(
No. 2.

t

No. 4.

111/

This Edgmg 13 M.iaulactmed m Vitrified Stonewai'o and in Term Cott.i, and is \\AEKANTED imperishable.
DRAIN PIPES, TEREA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON and CO., HIGH STREET, LASIBETH, LONDON, S.

GUMMING & EDMONDS,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS and HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

LILLIE BRIDGE, RICHMOND ROAD, FULHAM, LONDON, S.W.

C. & E. BEQ TO DKAW ATTEKTION TO THEIR SUPERIOR ARRANGEMENT AND

DESIGNS FOR HOTHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES, Sec,

And to Ihn gre;it facilities which they possess for the construction of this class of work at a CHEAP RATE,
by the use of POWERFUL and SUITABLE STEAM MACHINERY, and from the advantage they possess of
Ineir Premises being situate on the "West London Eailway, in connection with nearly all the Railways in tne Kingdom.
_ Gentlemen desirous of consulting C. & E. with respect to the erection of New Hothouses, or any alterations to
tlieir present Hothouses, will find their communications most promptly attended to.

Prices on application of C. and E.'s PATENT TUBULAR ARCHED SADDLE BOILERS. Acknowledged
by gardeners of experience to be the best invented.

Plans, Specifications^ Estimates, and Surveys^ made free of all expense.

HORTICULTURAL WIRE WORK.

ALL KINDS OF GARDEN WIRE WORK FOR RUSTIC ADORNMENTS.

BOSERIES

SUMMER HOUSES

9ARDEN BOR-
DERING

TRAINERS

FENCING

SUSPENDING
BASKETS

ATIARIES .-ind

PHEASANTRIES |W*^^S^^-

ABCHWAYS

TRELLIS WORK

TEMPLES

ORNAMENTAL
WIRE

FLOWER STANDS

SPRING BLINDS

AMD

AVIARIES for CON-
SERVATORIES,

Ilhistraied Catalogues of the above on application.

PAXTON'S STRAWBERRY CRINOLINE.

The STRAWBERRY CRINOLINE ia in the form of a table, made in halves, so as to be used without disturbing
the plant. It is 16 inches in diameter, and stands 4 inches above the ground, GalvaniBed. Its use is to preserve
Strawben-ies from slugs, contact with the soil, superfluous moisture, and other nuisances. They are considered to

last 10 years at least with care.

Price per Gross, £4.

The contrivance is by the late Sir Joseph Paxton, who, after testing them for one season in his own Gardens,
Rock Hills, gave his approval of their usefulness. The right to Manufacture them was transfeiTed to

R, HOLLIDAY, HORTICULTURAL "WIRE WORKS, 2a, PORTOBELLO TERRACE,

NOTTING HILL GATE, LONDON, W.

r^AST IRON VASES.— FLUTED PATTERN.

SUo. Prico. With PodoiUl.

Higb. Diam. Eaob.

20 br 10 f I 0 0 fi 10 0

30 by 26 1 13 0 2 10 0
DoUvorod l^oe to anj Station lu England on receipt of PoBt Offlco
Order.
J. Jones A Sowa. 6, Bankaldo. Southwgrk, London, S.E.

AST-IRON ^

Sljo

Hieh

Dlaui.

H

by

22

n

hv

30

26

by

42

VASES.— TAZZA PATTERN

Prloo. With PodoBtal.

Each,
£16 0 «H6 0

2 6 0 3 3 0

3 16 0 1 16 0
DaUvcrod freo to any St^ition In England.

J. JoMEB & SONB, 0, Bankalde, Southwark, London, S.E.

/^ARDEN SEATS, TABLES, CHAIRS, HYDRO-

VT PULTS, GARDEN ENGINES, LAWN MOWERS, OARDEN
HOLLERS, WIRE NETTING. HURDLES, STRAINED ami
CONTINUOUS FENCING supplied by

J. Jones & Sonb, 6, Bankalde, Southwark, London, S.E.

ET. -ARCHEK'S "FRIG I D 0 M 0."—
• Patronised by bor Majesty the t^ueen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syou House, his Grace the Duke of Devonahire for
Chlawtck Garduns, ProfBBsor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
and Sir Joseph Paxton for the Ci78tal Palace, Royal Zoological
Society, ic.

PROTECTION from the SCORCHING RAYS of the SUN.
" FRIGI DOMO '■ NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepared
Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor of heat or cold, koeiitng a
fixed toniperaturo where it Is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-
cultural and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and
I'loworH frtJiii the Scorching Rays of the Sun, irom Wind, ft-om
AttackH of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any
rc<niired luugtliH.

" FRIGI DOMO '■ NETTING. 2 yards wide. Is. U. per yard i-un.
" FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide is. O*;. per yard run.

Four yards wide 38. 6rf. per yard.

All liaprovod make, 2 yards wide . , Is, (id, per yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2h. Sd. per yard run.
Elisua Tiiomab AitoHKa, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street^ City, E.C., and of all Niuaerymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It is much cheaper than Mats as a covering."

Bee Hives.

Prize Mkdal and Honourable Mention Awarded to Georoe
Nkkiubodr & Sons, foh Bee Hives and Honbv at the varioos

ExatOITIONB.

NEIGHBOUR'S
IMPROVED COTTAGE
BEE HIVE, as originally
introduced by Georoe Neigh-
bour Ic Sons, with all the
recent improvements, working
three bell-glasses ; is neatly
and strongly mad« of straw ;
it has three Windows in the
lower Hive, with a Thermo-
meter affixed to the centre
one. This Hive will be found
to possoss many practical
advantages, and is more easy
of management than any
other Bee Hive that baa been
introduced.

Price complete ..£1 15 0
Stand for ditto , . 0 10 6

THE LIGURIAN or
ITALIAN ALP BEE being
much in repute at the present
time we are in a position to
supply Stocks of the pure race
carefully packed in Woodbury Bar-Frame Hives, so as to travel with
comparatively no risk of damage.

ENGLISH BEES. —Stocks and Swarms may be obtained as
heretofore.

A newly-arranged CATALOGUE of other Improved Hives, with
Drawings and Pnces, sent on receipt of two stamps.

Address, Geo. Neioobour & Sons, 127, High Holbom, W.C. ; or
149, Regent Street, London, W.

Agents :— Livei-pool : James Cuthbert, 12, Clayton Square. Man-
chester : J. Wilson, fiO. King Street. Birmingham: J. H. Cottrell,
16, Bull Ring. Dublin : Edmondson Brothers, 10, Dame Street
Glasgow : Austin & McAslan. 18, Buchanan Street.

S. BOULTON'S 36-^allon SWING WATER

BARROW. Price 46a.
Carriage paid to any Station in England.

w,

The above is verj' cheap and invaluable for carrying Liquids of all
kinds. No Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard should be with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Carriage at a small
additional cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travel
long distances over rough ground a Pony can be attached. The
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowmg, out of many Testimonials, have been received :—

From Lord Otho Fitzqebald, West Park, Salisbury.

" Sir, — You are welcome to make use of my letter recommending
your Water Barrow. I find it of great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and more serviceable than one I had made in the neigh-
bourhood, the carriage alone of which, without the barrel, cost me
£3 108. I unfortunately ordered It before I saw your advertisement.
—I am, yours obediently, " O. Fitzgerald.

"To Mr. "W. S. EouLToN.'

From Thos. Inole, Esq., M.D., Emsworth, Bants, June 24, 1866.

" Si R,— The Swing Water Barrow is in every respect a most admir-
able improvement ou all I have hitherto used in my Gardens. All
parties who have seen it, Gentlemen aa well as Gardeners, have
bestowed upon it their unqualified approval, and several said^hey
would order them of you. —Yours truly, "Taos. Ingle, M.D.

"To Mr. W. S. BoDLTON." , ^, . .

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

680

THE GARt)ENEt!S* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 29. 1867.

Russell's Pyramid Primula.

Tbe Finest Straik in ExISTE^■CE.

GEORGE CLARKE has New SEED of the above
unequalled varieties, 2s. Gd. per packet; also the Foru-loavod
kinds, 2s. Gd. ; Kermesina (scarlet), 2s. 6d. ; The Fairy (a lavender
colour) Is. All of the best quality. Now ia the time to sow for
Btrong enrly plants.

Nm-sery, Streatham Place, Brixton Hill, S.; and Mottingham,
Kent, S.^.

The Forwardest Pea is Sutton's Ringleader.
QXJTXON AND SONS had the honour of introducing
O this xinrivalled EAKLY PEA in the year 1805, and after
careful trials of it and all of its competitors, they have no hesitation
iD stating that it is still forwarder than any other Pea, excepting
only Carter's First Crop, which was sent out the same season, and
subsequently oroved to be identical, which latter fact was unknown
to either party at that time.

AlthouKb increased crops of Seed have been grown each successive
season, the supply has not yet been equal to the demand, and
Messrs. Sutton ate again unablo to execute Orders xmtil the New
Seed is ready in July.

Early orders or inquiries are therefore recommended.
Sutton & Soxs, Seed Growers, Heading.

r^ R A S S SEEDS for

^-^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Hluatra-
tlons and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. Wheeler & Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to tbe Gloucestei-shire
Agricultural Society.

Sutton's Grass Seeds for all Soils.

STJ T T 0 N AND SONS
have still on band some of each of
the leading kinds of

PERMANENT NATURAL GRASSES
and CLOVERS,

which are mixed expressly to suit the soils
for which they are intended.

Price 205. to 36a. per acre.
Carriage free.

Sdttom & Sons, Royal Berk.sbiro Seed
Establishment, Keadinc.

Bedding and otlier Plants.

ri "IAN , Gratis, in the immediate neighbourhood of
_L Covent Garden Market.

Apply to W. Essex & Sons, 28, Stanhope Street, Clare Market. W.C.

HORTICDL'IURAL SILVER SAND, 7?. per Ton, at
the Reigate Town Station; the best KENT PKAT. 6s. per
cubic yartl, at the EdenbridKe Station; the best SUSSEX SAND-
STONE, Os. per Ton, at the Wadburst Station, In full truck-loads.
W. SnORT, Horticultural DepOt, Reigate, Surrey.

T

HE LONDON MANOBE COMPANY

(Established 1840).
Have now ready for delivery in dry flne condltloD,
CORN MANCTRE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPnOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
es Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY
SALT, kc. E. Fdrssr, SecreU>ry.

uffloes, 116, Fenchurch Street. E.G.

ODAMb'S NITRO-PHOSPHATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPHATE for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S DISSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SOPERPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVLAN GUANO.

T

MANUFACTDRED

HE PATENT NITRO-PtfOSPHATE OR BLOOD

MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief OfBces— 109, Fenchurch Street, London.
Western Counties Branch— Queen Street. Exeter.
Irish Branch — 40, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.
Directors
Chairman — John Clayden, Littlebury, Esses,
Deputy-Chnirman — John Collins, Argyll House, Holloway.
Edward Bell, 43, Marino Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, Stanstead Abbot, Herts.
Thomas Knight, Edmonton, Middlesex.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Norlolk.
George Saville, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Chrishall Grange, Essex.
Chai'les Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.
Thomas Webb, Hudersham, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire.
Managing Director— James Odams.
Bamfcers— Messrs. Barnetts, Hoaros, & Co., Lombard Street.
Soiicjlors— Messrs. Kingsford & Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

A-Uditor — J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This Company w:is originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists, circumstances that have justly earned for it another
title, viz. — "The Tenant Farmers' Manure Company."

Its members are cultivators of upwards of 50,000 ncres of land
which has been for years under management with Manures of their
OWD manufacture. The consumer, therefore, has tbo best guarantee
for tbe genuineness and efficacy of the Manures mauufactmed by
this Company.

Pflitlculars will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may be had of the Local Ageots. C. T. Macadam, Secreton'.

Chief Offices— 109, Fenchmch Street, London, E.G.

A "W" E S'

MANURES.

_i-J The Manures manufactufed by J. B. Lawes for tbe present
sesison of 18G7 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at tbe
following prices, per ton :—

LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ « rf

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME 6 0 0

IiAWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 6 5 0

LaWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 8 0 0

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES ..12 0 0

Thoao Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
rarying accordmg to cost of carriage.

Q-diiuiiiQ Peruvian Guano direct ft-om the Importers. Nitrate of
Sod I, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures,

Amej-ican and other Cakes at market price;.

AdJrcHs, JouN Bennet La WES, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; a, Eden Quay) Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

Just Published, post free 12 stamps (Gratis to Customers), Part III. of

CARTER'S GARDENERS' and FARMERS' VADE
MECUM, containing complete Lists of new and choice Sxove
and Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, with an Addendum comprising
original and practical articles, " On a Visit to Messrs, Carter's
Nurseiy," by an Amateur Florist; Subtropical Gardening; and lUO
Geometncal Designs for Flower-beds; with reliable iuforiaation for
the proper combination of Bedding Plants to produce chaste and
striking effects.

Forwirded on receipt of 12 stamps on application to Cartkr's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High Holborn, London.

JAMES CARTER and CO. beg to announce that they
are now sending out their unrivalled Strains of CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, which, for fineness of form and
beauty of colour cannot be surpassed.

CALCEOLARIA, saved from the finest Prize varieties.

CINERARIA, saved from tbe finest named varieties.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, dark carmine and pure
white, saved from the finest fringed varieties in cultivation. Price,
each packet, 2s, 6d., forwarded on receipt of Post-office Order for
the amount.

S^ PRICE LISTS gratis and Post free on application to Carter's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom, London, W. C.

ROBERT PARKER begs to offer tfle following.— All
the Plants are strong and healthy, and can be supplied in
quantities.

PANSY CLIVEDEN BLUE, Gs. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN PURPLE, Os. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN YELLOW, 6s. per dozen.
POLEMONIUM C(ERULEUM VARIEGATUM, 2s. M. each.
RHODODENDRON COUNTESS of HADDINGTON, Zs. Cd. each.
TRITOMA GRANDIS. 183. per dozen.
TRITOMA UVARIA GLAUCESCENS, 12«. per dozen.
VIOLA CORNUTA. best variety, 48. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE DES VIOLETS, Os. per dozen.
VIOLET THE CZAR, 65. per dozen. [per packet.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, finest mixed seed, 2*. 6d.
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of AGRICUL-
TURAL, FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and will be for-
warded free to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

The Forwardest Turnip
known Is

SUTTON'S SHORT-
TOP SIX WEEKS, price
la. per lb. ; cheaper bythebushel.
This excellent Turnip, if sown
In June and July, will produce a
heavy Crop, to come off in time
for Wheat Sowing.

SoTToH & Sons,

Royal Berkshire Seed Establiah-

meut, Reading.

SEEDS

SUTTON'S TURNIP
FOR PRESENT SOWING.

Per Ib.-s. d
SUTTON'S RED

PARAGON.. ., 0 10

SUTTON'S IM-
PERIAL GREEN
GLOBE .. .. 0 10

P OM E R AN IAN

WHITE GLOBE ,.10

GltEY STONE,. .. 0 10

SUTTON'S SHORT-
TOP SIXWEEK3 . 1 0

Cheaper by the Bushel.
Carriage Free.

SuTTOs & Sons,
Seed Growers, Reading.

Seed of Choice Strains of Florists' Flowers.

The following selected Strains are worthy ol tho notice of all

growers of the most useful conservatory decorative flowers.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

T3 B. "WILLIAMS can Tvith confidence offer Ma
-*-^ • Buperb Strain of Primula as being undoubtedly the finest in
cultivation. It ia now grown in all the principal Gardens of tho
Nobility and Gentry throughout the Three Kingdoms, and has never
failed to give the greatest satisfaction.

In habit the plants aro very robust, and in tho foliiige differ frona
all other varieties ; but their great beauty consists in tho depth of
colour in the Red, purity of the White, and beautiful fimbriated
form of all the flowers, which are thrown up in large trusses well
above the foliage.

As a proof of the truth of tho above remarks, this Strain has
taken 1st Prizes in every instance that It has been shown in tha
Prorinces this Spring ; and Ist Prize at the Primula Show of tho
Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington ; and Ist at tho
Royal Botanic, Regent's Park. It is also the favourite Strain la the
Covent Garden Flower Market.

This Strain may be procured True, ia Sealed Packets beariog
B. S, Williams' Name and Address, from any Seedsman; bu6
B. S, W, particularly requests that Customers will observe, on
purchasing, that each Packet has his Name and Address in full
printed thereon, as no others are genuine.

The Trade supplied on advantageous terms.

Retail price, RED

Per pkt. s, d.

5
3 0

, 2 0

WHITE ..6 0

Retail price, MIXED, per packet, 2s. 6d

Per pkt. s. d.

Retail price, WHITE .. 3
„ MIXED

5 0

3 fl

WEATHERHILL'S EXTRA CHOICE STRAIN OF CINERARIA.
B. S. W. has purchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of this
Magnificent Strain. Many of the flowers produced by this seed last
season were as large as a crown-pioce. This strain is well known In
the London Flower Market, and is tbe most popular one there, a
sufflcient guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail price per pkt., 6s. Od. \ Retail price per pkt., 3s. Gd.
Retail price per pkt. . . . . 28 Gd.

JAMES'S HERBACEOUS CALCEOLiVRIAS.— Thevarietieathat
took the First Prize at the International Horticultural Exhibition
last May were of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt. 5s. Od. ] Retail price per pkt,, 3s. Oti.

Retail price per pkt 23. Gd.

All FLOWER SEEDS in packets. Post free.

B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway,
London, N.

Trlchinium Manglesll (Llndl.).

W THOMPSON, Seedsman, Tavern Street, Ipswich,
• respectfully announces thiit he is now prepired to dis-
tribute a very limited stock of the above remarkable and handsome
AMARANTAD, introduced by him from Swan River, and exhibited
both at South Kensington and the Regent's Park, where It
received First-claaa Certificates. Coloured Figures have been pub-
lished in the " Botanical Magazine," also in the *' Florist and
Pomologist," for October, 1864; and in Verschaflelt's "Illustration
Horticole," for January, 1800, where full descriptions will be found.
Further particulars may be had on prepaid application. Orders will
be esecuted strictly in rotation.

Price 10s. Gd. each. The usual Discount to tho Trade.

Dutcli Bulbs.

AE. BARNAART, Nur-seryman, Vogelenzarg,
• Haarlem, begs to inform Nurserymen and the Trade
generally, that he has just published his New CATALOGUE
of DDTCH BULBS for the coming season, which may be had post
free onapplicationto his Agents, Messrs. R. Silberrad&Son, 6, Harp
Lane. Great Tower Street, London, E.C.

A. E. Barnaart having extensive Nurseries at Haarlem. Ovcrveon,
and Vogelenzang, possess unusual cultural advantages, being able
to select the soil and situation most desirable for perfecting tba
growth of each description ot Bulb.

His HYACINTHS were crowned this spring at the Pong
Exposition Universelle.

To Market Gardeners and OtHers.

RICHARB WALKER, Market Gardeneii and Seed
Grower, offers the followinK: —
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE PLANTS.

2s. Gd. per 1000.
DRUMHEAD SELECTED STOCK PLANTS, 3a. per 1000.
WALCHEREN, splendid true stock, CAULIFLOWER PLANTS,

is. per 100.
Fine SAVOY PLANTS, 6rf. per 100.

Imported very fine BRUSSELS SPROUT PLANTS, Qd. per 100.
EASTHAM CABBAGE PLANTS, true, 3s. per 1000.
DICKSON'S MANCHESTER CHAMPION RED CELERY

PLANTS, Is. per 100.
INCOMPARABLE WHITE CELERY PLANTS, Is. perlOO
IVERY-S NONSUCH CELERY PLANTS, Is. per 100, transplanted.
Tencs Cash,
RiOBARD Waleer, Bigglcswade, Beds.

LUCOMBE, PINCE, & CO. I

BEG TO CALL ATTENTION TO THEIR

MAGNIFICENT NEW SEEDLING GLOXINIAS (Upright Varieties).

THEY ARE NOW IN BLOOM, AND AEE THE ADMIRATION OF ALL WHO SEE THEM.

For abundance of flowers, brilliancy of colour, and form of flower, they surpass anything yet oflered. They will
be ready to send out on the 1st of August next. Sets of Six in the Set; each flower will "be found distinct, and
beautifully mai-ked. One Plant wUl be given over where Six are taken.

£ach Set of Six, 30s.

They also beg to call attention to their

FOUR NEW SEEDLING ACHIMENES.

They are the finest they have yet raised. The flowers are of average size, beautifully formed ; the colour
distinct, bright scarlet, pink, puce, and purple. The habit of the Plant is by far stronger than any they have
before seen ; when grown singly in pots they stand like little Pyramid Trees.

Price for the Set, 20s.
EXETER NURSERY, EXETER,

June 29, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL (iA/L

C81

SPLENDID NEW BLACK GRAPE, THE MUSCAT CHAMPION.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

■WILL SEND OUT, ON AND AFTER THE FIRST OF JULY NEXT, THIS

MAGNIFICENT SEEDLING VARIETY,

UiNDOUBTEDLV THE FINEST YET OFFKRKD TO THE PUBLIC.

It was raised by Mr. Mchnllo, of Dalincney Park, from the Champion Hamburgh, crossed with the Cannon Hall
Muscat. It is a very frco setting variely, and succeeds perfectly under the mine treatment as the Ulaek Haniburgli.
The bunches arc large, well sl^ouldored, and the bprries of great bizo, resembling in every respect the Champion
Hamburgh, but with a moU exquisite and powerful Muscat tlavour.

In the "Gardeners* Tear Book" for 1862, Dr. Hogg says:— "This is perhaps one of the greatest advances in
new Grapes wc have yet had. It is, in fact, a JIiU Hill Hamburgh with a Muscat tlavour. Tlie bunches are very
large and well ehouldered, the berries roundisH and oblate, and tlie flesh tirm and melting, juicy, richly flavoured,
and with a fine Muscat aroma."

In the Keport of the Fruit Committee of tho Royal Horticultural Society for September 10, 1861, it is thus
mentioned : — "Tiie bunch in size and shape had all the appearance of one of the Mill Hill Hamburgh,. It was large
and well set. The berries were large, round, and oblate, shaped like small oranges, and very much 'hammered.'
Tlie flesh is firm, juicy, sweet, and richly flavoured with a marked Muscat tlavour." The Committee were of opinion
that it was a decided cross, a very excellent Grape, and well worthy of notice.

The Editor of the Gardeners' Chro7tick remarks : — *' Large both in bunch and berry, possessing A fine Muscat
FLAYOUit, and, in the opinion of many, one of the uest Giiapes in the World."

Tho '* Scottish Horticulturist," in quoting the above, says: — "An opinion we can cheerfully endor.-e. To those
who think from the term Muscat that it requires au equal amount of boat to ripen it to perfection, we eaii assure
Ibcm that it ripens as early, under exac:ly the same treatment, as the Black Hamburgh."

Good established Plants, on 1st July next, 21s. each.
Extra strong Plants, for fruiting in pots, 31s. 6d. and 42s. each.

KOYAL EXOTIC NUKSKRY, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

SUPERB NEW LATE GRAPE.

"MRS. PINCE\S BLACK MUSCAT."

THE PUBLIC ARE RESPECTFULLY INVITED TO AN INSPECTION OF THIS REALLY FINE LATE GRAPE.

THE HOUSE IN WHICH IT IS GROWING MEASURES ONLY 24 FEET BV 13.

Beautiful bunches were cut as late as May the 4th this year. It has now 230 fine bunches, more than
'iOO having been taken oft to lighten the Vines.

The real Muscat flavour, eo rarely obtained, is unuiistakeable in tliis valuable late-keeping Grape.

^^ Orders, if sent now, can be evented in August next,

LUC05IBF, PINCE, and CO. will have great pleasure in showing the House to all who can come, or
Testimonials of its merits will be forwarded by post upon application to them.

EXETER NURSERY, EXETER.— June 20, 1867.

GRAND HOUTICULTUllAL EXHIBITION
at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with Iho
snow of tho KOVAI. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,
JULY K., 18117, ari.l four fnllowmp; Days.
Amongnt varloiw Special PiIzch, iimoimtlnB in valuo to nearly
£300, aud oxohislvo of tho ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP. VALUE £2i).
will bo ofroroil hy tho Proprlotors ol the
GARDENEUH' CIlRONKMiK ano AORICULTIIKAL GAZETTE
lor tho beat COLLKCTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to bo iiHido up aH follows : —
Of FRUITS, nny Fivo of tho followlnK Eluht kinds, one Dleh of
Oftch :— (irapoH, Mclnna (2 friiltn), StrawborrlcH, OooHOboiTleB, Cur.
rantfl, ChcrrioH, RiiRpboiriuH, or Api>los (of tho crop of IftfHl).

Of VKGETAHLES, any Eittht of tho following Fourtc-on kinds,
Olio bnakot or bundle of each ;— Pcaw, French BoanH (or Scarlet
Riinnorn), Ilroad lluanH, CiiulidoworH, Cucumbers (hrnco), Siimmor
CabbngcB, Eiirly Currots, Turnips, Arttchokoa, OnloiiB, Spinach,
Rluibiu't), PiiLiilnB, or Mixed Saladln^.

TliiH Clip will bo open to Competition amonest Aniatrur or Pro.
foisional Gnrdoners, of all grndca, with Emit ana Vegetables of Iheir
own annriHO ; any article othorwl-io obtained will disqualilV the
oxblmtor.

SATURDAY, JUNE 29, 1867.

MEETINGS Foil THE ENSUING WEEK.
Mond*t:, Jidy 1- KntomDluRical "r.M.

I Uoynl Ilorlliultural (Great Rose Show),
Ti'MDAY, — 2\ at South Kcnsior;tun 1 r.M.

MJitta (Goncral Mct'tinp) 3 r.M.

«'.-.>-«-.,. V ,lUo.vnl Botanic (Exhibition of Plants,
«i.i>.-tK»i>*v — jj 1 low ei-8, and Fruit) 2 r.M.

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN (NOW READY).

WILLIAM PAUL

(Son and Successor to the late A. Paul),

BEGS TO OFFEK TUP.

ABOVE MAGNIFICENT HARDY FLOWERING TREE,

Whicli he believes to be the greatest acquisition for fortdng and out-of-door culture that has been

introduced for many years.

Strong healthy Plants, well established in pots, 2 ft. high, 7s. 6d. each ; 1 ft. high, 5s. each-

A First-class Ccrlificato was awarded to hiin for this Plant by the Royal Horticultural Society on the 16th April last.

1^^ See Coloured Drawing by Fitch, and History, in the " Florist " for June.

•* We do not y esitate to advise every one who has a garden to I in or out-of-dooiB next 6prir,g ; whereas if removed from the
purchase this plant at once. * « * Plants purchaeed in pots ground in the autumn of the year, they can hardly be expected
Dbw may be groivn and established, bo as to flower well either | to do this." — The Florist, d:c.

PAUL'S NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

PAUL & SON'S NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN.

(THE UNIQUE HARDY PLANT OF THE SEASON.)

PAUL & SON,

THE OLD NURSERIES, CHESHUNT, N.,

The exclusive introducers of this Plant, have had the honour, since they sent it out in November last, of
supplj'ing it to Her Majesty's Garden at AVindsor, our leading Amateurs and Nurserymen, and those of the Continent.
First-class Certifcaies^ Jioyal Botanical Societi/ and International Exhibition.

The Reviewer of our Introduction in the "Florist" somewhat ignorantly and unpractically advises planting
small Plants in pots, in preference to larger ones in autumn. We counsel otherwise, as we shall have ready some
3000 PYKAIIIDS and STANDARDS, specially pruned to flower next spring.

We are authorised to state by Mr. Boyd, in whose garden it originated, that he kindly placed the Plant at our
entire disposal, and neither gave nor authorised it to be given to any other person. Thus settling the merit of our
claim as its only and original introducers or senders out.

Price of such. Standards and Pyramids, 5s. each ; Dwarfs, 2s. 6d. each.
Dwarfs in pots, for Export, 5s. each.

PAUL AND SON beg also to announce that their ROSES are finely in BLOOM, and well worthy of a visit.
Frequent Trains from 6.30 a.m. to Cheshunt Station.

No moro curious or important phenomena
attract the attention of the phj'siologist thau
those relating to the hereditary transmission from
generation to generation of peculiarities, whether
of form, structure, or physiological endowments.
While certain of the facts witnessed are just
what wo might expect, such as the repetition of
similar forms under given circumstances, the
frequent occurrence of certain kinds of disease
in the members of the samo family, the per-
petuation of particular features in the direct
descendants from a common ancestor and the
like, there are other anomalous cases which are
a source of much perplexity.

To give point to our remarks let us allude
specially to some of the facts relating to the OIIIGIN
OF THE Yaeiegated Zonai, Pelabgoniums, as
given in our columns during the past months.
Assuming the general correctness of these facts,
there are certain matters connected with them
which seem to us to demand more than passing
attention, as furnishing additional illustrations
of the uncertainty, we can hardly call it
capriciousness, which to so large an extent per-
vades the results obtained even by our most
thoughtful and experienced cultivators.

How curious, lor instance, is the case men-
tioned by Mr. Wills wherein the pollen of a
green seedling derived from Queen's Favourite
was applied to the stigma of Northern Star. The
immediate result of this cross was the production
of a green seedling which retained its green colour
for nine months, and then threw out two distinct
" sports," the one a SUver ' Tricolor,' the other a
Golden ' Tricolor.' A somewhat similar occur-
rence was related in our columns by Mr. Grieve,
September, 18(30, where on a seedling plant, pro-
duced by crossing Cerise Unique with the pollen
of Attraction (a Silver Variegated form), three
distinct varieties were obtained, known as
Emperor of the French, Empress of the French,
and Rainbow.

The history, too, of the variety called Her
Majesty, one of the bronze and gold section, is
no less singular. Here, again, we have tho
flowers of a green-leaved, dark-zoned variet}',
originallyderived from a SUver ' Tricolor,' crossed
with the pollen of Beauty of Oulton, a yellow-
leaved kind.

These cases, with others that might be cited,
seem to afford good illustrations of the dissocia-
tion of characters blended for a time by crossing,
and they show how comparatively feeble is
the bond that ties the mixed characteristics
together ; and it will be observed that when this
separation of heretofore mixed elements takes
place, it often happens that the " sport " presents
the appearance, not of the immediate progenitors,
but of some more or less remote ancestor. A
parallel illustration is afforded by cases wherein
the seedling resulting from the crossing of two
varieties differs entirely from its immediate parents,
and reverts to the characleiistics of some more
distant progenitor. AVhat renders this latter
class of cases themore interostingis that they some-
times offer an exception to the ordinaiy nile that
characteristics shall become fixed and perpetuated
by close or " in and in " breeding. According
to Mr. Wills, the variety called Baron Eicasoli,
when crossed by the pollen of Beauty of Oultpn,
itself a descendant from Baron Eicasoli, has
produced a seedling form which does not resemble
in the slightest degree either of its parents. If
only accurate records be kept of the genealogy

682

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[June 29, 1867.

of the numerous varieties of these plants, there
is little doubt but that before very long so large
a body of facts mil be accumulated, that it wiU
be possible to draw certain inferences of high value
for science, and equally valuable as a guide to the
practical cultivator. At present many of the facts
recorded are, or appear to be, contradictory, such,
for instance, as the effect of the pollen of the
variety called Golden Chain. By some this is
lauded, while others unhesitatingly condemn it.
Nevertheless there are already many points in
which all experimenters seem to agree, for
instance, that self seedlings from Mi-s. Pollock
scarcely ever reproduce the parent form, and are
for horticultural purposes woi-thless.

While earnestly expressing our wish that careful
registers be kept and published of successes or
failures in crossing Pelargoniums and other
plants, there are one or two special points to
be kept in view, and which, as it appears
to us, have not hitherto sufficiently been
attended to. The first relates to precision
in the use of words. Por a history of
any plant to be of value, it must be
expressed in clear unmistakeable language ;
that this is not always the case may be inferred
from a solitary instance — the loose way in which
the word " seedling " is used. At present,
unless by intuition or by some accidental clue to
the exact meaning, it is not easy to know
whether the seedling in question is the result of
a cross, accidental or designed, or whether it is
the product of the action of a flower's own pollen
on its stigma. Then there is the question as to
the nature of sports — are they, aswe haveassumed,
the result of a dissociation of mixed elements, or
are they referable to other causes ? Is there any
perceptible difference in the habit, or other
characteristics, of a sport as contrasted with those
of a crossed seedling ? Would it be possible in any
case to say on mere inspection — this is a sport, or
this is a seedling ? These are matters of great
interest, as they are so intimately connected with
the natui'e of buds as compared with seeds, and
we would fain hope that the discussion which
has been carried on in our columns may con-
tribute to the solution of the questions here
raised.

To LlNTfE scientific men unanimously award

of the stamens and styles, the action of insects, of
the wind, the phenomena of hybridisation and
cross-breeding, and other cognate matters.

Of late years renewed attention has been called
to these matters, so full of interest for the

gardener, mainly through the publication of the
extraordinary memoirs of Mr. Dabwin, which
have been noticed from time to time in our
columns. The researches of that gentleman have
stimulated others, such as Mr. ScOTT, of the
Edinburgh Botanic Gardens, to tuake and put on
record their observations, to the great advantage
of science. Hence the appearance of Dr.
Hildedranb's brochure, noticed in another
column, is specially well-timed; and from the
numerous original observations made by that
gentleman, as well as from his dUigence and
care in utilising the labours of others, we call
special attention to his pamphlet, and hope soon
to see it in an English version.

Some week or two since we took occasion to
criticise the form which is springing up amongst
Specimen Plants, such as Azaleas and Roses,
in the former showing a tendency to revert to the
one-faced shams which but a few years since
public taste repudiated, and the latter showing a
tendency to lumpiness and inelegance.

We are glad to be able to point to other
exhibited plants, which appear to us to be
models of what specimen exhibition plants ought
to be in respect to form, subject of course to
such modifications as may adapt the model to
different classes of subjects. We allude to the |
Fuchsias which have been exhibited by Mi-.
Bkookwell, gardener to Mrs. Henry, of
Edmonton, at some of the great shows of the
present year. They have been models of form,
and also models of perfect cultivation. Pyra-
midal in outline, they have been at once graceful,
symmetrical.

part ; and we commend them to the study of
those gentlemen who would give us Azaleas
trained to imitate pancakes, and Rosea to simulate
currant bushes. Mr. Brookweix's plants were
indeed rather tall and narrow in the outline of
the pyramid, but this form, which had been
adopted to suit the peculiar style of growth and
floweiing inherent in the Puchsia, could of
course be, as it ought, modified in the case of

the Assistant Secretary, James Eichaeds, Esq., at
the Society's offices. South Kensington.

Thanks to the publication of the Rev. T. C.

Beehaut, the mode of dealing with the premature
lateral shoots of the Peach teee (the bourgeoiis anii-
cipes of the French), advocated by M. Gein, of
Chartres, is likely to receive the attention it merits.
In a recent explanatox'y article ou this subject, M.
Caee_i:eee thus gives the rationale of the process : —
Practically the system may be stated to be this, to
pinch or cut off the upper half of the first leaves of
the young lateral shoot in order to allow of the deve-
lopment of the small buds at their base : then after
the lateral has acquired the length desired for the fruit
branches, the last leaves, as well as the end of the
shoot, are in their turn removed^ by pinching. The
secondary shoots are to be treated in the same manner.
M. Caeeieee speaks highly of this method of close
summer pinching for transforming a wood shoot into a
fruit bearer.

We invite attention to a letter in another

column from Mr. Watson, of St. Albau's, oCfering
to subscribe towards certain Challenge Cups pob
Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums, to be com-
peted for at the Bury Show. This would be an excel-
lent plan for bringing the more prominent of the
new varieties into close competition, and testing their
respective merits, and would moreover give facilities
to many growers to take part in the contest, who
could not compete for the Suffolk County Cup, in
consequence of the rather large number of varieties
asked for.

the merit of estaolishing the Sexuality of i other plants, like the Rose, for example, where

Plauts. We saj :.dvisedly, of establishing the
existence of two sexes amongst plants, because,
as has been so often the case, vixere fortes ante
Agamemnonem, and ages before the great Swede
revolutionised botany, men had a glimmering
perception that to flowers the assertion made in
Scripture "male and female created He them,"
applied as well as to all other living creatures.
Nay more, as in the case of the Date trees, they
made practical application of their knowledge.
In spite of this it has been generally felt that
LiNNE was the first to fix the floating concep-
tions of others, the first to methodise their
scattered observations, and by the numerous
additional illustrations that he brought forward,
the arguments that he made use of to prove his

PTew Plants.

Epidendbum Brasavol^, Schb. fil. in ii. Mohl anS,
V. Schleeht. B. Zeit., 1852, 738. . Beitr. Orchid. Mor.
Cent. Amer., p. 36.

A£E. Epidendro prismatocarpo, Rchb. fil., labeUo longe cuneato
oblongo acuminato lineis tjibus per discum carinato, andro-
clinii dentibus lateralibug triangulo semilunatis extus medio
unidentatis, denti medio spatulato sursum serrulate.

The genus Epidendrum, which has so long been
under a sort of cloud, is rapidly winning its way into
favour even among the most fastidious cultivators,
and indeed we can scarcely wonder that such should
and thoroughly fumishedln every ^e the case after the lovely displays that have been
-°' '' . • - " recently witnessed ol someofitsspecies,e. fir., Ep.viteUi-

num, E. atropurpureum, and E. cnemidophorum, to
which, as they become better known, E. myrianthum,
E. nemorale, and E. erubescens— all of them already
in the country — will undoubtedly have to be added.
These, however, are but a tithe of the fine things
which "cool treatment" has brought within our grasp.
In Professor Seichenbach's recent work on the Orchids
of Central America (seep. 577), many such are mentioned,
more especially E. Warscewiczii, E. pseudepideudrum,
and E. Brasavolee, all very fine things. The last
in this list, which is now flowering at Biddulph
Grange (in the Mexican house) is a most remarkable
plant, and entirely different from anything at present
in cultivation. The habit resembles that of E. prisma-
tocarpum, but is larger. The flowers are 4 inches
across, and are borne on a scape which in its native

the growth is erect instead of pendent.

We have lost so many fine exhibition plants
from our flower shows, because their habits did
not suit the convenience of cultivators, that we

cannot afford to have those which we still retain country is many-flowered, and 2 or 3 feet long ; with

spoiled by want of attention to the first elements
of meritorious cultivation. We hope therefore we
have seen the last of one-sided shrubby plants,
and of excessive formal training. If instead of this
waste of time and talent, we could fall back on a
little more of the natural gracefulness and
variety of habit inherent in the different
races of exhibition plants, that would be a
move in the right direction. At any rate,
so long as we have artificial standards of
high cultivation let us hold out for plants

case, and the practical use that he made of his thoroughly fuimished, let symmetry be oui- pass-
knowledge, the first to establish the fact. In so word, and let us adhere to the motto, " All round

saying we by no means overlook the circumstance
that BoBART, Grew, Ray, and Cambrarius,
the latter especially in 1694, had stated the same
thing ; that a few years afterwards Sebastien
Vatllant, as Linne himself says, removed all
uncertainty from a matter which was previously
a paradox and a mystery. LnwE and the older
authors reasoned a priori, they saw such and
such phenomena, and they drew their inferences
accordingly.

Amioi, Robert Brown, Brongstiaiit, not to
mention other less widely-known observers,
have paid special attention to the minute details
of the process which, thanks to their labours, ia
now at least as well, if not better understood,
than any process of plant life. We may refer to
an article which appeared in oui' columns last
year (see p. 29) for a brief statement of recent
researches with reference to what wo may term
the minute anatomical details ; our present
object is to call attention to those numerous
contrivances which have been observed to
facilitate or to impede the process of plant
fertOisation as the case may be. These
contrivances are astonishingly varied, and,
as may well be supposed, they have
excited great attention among naturalists, some
of whom have studied, with special reference
to this point, the form and relative position

alike.'

We may call the attention of EosE lovers to

the great Rose Show which is to be held in the Royal
Horticultural Society's Garden at South Kensington
on Tuesday next, which is always one of the choicest
floral f^tes of the season ; and we may further remind
intending Exhibitors of Roses at the ensuing Rose
Show at Birmingham of the circumstance that this
is the last day on which to transmit their entries.

Mr. Bull has sent us a very interesting set of

blooms of seedlings of Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums,
some of which will be acquisitions for the purposes to
which these plants are adapted. They vary in tint
from blush-white, through many shades to deep bright
rosy-lilac, and are sometimes marked with a bar or
flame only along the base of the veins of the upper
petals, sometimes with a bright spot in addition. One
m particular, the colour of which is a kind of peach-
blossom, with a bright rose spot on the upper petals,
andhavmgthebaseofthe lower petals white, seems to be
particularly attractive. We have here an indication that
the Ivy-leaved section is likely to become an extensive
one ; a matter of congratulation, seeing that the plants
are useful in many ways for decorative gardening,
especially for cultivation in vases and suspended
flower-baskets.

We may remind young gardeners and others,

desirous of presenting themselves at the Midsummer
Examination of the Royal Horticultural
Society, that the Examination takes place on Wednes-
day and Thursday, the 3rd and 4th of July, and that
Monday next is the last day for entering their names

me, as yet, it is only a third of that size, but I have not
the slightest doubt it will speedily attain to fully its
native vigour. The flowers are, as the name implies,
exactly shaped like those of a Brasavola; their colours,
however, are very different, the sepals and petals being
of a rich yellowish brown, somewhat resembling
Russia leather, whilejthe lip is half white, and half a
beautiful mauve. They are very durable, and though
scentless by day, are deliciously sweet by night. A
figure of it is preparing for the Botanical Magazine."
Prof. Reichenbach alludes to a specimen of this plant
as being densely covered with small tubercles or
warts, and, moreover, says that some other Orchids
are subject to a similar diseased condition. J. B.

... ' 1 ii 1 ii. J 1 - i J I in the case of application by letter, though personal

of the several floral organs, the development and | applications will be attended to on the following day,
mode of bursting of the anthers, the movements , Tuesday. In any case application should be made to

THE PECITNDATION OF ORCHIDS.

In England, I believe, our tropical Orchids seldom,
if ever, bear fruit. In their native countries they do
so of course, though not by any means so frequently as
might be supposed. At least such is my experience
of Orchids in this part of the world, where they are
both specifically and individually abundant.

Our epiphytal Orchidea; (I omit the consideration
now of the terrestrial kinds, as I have not sufficiently
noticed these as respects their fecundation), nearly all
belong to one or other of two tribes,- viz. : — Malaxideae,
or Vandens. The distinctive feature of the former tribe
is that the poUinia (pollen-masses) have neither oau-
dicula nor stigmatic gland, while that of the latter is the
existence both of an elastic caudicula and a separable
stigmatic gland.

Now, the Malaxidese rarely produce fruit : or, when
they do, it is scantily. The Vandeas generally do so.
Aerides, Saccolabium, Sarcanthus, Vanda, Acriopsis,
Cymbidium, and Phala^nopsis (all Vandeai), are com-
monly seen in that condition after flowering. Calanthe
and Limatodes, however, the former epiphytal and the
latter terrestrial {i. e., growing in decayed vegetable
mould in the clefts of rocks), though both belonging to
the same tribe, Tandese, form exceptions — for what
reason I do not at present know. I have only now and
then met with the fruit of these.

On the other hand, Dendrobium, Bolbophyllum,
Trias, Qirrhopetalum, Eria, &c., which belong to
Malaxideoe, rarely bear fruit. I speak of these genera
broadly, because there are one or two species, even of
this tribe, which do fruit pretty freely, Bendrobium
crepidatum and Dendrobium cretaceum for instance
(with D. formosum, which fruits frequently) ; but
then these are nearly the only species which 1 can
mention as doing so out of some eighty species of the

JCNR 20, lSi7.1

TIIK

r.ADDKNl'RR' (MlllO^^KMi; AND Ar.Kirill/rUliAL (JA/lTrK.

683

Ijenus Dendrobium which are found in these

'' TluTOtippcar, liovvover, to bo permanent exceptions
to the non-fecundating i)roponsity of '""^.."''^ij"
there are to the contrary propensity ol tiio oiner.
Oberonia, Crelosyne, and I'holidola furnish these for
thev, aooordins to my oiiservations, generally Dcai
fruit It is to bo remarked that these tliree Kenora
belouK to one subdivision of the tribe, viz , Pleuro-
thallcK, which may possess some pocuUanty oi
structure lacilitatin« fecundation not shared by the
other sulidivision, Dendrobe;e, to whicli all the Renora
first-mentioned belong. NotwitlistandiuK these excep-
tions it may be aflinned broadly that Orcluds of the
tribe Vandc;^ are ROnorally fecundated, while those ot
the tribe Malaxide;c are so but rarely. , , , ,

Now this dilTereuce in the fecundation of the two
tribes, Malaxidea; and Vandea-, may perhaps bo
partially accounted for by the far greater nuniber ol
flowers on plants of the latter tribe, and their com-
parative paucity, for the most part, on plants ol the
former. Saccolabium and Aeridcs will sometimes have
from GO to 80 llowers on one raceme, and several
racemes on one plant ; so that the chances of fecunda-
tion are Ki-enter in most Vandeaj than in most
Malaxidea3. But I do not think that this will m any
degree sutUciently account for the difference, especially
as in the case of the genus Dendrobium, those siiecies
which bear the most numerous flowers are not the
species which are most off.en found in fruit. The reaf
cause appears to be the existence of a viscid stigmatio
eland in the one case, and the want of it in the other.
In MalaxideK (sect. Dendrohe.-c especially), as there is
neither caudicula nor gland, immediately the anther
withers, or is mechanically lifted (say by an insect ,
the chances are ten to one that the polhnia fall
down to the bottom of the labelhira, if not out
of ihe flower alto'.-ether. As the poUinia are very
dry and hard, they do not readily adhere to
any extraneous object, therefore are not likely to be
caught and carried away on the body of an insect.
In Vandese, however, the viscid gland, besides making
self-impregnation more easy (for when the pollima
drop at last outof the anther,theyarenot uufreciuently
detained by the gland still remaining in its place; and,
throu-h a relaxation of the caudicula, they fall over on
to the stigmatic surface), affords a ready means ot
attachment to an extr.aneous body, as of an mseot
brushing the column, and so of conveyance ot the
polUnia'from place to place.

In illustration of my remarks, I may mention what
I witnessed a short time ago. While admiring some
splendid racemes of Aerides virens, which were
han"ing down in great luxuriance from the branches of
a Mango tree in my garden, two large bees, called
carpenter bees, I believe (the same kind which makes
a lodging in the Bamboo rafters of thatched houses, |
gaining admittance by boring a round hole through
them, notwithstanding their siliceous exterior),
lighted on the flowers for the purpose of extracting the
honey, which lies at the extreme end of the curved
hornorspur. Now,thelabellumof Aerideivireus,unhke ,
that of most Orchids, presses tightly upon the other 1
segments of the perianth, very much after the manner ]
of aSnafidragon, enclosingthe pollen masses complete y.
In order, therefore, to extract the sweetness from the
flower, which, as I said, lies at the b.^se of the conical i
spur the bee lighted upon it, and, drawing back the
labellum, thrust his head, and as much of his hairy j
body as he could, into the flower thus opened. In
this process he necessarily brushed against the colntnn
of the flower, and, in again withdrawing himself, he
lifted the anther and carried away with him the two
pollen-masses, sticking fast to his thorax by the viscid
stigmatic gland. The same result followed his visit to
each flower in succession, until some eight or ten
glands with their respective pollen-masses were seen
attached to his thorax. As the number becanie at
last apparently annoying, he gave up his search tor
honey, and settled on a twig and tried sedulously to
brush off the annoyance, but in vain ; the viscid glands
stuck fast, and resisted all his efforts. It was finite
amusing to watch his seemingly impatient struggle to
rid himself of his freight, and those of the other bee
also ; for the identical accident had befallen his com- ]
panion, and he, too, was engaged in similar eflorts on ,
a neighbouring twig. In vain they both swept tlieir
front legs over their thorax, for although they tfius
laid hold of the pollen-masses for a second, the elastic ,
caudicula, with which the pollen-masses of all Vandesc
are supplied, eased the strain upon the gland, causing
them to yield to the tug, and presently to fly back again.
Wearied at lost by their fruitless efforts, both the bees
flew away. . « j

Now, although, in this particular instance, fecunda-
tion could not have been assisted by the action of the
bees— for, owing to the adhesiveness of the gland, tlio
pollen masses were not transferred from one flower to
another, but carried away altogether— the incident
nevertheless serves to illustrate the method in which
fecundation may bo effected in other instances.

A bee or any other insect, with a smooth instead ot
a hairy body, by parting with the gland more readily,
even if it adhered to him for a while, might effect the
necessary transposition or displacement of the pollen-
masses; or, even the same bee might possibly do so if
he were to visit the flowers a little later, when the
glands have become partially dried and have lost some
of their viscosity. C. S. P. P., Moulmein.

singularity, presents a very imblc appearanoo. So good
is the white that Calanthe vcalnloha 'l'>';^ i"' "'' t

it, and the oerfumo is greater and more I.''"' ■■; t,^! '"'
that of Uucliaris. Tlicro are 13 lowers in 'o » fl «;
two or Ihree open together, and "hen re, oved
dcoliuing with the seed-vessel leave "" '''""'f''' ,',';'
the last ll.nvor is enabled to bloom in PCTloctio i lie
leaves, of a shining green, colour and f ^"B. "''.''^^''f'Vf ■
3 feet long by 3 inches wide, urch on both sides ol the
strong llovver stem. ,. i, . i- *i,;„ ;„ „

Altogether it is a very flno thing; yet ths is
neglected i.Iant, seldom seen, and offered in few bulb
lists- partly owing no doubt to some. care. which it
demiuds, and partly to certain rules in Ji""J; lo', !f"
culture : these all direct the plant to be dried off while
at rest, an<l to bo grown in peat mixtures. It, however,
blooms and looks well with the following treatment :-
Kemovo offsets directly they aiipear, at allsea-sons:
keep always moist, much less so at the dead of wmtei,
but never dry; grow in loam from decayed pastuic-
sods,not too sandy, without admixture of any other
soil Let the bulb be a little raised iii p anting, which
facilitates removing the ever-coming offsets, and give
plenty of pot room as required; vyarin greenhouse
heat should be given when at rest; but it refU'ires a
stove in early spring ; when in bloom let it be cool

""Tiryeavesfliould never disappear. The charming
Griflinia hyacinlhina and Hucharis ™afnica succeed
perfectly under similar treatment. With all three the
chief pdints seem to be to eradicate oflsels to use sweet
pasture loam, and never to check the plants by extreme
dryness. B., Dun'jarmn.

CHORETIS GLAUCA.

The petals and cup of this old-fashioned flower are
pure white ; the former, narrow and 5 melies fong,
curve in a very light and graceful way ; the latter
2 inches across ; style long and anthers clear green
pollen bright orange. These parts stand boldly out
into the air, and the whole flower, from its size and

THE SELECTIVE THEORY OF COLOUR.

Evert theory of colour brings us into contact with
the eye that sees, the object seen, and the light that
renders that object visible. Leaving the eye to form
its perfect pictures undisturbed by prying curiosity,
I purpose briefly adverting to the other two factors
that complete the circle of vision and enable us to
distinguish colours. And first of the light, We note
that it is not a simple but a compound influence or
power. Like our air, it is capable of separation into its
constituent parts. Spectrum analysis separates ligfit, as
chemical analysis resolves the air into its primitive
elements ; and only by such separation can we properly
understand the nature of either Knowledge of the
parts leads to a comprehension of the qualities of tne
whole. Especially is this true in reference to light,
for until it is disintegrated the great enlightener
remains unseen. The first use of a snectrum, as its
name imports, is to enable us to see light. It unfolds
the white pencil of light before us like a half open
exquisitely painted fan.and we observe a seven-coloured
ribbon, the bands differing from each other in their
widths, lines of road, rate of speed, distinctive powers,
and specific w^ork, , „ ,, . ,. „

Perhaps no better illustration of this separation of a
sunbeam could be given than that of Sir John
Herschel's passing a mixture of Wheat, shot, sand,
chaff, and feathers through a sieve across the wind,
and observing where they fall Tne shot would be
found in one place, the Wheat in another the
sand in a third, the chaft in a fourth, and the
feathers anywhere; but none of them in the
straight line in which they were originally tossed. All
would be deviated-the lightest most, the heaviest
least • and by observing their position on the ground a
kind 'of mechanical analysis of the contents ol the
sieve would appear. Had the sieve contained only sand
of differing degrees of fineness, the spectrum on the
sround would have been continuous. But as ttie
materials differed so much in weight, vacant spaces
would be found between each. It is ]ust so with the
spectrum of the sun's light. The colours though they
seem to us to overiie each other do not really do so
They are separated by innumerable black bands, and
these belong to the sun's hght as much as any other
portion of it. These bands divide the different r.ays of
the sun from each other, just as lines are run through
maps to separate counties. The colours thus sepa-
rated follow a regular order of succession— red, orange,
i yellow green, blue, indigo, and violet. They also vary
in width, one ninth of the spectrum is occupied
I by the violet, TVth by the indigo, tUIi by the blue, Ath
! by the green, T:\th by the yellow, ^'nths by the orange,
and TVth by the red colour.

From the form of the dispersed beam every ray
pursues its own path through space. The red at one
extremity is the le;ist bent, the violet at the other the
most diverted from the straight line. It is necessary
carefully to note this fact, as probably the whole
phenomenon of colour may . resolve itself into the
ansle of incidence or reflection of different coloured
rays of light. But not only does each coloured ray of
light choose its own route, but it also elects the speed
at which it will travel. Uniform white light flashes
through space at the rate of 193,000 miles per second.
No sSoner is it separated than each ray travels or
vibrates at a distinct pace. The rays rise gradually in
speed from red to violet, lust like the notes of the
Kamut. Red has the slowest vibrations and the longest
waves, corresponding to the lowest notes, violet
has the quickest vibrations and tie shortest w-aves,
corresponding to the highest. And beyond each there
are vibrations and waves, too rapid and short, oi
too slow and long, to be seen ; as in music there are
notes at each end of the scale which cannot be audibly

""profelsor Tyndall states that it requires 39,000 waves
of red light placed end to end to form an inch.
Multiplying the number of inches in 193,000 miles,
viz 12 165:120,000, by 39,000, gives the tremendous
product of 474,439,680,000 000 All these waves enter
the eye in a single second of time. To produce the
1 impression of red in the brain, the retma must be hit

at this incredible rate. The violet rays being much
shorter, it takes 57,000 of them to fill an inch^ and tbe
number of shocks reiiiiirod to iiroduco tilts colour
amount to six hundred and ninety-nine millions of
millions per second. Sir John Herschel's data differ
from those, and show greater disparities of speed
between the two ends of the spectrum. hstimatinK
the volocif-y of white light at 186,000 miles-roughly,
one Ihonsand million feet fier second, and reckoning
33 866 wave lengths to the inch for the extreme rod,
43197 for the soda yellow, and 70,555 for the extreme
violet, the imnulsos on tlio retina nor second
that produce the sensation of these colours roacti
these numbers; -Extreme red, »99,f Of ,000,000,000;
soda yellow, 509,0lll),000,000,000 ; extrcmo violet,
831 479 000,000,000. This reveals a difference of more
than two to one, while the figures themselves must
impress us with the subtlety and inconceivable
velocity of the agency with which we lia,ye to do.

But notwithstanding the raf^iidity of its movements
the distinctive powers of light are modified by the
character of the road it passes over or through, much
as the limpid stream is affected by the nature of its
bed. So as light flashes through space on its colouring
mission it loses some of its original ]mn!!i shall 1 say .^
and is charged with new qualities '1 liese resu » in
its polarisation, a change of state tlia,t endows
light with something akin to magnetic proper-
ties It would be out of place to explain the
nature of this change here, but as polarisation in-
fluences the bendabh power of light, and thus may
exert a great influence on colour, and as natural light
consists of confused masses of rays polarised in every
variety of plane, and therefore with their refractive,
reflective, and absorptive powers modified in conse-
quence, it seemed needful just to advert to its inter-
ference It is almost certain that each coloured beam
has its own specific work. Especial y is this the case
with the primary colours ; broadly stated, the red ,
warms, the yellow enlightens, and the violet promotes
chemical change. Neither is the power of.tlie sun
confined to its visible rays, the strongest heat ib found
beyond the red, the most active 'chemical force
beyond the violet. And it maybe considered certain
that this threefold energy of the sun is put forth
in the production of colour. Every beam speeds
forth on its mission a quivering wave ot lignt
wrapped round with heat, and further enveloped
in eiiergia,or chemical force. It is a grand unity-
a multitudinous diversity ; and while it seems a
simple, it is in reality a compound body, capable of being
split up into, probably not simply seven but seventy
times seven distinct rays. So many differences have
been discovered in the qualities of light that some have
contended that it consists of three distinct species, each
competent in itself to excite the sensation of one of the
primary colours; they assert that these colours consist
\ of red green, and blue ; that each has a spectrum of its
: own, and that their superposition on the ^ame ground
1 in d flerent degrees of intensity, produces the prismatic
snectrum as we see it. Space forbids any further
Xsion to this theory here. The fact of the giwnd
colour of vegetation being green speaks strongly in its
favour,as well as the further fact, that while the mixture
of the prismatic green and red does produce yellow, the
prismatic yellow and blue can no how be made to

i ^"inil Ken from the artist to his work. We have
alanced at a few of his extraordinary powers; let us
now advance to the unravelment of the ^^.^l^jfW
of their application. And here tlie rapidity of h s
movements constitutes our first difficulty ..their
invisibility, the second; and their apparent capricious-
' ness the third. Well, there are .at least two modes of
Eatherins instruction from a picture One is to see
the actual process of painting; the other to examine
the finished work. In both Mature and Art we
must generally content ourselves with the fatter
Looking, then, at a Pelargonium leaf, several facts
are imprinted upon it for our instruction. The
first ™^that light' coloured it. Of this thero can
bene Sonbt. Whatever vital or chemical forces may
have been employed, they ^e™ subOT^mate to light
the great master-colourist. Withhold light, and
its beauty will speedily fade into the ^1"^ Pale-
ness of bleached death. The next fact is that the eaf
broke up or disintegrated the hght as thoroughly as
the narts- of a glass globe would be scattered by violent
contS ?rith a-block of granite. The leaf affords ocular
demonstration of this startling fact. Were it not so it
must either have been black or white, and no other
Sur For had the whole of the light passedthrough
the leaf it would have been black, had none of it passed
through it must have been white ; and as it is neither,
part of it has passed through and part been retained
and therefore the light itself has been separated The
i colour proves this as certainly as if we had seen it done
-that the leaf has broken up the sunbeam into a
: many-coloured ray. All leaves and flowers then .are
I light breakers. A third fact is, that.no sooner is a
pencil of wGite light resolved into its origmal.elements,
1 by contact with feaf or flower, than each of its consti-
tuents pursues its own path independent of the other.
Each from henceforth acquires its own specific speed.
Hence violet or yellow may penetrate where red cannot
I and colour thus be influenced by thickness, form, or
i texture of vegetable tissue.

' A fourth fact is, that when ligli* passes from a rare
medium like air into a dense. medium hke a leaf its

medum hke air into a uensemeu.L.iu ,--.---
direction is changed. Part of it is not sim .Ij dispersed
but the whole of it is. refracted "'.b™* °"*,X;
straight course. In this way it >% '"[ J' f,*"' jfifg s„
originates. The cellular structure °f P'='J'„'^',J,'„^\„'S
many natural prisms, disintegrate t™,,f XStion

1

GS-1

THE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE AKD AGmODLTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 30, 1S67.

"When the sun's rays are nearly perpendicular its
colourinK power is at a maximum, and when they are
most oblique they descend to a minimum. Autumnal
, tints may seem to controvert this statement, but there
is no doubt they can be also explained in harmony
with it.

Here then are the broken sunbeams in contact
with the plant, struggling to pass through or to
escape. How is it that some pass, some are
retained, and others are thrown off? Plants are
doubtless endowed with the power of selecting
their own colours. That they should possess such
a power is not a whit more wonderful than that they
should be able to break up, change the course, arrest
the speed, or manufacture tissue out of a sunbeam.
That they do all this is certain. It is almost equally
so, that they choose their colours. Their vivid hues
could only originate in some rays being selected for
transmission, some for dispersion, and others for
reflection. Eeturuing for illustration to our sieve,
with its varied contents, it is obvious that some of the
things— the shot, for instance— would pass through
readily. Others would have more difficulty, and many
of the feathers would not pass at all. If these were of
different colours, overlapping each other, they would
afford a good illustration of how coloured rays of
light may^ impart colour to leaves and flowers. The
light that imparts colour is that which the plant refuses
to pass through. The reflected light, which gives
colour, is, moreover, the opposite to that which is
absorbed. Thus, while the whole beam is transmitted,
black is reflected ; ivhen yellow is transmitted, blue is
reflected j when red, green. The colour also depends
upon the number of the rays reflected back. A small
bundle of violet or yellow rays will not give the same
colour as a larger bundle. It is not only that
the tint, but the colour itself, will be diQ'erent. A
thin coat of paint does not give the colour
of the body of the mixture, nor a small bundle of red,
orange, or blue rays impart the impression of either of
these colours. Not only do leaves elect the colour they
will throw back to us, but they also determine the
quantity they will return, as well as whether it shall
be pure or mixed. It seems also that those plants
which absorb most light are the most vigorous, while
those that absorb least are often the most beautiful.
That they should absorb some light is essential to life.
Reflecting all, they perish ; for plants are not nourished
by the light that gives them colour, but by that which
they absorb. And hence the inherent delicacy of light-
coloured leaves, and the crumpling difliculties of white-
edged Pelargoniums. These edges absorb no light, and
therefore they cannot keep pace with the green centres.
For these reasons white-leaved plants must continue to
be impossible. But all other colours are within our
reach, most of them ai'e in plants already in our endless
diversities of green, and the growing desire for variega-
tion challenges practical men to loose them and let
them go forth in their primary purity and distinctive
glory. With a knowledge of the agents with which
we have to deal, and working in harmony with the
selective powers of plants, there seems no limit to the
combinations of colour that may reward our perse-
verance or spring forth at the bidding of our skill.
B. T. Fish, The Gardens, Sardmcke House, Bmij St.
Ji^dmund^s.

see the last man in a blouse break the Deodar's back.
As to giving any idea of the quantity of plants and
flowers used both in and out-of-doors during the
recent festivities, it is impossible— it would not be
believed. There were hundreds of posts put up in
the Tuileries gardens alone to suspend the lights, and
at the base of every one of these there was a bed of
flowers, but all that is as nothing to what was done
inside, at other places, and at the H6tel de Ville. They
even went to Italy for plants, having exhausted home
resources. W. S.

LETTERS FROM PARIS.-No. XVI.

Sixth Show^

The "serie," which commenced a few days since,
consists chiefly of Roses, fine-leaved plants, and a few
miscellaneous things. The Roses are not equal to our
own in quality ,'and the effect they produce is not nice, in
consequence of their being closely placed, without green,
on wide benches. As for the plants shown as standards
in the open ground they are simply ordinary French
nursery stock. The Strawberries were very good
when fresh, but look badly at present, as many
things do after being a few days exposed. Bulbous
Irises, Ranunculus, good Shaddocks, &c., are also
shown, but nothing worth speaking of, or from which
one could take a hint.. There are a few neat
Orchids shown by Messrs. Leroy, and Thibaut and
Keteleer : noticeably a nicely-flowered plant of the
cserulean variety of Vanda Roxburghii ; and there
is also a respectable stage full of the species of Cala-
dium and allied plants. The house for aquatic plants
has been in working order for some time, but is barely
worth naming here. M. Linden shows a Peruvian
species of Theophrasta.^ with leaves of a decided dark
olive green and metallic hue ; but by far the best new
plant in the grounds, and to me the most interesting
I have seen for along time, is Niereinbergia frutescens.
This, as the name indicates, is slightly shrubby. It is
an exquisite plant, and luckily hardy, at least so I
am told. _ The flowers are larger a good deal
than the kinds we have been accustomed to grow,
while it is perfectly neat in habit, and profuse of
flower. The largest samples are about IS inches high,
and of a nice habit, while there is a bed of smaller
plants flowering freely at a few inches high. I shall
know more about it hy-and-by. This is all tliat need be
said about the present meeting. It is much more pro-
fitable to go into the country now and then, and also to
the public gardens, &c., than to spend much time at
the Exposition. I have visited the Asparagus-growing
region since I last wrote, of which I shall give some
particulars at another time.

The day of the grand review in the Eois de
Boulogne witnessed a prodigious destruction of trees
and shrubs all round the open space or race-course.
Every tree was crowded, and even shrubs that were
supposed capable of elevating a man a few inches were
trampled into the ground, which looked in many
places like Hyde Pai-k after the Reform meeting of last
year. Previous to that occasion I never saw a twig
touched, but that was quite enough, for it was sad to

THE GREAT PAN PALM.

COEYPHA UMBRACULIFEKA, Linn. ; and SaBAL BlACK-

BUBNIANA, Lodd.

It is recorded that Corypha umbraculifera was intro-
duced to this country a short time previous to 1742, by
Lord Robert James Petre, who was a great cultivator
of rare plants, at Thorndon Hall, in Essex. I have
been favoured by the present Lord Petre with a copy
of a list of the Palms in Lord Robert's collection in
1736, in which nine species are named in the ante-
Linnean style;. I have, however, been able to identify
them with known species, but I do not find any to agree
with Corypha umbraculifera. It is nevertheless curious
that about that time Lord Petre sent a young Palm
plant to Mr. Blackburn, of Orford Hall, in Lancashire,
which appears to have flourished, and was known by
the name of Corypha umbraculifera, and no doubt
afforded evidence for the insertion of the name in " the
first edition of Alton's Hortus Kewensis," published in
1788. Two plants at Kow, known to be the same as
Mr. Blackburn's plant, were also called Corypha
j umbraculifera.

! Mr. Blackburn's plant having been moved to Hale

Hall, flowered in 1818, and produced fruit, and it was

I then found not to be C. umbraculifera of India, but a

species of the genus Sabal, which belongs to tho

western hemisphere. In 1823 the stem of this plant

had attained the height of 5 feet 2 inches; the length

of the leaf was 15 feet, and the blade 10 feet in width ;

j it had 30 leaves. In that year it again flowered, and

; produced a bunch of fruit weighing 35 lb., which

I contained 5640 berries,

I In consequence of tho rapid growth of the plant
! it became necessary to raise the roof of the house
[ several times ; an operation which had its limit,
1 but not so the plant, which induced Mr. Blackburn
I to offer it to the Kew collection, but after much
consideration it was found that it could not be
easily conveyed there by rail, therefore in order to
I preserve it some time longer, the earth was excavated
; from below it, and the plant was let down several feet :
an unfortunate operation, as the water rose amongst
I the roots, and ultimately proved fatal to this noble
I Palm tree, after having attained the age of 120 or 130
I yeai-s.

I The remains of the principal portion of the stem
! are now deposited in the Museum at Kew ; its length
is 15 feet • the base is 3 feet 6v inches in circumfer-
ence, swelling out in the middle to 4 feet 8 inches,
and where cut off below the leaves the girth is
2 feet 11 inches.

With regard to the two Kew plants, I have not been
able to ascertain the date of their introduction or from
whence they came. Judging by their appearance in
1820 it was evident that they could not he less than
from 20 to 30 years old ; they were then strong plants,
growing, one at each end of the old Palm-house, where
it was evident they had been for a number of years ;
their leaves were from 12 to 14 feet in length, rising
from the ground, no true stem having yet been formed.
In 1828 in order to insure the safe removal of these
plants at some future time, their roots were confined
within brick pits. Ten years afterwards the hitherto
hypogeous axis had attained its normal diameter, and
a cylindrical stem, about a foot in diameter was seen,
which by the successive development of new leaves,
and the falling away of old ones, showed an increase in
height of about 2 inches yearly. In 1818 the brick-
work was removed, and the whole mass of roots and
earth of each plant was enclosed in wooden boxes, and
in that state was conveyed to the present Palm house
without injury, although the weight of the largest
plant was 1(3 tons. They were placed in their present
position in 1860, and were magnificent plants in 1861,
the stem of one being 12 feet high and 4 feet 6 inches
in circumference at 2 feet from the base ; that of the
other was 9 feet 7 inches in height and 4^ feet in cir-
cumference. Both have produced perfect seeds, from
which young plants have been raised and dispersed
to many botanic establishments. It therefore appears
from their rate of growth that this Palm requires
from 40 to 50 years to complete the diameter of the
base before it assumes the character of a stem above
ground ; and calculating from data thus furnished, the
Kew plants will have head room where they now are,
for 100 years.

Two plants of this Palm were also in the once
renowned collection of Messrs. Loddiges, at Hackney,
and both Messrs. Loddiges and myself observed that
the foot-stalks of the leaves were smooth, a circum-
stance which, coupled as it was with the flowering of
the Hale Hall plant, proved that the plants at Kew
and Hackney were not Corypha umbraculifera, but a
species of Sabal, a genus common to tropical America.
The name of Sabal Blackbumiana was therefore given
to it by Messrs. Loddiges, who entered it in their Palm
catalogue under that name. S. Blackbumiana
should therefore be adopted ; and I learn from Mr.
Hermann Wendland, of Hanover, that he is of the same
opinion. He also informs me that this Palm is a
native of many parts of Central America; that he
observed it in several places near villages, where the
leaves were used for domestic purposes.

Let me now turn to the true Corypha umbraculifera
of India. Two seeds of this Palm were received at Kew

in 1824. After being planted they quickly germinated,
and before being observed had made stiff tap roots
about 6 inches in length ; they were both carefully
potted, but it soon became evident that common pota
were not suitable for them, as their thick fleshy roots
were continually finding their way through the holes
at the bottom, penetrating to a great depth the materia-
on which the pot stood ; tan soil, brick rubbish, or
coal-ashes being apparently equally agreeable to them.
Depth, therefore, being found necessary, they were
placed in deep chimney pots, in which they remained
for several years, and notwithstanding every experi-
ment these two plants grew very slowly for the first
30 years. Although making long thick roots, their
leaves during that time did not exceed 12 to 15 inches
in length, the plants presenting a stunted unhappy-
appearance, and the rubbish-heap seemed a more fit
place for them than the warm corner of the tan-bed.
As however I took special interest in them, they have
withstood all the vicissitudes of 40 years, and during
the last 10 years have assumed a more promising
appearance.

In 1863 they were placed in deep cylindrical pots,
made specially for them, and the longest leaf of one of
the plants now measures 4 feet 2 inches in length, and
the width of the blade is 3 feet 1 inch. Therefore,
should they meet with no untoward event during the
next 40 years, I have every reason to believe that they
will then be plants of considerable size. Judging, how-
ever, from the slow growth of this Palm, and also on
putting it in comparison with the long period which
the diameter of the stem takes to form in Palms of this
gniup, it may be calculated that it will be equally long
before a cylindrical stem will be seen rising above the
ground. Such being their slow rate of growth, it may
therefore be calculated that the third generation from
the present time may see these two Talipot Palms equal
in height to the plants of Sabal Blackbumiana, now
in the Palm-house at Kew.

Much attention was paid to the growth of this Palm
by the Jlessrs. Loddiges. A few years before their
noble collection was broken up, a narrow box 6 or
7 feet high, was to be seen stauding in their Palm
House with a ^mall plant on the top of it ; this was, as
the late Mr. George Loddiges said, the last expedient
in trying to grow Corypha umbraculifera. J. Smithy
ex-Cnrator, Royal Gardens, Kew.

GENTIANS.

How frequently in these days do we hear ajjed people
inquire after some of the flowers of their youth, old-
fashioned flowers of days gone by, old favourites that
have been discarded for more modern introductions?
Amongst old plants now fast disappearing, I am sorry
to have to enumerate the beautiful Gentians, acaulis
and verna, two charming spring rivals ; indeed few
spring flowers are more lovely than these; and I ques-
tion if the spring Gentian (G. verna), which is the best
and most beautiful of all the species, opening as it does
its large blue dazzling flowers in April, has any equal
at that season. Its dense tufts of brilliant blue flowers
are indeed unsurpassed for effect, and the efl'ect is
obtained just at a time when floral display is much
needed.

Itistruethat itis somewhat shy as regards cultivation.
It is, however, perfectly hardy, and where soil and
situation suit it, it flourishes and flowers most freely,
which is the case here, where it is used as an edging to
several diamond-shaped flower beds, in lieu of box, on
two coloured designs, on either side of the conservatory.
The situation is elevated and consequently rather dry,
but partially shaded. I attribute the success of the
plant here, however, to its being planted in lime and
mortar rubbish, the same being used rather thickly on
the walks to keep down worms. Into this it roots
freely; indeed nothing can do better than it does
here, growing as it does as freely as Couch
Grass. I also find it to do well in a mixture
of maiden loam, mortar, rubbish, and gravel. I
generally plant divisions of the roots as soon as the
plants liave done flowering, but I have planted in
autumn with equal success. In order to ensure a pro-
fusion of blossom the plants should not be removed
too often.

In raising plants from seed it is requisite to sow as
soon as the seeds are ripe (otherwise they soon lose
their power of vegetating) in pans filled with rather
heavy peat. Sow on the surface without covering,
except a slight sprinkling of silver sand, then place the
pans either in a cool frame facing the north, and kept
close, or on the north side of a wall, where they are
completely screened from the sun, and cover them
with a hand-gla.ss. As soon as they are large enough to
handle prick them off in a bed composed of the coni-
post alluded to above, where they can remain until
their final planting. This short notice will suflice to
answer some private inquiries that I have not answered
by post. Edward Bennett, Osherton Gardens, Work-
sop, Notts.

Home Correspondence.

Bedding-out. — The accounts of bedding-out which
appeared in your columns last year remind me of days
of yore when Chiswick was in its glory— when times
out of number we used to read reports of the same
specimens which were well known to have been staged
at these monster shows for years, and which were as
well known to everybody as the vans that brought
them. At last people cared little for the plants, the
company and the music being the chief attraction, for
who wished to be pushed about to see Messrs. Fair-
hairn's monster Cavendish Heath, or the late Mrs.
Lawrence's huge Pimeleas, that had so often been
seen before. Now in regard to bedding-out _w6 have
repetition similar to that just alluded to in every
garden. Stella is extolled in some reports ; Christine

June 29, 1867.J

looteTSoyT'orfWmersto'irird^bed as'W^
■0 besfof the Nosegays, while Mrs. VoUock B jou
1 „ f„,u ntlipr tliinss. are always spoken ol
?r terms" of IraL. Go' where one will, there is
mudi repetition and sameness that beddinK-
,t is now as lishtly looked upon ^^^ tl'«f^ Ch^v.ck
snrcimens were in days now passed away, and 1
• ieve that many who were once most enthusiastic as
reKards t le care of their ilower gardens are certainly
Ek interest in them. Nor can any other result be
ewefled. Our employersvisit theirneighbours' Bardens^
anSreturn home to look upon a counterpartof what they
& just seen. Nothing now in st^-lo or colour has
been Ibund in their travels : true perhaps, Mr. bo-and-
So's bed of Stella looked better than theirs at home,
bStthen Mrs. Pollock, or some others, were much
better at home than elsewhere; and this is the fact
througbout the country. Again, hundreds of yards of
Cera.4ium, Amaranthus, Lobelias, Pe argoniums, &c.,
are t'o be met with at most large es abhshraents, while
smaller ones have the same kind of decoration ;"» Pro-
portionately less degree. Well, then, may lovers of
flowe? gardens feel dTssatisfied with our present style
„l bedding out; but surely something can yet be
done to revive the love of (lowers. The tyro who cat^
furnish matchless beds of Stella Christine, and
hundreds of yards of ribboned borders, has not yet
surely exhausted his skill. Let us hope that past
seasons have taught us a lesson riever to be forgotten
The question then is, What is to be done :• this
I will not venture to answer, but must content
myself with directing attention to the _ unwise
nractice of too closely copying our neighbour s laults,
of which we have all been more or less guilty.
Nevertheless by means of skill in planting, flower-beds
may be greatly varied and made very showy it not
interesting, even with the materials which we now
possess. Circular beds, which are best for eflect have
been quartered, banded, and edged in so many diHerent
ways and colours, that this style of edging, like the use
of crinoline, is now but little in favour, and has but
few admirers. Panel work is pretty when not over-
done but the plan of dotting a few plants here and
there on a ground-work of Cerastium, Alyssum, &c., is
to say the least of it, not tasteful. The last absurdity ol
which I will now speak, is making large mounds ot
earth similar in shape to a haycock and falling tliem
with plants. These have to be made and planted at
the same time, and look long, naked, and ineUective.
Now as I have no wish to be unnecessarily obtrusive,
let me come at once to the point, and declare that we
must have more taste and skill displayed in our bed- ^
ding-out system. As some of your correspondents .
have stated, we must have effective beds, let the season
be what it may; we have colours lu abundance, and we
must study how best to make use of them. JNow, a
"ood result will in some measure be attained by plant-
ing mi.'ied beds ; here great skill will be required.
In planting what are called self beds, with edgings,
little taste is needed, but in the mixed system will be
found full and ample scope for the judgment of even our
most clever men. To plant a large tlower garden, the
greater portion of the bed.^ to contain two or more
colours, so planted and mixed with coloured foliage or
flowers, that the efl'ect will not be marred let the
season be wet or dry, is the principle which I feel con-
vinced should be adopted, and one which I would
seriouslv recommend for consideration. It will give
us a greater variety, it will prove interesting, and
above all, if skilfully carried out, it will ensure beauty
and striking effect, let the season be ever so unfavour-
able. Flower gardens then will prove interesting ; our
emplovers will inspect their neighbours' floral decora-
tions again with pleasure, and will then certainly meet
with something new and pleasing; such combinations
as the Iresine and Mrs. Pollock, Viola cornuta and
Mangles' Pelargonium, Flower of the Day and Goleus
Gibsoni or Perilla, are such as will prove attractive
and beautiful. Edward Bennett, gr. to O. S. Foljambe,
Esq., OsheiioH Mall, Worksop.

Prexereing JPelargoniums during Winter (see p. -192).
—Some nine years ago I had all our flower beds
trenched in autumn, burying their occupants, which |
the frost had rendered unsightly, to the depth of 2 feet.
Twelve months afterwards several of the beds were
again trenched, when many of the Pelargonium stems
turned up appeared quite fresh. I had some of them
potted, expecting to obtain variegation, but I was dis- j
appointed, for all.produced fully developed green leaves.
Pondering over this result, I came to the conclusion
that if some 10 per cent, could retain their vitality for
12 months under 2 feet of soil, and stowed away m a
most unceremonious manner, surely with care 'JO per
cent, might be saved. In order, therefore, to carry out i
this view, a pit very much like a Celery trench was
prepared at the proper time, and after frost had m a
great measure destroyed the tops about 1000 stems
were thus stowed away, all in an upright position, with
the roots downwards. Dry hay was then packed
over them to fill up the trench or pit; a
few sticks were laid across for support, when
all were covered over with half rotten leaves
sufiicient to keep out frost. In March, when this
trench was opened, the hay, although still dry, had
become mouldy, and had evidently affected the Pelar-
goniums in no small degree. Still about three parts of
them were alive, and after having been potted and
encouraged with a little heat, the greater portion of
them were planted out in May in the shape ol nice
stocky plants. In the following year the trench was
again filled exactly as before, except that no hay nor
straw was permitted to touch the top of the stems,
which I considered had been injured thereby. In this
instance the plants received very little harm from frost.
They had been cut back, and every leaf taken off; and
when they were taken out all appeared the same as
when they were put in. I next tried stowing them
away in boxes, packed in pine sawdust. The stems

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICEE AND ArrRTCHLTURAE GAZETTE.

685

were dry when put in, and in March, when taken out,
about 70 per cent, had made shoots an inch long. I
have also tried ashes, soil, and dry sand lor packing,
an experiment which scarcely turned out to
mv expectation. In the autumn of 1805 1 had
some three light frames filled with Pe argoniums, not
in pots nor in soil, but all packed as closely
as possible, with tlio root end downwards as helore.
The frames wore covered up with leaves during the
greater part of the winter, only allowing daylight to their
occupants when the sun was shining; but, whether Irom
drip or change of temperature I do not know-perhaps
both— I lost more than one-half of them. Not satisfied
with this, I had the same frames filled last autumn in
this instance all the plants were potted, putting 10 or
12 in a G-inch pot, and set as closely as they nould
stand The frames were protected with mats in the
usual way, and received the same attention as the
others, except as regards water, which was withheld.
This spring about throe parts were alive, rhey were
repotted, and now occupy their places again out-ol-

doors. -D. . T. ■ 1 _

Orchkls and their Cultiealton.—Hy some inadver-
tence the descriptive note on Oncidium leucochilum
(p C55c) has got mixed up with that on O. ornithoryn-
cluim The description, so far as leucochiUim is con-
cerned ought to stop at the sentence flnishing with
"gives a character to the plant." The remaining
portion of the paragraph refers exclusively to ornitho-
rynchum. In addition to what appears with relerence
to leucochilum, it may be stated that it is capable ol
producing pseudobulbs G to 7 inches long, and as much
in circumlerence, and throws a large branched panicle,
yielding from 100 to 300 blossoms, an example ot which
1 1 hope to be able to send, with Mr. Dawson s permis-
sion, to a forthcoming Floral Committee rueeting. ihe
flowers vary in size and colour, all having the lower
portion of the lip white, and the upper portion, along
with the sepals and petals, of bistre and brown, m
bars and spots on an olive ground.. When well
cultivated it is one of the most attractive among the
many Orchids, and thrives well under cool treatment,
although it is not safe to risk it in an atmosphere below
■lO" when at Test. J. Anderson. , ,- , r(,,%

Earli/ Peas.— In your impression of J une 15 (p. ML),
Mr Turner informs us that he picked Peas at a certain
date, showing that Ringleader was several days earlier
-'s No. 1. This was already patent to

i

than gangsters xxo. i. iu.^ ..j.o „..^„_.. ,. --

every gardener in the three kingdoms. AVhat is wanted
to be known is, is Ringleader a synonyme of any
other variety ? A correspondent, signing himse 1
" M N E " in a previous number of your Journal,
states that Ringleader, or Carter's First Crop, is only
a synonyme of Dillistone's Early Prolific. If the senders
out of these Peas can refute this statement, why do
they not do so ? If it is not contradicted, myself and
many amateurs and professional gardeners will accept
it as true. If these Peas are really proved to be
one variety, a check ought to be put to stop old things
being re-named. S. S., Carshalton. [The C iiswick
trials settle these points conclusively. We shall report
on them shortly. Many of the so-called novelties
among Peas, and other vegetables, no doubt originate
thus —Under ordinary culture, the stock of a given
variety deteriorates, and this may go on gradually lor
a few years so as to be little noticed. Some one then
selects from it the true (or, as he may suppose, a new)
form, and carefully grows and seeds it ; and the result
is a true stock of an old variety. The service rendered
by this means is as great as that of raising a new
variety, but its tendency is also to multiply aliases.

The " SHoer Pine" of Table Mountain.— 1 have
thou"ht it may interest some of the readers of the
Gardeners' Chronicle to know something of the
so-called " Silver Pine" of Table Mountain. I there-
fore send a few observations which I have received
from a gentleman who has been for some years resident
at Cape Town. My correspondent says, when sending
seeds and leaves of the tree under notice : I add a tew
words on where and how the silver leaves grow. On
entering Table Ray you see the city of Cape Town,
situated at the foot of a large flat mountain, which rises
abruptlv to the height of about 3000 feet above the sea ;
this is ''Table Mountain.' During the stormy season
a dense white cloud is often seen spreading rapidly
over the top, and is a warning to sailors (who call it
the ' Devil's Table-cloth '), for it is the forerunner of
terrific gales. Yet, while the head of the mountain is
thus awfiiUy enveloped in raging storms, and vessels in
the bav toss or flounder on the rocks, the Silver Pine
sways to and fro on the mountain side a thousand leet
below the Une of cloud, where the trees grow over a
small area of rugged rocky ground, gaily glittering
under the frowning storm as the sunbeams play over
their silvery leaves. The tree rises to the height ot
about 15 feet, having a straight, branched, shrub-like
form covered throughout with silvery down, and
bearing a beautiful Pine-like cone, containing many
seeds set in flossy silk. This tree would appear to be
of little use, and has nothing but its beauty to recom-
mend it." The leaves sent by my correspondent are
certainly very beautiful, but they are not the leaves ol
any Conifer. On the contraiy, they are those ot a
Proteaceous plant, very probably of Protea argentea. 6.
rit is Leucadendron argenteum. Bd,s.J _ .

Garden Walls.— \ cannot help protesting against the
denunciation of garden walls which occurs at p. Ml.
Nobody can object to your two correspondents advoca-
ting glass walls to their hearts' content but to talk ot
garden-walls as things which ought to be of the past,
is nonsense. What feature of a good English kitchen
garden is better or more enjoyable than a well-managed,
?vell-covered wall of fruit trees ? I happen to know a
few places in the south of England and Ireland where
the walls are among the best features of great gardens
bearing fruit abundantly, and being as attractive a sight
as one could see. I believe moreover that a cheap

method of building, and good method of managing gar-
den walls is one of our (diief wants. Of course there are
parts of the country where they are useless for fruit,
hut that is anything but a reason why they should not
he made the most of in those parts where they are
capable of producing the best results. Even if a garden
wore furnished with a dozen such hou«es as those sug-
gested, the good gardener would still find it desirable
to have his walls, and could moreover make good use of
every inch of them, no matter what point of the com-
pass they might face. W.

Sedum spectabile. — This is one of the finest autumn
llowering iilants introduced of late years, being at once
distinct, perfectly hardy, fine in Ilower, and handsome
ill foliage. For association with the nobler hardy
plants in beds, there is nothing to surpass it, and it may
also be used around shrubberies, as a pot plai.t, a rock
plant, or a first-class border plant. When siiecimens of
it are fully exposed to the sun an'' air, and well-
established -which they become in a jcar or so- it is
p;irticularly fine, and flowers till the season is just over,
keeping company with the Tritomas. It begins to push
up its fat glaucous shoots in the very dawn of spring,
and keeps growing on all through the early summer,
and continues in a perfectly presentable condition.
The plant is known by the name of " Fabarium ' or
" Fabaria," in our gardens, and that has caused some
little confusion, as the true S. Fabaria of Koch is
quite distinct from, and a very poor plant compared with
it. The plant was in the first place named Fabarium
by M. C. Lemaire, but as this was likely to cause
some confusion, M. Horeau named it spectabile, which,
considering its very noble character as a Sedum, and the
desirability of having a distinct name for a plant so
distinct, is on the whole the best. The plant is one of
the easiest to propagate and grow that has ever been
introduced to this country, and deserves to rank among
tho very best herbaceous subjects. H.

Variegated Pelargoniums.— Vermit me to thank you
for your courteous answer to my queries upon variega-
tion, and to add that I cannot accept your conclusions
as final. I am not prepared to admit that variegation
is a disease, that it is something distinct from colora-
tion, nor that only the two colours, white and yellow,
' are to constitute variegation. I think it equally or
' more probable that variegation is a higher develop-
ment than an imperfect, diseased condition of life, and
would rather accept the plain grammatical meaning
of the word, which is, to stain or diversify with
various colours, than accept capricious distinctions
between it and coloration ; and see no good, nor, in
fact, any reason, for excluding pink, red, orange, blue,
or violet, from the category of variegation. This is
hardly the time to establish hard and fast lines in such
matters, when variegated plants are increasing so rapidly,
and the public demand for them even outruns the
supply. In reference to there being anything unfair,
on the eve of a great show, in altering the usual
standard of variegation, I reply that there can be no
usual standard in the matter, while plants that you
would disqualify as not variegated, receive the first
prizes at Manchester as variegated. [This is not
evidence; there may have been no competing
collections, and the judges may not have thought it
a question necessary for them to open. Lds. J ihe tact
is, the rapid influx of new colours has upset the usual
standards, and the sooner these standards are adapted
to admit our new productions the better. Unless this
can at once be done, I fall back upon the plain meaning
of the word variegated, which would include every
variety that is stained with different colours. It is a
matter of simple justice to all the exhibitors tlmt the
question should be settled now before the exhibition.
All of them will be satisfied to be fairly beaten
or fairly victorious. None will be quite satisfied
if certain classes are excluded from the contest
on simply technical grounds. For the sake
then of the exhibitors as well as to, increase
the richness of the Bury Show, I am anxious that
the term variegated should be rendered as comprehen-
sive as possible, and will memorialise the Council ot
the Royal Horticultural Society to that effect. I have
much pleasure in directing special attention to the
subjoined proposal for Challenge Cups for Pelargo-
i niums at the Bury Show, received from Mr. Watson,
of St Alban's, the raiser of the beautiful Miss Watson
i and other fine varieties, and will be happy to co-operate
i with the raiser in any way to carry out his spirited
proposal. Letters or remittances addressed to me
will receive immediate attention, and the arrange-
ments will be announced as soon as completed.
As will be seen at once, this is a new
proposal, and leaves the schedule of prizes intact. It is
really a 20?. and a 10/. sweepstakes added to the already
liberal jirizos offered for these plants at Bury. Mr.
Watson'sappealtothestandardlaiddowninthcC/(/-oi!(c(i?
would also remove these prizes out of the regions^ of
dispute concerning variegations,andmight,if responded
to, furnish an additional reason for a comprehensive
explanation of the terms in;the other classes. D. T.Fish.
"The point which we must conclude Jlr. Fish fails to
see is this— that variegation, which is a question ot
i vegetable physiology, has already a definite botanico-
' horticultural meaning, notwithstanding the impertect
notions which this discussion serves to show are abroad
concerning it ; and that this meaning cannot.be altered
or another definition given without increasing tlie con-
fusion which exists, if indeed vegetable physiologists
would accept it— which they would not. It ." is
desired or desirable to include all plants showing a
departure from the normal Bi'een of ordinary leaf-
colouring, or presenting a painted If .f-f^ff^f • X^/
one designation, for the purpose of exhibit on ^r other-
wise, that is another question ; but if such n, course is

to be adopted, a new name must be f''""'!^.,,,^? J^^S*!
theBury show, it is for tho.Royal Uorticultural Soc.e^^^^

or the Bury Committee, jointly or severall. , '» define
what they liieant by the word " variegated ; but with

686

THE GAEDEKEES' CHEONICLE Am AGEICULTUIIAL G.\ZETTE.

[Jtjne 29, 1867.

all deference to Mr. Fish, whose extraordinary and
overtaxing labours in connection with this show
deserve tlie fullest recognition, we must hold that if
the word was to have had any new meaning assigned to
it in this case, the definition should have gone out when
the schedule was issued, and not be brought forward
at the last moment, after iiitending exhibitors have
been for some months preparing their plants. Eds.]

Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums. — There is and will
continue to be great misunderstanding with these
variegated, zoned, and other beautiful foliaged
Geraniums until you positively adopt a settled descrip-
tive name. I think there can be no more distinct or
convenient appellation for the whole family,
variegated or not, than " Handsome " or " Ornamental-
foliaged " Pelargoniums. This should be well under-
stood in reference to the coming Exhibition at Bury,
as it will bring in every one. For instance, the best
12 seedling Pelargoniums (handsome or ornamental
foliaged : versicolor, tricolor, bicolor, or zonal). Tricolor
has been shown to be an improper term ; parti-colored,
marbled, variegated, tartan, &c., are indefinite. I
consider the terras versicolor, tricolor, bicolor,
unicolor, and zonal ail that are necessary.
Jahez J. Chater^ Qonville Nurseries, Camhridge.
[For ourselves we are content with, and mean to abide
by, the term Zonal for the whole group, and for the
so-called Tricolor-leaved we adopt that of Variegated
Zonal. There would be Green Zonals, Golden Zonals,
Golden Variegated Zonals, vSilver Variegated Zonals,
and Marbled Zonals ; and there would be also Golden
Variegated Marginates and Silver Variegated Mar-
ginates, as well as Concolorous Green and Concolorous
Golden varieties. Eds.]

Challenge Cup for Variegated Zonal I'elargoniums.
— The following letter, addressed to Mr. Fish, has
been forwarded to us for publication : — I see by the
Gardeners' Chronicle there is a cup, value lOZ., offered
for the best 12 Seedling Variegated Pelargoniums of
1866 and 1867, for which I should be glad to compete,
but under this arrangement it is impossible for me to
do so, for the simple reason that as soon as I see a
seedlmg is not likely to be useful I discard it at once ;
and as to Seedling Pelargoniums of this class, I see but
little advantage to be derived, either by the public or
private individuals, from exhibiting them in this state,
as it is well known among raisers that there is no
dependence on them until their character is settled,
both as to habit and colouring. The object to be '•
sought is to know who has the best kinds not yet sent '
out, and the only way to bring out the right kinds is to
have a Challenge Cup, value 20 guineas, to be awarded
to the raiser of the two best ; and a second cup, of the
value of 10 guineas, to the raiser of the one best kind,
allowing any raiser to compete for both cups, and no
raiser to exhibit less than six plants of each kind.
This would show plainly who has the best to send out
in the two years to come, '67 and '68 ; the plants to be
judged according to rules laid down in the ffardemrs'
Chronicle. Now, I am willing to subscribe 51. 5s.
toward the above prizes ; will you and your friends
contribute the remainder ? If not, an appeal through
the Gardeners' Chronicle would no doubt be
responded to at once, and the desired end would be
gained. Of course it is understood that I shall be at
liberty to compete for both prizes. Please let me
know if my offer is accepted as quickly as possible, and
I will forward you my 51. 5s. at once. Jolin Watson,
St. Alban's, June 22. [Though Mr. "Watson only uses
the term " Variegated," it is clear that he means the
"Tricolor-leaved," or, as we call them. Variegated
Zonal varieties. Eds.]

New Moses. — This question may doubtless be argued
on two grounds — 1, that of fact ; 2, that of precedent.
j?irst, as to fact. In the prize schedule of the Royal
Horticultural Society for June (p. 5), are these
words :— " New Hoses not sent out previous to 186i-5."
Now, to say that Boses sent out in France in
November, 1863, are not sold or sent out in England
previous to 1861, is a piece of special pleading, and, j
moreover, contrary to fact, as I have myself frequently '
sold such Hoses to amateurs immediately on their
arrival from France. So much for fact. Now for
precedent. I discard at the outset all prize schedules
which are worded differently to the one under dis-
cussion, maintaining ;that such are not parallel cases.
As a precedent, I refer to the prize schedule of the
International Horticultural Exhibition of last year,
where the wording is'identical with that of the Eoyal
Horticultural Society's schedule for June. Referring
to the list of varieties taking the prizes there (see
report of the proceedings, p. 301), it will be seen that
no Rose sent out in the autumn previous to the lowest
date (1863) was shown. This, I apprehend, demon-
strates that the exhibitors understood this wording of
the schedule to mean that Roses sent out in the
autumn of the year were Roses of that year, and not of
the year following. It is important that the same
definition of this question should be admitted by
societies, judges, and exhibitors, as Roses of two years'
growth cannot be expected to compete successfully
with Roses of three years' growth. William Paul,
Waltkam Cross. [Our opinion on this point is already
expressed— that, being a question of fact, it should be
decided according to fact, and that the Rose sent out
in the autumn of 1867 is a new rose of 1867 for any
and all purposes. Eds.]

Liliuni anratum.~~A fine specimen of the Lilium
auratum, the Queen of Lilies, is now flowering with
Messrs. Kennedy & Co., Dumfries. The staUi is
double, and measures 7 feet 1 inch in height. The
flowers on each stalk measure from 14 to 15 inches
across, there being eight on one and seven on the other,
and they are not more magnificent in hue than exqui-
site in proportion. The variety is one of those with
beautiful pearly white flowers, studded with small
rich crimson spots, and having golden bars to each
petal ; while not the least charm of this truly glorious

flower is the nice perfume which it emits. W. Kerr,
[Larger specimens still have been recorded. Eds.]

Sti-amierries.— These are late here, owing to the
frosts cutting ofl' the first expanded blooms. Crops
here of all kinds are still good ; indeed those of Rivers'
Eliza, Wonderful, and Cockscomb, are safest. Under
glass, with heat only at night in severe weather, Eliza,
Wonderful, and Paxton, have borne capita! crops.
Paxton is large, handsome, and a very good forcer.
W. F. Eadclyjfe, Okeford Fitzjyaine.

Small Birds. — We are eaten up — at least our crops
of Peas — with hawfinches this year. Filix-Mas.
Maidenhead.

Peach Trees Casting their Fruit. — I wish to know
why the fruit in a late Peach-house keeps dropping ;
it is about to begin swelling the second time. The
stone is well formed, but the kernel is in a partially,
and in some instances completely, rotten state. Is it
because the trees are too wet at the root ? W. S. I).
[Peach trees cast their fruit from various causes.
Excessive vigour of growth will produce the evil, or
irregularity in the flow of the sap, which may be
caused by too much heat, too much moisture at the
roots, or too great a degree of dryness. Eds.]

Soijal Ascot Grape. — Mr. Carpenter (see p. 657)
does not deny that he allowed my Vines to become
smothered with mildew, but he wants to place on my
shoulders the responsibility of causing the pot Vines of
the " Royal Ascot " to crack. The fact is, he kept this
and all my other pot Vines so miserably short of water
that Black Hamburghs assumed a pink hue. I told
him of this, and then he, I imagine, completely deluged
them. As to whether manure-water, properly applied,
causes pot Vines to crack or not, I leave to those who
really know how to grow them. I did not prescribe
the quantity he should have used, that of course was
left to his own judgment. Mr. Carpenter's intimate
acquaintance with this variety has, however, induced
him fully to appreciate some of its many good qualities;
he must acknowledge that it " is a luxuriant grower,
short-jointed, and a good Grape." The Black Ham-
burgh is at present far too great a favourite
for me to expect gardeners to root it up to make room
for the Royal Ascot. Rome was not built in a day,
nor will the Blac'< Hamburgh be suddenly banished
on the approach of even a better Grape. Mr. Carpenter
disputes the claim of the Royal Ascot to earliness. I
again aflirm that it will stand early forcing better, and
set in a lower temperature, than the Black Hamburgh;
and that if grown with that variety it will be coloured
and fit for market the first. As a late Grape, the
Black Hamburgh cannot be compai-ed with it. In
short, many of our leading Vine gi-owers have already
seen this Grape, and have formed most favourable
opinions of it. I purpose showing fruit of it at the
next Regent's Park Exhibition, which takes place on
the 3d of July, and I shall also submit it to the Fruit
Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society at
South Kensington. All who happen to attend on
these occasions will therefore have an opportunity of
seeing it. Mr. Carpenter is desirous of knowing
whether I have cut or am able to cut a bunch of this
variety J lb. in weight. I am happy to say that I have
done so, and that I shall do so again. I should possibly
have had some 3 lb. bunches this season if the Vines
had not had their constitutions impaired last year.
Your correspondent is greatly mistaken in saying that
the Royal Ascot is a fortnight later than the Black
Hamburgh, and that I cut Muscats long before the
Royal Ascot, all having been started on the same day.
I sent the Royal Ascot to market as early if not earlier
than any Muscats, and the latter were started six
weeks before the former. Jno. Standish, Moyal
Nurseries, Ascot, Perks.

Cabbages v. Turnips. — In a newspaper of Saturday
last, that devotes a column weekly to gardening,
appears the following as an answer to a correspondent: —
"Turnips blooming by the side of Cabbages will
assuredly spoil the seed of both." Now I have never
heard that the common Turnip and Cabbage will mix
when in bloom, neither have I ever seen any hybrids
between the two. In going through some of the large
seed growing farms in Kent I have observed plots of
Cabbage seed growing in the middle of pieces of Turnip
seed, and always understood that bj'growing it thus
the Cabbage seed would be pure. Will any of your
correspondents state their experience on this subject ?
J. K., Wilts.

Vanilla planifolia. — I observe that it is stated (see
p. 651) that probably the best plant of Vanilla in this
country is growing in the Sheflield Botanic Garden,
under the able superintendence of Mr. Ewing. I can
only say that it must have made extraordinary pro-
gres.s, if it surpasses or even approaches in size that
growing in the Pine stove at Osberton Hall, under the
care of Mr. Bennett ; for when I was last at the Sheffield
Botanic Garden, in 1861, it was decidedly not half so
large as Mr. Bennett's plant. It is, however, but fair
to state, that Mr. Ewing is a most successful cultivator
of this plant. Thos. Simpson, gr. to Henry C. Wells,
Fsq., Proomfield Lodge, Chelmsford.

Apples. — I think that Mr. Earley (see p. 492)
will be found to be right about the failure of the
Apple crop. I have 42 orchard trees. I carefully
inspected them with my servant last week. They are
marked in my book thus ; One tree capital ; 14 trees
good ; six trees a few ; 21 trees nothing. My friend,
Mr. Watts, of Tarnworth Farm, near here, made
130 hogsheads of cider last year ; he says he shall make
little or none this year. He has taken my landlord's.
Lord Rivers', fine farm of Melcombe Park,
where there is a fine orchard ; he says there
will be scarcely any Apples there. Okeford
Fitzpaine is a parish of orchards ; the account is the
same. In passing, I advise persons to purchase cider
from clay lands, as, if it is intended to be kept, it is
better for the purpose than cider grown on chalky
lands. The best cider known is the Cockagee cider,

grown near Taunton. When bottled it is superb, but.
it is apt to blow up. W. F. Madcli/ffe.

Hoses. — These are abundant and superb here this,
season. The following of late date are fine, viz..
Marguerite de St. Amand, Duchesse de Caylus,
Rushton Radclyffe, Dr. Audrey, Bernard Palissy,,
Madame Moreau, and Charles Margottin. Of
the Roses of 1867 the following have just
bloomed, and can be recommended, viz.. Lady
Suffield, Black Prince, and Globosa. The first is a
very superior one, of perfect outline, great substance,
well disposed smooth-edged petals, fine colour, and of
good growth and foliage. The second is of a splendid
colour, dark bright crimson, darker shaded, a fine
trusser, and has the finest foliage I ever saw. The
third is intensely brilliant crimson, is very fine as au
infolded Rose, but when expanded it is not equal to
the first. Dr. Liudley is not yet open. Its growth and
foliage are fine. I saw Dr. Lindley twice in one year
in London, and thought it one of the best seedlings I
ever saw, and likely to be a grand Rose. The Black
Prince is very handsome, but at present I must award
the palm to Lady Suffield, which appears to me to be-
faultless. Roses have been much checked, and doubt-
less novelties will do yet better when we get warm
nights. The three Roses above do Mr. W. Paul great
credit ; and I have no doubt the fourth will do the
same. W. F. Sadcli/ffe.

A Lovely Old Plant. — In visiting Mr. Luddeman's
very prettily situated nursery the other day, I was
much struck with the beauty of Agalmyla staminea,
which is a very rare plant to what it ought to bo in our
gardens, considering its great beauty as a wall or sus-
pending plant. With Mr. Luddeman it was crawling
from and around a basket in a stove, and sending from
the leaf axils sessile bunches of beautiful scarlet flowers,
some open and the majority simply in the bud state,
but all equally glowing vfith peculiarly bright and
pleasing colour. Some plants in small pots in the same
house had sent a shooi: outside of and around the pot,
and here again the fine bright trusses shone, so that its
great ability as a plant for basket-work and rock-work
in stove pots attached to walls, &c., is beyond a doubt.
It is one of the best things I have ever seen for this
purpose, if not the best. V.

Foreign Correspondence.

Vines in Switzerland. — " To prune, or not to prune-
— that is the question," says "Pomum" (see p. 573). To
keep trees at a standstill, or to let them go on gradually
extending themselves, keeping a due regard to the
proportion of root and branch, is the question, say I.
What does "Pomum" mean when he speaks of my
wishing to let trees run into " riotous unfruitfulness " ?
If the example I gave of an old Vine producing at the-
rate of 300?. per acre be " riotous unfruitfulness," theni
I say, riot on. Permit me to ask " Pomum " what he-
thinks this fine old Vine would have been to-day had it
had a quarter of the care of the Finchley or Cliveden
Vines, instead of having had to fight its way among the-
branches of trees, with no pruning nor training of any
kind, except what it gets from a passing boy or a stray
donkey. Had it had the care that those Vines have-
had, I feel sure that it would long since had covered a
space as large as the roof of the Crystal Palace at
Sydenham.

Can your correspondent give me any proof that the-
Vine is not a larger and longer-lived tree than the
Wellingtonia ? I planted a two-year-old Wellingtonia
in 1860, I planted a Vine eye at the same time. The
former occupies the site of the old public road to
Lausanne, and has some hundreds of loads of fine soil
to revel in. The Vine is planted in the natural soil,
which is very poor, and the top is in an old iron
greenhouse badly heated and badly ventilated. The
Wellingtonia is a fine young tree about 10 feet high.
The Vine covers a space of 45 feet by 15 feet.
When the Vine was breaking, or rather nearly in
fiower, Mr. Auldjo and a Staffordshire banker took -
shelter in the old greenhouse, and amused themselves
by counting the number of " shows," which turned
out to be 467. I have only left 150, and although I
am not so clever an arithmetician as some, still I
think I shall have about 300 lb. of good Grapes
from my "seven-year-old." Now this is very fair for
a badly used Vine, and permit me to ask "Pomum"
what he thinks that this partly "restricted" plant
would have been now if it had been planted in a
well-made and well-drained border, and its branches
in a well-constructed modern Vinery ? The weight of
the fruit alone on my seven-year-old Vine is heavier than
the Wellingtonia of nine years, and if both were to
be cut down this autumn, I have more fire wood in
my Vine than in my Wellingtonia, and I get my
Grapes into the bargain. " Pomum " kindly
advises me to go to different parts of the Con-
tinent, in order to learn a lesson or two ; but I may say
that the places mentioned are as well known to me as
Charing Cross is to a London cabman. " Pomurn's "
wine-merchant friend may be the "experienced and
close observer " that he says he is ; but other " chiels
tak notes " as well as " Pomum " and his friend.

Messrs. Pancera & Guillaume, 15, Rue Neuve,
Bordeaux, are proprietors of many hundred acres of
Vines, as well as large exporters of wine. One of the
partners has just left my office, and although he was
born and bred in the neighbourhood of Bordeaux, and
has been among Vines and wine from his childhood,
he does not know where to find a " paying " vineyard,
managed on the close-pruning system, of 40 years old,
and like me would be glad if ' Pomum's " wine mer-
chant friend would tell him where one is to be seen.
" Pomum " seems to have a great horror of having
to carry and afterwards mount a 40-feet ladder ; but if
he is unwilling to climb, that is no reason why we
should limit our trees to 6 or 8 feet, as recommended by
him. Climbing a long ladder after fruit, or climbing a

JtJNE 29, 18G7.]

THE GArvDENEPvS' CIIEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

687

mountain up to the line of perpetual snoW after an
Alpine plant, have no horrors for me ; on the contrary,
they are pleasures of which I hope not soon to be
deprived. John A. Watson, Campagna Lammermoor,
Geneva.

Australian Tkhe Peens.— A correspondent has
Bent us the foUnwins; extracts from a letter received
from Messrs. Smith & Sons, of lliddell's Creek :— " The
last letter I wrote was to inform you that ovvinp; to llio
late great bush fires, when all the saw mills were
destroyed, it was impossible to procure any Tree Foras
by that route. Since then now saw mills have been
oroctoi! in the interior of the vast ranges, and new
roads made in the very heart of the great J?ern gullies.
Tliercfore wo are now in a position to send any
quantity, of all sizes from 5 to 15 feet and upwards,
and varying from 0 or 9 to 12 or 18 inches across at
tlie crown of the plants. Some large consignments of
Tri'o Ferns have been sent by diil'orent Melbourne

s ryinen from another Tern tree district; but

ilhi r siutaro by no means choice specimens, as they
■\.-i-X the narrowest and liglitest in weight on account
I be cost of carriage, and the quantity of plants that
n be got into a case. The people in England, tlierefore,
I i\o no opportunity of seeing the finest specimens of
uiii- Tree rerns, with sturdy stems, and wide-spreading
uiiple foliage gracefully curled down and covering the
st ems. Tliere are also some very beautiful forked plants.
^^■c sbiiiped last week two cases of a new species of dwarf
Tieo Fern, of which we are the only discoverers.' This
Fern is thus mentioned in the " Australasian '' news-
1 taper: — 'The Todea afrieana is met with in isolated
liitches in South Australia (Mount Barker) and in
i^iiieensland; but to Messrs. Smith & Sons, of Riddell's
('ieek,isduethecreditofitsdiscovery in Victoria. The
tine specimens presented by them to the Horticultural
Society's Gardens, are from the gullies of Mount
.^liicedon, and are the first consignment which ever
r?:iched Melbourne. The specimen sent to Dr. Mueller
weighed about half a ton, and smaller specimens have
been sent to the University Gardens, and to the Fitzroy
( hardens. Those donations illustrate the public spirit
by which our nurserymen are actuated, and deserve to
be chronicled as examples for amateurs to emulate.'

■' Wo have lately been collecting seeds of one of the
largest forest trees in the world, Eucalyptus gigantea,
lately measured here, and announced by the Govern-
ment authorities as 43(5 feet high. The plant is
ndmirably adapted to succeed in all hot, dry, barren
climates, and we have great demand for the seed. The
Acacia melanoxylon, or Black "Wood, is a highly orna-
mental forest tree, and the wood is greatly used in all
kinds of cabinet work,"

Cann.is in Paris.— In rambling through an obscure
part of Paris the other evening, I encountered a plant of

and fruit wore nocosaary, tho Lst and 2d Prizes woro won by
Mr Hunt, Fruitoror, Luoda, on wboso tables were fully 200/.
wcirth uf plato. Mr. Tiffimy and Mr. Gibbonn, both of l.oeds, i
cililaincd the 1st and 2d Pri/.oa for diuner-t.ablos, under the
same eonilitions, except tho use of .artificial flowera and fruita.
Such a Ijcautiful anrl chaste diapl ly of dinner-table deoorivtions
baa never before boon brought together — the dinner-table
doi-orationa at Manclicstor wero very meagre in compariaon
witli thom. In the aamo huyo haniLaorao tent waa a most
iuturestiug display of wax and paper flowers, Fom-standa,
oruaiueiital pot covers, and vai-ious drawing-rootn om.a-
niuuta; and the tent itself contained nuioh greater attraction
than liiauy a llowor allow does. Very liljcral prizea had
been olferod Ijy tho Mayorcas of Leeda and other ladica for
h..ui|ucts, and tliia brought out a very beautiful disphiy of
.■)! well made liomincta, and, with groups of flowers arr.angod
for dinner-table deconition, filled a centre table in the dinner-
talile tent.

There was a f.air display of fruit, some of tho Grapes,
Peachea, and Noctarinea, being very fine. Mr. Mitchell, gr.
at Uamilton Palace, contributed, not for competition, seven
supci-b Queen Pines, to which an extra prizo of 3^ 38., pre-
sented by the Mayor of Leeds, Andrew Fairbaini, Esq., was
given. Tbero was a very good display of plants, Mr. Haines,
gr. to U. MichoUs, E.!q., Bowden, near Manchester : Mr. W. E.
Uixon, Beverley : Mr. Uicharda, gr. to tho Right Hon. Lord
Londbsborough ; and Mr. Stewart, gr. to the High Sherifl,
were amongst the princip.al exhibitors. We noticed a very
fine example of Pandanus oraatua, a very distinct ornamental
plant, and a fine example of Anieetoehilua Lowii, from Mr.
W. E. Dixon, and from Mr. Bainea aomc admirable ^Vnaictochili
and S.arracenijia. Tho Pelargonium tent was the theme of
general admiration. It certainly looked well, and the brilliant
banks of Pelargoniums, surmounted by a row of fine Fuchsias,
had a glorious effect. Amongst the exhibitors here were
Messrs. May, Edwards, Stewart, gr. to the High Sheriff, and
Talbot. There was also a capital bank of Zon.al Peliir-
goniuma, and the 1st Prize lot of six were wonderfully weU
grown. There was a sm.all but very select lot of Orchids shown,
tho chief exhibitors being Mr. Richards, gr. to Lord Londes-
borough, in whose collections were very fine pLanta of Vanda
terea, Saceolabium priemorsum, Dondrobium Paxtoni, and a
very large Oneidiuni ampliatum nmjus ; Mr. Joys, gr., who
contiibuted a very fine Oneidiura divaricatum ; Mr. Bainea,
who had a magnificent Cattloya Mosaiaa, Li-elta purpurata, and
other things ; aud the Rev. W. Richmond, who had Oypri-
pedium Lowii, Aeiides Lobbii, a very fine Aerides crispnm
Lindleyanum, and other things, .all in good condition. We
also noticed Oncidium crispum grandiflorum, with flowera
fully 2 inchca in diameter. Some very fine Ferns were
exhibited by Mr. Baines, Mr. W. E. Dixon, and others.
Many other thuigs deserving notice were there, and Messrs.
Pcaul & Sou had a lot of fine Roses.

There was a brilliant company on the first day, and a good
one on the second, but the d.ay was unfortunately unsettled,
or there would have been many thousands more. Some excel-
lent music and other attractions, coupled with energetic
management, and great courtesy from the committee, alw.ays
help to ensure a good exhibition here. D.

Great Horticultural Exhibition at York; June 10 and
20 were truly holidays for the old city of Tork, and the Great
Yorkshire g.ala of 1807 brought .an immense concourse of
visitors from all parts of the country. It is always a great
meeting place for practical horticulturists, as the York
summer shows have a wide-spread reputation, .and no one
could this year go away dis.appointed. Seven large tents were

lot ; and Mr. Edwards and Mr. Dixon, 2d and 3d. Mr. Baines,
of Bowdcn, contributed a very fine plant of Anthurium
Seherzerianum, and Mr. Houghton's three Heaths were in all
reapccts first-class. There were also sevcr.il capital Azaleas
for this late period of the year. I'\ancy Polargoniuma woro
not equal to previous years, but Mr. Pen-y's six plants were
well done.

Mr. U. J. PeiTy and Mr. Henry Steward sent very fine cut
Verbenas, and Mr. Perry obtained Certificates fortho following
first-rate seedlings :— Mrs. Perry, bght blue, with white
contro ; .Tames Birbcck, a superb rosy crirnaon ; Emma Perry,
a light flower, with very l.irgc and bright rosy rod contro ;
Miaa Turner, another light flower, witli pale pink centre:
and Samuel Moreton, rosy pink with dark centre, and very
fine.

In the Cut Rose department of tho exhibition, Meaars. Paul
& Son .and Mr. C. J. Perry were tho largest exhibitors.
Amongst Mes.srs. Paul's lot woro fine blooms of Leopold Ilaua-
burg, Duke of Edinburgh, a seedling, but rather coarse as
shown ; Madame Guillot, Fisher Holmes, , Fr.ancois 'f revoye,
Xavier Olibo, .\lfrcd Colomb, Model of Perfection, and Princess
Mary, beautiful in the bud. J).

i found this was the case, and that he had no doubt of
the hardiness of sever,al other kinds. How deep are
they planted ? Not more than 8 or 10 inches. When
■we consider that the Cannas are amongst the most
valuable plants we use for giving grace and verdure to
the flower garden, this surely is worth knowing.
Indeed, considering their diversity of colour and size,
their graceful pointed habit and facility of propagation,
■we must concede them the first place. They are
capable of being used by anybody who grows ordinary
bedding plants, and may in fact be regarded as such
now. That they may be preserved so very easily
through the winter is much in their favour. The
following are among the best of the hardiest kinds: —
C. Annsei, musa;folia, gigantea, limbata Warscewiczii,
nigricans, and zebrina. Of course they will prove
equally hardy with us. As it is desirable to change
the arrangements as much as possible every year, it
may not be any advantage to leave them in the ground,
and in that case they may be taken up with the bedding
plantSj and stored as simply and easily as Carrots,
Parsnips, or Potatos. We may thus regard them as
hardy plants, aud the necessity of using expensive stove
things for putting out in the open air is quite done
away with. I have no experience of the behaviour
of the Cannas in the open air in the north, and fear
they will there be found wanting, but about London,
and in the south of England, nothing can grow more
satisfactorily. I should like to know how far north
they may with safety be grown, and perhaps some of
your readers would kindly inform us on this point? S.

Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution. — The Annual
Festival of this Institution was held on Thursday evening
last at the London Tavern, Sir Robert Peel, Bart., M.P.,
in the Chair. It is scarcely necessary to state that the
dinner reflected credit on this time-honoured establishment,
and that the floral and other table decorations added greatly
to the attractions of the Festival. The sideboard behind the
Chairman's talile was occupied by a magnificent display of choice
stove and greenhouse plants, which, toijether with those which
adorned the dining tables, were contributed by Mr. Charles
Turner, of the Royal Nurseries, Slough; Mr. John Fraser,
of Lea Bridge Road Nurseries ; and Mr. Williams, of the
Victoria Nursery, Holloway. Of the quality of the dessert one
word to the wise will be sufficient. Much of it came from his
Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, and the remainder from
five distinguished patrons of the institution. Upwards of
100 gentlemen sat down to dinner, and a goodly assemblage
of ladies graced the gallery. A report of the proceedings in
detail will be given nest week.

Leeds Horticultural. — The Annual Flower Show of this
Society, which is always on an extensive scale, was held on
Thursday and Friday, June 1.3th- and 14th. Several large
tents were devoted to the exhibition, which throughout was
of great exccllcnue. One of the most striking features waa the
tent devoted to dinner-tables laid a la russe, of which there
were five, each 14 feet by 6 feet, and laid for ten persons.
Among those who competed in the class in which real flowers

by---. - ,

t'velve. We question if a finer lot will be ever seen, and
they gained unquaUfied praise from all plant growers. In this
lot were extremely fine examples of Allamanda grandiflora,
Ixoras javanica and coccinea, Dipladenia amabilis, Aph^lcxis
macrantha purpurea, Ericas Candolleana aud tricolor coronata,
and Azaleas Juliana and Mrs. Fry. Second, Mr. Baines, gr.
to H. MicholLs, Esq , with a fine lot, particularly Erica obbata,
and Acrophyllum venosum, and Ericii tricolor Wilsoni. Mr.
Stewart, gr. to the High Sheriff, and Mr. W. E. Dixon,
Beverley, contributed two fine lots in this class. In the class
for G Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Mr. Baines was 1st ; Mr.
Kendall, gr. to T. Kendall, Esq., 2d; and Mr. Pritchard, gr.
to J. C. Yarborough, Esq., 3d, For 3 plants Mr. Richards, gr, to
Lord Londcsborough, was 1st ; the Lord Mayor of York, 2d ;
and Capt. Darnell, 3d. There was a fair display of Orchids,
and for Mr. Williams' special prize of 10/. for 10 Orchids,
there were four competitors, Mr. Richards, gr. to Lord Londes-
borough, being placed 1st. In his lot there was a capital
Oncidium sessile ; an extremely fine Vanda teres var.
Andersoni, beautifully bloomed ; Aerides Lindleyanum
superbum ; a large plant of Odontoglossum citrosmum ; and a
filie Anguloa Clowesii. Mr. Baines, gr. to H. Micholls, Esq., to
whom a 2d prize was awarded, had fine examples of Cattleya
MossiK, Lailia purpurata, Oncidium luridum guttatum, and
Odontoglossum citrosmum. The Rev. W. Richmond was
placed 3d with some good plants, particularly Cypripediura
Lowii, Aerides Lobbii, and Aerides ciispum Liudleyanum. In
Mr. W. E. Dixon's lot, to whom an extra prize was awarded,
were good examples of Dcudrobium Farmeri, Cypripediura
Vcitchianum, and Pbalanopsis grandiflora. Mr. Richards also
contiibuted Dondrobium Bensonia; in flower.

For the Nurserymen's prize of 10^. 10s., and 2d pi-ize of 6/. 6s.,
contributed by Messrs. Veitch & Son, and others of the
London trade, there was a close competition, the prizes falling
— 1st to Mr. Gray, gi-. to the Earl of Zetland ; 2d to Mr. Chxrk,
gr. to Eaii De Grey and Ripon. Several fine Melons were
shown, also good Black and White Grapes. Mr. Mitchell, of
Hamilton PiUace Gardens, contributed five very fine Queen
Pmes, to which a special extra prize was given. There was,
as usual, a fine display of Ferns and Ornamental Plants by
Mr. Baines, Mr. Stewart, and Mr. Dixon. Mr. Richards had
six fine Ericas, which took the first prize.

There was a good display of Pelargoniums, and the 1st prize
for 12, 6, aud 3 was well won by Henry Steward, Esq., of
Bishopthorpe. It was quite evident last year that Mr. Steward
was making rapid progress in the culture of these plants, but
his complete success this season took all by surprise. They
were a grand lot of plants, well grown and admirablj^ finished
in bloom. True. Mr. May was not a competitor this year at
York, and well for him he was not, unless amazingly strong.
Mr. Samuel Naylor, gr. to Mrs. Russell, Bedale, deserves
special mention, as his Pelargoniums evinced a thorough
knowledge of cultivation ; they were beautifully done, and
much admired. Mr. George Edwards was 2d for 12 good plants.
Other exhibitors also showed Pelargoniums well. Some capital
Fuchsias were shown in the same tent, and a very fine lot of
Zonal Pelargoniums. Messrs. Martin & Son, of Cottinghani,
contributed 60 varieties of Variegated Zonals, not for com-
petition, the most striking of which were Sophia Cusack and
Amy. Messrs. F. & A. Smith had a batch of their seedlings,
the most striking of which is probably L'Emp^reur. Mr.
Watson, of St. Alban's, obtained Certificates for Miss Watson
and Mrs. Dix, two good kinds. Mr. Cunningham s Vane-
gated Ivy-leaf Pelargonium L'E16gante, ia a very pretty thing,
and a Certificate was very properly awarded to it. In the
Pelargonium tent was a beautiful display of bedding plants
and annuals in pots, which were very much admired ; Mr.
Goodwin, gr. to Miss Backhouse, being 1st with a beautiful

KoticES of aSooTtg.

Die GexcJilecliler-Vfrilieihinij bei den PJtanzen, und
das Gesefz der vernuedenen und nnvortheilhaften
steliqen Selhstbefi-ueldunt/ [The Sexual Arrange-
ments in Plauts, &c.], von I'riedrich Hildebrand.
Leipzig, 1807.
This is a pamphlet of some 90 pages, in which tho
author brielly reviews all of importance that has
previously been written on the interesting subject of
sexual distribution in plauts, by Sprengel, Darwin, and
others; adding his own experience, the result of
numerous careful observations, the details of which
have appeared in various German periodicals. Through-
out, the author endeavours to support and extend the
famous Darwinian maxims, which he quotes on his
title page :— " Nature tells us in the most em])hatic
manner that she abhors perpetual self-fertilisation ;"
" No hermaphrodite fertilises itself for a perpetuity of
generations." The experiments undertaken to prove
this theory embrace almost every family, although in
many instances, as the author remarks, through the
absence of a sufficient number of individuals of the
same species, repeated observations will be necessary
to settle points of detail, and also on other plants not
accessible to him.

The facts collected belong almost exclusively to
flowering plants, and are arranged according to a
system here put forward, under which, with modifica-
tions, the author believes, as investigations go on, all
can be classified ; but Cryptogams have not been
entirely neglected, seven or eight pages being devoted
to them ; and the author states his conviction that self-
fertilisation is here also the exception. Very little,
however, has been accomplished in this extensive field
for experiment, so no attempt has been made at
classification.

The following shows the order in which flowermg
plauts are arr,anged according to their sexual relations,
and under each division we give examples and explana-
tions of some of the various contrivances for efieoting
foreign fertilisation, mostly extracted from the body of
the work : —

A. Male and female organs separate in different
flowers (diclinous),self-fertilisationimpossible, foreign
impregnation indispensable, accomplished by insect-
agency and wind.

The male and female flowers are either on separate
plants (the Linnean class Dioecia, e. g. Salix),or on the
same plant (the Linnean class Jlon.ecia, e. g. Carex,
(Juercus, &c.), aud either differ in shape and construc-
tion, setting aside sexual diU'erences, as in Cannabis,
Quercus, &c., or resemble one another, as in Sagittaria,
Cucumis, Salix, &c., in both cases without any rudi-
ment of stamens in the females, or of pistils in the
males. The third form of diclinous flowers shows a
transition from these to hermaphrodite (or -cice versa),
namely, those in which the males have rudimentary or
imperfect pistils, and the females rudimentary stamens
(Bhamnus, &c.) The Linnean class Polygamia (uni-
and bi-sexual flowers on the same or different plants
of the same species) furnishes the connecting link.

B. Male and female organs together in the same
flower (monoclinous).
1 One sex developed before the other (diehogamous).
In the majority of plants with bi-sexual flowers the
sexes in the individual flowers do not attain their
greatest development at the same time, and are sub-
divided into those in which the males reach maturity
before the females (protandrous), and those in which
the females reach maturity before the males (proto-
gynous) ; self-dusting naturally prevented, foreign-
dusting accomplished by insect agmoy.

A large proportion of dichogams are protandrous.
When the flowers first expand the anthers are either
already open or open shortly afterwards, before the
stigmas have become susceptible or capable of receiving
the pollen. The Umbelliferse, part of the Gentianacese,
the greater part of the Compositse, Campauulaceie,
Lobeliacece, &c., belong to this subdivision.

The protogynous dichogams are less numerous, and
only isolated genera aud species can be adduced as
examples, namely, Scrophularia nodosa. Euphorbia
Cyparissias, Mandragora verualis, Globularia vulgaris,
several species of Helleborus and Plantago, Nardus
stricta, Anthoxanthum odoratum, &c. Parietaria
diff'usa oHers a striking example of the impossibility ot
self-fertilisation in a protogynous plant, for here the
stigmas shrivel and fall, even before the flower expands
and the anthers spring out. ,• „ :„

One peculiarity of dichogams worthy of attention is
the motion of the stamens and styles to or Irom one
another during the development of the flower. iUis
movement was long ago observed by Koelreuterin tvuta
graveolens, where the stamens rise one alter the othei
over the point of the style, and by Medicus in a number
of plants,—!, where the stamens move towards the pistil

o88

THE GAEBENEES' CMONICLE AKD AGEICTJLTURAL GAZETTE.

[Jttne 29, 1867.

(Hyosoyamus aureus, Pritillaria persioa, Polygonum
orientale, &c.), a,ud, 2, where the pistils turn towards
the stamens (Nigella sativa, Passitlora, Hibiscus, &g.),
but neither appears to have understood its real purpose.
Tlie protandrous Geranium prateuse furnishes us with
an instructive example of the utility of this movement.
When a flower is first e.^pauded, the stamens spread out
at right angles with the styles, whose stigmas are
unopened, and, according as the anthers open, their
filaments rise, so that the anthers at length come to
stand immediately over the still closed stigmas. By
Buperficial observation one would naturally conclude —
as has happened — that this position was intended to
facilitate self-dusting, but as the stigmas remain closed
until the anthers have shed their pollen, such is
evidently not the case. It simply renders the trans-
porting of the pollen by insects to older flowers much
easier, as the same part of the insect which comes in
contact with pollen in one flower reaches the stigmas
in on older one.

Another interesting protandrous plant is Lopezia
coronata, in which a certain amount of irritability is
exhibited, and the one stamen and style alternately
occupy the same position in the flower, to the same
end as the movement of the stamens only in Geranium
pratense. A farther proof of foreign-dusting in
4ichogams — when the plants are isolated or so circum-
ptaftced that the pollen from other plants is excluded —
is the abortion of the female organ in the first flower
of a protogynous plant, and in the last flower of a
protandrous plant, consequent on there being no
pollen wherewith to fertilise them.

2. Both sexes developed at the same time.

a. Flowers opening,
i. Anthers distant from the stigma.

A. Length of style on different individuals of the
s^me species diverse (Heterostylia). Self-
fertilisation not prevented, but in comparison
witli foreign-impregnation throughinsectagency,

either entirely useless for fruit formation, as in

Pnlmonaria officinalis, or attended with but

trifling success, as in Primula sinensis.

Under this head reference to Darwin's and Scott's

papers on the forms of Primula in the Linnean

Society's Proceedings, and Darwin's paper on the

sexual relations of the three forms of Lythrum

Salicaria in the same place, will be sufficient.

B. Length of style on different individuals of
the same species equal.

p. Sexual organs changing their reciprocal posi-
tion during the development of the flower,
self-dusting avoided, foreign-dusting by insects
promoted.
We have given one or two examples of the move-
ments of the sexual organs in dichogams, and we will
now extract a similar case with contrivances for the
same purpose, viz., prevention of self-fertilisation in a
non-dichogamous plant.

The conditions in Anoda hastata are very curious.
Shortly before the expansion of the flower, the anthers
form a pyramid, the filaments of the upper are straight,
those of the lower are bent downwards and backwards,
thus concealing the styles. After the expansion of the
flower, the upper anthers open, those turned dovra
gradually rising and opening in their turn, exposing
the styles which are also turned down, and closely
applied to the column of filaments. At length, when
^he anthers have shed their pollen, and the stigmas have
^fained their greatest development, the styles rise to a
jnpre or less erect position, overtopping the empty
finthers, and exposing their stigmas to insect agency,
oq. Sexual organs remaining unaltered in posi-
tion during the development of the flowers,
t Insect-agency necessary to fertilisation ; self-
dusting in fact impossible, foreign-dusting
indispensable (Orchidese) : or self-dusting
possible, hut not indispensable, foreign-dusting
more likely (Asclepiadeie).
For details of the mode in which fertilisation is
effected, we refer the reader to Robert Brown's
" Fecundation of Orchidese and Asolepiadese," and to
Darwin's " Fertilisation of Orchids."

tt Insect agency not necessary to dusting. Self-
dusting possible, but foreign-dusting also per-
fonned by insects.
The possibility of self-dusting is evident— 1, where
the flowers are erect, and the filaments longer than
the styles, as in Vitis, Chenopodium, &c. ; 2, where the
flowers are pendent and the filaments shorter than the
styles, as in Fritillaria imperialis, Convallaria majalis,
&c. ; but as all these flowers are exposed to the visits of
Insects, cross-impregnation probably often takes place,
ii. Anthers near the stigma, self-dusting un-
avoidable.
* No fruit formed without foreign-dusting by
insects.
It would scarcely have been deemed credible that
a case would turn up in which self-fertilisation was
impossible, in such a case as Corydalis cava, where
the anthers are closely appressed to the stigma ; in fact,
where self-dusting appears inevitable. In his experi-
ments the author discovered that when this plant was
secured from the visits of insects, and even when the
pollen of the same flower was artificially applied to
tlie stigma, no fruit was set. To obtain perfect fruit
he found it necessary to impregnate the flowers of one
plant with pollen from another. Our space will not
admit of giving the details of the manner in which
fertilisation is effected in this plant, which, however,
the reader may find in the Report of the London
Botanical Congress, p. 157.

** Fruit formed, but foreign-dusting by insects

not excluded.

Instances of undoubted self-fertilisation of individual

fldwers are known in the genus Fumaria, in Salvia

Iiitsuta, Linum usitatissimum, Cephalanthera grandi-

flora, Ophrys apifera, &o. ; but the number and quality
of seed borne is less than where cross-impregnation is
effected.

0. Flowers not opening.

Self-fertilisation alone results, every foreign-
dusting being excluded ; but all these plants have
other flowers which open, and are thus exposed to
foreign dusting.
In a considerable number of plants besides the
normal spring flowers others appear in autumn,
generally low down the stem near the gi-ound, which
are destitute of petals, and firmly enclose the sexual
organs, securing them against all outward influences.
Both male and female organs are perfectly developed,
and the conditions appear particularly favourable for
reproduction, the pollen often forming tubes before it
has left the anther-cell, and the quantity and quality
of the seed exceeding that of the spring flowers.
Disregarding the normal flowers exposed to crossing,
this seems antagonistic to the view that perpetual self-
fertilisation is detrimental. Acanthacese, Campanu-
laceie, Oxalideie, Leguminosie, Violacere, &c., furnish
examples of this kind of dimorphism. We will now
give the author's conclusions, drawn from the foregoing :

1. The arrangements in the majority of flowers are
such that no self-dusting can take place, but a trans-
port of the pollen from flower to flower is accom-
plished instead.

2. Insects are necessary in most cases for the convey-
ance of the pollen.

3. As self-dusting is prevented, so it necessarily
follows that self-fertilisation is impossible.

i. In those cases where self-dusting is possible, or
even unavoidable, the possibility of foreign-dusting is
for the most part not prevented.

5. And in these cases insects are active, and accom-
plish the foreign-dusting of the flowers.

6. There is probably no flowering plant in which
foreign-dusting, at least to a portion of its flowers, is
impossible, and continued self-dusting alone possible ;
therefore there is no flowering plant which furnishes
a proof against the law precluding self-fertilisation.

7. By experiments it has been found, that where
unavoidable, or artificially produced, self-dusting takes
place, self-fertilisation either does not follow, or when
that is the case the quantity of seed is less than where
foreign-dusting is accomplished.

8. A gradual progress may be traced, starting from
those cases where self-dusting, and therefore self-
fertilisation is utterly impossible, to those where it is
possible and evident, but not to the exclusion of the
possiliility of a foreign-dusting of the flowei*s.

9. The sexual relations and mode of fructification do
not invariably tend towards the morphological affinities
of the flowers. In some isolated families the sexual
conditions of all members are alike ; in other families,
again, and even genera, they are essentially different.
The sexual relations, therefore, have not developed with
equal pace and in the same way as the morphological
relations in the transformation and perfection of
flowering plants.

In conclusion, the author calls upon others to con-
tribute their experience, and especially to institute
trials on plants with a view to ascertain how far
continued self-fertilisation, or in diclinous plants
relative ferlilisatiou— Hemp, for example — carried on
through generations, has an influence on the progeny,
in proportion to descendants of those produced by
continued foreign-fertilisation. It is to be expected,
he says, that here also results will ensue that will speak
for the correctness of the assertion, that the prepon-
derating number of the flowering plants avoiding self-
fertilisation has its origin in the disadvantageousness
of the same for fruit-formation, and the descendants
produced therefrom.

It should perhaps be observed, on account of the
frequent allusions to insect agency in the foregoing,
that the author, in common with Darwin, attributes
comparatively little influence to wind and other causes
as promoting the cross-fertilisation of plants.

if less refined language to the "lumpers" and the
" hair splitters." In a case like this, where so much
has been done to suit the often conflicting views of
different botanists, criticism of the author's own
opinions, which he manages to maintain in spite of
his concessions to others, would be out of place, and
we have only to thank him for giving us at the cost of
a few pence a catalogue which is ati niveau of the present
state of our knowledge of our British wild plants.

Messrs. Day & Son have issued the first part of
Miss Twining's lUusfratioiis of ike Natural Orders of
Plants, in a large Svo. form, the plates being reduced
from those in the original folio edition. In its present
shape it will make a pretty table-book, as some of the
groups are gracefully drawn, but it will have little value
as a book of reference.

Mr. Bentham's Address to the Linnean Society^ read
at the last anniversary meeting, has since been printed
at the request of the fellows. The greater portion of
the address consists of an account of American
scientific institutions and publications, drawn up on a
similar plan to the very useful report of a similar
nature relating to Europe. With reference to the
Smithsonian Institute at Washington, it is stated that
one of the functions fulfilled by that important body is
the promotion ol a direct correspondence and inter-
change of publications, &c., between the learned
institutions and scientific men of the two worlds. The
Society transmits to and receives from its agents in
London, Paris, Leipzig, and Amsterdam, works of a
scientific or literary nature free of cost, so that the
recipient has only the cost of the local charges to or
from his own residence and the towns mentioned. It
is greatly to be wished that some similar system could
be carried out in this country. At present it is a
matter of some difficulty to transmit a book, say to
Germany, while the cost of so doing is often con-
siderably more than that of the volume itself.

British Botanists will hail with pleasure the publica-
tion of the sixth edition of the London Catalogue of
British Plants (Hardwicke). The present edition has
been drawn up by Mr. H. C. Watson, and like its
predecessors it will be very serviceable as an index list
for marking desiderata, for noting the comparative
frequency or rarity of the various species in particular
districts, &c. Mr. Watson, while incorporating the
results of recent research, has very ingeniously con-
trived to retain the same numbers as were alhxed to
the plants in the last edition, issued, we are startled to
find, in 1857. We must congratulate Mr. Watson on
his efforts to make the catalogue equally serviceable to
the " aggregators " and the " segregators," or in plainer

dFlorigts' dFlotoers.

In that all-embracing class that forms a part of the
schedule of every great show — the Miscellaneous— there
will always be found some things of special interest.
Thus, at the Second Great Show at the Regent's Park,
on the 19th inst., there were shown some specimens of
very fine Sweet Williams by Mr. W. Bragg, of Slough.
Generally they belonged to the Auricula-eyed class,
but many of them had smooth edges and well-rounded
flowers, as if the best qualities of the foregoing, and
those known as Hunt's strain, had become happily
united. Some of these flowers were flne enough to
have been selected as named varieties, if they could be
perpetuated as such. One had a centre of rosy violet,
then a pale ring profusely spotted with the same
colour; and lastly, an outer edging of rosy pink. Thia
was a very beautiful and distinct variety, while there
were many others equally as deserving of notice. Mr,
Sheuton, the Botanic Nurseries, Biggleswade, also had
a fine strain, including some bold and showy flowers,
like the varieties of the Phlox Drummondii.

That the cool and showery weather had been favour-
able to the cultivation of the Pansy was abundantly
proved on this occasion. A stand of 36 varieties, shown
by Messrs. Downie, Laird, & Laing, contained some
flowers of fine quality. In the way of dark selfs, Arab ;
Mr. T. Graham, a rich flower margined with bright
claret; Miss Carnegie, and Eclat, a very stout and
circular flower, suffused and bordered with purple,
were very fine. The following were also very fine : —
Tellow grounds : J. B. Downie, General Toung, and
Perfection ; white grounds : Lavinia, Attraction,
Princess of Wales, and Mrs. Hopkins; Vesta, a
pale primrose self; and Yellow Queen, rich gold
self, a large and bold flower, though somewhat thin
as shown. Messrs. Bragg, of Slough, and Hooper,
of Bath, also had good stands, but lacking the quality
and finish of those just mentioned. In the Class for
Amateurs, a stand of 24 cut blooms, shown by Mr.
George Wilson, of Dunse, a gentleman who has quite
a reputation in Scotland as a successful exbibitor, were
small in size, but of remarkably fine quality, clean,
stout, flat, and well arranged. The varieties were—
Lady L. Dundas, Attraction, Princess of Wales,
Countess of Rosslyn, Mary Lamb, Lavinia, Alice
Downie, Mrs. Hopkins, and Miss E. Cochrane, white
ground flowers ; J. B. Downie, General Lee, Perfection,
Chancellor, Francis Low, John Hay, and Prince of
Wales, yellow grounds; Rev. H. H. Dombrain,
Eclat, Ossian, Masterpiece, and Alexander M'Hale,
dark selfs ; Vesta, Tellow Queen, and Miss Ramsay,
a pure white self. Two or three other stands were
staged, but were inferior to the foregoing. The varieties
comprising Mr. Wilson's stand may be taken as repre-
senting a list of very fine exhibition fiowers.

Stands of Fancy Pansies were contributed by Messrs.
Downie, Laird, L Laing, and Hooper, of Bath, which
were quite good enough to deserve notice, though I
have been charged by a high horticultural authority as
having " a depraved taste," because I have ventured to
commend these Fancy Pansies to public notice. The
flowers in both stands were of great size, stout, and well
marked, but Messrs. Downie & Co.'s were the best.
They had H. W. Adair, one of their fine new flowers
of the present year, a very highly coloured variety;
Miss Melville, another new flower, very distinct;
Black Prince, Caffra, Cede Nnlli, Ecole, Earl of Rosslyn,
Figaro, Jeannette, John M'Nab, Magnificent, Mrs. B.
Dean, very fine; Mr. H. Northcote, a beautiful fiower;
Maccaroni, Oriana, Pacha, Princess Alice, Princess
Mathilda, Striped Queen, very novel ; William Moffatt,
Startler, Major Mackey, Prince Napoleon, Indigo,
Belle, Colleen Bawn, Prince of Wales, Annie, and
others.

Mr. Turner had a stand of 24 Pinks, generally of
good quality. The varieties were Attraction, broad
dark purple lacing, very fine ; Beauty of Bath, Excel-
lent, a fine dark laced flower ; Emily, heavily laced, a
small but beautiful flower; Lord Charles Wellesley,
Constance, Victory, Rev. George Jeans, a very fine rich
dark laced flower ; Marion, rosy red lacing, very fine ;
Princess of Wales, a delicate and lovely flower, though
of thin substance ; Nina, Device, Harlequin, Charles
Watertou, bright red lacing, very fine ; Mary Ann ;
Charles Turner, rich heavy lacing of dark purple;
James Hogg, Mr. Hobbs, Helen, President, a fine dark
flower ; Cliristabel, Marginata, and Blondin, a heavily
laced dark flower, of fine quality. Messrs. Bragg and
Hooper, of Bath, also exliibited, but their flowers were
not nearly so good as the foregoing. In the Amateurs'
Class for 12 varieties, Mr. David Pizzey, gr.
to Mrs. Edwards, Fulmer, Bucks, showed a stand
of very clean, well laced flowers of average size, viz..
Rev. Geo. Jeans, Helen, Emily, Countess of Rosslyn,
Blondin, James Hogg, Mr. Hobbs, Device, Mary
Ann, Minnie, Beauty, and Victory. The following
seedlingvarieties were shown by Mr. Bragg, three blooms
of each : — Rosabel, a medium-sized flower, heavily
laced with rosy hlac crimson, one flower being much
finer than the others ; Improvement, medium lacing of

JtftfE 39, 186?.]

THE GAKDENET^S' CHEONlCLE AND AGWCTILTURAL GAZETTE.

689

dark, the flowers small and thin ; Rosabanna, light
lacing, Llowers too far advanced ; and Disraeli, a very
iieavily laced flower, with well-rounded smooth petals,
but small in size. Carnations were represented by a
>land of 12 poor flowers, unnamed, from Mr. Hooper,
o( iiath. As no prize is offered for them at the
iiogont's Park shows, it may perhaps deter growers
from sending blooms. Surely if I'inksare worth prizes,
Carnations and I'icotees should be recognised also. R.I),

€i)c ^pfarp.

"Rrmiivino Hives by R.-iil.— Will you inform me,
says " W . J),," the best niothod of packing a hive of bees
lor a journey of 150 miles by railway '^ Our correspon-
dent does not say whether the hive to be removed is of
straw or wood. Wo presume the former, and that it is to
be sent without a caretaker. I'laoe some straw iu a tea-
chest; wrap up the hive in a coarse cheese or open
canvas cloth, tying a string tightly close to the bottom.
Invert the hive iu the tea-chest, and pack round with
si raw, leaving the cloth uncovered. Put two sticks
across tlie bo.\ resting ou the hive to prevent its
slinking, fasteuing them by nails or otherwise. Make
a few good sized holes in the cover, which nail down,
and tie a good stout cord round for further security
and couvenieuce ol holding. Label the bo.x. This side
ui' — Living Bees, and give a hint to an accommo-
dating guard.

Supers Hetardiiig Swarming. — Will you be kind
enongli to inform me whether or not putting a bell glass
on the top of a hive and allowing the bees to work into
it will check swarming. A Constant Subscriber. [A
great deal depends on the size of the bell-glass or
super which may be used, whether the swarming is
materially checked or not. A small super, capable of
containing any quantity up to 7 or 8 lb., seldom has
any great influence on the swarming, though it may
cause a delay of a few days. A larger sized glass or
super generally checks the disposition of the bees to
swarm, but is by no means certain of preventing it
altogether. Strong hives, working large supers capable
of holding more than 30 lb., frequently swarm even
after considerable work has been accomplished. This
we iiud usually takes place from two to three weeks
after the time that the hive, if left unenlarged, would
have thrown off a swarm.]

Tlie Season. — My hives are doing but very little
work this summer. They are strong in bees, and the
combs are crammed with brood. Some swarms have
been thrown otf. Supering, and the making of arti-
ficial swarms, have prevented the rest from carrying
out their natural inclinations. But my greatest cause
of complaint is in the progress of the supers. Usually
at this date I have been able to show several large
supers capable of holding from 35 lb. upwards nearly
completed if not quite tilled, mine being an early
district; but this season I have not a single super in
anything like that desirable condition. The bees have
manifested less disposition to build combs, even in
stock hives, than I ever before experienced. However
it seems that we are told that there is a great proba-
bility of a dry summer ; if so we may expect a honey
dew, and increased activity among our bees. Apiator,

Garden Memoranda.

The Gardens and Geodnds adjoining the
VicAEAGE OF BisHOPSTOKE. — These celebrated
gardens and adjacent grounds, which have for the last
60 years been the property of the nonagenarian Dean
of Winchester, and attached to his Vicarage garden of
Bishopstoke, have recently passed into the hands of
Alfred Barton, Esq. They are situated about midway
between Winchester and Southampton, and something
less than a mile from the junction station of the South-
western Railsvay at Bishopstoke. The whole of the
property thus alienated is about to undergo a com-
plete metamorphosis. A handsome mansion is in
process of erection on the well backed high ground of
the opposite meadow, which is separated from the
eastern end of the garden by a deep water-worn lane,
over which a connecting bridge will be thrown, so
as to continue the garden walks onwards to the
broad terrace-s, by which the new building is sup-
ported, and which command an extensive prospect over
a richly wooded country, amidst which the distant
towers and spires of Southampton rise up with
charming eflect. Loudon visited this place during his
tour iu Hampshire, in the autumn of 1333, and thus
describes it m the "Gardeners' Magazine," in the spring
of the following year, vol. x., p. 121 : — '' This is a place
of an acre or two, on a bank facing the south, remark-
able for its wall covered with choice half-hardy plants,
aud its lawn ornamented with the finest American
shrubs and most select trees; it is a perfect gem of
botanical beauty in the foreground, heightened in eflect
by interesting gleams of distant scenery seen between,
aud over fine Oaks and LIms on the lower part of the
declivity ;" and in order to give a correct idea of this
garden, " so exceedingly rich in choice plants," he
added, a "ground plan as well as a small view of the
Vicarage house." It is of a somewhat lengthened
rectangular form, running from west to east ; it is
bounded by a conservative wall on the northern side,
in front of which is a broad terrace walk, which
is terminated at the western eud by a neat summer-
house formed of Hazel rods, and at the other end
a new span-roofed conservatory, designed by Mr.
Page, of Southampton, is placed on a plinth of three
steps. A broad walk leads from either end of the ter-
race, and makes the circuit of the garden, which is
also crossed by another sweeping walk through its
centre. The whole is interspersed with beautiful
examples of select trees, shrubs, and remarkable-foliage
plants, as well as with numerous clumps of simple
form, in which gorgeous flowering plants are finely dis-

played. Statuary, too, is present, but somewhat
sparingly used, in the shape of^ vases and other cliussical
subjects ; the whole producing an effect of the most
astonishing and delightful kind.

The conservative wall is covered with climbing
plauls, amongst which are good examples of I'omn-
grauate, Camellias, and Magnoliius; of the latter wo
noted M.conspicuaSoulaugoana, purpurea, and gracilis.
There aro al.so Wistarias, liigLioiiias, (Icanothus, &c. ;
auiongst which Clcnintis and beautiful Roses have a
charming eflect. Al \\v bi-f of the wall Amaryllids,
Ixias, and other bulbs ks wril as sundry other dwarf
plants ofinterest, are grown. The outer edge oftho ter-
race walk is ornamented with handsome vases, filled with
choice lloworing plants. The conservatory, when we saw
it last autumn, was gay with neat pot specimens of Ces-
trum au ra ul i:u ■ u IU, whose orange-coloured waxy-looking
blossoms foriiicil au excellent contrast with beautiful
examples of Coleas Verscdiall'eltii and the Meteor
Fuchsia : the foliage too of some of the striking varie-
ties of Caladiums was very elfective in association
with Ferns, ifcc, together with the gorgeous flowers of
Bignonias and Wistarias pendent from the roof.

Proceeding along the terrace walk we observed near
its margin compact specimens of Libocedrus Doniana,
Chamserops humilis. Ilex furcata and dipyrena, a hand-
some bush specimen of Berberis jajionica", 5 feet in
height; and a globular example of golden Thuja, 18 feet in
circumference. Associated with these at a little distance
further from the walk stood an elegant specimen of
Cupressus macrocarpa, 48 feet in height ; Cupressus
torulosa, and a Chinese Juniper, each 15 feet in
height ; a noble example of Cupressus Lawsoniana,
ISf^eetin height, its beautiful Fern-looking branches
forming a striking contrast with the delicately varie-
gated foliage of a handsome young Taxuselegantis.sima,
as well as with spreading bushes of Magnolia glauca
and Cotoueaster microphylla, — the latter, an immense
bush, 6 feet iu height and 50 feet iu circumference,
remarkable not only from its beautiful foliage, and
the multitude of coral-looking berries with which its
procumbent branches are so profusely covered,
but also from the circumstance of the points
of its shoots pointing invariably to the north. A
glorious example of Pinus insignis is 46 feet in height,
and it girtlis 6 feet at 3 feet from the ground ; the
pread of its branches covers an area of 68 feet in cir-
cumference. An elegant form of Wellingtoniagigantea
is 21 feet in height, and the hoary, silvery-looking
foliage of a robust specimen of Picea nobilis, 14 feet in
height, has a charming effect. Scattered about are
many good examples of the best kinds of Rhododen-
drons, as well as large bushes of the White and Red
Indian Azaleas ; and a huge mass of Pampas
Grass. Other bushes of fine plants occur as we
proceed onwards, of which we noted the Royal Fern,
Hydrangea iaponica, and Tritoma Uvaria. The
tufted head of a tall Yucca gloriosa produced a singular
effect amidst this assemblage of beautiful plants.
A fine weeping form of Sophora japonica furnishes an
excellent contrast with good examples of Sorbus nepa-
lensis. Scarlet Chestnut, Juglans fraxinifolia. Arbutus
Andrachne and andrachnoides, Salisburia adiantifolia,
and a perfect form of Pinus excelsa. A good example
of Catalpa syringifoiia is also here, and there are like-
wise scattered about nice compact specimens of
Thujopsis borealis, 15 feet high, Hemlock Spruce,
Juuiperus sibirica and recurva, the latter 28 feet in
height. Deodars, and male and female forms of Cepha-
lotaxus Fortunei. Clumps of Roses and Azaleas occa-
sionally occur, as well as some tall forms of Broad
and Nan'ow-leaved Bay tree. A large bush of single
Camellia seems to be nearly worn out, having with-
stood the severity of many a winter. A White Cedar
is a very beautiful object, its rich creamy variegation
producing a charming effect, in contrast with a
glorious example of Picea Nordmanniana, 24 feet
in height. Abies nigra, Clanbrasiliana aud pygmjea, as
well as other plants of dwarf habit, occasionally
occur, among which single masses of the striped
Iris, and the green and variegated forms of Yucca
filamentosa, are very telling. A tall dark-foliaged
specimen of Sequoia sempervirens has a fine appear-
ance when seen in conjunction with elegant examples
of Taxodium distichum, 44 feet high, and its lovely
ally, the Taxodium distichum pendulum, more than
40 feet in height ; the delicate-looking pale-coloured
foliage of these latter has such an exquisite eflect in
association with the multitudes of handsome trees with
which this favoured spot has been so prodigally
adorned. We noticed, moreover, compact specimens
of Pavia macrostachya, together w^ith Garrya elliptica,
growing freely within the shade of lofty Elms,
unscathed alike_ by sunshine and frost. The pale
green-coloured, finely-powdered foliage of a handsome
Picea Nordmanniana, 24 feet in height, has a striking
effect, associated with the ample foliage of a
large Magnolia tripetala, as well as nice
examples of Weeping and Golden-headed Tews,
au Evergreen Beech, 13 feet high, Deutzia, &c. An
unique specimen of Quercus glabra, 16 feet in height,
harmonises admirably with a splendid example of the
beautiful Ilex latifolia, 16 feet iu height, and a large
bush of Escallonia macrantha, the latter a present
from the late Prince Consort to Dr. Garnier. A
magnificent example of New Zealand Flax, 6 feet high,
covers an area of 50 feet in circumference with its
elegant, sword-shaped, delicately-tinted, pale green
foliage. There are lofty examples, too, of Cryptomeria
japonica and Abies Smithiana, but both are iu too
close proximity to some stately Elms to fully develop
their graceful and elegant^forms. Beneath the extended
shade of a group of handsome Magnolias is placed a
recumbent figure representing Piety and Patience — a
memorial of the late Mrs. Gamier, as well as another
figure, in remembrance of their two sons— Thomas,
the late Dean of Lincoln, and Henry, who perished in
India. In this Interesting group are assembled some

of the most remarkable snecies of a noble genus,
amoug.st which we noticed grandillora, acuminata,
40 feet high ; citriodora, conspicua, Soulangeana,
auriculata. 30 feet in height ; purpurea, cordata,
10 feet in height ; and maxima; this latter is 48 feet in
height, and girths !• feet 6 inches at 3 feet from the
ground. Scattered about aro nice forms of Retiiio-
spora, Ruscus horridus, Irish Yews Diospyros, and
many others. A beautiful form of dwarl .luniper
is very handsome, and covers an extensive area
with its compact deusely covered branches. A
weeping form of Juuiperus oblonga pondula, too, is
very attractive. There are also growing on the
southern screen of the garden thriving plants of
Weeping Birch and Tulip trees. Several remarkable
specimens of trees have perished in these grounds
within our recollection. A.n almost unrivalled
specimen of Araucaria imbricata, which occupied
a central position in the garden, was attacked
by a horde of minute insects some years siuce,
from the effects of which it soon after-
wards decayed. The beautiful example of Picea
Webbiana, which Loudon saw in 1833, attained a
considerable altitude and produced cones ; it, however,
became so unsightly from the continued ill-effects of
spring frosts that it was ultimately removed. A
remarkably dwarf and weeping form of the Deodar
Cedar, well fitted for the position it occupied in front
of the terrace walk, dropped its foliage and died
without any apparent cause ; and tliese famous
specimens were long missed from this notable collection
of beautiful plants.

It is now something more than 30 years since we first
saw this interesting garden, and we have since that
period generally visited it once in every summer,
watching with much attention the growth of its
beautiful trees and shrubs, and admiring the simplicity
of its style aud high keeping, as well as the excellent
way in which all was relieved by statuary and gorgeous
masses of summer flowers ; but above all we have
been delighted in witnessing the devotedness
and interest displayed by the good Dean him-
self in everything that pertained to his garden,
and the eagerness with which he would endeavour
to obtain intormation in regard to rare or choice plants
likely to grow iu the open air. The whole of those
clumps, whose rich garniture used to illumine with
their gorgeous flowers the handsome trees and shrubs
with which they were associated, have now been turfed
over, and many of the fine specimens have been dug
round preparatory to their removal onwards to the
space of ground which will connect the present garden
with the mansion, and which it is proposed to lay out
as an arboretum, ornamented with statuary and choice
flowers. Mr. Barton, like his predecessor, Dr. Gamier,
seems devoted to his garden and its beautiful plants :
and with such materials as he has to work with, aided
by the exertions of Mr. Sharpe, his young and
enthusiastic gardener, a glorious future may be
predicted.

The kitchen garden is situated in an enclosed
space behind the conservative wall ; it is well cropped,
and on its walls we observed last autumn some
fine examples of admirably-coloured Peaches.
There were also some excellent Figs and good
crops of spotless fruit of Ribstone Pippins and other
Apples on the espalier trees which line the sides of the
walks. A row of standard Pear trees in the centre of
the garden is to be removed, aud other alterations and
improvements will be effected. In an open space at
the western end of the garden there is a recently
renewed span-roofed greenhouse, and also sundry span-
roofed pits for the protection of plants, as well as a long
range of water-heated pits for the production of
Melons, Cucumbers, and other requisites for the use of
the family. The Vicarage is a plain unpretending
structure, situated in a nook adjacent to the public
road. It has a wide verandah on its southern side,
beneath which large bush-forms of Camellias are
attached to the walls between the windows, and flower
freely every season. The large Magnolia granditiora
which occupies a trellis at the western end, and which in
1833 was 27 feet high and 25 feet wide, has been cut
down, but is again growing rapidly ; other portions of
the building aro covered with Magnolias of different
sorts, amongst which Roses and other gay flowering
plants are elifectively displayed. The Vicarage garden,
properly so called, and from which the " private
garden " will shortly be screened, is a small portion of
ground that stretches up from the south and eastern
sides of the building to the large group of Magnolias,
which is situated at the western end of what will now
be Mr. Barton's arboretum. In front of the verandah
there is a neat garden, in which Pelargoniums, both in
self-coloured and variegated masses, flower gorgeously ;
and these, too, are further enriched with handsome
vases, which are filled with well selected choice
flowering plants. The walk, leading from the entrance
front to the garden, is bordered on either hand with
nice specimens of the best sorts of American plants,
among which we observed Veraaica Audersoni iu its
green and variegated forms, and these had stood
out during the winter without protection of any kind ;
the latter variety was finely iu flower ; its large
purplish-tinted blossoms had an excellent effect in
contrast with its somewhat minute aud silvery-
looking foliage. Scattered about on the turf are
some neat specimens of Libocedrus, Dracsena, and
Juuiperus. There is also a very handsome specimea
of the Picea Pinsapo, 15 feet iu height, and a pair of
tall Elms, which girth 14 feet at 3 feet from the
ground. Leaviug these delightful grounds, and pro-
ceeding ouwards to the railway station, we observed
growing ou the roadside, immediately opposite the
comfortable-looking church, a remarkable form of Yew
tree. Its roots are elevated above the surface and
boarded round, which gives the appearance of being
grown in a detached box on the road. Its girth at the

690

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE INt) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 29, 186?.

surface of the ground is 18 feet, and at 3 feet high 14 feet.
Oloseiy adjoining is Admiral Keppel's suug-lookiug
villa, in front of which are some beautiful examples of
deciduous and otlier Cj'press, Deodars, and Poplars, as
well as some handsome. Willows, which sweep to the
surface of the crystal-fkced stream which skirts the
interesting village of Bishopstoke. D.

Miscellaneous.

New Perfumes. — Opoponax has for some time past
met our eyes on covers of periodicals and on omni-
buses, as if it were the most important discovery of the
age. Advertisements have informed us that Opoponax
was derived from Opoponax chironum, a Mexican

Slant. Now if we turn to Opoponax in any Materia
ledica we shall find that its habitat is stated to be in
sunnjf parts of the south of Prance, Italy, Sicily,
Croatia, and Greece. As to the truth of its being a
most delightful perfume, this we are not in a position to
deny, since so many agreeable things are now obtained
from very disagreeable bases. The resin itself, how-
ever, as found in the market, has anything but a
pleasant odour. Opoponax, then, would seem to be
the latest introduction of one perfumer ; but here is
another new one, furnished by another large perfumer ;
*' Ihlang-ihlang, or the flower of flowers ( Unona odora-
tissima)." This is stated to be the most fragrant flower
of the ^Eastern Archipelago, yielding a delicious and
permanent perfume. There is a plant growing in
China and the East Indian Islands, the Artobotrys
odoratissima, E. Br., which we believe is identical with
IJnona odoratissima, Roxb., the flowers of which yield
an essential oil whicli can be purchased in Amboyna
in almost any quantity, at a very cheap rate, as the
plant is much cultivated both for its ornamental
appearance, and for the fragrance of its flowers. A
specimen of the oil is in the Museum at Kew, and
its odour is certainly most pleasant. This, then, seems
to be the origin of the name of the new perfume, and
if it is actually produced from the oil in ciuestion we
may conclude that the first cargo has arrived in this
country, thus adding another commercial plant to the
already long list of such things which we possess. In
conclusion, we can only say that if it answers the
perfumers' interests to import oils for the purposes of
their trade from the Moluccas, it would certainly
pay them to introduce some of the many essential oils
furnished by the Eucalypti of Australia ; this, we
know, is not a new question, but it is one which
appears either to have been forgotten or neglected.

The Mango in Madeira.— %hi,ViZO trees are now
become common in Madeira, and produce fruit
abundantly when they have once come into bearing,
which is not till they are 10 years old or more. The
oval or roundish-oval yellow fruit {ripe in September
or October) abounds in rich iuice like a Nectarine, but
has always somewhat more or less of a resinous or
Carrot-like flavour. The flowers are fragrant, like
Mignonette. The Mango is scarcely ever seen in the
Canaries, and but rarely in the Cape Verdes. R. T.
JjOioe, in Jtoyal KofiicuUtiral Society^s Journal.

Garden Operations.

(.For tlie ensuing iveelc.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Camellias in need of a shift should receive one now,
an operation which should always be performed when
the young shoots of the current season have ceased
growing, and are showing the first symptoms of forming
flower-buds. 33y shifting at this date the young shoots,
having gained moderate firmness and consistency, are
not likely to be injured in the process; besides which
the shoots formed are not nearly so likely to push to an
unnecessary length as when the trees are potted earlier,
by which they would acquire renewed vigour through
the roots running into fresh soil. Do not pot any,
however, unless they are really in need of larger pots,
as no greater mistake exists than to suppose that con-
stant potting is needful to keep Camellias in health
and vigour. Once well potted, with proper after treat-
ment, they will stand well for at least four years, and
frequently six, without again requiring any attention
of that kind. The proper soil for them is— and this is
an important point in their successful culture — the
thinnest possible parings from a good yellow loamy
pasture, having abundance of surface herbage thereon.
The life of this herbage must be destroyed quickly in
any manner that will not cause decomposition, which
must not be permitted. The killing process may be
effected either by means of exposure to heat, or by
drying sulliciently to ensure death. In this state chop
the turves up only sufficiently small to ensure efhcient
potting, adding one part of silver sand to every five of
soil. Give only moderately large shifts, and press the
compost firmly around the old balls, previously pre-
pared by the removal of any loose soil, by means of a
small rammer. Donofcbury the baseof the plant; on the
contrary, rather allow the upper roots to become slightly
elevated at their juncture with the stem. Keep the
plants, where convenient, in a warm moist atmosphere
for a time ; syringe freely overhead, and constantly shade
during intense sunshine. Give seedling Cyclamens a
furthershiftinto large BO-sizedpotsshouldtheyneedsuch
attention, and keep them constantly growing for a time.
Move Oranges, Myrtles, Pomegranates, and many of
what are termed New Holland plants, such as Cassias,
Acacias, &c.,into the open air ; placing them in positions
where air can circulate freely amongst them ; if in very
enclosed positions, a slight shading may be put over
them about mid-day. Under such circumstances a
degree of hardihood will be acquired which will enable
the plants to withstand the ills of a forced ungenial
winter temperature. Continue shifting all fast-growing
soft-wooded plants, such as Fuchsias, &c., as fre-
quently as may be needed. Poinsettias, which have
undergone a season of rest, should now be placed in a

well shaded position for the purpose of again starting
them into growth; water them freely and syringe
frequently as the young shoots appear. Pot o3'
Primula and Cineraria seedlings as soon as they show
the second leaves beyond the cotyledons or seed leaves,
placing three or four round the edges of small pots in a
free open compost formed of peat, leaf-mould, and sand.
Syringe daily the inmates of cool structures, green-
houses, &c., and well moisten floors, side borders, and
other surfaces generally. Give Achimenes their final
shift, and tie iihe more advanced ones neatly to small
single sticks. Continue to push them on in a high
moist temperature, and moisten them frequently over-
head.

FORCING HOUSES.

Late Vines, upon which the Grapes, having finished
their first swelling, are preparing to stone, should be
permitted to grow a little by means of the main
laterals. This, by encouraging the roots to push, will
materially aid the Tines in their final efforts to finish
off their crop, especially at a later date, when these are
again stopped back. Continue potting succession
Pines, in batches, so as to secure a good and constant
supply. Induce all Pines to make a quick strong
growth before the sun's influences have too much
diminished, as the best growth formed in autumn is in
a measure immature compared with that made
now. Be particular not to overcrowd forward
successions, which want at this season plenty of
light and air. Cherries in pots should not suffer
too greatly from want of water, as sudden checks
may induce a return to active growth. Give them
therefore a moderate and constant supply of water.
This will be found a good time to turn Pines out of
pots into a pit, in tvhich constant bottom-heat is kept ;
up below a properly prepared bed. Ram the soil well
down before ])lauting, and do not bury the base too |
deeply. Continue to syringe Peax^h and Nectarine \
trees, even after their crops have been gathered, with i
the view of warding off red spider and similar pests. [
lie particular not to let any suB'er from want of
moisture at the root, as much of next year's success
depends upon a proper maturation, not only of the
fruit, but also of thewnod and buds. Melons upon which
a sutticient quantity of female, or fruit-bearing flowers
are discernibly about to expand, must have their beds
kept as dry as possible upon the surface, until the
process of fertilisation or setting is completed. In dull,
cloudy weather it is advisable to set these artificially
by means of placing a male flower deprived of its petals
upon the fruitful one. Should the weather prove hot,
and the bed in consequence get too dry, it will be
necessary to give a watering to the roots, an operation
which may be done with a spouted pot upon a sunny
morning. Give a little air to all such at night, in
order to allow internal moisture freely to escape. Stop
all strong shoots before they begin to " feel" the sides
of the frame, and all laterals at one joint beyond
healthy looking fruit flowers. Keep the main
stems ' of the plants free from leaves, in order
that the sun may have free access thereto. This_ is
needed to keep them from cankering, an evil to which
they are very liable if kept wet by too dense shading.
HABDY FRUIT GiVRDEN.
Gut-door Vines will now need attention. Stop all
shoots bearing flower-buds one joint beyond what is to
be the future bunch, except where leading shoots are
needed for the purpose of filling vacancies, or extend-
ing the Vine into yet unoccupied spaces. Vines upon
walls, in the open air, are very much benefited by surface
sprinkling ; syringe them freely therefore upon dry hot
evenings. Pay proper attention to giving water at the
root when needed. Strong liquid manure is very
acceptable to them, and may be applied freely. Cut
hack all secondary side shoots upon red and white
Currants to a third of their length, leaving the main
branches as they are for a short time longer. By
thinning out the bushes, as just advised, at this season,
the fruit is capable of swelling to a larger size than it
otherwise would do; besides which, the more free
admission of light and air to the body of the trees
assists greatly the formation of flower-buds for the
ensuing season. Bush fruits of all kinds like a good
soaking of liquid manure previous to their final swelling,
an application which they amply repay.
HABDY FLOWER GARDEN.
Should the weather continue so drj; that the soil
contained in flower beds is not again thoroughly
soaked, it will be advisable to give it a good water-
ing; choose dull weather for the purpose, and pour
the water copiously over the beds from the spout of
the watering-pot, and not from the rose— a practice
too frequently had recourse to, causing the surface
soil to bind and cake unnecessarily. Do not keep
slopping the surface of the beds over periodically;
the dewy nights afford sufficient surface moisture in a
general way when the roots are sufficiently moist;
frequent moistening of the surface, therefore, should be
avoided, and especially in hot sunny weather. Where
the surface of the soil has again become moderately dry,
loosen it carefully with the hoe, which^ will tend
materially to obviate excessive evaporation. Give
Dahlias weak liquid manure, and with a small three-
pronged fork occasionally stir the surface of the soil.
If the plants are required to produce flowers for exhi-
bition, it will be advisable to disbud early, if the variety
is at all under-sized, but when the variety is large and
coarse,f'ewerbuds should be removed. Should theweather
he wet. Polyanthuses may be parted. Do not use a knife
in the ooeration, the ivory handle of a budding-knife will
be found a suitable instrument. When planted out in
a shady suitable situation, do not let ^ them want for
moisture; and a temporary screen will prove highly
beneficial till the plants are established. Poses should
be again gone over, removing all gross shoots that are
not likely to fiower this season, as well as dead flowers,
and shoots which have done flowering. Young strong

growths of autumn-flowering Roses in masses should
be pegged down ; and those of the sumrner-flovvering
kinds, as the Moss, Provence, or Gallica varieties,
should be layered ; the whole surface of the beds should
be forked over, and if a good soaking of liquid manure
can be given, its effect will be very apparent ^ in the
greater permanency of the colours, and in the
lengthened period of blooming.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Pinish thinning out Onions, Carrots, Parsnips,
Salsafy, and all similar crops without delay. In a
general way these should stand about six inches apart,
plant from plant. Make sowings of Peas, of such kinds
as the following, which will be the last of such sorts
this season, namely, Victoria, British Queen, Aberga-
venny Marrow, &c. Should the soil be very dry, water
the drills, and cover in immediately. Cease cutting
Asparagus. If cut too late the plants will not have
sufficient time to perfect a surface growth before
autumn ; where convenient give the beds a good surface
dressing with manure, or salt, and destroy effectually
all weeds before the plants have grown sufiiciently to
shade the soil beneath them. Look carefully through
Jlerh leds: cutting the fiowers off Thyme, Sage, ^c.,
should there be any. Put in cuttings of the latter in a
shady situation, well watering them in, and placing a
frame or handglass over them. In making them, choose
strong firm shoots of the current season's_ growth;
remove the lower leaves, and dibble them in rather
deeply. Secure the necessary stock of Sage for drying
for winter use as soon as it is sufficiently large for that
purpose. Doing so now will make the plants to
effectually re-establish themselves for the winter
Transplant Basil, Summer Savory, &c., upon favourable
occasions, and continue to sow small Salading
Pa-dishes, &o., and a pinch of Fndive for early winter
use. A supply of Watercresses for autumn and winter
may be easily obtained by planting some strong young
tops, about 4 inches long, in a line at the foot of a north
wall. The cuttings should be of pieces which have
protruding roots from the joints. W. F.

STATE OF THE W^EATHEE. AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
FortheWeek ending June 26,1867. asobsnrred at the Horticultural Gardens

I

Temperature.

June

1 BA.ROHETEH.

i

Of the Air.

Of th.e Earth

Wind

s-^

Max.l Min.

Max.

MLq.

Mean

Ifoot

deep.

2 feet
deep.

IH

30.033 29.994

fiS

44

54, .5

60

57

NE.

IS

30.076

m

44

N.E.

Satur.

2(1

30.12J

30.043

72

42

67.0

N.E.

n

21

29.987

29.9.32

75

45

60.0

60

5(i

Mon.

n

Tl

30.02.5

29,947

70

44

57.0

.v.w

n

«

30.337

30.179

7,-.

42

58.5

62

53

N.E.

Wed.

2fi

2i

30,433

30.4G8

74

37 55.5

Areri

sc.

lao.ise' 30.091

71.0 \ 42.5 i 5fi.7

60.7

57.4

Juae 20 -Overcast throughout.

— 21— Cloudy; overcast; cloudy at night.

— 23— Fine ; slight dry haze ; fine; overcast, ,

— 23— Very fine ; fine; "vei-y fine at night.

— 24— Fine ; overcast ; fine at niRht.

— 25-Clear and dry ; very fine throu^rhout.

— 2fi-Co5d and dry; very;clear ; very fine atniRht.
Mean temperature' of the week, 4J dcR. beloiv the average,

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending July 5, 18G7.

June
and July.

lit III

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Haiti

Prevailing Winds.

3

2

1

1

H
S5

5
5
C
2
5
1

4I1

61 4

3 -

21 1

4 1
- 5

4I 2

5
4
5
3
9
6
7

11

11
11
13
12
12
15

7

7
10

li
9

7

55

Sunday.. 30l 72.8 { 48.2
Mon. .. 1 71.7 51.0
Tuea. .. 2 73.3 ' 50.9
Wed. .. 3 71.1 '■ 50.1
Tlrars. ..4 76 1 1 50 3
Erlday .. 6 77.3 60.6
Satur. .. 6 76.3 51.1

C0.5
62.8
62.1
62,1
63.2
63 9
63.7

14

19
16
18
14
17
19

0.60 in.

1.18

0 22

0.78

0.33

0.59

0.48

7

6
5
5

I
i

The his
5th, 1852-
34 des.

lest temperature d
therm. 97 deg. ; ar

uring the
d tbe low

ibove per

est on th

od

. 3

th

cunre

1863

1 on the
-tUeiTH.

Notices to Correspondents.

Campanula: G Loire. We do not know Campanula Barlowii,
whicli you say was seen at the recent flower show at Leeds,
and ia of a trailing habit, the flower white, edged with
light purple. Probably the plant In question was C.
Barreliei-i, which is a dwarf trailing species, with light bluo
flowers. That is an old plant, and easily procurable.

Grapes : G R0> Spot on Grapes such as you have sent may
ai'ise from the roots being in bad condition, or from scald
in the house. The former, according to your account, does
not seem to be a likely cause. We have seen an exactly
similar condition from scald. The spot which arises from
Fungi has a different appearance. M J B.

Insects : Weston. A smashed box with a quantity of sawdust
ai'rived, without any trace of an insect. W.

Names of Fruit: Anon. Your large Strawberry is Kitley'a
Goliah ; small one too much bruised to identify, but
apparently worthless.

NatiIes of Plants : H S. Probably leaf of an Achillea.—
Cvoton. 1, Corydalis lutea ; 2, Alchemilla vulgaris ; 3, Geum
urbanum— all British,— /o/i?i Jones. 1, Geum m-banum ; 2,
Asperula odorata ; 3, Epilobium montanum.— /i^. ilespilus
lobatus; Salix pentandra.— /C Gloriosa superba.— IF"// K
1, Nephrodiummolle; 2, Folystichum capense; 3, Asplenium
bulbiferum ; 4, Pteris serrulata— .^ R. 1, Acropera armeni-
aca ; 2, Epidendrum alatum ; 3, E. cochleatum ; 4, an
Epidendrum, which cannot be identified unless habit and
habitat be sent : anyhow it is worthless ; 5, E. campylo-
stvlis. — (r A. Clerodendron Thomsonfe, The leaves are
afSected with a parasitic Fungus, Cystopus candidus. We
have to apologise for delay in answering the question, which
has arisen from the letter having been mislaid. M J B.

Pollen of Primulas : WE S. The fact that the pollen gi-ains
of ''i:)in eyed" Primulas are smaller than those of the
"thrum" eyed varieties is well known. You will find an
account of this matter in Jour. Linn. Soc. Botany, vol. vi.,
p. 78, from the pen of Mr, Darwin.

Stra-\vberries : A Moss. The sample sent was of the Old
Pine, and tbe fruit was of excellent quality and flavour.

Variegated Horse Chestnut: M J C. The specimen sent is
very decidedly marked, and has perhaps gi*een enough in it
to make it permanent. It is certainly worth trying to
perpetuate.

Communications Received.— T. Kennedy & Co.— \V. Paul.—
D. VVooster.-J. J. Cbater.— W. Bull.— D. T. Fish.— "W. Dean.
— W. Robinson.— J. Anderson.— Filix Mas (the address ia
correct).— C. D, Smith. — A. Moss.

i

JcNE 29, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAi5ETTE.

691

A T ANflTRSTER and LIVERPOOL AGR(CULTITRAL

^* I SuriKl'V. -OllANU CK^JTEXARY CBLEItKATION
Mil >iV. :,i MANt'llliSTKR, AwjunHl I'll, l!", UH, ttud 211.

IIIIZIW ai.iouiiLing to UPWARDS of TWO THOUSAND
j'lUNDS nre offered.

KXTRIKS CLOSE JULY 2fi. Prlzo Lists and Forma of Entry
rii;iy bo obtiiined from Mr. II.Wiiitwoiitii, Asslstmit Lociil Socrotary,
trillion UuIIlIIii^^s, Coiipor Street, Mauchester ; or from

;'.:*, Cliurch Stroot, Liverpool. T. H. Uvueh, Soorotary.

~| .>UYAl. AURICLILTLIRAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND .

X\j BURY ST. EDMUND'S MEKTING.

PROGRAMME.

WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY,

find SATURDAY, July in, 11, I'J, & Vi—

TRIAL of IMi'LEMENTS. Admtasiou,

■ Cjs. ouch person.

MONDAY.Jiilylfi-ThoENTIUE SHOW-
YARD OPEN from 8 In tbo Morning, at
wliicli hour tho Judges will commouco
inspojtlng tho Live Stock, and making
their Awards. Admisaton.Ss. each porson.
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, July lU &
\ 17 — Admission,.2s, Of(. oach person.
THURSDAY and FRIDAY. July 18 & lil—
Admission, Is. each person.

The Showyard will bo cloarod of
Visitors at S o'clock oach eveninK.
FRIDAY, July 19-GENERAL MEETING
of the MEMBERS in the Showvard at
10 o'clock.

Ily permission of tho Officer comnmndinp the Coldstream Guards,
t III' H.and of that Regiment will attend during tho Show.

The hours at which tho Exhibition of Horses in the Rini;, and tho
ii-iibrniances bv the I(:ind will take plact), will be uotltied by
ri:tcarda in tho Showyiiid. — Hy Order, H. Hall Dark, Secretary.
J',*, Hauovor Square, Loudon, W.

Eiit ^sncultural ©alette.

SATURDAY, JUNE 29, 1867.

Testuionials, tliey say, aro now-a-days
tiitirely worthless for any guidance they afford.
I'A'on good names appended to them have some-
how come to lose their influenco when attached,
I Kiwevor disinterestedly, to anj' personal recom-
liinndation. No wonder, then, that the best
iirras in a trade, recommending that which they
fell for the sake of the profit arising to them-
selves, do not receive unhesitating faith. And
it is certainly a pity, considering the immense
sums of money annually spent upon advertise-
ments, that not only is there this presumption
and a priori doubtfulness attaching to them,
but DOW and then wo come upon announcements
issued upon insufficient grounds by even respect-
able houses, which are so glaringly upset and
falsified by experience as directlj' and unavoid-
ably to give a tone of untrustworthincss to the
%\hole class of trade publications to which they
belong.

Take the so-called Sorghum tartaricum for an
outrageous example of this spring's experience.
We had it announced as a new cereal of extra-
ordinary value. " Sown on stiff land in March
or April it is ready for harvest in September ;
the average produce is 60 bushels of 39 lb. each
per acre. As an article of food it is more palat-
able than Wheaton bread ; it contains more
nourishment than any other cereal whatever,
and a small loaf wont four times as far as one
made of Wheat flour. As a forage plant — from
the sweet, succulent nature of the leaves and
stems, all kinds of stock thrive on it in a sur-
jnising manner ; cows will produce a double
(|uantity of milk, and it fattens pigs in a given
timo as nothing else would." What more
valuable plant for the English farmer could we
imagine, than one of which all this should be true ?

The authority on which these statements are
made, is not indeed given, but the respect-
able firm who issued the advertisement speak
of the " most reliable source" whence the
seed has been obtained ; and that they
wish the reader to follow their example,
and believe all that is stated, is plain from their
own endorsement of the character which the
plant has thus received, for " they have no hesita-
tion in saying that it will become one of the
most important additions to agriculture which
lias been introduced in the present century." And
another equally respectable fir-m is found to
t;ive that unjustifiable corroboration of this story
which the attachment of a generally trustworthy
name to an uninvestigated statement necessarily
affords. We shall be glad to hear of any one of
those who purchased packets of seed on this
description of the plant who now sees any pros-
pect whatever of realising the character which,
notwithstanding the " cold wet summer and
autumn of 1866," it last year acquired in the
hands of its intrepid introducers. And if not,
then see what an injury is done, not merely to the
comparatively .small number who have lost their
half crowns and their hopes, but (to bring it
nearer home) to the whole class of men who
spend their hundreds a year on advertisements.
It needs but a few examples of this sort
to give a colouring — we hope and believe
a false colouring, but still a real tone and colour-
ing—to the whole character and influence of the

advertising columns through which tradesmen
hope to meet with customers. Men are inlluonced
by a few examples of this kind, to tho discredit
in a measure of tho whole class of advertise-
ments to which they belong. And tho firm
which commits itself in this way — /. c, without
personal examination and e.\[K)rieucc — to an-
nouncements which the oxporience of others
must upset, not only hurts itself, but injures all
others, its competitors for the custom of the
agricultiu'ist and gardener. Of the direct
injury done to purchasers on the faith of such
announcements we dn not now speak, though of
course that is tho principal clause in the indict-
Tuont ; we prefer at present rather to name the
indirect injury which they roeoive through the
lack of that trustworthy guidance which really
honest, straightforward advertisements wordd
afford them.

And wo have another example to quote, impli-
cating— for, considering that announcements of
this kind ought not to be made on insufficient
grounds, wo can use no other word — other load-
ing houses in the seed trade. The so-called
ScHKAEDEu's Bromus has now for several years
been pushed by seedsmen as a valuable pastm-e
Grass. Three years ago, when reviewing a
pamphlet by M. Alphonse Lavallee, which
contained a paper praising this Bromus, read by
him before the Central Agricultural Society of
France, we stated that it was plain our Italian
Eye-grass, under liberal cultivation, very greatly
exceeds the new Bromus in its produce ; and that,
apart from any information on the richness of tho
milk, the mere quantity of the milk obtained from
its consumption is a very fallacious indication of
the merits of the latter as food for milch cows.
We can now speak with confidence from a year's
experience of this Grass over nearly two acres of
land. Notwithstanding the high character given
of it in the trade advertisements of first-class
houses, it has been an entire failure in our hands.

It was to be especially successful on moist
land, and though the land on which it was tried
is naturally dry, a fair loam on gravel, yet this
condition of success has not been lost sight of,
and in the effort to make it yield at least as well
as the Italian Rye-grass, which it was to excel,
we have poured over it at short intervals about
5500 tons of London sewage per acre. Though
sown at the rate of 4 or 5 bushels of seed per
acre, on land in proper condition as a seed bed,
a comparatively thin plant came up. Of the
Italian Eye-grass, under equally favourable
conditions, we have had a capital coat of Grass
upon the land. Even, however, where the
Bromus was thickest and best, it has been
impossible to hinder it from throwing up its
harsh, coarse seed-stem. We have had from
three cuttings of Bromus this year 23 tons of
harsh, rough Grass (which cows for the most
part reject) off 1 acre, 2 roods, and 20 perches of
land, or about 14 tons in all per acre, having put
upon that extent of land no less than 7150 tons
of sewage in all, on nine different occasions,
since January 30 (or nearly 5500 tons per acre),
in the vain attempt to get a satisfactory produce.
The Italian Eye-grass close by, on similar land,
treated with irom 1200 to 3600 tons of sewage
per acre, has yielded from 25 to 30 tons of Grass
per acre, in two cuttings in some instances, and
in three in others. The extraordinary merits of
Italian Eye-grass as a sewage-grown plant is
not, however, our present subject ; we mention
it only to show by way of contrast what a failm-e,
oven in point of more quantity, still more in
point of quality, is this highly vaunted
Schraeder's Bromus. In fact, it is only the
necessity of giving the plant a full year's trial
that hinders us from ploughing it up at once, as
being one of the worst weeds at this moment on
the farm.

Scheaedee's Bromus, then, is another example
of a plant unduly urged on the attention of culti-
vators— another example of the way in which
advertising seedsmen injure themselves, one
another, and those with whom they deal, by those
extravagant announcements to which we thus
call their attention, as damaging the agency by
which alone satisfactory business relations can
be established between them and their customers.

. We are requested by Mr. MEcnr to state that

his farm at Tiptree will be open to inspection by
agriculturists during the Bury Show, without an
introduction.

Having seen and heard very favourable reports

of the Hat Sweep, a most useful labour-saving
implement in tbe Grass districts at this time of the
year, we give an account of it, and any intelligent

village carpenter can easily make it from the followin a
spocihcation, even witlioiit a sketch,* at a cost not
oxceeanig 30,?. :— The niaiii-bcaiii (a n) is >) foot by
5 inches by 21 inches, and is best made of Ash sliod or
tipt at tho ends willi iron straps 1« inch broad by
5 inch thick ; and .stout iron phis 1 J inch in Iciigtli with
a horizontal eye, in which a stout ring jilays I'rcoly aro
inserted in the front. Ten tines (u o) of good I'inc
each 3 loot by fg inch square, aro driven iiorpendiculiir
into mortise holes in a b 8! inches apart, tho two
outermo.st tines being within an inch or two of tho
inm-sliod ends, and the iipiier corners of tjio points of
the tines aro merely rounded oil'. The hanillo (upright
from tho plane of a b, and its toctli ii ii) is carefully
framed (tenon and morti.so), of two sido-picccs (e e)
each 3 feet by 3 inches by 2 inches. One cross-bar'
23 inches by 25 inches square, sitnato II inches above
A B, and a cross-head (a), 31 inches by 3 inches square,
connect them; and tho whole is then mortised into the
middle of a n, so as to incline slightly backwards, and is
strengthened by two straps of iron, each lU iiu-hcs by
3 inches by J in front. Two auger holes are bored 1 2 inches
on each side of the handle, for the reception of pins
30 inches long, also ujiright from the ground, as stout
.as a walking-stick; and another set of holes, 15
inches apart from the former, for pins which are
18 inches long ; these pins, however, are not essential.
The draught gear consists of two chains, each 18i feet
in length, easily made up from ordinary plough chains,
fitted with four unwelded rings, 2i inches in diameter,
like rings for a bunch of keys, so as to facilitate the
special yet temporary insertion of the end of two jioles
(k, l) (stretchers), one being 11 feet C inches, and the
other U feet long, by 2i inches in diameter. The pole K
is laid in front of the tines (D d), 5 feet 1 inch from A B,
and parallel with it, and i is laid 3 feet 2 inches in front
of K. The rings are secured to the poles with staples or
nails. The chains are then hooked to tho harness of a
horse led by a boy ; and a man pulls the handle towards
him so as to elevate the tines, say (J or 10 inches, whilst
travelling. Suppose that the hay is fit for ricking, and
has been collected in long rows by the horse rake, or
that a long row of cocks has been broken up and
exposed to sun and wind, the man in charge of the
hay sweep directs the boy to lead the horse amongst
the hay ; he easily steadies the implement on the
main beams by a judicious pressure or depression, so
as to keep the points of the tines about 2 or 3 inches
above the surface of the meadow ; the hay in due time
is collected in a large mass, which is upborne and
carried forward on the tines. When the implement is
loaded, so to speak, the driver jerks the handle
well forward, so that its cross-head strikes
the ground ; the implement is thus deposited on the
top of the mass of hay : the driver seizes one of the
central tines by the point, and throws the implement
upwards and forward, so that it alights in position and
is immediately at work collecting another cargo. There
is no stoppage, and the whole work is performed
with a rapidity and ease to all concerned, and with a
simplicity and eliicieni^v, which require to be seen to
be understood. A few feet of narrow hoop iron and
some flat-headed nails should be carried a-field to repair
a tine or draught-pole when sprung, and it is not out
of place to mention that many a fork and rake shaft
may be promptly and ellicieutly repaired with a strip
of raw hide or thin leather and a few tacks. J?. M. F.

• The alternative of water or earth as the proper

disinfectant of house waste is, it seems, still undecided
oven in such a town as Oxford. We learn from the
Oxford Journal that at a public meeting held there
the other day it was unanimously affirmed " that the
daily collection of human excreta by an organised
arrangement of the authorities of towns is the safest
plan for the prevention of disease !" Mr. Ckaig moved
the affirmative of the following principles laid down by
him in the Appendix to the Report of the late Sewage
Congress at Leamington : —

" 1. Th.it the equivalents of food, in the shape of Wheat,
beef, and mutton, taken out of the soil, must be returned to
it, or the land will ultimately beeome exhausted and un-
prolitaljly barren.

" 2. That human guano, when properly applied, is a highly
useful manure for the land, as is proved by its judicious
application. But, if exposed to fermentation, it pollutes the
air and becomes injurious to health.

" 3. That Wiiter, when polluted with sewage, is one of the
best carriers of poison, and the prolific source of disease.

" 4. That the evils of defective ventiliition are gre.atly
increased by the system of driiinage in connection with water-
closets in houses.

" 5. That the collection of human excreta daily, by an
organised arrangement of the authorities of towns, ia the
safest plan for the i^revention of disease."

To the first and second of these resolutions every
one agrees. Tho third is to be taken as true mainly,
or only when it is assumed that the water thus
polluted gets into the wells or reservoirs whence the
drinking water is taken for use. The fourth is probably
true in so far as an imperfect watercloset in a house is
worse than an old-fashioned cesspool and closet in tbe
garden. But that the fifth resolution is true in itself,
or anyhow follows from the others, we altogether deny.
This, however, does not hinder us from acknowledging
the value of Mr. Moule's earth closets for separate
houses or institutions in the country ; and we are glad
to give the following report of their successful use in
the Chorlton Union, Lancashire, which has been
addressed to Mr. Ceaio by the chairman of the Board
of Guardians in that Union :—

" The dry closets in the Chorlton Union House are now in
use on all the ground floors, except in the Hospital. They are
used by over 800 persons daily and exclusively, and have been
in use about six months. The plan is very plain and simple.
It consists of the ordinary .shaped closet, with seat and holes,
with this difference, that the floor is well raised, say three feet
above the ground level. There is an orduiary pit for the
deposits, and a road up one side of it, with a small space at

* The engraving cannot be prepared in time for this week J
and the hay time is going by,

662

THE GA1 Dl-NEl^S' CHEOKICI.E AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JtTNE 29, 1867.

the end of it for the use and supply of dvy ashes. A man goes
round these closets every moruing, and throws in a little coal
ashes, riddled from the cinders, that are daily made at the
fires in the various parts of the house. The cinders are, of
course, taken back and burned. There is no better deodoriser
than these coal ashes, .and they cost us nothing ; but, on the
contrary, they form part of the manure when so used.

" As regards the question of how have they .answered, I may
reply they have, and always will answer, the most sanguine
expectations of all persons, if they are properly .attended to ;
and no plan will answer without. Sometimes, towards the
latter part of the day, you may smell a little offen-sivencss,
but all our Guardians and Workhouse Master, and all the
officials, heartily admit they are a gi-eat improvement iu a
sanitary point of view, when compared with the watercloset
system.

" I estimate the value of the manure that will be conserved
at over 2001. per annum. If wo take it at 6s. per head per
annum, it will be .about 240J. There will also be the yearly
saving of expense in opening and cleansing out the sewers into
which such deposits were heretofore turned ; and there is also
the national advantage gamed in the shape of what is secured
for fertilising pui^poses.

We observe that the return for the manure is only
" estimated "—not recorded.

There was a meeting held in Chester last Satur-
day for the purpose of organising a cheese factory after
the New York plan, to save the expense to the smaller
dairy farmers of keeping up machinery and paying
dairymaids for a quantity of work that is too liinited
to be profitable. This may be the begmmng ol the
"cheese factory " movement, and when carried out we
may expect that the dairy system will spread over
counties where at present this industry is unknown,
and where it can never profitably be entered upon
until the hitherto necessary kind of knowledge has
been acquired by farmers' wives. B. M. F.

PRESENT APPEABA.NCE OF THE CROPS.

[From Oub Correspondents.]

BerlcsMre.—'Wiih respect to the state of the crops
iu this neighbourhood, the Wheat, without very
favourable weather, cannot be up to an average.
The season has been altogether unfavourable, and I
never knew such variety. We have Wheat in the
parish already lodged, while we have some as bad as I
ever knew it. Both are the extremes, and neither will
be good at harvest unless very favourable weather
should come. The ear, too, does not seem so large as
usual, especially with the forward Wheat I have
noticed above. Barley and Oats are beautiful in
colour, and generally well planted. They promise well
for a full average. Peas are a very good crop, and will
equal last year's one if they continue free from
blight. Hay is a very good crop, though I believe 5 cwt.
to an acre less than would have been the case if
we had not had those May frosts. I never saw such a
prospect, as early in May. With respect to Mangel,
Swedes, and Turnips, it is quite premature to give an
opinion. The fallows never were so backward and so
foul as this season the cold frosty nights prevent their
growth where they are planted and up, and several
fields have to be ploughed up and resowed, all being
ranch eaten by fly, slugs, and small snails, which seem to
abound this year. I look upon the crop on the whole
as very critical, though some warm rains may send
them on, as generally there are sufficient plants, though
so much eaten ; but we see nothing of that vigour we
usually see when well done— they seem to have for-
gotten how to grow, and the weeds get ahead. /. A.
Williams^ Baydon.

Buckiiigfiiimshire.—Uhe following is an account
of the Vale of Aylesbury and neighbourhood:—
Wheat: On the heavy clays and undrained lands
this crop is very bad indeed, on well-farmed drier soils
and along the Chiltern Hills the crop is excellent, on
the whole much below an average. Barley: Where
well farmed, excellent, bi^t on cold soils the last frosts
checked it badly ; fair average. Oats : Generally good ;
average. Beans : Some of the worst I have ever seen,
a few crops large and fine ; below average. Clover : In
general good average. Meadow and Upland Grass :
Good fair average, the low-lying meadows, even on the
finest land, were much injured by late frosts, and have
never recovered. Mangels : Very good, but rather
backward. Swedes; Very middling; the fly has
desliroyed large quantities. Prebendal Farms,
Ayleshury,

Devon (iVbrW*).- Character of weather, spring, 1867,
cold and wet. Wheat : Good on all dry lands,
patchy and r.ather thin on wet undrained fields.
Barley : Fair to good on sound well-farmed laud,
inferior on wet cold soils. Oats : Promising, with
trilling exceptions. Potatos : Early crop cut down by
frosts in May, but recovered ; general field crop late,
but healthy and regular. Hay : Clover and Rye-grass
average to very good, crop now being cut ; meadow —
dry, late but good; wet, inferior. Mangel: a good
braird generally. Swedes: Sown, but not up. Common
Turnip ; Ground iu preparation for. Orchards :
Apples, half a crop. P. Cowan, TaiostocJc Manor and
NeifjJihourhood, North Devon, June 21.

Devon (South).— I fear that the appearance is such
as will hardly warrant our expecting an average pro-
duce, and the harvest will most certainly be late ; I
should say not general till August li5th. Hay is very
abundant and already well on. Samuel Cornish, Stan-
combe, Kingsbridge. — — The crops generally, pre-
vious to the delightful weather, had a very unsatis-
factory appearance, but since it set iu the improve-
ment is very great. Wheat in blossom and on good
land bids fair for an average crop, whilst on second-
class and inferior soils it must be thin and light.
Barley and Oats I cannot describe better than by
observing the same rule. Potatos promising, but
disease is already spoken of. Swedes just making
their appearance above ground. Clover, which is now
fast making into hay, a fair crop. The meadows are also
turning out well. Grass plentiful. Scarcely any fruit of
any kind. John Wills, South Petherwyn, Laimceston.

Dorsetshire.— The weather now being most favour-
able, the hay harvest progresses rapidly, and I can
speak favourably both as to quality and quantity,
especially with reference to the Clovers and young
Grasses. Flax I think will be above an average crop,
the storms in May having proved most beneficial.
Wheat is not so promising, as in many places it is thin
and varies considerably ; but Barley is so luxuriant
that unless we experience a dry summer, much of it is
likely to be " laid.'" Oats also look well. Mangel
plants are abundant, but Turnip sowing has been
delayed, and we can scarcely calculate on a good winter
supply of Swedes. Our pastures abound in Grass.
Altogether I think I am justified in speaking favour-
ably of the present appearance of the crops. John
Pope, Bridport.

Gloucestershire. — Wheat, Barley, Oats, and Peas
are looking well about us. On this farm Wheat
and Peas are looking especially well. Our Potatos
present a regular and healthy appearance ; we have
a good stout crop of winter Vetches, and the same
may be said of the seeds, now being mown. I have
been a good deal troubled with the fly on the early-
sown Turnips, having been obliged to drill two sowings
of 5 acres each, twice. At present the Swedes are not
attacked, the first sowing showing well in the row. We
have a good plant of Mangel, horse-hoed once, and fit
to single. In our pastures we have an abundant supply
of Grass. In conclusion I may say that my knowledge
of the appearance of the various crops is almost
entirely confined to my own. S. Bivingioa, College
Farm, Cirencester.

Kent. — The Wheat crop at present is very pro-
mising all around here, with the exception of the
ley Wheats, most of which are too thin of plant to pro-
duce two-thirds of a crop. I do think that Mr. Mechi
has a disciple in Kent ; there may be seen here some of
the finest Wheats in all the world, drilled in with
2j bushels to the acre, with not one grain too much
seed. Beans are a great breadth, and promise well,
but are attacked with the black louse, and require
topping. The early Peas are nearly a failure ; it is too
early to form an opinion as to Grey Peas. Barleys are
various, many are too strong, unless the weather proves
very dry. I have one field of 12 acres, after Turnip
seed, which is upwards of 4 feet high, but many after
bad tilths are very yellow. But few Oats are grown
here. Potatos are a short breadth. The giant Sanfoin
is grown to a vast extent, for a Wheat tilth in lieu of
the Red Clover. Mangel is a good plant. Swedes are
sown late here to avoid the mildew. Hops are various
as to bine. Robert Matson, Wingham.

Norfolk.— It is at all times ditticult to form any
very correct estimate of the growing crops, espe-
cially at this immediate season when the corn is
coming into ear, but having just returned from a
journey of some 70 miles through the county, in
company with a friend, we were enabled to form some
opinion as to the prospects of the coming harvest.
Wheat will not be fully into ear— that is, fully shot —
before the end of this month, or the beginning of next,
and may be considered a week or 10 days later than
usual. Should the prevailing north winds continue
many days longer, cutting will not generally commence
before the middle of August. On rich and well farmed
lands the crop is pretty good, but not abundant, whilst
on the secondary and inferior soils an average seems
doubtful. Barley is later than usual, and on the whole
not very promising. Oats, Peas, and Beans are pretty
good, but not much cultivated iu the neighbourhood
through which we journeyed. Hay everywhere an
abundant crop, and with another week of dry weather
will be safely stored. The root crop promises fairly ;
the ground is generally well planted, and Mangel
Wurzel and early Swedes are being singled. We
never stood more in need of an early and abundant
harvest. Stocks of English Wheat are rapidly diminish-
ing. We travelled through many parishes without
seeing a Wheat stack — indeed, we drove 35 miles in one
direction, and saw but three, and more than 20 miles
in an opposite one and saw none outstanding. The
same scarcity is said to prevail, more or less, in almost
all the English counties, nor do we believe that either
millers or merchants have any quantity stored to meet
au ungenial harvest; if such is the case we shall very
shortly, and till the new crop comes, be almost entirely
dependant on foreign supplies. Fast Norfolk, June 21.

Staffordshire.— On\y on the deep loamy soils can
we any longer hope to reap a full crop of Wheat at
the coming harvest. A large proportion of the
lighter soils has been deficient in plants, and as the
root has tillered less freely during the past spring than
in any previous one in my recollection, there is still
an insufficient plant, and harvest is too nearly here for
it to become a full crop ; it must remain thin, short,
and uneven. The poor and ill cultivated clays sown
with Wheat cut a sorry figure, the crop growing on
them being short, thin, yellow, and much later tlian
generally. From such appearances at so advanced a
period a small produce must result. B.arley on soils
naturally suited to its growth looks well, and will
doubtless be a satisfactory crop; but on the stitt'er
lands, although they be well drained and cultivated, its
appearance is most disappointing. It is too soon to
form a reliable opinion on the Bean crops, at present
however they are luxuriant and are well blossomed.
Peas are generally good ; perhaps they are the crop of
the season. The corn all needs sunshine. The effect
of a few bright hours upon it is marvellous, and a suc-
cession of really summer weather would, even yet,
greatly improve it ; but I fear the season is too far gone
for a higher temperature even to produce an average
crop. Turnip growers have been much troubled by
the fly's ravages, buttheplantsare now more promising
for a crop than they were in their younger state.
Mangel is generally thick enough, but requires warmer
weather to make it grow freely. There is an abund-
ance of mowing Grass, both natural and artificial, and

hay-making has just commenced. J. C. AdMns, Milcote, \
Stratford-on-Avon. j

Suffolk.— 1 should have answered your note before, 1 \.
but have only now returned from the Norfolk i!|
Show. The crops in this part of Suffolk are only i
middling, I think. Wheat, about an average ; Barley
very bad, especially on the cold wet lands ; Oats, very ,••
few grown, but these are looking badly ; Beans, a thin
plant, bloom injured, some by the late frosts; Peas, a
thin plant, prospect only middling; Clover, heavy .
crop ; Grass, very heavy ; Potatos looking well, getting '
over the effects of the frost ; Beet-root looking well ;
Turnips taken off by the fly as fast as they came. I
hope I have been explicit enough. Samuel G. Stearn,
Brandeston, Wichham Market.

Surrey. — The following is my opinion of the crops in
this neighbourhood, so far as I have seen. Wheat, on
light and medium soils, very fair plant, and with a
favourable bloom : will be a good average crop ; on wet
clays very indifferent. Barley looks very well generally,
and will be a large crop. Oats a fair appearance. Beans
andPeasnot grown. Potatos: earlycrop veryindifferent,
so cut by frost of 23d and 24th May ; late crop never
looked better. MangelandSwedesgenerallyagood plant,
but instances of the former having been ploughed up
not uncommon, owing no doubt to the seed. Hay crop
very good. James Arnot, Woodcote, Carshalton.

Shropshire. — All cereals are sufi'ering sadly from
very low temperature of the earth below and atmo-
sphere above. AVheat yellow even on good highly
farmed lands, bad and under average on all cold
middling soils. Barley, certainly, cannot give a favour-
able account of; a deal late planted, and look gobby
and wretchedly. Peas and Beans a tolerable prospect.
Turnips very backward, and those early planted grow-
ing very slowly. Altogether I look for a season on the
whole decidedly under average. Kenry Smith, Shiffnal.

Sussex. — Wheat on 'the light land, it is thought,
will be an average crop, but on the strong land
it is hardly possible, judging by present appear-
ance. The Barley to all appearance will be good. The
Oats are good also. Peas are generaUy looking well,
but are getting very blighty. Beans are backward,
and blight has made its appearance, so that the crop
will be doubtful. Upland Grass is about an average
crop, and forward meadows, but backward ones are
very short. Tares are generally good. Gilbert Fames,

Ly licit, Midhurst. Hereabouts the appearance of the

crops is as follows : — Wheat about au average ; Oats
about an average ; Barley under an average ; Peas
under au average ; Beans, few grown here ; Potatos
very promising ; Turnip, too early to say ; hay, both
meadow and seed, full crop. John Brotherston, Bose
Hill, Bobertsbridge.

WAGES PAID IN AGRICULTURE.
According to a return recently published by the
Board of Trade relating to the acreage of land under
crop, bare fallows, and Grass in the United Kingdom
in the year 1866, the total acreage was as follows : —

England ..
Wales
ycotland . .
Ireland . .

Total of Acre'

age under

all kinds of

Crops.

22,261,833
2,284,674
4,158,360

15,549,796

44,254,663

Total of

e3tim.ated

ordinary Stock

of Cattle.

3,420,044
.546,966
968,637

3,742,647

8,678,294

Total Number
of Sheep.

15,124,341
1,668,663
5,255,077
4,270,027

26,313,308

The proportion between the acreage and the number
of agricultural labourers iu the United Kingdom is as
follows: — England and Wales, 1 labourer to 14 acres;
Scotland, 1 labourer to 13 acres ; Ireland, 1 labourer to
20 acres. The proportion of agricultural labourers to
population is, in England and Wales, 1 in 12 ; Soot-
land, 1 in 10 ; Ireland, 1 in 8.

The following counties have the greatest proportion
of adults employed in agriculture : — In Rutland, 33.9
percent.; Lincoln, 32.3; Cambridge, 31.6; Hereford,
31.4; Huntingdon, 30.8; Westmoreland, 30.8; North
Riding Yorkshire, 30.4; Wilts, 29.3; Suffolk, 23.7;
North Wales, 27.7 per cent, of the adult population
were employed in agriculture.

The number of persons engaged in agriculture
include farmers' sons, grandsons, brothers, nephews,
agricultural labourers, farm servants, woodmen, gar-
deners, and nurserymen; but there are iu addition
many having holdings under IS acres who work with
their own hands or employ no servant. The total
number may be estimated as follows :^

Men.

Women.

Small

Under 15.

15 to 60.

UnderlS

15 to 00.

Farmera

England and

Waies
Scotland . .
Ireland

128,000
42,000
32,500

1,060,000
146,000
390,000

65,000
2,300
5,800

311,000
100,000
46,000

90,000
20,000
275,000

202,500

1,596,000

73,100

457,000

385,000

To these we must add 385,000 small farmers and
crofters.

The wages of agricultural labourers in England and
Wales were given in Mr. Villiers' return for the year
1860, and its principal results were brought out in a
paper on the subject read by Mr. Purdy of the Statisti-
cal Department of the Poor-law Board, at the
Statistical Society.* From these documents it appears
that the average wages iu the half-year of 1S60 were
11.S. 7d. for men, and is. M. for women and children ; the
weekly earnings by task work being calculated at

» "Journal of the Statistical Society," vol. xxiv., p. 328
Return of the average rates of weekly earnings of agricultural
labourers in the Unions of England and Wales (1 4 of 1861).

.)UN'E 33, 18G7.J

THE GARTH'NKBS' GllRONTCLE AKl) AGRlCtll.TtmAL GAZETTE.

693

TUo wages in the
In the northern

r5< ''il Basing his caloulation upon Mr. Tiiffneil s
rriH.rl on Kent and Sussex, Mr. Purdy estimated the
1 1 it'll earnings of agricnitural labourers in England and
\\ lies at.t«.Cs.M., or 17s. a week per family. Ihe
!■; Ill of Shaftesbury, in a letter to the Timfs* depicted
i1h ronditionof Dorsetshire labourers in a very favour-

1 able manner; ll«. (>id. being calculated to be the
avora"e earning, oaoh having a cottage either free or at
a verv small rent. ."XHhough the nominal wages may
in some cases bo as low as 8i'. or 'Js. per week in money,

I a free hinise and gnnleii, fuel cut and dried, a chain of

j I'dtiilo "round in-ep:ired and manured, and a bushel of
AVheat worth n.«. per month, raise the wages 4.i-. more
per week, besides the gratuity givonjor extra work,
and allowance for harvest work, &c.

I dillerent districts differ materially,
and Yorkshire counties in immediate contiguity to the
manufacturing districts the wages are higher than in
the eastern, western, or midland counties; yet the
force of public opinion and facility of communication
tend to assimilate the wages throughout the country.
The wa"Os of aiiricultural labour have increased as
follows:— 1821, \).i.iil.; 1S!7, 10«. -W. ; 1860, Us. 7d.;

ISIiii, 13*. ,. ,

In Scotland the wages, according to a similar return,
moved for by Sir Andrew Agnew.t also commented upon
in another paper by Mr. Purdy at the Statistical
Society,! were in 18C>0 as follows :— In the northern
counties : men, l'2s. 2:lrf. ; women, 5s. llirf. ; children
under Ifi, 1.?. In the midland : men, 13*. 3rf. ; women,
OS. 7',(^; children, ts. OJrf. In the southern: men,
13s. 2(/. ; women, 5s. llSrf. ; children, 4s. 9V(/. ; giving
an average for all Scotland at— men, 13s. Id.; women,
6s. 7d. ; children, -Is. S'id. The Noiik British A'jricul-
lurist published from time to time, during 186t,
accounts of the wages of agricultural labour in distinct
farms in the dillerent counties in Scotland, which
snpiiorted the above averages. The wages are paid
halt in money, half in food ; 20?. in cash is frequently
uiveii, but the ;dlowances vary, some having house and
LMideii, cnal and me;it, some the produce of a number
c.r slieep or rows. The small crofters, at least 20,000
in number, cannot be taken to earn more on an
average than 20s. a week for themselves and families.

'I'lie wages in Ireland are given in an another return
for 181)0, moved for by Lord Dur.kellin,§ and equally
eommented on by Mr. Purdy ; || and according to these
Ihe wages in 1800 averaged 7s. lid. for men, and 3s. lid.
lor women, and 2.S. 11 W. for children.

Since 1860 there has been a gradual rise in agricul-
turil wages in all counties, and it is necessary to bear
ill mind that farm labourers often derive assist-
ance from other employments, as from straw work, lace
unrli, gloving, mining, mill work, or needle, making.
Ill .some cases the labourer holds apiece of land and
kei'iis one or more cows ; in other cases he earns some-
thing by carting for others. All things included, the
average may safely be taken at 13s. a week for men,
fiv. fi((. a week for women, and -Is. 6rf. for children
under 16 years of age, and the small farmers and
en liters at 15s. per week. Separately, the average
might be taken at Us. 6(f., 5s., and 3s. Hd. in England ;
1 lj\, Cs. Gt?., and is. Ctd. in Scotland ; and 10s., 5s., and
;.;.v. fid. in Ireland; and small farmers 15s. in England
and Scotland, and lis. in Ireland.

& s. d.

M, 11 .. ,. 202,500 under 15, at 4s. Gii. 2,369,000 0 0

liii 1,000,000, 16 to 80, at las. ..54,060,000 0 0

Women .. 73,000 under 15, at 4s. 6ii. 854,000
- ^ ■ -" - 6ii,

An elaborate report on the state of the dwellings of
rural labourers was made by Dr. H. J. Hunter.* The
general results were, that in 5;i75 houses examined
there were 21,770 por.sons, giving 1.6 to a hou.se and
2.8 to a bedroom. In 2!',I5 single bed-roomed houses
there were 1 iiorsons, or 2.2 adults and 1.8 children. In
1861 there were 1. 11 jiersons to a house ; m 1861 the
proportion was '1.87 persons.

Tho amount owing to depositors per head of the
population, which in England and Wales averaged
1/. 17.V. ; in Hereford was 2/. 10.«. ; Wilts, il. Is.;
Lincoln, \l. 10s.; North Hiding of Vorkshire, li 17s.;
.Suffolk. 1/. 12.?. ; Cambridge, I/. 10.?.; Huntingdon,
17s. ; Westmoreland, lO.v. jier head.

The number of pors(ms committed for trial in 1805,
ndiich in England and Wales averaged 0.07 per 1000 of
the poinilation, in Hereford was 1.15; Lincoln, 0.8U :
Cambridge, 0.81; Wilts, 0.08; Suffolk, 0.5G: We.st-
morel.and, O.H; Huntingdon, 0.40; and Rutland,
0.23 per 1000.

In tho reports of the inspectors of constabulary the
following statistics were given relating to public and
beer houses and drunkenness in agricultural districts
in the year ended 29th September, 1866 :—

Number

Number of

proceeded

Publicaud

against aa

Beer Houses

drunk and

to 1000

disorderly

population.

per 1000
population.

Bedfnrrlsbiie

7.81

2.09

Buckinghani

8.47

2.36

Cambridge

10.05

.50

Ely, Isle a!

a.32

1.79

Essex, with Harwich, and Saffron

Waldoii

0.60

.97
2.20

Hertford.sbiro

0.40

Huutingden

5.93

1.51

4.00

1.35

Lincoln

5.50

2.04

Norfolk, with Thctford

C.09

1.51

Nortbanipton, Peterborough liberty.

8.09

.48

Oxfordslure

8.09

1.52

Uuilandsbire

7.4li

1.28

Whrop.sbiie, with Oswestry and

Wbilock

5.5G

5.89

Suffolk, East, with Becclos, Eye, aud

Uiford

4.11

.95

Suffolk, West, with Bury St.

Edmunds

5.31

1.56

Average

6.41

1.92

— Professor Leone Levi on Waqes and Mamings of the

iyorkmg Vlasses. (John Murray.)

nail farmers
and crofters

457,000, 15 to 00, at 5s.
385,000 lit 15s.

6,535,000
14,965,000

0 0

2,717,.500 73,803,000 0 0

Agricultural labour in some counties, such as Lin-
colnshire, Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk,
Suffolk, and Nottingham, is organised into agricultural
gangs, consisting of a gang-master and a certain
number (10 to 40) of women and young persons; in
most cases the gangs travelling great distances to per-
ferm by contract a certain amount of field labour: a
practice which is attended with most iniurious physical
and moral results.

In a report of Dr. Edward Smith on the food of the
poorer labouring classes in Bngland,1f it is stated that
the value of the food consumed by farm labourers wa.s,
upon the average, 2s. lljrf. per adult, or 13s. 1\d. per
family weekly ; including in this sum the value of
every" article of food in the localities referred to, such
as vegetables, beer, and eider, which, though it may not
cost the labourer any money, yet resulted from his
labour, and was therefore a part of his daily income.
But to the expenditure for food we must add that for
clothing and rent. If we estimate the cost of clothing
at [d. aweek, and the rent at 2s., the necessary expendi-
tiire will be r<iised to 16s. per family; but nowhere,
except in the poorest district, the income of any class is
as low as the minimum necessary rate of expenditure.
Agricultural labour is healthy. The rate of mortality
in Westmoreland was at the rate of 1.820 ; Rutland,
2,016; Lincoln, 2.052; North Riding of Yorkshire,
2 071 ; Wilts, 2.170 ; North Wales, 2.214 ; Suffolk, 2.220 ;
Huntingdon, 2.2.33; Hereford, 2.235; and Cambridge,
2.256 per cent.

The percentage of persons who signed their marriage
register with marks was as follows :— Rutland, 31.1
males, 17.5 females ; Lincoln, 21.2 men, 24.2 women ;
Cambridge, 31.5 men, 30 women ; Hereford, 29.5 men,
25. G women ; Huntingdon, 30.9 men, and 28.3 women ;
Westmoreland, 10.3 men, 20.6 women ; North Riding
of Yorkshire, 27.9 men, 24.4 women ; Wilts, 27.9 men,
24.4 women ; Suffolk, 36.0 men, 29.3 women ; and
North Wales, .34,9 men, 48.7 women.

• See Timea, January 29, 1866. t 244 of 1861.

X "Journal of the Statistical Society," vol, xxv., p. 425.

! 2 of 1802.

H " Journal of the Statistical Society," vol. xxv., p. 425.

il Sixth Report of Ihe Medicul Officer of the Privy Council,

PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURE.

At the recent monthly meeting of the Y'orkshire
Chamber of Agriculture, held at Beverley, a paper on
" The Progress of Agriculture " was read by Mr.
W. R. Park, of Catwick, from which the following is
an extract :—

Could the England of 1685 he by some magical
process set before our eyes, we should not know one
landscape from another. Such landmarks as Beverley
Minster, or some of our old churches, would be objects
familiar to our eyes, but everything else would be
changed. The farmer would not recognise his own
fields. Many thousands of square miles, which are
now rich corn-land, intersected with green hedgerows,
and dotted with villages and county-seats, would
appear as moors overgrown with furze, or fen abandoned
to wild ducks. In the reign of Charles II. the traces
left by slaughter and pillage were still distinctly per-
ceptible many miles south of the Tweed. There was
still a large class of mosstroopers, whose calling was to
plunder dwellings and drive away all herds of cattle.
The magistrates of Northumberland and Cumberland
were authorised to raise bands of armed men for the
defence of property and order ; and provision was made
for meeting the expense of these levies by local taxa-
tion. The parishes were ordered to keep bloodhounds
for the purpose of hunting freebooters. The geography
of that wild country was very imperfectly kuowu.
Even after the accession of George III., the path over
the fells from Borrowdale to Raveuglass was a secret
carefully kept by the dalesmen. Oxen were penned at
night beneath the overhanging battlements of the
residence, which was known by the name of the
" Peel." The inmates slept with arms by their sides.
No traveller ventured into that county without making
his will. The judges on circuit, with the whole body
of barristers, attorneys, clerks, and serving-men, rode
on horseback from Newcastle to Carlisle armed, and
escorted by a strong guard under the command of the
sheriff. It was necessary to carry provisions, for the
country was a wilderness, which afforded no supplies.
The spot where the cavalcade was accustomed to dine,
under an immense Oak, is not yet forgotten. The
greatest estates in the kingdom then very little exceeded
20,000/. a-year. The Duke of Ormond had 22,000/.
a-year. The Duke of Buckingham, before his extrava-
gance, had 19,000/. a-year. The Duke of Albemarle had
15,000/. a-year. These three dukes were supposed to
be the three richest subjects in England. The average
income of a temporal peer was estimated by the best
informed persons at about 3000/. a-year, the average
income of a Member of Parliament less than 800/. a-year,
the average income of a baronet 900/. a-year.

The fact that the sum raised by taxation in England
in a time not exceeding two long lives has been
multiplied thirty-fold, is strange. But those who are
alarmed at the increase of public burdens may perhaps
be re-assured when they have considered the increase
of public resources. In the year 1G85 the value of the
produce of the soil far exceeded the value of all other

* Seventh Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council,
1863.

fruits of human industry. Yet agriculture was in
what would now bo considered a very rude and
imperfect state. The arable land and jiiisture land
were not supposed by the best iiolitical arithmeticians
of lliat ago to amount to much more than half tho
area of the kingdom. The remainder was considered
tf> consist of moor, forest, and fen. These computa-
tions are strongly confirmed by tho road-books and
maps of tho seventeenth century, from which it
apiiears that many routes wliich now jiass througli an
endless succession of Orchards, corn fields. Clover
fields, and Turnip fields, then ran through nothing but
heath, swamp, and warren. In tho drawings of English
landscajio made in that age, scarce a hedgerow is to bo
seen, and numerous tracks now rich with cultivation
apiiear as bare as Salisbury Plain. At Kn field, hardly
out of the sight of tho smoke of London, was a region
of 25 miles in circumference, which contained only
three houses, and scarcely any enclosed fields. Deer,
as free as in tho American forest, wandered there hy
thousands. The last wild boars, which had been
preserved for the royal diversion, and had heeu
allowed to ravage the cultivated lands with
their tusks, had been slaughtered by the exasperated
rustics during the licence of the Civil "War. The
last wolf that has roamed our island had been slain in
Scotland a short time before the close of the reign of
Charles II. The fox, whose life is in many counties
held almost as sacred as that of a human being, was
considered a nuisance. Oliver St. John told the Long
Parliament that Stafford was to be regarded not as a
stag or a hare, to whom some law was to he given, but
to a fox, to be knocked on the head without pity. To
shoot a female with cub was considered a feat which
merited the gratitude of the neighbourhood. The red
deer were then as common in Gloucestershire and
Hampshire as they are now on the Grampian Hills.
On one occasion Queen Ann saw a herd of not less
than 500, on her way to Portsmouth. The wild bull,
with his white mane, was still to be found wandering
in a few of the southern forests. The badger made his
dark and tortuous hole on the side of every hill wliere
the copsewood grew thick. The wild cats were fre-
quently heard hy night wailing round the lodges of the
rangers of Whittlebury and Needwood. The yellow-
breasted marten was pursued on Cranbourne Chase for
his fur, reputed inferior only to that of the sable. Fen
eagles, measuring more than 9 feet between tho
extremity of the wings, preyed on fish along the coast
of Norfolk, On all the downs from the British Channel
to the Y^orkshire Wolds bustards strayed in troops of
50 and CO, and were often hunted by greyhounds. The
marshes of Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire were
covered during several months in every year by
immense clouds of cranes. Some of these races the
progress of cultivation and drainage has extirpated,
of others the numbers are so much diminished that
men crowd to gaze at a specimen as at a Bengal tiger
or a Polar bear. The progress of this great change can
nowhere- be more clearly traced than in the statute
book. The number of enclosure Acts passed since
George II. came to the throne exceed 1000.

The areas enclosed under the authority of these
Acts exceed 10,000 square miles. How many square
miles which formerly lay waste have during the same
period been fenced and carefully tilled by the pro-
prietors, without any application to the Legislature,
can only be conjectured. But it appears highly pro-
bable that a fourth part of England has been in tha
course of a century turned from a wild into a garden.
In 1848 an average crop of Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats,
and Beans was supposed to exceed 30 millions of
quarters. A crop of Wheat was thought poor that did
not exceed 12 millions of quarters. According to a
computation made in the year 1G9G, by Gregory King,
the whole quantity of Wheat, Rye, Oats, Barley, and
Beans was something less than 10 millions of quarters ;
Wheat, which was then cultivated only on the strongest
clays, and consumed only by those who were in easy cir-
cumstances, he estimated at less than two millions of
quarters. The rotation of crops was very imperfectly
ufiderstood. It was known that the Turnip afforded
excellent nutriment in winter for sheep and oxen ;
but it was not the practice to feed cattle in this
manner ; it was, therefore, by no means easy to keep
them alive in the winter. They were killed in great
numbers and salted at the heginning of cold weather,
and during several months the gentry tasted scarcely
any fresh animal food, except game and river fish. It
appears from the Northumberland Household Book that,
in the reign of Henry VII. fresh meat was never eaten
by the gentlemen attendant on the Great Earl except
during the short interval between Midsummer and
Michaelmas. But in the course of two centuries an
improvement had taken place, and, under Charles II.,
it was not until the beginning of November that
families laid in their stock of salt provisions, then
called Martinmas beef. The shee]) and the ox at that
time were diminutive wdien compared with the sheep
and oxen which are now driven to market. Our native
horses were held in small esteem. Foreign breeds were
greatly preferred. Spanish jennets were regarded as
the finest chargers, and were imported for the purposes
of pageantry and war. The coaches of the aristocracy
were drawn by Flemish mares. Neither the modern
dray horse nor the modern racehorse was then known.
At a much later period the ancestors of the gigantic
quadrupeds, which foreigners class among the wonders
of London, were brought from the marshes of
Walcheren— the ancestors of Childersand Eclipse from
the sands of Arabia. Already, however, there was
amongst our nobility a passion for the amusements ot
the turf, and a considerable number of barbs had been
imported into this country from Tangier. Iron works
had long existed in our island, but had not prospered.
It was then not the practice to employ coal for smelt-
ing the ore. The rapid consumption of wood excited
the alarm of politicians. As early as the reigu of

694

THE GAUDENEllS' CHRuKICLE AND AGRICULTtJRAL GA2l<:'fTE,

[JtTNE 29, 1867.

Elizabeth there had been loud complaints that whole
forests had been cut down for the purpose of feeding
furnaces, and the Parliament had interferred to
prohibit the manufacturers from burning timber. At
the close of the reign of Charles II., a great part
of the iron which was used in the country was
imported from abroad. Whilst these great changes
have been in progress, the rent of land, as might be
expected, has been almost constantly rising. In 1818,
in some districts, it had multiplied more than tenfold.
It had on an average more than quadrupled, and, not-
withstanding the free introduction of corn into this
country, rents still continue increasing.
In Scotland there has been an equally rapid pro-

fress. On referring to an observation made by
Ir. Henderson, at the Logic and Leoropt Farmers'
Club, he says it is curious to observe how land rose in
value about the end of the last century, principally
from the introduction of a crop negatively forbidden by
landlords. He spolie of the tenant — bound by lease to
his course of cropping, with Oats after Oats on his out-
field, until they would grow no longer, and Oats, Peas,
and Bere on his infield— doing a good stroke of business
in the Turnip line, with a penalty of so much an acre
hanging over his head on every acre of Turnips grown.
One farm he was acquainted with, and had seen the
leases for 170 years back. Previous to 1750 the farm
was let at about 2s. Id. an acre ; from 1750 to 1769 it
was rented at about Ss. 5cl. an acre ; from 1769 to 1788
it was 85. 4d. During the currency of this lease
Turnip culture was introduced, and when it expired
15s. an acre was the rent up to 1804, when it rose to
45s., at which it has been ever since. Sheep husbandry,
in Scotland, appears to have been in no better
favour with proprietors than the Turnip crop. In
a lease, dated 1780, sheep, goats, swine, and asses
were strictly forbidden. It would appear it was a good
way into the present century before the tenants in
general had full power to crop with Turnips. Parochial
assessments perhaps give only a vague idea of the
actual rents; in all probability, formerly, they were
much beneath the rent. On referring to the Catwick
parish books, I find the assessment for the whole parish,
in the year 1722, amounted to 200/. At the present
time the assessment amounts to 2323/. In the reign
of Charles II. there were no tramways in England,
except a few made with timber from the mouths of the
Northumbrian coal pits to the banks of the Tyne.
Hardly a single navigable canal had been projected.
It was by highways both travellers and goods generally
passed from ulace to place, and they were far worse
than might have been expected from the degree of
wealth and civilization which the nxtion had then
attained.

Ealph Thore.sby, the antiquary, was in danger of
losing his way on the great north road between
Barmby Moor and Tuxford, and actually lost his
way between Doncaster and York, it being hardly
possible to distinguish in the dusk the way from the
unenclosed heath and fen. His diary relates he was
detained at Stamford four days on account of the state
of the roads, and then ventured to proceed only
because 14 members of the House of Commons,
who were going up to London in a body to Parlia-
ment, with guides and numerous attendants, took
him into their company. In some parts of Kent and
Sussex none but the strongest horses could in winter
get through the bog, in which at every step they sank
deep. The markets were often inaccessible during
several months. It is said the fruits of the earth were
sometimes sulfered to rot in one place, while in another
place, only a few miles distant, the supply fell far short
of the demand. While Prince George of Denmark
visited the stately mansion of Petworth he was six
hours in going nine miles, and it was necessary that a
body of sturdy hinds should be on each side of the
coach in order to prop it.« Of the carriages which con-
veyed his retinue several were upset and injured. A
letter from one of the gentlemen in waiting has been
preserved, in which the unfortunate courtier com-
plains that during 14 hours he never once alighted,
except when the coach was overturned or stuck
In the mud. One chief cause of the badness of the
roads seems to have been the defective state of the
law. Every parish was bound to repair the highway
that passed through it. The peasantry were forced
to give gratuitous labour six days in the year; if this
was not suflicient, hired labour was employed, and the
expense was met by a parochial rate. Indeed, it was
not in the power of the parishes of Huntingdonshire
to mend a highway worn by the constant passing and
repassing of traffic between the West Riding of
Yorkshire and London. Soon after the Eesto-
ration, the grievance attracted the notice of
Parliament. An Act — the first of our many
Highway Acts— was passed, imposing a small toll
on travellers and goods. On the best highways heavy
articles were, in the time of Charles II., generally
conveyed from place to place in stage waggons. From
London to Birmingham the charge was 71. a ton ; from
London to Exeter, 12?. a ton. This was about 15d. a
mile for every ton— more by a third than was afterwai'ds
charged on turnpike roads, and 15 times what was
demanded by railway companies in 1848. Coal was
never seen except in districts where it was produced,
or to which it could be conveyed by sea. On by-roads,
generally, throughout the country north of York and
west of Exeter, goods were carried by long trains of
pack horses. A traveller of humble condition often
found it convenient to perform a journey mounted on
a pack-saddle between two baskets. The expense of this
mode of conveyance was small ; but the caravan moved
at a foot pace, and in winter the cold was often
insupportable. A coach-and-six is in our time
never seen, except as part of some pageant.
Gentlemen in the time of Charles II. travelled
with six horses, because with a smaller number there
was great danger of sticking fast in the mire. Van-

brugh, in the succeeding generation, describes with
great humour the way in which a member of Parlia-
ment went up to London: all the exertions of six
beasts, two of which had been taken from the plough,
could not save the family coach from being imbedded
in a quagmire. At Barton-upou-Humber the church-
bells still ring at dusk : instituted for the guidance
of travellers. The remains of a laud lighthouse are
still standing on Nocton Heath, by the side of the
road between Lincoln and Sleaford (now one of
the richest corn. Clover, and Turnip districts in the
kingdom), a memento of the great stride that has been
taken both in travelling and agriculture. Willow trees
are yet growing on the side of the road between Hull
Bridge and Beverley, planted to point out the road to
travellers in time of floods.

The great criterion of the state of the labouring class
is their wages ; and, as four-fifths of the people were
in the 17th century employed in agriculture, it is
especially important to ascertain what were the wages
of agricultural industry. Sir William Petty, whose
mere assertion carries great weight, informs us that a
labourer was by no means in the lowest state who
received for a day's work 4d. with food, or 8d. without
food. Four shillings a week was therefore, according
to Petty's calculation, fair agricultural wages. In 1685
the justices of Warwickshire, in the exercise of a
power entrusted to them by an Act of Elizabeth, fixed
at their Quarter Sessions a scale of wages for the county,
and notified that every employer that gave more than
the authorised sum, and every working man who
received more, would be liable to punishment. The
wages of the common agricultural labourer, from March
to September, were fixed at the precise sum mentioned
by Petty — viz., 4s. a week, without food; from September
to March the wages were only 3s, 6d. a week. The
magistrates of Sussex met in the spring of 1082, to fix a
rate of wages, and resolved that where the labourer
was not boarded he should have 5s. a week in winter,
and 6s. in summer. In 1061 the justices of Chelmsford
had fixed the wages of the Essex labourer, who was not
boarded, at 5s. in winter and 7s. in summer. This
seems to have been the highest remuneration given in
the kingdom for agricultural labour between the
Eestoration and the Revolution. In the year in which
this order was made, the necessaries of life were
immoderately dear ; Wheat was at 70s. a quarter. Beer
wasundoubtely much cheaperinthatage than atpresent ;
meat was also cheaper, but was still so dear that
hundreds of thousands of families scarcely knew the
taste of it. In the cost of Wheat there has been very
little change. The average price of a quarter during
the last 12 years of Charles II. was 50s. ; bread, there-
fore, which is now given to the inmates of a workhouse,
was seldom seen, even on the trencher of a yeoman or
shopkeeper. The great majority of the nation lived
almost entirely on Rye, Barley, and Oats. The produce
of tropical countries — the produce of the mines— the
produce of machinery, was positively dearer than at
present. Among the commodites for which the labourer
would have to pay higher in 1685 than his posterity
pays at present, are salt, sugar, candles, soap, shoes, and
generally all articles of clothing and bedding. It must
be remembered that those labourers who were able to
maintain themselves and their families by means of
wages were not ;the most necessitous members of the
community. Beneath them lay a large class which
could not subsist without some aid from the parish.
In 1818, says Lord Macaulay, the men, women, and
children who receive relief were in bad years one-tenth ,
of the inhabitants of England, and in good years one- '
thirteenth. Gregory, in his time, estimated them at
one-quarter, and this estimate, which will scarcely
prevent us from calling it extravagant, was pronounced
by Davenant as eminently judicious. The poor rate
undoubtedly was the heaviest tax borne by our
ancestors ; it was computed in the days of Charles II.
at near 700,000/.— much more than the produce of
either the excise or of the customs, and little less than
half the entire revenue of the Crown. In one re.spect
it must be admitted that the progress of civilisation
and cultivation has diminished the physical com-
forts of a portion of the poorest class. Many
thousands of square miles, now enclosed and
cultivated, were marsh, forest, and heath. The
peasant who dwelt there could at little or no charge
procure occasionally some palatable addition to his
hard fare, and provide himself with fuel for the winter.
He kept a fiock of geese, snared wild -fowl in the fen,
cut turf amongst the Furze bushes on the moor. The
progress of agriculture and the increase of population
necessarily deprived him of these privileges. But against
these disadvantages, advantages are to be set off. The
market-place, which the peasant can now reach with
his horse and cart in an hour, was 160 years ago a day's
journey from him. In case of accident, should he be
fortunate enough to gain admittance into our infirmaries
or hospitals, he can have his limbs set and his wounds
dressed free of expense, with a skill such as 160 years
ago all the wealth of a great lord like Ormond, or a
merchant prince like Claton, could not have purchased.
He can now have his children educated in a manner
the yeoman of England could not have obtained in the
time of Charles II. Every class, doubtless, will have
gained by this great moral change ; but the class which
have gained the most is the poorest, the most dependent,
and the most defenceless.

CONTINENTAL AGRICULTURAL NOTES.

The following notes bearing upon agriculture are
culled from reports just received from the British
Consuls at the various stations referred to. From
Leipsig we learn that "between Midsummer and
December, 1866, the value of corn increased to an almost
unprecedented extent in the Leipsig market, and the
misfortunes of war and cholera were aggravated by
enhanced prices for the most necessary articles. The

principal cause of this state of things may be found in
the climatic changes which affected the crop of 1866.
Winter-sown corn rose well, and gave promise of a •;
plenteous yield. But in May, after several weeks of '
drought, heavy frosts set in and blighted the prospects
of the harvest. Rye, which was just in bloom, was so
seriously affected that it returned but one-third of an
average crop, and less on the whole than in the pro-
verbially bad year of 1846. Wheat suH'ered less than
Rye, but still sufficiently to make the crop smaller than
usual ; and Rape was so completely killed that hardly
a third of a usual harvest was brought in. Barley and
Oats gave better results than Rye or Wheat. I?otatos
were in some places diseased, in others healthy ; but
the crop on the whole was little more than half an
ordinary one. Beetroot, Clover, and grain were also
below the average. On the whole, so bad a
harvest has not been seen in Saxony for 25
years past ; nor can we expect a diminution ,
in the price of agricultural produce for the present,
because, though Prussia was less severely visited than
this kingdom, its harvest has been but little better
than that of 1865^ and it has no corn to spare for the
wants of importing neighbours like the Saxons." In
Oldenburgh the harvest of 1866 gave, " in all agricultural
produce,agoodresult. Thepricesofcattleruled extremely
high, as well as other agricultural produce. The market
price of all these productions is governed, for want of
any direct communication with the interior of Ger-
many, by the London quotations, as the greatest part
thereof is exported either to London or Hull, to which
places a good communication is kept up by the Nord
Deutsche Lloyd, a large company running steamers
there twice a week, or more, as occasion permits.
Although this land is in so close a connection with
England it is remarkable that the farmei-s here continue
to work the soil according to a very ancient system ;
thus causing the land to produce not more than
half of what it would bring if worked rationally.
Government try hard to improve the system of the
farming, but with only small results. Perhaps the next
generation may bring an alteration; of the present
little is to be hoped."

At Alexandria the cultivation of cotton has in a
measure superseded that of agricultural produce. The
report says : — " The present condition of the agricul-
tural industry of Egypt has been so entirely diverted
from the rotation of crops in its normal state, that any
person now going through the country to take a view
of the produce of the soil would be altogether misled.
The enormous profits which were realised by the
growth of Cottoii during the American war have
caused this. When the Cotton Supply Association
sent out their Secretary, with Dr. Forbes (Royal), to
India, those gentlemen were bearers of a memorial to
the late Viceroy, Said Pasha, praying his Highness to
use every possible effort to encourage the cultivation
of Cotton. The reply was characteristic, and evinced
a correct impression and almost a prophetic dread of
the revolution that would be produced by an immoder-
ately enhanced price for Cotton. He said, ' Prices
alone will prove a sufficient stimulus without any
effort on my part ; but God forbid that I should ever
see the abandonment of the ordinary succession of
crops for the production of Cotton, to the exclusion of
those products on which we subsist.' Within a short
period of that time Egypt, which had ever been a largo
exporter of grain, of Beans, &c., had to seek food from
other countries, and became an extensive importer.
Grain was considerably dearer in the interior than at
Alexandria ; in some places a.bsolute famine ensued.

"An undesirable change was wrought, the recovery
from which will be as slow as its accomplishment was
rapid. The value of laud was quadrupled, wages rose
in an equal ratio, labourers earned so easily sufficient
for their wants that they became indolent; an excessive
luxury sprung up, and that not of a nature to benefit
the commercial world, being displayed in a demand for
white slave girls, costly pipes, and other such
appliances, which do not much benefit the industrious
world without. Meanwhile the land, from the
constant crops of Cotton in succession, has become
impoverished : Cotton-seed has also become an
important source of profit. Formerly it was not of
suflicient value to justify its being sent to Alexandria,
and it was used as fuel. Now it is all shipped to
Europe, and from it is pressed an excellent oil, and
from the refuse a cake is made which is said to be
more nutritious for cattle than Linseed cake. The
cattle murrain, which commenced in Egypt before it
proved so severe a scourge in England, destroyed, the
first year, 800,000 head of horned cattle. In lower
Egypt almost every animal was destroyed, and it will
take years to restore the number of animals."

At Adrianople, in Turkey, the last year's harvest
Avas exceedingly good, and " the condition of the new
grain crops is most hopeful. The weather is favouring
them ; and should it continue to do so, the harvest
may he more abundant than the last one, especially of
Wheat and Barley, of which more than the average
quantity has been sown. Last year the crops in some
districts of the Vilayet were so prolific that the
peasants were enabled to pay all their ' bekayies '
(taxes in arrear). If the coming crops also succeed,
and are followed by heavy orders from foreign markets,
the Government will have no difficulty to collect the
taxes, and the condition of the agricultural class will
very much improve. The principal farmers in this
Vilayet are becoming alive to the importance of intro-
ducing on their estates improved agricultural machinery
and implements. Several of them have already in use
English reaping and winnowing machines. Some, also,
are very anxious to introduce threshing machines
worked by steam power, and have applied to me (the
Consul) and other parties for particulars as to cost, and
models of this machine."

At Rhodes the produce of the crops of 1860 was very
unequal, there being abundance in some parts of the

JuKB ao, 1867.]

THE GAKDENERS' ClIKOxXKJLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZl'TTE.

69£>

island, and scarcity in others, so as to reduce some
villages to utter misery.

Jlr. Barker, tlio Vioo-Consul at Thcodosia, reporting
lid an exliibition of the products of the Crimea, liold at
Suiiplicropol, says, " 'i'horo were some enormous oxen
biouijlit from Switzerland, but I heard the farmers say
they liave not been found to answer for the plough as
well as the small Tartar breed of tho country. I was
present at the trials of all tho ploughs, and although
the soil chosen was far too light for some of them, tho
capabilities of the English and German ploughs were
far superior to those of the old country farmers.
Ransome & Sims had not a fair trial, for tho nion did
not know how to use it, and the soil was far too light
for it. But the self-aoting plough, a patent English
one, improved by Count i)esmaisons, appeared to bo
the favourite, and to carry olf all suffrages. In regard
to the other agricultural implements they were prin-
cipally British, but few of them with the modern
improvements ; in fact agriculture is in its infancy
here, and it is to bo hoped this exhibition will induce
Russian proprietors and colonists to look to England
for assistance in tho important means of scientilic
agriculture."

These notes are interesting, as showing the progress
of agriculture abroad, and by comparison the perfec-
tion of our system at liome. J.

Home Correspondence.

The Counti; Franchise. — I saw some short time ago
in the public papers a fairly estimated statement of the
personal property of the farmers of the United
Kingdom, being the value of horses, cattle, sheep,
piRS, poultry, &c., as taken from the last collection of
statistics, as also of all corn, Grass, and fallow crops,
PotatoSj &c., implements, tenant rights, &G., in fact
everything connected with the farm, but not including
household furniture and the extras kept for the farmers'
pleasures. The total amounted to the enormous sum
of 400,000,000/., and it further stated that nearly
200,000,000/. is the annual arable produce, and the
stock breeding and feeding accounts nearly approaches
it, so that nearly 100,000,000 of pounds value is produced
annually by farmers for the replenishment of their
farms, and I'or the use and sustenance of the public. I
have looked into this estimate, and find it is not far
from the truth. Where, then, in the United Kingdom
is there a class of producers equal to this ? AVhcre is
there a class of equal importance to the State? But
ivhat is their political status in the State ? Why,
hitherto it has been the very lowest; none but 50/.
rental farmers possessing a vote — not one farmer in 50.
This is somewhat improved in the new Representation
of the People's Bill, but still a stigma is left upon the
tenant farmer having a small holding. Why is a
borough voter to have the franchise at a 5/. rental and
the tenant farmer at 1*2/. 'P Surely one is as good as the
other, and I think, with friend "Pat," a little better.
"\A'hat then are tenant farmers to do under the new
order of things ? Are they still to trust their enormous
interests to their landlords ? AVe won't say a word, to
disparage landlords, of a personal character. They have
well represented our counties up to a comparatively
recent period, but look at their position now. Why,
they are powerless for good to their class. They can't
carry any one single measure through Parliament,
though backed by a powerful House of Lords, if there
is any tendency, not to say partial tendency, to benefit
agriculture therein. The current of public opinion is
set in against landlordism. They have too much power
already in the general cry. I should like to see them
exert it a little more. Why are the tenantry of the
kingdom to be sacrificed to other minor interests of
the kingdom ? They are not the men they were
50 years back, as the varied and wondrous produce of
their farms will testify. They have become as intelligent
and as enterprising as any other class of the community.
Witness the importation and manufacture of feeding
stuffs, manures, ic, and the attention given to breed-
ing and fatting of stock, to scientific culture, and to
modern productions. No class of our people is more
entitled to a full and free representation than the
tenant farmer's class. I should rejoice to find a strong
and compact body of tenant farmers in the new reformed
Parliament. Their practical knowledge would be very
valuable .just now upon such questions as the malt tax,
the education of children employed in agriculture, the
gang system, middle class education, turnpike roads,
cattle plague regulations, valuations, assessments,
averages, &c., besides general politics, of which they
liossess excellent practical ideas. They would form an
infiuential body in Parliament, and might and would
(:is Mr. Bright has said) bring a power to bear upon
any Government which could not be resisted. It is
not now as formerly. The landlord and tenant interests
are no longer identical. The modern tenant now
expends his thousands in scientific culture and in
artificial aids and management, and his produce is
proportionate. To him it is not so much a question of
rent as of liberty to employ capital without restrictions.
Landlords generally are acknowledging this, and not
only permitting, but urging such beneficial proceedings.
I should be sorry to see any good member of our
higher classes thrown out next election, but I do hope
there will be an eflbrt in every county or division of
counties to oust any inefficient or doubtful one, and
replace him by the most intelligent_ farmer of the
district, and where new members are given to counties
I I do most assuredly urge tenant farmers to put in
\ members of their own class— yes, if possible, fill up the
■whole "twenty-five." O. F.

The Cattle Plaque. — The truth about the so-called
Cattle plague is simply this : The disease which, in
conjunction with the various methods ignorautly used
for its arrest, hag proved for long past so fatal
to cattle, both hero and on the Continent, is
bronchitis. The symptoms are : first, coldness

of the hoofs, horns, and nose ; secondly, roughness
of the coat, the hair of wliich stands on end;
thirdly, shivering; fourthly, inability to take nourish-
ment, cither solid or liquid. Tho remedial agencies
aro warmth, stimulant, and nourishment; and if
applied in time they do certainly cure. Tho treatment
to be used is, therefore, first, to wrap up tho animal
very warmly in blankets; secondly, to mix a quart of
thoroughly good ale, iiiado from malt and Imps only,
with suHiciont hot water to warm it; mix in a few
spoonsful of meal, and (i (grains ofopium, and administer
with the horn if tho animal will not drink it. Then
supply tho animal with plenty of water in a vessel
placed so high as that it can drink without having to
depress its head, and sii[)ply tem])ting fnod placed in a
rack at a similar height. The reason why an animal
cannot eat or drink when suirering from bronchitis,
is because the inllained state of the bronchial tubes
renders it unable to stoop its head for a moment
without feeling suU'ocated. Tlaere is not, and there
cannot be, contagion in this disease. The prescribed
measures for hindering the transit of cattle or hides is
simply absurd. The cause of the disease is generally
the blowing of a strong easterly or north-easterly gale
over certain districts, and giving the cattle over which
they sweep severe colds. No doubt much might be
done preventively, by making the sheds much more
weather-tight than they often are. This is the state-
ment of one whose opportunities for observation and
experiment have been amply sutUeient absolutely to
prove its correctness. John Wafkins, Surgeon, c^c,
2, Falcon Square, Aldersgate Street. [No doubt there is
a disease properly called bronchitis; and it is equally
certain that this is not the " Cattle Plague."]

Foreign Correspondence.

MAEiTZBUEa, Colony of Natal : April 30, 18G7.
—The Soil of Natal. — I have perused with much
interest the lecture delivered by the Rev. E. Smythies
at the Central Farmers' Club in March last, but with
your permission I will make a few comments on one
paragraph only. The rev. gentleman says that his
hearers cannot form a very exalted opinion of the
fertility of the soil of the colony of Natal, when they
learn that tho upset price of the common lauds is
only 4?. per acre.

I will not now enter into an argument and discuss
the desirability of raising that upset price, but I trust
I shall be allowed to set before your readers such a
statement as will alter, in Mr. Smythies' mind, the
conclusions at which he arrives. It would be idle
to contend that there is no sterile soil in this
colony. I know there is ; but I ^ also know
that it forms a very small proportion of the
cultivable area of this dependency. In and around
Maritzburg there is a quality of soil which may be
classed amongst the worst in the colony, but I have
grown 45 English bushels per acre of the great staple
of the colony, Indian Corn ; whilst outside the town,
where some farmers can only ploug'a three inches, and
then turn up a good deal of shale, crops of the same
article are now harvesting at the rate of 30 bushels per
acre. Nor is this all ; 00 bushels of Potatos to the acre
are considered a good average crop ; and higher up the
country considerable quantities of Wheat are grown,
averaging .30 bushels per acre. _ Though an amateur
farmer only, and therefore I write under correction, I
can, without fear of contradiction, state that in many
portions of the colony we have large tracts of
land, the fertility of which cannot be surpassed
on the face of the globe, land in which can be produced
the cereals of temiierate climates, and subtropical pro-
ductions, such as Cotton and Cotfee, side by side. And
to this.it must not be forgotten, may be added a delight-
ful climate throughout the whole year.

How it is that English farmers can pass by the
superior advantages of this colony, which will one day
be one of the most prosperous under the British
crown, is a constant source of astonishment to A Natal
Colonist.

Any of your readers can obtain my address through
you, and I shall be happy to furnish them with all the
information in my power.

Societies.

SouTHEKN Counties Agbicultueal : Brighton,
June 20. — Tho first Show of this Society, recently
formed upon the excellent model of the Bath and
AVest of England, was to have been held last year, but
was postponed on account of the cattle plague. It has
this year had the same disadvantage to contend with
in the absence of all the cattle classes from its cata-
logue, but otherwise it has been exceedingly fortunate.
A charming Show-yard, however, uncommonly well
filled, clear breezy summer weather, and 50,000 people
close by, have failed to produce the body of spectators
we have been accustomed to see elsewhere. Twenty
acres of Grass land where Mr. Rigden's farm abuts on
Brighton, close by the cricket ground at Hove where
Kent and Sussex have been contending for the mastery
all the week, have been enclosed. Implement makers
from as far as Lancashire and Lincolnshire and Sutt'olk,
with a crowd from nearer counties, and breeders of
horses, sheep, and pigs, principally from Sussex, but
also from Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire and Kent,
have combined to fill it with one of the best arranged
displays of the live stock and machinery of the farm
we have ever seen. There is a capital show of poultry
within the yard, and of works of Art elsewhere, to
which the one admission fee gives access, but Brighton
seems indifferent, and the few spectators have had
accordingly unwonted opportunity of examining the
various classes both of live stock and of implements
submitted to them. Any who have been attracted
from a distance have, in the position of the yard, also
had a good opportunity of seeing a capital .specimen of

Sussex farming close by. Mr. Rigden's sheep
within the enclosure, and his crops outside,
have been the principal agricultural attractions.
There is no greater contrast in the whole agricultural
scale than the splendid Talavcra Wheat just outside
tho Show-yard, and tho niisorablo cro(is we saw when
liassiiig tlirough the AVeald from Ijoudon.

The Shrrp form the principal feature of tho Show.
CjO entries in the Southdown class aluue form a show of
themselves. The older class of Southdown rams is
one of the finest ever scon together, and tho yearling
rams are also a first-rate illustration of the breed. Mr.
Rigden carries olf all the prizes— his sheep being clearly
at the head in point of size and quality combined. On
the 2d i)rizo yearling there was some dilferenco of
o])inion, which might have found expression in the
decision ; but the Hampshire gentleman, who with
Mr. Woods, of Morton, acted as judge, was not
likely to bo otfondwl by a slight defect in the colour of
the face. The Duke of Itichmond's sheep came
probably next in the order of merit. Those of Mr.
Penfold are lighter in front, and altogether looser put
together. Mr. AVatcrs' sheep show great size and
substance. The older rams are the better class of the
two, ancl here Mr. Rigden's sheep are again victorious.
The Duke of Richmond receives several commenda-
tions. Mr. AV^aters also is again commended : his old
sheep have generally, if we remember, in previous
shows elsewhere carried off more honours than his
yearlings. Hero they make a capital show. Mr.
Hart's entries are larger and coarser woolled than
Southdowns should he.

Tho yearling ewe pens contain a number of perfect
entries. Nothing can be more beautiful in form and
colour. The Duke of Richmond is here victorious.

Immediately after those exquisitely beautiful speci-
mens of the most elegant breed of sheep in England,
we come upon what, by contrast, we are forced to call
the ungainly Hampshire Downs. They are, nevertheless,
one of the most useful breeds we have ; and though
they do not make so good a display as they did at
Salisbury, nevertheless a number of good and useful
Rams are shown by Jlr. Russell, of Dartford, and Mr.
Loyd, of Addington. The yearling sheep are not nearly
so forward or so ready as the Southdowns. There is no
show of yearling ewes— the class in which Mr. Raw-
lence made so good a show at the Bath and AVest of
England meeting. Mr. AVallis, of Bampton, and the
Duke of Marlborough make up a very good class of
the thick and stocky well-coated half-breds commonly
called Oxford Downs ; and there is a fair share of
Kentish sheep, with their north country Leicester-
like faces and heavy coats. Messrs. Murton, of Ash-
ford, and Rigden, of Hythe, are the chief exhibitors ;
Colonel Deedes, however, taking the 2d prize in one of
the classes, but with a sheep bred by Mr. Rigden.

The following is the award of prizes ;—
Southdowns.

CLAS.S 13. For the best Yearling Ram.— 1st, 20?. ; 2d, 10(.
27 entries— Mr. William Riedeii, Hove, Sussex, 1st and 2d.
Highfy Commended : Mr. Rigden .and his Graee the Dulce of
Richmond, Goodwood, Sussex. Commended : Mr. Rigden,
his Ciraeo the Duke Richmond, and Mr. B. Waters, of
Motcombe.

Class 14. For tho best Ram of any other age. — l.st, 20/. : 2d,
101. 20 entries— Mr. Willi.am Rigden, Hove, 1st and 23. Highly
Commended : Mr. Rigden (twice), and his Grace the Duke of
Richmond. Commended : his Grace the Duke of Richmond,
(twice), Mr. B. Wjiters, of Moteomlje.

Class 15. For the best pen of Five Yearling Ewes.— 1st, 20/. ;
2d, 10/. C entries -His Grace the Dulce of Richmond, Ist and
2d. Highly Commended ; Messrs. J. & A. Heasmau, of
Angmeriug.

Hampshire Downs.

Class IC. For the best Yearling Ram. —1st, 20/. ; 2d, 10/.
IG entries— 1st, Messrs. Robert and John Russell, of Ifam-
ingham, D.artford, Kent; 2d, Mr, Lewis Loyd, of Monk's
Orchard, Addington, Croydon. Highly Commended : Messrs.
Russell, Farniugham (tlirce pens). Commended : Messrs.
Russell, ditto.

Class 17. For the best Ram of any other ago. —Ist, 20/. ;
2d, 10/. 2 entries— 1st, Mr. Lewis Loyd, of Monk's Orchard;
tlie 2d not awarded.

Class 18. For the best pen of five Yearling Ewes.— 1st, 20/. ;
2d, 10/. No entry.

Oxford Downs.

Class 10. For the best Yearling Ram.— 1st, 20/. ; 2d, lOf.
5 entries— 1st, Mi-. George Wallis, Old Shillord, Bampton,
Oxon ; 2d, His Giaee the Duke of Miirlborougb, of Blenheim
P<alaee. Commended : Mr. George Wallis.

Class 20. For the best Ram of any other age. -1st, 20/. ; 2d,
10/. .3 entries— Mr. George AVallis, 1st and 2d.

Class 21 . For the best Pen of five Yearling Ewes.— Ist, 20/. ;
2d, 10/. 1st, His Grace the Duke of Marlborough. No other
exhibited.

Kent Sheep.

Class 22. For the best Y'earling R.am.— 1st, 20/. ; 2d, 10/.
5 entries— Mr. Hemy Rigden, of Lyminge, Hythe, ICent,
1st and 2d.

Class 23. For the best R.am of .any other age. — 1st, 20/. ;
2d, 10/. 4 entries— 1st, .Mr. Henry Rigden, of Lyminge;
2d, Licut.-Coloncl W. Dcedcs, of Sandling Park, Hythe, Kent.

Class 24. For the best pen of Five Y'earling Ewes. — 1st, 20/. ;
2d, 10/.— Mr. Frederick Murton, of Smeeth, Ashford, Kent,
1st .and 2d.

The Horse classes contain some very capital speci-
mens in the agricultural classes, and in the thorough-
bred and hunter classes a number reappear which we
have seen at previous shows in this and other years.
In a very good class of older (agricultural) stallions, the
smaller, compact, dark brown horse of Mr. Sumners is
preferred to the Earl of Chichester's handsome
Suffolk. In a comparatively inferior class of mares
and foals, the Clydesdales shown by the Duke of
Richmond take the 1st and 2d prizes. Two very
handsome young stallions, shown by Mr. Newman, ot
Chichester, and Mr. Verrall, of Lewes, take the 1st
and 2d prizes in the younger class. And there are a
good number of fillies, foaled in 1SG5, among which Mr.
Atkins' dapple brown mare is easily 1st, and is, indeed,
one of the most beautiful objects in the whole yard.
A very good pair of Clydesdale mares, shown by the
Duke of Richmond, take the prize m that class

Among the thoroughbred stallions, Nutbourne,

696

THE (UEDEKERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[June 29, 1867.

shown by Mr. "Wyatt, is easily first. There is a con-
siderable show of huutin" mares or geldings, and
Master of Arts, shown by Mr. Gee, is 1st, and Mr.
Loder's Golden Hue is 2d.

The following is the prize list : —

Ageicultural Hokses.

Class 25. For tlie best Stallion above two years old.— 1st,
20/. ; 2a, lo;. 5 entries— 1st, Mr. William Sumnors, of Park
Cornel, Rotlierlield, Sussex (Young Matchless) ; 2d, the Right
Hon. the Earl of Chichester, of Stanmer Park (Emperor), a
chestnut Suffolk.

Class 26. For the best Mare and Foal, or in foal. — 1st, ISl. ;
2d, lOi. 7 entries— 1st, His Grace the Duke of Richmond
(Violet), a bay Clydesdale, with foal ; 2d, (Smiler), 15 years
old, a brown Clydesdale, with foal.

Class 27. For the best entire Colt foaled in 1805.— 1st, 10(. ;
2d, 51. 2 entries-lst, Mr. Arthur Thomas Newman, of West
Dean, Chichester (Young Champion) ; 2d, Mr. Richard Rolfe
Verrall, of Falmer, ne.ar Brighton (Anuandide).

Class 28.-For the best FiUy foaled in 1865.— Ist, 10(. ;
2d, 5(. 8 entries-lst, Mr. John Atkins, Burton, of Bishop-
stoke ; 2d, The Earl of Chichester (a chestnut Suffolk FiUy).

Class 20. For the best pair, M.ares or Geldings.— 1st, 15/.:
2d, lOi. 3 entries- His Grace the Duke of Richmond, K.G.
(a pair of Clydesdale mare-s).

HuNTEns.

Class 30. For the best thorough-bred Stallion.— Prize, a Cup
value 501. i entries— M.-. John Wyatt, of Nutboume, Ems-
worth, H.ants (Nufboume).

Class yl. For the best M.are and Foal, or in foal.— 1st, 15(.
6 entries— Mr. Hugh Goninge, of Southwick Green, Shore-
ham.

Class 32. For the best Hunting Mare or Gelding.— 1st, 20!. ;
2d, lOi. 11 entries— 1st, Mr. Thomas Gee, of Dewhurat Lodge,
Wadhurst, Sussex (Master of Arts, a chestnut gelding); 2d, Jlr.

should receive so little attention, as, judging from the
appearance of the yard when we were present, the
Brighton people seem disposed to give them.

Highland and Aghicultueal Society.— The
half-yearly aeneral meeting of the Society was held last
Wednesday at Edinburgh, his Grace the Duke of Buc-
cleuch. President of the Society, in the chair.

New Members.— 7i new members were ballotted for,
and admitted as members.

Fremiunis awarded for Assays and Reports.Sii: W.
Elliot reported that the following awards had been
made for Reports since the general meeting in
January ;—

1. The Gold Medal to James Purves, Lochend, Thurso, for a
Report of the R Lamation of Waste Laud on the farms of
Lochend and &*; -: ■. r m the county of Caithness.

2. The Gold" Medal to Russell Swanwick, Whittlugton,
Chesterfield, for a Report of Experiments on the Action
of Different Topdressings on Wheat, Grass, and Cabbage in
1866.

3. The Gold Jledal to Hary Shaw, Bogfem, Tarland, for a
Report of Experiments on the Comparative Productiveness of
Turnips in 1866.

4. The Medium Gold Medtil to John Milne, Mains of Laithers,
Turriff, for a Report on the s.ame subject.

5. The Silver Mediil to Ralph Carr, Hedgeley, Alnwick, for a
Report on the Silver Alder as a nurse plant to Oak.

Glasgow SAoio.—'She Secretary, in the absence of
Mr. Kinlooh, jun., of Gilmerton, chairman of the
Committee on General Shows, reported that the
arrangements for the show which takes place at Glas-

. . , -„ - ,„ , . _ow on the 30th and 31st of July, and 1st of August,

Robert Loder, of the High Beeches, Crawley, Sussex (Golden ■ .^^^.^ ;^ ^ satisfactory state of advancement. He had \

attended, at Glasgow on the 12th, a meetmg oi the

General Committee named by the five counties con^
nected with the show— Lanark, Ayr, Renfrew, Argyll,
Bute,andArran— whentheconvenersandsub-conveners
of the various committees, and two attending members
for each class, and judges had been appointed. The
entries were now closed, and were as follow : —

Poultry .. .. 390
Dairy produce . . 130

270
200
450

Hue, a chestnut gelding).

Hacks.

Class 33. For the best Mare or Gelding.— 1st, 10/. ; 2d, 51.
5 entries -the pi-izes were not .awarded.
Ponies.

Class 34. For the best Stallion, not exceeding 1 4 bands high.
— lat, 10/. : 2d, 51. No entry.

Class 35. For the best Mare, not exceding 14 hands high. —
5/., Messrs. Thomas Barker and J.ames Edw.ard Elphick, of
Waterloo Mews, Hove, Brighton (Miss Teddiugton).

Following the horses in the catalogue, we come upon |
the JPig classes, and here Mr. Stewart, of Gloucester, 1

and Mr. Bailey, of Swindon, with their well-coated! „ , .

substantial Berkshires, and Mr. Duckering, with his , which would be shown at foot with their mothers,
larger, coarser, while Linoolnsiiires, and the Duke of The magistrates of Glasgow had kindly granted the free
Richmond and others, with their hairless, dapper, use of the City Hall for the banquet on the 30th, m
smaller, neater, Susse.x breed, compete. The Berkshire addition to the free use of the Green for the show, and
looks much the likest to be a profitable and generally a liberal donation of 200. As regards the other sub-
useful sort. The prize list is given below. ascriptions, there had been intimated, from Ayrshire,
Beei-shike Pigs 1 '^'^°^- ' Renfrew, 1601. ; Argyle, 200?. ; Bute and Arran,

CLA.S.S 36 For the best Boar above one year not oxceedmg ^^^- T^'*^ subscription from Lanarkshire Was not vet
two years' old on the 1st 'of' June, i867.-i'st, 5/. ; 2d, at. : notified, but, looking to the greatly increased expendi-
3entrics.-lst, Mr. ArthurStcw.art,ofSaintBridge,Gloucester. ; ture attending a show, the directors had every cra-
The 2d prize not aw.ai-ded.

Class 37. For the best Boar, not exceding one year old

Cattle
Horses
Sheep
Swine

-besides a large number

Implements . . 1500

ot calves, foals, and lambs.

-1st, 51. ; 2d, 3/. Z entries.— Mr.
Commended : The Rev. H. G.

on the 1st of June, 1807.
Arthur Stewart, 1st and 2d.
Bailey, of Swindon Vicanage.

CJLASS 38. For the best Breeding Sow in f.arrow, or that has
fairowcd within four months of Juno 1st, 1867. — 1st, 51. ;
2d, 3/. 5 entries — Mr. Arthur Stew.art, 1st and 2d. Highly
Commended ; Mr. J. H. Clark, of Attwood House, Maidenhead.

CILASS 39. For the best pen of Three Breeding Sows, not
exceeding 12 months old on June 1st, 1867, same litter. —
Ist, 5/. ; 2d, 3/. 3 entries — 1st, Mr. Arthiu- Stewart ; 2d, Rev.
H. G. BaUey.

Other Breeds.

Class 40. For the best Boar above one yetir, not exceeding
two years old on June 1st, 1867. — 1st, 51. ; 2d, 3/. 4 entries-
lst, Messrs. R. E. Duckering «fc Sons, of Northoriie, Kirton, an
improved Lineolnshii'c ; 2d, ditto.

For the best Boar, not exceeding one year old on

fidence that it would not be less than on the occasion
of the last show in 1857, when it gave 3-211. The
contract for erecting the show-yard had been taken by
Messrs. John Watherston & Sons, Edinburgh, whose
estimate was 90/. less than the lowest Glasgow estimate,
and 180/. under the lowest Edinburgh offer. On this
occasion there are to be two refreshment tents in the
yard, and one of these had been taken by Mr. John
Hamilton of the Glasgow Cattle Market, and the other
by Messrs. Laurie & Scott, Edinburgh, who would also
purvey the banquet. His Grace the President had
intimated his intention of being present at the show,
and would as such preside at the banquet. In the
evening Dr. Anderson will deliver an address on a
subject not yet fi.xed. Tickets had been sent to all
members residing in the district of the show, and he

Class 41. ror tue dcse uoar, not exceeamg one year oia on i ; ,".' ^' ■ v , •,. - ii 'i rj.-

the Ist of June, i867.-ist, 6/. ; 2d, 3i. 10 entries-lst. His begged to remind members residing in other localities
Gr.ace the Duke of Richmond ; 2d, Jlessrs. Duckering, Linoota. ; that they must^pply for their tickets at^ the ofiice.

Class 42. For the best Breeding Sow in farrow, or that has
farrowed within four months of June 1st, 1867. — 1st, 5/. : 2d,
3/. 12 entries-lst. His Gr.aco the Duke of Richmond ; 2d,
Messrs. Duckei'ing. Highly Commended ; Messrs. Duckering.

Class 43. For the best pen of Three Breeding Sows not
exceeding 12 months old on Juno 1st, 1867, same litter.— 1st,
5/. ; 2d, 3/. 5 entries— Ist, His Grace the Duke of Richmond ;
2d, Mr. John jient, of Goodwood, Chichestex*.

Turning to the implements exhibited, we have the
usual display on the part of most of our largest imple-
ment makers. Messrs. Clayton & Shuttleworth, of
Lincoln, show their steam engine and threshing
machine. The Agricultural Association (Co-operative),
to which we referred some weeks ago, have a small
display of implements by other makers. The Reading
Iron Works make a capital show of engines, threshing
machines, &c. ; and Messrs. Tasker, of Andover, show
both engine and threshing machine. Messrs.
Ransomes, of Ipswich, have a thoroughly well arranged
and extremely full stand, illustrative of the great
variety of implements manufactured at Ipswich.
Messrs. Ruston & Proctor, of Lincoln, show engine,
threshing machine, saw bench, &c. Mr. Samuelson,
of Banbury, exhibits his Eclipse reaper, throwing the
cutter across two teeth at an oscillation, and thus
enabling a quicker cut with a smaller number of
oscillations. There is a caiiital show of barn and feeding
machinery at the stands of Richmond & Chandler,
Woods & Cocksedge, and Picksley & Sims ; and of
sowing machines, horse hoes, &c., at those of Messrs.
Reeves, of Bratton, and Priest & Woolnough, of
Kingston. Mr. Childs, of New Oxford Street, shows
his very ingenious winnower, in which the separation of
light and heavy corn is very effectively mana"ed by a
well regulated draught alone, unaided by riddle. Mr.
Nicholson shows his capital hay-making machines ; and
there is a good display of dairy and household utensils
by Thompson, of Lewes ; Weir, of 1 !2, High Holborn ;
Lyon, of Pinsbury ; and Bradford, of Fleet Street.

One of the most striking stands in the yard is that of
Messrs. Sutton, who seem to have lavished all the
means of their large establishment on the display
which they make here. It is a great pity that they

and so many other enterprising men who have been _,

to great expense in coming long distances to Brighton thought it was more prudent and better that the

3, George IV. Bridge, not later than the 20th of
July.

Mr. Hfnteh, Blackness, said he had been requested
by Lord Kinnaird to bring under the notice of the
Society the show proposed to be held at Dundee, on
the occasion of the visit of the British Association in
September. He had no doubt the meeting would be a
successful one; and though the Association devoted
itself wholly to science, it was thought that— visiting
a district of country which it never before saw — it
would not be disagreeable to the savants to see a little
of our Scottish agriculture and its productions on the
edge of the Carse of Gowrie. The various local
societies had cheerfully come forward in support, and
the principal promoter was Lord Kinnaird, who is one
of the largest and most enterprising agriculturists in
Scotland. Considering that it was about 30 years
since a show had been held in Dundee— which was
nearly connected with the Carse of Gowrie
and the Valley of Strathmore, one of the most
important agricultural districts of the country — he
thought that the Society could not dispose of its funds
better than by giving a liberal donation to the show
at Dundee.

The Secbetaet said the application from Lord
Kinnaird had been laid before the directors early in
the summer, and they agreed to allow the united asso-
ciations of Perth, Fife, and Kinross, and the Forfar-
shire Association, to use the sums of money voted to
them in aid of the Dundee show.

Mr. Sadler, Ferrygate, said that an offer had been
made by Fowler & Co., of Leeds, to show implements
at the Glasgow Show, and he should be glad to hear
what the directors proposed to do with regard to the
subject. In a case of this kind, he thought it would
not be inexpedient, and would soon repay itself, to
comply with the conditions sought by Messrs. Fowler,
and pay half the expenses of transit.

The Noble Chairman said the directors had con-
sidered the subject, and it was their opinion that the
request could not be granted. It had never been done
upon any former occasion, and if it were now done,
there would be a difficulty in drawing the line when
they were to refuse such applications. Therefore, he

Society should not undertake the expense of bringing
implements or other things to the Show.

The Testimonial to the Rev. Patrick Sell, Carmylie.
^Mr. Scot Skievikg reported that the committee
had already obtained the sum of nearly 800/., of which
they proposed to pay Mr. Bell COO/, immediately to
account. It was intended, however, to keep the
matter open till the January meeting, when they
expected Mr. Bell would come to the Society to receive
the testimonial ; and it was also intended to retain a
small sum wherewith to buy a piece of silver plate to
be presented to Mr. Bell. The committee still enter-
tained the hope that the sum might reach 1000/. At
one time they contemplated extending the subscription
list to England and America ; but this had not been
done ; nevertheless, 800/. subscribed by 1600 of the first
agriculturists in the world was a testimonial of which
any man might feel proud. He felt gratified in being
able to state that the directors proposed to subscribe
100/. to pay the expenses connected with the testi- ^
menial, and he was sure that this offer would be^j
cordially accepted and ratified by the Society. Thsip!
motion was unanimously adopted.

Agricultural Education. — Professor Balfour reported
that the examinations for the Society's agricultural
certificate and diploma had taken place on the 11th,
12th, and 13th of March, when the following gentlemen
passed the necessary examinations ; —
For Certificate anrl Diploma.

1. Robert Bi-ydon, Burncastle, Berwickshire.

2. George Kent Walton, Long Compton, Warwickshire.

For Certificate.

1. James Cooper Bowstead, of Halkthorpe Hall, Penrith.

2. Thomas John EUiot, Wilton, Salisbury.

He also reported that the prizes of 6/. and 41. annually
allowed by the Society to the students who pass the
best and second best examinations in the agricultural
class in the University of Edinburgh, had this year
been awarded to the following gentlemen : —

1. Richard George Scriven, North.amptonshire.

2. Robert Brydon, Burncastle, Berwiekshii-e,

The Veterinary College Charter. — Mr. Swinton said
that members of the Society were aware that great
anxiety had been expressed for a considerable time to
obtain a charter for the Veterinary College in Scotland,
so that they should be kept in connection with the
Veterinary College in England. Negotiations were
going on with the Privy Council, and the directors_ of
the Society bad received the most cordial co-operation
from the Town Council of Edinburgh, who were greatly
interested in the application, on account of the charge
devolved upon them by the generous bequest of the
Veterinary College from the late Professor Dick. Com-
munication had been opened up with the Privy Council,
and a draft charter was in course of being prepared,
which would have to be submitted to the public bodies
here interested in the matter, and which, above all,
would require the sanction of the Privy Council. The
negotiations were in a state of very great forwardness,
but were not so near completion as to warrant a detailed
report. In these, as in other ne,gotiations, the Society
was under infinite obligations to the noble President
for the interest he had taken in the matter, and the
influence he had used with the authorities in England.

The Duke of BnccLEUCH said, with regard to the
Chamber, that he had been in communication with the
Committee of the Privy Council on the subject, both
in writing and verbally, and the matter was proceeding
as rapidly as circumstances would permit. A draft
charter was in preparation by the Town Council and
the directors of the Society, and would be submitted to
the Privy Council in due course.

Report on Chemical Department. — Dr. Anderson
reported that the work during the last half year had
been mainly confined to the performing of analyses for
the members. The work in this way had been very
large. They had had to consider a number of
important cases of adulteration, and in some instances
had thus succeeded in furthering the interest of
members of the Society. They had also been engaged
in arranging for field experiments. The experiments
were, so far, a following out of those of last year. Seed
j had been sown and preliminary steps taken with a
view to developing their knowledge of manuring ; but
the experiments, this year, would be connected with
other ordinary operations of the farm in such a way as
I was likely to make the experiments more interesting
and useful to farmers than those of last year. The
results would be published in due time.
I Steam Cultivation.— The Secretary read a letter
from the Marquis of Tweeddale, who has charge of
this subject, stating that if there had been anything to
report he would have attended the meeting. The
Secretary added that the Committee on Steam Culti-
vation had determined that their reports should cover
a series of two years. No report, therefore, would be
issued next year, and Lord Tweeddale had not thought
it necessary to be present to make any statement till
nearer the time for publishing the report.

This concluded the business and the meeting
separated shortly before two o'clock, after passing a
vote of thanks to the Duke of Buocleuch for his
conduct in the Chair.

The MiDL-iHD : Employment of Women and
Children in Agriculture.— A general meeting of the
members was held at Nock's Hotel, Temple Row,
Birmingham, lately, to discuss this question. The
Chairman, Mr. R. H. Masfen, President of the Club,
read the report of the Royal Commission, which went
very fully into the gang system as carried on in a few
of the counties of England, and the conclusions he had
arrived at were that a great amount of labour was
required in the fen districts of Lincolnshire and
Cambridgshire, where the gang system chiefly pre-
vailed. 'But no man who had read the report to
which he had alluded could shut his eyes to
the fact that some legislative interference was

June 29, 1S07.J

THE GARDENERS' OMONICLE AND AfiRTGTII^TURAL GAZETTE.

69*7

required; and one of the glarin!,' defects of the system

ivas that the nang master, as he was called, is allowed to

supply the labour ho can obtain from distant parishes,

ivithout any regard boini; paid to his chavactur.

( The Bill of Mr. Fawcett had been introduced very

much on account of the disclosures which had been

made before the Commission to which reference had

been made. But that gentleman had introduced into

his Bill certain restrictions upon which they, as an

agricultural society, ought to express their opinion.

With reference to the education of the poor they

would all admit that it wa.s much neglected ; but the

i[ueslion was this— had Mr. Pawcett in his Bill pro-

. posed the best means for remedyingtho existing evils ?

He (the Bresident) thought the answer must he in the

negative. He did not know Jlr. Pawcett, but he had

ii'orae to the conclusion that that gentleman was not a

practical man, for it was evident that the restrictions

!he proposed would require a great deal of niodilication

lof ire the measure could be accepted by the great body

if the agricultural community. One of the provisions

iv:is to the cflcct that no child under l.'S years of age

jdioiild be employed in agricultural pursuits, unless it

] ould produce a certificate showing that such child

I lad attended school on alternate days. Now he was of

'pinion that this regulation was impracticable, because

arm work was of such a nature that it could not

10 done on alternate days; and because in the

ligricultural districts school accommodation was scanty,

und in many instances at a considerable dis-

I anco from the homes of the children. Another of Mr.

it'^awcett's proposals was that no child should be employed

n agricultural labour without a certificate from the

j aspectoi' of schools as to the efficiency of the school

j.uoli child had attended to impart a fair amount of

i ilcniontary education. This was very vague, for pro-

lably half-a-dozen inspectors would give as many

lift'erent opminns as to what was to bo considered the

fiindard of efficiency. Theu, again, Mr. Pawcett pro-

■ed that the magistrates in petty sessions should

. le the ]iower of levying a rate on both owners and

'ccupiers of property, for the erection of schools where

hey did not exist— a proposition of far too arbitrary a

iharacter to be generally adopted. A subsequent

■lause rendered every person employing a child who

vas not educated iu the manner jirescribed by the

oregoing conditions liable to a penalty of lOl., which

aight be mitigated toil. ; and any parent sending such

hild to work was to be fined 11., the magistrates

laving the option of reducing the amount to Ws. The

'resident concluded by movins;, " That the gang system,

s in practice, is most objectionable ; but that, with

ho exception of this, the employment of women and

hildren in the ordinary occupations of husbandry does

lut require specific legislation."

Mr. T. HoELET seconded the motion. He said

hat the gang system had grown up almost as a ueces-

ity in certain counties, because of the isolated position

r the land, and the distance from their work at which

ibourers w^ere compelled to live. He was of opinion

hat the system would in time die out, towards which

heLnion Chargeability Act would materially contri- j

lUte, by widening the area of rating, and thereby

emoving the causes which operate iu preventing the

tbourer from residing nearer to his work. That part

■f the gang system which compelled children of not'

uore than six or seven years of age to walk seven or

ight miles each day to and from their employment I

vas bad enough, but the worst feature of the .system

vas that it tended to debase the morals of the women I

md girls who were thus brought together. Therefore

hey must all come to the conclusion that some inter- j

erence was required, but if Mr. Fawcett's Bill were to ;

lecome law, it would be very unfair to otlier counties

vbere the system was not in operation.

Councillor Baldwin remarked upon the necessity
if a thorough understanding of the gang system before
hey gave any decided opinions upon it. He spoke
trongly in favour of the benefits of education for agri- ;
cultural labourers, and was in favour of compulsory I
neasures of education. I

Mr. T. B. Weight knew of no book which con- [
ained more atfecting details than the report of the ,
loyal Commission upon the gang system. There was I
lue point in the resolution which he thought would j
ead to some misapprehension if it went before the i
lublie in its present shape. It declared that with the
xception of the gang system the employment of
vomen and children in agriculture was unobjection-
ble. That statement was by anticipation challenged
a the report of the Commission, for it was assumed as
irobable that further inquiry would be instituted, and
he Commissioners say that the evils they have pointed
'Ut as existing in the gang system are those alone to
ifhich their attention has more especially been drawn,
ret the condition of labourers and labourers' children
'n other districts of England may be found to be quite
s bad. The true source of this great evil was the
vant of cottage accommodation. He moved the
oUowing amendment :— That the gang system as at
iresent in operation is most objectionable ; but that,
vith the exception of this, the employment of women
ind children, under proper regulations, in the ordinary
icoupations of husbandry, does not require any specific
egislation."

Mr. Sebastian Evans seconded the amendment,
md said that in their present state of almost complete
Rnorance of the actual requirements of the countiy in
eference to education, it would be advisable not to
iledge themselves to any definite course of action.
^ Mr. W. FowLEE, jun., suggested that the words
I under proper regulations " \yere inconsistent with
'he rest of the amendment, as it was opposed to legis-
ative interference, which would bo necessary to give
iffeot to any regulations they might frame.

After a few remarks from Dr. Bodington and Mr.
iiNG, the amendment was lost, and the original reso-
utioK was carried.

The Chairman moved " That, whilst admitting the
desirability of extending the facilities for the education
of the children of agricultural labourers, this Club
cannot agree with the provisions of Mr. Fawcett'.s Bill,
and disapproves of any hasty legislation on the subject.'

Mr. BuiiBEBY seconded the motion. He said it must
be acknowledged that many of the small farmers were
but little better educated than their labourers. Agri-
culturists were often reproached with being inferior to
the dwellers in towns in intelligence and education,
antl he t^ould scarcely see how this could be avoided
until they obtained facilities of instruction as great as
those possessed by people living in towns. He thought
before any pains and penalties were imposed upon them
for the want of education, care should be taken that
the child of tho agricultural labourer was enabled to
obtain, within a reasonable distance, that instruction
which was uot, as a rule, so easy of access to him as it
was in towns.

Mr. T. B. 'Weight supported tho resolution. Ho had
lately taken the trouble to read up what had taken
place in 1810-7, when a groat advance was made in
those educational measures \vhich had since so much
benefited this country, and although they had not done
all which was required they had induced this belief—
that certain modifications of the systeiu now in opera-
tion were all that could be required. He thought the
education of the children of labourers should include
industrial training. He held in his hand a statement
relating to the Pauper School at Quatt, near Bridg-
north, where the industrial and educational elements
were combined. That institution was on one occasion
visited by the late Lord Hatherton and other gentle-
men, the noble lord, as chairman of the Penkridge
Union, bearing the following testimony in its favour : —
" We cannot sufficiently express our admiration of
what we have seen. We consider the system
eminently characterised by good sense and practical
utility, and. that its adoption by districts through-
out England would confer incalculable advantages
on the children of the agricultural labouring poor,
by familiarising them from their earliest years
\yith all those occupations with w-hich their future
lives must be conversant." He believed the school was
carried on in precisely the same way at the present
time, and there were other schools in various parts of
the country under private management where the same
plans were adopted, and with the most satisfactory
results. As to the means whereby education was to be
supplied, Mr. Fawcett proposed the principle of raising
in lieu of the present system, by which private eli'orts
were supplemented from the revenues of the country.
Now the whole of the question of rating had been
debated over and over again. 'Mr. Flint, the registrar
of the late Eoyal Commission on Education, iu his
able letters which appeared iu the K/wes, pointed out
the unreasonableness of such a plan. He said: — "At
present what is given by Government to schools to
supplement the contributions of the religious bodies is
given out of the Consolidated Fund, which is levied
upon incomes, &c., and upon the large area of
550,000,000;. of property. Why the burthen of aiding
education should be shifted from this large area and
thrown upon rateable jiroperty only— thrawUj in fact,
upon the smaller area of about 80,000,000/.- it would
puzzle an astute philosopher to explain. Perhaps this
is called justice to the owners of rateable property. They
are to be burthened while the general income of the
country istoberelieved." It had been often said that the
existing system caused extravagant expenditure, and
that it helped those who did not require help, and neg-
lected those who needed it. Mr. Flint said with regard
to this;— "The Committee of Council on Education
have declared the shortcomings of their own system,
and brought a bill of indictment against them.selves.
They have published some statistics which show that
as many as 11,024 parishes are not assisted by Govern-
ment grants for education. These are the "'unaided'
parishes, yet these are contributing to the taxation of
the country, out of which the money goes 'to the more
favoured places." There wei'e many reasons why this
should be .so, but he believed the true explanation was
to be found in the fact that the existing system has
always been considered something so important that
it could not adapt itself to the smaller parishes. He
was strongly of opinion that a much more simple
system of inspection should be adopted. With regard
to rating, Mr. Flint said :— " A rate-supported system
of schools we can never have iu England^ even if many
persons desired it. The religious bodies, who have
done and are doing so much, would not accept it, and
it could not exist side by side with the voluntary
system, even if such a patch-work plan were regarded
with favour. The idea of the American system of
common schools is as Utopian as that of the Prussian
compulsory system. Both are equally repugnant
to English feelings and the habits of thought
in w'nich our countrymen have been reared. This
question of compulsory education is one on
which most inaccurate ideas are entertained, and
the wildest assertions have been made. If the
main features of our own plan are preserved,
and theoretical difficulties are not purposely created
for us and then magnified, the subject of national
education need not present the alarming, and, as some
persons would have us believe, the insurmountable
obstacles of which we hear so much. Our wisdom
seems to lie in the calm and friendly endeavour so to
modify the present Government plan as to make it
equitable and truly national. At the very beginning
of this endeavour I would place the recognition of the
simple and natural principle of payment by the State
for ' results,' without reference to the means employed
for insuring them." If the Privy Council would
extend their grants to schools in the agricultural
districts which, though efficiently conducted, might
not be in a condition to have certi ficated teachers, all that
was required in those districts would be accomplished.

But there wa.s another point which would tend to
the defeat of Mr. Fawcett's Bill in Parliament. Every
one who had taken much interest in schools must
in one way or other have observed the difficulties
in regard to religious training, and Mr. Pawcett
had hit upon a most extraordinary plan for
getting rid of them. He proposed that tho reli-
gions instruction to be given shoukl only occupy
half an hour each day, and that its character should
be determined by a majority of the ratepayers;
and further that tho parents might, if they tliought,
proper, refuse to let their children remain while such
religious instruction is given. The jioint, however,
which he (Mr. Wright) wished most distinctly to urge,
was the necessity for a fair, and, he might say, honest
extension to the agricultural districts of that assistance
which is granted to the towns and larger ))arishes. If
th.at were done, he was persuaded there would be no
difliculty in providing schools sufficient to meet the
wants of the rural population.

The CHiiEM.iN moved "That, in the opinion of this
Club, all children between the ages of 5 and 10 years
should bo required to attend school for a certain period
in each year."

Mr. Sing seconded the motion, and in doing so said
he was able to confirm all that Mr. Wright had brought
forward in favour of the Quatt School, which was a
most useful institution.

Mr. Beawn, in supporting it, referred to the baneful
efl'ect which the gang system has upon the morals of
the young ; and also to the hardships which children
suO'er from being under the control of the gang
master. With regard to the educational part of the
question, he did not think that the principle of the
Factory Acts was applicable to agriculture, the opera-
tions of which, depending upon the weather, rendered
the working and education of labourers' children on
alternate days totally impracticable.

The resolution was passed unanimously.

Mr. Beawn submitted the following proposition
which was seconded by Dr. Bodington :—' That con-
sidering the severity with which any increase in our
local rates presses upon the agricultural interest, and
the national advantages to be derived from education,
j the exjiense of providing the necessary school accom-
I modation ought to be del^rayed out of the public purse."
— On the suggestion of Mr. Wright, the words relating
to the severity of local taxation were omitted, as not
embracing all the reasons against local rating for
education ; and in that form the motion was agreed to.

YoRKSHIEE: Treatment of Lambs before and after
Weaning. — Mr. E. lliley, of Kipling Cote Farm, lately
read a paper on this subject. Ho said : — According
to the returns of last year, the number of sheep on the
Cth of March in the East Riding was nearly half-a-
milliou, exclusive of lambs dropped after that date,
which would increase the number considerably. AVe
all know that the loss of lambs after weaning for the
last few years has been enormous — in many cases,
10, 20, and even 30 per cent. It is not the loss in death
alone, but the great deterioration of the others in
health, and their value reduced many shillings per head.

In a wild state sheep prefer to range at large upon
open fields and plains, and display considerable sagacity
in the selection of their food, which suggests to us the
importance of change in their domestic management.
The management of lambs from their birth is allowed
by all breeders to be the most diflicult task in sheep
husbandry ; and no animal is worthy of more attention
than the sheep, it being alike valuable to the farmer
and the nation. In fact, the production and general
management of sheep claim to be treated as the foun-
dation of good and profitable farming in districts like
ours.

A large amount of the capital of the farmer is
absorbed by his cattle and sheep. The return on his
live stock will be as a rule in proportion to the skill
brought to bear on its management. When diseases
assail his animals the veterinary can be called in ; but
in relation to their daily treatment, and the keeping
of them iu ordinary health, he should be able to rely
on himself. To have some acquaintance with nutrition,
and of the intimate connection between the condition
of his stock and the several kinds of food thereby con-
sumed, cannot but materially assist him in his daily
tasks, and save him from a multitude of errors. Young
stock require ditferent treatment to fattening stock.
The great object, then, in rearing them is to obtain a
proper development of all the organs of the body, and
this can only be done by giving them suitable food.

A study of the nature of the food of animals will
enable us to supply all that the animal requires. As
we know the analysis of all foods, we may judge of the
nutritive value ; still for practical purposes that value
must be corroborated by actual feeding experiments ;
for it is quite possible that one article of food may
contain more flesh-forming material than another, and
still not to be so nutritive, on account of its indigesti-
bility, and the way it is given. We often see dr,v
unbruised corn pass from horses, and a large amount
of nutritive matter is thus wasted. The same food
given in a bruised state is rendered more digestible,
and consequently more nutritive. As it is indispen-
sable that the food of a young animal should contain
materials fitted for the increase of its growing frame —
and as a rule the constitution of all animals is improved
by being well kept when young, that is, kept in a
progressing state, and as the milk of the mother is
known to contain all the substances necessary to
support life, we should give them a food that
approaches to it as near as possible. Sheep's milk is
thickish, and of an agreeable odour and taste. Its
solid constituents amount to 14.38 per cent., and of
these there are four of caseine, four of butter, and one
of salts. As we know the different constituents of
milk and of all foods, it is not difficult to compound a
mixture suitable for Iambs after weaning.

698

THE GAEDENERS' CERONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[June 29, 1897,

It is obvious that by a due mixture of articles of food
we have a compound analogous to that of milk. We
thus see not only the advantage, but the necessity of a
mixed food for the healthy sustenance of the animal
body. I have before me a sample of mixed food, the
analysis of which nearly approaches to that of milk ; it
contains about l-12th of malt and a small proportion
of common salt, both indispensable for younp; stock.
Salt I believe to be a valuable addition to the food of
all animals ; the extensive experiments of Boussin-
gault have fully proved this. Dr. Le Saine, of Brussels,
in his prize essay on the use of salt, says — " Salt
increases the fertility of the male, and the tendency of
the female to conceive, and doubles the power of
nourishing the foetus. During the period of suckling,
the salt given to the mother renders the sucking
animal stronger, and the milk more abundant and
more nutritious. Salt accelerates growth, and renders
the wool of sheep finer." Warden says—" In the
northern districts of Brazil domestic animals died
when they did not receive a fixed portion of salt."

A great deal depends on the treatment the ewes
receive after tupping; until the lamb quickens they
can be run off at a very light expense, then it is highly
necessary to keep them well. I would advise not to let
them follow other sheep, as I believe the quantity of
silty and indigestible food they there get is one great
cause of casting their lambs ; but let them have
Turnips to themselves, with plenty of dry food, as hay
or cut Oat sheaves. About three weeks before lambing
they should have a little of some more generous food,
and a few Mangels. They will well repay the extra
food in wool and plenty of nutritious milk; and
remember every lamb you lose is a loss of 11., and very
often as many lambs are lost, for want of proper
nourishment, as would pay for all the extra food given.
I believe the following to be an excellent food for ewes,
and would serve 200 for the season, and the double
couples till weaned : — 1^ ton of Linseed cake, U ton of
Oats, 1 ton of Beans, 1 ton of locust Bean-meal, 1 ton
of Malt coombs, 1 qr. of malt, and It cwt. of common
salt. I can recommend it, as it is what I used this
season, and did not lose a single ewe.

Much difference of opinion exists as to the proper
time for weaning lambs. We must all be guided by
circumstances. Their treatment after weaning is one
of the most important branches in the management of
sheep. If they are not properly cared for at this
critical period they soon go wrong, and then the loss
s generally very great. A month before weaning it is
good policy to teach the lamb to eat some easily
digestible and nutritious food. The sample before you
is an excellent mixture ; some may think it too expen-
sive ; with the duty on malt it cannot be prepared
vmder 121. per ton. I believe Matthew's corn cake and
linseed cake, mixed in the proportion of two parts of
the former to one of Linseed, excellent food for lambs.
I have seen them do remarkably well upon it. It is
not the giving them a large quantity, so much as
beginning with a little early, say quarter of a pound
each per day. When weaned, I think it a good plan
to leave the lambs in the pasture they are in for a few
days, giving them plenty of green Tares; they remain
more quiet than when removed to a strange field, do
not fret so much, but disperse themselves over the
pasture. They can afterwards be put to keep, which
has not been eaten with sheep, or green Tares, as is
now a general practice on the Wolds. I am quite
aware in some situations farmers have no difficulties
to contend against when weaning their lambs. On
most Wold farms, however, we find it a serious matter
to keep them in a progressive state, though I believe
it is more mismanagement than what we generally
term " bad luck" when we have had such heavy losses
among them.

CHEMICO-AGEICUtTUEAL OF UlsTEE, Mat/ S:

Th.e Manures of tJie Present Season. — Dr. Hodges read
a paper on this subject, from which the following are
extracts : —

It is gratifying to find that in the present year the
quality of the artificial compounds provided by the
manufacturers of manures is in almost all cases deserv-
ing of approval. The economic manures and other
fertilisers of the same class, which were so frequently
in former years forced upon farmers with the love of
low price and innumerable certificates of excellence,
are now almost entirely banished from the markets of
Ulster. Though I do not place much confidence in
the description of testimonials nor on records of
experiments which are so abundantly distributed by
some manufacturers, yet I would be glad that some of
the members of this Society would from time to time
report at our meetings the results of their trials with
the manures advertised in this coiinty. We do not
want to know how certain compounds succeed in
Norfolk or Ayrshire, but trustworthy reports of the
profits obtained from their application in our northern
climate and on our Ulster soils would be exceedingly
valuable.

The influence of climate upon the action of arti-
ficial manures, though of great importance, seldom
receives adequate consideration. It is not suflicient,
as Liebig has clearly pointed out, to enable a plant to
attain its maximum development, that the soil affords
it in an available form the whole quantity of all of its
constituents ; the cosmic conditions — viz., heat, mois-
ture, and sunlight— must eo-operate to transmute the
absorbed substances into the organism of the plant. If
the substances that have passed from the soil into the
plant, no matter how skilfully compounded, cannot be
turned into account from the want of this co-operation,
the plant does not come to perfection. AVhilst the
artificial manures examined in the laboratory have in
general been of good quality, it is to be regretted that
the farmers' valuable auxiliary, guano, has not main-
tained its ancient character, eveo when sold by
respectable houses. The samples received exhibit a

very large proportion of comparatively worthless or
adulterated materials, while in genuine guano we find
a very small amount of sand and earthy matters.

to this. In looking at tho most ancient prints, in reading .„
old books, one is struck with the intimate resemblance thai
exists between the bits of ancient periods and those o£ th(

Composition of some Samples of Guano Lately Examined in the Laboratory.

100 parts of each contained respectively —

Moisture . .

Organic and ammoniacal matters

Phosphates

Carbonate of lime

Sulphate of lime (gypsum)

Alkaline salts

Sand

100 parts of each . .

Capable of yielding ammonia. .

Estimated value per ton

1.
Belfast.

18.54
37.62
18.04

II.

Belfast.

16.50
37.05
16.00

III.
Belfast.

17.80
40.02
24.00

IV.

Strabane.

11.56)

3S.12 j
10.80

V.
Strabane.

31.1
43.2

VI.
Strabane.

39.64
22.116

Vlli

Strabaa^.

Quantity not estimated — a large amount present.

14.63
9.17
2.00

100.00
10.01

I6..38
10.51
3.56

100.00
10.46

£8 13i!.

18.88
5.21
2.09

100.00

ii.r

£10 2s.

12.73

100.00
9.36

&1 19s.

33.90
19.60

15.74

Of the samples 5, 6, and 7, only partial analyses were
made. They were found to be poor in ammonia, and
to contain a considerable amount of carbonate of lime
(pulverised limestone), and to be worth not more than
about 5^. 10*. per ton.

A glance at the above Table will be sufficient to
show the large amount of comparatively worthless
substances which all the samples contain, and how
great their inferiority to the genuine Peruvian guano
formerly imported. Tet some of these guanos are sold
under the name of Peruvian ; so that it behoves the
farmers of the north of Ireland carefully to ascertain
the real value of any sample offered for sale. I have
already on several occasions considered it my duty to
warn them that it is a not unusual practice for some
dealers to present an analysis of a good specimen of
gu.ano, obtained sometimes five or six years ago, as
representing the character of an entirely different
quality of manure. This is not unfrequentty done, and
the purchaser is induced to buy, it may be, a Liverpool
or London compound at the price or good Peruvian.
Purchasers should therefore look at the date which is
affixed to all analyses issued from the Laboratory of the
Society. With respect to the estimation of the money
value of manures by chemists, there exists some differ-
ence of opinion, and by some anal,vsts it is considered
that it should be abandoned. Whilst admitting that
there may be occasionally inconveniences from the
difference in the systems of valuation which are adopted
in different countries, yet as the method which I have
always followed, and which may be found fully explained
in my work on Practical Chemistry, is, I believe, based
upon sound data, and adapted to the estimation of the
relative money value of the fertilising compounds
offered for sale in Ireland, it will serve to afford pur-
chasers, sometimes not quite familiar with the state-
ments of an analysis, a safe guide in enabling them to
protect themselves frorn imposition and loss. According
to my system of valuation, the estimated v.aliie per ton
of the genuine Peruvian guano, such as wa.s formerly
readily to be obtained from several Belfast houses, is
1^1. 10*. The best sample given in the Table, by the
same method of calculation, is found to be worth only
10/. 2*. per ton.

Last week I received from Robert Gordon, Esq., J.P.,
Highlands, Seaforde, a sample of guano which presented
all the characters of the genuine Peruvian, though not
equal in quality to that some years ago offered for sale.
It contained no adulterating ingredient, but the
ammonia amounted to only 14 4-lOths per cent.,
instead of from 16 to 17 per cent. 100 parts of Mr.
Gordon's sample consisted of : —

Moisture 16.86

Organic and ammoniacal matters .. .. 45.94*

Phosphates 22.12

Alkaline salts 11.58

Earthy matters 4.50

—Journal o/AfjricuUuri;. 100.00

A Treati.se on Sarness, Saddles, and Bridles : their
Sistory and Manufacture from the Earliest Time
down to the Present Period. By. A. Davis. Horace
Cox, 346, Strand, W.C.
"We have here 60 pages desoriptive of all the pieces in
the harness-room, with the history of each, and a dis-
cussion of the principles^ which ought to guide its
manufacture. The whole is a useful pamphlet to every
man who keeps a horse, and especially useful to the
farmer. We are, therefore, glad to briuK it under the
notice of our readers. As an illustration of the style
and completeness of the performance,^ we quote a
portion of the chapter on bits. On this subject Mr.
Davis says : — ■

" The bit is a simple machine (if one may term it so), which
brings the rider and the animal into commimication ; it also
serves to subject the horse. It is composed of many pieces,
but one may define it as consisting of four diiferent parts —
viz., 1, the mouthpiece; 2, the branches or cheeks; 3, the
curb chain ; 4, the lip strap. I shall treat of each of these parts
separately. The bits being the most important, as well as the
most interesting branch of the subject, I shall consider that
part first.

" Before speaking of the bits now most commonly used in
this country, I will review what has been done by inventors
in former times, I have ^one through all the specifications
bearing on the subject, and shall give here a resinni! of most of
the patents that have i)een taken out. I shall also notice the
leading ideas of inventors on the subject, directed either to
the comfort of the horse or the security of the rider. Those
who read this may gather under either head some hint to
guide their own ideas, and be prevented from indulging in
fallacious schemes already tried and disposed of.

"The first patent I can trace was taken out in 1794, by one
Samuel Palmer, who describes himself as a surgeon, living in
the parish of Saint Martin's-in-tho-Fields. No doubt the bit,
in all its essential component pai-ts, existed centuries previous

* Capable of yielding ammonia, 14.4 parts ; estimated value,
ni Us. per ton.

present day. Without, however, digressing further, let me B^
by the specification of Samuel Palmer, surgeon, what tho]
cui'er of human bodies proposes to do for the most perfeol
animal existing after man.

" Mr. Palmer describes five bits ; I do not intend giviIlg^
their details. One quotation I may make, which is a curioai^^
in its way : — ' The part that is put in the horse's mouth fei
either of one entire piece, or two or three hinged or jointed;
and all those, either straight or curved, are made in audi a
manner that the tongue is but very little pressed, for when^
pressed in long riding the tongue is made sore, and prevents'
the eating freely. In the middle of the.mouthpicco are plaoedi
a roller or two to keep the tongue in play ; on each side, al
little below the rollers, are made two holes to insert wire,?
Into which a piece of sponge is fastened, the intent of which U\
to keep the mouth moist or supple, being first wet or smeared'
with honey or tar.'

" We have not advanced much, humanely speaking, Rincfi'
Samuel Palmer offered bis animals sponge, tar, and honey,

" The only other noticeable part in this most curious patenbi
is that the reins are fastened to the bit by screws. For thosei
interested I may say the patent may be had for one shilUngy,
with beautiful dr.iwings of the bit."

Then follow descriptions of patents dated 180J- and
1805.

" In 18'2S a Frenchman, named Valentine Llanos, took out s
patent for a bit, which, perhaps, of all patents concerning thifti
subject, was the most successful. At this day his invention Si'
much used by military men and others who want that dea-'
deratum, an easy and powerful bit.

"Every rider knows byname and by sight, if evenhehaa^
not used it, the ' Segundo ' or ' Secundo ' bit. It is rather a
curious reflection that one of our best bits should have been
invented by a foreigner ; yet it is nevertheless a fact thai
the Segundo bit was invented by a Frenchman. It wai
expressly designed of three different-sized mouthpieces
to suit the varying mouths of differently coustituted
horses. Llauos says in his patent ; ' Some horses aw-
known to be so tender in the mouth that very easy meuis^
are found sufficient to restrain them, while others whose*
mouths are not so sensible to pressure require more ample
means to make them obey the will of the rider.' ^q
he goes on to describe how, by the different sized mouths
piece and length of the bar of the bit below the nioxith, he
effects the object of suiting all horses. It would take toQi
much space to give his patent more fully ; moreover the bit 18.^
so common that anyone can see it with little difficulty. The-
principal other noticeable parts are his various curb chains,!
and a suggested folding crank, or cheek, to allow horses to eat
with their bits on. The means suggested for this last I fanCy
excessively liable to get out of order, and likely to add much''
to the expense of tbe bit.

" In 181S another gentleman proposed to make bits to carrj
water to be consumed by the animal whilst on his joumeyv
He calls it the ' Philanthropic Bridle,' and beyond the merit a
its philanthropy it cannot be said to possess any. I fancj,
there are easier means, if such were necessary, to carry i
supply of water whilst on a journey; but, at least in QiiH
couiitry, the question arises whether it has any utility what-
ever. Another 'humane bit,' so called by the Baron dfl
Thierry, follows immediately after this patent. It is taken
out in 1S19. His invention consists in having two mouth-j
pieces, both with ports, the underneath one sliding on the
cheek whUst the top one is a fixture. The port of the lowei
mouth is reversed. Two reins are attached to the one ring^
the one riding rein acting on the lower bar, as a bradoon. Mid.
in case of necessity, as a gag. I should imagine there T~"
somewhat of a good idea in this bit, although 1 have no e
i-ience as to how it answered in practice."

Further inventions patented in 1834 are then
described. Mr. Phillips, Lord Thurlow, Mr. Bea,
and Mr. James, have their several patents specified :—

" Hawkins' patent bit, 1861, has several good points. The
improvements consist principally in the revolving mouthpiece,
made to revolve in a sliding action on the cheek, Any mouth
wished for may be inserted. I believe that, if not extensively
used, yet they have had sufficient tx-ial to prove the merit oi
this ari'angement, where horses are liable to take the bit in
their teeth. For great power, on the contrary, I should fancy
this arrangement to be detrimental, as the revolving mouth
must lessen the immediate leverage necessaiy where instan-
taneous and effectual action is required.

"Mr. Romond, in 1862, took out a patent for cavalry bits,
He professes to do away with the bradoon. His bit is of the
cavalry pattern as used in France, with a straight mouth-
piece and a metal palate to act on the roof of the mouth ; at
iron roller traverses this palate, and attaches by what seems s
compKcated arrangement to the reins, but the patentee claimf
great simplicity in the action and attachments of this bridle
I have not seen them in any French cavalry stable 1 have beei
into, but they may be used. I should think there are st
many screws and parts as to render it difficult to be cleanec
and kept in order, besides being expensive in its make.

" Mr. Shipley's patent, 1862, is for a bit to which mouthplecei
of different descriptions may be fitted, and for attaching tht
heads and reins to the bits by mean,'^ of studs and holes
instead of by the ordinary means of buckles. Where the biti
are easily detached there is no great advantage nor econom;
in having so many mouthpieces. But in other cases this bil
offers many advantages to the traveller, to whom bits o
various descriptions might not be easily accessible.

" An American patent, taken out for breaking colts, pro
poses to effect this object by means of a bit ' foi-med of twt.
bars connected centrally by a pivot, so that they may expaa< ,
and open or distend the mouth of the animal either b, ;
automatic action or at the will of the rider.' It acts by mean:
of ratchet teeth and springs.

"The anatoical bit, patented by Mr. Davis, proposed tr
act by pressure on the nose, applied by means of meta
covered by the ordinary noseband. It did not succeed
M. Auguste Balny, of Paris, in 1863, patented a bit whicl
(though by different means) was the fac-simile in action to th^
anatomical bit juat described. Mr. Weber, of Brussels, «

.Thnf, 2n, lSf.7.J

TTTE GATIDENTOS- rTTRONTrT,E ANT> AaT^TrFTI'TTT^AT, OAZETTE.

699

si;, ptluiitfil 11 bit whicb ho proposed shall act as a snafflo
ui>l Viiib ill ono For this bo luakua his bit with tour cbculia
I « n . icb aiJo) and two moullipiocoa. By piilUug tbo sbortor
hr. 1 4 it morolyacts as a simfflo, ami pulling the longer chooks
,11 , . the action of the curb bit. 1 should fancy a nervous
i.ki in tbo moment of iliingor excessively lilcoly to go on
Ipulliiig at the wrong cheeks, or at. both at one time.

" I will now make a few general remarks on tbo m.atter
treated of, anrl the patents 1 have reviewed. I'irst, what must
'iiif Llliltiv have struck every one who has gone through tbo
intuntsas I have donu, is the want of success attached to all ol
ll'ioiii witli tow exi-ulitious. In tact, if I oxelude Llano's
li.aton't the Secundo, 1 know of none which in itself could
iropcriy be torinod successful. True it is that many of tbo
liiicas onuiiciateil have led tu improvements in the maiui-
f.ictiire of bits ; but the bits in uso universally for riding and
iriving all over this cmmtry, as In most parts of the world,
liavo evidently not been indebted for their existence to
iHitenteos. , ..,, r i

" Let me emmiorato the bits commonly used, and tho fact
becomes apparent at once. Thore are the hunting curb bit :
tho Pelham, with all its modifications ; and tbo snaffle, with
its variations foi' riding. For driving wo have tbo four-ring
;iDft£Be, tho Uuxton in many shapes, and the driving snafflo.
Who Invented those bits ? It is bju-d to trace. Were tbey ever
iurentod at all ? ny that I mean, were they not the ordinary
natural means which would in the earliest times suggest
themaelvos to man for tho guidance of the horso! There
Imust be a mouthpiece, and to tho mouthpiece must be
ittacbed what 1 have called branches or cheeks with attacb-
ocnts for the reins. Hero are found at onee the two most
luportimt elements of the bit, which exist in almost every
iuewn bit. Following this reasoning, what more natunil
roin tho pioco of nnshapeil niotal tliitt might have formed the
uouthpiece of lUi old bit, than to joint it or curve it in parts?
II the one yo\i have the groundwork of the Pelbam or snaflle,
II tho other all tho elements of the various degrees of port
iiouths for severity.

" Tlie next relloctiou the porusal of the patents suggests is,
.vhat have been the leading considerations of those who have
iought to improve the liit? In .ill theso various schemes the
wo loading ideas are opposite to one another, although, per-
laps, both eouvergiug to ono point. The ono idea is increased
iumanity ; tbo second idea increased severity to produce
lasier {and consequently more humane) control of the horse.
iVhat is moat strange is, that tho best ideas are where one
vonld in such a diversity least look for them -viz., to my
uind in those where, by different schemes .and dodges, the
i nstiintanoous action and severity of the bit is increased, and
•ortainly not in tho many philanthropic and hum.ane bits pro-
losod. Certainly anyone, an.alysing the various patentees'
.ebonies, will find tbo only useful iuea-s that might be sh,aped
nto anything useful by avoiding tho inventor's mistakes, are
n the plans whicb, by different .aiTangement of the v.arious
larts of the bit, increase its efficacy, and not in those plans
vbioh tend to entirely subvert the known forms of the
nstruineut."

Farm Memorauda.

BowBEC'K F.iKM, NE.iE BuKY. — Tile same^day that
ve inspected llr. Greene's farm, we paid a yisit to that
vhich Mr. Ketsey Cooper holds of the Duke of
Jraftou, whose ageut he is. The Bowbeok Farm is in
.he parish of Bardwell, nine miles from Bury St.
Edmund's. The laud is moderately stiff, the subsoil a
)rick earth, lying at various depths. Upon two-thirds

of good tasto and convonionoe. They speak to tho
disoovery on his part that a wood house has Homethni^
to do with a wood workman. 1 (' it does not lielp to
make him, it serves to attr.aot him. In the centre of
the block IS a larffo room,whi(di is lighted and warmed,
supplied with papers, books, jranios, and colfoo, hunt;
with diagrams of machinery, Ac, and opened to tho
farm labourers and othcru during the evening hours
for a very small oliargo. With men so cared lor and
improved, lie has brought his farm to a state ol
uncommon perfection. Tho Commiltce did not m the
whole of their tour see one more worthy of remark,
and llioy can but express their regret that tho rain
falliiiK in loi'rents provontod such an inspection ol it
as they could have wished, to enable them to make an
adequate report. Their opinion is, however, contirmcsl
and justified by the fact that at the last distribution o(
awards the Eye Assooiation not only gave the prizo to
Mr. Cooper for the host cultivated farm, but also gave
him the cup for the best Flax crop.

The farm consists of 8110 acres arable, 300 pasture,
inclusive of shecpwalk. Mr. Cooper is a most decided
advocate for steam cultivation. M. Bate, a thoroughly
practical observer, not vet in a position to employ
steam (and referred to in No. 201, expressed himself
before the Eye Farmers' Club in the following language,
two years since:— "Mr. Cooper informs me, after an
experience of four years, that he would on no aocoimt
farm without steam. He now grows on most of his
fallow land an intermediate crop, such as Tares, Eye,
Italian Rye-grass, Cabbages, Cole-seed, so as to enable
him to keep an immense quantity of stock. He has
reduced his horses, and is still able to do a great deal
of claying without extra strength, which used to be
done by e.xtraneous hands at 7rf. and 8rf. a load. I
have known his land for many years, and can bear
testimony to its improvement. A large portion is of
a de.scription most difficult to keep free from Grass,
more particiilarly with the intermediate green
croppings, and this used to be a source of annoyance
and hindrance ; but steam has beaten, and, as far as I
can see, eradicated it." After a further experience of
two years, Mr. Cooper more than confirmed this state-
ment. It has enabled him, he said, to increase his
head of stock per acre, and to grow more corn. Much
of this would doubtless have been done without steam,
and is due to liberal manuring ; but, as we have before
observed, the virtue of manure, like the virtue of
drainage, is educed by deep culture. The land now
usually carries 700 ewes, 1000 hoggets, besides lambs in
the spring, 1.30 neat stock, and never less than 100 pigs,
of which several hundred are fretiuently grazed in the
yards when the cattle are fatted olf. This increase of
stock is effected by the increased facilities for the
growth of Rye as spring green food; steam has rendered
it possible to get 150 acres in place of 35 acres. In
place of 30 horses we found 18, or two to 90 acres
1 arable. These animals looked in good condition, and

details, reconstructed it, and worked it with a steam
engine of small power. In the hands of his engineer,
a clever follow, previously acquainted with machinery^
together witU a blacksmith, both guided by liiiusell,
Mie apparatus has undergone since that time a total revo-
lution. Tlio old (Uiltivators have been abandoned for a
larger one better adapted for light land, with six tines
t) feet wide. It is raised and luvvored very simply,
works steadily, and has required norepair. One thing
i.s yet wanting to perfect it, and this is easily supplied,
namely, an arrangement by which the tine frame may
lie lowered when one wheel is upon the unbroken soil,
i'he windliiss is also home made. Two drums lixed in
a heavy frame, carried on wheels. A pulley on either
side receives motion from the engine by means of a
band. No repairs have been needed by the machine
since it was made.

For some time Mr. Cooper was under the impression
that he could dispense with a plough, but he ha-s since
learned the value of it, and uses one of Fowler's
.1-furrow ploughs, which he borrows from his friend
Mr. Greene. The engine, made by Burrell, is of
12-horse power, traction, and double cylinder. It
was bought in 1861. When requested to state what
was the cost of his apparatus, Mr. Cooper handed us
the following : —

Engine £W0 0 0

5 snateh-bloeks from Messrs.

Howard 12 10 0

Rope (1600 yards) .. .. SO 0 0 subject to discount.

12 rope porters, 15s 9 0 0 made at home.

40 standard ditto, V«. W. .. 15 0 0

lcultiv.ator 20 0 0

1 windlass 40 0 0

10 low porters 2 10 0 ,,

Extra snatch blocks .. .. 7 10 0 ,,

8 anchors .. .. .. .. 8 0 0 ,,

Total .. £694 10 0

N.B. Co.al, "Brights," price, by contract, ir«. per ton:
consumption, 1 ewt. per acre.

Repairs, Renewals, and Wear and reor.— The
engine repairs, owing to the ability and foresight of the
engine driver, cannot be put at more than 5Z. per
annum, so we were assured. It was certainly in
excellent condition. Quite half should be charged to
threshing, grinding, and other farm work. As to rope,
the last, from Glass, Elliot, & Co., has lasted three

■ seasons, and will last two more. The two first are
reported to have been utterly worthless.

' Work rfojie.— During a day of 10 hours, including

I removals, 10 acres are broken up with cultivator.

. The stubbles are prepared for roots by being broken
up ; first, 5 inches deep, and then crossed D or 10
inches, the steam pressure being seldom above 60 lb.

! The tackle is so judiciously worked, and the land is so
clean, that one sound operation is often made to take
the place of two. The cultivator is used generally,
but all muck is ploughed in for roots, and layers for

1 Wheat.

Paeticdlaes of Steam Cultivation on the Bowbeck Farm, 1664, in the Occufatios of G. Kersey Cooper.

Names of Fields.

Condition of Field.

Stanton Breek ..

Mouse's Field

Stanton Field

Dale Field. .
Stanton Field
Dale Field..
Holly Bush Piece-
Ditto

Gant's Close
Timpson's Brock..
Ditto

Gant's Close
Lock Close
Foreman's Breck. .
Lock Close
Foreman's Breck . .
Tart of Road Piece

I

After Turnips, for Barley

After Beet, for Barley

After Wheat, for Beetroot

Ditto

Second Cultivation for Beet

Ditto

After Wheat for Beet and Swedes
Second Cultivation

For Root after Bastard Lfiyer

For Root after Rye Feed . .
Second Cultivation
For Root after Bastard Layer
For Root after Feed Rye . .
For Root after Layer
Second Cultivation

Ditto

For Root after Tares

Part of Heath Piece
Park Road Piece .
Gospel Hill

Squ.are

Road Bulls
Brick-kiln Field.
1st Footpath Field
Bowbeck Fiel.l .
Ionian's Field
Stanton Breck
Ditto

Brick-kiln Field .
Part of Gospel Hill
Part of Heath Land

Wheat Stiibble

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Pea Stubble . .
B.arley Stubble
Wheat Stubble

Ditto

Ditto

Bariey Stubble
Second Cultivation

Ditto

Ditto

Ditto

Total

Acres.
30

19
24
19
23
23

44
44
12}
o-i

12J

22

12}

19
65

42

11
28
9
24
14
30
30
28
33
11

r3ii

When
begun.

March
March

March

March

April

April

April

May
May
May
May
May
May
June
June
June

When
finished.

March

M.arch

March

April

April

April

April

May

May
May
May
May
June
June
June
June

August 31

Sept. 2
Sept. 5

Sept. 15

Sept. 20
Sept. 22
Sept. 26
Sept. 27
Sept. 30
October 3
October 6
October 11
October 17
October 20

Sept. 1

Sept.
Sept.

Sept.

Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
Sept.
October 1
October 5
October 8
October 13
October 19
October 20

Depth of Width

Culti.
tion.

of Cul- i
tivator.

Inches,
9
9

r

7
9
9
8
10

Number of
Persons
eng.aged.

4i feet

*i „

41 „

4i „

4i „

41 ,.

4i „

4-i .,

4= >.

4i „

4i „

44 ..

45 „
44 „
4i „
4i „
44 „

Men,
5

Beys.
5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

5 5

3 5

5 0

5 5

6 5

Cost

for

Labour.

Coals I Oil
consumed ' consumed

at 203. at 6.<.

per Ton. per Gallon

of the farm a stubble furrow 6 inches deep is turned
wila some difficulty by two horses; on the heavier
part of the land two horses will not plough more than
3 roods a day at such depth. The whole is quite level
and under-drained, 3 feet deep, and laid into good-
sized fields, only three less than 20 acres, but most of
them over 40 acres, with straight hedges, trimmed low,
and destitute of timber. This farm is particularly
well situated for water supply, as in almost every field
there is a water pit from which clay has been carted
out, and against which the engine usually is set ; a
small boy is sufficient to put it into a tub. The farm has
been in Mr. Cooper's possession for 20 years ; on astrip
of his own land adjoining he has exercised good judg-
ment in building a block of cottages which are models

All labour done by contract, at Is. lOrf. per

are not worked so hard, we were assured, as they were
formerly. Be it observed that the horse power
employed before steam was equal to two horses to 60
acres, which is not greater than some men seem to
think it necessary to have at command in addition to
a steam engine and tackle ! The farm is cultivated on
the 4-course system, allowing for two crops in the
fallow shift. Steam has not made much way on the
Duke of Grafton's estate as yet, though we cannot
imagine how, within the sphere of such an example,
men who are possessed of suflicient capital can resist
the temptation offered to them.

The Apparatus.— Wv. Cooper began in 1860 with an
old set of Smith's tackle, exchanged for a cart colt.
He took it to pieces, acquired a good knowledge of its

&m 0 74|£29 14 OJ £4 11 5J

Total
Cost for
Labour,

Coal,
and OU.

Spring Cultivation. _
A common triangular Scarifier,

10 tines.
Ditto (heavy land).
Strong 6-tined cultivator (heavy

Land.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.

Ditto (mixed soiled bands).
Ditto.
With triangular Harrow behind

Cultivator (light mLxed soil).
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.

Autumn Cultivation.
Six-tined Cultivator, with

triangular H.arrow.
Ditto.
Ditto.

Six-tined Cultivator (showery,
that HaiTow was not attached).
Ditto.
Ditto.

Ditto (heavy land).
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.

Ditto (light land).
Ditto.

Robert Kenny, Bailiff.

Cost of TFbr*.— The engine driver, who receives
Is. IM. an acre, distributes it generally as follows ;—

s. il.

Engine man . . ' ' "^ **i

Windlass man 0 2S

2 Anchor men

Ploughman

1 water cart boy and 4 porter boys

0 5
0 3
0 64

Horse with water cart
Coal

oa

Expenses per acre

1 10
0 6
0 11
0 14

3 4}

As some readers may like to see how a year's work
looks on paper, we give a statement drawn up by

700

THE CtAPvDENERS' CEROXIOLE AND AGEICTILTURAL Gi\ZETTE.

[Ju>IE 29, 18B7.

Mr. Cooper, affecting the year 186i, for distribution
amongst a few friends interested in steam culture.

The labour is paid at the uniform rate of Is. lOd.
per acre : the consumption of coal and oil of course
varies with the time occupied in doing the work, but
these are kept m stock and used only for the steam
cultivation; the.v also are taken upon an average of
the 731 acres. The liorse with water cart is omitted,
and the horses employed in removals. An additional
Sd. an acre (which under the peculiar circumstances
seems sufficient), raises the total, as shown on previous
page, to 3s. oy. an acre.
• To pursue the calculation a little further, it is
necessary to refer to the statement of Mr. Cooper's
capital account. It will be seen that (with the omission
of any charge for Fowler's plough borrowed) the
annual charge for wear and tear, allowing half that of
the engine for other services, amounts to 46/. Is. Sd.,
for interest 20?. 10*. 6d., together, 66?. 11*. 9(f. This
sum distributed over 731 acres (the year's work) gives
Is. 9^d., which, added to 3s. OJrf., the expense of
labour, coal, oil, and horse, forms a total of 4s. lOd. an
acre. But these figures may be looked at in another
light. This sheet shows what steam has done. Suppose
that the 12 horses displaced by steam would have done
the same, what would have been the difference in the
expense? We estimate that a farm horse costs in
attendance, food, wear and tear of implements and
harness, depreciation and interest, 46?. 1.3s. per annum.
Assuming this to be fair, it will be found that horses
would have done the work of the year 1864 (731 acres)
at a cost of 560?. ; steam would have done it at a cost
of 184/. 2s. lOid. yCere every advantage to be pushed
to the utmost, the comparison would be even more in
favour of steam ; but we are contented with an
approximation to the truth.

Having reason to question the accuracy of our notes
respecting the live stock, a note was forwarded to Mr.
Cooper. Some extracts from his reply are here
transcribed. " I find that I have increased the quantity
of my sheep stock, but the great advantage to me has
been holding on, or buying more sheep in the spring
of the year, when farmers find a difficulty in holding
hoggets on flock farms. By cultivating in the autumn
I can do this. The green cropping before roots which
I can thus obtain enables me to carry a much larger
stock of sheep at that profitable period than I other-
wise could do. I certainly grow more roots, more
corn, and make more money from the land than I have
ever done before, besides always being at the head
instead of at the tail of my work. Tou may speak of
the general advantages which are felt in every branch
of the detail of my success from the application of
steam power to the land, in doing the work when it
ought to be done." He feels, in fact, that it improves
the whole pace of a farm, deepens the interest of the
men in their work, and impels them onward towards
mental development. It may be remarked that
although the price paid for labour is the same per acre,
the earnings much depend on the depth of the opera-
tion and strength of the land, same days being high,
the same with the consumption of coal and oil, the
former varying from U to 21- cwt. per day.

Miscellaneous.

Milk Sicl-itess.— The Medical and Surgical Reporter
states that the affection of cattle known as milk sick-
ness IS caused by eating the white snake root, Eupa-
torium ageratoides. This discovery seems to have been
made by three separate observers at about the same
time. One of them, Mr. "\Tilliam Terry, of Edwards-
ville. 111., in 1860 gathered this plant by mistake for
the Nettle, and eat it as boiled greens. On the day
following he was suddenly seized with violent
trembling, prostration, and faintness, and on the next
day with vomiting and violent retching. He did not
fully recover in five years, and in the meantime tried
the plant on domestic animals with similar results
Dr. Amos Sawyer, of Hillsboro, 111. ; Mr. R N Lee of
Nokomis, Dr. M'Pheeters, of St. Loui.s botanist, and
Mr. Enuo, chemist, all coincide in the opinion that
milk sickness is caused by this hitherto unsuspected
plant, which animals are said to like when it is in
bloom.

Calendar of Operations.

. JF^'.^ '■ .ffajjc— The preparation of the land for Eape
is similar to that pursued for Tumins, with the
exception, that on peaty soils in dry seasons the last
ploughing should be completed a fortnight previous to
the time of sowing, and the land consolidated as much
as possible, retaining a fine tilth. The end of this
month and beginning of July is the proper time for
sowing it. \\ here the land is well drained, it may be
sown on the flat, the rows being 13 to 14 inches apart.
The best method is to drill it upon ridges, as in
Turnip culture. About 2 qts. of seed is quite sufficient
per acre.

Mangel Wurzel will require horse-hoeing this
month and the second cleaning by hand hoe will also
take place.

CaJSajes.— Continue transplanting into rich and
highly-manured soil. If planted now or eariy in July
they will afford useful food for winter and sprin<» use
The subsequent acts of cultivation they receive consist
of horse and deep hand hoeings, so long as there is
suthcient interval for the purpose between the rows

White Mustard maybe sown after Tares this or next
month, for keep of sheep. Seven pounds per acre are
sown broadcast, and the crop is eaten down in August
and September, before flowering. Turnips are in
every respect but one a better crop— they are later-
and mustard may be preferred when an early seed time
is desirable for the succeeding Wheat crop.

Brass Lands.— IS the season is warm and genial
astures will frequently grow with such rapidity as to

destroy a great portion of their nutritive value ; we
must, in that case, crowd on all the stock it will in any
way carry, and must ease it in the best way we can
devise afterwards. It is a provident plan on any farm
to allow some one fleld to take its course, and become
a sort of " make-shift ; " if the season should subse-
quently become dry, and pastures decline, this field is
the resource upon which to fall back, and ease the
other pastures. The rough Grass will preserve it from
drought, and the Grass itself, being well gron-u, will
cause the stock to thrive. It is unpardonable to have
Grass lands encumbered with Thistles or weeds, which
may be so easily eradicated with common care. As a
general rule, Thistles should be spudded in dry seasons,
and pulled up by the roots (with "tweezers," or
otherwise) in wet ones. The droppings of the beasts,
horses, &c., ought never to remain unspread longer
than a day or two. In districts, however, where
rookeries abound, the crows will generally accomplish
this operation in looking for insects. The early
meadows will this month require mowing.

Bairy FattK.— This may be considered the height of
the season for dairy produce. Immediately after the
change of food from hay to Grass the milk was poor,
and a much larger quantity was required to make the
same weight of cheese. Now, at least 20 gallons less of
milk will make a cwt. of best cheese than was required
a month ago. Towards the end of this month hay-
making commences, and if any Clover is grown, that is
cut at the end of June. The cows should have as
frequent a change of pasture as possible ; the amount
of milk win be increased by change, even though the
change be not always for the better. In hot days,
when the cattle are teased by the gad fly, they should
be brought up to the sheds during the day, where they
should receive an abundant supplv of Rye-grass, or
newly-cut meadow Grass. The cows are put to bull
in this and the following month. Cheese-making is
now at its height. The spring cheeses should be
carefully attended to, kept clear of mites, by rubbing a
little sweet oil over them, and regularly turned ; they
he best on a plaster floor, and should at first be slightly
covered. The temperature of the cheese room should
be kept at 60° Fah. ; this is best done by hanging wet
clothes near the windows or doors. Although hay-
making commences in June, the great bulk is made in
July; and as on the good or unfavourable weather
now, and also on the good or bad management of the
farmer, depends entirely the good or bad condition of
the cows during winter, that month is thus, of
course, one of great importance. Half the farm is
usually mown, as it requires about as many acres of
hay to keep a given number of cattle through the
winter, as it does acres of Grass to keep the same
number through the summer. As soon as a field is
cleared of the hay, the cons are immediately turned
into it for a day or two, as a considerable quantity of
Grass is left by the mower near the hedges, in cases
where they are wide and irregular. By the end of
July the eariy mown fields will (provided the weather
has been propitious) be found to contain good after-
Grass. This is greatly valued, as the cows always
increase their milk on this food. Through the summer,
single Glo'ster cheese is ready for consumption at
about two months old ; consequently, the first made
will soon be fit for the factor ; it is generally sold as
soon as possible, as the loss of weight by keeping is
very considerable. During this and the foregoins
months the cows have access to the bull ; this is done
either by allowing the bull to run with the cows, in
which case he should be tied up at night ; or, which is
the best and safest plan, he may be tied up, and the
cows brought to him. In this, as in the other hot
months, great attention must be paid to keening the
milk. For this purpose the dairy should be' kept as
low in temperature as possible. The milk, as soon as
drawn, should be cooled by placing the pails in cold
spring water, as otherwise it is apt to sour in a very
short time in electrical states of the atmosphere. The
greatest care, too, should be taken that the dairy be
kept perfectly clean, that no meat be placed in it, that
no drains open near it, and that the dairy manager
remain in it no longer than is really necessary. If
milk should sour, a small quantity of carbonate of soda
may be added, and well mixed, to check the souring
process and re-dissolve the partially-formed curd. And
it is a good plan to dissolve a little carbonate of soda
in the water with which the dairy utensils are washed.

Notices to Correspondents.

CABB.iCE : 3/ R F. Early Yorks, sown in July .ind August, will
be riiM in May. Then pull every fourth CabbaRe, and trans-
plant Drumheads sown in February. They will be ready in
November, and will keep till January ; and if you sow in
April again, you may have a crop which will be good food in
January .and February.

DonsET Ewes : jMlnu: Edirara^. They will breed twice in
the year. tal^inR the ram very early after dropping their
lambs in the spring.

FORE.M.O- OVER Dr.AIN,^GE .\XD OTHER E.4RTH-W0RKS : The

Ediiorof this Journal can confidently recamnieud as trust-
worthy in this capacity a young man who has had some
years' experience in lajdng out land drainage, and in direct-
ing and superintending its execution. And as he is also
acquainted with farm work generally, he is well worth the
BOs. a-week, which is, in the meantime, all he asks for.

Grass Lan-d : if 5. Pray excuse a week's delay.

Hayiiaking; Gloucestershire. In your county an ordinary crop
maybe mown, made, and put into ''wind" cocks for \0s.
to 156'. an acre. If carried to the rick instead, and built and
thatched, add Is. Gd. per acre. Shake the swathes abroad
by 9 A.M. the first day ; turn the Grass, and turn it again by
4 P.M. : then rake it in rolls at a yard apart, and put it up in
small cocks for the night. Next day shake out these cocks
in beds five yards -wide, with intervals of three or four
yards ; turn, and turn again in the afternoon, and rake each
bed into two rolls, dividing it down the middle ; and put
into larger cocks at night. These next morning must again
be thrown into beds as before. Turn, and if necessary turn
again ; then rake each bed into a single roll, and it will
probably be ready to carry that afternoon.

s

HANK

S' N E W

LAWN MOWERS.

P A T E K I

G'

HAND MACHINE.

These are tho only M:»chiDes in daily use in all the Royal Gardens.
Thefio are the only Machines that will mow property when Eha
Grass is wet. r r j

These are the only Machines that will last for years without

requiring repair. ^

Illustrated Circulars with full particulars free on application.

A. Shanks & Son, Dens Iron Works, Arbroath.

London Office and Show Rooms— 27, LeadenhaH Street, E.G.

?^ 27, Leadenhall Street, is the only place in London whe»i

intending purchaseis of Lawn Mowers can choose from a stock of I

150 to 201) Machines. All sizes kept there whether for Horse, Pony.

or Hand-power.

REEN'S IMPROVED NEW PATENT

GARDEN ROLLER.
The above Rollers possess many advantages over all others. ThCT.
are made in two parts, and are free to revolve on the axis, affording'
itreater f.icilities for tumjnz, and the ontev edces are rounded off ori
turned inwards, thus avoiding the unsightly "inarms left by other-
Rollers.

Diameter, 30 inches; Length 32 Inches, £7 10 3

.. 24 „ „ 26 „ 4 10 0

i> 20 „ „ 22 „ 3 10 0

» 16 „ „ 17 „ 2 IS 0

Prices for Rollers fitted with Shaits sxiitabie for Pony or Horae*

Power, free on application.

Dehvered carnage paid to aJ the principal Railway Stations and
Shipping Ports in England.

TuoHAs Greek i Sos, SmithSeld Iron Works, Leeds; 54 and 66

BIackfri;irs Road, London, S. ; and 19, EUen Quay, Dublin. '

N.B. All Orders executed on the day they aro received.

PRIZE MEDALS AWARDED to GREEN'S PATENT'
LAWN MOWERS.
INTERNATIONAL EXIIIRITION, LONDON, 1862.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, DUBLIN, 1S65.
The above Lawn Mowers have proved to be the best, and hafB'
corried off every Prize that has been given in all oases of Ctom*
petition.

Sold by all respectable Ironmongors, Seedsmen,
Kingdom. Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTURAL
IMPLEMENTS and MACHINES of every description.
IMPROVED IRON STABLE FITTINGS.
HURDLES and CONTINUOUS IRON and WIRE FENCING.
Palisading Entrance and Field Gates. Plain and Galvanised

Wire Netting.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS and GARDEN ROLLERS.

Garden Enirincs, Syringes, Water Barrows, OmamcDtal Garden

Seats, Chairs, Tables, Iron Fountains, Vases, &c.

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS, in Rro^it variety.

Washing, Wringing, and Mangling Machines.

IMPROVED SAUSAGE MACHINES and FILLERS.

Separate Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

TuoMAs Green k Sok, SmithGold Iron Works, Leeds.

Show Rooms opposite the Smithfield Cattle Market, North Street,

Leeds ; 54 and 55, Blaciifriai-s Road, London, S. ; and 19, Eden

yuay. Dublin.

■pOR the BEST LIQUID MANURE CART,,

-L' IMPROVED ROLLER and CLOD CRUSHER, ^

Apply to I. James, Tivoli Works, Cheltenham.

riOTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

COW FITTINGS.

Their advantages are — Portability, not ii^tiircs, removable at

Pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
'ermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Ciatem, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-goT^ing. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, 66e.

Prospectuses free of Coitam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W,, where the
above are exhibited, together with several Important Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

Juke 29, 1867.)

I'lIE GARDENERS' CnROMCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

701

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

PATENT LAWN MOWING and ROLLING MACHINES.

EVEKY MACHINE WARRANTED.

TO BH OBTAINED OF

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS. BANBURY.

LONDON WAREUOnSE : 10, LAURENCE TOUNTNEY LANE, E.C.
\OFNTS— Messrs TANGYE BROTHERS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London BriJge; Messrs DUAY,
TAYUm AND CO.! London Bridge; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, G3, Fleet Street, E.C. ; and aU respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Ivmadom.

JOHN WAKNEPi & SONS,

BRASS 86 BELL FOUNDERS

TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDEAULIC ENGINEERS

8. CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.

No. 35.

135. ■WARNERS' I'ATENT CAST-IRON
LIFT PUMPS.

J. W. AND SONS' GOODS MAY RE OBTAINEn OP THE TR.\DE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWIXO PRICES

2^ inches diameter

..£18

G

3 »t ))

.. 2 1

0

3S „ „

..2 6

0

^ »» H

.. 2 14

0

SHORT-BARUEL DITTO,

FOU SINICS, PLANT HOUSES, &c.
:No. 37.— 2J ins. diameter ..£110
Ditto, with 15 feet of IJ-in. lead Suction
Pipe nttached, .£2.

WARNERS' (No. 568^) AMERICAN
GARDEN ENGINE,

OR FIRE ANNIHILATOR,

Is complete in itself, or can be used to
draw from a Pond or Tank, price £2 2*.

6 ft. Suction. Pipe and Rose, extra, 125.

Xg. '1-2.

No. 42. WARNERS' PORTABLE PXJfilPS,

I "With Improved Valves for Liquid Manure . . . . £2 15 0

i 2-:n. Flexible Rubber Suction Pipe, in 10, 12, and 15 ft. lengths, per foot, 2s. 5d.

WARNERS' AaUAJECT.

Useful for every variety of purpose, in Watering
or "Washing Flowers or Trees in Gardens, Conser-
vatories, &c. ; also for Washing Caniages or
Windows, Laying Dust, &c.

Price, complete . , . , . , £1 10 0
Small Size for the hand, as an ordinary Syringe, 18s.

WARNERS' (No. 547 b) GARDEN ENGINE.

HOLDS SIX GALLONS.

Is light, portable, and easily worked by a lady or child, prjce £2 10s.

Letter to T/ie Times, July 23, 1866.

FROM EARL ESSEX,

A Real Fire Extinguish.er,

To the Editor of'' TJie Times."

" Sib,— I feel sure you will kindly allot a small space in the Times to these few lines, as the
test medium through which I would urge every householder who dreads fire to have on each
floor of hia house one or more small Garden or other Engines on wheels, always charged and in
(rood order. In case of fire.

" Last night just as I was going to bed, I was startled by that most fearful of all cries, * Fire,
firel' 1 soon 'learned that a fire was raging in a large two-windowed unoccupied bedroom.
How caused is to us all a great mystery. It is my custom to keep one of these small Engines
on each floor. In two minutes I was in the room with one of them. It was like a furnace.
The curtains, shutters, casements, and cornices of both windows were buraiug and cracking
from floor to ceiling. 1 was quite alone at the moment, jet before assistance arrired (most
of the servants having gone to bed), I had completely subdued the fire of one window without
exhausting the Engine, and when assistance and more water did arrive, we very soon extinguished
the other So fierce was the fire thai the lead of the casements was melted, and the casements
themselves were burnt ofl their hinges. I will only ada, that by God's mercy, the house was
saved by this small Engine. Ha.i it not been at hand and in order, most assuredly Cas-siobury
would be now a heap of ruins.— Yours faithfully, " ESSEX.

"Cassiobury, Watford, July 20.

" The Engine, even when full, runs so light on the floor, that any woman might draw it,
and also work it."

WARNERS' GARDEN ENGINES,

WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.
These Engines are much improved in construction, are less liktiy to
get out of order, and more easily repaired than others.

No. .517. Best ENGINES, in Wood Tubs.
24 Gallons .. £6 10 0 | 14 Gallons

£■5 10 0

No. 547a. Strong ENGINES, in Galv.-uiized Iron Tubs, iveli

painted inside and out.

10 Gallons . . £2 19 0 I 24 Gallons . . £4 19 0

16 Gallons .. 3 14 0 28 Gallons .. .5 10 0

579i. -WARNERS' -WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time in Watering with the Water Pot.
iladc of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out.

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 13 inches high
„ 30 „ „ -20

,, 38 ,, ,, 24 ,,

„ 50» „ „ 24

£2 2 0

2 13 0

3 17 0
5 12 0

No. 5-17, ill W L J i 4 ^ ui Iron Tub.

IJ

« This is an extra strong oi-tlcle, with croBa handle lor two men, suitable for
Ifursery Grounds, Slc.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &,c.

1^" Estimates for any description of Hydraulic Machinery forwarded on application.

No. 579J.

102

THE GATiBENFl^S' CnRONICLE AND AGRICULTrEAL GAZETTE.

[June 29, 1867.

I (BOWLER'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
CULTIVATOR may be SEJiN at WORK in every Agricultural
County in England.

For particulars apply to John Fowlee & Co., 71, Comliill, London,
E.C. : and Steam Plough Works, Leeds.

IKON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal
Agricultural Society).
SHEEP, 35. 6rf. ; CATTLE, 4s. 'id. ; OX,' 6.«. lid.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St. Pancras iron Work Company, Old St,. Pancras Road, London, N.W.

s

AW'S TIFFANY.

For samples and prices apply to
J. Shaw &, Co., 29, Oxford Street, Manchester-

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Armit Works, Greenfield, DOfir Manchester.
TANNERS, CURRIERS, & MANUFACTURERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.
Price Lists sent free by post.
Warehouse: bl, Mark Lane, London, E.C.

Mr. H. Ferrajjee, Agent.

SHAW'S TIFFANY, from 7s. per Piece
LAWN MOWERS. SCYTHES, GARDEN ROLLERS
GARDEN SEATS, and every Garden requisite to be had at the
Garden Repository, 32, James Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description
fixed complete in any part of tho country, or the mateiiale
viz., Boilers, Pipes, &c., delivered to any Station.
Estimates on application.
J. Jones & Sons, 6, iJankside, Southwark, London, S.E.

CONSERVATOEIES, GRESiHOUSES, FRAMES,

THE ONLY PAINT THAT STTCCESSPULLT STANDS UPON THE ABOVE TRTINO WORK IS

CAESONS' OEIGINAL ANTI-COEEOSION PAINT,

TRADE MARK.

EHTEREO ATSTAT10^EBS HAUL.

AND IS CONSEQUENTLY LARGELY USED BY THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY, ALSO THE LEADING HORTICULTURISTS.

IT IS EQUALLY ADAPTED FOR ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF EXTERNAL WORK.

Tliree CHvt. Free to any Station in England and Wales, and most Ports of England,

Ireland and Scotland.

PEEPAREB OIL MIXTURE FOB THE ANTI-CORROSION PAINT.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, &c., &o.

TRADE MARK.

ENTERED AT STATIONERS HALL.

Before Painting, send for PATTERNS, PRICES, and TESTIMONIALS, ^vllich can be had Post Free on application to

WALTER CARSON and SONS, LA BELLE SAUVAGE YARD, LUDGATE HILl^, LONDOX, E.C.

CAUTION.— All Casks bear the Trade Mark, or are not Genuine.

EIDDELL'S

PATENT PORTABLE ELASTIC PIPE JOINT.

Especially ad.ipted for HOT-WATER PIPES for WARMING CHURCHES, PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, CONSERVATORIES, HOT-HOUSES, &c., is extremelT simple,
perfectly watertight, sares four-filths of the time and labour in erecting hot-water work, can
be rapidly put together by an ordinary workman, and can be removed and re-erected without
injury to pipes or joints.

Frospectus and Frice List free.

EIDDELL'S

PATEIT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

For WARMING CHURCHES, CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &c., by the
ciroulation of Hot Water, requires no brick-work .setting, sares half the fuel usually consumi-d, is
not liable to get out of repair, is easily regulated, will work from 8 to 20 hours without attention,
and is made in sizes capable of heating from 30 to 5000 feet of i inch pipe.

Frospectus and Frlca List free.

PATENT PIPE JOINT.

J. HADLEY RIDDELL, Patentee, 155, CHEAPSIDE, B.C.

PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

S. OWENS & CO.

No. 490.

"IHE LANDSCAPE SKETCH shows amdaptition ot THE IMPROVED HTDEAULIC

. RAM for Forclug Water to considerable Heights and Dist.T.uces to supply Mansions, Farms, &c., where a
few feet fall can be obtained. Full particulai-s of this useful Self-.icting Machine can be had on application.

No. 4. Useful YARD, GARDEN, and COTTAGE PUMPS, from £1 5s. each.

No. 38. PORTABLE LIQUID MANURE PUMPS, with Fle.'iible Suction Pipe.

No. 46(1. DOUBLE-ACTION PORTABLE FORCE PUMPS and FIRE ENGINES for

WATER or LIQUID MANURE.

No. 50. IMPROVED (HOLMAN'S PATENT) DOUBLE-BARREL FARM FIRE

ENGINES and IRRIOATING PUMPS.

No. 49. GARDEN ENGINES of aU sizes.

No. 49a. IMPROVED SWING WATER CARRIERS, holding 24 and 35 Gallons for

GARDEN USE. '

No. 49;;. INDIA RUBBER HOSE and FITTINGS for WATERING GARDENS.
1^ Further particulars, Estimates, and Illustrated Fries lists on application.

No. 49c.

June 29, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANP AGRICULTURAL GAZ1<:TTE.

703

WARNER'S SILICATE of IRON PAINT.
— Tho pccuMailtloa and advantages of thia
Paint aro that it will stand extreme Heat and Damp,
imd is not alTuctud by Acid, Soa Water, Sulpburottod
IlydroKon, or Ammonia. It is equally woU adapted
for lion. Wood, BricU. or Cement, i-very Sliado ol"
Colour ground tn order. Ttio Creamy White and
Brliilit Mtnno will rotalu tlio soft delicate sbados, regardless of tbo
fumtiH ol' 0:ihos, It has no siiioll, and there is an entire absonco

of dolL'tiTlOUti ollot.^1.,

WAHNKRy ANTITKRMITE COMPOSITION Is aiiitahlo for
Felt Uoolliig, and is a Cheap Coating for Iron Work, and prcsorvoa
Wood In India from tho ravages of tho White Ant. Price Is. 3d.

17, Laurence Pountnoy Lano, Cannon Street, London, E.C.

Oil Faint no longer Necessary.

^•vi w^.;t.i'iAw^s^-<2arj

HILL AXD SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone, This Vamisb is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
reqviires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used 1q the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kow Gardens, and at the seats of many
nundreds of the nobility and gentry, from, whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
application.

Fr\n»- J. A. Taylor, Esq,, StTensham Court.

" In answer to your Inquiries, 1 beg to inlorm you I lind your Black
N'liriiish an excellent substitute for oil paint upon iron and wood
(i!i[ of doors, and have found tho iron BaiTow with apparatus
t.,:.iiitial in appl>nng the Varnish to lines of fencing. lean strongly
ri:'.oinniend the Black Varnish for all out-door work as superior to
anytblng 1 have yet used for the purpose, and it can be applied with
great economy by caret\il labourers,"

Sold in casta of about 30 gallons each, at Is. 6d. per gallon, at the
JI^-Mufactory, or Is. Sd. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to IIillA Smittt. firierty Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
■jj. Cannon Street West, E.C, from whom only it can be obtained.

w

OKCESTER KITCHEN

JONES AUD ROWE, Patentees.

HANG E.

The most approved Cooking Apparatus v(,t intr^du ea, combining
the advantages of an open iire Range, Hot Piate, and other appli-
ances, adapted for small or targe establishments.

Sole London Agents, tlAaauN & Wilso.v, Ironmongers, &c.,
430, West Strand, opposite tho Charing Cross Station, where a
variety may be i nspectod, and Catalogues obtained

BEDSTEADS, BATHS, ;ind LAMPS.— •WILLIASl S.
BDRTON has Tnelvo Large Show Rooms devoted exclusively to
the separate display of Lamps, Baths, and Metallic Bedsteads. The
stock of each is at once the largest, newest, and most varied ever
submitted to the public, and marked at prices proportionate with
those that have tended to make his Establishment the most
distingmshod in this country.

Bedsteads, from 12s. Gd. to £20 Os. each.

Shower Baths, from 8s. Od. to £6 Os. each.

Lamps (ModerateurJ, from . . Gs. Od. to £8 10s. each.

(All otner kinds at the same rate.)
Pure Colza Oil 3s. 7rf. per gallon.

TEA URNS, of London Make only.— The largest
assortment of London-made Tea Urns in the world (including
all the recent novelties, many of which are registered), is on Sale at
I WILLIAM S. BURTON'S, fi-om 30s. to £G.

CUTLERY, Warranted. — The most varied assortment
of TABLE CUTLERY In the world, all warranted, is on sale
at WILLIAM S, BURTON'S, at prices that aro remunerative only

because of the largeness of the sales.

Ivory Handles.

31-mch ivory handles

3i-lnch fine ivory balance handles . .
4-lnch ivory balance handles . .
4-inch fine ivory handles
4-incb finest Amcan ivory handles . .
Ditto, with silver ferules . , . .
Ditto, carved handles, silver ferulea
Nickel electro-silver handles . .
Silver handles, of any pattern . .

Table
Knives

o6 0
25 0
84 0

Dessert
Knives

Carvers

6 9
5 9
8 6

12 0

13 0
18 6

7 6
21 0

Bone and Horn Handles — Knives and
Forks per dozen.

White bone handles 11 0 86 26

Ditto, balance handles | 23

BUck horn rimmed shoulders . . . . " 18

Ditto, very strong riveted handles . . ' 12

The largest stock in existence of Plated Dessert Knives and Forks,
and of the New plated Fish-eating Knives and Forks and CaiTers,

WILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING
IRONMONGER, by appointment to H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, sends a Catalogue gi".atis and post paid. It contains upwards
of 600 Illustrations Of his unrivalled Stock of Sterling Silver and
Electro Plate, Nickel Silver, and Britannia Metal Goods, Dish

' Covers, Hot Water Dishes, Stoves, Fenders, Marble Chimney-iieces,
Kitchen Ranges, Lamps, O.iseliers, Tea-iirays, Urns, and Kettles,
Clocks, Table Cutlery, Baths, Toilet-waro, Turnery, Iron and Brass
Badsteads, Bedding, Bed- room Cabinet Furniture, Ac, with Lists of
Prices and Plans of the Twenty Large Show-rooms, at 39, Oxford
Street, W.C., 1, 1a, 2, 3, and 4, Newman Street ; 4, 6, and 6, Perry's

, Place, and 1, Newman Yard, London.

T)1NNEF0RD'S FLUID MAGNESIA.—
-*--' The best remedy for Acidity of the Stomach, Heartburn,
Headache, Gout, and Indlgeslion: and the best mild aperient
lor delicate constitutions, especially adapted for Ladies, Cbikuen,
and Infants. > f j f

.P'^WEFOHD & Co., 172, New Bond Street, London, and of
au Chemists throughout tho World.

M AG A;^ INE for JULY.

price '2g. OH.
Contents :

A Conversation : the PortrattH

at South Kensington. Second

Exhibition.
Two Salutations-
Some Characteristics of South

American Yogotatlon. By Sir

C. J. F. Bunbury, F.L.S.,

F.G.S., &o.
IrlHh Dlffloulties : a Roviow of

Recent Events.
Hockford's Statue : a City Episode.

ERASER'S
No. CCCCL

Julius Ciosar,

A Chapter on Clerical Song-
writers m tho North.— II.

ViliHgo Skotohos in Oudh.— II.

Tho Hill Farm. By R. J, King.

SylveHtor .ludd,

TlioMiirstoua, Chapters XXVIII.
-XXXI.

Mr. Cobiion and the Land Ques-
tion. By II. Arthur Arnold.

Rest and Unrest.

London: Loncmans, Oiiken, & Co., Patornoster Row, E.C.

Miss Braddon's New Novel.

In riu'oe Vols.,

13 U P E R T GODWIN

X\ By tho Author of " Lady Audloy's Secret," &c.

Ward, Lock, & Tylek, Paternoster Row, K.C.

"Lately published, price fld.. Interleaved, Is., Fourth Edition of tho

BOTANICAL SOCIETY of EDINBURGH'S
"CATALOGUE of the FLOWERING PLANTS. FERNS,
&c., indigenous to Britain;" to which is appended, compiled by
P. Nkill Fraser, li List of tho Varieties of British Feni«.

Edhiburgh : A. St C. Black. London : Lonomam & Co.

Rare opportunity. To be Sold Cheap.

Some Now Copies of the following celebrated

T LLUSTRATKD BOTANICAL WORKS,

J- by the late Professor C. L. Bli'mk, viz. :—

THE FLORA JAVyE, with Coloured Plates. £9 10s.
THE FLORA JAV^E, Plates not Coloured, £5.
RUMPHIA, with Coloured Plates, £8 10s.
ORCHIDE.E. with Coloured Plates and French Text, £3 10s,
NUVA SERIES, with Coloured Plates and Latin Text, £3 10s.
MUSEUM BOTANICUM. 10s.
Apply (by prepaid letter) either to A. E. Barxaaht, Nurseryman,

Vogelonzan, near Haarlem, Holland; or to his Agents, Messrs. R.

SiLUKKKAD & Son, ft. Harp Lane, Great Tower Street. London, E.C.

THE ONLY RELIABLE WORKS ON GARDENING
are those by Gboroe Gi,e\ny, F.R.H.S. Prices from 0(i, to
s. Gii. Post free on application.
" Mr. Glenuy is so gi-oat an authority on all matters relating to the
garden, that wo hail these works with much pleasure." — Oxj'ord
Journal.

" The merest tyro may take spade mhand, and under the direction
of those works raise a little Eden around him,"— (J/a^pow Herald.
London: Houlston & Wbigut 05. Paternoster Row, E.C.

Just published, Part I.,

PLANT FORM, for Ornamental Designers and
Illuminators, Drawn from Nature. By Fredericr Hclmk.
In Ten Monthly Parts, each containing Ten Plates, printed in
colours ; size, demy 4to, price 6s, per Part, The Plates will be
accompanied by descriptive text, and suggestions thrown out as to
the various possible applications ot each object,

London : Day & Son (Limited),

Part I,, no\7 ready,

TLLUSTRATIONS of the NATURAL ORDERS of

X PLANTS, vrith Groups and Dascriptlons. By ELiz.vBtTiiTwjNrNc.
New Edition, in large octavo, reduced from the original folio
edition, in Forty Monthly Parts, containing Four Plates, in tbo best
style of Chromo-Iithography, and Eight Pages of Text, in Wrapper.
Price 4s. each Part.

London : Day k Son (Limited), 1, Gate Street,

To be completed in Ten Monthly Parts, price 2s. Gd. each.
Part 1. is now ready.

THE GRASSES of GREAT BRITAIN: containing
life-sized full-coloured Drawings, with magnified Organs, of
144 British Grasses, and Observations on their Natural History ,and
Uses, Described by Cuarlics Johnson, Botanical Lecturer at 'Guy'«
Hospital. The Plates by J. E. Sowkrby. Royal Svo. Each Part
will contain 10 pages of Letter-press and 14 Hand-coloured Plates,

This is thi^ most comprehensive Work on British Grasses, and is
the only book which gives the magnified organ to enable the reader
to recognise the various Grasses.

London: Roueht HARnwicKE, 192, Piccadilly, W.

HIDDEN POISON of OUR FIELDS,—
ANNE PRATT'S POISONOUS, NOXIOUS, and SUSPECTED
PLANTS of OUR FIELDS and WOODS, with 44 Illustrations,
beautifully and accurataly coloured by h.and ; very t'uVi descriptive
Letterpress, Preface, Contents, and Index to the Plants referred to.
Royal IGmo, cloth, '2a. 9d. ; pub. at 6s. ; postage, 3rf. Apply dn-ect to
S. & T. GiLHERT, Booksellers, 4, Oopthall Buildings, London, E.C.

Steam Cultivation.

FACTS of INTEREST to the F.IRMERS. E>- John
Fowler & Co. ; Revised and Amended by William Suith, of
Woolston. Bletchley Station, Bucks. With an Appendix showing the
present aspect of Steam Cultivation,

May be had of Mr Smitb, post free, for 14 postage stamps.

Imperial 4to, Copiously IlhLstrated, price £1 Is.,

FARM BUILDINGS: a Digest of the Principles
recognised in the Construction and Arrangement of Farm
Buildings, published separate from the "Farm Homesteads ot
England." By J. Bailey Denton, and A. Bailey Denton, Jun.

LABOURERS' COTTAGES. By the Sam..

WORKING DRAWINGS and SPECIFICATIOtJS, in Sets for
Selection, at Three Guineas per Set,

22, Whitehall Place, London, S.W.

Now ready, in royal Svo, price I2s. Gd., cloth,

THE SEWAGE QUESTION : being a General
Review of alt Systems and Methods hitherto Employed ...
various Countries for Draining Cities and Utilising Sewage ; treated
with reference to Public Health, Agriculture, and National Economv
genemlly. Also a Description of Captain Liernur's System for Dallv
Inoffensive Removal of F.ecal Solids, Fluids, and Gases by Pneu-
matic Force, combined with an Improved Method of Sewage Utilisa-
tion. Compiled for the Information of Sanitary and Municipal
Authorities, and all interested in Agricultural Development. By
Fredericb, Cuarleb Krepp.

London : Lonomans, Green & Co., Paternoster Row, E,C.

BRITISH EDIBLE MOLLUSCS.— HELIX POMATIA,
BO much esteemed by the Romans, Escarto of the Frencli,
a real luxury in Paris, lound only on the tables of the wealthy,
used on Sundays and Ft-te days, much appreciated in Spain, and in
England IS become one of thedainties of theage. For the information
of those concerned they are SOLD at 7, Piazza, Covent Garden, W.C ,
at 28. per dozen. Also PALUDINA VIVIPERA PLENORBIS
CORNUS, Gd. per doz. Green Lizards, Green Frogs, Salamanders,
Tortoises, &a. R. Kennedy.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^-^ is becoming scarce, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
I6s., 20 for 30s., 60 for 66s,, 100
for £0.

Fourpence allowed tor each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40*.

Postage Stamps or Post-office
Order, payable to J. Barsham &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W,

Ofllco, f.O, Lime Street, London,

By Authority of the Hon. Board of CuBtoma.

POGLKY'H TOBACCO J'OWDKli.-Thig pri^-m.n.tion
most olluctiially du«trfij„ all kin. In of Itlight upon Plants. To
Florists and liortlculturlt-tH It U invaluable; and on account of its
low prlco It may bu advnntagoouBly used for tho dcBtrucllon of Hop
Blight and Inr other Agricultural purposos. Price i^f per cwt ■
'2tis. per i cwt. ; l.'iH. per \ cwt.

Bonded Manufactory, Sussex Wharf, Wapping, E.

/"ji 1 s H~Tnrs~T

VJ COMPOUND,

Used by many of tho leading
Gardeners since 18C9, against
Rod Spider. Mlldow, ifirips,
CJreon Fly. and other Blight,
In solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to tho gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to 10 ounces
as a Winter Dresalng for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede It.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes, la., 3s., and 10«. 6d.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(Limited)

Plagues of the Garden.

QIMPLE and SAFE REMEI)?.— By using; the
O APHIS WASH, thtse pests of the garden, together with
Ants, Scale, Catorpillars. Slues, Earwigs, kc, are immediately
destroyed. Leaves no stain, but strengthens the Trees or Plants.

" At the first oi'portunityuse a solution of 'Aphis Wash,' prepared
at the City Soap Works ; it not only destroys the Aphis, but also
Scale, and every other pest." — Extract trom Oardeneis' Maga::inf,
JamlaiT 5, 18G7.

"For strengthening the growth and effectually dastroying all
forms of blight, the 'Aphis Wash' supersedes every other prepara-
tion,"— See Gardeners' Chronicle, August 19, 18t>6 ; and Gardeners'
dlaaastne, July 1, 18C5.

Sold by Chemists and others, in Is. bottles, and 23. 6d. a gallon,
with full directions for use.

Wholesale at tho City Soap Works, Milton Street, London, E.C,

w

HITE TURKEY COCK and HEN to be SOLD,

of pure first-class breed, not two years old, for £3.
Apply to L. L., Bridge End Uomi;, Ockham, Woting Station.

Farm Poultry

GREY DORKING EOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

bii.-eil known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
Al'LESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-PUUTRA, CREVECtEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Haily & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

JOHN GIBSON, Jun., begs to announce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PDBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS .and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Gmsov, lun., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

{ ^ EORGE F. MORRIS (of the Firm of Pkothrroe
VT & Moaars) undi-rtakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasehold and Reversionary Property
of every description. Farming and Market Garden Produce, House-
hold Furniture, Stuck in Trade, ic.
Auction and Estate Agency Office, The Limes, Leytonstone, Essex.

To Market Gardeners and Dairy Farmers.

MR . S E A R L E , Auctioneer and Land Agent,
2, Bond Court, Walbrook, London, E.C, solicits instructions
from Market Gardeners and others, who require VALUATIONS
or SALES by AUCTION of Laud, Timber. Growing Crops. Cattle,
Siieep, and other Farming Stock. Railway and similar compensa-
tion claims adjusted.

rpo
X

T710R DISPOSAL, a Eir,st-class KURSEUT and SEED
JL BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1500,

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadenhall .Street,
London. E.C.

BE SOLD, the LEASE and GOOD-WILL of
WESTBOURNE NURSERY, Denbigh Road, Bayswater.
For particulars, apply to Mr. J. Reeves, Sen., Acacia Villa,
Ladbroke Nursery, Notting Hill, W,

n^OBE SOLD, a JNURSERYMAN'S and POTTEK'S
-i- BUSINESS, 8 miles from Town; long Lease, at a very low
rent; same hands 17 years; Annual Net Profits over £100. Price,
including Lease, Goodwill, Greenhouses, Pottery, Kilns, Pits, &c.,

only £rjti. Apply to
Mr. Moar.KY, Auctioneer, 1, Sidniouth Street, Gray's Inn Road, W.C,

To Noblemen and Gentlemen desiring to Possess a

Fine Pavilion Foa Pleasithe Grounds or Extensive Gardens,

MESSRS. TROLLOPE desire to invite attention to
the large and handsome IRON BUILDING, designed by an
eminent Architect, who prepared Special Drawings and Super-
intended the Modelling of every part, the strength of the whole
being determined and tested by Engineers mainly engaged in the
production of Iron Structures. The Building is of noble propor-
tions, and is aboot SO feet lent; by 40 feet wide ; it presents a most
ornamental and pleasing object. It was originally prepared for the
Enst, but it 13 highly calculated for the reception of Hardy Plants,
S'atuary, Bronzes, &c., and to be used as a Saloon for D^jeQners,
F^tes, or Dancing, It is to be SOLD at a considerable reduction
from the cost prii-e. It is temporarily erected by permission in the
Grounds of the Horticultural Gardens.

Full particulars to be had at the Office of Messrs, Trollope,
Halkin Street West, where a Photograph can be seen.

gaUiS 6b gtuctton«

Imported Orchids from Moulmeln and Assam.

MK. J. C. STKVENS will SELL bv AUCTION, at
his Great Rooiua, 38, KinK Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on
SATURDAY NEXT, July C, at hall-past 12 o'clock precisely, an
Importation from Assam of VANHA CCERULEA. DENDEOBiaia
FORMOSUM, D. MOSCHATUM, D. TRANSl'ARENS, D. CCERC-
LESCENS, .ERIDES CORNUTUM, &c., in flue condition; also a
Consignment from Moulmeln of SACCOLABIUM CDRVIFOLIOia,
S. BLOMEI, .ERIDES LOBBU, ^. VIRENS. So.

On view tile Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Established Orchids. „„„^„„

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
bis Great l!".M]is, .Is. Kinc Street. Covent Garden, W.C, on
TUESDAY, July u. at half-pa-t 12 o'Clock precisely, a Collection of
Established ORCHIDS, all in good health, m.any of them fine
specimenfl and choice varieties.

. Od view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

vo*

THE GAEDENEES' CIIEOKICLE AKD AGIllCUL'lUEAL GAZETTE.

[June 29, 1867.

HORTICULTURAL BUILDER

TO HER MAJESTY.

I

OKMSON'S

FIRBT.CLASS COISEEVATOHIES ANB HOTHOUSES

ARE THE BEST THAT CATST BE BUILT.

OEMSON'S PARADIGM FEUIT AND PLANT HOUSES

AKE THE BEST LOW-PKICED HOTHOUSES EVER INVENTED.

ALL FORMS OF ROOFS.

OEMSON'S VENTILATING APPARATUS

IS OF THE VEKY BEST DESCRIPTION.

OEMSON'S PATENT WEOUGHT-IEON MULTITUBULAE BOILERS

COMBINE IN THE HIGHEST DEGREE POWER, SAFETY, EFFICIENCY, AND ECONOMY.

OEMSON'S HOT-WATER APPAEATUS

IS MOST EFFICIENT AND ECONOMICAL FOR HEATING ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF BUILDINGS.

I

PLANS, SPECIFiCATIONS, AND ESTIMATES ON APPLICATION.

HENRY ORMSON, F.S.A.,

HORTICULTURAL ARCHITECT, BUILDER, AND HOT-WATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURER,
STANLEY BRIDGE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

EditorialCoraraunica«onsshouldbeaddreasedto"The Editor;" Advertlsaiuentsnnd EailaessLettera to" The PublUher." at the Office. 41, WelUaston Street, Covent Garden, London. W.C.

Printed by Ja«e9 MATTHawa, at the oeace of Messrs. Bradbwrt, Ev\v3, .ft Go. . Lombard *ttreet, Pr.:cinnt of Whitefriara, City of London, in the Co. of Middlesex, and Published by the said Jakbs MATrBSffs, at me
Office, No. 41, Wellington Street, Pariah of St. Paul's, Coyent Garden, in the Bald County.— Satobdat, June 29, 1867.

THE GARDENERS' CimONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 27.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, JULY 6.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, G'l,

Anniiio Donnx -versicolor .... 712 b

Hcpft Tl5 c

ll.i..kH noticed 715 n-723 «i

HuryOiildf '15 «

— Jumi'S 'I-* 1

Ctibbiijifsv. Turnips "■' '

CrupM

Cap, •' Onrdenere' Chronicle

Kducatlnn , niiddlo-closs

l-;pi (lend rum erubescent

Fiirm iiotfs ,

riorists" llower*

rood

, 721 a
• 712 a
. 731 c

716 a

Kill

■i-'itinif .

UnlKiN, HolW 712 c

Ulii'iit Horticultural E\hi-

bition 710 n

niiiss houses, Pax tonlan .... 712 b

Imports 724 a

Liiiiil question, Irish 719 b

l.iinirl.whito 713 n

Mdsii Unsete "li> «

Nicii'inbergia fiutescens 712 b

{Hvlii.l pL'st.iUMv 712 e

I'mis.li'tteiNfrom-

710 /'. 711 n. 718 c, "■.'0 b

Peas, Chiswk'k 7116

INDEX.

PciiB, early 712 c

IV'liirKonlums, what are varic-

uuti'd? 710 rt-712 «

Pliiiita, npw 711 b

Polvijonum civspidatum 713 <i

Portraits, landscape giir-

dcn.'rs' 710*1

Potato, sweet 712 c

Undclyflfe'3{Mr.) garden 713 a

Hoses, now 709 c

— Miss InRram 711 b

Rrlences, natural 710 «i

Sewage 71M a

Snilthfleld Club 7:!2 6

Society, Gardeners' Royal

Benevolent 713 a

— Cryittil Palace 713 c

— Royal Horticultural .. 713 <

— Royal Botanic 7U fi

— Royal Agricultural,717e, 722 <i

— ofArts 722 b

SorKhuni nnd Broraus 721 n

Stnnii cultivation ....720 c-7ai b

T<)b»mj(luty 70!) h

Vine culture, rival .ijstems

of 710 b

Wheat produce, English .... 713 fc

SOCIETY,

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL,
SOUTH KENSINGTON. W,
NOTICE.— In consequence nf the Great Show at Bury St.
Edmunds on the ICth. there will NOT be the u-sual MEETING at
South Kenaington on that day. .^

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
FIRST VISIT TO THE PROVINCES.
1 Th© GRAND EXHIBITION of PLANTS and FRUITS will OPEN
I onTUEsDAY.JulyKi.iu the VINE YAkD, BURY ST. EDMUND'S,
in close proximity to the Ruyjil Agricultural Show, Nearly One
, Thousand Pounds Prizes in Money and Cups will be offered for Com-
petition. Ticlcets are now ready, and can bo had either in London or
Bury ; for the Ist day (if purchased on ov before the 15th), 5s. ; 2d day,
•-'a, Cut. ; or to admit for the four days, not transferable, 7n. 6d. each ;
' or by Payment at the Gates— 1st dny, 7s. Qd. ; 2a day, 3s. 6d. ; 3d and
■Ith days. Is. each. Band of the Royal Horse Guards aaily from 2 to 6.
' '.'^ NEW ROSES will date from the time they are sent out in
! England^ „__ ^_^__

R' " ' OYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
• BURY ST. EDMUND'S SHOW.

' NOTICE of ADDITIONAL SPECIAL PRIZES.— In addition to
[ the Society's Sliver Gilt Cup, value £25, a Second Prize of £15, and
, a Third Prize of £10, will be given.

WOOD AND SON'S ROSES are NOW in FULL
FILOOM.
Woodlands Nursery, MarunHold, nonr Uckfleld. Sussex.

Roses In Bloom. _ .^ „„^ -^
M. PAUL'S H0SK8 m-M NOW IN FULL

BLOOM. Inspection respoctfully Invited. Trnina almost
hourly from .Shoreditcb to Waltham Station, Great Eastern Railw.ay.
Pall's Nurseries, Walthaiii Cross, N.

W^

At the Old Nurseries, cnesUunt.

PAUL AND SON'S UOSKS are NOW FINELY IN
BLOOM The Show is tinor than for many years past.
Frequent trains to Ubesbunt, one mile from the Nurseries.

Ro&es.

HLANE AND SON beL- to call the attention of
• intondintf Purchasers to their extenslvo COLLECTION of
ROSES, which are NuW in FULL BLOOM, and worthy of

inspection.

The Nurseries, Groat Berkhampstcad. Herts.

Koses.— Lea Bridge Road Nurseries, Leyton, N.E.

JOHN FRASKK respectfully invites an inspection of
his COLLECTION of ROSES, which he begs to announce are
NOW IN BLOOM. The Collection contains numerous New and
fine varieties. The Nurseries are about five miles from London, and
are easily reached by Train on the Great Eastern Railway, to Lea
Bridge Station.

Roses.

JOHN CRANSTON has the pleasure to announce
that his ROSES are NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and that the
whole of liis stock is in the finest condition possible.

The severe frosts (which proved so destructive in many parts of
England throughout last wmter) not having visited this locality, he
is happy to say that his Roses, Conifers, and other Trees, escaped
entirely imhanned,

Nui'series, King's Acre, near Hereford.

G'

Roses in Bloom.

THOMAS "WARNER begs to state that his COLLEC-
ITION of the above, including most of the new and fine varieties,
is NOW IN BLOOM. An inspecton is Jnvited. They are seen to
the greatest advantage in the moraing, or from C to 8 o'Clock in
thft evening.

The general NURSERY STOCK is regularly and frequently
transplanted, and affords a most extensive choice to persons con-
templating Planting.— The Nurseries, Leicester Abbey.

N^

EW ROSES for 1867.— Strong Plants of all the best

NEW ROSES now ready.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with pi ices, on application.

John CaANsroN, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranstow, King's Acre Nxirserles
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Roses, Roses.

ROSES, on own roots and in pots, grown on now, will
flower indoors next spring, viz. :—
6 CHOICE TEAS] 3 CHOICE NOISETTES 1.. p„„,pp paTWAR
8 „ H.P.s I 3 „ BOURBONS | ^ ^^^^^>^ I.U1NAH

The Collection of 20 distinct and flrst-class sorts for 20s.
Post-office Orders on Castle Hedtngham.
Dit.LiSTONE & WooDTHORFE, MuoTO Nursory, Sible Hedingham. Essex.

RAND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION

at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, in connection with the |

SHOW of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, I

JULY 15, 18G7, and four following Days. '

Amongst various Special Prizes, amounting In value to nearly ■
£300, and exclusive of the ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20.
will be offered by the Proprietors of the
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for the best COLLECTION of PRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to be m.ide up as follows :^
Of FRUITS, any Five of the following Eight kinds, one Dish of
each : — Grapes, Melons (2 fruits). Strawberries, Gooseberries, Cur-
rants, Cherries, Raspberries, or Apples (of the crop of 1866).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of the following Fourteen kinds.
one basket or bundle ot each : — Peas, French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners), Broad Beans, CauliSowers, Cucumbers (brace), Summer
Cabbages, Early Carrots, Turnips, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rhubarb, Potatos, or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will be open to Competition amongst Amateur or Pro-
fessional Gardeners, of all grades, with Fruit and Vegetables of their
own growing ; any article otherwise obtained will disqualify the
exhibitor.

EiCESTEKSHlRt: FLORAL and HORTlCUL-

TURAL SOCIETY.
President — Right Hon. Earl Howe.
The GREAT SUMMER ROSE SHOW 'of this Society will be
held on the Leicester Race Course, on TUESDAY and "WEDNES-
DAY, July 9 and 10, A SHOW ot BRITISH and FOREIGN BIRDS
and PIGEONS will be held in conjunction with the above Show.
For Schedules and further particulars apply to
Market Place, Leicester, William Pens Cox, Secretary.

OKCHIDS.— TWENTY POUNDS REWARD.
To Gentlemen, Ntjrsertuen. GAnnENERS, and Others. _,^ ^ ^^^^^.^.^^..^^^^.^ -.. ,.- .. ^.,.. „

STOLEN, from tne Premises ofJ. DAY, Esq.. Tottenham, between [ Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS. DIX, previous to making their

E. ■.,. _ .. T .li? J ,. . .. T -w. _i . r^— r.T * xTno I yj,^.jj^ggg For fine foliage, excellent constitution, free growth, and

ri1li.T.ncy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
First-class Certificates. Plants of Miss Watson in August, £2 2s. each;

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASS
ROSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &c., advertised at length In
this Paper in May last.

Pafl's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

New Zealand Nursery. St. Alban's. Herts.

INTENDIN(t purchasers of TRICOLOR
PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful

> P.M.. June 26, and 6 a.m., June 27, about 53 very rare PLANTS,
V I/. :— 23Vanda cosrulea, small, from 0 to 10 leaves each ; 26 Phatrenopsls,
I'l various kinds, viz. : — P. Schillenana, P. amabilis, P. cypnpedimn,
apocies unknown, resembling C. ccevigatum ; 1 Odontoglossura phalaj-
nopsis, and sundry others.

The above reward will be paid by J. Day, Esq., of the above
address, to any person that shall give such information as shall
lend to the apprehension and conviction of the thief or thieves.

Information to Serjeant Palmer, Detective Department, Great
Scotland Yard, London.

Mrs. Dtx in May. 1868, 3l8. 6d. each.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park.

JOHN WATEKKK'S dk^phiv of Hardy, Scarlet, and
other RHODODENDRONS (the only one m London) is NOW
in FINE BLOUM at the above Gardens.

eS" The Scarlet and White RHODODENDRON clumps, also
the large Single Plants, which bloomed and were so much admired
at Rotten Row last year, were supplied by
John Wateher, American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

Tp VERY ~^~

GARDEN REQUISITE

kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 i 238, High Holbom, London.

FERNS. — Cultivators and those interested in this
beautiful cla-ss of Plants, are recommended to obtain
" HOOPER and CO.'S CATALOGUE " of every estimable species
Mid variety, British and Exotic. Post free Cor two stamps.
Hooper & Co., Covent Garden, London, W.C.

DEVOiNlAN FERNS.— Twenty varieties of Native
Ferns will be forwarded carriage paid to the Nine Elms
Station, London, or any Intermediate Goods Station on the London
and South-Westem Railway, on the receipt of a Post-office Order
for 128., payable to Thomas Carr, Winkloigb, North Devon.

British Fern Catalogue.
T-)OBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
-I-Vj stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 36 pages,
IndudinR pricen of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

QUPERB VARIEGATED GERANIUMS'.

BEAUTY of OULTON
PRINCESS ALEXANDRA
BICOLOR SPLENDENS
GOLD PHEASANT
GLOWWORM
LUNA

GENERAL LONGSTREET
ITALIA UNITA
MRS. LONGFIELD
YELLOW BELT
MRS. BENYON
SILVER STAR

Strong plants of the above set, 15s. Package included,
Casbom & Son. Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

Retlnospora filtfera.

JOHN STANDISH is the holder of the stock of the
above most distinct and beautiful weeping CONIFERA. It is
of a pale glaucous green, with slender thread-like branches a f«ot
long, which hang in the most graceful manner, and altogether tho
most distinct weeping plant ever offered to tho Public. It is also
perfectly hardy. Strong_Plants, now ready, 31». Qd, each.

Royal Nursery, Ascot. ___^_^_^_

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NEUTAltlNKS, Al'KlUOTS, CHKKRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINKS, and FIGS.
Richard Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Mercliuiit, Worcester.

'1:3INES (QUEENS), in alPsFzcs, very~~str^ng~ii^
J. healthy, from a stock that never had scale. Hurptiis stock,
very Cheap.

M. Rol'uford, Market Gardener, Pago Oreon, Tottenham, N,

Vines, Extra Strong from Eyes.

JOHN ICELLETT bet^t> tn uuiiomur that he has a large
and fine stock ol all tho leading soris fit for immediate Plautiii((.
Also all ttio beat varieties of ROSES, in I'ots,

WolUniiton Nursery, Heaton Chapel ; and Green Lone Nurseries,
He^iton Norrls, Stockport.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula flmhriata.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply NKW SKEU of llio
above, saved from choicest flowers, in packets, Is., 2.^. C<i., and
6a. each, post free.

Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

OBSON^fT^TKAIN or PKIZE CAUTliOLARIA,

CINERARIA, aiMt PRIMULA, tho Unost In Cultivation.

D

US' For Present Sowing.

DOBSON'S INTERN ATlO.NAL, ROYAL HORTI-
CDLTURAL. ROYAL liOTANIC, CRYSTAL PALACE, and
KINGSTON PRIZE and UNEQUALLED HYBRIDISED CAL-
CEOLARIA now ready. In Sealed Packets, with full Directions for
Sowing and Growing, Is. Cd., Ilv. Gd., 3s. Cd., and 5s.

DoBSON & Sovs. Seedsmen, Islcwurth. London, W.

Prize Cineraria Seed. ~

DOBSON'S TJNKUUALLEl) STKAiN, which has
taken 60 First Prizes in six years, is now ready for sending out.
Fine new seed, in Is., 2s. Gd., and 6s, packets.

DoBsoN & Sons, Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W.

Extra Fine Fringed Primulas.

DOBSON'S CKLElUtATELt STRAIN, that has stood
lb ten years' test, is now ready for aendiug out in Is., 2s, Od., and
6s. packets. The quality may be depended upon.

D0DSON& Sons, Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W.

ILLIAMS' SUPERB STKAIN" o"f"PKIMULAT

See large Advertisement.

RIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRTaTA.— A most superb
strain, and cannot be surpassed, G varieties, mixed, Is. Gd.kis. 6d.
per packet. CALCEOLARIA and CINERARIA, estra. Is. & 2s. Gd.
J. Scott, The Seel Stores, Yuovil, Somerset,

' Choice Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH and SON strongly recommend the
following :—
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIAT^^, of the finest possible .strain,

Red, White, or .Mixed, 2s. 6d., 3s., and 5s. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very fine, 2s. fld.,

3«. 6d., and 5s. per packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2s. Gd., 3.1. Gd., and 6s. per packet.
For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free,
Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

Ul P L E N D I D N K W HOSE, 1867.—

10 COMTESSE JAUCOURT (Hybrid Perpetual) U not only the
finest Now Rose of this season, but it excels anything that has been
introduced for sever il years. The fiowers are large and very full ; of
exquisite form, imbricated, and expand perfectly. Colour, superb
fleshy rose, and very distinct; habit vigorous. |

John &. Charles Lee are now prepared to send out strong Plants ,
of this fine variety, at 7s. Gd. each. They also offer other fine varieties '
of this season at 3s. Gd. to 5s. each.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
London, W,

Foliage Plants, Edging Plants, &c,

JAMES HOLDER can supply the following at 12j. per
100, or 7s.for 50 Plants, hamper included :_COL.EUS, IRESINE,
CERASTIUM, LOBELIA (three varieties), PERILLA, KONIQA,
TROP^EOLUM, HELIOTROPE, and CUPHEA,

Crown Nursery, Reading.

ILIUM A U K A T U M, —

Ijarge Consignment just received, 2s. Gd., 3s, Gd., 53. Gd., and

7a. Gd. per Root, Extra large selected Bulbs, 10s. 6d., 12s.6rf.,16s..i2is.

Barr & SuoDEN, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street,

Covent Garden, W.C,

G GLADIOLI BULBS

X for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,

2s, Gd., 3s. 6d., 5s. Gd., Is. Gd., Gs., and 12s, per dozen,
10s. Gd., l.'j.s., 21s., 2Cs. to 100s. per 100.
Barr&Sogden. Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street
Covent Garden, W.C,

Lomaria Gibba, &c.

A VAN GEEKT, Nuiiseuyman, Ghent, Belgium,
• begs to offer fine Plants of this beautiful and decorative
Fern, LOMARIA GIBBA, at los. per dozon, or 60s. per hundred ;
also fine Plants of LARIX K^MPFERII at 73. 6d. each.

CATALOGUES (published in English) may be obtained on appli-
cation to hia Agents in London, Messrs. R. Silberrad & Son,
6. Harp Lane, Tower Street, E.C.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, MERrnANis, and Ndrsertmen,
237 4 238, High Holbom, London, W.C.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND P. SHARl'E'S WHOLESALE SPRING
• PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of 1S66 growth is now
ready and may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST Is now ready,
and will be forwarded post free on application.

Seed Warehouse, Sle.iford.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
Cork, Seed, Mancbe, and Oilcake Mehchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1861,
for Wheat ; 1862. for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds,"

Improvement of Grass Lands, at from 5s. to 103.
per acre.

SUTTON^S RENOVATING MIXTURE should be
Sown after tho Hay is carried, 6 to 121b, per acre.

SoTTON A Sons, Seed Growers, Reading,

WHITE MUSTARD for PRESENT SOWING.—
Nett Growth of 18G0, at 13s. per bushel (62 lb.) ; 4 bushels do.
forSOs. New4ib. Sacksls. 4(i. each. Remittancestoaccompany orders.
Christmas Qdincev, Seedsman, &c., Peterborough^

TO the TRADE and OTHERS. — Fine RAPE or
COLE SEED, a few quarters still on offer ; also Genuine NEW
SIX-WEEKS' TURNIP. Prices and samples on application to
Freds. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Bi^;glesffade, Beds.

Hardy and Permanent Bedding Plant.

CLEMATIS JACKMANNI, and that type, have proved
themselves to be "the desideratum" for a good violet, blue,
purple, or maroon bed, when pegged down like Verbenas.

The Advertisers solicit an inspection of their CLEMATIS BEDS
that are in FULL BLOOM, and will continue up to the month of
October. Particulars of treatment on receipt of a postage stamp by
applying to

Geo. JtcKMAN & Son, Working Nursery, Surrey.

The Best Cabbage for Spring Use is

SUTTON'S IMPERIAL, wlmli should be Sown in
June and July. Pi-lco %d. per oz.. Post free. Cheaper by the
pound. Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

RUM HEAD COVT TLE CABBAGE,

The Heaviest op all AcarcuLTtJEAL Crops,
Thisshould be Sown in July & August, for Transolanting in the Spring.

Sdttos & Sons can supply— „.„„.__ .^.
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE (the

heaviest known), ac 3s. Gd. per lb.
GOOD DRUMHEAD CABBAGE at 2s. Gd. per lb.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers. Reading.

706

THE GAEDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[July 6, 1867.

Bedding and other Plants.

CALADITJMS, CALiDIUMS.— The foUomng 12, in
strong Plants, package included, for 8s., \iz. :— Two Mirable,
two Wightii, one each Belleymei, Newmanil. Argyrites, Gigantea
violncea, Bicolor spiendena, Amabilifi, Bicolor, Chniitlnii.

ECKFORD'S Sis NEW VERBENAS of 1867 at 4s.

Post OfQce Orders accompanying orders payable at Boston Spa.

J. C. Padman, Providence Nursery, Boston Spa, Yorkshire.

Just Published, post free 12 stamps (Gratis to Customers), Part III. of

CAKTER'S GAKDENKliS'- and FAKfilEHS' VADE
MECUM, containing complete Lists of new and choice Stove
and Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, with an Addendum comprising
original and practical articles, " On a Visit to Messrs. Carter's
Nursei7," by an Amateur Florist; Subtropical Gardening; and 1'20
Geometrical Designs for Flower-beds; with reliable inforciation for
the proper combination of Bedding Plants to produce chaste and
striking effects.

Forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps on application to Carter's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, High Holbom, London.

^he Forwaxdest Pea is Sutton's Ringleader,

SUTTON AND t>()NS had the honour of introducing
_ this unrivalled EARLY PEA in the year 1865, and after
careful trials of it and all of its competitors, they have no hesitation
in stating that it is still forwarder than any other Pea, excepting
only Carter's First Crop, which was sent out the same season, and
subsequently Droved to be identical, which latter fact was unknown
to either party at that time.

Although increased crops of Seed have been grown each successive
season, the supply ha.s not yet been equal to the demand, and
Messrs. Sdtton are again unable to execute Orders until the New
Seed is ready in July.

Early orders or inquiries are therefore recommended,
SoTTON & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading,

To Market Gardeners and OtHers.

RICHAKD AVALKER, Market (jabdener and Seed
IGhower, offei-s the following : —
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE PLAJfTS.

2s. 6d. per 1000.
DRUMHEAD SELECTED STOCK PLANTS, 33. per 1000.
W'ALCHEREN, splendid true stock, CAULIFLOWER PLANTS,

Is. per 100.
Fine SAVOY PLANTS, 6^?. per 100.

Imported verv fine BRUSSELS SPROUT PLANTS, 6d. per 100.
EASTHAM CABBAGE PLANTS, true, 3.9. per 1000.
DICKSON'S MANCHESTER CHAMPION RED CBLEUT

PLANTS, 1.?. per 100.
INCOMPARABLE WHITE CELERY PLANTS, Is. per lOO
IVERY-S NONSUCH CELERV PLANTS, Is. per 100, transplanted.
Terrcs Cash,
Rtchahd Wai,rer, Biggleswade, Beds.

RASS SEEDS for

PERMANENT PASTURE, of the ;
finest quality, at moderate prices. I
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientiSc system. |

See 'MVHEELER'S BOOK on j
GRASSES," which contains Illustra^
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Gra-ssea for Permanent Pasture,

G

Dutcli Bulbs.— To the Trade only.

EH. KRELAGE and SON, Nxtrserymen, Seeds-
• MEN. and Florists, Haarlem, Holland, beg to announce that
their NEW WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of DUTCH BULBS
FLOWER ROOTS. TUBERCULOUS PLANTS, STRAW-
BERRIES, &c.. is now ready, and will be sent gratis to
Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists on application. Postage Zd.
The Catalogue, a Pamphleu of 44 8vo pages, contains a greater
variety than any other List.

The Forwardest Turnip
known is

SUTTON'S SHORT-
TOP SIX WEEKS, price
Is. per lb. ; cheaper by the bushel.
This excellent 'Turnip, if sown
in June and July, will produce .i
heavy Crop, to come off in time
for Wheat Sowing.

Sutton & Sons,
Royal Berkshire Seed Establish-
ment, Reading.

The Best Swede for Late Sowing

IS

HAEDT

T

HE IMPROVED H

^

WHITE

1

(SoTTOs's Selected Stock)
Price Is. 2ii. per lb..

h

or cheaper by the bushel.

h

Carriage free.

Sdtton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed
Eatablishment, Keadinjr.

TTON'S TURNIP SEEDS

rOE PRESENT SOWING.

Per lb ». a.

StJTTON'S RED

PARAGON . . . . 0 10

SUTTON'S IM-
PERIAL GREEN
GLOBE .. .. 0 10

P DM E R AN IAN

WHITE GLOBE ..10

ORET STONE.. .. 0 10

SUTTON'S SHORT-
TOP SIXWEEICS . 1 0

J. C. Wheeler & Soy,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucesterahire
Agricultural Society.

Cheaper by the Bushel.
Carriage Free.

SOTTON & Sons,
Seed Growers, Reading.

THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL

AND

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIIS' MEETINGS. |a

AT BURY ST. EDMUND'S, 1867.

STAND, No. 195.

SUTTON & SONS,

SEEDSMEN TO THE QUEEN, READING, BERKSHIRE,

Inform their Fvienda and the Public generally that they will have their usual extensive display of
AGRICULTURAL, HORTICULTURAL, and FHiRICULTURAL SEEDS, ROOTS, FORAGE PLAN'TS, and
GRASSES, in their growing state, &c., &c., to which they invite special attention.

JIesshs. SUTTON'S STAND (No. 19.5) will be found in close proximity to the SHOW of HORSES, STOCK,
and IMPLEIIENTS.

Orders will he received for TURNIP SEEDS, GRASS SEEDS, &c., for Present Sowing, and be dispatched
with the least possible delay.

Priced Lists of all Seeds gratis anit post free.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN (NOW READY).

WILLIAM PAUL

(Son and Successor to the late A. »Paul),

BBOS TO OFFER THE

ABOVE MAGNIFICENT HARDY FLOWERING TREE,

Which he believes to be the greatest acquisition for forcing and out-of-door culture that has been

introduced for many years.

Strong healthy Plants, well established in pots, 2 ft. high, 7s. 6d. each ; 1 ft. high, 53. each.

A First-class Certificate was awarded to him for this Plant by the Royal Horticultural Society on the 16th April last.
^T See Coloured Drawing by Fitch, and History, in the " Florist " for June.

"We do not 1 esitato to advise every one who has a garden to I in or out-of-doors next spring; whereas if removed from the
purchase this plant jit once. * • • Plants purchased in pots ground in tue autmnu of the year, they can hardly be expected
now may be grown find established, so as to flower well either [ to do this."— TTie Florist, d-c.

PAUL'S NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N."

TAN, Gratis, in the immediate neighbourhood of
Covent Garden Market.
Apply to W. Essex fc Sows, 28, Stanhope Street, Clare Market, W.C,

rJEIGATE SILVER SAND, \2s. per ton, at Swan
\J Place, delivered five Miles, or to any London Wharf or Railway,
16s. per ton, or Is. Gd. per bushel. (Sacks at cost price, or on hire,)
KENTISH and HAMPSHIRE PEATS, YELLOW LOAM, LEAF
MOULD. SPHAGNUM MOSS, and COCOA FIBRE REFUSE.
J. Kesnard, Swan Place, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.

ipiBRUUS PEAT of first-class quality for Orchids,
Heaths, American Plants, and all potting purposes, may ha
obtained by application to Mr. Thomas Jessop, Farningham Wood,
near KaminRham Station, Kent. It is dispatched by the London,
Chatham, and Dover Railway in trucks of IG yards, to most Stations
in the Kingdom, or fetched in carts from the wood. It is extensively
used and appreciated in the principal Nurseries, and in the Royal
Parks and Gardens. Price 5s. per cubic yard, at Farningham Station.

poCOA-NUT REFUSE

^-^ ia becoming scarce, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 20 for 30s., 50 for 668., 100
for £6.
^ Fourpence allowed tor each
^ bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Posit-offlce
Order, payable to J. Bajisha^ &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

By Authority of the Hon. Boaxd of Customs.

POULET'S TOBACCO POWDER.— This preparation
most effectually destroys all kinds of Blight upon Plants. To
Florists and Horticulturists it is invaluable; and on account of its
low price it may be advflntageously used for the destruction of Hop
Blight and for other Agricultural purposes. Price 42s. per cwt. ; ,
23s. per i cwt. ; 13s. per J cwt.

Bonded Manufjictovy, Sussex Wharf, Wapping, E.

Office, 50, Lime Street, London, E.C

S T

/;i 1 S H U R
VT COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 185i), against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thripg,
Green Fly, and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to IG ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
iiupe'i"sede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes. Is., 3s., and lOs. r '

Red
Spider

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(Limited)

JAPAN FLAX. — The finest Material for Tying up
Plants and Flowers. The best and cheapest in the Trade fa
Anderson's. Samples and prices sent post free on application to
James T. Andersom, 7, Commercial Street, Shoredltch, London, N.E."

InOWLER'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and '
' CULTIVATOR may be SEJiN at WORK in every Agricultural
County In England.

For particulars apply to John FowLEa & Co., 71, Comhill, London,
E.C. ; and Steam Plough Works, Leeds.

IRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal
Agricultural Society).
SHEEP, 3s. 6rf. ; CATTLE. 48. 2d. ; OX, 5k. lid.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St. Pancras iron Work Company, Old St. Pancras Road, London, N.W.

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Armit Works, Greenfield, near Manchester.
TANNERS. CaRRIERS,& MANUFACTURERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DKITING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.
Price Lists sent free by post.
Warehouse: SI, Mark Lane, London, E.C.

Mr. H. Ferrabee, Agent.

Glass for Garden Purposes.
AMES PHILLIPS and CO.

beg to submit their REDUCED PRICES as follows :—

PROPAGATING

Each.-
2 Inches in diameter

0 3i

0 a

0 6i

0 61

0 8

0 10

1 0
1 2

GLASSES.

12 Inchea in diameter

13 „ „

14 •> .t
16 .. >.

16 „

17 ..

18 .,

19 »

20 ,. „

10 „ „

11 ," .. ..16-1

HYACINTH and FLOWER DISHES.

6 inchea diameter . . . . Is. Od. | 9 inches diameter .

12 inches diameter . . . . 2s. 6(2.

Hyacinth Dishes are intended to contain a number of Roots

Bedded in and covered with Moss, instead of the common Hyacinth.

LACTOMETERS, for Testing the Quality of Milk.

Four Tubes . . .. is.Gd. I Six Tubes . . . . 6s. Qd.

With Stands complete.

HAiTD

GLASSES,

2incbei
14 „
16 „

y

^^

'-^ _

WITH
OPEN TOPS,

'i

-IJ-IJJ^

£ac

h.-

■s.d.
6 6

r 6

8 6

18 Inchea
20 „ ..
22 „ ..
24 „ ..

Eacll.^J. a.

9 6

10 6

U 8

12 8

Painted and Glazed with 16-oz. Sheet Glass.

London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S FAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes,
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at. the lowoat
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillips & Co., 180, Biahopsgate Street Without, K.C.

July 6, 1867.]

THE GARDNERS' CIIRONrCLE AND j\GRlCUi;n:i!AE GAZETTE.

707

GEEEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOE,

OK

NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, and COLLECTING MACHINES.

PATRONIZED BY

HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN ?A^ ''C^ "^^^ ^^'^ °^ "^^^ BELGIANS.

ON TWENTT-NINE DIFrERENT OCCASIONS. .^ ^J^^!^^^ «• "^^^ EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH.

TT.R.n. THE PRmCE OF WALES. '*^:y^^'-^\'?^J^ THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.

AND MOST OF THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOir.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, in introducing their PATENT LAWN MOWERS for the present season, beg to state that they have no Novelties to report. The fact is,
that after the severe tests their Machines have been subjected to since they added their latest improvements, they have been found to meet all the requirements for which they
are intended, viz. : — the keeping of La'W'NS in the highest state of peiifection.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease than any other Lawn Mower extant ; and in proof of their
superiority, 39,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

THEY ARE THE ONLY ICiCHINES IN CONSTANT USE AT

rHE ROYAL nORTtOULTnRAL SOCIETrS GARDENS. SOUTH KENSINGTON

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS. REGENT'S PARK

rnE CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY"'S GARDENS, SYDENHAM

BnCKlNGHAM PALACE GABDKNS

MARLBOROUGH HOUSE

THE HYDE PARK GARDENS

THE WINTER PALACE GARDENS, DUBLIN

THE DUBLIN BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LIVERPOOL BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LEEDS BOTAL PARK

THE HULL BOTANIC GARDENS
THE BOTANIC GARDENS. BRUSSELS
THE SUNDERLAND PARK
THE PRESTON PARK

AND IN MOST OF THE PRINCIPAL PARKS, SQUABES, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

GREEN'S

PATENT

L.iWN MOWERS

KivL' proved to be the best, and
anicd oft' every Prize that has
KL'ii given in all cases of com-
H'tition.

T. GREEN & SON

waiTant every Machine to give
i-ntire satisfaction, and if not
approved of can be returned
unconditionally.

PRICES of HORSE, PONY, and DONKEY ilACHINES, including Patent Self-deUvery Box; Cross Stay complete; suitable for attaching to

ordinary Chain Traces or Gig Harness.

PONY AND DONKEY MACHINES.

To Cut 26 inches JEIS 0 0\

no 1 1; n n ( X««<^'' Soots for Donkey, 18s,

" '"' » i» " ^ { Leather Boots for Fony, 22s.

„ 30 17 0 O)

HORSE MACHINES

..£21 0 0\
.. 24 0 0

To Cut 30 inches
„ 36 „ ..

42 „ 27 0 0

„ 48 „ 30 0 0

Leather Boots for Horse, 26s.

Both the Horse, Pony, Donkey, and Hand Machines possess (over all other Makers) the advantage of Self-sharpening. The cutters bein*' steel on each side when the^
lecome dull or blunt by ninning one way round the cylinder, can be reversed again and again, bringing the opposite edge of the cutter against the bottom blade, when the
ilacbine will cut equal to new. Arrangements are made that the cylinder can be reversed, by any inexperienced person, in two or three minutes.

HAND MACHINES.

To Cut 10 inches ..£3 10 0 Suitable for a Lady

,; 12 „ .. 4 10 0

,, 14 ,, .. 5 10 0 Suitable for One Person

„ 16 „ .. 6 10 0

To Cut 18 inches .. £7 10 0 Suitable for One Person

„ 20 ,,..800 Suitable for Two Persons
„ 22 „ .. 8 10 0 „ „

.. 24 ,,..900

Packing Cases are charged at the following low rates, viz. :— for the 10 and 12-inch Machine, 3s. ; 14 and 16-inch, 4s. ; 18 and 20-inch, 5s. ; 22 and 24-inch, 6s. Parties
providing themselves with Lawn Mowers are recommended to purchase the cases in which to stow them away, when not in use, to prevent them from getting damaged; if
returned, two-thirds will be allowed for them.

The above MACHINES are made from the best materials, and of superior workmanship ; are delivered Carriage Free to aU the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Ports

in England.

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of, can be returned unconditionally.
T. B. AND SON have to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this season has been unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which they
we held. The 3000 Machines they had in stock at the commencement of the season are now materially reduced, still with their present facilities they are prepared to
execute Orders on the day they are received.

Saving taken my extensive Premises in London, we are in a position to do all kinds of Repairs there, as well as at our Leeds Establishment.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS;

and fi4 and 55, BLACKf RLAES ROAD, LONDON, S.

708

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[July 6. 1867.

JAMES CARTER and CO. heg to announce that they
are now sending out their unrivalled Strains of CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, which, for fineness of form and
beau^ of colour cannot be surpassed.

CALCEOLARIA, saved from the finest Prize varieties.

CINERARIA, saved from tbe finest named varieties.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, dark carmine and pure
white, saved from the flaest fringed varieties in cultivation. Price,
each p.icket, 2s. (jd., forwarded on receipt of Fost-offlce Order for
the amount.

1^^ PRICE LISTS gratis and Post free on application to Carter's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn, London, W. C.

LUCOMBE, PINCE, & CO.

BEG TO CALL ATTENTION TO THEIR SPLENDID NEW LATE GRAPE,

"MRS. PINCE'S BLACK MUSCAT,"

TQ BE SENT OUT NEXT MONTH.
THE PUBLIC ARE RESPECTFULLY INVITED TO AN INSPECTION.

The

VINES have borne heavy Crops for the last four years. They are now the admiration of all who see them,

and -will well repay a visit.

1^' Copies of Testimonials, ■which are very numerous, will be forwarded upon application to them.

EXETER NURSERY, EXETER.

ROYAL

BOTANIC GAEDENS,

REGENT'S PARK.

LAST EXHIBITION

this SEASON of PLANTS, FLOWERS, and FRUIT,

WEDNESDAY, JULY 3, 1867.

LARGE GOLD MEDAL.
Mr. B. Peed, Qr. to Mrs. TredwoLI. St. John's Lodge, Norwood, for

10 Sio/e and Greenhouse Plants
Mr. C. Brockhurst, Gr, to A. Turner, Esq., Bow Bridge House,

Leicester, for 15 Esotic Orchids

MEDIUM GOLD MEDAL.
Messrs. E. Cole & Rons, Nurserymen, Withington, Manchester, for

10 Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Mr. C. Peciny. Gr. to H. H. Gibbs, Esq.. Regent's Park, for 15

Esotic Orcbids
Mr. W. Kemp. Gr. to Earl Percy, Albury Park, Guildford, Surrey,

for 10 Stove and Greenhouse Piants
Mr. I). Donald. Gr. to J. 6. Barclay, Esq., Leyton, Essex, for 8 Stove

and Greenhouse Plants

GOLD MEDAL.
Mr. J. Wheeler, Gr. to J. Pnillpott, Esq., Stamford Hill, for 10

Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Messrs. J. & C. Lee, Nurserymen, Hammersmith, for 8 Stove and

Greenliouse Plants
Mr. A. Wilkie, Gr., Addison Road, Kensington, for 8 Stove and

Greenhouse Plants
Mr. J". Fairbairn, Gr. to the Duke of Northumberland, Syon House,

Islewnrth, for 10 Foliage Plants
Mr. B. S. Williams. Nurseryman, HiiUoway, for 10 Follaga Plants
Mr. O. Rhodes. Nurseryman, Sydenham Park, KoQt. for 8 Cape Heatba
Mr. B. Peed, Gr,, for 8 C.^pe Heaths

Mr. W. Wilson, Gr. to Vf. Marsbatl. Esq., Enfleld. for 1.5 Exotic Orchids
Mr. J. Wiggins, Gr. to W. Beck, Esq., Worton Cottage. Isleworth, for

8 Eiotic Orchids

Mr. J. Fraser, Nursory man, Leyton, Essex, for 0 Pelargoniums

Mr. W. Nye, Qr. to E. B. Foster, Esq., Clewer Manor, Windsor, for

9 Pelargoniums

Mr. J. Miller, Gr. to Earl Craven, Combe Abbey, Coventry, for Collec-
tion of Fruit

LARGE SILVER GILT MEDAL.
Mr. O. Rhodes, for 8 Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Mr. G. Wheeler, Gr. to Sir F. H, Goldsmid, Bart., Regent's Park, for

8 Stove and Greenhouse Plants
Mr. J. Ward, Gr. to F. J. Wllkins, Esq., Leyton, Esses, for 6 Stove

and Greenhouse Plants
Messrs. E. Cole & Son. for 8 Cape Heaths
Mr. J. Wheeler, Gr., for 8 Cape Heaths
Mr. B. Peed, Gr., for 15 Exotic Orchids
Mr. B. S. Williams, (or G Exotic Orchids
Mr. I. Hill, Gr. to R. Hanbury, Esq., Pole-s Ware, Herts, for 8

Exotic Orchids
Mr. W Taylor, Qr. to J. Yates, Esq., Lauderdale House, Highgate,

for 10 Foliage Piants . e a .

Messrs. J. & C. Lee, for 10 Foliage Plants
Mr. I. Hill, Gr., for 12 Exotic Ferns
Mr. B. S. Williams, for 12 Exotic Ferns
Mr. Brockwell, Gr. to Mrs. Henry, Bash Hill, Edmonton, for

6 Fuchsias
Mr. J. Ward, Gr., for 9 Pelargoniums
Mr. J. Wiird, Qr., for 6 Scarlet Pelargoniums
Mr. J Catiin, Gr. to Mrs. Lermitte, FInchley, for 6 Scarlet

Pelargoniums
Mr. Rawbone. Gr to C. M. Campbell, E^q., Woollseat, Derby, for

Collection of Fruit
Mr. G- Ward, Qr. to F. N. Miller, Esq., Bishop's Stortford, Hertford,

for 3 dishes of Grapes > *- . .

LARGE SILVER MEDAL.
Mr. B. S. Williams, for 8 Stove and Greenhou.se Plants
Mr. J. Ward, Gr., for C Cape Heaths
Mr. J. Fraser, for G Fancy Pelargoniums
^^- ^T ^T°°*^^' ^^- ^'^'^ *^ FancyTelargoniums
^^- 2^-G^^',,^''- ^"^5 ^ Pelargoniums of 1804 and 1365
Mr. B. S. Williams, for C Foliage Plants

^^' ^M«r!J!lf ".''' $^i- ^"n ^'^'■1^'3 of Ailesbury, Savemake Forest,
■.. Marlborough, for Collection of Fruit
Mr. G. Ward, Gr., for Collection of Pine Apples

SILVER GILT MEDAL.
Mr. R.Baxindlne, Nurseryman. Guildford, Surrey, for 8 Stove and

Greenhouse Plants
Messrs. J. & C. Lee, for 8 Cape Heaths
Mr. W. Kemp, Gr., for 8 Cape Heaths
Mr. G. Wheeler Gr for 6 Cape Heaths

■ cut^blooras ^''"^'■y""^^' Pi't I5own, Uckfield, for GO Rosea.
^^'' ^cuSSnS' ^^' *° ^' ^''^^'' ^''■" ^f^^ell, for 25 Roses,
^'' '^Po^ri'S^Plfn'S"^'^'"''"' ^^"^^'■'dge Place, Bayswater. for 10

""'• •'fo?»Sie'°pK- ''°"°-^^^- ^^'^^^ P--^' ^--^- ^-t^'
Mr. B. Peed, Gr., for 10 Foliage Plants
Mr. J. Barley, for 6 Foliage Plants
Mr. W. Taylor, Gr.. for 12 Exotic Ferns

■^^'"' '^•^ifZ' ^'^' ^° ^' ^' '^'°'*^' *^^^-' ^yfleet, Sinrey, for 12 Esotic
^'"^sflffinPots^" •^•^'"""' E^'l-' n«rne Hill. Dulwich, for
Messrs. J. & C. Lee, for G Exotic Orchids

^''' '^O^rSs^''' ^'^ ""' ^^^^' ^"^■' ^"""^ ^'"' Streathani. for 8 Esotic
^r. J. Weston, Gr. to D. Martineau, Esq., Clapham for C Fuchsias
Mr. J. Wiggins, Qr., for 9 Pelargoniima ^'"^'"'™' ^°' ^ " ucDsias
■ ■ '^■pS'Tniums ^° ^' ■^"'*^"°' ^^*3- Clapham Park, for G Fancy
Mr. D Windsor, Gr. to J. R. Ravenhill, Esq;, "Walthamstow, for C

Scarlet Pelargoniums
Mr. J. Ward, Qr., lor 6 Pelargoniums of 1855

LIST OF AWARDS.

SILVER GILT MEDAL.
Mr. J. Hannan, Gr. to R. T. Crawshay, Esq., Cyfarthfa Castte,

South Wales, for 4 Pine Apples
Mr. E. Sage, Gr. to Earl Howe, Gopsall Hall, Warwick, for 4 dishes

of Peaches and Nectarines
Mr. J. B.i.nnerman, Gr. to Lord Bagot, Blithfield, Staffordshire, for

3 dishes of Grapes

Mr. W. Hill, Gr. to R. Sneyd, Esq., Keele Hall, Rugeley, Stafford-
shire, for 121b. of Grapes
Mr. E. Sage, Gr., for Black Hamburgh Grapes
Mr. T. Riwbone, Qr., for Black Hamburgh Grapes
Mr. J. Pottle, Gr. to D. B. Colvin, Esq., Bealings, Woodbrldge,

Suffolk, for Black Prince Hamburgh Grapes
Mr. T. B,illey, Gr. to T. T. Drake, E^q., Amersham, Backs, for

Muscat Grapes
Mr. J. Turner, Gr. to B. Fitzgerald, Esq., Swymerton Park House,

Staffordshire, for dish of Muscat Grapes
Messrs. Voitoh & Sons, Chelsea, for Collection of New and Rare

Plants

SILVER MEDAL.
Mr. B. S. Williams, for 8 Cape Heaths
Mr. G. Young, Qr. to H. Stone, Esq.. for 8 Esotic Orchids
Mr. J. Fraser, for 50 Roses. Cut Blooms
Mr. A. Wilkie. Qr., for fl Foliage Plants

Messrs S. Glendinning. Nurserymen, Chlswick, for 10 FoUaee Plants
Mr. G. Young) Gr., for 12 Exotic Ferns
Mr. J. Winter, The Elms, Golder's Green, Hendon, for 0 Scarlet

Pelargoniums
Mr. C. Turner, Nurseryman, Slough, for Lilium auratum
Mr. G. Masters, Gr. to Earl Macclesfield, Tetsworth, Oxon, for 4

dishes of Peaches and Nectarines
Mr. G. Sage, Gr., for 2 dishes of Peaches and Nectarines
Mr. G. Masters, Gr., for Collection of Fruit
Mr. C. Penford, Gr. to Viscount Folkestone, Salisbury, Wilts, for

4 Pine Apples

Mr. H. Gadd, Gr. to Lord Middleton, WoUaton Hall, Notts, for

4 Pine Apples
Mr. C. Penford, Gr., for Providence Pine Apple
Mr. G. Ward, Qr., for Queen Pine Apple

Mr. G. Ward, Gr., lor any kind of Pine Apple fGrapeg

Mr. H. M. Kettlewell, Osborne Park Gardens, Bamet, for 3 dishes of
Mr. W. Lane, Gr. to J. Miles, Esq., Friems, Bamet, for Black

Hamburgh Grapes
Mr. C. Goldsmith, Gr. to Sir W. Farquhar, Bart.,Pole3don, Dorking,

for Black Prince Grapes [Qrapes

Mr. G. Sage, Gr. to Earl Brownlow, Berkhampstead, for Muscat
Mr. J. Tegg, Gr, to Duke of Newcastle, Clumber, Worksop, for dish

of Muscat Qrapes
Mr. Wallis, Gr. to J. Dixon, Esq., Castle Park, Congleton, for dish of

Muscat Grapes

SMALL SILVER MEDAL,
Mr. C. Turner, for Collection of Carnations
Mr. W. Bull, for Collection of Lilium auratum
Mr. J. Mitchell, for 5 boxes of Roses
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Sarracenias

Messrs. J. Ivery & Son, Nurserymen, Dorking, for 12 British Ferns
Mr. C. Goldsmith, Gr., for Green-fleshed Melon
Mr. T, Bailey, Gr.. for Soarlet-Qeshed Melon
Mr. J. Widdowson, Gr. to J. H. Barnes, Esq., Rickmans worth, for

4 dishes of Strawberries
Mr. E. Bennett, Gr. to J. Foljftmbe, Esq., Worksop, for Vanilla

planifolia
Mr. G. Osborne, Kay's Nursery, Finchley, for 2 dishes of Peaches

and Nectarines
Mr. T, Bannerman, Gr., for Collection of Fruits
Mr. H. Gadd, Gr., for Providence Pine

Mr. R. Smee. Gr. to W. H. Stone, Esq., Dulwich, for Queen Pine
Mr. O. Miles, Gr. to Lord Carrlngton, Wycombe, Bucks, for any kind

of Pine
Mr. C. Tansley, Gr. to A. Moss, Esq., Chadwell Heath, for 3 dishes

of Qrapes
Mr, R. Pople, West Moulssy, for Black Hamburgh Grapes
Mr. M. Henderson, Gr. to Sir G. H. Beaumont, Bart., for Black

Hamburgh Qrapes
Mr, J. Moylam, Gr. to J, B. Capel, Esq., Wanstead, for Black

Prince Grapes
Mr, C. Tansley, Gr., for Muscat Grapes
Mr, G. Osborne, for Muscat Grapes

Messrs. H. Lane & Son, Great Berkhampstead, for dish of Qrapes
Mr. J. Dorylap. Gr. to F. Whitburn, Esq., for dish of Grapes
Mr. J. Wheeler, Qr., for 8 Exotic Orchids
Mr. J. Mitchell, for 24 Roses, cut blooms
Mr. C. Turner, for 24 Pinks
Messrs. Duwnie, Laird, & Laing, for 36 Pansies
Mr. D. Pizzey, Gr., for 12 Pinks

BRONZE MEDAL.

Mr. R. Edwards, Nurseryman, Nuttall, Nottingham, for 12 British
Ferns

Mr. J. Moylam, Gr. to J. B, Capel, Esq,, Little Blake Hall, Wan-
stead, for 24 Cut Roses

Mr. W. Bragg, Nurseryman, Slough, for 24 Pinks

Mr. H, Hooper, Vine Nursery, Bath, for 36 varieties of Pansloa

Mr. Kingston, Militia Barracks, Bath, for 12 Pinks

Mr. C. Turner. Slough, for Collection of Picotees

Mr. H. Hooper, Vine Nursery, Bath, for 24 Carnations and Picotees

Mr. C, Perry, Castle Bromwtch, for 24 varieties of Verbenas

Mr. Druitt, Gr, to Mrs. Cubitt, Dorking, lor Green-fleshed Melon

Mr. G, Thomas, Qr. to Mrs. Child. Whetstone, for Scarlet-fleshed
Melon

Mr. J. Hannan, Gr. to R. T. Crawshay, Esq., Cyfartha Castle, South
Wales, for Providence Pine

Mr. John Wallis, Qr. to J, Dixon, Esq., Aatle Park, Congleton, for
Queen Pine-apple

Mr. J. Hannan, Gr. to R. T. Crawshay, Esq., Cyfartha Castle, South
Wales, for any kind of Pine-apple

BRONZE MEDAL •

Messrs. H. Lane & Son, Great Berkhampstead, Herts, for a single I

dish of Plums
Mr. George Miles, Gr. to Lord Cavington, Wycombe Abbey, Bucks,

for a single dish of Black Cherries
Mr. J. Widdowson, Gr, to J. H. Barnes, Esq., Chorley Wood House,

near Rick mans ivorth, Herts, for a single dish of White Cherries
Mr. John vVallis, Gr. to J. Dixon, Esq., Astle Park, Congleton, for

3 dishes of Qrapes

Mr. Ciiarlea Ross. Gr. to C. Eyre, Esq., Welford Park, Newbery,

Berk% for Black Hamburgh Qranes
Mr. J. Turner, Gr. to B. Fitzherbert,' Esq., Symertou Park, Stone,

Staffordshire, for Black Hamburgh Qrapes
Mr, J. B. Whiting, Gr, to Mrs. Hope, Deepdeue, for 3 kinds of Grapes
Mr. M. Henderson, Qr. to Sir J. H. Beaumont, Bart., for Box of

Nectarmes
Mr. T. Ricord, Qr. to Lleut.-Col. Loyd, Lillesden, Hawkhurst, Kent,

for 4 dishes of Strawberries
Mr, W, Meddick, 9, St. James's Parade, Bath, for 12 Pinks

CERTIFICATES.
Mr. J, Hannan, Gr. to R. T. Crawshay, Cyfartha Castle, South Wales,'

for 12 lb. of Grapas
Mr, G. Thomas, Gr. to Mrs, Child, Station Road, Whetstone, for

12 lb. of Grapes
Mr. Geo. Osborne, Manager, Kay's Nursery, Finchley, for 121b. of

Qrapes
Mr. J. Carr, Gr. to P. L. Hinds, Esq., The Lodge, Byfleet, foi

12 British Ferns
Mr, T, Ingram, Royal Gardens, Frogmore, for Seedling Earlj

Bigarreau Cherry
Mr. J. R, Hall, Town Court, Coplngton, Kent, for 4 dishes of Straw-
berries
Mr. J. Eostone, Gr, to Sir J, Duckworth, Bart,, Wear House,

Exeter, for a single dish of White Cherries
Mr. John Pottle, Gr. to B. D. Colvin, Esq., Bealings, Suffolk, for a

single dish of White Cherries
Mr.jl. Hill, Gr. to R. Hanbury, Esq., Poles, Ware, Herts, for a

single dish of White Cherries
Mr. C. Tansley, Qr. to A. Moss, Jun., Esq., Chadwell Heath, for

4 dishes of Strawberries
Mr. J, Hill, for single dish of Black Cherries
Mr. J, Enstone, for single dish of Black Cherries
Mr. O. Qoldsniith, Gr. to Sir Walker Farquhar, Bart., Polesden,

Dorking, Surrey, for Scarlet-ileshed Melon
Mr, J, Standish, Royal Nurseries, Ascot, for Green-fleshed Melon
Mr. H. Hooper, Vine Nursery, Bath, for 24 Pinks
Mr. W, Bragg, Nurservman, Slough, for 30 Pansies
Mr. T. B.iiXfty, Gr.. fori Queen Pine
Mr, W, Br.igg. for Carnations and Picotees
Mr. C. Turner, for 12 Cloves

Messrs. Downie, Laird, & Laing, for 30 Fancv Pansies
Mr, B, S. Williams, for Collection of Amaryllids
Mr. G. Sage, Qr. to Eai'i Brownlow, Ashridge, Berkhampstead

for Figs

FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES.
Mr. C. Turner, for Pelargonium Duchess of Sutherland
Mr. C. Turner, for Pelargonium Lady Constance Grosvenor
Mr. B. S. Wliliama, for Atnyrium Filix-fcemina Frizelliie crlstatum
Mr. B. S. William8.*for Athyrium Filix-fcsmina Frizellise ramosum
Mr. B, S. Williams, for AthyriumFilix-fcemloaFrizelliffi glomeratum '
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Athyrium Filix-foemlna Frizellije glomeratum

ramosum
Messrs. Ivery & Son, Dorking, for Lastroa Filii-mas cristata Iveryana
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Aerides afflne superbum
Messrs, J. Veitch & Sons, for Phaius species
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Begonia Veitchii
Messrs, J. Veitch & Sons, for Gloxinia Prince Teck
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Qloxinia Vlaaoderen
Messrs, J. Veitch & Sons, for Croton maximum
Messrs, J. Veitch & Sons, for Croton interruptum
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Croton irregulare
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Alocasia species
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Adiantum conclnnum latum
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Tasus fastlgiata aurea variegata
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for If iereinbergia rivuiaris
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Cattleya Dowiana
Messrs. J. Veitch &, Sons, for Selaginella Poulterii
Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, for Caladlum CHelsoni
Mr. W. Bull, for Leopoldina pulohra
Mr. W. Bull, for Aucuba japonica flavescens
Messrs. Edwards & Son, for Polystichum annulare diversilobum

Fadleyl [Mrs. Laing

Messrs, Downie, Laird, & Laintr, Forest Hill, for Nosegay PeLii^onlura
Mr. J. Wills, Gr. to Capt. L. G. N. Starkie, Huntroyde Park,

Burnley, for Pelargonium Beauty of Caulderdale
Mr. J. Hally, Nursery, Blackheath, for Pelargonium Nimrod
Messrs. Carter & Co., Holborn, for Pelargonium Titania
Messrs. Carter & Co., Holborn, for Pelargonium Snowdrop
Messrs, Carter & Co,, Holborn, for Tropieolum Crystal Palace Ferl'ec-
Mr. C. Turner, for Carnation True Blue I tioii

Mr. W. Paul, Waltham Cross, for Phlox Beautiful
Mr. Perry, Cistle Bromwich, for Verbena Miss Turner
Mr. Perry, Castle Bromwich, for Verbena Splendid
Mr. Perry, Castle Bromwich, for Verbena Mrs. Mole
Mr, Perry, Castle Bromwich, for Verbena J, Birbeck
Mr. G. Smith, Horasey Road, for Fuchsia White Unique

SECOND-CLASS CERTIFICATES.
Mr. B, S. Williams, for Masdevallia species
Mr. B. S. Williams, for Oncldium species

Messrs. Ivery & Son, Dorking, for A3t>lenium gennanicum anomaluro
Messrs, J, Veitch & Son, for Abuttlon Thorapsoni
Messrs, Edwards & Son, for Scolopendrium vulgare muricatum tenuS'
Messrs, Edwards & Son, for Scolopendrium vulgare cristatum minus
Mr, W. Bull, Chelsea, for Madame Plaisancon

July 6, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAT; GAZETTE.

709

ROBERT PARKER bogs to offer the following.— All
tho rianu am strong and hoaltby, and can bo suppUod In
quantities.

TANSY t'LTVKDEN BLUE, 0.*. por dozen.
TANSY CLIVKDKN PDRTLK, C». por dozen.
TANSY n.IVKDRN VKLLOW. llfl. per dozen.
T.lf.KMONIlIM CIERULEUM VARIEQATaM, 2a M. Oftoh.
TtllllI'dDENllRON CODNTEHS of IIAUDINGTON, 3». dd. each,
TRlTl>M.\ clKANItl.S. I8s. nor dozen.
TRITOMA IIVARIA GLAUOESCENS, I2s, per dozen.
vim..\ CORNUTA, host variety, is. per dozen.
VIOLF.T. HEINE DES VIOLETS. Os. per dozon.
villi. ET THE CZAR,6fl. pordozon. (per paekot.

TRIJIULA SINEN.SIS Kl.MBRIATA. Unost mixed seed. 2». Hii.
I'llICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of AaRICUL-
TIIRAL, FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are pnblishod, and will bo for-
warded free to applicants.

Exotic Nursery. Toottpg, SuiTOy. S.

Eussell'a P3Tamia Primula.

The Finest Strain in E.xistence.

GEORGE CLARKE has Now SEED of the above
unequalled varlotiea, 2-t. Rd. per p.icket ; also the Fom-loaved
kinds. 2«. Od. ; KermeBlna (scarlet), ii. Cd. ; Tho Fairy (a lavender
colour) Is. All of the beat quality. Now is the time to sow for
stronR early plants.

Nurserv, Streatham Place, Brlston Hill, S, ; and Mottingham,
Kent, S.E.

R

OYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GREAT ROSE SHOW, TUESDAY, July 2, 1807.

AWARDS OP THE JUDGES.

Class 1.— 72 CUT HOSES, distinct, I tnisn of oach. (Nurserymen.)
1st, Mr. J. Cranston, Nurserjnian. King's Acre, Hereford, £«.
2d, Messrs. Pan', & Hon, The Old Nuraertefi. Cheslmnt, Herts, £\.
3d, Mr. B. R. Ciint. St John's Stroet Nurserv, Colchester. £3.
4th, Mr. J. Mitchell, Pilt Down Nurseries, Uckflold, Sussex, £2.
Class 2.-48 CUT ROSES, distinct, 3 trusses of each. (Nurserymen.)
1st. Messrs, Paul &■ Son, £i>.

*-M, Mr. J. Fraser. Lea Bridge Road Nurseries. London, N.E., £4.
3d, Mr. B. R. Cant. £3. [ 4tb, Mr. J. Mitchell, £2.

Class 3.-24 CUT ROSKS. distinct, 3 trusses of oacti. Hybrid
Perpet.uals only. (Nurserymen.)
Ist, Mr. J. Kevnes, Nurseryman, Salisbury, £4.
20, Mr. B. R. Caul. £3. | 3d, Mr. J. Cranston, £2.

4th. Messrs. Paul &, Son, £1.

Class 4.-24 CUT ROSES, dlatlnct, 1 truss of each. (Nurserymen.)
iBt. Mr. J. Kevnes. £3. | 2d, Mr. J. Cranston. £2.

3d, Mr. B. R, Cant. £1.
4tb, Messrs. J. & C. Leo, Royal Vineyard Nursery, Hammersmith, 10s.

Class 6.-48 CUT ROSES, distinct, 1 truss of each. (Amateura.)
1st, Mr. J. T. Hedge. Reed Hall. Colchester, £6.
2d, Mr. A. Motr^it, Gr. to Lord Rosslvn, Eastnn Lodge, Essex, £4.
,-5d, Mr. J. W. Chard, Gr. to Sir F. Bathurst, Bart., Clarendon Park,
4tb, Dr. Cooper, The Limes, Slough. £2. [Salisbury, Wilts, £3.

Class 6.-36 CUT ROSES, distinct, 1 truss of each. (Amateurs.)
l9t. Mr. J. T. Hedge. £5. I 2d. Mr. J. W. Chard, £4.

3d. Mr. A. Moffat, £3.

4th, Mr. R. Marcham. Gr. to E. Gates, Esq., Bydorp House, Han-
Equal 4th, Dr. Cooper, £2. [well. £2.

Class 7.-24 CUT ROSES, distinct, 1 truss of each. (Amateurs.)
Ist, Mr. R. B. Postans, Esq., Brentwood, Essex, £4,
2d. Rev. E. N. Pochin. Sileby Vicarace, Loughborough, £3.
3d, Rov. V. K. Child. Rectory House. Little Easton, Essex, £2. [£1.
4t,h, Mr. J. Skinner, Gr. to Capt. Christy, Aperfleld Court. Weaterhani,

Class 8.-12 CUT ROSES, distinct, 1 tnissof each. (Amateurs.)
! >t. R. B. Postans. Esq.. £3. | Equal 1st. Rev. E. N. Pochin. £3.

L' i, Mr, W. Soder, Gr. to O. Hanbury. Esq., How Hatch. Brentwood,
1 1. Mr. J. Skinner, £1. | 4th. Rev. V. K. Child, 10s. [£2

< I \ss 9.-18 NEW ROSES on804 and 1965, single trusses, distinct
kinds. (Open-)
Ut, Mes.^rs. Paul & Sou, £2. I 3d. Mr. B, R. Cant, £1.

Z'.i. Mr, J. Keynes. £1 los. \ 4th, Mr. J. Eraser, 15s.

Class 10.-12 trusses of any NEW ROSE of 1864. (Open.)
1st, Mr. J. Kejnes, £1 10s.

Class 11.— 12 trusses of any other NEW ROSE. (Open,)
Ui. Messrs. Paul & Son, £1 10s. | 2d. Mr. B. R. Cant.£L
Equal 2d, Mr. J. Keynes, £1.

Class 12.-12 YELLOW ROSES, single trusses, not fewer than

fi kmds. (Open.)

Ist, Mr. J. T. Hedge, £1 10s.

CLA&5I3.— The best exhibition of YELLOW ROSES, of any one or

more kinds, not fewer than 24 trusses. (Open.)

1st, Mr. J. T. Hedge. £3.

(_L.vs3 14.— 12 TEA-SCENTED and NOISETTE ROSES, single

tru«fies. (iVmateurs.)

1st, Mr. J. T. Hedge, £2.

Class 15.-12 TEA-SCENTED and NOISETTE ROSES, single
tru-ises. (Nurserymen )
Ist. Messrs. Paul & Son. £1 10s. | 2d, ilr. J. Cranston, £1.

Class 16.-12 TEA-SCENTED and NOISETTE ROSES, distinct
kmds. single flowers. (Open.)
1st, Mr. J.T. Hedge, £1 IDs.

Clas-; 17,-DECORATED BASKET or VASE of ROSES. (Open.)
Ist, Mr. W. Soder, £3.
' 2d, Mr. 0. Marlow, Gr. to J. Wigan, Esq., Cromwell House, Mort-
3d. Mr. J. T. Ucdge, £1. [lake. £2.

Class 18.— 6 BOUQUETS of ROSES, 6 distinct kinds, 6 trusses to
each bouquet, (Open.)
1st, Mr. J. T. Hedge, £3. I 2d. Mr. J. W. Chard, £2.

3d, Messrs. E. P. Francis & Co., Nurserymen, Hertford. £1.

Class 19.— 6 MOSS ROSES, distinct kinds. (Open.)

1st., Messrs. Paul & Son, £1. | 2d, Messrs. E. P. Francis & Co., I63.

Class 2U.— 24 ROSES in pots, not fewer than 10 distinct kinds, the

pots not exceeding 8 inches in diameter. (Open.)

1st, Messrs. Paul & Son, £6.

MISCELLANEOUS, EXTRA PRIZES.
LIST OF CERTIFICATES AWARDED BY THE FLORAL
COMMITTEE.
First-class Certificates.
Messrs. R. Edwards & Son, for Scolopendrium vulgare Edwardsii
t Messis. R. Edwards & Son, for Athyiium FUix-fcemina Footii
Messrs. R. Edwards 4 Son, for Polystlchum diversilobura Padlojl
Messrs. R. Edwards & Son, for Athyrmm Filix-fcemina Edwardsii
Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son, for Pelargonmm (Tricolor) Lady

Sheffield
Mr. William Paul, for Phlox Conqueror
Mr. William Paul, for Phlox Beautiful
Mr. Charles Turner, for Seedling Rose Miss Ingram
Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son, for Lobelia pumila elegana
Mr. J. Eraser, for Gloxinia Rose d' Amour
Messrs. James Veitcb & Sons, for Phaius sp.
Messrs. James Veltch & Sons, for Begonia Veitchil
Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, for Gloxinia Madame de Smet
Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, for Gloxinia Vlaanrieren
Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, for Selaginella Poulteril
Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, for Croton maximum
Messrs. James Veitoh & Sons, for Croton interruptum
Messrs. James Veitch & Sons, for Croton irregulare
Messrs. James Veitch & Sous, for Dracaana Moorei

Second-class Certificate.
Messrs. James Veitch tt Sons, for Abutilon Thompson!

Spkcial Certificates.
Mr. Jabez J. Chator, for Collection of Pelargoniums
Mr. J. Wills, for Collection of Pelargoniums
Mr. W, Bull, for Collection of Lilium auratum

Mr. J, Hodges. Gr. to E. Wright. Esq., for Collection of Cut Orchids
Mr. J. c. Mundell. Gr. to J. C. P. Cunliffe, Esq., for Lilium auratum
Mr. James Anderson, Gr. to T. Dawson, Esq., for Collection of Cut

Orchids
G. F. Wilson, Esq., for LiUum longiflorum

Mr. John Rioharas, Gr. to Lord Londeaborough, for Vanda teres
Meesre. E. G. Henderson & Son, for Collection of New Plants

Seed of Choice StralnB of Florlats' Flowers.

Tho following Hulcctcd Stmlns aro worthy of tho notioo of all
growers of tho most useful conservatory decorative Dowors.

WILLIAMS- SUPEllB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

TD 8. WILLIAMS mn with confidencn oflTor hiH

^ * Buporb Strain of Primula an being undoubtedly tho flnont In
oulttvatlon. lb Is now grown In all the principal Gardens of the
Nobility and Gentry throughout tho Three Kingdoms and has never
failed to givo tho groatOHt .satisfaction.

In habit tho plants aro very robust, and in tho follige differ from
all other varieties; but their groat beauty conhists in the depth of
colour m tho Rod, purity of the White, and boautilul fimbriated
form of all tho Oowors, which aro thrown up in largo trusses woU
above tho foliage.

As a proof of the truth of tho abovo reniarks, this Strain ban
takon 1st Prizes in every instance that lb haa boon shown in the
Provinces this Spring ; and Isb Prize at tho Primula Show of the
Royal Horticultural Society, South Konslnttton ; and Ist at tho
Royal Botanic, Regent's Park. It is also tho favourite Strain in the
Covonb Garden Flower Market.

Thl« Strain may be procured Truo, In Sealed Packets bearing
B. S. Williams' Name and Address, from any Seedsman; but
B. S. W. particularly requests that Customora will ojisorvo, on
purchasing, that each Packet has hia Naoio and Address in full
printed thereon, as no others aro genuine.

The Trado supplied on advantageous terms.

Per pkt.

Retail price, RED ,

Per pkt.
Retail price, WHITE ..

3 6

WHITE .. 6

Retail price, MIXED, per packet, 2s. Qd.

WEATHER 11 ILL'S KXTRA CHOICE STRAIN OF CINERARIA.
B, S. W. has purchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of this
Magniflcenb Strain. Many of the flowers produced by this seed last
season were as large as a crown.piece. This strain is well known in
the London Flower Market, and Is the most popular one there, a
sufficient guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail price per pkt., &s. Od. | Retail prioe per pkt., Ss. 6d,
Retail price per pkt 28 Gd,

JAMES'S HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.— The Tarietles that
took the First Prize at the International Horticultural E^ibltion
last May were of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt. 5s. Od. | Retail prioe per pkt., 3s. 6d.

Retail price per pkt 2s. 6rf.

All FLOWER SEEDS in packets, Tost Uee.

B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise IJursories, Upper Holloway,
London, N.

Efxt <5aiUeneriS'®firotttcle.

SATURDAY, JULY 6, 1867.

The abundance and rapacity of the insect
enemies of plants are proverbial, and their depre-
dations upon our staple food crops are frequently
ruinous in the extreme, as the Hop-grower and
the farmer too frequently learn to their cost.
The destructiveness of these creatures, however,
does not end here ; it is fully as great in the case of
their attacks upon the articles of use and luxury
produced in gardens — the fruits and vegetables,
that is to say, which form such important con-
stituents of our daily food. Hence arises the
vast importance to horticulturists of the different
agents which may be employed to bring about
insect destruction.

Now, of all the so-called insecticides, there is
none of so much value in the gardener's hands,
nor one so generally applicable, as the fumes of
T0B.4.CCO. Washes of various kinds, and other
applications, such as dusting with snuff, &o., may
come in as useful auxiliaiies, but Tobacco smoke
remains the great horticultural purifier, and safe-
guard against insect attacks. There are, indeed,
times and seasons when these other preparations
cannot possibly be used, and then but for the
fumes of Tobacco the cultivator must needs
submit to be vanquished by the myriads of his
infinitesimal foes. Under such circumstances it
becomes a question between fumigation and
the desti'uction of a crop, and with it probably
the loss of a twelvemonth's expenditure, or
possibly more, which may have been devoted to
its preparation.

Tobacco, unfortunately for horticulturists, is
one of the luxuries of modern times, and so has
come to be placed under the operation of the
excise laws. To this we seek to offer no objection
so far as the luxurious smoker is concerned, but
the excise impost falls heavily on the horticul-
turist, and against this we protest. The agiicul-
tui'ist has been allowed to use Tobacco in a
prepared state, free of duty, for washing his
sheep ; the Hop-grower has been permitted the
use of Tobacco in a certain form, duty free, to
rid his Hop plants of the all-devouring fly ; and
yet the horticulturist has to pay full duty for all
the Tobacco he uses for the destruction of the

myriads of insect euoimui that, prey u]ion the
fruits and vegetables whii;lifuriii his contribution
to tho national sustouanco. Ho ought certainly
to bo relieved from this. The amount of tho duty
can bo but of small importance to tho revenue,
while it imposes a groat burden on tho gardener.

Tho subject of a remission of the Tobacco duty
for horticultural purposes was mooted in the
early part of tho present year ; and as it was
tlioii aunouucod that tho Royal Horticultural
Society was willing to take the initiative in an
application to Government for the desired relief,
the horticultural body was fain to accept its
action, and to leave tho matter in its hands. So
far as wo can learn, however, little if any action
has been taken. Certainly the relief has not been
obtained. Hence it has become a question of
importance to horticulturists to know whether the
Society is unable or unwilling to help them in the
matter ; and should either alternative bo true
they must seek to help themselves.

No doubt surely can exist, that if the question
were fairly laid before tbe Government, the
reciuired relief would be at once obtained, for the
claims of the farmer or tho Hop-grower having
been already admitted, and a remission of the
dutj' secured to them, those of the horticulturist,
which are equally urgent and equally important,
must be admitted likewise. To be of any utility to
the horticultm-al profession, however, the relief
must be granted in a .shape to meet the wants
of that profession. Now it so happens that
burning is tho only efficient mode in which
Tobacco can be used for mosi horticultural
purposes. Tho dirty, disfiguring washes which
are of little consequence in the Hop field, could
never be applied in our gardens, or greenhouses
and forcing houses. Nor could Tobacco be used
in gardens when it is mixed with any substance ,
sulphur for example, which would give off
fumes destructive to vegetation on its being
ignited. Hence the Tobacco prepared with
sulphui', the preparation and issue of which duty
free is now permitted, and which has been put
forward by the vendors for garden pui-poses, is
utterly worthless to the gardener. Mixtui'e
of some kind seems to be inevitable to prevent
the duty-free Tobacco fi-oni being improperly
used by smokers to the damage of the revenue,
but it is absolutely necessary that the ingredient
or ingredients selected for intermixture should be
such as while permitting the Tobacco to burn
freely, will at the samo time not give off any
fumes which can in the slightest degree injui-e
the tender growing parts of plants. AVithout
this is secm-ed, no possible good can be realised
from the concession which it is sought to obtain.

As having some analogy to the question
whether New Roses or other plants sent out in
the latter portion of the year are to be considered
as new plants of the year in which they are sent
out (see p. 5.59), or are to bear the date of the
succeeding year ; and also as showing the practice
of naturalists as to the question of Peiokity of
Nomenclature in plants, &c. — a practice which
unhappily leads sometimes to confusion, and is
afton misunderstood by those not familiar with
scientific methods — we quote the following
remarks from the annual address of the President
of theLinnean Society: — " In principle * • *
that name is to be retained which was first fixed
by actual publication, its insertion in a work on
sale, or in general distribution accompanied
by diagnostic indications, or other indications
intended to fix its identity. " Hthis rule, or one
similar, be acted on by horticulturists, the
evidence of publication would be sufficiently
shown by the insertion of the new plant in a
trade catalogue, or in a horticultui-al journal.
But then arises another difiiculty, as to the date
ofpublication. In the case of scientific periodicals,
as also in the case of catalogues, the date given
on the title-page is not always to be depended on.
The whole of Rees' Cyclopfedia is dated 1819
on the title-page of the several volumes, when
some of the volumes were issued nearly 20 years
before. The Annales des Sciences Naturelles,
as also many autumn trade catalogues, are ante-
dated several months. A catalogue issued, say
in October or November, 1866, bears often
the date of 1867, so that a purchaser might
readily, as in the case of new Roses, buy
a plant of 1867 in the autumn of 1866. We
need hardly say that no such difBculty could
arise in such a joui-nal as our own, issued at
certain inteiTals, and each number dated
accordingly.

Reverting to the practice of the scientilio
societies, we find that with many it is the custom

710

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AKD AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JiriT 6, 1867.

to affix the date of issue of an author's separate
copies of his own contributions to any volume
published by the Society, and to consider that
date as the date of pubUoation, even though the
entire volume, of ■which the given contribution
forms a part, be not issued for some time after-
wards. Applying this to new plants, we should
say that the date on which a new plant was first
publicly exhibited, or was first brought into
public notice, either by advertisement, by
mention in the public journals, or otherwise,
should be considered to fix the date of issue of
the plant in question, provided, of course, that
the plant was no mere yearling whose character-
istics were not fixed. It wUl be said that many a
plant is thus publicly brought under notice long
before it is "let out " to the trade. This, which
is merely a matter of commercial convenience,
does not, as it appears to us, affect the question
at all, while it would be unfaii- to the amateur
or to other exhibitors to affix any other date
than that of the actual publication, so to speak,
of the plant in question. Tried by this standard,
a new Rose sent out in the autumn of 1866
would be a new Eose of that year, and not of
1867, and the plain signification of the words
would no longer be violated, as it now often is.

Mr. Meehan, the Chairman of the Committee

of the Pennsylvania Hoeticultuhal Society, the
analogue of our own iloyal Horticultural Society, has
kindly furnished us with the following details of the
efforts being made in Philadelphia towards the fur-
therance of Horticulture, Botany, and other branches
of natural science .—

*'We have," be writes, "iust opened a new Hall for library
and exliibition pui-poses. The Auditorium is the largest in the
United States— 200 feet by 75 feet, and wc have endeavoured
to make the whole building a first-class specimen of horticul-
tural architecture. We have not yet commenced our interior
decorations ; these, with the building, will cost us probably
150,000 dollars. Aiter we have got strengthened from our
labours with the Hall, we purpose to try what we can do
towards a Botanic and Horticultural Garden. We are also at
work endeavotunng to build a new H.all for the Academy of
Natural Sciences. We have already collected .about 150,000
of the 250,000 dollars we think we shall want, and shall
probably commence building by the end of the year. Our
present Hall is one of the ornaments of the city, and the
collections in some branches are, I suppose, not inferior to
some of the best European ones. In Conchology, Hei-petology,
and Ornithology they are particularly good. There are over
25,000 mounted specimens of birds, besides many unaiTanged.
The botanical department is not so full .as some others,
although the European, Asiatic, and North American .are very
well represented, the weakest collections being tropical plants.
If any of our European friends could help ILS with .authentic
specimens of these plants, the aid would 1 .am sure be liberally
reciprocatedjwith North American or other desiderata."

The question whether or not the Zonal Pelae-

GONIUMS of the Luna and Beauty of Oulton type, are
to be taken as Variegated Pelargoniums, was decided
in the negative at a pretty full meeting of the Ploral
Committee held on the 3d inst., the Committee
adopting a proposal that the varieties of this type
should form a distinct section, under the name of Gold
and ISronze Zonals. This agrees nearly with the term
we had suggested for them at p. 686. We understand
that the Council of the Eoyal Horticultural Society
has since decided that the above interpretation shall be
adopted in reference to the reading of the term
Variegated Pelargoniums in the schedule of the Bury
Show, namely that the Golden Zonals are not to be
regarded as Variegated in the horticultural sense.

It is not generally known that MusA Ensete,

one of tine noblest plants in existence, is of a remark-
ably hardy constitution, and that it will grow well in a
greenhouse or conservatory. Planted out in a winter
garden it will grow healthfully, and we need not say
what a magnificent object it is for the decoration of
such a place. It also, strange to say, stands the drought
and heat of a living room remarkably well, and though,
when well developed, it is much too big for any but
Brobdignagian halls, the fact may, nevertheless, be
taken much advantage of by those interested in room
decoration on a large scale, as are many of our readers.

■ ■ Among the many pictures of interest now

on view at the Special Exhibition of National
PoETEAiTS at South Kensington, are two which
have special claims on the attention of landscape

fardeners, as representing William Kent, and
/AUNCELOT Beown, better known as " Capability
Beown." The introduction of a natural picturesque
style of landscape gardening into this country
is mainly due to the two artists we have named,
and we can only express our regret that the formal,
uninteresting, not to say ugly style which they for
a time banished, is again finding favour with some of
our landscape gardeners, to the detriment of really
tasteful compositions. But chacun a son gont. The
reader interested in such matters should peruse the
very interesting resume of the history of landscape
gardening in Prance, as given by M. Andee in the
Report of the Botanical Congress of last year.

AVe have to call attention to the grand Intee-

national Exhibition of HoETicnLTnitE, which
wiU be held at Ghent, from the 28th of March to the
4th of April next year (1868), under the auspices of
the Eoyal Agricultural and Botanical Society of Ghent.
The reooUeotiou of former gatherings of this kind under
the same auspices, no less than an inspection of the pre-
liminary programme, affords an ample guarantee for
the briiUancy of the ensuing Exhibition. Prizes will
be awarded in , 24,1 .classes or concours, embracing all

departments of Horticulture, and the competition
will be open to nurserymen or amateurs of all
nations. The jury will be composed of distinguished
horticulturists of all countries. During the ensuing
winter we are given to understand that invitations to
be present at these remarkable Eloralia will be sent to
the horticulturists of this and other countries.
Intending Exhibitors should communicate vrith the
Secretary, M. Edmond Glaus, rue digue de Brabant,
No. 20, Gand, Belgium, not later than February 28.
When the detailed programme is issued we shall take
an opportunity of alluding again to its contents.

We perceive that in Groups 8 and 9, Classes 74

to 88, of the Paeis Exhibition, comprising matters
relating to Hoeticultuee and Ageicultuee, not a
single prize has been awarded to any British exhibitor.
The degraded condition of Great Britain, mth refer-
ence to Agriculture and Horticulture, is thus shown
more plainly even than our inferiority in the Fine
AriJs ! Those who, like ourselves, " don't seem to see
it," must wait patiently for further particulars.

New Plants.

Odontoglossum NEBULOSUM CANDIDULUM, Schh.f.

This very pretty variety was, we believe, introduced

by Mr. Low. The blotches are wanting both on sepals

and petals, so that the whole spike brings to remem-
brance the general aspect of Cymbidium eburneum,
Lindl. We obtained it from John Day, Esq. S. G.
Schb.fll.

THE RIVAL SYSTEMS OF VINE CULTURE.

Notwithstanding this heading, there need be no
rivalry whatever between the two systems. Excellent
Grapes may be and are produced both on the restrictive
and on the extension principle, as well as by infinite
modifications of both. By eliminating all idea of
rivalry, possibly the substantial merits of each system
would be more apparent. At least a rivalry between
growers would thus be avoided, and the subject be
looked at impartially, free from the disturbing forces of,
personal merits, or individual predilections.

It will probably be admitted that the restrictive
system places the Vines more entirely in the power of
the cultivator, involves the least risk of extensive
failure, and is most favourable to the production of
sensation bunches. Against these advantages is placed
the fact, that as a rule restricted Vines are short livers,
and require more skill to keep them in full bearing
condition ; and their Grapes are, probably, less highly
flavoured than those grown on the extended system.
How far these drawbacks originate in cultural mistakes,
or are incident to excessive restriction, it is difllcult to
say. Mr Fowler's most sensible remarks (p. 603) point
to the border as the source of these evils, and I have a
strong presumption that he is right. For all Vines,
either on the restrictive or extension systems, I would
emphatically recommend the piecemeal-method of
border-making. Begin with a yard of sound loam,
and a solid brick wall in front of it, and
proceed to extend the border by adding new fresh
matter annually, at the rate of 6 inches or 1 foot a year ;
continue to use the wall during the whole process— it is
the pihce de resistance to the roots^ and a most impor-
tant agent in the process of formmg the border. The
roots seem to have a natural affinity for the bricks ;
they choose them with the most extraordinary avidity
and perseverance; as soon as they reach they grasp
them, as drowning men might be supposed to grasp at
straws, but with just the opposite result, for they hold

51

on firmly, and I am inclined to think the bricks save
the lives and preserve the health of the Vines ; for
observe, a peculiar modification of root takes place on
the surface of the bricks. This rampant tube that waaii
off in red hot haste, bent upon the development of a>
fishing rod, with a sensation prize-cluster at the end of iti
for next year, comes suddenly upon the solid wall ; audi
lo ! an immediate change of structure and of functioar^
is effected. The great tube breaks up into a multitudei
of fibres over the surface of the wall, the fishing-rodl
enterprise ceases, and a well-built, closely compacted,!
thoroughly matured rod of ordinary dimensions,
appears in its stead.

When this wall is removed it will probably be|,
covered with a network of fibrous roots ; so muohij
so that it will sometimes be impossible to remove'i
them. Well, then, don't remove them. Get as many
bricks away as possible without injury to the roots,
and leave the remainder. Then pack the fresh turfy
loam finnly up to the old border, replace another
wall beyond, slightly top-dress the surface of thet
pirevious border with 2 inches of night soil, one'
year old, that has been treated with dry soil, and
the border is finished for another year. Next year,
and the next, and the next, repeat the _ sanie >
process ; and by the time the border is finished, it will
be so full of roots of the right kind, that probably a
slight surface dressing, and the use of manure-water, ,_
will suffice to give stamina to the Vines for a life- \
time afterwards. This piecemeal manufacture of Vine
borders is the best receipt for curing most of the evils
incident to Vine culture at the present day. It is
equally adapted for large and small Vines, tending tc
maintain the stamina and preserve the health of both,
and presents a striking contrast to the usual method
so graphically described by Mr. Fowler.

I also believe that large Vines treated in this way
would equal in weight of bunches those of smallei
dimensions. For by the multiplication of roots eacl
bunch has as many feeders to supply its wants on the
larger Vine as on the smaller. But it is well known thai
because as a rule large Vines are sure croppers auc
easily managed, they are for these very reasons wel
nigh left to take care of themselves. They can dc
this better than those treated on the restrictive system
But if the best results of which they are capable, are t(
be realised, it must be by skilful management of botl (
root and top.

The influence of size of plant upon quahty of pro-
duce is one that has not yet been adverted to, unless ir
the most general terms. Here I wish carefully tt
distinguish between mere weight or colour, and quality
Not only are the two former not identical mth th(
latter, but they often seem incompatible with it. Th(
largest are far from being the best Grapes, and higl
colour seems often, as it were, totaUy antagonistic t(
piquancy of flavour. It may seem treason to say so
but the best flavoured Hamburghs are seldom tht
largest ; never, as far as my experience of 25 years
Grape growing and tasting goes, the blackest. Th(
reason of this may be difficult to explain, anc
cannot be entered upon at present. I venture th(
assertion here, however, that it may be partly
owing to the shortness of the distance between th(
root and the bunch, and the directness of the commu-
nication between the two. It is generally admitted
that the sap is modified to some extent on its journej
through the stem. By constricting its limits and
converting it into a short straight tube, the sap passes
into the bunch almost as soon as it leaves the roots
hence, I believe, one reason of the too frequent infe-
riority in point of flavour of very large bunches.
Neither do I accept the fact that such large Grapes
generally take the 1st prizes at our shows, as any prool
that they have quality as weU as size to recommend
them. The judges on these occasions are generally
practical horticulturists, who value colour above all
things, size of berry and bunch next, and flavour last, I
This is worse than putting the cart before the horse ; it |
is putting last first and first last with a vengeance, bu(i
so it is. I have eaten prize Grapes that were
little better than huge black sloes, when Frontignans
or Muscat^ like honey in comparison, have been com-
pletely ignored. White Nice have beaten Muscats
and huge bunches of unripe Barbarossa [Gros Guil-
laume] exquisitely ripened Hamburghs. The produce
of large Vines is not however generally deficient in
colour, and what is lost in size, I think, as a rule,
where the treatment is good, is gained in quality. The
sap loses its grossness in the numberless ramifications
of the stem, and thus is prepared to secrete more sugar
within the berry, than waxy matter, in the finely
comminuted state of bloom, on its external surface.

I can also confirm all that Mr. Fleming advances on
the influence of extension as a renovating force.
Some years ago an old Hamburgh planted outside
a large Orangery was carried along over the path,
right and left, to afford a partial shade. Among
the Oranges themselves several Muscat Vines
were planted. As it was too cold for the latter I
resolved to remove them, and as the Hamburgh had
seldom borne any Grapes worth eating, and was in a
weak state, I resolved to apply the extension system
to it I have never been able to find a single root
belonging to it. About 10 years ago I had occasion to
make a deep drain within a yard of its stem, and never
saw a root Close to the wall against which it is planted
outside is a paved path of hexagon tiles; beyond this
for many yards is a Grass lawn, consisting of wet loam
resting upon clay. This is all 1 know about its roots.
Its age is probably 40 years. The stem at the surface is
one foot in circumference. It is carried with a oleai
stem up from the root to the roof, a distance
of 8 feet. It covers at the present time
500 square feet, and produces a fair bunch at
every shoot. The most marvellous fact about it is,
that even the old part, that never bore before, bears
now almost as much as the newly formed parts. The

JVhY 6, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

711

two rods over the path produce fruit rifiht up to the old
Btems. Now, as in Mr. Fleming's case, tliis is uo question
of fresh borders, nor of any extraordinary care ; but it is
one of simple extension, and its renovating force, not
only upon the newly developed jiortious, but upon
those that seemed oflete, before the extension regimen
was adopted. And this is not a solitary instance. I
have seen others like it, although perhaps none so
striking. Therefore if any of your readers have an old
Vine, endeared by family or personal reminiscences,
which has partially failed in its produce, I would con-
fidently advise them to try this systern before super-
seding it by others. " Loose it and let it go" in quest
of new vigour, by a reciprocal extension of root and
top, and then if it fruits, it shall do well ; if not, cut
it down. Quercus.

LETTERS FROM PARIS.— No. XVIL

The Peaches at Montreuil, neae Paeis.
I WENT to Montreuil on the 23d of June, to see the
Peach trees, and have rarely found anything that
better repaid a journey. Approaching the town in
some directions the country is covered with good
crops of vegetables and fruit to the tops of the pretty
low hills in the neighbourhood. All the crops how-
ever are divided into small itieces, showing how each
person has his own little portion, and has it more-
over for over if he so chooses— laud being bought and
sold here as simply as an overcoat in England, liut
getting nearer still to the village 1 found a great
number of white walls about 7 or 8 feet high, enclosing
rather small squares of land, and covered with the
Peach on all sides. As these are netted over many
acres in some parts, the etfect is curious when you
look over the walls. In the squares are small fruit
trees and all sorts of garden crops.

There are numerous cultivators, M. Lepere, and
M. Chevalier, being the most distinguished. M.Lepere's
garden is large, and consists simply of a series of
oblong spaces which are surrounded by Peach walls,
both walls and ground being well covered and cropped,
neat, clean, and in all respects satisfactory. Of course
the Peach is the favourite subject, but neat pyramidal
and fruitful Pears, and cordon Apples, are also to be
seen, and the place is altogether many degrees above
the ordinary type of French fruit or kitchen gardens.
A very old man, dressed in a blouse, is moving along the
walls nailing in the shoots here and there, and with him
a dozen young men, his pupils. This is M. Lepere,
who has a class twice a week. Incidentally I may
say that the principle of giving a full explanation of
their system of doing anything well, animates French
gardeners more or less. Did anybody ever hear of an
unusually successful English market-gardener or fruit-
grower calling a class round him at a low fee or none
at all ? On the contrary, I fear we are too careful of
the "secret" as a rule. The French, though proud
of their success in this way, are careful to give it
the fullest possible ventilation, and those who attend
here cannot fail to learn the culture of the Peach as
well as need be, if so disposed, for the master glides
along the w'all, and stops and nails in the shoots, and
cuts out the foremost branches here and there that are
not wanted for next year's work, and, in short, does and
explains everything before his pupils. He has been culti-
vating Peaches here for a couple of generations, and
certainly has reason to be proud of the result. He
inquired as to the state of gardening in England, and I
told him we could beat him in most things, but not with
the Peach, and that he was indisputably the Emperor of
Peach growers. Entering the garden, your eye for a
moment rests upon the perfectly-covered walls, but

fresently the famous Napoleon Peach presents itself,
t is now in good health, but looks a little weak about
the central letters. It is I need scarcely add, beauti-
fully trained, and a striking evidence of what may
be done by a good fruit grower — a variety of Adam's
race much too rare at present. If wall-trees were
understood generally as well as they are understood at
Frogmore, and not a few other places I think your cor-
respondents would not write to totally condemn those
useful appendages to a garden. But looking in another
direction a far finer specimen presents itself, and that
takes the form of the letters of the owner's name —
LEPERE. It is against a high and very white wall,
and at a long distance the letters stand out as clear as
possible, while, upon approaching the tree, the abund-
ance of fruit and regularity of good wood are equally
satisfactory. The letters complete, a shoot is taken from
the top of each, and these are united in a somewhat
arching line above, and spread out again into a great
crown above the name, while on each side a single
tree springs up, and, forming a border for the letters,
spreads out above into a trifld flourish on each side of
the crown. It is a far finer object than the Napoleon,
and bears a splendid crop.

The walls for the greater part run east and west ;
the soil is of a calcareous nature, and generally the
long strips enclosed by the walls are about 14 yards
across. The syringe is rarely or never used, sulphur
being the remedy for spider. The ground was in all
cases mulched near the trees, a wide alley being left ;
and for preparation of border they simply trench and
manure the ground a couple of feet deep, and about
6 feet wide. On the day of my visit they were nail-
ing in the shoots, and, as a rule, stopping them.
They lay in a good many more shoots than we
do, and are doubtless enabled to do so in consequence
of the greater amount of sun. The trees are pruned on
the spur system, and as for their shapes, they are many,
in addition to the alphabetical ones alluded to above.
The Tnille en candelabra is one of the handsomest
and most useful. To form it, two branches are
taken to the right and left along near the bottom of the
wall. From the uppermost single shoots are taken at
regular intervals to the top of the wall —the lower branch
simply running along to the end, and rising to the top

of the wall, or, in other words, forming a great oblong
frame for the interior. Then there is the TaiUe d la
Monlrndl, a sort of fan-tail, but with the divisions
somewhat far from the base in most cases— and the
Taillp en palmettc ci cordons Jiorizon/aux. This seems
a favourite variety, and by its means the walls are ]ior-
fectly covered— if indeed one can draw any distinction
between the walls here, which are all as fresh looking
as a meadow in May. In this case the tree has a simple
erect stem, from wnich straight branches are sent out,
but in an alternate manner, so that the branches of one
tree run between those of another,and soon. The Pecker
en li/re^ a form I spoke of as being shown at the Exposi-
tion, is also here, but not to any extent, A form in
the shape of a tall narrow U is common. It is simple,
readily made, and rather frequent here. There is also
a variety of it which we may call the double U, in
which the two branches are again branched, just as
they arise from the horizontal, at say about 3 feet from
the centre of the tree, and this too seems a simple
and good way of covering a wall with erect branches.
The palmelte and the fan systems are the most appre-
ciated for general work. Much as these trees please
when iu full health and fruit, to see them when in
flower in siiring must be much more beautiful. They
were engaged in pruning them on the 1st of April this
year, and M. Riviere took his class on that day to see
the operation. I should have been there too had it
not been the day of the opening of the Exposition.

The reason why the Peach is so successfully culti-
vated here is, it appears to me, that the cultivators pay
thorough and constant attention to its wants, with
which a life-long experience has made them familiar.
They take great pains to have the sap equally distri-
buted, and succeed more perfectly than we do. W. R.

THE NEW ROSE, " MISS INGRAM."

Welcome as a new star to an astronomer, or a new
horse to an undergraduate, or a new bonnet to his
pretty sister, or a new grumble to a surly old bachelor,
or a new scandal to a superpious old maid, is a new
Rose to the Rosarian. I mean, of course, a Rose
which is new, not in name only, but in distinctive
elements of beauty ; which comes to a Rose show as a
new belle rides into the Park, triumphant, irresistible,
as sure to receive her First-class Certificate, as the
young debutante to have a card of invitation to the
most select festivity of the season. Such is Miss
Ingram. There is no controversy about her. No
cynic drops his e.vc-glass, as we have seen cynics do in
the Park aforesaid, and drawls out, " not my style ;" no
exhausted dandy, lifting thumb ^ and finger by a
tremendous eifort to remove his choice Cabana, confides
to his neighbour that she is " made up for sale," Miss
Ingram has now honoured with her ;fair presence four
large public gatherings, in the Regent's Park, at the
Oxford Commemoration, at the Crystal Palace Rose
Show, and at the National Rose Show at South Ken-
sington ; and she has won an admiration, not qualified
like that of Madame Blaze, " who never wanted a good
word from those who spoke her praise," but complete
and enthusiastic as that of Mademoiselle Christine
Nilsson or even of Jenny Lind herself

This homage, unanimous and hearty, is due to the
beauty of her complexion, a very delicate white with
an infusion of pink ; to the exquisite formation of the
flower, globular and cupped, with the petals overlapping
each other, as with Madame Rivers, Madame Hector
Jacquin, and others ; and also to the free healthful
habit of the growth generally. The writer of this
eulogy has had the privilege of an introduction to
Miss Ingram in the privacy of her pleasant home, and
can testify to her possession of all those merits which
constitute in floral phraseology, a " first-rate garden
Rose." Much as the trees had been cut, for exhibitions
and curious critics, they had abundance of wood, bud,
and flower.

Moreover, it gladdens one's heart to know that Miss
Ingram is verily an English Rose, raised in the Royal
Gardens at Frogmore by the father of so many beautiful
scions, and of the lady whose name it bears. It is a
royal gift to the nation, which will deepen our love for
the Queen of England, as well as for the Queen of
Flowers, and our regret that we can so rarely express
that love. " Go, lovely Rose," we shall be inclined to
sing, " bid her come forth."

And the infant has a royal godfather. To the
" King of the Florists," Mr. Charles Turner, of Slough,
is entrusted her early training and her introduction
into society. The father and the guardian may well
be pround of her, for (doubtful as to the origin of
Devoniensis, and with a great admiration of John
Hopper) I verily believe that Miss Ingram is the best
Rose yet raised upon English ground. -S. S. B.

THE CHISWICK TRIAL OF EARLY PEAS.'

This vexed question, upon which so much has been
written, and so many conflicting statements have been
made, will now, it may be hoped, be definitely
settled. The Fruit and Vegetable Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society have this season gone
thoroughly into the matter, having procured from the
best sources all the varieties that could possibly be
obtained, and grown them siae by side, under precisely
similar conditions. All of them, moreover, have done
well, so that the trial is in every respect satisfactory.

The earliest Pea was long considered to be the Early
Frame, which varied slightly, although its variations
could scarcely be made out as permanently distinct.i
Sometimes differences were indicated by the designa-
tions of Double-Blossomed and Single-Blossomed
Frames, and Early Nimble; there was, indeed, no
Express in those days, but there was the Early Race-
horse, a name indicative of a pea that would quickly
become fit for use; and there were more than 20
others which ultimately proved synonymous. From

amongst these arose the Early Kent, Early Emperor,
I'rince Albert, and subsequently Saugstor's No. 1, or
Daniel O'Rourke.

Among a number of samples, consisting of varieties
with differences almost imperceptible, some iu the
course of repeated sowings exhibited a more luxuriant
habit than others; and luxuriance militates against
carliiicss. On the coiitrar.>', DiUislunc's Early, Carter's
First Crop, and Sutton's Ringleader, <fee., at the
expense of luxuriance have gained earliness over Early
Frame and Early Emperor. Vegetables of all kinds
raised from seed are liable to degeneration. Much
depends on a careful selection of the plants from which
to save the seed ; for if the most vigorous jdants are
selected and grown in succession in rich soil, a more
luxuriant but later progeny will result. In this way a
variety which is found to be the first in point of earli-
ness this season, may become only second, third, Or
fourth in the next or subsequent years.

The Committee, at their meeting held on the 25th
inst., decided that Dillistone's Early, Carter's First
Crop, Sutton's Ringleader, and Veitch's Early, were
identical. There cannot be any doubt on that point ;
they were all sown on the same day, and they respec-
tively bloomed, slatted, and became fit for use on the
same day. They were, moreover, all injured by the
frost more than any other, but all in an equal degree ;
while Sangster's No. 1, Dickson's First and Best, &c.,
under the same conditions, were not injured in the
slightest degree. Three samples of Dillistone's Early
were grown, but only one of them, that received from
Messrs. Hurst & Son, proved to be true. This is the
same Pea, sent to the garden six years ago by the same
firm, which was then recommended by the Committee
as the earliest variety. The other two .samples, both
false, and dilfering from each other, one seven days later,
the other ten days, were supplied from seed said to have
been received direct from Jlr. DiUistone himself. How
this has occurred perhaps Mr. DiUistone can explain.

Dickson's First and Best is two days later than
I Dillistone's ; very free bearing, and a much stron^r
grower. A first-class selection of Sangster's No. 1.

Carter's ImprovedEmperorisvery similar to Dickson's
First and Best ; free bearing, and a very excellent stock.

Sangster's No. 1 and Daniel O'Rourke are synony-
' mous.

Taber's Perfection and Early Perfection (Brown) are
: identical ; a day or two later, and producing more
I haulm than Sangster's No. 1.

Young's No. 1 (Veitch) is a capital early Pea, of

about the same earliness as Sangster's No. i, but taller

and stronger ; a good cropper. The ripe seed of a pale

j olive colour; darker than any of the others in the same

class.

Washington is the same as Early Emperor.

Carpenter's Express is a run-out mixed stock of
early Peas.

Hooper's Early Rival is a much mixed stock of
Sangster's No. 1.

London Conqueror is a third-rate stock of the old
Early Frame.

I Taber's CS, appears to be a shade dwarfer, but is in
other resjiects identical with Dickson's Favourite.

Improved No. 1 (Stuart and Mein) is identical with
Dickson's Favourite.

I Essex Rival (Eley) is seven to eight days later than
Sangster's No. 1 ; a large pale-podded white marrow,
with blotched foliage, about four feet high, of the
old Ringwood Marrow class. The peas when cooked
are of a nice green colour ; it is a very productive and
most excellent Pea.

Stanste.ad No. 1, is identical with Essex Rival.

Sutton's Long-podded Tom Thumb seems very much
like the Old Spanish Dwarf.

Carter's Improved Tom Thumb shows no improve-
ment.

Dwarf Waterloo is 10 days later than Sangster's
No. 1 ; from 12 to 18 inches high, producing very large
pods, well filled, and is an excellent Pea, earlier than,
and an improvement on. Bishop's Long-pod.

Sudbury A 1, and Nutting's No. 1 wrinkled, are
identical. This is a very excellent Early White
wrinkled Marrow, three days earlier than Alliance, and
with larger and better filled nods ; about 18 inches high.

Little Gem (Turner), a blue wrinkled Marrow, is
truly a little gem, coming into use but a few days after
Sangster's No.l, having very large pods, very productive,
and of excellent quality. This cannot be too highly
recommended.

Multum in Parvo (Nutting) resembles Little Gem,
but with somewhat broader pods, and is a few days later
than that variety.

Several hybrid varieties raised by Mr. Laxton,
Stamford, are of great promise. Alpha, obtained by
crossing Laxton's prolific Long-pod with Advancer, is a
wonderful Pea, as early as Dillistone's Early, but a blue
wrinkled Marrow, with immense pods curved at the
point like the Auvergue ; the Peas large, of a deep
green colour ; about 2 i'eet G inches high, not branching.
Laxton's Quality, a seedling from Laxton's Prolific and
Little Gem, is another wonderfully fine Pea, a second
early blue wrinkled, with immense pods of a pale green
colour, 4 feet high. Laxton's Manifold, of the same
parentage as Alpha, is a second early green Marrow,
with very large, long, deep green pods, about 4 feel high.
Laxton's Supreme, seedling from Prolific and Little
Gem, is a second early green Marrow, with the longest
pod of any Pea in the collection, of a deep green colour,
9 and 10 Peas in the pod, about 4 feet high, and prolific.
Besides these, Mr. Laxton has some hundreds of crosses
proving in his grounds at Stamford, from which he
expects yet grander results. These crosses all, as yet,
exhibit slight variability of character, and assume
various forms. I learn from Mr. La.xlon that this is
their second year of selection, and that it takes three,
or even four years' selection, before their characters
become permanently fixed ; when this is accomplished,
we shall have a race of the most wonderful Peas ever

712

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JuiY 6, 1867.

1^

yet introduced, completely banishing from our gardens
all the Early "White Peas, which are never used or
relished in this country, excepting for want of better.
The later -varieties will be noticed hereafter. A. F. £.

Home Correspondence.

Gardeners' Chronicle Prize Cup. — Several questions
have been asked about this splendid prize, which is
likely to cause a most formidable competition. First
as to arrangement. It is presumed that the vegetables
may be placed at the back, and the fruit in front of
them. Next as to quantity. Is this to be
limited, and to what extent ? "Will three bunches
of Grapes, 50 Strawberries, &c., and 12 Apples
be the rule ? It seems desirable that the
quantity shown should be uniform. The same queries
nave been put about the vegetables. "Will half a peck
of Peas, 25 or 50 French and Broad Beans, 6 or 13 Arti-
chokes, 12 Onions, 6 or 13 stalks of Ehubarb, and 35
Potatos, be held to be a dish or basket. How many
Cabbages, or Cauliflowers, 3 or 3, or more, can be shown ?
Also, what number of Carrots and Turnips may go for
the bundle? Doubtless quality will chiefly deter-
mine the prize, but it would simplify the duties of
both jurors and exhibitors if neither had to con-
tend with varying quantities. These matters are
well understood in London, but it is quite other-
wise in the provinces; therefore an explanatory
note would oblige many exhibitors. D. T. Fish.
[It will be an instruction to the jurors that in allotting
this prize, quality shall take precedence of quantity.
Moreover, as a decision can be much more satisfactorily
arrived at when the quantity is defined, and as intend-
ing exhibitors seem to he in uncertainty on this point,
we adopt, so far as they will apply, the definitions indicated
by the schedule of the international Horticultural
Exhibition of 1866, in those cases where the quantity
has not been already stated. The quantities will, there-
fore, stand thus : — Grapes, 3 bunches ; Melons, 2 fruits ;
Strawberries or Gooseberries, 35 fruits ; Currants,
1 punnet ; Raspberries or Cherries, 30 fruits ; Apples,
6 fruits ; Peas, | peck ; Beans, 50 pods ; Cauliflowers or
Cabbages, 3 heads ; Cucumbers, 1 brace ; Carrots or
Turnips, 24 roots; Artichokes, 6 heads; Onions,
12 bulbs; Ehubarb, 12 stalks; Potatos, 31 tubers;
Salading, 1 punnet. The articles shown must have
been grown by the exhibitor ; and as to arrangement,
that must be according to his own taste. Eds.]

Variegated Pelargoniums. — It does seem desirable
that " any painted or stained leaf should compete under
one designation at our great shows ; " for what the public
is really interested in knowing is, not what is or is not,
botanically speaking, variegated, nor how these
beautiful plants ought to be classified, but which of
them all are the most beautiful and useful for decorative
purposes. Further, the old prize was offered from a
popular and not a scientific point of view; and the
word variegated, so understood, comprehends all plants
stained or diversified with numerous colours. It
would therefore include zonals, we are told. "Well,
what if it does ? Green leaves with black
horse-shoes would have no chance against fine
tricolors; but an orange leaf with a crimson
zone would give even Mr. Grieve's Victoria Eegina
a close run. And such a leaf would probably
be the most useful of the two for bedding purposes,
for which object, purity, and not multiplicity of colour-
ing, is the most telling. My object in jiroposing the
ten guinea prize was simply to bring as mauy varie-
gated plants as possible to Bury. The idea never
occurred to me of limiting the word by botanical or
technical boundaries, and while willing now to bow to
the decision of the Council of the Royal Horticultural
Society, my own conviction is most decided, that
according to the schedule as it stands, all can, and all
ought, freely to enter the lists, and let the best
plants win. It is objected to this, that some
exhibitors have prepared their plants understand-
ing the word variegated in its limited sense.
There are two ways of meeting this objection. One is,
that the plants will be judged solely by their quality,
and not by their size; therefore such an objection can
have little weight. Any force that is left in it is at
once removed by my second mode of meeting it, which
is, that other growers have understood the term
variegated comprehensively, and have prepared their
plants accordingly. The fact is, each raiser has pre-
served the plants with which he thought it most
probable he would win. And the question is
narrowed to this : Shall some be— capriciously, I had
almost said— excluded ? or shall all have a fair field
and no favour, and be pronounced vanquished or
victorious on the basis of merit alone ? I still,
although I am sorry to diSer from many of my friends,
give an emphatic plumper for the latter course, as the
most fair to all the exhibitors, more conducive to the
success of the5how,probablymost in accordance with the
wishes of the donors of the county prizes (who left the
application of the money entu-ely in my hands), and cer-
tainlymost satisfactory to the general public. B. T. Fish.

1 certainly think that it is somewhat unfortunate

that this discussion has been delayed until the very
eve of the Bury Show. And I for one certainly
regret that Messrs. "Wills and Fish have been so long
in making the discovery that the yellow, or rather pale
green zonal Pelargoniums, are variegated plants. I
must now claim the same distinction for the dark
green zonal varieties, for if the one be admitted to be
variegated the other must certainly be cousidered so ;
and this will, I am inclined to think, quite upsetthe pre-
conceived ideas which most people have formed as to what
constitutes a variegated Pelargonium. My own opinion
has always been that for a leaf to be considered
variegated it was necessary that its margin should be
either yellow or white, or at all events that some
portion of its surface should exhibit a partial or entire
absence of the normal or green colouring matter. Now ,

the zone upon the leaf of either a pale or a dark green
Pelargonium does not fulfil this condition, but is
rather a something added to or laid upon the surface of
the leaf, and the term coloration as used by yourself is
in my opinion perfectly correct. "Variegation, on the
other hand, is a something abstracted or taken away
from it. The one is coloration and the other is varie-
gatioUj entirely and essentially distinct from each other.
Sir. Fish says that " it is a matter of simple justice to
all exhibitors that this question should be settled
now." I rather think that it would have been a matter
of simple justice to intending exhibitors had it been
settled long ago, as, if it had, they might not have
planted out their green and golden zonals into ordi-
nary flower-beds had, they been aware that they were
variegated Pelargoniums, but would have retained
them in pots, and with them competed for the County
Cup at the Bury Show. Mr. Fish also attaches much
importance to the fact of the golden zonals being
considered as variegated at the Manchester Exhibition.
I must submit that I cannot see the force of this
argument, for if the Manchester people consider
black to be white, that is no reason that the people of
Bury should do so. Mr. "Wills says (p. 657), I think
it is impossible for one raiser to exhibit 12 seedling
TricolorSj distinct in every feature." Allow me to
inform him that they are not requested to do so ; if he
will refer to the schedule he will see that it says, 12
seedling variegated Pelargoniums of 1866 and 1867.
The word tricolor is not used at all. Mr. "W.
further says, "I understand seedlings of 1866 and 1867
to mean varieties which have not been exhibited
previous to 1866." It appears to me that it is only fair
to allow the schedule to mean what it says ; and it
distinctly says seedlings of 1860 and 1867, that is, of
course, plants raised from seed during one of the years
named. Much has been written and said about the
classification of bedding Pelargoniums, and I cannot
help thinking that the sooner we discard such terms
as bicolor, tricolor, quadricolor, versicolor, Ac, the
better, as they only lead, in my opinion, to complica-
tion and confusion. Let zonal Pelargoniums be divided
into two classes, or sections, viz., green zonals and
golden zonals ; and let the variegated varieties be also
divided into two classes, viz., golden variegated and
silver variegated ; nothing more, I think, is required.
And if it be desired to separate the nosegay sorts from
the green zonals, their flo^vers aff'ord at once the means
of doing so. P. O-rieve, Culford. [We have elsewhere
mentioned that the Council of the Eoyal Horticultural
Society, adopting the decision of the Floral Committee,
have ruled that the Golden Zonals are not to be included
amongst A^ariegated Pelargoniums. Eds.]

Nieremhergiafrntesceyis. — Your readers will doubtless
be glad to learn that this very interesting new species,
referred to by your Paris correspondent in such
favourable terms (see p. 681), promises to succeed
admirably in this climate. It appears to have been
introduced to Europe about four years since from the
Andes of Chili, by M. Germain, an enthusiastic
French naturalist, and having stood three winters at
Bordeaux without any protection, will probably prove
nearly, if not quite, hardy in this country. It is perfectly
distinct from any species hitherto cultivated, or intro-
duced. Though attaining a height of from 12 to 18 inches
when raised from seed, and allowed to assume its natural
form, yet when struck from cuttings it will flower
freely in a small state. In habit it is erect, but only
requires proper pinching in to make it as bushy as can
be desired ; and in the character and abundance of its
neat linear foliage, it possesses a marked advantage
over the older species. My plants are not yet fully in
bloom, though showing buds, but I learn on the best
authority, that its flowers are white tinged with violet,
the throat being yellow with deep violet rays, so that
in colour they are not very dissimilar to those of
N. filicaulis, though considerably larger, as your corre-
spondent states. Its name does not appear to be very
happily chosen, as its sufl'rutescent habit is not so
marked as to be characteristic, the well-known
N. filicaulis being in fact shrubby in the greenhouse ;
but, leaving that question aside, it is evident that we
have in the present subject a most welcome addition to
garden plants, and of which one may safely predict,
that but a few months will be required for its difl'usion
throughout the length and breadth of the land. W. T.,
Ipsrvich.

Cheap Glass Souses v. South Walls.— Vor the satis-
faction of your correspondent (see p. 658) we would
explain that the Paxtonian houses referred to by him
are provided with much more ample ventilation than
is used in common Orchard-houses : that they are
better made, are portable, being framed, and applicable
to all purposes ; and, further, we can supply him with
the span-roof to which he alludes, giving 23 feet
inside, 28 feet over roof— say 200 feet long, for 350/.,
including glazed ends. These span-roofs have been
erected in several instances in lieu of walls, all the
crops attempted on them being secured, with additional
early, late, and various fruits ; the latter crops amply
repaying any slight extra original outlay. We share
your correspondent's anxiety for " G. A. H.'s " infor-
mation, and should not be surprised to learii that such
an Orchard-house as that named at p. 631 is difficult
to obtain alone, without other more costly structures
intended to help pay for it. Seremayi Sc Morton, 7, Pall
Mall Fast.

Arundo Donax versicolor. — This is a wonderfully
effective and beautiful plant, that is made little or no
use of. Ere this I have spoken of several fine things
for grouping together, or for standing alone on the turf
and near the margin of a shrubbery border. This is
as well suited for close association with the choicest
bedding flowers, as an Adiantum frondiswith abouquet.
It will be found hardy in the southern counties ; and
considerably north of London may be saved by a mound
of cocoa-fibre or such, perhaps covered with an old
piece of mat. In consequence of its effective and

beautiful variegation, it never assumes a large develop,
ment, like the green or normal form of the species, but
keeps rather tidy and low, and yet thoroughly graceful
and eflfective. Two feet, for instance, is about ao
average growth for a good plant in the open air, about
London. It is of course suited best forwarm, free, and:
good soils, and abhors the London clay, though it is ■
quite possible to grow it thereon with a little attention
as to preparation of the ground. But it is in all cases
better to avoid things that will not grow freely and '
gracefully on whatever soil we may have to deal with ;
and it is to those having gardens on good sandy soils,
and in the warmer parts of England, that I would
specially commend this grand variegated subject. For
a centre to a close circular bed, nothing can surpass it
in the summer and autumn flower garden, while, of
course, many other charming uses may be made of it,
not the least happy of which would be to plant a tuft of
it on the green Grass, in a warm spot, near a group of
choice shrubs, to help, with many other things I
shall name in good time, to fill up the gap between
ordinary fleeting flowers, and the taller shrub and tree
vegetation that is now nearly everywhere observed.
It is better to leave the plant in the ground, in a per-
manent position, than to take it up annually. Protect
the roots in the winter, whether it be planted in the
middle of a flower bed or planted by itself in a little
circle on the Grass. E.

The Sweet Potato.—Suah of your readers as care
about this root, which by the way is of very agreeable
flavour when well cooked, may grow it most readily
and effectively by placing it in frame or pit after the
spring crop has been taken out ; or, indeed, on a ridge, |
like the ridge Cucumber, but the pit or frame is the
safest way generally— the lights being taken oS'. As |
pits and frames are frequently empty from about the j
1st of June till autumn, room might be readily spared
for it without loss, and perhaps a useful vegetable '
added to our stock, which is yet in want of variety, \
fine as it is. The roots may be bought in Coveut i-
Garden. The red variety is the best. The way to |
treat them is to pot them about the end of April ; start 1
them in a gentle heat, and have them fresh and stubby
for planting out in the pit or frame about the 1st of
June. ThCT would be the better of the lights for a
few days. In this way they will be found to do better :
than when grown in a stove, and probably prove a '
more grateful vegetable than the Chinese Tam in its
best state. Viator. I

A New OrchidPest. — Inoticedafewdaysago,onsome
recently imported plants of Saccolabium giganteum,
what — to me at least — were entirely new insects. They
were about twice as large as a full grown green aphis,
but exceedingly lively in their movements, and of a
bright scarlet colour. I am sorry to add that they had
already got to work on the leaves, on which they have
left some ugly yellow blotches. Bo any of your readers
know anything of these villainous red jackets ? /. B.,
Biddulph Orange. [Please send some for examina-
tion. Eds.]

Fpidendrum erubescens. — This beautiful plant is now
coming into flower here in the Mexican house. A
rumour has reached me that it has already bloomed in
some Yorkshire collection (not Messrs. Backhouse's),
and, if so, I much wish the fortunate parties would
send particulars to your columns. /. -B.

Farlu Peas. — Mr. Charles Turner, in your Paper of
June 15 (p. 631), states that he gathered a dish of our
Ringleader Pea from an open ground crop on the 28th
of May, being 11 days earlier than Daniel O'Eourke
(orSangster'sNo. 1). He says also that Ringleader " has
also the advantage of being dwarfer, and I do not
hesitate to pronounce it the best early Pea that has
been grown here; no other Pea had been gathered
about nere at that date." Your correspondent " H. S^"
in last week's issue (see p. 685), referring to Mr.
Turner's statement, says, " the earliness of the variety
was already patent to every gardener in the three
kingdoms," but inquires whether Ringleader is
a synonyme for Dillistone's, or any other variety.
After another year's careful trial in our sample
grounds, we can aflirm that Sutton's Ringleader is
still the most forward Pea in cultivation, except
Carter's First Crop, which was sent out the same
season at the same price as Ringleader, and
which subsequently proved to be identical
with it. Mr. Turner is a competent judge ^ of
early Peas, and we have in our possession
similar communications from many others whose
names would also have weight with horticulturists.
The Pea called Dillistone's Early is very little if
any forwarder than Daniel O'Eourke, and the nearest
approach to Ringleader is Dickson's First and Best,
which comes within three days of it. "Without
attempting to explain the difficulty that may arise
when a trial is attempted by an authority like the
Eoyal Horticultural Society, we confidently re-assert
that no Pea is identical with, nor so forward as Eing-
leader, except its sjTiomyne, Carter's First Crop.
Sutton S( Sons, Reading. [See an article at p. 711. Eds.]

Cabbages v. Turnips. — '' J. K." (see p. 086) wishes to
know whether or not Turnips and Cabbages cross each
other. A few weeks ago, after the late severe frosts in
May, I visited several cottage gardens in order to
inspect the crops in them ; my attention was directed
to rows of Cabbages in various allotment* running to
seed, and in every case Turnips were mixed with them,
"tlpon inquiry I was told that that was the only way
to get Cabbage seed true ; also that it was the plan
annually adopted here ; and of its success I have had
ample proof, having seen beds of plants and large plots
of full grown Cabbages as true to their kinds as they
possibly could be. jB. S. B., Teovil,

Holhj Hedges.—! observe (see p. 603) an inquiry
made respecting the present state of Holly hedges at
Tynninghame. I am sorry to have to inform your cor-
respondent that the Holly hedges in question are far
from being so fine now as they were when described by

JUIT G, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CMONICLE AND AnRTCTTETTIRAt GAZETTE.

713

Selby, 33 years ajio, many plants having died since that
time ; a misfortnao whioh has increased since the severe
frost in 1800, causing the hedges to exhibit gaps of con-
siderable size. About 100 yards, however, which I am
told were out down to the ground in the year 1800,
and which .iro now from 9 to 11 feet in height, and
I'rora II to 10 foot in width at the base, are in great
health and beauty. Not a plant in this portion has
died. It may be worthy of note, that the Holly hedges
lioro were all planted from 1700 to 1703. Tlio part,
therefore, wliicli was cut down in 1800 must have been
very nearly a century old, a fact which shows that even
at that advanced ago a Holly hedge may be cut down
with safety. Thomas Leea, The Gardens, Tj/imimjhame.

Volijgonam citsptdatuin, Zttcc., as an Ornamental
Plant. — This is a fine strong herbaceous species of a
genus which, a.s cultivated in our botanic gardens,
does not appear likely to atlbrd an elegant or a graceful
garden subject. But it is one of the best things
which I can recommend for their embellishment. The
growth is rajiid, the size imu>ual, perhaps 8 or 10 feet
in very good soil, and the bearing of the plant not at
any season shabby. It is covered with flowers in
autumn. The same plant is often called Sieboldii in
gnrdon.'i, I think. When i)lanted singly, and away
from other subjects, the head of the plant assumes a
rather peculiar and pretty arching character, so to
speak, and therefore it is not quite fit for forming
centres or using in groups, so much as for planting
singly in the turf, and forming a distinct link, as it
were, between the low floral vegetation, and that of the
shrub and low tree. In this way it would bo par-
ticularly useful in the pleasure ground or divorsilied
English flower garden. It is also good for any position
in which a bold and distinct typo of vegetation is
desired, while of course when we come to have flne
groups of hardy "foliage plants" in our gardens its
use will be much extemled. The deeper and better
the soil the flner will it^ development prove. You
cannot make the soil too deep and good if you want the
plant to ' assume a flne character. As with tender
plants we have no end of attention to bestow, often
daily attention, the time and labour necessary to well
|ir»^pare the ground for a hardy subject should never be
ln'i,'rudged. This plant will probably be also found
iKol'ul for game cover. Mr. htandish has, I think, a
large stock of it, and there is plenty of it at Kew, or
iwed to be. R.

Jurors for (he Sunj Shorn. — "Will you kindly permit
rae to state, in answer to numerous inquiries, that the
Royal Horticultural Society appoint the judges. D. T.
Fish.

Roses and Strawberries at Okeford Fitzpaine. — As
T have lately visited my excellent friend, your corre-
spijudent Mr. Radclyfl'e, at Okeford Fitzpaine, I should
bo glad to say that, despite circumstances which would
have ballled any one but a detormiued Uosarian, his
(; OSes thoroughly bear their testimony to the correctness
of his views, and the soundness of his practice. He had
U\ move them in August last to their present qviarters,
many of them being plants of 14 and 15 years of age.
His soil, though better than his former garden at
liushton, is not a good Rose soil. He has felt the
extreme severity of the winter and spring in a cold and
exposed spot, and yet withal his trees are a mass of
bloom ; his Yellow Teas and Noisettes, which seemed
all but gone, are making shoots fl feet and more in
length, and I have nowhere seen more vigorous or
healthy foliage than in every part of his garden. I am
sure for such soil as his, he is right in upholding the
Manetti as a stock, for I believe had his Roses been on
Briars they must have all perished. Strawberries were
wonderful in their foliage and promise of fruit, but the
earliest bloom, and, therefore, I believe the finest fruit,
had been destroyed by what is known as the " Derby
frost'' of May. He will have, I have no doubt, some-
thing to say on his Roses and Strawberries by-and-by,
but 1 felt that an independent testimony would be
valuable on points on which he would, perhaps, him-
self say but little. D. Deal.

White Laurel. — Mr. Pish, in his very clever article
on the Selective Theory of Colour, says (p. 631), that
white-leaved plants must continue to be impossible;
Ibegto inclose youatwigof aWhiteLaureUoommou).
I cannot see in the little bit of wood from whioh the
leaves spring the smallest trace of anything likely to
give a tinge of green ; but be this as it may, I feel
confident of being able to produce plants in any quantity
true to this character. I also inclose two leaves
of a variegated or blotched Laurel shoot, and should
consider such plants very useful in the winter decora-
tion of beds, when flowers of a more tender kind had
been removed to winter quarters. W. J. [In the one
case the leaves are wholly, in the other half or three
parts white. The latter may prove cultivable, but
lormer experience is quite against your being able to
perpetuate the albino form. Eds.]

Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution (see p. 687).—
After the usual luyal tojists had been duly honoured, the
Chairman (Sir Robert Peel) proposed the toast of the
evening, viz., " The Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution."
In doing so he observed that in a company of gontlemen con-
sisting of hearty well-wishers of the Institution it would be
superfluous to expatiate at any length upon the advantages
which belonged to it ; but he trusted that there were not
many present who would deem it superfluous in him to point
out bow nccessai-y the Institution was, not uniy for the present
aubacribers, but for the exercise of posthumous charity. He
was cortiin that, however unnecessary it might be, no one would
aeny him the privilege which he enjoyed of urguig upon
public notice tho objects of the Institution and its claims
upon public sympathy. In these days, industrial co-operative
SDcieties were being forDied in every direction throughout the
country, and these were largely patronised by the respective
trades to which they belonged, but there could not be a society
more worthy of Hupport than the Gardeners' Royal Benevolent
Institution ; and for this support it appealed to those whose
sphere of action oepocially concerned the science of horticulture.

IIo rojoiood to learn that there waa a largo number of head and
foremen ^'ardonora throughout tho country who contributed
to tho success of tho charity, and woro laying by a store fur a
rainy day, so that when old ago or misfortune came upon them
thuy might dopond upon support and sustenance from this
institution, which would aflurj thorn relief under adverse cir-
cuinstauco.s such as might befall even tho best conducted and
inostrlbrifty. It was impu.s.siblo for any of them to foresee tho cir-
ciimstaucosiu whii.:h tliey might bu placed evon 20 years hence.
IIo rujoicod, as tUiairuian on tliis occasion, that tho Society was
suppiir|;ud hy head and foremen and market gardeners, and ho
hujied tlioy wtuild lut their intluonce operate on others who
did not at present take an interest in it, and that thoy would
persuade uvury member of their class to join a co-operative
society of this character. They might not require its aid — ho
huped nono of those present over would ; but there ought to
exist amongst tbom an enpr'U dc corps which would lead them to
coiitributo their subscriptions to support tho funds of tho Insti-
tution, and thereby to help those who wero loss fortunate than
themselves. This w;is incumbent upon them, and he was glad
to lind that the subscription list included so many good names,
from the Hovereign on the Throne to men who had gained their
position by the sweat of their brow. Tho Institution clearly
had a hold ui)on the public mind. It was usual for tho Chair-
man of a meeting of tbi.s kind to enter into tho history of the
Society on whose behalf ho had to plead. In the present case
this Wivs imnecessary. Ho would only say, that for .30 years,
witli perhaps many ups and downs, it had made its way, and
through the excellent way in which its funds were managed,
about 8001. a-year wero distributed among the decayed
members of the g.irdener's profession. Surely that was a
groat giiod, a most beneficent result. Let them consider the
good which this 6(i0l. a-year must do in many homes to those
who were otherwise deprived of tho first necessaries of life.
This Institution, supported as it was by Royalty, and doing
tho largo amount of good just alluded to, was, therefore, most
Worthy uf tho support it mot with, and which, as tho Secretary
Would annoiuico, had attended it on tho present occasion.
When ho saw tho display of fruit and flowers before them he
could not refrain from thinking of tho charm which their
skilful cultivators h.ad diffused, and tho pleasure thoy had
infused into tho lifo of every man in this country. For him-
self he took a delight in horticulture, and, although many
woro more competent, ho believed thore was not one in that
assembly, very few indeed in the couutiy, who took a deeper
interest in the culture of those beautiful productions, which
his friend Mr. Veitch and others sent out In such expensive
Abundance. When he turned with admiration, as they all must,
to the exquisite fruit which graced the table, and remembered
that a portion of that beautiful dessert came from his Royal
Highness the Prince of Wales' establishment at Sandringham,
they had a gr.itifying proof of the sympathy of his Royal
Highness with their cause. When he (the Chairman) was at
Manchester last year, where he went with reference to the
great nuisance of the smoke to which the inhabihints of that
great city had to submit, he had been told by many a poor
man that his gi-eatest enjoyment was his little garden : and
nothing had alTorded hiui more pleasure than tho prevalence
of window gardening in tho thu-d, fourth, fifth, and even
sixth storeys of the lofty houses of that crowded city. The
great improvement in the parka and public gardens was also
a matter for congratulation, and this was especially remarkable
in Battersea and Hyde Parks. His only regret as chairman of
that meeting was, that he had been obhged to decline an office
which would have given him. as Mmister of Public Works,
absolute dominion over Hyde Park. If ho had accepted it, he
should not have allowed 24 hours to have elapsed without
sending for some eminent horticulturist to advise with him
as to the best means of decorating and adorning the parks of
tho metropoUs. Having lived a great deal abroad, he had
been much gratified by the beauty and taste displayed in
horticulture at tho great military camps upon the Continent.
What he should like to see would be that the military autho-
rities of this country would endeavour to carry out this plan,
which would be ouo of tho best means of improving the con-
dition of the soldier, diverting him from low and debasing
pleasures, and intcrestuig him in that charming science which
had been celebrated by poets in all ages. Calling upon the com-
pany to recognise their obligations to Mr. Veitch, Mr. Turner,
Mr. Fraser, Mr. Lee, and Mr. WilUams, who had so generously
.and liberally sent such beautiful plants and flowers for the
decoration of the room, the Chairman concluded by proposing
" The Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Institution, and long may
its prosperity prevail."

The toast was drank with enthusiasm.

Sir Walter Stirling, B.irt., rejoiced [that it was his good
fortune to propose the health of the right honourable the
Chairman. With a graceful allusion to the beautiful floral
decorations of the room, and congratulating the meeting on
the presence of the ladies who oecuiJied the gallery, he
remarked that every lady and gentleman present must feel
deeply indebted to Sir Robert Peel for presiding. He had
been acquainted with the first Sir Robert Peel, and with his
illustrious son, as well as (with the present baronet ; and
unbecoming as it might bo in him to expatiate on the merits
of either of them, he might say that thei-e never were three
men more devoted to the service of their country or the good
of their fellow-countryman than these were. The first Sir
Robert Peel might be well content to have founded a line of
such illustrious descendants; and the second had earned an
enduring fame. With regard to the chairman of the day, he
would only beg to express to him the thanks of the company
for his liberal donation to the funds of the Institution, and
for the feeling manner in which he had performed the duties
of the occasion.

The Chairman, in acknowledging the compliment, said that
nothing afforded hioi greater pleasure than contributing, in
however humble a capacity, to the good of any class of his
fellow creatures. He trusted that his present audience would
rally round whoever might be his successor at the next
festival, and if hi.s presence or assistance would be of any
service to the Society, he should be only too happy to render
it. He begged to propose the health of the Treasurer of the
Institution, Mr. Robert Wrench, whose name he was sure
would not be received with less cordiality than that of the
ephemeral chairman of the day. Mr. Wrench had devoted
much time to establish and enhance the character and position
of the Society, and his services entitled him to the cordial
approbation of its friends and supporters.

Mr. Wrench returned thanks, and in doing so acknow-
ledged the obligations of the Institution to the Chairman and
the contributors of fruit and flowers. As Treasurer he wanted
to get all he could out of their pockets. It was supposed that
the garden of the Hesperidea abounded with g')lden Apples.
These might be rather hard of digestion, but he should have
been glad to be the treasurer of that garden, or the dragon
who kept it, for the sake of the good it would enable him to
do. He trusted that this was not altogether a myth, but that
tho fruit of the Chairman's labours might be essentially golden ;
and they might depend upon it that if that fruit was abundant,
the Secretary and himself would act tho part of dragons most
effectually.

The Secretary then read a list of subscriptions. This
included 2U. from the Chairman, andlOi. lOs. from Lady Emily
Peel ; the Duke of Devonshire, Lord Sandon, Lord Egerton,
Lord Dynevor, Sir W. Hutt, Mr. Tite, M.P. ; Shr Walter Stirling,
Bart. ; James Batoman, Esq, ; R. Broadwatci", Esq. ; and
others, 101. 10^. each ; the total amount (the largest ever
received at any festival) being upwards of 5001.

The Chairman, after having proposed the health of tho
Secretary, and that geuLleman l»aving returned thanks, pro-
po.sod "The Houses of Legislature," in connection with which
he coupled tho name of Mr. Bas.s. M.P. for Derby. Ho referred
to the operation of tho pruning knife upon the H.^ilho of Com-
mons, and the doul>Lfu! result of thy graftirnj now in process,
Tho company wore aware that Mr. Bass had recently, in tha
exercise of a liberality wliich knew no bounds, endowed the
town of Derby with tho magnificent gift of a large recreation
ground, ill which tho people of that industrious locaUty could
uiijoy themselves after tho toils and Liboui-s of tho day.
Having acquired a princely fortune, Mr. Bass know how to
spend it for tho benefit of his follow men. As Chairman ho
had boon anxious to secure the services of tho Duke of Argylo
to preside at the next anniversary, but with the ciution
characteristic of his country (with which he, Sir Robert Poo!
had become so intimately connected by marriage), ho had
replied that it was at present too far beforehand for him to
promise to do so. Probably the Secretary could yet induce
his Grace to uutlcrtake the post, but otherwise he was sure no
one could fill the chair with more efficiency than Mr. Bass,

Mr, Bass returned thanks in a brief but effective speech.

The other toasts in tho programme comprised "Tho
Amateurs and Patrons of Gardening," " The Seed and NursL-ry
Trade," " The Stewards," and " Tho Ladies," — these latter pro-
posed by Mr. Batemau, who worthily filled the chair Sir
Robert Peel was at length necessitated to vacate, in order to
attend to his senatorial (lutics.

Crvstal Palaci: Rose Snow, June 29.— This beautiful exhi-
bition of tbo Queen of Flowers was inspected by nearly 15,000
visitors, .all of whom seemed to thoroughly enjoy the rich treat
which was afforded them. Among Nurserymen's classes Mr.
Cranston, of Hereford, was first in that for single trusses of
V2 varieties. Conspicuous among his blooms were those of
Midame Brians.)U, bright carmine ; Maurice Bcrnardin, Mar-
guerite de St, Aui.uid, Fran(;ois Lacharmc, Madame Clcmenco
Joigueaux, Gloii-o do Dijon, Charles Verdier, a splendid rose-
coloured liower ; Madame C. Crapelet, Madame Bravy, Madama
C. WoikI, Mrs. Rivers, Charles Lefebvre, and President. Messrs.
Paul Sl Son, who were 2d, had among others their new Rose,
Duke of Edinburgh, velvety deep red ; M.adamc C, Crapelet,
in e.'cceUent condition ; Olivier Delhomme, Marie Baumann, a
splendid crimson variety, which was also exhibited in several
other stands ; Exposition de Brie, Beauty of W.iU.ham,
Seuatour Vaisse, Reine do Porcia, Xavier Olibo, Maurice
Bcrnardin, Gi^nural Jacqueminot, Prince Camillo de
Rohan, Alba Rosa, and Rushton Radclyffe. Mr. Mitchell, of
the Pilt Down Nursery, Maresfield, had charming trusses
of Triomphe de Rennes, Mar(5ch.al NIel, Lamarquo, Elise
Sauvage, Louise de Savoie, Souvenir de la Jlalmaii^on,
Madame Furtado, Senatcur Vaisse, Xavier Olibu, and Victor
Verdier, the last in lovely condition. Messrs. Francis, of
Hertford, also showed in this class, In that for 48 variettcs,
three trusses of each, Messrs, P.aul &, Son were Ist.
Among their blooms were fino examples of Comtcsse de
Chabrillant, Lord Clyde, John Hopper, Madame Rivers, Beauty
of Waltham, La Brillante, Madame C. Crapelet, Madame Bravy,
and Souvenir d'uu Ami. Mr. Mitchell, who was 2d, had
l>eautifnl trusses of Souvenir d'Elise, Leopold Hausburg,
Olivier Delhomme, Madame C. Cr.apelet, Victor Verdier,
Triomphe do Rennes, Elise Sauvage, Jlauriec Bcrnardin, and
Gloire de Dijon. Mr. Fraser took the 3d prize with fino
examples of John Hopper, Maurice Bernardin, Senateur Vaisse,
Souvenir do la Malmaison, Paul Ricaut, Comtesse do Chabiil-
lant, Mrs. Rivers, Leoiiold Hausburg, and others, A 4th prize
was awarded to Messrs. Francis, of Hertford. lu the Class of
24 varieties, three trusses of each, Mr. Cant, of Colchester, waa
1st; Messrs. Paul & Son, 2d; Mr, Cranston, 3d; and Mr.
Keynes, of Salisbury, 4th. Mr. Cant, had very fine trusses
of Madame Bravy, Maria Baumann, Madame Victor Verdier,
John Hopper, Comtesse de ChabriUant, Prince Gamille de
Rohan, La Rhone, Exposition de Brie, and La Brillaute, the last
glowing bright crimson. In the other stands were most of the
varieties just named. In the Class of 24 varieties, single
trusses, Mr. Cant, Mr. Acynes, and Mr. Mann, of Brentwood,
took prizes in the order in which their names stand.

In the Amateur's classes, Mr. Hedge, of Reed Hall, Col-
chester ; and Mr, Ingle, gr. to C. G, Round, Esq., Birch Hall,
Colchester, took tho 1st and 2d prizes in the classes for 43, 36,
and 24 varietios. Among their blooms were fine examples of
Coupe d'H(Sbi5, Senateur Vaisse, Maria Baumann, Mr. Rivers,
L'Enfant Trouvi?, Mardchal Niel, Madame Boll, Cloth of Gold,
Jules Margottin, and others. Mr. Chard, gr. to Sir F. H.
Bathurst, Bart., was 3d in the Class for 48 varieties ; and Mr.
Moffat, gr. to Lord Rosslyn, Easton Lodge, Dunmow, 4th, the
latter being also 3d in tho Classes for 36 and 24. Mr. Postans,
of Brentwood, and Mr. Skinner, Wcsterhani, had the 4th in
these two classes. Stands from the Rev, E. Pochin, Mr.
Postans, Mr. Hedge, and Mr. Chard took the four prizes offered
for 12 varieties.

Among New Roses, Marie Baumann was sufficiently bright
and showy to attract the notice of everybody ; as was also
Mdlle. Annie Wood, a beautiful scarlet ; Thorin, bright pink ;
Souvenir de William Wood, very dark ; Hippolyte Flandrin,
and Horace Vernet were also good. Mr. Turner, of Slough,
was awarded a 1st prize for Miss Ingram, of which a separate
notice wiU bo found in another column. Mr. Cant, of Col-
chester, and Messrs. P.aul & Son had equal 1st prizes for
collections of new Roses, and Mr. Keynes a 3d prize for the
same ; and for new Roses in pots, Messrs. Paul & Son, who
were the only exhibitors, had a 1st prize.

Of Yellow Roses, Mr. Hedge sent a beautiful stand, con-
taining L'Enfant Trouvt;, Enfant de Lyon, Jaune (of Smith),
and Mari^chol Niel. Mr. Bristow, gr. to G. Orme. Esq., Broad-
water, Worthing, to whom the 2d prize was awarded, had very
good blooms. 'Tea-scented and Noisette Roses, as shown by
Slessrs. Paul & Son, Mr. Hedge, Mr. Ingle, and Mr. Bristow,
were also fine.

For Vases of Roses the prizes were awarded to Mr, Ingle,
Mr, Marlow, and Mr. Soder, and in each case the stands were
similar to those of Mr. Marsh ; in each Ferns were introduced
at the base and in the top dish, and in each Japanese Honey-
suckle was twined up the stem.

Mr, Turner, of Slough, exhibited, not for competition, a
large number of boxes filled with beautiful trusses of cut
blooms. Collections were likewise shown by Messrs. Paul
and Son and Mr. Hedge.

Among miscellaneous subjects was a fine specimen of Perts-
teria elata, exhibited by Mr. Scowen, Park Lane, Croydon.
It had six flowering stems, each nearly 6 feet in height, well
furnished with blossoms. "To this an extra prize was awarded.

Royal Horticultural; Jtdi/ 2 (Great Rose Shoio).~T\ie
blooms, which were numerous, were shown in exceUeut con-
tlition on this occasion, considering tho unfavourable weather
to which they have been subjected.

In Cliiss 1, for single trusses of 72 vaneties, Mi'. Cranston
was 1st, with stands in which the following were particularly
good, namely, Jules Margottin, Senateur Vaisse, Mdlle. Emain,
white, beautifully tipped with rose; L'Esmeralda, Prince
CamiEo de Rohan, Maurice Bernardin, Pierre Notting,
Souvenir de la Malmaison, Comtesse de Chabrillant, Madame
Vidot, Gi?ueral Jacquomuiot, Dr. Andi-y, Madame Victor
Verdier, Mar<5chal Niel, Su;ur des Anges, John Hopper, Oenti-
foUa rosea, Baron A. de Rothschild, Celme Forestoer, and
Dovoniensis. Messrs. Paul & Son were 2d, with beautitui
blooms of Alfred Colomb and Prince de Porcia, both bnlh.ant
kinds; Louise Maguau, white; Exposition de Brie,

714

TTTE (URBENEBS' CHUONIOLE AND AGRlCtTLTtJRAE GAZETTE.

[JuLT G, 1367.

Marie Baumann, iraurioe Bernardin, Due de Rohan Gloire
de Dijon, Madame Vidot, and Dulce of Edinburgli dark
shaded scarlet. Mr, Cant, who was 3d had very
Kood blooms of L'Elegante, velvety dark red; Xavier OliBo,
very large ; Devonionsls, Beiinty of Waltham. La Bhoue
Charles Lawson, Madame Victor Verdier, Niphetos, Alfred
Colomb, and Ch,arle3 Lefebvi-e. Mr. Mitchell had, among
others, charming examples of Queen Victoria, one ot tne
prettiest of the white Hybrid Perpetuals ; Triomphe de Rennes,
a very beautiful yellow; Gloire de Dijon, and Rsher Holmes
the last a most useful rose. Messrs. Francis also exhibited in
this class. In that of 48 varieties, three trusses of t^^,^^-
Messrs. Paul & Son were 1st, with beautiful tmsses of Mauuce
Bernardin, Madame Charles Wood, a little tarnished; Pi moe
CamiUe de Rohan, Pierre Netting, Marguerite debt. Amand
Alfred Colomb, Marie Baumann, Charles Lefebvi^, Marecual
VaUlant, and Ksher Holmes. Mr. Fraser, of Lea Bridge, was
2d^th 'stands in which we noticed Madame H|™". Maimce
Bernardin, Comtesso de ChabriUant Mdlle Bonheur
Madame Victor Verdier, Lord Macaulay, ™d Pnnce de
Porcia. Mr. Cant, who was 3d, had some exceUent Tea Roses
fnd Mr. Mitchell had Madame Plantier,. a free-blooming
Hybrid China variety, with 11 blooms "^ t'^'' '^'''^ *'i?S'
Baron A. de Rothschild, and others, in '=<l"»Uy 8°°* ^^'"'"i
In the Class of 24 varieties, three tmsses *?': tberbri-ht
SalisbuiT was 1st with blooms remarkable for then bright
anntSe Among them were Victor Verdier, Comte
S|hrse"de Seronle, beautiful cle-/rimsor. ; Prince
Henri des Pays Bas, cnrason, *aded with pintle ,
Pierre Netting, Madame Rivers, B^^P^^oSf,,? in tl«
half expanded; Madame Moreau, also beautiful in the
hud state Mr Cant was 2d, Mr. Cranston 3d, and
Messrs Paul rSon 4th. In the Class for S ngle Trusses
of 24 varieties, Mr. Keynes was also 1st ^'t"*" =XeJ
Victor Verdier, Maurice Bernardm, Kidame C. J^J'Jj *™
Colomb, and others. Mr. Cranston, who was M had Duoliesse
de Cavlus very good ; Gloire de Santen.ay, and La Biallanti.,
v«T ffight; and Loiis XIV., remarkable for its fine deep
Sd i"d colour. In the 3d prize stand from Mr Cant we
noticed La Rhone, very rich in colour. Messrs Lee, ot
Hammersmith, who were 4th, had Antoine Duchier, rose,
and Madame Th&^se Levet, salmon rose : both hue

In the^Siateurs' classes 'for single trusses of 49 varieties,
Mr Hedge, of Reed Hall, Colchester, was 1st ; Mr. Moffatt,
ir' to the Earl of Rosslyn, 2d; Mr Chard, 3d ; and Dr
Cooper 4th. For 36 blooms, Mr. Hedge was likewise 1st,
Mr? Chkrd and Mr. Moflatt being 2d and 3d ; ^''d for 24 blooms
Mr Postans, of Brentwood, was 1st; the Bev^ E. Pochin,
Silrty \Sagc, LoughboroAgh, 2d; and the Kev. V. Knox
Child Little Easton, 3d. In these exhibitions some of the
best blooms were Cloth of Gold, U Bnf ant TrouvS,. Pierre
Notting, Rubens, Comtesse de Kcrgolay, fine deep crimson^
M.arie IJaumann, Vicomte Vigier, Laurent Descourt slaty
violet ■ Madame Hector Jacquin, Souvenu- d'Elise Vardon,
Sadaie Bravy, Victor Verdiei, Madame V. Verdier, Fr.an,ois
Lacharme and Claude Million. In the Class of 12 smglo
SS, ciual 1st prizes were .awarded to the RevB Pochin
and Mr Postans for beautiful examples of Marfchal Nicl,
Madame Villermoz, Baron Rothschild, Mad.atne C. ■loigne.uK
Madame Boll, Gloiie de Dijon, DuchessedOrieans, Madame
V Verdier, Prince Camille de Rohan, and Charies Lefebvre
the last in most beautiful condition in short, one °f ^e eDes*
and most effective blooms m the whole exhibition. Mr. Soder,
er. to O.Hanbury, Esq., was 2d ; Mr. Skinner, 3d.

For 18 new Roses ot 1864 or 1885, Messrs. Paul & Son were
Isl Ml Keynes 2d, Mr. Cant 3d, Mr. Fraser 4th. Among
these the most striking kmds were Marie Baumann and
llfrcd Colomb, both very flue; Exposition i^ Bae M^Ue.
Marie Radv, Pierre Netting, Madame Victor Verdier, Mai-
Site dc-St. Am.and, Mdlle. Marguerite Dombram, Abel
Sraud, and Princess Mary of Cambridge, the last four some-
what alike as regards colour. „ „ „f i nfil Mr
In the Class ot 12 trusses of any new Rose of 1864 Bli.
Keynes was 1st with line examples of M»i'^"\nt° d? .^'^
Aniand. He also occupied a similar position in Class 11, foil-
tSsses of .any other new Rose, with Exposition do Bric,
Sid prizes being .awarded to Mr Keynes for Abel Grand
aSd to Ml^ Cant for Margutaite de St. Amand, both beautiful

^"itv' Turner reproduced Miss Ingram, which received a
Fii-st'-elass Certiacate. Other seedUngs came from Mi-.
Laxton of Stamford, and were named Annie Laxton, Be.auty
of SUmford, and Empress of India, the first two bemg deep
rose-coloured, and the last a very dark kind.

In the Class of 12 Yellow Roses, of notfewer than six kinds
Mr Hedge took the Ist prize, with the most be.autifu
Tx^mpto of Triomphe de Rennes, Cloth of Gold L Enfan
TrouvV Naroisse, Boule d'Or, Caino Forestier and Mar&h.U
NiS The prize for the best exhibition of yellow Roses was
also awarded to Mr. Hedge, for a box in which he exhibited
ncariy the same kinds, and in which there were magniaceut
trusses of L'Enfant Tiouvd. „ , « i « „»i,;

Of Tea-scentod and Noisette Roses fine boxfuls were exhi-
bited by Mr. Hedge, who was 1st both for ^"«le trusses and
single blooms ; and in the Nurserymen's class by Messis^ Paul
& Son and Mr. Cr.anston, who stood 1st and 2d. Among the
varieties shown were examidesof Niphetos, L Enf;nit Trouve,
Madame Falcot, Madame Bra vy, Sylphido, Alba Rosa, Gloje

^"MoirRosefchieliy consisted of the old mite Bath, Lanei,
Cristata, and Madame E. Ory. Messrs. Paul & bon were 1st
Messrs. Francis 2d. This class seems to stand sadly m necu
of improvement or aUandonment. ^ , n i .,

Vases of Roses were the same as those .at the Crystal Palace
Prizes for them were awarded to Messrs. Soder, Mariow, and
Hedge. The best bouquets came from Mr. Hedge.

The only pot Rosea exhibited came from Messrs Paul fi Son.

Among ^U3ceUaneous aubjeots was a be.autiful group ol
small plants of Lilium auratum, which, when intermixed
with Perns so as just to show the blooms above aie g/een
fronds, as was the case on this occasion, has a dclighttul
appearance. These came from Mr. BuU. We also noticed a hne
specimen of the aame Lily from Mr. MundeU, gr. to J. 0.
Cuuliffe, Esq., Hooley, Croydon. A group of pretty pot speci-
mens of the varieties of Helichrysumbracteatum mcurvum,
came from the Society's Garden at Cbiswick.

Jubi 2 (Floral Coiii»ij((«).— Messrs. Veitch sent a one
collection of new and rare plants, among which the toUowing
received First-olass Certificates, viz:— Croton u-regnlare a
little standard, with narrow green leaves, having a yeUow
stripe «P the midrib ; C. maximum, with broad pale green
leaves veined with ycUow ; .and C. interruptum, nanow
leaves, having yellow midribs changing to red. Tho same Ann
had moreover, Dracsna Moorei, with broad browmsh-red
leaves ■ the slender SeLaginella Poultcri, with minute foliage ;
a new Phaius with lilac-coloured blossoms, having a deeper
tinted lip ornamented with raised yellowish processes ; and
Begonia Veitchii, of which somo account, as well as of soine
other flowering plants, will be found m another column. 'The
same collection .also contained Abntilon Thompsoni which
w;S awarded a Second-class Certificate ; its leaves are blotched
Tnd spotted with yellow. Mr. Edwards, Nottingham, had!
Mrst class Certificates for the following Ferns, viz : -Athyiaum'
Klfx-tomina Edwardsii, A. F.-f. Footii, Polystichum angulare
diversilobum Padleyi, and Scolopendnum vnlgaio Edwardsn^
Special Certificates were .awarded to Mr. Richards, gr to
Lord Londcsborough, Grimston Park, Tadcaster for a fine
speeimcn of the variety of Vanda teres called Andersoni,
wMchwasgrowmg on a block in a pot, and bore 11 flowering

snikos^and to G. P. Wilson, Esq., Weybridge, for a magnifi
cent speSnen of Lilium longiflorum with, nine pure white
ns, each about " inches lu length
Mr ^"'

bioomS each about " inches in length and about oi inches m
dian"tei at the mouth. Mr. Jabez Chater of Cambndgc
likewise received a Special Certificate for a coUection of Zonal
Pelargoniums along with which were large and showy cut
flows oGatllardif aristata splendens. A Special Cartiflcae
was Ukewise granted to Mr. Anderson, Meadow B,ank, for cut
oShids amon.^ which was Saccolabium Blumei Dayanum,
wla a aower°spike about 18 inches long. Messrs. Lee
tenished a plant with broad leathery foliage, shown under
the name of Hedera catalpfefoUa. =„Hor,

/„(,/ 2 (Fruit Cor,miMee).—Ur. F. D.ancer, of Little Sutton,
Chismek, exhibited some remarkably fine clusters of the Red
and White Dutch Curr,ants ; and Mr. Merrett, gi'. to u.
■Whiting, Esq., Battersea Rise, 11 fine Bamngton Peaches^ set
closely together on the same branch, grown m an Orchard-
house^ Mr. Scale, gr. to Colonel Davis Pentre .Newcastle
Emlyn sent a scariet-fleshed Melon called Scales Hybrid,
which however, was not of sufficient merit to require notice.

Seven new Fellows were elected on this occasion.

Royal Botanic: My 3 (Third f"«' •''■''"'^■-T'^^' *^^
Society's last exhibition forthis year, though 'ess effective than
its predecessors, omng to tho absence of Azaleas and pot Boaes
was nevertheless in other respects highly satisfactory. Stove
and Greenhouse plants were again contributed in great
numbers. Of PeUrgoniums there was a brilhant display^
Orchids were wcU represented ; and there was a large

''tfitoTe and Greeiihouse plants, by far tl-e A-st col^cKon
exhibited was one of 8 plants from Messrs. Cole,,Withington
Manchester. It consisted of Dipladenia ''■^^^b.l.sm wonderful
beauty, its bright rosy crimson flowers, with which the plant
was coVored, measuring ncariy 5 inches m diameter. With
this were associated equally fine examples of Ixoia
coSinea. Dracophyllum gracile, AUamanda cathai-tica
and grandiflora,'^Brica tricolor eoronat.a. Kalo|anthes and
Everlastings, all as fresh and bright as if they had
just been moved out of the nearest glasshouses To this was
deservedly awarded a Ist prize. Messrs. Lee, Rhodes
■Williams, and Baxindine also showed m . this dass and
received prizes in the order in which their names stand^
Mr. Donald, gr. to J. G. Barclay, Esq^ ; Mr. Wilkie Addison
Road Mr Wheeler, gr. to Sir F. H. Goldsmid Bart., and Mi.
Ward gr to P. T. WUkins, Esq., showed excellent gi-oups m
the Amateurs' Class, which was well supported 1° ej°>2»' "/
1(1 nlants by Mr. Peed, gr. to Mrs. Tredwell ; Mr. Kemp, gr.
to eI?! Percy; and Ifc Wheeler, gr. to J. Philpotts, Esq
In these collections wore various Ixoras, one of the most
showy of which is .amboiensis; Diphadema splendens and
otheS: AUamandas, of which one of the -""f , "f '"' f=
in-andiflora; Bhynchospermum jasmmoides, the huevauety
ff CleVodeidron Tho£sona= called Balfouni Stephanotis
floribuiida, the charming little Hoya bella, Kalosanthes of
different sorts ; Phosnocoma prolifera Bamesu one mass of
hard, dry, bright crimson flowers ; Pleroma elegans , a fine
Melastomid, o"f which no well flowered speemell lia| l>een
shown about London this year ; Hedaroma tulipifeium,
Statico macrophylla, and other equally mteresting plants.

plants remarkable for tho beauty of their leaves were shown
in profusion, and formed a good background to more prominent
S.i^ects. Messrs. WUUams, Leo, Burley, and G endinning had
good coUections in the Nurserymen's class, while that aUotted
fo Amateurs was weU supported by fine contributions from
Mr F.airbaim, gr. to the Duke of Northumberiand, Mr.
Taylor gr to J. Yates, Esq., Mr. Peed, and Mr. Young, gi-. to
W H Itone, Esq., M.P. In these different collections were
beautiful examples of Alocasias, more especially Lowii whose
lar^e glossy dee^p green leaves, prominently veined with pale
ffieon were the admiration of all who saw them. Palms,
Cvcads, Yuccas, and Cordylines, were contributed in abund.ance ,
and Mr WilUams' magnificent Croton angustifolmm was as
beautiful as it was in June, its long, "^"ow.drooliing leaves
looking like so much spr.ay from a golden fountain, 'rheo-
phrastTi impcrLalis, of which seva;al were shown is a stately
St when in perfection, and ( scarcely less beantifiU is
Anthurium acaule, a noble plant of which was furnished by
Mr Fairbairn, from Syon. Ot Litt«a juncea we noticed one
specimen, togetherwlth fine examples of Screw Pinosandother

plantsof that description. . tj„_. „f

With these fine-foli.aged pl.ants were .associated Ferns of
which some fine collections of exotic kinds were contributed
byMr. HiU, gr. to R. Hanbury, Esq. ; Mr. Tay or, Mr Carr,
gr toP. L. Hinds, Esq.; Mr. Young, and Mr Williams.
British sorts Ciime from Messrs. Ivery, of Dorkmg, Mi.
Edwards, NuttaU ; and Mr. Carr; and among them were some
wondlrful fine varieties among which the following from
Mr. Edwards received Certificates, viz. . —Polystichum
an^'ulare diversilobum Padleyi. Scolopendnum vulgaro cri»-
tatum nanum, .and S. v. muricataim tenue. From Mr
WiUiams came various v.arieties ot Athyruim, to which
Certificates were awarded. Mr. Ivery had Oertificates for
Lastrea Filix-m.as cristata Iveryana, and for Asplcmum
germ.anicum anomaluin. , r ,. c .^-^.-..^ i^^t

^ Fuchsias were again shown in wonderfully fine condition by
Mr. Brockwell, to whoso style of gi-owth wo adverted the other
day (see p. 632) in teians of pr.ai3e. The sorts were similar to
S?se shoVn in June. From Mr. Weston, Clapham P.ark, .also
came a ffuod collection. . t,„„i- ,-„

Of Pelargoniums there was as usual a charmmg bank in
which Mr. Eraser, Mr. Nye, Mr. Ward, and M--- W.gg;"S had
fine groups, consisting of well-managed plants, the names of
which havi often been given in our columns as have also
beenthoslof the fancy kinds contributed by Messrs ftaser,
Donald, and Todman. Of newer varieties Messrs Nye Ward
Frazer and Wiggins also showed collections : and of what aie
teimed toriet^Sonal Pelargoniums beautif.d .8J°nP» "JJ^e
from Mr. Ward, Mr. Catlin, gr. to Mrs. Lermitte ; Mr. Wmdsor,
Walthamstow ; Mr. Winter, Hendon ; and Mr Weston. Con-
spicuous among these was a plant of Rose Rend atlcr from
Mr Ward in praise of which too much can .scarcely be said.
It was bekitifriUy grown, and loaded mth fine heads of rosy
pinTblossSms, jist in perfection. The same exhibitor also
JSwed admirable specimens of The CUpper, scarlet ;Mons^
Rendatler, salmon ; Louis , Roeseler orange scarlet , «f-f^^?
Boucharlet, salmon, shading off to yb't?,'^ ™d Sobieski
seariet. Madiime Vaucher was the best white exhibited and
we also noticed a wcU-managed example of Roj=e Unique
large .and well fioweied. These collections did credit to their
resueiuve growers, and exhibited a gi-eat advance m point of
skuSmn^grment on exhibitions of plants of th,s descrip-

''c.ne'S^L? were contributed in admhable condition by
Messl" modes. Peed, and Ward, Messrs. Cole, Lee WiUiams
Wheeler and Kemp also furnished good groups, lii the
Mercnt collections'^ were be.autiful specimens of jubata
rib?a different v.arieti6s of tricolor, and ventneos.a, Mas-
soni, cSilean.a, Paxtoni. and obbata, the last one of the

"orchfdfw^rt tonishedin profusion, and in Sn'Ojtj-^ty-
Fi-om Mr Brockhurst, gr. to A. Turner, Esq., Bowbridge,
Leicester came a collection of 15 pLants, among which were
fine spMimens of the ch-arming Odontoglossum Pescatorei,
oSttlera Dowiana, with two buff-coloured blossoms having a
rich rosy-purplish lip veined with gold, Dendrobium
Parishii diffeient sorts of Bearded Lady's Shppers, ttaee fine
varieties rf Saccolabium, the handsome Cattleya Warnen
Od"Sos3nmoordatumand hastilabium, Aendesaffine and

Larpont!9,L»Uapurpurata, and Vanda insigms. M>--J™y'f';
to H H. Gibbs, Esq. , had also an .admirable group m which were
beautiful massesof the different sorts of Be.arded Lady s Shpper, :
.a wonderfully well flowered variety of Tr.ehppi la crispa
the pretty Odontoglossum nmvium niajus, a highly-coloured
O. cm-datum, and! fine variety of Cattley.aMossi», the lon|.
drooping green-flowered Dendrochdum fihforme, Anguloa
Buckeri: and the Lindley variety of Aendes crispuni In a
collection fui-nished by Mr. Wilson gr. to W. MarshaU Esq
were the red-eyed white-blossomed, Dondrobiuni eburneum,
the slender Phalamopsis Luddemanniana, Cypripedium Stonei^
Epidendrum vitellinum, LieUa pm-pur.ata. the useful Oncidium
pSvinatum, O. leucochiluin, and the showy Cattleya Mossiaj.
Mr. Peed .also showed in this class. .

The best group of 8 Orchids came from Mr. 'Wiggins, gr. to
Walter Beck, Esq. It contained the rare Aendes bchroden
ivith thi-ce spikes of flowers, as well as other fine knidsf
Aerides, Ladies Slippers, .and the pretty Odontoglossuin hasti-
labium From Mr. Hill, gi-. to R. Hanbury, Esq., came the
Foxbrush Aerides in beautiful condition, Cypnpedium Stonei,
the little Manilla Phalainopsis rosea, Vandas, and others. Mr.
Page, g.-. to W. Leaf, Esq., contributed among others a good
Saccolabium, Trichopilia crispa, Ladies Shppers, and Aendes.
Mr. Young also showed eight good plants. 1° S"ups of 6 Mr
WiUi.ams Sad the best collection, in which were La!li,a pui-puiata
in beautiful condiHon, an exceUent Vanda suavis Anguloa
Clowesii, one or two varieties of Aendes^ and a fine Panful of
one of the beat sorts of Ladies Slipper. Fi-om Messrs. Lee also
came six good plants. ^ t „„

Messrs. Veitch exhibited a t-astef idly arranged group of new
and rare plants. sever.al of which .are noticed i? mother
column. Among them were Leptoptens superba, with charm-
tog dense, dee? gi-een feather-like foliage ; a beautrful
example of Blandf ordia nobilis, -with Grass-like leaves and tine
heads of droopmg, ventricosely funnel-shaped, reddish orange
Sred blossoms ; Dendi-obium Bensoni*, Cattleya Dow.ana
noticed last year (see p. 922, 1866), and the new Phaius .alluded
to elsewhere. The same firm sent, moreover, the beautiful and
new Beo-onia Veitchii, of which we hope soon to give a descrip-
tion and woodcut illustration. In the siiroe collection were
included the white-blossomed dwari-growmg Nierembergia
rivularis. Pitcher plants of different kinds, an Alocasia witt
small roundish leaves, exhibiting neatly apportioned black
patehes surrounded by bands of bright green, and other
plants of great value and interest, around which hung
continually gi'oups of enthusiastic admirers Mr. Bull had
also one or*^ twS new plants, to which Ceitifieates were
awarded, notably an Aucnba with the young leaves of a golden

"^Among Miscellaneous subjects were examples of LUium

amratum from Mr. Turner and Mr. Bull, and Amarylhds and

Sarr.icenias from Mr. Williams. , j.i- „ i,„ Af_

Cut Roses were shown in charmmg condition by Mr.

Mitchell, of Pilt Down, to whom the Ist prize was .awarded.

In this coUection were Madame Hoste, a fine looking kind,

occupymg apparently an intermediate position between

SaroUn? de Sans.als and Madame Vidot, Maurice Bernarfm

Vicomte Vigier, Triomphe do Rennes Prince de Poicia,

M.arguerite do St. Amand, La Rhone, and Alpaide de Rotahei

-all magnificent blooms. From Mr. Fr.aser came Leopold I.,

Horace Vemet, a fine crimson kind ; Sophie Coqucrel, dehcat

pink ; Madame Caillet, .and Prince CaniiUe de Rohan, the last

very dark and fine. Mr. Turner agam showed the fine ne^

Rose named Miss Ingram. , . , ii_ c. - i. „ff„.

The Gold Medal, the highest aw.ard which the Society offer.

for fruit, was cleverly won by Mr. MiUer, gr to the Eiud 0)

Craven, Combe Abbey, near Coventry, for the best Miscel

laneous Collection, in which were Black H.amburgh Grapes,

three bunches of which could not weigh less than between

U lb. and 15 lb. ; Golden Hamburgh unusual y good ; exec enl

Peaches and Nectarines, May Duke Chernes, British Quea:

Strawberries, two NUe Melons, and two Queen Pmo Apples.

the last not very large, but beautifuUy npened. From Mr,

Bawbone, gr. to C. M. Cam-pbeU, Esq., came another gooc

coUection S which ™ere toree beautiful bunches of BUcl

Hamburgh Grapes, weighing together 101 lb- • f "ek'™5

Sweetwater Grapes, fine Violet Hative Peaches, Melons and

]W

[ud ■
Son

0301

^

Strawberries: Mr. Johnson, gr. to the Marqms of Ayle-febury^
furarshcd a third collection, in which were Kack Hamburg,
and Tottenham Park Muscat Gr.ape.s, .a Melon, Peaches
Nectarines, and Strawberries, ptl'er misceUaneous collectioni
came from Mr. Masters, gr. to the Bari of Macclesfleld , Mr.
BannerZu H-. to Lord Bagot, and Mr. Sage CoUections o:
othS fmite were contributed by Messrs. Ward, Hannan.

""Hnf-lp^eli we're- shown in tolerable abuniance Thebes
Queen, a well-proportioned beautifullyripencdfiuit,weighm
61b. 3 oz., came from Mr. Wa.d, gr. to F. N. Miller Esq ^^c
other good ex.amolesof this variety were contiabuted byM^.,
Sniee, gr. to W. H. Stono, Esq. Mr. WaUis, gr to J. Dixon,
Eso ■ andMr Bailey, gr., Shardeloes. Messrs. Penford, (Sadd.'
anailannan had the'^bSt'fruits of Providence, n™e ofwhici;
however, were remarkable for gi-eat weight. Other kmds o.
pro-apples came from Messrs. Ward, MUes and H™°-,^

Granes espeeiiiUy black sorts, were plentiful and good

wMte ariettas wero^for the most p.art unripe. The best thre,

Shes came from Mr. S.age, gr. to Eari Howe ; they consistM

of BarbaroBsa, Black Hamburgh, and Buekland Sweetwater

aU in exceUent condition. Messrs Bannernian KittlewoU

Tinslev .and Wallis, also .showed exceUent fruit m tin,

class as did also Messrs. Lane, of Great Berkhampstead

Sho' had good bunches of Forster's White Seedlm

Slack Prince and White Prontigman The best singl.

dishes of Black H.ambiu-gh came from Mr^ S/e'^' «Vif*°( a.

Brownlow.at Ashridgo, and Mr. Bawbone ; fine fiuit of th

same variety was, however, contributed by Mr^ Lane gr ti

T MUes Esq ■ Mr Pople, Mr. M. Henderson, Mr. Boss ano

Mr TSner' Mr MUler had large heavy bunches of Blaol

Hamburgh but they were a little deficient ni co^u

The be.t basket of 12 lb. was contributed by Mr. HiU

^r to B Sneydc Esq. : -and oxceUcnt basketfuls of fin.

Gi'anes came from Messrs. Henderson, Pople Hannan

OsK an?Thomas. The best bunches of Black Pnncc wer,

BxMbitcd by Mr. Pottle, gr. to B. D. Colvin, Esq., who ha.

Saitfurexlmpiesof that variety, which w.as also shown bj

Ml Goldsmith. Mr. AUport contributed beautiful bunches o

West's St Peter's. Fi-om Mr. Siandish came a basketful o

his Roya Ascot Grape, a distmct and fine lookmg T.^^ety

which" when better known, cannot fail to bo a favounte

Tt was, however, somewhat unripe. Lateral branches -wit

green fruit on thim in different stages °f BTOwth aecompaniec

this exhibition, in order to show how determiued a beaie

the variety is It is stated to be capable of withstanding an;

amount of hard forcmg, and it is evident that it wUl a so be :

goodlate Grape. Muscats were shown by various exhibitors

lut they were nearly aU unripe. The best came f joni Messis

Bailey, Johnson, Sago, Tansley, .and Osborn. Ot^f. »oit

came from Messrs. T^iruer, Wallis Tegg, Lane. Douglas an.

Miller 4niong these wo noticed Buekland Sweetwatei, tnrc

bunches rfwhfch weighed together .Jib ; Whtte Fnmtigna

and Foster's Seedling, aU fine but, ^ J^f ?,!"'*, Stign an.

unripe. Fine looking bunches of Cerent kinds of Fiontlgnan ;

cami from Mr. Whithig, The Deepdeue, near DoiUng. bom

weU fruited Vmes in pots came from Mr. Guyetb, Heine uilh^

Peaches and Nectarines were generaUy good, but some oi

the best exhibitions of them were disqualified o™| *,» ^J"^

not having been shown in accordance ^ith the Society s ^g

UHmo Messrs S.age, Masters, Oabom, Whiting, ana Jme.

haTexceUent dishefof both kinds. Peaches consisted for ih.

July 6, 18G7.]

THE GARDENERS' OTTRONTOLE AND AGRICULTTTRAL GAZETTE.

71c

most part of Grosso Mignonne, Barringtoii, and Royal George,
and Nectarines of Elruge and Violet native, and Hunt's
Tawuuy.

Plums woreconfincd to ono dish— n, very fine one — of Orleans,
from Mesfiin. Lane, of Great Berkbanipstead.

Some lino Figs, of the Brown Turkey kind, canio from Mr.
Osman, gr. to R. Holland, Esq., and Mr. Sago, gr, to Earl
Brownlow.

Cherries were acai-ccly so fine as usual. Tbo best Black
kinds were cnntributed by Slessrs. Milea, Hill, and Ensluue :
and the best White by Messrs. Widduwson, Enstono, Tuttle,
acd llill. Amaiig the sorts were Black Tartarian and Elton.
A branch of a Chony called Early Bigan-tau, loaded witli ripe
fruit, was shown by Mr. Turner, of Slough. The fruit of this
new variety is of good size, thin skinned, tender, and woH
flavoured, aud being at least three weeks earUcr than tlie
common Bigarreau, cj^nnot fail tu be a favouiite.

Strawhcnies were neither plentiful nor very good. The
best were furnished by Messrs. Widdowson, Record, and Halo,
from the last of whom came the best e.xamples of British
Queen. The new Strawberry called Dr. Hogg, a fine-looking
kind, of excellent quality, was shown by Mr. Turaor.

The best green-fleshed Melons wore contributed by Mr.
Goldsmith, gr. to Sir W, Purqubar, Bart. ; Mr. Drewitt,
Denbica ; and Mr. Standish ; the best scarlet-fleshed kinds
came from Mr. Bailey, Shardeloes ; and Mr. Thomas, gr. to
Mrs. Child. Among the beat sorts were Marquis of Ailsa,
M'Ewcn's Hybrid, Blyth Hall, Windsor Prize, aud Gem.

Among Miscellaneous subjects were finely ripened puds of
Vanilla from Mr. Bennett, of Osherton; and from Mr. Pi-aser
camo a collection of fruit trees in pots loaded with fruit.

We may add that Mr. John Waterer's exhibition of Rhodo-
dendrons, though now all but over, still contains one or two
very late-flowering kinds in considerable beauty. Among
these are Warrior, Lady Falmouth, Due de Brabant, iVlexauder
Ailic, Surprise, Sir William Ai-mati-ong, and Dictator.

The followinp; notes on Novelties which have
apjieared at recent exhibitions are offered in con-
tiniiation of those already published : —

At thcRo-<e Show, heldat the Crystal Palace on the 29th ult.,
Mr. Perry, of Castle Bromwich, Birmingham, had some cut
hi loms of very promising seedling Verbenas of the second year,
but as they had auflfcred during the journey, and were shown
.^^,■■;lin at the Regent's Park Show, I pass them over here with
thi'! remark that they comprised some very fine things, the
pips being of great size, stout and well formed. Mr. Eckford
h;ts also, I believe, some very fine new varieties, but he Is
this year later than usual in blooming them.

Messrs. Downie, Laird, & Laing were awarded First-class
C'ci-tificates for their new Nosegay Pelargoniums Countess of
Hnsslyn and Hon, Gathorne Hardy ; thehueof colour of the
hitter had deepened somewhat since it was last seen, while in
the ease of the former the violet huo was much more diffused,
and the rose colour deepened. A similar award was given to
Hi.ise Stella, also of a lich hue of colour, as if a day or two of
hi >t weather had had a very beneficial effect on the flowers.
A very dwarf -growiui? Nosegay variety, having good trusses of
I'lijs'bt orange scarlet flowers, aud named Tom Thumb Nose-
KMy. came from the same exhibitors ; the foliage is plain, the
b:il>it very close, and yet vigorous. Mr. Laing says that it
l"xl.^ remarkably well, and at the present time is very
eH'tjctive. A First-class Certificate was also awarded to the
.s;iiiie for a stand of blooms of bedding Pansy Imperial Blue
fri.iiu the open gi-ound. It appears to retain its colour
remarkably well. Some interest attached to a gold and
bronze zonal variety of Pelargonium with pink flowers,
which was thought to be the first of this division
with other than scarlet flowers ; and there was also
a very promising variegated sport from the Nosegay Pelar-
uniiinm Cybister, having a good deal of white on the edges of
till.' leaves. In a gi'oup of variegated and gold and bronze-
.:uncd Pelargoniums, &c., from Messrs. Carter & Co., very
nicely aud effectively arranged, was a basket of their bedding
TropL-eoIum Perfection, so much used at the Crystal Palace.
It is one of the best and most striking of its class, ha\-ing
erect and showy orange-scarlet flowers, and blooming very
freely. Cleopatra, a very fine aud striking bronze-zoned
Pelargonium, vrith a golden leaf ground, was shown by
Messrs. Cart.er & Co., and bids fair to become a standard
variety, from the quality of the leaf-marking and the excel-
lency of the habit. Mr. Mann, of Brentwood, had a basket of
email plants of his new zoual variety Lord Derby, which still
maintains its excellent character, and whose praise is in every
mouth. Mr. Tui-ner, of Slough, had a basket of blooms of
Mr. Ingram's new hybrid perpetual Rose Miss Ingram,
which is of a delicate pink tint, the flowers of full substance.
It was awarded a First-class Certificate.

A meeting of the Floral Committee was held on the occasion
of the National Rose Show at South Kensington on the 2dinst,,
when a First-class Certificate was awarded to H. P, Miss
Ingram, previously described. If a little thin iu the petal, the
flowers are very full, and it is so con.stant as " always to be
had." Mr. Thomas Laxton, of Stamford, had a number of
blooms of Annie Laxton, a very moderate new hybrid per-
petual Rose of a pale rose colour, that did not appear to please
any one. Two veiy pretty aud striking varieties of the summer-
flowering herbaceous Phlox were shown by Mr. Paul, and
awarded First-class Certificates. The one. Beautiful, had stoutj
Bmooth, and round flowers of a pure white colour, with a i-osy
violet centre ; and the other. Conqueror, was pure white, the
centre rosy purple, the base of the petals round the centre
. being suffused with the same. They were masses of bloom,
and highly attractive. A very dwarf and compact, as
' well as remarkablj' free-blooming bedding Lobelia, named
puraila elegans, was shown by Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son,
i and awarded a First-class Certificate. The flowers are wholly
; of a pale blue colour, aud grown in pots as exhibited the
I little plants were covered with masses of bloom. Lobelia
: Ultramarine, from Mr. Turner, appeared to be a reproduction
; of Mr. Lee's variety under that name ; it blooms profusely,
the colour a good dark blue, but the habit is no better than
ordinary seedlings of speciosa. L. White Perfection, from
■ another source, appears to be identical vtdth Messrs. E. G.
Henderson & Son's White Queen, the flowers, Uke those
of the latter, not being wholly white. It was of a closer habit
than the ordinary strain of bedding Lobelias, and was evidently
a seedling from marmorata. Some good forms of the common
I Fuxglove wore shown by Messrs. Ivery <fe Son, of Dorking.
, The two Ki'ouud colours, purple and white, are still retained,
the variation occurring in the marking found on the uaterior
; of the tube. Some of the white flowers were heavily and
' handsomely spotted with rosy crimson, and they make very
showy plants for shrubbery borders.

This meeting was remarkable for some fine new varieties of
Gloxinias. A First-class Certificate was awarded to Mr. John
Fraser, Lea Bridge Road, for Rose d'amour, a large and hold
flower of the drooping section, with pure white throat and
edged with bright rose, the colour being brighter and deeper ,
on the lower part of the flower. The same award to Messrs.
, Veitch Si Sons for Gloxinia Madame de Smet, a very showy
newer with a waxy white tube and violet purple lobes ; and
■tK ■ y^''^^"^^^'"en, rich rosy purple, the lobes slightly edged
Jf^yJ^ J^plet, a fine hue of colour, and a good flower. Begonia
Veitchii, from the same exhibitors, was also awarded a First-

class Certificate. The flowers are largo and of a vivid orange-
scarlet hue, with a cluster of yellow stamens. It is remarkably
showy, and said to be hardy, although the habit of tlio plant
appears to bo succu|ont.

Mr. Geo. Smith had a largo plant of hia fine new Nosegay
Pelargonium, Grand Duke, described at page 661, but the
trusses had bocomo somewhat damaged in travelling, which
no doubt prevented it from obtammg a similar award to
that given at the Regent's Park. A hyljrid nosegay from
Mr. George Macintosh, of IlanuiioiJitnith, bad good tnisscs of
lively rosy cerise tlowei-a, aud the habit was also good. It was
named Princess Mary. M0H.sra. E. G. Henderson &■ Son
received a Flrst-elasa Certiflcato for a variegated zonal Pelar-
gonium Lady Sheffield, a very attractive variety, the gi'een
ground colour of tho leaves being broken into by flakes of pale
yellow, the zono woU-dofinod and vandyked with dark and
vivid rosy carmine ; habit good, and tbo marking well
retained. Mrs. Preston, Model Outline, Mrs. Andrew Ilondor-
8on, and Han-y George Ilcndoraon, good forms of tho
variegated zoned class, were also shown ; the plants of tho
latter wore small, but tho leaves were well marked, and the
zone contains a gi'oat deal of colour. Reticulatuni pulchellum
is a green-leaved Pelargonium, mottled with yellow; in its
present form it is not worth much, but as a parent plant it
may yet render good service to the hybridiscr. Mr.
J. J. Chater, of Cambridge, had a group of Pelargoniums
classed according to his mode of arrangemcut, one too
cvimbrous and intricate to gain popular favour. Tho
following wore singled out by the Floral Committee
as being worthy of uotice, though no award was
made : — Pallida, a goldeudcaved variety, the ground colour
greenish gold, with a centre of a deeper gold, the two coloui's
becomiug more distinct as tho leaves age ; In Mcmoriam, the
leaves dark green, large, and well rounded, and having a well-
defined, heavy, dark zono; and Nil Desperandum, a very novel
form — the loaves bright gi-een, with a vei-y narrow pale zone,
almost at the edge of the leaf. The popular interest centred
about a group of gold and bronze zonal Pelai-goniums. shown
by Mr. J. Wills, of Himtroyde Paxk Gardens, Burnley. Some of
these were very fine plants, of vigorous aud yet compact habit]:
the leaf marking endures well as the leaves Increase with
ago. The two darkest-zoned kinds in the group were Model,
which opens a pale green leaf -ground, changing to gold with
age, having a dark chestnut zone and narrow margin
of golden green, a large plant and very showy ; and Beauty of
Calderdale, bright reddish broad chestnut zone on a golden
leaf ground, and having a broader leaf margin than the fore-
going, very fine and effective. Refulgeus has large bold leaves,
the leaf ground yellow, into which some of the reddish chestnut
zone has been withdrawn : the latter is very broad and
sti-iking, the habit very strong. Painted Lady is in the same
way, taut has more red on the zone, the leaves also are not so
large as those of the foregoing. Peeress is somewhat novel in
character, but the leaves are thin, and of a bad shape, the zone
reddish chestnut. The three last possessed good habits, but
the leaves show a tendency to become stained as they develop,
owing to the bronze of the zone being taken into the goldeu
ground. Rosalind and Admiration have the most gold in the
leaf ground, the leaves of the latter are large, well rounded,
and have a very striking bright chestnut red zone. The zone
of the former is of the deepest colour, being well defined and
bold, and forms a very attractive plant. Fascination has large
aud stout yeUowisb green leaves, and a dark bronzy zone
opening with a good deal of red in it, and is edged with pale
yellow ; good vigorous habit. Perilla, Model, and Firebrand
may be said to represent another section ; the former has a
vei-y dark zone, the leaves opening a Uvely golden green, but
becoming darker with age. The leaves also'get stained as they
age. Model has a well defined medium lively chestnut zone, on a
bright golden green leaf ground, changing to deep green with
age, but the leaves of this variety do not become so stained.
Firebrand is the best and liveliest of the trio, not changing so
much in character ; the [reddish bronze zone is well defined,
and the leaves retain their golden hue. Beauty of Ribblesdale
has a di.stinct character of its own. The foliage is of a bright
yellowish gi-een, and a narrow dark zone, the leaves crUraple
very much, as if the plant was of a weak constitution. It
grows very close and compact, but somewhat ungenerously as
shown.

The Regent's Park Show, on the 3rd inst., brought together
a considerable number of novelties, and, as usual, there were
among them many inferior, in their several classes, to those
already in cultivation. Mr. Bull had transferred here from
the Horticultural Gardens Mr. Wills' new Pelargoniums, just
described, and a First-elass Certificate was awarded to Beauty
of Calderdale ; this variety retains its character well, the oldest
leaves being as distinctly marked as the youngest. Messrs.
Downie, Laird, & Laing received a First-ckiss Certificate for
a new Nosegay Pelargonium, Mrs. Laing, the colour soft crimson
scarlet, with pale zonal foliage, the habit good, the trusses
large and bold, aud the individual flowers of good properties.
Mr. Tui-ner had baskets each of Mr. Fleming's new Nosegays,
Lady Constance Grosvenor and Duchess of Sutherland ; the
former has a very vivid shade of crimson, and massed in this
way they were strikiugly effective. A very fine salmon-
coloured zonal Pelargonium came from Mr. R. Windsor, gr.
to — Ravenhall, Esq., of Walthamstow. It was named
Pioneer, aud though greatly resembhug Beauty of Highgate,
the flowers of the new variety were larger and stouter in
texture ; the zonate foliage was, however, not quite so good as
in the older variety. Seraph, from Messrs. Downie, Laird, &
Laing, is much in the same way, but ou this occasion was not
shown in good condition. First-class Certificates were
awarded to Messrs. Carter »fe Co. for variegated zonal Pelar-
gonium Titania, leaf gi-ound green, broken into by the
primrose edge, the zone reddish carmine and dark, and with a
broad and very regular margin of primrose, the habit good ;
and for variegated Pelargonium Snowdrop, a very robust-
growing variety, with a broad edging of white to a green
leaf. The constitution of this variety appears every way first-
rate. A somewhat tardy recognition of the merits of Messrs.
Carter & Go's bedding Tropreolum Perfection was made at
this meeting by its being awarded a First-class Certificate,
though shown here in somewhat indifferent condition.
It belongs to the Lobbianum sectiou, and grows
very dwarf, and blooms both freely and continuously.
A First-class Certificate was awarded to Mr. John Hally, of
Blackheath, for a strong-gi'owing double-flowering Pelar-
gonium named Nirarod, having remarkably good trusses of
bright, rosy crimson flowers. Rose Queen was another
double-flowering kind, also from Mr. Hally, having more
rose in the flowers than tho foregoing, though much in the
same way, and the trusses not so large.

The tail of the new show or large-flowemig Pelargoniums
put in their appearance at this meeting. Prince of Orange
(Foster), though a good flower, is too much in the way of
.lohn Hoyle, but has more dark colour in the lower petals,
whUe the top petals are not so good ; Archduke (Poster) is a
large and somewhat coarse flower, having bright salmon
lower petals, stained with dark, .and a conspicuous white
centre ; Woman in White (Hoyle) has pure white lower petals,
the top petals flery rose shaded with dark. It is veiy pure in
colour, but the flowers are thin.

Mr. George Smith, Hornsey Road, Islington, received a
First-class Certificate for a double-flowered Fuchsia, with
white corolla, named White Unique ; it has a pale rose tube
and sepals, and pure white corolla, the flowers of great size,
and very showy. The same award was made to Mr. William
Paul for his new Phlox Beautiful, described above.

' Mr. Peny contributed a very fiuo stand of cut Verbenas, o(

his own ruiHing, among which were several new varletioB.

First-class Certllicatca were awarded to the following: Mrs.

Molo, a fine self-coloured flower of a deep lilac hue, pips
largo, stout, and of g(jod form, and forming a fine truss ;
a fi no and novel nhado of colour ; Miss Turner, a very beautiful
variotj-, with a ni.sy lilac centre on a white ground, tho pips of
fffoat subHtuinL', Miiiuuthand circular, aud formiuga flue truss :
a splendid cxbiljitiuu variety; Splendid, a very striking
and beautiful ahatlu of colour, rich violet rose, vory
bright, aud lemon centre, which becomes dull with ago :
pip and truss of lino quality; and James Jiiibeck,
intense cerise scarlet, with small pale lemon eye, a vory
handsome and striking vaiioty ; both tho last named
will be fine additions to tho Exhibition varieties. Other new
kinils not certificated wore Jnt'.-rostiug, a fine ahadc of salmon'
pink, though the opening colour is deciier and more vivid ;
eonapicuous canary centre, pip large and of good shape ;
Striking, deep rose shaded with crimson, and a couspicuous
white centre, tho j^ips small, and the aegments too much
divided : apromiaiug Ijcdding kind ; J. C. Ward, a dull shade
of violet pui-ple with a light centre, finely-forTucd pip and
truss : and Emma Peny, a beautiful light kind, colour blush
with lilac rose centre, very fine pip and truss. Of sorts already
sent out, Mr. Perry had, of crimson shades — Meteor, Champion,
and Mazeppa, a very striking flower, good for pot culture ;
of purple shades — Indispensable and William Dean, tho last
very fine ; of lilac — Harry Turner ; of rose — Delicata, Pioneer,
and Leah ; and pink—Mrs. Turner and Fairy, aud'somo Seed-
lings not yet named.

Lobelia speciosa Lindleyaua, from Messrs. Watson, of
Edmonton, is a dwarf -growing and remarkably free-blooming
variety, of a lively shade of violet blue with a white centre ;
the colour is somewhat confused, and in consequence detracts
from its eSectiveness. R. D.

Cfie ^pfarp.

Artificial Swaems: Liqukianisino an Apiaet.
— Having fox' some years been a fortunate possessor
of these very superior bees, but my stool: of them
bavins become gradually lessened and deteriorated
from hybridisation and the loss of the best queens
from swarming and other causes, I determined, early
in the season, to sacrifice to a great extent my pros-
spects of a honey-harvest, and to devote the chief
energies and resources of my apiary to the propagation
of Ligurian stocks by the successive destruction of all
my common queens or those of impure Ligurian blood,
and by the gradual substitution for them of pure
queens of the Italian variety.

On the 10th of June, No. 10, a Ligurian hybridised
stock, working iu a large super, threw off a fine swarm,
which, unfortunately, flew straight away to a previously
selected habitation in a hollow tree (as already related
at p. 633). Two days afterwards I examined all the
combs in the stock hive, which was still very populous,
and as I did not wish it to send off a second swarm,
I carefully searched for the royal cells, removing or
destroying all but one or two, so as to lessen the
probability of that contingency. The combs, with
the exception of one, for which a spare worker-
comb was substituted, were replaced, and the super
reinstated in its former position. In this last the bees
have continued to work, aud there is little or no doubt
of a queen having in due time emerged from its cell
and assumed the sovereignty. The comb mentioned as
having been removed was furnished with two fine royal
cells, and was destined for another hive. As soon as
the operation just described was completed. No. 3 was
visited; the combs were carefully examined for the
queen, and after some difficulty in finding her, owing
to the crowded population, she was captured and
destroyed. A side-comb being removed, three or four
of the adjoining combs were shifted away from the
centre, and the brood-comb, with its important appen-
dages, shpped in between two other combs well filled
with brood. The frame with the cells was marked for
easy recognition. Ou the 20th, or a week later, the
queen had made her exit from one of the cells, the
other cell having been broken up by the bees the same
day they were given, probably in the excitement con-
sequent on the discovery of the loss of their rightful
monarch.

Thus it will be seen that the hive No. 3 is, with but
little delay or loss to the stock, governed by a young
queen, which, though not of quite pure blood, is still a
great improvement on its predecessor — an ordinary
black queen. It is my intention later in the autumn
to effect another exchange for a queen of purer blood.

No. 9 was the hive next fixed on for undergoing
the renovating process. Having on the 11th of June
obtained a perfectly pure Ligurian royal cell, I pro-
ceeded as before, and having captured the queen a
brood-comb was selected, out of the centre of which a
small triangular piece was cut, the bit of comb of
similar shape and size, with the royal cell attached,
was gently fitted in, and the comb restored to its
proper position. On the 20th the combs were all
examined ; the royal cell was not opened, and there
were a considerable number of new royal cells in course
of construction, the inmates of which were being raised
from the common brood. All these latter were care-
fully looked for and cut away. On one or two subse-
quent inspections, the original inserted cell was found
iu exactly the same condition, while numbers of other
royal cells were continually being raised. These, of
course, were all cut away as soon as disco fered ; but it
soon became very certain that the inmate of the
Ligurian cell was dead. On the 25th, in the morning
of a fine day, when many bees were flying in
and out, I removed every brood-comb from the
stock. For these I substituted empty worker-combs,
reserved for such purposes from last year, and in the
centre I placed a frame containing a comb of pure
Ligurian worker-brood in every stage of develop-
ment. The bees that were out foraging, added to those
which were brushed oS' two or three of the brood
combs, made a fine artificial swarm, which was
allowed to occupy its proper stand.

The brood combs, with their clustermg bees, except-
ing those brushed off as already mentioned, were placed

716

THE GARDENEliS* CHHONICLE AND AGtllCTILTtRAL GAZETTE.

[JOLV 6, 1667.

in another box, after having again been submitted to a
most searcliing exanlination for roj-al cells, all of which,
when discovered, were ruthlessly destroyed. Some
spare combs were pub in to till up the vacant spaces ;
the bees were confined, air being given both at the
entrance and at the top, and the hive taken to a dark
cool position within doors, there to remain until night,
when it was placed on its future stand and the bees
liberated. The hive was allowed to remain undisturbed
for a few days before I thought fit to inspect the
interior. I then, to my great surprise, found another
royal cell in course of construction, which, on being
opened, exhibited a very young inmate not yet entered
into the pupse state. This was on the 2Sth, or fourteen
days after the death of the queen. Even
supposing that the cell was commenced on the 25th, it
would be 11 days since any egg could have been
deposited in the combs. It has usually been believed
and asserted that the raising of (lueens after so great a
lapse of time is quite impossible. I do not attempt to
account for the circumstance, hut simply relate the
fact as it has come under my observation : — ^A large
number of young iDees had emerged from the brood,
and having again carefully searched through the combs,
and satisfied myself that there was no other cell, I paid
a visit to No. 9, and on lifting out the frame containing
the comb of Ligarian brood, found only three royal
cells commenced. I was sorry to see that the bees had
removed and probably devoured nearly all the eggs, of
which there had been a large number. I now cut out
a piece of the comb, about 3 inches square, con-
taining some very young larvae, and return-
ing to No. 12, removed one of the brood-
combs, and laying it down on its side, marked
and cut out a piece of comb of similar shape,
littinjr in its place the small piece of brood-comb taken
from No. 9, being careful not to squeeze or mutilate
the cells tenanted by the larva;, of which there were
but a very small number.

On the 1st of July I again examined the two hives ;
the bees of No. 9 had made a few more royal cells,
some of which were pendent from the edges of the
comb where the small piece had been excised. This
bears out what I have before discovered, that it is a
good plan to cut a brood-comb supplied for the purpose
of rearing queens right across where the eggs and
minute grubs are thickest. Usually, hanging from
the edge thus formed, a large number of royal
cells will be constructed. On visiting No. 12, I
was delighted to find that no less than eight
royal cells, all of them containing fat and flourish-
ing larvce, had been started, some of which
were being already sealed over. It is curious that one
lot of bees should have raised, in a small piece of comb
which was tenanted by a very limited number of grubs,
more royal cells, and in a shorter period of time, than
were constructed by a stronger population from a
brood-comb of nearly full size, having many hundreds
of eggs and grubs in every stage suitable for the
purpose.

Une of my objects in giving the foregoing descrip-
tion of my queen-rearing operations is to demonstrate
the great loss which is sustained, both by the hive and
its owner, by the destruction or removal of its fertile
queen for the purpose of inducing the bees
t5 raise another. The old queen was removed
on the 14th of June. It is pretty certain that
the 14th of July will have passed before the hive will
possess a queen capable of laying an egg. No reigning
mother should be deposed until her place can be at
once supi)lied by a young queen, or bj^ some in royal
cells nearly approaching maturity. Diminutive swarms
in nucleus boxes should be started for the purpose of
raising queens some time before it is desired to effect a
change of dynasty. I may have more to say on this
subject on a future occasion. S. Sevan Fox.

Bee Books : L C. "Bee-keeping for the Many."

Miscellaneous.

The Bury Shout. — Those who propose to attend this
Show, whether as exhibitors or otherwise, will find
Jackson's &uide to Biinj {Jackson & Frost, Angel Hill),
a shilling pamphlet, containing a good map of the town,
extremely useful. AVe may add, that as a siding from the
railway to the Horticultural Exhibition ground could
not be provided, vans containing objects for exhibition
will have to be unloaded at tlie North Gate Street
Railway Station (passenger), and come up North Gate
Street, turn to the left up Mustow Street, and then
sharp to the right up the Vineyard Eoad into the
show ground, the whole distance being about three-
quarters of a mile. The station-master has, we learn,
promised to keep relays of horses throughout the whole
of Monday and Tuesday morning, so that no delay in
delivery may occur. The chi^f entrance for both shows
will be the Abbey Gate on the Angel Hill, through the
Botanic Gardens, across the RiverLarke, either taking
the Royal Horticultural on the way to the other, or by
bearing to the right at the Larke, proceeding direct to
the Agricultural. From the Horticultural Show a
straight, wide footpath is made across to the East Gate
Street Station, right opposite to the entrance of
the Royal Agricultural Show, so that every facility has
been given for visitors to proceed from one to the other.
It will be only a few yards out of the way to take the
Royal Horticultural en route to the other, there being
a thoroughfare right through.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Achimenes will now require to be neatly staked, an
operation which should at all times be done before any
flowers expand : previously however to staking, surface-
dress the balls with a little finely-sifted leaf-mould;

syringe the plants freely at this stage, and gradually
inure them to a few degrees more sun heat than here-
tofore, as this will tend materially to increase their
flowering capabilities. This is also a good time to turn
varieties out of store pots into hanging baskets for the
decoration of the conservatory or similar structures.
Choose for this purpose plants which arc about to
expand their first flowers, and where convenient
associate with them some stiff erect-habited plant,
planting the Achimenes around it, so as to hang over
the sides of the basket. When treated in this way they
look best planted in mixed colours. Look well to con-
servatory and Qreenliouse Creepers generally. Train
the young growths periodically into the necessary
spaces, giving each as much room and light as possible,
without which they cannot possibly succeed in flower-
ing freely. Encourage strong young shoots upon
Tacsonlas, thinning out all the weaker non-flowering
spray, and ply the syringe frequently, with the view of
warding off red spider. Italian Tuberoses, so soon as
any symptoms of real flower spikes are perceived, will
receive material assistance if placed in saucers kept
constantly filled with water. Others not showing for
flower should be starved by keeping them without
water in a hot, dry position until they show indications
of blooming, when similar treatment will suffice for
them also. Lapagerias, whether planted out or grown
in pots, are now very generally forming fresh shoots,
and should receive abundance of water at the roots.
Indeed, with good drainage, it is hardly possible to
overdo this plant in this respect at its proper growing
season. Pour the water copiously around it therefore
upon all convenient occasions, syringing its whole
surfa.cewell occasionally. This plant produces annually
one or more strong shoots from the base. These will
require especial guarding from slugs.
FORCING HOUSES.

Fines ripening fruit should receive no water for
12 or 16 days previously, according to the intensity or
otherwise of the sun's rays. Continue to pot suckers
as frequently as any are procurable in a proper state
for the operation. An open soil, composed of abundance
of leaf-mould with peat, suits for this, their first stage
of growth. Plunge the pots nearly up to the rims in a
bottom-heat of about 78°, and keep the atmosphere well
charged with moisture, shading occasionally upon
intensely hot days. Syringe all internal surfaces, &c.,
and shut up daily at 3 P.M. Since the weather has
become sunny. Vines have made satisfactory progress,
the favourable change having come at a very propitious
time, and having aided much in carrying stoning and
colouring crops over a very critical stage. In instances
where " shanking '* occurs I can but repeat my advice
as regards being liberal in the use of every possible
preventive of further spreading: admit freely light,
heat, and air to the borders by means of surface stirring.
Remove at once all sodden inert matters therefrom
where such exist, and by giving abundance of air upon
proper occasions to the Vines themselves, combined with
an amount of heat comruensurate with the intensity or
otherwise of the sun's light, endeavour to imbue them
with a vigour suflicient to resist the baneful malady.
Peach Souses, ifc, entirely denuded of their fruits,
should be thrown wholly open to the influences of the
exterior elements. Continue, however, to water, and,
what is equally important, syringe the trees during
dry hot periods. Stop, by pinching back, all gross
young shoots upon young Figs lately planted out, and
in that way induce lateral shoots to form more plenti-
fully, any of \vhich latter, continue as before advised, to
stop at the third or fourth eye. I repeat my advice as
regards Melon Fits and Frames : see that a constant
bottom-heat exists, and do not be lulled into delusive
security induced by warm and more genial weather.
HARDY FRUIT GARDEN'.

Newly-planted Fruit trees, of whatever sort, which
have not been mulched, as previously advised, wiU, if
the weather continues dry, suffer ^ greatly from
drought. Give all such a copious watering at the root,
after which place a moderate thickness of moist, partly
decomposed manure over the roots, and again water
well, for the purpose of settling it firmly down.
Young trees will be much benefited, especially
pyramidal and standard Apples and Pears, by a
judicious pinching back of all the weaker secondary
shoots. This is best done by pinching the points off
with the finger and thumb. Go over all trees of
similar sorts in a bearing state, and cut back to rather
less than half their length all superfluous young shoots.
This, without causing them to break again and form
other shoots, which they will do if wholly cut back too
early, will induce the formation of flower buds at their
base; the latter will now form quickly, and show
themselves prominently ere long, after which the
remaining portions of snoots might be wholly removed.
Look to all Grafts, and when any have made a fair
start remove the clay which surrounds them, releasing
them from the ligature originally used for the purpose
of fastening them to the stock. Securing them finally
from wind or heavy showers must then be attended to.
Give Wall Trees, especially Peaches, Nectarines,
Apricots, and Cherries, copious syringings overhead as
frequently as circumstances will admit. This operation
should be performed at all times as late in the day as
is convenient, with the view of retaining all the
moisture possible around them throughout the night.
This, independently of the vigour it gives to the trees,
is an excellent jireventive of red spider and of the
many other pests with which gardeners have to
contend. Should the weather continue dry, newly-
planted wall trees, even where previously well mulched,
should receive a good soaking at the root.
HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

Foses may now be very generally budded. This
operation is exceedingly simple, and is capable of
affording much interesting amusement even to the
most humble disciple of floriculture. Besides, well-

chosen colours intermixed, especially where the
varieties associated have a similarity of growth and
habit, are exceedingly pleasing. The old favourites
General Jacqueminot, Jules llargottin, and Geant des
Batailles, budded thickly upon Ayrshires, or upon
other robust climbers, such as Queen of the Prairies,
Crimson Boursault, &c., make a gorgeous display in an
incredibly short time. Choose the buds from firm
young shoots upon which the bark parts freely from
the inner wood. Insert the edge of the knife into the .
bark a quarter of an inch behind the leaf— after first
cutting the leaf itself away, but leaving an inch of the
leaf stalk still atiached— and cut away a portion of the
wood surrounding the bud down into the pith. This
excised portion should be boat-shaped. Remove the
wood from within this eye carefully without injury to
the bark by commencing in front of the bud and ,
drawing it carefully away without injury to the root,
so to speak, of the bud. "Without delay, make a clean
diagonal cut athwart that portion of the stem where it
is intended the bud should be placed. Then run the
point of the knife down the stem from the centre of
the previous cut in the form of a T, and into this
neatly introduce the already prepared bud, which
when finished should be so fixed as to replace as nearly
as is possible the original bark, which now in its turn
will be required to protect the adopted bud. The
oldest growths in the way of stocks are not to be
despised, as very frequently buds take as freely upon
these as upon others at this season of the year. In
placing the necessary ligature around the buds, whilst
it is necessary to tie them in firmly, do not by any
means cover over the eye itself — on the contrary, give
it room to grow properly. As regards Briar stocks,
bud as near the main stems upon the shoots of the
current season's growth as is convenient. 'iVhere this
has been done two or three days, stop the main shoots.
KITCHEN GARDEN.
Lose no opportunity constantly to keep the hoe at
work whilst fine weather lasts, to thoroughly destroy all
weeds. Sift well-decomposed manure around Cucum-
bers and Vegetable Marrows, after which peg them
firmly down, and pinch back all leading shoots. Make
a late sowing of Dioarf French Feans in an open
sunny position. Finish cropping all spare ground
with Broccoli, Kale, &c., upon the first favourable
opportunity. "Water Cauliflowers, Lettuce, and espe-
cially Celery, in whatever stage of growth. Remove
Farly Peas from which the last pickings have been
made, and prepare the ground thus disengaged for
other crops. W. F.

STATE OF THE "WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
For the "Week ending J uly 3, 1867, as observed at the Horticultural Gardens

it

BA.&OUBTEB.

Tempeb&tuhe.

Wind

Juno
and July.

Of the Air. jOftteEai-th

a

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

Ifoot

deep.

2 feet
deep.

Tliurs. 27
Friday 2S
Satur. 29
Sunday 30
Mon. 1
Tuos. 2
Wed. 3

25
26
27

28
•
1
2

30.522
3il-5li2

30.079

29.819
23,735

29.968

30.419

30.171
30.273
29.850
2!).733
2<I.G5i
29.787

82
70
60
62
83
71
74

40
S5
42
47
44
55
65

61.0
52..5
Cl.O
61.5
63.5
G3,0
615

ei

63
62
63
64
65
64

59
59
GO
60
GO
61
61

NE.

N.E.
S.W.
S.W.

E.
W.

s.

.00
.00
.00
.00
.21
.04
.11

Average .

1 30.U7

30.023

77.4 45.4 1 61.4

63.1

60.0

0.4!

JULC 27-Cluitecloudless,2nd very dry air; clear and dry ; very fine.

— 28— Overcast ; scattered low dusky clouds ; very fine at night.

— 29-(iuite cloudless ; very tine ; cloudy at night,

— 30-Hot ; very fine throug-hout.

July 1 — Hot. with slight drv haze ; hot and dry ; cloudy ; rain,

— 2— Close and wanu ; dull and showery ; fine rain.

— 3— Overcast and warm; rain at night.

Mean temperature of the iveck , 07 dcg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER, AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending July 13, 1867.

Sunday . .
Mon.

Tues. .,

Wed. .,

Thui-s. .,

Friday ..

Satur. . ,

^^2 pSS

^■=^,^3^

73.7 50.8

73.8 49.9
74.0 49.7
74.7 I 50.4
75 1 I 50 6
75 9 50.4
76.0 51 3

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained,

Greatest
Quantity
of Kaiu

0.48
1.07
1.10
0,92

Prevailing Winds.

The highest temperature duringthe above period oecurred c
7th, 1852 -therm. 92 deg. ; and the lowest on the 0th, 1863— t
33 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Bury St, Edmund's Show : M G R, and others. Applications
for space should be addressed to Mr. Eyles, Royal Horti-
cultural Society, South Kensington, W.

Inskcts: Amuieur. The insect sent is the chrysalis of the
common tortoiseshell butterfly, Vanessa Urtiae, the cater-
pillar of which feeds on Nettles. W.

Medical Plants : West Indian asks if any correspondent can
inform him as to the cultivation and general management
of the foUowLug plants used for medical purposes, viz.,
Atropa BeUadnnna, Hyoscyamus niger, and Conium ; or of
any work on the subject, where and by whom published ?

Names of PLASTb ; P C. 1, Lastrea Filix-m.is incisa; 2, L.
F.-m. paleacea ; 3 and 4, forms of Athyrium Filix-fcemina,
not recognised as named varieties. The other specimen of
Lady Fern is a case of arrested growth. — F B. One of the
endless varieties of Saccolabium guttatum or retusum. —
A R. For Epidendrum campylostylis iu our last (see p. 690),
read E. campylostalix. — B Wnrtley. Hyoscyamus niger.
Henbane, a common poisonous plant. — C H Si. Variety of
Stanhopea oculata.— C (?, Lasti*ea invisa; 2, Dcnnstiedtia,
alias Sitobohum davaUioides ; 3, Nephrodium moUe
corymbif erum .

Peae Mould: J D W. Your Pears are attacked by that very
truublesume mould, Cladosporium dendriticum, which is
very common on Apple as well as Pear trees this year.
Unfortunately, sulphur does not seem to have the same
effect on the dark coloured moulds as on those which are
white. You can try it. "We are not, however, sanguine
as to the result, M J B,

Vine Leaf Excrescences: Fred. The excrescences on your
Vine leaves closely resemble those which are so common on
the leaves of Lime trees, and we suppose, therefore, that
they have been caused by the puncture of some Acarus —
not, however, the species known under the name of the red
spider. You may pos.sibly detect the insect if you examine,
the loaves with a good lens when fresh. M J B,

1

Jn/i' (i, 1S67.3

THE GARDENEKS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZI<;TTE.

717

A W E S'

MANURES.—

JLJ Tlio Mfinures iiminifnoturod by J. U. Lawes for tlio prcBOiit
aensiin of l«(i7 (iro now roftdy lor delivery at Ills l-'notorloa, at tbo
following prices, per toll :—
LAWKS' r\TKNT TUKN'IP MANURR and BONE £ s. d.

SlIl'KRi-lIilsrilATK i>l I.IMK (J fj 0

LAWKS- .SIH'KIM'IIUSI'UATK (jf LIME from BURNT

BONK or MINERAL I'lIOSl'IIATKS 6 6 0

LAWKS" WHEAT, HARLKV, GRASS, ami MANGEL

MANUIJKS 8 0 0

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES .. r^ 0 0

Theao Mftiiuroa can bo obtaiuod of Mr. Lawes, or tbroUBh tlio
upiioiuted Agents lu all parts of the United Kiiigdoni, lit prices
v.ii ying according to cost ot carriage.

Uuimlno rernvian Ouano Ulreot from the Iinportora. Nitrate of
Hodii, Sulphate of Amraonia, and other Chemical Mauuroa,

American and other dkes at market pricoH.

Address. Jous Bennkt Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.U, ; 22, Edon Qiiay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

HE LONDON MANURE COMPANY

(ESTADLISBED 1840).

Have now ready for delivery in di-y fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Landa
SUFERPHOSPnATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANUUES.
Also Genmne PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISDERV
SALT. Ac. E. PcRSKB, Secretiiry.

Oflloes, 110, Fenchurch Street, E.G.

/^AKDEN BORDER E])(,IN<; TILES, in ^roat

V.I varlolv of v^ttcrns and material the plainer sorts being
especially siutcd lor KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no SUirs ami Insects, take up little
mom, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "Rrown" Edgings, couse-
ciuontly being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, Ac, in
Artificial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosHER, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriare, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.
Solo London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Ilhwtratod Price Lists fVoo by post. The Trade s.ip;>lied.

71 T. ARCHER'S "F R IG I 1> 0 M 0."-

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
flails, CoiTldora, Balconies, Ac, as cheap and diu-able as
Stone, in blue, rod, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of dt'signs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the abcve.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Rant;es, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of groat dumbility, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Rod and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cements, &c.

To bo obtained of F. & 0. IIosder, at their Prenuses iis above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — 14s, per Ton, or Is, 3(i. per Bu,shel ; 2s. por Ton extra
for delivery within three miles, and to any Loudon Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. & G. RosQER.— Addresses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

WARNER'S SILICATE of IRON PAINT
—The peculiarities and advantages of this
Paint avo tliat it nil! stand extreme Heat and Damp,
and is not affcctod by Acid, Sea Water, Sulphuretted
Ilydrosicn, or Ammonia. It is oiiuaUy well adapted
for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Every Shade of
Colour ground to order. Tno Creamy white and
Bright Stono will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of the
lames of Gases. It has no smell, and there is an entiro absence
i-tMeleterious efiect.

WARNER'S ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION is suitable for
Felt Roofing, and is a Cheap Coatiusi for Iron Work, and preserves
Wood in India from the ravages of the White Ant, Prlco Is. 3d.
per gallon.

17, Laurence Fountney Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.G.

pARSON'S ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,

\J Patronised by the Nobility and Gentry, is extensively used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and is proved, after a test
of 70 years, to surpass any other Paint. It is especially applicable
to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo, and is tho only Paint that will
effectually resist the rays of the sun upon Conservatories, Green-
houses, FVames, &c. Is twice as durable as genuine White Lead, so
simple in application that any person can uso it. Pei- cwt

WHITE, LIGHT STONE, BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 30s.

LEAD, CHOCOLATK, RED, PURPLE, BROWN, and BLACK 26.f.

BKlUUr GREEN, DEEP GREEN, and BLUE 42s.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, &c.

S cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Ports

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post free.

Walter Carson & Sons,

La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.G.

Ca,dtios, — All Casks should bear the Trade Mark. No Agents.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

■,^^w*\*i:^«^M^v**^s-g*-^^^^

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISB
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is ai
Bic;;Uunt substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fulh
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used I u tin
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of man\
hundreds of the nobility andgentry, from whom the most flattoiinf
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Sbitb will forward on
application.

From CiiAS. E. B. Skedlet, Esq., J7te Orange, near Boston.

** 1 have much pleasure in giving you a reply to your inquiries about
the Black Varnish I have had from you for the last two years. It has
answered my expectations fully, and as far as I am able to judge, it
is the best material for preserving iron fencing, gates, and other wood
work exposed to theair ; and I can with safety recommend it as the
beat and cheapest article that is yet out. Wishing you every success."

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. 6d, per gallon, at tht
ME!iufactory, or Is. 8d, per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

A^ply to Hill i Smith. Brierly HIU Iron Wortfl,near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.C., from whom only it can be obtained.

_IJ • Patronised by her MnjcHty tho Queen, tho Duko of North-
umbciliind for Syon House, his Grace the Duko of Devonshire for
Chlswlck Gardens, ProfcsHor Lindley for tho Horticultural Society,
and Str Jo&oph Paxton for tho Crystal Palaco, Royiil Zoological
Society, &o.

PROTECTION from tho SCORCIIINO RAYS Of tho SUN.

" FUIGI DOMO" NErriNG. Whito or Hrown, made of prepared

Hiilr and W. ul. a perfect non-conductor of hoit or cold, keeping a

Hxoil t>iiiiHratiiro where it Ix applied, It Is .idapted for all ilui tl-

cultural and l-'lorlcultural purposes, for Proserviiig l-'ruita and

J'lowoi-rt Irom tho Scorching Rays of tlio Sun, Jroin Wind, from

Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To bo had in any

rcfpUrcd lengths.

" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING, 2 yards wido, la. Od. per yard run.

"FKlOl DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide 1». M. per yard run.

Fuvir yards wide 3». M, por yard.

An improved nmko, 'J yards wide . . Is. iid. por yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s, 8d. per yard run.
Elisiia Tuomas AiieiiKH, Whole and Sulo Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Stroot, City, E.C., and of all Nuisoiymen and
Seedsmen throughout tho Kltigdoni.

" It is much cliuapor than Mats as a covering."

r-^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITEL

cow FITTINGS.

Their .advantagi's are— Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partiti'ius to impede Vt,iitil,ition or breed
vermin, Ilay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervioua to
Infection, being all of iron. Piico of Fittings por Cow, .liis.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the P.oitheoD), Oxford Street, London, W., wliore the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

w.

S. BOULTON'S 3S-ffallon SWING WATER

BARROW. Price dfls.
Carriago paid to any Station in England.

The above is very cheap and invaluable for carrying Liquids of all
kinds. No Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard should be with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can be bad with one Carriage at a small
additional cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travel
long distances over rough ground a Pony cm be attached. The
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowmg, out of many Testimonials, have been received :—

ii'roOT Lord Otho FiTzoEBALn, West Park, Salisbury.

" Sir,— You are welcome to make use of my letter recommending
rour Water Barrow. I find it of great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and more serviceable than one I had iiiiide in the neigh-
bourhood, the carnage alone of which, without the barrel, cost ine
£3 103. I unfortunately ordered it before I saw your advertisement.
—I am, yours obediently, " O, Fitzgerald,"

"To atr. W. S. BouLTON.'

From Tuos. Ixgle, Esq., M.D., Emmoorth, Bants, June 24, I8GG.

" Sir,— The Swing Water Barrow is in every respect a most admir-
able improvement on all I have hitherto used in my Gardens. All
parties who have seen it. Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
bestoweu upon it their unqualified approval, and several said they
would order them of you.— Yours truly, "Tuos. Inqle, M.D."

"To Mr. W. S. BooLTON."

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Incorporated by Special Act of Parliament in 1853.
To Landowners, the Cleroy, Estate Aoesth, SmvEyoRS, ic, i!f

England and Wales, and in Scotland.
The Company advances money, unlimited in amount, for the
following works of Agricultural Improvement, the whole outlay and
exnenses in all cases being liquidated by a rent-charge for 25 years.

1. Drainage, Irrigation, and Warping, Embanking, Inclosing,

Clearing, Reclamation, Planting, for any benelicial purpose,
Engines or Machinery for Drainage or Irrigation.

2. Farm Roads, Tramways and Railroads for agricultural or farming

purposes.

3. Jetties or Landing places on the aea-coaat or on the banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Erection of Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other

Buildings required for Farm purposes, and the improvement
of and additions to Farm Houses and other buddings for
Farm purposes.
Landowners assessed vinder the provisions of any Act of Parlia-
ment, Royal Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
general works of Drainage or other Improvements, may borrow their
proportionate share of the cost, and charge the suiuo with the
expenses on the lands improved.

The Company will also negotiate the Rant-charges obtained by
Landowners under the Improvunient of Land Act, 1864, in respect of
their Subscription of Shares in a Railway or Canal Company.

No investigation of title is required, and the Company being of a
strictly financial character, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissionera

Apply to Granville R. Htder, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street, London, S.W.

rpiIE GENERAL LAND DRAINAGE and

-L IMPROVEMENT COMPANY. Ofllccs. 21'. Whitehall Place.
Under this Comimny's Act TenantH for Life, TriiHteoH, Morfgagoon,
Guardians, Committees of Incoranotcnt PorsotiH, Henoliciai Lomcob,
Corporatlona (Ecclesiastical or MnnlclpaW, lNounibont», CluirlUiblo
IruBtoos, Ac, may otToct tho folluwuig Land Improvomonts. and
charge tho outlay and oxneiiHos on the estate Improved, by way of
rontcharge, to bo paid by half-yearly InHtalmonts, viz, :_

1. All works of Dminago, Irrigation, Warping, and Kmbankmont.

2. Tho Erection of ParinhouMCM, Cottages for Agricultural
Labourers, and all kinds of Farm UulidingH,

3. The CouHtmctloii of Roads.

4. The Gnibblng and Clearing of old Woodlands, EncloslnK.
Fencing, and Reclaiming Liuid.

Tho owners of Estates, not entailed, who may be dOKlrous to avoid
tho expouHo or Inconvenience of a Legal Mortgage, may also cliargo
tboir Estates with an Outlay In Improvomonts undor the simplo und
inexnensive process of tho Company s Act.

The Tenn of Years for tho Rentcharge is fixed by the Landnwner,
so as to adapt the amount of Annu;d I'ayniout to the circuiuHtancea
of thoTenantfl.

No Investigation of Title being required, and tho Charge not being
ftlfected by Encumbrances, no Legal Expcnsou are incurred

Tho Anangements for Elfecting Improvomoiits are thruufold —

No. 1. Tho Works may be Designod and Executed entirely by tho
Landowner's Agent, and the Company eraployed only to supply tlie
Loan and conduct the matter through all tno official Forms for
Charging tho Outlay on the Estate,

No, 2. The Company will supply Plans, Specifications, and Esti-
mates for any Improvements to bo executed by tho Landowner's
Agent aa under No. 1. In each of those cases the Landowner will bo
solely imdor the control of tho EncloHure Commissioners.

No, 'S. The Company will undertake the entiro resnonaiblHty of the
Improvements, prepare tho Plans, execute the Works, and dually
charge on tho Estate the actual amount expended, witli their Com-
mission thereon, approved by the Enclosure Commissioners.

Landowners may thus obtain what assistance thoy require from
the Company, and no more. In effectii-g tho objects in view.

Works of Drainage and other Improvemonis aro aiso executed on
Commission for Lando^vnora, who merely require tho skill and
experience of tho Company's Officers and a Staff in constant practice.

Applications to be addressed to Horace Broke, the Secretary, at
tho Offica of the Comcany, 22, Wbitoball Place, London, S.W.

pOLONY of NATAL.

V_/ EMIGRATION AND LAND GRANTS.

GRANTS of GOVERNMENT LAND .are given to Men of good
character who have some small moans to start with, and oxperioncQ
and skill in Mixed Farming.

To Agriculturists with £500, 200 Acres of cood Land in Freehold,
with contiguous reserves for future purchase, on easy terms.

To Men of smaller means, but who have enough to live upon until
their Land can bo made to yield austenaiicu for their Famltiofl,
50 Acres in Freehold, with contiguous Commonage, nssistcd Govuin-
ment Passages for their Families, and advlco and help on landing.

Pastoral Runs of 1000 Acres, at a yearly rental of One Penny per
Acre, on Eight Years' Lease, on condition of personal Itosidence and
Stocking.

Applications for further information to bo made to Dr. Mann, the
Special Agent of tho Natal Government, at the Natal Immigration
Ofllce, 15, Buckingham Street, Strand, London, W.C.

MANCHESTER and LIVERPOOL AGRTCTJLTtJRAL
SOCIETY. — GRAND CENTENARY CELEBRATION
SIIiJW, at MANCHESTER, August 20, 27, 28, and 20.

PRIZES amounting to UPWARDS of TWO THOUSAND
POUNDS are offered.

ENTRIES CLOSE JULY 25. Prize Lists and Forms of Entry
may be obtained from Mr. HWuitworth, Assistant Local Secretary,
Carlton Buildings, Cooper Street, Manchester; or from
67a, Church Street, Liverpool. T. B. Rvder, Secretary.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.
BURY ST. EDMUND'S MEETING.

PROGRAMME.
WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY,
and SATURDAY, July 10, 11, 12, k 13—
TRIAL of IMPLEMENTS. Admission.
5s. each person.
MONDAY, July 15— The ENTIRE SHOW-
YARD OPEN from S in the Morning, at
which hour the Judges will commence
inspecting the Live Stock, and making
tlieir Awards. Admission. 5s. each person.
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, July 16 &

17 — Admission, 2s. Gd, each person.
THURSDAY and FRIDAY, July 18 &. 19—
Admission, Is. each person.

The Showyard will be cleared Of
Visitors at 8 o'clock each evening.
FKIDAY.JulylO- GENERALMEETING
of the MEMBERS in tho Showvard at
10 o'clock.

A Military Band will attend during the Show.

The nours at which the Exhibition of Horses in the Ring, and the

performances by the Band will take place, will be notified by

Placards in the Showyard.— By Order, H. Hall Dabe, Secretary.

12, Hanover Square, Loudon, W.

PUBLIC MRETING in the ROYAL SHOW WEEK.
—The MEMBERS and FRIENDS of CHAMBERS of AGRI-
CULTURE .are requested to attend a PUBLIC MEETING in the
ATHEN^JUM or TOWN HALL, BURY ST. EDMUND'S, on
TUESDAY, July 10, at 7 o'Ciock in tho evening, for the purpose of
urging tho Legislature to enforce the Slaughter, Effectual Separa-
tion, or Quarantino of all Imported Animals at the Ports of Landing ;
also for conaidering what steus can be taken to obtain a Compensa-
tion for those Persona whoso Cattle wore destroyed by order of
Inspectors between November 23, lSi}5, and February 20, lSG(i,

John Algernon Clar&e, Secretary.
Central Chamber of Agriculture, 11, Waterioo Place, Pall Mall, S.W.

SATURDAY, JULY 6, 1867.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING "WEEK.
"Wednebday, July 10 1 T.-,i
Thuhsdat, — 11'^""

FftlDAT,
S.TUaDlT.

_ 11 / Preliminary trial days of the Gref
_ j.i > ing of the Enslisli Agricultui-al
,Xi at Bury St. Edmunil'i.

Great Mt^-t-
SoL-ii-ty

It will be seen by tho Report in another page
of last Wednesday's Council Meeting of the
Royal Agricultural Society, that tho resolutions
of the Executive Committee are now in entire
accordance with the practical and profe.ssional
character of the Society, and that, altered in one
or two cases at the instance of Mr. Holl.vnb,
they have been finally adopted. It appears
then —

(1) That the first examination will take place at the
Society's house in Hanover Square, during the week
commencing April 20, 1S6S.— (2) That forms ot entry
will be prepared, which are to he duly filled up and
returned to the Secretary, together witU a certihoate
of general education, on or before the 29th February,
18G8.— (3) That the examinations will be conducted by

718

TH?, TtAT^DWERS' OmOKIOLE AND AGRTCULTUPAL GAZETTE.

[3"tiIT 6, 1867.

means of written papers, and by a vivd voce exami-
nation at whicli any members of the Society may be
present.— (4) That every candidate will be required to
satisfy the examiners^ in the science and practice of
Agriculture, and in Book-keeping; and also in one
of the two following subjects : Land Survey-
ing, and Mechanics as applied to agriculture.—
(5) That the successful candidates will be placed in
two classes, and arranged in order of merit. — (G) That
candidates, in order to be placed in the 1st class, must
satisfy the examiners in the above-named subjects, and
also in Chemistry.— (7) That any candidate may offer
himself for examination in one or more of the follow-
ing subjects :—Botanj', Geology, Veterinary Science.
Any knowledge which he may show of these subjects
will be counted to his credit in the general classifica-
tion, provided that he has fulfilled the foregoing con-
ditions, and provided that the knowledge of these
subjects do not fall below the standard fixed as a mini-
mum in each of these optional subjects.— (8) That each
candidate obtaining a First-class Certificate will
thereby become a life member of the Society.— (9)
That the following prizes will be awarded to successful
candidates placed in the 1st class for aggregate
merit;— 1st prize, 30i. ; 2d prize, 20Z. ; 3d prize, 10^.—
(10) That the following additional prizes will be awarded
to the candidate who shall show the highest merit in
each subject respectively ; — Money or books to the
value of Wl. : Science and Practice of Agriculture,
Mechanics, Chemistry, and Botany. Money or books
to the value of U. : Geology. Money or books to the
value of 10^. : Veterinary Science. Money or books to
the value of 5Z. : Land Surveying and Book-keeping. —
And (11) That Certificates, to be termed First and
Second Certificates, will be granted to candidates
placed in the 1st and 2d classes, specifying the subjects
m which they have satisfied the Examiners.

It appears to us that Tve have here at length
a scheme whicli provides both .stimulant and
guidance to those engaged in the Tvork of profes-
sional agricultural education — both spiir and rein
to those who are endeavouring to equip them-
selves for a successful professional career in
agriculture. It is this clearly which is properly
the field of work for an Agricultural Society,
and Mr. Holland may be congratulated on
having by the patient persistence of his advocacy
succeeded in convincing the Council of this fact.
We hope that a large number of agricultural
students, from colleges and schools and farms, will
come forward next spring to claim the handsome
prizes oilered.

At Lodge Farm, near Barking, Essex, the
Metropolis Sewage Company have, during the
present year, been pouring North London Sewage,
pumped from the outfaU at the Thames, over a
very poor , soil upon a gravelly sub-soil. That
portion of the farm which is receiving the
drainage water of London in this way was last
year partly in Wheat and Peas, partly without
crop. The land is, much of it, naturally extremely
poor, with the gravelly sub-soil coming in places
almost to the sui-face. And no m.anure, no
sheep-fold, or fertiliser of anj' kind, was used to
put the land in condition for the seed. The
surface was laid out with carriers along the
highest Unes, which in some cases had to be
made up artificially ; and through these carriers the
water runs from the tank, receiving it from the
pump either into furrows along the ridge lines of
wide lands, over the surface of which it thus is
made to trickle, or into channels placed as concen-
tric or contour lines at intervals of 10 or 15 yards
on the natm-al slope. In the former case we have
ordinary water-meadow irrigation, in the latter
the process called catch- water irrigation. Some
of the beds were sown in May last year, and they
soon became covered with a capital coat of
Italian Eye-grass. The sewage, however, did not
come till September, and in the mean time the
Italian Eye-grass was cut and made into hay.
Elsewhere the Italian Eye-grass was not sown
tiU September and October, and then the land
was just covered with the plant before winter.
In this way about 60 acres of land were covered
with Italian Eye-grass. And a cutting of about
6 tons per acre was taken from much of it during
December of last year. Unfortunately the severe
frosts of January killed many patches in one
considerable piece, which was latest cut ; but with
the exception of this the whole area w.as covered
with a very satisfactory plant when the sewage was
poured over the whole in January and February.
The patchy portions were sown and harrowed,
and have ultimately yielded their fail- share of
the produce, which, on the whole, has been
satisfactory, and in some places nothing less
than wonderful.

To take examples. On one piece, S or 9 tons per
aero were cut early in April; 10 to 12 tons were cut
in the middle of May, and about 12 tons again
were out in the week ending June 22. This was
sown in August last J'ear, and has received about
4000 tons of sewage per acre. This quantity has

been so large owing to the desire, by copious dress-
ings in February and March, to obtain the
earliest possible cutting. Another small piece
close by, which had been in Fotatos, was sown
in September, and did not yield its first cutting
tin etirly in May, when it produced not less than
16 tons per acre, and since then, in the week
ending June 22, it has produced a second
cutting of 1 5 tons per acre.

Over the whole of a poor gravelly slope,
about 7 acres in extent, which has received about
2-100 tons per acre of head-water, together with
a small portion of tail-water from higher beds,
there has been taken in two cuttings about 25 tons
per acre — the last one, in the week ending
June 29, varying from 12 to 16 tons, and being,
where heaviest, one of the most extraordinary
crops of succulent growth that ever, we should
think, came off land so poor.

Of course the quantity and character of the
produce is owing to the plant as well as to its
food. Italian Eye-grass is wonderfully well
suited to our climate and to this mode of growth.
Where Sohkabder's Bromus was sown, the
produce, as we have already said, was not at all
satisfactory, as regards either the quantity or
the quality of it. Many other plants, however,
are capable of satisfactory feeding in this way.
Mangel Wurzel, grown only with sewage on
Lodge Farm, is looidng better than we have
this summer seen it anywhere else. Potatos
are most promising. Flax is, if anything,
over-luxuriant. Lucerne is pretty well. These
are all in comparatively small patches ; large
enough, however, fairly to test the ferti-
lising power of the sewage. Experiments are
also being made with vegetables — Cabbage,
Strawberries, Celery. One of the most promising
of the experiments is in the case of the Wheat
crop. In two parts of a poor field of Wheat the

retained by him for consumption in his own family—
didnotincludesalesof corn made audnot reported bythe
buyer, admitting all this, and allowing for it a quantity
equal to that returned, say bushel for bushel, the yield
would even then, over the extent named, be only equal to
about 3 bushels per acre ! Furthermore, accordiijg to
the registry of quantities kept in the agent's office on
the property before named, the annual Wheat produce
of Devonshire is known to stand at a certain ratio to the
annual Wheat produce of the kingdom. On this data,
if the figures given by the Board of Trade were correct,
the annual Wheat produce of England should reach to
.50 millions of quarters ! C. [The weekly sales reported
are a very small fraction indeed of the weekly sales
effected.]

— — We are informed that the following awards to
exhibitors of Agricultural Machinery have been made
at Paris -.—Qold Medals : J. & F. Howard, Bedford;
Clayton, Shuttleworth, & Co., Lincoln ; J. Fowler
& Co., London ; Garrett & Sons, Leiston Works ;
Eansome & Sims, Ipswich; Hornsby & Sons, Gran-
tham. Silver 3Iedals :—AYeVmg & Porter, London;
E. H. Bentall, Heybridge, York; Samuelson & Co.,
Banbury; Marshall, Sons, & Co., Gainsborough;
Richmond & Chandler, Salford; Bobey & Co, Liu-
coin ; E. R. & F. Turner, Ipswich ; Coleman & Norton,
Chelmsford ; Pioksley, Sims, & Co., Bedfordleigh ;
Beading Iron Works, Reading ; Penney & Co., Lin-
coln ; Smyth & Sons, Peasenhall. Bronze Medals .—
W. N. Nicholson, Newark ; Ruston, Proctor, and Co.,
Lincoln ; W. Smith, Kettering ; Wallis, Haslam, &
Steevens, Basingstoke; Woods & Cooksedge, Stow-
market; Ashby & Jeffery, Stamford; A. C. Bamlett,
Thirsk ; H. Kearsley, Bipon. Honourable Mention ; —
Amies, Barford, & Co^ Peterborough ; W. S. Under-
bill, Newport; Ball & Sons, Rothwell; Brown & May,
Devizes ; Fox & Co., Bristol ; Parkes, Palmer, & Co.,
Birmingham.

FARM NOTES.— By Me. Meohi.

1. TJie Cra^.r.—J;(?y 1 : Many days of bright sunshine
and scorching dry northerly winds have carried off 1;he
surplus moisture, cracked the stilT clays, hardened their
surface, and improved the colour of many crops that
looked bilious and miserable. Still the difference
between well-drained and well-farmed lands, and those

plait standsstr'oug and thick, with ears plentiful jm^rained and poorly farmed is very considerable.
l„j 1 ,1 ^v,. ,_ : 1 ...___^_„ i. On the former nearly all crops will be generally good.

and large, and the only explanation of the
dia'erence is that here the sewage was allowed to
pour thi-ee or four times during the early growth
of the crop.

The Sewage Company invite the inspection of
theii' crops ; and we strongly recommend any who
are interested in the sewage question to find
their way to Lodge Farm. They will, no
doubt, see in some instances that the manage-
ment might have been improved ; and the Com-
pany, as well as their officers are, no doubt,
learning, like others, by experience ; but it
is impossible to doubt, after an iuspection
of the crops there, that the North London
sewage, which is theii' property for half a centuiy
to come, is a fertilising agency of extraordinary
power ; and that the agricultural remedy for
the nuisance which it has hitherto created is
complete.

We add that the quantities, both of sewage
used and of the Grass cut, are daily recorded ;
the foi-mer being measured at the tank by an
apparatus for the pvu-pose, and the latter, which
is being consumed at the rate of about 16 tons a
day, by a stock of 250 cows, being most of it
passed over the weigh-bridge.

The Devonshire papers of last week appear to

have simultaneously copied and published the agri-
cultural returns furnished by the Bo.ard of Trade
(1S66). The first crop therein specified is Wheat, and
that is set down as then occupying the immense extent
of 111,708 acres, and this, notwithstanding the fact
that Wheat has been much less grown of late years
than formerly. The above figures, therefore, may be
taken to represent the minimum acreage annually
under Wheat in this county, that is, according to the
figures of the Board of Trade. But these figures,
instead of representing a minimmn quantity, will be
found to represent a maximum exaggeration. On the
estate of Sir B. AVkey, in North Devon, several of the
larger farms are held at Corn Bents, and have been
so held for many years. This tenure has involved
the necessity of keeping a registry (copied from the
"Loudon Gazette") of the number of quarters of corn
returned as sold in the county weekly, and when the
accounts were made up annually the quantity of Wheat
returned as sold was found to be an index to the quantity
annually grown. Now if any one will look over the
Corn Tables for the kingdom which were published
weekly up to Dec. 31st, 1861. he will find that, com-
pared with other counties, Devon, though of great
extent, is a very small AVheat grower ; the yield more-
over per acre is small, 20 bushels being considered the
average crop on the average of years. Taking the
acreage given in the returns, and taking also the low
estimate named per acre, the weekly disposable quan-
tity of Wheat for the county should, nevertheless, be
5373 quarters. Now how is this reconcileable with the
fact that for many years past, up to the period before
named, the average weekly quantity returned as sold
did not exceed 480 quarters ? Again— admitting that
the quantity returned as sold did not include seed-corn
retained by the grower — did not include bread-corn I

Wheat probably an average— not a superabundant
crop. Barleys generally complained of, but improving.
O.-its improved in colour, but waiting for a shower to
bring them forward. Beans an average — looking
generally of a good colour. Peas in many cases very
indifl'erent— can scarcely be an average. Potatos, having
wonderfully recovered from the sharp frost, promisewell.
^ Clovers and Gi-rasses never better, and a large breadth
harvested in first-rate order, considerably over average.
Wheat being now in full bloom, can hardly be ready
to harvest before the second week in August (say 7th
to 10th). This will be nearly 10 days later than last
year, when we began on the 30th July. The severe
second winter in March, with considerable rainfalls,
checked B.arley especially, and prevented the branchiag
of Wheat to some extent. Taking all crops together,
we may get an average supply of food. Mangels are
late, and waiting for a shower. Swedes, so far as I
have observed, plant well. There will soon be an
outcry for rain. Winter Tares have been a good green
crop. — Jnli/ 3: A fine rain yesterday has refreshed the
green and root crops, and will plump the kernels of our
grain crops. Beans and Peas appear very grateful
for it.

2. Eoolcs. — How annoying it appears to have an eighth
or a quarter of an acre of a field of White Peas destroyed
by clouds of rooks, and yet, if we reflect, how trivial is
the cost compared with the advant.ige we, as farmers,
derive from these birds during the 9 or 10 mouths in
the year when they live upon grubs, insects, slugs, and
worms, destructive to agricultural produce. Their
presence at seed time should teach us to till our land
well, so that the drill places the seed, especially on
light laud, below the reach of their bills. I measured
their beaks to-day, and found them to be about
2} inches long to the eye ; so that if the corn is put
in 3i inches it would be tolerably safe. AVhere farmers
will sow 3 bushels of Wheat, and 4 of Barley, and 5 to
of Oats, it would be a great benefit if the rooks
could take half of it. I am daily more and more
convinced that birds are the farmer's friends,
espoially now that the broadcast system is nearly given
up, and that we are gradually resorting to deep steam
tillage and drill culture. It is only in extreme dry
weather like the present, when they are distressed for
want of worms, &c., that they perseveringly attack the
Pea crops. Jitl//,IS67.

3. Asphalted Floors. — Among the thousand and one
little matters that tend to make farming profitable, are
asplialted floors. In summer, when large quantities of
green food, either Tares, green Beans, or Italian Bye-
grass, are passed through the chalf cutter, they require
to be spread out thinly or they will heat and spoil, and
the cattle will not eat them, they can be shovelled up
clean and free from grit on the asphalted floor. The
steam-driven chaff-cutter will in two hours prepare
food enough for three days, and succulent food is
improved by losing some of its moisture, especi.ally in
wet weather. For dry chaff and all kinds of corn the
asphalted floor presents the great advantage of perfect
dryness ; not so with bricked or earthern floors. There-
fore all chaff bins and granaries should be asphalted
when in contact with the ground. On the score of
economy the advantage is immensely in favour of
asphalte, for near the ground wooden floors will
rot and are a harbour for rats and mice.
Rats cannot gnaw asphalte. One's poultry-house floor
is decidedly more cleanly and healthy when asphalted,
and more secure from rats. All barn floors shoidd be

July 6, 1867.]

THE GARBENEnS' CHKONICLE AND AGUlCULTtlRAL GAZETTE.

719

asphalted. The cost with us is about 2s. per yard of
9 feet for 1 inch iu thickness ; where heavy carts pass
over it sliould be at least 2 inches thick. One I have
had iu use for many years, and very roup;hly used, is
still in good order, Landlords would find it most
economical for their uew buildiu^s, I have not yet
used it as a floor for cattle, &c., but hoar that it answers
well for pigi^eries. Where sacks of corn are iilaoi'd
against bricked walls, the walls should bo smeared
with asphalte to the heicht of the sacks. Where good
sifted gravel and some linio aro available, the cost of
the concrete busis is trifling?. Some dry grit or road
stuff is required to mix with the asphalte and ^ivo it
substance, and to prevent its cracking or melttug in
the sun. In our cnse nliiiut iliroo barrows-full of road
grit are used tooachcoiiiicrof as|th;i.Uo. The asphalte is,
I believe, the produce finm ii;is-niakiiig. Time seems
to havo no cllect upon asphaUo, so far as weather is
concerned. I once made a dung-heap on my asphalted
barn floor, to enable a foreign gentleman to try his
experiments. The mass heated tremendously ; the
floor, however, only sufl'ered a partial abrasion of its
surface, so that it would appear to bo safe as an
ordinarv basis for oattlo dung. I presume wo are all
gradually arriving at the conclusion thatif wo aro to
make moat cheaply, it must be by comminuting our
green and root crops, and keeping our cattle and
manure under cover. Juh/, 18(17.

I. The Crificalor Finishhro-up 2V»ie.— As the period
of protusion and final development of the car
appronches, then we perceive the difference between
drained, deeply cultivnted, well-manured land, and
others where non-drninage, weediness, shallow
ploughing, and deflcicnt manuring prevail. The
money contrast must now be estimated by pounds and
not sliillings per acre, for this year the ditference is
unusually great, owing to the very wet and cold spring.
'liiere are seasons when the difference between
drainage and non-drainage is not so perceptible: I
mean when a very dry summer cracks the tenacious
clays so widely and deeply that the moisture from
below escapes by evaporation from the sides of the
fissures. The non-cracking of heavy undrained clays
this year is an unfortunate occurrence. Saturated
mud from the bottom of a pond, -when spread out and
exposed to the sun, becomes full of wide fissures, and
gives one an illustration of the condition of undrained
clays after a wet season. Juhj, 1807.

o. AgricnUural Grenadiers and Bi/femen.—WheneYeT

1 notice crops of grain on undrained, ill-cultivated, and
over-seeded fields, the irregular height of the stems
reminds me of an incongruous admixture of stalwart
bear-skins and tiny riflemen. This is a sure indication
of imperfect farming. We see near the furrows plants
with short stems, small ears, and an uncomfortable
greenish brown colour. On well drained and well-
cultivated lands the crops about this time (end of
June) present an even appearance, and when the ears
are Jiually developed one may almost lay a rule across
them, so regular are they in ample development. I am
sorry to be obliged to say that the admixture which I
have described is far too general and prevalent for the
welfare of the country. In some cases gigantic weeds
overtop even the bear-skins. Jtdi/, 1867.

(i. Within 30 feet of the Poultry ^o?(5e there is now
growing on my larm a Wheat crop estimated at from
6 to 7 quarters per acre, produced by 1 bushel of seed
per acre. A large number of poultry have had free
access to this field, as well as to my others) from the
time that it was drilled, and I quote the case to verify
what I have long ago stated, that birds of nearly
every kind are thefarmer's friends, and_ that it is a
great mistake to discourage them. This very field
produced 7 quarters of Wheat in 1865, and 7 quarters

2 bushels of Beans in 18G6,— pretty well for strong,
plastic, Tiptree Heath clay. It is strange that so little
poultry is reared in this country, when the price is
\s. per lb. live weight, and the price of mutton and
beef, live weight, being only 4 W. It is true that poultry,
like other live stock, require good food, care, and
shelter, especially iu winter, and that the race or
breed should be suitable to the soil and climate, but
while we are importing and consuming 1,000,000 of
foreign eggs daily (Sundays included) we need not
fear to overstock our market with home produce.
Poultry, like sheep or other stock, manure where they
go, and, in addition, clear olf vermin. JuJij, 1867.

7. Wood's Mowing Mac/line. — I have just been inspect-
ing the working of this mower in cutting Clover. My
neighbour, a young farmer, has worked it himself, and
unaided has just finished 50 acres of Clover and Grass,
the machine appearing none the worse for wear. It is
a two-horse mower; the quantity cut, 6 acres per day.
Two pairs of horses are required. My neighbour was
accustomed to work these machines in the United
States. He said the cost of the machine was 22?.., or, if
hired, lis. per day. It was, when I saw it, working
across the furrows and stetches— the ground, a yellow
clay, as hard as cast-iron; and as it dropped into a
furrow every 7 feet with a sudden dip or "bounce,"
the machine and my young neighbour were " well
shaken," to say nothing of angular and deep water
furrows. I heard him complain of being
somewhat tender behind. The wonder to me
was that the machine could hold together
under such a repetition of violent shocks — the
horses walking fully 4 miles per hour. The first
thing my neighbour found out was that the tool box
of the machine was not half large enough, and that as
it had no lid the concussions sent the contents flying
into the air. These two defects he at once remedied.
The maker should take a note of this. The knives are
of the same kind and action as Hussey's reaper, which
I used for 10 years until worn out ; the work was well
done. The crop was not heavy. He had cut some very
heavy laid crops. It was necessary to take these in
flank, or in an opposite direction to that in which they
were laid. The knives had to be ground at least

once a day, so that tho two sets only lasted sharp
one day. It would bo well to havo two extra sets.
Filing these up won't do for Grass. We can easily
apiireciate the importance of a sharp edge for a clean
(uit, witness the constant sharpening of the scythe to
rorreet tho loss of edge. It is a great mistake to go
blundering on witli a dull tool, (causing severe vt'ork
to the horses, and an imperfect wasteful cutting. Tho
grindstone should be of a fine grii, and a little manage-
ment is required to bring the knives to the edge of the
stone. Great care is required to see frequently to
tighten the nuts and screws that have worked loose by
the frequent concussions, or they will bo lost. In
this, as in all machinery, intelligent observation and
attention are re(iuired. It certainly is most convenient
to have surh a luauhiuo when your ordinary labourers
are insulUfnoiit for the work to bo done. It also
checks an exorbitant demand of price for labour, and
renders the farmer less dependent iu this respect. On
level ground the work is easy, and the wear trifling— a
wonderful contrast to the rocking, bumping, twisting,
and jumping on the deep-furrowed, hard, undrained
clavs. The oil-can is frequently wanted. 1*^ Jul//,
1807.

THE IRISH LAND QUESTION.

The following discussion on the Tenant Eight
Question and Leases, chiefly from the Irish point of
view, took place last week in the House of Commons : —

Sir C. OTiac.in.KN' moved tho second ruiiding of the Land
Ttjnine (Irchind) Bill. Tbo subject \vith which it sought to
doul was one uf the utmost importance. To the present
positiun of tbo land question wjis to bo traced most, if not all,
the discontent which prevailed in Ireland. He waa not so
presumptuous as to suppo.se that tbo present Bill would settle
that question ; it would, however, he thought, go a consider-
able way iu that direction. There h;id been a great deal of
literature published recently by noblemen connected with
Ireland on the land question — Lord Dufiferin, Lord Rosse,
Lord Lifford, and a noble lord who wroto anonymously, had
published pamphlets on the subject. The noble lord in ques-
tion, whose pamphlet was entitled "The Irish Difficulty," had
thought proper to denounce this Bill, and to speak of it a.s one
of the most outrageous and unconstitutional measures that had
ever been introduced in that House ; and he expressed his
surprise that the hon. member for Galway, whose name was
on the Bill, could support such a measure, and supposed he had
only done so knowing that the BUI could never pass. So far,
however, from the Bill being unconstitutional, outrageous, or
revolutionary, it was founded in justice and equity, and was
in strict accordance with principles knovm by the law. Two
objections were usually ui-ged against bills of this description.
It was asked, Why should there be legislation upon the subject
at all? and next, Why should there be exceptional legislation
in the case of Ireland? It was, he considered, a sufficient
answer to the first objection, that the law which enabled a
landlord to distrain and to recover rent by other means was
legislation ou the subject of the relations of landlord and
tenant. And with respect to the second point, it had been
stated by the noble lord the First Minister of the Crown,
during a debate which took place iu 1845, that the state of the
relations of landlord and tenant in Ireland was a sufficient
jusrificiition to the Government for bringing iu a measuic with
respect to Ireland which would not be applicable to oth^;r por-
tions of the United Kingdom. There was scarcely a member
sitting for an Irish county who had not pledged himself to
deal with the land question ; and every Government for the
last 10 years, including the present, had introduced measures
on the subject. The present Bill was intended to deal almost
solely with the question of land tenure, as he considered it
important that the questions of tenure and of compensation
should be kept separate. The two evils which the tenantry of
Ireland complained of were, the want of security of tenure,
and of compensation for improvements made by them on their
tenancy being terminated by the landlord. The main object
of the Bill was to discourage tenancies from year to year, and
to substitute leasehold tenancies in their stead. It was
admitted in the pamphlet published by Lord Rosse that it was
not the policy of his order to grant leases, and one reason
given by his lordship for the carrying out of that policy was
that in counties there was an occupation franchise, and that it
happened sometimes that persons unconnected by property
with the coimties were returaed for them, and he added that if
landlords had to contend for their rights, it was best that thoy
should do so with their hands untied. This was not a policy
that ought to be sanctioned by that House. On the contrary,
they ought to encourage leases as much as possible, and endea-
vour to estabUsh a system of leases iu Ireland. Mr. Burke
expressed himself vei-y strongly in support of fixity of tenure
as the only thing which would secure steady and constant
industry on the part of the people ; and many authorities had
laid it down that the best form of tenure was a leasehold one.
Among these authorities were Professor Bell of the University
of Dublin, Mr. Sampson, and the Devon Commissioners. Even
Lord Dufferin himself admitted that leases were favovirable to
agriculture, and of advantage to the tenant. One cause of tbo
Ul-feeling between landlord and tenant in Ireland was tliat it
was only within the memory of living men that Roman
Catholics had been permitted to hold the fee-simple of land in
Ireland, In order to remove that ill-feeling he wished to put
an end to tenure from year to year ; and it was with that
object that he asked the House to read this Bill a second
time. The first provision was that all agreements for the
letting of land should be in wiiting, and that if there was no
written agreement it should he presumed to be a leasehold
tenancy for 21 years. The term of years did not affect the
principle of the Bill ; and if the House desired it, he should be
prepared to reduce that term to seven, five, or even thi-ee
years. The next main object of tho Bill was to discourage
tenancies from year to year. With that view he sought to
make such tenancies as inconvenient and cumbersome as pos-
sible to landlords. In the fii*st instance, he provided that no
yearly tenancy should be terminated except by a twelve
months' notice ; and that in all such cases half of the county
cess should be paid by the landlord. Lord Dufferin had sug-
gested that they should pay it all Fm-ther, he proposed by
this Bill that in the case of yearly tenancies the landlord
should lose his right of distress for rent. The only gi-ouud for
giving a right of distress to the landlord was that in the case
of a lease he was bound to give credit to his tenant for a
certain number of years ; but that reason did not apply to a
yearly tenancy. The next provision was that a yearly tenant
who was ejected by his landlord .should be entitled to compen-
sation for growing crops, and for any benefit arismg from any
manure which he had laid \ipon the land, and which might be
unexhausted. The principle of that compensation was recog-
nised mth regard to cottier tenants in the meiisure called
Cardwell's Act; and in 1859 tho noble lord tlie present Chief
Secretary for Ireland proposed to extend it to all tenants. The
last provision with regard to yearly tenancies enacted that
where a tenant from year to year had been in occupation of
land for five years, he should he entitled to compensation for
Ilia loaa of occupancy or tenant ri^ht. Exiatiug oenauciea

were exempted from those provisions, but would come under
their operation in tho year 1870. Tho Bill further provided
that where a limited owner granted a loaHo for an insufficient
rout, instead of tho luaso being void as at present, tho rent
should bo raised, and that leases for 21 yearn rthould bo exempt
from stamp-dvity. In order to encourage such lyiiHes ho had
fnimcd the strongest possible clauses to prevent tho tenant
from subletting withnut the cfinsent of the laiirllurd ; he had
reserved tho right to tho gjinic for thn Jundlnrd, ;iiid had
inserted other jiroviMinnH for his bL'nctit, 'I'lm Itill would not
apply to domain lands, or to tunancics under 4/. The hon.
banmot explained other provifiiona of the measure, and con-
cluded by muvuig that it should be read a second time.

Sir H. Bituct: roao to move that tho Bill shoidd be road a
second time that day six months. He declined to discuss tho
question whether leasea were necessary in Ireland, and
promised to address himself solely to tho proviHiona of this
liill, Ho was no advocate of arbitrary feudal rights. Tho
partial distress and discontent existing in Ireland owed its
origin to tho legislation of that House in former times, and it
would require years to come to make any substantial diffcr-
enco in tho prosperity of that country. lie could not say that
ho altogether approved of tho Bill of his noble friend (Lonl
Naas), Ijecauso he thought it was extremely .antagonistic to
the landlords of Ireland, but he was ready to vote with him,
because ho was anxious in any way to stop an agitation
injurious to the country. With respect to tho present measure,
he maintained that it was not one which would in any way
tend to remove existing exils. Tho hon. baronet then referred
in detail to each clause of tho Bill, and concluded by moving
that it be read a second time that day six months.

Mr. C. FoRTRScuE supported the Bill. Ho thought it wua
highly desirable that they should endeavour by their legiala-
lation, within reasonable limits, to promote the increase of
granting leases in Ireland, and thus do something towards
settling the much-vexed land question. In many respects the
piinciiJlcs of this Bill wore identical with the Bill of last year
which ho himself had submitted to the House, and he might
say that the fail" and candid explanation which had been
given by the hon. mover had removed any difficulty ho
might have felt in tendering his support.

Mr. Greene apprehended that there wei'e particular reasons
why this Bill was proposed, and therefore he thought it would
be well for tho House to carefully consider the question. Ho
could not help feeling that if men in Ireland adopted more
the principles which men did in England, of looking to their
own interests and making their own bargains, she would bo
more prosperous— there was a want of that energy and
industry which the farmers of England displayed.

Mr. O'Beirne .said that no fair comparison could be made
between England and Ireland, if it were only in consequence
of the total absence of mineral wealth in tho latter countiy.
Neither were agreements such as the hon. member had
mentioned possible in Ireland, Ijccause so great was the
competition for land m that country that the tenant was
completely at the mercy of the landlord. There were many
excellent landlords in Ireland, but there was a reluctance to
give leases, arising out of the poUtical differences which had
too long prevailed in that country. The landlord sought to
keep his tenant's vote at his command by making him a
tenant at will, and tho great bono of contention was the Irish
Church establishment.

Sir J. Gray denied the existence of any communistic views
on the part of the Irish tenants : all they wanted was a more
secure tenure for their holdings. There could be no com-
parison made in the management of land in England and
Ireland. Mr. Caird, a high agricultural authority, showed
what was the practice iu England. The Duke of Bedford, for
example, bmlt farm-houses and offices, drained the land, made
fences, and, in fact, presented the farm to the tenant in tho
most perfect condition for cultivation. The Irish landlor.l, on
tho other hand, gave the tenant the bare and neglected land,
and charged him as high a rent for it as did the English land-
lord for his perfect farm. If things were managed in Ireland
as in England, the Irish tenants would not have to come to
that House for compensation, but they were managed very
differently. Not only did the Irish landlord let his land
entirely without improvements, but if the tenant improved,
his improvements were confiscated, and he was left at the
mercy of the landlord. What the Bill of his hon. and learned
friend sought, was to extend to the other parts of Ireland tho
system of tenant-right which prevailed in the province of
Ulster. The pride of the landholders of Ulster was that they
did not hold their land by any tenure so vulgar as purchase —
they held them by royal charter ; and one of the conditions of
their charter was that the land should not be leb to tenants at
will, but either in fee or by long leases. He begged to support
the present Bill, and he hoped to hear from the Irish repre-
sentatives of her Majesty's Government what they intended
to do vrith the tenantry of Ireland. There were S4LiO land-
holders in Ireland, and 608,000 occupiera, representing
2,500,000 people. Surely something might be done to
legislate equitably between the two — something better than
spending 800,000/. annually in police to maintain the land-
lord's rights.

Lord C. Hamilton said :— If they were to probe to the
bottom of the grievances which existed In Ireland, they would
find that agitation had much to do with them, and that they did
not arise out of tho tenure of land. The principle in regard to
the taking of land in England and Scotland was mutual
aiTangement, and it should be well known that in Ireland
there existed no barrier to the same happy state of things.
It Was said by the hon. member for Cashel that undue com-
petition for land in Ireland stood iu the way of mutual
arrangements ; but how could imdue competition co-exist
with a large emigration of the people? What he wanted to
see in Ireland was a class of sound practical farmers, who
would come forward and cultivate the land in the best
possible manner.

Mr. Serjeant Barry cordially supported the second reading
of the Bin. No measure could satisfactoiHy settle the Irish
land question which did not confer upon the tenant security
of tenure, and as the noble lord, himself a landowner,
admitted, fixity of tenure could be conferred without any
interference with the legitimate rights of property. No
doubt the existing evils had their origin in the eld anta-
gonism between the settler and the native possessor of tho
soil, but they bad been continued and kept alive by mis-
government. For years the condition of Ireland had been a
source of alarm and embarrassment to the Government of
this country ; but whatever aspect the difficulty assimied,
one of the operating causes was the state of the relations between
the owners and occupiers of the soil. That was the cause of
the disturbances which occurred in 1825 and 1844 ; and since
then, the state of things, instead of improving, had become
worse, leading to emigi-ation and disaffection. It was said that
the Fenian conspiracy was of foreign origin ; but tiiere were
thousands of men in Ireland, natives of Ireland, and respect-
able, well-conducted men, who, though they had not really
committed themselves to the conspiracy, heartily sympathised
in the movement, because, despairing of the aid of Parliament,
they looked to a violent remedy of that kind for the grievances
of which they complained. The circumstances of Ireland with
regard to the relations of landlord and tenant were entu-ely
different from those of England, and therefore exceptional
legislation was necessary, and the whole of the question of
land tenure as regarded Ireland was one mass of exceptional
legislation. In England a tenant could not be evicted for non-
payment of rent unless there existed anagreement in writing ;

720

THE GARDENEfiS' CHRONICLE AND AGMCULTIJRAL GAZETTE.

[July 6, 1867.

but in Ireland a tenant at -will could be evicted, not only for
non-payment of rent, but even for non-payment of rates. He
supported the measure, because, although it was a small one.
it would show to the tenants of Ireland that their interests
were not altogether overlooked, and instead of entertaining
treasonable designs, they would be led to look with confidence
to the action of the legislature.

The Attorney-Gekeral for Ireland said no one could bo
more opposed than he was to the arbitrary eviction of tenants,
but such things were of extremely r.are occurrence. He
believed that this measure would be productive of great mis-
chief both to the landlord and the tenant, and that the less
legislative interference took place between them the better.
There were few landlords in Ireland who took advantage of
the insecurity which was .alleged to exist by reason of tenan-
cies from year to year ; and he asked whether the House was
prepared, because in Ireland as in England and Scotland there
were some landlords to be found who wohld not be actuated
by motives of justice and the consideration due to tenants, to
interfere with the rights of property of .all the Landlords of the
country ? Why should not the Landlord .aud tenant bo allowed
to contract freely between themselves? This was a most
irritating measure, and useless for the purpose which it pro-
posed to serve. What was meant by hon. gentlemen opposite
by thj land question in IreLand ? In one case it was taken to
mean compensation for improvements, and in another fixity of
tenure ; but he wanted to know whether fixity of tenure was
to be confined to the 21 years' lease, or was to extend to a per-
manent right to the fee-simple of the Land on payment of a
certain annual sum. He denied that the people of Ireland
were either discontented or disloyal ; but if they were so, con-
tentment and loyalty were not to be brought about by 21
years' leases. The principle of the Bill was, that, in the
absence of a written agi-eement, tbe law should presume that
the relation between landlord and tenant was a lease for
21 years. A more extravagant proposition was never put
forward in the House. This lease was to be valid, not only
against the landlord, but against every one interested in the
land ; and if an estate got unfortunately into the Encumbered
Estates Court, tbe judge would have an arbitrary power to
convert a tenant at will into a tenant with a 21 years' lease.

Mr. O'Reilly said the principle of the Bill w.as simply to
encourage and enforce, in every way, written contracts
between landlord and tenant, which the common sense of all
nations had shown to be desirable. No matter how good the
landlord might be, or how little he was disposed to disturb his
tenantry, there were contested elections, at which agents
made a threat of eviction in order to influence votes, .and this
produced a feeling of uncertainty in the minds of the tenants,
and discouraged the good cultivation of the land. It was to
avoid this uncei-t-ainty of tenure, which would exist so long as
strong political feeling prevailed, that the Bill had been
introduced.

Mr. Read thought that after the mild and reasonable Bill
of the Secretary for Ireland, the Bill of the bon. baronet was
extraordin.ary and unreasonable. This Bill compelled land-
lords to grant long leases, or inflicted upon them certain
pains and penalties. An erroneous notion prev.ailed as to the
number of leases in EngLand. In East Norfolk, with which
he was connected, only one-fourth of the land was held under
lease, the other three-fourths being held almost entii-ely by
tenants at will, without .any claim for compensation in respect
of improvements which they effected. He held Ins land
under six different owners, and he had no lease, .and only one
written agreement, while, in .all cases, he was subject to sir
months' notice to quit. He did not say that was a pleasant
situation in which to be placed. He would much rather have
a lease— he had alw.ays upheld leases ; but the absence of one
did not prevent him effecting improvements, and f.arming the
land to the best of his knowledge .and abUily. He believed the
law of England and the Law of Ireland on this subject was
almost identical. If there was any difference it was rather in
favour of the tenants. He willingly admitted that the
landlords of England were most kind and liber.al to their
tenants ; but still instances of injustice occurred here as well as
in Ireland, although he admitted they were very few. He would
mention one case which specially came under his notice. A
man whose family had held the same farm for generations
died, and there were no less than 17 or 18 applicants for the
tenancy. Although that man had invested a consider.able
sum in improvements, his representative received a six months'
notice to quit, .and he received nothing wb.atever in respect of
those improvements. In IreLand the incoming tenant rarely
found anything on the farm, which was not the case in
England. He objected to money being paid for the goodwill
of a farm, which necessarily made it incumbent on the
incoming tenant to make an increased expenditure to stock
the farm. That was the effect of the so-called tenant-right,
and he should not like to see it extended. He also noticed the
change which had taken place in the cuUiviition of the Land.
Formerly it produced Wheat and Potatos, but Latterly it had
become a grazing country, and did not require so large a
popvdation.

Mr. T. Kennedy pointed out that there was a great difference
between the mode of treating the land in Ireland and
England, because in the latter country the landlords made all
the improvements, but in Ireland tbe tenants were called
upon to pay for them. He did not object to the second
reading of the Bill, but what he desired was, that .all pro-
prietary rights should be exercised in conjunction with the
rights of the ten.ant. to obtain a living from the soil. There
was no other way of redressing the evils of Ireland so
effectually as by granting long leases. Why should they not
adopt the suggestion of many members who represented the
popular feeUng of the people ? The principle adopted and
advocated was, that the tenants should be called upon under
certain circumstances to forfeit the value of all their improve-
ments. There ought to be no exceptional legislation for
Ireland, as was the case in respect to the payment by the
Government for the support of the Irish constabul.ary, who
were kept up for the sole purpose of supporting class-
interests and landlord-made laws. Why should such a large
proportion of the expenses in Ireland be p.aid by the State ?
The legislation ought to be in the direction of grantuig leases.
Let the amount be paid by those districts in which leases
were not gi-.anted. It was the absence of leases that caused
the necessity for the employment of so large an amount of
constabulary. There was another mode of tax.ation, namely,
the succession-duty, which was levied differently in IreLand to
what it was m England. Suppose thoy dealt with the stranger
who paid the highest duty in a different way ? Let all pay a
succession-duty where there was not a lease. He would take
all expenses possible ofli property the owners of which per-
formed their duties to the tenantry.

Mr. Brady believed that if tbe relations between Landlord
and tenant in IreLmd were more assimilated to those of
EngLand it would be better for tbe country, but the misfortune
was that it was always considered necessary to m.an.age the
estates by means of agents, which led to the commission of
the gi-eatest acts of injustice. The whole of Ireland did not
produce within one-third of what it ought to do under the
present mismanagement, owing to the carelessness of the
landlords. In this manner the most serious evils were per-
petu.ated, and the best interests of the country were endan-
gered. This was a question in which the country at largo was
interested, and no Government would do its duty to tbe state
if they did not try every means in their power to ameliorate
the condition of the people in that country.

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

(From our Correspondent.)

Resuming our detailed notice of the exhibits in
the Annexe of the British Department of Agricul-
tural Machinery, we proceed to notice that Mr. Tye,
of Lincoln, exhibits a very well arrauRed and excel-
lently constructed corn mill, with ad.iustible step, aud
his well-known corn dressing machine. Next to the
stand of Mr. Tye is that of Messrs. Richmond &
Chandler, of Salford, Manchester, in which there is a
good number of the machines for which this firm has
been so long and is still celebrated, as their straw
cutters, oil-cake breakers, and their horse gears. Their
straw cutters are, as we have often had occasion to
remark, distinguished not only by neatness of design
but superior excellence of finish. In this class of
machinery they have recently introduced a very simple
form of gear, by which the length of the cut can be
altered with great ease. Opposite to the stand of
Messrs. Richmond & Chandler is that of Messrs.
Marshall, Son & Co., of Gainsborough, who exhibit a
threshing machine for power, with a portable single-
cylinder steam-engine ; a very tidy, neatly made
horizontal engine, together with a vertical engine
with a somewhat peculiar arrangement of the cylinder.
"We now come to the stand of the Messrs. Eansome
& Sims, of Ipswich, whose collection of implements and
machinery is one of the largest displays in the British
department. In this collection there is a fine display
of ploughs of difl'erent kinds, threshing machines, port-
able steam engines, oil-cake breakers, corn-dressing
machines, &c. They also exhibit a fine specimen of
their recently introduced traction engine, which pre-
sents some features worthy of notice by the observant
visitor. The steersman stands on the foot-plate of the
engine, alongside of the engine-man, who works the
engine; the supply of water is contained in a tank
•underneath the boiler, which is calculated to contain a
supply equal to the wants of the engine for a travelling
distance of 10 miles. The engine is single-cylin-
dered, and provided with reversing gear. Opposite to
the stand of Messrs. Ransome & Sims is that of Mr.
Smith, of Kettering, who shows a collection of the horse
hoes for which he is so well and so favourably
known. Hill & Smith, of Brierly, Staffordshire, dis-
play on their stand next to this a collection of
hurdles, sheep racks, root cleaners, and straw cutters.
Going now to the opposite side of the alley, next to
the stand of Messrs. Ransome & Sims is that of Messrs.
Clayton, Shuttleworth^ & Co., who exhibit an excellent
selection from the implements and machines for
which they are so celebrated. We would draw especial
attention to the example of a horizontal steam-engine
which they exhibit, which shows not only in the design,
but in the execution, a knowledge and workmanlike
care which would be creditable to the finest locomotive
or engine works in the kingdom. The truth is, the
workmanship is so superior, that, recollecting the too
numerous examples of the excessive carelessness shown
by farmers and farm servants in steam machinery
which we have met with, we fear this style of work is
far too good. How is it, we may here ask, that in
nearly every other trade in which steam power is
employed, a certain degree of pride is always taken to
keep the engine, not only in good working order, but
in perfect cleanliness, while on farms a state of
matters prevails in this respect about which the
less is said the better — unless, indeed, we do say
what can only in the great majority of in-
stances be said, namely, that it is not creditable
to any one concerned in its maintenance ? Farmers
little know the loss they sustain by allowing expensive
machinery to be in a chronic condition of dirt and
neglect. The stand of Messrs. Homsby & Sons, of
Grantham, is next to that of the Messrs. Clayton, and is
made up of examples of threshing machines, portable
engines, straw cutters, corn drills, and a reaping
machine, with self-acting gatherer. Opposite this stand
is the collection of Woods & Cocksedge, immediately
above which, on the same side, Mr. Neighbour displays
examples of his well-known bee hive. The collection
on the stand of Messrs. Woods & Coeksedge, above
alluded to, is made up of horse - power threshing
machine, with the driving gear for the same ; oil-cake
breakers, root cutters, corn bruisers, straw cutters, &c.
And on the opposite side, next to the stand of Messrs.
Hornsby, is that of Mr. Bentall, of Heybridge, who
exhibits a somewhat extensive collection of his
machines so well known in the trade, such as his root
pulpers, oil-cake breakers, &c. The stand of Messrs.
Amies, Barford & Co., of Peterborough, comes next, and
is qceupied by examples of corn mills, land rollers, the
weight of which is increased by the addition of water
placed within the roller ; examples of their well-known
form of cattle food cooking apparatus are also exhibited.
Next to their stand are examples of stable fittings,
exhibited by the St. Panoras Iron Company. On
another side is a rather rude timber construction,
exemplifying the mode of erecting water-closets on the
"dry system," by which a manure is directly obtained.
This is made, not under Mr. Moule's patent, hut under
that of Mr. P. Taylor, who is assisted by the British
Guano Company (Limited). Next to this apparatus
two stands are devoted to the display of speci-
mens of manures, exhibited by Messrs. MacLean
& Hope, of Edinburgh and Leith, and by Edward
Packard & Co. Next to these manure stands
is that iti which examples of the atmospheric
churn are displayed. This apparatus, in point of sim-
plicity of arrangement and the consequent absence of
numerous parts and complicated mechanism by which
a great many churns are characterised, is worthy of
special notice. It is worked on the old-fashioned
plunger or piston system, the piston rod being hollow
and provided with a small valve at its upper end open-
ing downwards; when the piston is raised this valve
opens and admits air, aud at the same time a

partial vacuum is made in the piston or plunger
which is made hollow, and provided with apertures
over its surface and also in the lower part of the
hollow piston-rod. When the piston or plunger
is forced downwards, the air, prevented from passing
out of the hollow piston well by the closing of the
valve, rushes with great force through the holes in the
plunger, and is distributed through the mass of milk or
cream. This alternate return of air passing from the
milk into the hollow piston on the raising of it, aud of
air from the hollow piston into the milk on depressing
it, causes a very large proportion of air to be passed
through the milk or cream within a very short period
and greatly facilitates the formation of butter. This
churn has had high praise awarded to it, by a large
number of parties who have used it. AVe confess, how-
ever, to the" desire to see the whole suhject of churning
taken up by some competent authority, or under the
auspices of our leading Society. We have had trials of
every other class of implements and machines, and
trials also of churns, but no trial has yet been made
which justifies the title, and which affords results which
can be depended upon for precision and accuracy.

Next to the exhibits of the St. Pancras Iron
Company, those of Mr. Samuelson, of Banbury, are
met with, comprising his self-acting reaper, oil-cake
breakers, root cutters, &c. The stand next in order is
occupied by Messrs. Coleman & Morton, who exhibit
their well-known cultivators with lever movements,
also horse gears and oil-cake breakers. Then comes the
fine collection and the very handsome stand and offices
of the well-known Howards, of Bedford. A feature of
the collection here to be met with is the display of
neatly-executed models of their steam-cultivating
apparatus, &c. In addition, examples of their world-
wide-famed ploughs are displayed, as well as of harrows,
haymaking machines, &c. One point attracted our
attention, namely, the very tasteful way in which this
firm paint their machines and implements. Opposite
the stand of the Messrs. Howard is a fine specimen of
Aveling & Porter's traction engine, next to which
is the shed of Messrs. Goulding, of Dublin,
who exhibit a collection of their manures ; aud
next to these is the stand of Messrs. _ Sutton
& Sons, who show a collection of seeds. On
the opposite side, and next to the stand of the
Messrs. Howard, is that of the Messrs. Garrett. Our
notes as to what is to be met with on this stand we
must defer.

STEAM CULTIVATION.
The Hieing System.

Not having been able to be present at the discussion
of the Royal Society on Steam Cultivation on the 29th
of May, in answer to the invitation I received, and not
having had an earlier opportunity, I must request a
space in your paper to reply to some remarks then
made.

Indeed, being commercially^ interested to a very
important extent in the hiring system— being the
manager of the North Lincolnshire Steam Cultivating
Company, who own three of Fowler's largest double
engine sets — I feel it a duty, not only to myself, but to
the public, to correct and disprove some of the asser-
tions then made. I have read with much interest the
speeches made on that occasion, and though I am about
to difi'er from Mr. Bulstrode in several important
particulars, he will not consider me as reflecting in any
unfriendly spirit on his remarks. As it would make
my letter considerably longer to quote his words at
length, I must refer your readers for them to your
Paper of the 3d inst.

And, first, I maintain that in the hiring system un-
certainty does not exist where a proper understanding
between employer and employed is practised. X subjoin
a list of farmers, who are in the habit of hiring our
steam tackle, who give their names and assurance, that
they have always been able to have a tackle when they
wanted it ;—

Messrs. James Campbell, Gokewell, Brigg; Wm.
Abraham, Civersby, Market Rasen ; Thos. Bland,
Wienby, Market Rasen ; Math. Maw, Matham,
Kirton-in-Lindsey ; Chas. Nicholson, Stainwells,
Brigg; J. Smith, Everby, Sleaford; J. Dickenson,
Holme Hilh Market Rasen ; Chas. Sharp, Swineshead,'
Spalding ; J. Holmes, Greetwell, Lincoln ; H. Nichol-
son, Broughtou, Brigg ; J. Taylor, Cookthorn, Market
Rasen ; J. Picars, Mere, Lincoln ; Wm. Mackinder,
Mere Hall, Lincoln ; Thos. Morris, Ulceby Chase ; and
numerous others I can name.

There are also many other double sets of tackle
besides ours let out in Lincolnshire, the owners of
which could, no doubt, give similar testimony from
many more influential farmers, large and small, who
have been for years in the habit of hiring, and I regret
that employers of steam tackle have not been more
numerously questioned as to their opinions of the
hiring system by the Royal Agricultural Society's
Steam Cultivation Commission.

Then, again, why should the hiring system be more
costly ? Mr. Bulstrode says that the cost by hiring is
almost doubled. He cannot prove it by figures, there-
fore I need not disprove it by that means, but I can
indirectly explain that it is not so, because there is no
reason why it should be so. Mr. Bulstrode admits
that the double engine tackle is the most economical
and scientific apparatus, but he defends the small
roundabout tackle, on account of its being the best for
" ordinary occupations," aud I quite concur with him
in the opinion that circumstances may have a great
deal to do with regard to determining the system of
steam cultivation, which is most advantageous.

To go into figures and state our charges I cannot do,
nor is it necessary, for they vary exceedingly, as a
matter of course, according to the nature of the soil.
But I would ask, how can the roundabout tackle work
cheaper under " ordinary circumstance.s," when, as Mr.

July 6, ISW.]

THE GARDENEES' CI!E()M(^LE AND AGRICUETUEAL GA/llTTl

721

Bulstrode admits, it is neither the most scientific nor,
what is quite as important, the most economical ?

If we contractors, with skilled lahour, good manage-
ment, and powerful ensines,have loss working expenses
by having less wages to pay per acre, we surely can
afford to work cheaper than the roundabout tackle,
managed by comparatively unskilled labour, by more
hands, and which can only be worked with weak eugnies
It would become exceedingly unmanageable if powerful
engines, with proportionately strong tackle, were
employed. , , j ,,

Strong, stubborn clay land cannot be worked at all
efficiently, say 8 to 11 inches deep, by an ordniary
portable engine of from 8 to 10-hose power ; at any rate,
the amount of work done on heavy land, when in a dry
and suitable state for cultivation, must always be very
small in such a case, thereby losing one of the great
advantages of the powerful tackle, that of being able
to make the most of the season.

Where an ordinary 8 or 10-horse power portable
engine, with any small windlass tackle, with five men,
can work C or 7 inches deep, 6 to 8 acres iier day;
there the double 11-horse tackle, with three men,
easily accomplishes from 12 to 15 acres per day, from
8 to 10 inches deep.

Does it not stand to reason that the wear and tear
of tackle per acre must bo considerably less by the
application of implements carefully managed and
superintended by thoroughly competent persons, than
in a tackle managed by farmers who are for the most
part unacquainted with the details of a'steam-engine ?
The Commissioners most emphatically express their
opinion, that the skill in management determines
the success of any steam tackle.

Well, is not the farmer who hires relieved of this
responsibility ? can he afford the time spent in super-
intending a steam tackle in addition to his other
work ? And is not the risk of heavy expenses by
breakages, and the consequent uncertainty as to finish-
ing the cultivation in season, very great, with the
farmer who owns a small tackle.

I believe, too, that the greater number of farmers in
England (though I have no statistics to the point) are
those under 200 acres, and I might say that few, if any,
out of this class can afford to buy even the smallest
roundabout tackle. Are, then, this class to be
without the advantages of steam culture, and is it not
indeed right on principle to supply a demand by
letting out tackle to those who find it profitable to
themselves by three to five years' experience to hire
such tackle ? Further, there is to my personal knovv-
Icdge an immense majority of large farmers in this
lounty who never would buy a tackle, but who gladly
avail theraseves of the opportunities of hiring.

In conclusion, I maintain that the hiring system is
fho very bust' metiium of making steam cultivation
more generally known and appreciated. I know a
great many instances where large farmers in this and
other counties have tested steam cultivation on their
farms through hiring a tackle, and finding it answer
have bought large tackle or small apparatus. Does
not, therefore, the hiring system deserve every possible
encouragement ? Richard Toej^Jfer, Hibaldsfoii House,
kli'/oii-in-Lindsei/, June 28.

Home Correspondence.

Appearance of the Crops in Berkshire. — The crops
in this neighbourhood present a most diversified
ippearance, in consequence of the varied changes of
the atmosphere in the spring months, accompanied
^vith au unusual quantity of rain. The autumu-sowu
Wheat was planted in a firm, healthy seed-bed, and
showed a promising appearance as the spring came on ;
but the superabundance of rain in JIarch retarded its
growth, and on cold and thin lands it presented a
sicklyj thin, and ungenial plant. A few days of hot
sunshiiie, as May came in, gave wonderful impetus to
vegetation, and the Wheat on all good lands shot up
with amazing vigour. The sharp frosty nights about
the 10th checked its too rapid growth of straw, and
gave strength to the stalk, which has thrown out a
good broad flag and square healthy ear. On our best
lands the Wheat is very good ; ou badly farmed lands,
and cold, thin, stone-brach, much below an average.
Barley is very uneven in appearance. The wet March
chilled that planted early, except on warm and highly
farmed lands. That also which was planted soon after
the rain, ou soil trodden almost to a paste, presents a
yellow, stunted, uneven promise. On warm gravels
those pieces which were put in well are good. The
late planted has not done well. Oats are very varied,
but want rain to carry them out ; they cannot be an
average. Kye presented a magnificent promise, but
the sharp frost in May coming when in bloom,
destroyed three-fourths of the young grain, so
that half the ears are empty, and others partially so.
Winter Beans are very promising, so are the Tares.
Peas are good. The spring Beans are short in the
straw, but well bloomed ; they want rain to make them
an average. Turnips are backward, the fallowing
sadly behindhand, March (the spring month for
tillage) having been lost. Grass and Clover is abun-
dant, and now being got up in splendid condition.
Potatos very backward and unpromising, having been
all cut down to the ground by the laie frost in May,
since which they have made slow progress. On the
whole there will be less straw to the com than usual ;
but should the bloom not be injui-ed by the late frosty
nights, we may have an average crop of grain of fine
quality, with a continuance of this hot sunshine, which
■ has so much to do with its production. J. Williams,
Shippon, Abingdon.

Crops in Kent. — We had a great deal of rain the
iirst few days of June, after which there were a few
days of fine warm summer weather, and all our Cereals
grew very fast, so that we have the prospect of an
abundance of straw ; but since those warm days we

have had a cold hard north-east wind, with a cloudy
sky, which continues to the present time, and causes
the Wheat to come into ear very uiieveu aud irregular.
Past cxporicuce proves to me that the present weather
is very unkind for the blossoming of Wheat, and not-
withstanding the quantity of straw, the yield of grain
may be dclicicul. Barley, being not so lia.ble to bo
injured by the iiresciit cold weather, bids fair to bo a
good crop. Oats look well, and at present promise a
good croj). Wo have been less injured by wire-worm
on our light lauds this year than usual. Karly planted
Pe;is are good, tlioso that wcro late planted will bo
inferior; they are infested with lice (dolphin), and
must bo au indifferent crop. Beans do not promise
well, the strongest are smitten with blight (black lice),
and caunot bo a good crop. There are less Potatos
planted in this district than usual ; they are looking
well ; I hear no complaints at present of disease.
Mangel generally plants well, but grows very slowly.
Swedes are generally a good plant, and look well ; we
have j ust got through the first horse-hoeing, and com-
menced hand-hoeing: they have not been injured by
fly this year. The hay crop is good, particularly all
artificial Grasses, Sainfoin, Clover, &c., and most of
it is now secured in good condition ; rain is wanted for
the second crop, but our corn requires no rain, warmer
weather and sunshine is what we are now anxiously
wisliing for. TV. Manser, Duntplon, Mamsijate, June 2(i.

Sorijhum an<lJiromus.—'We liave never recommended
in any way the Sorghum tartaricum, neither have we
attempted to " corroborate " or even allude to the
recommendations of it given by others. We are
rather concerned to read the four lines near tiie end of
the first column at p. (iOI of the Jgricidtural Gazette,
which we find are supposed by some of our friends to
refer to our firm, inasmuch as we inserted au adver-
tisement stating that the seed could be had from us.
We can hardly believe that the paragraph in question
was intended to refer to us, but as unfortunately no
names are mentioned in your article, some of your
readers may suppose that it does. Allow us, there-
fore to explain, that though we never recommend an
article until we have proved it thoroughly in our trial
ground, yet it is quite incumbent on us to procure
every new kind of seed which is spoken well
of in your Paper, by whomsoever it is recom-
mended: and this not merely for our own
trial, but also for our customers, whose Icuriosity
has been raised ; aud if we did not announce
that we could supply it, they would procure that and
other articles with it from our competitors in business.
Accordingly, whether it is "Sorghum tartaricum,"
"Raphanus caudatus," or "Cattle Melon," we take care
to procure some seed from theorigiual source, and inform
our customers by advertisement that we can supply it ;
but neither in the newspapers nor in our catalogues
will one word be found in commendation of either of
these articles. On the contrary, when our opinion
has been asked, either by our customers or by the
Royal Horticultural Society, we have expressed
it freely. When the Bromus Schrajderii was first
introduced Ave simply announced that we could
supply the seed ; but having now for several
years proved in our own ground that it is very pro-
ductive when sown in drills as Oats, and mowed or
fed off about seven or eight times a year, we have
recommended it, and do recommend it, for cultivation,
as advised in our " Amateur's Guide." One peculiar
merit of this Bromus is that when the Italian
Rye-grass ceases to grow (November to March)
the Bromus continues to sprout vigorously. The often
cutting, which we recommend, renders the Grass more
succulent and much more abundant. Allow us to
add, that, though liable as others to be mistaken, we
never state, in the form of advertisement, what we do
not believe to be literally true, as we cannot recognise
any less responsibility in that mode of conveying our
statements than by letter or by word of mouth. We hope
you will kindly insert at least some portion of this
letter in your next issue, or such reference to it as will
remove the impression that we had recommended, or
"corroborated the story "concerning, the Sorghum
tartaricum. Sutton ^ Sons, JRoyat Berks Seed Esta-
hlishment. Heading.

Notes on Steam Cultivation, No. 1. — The late
valuable reports and discussions on steam cultivation
will be of great service to the whole agricultural com-
munity, offering good encouragement to intending
purchasers. Many may have thought to find instruc-
tions therein to guide and direct them in their choice
of the several descriptions of steam tackle now offered
for their purchase, but as it will be seen, the different
systems work so well under able management, that I
think a far more important question arises. To large
capitalists it may form a msLtter for consideration,
whether to go in for an expensive or a moderate costly
set; but to the ordinary farmer with a limited capital
(who is in the large majority), the latter must
be his purchase if he intends to enjoy the
manifold benefits which steam cultivation will
confer upon him. In my experience I have
found the Messrs. Howard's roundabout system almost
perfect; its easy management by ordinary farm
labourers, without any danger, must commend itself,
and leave no doubt of its becoming very generally
used. I would remark here that if this firm could
make a lighter tool, taking a lesser breadth, such as a
six-horse power engine would work, the cost would
then come within the reach of a great many whose
amount of acreage would not warrant them purchasing
the larger. Purchasers, to prevent disappointment,
must first acquire that information which will
qualify them to instruct their men in all the
management. This point cannot be too much
pressed, as success depends upon it. The cases
which have come under my notice of failure or
heavy breakiiges entailing heavy expenses, directly
arise from this cause. A whole survey of the farm will

also be rctiuired for the purpose of selecting the most
favourabin situalinu for setting down, whereby the
largest amount of work can be accomplished without a
removal. To facilitate this a readjustment will be
rotiuired, taking care to throw portions of land together
of such a size as to suit the system of rotation practised ;
this will conduce to shorter removals when necessary.
An easy supply of water will also form consider-
ation, and have great influence upon the positions
selected for s(atiiig down, as where practical ponds
should be made, or wells sunk ; in dispensing with the
water-cart we overcome a preat dillicnlty and serious
drawback. Hindrances will also give cause for personal
superintendence, bearing in mind that he who performs
the greatest quantity of good work in the least given
time does it for less per acre, and is the most successful
steam cultivator. In my experience the greatest
hindranrc attached to the roundabout system is the
tini'' ocriipied in removal. It is a great mistake to say
ordinary good men can make a removal (distance not
over a mile) in two-and-a-half hours; I find half a
day consumed, and in some cases more. Where the
soil is very hard, digging holes for dead anchors,
windlass, and in some cases double snatch-block,
constitute the chief delay. To obviate this in
a great measure, I would suggest that per-
manent posts should be put in wherever dead
anchors are required. The double snatch-block
might be fastened on this principle ; cost of post, &c.,
would bo very trifling, not much more than the dead
anchors dispensed with, and would enable us to remove
in two-and-a-half hours or less. The past show trials
for steam cultivators I consider quite inadequate as a
test of their several merits ; a great apparent superiority
of one implement over another may not assume that
proportion when tried on a more extensive field ; longer
and more extensive trials would bring the roundabout
system in more repute with the ordinary or general
farmer. R. Bower, 142, Oreat Portland Street, W.

Middle-Class Education.— E-^ery respectable farmer
and tradesman ought to give especial attention to this
subject at the present time. It is a movement designed
for their particular benefit. The object is to provide
means whereby their sons may obtain a first-class
education at a moderate cost. A Parliamentary Com-
mission has been for some time in existence, and is
assiduously engaged in ascertaining the facilities now
applicable for this purpose, or that can be made so,
without inflicting any serious wrong or injury upon
the management and conduct of the many charity
schools known as Grammar Schools throughout the
country. It is notorious, and has long been a subject
of public odium, that the mismanagement of many of
these schools has been grossly bad, and the mis-
appropriation of their funds has been disgraceful ;
in fact that little less than sinecurism and neglect have
greatly prevailed. This is a sad state of things, audi
rejoice that a Commission is making every necessary
inquiry into these abuses and misuses, with the
view of rectifying them in one sense ; but its real pur-
pose is to take a much wider and more expansive vievv
of the whole question, so as in the end to alter the
whole system of education now taking place under these
charities, and to make them more general and far more
eflicient. Very many of these schools are purely parochial
schools, designed chiefly for the education of the labour-
ing classes ; these, I believe, the Commission does not
touch. It deals mainly with what are known as public
grammar and district schools for the education of
what are generally termed the middle classes. These,
I believe, it is intended to take from their present
unsatisfactory position, and combine some two or three
or more of them under one trust or scheme of manage-
ment. From these several means thus condensed in
one, and probably supplemented by Parliamentary or
parochial aid, it is in contemplation to build large
district schools or school-rooms, with all necessary
accompaniments of masters' residences, &c., in which
to locate some 400 or 500 boys of the middle classes,
with their masters, who are to teach in the various
departments of ordinary and classical knowdedge,
so that a first-class education may be imparted
for a moderate charge, i. e., 25Z. to 30/. per annum.
This is an admirable scheme, and cannot fail to be
a great boon to the middle classes, provided it be
placed under an enlightened, liberal, and effective
style of management. In this lies the great difiiculty
—they must be free and open, upon terms of equality, to
all classes. Now, such is the state of parties, both
political and religious, as to make this desideratum
almost unattainable. Churchmen say, " We must have
our children grounded in the principles of the
Church," i.e., the Church of England ; "we must have
the Church catechism taught." Dissenters and
many others totally object to this ; nor will they
tolerate the invidious distinction of having their
children set aside while their (ellows are repeating
their catechism. All denominationalism must be
dropped. The Church must give up her impolitic
presumption, and fall in cordially with the masses. Of
all religious books the Bible, and the Bible only, must
be used and taught in the schools, but unsectarian
forms of prayer ought to be used morning and evening
daily. The chief management of these schools should
be vested in a responsible and authoritative board in
London, aided by corresponding or consulting boards
in the country districts ; such boards to consist of an
equal number of churchmen and dissenters. The first
election for any district to be made in the same
manner as the election of Local Government Boards, or
of guardians, who shall hold office for three, five, or seven
years, when fresh elections shall be made, all members
being eligible to re-election. The appointment ol
masters, the general organisation ot the schools,
the management of the properties and all general busi-
ness should be in their hands, subject to the approval of
the Board above ; the cost of such elections to be
borne by the parishes forming the district, and be paid

72 2

THE GAEDENFRS' CHKONICLE ATs'D AGEICULTnRAL G7\ZETTE,

[July 6, 1867.

out of the poor's-rate. The elections to be conducted
by the overseers. School inspectors must be appointed
for examination of schools, and to report upon the
■proper conduct of every department. Matters of
detail can be easily arranged. 0. F.

means of vtritten papers, and by a -viva voce examina-
tion, at vrhich any member of the Society may be
present.

4. That every candidate be required to satisfy the
Examiners in the Science and Practice of Agriculture,
and in Book-keeping; and also in one of the two
following subjects : Land Surveying and Mechanics, as
applied to Agriculture.

5. That the successful candidates be placed in two
classes, and be arranged in order of merit.

6. That candidates, in order to be placed in the first
class, must satisfy the Examiners in both the above-
named subjects — Land Surveying and Mechanics
applied to Agriculture, and also in Chemistry.

7. That any candidate may offer himself for exami-
nation in one or more of the following subjects : —
Botany, Geology, Veterinary Science. Any knowledge
which he may show of these subjects will be counted
to his credit m the general classification, provided that
he has fulfilled the foregoing conditions, and provided
that the knowledge of these subjects does not fall below
the standard fixed as a minimum in each of these
optional subjects.

8. Each successful candidate obtaining a first-class
certificate, shall thereby become a life-member of the
society.

9. That the following prizes be awarded to successful
candidates placed in the 1st class for aggregate merit :—
Krst prize, SOI. ; Second prizCj 20/. ; Third prize, lOl.

10. That the following additional prizes be awarded
to the candidate who shall show the highest merit in
each subject respectively : —

^''A°ricSl'toe™"°'' °' JMoney or books to the value of £10

Mechanics ,, „ „ 10

Chemistry .... „ „ „ 10

Botany ,, „ „ 10

Geology „ „ ,, 5

Veterinary Science .. ,, „ „ 10

Land Surveying .... ,, ,, ,, 5

Book-keeping .... ,, ,, ,, 5

11. That certificates, to be termed First and Second-
Class Certificates, be granted to candidates placed in the
1st and 2d classes ; such certificates to specify the
subjects in which the candidate shall have satisfied the
Examiners.

This report was adopted.

The following noblemen and gentlemen w-ere
appointed to serve on the General Leicester Committee :
— Mr. Thompson, Chairman, His Grace the Duke of
Rutland, the Earl of Powis, Lord Chesham, Lord
Tredegar, Lord Vernon, Major-General the Hon. A.
N. Hood, Sir Edward Kerrison, Bart., the Eight Hon.
Sir John Trollope, Bart., M.P., Sir AV. VVms. Wynn,
j Bart., M.P., the Mayor of Leicester, Mr. Barnett, Mr.
Barthropp, Mr. Bowly, Mr. Cantrell, Colonel Challoner,
Mr. Clayden, Mr. Bent, M.P., Mr. Brandreth Gibbs,
Mr. Holland, M.P., Mr. Hornsby, Mr. Wren Hoskyns,
Mr. Milward, Mr. Pain, Mr. Randell, Mr. Read, M.P.,
Mr. Shuttleworth, Mr. Stone, Mr. Wallis, Mr. Webb,
Mr. Torr, Major Wilson, Mr. Jacob Wilson.

Smithfield Clitb. — Visit of the Council of tJie
Smithfield Club to Windsor.— 'Vhe President of the
Club (Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood) having
invited the Council to inspect her Majesty's farms at
Windsor, the following availed themselves of this
handsome offer :— Lord Tredegar, Vice-President ;
Messrs. Torr and Samuel Druce, Trustees ; Mr.
Brandreth Gibbs, Hon. Secretary; Messrs. B. E.
Bennett, John Baldwin, John Clayden, Joseph Druce,
Thos. Duokham, Walter Farthing, John Giblett,
Charles Howard, R. Milward, E. W. Moore, E. Pope,
John Painter, W^m. Rigden, Richard Stratton, Wm.
Sanday, Josh. Shuttleworth, Hervev Thurnall, Thos.
Twitchell, J. S. Turner.

The party was met by the General at the Windsor
station, where carriages were in attendance. They
proceeded to inspect the splendid Royal dairy
aviaries, the show farm, with the herd of Short-horns,

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL OF ENGLAND.

Monthly Council : Wednesdai/, July 3, 1867.—
Present Mr. Thompson, President, in the Chair ; the
Earl of Shrewsbury, Lord Berners, Lord Chesham,
Lord Tredegar, Lord Vernon, Lord Walsingham,
Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood, Sir J. Johnstone,
Bart., M.P. ; Sir A. Macdonald, Bart. ; Sir T. Western,
Bart., M.P. ; Sir Watkin Wynn, Bart., M.P. ; Mr.
Amos, Mr. Barnett, Mr. Cantrell, Mr. Clive, M.P. ;
Mr. Dent, M.P. ; Mr. Druce, Mr. Brandreth Gibbs,
Mr. Holland, M.P. ; Colonel Kingscote, M.P. ; Mr.
Milward, Mr. Pope, Mr. Read, M.P. ; Mr. Sanday,
Mr. Robert Smith, Mr. Torr, Mr. James Webb, Pro-
fessor Wilson, Mr. Erere, and Dr. Voelcker.

The following new Members were elected :—
Alderson, Edward Samuel, Bury St. Edmund's.
Aahton, Thoma.s Mason, Deeping St. Nicholas, near Spalding.
Barnwell, Rev. Q. Edward, Deeping St. Nicholas, near

Spalding.
Barrett, Samuel, Hardwlck, Bury St. Edmund s.
Bellyre, Edwin F., Chirk, Denbighshire.
Bond, Thomas, Pulham Mary, Harlestnu.
Cheere, Rev. Frederic, Ingham Rectory, Bury St. Edmund's.
Coleman, William J., Bury St. Edmund's.
Cooke, John, Bury St. Edmund's.
Cooper, Thomas White, Bury St. Edmund's.
Crawley, John, jun., Gosberton Fen, Spalding.
Dewing, Edward M., Northgate Street, Buiy St. Edmund's.
Dudgeon, John, Peamlands St. Hoathly, East Grinstead.
Everard, Fran-'is Charles, 22, West Gate Street, Bury St.

Edmund's.
Fardon, Joseph Ashby, Witton House, Droitwich.
Fison, Albert James, Barningham, Ixwoi-th, Suffolk.
Fison, Cornell Henry, Thetford, Norfolk.
Giraud, Rev. Edward A., 10, Northgate Street, Bury St.

Edmund's.
Griihn, James Bowdon, Bui-y St. Edmund's.
Hamer, Charles M., Snitterfleld, Stratford-on-Avon.
HiUiam, Captain Thomas, Willroby Hall, Spalding.
HurreU. Henry, Horstoo, Cambridgeshire.
Jonas, George, Ickleton, Saffron Walden.
Jimmer, James, Bury St. Edmund's.
Mellard, Ralph, Bugeley, Staffordshire.
Newcombe, Samuel, Orsett, Romford.
Palmer, Geo., Hawstead, Bury St. Edmund's.
Phillips, J. South, Great Barton, Bury St. Edmund's.
Pulley, Joseph, Lower Eaton, Hereford.
Raven, John, St. Helen's, Maryport.

Rooke, John, Weldon Grange, Wansford, Northamptonshire.
Salmon, Charles E., Bury St. Edmund's.
Smith, Alfred Marshall, Cop House, Saltney, near Chester.
Smith, Alfred Thomas, Thurston, Bury St. Edmund's.
Sturge, Charles, Bewdley, Worcestershire.
Swinburae, George, Milbeck Hall, Keswick, Cumberland.
Thompson, George, Bury St. Edmund's.
Thompson, Harry, Great "R'helwetham, Bury St. Edmund's.
Thompson, John, Bury St. Edmund's.
Tinsley, Henry, jun., Gedney Hill, Wisbeach, Cambs.
Tipper, Benjamin Clarke, Bristol Road, Birmingham.
Walter, Edward, Tangley, Wokingham, Berks.
Watling, John, jun.. Bury St. Edmund's.

Finances.— Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood,
Chairman, presented the report, from which it appeared
that the Secretary's receipts during' the past month
had been duly examined by the Committee and by
Messrs. Quilter, Ball, & Co., the Society's accountants,
and found correct. The balance in the hands of the
bankers on the 30th June was 1951/. 5*. The quarterly
statement of subscriptions and arrears to 30th June,
and the quarterly cash account, were laid on the table.
On the motion of General Hood, seconded by Mr. Pope,
it was resolved that the list of members in arrear be
reprinted and circulated among Members of Council,
with a request that they would give their assistance in
obtaining payment of the sums due. This report was
adopted.

Peize Essays.— Mr. Thompson, Chairman of the , , , . .i,- -„ i , -^ i j . -

Journal Committee, announced the awai-ds of the and the white pigs the Royal kitchen garden, &c.,
judges, and the motto papers having been opened by thence the Rnyal Flemish and Norfolk farms where
the Chairman, the names of the successful competitors , the herds of Herefords and Devons are kept ; also the
■were declared as follows :- I -workshops, erected by the late iPrmce Consort, where

, ^ . , „ i. , , . ~, ■ , „,, 4 ! all the carpentry for the estate is performed. After
, Class L Farming of Huntmgdonshire. The prize of 25;. to complete inspection of the various animals,

Mr. Gilbert Murray, Elvaston Castle, Derby. " ^^^v ^ ^ t , p +1 j> ., +i,„„ ™„^ ^i

-- - ."--.-. ,'.„■., . , „_, . machinery, &c., at each of the (arms, they were most

sumptuously entertained at a banquet at General
Hood's residence, Cumberland Lodge.

The President in proposing the health of her Majesty
gratified the company by stating that her Majesty had
expressed her approbation of this visit of the Council.
It is needless to say that the health of Lady Mary
Hood (who honoured the guests by being present at
dinner), and that of the President himself, were duly
honoured.

Nothing could exceed the hospitality and kind
attention paid to the visitors who returned highly
gratified with their trip, and all declaring it to be one
of the most enjoyable gatherings in which they had
ever taken part.

Soci ET Y OF Aets.— At the annual meeting last week
a report from the Council was read, containing the
following particulars of agricultural interest : —

Harvesting Corn in Wet Weather.— the effect of
the last year's wet season upon the harvest drew the
attention of the Council to the importance of some-
thing being done, if possible, to obviate or mitigate the
injury which the public suff^er from this cause. After
consultation with, and under the advice of, a com-
mittee of gentlemen skilled in agricultural pursuits,
the Council determined to ofl'er the Gold Medal of the
Society, and a Prize of Fifty Guineas, for the best
Essay on the Harvesting of Corn in Wet Seasons.

The first part of such essay— after noticing the
various systems at present adopted in damp climates
for counteracting the effects of moisture upon cut corn
in the field, and for avoiding such exposure in wet

Class II, Farming of Westmoreland. The prize of 2bl. to
Mr. Craystou Webster, Land Agent and Surveyor, Kendal.
The Essay bearing the motto " Arvorum cultus pecorumque,"
is commended.

Class III. Farming Customs and Covenants. The prize of
30;. to Messrs. Cadle & Bubb, Land Agents, Gloucester.

Class V. Loans for Estate Improvements. The prize of 25i.
to the paper bearing the motto " Agricola."

Class VII. Farm Poultry. The prize of IQl. to Mrs. Somer-
ville, Manor Farm, Rufford, Ollerton, Notts.

Class VIII. Disease in Sheep. The prize of 16i. to Mr.
William Edward Litt, Veterinary Surgeon, Shrewsbury.

BuKY St. Edmund's Meeting.— Mr. Barnett re-
ported that the band of the Coldstream Guards being
engaged in London at the festivities consequent on the
visit of the Sultan, the Secretary had been instructed
to secure some other military band for the Sbowyard.
A building was to be constructed for the exhibition of
the numerous plans of labourers' cottages which had
been sent in competition for the prizes offered ; and
accommodation provided for the police and manager
of the water supply. It was recommended that a
free ticket be presented to each member of the Local
Committee. This report -was adopted.

Ageicultueal Education.— Mr. Holland, M.P.,
presented the following recommendations :—

1. That the first examination shall take place at the
Society's house in Hanover Square, during the week
commencing April 20, 1868.

2. That forms of entry be prepared, which are to be
duly filled up and returned to the Secretary, together
with a certificate of general education, on or before the
29th of February, 1868.

3. That the examinations shall be conducted by

seasons by peculiar harvesting processes — shouldj
furnish a practical and analytical exposition of
best available means : —

1st. Whereby cut corn may be protected from
in the field.

2d. Whereby standing corn may, in wet seasons, be
cut and carried, for drying by artificial process.

3d. Whereby corn so harvested may be dried by
means of ventilation, hot air, or other methods ; with
suggestions for the storage both in the ear and after
threshing.

4th. Whereby corn, sprouted, or otherwise injured 1
by wet, may be best treated for grinding or feeding j
purposes. 1

The whole to be supplemented by a statement ofJ
practical results, and the actual cost of each system ||
described ; and by authenticated estimates of any pro-
cess proposed for adoption, based on existing but un-
completed experiments.

These requisitions are given suggestively ; and are
not intended to bind the writer to the order or to limit
the treatment of the subject, provided it be kept within ■
the scope of practical experience and utility.

The essays are to be sent in to the Secretary on or
before the 1st January, 1868.

The Council reserve the power to withhold the whole
or part of the prize, in the event of no essay being, in
the opinion of tne judges, of suflicient merit.

Food Committee. — Early in the Session the Council
resolved " that a Committee be appointed to inquire
and report respecting the food of the people, especially,
but not exclusively, the working classes of the people :
and that, having regard to the publications of the
Privy Council and other docuruents, which illustrate ^
the defective amount of nutritious food available for '
the population at large, the said Committee do report
respecting the resources which are, or might be
rendered available for the production, importation, and
preservation of substances suitable for food, and for
improving the methods of Cooking in use among the
working classes." This Committee, under the chair-
manship of the Right Hon. H. A. Bruce, M.P., has
held many meetings, very fully attended, and has
diligently prosecuted its inquiries ; the evidence which
has been given before it has been published from time
to time in the Journal. The Committee, in their first
report to the Council, state : —

By the terms of their appointment, they were " to inquire
and report respecting the food of the people, especially, but
not exclusively, the working classes of the people," and they
were instructed " to report respecting the resources which arc
or might be rendered available for the production, importation,
and preservation of substances suitable for food, and for \
improving the methods of cooking in use among the working
classes." The Committee feel that much of their task remains
uncompleted, owing to the shortness of the time during which )
they have been at work as compared with the extent of the
inquiiy, and they therefore beg strongly to recommend
that they should be allowed to continue their labours, and
should not be considered as making in any sense a final report.

After careful consideration of the points to which then
investigation shotdd be directed, they appointed four Sub-
committees ; one on meat, one on milk, one on fish, and one
on the subject of the cooking and cooking utensils in use '
among the working classes, with a view to their improve-
ment.

On the first of these subjects much evidence of various kinds
has been taken, and much information received, both from
scientific and practical men, but as the subst£tnce of this has
appeared from time to time in the Journiil, it is not deemed
necessary to recapitulate it here.

The Committee divided this branch of their inquiry
into—

(1) The transport of live stock and of meat in a fresh
condition.

(2) The methods of preserving meat, with a ■view to its
importation from a distance.

On the former head, they are not at present prepared tc
make any distmct suggestions, but they are not without hope
that they may be able to do so hereafter if their inquiries me
continued,
; Under the latter head, they have examined various plans,
but the only one by which they have as yet found that unsaltcf!
meat in a solid eatiible condition has been largely imported, is
! that foUowed by The Australian Meat Company. The procesf
! is that long used for preserved provisions. The beef arrives in
■ tins from which the air has been excluded, and, from the heat
\ employed, is sufficiently cooked to be eaten without further
di-essing. It m.ay, however, be stewed and served hot, if pre-
ferred, and is fairly palatable. The Committee would suggest
that, to render it more valuable, the proportion of fat should b(
diminished, and the temperature of preparation kept do-wn to
the lowest limit compatible with perfect preservation. It is at
present supplied to tlie pubUc at the rate of Id. per pound,
retail price.

The exh-aet of meat manufactured according to Liebig's
process may be fitted for use in special cireumstinces, but
does not seem suited to form a substimtive article of food.

The Committee would add, however, that a specimen of
dried and powdered beef from Queensland has been laid before
them, prepared by Mr Alexander, of Brisbane, in that colony ;
and they .are taking means to obtain a larger supply for the
piupose of a more complete examination. "The sample, though
sent over from Queensland in a common canvas bag, and thus
folly exposed to variations of temperature and the action ol
the atmosphere, was perfectly sweet and fresh ; while the
analysis by Dr. Voelcker and Professor Taylor showed that it
possessed, in all material points, weight for weight, four times
the nutritive properties of ordinary butcher's meat. Unfor-
tunately, no evidence is at present attainable as to the price
at which it could be sent to this country, a point which would,
of course, materially affect its value as an article of general
consumption.

Professor Gamgee, also, has drawn attention to a peculiar
method of kilhng animals, by which he maintains that their
flesh may be preserved much longer th.an if slaughtered in the
ordinary waj'. The Committee have gone into the subject
with much care, and have witnessed some experiments ; but
they are not at present able to express any opinion on its
merits. They think that further and more lengthened triali
would be desirable.

The same remarks .apply to Mr. Sloper's process for pre-
serving meat by enclosing it in tins filled with a gas of par
ticular properties. One successful example has come before
them, but they cannot speak decidedly, without further
experiments.

Coming to the subject of milk, the attention of the Com

mittee has been much directed to the supply of country milb

to London, which has very largely increased during the las'.

j two years, and is likely to do so still more. ""-" " '~' ^'"

The chief diffl

JULT 6, 1867.]

THE GAT^DENET^S' TMONTCEE AND AnTlTrmTTTTlAE HAZETTK

723

culty ariacs from tho iraporfoct meana of conveyance, whicli
are open to much improvement, and the Committer recom-
mend tbo adoption of the French system in the construction of
tho mUk cans, with currospondinf,' alterations in tho railway
vans The French cans aro much smaller, and more e isily
moved about, and as tboy are quite filled with milk, and the
opening is carefully closed with a close-fitting stopper, thu
milk is leas shaken than iu the large imperfectly fiUcil cans
used in this country. It would bo well if railway companies
could bo induced to insist on the use of such cans, at all events
whon a now district of countiy begins to take part in
supplying milk to tho metropolis.

Could milk bo supplied in larger quantities and at acheapor
rate from the country to our larger towns, a valuable moans uf
nourishment would be opoii to all, especially to the young,
who often Hullcr Horiously in health from tho want of it.

On tlm hubjcct of fish the Committee have an impurtant
rocomiu'Jiidation to make to the Council, on which thi'y lay
ranch stroHs. Their inquiries have of late been linutcd tu a
few points only, but ovidcnco brought bofuru them shows that
flsh forms a nio.st inipurtant articlo nf food, much sought after
by all clashes. Tim demand for it is sufficient to absorb any
increased supply that can bo obtained, and the means of
distribution, although capable of groat improvement, arc,
yvou at the present time, such as will place tho commoner
kinds of fish within tho roach of the working classes at a very
rc;isonablo price. 1 1 further appears probable that tbo
fisheries of this country might bo dovoloped very considerably
if a greater amount of capitil. skill, and energy were devoted
to them.

Honco tho Committee suggest that, to attract public atten-
tion to this subject, the samo means should bo used which
have been ouiploycd in Austria, Franco, Sweden, Norwaj'.
Denmark, aud Holland ; and that an International Fishery
Exhibition, similar to those which havo been held in the
(I'unh-ies just mentioned, should be set on foot in England.
TliL l;n t tli;it the one now tjiking phicu at the Hague is the
.■^cfi'iid whirli has been held there, seems conclusively to show
that the results have been found to be beneficial.

The unrivalled capabilities of this sea-girt country, aud the
importance of increasing its supply of nutritious food, seem
alike to indicate that England is deeply interested in follow-
ing such examples, if, indeed, she should not have taken the
lead of other nations.

It would appear that tho utility of such exhibitions
suggested itself to tho Commission on the Sea Fisheries of
the United Kingdom, though they rather contemplated the
promotion of them by the efforts of a special society. They
say, in their Report : — "When we consider the amount of c4ire
that has been bestowed on the improvement of agriculture,
the national societies which are established for promoting it,
and the scientific knowledge and engineering skill which have
been enlisted in its aid, it seems strange that the sea fisheries
have hitherto attracted so little of the public attention.
There are few means of enterprise that present better chances
I >f profit than our sea fisheries ; and no object of greater utility
tiudd be named than the development of enterprise, skill, and
i]iocb.anical ingenuity which might be elicited by the
l".riodical exhibitions and publications of an influential
' iriety spechiUy devoted to the British fisheries."

The Committee intentionally abstain from going into any
details, being persuaded that the labours aud experience of
the Council, in connection with the great international
Lxbibitions, render it the fittest body in the country to
1 originate such a design, and to suggest the proper steps for its
successful execution.

In relation to the subject of cooking, there is at present but
little to report. The Sub-commitee have had several meetings,
but as they found that an officer of the Royal Engineers was
directing his special attention to the various kinds of improved
lire-places iind cooking utensils exhibited at the Paris Exhibi-
liun. it was thought best not to proceed with the subject (of
wdiich they fully recognise the importance), until they were in
pi.>ssession of the information which will no doubt be derived
from any report that he may make.

The attention of the Committee has been so taken up
by these four subjects, that they have been unable to
make any inquiries upon other points equally important,
viz., cereals and other vegetable food generally ; fermented
ami unfennentcd beverages ; combinations for the preparation
if food : and the very momentous one of adulterations and
"llier frauds in the sale of food. Through the kindness of
i.>rd Stanley, they Lave received documents relating to the
l.uvs of foreign countries on the .last-named question, upon
\^llich further legislation appears to be needed in this
-■Mimtry.

They desire also to call the attention of this Council to the

■ iriug of the investigations of M. MSge-Mouries on the
id-food supply of the people. The results of his investi-

I ' ions into the preparation of Wheat flour, and the processes
' I panification, have already been given in detail in a recent
number of the Journal (May 10. ]>. 394). An improvement
lip'm existlne practices, base.l on sound philosophical
principles, which adds not only to the quantity, but also to the
nutritive quaUty of the available produce of such an important
article of daily food as Wheat flower, appears to the Committee
to be worthy of public recognition by the Society of Arts, and
"flieing carried out into practical existence. The separation
"I the true bran from the grain does not appear to present
iiHich mechanical difficulty; while any prejudice that might
at first exist against the colour of bread from flour thus
I'ropared would gradually disappear as its superior quality
utd economy became known.

The Council does not doubt that the great import-
ance of the subject of the food of the people will be
recognised by the new Council now to be appointed,
;i lid that they will renew the appointment of the Food
( 'Minmittee. With regard to the recommendation
that an exhibition of Fishery Appliances should be
held in this country, the Council have requested a
S;>ecial Committee to consider and report what steps
can be taken to practically carry it into effect.

Observailotts vpon a Neiv and Simple Process for the
Preservation of Meat, Ponltrij, Fish, aiiil other
Varieties of Animal Food, in Temperate and- Tropical
Climates. W. Bailey & Son, 17, Laurence Pountney
HiU.

This pamjililet tells us that 200 patents have been
taken iu this country for the preservation of food ;
that immense quantities of animal food are annually
condemned ; and that while 11,000 tons of meat have
been lost to us by the cattle plague, twice that quantity
is annually wasted for want of a certain, simple, and
inexpensive process of preserving it. Ice is costly,
difficult to use, and has the disadvantaf;e that frozen
meatputrifies very rapidly when melted and exposed.
Salt is unsatisfactory inasmuch as it takes out the
potash ingredient of the meat, the want of which
induces scurvy and other diseases, Dried, and powdered.

and extracted meats are costly. Meats in hermoticall.v
sealed canisters aro of great value, but uiicortamly and
costliness and want of flavour are great drawbacks.
Messrs, Midldck ^ Biiilcv havo devised a plan, suiiplo,
and sulliri.'iil, and iiic\|icnsiv(«, which thoy believe
better than all others, aud this pamphlet is issued as an
advertisement, ,,

" liy its means tho meat, poultry, game, hsli, &c,, ol
a largo liousoliold, or wholesale establishment, can bo
clfootivcly preserved for months in any weather, at :i
nominal expenditure of time and money ; no soldered
tin cases are required, no complex apparatus is neces-
sary, no want of flavour or nutritive power is the
result: and, finally, whether tho edibles thus treated
.are oaten in two da,vs' or two nioiil lis' time, nobody, save
the actual manipulator, need kiKiw anything about it

" Uow is all this to bo accumplishcd ? .Let the reply
bo in terms that may also serve as ' directions for use.

" In tho ca.se, say of a small family who wish to keep
a leg of mutton, or a sirloin of beef, for a week in sultry,
thundery weather, with the thermometer at 00 , take a
teaoupful of ' Medlock & Bailey's Patent Bisulphite of
Lime Solution,' a dessert spoonful of common salt, and
about a quart of cold water, mixing the same m an
earthern jian, basin, or other suitable vessel. Hip the
meat in this mixture for a few minutes, taking care
with the end of a cloth to wet it all over, then haiif?
the joint up as usual. A dip night aud morning will
ensure its keeping sweet and fresh for any length o
time. If the weather is unusually hot, a cloth soaked
in the same solution may bo wrapped round it with
advantage.

" Can anything be easier than this ? . , ii.

"Game or poultry may be treated in precisely the
same manner, having been first plucked and drawn.
Fish, too, should bo previously gutted. Eggs may be
retained in the fresh or ' new-laid ' condition, simply
by being completely covered over with bran soaked
with the same liquid mixture ; while bacon can be
prevented from getting 'rusty' by this simple plan,
which of course can be readily modified to suit different
articles of food. If the joints are large and numerous
the proportions should be thus ; —

Bisulphite of Lime 2 quarts.

Common Salt 1 pi"*.

Water 4 gaUons.

""When the meat, etc., is required for cooking, all that
is necessary is to lay it in cold water for a few minutes,
and afterwards to dry it thoroughly in a cloth ; on a
close inspection no odour or other alteration whatever
will be apparent— the lean will not be reddened, nor
the fat changed to the deep yellow tint so often apparent
with ' hung ' meat, and the texture will be, as at first,
firm and consistent. Nay, more, if not content with
the evidence of our ordinary senses, we place a portion
under the microscope, we shall observe that the general
structure of the tissues has not suffered in the slightest
degree ; and if we went further, aud delivered the whole
to an analyst, his report would be that the various
nutritious principles were present as usual, and had
not sustained the slightest injury."

The pamphlet contains some useful statistics on the
quantities of meat and fish condemned in various
towns, and it refers especially to the risk of becoming
tainted on its way, whirih is incurred by carcases sent
to town from distant counties.

" It is well known that a very large quantity of meat
is sent to London in the shape of carcases,' or entire
animals, which have been killed in Aberdeen, Devon-
shire, Lincolnshire, Wales, or elsewhere, and instantly
despatched to the metropolis. The amount is, of course,
very variable, being modified by circumstances, the
weather being by no means the least important. At
the present time the annual quantity supplied in this
way may fairly be taken as not less than 160,000,000 to
170,000,000 lb.

"Now, if anything should happen to any portion of
this meat while on its way — say from a change in the
weather— contact with, or proximity to manure, or
other offensive matter,* or from accidental detention
even — what is the consequence ? Why, that every
pound of the previously wholesome animal food so
'tainted,' must either be destroyed on its arrival, or is
sold for next to nothing, and thus permitted to engender
or develop disease in various forms among the ' half-
starved poor of London.'

" Now we shall be enabled to ' change all this ; ' for if
the country slaughterman avails himself of this patent
process, and either dips his meat in the solution of
bisulphite, or sprinkles the latter over it, before pack-
ing, every ounce will arrive fresh and sweet at its
destination, in spite of delay, weather, or even flies. A
second, rapid application by the city carcase-butcher,
or meat salesman, will ensure the perfect ' sweetness '
of his beef and mutton when cut up."

The pamphlet well deserves perusal ; and its promises
and assertions ought to be immediately tested.

Farm Memoranda.

Westee Eoss : Julii 1.— Until within some three
weeks the weather in the north of Scotland, ever since
October, has been unusually severe, and peculiarly
wet, so much so, that winter-sown Wheat bade fair to
be drowned, the spring crops were laid down in had
condition, and strong clays could scarcely be prepared
for Turnips, The weather, however, of late has been
so line that these evils have already been all hut over-
come. The Wheat, scarcely excepting the fields which
in spriu'.; appeared so unpromising, everywhere looks
well, and will be a bulky crop. With fine weather for
maturing aud harvesting, the crop would be a full
average one. The fields sown in early autumu are only
now coming into ear, whilst the later sowings are far
less advanced, and showing as yet little appearance of
earing. With ordinary weather the harvest cannot be

* ' ' We have known several instances of meat spoiled in this
manner during transit,"

earlier than tho beginning of September, Barley, on
all the low-lying and more friable soils, wiU be greatly
heavier than it has been for years, and with a con-
tinuance of showery weather would be considerably
laid. On cold and high-lying fields it is not ,so Iiro-
luising. The weather was too cold aud wet, the healthy
colour was lost, and the crop, although it may yet con-
siderably recover, canuot be a full ciiie, Oats, g(merally,
have that rich, dark colour so indicative of present
health and of coming fruitfulness, excepts whore, for
tho iiresent, they were eclipsed by an extraordinary
lirofusion of Nature's beauty with which the farmer
would willingly dispense. The redundance of wet has
caused a more than usual display of annual flowers.
The last few years with us were so very dry, that a par-
ticle of straw is not to be found about many a steading,
but this year bids fair to supply us with a stock more
than usually large. Turnip-sowing, notwithstanding
the difficulty of sufficiently pulverising the stronger
soils, wius completed not much later than the usual
time— about the 2Gth of June. Singling of Swedes
has fairly commenced, and in some instances is already
complete. They are closely brairded, and are sufficiently
promising, notwithstanding that much of the soil has
been crusted over by the continued rain. Common
Turnips are coming away rapidly. The earlier sowings
will soon be ready for the hoe, A large breadth
of Turnips is sown in this county, and for
a few years this crop has, perhaps, been
more profitable than any crop that was grown.
As there are so many large sheep-grazings in this
county, there is a brisk demand for them at remu-
nerative prices, for sheep wintering, Potatos have
come above ground regular, and very strong and
vigorous. They are now being hoed, and will soon be
earthed up. They are this year pretty largely planted,
as last year they were a superior crop, kept free of
disease, and fetched a long price. Our hay crop was
never perhaps better than it now is. With much
additional rain it would become so laid and twisted
that to have it properly cut would be a slow aud
difficult operation. Hay, from the deficiency of the
crop for the last few years, became very scarce and
dear, but we will now lay in more than one years
supply. Pastures are now abundant everywhere, and
exhibit a profusion of beautiful White Clover, Stock
of all kinds are doing well, and cattle, although lower
than last year, are selling pretty satisfactorily. For
nearly a year sheep have been difficult to dispose of on
any terms, and could only be sold at a sacrifice, and
even now there is little appearance of an increased
demand, or higher prices.

Calendar of Operations.

Jul Y : Arable Farm. — Wheat aud other grain crops
are now in full ear, and their productiveness depends
on other influences than those which the farmer
exercises.

Pease will be ready for harvesting towards August.
They are mown, or out with hook and crook iuto
bundles, and left to dry, being turned daily till ready
to carry.

iJeon.!.— The winter sown crop of Beans will also he
ripe by the end of July. They may be let to reapers to
cut, tie, and stock, at from 7s, to 8s'. per acre, according
to the crop. They are generally "bagged," as it is
termed, by a heavy hook, which is struck at the stand-
ing corn in successive blows, driving a yard depth of it
up against the crop, across perhaps half the width of a
ridge, and then employed to gather that which has
been cut into a sheaf, which is laid on a hand of straw,
or of Bean stalks, which had been previously prepared.
The Beans should thus lie for a few days, till ready to
be tied aud shocked. The crop may be cut as soon as
the attachment of the seed inside the pod, connecting
it with the plant, has withered. This will be before
the stalk is dead, and so much the better, for leafy
Beau straw is good fodder. Any Ri/e that may have
been left for seed, will also probably be ready for
the sickle.

Carrots and Parsnips may receive their last horse-
hoeing, or deep hand-hoeing in this month : and
children should be employed to go over each row,
singling plants that have been left double, and pulling
young plants that have appeared since the first hoeing.
This is necessary, for the Carrot seed sown in April
keeps germinating, and sending up its shoots all through
May and June,

Mangel Warzel must be horse-hoed at intervals
during this month.

Turnips must also be hand and horse-hoed. The
early part of this month is the period for hoeing the
bulk of this crop.

Rape should be hoed as soon as sufficiently high not
to be covered during the operation, and then it should
be set out as Turnips are, excepting that, in "singling,"
two or even three plants may be left together. You
may continue sowing it during this month.

Flax is to be pulled as soon as ready, which is
generally by the end of this mouth, before the seed
bolls have ripened. The seed may be separated by
rippling in the field at once, or after the Flax has dried
in shook, or in the following spring, on the Courtrai
method, after remaining in the rick all winter. Eape
or autumn Turnips may be grown on Flax stubble after
the removal of the crop,

Ray-maUng of the artificial Grasses, Sainfoin, &c,,
will conclude this month.

Tares, Lucerne, and Clover, continue to furnish
abundant keep for stock,

J'ff^/ow,— Advantage must be taken of fine weather,
after rain, to harrow down the fallow land, which
should now work very fine ; get the weeds gathered,
and if lime or dung is to be applied, it should now be
laid on and ploughed in, , ,

Grass Lands— M\ pastures on dry subsoils wUl re-
quire thinning considerably this month ; but on cool

724

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[July 6, 1867.

subsoils they will carry an equal quantity of stock with
the preceding month, and the animals will also do
far better. Fattening beasts and sheep will, generally
speaking, be now fit for market ; and great care will be
needful to regulate the stocking, so far as to preserve
the pasture good. Aftermath must not be stocked
until fairly grown.

Live Stock, — Towards the end of the month the
labour of the horses being easier, their allowance of
Oats may be diminished. The other stock receive a
continuance of jiast treatment. This is the ordinary
month for weaning the lambs, and no better practice
can be adopted than to let them remain for two or three
weeks on the best of their own summer pastures, or the
run of a field of aftermath during the middle of the
day, taking care not to give them access to it until the
dew is ofi' the Clover. The ewes, on the contrary, must
be placed for a week or two on the worst pasture, in
order to cause their milk to dry up.

Notices to Correspoadents.

Cow Sucking Herself: AUlerney. You must give her ;i
collar, to hinder her bending her neck to the extent required
for the operation.

Guano : M 0. It would probably prove more immediately
elficient on a light than on a heavy .soil, much of its value
beingdueto substances which require the free access of pAr
and water to bring them into the condition of vegetable food.

Impoets in the Five Months ended May 31, 1866, and 1867 : Jl.

Quantities Imported.

1866.

I. Articles I^ree of Bittij.

Animals, living — Oxen, Bulls, and

Cows No.

Calves ,,

Sheep and Lambs . . . . „
Swine and Hogs

Bones burnt or not, or as animal
charcoal tons

Flax and Tow or Cedilla of Flax—
From Russia „ . . . . cwt.

HoUand

Belgium

Other Counti-ies .. .. ,,

Guano, from West Coast of Africa, tons

United States ,

Peru

Bolivia „

British and West India Islands ,,
Other Countries . . . . ,,

Hemp and Tow or Codilla of Hemp —

From Russia cwt.

Venetia . . . . . . . . „ ,

Illyria, Croatia, and Dalmatia „

British India ,,

Philippine Islands ,

Other Countries .. .. ,,

China Grass . . . . . . ,,

.Jute and substances of the nature of
Hemp ..

Hides, untanned— Dry — From British
India . . . . . . . . , ,

Other Countries

Wet — From Argentine Confedera-
tion and Uruguay . . . . „

Brazil . . . . . . . . ,,

Australia.. .. .. .. ,,

Other Countries . . . . ,,

Tanned, Tawed, Curried, or Dressed
except Russia) . . . . lb.

Hops • .. cwt.

Oil Seed Cakes tons

Potatos . . - . . . cwt.

Provisions — Bacon :md Plams . . ,,

Beef, salt

Pork, salt

Butter .. ..

Choose

Eggs No.

Lard . . , . . . cwt.

Rice, not in the Husk

Saltpetre „

Cubic Nitre .. .. .. ,,

Seeds— Cotton tons

Clover cwt.

Flaxseed and Lijiseed . . qrs.
Itape

Tallow— Fi-om Russia . . . . cwt.

Australia.. .. .. .. ,,

South America . . .. .. ,,

Other Countries ,

Tar lasts

Wool, Sheep and Lambs' — From

Europe lb.

British Possessions in South Africa ,,
British India .. . . .. ,,

Australia

Other Countries ,

Alpaca and the Llama Tribe ,,

Yeast, dried cwt.

II. Articles Subject to Dat//.
Com— Wheat— From Russia ..

Denmark

Pi-ussia

Schleswig, Holstein. & Laueiiburg

Mecklenijurg

Hanse Towns

France

Turkey and Wallaehia & Moldavia

Egypt

United States . .

British North America

Other Countl-ies

Barley

Oats

Peas . .

Beans

Indian Corn, or Maize . .
Wheatmeal and Flour — From Han;

Towns

France

United States

British North America

Other Countries
Indian Corn Meal

54,323

6,699

324,273

24,889

26,373

169,840
37,970
69,186
50,354
300
1,330
47,290

"l,876
7,845

5,057

112,877

12,403
27,327
15,597

50

52,358
26,375

48,411
20,598
34,684
89,106

3,272,276

18,777

45,695

152,368

365,300

108,052

110,455

385,679

155,:

196,955,760

165,924

266,432

72,266

501,949

48,834

172,829

332,543

141,036

81,286

13,811

49,514

76,077

1,210

0,097,415
6,455,121
5,071,201
43,817,913
6,272,382
1,270,230
42,737

54,434

8,192

237,416

11,338

27,526

133,748
52,553
90,641
80,220
475
2,181
31,030
3,412
519
4,947

43,937
13,941
3,330
31,109
24 222

65,844
19,084

38,229
5,932
32,391
29,981

,770,846

22,232

42,177

347,103

181,289

75,477

58,756

406,512

210,726

190,866 600

74,680

169,066

51,965

627,442

49,392

83,289

315,917

204,490

38,060

8,999

2,5,375

38,624

342

5,041,086
11,862,957

3,634,138
51,648,900

9,567,820

1,051,164
47,119

MOULE'S PATENT EARTH CLOSETS AND URINALS.

3,250,423
97,168
929,544
54,880
202,742
188,680
2,287,920
244,757

315,160

8,789

1,762,525

3,306,040

2,060,719

363,090

197,324

4,903,140

97

2,387,055

163,71!'

6,137

104,011

7,

4,687,692
293,603

3,015,614
70,175
448,711
424,546
321,627

1,152,682

26,998

858,116

87

1,304,326

3,106,480

3,524,912
547,603
800,989

3,510,122

214,830
696,462
90,495
0,582
610,066
2,520

PERFECT SUBSTITUTE FOR WATER CLOSETS, AVOIDING ALL BAD SMELLS.

APPLICABLE TO ANY EXISTING CLOSETS, AND ADMIRABLY ADAPTED FOR

BED-ROOMS, HOSPITALS, BARRACKS, &c.

I

OnTiewand in Operation at the CAMP, WIMBLEDON ; at the EIDING SCHOOL, BRIGHTON; at tha
BUKY AGRICULTURAL SHOW; at the PARIS EXHIBITION; and at the OFFICE of MOULE'S PATENT
EARTH CLOSET GO. (LIMITED), 29, BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

T. M. EVANS, Manager.

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANUFACTURED BY

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

No. 1.

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

No. 2.

No. 4.

This Edging is Manufactured in Yitrifled Stoneware and in Terra Cotta, and is wakranted impekishable.
DRAIN PIPES, TERRA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON and CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, & CO.,

LINCOLN ; and 78, LOMBARD STREET, LONDON, E.G.

Illustrated Catalogues, containing the latest revised Price
Lists and particulars of

PORTABLE AND STATIONARY
STEAM ENGINES,

(from 4 to 40-horse power), THRESHING, GRINDING,
TUMPING, SAAVING MACHINERY, &c., &c., will be
forwarded free on' application as above.

TRACTION ENGINES for COMMON ROADS, and
for STEAM CULTIVATION.

Note. — Nearly 8000 Enginss and 6000 Threshing
Machines have been made by this Firm within the last
few years.

PATENT TRAVELLING ROPE PORTER,

AWARDED THE FIRST PRIZE AT THE NEWCASTLE MEETING OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL

SOCIETY, JULY', 1864.

Okobanche : D. See past indices of the Gardeners' Chroiiick.

We will be more pal'ticular next week.
Variegated Leaf : D. We imagine it is, so to speak, a

disease, and that the seed will notreproduce the phenomenon.

These ROPE FORTERS are fastened to the Rope at intervals behind the Cultivator or Plough as it leaves
either headland ; they travel across the field with the Rope, and are taken ofi" as they return. They can be released
from the Rope instantaneously ; they are much less trouble than any hitherto in use, and they save the boys the
fatigue of running with the Implement across the field. The Rope Porter, which immediately follows the Plough or
Cultivator, is provided with a Steerage to prevent those following from running on the ploughed ground, and to
keep the back rope clear of the furrow.

These ROPE PORTERS, and two of AVELTNG'S PATENT AGRICULTURAL LOCOMOTIVES, will be
Exhibited at the BURY ST. EDMUND'S MEETING of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, by the
MANUFACTURERS,

AVELING AND PORTER, ROCHESTER ; and 72, CANNON STREET, LONDON, E.G.

July G, 1SC7.1

THE GARDENERS' CITRONICLE AKl) AGETCULTURAL GAZETTE.

725

Lawn Mowers.

ORSKN'S PATKNT. I SAMUELSON'S PATENT.

SHANKS' PATENT.

BARNARD'S PATENT.

DEANE & CO.,

40, KING WILLIAM ST., LONDON BRIDGE.
Horticultural Tools, <&o.

LAWN MOWINO MAClllNKS, Wl,<.. 7n«.. 0(H., 14ri».
GARDEN ilARROWS, Wcjc.rt nral Iron, 2l». aiw 2ll».

GAHUKN ENCllNES. (Inlvmitail Inn,. rrlcoa,66».,tl6,t..78»., IH)«.,]00«..110«.
GAHIJKN llol.r.KKS. il III,,., £1 11.,,, £2, £2T«.llll., £2 12li. Cci., £3 2». Ol/.
STKEI, IIKIIIINII FOUK.S, SPAllES. SCYTHES, 4o.
QREENIUIllSK SVKINIIKS iiii.l GARDEN PUMPS.
WIRE NETTlNIi iiikI IIR.NAMENTAL. WIRE WORK.
GARDEN SK.VTS rui.I CHAIRS.
FLOWER .STANDS, Cii.sMnJn and Wiro.
STRAINED WIRE FE.NCINU and IRON HURDLES.
HOT-WATER FITTINGS for GREENHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES,
FORCING PITS, &o.

Bcane's NnD Illustrated horticultural Catalogue post free
on application.

Established a.d, 1700,

DEANE AND CO., 46, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, E.G.

s

HANKS' NEW PATENT

LAWN MUWKHS.

These aro the only .M^n-hm.-. ui ii^kiiy w--- in :iil tho Itoyal Oardons.
Tlioso aro tho ouly Muclilnu.'* that will mow properly whoii ilio
Unma U wot.

Thoso aro the only MachlnoH thnt will last for yearn without
requiring repair.

illustrated Circulars with full particulars free on application.

A. Shanks k Son, Dona Iron Workn, Arbroath.

London Office and Show Hooms— 1;7, Loviunhall street, E.C.

l3^ 27, Loadonhall Street, Is the only place In London wher«

intending T>nrcha,ser8 of Lawn Mowers can choose from a »tock. ol

150 to 200 Machines. All slzo-t kept there whether for Ilorac, I'ony,

or Hand-power.

JOHN WAENEK & SONS,

BRASS AND BELL FOUNDERS

TO HER MAJESTY.

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.

J. W. AND SONS' GOODS MAY BE OBTAINED OP THE TRADE GENERALLY AT THE FOLLOWING PRICES .■—

No. 39. WAENEES' CRYSTAL PALACE FIRE ENGINE, or PORTABLE FORCE PUMP.

With this compact, povtatle,
and generally useful Engine, one
man will throw from 15 to 18
gallons of water per minute to a
height of i)0 feet. All its working
parts are of Brass, the Barrow of
Wrought Iron ; easy access to the
valves is gained, and the work-
manship throughout is sub-
stantial. Not only will it be
found most useful in cases of
Fire, wherever a supply of water
can be obtained, bnt also for
Watering Lawns or Fruit Trees.

Crystal Palace, Stdenhau,
Uarch 2, 18C7.

Messrs. Warnek & Sons,

" Gentlemen, — I feel great
pleasure in stating that I was
present at a trial of your small
Crystal Palace Fire Engine, and
was much pleased mth its
efficiency and simplicity.

" The Pump throws out a
steady jet of water to a height of
50 feet with very little labour.
The Pump we have is well made,
very simple in its parts, and not
likely, I think, to get out of order.
The advantage of this Pump is its
being very portable. Besides
being a good Fii-e Engine, it will
make an excellent Garden Engine.
" I remain, Gentlemen,
'* Yours obediently,
" Edwin Eose,

•' Engineer to the Ci79tal Palace Co,"

Price on Barrow, with Branch. Pipe, Spreader, Unions, and Suction Rose £6.

Ij-in. 2-ply Rubber Suction Pipe, per foot, 2s. 2d. Ij-in. ditto Delivery Hose, Is. 4d.

"EARNERS' GARDEIT ENGINES,

WITH REGISTERED SPREADERS.
These Engines are much improved in construction, are less likely to
get out of order, and more easily repaired than others.

No. 547. Best ENGINES, in Wood Tubs.
24 Gallons .. £6 10 0 I 14 Gallons

£5 10 0

No. 547a. Strong ENGINES, in Galvanized Iron Tubs, well

painted inside and out.

10 Gallons .. £2 19 0 1 24 Gallons .. £4 19 0

16 Gallons .. 3 14 0 28 Gallons .. 5 10 0

679|. "WARNERS' WATER BARROW

Saves a Gardener's time in Watering with the Water Pot.
Hade of strong Wrought Iron, Galvanized and painted inside and out.

To hold 20 Gallons, wheels 1.3 inches high
„ 30 „ „ 20

„ 38 „ „ 24

„ 50» „ „ 24

£2 2 0

2 13 0

3 17 0
5 12 0

547a, in Iron Tub,

* This Is an extra strong article, with cross handle tor two men, suitable for
Nursery Grounds, &c.

No. 5791.

SYRINGES, BRANCH PIPES, INDIA-RUBBER HOSE, &c.

1^" Estimates for any description of Sydraulic Machinery forwarded on application.

726

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICTJLTTmAL GAZETTE.

[July e, 1867.

STEAM CULTIVATION

JOHN FOWLEE & CO. .

WILL EXHIBIT AT THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'S SHOW, BURY ST. EDMUND'S, IN OPERATION, THEIR

PATENT STEAM CULTIVATING AND PLOUGHING MACHINERY,

WITH THE LATEST IMPROVEMENTS,
SUITED FOR ALL CIROUMSTAJSTCES AND EVERY DESCRIPTION OF SOIL.

ALSO PORTABLE AND TRACTION ENGINES.

JOHN FOWLER and CO., STEAM-PLOUGH WORKS, LEEDS, and 71, CORNHILL, LONDON, E.G.

EIDDELL'S

PATENT PORTABLE ELASTIC PIPE JOINT.

Especially adapted for HOT-WATER PIPES for "VTARMINGr CHURCHES, PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, CONSERVATORIES, HOT-HOUSES, &c., is extremely simple,
perfectly watertight, saves four-fifths of the time and labour in erecting hot-'water work, can
be rapidly put together by an ordinary workman, and can be removed and re-erected without
injury to pipes or joints.

Frospeetus and Price Zist free.

EIDDELL'S

PATEIT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

For WARMING CHURCHES, CONSEKVATOEIES, HOTHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &o., by the
cii'ciilation of Hot Water, requires no brick-work setting, saves half the fuel usually consumed, is
not liable to get out of repair, is easily regui;ited, will work from 8 to 20 hours without attention,
and is made in sizes capable of heating from 30 to 5000 feet of 4 inch pipe.

Prospectus and Price Zist free.

PATENT PIPE JOINT.

J. HAD LEY RIDDELL, Patentee, 155, CHEAPSIDE, E.G.

PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

IMPROVED LAWN MOWING MACHINES.

EVERT MACHINE WARRANTED.

%/\

PRICES.

Delivered Free io any Mailway Station in Great Britain.

Cutting 12 incheswide £4 10

Cutting 14 inches wide ^ I)

Cutting 16 inches wide 6 0

Cutting 19 inches wide 6 10

Cutting 22 inches wide 7 10

Cutting 26 inches wide 12 0

Cutting 30 inches wide 15 0 0

Cutting 36 inches wide 18 0 0

Great improTements have been made in these Machines dmmg the last few years, in regard to aU those small but important points of superiority which the practical working
of a Lawn Mower suggests ; while for elegance of appearance, lightness of draft, and efBciency in working they cannot be excelled. They possess the following advantages :—

1st. Motion is given to the Cutting Apparatus by toothed gearing, which experience has proved to be by far the best method of driving.

2d, The whole of the Driving Wheels are on one side of the Machine, a point of great importance in preventing damage to Shrubs and Flowers, when mowing round the
edges of beds.

3d, All the smaller working parts of the Machine are made of Malleable Iron, and are not liable to break.

1^ niwtraUd Price Lists, with selections from several Thousand Testimonials, Free by Post on application^

SAMUELSON and GO., BRITANNIA WORKS, BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE POUNTNET LANE, E.C.
.VGENTS :— Messrs. TANGTE BROTHERS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNET LANE; Messrs. DEANK and CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DRAT.
TAYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.C. ; and all respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom,

'i

JctT 6, 1867.]

THE rrAEraNEPiS* CH1^0^^TCT,E A^'T) AnTlTrTTI.TTn^AT, GAZETTE,

727

Sbadlne.

SCRIM CANVAS, 2 vaids wide, 8*. per yard.
SHOP SUN BLIND, 1». 4ii. per yard.
ARCHANGEL MATS, or.». per 100 ^ , ^ „ „
Jamxb T. Akderson, 7, Commercial Street, Sbpredttch, Longon, W.g.

AUSTIN'S AETIFICIAL STONE, In-vented 1825.
The entire Stock of tliis Manufactory corupriaes
180 diflerent MODELS ol VASES.
70 dlfferont MODELS ol TAZZAS.
Abovit '.'00 Jilferont FOUNTAINS.
74 STATUES from the Antique, and by Modem Artists, and

SMALL FIGURES of CHILDREN,
•a SUN-DIAL PEDESTALS.
GARDEN SEATS.

15 BASKETS, from Vis. to Seven Guineas.
SHELLS, Buitablo either for WATER or ROCK PLANTS,

from IS inchtH to 1'2 feet diameter.
JARDINlfiRE.S, or largo BOWLS for MASSES of FLOWERS,
63 FIGURES of ANIMALS and BIRDS. ,
ORNAMENTAL RIMS to WATER BASINS.
34 BAPTISMAL FONTS.

CRESTS and other ORNAMENTS for Q.^TE PIERS.
BALUSTRADING, in various styles.
TRIPOD, and other ANTKJUE PEDESTALS.
Manuftotured by Austin, Seelkv, & Co., nt Nos. 309 to 375, Euaton
Road, Regent's Parte. N.W.

Caution to Gardeners.— Wben you asK for

SAYNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVIiS, see th.U you get them.
)bserv6 the marlt Swnor, also the corponvte mark Obtaim
.Varbanteo, without which none are Konuine.

S. & C. rein-et ha\ing to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so. In consei[U6nce of an Imitation, of common
luallty, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
oany complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
heir make, all of whloh are warranted both by .Sellers and Makers.
S. ft C.'a Pruning and Budding Knives are the best and the
heopcst In the market.

Paxton Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 125 years.

s

HAW'S TIFPA

For samples and prices apply to
J. Siiiw & Co., 20, Oxford Street, Manchoater,

N T.

Bee Hives.

Prize Medal akd Homouradle Mentioh Awarded to Gkorok
Neiuiiuodr & Sons, fuu Bke IIivks and Honey at the variocs
ExutniTioNS.

NEIGHBOUll'S
IMPRUVED COTTAGE
BEE HIVE, as originally
introduced by Gkorok Nkiqii-
[loiTit ti Sons, with all the
recent Improvonionts, workloR
three bell-aliuiaos ; Is neatly
and fitrongfy made of Btraw ;
it has throe Windows in the
lower Hive, with a Thormo-
mutor affixed to the centre
0110. This H>ve will bo found
to poasosa many practical
advantnges. and la moro easy
of nianageraonb than any
other Bee Hlvo that has been
introduced.
Prico comploto , . £1 15 0
Stand for ditto . . 0 10 6

THE LUIURIAN or
ITALIAN ALP BRE belnff
much In raputu at the present
time, we are in a position to
supply Stocks of the pure race
caremily packed In Woodbury Bar-Frame Hives, so aa to travel with
comparatively no risk of damage.

ENGLISH BEES. — Stocks and Swarras may bo obtained as
heretofore,

A newly-arranged CATALOGUE of other Improved Hives, with
Drawings and Prices, sent on recoipt of two stamps.

Address, Geo. NEionDoua & Sons, 127, High Holbom, W.C. ; or
149, Regent Street, London, W.

AoKVTs :— Liverpool : James Cuthbert. 12, Clayton Square. Man-
chester : J. Wilson, 60, King Street. Birmingham: J H. Cottrell,
15, Bull Ring. Dublin : Edmiindson Brothers, 10, Dame Street
Glasgow : Austin & McAslan. 10. Buchanan Street.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERKATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX,, No. 2119.

SIr. gray bejs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c,, to his
NEW OVAL TUBULAR BOILER,
U-knowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced,
t has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with
■ne-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from Report in G.^rdenebs' Chronicle of Internatmml Exhibition, May 2i, 1862, page 476.

"The uprlRlit form of Boiler is usually made on a circular plan, 1 rather tlian a square, it seems feasible that the Boilers on the oval
'Ut the oval form Riven to Mr. Grav's variety of it is said to bo plan should brinx the tubes more completely within range of the
■referable in consequence of its bringing the tubes in closer contact burning fuel ; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,
ith the Hre. Tbe usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram I is no doubt an improvement.'

1^" They are made of all sizes, which, with prices, may be had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAP, CHELSEA, S.W.

BEARD'S PATENT.

GREAT INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION AND BOTANICAL
CONGRESS, SOUTH KENSINGTON, MAY, 1866.

ttANGHESTEB GRAND NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION, JUNE, 1867.

TANNED GARDEN NETTING for preserving Seed
Bods, KrultH, Strav?bernoH, from Front, Bllgnt, Birds, ic, and
as a Fence for Fowls, &c. 1 yard wldo. \\<L ; 2 yards, 2*d. : 3 yards,
4d ■ and 4 yards, Od. per yard run in any quantity, maybe Dad at

CnAS. WiiioiiT'H, 37n, Htnuid, W.C.

Uarden Netting.
TOHN EDGINGTCJN and CO, supply TANNED

t} NETTING for the Protectlouof Fruit Trees Id. nor squaro yard.
Any quantity. SCRIM CANVAS, *c. : TULIP COVERS and
OREENHOOSE SHADES, SUN BLINDS, Jtc MARQUEES,
TENTS and FLAGS for FETES, FHiWKll SHOWS, 4c.

.Tons EiioiNOTOK & Co., (Tent Makers to tlio Royal Family), 48,
Loll),' l.alK', Snilthlield, E.G.; andls, Piccadilly, \V.

KITliNGlvlr FRUIT TKKltS, SKED HKDS, lUPE

STRAWBEiiRlES, Ic—TANNED NETTING for protecting
the above iVom Frost, Blight, Birds, &C., i! yards wide ;id, per yard,
or 100 yards, iiOs ; 4 yards wldo, Cd. per yard, or &0 yards, 'Zm. NEW
TANNED NETTING, suited for any of the above purposes, or na a
Fence for Fowls, 2 yards wido, fid. per yard ; 4 yards wide. Is. per
yard ; J-inch mesh, 4 yards wide. Is. Od. per yard. Can be had in
any quantitv of ,,.„.„

Eaton & DaLLEn 6 and 7, Crooked Lane, London Bridge, E.C.

The FIRST .md ONLY PRIZE at tli i in.r i EXHIBITION for the BEST METHOD of VENTILATION
■r PLANT STRUCTURES, and their FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE at the latter were awarded by the Judges to

MESSES. SANDEES, FREWEE, & CO.,

VICTORLA WORKS, BURY ST. EDMUND'S, for
BEARD'S PATENT METALLIC NONCONDUCTING GLASS HOUSES,

Showing the T.atent System of perfect Ventilation and Patent Method of Glazing, whereby breakage from
lansion and contraction is prevented, and facility given for immediate reparation by any ordinary labourer.

Messrs. SANDERS, FBEWER, and CO. beg to call special attention to the high value of these great improvements
1 the VENTILATION, &c, , of HORIICULTURAL ERECTIONS, which are also applicable to all WOODEN HOUS ES,
^ well as to CHDKCHES, RAILWAY STATIONS, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, MAN U FACTORIES, &c. ; and have
■ceived the highest recommendation from many of the first Horticulturists and practical men of the United Kingdom,

The system is invaluable also for AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS, as by it abundant Light and Air can be
Jtained, and the Veutilation regulated to the utmost nicety in the Tops and Hoofs of all Stractures, where, as is well
lown, Impure Air constantly accumulates, and where the ordinary system of Ventilation is impracticable.

Various Specimens of the above will be Exliibited at their STAND, No. 222, in the MACHINERY IN MOTION
'EPARTMENT of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY; and also on the GROUNDS of the ROYAL
.ORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, at the forthcoming GRAND EXHIBITIONS at BURY ST. EDMUND'S,
immencing July 16, 1867.

Full particulars and descriptiona may be obtained on application to the above Address.

r

OYSTER CULTURE. —A Gcntleroan largely engaged,
and thorouKlily experienced In the Culture of OyHtora, and who
liaa most extenblve and valuable iireedine and FattenlDg Grounds,
wishes the co-operation of a Gontlennn willmK to bring In £4000.

Apply bo Mr. F. Roust:, 19, Craven Street, Strand, W.C.

~~ "Farm Poultry

GREY DORKING i'OWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEF.SK, the large.'st and most productive

breed known.
Iraproved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESnURY and ROUKN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA. CREVECO-iUR, and LA FLECIIE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
JoBK Bailt & Son. 113, Mount .Street, London. W.

" To Landscape Gardeners.

AN ARTISTIC DKAUiiI['l>i.\lAN undertakes the
PREPARATION of PLANS and DRAWINGS for the Pro-
fession ; also ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS in connection with the

same.— Mr. Brade, .'J4, Denbigh Street. Fimlico, S.W.

OHN GlBSOiN, JuN., bL't^s to announce that he is

prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING

OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other

Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or

GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.

Address Mr. John Gibson, lun., Surrey Lane. Battersea, S.W.

CI EURGE F. MORKIS (of the Eirm of 1'rotheuoe
T & MoBBis) undertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATE.S, Leasehold and Reversionary Property
of every description. Farriiing and Market Garden Produce, House-
hold Furniture. Stock in Trade, Ac.
Auction and Estate Agency Office, The Limes. LeytonBtone, Essex.

To Builders and Others.

BOARD of WORKS for the POPLAR DISTRICT.—
Notice is Hereby Given, that this Board will meet on
TUESDAY. July 16, at 6 o'clock in the Evening precisely, to receive
TENDERS for the Execution of the undermentioned woika : —

1. For the ERECTION of TWO GREENHOUSES, upon the

Recreation Ground, PopUr.

2. For the CONSTRUCTION of TWO GROUND-KEEPERS*

LODGES, and for the Supplying and Fixing a COMMON
WOODEN SEAT, about 260 feet lineal.

The parties Tendering for the first mentioned works must furnish
tbe Names of one responsible Perbon willing to enter into Bond with
them in the sum of £100 for the due performance of their Contract,
and will be required to immediately pay down the sum of £■: on the
acceptance of their Tender, tor the expense of the Contract and Bond.

A Separate Tender must be given for each set of Works.

The Board do not bind themselves to accept the lowest or any
Tender ; and the parties offering to Contract, or some one on their
behalf, are required to be in attendance on the day, and at the hour
above-named. Tenders upon the forma pieprvred for that purpose,
sealed, and endorsed " Tender for Greenhouses," " Tender for Lodges
and Seat." NONE OTHER WILL BE RECEIVED, must be
delivered at my Office, on or before Julv 10, at 12 o'Clock noon,
AFTER WHICH TIME NU lENDER WILL BE RECEIVED.

Plans and Specifications can be seen, and further Particulars and
Forms of Tender had, on application at the Surveyor's Office, on the
gth and until the 15th inst., between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.
" John Latton, Jdk., Clerk to the Board.

Offices, East India Dock Road, July 6.

To Rent.

WANTED, a Small EARM, from 50 to 100 Acres,
good House and Outbuildings, near London or a large Town,
that would allow of part being appropriated to Gardening, and
giving faciiit:e3 for the Sale of Milk. Address,
W. T. B,, Mr. J. Kernan's. 4. Great Russell Street, Covent Garden.

F~OR DISP0SAL7a Eirst-clasl^ URSERY" and SEED
BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadenhall Street
London, EC. ____^ ^^

rpu BE DISPOSED OF, on advantageous terras, and
X mav be entered upon immediately, an OLD ESTABLISHED
NURSERY, eligibly situated, adjoining a largfl and important town,
surrounded by an excellent neighbourhood, and having every facility
for carrymg on an extensive business. — Address,
G. H., Mr. Cooper, Seed Merchant, 152. Fleet Street, London, E.G.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.
SALE APPOINTMENTS FOR 1867.
Mr. S. Byrd, The Leese Farm, Stafford, July 30.
WiJloughby Wood, Esq., Holly Bank, Burton-upon-Trent, Aug. 6.
Mr. G. A. May, Elford Park, Tamworth, Aug. 7.
The Groat Central Sale at Bingley Hall, Birmingham, August 8.
Mrs. Baker. The Mount, Grendon. Atherstone, September 6.
Mr. J. H. Braobume, Pip© Place, Lichfleld, September 13.
39, New Street, Birmingham. John B. Lythall, Auctioneer.

^alciBi 6g Auction.

SALE THIS DAY, AT HALF-PAST TWELVE O'CLOCK.

Imported Orchids from Moulmeln and Assam.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTIOiN, at
his Great Rooms. .H8, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY, July 6, nt half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, an
Importation from ^Vssara of VANDA CtERULEA. DENDROBIUM
FORMOSUM, D. MOSCHATUM, D. TRANSPARENS. D. C<ERU-
LESCfciNS, .ERIDES CORNUTUM, &c.. In fine condition: also a
Consignment from Moulmein of SACCOLABIUM CURVIFOLIUM,
S. BLUMEI, .^KIDES LOBBII M. VIRENS. &c.

On view the Morning ot^Sale, and Catalogues had.

Established Orchids.

MR. J. G. STEVENS AviU SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3«, King Street, Covent Garden. W.C. on
TUESDAY, July 9. at hatf-pa-t 12 o'Clock precisely, a Collection of
Established ORCHIDS, all in good health, many of them fine
specimens and choice varieties.
On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues bad.

Duncombe Park, Y^Jcshlre.

Impobtaxt Sale of Fibst-i'la&h SrinRT-aoBNS.

MR. STRAFFORD begs to announce that he has
received instructiona to offer fcr SALE by AUCTION, with-
out reserve, at Luncombe Park, Helmslev. on TUESDAY, AuKUst 6
(the day previous to the Yorkshire Show at Thirsk), about 40 HEAD
of SHORT-HORN CATTLE, bred by the late Lord Feversham,
Including several very valuable young Bulls.

Catalogues, with Pedigrees, will shortly be issued, and fortber
particulars givon in future Advertisements.

London, Euston Square, July 6.

728

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JtJtT C, 1SC7.

CONSERVATORIES, FORCING, AND ORCHARD-HOUSES.

MANUFACTURED in LONDON ; and at GLOUCESTER, COVENTRY, ULVERSTONE, PAISLEY, and ABERDEEN,
By STEAM-POWER MACHINERY, of BEST MATERIALS, and at LOWEST PRICES.

sr^nr dbschiftion of horticultujral ftjilding dbsignsb, beatsd, and ventilated in tse most efficient mannes.

View of an Ornamental Kidge and FuiTow Eoofed CONSERVATORY about 30 feet by 15 feet inside, and 1.5 feet high from the ground to the cornice.
The large front Sashes slide, and ample Ventilation is also provided in the Roof.

The above represents a range .about 90 feet long ; Conservatory in centre, 20 feet square ; and Span-roof wings, 32 feet long, on Su- Joseph Paxton's patent pnncmle,
formino- Orchard House Vinery, cSkc.' This system of building Span-roofs may be extended to form large WINTER GARDENS, as in the acnompanymg figure, which
represents one erected in 1860, at Summerfield House, Birmingham. The Roofs are connected with the Dwelling House on the north; and a Wall covered mth lean-to
roofs, on the same principle, on the south ; the area of Glass being over 1.5,000 square feet.

/^

■^'X

Gentlemen about to form New Gardens can be advised the best method of arranging these Glass Roofs for all Hoi tn ultui al purposes and as Boundaries in place of WaUs,
combining elegance with utility. As already so erected by us, they are economical substitutes foi xv.ills, ensurmg tht production of much laiger and better crops of fruit.

ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS of the PATENT ROOFS free on application. REFERENCES can be given to work executed in all parts of the Kingdom.

ESTIMATES given for ORNAMENTAL CONSERVATORIES to Architect's Plans and Specifications ; also for HEATING APPARATUS for all purposes, and to any
extent, fixed complete anywhere in the United Kingdom.

I^" Plans prepared to suit different styles of Mansions, and to particular dimensions.

HEREMAN and MORTON, 7, FALL MALL EAST, LONDON, S.W.

The SECOND EDITION of a HANDBOOK of VINE and FRUIT TREE CULTIVATION, as adapted to the above Patent Hothouses, containing Hlustrations, Hint-
for Heating Houses, and General Directions for Cultivation, &c., may be had of Mr. Hkreman, post free for 13 stamps.

"The instructions given for the cultivation of the Vine and other crops are essentially practical, and are evidently written by one who has himself performed all th.
operations before he attempted to instruct others." — Journal of Korticultiire. _^^.— ^.^— ^— ^r—

Editorial CDmmwilcatioi.s should be addressed to ■■ The Editor ; ■■ Adyertlsements and Boslnes. I.etter. to •• The PobUsher." at the Office 41, WeUlnrtoii atrmt, OoTcnt Oar^^^^^

Printed by Ji!<bs .MATTn«ws, at the Office of Messrs. BainiuBT. Ev»»s, « Oo..Lombaid Street, Precinct of Whitelriars, City of London, in the Co. of Jliddlescx, and ruousneo oyine ww .»«

OfaceVNo. 41, Weiiington'otreet.' Parish of St. Paul's, Coyent Garden, in tiie'sald County.— SiToaDAT, July6,1867.

MATrHBffs, at the

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 28.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General IVews.
^ SATURDAY, JULY 13.

f Price Fivepence.
[SxAurED Edition, GJ.

INDEX.

Aolilnu'iiPs olhsoiii

Aiimteui-s' Cilt'n(1iki'....734 «-

.Vspiinit;us, Fruiicli

Ht'ddliiK uut

Hi'jr".>n ill' S^'itVl I n".".'.'.'.'.'.'".'.'.

Iti'll icstiiiKiiiinl

i;i:iil(l)frrv, Kulik'U- veined ..

!IomUs iiotk-i'd 738 c-

imililiiiirAot

iiiirvshow i33n,7;i7n,

^ltll^ i>liii;iK' ,

'liiriv, llmly liiRiiiTL-au ...,
'Iiil.lrrn iiiKillcUl labour ....

i In it i mil pvimTp§

'ini'liomia ,

:oiiir.M-«.'ouituieof".".','".".','.'

'-■w kOL'pinu, hind's

;rij|is, Cotswold

'lu'unibcr Krowinp

>isinfi.-i-tUDts

'lUiention, agricultural

■,utii iinti's

uMiiii:. Lnrd Kiinberleyoa

i..r.4s'llowtrs ".

I "I inu ninnuvo

■<>iiil (.'oiuniittee

i.i-ii.s, niidsummor

- lust M iater'5 A

iiiit trees, Butumci' weat-
uientof

?ruit-trce cases

— stoclis

?ruit houses v. walls

i rapes, folourless

irapi' Hiildetv

7.1-1 a

■HO It

7U a

73.^ c

Tail a

731 <i

711 c

7.17 f

718 1

7:iii c

711 a

712 c

7:i!) c

7n n

7;t7 b

■J-M a

TiS h

7Jti b

735 b

742 a

742 a

744 b

74-1 c

738 c

743 b

743 a

736 n

THJ b

736 c

73(> c

7313 b

737 b

7,1G 6

737 «

Hnrvcst.tlip .
liuy iimimres ,
Hop blight ...

Irrliind. cHiunt

Mmmri-s fi>i' Imy ,

Piiria, k'ttcrsfiuiii .. .
Teas lit Uliiswick.

— oai'ly

rolnruimi'iinis, varicRtttcd ....

I'luiits, tu'w

Fhml, \\..ii,liiriil AlViean ....

I'oilllry :it I'.ni^

Ucainiii' m;ii-liiiii>s

Ur|ioit('iJi. daily press

ItosL- sliiiw, BirmiQghaiu ....

Suwafjc question

Mheppuiaiiaijcmcut

Sliort-horus", prices or

Slugs

Society, Liuucwu

— iJot^mical of Edia-

bursjli

— Quekett

— Meteorolofficiil

— Penicuik Agricultural .

Statistics. ttErieultural

Steam cultivation 742 c-

Tea, culture of,

"ihompson testimonial

Tobiicco

Variesntiou a disease

Vines, stem roots of

"Watsnn sweepstiUes

"Windebauk ik Co 's nursery..

. 735 a

. 731 c

. 737 c

71H n
747 b
743 b

737 b
733 b
737 a

Bury Horticultural Meeting.

A FULL l{KPiiKl' of this MliETiNG will be ffiven
t\. ill THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL
JAZIT.TTE of JIjLVl'i). A .sini^lo Copy sent on receipt of Six Stamps.

Office fitr Advertisements. 41, Weliinntou Mtreet, Strand, Loudon.

N

lEW KOSES for 1S67.— Stronj? Plants of all tlie best

NEW ROSES now ready.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with piicos, on application.

John Cuanston, King's Aoro Nurseries, near Hereford.

C" ~U L tU llA L D I R E C T 10 N a""fo7~ tlie ROSE."
.Stoond Edition. By Joun Chanston, King's Aero Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Roses.

HLANR AND SON bo^ to call the atteutioa of
• Intondine riircbasers to tlieir extensive COLLECTIUN of
ROSES, whicU aro NUW in FULL ULOOM, and worthy of

inspection.

The Nurseries, Great Bcrkhampstead, Herts.

Koses.— Lea Bridge Road Nurseries, Leyton, N.E.

JOHN FliAKKIi. ifspri'tfully invites an inspection of
ills COLLECTION of ROSES, 'which ho begs to announce are
NOW IN ULOOM. The Collection contains numerous New and
fine varieties. The Nurstries are about live miles from London, and
are easily reached by Train on tho Great Eastern Railway, to Lea
Bridge Station,

Roses in Bloom.

WM. PAUL'S HOSES are NOW IN FULL
BLOOM, Inspection respectfully invited. Trains almost
hooi'ly from Slioreditch to Walthain Station, Great Eastern Railway.
Pal'l's Nurseries, Walthani Cross, N.

Roses.

JOHN CRANSTON has the pleasm-p to announce
that liis ROSES are NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and that the
■whole of his stock is in tho finest condition possible.

The severe frosts (which proved so destructive in many oarta of
England throughout last wmter) not having visited this locality, he
is happy to say that his Roses, Conifers, and other Trees, escaped
entirely unharmed.

Nmseries. King's Acre, near Hereford.

ROYAL HOin'lCULTUKAL SOCIETY,
FIRST VISIT TO THE PROVINCES.
The GRAND EXHIBITION of PLANTS and FRUITS will OPEN
.n TUESDAY, July 10, in tho VINE VARD. BURY .ST. EDMUND'S,

n close proxnnity to the Royal Agricultural Show. Nearly One
fhousana Pounds Prizes iu Money and Cups will be offered for Com-
)Otition. Tickets are now ready, and can be had either in London or
\i\iry ; for the 1st day (if purchased on or before the 15th}, 5s. ; 2d day.
Is. Gd. ; or to admit for the four days, not transferable, 7s. Gd. each;
)r by Payment at the Gates— 1st day, 7s. Gd. ; 2d day, 3.'*. 0(/. ; 3d and
ith days, l,s\ each. B.ind of the Royal Horse Guards daily from 2 to 6.

l^^ NEW ROSES will date from the time they are sent out in
England.

N.B— GOLD ZONAL PELARGONIUMS will not be regarded as
\aviegated.

R"oyaL ho K'rTc u L t ur a l s ocIet tT
BURY ST. EDMUND'S SHOW.
NOTICE of ADDITIONAL SPECIAL PRIZES.-In addition to ,
:ho Society's Silver Gilt Cup, value £25, a Second Prize of £15, and I
i Third Prize of £10, will be given. For the best Hand Bouquet for !
Ladiey, an Extra Prize, consisting of a Silver Watch, value Three '
LJuineas, will be given by the Ladles of Miss Partridge's School. 1

RAND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION f

at BURT ST. EDMUND'S, In connection with the I

SHOW of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

JULY 15, 1867, and four following Days.
Araonest various Special Prizes, amounting in value to nearlj
£yJO, and exclusive of tho ordinary Prize Schedule,
A SILVER CUP, VALUE £20.
will be offered by the Proprietors of the
GARDENERS" CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE
for the best COLLECTION of FRUITS and VEGETABLES,
to be made up as follows : —
Of FRUITS, any Five of the following Eight kinds, one Dish of
each :— Grapes, Melons (2 fruits), Strawben'ies, Goosebonies, Cur-
rants, Cherries, Ra.?pberries, or Apples (of the crop of lS6'ti).

Of VEGETABLES, any Eight of the following Fourteen kinds,
r»Me basket or bundle ot each ;— Peas, French Beans (or Scarlet
Runners), Broad Beans, Cauliflowers, Cucumbers (brace), Summer
fcabbageri, Early Carrots, Turnips, Artichokes, Onions, Spinach,
Rhuharhi, Potatos, or Mixed Salading.

This Cup will be open to Competition amongst Amateur or Pro-
fSfisional Gardenere, of all grades, with Fruit and Vegetables of their
oifii {trowing ; any article otherwise obtained will disqualify the
.3shihitor.

Roses In Bloom.

THOMAS "WARNER begs to state that his COLLEC-
TION of the above, including most of the new and line varieties,
is NOW IN BLOOM. An inspecton is .invited. Tliev are seen to
the greatest advantage in the morning, or from C to' S o'Clock, in
the evening.

The general NURSERY STOCK is regularly and frequently
transplanted, and affords a most extensive choice to persons con-
templating Planting.— The Nurseries, Leicester Abbey,

Roses, Roses.

ROSES, on own roots and in pots, grown on now, will
flower indoors next spring, viz. : —
(! CHOICE TEAS! 3 CHOICE NOISETTES 1., p„nTPP nnrwAo
0 ,. H.P.s 1 3 „ BOURBONS M ^^°^*^^ CHINAS
The Collection of 20 distinct and first-class sorts for 20s.
Post-office Orders on Castle Hedingham.
Dit-LisTONE & WooDTuoRPE, Munro Nursery, Sible Hedingham. Essex.

OPLENDIH 'n"k~W ITITS^; 1867.—

O COMTESSE JAUCOURT (Hybrid Perpetual) is not only the
finest New Rose of this season, but it excels anything that has been
introduced for severil years. The flowers are large and very full ; of
exquisite form, imbricated, and expand perfectly. Colour, superb
Ueshy rose, and veiT distinct ; habit vigorous.

John fi, Charles Lee are now prepared to send out strong Plants
of this fine variety, at 7s. Gd. each. They also offer other fine varieties
of this season at 3s. Gd, to 5s. each.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
London, W.

VERY GARDEN REQUISITE

kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 23S, High Holbom, London.

InOR SALE, a very line Specimen of the VARIEGATED
ALOE, of many years* growth. For price apply to
Mr. R. BAaroN, Bewley Villa, Lacock, Chippenham.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.
^^GQ largo Advertisement,

PRIMULA SINENSIS^ FIMUIOATZ— A most superb
strain, and cannot bo surpaK.'icd, (! varieties, mixed. Is. Cti. & 2s. M
per packet. CALCEOLARIA and ( 'IN KRAIUA, extra, Is. it 2s. Gd,
J. Scott. Tlio Seed St^.truH, V^'ivd, Suiiieraet.

Extra Fine Fringed Primulas.

DOBSON'S CELEliKATKD STRAIN, that has stnod
11 ten years' test, is now ready for sendiiig out in Is., 2m. Gd., and

5s, packets. The quality kihv bo depondyd iipnn.

Dousow & Suns. Scodsino'i, Islfworth. London, W.

Prize Cineraria Seed.

D ORSON'S UNLUUALLED STKAIN, which hag
taken 60 First Prizes in six years, is now ready for sending out.
Fine new seed, in Is., 2s. (i<?., and 6s. packets.

DoBsoN & Sons, Seedsmen, IsleworLh, London, W.

D~OBSON'S" STEAIN "of PRIZE 'CALCEOLAEIA,
CINERARIA, mid PRIMULA, tho tlneat In Cultivation.

its" For Present Sowing.

DOBSON'S iN'I'i:KNATI(i.\AL, UiiYAT. HORTI-
CULTURAL. UC.IIAL UllTANII', CRVS'E'AL PALACE, imd
KINGSTON PRIZE Mid UKUfUALLED HYBRIDISED CAL.
CEOLARIA BOW ready, in Sealed Packets, with lull Dii-eutlons for
Sowing and Growing, Is. 6c7., 2>i. Crf., 3s. Crf., and bs.

DoDsON at Sons, Seedsmen, Islewortli. London, W.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula flmbriata.

SUTTUN AND SOX.S can suiijily XliW SliKD of the
above, saved Iroin choicest lloiveis, in packets. Is., 'Zs. Grf., and
£s. each, post tree.
Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

F

Calceolaria Seed, 1867.
AND A. SMITH beg to announce that their snpcrb
» STRAIN of the above is now ready.

The Nurseries, Dalwich, S.

Cineraria Seed, 1867.

FAND A. SMITH beg to annouiu'i? that their CROP
• of the above is now ready, saved from their whole Collection
of nanied varieties, as well as from a few suoerb Seedlings selected
for their superior merits. Their well-known Strain of Cinerarias is a
guarantee for the quality of their Seeds.

The Nurseries, Dulwicb, S.

puYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY.

lAi LAST EXHIBITION this SEASON of PLANTS, FLOWERS,
LiidFRUlT, JULYS, 1867.

BRONZE MEDAL.
Mr. J. Whiting, Gr. to Mrs. Hope, Deepdene, Dorking, Sm-rey.

SMALL SILVER MEDAL.
^'Ir. M. Henderson, Gr. to Sir G. H. Beaumont, Bart., Cole Orton
Hall, Leicester.

OURTON-ON-TRENT FLORAL and HORTICUL-

L> TURAL SOClETr.— The SECOND EXHIBITION of
PLANTS. FRUITS, and VEGETABLES for 1807, will talco place on
WFDNESDAY, August 21. Extra Prizes for Dahlias. Hollyhocks,
and Roses. Schedules may bo had on application to the Secretary.
Mr. James Attkrbuky, 81, High Street.

r:iKAND INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL

VJ EXHIBITION at GHENT.

■ This EXHIBITION, Open to Competitors from all 'Nations, will

be held at Ghent, from MARCH 28 to APRIL 4, 1868.

Programmes may be obtained Gratis on application to the Publisher
■of the (Jariieufra' Chronicle.

P Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.
EACHES. NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES
^ PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, aud FIGS.

, RicnARD Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Jl Vines, Extra Strong from Eyes.

OHN KELLEi'T begs to announce that he has a lar^e
and fine stock ol all the ieadinc sorls fit for immediate Planting
Also .all the best varieties of ROSES, in I'ots.

Wellineton Nursery. Hoaton Chapel ; and Green Lane Nurseries,
naaton Norris, Stockport.

CI Hardy and Permanent Bedding Plant.

LEMATIS JACKMANNI, and that type, have proved
themselves to be "the desideratum" for a good violet, blue,
purple, or maroon bed, wnen pegged down like Verbenaa.
' ,.^?6 Advertisers solicit an inspection of their CLEMATIS BEDS
tbfttarein FULL BLOOM, and will continue up to the mouth of
uctober. Particulars of treatment bv applying to

Geo. J^caaAN & Son, Woking Nursery, Surrey.

To Cultivators of Succulent and other Plants.

T COOPER, Holmsdale Road, Reigate, has a large
• collection of SUCCULENT and other Plants, including ,
4riO varieties of CACTI; also ALOES, HAWORTHIAS, AGAVES. '
TESTUDINARIA ELEPHANTIPES, Slc. ; also many new and
interesting Plants raised from South African seeds.
Orders punctually attended to.

TO THE TRADE.— A lar-e Quantity of ADIANTUM
CONCINNUM. A. CUNEATUM, and A. TINCTUM. Price on

application. Also 1000 other Varieties.

A. J. Illman's Nurseries, Wellington Place, Strood, Kent.

Primula, New, 1867.

171 AND A. SMITti'S NEW CROP of the above is
• now ready. (Quality of flowers unsurpassed for size and
colour, producing 10 per cent, double flowers.

The Nurseries, Dnlwich, S.

DEVONIAN EERNS^^^wenty varieties of Native
Ferns will be forwarded carriage paid to the Nine Elms
Station, London, or any Intermediate Goods Station on the London
and South-Western Railway, on the receipt of a Post-office Order
for 12s., payable to Tuomas Carr, Winklon;i), North Devon.

Britisli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 30 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRIC'ED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS.
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sldcup Station of New
North Kent Line of Soiitli Eastern Railway,

0\V OFFERED, at the Railway Nursery, Ardleigh,
near Colchester. Esses, the splendid Collection of FERNS and
PLANTS, in pots, at greatly reduced prices.

CATALOGUES post free on application, with terras

N.B.— A quantity of good BLACK GRAPES now ripe.

Address E. Abbott, Jun.

L A D I 0 L I BULBS,

for Summer, Autumn, and Winter Flowering,

2s. Gd., Zs. Gd., bs. Gd., Is. Qd., Sis,, and 12s. per dozen.

10s. Gd., 15s., 21s., 2!JK. to lOus. per 100.

BARRaSoGDEN, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street

Covent Garden, W.C.

Genuine Garden and AgHcultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, Merchants, and Nohservmen,

237 & 238, High Holbom, London. W.C.

L ILIUM AURATUM. —

Large Consignment just received, 2s. 6d., 3s, 6d., 5s. 6d., and
7s. (id. per Root. Extra large selected Bulbs, 10s. 6(i., 12s. 6d.,15s..&21s.
Barr & SoGDEN, Seed, Bulb, and Plant Merchants, 12, King Street.
Covent Garden, W.C.

/"CAMELLIA STOCKS.— A line batch, fit for working

V^ this Autumn,

l-yr. old, 20.?. ; 2-yr, old, in pots, 30s. ; 3-yr. old, strong, 40.s-. per 100.

l-yr. SEEDLING EVERGREEN OAKS, 12s. perlOU.

CuAHLES B. SAuxnERs, Nurseryman, &c., Jersey.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASS
ROSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &c., advertised at length in
this Paper in May last.

Paul's Nurseries, WaUhani Cross, London, N.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts,
TNTENDINU PURCHASERS of TRICOLOR

-L PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS, DIX, previous to making their
purchases. For fijie foliage, excellent constitution, free growth, and
brilliancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
First-class Certificates. Plants of Miss Watson in August, £2 2s. each;
Mrs. Dix in May, 1808, 31.s-. Gd. each.

Retinospora filifera.

JOHN STANDISH is the holder of the stock of the
above most distinct and beautiful weeping CONIFERA, It is
of a pale glaucous green, with slender thread-like branches a foot
long, which hang in the most graceful manner, and altogether the
most distinct weepirg plant ever offered. to the Public. It is also
perfectly hardy. Strong Plants, now ready, 31s. Qd. each.
Royal Nursery, Ascot.

CALADIUMS, CaLADIUMS.— The following 12. in
strong Plants, package included, for 8s., viz, :- Two Mirable,
two Wightii, one each Belleyraei, Newmanii, Argyrites, Gigantea
violacea, Bicolor splendena, Anmbilis, Bicolor. Chfintinii,

ECKFORD'S Six NEW VERBENAS of 18G7 at 4s.

Post Office Orders accompanying orders payable at Boston Spa,

J. C. Padman, Providence Nursery, Boston Spa, Yorkshire.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE'S WHOLESALE SPRING
• PRICED LIST of the above Seeds of 1SC6 growth is now
ready and may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

Garden and Farm Seeds direct from the Growers.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO. beg to inform the
Trade that their WHOLESALE SEED LIST is now ready,

and will be forwarded post free on application.

Seed Warehouse, Sleaford.

RAYNRIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLlN(j,
ANi* COMPANY, Limited,
Cork, Seed, Manure, and Oilcaee Merchants,
Address, SO, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1862. for "Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

HITE~MUSTAR"D~for PRESENT ~S0"W1NG^

Nett Growth of IfeCC, at 13s. per bushel [^2 lb.) ; 4 bushels do.
forSOs. New4lb. Sacks Is, 4rf. each. Remittances to accompany orders.
Christmas Q.oincev, Seedsman, &c., Peterborough.

The Best Cabbage for Spring Use is

SUTTON'S IMPERIAL, wbi.h shnuld be Sown in
June and July. Price SiE. per oz., Post free. Cheaper by the
pound. Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading. _

R U M H E A D CATTLE CABBAGE,

The Heaviest of all Agricultural Crops.
Thisshould be Sown in July & August, for Transplantingin the Spring.

Sutton & Sons can supplv —
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE (the

lieaviest known), at 3s. Gd. per lb.
GOOD DRUMHEAD CABBAGE at 2s. 6rf, per lb.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Extra Fine Quality.

COLE SEED, " 1866 growth," per b ishel of o21b., lis.;
4 bushels do., 40s New 4-8 Sacks, Is. Gd. each,
EARLY SIX-WEEKS' TURNIP, New Seed, very fine. Orf. per lb.

New Baps, Gd. to 9d. each. ..

EXCELLENT CABBAGE SEED. See Catalogue of varieties.
Remittances to accompany Orders.
Fredk. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Beda.

730

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[July 13, 1867.

Foliage Plants, Edging Plants, &e.

JAMES HOLDER c:in supply the lollowinir at 12s. per
100, or 7.*. for 50 Plants, hamper included :— COLETJS, IRESINE,
CERASTIUM, LOBELIA (three varieties), PERILLA, KONIGA,
TROPiEOLUM, HELIOTROPE, and CUPHEA.
^ CroiFH Nursery, Reading,

The Best Swede for Late Sowing

HE IMPROVED HARDY

WHITE
(SoTTOM'a Selected Slock),

Price Is. 2d. per lb.,

or cheaper by the bushel.

Carriage free.

ScTTON & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed
Eatablishinent, Reading^

U T T 0 W ' S

FOR

TURNIP

PRESENT SOWING.

SEEDS

SUTTON'S
PARAGON..

Per lb.— s. d.
RED

0 10

SUTTON'S IM-
PERIAL GREEN
GLOBE . . . . 0 10

P OM E R AN IAN

WHITE GLOBE ..10

GREY STONE .. .. 0 10

SUTTON'S SHORT-
TOP SISWEEKS . 1 0

Cheaper by the Bushel.
Carriage Free.

Sutton & Sons,
Seed Growers, Reading.

i^-( R A S S SEEDS for

^^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contams Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. Wbeelek & Sow,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agricultural Society,

REIGATE SILVER SAND, 12s. per ton, at Swan
Place, delivered five Miles, or to any Loudon Wharf or Railway,
168. per ton, or Is. 6c?. iier bushel. (Sacks at cost price, or on hire.)
KENTISH and HAMPSHIRE PEATS, YELLOW LOAM, LEAF
MOULD, SPHAGNUM MOSS, and COCOA FIBRE REFQSE.

J. Kennabd, Swan Place, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^~^ Is becoming soaroe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 20 for 309., 50 for 663., 100
for £6.

Fourpence allowed lor each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Tn,;ck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-office
Order, payable to J. Bahshau &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

By Authority of the Hon. Board of Customs.

POULE\"S TOBACCO PoWDEK.— This preparation
most effectually destroys all kinds of Blight upon Plants. To
Florists ard Horticulturists it is inviduable; and on account of its
low price it may be advantageously used for the destruction of Hop
Bligiit and for other Agricultural purposos. Price 42s. per cwt, ;
23s. per J cwt. ; 13s. per i cwt.

Bonded Manufactory, Sussex Wharf, Wapping, E.
Office, GO, Lime Street, London, E.C.

/^.iSHURST

VT COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1S59, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green Fly. and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6d.

Red
Spider

Magui-
fled.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(LtMlTED).

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANT
(Established 1840),
Have now ready for delivery in dry fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE Of SODA,
es Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOWIA, FISHERY
SALT, &c. E. Purser, Secretary.

Offices, 116, Fenchurch Street, E.C.

LAWES' MANURES.—

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Laweb for the present
senson of 1867 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
tollowing prices, per ton :—
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s. d.

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME 6 6 0

LAWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 5 5 0

LAWES' WHEAT. BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 8 0 0

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES ..12 0 0

These Manures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying according to cost ot carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cakes at market prices.

Address, John BEH^•Er Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; 22. Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury,

TOBACCO TISSUE for EUMIGATING GREEN-
HOUSES.—This article, which is made from Tobacco, and is
entirely free from sulphur, or any other chemicals, -is acknowledged
by all those who have used it to be the most effectual remedy for
destroying insect life ; it will burn without the assistance of blowing,
and not injure the most tender plants. Price, 3s. Grf. per lb., carriage
free,— Sold by Messrs. Roberts & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers,
112, St. John Street, Clerkeuwell, E,C. ; and by all Seedsmen and
Nurserymen.

ET. ARCHER'S "FRIGI D 0 M 0."—
• Patronised by her Maieaty the Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
and Sir Joseph Paston for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological
Society, &c.

PROTECTION from the SCORCHING KAYS of the SUN.
" FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepared
Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor of heat or cold, keeping a
fixed temperature where it is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-
cultural and Eloricultural purposes, for Preserving Fioiits and
Flowers from the Scorching Rays of the Sun, Ironi Wind, from
Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts, To be had in any
required lengths,

" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING, 2 yards wide, Is, fid. per yard run,
"FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide Is.dd. per yard run.

Foiu- yards wide 3s. 6d. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. 9d, per yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s, 8d. per yard run,
Elisha Thohas Archer, Whole and Sole Manufactm-er, 7, Great
Ti'inity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C,, and of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom,
" It is much cheaper than Mats as a covering."

Bee Hives.

Prize Medal aitd Honodkable Mention Awarded to Oedroe

NeioHBODR & SOMS, FOR BeB HlVEB AND HoNEY AT THE VARIODS
EXBIBITIOKS.

NE IGHBOTJR'S
IMPROVED COTTAGE
BEE HIVE, as originally
introduced by George Neigh-
bour & Sons, with all the
recent improvements, working
three bell-glasses ; is neatly
and strongly made of straw ;
it has three Windows in the
lower Hive, with a Thermo-
meter affixed to the centre
one. This Hive will be found
to possess many practical
advantages, and is more easy
of management than any
other Bee Hive that has been
introduced.

Price complete .. jEl 16 0
Stand for ditto , . 0 10 6

THE LIGURIAN or
ITALIAN ALP BEE being
much in repute at the present
time, we nre in a position to
supply Stocks of the pure race
carefully packed in Woodbury Bar-Frame Hives, so as to travel with
comparatively no risk of damage.

ENGLISH BEES, — Stocks and Swarms may j.be obtained as
heretofore.

A newly-arranged CATALOGUE of other Improved Hives, with
Drawings and Prices, sent on receipt of two stamps.

Address, Geo, Neiqhbodr & Sons, 127, High Holbom, W,C. ; or
14!), Regent Street, London, W.

Agents :— Liverpool : James Cuthbert, 12, Clayton Square. Man-
chester : J. Wilson, 60, King Street. Birmingham: J. H. Cottrell,
15, Bull Ring. Dublin : Edmondson Brothers, 10, Dame Street,
Glasgow; Austin & McAslan. 10. Buchanan Street.

s

hane:s' netv

LAWN MOWERS.

PATENT

HAND MACHINE.

These are the only Machines in daily use in all the Royal Gardens.
These are the only Machines that will mow properly when iho
Grass is wet.
These are the only Machines that will last for years without

requiring repair.

Illustrated Circulars with full particulars free on application.

A. Shanks & Son, Dens Iron Works, Arbroath,

London OflSce and Show Rooms— 27, Lefidenhail Street, E.C.

C^^ 27, Leadenhall Street, is the only place in London wher«

intending purcha.sers of Lawn Mowers can choose from a stock of

160 to 200 Machines, All sizes kept there whether for Horse, Pony, ,

or Hand-power.

GREEN'S IMPROVED NE"V\^ PATENT
GARDEN ROLLER, [

The above Rollers possess many advantages over all others. They
are made in two parts, and are free to revolve on the axis, affording
greater facilities for turning, and the outer edges are rounded off car
turned inwards, thus avoiding the unsightly marks left by other
Rollers.

Diameter, 30 inches; Length 32 inches, £7 10 0

„ 24 „ „ 26 „ 4 10 0

II 20 „ „ 22 „ 3 10 0

.> 16 „ „ 17 „ 2 16 0

Prices for Rollers fitted with Shaits suitable for Pony or Horse

Power, free on application.

Delivered carnage paid to all the principal Railway Stations and
Shipping Ports in Enjzland.

Thomas Green 4 Son, Smithfleld Iron Works, Leeds; 54 and 65,
Blackfriars Road, London, S. ; and 19, Eden Quay, Dublin,
N.B, All Orders executed on the day they are received.

PRIZE MEDALS AWARDED to GREEN'S PATENT
LAWN MOWERS.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1862.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, DUBLIN, 1865.
The above Lawn Mowers have proved to be the best, and have
carried off every Prize that has been given in all cases of Com-
petition.

Sold by all respectable Ironmongers, Seedsmen, &c., in the
Kingdom. Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

AGRICrLTURAL and HORTICULTURAL;
IMPLEMENTS and MACHINES of every description.

IMPROVED IRON STABLE FITTINGS.

HURDLES and CONTINUOUS IRON and WIRE FENCING.
Palisading Entrance and Field Gates. Plain and Galvanisedl

Wire Netting,

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS and GARDEN ROLLERSJ

Garden Engines, Syringes, Water Barrows, Ornamental Garden

Seats, Chaii-s, Tables, Iron Fountains, Vases, &c,

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS, in great variety.

Washing, Wringing, and Mangling Machines.

IMPROVED SAUSAGE MACHINES and FILLERS.

Separate Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

Thosiab Green & Son, Smitbfield Iron Works, Leeds.

Show Rooms opposite the Smithfleld Cattle Market, North Straetjl

Leeds ; 54 and 66, Blackfriars Road, London, S. ; and 19, Eden

Quay. Dublin, "

Caution to Gardeners.— "WHeii you asfc for

SATNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Satnor, also the corporate mark Obtain
Warranted, without which none are jrenuine.

S. & C. regret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not ol
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s Pruning and Budding Knives are tne Dean and the
cheapest in the market.

Paxton Works, ShefBeld. Established upwards of 125 vears.

MOULE'S PATENT EARTH CLOSETS AND URINALS.

PERFECT SUBSTITUTE FOR WATER CLOSETS, AVOIDING ALL BAD SMELLS.

APPLICABLE TO ANT EXISTIXG CLOSETS, AND ADMIRABLY ADAPTED FOR

BED-ROOMS, HOSPITALS, BARRACKS, &c.

On View and in Operation at tlie CAMP, 'WIMBLEDON ; at the EIDING SCHOOL, BEIGHTON; at the
BTTET AGRICULTURAL SHOW; at the PARIS EXHIBITION; and at the OFFICE of MOULE'S PATENT )
EARTH CLOSET CO. (LIMITED), 29, BEDFORD STREET, COVEN T GARDEN, W.C.

T. M. EVANS, Manager.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

PATENT LAWM MOWIMG and ROLLING MACHINES.

EVERT MACHINE WAERAUTED.

TO BE OBTAUTED OF

SAMUELSON and CO., BRITANNIA WORKS, BANBURY.

LONDON ■WAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE, E.C.
AGENTS :— Messrs. TANGTE BROTHERS and HOLMAN, 10, LAURENCE POUNTNEY LANE; Messrs. DEANE and CO., London Bridge; Messrs. DKAT,
TAYLOR AND CO., London Bridge ; Mr. THOMAS BRADFORD, 63, Fleet Street, E.C. ; and all respectable Seedsmen and Ironmongers throughout the Kingdom.

July IS, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

731

JOHN i FOWLER & CO.

WILL EXHIBIT AT THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'S SHOW, BURY ST. EDMUND'S, IN OPERATION, THEIR

PATENT STEAM CULTIVATING AND PLOUGHING MACHINERY,

WITH THE LATEST IMPKOVEMENTS,
SUITED FOR ALL CIRCUMSTANCES AND EVERY DESCRIPTION OF SOIL.

ALSO PORTABLE AND TRACTION ENGINES.
JOHN FOWLER and CO., STEAM-PLOUGH WORKS, LEEDS, and 71, CORNHILL, LONDON, E.G.

RIDDELL'S

PATENT PORTABLE ELASTIC PIPE JOINT.

Especially adapted for HOT-TVATER PIPES for WARMING CHURCHES, PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, CONSERVATORIES, HOT-HOUSES, &c., is extremely simple,
perfectly watertight, eaves four-flfths of the time and lahour in erecting hot-water work, can
be rapidly put together by an ordinary workman, and can be removed and re-erected without
injury to pipes or joints.

Prospectus and Pncc List free.

RIDDELL'S

PATEIT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

For WARMING CHURCHES, CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &c., by the
circulation of Hot Water, requires no brick-work setting, saves half the fuel usually consumed, is
not liable to get out of repair, is easily regulated, will work from 8 to 20 hours without attention,
and is made in sizes capable of heating from 30 to .5000 feet of 4 inch pipe.

Prospectus and Price List free.

PATENT PIPE JOINT.

J. HADLEY RIDDELL, Patentee, 155, CHEAPSIDE, E.G.

PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

BRAS

JOHN WAENEE & SONS,

CRESGENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.G.,

S and BELL FOUNDERS to HEE MAJESTY, HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

35. WARNERS'

PATENT CAST-IRON

LIFT PUMPS.

2\ inches diameter . . £1 8

3 „ „ ..2 1
3| „ „ ..2 6

4 „ „ .. 2 14

No. 37.

SHOBT-BARIIEL

DITTO,

FOR SINKS, PLANT

HOUSES, &c.

2^ ins. diameter ..£110

No. 547a.

GARDEN

ENGINE.

28 Gals. . . £5 10
24 „ .. 4 19

No. 547a.

3 14
2 19

THE CBTSTAL PALACE FIBE ENGINE and
GABDEN POBTABLE FOBCE PUMP.

No. 42.

WARNERS'

POBTABLE

PUMPS,

With Improved Valves for
Liquid Manure, £2 15«.
2-in. Flexible Rubber
Suction Pipe, in 10, 12,
and 15 ft. lengths, per
foot, 2s. od.

No. 579*.

SWING

W A T E B

BABBO'W.

50 Gals. . . £5 12

No. 42.

3 17
2 13
2 2

tnry

Price on Barrow, with Branch Pipe, Spreader, Unions, and
Suction Rose, £6.

IJ-in. 2-ply Rubber Suction Pipe, per foot, 2«. 2d.
IJ-in. ditto Delivery Hose, Is. id.
ILLUSTRATED and PRICED LISTS of Garden Engines, Swing Barrows, Aquajects, Syringes, and Fountain Jets sent on application.
^ Mstimates and Drawings forwarded for Beep Well Pumps, for Steam, Horse, or Sand Power ; Irrigating MaehineriJ, TTater Wheels, Water Rams, and
description of Hydraulic Machinery.

732

THE (UEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[July 13, 1867.

Seed of Choice Strains of Florists' Flowers.

The following selected StraiDS aro worthy of tho notice of all

growers of the most useful conservatory decorative flowers.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

"D S. "WILLIAMS can -with confidence offer Ms
superb Strain of Primula as being undoubtedly the finest in
cultivation. It is now groivn in all the principal Gardens of the
NobUlty and Gentry throughout the Threo Kingdoms, and haa never
failed to give the greatest satisfaction.

In habit the plant-i aro very robust, and in the foUnge differ from
all other varieties ; but their great beauty consists in the depth of
colour in the Red, purity of ihe White, and beautiful flmbriatcd
form of all tho flowers, which are throvra up in large trusses woll
above the foliage.

As a proof of the truth of the above remarks, this Strain has
taken Ist Prizes in every instance that it has been shown in the
Proirinces this Spring ; and 1st Prize at tho Primula Show of the
Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington ; and Ist at the
Royal Botanic, Regent's Park. It is also the favourite Strain in the
Covent Garden Flower Market.

This Strain may be procured True, In Sealed Packets bearing
B. S. Williams' Name and Address, from any Seedsman ; but
B. S, W. particularly requests that Customers will observe, on
purchasing, that each Packet has his Name and Address in full
printed thereon, as no others are genuine.

The Trade supplied on advantageous terms.

Bedding and otlier Plants.

Perpkt. 8. d.

rer pkt. s. d.

Retail price, RED . . ..60

Retail price, WHITE ..3 0

„ 3 6

..2 6

„ , 2 6

MIXED ..5 0

„ WHITE ..6 0

..3 0

Retail price, MIXED, per packet, 2s. ed.

WEATHEUHILL'S EXTRA CHOICE STRAIN OF CINERARIA.
B. S. W. has purchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of this
Magnificent Strain. Many of the flowers produced by this seed last
season were as large as a crown-piece. This strain is well known in
the London Flower Market, and is the most popular one there, a
sufficient guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail price per pkt., 5s. Od. | Retail price per pkt., 3e. Gd.
Retail price per pkt 2s Gd.

JAMES'S HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.— Thevarieticsthat
took the First Prize at the International Horticultural Exhibition
last May were of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt. 5s. QcK | Retail price perpkt., 3a. 6d.

Retail price per pkt 2s. Od.

All FLOWER SEEDS in packets, Post free

B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway,
London, N.

Just Published, post free 12 stamps (Gratis to Customers), Part III. of

CARTER'S GARDENERS' and FARMERS' VADE
MECUM, containing complete Lists of now and choice Stove
and Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, with an Addendum ccmprising
original and practical articles, "On a Visit to Messrs. Carter's
Nursei7," by an Amateur Florist ; Subtropical Gardening; and 120
Geometrical Designs for Flower-beds; with reliable inforiiMtion for
the proper combination of Bedding Plants to produce chaste and
striking etfects.

Forwarded on receipt of 12 stamps on application to Carter's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 and 238, Higb Holborn, London.

JAMES CARTER and CO. be^ to announce that they
are now sending out their unrivalled Sti-ains of CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, wliiuh, for fineness of form and
beauty of colour cannot be surpassed.

CALCEOLARIA, saved from the tinest Prize varieties.

CINERARIA, saved from the finest named varieties,

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA. dark carmine and pure
white, saved from the finest fringed varieties in cultivation. Price,
each packet, 2s. Gd., forwarded on receipt of Post-offlce Order for
the amount.

6^ PRICE LISTS gratis and Post free on .apolication to Carter's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom, London,W.C.

Choice Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following : —
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, of the finest possible strain,

Red, White, or Mixed, 2s. 6(1., 3s., and os. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very fine, 2s. Od,,

3s. Gd., and 5s. per packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2s. 6rf., 3s. Gd., and 5s. per packet.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free,
Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

Ruasell'3 Pyramid Primtaa.

The Finest Strain in Existence,

GEORGE CLARKE has New SEED of the above
unequalled varieties, 2s. 6d. per packet ; also the Fom-Ieaved
kinds, 2s. Cd. ; Kermesina (scarlet), 2s. 6d. ; The Fairy (a lavender
colour) Is. All of the best quality. Now is the time to sow for
strong early plants.

Nursery, Streatham Place, Brixtoa Hill, S.; and MottinRham.
Kent, S.E.

ROBERT PARKER begs to offer the foUowin-.— AU
the Plants are strong and healthy, and can be supplied in
quantities.

PANSY CLIVEDEN BLUE, 6s. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN PURPLK, 6s. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN YELLOW, Cs. per dozen.
POLEMONIUM CCERULEUM VARIEGATUM, 2s. Gd. each.
RHODODENDRON COUNTESS of HADDINGTON, 33. Gd. each.
TKITOMA GKANDIS. ISs. per dozen.
TRITOMA UVARIA GLAUCESCENS, 12». per doze a.
VIOLA CORNUTA. best variety. 4s. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE DES VIOLETS. Os. per dozen
VIOLET THE CZAR, Gs. per dozen. Tper packet,

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, finest mixed seed, 2s, 6d

-TT^u w^^r^^4Jl^^*^f^^^'^l^E CATALOGUES of AQRICUL-
TURAL, FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and will be foi-'
warded free to applicants.
Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

gUPERB VARIEGATED GERANIUMS,

BEAUTY of OULTON
PRINCESS ALEXANDRA
BICOLOR SPLENDENb
GOLD PHEASANT
GLOWWORM
LUNA

GENERAL LONGSTBEET
ITALIA UNITA
MRS. LONGFIELD
YELLOW BELT
MRS. BENYOX
SILVER STAR

Strong plants of the above set, 15s. Package included
Casbon & Son, Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

Lomaria Gibba, &;c.
A VAN GEERT, Nuiiseryman, Ghent, Belgium,

£^'-^'r^.§f to offer lino Plants of this beautiful and decorative
Fern, LOMARIA GIBBA, at lOs. per dozen, or 50s. per himdred •
also hne Plants of LARIX KAIMPFERII at 7s. Cd. each.

CATALOGUES (published in English) may be obtained on appli-
cation to his Agents m London, Messrs. R. Silukurad & Son
5. Harp Lane, Tower Street, E.C.

LUCOMBE, PINCE, & CO.

BEG TO CALL ATTENTION TO THEIR SPLENDID NEW LATE GEAPE,

"MRS. PINCE'S BLACK MUSCAT,"

TO BE SENT OUT NEXT MONTH.
THE PUBLIC AGE RESPECTFULLY INVITED TO AN INSPECTION.

Dutch Bulbs.— To tlie Trade only.
Xji H. KKKLAGE and SON, Nuk-serymen, Seeds-

^ ' ^SS-,"!;'.',? 'I"'"'' Iliwrlem. HolLind, bog to announce tlmt
their NEW WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of HUTCH BULBS
pKS.'i'^ ^'^°'''^- TUBERCULOUS PLANTS. ST K AW :
HEKKlEb, &c., IS now ready, and will be sent cratis to
Nurserymen, beedsnien, and Florists on application. Postase Sd.
ine Catalogue, a Pamphlet of 44 8vo pages, coDUins a greater
variety than any other List.

T^^EWSTRAWBEERT, PERPETUAL PINE.—

XI The Undersigned begs leave once rrore to recommend this
new and valuable strawberry, sent out by him for tho flrst time last
Autumn. It is the greatest "desideratum" of the whole race
inasmuch aa it continues in bearing until frost sets in
Hl£.!.!!;fl"'^k"*' "Perpetuar' belonging to the Piie family, quite
different to the small-fruited Alpines, its fruit being of fair size
bright glossy scarlet, and of esouisite flavour '

r£','„Z'"^°'"'"''"'' '!J.,l>.ls. "Illustration Hortlcole," published a
Coloured Engraving ot this interesting novelty.

Good Plants wUl bo ready by August 15, at the following prices ■-

25 for £1 1 60 for il 10s. | 100 for f 2 los

Carriage paid to London.

Trade price per 100 or 1000 on application to the Grower
Pemiwand GnoEDn, Boauvais, Prance ; or to his Agents. Messri'
K. SiLBiiaaan & Son, 6, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street, London, E.c!

The Forwardest Turnip

known is
BUTTON'S SHORT-

J TOP SIX WEEKS, price
Is. per lb. ; cheaper by the bushel
. This excellent Turaip, if sown
I in June and July, will produce a
f heavy Crop, to come off in time
' for Wheat Sowing.

S'

Sdttos & Sons,
Royal Berkshire Seed Establish-
ment, Reading.

The VIlSES have borne heavy Crops for the last four years. They are now the admiration of all who see them,

and will well repay a visit.

1^^ Copies of Testimonials, which are very numerous, will be forwarded upon application to them.
EXETER NURSEKY, EXETER.

NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN (NOW READY).

WILLIAM PAUL

(Son and Successor to the late A. Paul),

BEGS TO OFEER THE

ABOVE MAGNIFICENT HARDY FLOWERING TREE,

Which he believes to be the greatest acquisition for forcing; and out-of-door culture that has been

introduced for many years.

Strong healthy Plants, well established in pots, 2 ft. high, 7s. 6d. each ; 1 ft. high, 5s. each,

A Pirst-class Certificate was awarded to Mm for this Plant by the Eoyal Horticultural Society on the 16th April last,
I^" See Coloured Drawing by Fitch, and History, in the *' Florist " for June.

"We do not hesitate to advise every one who baa a garden to I in or out-of-doors next spring; whereas if removed from the
purchasa this plant at once. * * * Plants purchased in pots ground in the autumn of the year, they can hardly be expected
now may be giown and established, so as to flower well either | to do this."— r/te i^'torisi, d;c.

PAUL'S NURSERIES, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

f-iTT?rTn£°'^^^'^2?.l?/^* P Sutton's Ringleader.
QTJTiON AND SONS liad the honour of introducinff
O this lumvalled EAHLY PEA iu the year 1866, and after
careful trials of it and all of its competitors, they have no hesitatinn
m statloB that it is still forwarder than iny other Pea oxceptin?
only Carter's First Crop which was sent out the same season'^aiid
iSSrp'^^ra^Uiatt^i'""^^'- *'=^ ■'«- t-twasrm.io°;v2

s/ot°frs\Tpr;^hS°J?t°^y!r?et™eJSfo°Se="d^e''rnTn"S-Sl

Early ordei-s or inquiries are therefore recommended.
SuTTOs & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

To Market Gardeners aid otners
TJlCHAKi) WALKEK, Makket Gardener and Seed

J. ii Grower, oliei-s the followina; :—

ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE PLANTS,

DRUMHEAD SELECTED STOCK PLANTS, 3s per 1000
WALCHEREN, splendid true stock, CAULIELOWER PLANT«^

1«. per 100. .«i^i*o,

Pine SAVOY PLANTS, e<f. per 100.

Imported yery fine BRUSSELS SPROUT PLANTS, 6d per 100
EASTHAM CABBAGE PLANTS, true, 3s. per 1000
DICKSON'S MANCHESTER CHAMPION RED CELERY

PLANTS, Is. per 100. ^^n^ai.

INCOMPARABLt; WHITE CELERY PLANTS, Is. per 100
IVERY-S NONSUCH CELERY PLANTS, Is. per 100, transplanted
Torres Cash.
RicHABD Walker, Biggleswade, Beds.

THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL

AND

ROYAL HORTICULTUEAL SOCIETIES' MEETINGS,

AT BURY ST. EDMUND'S, 1867.

STAND, No. 195.

SUTTON & SONS,

SEEDSMEN TO THE QUEEN, BEADING, BERKSHIRE,

Inform their Friends and the Public generally that they will have their usual extensive display of
AGRICULTURAL, HORTICULTURAL, and FLORICDLTURAL SEEDS, ROOTS, FORAGE PLANTS, and
GRASSES, in their growing state, &c., &c., to which they invite special attention.

Messes. SUTTON'S STAND (No. 195) will be found in close proximity to the SHOW of HORSES, STOCK,
and IMPLEMENTS.

Orders will be received for TURNIP SEEDS, GRASS SEEDS, &c., for Present Sowing, and be dispatched
with the least possible delay.

JPriced Lists of all Seeds gratis and post free.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROtAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, BEADING.

July L% 1SC7.]

THE GAKDENEI^S' CHRONICLE AND AGT^ICULTUrvAE GA/lTTl

733

Superb New Late Grape.
" IX/TRS. PINCK'S ULACK MUSCAT" is the wontlev

•IVX and admimtion of all who see It. As a hiph-navouiod Into
Mviflcat Grnpo it cjiniiofc bo HiirpiisscJ. It is a boon to the Ilorticul-
tm-ftl world. Tho I'ubllo ar« oarnestly Invited to soo It growlnK.
This iB the fciurlli year it has borno heavy crops.

Roo "Fruit Mtiiiuftl," " Oardon Oracle," " The Gardonor." Road
tho reports and letters of tho inobt ominont Grape autliorltios In
tho world, such as—

Dr. Hogg I Mr. Parker ' Mr. Voysey

Mr. RIverH Mr, CraggH . Mr. Snowdon

Mr. Meredith ' Mr. Thomas Mooroj Mr. Frost

Mr. Tlmnison Mr. J. Aslitoii Mr. SalwFiy

Mossra. Veltoh & Son Measrs. Lano & SonI Messrs. Backhouse & Son
Mr. KeynOH Mr. rillor ' Mr. Kiwnrthy

Messra. Ivery : Mr. MucGrcRor ' Mr. Ball

Messrs. Garaway !Mr. Sclator Mr. Jewell

Mr. Turuor I Mr. Davies &c. &c. ftc.

Copies of tho reports and letters of the abova will bo forwarded
upon application to

LucoiinK, PiMT, & Co., Exeter Nursery, Exeter.

Splendid New Black Grape— The Muscat Cliampioii.

JAJfES VEITCTT and SONS are now Bcndinc: out
this MAGNIFICENT SEEDLING VAUIETi', undoubtedly
tl)« finest yet offered to tho ruhlic.
Tot full partioulars, see Ganleiiers' Chronicle, June 29, 1S07, p. 681.
Goofl established Plants, price Zis. each.
' SIxtra strong Plants, lor fiuitinp in pots, 31s Gd. and 423. each.
Royal Exotic Nursery, King's Road, Cholsoa, S.W.

SATUEDAY, JULY 13, 1867.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

TUBSIUV. July 15 1 nov.l Horticultural (Great Exlilbitioil ot
MEDNfsuAT, — l.l rinnts. Fruits, aud Vegetables), at Bury
Jr;/,"; • - iSi «. Edmund's.

4,

BUEY St. Edmund's, -whicli next week is to
hccome Bury the busy, by reason of the simul-
taneous meetings of the Eoyal Horticultural and
lioyal Agricultural Societies which are to bo
holden there, is tho chief town of the AVestorn
Division of Suffolk. It is a very ancient town,
dating from Saxon times, and claiming to have
been of some importance in the time of King
SiGBEROnT, who began his reign in East Anglia
about A.n. 030 ; and it is an historical town, for
it claims to share with Eunnymede the honour
of the celebrated charter, by which the rights
and liberties of Englishmen were secured. Its
Abbey, the Monastery of St. Edmund's Bury, is
said to have exceeded in magnificence, in decora-
tions, privileges, and endowments, all other
monastic establishments in England, Glastonbury
alone excepted ; and of this the visitors to the
modern gathering m.ay still see a stately relic,
attesting the splendour of the establishment, in
the old Abbey gate, which forms the entrance
to the Botanic Garden, through which the
exhibition is to be reached from the town.

This Botanic Garden was established in 1820
by Mr. N. S. Hodson, to whom a lease
was granted by the noble proprietor, the
Marquis of Bristol, whose seat, Ickworth Park,
is in the vicinity. The garden is planted
according to the natural system of botan}\
"An area of an acre is laid out in circles,
similar to the Botanic Garden at Brussels, with
the addition of turf paths, and surrounded by an
arboretum," while spacious lawns, with cir-
cuitous walks extending to the Eiver Larke, are
amongst its further attractions. The garden is
supported by subscriptions, and promenades, with
music, are freqxiently held. Few gardens can
boast of a situation possessing greater advan-
tages. On passing under the splendid arch of
the Abbey gate, the views are highly picturesque,
one of them extending over the Abbey bridge to
the plantations on St. Edmund's Hill, including
the Vine fields. A fine old Black Poplar in this
vicinity, described by Strutt as one of the finest
trees of its kind in the kingdom, is deserving of
mention ; it however suffered severely by the
frost of 1860. In pasture ground south of the
Abbey stood the Abbot's Willow, a gigantic tree,
whose height was 15 feet, and circumference
ISi feet, but of which the ruins of its decayed
and fallen trunk are all that remain. It is said
to have contained 440 feet of solid timber.

The terms Vineyard and Vine fields, the latter
of which is the site whereon the flower show
is to be held, indicate that the cultivation of the
Grape Vine has engaged some attention in former
times, in and about Bury. We have already
(see pp. 1220, 1244, 1866) given a full account
of Mr. Darkin's great success in this depart-
ment of horticulture, a success all the more easily
to be accounted for when we recall the conditions
of soil and climate, and the especially favourable
position in which the Vines are planted. " The
spot is on a sunny slope, sheltered from north
winds by a wall 22 feet high, and behind that a
hill extending in a gi-adual incline to a height of
90 feet."

Thcso brief indications show that horticultural
visitors to Bury will find something of general
intornst about the venorablo town irrespective of
the display which may bo tho more immediate
induremont of their visit, and of the well-known
gardens of tho vicinity, some at least of which,
as will appear from a paragraph in another
column, will be frooly open to persons
interested in gardening. Wo cannot but hope
that tho Show itself will bo as well contested
bi^tween tho East Anglians and their friendly
invaders, as many a battle-field of the neigh-
bourhood has been in ancient times.

We have very much gratification in announcing
that tho question of presenting a substantial
TicsTiMONiAi. TO Mu, Roiieut" TiioJirsoN, of
Chiswick, which was suggested some months
since in our columns, and which has met with
the most favourable reception whenever it has
been mentioned, has been taken up in earnest
under the auspices of the Eoyal Horticultural
Society. A preliminary meeting was held on
Tuesday last, when it was agreed that the
following appeal should at once be circulated
amongst horticulturists. We commend it
heartily to the .sympathy of our readers, many
of whom must have largely benefited by Mr.
TnojrrsoN's unobtrusive services ; and trust that
a sufficient sum may be raised to secure to Mr.
Tnoi[PSON every comfort and solace during the
rest of his days. We may add, for the satis-
faction of contributors, that the Testimonial is
intended to take the money form, as being the
most practical and useful : —

" The retirement of Mr. Robert Thompson from
active duty in the service of the Royal Horticultural
Society has been thoU!;ht by his numerous friends to
offer a fitting occasion on which to present him with a
substantial Testimonial, expressive of their cordial
sympathy with him in his declining years, .and indi-
cating also their high appreciation of the many services
which he has rendered to Pomology and Meteorology
during a long and active life.

" Tlie Council of the Royal Horticultural Society,
acting as the exponents of the wishes which have been
expressed that Mr. Thompson's services should be
publicly recognised in this way, have taken the
initi.ative by inviting several gentlemen connected with
Horticulture to attend a preliminary meeting, at which
a Committee was named to carry out the proposed
object. [The Committee consists of the Council of the
Royal Horticultural Society, the International Com-
mittee, and other gentlemen connected with Horti-
culture and Meteorology; the Duke of Bfccleuch,
President; Mr. W. AV. SiUNDEKS, Vice-President;
and Dr. Hogg and Mr. Thomas Moohe, Joint
Secretaries.]

" The many services rendered by Mr. Thompson
both to Horticultural and Meteorological Science
are well known to those actively engaged in these
pursuits, but it may be proper on such an occasion
as the present, to briefly recapitulate them. For
upwards of 10 .years, then, he has held a pro-
minent position in tlie working staff of the Royal
Horticultural Society. He entered the Society's service
in IS21, the second year after the establishment of the
garden at Chiswick, and in 1S2G was appointed to the
charge of the Fruit Department, which then contained
the finest and most extensive collection of fruits in
Europe. At that time comparatively few of the
varieties were known in this country, and the whole
nomenclature was in a state of confusion, requiring
unwearied application and perseverance to clear it up,
so that the riches of the collection might be made
available to tho Fellows of the Society, and to the
country. In 18'51 a 'Descriptive Catalogue' of these
fruits was published, from memoranda taken at
Chiswick, and in this valuable work, Mr. Thompson,
with great success, succeeded in carrying out his
design of indicating the good and the had sorts,
together with their synonyms, and such brief charac-
teristics as it was thought would be most generally
useful. By means of this Catalogue a knowdedge of
the superior kinds of fruits was much more rapidly
spread throughout the country than it could have been
by any other available means. The distribution of
scions of new fruits was consequently carried on with
assiduity, and much consideration was bestowed in
endeavouring to select such kinds as were most likely
to succeed in the localities for which they were
destined.

" While this important work was year after year being
carried out, Mr. Tho>[PSOx was engaged in making
experiments bothlin the Fruit and Kitchen Garden
Departments, carefully reporting the results ; in taking
descriptions of new varieties of Fruits as they came
into bearing ; and in preparing another edition of the
Fruit Catalogue, which was published in 1842, and a
Supplement in 1833. These descriptions and records
have been of the greatest practical utility. Upwards
of 2000 pages of the Society's various publications
have been written by Mr. Thompson, but the
Fruit Catalogue claims prominence, as having been
the standard of fruit nomenclature in this country ;
while his * Gardeners' Assistant,' a work not con-
nected with the Society, may be characterised as
the best and most scientific of compendious treatises
on modern gardening.

" For a nearly similar period Mr. Thompson has
devoted much attention to Meteorology. The meteoro-
logical journal of the Society, which was commenced

in 1S2(), and which has been carried 011 liv liiiii since
IH.'iO, gives tho readings of the barometer (rnrri/ilcdfor
teinpcrature, &c.), morning, noon, and iiiglit ; of tlio
tberinomctcr, niaxinium and minimum, in sun and
shade; and of tho liygromptcr ; cora)iaratively with
averages of .10 years, deduced from 210,000 observations
of the various instruments. Such broad averages
nlpird what must be considered as true means
with ivliich extremes may bo compared as regards
boat, pressure, and moisture. The observations
of II) years have been translated from the
Transactions of the Horticultural Society into
those of the Royal Philosophical Society of
Berlin ; and up to the present time a weekly return
has been published in the Gardeners' Chronicle. Among
other ]iapers from Mr. Thompson's hands, connected
with this branch of science, is a Table of Temperatures
fertile use of LMrHfcrs, published in the .Journal of
the Horticuilnral Society, which furnishes an idea of
the climate of some 'JOO places, situated in different
latitudes.

" With a modesty peculiarly his own, and with a
degree of plodding perseverance, which cannot be too
highly recommended as an example to the rising
generation of horticulturists, Mr. Thompson has
worked on at these, his favourite pursuits, with zeal
and assiduity, setting before himself the object of
rendering service to science, rather than that of
personal gain ; and now after a long and useful career,
when his physical powers begin to fail him, it has been
thought that an expression of public sympathy in
acknowledgement of his life-long labours, would serve
to gladden and solace the remaining years of his life.

" It is proposed that a subscription list be opened
under the management of the Committee, and that a
mo)icti Testimonial be presented as soon as a reasonable
time for response has elapsed. Subscriptions, which will
be duly announced, will be received by any member of
the Committee ; by the Society's bankers (London and
County Bank, Kensington); by the Secretaries —
Dr. Hogg, 90, St. George's Road, Pimlico, S.AV. ; and
Thomas Mooee, Esq., Botanic Gardens, Chelsea,
S.W; or by James RiCHAEDS,Assistant Secretary of tho
Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington, W."

On Tuesday next the Eotal Horticulturai,
Society inaugurates at Buky St. Edmund's,
an experiment, the results of which will bo
looked for with great interest by all classes of
horticulturists.

It is certainly a bold step to institute a show
of such importance in a small country town in
the heart of SuS'olk, a town whose historical
interest and pleasant situation would of them-
selves furnish but slender guarantees for the
success of an Exhibition on such a scale of
magnitude. On the other hand, there are many
features in the scheme which would appear well
calculated to insure satisfactory results. There
are'.the attractions offered by the meeting of the
Eoyal Agricultural Society, and which wiU of
themselves insure a goodly number of visitors to
the sister Exhibition, and as a floral display there
can be no doubt that the show will be a fine one.

Tho number and magnitude of the prizes, the
stimulus given to the local cultivators to put
forth their strength in friendly competition with
metropolitan exhibitors, the presfii/r afforded by
the Society, and the novelty and boldness of the
enterprise, to say nothing of the extraordinai-y
activity of Mr. I). T. Fish and his coadjutors, all
combine to heighten the probability of the Bury
Show being ranked, as it certainly deserves to
be, as one of the great horticultural events of
the year.

We can but share the general wish that a
project evincing so laudable a desire to promote
the interests of horticulture may yield an
abundant and direct return to the promoters.
But it is to the probable influence of this pro-
ceeding on the horticulture of the future, especially
as regards the provinces, that we look forward
with the most pleasurable anticipations.
Successful or not in adding to the coffers of the
Society, there can be no reason to doubt that an
impulse of a most beneficial character will be
given to horticulture in general.

Wo may hope likewise that the Society will
derive from its provincial experience some hints
which will be of ser^dce in improving their floral
fetes, and specially in introducing some elements
of novelty into them, to relieve that sameness
which pervades flower shows in general.

The charming exhibitions of Lilium aueatvm

furnished by Mr. Bull to our metropolitan Shows
this year, set up as they have been with much taste
and judgment, must have placed the wonderful beauty
of this Lily prominently before the public. In these
collections, as well as in others which we have seen, we
have noticed many variations in regard to the intensity
or otherwise of colour in the bands and spots with
which the flowers of this Lily are adorned ; but in no
instance had we seen a variety entirely free from
spots. This, however, may now be found m
Mr. Bull's collection in the King's Road, Chelsea,
where it forms a striking contrast with the spotted
varieties with which it is associated. The flowers m
question are pure white, with the exception ofthe yellow

734

THE GAEDENEKS' CMONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE,

[J0LT 13, 1867.

rays, which are unusually brilliant, and in size they
are above the average. Intermixed with other varieties,
amongst Ferns, as it is here, its appearance is truly
beautiful.

We have been favoured by the Messrs. EoiLis-

SON, of Tooting, with flowers of their new Achimenes
GiBSONi, named in compliment to Mr. Gibson, of
Battersea Park, and which is of a highly orna-
mental character. It is a distinct-looking hybrid, of
which one parent we learn was Scheeria mexicana.
The flowers are nearly 2 inches across, fringed in the
way of Achimenes multiflora, of a deep rich vi9let
mauve, the tube dashed with yellow on the lower side,
otherwise white, and speckled all over inside with small
purple dots, white and hairy on the outside. The
annulus is continuous, thickened, and obscurely lobed,
and the stigma infundibuliform. The habit is said to
be robust, and the plant a profuse flowerer.

Non-professional readers who may feel a little

affright at the learned directions offered in our Calendar
of Garden Operations will find some Notes in our
present issue addressed specially to Amateues, by an
Ajnateur, which wUl, we trust, be found acceptable to
them. We shall be pleased to record the successes,
and equally (for the sake of instruction) the failures of
those who, as our first parents did in the first instance,
look upon a garden as a source of pleasure rather than
as a field for labour only.

New Plants.

Begomia Veiichii, MooTc. sp. n.

Acaulis, laxe pilosa, rhizomate crasso, foliis crasse petiolatis
oblique ovato v. rotundato-cordatis lobulatis crenulatis
coriaceis, nervis crassis flabeUatis subtus prominentibua, scapo
apbyllo robusto 2-flore (fl. S et 9), bracteis 2 oblongis obtusis
roseis, floribus amplia miniatis, S perianthii f oliolis 4 obovato-
rotundatia obtusis, filamentis liberis, antheris breviter
oblongis obtusis filamento brevioi-ibus ; fl. ?. periantbii
foliolis 5, ov.ario 3-loculiiri, placentis 2-partitis segmentis lobu-
latis undique ovuliferis, stylis 3 2-cruribus, stigmatibus
fascia spiral! basi continua instnictis.
Hab. mountains of Cuzco iu Peru. Mr. Pearcc.

It is difficult to imagine a more vivid colour than the

flowers (2 to 2j inches diameter) of this superb species
present, which are further amongst the largest of the
genus, and sweet-scented. It was flowered by its
introducers, Messrs. Veitch, in the open air, having
withstood the severity of last winter "with perfect
impunity; and hence promises to be one of the greatest
acquisitions to our gardens that has been procured for
many years. There are specimens of this plant in the
Hookerian herbarium, collected at Sorata, by Mandon,
but from no other collector.

As a species, Jiegonia YeitcTiii resembles B. cinna-
iarina, but is a far finer plant, of a totally different
habit, and resembling a Saxifrage of the eiliata group
in mode of growth and foliage. /. D. Soaker.

ASPARAGUS CULTURE IN FRANCE.
Hating often expressed admiration of the fine
Asparagus — plentiful enough too for the poorest to
enjoy— that i?aris is supplied with for many weeks in
spring and early summer, I now send some notes
on its cultivation. Asparagus is grown much more
abundantly in France than it is in England. The
country is half covered with it in some places near
Paris; small and large fanners grow it abundantly,
cottagers grow it — everybody grows it, and everybody
eats it. Near Paris it is chiefly grown in the valley of
Montmorency and at Argenteuil, and it is cultivated
extensively for market in many other places. About
Argenteuil 3000 persons are employed in the culture
of Asparagus — at least so my informant told me,
and he was the son of the cultivator who has
taken the best prizes for Asparagus at the Exhibition,
His father not being at home, I traversed a consider-
able portion of what may be termed the region of
Asparagus with this youth, who was of the intelligent
type, and understood all about this dainty vegetable.
It was fiist ?eeu among the Vines. The Vine

under field culture, I need scarcely say, is simply
cut down to near the old stool every year, and
allowed to make a few growths, which are tied erect to
a stick : they do not overtop the Asparagus in any
way, but on the other hand the strong plants of that
showed well above them. The lad told me that the
Asparagus helped the Vines and the Vines helped the
Asparagus. It was not in distinct close lines among
the Vines, but widely and irregularly separated, say
6 or 7 feet apart in the rows, and as much or more the
other way. They simply put one plant in each spot,
and give it every chance of forming a capital speci-
men ; this it generally does, and perhaps grows out of
the line, so that these great tufts appear to be irregu-
larly scattered about here and there. When they get
large and a little top-heavy in early summer, they
put a string round all, so as to hold them slightly
together (the careful cultivator uses a stake), and the
mutual support thus given prevents the " Grass " from
being cut off in its prime. We all know bow apt it is to
be twisted off at the collar by strong winds, especially
in wet weather, when the drops on every tiny leaf make
it heavy. Among the Vines is a very usual
mode of growing Asparagus, and a vast space is
thus covered with it about here. But it is grown
in other and more special ways, though not one like
own way of growing it, which is decidedly much infe-
rior to the French mode. Perhaps the simplest and most
worthy of adoption is to ^row it in shallow trenches.
I have seen extensive i)lantings that looked much as a
Celery ground does soon after being planted, the
young Asparagus plants being in a shallow trench, and
the little ridge of soil being thrown up between each.
These trenches are generally about 4 feet apart.
The soil is rather a stiff sandy loam with calcareous
matter in some parts, but I do not think the soil has
all to do with the peculiar excellence of the vegetable,
and am certain that soils on which it would flourish
equally well are far from uncommon in England. It
is the careful attention to the wants of the plant that is
so beneficial. Here, for instance, is a young plantation
planted in March, and from the little ridges of soil
between each shallow trench they have just dug a crop
of small early Potatos. Now, in England, those plants
would be left to the free action of the breeze, but
the French cultivators, like the old Scotch woman
who would not trust the stormy water and God's
goodness as long as there was a bridge in Stirling,
never leaves a young plant of Asparagus to the.
wind's mercy as long as he can get hold of a bit
of Oak about a yard long. But when staking these
young plants they do not insert the support close
at the bottom, as we are too apt to do in other
instances, but at a little distance off, so as to
avoid the possibility of injuring a fibre; and thus
each stake leans over its plant at an angle of
45°, and when the sapling is big enough to touch
it or be caught by the wmd they tie it to the stick
as a matter of course. The ground in which this
system is pursued being entirely devoted to
Asparagus, the stools are placed very much closer
together than they are when grown among the
Vines, say at a distance of about a yard apart.
The little trenches are about a foot wide and 8
inches below the level of the ground — looking
deeper, however, from the soil being piled up.

They place the young plants in these trenches
very nicely and carefully. A little mound is
made with the hand in each spot where a plant is
to be placed, so as to elevate the crown a little
and permit of the spreading out of the roots in a
perfectly safe manner. In fact they seem to be
about as particular as regards depositing the young
plants iu the first instance, as a good Grape-
grower is about bis young Vines. They plant in
iSIarch and April— using any kind of manure that
can be had, I believe, but chiefly here, so far as
I could see, the refuse of the town— the ashes,
old vegetables, rags, and what not, that the
people throw before their doors^ and which the
dust carts take away in the mornings. They are
very particular to destroy the weeds, and they also
take good care to destroy all sorts of insect
enemies in the early morning, especially during
the early summer. I3etween the lines of Aspa-
ragus they plant small growing crops on the little
ridges during the first years of the plantation, hut are
careful not to put the large vegetables there, which
would shade and otherwise injure the plant.
When they plant they spread a handful or so of well-
rotted manure over each root, and, so far as I could
make out, they repeat this every year, taking away the
soil very carefully in the autumn to the roots and
putting a couple of handfuls of rotten manure over them,
spreading the earth over again, so that the rain is
continually washing manure to the roots. When doing
this they remark the state of the young roots, and any
spot in which one has perished, or has done little good,
they mark with a stick, to replace it the following
March. Early every spring they pile up a little
heap of fine earth over each crown. When the
plantation arrives at its third year they increase the
size of the little mound from a monticule to a petite
bidte, or in other words, a heap of the finest and
thoroughly ameliorated earth is placed over the stool,
from which some, but not much Asparagus is cut the
same year, taking care to leave the weak plants and those
which have replaced others "abandoned to them-
selves " for another year. They would appear to cut
the best of it when it is about an inch-and-a-half out of
the ground— and here is the only objectionable thing
about their system. The top is very good, but as a
rule too short, but such a handle as they give you to it !
Now, it is very desirable to have something to take
hold of, but to cut it as they do here, and as we often
do in England, is not wise, nor conducive to the
thorough enjoyment of the vegetable ; but then it is
simply a matter of the amount of covering given, or of

the depth at which it is cut, and therefore of the
simplest management. The care and culture may be
applied as described, and the Asparagus cut at pleasure.
To procure it in a thoroughly blanched condition, the
French pile up these little mounds of fine earth,
which enables them of course to get it much longer ;
besides, they can pull away the soil conveniently,
and get at the rising stems as low down as they like.
It is not, however, the fault of the cultivator that the
Asparagus is so much blanched, for I have been told by
the first fruit and vegetable merchant in Paris that his
customers would not buy the finest Asparagus ever
grown if brought in in a green state. This is why you
see it with a shaft like ivory and with the point
of the shoot of a red, rose, or violet tinge. When
the plantation reaches its fourth year the little mound
of blanching earth is increased to 15 inches in height,
for then they expect to cut something worth while,
and these mounds are made iu the early part of March,
and even after this, as they grow stronger, the little
mounds are increased, and they always keep a look-out
for the feeble plants, with a view to replace them.

To have Asparagus as it ought to be, say they, you must
cut every day, or every two days, according to temper-
ature, so that it may be obtained at the right moment ;
indeed, if they do not do this, the shoots become too
high and too green. They place great importance on
obtaining strong and healthy plants ; and iu the esta-
blishment which I visited they have three kinds,
L'Ordinaire, La Hollande tardive, improved, and La
Hative d' Argenteuil. The first is described as tris belle,
the second very strong, and the last as the earliest,
most productive, and best in the opinion of the grower
whose place I visited — Louis L'Herault, of Argenteuil,
a famous cultivator. Of course there are various modi-
fications of the plan described herein, and in
several instances I saw two rows placed iu a
rather wide trench in an alternate manner. As to
the size and quality of the Asparagus produced by
this method, there can be but one opinion. Mr.
Veitch, and many other English horticulturists,
who know what gardening is, as well as it is possible to
know it, have been, with myself, surprised at it. The
same difference holds good in the forced Asparagus —
the slender pipe-shank productions of the English
forcing-house being miserable compared to it.

To sum up : the French mode of cultivating this
delicious vegetable differs from our own diametrically
in giving each plant abundant room to develop into a
magnificent stool, iu paying thoughtful attention to
the plants at all times, and in planting in a hollow
instead of a raised bed, so that as the roots grow up
they may have annual dressings of enriching manure.
And in this way they beat us with Asparagus as
thoroughly as Messrs. Meredith, Henderson, or Miller,
beat them with hothouse Grapes. A man who knows
how to spend two francs and a half for his dinner in
Paris enjoys Asparagus much longer and of much better
quality than many a nobleman in England with a bevy
of gardeners. I am writing on the 2Sth of June, and I
had given up Asparagus for some time, but just tried
it again after writing the above, and had a delicious dish
of it, and one moreover which, judging by the price,
cannot have cost the proprietor of the restaurant
more than a head of Broccoli. W. S. [See our
volume for 1865 for a full account of M. L'Herault's
system. Eds.]

THE CHISWICK TRIAL OF PEAS.

(Cotitint'.ed /yarn p. 712.)

Nutting's Early Seedling, is a green wrinkled
Marrow, very much resembling Multum in Parvo,
18 inches high, the pods broader and somewhat shorter
than Little Gem, about the same in point of oarliness.
A prolific and good Pea.

Advancer (Maclean), green wrinkled Marrow, 2 feet
6 inches in height, about seven day's later than
Sangster's No 1, is one of the finest and most produc-
tive Peas in cultivation, bearing a great profusion of
long, not particularly broad, but remarkably well filled
pods from the ground upwards. There are from seven
to nine Peas in each pod, of excellent quality.

Princess of Wales is very similar in appearance to
Advancer, but several days later, the pods rather
smaller ; very prolific. The ripe seed of a very light
green colour.

Prince of Wales, green wrinkled Marrow, 3 feet in
height, is very similar to the preceding ; prolific ; a few
days earlier and with smaller pods than Veitoh's
Perfection.

Veitoh's Perfection, green wrinkled Marrow, is a
first-class Pea. about 3 feet 6 inches in height. Sown
at the same time, it comes into use three weeks after
Sangster's No. 1. The pods are very large, broad, of a
beautiful green colour, with from seven to nine large
Peas in each, of very fine quality. The leaves are large,
the whole plant of a somewhat gross and succulent
character, and rather tender. When this Pea succeeds
well there are few to equal it ; but in cold wet seasons
and poor soils it is comparatively worthless.

Lord Palmerston is very closely allied to, if not the
same as, Veitch's Perfection.

Hairs' Dwarf Mammoth is the stock from whicn
Veitch's Perfection was selected. It is inferior to and
somewhat later than that variety. c^T -i- ^ >

Pea D. (Wrench) seems a very good stock of Veitch s
Perfection. ^x .i i >

Laxton's Champion is a hybrid between Veitch s
Perfection and Little Gem, but does not seem m any
way distinct from Veitch's Perfection.

Maclean's Hero, green wrinkled, is a few days earlier
and dwarfer than Veitch's Perfection ; a prolific and
very good Pea. ., ^ i.«- i

Dixon's Yorkshire Hero is very similar to Maclean s
Hero.

Laxton's Leader is Veitch's Perfection.

Premier (Maclean's) is a green wrinkled Marrow

July 13, 18G".]

THE GAUL)E.M;US' €1IU()N1(;LE and ACiiacUll'lTvAL GAZETTE.

736

about 3 feet 6 inches high, a few days later than, and
not of such a succulent growth as, Veitoh's Perfection ;
a very great cropper, tho pods of a largo size, seven to
nine Peas in each, of very excellent quality ; a first-
class Pea, said to be Dr. Maclean's best.

Smithies appears to be an indifferent stock of either
Veitch's Perfection or Premier.

The J?rince (Stuart & Meiu) is a green wrinkled
Marrow, with a fine vigorous constitution, about
3 feet 6 inches high, a few days later than Veitch's
Perfection. It is an abundant bearer, pods large, and
well filled with from seven to nine Peas in each ; a
most e.'icellent Pea.

A green wrinkled Marrow Pea, sent by Messrs.
E. G. Henderson & Son, is very similar to Veitch's
Perfection.

Climax or Napoleon is a blue wrinkled Marrow
2 feet 6 inches high. This variety has the habit of
flowering early, but does not come so soon into use as
many others which flower a week later ; the pods are
small and very badly filled ; quite superseded.

Champion of England is a green wrinkled Marrow,
6 to 6 feet in height. It is an old and well-known
variety and much esteemed ; when sown at the same time
as Sangster's No. 1, it comes into use 11 day.s after it.

Fortyfold, and Fairbeard's Fortyfold, are identical,
three or four days later, and with somewhat larger
pods than the Champion of England ; evidently selected
from that variety.

Ne Plus Ultra, green wrinkled Marrow, from 5 to
fi feet in height; when sown at the same time as
Sangster's No. 1, it comes into use 20 days after that
variety. The pods are large, of a deep green colour ;
when opened they are still more vividly green, with
from seven to nine largo Peas in each, of a somewhat
lighter shade. The flavour is excellent. Fine, hardy,
vigorous constitution, and most abundant bearer.
This is the best and most reliable of all the tall
wrinkled Marrows,

Knight's Albert Edward, Pearce's Gardeners'
Delight, and General TVyudham, are identical with
Xe Plus Ultra.

Tall Greou Mammoth, about the same height as
>,c Pius Ultra, and coming into use at the same time,
may bo distinguished from that variety by the much
lighter green of the pods and peas altogether. ,It is
excellent in quality, and very productive.

The Mote Marrow, Strathmere Hero, and Com-
petitor, are identical with Tall Green Mammoth.

Alliance or Eugenie, white wrinkled Marrow, is
distinct from Climax only in the colour of the seed. It
is quite superseded.

Epicurean is a white wrinkled Marrow, 2 feet high,
two days later than Alliance, somewhat like it in
general appearance; very profuse bearing. The pods
are rather small, and do not fill very well.

■Wonderful (Maclean) is a white wrinkled Marrow,
about 3 feet in height, li days later than Sangster's
No. 1. It is a wonderfully profuse bearer, the pods are
large, and well filled, with from seven to eight Peas in
each, of excellent quality. A first-class Pea, with a fine
vigorous constitution.

Prolific (Turner) is a white wrinkled Marrow, rather
dwarfer than "Wonderful, about the same in point of
earliness ; a very abundant bearer, and of excellent
quality.

Nelson's Vanguard (Sutton) is a white wrinkled
Marrow, earlier than Alliance, about 18 inches in
height. It is very prolific, but the pods are rather
small, and not sutiiciently well filled ; fine quality.

Fairbeard's Nonpariel is a white wrinkled Marrow ;
it is a very distinct variety, about 5 feet in height, the
pods are long and narrow with seven to nine rather
small Peas in each, packed exceedingly close together.
The dried Peas are distinct in character, of a brownish-
white colour, rather small, and look as if they had been
all squared in a mould, so regular are they ; it is a
great bearer. A. F, B.

{To be Continued.)

LETTERS FROM PARIS.— No. XVIII.

Seventh Show.
Let me now advert to the seventh serie at the great
Exposition — more interesting than usual this time.
M. Linden shows a choice selection from his rare and
unequalled collection of medicinal plants, exotic
fruits, &c. Considering the weakness which most of
our botanic gardens show in this respect, and how
very desirable it is for them to have well-grown
examples of famous, interesting and useful plants, this
should be good news to them, for before JVI. Linden
had so successfully introduced many kinds, the
getting of some of the rarer species was an
utter impossibility. He shows here a large
collection, among the rarest and most remarkable of
which are Siphonia elastica, true ; Erythroxylon Coca,
Musa textilis, Cinchonas in variety, Jlyristica gran-
diflora, and others; Cedrela odorata, Hura crepitans,
the true Strychnos uux vomica, and also toxifera and
other species ; the Butter tree (Castilloa elastica), and
in fact many others of the greatest scarcity, in a living
state. There is another collection shown, from a Belgian
botanic garden, but it is not remarkable. Near to those
medicinal plants a group of Tree Ferns is very
interesting. It contains Alsophila amazonica, A.
denticulata, very distinct and beautiful ; Cyathea
fuuebris, a magnificent coriaceous-looking species ;
Alsophila pygmrea, with the stem no thicker
than the thumb, about a foot high, with
five graceful fronds ; A. ornata, A. elegautissima,
of a dark polished green, a noble species; Dicksonia
chrysotriclia, fine and distinct too : Alsophila
Schatfneriana, and the fine Alsophila gigantea. A
capital collection of Tree Ferns, many of them large
plants of well-known kinds, are also shown by
M. Chantin in the great conservatory, which is now
chiefly filled with Palms, many of them being Dates

brought from the south. An interesting collection of
distinct Colocasi.'is, and plants immediately relateil to
them, is shown by La Ville de Paris. They number
38 in all; among the most desirable for extended
cultivation being Caladium metallicum, and Colo-
casia nyraphffiifolia. M. Barbot shows some very
old and remarkable plants of Cycas revoluta, the
stems being 5 and (i feet high, and crowned with
small but healthy foliage. Each time a prize
is offered for collections of annuals and herbaceous
plants, and this has been productive of tho happiest
results: many beds being filled and refilled with char-
mingly varied collections, grown chiefly by the several
seedsmen. On each occasion tho chief prize has been
taken by the Messrs. Vilmorin, and nothing can be
more interesting than the rich beds which they arrange,
tufts of the more ornamental Grasses being u.sed to
vary them, and hero and there specimens of tho' newest
things, like Nierembergia frutesceus, to give them the
charm of novelty. The show of cut Roses is much
more considerable this time than it has hitherto been.
They are arranged in six dense rows, on a stage
runninij about 300 feet long, four or five Roses being
placed in each truss ; and thero are about as many
Roses so placed as would cover twice the space if they
arranged them as we do. To me the most remarkable
of the new Roses seemed to be Prince Humbert, a mag-
nificent and distinct rich dark variety, apparently of
good habit and foliage, the flower large and well formed.
Carnations are i>retty freely shown, and also Petunias,
bedding Pelargoniums, and Fuchsias, the last being
very poorly grown. Also a host of species and varieties
of Begonia, sad to look at; and a bank of dwarf plants
of Oleander, beautifully flowered, at about 15 inchesbigh.
The ordinary kind, the pure single white, the white with
pale pink stripes in the throat, and the rich rose with
the small white streak down the petal, were all
shown together. These are plants which we certainly
do not do justice to in England, while the French enjoy
them in all stages— from the gigantic specimens placed
out with the Orange trees in the Luxembourg Gardens,
to the pretty and most useful sizes I have just alluded
to. M. Chantin also shows a very large collection of
Pandanuscs, and M. Lierval a little bed of early
Phloxes, and also a large collection of tho.se fine-
leaved plants which every Parisian nurseryman, small
or great, has a stock of. Among his lot I must not
omit to name Leopoldina pulchra, a Palm about a foot
high, which was about the most graceful thing I have
ever seen. "What a day it will prove for our hot-houses
and dining-rooms when such things as this and the
Lilliputian Tree-fern mentioned above, are to be
seen therein ! Among the vegetables and fruit
there is little requiring remark— large egg plants
and fruits of Trichosanthes anguina (described as
a Ires bon legume) are sent from Algeria ; and Lettuces,
Endive, &c.. shown by a local Horticultural Society^
and planted in the open air, at least represent how well
the French grow these vegetables. The Materiel
d'Uorlivulture of the whole Exposition is very exten-
sive, and affords a good deal of useful interest, which
must be examined at a future day. W. R.

through your fingers, at a time, too, when there is no
chance of replacing them.

Air and water are two most important things in
connection with Cucumber culture. Air should, if
possible, be admitted at all times, only guarding against
its blowing directly upon the plants, a circumstance
which in winter would bo fatal to success. Water, if
tho plants are, as they should be, well drained, may be
given freely; in fact, tho roots should be constantly
kept moist, and the plants at all times surrounded with
humidity. I rarely water with pure water, liquid
manure being preferable. The kind I uso is made
from sheep droppings and soot ; this I find to answer
better than anything else.

As regards temperature, the plants sucoeed better
with a bottom heat of 80', and a top heat varying from
65° to 70', than in any other. If bottom heat is sup-
plied by means of pipes, the pipes should have troughs
cast upon them, as the vapour rising therefrom is very
bfoeficial to the roots ; keep the troughs constantly
filled with water, I prefer doing this from the
upper part of the bed, which can be done by letting
some pipes pass through the bed so as to have one end
in the trough, allowing the top part of tho pipe to
stand about 3 inches above the surface of the bed.
Two supply pipes to each trough would not be too
many, as the vapour passing up them does away to a
great extent with the necessity of syringing. The
kinds which I usually grow are the Sion House
Improved and Cox's Volunteer ; they are not extraor-
dinary for length, but they are, nevertheless, of good
size, averaging from 18 to 20 inches, handsome in
shape, fine in flavour, and very prolific : qualities which
I hold to be of much importance in Cucumbers. T. P.
[We have been favoured by examples of our corre-
spondent's Cucumbers, which are in all respects excel-
lent—long, straight, young, and finely-flavoured — in
.short, beautiful specimens of skilful Cucumber grow-
ing. Eds.]

A FEW "WORDS ON CUCUMBER GROWING.

At one time Cucumbers were not much in demand
during the months of November, December, and
January, most people considering them then unwhole-
some ; but now the_ case is different, for winter
Cucumbers are held in equally high esteem with the
productions of brighter months. My employer likes
to see them sent up to table whole all the year round,
they are therefore expected to be straight, and other-
wise good as regards shape.

When Cucumbers are required at Christmas, the
seeds should be sown about the middle of August, in
order to have the plants as strong as possible before
short days come upon us. These plants begin to bear
about the middle of December, and, if properly
managed, continue in bearing fully ten months. After
the plants are suflicieutly large for potting out of the
seed pot, i. e., after they have made a rough leaf, they
should be potted singly in 48-sized pots, plunged in
bottom heat, and shaded from the sun until they begin
to grow. After they have filled the pots just named
with roots, re-pot them into 2J,-sized pots, and let them
have all the light possible, in order to strengthen them.
Plunge them into a gentle bottom heat, and keep
them well supplied with water. When the pots are
again pretty well filled with roots, the plants will be in
a fit state for planting in any place in which it may be
desired to put them. If they are to be grown on
trellises do not stop them until they have reached the
trellis ; then pinch off the point of the shoot, in order
to make it throw out laterals. I do not recommend
pinching off the extremities of the shoots; on
the contrary, I prefer allowing them to run, unless,
as will sometimes happen, they do not throw out
laterals so freely as may be desired. In that case they
should be stopped, but as a general rule I do not
recommend the pinching principle, I rather prefer
cutting back the shoots as far as I can to where the
plant was originally stopped, in order to keep up a
regular supply of young bearing wood, regulating, of
course, the quantity of shoots to the space to be filled,
but by no means letting them become crowded. By
this mode of pruning I am enabled to keep up a good
supply of fruit of excellent quality.

The compost which I find to answer best for
Cucumbers is rather a strong turfy loam, chopped
into pieces as large as a hen's egg, mixed witli about
one-fourth fresh horse-droppings, and a little soot.
The loam should be as Iresh as possible, the fresher the
better, provided the grassy part is decayed ; but by no
means use it unless it is so, or you will find probably to
your cost that wire- worm has stolen a march ui>on you,
and just when you expect to reap the reward of your
care and attention, your plants will droop, and slip

Home Correspondence.

Seddiitfj-out.—'iir. Bennett's remarks (see p. 68i) on
this subject will doubtless meet with a hearty response
from many gardeners as well as employers. Not a few
who have been in the habit of visiting some of our
finest garden establishments during these last few
years are beginning to confess to a latent feeling that
the bedding-out system has been carried out ad
nauseam, and that the very last possible change must
surely have been rung on the dozen or so of plants
which seem available for this purpose. Few, too, can
have failed to perceive how grateful and refreshing it is
to allow tho eye to wander away from the gorgeous
masses of colour which form the one characteristic fea-
ture in our flower gardens, and to rest on some well-kept
lawn embellished with healthy specimens of Coniferae
and fine-foliaged shrubs. The chief objection to be
urged against the present system of ornamenting our
flower gardens is, that it is thoroughly artificial. The
one consideration in stocking them seems to be how to
procure a certain amount and variety of colour, which
shall stand at a given height from the ground, and not
fade till the frost comes. Red Beet, a truly
excellent vegetable; curiously coloured Kale, deservedly
held in high estimation by our northern neigh-
bours, and every other imaginable and unim-
aginable vegetable product which Nature has
been pleased to invest in a garb other than the
orthodox green, have been laid under tribute to
satiate this extraordinary craving for colour. Nay,
not content with what the vegetable world can supply,
the devotees of this terrible goddess Fashion have
invaded the mineral kingdom, and have compelled it
to yield up all manner of curious stones and clays,
have, in short, raked up its very ashes, to lay them
before her much-worshipped shrine. Now, the result
of this colour mania is that we are ceasing to take any
interest in individual plants. We do not care for our
Verbenas, our Pelargoniums, or our Pansies, as such,
but only in so far as they '-ni contribute towards the
perfecting of our bedaing rvttem. When a new variety
makes its appearance, th? nil-important question on
which its fate hangs is — "Is it likely to become a
good bedder ? " If it is, it will soon be scattered over
the country in thousands ; if it is not, whatever other
qualifications it may possess, a single season will
almost inevitably see the whole stock of it consigned to
the rubbish heap. Another grievance with which
this system is undoubtedly chargeable is the having
banished from polite society that numerous and most
interesting class, the herbaceous and alpine plants.
If we wish to collect specimens of these, we must
go to a botanic garden, or to some well-to-do farmer's
garden, where the owner has not got suf-
ficiently well up with the times to have cut
up his Grass plot into those fantastic shapes
whose prototypes are to be met with nowhere
else except, perhaps, in a child's puzzle. As a conse-
quence of this the young gardeners of the present day
are, through no fault of theirs, almost entirely ignorant
even of the names of many of the best herbaceous
plants; and how can it be otherwise when they are
taught to regard them merely as weeds which may
possess some interest for the enthusiastic collector, but
which are of no practical use in this advanced age ?
But while it would be far from desirable that bedding-
out should bo altogether abolished, its efl'ect might be
much heightened by its being modified to a con-
siderably greater extent than Mr. Bennett recom-
mends—although beds ijlanted in the mixed st.vle, he
suggests, would certainly be preferable to the stiffness
of the present method. Why, for example, should the
beautiful varieties of Thuja and Taxus,andCupressus,
to say nothing of the large class of American plants,
such as Menziesias, Heaths, Rhododendrons, Kalmias,
&c.— why should these and all the rest of the beautiful
foliaged shrubs be denied admittance to the summer

736

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[July 13, 18G7.

flower garden ? If such shrubs as these were made the
groundwork of the beds with bright flowerin" plants
judiciously mixed amongst them, the effect would be as
superior to that produced by the present style as a
bouquet tastefully interspersed with sprigs of green is
more pleasing than one composed of a mass of ilowers.
This, moreover, would bring out, in a way which the
present system never can do, the artistic taste and
ability of gardeners. The quality they are chiefly
called upon to exercise now is their ingenuity to enable
them to arrange the old colours in a difl'erent order
from the preceding year. And in many cases they are
spared even this trouble, for it is not very uncommon
for gardeners to have to furnish their employers with
a sketch of the flower garden annually, in order that
they may paint in the colours they wish represented
'in the various beds ; but were all the different kinds
of shrubs that are suitable for the purpose freely
made use of, it would give scope for endless variety of
design, and lend to flower gardens an interest and
charm which at present they, for the most part, cer-
tainly do not possess, This would also renderthem alrnost
equally attractive at all seasons, instead of being, as nine-
tenths of them now are, less interesting during eight or
nine months of the year than a well-cultivated kitchen
garden. For, with a good groundwork of shrub.s, the
beds might be enlivened during all these barren months
by early-flowering herbaceous and alpine plants and
bulbs, so that by skilful management there need be no
day of the year ungraced by its appropriate flowers. The
too common practice, in places of limited extent, of
cutting out flower-beds immediately under the prin-
cipal windows of the house, is very objectionable.
Leaving out of the question their ugliness when
bare during the winter and spring months, even
when the flowers are in all their summer glory
they lose much of their freshness and charm
by being so continually brought under the eye:
for it cannot l3e denied that even flowers, notwith-
standing all their native loveliness, if congregated in
too large masses, will inevitably pall upon the taste.
It is probable that if the beds, instead of being rnassed
to form a compact design, were broken up and intro-
duced in such a way as to form a part of the park
scenery, the effect would be much more natural and
agreeable. The principal objection to this would be
the difSculty of protecting them from hares and
rabbits. W.

Midsummer Frosts. — We had one or two degrees of
frost here on the morning of the 24th (Midsummer
Day), which aflected the leaves of Potatos, Kidney
Beans, Dahlias, Balsams, Pelargoniums, etc., though
not to such an extent as might have been expected from
the occurrence. Amateur, Whitland, Carmart/ienshire.

Stem Soots of Vines. — I have two Tines in my
house that have thrown out a number of strong air
roots along the old wood to the very top. Prom what
does this proceed ? They both appear to be exceedingly
healthy, have made plenty of vigorous foliage, and
bear a good crop of fruit, that promises to ripen in
perfection. The Vines are planted inside in suitable
soil, but are much confined at the root. Can this be
the cause ? and ought I now to remove the air roots,
or let them remain till after the crop is gathered ?
Will it be advisable for me to take up the Vines and
replant them in the autumn with the roots cut hack ?
They were put in where they now grow five or si.x
years ago, and have always done well since. Amateur.
I^Do not remove the aerial roots now : they indicate
imperfect action of the true roots. Do not replant,
but add something to the border. Eds.]

Is Variegniion a Disease / — In all trees, shrubs, and
plants which are subject to the condition of the chlo-
rophyll becoming wholly, or in part, decomposed, and
presenting a white or pale appearance, either in
blotches, stripes, or over the whole surface of the
foliage, the plant is more or less the subject of
disease, its organs become enfeebled, and the functions
of the_ whole system more or less disorganised : stunted
and diminutive growth consequently ensues, due very
much to outward causes. Albino shoots will not grow,
nor will white or very pale-foliaged Pelargoniums,
with a lovely pink or delicate rose zone. These are
for the most part, owing to outward circumstances,
much diseased. In variegated Maples, Elder, Elms,
and a host of other plants, the lovely pink or almost
scarlet edging, with other tints, on the margin of the
foliage, is evidently only the effect of light, for the effect
is transitory ; and as the leaves grow old and become more
exposed the colour vanishes, but yellow and white
remain. Take a leaf of the white-edged ivy-leaved
Pelargonium, and merely break it to stop circulation ;
in a day or two it will show a lovely purple tint all
round, due to outward influences. Butvariegation is not
disease ! There are many outward circumstances
which tend to favour the development of growth and
beauty. If you pursue the course of chromulatic
variegation in whatever plant you like, you may fully
develop and display the same by hybridising. In some
of my experiments I have laid down a law, and ful-
filled it to completeness. By using the greatest care,
one can truly, to a shade of colour, produce in the
seedling plant that which one desires. I believe the
very grain of pollen applied to the stigma, effects at
once, the very positive colour and ultimate conditions
in toto of the plant. Stunting or enfeebling the
growth, picking off all the green leaves, watering
with chemicals, applying this thing or withholding
that, will never effect such a variegation as the Ver-
sicolor Pelargonium exhibits. The Pelargonium
Emperor of the French, with other similar varieties,
which are spoken of as being much disposed to pro-
duce Mrs. Pollock, are not more favoured in this respect
than others of the zonate kinds. This power is inherent,
and ever since the introduction of this species from
the Cape it has been capable of developing this
glorious disposition of its colour in the foliage. I
maintain that nothing whatever has been added.

The zone of the old horseshoe variety, existing
aver as it has done, was never considered disease.
I cannot think because this colour has been carried
to another, the chlorophyll being yellow and
perfectly healthy, as is all green— and green presents
itself in a lighter or darker hue, yet free of disease
— and because the fact of the chromule lying on
a yellow ground renders the zone of a brighter tint,
approaching to scarlet, therefore it is disease. Indeed,
that such a condition is disease, or its result, I deny.
Disease, in whatever system you find it, must naturally,
in the course of generations, wear away (in the case of
chlorophyllic derangement it does so), or rend asunder
and break up the organs and destroy their functions,
whether it be in the animal or vegetable kingdom.
J. J. CJiater, Cambridge. [If we understand our
corre.spondent, and we are by no means sure that we
do, he simply a.rgues that coloration is not disease, a
proposition which no one has questioned. Eds.]

Fruit-tree Stocks. — None of my wall fruit trees have
done at all well, nor are they improving, though 1 give
them all the care I can. They are of various ages, but
I find that the young ones are following the older
ones, and gradually dying off. One peculiarity I observe
in all— more developed in the Apricot, Peach, and
Nectarine than in the Plum — and that is, the graft is
about as large again as the stock, producing a kind of
collar at the joint or union, which I have often
thought must prevent a proper circulation of the sap.
What is the cause of this more speedy growth of the
graft than of the stock ? Is it, as I suspect, an inferior
stock, or a kind of stock that does not do well for
grafting upon? The soil is rich, and there is no
superfluity of root. Geo. A. Rohins. [Your trees are, as
you suspect, worked on an inferior kind of stock, which
does not swell or enlarge proportionately with the graft.
The stock employed is probably that which is called
the Erompton, which is a bad stock for all purposes.
Very little can be done to save your trees, which will
ultimately die of strangulation. Ton might, however
try the effect of heaping up a little turfy soil round
their stems as high as the graft, in order to induce the
emission of roots ; or perhaps when thus buried the
stock might be led to swell a little more freely than
when left exposed. B.~\

Last Winter^s Frost at MaUon, Yorkshire. — This
place stands on a hill-side facing the south, the upper
part of the hill being limestone (coralline oolite), the
lower part stiff clay (Kimmeridge). Several Cupressus
macroc^arpa, 8 to 10 feet high, which were uninjured
in 1860, are killed. These are low down on the bill.
Higher up the hill, C raacrocarpa has just survived.
Betinospora obtusa and pisifera are generally killed.
Cupressus torulosa, half way up the hill, G feet high,
killed all except the top 8 or 10 inches, higher up the
hill, not killed. Thujopsis dolabrata, and borealis,
Cupressus Lawsoniana. and all the Thujas, uninjured.
A large quantity of Araucarias, 2 or 3 feet high, unin-
jured, as they were also by the winter of 1860. These
grow on a dry stony hill-side, in which situation I
believe the Araucaria to be perfectly hardy, because
quite healthy ; the only plants which I have ever seen
injured by frost have been unhealthy from being
planted in a damp situation. I have reason also to
think that the Araucaria likes limestone. Taxodium
sempervirens has been only slightly hurt, — about as
much as in 1860. It is evidently sufficiently hardy
here to be planted a^ a timber tree. Of commoner
trees I see many Ash and broad-leaved Elm which have
died during last winter, having been most probably
unhealthy before that ; but I do not see that the Oaks
are injured at all, as they were in 1860 ; nor the Hollies
to any great extent. In that year thousands of old
trees of both these were completely killed in this
neighbourhood. C. JF. Strickland. [The Taxodium is,
we believe, destined to occupy a prominent position in
the future. Eds.]

Conifers. — I have so frequently heard complaints of
disappointment among those who have attempted the
growing of Conifers, that I am induced to sendyouthe
results of my own experience of many years in refer-
ence to them. I think one of the main causes of
failure is the system on which Pine trees are mostly
located. A piece of ground of a few acres is usually
selected for them near the mansion. In so small an
extent it would he impossible to find the various soils
and localities suitable to every kind of Conifer. Where
some may thrive, others will as surely fail. Moreover,
in most cases, the turf is kept closely mown, exhausting
the surface soil and robbing the tree. This can onl jr he
remedied by the costly process of frequent top-dressing.
Even if a good growth rewards the planter, there
follows the objection of a close plantation rising up in
too close vicinity to the dwelling-house, necessitating,
perhaps, the cutting away of some fine specimens. I
fell into this error myself when I first planted Conifers.
I afterwards adopted the mode of clearing considerable
spaces in the woods, and then planting Conifers
according as I knew the soil and particular locality to
be most favourable. I have been rewarded by much
success, and there is the satisfaction of seeing the trees
assume their proper place among the forest trees. No
doubt occasional single specimens of some sorts of
Conifers are highly ornamental to the pleasure ground,
but as a rule the woods are the place for them, where
they may grow unchecked. In advocating this system
of course I assume that it is only to be done on a
tolerably extensive property, and care must be taken, in
clearing off existing wood, to trench all the old roots
as a preventive against fungus. Shannon, Castle
Martyr, Cork.

Grapes.— Can you explain why my Grapes do not
colour ? My Vines are 14 years old, and are to all
appearance in thoroughly good health ; they have borne
very good crops indeed these last seven or eight seasons,
not very large bunches, but very fine in the berry.
The rods are about 12 feet long from the first spur to
the top. There are from 5 to 6 feet of bare stem

between the bottom spurs and the border. The con-
dition of the border, in the first instance, T am unable
to describe, but the room for the roots is unlimited;
being outside, they can consequently extend themselves
to any distance. I have taken from 22 to 25 bunches
from each Vine for these last seven years, each bunch
averaging, I should say. J lb. They never have
coloured well ; this season they are just now beginning
to colour, and I don't like the way in which they are
going on. I have always been able to keep them free
from red spider and thrips. Up to the time of colouring
I maintain a good moist atmosphere. When they begin
to change, I withhold the moisture by degrees, giving
plenty of air, hack and front, during bright weather,
and employing very little fire-heat. Had the weather
been dull and damp I should have fired, so as to have
been able to have aired the Vines freely during the
day. I now close early in the afternoon with good
sun-heat in the house, damp the floors and
walls, and syringe the other plants in the house,
but I never wet the Vines ; I allow the thermometer to
fall 10° during the night. This season I have kept the
lateral shoots stopt closer than I usually do, in order to
see if that will benefit the Grapes. TF. F., Manchester.
[In the first place, taking from 22 to 25 bunches from
a 12-foot rod, year after year, is somewhat heavy
cropping ; 18 bunches would be enough. Vines must be
in exceedingly good condition to withstand such
cropping long. Your treatment up to^ the time of
colouring is correct. When they begin to change
colour give them plenty of air, night and day; if the
weather is cold apply a little fire heat, but on no
account shut up the house entirely. Maintain a dry
atmosphere, and avoid damping the floors, &c., as much
as you can. The thermometer may be allowed to fall
20^ and even 30' during the night, and your Grapes
when colouring will be all the better for it. What
Grapes want, when colouring, is rather a cool, dry,
bracing atmosphere. Encourage as much healthy
foliage as you can, even on the laterals, as the colouring
matter is prepared in the leaves ; and in propor-
tion to the quantity of healthy foliage is the quality of
the crop produced. 5.]

Kem Plant Case for Fruit Trees, S(c. — This is an
invention of the originator of the cylinder Vinery, and
also the ground Vinery. I have at this time seven
plant cases of different forms, placed round Plums,
Pears, Peaches, Vines, and Figs. The frame consists
of bars grooved in the angles ; supposing I wish to
make a circular case round a pyramidal Peach, Pear,
Fig, &c., I take a dozen or so of these double grooved
bars, and drive them into the ground to the depth of
a foot ; I then slip the glass down the grooves,
and tighten the whole by iiieans of a stout
copper wire. The bars are boiled in creosote, to
render them indestructible. The grooves are shaped
like the letter fl, to clasp the glass, and
prevent any shaking ; this form also admits of circles
being turned, circular cases being suitable for pyra-
midal trees. These cases, together with the cylinder
Viuerj', glass walls, and new ground Vinery, are all
patented, to prevent their getting into the hands of
persons charging imreasonable prices. The cases for
Plums and Pears have air-holes at the bottom, but for
other plants this ventilation is merely carried on by
the upward and downward currents, the cases being
open at the top night and day ; this latter ventilation
is perfect, as can he seen by the constant motion of the
leaves. The atmosphere in these cases is generally 10°
higher than the external air ; the plants I have
encircled in them flourish in a most marvellous
manner, having light, heat, and air in all directions,
and they require no watering. When the fruit is ripe
I shall place a hexagon woollen net on the top to keep
out insects. I expect to have Jefferson Plums and
Chaumontel Pears in perfection. The plants had
no further protection during the frosts in May.
One Plum was attacked with aphides ; I shook a
muslin bag with some of Pooley's_ Powder in it in the
middle of the case, a cloud was raised, and I have seen
no insects since. An Old Subscriber.

Summer Treatment of Old Wall Pear Trees.— WiW
you kindly tell me how to treat some old wall Pear
trees which had all the old spurs cut clean off early
this spring, and which have ^ again broken well, and
have made shoots from 2 or 3 inches to a foot long, and
which seem inclined to become very vigorous ? Should
they be pinched back to one leaf ? They did not com-
mence growing until the beginning of June. Old Sub.
[Pinch the shoots back to three eyes, operating first
only on the most vigorous. As trees generally grow
strongest, and have the greatest flow of sap in the
upper branches, the best method is to begin at the top
and pinch downwards, doing one-half at one time, and
the other or lower portion in about a fortnight
afterwards. -B.]

GreenJion-^es and the Metropolitan Building Act. —
Would you kindly oblige me by saying whether or not
a nui'seryman, living within the limits of the Metro-
politan Building Act, is bound to erect his greenhouses,
&c., with 9-inch brickwork, and to submit them to the
surveyor of the district, or whether persons having
such erections, for the purpose of trade, and on land
having no dwelling-house, may erect them as they
think proper? T:F.B., Lee Green. [Greenhouses must
be erected in conformity with the Building Act, except-
ing " as regards the necessary woodwork of the sashes
and doors." Notice must be given to the district sur-
veyor. Ifbuilt at least 8 feet from the nearest street
or alley, 30 feet from any other building, and 30 feet
from the ground of any other owner, a greenhouse
(like any other building so placed) is exempt. Eds.]

Slugs and Snails.— 'Few of your readers have any
conception as to the extent to which the above abound
where there is a favourable harbour for them. I had
some Holyhocks planted 3 feet from a hedge that had
Ivy at the bottom. I found frequently at night 20 and
more snails on a plant. Hand picking was a tedious

July 13, 1867.]

THE OArxDENERS' CHl^nNICLE AKD j\fiPvTCTIT,TTTEAT, GAZETTE.

737

ivffair, so between the IiedRO and the Hollyhocks I had
put (by means of a garden pot, through the bottom bole
of which I passed a small stream of it), a lino of bran
6 inches from the hedge. One night I killed .'iOO snails
and slugs by treading on them, and in about 10 days
1500 shared the same fate ; 10 o'clock at night seemed
the best time for the onslaught, but a lantern was neces-
sary to enable one to see them. They do not pass the
bran ; the bodge is about 150 yards long. The slugs
were generally feeding on their deceased comrades.
Bran so laid on the gravel near a liox-edging is
equally attractive to the small slugs that abound in
such situations ; on one evening I killed upwards of
300 in about 70 yards. These depredators are very
partial to the shoots of Lapageria rosea, as mentioned
in your " Garden Operations " (seo p. 71fi) ; and I have
uo'doubt that the failure of that plant in so many
places is owing to its being destroyed by them.
Whore it is thought there is a snail or slug, a pinch of
bran will lind it at night. N.

Tobacco for Smokiiiu Plant-hotises. — A small admix-
ture with tobacco of ground Capsicums or Cayenne
pepper would prevent its use for any other purpose
than that of smoking plant-houses. The pungency of
tobacco with such an admixture, is far too great for it
to be used for any other purpose. Let any one try
ever so minuto a portion, and a feeling little short of
choking will be experienced. Government may safely
permit tobacco so treated to pass duty free. N.-- —
With reference to duty-free tobacco for gardening
purposes, I may mention that I am now conducting a
series of exi}eriments, which I have no doubt will be
successful, and if so I am confident that I shall be able
to offer very shortly to horticulturists a preparation of
tobacco, duty free, which may be used for lumigation.
In the meantime I may state that the tobacco powder
whicli I am now preparing most effectually destroys
all kinds of blight ; being extremely fine, it may be
diffused in the atmosphere in a manner almost
resembling smoke, and it has not any injurious action
on the plant itself when thus applied. T, A. Fooley^
50, Lime titreel, London. [ What is wanted is tobacco
for burning, not tobacco dust. Eds.J

Orape MihtemSevon years ago I planted 12 young
Vines in a house 42 feet in length, 20 feet in width,
and 18 feet in height ; they are now fruiting to the top
of the house, but I am sorry to say that mildew has
attacked them. Ifc made its first appearance about a
week ago; I lighted a fire at once, put sulphur on the
pipes, and I am now using sulphur and soapsuds on
the affected parts ; but the application does not stop
the mischief. I never had anything of the kind before.
Its appearance is that of a little white fungus, which
comes in spots on the leaves and berries. I may add that
\\c are close to the sea here, and that we have had an
easterly wind for the last two weeks, frost nearly every
iii>.;lit, and hot sunshine during the daytime. T/ios.
Ihcker^ Bournemouth. [Dust all over — leaves, berries,
and all — with flowers of sulphur, applied through a piece
of thin gauze or muslin. Let the operation be per-
fnimed, if you can, during bright sunshiny weather,
kce]) the house warmer than it has been for a day or
two, then in about a week's time syringe forcibly with
clear rain-water, in order to wash off the sulphur. Do
this thoroughly or your Grapes will be in a sad plight,
for when suljihur has once been wetted and then gets
dry, it does not come off easily. Sudden checks, or
extremes of temperature, are favourable to the growth
of mildew. B.']

Bury Show : Access to Neighbouring Gardens. —
Through the kindness of Lady Cullum, of Hardwicke,
and W. Gilstrapp, Esq., of Pornham, their gardens
will be open free to members of the Eoyal Horticultural
Society, to holders of season tickets, and to all practical
gardeners on presentation of their name and address ;
Hardwicke on Thursday, the 18th, and Fornham on
Friday, the 19th, from 2 to 8 o'clock. The public will
be admitted to Hardwicke on Thursday, on payment
of a fee {Qd. or l5., as determined on by the
Horticultural Society), the money,taken to be added
to the gross receipts of the Bury Show. Through
the kindness of the Rev. E. Benyon, of Culford, those
gardens will also be open to all, on the presentation of
cards, which may be had free at the Angel Hotel, and
other places in the town. Hardwicke is about one
mile, Eornhara two and a-half, and Culford four miles
from Bury. It is probable that other gardens in the
neighbourhood will also be open to practical horticul-
turists, D. T. Fish.

Mr. Watson's Siveepsiahes. — I am sorry to have to
state that owing chiefly to the lateness of this proposal,
and the fact of Mr. Watson requiring six plants of
each variety exhibited, his spirited challenge has not
received that amount of support that will enable the
prizes to be ofl'ered. I have therefore returned the
money with which I had been entrusted, and hope that
Mr. 'Watson may still bring his plants to Bury, where
they will probably receive a special prize. D. T. Fish,
i ^ Variegated Pelargoniums. — As the question of what
is or is not variegation is widely different from the mere
detenuination of the relative merits of new flowers,
and brings us into contact with some of the most
difficult problems in science, I hope the Floral
Committee will be good enough to state, through the
medium of the Gardeners' Chronicle, the grounds of
their recent decision, which was endorsed by the
Council of the Eoyal Horticultural Society. In
answer to my good neighbour, Mr. Grieve (see p. 712 a),
I may state that I am in no wise responsible for
originating the discussion at the present time. " The
I near approach of the Bury show" started it. Neither
would it have been just to all, nor, indeed, to any of the
exhibitors, to have allowed them to bring their plants
—some of them 200 or 300 miles, and to have had
them disqualified, as it now seems they would have
oeen. But I hasten from these points of divergence of
opinion, to accept Mr. Grieve's canon of variegation.
My own opinion," he says, "has always been, that

for a loaf to he cniisidcml variegated it was necessary
that its margin ..iliould he cither yellow or white, or at
all events that some iiorlion of its surface should
exhibit a partial or entire absence of the normal or
green colouring matter." Exactly so ; and the accept-
ance of this principle in its entirety would have
admitted any plant to compete at our show that is now
excluded. For it matters nothing to the point how the
green is removed or hidden ; that, as yet, is not
certainly known. The leaf exhibits a partial or entire
absence of green ; thatisasafostandard. I think it will be
generally adiiiittod tliat there is less green in a crimson
than in a yellow; and 1 challenge your readers to give
any good reason why, if a yellow blotch or edge is
to bo accepted as variegated, a crimson or blue is not?
Neither can I understand why the term variega-
tion, which has no meaning at all unless in its relation
to colour, should be aflirmed to be something distinct
from coloration. Is not yellow a colour? If not,
what is it? V. T. Fish. [We have endeavoured to
show that the word " variegation " has already a
ddlnito botanico-horticultural meaning of long stand-
ing, but this meaning is not the one Mr. Fish would
have assigned to it. Here the matter must rest.
We may be dreadfully conservative, but we
at least cannot vote for discarding the old mean-
ing to take on with a new. Regarding a green leaf
as being in the normal condition, and taking this as a
starting point, variegation may be called a deficiency,
something wanting or imperfectly formed, whilst
coloration may be called a redundancy, something
added to the green. We lind no dilliculty in com-
passing and distinguishing these two ideas. Coloration
IS not a new word of ours ; it has, like variegation,
been applied to the condition indicated above, by
vegetable physiologists. Let us add, for the sake of
distinctness, that we do not regard Mrs. Pollock as a
variegated Pelargonium because of its zone, but
because of its green disk and yellow margin. Again,
we cannot admit that those who separate variegateds
and zonals are giving the former any jiew meaning.
Take up any trade catalogue of these plants, and it
will be seen at once that the popular application of the
terms, recognises in the varieties so designated two
distinct groups, in the very sense for which we argue.
The popular voice is, in this case at- least, the voice of
science. As "variegation" has already a definite signifi-
cation, which cannot be changed without confusion,
why not adopt some term such as " particolored,'
which, having no strictly defined meaning, would
apply generally to all these cases ? Eds. ]

Fruit Houses v. Fruit Walls. — Feeling somewhat
interested in the question of glass fruit houses versus
fruit walls, and their relative advantages, I beg you will
allow me to ask your correspondents, Messrs. Hereman
& Morton, if the 350Z., mentioned by them as the cost
of a house 200 feet long and 22 feet wide, includes all
costs for a perfect structure, viz., fixing, and the
machinery that would be necessary in so large a house
for opening the ventilators ? or whether, when one has
obtained the house, there would be any additional
charge, over and above the sum of 350^, for fixing and
machinery, and if so, will they please to state the
amount ? G.

A Wonder. — Inyour highly respectablecontemporary,
"The English Mechanic and Mirror of Science," I
find the following extraordinary statement : —

" A New Plant.— ^u,— In the month of May, 1866, while on
business in a colliery district in the county of Durham, I had
the good fortune to make the acqu.aintance of a carpenter
lately in the employ of Dr. Livingstone, the great African
explorer, he having been sent home in consequence of losing
his speech. I was lucky enough to obtain from him several
very curious seeds, which he informed me the natives were in
the habit of eating when on long journeys. After trying
sevenal methods I have at last succeeded in cultivating some to
perfection, and I have already hundreds of people to see these
wonderfully beautiful plants. As I dare not venture on your
space to describe my mode of cultivation, I will, for the present,
only describe the plants. In the first instance I can fearlessly
say that they arc unquestionably new to this country. Those
I have in the ground, which are seeding, have attiiined the
height of 6 feet '1 inches, and 14 inches in circumference. At
the thickest part the stiilk is of a pure crimson, with here and
there large yellowish protuberances, from which spring from fi ve
to seven leaves of a dark green colour, white at the edges,
similar in appearance to variegated HoUy leaves. The edges
of the leaves are serrated. The flowers, which are in abund-
ance, eclipse in grandeur any I have ever seen. They are
about twice the size of the Tulip. The gi-ound colour of the
petals is an azure blue, spotted with crimson, and stre.aked at
intervals with yehowisb streaks. I shall have some seeds
ready very soon if the we-ather keeps dry, .and shall be happy
to let any of my brother readers have a smaU qu.antity accord-
ing to number of applications. I cannot supply any large
quantity. Hoping to benefit every apphcant in return for
kindness received through your journal, permit me to sub-
scribe myself your well-wisher. " Joseph Heselton."

" No. 4, St. Hilda Street, Hartlepool, Durham."

What can Mr. Hullett be about to allow such a prodigy
as this to escape him ? Seeds that are eatable, port-
able, and freely produced — crimson stems, with yellow
protuberances, 6 feet high by 14 inches round ; varie-
gated leaves, like those of a Holly ; and a profusion of
blue, crimson, and yellow flowers, twice as large as
a Tulip ; here, if ever, we have indeed a sensational

Elant ! Seriously, can any of your readers, who may
appen to live near Hartlepool, ascertain the truth,
or otherwise, of this most marvellous account ? X.

Cibotium princeps. — You may perhaps think it
worth recording that this magnificent Fern has fruc-
tified with me. I believe it to be a rare
occurrence. The plant, a very large one, has
12 fronds, the largest of which is 12 feet 7 inches in
length by 7 feet in width. The spores of this Fern
are larger than those of any other with which I am
acquainted— fully as large as Lobelia seed. The spore
cases were scattered over the frond very sparingly, not
more than 300 were found on a frond 10 feet in length.
M. Knight, Chateau de Pontchartrain, Seine et Oise.

Culture of Tea. — In Morgan's Trade Journal of the
2d April, 1866, I observe the announcement of a

" Patent Tea-Firing Engine," for tlio mauufacturo of
tea. Can any of your readers kindly slalc the success
attending the same in its practical working, and also
inform mo of the best practical works on the Culture
and Manipulation of Tea? It T., Jamaica.

Reporting Horticultural photos. — Tlio rubbish
written by the non-gardening gentlemen of the London
press in the sliano of reports on the Ijondon (lower
show.s, is invariably productive of much amusement to
practical horticulturists and florists, who know how
ignorant of gardening matters most of these gentlemen
arc. I notice in the Telegraph report of the last
IJotanic show so much that is ridiculous and incorrect,
that I send you a few comments thereupon. You will
at once see of what confused nonsense it is made up.
" The return to a careful cultivation of the scarlet
tints, identified with the earlier and never yet eclipsed
Geranium, is very noticeable." What does the writer
mean ? Does ho allude to the zonals ? if so, why not
plainly say so, and not indulge in all this learned
obscurity ? Then we are sagely told that Dipladenia
splendons (!) — it should liavo been "amabilis" — is
a greenhouse plant (!), and was an object of
general regard. Of course it was an object
of admiration to every one, for it was a glorious
plant, but any gardening lad knows it is a stove plant.
What nonsense to talk about Mr. Veitch's new plants
being "symmetrically arranged as a parterre;" why
not have pointed out which were the best ? — and some
of them are great acquisitions. This is the kind of
information the public want, and not senseless observa-
tions of no use. Then we are told that Mr. Shenton's
Pinks were " as fine as any ever seen here, or perhaps
anywhere." Where was Mr. Turner's glorious stand
of Pinks, which obtained the 1st prize, and was as
superior to Mr. Shenton's lot as Cur'a^oa to
small beer ? Then Mr. Shenton's Seedling Pihk
" Primrose Queen " is gravely described as " heavier in
bloom (!) and richer in tint (!) than when it gained so
much admiration at Brighton, and was again
triumphant." How was it triumphant? The
judges did not, it appears, consider it worthy a
jirize or certificate, and I am positive no person
with any knowledge of florists' flowers regarded
it in any other light, or could look upon it other-
wise than as being a long way inferior to that
fine white Clove Carnation we are all so familiar with.
We are also told that " the same horticulturist's (Mr.
Shenton's) collection of 30 Pansies were also excellent."
Now my name is not exactly an unknown one in con-
nection with Pansies, and as I saw the collection there,
I unhesitatingly say that the Telegraph reporter either
knows nothing about these things, or has been grossly
misled by some interested person. I leave him to
explain that circumstance, and wish to know the
reason why Mr. Turner's Pinks, and Messrs. Downie,
Laird & Laing's very fine Pansies, also so very
much superior to those praised by the Telegraph,
are unnoticed in connection with the only two flowers
specially noticed in that paper. In any department
it should be the first prize collections and culti-
vators that should be brought before the public,
and not third-rate ones. The writer's supreme igno-
rance of gardening is wonderfully developed. Look
at his highly interesting but grossly misleading remarks
in reference to the Vines in pots shown by Mr. Guyett.
All will cheerfully admit they were well grown, but to
say that " they were pronounced by competent autho-
rities to be the most wonderful of the kind ever seen,"
is simply an insult to the host of clever gardeners we
have about the country. Who are the competent
authorities who pasted up the Telegraph reporter, and
who furnished him with so much elaborate information
about these Vines in pots ? The Gardeners' Chronicle
report is now before me, and all it says is— "Some well
grown Vines in pots came from Mr. Guyett, Heme
Hill." Surely, if they had been such wonderful plants
the representatives of the horticultural press would
have detected it. The nonsense written about the
" deceitful knack of transplantation " is too con-
temptible for notice. Just a word to the London daily
press in general. The amateur growers about the
country who take an interest in gardening, know in
many instances as much of these matters as pro-
fessional gardeners. When therefore they look over
the London papers for a report of the great
horticultural exhibitions, and find so much that is
flagrantly incorrect, can it be wondered at that
critiques on other subjects should excite doubt ? In
reference to flower shows, there are many clever
gardeners who would willingly furnish a report, and
an application to the Editors of the Gardeners'
Chronicle -^ouM no doubt produce recommendations to
competent persons. At all events, it would be better
to do this, than that the present state of things should
continue. W. Dean, Shipley.

Golden-veined Blackberry. — I inclose an instance of
variegation in the leaves of a Blackberry picked near
here. They were marked in every manner of yellow,
and appeared in the hedge where they grew to glisten
with bars of gold. Brinsley Marlay, Finchden, Tenterden,
Kent\ June 25. [The contrast of green and gold in the
leaves was very beautiful. Eds.]

Farly Peas.—^Vhe Committee appointed to report
upon the Peas groivn at Chiswick appear to havedecided,
and of course justly, that my Early Pea when obtained
true is as early as most kinds, but out of three samples
sent only one proved true, and I am called upon to
explain how this happened. I can only say that In a
trial of so much importance as that referred to, I
regret not having supplied the samples myself, but as
my Pea has been so often proved, I did not think doing
so again this season would be of much importance.
I really cannot be held responsible for the correctness
of samples supplied through others, but I am glad that
one sample, that furnished by Messrs. Hurst, was found
to he correct ; a circumstance which goes far to prove
that the Pea when true still retains its character, and

738

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRlCtJLTtTRAL GAZETTE,

[JtTlY 13, 1867.

holds its own against other early Peas of later introduc-
tion. I have now several acres of the true stock of this
Pea growing for seed, and next year I will take care that
samples are duly forwarded to the Committee, and I
have no hesitation in saying that it will be found as
early as any other Pea at present in cultivation. W.

Hillisione, Sible Sedinghain, ^ssex. 1 sowed on

January 28, this year, Ringleader, Sangster's No. 1, and
Eley's Essex Eival. Igathered from Ringleader June 8,
from Essex Rival 10 days later, and from Sangster's
No. 1 a few days after Essex Rival, which is a fine Pea.
These three sorts withstood the frost well, none of
them being in the least injured by it. I also sowed, on
February 21, Ringleader, Sangster's No. 1, and Harri-
son's Glory. I gathered from Ringleader about the
same time as Sangster's No. 1, and Essex Rival, in the
sowing of January 28. I had a very fine crop on them
all, particularly Harrison's Glory, from which I am
now gathering. S. S., Searesbrick Sail, near
Ormskirk, July 10.

Foreign Correspondence.

Cinchonas in Jamaica. — It may interest you to know
that Government have decided on the cultivation of
Cinchona, the propagation of which is now being
carried on favourably. I now possess 3000 plants,
mostly from seed procured through Dr. Hooker. The
introduction of the cultivation of the Assam Tea
plant is also under the consideration of Government
— a few acres. Comparatively extensive tracts of land
exist throughout Surrey, one of the three counties
into which the island is divided, eminently adapted for
the above two cultures. Sobert Thomson.

LiNNfiAN : June 20. — Sir John Lubbock, Bart., V.P., in the
chair. The following papers were read :— 1. Notes on the
Anato^lty and Pkysiologi; of the Tunicata, by Albany Hancock.

2. Catalogue of Erycinida:, a family of J>iui-nal Zepi-

doptera, by H. W. Bates, Esq. ; communicated by G. Busk,

Esq. 3. Supplement to the list of Australian Longicoiniia. by

F. P. Pascoe, Esq. 4. On the Introduction of Maize (Zea

Mays) into China, with -notices of the plant by Chinese authors,
by W. F. Mayer, Esq., with an introductory note by H. F.

Hance, Ph.D. 5. Notes on the Botany of Mount Egmont and

the Province of Marlborough, Nno Zealand, by Mr. J. Buchanan ;
communicated by Dr. Hooker. 6. The conclusion of Dr.
Pettigrew's paper Onthe Mechanical Appliances by which Flight
is Attained in the Animal Kingdo^n.

Botanic op EnrKBURCH: Jnly 3.— W. Gorrie, Esq., V.P., iu
the chair. The foUowinjif communications were read:— 1. On
the Arctic Cladoniw. By W. Lauder Lindsay, M.D. In this
paper the author commenced by defining the term arctic,
api^lying it only to those parts in Europe, Asia, and America
which are situated within or northward of the arctic circle.
These regions include vast level, generally treeless, barren
tracts of country, whose vegetation is frequently exclusively
Uchenose, sometimes, indeed, consisting of a single species, the
cosmopolite Cladoniarangiferlna, or Reindeer Moss. The author
enumerated the different species and their forms beloDging to
the Cladonias found in arctic countries, and remarked that,
whether these may be regarded as constating of many or few
species, their importance to man cannot be estimated by their
mere numerical relations ; one species at least (C. rangiferina)
is not only superior in economical and oven political impor-
tance to the better known " orchella weed," but it is in this
respect quite on a footing with the valuable grains, timber
trees, and other phanerogams of more favoured regions. The
author then, in conclusion, considered the economical value
and appUcation of the arctic Cladonije under the foUowuig
heads:—!, as fodder or forage to animals, domesticated or
wild— e. g., the reindeer and caribou of the European, Asiatic,
and American continent, cattle and pigs, &c. ; 2, as an
ingredient of man's food; 3, as medicines or ingredients
thereof, in virtue of their starchy or bitter principles— c. g.,
tonics, astringents, febrifuges, emetics; 4, in the arts— e. ^.,

perfumery and dyeing. 2. Receyit Refjidations regarding

the Forest Department of India. By Prof. Balfour. 3. Mecent

Botanical Intelligence. By the same gentleman. 4. Sevzial

Organs of Fungi.— Dr. B^Uour referred to a paper which had
been recently published by Dr. Antoine de Bary, in which the
author had clearly demonstrated that in the lower class of
Pnngi the sexual organs greatly resemble those of other
Cryptogams. In the former plants the fertilisation takes
place by means of the contents of two different cells coming in
contact— the one called Antheridia, and the other Oogonia
representing the antheridial and archegonial cells in Fei-ns,
Mosses, &c. Dr. Balfour exhibited and explained coloured

drawmgs illustrating the subject. 5. On a S^q}posed New

Species of VHlosia, or probabbi a Neio Genus in the Order
Hcemodoracece. By Prof. Balfour. Dr. Balfour stated that ho
had received from H. Fox Talbot, Esq., Lacock Abbey
Chippenham, the flowers of a plant which he had transmitted
to the Royal Botanic Garden last year. It is a native of Natal
and appears to belong to the nat. ord. H^modoraceffl. It has
not yet flowered in the Botimic Garden, but the following are
some of the characters taken from the pUmt and from the
flowers sent by Mr. Talbot :— Stems shortened, triangular,
covered with brown scales at the lower part. Leaves with
equitant vernation, alternate, distichous, sheathing at thefbase,
lanceolate, about 6 inches long, margins with sharp serratures,
apex sometimes split. Flowers solitary, on slender peduncles
about 6 inches long; peri;mth six-leaved, at first delicate
lilac, afterwards becoming greenish- white, dry, and persistent,
the green colour appealing particularly in the veins, which
become prominent ; outer leaves of perianth ovate-oblong,
and somewhat acuminated ; inner leaves bluntish. Stamens
six, with very short filaments; anthers, two-celled, narrow,
about five times longer than the filaments, opening longi-
tudinally and laterally. Pistil about the length of the
stamens. Ovary inferior (one or three-celled), style thick,
stigma large, somewhat tongue -shaped, grooved. Ovules
oblong, numerous, attached to a central placenta, anatropal.
Vellozias are chiefly natives of Brazil. This plant seems to
represent the genus in Africa, and possesses interest on that
accoimt. Dr. Balfour proposed to call it Vellozia Talboti. It
may tura out to be a new genus ; if so, the name Talbotia will
be given to it ; but the deternrination of this point must be

delayed until the plant flowers at the Botanic Garden. 6.

On the Discovery of OrtJiotrichum phyllanthum near EdinhnrgK
By Mr. John Sadler.

Birmingham Rose Show.— This, the Sixth Annual Exhibi-
tion_ of Roses, was held iu the Town Hall on the 4th and
5th inst., when the display was excellent, although not quite
30 extensive as on one or two previous occasions. Collections
both in the Amateurs' and Nurserymen's Classes were remark-
ably even— scarcely a coarse or bad flower being discerniblQ in

any of them. Varieties [introduced during the last few
years appear to have displaced most of our old favourites, as
even large collections consisted chiefly of comparatively new
kinds. A pleasing effect was produced by the introduction of
pretty dwarf plants of variegated Maple and Maize in pots,
which ran the entire length of the tables behind the Rose
boxes. The hall was nicely decorated, and the beautiful Rose
pavilion, garden arches, &c., manufactured in variously-
coloured wire, by Messrs. Baker & Co., of Birmingham, added
much to the general effect.

The 1st prize, for a collection of 72 varieties, was awarded to
Mr. Cranston, of Hereford, who had very fine examples of
King's Acre, Mar^chal Niel, Dr. Andry, Prince CamiUc do
Rohan, Francois Lacharme, Horace Vemet, Jules Margottin,
Madame H. Jacquin, Due de Rohan, Achille Gonod, Beauty of
Westerham, Maurice Bernardin, Laurent Descourt, and Victor
Verdier. In Mr. Keynes' collection were fine blooms of Madame
CaiUat, Madame Moreau, Maurice Bernardin, Xavier Olibo,
Madame Pillion, John Standish, Princess Mary of Cambridge,
Charles Rouillard, and Madame Victor Verdier. In Messrs.
Paul <Sj Son's stand were good specimens of Frederic BLhorel,
Alfred Colomb, Madame Clemence Joigneaux, Gloire de
Santenay, Madame Vidot, Jean Lambert, Madlle. M. Rady,
Alpaide de Rotalier, and Madame Victor Verdier. Mr. Cant
had nice blooms of Madame BoU, Charles Lefebvre, Expogition
de Brie, Charles Rouillard, La Ecl&tante, Marie Baumann,
Xavier Olibo, and Marguerite de St. Amand.

In the class of 48 varieties, three trusses, Mr. Keynes was
Ist, with fine specimens of Madame Bertha Leveque, Madlle.
M. Rady, La Tour de Crony, Madame Victor Verdier,
Marguerite de St. Amand, Madame C. Wood, Pierre Netting,
John Standish, Victor Verdier, John Hopper, Charles Lefebrve,
and Comtesse de Palekas. Messrs. Paul & Son also showed in
this class.

Among boxes of 24 varieties, Mr. Cranston was 1st, with
excellent flowers of America, King's Acre, Madame H. Jacquin,
L'Esmeralda, Boule d'Or, Centifolia rosea, Beauty of Waltham,
Baron A. Rothschild, Gloire de Dijon, and Dr. Andry. From
Messrs. Cant and Keynes also came fine blooms.

In the Amateurs' Class for 48 varieties, the Rev. P. M.
Smythe, of Solihull, was 1st, with very fine blooms of Louise
Magnan, Chas. Lawson, Mar^chal Niel, Beauty of Waltham,
Senateur Vaisse, Chas. Lefebrve, Madame Eugfene Verdier,
Due de Rohan, Caroline de Sansals, and Professor Koch. Mr.
Perry had equallygood specimens of Madame Pillion, Madame
C. Joigneaux, Madame Victor Verdier, Madame C. Wood,
Senateur Vaisse, Pierre Notting, Gloire de Vitry, Gloire de
Dijon, and Gloire de Santenay. Mr. Brown, Elmdon, showed
good examples of Lord Raglan, Madame Pillion, Madame C.
Wood, and La VUle de St. Denis. 24 varieties (single tnissea).
—Ist prize. Cup, Rev. P. M. Smythe, Solihull ; 2d, Mr. E.
Hunt, Leicester; 3d, Mr. C. J, Perry, Castle 'Bromwich.
18 varieties (three trusses).— 1st, Cup, Mr. C. J. Perry ; 2d,
Mr. E. Hunt, Leicester; 3d, Mr. R. C. Chawner, Lichfield.
12 varieties (single trusses). — 1st, Mr. W. Brown ; 2d, Mr. C. J.
Perry ; 3d, Rev. P. M. Smythe.

In the classes restricted to residents in the counties of
Warwick, Worcester, or Stafford, the awards were as follow :
—(Nurserymen) 24 varieties (single tnisses). — 1st, Messrs.
T. Perkins *; Son ; 2d, Mr. Joseph Jackson ; 3d, Mr. R. H.
Vertegans. 12 varieties (three trusses). — 1st, Messrs. Perkins
&. Son ; 2d, Mr. R. H. Vertegans, Edgbaston ; 3d, Mr. H. Pope,
Gib Heath. (Amatevrs) 24 varieties (single trusses).— 1st, Cup,
Rev. P. M. Smythe ; 2d, Mr. W. Brown ; 3d, Mr. C. J. Peiry.
12 varieties (single trus3es).—lst, Mr. W. Brown ; 2d, Rev. P.
M. Smytho ; 3d, Mr. C. J. Perry, Castle Bromwich.

A class was provided for residents within four miles of
Birmingham, in which some neat stands were shown. The
awards in this were ;— 12 varieties (single trusses). — 1st, Mr.
C. Cooper, Moseley ; 2d, Mr. W. B. Mapplebeck, Moseley ; 3d,
Mr. H. Lowe, Edgbaston. 6 varieties (single trusses).- 1st,
Mr. C. Cooper; 2d, Mr. C. Winn, Selly Oak; 3d, Mr. W. B.
Mapplebeck.

A class was also made for amateurs who have never pre-
viously won a prize for Roses. In this the awards were: —
12 varieties (single trusses).— Ist, Mr. J. F. Smith, Coventry
Road; 2d, Mr. J no. ParneU, Rugby; 3d, Mr. E. Sarrington,
Leicester.

At all Rose shows undoubtedly the most interesting
features are the collections of new Roses. In this instance
they were unusually well shown by Messrs. Keynes, Paul &
Son, and Cant. Most conspicuous among the varieties were
Xavier Olibo, Marie Baumann, Alfred Colomb, Expo-
sition de Brie, Madlle. Margaret Dombrain, Abel
Grand. Hippolite Flandrln, Marguerite de St. Amand,
Josephine de Beauhai*uais, Madame Hoste, Frederic Biliorel,
Horace Vernet, Madlle, ThSrese Levet, Fisher Holmes, Duchesso
de Caylus, Thorin, Jean Lambert, Madame Verschaffelt,
Comtesse de Paris, Princess Mary of Cambridge, and Antoine
Ducher. The 1st prize for the best six blooms of any new
Rose was cleverly won by Messrs. Paul & Son, with splendid
specimens of Alfred Colomb, a variety with immense breadth
and substance of petal ; the 2d went to the same cultivators
for fine examples of Exposition de Brie, a dark red Rose of
excellent properties ; the 3d to Mr. Keynes for good blooms of
Jlargu^rite de St. Amand, a pleasing light Rose of a shade
much wanted ; and the 4th to the same grower for nice
specimens of Princess Mary of Cambridge, also a pleasing
flower, vei-y similar to M. de St. Amand.

Several prizes were offered for Miscellaneous Roses, Bou-
quets, Vases, Table Decorations, &c., for which the following
awards were made: — Moss Rose Buds, exhibited in various
stages of growth, so as to display the distinctive peculiarities
and beauties of the class.— No 1st prize awarded; 2d, Mr. R.
H. Vertegans ; 3d, Messrs. Paul & Son. 18 varieties (single
trusses). Teas, Noisettes, Chinas. — 1st, Messrs. Paul & Son. 12
varieties (single trusses).— Summer Roses, including Provence
Roses (not Moss), GaUica, Hybrid China, Hybrid Bourbon, Alba,
and Damask Roses. — 1st, withheld ; 2d, Messrs. Paul & Son.
Best Vase of Roses and Rose Foliage. — • 1st, Mr. Job. Cole,
Birchfields ; 2d, Mr. R. H. Vertegans. Best Design or Basket
of Roses and Rose Foliage, arranged suitably for entrance
hall or room decoration. — 1st, Mr. Lloyd ; 2d, Mr. R. H.
Vertegans ; 3d, Mr. Cole. Best Bouquet, really suitable for
the hand, entu-ely of Roses and Rose Foliage. The free intro-
duction of buds of Noisette, Moss, and Tea-scented Roses
being suggested.— 1st, Mr. J. Cole ; 2d, Miss Mort, Stafford ;
3d, Mr. J. Cranston, Hereford. Best Design for Dinner Table
Decoration.— Roses to be the only flowers used. Foliage not
restricted to that of Rosea, but left to the taste of the
designer : 1st, Miss Evans, Shrewabury ; 2d, Miss Mort ; 3d,
Miss Cole, Birchfields.

In addition to the above prizes. First-class Certificates were
gi-anted to Mr. C. J. Perry, for four Seedling Verbenas, viz.,
Samuel Moreton, Miss Turner, Interesting, and James Birbeck,
the whole collection being Highly Commended ; and to Mr.
Watson, St. Alban's, for Variegated Zonal Pelargonium Mrs.
Dix. HighlyCommended:MissJohnson,paperof Roses; Messrs.
T. & E. Jephcott, collection of Ferns ; Messrs. Perkins & Son,
collection of Verbenas ; Miss Brewer, case of dried Ferns ;
Messrs. Mapplebeck & Lowe, collection of cast-iron vases for
garden decorations and tubular flower tray ; Messrs. G. Baker
& Co., wire pavilion and iV'^'e plus ultra garden chair; Mr.
WooUey, ornamental flower glasses ; Messrs. Crichley, Wilde,
& Co., enamelled garden tables.

QuEKETT Microscopical Club : A monthly meeting was
held at University College on the 28th of Jxme, Mr, Ernest
Hart, President, in the chair. A paper was read by Dr.

Robert Braithwaite on " The Organization of Mosses," which he
prefaced with some remarks on the writers on Bryology, He
afterwards described the distinctive characters of the spores,
stems, leaves, reproductive organs, development of the fruit,
sporangia, &c., as well as the habitats of Mosses, mode of
collecting, examination, preservation, and uses. At a con-
versazione which followed, the members had an opportunity
of viewing under the microscopes carefully prepared specimens
of the spores, prothallia, antheridia of male flowers, leaves
showingthe chief forms of cell structure, and capsules showing
the modifications of the peristome, &c. Four members were
elected.

Notices of Moo'k^,

British Grasses ; an Introduction to the Study of the

Graminece of Great Jiritain and Ireland. By

Margaret Plues. London : Eeeve & Co. Crown 8vo.

Pp. 307. 16 Coloured Plates ; numerous Woodcuts.

This is a volume which is prettily got up, embellished

with coloured plates from the pencil of Mr. Fitch, and

with numerous woodcuts traceable to the same source.

In some respects it goes beyond the promise of its

title-page, inasmuch as, in addition to the British

Grasses, some notice is taken of Grasses cultivated for

agricultural or economic as well as for ornamental

purposes. On the other hand the volume bears too

evident traces of having been compiled without a

sufficient practical acquaintance with the subject.

As the work is avowedly only a compilation, it would
have been better for a comparatively unpractised hand,
such as our authoress evidently is, to have let the authors
alluded to speak for themselves, as iu "simplifying the
matter culled from greater and more scientific writers,"
she has occasionally sacrificed correctness, and certainly
not attained to simplicity ; as, for instance, when we are
told that " the flowering glume and palea represent the
corolla of other blossoms." We fear the authoress has
no very clear notions as to the apparent construction of
the flowers of Grasses, still less as to the explanations
that have been offered of their peculiarities by " greater
and more scientific writers." What a pity it is that
the compilers and publishers of such books as these do
not submit the proof sheets to some competent person
for revision and correction, processes which, while not
interfering with the " popular " character of the work,
would at least insure a greater measure of correctness.
As it is, the so-called popular works too often represent
so much labour and pains thrown away. The present
volume is not in other respects a bad sample of this
class of book, being more free from errors than many,
while the woodcuts — taken, we presume, from
Bentham's "British Flora"— add very materially to
its value,

Those who are turning their thoughts towards^ the
important question as to where their annual holiday
shall be spent, will find some useful information in
Holiday li:xcursionsofaNaturalist{^3.Tiw\cVe). There
is something more than a suspicion of twaddle in the
book; but nevertheless it will serve as a pleasant
reminder to those who have gone over the same ground,
and it will supply the stranger with hints where to go,
and what to look for.

Mr. Herbert Fry has published a fifth annual edition
of the Moyal Guide to the London Charities (Hard-
wicke), a small volume stored with facts and statistics
of great value to the political economist, &c.

The Orchard and Fruit Garden, by Elizabeth Watts
(F. Warne & Co.), is a fairly executed compilation from
practical books on the subject ^ Mr. Rivers being a
prominent authority. The names of fruits are not very
carefully given, thus in one page we find Beurre de
Ama«lis, Graeioli, and Boncretien, the latter word in
the opposite page being printed BoMohretien, both
forms of course erroneous.

dFlorists' HPlotons.

Thanks to Mr. Turner for the fine blooms of Cab-
nations and PieOTEES he exhibited at the last Show
of the Royal Botanic Society on the 30th inst. Eothu-
siastic old James Hogg spoke of the former as " one of
the master-pieces of Nature ;" and so beautiful were
some of the flowers in this group, that one not looking
below the surface of the thing might be willing to
endorse the above opinion ; but underlying the surface
there was the skilful manipulator. There were already
large stout flowers, as clean as could be desired, and the,
colours well traced; but the superb finishing touch
comes from the dresser, and his artistic skill makes up I
completely " the master-piece of Nature." Of Carna-
tions, the following were shown : Scarlet Bizarres—
Fanny Gardener, Brutus, and Prince Albert ; Crimson
Bizarre— Young Milton ; Pink and Purple Bizarres— i
Lord Clifton, a very fine and handsome flower,!
and Lady of the Lake; Purple Flakes— True Blue,;
Dr. Forster, Earl of Stamford, and Ruth Hannah ;
Rose Flakes— Flora's Garland (very fine). Duchess of
Kent, John Reet, Lorenzo, and Merrimac; and
Scarlet Flakes— Justice Shallow, Annihilator, and
Coadley Pet. A First-class Certificate was awarded to:
Mr. Turner for purple flake Carnation True Blue, a,
full flower, the petals stout and smooth on the edges,
and the colour deep and striking. Of Picotees, Mr.
Turner had Forester, a striking heavy red-ed^ed flower
purple-edged Amazon, Duke of Devonshire, Ehza
Finis, Mrs. Dixon, Mrs. May, Prince Arthur, and
Robin Hood ; and rose-edged Miss Sewell, a very beau-,
tiful light-edged flower, several blooms being shown
Miss Williams and Miss Wood. A stand 0/
splendid Pinks was shown by Mr. Turner m the class
for 24 blooms, some of the flowers being remark-:
ably fine and handsomely laced. The sorts were :-
Rev. Geo. Jeans, Gollah, Aurora, Titus,, Attraction, 1
Charles Turner, John Ball, Blondin, Celestial, Annette
Exhibitor, Bertram, Alma, Marion, a beautiful evenly-
laced flower ; President, Delicata, a very distinct flower
laced with bright lilac ; Purity, Device, and InviU;

JUIT 13, 1867.]

THE GAKDENET^S' CTTRONTCT-E ANT) AOniCUTTTTraT. GAZETTE.

739

oible : together with some seedhngs. Messrs. Bragg
and Hooper's Howers were much inferior to Mr
Turner's. Some four or five stands of 12 varieties ol
Pinks were contributed by amateurs. This is a good
siKU as it indicates a more extended culture of this
once popular flower, and points to the probability of
its becoming a public favourite once more.

Of new Pinks Mr. E. Shenton, Biggleswade, had
Dthel, Sultan, and Leviathan, all of inferior quality.
Sultan being the most promising ; and Mr. Bragg had
Nonpareil, heavily laced with pale rosy lilac, but which,
as shown, certainly belied its name. Some blooms
of a pale primrose Pink named Primrose Queen, were
also shown by Mr. Shenton. The flowers were large
and full, but confused ; the petals, moreover, being thin
and curled, and altogether wanting in properties as an
exhibition variety. It may be useful to cut from for
bouquets if it blooms freely, but to demonstrate this, a
plant in bloom should have been exhibited. Ihe
Judges could not be induced to certificate this flower,
despite the moral pressure brought to bear upon them
by the display of a first-class certificate, which had
been given at Brighton— a practice which ought not to
be permitted, llr. Bull received a Second-class Certi-
ficate for a large but somewhat coarse-looking double
Petunia, which was received from the Continent, and
has got distributed among the trade. The ground-
colour of the flowers is white, and veined with violet,
and it is named Madame Plaisancon.

Mr. J. George, of Stamford Hill, who has done much
to improve the bedding TropKolums, exhibited some
seedlings which, in their then state at least, did not
compare with his productions of the past year. The
seedlings shown form a section of the Tom Thumb
class, but are remarkably dwarf growing and compact,
producing flowers of the same form and texture as the
old scarlet Tom Thumb. The varieties were La Grande,
clear deep orange, but with the taller growing habit of
the Tom Thumb Nasturtium ; Coccineum sui>erbum,
pale orange scarlet; Orange Perfection, much in
the same way, but paler in colour; Black Prince,
orange crimson, a good shade of colour, and excellent
habit ; and Cloth of Gold, yellow, with reddish crimson
spots. AH appear to bloom profusely, and some have
the leaves smoothly rounded, while in the case of
others the edges of the leaves are notched. For summer
bedding purposes this class will be very valuable.

I omitted to notice last week that Mr. Turner got
I'ir.st-class Certificates for his new Nosegay Pelar-
■/oiiiums. Duchess of Sutherland and Lady Constance
tiiosvenor. "Any one wishing to know their value as
bedders should visit Cliveden at the present time : it is
worth a journey there, if only to see the beds of these
two Nosegays, of the latter especially. Pansies, both
Knglish and Fancy, were well shown by Messrs.
Downie, Laird, & Laing; and indifierently by Mr.
(Shenton. Mr. Hooper, of Bath, held a medium
position in point of quality. M. B.

Abtificial Imphkssed Waxen Comb.— I beg to
send you a specimen of embossed wax sheet, for con-
version into bee-comb, of my own making. I have for
mouths past been trying to discover a means of work-
ing up my spare bees'-wax, so as to return it again for
the use of the bees. I think I have at length been
perfectly successful. I can, with very simple apparatus,
make from 20 to 30 full-sized sheets in an hour, and,
being mechanical reproductions of the corresponding
part of an actual bee-comb, they are more adapted for
the use of the bees than those commonly sold. The
specimen sent is rather too thick, but that is a
point easily modified. Arthur Maw, Benthall Sail.
[The sample of your workmanship came to hand
seemingly rather pressed in the carriage by post.
One side is much less clearly defined than the
other; this may, however, arise from the projec-
tions having been pressed in. We have compared
your specimen of impressed sheet with some of that
sold by one of the leading apiarian firms, and the con-
clusion to which we have come is, that while yours
appears to be the most correct as regards the exact size
of the hexagonal bases of the cells, the other is better
in respect of being much more sharply cut, and that
not on one side only, but on both equally well. The
sheets with which we have compared yours seem to
represent the bases of the cells of somewhat too con-
tracted dimensions. They were, we believe, prepared
flrom impressed plates manufactured from a pattern
sent from Germany, which when we had an oppor-
tunity of inspecting them, we at once pronounced as
representing too contracted a size for the bases of the
cells. Yours, being constructed from a pattern taken
of the actual form of the corresponding part of the true
comb, is doubtless perfectly correct as to this point.
But it is absolutely necessary that in this substitute for
guide-combs we should have the prominent surfaces
extremely sharply and accurately defined, or the bees
will be very apt to work on any part of the surface,
instead of following all the well-defined angles of pro-
jection. We are not very favourable to the insertion
of entire sheets of this impressed wax, having seen so
many failures. We prefer using it exclusively in the
form of narrow strips of about one inch in width,
merely for the purpose of inducing the bees to build
perfectly straight combs ; and we never use it, even
for this object, when we can obtain a suitable piece of
real worker-comb. We have, however, seen instances
of very beautiful comb being worked on entire sheets
of this material.]

Garden Memoranda.

Messrs. Windebank & Kinqsbuet's Nuhsebt,
Bevois Vaxlet, Southajipton.— The name of the
above firm has become so closely associated with the
improvement of the variegated and ordinary Zonal

Pelargoniums, that a visit to their nursery cannot fail
to be a rich treat to any one with a taste for these
popular divisions of the Pelargonium tribe. It is some
10 or 12 years ago since the proprietors of this pretty
little nursery, which is really a credit to the town of
Southampton, took up the zonal IVIargonium with a
view to its improvement. The first experiment in this
direction was made by crossing Princess Alice with
Ijoo's Eclipse, and from this was obtained Miss
Simpson, which I was informed by Mr. Kingsbury
was the first of this class that appeared with a
distinct zone traced on the green leaf. In 18.59
they raised two scarlet-flowering zonal kinds, named
respectively North Star and Rising Sun, which were
purchased and sent out by Messrs. KoUisson & Sons, of
Tooting. In 1861, a cross between Miss Simpson and
Cerise Unique resulted in King.sburyanum, a fine rosy
scarlet flowered variety, with a dark leaf ground, and a
tendency to variegation ; a variety that has been
largely used by Messrs. Windebank & Kingsbury, as a
parent plant. After this point the work of hybridising
was carried on with vigour, and many fine varieties
resulted therefrom, Some of which they have sent
out by themselves and others by some of the
leading London nurserymen. Concurrently with this,
they devoted themselves to the improvement of what
has been popularly termed the "tricolor-leaved"
Pelargonium, and with such good results, that
some of the best of the " tricolors " shown by Messrs.
F. & A. Smith, at the International Horticultural
Exhibition of 1866, including Jetty Lacy, Wonderful,
Queen Victoria, and Princess Mary, were seedlings
raised at Southampton. "What they are now engaged
in doing will have appeared tp some extent from the
group of plants they exhibited at the recent show of
Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums at South Kensington ;
and still more will it appear to any one who may
visit their nursery at Southampton. On the occasion
of a recent visit I had the opportunity to inspect a
large lot of seedling Pelargoniums, tricolor, bicolor,
and zonate. Some had already broken into character,
others were about doing so, and very fine things many
promised to be. They have been very successful in
developing a large quantity of rich colouring matter
about the zone, and, as far as it could be seen, without
detracting in the slightest degree from the vigour so
much desired and so essential to a good variety.

ne house contained a number of plants undergoing
the second year of probation, and the characters oj
which had become permanently fixed. The following
promise to take the front rank among coming new
kinds ;— Clara, green ground, with well defined rosy
pink zone, blotched with dark bronze, and having a
broad leaf margin of silver, very novel and fine ; Miss
Wort, green leaf ground, with reddish pink and bronze
zone, and very broad leaf margin of gold ; Princess of
Wales, green ground, with very dark bronze and rich
rosy pink zone, and broad leaf margin of white;
a very fine variety, with an excellent habit,
the old leaves well retaining the rich marking ;
the result of a cross between Italia Unita and Sunray.
As this variety has not yet been distributed the name
should be changed, Messrs. F. k A. Smith and Carter
& Co. having each a Princess of Wales. Mrs. Hugh
Berners is a very fine and promising variety, ground
colour dark green, with a distinct and well-defined
dark bronzy zone, lit up with vivid carmine, and
having a broad leaf-margin of yellow, the zone being
traced more on the centre of the leaf than is usually
seen. Miss Florence Summers, which was also planted
out-of-doors in a bed, and had a most efiective and
attractive appearance, has a small leaf-ground of green,
and very broad dark bronze and glowing carmine
zone, with a good edging of pale yellow.
The most beautiful of all among these fine
things was Miss Fanny Stephens, a very novel kind,
the result of a cross between Miss Caroline Day
and Italia linita, and which had received a stronger
constitution than either of the parent plants. It has a
very distinct and regular zone of bronze, rosy pink, and
violet, with white leaf margin, and an excellent habit.
Mrs. Osbom is a vigorous grower, having a leaf ground
of green, with dark bronzy zone lit up with pink ; it
was the result of a cross between Mrs. Pollock and
Kingsburyanum. Mrs. Greenfield has large and bold
foliage, dark green leaf ground with broad yellow edge,
and a wide dark bronze zone lit up with fiery red. The
rich colour on the zone, added to the excellent habit
possessed by this variety, has caused it to be largely
used by Messrs. Windebank & Kingsbury as a parent
plant. Arabella is another strong grower, having a
green leaf ground, with rich bright carmine and deep
bronzy zone, and very broad leaf margin of pale
yellow.

Among the seedling variegated zonals just breaking
into character was one having a zone of bright rosy
crimson, a new and beautiful hue of colour, shaded
with deep bronze. Should its future character be of
this type, it will be a very novel and distinct kind.
Of new silver or white-edged kinds, to a green-leaf
ground, the following were of fine character :— Miss
Bridges, a very robust-growing white-edged variety,
having a pale green-leaf ground, and a dense habit.
The young plants have the leaves somewhat crumpled,
but they soon grow out of it ; May Queen is one of
the very best pale silver-edged varieties I have ever
seen — the leaf ground dark green, with broad
and striking edge of pure pale silver, and
having strong spreading foliage, and yet com-
pact . it is a plant with a thoroughly distinct
character; and Favourite, a broad band of silver
forms the leaf margin, habit excellent, and makes a
capital bedder. Of new golden-leaved varieties, also
not yet sent out, the following three will prove valuable
acquisitions :— Mrs. Simpson, yellow leaf ground, with
broad dark bronze zone, well defined, and leaf-margin
of^ green, good habit, and very distinct— a cross between
Mrs. Pollock and Kingsburyanum ; Mrs. Hutchin-

son, pale greenish gold leaf ground', Iwith a broad and
very dark bronzy zone, very di.stinct.in character ; and
the Rev. A. E.Cole, raised from. Richelieu and Mrs.
Pollock, fine golden leaf ground, VBitt, narrow reddish
bronze zone, very distinct, and WGi] defined. Of the
ordinary type of the zonal Pelargqiiium the following
three are of first-class character ;^ithe llev. Dr. Carey,
rich deep cherry salmon, with ajult jiercaptiblo dash of
violet on the upper petals, fiowers'.very rich, stout, and
smooth, dark green foliiige, wttb'a broad olive bronze
zone, a very hue exhibition flower ; Thomas Moore,
colour rich deep salmon, da-ihed with orange round a
white centre, the upper petal* being slightly rayed
with ro.sy purple : flowers largo and very smooth, and
of fine substance, very free habit, leaves olive green,
with dark bronzy zone— a fine variety for exhibition ;
and Mrs. Annie Jackson, a strong and robust grower ;
leaves dark green, with very regular and well defined
brownish-red zone, slightly flaked with dark bronze,
very distinctive in character — a cross between
Sunset and Kingsburyanum. These were the only
three that had been named out of a batch of some
six or eigh kinds, all of which were of furst-class
properties.

Of the new varieties Messrs. Windebank & Kings-
bury are distributing during the pUsent year, the
Rev. AV. F. Eadclylfe is a good variety of the Cloth of
Gold section, the leaves pure yellow, with a narrow
and distinct reddish bronze zone, habit dwarf and com-
pact. This variety was already bedded out in a very
exposed situation in their Bevois Mount Nursery, and
was very effective. Queen of the South is a zonal
variety, having green foliage with a dark zone ; colour
rich salmon scarlet, shaded with pink ; flowers very
large, and of excellent habit. Theodore is a very
cheerful shade of colour, bright rosy pink, with white
centre; flower large and of fine form, good well rounded
trusses.

The following comprise varieties of Messrs.
Windebank & Kingsbury's raising, sent out in 1866-6,
and which have the foliage more or less zonate:—
Fairy Queen, white, with a circle of salmon pink round
the centre, flowers and truss of fine quality ; Fascination,
deep rich salmon, flushed with pink, flowers and truss
very large and effective; Juliette, bright rosy salmon,
a beautiful shade, truss and habit good ; Nyanza, rich
salmon scarlet with light centre, flowers of fine form, a
good exhibition variety ; Annie, white, with delicate

Sink centre, fine flowers and truss, and excellent habit ;
lushing Bride, white, with carmine centre, a good
exhibition variety; Brilliant, deep scarlet, leaf deep
green, with an unusually broad and deep black zone ;
Conspicuum, white, with a circle of salmon pink round
the centre, the edge of the flowers slightly tinged with
pink ; Indiana, glossy dark scarlet red, flower large and
finely formed, good habit ; Rosebud, a beautiful flower,
rosy centre, tinted, and slightly margined with
delicate blush, flowers stout and of fine form ; and
Virgil, salmon, flushed with white, flowers of good
shape, truss large. To prevent confusion, it may he
stated that Annie and Rosebud were sent out by
Messrs. F. & A. Smith, of Dulwich, though raised at the
Bevois Valley Nursery.

Older varieties raised by Messrs. Windebank* Kings-
bury, and which are still standard varieties, at least in
the neighbourhooi of Southampton, where zonal
Pelargoniums are remarka'oly well grown, and have_ a
place in the schedule of prizes of all the shows held in
the neighbourhood, are— Excellent, deep salmon,
shaded with pink ; Lucy, bright vermilion scarlet ; and
Novelty, rosy pink, with white centre— three varieties
sent out by llessrs. F. & A. Smith, of Dulwich. R. D.

Miscellaneous.

Heath of Mr. George Paul.— We regret to have to
announce the death of Mr. George Paul, of Cbeshunt,
which took place on Sunday last, the 7th inst. His
health had for some time previous been in a failing
condition. ~, . „,

Frogmore JEarly Bigarreau Cherry.— Tins Cherry is
comparatively a new variety, and is as yet not much
kuown. It was raised by Mr. Thomas Ingram, of the
Royal Gardens at Frogmore, and the original tree is
growing against a north-east wall in the gardens there.
Unlike the class to which it properly belongs, it has a
tender melting flesh. In every respect it is a Bigar-
reau in habit, leaf, and appearance of the fruit, and
must be classified along with these varieties ; but, as if
to set at nought all human arrangements, it persists in
having a delicious melting flesh, instead of one that is
hard and crackling. The fruit is large, obtusely heart-
shaped, with a very shallow suture. Skin with a
brilliant red cheek, dotted with minute yellow points,
and of a remarkably pale almost pure white where
shaded— so susceptili'le is it of shade, that the point of
a leaf, or the shadow of a twig, would be photographed
on this brilliant red. Stalk two inches long, with a
very small receptacle, and set in a shallow and narrow
cavity. Flesh very delicate and translucent, perfectly
tender, melting, and very juicy, with a rich sweet
flavour. Stone small. The tree is a great bearer,
clusters of a dozen and a half to two dozen large hand-
some Cherries being produced on a small spray ; and
the fruit ripens in the middle of June, before any of
the other Bigarreaus. Florist and Pomologisf.

Garden Qperations.

{For the ensuing weelc.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Oesneras, Begonias, Tijieas, Foinsettias, and man y
similar plants, useful for early winter decoration,
should now receive their final shift into flowering pots.
To insure a suocessional supply of these and similar
useful plants, it will be advisable to divide each of them
into two or more batches,, and, with this understand-

740

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JUIT 13, 1867.

ing, pot on only the stronger plants contained in the
respectiTO batches, giving them their last pinching
back forthwith. Allow them abundance of air, with
only a moderate amount of shading. Old plants of
Thyrmcanthns rutilatis, which are now making
good strong growth, may be induced to form more
bushy heads by pinching out the point of each
shoot, an operation which will also tend to induce
a larger number of bright pendent flowering
racemes, more compact and of less stalky length
than when a few shoots only exist. Pinch back
decisively now Begonias of the Saundersii and digs-
welliensis sections, in order to lay the foundation of
good round bushy plants. Antlmriums which, as young
specimen plants, are making good progress, should,
if necessary, receive shifts not later than this,
with the view of affording them suflicient time to
properly occupy the fresh soil with roots before
winter sets in. Cut back forthwith fancy and
other Pelargoniums which have ceased flowering.
This operation must be performed with considerable
judgment. Pirst with the eye master the inner frame-
work of the plant, and cut all down to strong healthy
parts, rather more extended in size than when the
same operation was performed last season. Do not
leave any two shoots too close to each other ; on the
contrary, so arrange them that each may have the lull
benefit of space, while all parts of the plants are
uniformly occupied. In the case of young stock it may
be necessary to leave greater length of wood than in old
plants, and it will require regulating by being careiully
drawn down over the outer edges of the pot, for the
purpose of inducing a more e.xtended framework than
the plant has hitherto had. When cut in, place them
upon perfect drainage in a cool frame, keeping them
dry for a time, until they have pushed fresh shoots.
Give all the air possible to Mricas and Epacris, without
unduly exposing them to too much wet. Give thorough
soakings of water at all times when needed, and do not
again water until the ball has become moderately
dry. Any such grown amongst mixed collections in
greenhouses or conservatories, and still in flower, will
need especial care. See that these do not suffer from
mildew, and should symptoms of that pest appear, dust
immediately with flowers of sulphur. Pinch back
freely all the grosser shoots upon Indian Azaleas,
now undergoing the extreme growing process necessary
to insure the formation and setting of abundant flower-
heads for next year's display. Drive them along by
means of an average maximum temperature of 85',
with abundance of moisture, dashed copiously into
and throughout them with the syringe, and do
not omit to turn the plants round occasionally, in
order to expose them uniformly to light, which,
however, must be moderated while large amounts
of moisture are necessary. Give all Oreen-
house plants properly so called a constant supply of
fresh air, and ply the syringe pretty freely amongst
them, dashing the water well into all thickly-habited
sorts. Surface-dress specimen plants, which, not having
been potted this season, may be in need of such atten-
tion ; do not throw it on loosely and let it lay in that
state, a too common practice. First remove all unwhole-
someness from the surface, when, the necessary thick-
ness of dressing having been applied, the whole should
be well pressed and rammed down, in order thoroughly
to amalgamate it with the old material, after which
give a good soaking of water to the ball.
FORCING HOUSES.
Withhold water for a time from any Fines which
may not be " showing," and which are required to do
so for the successional winter's supply. Do not delay
further the final shift of such as are intended— and
these should he nice strong young stuff now— to flower
from next May onward, for the production of fruit
early in the following winter. The constant foresight
required in successfully carrj;ing out all garden opera-
tions is especially necessary in keeping up a constant
supply of ripe fruit. Be particular in watering " young
stuff," as, if it gets too dry upon any occasion at this
season, this has a tendency to stint it so that the best
regulated after attention cannot overcome its ill effects.
Continue stopping all secondary or lateral shoots upon
Vines, carrying growing crops as they become too
numerous and have formed one or more leaves from the
stem upon which they grow. This is an essential
particular in summer pruning, for it is only by encou-
r^ing freely surface growth, thus occasionally placed in
check by pinching back, that a healthy and free root
action is insured ; without which success is impossible.
Efficiently thin the bunches of Grapes intended to
hang through the duller winter months, and other-
wise admit air freely amongst them, by tying them
"widely apart at the shoulders. As this is a favourable
season for red spider, dust vacant spaces over with
' sulphur, and wash all walls, flues, &c., therewith with
greater freedom than it is possible to do earlier in the
season, and when stronger and more constant fires are
needed to keep up the necessary supply of heat. Do
not neglect to gather Teaches and Nectarines at the
earliest possible moment when ripe, as if left upon the
trees longer they lose much of their flavour.
HAEDT FRUIT GARDEN'.
Straicberrij beds, worn out, and in lieu of which
others are in process of formation, should have the
oldjplants rooted up the moment the last of the crop
is gathered; unless it is necessary to depend upon
them for a supply of young plants, formed, as pre-
viously advised, from " runners." In such case remove
all the litter possible, and induce these latter to make
a good fine growth. Choose dull weather for trans-
planting them, when they have made three leaves, and
when they adhere firmly by the root to the soil below.
Do not, as is frequently done, make plantations
from divisions of the old plants. Many amateurs, who
devote much time to the culture of this excellent fruit,
meet with very meagre success through unwittingly

making this mistake. Always plant either young
plants formed from runners, or old plants
recently forced. Where it may be necessary to replant
Strawberries upon aspects which are suitable to them,
and from which others have just been uprooted, some
of the soil should be removed from the upper strata of
the border to be replaced by fresh wholesome bam
from some old pasture ; or when this is not convenient
any other soil contained within the garden, and upon
which Strawberries have not before been too recently
grown, placed in lieu of an equal quantity removed,
will amply repay the necessary labour expended in the
operation. Betore doing so, however, well trench the
ground ; using in the operation as liberal a supply of
well-decomposed manure as possible, placing at all
times the shortest nearest the top. Plant in rows,
2i inches apart, and let the plants stand 18 inches
asunder. Place them so that they are well above
ground, having first trodden over the border, after
which a good soaking of water will be needed.
KITCHEN GARDEN.
Make a main sowing of Turnips upon ground mode-
rately rich, and not too recently forked over, as a firm
soil is best suited to them. Transplant Leeks into
good deep rich soil ; where practicable place them in
drills a foot apart, by six or seven inches in the rows ;
make holes with a large dibble, some six inches deep,
dropping the base of the plant into the bottom, where
it should be firmly fixed, leaving the necessary opening
above, to allow the plant to elevate itself as it grows.
Sow Cabbage seeds for the main winter plantation;
Enfield Market is an excellent old sort. Where not
previously done, let the necessary sowing of lied Cab-
bage for pickling be got in forthwith. Clear the ground
of early Peas, &c., and after due preparation, by
digging, &c., recrop it with the necessary winter stuffs.
Brussels Sprouts should not be planted later than this,
as time sufficient will not be afforded them to make
a sufficient advance to duly form buds, which in their
after formation turn quickly into the necessary
"Sprouts." W.JS.

HINTS FOR AMATEURS.

July is a month full of horticultural duties. Plants,
like children, want "a deal of looking after" now, if
you would not let them run wild. A wilderness is a
very interesting place, so is a gipsy encampment ; not
so a playground of dirty, ragged, grubb.v, disorderly
children of respectable parents ; still less, an untidy
garden, stocked with cultivated plants which are
allowed to grow as they like. Ton should therefore
attend carefully to such plants as grow quickly, for
unless you do, the wind and rain will prostrate many
favourites. Sollyhoeks, Dahlias, and ChriisanOie-
inums are making strong shoots now, and want frequent
attention in staking and tying up. Pinching off the
tops of Chrysanthemums where you require profusion
of bloom, instead of a few large flowers, should not be
continued after the end of this month ; if this has
been properly attended to through the spring, nice
dwarf bushy plants will have been secured, which
will be covered with flowers in November if no
sharp frosts occur to mar their beauty. Carnations,
Picotees, and Pinlcs for next season maybe rooted now
in two ways— either bv cutting off young shoots and
striking them under a hand-glass, or by layering. This
latter method is more troublesome than striking the
young shoots (or pipings, as they are termed), but it is
less likely to fail, and requires no further attention
when it is done ; whereas pipings want care in shading
from hot sun, watering, and giving air at times when
amateurs are not always at home to attend to them.
Carnations and their allies will not root from layers
unless one of the joints or knots of the stem has been
slit open. This is best done by cutting half-way
through the stem below a knot, and carrying the blade
up the middle of the stem until it has cut through the
knot. The knife should be very sharp, and the cut
should be made diagonally upwards until the edge has
reached the centre of the stem of the shoot, and no
further, or the shoot will break off. This divided part
of the stem is to be pegged down into the mould, and
well covered with it, and every shoot so treated ought
to root, and form a strong plant.

No time must now be lost in transplanting seedlings
which are to flower next year, such as Pockets Cam-
panulas, Sweet Williams, Columbines, 4'r., if they are
not where you wish them to remain. They become
much stronger plants if you can manage to let them
remain where thev were sown, in which case it will
generally be necessary to pull up and throw away several
of the smaller seedlings growing near, in order to
make room for the growth of those you wish to save.
Where it is necessary to transplant seedlings, the
greatest care should be taken to avoid breaking or even
straining the young roots. Before taking them up, the
ground around and under them should be loosened, if
it is very dry, while if it is wet there is much less risk
of injury in transplanting. Showery weather is there-
fore preferable for this.

Poses are now very liable to have their young shoots
covered with small green insects, some with wings,
more without, designated aphides, or 'green fly.
Fruit trees, vegetables, and various flowering plants
are liable to be attacked by different species of aphis,
who, by means of a long proboscis, are able to
suck the juices of plants to a mischievous extent.
They seem to occur in greater profusion after easterly
winds than under any other atmospheric conditions ;
they should then be carefully looked after, and exter-
minated as soon as possible. Where they attack plants
in pots, you have merely to put the plants into a frame,
or other enclosed space, and fill it full of tobacco-smoke
for a few hours. If the first trial of this remedy does
not quite kill all the insects, the second one assuredly
will. You can buy coarse paper saturated with tobacco-
juice, and this when smouldering gives off a great cloud

of smoke. Take care however that this tobacco-paper
is not allowed to burst into a flame, or you will scorch
your plants. A common flower-pot is as good as
the most ingenious fumigator. Put two or three red-hot
cinders into it, and cover it with pieces of the tobacco-
paper, taking care to be j)rovided with a little water at
hand to sprinkle over it in case it bursts into flame.
With the help of a cloth or sheet nailed over a plant
against a wall, or supported by sticks over a plant upon
the ground, the fumes of tobacco can be similarly
applied to out-of-doors plants which have been
attacked by aphis.

Verbenas should be pegged down, where the branches
grow long and straggling. In their case pegging has a
double advantage, for it not only keeps the plants tidy,
but it causes them to throw out roots where pegged
down at a joint, and thus increases the strength of the
plant, and induces it to bloom more freely. Where the
garden is not too thickly planted, pegging is applied
with good effect to Larkspurs, Calceolarias, and
Dahlias ; great care must be taken not to break the
shoots when bending them down; by thus bringing
them down near to or upon the ground, the earth
is kept cool and moist, the roots are less liable
to be affected by dry weather, and the blooms
are produced lower, and at a more even height. The
branches of the common Fern make excellent pegs, for
those who are fortunate enough to find it growing near
their residences. The pegs most commonly used are
cut from the twigs of Hazel boughs, such as are sold
for pea-sticks ; while the neatest pegs of all are ladies'
hair-pins, or pieces of wire bent in that way. W. T.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
For the Week ending J uly 10. 1867, aa observed at the Horticultural Gardens.

■

is.

Temperitdre.

Wind

July

B^BOUSTER.

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

Ifoot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

7?.

62

62.0

64

61

R.

Friday
Satur.

R

4 '3l).()72

29.97fl

71

41

5 130.133

30.131

74

Sunday

30.224

7'J

42

S9.0

1) 130.215
8 30.305

30.158

77

(|

30.114

77

44

Wed.

10

9 30.198

30.137

79

41 1 60.0

61.00

SOUS

30.034

7.V1

43.4 1 .59.2 164 00

— o-Fiiie, with white clouds; very fine throughout.

— 6— Fine ; very fine ; tiae at niKht.

— 7— Very fine throufihout ; rather cold at night.

— S-SliRht dry haze ; very fine at night.

— 9-Very flne throughout.

— lO-Very fine ; hot and very fine : cold at night.

Mean temperature of the week.Sjdeg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER. AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending July 20, 1867.

.£•53 S;M

Sunday.. j4 74 3

Mon. ..15 76.6

Tues. ..Hi! 75.9

Wed. ..171 76.1

Thura. ..isl 746

Friday ..19| 73 2
Satur.

50.5
50.5
49.7
51.0
50 0
50 0
50 0

Greatest
Quantity
of iiain.

1 60
0.56
1.22

Prevailing Winds.

ThehiRhest temperature during the ahove period occurred on the
17th, lfi34-themi. 94 dog.; and the lowest on the ISth, 18G3,and
I9th, 1866— therm. 37 dc;:-

Notices to Correspondents.

Caladiums : Edicin. The Caladium of which you sent a leaf,
and which was too much bruised for identification when it
reached ua, is not used in the sub-tropical arrangements in
Battersea Park, nor are any of the hybrids comprising the
section to which it belongs. The following species of
Caladium are, however, used there, viz., C. esculentum,
cucullatum, euchloioim, and violaceum, the two first pro-
ducmg leaves above 3 feet in length.

Malfoemeu FR0ITS OF THE Bird Cherry : WB, Wolshigham.
These fruits are precisely .similar to those described at p. 716
(last week). We found some Fungal threads on the inner
surface, hut wo are unable to say whether they are the cause
or merely a consequence of the disease. It is singular that
in most of these cases two ovules are developed ; it would
hence seem as if, under ordinary circumst;inces, the abortion
of one ovule was in some way or other occasioned by the
gradual pressure exercised by the stone during its formation.

Meteorological Instruments : R T. Instruments for
Jamaica may consist of the following : - Standard barometer ;
a mountain barometer (Gay Lussac's) may be found con-
venient ; standard maximum thermometer, on Professor
Phillips' principle ; Casella's mercurial minimum ther-
mometer will be most suitable, as with great heat spirit
ones are apt to get out of order ; Mason's hygrometer-m a
hot climate ether can scarcely be confined ; ram gauge, with
copper float, or with graduated glass measure ; evaporating
gauge ; Lind's anemometer ; earth thermometers. Il

Names of Plants : Old Sub. Campanula hybrida.— / T S.
Calystegia pubescens.— i='iiix-)«(is. Adiantum concinnum,
a native of tropical America. .

Rhdbarb Wine: Old Si(b. To every gallon of water (ram
water is best) add 5 lb. of ripe Rhubarb, cut into thin slices ;
let it stand nine days, stirring it three times a day, and it is
well to cover the pan or tub with a blanket or cloth. ■ Sti-am
or squeeze the macerated substance through a coarse cloth ;
to every gallon of the liquor thus procured add 4 lb. of
white sugar, the juice of two lemons, and the rind of one ;
then to fine it, 1 ounce of ismglass to every 9 gallons, and
this part of the operation may be thus performed :— Take
about a pint of the liquor, in which melt the isinglass over
the fire ; bo sure that it is cold before pouiing it mto the
vessel containing the rest of the liquor. That done, cask it.
When fermentation is over, bung down. Bottle m MarcU,
and in June it will be fit for use. ^

Wed or Weeded : ERA ask.s which is con-ect— Thomas nas
wed that bed of flowers;" or, " he has weeded that bed oi
flowers?" Certainly Thomas maybe so enamoured utms
flower bed as to be metaphorically wedded to it, but it it bo
full of weeds the bed should bo weeded forthwith ; and
Thomas himself should not be wed untU he has weeded his

WoodfJrd^ Green Marrow Pea : it B. The sample sent of
the new sport of the Woodford Green Marrow Pea is not so
good as the original. It is a very hardy Pea, with a fane
colour, but of bad quality. -^.B ttt r, « w R —

Communications Received.-J. Smith.— W. Dean.-W. K.—
D. T. Fish.— A. Verschafielt.— W. F.— J, J.

July IS, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

741

FOWLKR'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
CULTIVATOR may be SEKN ac WOKK In every Agricultural
County In Enplnud
Ft ■ -

E.C

For''pi?tlcSlar? apply to Jonw Fowler & Co., 71, Cornhill. London,
: and Stoam Ploucih Works, Loeds. ^______

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Armlt Works, Groonllold, near Manchostor.
TANNERS CaRHIERH.ft MANUFACTURERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.
Prico Lists sent freo by pnai.
Warehouse : 81, Mark Lane, London, E.C.

Mr. H. Ferraheb, Agent.

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Incorporated hy Special Act of Parliament In 1853.
To Landownehs. TUB Qlehov, Estate AoENta.SunvEYons, &c., m

England and Wales, and in Scotland.
The Company iidviinoes money, unlimited In amount, for the
following works of Ap;ricultnral Iniprovomont, the whole outlay and
expenses in all cases being liquidated by a rent-charge for 25 years.
i Drainage, Irrlc-ttlon, and Warplny, Embanking, InclosinK,
Clearing, RcclamiitiDB, Planting, for any beneficial purpose.
Engines or Machinery for Draluavie or Irrigation.

2. Farm Roads, Tramways and Railroads for agricultural or farming

purposes.

3. Jetties or Landing places on the sea-coast or on tuo banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Erection of Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other

Buildings required for Farm purposes, and the improvement

of and additions to Farm Houses and other buildings for

i'arm purposes.

Landowners assessed under the provisions of any Act of Parlla-

ment. Royal Charter, or Comratssion in respect of any public or

general works of Drainage or other improvements, may borrow their

proportionate share of the cost, and charge the same with the

expenses on the lands Improved.

The Company will also negotiate the R.-int-chanres obtained by
Landowners under the Iniprovomont of Land Act, 18G4, in respect of
theirSubscnption of Shares in a Railwayor Canal Company.

No Invttstlgation of title Is required, and the Company being of a
strictly Pnancial character, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to Granville R. Ryder, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
moDt Street, London. S.W, ^ .^____^

r^ REAT EASTERN RAILWAY. — ROYAL

VT AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES-
SHOWS, at BURV ST. EDMUND'S, JULY 15, 10, 17, 18, and 19.
FIRST and SECOND CLASS RETURN TICKETS at the mml
Return Ticket Fares, issued to BURY, on MONDAY, July 15, and
ibtervening days, will bo available for the Return Journey on any
day up to and muluding S;Uurdav, July 20. On Thui-sday and
Friday, Julv 18 and lit. Return Tickets at the ordinary Siuijle Fares,
will be issued to Bury and back, available for the Return Journey
on the day of issue only. These Return and Single Fare Tickets will
be issued at the Stations which usuallv book to Bury, and at certain
other ot the larger and important Junction Stations, to which
passengers from the minor Stations cau book locally, and there
obtain through tickets to Bun-.

On TUESDAY and THURSDAY. Julv IC and 18, a SPECIAL
TRAIN, 1st, 2d. and 3d Class will leave LONDON for BURY
(Eastgate Station), at S.3 1 a m., due at Bury about 11.45 a.m., return-
ing from Biu-y (Eustsate Statiou) at G.30 p.m. the same day.

By Order, R. Moselev, General Manager.

London, July, 1867.

Entries Close JxUy 25.

MANCHESTER aud LIVERPOOL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

GRAND CENTENARY CELEBRATION SHOW, at MAN-
CHESTER, AUGUST 27, 28. and 29, on the Site of the Art Treasures
Exhibition and Land adjoining (about 20 Acres in extent), at Old
Tiafford. and adjoining the Botanical Gardens and Grounds.

PRIZES amounting to UPWARDS of TWO THOUSAND
POUNDS are offered for HORSES, SHEEP, WOOL, PIGS,
POULTRY, PIGEONS. DOGS, CHEESE, BUTTER, GRAIN and
tutors, VEGETABLKS, SADDLERY, IMPLEMENTS,
.M.VCHINERY, and MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.

The Horned Cattle Prizes have been withdrawn, in conformity
with tho Cattle Plague ordei-s of the Privy Council.

ENTRIES CLOSE on the 26th INSTANT.

Prize Lists and Forms of Entry may be obtained from Mr. H.
WFiiTWoRTn, Assistant Local Secretary, Carlton Buildings, Cooper
Street, Manchester ; or from T. B. Rtdek, Secretary.

S7a, Church Street, Liverpool, July 6, 1867.

PUBLIC MF.ETING in the ROYAL SHOW WEEK.
—The MEMBERS and FRIENDS of CHAMBERS of AGRI-
CDLTURE are requested to attend a PUBLIC MEETING m the
ATHEN.EUM or TOWN HALL, BURY ST. EDMUND'S, on
TUESDAY, July IC, at7o'Clock in the evening, for the purpose of
urging the Legislature to enforce the Slaughter, Eftectuat Separa-
tion, or Quarantine of alllmported Animals at the Forts of Landing ;
also for considering what steps can be taken to obtain a Compensa-
tion for those Persona whose Cattle were destroyed by order of
Inspectors between November 23, 1865, and February 20, 1866.

John Algernon Clarke, Secretary.
Central Chamber of Agriculture, 11, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W

Bury Agricultural Meeting.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICUL-
TURAL GAZETTE of SATURDAY, July 20, will contain a
FULL REPORT of this MEETING. A Smgle Copy sent on
receipt of Six Stamps.
Office for Advertisements, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, London.

Eixt Egrtcttltural (Ba^ette.

SATURDAY, JULY 13, 1867.

MONDAT,
'lrE8D\Y,

Wedsesdit

Thdrsdat,

Fhidat,

MEETINO FOR THE ENSUEJa WEEK.
July IS-v

raly IS-v

19 j
It)

Society Meeting of the Royal Agricul-
tural Society of England, at Bury St.
Edmund's.

The prettj' county town of Bury St. Edmund's
is bedecked in Hags and flowers in honour of the
Eoyal Agricultural Society's annual meeting.
Every house is gay outside and hospitable
within. Set in a charming country — with such
a rare addition to the attractions of the trysting
place as its old Abbey, with many acres of
delightful pleasure-ground lying within its
ruined walLs — clean as water, labour, and paint
can make it — with a Mayor, too, not only
instinct with hospitality, but himself an accom-
plished agriculturist, it will be unaccountable if
the capital of West Suffolk do not gratify its
many agricultural visitors during the ensuing
week.

The annual gathering of the National Agri-
cultural Society, is, indeed, still for another
year bereft of one of its principal attractions.
The Cattle classes are prudently omitted from its

prize lists ; and neither the enthusiastic advocates
of the local breed, nor the "world" of Short-
horn breeders, will bo roprcsonted hei'o.

Tho Horse show promises, however, to bo un-
usually good ; there will ba an unrivalled exhi-
bition in tho Sheep classes, a good show of Pigs,
and a capital display of Poultry. Two hundred
and sixty entries of llor-sos, of which 35 roprosont
tho Sullblk Punch ; about 300 pons of Sheep, 50
Leicesters and nearly as many Cotswolds, (iO or
70 Southdowns, and nearly as many Shropshiros,
with fair classes of Oxford Downs and Hamp-
shiros, will contribute a capital display in these
main sections of tho live stock show. There are
about 130 entries of I'igs, and 340 of Poultry.

It must not be forgotten, too, that among the
chief attractions of the week are those offered by
the Eoyal Horticultural Society, which this year
inaugurates at Bury an entirely new course by
tho first of its annual Provincial Shows, of which
full information will be given in tho Gardeners'
Chronicle.

Apart, therefore, from tho Implement-yard of
the Society, which was opened on Wednesday
last, it will be seen that the prospects of the
annual meeting are very good indeed.^ Of
the details of the agricultural machinery
here collected, we shall next week give a
full report. The interest hitherto has been con-
fined to the trials of steam engines and barn
machinery, which commenced on Thursday.
There are no field trials of any kind under
official guidance, and whether any others cau be
undertaken does not yet appear ; for it seems
that the machinery exhibited, when once within
the yard cannot be removed tUl the meeting is
over. We understand, however, that Messrs.
Fowler have obtained land on the farm of Mr.
Green, about a mile from Bury, on the New-
market road, where a dupUcato set of their
steam cultivating apparatus will be .shown
at work dui'ing the week.* And we cannot
doubt that some means will be obtained
of exhibiting ihe other system of steam culti-
vation in operation also. Of reaping machines at
work, and mowers, however, just now the most
important, and as Mr. M'Cttllooh, of Beigate,
reminds us in the Times, a most successful class
of machines, we fear that no public exhibition
will be made.

The absence of the field trials, and the concen-
tration of judges and spectatoi-s within the yard,
take off considerably from the excitement of the
first days of the show, dui-ing which, however,
real and useful work is being done, of which we
shall see the fruits hereafter. The close compe-
tition of rival firms in the production of a steam-
engine which shall satisfy the nice and narrow
tests to which they are here subjected, tends,
perhaps, to the manufacture rather of a showy
racer than of a lasting and useful worker. There
are, however, certain featm-es needed by the
latter, as well as by the former, which are thus
secured ; and the main test of quality relied
on — namely, the quantity of work accomplished
by a given quantity of coal — is one which is espe-
cially useful m countries and in districts.) of
expensive fuel, where such aids are especially
valuable and serviceable. In barn machinery,
whose trial has boon proceeding during the week
much more satisfactorily than that of any other
class, there is no lack of competition. In particular,
a great variety of corn screens, many of them
new and promising, are being put through their
trial paces. Mr. Crowe, of King's Lynn,
exhibits engine and threshing machine, packed
in one, on the same four wheels on which he
has come by steam power along the highway all
the way fi-om Lynn to iUustrate to his customers
his entire independence of the farmer's horses,
both by his journey hither and his performance
at its termination.

Among other useful novelties is the applica-
tion of the sewing machine on the great scale to
the weaving a web of pulled straw which shall
serve as thatch. We may also refer, as a feature
of the yard, to the number of straw and hay
elevators on the plan of Mi-. Hayes' well-known
machine. It is a labour-saving tool, which is
very much wanted during harvest time, both in
Grass counties and on plough land ; and a
cheaper tool than any which has yet been seen
ought to bo provided, which shall be workable
efficiently by horse-power.

As a whole, we believe we may congratulate

* On Monday, from 12 to 3, Fowler's double drum engines,
\vith anchor, will work, plough, and cultivate. On the otlier
days hla various other implements will he shown at work
from 10 to 3. Tho 6-furrow plough, deep digger, and 12 feet
"ide cultivator, all made for li^ht land, wiU boworked on
Wednesday,

tho Society upon tho Show-yard of 18G7, as
being at once a fuller and a more strictly agri-
cultural display than any which it has hitherto
exhibited. Wo understand that it will be visited
on Monday next by II. II. the Viceroy of
Mfivi'T, who will on that day be the guest of tho
Society at Bury.

Tun North Brilisk AijrlcuUurist very properly

calls attention to the state of the subscription to the
testimonial which the Uev. Patkick Beli. is to receive
as the inventor of tho reaping machine. Tho Editor
well says :— " As a member of committee, the sum
which we believed could bo obtained was something
between 5000/. and GOOD/. ; and wo still hope tliat land-
lord.s, farmers, and others connected witli a;?riculture
willreconsidertheclaims which the Rev. Patrick Bell
has ujion them for a substantial acknowledgment of
the debt of gratitude due to him, so that the sub-
scriptions may reach tho sum we have indicated. The
fact that not more than one in nine or ten of the
members of the Society have subscribed to the testi-
monial does not speak highly of the sense entertained
by thorn of the incomparable services rendered by the
inventor of tho reaping machine. Although Mr.
Skiuvino considers that '800/., subscribed by 1000 of
the first agriculturists in the world, was a testimonial
of which any man might feel proud,' he overlooked
some of the facts which have an important bearing on
the subscriptions. The gentleman who contributes
tho largest sum, namely, 50/., acquired his wealth a.s a
manufacturer. Besides this handsome subscription by
Mr. Young, of Limefield, other gentlemen not directly
connected with agriculture, subscribe. If their subscrip-
tions were deducted, tlio average sums given by agricul-
turists would be considerably under what many could
suppose. All who have subscribed may feel satislied that
they have in this instance contributed to one of the most
laudable objects ever undertaken by the Society. The
fact of the Society having voted the sum of 100/.
towards the expenses incurred in bringing the subject
of the testimonial under the notice of the members is
most creditable ; but this vote is not to be regarded by
the individual members as absolving them from tlieir
obligations to subscribe. It should rather act as a
stimulus to the managers of the various agricultural
societies in the United Kingdom to consider the claims
which the inventor of the reaping machine has upon
tliem, individually and collectively, as members of
associations having for their object the advancement of
practical agriculture. With the exception of tlie
Logie and Lecropt Farmers' Club, none of the local
agricultural societies in Scotland have subscribed."
Let us hope that English landowners, farmers, and
machine-makers will consider the services rendered to
aU of them by the invention of Mr. Bell, and join in
making this testimonial a better evidence of well
deserved gratitude than is at present indicated by the
subscription list.

A correspondent informs us that having laid

into Grass a few acres round his cottage, and planted
the field with ornamental trees and shrubs, he finds the
fencing these plantations, to protect them from cattle,
to be costly, and ho therefore contemplates making the
Grass each year into hay. Farm-yard dung cannot be
obtained, at the same time he desires to maintain the
land in good condition so that the hay produced may be
good in quality and iiullicient in quantity. Therefore
he asks what artificial manures will help him to the
desired result. We recommend him to study the
experiments of Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert on this
subject, recorded in many past volumes of the English
Agricultural Society's Journal. He will there find
that a clovery pasture may be obtained by the constant
annual use of bone-dust or of superphosphates and
alkaline salts, and that a coarse grassy pasture will be
obtained by the constant annual use of sulphate of
ammonia. The grass may be mown every year,
and will maintain the character it has acquired under
this treatment. In neither case will the treatment be
profitable— that is to say, the Grass will not p,ay for
rent, labour, and manure constantly applied in this
way. But he may, if he pleases, gradually reduce the
quantities applied as at Itothampsted, and he may
attain a result more profitable than was there achieved
by the use of diminished quantities. It would certainly
help him to this result if the aftermath were each year
fed oU' by sheep folded on the Gra.ss receiving cake.
Let him try the annual application in March of 2 cwt.
per acre of superphosphate made into a compost with
a cartload of earth— afterwards folding sheep on the
aftermath, and giving them a half to 1 lb. of cake or
Peas daily during autumn.

■ Twenty-one mowing machines competed on

Friday of last week for prizes ofiered by the
Newcastle Farmers' Club on old land Grass, in
fields between Scotswood and Swalwell. A large
number of agriculturists witnessed the trial,
and machines from the following makers were
tried : — Brigham and Bickerton, Berwick ; W.
Trotter, Stocksfield ; Wood's American ; Joseph
Sim, Newton, Stocksfield ; Burgess & Key, London ;
Scott, Felton ; Lilie, Goodlet, Elder, & Co., Berwick :
Stothart, Merton, North Shields; J. Sim, mower and
reaper combined ; Brown, Eachwiok. IVjnteland ; Geo.
Gillies, Heydon Bridge ; Hornsby & Co.. Grantham ;
Kearsley, Ripon; Bamlett, Thirsk; Samuelson, Ban-
bury, &c. The judges were, Messrs. John Angus,
jun., Whitefield, near Morpeth; Hugh Stephenson,
Throckley; and J. A. Armstrong, Wylam. After a
first trial as many as seven were selected for a second.
These were Sim's, Burgess & Key's, Brown's, and
Hornsby & Co.'s (two machines). After a long con-
test, the principal prize lay between one of the
Messrs. Hornsby's machines and the one exhibited by
Messrs. Burgess & Key, which, despite the uuevennesa

II

742

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRlCtJLTDRAL GAZETTE

[JlTlY IS, 1867.

of the ground, cleared the Grass in a surprisingly quick
and skilful manner. Eventually the judges gave their
decision in favour of the last mentioned, being seem-
ingly guided by the object aimed at by the Committee
of the Club, which was that attention should be
directed to the excellence of the work performed, to
the construction and capacity of the machine, and to
the cost. The official award accordingly was as under :
—1st prize, Wl, Messrs. Burgess & Key, price of
machine 20^., with two knives ; 2d, 5?., the Paragon,
Messrs. Hornsby, 22^,, two knives ; 3d, SI, Mr. Sim,
221. 10s., two knives. Messrs. Hornsby' s, price 2U. Ws.,
and Bamlett's, price 271. 10s., were highly commended,
and Brown's commended.

Mr. D. Stone, F.C.S., to whose plan of disinfec-
tion we have already referred, has published a paper,
read by him before the Manchester Medical Society,
on Disinfection by Euchlorine in constant and regular
flow, in which he recommends " that a few grains of
crystals of chlorate of potash should be dropped into a
wine-glass two-thirds full of muriatic acid, of a proper
strength, which is that of fuming acid. A brisk effer-
vescence of gas, or a slow one, may be had at pleasure
by choosing large or small crystals. Twice a day,
morning and evening, this is to be done in all
shippons [cow-houses]. Chlorine, sensible to smell
and test-papers, is thus ever present day and night,
for even when the effervesence has ceased in the
wine-glass, the liquor is fully impregnated with the
gas, and quietly gives it off to the air. On re-charging
the wine-glass, the old liquor is thrown on the floor of
the shippons." He adds:— "The chlorine, when
generated for use in sick and infected rooms, should
always be placed high up, on a shelf, in the apart-
ment. If the chlorine vessel is put, as I have seen
it in old times, under the bed of the patient, little
or no advantage follows. The dense gas will float on
the floor, and find its way down the stairs, and the
people below will have nearly all the chlorine. Some
newspaper correspondents and others sought to ridi- [
cule my instructions to put the chlorine generator on j
the highest point in a room, and to sneer at what ;
they inferred was the want of a knowledge of the ;
'law of diffusion.' They said gases rise and diffuse.
No doubt ; but if a jar generating chlorine is put on
the top step of the central flight of stairs in the lecture ;
room of our Medical School, and test-papers put on ;
every tread down to the floor, it will be seen that
gravity takes precedence of diffusion, and the gas will
roll down step after step, leaving its record on the test-
papers. I have never found it to pass step by step up
stairs."

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

In your number of Saturday last you place before
your readers the educational scheme just issued by the
Council of the Royal Agricultural Society, and in
your remarks upon this scheme you give me the credit
of having arranged it. Allow me to set you right in
this matter. Several members of the former Educa-
tion Committee have cordially co-operated with me in
framing the present scheme, and none more so than
Mr. Adand and Mr. Dent, both zealous partisans of
the abandoned measure. Without their assistance
(and more particularly without that of the first-named j
gentleman) the scheme would not have been placed
before the Council for their approval in so satisfactory
a shape as it now assumes. JEd. Holland, X>umbleton
Hall, Evesham. [We rejoice to know that Mr. !
Holland's scheme for the promotion of professional i
agricultural education is receiving the support of Mr.
Acland and Mr. Dent; but these gentlemen will, we
presume, themselves admit that, had it not been for
Mr. Holland's persistent advocacy of it, they would
themselves have remained in that majority of the
Council with whom, till lately, they had acted in oppo-
sition to it.]

IN SEARCH OP A COB.
" Mokton's Almanac," one of our most interesting
and comprehensive annual publications, like all human
productions, is not infallible. Guided by the informa-
tion which it contains, I last week bent my steps to
the towns of New Radnor and Presteign, expecting to
find a fair at both places. Alas ! no event of the kind
was even expected at either. The host of the " Eagle "
at Radnor informed me that fairs had long been dis-
continued ; and I verily believe many events advertised
under all our fairs lists in England and Wales, would,
upon inquiry, prove equally erroneous. Owing to the
introduction of railways, and the rapid growth of
towns, in hitherto isolated districts, trade, and there-
fore live stock, has taken different routes;
and there is no longer the same inducement
to accumulate animals at localities previously held con-
venient for sales of stock ; there is yet another, and an
important cause, why many fairs and country markets
wiU from henceforth lack any importance. "The restric-
tions imposed upon agriculturists during the existing
cattle plague have slowly but surely directed the flow of
live stock by new channels, and to outlets which will
continue to receive the cargoes that pour into them ;
and it is improbable that the course trade has now
assumed will ever be materially diverted. There is a
general opinion prevailing that the day is approaching
when most descriptionsof live stock will exchange hands
under the auctioneer's hammer, and any one acquainted
with the usages of our fairs will admit that this method
is much more agreeable and convenient to the pur-
chaser and seller than the higgling in an open street of
a country town, where dealer is allied with dealer to
cause frivolous and vexatious delay. As a rule, at all
fairs and markets, persons ask from 20 to 25 per cent,
more than they are prepared to take, and valuable
time is wasted in bartermg, when two words would
suffice to complete a fair deal. The introduction of

railways has also aided to overthrow the customs of
many districts. In place of the market at most or all
of the small provincial towns we find the weekly
gathering conflned to one town, larger and
more important than its neighbours, and monthly
instead of weekly markets have been generally esta-
blished at the smaller towns ; at least I found this to
be the case, in districts where I made these notes. But
I am digressing, for my object when I took pen in
hand was to relate a few incidents attendant upon a
four days' visit to Mid- Wales, " in search of a cob."
Nothing daunted by the error in " Morton's Almanac,"
I published my wants in the towns and villages through
which my route lay, and found hosts of good fellows
ready to conduct me to Messrs. Jones's, Thomas's,
Williams's, and Evans's farms, where, of course, I was
sure to see exactly the animal I had described— as
follows :— 14-2 high, clean head (no matter if a little
large), prominent eye, full nostril, sharp ears, well
set on a nicely turned pole, thin neck and plenty of
crest ; fine shoulders, set well back ; deep girth, broad
chest ; ribs close together, springing roundly from a
muscular back ; hip-bones broad and high, to match a
tail well put on, big thighs and strong gaskins,
muscular arms, forelegs well forward, broad flat knees,
short joints, strong clean hocks, moderately long
pasterns, united to round broad feet and a high heel ;
lastly, the action should be even and perfect as the
movements of a watch, a well-measured sound tread,
and no hitting or crossing legs, if you please. _ Well, of
course, I am joking. I hardly entered into this
elaborate discussion with Taffy, but I gave him credit
for a knowledge which very few possess. After
toiling for miles over hill and valley, 1 was rewarded
by the sight of animals without one feature of a cob
about them. Upon remarking as much to the owners,
it was ludicrous to hear their expressions of surprize.
" Well, indeed ! dear me ! I did think the little horse
perfect." These fellows certainly ask enough for their
animals ; in nearly every instance they named a price
far beyond the value of the beast. In this respect they
quite equal their brSther Englishmen, although
far behind him in home management, and sadly
lacking energy.

The farms are small— from 80 to 150 acres in extent ;
about one-eighth arable, the remainder in small
pastures, and in some oases an addition of some 200 or
300 acres of mountain. Such manure as can be
scraped together is applied to the roots, and I must give
the tenants credit for their attempts to obtain this
crop. No pains are spared to clean the land, which is
bouted up m good straight ridges, on which the seed is
drilled after an application of 3 cwt. of superphos-
phate. The roots are generally hauled off, and the
land is immediately prepared and sown with Wheat,
then follows Barley or Oats, sown down with broad
Clover, and a small proportion of Rye-grass. The
seeds are invariably fed off, and dressed the following
autumn with lime, about 3 tons per acre, which is
ploughed in, and Wheat succeeds. It occurred to me
that much labour might be saved on these hills by
growing Vetches and other green crops to be ploughed
in ; by this course a larger extent of arable land would
become productive. Hereford cattle hold a con-
spicuous position on all farms. In the valleys between
Presteign and Builth I observed many of very superior
quality. The calves have a rare charm, running along-
side their dams for the best part of 12 months. This
plan I found had its objections, for the young beasts
scarcely rest during the hot months, being tormented
by flies, which swarm in the lowlands. The sheep
throughout the districts are of a mixed breed between
the mountain and long-woolled medium-sized animals,
with varied countenances ; in most flocks you could
trace features of Shropshire and other Downs, and also
of the Cotswolds. I.found a prevailing feeling in favour
of the Eyeland, a scarce breed, but a sheep of much
merit. The custom of shearing the lambs exists still
in Radnorshire and other adjoining counties. No
injury appears to accrue to the animals from
the loss of their jackets, which rarely exceed 1 lb.
in weight. Farm -houses as a rule are roomy,
and much dilapidated. One of these residences,
a large two-gabled edifice, with handsome mullioned
windows, was particularly interesting. In the kitchen,
some 26 feet square, was a carved mantel-pieoe
exhibiting the family arms ; over it hung a cuirass and
spear. Two tables, 10 feet in length, were laid for the
mid-day meal— one for the farmer's family, numbering
10, the other for his servants, as the old custom still
prevails of boarding and feeding the labourers, who are
hired alwages varying from 10/. to 20/. per annum each.

The residence on an adioining farm possessed all
the charm of a Highland' home, built on a knoll
running out of a deep glen, sheltered by Larch and Oak
woods. I was received by the lady of the house with
frankness and hospitality ; her worthy husband, though
an invalid, gave me much information upon the
breeding of horses, &c., in the Principa,lity. The
scarceness of good cobs and ponies is mainly to be
attributed to the small remuneration which belongs to
breeding ; as mv host and many others observed, when
we can sell a two-year-old steer for 17/., there is no
inducement to breed a cob, to sell it for 25/. at four
years old ;" so this fact, in connection with the greater
demand for cart colts, explains the mystery. The style
of the entire horse which now travels throughout
Wales is cobby and carty, with great bone and lots of
muscle,— an animal sure of patronage on all sides.
Cart, cob, and pony mares are put to him, without
discrimination, and thus a progeny as varied as possible
is produced and scattered throughout the land.
Occasionally a fine-shaped stallion pony is met with,
and a broken-down racer, but the first described beast
in most oases claims the preference. It rests I believe
entirely with landowners and the wealthier portion of
the tenantry in the Principality, to restore the much
valued and popular animal, by a resolution to retain m

their localities all mares which are likely to prove of
value for breeding purposes, and care in selecting
stallions. Adopting these measures, the country would
soon reproduce the far-famed but, alas ! now nearly
extinct cob or hackney of the old school. /. L. F.,
JuTie 27,

THE PAST QUARTER.

[The following is the report ^ven in the number of the •
Quarterly Jouiiial of Science just published,] *

The cattle plague is still one of the leading agricul-
tural topics. Its reappearance in the London cow-
houses within the past few weeks, after so long an
interval, has startled us aU ; and agricultural societies,
believing that it is the result of an imported poison,
are urging upon (Jovernment the need of altogether
forbidding the landing of live cattle from the Continent,
or at least of killing all fat stock at the port of debarka-
tion, allowing milch cattle and other stock in " store"
condition to leave only after a sufficiently long
quarantine. During the last weeks of May the disease,
which had since January altogether left the metropolis,
reappeared in many cow-houses in the east and north
of London ; and in several cases large herds_ have been
swept away ; the virulence of the attack being just as
great as ever. No fewer than 60 cows in one herd of
95 were taken in three days from the first detection of a
symptom, and the whole were then slaughtered ; and
the same fate has overtaken several other stocks. The
whole of the cattle grazing on Wormwood Scrubs, for
example, have been thus disposed of : and it is to be
hoped that the severity of the measures which have
been adopted may hinder the further extension of the
malady. No attempt at cure has hitherto succeeded.
Mr. H. Dixon, who has as large and particular
acquaintance with English herds as any man, relates in
the current number of the English Agricultural
Society's Journal the few examples known to him of
any attempt to deal with the disease. His evidence
amounts to little more than that isolation has saved
manv a herd that was in danger, and that remedies ;
have" done hardly anything whatever. Thus, Mr.
Davies, of Cheshire, had saved his herd for some
months by using chlorine gas constantly in the houses,
and hyposulphite of soda in the water given to the
cattle; sawdust, too, was used as litter, being more
cleanly than straw ; but whether the safety of the stock
was due to mere isolation or to this disinfection of
their houses and this medication of their food cannot
be certainly declared. It was not, however, until they
had been turned out to the pasture field that they were
attacked, and then many of them died. An iodine
ointment rubbed on the chest and acting as a counter-
irritant, served in two or three cases to give relief when
applied early enough ; hut in only 9 cases out of 36 did
the patient recover. Mr. Aylmer, of Norfolk, tried'
chloroform : of 90 head, 6 died before treatment, 6 were
not attacked, and no fewer than -11 recovered. ^ Pull-
grown beasts had an ounce of chloroform administered!
to them each time, calves a quarter of an ounce, audi
others in proportion to their age. A saturated hand-
kerchief was simply put in a bag, which was hung olosei
under the nostrils and tied by a string behind the poll.
Five to seven minutes was generally enough to produce'
insensibility, and the cattle were kept under itsi
influence for periods of from half-an-hour to two
hours. Seven or eight doses generally effected a cure ;
and they seem to have 'oeen administered twice a day.
The immediate effect was to sweeten the breath of the'
animal, the inflammation and fever were reduced, and
unless these returned within the day, the case waS'
hopeful. The result of all was that in July, the disease ;
having appeared in April. " Mr. Aylmer found himself
with a clean bill of health and with upwards of 60 per
cent, of those which had been treated alive and well in
their stalls." Notwithstanding, however, ^ the few
examples of treatment which seem, like this one, to
have afforded some encouragement, it is still almost
universally admitted that our only preventive is to be
found in isolation, and our only hope of safety in
immediate slaughter. .

The Journal of the English Agricultural Society
contains in its current number a large mass of very
valuable information on the subject of steam oultiva^
tion. It has been long admitted that a tool drawn i
across the land and stirring the soil or ploughing it to
its full depth, without trampling it and poaching it as
norses do when they are the power employed, must be
greatly improved in its efficiency as a tillage implement.
Experience has perfectly established this wherever the
thing has been put to the test on clay land ; and many
a clay-land farm which could not formerly he cultivated
except during short intervals of suitable weather, and
then only by a staff of horses which must be kept all
through the year for the purpose, has since been a
standing advertisement of the superiority of that culti-
vation by steam power, which could be thus rapidly
accomplished during the short intervals when alone
clay land ought to be touched, and which at the same
time involved comparatively little expense when the
tools employed lay idle. It was, however, still generally
feared that the cost of steam cultivation was excessive,
and either beyond the means of ordinary English
farmers or so much in excess of the ordinary experience
of horse tillage as to be dearly bought. The large
number of instances collected by the Society's com-
missioners has now sufliciently cleared up whatever
was debatable on the subject. They were instructed to
investigate not only the depth and character of steani
tillage and the improvements it effected in soil and
subsoil, but also the detail of the expenditure incurred
—the annual expenses connected with it in tear ana
wear and breakages, and all the other drawbacks to the
system. And the conclusion arrived at is for the most
part extremely encouraging, and will no doubt promote

* Quarlerl,, Jotmml of Science, No. XV. J. ChurchiU & Son,
Now Burlington Street.

JtTLY 13, 1867.1

TTIE GABBENEUS' CimnNICLE AN!) AGTlTCtlLTTn^AT. GAZETTE.

743

the adoption of all the rival plans of carrying out steam
cultivation under the various circumstances appro-
priate to each. On light soil as well as heavy, the
advantage of prompter, cheaper, and more thorough
work done by steam power has been perfectly demon-
strated.

Since the publication of the report the subject has
received prolonged discussion at an unusually full
meeting of the Agricultural Society ; and it w.as declared
that the advantage of steam cultivation amounted on
average soils to at least eight bushels per acre in the
produce of the grain crops — that arable culture is by
means of it annually becoming both cheaper and better
— that the drainage of clay soils is facilitated — that
while the direct system of traction adopted by Messrs,
Fowler & Co. is the best for large fields and large farms,
yet the cheaper roundabout system with a stationed
engine and windlass is perfectly satisfactory— that even
when coals cost '10s. a ton, the power obtained from 6il.
worth of them is equal to the day's labour of a horse —
and that the system wherever it is adopted is improving
all the classes interested in agriculture, and is thus
establishing on a more satisfactory basis the relations
amongst landlord, tenant, and labourer.

The revelations made in a recent Blue Book, of the
abuses to which the gang system of employiuK children
in the field has given rise, have excited an interest
during the past quarter. In recently enclosed districts,
the cottage accommodation is especially deficient.
Labourers live in widely separated villages, and the
labour of boys and girls in the fields being needed on
arable land, they have to walk many miles to and from
their work, and, being employed at particular seasons
on different farms from their parents, and thus collected
in bodies under gang-masters, they are liable to all the
risks which association with the vicious among them-
selves and subjection to an unfit foreman sometimes
entail upon them. So much feeling has been excited
on the subject, that it is probable some legislation may
ensue, limiting the age at which girls and boys shall be
employed in this w.ay, as well as the dist.ance from their
home beyond which they shall not be allowed to work.
The condition of the agricultural labourers which has
thus been forced upon our attention by a Royal Com-
mission, is also being urged on public notice by them-
selves. At Gawcott, in Buckinghamshire, there has
been a strike amongst them for.higher wages, apparently
a perfectly spontaneous act, which has, we believe,
resulted in the men out of work being gradually drafted
oir to other districts at better paid employment ; and at
Halberton, in Devonshire, thesame process has been going
on, organised and carried out by the clergyman of the
parish, to the great annoyance of the employers,
'['hough, however, in those two cases, the process has
obtruded itself on public attention, it must not be
supposed that it is only here that it has been in opera-
tion. Almost everywhere the gradual rise of wages in
agricultural districts is in progress. Young men refuse
employment at the current rate, and go elsewhere for
work, and employers are forced to pay a larger sum to
their successors. In this way, we may hope that the
improved condition of the labouring classes will
gradually extend, and better cottages and greater
comforts will be offered to retain the hands that
farmers need. In some few instances, attempts have
been made to introduce the co-operative system into
agriculture. Labourers have been offered a share in
the profits of the business ; the capital of the employer
receiving a fixed annual sum as interest, the labour of
the workman receiving a fixed weekly sum as wages,
and the surplus, if any, being divided according to a
proportion mutually ageed upon between the two.
This system is less likely to gain ground in farming
(where so many risks are run, and where the surplus
may be sometimes large and sometimes less than
nothing) than it is in trade or manufacture, where the
risks being less, the returns are much more uniform.
Any attempt, however, to attach to one another the
various classes interested in agriculture is praiseworthy,
whether it be organised in ttiis way or, better still, be
the fruit of personal relationship and friendship between
the employers and their workmen, and their families
one by one.

The subject of emigration, hitherto discussed chiefly
in connection with an over-population of the labouring
class, has during the past quarter been the subject of a
lecture before the London Farmers' Club, in connec-
tion rather with our surplus numbers in the class of
agricultural employers. And the Rev. G. Smythies has
thus pointed out to farmers and their families the
opening that exists in the United States, in Canada, at
the Cape, in Australia, and in the countries adjoining
the River Plate— the opportunities for a prosperous
agricultural career, where a smaller capital with the
necessary industry and skill will suffice to produce a
better income than can be obtained from farming here.
A work by Mr. Latham, for many years resident near
Buenos Ayres, in which the agricultural advantages of
that neighbourhood have been impartially related, has
been lately published by Messrs. Longman, and it is
significant of the overflowing numbers in the upper
agricultural class, that the whole edition has met with
an immediate sale.

Among the agricultural publications of the past
quarter, we must not forget the volume by Dr. .Sellar
and Sir. H. Stephens, of Edinburgh, on " Physiology at
the Farm in aid of Rearing and Peeding Live Stock "
(Blackwoods), which well deserves to be widely studied
by the farmer, as a clear and satisfactory exposition of
the Physiology and Chemistry of nutrition, and a
description of the methods by which agriculturists
may turn the information thus given to account in
practice.

The Proceedings of the Society of Arts must not be
forgotten in our chronicle. At Mr. Harry Chester's
suggestion, an energetic Food Committee of that body
has been employed in collecting and disseminating
information on the importation, marketing, preserva-

tion, cookery, &c., of all kinds of meat— on the nature
of the milk trade by which London is supplied, and on
the supply of milk in <»untry districts— also on the
economii'al possibilities of the flour manufacture. A
very useful mass of facts h.as been thus collected, which
must ullimatoly exert good influence on the various
di'parliiiriils (if the trade in food. Professor John
Wilson, of I'ldinlinrgh, has called attention, through
this committee, to M. Moiirios' ])lan of dealing with
Whe.at, by which only the outer cuticle of the grain,
containing nothing that is digestible as food, is removed.
The bran, as at present taken from the flour, con-
tains no less than 15 per cent, of useful nitrogenous
ingredients, and is itself 15 per cent, of the whole grain.
The cuticle which M. Mouries removes is only 1 per
cent, of the Wheat, and it is not only worthless as food
but, owing to its absorbent nature, it is absolutely
mischievous, by increasing the diflloulty of storing and
keeping the grain. The decorticated grain will pack
closer, keep better, and yield a larger quantity of more
nutritious flour than the whole Wheat dealt with as it
is hy the ordinary English miller.

\ et another mniter connected with the Society of
Arts has to be reported. It has ofiered a handsome
prize for the best account of harvest jirocess in this and
other countries : — " Whereby cut corn may be protected
from rain in the field ; whereby standing corn may, in
wet seasons, be cut and carried, for drying by artificial
process ; whereby corn so harvested may be dried by
means of ventilation, hot air, or other methods, with
suggestions for the storage both in the ear and after
threshing ; and whereby corn, sprouted, or otherwise
injured, by wet, may be best treated for grinding or
teeding purposes." The whole must be supplemented
by a statement of the practical results, and of the actual
cost of each system described; and .authenticated
estimates must be given of any process proposed for
adoption, based upon existing, possibly incomplete
experiments.

The probability of drying Grass artificially, except at
an expense which will make the process unprofitable,
is not very great; nevertheless, it seems that if the
data of the books can be realised in practice, the thing
is po.ssible, and, if so, the smaller quantity of water
contained in ripe grain, and the greater value of the
remainder when the water has been dried off and the
crop is ready for storage or for market, should make
the artificial process of drying grain crops quite
successful. It is probable that 100,000,000 grains of
water must be driven off from Grass to make two tons
of hay, or to dry a fair grain crop off four acres of land.
To carry this quantity off in vapour will need
10,000,000 cubic feet of dry air, at an ordinary summer
temperature ; but if the air were heated artificially to
212', and the water were thus converted into steam at
the boiling point, not more than 400,000 cubic feet
would be needed to carry it away. Or, supposing that
the air was heated up to nearly 212° and could be
removed saturated before it had cooled down below
140' in the process — thus carrying off a full load of
water at that temperature, then about 1,000,000 cubic
feet would be required to make ready for the rick two
tons (say SI. worth) of hay, or five acres (say 50/. worth)
of a Wheat crop. We are told in books that 1 lb. of
coal will boil otf 6 lb. of w'ater, and if so, we ought to
be able with one ton of coal to heat (sufficiently)
enough of air to carry off the water which exists in the
quantities of Grass and corn respectively which have
been named. It is to be hoped that the prize offered
by the Society of Arts may elicit the results of some
satisfactory experiments in connection with this
subject.

Among the principal agricultural facts of the past
quarter are the extraordinary prices which have been
commanded by pure bred Short-horn cattle. Mr.
Betts' small herd of "Grand Duchesses" — 13 cows,
bulls, and calves— descended from cows of the late
Kirkleavington herd bred by Mr. Bates from " Young
Duchess," a cow bought at Charles Ceiling's sale in
1810, have realised at a sale by auction 5759/. 5s., or
443/. apiece. Other families of pure Short-horn blood
have fetched from 1.50/. to 5G0/. apiece at the sales of
Mr. C. L. Betts, ne.ar Aylesford, Kent, and of Mr. D.
Mcintosh, near Romford, Essex. Sixty-three animals
of all ages at the former sale made 180/. 19s. each, and
57 animals of all ages at the latter sale made IIC/.
apiece ; and thus Mr. Strafford, the auctioneer, sold on
two successive days 120 animals of all ages, for 18,000/,,
or 150/. apiece.

An important lecture by Dr. Voelcker before the
English Agricultural Society, on the relations of food
and manure, throws light on the economics of an
important branch of farm practice. The various food
constituents were declared to succeed one another in
the order of value according to the following list :—

1. Ready-made fat, i. e., oil.

2. Starch, siignr, pectin.

3. Young ccllul.ir fibre.

4. Albumen, gluten, casein, &c.
f). Mineral m.itter.

6. Woody matters, which are of little or no value.

But the money value of purchased food depends not
only on the actual nutritiveness of the material, but
also on the value of the fertilising matters which pass
through the animal into the manure. Dr. Voelcker
estimates that Rape-cake yields in the manure 4/. worth
of ingredients for every ton consumed ; Cotton-cake no
less tlian 5/. Gs. worth per ton of matter in the excre-
ment ; Linseed-cake 3/. 15s. per ton ; Beans and Peas
about 3/. ; while other feeding substances possess but
little worth a.s regards their fertilising value. Rice
meal, for example, yields but 1/. per ton to the dung-
heap, and molasses hardly anything at all. It is plain
that facts of this kind must for the future materially
affect the judgment which will guide the choice of
purchased food by the farmer.

We have to report that the English Agricultural
Society has at length resolved upon confining within

professional limits those educational efforts which its
charter binds it to make. Hitherto the small contri-
bution made by it in this direction has gone merely
towards the granting of prizes to country boys who
pass the best examination in branches of general
education before the University examiners. Hereafter
whatever it may grant will be devoted to the reward of
Itrofossional studies alone ; and some stimulus may
thus be given to the work of professional agricultural
education, which it has hitherto almost entirely
ignored.

We must not close our record without a word upon
the Paris Exhibition, to which we had anticipated
devoting a large share of our space. The grand pro-
gramme put forth by the Commissioners has almost
entirely failed, so far as agriculture is concerned. The
periodical exhibition of live stock and of implements
at work, which was part of the original scheme, has
not been carried out as intended. The display is con-
fined to a mere show of implements by the agricultural
machinists of this and other countries, and there is no
particular novelty calling for remark. AVe can only
report that in the agricultural department a very small
contribution is made to that wonderful general effect
which is now commanding such universal admiration.

STEAM CULTIVATION.
The Hieing System.
In November, 1865, " Richard Toepffer, manager to
the North Lincolnshire Steam Cultivating Company,"
stepped into the steam plough ring to question Mr.
Hutchinson's comparative statement, published in
October, 1805. His letter then was mere talk, telling
us that he li.ad " worked upwards of 100 double-engine
sets in Egypt," and that he was going to do something
in North Lincolnshire. He now steps into the ring
again to question Mr. Bulstrode's plain and practical
words, given at the discussion of the Royal Society on
Steam Cultivation. He tells us (in support of the
hiring system) that a number of farmers can have
tackle when they want it, and that in Lincolnshire there
are other owners of tackle who work upon the hiring
system who " could no doubt give similar testimony.
That may be, but we want the particulars as to work
done, with the time and cost of doing it. Here is
what he says upon that point :— " To go into figures
and state our charges I cannot do, nor is it necessary,
for they vary exceedingly." What! after telling us
nearly two years ago that he was going to do some-
thing, can he have the face to come out and question
Mr. Bulstrode without being able to tell us all about
what he has done ? His excuse is mere trash. " Not
necessary?" why, it is the very thing we want. He
even " regrets that employers of steam tackle have not
been more numerously questioned as to their opinions
of the hiring system." Then, let him make up for this
all he can by giving particulars ; the more " exceedingly
variable the charges " the more valuable they will be,
and worth no end of "opinions."

Mr. Toepffer next asks, " How can the roundabout
tackle work cheaper under ' ordinary circumstances,'
when, as Mr. Bulstrode admits, it is neither the most
scientific, nor, what is quite as important, the most
economical?" I will tell him. Mr. Bulstrode's reference
was merely to a short trial in a trial field— in " a race
between a donkey and a horse," as Mr. Toepffer said
in his letter of November, 1865 ; but the reference I
will now give shall be from the Royal Agricultural
Society's Journal. At page 116, Report No. 8, 1 read

this:— "The apparatus Smith bought in 1858

The engine, 10-uorse power The total wear

and tear, exclusive of interest upon the entire appa-
ratus, is Is. Crf. per acre. The first operation, 8 to 9

inches deep, removals included, 6 acres per day

The cost of a day's work, including men and horse,
coal and oil, 1/. 13s. 2d., or 5s. 6Jd. per acre." The case
stands thus :—

Per Acre.

Wear and tear 4s. Gd.

Ltibour, &c 5 6i

To this must be added interest . . ..09

Total 10 95

for work done the first time over from 8 to 9 inches
deep on clay land, 6 acres a-day being an average day's
work.

Now, turn to page 382, Report No. 117 : there may he
found some totals of some well kept accounts : —

The apparatus (Fowler's) bought in 1862. The engine,
1'2-horae power, with anchor, &c., cost 915L

Totals /or the year endinri 1863 :—

« s. d.

Acres.

Wages, repairs, oil.

Scarifying

. . 408i

we.ar and tear,

Ploughing

.. 21

with interest, &c.

225 5 6

Harrowing

7

This gives an average of 10s. 4d. per acre.
Totals for the year ending 1864 :—

Wages, repairs, oil,
wear and tear,
with interest, &c. 399

9 0}

Scarifying
Ploughing

This gives an average of 18s. Sd. per acre.
Totals fnr the year ending 1S65 : —
"£ 8. d.
Wages, repairs, oil. Scarifying

wear and tear,
with interest, te. 384 2
This gives an average of 15s. per acre.
Here the tackle is changed for a new double-
set, bringing the total cost up to 145C/.

Totals for the Tear ending ISUC :—
£ s. d. I
Wages, repairs, oil, Scarifymg

wear and tear. Ploughing

YTith interest, »S[e. 513 1 10

4361

Acres.
. 405
. 2U

426i

Acres.
. 512

Acres.
. 360
. 13J

373

744

THE GAEDENEES* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[July 13, 1867.

This gives an average of 27s. 6d. per acre. It is risht
that I should state here that on the farm where this
tackle has been worked there are about 380 acres of
arable land, so that some of the scarifying must have
been done a second time over each year— light and
heavy work together.

Now I will add the four years together, and see what
the average is.

Per Acre— s. rf.
The average in 1863 ia . . . . 10 4
The average in 1864 ia . . ..188
The average inl865 is .. .. 15 0
The average in 1866 is . . . . 27 6

Total . . . . 71 6 = 17s. Wid. a year.

This answers Mr. ToepfFer's question, and proves Mr.
Bulstrode's case, that under " ordinary circumstances"
the roundabout tackle is the cheaper to work with,
and it is strong evidence against Mr. Tocpfler's hiring
system with his high-priced tackle. If he is not
satisfied, let him come out with his figures.

Mr. Toepffer tells us that "strong stubborn clay
land cannot be worked at all efficiently, say 8 to
11 inches deep, by an ordinary portable engine of 8 to
10-horse power," &c. (see his letter). Then let me
refer him to the lioyal Agricultural Society's Report
No. S, that I have already referred to, where he may
learn that a 10-horse portable engine can work, from
8 to 9 inches deep, some strong clay land at the rate of
6 acres a day. Now, at p. 427 of that same Journal
the Commissioners say that 5 acres a day is an average
upon the hiring system ; then what is the good of Mr.
Toepffer's talking without a book, or rather without his
figures ? I will give him some further evidence upon
this point. Let him look at vol. x,\iv., part 2, of the
Iloyal Agricultural Society's Journal : he may there
find the report on the Worcester trials at page 485. It
shows that I, with a 10-horse portable engine smashed
1 acre, 3 roods, IG poles, in 2 hours 5.8 minutes, at a
cost, including wear and tear, interest, &c., of ds. id. an
acre. The judges say that " the quality of the soil
varied e.xceediugly, the top portions being quite of a
light character, mixed with small pebbles, whilst the
bottom part was an extremely tough and retentive clay
considerably baked and cracked by the action of the
sun, and that Smith, who, though taking a very narrow
width, did steady, careful, and effective work."

And now I will give him some further evidence.
Here is an extract from a letter of mine, dated Nov. 13,
1850, and published in the agricultural papers: — "I
have since harvest ploughed by steam the whole of my
farm .... I iind that the implements exhibited by
me at Chelmsford are perfect ; that an ordinary
7-horse engine is sufficiently powerful for every useful
purpose ; that my cold clay, hilly, and uneven fields may
be ploughed; that in ploughing my Bean and Pea
stubbles at a depth of 0 inches, I did an acre in
1 hour and 13 minutes, and an average of 5 acres a day,
including the time for shifting from field to field, at an
average cost of 5.?. 2d. per acre, exclusive of interest
and wear and tear."

This shows plainly that with a 10-liorse engine
I could have worked from 8 to 10 inches deep
easily. Then let us have no more of Mr. Toepffer's
nonsense "that an 8 or 10-horse portable engine
cannot work efficiently, say 8 to 11 inches deep."
Neither let us hear any more of his doing with " the
double 14-horse tackle, from 12 to 15 acres per day,
from 8 to 10 inches deep " on an average, without a
support by figures ; neither let him be boastful of his
" careful management," for, as yet, contract manage-
ment, according to the lleports, has not been very grand.
I'armers with their men can, if they will, manage
tackle better than contracting men do. It is nothing
but the "scientific" tackle (the "horse" as Mr.
Toepffer calls it) that requires mechanics to work it :
the ordinary farm labourer can work the " donkey "
(as Mr. Toepffer calls it); but then Mr. Toepffer would
frighten the farmer about cost, time in superintending,
steam tackle, and breakages of small tackle. Why, I
am a farmer who has not only found money and time
to provide and superintend a set of tackle for 12 years,
but have learned hundreds of others how to go to
work — the Messrs. Fowler & Co., and even Mr.
Toepffer himself are included in the number; and
besides that I have, not had a breakage of any kind
during the 12 yeai-s. Besides that, Mr. Bulstrode is a
farmer who appears not only to know how to manage
tackle, but also how to make a plain practical state-
ment about it before the Royal Agricultural Society ;
and besides that, there are many other farmers who
have bought and worked tackle well. But then Mr.
Toepffer will have it that 200-acre men are so poor that
they cannot buy even the roundabout tackle, and
that the large rich farmers are so stupid that they will
not buy yet gladly hire ; but then in his last paragraph
he contradicts the latter part of this himself, for he
tells us, " I know a great many instances where large
farmers in this and other counties have tested steam
cultivation on their farms through hiring a tackle,
and finding it answer, have bought large tackle on
small apparatus ; " and I know that there are many
200-acre men who can buy small tackle, if they can be
convinced of its usefulness.

I will now give a word of advice to the farmers,
quoted from a letter that I published in 1858, to
enable him to judge as to how he can best insure having a
set of tackle when he requires it :—

" I may state that 5 acres on heavy and 8 acres on
light land have been found to be an average day's
work ; that September, October, and March are the
best months for applying steam-power to the culti-
vation of the soil ; that after deducting Sundays and a
few days for threshing and stoppages by rain, the work-
ing days for September and October may be put down
at 45,— this multiplied by five for heavy land, and seven
for hght, gives 225 acres and 315 acres as the quantity
of land that can be cultivated once over with a set of
apparatus within those months. By this it is clearly

seen that if steam-power is to be generally applied to the
cultivation of the soil every large farmer must possess a
set of apparatus of his own. Two or three small farmers
may have a set between them in hire one oif another,
according to arrangement, for September and October
will not wait, and if the work is to be done well it must
be done in those months. My own experience con-
vinces me that one operation of the cultivator in these
two months does on clay land produce as good an effect
as two ploughings."

My 12 years' practice convinces me that in 1858
I gave sound advice to the farmer, and it is now my
excuse for republishing it. William Smithy Woolston,
Bleiehley Station, Bucks, July 8.

PARM NOTES.— By Me. Mechi.

Small Farmers have no Chance now ! — I am often
told this, but I deny the correctness of the proposition.
'IMs true that if a farmer holds 150 to 200 acres of
inferior land with an insufficient capital of 51. or 61.
per acre, he is likely to succumb to competition, but if
a capital of 151. per acre is judiciously invested on such
a farm, he may hold his own against the largest
occupier. I speak practically on this point, for my
own farm is only of 170 acres, and my rent is 40*. per
acre on 130 acres of it. The fact is, we are only just
awakening to the absolute necessity for intensifying
farming, both by the landlord and tenant. It is not now
so much a question of rent as of manure ; that is the
great want of British agriculture, and it is that
want that keeps agricultural produce at a minimum,
and agriculture poor and humble. Seeing that our
farmers multiply rapidly and that our acres have no
children, the question of diminishing the size of our
holdings should be entertained and commended by
landowners. I know so many instances where
tenants have been ruined by changing from a
small farm to a large one, that it is to me
a painful subject. Their capital, barely sufficient
for the smaller, became so thinly spread upon the
larger farm, that care, anxiety, and ruin speedily
followed. I am afraid we are not at all agreed as to
what is sufficient capital for the proper and profitable
farming of poor heavy land. This, surely, might be
worth the consideration of our landowners, and no
doubt does in many cases receive it, but a great mass
of attachments to old customs must be broken down,
and new ideas prevail, ere the proper figure per acre is
arrived at either by tenant or landlord. I am not so
Utopian as to suppose that all this necessary change can
take place at once. A nation cannot give up its former
and established notions except by slow degrees, and
after much examination and discussion. But mighty
steam has so changed the general circumstances of the
country that agriculture must really move on a little
faster, or it will be, as it has been already, left in the
rear of the forward rush of steam-excited progression.
In another paper on " Losing Money by Farming," I
shall more fully enter upon the details of this question
of capital and small farms. I need hardly advert to the
necessity for a concurrent action, as between landlord
and tenant, on the question of draining, leases, &o.

London Horses. — The value of straw as a feeding
substance was never better proved than by the follow-
ing fact. A firm having a large number of heavy
waggon horses had frequent occasion for the veterinary
until they were recommended to mix a certain portion
of fine cut straw with the Clover hay. This has been
practised now for some years, and their bill for horse-
doctoring is at a minimum. The partner of the firm
who told me this said how advantageous it was not to
be deprived, as they formerly were, of the use of several
horses— to say nothing of the saving in expense and
loss. The fact is, the food was too rich or too muci-
laginous, for I have often been told that fine cut hay
unmixed with straw chaff balls in the stomach, and
thus is, I suppose, deprived of the action of the gastric
juices. We know that too succulent or rich Grasses
are injurious, and no doubt straw chaff mixed with
it acts mechanically, if not chemically, with advantage.
It would be well for our agricultural friends to know
that for several thousand horses belonging to the
General Omnibus Company the food is all passed through
the chaff-cutter, with, I believe, a certain proportion
of straw. While spring grazing our bullocks on Tares,
we mix straw with it in their early growth, but as they
advance to flowering and podding this is not required,
because there is much Wheat and Oats grown with
this, which gets intermixed on passing through the
chaff machine.

POULTRY AT THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

The " Exposition d'Animaux de Basse-cour," in the
Agricultural Annexe at Billancourt, offers so many
points of contrast with the arrangements of an English
poultry show, and illustrates so strikingly the different
objects and plans of poultry-keeping in the two
countries, that it is worthy the notice of English agri-
culturists. In our own country poultry shows, even
those connected with our agricultural societies, are
chiefly devoted to the encouragement of pure breeds of
fowls, and the animals are prized in proportiou to their
approach to certain standards of form and coloration.
In France, on the contrary, fowls are esteemed solely
in reference to their economic value as table birds and
as abundant layers of eggs of large size. It is only
lately that much attention has been paid to breeding
the birds to any fixed and definite standard, and even
now some of the best table fowls— those known as La
Bresse— would be regarded by English amateurs as
veritable mongrels. ,

The finest fowls in the Exposition were the Creve-
coeurs, the Houdans, and La Fleche. The first variety,
of which many very good specimens were shown, are
large-bodied, short-legged fowls, black in colour, and
having their heads ornamented with a crest of feathers

and a two-spiked comb. The Houdans have very
much the same general characters, but they are black
and white in colour, and often possess a fifth claw.
Both these breeds are obviously the result of crossing
the fowl with the large-feathered crest known since
the time of Aldrovandus as the Paduan breed with a
large farm-yard variety. La Fleche is a long-legged
black fowl, with little or no crest, but with a spiky
two-horned comb that gives a strange, weird, hob-
goblin-like expression to the face. These three breeds
are alike remarkable for their whiteness of skin and
fat, their early maturity, the ease with which they
fatten, and above all, the smallness of their bone. This
latter is a point on which the French rearers justly
pride themselves. In a good table fowl, according to
their opinion, the bones should not amount to one-
eighth of the weight of the flesh. By some strange
infatuation remarkable in so practical a people as the
English, we do the reverse, and a Dorking breeder
expatiates on the bulk of the bone in the limbs of his
birds as a point of merit, forgetting that all weight of
bone beyond that requisite to support the animal is so
much useless offal, of no value as food, though having
been produced at the cost of so much nourishment.

As table fowls, the only English breed that can at all
compete with these French varieties is the coloured
Dorking, and this has the disadvantage of being rather
delicate in constitution, an evil which is common to
it and to La Fleche, and, though to a smaller degree,
the Cr6ve-cceur, but from which the Houdan is
exempt.

It may not be flattering to the vanity of English
poulty breeders to be told that the best market fowls
of France are far superior to those of England, but the
fact is undoubted. The poulardes and capons shown at
the expositions of fat dead poultry that are occasionally
held in Paris are far finer in skin, and firmer and finer
in fat, than those seen in the best English markets.
This is due in a great measure to the judicious
methods of fattening, Buckwheat meal and milk being
the ingredients composing the " patons " with which
they are crammed. The fatty ingredients of the food
are assimilated and stored up in the body without
much change, and on the character of the food depends
that of the fatted animal. Those who have partaken of a
La Fleche pullet fattened on Buckwheat meal and well
cooked know that nothing in the shape of a fowl can
surpass it on the table.

The French table ^ poultry at Bilancourt were
decidedly good of their kind, and would have done
credit to any show. The other breeds, such as
Dorkings, Cochins, Hamburgs, game fowl, &c., were,
with scarcely an exception, altogether beneath notice.
Dozens of pens of half-bred mongrels were shown,
possessing no merit whatever either as ornamental or
useful poultry. The arrangements of the Exposition
were very inferior to those of English shows. The
building and pens were both inconvenient. The want
of any classification rendered it difficult to compare
different birds of the same variety. The great length of
time the fowls were detained, and the uncertainty as to
which breeds would meet the aijprobation of the jurors,
repelled English exhibitors. The result was a small
show of only 400 pens, three-fourths of which con-
sisted of the stock in trade of four or five
French poultry dealers. To establish a good show of
poultry in France it will be necessary to follow^ to
some extent the arrangements of an English exhibition,
to classify the breeds, and offer separate prizes for the
best specimens of each variety. At the same time, we
may take a lesson ourselves. Fancy and ornamental
poultry have been too exclusively regarded in this
country. It is time we encouraged the best fowls
for the table. At all poultry shows held during
the winter prizes should be given for the best fat
dead poultry.

Our agricultural societies appear to be at last appre-
ciating the importance of poultry as a good supply.
The lioyal, at its next meeting at Bury, offers 200L in
prizes for the encouragement of farmyard poultry,
including the French breeds that we have described.
If the Council will avoid the error into which they
formerly fell— that of employing as the judge the
dealer who has sold the very birds on which he adjudi-
cates— much good may spring from this movement.

In connection with the subject of French poultry-
keeping may be mentioned the fictitious accounts which
periodically reappear respecting the existence of gigantic
horse-fed poultry establishments in France. These
accounts are entirely fabulous. It is impossible to
keep very large numbers of poultry in one spot, as
disease invariably breaks out as soon as the ground
becomes tainted. Moreover, the fowl is a granivorous
and not a carnivorous bird, and cannot exist on flesh
diet. The experiment of extensive poultry-breeding
establishments has been tried repeatedly both inEurope
and in America, and in every case the result has been
a disastrous pecuniary failure. Times.

THE EARL OF KIMBERLET ON AGRICUL-
TURAL AFFAIRS.

[We gave some while ago Lord Clarendon's excellent address

on the held open to the operations of Chambers of Agricul-

tnrc. We have now to lay before our readers the speech of

Lord Kimberley on a somewhat similar subject, recently

given before the Norfolk Agricultural Society.]

Although I am nominally a farmer of a few acres

of land, I cannot profess any opinions upon purely

agricultural subjects which it would be fit that i.

should otter to an assembly of this kmd ; and there is

a further reason why on an occasion of this fiina a

speaker finds himself undertaking a rather arduous

task, and it arises from that which I not only do not

regret, but which I very much rejoice in— I i^ean tiie

establishment of the Agricultural Chamber in Norfolk.

We are about to transfer political power m this

country to a very considerable extent from you, the

July 13, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' ClIROXm.E AND AORiniLTUIIAE GAZETTE.

745

middle classes, to the classes below you, and at such a
moment as this-not, mind you, saying for one mslaut
that that change is not one which ought to bo accom-
plished, and wliich it is not wise to accomplish, not
expressing on such an occasion as this the slightest
opinion as to the manner in which it is accomplished,
or as to the part either one party or the otlier has
played in this change— yet I do think it is well that
we should reflect upon our position, and that an inter-
change of opinion amongst the different cla-sses should
take place. It is for that reason that I rejoice in the
signs of life which this county has shown m the esta-
blishment of the Chamber of Agriculture, and in the
discussions which have there taken place. Let mo
point out to you this. The state of security which
exists in such a county as this, and especially here, but
to a very considerable extent throughont England, is
one exceedingly peculiar, and to some extent unusual,
because it is not the usual state of society that there
should be great landlords, and great tenant-farmers,
and that below them should be a great mass of
labourers paid by the day. That is a state of things
which does not exist in some of the most fertile
countries in Europe. It does not exist in France ; it
does not exist in Belgium ; it does not exist in Italy ;
and it does not exist to the same extent in Germany
that it does here. That position of things is one which
should make us reflect. Do not let us think that what
has been always will be. History to a very little
extent repeats itself, and changes may befall us ndiich
we might have anticipated, but which, by not antici-
pating, we shall not iirevent. I am naturally led by
these reflections to call your attention in a few words
to the condition of the agricultural labourer in this
country.

The Norfolk Agkicultural Laboured.
Upon that subject a very interesting and instructive
discussion has taken place in the Chamber of Agricul-
ture at Norwich. I freely own that I do not
agree, except in part, with the conclusions at
which the Chamber arrived, and I dissent in a
great part from the opinions which were expressed
by the speakers upon that occasion (Oh, oh!). I know
you will hear mo fairly. I know I shall express an
opinion which is not likely to meet with entire assent,
perhaps not at all with the assent of many whom I am
now addressing ; but I am actuated by only one desire,
namely to take advantage of this occasion to give an
honest, independent opinion. ISefore I touch upon
this particular question, allow me to say one word upon
another branch of the subject, which was not con-
sirlered by the Chamber, and which I can dismiss in a
I'rw words — I mean the cottages of the agricultural
l:it:)ourer. There can be no doubt that the proper
lii'using of the agricultural labourer has become a
IMactical question of great importance. I believe that
a change in the law which has been recently made — I
mean the establishment of a union settlement — was the
only measure which could produce a salutary
iliange in that direction, and I am convinced that,
nlliioughitmay take time, that measure will ultimately
produce the change which we all wish to see. Under
that old law it was the direct interest of many persons
not to bnild cottages for the agricultural labourer : and
whatever we may say as to philanthropic motives,
unhappily human nature is such that man will be
influenced to a considerable extent by his interests.
And here I would say one word for the class to which
I belong— the landlords. It was not the landlords alone
who did not wish for cottages to be built in close
parishes. The tenant farmers objected to it just as
much as the landlords. It is notorious that it was not
the interest of the farmers in a close parish to bring a
number of cottages into that parish. (Repeated
cries of "No, no !") You may say "No, no," but
I have heard it repeatedly with my own ears. I
have heard men say, " Do not put cottages in
this parLsh, because they will bring a number of
paupers into it." I do not attach any particular blame
' to gentlemen who took that view. There is no doubt
that it was an ordinary selfish view, such as we all take
more or less. We have, however, remedied that state
of things. We have made it no longer the interest of
the tenant-farmer that cottages should not be built in
any parish. We have made it his direct interest that
they should be built there. We have made the law
such that the tenant-farmer now, when he hires a farm,
can apply to his landlord for more cottages, just as he
says to him — "I want more cattle-sheds, or more
winnowing-houses." You will have a pressure put
upon the landlord —a legitimate, natural pressure— that
for persons to take their farms they must build cottages.
I believe the pressure upon the landlord, and the desire
which you will have to have a proper number of
, labourers handy for employment, will ultimately bring
! about the desired result, and that you will have a suffi-
! cient number of cottages for the housing of labourers
employed upon your farms. It is quite obvious that
the matter is of the greatest practical importance. I
suppose that nothing presses more upon the mind of
every employer of labour whom I am addressing than
the rise in the price of labour and the tendency of the
labourers to leave us. That I take to be the
pressing agricultural question of the day. Well, if it
be so, what is it that we are called upon to do ? Why,
to see that by every means in our power we place the
agricultural labourer in such a position that he shall
not desire to leave us. It is no use for us to talk about
old days, or to say we wish they were this or that. We
have no control over those who wish to go. Go they
will, unless we make it their interest to stay.

The Gang Ststem.

This brings me to the immediate subject which was
discussed by the Chamber of Agriculture the other day,
as to the restrictions upon the employment of women
and children in agriculture, and further educational

measures with regard to the children of agricultural
labourers. Upon this subject the Chamber of Agri-
culture came to the conclusion that the employment
of women and children in agriculture is desirable for
their own welfare, and for the production of their meat
and bread. I have not one word to say against that
proposition. I think it is an unfortunate circumstance
that society should bo such that women are obliged to
work in the field, but I recognise the necessity as exist-
ing. I am quite certain that the time has not yet arrived
when the employers of labour can dispense with the
employment of women in the field in the county of
Norfolk ; nor has the time arrived when the head of
tho family, the agricultural labourer, can dispense with
the assistance of his wife, in iiolil labour, for tho support
of his family. So far I agree u ilh the resolution which
was come to by tho Chamber, though I think it would
be a very salutary change if tho employment of women
in field labour could be dispensed with. The other
part of the resolution was to this effect— I am quoting
from memory — that no further restrictions as to the
employment of women and children, and no further
educational measures are required, except as to the
employment of some of the gangs. I am very glad
indeed that the resolution was passed, because it
admits, at all events, one thing, and 1 am quite certain
that no assembly of Norfolk farmers could come to any
other conclusion than that some regulations are neces-
sary with regard to the employment of gangs. I am
very glad that this is admitted, and I am quite certain
that no person who hears mo, and who reads the report
upon agricultural gangs which was presented to Par-
liament, would feel any doubt as to the way in which
he should give his vote upon that particular part of the
resolution. I am sorry to be obliged to confess, as a
Norfolk man, that when I read that report I felt some-
what ashamed, and I may tell you that the feeling
which the report has aroused out of the county is such
that few people in this room, who have not had the
opportunity of seeing persons who have no connection
with tho eastern counties, and who have read that
report merely in an independent spirit, would imagine.
There is no doubt that legislation upon this subject
is certain, that it is imminent, whether you may like it
or not. Therefore, I am glad that the Chamber of Agri-
culture came to the conclusion that some regulations
were necessary. If the Chamber had not had before
it the Bill proposed by Mr. Eawcett, which I do
not think would be altogether practicable, they
would probably have discussed the matter in a more
favourable spirit to the views which I advocate. A
Bill has been brought into the House of Lords by
Lord Shaftesbury, which I have not seen, but a noble
lord has acquainted me with its principal provisions,
and I must say that I approve of it. Lord Shaftesbury
proposes in the first place as regards gangs that no
women shall be employed in gangs under the age of 18.
Of course he will propose— at all events if he does not,
I shall — that the gang master should be licensed.
Next, Lord Shaftesbury proposes, which is not in
accordance with what the Chamber of Agriculture
desires, that no boy shall be employed in agriculture
under the age of 8 years, and that no girl shall be
employed in agriculture under the age of 13. I think
that these are very moderate proposals. No man ought
to desire that a child of the tender age of 6 or "years
should be employed in these gangs. It is perfectly
monstrous that these things should be done, but I
have read it, and I believe that there have been
children employed in the field of 6 or 7 years old. [A
Voice ; A''ery few.] They may be very few, and the
fewer the better; but I .say it should not be possible
that any parent should sell the labour of a tender child
of that kind. It is not merely the fault of the
employers themselves. There are mercenary persons
who will sell the labour of children of tender years,
but who should not be allowed to do so. Can any one
wish that tender girls under 13 should be employed in
the field ? It is very obvious that by going into the
fields at such an age they acquire habits which mothers
of families ought not to have, which prevent them
being of use as servants, and which produce an effect
upon the population such as none of us desire to see.
Then, Lord Shaftesbury proposes that there should be
some measures with regard to education. He suggests
that you should take to some extent the Factory Act,
that you should compel every child to attend school
either half days or alternate days, or adopt a system
requiring them to have attended so many days during
the preceding six months.

Education of the Labourer.
I confess I see considerable difficulty in the applica-
tion of these Acts to agricultural children, but for all
that I have a strong opinion that more education is
required for the agricultural labourer. What is it that
we are about to see ? We are about to see political
power placed in the bands of the masses of the people,
and do not think that that will be long confined to the
towns. Every man knows that it will extend from the
town to the country ; and I maintain that it is a
political axiom which no man can refute, that to place
power in the hands of men at once ignorant and
immoral is a most dangerous thing, and most certain
to produce a political catastrophe such as we can
scarcely imagine. It is an absolute duty for every
man who values the permanency of the institutions of
this country, for every man who values the perma-
nency of the social state in which we live, to see that
every man in whose hands political power will be
placed before long, should be given as good an educa-
tion— and by a good education I mean not merely
reading and writing, but as good an education as can
be afforded. It is a difficult thing to solve the
problem, but we ought to give a candid hearing _ to
those who have fair proposals to make, and receive
them, not in hostility, but in a spirit of friendliness,
knowing that the matter is of the utmost importance

to us, tho owners of the property, and fho employers of
labour. It is idle of men to say that the classes below
them are satisfied with their position, and that evory-
thing'is done to make them satisfied with the privileges
conferred upon them.

The Cattle Plaoi'k.

There are one or two other topics, if time permitted,
I should like to touch upon. I agree with my hon.
friend on my left (Mr. Read) when ho referred to tho
fortunate circumstance that wo were enabled to hold
this meeting without any restrictions as to tho exhibi-
bition of cattle. Ho had taken tho opportunity of
saying a word or two with regard to tho action of the
Privy Council with respect to foreign cattle. I do not
for a moment doubt that there may be great difficulty
in arranging a change in so great a trade as foreign
cattle, but I must say I agree with my hon. frieml that
if it can be done— and I for my part cannot but believe
that it can— it would bo a plain, obvious, and wiso
policy that all cattle brought from abroad, as long as
we have any reason to apprehend any serious disease,
should be slaughtered at the port or near the port of
debarkation. It is a mere matter of pounds, shillings,
and pence, and i n the end would be tho cheapest method.
What would be thought of any expense that might be
incurred in establishing lairs for the convenience of the
slaughtering of cattle, when compared with the losses
which we have experienced in our live stock 'i As to
telling me that that is a loss which merely falls upon
those jiarticular persons who happento be the possessors
ofcattie,theideaseemstometo be preposterous. Nobody
for a moment supposes that when the great dearth of
cotton occurred that the loss of Lancashire was not
the loss of the whole country, and nobody can suppose
that the losses of a large portion of meat which supply
the country is not the loss of the whole country. It is
obvious to me, if such a measure is practical, that it is
a pity it is not adopted. The next subject to which my
hon. friend alluded is one in which I agree with him in
part, but not altogether. Ho gave some excellent
advice when he said, "Fill up by all means those papers
which are being sent round for agricultural statistics,"
but he said at the same time that he did not think
they would be of much value, because it would not be
possible to calculate from the acreage of crops what will
he the produce. There is no doubt as to the truth of
the observations which he made, but the conclusion
which I draw is not that which I imagine my hon.
friend would draw. My belief is that Government will
not have too many agricultural statistics, but that they
will not have sufficient, because it is obvious that the
proper course to take is that which was taken in
Ireland, namely, to take the estimate of the produce
when you take an account of the acreage ; and I think
there could then be found in those statistics a very
valuable guide in calculating the gener.al condition of
the produce in any given year. However, I shall not
argue this point, because the advice given by my hon.
friend is that which I should myself give, and I think
there is no doubt that it will be followed, because when
the statistics were called for before, the county of
Norfolk was by no means backward in responding to
the call.

Highways.

There is one subject which, though not strictly agri-
cultural, you would perhaps excuse me if I briefly
advert to— I mean the management of our highways. I
don't at all mean to enter into any details ; but I think
the principle of the Act is good, and one of the reasons
why I think so is because the management of high-
ways by boards, at which owners of property meet with
occupiers of land, is a more wholesome system of
management than mere parish management. I don't
wish to take a one-sided application of that principle,
for just as I think highway boards are good things, and
would work well, the same as our boards of guardians,
so for my own part I never could see for what reason
the management of county rates is not shared in some
proper proportion by the occupiers of land with the
owners of land. It is contrary to the general principles
by which we are governed, that a certain portion of
the rates which are levied upon property in the county
should not be managed by a board partly elected by
the occupiers of land, and partly composed of those
who have some personal interest as owners of land. I
think that is a very salutary reform— not a very large
one, l3ut one which would give a good deal of satisfac-
tion, and which would place us all upon a more agree-
able footing, and which would be more in accordance
with the spirit of our institutions. I thank you for the
attention which you have given to the remarks which
I have thought proper to make, more particularly be-
cause I know that those remarks are not agreed in by
many whom I nowaddress. My opinion is this — the time
is come when we should not fear to face any question
upon which we differ, and for that reason I shall refer
to one more topic before I sit down, namely, the pre-
servation of game. I have never been a great game
preserver, and therefore I am enabled to speak freely
on the subject. I think it is to be regretted that the
extensive preservation of game in many parts of the
country has given rise to the dissatisfaction which
undoubtedly to some extent exists ; but what I wish to
say is this, that while I recognise that that dissatis-
faction may have some ground — and I am quite sure
that as to that peculiar animal the rabbit, the more
dissatisfaction which exists the better, and the more he
is put out of the way the better ; but with regard to
game generally, I would venture to say this— it is very
natural that gentlemen should not like to have their
farms overrun by game, but you must consider what
will be the result if you press the thing too far. It
game preserving really ceased, probably in the hrst
place you would not have so many resident gentlemen
in the country, which I think would be a misfortune.
In the next place this state of things would inevitably
arise: the owner would put up his farms to the

746

rnE GAEl^EXERS' CMONICLE AKD AGETCULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[July 13, 1867.

highest bidder ; they would be let by tender, and a
state of things would be introduced unfavourable to
the tenant, and destructive of the sood understanding
which now exists between ownerand occupier. A state of
things wouldbe introduced than which I canuotimagine
anything more dangerous. The occupiers of large farms
having beneath them large numbers of men employed at
daily wages, not having a good understanding with their
landlords, or the support of their landlords, would
stand face to face with the copulation. I cannot
conceive a state of things more dangerous. Game is
one amongst many things. My feeling is that the very
old and trite motto which I now see on the wall
opposite, "Live and let live," is the best state of
feeling by which to be actuated. " Live and let live
has two sides. A man when he lives himself must
remember that a very difficult and by far the most
important part of the maxim is to let live ; and no
matter whether it be an employer, a labourer, or
capitalist, or an artizan, or whatever may be our
relationship, I beUeve that as it is the highest Christian
duty, so it is the wisest policy, to " Live and let live.
To preserve the good relationship which has so long
existed between the landlords and tenants, and the
tenants and labourers employed under them, m this
country— the good relationship which has been main-
tained by a fair spirit of accommodation, forbearance,
and consideration— is not only our own interests, but
also the interests of others. I believe that if that
spirit continue to animate us, whatever may be the
changes, politically or socially, which we may have to
meet, we shall be able to hand down to our posterity
unimpaired the fair fabric of the constitution under
which we live.

Home Correspondence.

The Hop Blight.— I have used Pooley's Powder,

manufactured of ground tobacco, as now permitted to
be used (for this purpose) free of duty ; I find it a
most satisfactory article, and in every instance where
it has been used the effects have been marvellous— the
plants infested with blight recovering their vigour in
a few days. It is applied with the instrument used for
sulohuring Hop plants, at the rate of many acres
a day. It is equally good for horticultural purposes ;
it is generahy applied while the dew is on the plants ;
it is very economical, the cost being -ISs. per cwt. Jii
Old Subscriber.

Agricultural Statistics.— To some remarks in your
last paper on the statistics of Devonshire, you add a
note to the effect, " that the weekly sales reported are
a very small fraction of the weekly sales effected." I
fear this is now too true, and if so, it is bad news for
tithe payers. I admit that the mere number of quarters
sold, whether in hundreds or thousands, makes no
difference as to the resulting average price per quarter,
provided the prices to be acted upon and worked out
are the same in both cases; but if price is wrong, all is
wrong. By the old law the average prices of corn were
taken weekly from 200 towns, and under this system,
and according to oflicial tables, 5J to 6 million quarters
of Wheat were annually reported as sold; and this
you will admit was a considerable fraction of the
121 million quarters estimated as the average annual
yield. Under the new law,however (27th and28th Vict.,
cap. 87), things are very much changed, and it appears
to me will operate very much against the tithe payer,
and proportionately very much in favour of the tithe
owner. Of the 290 towns from which averages were
formerly collected, 141 towns— many of them of the
smaUer class— are now thrown out, and only 149 of the
larger cities and towns retained, and where of course
the price of Wheat will range much higher than in
small town in remote districts. Under these circum-
stances it is plain that the averages must rule unfairly
high, and the payers will be the sufferers. Chat Moss.

The Eiisaing Sarvest.—We are now upon the eve
of another harvest, and as yet not much has been said
about our prospects. Perhaps this is owing to the
praiseworthy efforts of the Government in trying to
obtain the long-looked-for and exceedingly valuable
information which the collection of agricultural
statistics will give. It will be most opportune for
farmers this year, as we shall all desire to know upon

reading a little further to grasp the whole. I look
forward with much interest to the forthcoming reports.
Well, but our own harvest prospects ? In the first
place, it cannot now be an early harvest, unless from
premature ripening, which is always bad. In the
next place, in the early part of May we
had some very warm and forcing weather, this
caused every stem to shoot upward; the consequence
has been that, as respects the Wheat plant, Uttle or no
tillering took place, hence we shall have a far less
number of Wheat ears. This of itself would indicate a
short crop, but as the ears already out, and now almost
through their blooming, have filled satisfactorily, it
will in some measure compensate that deficiency, but
not fully. I have been over a great breadth of country
within the past two or three weeks, and do not hesitate
to say that to the best of my belief the whole of the
corn crops on stiff clays, flinty clays, clayey loams,
chalky soils, sandy and gravelly soils, are all deficient,
and in very many districts to an alarming extent.
Scarcely anywhere on these soils do you see a crop
retaining a healthy green, for the most part they are
thin and yellow, and to all appearance cannot yield an
average crop. Upon good open loams, and all open
free-working fertile soils of good consistency, the crops
are splendid. They are not so thick in plant as usual,
hut they have grown vigorously. The Wheat presents
a beautiful ear. Oats are a full plant, and coming into
" shag " admirably. Barley is almost too big. Beans
and Peas look healthy, and have flowered surprisingly :
with suitable weather these crops must yield well.
Now, as these soils constitute hut a small breadth of
the entire kingdom, and the far larger extent of soils
are so very defective, I venture to prophesy a short
crop, certainly not an average one ; but I think the
quality will be superior, owing chiefly to a thin plant
and tardy growth. The Wheat harvest cannot be
general before the middle of August. Early Peas will
soon be ready. O. F.

Kind's Cow-keeping in Scotland.— A. good many
farmers confine binds' cows in the byres from Martin-
mas, the 22d of November, till the 12th of May. Where
this is the rule the cows are loosened from the stalls to
get water each day, and are immediately driven back
to the byres. Such farmers keep the hinds' cows from
November till March on water and straw and an occa-
sional feed of Turnip tops. Previous to substituting
Cotton-cake or oilcake for the Turnips, some farmers
gave each hind four single-horse cartloads of Swedes ;
others gave four of Swedes and two loads of White

ranged from 9(?. to 11a!. per lb. since May last. Ten-
pence has been the general price all June for butter, as
good as what I paid Is, id., per lb. for in 1836, wheu
residing in Worcestershire. It would be interesting to
know the present retail prices of fresh butter in those
parts of England where farm labourers are not allowed
to keep cows. What a jumble the different theories of
reformers of farm labourers present when contrasted.
For example, too many who denounce the large-farm
system of management also object to yearly servants
having advantages of crofters without crofters risks.
If subsidising some classes be unjustifiable, I fancy it
can be proved that it is a false economy subsi-
dising rural labourers through the medium of small
farms. If the death of a cow be "a heavy blow
to the hind," what is there in a few acres of
land to neutralise the death of the crofter's live stock ?
Since it requires a tenant farmer to have a capital of 8t.
to Vil. and upwards for every acre of land previous to •
his commencing to purchase stock and implements, to
keep him afloat during the first two years of his lease,
it requires little argument to refute the propositions of
so many would-be friends of the difierent grades of farm
labourers. I could furnish you with a good many
practical proofs of the advantages to the country at
large, derivable from tenant farmers having the requi-
site capital for high farming. A tenant of less than a
1000-acre farm in this district purchased 6000 stones
of hay last winter in the Falkirk district, and paid the
carriage by railway to Kelso station, and carted it from
thence several miles, for feeding cattle and sheep. I
am digressing intentionally into the comparative
merits of large and small farms, to sliow that yearly
servants who have cows are one of the servant classes
who derive mutual advantages from highly-cultivated
extensive farms. T. W.Eidherford,ForestField,Kelso.
Ei/e-Grass.—'We have sent you samples of four kinds
of Bye-grass, cut ofl' close to the ground all on the
same soil, to show the comparative height when grown
without manure. The sorts are :— Sutton's Itahan
Eye-grass, Pacey's Perennial Eye-grass, Common
Annual Rye-grass, and Sutton's Dwarf Perennial Eye-
grass,— the first being, as you will observe, much the'
tallest, and the last much the shortest and most
slender ; the use of this latter being principally tor'
sowing with other dwarf-growing Grasses for rarki
lawns, croquet grounds, cricket grounds, &c. Ihe
Italian Eye-grass will attain a much greater height
with the help of sewage or other manure. Sutton *
Sons, Beading. [The samples are correctly described,
and we understand them to have been grown under

Turnips, which kept the cows in life till turned out to j »■- •■- ^--.Tu ' "■t7Q-(,e---''Yf so " they indic"ate the per-

^is^i!ZL:!t^o^c^^t^s^'\^^i^^'^^^ -^^«- "' o-^-

" There is a great difference of hinds' was-es owing to the ^^ ™ ^^ ^^ ■ f ' climate of Ireland. — In enumeratiUL,

possible Dmino the summer some farmers set apart the best totally overlooks the existence ot IWO or luree sup
Grass field for the hinds' cows ; others a fleld which is closely ! posed causes of damp in Ireland— our mouutamsj
eaten down by sheep. During -nintor some farmers allow the l^J^gg rivers bogs, and moraSSes ; and per contra, we
cows plenty of Turnips and good fodder, and turn the cows m (,jj„„ot with much justice complain of any one of thoSC
spring out to a Clover field: others allow Utile else than straw, j canuoi; w j ^ Bngland-the trees ol

Hence the farm servants upon one farm may have the means , causes 01 uam ) uc ''=^'=',"^^" ^ °, „u:i„t „f Furze,
ot procuring the necessaries of life, and even luxuries, while woods, plantations, and ll™gerovvs , WUllsC 01 i ur/ea
ui p. ^ a :j.,...._.. — ,.;.„ „„„ ,,„ „i„„.f ..t H.- I ivhioh he says are not such conductors, we Have toi

the servants on a neighbouring farm may be almost at the
starving point."

For some time after my unsuccessful essay for one of
the prizes of 20?. and 10?., offered by the Eev. John
Thompson, of Hawick, for essays on the bondager
system, I was twitted with a good deal of sarcastic
banter that my unsuccessful essay " ought to take the
conceit out of me," &o. Tou will conceive my
reasons for reciting what you published of mine
years before the prize essays were thought of.
I address you at present on the blank side of my
essay of 141 pages of foolscap for one of the
prizes. Being a rustic by birth and education,
I suppose the position of clown in a literary circus
like the Agricultural Gazette is proper for me. I

many of them where we least, and too little where we
most, want them. Amongst our forage plants ol tli(
natural order Gramineoi, if we were to be guided by his
theory in improving our climate, we should discard tlK
LoUuin italicum (Italian Rye-grass), Dactyhs glome
rata (Cock's-foot), and other broad-leaved plants o)
that tribe, and adopt such as the Cynosurus cristatui
(crested Dog's-tail) and other narrow Grasses of thai
ilk. Amongst those of the natural order we shouU
discard the various broad Clovers, including that now
proved so valuable, the Trifolium incarnatuni ano
supply their places with " our own dear native bliami
rock," and the very common yellow Trefoil. It W(
now turn to other classes of plants looked upon, by ui

l^^t twoli^ghtrSe hi^i' co^roTthe 7ih and I at 1^^^^^^^^

Stli of May last, which gave me an opportunity ofingour chmate, we *™ld discarf all ttie Ca^^^^^^^^
getting some additional Information for you. The | Mangels Turnips, Parsnips, &°-., ^"ji «o°?°« ™^8'^!S

r ", ., I...!!.. :.,j ,„;«, „„,„„„„., I crop culture to such narrow-leaved plants as int

native Carrot (Daucus carota), and its congeners, ano
for variety sake adopt the native Brassica napas, anc
any other narrow-leaved plants of that family. , But
notwithstanding the powerful theoretic reasoning o
wS'^we have^to'de^pend. "Tt'the'produce^i; lively iTbe i wiiUeraJid: when weather permits: are turued out yo- le-ned e^F-P™d-t I -spect we must bea
a short one, there will be no need to press sales, as was into the field for a few hours each day, where they have ! much 'jf ^^t-T','™. ' f it o7at least of mitigating o
done last year, when a vast quantity of good Wheat acces_s o Turn^s l-d down or them f^^ the beep. ™ans of gettm„ rid it, least ,,_/,.

farmer's residence was fully occupied with company, | crop culture to such nariow -^„„„„„p™ am

and there being nothing but one-roomed cottages for , native Carroty (Daucus carota), and its congeners, am
the hinds, I got some blankets from the steward and
made a bed in the straw-nook ! The cows on that

farm get a feed of Tiu-nips each day throughout the

was sold under 50s. per quarter. If there had been a
surplus of grain in any part of the world it would have
found its way to our country during the past year, our
prices being so tempting. There can be no doubt
respecting the world's supplies. They are not super-
abundant. If, then, we can obtain sometliing like a
correct reporf) of our acreage and probable yield
through these returns, it will pretty nearly guide our
course for the next year. Farmers cannot be too
highly censured who withhold their returns. It is
foolishly wrong in more senses than one ; it lea,ds to
error, because some official has to give his estimate
instead, which cannot be so correct, and yet the
Government obtain it in that way, such as it is. Such
squeamishness will surely soon be unknown. No one
can derive so much benefit from the collection of
agricultural statistics as the farmer. It tells him the
state of his affairs, if not individually, at least collec-
tively, by which in a great measure he may guide his
business. Unhappily, there are so many of us who
cannot altogether be thus guided. Circumstances are
against us; exigencies to provide for, payments to
make. Sales must be made. But there are, happily,
vast numbers who can await their time, and by thus
waiting they regulate and equalise the market. This
they could not do unless from some good idea of their
future prospects. It may be said, but what of
foreign imports ? Why, j ust this ; there is scarcely any
country upon our globe but what has long had these
statistics, and our farmers have but to extend their

These cows, which I slept beside, were in as good con-
dition in the beginning of May as any farmer wishes
his own cows to be in. They had a good Grass field
for pasture during the day, and good Oat straw during
night in the byre. Tou are aware that I earn my

livelihood by horticulture, and thus I am in some , vuui„.....v-w ™.„ ... -.--■■ff-^- , T,-,-,,<,7in,„ „n,i

respects isolated from the agricultural portion of the ance to.I"^?^"'^^ "^f' t° 'l^e U° *ed King
community; but I may say this: a cow, whose milk j classes, in ;t.__ The tome_productmn^£suga^^

of warding off its effects, than those suggested ,b,
him. Let me now turn to another matter, liavin
reference to the climate of Ireland, which, it m,
memory serves me rightly, I have long since pro
mised to revert to, and would have done so did cir
oumstances admit of it. The subject i^ipfgre'it imP°1

no
suppTies"'the hind's "household" with milk and butter ! at tre'leTstlrstVo"stto"the''home consumer.'is of g^
onh- is worth the money substitute of U. to 7^. to | ulterior advantages to all. Some years ago anattemi
the hind. I consider the hinds' wives may was made to produce sugar from Irish-grown B^
reckon what they realise from the sale of butter I and failed, because, no fairly tried. Jlj^ Govern
S a wage for the hind's wife's drudgery connected , ment of the day, seemg the importance of the subjert
with mflking the cow audi making butter and desired to have a series of experiments tried, and t^
rCe The quantity of butter each hind's wife results reported by the then du-ector of the^SIu eun
has for sale ranges from 2 to 12 lb. per week. A of Irish Industry, and presented
nr^m wliifli !>ives 1 Ih. vftv dav Is considcrcd a good cow. | Parliament. Jiaving

the
of June 15 that Mr. Scot Skirving puts only U. against
the hind as the cost to the farmer of a hind's cow s
keep for a twelvemonth. What is the estimated cost
in East Lothian, where 5Z. is the annual rental of an
acre of land on a good many farms, is surely sufficient
in Berwickshire, where there are very [few ?] farms the
rental of which exceeds 21. 10s. per acre per annum. 1
may point out the advantages which the inhabitants ot
tovvns derive from so many hinds having cows as part
of their wages. The provincial towns in the south-
west of Scotland are so glutted with fresh butter, of the
best quality, that the retail price of it in Kelso has

to both Houses
had the honour of being oneo

ofl

report, wuiun is uuvv ijius w^^^^'- '^^,^-- - - — y.^-^m
after give you a few extracts in proof that the c hmat
of Ireland, damp though it is, is not so inimical to tw
proportion of those crops which contribute boti
directly and indirectly to increase the food of man an.
add to the wealth and strength of the_ natior
Twenty-four questions were answered by -o oi ini
most intelligent, painstaking, systematic men whor
the director of the Museum found it convenient t
consult in hopes of getting correct answers, ihe.
were located in different but conspicuous pla<!e.

July 13, 1867.J

TTTE r,;\T!TiF>^FPF!' rrrpm^TPTT' A^'T> AnPTPT'TTTTp U, HAZETTR

747

scattered all over the island, embracing every kind of
soil and subsoil.underevery variety of climatic inlliienoo.
And tliough there were, as might have been expected
in 118 specimens, a great number of discrepancies,
as to the acreable produce, cost of production, and
other circumstiinces, per acre, it was really astonishinj;
how slight those discrepancies were, compared with
those noted in the analyses of the same roots, grown
on the same soil, under the same climatic influences,
but differing in other conditions— as to the period of
sowing, time of taking up the crops, nature and
quantities of manures applied, &c. ; giving so many
additional proofs of how very chary both scientific and
jjrailical men ever should be in presuming to become
didatnrial on a limited experience of seasons, soils, and
ether conditions productive of such variable results as
presented themselves in this case. Edward Carroll^
AUieii Trainin'j Iiislitutioa, Olasnevin, Duhliii, 2\th

June, 181)7.

T/ie Crops on the CofsicoMs. — The present may be
)Hniiounced a favourable season; all descriptions of
crops are looking well. The Clover, artificial Gras.ses,
and Vetches have furnished abundant food for the live
stock, and Sainfoin and meadow Grass ricks are
springing up in all directions. The aspect of the
Wheat iilant is good; ears are bursting forth, and
many fields already present an even surface of head.s
which bespeak a simultaneous growth. Barley and
Oats also look healthy and promising; the former is of
a good colour, and strong in growth, and will soon
need rain. Oats have improved in appearance since
the temperature rose, but they will shortly require
moisture. Beans are not much grown on these hills.
Peas and Vetches area good crop, especially the latter.
Much of the arable land where the tilth is good is
already striped with plants of Swedes and Turnips, but a
u-rcat breaiUli of roots has j'et to be sown. Mangel
Wur/el, C'abl):v.;es, and Potatos are but little cultivated
in this district; where there is suflicient soil our
farmers can grow these crops as well as their neigh-
bours. All descriptions of sheep are in good con-
diliou. The abundance and quality of spring keep
li:H proved of benelit to the live stock, and should the
ruHivator be favoured with a good Turnip crop, there
1 .very prospect of their faring as well in the winter.
I'n sum up, the coming season bids fair to favour the
agriculturists of the Cotswolds. J. L. F., June 27.

Landlord and Laioiirer.— Does the Earl of Shaftes-
bury sufliciently understand the agricultural question
(o he able to give correct estimates of the Dorsetshire
wages .' (see Times, Jan. 29, 186G). If so, would he
have turned out several tenants, each farming about
I'lOri acres, near Cranborne in Dorsetshire, by notice to
quit (three mouths, I believe), and without assigned
reason ? /. P.

momoters attached to the apparatus are large and strong.
The barometer is peculiar, in so far as to have the
cistern at the top of the tube instead of, as is usual, at
the bottom. "With this arrangement a constant level,
or nearly so, is obtained at the top or cistern, and thus
we get the full range of tho scale of inches. At the
bottom part, from whence the indications are taken,
an inch of fall or rise gives an inch indication, only in
this case the scale is turned U))sido down. The
rain gauge is constructed so that an inch of
rainfall causes tho mercury gauge to rise an
inch, and so soon as an inch has fallen the
receiver empties itself by a syphon, and
the mercury gauge returns to zero, and is ready to start
afresh. The area of tho circular mouth of the rain
gauge is equal to a square foot. In concluding, Mr.
Stevenson said that his own wish was to have had some
practical trials made previous to laying the apparatus
before the Society, but in deference to tho wish of
others be consented thus, prematurely perhaps, to give
an explanation of it. After more experience, however,
of the working of tho apparatus, a supplementary oora-
municatioQ might be made to the Sooietj;.

As Mr. Stevenson proceeded with his explanatory
remarks, he illustrated the manner in which the
apparatus operated by means of diagrams and by work-
ing several experiments— tho successful results of
which were hailed with applause on the part of the
audien ce.

On the motion of Mr. Home, who described the
apparatus as valuable and most mgenious, a cordial
vote of thanks was awarded to Mr. Stevenson.

The Chairman stated that it had been arranged
that an onen door experiment was to take place at the
Calton Hill, at the foot of the Observatory, and that
Professor Piazzi Smith would see it carried out.

autumn, and to make them prolific Ihe practice is
generally followed of putting them to tho best jiastures
for a week or two before the rams are put to them,
when this is done they are as a rule in highest condition
about tlio end of tho tupping season, and from that
timo till within a few weeks of lambing they may bo
allowed to slacken a little, and will laml) all tlie better
of it ; but great care is necessary to prevent this lieing
overdone, as the result may prove anything but favour-
able. In my practice I give the ewes a run of the
Grass fields— which are, however, too bare to support
them even in fresh weather; but in jdaco of giving
them a full supply of Turnips, I supplement what they
can pick up by giving as much as they like to consume
of a mixture of cut liay or straw aud pulped Turnips,
restrictiug the Turnips to about oue-half the quantity
they would consume were they scattered on their
pastures. If Turnips are scarce when tho lambing
approaches, I add to the mixture ground Rape-cake, or
some other artificial feeding ; in this way I have my
ewes much healthier and producing stronger lambs
than when wintered on full Turnips. I believe this
way of wintering, however, cannot so well be carried
out by hand labour as it can be where water or steam
power is available, as the amount of labour it requires
is a great drawback to its being regularly performed.
On one of my farms with steam power, I cut straw and
pulp Turnips twice a week, doing the quantity for
three and a-half days each time. It requires about four
hours per week to prepare sufficient for 200 ewes, but
as I have a Turnip cutter going at the same time, I also
cut Turnips for 100 hoggs, which very much economises
labour. When pulped Turnips are kept under a roof
they are not injured by lying a day or two before being
mixed with the cut chaff, and the mixture is all the
better of being made up 21 hours before being used.

Barometric Gradient in Relation to the Force of the \ For breeding sheep I believe this system of wintering
Wind in Storms— ia the absence of Mr. Thomas i with mixed food will become more universal : it is
Stevenson, C.B., Mr. Buch,vn read a paper prepared | economical, and, as far as I have had experience of it,
by him on the barometric gradient in relation to the sheep keep healthy. For two winters my ewe hoggs
the force of the wind in storms. The object of tho | have been treated in much the same way as the ewes ;
paper was to show tho fallacy of the notion that } but I find that they do best when kept by themselves,
the violence of a storm should be measured by \ as the ewes are apt to overeat them. I believe it will
tho fall of the mercury iu a barometer. The , be generally allowed that for feeding purposes pure

only cause of winds is an inequality of tem-
perature producing an inequality of densiliy in the
I atmosphere, and hence the measure of the intensity
of a storm is proportionate to the difference between
any two barometers and the interveniug distance
between them. The author proposed to express
numerically the intensity of a storm by calculatin

.Scottish Meteorological.— At the recent half-
> early general meeting of this Society, the Marquis of
Tnceddale in the chair, Mr. D. Milne Home read the
ri'port of the Council, stating^ that the number of
still ions in coimection with the Society, and from which
niniithly reports were statedly received, was now 87,
and, among other particulars, that the Marquis of
Tneeddale had placed at the disposal of the Council a
sum of 50/., to be devoted to the elucidation of the
subject of the temperature of the soil, and that the
Council had arranged to get observations with thermo-
meters sunk in the soil at the depths of 3, 13, and 22
inches, at eight different stations, during the months of
July, October, January, and April— the observations to
bo made 12 times in a day during those four months.
The number of the Society's members was now G.jO.

Apparatus for Registering the Temperature of ihe
Air and Rainfall.— 'She CHAIRMAN called upon Mr.
Stevenson to explain the construction of an apparatus
for this purpose.

Mr. Stevenson said he had suggested to Lord
Tnceddale that he .should inquire of the Astronomer-
Unyal, "What is the simplest and best self-acting
method of obtaining the constant indications of a ther-
mometer placed in the open air ? " Prom the answer
returned it was evident that they neither had, nor
knew, of any suitable instrument. From some experi-
ments which he made immediately after Lord Tweed-
dale's visit in February, he (Mr. Stevenson) became
hopeful of obtaining continuous thermometric regis-
tration by mechanical means, and after putting the
instrument into shape, he obtained the first result with
the thermometer on the Gth April. He then perceived
that a second thermometer might easily be adapted to
the same apparatus, and he also adapted a wet bulb ;
and afterwards a barometer, and a rain gauge, thus
making the apparatus more complete. Mr. Steven-
son then proceeded to describe the apparatus, refer-
ring ^ first to the timepiece. When wound up,
lie said, the timepiece goes eight days. The require-
ment that it should be kept going iu an exposed
situation during the heat of summer and the
cold of winter rendered it necessary that the
timepiece should be strongly made and have a pen-
tlulum. The pendulum does not compensate changes
of temperature, but the timepiece can be corrected
M any time. Connected with its centre wheel
py two bevel wheels and a pinion, a wheel revolves once
m 2G hours, carrying round on it a brass cylinder or
drum 4.1 1 inches in diameter by 7 inches high. This
cylinder is to support the papers which receive the
markings, and is so constructed that it can be removed
I or replaced with ease without disturbing the apparatus,
the timepiece also moves a hammer, which, by a spring,
is made to .strike a blow once every ten minutes, or
111 times in 21 hours. A series of small dotted mark-
ings are thus given on the papers surrounding the
cylinder, and the dots being l-20th of an inch apart,
represent an hour, and the dotted line of 12 inches
thus represents 24 hours. The tubes of the two ther-

Leicesters are uot so profitable as half-hreds or crosses.
One great drawback is the deficiency of the ewes as
nurses, and being not so hardy as the Blackfaces or
Cheviots ; they can never compare with these breeds in
withstanding the vigours of an unpropitious climate.
The mutton of the Leicester sheep is also deficient in
quality ; so with these drawbacks I would only recom-

what he termed the barometric gradient. This gradient i mend the rearing of them for crossing purposes, and
(which was, strictly speaking, a curved line) would j we have only to take a glance at our lamb fairs or fat
represent relative intensities of storms, as it embodied \ stock markets to have some idea of the extent to which
the difference of reading off two barometers, coupled that crossing is practised. By crossing the Cheviot or
with the intervening distance betweeu the two Blackfaced ewe with the Leicester ram we have the
stations. Examples were given of different storms, , offspring possessing in some measure the hardiness of
showing that the greatestvelocities of thewind occurred, : the ewe, while at the same time they possess in a great
not where the minimum barometric readings occurred, I degree the aptitude of the ram to fatten. W'e also
but where the gradients were steepest. The gale of ; derive the advantage of the good nursing qualities of
1839 had a gradient of 1 inch of mercury to the the ewe, which is of great moment, whether the lambs
2M miles, while those in the tropics were often as steep are to be sent to the fat market when taken from the
as 1 inch to 50 miles ; and in tho case of a troiiical I ewes, or kept on for feeding purposes. It is no doubt
storm at Guadaloupc, on Gth September, 18G5, which owing to the value of Leioesters for crossing that their
was accompanied by an earthquake, barometric \ introduction has become so general, immense numbers
gradients of 1 inch to 1 1 miles were formed. I of rams being annually reared for crossing the other
Importance of Meteorological Observations as an breeds. The introduction of ram sales throughout the
Flement of Education.— ilr. HoME stated that already country has given a stimulus to breeders, and the rear-
monthly returns of observations were received from ing of rams is now carried on to a great extent. I
18 schools— six grammar and 12 elementary schools— daresay I was one of the first who introduced Leicesters
in the country. This; had originated from the cir- ' into this district, having had my small flock for 15 or
cumstance that in the normal schools the teachers had ' 16 years. During that time I have sold my rams
been taught to make these observations and to furnish ; annually by auction ; for some years on the show day
these returns monthly. It was now resolved, however, i in connection with this Society, till in 1853 I had them
to go a step further, and it was proposed that teachers at Kelso ram sale, where they were sold by the late
should communicate instruction to the pupils as to Mr. Fairbairn, who in the following year sold them in
meteorological observations. This was already done in I Edinburgh along with a few more lots, and they have
— ' —I---'- and in confirmation of this statement ! been annually sold there since Tiioi^nn- Snlo Aasnfin.

several schools,

Mr. Home read a letter he had received from the Eeotor
of Dollar Academy, stating that his mathematical
scholars were instructed in meteorology ; a letter from
the Rector of Larchfield Academy, near Helensburgh,
stating that he taught the same science to his natural
science class ; and also a letter from a teacher in one of
the elementary schools stating that he would teach it
to his pupils if he were supplied wdth the necessary
instruments. He (Mr. Home) thought it desirable
that the Society should encourage them in instructing
their pupils in meteorology ; and borrowing a hint
from the Canadian schools, he thought that application
should be made to the Board of Trade and to the Privy
Council Committee, from whom instruments might be
obtained to carry out the proposed object— the intro-
duction of meteorological observation as an element of
education in schools.

Penicuie : Management of Sheep. — -At the last half-
yearly meeting of this Society a discussion took place
on the Management of Sheep, which was opened by
Mr. AYilson, Cross House, who confined himself to
remarks upon Leicester sheep. He said :— Although
Leicesters are not suited for mountain pastures, and
may be said not to bo the breed in a pure state, the
most profitable for a great proportion even of the
arable land of this country ; yet the benefits derived
from them by crossing other breeds are such that the
successful breeding of them is of paramount import-
ance. One thing has struck me as being of great
importance in the management of Leicesters, and that
is to avoid over-feeding, and, at the same time, never
to allow them to be reduced to what may be termed
low condition. Other kinds of breeding sheep may to
some extent escape serious injury, although losing and
again picking up condition with the turns of the
season ; but I have found that when Leioesters are not
watched and kept in something like uniform condition
their constitution is injured. With fair treatment, of
course, the ewe stock naturally get fuller in flesh in

The Ram Sale Associa-
tion now organised is a great stimulus to breeders in
the Lothians ; but in our immediate neighbourhood we
labour under disadvantages, our altitude being high
and the climate cold. On this account we may have a
difficulty in competing with breedei's from more
favoured localities ; but we have this in our favour,
that Qur rams are more likely to be hardy, and to
improve in the hands of purchasers, than those that
have bad the advantage of a more congenial climate. I
think at the present tune that the tendency of breeders
is to overfeed. It looks all very well in a sale yard to
see immense animals, bulky with fat, and forced to
early maturity, but if we follow them to the hill sides
and moors, for which many of them are purchased, we
hear their owners complaining that they are good for
nothing; and if after exposure and fatigue they are
reduced in condition and prove serviceable, the chances
are that they die of consumption afterwards. By far
the greatest number of Leicester rams reared are put to
hill half-bred Cheviot or Blackfaced ewes,and when used
for that purpose, size should not be overlooked, but
they should be sprightly active sheep, well wooUed and
kindly feeders, but not too fat, so that they may be
able to follow the ewes and serve their purpose at the
proper season. During the last year I have heard a
great many complaints of the evils attending overfed
rams, and I believe many buyers will guard against this
in the future iu making their selection. Our aim as
breeders should be to produce what is really useful,
and in the long run we are more likely to be successful.
I have made only a few practical remarks, gentlemen,
with a view to induce discussion, as there can be no
doubt that by stating our experience, aud exchanging
our views and opinions on subjects connected with our
profession, we cannot fail to be benefited. Tho breed-
ing, rearing, and feeding of .sheep, is now a most
important branch of our profession, and when we con-
sider the increasing extent to which the Leicester is
employed for crossing the other breeds, we need not
wonder that so many have embarked in rearing rams

(48

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JnLT 13, 1867. i

for that purpose. I think, however, it is heing over-
done ; the prices are below a rerairaerating point, and I
do believe that the purchaser for crossing purposes
derives the benefit, while the breeder is often ill
remunerated for his trouble.

The Sewage Question,, leing a General Semew of all
Si/stems and Methods, S^c. By ¥. C. Krepp, Member
of the Eoyal Institute of Engineers of the Nether-
lands. Longmans, Green, & Co.
This is a substantial volume, addressed to the dis-
cussion of one of the great questions of the day — which,
as its opening sentence declares, " resolves itself
into^ this : What is the cheapest and most
efficient technical process for rendering human
excreta useful instead of dangerous ? " In
answering it Mr. Krepp gives a succinct account of all
the various systems hitherto employed for the purpose
indicated — but the principal object which he appears
to have in view is to advocate and describe Captain
Liernur's plan of pneumatic sewage, and to this he
devotes four of his ten chapters. In the others he
gives (1) a general statement of the subject ; (2)
historical notes upon it; (3) an account of sewerage
by water-carriage ; (4) of utilisation of sewage diluted
by water ; (5) a discussion of the disadvantages of the
water-carriage system ; and (6) a description of various
Continental sewerage schemes.

The general tone of the criticism and discussion
which the subject receives may be gathered from
Mr. Krepp's note on Dr. Varrentrapp, medical referee
to the Board of Works of Frankfort-on-the-Maine.
He says : — " It is really mel.ancholy to thmk that a
gentleman of such undoubted learning and ability
should have devoted so much of his time and energy
to the nefarious purpose of advocating sewerage by
water-carriage, water-closets, irrigation with pesti-
lential sewage liquid, and all, at that beautiful city,
just at the very nick of time when the foremost engi-
neering, sanitary, and agricultural authorities, both of
Great Britain and the Continent, have so justly stig-
matised all this as the great fallacy of the age ! "

Now, we believe that Dr. Varrentrapp is right and
Mr. Krepp is wrong. The water is itself the cheapest
carrier of the town waste. Water-closets and pipe
drainage will ensure its immediate removal, and
before it has become a nuisance it may thus be
distributed over the surface of the land, where all its
fertilising ingredients, the seed of mischief if allowed to
stagnate in or near the town, may be converted into '
plants, and theseagain into milk. We are now superin- !
tending the use of about 1000 tons of sewage daily, and
its conversion in this way into about .50 cwt. of milk.
Two hundred and fifty cows are being fed, with the
help of a little meal and grain, off 60 acres of Italian
Eye-grass, grown by sewage, on, for the most part, poor
land ; and 20/. worth of Grass are being sold weekly
into the bargain. The water runs off the land virtually
clean, and the fields are almost without smell — no com-
plaint of any kind has yet been made by the
neighbours.

It is in some such way, involving a minimum of
labour, that the problem will be solved. No plan
requiring detailed superintendence and much manual
labour will succeed on the great scale here. If, never-
theless, any one wishes to understand the details of
the various plans which have been proposed, and
especially those of Captain Liernur's pneumatic plan,
we can recommend him to peruse and read this book.

We extract the following list of places where attempts
have been made to extract the fertilising matter of
sewage by filtration : —

"MiNUFACTUBING ARTIFICIAL MaNUEE. — The
following attempts have been made to retain some of
the fertilising ingredients held in solution in sewage
liquids, and at the same time to deodorise them —

" a._ Uxbridge, a little town of about 3500 inhabitants,
Tn Middlesex, collected its sewage in tanks and passed
it through boxes filled with charcoal, a material costing,
at 5?. per ton, some 70/. per annum. The boxes were
emptied about every six weeks, at an expense, including
other items, of about 601. a year. The deposits, when
partially dried, were mixed with town ashes, and pul;
up for sale at 5*. a ton ; and were even then only got
rid of with great difficulty. Charcoal does not answer
as a continuous filter, for, when satiu-ated, its peculiar
oxygenating power ceases.

" b. St. Thomas, near Exeter, possesses sewerage
works originally laid out for working Mr. Herapath's
Patent Deodoriser, in which sulphate of iron and
burnt magnesian limestone were used. The process
proved of no avail, and was abandoned. The Local
Board then resorted to the use of lime and basket-
work, which also turned out a failure, and the works
were discontinued in conseqaence of an indictment for
a nuisance.

" c. Clifton treated its sewage first with sulphate of
iron and lime for deodorisation ; but as the manure
thus obtained did more harm than good to the land,
the sulphate was abandoned, and lime only employed.
This compound was, however, but of little agricultural
value.

" d. Leicester, on the Soar, with about 68 000
inhabitants, deodorised its sewage upon Mr. Wick-
steed's patent, the process provmg commercially an
entire failure. The works were erected for the manu-
facture of a dry portable manure, which it was hoped
would sell for about 41. per ton, whilst in reality it
hardly brought 4r. This part of the works has been
abandoned, nothing else being now aimed at but to
disinfect the sewage-fluid before throwing it into the
river.

" e. Tottenham, on the river Lea, with a population
of some 14,000, treated its sewage under Mr. Higg's
patent, in works specially erected at a cost of several

thousand pounds. The object was the manufacture of
dry sewage manure, which resulted, as at Leicester, in
utter loss to the proprietors.

" /. JElv, a small town of some 7300 people, has also
attempted the manufacture of dry manure out of
deposits of sewage-liquid. The works were skilfully
conducted by Mr. W. Burns, C.E. The process was
as follows : — At the end of the main sewer, on the top
of it, a tank was placed, in which clay and lime were
mixed with water and allowed to run down through a
pipe into the sewage. This mixture fell iuto a movable
strainer, which when full was hoisted up, being imme-
diately replaced by another empty one. The full
strainer was now emptied on a floor higher up, where
the deposits were mixed with charcoal and gypsum, at
the rate of four parts deposits, two of charcoal, and
one of gypsum, and then left to dry. The floor was
ventilated by a chimney, which served also as a channel
for the strainers to move in. The liquid portion falling
below was filtered upwards through a perforated floor,
overlaid with 12 inches of charcoal and 6 of ground
gypsum. In this elaborate manner a manure was
manufactured, which farmers declined buying, because,
they said, 'it had no strong scent,' which is nothing
but the unscientific expression of unsophisticated
countrymen, whose practical experience supplies the
want of a chemical education, at least so far as to teach
them that the presence of ammonia and nitrogenous
compounds— to them known only by their ' scent '—
indicates the main value of a fertiliser. Considering
that at least three parts of the seven (charcoal and
gypsum are good fertilisers for many soils, the com-
pound, notwithstanding the unfounded prejudice of the
farmers, may have been well worth the price asked,
viz.. 10s. per ton.

" These instances are enough to prove that solids
extracted from fluid sewage cannot be manufactured
into dry manure, so as to pay for the trouble. Apart
from this, chemical analyses, most carefully conducted,
of the results of various processes of deodorisation
prove, that none of them have thus far succeeded in
precipitating or retaining fertilising parts held in
solution, the only substances precipitated being those
which are held only in suspense, and which would just
as well have been retained by the mere mechanical
process of filtering."

WARNER'S SILICATE of IRON PAINT.!
— The peculiarities and advantages of this
Paint are that it will stand extreme Heat and Damp.
and is not affected by Acid, Sea Water, SiilphurettMl
HydroKen, or Ammonia. It is equally well adapted
for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Every Shade o(
Colour ground to order. Tne Creamy White and!
Briglit Stone will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of the
fumes of Gases. It has no smell, and there is an entire absence
of deleterious efiect.

WARNER'S ANTITSRMITE COMPOSITION? is suitable for
Felt Roofing, and is a Cheap Coating for Iron Work, and preserves
Wood in India from the ravages of the White Ant. Price Is, 3d.
per gallon,

17, Laurence Pountney Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.C,

' ^U Paint no longer Necessary.

.^^y\^t^'^<U^fi^^'^''^'''^^^^<^^ .

Farm Memoranda*

West Sussex, JkI// S. — Haymakinc; is nearly over,
and has been a good crop and Renerally well made ;
there will be more Rood hay for the coming year than
we have had for a long time. The weather has been
so good that it has been made at comparatively little
cost, and so far we have been fortunate, as hands have
been rather short, and had it not been for machines
having been used to a greater extent than usual it
would have been impossible to do the work in any-
thing like the proper time. Mowing machines are now
very common, and where anything like good manage-
ment prevails they do their work well. In meadows
where trees prevail they will not do so well, as more
will have to be done by the scythe ; but they nre now
so generally adopted that soon they will supersede the
scythe. To do haymaking as it ought to be done
according to the old rules laid down, would now be
impossible. V,^e must now get it down and into rick
with as little manual labour as possible, and horses
must do the greater part of the work. And machines
require only a fair field to answer the purpose.

The roots where up are looking well— the Mangel
perhaps rather backward, owing to the coldnights, but
the plant is regular ; and Swedes are coming on well,
though they have suffered from the fly : yet where
thickly sown and well manured they have come
through, and some are now being hoed. Turnip sowing
is not yet finished, as little could be done to them while
haymaking was about.

The corn crops perhaps never looked much better.
Wheat is good, and has not yet suffered from rains;
it is nearly all standing, and is thick on the ground.
Barley is very good and thick. Oats are thick and
healthy, but are not likely to be very long-strawed, as
we have not had rains enough for them. Peas are
good. The second crops of Clover and after Grass
come on well, and the pastures hold out well, and lean
stock are not likely to be cheap ; but fat sheep and
lambs have fallen very much— perhaps Is. per stone —
and as they were bought in very high they will not
pay much; many have been kept for months and sold
for what they cost, and if fatting is to pay anything
the lean must be bought for less. Mutton and lamb
have been nearly unsaleable in our last two or three
markets.

Harvest will commence about the end of this month.
Peas will not be much earlier this year. With the
exception of the tendency downward in the price of
Tjoth lean and fat stock, the prospects of the farmer are
very favourable. G. S.

HILL ANn SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARinSB!
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is ai
excellent substitute for oil paint on ail out-door work, and is full]'
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in tbi
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of man}
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering i
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Suitq will forward oi'
application.

From RiciTARD Hemming, Esq., BardcsUy Park, Worcestershire.

"Gentlemen, — I have great pleasure in stating that I highlii
approve of your Black Varnish, as a substitute for paint for fariri
buildings, barn doors, gates, and especially when the wood has beer'
previously painted in the usual way a few years before ; in this par
ticular case it leaves a very nice glazed surface, than which nothing
could be better. The same observation also applies to ironwork o
every descriotiou, such as iron hurdles, &c. The Wrought-iror
Ban-ow with apparatus for beating gas tar has been found inosl
useful, and so great a convenience do I consider it that I shall bef
you to send me another, as well as a cask of the Black Varnish, fot
the use of the property which I have in Warwickshire. Please t'
send the whole by the same conveyance as before,"

Sold m casks of about M gallons eacD, at Is. tirf. per gallon, at thi
M£!iufactory, or Is. Sd. per gallon paid to any Station In the kingdom

Apply to Hill & Smith. Brierly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, am
22, Cannon Street'West, E.G., from whom only it can be obtained.

"uTtTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITEl

COW FITTINGS.

Notices to Correspondents.

Clover in Pastures : R A S. Bonedust will bring it, even
more certainly than ashes. It is, of course, a dearer but a
very efficient Grassland dressing.

Lactometer ; BaWnnahon. All you requii-e is a wide tube,
graduated downwards, and divided below zero into 100
parts. Fill with milk up to zero, and in six hours' time you
can read ofE the percentage of cream on the scale.

Salt AND Lime: Williams. When the action of the one upon
the other is completed, the salt is converted into a much
more active substance — carbonate of soda ; and of that it
would not be advisable to apply more than 1 cwt. or Ih cwt.
per acre, a quantity which would be produced by rather
more than its weight of common salt. But the process is not
completed ; only a small portion of the salt becomes thus
decomposed, and therefore you may Mpply 2 cwt. or 3 cwt.
of salt per acre, along with as much Ume (within 80 or 100
bushels) as you like. Our plan would bo to slake the lime
with brine on a covered floor, and turn over for two or three
months before use.

Their advantages are— Portability, not Fixtures, removable n
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation orbreo'
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased widtl
and depth of Feeding Troughs. Water Cistern, and I'atent Droi
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious t
Infection, being all of iron. Pi'ice of Fittings per Cow, 5ns.

Prospeciuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Stree
(opposite the PantheonJ, Oxford Street, London, W., where th
above are exhibited, together with several important; Improvement
la ytuh'e Fittings just secured by Patent.

"s. BouLTON^'^se-^aiioiT "swing watei

BARROW. Price 45j{.
Carriage paid to any Station in England.

w,

The above is very cheap and invaluable for carrying Liquids of al
kinds. No Garden. Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard should be with
out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Carriage at a smal
additional cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to trave
long distances over rough ground a Pony cnn be attached. The
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The lol
lowing, out of many Testimonials, have been received : —

From Lord Otho Fitzgerald, West Park, Salisbury.

" Sir,— You are welcome to make use of my letter recomraondinj
your Water Barrow. I find it of great use, and stronger, better
lighter, and more serviceable than one I had made in the nelgb
bourhood. the carriage alone of which, without the barrel, cost n?
£3 lOs. I unfortunately ordered it before I saw your advertisement
—I am, yours obediently, " O- Fitzqebali),

"To Mr. W. S, BooLTON.'

From Tnos. Ingle, Esq., M.D., Emswortli, Hants, Jicm 24, 1806,

" Si k —The Swing Water Barrow is in every respect a most adniir
able improvement on all I have hitherto used m niy Gardens, Al
parties who have seen it, Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, havi
bestowe,! upon it their unqiiaiified approval, and several said .hej
would order them of you.— Yours truly, " Taos. Inole, ia„lJ.

"To Mr. W. S. BocLTON."

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

I

July 13, 1867.]

THE GAKDENEliS' CllKONKJEE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

749

TERRA COTTA AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

JlANUFACTUliED BY

HENPtY DOULTON & CO.,

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.
No. 1. No. 2. No. 4.

This Eil{,'iiig is MunufacLured iu Vitrified Stoneware and in Teri.i C"tUi, and is waukanted iMPEitidiiABLi;.
DRAIN riPES, TEEEA COTTA CHIMNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON and CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

HORTICULTURAL WIRE WORK.

ALL KINDS OF GAUDEN WIRE AVORIC FOR RUSTIC ADORNMENTS.

ROSERIES

SUMMER HOUSES

HARDEN BOR-
DERING

r.lAI>ERS

.i-EXCING

lUSPENDING
BASKETS

WIARIES and
PHEASANTRIES

ARCHWAYS

TRELLIS "WORK

TEMPLES

ORNAMENTAL
WIRE

FLOWER STANDS

SPRING BLINDS

AND

AVIARLES for CON-
SERVATORIES,

Illiinti-ah'd Catalogues of the above on applicatioit.

R. HOLLIDAY, HORTICULTURAL WIRE WORKS, 2a, PORTOBELLO TERRACE,
NOTTING HILL GATE, LONDON, W.

PATENT TRAVELLING ROPE PORTER,

AWARDED THE FIRST PRIZE AT THE NEWCASTLE MEETING OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL

SOCIETY, JULY, 1864.

I .These ROPE FORTERS are fastened to the Rope at inteivils behmd the Cultivator or Plough as it leaves
,|Mtlier headland ; they travel across the tiold with the Rope, and are taken oil' as they return. They can be released
TOm the Rope instantaneously ; they are much less trouble than any hitherto in use, and they save the boys the
latigTie of runniug with the Implement across the field. The Rope Porter, which immediately follows the Plough or
J^ultivator, is provided with a Steerage to prevent those following from running on the plouffhed ground, and to
keep the back rope clear of the furrow. i- = = .

These ROPE PORTERS, and two of AVELING'S PATENT AGRICULTURAL LOCOMOTIVES, wiU be
* 'ttiNUFACTURERl'^^^ ^'^' ^^^'^^^"^ MEETING of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, by the

AVELING AND PORTER, ROCHESTER ; and 72, CANNON STREET, LONDON, B.C.

TRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal

-L Agncultiiml Soclotyl

SHEEI', 3,s-. (,d. ; CATTLK. Ah. U ; OX, fi«. lid.

List by I'oHt. GATES and FENCING of every deHcnption

St. FiiiicraM iron Work Company, Old St_I>aneruH Rotui, London, N.W.

c u.

WELLS'S PORTABLE GROUND VINERY, for
Growing and Kiptjning Gnipos without Artillclnl llout.
Awfirdud a Sllvur Medal nt the lutuiuutloual Expo»ltloii vt
Ilortlculturo, hold at Nice, April, lS(i5.

Diawinga and Inatructionn can bo hud of tho Patkntki:,
Steam Works 24, Bouveile Street, London, E.C.
Agents :— It, J. Edwards, '^a, ilishopsgato Street Wltblu, K.C.
J. K. Tanton, PIpsora, Surrey,
Drummond iJrothers, 02, George Street, Edinburgh.

^AiTk S P^ H IL L iT 8 AND

beg to submit their prices as follows : —

GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSES,

As supplied by them to Mr. Rivera, to the Hoyiil Horticultural Society,

and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Goutiemou of the United

ICingdoni.

Each Box contains 100 feet. The prices only apply to the sizes stated
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 15.

16 oz. to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth quality .. .. Vis. Qd VJs. Gd.

Third ditto 17». Od 22>s. 6d.

Seconds 18s. Od 2iis. Od.

EngliKb 20s. Od 27s. Od.

The uDove prices include tho boxes, which are not returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes. IC-oz., in 100 feet boxes, boxes Included.

These prices only apply to the sizes stated.

II by

9

12 by 9

1

13 by 9

III

1.1 ,, 10

14 „ 10

II

14 „ 11

12

16 „ 12

16 „ 11

t'i

19 „ 12

16 „ 12

ID

17 „ 13

20 „ 12

H

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

ir „ 14

18 „ 14

20 „ 14

14 by 9

4ths.
1 ,s-. rf.

Us C

». a.

2lids.
.1. It.
17 0

10 to 17 oz. to the foot.

Cby4

8 by 6 8i by 6|

12s. Oil.
133. 6d.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feet Boxes.
OS by 4J 7 by 6 7! by Sj 1

9 by 7 9) by 71;

10 by 8 lOi by Si
Boxes 2s. e.^ch, returnable jit full pnce.
Lon-ioQ Agents for HARTLErs IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of vnrious colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and HOUGH PLATE GLA.S.S, SLATES of all bIzm,
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOi/rED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on apphcation to
James Phillips &Co., 180, BisbopKgate Street Without. E.C.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLING TON and CO.,
87, Bishopsgate Street Without, London, E.C.
NEW LI.ST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Miijesty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivers, and tho leading Horti-
culturists of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

in. in.

20 by 12

20 by l;l .

20 by 14 VPer lOO feot-, —

20 by 16 1 1 21

j"15 02.

15» 6<i 18s Bii

. 19s Cd i
20by IG-*

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.
In. In. I in. In.lin. la.iin. in. j 4tbs. i 3ds. ( 2nds. i Beat.

oibjJil 7tbi u\ till til %ii j,}h^^4^H'^°4»»'«

Per 100 feet.

10 by 8

10) by 8)

11 by 9

11) by 9)

12 by 9
12) by 9)

13 by 9
12 by 10

12) by 10)

13 by 10

13) by 10)

14 by 10

14) by 10) 1
15 by 10 (

13 byU f

14 by 11 J

13s 3(2 14s e<2

17s3d ISsOd

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 fee

in. in., in.
16) by 10) 14 by 12
10 by 10 jl4) by 12)
14) bv 11) 16 by 12

16 by 11
16) by 11)
10 by 11
21 by II
13 byl

16) by 12)
IB by 12
16) by 12)

17 by 12

18 by 12

in.

22 by 12

17 by 13

23 by 13

18 by 14
22 by 14

24 by 14
22 by 15
24 by 16

14s 3i2

15S6II

18s Od

20s Oil

22 by 10
24 by lO)
20 by 17
22 by 17 I
24 by 17 )
20 by 18
22 by 18
24 by IS I
The above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
otlier Sizo be required, a Special Price wilt be given.
SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from G to 9 feet super

21 02.

4ths quality, per 200 feet case, 38s.

4ths.

3ds.

Best

4th8 quality, per 300 feet case, 385.
3d8 „ „ 4Ss.

3ds
2ds

489.

Best „ „

SHEET GL4SS Is made only in the following substances. 15 oz .
2102., 2G02., 32oz., 3G0Z., and 42oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE In
l-Sth in., 3-lGth in., l-4th in., and 3-8th m. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Slivered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striliing Glasses, &c., ic.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, 4c

STUCCO PAINT, 24». par cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone sm-face, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 3Bs. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Pauit, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and six gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI.CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 34s. per cwt.
Anti-corrosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work m
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Corapo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon

Per cwt. — s. d.
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRl'.
ERS. M. to 4)rf. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3i(.

to 4id. per lb.
„ RAW USIBER. iid. to
Gd. per lb. [per lb.
„ BUrSt do., Cii, to 9rf.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to GO 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 30 0
RED PAINT . . 28s. to 30 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I .SASH TOOLS,
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gaI10D.^s. d.
LINSEED OIL .. ..3 8
BOILED OIL .. ..4 2

TURPENTINE .. ..3 6
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to OS. per cwt.
FineOAKV.iRNlSII.10,s-.toI2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. 10s. to 12 0

,, COPAL 10 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE . . 10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAIJ Bought or taken in
exchange-

The abovo are Net, for Cash, and na such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

?50

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[July 13, 1867.

COMBERYATOEIES, GSEEIHOUSES, FRAMES.

The only paint that successitlly stands upon the above trying ■wohk is

CAESONS' OEIGINAL ANTI-COEEOSION PAINT,

TRADE MARK.

EMT^REQ AT STATIONERS HALU

AND IS CONSEQUENTLY LARGELY USED BY THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY, ALSO THE LEADING HORTICULTURISTS.

IT IS EQUALLY ADAPTED FOR ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF EXTERNAL WORK.

Three Cwt. Free to any Station in England and Wales, and most Ports of England,

Ireland and Scotland.

PKEPAEED OIL MIXTURE FOR THE ANTI-C0E.IIOSI0N PAINT.

OILS, TUEPENTINE, VAENISHES, BRUSHES, &o., &c.

TRADE MARK.

EMTEBEP ATSTATIONEBS HALt.

Before Painting, send for PATTERNS, PEICES, and TESTIMONIALS, whicli can be had Post Free on application to

WALTER CARSON and SONS, LA BELLE SAUVAGE YARD, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.G.

CAUTION. — All Casks bear the Trade Mark, or are not Genuine.

BY HER MAJESTY'S ROYAL

LETTERS PATENT, 1867.

THE ONLY PEEFECTLY MOVEABLE SHEEP EENCE

GREENING

AND

COMPANY'S

IMPROVED PATENT

EXPANSIVE AND FOLDING

WIRE SHEEP-FOLD

FENCE.

The New Patent Comhination of

GALVANISED

IKON HINGE-TUBES

and

GALVANISED

IEON-"\VIRE BARS,

Makes a very Strong, Durable,
and perfectly

EFFICIENT FENCE.

Pamphlet, "with all details, now
ready, and may be had post free
on application to

GREENING

AND

CO. (LIMITED),

Manufacturers of

IRON GATES, FENCES,

PALISADES, ESPALIERS,

HURDLES, TREE GUARDS,

GARDEN SEATS,

VERANDAHS, YASES,

FOUNTAINS,

TOMB RAILINGS,

STABLE FITTINGS,

GARDEN ROLLERS,

POULTRY HOUSES,

EMIGRANTS' HOUSES,

BRIDGES,

CORN RICK STANDS,

&c., &c.

EIGE.

GREENING

AND

COMPANY'S

IMTEOVED PATENT

EXPANSIVE AND FOLDING.

WIRE SHEEP-FOLD
EENCE.

Manufacturers also of

WIRE STRAINED FENCES,,

ROPE FENCES,

and

PATENT MOVEABLE FENCEI

for

RAILWAYS, PARKS,

FARMS, GARDENS,

GAME PRESERVES,

POULTRY COURTS,

SHEEP WALKS, &c.

Also of

WIRE NETTING,

PLANT GUARDS

and

PROTECTORS,

GARDEN BORDERING,

GARDEN ARCHWAYS,

AVIARIES,

PEA and PLANT TRAINERSI

PHEASANTRIES,

HEN COOPS,

GARDEN LOUNGES,

&c., &c., &c.

GENERAL
PRICED CATALOGUi

In Eoyal 8vo., 72 Pages an
Wrapper, with 83 lUuatratioD
(together with

SUPPLEMENT

of

TESTIMONIALS

from the leading Noblemen an
LandoNvners of the United King
dom, to the quality of G. & Co.
Manufactures), forwarded o
receipt of Two Stamps to defra
postage.

SECTION IlLUSTEATrVE OP CONSTEDCTION OF GREENING AND COMPANY'S IMPROVED PATENT EXPANSIVE AND FOLDING -WIKE SHEEP-POLD PENCE.

GREENING and COMPANY, LIMITED, VICTORIA IRON and WIRE WORKS.

OFFICES ; 4, WARKEN STREET, MANCHESTER. ROYAL SHOW YARD, BURY ST. EDUMUND'S.

STANDS, Nos. 143 and 144.

July 13, 1867.]

THE GART^ENERS* CnRONTCLE ANT) AGPJCUETURAL GAZETTE.

751

"OT HO USES for the MILLION,

Invonteil bv the lato
SIR JOSEniPAXTON.
Manufactories 1 Loudon, Newton In Cartmel
, (Lnncnshlru), UloucoHter, Coventry, Aberdeen,
I and I'aisloy only.

' lllustmtod Circuliira, witli revised List of
Prices, will bo sent on prepaid applic^itton to
Moasrs, Herkman & Morton, Ilead Office,
7, Pall Mall Kaat, London. S.W.

HUT-WATKK Ai'PAlU'rUST'of every description,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the materials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, 4c.. delivered to any Station.
Kstimatoa on application.
J. Jongs & Sons, 0, Hankside. Southwark, London, S.E.

T

c

20
ibs.

0 T T A 11 AND C 0 M P A N

Consi:rvat(ikv and IIotuodse Buildbrs, &c..
Iron Work8, U, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

24

30 inches long.
O'-'s. Oi^ each.

HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 Inch.

lit. dd. 2s. Id. 2s. 9rf. per yard.
Matarlals supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron VVorkM,

2, Winsley Street.

(opposite the Pantheon).

OxiMiil Street, London, W.

COIL CASE

^

E0 ^B^Bjja

en APPARATU&

Hot-water Pipes, with Elbows
and Connections, KuppUcd iiy

BURY AND rOLLARO.
Contracts and Estimates given
for WvVRMTNG PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS; latest Improvementsin HEAT-
ING by HOT WATER; the Improved
CONICAL BOILERS, for Heating
Pineries, Conservatories, Greenhouses,
Mansions, Halls, Warehouses, Ac.,
Solely Manufactured by Boav & Pol-
lard. These Boilers are adapted for
setting in Brickwork, or annexed
Sketch shows Burt & Pollard's im-
proved aiTangement, requiring
NO BRICKWORK SETTING.
These Boilers have for their dura-
bility and economy attained a cele-
brity far surpassing any other Boilers
tver invented. They have been for
many years pnst in use at many Public
Establishments, Royal Botanical Gar-
dens at Kew, at the Regent's Park,

tlie Crj-stat Palace, and at most of the Nobility's and Gentry's Seats

tliroughout the United Kingdom. References where they have

btM-n lor 20 years in constant use.
Price Lists on applicition to Bory & Pollard, Park Iron Works,

17, New Park Street, Southwark, London, S.E.

/CRANSTON'S i-ATENT BUILDINGS for

\y HORTICDLTO RE.

" Dry Glazing wiihout Putty."

*' Glass without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Lights."

Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South

Sensing tun.

Plans and Estimates fiee on application Descriptive Book fully
illustrated, poht Iret, lor ^0 stamps from the Author and Patentee,
James Cra.vston Architect Blnningham

^ rki. Hl),bfeate btre(.t, Birmingham.
Hesrv J. Gnn\<T-\av. Manager, 1, Temple Row West, Birmineham.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
KXHIBITION

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements In the Ventilation, Con.structioD and
Application of WROUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildings

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER
vATORIES are ot the highest order.

OUR PATENT WKOUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutraUza atmospbenc conduction

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-ir.ON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richnes>a of colour

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON tRlZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a comDlete
arrangement. *^

HnnL?'^'^'^'""'^ ^5°.'''^F^"^°'f ^^'^^ MEDAL ORCHARD
HOnSES (as suppUod to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
nniailiDB result.

OCR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GERANIUM
>nd PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
Improved system. f « >*"

OUR PATENT WROOGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES
JiBen heated upon the Improved system, are calculated to secure
the growth of flrst-claasfrmt. »oi.iiio

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
emlDently superior for all early work.

B»MV mTnltS, WROUGHT-IRUN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
■DBRRi HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty

These Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent
Md rrom the complete adjufltment of their constructional parts will
«e most lavoumbly with Wood Structures In point of cost

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete raneea of
ilouseB m Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,

WfttAr pJL^"*'"?T^,^-.^^^^^^' Horticultural Builders and Hot-
water Engineers, Chelmafoni,

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 81, Banksldo, London. S,E.

HOT WATER PIPES, trom StocK, per yard :— 2-lnoh, Is. 2rf ;
S'lnch, 1«. U>d. ; and 4-Inch, 2/1. Ad. HKN US, from Stock, l8.M.,2fl. 6d.,
and 3n. each. THROTTLE VALVES, KM., 13«.,and Us. each. Other
Connexions at equally low pncoH, and all goouH of llrBt-class manu-
lacture. EHtlmatea given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

Great Flower Show, MancUeater, June, 1867.

FIRST-CLASS CERTIPICATE TO

THE PATENT TERMINAL SADDLE BOILER,
with following note : —
"The Judges consider this one of the most powerful and useful
Rollers for general purposes,"

Gardeners^ Magazine.— "This Boiler possesses the rare merit of
sucking all the heat from the Are, so that it furnishes a maximum of
power for a minimum of outlay in respect of fuel."~S. H.

Hie Oardeiier. — "Of Boilers, by far the best, according to our
judgment, was the Terminal Saddle." — IF. Thomson.

Journal of Horticulture. — "T. Jones's Terminal Boiler was con-
sidered by the judges the best of all exhibited on this occasion."—
J. fi-ith.

J. Ireland, Edward Street, Broughton Lane, Manchester.

JOHN GIBSON, Jtjn., begs to announce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Giuson, pin., Surrey Lane, Battcrsea, S.W.

/GEORGE F. iMORKIS (of the t^irm of Protheroe
vT & Moanis) undertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasehold and Reversionary Property
of every description. Farming and Market Garden Produce, House-
hold Furniture, Stock in I'ratle, 4c.
Auction and Estate Asency Office, The Limes, Leytonstone, Essex.

To Market Gardeners and Dairy Farmers.

MR. SEA RLE, AuciiiiXEEit. and Land Agent,
2, Bond Court, Waibrook. London, E.C., solicits instructions
from Market Gardeners and others, who require VALUATIONS
or SALES by AUCTION of Land, Timber, Growing Crops, Cattle,
Sheep, and other Farming Stock. Railway and similar compensa-
tion claims adjusted.

farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING EOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA, CREVECCEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Eatlmatea on appUcation.
John Bajlv & Son. 113, Moimt Street, London, W.

To General Contractors.

BOROUGH of LIVERPOOL.— STANLEY PARK.—
TENDERS are required for MAKING WALKS, EXCAVAT-
ING and PUDDLING LAKE, and general GROUND WORK.

according to Plans, Sections, and Speciflcations, which may be seen
at the office of the Aiichitkct and Surveyor, Town Hail, Liverpool.
Tenders, m accordance with the Specification, to be sent in to the
Akcuitkct's Office, Town Hall, on or before TUESDAY, July 30.
addressed to the Chairman of the Improvement Committee, and
endorsed " Tender for Ground Work at Stanley Park ; Contract No. 1.
The lowest or any other Tender will not necess;u-ily be accepted.
Architect's Office, T>wii Hall. ,Tuly lu, ISDT.

To Builders and Otliers.

BOARD of WORKS Im- the POPLAR DISTRICT.—
Notice ia Hereby Given, that this Board will meet on
TUESDAY. July IG, at 6 o'clock in the Evening precisely, to receive
TENDERS for the Execution of the undermentioned works :—

1. For the ERECTION of TWO GREENHOUSES, upon the

Recreation Ground, Poplar.

2. For the CONSTRUCTION of TWO GROUND-KEEPERS'

LODGES, and for the Supplying and Fixing a COMMON
WOODEN SEAT, about 200 feet lineal.

The parties Tendering for the first mentioned works mu^t furnish
the Names of one responsible Person willing to enter into Bond with
them in the sum of £100 for the due performance of their Contract,
and will be required to immediately pay down the sum of £2 on the
acceptance of their Tender, for the expense of the Contract and Bond

A Separate Tender must be given for each set of Works.

The Board do not bind themselves to accept the lowest or any
Tender ; and the parties offering to Contract, or some one on their
behalf, are required to be in attendance on the day, and at the hour
above-named. Tenders upon the forms prepared for that purpose
sealed, and endorsed "Tender for Greenhouses," "Tender for Lodges
and Seat," NONE OTHER WILL BE RECEIVED, must be
delivered at my Office, on or before July 16, at 12 o'Clock noon
AFTER WHICH TIME NO lENDER WILL BE RECEIVED. '

Plans and Specifications can be seen, and further Particulars and
Forms of Tender had, on application at the Surveyor's Office, on the
8th :ind until the IGth inst,, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.
John LArroN, Jdn., Clerk to the Board '

Offices, East India Dock Road, July 6.

w

To Nurserymen and Seedsmen.
'ANTED, a 8MAM- liUSlNESS in lli.- above Lino.

Addreiw A. T., iliinh-iin-n' ('/,r<n,,rlr (titlon, \\'.C,

"Enfleld.
EASE of HOUSE, and about ;t,V ACRES of NURSERY

GROUND, to be SOLD. OliiaH llonnes, Shmba, and Plants at
, Must be DlspoHod of Immediately. Apply to
II. Nkw St Co., 6, Tavistock Row, Cove ' '

a valuation,

Muusrs.

■ovont (Jardon, W.C.

To Nurserymen. Florists, and Others.

TO BE SULU, the LEASE of a weU-stonkcd
NURSERY, of several Acres, with Cottage, Propagating.
Intermediate, and Greenhouses, Sheds, Stabling, Sic., doing a good
retirlnK. Established 25 years ; present Proprietor retiring.
Apply to Mr. pRiNni.K, Nurseryman, Norwood, Surrey, S.

''yO JiE DISPOSED OF, on advant"a!;eoiis~tcTins, and
J- may bo entered upon immediately, an OLD ESTABLISHED
NURSERY, oliKlbly situated, adjoining a largn and important town,
surrounded by an excellent neighbourhood, and having every facility
for carrying on .an extensive business,— Addres.s.
G. II.. Mr. Cooper, Seed Merchant, IW, Fleet Street, London, E C.

To Nurserymen and Otliers.

TO BE DISPOSKD 01-', the valuable LEASE of an
OLD-ESTABLISHED BUSINESS in one of the most improving
Suburbs of London, including the Greenhouse, Plant, Ac, with or
without the Stock. Owner retiring.
_Apply to Mr. Hkxbv HAnais. Auctioneer, &c., 106, Cheapside, E.C.

"iJiOirDISPUSAL, a Eir.st-dass NURSERY and SEED
J, HUSINKSS; or the present Proprietor would acceiit of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadenhall Street
London. E C.

''PO BE LET, a SMALL NURSERY, near Bristol,
X containing about an Acre of Lind, with Three Vineries about

30o feet long, heated and stocked, also Frames and Pits. Rent very
low. Crop and Entry ft,i per agreement, with early possession.

Apply by letter only to A, B,, Messrs. Hunter & Co., Seedsmen,
Clare Street, Bristol.

0 BK Lbir, on Lease, a FLORIST'S BUSINESS,

situate 12 miles fl-om London, and close to a Rillway Station,
containing Four Acres of Ground, 13 Hothouses and several Pits,
he.ited on the One-Boiler system, A flrst-class opportunity for a
London Florist who wishe.i to have a Country Nursery and Grow for
Covent Garden Market. Tiio l'roprii:tor retiring from the Basluess.
Rent, £200.— Api'ly t<> C. Mr. Little's, U',), King's Road. Chelsea, S.W.

To Nurserymen. Seedsmen, and Others.

TO BE DISPOSED OF, in one of tlie best parts of
Berkshire, the GOODWILL and STOCK in TRADE of a
Nui-seryman and Seedsman. The business has been established
nearly a century. The House and Nursery are delightfully situated in
a greatly improving neighbourhood, about 20 miles from London.

For particulars apply to Mr. Fbeece, Auctioneer and Valuer,
Maidenhead.

Horton Klrby and Farningham, Kent.

To Market Gardeners, Fruit Growers, and OtnERS.

TO BE LET, on Lease, either as a Whole or in Lots,
with possession at Michaelmas next, a valuable FARM of
320 Acres of Market Garden, Hop. and Fruit Land, in a high state of
Cultivation, with Cottaees and Buildings, situate in the high road
from Famingham and Dartford, and within a quarter of a mile of
the Farningham Road Station on the London, Chatham, and Dover
Railway.

For particulars apply to Messrs. Norton, Trist, Watnet, & Co .
C2, Old Broad Street, Royal Exchanire, E.C.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLlAAt Dean, having determined on residing in
London again, offers for SALE, with immediate possession
the NURSERY at SHIPLEY, consisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked
and with Dwellinp House," &c., is held on Lease; also the SEED
SHOP, in BRADFORD (the only one in the town), which is well
fitted up, and where there isagood business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds. Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, &c. The Nursery
is 2i miles from the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
year'.s business ia equivalent to the purchase money required, and
will be a great bargain to the purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
tunity for a large house in the South to establish a Branch Business
here, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
mucu Increased. For particulars apply to
William Dean, Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

Oxford-Down Rams. ~

MR. DRUCE offers for SALE, by Private Contract.
this Season, about 30 SHEARLINGS, and a few TWO-SHEA R
OXFORD-DOWN RAMS, which may be seen at any time as well
also THE FLOCK on the Farm. The Sheep have not been housed
Eynsham, Oxford, July, 1807.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP,

kJ SALE APPOINTMENTS FOR 1867.

Mr. S. Byrd, The Leese Farm. Stafford, July 30.
Willoughbv Wood, Esq Holly B,inli, Burton-upon-Trent, Au2 G.
Mr. G. A. May, Elford Park, Tamworth. Aug. 7.
The Great Central Sale at Bingley Hall. Birmingham August 8
Mrs. Baker, The Mount, Grendon, Atherstone, September C
Mr. J. H. Bradburne. Pipe Place, Lichfield, September 13

30, New Street, Birmingham. John B. Lytiiall, Auctioneer

SaUiS Bg Auction,

Established Orcliids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W C on
^.^FnofX' ^.^^y^^- ^^ bilf-past 12 o'clock precisely, a Collection
01 OKClllDS in the best possible condition; most of them fine
specimens and choice varieties, and well worthy the attention of
buyers of established plants.

On view the Mornmg of Sale, and Catalogues had.

TO NOBLEMEN, GENTLEMEN, NURSERYMEN, &c.

IMPORTANT SALE WITHOUT RESERVE.

JAS. GAMWAY & CO.,

DURDHAM DOWN NURSERIES, BRISTOL,

Beg to announce that in consequence of the approaching Expiration of the Lease of the above-mentioned
old-established and well-known Nurseries, their

ENTIRE STOCK OF STOVE, GREENHOUSE PLANTS, FERNS, &c.,

nPAwT,?^"'?^ " fine Collection of full-sized, half, and quarter specimen HEATHS, AZALEAS, CAMELLLiS,
f n S, ,! '^?" '''"' *''"' "Pl™'i"i stock of AMAKTLLIS, the largest and most varied in Ens-land, oonsistin.^
^n\ Inf^^u""^,??!:!,',',.?"'^ "^"y Hundreds of FLOWERING BULBS of splendid unnamed HYBRIDS",
wiU be SOLD by AUCTION on the Premues (unless the whole or any portion should in the meantime be
disposed of by private contract), on MONDAY, August 19, and following days.

Catalogues will be ready a fortnight previous to the Sale, and will be forwarded post tree on application.
The whole of tlie Plants are now lotted, and can be viewed any time between 6 a.m. and 8 p.m.
Jas. Gahaway & Co.'s lease expires in the spring of 1869, and till then Business tvill be carried on at

tlie present Address as usual.

JAS. GARAWAY and CO., DURDHAM DOWN NURSERIES, BRISTOL.

732

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Jolt 13, 1867.

HEATING BY HOT WATER.

It is now genevally admitted that BUILDINGS of any land can be more effectually WAKMED by HOT "WATER tlian by any other means; but as so much
depends on the way in which the Apparatus is fixed, it is of the greatest importance that it be done by experienced Men.

J. JONES & SONS

HAVE EVERY FACILITY FOR

EXECUTING WORK IN THE BEST MANNER

AT A MODERATE COST, AND HAVING THE

LARGEST STOCK IN THE KINGDOM OF BOILERS, PIPES, ETC.,

THEY CAN COMPLETE WORK WITHOUT DELAY.

Their great experience in HOT "WATER HEATING enables them in all cases to supply an APPARATUS best suited to the purpose for which it is intended, and they will
be happy to send to any part of the Country at a moderate charge, to take particulars of work, and prepare Plans, &c., or on receipt of pai-ticulars per post, they
will forward Estimates fi'ee of charge.

J. JONES AND SONS having been so extensively patronised for many years by the Nobility, Clergy, Gentry, and others, arc enabled to give references to work
done in nearly every part of the Kingdom.

J. JONES & SONS

ARE PREPARED TO ESTIMATE FOR WARMING, TO ANY EXTENT-

CHUECHES
CHAPELS
SCHOOLS
LECTURE HALLS
BANKS

PUBLIC OFFICES

WAKEHOUSES

FACTORIES

GREENHOUSES

CONSERVATORIES

VINERIES
HOTHOUSES
FORCING PITS
PINE STOVES
PEACH HOUSES

ORCHARD HOUSES
HALLS irnd PASSAGES
PiCTUP.E GALLERIES
MUSIC BOOMS
BILLIARD ROOMS

BATHS

DRYING CLOSETS
COACH HOUSES
HARNESS ROOMS

J. JONES AND SONS' APPARATUS is si.-nple in construction, moderate in cost, and economical in working.

It is equally available for the AMATEUR'S GREENHOUSE, or the longest range of FORCING HOUSES ; for the smallest Chapel or the largest Church ; for
Private Oifices, or those of Public Companies.

It is admirably adapted for DWELLING HOUSES, as coils of pipes can be placed in any part, for warming the various rooms. One or more Baths may be
heated from the same Boiler, and a constant supply of hot water obtained in any part of the house.

For "WAREHOUSES and "WORKSHOPS this system of Heating is unsui-passed as, unlike Stoves .and Hot Air Flues, the circulation of Hot Water in Pipes is
perfectly safe, and the Management of Apparatus can be left to any ordintiry workman.

J. JONES & SONS

HAVE LATELY

FIXED THEIR HOT WATER APPARATUS IN OR NEAR THE FOLLOWING

AND THE AVORKING OF THE SAME HAS IN ALL CASES GWEN THE GREATEST SATISFACTION.

PLACES ;

SoUhulI

Southampton

St. Albans

St. Asapli

Stafford

Stamford

Stanstead

Stone

Stonehouse

Sti-oud

Sunningliill

Swansea

Teddingtou

Teigmnouth.

Thame

Thetford

Tongham

Torquay

Tun bridge

Tunbridge "Wells

T^aekenliam

Uckfield

Uxbridge

Virginia Water

Wallingford

Waltham

Walton

Wurlingham

Warrington

Watford

Wellingborough

Welwyn

Weybridge

Weymouth

Wimborne

Windsor

Wolverhampton

Worcester

Wisbeach

York

J. JONES AND SONS,
IRON MERCHANTS and HORTICULTURAL ENGINEERS, 6, BANKSIDE, SOUTH WARK, LONDON, S.E.

S2"!"'i'l''°?"°"'S'"°°' """"I? •>? addressed to " The Editor ; " AdvertUements and Business letters to " Tno PuMlsher." at the Office, 41, Wemngti .n Street, Oovent Garden, London. W.C. , . .,.

„„ '^rtnted by J4MES HATTaBwa, at the Office of Messrs. BaiOBCRY, Evans,* Co.. Lombard Street, Prei-inct of Whiteftiara, City of London, in tUe Co. of auddjeeex, and Published by the said Jambs MATTaaffs, at the
Offlce, No. 41, WellingtonOtieet.Paruhot St.Paui'B.Coyent Garden,intheBaldComity.-SiiiiBD»i, July 13,1867. .v j v a~ v ,u. »uo w. o. j>a... =. , i

Abbey Wood

Canterburj'

Famwortli

Lutterworth

Abergavenny

Cardiff

Faversham

Lymington

Abingdon
Addlestone

Carshalton
Caterham

Finchley
Gloucester

Lynn
ilaidenhead

Aldershot

Cheltenham

Glynde

Malvern

Alton

Chepstow

Godalming

Manchester

Ascot

Chertsey

Godstone

Marlow

Ash

Chester

Gomshall

Middleton

Atherstone

Cirencester

Grantham

Minster

Aylesbury

Congleton

Gravesend

Nantwich

Balham

Cookham

Guildford

Newbury

Banbury

Coventry

Hailsham

Newhaven

Barnes

Cowes

Hammersmith

Newnham

Bath

Crawley

Hampton

Newmarket

Battle

Croydon

Hanworth

Newport

Northampton

Northwich

Beekenham

Culham

Harrogate

Beccles

Darlington

Haslemere

Bedford

JJartford

Hastings

N orwich

Bexhill

Datchet

Hatfield

Nottingham

Biekley

Deal

Hay ward's Heath

Oswestry

Birmingham

Derby

Hereford

Oxford

Bishop Stortford
BlackheatU

Dingwall

Hertford

Paris

Diss

Hitchin

Pembroke

Blandford

Dorchester

Horsham

Petersfield

B lis worth

Dorking

Hull

Pinner

Bournemouth

Dover

■ Huntingdon

Poole

Boxmoor

Do\vnham

Inverness

Potter's Bar

Bracknell

Dublin

Kettering

Bamsgate

Brentford

Eastbom-ne

Kingston

Beading

Bridgend

East Grinstead

Knaresboro'

Eeigate

Bridgenorth

Edenbridge

Leamington

Eichmond

Brighton

Edmonton

Leeds

Eick mans worth

Bristol

Elgin

Lewes

Eingwood

Broads tair a

Ely

Leytonstone

Eoss

Bromley

EnBeld

Limerick

Eugby

Broxboume

Epsom

Liphook

Eushton

Buckingham

Erith

Liss

Eyde

Biu'ton

Exeter

Liverpool

Sevenoaks

Bury St. Edmund's

Famborough

Ludlow

Shiffiial

Cambridge

Famham

Luton

Shrewsbui-y

THE GARDENERS^ CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 29.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

U SATURDAY, JULY 20.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, gJ,

Asricultural statiHt'i's

AKr)i'Ultuu>, OvrniEiu

Bees, swill miu(F

Ru»k» nutii-i-d

Urui'Cftli , Cartcr'B

fiioomrnpe

llury, liorticultuiiil hIiow iit,
757 a~
— agricultural show nt,
765 fi-

CattlG pliiEiio

nendmmetcr

Farm mi^moranda

Farming, Ions of money by , .

Fanners' Clubs

Flax

Florxl dernnitions

FlOI-istH' tlltWlTS

OlU'iit exhibition

Grupc, Mrs. Pmce'a

Harvest wuik

Hiilh buck disease

Hooker, liite Sir W

Liliuii) auiatum

INDEX.

I.iiiilrn, M.

771 a

7G3 r

7«.1 a

7G4 11

705 b

701 a

707 n

7711 c

760 a

772 n

7(15 c

76G C

7A7 c

703 6

753.1

760 c

760 b

704 a

760 c

Manure _.

I'lirls.lettci-sfrom 758 c~'

]*ii\toii Kl&^bou&PB

IVlar^nnium fxlilbitioa '

I'bloxes

I'liknt, woadorrul

I'lant maNquoradiuK

Polemonium ea-ruleutii varic-

(ratum <

Itetiiiospoms, bardm<'ss of ,.

Jthus Klnbra Inciniutua

Kosc shows

Sboi tboms, Aniericau

Society, Royal Horticultural,
737 a~

Stiitistics, fiRricultural

Stcpbanotis Horibunda

Strawbcmes, culture of.

Trees, transplanting

Tree stumps, plants for

— measurers

Turnips '

Weeds, tir. Seeuiann on

BURTON-ON-TRENT FLORAL and HORTICUL-
TUKAL SOCIETV.-Tho SECOND EXHIBITION of
PLANTS. FHUITS. and VEGETABLES for 18fl7, will take place on
WEDNESDAY, August 21. Extra Prizes for Dahlias. Hnllyhocks,
and Roses. Schedules mav bo had on application to the Secretary,
Mr. J.\MEs Atterbi'kt, SI, Hinti Street.

"\/l ANCHESTER BOTANICAL and HORTICUL-

IVl TURAL SOCIETY.— A GRAND EXHIBITION of PLANTS,
FRUITS, and FLOWERS will bo held at the Gardens, Old Trafford,
on TUESDAY, Autr'ist 27, and four followinR davs, in connection
with tb« GREAT CENTENARY CELEBRATION SHOW of the
MANCHESTER and LIVERPOOL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CborKes for admission :— First day, 2a. Crf. each ; remaining days,
Is. each ; Subscribers to the Botanic Gardens free each dav.

Schedules may be obtained at the Gardens, or from the Undor-
sipned. Military Hands In attendance. Bv Order.

Cooper Si.reet, Manchester. IIexrv Wuitwohtk, Secretary.

OrX'hids.— f\vKrrfY~rou¥i)"s re\vard.
To GeSTLK.VIKN, NuRiEIlVMEN, QxRnENtlEtS, AND Othehs.

STOLEN, fioni tiiu Premises of J. DAY, Esq., ToLtenhain, between
10.30 P.M., Jure 20, and 0 a.m., June 27, about 53 very rare PLANTS,
viz. :— 23 Vanda ciemleft. small, fiom U to 10 loaves each ; 25 Phalte-
nopsis, uf various kinds, viz. :— P. Schfllenatia, P. amahilis, P.grandi-
floiM, and I', ro.sea ; 1 Cypripedtuin, tipecies unknown, resembling
C. IffivlRnmrn ; 1 Oduntoj/lossuni phaUenopsis, and sundry others.

The ubovu reward will be paid bv .T, Day, Eiq.. of the above
address, to any person that shall give sucb infuimation as shall
lead to the aiiprehension and conviction of the tluef or thieves.

Information to Serjeant PALiitB, Detective Department, Great
Scotland Yard, London.

New Cherry.

CITARLES TURNER begs to iinnounoe that the NEAV
CHERRY, FROGMORE EARLY UIGARREAU, raised by
Mr. IiigraTii, at tlie Roviil Gardens, will Im hont out in Antumii next.
For description see aanhnrrit' Chronicle, of July 13. A Drawing is
being prepared by Andrews Inr dist.nliutliin.

The Kii>al Nin.si'iies. Slough.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, Al'RlCOTS, CHBRRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RioRARD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, WorccHter.

Pme Plants.

THOS. PAPE can Kupi>iv strung Fruiting and Surcas-
sion PINE PLANTS of 'WHITE PHOVIDENCE, MONT-
SERRAT, BLACK PRINCE, and .iAMAlCAS.

UndereliU'o Gardoiis, Kradfi^nl, V'.rkshire.

Vines, Extra Strong from Eyes.

JOHN KELLETT begs to annoum/e that he has a largo
and fine stock ol all the leadine sorts tit for immediate Planting.
Also all the best varieties of ROSES, in I'ots.

Wellineton Nursery, Heaton Chapel ; and Green Lane Nurseries,
Heiton Norris, Stockport.

VINES.— Having the best and largest stock of PuT
VINES I have ever grown, I can supply FruitlDg Plants at
5s. each.

J. R. Pearso.v, Chilwell, near Nottingham,

Vines for Early Forcing.

FAND A. SMITH have strong FlUiITINO CANES
• of the above. Prices, with LIST of VARIETIES, od appli-
cation. The Nui series, Dulwich, S.

Balsams.

FAND A. SMITH beg to announce that their
• uneoualled COLLECTION of the abovo is NOW In BLOOM,
and will well repay a visit.

The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

Grass fi^eds for Autumn Sowing.

SUTTON'S PERMANENT GRASS SEEDS
FOR ALL SOILS.
Prices (according to sorts required and soils for which they aio
Intended), may bo had on ap])lication.

Sutton & Sons, Royal lierksliire Seed Establishment, RoadtiiK.

S~^uYt 6 N ' S It E NOVA T I N (f Qli AS SlTs
SHOULD NOW BE SOWN.
0 1b. to 121b. required per acre.
Price 10(1. per lb., or cheaper by the cwt.
Sutton & Sons, Royal Barkshiro Seed EsLiblialimont. ReadinK.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND 1'. SHAUPK bi'jc to ;niiiuiiiirr 1,, the Trade
• th.it their SPECIAL Ll.ST ol IIUMKIIUOWN SEEDS,
1807 Orowih, is now ready and may bo had oii application.
Seed Growing EstJiblinlmiunt, Wisbech, Cainba.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
A M Ji S C A K T E K and C 0.,

StED Farmers. Meiuiiant;!, and NuasKavMEV,
L'37 & 238. High Huibora, London, W.C.

EAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, IJAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
Cork, Seed, Mandkk, and Oilcase Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Markot, Marie Lano, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1802, for "Excellent Sued Corn and Seeds."

Yer y" "g"T"r den "r E U U I Sll^^fi

kept in Slock ab
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, '237 & 238, Righ Ilolbom, London.

E

WILLIAMS' SU?EKB STRAIN of PKIMULA.
See largo Advertisement.

Trlcolored Geraniums.

FAND A. SMITH will forwavd by post a COIXEC-
• TION of LEAVES, from their beautiful TRICOLORED
GERANIUMS, on lecolpt nf l.s. Oi/, stamps, roturnablo to purchasers.

The Nurseries,

Variegated Geraniums.

CASBON AND SON hold n hirye stock of above.
Prices on application.
Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

30,000 Roses in Bloom.

PROTHEROE and MORRIS'S unrivalled COLLEC-
TION of ROSES are NOW IN BLOOM, and are particularly
worthy of inspectiuc. Trains every hour from Bishopsgate and
Fenchurch Street to Leytonstone Station, which adjoins the Nursery.
The American Kui-series. Leytonstone, Essex, N.E.

Roses in Bloom.

WM. PAUL'S ROSES are NOW IN FULL
BLOOM. Inspection respectfully invited. Trains almost
houi'ly from Shoreditch to Waltham Station, Great Eastern Railway.
Paul's Nurseries, Walt ham Cross, N.

Roses.

HLANE AND SON hes to call the attention of
• intending Purchasers to their extensive COLLECTION of
KOSES, which are NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and worthy of
Inspection.
The Nurseries, Great fierkhampstead, Herts.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully snlicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CL^YSS
ROSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &c., advertised at length in
this Paper in May liLst.
Paul's Nurseries, Walt.ham Cross, London, N.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.

TNTENDING PURCHASERS of TRICOLOR

L PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS. DIX, previous to making their

Purchases. For fine foliage, excellent constitution, free growth, and
rlHiancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
li^rat-class Certificates. Plants of Miss Watson in August, £2 2s each-
Mrs. Dix in May, 18G8, 31s. Gd. each.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA.— A most superb
strain, and cannot be hurpiiHsed, 0 varieties, mixed. Is. Grf. & L'ji. fld.
per packet. CALCEOLARIA and CINERARIA, extra, la. It it. Gd.
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Someiset.

Choice Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following :—
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMbRIAT/\, of tho finest possible stram.

Red, White, or Mixed, '2s. (id., 3s., and 5s. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, sawed from James' choice strain, very fine, 25. Qd ,

3s. 6d., and 5s, per packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2s. &i., 3s. 64., and &s. per packet.
For uLher Choice Seeds see CATALOGUK, post free.
Highgate Nurseries, Lnndyu, N.

Russell's Pyramid Primula.

The Finest Stuais i^ Existence,

GEORGE CLARKE has New SEED of the above
unei.)u:Uled varieties, 2.t. Cd. per packet; also the Fern-leaved
kinds, '^s. tid. ; Kermesiua (scarlet), 2j*. 6d. ; The Fairy (a lavei^er
colour) U'. All of the best quality. Now is the time to sow for
strong early plants.

Nui-serv, btreatham Place, Brixton Hill, S. : and Mottinzham
Kent, S.E.

WANTED, BEDDING GERANIUMS and FUCHSIAS
for immediate effect. Any one with surplus stock may send
sizes and prices (guaranteed true to name), to Robert Bcllen,
Victoria Road Nuraeries, Tranmer^ Park, Birkenhead.

CAMELLIA STOCKS.— A fine batch, fit for working
this Autumn.
1-yr. old, 20,s\ : 2-vr. old, in pots, 30s. ; 3-yr. old, strong, 40,i. per 100.

1-yr. SEEDLING EVERGREEN OAKS, 12s. per 100.
Charles B. Sadndehs, Nurseryman, &c., Jersey.

At the Old Nurseries, Cheshunt,

PAUL AND SON'S ROSES are NOW FINELY IN
BLOOM. The Show is finer than for many years past.
Frequent trains to Cheshimt, one mile from the Nurseries.
Their large and varied Collection of HARDY FINE-FOLIAGE
TREES and SHRUBS are in good condition lor selection.

Koses.— Lea Bridge Road Nurseries, Leyton, N.E.

JOHN FRASER respectfully invites an inspection of
his COLLECriON of ROSES, which he begs to announce are
NOW IN BLOOM. The Collection contains numerous New and
^e varieties. The Nui-seiies are about five miles from London, and
Are easily reached by Train on the Great Eastern Railway, to Lea
Bridge Station.

EW ROSES for 1867^Strong Plants of^aift^b^t

NEW ROSES now ready.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with puces, on application.

John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSK
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 2Q stamps.

N

Roses.

JOHN CRANSTON has the pleasure to announce
that his ROSES aro NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and that the
whole of his stock is In the finest condition possible.

The severe frosts (which proved so destructive in many parts of
England throughout last winter) not having visited this localitv, he
i» happy to say that his Roses, Conifers, and other Trees, escaped
■entirely unharmed.
Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

Roses In Bloom.

THOMAS WARNER begs to state that his COLLEC-
TION of the aboye, including most of the new and fine varieties,
la NOW IN BLOOM. An inspecton is. invited. Thuy are seen to
the greatest advantage In the morning," or from 0 to 8 o'Cloclt in
Ihe evening.

Tiio general NURSERY STOCK is regularly and frequently
traasplanted. and affords a most extonsive choice to persons con-
ftempLatlng Planting. — The Nurseries, Leicester Abbey,

Ro«e8, Orcbard Houses, and Experimental Fruit
Tree Culture.

THE NURSERIES at SAWBRIDGEWORTH,
100 Acres in extfint, are OPEN to the inspection of Amateurs
toterrsted In the above.

The Harlow Station (U mile diatant), G. E. R., where Elys aro in
dttendance, is the most convenient.

Thos. RivEns Si Ho'x,

CALADIUMS, CALADIUMS.— The foUo^ving 12, in
strong Plants, package included, for 8s., viz, :- Two Mirable,
two Wightii, one each BeUeymei, Newmaiui, Argyrites, Gigantea
violacea, Bicolor splendens, Amabilis, Bicolor, Chnntinii.

ECKFORD'S Six NEW VERBENAS of 1S07 at is.

Post Office Orders accompanying orders payable at Boston .Spa.

J. C. Papuan, Providence Nursery, Boston Spa, Yorkshire.

Hardy and Permanent Bedding Plant.

CLEMATIS JACKMANNI, and tluit type, have proved
themselves to bo "the desideratum" for a good nolet, blue,
purple, or maroon bed. when pegged down like Verbenas.

The Advertisers solicit an inspection of their CLEMATIS BEDS
that are in FULL BLOOM, and will continue up to the mouth of
October. Particulars of treatment bv applving tu

Geo. J\cr.mv\ i Soy, Wokiuy Nihsutv. Surrey.

New Fern Catalogue.

WROLLISSON AND SDNS Im g to announce that
• their NEW CATALOGUE of STOVE, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and TREE FERNS is now ready, and will be forwarded
post free on application.

The Nurseries, Tooting, Surrey, S.

NOW OFFERED, at the Railway Nursery, Ardleigh,
near Colchester. Essex, the splendid Collection of FERNS and
PLANTS, in pots, at greatly reduced prices.

CATALOGUES post tree on application, with terms.

N.B.— A quantity of good BLACK GRAPES now ripe.

Address E. Abbott, Jun.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and thoir varieties, 36 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

To Cultivators of Succulent and other Plants.

T COOPER, Holmsdale Road, Rei^ate. has a large
• collection of SUCCULENT and other Plants, including
450 varieties of CACTI ; also ALOES, HAWORTfllAS, AGAVES,
TESTUOINARIA ELEPHANTIPES, fitc. ; also many new and
Interesting Plants raised from South African seeds.
Orders punctually attended to.

Retlnospora filifera.

TOHN STANDl&H is the holder of the stock of the

tj above most distinct and beautiful weeping CONIFERA. It is
of a pale glaucous green, with slender thread-like branches a foot
long, which hang In the most graceful manner, and altogether tho
most difctlnct weeplrg plant ever offered to the Public. It is also
perfectly hardy. Strong Plants, now ready, 3\s. Gd. each.
Royal Nursery, Ascot.

Dutch Bulbs.— To the Trade only.

EH. KRELAGE and S(JN, Nurserymen, Seeds-
• MEN, and Florists, Haarlem, Holland, beg to announce that
their NEAV WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of DUTCH BULBS
FLOWER ROOTS, TUBERCULOUS PLANTS, STRAW-
BERRIES, Ac, is now ready, and will be sent gratis to
Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists on application. Postage 3d .
The Catalogue, a Pamphlet of 4i Svo pages, contains a greater
Variety than any other List.

COLLECTION of ORCHIDS, of uurivailed richness,

consisting of about 1100 Specimens, is to be SOLO, if possible
in one lot ; Doubles may also be had. Parties inclined to buy aro
requested to send their addres-;, prepaid, to
Z. E., :'>J4. Messrs. Ilaa.sfn^teln i Vogler, Ilamburgli,

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula fimbriata.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply NEW Sli;EO of the
above, saved from choiceat flowers, in packets, Is., 2s. Qd., and
5s. each, post IVee,

Roval Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

tntehnational prize calceolaria,

± CINERARIA, and PRIMULA.-These are unquestionably tht:
handsomest in cultivation. New Seed now ready, in packets, L'*-. Ot/.
each, free by post.
Edwin Cooling, Seed Merchant, Derby.

Calceolaria, cineraria, and prlmula
SINENSIS.— Seed of each, from the choicest and most beautiful
flowers, in 2s. 6d. and 5*. packets, post free
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUAIHEAD, or OX CABBAGE
3s. Od. per lb. (Seed of Mr. Robinson's own savinu 1 '

DRUMHEAD, or OX CABBAGE (old sort), i'.^. per lb.

Together with all other Seeds for present Sowing. Parcels of
two pounds and upwards carriage free.

James Dickson & Soxs, " Newton" Nurseries, Chester,

R

OBlNfSUN'S PRIZE DRUMHEAD CAliBAGE
PLANTS. 3.S-. per lOUd, of A- Wilkin, Tiptree, Kelvedon,

Essex, Prepaid ordci

The Best Cabbage for Spring Use is

SUTTON'S IMPERIAL, which should be Sown in
June and July. Price 8d. per oz.. Post free. Cheaper by the
pound. ^_ Sptton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading,

DRUMHEAD " C A T tl7E~ CABBAGE;
Toe Heaviest of all Aghicultcral Crops.
This should be Sown in July & August, for Transplantingin the Spring.

Sl'tton & Sons can supply —
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE (the

heaviest known), at a^'. Gd. per lb
GOOD DRUMHEAD CABBAGE at 2s. Gd. per lb.
Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers. Reanintr.

Turnip Seeds for Present Sowing.

SUTTON AND SONS .an Minplv NEW SKED of the
BEST KINDS for PRESENT SOWING. PRICED LISTS on
application. All goods carriage free except very small parcels.
^_____ SpTTQN & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

_ Extra Fine Quality.

(COLESEED, ''1866gro\vth,'*nerbishelof521b.,lls, ;

V_-' 4 bushels do., 4ns. New 4-8 Sacks, Is. Gd. each.

EARLY SIX-WEEKS' TURNIP. New Seed, very fine, 9d. per lt».

New Baas, (Id. to 9'1. each.
EXCELLENT CABBAGE SEED. See Catalogue of varieties.
Renntiances to nccoit.pany Orders.

Fredk. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Beds.

754

THE GARDENffiS' CHRONICLE AND AGPJCULTDEAL GAZETTE.

[July 20, 1867.

Roses. Boses.

ROSES, on own roots and in pots, grown on
now, will flower indoors next spring, viz, :—
C CHOICE TEAS I 3 CHOICE BOURBONS

C „ H.P.s

3 „ NOISETTES | 2 „ CHINAS
The Collection of 20 distinct and flrst-olass sorts
for 20s.

Post-ofBce Orders on Castle Eedingbam.

DiLLISTONE & WooDTironpK,
Munro Nursery, Sible Hodlughaio, Essex.

New and Clioice Plants
of 1867.
ILLISTONE

AND

■R^OODTHORPE'S

CATALOGUE of tbo above is now
ready, and mil be forwarded to all
applicants on receipt of one postage
stamp.

JIunro Nursery, Sible Hedlngbam,
Esses.

To Market Gardeners and Others.

RICHARD WALKER. Makket Gaudenur and Seed
Grower, offers the following:—
EOBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE PLANTS,

2s. Cd. per 1000.
DRUMHEAD SELECTED STOCK PLANTS, 3s. per 1000.
WAIiCHEREN, splendid true stock, CAULIELOWER PLANTS,

Is. per 100.
Fine SAVOY PLANTS, 6</. per 100.

Imported very fine BRUSSELS SPROUT PLANTS, 6d. per 100.
EASTHAM CABBAGE PLANTS, tme, 3s. per 1000.
DICKSON'S MANCHESTER CHAMPION BED CELERY

PLANTS, Is. per 100.
INCOMPARABLE WHITE CELERY PLANTS, Is. per 100
IVERY-S NONSUCH CELERY PLANTS, Is. per 100, transplanted.
Terms Cafeb.
RroHAnD Walker, Biggleswade, Beds.

To Noblemen, Gentlemen, Nurserymen, &;c.

Important Sale without Reserve.

J AS. GARA"WAY and CO., Durdham Down Km-series,
Bristol, beg to announce that iu consequence of tbo approaching
Expiration of tho Lease of the above-mentioned old-es^abti^hed and
well-known Nurseries, their ENTIRE STOCK of STOVE. GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS, FERNS, &c., comprising a fine Collection of
full-sized, half, and quarter specimen HEATHS, AZALEAS,
CAMELLIAS, ORANGES, &c., and their splendid stock of
AMARYLLIS, the largest and most varied in Eoglfind, consisting
of all the best named sorts ; and manv Hundreds of FLOWERING
BULBS of splendiri unnamed HYBRIDS, will bo SOLD by
AUCTION on the Promises (unless the whole or any portion should
in the meantime be Disposed of by Private Contract), on MONDAY,
August 19, and following days.

CATALOGUES will be ready a fortnight previous to the Sale,
and will be forwarded post free on application.

The whole of tho Plants are now lotted, and can be viewed any
time between G a.m. and 8 p.m.

Jas. Gauawav & Co.'s Lea.Ho expires in the Spring of 18Cf), and till
then Business will bo carried on at the present Address as usual.
Jas. Gahawav &. Co., Durdham Down Nurseries, Bristol.

SUPERB NEW LATE GRAPE, "MRS. PINCE'S BLACK MUSCAT/'

TO BE SENT OUT NEXT MONTH.
AS A HIGH-FLAVOUKED LATE GRAPE ITS EQUAL DOES NOT EXIST.

See former Advertisements in tlie leading Horticultural Journals. See " Fruit Manual," " Garden Oracle,"

and otlier Horticultural "Works,

Seed of Choice Strains of Florists' Hewers.

The following selected Strains are worthy of tho notice of all
growers of tbo most useful consci-vatory decorative flowers,

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

X> S. WILLIAMS can with: confidence offer his

-'— ^ • superb Strain of Primula as being undoubtedly the finest in
cvUtivation. It is now grown in all tho principal Gardens of the
Nobility and Gentry throughout the Three Kingdoms, and has never
failed to give the greatest satisfaction.

In habit tbo plants are very robust, and in tho foliage diff"cr fVora
all other varieties; but their great beauty consists in the depth of
colour in the Red, pm-ity of tho White, and beautiful fimbriated
form of all the flowei-s, which aro thrown up in largo trusses well
above tbo foliage.

As a proof ot the trath of the above remarks, this Strain has
taken Ist Prizes in every instance that It has been shown in the
Provinces this Spring ; and 1st Prize at the Primula Show of the
Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington; and 1st at the
Royal Botanic, Regent's Park. It is also the favourite Strain in the
Covent Garden Flower Market.

This Strain may be procured True, ia Sealed Packets bearing
B. S. Williams' Namo and Address, from any Seedsman; but
B. S. W, particularly requests that Customers will observe, on
purchasing, that each Packet has his Namo and Address in l"ull
printed thereon, as no others are genuine.

The Trade supplied on advantageoua terms.

Per pkt. 5. (l

Retail price, RED .. ..5 0

„ .. ..3 0

„ 2 C

„ WHITE ..50,

Retail price, MIXED, per packet, 2s. 6d.

Per pkt. s. d.

Retail price, WHITE .,36

.. 2 C

5 0

3 C

MIXED

WEATIIERHILL'S EXTRA CHOICE STRAIN OF CINERARIA.
B. S. W. has purchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of this
Magnificent Strain. Many of the flowers produced by this .seed last
season were as large as a crown-piece. This strain is well known in
the London Flower Market, and is the most popular one there, a
sufficient guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail price per pkt., 6s. Orf. | Retail price per pkt., 3fl. Cd.
Retail price per pkt 2s Cd.

JAMES'S HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.— The Tarloties that
took tlio First Prize at the International Horticultural Exhibition
last May wore of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt. Cs. Od. \ Retail price per pkt., 3s. Qd.

Retail price per pkt 2s. Gd.

All FLOWER SEEDS in packets, Post free

B. S. WtLtitAMs, Victoria and Paradise Murserios, Upper Holloway,
London, N.

LUCOMBE, PINCE, & CO.,

To prevent disappointment, beg to inform the Public, that owing to numerous orders received, they have
only very few VINES of th.e fruiting size to oSer, but orders if sent now can be executed next month.

The public are earnestly invited to see the Vines now fruiting, or send for copies of Testimonials to them.

EXETER NURSERY, EXETER.

N.B. Their beautiful New Seedling GLOXINIAS and ACHIMENES will be sent out at the same time.
See previous Advertisements,

NEW SUMMER AND AUTUMN-FLOWERING PLANT,
TRICHINIUM MANGLESII.

MR. WILLIAM BULL

BEGS TO ANNOUNCE THAT HE IS NOW

SENDING OUT THE ABOVE REMARKABLY INTERESTING PLANT,

Introduced from Swan River by Mr. "W". Thompson, of Ipswich, and for which two First-class Certificates were

awarded in the spring of 1865.

It is a Greenhouse Perennial (belonging to the Araarantads), growing from a foot to a foot and a half in height ;
somewhat fleshy, spreading ; entire foliage varying in form from lanceolate to spathulate, and an'anged in a radical
tuft, from which arise several branched stems, each of which usually bears two or three tlower spikes. These are of an
elongated form, and composed of closely arranged florets of a pleasing rosy-amaranth colour, and which, except at
their tips, are clothed with long white hairs, the contrast of which with the protruding red petal-like segments
produces a singular and striking efl"ect.

These flower heads, if cut before they oi'e too far advanced, may be preserved for some weelcs, and possess in
fact the rigid texture of the "Everlastings."

Among Greenhouse Plants the TRICHINIUM MANGLESII is altogether unique, and is one of the first to
catch the eye in a miscellaneous collection. It blooms during the summer and autumn months, and lasts a long
time in flower.

It has been figured in tho following works : " Botanical Magazine," " Florist," and
but is one of those plants to which it is impossible for the most skilful pencil to do justice.

' Illuatration Horticole ; ''

Price 10s. 6d. each, or 4 Guineas per dozen.

ESTABLISHMENT for NEW and RARE PLANTS, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON.

NEW PLANTS.

WILLIAM EOLLISSON & SONS

KATE GRILAT PLEAStJRE IN OFFERING TO THE NOBILITY, GENTRY, AND THE TRADE THE FOLLO"WING

NEW PLANTS, WHICH ARE NOW READY FOR DISTRIBUTION;

And feel assured, from their superior qualities, they will give entire satisfaction : —

Ixora princeps.

This really handsome Ixora is from Java, the nativo home of many
other flno species. Cultivators may remember that we were the
fortunate Importera of Ixora javanica, I. amboynensis, and I. auran-
tiaca, three plants of sterling merit, and which still hold their posi-
tion as flrst-class plants at the different Horticultural Exhibitions.
The I. princeps is not only dissimilar to tho above-named, but
superior to them, as the following remarks will show.

Tho foliage differs iu being of a much stronger texture, and is from
G to 7 inches long and 2 inches wide, slightly undulated on the
margin, and intermediate between that ot 1. Griffitbii and I. auran-
tiaca. The flowers are borne in tho greatest profusion, opening of a
soft bufl and changing to a deep reddish orange, longer in the tube
than most others. For Exhibition purposes it will prove to be a
plant of flrst-class excellence, and while some of the recently intro-
duced Stove Plants are not likely to bo permanently cultivated, a
good ixora is always beautiful.

As the Stock of the above is very limited, those who wish to secure
Plants should order at once. Plants now ready, price 42s. each.

Hypericum salicifolium

Is a compact-growing, free-blooming Evergreen Shrub, recently
imported from Shanghai, and very suitable for the Conservatory or
Greenhouse, the golden cup-like llowers being very effective. The
leaves are from 3 to 4 inches long, by 1 inch broad, entii-o and smooth
on their margins, and thickly set on the stems, which are red. The
flowers are of a golden yellow, about 2 inches over, and produced in
terminal bimches on every shoot, during the summer months. Good
yellow flowering plants not being over numerous for Conservatory
decoration, the above is a welcome addition to this class of plants.

Flowering Plants in Bud now ready. Price 10s. 6d. each.

Achimenes Gibsoni

Is a fine and distinct liybrid, raised by us. The flowers are of a
lovely mauve, fringed on the margins of the petals in the way of the

old "Multiflora," the tube white outside and stained with light
lavender blue towards the base ; the inside is white, beautifully
speckled with light blue and yellow, and about li inch long, and
the face of the flower about 2 inches over.

The foliage is ovate-lanceolate, li inch across, by 4 inches long,
olive-green, with tho ribs of a dart red, robust iu habit, and a
profti'se bloomer. „. , , ^ ■ ,„ ^■,

Good Flowering Plants now ready. Price 10s. Gd.

Cereus crenatus sanguineus.

This GUperb hybrid was raised from the C. crenatus fertilised with
tho C. speciosissimus, by a cultivator of great exporience in this
showy class of plants. Most pei-sons will remember the introduction
of the C. crenatus with its long tubular creamy white flowers and flat
stems, and as this possessed novelty of form, but was comparatively
colourless, it waa thought that if the glowing colours of tho
C. speciosissimus could be imparted to it, a decided advantage would
be gained for the present subject ; tho idea has been acted upon, and
this splendid hybnd is the result. In its mode of growth and
flowering the plant is like C. crenatus, but has tho colour of
C. speciosissimus; the stems aro broad, flat, and spineless, the flower
tubes 7 to 8 inches long and 6 inches across the mouth, and of a rich
glowing erimson, producing, when in flower, a most gorgeous effect.
Nice Plants now ready, price 21a.

Erica tubseformis.

A very showy hybrid, i-aised ;between E. [aristata major and
E. McNabiana rosea ; in colour it resembles E. aristata, being of a
deep glossy red, but has the free habit of E. McNabiana rosea ; tho
flowei-s are abundantly produced, from 8 to 14 in each head ; the
divisions of the corolla are white, with a deep stain of rose on the
centre of each. It will make an excellent Exhibition Heath for May.
Good plants in 48-sized pots now ready. Price 21s. each.

New Bedding- Pelargonium Artemus "Ward.

A verv effective variety for bedding ; raised at the Tooting Niu-sorj\
In some respects it resembles Luna, so much used at Uatteraea
Park, but is far superior to it. The flowers are of a bright onmson,
but as the plant is chiefly desirable for its conspicuous foliage tnese
ai-6 of secondary importance. The leaves are broadly zoned ™
bright reddish brown and doep chocolate, and within t^ie zone flaked
witTi yellow and green, the outer margin being slmflarly co'purea
ft produces a striding effect when looked upon ma mass and^a also
equally well adapted for edgings ; it also bears the sun wel I, ana mo
more it is exposed the more intense the colours.

Good plants now ready, price 10s. Gil. eacn.

I^= The usual Discount to the Trade.
THE NURSERIES, TOOTING, SURREY, S.

July 20, 1867.]

THE GAT^DENEPS' rn]]ONTrT,E AND AnjlTnUETTTT^AL fiAZETTR

7So

REICJATE SILVER SAND, 12.!. jier ton, at Swim
i'liico, <tonvorod flvo MlloH. or to (inyLonnon Wharf or Rftilwiiy.
llt.v. iiui- Inn, ()!■ \H. Gd. per IihhIu)). (SiicRh lit cost iirtci*, ni- on lilro.)
KKNTISII nii.l IlAMrslllKK I'KATS, VELUlW LOAM, LEAF

JAMES CAUTEll Ann CO. lies; tn nmioim.r tliiit flioy
r.,,r. i>.%.if DniifiitiiT dill- f iinii" nni-iwiiinfi *;*i-iiTie i-.r r' A T .npfir. A I! r a'

tj m-o iiowaondhiK <>nt thoir unrivalled Strains of CALCKOLAIUA.
(NNKRAltlA, und PRIMULA, which, for flnoness of form antl
boauty of colour cinnot Ijo sufpufKOd.

C'ALUKOLAEIA, snvorl ffoni the Ilnost rrize varieties.

CINKHAUIA, s;ivo(l froin tho liiiest iiaiiiod varlutiefl.

VRIMULA JilNKNHlS FIMBHIATA, dark oarmino and puro
whltt), saved IVoni tho Ilncst fringed varioties In cultivation. Piico,
o;ich pnckut, •2.1, 6d,, forwardod on receipt of Post-ofllce Order for
tiieniiiount.

(5^ rilICK LISTS gratis and Poat free on application to Carti:ii's
Oreac London Seed Warehouse, 237& 238, HlRhnolborn, London, W.C.

/:j.RASS SEEDS fo,-

^^ PERMANENT PASTUUE, of tho
flnost quality, at moderata prices,
carefully selected on a now, natural, and
Eciontiflc system.

Soo •' WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," VFhich contains Illuatra-
tlons and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Perraanout F.isturc.

J. C. Wheeler & SoK,

Seodsmon to tho Gloucestershire
Agi'l cultural Society.

Early Spring Feed, TrifoUum

Incaruatum.

C U T 'i' 0 N • S

kJ ITALIAN RYE-GRASS.

NKW LATE RED TRIFOLIUM,
NEW LATK, WHITE TRIFOLIUM.

These are invaluable articles lor early
SpnnR Feed, either grown separately or
together. The proper quantity of Italian
Rye-grass, if sown alone, is 3 bushels per
acre, or if Trifolium alone, 28 lbs. peV acre.

The New Seed is now being harvested,
and wo shall be pleased to send samples
and lowest prices per quarter and cwt. on
anplication. Also MUSTARD and RAPE,
I^ew Seed.

All goods carriage free, except very small
parcels.

ScTTON k Soxs, Seed Growers, Pleading.

By Autliority of the Hon. Board of Customs.

POOLEY'S TOB.\CCO POWDEU.— This prep;iration
most effectually destroys all kinds of Blight upon Plants. To
Florists ard Horticulturists it is invaluable; aud on account of its
low prico it m-iy be advimtageously used for the destruction of Hop
Blight aud for other Agricultural purposes. Price 42s. per cwt. ;
23s. per i cwt. ; 13.s. per i cwt.

Bonded Manufactory, Sussex Wharf, Wapping, E.
Office, fiO, Lime Street, London, E.G.

MOULD,

.1. K

•^i'HAONUM M
Aim, .'^w

l'\m:o, 01.1 l<

(icuA FIIJRE REFUSE.

cnt Koiid, London, S.K.

TOBACCO TISSUJ-: for FUMIGATING GHEEN-
HOUSKS,— This article, which ii made from Tobacco, and Ih
oritiroty free fi'oni milphur, or any other cheinicala. Is acknowledged
by ill I thOHo who bavu uKod It to bo Lbo most clfoctnal reitiorly for
desti'nying Inftoot life ; it will burn without theasslwtance of blDwIng,
and not Inluiio tho nioHt tender plantB, Price, .'ts. Oil. per lb., carriage
ft'yo,_Sold by MoHHrs. Rohkuts & Sons, Tobacco ManufacturerM,
112, Si. Jolin Street, ClorUonwolJ, E.C. ; and by all Heedsmoii and
Nurse 17 mon^

/-ilSflURST

VT COMPOUND.

Used by many of tlio leading
Gardeners stuco ISfl'J, against
Rod Si>lder, Mildew, Thrlps,
(Jroen Fly, and other Blight,
in solutions of front 1 to
2 ounces to tho gallon of soft
water, and of I'rom 4 to IC ounces
09 a Winter Dressing for Vinos
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intondod to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Soedsmen, In
boxes, Is., 3s., and lOs. Qd.

Red
Spider

Magni-
fied.

Whole.sale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANr

(Limited).

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^^ la becoming BOAncK, the
old reserves will soon bo gone.
Now Hold In bagH, 1 for '28., 10 for
lOfl., 20 for 30«., 60 for 00a., 100
for £0.

Fourpenoo allowed lor each
bag returned can-lagc-pald.

A Railway Trvick-lood (not hi
bags), 40«.

Postage Stamps or Post-odlco
Order, payable to J. Bausiiau St
Co., KliigPtoii-on-ThninnH. H.W.

TJlOWLKirS PATENT STEAM PLOUQH and

JU CULTIVATOR may bo SEEN at WORK In every Agricultural
County in JCnKtand.

For particulars apply to John Fowler & Co., 71, Cornhlll, London,
E.C. : and Steam Plough Works, Leeds.

TKON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal

X. Agricultural Society).

SHEEP, 3fl. M. : CATTLE. 4«. 2d.; OX, 5«. lid.

List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.

St. Pancras iron Work Company, Old St. Pancras Road, London, N-W.

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Armit Works, Greentleld, near Manchester.
TANNERR. CURR1ERS,& MANUFACTURERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.
Price Lists sent free by post.
Warehouse: HI, Mark Lane, London, E.C,

Mr. II. FERRAriEK, Agent.

TERRA COTTA ' AND STONEWARE GARDEN EDGING,

MANOFACTUKED BY

HENRY DOULTON & CO.,

No. 1.

HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.
No. 2.

No. 4.

lliiii;Miia,iiiiiiiiiiiii;Liiij.i!:::a;Biiai|

Tliis Edging is JIanul'aiturcii in Vitrified Stoiu'waif ami iii Tina U"tla, ami is wahranted imperishable.
DKAIN PIPES, TEKEA COTTA CimiNEY TOPS, &c.

HENRY DOULTON and CO., HIGH STREET, LAMBETH, LONDON, S.

THE ROYAL HORTSCULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

IN CONNECTION WITH THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND, AT THEIR MEETING AT BURY ST. EDMUND'S,

15th INST., HAVE AWARDED TO

MESSES. J. B. BKOWN & CO., London,

A FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE FOR THEIR

NEW PATENT BB PONY LAWN MOWER,

WITH SELF-DELIVEKING APPARATUS.

ALSO A FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE FOR THEIR IMPROVED PREMIUM WIRE NETTING;

TWO FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES FOR GARDEN SEATS ; and

TWO FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES FOR CAST-IRON VASES AND TAZZAS.

J. B. BROWN AND CO., 148, UPPER THAMES STREET, LONDON, E.C.

EIDDELL'S

PATENT POETABLE ELASTIC PIPE JOINT.

Especially adapted for HOT-WATER PIPES for WARMING CHURCHES, PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, CONSERVATORIES, HOT-HOUSES, &c., is extremely simple,
perfectly watertight, eaves four-fifths of the time and labour in erecting hot-water work, can
be rapidly put together by an ordinary workman, and can be removed and re-erected without
injury to pipes or joints.

Prospectus and Trice List free.

EIDDELL'S

PATEIT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

For WARMING CHURCHES, CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &c., hy the
circulation of Hot Water, requires no brick-work setting, saves half the fuel usually consumed, is
not hable to get out of repair, is easily regulated, will work from 8 to 20 hours without attention,
and IS made in sizes capable of heating from 30 to 5000 feet of 4 inch pipe.

Prospectus and Price List free.

PATENT PIPE JOINT. . J. HADLEY RIDDELL, Patentee, 155, CHEAPSIDE, E.C.

PATENT SLOW

11 N BOILEB.

756

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[July 20, 1867.

EOYAL HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BURY ST. EDMUND'S GRAND SUMMER EXHIBITION,

JULY 16, 17, 18, AND 19, 1867.

AWARDS OF THE JUDGES.

special Prizes.

Prize ottered by the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SiLVEK GILT CUP, for the best and mo3t effective Group of
20 PLANTS, 10 FoliRge and 10 Flowering Plants.
lstPit2e. Messrs. J. a C. Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery. Hararaer-

Bmith, London, ff., £25.

2d, Mr. J. Baines, Gr. to H. L. Mlcholls, Esq., Suramerfield, BowdoD,

Cheshire, £15.

COUNTY CUP, for the best 9 FUCHSIAS in 13-inch pots.

(Amateure.)

Mr. D. T. Fish, Gr. to Ladv CiiUum, Hardwicke House, Bury St.

Edmund's, Suffolk, £7 "s.
COUNTY CUP, for the best STOVE or GREENHOUSE PLANT

In Fiower.
Mrs. Colo & Sons, Niu-serymen, Manchester, £3 38.

COUNTY CUP, for the best 3 PINE APPLES, distinct.
Mr. Jas. Barnes, Gr. to Lady Kolle, The Gardens, Bicton, BadUlgb-

S ilterton, Devon, £5 5:1.
TOWN of BURY SILVER CUP, for the best 12 FERNS, Native

or Exotic, Pots not to exceed 12 inches in diameter. (Amateurs.)
Mr. W. Nicnol, Gr. to J. H. Powell, Esq., Drinkstone Park, Bury St.

Edmund's, £10 10/i.
TOWN of BURY SILVER CUP, for best 6 LYCOPODS, distinct.
Mr. D. T. Fish, Gr. to Lady Cullara, Hardwicke House, Bury St.
Edmund's, £5 53.
TOWN of BURY, a WATCH or CUP, for the best 3 WINDOW
PLANTS, thrown by a Mechanic or Labourer.
Mr. A. Tooley, 21, Hospital Road, Bury St. Edmund's, £3 3s,
Prize offered by the Rev. F. CHEEBE, President of the Bury Horti-
cultural Society, for the best 12 PELARGONIUMS, Show or
French. (Amateurs.)
1st, Mr. D. T. Fish, £7 7s.
2d, Mr. H. Foreman, Gr. to Rev. F. Cheere, Ingham Rectory, Bury

St. Edmund's, £3 3s.
THETFORD HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S SILVER CUP, for

the best 2 MELONS and best Brace of CUCUMBERS.
Mr. J. Borrie, Emton Hall, Thetford, £5 5s.
THETFORD HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S CUP for the beat

6 Dishes of OUT-OF-DOOR FRUITS, distinct kinds. (Open.)

Mr. J. Sheppard, Gr. to John Bemers, Esq., Woolveratone Park,

Ipswich, £3 3s.

THETFORD HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S PRIZE, for the

best 8 distinct kinds of VEGETABLES.

Mr. W. Collins, Kilvorstone Hall, Thetford

TOWN of BURY SILVER CUP, for the best 3 Groups of FRUIT

and FLOWERS for the dinner table.
Mr. W. Robins, Gr, to Sir E. Kerrison, Bart., Oakley Paik, Eye, £10.
The BOROUGH MEMBERS for BURY SILVER CUP, lor the best

HAND BOUQUET for LADIES.
1st, Mr. J. Delamere, Holm Lane, Oston, Cheshire, £0 Gs.
2d, Mr. B. R. Cant, £4 is. \ 3d, Mr. W. Robins, £3 3s,

IPSWICH TOWN CUP, for the host 6 POT VINES in FRUIT,
three kinds.
Messrs. U. Lane & Sons, Nurserymen, Great Berkhamstead, Herts,
£15 15s.
IPSWICH TOWN CUP, for the best 12 ORCHARD HOUSE
TREES.
Mossra, H. Lane & Sons, £10 lUs.
EYE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S SILVER CUP, for the best

'.;4CUT ROSES on SINGLE STEMS.
lat, Mr. J. T. Hedge, £10 10s.
TOWN of STOWMARKET GOLD MEDAL for the 3 heaviest

bunches of GRAPES.
Mr. W. Meads, Gr. to R. Currie, Esq., Minley Manor, Farnborough,

£10 10s.
WOODBRIDGE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S SILVER CUP.

for the beat 12 Cut Blooms of PICOTEES. (Amateura. )
Mr. S. E. Buttrum, Burgh Mills, Woodbridge, £5 5s.
SUFFOLK GARDENERS' SILVER CUP, for the best 12 CUT

ROSES, grown by a Suffolk Gardener.
lat, Mr. Nlchol, £6 6s.

2d, Mr. K. Keen, Gr. to J. G. Sheppard, Esq., Campsey Ash, £3 33.
COUNTY SILVER CUP, for the best 12 SEEDLING VARIE-
GATED PELARGONIUMS of 1806 ana 1807.
Mr. P. Grieve, £10 10s.
SUFFOLK GARDENERS' CUP. in honour of Mr. D. Beaton, for

best Collection of BEDDING PLANTS.
Mr. P. Grieve, £5 5s.
Mr. SAML. BARRATrS PRIZE for the best Cropped and beat

kept ALLOTMENT GARDEN within the Borough of Buiy.
Ist, Mr. John Howard, Guildhall Street, Buiy, £1 lis. Crf.
2d, Mr. G. Sizer, Nowton, Bury St. Edmund's, £1 Is.
GARDENERS' CHRONICLE PRIZE, for the best Collection of

FRUITS and VEGETABLES.
Mr. J. Pottle, Gr. to B. D. Colvin, Esq., Bealiug's Grove. Wood-
bridge, £20.
JOURNAL ofHORTlCULTUREPRIZES, for the best DESSERTS

of FRUITS of 1S(57— 7 kmds.
l3t, Mr. T. Blair, Shrubland Park, Needham Market, Suff'olk, £10103.
Equal, Mr. W. Carmichael. Gr. to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,
Sandrlngham, King's Lynn, £10 10s.

General Prizes.

Class 1.— 0 STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, HEATHS

included, distinct. (Open.)
1st, Mrs. E. Cole & Sons, the Nurseries, Withington, Man-
chester, £7. '
2d, Messrs. John & Charles Lee, Koyal Vineyard Nursery, Hammer-
smith, London, £6.
Class 2.-6 STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, distmct.
(Amateurs.)
Ist, Mr. Wm. Green, Gr. to Mrs. Honeywood, Mark's Hall, Kelvedon,
Essex, £5.
Class 3.— 12 FINE-FOLIAGED and VARIEGATED PLANTS,
distinct, (Amateurs.)
1st, Mr. W. Nichol, £7.
2d, Mr. H. Southgate, Gr. to R. J. Pettiwood, Esq., Flnborough,

Stowniarket, £6.
3d, Mr. W. Green, £3. [ 4th, Mr. D. T. Fish, £2.

Class 4.-6 FINE-FOLIAGED and VARIEGATED PLANTS,

distmct. (Amateurs.)
Ist, Mr. T. Balnes, £4. | 2d, Mr. D. T. Fish, £3,

Class 5.— 0 FINE-FOLIAGED and VARIEGATED PLANTS,

distinct. (Nurserymen.)
1st, Messrs, J. & C. Lee, £7.

Class 7.— C EXOTIC ORCHIDS, distinct kinds. (Nurserymen.)
lat, Messrs. J. & C. Lee, £5.

Class 8.-6 PALMS, not fewer than 3 kinds, (Open.)
1st, Messrs. J. & C. Lee, £5.

Class 9. 6 FUCHSIAS, distinct kinds, in Flower. (Amateurs.)

1st. Mr. D. T. Fish. £4 J 2d, Mr. Smith, £3

3d, Mr. A. Fisher, Gr. to W. BurreU, Esq., VVestley, £2.
4th, Mr. H. Foreman, £l.
Class 10.— G FUCHSIAS, distinct kinds, in Flower. (Nurserymen.)
1st, Mr. J. Barrett, Cotton Lane Nureery, Bury St. Edmund's, £3.
Class 11.— 3 STANDARD FUCHSIAS. (Satinet kinds. (Open.)
Ist, Mr. D. Fish. £2.

Class 12.— 6 SHOW and FRENCH PELARGONIUMS.

Distinct binds. (Open.)

1st, Mr. Fish, £5. | 2d, Mr. Foreman, £4. | 3d, Mr. W. Green, *2.

Class 13— C FANCY PELARGONIUMS, distinct kinds. (Open.)
l.st, Mr. D. T. Fish, £5 | 2d, Mr. H. Foreman, £4.

Class 14,-12 SCARLET PELARGONIUMS, distinct klnda, of any

shade, zonal or plain-leaved, but not variegated. (Amateurs.)
1st, Mr. H. Foreman, £5. | 2d, Mr. D. T. Fish, £4.

3d, Mr. P, Grieve, £2.
Class 16.— 12 SCARLET PELARGONIUMS, distinct kinds, of any
shade or colour, zonal or plain leaved, but not variegated.

Surserymen.)
r. J. Barrett, £4. I 2d. Mr. Jabez J. Chater, £3.

3d, Messrs. Nunn& Hobday, Nurserymen, Norwich, £2.
Class 1G.-12 NOSEGAY or HYBRID NOSEGAY PELARGO-
NIUMS, distinct varieties, in flower. (Open.)
1st, Mr. J. Ban-ett, £6. I 3fi, Mr. H. Foreman, £2.

2d, Mr. D. T. Fish, £4. 1 4th, Messrs. Nunn & Hobday, £1,

Class 17.-6 SCARLET PELARGONIUMS, including Nosegays.

(Amateurs.)
1st, Mr. H. Foreman, £2. | 2d, Mr. P. Grieve, £1 10s.

3d, Mr. A. Fisher, Gr. to W. Burrell, Esq., Wesdey, £1.

Class 18— 6 VARIEGATED PELARGONIUMS, Including
Nosegavs, distinct kinds. (Open.)
1st, Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son, Nurseries, Chelmsford, £2.
2d, Mr. H. Foreman, £1 10s. | 3d, Mr. P. Grieve, £1.

Class 19— 6 NEW VARIEGATED PELARGONIUMS. (Open.)
1st, Messrs. Saltmarsh & Son, £2. | 2d, Mr. P. Grieve, £1.

3d, Mr. J, Mann, Nurseryman, Brentwood, lOs.

Class 20.— 6 ACHIMENES, distinct kinds. (Open.)
1st, Mr. W. Allen, Barton, £2.

2d, Mr. W. Smith, gr. to J. S. Crabb, Esq., Chelmsford, £1.
3d, Mr. A. Fisher, Westley, 15s. | 4th, Mr. Foreman, Ingham, lOs.

Class 21.— C GLOXINIAS, distinct kinds, (Open.)
1st, Mr. Foreman, £2,

2d, Mr. W. Allen, Gr. to Sir C. Bunbury, £1.
3d, Mr. R. Keen, 15s. | 4th, Mr. Fish, lOs.

Class25.— 3LILIUM AURATUM. (Open.)

4th, Mr. W. Earlev, Gr. to F. Pryor, Esq., Digswell, Welwyn,

Herts, 10s.

Class 26.-6 DRAC/ENAS and CORDTLINES. distinct kinds.

(Open.)

1st, Messr-s. J. & C. Lee, £2.

Class -27. 0 EXOTIC FERNS, distinct, (Nurserymen.)

Ist, Messrs. J. & C. Lee £4. I 2d, Mr. Jabez J. Chater, £3.

3d, Mr. J. Gilbert, £2.

Class 28.-9 EXOTIC FERNS, distinct. (Amateura.)

1st, Mr. W. Allen, £4. | 2d. Mr. D. T. Fish, £3.

3d, Mr. R. Squibbs, Gr. to the Marquis of Bristol, Ickworth Park,

Bury St. Edmund's, £2.
4th, Mr. H. Foreman, £1.

Class 29.-12 BRITISH FERNS, distinct. (Open.)

1st, Mr. J. Chater, £3. | 2d, Mr. J. Gilbert, £2. | 3d, Mr. Fish, £1.

Class 30.~1 TREE FERN, single specimen. (Open.)

1st, Mr. J. Gilbert, £1. | 'M, Mr. J. Chater, 15s.

3d, Mr. H. Harns»n, Gr. to W. H. Pearse,Esq., Dedham, Essex, 10s.

4th, Mr. Fish, 7s. Qd.

Class 32.— C PETUNIAS, Double Flowered varieties, distinct.

(Open.)

2d, Mr. H. Foreman, £1. | 3d, Mr. P. Grieve, 10s.

Class 33.-6 PETUNIAS, SIdeIq Flowered, distinct. (Open.)

1st, Mr. J. Barrett, £3. T 2d, Mr. W. Smith, £1.

Class 31—20 SUCCULENTS, distinct kinds. (Open.)
1st, Mr. Robert Pettitt, Botanic Garden, Bury St. Edmxmds, £2.
Class 36.— 12 CARNATIONS and PICOTEES, cut blooms. (Open.)

Iht, Mr. Charles Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough, £2.
2d, Mr. J. Hines, £1. I 3d, Mr. S. C. Buttrum, IOj.

Class 36.-12 Var. of ZONAL PELARGONIUMS, in Bunches of

Cut Flowere, 5 trusses in each bunch. (Open.)
1st, Mr. R. Moore, Wethermgaett, £1. I 3d, Messrs. Wood4 Ingram, lOa.
2d, Mr. J. Barrett, los. I 4th, Mr. S. Brown, 63.

Class 37.— 12 Var. of VERBENAS, in Bunches of Cut Flowers,

1st, Mr. C. O. Fyson, £1.

6 trusses in each butch. (Open.)l
• -,Ir. r "
a'd, Mr. A. Southgate, 7

I 2d. Air. J. Barrett, 15s.

Class 38.-48 CUT ROSES, distinct, 1 truss of each. (Nurserymen.)

l8t. Mr. B. R. Cant, St. John's Street Nursery, Colchester, £3

2d, Messrs. J. & C. Lee. £2.

3d, Mr. J. W. Ewing, Eaton Nursery, Norwich, £1.

4th, Messrs. Wood & Ingram, 10s.

Class 39 —48 CUT ROSES, distinct, 1 truss of each. (Amateurs.)
lat, Mr. J. T. Hedge, £4. | 2d, Mrs. H. Brooke, £3.

Class 40.— 24 CUT ROSES, distinct, 1 truss of each. (Amateurs.)
1st, Mr. H. Ingle, £2. | 3d, Mr. R. Keen, 15s.

2d, R B. Postans, Esq., Brentwood, £1. | 4th, Mr. J. T. Hedge, lOs.

Cla;

i41.-

Miscellaneous Collection of CUT ROSES. (Open.)
■ " ' ' C. Lee, £2.

Ist, Mr. B. R. Cant, £3.

3d, Mr. J.

Class 44.-

2d, Messrs. J
Hedge, £1.
14 HARDY HERBACEOUS CUT FLOWERS, distinct.
(Open.)

Ist, Mr. Gilbert, 15s. I 3d, Mr. J. Chater 7s. 6*^.

2d, Mr. J. T. Hedge, 10s. | 4th, Mr. E. Lovell, 5s.

Class 45.— PINKS, 12 Cut Blooms, distinct. (Open.)
1st, Mr. J. Hines, 10.^.
2d, Messrs. Nunn & Hobday, 7s. 6d.
3d, Mr. Hooper, os.

Classes 46 to 49.— NEW PLANTS.
Special Certificate, Messrs. Veitch & Sons, for Collection of New
Plants, which had previously received Certiflcates trora the
Floral Committee. „ .,^ ,

Special Certificate, Mr. W. Bull, Nurseryman, Chelsea, for Dale-
champia Roezliana rosea, which had previously received a
Certificate from the Floi-al Committee.
Special Certificate, Mr. John Mann, for Collection of Pelargoniuma
Lord Derby

Class 50.-SEEDLING FLORISTS' FLOWERS.
First-class Certificate, Mr. C. Turner, for Carnation True Blue.
FirRt-closs Certificate, Mr. C. Turner, for Carnation Eccentric Jack.
First-class Certificate, Mr, C. I'uruer, for Picotee Mrs. Fisher.
First-class Certificate, Messrs. F. k A. Smith, for Golden Zonal

Pelargonium Criterion,
First-class Certificate, Messrs. F. & A. Smith, for Golden Zonal Pelar-
gonixun Feu de Joie. [Dennis.

Second-class Certificate, Mr. C, Turner, for Carnation Anthony
Class 51 —MISCELLANEOUS, for Plantsnot contained In Schedule-
1st Messrs. Veitch & Sons, Royal Nmsery, Chelsea, £2 ir-
Equal, Mr. T. Baines, £2 10s. Extra, Mr. J. Jolly,

Extra, Mr. S. Brown, 10s.
Extra, Mr. J. Chater, 10s.
Extra, Mr. Hooper, 10s.
Extra, Mr. Grieve, 10s.

Equal, --

2d, Messrs. J. & C. Lee, £2.
3d, Mr. J. E. Frewer, £1 10s.
Equal, Mr. R. Squibbs, £1 lOs.
Equal, Manning Prentice, Esq.,
£1 lOfi.

Class A.-P1NE- APPLES, any variety.
1st Mr G Ward Gr to F. N. Miller, Esq., Bishop's Stortford, £3.
2d, Mr.' J. Barnes, Gr. to Lady RoUe, Bicton, Devon, £2.
3d, Mr. W. Green, £1.

Class B.— GRAPES, BLACK, single Dish.
Ist, Mr. R. Squibbs, £3. , v vi t. 1 ^o

2d Mr G Sage, Gr. to Earl Brownlow, Ashndge Park, £2.
3di Mr G. L. Rushmore, Tendilng Hall, Stoke, £1.
Extra, Mr. Carmichael, Ida.

Class C— GRAPES, WHITE, single Dish.
1st Messrs. H. Lane, Great Berkhamstead, £3.
2d, Mr. J. Pottle, £2. | 2d, Mr. R. iSqUibbs, £l.

Class 1).— PE^VCHES, single Dish.
Ist, Mr. G. Sage, Gr., Ashridge Park, Great Berkhamstead, £2.
2d, Mr. Perkins, Gr. to Lord Henniker, Eye, £1.
3d, Mr. W. Bobina, Qr. to Sir E. Kerrison, Bart., 10s.

Class E.— NECTARINES, single Dish.

Ifit, Mr. G. Sage, £2. I 2d. Mr. W. Carmichael, £1.

3d, Mr. G. L. Rushmore, 10s.

Class G.— FIGS, single Dish.

1st, Mr. Squibbs, 15s. „ .

2d, Mr. J. Sheppard, Gr. to John Berners, Esq., Woolverstone Park,

Ipswich, 10s.
3d, Mr. G. L. Rushmore, 7s. Qd.

Class H.— CHERRIES, single Dish.
Ist, Mr. W. Green, £1.

2d, Mr. Salvage, Gr. to Captain Bennett, Rougham Hall, 16s.
3d, Mr. J. Pottle, 10s.

Class I— STRAWBERRIES, 4 Dishes and Kinds.
Ist, Mr. R. Squibba, £2. [ 2d, Mr. T. D. Irving, £1 10.?.

Class J.— STRAWBERRIES. 1 Dish.
1st, Mr. G. Foreman, Gr. to T. B. Beales, Esq , Bildestone, lbs.
2d, Mr. R. Squibba, 10s. I 3d. Mr. J. Jiarrett, 7s. 6rf.

Class K.— MELON, GREEN-FLESHED.
1st, Mr. R. Webb, Culham, Reading, £1.
2d, Mr. W. Robins, 15s. 1 r3d, Mr. W. Earley, IO9.

Class L.— MELON, SCARLET-FLESHED.
1st, Mr. Fish, £1.

2d, Mr. J. Stannard. Gr. to H. R. Homfrey, Esq., Newmarket, I5s.
3d, Mr. J. Perkins, 10s.

Class M.— PLUMS, single Dish.
1st, Messrs. Lane & Sons, £1.

2d, Mr. Wm. Grix, Gr. to E. W. Locke, Esq., Ely, Cambs., 155.
Class N.— MISCELLANEOUS, for Frmts not mentioned in
Schedule,
lat, Messrs. Lane& Sons, £1 10s.

Equal, Mr. A. Henderson, Thoresby Park, OUerton, Notts, £1 10s,
2d, Mr. J. W. Ewing. £L

Equal, Mr. Bennett, Gr., Osberton, Worksop, £1.
3d, Mr. J. Salvage, 15s.

Cottagers' Prizes.

Class L— Best WINDOW PLANT of any kind.
1st, Mr. D. Wright. Thurston, 61.
2d, Mr. William Denney, Eastgate Street, Bm-y St. Edmunds, £4.

Class 3.— Best FUCHSIA.
Ist, Mr. William Denney, £4.

Class 4.— Beat MIGNONETTE.
1st, John Clow, Hengrave, £3.

Class 5.— HAND BOUQUET.
1st, John Clow, £5. | 2d, Mr. D. Wright, £4.

Class 6.— Largest Collection of CUT FLOWERS grown in one
Garden, one branch of each.
1st, Mr. James Chase, Croxton, near Thetford, £5.
2d, Mr. Charles Stone. £4. | 3d, Mr. John Clow, £3.

Class 7.-6. SWEET WILLIAMS.
lat, Mr. John Clow, £3.

Class 8.— 6 STOCKS.
1st, Mr. D. Wright, £3 | 2d, Mr. Jamea Chase, £2.

Cl.assS.— 0 ROSES, distinct.
1st, Mr, Thomas Smith, Nowton, £5.
2d, Samuel Clow, Furnhara All Saints, £4.
3d, Thomas Foulger, £3,

Class 10.-6 PANSIES.
1st, Jamea Chase. £3, | 2d, John Ciow, £2.

Class 11—30 STRAWBERRIES.
1st, Thomas Smith, Nowton, 4s.

Class 12.— 30 CHERRIES.
1st, D. Wright, Thurston. 3s.

Class 13—50 GOOSEBERRIES.
1st, Samuel Clow, 3s. 1 3d, Mr. Clutterham, Is.

2d, Mr. C. Stone, 2s, | Equal, Thomas Smith, 1*.

Equal, Henry Stone, Is.
Class 14,-12 APPLES.
1st, George Clutterham, 5s. | 2d, Thomaa Smith, 4ff.

Class 16.— Collection of VEGETABLES.
1st, John Stone, Flempton, 10s. | 2d, John Clow, 9s.

3d, Robert Carter, Hengrave. 8s.
Equal 6th, Mr. James Chase ; George Sizer, Nowton Road, Os.
Extra. Mr. Clutterham, Ingham. 4s.

Class 17.— SALAD.
1st, John Clow, 43. I 2d, James Chase. 35.

Class 18.— BUNCH OF CURLED PARSLEY.
lat, John Clow, 4s. I 2d, William Denney, 38.

Class 19.— Collection of FOTATOS, 6 of a sort.
1st T Foulger, 8s. i 3d, George Clutterham, Os.

2d,'john Clow, 7s. I 4th, James Chase, 6s.

Class 20.-12 KIDNEY POTATOS,
1st T Foulger 5s I ^<i< George Clutterham, 3s.

2d.' John Clow,'4s. I «h, James Chase, 2s.

Extra, Henry Stone. 2s.
Class 21.— 12 ROUND POTATOS.
1st. Jas. Osborne. Hengrave, 6s, | 3d, T, Foulger, 3s.

2d, John Stone, 4s. 1 4th, D. Wnght, 2s.

Class 22.-3 CAULIFLOWERS.
1st, James Chase, 4s. I 2d, John Stone, 3s.

Class 23.-3 CABBAGES.
l8t, George Clutterham, 4s. | 2d, Thos. Smith, 33.

3d, Henry Stone, 2s.
Class 24.— Half Feck of PEAS.
1st, Mr. C. Stone. 6s. I 4th. Henry Stone, Fornham, 2.^.

2d, T. Foulger, 4.t. Extra, Samuel Clow 1 2j_

3di Wm. Coe, Nowton, 38. | John Stone J

Class 2.5.-Half Peck of BROAD BEANS,
iqt Robert Carter, 43. I 3d, John Stone, 2s.

2d T FoSger, S I E-Ura, Wm. Coe, Nowton, 2a.

' ' Class 2T.— 6 CARROTS.

1st, John Stone. 4s. | 3d, George Clutterham 2*.

2d, Jamea Chase. 3s. I Extra, Robert Carter, 23.

Class 28.— G TURNIPS.
1st, John Stone, 4s. I 2d, James Chase, 3s.

Class 29.-BRACE of CUCUMBERS.
1st, James Robinson, 94, Eastgate Street, Bury St. Edmunds, 6s.

Class 30.-4 Heaviest STALKS of RHUBARB.
1st, Chas. Stone, 5s, I 3d, H. Kent.7. Cemetery Road, &.,

"d Thos. Foulger, 4s. I 4tli, James Robinson, 2s.

Class 31.-12 ONIONS,
lot- T ^rnno nf 1 4tu, CUarles Stone, 2s.

2^ Robert Jeffrey, 4s. Jixtra. Robert Corter, 2s.

Sd, Q. Clutterham, 3s. I

Cmsa 32.— Box or Glass of HONEY.
1st, Edward Doe, 10s. I M, Henry Clurt, Os

2d, Jobn Stone, is. I «li, Henry Mone, 4».

Cniss 33. -Collection ot HERBS.
1st, Jolin Goward, Fornham All Saints, 4s.

Miscellaneous.

Robert Carter, HengmTe, Dist of R-ispberrios, is.
S£r"o^ntfl'iS'"esf£'^'''"T5eSiV.,Dlsb Of Shallots. 2S.
James Osborne, Dish of Black Currants, 3s.
K Carter, Dish of Red Currants. 3s.
James Robinson, tbr 4 Lettuces, 2s.

1

July 20, 13G7.]

Till": GAiniKKERS' ClII^OXKILE AND AiiUlCULTUltAL (iAZi:i

757

ROBERT PARKER begs to offer the following?.— All
tlie Plants aro Ktrong and healthy, and can be supitUod la
quantities.

PANSY CLIVEORN BLUE, C*. por dozen.
PANSY CLIVKDEN PUHPLK, Cf. per dozen.
PANSV CLIVEDEN YELLOW, (Ia. per dozen.
POLEMONTUM CtERULEUM VARIEGATUM, 2«. 6rf. each.
RHOrODENDKON COUNTESS of HAUDINGTON, 3s. 6d. each.
TRITOMA GKANDIS. Us. por dozen,
TRITOMA UVARIA GLAUCKSCENS, 12«. per dozoa.
VIOLA CORNUTA. best variotv, -la. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE DES VIOLI-lTS, 6s. por dozon.
VIOLET THE CZAR, 6s. pcrdnzon. [per packet.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, finest mixed seed, 28.C«l.
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES nf AGRICUL-
TURAL. FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and will bo for-
warded free to applicants.

Exotic Nursery. Tooting, Surrey, S.

ADOLPH STELZNEK, Nubskryman, at Ghent,
Belgiuni, bees to ofTor the following Cbenp Plants :—
CIBOTIUM PRINCEPS. 30.'i. per doz. ; £10 per lOH.
BLKCHNUM liOREALE CRISTATQM, 9s. per Uoz. ; £3 per lOd.
LOMARIA GIBBA, 0«. per doz. ; £2 10,-i, por lUO.
PTERIS SERltULATA CRISTATA, Cs. per doz. ; £2 per 100.

CRKTICA SERRULATA, fol. vur., Os. per doz.
CYRTOMIUM rORTUNEI. Us. |. or doz ; £3 per 1«K
BLECHNUM LATIFOLIUM, Os. per doz. ; £3 perlOO.
CHEILANTHES HIKTA, C*-. per doz. ; £2 per 100.
ALOPHILA AUSTKALIS, Qs. por doz. : £3 per Uii.
RAVALLIA TKNUIFOLIA STRICT A, 6s. per doz. ; £2 per 100.
GYMNOGRAMMA LAUCHEANA. 6s. per doz. ; £2 per 100.

ilYBRlDA GRACILIS, (fct. purdi-z. ; £2 p. 100.
„ SPECTABILIS. IH.^. per doz.

OSMUNDA REGALIS CRISTATA, very stionB, 10s, por doz. ;

£3 per 100.
PANICUM VARIEGATUM. Now, ISs. per doz.
NIEREMBERGIA RIVULARIS. Now, 18s. per doz.
DRAC^NA TERMINALIS ROSEA, strong lino plant, 16fi. por

doz. ; £5 per 101).
LATANIA BORBoNICA. stronc fine plants. 20.f. per doz.
AZALEA INDICA, SOUVENIR DU PRINCE ALBERT, flno
young bead,*, 12s. per doz per doz.

AZALEA INDICA. MADAME CANNAERT D'HAMALE, U's.
AZALEAS and CAMELLIAS, witb Flower buds.
HARDY FERNS, ^rcat selection, from 30.s. to '^Ok. per 100.
First Pmzo at the Parla Universal Exhibition.

New Verbenas of 1867.

DREGHORN AND AITKKN have now a large stork
of the above, conttiining all the 5nest sorts sent out by Turner,
Keynts. Low, Hondcrson, ic, and beg to ofler them as follows, in
strong, healthy, well. rooted Plants :—

24 Varieties for IO5. | 12 Varieties for 5s.

Safely packed and delivered free of carriage to any part of Great
Britain or Irelami.

The Nurseries, Kilmarnock, N.B.

€ht <5attrenersl'€firontcle,

SATURDAY, JULY 20, 1867.

The first Provincial Exhibition of the

EOYAL HORTICULTITRAL SOCIETY must be
emphatically pronounced a success, especially
■when \'iewed from the horticultural stand point.
Wo take it to be the duty of a royal and national
Society, liko the one in question, to endeavour by
all and every means to stir up the horticultm'al
spirit of the country: and that this has been done
in the present instance, those who know the exer-
tions which the fact of the Society taking the
initiative has stirred up among local horticul-
turists in aid of the movement, or those who have
witnessed the meritorious productions which
graced the exhibition in the Vine Fields at Bury,
can have no doubt whatever. The show itself,
while it may indeed be pronounced to have been
a great show, must also he held to have been one
of very high merit as regards the productions
which it was the means of bringing together.
Though not yet, at the time we write, brought to
a close, j'et another great fact has become assured,
namely, that it will be also successful in a pecu-
niary sense, and this, moreover, notwithstanding
the occurrence of most unfavourable weather,
both immediately before and on the opening day.
We mentioned last week that the locality
chosen for the exhibition was the A'ine Fields as
they are called, a spot which we may presume
the monks of olden time knew how to turn to
good account. Here Mr. Eyles succeeded in
arranging a most effective exhibition : probably
the best provincial show that has yet been seen.
There was in the first place Uxite's great circular
tent, 90 feet in diameter, formin, the reception
room, so to speak, from whence the visitors were
conducted through the suite of tents beyond,
extending to more than 200 yards in length. In
this circular tent were a central stage, a broad
pathway, and an exterior belt of plants set on
the ground. Here were mostly arranged the
collections of large stove and foUage plants, the
hothouse Ferns, Palms, Arads, and such like
subjects, contributed not only fi-om the gardens
of the vicinity, but many of the most choice and
remarkable among them had been brought
from distant Manchester and London. Leading
out of this, was a tent of some 300 feet in length,
devoted in great measm-e to cut flowers, fruits,
bouquets, and special prize subjects requiring
table space for their display. Parallel to this
ran another tent, nearly 200 feet long, which
was almost entirely filled with Pelargoniums,
separated by a central line of Fuchsias.
These were most effectively displayed on the
(jwund—z. mode of setting up all the larger kinds
of exhibition plants which has many points of
recommendation, inasmuch as the surface of the
plant is seen, instead of the side or the lower

portion, which latter is brought too much into
the lino of vision when massive plants are sot up
on elevated stages. Another tent of considerable
size was devoted to implements ; and others again
to a variety of subjects forming the smaller
classes of the schedule, including the cottagers'
produce, of which there was also a good display.

Of all this vast amount of horticultural pro-
ductions thero was scarcely anything to be
observed below the average m point of merit,
and very many oven of the local productions —
which from want of competitive stimulus wo
scarcely expect to see equalling those brought to
the London shows — wore far above the average,
rising even to the highest degree of quality, and
rivalling the best of their class brought to a
metropolitan gathering. Fuchsias and Pelar-
goniums were amongst the local productions which
evinced this very high degree of excellence ;
while of novel features, also well developed by
local exhibitors, may be mentioned the fine
display of bedding plants, some groups of which
proved most attractive objects. A collection
from Culford Hall, set up in neat square green-
painted wooden boxes, showing great merit in
treatment and great taste in arrangement, may
be instanced as especially noteworthy in this
new and very interesting class.

There is one other matter connected with this
show which we mention hero with the most
lively satisfaction. There can be no doubt that
the successful working out, in the present instance,
of this idea of holding a country flower show in
association with the show of the Eoyal Agri-
cultural Society, and the perfecting of such
arrangements as it was necessary should
be made, are mainlj- due to the exertions
of our highly talented and much respected
correspondent, Mr. D. T. Fisn, of Hardwicke
House Gardens. The Royal Horticultural Society I
was certainly under very deep obligation to Mr. i
Fish for the part he had taken in the matter, 1
and we have the greatest satisfaction in stating
that the Council have acknowledged this obliga-
tion in a most graceful way, and in a manner
which wo have reason to believe is of all
others the one most agreeable to Mr. Fish's
own feelings, namely, by naming him a Life
Fellow of the Society of the highest grade. AVe
trust, now that tho show is over, he will take
the rest needful to recruit his health, which
has suffered from the exertions made in this
deserving cause, and that he may long live to
enjoy the satisfaction which follows from [
strenuous exertions in a good work, when it has
been crowned with success. This act on the part
of the Council was all the more appropriate fi'om
its having been carried out on the very scene, to
the success of which the exertions thus publicly
acknowledged so much contributed ; and wo are
happy to append the words of the resolution
adopted at a special field meeting of the Council,
in which the hearty thanks of the Society were
officially conveyed : — " Eesol ved — That the
thanks of the Council of the Eoyal Horticultural
Society be conveyed to Mr. D. T. Fish for his
great services in connection with the Eoyal
Horticultural Society's Show at Bury St.
Edmund's ; and that he be made a Forty-guinea
Life Fellow of the Society, as a small mark of
their appreciation of his services in bringing the
exhibition to a successful issue." This acknow-
ledgment does honour alike both to Mr. Fish
and to the representatives of the Eoyal Horti-
cultural Society.

Every' now and then the public is startled or
amused by the discovery that some more or less
well-known personage does not pertain to the
sex whose habOiments he or she does, or did (for
the fact is often only disclosed at death) wear.
We have heard recently of a medical man (?) who
mixed in the first Colonial circles, quarrelled
with almost everybody, even to the fighting of
duels, but nevertheless managed to create and to
maintain a great reputation for professional skill
— a fact of which the advocates of female doctors
of medicine should avail themselves, for in the
case to which we allude, the testy doctor turned
out to be a woman ! On the other hand, there is
the well-known case of the Chev.alier D'Eox,
and the reader may see for himself, in the
National Portrait collection at South Kensington,
the vera effigies of Lord Coenbury', who as
Governor of New York, in the reign of Queen
Anne, deemed it necessary to don female attire the
more thoroughly to "represent" Her Majesty'.
These cases are not alwaj'S easy of detection ;
even Shakspeaee, with all his acumen, could
lay down no rule of universal .npplication in

such matters : ho merely says, "the apparel o/^
proclaims the man," though on another memor-
able occasion he makes Sir Hugh Evans rather
suspicious of tho sex of a certain reputed old
woman, in consequence of the Knight having
" spied a great peard under her muffler."

This kind of masquerading is anything but
raro among plants. In double flowers it fre-
quently happens that tho stamous present more
or loss of a pistill.ary guise, or more rarely that
the pistils bear anthers, and so assume the
habiliments of stamens. This may be seen com-
monly in double Tulips, but the further degree
of this change in sexual charixcteristics which
is manifested by tho Formation of Pollen
WITHIN the tissues of the Ovule has not, to the
best of our knowledge, been recorded in any
other case than that of a Passion-flower,
observed by Mr. S. J. Salter, and described
and figured by him in the Linnean Transactions
(vol. xxiv., p. 143). To this we aro now enabled
to add a similar illustration in some flowers of a
wild Rose (Rosa arvensis), recently gathered
and examined by ourselves. In these flowers
tho calyx was normal, the petals reduced
in size, with some tendency to become foliaceous ;
the carpels presented nothing unusual, but the
stamens showed almost every possible degree of
change between their ordinary condition, and
that of carpels. Perhaps the most common
deformation was one in which what under ordi-
nary circumstances would bo the filament of the
stamen bore in the centre an anther, below that
organ, two ovules, or unimpregnated seeds, like
the natural ones, but wholly uncovered, while
above the pollen sacs the filament was prolonged
in the form of a long, often tortuous style, ter-
minated by a trumpet-shaped, fringed, stigma.
So far, there was nothing but what may be seen
very commonly in double or partially double
flowers, but on examiningsome of theovules, it was
found that while retaining the form and semblance
of ovules they had nevertheless assumed some of
the characters of anthers : for instance, in many
cases beneath the superficial layer of tissue there
was a stratum of those spheroidal cells containing
a network of thick fibres such as we expect to see
in an anther, but do not expect to meet with in
an ovule. Moreover, there was a considerable
quantity of well-formed pollen in the substance
of the ovule. Reserving for another opportunity
the full details of this exti-aordinary case of
personation, we content ourselves in this place
with recording the fact, and of drawing attention
to the physiological interest attaching to it. We
do not at all suppose that in this Rose the pollen
would have any effect upon tho ovule in which it
was formed, because there were, so far as we could
see, no traces of embryo sac or germinal vesicle,
but only a solid, cellular nucleus ; on the other
hand, supposing the poUen liberated in some
way from the ovule in which it was formed,
what is there to prevent its fertilising the stigmas
of adjacent carpels or even the contiguous
uncovered ovules, some of which were perfectly
organised, though as far as we saw they were
unimpregnated ?

We may also allude to the obvious bearing
that this case, as well as that of Mr. Salter's
Passion flower, has on the alleged instances of
Parthenogenesis or virgin reproduction in plants,
in which, as in the Coelebogyne at Kew, perfect
seeds are formed year after year without visible
stamens. Some of these cases have, however,
broken down on close scrutiny, from the dis-
covery of stamens in some of the flowers ; while it
is obvious from what we have related in this
article, that pollen may be found even in the
ovules themselves. Again, this case shows us
how impossible it is to draw a hard and fast line
in natural history ; it adds one more illustration
to the copious records of variability in plants and
animals, and shows how arbitrary are even those
"characters" on which naturalists place the
most reliance. For what distinctions are more
relied on than those of sex ? Admitting this,
however, we do not in the least wish it to be
inferred that we would impugn the procedure of
the botanists, because exceptional cases arise
which do not admit of being classed just where,
according to botanical line and rule, they ought
to find a place. Our object is simply to call
attention to an exceptional occunence of the
highest physiological import.

In the more than ordinary efforts that have

been made to give a truly English welcome to the
illustrious strangers now among us, Floral Decoea-
TIONS have formed an important feature. Buckingham
Palace lias been richly furnished with them from the
ample stores contained in our great national establish-

758

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE

[July 20, 1S67.

inent at Kew. Messrs. VeitcH have also been busy.
They have been entrusted with the decoration ot tlie
whole of the New India House, in which a ball has
been given in honour of the Sultau. It is the most
extensive affair of the kind with which the firm erer have
had to deal, and we need not say that their efforts to
give satisfaction have been crowned with perfect
success. The whole of their resources, which it is well
known are not few, have been absorbed in this matter,
and they have also had in addition some of the larger
plants from Kew. Among the ornamentations have
been cascades, a Fernery with waterfall, a parterre,
flower garden, &c., besides the usual banks ot ever-
greens, &c. All their best Tree Perns have been
employed, and throughout the building the decoratwns
have been of the lightest and most graceful description
possible, a mode of ornamenting greatly to be prelerrea
to the heavy banks of green which are usually
employed on such occasions. Mr Williams has
also been at work decorating the Guildhall and the
Agricultural Hall, buildings in which plants in
large nuantities have been used. In the tormer
every nook and recess, of which there "■re "otj^ few
revealed floral treasures, while ribbons of diHerent
colours, in long boxes, lined the sides of the passages
and great Tree Perns, and other fine-foliaged plants
graced the Hall andother apartments. At the Agricul-
tural Hall mirrors were prettily framed; with artificial
representations of the Queen of Flowers, while the
recesses and the bases of pillars were ornamented with
living plants, kept in their places with wire immediately
within which was turf, with the grassy side out, and on
the top Moss, so placed as to hide the pots. Atone end
were beds of flowering plants, cut out on a t.rass bank,
on which were placed here and there imposing groups ot
flne-foliaged plants, surrounding three fountains, which
from innumerable jets threw up water, exhibitins pris-
matic colours, which, when seen by means ot lime-
light were very effective ; the sides and other end ot the
Hall, in front of the dais, were also ornamented with
beautiful groups of plants, suitable for the great occa-
sion on which they were employed.

, T/Ye have to call attention to the fact that

PitoGEAMMEs of the great International Hokti-
CULTOEAL Exhibition at Ghent, already nientioned
bv us (p 710) may now be had, free, on application to
the publisher of the Gardeners' Chronicle.

At the distri1)ution of awards at the Preuch

Exhibition on the 1st of this month, M. Linden, ot
Brussels 'was made Chevalier of the Legiori ol Honour,
in his cnpaeity of delegate from the Lelgian Govern-
ment The awards in the Horticultural iiepartment
will not be made until the close of the Exhibition.

We have received from Mr. Wills, of Hunt-

rovde Gardens, Burnley, the following proposal tor an
Exhibition of Vaeiegated Zonal Pel.vkgoniums,
iind trust that so spirited a proposal may not be
allowed to fall to the ground:—

" No Olio seems to liave taken any notice of Mr. Watson's
cballeniie, whicli appeared in the Gardeners' Chronicle and jn
tlio ■ Journal of norticultuio' lately ; but it would be yoryinter-
cstinc to have an exhibition of these beautiful plants this
autumn The Exhibition held on the 21st ol May was too early
in the season ; I would, therefore, suggest that an Exhibition
ba held at South Ken.sington, in connection mth the lloval
meeting on the IVth of September, .and that a subscnption bo
cot un amoUR Nurserymen and raisers of new Volavgomums.
If 20 eould be induced to subscribe 2(. each, 12 prizes could be
eiven. This would make the Exhibition attractive and would
no doubt induce eveiy ono having few or many of this class of
PclalKoniums to exhibit their productions. General s.itis-
factioii would thus be given, and the very best of the varietie.s
sent out this .season, and those that are preparing for next
year, would be seen. ., 4. v

" I would confine the kinds in each day to those tihat have
been distributed in 18CT, and those to bo distributed m 1868.
By this means much confusion would be avoided. As there arc
sBveral raisers who have given the same name to the plants,
it could then be determined by the Floral Committee which
kind was to have a certain name : at the same time other
names eould be given to the other varieties ; this would pre-
vent much disappointment. There are, I believe, three
' Pi-ince of Wales ' now in the field.

" I would suggest that four Classes be opened tor them, and

that three prizes be offered in each Class, viz. ;— „ . , ,

" Class 1. For the best 12 Gold and Silver.Zonate or Tricolor

Pelargoniums, includmg those sent out in 1807 and those to

be sent out in ISC8, one plant ol each variety, Ist, 11. ; 2d, 51. ;

" Class 2. For the best six varieties, six plants of each,
same conditions as in preceding Class, 5i., 3(., 2/.

" Class 3. For the best three varieties, six plants of each,

" Class 4. For the best and most distinct 'Tricolor,' either
gold or silver-variegated, 3/., 2i., \l.

"I think this would give all a chance ol eompeting-thoso
oniy possessing one or three good kmds, or those possessmg 12 :
and if more money than I have named should be subscribed,
other prizes might be offered for the best Gold and Bronze
Zonals. I would also suggest that three amateur jurors of
well-known ability be appointed, and that the Council ol the
Boyal Horticultnral Society be invited to offer extra or special
prizes lor plants possessing superior merit that are not pro-
vided for in the above classes.

'* I shall have much pleasure in subscribing for this purpose,
and hope wo may see a spirited competition."

We understand that an application to Mr.

IlESELTON, of Hartlepool, about the Wondeeful
Plants mentioned in our last issue, has brought the
following reply :— " Sir, I will supply you has early has
possable with specmens of my plants and seeds.
W. Pawn, Jun., per J. Heselton. I grow them at
least 42 miles from my present address."

less with any special care for the individual require-
ments of the species. Hence it is that many lailures
result ■ and the hopes of the planter are so disappointed
that in future, when similar operations are necessary,
recourse is bad to trees and shrubs of much smaller
size Indeed, the comparative cost , and risk ot
removing large plants is generally considered to be so
much out of proportion to the expense ol tittmg
younger sjieoimens, that, now-a-days, it is the excep-
tion to find proprietors removing or transplanting very
lar"e-sized trees or shrubs. Preference is given to
plants of small dimensions ; and seeing the ignorance
so often displayed by those to whom the superintend-
ence of this operation is intrusted, and their heedless-
ness of all laws of Nature, this is not to be wondered at.
Yet true it is that the operation may be performed
with almost equal certainty in the case of large trees
as in that of small- ones, provided care be taken, and
due attention be given to the habits and peculiarities
of the subject— to the proper season and circumstances
at the time, as well as to the nature of the soil and
situation. _ , ,. , „

In considering the question of transplanting, and tor
the purpose of this paper applying or rather restricting
that term to large-sized plants only— probably not
under 3 feet, and ranging up to 40 feet in height— we
shall first notice the season and circumstances best
suited for the various species. ... ,

The habits of the different varieties of trees and
shrubs are so various, that the same season or the
same age will hardly suit any two of them for trans-
plantation. As a general rule, however, we may state
that the process may be carried on with safety and
success, at the time which will least interfere with the
functions of Nature in the individual species.
Probably, about a month or six weeks before the sap
begins to descend (provided the weather be favourable),
in the case of Coniferas and Evergreen shrubs ; and as
regards deciduous trees, as soon as the leaves have
performed their functions, and have completely
withered up, or been shed by the branches. So far as
our personal experience of the newer Conifera: goes
we have found that they should never be transplanted
till the month of April has gone, and that about the
middle of May is the best season for transplanting
most of the species. Small plants, if it is intended to
grow specimen trees, should be preferred— and tliey
will do best if from .3 to 4 feet, or not over 6 feet higli
—unless, when taller, they have been previously several
times removed. AVe have repeatedly observed that
Evergreens will thrive best if transplanted during
cloudy weather, at midsummer ; or all the above-men-
tioned classes mavwith much certainty bo transplanted
about the end of" September, or early fart of October.
In hfting deciduous forest trees, it is well to observe
the different orders in which the varieties come into
leaf in spring in the locality where the operation is to
be conducted, and to follow that order with the various
varieties, when the proper season for transplanting
them arrives. , , i i 1 1

One law of nature too frequently overlooked should
regulate, to a great extent, in each locality or situation,
the season for transplanting, viz., the alternations ol
temperature in the soil, in relation to the temperature
of the atmosphere. The discrepancy between these
"ives decided preference to the Autumn mouths over
'those of Spring for general transplanting operations.
In this climate, lor example, when hard Irost has
prevailed for a time, Avhich is often the case in the
months of January and February, we usually rcceivo a
considerable and continuous fall of rain, which chills
and soaks the soil, and upou stiff land renders all
attempts at trenching and digging (which should
invariably precede transplantation) worse than useless.
Therefore, March and April are, in our opinion, the
worst months in the year for conducting the operation,
for not only are the cutting frosty winds at that t^ime
very injurious to newly moved specimens— especially
to Coniferie and Evergreens— but, if planted at that
season, they are placed in soil quite unprepared lor
them; and the dry season succeeding, draws off all
moisture necessary to induce the growth of young
rootlets, or cakes the already saturated clay soil around
the tender spongioles, drying up their cells, and
withering the very mainstays of the plant's existence

roots would prove more serious— occurring, as it woul d
at the very season when their full progressive develop-
ment is most essential to the welfare of the tree. Por
these reasons we prefer transplanting deciduous trees
in autumn, and Coniferaj and Evergreen shrubs m
May, or at midsummer.

The successful transplanting of large trees and
shrubs depends not only on the season selected for the
operation ; the situation of the plant may greatly aid
in the favourable result ; the nature of the soil luay
also tend to ensure success ; and the choice of subject
upon which to operate is probably not the least
important consideration in the matter. No tree should
be chosen for transplanting from a plantation or
thicket, for then the roots of the crowded denizens
have so interlaced with one another that it is abso-
lutely impossible to detach and clear the root-ball of
any tree without inflicting considerable injury cither
upon itself or on the feeders of its neighbours. Nor
do specimens taken from such positions afterwards
form handsome plants, and they, moreover, incur the
risk of suffering materially from tho change of site.
In a thicket the tree has been accustomed to a more
regular and a milder temperature than it oaii
experience in an isolated position. The alternations of
temperature in the soil have hitherto been to it less
excessive and extreme, and it has been unused to the
vicissitudes of climate to which, in its new situation, it
is exposed. Next to tho selection of a tree for the
purpose of transplantation from an open position, we
recommend that choice should be made of good
specimens from the margin of woodlands, or from trees
growing in narrow strips of beitinj;. . ,. i

As regards soil, a strong retentive loam, tending to
clay, win yield the best root-ball, and will ensure the
exclusion of air from the numerous fibres encased in ifc
during the progress of removal ; but, on the other
hand, such root-ball placed in free light soil, or m
earth of a lighter nature than itself, is too apt to
become dry and caked, its natural moisture being
drained off'by the change of site. Hence, while a light
sandy soil will hardly afford facilities for removing
specimens without very great care, and the use of
machinery being necessary to hold the hall together,
we would almost prefer it to a clayey loam, if the tree
grown in it is to be removed to a light porous soil in
its new position. These difficulties, however, as w-e
shall afterwards show, may, by treatment at tlie time
of removal, be overcome, or very much modified.
{Tohe Continued.)

I

ON TRANSPLANTING TREES.
By Bobekt Hutchison, ofCabloweie,Kiekliston.
Theee is probably no department of estate manage-
ment less attended to than the transplanting of large
trees and shrubs. When occasion requires the removal
of any large specimen for immediate eflect, the opera-
tion ;is unfortunately too frequently per ormed with
little regard to the general principles of phytology, lar

wiinermg iiie very maiuai»tja ui i^"^ ,jxu.^^.^ .^.....v,... —
Whereas if advantage be taken of fine weather, during
March and April, to dig and pulverise the soil intended
to receive the transplanted specimen, the stirred earth,
open and free, ab,sorbs the heat of the sun's rays,
which, by the end of April, have begun to possess
power; and by proceeding with the operations luMay,
a much milder temperature exists in the root-bed ot
the plant, and thus a more rapid propulsion of youiig
rootlets is induced. At this period of the year, the
various species of Abies, Pinus, Cedrus. Cupressus,
Juniperus, and Evergreen shrubs generally, may most
advantageously and successfully be moved ; and, with
ordinary precautious, success must follow attempts to
lift plants of most of these classes of large size, say
from 6 to 10 feet in height, or even taller specimens.

We have said that a very suitable season of the year
for transplanting is towards the end of Scptemher, and
the earlv part of the month of October. The tempe-
rature of the soil is, at that period of the year, m this
climate, probably nearer m degree to that of the
atmosphere than it is at any other season. At 2 teet
under the surface, about this time, the mean tempera-
ture of the soil will be from 55° to 52°, while that of
the atmosphere will average in ordinary seasons from
about 55' to iS'. The soil being thus warm, and
closely approximating to the mean temperature ot the
outer air, any injury from rupture, or cutting, which
the rootlets may have accidentally sustained in removal
is quicklv repaired, and the formation of new spongioles
is more "r.apidly promoted than it would be in the
spriu" months, when the temperature of the soil would
iiave "fallen, in ordinary cases, to about 37" or 40°, at
which time the temporary check sustained by the

LETTERS PROM PARIS.— No. SIX.
The Gkeat Rose Show at Beie Co:iite Robert,
AND the Eighth Plowee Show at the
Exposition.
All tho floral world has lately heard of Brie Comte
Robert, and I had the pleasure of seeing it on last
Sunday morning, on which day the great show of Roses
took place. To give the reader an idea of the scene on
which the show took place, I shall have to request hiin
to imagine the mildest possible corner of DonuybrooK
Fair arrange it around a grassy yard, or the corner of
a field, extract all the " divihnent" out of it, and place
a great oblong tent at one end of the scere. The bMse
Show is in fact, held in connection with the. fete ot
the place, and that is, so far as could lie seen, simply
an affair of little gaming tables, giugerbread. and toy-
stalls &c., with a travelling theatre, a very small esta^
blishment for telling fortunes, and various other
contrivances for fooling the rustics of the neighbour-
hood out of their money. The entrance to the scene
was by a sort of gateway in the town, and nothing could
be more disappoiuting to an English visitor than the
appearance of the affair, which had even supplied the
Baili/ Telegraph with subject matter for a eading
article On the other hand, nothing could, look more
beautiful and fertile than the country for miles around
the town, every inch being cultivated, like the slopes ol
the low Kent hills, with Vines and miscellaneous
crops— the great spread of level land chiefly with
Wheat which arched into the roads, there being no
hedges' nor ditches to be seen, yet the country was
quitepicturesque from beingdotted with fruit trees here
and there. There are various large nurseries in the
neighbourhood, chiefly those of M. Cochct, the owner
of the great Thuja shown at the Exposition, and ot the
largest specimens there. He has a very extensive
nursery— a fine collection of healthy Conifers, and also
quantities of large and well-trained fruit trees. It is,
I believe the region in which most of the looses are
grown for the Paris nurserymen, and it is their growers
who exhibit tl le Roses. Once in the tent the effect was
distinct and good, though the display is not so vast as
we had been led to exiieot from the statistics ot
previous shows. All the Roses were placed on the
"round— no stages of any kind being used. First ot
all there ran right round the great oblong tent a
sloping bed of sandy earth, about 5 feet wide, covered
with young Barley, the seed of which had been sown
8 or 10 days before. On this were thickly placed tne
Roses— eight rows deep, or thereabouts. They were
for the greater part placed in small earthenware
bottles, about 5 inches high, with long narrow necKs
and wide globose bases; and, placed amongstthe Jianey-
grass, these looked very well indeed; generally three or
more Roses were placed in each bottle. They were made
of ordinary garden-pot stuff, and of the same coloui,
and looked so much better than those of glass used by
some exhibitors, that their use should he mfe com-
pulsory. Thus the reader will perceive that the
most conspicuous thing in the tent was a dense
bed of Roses around it. In the central parts ot
the tent there were beds of ^•■"[■'°"^„/^^Pfr„'°
which the Roses were generally plunged m Moss
and mostly arranged in masses; fo"-. e-''f3.^'/ J f,*?
of 700 blooms of General Jacqueminot, edged witU
aline of Aimi5e Vibert; a bed of Madame Boll, edged

July 20, 1S67.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

759

with white and red roses, all the flowers pliuiged
singly in dark green Moss, aud so on. Space jjreveuts
me giving you the names of exhibitors or going into any
detail ; suffice it to say that the competitors vied rather
in quantity than in quality, and tliat one exhibitor
showed as many as GOO varieties, or supposed varieties
—certainly be had that number of bottles. Others
showed large numbers also, but in all cases the Hoses
were inferior to those seen at an English show. As for
the varieties, they were chiolly such as abound
in England. There were quantities of that fine Kose
Marcchal Niel to be seen, one bed of it being 10 feet in
diameter, the blooms plunged singly in Moss. The
largest exhibitor grouped his (lowers very prettily by
arranging wavy lines of yellow and white varieties
through the long mass of rose aud light-coloured tints.
Each exhibitor placed his novelties, if he bad any,
among the large collection. Of novelties, the most
remarkable was one named Clemence Raoux, a Uo.se
quite new in colour, but reputed by the growers to
have bad-blooming qualities. The petals are linn,
crisp, and incurved, the Uower large, and the colour
nearly indescribable. AVo will, for convenience sake,
call it a rosy pink, marbled and suU'used with while, so
that it furnishes an cU'ect like some Camellias,
It received a gold modal, and if it does not
prove A 1 in all respects it is likely to give
rise to a distinct and desirable strain. Others
not so distinct, from popular kinds, but good, were
Edouard Morren aud Comtosse do Jaucourt, both
desirable. There were very few people present except
the immediate population of the neighbourhood, and
not a crowd of them, though doubtless it might have
been otherwise in the evening when the place was
lighted up, and on the second day, wheu the entrance
foe was very modest — 25 centimes.

The most interesting thing shown at the eighth
scrie of the Paris Show, which opened on Tuesday,
wa^ a large collection of extraordinary seedling
Gloxinias. They are as good as they are entirely
new in style, and the admiration of all who have seen
them. This jiopular plant is in fact ennobled, and
placed a step higher by their appearance. A few years
ago M. Yallerand, gardener to a gentleman at Baugival,
raised a seedling, spotted in a way that reminds one
of Achimenes Ambroise Verschaffelt, and from this all
these exquisite varieties have sjirung. If I say
that some of them do not look like Gloxinias at all,
but like the flowers of a Dipladenia, it may seem exag-
geration, but it is nevertheless a fact; and as really
good things are sure to spread, there will probably be,
ere long, an opportunity of seeing them in England.
No choice varieties of Foxglove or herbaceous Calceo-
laria ever seen bears such handsome and delicate
spotting, while the improvement in form is equally
remiirkable, the limb of some erect varieties spreading
out flat and «axy, till in fact it looks, as I have before
said, like a Dipladenia iu some iustances. This is
particularly the case with varieties having a stain of
rose at the base of each section of the limb, and which
afterwards spreads out into a rosy suffusion towards
the margin. Some varieties have the throat spotted ;
generally the throat is pure white, and the limb
regularly spotted with rose or lilac ; while a few are of
a pure waxy white, and with a simple stain of a rose,
or purple, or blue tint, appearing at the base of each
section of the limb ; or the whole suffused with blue in
a peculiarly beautiful shade. But it is vain to hope to
give you an idea of their beauty of colour ; suffice it to
say, that I have never seen it so refined and exquisite
in any other plant than in some of the most recent
varieties raised. When they get into commerce an
increased stimulus will be given to the culture of the
plant. Of the other features of the show most worthy
of remark, groups of exotic fruit trees shown by
M. Linden and Mr. Knight, of Pontchartrain, are
most conspicuous, the former containing the true
Mangosteen' in a most fresh and healthy state, and
both groups including very rare plants, of which space
forbids the mention.

Mr. Knight, who, by the way, is teaching the French
how to grow hothouse Grapes, shows by far the finest
Grapes to be seen here. There are plenty ofRoses shown,
and altogether the jjlace is very full of plants, those
things which furnish us a hint being such only as I
can touch upon. The Lantanas shown by M. Chate
belong to this class. They are perfectly well grown,
about 1 or 5 feet in diameter across the head, and
covered with pretty flowers, each plant having a clean
stem a couple of feet high or so. The more delicately-
tinted varieties of Lantana gro\vn in this way look
very well, and are worth attention as summer and
autumn ornaments for the conservatory. Well grown
through the spring, they may be placed in the oiieu
air in the end of May, allowed to grow away cleanly,
aud come into flower about the end of July, when
conservatory flowers are rather scarce. Hollyhocks
are pretty extensively shovra; also Carnations. M.
Lierval has a fine lot of his Phloxes, and Messrs.
Tilmsrin Andrieux & Co. a couple of beds of Lilium
auratum. The Apricots are peculiarly fine and large ;
the Cauliflowers, Lettuce, and Endive extraordinary,
particularly the Cauliflowers, which are grown in
Paris market gardens to a great size. A small local or
provincial society shows some good things in this way.
It is a good practice this, of small societies showing
their produce collectively, and must be conducive to a
pleasant kind of amity among the members— more,
perhaps, than competing with each other would lead
to. Strawberries have been very good and cheap for
weeks pa.st. Cherries selling abundantly in barrows at
Hd. and 2rf. a pound ; Currants even cheaper. Good
Apricots h.ave been selling at a penny apiece, inferior
ones at half that price. Excellent Figs have been,
like the Apricots, hawked iu wide barrows about the
streets at a halfpenny apiece, or even less, and the
Peach is now appearing from the South, and large
purple Aubergines, or fruit of the Egg-plant, are served

in all the restaurants, and, like the Tomatos, which
have been plentiful for some weeks, they are very nice
when served an gralin. W. B.

WEEDS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.
By Bebthold Seemann, Ph.D., F.L.S.

Si) great are the changes constantly going on in the
nature and aspect of the vegetation of the inhabited
globe, that it is almost as diflicult to conjure up by
pen or pencil the flora of a country as it was a few
centuries ago, as it would be that of any former
geological period. By not taking these changes into
account, those who endeavour to give us vivid pictures
of the past--historians, historical painters, and romance
writers— often fall into the error of using, as a back-
ground for ancient historical events, the country in
which they hap^lened in its modern aspect, an
anachronism as painful to a botanist, as a wrong note is
to a musical ear. In a well-known print, representing
Joseph sold by his brethren, the artist has carefully
represented the Date Palm and other features of the
desert, but he has committed the blunder of intro-
ducing the American Cactus, which did not reach
Syria till several thousand years after Joseph's death.
Some time ago I saw a i)lay founded upon an incident
of early Roman history. The stage accessories had
been executed with pre-Ratfaelitic accuracy. There was
the Roman landscape in all its beauty ; the melancholy
Cypress, and the Stone Pine of Italy, the outline
of which Pliny so happily compares with the smoke of
Vesuvius as it hovered over the crater 1800 years ago,
and still hovers in our year of grace; but there was
also, unfortunately, the American Aloe (Agave), which
at present forms such a prominent feature of many a
South European landscape, but was confined to the
New World before the days of Columbus.

Amongst plants a fierce though silent struggle for
the possession of the soil is constantly going on. Even
when no foreign elements are introduced into the flora
of a country it is ever at work ; but it becomes much
more fierce when species from abroad appear on the
field, or, at all events, from our being able to recognise
at a glance the opposing elements, we are in a position
to watch the struggle and its issue. A prominent
example of such a battle field, if so martial a term be
admissible, is the island of St. Helena, where the
native vegetation is almost entirely superseded by a
foreign one, some of the singular indigenous tree
Composita! and others, now existing in only one or two
old specimens. In some parts of the Cape of Good
Hope an equally great change is noted, and many
species are in danger of becoming altogether extinct.
I remember the venerable explorers, Ecklon and
Xeyher, taking ine to see a few Silver trees (Leuca-
dendrun argenteum), which, thej; assured me, were
the only specimens in South Africa. Dr. Hooker, in
his suggestive paper " On the Struggle for Existence
amongst Plants" fi-eprinted in our columns from the
"Popular Science Review"], has well pointed out the
rapid spread of European species in New Zealand, and
the displacement of the indigenous. The alterations
wrought in Europe by the naturalisation of foreign plants
are familiar to us all, and many other parts of the inha-
bited globe might be pointed out where the same pheno-
menon is observable. Foreigu plants deport themselves
towards the indigenous as an invading army does
towards the inhabitants of a hostile country. Before
the bulk of the army advances, outposts make their
appearance, consisting of the most daring and hardy
fellows. In the vegetable kingdom this office is
performed by the weeds, and it is on them that I
should like to make a few remarks.*

Considering that weeds are found in every part of
the inhabited world, it is singular that so few languages
have a full equivalent of the term " weed," and that so
useful an idea as that popularly embodied in it, should
not have been, long ere this, translated into science.
The Latin *' Aerfia," or Spanish " ijierha" certainly
does include our " weed ; " but whilst every weed is a
herb, not every herb is a weed. What, then, is the
real meaning of "weed"? Dictionary writers do not
help us much by qualifying weed as a mean or trouble-
some herb, for the popular mind associates with the
nature of a weed several other characteristics not
mentioned by them. We talk of jjlants bearing "a
weedy look," and though most of us know what that
means, nobody has as yet made it clear to those who
do not know. The term weedy would be misapplied
to the Aloes, but fit exactly the generality of the
Alsinea;. We would never say of the Heather that it
had a weedy look ; in fact, the term would never
suggest itself in connection with that species. The
vegetation of New Holland could not be described,
speaking generally, as bearing a weedy look, whilst
that of the lower coast region of most tropical
countries could scarcely be better defined than by that
phrase. One of the most essential characteristics of a
weed is, therefore, that it should look weedy, or, in
other words, that its stem and foliage should be neither
too fleshy nor too leathery, but of a soft, flaccid, or
membranaceous description.

Another important characteristic is, that a herb, to
be considered a weed, should propagate itself either by
seeds or buds at a rapid rate, grow fast, and overpower
those plants which may check its progress. I take it
to be, that this characteristic is emphatically conveyed
in the etymology of the word " weed," which, through
the Low German verb " wilen" (to weed), the Bavarian
" wiileln," and the High German " umchern " (=: to
spread or multiply with more than ordinary rapidity).

■ I may here state that this article was written on the
Atlantic after reading a paper of Dr. Hooker's, "On the
Staiggle for Existence among Pl.ants,"in the '"Popular Science
Review," for Apiil, 1867, which I found on board the Royal
Mail Steamer Domo, in the Vii'gin Islands, West Indies. Some
of the views advanced here are, as it were, a further develop-
ment of ideas touched upon by Dr. Hooker,

is connected with Wodan or Wuotan (=:Odin), the
name of the sujireme, all over-powering, irresistible
Saxon god, to whom Wednesday, or AVodcusday, is
dedicated.*^

A third, and perhaps more important characteristic
is, that a weed appears only ou land which, either by
cultivation or in some other manner, has beiii disturbed
by man. ' Virgin lands, such as the tops of high
mountains, have no weeds. I saw none in the Arctic
regions, except Tetrapoma pyriforme, a Siberian
immigrant, lyhich was growing in Norton Sound, on
the only cultivated patcli I met with in that country.
Weeds are therefore essentially intruders, colonists,
foreigners, or whatever one likes to call them— never
endemic children of the soil. They may have come
from the immediate neighbourhood, but they have
always been translated, though the distances may have
been but limited. Weeds have therefore to hear up
against all the prejudice which the popular mind in
all countries invariably entertains against foreigners.
The German contunijituously terms weed " C/iikraiU,^'
which is the antithesis of Kraut (=herb), and means
"no herb," or " strange herb," just as ZJ/h;/ (= thing)
is the anthithesis of Undine/ (estrange thing or
monster) ; thus clearly expressing that weeds do not
belong to the herbs of the country, but are something
strange, unrecognised. Sometimes national iirojudices
are i)ointedly expressed in the popular names given to
newly-imported weeds. Thus the North American
Indian names Plantago major, the " Footsteps of the
White Man;" and the German, the troublesome
Peruvian Galinsoga parviflora, " Frenchman's Weed,"
though the French are probably quite innocent of its
having become a pest in the sandy districts of Prussia
and adjacent States.

Have the plants we designate " weeds " always been
weeds ? is a question to be answered. If the definition
of the term given, and the views taken of the nature
of these plants be correct, they cannot have been weeds
in their native country ; and the deportment of weeds
on being translated from one part of the world to
another would seem to bear out this view. There are
no complaints against our Water-cress becoming an
impediment to our rivers and rivulets. Though
assisted by cultivation, it is by no means a common or
troublesome weed. But look at it in New Zealand,
where it threatens to choke up altogether the still
rivers, and where its stem often attains 12 feet in
length, and J of an inch in diameter. Galinsoga
parviflora is very local in Peru ; but mark its extra-
ordinary increase in Europe since it effected its escape
from our botanic gardens !

But if weeds have to surmount the obstacles which
new-comers in all countries have to face, they also
benefit by the advantages derived from thcirorgauisation
coming for the first time in contact with a soil to
them altogether virgin. This contact acts so ])ower-
fully that, provided the climate and other conditions
required for the existence of a species are fulUlled, the
new-comers will invariably become the victors in the
great struggle for existeuce which immediately
commences between them and the natives. This law
seems to apply to the whole of organised nature, and
man's own history furnishes some of the most striking
proofs of its catholicity. The light-skinned Polynesian,
though a dying-out race in the Hawaiian Islands and
New Zealand since the arrival of new-comers of
Teutonic origin, has nevertheless managed to establish
his ascendancy over the indigenous dark-skinned
Papuan in many jiarts of the Fijis. New^-comers,
always provided they gain a firm footing, have ever
the advantage over those species or races established
in the country before their arrival. This is well
known to 'farmers and gardeners, aud induces them
to procure from distant parts stock and seeds of kinds
identical with those already in their possession,
because they know that the newly-imported succeed
better than their own. The law is further illustrated
by a system of rotation of crops, in which one kind of
plants is most advantag!ou-)y replaced by another;
aud here, at last, we get at a chemical explanation of
the advantages enjoyed by new-comers, and why, in a
struggle for existence between them and the natives
of the soil, they must ever come off victorious.

A weed, then, in our language signifies a naturalised
herb, which has a soft and membranaceous look, grows
fast, propagates its kind with great rapidity, and
spreads, to the prejudice of endemic or cultivated
plants, in places in some way or other disturbed bj^ the
agency of man. There are, in various parts of the
world, trees and shrubs, though their number is not .so
great as at first sight might he imagined, that may he
said to occupy the same jiosition amongst woody ]ilants
as weeds do amongst herbs. Psidium CJuayava, Melia
Azedarach, Acacia Farnesiana, and Crescentia Cujetc,
may serve as iustances of such trees ; the Brazilian
Tecomaria capensis at the Capo of Good Hope and
other parts of the Old World, and IJlex europ;vus at
St. Helena, as examples of such shrubs. Iu most
places where we find them they are exotics, out-
elbowing the indigenous vegetation by their rapid
growth. But iu most cases we know that their
geographical range has been extended by their being
taken under man's fostering care. The word " Tree-
fern" having gained an easy admission in our language,
it might be advisable to speak of these plants as tree-
weeds and shrub-weeds, without being charged with
unnecessary innovations.

AVhence do different countries derive their w-eeds?
is a question that naturally suggests itself. OB-hand,
one would be inclined to answer that all countries

• This view, I find, is borne out by Jacob Grimm, "Deutsclie
Mythologie," 2d edit., vol. i., chap. vii. Singularly enough,
the High German for " to weed " is lost, and replaced by the
word " irtltn," pronounced " aatm " in some districts. I was
very much puzzled about the deriv.ation of this word, tlU I
remembered th.it "Gief was one of the names of the god
" Wuot.in."

760

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AflRICin/fURAL GAZETTR

[July 20, ieo7

indiscriminately, having a climate similar to that of
Europe, would be the sources whence Europe derived
its weeds. And in great measure this is true. Many
European weeds have an undoubted Asiatic and
African origin ; but if any jiart of the world might be
expected to have supplied its due .share, it would be
the temperate parts of the North American continent,
where many European plants, such as Thistles, have
multiplied to such an extent as to have become a
perfect pest. From the constant intercourse between
Europe and North America, and the number of North
American plants cultivated in our gardens, one would
have expected a great many North American species to
be naturalised among us. But this is by no means the
case. North American plants, however easily grown
in oiu- gardens, do not show any great disposition to
escape from cultivation, and drive the native flora off
the held. The same is true of Australian plants ; and
this peculiarity contrasts strangely with the extra-
ordinary rapidity with which European plants spread
in the southern hemisphere, supplanting in New
Zealand, New Holland, &c., the native vegetation.
*' Hitherto," says Dr. Hooker, *' no consideration of
climate, soil, or circumstance has sufliced to explain
this phenomenon." If what I have traced out, that
new arrivals have always the advantage over old, be a
sound law, it ought to apply to this case as well as the
others ; and to all appearances it does. "\Ve know, from
the researches of Unger and others, that a vegetation
very similar, not to say absolutely identical, to that of
the southern parts of the United States, existed in
Europe at the lignite period, and that a vegetation
very similar, if not absolutely identical, with that of
Australia, existed in Europe at the Eocene period.
But we have no knowledge of the existence of a
European Flora in either North America or in
Australia at any former geological period. Plants
from Australia and North America would therefore
not enjoy in Europe the advantage of new-comers, but
would I'ather be like wanderers returning to a
country where their part has already been played out.
Journal of botany.

Home Correspondence.

Polemoiihtm cceruJenm variegafnm. — Being well up,
au courant du jour, with regard to flowers and to
foliage plants which are bedded out, although I must
confess that I do not grow in very large masses the new
"Tricolor"Pelargoniums, I feel authorised to recommend
to gardeners the beautiful Fern-like, feathery, silvery
Polemonium, restored to our gardens, and kindly given
to me, by Mr. D. Thomson, of Archerfield. As Nature
tones down her most glowing colours, and enhances
their beauty a thousandfold by contact of " cool "
foliage, and contrast of calm neutral tints, so should we
reverently follow in our garden grounds, and strive to
invite and retain the admiring eye, instead of startling,
dazzling, and wearying it, by a continuous intolerable
glare, which frizzles our eyelashes, and makes hot our
brain. "Not a leaf to be seen," has been the unwise
boast of many a florist in praise of some gorgeous
specimen ; but Nature is justified of her children, and
never makes a maneless horse. We want foliage in all
our landscapes, gardens, and plants ; and for contrast
with our glowing Pelargoniums, Verbenas, and Cal-
ceolarias (I allude to such colours as Italy, Victor
Emmanuel), as well as with our dark foliage plants,
such as Coleus, Amaranthus, Iresine, and Perilla, I
know of nothing more eflective or more charming than
this variegated Polemonium. S. S. H. [Vie cordially
endorse onr correspondent's statements, general and
particular. Ens.]

Tree Measurers. What is the best plan for mea-
suring the heights of trees ? In your paper for August
8th, 1863, you mention the quadrant, but this appears
to require level ground. Loudon gives some plans in
the Arboretum, vol. i., p. 206, one of which is 'a series
of rods connected by tin tubes, which would scarcelv
do for a tree 70 to 100 feet high, I should think. I
know a case in which the shadows of some trees were
measured and compared with the shadow of a pole
whose length was known, both being measured at the
same time. This, of course, can only be done when
the sun shines. Is it accurate ? Would you also state
the probable price of the instruments you recommend,
^ and if they can be got at any mathematical instrument
maker's. P. [A guinea instrument for measuring the
heights of trees and other objects, called a dendrometer,
the invention of Messrs. Sang, of Ivirkaldy, is noticed
in Loudon's Oardeners' Magazine for April, 1840. It
may be briefly described as a miniature sextant fixed
to measure an angle of 45', so that a point distant
from an object equal to its height can readily be
ascertained. The instrument is in the form of a
circular brass box, about an inch across: it may
therefore be carried in the waistcoat pocket. In
usmg it, proceed as follows : Fasten the end of
a tape line to the Istem of the tree at the
height of the eye, usually about five feet above
the ground ; walk away from the tree holding the tape
in the hand until it is guessed that it is as far unrolled
as the tree is high, then turn round the milled edges of
the instrument, which when done will disclose three
openings ; hold it vertically, by putting the finger and
thumb between the round hole and the small square
one, apply the round hole close to the eye and look
through it and the small square opening towards the end
of the tape line. If at the exact distance, a reflection of
the top of the tree will be observed falling on the end of
the tape ; most likely the reflection and the end of the
tape will not at once coincide, in which case move
backwards or forwards until they do so, when the
number of feet which the tape indicates is the he'ght
of the top of the tree abo%'e the end of the line, and the
total height is obtained by adding the height at which
the tape is affixed. At first with some there is a
slight diflnculty in using this instrumert, which five

minutes' practice, however, will remove. A good
object for trial is the gable of a house or a tall erect
pole, with the height of the observer's eye
marked distinctly on it. It will be easier to
bring the reflection of such an object and the mark
together, than it would be in the case of the somewhat
vague outline of the summit of a tree. In sloping
ground the measure of course requires to go from the
object in a line perpendicular to it, this is the only
source of error, and to insure perfect accuracy a level
would also be needed ; but a little attention gives a
result near enough for most practical purposes.^ Eds.]
Pirns glabra laeiniata. — I have known this plant
for about two years as a subject of much promise for
garden decoration, and I am now certain of its being
one of the most useful and elegant forms of vegetation
ever introduced. It is a small kind, with flnely cut
and most elegant leaves, the strongest being about a
foot long when the plants are established a year or
two. When seen on a nicely-established plant, these
leaves combine the beauty of those of the finest
Grevillea, with a Fern frond, while the youngest
unfolding leaves remind one of the dainty young ones
of a finely-cut umbelliferous plant in spring. The
variety observable in the shape, size, and aspect of the
foliage makes the plant charming to look upon, while
the midribs of the fully grown leaves are red, and in
autumn the whole glow off into bright colour after the
fashion of larger American subjects. During the whole
season it is presentable, and there is no fear of any vicissi-
tude of weather injuring it. In addition it is perfectly
hardy, and as a Fern-like plant capable of being of
more use to the tasteful flower gardener than any
subject he could find indoors. Its great merit is that
in addition to being so elegant in foliation it has a very
dwarf habit. Plants at three years old and undisturbed
for the past two years are not more than 18 inches
high. The heads are slightly branched, but are not a
whit less elegant that when in a simple-stemmed, and
young state, so that here we have clearly a subject that
will afford a charming Fern-like effect in the full sun,
and add graceful verdure and distinction to the flower
garden. When the flowers show after the plant is a
few years old they may be pinched off, and this need
only be mentioned in the case of permanent groups or
plantings of it. To produce the effect of a Grevillea
or Fern on a small scale, we should of course keep this
elegant Ehus small, and propagate it like a bedding
plant. The graceful mixtures and bouquet^like beds
that might be made with the aid of this plant need not
he suggested here, while, of course, an established
plant, or groups of three, might well form the centre of
a bed. Planting a very small bed or group separately
in the flower garden, and many other uses, which it
would be useless to enumerate here, will occur to
those who have once tried the plant. Some hardy
plants of fine foliage are either so rampant or so top-
heavy that they cannot be wisely associated with
bedding plants — this is, on the contrary, as tidy and
tractable a grower as the most fastidious could desire.
It would be a pity to put such a pretty plant under or
near rough trees and shrubs— ^ive it the full sun, and good
free soil. It was, I believe, introduced from America
by Slessrs. Thibaut & Keteleer, of Paris, who have a
good stock of it, some of which reached England a
couple of years ago. It is, however, but little known
with us, and probably not at all to the flower gardener,
who will, I have no doubt, use such things when he
knows species like this that will grow readily in the
full sun, and produce such efl'ects in the open air as
we desire to see amongst flowering plants in a well-
managed conservatory. IF. P.

Paxton Glasshouses.— In reference to your Corre-
spondent " G.'s " query (see p. 737) as to whether the
price of the Paxton roof, quoted by us in a former
letter (see p. 712), includes fixing and machinery, we
beg to state that the total cost of erection would, of
course, vary with the distance of site from the works;
and if your correspondent will favour us with his
address, we shall be happy to furnish him with full
particulars, and a definite estimate ; as we do not wish
to intrude on j^our space with " trade details," which
we have printed, with prices attached to them, for
distribution. Sereman ^ Morton.

Solhiboclcs.— It is a common practice among nursery-
men who propagate Hollyhocks for sale, to graft a
young shoot or bud upon a bit of an old root, and in
this way, with the means at their command as to
bottom heat, young plants are speedily produced.
This plan, no doubt, often succeeds well, but, as in my
own experience, sometimes at the cost of great disap-
pointment to the purchaser. I had to cut down one
of my very best plants the other day, after it had
reached a height of three feet, and on examination I
found that at the junction of the cutting with the root
it was quite rotten. I have examined others, and I
find another showing signs of disease. Would any of
your correspondents kindly inform me if there is any
known application that would check the spread of
the evil. P. G. Pass, Glamis, Forfarshire.

Stephanotisfloribuiida.—B.a.mng failed to grow this
fine plant successfully, I should much like to know the
system you recommend, as to the soil, temperature, and
treatment. J. P. [The following is the mode of treating
it adopted by Mr. Donald, of Leyton, who has shown
well-grown and beautifully flowered specimens of it at
our great Metropolitan Shows this season. " I have," he
says, "always looked upon Stephanotis as a plant which
anyone having the required temperature, at command
might grow ; but it is not so easy to get a good crop
of bloom on it. At present my plants of it are placed
in an ordinary span-roofed greenhouse, in which they
will continue till December, taking care that the tem-
perature during Autumn does not fall below 45°.
During the next five months they will only have suffi-
cient water to keep them from flagging. In December
I shorten the wood which they may have made
this year, leaving about six eyes on the strong

shoots, and two or three on the weak _ ones.
At the same time I turn the plants out of their pots
and reduce their balls about an inch and a half all
round with a sharp-pointed stick, in order that the
roots may not be injured, which would be the case if
the operation was performed with any cutting instru-
ment. I then repot in similar-sized pots to those
formerly used, or perhaps a size larger, according to
the condition of tne roots. The compost employed
for this shift consists of turfy loam and peat in equal
proportions, and one-third silver sand. It is best not
to chop or sift the turfy matter, but to pull them to
pieces with the hands into lumps, say about the size of
Walnuts. Having tied the plants to the trellises on
which they are to be grown, they are then placed in a
temperature of about 60°, where they remain till the
end of February, frequently sprinkling them overhead
with water having the chill off, but giving very
little water at the roots. At the end of
February or the beginning of March they are
placed in a stove in which the temperature is about
65°. After remaining there about a fortnight they are
plunged into a tan bed half the depth of the pots ; the
bottom heat in this must not exceed 70' at first, but it
may be increased, or the pots let deeper down into the
tan, otherwise the first flowers will not come to per-
fection, but will turn yellow and fall off. As the young
shoots advance, I train them up to the glass on small
string, where they get more light and set bloom more
freely than they would do if otherwise situated. The
string may be cut away when the blooms are set, and the
shoots trained regularly over the plant trellis according
to the taste of the cultivator. Liquid manure is freely
given when the flowers are beginning to open, and of a
temperature corresponding with that of the house in
which the plants are growing. This gives quality to
the blooms and freshness to the foliage.]^

Lilium aurafum. — I have this growing in a 5-inch
pot, with a flower measuring Hi inches across, the
yellow bands being overlaid with red ; it is flner than
any other auratum I have seen. Please say if the red
striped variety is rare. P. M., Montrose. [The red var.
can now hardly be considered rare. Eds.]

Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat.— A.\\o\f me again to say
a word or two in favour of this, the most valuable of
all late Grapes. It has thoroughly proved itself to be
the most prolific and the most free from disease of any
Vine which we have in cultivation, and as regards
quality it is quite a Black Muscat in flavour as well as
in shape of bunch and berry. In order to illustrate its
keeping qualities, I need only state that after Mrs.
Pince had sent samples of it to different parts of the
country a few bunches were left in March to hang on
the Vines as long as they would. Unfortunately a rat
took a fancy for them, and commenced to take them
off for himself and his friends ; but one bunch, left
untouched, kept good until late in April, when the
Vines were so far advanced as to demand much mois-
ture ; it was then cut off in as good condition as it was
in November. This year the variety is again covered
with long handsome bunches, and the Vines are in
perfect health, notwithstanding the heavy crops taken
off them last year. I am sure that Mrs. Pince's Grape
will soon be seen in every establishment in which Vines
are grown, TF". Craggs, LarJcbeare, Exeter.

Hardiness of Petinosporas. — Mr. Strickland states
(see p. 736) that Eetinosporas are not hardy at
Malton, in Yorkshire. I cannot help thinking there
must be some mistake about the matter ; that either
the plants have died from some other cause, or that
they cannot be Eetinosporas, as the latter are hardy
here, both in winter and spring, in a very high degree.
Last winter Araucarias were cut with us so as to have
the appearance of being burnt; Deodars were the
same ; Cupressus Goveniana and C. Lambertiana were
quite killed, whereas Eetinosporas were as green and
bright as if they were in full growth, and on May 24
last, when a great many plants were making their
young growth, we had 10° of frost, wliich cut up nearly
all young vegetation, even Spruce Firs were injured,
as well as Common Tew, specimens of which 1 send
you, but the Eetinosporas were unhurt. All of the
plants sent were growing side by side, and the only
things that did not suffer by the frost in question were
Abies nobilis robusta ; Abies Lowii, a very hardy,
vigorous growing Fir; and the Eetinosporas. The
Variegated Euonymus radicans, too, is a very hardy
plant. I had a lot of small plants of it in a frame,
which were planted out the day before the frost came
upon us, and although they were in a growing state,
not a leaf of them was injured. Jno. Standish, Royat
Nursery, Ascot. [The specimens sent fully confirm
the truth of our correspondent's statement. The
Eetinosporas pisifera and obtusa are in beautiful con-
dition, while young growths on the Common Spruce are
as red as anew brick. Abies Pinsapo also appears to have
suffered considerably from the late spring frosts. Eds.j
Winter Decoration of Tree Stumps. — I have some
very nice roots of trees on my lawn, which I want to
ornament. I have thought of having their base
covered with various varieties of Ivy, but this only to
cover the base. As to the top parts, in summer
there can be no doubt as to the decoration, but when
winter comes what is to be done then ? because I
want the stumps not only to be attractive in thesummer,
but also in the winter. It will, therefore, be to me a
great pleasure if any of your correspondents will inform
me what plan I can adopt, so that I may have attractive
stumps in winter. Amelia. [You can have nothing
better than Ivies for covering the stumps of your trees,
if thev must be ornamented in winter. Of green
kinds "take Hedera douerailensis minor, H. poetic^
H. digitata, H. palmata, H. sagittrefblia; of variegated
kinds, H. canariensis aureo-maculata, H. marginata
argentea, H. minor marmorata, H. latifolia maculata,
H. Helix foliis a,ureis, H. rhombea, H. algeriensis
varicgata, and H. japonica.J
Sfrawberries.—l am anxious to make a straw oerry

JtjLT 20, 186?.]

THE UARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICTILTITRAL GAZETTE.

761

bed on a dry, light, loamy soil, where Strawberries have
not done well. Will you kindly inform mo what I
ought to use for it; also what Strawberry would suit
best ? Constant Reader. [Strawberries succeed best
upon good stiff loam. Therefore, to grow them suc-
cessfully, it is necessary to properly prepare a border
composed chiefly of that material, mixed with abun-
dance of well decomposed manure. Before planting
the border sliould be well trenched ; where, however,
good stiff loam cannot be got, lirst well trench the
existing border some three feet or so deep, and add
thereto manure in abundance. Then remove from
the surface a certain amount of the older soil, and
replace it with about double the quantity of tlit
stitfest loam that can be procured from some old
pasturage. Surface dress the whole with a thick layer
of rotten dung and dig it in deeply, in order to amal-
gamate it thoroughly with the older soil below. Tread
the border thus jirepared well all over, and it will be
ready for planting. For this purpose choose the earliest-
formed strongest runners possible, and plant them
firmly, but do not bury the crowns too deeply. Let
them stand at least 18 inches by 21 inches apart. A
border such as yours, composed as it is of much light
soil, is^ better not dug or forked over periodically, an
operation which tends to loosen the already too light
soil. Rather surface hoe occasionally. Mulch well
with rotten dung as soon as the crop has been removed,
and the plants cleaned. Again manure the surface
well in March following with similar material. Never
reuiove or injure more than is possible any leaves not
arrived at maturity ; water copiously in dry weather,
and especially after the crop is removed. Of sorts take
Keens' Seedling and Black Prince for early fruiting ;
La Constante, Dr. Hogg, Premier, and Marguerite for
a general crop; and Progmore Late Pine and Elton
Pine for late fruit. — Eds.]

RoY.\L Horticultural {Great Show at Bury St. Edmund's,
Jt:h/l5—19.)—'Ihe Royal Horticultural Society's dehiH in the
provinces baa been of a most gratifying character. Well sup-
ported by the local horticultural tiilent, and not wanting
altogether in sympathy on the part of distant exhi bitors— though
we confess we think certain of our great growers should have
done more than just put in an appearance— the show has been
really a good one throughout, and the Society will leave Bury
with its honour and credit well sustained.

In the Classes of Stove and Greenhouse Plants as they are
usually called, the mention of the names of Baines, Cole, and
Lee as exhibitors will show to those who know the character
of the London and Manchester shows, that the Bury exhibition
has not been without examples of first-rate plant growing.
These classes have been quite up to the mark in point of
quahty. and the only regret in connection with them is that
a larger number of exhibitors did not enter the lists. The
Royal Horticultural Society's 20 guinea Cup was won by
the iMessrs. Lee, of Hammersmith, with a very fine lot of
plants, among which occuiTed Aliamanda Hendersoni and
gi-anditlora, beautifully bloomed ; Ei-ica Parmentieri rosea,
quite smothered in its lovely blossoms of a delicate roseate
hue : Ixora javanica. full of bloom and brilliantly coloured,
but rather small in the size of the heads of flowers ; Pha3uo-
coina prolifera Barnesii, a large mass; good examples of
Cordyliue indivisa, Dipladenia splendens, Ixora coccinea,
Gleichenia semivestita (microphylla), and last, but not least in
effect, a splendid bush of Kalosanthes coccinea. These were
well backed up by bulky foliage plants of meritorious
culture. Scarcely, if iudeGd at all inferior to this group,
stood that from Mr. Baines, gr. to H. L. Michols,
Esq., of Bowdon, near Manchester. In this collection
were two such plants of SaiTacenia as were never before
seen— one, S. purpurea, a dense mass 3 feet over, and with
enormous pitchers, and the other, S. flava, fully a yard high,
with the mouth of the pitchers 3i inches across, and the broad
leafy lid 4^ inches. There was an enormous Genetyllis tuli-
pifera ; a splendid bush of Clerodendron Balfourii ; Alocasia
Lowii, extraordinarily fine ; well bloomed examples of Dipla-
denia crassiuoda and Houtteana ; a fine healthy medium-sized
Cordyline indivisa ; Aliamanda Hendersoni and cathartica,
both in good condition ; Gleichenia flabellata and Spelunese ■
and a fresh-looking Croton variegatum. The merit dis-
played in these groups was very equally balanced. A fine
group of 9 plants was set up by Mrs. Cole & Sons, Fog Lane,
Withington, and gained the 1st prize. This consisted of Alia-
manda Hendersoni and cathartica, Dipladenia crassinoda,
Erica obbata and conspicua elegans, Bougainvilltea glabra,
Ixora coccinea, and a very handsome Kalosanthes named
Madame Celeste Winans, which has flowers of a roseate hue,
white at the centre. A 2d prize group was put up by the
Messrs. Lee.

The best group of 12 Fine-foliage Plants was contributed by
Mr. Nichol, gr. to J. H. Powell, Esq., Drinkstone Park, who
had Alocasia maculata, Marantq, zebrina, Croton variegatum,
Maranta regalis, Phcenicophorium sechellarum, and Caladium
Chantiuii in Vei-y good condition. The 2d prize fell to Mr.
Southgate, gr. to R. J, Pettwood, Esq., Finborough Hall,
atowraarket, whose group included .iVnthurium magnificum,
Caladium Chantinii and Belleymei, well coloiu-ed ; Cissus
discolor, and the handsome Maranta eximia, which looks as if
decorated with a white feather on the riurface of its leaves.
Mr. Green, gr. to Mrs. Honeywood, Mark's Hall, Kelvedon,
was placed 3d ; he had Alocasia macrorhiza and metallica, a
good Anthuriura magnificum ; Caladium Chantinii, pietum,
and Belleymei ; and a handsome Cissus discolor. A fourth
group from Mr. D. T. Fish, gr. to Lady Cullum, Hardwicke
House, contained a good Caladium Chantinii, Roulinia acros-
ticha, and a Beaucamea.

Ill gi-oups of 6 Fine-foliaged Planta, Mr. Baines was 1st, with
a collection containing a splendid plant of Anaectochilus Lowii,
a charming potful of AuEectochilus intermedins, Sphsrogyne
iatifolia, with well developed foliage ; and a remarkably fine
mass of Diomea muscipula. Messrs. J, & C. Lee were placed
Ist, for a group of il fine-foliage plants, in which were Yucca
hlamentosa variegata, with broad effectively -striped leaves ■
Uracfena australis, Theophrasta imperialis, Chamferops For-
f^' ^"^^'^^ quadricolor, a Crotun, Anthurium acaule ; and one
of thefinest plants of Bambusa japonica vai-iegat,a ever shown,
a close mass of narrow striped foliage 2,^ feet over, and rising
about a foot above the pot. The Coimty Cup for the best
stove and greenhouse plant in flower was won by Mrs. Cole
& Sons, with a remarkable plant of Dipladenia amabilis.

Very few Orchids were shown, and this was, in fact the
weak point of the show. The 20/. and 71. 7,s\ cups offered
by the ladies of Bury were not even competed for ; and the
Society's prize for 6 plants was taken without competition by
Messrs. Lee, with a group of small plants, the best of them
Demg Cattleya Dowi^ma, Cypripediiim superbiens, and a
t^nalsenopsis. Orchid growers should have done something
oetter than this, °

Palms wore shown by Mosars. J, & C. Leo, to wliom a 1st
prlzo was awarded. The group contained PhosnicopUorhim
scchellarium, with broad serrated loaves ; Goonoina magnilica, a
very handsome broad-loaved Palm, with cloaudooking foliage ;
Arcca Vorschaffoltil, criidta, and rubra, and Latania Vur.i-
chattcltii. Thoy wcro small but handsomo plants.

Funis formed a considerable feature, and wt-ro generally welt
frown rather than rare spociinens. In the Nurneryniaii'8
Cla.ss for i) Exotics, the Ist prize fell to Mcs.srs. J. .fc C. Leo,
who.so plants were generally large, the collection containing
moderate-sized examples of Lomarla gibba and L. nuda. Mr.
.T. J. Chater, of Oambridgo, was 2d. with a group of moderato-
Hized plants. Mr. J. Gilbert, St. Margaret's, Ipswich, was 3d,
with a set of neatly grown .smaller plants. The Amateurs'
Olass for 9 Exotic species was well contested. Mr. Allen, gr.
to Sir C. Bunbury, Bart., Barton Hall, was placed Ist, and
Hhowed, amongst others, an elegant Woodwardia radicans, a
flno mass of Aspleniuni furcatum, and a good specimen of
Adiantum cuneatum. Mr. D. T. Fish was 2d, and had
in his group fine largo plants of Nephrolepls davallioides, and
Stenuclihena tcnuifolia. The 3d prize fcU to Mr. Squibbs gr
to the Marquis of Bristol, Ickworth Park, who bad smaller
plants, and amongst them a good Adiantum cuneatum. The
4th prize went to Mr. Foreman, gr. to the Rev. F. Cheero,
Ingham Rectory. The prizes for single Treo Ferns were taken
respectively by Mr. Gilbert, Mr. Chater, Mr. Penrose, and Mr.
Fish, the plants being not at all extraordinary. The
British Ferns, too, presented nothing very remarkalile in
character. The prizes were taken by Mr. J. J. Chater, Mr. J
Oabcrt.and Mr. D. T. Fish, in the order in which their names
stand. Some of the best Ferns shown were in the special
prize groups. The Bury Cup for 12 Ferns was taken by Mr.
\V Niehol, gr. to J. H. PoweU, Esq., Drinkstono Park, Bury,
whose plants, though of moderate size, were exceedingly well
grown. Among them was a particularly handsome Adiantum
concinnum;andabeautiful plant of the ever-welcome Adiantum
cuneatum ; a compact Gymnogranima Laucheana, and a
pretty specimen of Lomaria gibba. Mr. Fish showed
against these, with a very creditable group containing
Adiantum tenerum, and the largo form of Adiantum
Capillus veneris, in excellent condition ; another group, from
Mr. Squibbs, contained Lomaria nuda ; and Mr. Allan had a
fair specimen of Adiantum concinnum, and a good Asplenium
flaccidura. The Bury Cup for 6 Lycopods was won by Mr
D. T. Fish, with excellent plants trained in the form of close
pyramids, and resembling well-furnished Conifers. Two
varieties of Selaginella Martensii thus grown were particu-
larly beautiful, as were one or two of the smaller growing
kinds. Tho 1st prize for 6 Lycopods, offered by the Society
was also won by Mr. Fish with pyramidal plants ; the 2d
going to Mr. Allan.

A beautiful group of Sarraccnias, in addition to those shown
in his large collection, came from Mr. Baines, of Bowdon.
They consisted of S. Dmmmondii alba, nearly 5 feet high,
with the lid of the pitrher mottled with white and wavy at
the margin ; two plants of S. flava, 4 feet high, with the lid
ovate and plane; S. rubra, U foot high, with a red-veined
ovate plane lid ; S. variolaris, with the upper part of the tuljc
mottled with white and the head recurved like a parrot's bill •
and S. purpurea, very highly coloured. They formed a group
such as is rarely .'^cen at exliibitions, and received a 1st prize
amongst Miscellaneous subjects.

A group of Dracjenas and Cordylines was shown by the
Messrs. Lee, and received a 1st prize. It contained a hand-
some specimen of Cordyline indivisa. Mr. Buckle, gr. to Lord
Walsingham, Merton Hall, Thetford, sent two very fine cut
examples of LUium giganteum. They were about 10 feet high,
and bore, the one 16, the other 17 flowers; these fine stems
had been grown entirely in the open garden. Some small
plants of Lilium auratum were shown by Mr. Earley, Mr.
Chater, and others.

A very interesting feature of the exhibition was presented
by a class for Bedding Plants shown in honour of the late
Donald Beaton. The competitors were Mr. Grieve Messrs
Nunn ife Hobday, Mr. Chater, Mr. Pettitt, of the Bury
Botanic Garden, and Mr. Borrie. The Cup offered for this
(Suffolk Gardeners' Cup) was taken by Mr. Grieve, who showed'
48 groups of well-grovra plants, each kind occupying a small,
square box, of about a foot square. Mr. Chater also .showed
well, his plants being in shallow, rectangular pans of about
the same size as Mr. Grieve's boxes. Another good feature was
presented in the class for cut flowers of 24 hardy herbaceous
plants, which when shown in good-sized neat bunches, as were
those of the 1st prize lot, are really effective. Mr. Gilbert St
Margaret's Nursery, Ipswich, was placed 1st, and had several
handsome forms of Alstrcemeria. In the 2d lot. shown by Mr.
Hedge, were Lilium testaceum, Aselepias syriaca, and the
double-flowered white Campanula persicifolia, all fine old
things, not half enough grown. Mr. Chater, in the 3d prize
lot, had Coronilla iberica and varia, two pretty things. An
extra prize was given tn Mr. Sorrel, Chelmsford ; and in a
group from Mr. Brown, Sudbury, was the rarely seen Brodirea
congesta. Mr. Brown also had a group of the old-fashioned
Gladioli, which were very much admired. Tho prize for
Succulents fell to Mi*. Pettitt, whose plants were unfortunately
injured through the boisterous stateof the weather. A few neat
groups of Achimenes and Gloxinias were shown. The prizes
for the former were taken in the following order :— Mr Allen
Barton Hall ; Mr. Smith, gr. to J. S. Ci-abb, Esq., Great Baddow'
Chelmsford ; Mr. Grieve, Culford : and Mr. Foreman. The
sorts in Mr. Allen's group were Ambroise Verschaffelt
Chelsoni, longiflora and longlflora alba, carminata splendens'
Sir Treheme Thomas ; and the best plants in the other groups
consisted of Margaretta, Edmond Boissier, Carl Wolfarth,
Dentoni, and Mauve Perfection. The prizes for Gloxinias
went to Mr. Foreman, Ingham ; Mr. Allen, Mr. Sheppard and
Mr. Fish. They were but of moderate morit.

An mtcresting group of New Plants was shown by Messrs.
Veitch & Sons, of Chelsea, but they consisted entirely of sub-
jects which are already familiar at London exhibitions. The
following are some of the more prominent among them:—
Sanchezia nobiUs variegata, Croton irregulare, interruptum,
and maximum, Anthurium Scherzerianum, a splendid plant of
Todea (Leptopteris) superba, Acalypha tricolor, Verschaffeltia
splendida, Echites rubro-venosa, Abutilon Thompsoni,
Maranta Veitchii, Nirembergia rivularis, and Coleus Veitchii.
This group received a 1st prize amongst Miscellaneous exhi-
bitions. In another group wa.s the new hybrid Alocasia inter-
media, Retmospora filifera, and the fern-like R. plumosa ;
Begonia Veitchii, Vanda Bensoni, Adiantum concinnum latum,
Alocasia Jenningsii, the Indian species with dark segments on
green ground ; Dracfena Moorei and D. regina. These having
already received the First-class Certificates of the Floral Com-
mittee, were now collectively awarded a Special Certificate
as a present indication of their merit. The same award was
made to Mr. Bull, of Chelsea, for Dalechampia Roezliana rosea,
which comes into the same categor3% A 2d Miscellaneous prize
was awarded to Mes-irs. J. &. C. Lee, for a fine specimen of
Ouvirandra fenestralis ; and the same gentlemen showed
Maranta Veitchii and ,roseo-picta ; and Fittonia argyroneura
and Verschaffeltii.

The show of Cut Roses was very good, Messrs. Hedge
and Cant, of Colchester, having some remarkably fine
flowers. The Eye Horticultural Society's prize of a Silver Cup
for 24 blooms was awarded to Mr. Hedge, who had, among
others, fine blooms of Comtesse de Chabrillant, Madame C.
Crapelet, Madame Furtado, Souvenir de Comte Cavour, very
fine ; Duchesse de Caylus, Pierre Netting, Leopold King of the
Belgians, a finely coloured variety ; Beauty of Waltham,

^;'^'*;""o ViUormoz, Souvenir d'un Ami, Mar^chal Niel. Cloth
of (.old, and rriompho do Rennos. Four other collections
computed for this prize, tho next best stand being on«
furn...hed by Mr. W Nichol, gr. to J. H. Powell. Esq., Drink-
stone Park. Bury St. Ednumd'F,. In tho .Vursoryimin's Cland
nr 44 knu fl one truss of cich. Mr. B. R. Cant was 1st with ft
inulntuf hlno.nM. Auiongthem were excellent oxampIe« of
V -n i 7'] .^''^'';^"';;.''""t;''. I^"choRHo do Morny, MartSchal
\^u lant. GImro d..i \ ihy Madamo Victor Vordier. Beauty of
Waltham (.uiate^so do Pans. Pierre Notting, Madamo Bon-
nairo. Alfred Colo.nb La Bnll.anto, Madamo VorHchaffelt,
Madame Ilounset, aud .John Keynes. MesarH. .1. At C Leo woro
2d; Mr. J. W. Ewing, of Norwich. 3d ; and MosftrH. Wood &
Ingram, 4th. In the Amateurs' Class fur 4fi varieties Mr
Hedgo was also Ist with fine examples, nuch as Oloii-o do
Santcnay, Rushton RadclylTo, Marie Baumann. Uuc de Wel-
lington. Mdlle. Eugijnie Vcrdier, and Tea Heine Victoria. Tho 2d
prizein this class was awarded to Mrs. Homy Brooke, of Wither-
ing-Sett, with some very good flowers badly arranged. In tho
Amateurs' Class for 24 blooms, R. B. Postans, Esq., of Brent-
wood, was 1st with some splendid flowers, among which tho
foDowingwere in fine condition :—Fran9oi8 Lacharme, Mario
Baumann, Peter Lawson, SenatcurVaissc, Beauty of Waltham
Due do Wellington, Charies Lefebvro, General Jacqueminot'
Ctlino Forrestier. and Gloire do Dijon, very finely coloured.
An equal 1st prize was awarded to Mr. W. Ingle, gr. to
C. G. Round, Esq., Birch Hall, Colchester, who had young and
handsomo blooms, the following being paiiicularly noticeable,
viz., Comte de Nanteuil, Lord Clyde, Duchesse do Cayhis,
splendidly coloured; Senateur Vaisso, Vicomte Vigiori
Souvenir dun Ami, Mar^chal Vaillant and Souvenir d'Eliso.
The 2d prize was awarded to Mr. Robert Keen.

There was a sharp competition for the Silver Cup given by
the Suffolk gardeners for the best 12 Cut Roses, shown by a
Suffolk amateur. This was won by Mr. W. Nichol, gr. to
J. 11. PoweU, Esq., Drinkstone Park, Bury St. Edmund's, who
had excellent blooms of Madame C. Crapelet, .John Hopper. La
Ville de St. Denis, Jean Gougon, Charles Lefebvre, Mar^^chal
Vaillant, Due do Rohan, Princess of Wales, Senateur de Vaisse,
Lord MacauUiy, Mari^cbal Niel, and Cloth of Gold. Three other
competitors contended for this prize.

Miscellaneous collections of cut Roses were shown by Messrs.
Last, Cant, Hedge, and Wood and Ingram. Mr. Cant's lot
comprised some 72 varieties, shown in bunches, and had an
excellent effect.

The Woodbridgo Horticultural Society's Silver Cup for
1 2 Carnations and Picoteea, grown by an amateur, was awarded
to Mr. S. C. Buttrum, Brtigh Mills, near Woodbridge, whose
flowers were of remarkably good quality, clean, and of good
substance, but unnamed. A few other stands were con-
tributed, the next best being from Mr. W. E. Kingston, of
Bath. In the open class the Ist prize for 12 Carnations and
Picotees was taken by Mr. Charles Turner, Slough, with
splendid blooms of Flora's Garland and King John, rose
flaked Carnations ; Dreadnought, crimson bizarre ; Eccentric
Jack, pink and purple bizarre ; Lord Clifton, scarlet bizarre ;
and True Blue, purple flaked. Of Picotees, Colonel Clark, and
Wm. Summers, red edged ; Flower of the Day, aud Lucy,
rose edged ; Lady Elcho and Mrs. Summers, purple edged.
This stand was much admired. The 2d prize was awarded to
Mr. John Hines, of Ipswich. Collections of Carnations and
Picotees were also shown by Messrs. Hooper, aud E. F. King-
ston, of Bath.

Some small but well coloured and evenly laced blooms of
Pinks from Mr. Hines, of Ipswich, were awarded the 1st prize in
the class for 12 cut blooms. The sorts were Blondin, Marion,
Charles Turner, Bertram, Pride of Colchester, Purity, Device,
Eva, Harry, Napoleon, The Rev. Geo. Jeans, and Diadem.

The Town of Bury Silver Cup for the best 9 Fuchsias was
awarded to Mr. D. T. Fish, who had some splendid plants,
averaging 7 to 8 feet in height, well grown and bloomed. Of
dark flowers there were Herbert, an old but free-bloomiug
kind; Sir C. Campbell, double; Souvenir de Chiswick, a
splendid plant; Gem of Mariott : and the following light
kinds— Rose of Castille, Guiding Star, Fairest of tho Fair, and
Reine Cornelissen, one of the beautiful sorts with a white
corolla. The 2d prize was awarded to Mr. W. Smith, gr. to
J. S. Crabb, Esq., Great Baddow, Chelmsford, whose plants
were not so tall or so evenly grown as those of Mr. Pish ; but
they included good specimens of Rose of Castille. Souvenir do
Chiswick, Pauline, and Conspicua, a fine and novel variety
with white corolla. In the Amateurs' Class for 6 varieties, Mr.
D. T. Fish was again 1st with plants of an excellent character ;
Mr. W. Smith again being 2d. In the Nurseryman's class for
C kinds, Mr. John Barrett, Cotton Lane Nursery, Bury St.
Edmund's, was 1st, with some very good plants, but the
group contained nothing calling for special remark. Mr. D.
T. Fish was the only exhibitor of standard Fuchsias, and
splendid plants they were. The sorts were Sir C. Campbell
(double). Souvenir de Chiswick, and Venus de Medici. They
had excellent heads, and were well flowered.

The Rev. F. Cheere's prize for 12 Pelargoniums, Show or
French, was taken by Mr. D. T. Fish, with some large and
finely^grown plants, having good heads of bloom, the sorts
being Rose Celestial, Crimson King, Eugfene Legreau, Lam-
peter, and the following spotted kinds ;—De Candolle,
Elegantissimum, Anacreon, Lampeter, Bracelet, Spotted Pet,
Beadsman, and Theodosia. The Rev. F. Cheere was 2d with a
very good, but somewhat uneven lot of plants of old kinds.
In the class for 6 Show and French kinds Mr. D. T. Fish was
ag.iin 1st, and the Rev. F. Cheere 2d.

With 6 Fancy Kinds, Mr. Fish was also 1st, having capital
plants of the following : Lady Hume Campbell, Decora, Circle,
Acme, Miss in her Teens, and Princess Troubetski, though a
little gone out of bloom. The Rev. F. Cheere was also 2d in
this class.

In the Class for 12 Scarlet Pelargoniums, distinct kinds, the
Rev. F. Cheere was Ist with some excellent plants, well
grown and flowered, and in no way disfigured by being tied
out of shape. The sorts were Culford Rose, Clipper, Rose
Rendatler, Sir William Wallace, Madame Leomine, Roi
d'ltalie, Rose Perfection, Dr. Liudley, Virgo Maria, Dr. Newn-
ham, Madame Rudersdorff, and Robert Pish. Mr. D. T. Fish
was 2d with some very good plants, not so well bloomed as the
foregoing, and tied into shape. Mr. Peter Grieve was 3d with
some very good plants, sparely bloomed. In the Nurseryman's
Class, Mr. John Barrett, a local nurseryman, was 1st, with
some good plants of Marvel, Madame Vaucher, Highgate Rival,
Eve, Culford Rose, Eugfene Mfezard, Premier, Enamel, Prevost,
Dr. Newnham, Glow, very fine ; and White Perfection.
Ml-. J. J, Chater was 2d, also with good plants.

In the Class for 12 Nosegay, or Hybrid Nosegay Pelargoniums,
Mr. John Barrett was 1st, with Black Dwarf, Merrimac, Lord
Palmerston, Cybister, Duchess, La Grande, Han-y Hieover.
Imperial Crimson, Magenta, Beaton's Pet, Lady Cullum, and
Cagliostro. These plants were well grown, and had excellent
heads of bloom. Mr. D. F. Fish was 2d : the Rev. F. Cheere 3d,
In the Class for 6 kinds, Mr. H. Foreman, gr. to the Rev. P.
Cheere, who had good and well-bloomed plants of Dr. Lindley,
Dr. Newnham, Spread Eagle, Cagliostro, Clipper, Madamo
Rudersdorff, was 1st ; and Mr. F. Grieve, 2d.

In the section devoted to Variegated Pelargoniums, Messrs.
Saltmarah & Sons, Chelmsford, were lat, with some very
pretty and compact plants, viz., Ai-gua, Mrs. Pollo::k, Countess,
Sunset, Culford Beauty, and Variegated Quadricolor. Mr. H
Foreman, gr. to tho Rev. F. Cheere, was 2d, with Flower o
Spriga, Mrs. Pollock, Bijou. Italia Unita, Emily Domville, and
Beaton's Silver Nosegay. These plants were much larger than
the foregoing, but were not so compact or symmetrical. Mr

762

THE GAiiDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[July 20. 1867.

p. Grieve was 3d, with White Lady, Victoria Regina, StelLa
variegatii. Lady Cullum, Italia Uiiita, and Brilliantissimum,

Mr. Peter Grieve was the winner of the County Cup, for
12 seedling Variegated Pelartjouiums of 18GC-67. He staged
two collections, all yearlings, some of which were only just
bi-eaktng into character. The sorts in the winning collection
were Fanny Newhani, Bride of Dandelot, Victor Galbraith,
Lizzie Paget, Black Adder, Hiawatha, Isabella Clay, Clemmy,
Eva Fish, Rothley, AUanton, and Victoria Regina. The 2d
group comprised seedlings, all under number. Messrs. F. &
A. Smith had two groups of their new varieties, including
some promising yearlings. Mr. J. J. Chater also exhibited
two groups, and one was staged by Mr, Groom, of Ipswich.

The prize for 6 new Variegated Pelargoniums was also won
by Messrs. Saltmarsh ife Son, with Lady Cullum, Bird of
Paradise, Sumlse, Meteor, Snowstorm, and Crown Jewel.
The 2d prize was won by Mr. P. Grieve, %vith Lucy Grieve,
Victoria Regina, White Lady, Light and Shade, Lady Cullum,
and another variety, the name of which had been removed.
Mr. John Mann, of Brentwood, was 3d with Miss Lescher, The
Pet of the Flock, Loveliness, Medora, Bridcaroom, and Lady
Petre. The show of these was a very interesting one. and was
Veil looked after by lovers of this class. We may add that
Mr. Elphinstone, Norwich, sent a small group of Variegated
Zonal Pelargoniums, one of which, named Annie Elphinstone,
was a very promising variety. We also noticed a good
Variegated Nosegay, having a smooth thick leaf, with well-
defined variegation.

In the classes for Cut Flowers, the 1st prize for 12 varieties
of cut flowers in bunches was taken by Mr. Robert Moore, of
Withering-Sett. The sorts were not named, but were nicely
siaown, and were much the best of those competing. Six
other stands competed, all being very good. Mr.C. O. Fyson,
of Stowmarket, was first with 12 varieties of Vei-benas, in
bunches of five trusses each. The trusses were excellent ;
the -flowers of fine quality.

There was a very good display of fi-uit, of good quality. The
Ist prize for Pine apples was taken by Mr. Ward, gr. to F. N.
Miller, Esq., Bishop's Stortford, who had a handsome Queen,
weighing 5 lb. 6 oz. ; 2d, Mr. James Barnes, gr. to Lady RoUe,
Bicton, with Charlotte Rothschild ; 3d. Mr. W. Green, with a
Queen. Mr. Barnes also showed a Brown Antigua. The
County Cup, for three Pine-apples, was taken by Mr. Barnes,
with good fruit of Russian Globe, Old Globe, and Bicton
Queen. Some pLints of Thoresby Queen, stocky and well
gi'own, with large but lumpy fruit unequally swelled, which
seemed characteristic of the variety, came from Mr. A. Hender-
son, gi". to Earl Manvers, Thoresby Park, OUerton. They were
not ripe, but received a well-merited prize.

Grapes formed an excellent exhibition. For black sorts Mr.
Squibbs, Ickworth Park, was 1st with moderate-sized bunches,
remarkable for their fine berries and dense black colour. Mr.
Sage, gr. to Earl Brownlow, Ashiidge Park, Berkhamstead,
was 2d, with a very similar sample ; and Mr. Bushmore,
Tendring Hall, Stoke, was 3d, with large clusters of finely-
swelled berries, but not so well coloured. An extra prize was
given to Mr. Cai-michael, gr. to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales,
Sandringham, for a somewhat similar sample, not quite so
freely swelled. Others, inferior to these, were shown by Mr.
Jolly, gr. to H. J. Oakes, Esq., Nowton Court, Bury, and by
Mr. Stannard, gr. to H. R. Homfrcy, Esq., Stradeshall Place,
Newmarket. All the foregoing with Black Hamburghs. The
let prize for white Grapes was taken by Messrs. Lane &. Son,
Great Berkhamstead, for finely-grown well-ripened bunches
of Euckland Sweetwater. This variety also took the 2d prize,
the sample being shownby Mr. Pottle, gr. to B. D. Colvin, Esq.,
Bealings Grove, Woodbridge, the bunches being finely grown
but less perfectly 'finished off. Mr. Squibbs, Ickworth Park,
came in 3d, with Muscadines. Some very unripe Muscats were
shown by Mr. Grix, gr. to E. W. Harlock, Esq., Ely. Mr.
Standish, Ascot, received a weU-merited First-class Certificate
for nicely-ripened samples of his new Grape, Royal Ascot,
which deserves all that has been said in commendation of it.
Messrs. Lane & Son had a miscellaneous'gi-oup of 8 varieties
of Grapes, three bunches of each, but some of the samples
were unripe. They had also some very fine pot Vines, which
gained the Ipswich Cup. Other good pot Vines were shown
by Mr. T. Blau-, gr. to Sir G. N. Middleton. Bart., Shrubland
Park ; and a third group by Mr. Grieve. The finest sample of
Grapes, however, consisted of three bunches of Hamburghs,
shown for the Stowmarket Medal by Mr. Meads, gr. to Raikes
Currie, Esq., Minley Manor, Famborough, Hants, These
were large, inegular clusters of fine berries, pretty well
coloured, and weighed together 26^ lb.

Peaches were well shown by Mr. Sage, Ashridge Park, who
took 1st prize with a remarkably fine sample of Royal George.
Mr. Perlans, gr. to Lord Hcnuiker, Thornham Hall, Eye, was
2d, with Grosse Mignonne. The 3d prize fell to Mr. Robins ; and
others were shown by Mr. Pi-eeman, Bretenham Park ; Mr.
Perkins, and Mr. Irving, gr. to the Duke of Hamilton, Easton
Park, Wickham Market. For Nectarines, Mr. Sage was 1st with
fine Elruge ; Mr. Carmichael 2d with good Violette Hative ; and
Mr. Rushmore, Tendring Hall, 3d, also with Violette Hative.

Cherries were shown well, eleven dishes being staged, but
some of the finest fruit was disqualified from inattention
to the number reqmred to form a dish. Mr. Green was 1st
with finely coloured ElackHeart ; Mr. Salvage, gr. to Captain
Bennett, Rougham Hall, was 2d, with good May Dukes ; and
Mr. F. W. Cooper, Castle Hill Ilouse, Huntingdon, 3d, :ilso
with May Duke. Very fine Bigan-eaus came from Mr. Sage,
and good Eltous from Jlr. Pish. Figs were not very abundant.
The prizes went, in the order named, to Mr. Squibbs, Mr.
Sheppard, gr. to J. Berners, Esq., Woolverstone Park, Ipswich ;
and Mr. Rushmore. Pew Plums were shown, the best— Wash-
ingtons — came from Messrs. Lane & Son.

A good many Strawberries were shown, and of pretty good
quahty considering the season. In the class for four dishes
Mr. Squibbs came 1st with Fi-ogmore late Rne, British Queen,
Eleanor, and Sir C. Napier. Mr. Irving, Easton Park, was 2d,
with Fi-ogmore late Pine, Myatt's Surprise, British Queen, and
Sir C. Napier. In the class for single dishes, Mr. Foreman,
Kr. to T. B. Bealcs, Esq., Bretenham Park, Bildestone, was
lat, with Admiral Dundas ; Mr. Squibbs 2d, with Empress
Eugi5nie ; and Mr. Barrett, Cotton Lane Nursery, Bury St
Edmund's, 3d with Eleanor. There were 12 dishes shown.

Some veiy good Melons were shown. The prizes for Scarlet-
fleshed sorts were given to Mr. D. T. Fish for Mustow Hall
Scarlet-fleshed ; to Mr. Stannard, gr. to H. R. Homfrey, Esq.
for Scarlet Gem ; and to Mr. Perkins, gi-. to Lord Heuniker!
for Scarlet Gem. The prizes for Green-fleshed varieties were
awarded as follows ; to Mr. Webb, Culham House, Reading, for
a new variety, called The Sultan ; to Mr. Squibbs, forBromham
Hall ; and to Mr. Earley, for one named Dr. Hogg.

Some very good English-grown Vanilla of 1867 was shown
in a well-ripened and highly fragrant condition, by Mi-.
Bennett, Osberton, near Worksop. Mr. Laxton showed
samples of his new Peas— Achievement, Supreme, and Quality,
aU fine-looking varieties.

The piTze offered by the Gardeiiers' Chronicle brought forward
several entries, but only four collections were staged. The
Cup was awarded to Mr. Pottle, gr. to B. D. Colvin, Esq.,
Bealings Grove, Woodbridge, whose collection consisted of
3 bundles of fairly-gro'^vii Black Prince Grapes, a Scarlet and a
Green-fleshed Melon, Black Cherries, Fastom Raspbemes, and
White Dutch Currants, a brace of well-grown Telegraph
Cucumbers, some exeelleut Veitch's Perfection Pea, Syon
House French Beans, Johnson's Wonderful Beans, Memot's
Scarlet Carrot. White Stone Turnip, Birmingham Prizetakcr
Potato, and Globe Ai'tichokes. Other groups were shown by Mr.

Squibbs, by Mr. Smalley, gr., Ampton Hill, Biuy St. Edmund's;
and by Mr. D. T. Fish, who furnished two collectiDns.

The prizes offered by the " Joui-nalof Horticulture " brought
out four competitors: namely, Mr. Carmichael, gr. to H.R.H.
the Prince of Wales, Sandringham ; Mr. Blaii-, gr. to Sir G. N.
Middleton, Bart. ; the Lady Caroline Kerrison ; and Mr. D. T.
Fish. The two prizes were awarded to the two foi-mer. Mr.
Carmichael showed a very effective group, consisting of six
good Pine-apples, five dishes of Grapes, two dishes of Peaches
and two of Nectarines, two dishes of Strawberries, Melons, and
Chen-ies. Mr. Blaii- showed two Pine-apples, two dishes of
Grapes, a dish of Peaches, and a dish of Nectarines, Cherries,
Strawberries, Figs, Gooseberries, Currants, two Melons, and
Raspben-ies.

The Thetford Cup for six Outdoor Fruits was won by Mr.
Sheppard, Woolverstone. The Ipswich Cup for Orchard House
trees was awarded to Messrs. Lane <fc Son, but we are inclined
to think it should have gone to the much finer trees shown by
Mr. Grix, the only objection to which was the preponderance
of Peaches or Nectarines in the collection. Mr. Grieve also
showed some very good trees. The Thetford Cup for 2 Melons
and a brace of Cucumbers, was awaided to Mr, J, Borrie,
gr., Easton Hall, Thetford.

Mr. R. Fenn, the Rectory Gardens, Woodstock, exhibited
his Home-made Wines, which were awarded a First-class
Certificate, especially a .sample made from the Esperione
Grape ; also a series of Bee products, and a collection of
Potatos, both of which received Certificates. Some British
Wines far inferior to Mr. Perm's were shown by Mr. Shenton,

There were nine sets of Dinner-table Decorations shown in
competition for the Bury Cup, offered for exhibitions of this
character, The cup was awarded to a rather sombre-looking
group, shown by Mr. Robins, gr. to Sir E. Kerrison, Bart.,
M.P., Oakley Park, Eye. It consisted of an elevated centre
piece made of wire, decorated with Cissus discolor, and having
a broad base in which a large quantity of fruit was heaped up.
The two sides pieces were low, fringed all round with the
Hare's-foot Grass, filled with variegated foliage, and feathered
over with Aii-opsis. The whole was, we think, too heavy and
confused for the intended object. Some of the best designs,
as always has been the case, were repetitions, or at least modi-
fications of Mr. March's plan. Three were of this character on
the present occasion, namely, those shown by Mr. Nichol, of
Diinkstonc Park, by Messrs. Nunn it Hobday, of Norwich, and
by Mr. HaiTison, gr. to W. H. Penrose, Esq., of Dedham.
Another glass decoration, but with bowed standards, was
produced by Mr. Green, gr. to Mrs. Honeywood, Mark's Hall,
Kelvedon. The Lady C. Kerrison, Broe Hall, Scole, showed
a group set up in white china stands, and Mr. Grieve, Mr. Fish,
and Mr. Allen, were also competitors, but without producing
anything so simple and elegant as the March design.

Of Ladies' Hand Bouquets some 41) were shown, which it is
impossible to criticise, except so far as to say that we by no
means fall in with tiio views of the judges as to the most
meritorious among them. The 1st prize was given to Mr. Dela-
mere, Holm Lane, Oxton. Thlsbouquetconsisteaof pale Roses,
Stephanotis, Myosotis, and Heliotrope mixed in the centre ;
a band of Bougainvillea, and outside of this again were Roses
and mixed flowers, and a fringe of Adiantum cuneatum. The
2d prize fell to Mr. B. R. Cant, Colchester, whose bouquet was
spoiled by a huge Eucharis bloom in the centre, which w;is out
of character with the other materials. A prettier effect was
produced by the 3d prize bouquet, sent in by Mr. Robins,
Oakley Park, who had Rose buds, sprigs of Kalosanthes,
Heaths, and Myosotis in the centi-e ;the margin fringed with
Hordeumjubatum,andthe surface featheredovcr with Airopsis.
It was spoiled by a stalk of the variegated Cyperns altemi-
follus at the crown, and by having too muchAiropsis, but was
otherwise very pretty. Several of the others showed con-
siderable talent in the art of an-anging flowers, especially one
from Miss S. Goodrick. Hengrave Mills, Bury, which was the
most tasteful of the whole lot.

The show of Implements was not extensive, but some very
good articles were produced in several of the classes, espe-
cially among garden seats, engines, suction pumps, lawn
mowers, and models of greenhouses. Among garden seats
Messrs. J. B. Brown & Co., of London, had some iron-framed
chaira, remarkable for their excellence and design, both as to
the model or general outline, and as to the ornamental details :
the seats were somewhat hollowed, and consisted of wooden
bars. One especially, of the Nasturtium pattern, was of great
beauty and excellence, and was, we observed, purchased
for Sandringham. Another represented Lily of the Valley,
and a third Fern leaves ; but the most perfect in the
design was the first mentioned. They are admir.able seats for
terraces, and are not expensive considei-ing the workmanship.
Another seat, belonging to the same exhibitors, deserves high
praise ; it is literally cheap, and a most comfortable seat, well
suited for pleasure grounds ; it has iron supports, and wooden
seat and back rail. These both had First-class Certificates.
There were many other models, of more or less excellence, and
adapted for various situations : one especially, a folding iron
arm chair, ■^'ith wire seat and back, may be mentioned as
beiug most comfortable, >and appropiiate for use in almost
any situation. Mr. Meadows, of Ipswich, showed several
forms of what was called the Ipswich garden seat, the general
character of which resembled that of the wooden seat ah-eady
alluded to, and they had the merit of cheapness, but the model
was loss perfect ; in the arms especially comfort had been
sacrificed to the production of elegant curves, and the front
part of the arm support was in consequence thrown up too
high. They, however, deserved recognition, and a Second-
class Certificate was given to them.

Lawn Mowers were shown by Messrs. Green & Co., of Leeds ;
Messrs. J. B. Brown &. Co., of London; and Messrs. Ransomes
& Sims, of Ipswich. The great improvements which have been
made in these most important and useful implements was well
exemplified in the machines shown on this occasion, and we
may expect that the minor defects which they now present
will soon disappear altogether. Very excellent examples
were shown both by Messrs. Green and Slessrs. Brown ; and as
the respective machines of these makers are now well known,
we may be content to indicate their general characteristics.
The judges found the machines of Messrs. Green by far the
more easy to work, owing in great measure, it appeared, to
their having a driving wheel on each side, which is the case
in the larger sizes, and to the faciUty of working caused by
the endless chain movement, the defects which have Keen
apparent in the latter having been weU nigh overcome.
Green's machines, however, were considered to need lm;prove-
ment in respect to the delivery of the cut Grass, which is not
vei*y conveniently managed, the plan being that of elevating
the Grass box and turning it over towards the mower. Were
this defect done away with, the machines would be as nearly
perfect as could be hoped for. Tho.sc of Messrs. Brown & Co.
have the merit of being lower in price, and of having a better
mode of delivering the Grass. They are driven by malleable
iron cog wheels, but this driving power being all on one side,
there is a greater strain both on the machinery and on the
operator, so that the workiug Is more difficult. The Grass in this
case is thrown into a box open at each end, hut with a movable end
which ti'averses the box with gi*eat facility by a sort of railway,
and is connected to a lever easily worked by the person in
charge of the machine. The action of this contrivance is to
push out the cut Grass on one side as the machine moves
on, and this is done with much mnre facility than by
the mode of lifting the grass-box. All the machines, and none
more than the smaller ones, need moreover to be improved by
increasing the size of the grass-box, which should be as large

The FrasT Western Rose Show.— The idea of a Rose Show
for the West of England, origuaated with tho Rev. C. H. Bulmer,
of Credenhill. and heartily promoted by his friends and neigh-
bours, was realised in the Shire Hall, at Hereford, on Tues-
day, the 9th idt., and was in all points— in the flowers, the
arrangements, the company, and the exchequer— a very e. ■''ti-
fying success. The orchestra and tables were tastefuuy
decorated with a variety of greenhouse plants, among which,
and as if to dispute the sovereignty of Queen Rosa, was the
most beautiful specimen of Lihum auratum which has,
perhaps, been seen in England, having 22 large and perfect
blooms growing from a single bulb, and filling the whole hsOI
with perfume. The Roses, which have this year won aU
before them, namely, those of Mr. Cranston, of King's Acre
Nurseries, were shown in all their freshness, and were
remarkable for their size and glowing richness of colour; but
Mr. Kejmes, of Salisbury, despite the disadvantage of a louflf
journey, gallantly competed with them, and divided the
honours and the spoils of victory. Mr. Cranston won the first
jirize for V2 (singles), and 24 (ti-eblcs) ; and Mr. Keynes the
first for 48 (trebles), and for 24 (singles).

The chief prizes awai-ded to amateurs were won by Mr.
Charies Perry, J. H. Arkwright, Esq., the Rev. G. Arkwi^ht,
Sir Velters CornewaU, Bart., Rev. C. H. Buhner, Major Hey-
wood, and others. . a a -h^

A new feature, and a very pleasing one, was introduced oy
offering prizes "for the best designs for dinner-table decora-
tion, Roses to be the only flowers used; foUage, lems
included, left to the taste of the designer, as also the stand or
vase " Seven competitors fiUed one side of the long central
table with their graceful combinations, the first pnze bemg
adjudged to Mi-s. Berkeley Stanhope.

Rugby Rose Show.— The annual Rose show held here too^
place under canvas In the cricket grounds on the 12th insr,
A large assemblage of Roses was brought together, most or tna
leading growers being represented. In the Nurserymans
Class for 72 varieties the prizes were awarded as ioiiovrs ---i^^,
]\lr. John Cranston; 2d, Mr. B. R. Cant; yd, ^^J'' ;[.o^-^
Keynes ; 4th, Messrs. Lane &l Son. In the cjf ^es for 36
varieties, Mr, Cant took the 1st prize ; and in the -j «. Mr
Keynes held the first position. In these stands were supenor
blooms of King's Acre, Mai-gucrite de St. Amand, Marechal

as may be consistent with eoiiveniently handling it. Both
Green's and Brown's machines received First-class Certificates
in recognition of their respective points of merit, the
objections to them being at the same time pointed out. A
very neat and well-made small-sized machine was shown by
Messrs. Ransomes &l Sims, but it did not x)resent any feature
of particular merit which was deemed of sufficient importance
to warrant any award. Indeed, one of its movements, regu-
lated by a spring, seemed very liable to get out of repaii-.

The most important Conservatory Models were those shown
by Messrs. Sanders, Frewer, & Co., of Buiy St. Edmund's, the
proprietors of Beard's patent system of glazing. Without .
being prepared to admii'e in all cases the form given to these
houses, we may describe some of the lean-to's as being par-
ticularly well contrived, and there are points about them
deserving, we think, of the highest praise. In particular,
we refer to the mode of glazing, which has been fully
explained in our columns, and is effected with the gi-eatest
facihty; and we think also very hig;hly of the mechanical
arrangements provided for the working of the ventilators,
which secures perfect steadiness and the greatest ease of move-
ment. Both these features we understand are patented, and
we observe that they were fully recognised by the jurors in the
award of Fh-st-classCertificatesspeciallyforthesepoints. Under
the same class, Messrs. Harrison & Bettridge, of Chelmsford,
showed another contrivance for ventilation, which they call'a
ventilating set-ope ; this appears to possess considerable merit,
and was accordingly Certificated. It was shown as appUed to
the front sashes of a greenhouse, but was said to be equally
appUcable to roof ventilation. It consists of a flat bar of ii'on,
the length of the sash, fixed to one of the central bars, to
which it is also bolted at the top, and at the upper end of this
bar is a vertical projectmg segment or arm, furnished with
cogs, which work into cogged wheels, fixed to a bar, which
rims the length of the house, and is moved with much facihty
by a handle at the end. By turning the handle the sash is
moved outwards at the bottom. The only apparent objection
to this contrivance, which would no doubt hold the sash firmly
in any position, is that its appearance would perhaps be rather
heavy inside the house. Messrs. Cumming & Edmonds showed
another mode of constructing and ventilating houses, but
which, as it consisted of lifting the whole of the roof sashes
(which are made in convenient lengths for this purpose),
cannot be recommended as a desirable mode of ventilating
greenhouses generally.

flot-water Boilers were shown by Messrs. Harrison ife
Bettridge, who have Millbank's self-feeding boiler ; and by
Messrs. Cumming &, Edmonds, who have their form of tubular
boiler. The latter has been well tested at Chiswick, and
found very efficient, and it was therefore awarded a Certificate,
The former is also no doubt an efficient boiler, and may be
described as a tall saddle boiler, with a kind of dome added ;
but it was not thought to possess sufficient distinctive
supei'iority to merit an award.

An elegant form of cast-iron tazza was shown by Messr.s. J.
B. Brown & Co., and was Certificated ; as was also a vase of
the same material. Several interesting miseellaneoua articles
were shown by Mr. Morley, of Woodbridge. Among them
some excellent seats of china ware, in imitation of the Chinese
ware, which though much lower in price were equally
useful and effective ; some jardiniferes or pot stands of carved
wood; various pots and vases in earthenware and china; and
finally an oak-chair, so made as to have the back reversible,
thtis convertiJig it into a pair of steps. This would be a very
useful kind of chaii' for a conservatory, or in fact for any situa-
tion where a pair of low steps would be sometimes in requisi-
tion. A small hanging basket made of rattans was shown by
Ml-. Pettitt, of the Bury Botanic Gai'den. Mr. R. Saukey,
Bullwell Potteries, near Nottingham, exhibited samples of his
garden pots, which were weU made ; among them was a very
useful quadrangular shallow seed pan or cutting pan, some
3 inches deep, and about 1 foot in length on the longest side :
this would be useful for many purposes, and being rectangular
might be used with much economy of space.

A variety of garden engines, suction pumps, and syringes,
were shown by Mr. Read, of Piccadilly Cu-cus, London. These
were all of excellent quaUty, and the two first gained Certifi-
cates of the First Class, but the latter were considered high-
priced.

Examples of the Leicester Vase, a very elegant and useful
form of vase, made of separable ribs, were shown by Messrs.
Sanders, Frewer & Co, ; who also had a detached plant stage
of simple construction, the introduction of which is almost a
necessity iu their patent hothouses. It consists of an iron
framework, consisting of supports and rim, so made as to
form bearers for ordmary roofing slates, on which shingle or
spar is placed as a foundation on which to stand the pots, and
as this material, whatever is used, can if necessary be kept
moist, so as to assist in mauitiiining a damp atmosphere, it
can be used with benefit to the plants. Both these articles
received First-class Certificates. The former would be improved
by the addition of a metal pan, fitting to, but not quite so high
as the bars, there being a practical difiiculty in getting the
usual turf lining to keep green in the underneath portions.

July 20, 1867.J

TITE GARDKNERS' CireoNlCLE AND AGRICULTrTRAL GAZETTE.

763

Vaillant, Laurent Doscourt, Madame Vidot, Gluiro de Vitry.
Xavier OUbo, Charles I-.efebvre, Madamo Jlorojiu, AUicd
Colomb, Clement Marot, Victor Vordier, Tnonipbe du la 'IV-iri)
dcs Roses, Se minim is, Hippolyto Flandrin, Princess Maiy nf
CambridL'o, Miii-io B;unnanu, Madaniu Caillat, Maurico Her
niirdin. Beauty of Walthaui, Sfenatom- Vaissc, Madamo FUiun,
Abel Gi-aiid, Exposition de liiie, Pierro Nottinpr, Joseph Kiala,
Charliai Verdier, Madame Chas. Wood, Lord Clyde, Gabriel <le
Poyronney, Homce Vcrnet, Emilie Dulac, Duke of WcIlint,'ton.
Francois Loiivat, Duche.ssu de Caylus, Madame Versc-biLlVelt.
Dr. Audry, Kuabtou Kadclitfo, and I'mfcssor iSudgwick.

The Amateurs' classes were well filled, and the prizes were
closely contested : the majority of them fell to the lot of
Mr. C. J. Teny, Mr. Paget, Mr. Thornyeroft, Mr. Chanitu-r
layue, and Mr. Ward. In thct^e collections woro supLrinr
oxamplea of Alfred Colomb, La ViUe do St. Denis, Xavi< .r
OUbo, Madame Rivers, Fisher Holmes, Gloire do Santcnay,
Due de Rohan, Baronne Gonella, Jidos Marpottin, Madamo C.
Wood, Madame Julie Daran, Gloire de Dijon, Comtesse de
Cbabrillunt, Madamo Victor Verdier, La Heine, Genenil
Jacqueminot, Madame Cl&mcnce, Juif,Tieaux, John Hopper,
Idadame ('has. C'rapelet, Madaiuu Boutin, and Victor Verdier.

A very fine stand of Verbenas was shown by Mr. Perry, five
Taricties ill which were awarded I'"irst-class Certificates, viz.,
Mra. Perry, Mrs. Mole, Miss Turner, James Bu'beck, and
Hercules.

^Totircg of 3Soo6s.

Monof/raphta Salicuiit Jtitc^usiitte cognHarum auciore,

N. J. Andersson. Pars I. Holmia;. P. A, Norstedt,

1807. (Jufirto, pp. ISO, with 9 plates. [Monograph of

A\'iUows, &c.]

This is a book for tho appearance of which botanists

hnvo Ioul; waited, and which, now that it has come,

will he liailed by them everywhere with a Mvely feeling

oi .•iatisliu'tion. All who have meddled with Willows

vM\ endorse cordially what Linn;fus said of the genus

Sulix. that if any one was ambitious to encounter a

dilliculty, here was surely one of the greatest which

botany has to offer. There is, in the tirst place, the

Sreliminary diUiculty, that it is needful to get three
ifferent specimens, perhaps from different places, and
certainly at different seasons of the year, of any par-
ticular plant, before it can be e.vamiued properly.
The male and female flowers both furnish characters
of essential importance in the discrimination of
species and groups, and, as the genus is dioecious,
they always i?row upon different trees; and besides
this it is very rarely that the leaves come till the
flowers have disappeared. The only safe way of getting
to know which male catkins correspond to which
females, is by studying the leaves, so that one has to cut
notches upon the wild bushes or devise some similar
means of identifying them ; and when a collector fails
to do this with the necessary carefulness, or his marks
of identification get destroyed, he is very apt to commit
grievous blunders and mix up his three kinds of speci-
mens in an inextricable confusion. A large proportion
of the fonns, if we take Britain as an illustration we
may fairly say half, the different varieties, are restricted
to mountainous situations ; and it is seldom for
these that a collector can conveniently go to
the same place twice in the course of a season, so
that he has either to he content with his specimens
in a single stage, or carry the whole bush bodily
away, and plant it in his garden at home. And of
course the same difficulty ap])lies with still greater
force to specimens gathered in little-known countries,
and upon expeditions of exploration, so that one rarely
gets them in herbaria in more than one of the three
conditions which it is needful to have to understand
the plant properly.

These preliminary difEculties passed over success-
fully, we tind that Salix is a genus, like Hieracium. or
Eosa, or Rubus, where we slide from one form to another
very dissimilar, by exceedingly gradual intermediate
stages of transition ; so that tlie views of different
botanists as to which forms ought to rank as species,
and how many species any given tract of country
produces, differ very widely. In Britain the genus
was studied very carefully by Sir J. E. Smith and his
cotemporaries, and large collections of living specimens
were brought together, especially by Mr. Forbes,
under the auspices of the Duke of Bedford, at
Woburn ; by Mr. Crowe, in Norfolk ; and by that
indefatigable student of critical British plants, Mr.
Borrer, at Henfield. We have two excellent sets of
figures of the forms with which they were acquainted
in " English Botany," and the "SalictumWoburnense."
The botanists of that time reckoned the number of
British Willows at about 80, but we are certainly within
the mark in saying that not more than .?0 out of the
80 are distinct species in Dr. Andersson's sense of the
term; and no catalogue of our flora published within the
la.st 20 years, claims for our island a materially higher
number of good species than the lower figure.

Dr. Andersson first wrote upon the genus more than
20 years ago, when he published a monograph of the
Lapland forms. Apart froni Willows he has a
thoroughly established reputation as a good botanist,
founded principally upon his illustrated monograph of
the Scandinavian Glumacejc. For at least a quarter of
a century he has made the Willows a principal subject of
his studies. He stayed in Lapland for a considerable
time during three different years to unravel the
nortliern forms, and has repeatedly visited Germany
and this country to study the collections and wild and
cultivated species of more southern latitudes ; and
besides this he has circumnavigated the world as a
botanical explorer, and been a regular and
intimate correspondent of the two Silesian botanists,
Wimmer and Wichura, who have worked, the
former at any rate, specially at the genus, for even
longer than ]3r. Andersson, and who have brought
together at Breslau the largest living collection of the
forms which has ever been made, with the especial
purpose of experimentising in intercrossing them.
Dr. Wimmer published last year a monograph of the
European Willows, which was duly noticed in the
ChronicJe (page 8 of our present volume) ; and
Dr. Andersson speaks of it in terms of the highest

praise, and says that it treats the European species
so exhaustively, that he has included them only in
order to give completeness to his own aci;ount of the
species of tho whole world. It is intended that the
present work shall be completed in another part
similar to the one now issued. For the latter all general
remarks upon classification and biology are reserved.
A\'e have here descriptions and plates of 105 primary
types, wo can scarcely call them siiecies, because
many are only considered to be of hybrid origin,
and under each of these the range of variation is
described, including a full account of suborilinate
forms named :iud unnamed, ;uid of synonyiu-^ iJiiblisljcd
and unpublished. It is a complete marslialling of all
the author's quarter ol' a century's study has taught
him, and is a.s full, and complete, and satisfactory an
account of the plants as can possibly be desired.

As far as this part extends we will run through the
SalictuDi Woburnense with it, giving the indigenous
species first as they are viewed by Dr. Ander.sson, and
then the synonyms of the Salictum, in those cases
where the latter has different names for the same
plant, or gives as distinct forms which Dr. Andersson
joins together. Ho relies entirely upon the number of
stamens to characterise his ]n'imary groups, of which
he has three ; the first including the species with three
stamens or more, the second those with two stamens,
and the third those with only one. Of the first group
his analysis is principally a geographical one, and he
divides it into a tropical and temperate sub-group, and
then separates the species into four cohorts, the tropical
one into East Indian, Oriental (principally Persian),
African, and South American ; and the temperate into
divisions of which amygdalina, pentandra, and fragilis
are the British representatives. The Diandrous group
is considerably the largest, and is subdivided according
to characters furnished by the style. A sub-group with
the style very short or nearly obsolete; and a second, in
which it is conspicuous, are included in this part ;
leaving a third sub-group of Macrostylm, and the group
with one stamen for the second part.

Gi'ov-2> 1. — Pleiai'Orri'.

1. tri.andra, Anders., includes tri:\ndra, HofFmanniana,

Villarsiana, and amygdalina, Forbes.

2. uudulata, ijicluding both iindiUata and lanceolata of

Forbes, the author regards as certainly a hybrid between
triandra and viminalis.
.3. pentandra, inchides Meyeriana, Forbes.

4. cuspidata, Schultz, without doubt a hybrid between fr.agilis

and pentandra.

5. fragiUs, Anders., includes decipiens .ind monspeliensis, of

Forbes.

6. Russelliana, of Smith, he regards as identical with viiidis,

of Fries, and a hybrid between fragilis and alba.
Y. albii, Anders., includes ccerulea and vitcUina.

Group 2. Suiitdra: — Sub-group, Microd)fltt.

8. aurita.

9. cinerea, including aquatica and oleifolia.

10. Caprea, including sphacelata.

11. repens. including fusca, incubacea, argentea, adsccndens,

parvifoUa, prostrata, fcetida, decumbens, and versi-
color.

12. ambigua, certainly a hybrid between repens and aurita.

13. nigricans includes cotinifolla, hirta, rupestris, Ander-

soniana, Forsteriana, damascena, petrjea, .atrovirens,
aiistralis, carpinifolia, coriacea, crassifolia, dura, firma,
grisophylla, giisonensis, incanescens, lacustris, niuta-
bilis, pannosa, rivxil,ari3, sordida, strepida and alater-
noides, Forbes.

14. phylicifolia includes Weigeliana, Croweana, Dicksoniana,

tenuior, nitens, Bon-criana, phillyreifolia, Dav.aUiana,
propinqua, laxiflora, patens, radicans, Forbesiana
(Loudon), Wulfeniana and floribunda, Forbes.

15. arbuscula, includes pruuifolia, venulosa, and vacciniifolia.

16. laurina, hybrid between caprea and phylicifolia.

In conclusion, we cordially recommend the book to
our readers as being one which it is needful that all who
wish to study the genus scientifically should make them-
selves familiar with.

We have to notice the publication of another of Mr.
Murray's Handbooks, which this time is devoted to the
use of travellers in Yorkshire. To show how careful
the editor has been not to overlook features of interest
connected with this important province, for its size
justifies such a designation, we may say that the
reader will find an account of the original Ribston
Pippin, and of the famous Cowthorpe Oak, " the true
measurements of which are— circumference at 5 feet
from the ground, 3lj feet 3 inches ; close to the ground,
60 feet ; extent of the principal branch, 50 feet 0 inches ;
girth close to the trunk, 10 feet ; height of the tree,
including decayed wood, .L'S feet ; height of vigorous
wood, 3 ;feet 0 inches. The tree contiains 73 tons of
timber, and the diameter of its hollow close to the
ground is 11 feet. The trunk is quite hollow, but the
branches, the largest of which are supported by props,
still cover much ground and bear much foliage. The
top branch fell about 180 years since. In 1718 a branch
fell which extended 90 feet from the trunk, and con-
tained 5 tons and 2 feet of wood. Before this fall, the
Oak extended its shade over half an acre. In 1772 a
branch fell which was 80 feet in length. The height of
the tree in 1776 was 85 feet. * * * The soil in
which the tree stands is a deep, rich, light loam resting
on fine clay."

Messrs. Longmans have published an unabridged
school edition of Blackhifs and Friedldnder's
Practical Dieiionary of the German and English
Languages, to which we have already referred in terms
of approbation.

iFlortstS' dFlotDcrg.

To have Phloxes in the finest possible condition,
tney must not be planted out in the borders, and left
to their fate; but they must have some cultural
attention. The following course of treatment may be
recommended ; —

In February, pot a few plants in light, rich, loamy
soil, and place them in a greenhouse or frame. They
will soon make shoots long enough for cuttings ; and

these can be quickly rooted in a moderate hotbed, with
Verbenas or other bedding plants ; and alter being
properly potted and hardened ofl'. they will be CI to
jilant out in May.

lu selecting a situation for planting out, a spot
where there is a little shelter from strong winds is to
be preferred, but otherwise it should be fully exposed
to all the air and sunshine. Tho .soil sliould be
enriched with some good rotten manure, and when the
plants get strong they should be liberally watered with
liquid manure. They should be planted about
1.5 inches apart for the first season's blooming, which
will couimeiico about August, and continue till the
end of September ; but in the ensuing spring they
should be replanted, placing them 18 or 20 inches
apart, for the second year's blooming, which will begin
in July, and, if the plants are prevented from seeding,
will go on till the end of September. Care should bo
taken to have a stake to each plant, and as the shoots
advance in growth they should be securely tied to it.
If this is neglected, they are very likely to be snapped
offclosetothe ground. A slight wind is sufficient to
do this, and then the plant is spoiled for the season.

If a Phlox is well managed, it will be in its prime in
the second year of its flowering. Early in the spring,
when the (shoots are 3 or ■( inches long, it is a good
plan to thin them. A good two-year-old plant will
generally start more shoots than are required, but live
or six only should be left to go up for flowering. The
spare shoots make excellent cuttings, but they can
seldom be rooted early enough to flower the same year,
like these obtained from plants put into a greenhouse
in February. However, the plants obtained from these
cuttings make fine flowering plants for the next year.

But little can be done in arranging Phloxes accord-
ing to their height ; indeed, in this respect, with two
or three exceptions, there is very little difterence
between them. The first year they generally flower
when about 15 or 18 inches high, but the same plants
in the second year will grow 3 or 3 feet high.

A continual succession of young plants should be
kept up by cuttings. Dividing the old roots is a
clumsy method of increasing the stock, and plants
obtained in this way seldom produce fine healthy foliage
and good flowers. A Phlox should be thrown away
when it gets over two years old, and a young plant put
in its place. Sometimes Phloxes may be placed here
and there in mixed borders or shrubberies, where they
help to make a garden gay, and furnish a supply of cut
flowers ; but the spare plants only ought to be used
for this purpose, as they never, under this treatment ,
produce such fine flowers as when they have a place to
themselves.

Phlo.xes may be easily grown in pots by attending to
the instructions given for growing them in the open
ground, only they require more care in watering.

The variations of Phlox decussata are the best and
hardiest, and have been very much improved lately.
There used to be some pretty varieties of Phlox
pyramidalis, but they are delicate, and have given place
to the former. A selection of the best modern varieties
of difl'erent colours will be found in the following ; —
Madame Corlag. — White, with violet centre.
Madame Duchemin. — White, with crimson centre. *
Comtesse de Turenne. — Deep purple centre, edged
with pure white. [purple.

Madame Zemojit—iliuve, flamed or suffused with
Madame Sosay.— White, with rosy centre.
Monsieur de Launay. — Slate tinged with salmon,
purple centre.
Monsieur Donnaud. — Violet, suffused with salmon.
ly'Abbe Houssel, — Claret.
1/ucien Tisserand. — Bluish violet.
Madame Devilliers. — Claret, with purple centre.
Madame lUmaranf. — Rose, tinged with salmon.
Madame Herbeamnont. — Brilliant rosy salmon, with
purple centre.
Jleve d'Qr. — Bright cerise salmon, purple centre.
Monsieur .Ifi^^atveA— Brilliant crimson, suffused with
salmou.
Monsieur Paulmier.- — Salmony crimson.
ii>/-»n/i8.— Bright purple, each petal edged with
white ; this gives the flower the appearance of having
a purple cross on a white ground.

Etoile de Neuilltj.—WhMc, tinged with violet ;
beautiful purple eye.

Mademoiselle Christine Nilsson. — White, with large
carmine centre.

Premiees du Bonheur, — Rosy white, with bright
cerise centre.
Roi des Poses. — Rich rosy salmon.
Vierge Marie. — Pure white, with large, rich, purple
centre.
Figaro. — Fiery salmon, very bright.
Qeant des Batailles. — Ash grey, tinged with orange
or salmon ; fine purple centre.
L'Avenir. — Brilliant crimson, tinged with salmon.
Mada/me Lecomte. — Bright salmony crimson.
John Fraser, in Florist and Pomologist.

%\\t glpiarp.

On Wednesday, June 26th, I had a swarm of bees
from a Woodbury bar-frame hive, but they did not
settle, and returned to the hive ; I quite expected
them to swarm on the following day, but they did not
do so. I had them carefully watched every day, and
as they did not swarm I listened at the hive on the
eighth day, when I heard the young queen piping ; so
I have concluded that the old queen was lost
when they first left the hive, a.s no swarm
took place until July Gth, two days after I
first heard the piping. To prevent a second swarm,
I have nut on a bell-glass filled with empty combs:
have I done right in so doing? I should have stated
that the bees, when they swarmed, collected in a
Wheat field among the standing grain ; this was surely

764

THE GAEDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGMCULTURAL GAZETTE

[JtTLT 20, 1867.

a strange place to select. I have another box hive,
which up to Thursday last had shown no disposition to
swarm, and as the season was getting so late I put on a
super, which would contain probably 15 lb. of honey :
the bees commenced working in it on Saturday last in
great numbers, and at the present time it seems
about a third filled with comb. I wish to know if I
have put on the super too late in the year to be
attended with good success, or if I may safely rob the
bees of its contents if it is filled ? I notice that, in
the stock hive, the combs close to the window in the
back are being sealed up. Oeorge Dams, Bomdon,
Cheshire.

[Tour swarm, which made its first essay on the 26th
ult., no doubt departed with the old queen at its head,
which being from age or some other cause unable to fly
very far, descended among the corn and was there lost.
jU no subsequent issues took place between the date
of the second swarm (July 6th) and that of your letter
(the 10th), there would be little probability of another
swarm, as all the young queens just matured or in
embryo would, in all likelihood, have fallen victims to
the jealousy of the reigning monarch. Tou did no
harm in putting on a bell glass, even if it did not influ-
ence the non-issue of another swarm, the bees may do
more or less work in it. With regard to the super put
on the second hive, it does seem rather late to expect
it to be filled ; but it is better to get all the work done
that is possible than to allow the bees to waste their
time in comparative idleness for want of additional
accommodation. Empty combs for future operations
are very valuable. If your super is filled you may
safely deprive the bees of its contents ; and whether
filled and sealed, or otherwise, it must be removed
early in the autumn.]

Miscellaneous.

The late Sir William Hooker.— A memorial tablet,
of beautiful design, the work of Mr. R. Palgrave,
inclosing a cast in " Wedgwood ware" of Mr. Woolner's
medallion of the late Sir William Hooker, is about to
be erected in Kew Church, near the grave of the famous
botanist. The medallion occupies the centre of a
composition of panels that are decorated with ferns,
&c., in low relief, the fronds being arranged so that
their lines harmonise with ^ their position on the
monument; the panels are divided, and mounted in
mouldings of white marble. The portrait is of white,
on a ground of smalt blue, the foliage of white on a
delicate green; buff is used for certain minor panels
which appear round the head, and, like their more
important companions, are decorated with ferns. Apart
from the medallion, the charm of this work is in the
exquisitely delicate execution of the fronds, which
have been modelled with the utmost elegance and sense
of natural grace by Mr. Palgrave, whose skill has been
noted before by us on account of a monument in
Reigate churchyard. It would be impossible to praise
too highly the subtle beauty of outline, the quiet loveli-
ness of the curves, and the wealth of delicate contours
wbicli appear in this remarkable specimen of modelling
, — Athenajtm.

Carter's Champion Broccoli. — Last year I strongly
recommended Carter's Champion Broccoli as an excel-
lent late sort. My more extended experience this
season enables me to recommend it still more strongly,
as not only an excellent kind, but the very best late one
I have as yet tried. It has furnished me up to the
present time (the middle of June) with heads— rather
small, the plants being only small; and it will last
some days longer, thus continuing the supplj^ until
Cauliflowers (which are now heading), come in. It
has also proved itself very hardy this season. The
plants being rather small, as just mentioned, I did not
get them laid down in the autJumn, when I had the
principal portion of my other Broccohs laid, as I
thought they would withstand an ordinary winter with
little or no injury. I need not mention in how unfit a
condition most kinds of vegetables were, and particu-
larly Broccolis, after the long continuance of wet open
weather, to withstand the severe frosts of January last.
In many gardens, especially in low situations, and
where the soil was of a heavy retentive nature, the
Broccolis were all killed. Here we escaped with very
little injury to anything, the subsoil being gravelly,
and the situation dry. Had I laid down the plants of
Carter's Champion, I am certain we should not have
lost many of them ; even as it was, without any pre-
paration whatever, fully one-half escaped without
material injury. To all who have a large supply of
vegetables to furnish. Carter's Champion Broccoli will
prove invaluable, coming in as it does at a season of the
year when there is such a scarcity of vegetables in the
open ground. In order to have it as long as possible
in use, I would recommend three small plantations of
it : — The first on an open piece of ground where the
plants can have all the sun and air possible ; these will
come in first, about the time the general stock of spring
Broccolis is over. The second lot may bo planted
either on an east or west border ; these will come in
before the others are past ; and the third lot should be
planted on a north border to come in last, and these
will in general continue to furnish a supply until
Cauliflowers are fit for use. To grow them fine they
should have a good deep soil. Light soils should be
well manured, and either trenched or dug deeply,
otherwise Broccolis will only be small and poor.
Having proved the value of this Broccoli, I have again
brought it before the notice of your readers, that those
who have not yet given it a trial may be induced to do
so, feeling confident that such as do will find it one of
the best, if not the best, late Broccoli in cultivation,
and a most useful auxiliary where a large supply of
vegetables is required. M. Saul, in Florist and
Nomologist.

The Sigld Shrubs in the Sight Flace.—Uhe Sotten
Eowdodendrons. Funch,

Garden Operations.

(For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Victoria regia and other aquatics will now grow
quickly, and will need especial attention. No aquarium
should be without proper means with which Lo afford
all surface foliage, periodically, a gentle shower of
water. This may be efiected by means of a small
fountain, or similar appliance. A small jet of water
ejected from a fine spray nozzle upon a pipe situated in
the centre of the tank wAX be found useful for this
purpose. Should the water ejected be much colder than
that in the tank, it should only be applied during warm
sunny weather. Tanks in glass structures or similar
positions, in which it is not possible by means of a
constant stream to keep down sluggish slimy forma-
tions, should receive periodically a good scrubbing and
cleaning out. The best way of doing this, say in the
case of large tanks such as those required for the
Victoria Lily, is to enter them with brush in hand, and
in that way thoroughly perform the operation in ques-
tion. In the first place see that no aquatic parasite has
attacked the leaves, especially their undersides, a
position in which such formations are almost invaria-
bly found. In order to examine the undersides of
such large weighty leaves as those of the Victoria, I
have found it necessary to gradually press one side
down with the open hand to the bottom of the tank,
in that manner carefuUy pushing it upside down,
and when floating upon the water to remove every-
thing that may be injurious to the aquatic. Leave the
cleaned leaves in this position, until the tank is
thoroughly purified, otherwise objectionable particles
will again become attached to them before the water
can be run off. When the operation of scrubbing has
been performed, agitate the whole of the water in the
tank as much as possible, for the purpose of giving all
deleterious matters buoyancy, withdraw the centre
plug and run the dirty water quickly off, without
unduly straining the leaf stalks. Having let off as
much as possible without injury to the plants,
refill, and assist the leaves to readjust themselves,
lighting a fire for the purpose of warming the fresh
supply of water. Look well after Cape Felargoniums
recently cut back ; see that they do not suffer too
severely from want of water ; give them abundance of
air and encourage by every possible means a good sound
start. Some of the more forward "stuff" amongst
such Greenhouse plants as Camellias, Azaleas,
Coronillas, Cassias, &c., will be much benefited by
being placed for a time out-of-doors. Do not however
place them in too close a corner, or where the air
cannot play freely amonast their branches. Moreover,
it will not be judicious to place any out, however
early they may nave ceased to flower, if they have not
yet ceased growing freely. Ripening flowering
buds for next season's display is what is
wanted, and not the formation of wood. The
last batch of cuttings should now be put in of
Chn/santhemums intended to form short, neat plants
for front shelves or any other purpose where large
plants are not admissible. Continue pinching back all
specimens, shifting them into larger pots as frequently
as the roots begin to crowd around the inner side of
the pots.

FORCING HOUSES.
Vineries from which the crop has been gathered
must not be permitted to relapse into a state of untidi-
ness and disorder, on the contrary, keep the whole
scrupulously clean. Give abundance of air by night,
as well as by day, and in every other possible way
encourage the wood to ripen and the buds to establish
themselves for a successful issue in the ensuing season.
See that no young, recently planted Vines suffer from
want of water at the root. Do not pinch the secondary
shoots or laterals in too closely, under the mistaken
idea that by so doing the main shoot will the more
quickly occupy the space allotted to it. Pinching
back shoots, /. e., summer pruning, should not be too
rashly performed or without due consideration. We
pinch back shoots upon trees of proper maturity, for
the purpose of directing the sap into other channels in
which it is likely to form fruit buds, and to assist the
tree in carrying its crop to greater perfection than it
otherwise would do. It will therefore be apparent that
to lop off rudely at the base any portions of a plant
struggling to establish itself must tend to derange the
nice adjusted reciprocity that should exist between
roots and branches ; by thus pinching young trees in,
the remaining parts become glutted with crude ill-
elaborated sap, and the consequence is the foundation
of lasting disease is fairly established. Do not pinch any
such back therefore, but depend upon winter pruning
in preference. These remarks apply equally well to
all freshly-planted young trees. Should the nights
continue cold, as of late, it will be advisable to keep
gentle fires going in the Fig-house, as this assists very
greatly to forward the trees, more especially at their
ripening-oflT period. A little air along the front of
the house at night, with frequent syringings just before
the fruit has finished finally swelling, will likewise
prove very beneficial. Continue to sprinkle Pine-pits,
&c., upon fine sunny afternoons, and by every other
proper means keep up a moist growing atmosphere.
See that the bottom-heat does not fall below 85°
or 90° at any time during this, the active season
of growth.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

This will be found a good time for budding fruit trees
in general, and especially any rare sorts of Apples,
Pears, &c., which have little wood formed suitable for
grafting. Every individual bud upon young shoots of
the current season's grovvth, sufliciently well ripened,
will be found available for the purpose. Proceed with
the operation in a manner like that advised lately
in this (Calendar, for Roses. When very young shoots
are budded upon be careful, in tying them in, not to

place the ligature too tightly around them; on the
contrary, allow sufficient room for the bud to swell and
grow properly.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Make now a sowing of Feas of the following, or other
similar kinds, namely. Champion of Paris, an excellent
Marrow, which turns in quickly, and is well adapted
for autumn use, Sangster's No. 1, &c. Make another
sowing of Callage for a spring supply. Sowings
should also be made forthwith of Lettuce for early
winter use, for which purpose none is better than the
old black-seeded Brown Cos, when true. A small
sowing of Endive should also be made for a similar
purpose. Generally these are sown between rows of
Celery recently planted out, a position which suits
them admirably ; when well above ground thin them
out to the necessary distance apart. Get all Celenj
plants placed in their winter quarters without further
delay, continuing frequently to water them should the
weather prove dry. Give Asparagus beds another
liberal surface-salting, if done in rainy weather all the
better. Hoe the beds well, afterwards moving the ground
freely between the rows with the same implement.
Those who like to have young Fotatos late should make
a sowing of old sets at once in a warm situation, such as
a south border ; do not plant too deeply, and give them
a good .width apart in the rows. Plant early sorts.
Tomatos will now require frequent attention; fasten
them firmly to the wall, and prune away all super-
fluous shoots immediately a crop of fruit has been
secured. W. E.

STATE OF THE TVEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
Forthe'Week ending July 17,1867, as observed atthe Horticultural Gardens

July.

"i|

Barometer.

T£UI-£R&TCBS.

Wind

Of the Air.

Ofthe Earth

'

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

Ifoot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thurs. 11
Friday 12
Satur. 13
Sunday H
Mon. 15
Tues. IG
Wed. 17

10 '30.122

11 29.859

12 29.767

13 I29.7G9

14 129.589
0 29.497
16 29.727

29.990

2;).75l

29,688
29.595
■J9.352

29.487
29.623

73
73

71
65
67
70

63
49
52
48
54
57
56

€5.0
61. 0
62.0
59.5
69.5
62.0
630

64
64
64
64
C4
63
62

61
61
61
61
61
60
60

E.
E.
8.

S.
S.

w.

.00
.00

.ae

.09
.28
.27
.32

Averase .

29 76l) 29.641

70.7

52.7

61.7

63.4

G0.7

1.22

July 11— Fine, with sli;;ht dry haze ; very fine ; overcast.

— 12 -Overcast ; flne, with di-y haze i fine at night.

— 13— Overcast; showery at nipht.

— 14— Very line; showery ; very tine,

— 15— Kain ; showers, and dense dark clouds ; hoisterou?.

— 16— Showers, and dense clouds ; very heavy showers ; tine.

— 17— Hoisterous; masses of white clouds in bright blue sky ; cloudy.
Mean temperature ofthe week, 1^ deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending July 27, 1867.

Sunday .

Mon. .
Tues.

Wed. .

Thui-8. .

Friday .

Sfitur. .

,23; 74.0 '

.24 71 1

.25 73 8

51,6
51,9

49 1
60 2

50 0

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Kaiu

0.54 in.

1.37

0 70

I.IG

0.36

1,22

0.98

Prevailing Winds,

15! 7

The
25th,
32 des

hij^hest temperature during the above period occurred on the
1844-thenn. 92 deg.; and tlie lowest on the 23d, 1863-therm,

Notices to Correspondents.

Apple Teees : W H E. Now is the best time for thinning out
the shoots of Apple trees that have been headed down the
preceding year. Doing ao will allow those left to better
develop themselves, and to get well matured before the end
of the season.

Books ; Anutteur. Thomson on the Vine.

Cucumbers : Messrs. Sarr X- Sugden. Your variety called
International is unusually straight and handsome, measuring
2i inches in length, with the bloom stUI adhering to the top.
It is a white .spined variety, and of good flavour.

Grapes : H Y Z. Yours is apparently a case of common Rust,
which may arise from anything which suddenly checks
growth ; a draft of cold air is often sufficient for the puraose,
M J B.

Insects: HR. Your Pear leaves are infested with the slimy giatb
of the saw-fly, Selandria Eethiops, Lime water or powdered
lime \vill destroy them, but it would have been better to
have employed children to catch and kill the black -winged
parent flies a month ago, as they are easily seen. W.

Names of Plants : W H E. Spinea opulifolia. — C H D,
Ophrys apifera (white variety) ; Geranium pratense, — THE.
— 1, Statice Limouium, L. ; 2, Veronica spicata, L,, var, ; 3,
Fumaria lutea, L, ; 4, Lastrea (too young to .determine). —
Botanico. Hopochaaris macul.ita ("Spotted Cat's Ear").—
Dd. Nicotiana glauca, Grab, (inti'oduced to Cape).^/f Y Z.
Fraucoa sonchifolia. — H E B, Woodford. Ipomsea Quamo-
clit, an East Indian annual climber, known in this country
since 1629. Any of the principal seedsmen could probably
supply seeds, which should be sovni on a hotbed, and after-
wards grown in a greenhouse or stove. — J J C. 1, Oncidium
flexuosum ; 2, jEschynanthus pulcher. — M. The names of
your plants, which have been accidentally mislaid, are— 1,
Campanula Trachelium, var. ; 2, Allium Moly ; 3, Aconitum
Lycoctonum ; 4, apparently ScUla vema.

Seedling Pelargonium: C T M. What you send is probably
a seedling, as it is so marked, but it does not appear to
possess any special merit. Its coarse habit would indicate
that it may be useful for training to a conserratory pillar or
back wall, but there are certainly many better scarlets for
bedding. The ilov/ers were fallen to pieces when they
reached us, — G A. Your seedling from Madame Vaucher
has a well-marked leaf, and the flowers are of a pleasing
salmony-scarlet colour, but too small, and, in fact, it is
altogether far behind many varieties already in cultivation.
— F. Your seedling Golden Variegated Zonal named Ajax is
rather a promising sort, the yeUow edge being broad and
very bright. The red zone, though tolerably well-defined,
seems to be .rather dull. Whether useful or not would
depend very much on the habit of the plant. You had
better send it up to a meeting of the Floral Committee.—
M D S. A good useful variety of Golden Variegated Zonal,
and apparently of vigorous habit. Send it for the inspection
of the Floral Committee.

Vine Leaves: WJ. Your leaves have clearly been burnt by
the sun, or dried from too high a temperature in the house
in a night of much radiation. We feel cei-tain that they are
not diseased, though the Vines may possibly be weak from
the condition of the roots, a matter which requires especial
attention. M J B,

July 20, 1867.]

THE GARBENEHS' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTUML r,A;^ETTE.

766

T

HE LONDON MANURE COMPANY

(ESTADLISHKD 1810),

Have now ready for delivery in dry fine condition,
CORN MAN ORE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for DroHHing Pasture Lands
SUFEUPIIOSPHATES of LIME
I'REl'ARED GUANO
MANUEL imd POTATO MANURES.
AlBO Uonumo PERUVIAN OUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
8X Dock Warehouse ; SULPHATE of AMMOMA. FISHERY
SALT 4c. E. PuRflEB, SecroLury.
Offlo'ea, 110, Fonohurcb Street. E.C. ^^_^__

LAWES' MANURES.—

The MaDures maniifftctured by J. B. Lawes for the present
60!i«on of 18(17 are now ready for clelivery at his Factories, at tbe
lollowlug prices, per Ion;—
LAWKS' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s. d.

SITrKKPimspnATE of LIME 6 fi 0

I.WVl.s- M'l'KKlMiOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

I'.. INK ni MIM'.UAL PHOSPHATES 6 6 0

LAWKS' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MAiNURKS 8 0 0

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES . . 12 0 0

Those Mftnures can be obtained uf Mr. Lawks, or through the
appointed Agents in all pai'ts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying accoi-diUK to cost ot carriage.

Gouulue Poruviiin Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Choniical Mauuroa.

Amoriciin and other C:ikoa at market prices.

Address, John Bkn\ft Lawkh, 1, Adoliiido Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; Tl, Eden Quay, Dublin ; uud Market Square, Shrewsbvu-y.

Entries Close July 26.

MANCHESTER and LIVKRl'OUL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

GRAND CENTENARY CELEBRATION SHOW, at MAN-
CHEST KR, AUGUST 27, :i8, and 211. on the Site of the Art Treasures
Exhibition and Land adjoining (about 2U Acres in extent), at Old
TralTord. nnd adjoining the Botanical Gardens and Grounds.

PRIZES amounting to UPWARDS of TWO THOUSAND
POUNDS are offered for HORSES, SHEKP. WOOL, PIGS,
POULTRY, PIGEONS, DOGS, CHEKSE. BUTTER, GRAIN and
ROOTS, VEGETABLKS, SADDLERY, IMPLEMENTS.

MACHINERY, and MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.

The Horued Cattle Prizej have been withdniwu, In conformity
With the Cattle Plague orders of the Privy Council.

ENTRIES CLOSE on the 26th INSTANT.

Prize Lists and Forms of Entry may be obtained from Mr. H
WniTWORTU, Assistant Local Socretury. Carlton Buildings, Cooper
Street, Manchester ; or from T. B. Rvdkr, Secretary.

.''7a, Church Street, Liverpool, July C, 18G7.

E\\t ^grtcttltural (Sajette,

SATURDAY, JULY 20, 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE TWO FOLLOWING "WEEKS.
MoNDAT, July 291

TtiESUAY. — 3(lf Grent Meptinf; of the H Iglllfind and Agrl>

WiDNEKDAT, — 31 ( cultural Society at Glasgow.
Thursday, Aug. Ij

NOTWlTHSTAiTDDra the absence of one cliief
;i ttraction from the Show-yard of the Agricultural
^iiuiety, and despite the stormy and fickle
character of the past week's weather, we believe
that the annual attendant at our National Agri-
cultural fete has never been more gratified than
at Bury. The quaint and pretty little town has
so successfully exerted itself in honour of the
occasion — the visit and exhibition of the Eoyal
Horticultural Society have been such a charming
addition to the attractions of the meeting — the
show of agrieultmal implements has been so full
and admirable — and all classes of live stock
(horses, sheep, and pigs) have been so unusually
perfect, that the Biny meeting wiU be pronounced
a very great success, even by those who witnessed
the gatherings at Chester, Leeds, and Battersea.
And even in a financial point of view,
certainly to the Society, perhaps even to
the town, the cost, and so to speak, the
loss, will not have been so great as was antici-
pated. The attendance in the yards upon the
earlier days has been nearly the same as it was at
Plymouth, and we understand that the numbers
entering on the shilling days have been very
great. The expenditure, however, if the
receipts have not wholly borne it, is after all the
proper work of the Society : and this great
gathering of agriculturists near the best cultiva-
tion in the world, and of machine makers, and of
stock breeders, all customers of one another
and mutually dependant, is the great service
and performance of the year for which the
members of the Agricultural Society club
their funds and eiforts. We heartily
hope that the association of the gardener
with the farmer — of the great horticultural with
the gi'eat agricultural trophies and achievements
of the year for exhibition at one place and time
— ^will be an annual thing, and that Leicester
will next year witness an even greater success
on the part of the Horticultural Society than has
this year attended what is at first necessarily an
experiment.

For our own particular interest in the
spectacle of the week, whatever may be the
individual feature iu it which remains longest
impressed upon the mind — whether it be the
very perfect classes of the Suffolk horse, or Lord
Walsingham's wonderfully fine two-year-old
Southdown ram, or Mr. Turner's Leicester
sheep, or the extraordinary classes of shearling
ewes under many of the breeds, as, for example.
Sir W. Thkookmohton's Southdowns, or Mr.
Rawxence's Wiltshire Downs, Mi-. C. Howard's
Oxfordshires, or Mr. H. Smith's Shropshires, or,

perhaps, the show of largo breeds and small
broods and middle breeds in the Pig classes,
which were never excelled — oiio thing will
certainly be admitted, that never before have so
many whole classes, without exception, boon
worthy of commendation, never has there boon a
show of such even excollonco, consisting of wholo
classes and evon_ breeds without a weed which
should not have been exhibited. And this is
true also iu tho Implement yard, which has been
more completely agricultural than on any
previous occasion — loss overwhelmed, as it once
threatened to be, with noisy vendors of con-
trivances and implements of mere domestic
interest.

Whether it be a fault or merit in the manage-
ment— and it no doubt partakes of both — the
proceedings are, on those occasions, carried out
with a minimum of official interference. There
are indeed offices where information and assist-
ance of all kinds are most readily and civilly
rendered, but there is no official opportunity
offered to the members of meeting either one
another or tho leading persons connected
with the Society. This formerly existed in the
great banquet which was once a leading event
at the annual country meeting. Now the only
opportunity of the kind afforded is a formal
meeting on the Friday of the show, when all tho
members have left, and when either criticism or
thanks, either of which may bo rightlj- due, and
both of which ought to be real and vigorous,
must be little more than an empty form.

It thus happens that if any subject of great
agricultui'al interest is urgent at the time, it has
hitherto been left to energetic individual action
to obtain any general expression of the opinion
or wiU of farmers on it : and the National
Agricultural Society having so far abdicated and
left tho field to others, wo have in the recently
established Chamber of Agriculture throughout
the country the organi.satiou which was needed.
Tho question of cattle importation — one of great
present ui-gency — was thus discussed at Bui-y
before a very large and energetic meeting,
summoned by the Cential Chamber, and resolu-
tions (reported in another column) were passed,
strongly recommending that the suggestions of
the Royal Commission as to slaughters and
quarantine at ports of debarkation be carried
out.* This, and the annual gathering of old
students of the Eoyal Agricultural College were
the only special public meetings during the week
of which we heard. The thousands flocking to
Bury acted each for himself, not much affected,
whether in matters of business or of pleasure, by
any official guidance. The Society has merely
given the opportunity to spectators and exhibi-
tors, and they, di-awn or driven by personal
interests, have flocked together to their mutual
advantage.

The farmer living in the southern or western
counties, or he who should travel from north to
south, can hardly fail to be struck with the
occasional appearance, often in large masses, of a
curious brown spicate plant amongst the Clover
crop. In the sandy parts of Dorset, for example,
no sooner has the first crop of Clover been taken
than these make their appearance, and we have
seen them in large quantity within a bowshot of
Stonehenge in Wilts, and occasionally in the
Clover crop both iu the vale and hiU districts of
Gloucestershire. In Dorset, however, it is con-
stant, and more especially on the sands and
brashes of the inferior oolite; and only a few
days since we gathered some facts upon this
pest of the farm, which seem to us so inte-
resting that we cannot resist laying them before
our readers.

We would premise, then, that the plant in
question is known as Broomrapo, doubtless so
called from taking forcible possession of Pea-
flowered or Broom-like plants, which it does by
growing upon a branchlet of the root of the
foster parent, so becoming a parasite. Indeed,
the whole Hf e of the plant is parasitic ; it has no
leaves of its own, it therefore lives wholly at the
expense of the plant upon which it is placed ;
and, as iu a case now before us, to the almost
total ruin of the second cut — we should say
second growth, for to cut it will be impossible.
So thick, indeed, is it, that we took some pains
to ascertain its quantity, by which the following
results were arrived at : — On the 26th June we

examined tho Broomrapo on rod Clover. Some
of it was as much as 15 inches high, having
as many as 60 flowers to each spike. Some
specimens from uncut white Dutch (,'lover at the
same dato yielded examples as much as 20 inches
in height, with 150 flowers to a single spike.

Of those iu tho cut red Clover over several
acres wo estimated as many as 11,073 plants to
an acre. Now, if we consider that each flower
yields 500 seeds, we have the sum of 500 seeds X
iiO capsules X 11,073 plants per acre= 166,095,000
seeds sown in each acre of this Clover, an
amount of reproductive power which would bo
perfectly marvellous for any ordinary plant,
but ([uite required to keep up the existence of
tho Broomrape from the difficulty attending its
finding a foster parent ; for unless Clover be the
crop, it seems that the seed, except in a few cases,
may lie dormant in the soil from the period of
one crop to that of another ; and in all cases
to establish itself on roots must bo difficult.

Now, as regards the species of this plant it must
be confessed that the matter is somewhat in con-
fusion. In the grand new edition of Sowerby's
" English Botany" wo find, amongst others, the
Orobanche picridis and O. minor, the former
stated to grow on the roots of the Picris hiera-
cioides, tho other as common to Clovers ; but,
strange to say, the 0. picridis, though here
found abundantly on the Picris, is also the one
so plentiful in our Clover fields, where, as
described by Mr. SvirE, it is "yellowish before
expansion ; the upper lip, which is erect, has a
fold in the middle, as pointed out by the late
Dr. Blomfield, which gives it the appearance
of being notched, although it is really entire."
In every particular our Clover Broomrape answers
the description of 0. picridis, but at the same
time there is reason to believe that two or
three foi-ms are found on Clover, though occurring
also on other plants ; so our 0. picridis, besides
finding a nidus on the Picris, does so also on
several kinds of Clover and their allies, and iu
our greenhouse came up a specimen attached to
a Pelargonium, and even our Parsley bed is not
free from attacks of this species. It is found,
indeed, in every lane and every Clover field of
the district, and it would seem that the sandy
mould, being used for gardening purposes, may
introduce the pest to oui' gardens. It is there-
fore probable that it is often introduced to the
farm in seeds, though it would seem that seed
from infected districts does not always introduce
the Broomrape to a soil not congenial to it.

Where it does occur in the quantity in which
it is sometimes met with, it is a great hindrance
to the growth of Clover, as the parasite is
far larger than the foster parent, the juices
of which latter it converts into a bitter innu-
tritious substance which sheep do not eat —
probably fortunately so ; but if there be any
noxious principle in the Broomrape wo may
congratulate ourselves that it only finds its way
into the rick in very small quantity, its season
for sending up its at first whitish heads being
just after the first crop has been got in. If
wished to be got rid of, this can easUy be done
by hand ; it requires no force, and so a gang of
boys could soon rid a field of it. At all events
it would seem that the evil is increasing. Time
was Broomrapes were rare in our agi-arian fields,
but now it is, as we have shown, sometimes
very abundant ; and it is therefore time that the
farmer should study the history and habits of the
pest, and wo hope this short notice may have the
efl'ect of directing attention to a plant no less
interesting to the farmer than to the botanist.
J. B.

• We ought not to omit tho recognition liere of the services
of Mr, C. Clay, of Wakefield, which are .apparently dropping
out of mind. For to his foresight and initiation we mainly owe
it that the Chamber of Agriculture had a beginning. His
suggestion of this it was which, falling on a soil ready for it,
has borne such abundant fmit.

LOSING MONEY BY FARMING, AND HOW
TO PREVENT IT.

I SEE SO many painful instances around me where
an extensive acreage of arable land (over 2000 acres,
in farms varying from 100 to 500 acres,) has been
causing a loss to the occupiers annually of more than
ll. per acre, besides interest of capital, that I am
induced to point out the causes, and suggest a remedy.
I wi.sli to show how it is that I, on the contrary,
realize on a similar soil the improved rent of 40^. per
acre, and, in addition, a farmer's profit of 30s. per acre.

It becomes time that I should speak out on this
matter, for I have submitted long and patiently enough
to the cuckoo cry, " Mr. Mechi, it is the business in
town that supports the farm," which implied that the
practice I pursued was a wrong and fanciful one, and
therefore unfitted for a practical farmer.

The rent of these lands varies from 2Ss. to '2Ss. per
acre, the former of the same natural quality as my
own, the latter very much better than mine. It is not
a question of too high a rent, for is. or is. more or less
per acre will never break or inalte a farmer, although,
of^ course, every man has a right to try and get his farm
on the cheapest terms. The immediate cause of loss ia

766

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JxJIT 20, 1867.

that the crops are too small, and in money value less
than the expenses.

How is this to be altered ? Clearly only by making
the crops larger and more valuable. You can't reduce
or avoid certain fi.xed expenses, however poor the crop
may be. ^ Rent, rates, tithes, taxes, tradesmen's bills,
depreciation of horses and machinery, horse labour,
manual labour, must be paid, and the farmer can't live
without a profit to purchase his food and clothing.
Therefore with such minimum crops he loses his
money, and leaves his farm too often a ruined man.

The only remedy for this disagreeable state of things
is increased crops of much greater value, and how are
these to be obtained ? Only by increased manure,
aided by drainage where required, and deeper and
cleaner cultivation. But how is this greatly increased
quantity of manure to be got ? Principally and most
economically by keeping a much larger quantity of
live stock, and by feeding them with a good deal of
something that did not grow on your own farm, in
addition to your own consumable produce. Don't be
afraid to put your hands in your pockets for the where-
withal to purchase cattle food and manure. " But
tlien, Mr. Mechi, suppose that there is no money in
the pocket, but it is all already in the laiid, what shall
we do then ?" My answer would immediately be. Get
rid of your farm, and take one of half or one-third its
size. It is your only chance ; and this brings me to
the testing-point of the question, — why I succeed,
while some of my neighbours fail in making a profit.

My farming capital is fully 15^. per acre, theirs pro-
bably less than half that amount. 61. of my capital
per acre is invested as an average in live stock, all well-
fed, growing, and fattening, and of course I make three
times as much manure as those who only have '21. per
acre so invested ; and as a logical consequence my crops
must be proportionately larger than theirs, while the
only increase in my expenditure is a somewhat higher
rental and the additional labour required for so much
more stock and produce. This is the main weakness of
heavy land arable farming, too much land in proportion
to capital ; and it will never be generally altered until
landlords and tenants bring themselves to believe that
15/. per acre is a ranch more profitable investment on
ordinary land than 51. per acre.

I say ol. per acre, because I am informed by a gentle-
man of great practical valuing knowledge in this
county that the average capital of farmers of 100 to
200 acres in this county is only 51. per acre. Taking
the average farm capital of the United Kingdom, I
helieve it to be only 41. per acre, and the produce
3/. 126'. per acre.

Those who do not believe in this necessity for a
larger acreable capital, and will not adapt themselves
to the new conditions of agricultural progress, must
pass rapidly to the wall, for they have to compete with
many British farmers who are keenly alive to the
altered state of things, and are employing a capital in
many instances of 20/. per acre.

It also becomes necessary to believe that an increased
rental (15*. per acre in my case) for naved and covered
yards, steam power, well-drained land, good roads, and
few trees and fences, and better general accommoda-
tion for man and beast, is profitable: for all these
things have a most material influence on farm profits ;
but I will riot go into details in this paper.

The fact is that agriculture is in a transitional con-
dition ; we are passing from a large area and a small
population to a large population and a consequently
small comparative area. Our population was only
10 millions in 1800, now it is 30 millions. The change
is rapid from pastoral to arable, and the greatly
increased competition for land arising from the greater
population has naturally heightened the item of rent,
which, at its present high rate, will not permit of cheap
and natural, or primitive farming, as in former times.

I know of several instances where farmers have
passed from a small to a large farm and have been
ruined by this thinner spreading of their capital. How
can they hope to compete successfully with men who
I know, on a farm of 1200 acres in Norfolk, buy 3000/.
worth of Linseed cake annually to be consumed upon
the farm, and thus fill it with fertility ?

In another instance, of about the same extent,
120,000/., or 100/. per acre, has, during a tenure of 25
years, been expended in purchased food and artificial
manures. The farmers who only consume what they
grow upon their own farms have no chance with such
competitors.

My 15/. per acre capital is at Christmas stock-taking
generally employed as follows :—

Live stock . . £6

Horses . . ' ] ' ] i

Tillages (including manurings) ! ]

Implements and machinery

Hay, corn, »kc., unsold .. ,'.

0

0

2 10

2 10

3 0

£15 0 0

I find the capital of 15/. per acre insuflicient, and
that 18/. per acre would be more advantageous in
many ways.

We should never forget that when we take our corn
or stock to market, every other farmer is our com-
petitor, and if he is a cheaper producer than ourselves,
we must suffer by the competition as much as any
tradesman or manufacturer who is undersold by his
more successful competitor. /. /. Mechi, July, 18a7.

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

From ock Correspondent.
Hesuming our detailed notices of the implements
and machines exhibited in the various streets in the
-British section of the agricultural department, we
*ome to glance at that of the Messrs. Garrett, of
Saxmundham. This firm exhibit at their very hand-
some stand a select variety of the implements and
machines for which they are so eelebratedj as portable

engines, corn drills, corn mill, and threshing machines.
A good specimen of their traction engine with pitch
chain and reversing gear, is also exhibited in the stand.
This is provided with one of the neat (donkey) pumps
jiatented by Brown, Wilson, & Co., of London, and
which, as a substitute for the ordinary pump and the
'" injector," is worthy of brief notice here. Tiiose
practically acquainted with the working of steam-
engines are sufficiently, we raightalmost say frequently
painfully, aware of the difficulties attendant upon the
securing of a steady supply of water to the boiler, and
of the dangers which arise to the safe working of the
boiler when this is not secured. They are also aware of
thedilfiulties attendant upon the working of the ordi-
nary form of pump, in which the clacks or valves are
apt to get out of order. To obviate the difficulties
arising in this and in other directions a vast variety
of contrivances have been introduced to ensure a proper
supply of water being given to the boiler— the most
recent of all these, and one which has met with an
extraordinary degree of patronage, is the apparatus
known as Giffard's injector, in the working of which
some very curious phenomena are exemplified.
Ingenious as are the arrangements of this apparatus,
and satisfactory in many respects as its working is,
still it possesses some defects; these, mainly, are an
inability to draw cold water, excepting from a very
moderate depth, and its complete inability to force
or draw hot water : it is therefore more to be looked
upon and used as an auxiliary to the ordinary pump,
than as an apparatus designed to supersede it. Among
other contrivances to meet the end in view is that
alluded to above, and an example of which is attached
to the traction engine of the Messrs, Garrett, as

Between the termination of the English and the com-
mencement of the American department there are a
number of cases and models of apparatus, which are
worthy of being examined by the intelligent and
inquiring visitor. First may be noticed, as they are
the first to be met with upon leaving the English
Department, a series of cases containing specimens
of the products of the Presidency of Madras; these
contain specimens of timber, of cereals, of plants,
&c. ; collections of seeds of nearly every form of
edible met with in the Presidency ; of tea, coD'ee, '
sugar, pickles, jellies, fishes, &c. ; specimens of indus-
trial plants, as silk, flax, cotton, tobacco, &c. The
whole is a very comprehensive and exceedingly sug-
gestive collection of the natural products of this rich
land, and give the visitor an admirable idea of the fer-
tility of its soil and climate. Near the cases containing
this collection Shand and Mason, of London, exhibit
one of their powerful steam fire engines : and further
on the Special Commissioners for Irish Fisheries
exhibit a series of neatly made working models of the
arrangements adopted in connection with ttie salmon
fishery. Close by these models is the entrance to the
American Department, the contents of which, or at '
least those more especially interesting to our readers, .
will be described in our next paper.

TURNIPS: ELAX: MANURE.

[At a recent meeting of the Ballymahon Farmers' Club, the
Hon. L. H. King Harman read a paper on these subjects,
from which we extract the following passages :— ]

1. Ktrwi^s.— The land being prepared in the proper
season, which was very difficult this year in couee-

exhibited in their stand. This apparatus possesses I quence of the heavy rains, the drdls may be raised
many advantages ; it occupies but a very small space, ' 27 inches from centre to centre. The practice that is
can be fixed easily on the side of an engine, or made generally followed in this country I have often oou-
to project from a wall; it is composed of few working | sidered most injurious, of opening all the drills in a
parts, and is therefore not likely to get out of order : large field, and exposing them in very dry weather to

these parts are very light, and they are moreover
made of steel or hard gun metal, and are
therefore economical in use; the apparatus is
also cheap ; it can draw water from a depth of
30 feet, and force the same into the boiler ; while it is
also capable of forcing boiling water into the boiler.
Compactness of form and fewness of parts are secured
by arrangements of which the following is a brief
description : — The steam cylinder which works the
pump, and the pump barrel itself, are cast in one piece,

the dry winds and hot sun, until the moisture i»
almost gone out of the land. I much prefer to open as
many drills in the morning as could conveniently be
manured, covered in, and sowed the same evening ; the
evening being the best time to sow them. Ijy this
method, in dry weather there is more moisture retained
in both the land and manure, which is necessary for
the speedy germination of the crop. I may say,
passing, that it much facilitates the work when the
farm-yard manure has been carted to the field and

the pump barrel being placed below the cylinder, the properly mi,xed. From B to 8 [3 to 4] pounds of good
piston-rod or ram of which works in an inverted form I seed is suflicient for an acre. I have known some
— that is, downwards— and is continued down to and farmers to sow a portion of land broadcast with Turnip
forms the plunger of the pump barrel below. The ] seed, and have no further trouble untU they would cut

cylinder and the pump barrel are bored out with a
bore of the same diameter, and at the same time that
all this perfect parallelism is secured, the fitting of the
plunger of the pump barrel is so accurate that a very
perfect vacuum is made, thus enabling, as stated above,
the pump to draw water from a considerable depth. The
central part of the piston-rod and plunger carries a
tapered rod or slide, to which the lower end of a small
connecting rod is jointed ; this being carried up and
jointed at its upper end to a pin secured to the face of
a small wheel, which acts on a fly-wheel, and the shaft
of which revolves in bearings cast on the upper side of the
steam cylinder. At right angles to this shaft the valve
face of the cylinder is placed, and the valve (made
of hard gun metal) itself, which regulates the distribu-
tion of the steam to the cylinder, is worked in a very
simple manner by means of a small eccentric roller on
the fly-wheel shaft, which works between projecting
snugs cast on the back of the valve. Nearly all the
parts are of the best steel, the use of which enables
them all to be made exceedingly light and economical
in working. The whole arrangement is such that a
very large capacity for doing work is concentrated in
a very small space. Although but recently introduced
a large number are at work, and giving, we are led to
understand, a very fair amount of satisfaction. The
apparatus is certainly well adapted for a variety of
purposes in practical farming, and we are glad to see so
well known a firm as that of the Messrs. Garrett
taking it up and introducing it into agricultural
circles.

Next to the stand of Messrs. Garrett is that of
Picksley, Sims & Co. ( Limited), of Leigh, who exhibit a
large collection of their well known straw cutters, root
pulper, horse gears, &c. Next to this stand is that of
Smith, of Peasinghall, who exhibit examples of their
corn drills, for which they have so high a reputation.
Next to this stand Messrs. Ruston &Proetor, of Lincoln,
exhibit two portable steam-engines and threshing
machines. On the side of the alley opposite to these
three last-named stands, Messrs. J. B. Brown & Co.,
of London ; Messrs. Barnard & Bishop, Messrs. Shanks,
of Ai'broath; and Mr. Boyd, exhibit a number of
lawn mowing machines ; Messrs. J. B. Brown & Co.
exhibiting also specimens of wire-netting, &c. On the
opposit <side of the alley, and next to the Messrs.
Ruston and Proctor's exhibits, is the very attractive
stand of the Messrs. Musgrove, of Belfast, who exhibit
examples of their now well-known stable and stock
house fittings, which are distinguished alike by elegance
in design, goodness and soundness in construction,
and novelty in arrangement. We commend nearly
every item in this stand to the careful consideration of
the visitor.

I lis at this point that the English Department ends
an those of other countries begin, as the American,
Eiiissiau, Swedish, and French. The exhibits in these
departments will not be detailed by us in the close
fashion we have adopted in noticing the EngUsh
Department, but we shall simply content ourselves by
giving a general notice of what is to be met with in
their several locales, xnckiug out here and there only,
for detailed description, such forms of apparatus or
arrangements of mechanism as are likely to be of special
interest to our readers.

them down like Rape, thresh them, and sell to the
seed merchant at a low rate. Such seed could never
produce good bulbs. If the rearing of Turnip seed in
Ireland is tried, the best bulbs of the Turnip, after
harvest, should be selected and transplanted deeply in
a good soil ; the following May or June there will be a
good flower, and the seed will be ripe at or about
harvest. If farmers would turn their attention to the
production of proper seed they would not only find it
profitable, but would as much improve the seed of the
Turnip as the best breeders of sheep and cattle have
improved their stock. And if year alter year the best
bulbs were selected and attention paid to them, it is
not known how much our Turnip crop might even yet
be improved. Thick sowing has been found to be much
more advantageous than otherwise, as the crop grows
more quickly, and consequently is not in such danger ;
of the ravages of the fly. Some, too, have sown with '
the Swedes white Globe, as the latter grows more
quickly than the former, and, therefore, att'ords food
for the fly until the Swede gets into rough leaf. After
the Turnip has got into rough leaf the danger of the
fiy is over, and if they have been thickly sown, boys
and girls should be employed to go over each drill, and
thin out a portion of the small ones with the hand.
This will prevent them from spindling, and give them
more strength for the proper spacing out to a regular
distance with the hoes. This hoeing is light work for
young people who require a little training, and in this
process the strong and healthful plants should be left to
grow at distances apart of 10 and 13 inches, according
to the state of the crop. From 7 to 10 boys or girls
per day should hoe an acre. A few days after the
hoeing, the weather being moist, weeds and super-
fluous plants will make their appearance in growth
between the rows ; the drill-harrow or scuffle should
therefore be put to work, and if the weather continue
moist, it may be necessary to repeat this operation
every 10 or 12 days until the second or last hoeing,
which can be performed very expeditiously, little
hindrance being given to the hoers from weeds. After
the second or last hoeing. I have found it beneficial
to the crop to run the drill harrow or grubber again
once or twice through the rows, in order to destroy
any weeds, and keep the soil loose around the bulbs,
so that they may have liberty for extension, and lose
no nutriment from the presence of their robber neigh-
bours— the weeds. In this state the crop may be
safely left until their growth is complete,

2. Flax. — Ou this I cannot speak from long experi- ;
ence, this being the fourth year I have sown it to any i
extent, varying from 3 to 5 acres each year. I am con-
vinced that in a locality where hands can be easily
procured, a command of soft water for steeping, good -
machinery at a convenient distance to prepare it for
market, and prices as they have been for the last i
3 years, it is the best paying crop I know. I will
simply give my Uttle experience, and as an old man
once said, who, when lecturing on the world, was asked
why he chose such a comprehensive subject, replied by
saying, " that when persecuted from one subject, I may 1
fly to another." Thus I will give the httle experience '
I have, and like this old gentleman, when persecuted
from Flax, I will fly to manure. The first year I
cultivated the crop I sowed 3 acres with 3 barrels of

July 2u, 1867.J

THE GARD]<;NKRS' OMONTCT-E AND AfiMOTTT^TURAT. GAZETTE.

767

extra picked Eiga seed ; the land was in Oats the year
previous, and, by adhering closely to the directions

fiven in the pamphlets, I received lOU/. in the gross
esides a considerable value I'rom the bolls which I
saved. The Flax that year was a more abundant crop
than any year since, although the prices were not so
high. IJy chance I had the advantage of an Ulster-
man, e.xpcrienced in tlie cultivation of the crop ; and
not until then did I know the value of having a good
steep. After spending an hour with him cxaoiining
the bottom of the open drains on the lower p;irl of my
farm, to find a good, clay soil, we got mic, but in lollovv-
\i\'i its course a few yards we found marl. He said,
riiither than this you cannot go preparing your steop.
'I'lic part that contained the clay bottom being so small,
:inil considerable difficulty in running soft water into
ii , he advised rae to abandon it ; but before leaving it,
he said by way of experiment I might prepare all the
clay but 1 1 nu part, and also a portion of the marl, and ho
woidd Kuarantce that the Flax taken from the clay
bottom would give 1*. 6d. per stone more than that
steeped in the marl. In my land there is no running
stream, and I have spent a good deal of time and mont'y
in trying to obtain a proper steep, which, I am sorry
to say, I have not yet found, as I cannot find the
water ; and although I have a lake on the mearing, vet
the laud near it being both spongy and full of marl, I
cannot avail myself of the advantage of the water by
making a steep and running the water into it. I find
no way so profitable as being early in the preparation
of laud for Flax, so that we can sow by the 1st of April.
If sown by the first or middle of llay, the crop may
sometimes look as well when growing, yet it will not
give the return at the mill equal to that sown early.
Wo are also too late with the dillerent processes it has
\'i undergo, interfering with the harvesting of other
crops, and bringing us into the cold, long nights, which,
acting on the water, injures very much the steeping.
In travelling through a portion of America, some
two years ago, I saw some fields of Grass covered with
the Flax, and in one field people in the act of turning
it. In passing through a village in the State of Iowa
1 .saw a scutch mill at work ; 1 handled a few sheaves,
and found them short and ill prepared. In no case did

I lind it so fine and long as in this country. This
iiKouvenience arises, not so much from the want of
knowing how to manipulate it as from the hot climate,

II liich brings it too soon to perfoction. In this country
\\c. have a humid climate admirably adapted to tlie
pinduction of the crop, and if we had the skill and
industry of a Belgian i'arnicr, the taste of a Frcnch-
iiiaii, and the hands of an Englishman w'e would get
for our Flux, not 100/. a ton for our very best crop, but
r\ ('11 200/. Therefore would I say on this, as on every
oilier subject, but especially on this one; in all thy
L'cH ing, get and apply Knowledge. It has been objected
1(1 the growth of Flax that it is a scourging croj). In
imswor I have to say that I have looked at a field in my
own neighbourhood wdiioh was poor, bare fallow; it
](r(t(luced a crop of Flax which gave a gross retiu"n,
e-.ti mating the bolls saved at ij/. per acre, of 401b. ; the
next year, two crops of meadow, a good crop of Oats
last year, and this season another crop of Oats, with a
lino appearance, all without manure. Whilst I have
looked at this field I must, however, say that it is wise
f(i follow in rotation of crops, the Flax with green
crojis, as the land is in a good state for such ; and it is
advised, in order to make the crop beneficial to the
grower and unexhaustive to the soil, not to grow in the
same land oftener than every 6 or 7 years, and by
following with manure, the quality which the Flax
extracted from the soil is restored to it again. More-
over, it is objected that it leaves nothing behind to
make manure. I am persuaded if farmers could utilise
the Flax water for manure that it would be equal to
that obtained from an equal breadth of Oats ; but we
are not yet so far advanced in our practical acquire-
ments. I must now follow the plan of the old gentle-
man who took the whole world for his subject, and
being persecuted from Flax I imist fly to manure, and
if it he a scourging croi), the sooner I am at the
preparation of manure for it the better.

3. Manure. — Some farmers know pretty well how
manure should be ])repared, and in poor clay soils,
where there is much tillage, this forms a particular
point of the farmer's study. We have heard the proverb,
that it is by the head that the cows give the milk ; so
the farmers in Scotland say that it is by the manure
the land gives the crop. On the well regulated farm
the plough will be in the field intended for green crops
immediately after the harvest. The scourings of drains,
raised earth from old ditches, or bog-stuff should form
the base on which to lay the manure on a convenient
part of the field for carting. The bottom might be from
5 to 8 inches deep, if good material can be had, varying
in extent according to the quantity of farm-yard
manure to be placed on it. As the year advances the
manure will be increasing from the cattle in the yard ;
opportunities of carting to the field should then be
embraced. If the roads he good, wet weather, although
unsuitable for ploughing, may be taken advantage of
for this purpose ; but frosty weather is by far the best.
The dung should be laid in layers of 13 or 14 inches;
and as every layer is finished it .should be covered over
with earth or hog mould. The manure heap should be
constructed on an inclined plane on either side, so that
the horses could draw up on the one side and go down on
the other, to keep the manure solid, and prevent undue
fermentation. All the manure that can be collected
should be placed in layers on dung-hills of this descrip-
tion, and well covered over with earth or bog mould,
to prevent the ammonia escaping into the atmosphere.
Within 10 or 12 days of applying it to the land the
manure should be turned, well mixed, and broken,
when a little fermentation will set in, which is con-
sidered by many well skilled in the preparation of
manure an improvement, I am convin(_'ed that bog
stuff is too much used in an injudicious way asmauure.

To draw it out of the bog and siiroad it on the land is
only to encourage the growth of weeds ; hut if properly
used, it becomes a valuable ingredient to the manure
heap. To draw it in summer where straw is scarce,
and spread it under cattle and under horses for litter ;
to fill or cover the yard where milch cows are passing
or young stock lying, to receive the urine and the
drojjiiings, is wise and judicious, and so used it becomes
very valuable manure. It is a pity to see so much
valiiaJilo urine lost or carried away to the rivers, which,
liy I'licmical analysis, is found to contain so much of
tlie I'cililizing qualities necessary for the producliim of
the ci'o|i. Manure tanks are valuable acquisitions to
farm-yards, but where sui-li cannot be constructed by
the farmerj large barrels should be sunk into the earth,
and the urine of cattle in the cow-house or shed should
run into it by a channel formed behind them. In this
way this valuable material could be saved to the farmer
without much expense or trouble; and if a vessel or
barrel were sunk into the earth, and a channel formed
round the farmyard dung-hill, so as to run all the
siiqiings of the yard into it, and when full to take a
scoop and jiour it upon the dung-heap, the manure
would become exceedingly improved. I am persuaded
that wo as farmers are almost all too negligent in not
looking narrowly after the urine of our cattle. It is
our most valuable manure, and in Dt) cases out of 100
it is lost. If it were carefully collected and applied
either to the manure or to the land, the benefit accruing
to the fanner would be immense, and I hope that ray
attention shall be more turned to it in future for my
own benefit. In this country, however, where there is
so little tillage, where there is comparatively little
house feeding, and where many cattle are never housed
from calves until fat, there must, even although great
caution and knowledge in the preparation of manure
be used, be still a large deficiency for tillage purposes,
a.s well as top-dressing. It is necessary to supply the
deficiency with the dillerent artificial manures wdiich
are now found to suit Turnips, Grass, Oats, Potatos,
and, indeed, every crop so well. The phospho guano
is very good for almost every purpose, and I have
found the superphosphate most excellent for all
purposes. If a half of good manure, or even a third
parii with a sufficient quantity of superphosphate, a
good cro)) of Potatos or Turnips can be raised. I raised
upon a high hill last year a good crop of Turnips on
superphosphate alone, and this year it presents the
best appearance of Oats on my land. Yard and artificial
manures should be applied largely to the broken-up
soils ; for, as crops exhaust, there must be a restoration
to the soil of what is taken from it. Wherever I find
had crops I find there is little or no attention paid to
the preparation of manure. Let every farmer throw
his heart and soul into the work of preparing manure,
saving all the urine of the cattle, and using more
largely artificial, and it will be found that the crops
will be improved tenfold. In farm-yards, proper atten-
tion should be paid to the dung-steading; it shoultl be
formed in such a way that none of the yard sippings
could get away, and that all the washings of the r.ain
should not escape, but be apjilied to it after being
caught in some barrel or large vessel sunk in the
ground, no tank being available, so that the land may
receive what the rivers are now carrying into the sea.
It is lamentable to know that our rivers are carrying
away millions worth of money, and that a source of
wealth is not saved to the nation. It is by the prepara-
tion and application of manure that good Turnips and
Flax can and will be produced ; and just in proportion
as it is largely applied, so will the farmer be enriched.
We have invariably found poor farmers to have poor,
exhausted soil. They begin to worry the land and put
nothing on it, and, as they say, to save the pocket by
sparing artificial manure. Another good manure is
ashes, where either the bog or clay land can be burnt
without injury to the field; but in many cases the
land becomes much deteriorated by the injudicious
burning of land for ashes. In land, however, where
the material can be had without injury, they form a
very valuable ingi-edient to the stock of manures. My
paper is already too long. Permit me. however, to say,
if you want 60 tons of Turnijis to the acre, prepare
manure and apply it ; if you want abundant crops of
Flax, prepare manure and apply it ; if you want large
Potatos, manure; if you want plenty of Oats, good
horses, well-fed cattle, manure ; in a word, if you want
plenty of money, and even manure itself, I wouM say
manure ; and in order to do so, you must prepare it.

ANNUAL MEETING

OF

THE ROYAL AGEICULTURAL SOCIETY
AT BUBY ST. EDjMUND'S.

There has never been a meeting where better things
have been shown, or a higher standard of quality been
maintainedthroughoutwholeclasses. Thisistrue bothof
the implement yard and the live-stock yard. The weather
has not been altogether propitious ; and Monday, when
the Viceroy of Egypt visited the yard, and when the
judges were engaged during the greater part of the day,
was exceedingly wet and stormy. Since then, how-
ever, we have had sufllcient wind and sunshine to dry
up occasional showers of rain. The yard has been
nearly as well filled as it was at Plymouth. The
Society has ample reason to be gratified with its excur-
sion, and ample reason to be proud of its display. The
town of Bury has perhaps been somewhat disappointed
of the crowds of visitors who had been expected, and
certainly having beautified and prepared itself for the
occasion in a manner never equalled by any of the
places where the Society has yet gone, it deserved a
larger body of spectators than it has received. We are,
however, wi'iting midway of the week, before the crowds
which shilling days command have appeared, and
perhaps amends may yet be made.

The show-yard was opened on Monday, and a con-

siderable number witnessed the award of prizes under
very disadvantageous circumstances. The Viceroy
drove round the shedding in a closed carriage.

The Suffolk breed of horses ha.s never appeared to
greater advantage, and this, indeed, was to have been
expected in its own county ; many other cla.sses are,
however, also unusually good, and as a wbolo the
200 horses here exhibited are a better show than any
previously held by the Society. Twice a day the
various classes have been marshalled round the ring,
the morning being devoted to tho various agricultural
classes, and the afternoon to tho thorough-breds and
hunters, hackneys, roadsters, carriage horses, and
ponies. The following short report attempts to
describe what we saw on these occasions.

The first classes entering are Suffolk stallions.

Clasx 10. Three-year-old Stallions— five very hand-
some hor.ses; the 1st prize going to a dark chestnut,
with a wonderful crest, "Conqueror," exhibited by
Mr. C. Boby, of Stutton ; and the 2d to a bright, almost
red chestnut, shown by Mr. (!risp, of Butley Abbey,
a very good specimen of the breed.

C7«.9.v 11. The i/oum/er Stall iova area remarkably
even and admirable lot. Mr. Wilson, of Baylham
Hail, Ipswich, takes the 1st prize with a handsome red
chestnut horse, " President," and Mr. Crisp takes tho
2d ; several of the horses are highly commended, and
the whole class commended. Mr. Grout's " Young
Marquis" and Mr. M. Biddell's young stallion are
both deservedly marked out by a high commendation.
Mr. Fishers' " Young Captain" has rare hindquarters.
Sir W. Throckmorton's " Young Briton " deserves
special notice. Mr. Ward's and Mr. Badham's horses
are not made up for the show like some of the others.

Then come Stallions not qualified to compete as
Sufiblks"— C/o«.5&? 15 and 16— the older and younger
horses. The old class are six in number. Mr. Coy, of
Downham, who takes the 1st prize in the ring, is a
round horse in a round place ; General Hood's Clydes-
dale, with squarer quarters, appears to us the better of
the two. There is more variety here than in the
Snfiblks, both in size and colour. The younger stal-
lions are 1.5 in number, and here Mr. Welcher takes
the 1st prize with a white-faced long-bodied horse;
Mr. Battcock's " Drayman 2d " is 2d. Mr. H. Over-
man, of Weasenham, General Hood, and Mr. Wartb, of
Sutton, show good hay horses, with head and crest
erect— the first of the three in particular being a grand-
looking fellow. The 3d prize goes to Mr. Tingey, of
Attleborough, for a chestnut. The classes of 3-year-
old and yearling entire Suffolk colts^ brought out
to compete for the Local Committee prizes, next enter
the ring, and very capital classes they are. Mr. Crisp is
1st, and Mr. Biddell 3d in a small class of the older
stallions ; both of Mr. Crisp's entries are admirable.
The splendid lot of yearlings come last, and here Mr.
Wolton, of Woodbridge, takes the 1st prize with a
first-rate specimen, good both in shoulders and
quarters ; and Mr, Tomline, M,P., is 2d with a capital
colt, Mr. Patmore's colt is very handsome.

Then come mares and foals.

Class 12, Suffolk Mares — a lot of beauties — Mr.
Sewell's as good as any one could desire to see, and
yet receiving no prize, Mr. Wolton taking 1st and 2d
prize with a most admirable pair, and Mr. Tomline 3d
in a capital class.

There are only two mares shown in Cl<iss 17. Mr.
Holland's " Matchless," a grand old mare, whose
victories have been often recorded, is placed 1st by the
judges ; but we believe she is at length disqualified by
some fault discovered by the veterinary referee,* after a
long career of uninterrupted success. In Classes 13
and 14 we have the younger mares and fillies of the
Suffolk breed, and a very beautiful show they make.
Sir E. Kerrison takes the 1st prize, and Mr. King, with
a somewhat short and stocky mare, takes the 2d. The
older class is, though small, very fine. lst,2d, and Sdprizes
are awarded in a small class of fillies : Mr. AVilson, of
Baylham Hall ; Sir W. Throckmorton, and Mr. Wolton,
of Kesgrove, being placed in this order. The fillies
not qualified to compete as Suffolks do not make so
good a show ; Mr. Warth, of Sutton, Ely, is 1st with a
long dark bay, which does not partake of the quality
indicated by the name of her dam, "Brisk," for she
needed the whip to keep her trotting ; and Mr. Fyson,
of Bury, is 2d. We missed Mr, Atkins' mare, shown at
Brighton, The small class of 1-year-old Sullblk fillies
are among the prettiest bits of the horse show, and a
wonderfully fine pair, shown by Mr, Rist, take 1st and
2d prizes. Then come Sir E. Kerrison's splendid pair
of Suffolk mares, Mr. Thompson's alone comjieting
with them, and coming off second best. A magnificent
class of mares not having foaled in 'G7 follow, and here
Mr. Keer, of Raydon, is 1st, and Sir E. Kerrison 2d.

The ThorougJthreds and Hunters, Haclcnei/s^ and
Ponies form the afternoon display, and in many of the
classes we see the old friends met with at many
previous exhibitions. Among thoroughbred stallions
Captain Barlow's "False Alarm," a chestnut, with rare
shoulders, and other good points {white face and feet),
takes 1st prize ; Mr. Donald, of East Acton, takes the
2d with Mr. Merry's " Scottish Chief," a fine golden
bay ; and the Rev. W. King's "Ratcatcher " holds the
reserve number. In hunter stallions (with net less
than four thoroughbred crosses) no prize was given in
a chass of seven — "no merit " is the alleged reason ; we
presume that they are disqualified by inability to prove
the requisite number of thoroughbred crosses.

Class 4, Saclcneij Stallions, include a large number.
Mr. Beart's red roan, with lots of substance and power,
is 1st; Mr. Grout's dark brown goodlookingo-year-old,
2d ; andMr.Reed's white-footed beautiful chestnut is 3d.
There are no fewer than 17 entries— a very good class.

* The disqualification has, we un(ierstand, been since over-
ruled.

763

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[July 20, 1867.

Then come mares in foal, or with foal at foot, suit-
able for breeding hunters and hackneys — respectively
Classes 3 and 5, the one with 18 and the other with
7 entries. Captain Barlow's brown mare " Silverlock"
takes the 1st prize in the former class, and Mr.
Hurrell's (Harston) dark brown, with splendid
shoulders and fore-arm, is 3d. The smaller class
include Mr. Overman's pretty little "Jenny Lind,"
which takes the 1st prize (chestnut), and Mr. Biddell's
dark brown "Bury Belle" 2d; with four or five others
^a very pretty class.

Large classes of " weight-carrying mares or geldings,
aged four and three years old respectively," follow — the
two former containing a number of meritorious
animals, the last, in the opinion of the judges, none.
Mr. Gee's " Master of Arts," an old winner, is a winner
here in the aged class — a bright chestnut, of great power
and beauty ; Mr. Sutton's " A^oyageur," another great
prize-taker, 2d. Mr. Heygate's' "Mountain Dew,"
well-known at previous shows, is 3d. In the younger
class, Mr. Gee is again 1st, with " Tom," a black -brown

f elding, placed 1st in this class at Brighton; Mr.
ieygate's " Denmark" is 2d, and Mr. Branwhite's
" Confidence," 3d. It is a vpry good class.

We now come to roadsters; and Mr. Badham's
beautiful white grey, 11-year-old gelding, is 1st. Mr.
Harvey's long, low "Favourite" is a good 2d, and Mr.
Grout's " Black Bess" 3d, in a very good class. There
are small classes of carnage horses, and a few good
ponies, both the prizes in the smaller class going to
Mr. Milward.

The following is the prize list :—

Judges : Thoroughbreds and Hunters. — Henry Tbumall,
William Smith, S. Oldacre. Hackneys, Roadsters, Carriage
Horses, and Ponies.— C. M. Nainby, Henry Beevor, Hon. G.
Ijascelles. Agricultural Horses.— John Wood, David Wright,
Henry Crosse.

Class 1. For the Thoroughbred Stud Horse, having served
mares during the season 1867, which, in the opinion of the
Judges, is best calculated to improve and perpetuate the breed
of the sound and stout thoroughbred horse for general stud
puri^oscs, lOOi., 50J. — 1st, Captain F, Barlow, of Haslceton,
Woodbridge (False Alarm), chestnut, 5 years old, bred by Lord
Spencer, Althorpe, Northamptonshire; 2d, William Donald, of
Stud Farm, East Acton, Middlesex (Scottish Chief), golden bay,
G years old, bred by James Merry, Esq., M.P., 60, Eaton
Square, London. Reserve number : the Rev. John William
King, of Ashby-de-la-Launde, Sleaford, Lincolnshire (Rat-
catcher), bay, 7 years old, bred by exhibitor.
Hunters.

Class 2. StalKon, with not less than four thoroughbred
crosses, suitable for getting hunters, whose regular charge for
serving half-bred mares during the season 1867 has not
exceeded 5 guineas, 50i., 251., Idl. — No merit.

Class 3. Mare, in foal, or with foal at foot, suitable for
breeding hunters, 30L, 20?., 10?.- 1st, Captain F. Barlow, of
Hasketon (Silverlock), brown, 15 years old, bred by exhibitor ;
2d, Henry Hurrell, of Harston, Cambridge, dark brown,
16 years old, bred by the Exhibitor ; 3d, WillLam Harvey, of
Timworth, Bury St. Edmund's, dark iDrovTn, 13 years old, bred
by the late Richard Gurney, Norwich. Reserve number :
John Woodbridge, of Woodbridge, Suffolk.
Hackney.

Class 4. Stallion, not less than 14 hands 3 inches, nor
exceeding 15 hands 2 inches, suitable for getting Hackneys,-
401., 20(., lO;.— 1st, Charles Beavt, of Stow Bardolph, Down-
bam Market, Norfolk (Ambition), red roan, 4 years old ; 2d,
John Groiit, of Woodbridge, Suffolk, chestnut,]5'years old, bred
by David Ground, Esq., Whittlesea, Cambridgeshire; 3d,
Thomas Lancelot Reed, of Downham Market, Norfolk (Trot-
away), chestnut, 8 years old, bred by Robert Case. Cora-
mended : Eliaa Jolley, of Banham, Attleborough, Norfolk
(Rapid Roan), bay roan, 6 years old, bred by the Earl of
Albemarle, Quidenham Hall, Attleborough ; John Grout, of
Woodbridge, Suffolk.

Class 5. Mare, not less than 14 hands 2 Inches, nor exceed-
ing 15 hands 1 inch, in foal, or with foal at foot, suitable for
breeding hackneys, 30/., 20?. — 1st, Henry Overman, of
Weasenham, Brandon, Norfolk (Jenny Lind), chestnut, aged,
breeder unknown ; 2d, Herman Biddell, of Playford, Ipswich,
Suffolk (Bury Belle), brown, 5 years old, bred by exhibitor.

Class 6. Stallion, above 13 hands 2 incties and under 14 hands

3 inches, 20f., 15^ — 1st, John M, Thorp, of Chippenham,
Soham, Cambs. ; 2d, David Lister, Westwood, Ilkley, Leeds.

Ponies,
Class 7. Mare, above 13 hands 2 inches and under 14 hands
2 inches, 15(., lOL, 5^ — 1st, Jonathan Reed Cooper, of Manor
House, Barton, Bury St. Edmund's (Countess), chestnut,

4 years old ; 2d, George Cardinall, of Sudbury, Suffolk
(Bertha), bay, 6 years old ; 3d, Thomas Fulcher, of Elmham,
Thetford, Norfolk (Jessie), bay, 6 years old.

Class 8. Stallion, under 13 hands 2 inclies, 15i. — 1st, Edmund
Farrer, of Sporle, Swaffham.

Class 9. Marc under 13 hands 2 inches, 15?., lOZ., 5^— 1st,
Thomas Wallis, of Witchford, Ely, Cambridge, dark chestnut,

4 yeai-3 old ; 2d, Captain F. Barlow, of Hasketon, Woodbridge,
Suffolk (Piccadilly), black, 7 years old; 3d, Frederick Bran-
white, of Chapel House, Long Melford, Sudbury, Suffolk, bay,

5 years old. Reserve number and Commended : Charles
Groucock, of Plumpstead Hall, Norwich (Puss), dun, 9 years old,

AGRICULTURAL HORSES.
Suffolk.

Class 10. Stallion, foaled before the 1st of January, 1865,
25?., 15. — 1st, Charles Boby, of Alton Hall, Stutton,
Ipswich, Suffolk (Conqueror), chestnut, 3 years old, bred by
exhibitor ; 2d, Thomas Crisp, of Butley Abbey, Wickham
Market, Suffolk (Duke), chestnut, 5 years old, bred by Mr.
Bromley, Wickhambrook, Newmarket. Commended : H. E.
Surtees, M.P., of Dane End, Ware.

Class 11. Stallion, foaled in the year 18G5, 20/., 101., 5/.— 1st,
William Wilson, of Baylham Hall, Ipswich, Suffolk (Presi-
dent), red chestnut, 2 years old, bred by Mr, J. A. Piggott,
Buckingham Hall, Witham, Essex ; 2d, Thomas Crisp, of
Butley Abbey, chestnut, 2 years old, bred by exhibitor ; 3d,
the Executors of the late Samuel Clayden, of Little Linton,
Cambridgeshire, chestnut, 2 years old, bred by the late S.
Clayden. Highly Commended : John Gi-out, of Woodbridge,
and Manfred Biddell, of Playford, Ipswich.

Class 12. Mare and Foal, 20/., 10/., 5/.— 1st, Samuel Wolton,
Newbourn Hall, Woodbridge, Suffolk (Moggy), chestnut, 12
years old, bred by exhibitor ; 2d, Samuel Wnltou, of Kesgrave,
Woodbridge, Suffolk (Violet), chestnut, 5 years old, bred by
exhibitor; 3d, George Tomline, M.P., of Nacton, Ipswich,
Suffolk (Darby), chestnut, 7 years old, bred by Captain Bar-
thropp, Hachestou, Wickham Market.

Class 13. Mare, 3 years old, 15?., 10?.— 1st, Sir Edward
Kerrison, Bart., of Brorae Hall, Scole, Suffolk, chestnut, bred
by Mr. Cross, Holbrook, Ipswich ; 2d, Thomas King, of
Preston, Bildeston, Suffolk (Matchett), chestnut, bred by Mr,
John Nuun, Fornhaoi All Saints, Bury St. Edmund's.

Class 14, Filly, 2 years old, 15/., 10?., 5?. — 1st, Thomas Cross,
of Holbrook, Ipswich ; 2d, William Wilson, of Baylham Hall,
Ipswich, Suffolk (Scott), chestnut, bred by Mr. Freeman :
3d, Samuel Wolton, Kesgrave (Empress), chestnut, bred by
exhibitor.

Agricultural

(Not qualified to compete as Suffolk),
Class 15. Stallion, foaled before the Ist of January, 1865,
25?., 15/. — 1st, George Coy, of Downham, Ely, Cambridge-
shire (Matchless), dark bay. 4 years old, bred by S. Coy, Down-
ham ; 2d, Major-General the Hon. A. N, Hood, of Cumberland
Lodge, Windsor, Berks (The Don), brown, 3 years old (Clydes-
dale), bred by W. Taylor, Mains of Towie, Aberdeen. Com-
mended : Henry Overman, of Weasenham.

Class 16.— StaUion, foaled in the year 1865, 20?., 10?., 5?.—
Ist, William Weleher, of Upwell, Cambridgeshire (Honest
Tom), 2 years old, bay, bred by exhibitor ; 2d, Frank Battcock,
of Hemingford Abbots, St. Ives, Hunts, (Drayman 2d),
brown, 2 years old, bred by R. Bennett, Holywell, St. Ives :
3d, John Tingey, of EUingham, Attleborough, Norfolk (Young
Glory), chestnut, bred by exhibitor, Rcsei-ve number and
Highly Commended ; John Warth, of Sutton, Ely.
Class 17. Mare and Foal. — Disqualified.
Class 18. Mare, 3 years old.— No competition.
Class 19. Filly, 2 years old, 15/. 10/.— Ist, John Warth,
of Sutton, Ely, Cambridgeshire (Beauty), dark bay, bred by
exhibitor ; 2d, Edward Fyson, of Higham Green, Bury
St. Edmund's, bay, bred by exhibitor. Reserve number ;
Henry Fyson.

[The local prize list is given on next page.]

SHEEP.
The Leicester Breed is well represented in large and
full classes of shearling and older rams, and a small
but beautiful class of shearling ewes. The younger
sheep are shown by Mr. Turner, Jan., Mr. G. H.
Sanday, Messrs. Borton, Creswell, Gould, and Riley,
and Lieut.-Col. Inge. Mr. Creswell's long, straight and
wide sheep takes the 1st prize, showing rather more
wool and a whiter face than Mr. Sanday's bluer faced
and perhaps higher bred stock. The 2d prize is
taken by Mr. Borton with a sheep of remarkably
even character, and the 3d goes to a rather leggy sheep
of Mr. Creswell's. One of Mr. Turner's rams takes a
commendation and the reserved number, and a high
commendation is put upon a sheep of Mr. Gould's.
The older sheep are an even finer class, including Mr.
Turner's 1st prize ram, excessively fat and of enormous
width, and Mr. Bortun's 2d and 3d prize takers, thick
and wide from neck to rump. The 4th or reserved
number goes to Mr. H. W. Creswell. Mr. Sanday
shows some very large and well bred sheep in this
class, perhaps not of such even character as some
of the others ; No. 293 in particular, of enormous
width over back and forequarter, tapers too much
behind. Colonel Inge exhibits a number of good
sheep in this class. There are four beautiful pens of
five shearling ewes — looking perhaps older and riper
than the same class does.in any other breed— and there
is certainly a wonderful show of shearling ewes in all
the breeds.

The Cotstvolds are represented rather by Norfolk
men than by men of their own county. No breed
strikes the spectator as grander or more beautiful.
Their white curling wool and their great size and per-
fect symmetry are together a more attractive combina-
tion of qualities than any other breed exhibits. And
the smaller Leicester, the trim and beautiful South-
down, the altogether inferior-looking Lincolns— which
require that you lift or part the wool before you can
appreciate its lustrous character, —the stocky profitable-
looking Oxfordshire, the hardy Shropshire, the useful
Hampshire, must all give way in the j udgment of a mere
spectator to the grand andhandsomeCotswolds. Their
home breeders, however, very rarely show them, and you
need to attend the ram sales of Gloucestershire and
Oxfordshire in order to get a full impression of their
character. Mr. Beale Browne, who is an exception to
the general rule of the Cotswold breeders, has a number
of shearling rams, and two older sheep, and one pen of
ewes. The 1st prizes, however, all go to Mr. Brown,
of Downham Market, Norfolk, who also takes the
2d prize in both the ram classes. Mr. Hugh Aylmer,
another Norfolk exhibitor, is 3d in both the classes of
rams, and 2d and 3d in the shearling ewes. Mr. Gillett,
of Charlbury, takes the high commendation belonging
to the reserved number in the younger sheep and the
ewes. Notwithstanding that the Cotswold district is
so imperfectly represented, the Cotswold breed as
shown at Bury is admirable. The older class of rams
is full of extraordinary sheep, and the shearling ewes
are wonderfully fine.

The Lincohislilre and other long-woolled breeds are
fairly represented. Mr. Aylmer takes prizes with
sheep which are, we presume, a cross of Lincoln ram
on Cotswold ewes, with a better carcase than the
pure-bred Lincoln, but with hardly the same character
or quality of wool. Mr. Marshall, of Branston, Mr
Wright, of Nocton, Mr. Casswell, of Laughton, and
Mr. Williams, of Newark, show good and pure-bred
Lincolns, and receive several prizes. The wool, crisp
and curly, shows, when parted, wonderfully bright and
lustrous above the pink flesh, which it covers much
less thickly than is seen in the shorter wooUed sorts.
Among the pens of shearling ewes, Mr. Aylmer's pen
is disqualified for imperfect shearing. This class is
here not so ripe and perfectly made up as it is in most
other breeds.

The Oxfordshire Downs are present in small but
very good classes. Mr. Wallis and Mr. C. Howard are
1st and 2d in young sheep, and the former gentleman
is 1st and 2d in the older class, where Mr. Howard's
sheep, their only competitor, is perhaps somewhat
coarser and more approaching the Hampshire type.
In the class of shearling ewes, however^ he makes
ample amends, the 1st and 2d prizes going to sheep
which are as good a specimen of a most useful breed as
were ever seen, and quite one of the features of the
whole sheep show. Perhaps they owe somewhat to the
contrast which neighbouring pens of an altogether
different stamp and style aflbrd ; Mr. E-aynbird's ewes,
neither in ripeness, colours thickness, nor quality

approaching them. A very good pen is shown here by
Mr. H. Overman, of Weasenham.

We now come to the SoK^ArfowKclasses. This beautiful
breed is as fully represented as any other. Lord
Walsingham takes 1st and 3d prizes in the shearling
ram classes; Sir R. Throckmorton is 2d, and Lord
Sondes takes the 4th place, receiving the reserved
number, Mr. Rigden's admirable sheep— 1st and 2d
at Brighton— receive no notice. The I)uke of Rich-
mond's, Lord Braybrooke's, Mr. Waters', and others
pass without commendation. The Merton sheep are
certainly wonderfully well made up for show, and
building all their mutton and their wool upon frames
of admirable symmetry, they certainly show to great
advantage. Among the older rams his lordship stands
again 1st with a sheep of rare quality, long, and true
and good everywhere, particularly thick and long^
and deep in the hindquarter. A rather small ana
pointed head is the only defect, if it be one. Sir AY.
Throckmorton, of Buckland, who is rapidly acquiring'
reputation as a Southdown breeder, is 2d and 3d. The
pens of five shearling ewes of this breed form one of
the finest classes in the yard, and here Sir W. Throcl;-
morton is 1st with extraordinary sheep for their age-
long, and true, and heavy, and as ripe as Leicesters. '

The Shropshire classes are wonderfully good. Mr.
Evans, of.Uffington, takes the 1st and 2d prizes in a
class of no fewer than 40 shearling rams ; and Mr.
Mansel, of Adcot Hall, is 3d. As a whole, the class
gives less the impression of maturity than the same
class in the other breeds. Tou see a lot of profitable-
looking growing young sheep. The shearing is not so
close in this class as in the other, and several pens are

Sroperly disqualified on this account. Messrs. Pryce
lowen, Crane, Smith ofShiffnall, Horton, Matthew?,
and other well-known breeders, are exhibitors. The older
sheep are even a finer class. Mr. Crane is 1st, Mr. Man-
sell 2dj and Mr. Evans 3d. There is a first-rate class of
shearhng ewes, in which Mr. Henry Smith is easily 1st
with a pen of remarkable quality, certainly one of the
four or five most remarkable things in the yard, Mr,
Horton is 2d, with a pen of black-faced heavy ewes, and
Mr. H. Matthews 3d, with a pen of more speckled faces
than we take it Shropshire ought to have.

The Hampshires are shown in four pens in each of
the three classes, and very good classes indeed they
are, every one of them decorated one way or another,
either 1st, 2d, with reserved number, or highly com-
mended. Mr. Rawlence's shearling ewes are here,
as they were at Salisbury, one of the most remarkable
pens in any of the sheep classes. He takes 1st and
2d prizes, Mr. Canning is highly commended, and
Mr. Morrison, M.P., takes the reserved number. The
whole class is wonderfully fine.

The SlaclC'faced Suffolk, a long-necked hardy-
looking sort, adapted for poor soils, which we
remember very well depicted in one of Professor Low's
series of pictures on the walls of the agricultural class
room at Edinburgh, is here exhibited somewhat refined
and improved during the 20 generations which have
elapsed since those pictures were taken. Mr. Dobito,
ofLidgate; Mr. Harvey, of Timworth ; and Mr. Green,
of Stradishall, take the prizes. Mr. P. H. Prere shows
some large sheep of the breed, hardly of the quality of
the others.
The following is the prize list:—

Judges: Leicester Sheep. — John Buckley, George Mann,
Charles Clarke. Cotswolds, Lincolns, and other Long-wo>.l
Sheep.— Wilham Bartholomew, R. J. Newton, Edward Little.
Oxfordshire and Shropshire Down Sheep.— Charles Hobbs,
R. H. Masfen, A. Edmond. Southdown, Hampshire, and
Blackfaced Suffolk Sheep.— Francis Budd, H. Fookes, J. H,
Turner.

Leicesters.

Class 20. Shearling Ram, 20f., 10/., 5i.— 1st, Robert Ward^
Creswell, of Ravenstone ; 2d, John Borton, of Barton House,'
Malton, Torkshu-e ; 3d, Robert Ward Creswell, of Ravenstone.
Reserve number and Highly Commended : Joseph Gould, of
Poltimore, Exeter, Devon. Commended : George Tumei*, Jun.,
of Alexton Hall, Uppingham; John Borton, Barton House;
and Lieut.-Col. Wm, Inge, of Thorpe Hall, Tumworth,,
Staffordshire.

Class 21. Rani of any other age, 20/., 10?., 5/. —1st, George
Turner, Jan., of jUextou Hall; 2d, John Borton, of Barton
House ; 3d, John Borton. Reserve number ; Robert Ward
Creswell.

Class 22. Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock,'
15/., 10/.— 1st, James and Edward Tindall, of Knapton Hall,,
Killington, Yorkshire ; 2d, W. Browne, High Gate, Holme
on Spalding Moor. Highly Commended ; Joseph Gould, of
Baltimore. Commended : George Turner, Jun., of Alexton
Hall, Uppingham, Leicestershire.

CorswoLDS.

Class 23. Shearling Rams, 20i,, 10/., 5/.— Ist and 2d,, T.
Browne, Marham Hall Farm, Downham Market ; 3d, Hugh.
Aylmer, of West Dereham Abbey, Stoke Ferry, NorfoUc.
Highly Commended : John GUlctt, of Oaklands, Charlbury-
Commended : Hugh Aylmer, for 3 sheep.

Class 24. Rams of any other age, 20/., 10/., 5/.— 1st, Thomas
Browne, of Marham Hall Farm : 2d, Thomas Browne ; 3d and
Highly Commended, Hugh Aylmer, of West Dereham Abbey.

Class 25, Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock,
15;., 10/,, bl.—lat, Thomas Browne, of Jlarham Hall F;ii-ra ;
2d and 3d, Hugh Aylmer, of West Dereham Abbey. Com-
mended ; John Gillett, of Oaklands, for 2 sheep.
Lincoln and other Long-wooled
(Not qualified to compete as Leicesters or Cotswolda).

Class 26. Shearling Ram, 20/., 10/., 5/.— 1st, Hugh Aylmer,
of West Dereham Abbey ; 2d, William Francis Mai-shall, of
Branston (Lincoln) : 3d, Robei-t Wright, of Nocton Heath,
Nocton, Lincolnshire (Lincoln). Highly Commended : Robeit
Wright, of Nocton Heath (Liucoln). Commended : W. F.
Marshall, of Branston ; John Henry Casswell, of Laughton,
Folklngham, Lincolnshire (Lineohi).

Class 27. Ram of any other age, 20/., 10/., 5/,— 1st, Robert
Wright, of Nocton Heath (Lincoln); 2d, Charles Williams, of
Carlton-le-Moorlaud, Newark (Lincoln) ; 3d, Charles Williams.
Reserve number: John William Richardson, of Willoughton,
Kirtou-in -Lin dsey .

Class 23. Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock,

15/., 10/.— 1st, Clarke Hales, of Manor House, Bassingbourne,

Royston (Lincoln); 2d, Charles Lister, of Coleby Heath, Lincoln

(Lincoln). Reserve number : Charles Lister.

Oxfordshire Dcwns.

Class 29. Shearlhig Ram, 20/., lOi,, 5/.— lat, George Wallis,

July 20, isr.7.]

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

769

of Old Bbiffiird • 2d, Charles Howard, of Diddonham ; 3d, John
Brj'.-iii, of Southloigb. Commended : The Duke of Marl-
horiinoh. , ,„, , , , rtj

Ci \Hs ;10. nam of any other ago, 201., 10^. — 1st and 2d,
r.LMr-KO Wallifl, of Old Shifford.

Ci \Rs31. Pen of FIvo Shearling Ewes, of the same tlouk.
XHL, I0^, 5/.— 1st and 2d, Charles Howard, of Biddouham ;
8d, Henry Overman, Weasonhani, Brandon, Norfolk.
South DOWNS.

Class 32. Shearling Ram, 20^.. lO;., 5/.— lat. Lord Walsing-
ham of Morton Hall; 2d, Sir William Throckmorton, Bart.,
of Buckland, Farringdon, Berks; 3d, Lord Walsingham.
Highly Commended : Lord 'Walsingham, and Lord Sondes, of
Klsbara Hall. ^ , ^

Class 33. Ram of any other age, 20?., 10/., 5/.— Ist, Lord
Walsingliani ; 2d nnd 3d, Sir William Throckmorton. Reserve
jimnlKr ;iiul lliqlilv Commended: Lord Walsingham. Highly
I'l.nuiiondcd : Lo-d Braybrooko and Lord Sondes.

Class 34. Ton of Fivu Shearling Ewes, of the same flock.
15^, 10/., S/.— Ist, Sir William Throckmorton, Bart.; 2d and
3d,'Tho Duke of Ricbmnii.i, K.G., of Goodwood. Reserve
number and Hiphly Commended: Lord Sondes. Com-
mended : Lord Walsingham, and John and Alfred Heasman.

SHROrSHIRES.

Class 3.1. Shearling Ram, 20/., 10/., 5?.— 1st and 2d, [John
Evans, of UfBngton ; 3d, Thomas Manael, AdcotHall. Reserve
number and Highly Commended ; John Evans, Highly Com-
roonded : James and Edward Crane, of Shrawardine ; Henry
Smith, of Sutton Maddock, Shiffnall. Commended : James
and Edward Crane, and Pryeo William Bowen, of Shrawardine
Castlo.

Class 36. Ram of any other age, 20/., Ifi/., 5^— lat, James
and Edward Crane, of Shrawardine ; 2d, Thomas Mansel, of
Adeot Hall ; 3d, John E%'ans, of Uffington. Reserve number
and Highly Commended: George Anderson May, of Elford
Park, Tamworth.

Class 37. Pen of five Shearling Ewes, of the same flock,
15/.., lOi., .">/. -1st. Henry Smith, of Sutton Maddock, Sbiffnall ;
2d, Thomas Horton, of Harnage Grange ; 3d, Henry Matthews,
of Montford. Reserve number and Highly Commended :
Joseph Beach, of the Hattons, Brewood, Dudley. Com-
mended; Thomas Horton.

Hampshire and other Short-woollbd

(Not qualified to compete as Southdowus or Shropshires).

Class 38. Shearling Ram, 20/., 10/. — 1st, James Rawlence,
of Bulbridge ; 2d, Robert Coles, of Norton Bavant, Warminster.
Reserve number and Highly Commended : Alfred Morrison,
of Fonthill House, Tisbury. Commended : James Rawlencc.

Ci-vsa 3P. Ram of any other age. 20/., 10/.— 1st, William
Brown Canning, of Elston, Devizes, Wilts ; 2d, William Brown
<'anning. Reserve number and Highly Commended: James
H.^wlenco, of Bulbridge. Commended : James Rawlenco.

*iAf'S40. Pen of Five Shearling Ewes of the same flock,
1 ■,, 10/. — 1st, James Rawlence, of Bulbridge ; 2d, James Raw-
1' luo. Reserve number and Specially Commended: Alfred
Morrison. Highly Commended : William Brown Canning,
"f ELston.

PIGS.
The PiR classes were never before equalled. There
is not a large show. Many of the classes are rather
short ; but there is not an animal exhibited which
doe-^ not deserve a commendation.

Boars of a large white breed include only five
entries; but they are a very fine class, and Messrs.
Howard's " Hero '* is a splendid fellow, of great width,
depth, and quality, beating; '* Cultivator 3d," shown by
■Mr. Duckerins, of Kirton-in-Lindsey, by whom the
other also was bred. "Hero" was bought, a sucker, of Mr.
Duokering at the Plymouth meeting, and after the
Society's two years' vacation it comes to Bury, and
beats members of its own family brought there from
the old home to compete with it. The larger class of
small white boars is a very fine one. There are
16 entries. Messrs. Hatton and Crisp are 1st and 2d.
Mr. Sexton, Lord Wenlock, and others run them very
hard, and among them is Mr. Eden, a chemical manu-
acturer, of Salford, who has for the las^j two or three
years turned his attention to pig breeding, and has
come to Bury and run ofi" with a number of the prizes.
His boar in this class received the reserved number.
Boars of a small black breed include 14 entries : Mr.
Seaton takes both 1st and 2d prizes, with perfect speci-
mens of the Suffolk breed. The Berkshire boars are
fairly represented, and here Mr. Stewart, of Gloucester,
is 1st, Mr. Smith, of Henley-in-Arden, 2d, Mr. Sexton.
3d. The Kev. H. G. Baily, of Swindon, shows several
of very good quality and constitution,

The Berkshire are by far, to our mind, the best and
most useful breeds, looking like the well constitutioned
animals they are, and good for either pork or bacon.
Boars of a middle class as to size include only two
entries, both of them large white ; Mr. Eden is 1st and
Mr. Duckeriug 2d.

The Sow classes are remarkably good. In sows of a
large white breed we have Mr. Howard again 1st and
Mr. Duckering 2d. The reserved number is given to a
very handsome sow with eight rare pigs, shown by Mr.
Duckering. No fewerthan 23 entries appear in breeding
sows of a small white breed. Mr. Duckering is 1st, and
Mr. Jacob Wilson comes all the way from Northumber-
land to take the 2d prize, beating men from Lancashire,
Yorkshire, and Lincolnshire, and a number out of
Suffolk, shown by Sexton, Stearn, and others, whicb
must have started days after him on their journey.
There is a capital class of breeding sows of a small
black breed, and here Mr. Sexton carries all before
him ; and indeed he deserves to carry off some of the
honours of the meeting, for no man has contributed
more largely to the interest of it as an exhibitor of
horses, sheep, and pigs. Mr. Crisp takes the reserved
number in this very capital class. Berkshire sows are
shown by Mr. Stewart, who is 2d and 3d, by Mr. J.
K. Tombs, who is 1st, by Mr. Baily, who is excellent ; and
by Sir W. Throckmorton, whose sow is old and lumpy.
Breeding sows of a middle class are shown by Air.
Eden, Mr. Duckering, Mr. Wilson, and others. Mr.
Duckering is 1st, Mr. Sagar, of Bradford, 2d, and
, Mr. Wilson 3d.

! We come now to pens of three breeding sows of

I lar^e and small white and small black and Berkshire

I and middle breeds. They are small classes, but very

good; Mr. Duckering, Mr. Yells, of Highworth,

Wilts; the Rev. H. G. Baily, Mr. Sexton, and Mr.

Aylmer, take the prizes. The pigs of a small white

breed are particularly good. In addition to these, the
local committee of Bury have offered prizes for boars
and sows of small white and small black breeds
resnectivoly. Mr. Sexton and Mr. Eden are 1st and
2d in the former cla.ss ; and Mr. Sexton and Mr. Stearn
1st and 2d in the latter class. Mr. Sexton's sow and
11 pigs, declared to bo of ono litter, are an extraordinary
pen. The following is the prize list: —

Judges : Samuel Druce, J. B. Hlator, Thomas Trotter.

Class 41. Boar (of a larRo whito breed, ln^, ."t/.— Ist, J. &; F.
Howard, of Britannia Karms, Bedford (Hero), bred by Mr.
DuekorinK, Northorjiu : 2d, Mr. Uuukoring. Reserve num-
ber : Thomas Crisp, IJutluy Abliey.

Class 42. Boar of a small white breed, 10(,, 51. — 1st,
William Hatton, of Addingbam, Leeds; 2d, Thos. Criap, of
Butloy Abbey, Wickham M.arket. Reserve nvmibcr and Com-
mended ; Peter Eden, of Cross Lane, fi^alford.

Class 43. Boar of a small black breed, lo;.. .^^ — Ist, Geo.
Mumford Sexton, of Whcrstcad Hall, Ipsvt'ich ; 2d, Geo.
Mumford Sexton. Reserve number and Commended: Philip
Bonnet, of Rougham Hall, Bury St. Edmund's.

Class 44. Boar of the Berkshire breed, 10/., 5(.— Ist, Arthur
Stewart, of Sauit Bridge Houso, Gloucester; 2d, Joseph
Smith, of Henley-in-Arden, Warwickshire. Reserve number
and Commended : Geo. Mumford Sexton.

Class 45. Boar of a breed not eligible for the preceding
classes, lOf., 5^ — 1st, Peter Eden, of Cross Lane, Salford ; 2d,
R. E. Duckering, of Northorpe.

Class 4(j. Breeding Sow of a largo white breed, lOL, 51. —
1st, James <t F. Howard ; 2d, Richard E. Duckeriug, of
Northorpe. Reserve number and Commended : Richard E.
Duckering.

Class 47. Breeding Sow of a small white breed, 10/., 5/.— 1st,
Richard Duckering, of Northorpe, Kirton-in-Lindsey, Lincoln-
shire ; 2d, Jacob Wilson, of Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth,
Northumberland. Reserve number and Highly Commended :
Peter Eden, of Cross Lane.

Class 48. Breeding Sow of a small black breed, 10/., 51.—
1st and 2d, George Mumford Sexton. Reserve number and
Highly Commcnrled : Thos. Crisp, of Butley Abbey.

Class 40. Breeding Sow of the Berkshire breed, lOf., 5/.—
1st, John King Tombs, of Langford, Lechlade, pig bred by
exhibitor ; 2d, Arthur Stewart, Saint Bridge House. Reserve
number and Commended : Artlmr Stewai-t.

Class 50. Breeding Sow of a breed not eligible for the pre-
ceding classes, 10/., 5/. — 1st, Richard Duckering, of Nor-
thorpe ; 2d, J. Sagar, Lister Hills, Bradford. Commended :
Jacob Wilson, of Woodhorn Manor.

Class 51. Pen of 3 Breeding Sow Pigs of a large white breed,
of the same litter above 4 and under 8 months old, 10/., .0/. —
1st, Richard Duckering, of Northorpe.

Class 52. Pen of 3 Breeding Sow Pigs of a small white breed,
of the same litter, above 4 and under 8 months old, 10/., 5/. —
1st, Hugh Aylmer, of West Dereham Abbey ; 2d, John Sawyer,
of Tunstall, Wickham Market, Suffolk. Commended : Samuel
Geatcr Steam, Brandeaton, Wickham Market.

Class 63. Pen of 3 Breeding Sow Pigs of a small black breed,
of the same litter, above 4 and under 8 months old, 10/., 51. —
George Mumford Sexton.

Class 54. Pen of 3 Breeding Sow Pigs of the Berkshire
breed, of the same litter, above 4 and under 8 months old, 10/.,
5/.— 1st, William Yells, of Round. Robin Farm, Highworth,
Wilts : 2d, Rev. Henry G. Baily, of Swindon, Wilts, black with
white points. Commended : Major John Edward Riley, Elm
House, Winkfield, Windsor,

Class 5.5. Pen of 3 Breeding Sow Pigs of a breed not eligible
for the preceding classes, of the same litter, above 4 and under
8 months old, 10/., 5/.— 1st, Richard Duckering, of Nor-
thorpe.

SPECIAL PRIZES, AMOUNTING TO £790,

Offered by the Suffolk Agricultural Society, the Local Com-
mittee of Bury St. Edmund's, and the Royal Agricultural
Society of England.

Suffolk Cart Horses.

Class 56. Three-year-old entire Colt, 20/., 10/.— 1st, Thomas
Crisp, of Butley Abbey, Wickham Market, Suffolk (Cupbearer),
chestnut ; 2d, Manfred Biddell, ' of Playford, Ipswich, Suffolk
(Punch).

Cla-ss 57. Pairs of Mares. 20/., 10/. — 1st, Sir Edward Kerrison,
Bart., of Brome Hall, Scole, Norfolk ; 2d, William Thompson,
jun., of Thorpe, Colchester, Essex.

Class 58. Mare not having had a foal in 1867, 15/., 10/.— 1st,
Francis Keer, of Raydon. Orford. Wickham Market ; 2d, Sir
Edward Kerrison, Bart., of Brome Hall. Highly Commended :
The Marquis of Bristol.

Class 59. Pair of Geldings, 15/.— 1st, The Duke of Grafton,
of Euston Hall, Thetford, Norfolk.

Class 60. One-year-old entire Colt, 151., 101. — 1st., Samuel
Wolton, of Newboum Hall, Woodbridge. Suffolk, bright
chestnut, bred by exhibitor ; 2d, George Tomline, M.P., of
Nacton, Ipswich.

Class 61. One-year-old Filly, 10/., 5/. — 1st, Isaac Rist, of
Tattingstone, Ipswich (Smart), chcsnut ; 2d, do. Highly
Commended : Samuel Wolton.

Class 62. Foal, 10/., 5/.— 1st, Sir Edward Kerrison, Bart., of
Brome Ball, Scole ; 2d, Alfred Prewer, of Debenham, Ipswich,
Suffolk, chestnut.

Hunters.

Class 63. Weight-carrying Mare or Gelding, 5 years old and
upwards, 75/., 50/., 25/.— 1st, Thomas Gee, of Dewhurst
Lodge (Master of Arts), chestnut ; 2d, Thomas Sutton, of
Alwent Hall, Darlington, Durham (\'oyageur) ; 3d, Edward
Nicholas Heygate, of Buckland, Leominster, Herefordshire
(Mountain Dew). Reserve number : Thomas Taylor, Bury St.
Edmund's.

Class 64. Ditto, ditto, 4 years old, 40/., 20/., 10/.— 1st.
Thomas Gee, Dewhurst Lodge, Wadhurst, Susses ; 2d, Edward
Nicholas Heygate, of Buckland, Leominster, Herefordshire
(Denmark); 3d, Thomas Gee, Dewhust Lodge. Reserve
number : \V. H. Clark, of Hook, Howden, Yorkshire.

Class 65. Weight -carrying Mare or Gelding, 3 years old. — No
merit.

Roadsters.

Class 66. Mare or Gelding, 5 years old and upwards, not
less than 14, and not exceeding 15 hands, 30/., 20/., 10/. —
1st, George David Badham, of Bulmer, Sudbury, Suffolk
(Major) ; 2d, Robert John H. Harvey, M.P., of Crown Point,
Norwich (Favourite) ; 3d, John Grout, of Woodbridge, Suffolk
(Black Bess). Reserve number and Commended : John Grout,
of Woodbridge, (Alice), brown, 5 years old (mare), breeder
unknown.

Class 67. Mare or Gelding, 3 or 4 years old, not less than 14,
and not exceeding 15 hands, 20/., 10/.— 1st, John William
Scriven, of Throstlenest, Otley, Yorkshire (Lotti); 2d, William
Wright, of Doddington, Cambridgeshre.

Carriaor Horses.

Class 68. Mare or Gelding, 4 years old, not less than
16 hands, 30/., 20/.— 1st, John Grout, of Woodbridge, Suffolk ;
2d, George Turner, Barnham, Thetford (Hawk).

Class 69. Mare or Gelding, 3 years old. — No entry.

Class 70. Mare or Geldinjf, 2 years old, 10/., 5/. — 1st, George
Kersey Cooper, of Euston, Thetford, Norfolk ; 2d, Thomas
Easterson, Red House, Bawdsey, Suffolk.

I'ONIER,

ChKua 11. Maro or Gelding, not loss than 13, and not exceed-
ing 14 handn, 10/,. 5/.— Ist, Richard MUward, of Thurgarton
Priory, Southwell ; 2d, Richard Milward. Reserve number
and Commended : James Allen Itansomo, of Carr Street,
Ipswicli.

Clahh 72. Maro or Golding, not exceeding 13 bands, 10/., 51.
— Ist, Honry Roo Wade, of Little Waldingfield, Sudbury,
Suffulk (Tomtit) ; 2d, Roljort Gitters, of West Row, Sohara,
Cambridgeshire (Tommy). Reserve number and Commended :
George Mumford Sexton.

PiflS.

Class 73. Boars and Sows of a small white breed, to have
been in the possession nf the exhibitor from Jan. Ist, 1867,
and their off.ipring, which are not to exceed 12 weeks old on
July Ist, 1RC7. 10/., 5/.— 1st, G. M. Sexton ; 2d, P. Eden,
Salford. Reserve number : John Sawyer, of Tunstall, Wickham
Market.

Class 74. Boars and Sows of a small black breed, to have
been in the possession of the exhibitor from Jan. 1st, 18C7,
and their offspring, which are not to exceed 1 2 months old on
JiUy lat, 1807, 10/., 5/.— Ist, G. M. Sexton; 2d, S. G. Stearn,
of Brandeston.

Black-faced Suffolk Sheep.

Class 75. Shearling Rams, 10/., 5/.— 1st, John M. Green, of
Stradishall Old House, Newmarket; 2d, George Doblto, of
Lidgate. Reserve number and Highly Commended : J. M.
Green. Commended: George Dobito.

Class 76. Ram of any age, 10/., 5/. — 1st, George Dobito ; 2d,
George Dobito. Reserve number; William Harvey, of Tim-
worth. Bury St. Edmund's

Class 77. Pen of Five Shearling Ewes, 10/., 5/.— Ist, William
Harvey, of Timworth ; 2d, William Harvey, of Timworth.
Reserve niimber and Highly Commended : M.aior Fuller
Maitland Wilson, of Stowlangtoft Hall, Bury St. Edmund's.

BUTTER.

JuDCJEs : George John Oliver, John Denovan.

Class 78. Six Pounds of Fresh Butter, in One Pound

Lumps, 6/., 2/. — 1st, Lady Caroline Kerrison, of Brome Hall,

Scole, Suffolk ; 2d, Thomas Sawyer, of Hill House, Thwaite,

Stonhum, Suffolk.

COTTAGES.
Class 80. Design for a Pair of Cottages, containing three
bedrooms, accompanied by a full specificition and detail of
quantiticH, with estimate of cost at scheduled pricea, 25/., 15/,
— 1st, Messrs. Condor & Lastell, of 1, Park Lane West,
Gloucester Gate, Regent's Park, for a pair of cottages costing
170/. .3s. M. [']; ^d, M;-. J. Straw, 29, Bridge Street, Birken-
head, for a pair of cottages costing 190/.

THE IMPLEMENT YARD

Is a-s full of all kinds and classes of agricultural
implements as ever. There is Mr. Aveling travelling
round and round witli his traction engine, full in your
eye as you enter, just as he has done for many past
years. There is the same row of locomotive engmes
all up one side of the 40-acre piece, working farm
machinery of all kinds, fixed and moveable, threshing
and winnowing, cleaning, crushing, grinding, and
chaflf cutting.

And all along the other side there is what appears to
be the very same stands and displays of seeds and
plants by Messrs. Baynbird, Gibbs, and Sutton. Be-
tween the two we have the same parallel shedding,
this year more extensive than ever, filled with the best
workmanship of nearly 300 manufacturing firms. The
classes of which this year the Agricultural Society
takes ofiicial cognisance include steam engines and
barn machinery, but we not see that manufacturers of
other implements — those of tillage, cultivation,
carriage, harvest work — are any more backward to
display their goods, or that manufacturers of barn
macliinery make any better show than they have done
in other years.

And there is one other feature which is of annual re-
currence, though perhaps less striking now from year
to year than it used to be, and that is the exhibition of
startling novelties, or of novelties of almost any kind.
Among them this year is a contrivance for weaving
thatch, in which the sewing machine is brought to
bear upon a sheet of pulled straw, which is delivered to
it through rollers, and thus tied together in a web.
This is exhibited by Mr. G. O. Gooday, of Great Leigh,
Chelmsford. There is also the American stone
breaker, consisting of two ribbed checks or faces of
iron, one of which oscillates, and then crushes what-
ever is between them. The oscillation is very simply
effected, and they say 4 tons of stone can be broken
per hour by a 3-horse power engine. It is very
surprising to see flint and granite yielding thus as
easily as oil-cake.

Mr. Crowe's (Lynn) combined engine and threshin"
machine must also be mentioned as a cleverly-packed
contrivance, making very good work, and provided with
a very easily managed steerage.

There is some novelty, too, among corn screens, and
this is perhaps an exception to our assertion that the
prizes offered by the Society don't seem to have
directed the attention of manufacturers. The simple
spiral wire cylinder, pulled out or shortened so as to
produce a greater or less interval of the wires, is
simplified in Mr. Hornsby's hands by the easy manner
in which the spiral is tied, so as to insure the perfectly
uniform distribution throughout its length of any
elongation or otherwise. Mr. Homsby receives here
the 1st prize for corn screens. Another cylindrical
screen, in which spaces offered to the grain are pro-
vided by a set of parallel metallic straps, which are
acted on in a simple way, so as by their parallel
motion to open or close the intervals between them, is
exhibited by Messrs. Coleman & Morton, of Chelms-
ford. Messrs. Reeves, of Malton, again exhibit their
ribbed corn screen; Mr. Roby his well-known and
excellent machine ; and Messrs. Ransomes their cylin-
drical screen, in which the interval is diminished or
increased by the relative position of two wire cylinders,
one within the other; also their oscillating screen, n
which the grain is subject to a rubbing process as it
passes over the openwork surface.

Among other novelties in the yard we must mention
an exceedingly cheap and excellent field gate, with
double lever hinges, particularly simple and effective.

110

THE GAKDENERS' CHEONTCLE Am AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Jtjlt 20, 1867.

exhibited by Mr. J. Braggins, of Banbury, Oxfordshire,
to whom the prize of the Society, we believe, was
awarded.

Mr. Howard, of Bedford, must be named among the
exhibitors of several good novelties. His boiler for
fixed engines, in which the water i.s contained in a
set of upright tubes, among which the flame and heat
of the furnace play, has been already named. His
American self-raking reaper shows an exceedingly
simple and compendious arrangement for causing the
rake to rotate without coming in anybody's way.
His haymaker has an exceedingly well-packed gearing,
altogether out of the way of any choking action of the
Grass.

At Mr. Maynard's stand (Whitlesford, Cambridge)
there is a good self-acting rake, in which the wheel
itself causes the lifting of the load and its deposit, when
enough has been gatnered, and the catch by which
this is effected is released as soon as itswork is done.

As to the trials of steam engines and threshing
machines, what can we say but that, after a most care-
ful but necessarily very short gallop upon a well-known
course, this, that, and the other come out 1st, 2d,
and .3d. If an extremely careful trial of a threshing
machine, limited to an examination of power employed
and quality of work effected, while 100 sheaves are
passed through the machine, can warrant any men,
however competent, in declaring that this machine
is better than that, then such trials are useful ; though
even so the sort of justice which they do may be
questioned, for in effect they declare that A, B, and
C are worthy of high distinction, and D, E, and F
deserve no notice whatever : and yet D may be but
the least bit inferior to C, even upon the showing of
the resultant figures at which the trial arrives.
But besides all this there are qualities, as good as any
tested by the judges, to which no test whatever can be
applied. For a machine may do the best possible work
in the first hour of its existence, which shall be shaken
to pieces in a fortnight. On the whole, therefore, we
believe that while the contest and rivalry of manufac-
turers for the Society's awards may be a necessary part
of an annual exhibition of implements, in order to
maintain the excitement and the life of the show, yet
the whole competition partakes largely of that claptrap
and humbug which public exhibitions of all sorts
are apt to engender, but which their management
ought carefully to avoid.

The trials of steam engines are, perhaps, less liable
to error than those of threshing machines; but even
here the extremely narrow limits of the trial, nice
and careful as it is, make it proportionately untrust-
worthy ; and the great test being the quantity of power
extracted from a given quantity of fuel, there is the
liability to favour the production of a racer instead of
a worker. Certainly in no case can it be said that the
judges have been in the least deficient in patience or
perseverance. They have stuck to their work most
laboriously, and so much has had to be done, that the
awards were not made till late in the week, and even
now, writing on Thursday evening^ we do not know
who has received the Society's prize in the steam-
engine class, though we hear that it has been awarded
to Messi's. Clayton & Shuttleworth.

Steam Cutlvators. — The various exhibitors of steam-
cultivating machinery were left to their own good
guidance as to how some illusl,ration should be given
at Bury of the power and eUiciency of their tools ; and
so we had Messrs. Howard with their engines and
machinery in a field near the Show-yard, and Messrs.
Fowler in a large light-land field on the other side of
the town. In both cases it was light land, and it was
of course the object of the exhibitors to prove to the
light-land farmers of the eastern counties that steam
cultivation is economical and superior to that by horses
even on the lightest soils. To this end they could
quote the experience of Mr. C. S. Eead, M.'P., who
could report of the work done by Fowler's apparatus
on land in his occupation, both the speed and economy
of the work on his lighter soil, and the excellence of
its work on his heavier land, so that every bit of the
uneven edge of work along his headlands can be seen
in the superiority of the crop of AVheat which has
been taken after steam cultivation. To this end, also,
they have exhibitedwider tools than usual. Mr.Howard
shows a 7 feet wide cultivator, which, travelling
rapidly, got over land at the rate of 25 acres
of cultivation a day; and Mr. Fowler shows a 12
feet wide cultivator with 13 tines, with a most
ingenious arrangement for at once turning the
tool and lifting the tines out of work at the land's
end ; and this i travelling at the rate of .3 miles
an hour is equal to workmg i acres an hour. In a
racing trial wdiich we left when it was midway done,
the work — with losses varying from 20" to 60" when
turning at land's-end— appeared to us to be proceeding
at the rate of at least 4 acres an hour ; and we were
informed afterwards that rather more than 5 acres
were got over in 60 minutes. This was a very light
land, part of which had been previously grubbed. So
that the trial was useful merely as an exhibition of
speed. The G-furrow plough had been at work on the
previous day, and had done very excellent work ; and
elsewhere the 3-furrow plough had turned over the
1 and more than a foot deep, leaving a furrow, which
was a veritable ditch, 14 or 15 inches deep, and as
many wide. The machines shown by Mr. Fowler at
work, or in the yard, are specified in the followina
list :-

1. The usual 14-horse power clip drum set of tackle, with
self moving anchor set suitable for well laid out farms, with
tolerably square fields.

■2. The double engine set of 10-horse power tackle, suitable
for any condition or cu'cumstanccs of soil, and intended for
large farms or for lettin;,,' out. It is also suitable for the
cultivation of light land, when large breadths have to be got
over in a day, and under these circumstances is intended to
work the new wide implements for the cultivation of
light hand.

3. A 12-horse power engine and tilckle so arranged as either
to work with an anchor direct .along the headland or with the
engine stationary in the corner of the field, as the cii-cum-
stances of the case require. This tackle is very suitable for
being let cut in hilly districts with irregular fields.

4. A second (10-horso power) double engine set of taelde,
suitable for working for hire. The engines are arranged on the
plan of the late Mr. Eddin^'ton, to work two implements at the
s.ame time, the latter either turning in the middle of the field
or crossiug another as m.ay be most desirable.

;i. A *' roundabout "tackle, with 3-fmTow plough, and^o-tine
cultivator combined. This tackle is intended for holders of
sm<all farms whose position will not admit of their purchasing
the large combined tackle ; the price of the machine, with
plough drops, being only 230L

6. Cultivatmg implements of all classes, but the new
8-fuirow plough and 12 feet wide patent cultivator deserve
attention. They also show a draining plough, suitable for
being worked with our double engine ploughing t.ackle.

7. Also .an S-horse power agricultural locomotive, very com-
pact and easily turned in a small .space, with the .advantage of
being sold at little money, intended to go about the country
with a threshing machine,

Mr. Howard's tackle at work includes a stationed
engine, with windlass, and roundabout rope and
anchorage, working cultivator and plough ; also
double engine, with double drums, working at once
two cultivators, which overlap one another in the
middle of the field, and return each to its own side.
The work done both by plough and cultivator was
first-rate. We believe that Messrs. Coleman had their
steam cultivating machinery at work in a field near
the show-yard, but we did not see it.

The following is the award of prizes in the imple-
ment part of the show, to which however we shall
return next week: —

Judges.— F. J. Bramwell, 35, Great George Street, London,
S.W. ; J. Brasnett, Hilboro' Lodge, Brandon ; H. B. Caldwell,
11, Royal Crescent, Bath : John Coleman, Escriek Park OtBee,
York ; Henry Cantrell, Baylis Court, Slough ; J. V. Gooch,
Reform Club, S.W. ; John Hicken, Dunchurch, Rugby; James
Martin, Wainfleet, Boston ; William Owen, Rotherham ;
Thom.as Scott, Broom Close, Borobridge ; John Thompson,
Badminton, Chippenham ; Edward Wortley, Ridliugton,
Uppingham ; John Wheatley, Neswick, Driffield.

1. Threshing JIachines : i'j^re,*.— Portable Threshing
Jlachiue not exceeding S-horse power which prepares for the
finishing dressing machine, R.ansomes & Sims, 20^ : Portable
Threshing Machine not exceeding 8-horse power which
prepares for the finishing dressing machine, E. Humphries,
\2l. ; Portable Threshing Machine not exceeding 8-horse power
which prepares for the finishing dressing machine, N.alder &
Nalder, S/. ; Portable Threshing Machine to be worked by
horse power not exceeding that of 4 horses, Wallis, Haslam, &
Steevens, 12^ : Portable Threshing Machine to be worked by
horse power not exceeding that of 4 horses, Tasker Si Sous. 8^ ;
Threshing .and Finishing Machine, Holmes & Sons, 20/. ;
Thre.shing .and Finishing Machine, Clayton & Shuttleworth,
15/. ; Threshing and Finishing Machine, Marshall tSj Sons, 5L

2. Chaff Coiters ; Prices. — ChaU Cutter by steam or horse
power, Richmond & Chandler, 10/. ; Chaff Cutter by steam or
horse power, E. H. Bentall, G/. ; Chaff Cutter by steam or
horse power, Pieksley, Sims, & Co., 4/. ; Ch.iff Cutter by hand
power, Richmond (k Chjindler, 6/. ; Chaff Cutter by hand
power, E. H. Bentall, 4/. Hifjhly Commcndtd : Chaff Cutter
by steam power, Carson & Tooiie ; Chaff Cutter, Smith &:
Grace. Co<nmcnded : Chaff Cutter, James Comes ; Chaff
Cutter, Edward Page it Co. ; Chaff Cutter, James Cornes,

3. Crushing Milt-s : PrZ-es,— Cmshing Mill, E. H. Bentall,
6/. ; Crushing Mill, E. R. & F. Turner, 4/. Commended :
Crushing Jlills, Woods & Cocksedge.

4. Hand Dressing Machines : Prizes. — Cora Dressing
Machine, William Tasker & Sons, 12/. ; Com Dressing Machine,
8. Corbett & Son, 8/. Commended : Corn Dressing Machine,
Robert it J ohii Reeves: Com Dressing Machine, Ransomcs &
Sims.

5. Turnip Cutters : Prizes. — Turnip Cutter, Rich.ard
norn.sby & Son, 10/. ; Tmaiip Cutter, Ransomes & Sims, SI. ;
Turnip Pulper, Richard Hornsby & Son, 5/. Contmended :
Turnip Cutter, E. H. Bentall ; Turnip Pulper, E. H. Bentall ;
Turnip Pulper, Piekslcy is Sims.

G. Oil-cake Breakers; PWa's.— Oil-cake Breaker, E. H.
Bentall, 5/. ; Oil-c;ike Breaker, R. & R. Hunt, 5/. Commended :
Oil-cake Breaker, E. R. & F. Turner.

7. Corn Screens : Pn^es.— Corn Screen, Richard Hornsby
& Son, 10/. Commended : Cora Screen, Robert Boby ; Corn
Screen, Penny & Co. ; Corn Screen, Ransomes & Sims.

8. B.VKLEV HUMJIELLER : Prizes. — Barley Hummeller,
Holmes ib Son, 51.

9. Grinding Mills : Prise.*.— Grinding Mill, Smith & Grace,
6/. ; Grinding Mill, S. Corbett & Sou, 4/. ; Bone Mills, Beverley
Iron and Waegon Co., 10/, : Bone Mills, Beverley Iron and
Waggon Co., 6/. ; Bone Mills, Beverley Iron and W.aggon Co.,
4/. : stone Mills, E. B. &■ F, Turner, St. ; Stone Mills, I. Tye &.
Co., 07. Commended : Stone Giinding Mih, Ruston, Proctor,
& Co.

10. Iron Gates : Pnzcs. — Field Gate, James Briiggins, lOL

11. MiscELLiVNEOUS : Silver Medals. — Horse Ge.ar, Woods &
Cocksedge ; Sti-ong Wrought Iron Cattle Troughs and Cisterns,
Buruey & Co. ; Assortment of Leather Machine Bands, Webb
& Son : Chain Pump for Liquid Manure,. Waraer & Son ;
Draining Tools and Forks, (fee., Boby, Clarke, & Co. ; Patent
Asph'.ator, A. B. Child ; 4-inch double suction Pump, Tangye,
Brothers, iz Holman : Assortment of G.arden Spring Chaii-s and
Collection, Alfred Wrinch ; Adjusting Blocks for fixing engines
and thre.shing machines, Clayton, Shuttleworth, & Co. ;
Stable Fittings, Cow-house Fittings, and Piggeries, Musgrave
Brothers. Commended : Elastic Rake, John Baker : Chain
Drill, Hawkes & Spencer: Haymaker, J. & P. Howard;
Improvements in Mower, R. Hornsby & Son ; Improvement
in Mower, Burgess tfe Key : Improved Horse Hoe, Wilkinson
ife Son ; Turn Wrist Plough, Ransomes & Sims : Portable
Railway and Turntable, John Gr.ant ; Gu.ard for Preventing
Accidents by drum on threshing machine, Ransomes & Sims ;
Lawn Mowers, Ransomes & Sims ; Iron Gate, J. D. Yovmg ;
Iron G.ate, F. Morton & Co. : Iron Gate, Bayliss & Jones ; Iron
Gate, St. Paneras Iron Works Co.

POULTRY.
Judges : E. Hewitt, W. Trotter, J. Bailey, Sen.

"We are rejoiced our Eoyal Society has again taken
up poultry. It has always been our opinion that at an
agricultural meeting all animals that come into direct
contact with the pursuit should be represented ; and
when a thorough acquaintance has sprung up between
poultry exhibitors and the Council— when they know
and esteem each other, and the Eoyal has relaxed its
rules somewhat, it may find hearty and close friends,
and helpers to profitable meetings in those who cannot
aspire to quadrupeds.

The classes most encouraged are those that are sup-
posed to be the best calculated for "farm poultry."

We need hardly say Dorkings were first on the
list, and they made a goodly show. Thirty-three pens
of adult birds, all shown iu good feather and condition,
and from all parts of the country, testified in response
to the liberal prizes otlered. The 1st prize went to
Staffordshire, to Dr. Hewson; the 2nd merely crossed
the border, to Mr. Parlete. of Chelmsford ; the 3rd
also went to Essex, to Borking, being taken by Mrs.
Lingwood.

Twenty-five good pens of chickens followed the old
birds. Sussex took 1st, going to Bolney; the 2nd
went to Dr. Campbell, of the County Lunatic Asylum,
Brentwood. This gentleman was fortunate, and
deservedly so. He showed 3 pens of excellent
chickens, all of which appeared on the prize list. Mr.
Leamons, of Aylesbury, took 3rd. We are bound to
speak highly of these classes. White Dorkings were
very weak. There was an excellent show of dark
Brahmas Poutras, large birds, correct in colour,
in excellent condition ; 28 pens competed. Mr.
E. H. Boyle took the 1st prize to Ireland ; the 2nd
went to Mr. Jopp, of Aberdeen ; and the 3rd to Mr.
Lacy, of Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire. Light Brahmas
came next. They were fev.'cr in numbers than their
dark brethren, nor did they spread so "far and wide."
Mr. Pares, of Guildford, was 1st; Mr. Dowson, of
Chelmsford, 2nd; and Mr. Crook, of Forest Hill, 3rd.

A goodly array of 37 pens of buff Cochins,
shown by most of the names that have belonged, and
do belong to celebrity in this class, testified to the
continuing popularity of the breed. Mr. White, of
Sheffield, took 1st; Mr, Mapplebeck, of Birming-
ham, 2nd; and Mr. Lingwood, of Barking, Srd
Many of the birds in this class were perfect.
For other colours — the Grouse, belonging to
Messrs. Stevens, of Walsall ; Brierley, of Manchester ;
and Tadman, of Whitchurch, were deservedly dis-
tinguished. The Whites did not show well. We
were disappointed in the numbers of the Crevecoeurs
and La Fleche, not in the quality, which was unde-
niable. Colonel Stuart Wortley took three out of four
prizes, the other being taken by the Eev. Clement
Gilbert. Houdans were more numerous, sending
13 competing pens. Jlr. Heard, of Whitmoor, was
1st, and the Eev. Clement Gilbert 2d. Mr. Pigeon and
Colonel Wortley showed good birds.

Spanish were excellent ; Mr. Thresh, of Bradford,
was 1st; Mr. Beldon, of Bingley, 2d; Mr. AValker, of
Wolverhampton, 3d. Many of the cocks showed they
had suSered from the strange penchant the hens have
for picking their husband's faces. Game were as
usual perfect in condition, shape, and feather. Messrs.
Church and Houldry, of iNantwich, were 1st; Mr.
Matthew, of Stowmarket, 2d ; Mr. Wood, of Wigan,3d,
with a wonderful pen of chickens. In the class for
any other colour the Duck-wings were very beautiful.
The Golden-Pencilled Hamburghs were very good,
but we cannot say as much for the Silver. The
Spangled were better than the Pencilled, and some
of the Golden left nothing to desire.

Sebright's Bantams seem to he giving way before
the Game and others. There were oU pens of these
latter in Classes 19 and 20. The best would be the
Cochin, belougiog to Mr. Beldon, and the Game shown ;
by Messrs. Causer & Pittis. We admired greatly two ■
pens of Indian, both curious and handsome. Both ;
were highly commended. Turkeys were very good
and heavy. The same may be said of the Geese. Ayles-
bury Ducks were hardly up to the mark. Eouens were '
better, but they were not in condition.

Many excellent pens arrived too late for competi-
tion. They appeared in some classes as though they
would have changed the disposition of the prizes. Spite
of the more than inclement state of the weather the
poultry department was crowded.

CATTLE PLAGUE AXD IMPORTATION OF CATTLE.

A LARGE and inftuential meeting of agriculturists,
summoned by the Chamber of Agriculture, assembled
in the hall of the Athenrcum, on Tuesday evening,
under the presidency of Mr. Albert Pell, to urge the
Legislature to enforce the slaughter or quarantine of
all imported cattle at ports of lauding, and also for
considering what steps can be taken to obtain compen-
sation for those persons whose cattle were destroyed
between November, 1805, and February, 18G0.

The Chairman having explained the reason for
which the meeting w'as convened, and having apologised
for the inconvenience of its being broiight together at
an unseasonable time, proceeded to read various extra.ots
from the reports of the Eoyal Commissioners, respectiag
the importation of foreign cattle. The third report of
the Commissioners, he said, stated that, with a view to
the protection of cattle for the future, the re-introduc-
tion of the cattle plague must be guarded against, and
to this cud they believed that the whole system of the
importation of foreign cattle must be revised. H6 then
pointed out that no animal could be moved without
being viewed by two persons, and a declaration signed
by the owner ; after this a licence could be obtained for
its removal, such licence being signed by two magis-
trates. Foreign cattle were brought straight to London, ;
and were landed after only twelve hours' quarantine,
and thus disease was spread. He could assure the
meeting, from his own personal observations, that the
present orders of the Privy Council respecting the
importation of foreign cattle were perfectly nugatory, r

Mr. Clake Sewell Uead moved— j

That the cattle plague owes its introduction into Great
Britain to foreign sources, and that, to giiard against its con- |
tinuance or recurrence, all foreign animals imported for
slaughter should bo killed at certam ports of landing, in places
allotted to their reception, and slaughtered apart from all other
anim.als.

Mr. Bead, iu the course of a few remarks, said that
if cattle from abroad intended for slaughter were
slaughtered on their arrival, the country would have a
reliable security against the spread of the contagion.

JriT 20, 1867.]

Mr. ClaydeN seconded the adoption of tho resolu-
tion ' exiircssini; tho opinion that isolation would
preserve tho herds of England, and that, if mombers of
Chambers of A^rieulturo were united in advooatinj,'
the slaughtoriuii at tho ports, they would gain what
they suuKbt. .... ,. , ,

Jir. UiTi'LtrocK said, il quarantuie wore to ho
reoonimendod, the sort of inspootiou at present applied
at the ports of entry must bo dillbrent. At Harwioli
ho saw a farrior— not a votoriuary surgeon— examine
the animals by tho light of a candle and lantern.

The resolution was carried.

Mr. CoKU\Nt'E, M.P., reviewed tho orders of the
I'l-ivy Council. The first order came out on Auk. 2S,
ISI15, when it was ordered that there should bo com-
pulsory slaughtering without compensation. An order
was then issued rendering tho slaughter of cattle not
a compulsory but a permissive act. But this order
Mas not duly advertised, and consequently it was not
tjenerally known ; and during the period between
November, 18G.^, and February, 1S6G, many gentlemen
—Mr. Cooper, of SuUolk, amongst others— had cattle
slaughtered because tho magistrates and inspectors
were not aware of the order until further legislation
showed how tho law stood. However, in paying com-
pensation. Parliament allowed no compensation to
persons who h.ad had cattle slaughtered during the
period for which the law had not provided that com-
pensations should as a matter of course be paid. He
should suggest that farmers at that meeting should
il.'lcrmine what was necessary, and press their opinions
niiDU the Government through tho agency of members
nf I'arliament. As to tho course to bo adopted with
inieign cattle, he would advise tliem to affirm a resolii-
lion which he would move, for if cattle were placed in
quarantine the risk of introducing contagion would he
very considerably diminished. The resolution he had
to submit was : —

Th,.it foreign store animals sliould be imported only i;t ports
or parts of port.s appropriated to tbeir reception, apart from
;iH other animals, and should not bo removed thence except
iftir sufficient quarantine.

Mr. Masfen (Sta(fordsliire), in seconding the reso-
lution, said be believed that nothing would eradicate
the oaitlo plague in this country but a law framed in
accordance witu the spirit of the resolution.

The motion was carried.

ilr. HoiiLEY (Leamington) moved the third resolu-
tion, as follows:—

Ihat this mcetnig approves of tho amendment proposed by
M I . Ayrtou in the b'outagious Diseases (Animals) Bill, to the
i: <■( tli.it tho slaughter of all foreign fat animals at the port
nt Irniding shall bu made imperativo, and shall not bo left to
llic discretion of the l*rivy Council ; as well as of Mr. .\yrton's
Vr. .posed new clause for csti\bUshing a river-side market for
I *ii. convenience of the nietropolit.an foreign cattle.
Ml' pointed ont that, under the existing law, we are
n i|uired to keep possession of cattle for 28 days
lu'liire parting with llieni; and we want no greater hard-
: liili put Uj-iou foreign owners and importers than we
lie sub.ji'ct to ourselves.

Mr. Wilson, of Knaptliorpe, Leicestershire, briefly
. rnndcd tho resolution. He was opposed to all
prfmissive laws.

Mr. CtBEENE, M.P., proposed the fourth resolution :—

I'hat copies of tho above resolution be sent to the mctro-
pnlitan .md county members, with a request that they support
the same.

A\'hat they sought wa.s not desired on the principle of
p rotection , but of j ustice. Prompt action was necessary,
as the question would come before Parliament on
Thursday or Monday.

Mr. Smytuies (Herefordshire) seconded the reso-
lution, which was carried.

The Chaihman said that if any resolution were
nroposed as to cattle compensations, he would receive
it.

Mr. Everett referred to the facts spoken to by Mr.
I 'i irrance and others, and moved the following ;—

Die Central Chamber of AgTicnlturc warmly sympathises
with those persons whoso cjittle were killed by order of the
inspectors between November 23, 1865, and the passing of the
Cattle PLague Act in Febru.ary, 1866, and from whom compen-
Nation is withheld ; and this Chamber hereby respectfully
invito Clare ScwcU Read, Esq., M,P., to take the earliest
npportunity of urging the claims of those sufferers upon tho
attention of Parliament.

Mr. Herjian Biddell seconded the motion in a
very vigorous and impassioned address, which was
loudly cheered.

Mr. Read said that the Vice-President of the
Central Chamber was in the House of Commons.
Until be was better informed he must decline to
imdertake the task.

Mr. CoRUANCE said the difficulties of introducing
the matter to Parliament would be jreat, but he would
do in the matter as tho meeting desired.

The meeting then rose, having passed a vote of thanks
to the Chairman, which terminated the proceedings.

THE GAEPENERS' CTTl^ONTCEE AND AGEICULTTIRAL GAZETTE.

Ill

are S, and I'irf ni-.ii! if the gross .sales are S tho pidj-
lisbcil returns will come out r,. Of course in years
when our homo growth is abundant and iuqiurtalions
small, the weekly quantity sold and reported is much
increased, just as ui deficient years (he weekly sales
and report's are small, but the relative proportion of
gross sales to sales reported is not changed thereby. It
was never meant to obtain an account of all tho corn
sold in Uui kingdcuu, but only a (|uautily largo enough
to educe tliui'cfnmi a fair average price, which price
was to inlhiciicclillioandallpaymcnlsilepenilinf; upon
tho iirico of grain of home growth, and to attain this
end it would not seom fair to deal with a le.ss quantity
than that stated. How the new law, which oaine into
operation on the 1st of .January, ISiio, will afl'ect the
interests of payor and receiver remains to bo seen. C.

Home Correspondence.

AgricaUitral Slalistics.—fo the remarks on the
agricultural statistics of Devonshire (page 718, Agri-
cvltural Gazelle) there is a note appended which runs
thus : — " The weekly sales reported are a very small
fraction indeed of the weekly sales effected." This
remark was no doubt made hurriedly and inadver-
tently, the writer hazarding a statement which the
discrepancy in the Devon figures then before him
seemed to justify, but which on reconsideration ho
would no doubt be inclined to qualify to some
extent, for if tho sales reported were such a mere
fraction to the sales eli'ected, the circumstance would
amount to an act of fraud on the part of the
Legislature towards all the tithe-owners or tithe-
payers in the kingdom. The sales of Wheat reported
olUcially for England and Wales have hitherto stood
in relation to the sales effected as 5 to -8,
that is, if the published returns state 5, the actual sales

Foreign Correspondence.

HOLSTEIN : ScnENEEELU, BY ALTONA, Jul !I 13:

Oennaii Agririd/iire.—Tbo weather, though with a
few passing showers, a little delaying the Hay har-
vesting, has of late been warm and highly propitious to
the spring-sown crops, and Oats, Barley, Peas, Beans,
and Potatos promise a fair return. Wheat is ;xlso of
fair promise ; but Itye, the stall of life in the north of
Europe, from the long-continued cold and heavy rains
in May and tiio lirst hidf of Juno, will be very light.
Cutting of Uyo will commence in about two weeks,
about 11 week later than average ; the whole process of
harvesting, as well as Turnip planting or sowing, being
about a week later than usual. As yet the Potato has
shown no disposition to blight, but this plant has not
as vet reached the period of growth most liable to
blight, and tho occurrence of blight will depend upon
tho coming weather. Should drought prevail, there
will be little or no blight, but should rain and thunder
occur in a week or ten days hence, when the plant
comes to exhaust its tu's vitts. in forming tubers, blight
will almost to a certainty take place. Developed elec-
tricity by loosening the vito-chemical attraction.s, in a
manner cooks the vegetable body for the organism of
the disease, or at least disposes it to a putrescent
state, which may prep.are the field for animalculic or
fungi. The llye being generally much defective,
renders the Potato crop a very important object.

(Germany is now in its highest beauty ; the meadows,
lanes, and the numerous by-roads and paths, embel-
lished with flowers of every hue, in general with larger
leaves and richer flowers than we have in Britain. A
few days ago I measured some Oak leaves, one 10?
inches English in length, without tbe footstalk, and
os inches in breadth, a second 71 inches in breadth,
the length broken, a third 10| inches in length, and
5J inches in breadth. Here the seasons, both summer
and winter, are more developed than in Britain, and the
autumn long and very pleasant. The kinds of flowers
and of grasses are also more numerous, at least more
scattered than in Sootlandandthenorth half of England.
Here the wild violets are very abundant and variable
in flower, some of them very beautiful in colour and
form, others with no beauty whatever. I have seen a
large field so covered with violets, as to appear quite blue
at a distance. How comes it that Nature bestowys so
much beauty upon one of her creatures, and forms
another of the same family quite destitute of it ? The
Wild Thyme is also extremely rich, and of different
aromas. The Lily of the Valley perfumes the copse-
woods, and the beautifid Bird's-foot Trefoil adorns al-
most every path with its winged rich yellowaower,often
tipped with red. Many of the German hedgerows can-
not be surpassed in beauty. These consist of 0;ik,
Hazel, Hornbeam, Hawthorn, further decorated with
the richest festoons of Honeysuckle, Lilac, and large
white flowers of the Bower Tree or Elder. All these
are allowed to rise high as Nature shapes them, hence
their gracefulness and "flowering beauty. These highly
ornamental hedges afl'ord some protection from the
great droughts and parching winds that more fre-
quently occur here than in Britain, and give at night
danker, more abundant dew than a bare country, bare
as many parts of Britain have of late become. When
I first knew England more than half a century ago,
there was no want of hedgerow cover, a stroll along
which aflbrded more pleasure to the lover of Nature
than the most ornate artificial garden existing. In
travelling a little distance a few days ago through
several agricultural villages, I perceived arnongst the
numerous children out at play only one with a black
head of hair ; all the others had flaxen or sand-coloured
hair and round heads, showing the purity of the
German race in this quarter. The round head
form prevails also in the east of the southern half
of England, showing their Saxon descent. While the
long head, long from tho chin to the apex or crown,
and long also from the brow to the hind head or pro-
tuberance backward, prevails in the west of Britain,
and more especially in the west of the Scottish Low-
lands, and indeed to a considerable extent over all
Britain north of the Humber. This form of head and
close position of the eyes extends also to a considerable
portion of tho Spanish I'eninsula, and seems to indi-
cate the existence of a long-he.aded ancient naoe of
Western Europe previous to the Celt or Gaul exten-
sion, the Gaul of France not being remarkable for this
form. Is the round-head German, wide, but not
high-towering brow, indicative of greater steadiness
and industry, but of less imagination and poetical con-
ception than the long head ? In England, the Eouud-
heads led by Cromwell, chiefly of the Saxon element,
round-heads by tonsure as well as from race, crushed
their aristocratic opponents, chiefly of the long-headed
Normans and their Celtic or other ancient race re-
tainers. Here the want of judgment or want of nerve
of Cromwell was conspicuous. Had he divided the
land of England among his party as William the
Conqueror did, his party would have continued to
prevail.

Strange us it may appear, tho late great German
revolution has been so rapidly and masterly carried
out its scarcely to havo alfucled tho rapid march of
rural improvement in this country. This is mainly
owing to its not having operated to diminish security of
jiropcrly, tho great rc(iuisitc to improvement, but
rather by rendering Germany more able to resist any
attoiiiiit at foreign aggression, has rendered property
moi'c secure; and in Gorinauy, ditrcrout from Britain,
there is no great amount of land let on lease under
such an insecure tenure as to prevent the investment
of capit:d in tho improvement of tho soil. (For a
number of years back I havo proved to every thinking
mind that this want of protection in Britain is the
greatest national evil, not only incompatible with the
rational liberty of the subject, but with the mental
and physical development of the British race^ and with
their maintaining their position as the leading nation
of progress. Still nothing has been done to reform
this grc:itest national evil. What is this to le:id to?)
In Germany, however, the spirit of the small-boro
bullet has had good occasion to sing tho child's old
guessing tale —
" Thruu"ii the v/ood, through tho wood, and through tho wood

I i'an.
An' for as littlo as I am I hac kill'd a man ! "

Notwithstanding tho shortness of the war, nearly
lOO.mii) of the rliie of the German men have fallen,
slain iu fight, by fatigue, or by pestilence. Patrick
Mallhem, ScheneJ'eld, by Altona, Solsteln, July 13.

Farmers' Clubs.

Ayrshibe: Harvest Work.—Kt a late general
meeting of this Club, Mr. Cunningham, Shields, after
some introductory remarks, said :— A farmer's cares, iu
reference to harvest, are many, and sometimes
oppressive ; but of late they have been wonderfully
alleviated through the successful operations of the
reaping iiochine. No invention in our day has proved
so boiu'licial to the agricultural world as this. I look
upon the time of their introduction as being quite
providential. I mean the time wdien they became
practically useful ; for were we still obliged to cut our
grain exclusively by scythe and sickle, there are not
half suBicient hands in the land to do so in the
appointed time for harvest. All honour, then, to the
rev. gentleman who is acknowledged as the inventor of
the first practical reaping machine. He justly merit?
a rich reward from agriculturists of every country. It
has been said that " when a man has c:ist the seed into
prepared ground at the proper season, ho henceforth
leaves it to itself. He sleeps by night, and attends to
nirher affairs by day ; often looking to it, indeed, and
oftener thinking of it, hut never touching it till
harvest" —

"The work is done, no more to m.iu is given.
The gi-atcful farmer trusts the rest to Heaven ;
Y'et oft, with anxious heart, he looks around.
And marks tho tirst green blade that breaks tho ground."

This is so far true, still man may and can do much
jirevious to sowing, and also during the springing
of the plants, that will have an important bearing
on the harvesting of the crops. The land should
be thoroughly dried hetbro ploughing, and should
he ploughed dry ; much mischief is often done to
land, even dry land, by being wrought too wet.
Then I am afraid some heavy land farmers have
erred in laying their land too flat, so as to be better
adapted for reaping by nuxohinery. The best crop of
Wheat I had last season was on a piece of land not too
well drained, which was gathered up into ridges of
14 feet. Doubtless, it takes a little more time and
trouble to reap it, but better that than sacrifice part of
the crop to accommodate the machinery. We certainly
ought to second the efforts of makers by putting our
land in the best possible state for reaping, but there is
littlo dilficulty in cutting over ridge and furrow with
the small manual delivery machines, which are mostly
used in this county. Then, if the land is not nianurially
rich, through the droppings of sheep or cattle, a liberal
application of guano or other substances would bring
the crop ten days earlier to cutting, which is some-
thing considerable in this fickle climate of ours. Then
if the seed has been drilled in (there is too little of
that done in this county), the growth of the plants
may be stimulated by horse and hand hoeing. The
next point to be considered is when to commence
reaping. My own opinion is that, as a rule, we allow
the crops to be too far advanced before cutting. Last
year I cut a few acres of AVheat in a greener state than
usual (partly from having nothing else quite ready,
and partly from the fear of loss through shedding),
they being on the most exposed part of the farm.
After we had got the plot opened up and fairly started,
I could not help thinking we were doing wrong, and
wasting a good crop, so I took advantage of a slight
shower about mid-afternoon to call a halt, when there
was i acres cut. I threshed this portion out of
the stock, and was agreeably disappointed both with
quantity and quality ; it weighed then 62 lb. per
bushel. The greater portion of my Wheat was cut
hist year rawer than usual, from which cause I was a
considerable gainer in more ways than one. Perhaps
some of you may have seen in the Journal of Agri-
culture an interesting account of experiments made by
Mr. Hannam in Yorkshire as to the proper time to
cut grain. He first cut a portion of Wheat a month
before it was ripe; he then cut a similar portion a
fortnight thereafter ; and a third portion when it had
become ripe. The results showed a gain of 4 per cent,
in the portion cut two weeks before being ripe over
the ripe portion, and this gain was all m the superior
quality of the grain, it beina thinner and clearer ot the
skin, while the ripe w.as thicker and rougher, giving
more bran and less flour. In addition to this benefit
as regards the grain, Mr. Hannam alleged the foUowing
additional advantages;—!. Straw of a better quahty;

112

TEE GARDEKKIiS' CIIEONICLE A'^J) AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[July 20, 1867.

2, a better chance of securing the crop ; and 3, a saving
in securing it. I must say that I experienced all these
advantages last season in regard to my Wheat crop.
The next process after cutting is the getting of the
grain stacked. I do not know but we might with
considerable advantage take a leaf from the book of
our brethren south of the Tweed on this head.
Doubtless it is a fine sight to see a large, neat, well-
filled stackyard, but I question very much whether it
is the best and most economical mode to collect all the
grain on the farm into one particular circumscribed
place near the steading, and that place not the best
adapted for having a free circulation of air. In many
parts of England the grain is stacked on the field
where it grew, or in some adjacent ground where it is
easily got at with the portable mill for threshing. By
doing so fewer hands would be required ; or the same
hands who are employed to carry it home to the barn-
yard would secure double the quantity in the field,
which is often of great consequence in fickle weather,
and the grain would come much sooner into condition
for threshing than when crowded together in a close
place, and you get sooner quit of any extra hands, thus
lessening the expense. But you may tell me that the
work of taking home will have to be done some time.
True; but it may be done during a tack of frosty
weather, when there is little else to do for either men
or horses, while the roads will be in a better state for
carting.

A brief discussion followed the reading of Mr.
Cunningham's paper.

Farm MCemoranda.

White SpniNG Fabm, N. Y.— The recent purchase
of the Thorndale Short-horns, by James O. Sheldon, '
Esq., of Geneva, and the fact that, being previously
in the possession of a very fine herd, he was thus
placed in a position second to that of no other Short-
horn breeder in this country or in England — have
excited so much attention and interest, that we shall
be fully warranted in devoting somewhat more than
the usual space to a review of the White Spring Farm I
and Herd. \

The 300 acres which bear the name at our head, lie
on the western side of Seneca Lake, less than two
miles from Geneva, spreading over the gentle slopes of
two ridges of land, with the intermediate valley, and [
divided by a wide and well-graded road, giving con- '
yenient access to the different fields. The residence I
is surrounded by 40 or 50 acres in lawn and gardens,
shaded here and there by grand old Elms of the
orignial forest growth, while the view commands at a
glance nearly the whole farm, springs, trout-ponds,
meadow, grain-land, and pasture, with the spires of
Geneva, the waters of the lake, and in the farther
distance a rich farming country to the eastward,
and the highlands of Cayuga beyond. The manage-
ment of the fields is not neglected for the sake of
Southdown or Shorthorn, but is conducted in a most
systematic and practical manner— the meadows under-
drained where needed, enriched by top-dressings of
stable manure, plaster, gypsum, and ashes, and kept
free of weeds, while the limited area under the plough
(only about 30 acres annually) is equally clean and
productive. Mr. Sheldon's success with Grass is quite
unusual ; we doubt if three tons to the acre exceeds
his average, besides the after growtli fed off. There are
about 10 acres sown to winter Wheat, and here the
average of several years has been 40 bushels per acre,
and 430 bushels were taken from 10 acres in 1866.
Indian corn on well-manured sod is succeeded by Oats
or Barley : the stubble then ploughed twice, and the
Wheat drilled in from the 20th to 25th of September,
top-dressed with well-rooted manure at the rate of
30 two-horse loads per acre. Of the buildings, a part '
were on the place at the time of Mr. Sheldon's '
purchase, and a part have been added to meet the '■
increasing demands of the crops and herd. They are
well arranged for the purposes designed, and kept with
scrupulous cleanliness. I

It is now about 10 years since Mr. Sheldon's taste
for rural pursuits and prepossession in favour of the
Shorthorn, led to the foundation of the herd at White
Spring Farm, whitber he had at that time just
removed. He began by a few purchases from Samuel
Thorne, and was so much pleased with them, and found
the pursuit so much to his liking, that he has been

Gradually extending his field of operations ever since,
iut fortune at first was far from propitious, as the '
reader will see from the following statement. |

If Mr. Sheldon had not been determined to succeed, !
such losses, and the disappointments he met in breed-
ing, would have resulted in an abrupt abandonment of
the undertaking. On the list of the animals first
obtained from Thorndale, the purchase of three Duchess
cows gave him but one single female descendant, and
the Oxfords for a time did little better. But their
female produce have all been retained, aad have at this
time reached a value which would amply cover all the
losses sustained, heavy as they were, as well as their own
cost, and a satisfactory margin beside. The list of the
first purchases is as follows : —

Duke of Gloster (U,382).
Duchess 64th [died with her , Duchess 7lst, by Duke of
heifei" calf, soon after the ' Glo'ster, out of Duchess

Oxford 20 is a light roan, with strongly marked
Bates' characteristics— a great cow, broad back, hips,
and loins, horns too long and stout to suit the taste of
those who fancy the more delicate ones of most Short-
horn cows, but really better, for the Bates' cow seldom
tosses her horns. All her offspring have plenty of size
and substance at maturity, and in general appearance
resemble, as she does herself, her dam, Oxford 5th, by
Duke of Northumberland (1940). The most note-
worthy of tlie descendants from Oxford 20th is 4th
Maid of Oxford, by Imperial Oxford, colour red, a
model head and eyes, short fine neck, and the best
brisket, crops, loin, and ribs of any of the young stock
here, and withal good quality, and a look of breeding
to which words cannot do justice.

By the side of Oxford 20th stands Oxford by Romeo.
They are both in robust health — 12 and 13 respectively,
which puts them past much hope of farther breeding.
The latter is a red roan, large In size but short of
limb, broad and deep in body, a good milker. We have
known her 10 years, and never saw her otherwise than
in good show condition. In fact, we have believed for
a long time that this cross of Eomeo has given
the best results of any alien blood ever put into the
Bates' stock. It did not disturb the high-bred Bates'
current, but only imparted more volume and vigour.
Two living calves attest the judgment of Col. Morris
in breeding this cow, viz.. Gem of Oxford by 2d Grand
Duke (12,961), and the bull Oxford Lad (4220).

Gem of Oxford is a rich red roan, now in the full
development of cowhood — heavy and full in body,
broad back, hips, and rumps. When in show order,
with perfect heart and crops— brisket wide, deep, and
prominent, with a neat head and very short legs, as
grand a beast as is her dam, Gem is a better— a trifle
short-bodied, perhaps, but with this goes constitution,
feeding capacity, and, in this cow, good milking. She
has produced :—

Imperial Oxford (4905), mentioned later. '

4th Grand Duke of Oxford, white— not so good in length of
foreribs as we would like to see, but with the best style of j
hair, hide, crops, loins, flanks, and hind qu-arters. We ]
never put our hands upon a bull whoso quality pleased i
us better. Now owned by T. L. Harison, Esq., St. I
Lawrence county.
4th Countess of Oxford, also white-much like her d<aln,

colour excepted.
Red heifer calf, by 2d Duke of Geneva— promising yet to rival
Gem of Oxford in neatness, subst.ance, and all the good
points that go to make a first-class Shorthorn cow.

Oxford Lad, by Duke of Glo'ster, as a youngster, was
but plain-looking, had little beside his head, quality,
and breeding to recommend him. At two years old he
came out strong, winning 1st prize at Rochester
Meeting of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society in
1883, was soon after sold to Hon. David Christie ; has
proved a good getter, and winning at Provincial Show,
Hamilton, in 1864, his class prize, but was beaten for
tlie sweepstakes ribbon by his own son, out of imported
Miss Butterfly (Master Butterfly, bred by Mr. Sheldon).
At London, C. W., in 1805, he carried class prize,
sweepstakes, and the Prince of Wales' cup— the latter
prize open to bulls of all ages and breeds.

Duchess of Geneva is a grey-roan cow, quite large,
long, heavy liody, straight wide top, with a finer head
and horns than usually fall to the lot of a Duchess.
She has never been allowed to get in show- order, and
indeed her frequent confinements would prevent it, as
at 7i years old, she produced her sixth calf, and in the
following order: —
2d Duchess of Geneva, by 3d Duke of Thorndale— a roan of

great substance, but up to present time not breeding.
3d Duchess of Geneva, by O.vford Lad— in size, colour and

points like her dam. whose stall she shares.
4th Duchess of Geneva, red and white -a beautiful young cow,
and a study for the breeder— reproducing as she does, the
colour .and much of the style of Duchess by Daisy bull
(18G), 12 generations back in her pedigree. One who has
seen Dolby's picture of the last named cow would be at
once impressed with the resemblance. Fourth Duchess
has given Jlr. Sheldon two heifers ; one of them. Duchess
6th, by 3d Lord of Oxford, white and red -now a yearling,
and aside from her plain colour, without u fault, wiUi
extra good head, hair and quality.
3d Duke of Geneva— the only bull calf dropped by Duchess of

Geneva.
5th Duchess, white. | Both quite young, but

7th Duchess, red, with some white. ) of good promise.

Caution to Gardeners.— When you asu for

SATNOK ANn COOKE'S WAKkANTEU PEIZE
PRUNINO and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you jot thom.
Oliservo the mark Savnor, also the corporate mark Obtain
Wahranted, without which none .are genuine.

S. & C recrot having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of commoa
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makera.

S. & c.'s Pruning and J3udding Knives are the Dost and tha
cheapest in the market.

Paxton Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 125 years.

Glass for Garden Furposes.

JAMES PHILLIPS and CO,
beg to submit their REDUCED PRICES as follows :_

PROPAOATINO

2 Inches in diameter

3 ,.

10

Kach

—a.

d. 1

r

0

3(

0

4V

0

i>(

0

lit

0

S

0 10 [

1

<l

1

H

1

4

1

li

12 inches id diameter

13 „

20

2 0
2 6

& 0

6 0

7 0

11

HYACINTH and FLOWER DISHES.

6 inches diameter . . .. is. Od, | 0 mches diameter . . ., 10

12 lucbes diameter . . ..2s. Gd.

Hyacinth Dishes are intended to contain a number nf RootB

Bedded in and covered with Moss, instead of the common Hyacmth

Glass.

LACTOMETERS, for TestinK the Quality of Milk.

FourTubts .. .. 4s. 6rf. I Six Tubes .. ., 65. 6(i.

With Stands complete.

birth of the latter].
2d Duchess of Thorndale

[also died whcu near

calving],
Glo'stcr's O.xford.

66.

Oxford 20th.

Oxford by Romeo 03,619).

Bride of Oxford [died with-
out issue].

Duchess 71st bred Duchess of Geneva, by 2d Grand Duke

(12,961) Duke of Geneva (exported to England), and no

more,
Glo'ster's Oxford bred but two bulls (one of them 3d Grand

Duke of Oxford, owned by D. MacMillan, Esq., Xenia, O.),

and she too, died.
Oxford 20th, was for a long 'time barren, but fortunately

bred four heifers, all of whom have turned out as fruitful

as the veriest sCnib cow of the streets.

Notices to Correspondents.

Cows : / M. reports and asks as follows :— " A little time since
our dairymaid went to milk the cows as usual, and, to her
great surprise, she could yet but a very small quantity of
milk from one of them. The udder was quite soft, and
appeared to have been milked before the maid came. The
small quantity got from her was put ■with the other cows'
milk, and after it had been in the pan a few hours, the
cream which rose on the top was of a pink colour, quite
different from our cream at other times. In the evening of
the same day, she gave her usual quantity of milk, which
was kept separate from the other cows' milk, and on
examining the straining-cloth we discovered a clot or two of
blood. Since that time she has given her milk all right.
La-st week we bad another cow in the same way. This
lasted a day or two, after which the milk was as good as
ever. The first cow will have calf on the 6th of October,
and the other will calve on the 9th of the same month. My
object in stating this siniple circumstance is to ascertain, if
pos-sible, from your numerous correspondents whether there
is any truth iu the oft-repeated assertion that hedgehogs do
suck the cows, and cause tho milk to be bloody. Such may
be true, but I cannot believe it until I am assured by some
one who has seen the animal performing the milkmaid's
work. I am told by some parties here in Cornwall that
hedgehogs will eat egas, young birds, chickens, &c. I
should very much like to have the opinion of such of your
correspondents as may have had opportunities of proving
whether or no those things are tnie."

Glycerine : B. It is in a certain sense a refuse of the candle
manufacture, being that part of natural fatty matters the
separation of which is one of the objects of the manufacturer.
Its non-illuminating power renders its presence undesirable,
and its uses for other purposes make its separation a doubly
important consideration. Among its uses is said to be its
fitness for pig feeding, which is being tested in comparison
with cod-liver oil. i

HAND
GLASSES,

J

U-

\M

WITH
OPEN TOPS.

SU-UPB^

12 Inches
" ■■
16 .,

Each — s. d.

.. ..0 0

.. ..7 6

..8 6

18 inches
20 „ . .
22 „ ..
24 „ ..

Each.

c

6

Painted and Glazed with If-oz. Sheet Glass.

London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT KODGU
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes,
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at. the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates furwarded on application to
James Phillips & Co., ISO, Bishopsgate Street Without. E.C.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLING TON and CO.,
87, Bishopsgate Street Without, London, E.C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
M-ijesty, the NobiUty, Gentry, Mr. Rivers, and the leading Horti-
culturists of the United Kingdom.

In.

20 by 12

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

by 13/ (-15 (

by U^PerlOOfoet-

by 16 I (21 (

bv 16 -'

3rds. , 2nds. j Best.
ISsGd ISsGdhosOd

22s 2d 25sQd\2(is6d

20 by 16 -'

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

in. In.fin. in.(in in.lin. In. | 4ths. l Sds. [ 2nd3. , Best,

6 by4 7 by 6 8 by 6 a by 7 ) 19, <{rf n, 3d 16^ orf is* nrf
6iby4il 7§by 6i| 8i by Gjl 9i by ^^^ \i^^^djlJs ja^lbsm^weOd

Per 100 feet.

10 by8 12 by 9 12^ by lOJ'Hi by 10* )
lOi by 8i 121 by S)i 13 by 10 15 by lo" f

11 by 9 l:j by 9 ISj by lOj l.T by 11 (
UibyOi 12 by 10 14 by 10 |l4 by 11 )

LARGE SriEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet,
in. in. in. in. 1 in. in. in. in. 4ths, Sds. 2ndB. 1 Beeti
ISibvirtill by 12 22 by 13 22 by 10
10 by 10 Mibyl2i 17 bv 13 24 by 16"!
Hi bi' 111 la by 12 23 by 13 20 by 17
15 byll ISi byl2i IS by 14 22 by I7
15lbyllJ|l6 by 12 22 by 14 24 by 17 )
10 byll 16ibyl2J 24 by 14 20 by 18 f
21 byll 17 by 12 22 by 15 22 by 18
13 by 12 1 18 by 12 | 24 by 15 24 by 18 )

Tho above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.
SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 9 feet super.

14s 3d

losQd

18sGd'20«Od

15 07..

4ths quaUty, perSOOfeet case, 3Ss.
Sds „ „ 485.

2d8 „ „ 62s.

Best „ „ Q2s.

21 oz.

4th3 quality, per 200 feet case, 38a.
3ds „ „ 48s.

2ds „ „ 6Ks.

Best „ „ 96*,

SHEET GL iVSS is made only in tho following substances, 15 oz.,
21 oz., 2t)0Z., 32 oz., 36 oz., an'i 42 oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8th in., 3- 16th in., l-4th in,, and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, Ac, &c.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
wallSj re.sists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 36s. per cwt. One hundredweight of purs
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and sii gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTLCORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 34s. per cwt.
Anti-corrosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone_. Compo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Propared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon.

Per cwt.— s. d.
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, Sd.toHd. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.

to 44t/. per lb.
„ RAW UMBER. Hd. to
dd. per lb. [per lb.
,. BURNT do.. 6d. to 9d.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to GO 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 30 0
RED PAINT .. 28s. to 36 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon. — s. d.
LINSEED OIL .. ..3 8
BOILED OIL .. ..4 2

TURPENTINE .. ..3 6
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to Os. per cwt.
Fine OAK VARNlSH,10.'!.tol2 0
,, CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. 10s. to 12 0

„ COPAL 10 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE . . 10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN .. 12 0
GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
e.-tchange.

The above arc Net, for Cash, and as such caonot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application,

July 20, 1307.]

THE GARDENKl^S' CT^^^O^^IGI,E A^^T) AOrjCULTTlHAL GAZETTE.

773

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

IN CONNECTION WITH THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND, AT THEIR MEETING AT BURY ST. EDMUND'S,

1.5111 INST., HAVE AWARDED TO

MESSRS. J. B. BROWN & CO., London,

A FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE FOR THEIR

NEW PATENT BB PONY LAWN MOWER,

WITH SELF-DELIVEIUNG APPAKATUS.

ALSO A FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE FOR THEIR IMPROVED PREMIUM WIRE NETTING;

TWO FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES FOR GARDEN SEATS ; and

TWO FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES FOR CAST-IRON VASES AND TAZZAS.

J. B. BROWN AND CO., 148, UPPER THAMES STREET, LONDON, E.G.

S. OWENS & CO.

(Late CLINTON and OWENS),

MANUFACTURERS OF

«- PUMPS and HYDRAULIC MACHINERY,

WHITEFRIARS STREET. LONDON. E.G.

THE LANDSCAPE SKFTCH sho^^s in ad ifili n rf IHL IMPlC)\iD K\L)R\ULIC R\AI Tl is is a simple
Self-acting Machine, suited tor raising a bupply of \\ atei for use in Public and Pi i\ate Estahlibhment!'. Its adoption is not confiued to
positions as shown, but it is suited for any situation where a Tall can bo obtained from a Stream, Brook, or Spring.

S. OWENS AND CO. have fixed a great many in various pnrts of the country for raising from COO to COOO or more Gallons per day to
elevations varying from 3u to 3U0 feet, and forcing through Main Pipes 50 yards to several miles in length.

No. 37. lilPKOVED TREBLE BARREL PUMPS, with HORSE GEARING for Raising Watev from DEEP

WELLS, for the supply of MANSIONS and PUBLIC BDILDINGS.

No. 28a. DOUBLE BARREL PUMPS for HAND-POWER for similar purposes.

S. OWENS 4KD CO. Manuf&cture and Erect every description of Engineer's Work required In Public or Private Establishments, such as
PCMPSfornny purpose on the largest or smallest scale, STEAM ENGINES, WATER WHEELS, TURBINES, WARMING and DRYING
APPARATUS, BAl HS, GAS WORKS and FITTINGS. Estimates furnished fi-om Plans or on inspection of position.

1^^ Illustrated Catalogues Free on application.

JOHN WAENEE & SONS,

CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.C.,

BEASS and BELL FOTJKDERS to HER MAJESTY, HYDRAULIC ENCJINEERS.

35. WABNERS'

PATENT CAST-IRON

LIFT PUMPS.

2| inches diameter . . £1 8 6
2 1 0
2 6 0

„ .. 2 14 0

No. 37.

SHOBT-BAEBEL

DITTO,

FOR SINKS, PLANT

HOUSES, io.

2\ ins. diameter ,,£110

No. 547a.

GABDEN

ENGINE.

28 Gals
24 „
16 „
10 „

.£5 10
, 4 19
, 3 14
, 2 19

THE CRYSTAL PALACE FIEE ENGINE and
GABDEN POBTABLE POBCE PUMP.

Price on Barrow, with Branch Pipe, Spreader, Unions, and
Suction Kose, £6.

No. 42,

WARNERS'

I POBTABLE

PUMPS,

With Improved Valves for
Liquid Manure, £2 15s.

2-In. Flexible Rubber
Suction Pipe, in 10, 12,
and 1.5 ft. lengths, per
foot, 2*. ad.

No. 579J.

SWING

"W A T E B

BARROW.

No. 42.

50 Gals.
38 „

E "
20 „

. . £5 12
.. 3 17
.. 2 13
..2 2

very

l|-in. 2-ply Rubber Suction Pipe, per foot, 2s. 2d.
No. 547a. 10 „ ..2 19 li-in. ditto Delivery Hose, Is. 4<f. 20 ij ..2 2 No. 579^.

ILLUSTRATED and PRICED LISTS of Garden En^es, Swing Barrows, Aquajects, Syringes, and Fountain Jets sent on application.

oi- Hand Power ; Irrigating MacMneri/, Water WJieels, Water Rams, and

3" Estimates and Drawings forwarded for Beep Well Fimps, for Steam, Hi
description of Hydraulic Machinery.

774

THE GAUDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[July 20, 1867.

w,

S. BOTJLTON'S 36-saUon S'WING WATER

BARROW. Price 46s.
CaiTiage paid to any Station in England.

The abovo is very cheap and invaluable for carrying Liqmds of all
kinds. No Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen lard .should be with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Carriage at a small
additional cost. A Lad can easily work it ; but if required to travel
long distances over rougb ground a Pony can be jittaohed Ihe
vrheels and carnage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. Ihe 101-
lowing, out of many Testimonials, have been received ;—

J^roin Lord Otho FitzoERAi-n, West Parle, Salistmril.

" Sin,— You are welcome to make use of my letter rccommonding
your Water Barrow. I find it o( great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and more serviceable than one I had made in the noigh-
bourhood, the carriage alone of which, without the barrel, cost mo
£3 10s. I unfortunately ordered it before I saw your advertisement.
—I am, yours obediently, 0. FiTzoEn»i.D.

" To Mr. W. S. BocLTcv.'

From Tnos. Ikole, Esq., M.B., Emmmrth, Bants, June 24, ISGC.

"Sib —The Swing Water BaiTow is in every respect a most adniir-
.able improvement on all I have hitherto used in my Gardens. All
parties who have seen it. Gentlemen as well as Gardeners have
bestowed upon it their unqualiSed approval, and several s.aid .hej
would order them of you.— Yours truly, " Tuos. Ingle, M.U.

" To Mr. W. S. BooLTON."

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mii. GRAY begs to call the attention of th,e Nobility, Gentry, Nm-seiymen, Gardeners, &c., to hia

NEW OVAL TTJBXTLAIt BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quiclvness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work wilh
one-third less the amount requii'ed by any other.

Extract from Report in Gardeners' Chronicle 0/ International Exhibition, May 24, 1862, page 47tJ.

rather than a square, it seems fensiblo that the Eoilei-s on tho oval

Elan should bring the tubes more completely within range of thu
uming fuel; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,
is no doubt an improvement.

"Tile upright form of Boiler is usually made on a circular plan,
but the oval form given to Mr. Ghav's variety of it is said to be
preferable in consequence of its bringing the tubes in closer contact
with the Are. The usual form of a fmnace being a parallelogi-am

I^^ Uuy are made of all sizes, which,, with prices, may he had on application. '

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

Lawu

GREKN'S PATENT.
SHANKS' PATENT.

Mowers,

I SAMUELSON'S PATENT.
I BARNARD'S PATENT.

. DEANE & CO.,

46, KING WILLIAM ST., LONDON BRIDGE.

Horticultural Tools, &c.

LAWN MOWING MACHINES, 60s., 70s., 90s., 140.S.

GARDEN BARROWS, Wood and Iron, 21s. and 2Gs.

GARDEN ENGINES, Galvanised Iron. Price3,55s.,65s.,78,s., 90s.,100.s.,110.*.

GARDEN ROLLERS, £1 10s., £1 14s., £2, £2 7». Oti„ £2 12s. 0<i., £3 2s. 6t(.

STEEL DIGGING FORKS, SPADES. SCYTHES, io.

GREENHOUSE SYRINGES and GARDEN PUMPS.

WIRE NETTING and ORNAMENTAL WIRE WORK.

GARDEN SEATS and CHAIRS.

FLOWER STANDS, Cast-iron and Wire.

STRAINED WIRE FENCING and IRON HURDLES.

HOT-WATER FITTINGS for GREENHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES,
FORCING PITS, Sc.

Dean^s N'eio Itlitstrated Sorticidtural Catalogue post free
on application.

Established a.d. 1700.

DEANE and CO., 46, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, E.G.

THE ROYAL HORTIGULTU^^AL SOCfETY OF LOH

m CONNECTION WITH THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND, AT THEIR MEETING AT BURY ST. EDMUND'S,

15th INST., HAVE AWARDED TO

MESSES. J. B. BROWN & CO., London,

A FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE FOB THEIR

NEW PATEIT BB POIY LA WE" MOWEE,

"WITH SELF-DELIVEEINa APPAR.'VTUS.

ALSO A FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE FOR THEIR IMPROVED PREMIUM WIRE NETTING;

TWO FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES FOR GARDEN SEATS ; and

TWO FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES FOR CAST-IRON VASES AND TAZZAS.

J. B. BROWN AND CO., 148, UPPER THAMES STREET, LONDON, E.G.

SAMUELSON & CO.'S

IMPEOYED LAWl MOWIMG MACHINES.

•j

EVERT MACHINE 'WAREANTED.

^^"^' PRICES.

-,_ Delivered Free to tmij Railway' Station in Great Britain.

Cutting 12 inches -wide £4 10 0

Cutting 14 inches wide 550

\«!\ //^S?>~,.. ..(fiSk ""•«» Cutting 16 inches wide GOO

M ' t/fflPft ^% Cutting 19 inches wide C 10 0

»MlF'#i|[|' ^*iJ^^^ Cutting 22 inches wide V 10 0

"J'^'XCMn/C^^^^^ Is^- Cutthig 25 inches wide 12 0 0

■^''^'^^'^ ^}W^ ...^^^fe Cutting 30 inches wide 15 0 0

•^ liSTiQ^ S^^^^^^^^^S^S Cutting 3G inches wide IS 0 0

edges of beds. » i- vi i i, i

3d All the smaller working parts of the Machine are made of MaUeable Iron, and are not liaWe to break.

1^ BlmtraUd Price Lists, with selections from several Thousand Testimonials, Free ly Post on apphcatxon.

SAMUELSON and CoT^RITANNIA WORKS, BANBURY.

LONDON WAREHOUSE : 10, LAURENCE FOUNTNEY LANE, E,C.

JtILY 20, 1S(J7.

THE GAllDENERS' CHMNIOLE AND AGRICULTURAL OAZETTR

776

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the maCerlalfl,
t1z„ Boilers, Pipes, Ac. deliverod to any Station.
Estimates on application,

J. JoNEB & S0N8. C, Uankslde, Soutbwark. London. S.E.

or HO U S JilB To r '"tli 0 MILLION,
Invented by tbo late
.SIR JU.SEPU PAXTON.
BlaJiufac tones : London, Ulverstono (Lanca-
shire), Gloucester, Coventry, Aberdeen, and
Paisley only.

Illustrated Circulars, with revised List of
Prices, will be sent on prepaid application to
Messrs. IIkrhman k Morton, Ilead Ofllco,
7. Pall MaU East, Loncion. S.W.

P A NY'

C

OTTAM AND COM

COKSERVATORTand HOTHOCSE HOM.DERS, &C.,

Iron Works, 2, Wiusley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

24 30 inches long.
46f. Cfis. 92,t. G(/. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
S 3 4 inch.

1«. Qd. 2s. hi. 2s. \)d. per yard.
Matorials supplied as above,
or Ketimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to
COTTAM & Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Wlnsley Street,
(opposite the Pantheon),
' ■" ■ Ltudon, W.

COIL CASE

^ ^BgaBfla

HOT WATCH APPARATUS

Hot-water Pipes, with Elbowa
and Connections, suiiplied ity

BURY AND i'OLLARL).
Contracts and Estimates given
for WARMING PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS; latest Improvementain HEAT-
ING l>v HOT WATER; the Improved
CONICAL BOILERS, for Ileatlng
riiierio-s Conservatories, Greenhouses,
Mansions, Halls, Warehouses, rtc.
Solely Manufactured by Bokv & Pol-
lard. These Boilers are adapted fur
setting in Brickwork, or annexed
Sketch shows Burt & Pollard's im-
proved arrangement, requiring
NO BRICKWORK SETTING.
Tbeso Boilers have for their dura-
I bility and economy attained a cele-
brity far surpassing any other Boilers
ever invented. They have been for
many years p;'st in use at many PuMic
Establishments, Royal Botanical Gar-
dens at Kew, at the Regent's Park,
Cnstft! Palace, and at most of the Nobility's and Gentry's Seats
luiiout the United Kingdom. References where they have
I ir 20 years in constant tise.
I Hue Lists on application to Bcry & Pollard, Park lion Works,
Now Park Street, Southwark, London, S.E.

/ UiANSXON'S i^VTENT BUILDINGS for

\y HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Glazing wiibout Putty."

" Glass without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Lights."

Tticblv Comnicndeii bv tlie Pvoval Jlorticullural Society, South

K' i..,;u^loii.

rians and Estimates tree on appliaitiou. Descriptive Eoot fully
1 1 titrated, post free for 20 stamps, fVom the Author and Patentee,
.Jaielg Crakston, Architect, Blmimgham.

Works ; Highgate Street, Birmingham.
Henrt J. C'Ri-wTxoy, :il:uuiger, 1. Temple Row West, Birmineham.

Greenliouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION ,

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWAEDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Conatruction, and
Apriication of WKUUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildings.

OUR PATENT WROCGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER
VATOEIES are of the highest order.

OOE PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmoapheiic conduction,

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
urnmgement.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr, Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfaihng result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM
iQd f LANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
Improved system.

OUa PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heaied upon the improved system, ai-o calculated to secure
tbo growth of first-class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early worlt.

OUR PATENT WEOUGHT-IRUN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRT HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent HoiLses can bo glazed with or without putty.

These Hou.sca are now protected by three Hoyal Letters Patent,
md from the complete adjustment of their constructional parts will
vie most favourably with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Desifcns and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

illustrated Catalogues on application to tho Patentees,

T. H. P, Deksis & A. ScRL-BY, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31, Bankslde, London. S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, from StocK, per yard :— 2-lncb, Is. 2d. ;
S-lneh,ls. lOd. ; and4-lnch. 2,^. id. BENDS, from Stock, 1«.0<I.,2«. flri.,
nnd '3h. each. THROTTLE VALVES, KM,, I3w.,and U.^. each. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all gomis of fli-st-class maini-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

Heating by Hot Water.

HOT-WATER riPES, at AVholnsalo Prices, witli
Elbows, Synhons, Teo-I'ipes, and every other connection ;
Wriiught aud Cast-iron Boners, Saddle, Conical, Cylinder, Tujiulaii,
and Elliptic, from 24j». each. Improved Boilers and Iron Stands to
u.-ie without brickwork, fiiM. each. Valves from lOa. Qd. each. Patent
Valves, Improved Furnace Dooth, Furnace Bar.s, Supply ClstornH,
aud Castings of every description In stock, at

Mr. LvNcii Wkitl's Iran Wharf. Upjier Ground Street, Blackfriars
Bridge, London, S. I'liro List on a[>pliciilion.

West of England, Ireland, and Wales.

VINCENT SKINNER (l:ite
Partner with
WKt:KS & Co.), HoRTrruL-
tural BuiLiH.n anil Hut-

WATBK API'AIIATIH M ANU-

facturkr. IIKATIN(i
on tho ONE-noii,KU
SYSTEM. Plan.s audi
Estimates on application.
si:r, Stokes Croft. Brifttul.

Midland Steam Power Horticultural and Hot Water

Works, Loughborougli.

rn G. MESSENGER, Midland Steam Power

JL « Horticultural Works, Loughborough, Hot- Water Apparatus
and Valve Manufacturer.

Honourable Mention awarded at the International Exhibition, 1S02,
and if. the Dublm Exhibition, 18C5 ; also a Firfit-class Certificate by
tho Royal Horticultural Society.

T. G.Messevger. Patentee of many important improvements In
Buildings and Implements connected with Horticulture, and which
meet with unqualified :\pprobation, is prepared to give reference to
hxmdieds of works entrusted to him and pre-eminently answering
the purpose for which they were constructed.

Any House Glazed single or double, vrith or without putty.

The mode adopted by T. G. Messenger forll eating and Ventilating
Forcing Houses is particularly successful.

Houses are constnicted by his Patented Ventilating principle to
open the whole of roof and sides as though the glass were entirely
removed, at oneo placing the plants in the external atmosphere.

T. G. Messenokr's Boiler posse.oses all the advantages of the
Tubular and Saddle combined, has hollow furnace bai^s, requires but
a shallow stokehole, and exposes as much surface to the direct action
of the fire as can possibly be obtained, the whole of which can be
easily cleaned ; and it is an important fact that out of upwards of
GuO now at work made upon the improved principle not one has
cracked,

T. G. Messenger's Valve (single or double) is effective, simple,
easy to work, and as durable as the pipe to which it is attached

Designs and Estimates supplied for all kinds of Horticultural
Works, and guaranteed to answer the purpose for which they may
be intended.

The New Furnace Ear

{Warriner'h Patest).

THIS BAR is particularly adapted to FIRES for
VINERIES, GREENHOUSES, &c., and all FURNACES
worked on the principle of slow combustion. The saving of Fuel
elfected is very great; nearly all the Smoke is consumed If care be
taken, and the fire can bo so regulated that any temperature
desired can bo kept up for at least 12 hours without stoking or
further trouble. Any Bricklayer can set up these Bars without
deranging much of the brickwork. They are in use in many Con-
servatories, and give the highest satisfaction. Testimonials will be
forwarded on application to the Proprietors,

The Ventilating Furnace Bar Company, Limited, 9, Mincing Lane,
London, E.C.

Specimens of these Bars may be seen in the Eastern Arcade of the
IlorticuUural Gardens, South Kensington.

Tbe Gardener's Watch.

PATENT LEVER WATCH in
Engine-turned Silver Case, with all the
latest improvements, jewelled, seconds hand,
strong, and calculated lOr hard wear, il. 14s. Gd.
The same Watch in Hunting Cases, 51. 5s.
STRONG SILVER ALBERT and GUARD
CHAINS.

The above being Manufactured on the Pre-
mises, are with confidence recommended and
warranted for correct performance.
Illustrated Pamphlet, and all particulars gi-atts, on application to
GoLnsiiiTDs" Alliance (Limited), 11 & 12, Comhill. London, E.C.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., begs to announce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the samo by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. Jobn Gibson, ]un., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

/ 1 EORGE F. MORRIS (of the Firm of Protheuoe

VT & Morris) imdertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasehold and Reversionary Property
of every description. Farming and Market Gai'den Produce, House-
hold Furniture, Stock in Trade, Ac.
Auction and Estate Agency Office, The Limes, Leytonstone, Essex.

To General Contractors.

BOROUGH of LIVERPOOL.— STANLEY PARK.—
TENDERS are required for MAKING WALKS, EXCAVAT-
ING and PUDDLING LAKE, and general GROUND WORK,
according to Plans, Sections, and SpeciflcatioDS. which may be seen
at the Office of the Architect and Sorveyor, Town Hall, Liverpool.
Tenders, in accordance with the Specification, to be sent in to thu
Ahchitect's Office, Town Hall, on or before TUESDAY, July 3(i,
addressed to the Chairman of the Improvement Comtuittee, and
endorsed "Tender for Ground Work at Stanley Park ; Contract No, 1.
The lowest or any other Tender will not necessarily be accepted.
Ai-chitect'3 OfSce, Town Hall, July 10, 1J<G7.

Oxford-Down Rams.

MR. DRUCE ofiers for" SALE, by Private Contract,
this Season, about 30 SHEARLINGS, and a few TWO-SHEAR
OXFORD.DOWN RAMS, which may be seen at any time, as well
also THE FLOCK on the Farm. The Sheep have not been housed.
Eynahara, Oxford, July, 1867.

G

Farm Pouitry.

REY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any

numbei-a.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breedej-g.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and oftriy maturity.
BEAHMA-POUTRA, CREVECtEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for coustant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
Jobs Bajlt & Sow, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

To Nurserymen and Seedsmen.

WANTED, a SMALL BUSINESS in the above Lino.
Add reus A. T., Oardenert' Chroiiicli Office, W.C.

Horton Klrlay and Farnlngham. Kent.

To Markkt Gardenbrs, Fiumt Growern, anu Othrrs.

TO BE LET, on ]-easn, cithtr as a Whnlr or in Lots,
with poKHosalon at MichaoliiiaH next, a valuable FARM of
3'-'0 Acres of Market Garden, Hop. and Fruit Land, in a high Htato of
Cultivation, with Cottages and Buildlngn, sltuato in thu high road
from l''arningham and Dartford, and within a iiuartor of anilloof
thu l''aruiniiham Road Station uii tho London, Clmtham, and Dover
Railway.

For particulars apply to Messrs. Norton, Trist, Watnkv. & Co .
02, Old Broad Street, Royal Eschant-o, K.C.

To Nurserymen.

AWELL-ESTABLISJIED SUBURBAN BUSINESS.
—Extent of Grounds about Six Acro<<, with 11 OroonhouROfl,
Forcing Pita, &c. Returns good ; capabie of great increaMu ; long
Lease ; Rent low. For cards, ftc., apply to

Mr. J, C. KicRADv, Surveyor, ic, 50, Bedford Row, W.C.

To Nurserymen, Florists, and Others.

TO BE SOLD, the LEASE of a well-stocked
NURSERY, of several Acres, with Cottage, Propagating,
intermediate, and Greenhouses, Sheds, Stabling, &c., doing a good
Trade. Established 25 years ; i>rcsent Proprietor retiring.

Apply to Mr. Prinole, NurBeryman, Norwood, Surrey, S.

fl.^OR DLSJ'OSAL, a First-class KURSERY and SEED
-1 BUSINI'.SS; or the present Proprietor would accept of a

WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of nut less than £1600.
Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, C, Leadenhall Street

London. E.C.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLlAfil UEAX, li.ivinp: dctenninod on residing in
London again, oll'ei-.s fur SALE, with immediate possession,
the NURSERY at SHIPLEi', consisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked,
and with Dwelling House, &c., is held on Lease; also tlio SEED
SHOP, in BRADFORD (tho only one in the town), which is well
fitted up, and where there isagood business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds, Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, &c. Tho Nursery
is 2i miles from the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to tho purchase money required, and
will be a great bargain to the purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
tunity lor a large house in the South to establish a Branch Business
hero, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
niucn increased. For particulars apply to
WiLLiAir Dean'. Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen desiring to Possess a

FiN'E Paviliox for PLKASi'at GnouNPS OR Extensive Gardens.

MESSRS. TROLLOPE desire to invite attention to
the large and handsome IRON BUILDING, designed by an
eminent Arcnitect, who prepared Special Drawings and Super-
intunded the Modelling 01 every part, the strength of the whole
being determined and tested by Engineers mainly engiigcd in the
production of Iron Structures. The Building is of noble propor-
tions, and is aboot 80 feet long by 40 feet wide; it presents a most
ornamental and pleasing object. It was originally prepared for tho
East, but it is highly calctdated for the reception of Hardy Plants,
Statuary. Bronzes, &c., and to be used as a Saloon for D'Cjeftners,
FOtes, or Dancing. It is to be SOLD at a considerable reduction
from the cost pm-e. It is temporarily erected by permission in the
Grounds of the Horticultural Gardens.

Full particulars to bo had at the Office of Me-ssrs. Thollope,
Halkin Street West, where a Photograph can be seen.

^alcg tig Auction.

Established OrcMds.

ME. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
bis Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY, July 20, at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, a Collection
of ORCHIDS in the best possible conditioo ; most of them line
specimens and choice varieties, and well worthy the attention of
buyers of established plants.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Sliropsliire Sheep.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL (Secretary to the Birming-
ham Cattle Show) respectfully invites attention to the follow-
iniportant SALES of pm-e-bred SHltOPSHIRE SHEEP, Catalogues
and full particulars of which may be obtained on application at the
Auctioneer's Offices, 39, New Street, Birmingham.

Sliropsliire Sheep.

The Leese Farm, SxAFFoRn.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION,
on TUESDAY, July 30. 25 SHEARLING 'RAMS, ?. older
RAMS, about 20 RAM LAMBS, and 26 splendid BREEDING
EWES of "Patentee" blood, the property of Mr. S. Bjrd, whose
unrivalled reputation as a successful breeder of Shropsbires will be
fully maintained by the specimens shown tbis year.

Sliropsliire Sheep.

The Leese Farm, Stakford,

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL (Secretary to the Bir-
mingham Cattle Show) is instructed to SELL, on TUESDAY,
July 30, immedlatelv after Mr. S. Byrd's Sheep— Fifty excellent
Breeding SHROPSHIRE EWES, the property of Mr.jFrederic Byrd.

Shropshire Sheep.

HoLLT Bank, near BuuTus-upoN-TBBifT.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION,
on TUESDAY, August C, 30 SHEARLING and older RAMS
and CO BREEDING and SHEARLING EWES, the property of
Willougbby Wood, Esq.

At the same time will be BOLD two highly- descended young
SHORTHORN BULLS.

The high and exposed situation on which these sheep are bred
renders them particularly hardy in tlietr constitution.

Shropshire Sheep.

ELFORn Parr, Tamworth.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION,
on WEDNESDAY, Augu.st 7, 35 SHEARtiNG .and older
RAMS, and 120 BREEDING and SHEARLING EWES, the
property of Mr. G. i. May.

Shropshire Sheep.

Toe Sixth Annual Great Ckntrai, Sale at Einglet Hall,

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION.
on THURSDAY, August 8, SHROP-SHIRE RAMS and
E WES, tho property of several eminent Breeders, including the
Right Hon. Lord TSenlock, Charles Randell, Esq., Messrs. Braun,
Briscoe, P. Lowe, Nock, Pilgrim, Steednian, Lytbail, &c.

Entries should 'be forwarded at once, that the same may ho
properly advertised, ^^^^

Shropshire Sheep.

The MocKT, GnESnoN, kear Atherstone, Warwickshire.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL br ADCTION,
on FRIDAY, September 6. 4(1 SHEARLI'NG and older
KAMS, and 120 STOCK and SHEARLING EWES, the property or
Mra. Baker.

The Grendon Hock is fully up to Its usual high standard of
general excellence.

Shropslilre Slieep.

PrpE Tla.-i:, \f..*r Lichfield.

ME. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION,
on FRIDAY, September i:l. OT SnEARLlS'G and TWO.
SUEAR RAMS, and 12U &TOCK ami hlliABLING EWE.S, tSa
property of Mr. J. H. Bradburne. .

The Owner particularly iuYites an cirly inspection of nis Sheep.

776

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[July 20, 1867.

GEEEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOE,

OK

NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, and COLLECTING MACHINES.

PATRONIZED BY

HEB MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN

ON TWENTY-NINE DIFFERENT OCCASIONS.

H.E.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES.

THE KING OP THE BELGIANS.
THE EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH.
THE EMPEROR OF RUSSIA.

AND MOST OF THE NOBILITY, CLERGY, AND GENTRY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

THOMAS GREEN and SON, in introducing their PATENT LATVN MOWERS for the present season, beg to state that they have no Novelties to report. The fact is,
that after the severe tests their Machines have been subjected to since they added their latest improvements, they have been found to meet all the requirements for which they
are intended, viz. : — the keepinq of Lawns in the highest state of pekfection.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease than any other Lawn Mower extant ; and in proof of their
superiority, 39,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

THEY ABE THE ONLY MACHINES IN CONSTANT USE AT

THE ROYAi HORTICULTURAL SOCIETYS GARDENS, SOUTH KENSINGTON"

THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS. REGENT'S PARK

THE CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GARDENS, SYDENHAM

BUCKINGHAM PALACE GARDENS

MARLBOROUGH HOUSIi

THE HYDE PARK GARDENS

THE WINTER PALACE GARDENS, DUBLIN

THE DUBLIN BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LIVERPOOL BOTANIC GARDENS

THE LEEDS ROYAL PARK

THE HOLL BOTANIC GARDENS
THE BOTANIC GARDENS, BRUSSELS
THE SUNDERLAND PARK
THE PRESTON PARK

AND IN MOST OF THE PRINCIPAL PARKS, SQUARES, ETC., IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

GREEN'S

PATENT

LAWN MOWERS

have proved to be the beat, and
canied off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of com-
petition.

T. GREEN & SON

warrant every Machine to give
entire satisfaction, and if not j
approved of can be returned I
unconditionally.

PRICES of HORSE, PONY, and DONKEY MACHINES, including Patent Self-delivery Box ; Cross Stay complete ; suitable for attaching to

ordinary Chain Traces or Gig Harness,

PONY AND DONKEY MACHINES.

To Cut 26 inches
. „ 28 „ .,
„ 30 „ .,

£13 0 0

IS n n ( Leather Boots for Donkey, 18s.

' io " " ? Leath^ Boots far Bony, 22s.

, 17 0 0

HORSE MACHINES

To Cut 30 inches

£21 0 0\

„ 38 „ ..

24 0 of

jj 4j m • •

27 0 q)^^*

„ 48 „ ..

30 0 OJ

Leather Boots for Sorse, 26s.

Both the Horse, Pony, Donkey, and Hand Machines possess (over all other Makers) the advantage of Self-sharpening. The cutters being steel on each side, when they
become dull or blunt by running one way round the cylinder, can be reversed again and again, bringing the opposite edge of the cutter against the bottom blade when the
Machine will cut equal to new. Arrangements are made that the cylinder can be reversed, by any inexperienced person, in two or three minutes.

HAND MACHINES.

To Cut 10 inches
., 12 „
., 14 „
„ 16 „

, £3 10 0 Suitable for a tachj

4 10 0

5 10 0 Suitable for One Berson

6 10 0

To Cut 18 inches .. JB7 10 0 Suitable for One Berson.

„ 20 ,,..800 Suitable for Tm Berson.
„ 22 „ .. 8 10 0

., 24 „ .. 9 0 0 „ ,. ,i

Packing Cases are charged at the following low rates, viz. ; — for the 10 and 12-inch Machine, 3s. ; 14 and i6-inch, 4s, ; 18 and 20-inch, 5s. ; 22 and 24-inch, 6s. Parties
providing themselves with Lawn Mowers are recommended to purchase the cases in which to stow them away, when not in use, to prevent them from getting damaged ; i1
returned, two-thirds will be allowed for them.

The above MACHINES are made from the best materials, and of superior workmanship ; are delivered Carriage Free to all the principal Railway Stations and Shipping Porte

in England.

Every Machine la warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of, can be returned Uljconditionally.

T. G. AND SON have to state that the demand for then: LAWN MOWERS this season has been unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which thej

are held. The 3000 Machines they had in stock at the commencement of the season are now materially reduced, still with their present facilities they are prepared ti

execute Orders on the day they are received.

Having taken very extensive Premises in London, we are in a position to do all kinds of Repairs there, as zoell as at our Leeds Establishment.

THOMAS GUEEN and SON, SMITHPIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS;

and d4 and 6b, BLACKFitlAES ROAD, LOHTDON, S.

EaitorialCoiamumcations should be addressed Co" The Editor;*' AdTertisemeots and Business Lettera to " The Publtaher." at the Office, 41, WelUnfrton Sti'ept.Cofent Garden, London. "W.C. , ^ ..

Printed by James Mattbbws, at the Office of Messrs. Bti*dburt, Evans, & Co.. Lombard Street. Pr.'Cilnct of Whltefriars, Olty of Loudon, ia the Co. of fttlddleaex, and PubUahed by the eaid J4«M Matthews, at the
Office, No. 41, Wellington Street, Pariah of St. Paul'i, CoTent Garden, in the said County.— SATCanAT, July 20, 1867.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 30.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

' SATURDAY, JULY 27.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, ^d.

Agricultural Employment Bill
Austin SMcAalan'a nursery..
Austin (Mi.), testimonial to..

Dees

Bill.ARrieultuml Employment

Books notleid 780 c-

Uury, anncultural mectinR at

— liortlculturol meeting at
Cattle, Shorthorn

— Ayi'shlre

Cliocse factories

Cocoa-nut, double

Connress, French Pomoloftical

Convprsazione al South Ken-
sington

CoroiilUa varia

CottaRCH, labourers

Cucumbers, from cuttingn....
Cucumber box

— niuiTniu

Deodars

Ekks

Elymus nrennrius

Form, Kirkby Thore

— Mdrsh

Farm notes ,

Farmer's sliortcominga

Findlay subscription

Gardeners, hint to

Grapes, Mrs. Pince's

GiTisses, agricultural

INDEX.

781 c
705 e
795 c

785 c
782 a
781 b

788 a
784 b
794 b

Implements, afn'icultumt .... 7

Insect parasite* 7

LUIum auratum 782 ri— 7

Mancliester 18G8 exhibition .. 7i

Melons, treatment of 7

Novelties, purchasei'8 of 7

Oleanders 7

OranRcs in the Azores 7

Orchard-house trees 7

Orchids at exhibitions 7

PtirLs, letters from 7

pelargoniums, origin of double 7

— show of varienatcd

zonul .. 7

— ditto at Bury '-

Plants, new , 7

KetinasporaH, hardiness of .. 7
Kosc, prolifled 7

— Mr.C Lee 7

Relaainella-. cultivated 7i

Society. Entomological 7

— Glasgow Hoitieultural . 7

— Royal Aftriculiural .... 7

Solanum galeatum 7

Steiun power at Bury 7

Trees, transplanting 7

Tricbinium Slanglesii 7

Vetches and Rye, remarkable 7

■\\ heat crop 7

TVinters, Welsh 7

■\Voodlice 7

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
AWARD of JUDGES at BURV ST. EDMUND'S SHOW.
Additions axd CoRnEcxioNs (see p. 60).
Class 31. —C LYCOPODIUMS.
1st, Mr. D. T. Fish, Hardwicke House, ^3.
3d, Mr. T. D. Irving, Easton Park, £1.

Class J9.— NEW HARDY ORNAMENTAL PLANTS.
Special Cortiljcato to Mr. Standisli, Ascot, for ReLinospara filifera.

MISCELLANEOUS.
Extrii, Mr. R. Fenn, £1, lor Colle;;tion of Old and New Potatcs.
Speciiil Certific'ite, Mr. R. Fenn, for Wines made from Outdoor
Grapes ; also for Bee products.

COTTAGERS' PRIZES.
In Classes 1 to 10 the Prizes should be Shillings instead of Pounds,
as printed.

MANCHESTER BOTANICAL and HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.— A GRAND EXHIBITION of PLANTS,
FRUITS and FLOWERS will be held at the Gardens, Old Trafford,
on TUESDAY, August 27, and four following days, In connection
with the GREAT CENTENARY CELEBRATION SHOW of the
MANCHESTER and LIVERPOOL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Charges for admission: — First day, 2j!. 6d, each; remaining days,
Is. each ; Subscribers to tho Botanic Gardens free each day.

Schedules may be obtained at the Gardens, or from the Under-
signed. Military Bands lu attendance. By Order,

Cooper Street. Manchester. Henry Whitwoutu, Secretary.

ISHOP AUCKLAND FLORAL aQd~HORflCUL-

TURAL SOCIETY will hold their ANNUAL EXHIBITION

in AUCKLAND PARK on AUGUST 30, when upwards of £350

win ba awarded m Prizes. Schedules may he obtained on applica-

tiOQ to Mr. J. C. Hendy, Secretary, Bishop Auckland.

ERBYSHIRE FLORAL and HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETY.— ANNUAL EXHIBITION, in connection with
the Derbyshire Agricultural Exhibition, ou WEDNESDAY, Sep-
tember 18. Prizes of £15, £10, £5, £3 10s., and £2 are Loffered for
Groups of Twelve Stove or Greenhouse Plants (or both), in or out of
flower. Ornamental or Variegated Foliage Plants arranged for effect
(Orchidas oxcluded). Schedules of Prizes and any farther informa-
tion may be obtained on application to the Honorary Secretary, Mr.
WiLLiAu Sadnders, Wellington House, Derby.

RCHIDS.— J. D. to H. J. An.— Letter dated 16th.

received ; further information required, or a personal interview
ia requested ; latter prelerred. Strictly confidential.

A COLLECTION of ORCHIDS, of unrivalled richness,
consisting of about 1100 Specimens, is to be SOLD, if possible
in one lot; Doubles may also be had. Parties inclined to buy are
requested to send their address, prepaid, to
Z. E., SZ\, Messrs. Haasensteln & Vogler, Hamburgh.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES.
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RioBARD Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Vines, Extra Strong from Eyes. '

JOHN KELLETT begs to announce that he has a large
and fine stock of all the leading sort s fit for Immediate Piantmg.
Also all the best varieties of ROSES, in Pots.

Wellington Nursery, Heaton Chapel ; and Green Lane Nurseries,
Heaton Norris, Stockport.

Strawberries.

CHARLES TURNER is now prepared to supply strong
Plants of the best modem kinds, as well as all the leading
established varieties, true to name.

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may be had on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

New Cherry.

CHARLES TURNER begs to announce that the NEW
CHERRY, FROGMORE EARLY BIGARREAU, raised by
Mr. Ingram, at the Royal Gardens, will be sent out in Autumn next.
For description see Qardeners' Chronicle of July 13. A Drawing is
being prepared by Andrews for distribution.

The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

LSuDerb New Late Grape, Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat.
UCOMBE, PINCE, and CO. beg to thank their very
numerous supporters, and to inform them that they will com-
mence sending out the VINES of this splendid Grape on August 1.
Orders, if sent now, will be executed in strict rotation.

Their NEW GLOXINIAS and ACHIMENES, which will be sent
out at the same time, are a sight worth fseeing ; the Public are
earnestly invited to an inspection.— Exeter Nursery, Exeter.

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted

E Nursery Stock.

IGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries,

TTo Cultivators of Succulent and other Plants.
COOPER, Helmsdale Road, Reigate, has a large
• collection of SUCCULENT and other Plants, including
450 varieties of CACTI ; also ALOES, HAWORTHIAS, AGAVES,
TE8TDDINARIA ELEPHANTIPES, &c. ; also many new and
interesting Plants raised from South African seeds.
Orders pimctually attended to.

Calceolaria. Cineraria. Primula fimbrlata.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply NEW SEED of the
above, saved from choicoat noworH,m packets, !«., 24'. CJ., and
ts. each, post tVeo,

Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Readinj?.

TNTERNATIONAL PRIZE CALCEOLARIA,
X CINKRAUIA, and PRIMULA.— These are unquestionably the
handsonioat in cultivation. Now Seed now ready, lu packets, 2s. Od.
each, froc by post,

Edwin Cooling, Seed Merchant, Derby.

CALCEOLARIA, CINERARIA, and PRIMULA
SINENSIS.— Seed of each, from tho choicest and moat beautiful
flowers, in 2^. Crf. and fiS. packets, post free.
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD, or OX CABBAGE,

3.t, Cid. per lb. (Seed of Mr, Robinson's own saving.)
DRUMHEAD, or OX CABBAGE (old sort}, 2s. per lb.

Together with all other Seeds for present Sowing. Parcels of
two pounds and xipwards carriage free,

James Diceson & Sons. " Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

Extra Fine Fringed Primulas.

DOBSON'S CELEBRATED STRAIN, that has stood
II ten years' test, is now ready for sending out in In., 28. Gd., and
6s, packets. The quality may be dependod upon,

DoBsoN & Sons, Seedsmen, Islewortb, London, W.

Prize Cineraria Seed.

DOBSON'S UNEQUALLED STRAIN, which has
taken 50 First Prizes in six years, is now ready for sending out.
Fine new seed, in Is., 2s. Gd., and 6k. packets.

DoBsoN k Sons, Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W.

DOBSON'S STEAIN of PRIZE CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and FRIMOLA. the flnest in Cultivation.

es" For Present Sowing.

DOBSON'S INTERN ATIUNAL, ROTAL HORTI-
CULTaRAL, ROTAL BOTANIC, CRYSTAL PALACE, and
KINGSTON PRIZE and UNEQUALLED HYBRIDISED CAL-
CEOLARIA now ready, in Sealed Paclcets. witli full Du-ectiona for
Sowing and Growing, Is. 6d., 2s. 6d., 33. Gd., and 5s.

DoBSON & Sons. Seedsmen, Isleworth. London, W.

WILUAMS" SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.
See large Advertisement.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBHIATA.— A most superb
strain, and cannot be surpassed, C varieties, mixed, Is. 6d. &, 2s. 6d.
per packet. CALCEOLARIA and CINERARIA, extra, Is. & 2s. 6d.
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Choice Seeds.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON strongly recommend the
following :—
PRIMULA SINENSIS PIMBRIATi^, of the flnest possible strain,

Red, White, or Mixed, 2s. 6ri., 3s., and 6s. per packet.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from James' choice strain, very fine, 2s, Od.,

3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet.
CINERARIA, from named flowers, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6ii., and 5s. per packet.

For other Choice Seeds see CATALOGUE, post free.
^Highgate Nurseries. London, N.

Russell's Pyramid Primula.

Tqe Finest Strain in Existence.

GEORGE CLARKE has New SEED of the above
unequalled varieties, 2s. 6d. per packet; also the Fem-leayed
kinds, 2s. Qd. ; Kermesina (scarlet), 2s. Qd. ; The Fairy (a lavender
colour) Is. All of the best quality. Now is the time to sow for
strong early plants.

Nurserv, Streatham Place, Brixton Hill, S. ; and Mottlngham,
Kent, S.E.

Variegated Geraniums.

CASBON AND SON hold a large stock of above.
Prices on application.
G-ravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and PIRST-CLASS
ROSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &o., advertised at length in
this Paper in May last.

Papl s Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

TVY-LEAVED PELARGONIUAI, L'ELEGANTE.

-L strong Plants, 3s. 6d. each ; 36s. per dozen.

Larger Plants, &s, each ; 60s, per dozen.
Usual allowance to the Trade, For description see former
Advertisements. Cash or reference must accompany all orders
from unknown correspondents,

Wm. CnwsixqnAM, The Forge Nurseries, Burton-on-Trent.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.

INTENDING PURCHASERS of TRICOLOR
PELARGONIUMS will do well to see J. Watson's beautiful
Tricolors MISS WATSON and MRS. DIX, previous to making their
purchases. For fine foliage, excellent constitution, free growth, and
brilliancy of colouring they are unrivalled. They have received two
JB'lrst-class Certiflcates, Plants of Miss Watson in August, £2 23. each;
Mrs, Dix in May, 1668, 31s. 6d. each,

New Fern Catalogue.

WROLLISSON AND SONS beg to announce that
• their NEW CATALOGUE of STOVE, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and TREE FERNS Is now ready, and will be forwarded
post free on application.
The Nurseries, Tooting. Surrey, S,

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps. Part I, (British Ferns and their varieties, 36 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7,

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway,

Betinospora filifera.

JOHN STANDISH is the holder of the stock of the
above most distinct and beautiful weeping CONIFERA- It Is
of a pale glaucous green, with slender thread-like branches a foot
long, which hang in the most graceful manner, and altogether the
most distinct weeping plant ever offered to the Public, it is also
perfectly hardy. Strong Plants, now ready, 31s. Gd. each.
Royal Nursery, Ascot. ^^

Hardy and Permanent Bedding Plant.

CLEMATIS JACKMANNI, and that type, have proved
themselves to be "the desideratum" for a good violet, blue,
purple, or maroon bed, wnen pegged down like Verbenas.

The Advertisers solicit an inspection of their CLEMATIS BEDS
that are in FULL BLOOM, and will continue up to the month of
October. Particulars of treatment by applying to

Geo. JACftUAN & Son, Woklny Nursery, Surrey.

Roses In Bloom.

WM. PAUL'S ROSES are NOW IN FULL
BLOOM. Inspection respectfully invited. Trains almost
hourly from Shoreditch to Waltham Station, Great Eastern Railway.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

Roses.

HLANE AND SON beg to call the attention of
• Intending Purchasers to their extensive COLLECTION of
ROSES, which are NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and worthy of
inspection.

The Nurseries, Great Borkhampstead, Herts.

At the Old Nurseries, Cheshunt,

PAUL AND SON'S ROSES are NOW FINELY IN
BLOOM. The Show is finer than for many years past.
Frequent trains to Cheshunt, one mite Irom tlie Narseries.
Their large and varied Collection of HARDY FINE-FOLIAGE
TREES and SHRUBS are in good condition lor selection,

Roses. "

JOHN CRANSTON has the pleasure to announce
that his ROSES are NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and that tho

whole of his stock is in the flnest condition possible.

The severe frosts (which proved so destructive in many parts of
England throughout last winter) not havinj^ visited this locality, ho
is happy to say that his Roses, Conifers, and other Trees, escaped
entirely imhamied.
Nm-series, King's Acre, near Hereford.

N

EW ROSES for 1867-— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with puces, on application.
John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By Jonx Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by post from tlie Author for 20 stamps.

Boses, Orchard Houses, aud Experimental Fruit
Tree Culture.

THK NURSERIES at SAWBRID6EW0RTH,
100 Acres in extent, are OPEN to the inspection of Amatoura
interested in the above.

The Harlow Station (IJ mile distant), G. E. R., where Flya are in
attendance, is the most convenient.

Taos. RivEBS & Son.

^^AMELLIA STOCKS.— A fine batch, fit for working

\-J this Autumn.

1-yr. old, 20«. ; 2-yr. old, in pots, 30s. ; 3-yr. old, strong, 40s. per 100.

1-yr, SEEDLING EVERGREEN OAKS, Vis. per 100.

Charles B. Saunders, Nurseryman, &c,, Jersey.

CALADIUMS, CaLADIUMS.— The following 12, in
strong Plants, package included, for Ss., viz, : — Two Mirable,
two Wightii, one each Belleymoi, Newmanil, Argyrites, Gigantea
violacea, Bicolor splendens, Amabilis, Bicolor. Chantinti.

ECKFORD'S Six NEW VERBENAS of 1S67 at 4s.

Post Office Orders accompanying orders payable at Boston Spa.

J. C. Paduan, Providence Nursery, Boston Spa, Yorkshire,

VIOLA CORNUTA (MAUVE QQEEN), from Stock
obtained direct from the Raiser. — Rooted slips of this popular
Redder to be Sold at 2s. a, dozen, or Cs, for Fifty, on receipt of
stamps to the amount. Cuttings of Variegated CHRYSANTHEMUM
SENSATION, at 23. a doz. Apply either personally or by letter to
Mr. Stanton, Gardener, Chase Side, Southgate, near London, N.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom, London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, MERcnANTS, and Ndrsertmen,

237 & 238, High Holbom, London. W.C.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLLNG,
AND COMPANY, Limited,
Cork, Seed, Manure, ano Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.G. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1862. for "Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND i\ SHARPE beg to announce to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1867 Growth, is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambs.

Grass Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

SUTTON'S PERMANENT GRASS SEEDS
FOR ALL SOILS.
Prices (according to sorts required and soils for which they are
intended), may be had on application.

Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

U T f0ir'"S RENOVATING ^G R A S S E S

SHOULD NOW BE SOWN.

6 1b. to 121b. required per acre.

Price lOrf. Der lb., or cheaper by the cwt.

SoTTON & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

ROBINSON'S PRIZE DRUMHEAD CABBAGE
PLANTS, 3s, per TOOO, of A. Wilkin, Tiptree, Kelvedon,
Esses. Prepaid orders only attended to.

DRUMHEAD CATTLE CABBAGE,
The Heaviest o? all Aoricdltdral Crops.
Tnis should be Sown in July & August, for Transplanting in the Spring.

Sutton & Sons c^n supply —
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE (ths

heaviest known), at 3s. Qd. per lb.
GOOD DRDMHEAD CABBAGE at 25. ed. per lb.

SoTToN & Sons, Seed Growers. Readins.

Turnip Seeds for Present Sowing.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply NEW SEED of the
BEST KINDS for PRESENT SOWING. PRICED LISTS on
application. All goods carriage free except very small parcels.

Sdtton & Sons. Seed Growers, Reading.

The Best Cabbage for Spring Use Is

SUTTON'S IMPERIAL, which should be Sown in
June and July. Price Sa. per oz.. Post free. Cheaper by tho
pound. Sdtton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Extra Hne Quality. , ^,„„ ,,

COLE SEED, " 1866 growth," per b ishel of 521b., lis.;
4 bushels do.. 40s New 4-8 Sacks. Is. 6d. each.
EARLY SIX-WEEKS' TURNIP, New Seed, very fine, M. per lb.

New Bans, C(i. to 9d. each. ^ j .,

EXCELLENT CABBAGE SEED. See Catalogue of varieties.
Remittances to accompany Orders. ^ „ ,
Frehe. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Beds.

778

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[July 27, 1867.

To NoWemen, Gentlemen, Nurserymen, &;c.

Important Sale without Reserve.

J AS. GARAWAY and CO., Durdhum Down Nurseries,
Bristol, beg to announce that in consequence of tho approaching
Expiration of the Lease of the above-mentioned old-esfablished and
well-known Nursbi-iea, their ENTIRE STOCK: of STOVE. GREEN-
H003E PLANTS, FERNS, &c., comprising a fioe Collection of
full-sized, half, and quarter specimen HEATHS, AZALEAS,
CAMELLIAS, ORANGES, &c., and their splendid stock of
AMARYLLIS, the largest and most varied in England, consisting
of all the best named sorts; and manv Hundreds of FLOWEHING
BULBS of splendid unnamed HYBRIDS, will be SOLD by
AUCTION on the Premises (unless the whole or any portion should
tatbe meantime be Disposed of by Private Contract), on MONDAY,
Axigust 10, ami following days,

CATALOGUES wiil be ready a fortnight previous to the Sale,
and will be forwarded post free on application.

The whiile of the Plants are now lotted, and can be viewed any
time between 6 a.m. and S p.m.

Jab. Garawav &. Co.'s Lease expires in the Spring of 1S69. and till
then Business will be carried on at the present Address as usual.
Jas. Garawav & Co., Durdham Down Nurseries, Bristol.

AUSTIN'S AKTIFICIAL STONE, Invented 1826.
The QDtire Stock of this Manufactory compriBes
ISO diaerent MODELS of VASES.
70 different MODELS ot TAZZAS.
About 200 different TOUNTAINS.
74 STATUES from the Antique, and by Modem Artists, and

SMALL FfGURESofCHILDilEN.
22 SUN-DIAL PEDESTALS.
GARDEN SEATS.

15 BASKETS, from 12s. to Seven Guineas.
SHELLS, suitable either for WATER or ROCK PLANTS,

from 18 Inches to 12 feet diameter.
J ARDINISrES, or largo BOWLS for MASSES of FLOWERS.
63 FIGURES of AS lUALS and BIRDS.
ORNAMENTAL RIMS to WATER BASINS.
34 BAPTISMAL FONTS.

CRESTS and other ORNAMENTS for GATE PIERS.
BALUSTRADING, in various styles.
TRIPOD, and other ANTIQUE PEDESTALS.
Manufactured by Austin, SsELsr, & Co., at Nos. 3C9 to 37S, Euston
Road, Regent's Park, N.W.

CEOaUET FENCE or GARDEN BORDER.—
Galvanized, 12s. 6d. per roll of 50 yards, with spikes ; or in yard
lengths, 4s. per dozen yards.

The Garden Repository, 32, James Street, Covent Garden, W.C.
Price Lists of every Garden requisite on application.

G

AEDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great

variety of patterns and materials, the plainer sort3 being
especially suited tor KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbom- no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incui' no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edpngs, con-
sequently being much cheaper,

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., in Arti-
ficial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosHER, Manufacturei-s, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Cnelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingaland, N.E.

Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corridors, Balconies, &c., as cheap and dm'able as
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TEbSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enricbed designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of gi'eat durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosntit, at their premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — Us. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 2s, per Ton extra
tor delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton leas.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work, F. & G. RosHER. — Addresses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway,

GIVE ME "WATER, or I DIE!
droopingly speak the FLOWERS.
OHl SAVE ME! SAVE ME! by RAIN-LIKE SHOWERS
through INDLA-RUBBER HOSE and ROSE.

Illustrated Price Lists of Sheath Brothers, Gutta Percha, India
Rubber, Garden Engines, Pump, and General Manufacturers,
89, City Road, E.C.

IRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal
Agricultural Society).
SHEEP, 8s. 5d. ; CATTLE, 4s. 2d. ; OX, 5fl. lid.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St. Fancraa iron Work Company, Old St Fancraa Road, London, N.W.

Caution to Gardeners.— When you asJc for

SATNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Savnor, also the corporate mark Obtaxh
Warranted, without which none are erenuine.

S. & C. reeret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of whloh are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. 8c. C.'a Pruning and Budding Knives aie tne oesc and the
cheapest in the market.

Paston Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 125 years.

By Royal Letters Patent.

WELLS'S PORTABLE GROUND VINERY, for
Growing and Kipenmg Grapes luthout Aitihcial Heat.
Awarded a Silver Medal at the International Exposition ot
Horticulture, held at Nice, April, 1SG5.

Drawings and Instructions can be had of the Patentee,
Steam Works 2i, Bouverie Street, London, E.C.
Agents :— B. J. Edwards, 25, Bishopsgate Street Within, E.C.
J, R. Tanton, Epsom, Surrey.
Drummond Brothers, 63, George Street, Edinburgh.

EIDDELL'S

. PATENT PORTABLE ELASTIC PIPE JOINT.

Especially adapted for HOT-WATER PIPES for -WARMING CHURCHES, PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, CONSERVATORIES, HOT-HOUSES, &c., is extremely simple,
perfectly watertight, saves four-fifths of the time and labour in erecting hot-water work, can
be rapidly put together by an ordinai-y workman, and can be removed and re-erected without
injury to pipes or joints.

Frospeetus and Price List free.

EIDDELL'S

PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

For WARMING CHURCHES, CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &c., by tlie
circulation of Hot Water, requires no brick-work setting, saves half the fuel usually consumed, la
not liable to get out of repair, is easily regulated, will work from 8 to 20 hours without attention,
and is made in sizes capable of heating Irom 30 to 5000 feet of 4 inch pipe.

Frospeetus and Priee List free.

PATENT PIPE JOINT.

J. HADLEY RIDDELL, Patentee, 155, CHEAPSIDE, E.C.

PATENT SLOW COMBDSIION BOILER.

JOHN WAKNEE & SONS,

CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.G.,

BRASS and BELL FOUNDEIS to HER MAJESTY, HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

3o. WARNEES'

PATENT CAST-IRON

LIFT PUMPS.

2.V inches diameter . . £1 8

.. 2 U 0

No. 37.

SHOBT-BARKEL

DITTO,

FOB SINKS, PLANT

HOUSES, (fee.

2i ins. diameter ..£110

No. 517a.

GARDEN

ENGINE.

547a.

28 Gals.
24 „
16 „
10 „

.£5 10
. 4 19
. 3 14
. 2 19

THE CRYSTAL PALACE TIRE ENGINE and
GARDEN PORTABLE FORCE PUmP.

Price on Ban-ow, with Branch Pipe, Spreader, Unions, and
Suction Rose, £6.

No. 42.

WARNERS'

PORTABLE

PUMPS,

With Improved Valves for
Liquid Manure, £2 15i\
2-in. Flexible Rubber
Suction Pipe, in 10, 12,
and 15 ft. lengths, per
foot, 2s. bd.

No, 579i.

SWING

"WATER

BARROW.

No. 42.

50 Gals.

f. "

E "

20 „

579|.

l|-in. 2-ply Rubber Suction Pipe, per foot, 2s. 2d.
IJ-ia. ditto Delivery Hose, Is. id.

ILLUSTRATED and PRICED LISTS of Garden Engines, Swing Barcows, Aquajecta, Syringes, and Fountain Jets sent on appUcatiOB,
1^ Pstimales and Drawings forwarded for Deep Well Pimps, for Steam, Horse, or Sand Power ; Irrigating Machinery, IVater Wheels, IFater Rams,
every description of Sydraulio Machinery.

and

July 27, 1867.]

TnE GAT^TtENEl^S' OTrROMCLE ANT) Ani^TCULTTTRAL HAZETTE.

779

SHANKS' NEW PATENT LAWN MOWEKS FOR 1867.

PATRONIZED ON FIVE OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1864 BY

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SAXONY.
PVillKa THE SEASON OF 1865 THEY WERE PATRONISED ON FOUR OCCASIONS BY HER MAJESTY THE aXJEEN.

ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KINU OF DOLLjtND, AKD ONCE BY HIS MAJESTY THE KINO OF PKUSSIA.

AGAIN ON FOUR OCCASIONS DURING THE SEASON OF 1866 BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

AND BY MANV DISTINOUISIIED NOBILITY liOTU IN THIS UOUNTKY AND ABROAD.

HORSE POWEI MACHINE

A FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE WAS AWARDED TO

SHANKS' PATENT DELIVERY APPARATUS

BY THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY AT THEIR SHOW AT BURY LAST WEEK.

This DELIVERY APPARATUS lias for many years been oue of the pecdiar features of SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS, and it is needless to say that if
Machines are wanted with this Improved Apparatus for Delivering the Grass, these Machines can only be had from the original Inventors and Patentees.

A. S. AND SON subjoin a List of a few of those whose patronage they have had the honour to receive during the past few weeks for their favourite Horse Machine. It
would take many pages to contain a List of all the distinguished Patrons they have had for the other sizes.

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, for the ROYAL GARDENS, WINDSOR, one 42-iuch
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN, for the ROYAL GARDENS, KEW, one 42-inch

HIS GRACE THE DUKE of SUTHERLAND, one 42-inch
HIS GRACE THE DUKE nf BEDFORD, one 42-inch

HIS GRACE THE DUKE of BUCCLEUCH, one 42-inch

HIS GRACE THE DUKE of ATHOLE, one 42-ineh

THE MOST NOBLE THE MARQUIS of WESTMINSTER, one 42.inch

THE MOST NOBLE THE M.VRQUIS of STAFFORD, one 42-mch

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS

ARE IN DAILY USE IN

ALL THE ROYAL GARDENS; IN THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS AT KENSINGTON; CRYSTAL PALACE COMPANY'S GROUNDS;

IN VICTORIA PARK ; HYDE PARK ;

And in almost all the principal Public Parka and Gardens in the Kingdom.

Tliese are the only Machines that can be depended on to give lasting satisfaction.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT WILL MOW PROPERLY WHEN THE GRASS IS WET.

THESE ARE THE ONLY MACHINES THAT DELIVER THE GRASS WITHOUT STOPPING, THUS SAYING AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OP LABOUR.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWERS are the only Machines that have been in operation in HER MAJESTY'S GARDENS for a quarter of a century.

SHANKS' PATENT LAWN MOWER WILL MOW ON UNEVEN A3 WELL AS ON LEVEL LAWNS..

PRICES, INCLUDING CARRIAGE TO ANT RAILWAY STATION OR SHIPPING PORT IN THE KINGDOM.
SHANKS' NEW PATENT HAND MACHINE.

Easily Worked

\By a Lady
By a Boy

Silent Movement,
4j. extra.

' Width of Cutter.
lO-inch Machine £3 10 0

12-iiich Machine 4 10

14-incli Machine ..' 5 10 0

SHANKS' NEW PATENT PONY and DONKEY MACHINE,

Width of Cutter.

25-inch Machine £12 10 0

28-inch Machine 14 10 0 .. .. 30*. ,,

30-iQch Machine ,, , 15 15 0 .. .. 30*. „

Silent Movement, 12s. &d. extra; Boots for Pony, 22s. per set.
Ditto for Donkey, 18s. per set.

Width of Cutter.

16-inch Machine ..

19-inch Machine ..

22-inch Machine . ,

24-inch Machine . ,

Easily Worked Silent Movement.
0 By a Man or Two Boys
By a Man and Boy

( 7s. 6d.
\ extra.

.. £6 10
,. 7 12 6

V. 8 17 6 \^y^'^o^^^

'}4..

If vfitti Patent Delivering Apparatus.

., 2os. extra.

If with Patent Delivering Apparatus.
. . 30s. extra.

SHANKS' NEW PATENT HORSE MACHINE.

Width of Cutter.

30-iiich ilachine £19 0 0

36-inch Machine 22 0 0 .. ., 30s.

42-inoh Machine * 26 0 0 .. .. 40«.

48-iuch Machine 28 0 0 . , . . 40*.

Silent Movement, 20*. extra ; Boots for Horse's Feet, 26s. per set.

The Machines are warranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

PATENTEES AND SOLE MANUFACTURERS :

ALEXANDER SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH N.B.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

27, Leadenhall Street is l/,e only place in London where intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers can choosa from a Stock of from 150 to 200 Machines.

All sizes kept there, whether for Horse, Pony, or Hand Power.

780

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEIOULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[July 27, 1867.

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(Established 1840).
Have now ready for delivery in d:-y flue condition,
CORN MANQRE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, tor Dressing Pasture Lands
SDPERPHOSPnATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock WarebouHe; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY
SALT, &c. E. Pdhgkk, Secretary.
Offlcea. 116, Fenchurcli Street. E.G.

LAWES* MANURES.—

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
sertson of 18(17 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at tho
loUowing prices, per ton : —
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME

LAWES' SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES
LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 800

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES .. 12 0 0

These Manui-es can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Agents in all parts of the United Kingdom, at pnces
varying according to cost ol" carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Gnano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other Cakes at market price''.

Address. JonN Bennet Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.G. ; 22. Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

5 6 0

REIGATE SILVER SAND, 12*. per ton, at Swan
Place, delivered five Miles, or to any London Wharf or Railway,
las. per ton, or Is. Gd. per busUel. (Sacks at cost price, or on hire J
KENTISH and HAMPSHIRE PEATS. YELLOW LOAM LEAF
MOULD. SPHAGNUM MOSS, and COCOA FIBRE REFUSE.
J. Kennard, Swan Place, Old Kent Road. London. S.E.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^-^ is becoming scarce, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 20 for 308., 50 for 66s., 100
for £6.
J Fourpence allowed lor each
j« bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 403.

Postage Stamps or FoBt-offlce
Order, payable to J. BinsnAM &
Co.. Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

Important to Florists and Horticulturists.

PO U L E Y ' S TOBACCO POWDER,
prepared under authority of the EON. BOARD of CUSTOMS,
can now be obtained of Seedsmen, Nurserymen, ^c, in Tins.

Prices, Is., 2s. Gd., and 6s.

Wholesale from the Bonded Manufactory, Sussex Wharf, Wapping, E.

Office, 60. Lime Street, London, E.C.

TOBACCO TISSUE for FUMIGATING GREEN-
HOUSES.—This article, which is made from Tobacco, and is
entirely free from sulphur, or any other chemicals, is acknowledged
by all those wlio h.ive used it to be the most effectual remedy for
destroying insect life ; it will burn without the assistance of blowing,
and not injure the most tender plants. Price. 3s. 6d. per lb., carriage
free.— Sold by Messrs. Roberts & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers,
112. St. .Tolm Street, Cleikenwell. E.C. ; and by all Seedsmen and
Nurserymen.

Government Boon to Agriculturists and
Horticulturists.

DUTY FREE TORACCO, Sanctioned by the Lords
of her Maj esty's Treasury and the Honourable Board of Customs,

ExTltACT FROM TOE GOVERNMENT ReCULATIOSS,

"The operation shall be performed under the supervision of tho
Surveyor, and in the presence of an Examining Officer, who shall see
the Tobacco is duly mixed, and incorporated with Sulphur and
AssaJ'cetida in the following proportions : —

Tobacco finely powdered . . . . 75 parts.

Sulphur 25 parts.

Assafcetida 5 parts."

FRUIT TREES, ROSES, DAHLIAS, HOLLYHOCKS, and
other Plants subject to the ravages of Insects, may bo effectually
protected by the use of this Powder.

TURNIPS, CABBAGES, and GROWING CROPS, may be
effectually protected by the use of this Powder.

SLUGS, BEETLES, CATERPILLARS. EARWIGS, and other
Vermin, effectually destroyed by the use of this Powder.

POOLTRY, DOGS, and other DOMESTIC ANIMALS, effectually
freed from tho presence of Fleas and other Vermin by the use of
this Powder.

Manufactured at the Works of the Richmond Cavendish Company
(Limited), Liverpool.

Instructions for use. List of Agents, and other particulars on
application to the London Depot, 3, Johnson's Court, 160, Fleet
Street, London, E.C.

/T.1SHURST
VJ COMPOUND.

Used by many of the loading
Gardeners since 185'J, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green Fly. and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to IG ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supei'sede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes, Is., 3s., and lOs. Gd.

Rod
Spider

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(Liuited).

"I never had my Plants cleaner or looking better than they do
now since using your Insecticide. It will kill anything in the shape
of Plant Insects without the slitchtest injury to the Plants
"J.Dale, F.R.H.S.,
"Gardener to the Hon. Society of the Middle Temple "
"Messrs. G. & T. Fowler, Brighton."

" For all purposes I consider your Gardener's Insecticide far
superior to any remedy that has come undev'mv notice. Most effec-
tual in Destroying the Blue Fly on Plums, and the Black Fly on the

" Messrs. G. & T. Fowleb, Brighton."

"Wm. Knigut, Hailsham."

'* Destroys every Insect to which I have applied it, without the
least injury to tho most delicate Plant. " G. Parsons, Brighton."
"Messrs. G. &T. Fowler, Brighton."

FOWLER'S GARDENER'S INSECTICIDE, to wMcli
the above Testimonials refer, possesses all the requisite essen.
tials of a complete remedy for thoroughly and effectu.ally destroying
and preventing, as it kills both Insects and Ova. It is perfectly safe,
for it will not injure the foliage of the most delicate Plant. It is
most easily applied, being at one strength— 4 ozs. to a gallon of
water— suitable for all Insects and all Plants. Will strengthen and
invigorate Plants, and improve the appearance of Foliage.

In Jars with direction. Price Is. 6d., 3s., 5s. Gd. and 10s. May be
had of all Seedsmen, Nurserymen, Florists, and Chemists ; or of the
Manufacturors, G. & T. Fowler, North Street, Brighton.

P.S. London Agents— Hooper & Co., Covent Garden, W.C.

TULIPS.— A Collection of from 12,000 to 15.000 Bulbs,
a considerable portion of which are ROSE, BIZARRE, &c..

Seedlings, never distributed, together with tho select of Martin's,
Storer's, and others, as well as choice named sorts, to be SOLD in
ONE LOT, a decided Bargain. If not so Disposed of before
August 14, they will be Catalogued at very low prices in order to
effect a speedy clearance.

John Slatek. Lapwing Lane, Didsbury, near Manchester.

Hoses, Roses.

ROSES, on own roots and in pots, grown on
now, mil flower indoors next spring, viz. :—
0 CHOICE TEAS 1 3 CHOICE BOURBONS

0 „ H.P.s

3 „ NOISETTES | a „ CHINAS
The Collection of 20 distinct and flrst-class sorts
for 20s.

Post-office Orders on Castle Hedingham.

DJLLISTONE & WoonTBOHPE,

Munro Nursery, Sible Hedingham. Esses.

JAMES CARTER and CO. beg to announce that they
are nowsending out their unnvalled Strains of CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, which, for fineness of form and
beauty of colour cannot be surpassed.

CALCEOLARIA, saved from the finest Prize varieties.

CINERARIA, saved from the finest named varieties.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA. dark carmine and pure
white, saved from the finest fringed varieties in cultivation. Price,
each packet, 2s. Gd., forwarded on receipt of Post-office Order for
the amount.

e^ PRICE LISTS gratis and Post free on application to Carter's
Great LondonSeedWarehouse.237& 238, High Holborn, London.W.C.

Early Spring Feed, Trifolium
Incarnatum.

Q U T T 0 N ' S

O ITALIAN RYE-GRASS,

NEW LATE RED TRIFOLIUM,
NEW LATE WHITE TRIFOLIUM.

These are invaluable articles for early
Spring Feed, either grown separately or
together. The proper quantity of Italian
Rye-grass, if sown alone, Is 3 bushels per
acre, or if Trifolium alone, 23 lbs. per acre.

The New Seed is now being harvested,
and we shall be pleased to send samples
and lowest prices per quarter and cwt. on
application. Also MUSTARD and RAPE,
New Seed.

All goods carriage free, except very small
parcels.

SuTTos & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

r:j_RASS SEEDS for

^-^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See "WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES." which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Gmsses for Pennanent Piisture,

J. C. Wheeleh & Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agricultural Society.

Seed of Choice Strains of Florists' Flowers. " j

The following selected Strains are worthy of the notice of all 1
growers of the most useful conservatory decorative flowers.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

T> S. "WILLIAMS can with confidence offer his

• superb Strain of Primula as being undoubtedly the finest in
cultivation. It is now groiivn in all the principal Gardens of the
Nobility and Gentry throughout the Three Kingdoms, and has never
failed to give the greatest satisfaction.

In habit tho plants are very robust, and in the foliage dlflfer from
all other varieties ; but their great beauty consists in the depth of
colour m tho Red, purity of the White, and beautiful fimbriated
form of all the flowers, which are thrown up in largo trusses well
above the foliage.

As a proof of the truth of the above remarks, this Strain haa
taken lat Prizes in every instance that it has been shown in the
Provinces this Spring ; and Ist Prize at the Primula Show of the
Royal Horticultural Society, Soutli Kensington; and Ist at the
Royal Botanic, Regent's Park. It is also the favourite Strain in the
Covent Garden Flower Market.

This Strain may be procured True, In Sealed Packets bearing '
B. S. Williams' Name and Address, from any Seedsman; but '
B. S. W. particularly requests that Customers will observe, on .
purchasing, that each Packet has his Name and Address in full
printed thereon, as no others are genuine.

The Trade supplied on advantageous terms.

Retail price, RED

Per pkt. s. d.

WHITE

6 0

3 0

2 C

6 0

Per pkt, s. d.
Retail price, WHITE ..30

MIXED

2 0

5 0
3

Retail price, MIXED, per packet, 23. M.

WEATHERHILL'S EXTRA CHOICE STRAIN OF CINERARIA.
B. S. W. has purchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of this
Magnificent Strain. Many of tt:o flowers produced by this seed last '
season were as largo as a crown-piece. This strain is well known in
the London Flower Market, and is the most popular one there, a
sulflcient guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail price per pkt., 5s. Gd. | Retail price per pkt., 3s. M.
Retail price per pkt 28 Gd.

JAMES'S HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.— The varieties that
took the First Prize at the International Horticultural Exhibition
last May were of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt. Bs. 0(?. I Retail price per pkt, 3s. 6d.

Retail price per pkt 2s. Crf.

All FLOWER SEEDS in packets, Post fi-eo

B. S. WiLLtAiis, Victoria and Paradise Nurserlfls, Upper HoHoway,
London, N.

DutcH Bulbs.— To the Trade only.

EE. KRELAGE and SON, Nursekymen, Seeds-
• MEN, and Florists, Haarlem, Holland, beg to annoimce that
their NEW WHOLESALE CATALOGUE of DUTCH BULBS
FLOWER ROOTS, TUBERCULOUS PLANTS, STRAW-
BERRIES, ic. is now ready, and will be sent gratis to
Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and Florists on application. Postage 3d
The Catalogue, a Pamphlet of 44 Svo pages, contains a greater
variety than any other List.

NEW PLANTS.

WILLIAM ROLLISSON & SONS

HAVE GREAT PLEASURE IN OFFERING TO THE NOBILITY, GENTRY, AND THE TILVDE THE FOLLOWING

NEW PLANTS, WHICH ARE NOW READY FOR DISTRIBUTION^

And feel assured, from their superior qualities, they will give entire satisfaction : —

Ixora princeps.

This really handsome Isora is from Java, the native home of many
other fine species. Cultivators may remember that we w^re the
fortunate Importers of Ixora javanica, I. amboynensis, and I. auran-
tlaca, three plants of sterling merit, and which still hold their posi-
tion as first-class plants at the different Horticultural Exhibitions.
The I, princeps is not only dissimilar to the above-named, but
superior to them, as the following remarks will show.

The foliage differs in being of a much stronger texture, and is from
6 to 7 inches Jong and 2 inches wide, slightly undulated on the
margin, and intermediate between that ol I. Grifflthii and I. auran-
tiaca. The flowers are borne in the greatest profusion, opening of a
soft buft and changing to a deep reddish orange, longer in the tube
than most others. For Exhibition purposes it will prove to be a
plant of first-class excellence, and while some of the recently intro-
duced Stove Plants are not likely to be permanently cultivated, a
good Ixora is always beautiful.

As the Stock of the above is very limited, those who wish to secure
Plants should order at once. Plants now ready, price 423. each.

Hypericum salicifolium

Is a compact-growing, free-blooming Evergreen Sbrub, recently
imported from Shanghai, and very suitable for the Conservatory or
Greenhouse, the golden cup-like flowers being very effective. The
leaves are from 3 to 4 inches long, by 1 inch broad, entire and smooth
on their margins, and thickly set on the stems, which .are red. The
flowers are of a golden yellow, about 2 inches over, and produced in
terminal bunches on every shoot, during the summer months. Good
yellow flowering plants not being over numerous for Conservatory
decoration, the above is a welcome addition to this class of plants.

Flowering Plants in Bud now ready. Price 10s. M. each.

Achimenes Gibsoni

Is a fine and distinct hybrid, raised by us. The flowers are of a
lovely mauve, fringed on the marsins of the petals in the way of the
old *' Multiflora," the tube white outside and stained with light
lavender blue towards the base ; the inside is white, beautifully
speckled with light blue and yellow, and about 1\ inch long, and
the face of the flower about 2 inches over.

The foliage is ovate-lanceolate, IJ inch across, by 4 inches long,
olive-green, with the ribs of a dark red, robust in habit, and a
profuse bloomer.

Good Flowering Plants now ready. Pi-ice 10s. Gd.

Cereus crenatus sanguineus.

This superb hybrid was raised from the C. crenatus fertilised with '
the C. speciosissimus, by a cultivator of great experience in thla
showy class of plants. Most persons will remember the introduction
of the C. crenatus with its long tubular creamy white flowers and Hat
stems, and as this possessed novelty of form, but was comparatively
olourless, it was thought that if the glowing colours of the
C. speciosissimus could be imparted to it, a decided advantage would
be gained for the present subject ; the idea has been acted upon, and
this splendid hybrid is the result. In its mode of growth and
flowering the plant is like C. crenatus, but has the colour ol
C. speciosissimus; the stems are broad, flat, and spineless, the flower
tubes 7 to 8 inches long and 6 inches across the mouth, and of a rich
glowing erimson, producing, when in flower, a most gorgeous effect.
Nice Plants now ready, price 21s.

Erica tubseformis.

A very showy hybrid, raised , between E. ,aristata mf^jor and
E. McNabiana rosea ; In colour it resembles E. aristata, being of a
deep glossy red, but has the free habit of E. McNabiana rosea ; the
flowers are abundantly produced, from 8 to 14 in each head ; the
divisions of the corolla are white, with a deep stain of rose on the
centre of each. It will make an excellent Exhibition Heath for May.
Good plants in 48-sized pots now ready. Price 21s. each.

New Bedding Pelargonium Artemus "Ward.

A verv effective varietyfor bedding ; raised at the Tooting Nursery.
In some respects it resembles Luna, so much used at Battersea
Park, but is far superior to it. The flowers are of a bright crimson,
but as the plant is chiefly desirable for its conspicuous fohage these
are of secondary importance. The leaves are broadly zoned witti
bright reddish brown and deep chocolate, and within the zone Oatea
with yellow and green, the outer margin being similarly coloured.
It produces a striking efl^ect when looked upon in a mass, and is also
equally well adapted for edgings ; it also bears the sun well, and the
more it is exposed the more intense the colours.

Good plants now ready, price 10a. 6d. each.

The nsual Discount to the Trade.

THE NURSEKIES, TOOTING, SUUREY, S,

July 27, 1867.1

THE GARDENERS' CnPvONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

781

New Verbenas of 1867.

DRKGHORN AND AITKKN have now a large stock
or tho above. contftininR nH H'o flnobt sorta flont out by Turner.
Keynes. Low, Ilondeison. &c., and bog to olTcr thorn us follows, iu
BtronK, healthy, wcllrooted I'lunts:— . ,, , ^

24 Vnrioties for m. \ 1^ Vftriotios for fts.

Safely piickcd find delivered Iroo of carriage to any part of Oioat
Britiiiaor Ireland. , ,,„ , ^, _

Tho Nursericn, Kilmarnock, N.B.

ROBEKT PARKER begs to offer tho following (all
the Plants are atrong and healthy, and can bo BUppllod In
quantities) :—

PANSY CLIVKDEN HLUE, ds. per dozen.
PANSY CIJXKDEX PURl'LK, IKf. per dozen.
PANSY CLlVKltEN YELLOW, ti.s. per dozon.
POLKMONUIM CiERULEUM VAUII''(i AT[IM. 2«. 6ti. each.
RIIOL'OUENDKUN COUNTESS of liAUDINCiTON, 3s. 6((. each.
TRITOMA GKANUIS, ISs. per dozen.
TRITOMA UVARIA GLAUCESCENR, 12s. per dozou.
VIOLA CORNUTA. bost vnriotj% 4.1. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE DES VIOLETS, Cs. per dozen.
VIOLKT THE UZAR, (Is. per dnzon. fpor pncket.

PRIMULA SINENSLS FIMBRIATA, finest raised seed, 2.t.M.
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of AGKICUL-
TUKAL. FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are publiahod, and will bo lur-
warded free to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surroy, S.

JJiie <SarlreneriS'®ftrontcle.

SATURDAY, JULY 27, 1867.

Sympathising, as we do heartily, with the
ideas expressed by our cxcellont correspondent
" S. E. H." on the subject of Novelties, wo
have much pleasure iu inserting the following
communication. For tho evils therein men-
tioned the remedy is in tho main with tho pur-
chaser ; " Caveat emptor" should be his motto.
The verdict of an authoritative tribunal like tho
Floral Committee is worth a great deal ia such
matters ; even more valuable perhaps is patience
to wait and see what tho belauded " bedder" will
turn out, when the first blush of novelty has
passed away. An occasional " scratch with
the barb " will also be of much service, on the
principle that bought experience ia the most
valuable of all, and infinitely superior to any
' ' advice gratis."

But our correspondent " S. R. H.," shall speak
for himself :—" Some anglers say that tish
jiricked by the hook wUl return no more to tho
I'tlV-nding bait; but my own idea is that they
r;ither hke the irritation, and that they rush
with new zeal at the delusive morsel. I am
.sure, at all events, that even if they abstain for
a time, and make noble resolutions (like young
gentlemen whose evening amusements will not
bear the morning's reflection) never again to be
led astray by tinsel and feathers, their virtuous
resolutions endure but for awhile, and are soon
forgotten in the seductive presence of the shining
minnow, and the gorgeous fly.

" I speak of fish generally — fish young and
middle-aged. I am aware, of course, that time
brings experience—' multa ferunt anni venientes
commoda secum ; ' and I am acquainted with
ancient and solemn carp who simply regard with
a grand disdain tho piscatorial art. There are,
indeed, among all classes of the finny world,
from the royal salmon to the vulgar chub, cool
heads and cautious eyes, for which even Limerick
tempers her hooks, and Inverness dresses her
flies — in vain. As a rule, notwithstanding, fish
will rise and will run at tho glittering bait, and
will repeat the performance, though they have
felt tho barb.

" It is with tho floral as 'n'ith the finny brother-
hood. Evei^y year, in the first balmy days of
spring, there are, among many beautiful reali-
ties, sham flies upon our streams. There is the
Musca indica, M. japonica, M. gaUica, M. belgica,
M. britannica, and a swarm of others. Nurse-
rymen and amateurs, we all rise at them — all
but the calm, wise, old trout, who swims slowly
round, with a keen, steady gaze, and retires with
flapping tail. Even these are hooked sometimes.
iiaii a famous Eosarian to me, ' I don't believe
for a moment in this tns ravissante, or in that
trh superbe, but still I must have the Eoses.'

" The boldest of all the floral fishes is the fish
called • the bedder-out.' The long, lean, hungry
pike of the community, he will go at anythmg,
like a terrier dog. They say, that when an
Oxonian sees a ringlet he goes stark staring
mad, and my own recollections do not authorise
me wholly to deny the soft impeachment ; but
my experience does confirm the assertion that
the collegian in question is a sane and rational
man when compared with the bedder out, who
has just heard or read of something entu'ely new.
His cheeks flush, his eyes glisten, as he sits
down to order, or sets out to beg.

" Does the fly fall upon tho stream iu tho form
of a new white Lobelia ? The old trout whispers,
'Eemember Suowflake;' but the young trout
dashes on, and unless ' Miss Murphy ' does

better in his garden th.an in mine, where it is so
remarkably ' dwarf and compact ' as to bo
scarcely visible, he tastes tho hook. Is it some
plant of variegated leaf, ' beautifully reticulated
with bright gold?' Tho old trout says, 'Those
sports are uncertain, they go back to tlio
parental complexion, they lose their variega-
tion ;' but tho young trout dashes on, and if his
'Irosino aurco-roticulata ' is not bettor than
mino, ho tastes tho hook.

" I do not blame tho nurserymen. They gain
for us glorious additions to oiu' gardens, and
they are as much disgusted as we amateurs,
when an expensive experiment turns out a
failure. It is wo amateurs who are to blame,
because wo will have novelties before they can
bo proved, and simply because they are now.
The question is not ' Am I buying something
which is really good ?' but ' Is this really some-
thing unknown to my neighbour, Jenkinson,
and with which next summer I may astonish
BuowN ?'

" Better and wiser would it be for us all, if,
once grazed by the hook, we would not only
keep ourselves from further peril, but would
take a benevolent swim among the weaker
brethren, warning them that certain attractive
insects had cruel stings in their tails."

Among the various forms which have been
forwarded to us from timo to time of CucUMiiER
MuiujAiN, or Chlorosis, we have never seen a
worse or more hopeless case than one communi
catod by a correspondent who signs himself
" C. H. B." The diseased fruit was grown in a
house iu the south of England, and had not
probably to complain of deficiency of temperature
such as might justly be objected in more northern
districts. The disease, however, seems to be
strictly constitutional, and though, like many
other diseases of the same category, capable of
being aggravated b}' climatic conditions, is
dependent on them only as secondary causes.

In other cases there is a disposition simply to
assume here and there, in distinct patches, a
yellow tint, to die off at the apex, and meanwhile
to discharge masses of gum from different parts
of the surface, but here the whole fruit, after
arriving at a considerable size, is more or loss
affected, and there is no gumming. Towards
tho stem a bright Indian yellow is assumed, like
that of a ripe Cucumber, so that Icterus would
be a more appropriate term than Chlorosis, and
above this the whole fruit is marbled with paler
yellow and green , the yellow very greatly pre-
dominating. Towards the tip the walls are
wrinkled and contracted, and evidently ready to
pass into decay. This, however, is not all.
Round transparent spots are deveh)ped here and
there, the surface of which soon contracts,
causing slight depressions, on which we do not
detect any Fungi, though they may possibly be due
to Gloeosporium circinans, which is so common
on Cucurbits when ripe. The fruit is pithy, and
the taste slightly acid, approaching that of a ripe
Cucumber, though the seeds are quite iu an early
stage of development. The smell is to us very
pungent and disagreeable. The leaves arrived
in a bad state, but it was quite clear, from their
partial discoloration, that something of the same
kind had taken place there also. They were
covered with the pretty pinkish mould 'Tricho-
thecium roseum, which is so common on morbid
Cucumber leaves, where there is no indication of
this peculiar murrain, and it must therefore be
considered as purely accidental.

In two smaller specimens matters are still
worse. There are the same features as in the
larger, but in addition there are broad prominent
warts, one of which is widely open at the top,
discharging a sort of purident matter, and has a
very disagreeable ulcerous smell, and helow these
the fruit is decayed for some inches. In one
specimen, besides the warts, there are unseemly
contractions and fuiTows, with a tendency to
rapid decay. There are no peculiar circumstances
about the internal structure, except incipient
disorganisation where decay is already indicated.

The worst is, that after years of experience
we know little more of the disease than when it
first made its appearance. It is not even known
whether it was derived from imported seed, or
whether it was generated by high maniu-ing, in
consequence of which unhealthy seeds have been
widely distributed. Certain it is that it has
occasionally been destructive under the best
management, and that few Cucumber growers
have been entirely free from the malady.

It is clear, however, if the disease is constitu-
tional and capable of being propagated by seed.

that there can' bo little hope of eradicating it
completely, though it may ho partially combated
by careful selection of s(hh1, never using any
wliich is known to bo derived from a diseased
Hlock. It is far hotter to de])ond on neighboui's
with whoso gardens wo aro well acquainted, than
on strangers, and if after all we fail, wo shall not
liavo to blame oirrselves for want of caution.
High prices, as wo know by dinirly bought expe-
rionco, will not always ensure all the good
qualities which have been predicfitcid, and wo
have seen quite as good specimens from common
ridge Cucumbers as from secid sold at tho rate of
three or four for a shilling. Were moro caro
used in selection in gentfral, wo should, we
believe, havo far fewer complaints both from the
garden and farm. M. J. JJ.

We understand that the receipts of the Eoyal
Ilorticultiu-al Society at the BuRY Snow were
about 141G/., which will leave the Society a satis-
factorj' balance beyond the expenditure, and
which would have been sensibly larger but for
the unpropitious weather on the opening day.

Tho experience gained on this occasion should
lead to improvements at future Shows — we say
future, for we cannot doubt bvit that tho Council
will feel sufficiently encouraged to persevere in
tho missionary work it has so well begun. One
thing which, it strikes us, should not be omitted
hereafter, is tho holding of a Special Meeting
during tho continuance of the Show, at which
the special prizes — one of the most interesting
and stimulating features of the whole affair —
should be presented formally to the winners ; at
which also some interesting paper might be read ;
and at which, at the very least, some popular
account of the most important subjects exhibited
might be given. Such a meeting would certainly
excite a vast amount of local interest, and, we
cannot doubt, would prove most beneficial in
recruiting the ranks of the Society. It was the
one thing needful at Bury.

■ The Royal Horticultural Society was honoured

last Monday eveniuK by the presence of his Imperial
Majesty the Sultan, and .several members of the
Royal family, at a conversazione held in the Con-
servatory at South Kensins^ton, which, as well as the
outer garden, was brilliantly illuminated. The row-
versazione was attended by a crowded and fashionable
company, iu which, however, the ill-mannered,
snob-like element was far too Iart!ely represented.
The rude mobbing and resistance to his Majesty when
he sought to re-enter the Conservatory from the
garden — by which considerable damage must have been
done to the plants—would have been a disgrace to
a party of roughs, and the tens of thousands who are
admitted to the Gardens on a free day may be noted
as teaching the proprieties to their more wealthy
neitjhbours. The selfishness, moreover, of those who,
havmg forward seats, were not content with the proper
use of them, but must stand up iu them, to the detri-
ment of every one behind, may be mentioned as a
further sample of the rudeness exhibited by the genteel
specimen of mobooracy above referred to. Such beha-
viour is disgraceful among " persons " who know better.

We are requested to state that the Manchester

Botanical and Horticultur.al Society has decided to
hold another Great Exhibition next year, iu its
gardens at Old Trafford, during the Whitsun week,
nearly the whole of the Guarantors having consented
to renew their Guarantee for another year. It is
intended to offer about lODO/. in prizes, so that there is
little doubtof a greatshow beiug got together ; and asthe
"Whit week" is the only time when the Society can
hope to "pull through" successfully, it is very
desirable for all parties that there should be no clash-
ing with other Shows, as happened this year.

The next Session of the Pomological Con-
gress OF France will be held at Paris in the rooms
of the Societe Imperiale et Centrale d'Horticulture,
Rue Grenelle Saint Germain, 81, from the 19th to the
20th of September. Medals will be given for the most
remarkable collections of fruits. It is proposed
that the fruit shall be submitted to the inspection
of the Congress before it is exposed to the general
public in the Universal Exhibition, so that it may be
seen by competent judges before it goes to form part of
the great fruit "concours" at the E.xhibition, which
opens on the 1st of October.

Mr. R. MouLTON, of Portumna Castle gardens,^

Galway, has kindly transmitted to us a fine example ol
a PROLiEiED Rose, in which the swollen portion
below the calyx (the hip) is entirely wanting, the calyx
itself is leafy, the petals multiplied, the stameus all
but absent, or replaced by petals, while the centre ol
the flower is occupied by a branch bearing no less
than seven well-formed flower-buds. Many ?iniu!""
instances have, from time to time, been described or
figured in our columns, but this is certainly one of the
most perfect illustrations of median pvohfieation that
we have seen, even in Roses, whicji are so peculiarly
Uable to this malformation.

We learu th.it at tho late Exhibition of Roses

at Brie Comte Robert, of which our correspondent
"W, R," has made mention at p. 758, the President
of the Jury was Mr. :Chaiiles Lee, of Hammer-

782

THE GAT^DENFRS' CHEOOTCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[July 27, 1867.

smith; and tlnat a new seedling Eose, that
flowered for the first time during the period of
the show, received at once the name of our
respected fellow countryman. The ' Rosieristes " of
Brie Comte Robert (Seine-et-Marne) and its neigh-
bourhood, accompanied by M. Camille Beenaedin,
President of the Society of the " Rosieristes " of Brie,
and Mr. Chaeles Lee, President of the Jury at the
late Rose Show at Brie, had the honour of being
presented on Sunday last to their Majesties the
Empbeoe and the Empeess of the Peench, in the
Salon de la Paix at the Tuileries, through the instru
mentality of M. Rotjhee, Minister of State, who had
visited the magnificent display of Roses at Brie on the
previous Sunday. There were also present at the
reception the Prefect of the Seine-et-Marne, Comte
DB Jaucouet, Baron de Beaxtveegee, the Mayor of
Brie, and a deputation from the " Rosieristes " of the
district. The " Rosieristes " presented to her Majesty
a splendid " corbeille " of nearly .3000 cut Roses, which
were surmounted by a large bouquet of Imperatrice
Eugenie. Her Majesty, being about to depart for
England immediately, directed this " bed of Roses " to
be transferred to the Exposition TJniverselle, where it
was much admired. The deputation then repaired to
the Hotel of the Comte de Jafcouet, in the Rue de
Varennes, where they were entertained by the Comte
at an elegant dejeuner a lafonrchette.

-"We have from time to time recorded the existence

of some grand specimens of Lilium aueatum, but
the finest of which we have yet heard are described
in the following memoranda, for the first of which we
are indebted to a Nottingham correspondent:— "A
few days back I saw in the collection of Mr. Aechi-
BALD TuENEE, Bow Bridge, Leicester, a specimen of
Lilium auratnm, which surpasses all preconceived
notions of its beauty. This plant was some 7 feet in
height, and vigorous in proportion, so strong that
the main stem had assumed what botanists call the
fasciated form ; that is, the flower stem had spread out
flat some 2 inches wide, and upon this there were at
the least 40 flowers. If the plant, which is in fine
health, but rather drawn, has suSicient strength to
perfect the whole of the buds that have shown, some
60 or 60 will be brought to maturity." This is, indeed,
aremarkable specimen, far eclipsing any otherpreviously
recorded. We have since received the following account
of another wonderful specimen of this Lily, which is
now in flower in Mr. MacLeod's garden, at I)alvey,near
Eorres. Our correspondent says, I saw this extremely
beautiful Lily the other day, and may state that there
are six stems from one root, the highest upwards of
8 feet. The stems bear 19, 18, 16, 8, 9, and i flowers
respectively, making in all 74. The flowers are all fully
expanded, and some of them measure 10 inches across."

A Committee of gentlemen connected with the

Manchester Botanical and Horticultural Society have
inaugurated a public Subsceiption to Me. Beuce
FiNDLAY, in acknowledgment of the great pains and
labour which that gentleman bestowed upon the
arrangements necessary to the success of the recent
National Horticultural Exhibition, the subscription
being_ intended " as a recognition of his valuable ser-
vices in the past, and as an encouragement tohim in the
future." The Council of the Manchester Society have
signified their approval of the object for which this
Committee has been constituted ; and doubtless the
subscribers to the Society, as well as many others who
have been brought into personal contact with Mr.
PiNDLAY, will find pleasure in contributing to a testi-
monial which offers a well-merited acknowledgment
of his courteous and successful superintendence both of
the recent Exhibition, and of the Botanic Gardens.

It will have been seen by our report of last week

(p. 672), that the Silver Cup, value 20 guineas, offered
by this Journal for the best collection of Pkuits
and Vegetables at the late Bury Show, was cleverly
won by Mr. Pottle, gr. to B. D. Colvin, Esq.,
Bealings Grove, Suffolk. In addition to what has
already been stated in reference to that collection, we
may just mention that the Cucumbers in it, which
were of the Telegraph variety, were grown in boxes
2 feet in length and .3 inches in width, with a glass lid
on the top, a contrivance which Mr. Pottle informs
us supersedes the glass tubes usually employed for
keeping them straight. The glass is slipped into a
groove or rabbett. and in that way can be readily
removed when required. By means of this, and a
piece of cork placed by the side of the fruit, which it
pushes along with it as it increases in length, hand-
some straight Cucumbers can be obtained with an
unusual degree of certainty.

plant was referred, is now merged in Passiflora. The
present species is a greenhouse climber, introduced
from Queensland. In cultivation the flowers are
hardly so large as above described ; they are of a
pinkish hue, and are succeeded by an oblong greenish
fruit about an inch in length. Though long known to
botanists, the plant does not appear to have been
cultivated in this country till recently. It is nearly
allied to P. aurantia, from which it difl'ers mainly
in the position of the petiolar glands and of the
bracteoles. "We have been favoured with flowers of
this pretty species from W. K. Curtis, Esq., of
Canterbury, in whose greenhouse the plant flowered
for the first time in the course of the present summer.

New Plants.

Passijloea (Disemma) Banksii, Beniham, FJor.

Austral., ill., p. 312.
Quite glabrous. Leaves broad, usually under .3 inches lon^, with
3 broad obtuse lobes, rarely divided to the middle of the
leaf,^ .and each lobe occasionally siuu.ate or more or less
distinctly 2 — 3 lobed, the petiole with two glands very near
the sunimit, very rarely obscure or altogether wanting.
Flowers rather large, sometimes pale when they first open, but
soon assuming a briek red or dull scirlet colour, on pedicels
much shorter than the leaves, with two or thi-cc scattered
set,aceous bracteoles at or below the middle. Calyx lobes
about IJ inches long or rather more. Petals narrow, scarcely
more than h.alf as long as the calyx lobes. Inner corona
broadly tubular, slightly contracted, plicate, and shortly
lobed at the orifice ; outer corona about the same length, of
a single row of filaments. Ovary stalk longer than the
petals, shorter than the calyx lobes.
P*Coccinm, Soland in herb. Banks, nee Auhl. Duemma coccinea,

DC, Prod, iii., 333.
The number of the rings to the corona in Passion-
flowers, which at one time was held to be of sulBcient
importance to found generic distinctions upon, is now
ascertained to be too inconstant for this purpose, and
hence the old ; genus Disemma, to which the above

ON TRANSPLANTING TREES.
ByEobeetHutchison,ofCaeloweie,Kieb;iiston.

(Continued from p. 758.)

The choice of a proper subject to operate upon is
another requisite to success in transplanting.

Tall, slender, " drawn up " plants should be avoided,
and also such as are of flat-headed and wide-branching
habit. The head of the tree is the best index to its
roots ; and the two extremities will generally be found
to be in proportion to each other. A light well-
branched top should be preferred, and due attention
must be given to the choice of a clean and particularly
healthy bark. Poulness, or moss covering the trunk,
or inequalities of texture and appearance of the bark,
are, in a tree, no less certain indications of a more or
less diseased state of rootlets, or of some inherent
weakness in the constitution, than are blotches and
eruptions on the skin of the human species proofs of
impurity of blood. A careful survey of the general
dimensions of the head of the tree is likewise a very
good criterion for ascertaining the probable dimensions
of the earth-ball requisite _ to be renioved ivith the
plant ; and, consequently, if the specimen be a large
one, of the cost of labour, and probable expense
attending its removal.

In an ordinary average soil, the general proportion
of the spread of the principal fibrous roots necessary to
the tree's existence, is about two-thirds of the diameter
of the branches in the case of sapling trees of about
20 to 30 feet in height. "When the stem has become
thicker, and the whole tree has assumed a more " set "
or mature appearance and habit, and in the case of old
timber trees, the rootlets will be found at a much
greater distance from the trunk; and it is in this
respect that the chief difficulty and danger lies in
removing old trees. The principal feeding rootlets in
such subjects are chiefly situated at a considerable
distance even beyond the spread of the branches, and,
as it woidd be impossible to remove the tree with a
root-ball enveloping these necessary auxiliaries, they
must be severed from the tree, and thus many of its
giant underground limbs must be cut ; and, although
many fibrous rootlets may still remain, the balance of
power between head and root is lost for ever, so that
in its new situation the old tree, like an old man who
has undergone the amputation of his limbs, cannot be
expected to recover from such severe treatment, or to
have the same chance of surviving as a younger and
more robust subject ; while in addition to the loss of
many of those organs which served the tree as the
absorbents of moisture and nourishment, deprived of
its chief moorings, how can it be expected to with-
stand, erect and unscathed, the storms of winter ?

The methods usually employed in transplanting are
various, and diSer according to the nature of place and
circumstances, as well as to the end in view. They
may, however, be classed under two separate and
distinct heads : —

1. Horticultural Transplanting.

2. Arboricultural Transplanting.
The former has reference and is applicable only to

small trees or shrubs, and the usual modes of conduct-
ing operations in this case are so well known and
nuderstood, as to render it unnecessary for the present
to occupy time in relating them. The latter system,
on the other hand, and the proper modes of performing
operations under it, require considerable notice, and
this branch of the subject includes the discussion of
the successful manner of removing heavy and large
plants. Indeed, it is a branch of rural economy in
itself a complete and distinct art, requiring much care
and foresight, as well as an accurate knowledge of the
physiological peculiarities of the species, and also some
considerable skill in landscape gardening, not only to
ensure its successful accomplishment, but to obtain
such results as the increased expense involved by the
process warrant the operator to expect. In prosecuting
it in the case of heavy specimens, the aid of machinery
is indispensably requisite, and, where unusually large
trees are for special reasons desired to be removed, con-
siderable risk and expense are incurred— more so, pro-
bably, than the ultimate advantages justify.

Passing over, t"Uerefore, the consideration of horti-
cultural transplantation, or the removal of merely
transplanted seedlings, such as are commonly used in
forming young plantations, as beyond the province and
purposes" of this paper, we shall, in furt'Uer detailing the
methods employed, and the precautionary measures
necessary to ensure success in transplanting, specify
these merely as regards plants of some attained height,
from about 3 or 4 feet and upwards, or rare and
valuable specimens of recently introduced Coniferoe, or
Evergreen shrubs. In the case of mauy of these new
Pines early transplantation is productive of much ulti-
mate advantage to the habit of several of the varieties
in this climate, either by checking undue growth, or
promoting the formation of strongly-fibred roots.

It is customary, before removing a large hard wood
tree, to subject it to a system of preparation. This has
been found very beneficial, and we think it indispen-
sable to the success of the process of transplantation.

Usually in the autumn, prior to the season in which
the tree is to be lifted, or in the previous spring if the
operation is to be conducted in autumn, a trench of
about 2 feet in breadth is dug, about 6 feet in diameter
(if the tree be not more than 12 feet in height) around
the stem, care being taken, when the pit has been
formed to a depth of 2 feet under the surface of the
ground, to slope it inwards on all sides towards the
trunk, so as to undermine the root-ball, and the
numerous rootlets and fibres. Into this trench a
supply of well-rotted turf, previously mixed and
amalgamated with lime, is thrown and firmly beat in
towards the roots. By this adventitious application, a
fast and free propulsion of young roots is induced, and
the task of removing is very much lightened when the
period arrives for executing it.

Another mode of preparation is, however, even
better adapted for attaining the end in view. By the
method already described, injui'y is frequently done by
injudiciously trenching too near the root, and this is
sometimes more serious than the transplanting
process itself Instead, therefore, of cutting the roots
all round the plant at once, we recommend in the
autumn of one season to dig round them on one side
of the tree only, and to fill in the compost referred to;
and in the following autumn to dig similarly round
those on the other side, thus completing the trenching
process, and in the succeeding season the removal of
the tree may be proceeded with. In this way a gradual
and less severe interference is attempted, and the
system of the tree is permitted to recover from eaoh
successive curtailment of root, prior to its final trans-,
portation to a new site.

Care is to he taken in removing a tree thus " pre-
pared," not to dig the root-hall within the line of the
trench, but outside of it, so as to include the freshly
added soil, and if it be deemed desirable to lighten the
ball, any loose earth should merely be picked away, a
part of the operation which must be abandoned as
soon as the points of the rootlets are seen protruding.
(To be Continued.)

THE CULTIVATED SELAGINELLAS.

Selaginella is oneof those genera on which gardeners
and botanists have to a large extent worked quite
independently of one another ; and the consequence is
that a considerable number of the names that are
floating about in gardens are either not book-names at
all, or are applied to the wrong plants. In this case the
gardeners may plead, very reasonably, that it is tha
botanists who are to blame, and that the latter have
never really given the gardeners a fair chance of making
themselves acquainted with their names and species-
limitations, because they have shut up what they
had to say about them in Latin diagnoses,
and published them only in a form in which
they were never likely to find their way into the
gardener's hands. Some seven years ago Dr. Braun
took the matter in hand, and inserted in the annual
report of the Berlin garden a synopsis of the cultivated
species, which was copied into the 13th volume of the
fourth series of the " Annales des Sciences Naturelles."
In his " Perns, British and Poreign," Mr. Jno. Smith
used this as the basis of his enumeration of the species
grown in this country; and still more recently, in the
Transactions of the Edinburgh Botanical Society, Dr.
Macnal) has given an abstract of the paper, with notes
and remarks. But what we seem to want in this
country is a short synopsis of the leading characters of
the species which we are growing, so that we may
have a ready means of ascertaining which are the
names that ought to be used, and of turning to it from
time to time when we want to determine any
particular specimen. I purpose, therefore, in the
present paper to do best to my supply this deficiency ;
to pass in review the species with which I am
acquainted as under cultivation, and, without entering
into close detail, to group them and point out their
principal characters, endeavouring as I pass along to
ascertain the name which, according to the established
rules of nomenclature, each should bear.

As a genus Selaginella is structurally distinguished
from Lycopodium by producing spores of two different
kinds. In Lycopodium all the little kidney-shaped
capsules contain an indefinite number of minute, dust-
like grains; but in Selaginella, although the upper
capsules are like this, a few of the lower ones .are larger
in size, and the spores which they contain are only
three or four in number, and considerably larger;
sometimes, as in S. laevigata, round chalk-Hke pellets,
from a quarter to a third of a line in diameter. In
both genera the leaves in some of the species spread
from the stem in all directions ; but in other species
the leaves are of two different kinds, the larger ones
spreading from the stem in only a single flat row on
each side, and the smaller ones forming two rows on
the top, either quite adpressed to the stem and lower
rows, or with only the tips recurved, so that they look
more Hke stipular appendages to the large ones than
proper leaves. The first we may call the Polystichous,
and the second the Distichous plan of arrangement.
The former prevails in Lycopodium, the latter
in Selaginella ; but there is a small group of distichous
Lycopodia, including the Europeati L. complanatum
and a few exotic species ; and there is similarly a small
group of polystichous Selaginellas, to which last our
indigenous S. spinosa (Lycopodium selaginoides, L.),
and the not unfrequently cultivated S. uliginosa, of
Australia, belong ; as also the American, East Indian,
and South African S. rupestris, and South African
S. pumila. As these are well-known and clearly defined,
I will confine my notes here to the distichous division
of the genus, and give first an analytical table of the
garden species, and then run over them more in detail.

The best character for use in grouping the species for
my present purpose seems to be that obtained from
theu- general habit of growth ; and besides that there

JtTLT 2r, 1867.J

THE GAEPENEES' CTTEOXTCT,E ANT) AnrvTCUT.TUEAL GAZETTE.

783

are two important structural characters which porliaps
it is tlosirablo slionlil ba explained hero at llio outaet.
The first ol' them is in the stem. In most of the
species it is quite continuous, but in a few there is a
distinct joint at tbo base of every branch, and it is a
curious coincidence that the .jointed species produce
their rootlets from the upper, and the unjointed ones
tlieirs from the underside of the stem. The second
good structural character is in the bracts. In a, lar^o
number of the species they are all alike, small and
rigid, and tiled over the capsules and one another in
four uniform rows. But in a large group, of wliuih
however wo have only two species under cultivation,
the bracts are like a continuation of the leaves, being
arranged upon the same distichous plan, the under
row being considerably larger than the upper ones, and
spreading from the axis like the leaves do, in one
uniform plane. In speaking of the breadth of the
divisions I mean the well developed ultimate
branches, not the main ones, which in the compound
species are often considerably broader than the final
ones, which must be taken to compare fairly, the
copiously with the slightly branched forms. The
following is an analytical table of the species, and in
my next coramnnicaliou I shall speak of those of the
first group more in detail.

Group 1. Decumbontes. Stems wide-trailing, prostrate,
furnished with rootlets nearly or quite up to the
point.

, f stems continiiong . ■ . . 2

I StoiDH nrticulated at the joints R

/ Steins iiTo^nilnrly branched, form- ) ^

n 1 ing a densely interlaced rnaas i

" 1 Steins not interlaced, the branches \ .^

\ .short and rcynlarly pinnated J

f I,eavc« placed mdo apart, and not j. ^eUeatissinm

^< ninvo than half a lino long ., I
(Loaves close together, a line long 4

(Loaves oblonq:, tho spiko with a }
distinct stalk . . . . . . )

'*'i Leaves round, dccurved when dry, \

V the spike sessile . . . . )
C Divisions a quarter of an inch)^

r ! broad, colour palo waxy green )

■'"j 'Divisions not more than two lineal -

V broad, colour not shining .. (

-J Branches copiously pinnate . . . . uncinata

I Branches simple or slightly branched . . . . . . 7

/Shoots whip-Uko at the end, colour \ -j^^uia

uj pale green I

j Shoots not elongated at the point, }_ ggj^g^s

V colour deei> gi'een . . . . ) ^

{Branches distant, and branched | Kraussiana
sparingly t

Branches close, and branched \ ^

copiously .. .. .. f '" "* •- '

{Bnmches thyr'^nid, leaves pale "(^
green, rigid, blunt .. .. V

Branches corymbose, leaves deep V
green, herbaceous, acute . . )

Group 3. Suberectrc. Upper half of the stem ascend-
ing, the rootlets confined to the decumbent lower
half.

, f Bracts uniform in shape 2

( Bracts dimorphous (of two forms) .. .. .. ..7

/Divisions aquarterofan inch broad, \ o

n I texture Srm j

""j Divisions not more than two lines (^ ^

V broad, texture herbaceous . .

helvetica

denticulata

Breynii

Galeottei
afBnis

^ ) Colour bright green JIai'tensii

"( Colour brownish green . . ,. .. atro-viridis
/'Producing bulbs at theend of theshoots

4 < Not producing bulbs at the end oi\
( the shoots i

f. J Leaves ciliated

X Leaves not ciliated

f Stems 2 to 3 inches long, leaves |^
sub-entire )

(Stems 6 to 0 inches long, leaves \
toothed ., (

f Outer bracts all uniform and sub- \

wj squarrosc t

j Upper bracts smaller than the lower ^

f

ciliata
bulbifera

apoda
ludovieiana
suberoaa
stenophylla

ones, and scarcely spreading (

Group 3. Erectflp. Stems erect (but the habit not tree
like), with rootlets only from near the base.
/"Stem climbing 6 to 10 feet high,
, J with long branches

Groups. Kcsulatai. ITabit of growth nost-hke, i.e.,

tho stom forming a deuso tuft, tho outer rows
gradually longer than the inner ones, all curhng up
very much when tlio i)lant is dry.

{ Texture rigid, leavoH not bair-tippod 2

1 ■] Texture borbaccous, loaves tipped \ ^

( Willi aliair like point .. i

o I I!r:uicbin(:; piiinato. leaves blunt .. convnluta

- "i ISnin.'hiiik' fini HkL\ Imvos acuminate involvcns

/ IlnuicbiuK pinnate, loavOH with a )_ cusnidata

„ J dislinct wliito border . . . . (

j nmnehing fiin-Hko, leavoH not) -piiifcra

{. wbitu-burdcrcd .. .. i J G Ji

Willdenovii

injequifolia
Lobbii

Stem not climbing, 1 to 2 feet high, )

I. with short branches .. .. f

/■Rachises naked, brancblets |

qJ pinnate ,. .. ., ., \

1 Rachises pubescent, branchleta 1

V simple or once forked . . J

Group 4. Caulescentes. Habit of growth tree-like,
/. e., the stem erect, without any branches from the
lower third or half, but copiously compound above.

-. ( Stems brii^ht red .. 2

1 Stems greenish or straw-coloured 3

/"Divisions l-8th of an inch broad.) „..^i,„ ^,

„ t leaves very close, ciliated . . f erythropus

-•^DiWsions 24 to ;j lines broad,! hrematodes
I. leaves not so close, not ciliated f "•■^"•"'-""'^^

* J Branches pubescent .. .. .. .. .. .,4

( Branches naked 5

i'Stem flexuose, leaves half as broad) « „. ••

J as long .. 1 B™""'

J Stem straight, leaves from a third to "j fiiifTQ+T

V a quarter as broad as long . , J"
, Leaves close, spreading, and diroor-S

I phous below where the branching |- 6

,J begins )

■ I Leaves distant, adpressed and uni-'i

I form below where the branching V 7

^ begins J

("Leaf ciliated, the two sides rather ^^
g1 unequal (

j Leaf not at all ciliated, the two sides }

\ very unequal . . . . . . j

f Branches regularly pinnate, with )^
7-j simple branchlets . . . . i

(Branchlets compound

I Leai^es imbricated, branches culling ) eaulescens

^ up when dry I

.^ Leaves not imbricated, and branches )

'- not curling up .. f

Q J Leaves rigid, pale green, not close

I Leaves herbaceous, deep green, close

viticulosa
Griffithii
Wallichii

laevigata
flabeliat*

THE DOUBLE COCOA-NUT.

; IjODOICBA SECHELlAnTTM.
FiTTT-FlVE years ago, on visiting the museum of
the College at St. Andrew's, in Fifeshire, amongst other
curiosities the keeper took do\ra from a shelf a black
lumpy body about a foot in length, and nearly as much
in wi'.llli, and holding it in both hands told me it was
a " I'omcgranate." I had read of Pomegranates in the
Bible when at school, and in dread of the awful words
"take him down," had learned to spell the word
correctly ; but I then had no idea a Pomegranate was
like thehuUs of two toy boats fastened together by their
gunwales, such being the idea to which I compared tho
obiect before me. It was not for a number of years
after this that I saw or learned anything more about
Pomegranates, but on gaining a knowledge of botany I
became sceptical of the St. Andrew's Pomegranate
being the same as those spoken of in the Bible ; and I
at length found it was the IJonbie Cocoa-nut.

The principal facts relating to the structure and
appearance of this singular Palm have frequently been
given in your columns, where also the peculiar
perforated bowl or socket in which the base of the
trunk is immersed has been more than once figured
and described. The following observations relating to
the mode of germination of the seed may serve in a
measure to explain the formation of this bowl.

In a few weeks after a fresh nut is placed in a tan
bed, or other warm open material, a white body about
the thickness of the finger is seen protruding from
between the lobes of the nut, which quickly elongates
downwards in a nearly perpendicular direction {in its
native country it is said at an angle of '15°), attaining
the length of about 2 feet, the end thickening and
becoming fusiform. This part contains the true
embryo, and may be considered the placenta, and on
its bursting on one side, the growth of the embryo
commences by the protrusion of the first leaf, which is
succeeded by others ; roots are at the same time pro-
duced. During this process of growth the nut con-
tinues to supply nutriment to the young plant
through the long cord or funiculus as it may be
called, and which it continues to do^ for several
years, the plant gradually increasing in size, and
the roots in number and strength, so as ultimately
to become sufficient for its support : the funiculus
gradually drying up, but not so the point to which the
embryo is attached. All Palms germinate in the same
manner as above stated, the embryo retaining its
connection with the end of the funiculus, which \
becomes a progressing axis of development of leaves
and roots, creeping on the surface of the ground, or
burrowing downwards at a more or less acute angle, ^
and becoming analogous to a rhizome. This it con-
tinues to do until the plant attains its majority (which
is often not before many years), that is, when it has j
matured its ascending axis, the rhizome remaining in
the form ofa spur-like stump, even after the plants have
attained manyyearsnf age. This rhizome structure may
assist in explaining the manner of the formation of the
socket of the Lodoicea. When I had the opportunity
of observing the germination of the nuts, X was not then
aware of the bowl appendage, therefore my attention
was not directed to that special point, and consequently
I cannot speak from direct observation as to how it
originates. Seeing that the embryo of Palms continues
its connection with the placenta, it would seem that
in the case of the Lodoicea the connection of the
embryo continues in the lower cavity of the placenta,
in which it continues to grow, and through which it
receives nutriment, until the seea nut is exhausted,
during which time roots have been doing their duty—
and the connection of the sac still being continued, it
would appear that a reflow of sap from the plant into
the sac takes place, which grows with the growth of
the plant, and becomes penetrated with the stiff cord-
like roots ; and thus the holes and tubes are found.
Therefore this socket may be viewed as of the same
nature of growth as the rhizome of other Palms, differ-
ing only in the original growth of the plant being
central instead of lateral, and retaining its attachment
through life. In the large bowl at Kew the point of
attachment is indicated by a few inches of rough
surface in the centre at the bottom, and destitute
of holes. There is much, however, yet to be
learned on this subject, and which can only be obtained
by examining plants at difl'ereut stages of their early
growth.

During the last .50 years many nuts of this Palm
have come to this country, eight of which germinated
at Kew under my own observation, but a want of
knowledge of the early natare of the plant, and the cir-
cumstances detailed above, must be admitted as an
excuse for our not having succeeded in establishing a
plant of Lodoicea. This is in a great measure due to the
period they take to iiass through what may be called
their infant state (which may be considered not less
than 10 years), and to the want of proper arrange-
ments to keep them in one position, as well as to
the fluctuations of heat and moisture during that time.
It is impossible, even under the most lavourable cir-
cumstances, to say what number of years wiU be
required before an ascending trunk can be formed,
1 but certainly it cannot be less than .50.

A plant established ia the Mauritius Garden, knowa
to be SO years old, lias still the appearance of a young
plant, having numerous healthy leaves rising from the
ground, but none of them exceeding 6 feet in height.
About 10 years ago a plant growing in a small barrel
vvas sent from the Mauritius, tho largest leaf being
from 5 to (i feet in length, but unexpanded. In this
state it was forwarded to Kew, but unfortunately it
had no prote(!tioii during the voyage to England, the
leaf not even being supported, so that it was twisted with
every breeze, and on its arrival tho centre of the plant
was found to bo completely destroyed. A nice plant,
properly secured in a largo case, was al.so sent by
Mr. Duncan, tho laIrO Director of the Mauritius
Botanic Garden, but the long voyage proved fatal to it.
Had it not been for tliese untoward events, Kew might
by this time have been possessed of Double Cocoa-nut
plants. The only plant of it known to me in this
country is one lately sprouted in the Botanic Garden,
Liverpool, under tho skilful management of Mr.
Tyerman ; and, the nature of the plant being better
known, success may now be expected. /. Smithy
ISx-Ciiraior, itoijal Botanic Oardeiis, Kc^w.

LETTERS PROM PARIS.— No. XX.
Feench Hotbed Foecino, Bedding-out,

White Lilacs, etc.

If there be one flower more than another indis-
pensable to the Paris flower market in winter and
early spring, it is the White Lilac. You may see large
bunches of it in every little flower shop as early as the
month of January, and it is always associated with the
early Violet and the forced Rose. This Lilac is the
common kind, and yet it is perfectly white. French
florists have tried the white variety, but they do not
like it— it pushes weakly and then does not
look of so pure a colour as the ordinary
Lilac one. They force the common form in
great quantities in pots, and to a greater extent
planted out, as close as they can stand, in pits for
cutting. The plants that are intended for forcing are
cut round with a spade in September, to induce them
to form flower-buds freely, and they commence to force
early in the autumn. They at first • judiciously
introduce tbem to a cool house, but after a little while
they give them plenty of heat when once fairly started,
the' same time "abundant humidity is supplied, both
in fact, from 2.5' to nearly 40° C. = 7/"— 101, F. At
at the root and by means of the syringe, but the chief
point is, that from t he day they take the plants under glass
they are not allowed to receive a gleam of light, the
glass being completely covered with the paillcisson.f, or
ueat straw mats, which are so much used here for
covering frames, pits, and all sorts of garden struc-
tures in winter. Thus they get the Lilac to push
freely, and gather its white blooms before the leaves have
had time to show themselves. The great degree of heat
—a degree which we never think of giving to anything
of the kind in England, and the total shade to
which they are subjected, eS'ect the bleaching.
The French commence to cut the White Lilac in the
end of October, and continue the operation till the
Lilac comes in in the open ground. In the same
establishments enormous quantities of Roses are forced,
small and pretty Roses being in great demand in Paris
through the winter and early spring.

There is another feature of French forcing to which
I wish particularly to call the attention of your
readers, and that is— their mode of arranging hotbeds.
This system, being much superior and much cheaper
than our own, must eventually be adopted amongst us.
Its advantages are obvious at a glance. They force
most successfully with materials which an English
gardener, not aware of the advantages of their method,
would consider unfit for anything but the rubbish
heap. For frames they employ the roughest material,
cheaply knocked together ; it matters not about look,
as the frames are completely sunk in the dung. We,
on the other hand, have presentable, painted, well-made
frames, which when we mi ke hotbeds we generally
place on the top of a heni of heating material. The
French use a narrow fram > say 4 feet, so that the heat
of the surrounding material is more effective — we
generally use a widish frame. They do not raise such
piles of dung as we do, but place several rows of these
narrow frames together, and plunge them all up to the
very rim in heating material, so that they keep as
snugly heated as could be desired. The top is the only
part exposed, and the surface of the manure placed
between each serves as a pathway. The lines of frames
are kept rather close, say a yard between each, or even
less. The lights are as neatly made as ours ; the best
judges prefer a wooden sash, the smaller ribs for the
glass being of iron. I have been lately inquiring about
the price of these little frames and sashes, and find
they are very cheap. They are to be had about 4 feet
.3 inches wide, and 4 feet 5 or 6 inches long, for
45 francs the three, or in other words about 15 francs

Of the utility of these frames there can be no doubt.
By their aid the French market gardener produces
C[uantities of nice forced products for the Paris markets,
from Asparagus to great Cantaloupe Melons, and they
are also used in the best French private gardens. To
the English gardener they would prove equally
or more useful, and I hope to see them yet emplored
wherever horse manure is used as a heating agent. By
employing moss, leaves, and similar material between
frames instead of hot dnng, bedding plants, ic^ may be
preserved to a great extent, as they are at La Muette ;
but their great value is for the preservation of a warm
and thoroughly genial atmosphere for winter and
spring work. , , , , ., ,■ •

I had intended to give a brief sketch of the chief
beauties and blemishes of the bedding in the Paris parks
and gardens, but it would not perhaps be fair to do so at
present, as the sub-tropical plants are not yet, as a rule,

?84

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Jtn.T 27, 1867.

out of their shabby condition. I must state, however
that generally the result of the planting here is a mis-
take. Frequently you encounter an immense mass of
Cannas inonebed, and in the next a mass of something
else. There is, nevertheless, a good deal to admire,
and perhaps the best idea I can give of the present
state of matters is by means of the following notes
taken in the Pare Monceau— the best place in Paris to
judge of flower-gardening— on the evening of the
20th July, a date when you would expect things to
look well advanced here :—

" In this Park many subtropical things look shabby,
even the Castor-oils have as yet made no progress.
The great Caladiums are begmning to look a little
decent. Caladiums among Mignonette are beginning
to push, but are not yet in good condition. "Workmen
are engaged in plunging groups of the Fan Palm.
Bananas are very poor as yet, but Wigandia is good and
fresh. Musa Ensete is beginning to push, and is the best
of theMusas for planting-out. Aralia papyrifera that has
been protected all the winter is only good now and then :
in some instances the plants look yellow. It is better
put out young. Lantanas are poor. A large bed,
having a groundwork of variously coloured Portulaccas,
and dotted with Duranta Baumgartii fol. var., has a
charming appearance. Another large bed of Solanum
Warscewiczioides, and the scarlet Lmum for a ground-
work, is also good. Wigandia Vigieri, a promising
kind, is on trial. Everlasting Peas are planted round
many of the trees, and are tied up to their stems —
rather a tasteful practice, but they look much prettier
when allowed to trail on the ground over rockwork.
Wide belts of one kind of thing around clumps of
shrubs are not nice. In the different plantations
there is great variety — the clumps of shrubs partaking
of it as well as the bedding plants.

" Such plants as Crambe cordifolia and the Pampas
Grass look fine isolated on the Grass near the margin
of a clump of trees. The Pampas is worth growing for
this purpose alone, even if it never flowered. Ery-
thrinas are in full flower, but after all not worth the
trouble which they occasion. Variegated Dahlia is
pretty and useful ; Coleus very poor as yet ; Iresine
pretty good in partial shade ; Senecio platanifolia very
good. Beds and borders of Hydrangeas very fine
indeed, and worth more attention than they get in
England. Some plants bearing blue flowers amongst
the normally coloured ones, of course add much to the
effect. An immense mass of Canna nigricans, with edge of
variegated Ageratum, is very imposing. Clematis
montana trained up the trees has a charming effect.
What a nice thing it must be in flower in this position,
though it would be better run over some old stumps or
low common trees over which it might train itself.
Beds of Perns in shady places are nice, and lines of
white Puchsias are pretty. Ferdinanda is good. Some
kinds of Begonias are a total failure. A little way off
single plants of Erythrina look very striking. Abed
of Abutilon vexillarium is very pretty and interesting,
though not quite vigorous. Some tall tender Solanums,
&c., are quite a disfigurement. Colocasia odorata is
very fine and free and noble, especially when in the
shape of old plants, when tall stems are employed.
Isolated plants of Bambusas are beautiful and striking,
as are also Acanthus lusitanicus. Delphinium pegged
down amongst Phloxes is very good indeed ; Arundo
Donax versicolor is used, but it is very bad in conse-
quence of not having been left in the ground over the
winter. Hibiscuses are too naked to be anything but
ugly, and, no matter what result they may produce in
the end, no such hideousness as they present for a long
time should be tolerated in any tasteful garden." W. 2J.

Home Correspondence.

Sardiness of Setinosporas (see p. 760).— Early in
the sprmg of 1866 we got a small plant of Retinospora
obtusa, which was planted out at the time along with
a number of other Conifers. It made a nice growth
last summer, and withstood the severe frosts of last
wmter and spring without protection. It has made
good growth this season also, and there is no doubt
that It IS perfectly hardy. We got some plants of
Ketmospora pisifera and R. pisifera aurea this season,
but of the hardiness of these I cannot yet speak. I
am, however, inclined to think that they will with-
stand our Yorkshire winter as well as R. obtusa has
done. I am convinced, from experience, that many
Conifers and other evergreen trees and shrubs which
are perfectly hardy are oftentimes killed, by severe
frosts in winter, through their having been planted
cither in bad situations or in ground in bad condition,
ihis very generally happens in small places where a
grea,t variety of trees is planted. The soil is oftentimes of
good quality, and when it is not so, enriching material
is added when the trees are planted. For a few years
they make rapid progress. The trees begin to assume
the size and character of specimens, and it is then
perceived that they have been planted too closely toge-
ther. Up to this period the summers have been fine and
hot and the winters mild ; but now comes the trial • a
cold, late, unfavourable spring is followed by a cold,
late summer, the trees all make late growth, the autumn
IS extremely wet and mild, the wood is unripened
severe frosts suddenly set in, killing many and com-
pletely disfiguring the remainder of what a short time
previously were promising young specimens. Then a
long list of casualties finds its way to your columns
and trees perfectly hardy are pronounced to be tender!
When trees are planted in a confined situation,
they grow thin and delicate, the wood rarely gets
properly matured, and they suffer severely from frosts
ill winter. When trees are planted in heavy retentive
land they make good growth in hot summers, which
then gets ripened and stands the winter; but when the
summers are cold, and there is a long continuance of
rains in tlie autumn, as was the case last season, the
young growth does not then get properly matured, and

the soil, being retentive, holds the water, which causes the
young roots to perish. When this happens, as it often-
times does, the first severe frost in winter will seriously
injure, if it does not kill, the hardiest Conifers placed
under such conditions. If Conifers are sheltered from
violent sweeping winds, particularly west winds, the
situation otherwise for them cannot be too open, airy,
and dry. Whatever the nature of the land may be, it
must be thoroughly drained. This,, in my opinion,
is a point of vital importance as regards the well-doing
of Conifers. Dryness at the root in winter is the point
above all others which must not be overlooked. Trees
planted in open situations and dry soil will not grow
so rapidly as those planted in close situations and
heavy retentive laud; but the growth which they
make will generally get well matured, and will stand
any amount of frost in winter. Here the soil is
naturally dry, the subsoil being in some places deep
gravel, in others sand ; and in some instances beds of
clay. Of the several thousands of Conifers planted all
over the park, the grounds, and plantations, only two
small plants were killed last winter, and these happened
to be in places rather retentive and low, when the
surface water did not pass off freely. The growth and
progress of all the trees is most satisfactory. M. Saul,
Stourton.

Oleander Groioing. — Tour correspondent " W. R."
(see p. 735), speaks of nice little plants of Oleander,
beautifully flowered, about Paris. If he will give us a
few plain and practical hints as to their management,
he will be doing a great service to me, and to many
who, like myself, have often wondered why our
gardeners cannot grow these lovely plants as well as
our neighbours across the Channel. /. P.

Orchids at Exhibitions. — I see in your report of the
flower show at Bury St. Edmund's that you complain
of the scarcity of Orchids exhibited on that oeeasion,
but the explanation is very simple. After the experi-
ence gained at the International last year, owners of
valuable plants will not allow them to go to a show
where they remain for four or five days, no matter
what amount of prize money isjoffered ; and I presume
that those gentlemen who have the organising of
exhibitions will find out eventually that the longer the
duration of the show the poorer the specimens. They
have had pretty good proof of that this year. It may
suit as a speculation, but it certainly does not suit the
plants, and those who really take an interest in them
will not send them. W. Marshall, Enfield. [If this be
so, it will give a further impetus to the growth of cool
Orchids, or will lead to the formation of a new class of
exhibition Orchids. On the other side we may remark
that some of the principal Orchid exhibitors at the
International reported that their plants were not at all
injured. At Manchester again, this year, some of the
collections were removed, but we are informed on good
authority that those which remained were not damaged
in the least. Eds.]

Eli/mus arenaritis. — This British Grass— this strong-
rooting and most distinct-looking herb — is capable of
adding a very distinct feature to the garden here and
there, and should be quickly introduced to civilisation.
Planted a short distance away from the margin of a
shrubbery, or on a bank on the Grass, and allowed to
have its own way in deep soil, it makes a most striking
object. In short, it deserves to rank fourth among
really hardy big Grasses, the Pampas and the two
Arundos alone preceding it. I am not quite sure that
it is not more useful than the Arundo, being hardy in
all parts of these islands. In very good soil it will
grow i feet high, and as it is for the leaves we should
cultivate it, if the flowers are removed they will bo no
loss. It is found frequently on our shores, but more
abundantly in the north than in the south. The
variety geniculatus, which has the spike pendulous, is
also worthy of culture, and in its case the flowers may
prove worth preserving. It may possibly be useful for
cover. S.

A ieatitiful Hardy Plant for Naturalisation. — I
went to Fontainebleau the other day with Mr. C.
Moore, of Sydney, and spent a delightful day in the
grand old forest with M. Souchet, and also in his
Gladiolus grounds, or rather farms. I, however, just
now write to say how much we admired on the wjiy
beautiful masses of the delicate pink Coronilla varia,
and to recommend it strongly to all who wish to
establish an elegant and pleasing plant on rockwork,
half wild bank, or among tufts of low trailing shrubs,
like the common Evergreen Cotoneaster. It is a
common plant about Paris, and though I have always
much admired it as a first-rate border flower, I never
knew what a beautiful plant it is till I saw it crawling
through the long Grass and low shrubs on the railway
banks, and here and there spreading out into pale
roseate cushions of great beauty dotted here and there
with grass blades. For a chalk bank or anything of
the kind it will prove admirable. It may easily be
iiad from seed in England. Fontainebleau is the finest
Imperial place I have seen in France, but it takes
about three days to get a fair idea of it. JR.

Mrs. Pincers Black Muscat. — Being at Exeter the
other day for the purpose of selecting a cane of Mrs.
Pince's Muscat Grape, I beg to say a word or two
regarding it. On reaching the house in which it is
growing, I was surprised to find more than 230 bunches
in an area 23 feet long and 13 feet wide. At first glance
it was a very fine sight, but how much better
would it have been if only one half had been left to
come to maturity ? This I suggested to Mr. Pince,
who readily admitted having been too greedy, and he
also promised to cut many bunches away, an operation
which would be of advantage to the Vines, which are
yet in a comparatively young state. J. Mannan,
Cyfarthfa Castle, Merthyr Tydvil.

Solanum galeatum. — At the recent ! Horticultural
Exhibition at Bury.St. Edmund's I noticed the above
very interesting species of Solanum ticketed as S.
atropurpureum, a very distinct and much commoner

species, with pinnatifid foliage, and more copiously
armed with spines than the S. galeatum. The latter
seems to be one of Linden's numerous importations
from Brazil, but I do not know the exact date of
introduction, nor to whom it is indebted for the name
it bears. I see no reference to the plant in your report
of the exhibition, though it was by no means one of its
least attractive elements. The broad, horizontally-
disposed foliage, of moderate dimensions only, is better
adapted to resist high winds than that of S. robustum
and some other species, and the vinous-purple tint of
the under side of the leaf affords an agreeable contrast
with the deep shaded green of the upper surface. I
should be glad to learn whether this species succeeds
well when planted out in this country ; if so, it should
be made more extensively known. Perhaps to the
above I may be permitted to add that in a box of cut
flowers from Cambridge I observed the pretty little
Silene alpestris labelled Lychnis alpina. W. T. J.

Lilium auratum. — I have Lilium auratum in bloom
in a 5-inch pot. I have measured a bloorn this morn-
ing upon it, and find it is exactly 14 inches in diameter;
is not this an extraordinary size ? Oeo. Archer, Gardener,
Finedon Sail. [We have seen very large flowers, but
none, we think, so large as this. Eds.]

Deodars. — Would you kindly advise me as to the
best course to be pursued with a Deodar which stands
on my lawn, and which up to the present time has
been its chief ornament? It suffered greatly from the
severe frost in the winter, losing all the foliage, except
on the lowermost branches protected by the snow.
Fresh leaves appeared, beginning to break April 20,
and from the true colour I had hopes of entire recovery ;
but, whether from cold nights or otherwise, the tree
soon relapsed, and now I regret to say that 2 faet of the
top, and almost all the under branches from 3 to 5 feet
from the ground (except the lowermost, as aforesaid),
have gone off, and appear to be quite dead; and,
unfortunately, the north-west side, facing the house, is
the worst. The rest of the tree appears healthy and
likely to flourish, and there is no doubt that the stock
is vigorous enough. The tree, which I planted 10 years
ago, has done well, the position and soil (hard sand,
almost sandstone) appearing to suit it; indeed, I
thought it grew too fast. The trunk at 1 foot from the
ground is Ij foot in girth, while the extent of the
branches hardly anywhere exceeds 5 feet from the body.
The height is full 18 feet. My principal query is,
whether I should prune the tree, and, if so, when, and
to what extent ? Is it likely to put forth fresh wood
from the trunk in those parts where the branches have
died away? Deodars generally have suffered in this
neighbourhood, but I have seen none so bad as mine.
I had supposed it to be quite hardy. My Fahrenheit
thermometer fell to zero (Negrctti's patent minimum)
on the night of Jan. 3, the snow lying on the lawn
7 inches deep at the time, and a depth of 2 inches more
fell the same night. Next night the min. was 10', and
with 11° on the 13th and 14th, these were
the lowest points. The wind was northerly,
by N.W. and N.E. S., Vale of Pemsey. [Tour
Deodar may be pruned now, cutting away all
that is dead. Let two of the most suitable branches
be tied up to form a leader ; of these, at the end of
12 months, select the best and stop the other. The
healthy branches, from " 3 to 5 " feet from the ground,
may be tied down in a pendent form, and made to
cover the N.W. side as much as possible, and in
time they will reach the ground. Unlike the Cedar of
Lebanon, this tree does break on the trunk of such
sized trees as yours when a vigorous growth is induced.
Feed in summer. W. B.'i

Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums at Bury. — I was
much struck with the strange and, as it appeared to
me, erroneous judgment of the 12 seedling Variegated
Pelargoniums for the Bury Silver Cup. My idea is
that those placed first ought to have been disqualified
on account of the foul and unbroken state of several
of the plants, one in particular having only two leaves
clean ; this on a plant with about 30 leaves, and about
18 inches high, seems a most extraordinary exposition
of the clear rules laid down in the Gardeners' Chronicle
(p. 515), both as regards clean colouring and flat
foliage. If coarseness may be considered vigour, it was
vigorous enough. As a frequent attendant at the
Horticultural Exhibitions I have generally had the
satisfaction of seeing fair decisions, with which most
exhibitors seemed content; but on this occasion
visitors were surprised, and exhibitors discontented,
apparently not without cause. As a purchaser of
Variegated Pelargoniums, and an intending competitor, .
I should, with many others, be glad of some expla-
nation. A Subscriber of many years, Cheltenham,

I had an opportunity of taking a trip to the Bury
Show, and was much struck with the beauty and
extent of the exhibition, certainly surpassing all
expectation. I am an amateur of many years standing,
and the chief motive of my visit was to see the battle
of the Variegated Pelargoniums for the several prizes.
With most of these decisions I was satisfied, but one
exception to the usual correct judgment of the Horti-
cultural Society was glaringly obvious. How it was
that any man with any pretension to the qualifications
of a judge could place the first prize on the Bury 12
passes my comprehension. Roughly grown, not strongly
coloured (with but one exception), leaves anything but
round and smooth, was the general aspect of the lot ;
but the crowning disquahfication of the exhibitor lay
in the fact that three or fom- plants were full of
unbroken or partly broken leaves. Indeed in one case
there were observable but two young leaves clean.
This would have assured the rejection of the collection
anywhere but at Bury. There is due to the exhibitors
in particular, and the public in general, some expla-
nation of this extraordinary freak of the London
Judges, otherwise we shall no longer know how to
show or have respect to the Horticultural Society^s
authority in such matters. Scrutator, London.

July 27, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS" CMONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

785

On visitinK the Eoyal Horticultural Exhibition at
Bury St. Edmund's, I was muoli struck with the
splendid varieties of Variegated Pelargoniumsexhibitcd
there, but with many others could not fail to feel great
surprise at tlie decision of the judges as to the County
Cup. The 1st prize Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums
had no pretensions whatever to be judged by tlie stan-
dard or rules published by the Gardeners^ CltronicU;.
The plants had not come to their full colouring, nor
were the leaves regularly variegated, I tliink all
growers will admit that when breaking into character
the colouring, being merely partial, is much more vivid
than when the whole of the plant is finally variegated :
there is in consequence great uncertainty as to whai
the prize collection will ultimately be. This objection
cannot be raised in reference to some of the other
collections— for instance, that of Messrs. F. & A.
Smith, of Uulwich, whose plants certainly came
nearest to the standard laid down by your rules. The
public are deeply interested in having a clear defini-
tion of what a Variegated Zonal Pelargonium should
be, and it is not too much to say that they looked to
the IJury Show (in consequence of its being held by
the London lioyal Horticultural Society) to have this
question settled ; but this strange decision will certainly
not make matters clearer. George Davison^ V'/d/e
Crosx Ntirseries, Ilereford. [No doubt the judges can
explain their reasons. We imagine, however, that the
age of the plants had something to do with the matter,
for the Schedule says, " seedlings of 18G(> and 18(J7." It
is curious to observe that althou{;h all the comjjetitors
showed Variegated Zonal (that is. Tricolor) varieties,
the Schedule does not specify them, but simply asks
for "Variegated" seedlings. Hence, we think the
judges were not bound to decide as though the prize
had been specially offered for Variegated Zonals. AVe
do not quite agree with our Cheltenham correspondent
as to the merits of the Cup collection, which contained
in our judgment the two best sorts yet raised
(Isabella Clay and Victoria Regina), and some others
(as Eva Fish) both good and distinct. Eds.]

Bury St. I^dmiind's Exhibition.— lu the full and
excellent report of this meeting in your last issue, you
state "that it was well supported by the local horti-
cultural talent, and not wanting altogether in sympathy
on the part of distant exhibitors," but that you thought
certain of " our great growers should have done more
than merely just put in an appearance." As far as
many London growers and exhibitors are concerned,
this is answered by your Editorial remarks (p. 757),
justly extolling what had been done— and as you
observed exceedingly well done — to give eclat to the
various receptions of our illustrious visitors, which
were quite exceptional, and had to be met at a very
short notice. This is a sufficient reason for the absence
of many of us from Bury St. Edmund's. I may
mention that I had the Paddington and Windsor
stations to supply with plants, &c., as well as to decorate
the Riding School at Windsor for the Belgian Volun-
Icers, besides the meeting of the Prince Consort's
Association in the Home Park, Windsor, and several
minor decorations ; I also sent largely to the Crystal
Palace, on the occasion of the Sultan's visit. This
must be the excuse, as it is the reason , why so little was
sent to Bury from here. Charles Turner^ The Mofjal
Nurseries^ Slough. [We are glad to see that Mr. Turner,
in his remonstrance, has supplied some particulars as
to the recent floral decorations, omitted in our brief
notice last week. Eds. )

Proposed Shoio of T'ariegated Zonal Pelargoniums.
— Observing in your columns a communication from
Mr. Wills, in which he proposes to hold an autumnal
exhibition of Gold and Silver Zonal Pelargoniums, we
most cordially approve of the propo-sal, as a means of
fixing a relative and determinate degree of merit to the
best varieties of 1807 and 18C8, prospectively, so far as
these can be produced in a state for exhibition. We
think the proposal, as it stands, suggests the inquiry,
whether or not seedlings of 1867 can be shown in the
whole of the classes ? On this point we trust our
opinion will be found to coincide with that of others,
namely, that seedlings of the present year should not
compete in any miscellaneous class of proved varieties,
because they do not present a true and average
character for opinion, either as to their habit of growth,
constancy of marking, or value in commerce, such
features or characteristics being only fixed and deter-
minate in each kind when propagated irrespec-
tively of soil or culture. Seedlings can only in fair-
ness compete with seedlings ; and we are of opinion
that it is unwise to prematurely bring these forward,
as in many instances they never realise the sanguine
anticipations of the raiser, and only create a prejudice
against varieties of proved excellence. In the very nature
of the case we think the current year's seedlings are
inadmissible in general competition groups, by reason
of the fact that the majority of Variegated Pelargonium
seedlings are progressive, and not immediate in their
development of colour, average growth, and value. In
other classes of flowers indeterminate and partial
features of excellence would not be entertained by
competent judges. For instance, a bizarre or byblomen
Tulip of the finest strain by its superlative purity of
ground colour and " feather," but half broken from the
self-coloured breeder-flower, would assuredly be
passed over or placed aside as a variety of
"great promise;" and the finest Pink or Carna-
tion, with the most exquisite " lacing " or bizarre
stains upon the purest ground tint, but three
parts developed, would alike stand " on trial." Such,
we think, should be the case with seedlings, as
ineligible for general competition until their average
character is perfectly fixed. The exhibition of the
current year's seedling forms may be regarded as an
injury aifecting the general interests of commerce, and
of no real benefit to cultivators. We cordially ofier the
proposed subscription, or, if necessary, to subscribe a
nigtier sum, conditionally that au equal amount be

paid by each exhibitor. We further suggest that
Class 4, as given by Mr. Wills, should include the
best Tricolor with silver edge, and that the coinpeti-
tion for such shall include the whole of the varieties in
the several classes. J?. G. Henderson iS" Son, Wellington
Poad, St. John's Wood. [The idea started by Mr.
"Wills has been somewhat extended. It has lieen
projiosed by gentlemen inlcri'stcd in this class of
idaiits, to make the subscription .'',/., and to extend the
number of classes as follows : —
1.— 12 variotics of Viiric!g:itu(i Jiimal Polargnniiims, put in
coiuinerco within tho last 12 months, 1 plant of ouch ;
41., '21.
2.— C ditto ditto •■" " ditto i 21., It.

3.-6 Gold and IJronzo Zonal Pclftrgoniums, ditto, ditto ; 2^, 11.
4.— 12 varieties of Variegated Zonal PolargouiumB, not yet in
commerce, scedliJifi; plants excluded, 1 plant of each ;
41., 21.
.1.— G ditto ditto ditto ditto ; 21., II.
G.— 12 Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums, seedling planta only;

«,, 21.
7.— C ditto ditto ; 21., It.

S.— G Gold and Bronze Zonal Pelargoniums, seedling plants

only; 2t., it.
II. — 3 varieties of Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums, 4 ptants of

each, either in or nnt in cunnerce : 4/., 2/.
ill. — The best Variegated Ziiii;d l'<l.ogonium.s, 4 plant.'*: 2/., 1/.
11. — The beat Gold and liron/.e Zonal Pelargoniums, 4 plants :

2(., i;.
12.— G Golden (self) PeLargoniuma, 1 iilant of each ; 2/., H.
ys. — The best Golden (seK) Pelargonium, 4 plants ; 2/., 1/.
It has been thought that the numerous classes will
compensate for the small amount of the prizes — which,
however, can bo raised or the number extended, if
sullicient funds are subscribed ; and the classes them-
selves are yet open to revision. We are requested to
add that Mr. Moore, Botanic Garden, Chelsea, has
undertaken to receive subscriptions, and to make the
necessary arrangements. Eds,]

Insect Parasites.— 1 found the worm-like creature,
of which I send you a .specimen, in front of my
apiary this morning (July 17) upon a stalk of Chick-
weed. It is about o inches in length, and not much
thicker than a good strong horse-hair. What is it ?
/. W., Gordon Castle, Fochabers. [It is a Gordius or
Mermis, of which so many have lately been found after
rain on bushes. They are parasites on the bodies of
various insects. W.]

Woodlice.—How am I to destroy these ? I have
them by thousands in a Melon bed, from which I have
just gathered the first crop, and which I have planted
again with young plants for a second crop. The
woodlice eat away my plants every night. J. B. S. S.
[Try the effect of pouring boiling water into their
hiding-places round the edges of the bed, but in doing
so take care not to injure the roots. Eds.]

North Wales Winters, and their Effects. — Very few
of our more tender plants perished through the severity
of the past winter, 1866-7, compared with what might
have been expected ; and I was quite suprised to find
the following (although of course killed down to the
ground, or nearly so) make their appearance again
late in the spring, and are now (July) looking quite
healthy and strong, and several are flowering freely, all
in the open border, and without protection, viz. : —
Othonna cheirifoUa.
Jasminum Wallichi.anum,

nudiflorum, &e.
Ceanothns azureus.

by me were all distinct sorts. The following nro the
names of tho trees shown by me and by my
competitors; your readers may therefore see
exactly what were exhibited by each of us : —
In my grou)) were I^onald's Early Purple, Noblesse,
and Walbiirton's Admirable Peaches ; Hunt's
Tawny, Oldenburgh, and lirii;;ii.,n .Montrciix Nec-
tarines; Moor I'ark Apriccil,;Siniiiiiir lion Cine lieu and
lieurre Gilfanl Pears; (/oc's (inldcn Diup and Dciiyer's
Victoria Plums, audLatc liigarnaii ('herry— altogether
12 sorts. Messrs. LunoiV Son liiul three Peaches, one
Nectarine, one Pear, two i'liiins, two Cherries, one
Fig, and two Apples— also 12 sorts. As a practical
gardener I have always understood that judges would
take into account the evidence of labour and horticul-
tural skill shown in the cultivation of competing plants,
and I would suggest that orchard-house trees wliicli had
been under that kind of managoment.a.s mine had been —
in pots from IP down toCyearsfesiifciaily as tlicaclinow-
ledged difrK!ul1-y in treating orchard-houso trees is in
keeping them in bearing for several years in succession)
—deserved particular distinction on that account.
Judged by this standard, I cannot help feeling that in
this case a failure of justice has taken place at my
expense ; but as a man is confessedly no judge in his
own cause, I would be content to rest my case on the
judgment of such meu as Messrs. Fish, Hogg, and
liivers : nay, more, I would even dare to ajipeal to the
judgment of the respectable firm which has carried off
the very prize to which I think I was fairly entitled.
Wm. Orix, Jul/, 22.

Cucumbers from Cuttings. — Can Cucumbers be as
well raised from cuttings as from seed ; and are plants
so raised as healthy, as vigorous, and as prolific as
those obtained by seed ? A Groover of Cucuml/ers.
[Cucumbers can be grown from cuttings as well as
from seed. They are perhaps scarcely so vigorous from
the former as from the latter, but they are more
prolific and better adapted for winter culture than
seedling plants are. It is also a capital way of
perpetuating a true and good variety. B.\

3Ielons. — I have this year attempted to raise Melons
in a pit heated by hot water, but have met with
disappointment when apparently on the verge of
success. The plants flourished, and in due time
showed abundance of fruit, which, alas ! with scarcely
an exception, refused to "swell off," the result being
that I have but three Melons to five plants. Will you
state the probable cause of this failure? A Melon-
choli/ Amateur. [Your Melons not swelling off theil
fruit is probably owing to over-luxuriance. The soil
in which they are growing is possibly too rich ana
light for them, conditions under which Melons may
grow and even flourish, but yet not fruit well. Melons
to be productive should be grown in a somewhat
heavy fresh loam mixed with a little manure, and the
soil on the bed should be pressed down very firmly, so
that when well watered it may retain moisture suffi-
cient for the plants for a long time. Did you fertilise
the flowers? A]

Calla lethiopica.

Agapanthus umbcllatus.

Verbena venosa.

Melianthus major.
— though some others of the latter genus have irrecover-
ably disappeared. Outof above 12speciesofSempervivum
(I mean those belonging to the true House-leek section ),
we have only lost one specimen, ;viz., Sempervivum
AVulfenii. On the whole we have been agreeably dis-
appointed in our apprehension as to the killing
intensity of the cold, and of the great severity of North
Wales winters in their influence upon vegetation in
general. When we first came to this place, in 1858,
I believe there was not a Vine or a Fig in the whole
parish. We found one Mulberry, indeed, in the
Rectory garden, but it does not at all (or at least in
very few seasons) produce fruit ; but the Vine, Fig,
Peach, and Apricot are doing very well in our garden
now against tne ordinary stone walls of the country.
The injury sustained in our Welsh gardens was
occasioned chiefly by two especially trying sudden
frosts ; the first was that of October 15, 1866, and the
second on the 22d May, 1867 : but the most remarkable
feature in this latter spring frost was its effect on our
indigenous vegetation — the Common Ash and the
ordinary Ferns, especially the latter, were fearfully dis-
figured, and yet many of the extra British hardy Ferns
were untouched by it. This country afiords a grand
opportunity, and possesses great advantages for the
lover of landscape gardening ; the loveliness of the
scenery, and the ease with which all its features may
be brought out so as to make the most of its natural
beauties, must always render it exceedingly attractive
to persons of taste. W. P.

Orchard-house Trees at the Bury SJioic. — I trust
that you will permit me to express my disappointment
regarding the award of the Ipswich Town Cup for
orchard-hou.se trees at the Bury Show, because I am
convinced (and I am corroborated by the judgment of
many persons) that the trees shown by me were by far
the best examples of successful cultivation there. I
cannot help thinking that the judges must have misun-
derstood the nature of the competition, and that they
have been guided in their judgment by the ripeness of
the fruit, whereas in the prize list it is expressly stated,
that " it is not necessary that the fruit should be ripe in
this class." I observe^ too, that you yourselves intimate
that I lost the prize in consequence of having too many
Peaches and Nectarines in my collection ; but i
submit,that if I complied strictly with the conditions—
viz., showed " 12 orchard-house trees in fruit, not less
than six distinct kinds," — the fact of my having rnore
Peaches and Nectarines than my successful competitors
ought not to have disqualified me, any more than their
having shown two Apples and one Apricot should dis-
qualify them. The Peaches and Nectarines furnished

Foreign Correspondence.

Orange Culture in the Azores. — The Orange tree
succeeds everywhere in the Azores, even in a poor soil,
but it has been found by experience that it prefers a
richer soil, and that the proximity of the sea is favour-
able to it. The plant is prop.agated by layers, a process
borrowed from the Chinese. The operation is effected
from the 15th of May to the 15th of June, and by the
following January there are generally sufficient roots
thrown out. Separated from the mother plant, it
sometimes produces fruit at the end of two years.
Grafting on stocks derived from seedlingswas originally
the only mode of propagation practised ; the trees, it
is true, came into bearing less speedily, but produced, so
I am assured, better fruits. The sweet Orange is repro-
duced invariably from seed, the seedlings remaining con-
stant. The Orange trees are exposed in these islands to
the danger of being uprooted by the winds ; moreover,
the salt atmosphere is prej udicial to the buds which form
in early spring. To obviate this double inconvenience
the planter commences by dividing his land into
regular compartments by hedges ; formerly these
hedges consisted of Myrica Faya, Genista scoparia, and
Pittosporum undulatum : but these plants have been
replaced by Eriobotrya japonica, Cunonia capensis,
Cryptomeria japonica, and Camellias. Laurus cana-
rieusis and L. indica have been used, but as these
plants, by reason of their long creeping roots, exhaust
the soil too much, they have been abandoned.
Originally the Orange trees were not shaded, but since
they have been it has been noticed that the rind of the
fruit has become thicker and softer, which is pre-
judicial to the keeping of the fruit. Formerly, Oranges
were sent with little trouble to Russia, but now con-
siderable care is required to transport them even to
England. It is possible that tho shade of the trees
injures the quality of the fruit by preventing it from
receiving that amount of light and air necessary to
bring it to perfection. Lupines are grown in the
Orange plantations, and are subsequently dug in as a
manure. About the tenth year the trees come into
full bearing, each tree producing annually about 1500
Oranges. Generally it is reckoned that one chest of
Oranges is supplied by each plant in a ten-year-old
plantation, and two chests from trees of 15 .years'
growth. In 1815, on the property of the family of
Borges do Campo, a single tree T)roduced no less than
24,000 Oranges. The Oranges ripen towards the middle
of November, but the best are gathered in January.
In February all are ripe, and by May the season is
past. In 1831 it was observed for the first time that
the Orange trees cracked at the base of the trunk, and
allowed a viscid liquid to escape, hence the term
" lagrima " given to the disease. Soon afterwards the
bark separated from the wood, which latter, with the
roots, decayed, and the tree soon died.

786

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[Jtjly 27, 1867.

The treatment adopted for this malady consisted in
removing the diseased limbs, in making lai'ge incisions
to favour the escape of the liquid, and in exposing to
the air the roots vi^hich were considered the principal
seat of the disease. A second disaster was caused by
the appearance of an insect nearly allied to Coccus, a
native apparently of Brazil (see Gardeners' Chronicle,
October, lS-13), first observed in 1842 in the {gardens of
Payal. This insect soon spread and multiplied in the
other islands, and covered the Orange trees with its
galls. The vegetation of the trees became enfeebled,
their foliage became yellow and dry, and many trees
died in consequence. Nevertheless, this plague was
not so disastrous as the preceding. I subjoin a list of
Oranges cultivated in Mr. G. Brown's nursery at
St. Michael's.

CiTEUs AuRANTiuM— Sweet Oranges.

1. Achilles, flat at the eye, round and full at calyx, very

good.

2. Acig, a seedliDg.

3. Bettencourt, very good, from seed,

4. Botelha, said to be very good.

5. Brazilian, rugged, quartered, said to he a superior sort,

6. Browuii, au excellent seedling.

7. Circassian.

8. Crispa, quartered fruit and curly leaves.

9. Don Luiz. j 10. Dulcis.
Dulcissima, said to be a very fine flavoured fruit.
Egg, egg-shaped, or oval, one of the best flavoui'od fruits

of St. Michael.

Excel. I 14. Exquisite.

Long, very long fi-uit, of excellent flavour.

Villa Franca, a seedling of No. 13 ; has not yet fruited.

Maltese, blood-red fleshed orange.

Navel, a Brazilian Orange, with a navel-liJie eye ; fine
flavour.

Nonpareil.

Partriage-eye, vciy good.

Pemambucana, said to be the best for flavour and appear-
ance ; tree very spiny.

Queen. | 23. Bride. | 24. Savoy.

Selecta, a Brazilian, large light coloured fruit, keeps long ;
very good.

Silver, oval-shaped, thin skin, very light coloured, excel-
lent flavour.

Star, oval-shaped, with a large star eye ; very good.

Do. large star-shaped calyx ; very good.

Strawberry, said to pai-take of the flavour of the
Strawbeny.

Superior, thm skin and fino flavour.

Transit.

White, flesh white as in PersLan Lime.

Citrus nobilis. Mandarin Orange.
„ ,, var. minor, Tangeirine.

„ „ (?), said to be Mandarin, leaves shorter and

rounder.
,, japonica.

Citrus acris— Acid and BittePv Oranges.
Corniculata, honied Orange.
Acida, Seville.

Acuminata. I 42. Buxifolia.

Agrea, very bitter. 43. Crispa.

Bigarade Royal. | 44. Navel-eye, very acid;

Myrtifolia.
Citi-us Limetta, Lime Bergamot.

„ „ small and bitter.

,, „ acrls, small, nigged, very acid.

,, ,, Persian, beautiful appearance, insipid.

,, ,, Island, insipid, sub-acid flavour.

Acid, very acid.
Citrus decumaua, Shaddock, spheroidal, lemon-coloured.

» „ Gadii, very spiny.

], „ graudis.

» „ Toranga, very large,

» » veris.

,1 „ Pe.'ir, pear-shaped.

Citrus dulcis, sweet Lemons.

„ „ Brazilian.

Citrus Luionum— Acid Lemons.
Common Lemon.

Silver striped, very omamoutal ; with atiipcd fruit.
Major, very large.
Angularis, longangled fruit.
Bignetta major, very large thick spongy rind.
Braziliensis, very small fi-uit, thin skin ; best fruit.
Galego, fruit medium 3iz6, oval, skin thin, good, very

spongy.
Galego, long, seedling of No. 66.
Imperialis, spineless, largo fruit.

Citrus uedica — Citron.
Acid- ( 70. Sweet.

Citrus australis, fruit obovate, rugged, very likely a
Lemon.

,, califomica, small' Box-lilce leaves.

„ niexicaua.

„ Paradisi, Forbidden fi-uit. Sd^nond Goeze.

50.
51.
52.
53'.
54.
55.

se:

57.
58.
59.

l&oc(etfes*

Glasgow AND West of Scotland Horticultural: JulyVi.
—Although this might be considered a show par excellence of
Roses, the prizes offered were sufficiently liberal and' general
toinduce both plant and fruit growers to contribute their quota.
Great masses of cut flowers are interesting enough, but they
fail to command jper ,suthat attention which general collections
of specimen plants in or out of flower at all times do. The
miscellaneous collections gave a character to this show, held,
as usual, in the large and spacious City Hall, aud the Roses
looked charming ranged up on either side of the tables, the
centres of which were occupied by plants.

Foremost among the lots exhibited was that of Mr. William
Alexander, gr. to Robert Henderson, Esq., Helensbm-gh,
which comprised, among others, two magnificent plants of
the Golden Fern, Gymnogramma chrysophylla, each of which
was more than a yard across, aud the fronds recurving in the
best possible style ; Croton variegatum, finely coloured ; the
somewhat ineffective Pavetta borbonica ; the fine marbled-
stemmed Alocasia zobrina ; Cyathea dealbata ; a beautiful
Adiantum formosum ; a good variety of the showy-flowered
Vanda teres ; Sphajrogyne latifolia ; a good Todea superba ;
several well-cultivated Club Mosses, which very much enhance
the appearance of a general plant collection, aud Drac^na
Vcitchii, with Poa trivialis variegata growing in the pot, and
foi-ming a very captivating groundj the narrow leaves
depending gracefully over the pot edge. Measi-s. J. & R.
Thyne placed a large and well-assorted collection, covering
some 50 feet of a table, showing how nicely a miscellaneous
collection can be got up for conservatory decoration. The
blending of the various groups of dwarf Palms, Heaths, foliage
plants of the best decorative character, and New Holland
flowering plants, assumed a veiy pleasing aspect. Features of
this kind ought to be encouraged at all exhibitions, as they
seem as much as anything to please the public generally.

Mr. J. Murray, gr, to David Tod, Esq., Particle, exhibited
successfully some creditable plants of a nice uniform size.
His Ixora alba and coccinea, and his AUamauda grandiflora
were covered with bloom, and had a freshness which it seems
can never be brought out in specimens of great siae. Erica
Candolleana and ferruginea in this collection were superior
plants. Contesting in the same class were Mr. Dickson, gr. to
Thomas Coats, Esq., of Fergushe ; and Mr. James Graham, gr.
to Sir A. Campbell, Garscube, who had many good plants.
Cyrtoceras reflexum in Mr. Graham's lot was a finely-grown
and well-flowered specimen of a plant that one does not often
see, as also were a nice piece of the charming coloured Oleander,
several Periwinkles, and some examples of Lilium auratum.
Other exhibitors in lesser groups for specimens were Mr.
James Forbes, gr., Beechwood ; Mr. Alex. Walker, gr, to
Thos. Hill. Esq., Meirylee, Cathcart ; Mr. Archibald Steven-
son, gr. to R, Addie, Esq., View Park, Bothwell; Mi-. Clark,
gr., CamphUl; and Mr. Neil Campbell, gr., Holmwood.

Heaths were a very fair exhibition, numerous plants being
staged, the'.best coming from Mr. Jas. Forbes, and from Mr, J.
Murray, comprising such sorts as inflata, several of the
tricolor and ventricosa section, ampullacea, &c.

In the Variegated Pelargonium section Mr, Wm. Campbell,
gr. to W. S. Crawford, Esq., of Castlemilk, as usual, took first
position with capitally-managed plants, the best by far being
Lucy Grieve, Lady Cullum, Mrs. Pollock, and Sunset. Mr.
John Ingram, gr. to John Gordon, Esq., of Aitkeuhead, had
also a good lot. Air. Campbell's mode of encouraging these
plants to gi-ow after the pyi-amidal style requires only to be
seen to be at once generally admired. The squatty style in
which we always see these things grown, is not half so
effective.

Petunias appeared to advantage on large arched flat trellises,
aud are the only plants we know of that are suitable for being
trained "to a face," There were about a dozen of them
ranged along one of the side tables, and they presented one
mass of bloom. Mr. Dugald M'DougaU, gr., Ibroxhill, had the
best, aud Mr. John M'Nab, Trinidad Villa, and Mr. Neil
Campbell followed with fine plants. The best sorts were Mrs.
Richards, Excellent, and Duchess of Northumberland,

Messrs. Dreghom & Aitken, nurserymen, Kilmarnock, had
their usual complement of cut herbaceous flowers arranged in
groups. The more prominent were Dictamnus Fraxinella, a
capital thing ; Lilium umbellatum Incomparable, one of the
most vivid and best-fiuished of all the orange Lilies ;
Alstromeria aurea, a fine species ; Funkia Sieboldii, Sedum
kamschatica. and many others.

The Roses were a very large exhibition, contributions
coming from many parts, and all in very good condition. The
Irish groups were the most successful, the blooms being
superb. Those from Messrs. Dickson & Sous, Newtonards,
Belfast, and from Mr. James M'Laughlan, Orangefield, were
most praiseworthy. Mr. Matthew Campbell, gr. to J. Hozier,
Esq., Mauldslie Castle , and Mr. Stevenson, Viewpark, had
also prime stands of 36. In the 24's, Mr. James Henderson,
gi-., Gorebridge ; Mr. M'Laughlan, Mr. Bah-d, Boturick Castle ;
and Mr. George Fyfe, Kilmarnock, had each fine lots ; while
in the lesser groups Mr. Nevin, Laggarie Row ; Mr. James
Henderson, Mr. James Forbes, Mr. J. Baxter, gr. to J. M'Call,
Esq., of Daldowie ; and Mr. D. Campbell, gi*. to G, Alston,
Esq.. of Craighead, Hamilton, had each a premier position.
Looking to the great number of Roses that have been
publi-shed already In connection with other reports, we merely
give the names of the best in the whole exhibition. The best
bloom of all that was exhibited was selected out of the Messrs.
Dicksons' stand, and was Si5nateur Vaisse, Others of note were
Bemai-d Palissy, Liclia, Madame Moreau, Victor Verdier, Madame
Charles Wood, Jules Margottin, Monte Christo, Gloii'e de Dijon,
John Hopper, Charles RouiUard, Leopold Premier, Madame
Vidot, Charles Lefebvre, Josephine de Btjauhamais, General
Jacqueminot, La ViUe de St. Denis, Madame C, Crapelet,
Belle Normandic, Pierre Notting, La Tour du Cr'y, Marie
Baumann, Comtesse de Chabrillant, Souvenir de la Malmaison,
Alfred Colomb, Madame Rivers, Due de Wellington. Alphonse
Karr, Triomphe de Rennes, Lord Macaulay, Charles Lawson,
Due de Rohan, Celine Forestier, Souvenir de William Wood,
Marcellin, Victor Verdier, Madame Victor Verdier, Mdlle. Julie
Daran, Comto de N:inteuil, Louise Peyronuoy, Catheiiue
GuUlot, and Louis 5IV.

Fi-uit was not a very large exhibition, but what was contri-
buted was up to the mark. Mr. Jas. Peacock, gr., Castledykes,
Dumfries, showed 12 very excellent Queen Pines, all of
uniform size, and in capital ordor ; these were awarded an
extra prize. Mr. D, Mitchell, gr. to the Duko of Hamilton,
exhibited a fine box of fruit, consisting of good Piues, excellent
Hamburgh and Canon Hall Muscat Grapes, the latter not ripe ;
very fine Peaches and Nectarines, and some of the smaller
fruits; which also obtained a specLal awai-d. Mr. Archibald
Fowler, gr. to the Earl of Stair, Castle Kennedy, had 1st for
black aud white Grapes. His bimches of Hamburghs were
fiuely-gi-own, consisting of large berries judiciously thinned,
and finished up in good style. His Muscats are the best in
point of finish we have seen this season, but they were not
quite ripe, although they bore sufficient evidence of high
culture to indicate what they are likely to be later on in
the season. Mr. Matthew Campbell took 2d, and Mr. James
Mm-ray 3d for black Grapes, each with Hamburghs ; and Mr.
J|I'Connochie, gr,, Cameron House, took 2d with by far the
finest bunches and berries of the Buckland Sweetwater we
have yet seen. Had they been better finished they would
have beaten Mr. Fowler's Muscats, but flavour was the deciding
point. Mr. Mun-ay took ."Jd in this class with Muscats.
Peaches in good condition came from Mr, MacmiUan, gi-, to
Lord Blantyi'e, Erskine House, and from Mr. James Graham,
gr., Garscube. Other fruits were well shown, but there was
nothing worthy of especial record.

Vegetables were a very large display, covering some 500
feet of a table ranged rouud the market gallery, one of the
many tributaries in connection with the City Hall.

Tho day was auspicious, but visitors were less numerous
than we have noticed at any former exhibition, principally
owing to many of them having left the town for their coast
residences.

EfJTOitOLOGiOAL : Ji'.bj 1. — Sir John Lubbock, P.R,S.,
President, in tho Chaii% It was stated that the species of
Hah--worm. exhibited at the preceding meeting by Mr. S,
Stevens, which had been observed in such vast profusion upon
Rose and other bushes shortly after violent rain, proved to be
Ifhe Jlermis nigrescens, ordinarily found as a parasite on the
Tpodies of other insects. A new part of the " Transactions of
^he Society " was placed on the table. Mr. McLachlan exhi-
bited a spider entirely covered with white mould ; also
hving specimens of a huge flat spider, and a centipede from
Jilanilla. Mr. Kippist communicated portions of an Orange
tree from Sydney, New South W;Ues, greatly infested \)y a
species of Coccus, forwarded to him by Mi". Charles Moore.
Mr. Staintou exhibited an extensive series of rare Micro-
lepidopterous insects, captured by himself in the South of
Fi-ance during the months of February and March, The Hon.
Thomas do Gray exhibited an Eupcecilia, taken in Norfolk,
and HypcrcaUia Christiemana, from Kew. Jlr. A. R. Walkice
read a memoir on the Cetoniidte of the Malayan Archipelago,
ef which, during eight years' travels in the various islands,
he had only been able to obtain 85 species, whereas of
Longicorn beetles be had collected upwards of a thousand. The
species agi-eed in their habits with the common English rose
chaffer. The President communicated a memoir by Mr. Low,
of Edinburgh, containing a series of observations on the repro-

duction of the honey bee, from which the writer Wa3
led to dispute the correctness of the Parthonogenetid
theory of Dzierzon, which supposed tliat the male bees were
produced from eggs which had received no influence from the
male fluid, either in cases where the e?gs had been deposited
by virgin queens or by queens already fertilised by union
with the male. In the course of his observations 5Ir. Low
stated that he had obtained, from crossing different breeds
of bees, males which partook of the characters both of the
male and female parent ^,

^C'ottccg of asoolts.

At Some in the Wilderness^ heing full instructions
how to get along, and to surmount all difficulties bi/
the ivaij. By the " "Wanderer." Crown 8vo, pp. 317.
Woodcuts. (Hardwicke.)
There is a curious Hibernian aspect ahout the title of
this little book, which induces us to quote it at full
length; the present participle and consec^uent "instruc-
tions" are associated with the .opening proposition
" At home " in such a manner as to recall Mr, Mark
Tapley's faculty of being jolly under any circumstanceSa
an association of ideas by no means interrupted by the
most respectful dedication to H.E.H. the Duke of
Cambridge, &c,, &c.

The opening sentences of the introduction show the
real intention of the book, which is to instruct
"travellers of all denominations * * * where aud
when to camp; how to equip and manage a train of
pack-mules ; break, gear, and saddle wild horses ; cross
streams, build log shanties, trenail a raft, dig out a
canoe or build it with bark or hide, manage dog sleighs,
aud tramp on snow shows ; what to carry, and what to
leave at home (query, which home?); or, to sum up
in a few words^ the way to get through a wild country
as one ought, by adopting the better means of doing
that which has to be done." Though not free from a
taint of book-making, the author has in this volume
contrived to give as much information as wo
suspect could well be given on a subject where what
medical men would call clinical instruction must
necessarily be more valuable than any book-learning.
To give a sample of our author's style we quote his
observations on the use of the axe : —

" To use perfectly the Amcricau wedge-shaped axe (and
here let me say that it is the only axe for felling timber and
doing everything with, which is woith one straw), requires no
ordinaiy degree of skill and practice.

"Strength, of course, has something to do with it, still a
man of only moderate muscular power would beat a giant
into being ashamed of himself, if the weaker man
did, and the stronger man did not know how to
wield an axe. The axe I prefer for all ordinary pur-
poses ought to weigh about 8 lb., and it should be care-
fully mounted oiv'hung,' as the term is, on a spiingy, rightly
curved hickory handle. * * * Let us 'suppose you are
going to fell your first tree ; be careful to discover how the
tree leans, and always choose that side towards which it
inclines to begin on ; by doing this you avoid the risk of
falling the ti'ee on yourself. Stand off from the trunk, so that
the edge of your axe blade can touch the centre of it, whUst
both your hands are gi-asping the handle before the knob at
the end of it, purposely made to prevent it from slipping out
of the gi-asp in the act of chopping. Fix your eye on a spot
about 3 feet from the ground on the tree trunk, plant your
feet firmly, look carefully behind you to make sure that there
^re no small twigs or branches to intercept the axe ; then
iiolding the handle by the extreme end, not too firmly, or it
will jar your wi-ists, and whirling the axe at arm's length rouud
y ourhead, bring it obhquely down on the spot you have fixed your
eye on. If you bring the edge down on the proper slant, the
blade should be nearly buried in the bark and timber ; if you
do not it will " glance," and then look out for your legs.
Repeat this cut if you can ; an axc-man would, twice or three
times following, in the samo place. Should the tree be,
for example, 4 feet in diameter, chop in the next cut
you make 3 feet lower down than where you made the
first cut, but, this time, horizont;\lly, always bringing the axe
round at arm's length. This will give you the 'right sized
chip ' to use a lumberer's phrase, or, what he means, in
other words, is, that the 3-feet notch will enable tho
chopper to make the wedge end of the tree break in
the centre of the stump ; if you took a smaller
notch, as nine out of ten inexperienced men would do,
you would find your axe jammed before you could chop half
way through the trunk ; hence the length of the chop is
always in proportion to the girth or diameter of the tree to be
felled. Cut half way through the tree, always keeping the
lower surface horizontal and smooth, as if planed ; then change
and begin on the opposite side to that on which you have been
chopping, precisely in the same way as you began the other
cut ; when you are nearly through, the tree will crack off, aud
of course fail in the dii-ection to which it leaned, that is away
from vou."

PisiNG Comb to Babs.— I find that the best way of
fixing large pieces of comb to bars in Stewarton hives,
which are of course without frames, is to take out the
bar (which, as they are all now fastened with screws, is
easily done), spread a little melted wax upon it where
the comb is to be attached, hold this over a slow, clear
fire till the wax boils, aud then immediately apply the
comb with some pressure, which should be gradually
and carefully relaxed or the new-made adhesion may
be shaken and injured. When quite cold the comb
should be tried.

This method is of course applicable to bars in any
hive which admits of their being taken out. The use
of beatingthe bar so much as to make the wax boil is that
this causes the comb which is applied to it to take an
exact impression of, that is, to melt to, its shape, which
is essential to good attachment ; and the wax boiling
shows when the requisite degree of heat is arrived at.

This method is, however, applicable to cornbs ot any
size, onlv when they have not been bred m, as the
films of iihe grubs in older combs prevent secure attach-
ment of pieces more than, say, 2 inches in diameter.
Indeed, with very large pieces of the best comb I oiten
find it necessary to heat the bar twice ; the first time
shapes the comb flat, or concave, to suit the surface ot
the bar ; the second melts another application oi wax
for fixing. . ,

I am, more successful with this plan than witn

JUIT 37, 1867.]

THE G ATDENEl^S' THKONTOTE AKT) AGl^TCTTT.TTIKAT, GAZETTE.

787

paring away tlio cells at each side of a piece of
ciinib, and pntting tlie pared part between a split
bill', 111 bo altcrwards screwed together; as, inde-
lic'iiilputly of the trouble of the latter, some combs
w.ml.l occasionally break oil' and fall domi, notwith-
sl:uiiling that every possible care was taken in the
operation. A. B.

[Your plan of attacliing combs to bars is a very gooil
one, whicli wo have freriuenlly adopted with complete
success. Even when lixinjj small or largo pieces of
guide comb in other ways, wo usually make the bars
more or le.ss hot. The method which we have found
the most satisfactory for general purposes is to melt in
ail iron vessel some ordinary bees'-wax, with a small
proportion, say one fourth part, of the best rosin added
to it. The comb is cut to the required shaiie ivilli a
warm knife. The bar is moderately warmed by being
laid on the outer iron of the oven of the kitchen range.
The comb is applied to a flat piece of iron plate, longer
than any ordinary comb, warmed over the same (the
fire cover would do, but the cook objects) ; a small-
sized painter's brush having been dipped into
tlic hot wax, is quickly passed over the surface
of tlio bar, and the comb gently pressed down
and retained with the hands until both bar and wax
are cold. The addition of the rosin renders the attach-
ment so secure that the comb will, when cold, break
in any other part rather than at the place of union ;
the cidour ol it also being highly appreciated by the
bnes. The length of time required for the process is
less than may appear necessary from the foregoing
description : but in this operation we do not begrudge
a little extra time or trouble : and whether small or
large, old or new combs (provided the cells do not con-
tain honey), are tried, we do not remember ever having
had a failure.

We detest the use of split bars for the purpose of
fixing either ordinary comb, or for securing the edges
of the embossed waxen sheets, so useful for guide comb.
Your other query must stand over until next week.]

T.VNOINQ OR Ringing Swakms.— Being interested
in the rearing and m.anagement of bees, I should feel
obliged if you would answer a question concerning the
tanging, or beating noise, made in some parts of the
country by a key and shovel when bees are swarming.
I have been told there is a bee-law in existence, and
that this noise with the key and shovel is done by
the owner of the swarms, so that they can follow
them and claim them, let the bees go where they will.
E. K. S. [It is believed by some authorities that
tbe system of tanging swarms arose in the first
jilace from its being practised as a means of
informing the neighbours and others of the fact of
a swarm being on the wing, and to signify the
owner of it. Now, however, there is no doubt that the
)>ractice is followed simply because it is commonly
i'ancied to have a beneficial eflect in inducing the speedy
settlement of the bees. The idea we believe to be quite
an erroneous one, though we have heard some intelli-
gent bee-keepers affirm that the speedy and peaceable
settlement of the swarm is beneficially influenced by
giving forth these sonorous sounds. It is also quite an
error to suppose that any one may commit a trespass
on another man's property for the purpose of following
his swarm, without having previously obtained the
owner's consent.]

Garden Memorandai

Austin & McAslan's Nueseeies, Glasoow.-^
Coplawhill is the original depot of this firm. It is
situated about two miles to the south of Glasgow, in
immediate proximity to Pollockshaws on the one hand,
and to the South Park, which since its formation has
been distinguished by a badge of Royalty, on the other.
The Park was originally designed by the late Sir
Joseph Paxtou, and now forms one of the most
agreeable resorts for the rapidly growing population of
this great commercial city. The nursery is, therefore,
of convenient access, and is, or has been, so greatly
patronised, that in order to meet the wants of an
augmented business a farm of SO acres has been leased
as an auxiliary.

Situated as it is in a by no means hospitable climate—
for if to the intense frosts that prevail, and which act
with such terrible malignity and force on vegetation in
the L'reater portion of Lanarkshire, we add the baneful
iufluoacesof smut ejected in quantities from numerous
tall chimneys, common to every busy seat of commerce
— the wonder is that there should be any symptoms
of life in evergreen vegetation. After the trying ordeal
of the late rigorous winter, aggravated by the very
severe early spring frosts, one may be safe to recom-
mend to planters the objects that have survived. In
the tirst iilare, Portugal Laurels, of which there is a
gopJly batch in this nursery, do not seem to be much
incommoded, the only ones suft'ering being those that
are grown in low-lying positions. The Bay Laurel,
on the contrary, is scourged so dreadfully as to show
its unfitness as a hardy individual in a general way.
Irish and English Yews are in fine condition, but the
former seems to be a drug in tbe market. Some being
lifted for "order lots" at the time of our visit,
showed a splendid mass of rootlets, evidencing a good
foundation, andj taking root and branches together, a
sound constitution. Talking of constitutions reminds
\ts_of the great breadths of .Scotch Fir (Pinus sylves-
tris), and of the relative condition of the plants from
home and foreign seed. The Hagueuau seedlings were
much more browned, more advanced in bu3, and
apparently more tender than the " native Scotch."
Of this there was indisputable evidence, the two-
year-old seedlings being in the same quarter
of ground, and the whole being under similar
cnnaitions. Tho Larch, again, is open to the same
objection, comparing the foreign with tbe home seed.
The sooner there is a proper understanding about these
matters the better for future success. Animated with

a desire to gain information upon this point, wo made
inquiry of Sir. Austin, a gentleman of large and varied
e.Niicricnee both in nursery and gardening practice, as
to his oxperienco in the matter, and his reply was to
tho following effect :—" I have found that the plants
from foreign seed push away 10 days earlier than our
'liiinic seedlings,' and are apt on that account to be
di.>lroyi'il liy late s|iriiig frcists, while they are a fort-
niglit later in iuituinn in maturing their growth, and
consequently suffer from tho elfects of autumn frost ;
and I have not tho least hesitation in saying that
every one that call handle the pen should write down
that arrant nonsense about the benefits of foreign
seed." Larch seems this season to be a drug in the
iiKirkot, and this firm may consider themselves
fortunate in getting rid of their stock. The system
adopted in preparing tho ground for Scotch Fir, Larch,
and Sjn'uce seeds, is to manure heavily and clean the
ground by introducing a green crop, and after it is
cleared olf manure and dig again ^ a system
pregnant with success, abundantly evident by
the vigour and size of the seedlings of the species
above noticed. The trade in . Scotch and Spruce
is so very large that upwards of one million of
the former are turned by this house alone, and a
number e(iually proportionate of the latler. Struck at
the appearance of such a successful batch of Pinus
Laricio we were given to understand that the one-year-
old seedhngs were lifted and laid {Scotice, sheuched)
in lines or batches^ and the 200,000 of them arranged
in this way were doing " admirably; while, had they
been left in the beds until they reached the age of two
years, the bill of mortality would have been alarmingly
great.

The trade in hard-wooded forest trees is steadily on
the increase, especially a-s regards Oak and Beech. Of
tho former there were considerable breadths, the five-
year-old plants — that is, " two years' seedlings and three
years transplanted," in nursery phraseology— looked
particularly captivating ; and the Beech and Elms of
sorts were cropping up in nursery lines in various direc-
tions. Horse-chestnuts were in better condition as
budded plants than one often sees, having a vigour
and a foundation which were particularly pleasing.
There were in one quarter some 4000 of the
scarlet variety, a plant which is in very great
demand at the present day. As young plants, they
seem to repay gross feeding — the blackish surface loam
and the marly subsoil, of which the principal quarters
consist. The plants were quite pyramidal, and brist-
ling with buds, the crown bud yielding a fine head of
bloom the first season after budding, which fully attests
the ornamental character of this useful decorative tree.
Lime stools were numerous, and layering is the order
of the day for increasing the stock, thus gaining several
years by this method upon seedlings, which is not an
unprofitable means of taking time by the forelock."
Quicks, too, seem to be a marketable commodity in
this nursery, if one may judge from the quantities
grown and the numbers in course of being lifted and
bundled during our visit. Along one of the north
walls that bound the nursery is quite a regiment of
Poplars, in the shape of decapitated pollards, which
had been introduced to shade the wall border reserved
for the propagation of hardy stock of all kinds— a
capital arrangement, attended with the desired success.
In one of the out-of-the-way corners, under
sliade of trees, and where the rays of sunlight
could scarcely permeate, was a collection of Spii'ieas
in unexceptionable condition, and flowering, we
were told, in the greatest profusion. Hints of
this kind may prove invaluable to all who may
be at their "wits end" for clothing some such
spots with suitable material. These, and Cotoneasters
of sorts, are the very drudges of suffruticose plants, and
quite as useful subjects in their way as the " all work
servant."

The fruit-tree department of this nursery deserves
special notice, 'from the generally satisfixctory condition
of Peaches, Plums, Apples, and Pears, the latter
three particularly w'ell managed. We are sometimes
facetiously told by the self-taught successful amateur
that the manure heap is the " head gardener " in Cabbage
culture ; and, all other things being equal, it unquestion-
ablyisso. Deepdigging,ortrenching from20 to 24 inches
deep is resorted to, whicli gives the soil a capacity
for utilising both the stable-yard and artificial manures,
which this firm employ for fruit tree culture. The tilth
was "right" for so practising upon, and the frost had
mellowed it to a nicety, so much so that thetoot unfre-
quent showers pass through it as if through gravel,
and do not afl'ect its workable condition. Theboundary
wall with the best " exposure" was filled with Peaches,
both riders and dwarf in variety. Curiously enough the
dwarfs do not succeed nearly so well as the riders, which
must he owing toan invading force of slugs at the advent
of bud-bursting. Notwithstanding an untoward " back
end," the trees give evidence^ of well ripened wood,
owing mainly in this instance, it is to be presumed, to
the tlioroughly drained aerated soil. Plums budded
on the Mu.ssel stock were really first-rate, the Green
Gage, Purple Gage, Victoria, and all the leading sorts,
both as dwarf, dwarf-trained, and all the other forms,
were most desirable plants and remarkably uniform
over the quarters, each of which contained COOO plants.
Damsons were little pyramids with good foundation,
and if treated on the same principle for three or four
years would make handsome hearing trees. ^ Pears
were all budded on the "free" stock, as, profiting by
the fruits of experience of 1860-61, the plants so dealt
with survived uninjured, whereas those upon the
Quince were killed. Ever since, the latter stock has
been discarded. Apples are quite at home, flourishing
far more vigorously than one could su])pose, budded
as they are upon tho Paradise Stock. Lender liberal
treatment in the way of food-stimulants most of the best
sorts produce (juantities of fruit, and are nob over deli-
cate-looking iu constitution. The trade in this

article is very largo, and indeed in all of the kinds
above enumerated, showing the healthful condition of
commercial cnlcryiriso in the west. So soon as people
better their condition in life they secure a country
villa, and then fruits and flowers form a part of tho
out-door furniture. We quietly noted a capital
" wrinkle " from Mr. Austin's vocabulary of practical
" saws " as to Gooseberries. In their nursery routine
the linn was much chagrined that they could'not send
out decent (iooseberry bushes, and the demand for
tlicm was such that they (^ould ill afford to leave oU' their
cultivation in disgust. Their want of success lay not in
tho matter of roots, for they were fibrous and matted,
and tho trees could bear transplanting uninjured. It
was by reason of an army of insects that foil upon
the buds in the act of bursting, and almost denuded
the plants. Mr. Austin decided to treat the pruning
of tliem as he did his Roses, and accordingly they were
left untouched until May, when full of leaf. He wa.s
right, for he has been successful ever since, and no one
could wish to have a better favoured lot than tho
thousands tho writer saw in a large quarter of ground.
This is a wise practice in a " north countrie," and it
might be safely acted upon much further south, whoro
pests of this kind are troublesome.

Turning our attention to the indoor department^ we
find a great deal of business apparently done in a
general way among pot plants. No one out of
the trade can conceive the growing demand of a
successful commercial nation for decorative plants to
feast the eye, and for the more substantial fruit to
regale the appetite. It is only when one moves from
place to place and picks up some idea of the trade in
difl'erent articles that we really can estimate the
progress of horticulture among the people. Here is a
large greenhouse about 100 feet long by 23 feet wide,
filled with half-specimen Heaths and Azaleas, while
the suspended shelves are loaded with smaller fry,
which find a ready sale. Among the Heaths are several
not generally known, being seedlings of Mr. TurnbuU's,
of Bothwell Castle, one of the most painstaking cross-
breeders and hybridisers of this class, and one of the
best growers in the country. His Savileana major,
which is noticeable in this house of half-specimens
has a much higher-coloured and larger flower than
the original, while it sends up large thyrse-like
spikes; Marnockiana is one of the very best autumn-
blooming Heaths ; and Bothwelliana alba, which to a
sturdy habit adds free-flowering properties, is also
fine. In the general lot the Woodhall ventricosa is
by no means a plentiful plant, albeit it is one of the
most decorative of June and July plants; Massoni,
too well known to need describing, and a great variety
of tricolors of the cocoinea breed, and of jasminiflora.
Azaleas and Bhododendi'ons were equally numerous
and diversified, but it serves no useful purpose to
notify plants that are " here to-day and away to-
morrow," imless they present some striking feature.
Lapageria rosea is more and more popular, and a large
b.atch of fine seedlings are moving upwards. "Violets
are in groat demand, Neapolitan especially ; Queen of
Violets, and its good, not "better," half. King of
Violets, are promising acquisitions. The hard-wooded
plant trade in this nursery is very considerable, and
notwithstanding all that is being propagated, it is but
a mere moiety of what passes through the books, as
could well be testified by some of our leading London
houses, which furnish an annual supply. Lots of
useful span-roofed houses are dotted over the block
of ground set apart for plants that require the
aid of a glass covering. Zonal Pelargoniums here, as
everywhere else, are largely cultivated, and likely
soon even to outvie the show Pelargoniums. Along
with this group were a good stock of young plants of
Escallonia macrantha. As a wall plant this seems to
meet general approbation, the large lustrous-looking
leaves, and its general hardihood, forming good certi-
ficates for general cultivation. Trop;eoluin tricolorum,
an old and much abused bulb, seems to gain in the good
grace of those wedded to flowers ; and it is not to be
wondered at, for the splendid masses of orange and
red flowers which clothe its tiny stems, give it a high
rank among decorative plants. Mr. Austin seems to
think so, judging from the quantity of it which is
encouraged. In the half-specimen Azalea house, which
is often visited by buyers, there is a large stock of the
Castlemilk Pelargonium. It has a very broad margin
of white, probably broader than in any variety under
cultivation ; but like most of these variegations it
inclines to turn inwards at the edges. Mr. Campbell,
the raiser, had some beautiful leaves of it in his
possession, and judging by them it merits a
First-class Certificate. Camellias are growing here
mth leaves of the deepest green in a very dark nouse,
and their flowering under sufferance did not seem to
be at all afl'ected thereby.

Roses are largely trafficked in. One thousand of
them were grafted upon continental stocks at the end
of the year, and were pu.shing away to be fine plants.
They are grown in the house until the middle of
May, then gradually hardened ofl' out-of-doors, and are
found to stand better over the following winter than
sorts worked and brought in from continental sources.
The frost had scourged many of the hybrid perpetuals
very much. Some Rhododendrons appear also to have
suffered, while the variegated-leaved Aucuba has stood
out iu most places uninjured.

The trade in florist's flowers here is very large,
especially in Dahlias, Pentstemons, of which there are
probably more sold by this house than by any other in the
kingdom ; Phloxes, Antirrhinums, Pinks, and Pansies.
There is a splendid lot of Pentstemons and Antir-
rhinums in the best health, growing in low pits, with a
couple of hot-water pipes running through them.
Here also was a quantity of the Mule Pmk, a most
desirable border flower, which is gaining favour again
among not a few. Quantities of seedlings ofRhodo-
dendi-ons and Cupressus Lawsoniana were commg away

788

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[July 27, 1867.

in frames, and a few of the more choice Conifers were
arranged in borders confronting some of the houses.
J. A.

IMiscellaneous.

Fresentation io Mr. WiUiam Austin. — A handsome
testimonial, consisting of a tea and coffee service, vahie
140Z., has just been presented to Mr. Austin, of the old
established iirm of Austin and McAslan, Nursery and
Seedsmen, of Glasgow, as a tribute to his estimable
qualities, from a numerous circle of friends and
acquaintances. The testimonial was presented at a
dinner in ithe lesser Trades' Hall, attended by upwards
of 50 gentlemen, Mr. Anderson, of Meadow Bank, pre-
siding. In acknowledging it, Mr. Austin said it
was now nearly 27 years since he came to Glasgow, a
young lad, from the Highlands, with not much m his
purse ; but, through the goodness of Providence, and
the countenance of kind relatives, he soon got on.
During that period he had spent many happy days,
and met many kind friends, from whom he had
received many tokens of respect, which were now
crowned by this handsome testimonial. He had not
imagined that he had done anything deserving such an
acknowledgment ; but since they had seen iit to bestow
it on him, he would cherish it, and let it go down as an
heirloom in his family — trusting that neither he nor
any who came after him would do anything to dis-
grace the handsome token, nor the name of " Willie
Austin."

A Hint to Gardeners.— K people planting orchards
■would give orders to mark the north side of trees with
red chalk before they are taken up, and when set out
to have the trees put in the ground with their north
side to the north, in their natural position, a larger
proportion, it is said, would live, as ignoring this law
of nature is the cause of many transplanted trees
dying. If the north side be exposed to the south, the
heat of the sun is too great for that side of the tree to
bear, and therefore it drys up and decays. Builder.

Garden Operations.

(Jbr the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Encoubage Gesneras intended for winter deco-
ration to make robust growth, by freely exposing them
to the sun. and with abundance of air imbue them
with capabilities of flowering freely. Do not overpot
them, as they succeed best when not too lavishly sup-
plied with soil. Indeed they are rather partial to
comparatively under-sized pots, and like to be potted
firmly. Water sparingly, except when they decidedly
require it, and then it should be given abundantly.
Remove all gross shoots from Poinsettias, and strike
them in a close pit or frame, in which there are about
tiO° of heat. Do not cut back the older shoots further
than is necessary to insure cuttings of suflicient firm-
ness. Pot on all the older specimens of this useful winter
decorative plant. Keep them near the glass whilst
growing, and guard them carefully from the too sudden
raysof changeable sunny weather; theydelight in surface
sprinklings freely dashed against their bright green
foliage. Cliri/santhemums, s\iou\dth<!yreqmre another
pinching back or stopping, should receive that attention
forthwith, as by so doing time will be afforded them to
break and form robust divisional shoots, sufficiently
well matured to produce good blooms at the proper
season. Be particular not to stop after the 1st of
next month, otherwise the reverse of success may be
the result. Finish potting all specimens without
delay, giving only small shifts, into a compost formed of
more loam and a smaller amount of leaf-mould than
that heretofore employed ; pot also rather more firmly ;
sprinkle freely overhead with a rosed waterpot in dry
weather, and give alternate waterings at the root with
liquid manure and clear water. Earwigs do Chrysan-
themums much injury at this season, often destroying
the younger tips of the shoots before suspicion of their
presence is aroused. Search for them daily, and destroy
with the thumb and finger, and also lay traps for them
of dry hay or moss. Torenia.^, lately struck, as advised,
inust be potted off immediately they have become suffi-
ciently well rooted for thepurpose ; place them in small-
sized pots only ; crock well, and induce them to form
fresh roots, in order to properly establish themselves
before adverse winter months set in. LiUums (longi •
florum, auratum, &c.) which have flowered, should be
removed to a cool airy situation, in a cold pit, or other
place, where simple protection from heavy rains can be
conveniently afforded them ; at all other times keep
the lights off, the only attention they require being an
occasional root-watering when they are likely to be
unnaturally dry. Give Tritonia aurea an occasional
soaking with weak liquid manure, and syringe the
foliage frequently, for the purpose of warding off red
spider, which is very partial to it.

FORCING HOUSES.
EoUow up the directions given in past Calendars with
late Vineries, in every stage of growth. Give air
liberally upon fine mornings early, and withdraw it
earlier in the afternoon as the sun decreases in power.
Do not fail to water the inside borders of early Vine-
ries, from which the fruit has been gathered, especially
when the roots are retained exclusively therein ;
as, though the crop has been gathered, the Vines have
not yet ceased growing : on the contrary, they are
doubtless now actively s1;oring away elaborated sap for
the ensuing season's activity. As regards Pines, com-
plete without delay the arrangement of winter fruiting
plants, removing aU superfluous gills, suckers, &c., as
previously advised. Give abundance of air early in the
day, but do not omit closing early in order that a
maximum of about 93° may be secured from sun-heat.
Syringe copiously every part of the house or pit ; and
by periodically stirring the surface of the tan pit,

destroy all formations of a fungoid character. Plants
swelling fruit, let it be remembered, like frequent
waterings with diluted liquid manure, which tends
materially to increase the size of the fruit. Peaches
in a ripening state should now be aflbrded a free and
constant supply of air, admitting it freely by night as
well as by day.

HAEBT FLOWER GARDEN,
Mignonette should now be sown in pots and be
placed in a cool frame or other position to be protected
from excessive rains. Sown now in 32-sized pots it
will come in useful for early winter flowering. Single
plants might also be taken carefuUy up from any
outer border and placed singly in small pots to be
grown on by means of successive pottings into specimen
standards. Choose good stiff yellow loam in which to
grow them ; crock the pots sparingly yet efficiently,
placing a layer of partly decomposed leaf-mould over
the crocks. The soil should be firmly rammed, taking
care not to sow the seed too deeply. Sow also Nemo-
phila of sorts, and insignis especially, to form plants for
blooming in pots in the autumn, should such be
needed. Prune back and train into vacant positions
Wistarias, Moneysnelcles , Climhing Roses, &c,, laying
in all the young wood possible upon these latter, for
the purpose of increasing their flowering capabilities.
Place cuttings of choice Verbenas in store pots, in
order that they may well establish themselves before
winter. Take up Eanuneulnses from open borders as
soon as the portions above ground have become well
ripened off, and have turned yellow. Layer Picotees,
Carnations, Cloves, &c,, as opportunity offers.
Performing the operation thus early will afford them
ample time in which to become well rooted, and form
fresh divisional shoots preparatory to forming efficient
plants to transplant by and by, Remove all super-
fluous suckers from around the base of Violet plants
intended for flowering only, in whatever stage, by
cutting them away bodily. This applies especially to
the Neapolitan variety. Should the weather prove dry,
run the hoe carefully around these latter where the
operation just named has been performed, and give a
slight mulching with weU-sifted leaf-mould.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Look sharply after all kinds of insects, earwigs, &o.,
which are habitually so destructive to wall-fruit. Much
mischief might be saved by making an active onslaught
thus early, before they have commenced their depre-
dations. I know of no better trap for them than the
hollow stalks of the Broad Bean ; into these, placed
abundantly among the branches, they readily crawl,
and may be quickly dislodged by blowing them into a
pot, or other vessel, containing water. By a little extra
scrutiny wasps' nests might now be detected. If they
are to be sought after at all, which they should be, it is
better to do it now than when the fruit is ripe, and
liable to be injured by their inmates. A little gas-tar
poured into the hole from which the wasps ascend, will
effectually stop all further trouble from them. Reduce
the number and length of all foreright shoots upon Pear
trees, [whether trained to walls or grown as espaliers,
in order that light and air may be more freely admitted
to the flower buds forming at their base than otherwise
would be the case, and in order that more strength
may also be afforded them to duly perfect themselves.
I do not advise their entire removal thus early, for
should a fine mild autumn ensue, it is just possible,
were they so treated, that they might be induced to
grow afresh, %vhich certainly would tend to diminish
stored-up resources, besides neutralising those very
flower buds which we are anxious duly to establish.
Check, therefore, secondary groivths which may form
after this date by pinching them back as soon as
perceived. In continuing to attach the younger growths
upon Peach, Nectarine, and Apricot Trees to the walls
neatly, do not fail to afford to each shoot, and indeed
to every leaf, room for the full exposure of its whole
surface to light, &c., in order that the sap stored away
by the trees for next spring's use, may be duly
elaborated. Do not therefore lay in more young shoots
than are likely to be required for active use nexli season.
Instead of fastening all young shoots by^ means of
ordinary shreds and nails, very small sticks, some
6 or 8 inches in length, held in their places by means
of the main branches, are very handy for the purpose
of holding secondary fruiting spray loosely to the wall.
Strawherries, which have been duly thinned, should
receive without delay a good mulching of short
manure ; old mushroom beds contain the best materials
in a very handy state for this purpose.
KITCHEN GARDEN.

Finish planting out into permanent quarters all
" winter stuff," such as Celery, Broccoli, &c. Sow
forthwith seeds of Early Horn Carrot. This latter,
where convenient, should be sown upon a warm or
otherwise sheltered south border. Make also another
sowing of Cabbages, Lettuces, JLndive, and Madishes.
Prepare the necessary space for winter Spinach— an
important crop where a large demand for good
vegetables exists. Choose for it a light, open, dry piece
of ground. Make also another chance^ sowing of
dwarf French Beans in an open situation, and of
Sangster's No. 1 or Champion of Paris Peas. Thes;
may yet afford a good late crop. Take up Shallots,
Garlic, and Potato Onions', lay them in a dry airy
situation to duly ripen off, previous to storing them
away. Transplant Brown Cos Lettuce, should you
have a sowing sufficiently large for that purpose,
toward the end of the week, as these may come in
useful for lifting in the autumn, as fine large stuff, fit,
ivith frame protection, for immediate use. Late sown
Turnips must be encouraged to grow by watering, &c,,
should the weather prove too dry for the seeds to
germinate freely. Cut, dry, and store away the
necessary supply of Serbs. This should be done before
they are in flower. W. H,

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT OHISWIOK, NEAR LONDON,
FortheWeek ending July 21,1807, as obserredatthc Horticultural Gardens.

TEMPEBiTDBB.

July.

g|

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

Wind

1

S^

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

1 foot
deep.

2 feet

deep.

17

m r,77

29.487

68

60

59.0

63

Friday 19

IK

•M 745

29.574

65

fi3

!>».!>

62

59

W.

.ni

Satur. 20

1»

29.802

29.682

70

S2

610

62

69

W.

i:t

Sunday 21

•10

29.643

29.603

72

.M

61.5

63

GO

s.w.

m

Mon. 22

29.G72

29.651

74

filt

63.5

64

GO

u.

'«)

Tues. 23

<l

29.612

29.598

48

60.0

64

60

s.

»■',

Wed. 24

23

29.73y; 29.610

71

43

57.0

64

61

s.

.00

A.vera5e_.

29.68i' 29.605

70.3

49,8 1 60.0

63.1 1 69.8

0.44

July 13— Rain ; low white clouds; fine at night.

— 19— Cloudy and boisterous ; cloudy throuchont.

— 20— Clear ; partially clouded ; rain at night.
~ 21 -Cloudy; partially clouded ; cloudy.

— 22— Rather boisterous; fine, with white clouds; rain.

— 23— Cloudy; shon'erv; heavy showers at night.

— 24— Very line ; cloudy ; tine at nisht.

Mean temperature of the week, 15-10 deg. bcilow the average.

STATE OP THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,

During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending August 3, 1S67.

July

1 £ i Is a

it
Is

No. Of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

Prevailing Winds.

and
August.

1

1^

3
5
5
5
3
4
4

1
4
4

2

7
3
3

3 1
1 4

1 2

— 4

2 i

— 8
2 4

CO

\i

13
11
17
14
15
16

i

11

I
3
9
6

7

&

K

Sunday.. 28
Mon. ..29
Tucs. ,.30
Wpd. . .31
Thurs. .. 1
Friday .. 2
Satur. .. 3

76 3*1 51.0

76.0 60.4

75.1 ; 60,0
74.8 ' 50.4

75 8 1 50 3
758 ' 51,0
74.7 50 5

63.7
63,2
62-5

62,a

G2.6
63.4
62,6

20
18
16
16
19
20
19

1.39 in.

1.31

0 88

0.65

1.23

1.03

0.42

5
5
6
2

1
4

1

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
2d, 1856— therm. 92 dee.; and the lowest on the 2d, 1864-themi.
31 dcit.

Notices to Correspondents.

Conifers: W B. Your Conifers are, we suspect, in too rich
soil. "Old StrawbeiTy beds with rather light old (garden
soil " is just the very worst description of soil in which you
coidd put them. Conifers delight in good fresh yellow loam
mixed with a little peat. Plant yours in soil of that kind,
and they will succeed. No guano or other manure need he
given to Conifers, except the soil in which they are growing
is very poor, when a little rotten stable manure might be
beneficially mixed with it.

Cucumbers : W G B. Your Cucumber plant arrived in such
a state of putrefaction as to give little information. From
the immense amount of moisture in it, there would seem to
be some over development of the tissues of the stem and
root, attended by a stagnation of the jnices, inconsequence
of which the leaves flag. If this is the case, you may possibly
do something by attending to the condition of the soil. If
however, as is possibly the case, it is a form of Cucumber
murrain, little can be done. M J B.

Beod/Vrs : Constant SubscHber. It is doubtful under the
circumstances if you will get sound permanent leaders, but
if the trees are vigorous we should recommend you to try
side pnming in order to force a leader. As the situation is
so much exposed we should let the winter pass before doing
this very freely, but if the trees are very thick, a portion
of the longest branches might be cut back now.

MvETLES : Reader. You may sow your seeds of these at once
in shallow pans filled with light soil. Place them in a cool
frame kept toleraljly close until they have fairly geiininated,
after which air may be freely admitted.

Names of Plants : F B. Your Stanhopea was in such a flabby
state as to be scarcely determinable. It would seem to be
a small variety of S. Wardii. — A G. Callistemon lanccolatus.
—A D B. Stanhopea oculata.

Peas : K J L. The Rising Sun is a synonym of Prizetaker and
Leicester Defiance, apparently selected from, and an
improvement on, Bellamy's Early Green Marrow,

Raspberry Canes: H R, Walthamxtoir. Thin out the fruiting
canes of this year as soon as the fniit is gathered, and prune
back the canes that are to bear fruit next year at the fall of
the leaf.

Rose Leaves: Coi^-espmulent, whose letter has been mislaid.
The leaves have been attacked by the larva of the rose saw-
fly. You will probably still find the green larva on some of
the fresher leaves, and if so they b^d better be carefully
picked off. MJB.

Strawberry: G Ilankin, Wolviston, near StocHon-oii'Tees.
Yom- seedling named Princess of Wales was so much bruised
and damaged when we received it that no correct opinion
could be formed of its merits. The fruits are of medium
size, scarlet, and all more or less deformed at the point.
It must be a good cropper if you can gather from 500 to 600
fruit from each plant. Never again pack Strawberries in
old tow, which is a material thoroughly unfit for the purpose.

The Wonderful Plant. — Some of our correspondents have
furnished us with letters relating to this plant, and aU
couched in the same terms. Our readers must draw their
ovnx inferences. Meanwhile, we await the publication of
the "Guide." "J. Heselton, 4, St. Hilda Street, Hartlepool.
Sir, — As all applicants for seeds desire full details, I am
pubUshing a Guide. If you desii'e it, seeds, guide, &c., will
be sent you on receipt of 25 stamps to defray costs of same.
Return reply will keep your number as per list. Excuse
brevity, as answers are numerous,— I am, sir, W. Fawn,
jun., pro Mr. Heselton."

Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums : Constant Reader. "We
can only say in general terms that there are others like
yours in general character. The largest of them is very
nearly perfect as sent. There is such a sameness amongst
the varieties which have hitherto appeared, that it ia
necesaary to bring them aU to the test of comparison of the
plant, so as to get at the best coloured and the best habited.
You need not, so far .as we can see, despair in respect to the
largest and best-marked leaf, if it is a fair sample. The
others appear to be of little worth, but wo should grow
them on, as they may prove better than they now appear
likely to do.

Verbenas : Anon. Your white seedling has clean looking
trusses of full sized well-arranged flowers, and if good in
habit will doubtless be an acquisition.

Vine Leaves : Subscinber. The chlorophyll has been very
partuilly produced in yonr Vine leaves, and consequently
they are liable to suffer from several atmospheric ciiuses.
You will probably find that the fault is m the roots, especially
if the Vines are planted on the outside of the house. MJB,

Violets : W M. The swollen petioles of your Violets are
caused by a parasitic fungus, Polycystis violas. M J B.

Erratum.— In our account (see p. 758) of Mr. Wills' proposal
to hold an exhibition of Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums at
South Kensington on the irth of September next, a slight
error occurs. In col. 1, 17th line from top of small print,
the word " class " should be substituted for "day." Hewishes
to confine the kinds in each class to those that have been
distributed in 18C7, and to those to be distributed in 18fi8.
Communications Received. — Prof. Babington.— J. L. C. — W. P.
— H. J. v.— C. L.-M. C. C— C. T. W.-H. "W".— R. B.^
"W. Kollisson & Sons— P. Grieve,

July 27, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CIIRONIOLE AND AGrJCULTTJRAL GAZETTE.

789

MANCHESTER and LIVERPOOL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

GRAND CENTENARY CELKBltATION SHOW, at MAN-
rilKSTER '\UQUST:27. :i8, and lili. on tlioSlto of ttio Art Troiusiiros
K\liil.ltlun'ftnii Lnntl adjoining (about liO Acres in extunt), at Old
Trnir.'nl. and adjolnlnR the Botanical Gardens and Grounds.

ri;iZKS anionnUTig to NEARLY TWO THOUSAND
I'lH MIS nr» olYvii-d l<n- JIUUSK.S. fSHEKr. WOOL, IHUS,
riMLTUY I'1i:Ki>N,s, Ik )US. Cil KKSK. HUTTER, chain and
I'MOT.s ' VKIiKTAHhKS. SA I ) I ) Li'lUV, IMI'LEMENTS,

MACillNEIlV, and MlSCEld.ANEnUS ARTICLES.

ENTRIES CLOSED on tlio 20111 INST., excopt by Lato Foo of
10s. vip to AuKiiMt 5Lh.

Prize Li&t.H and Forms of Entry may be obtained from Mr. 11.
Whitwohth, Assistant Local Socretary, Carlton BuildluKS, Coopor
Street, Mauchestor ; or from 'i'. B. Ryder, Secretary.

67a, Cdurch Street, Liverpool, July C, 1807.

MANCHRSTEK ami LIVERrOOL AGRTCULTITRAL
SOClbyi'Y'S snow, at Manchester, AUGUST '2(5111 to 2!Hli.

The followlnjj: Additional Prizes (not Included in Frizo LIsta) are
now offered, namely :—

For GOLDEN-SPANGLED IIAMBUIIGII FOWLS HATCEED
In 1807 : Boat Cockerel and Two Pullets— Ist Prize, £3 : 2d, £2 ;
3d. £1. For the IJost Cockerel, £2, 2d best, £1. Similar Prizes are
also offered for SlLVER-Sl'ANGLED HAMBURGns. ENTRIES
for the above CLOSE on AUGUST 6, on tbo ordinary torma.

The additional snm of FORTY POUNDS lias also boon added to
the amount set anurt for EXTRA STOCK ENTRIES of HORSES,
SHKEP, and DOOS.— By Order, T. B. Rydkr, Secretary.

67a, Clmreh Street, Liverpool, July 22.

Eixt Agricultural (Sajette,

SATURDAY, JULY 27, 1867.

MEETINQ FOK THE ENSUING WEEK.

Monday, July 291

TiiKSDAY, — 30 tOrent Meeting of the Hlebland and ^gri-

"WBDNEsnAT, — 31 f cultural Society at Glasgow.
TuuaaDAT, AUR. IJ

By far tho most striking agricultural event of
the Bury week was the very efficient proof there
trivou, both by Howard and by Fowler, that
si I lira power is as well adapted to the cii'eum-
staiices of light-land tillage as it is to those of
hard and clay-land cultivation. It was men-
tinned last week that Fowler's two engines had
Im'OU at work in a large field of sandy soil on the
larm of Mr. Green, near Bury, there puUingto
and fro the new 13-tine cultivator, which takes
a width of 4 yards at once. Travelling between
til' 'SO engines at the rate of 4 miles an hour, it
was accomplishing the cultivation of the land to
a depth of about 6 inches, at the rate of nearly
00 acres in a day of 10 hours, while it was
actually in operation ; but, losing from 20 to 30
s.conds at tho land's end, the furrow being about
: ; 10 yards long, and the speed not so great as
I miles an hour, tho piece actually stirred and
worked within the hoiu- was close on 25,000
sijuare yards, or rather more than 5 acres.

It is plain that these two engines of 10 and
1 2-horse power, consuming at most a ton of
..cials a day, and involving at most the wages of
live hands, and the cost of a horse and cart,
cannot anyhow be made to expend more than
.jOs. a day in current outgoings. But this is not
more than Is. an acre of the extent of land which,
on tho large fields of light land in the eastern
counties, they will be able to get over with their
cultivating tool. And we think, therefore, that
the large hght-land farmers of Norfolk wiU
agree with us in saying that the proof of this
atlbrded by Fowler and by Howakd is by far
the most important of the agi-icultural events
of tho Bmy week. By HoWjUid as well
as by Fowler : for on the field where
the former fii-m were working — which was,
if not a lighter soil, at least previously
untdled and therefore harder • — we saw two
engines, each with double drum, working at
opposite sides of tho land, and pulling two culti-
vating tools to and fro, each taking about 5 feet
at a time ; and, their work (overlapping in the
middle of the field, each thence retui-ning
at work to the end from which it started)
was thus done at double speed ; and though,
owing to the shorter furrow — hardly 150 yards
from the end to the middle of the field —
and the consequently greater loss of time by
more freauent turnings, as well as by the slower
; movement and narrower operation of the tools,
I leas work was got over in a given time than
i we saw done by Fowler's apparatus, yet
here, too, tho speed was something quite
extraordinary, and more than 3 acres were
accomplished in an hour.

It is plain then that on light-land farms as on
clays where the area is properly laid out for
steam cultivation, there need in future be no
more horse power provided and kept throughout
the year than will suffice for the harvesting and
marketing of crops — in fact, for all work of
carriage. With Fowler's double engines, each
with double drum working simultaneously two
tools, there is no reason why a square of 20 acres,
or even more, of land which had been ploughed
by steam power before winter, should not be
giubbed or cultivated and receive a triple

through harrowing all at onco in a single day in ]
spring; or why a tliorough following after a
winter's frost upon tho autumn tillage of stiff
clays should not bo thus accomplished almost at
a blow.

We anticipate with confidence tho day when
Lord t'ATllOAU'i''s idea will bo realised, and
largo areas of land, occupied by a co-opora-
tivo tenancy (a small company, commanding
both tho (juantity of capital and tho variety of
exporionco and skill which successful farming
needs), will in this way bo cultivated and
worked mainly by steam power with an economy
and ofEcioncy of which wo have no idea now.

For the rest of tho liuiy Show, we cannot
agree with thoso who have so confidently pro-
nounced it a comparative failure. Everybody
atlmits that tho Implomout Department has been
au unrivalled success, and as to the strictly
agricultural portion of the Live-stock Show
we believe there has never been a better.
Sheep classes, where S.VND.-VY, Inge, and
EiGiiEN havo not attained distinction, cannot
but bo good ; tho Pig classes, especially those
of lai-ge breeds, never were better ; and the
Suffolk cart-horse has never, except at local
meetings in its own countj', been more
admirably illustrated. As regards the
financial results of the week — which, how-
ever, are not the end at which the Society
aims, but rather the moans by which its end is
compas.sed — they are, no doubt, not so satisfactory
as they were at Plymouth. The attend-
ance, however, of spectators has been very
satisfactory. Upwards of 60,000 persons
visited the yards ; less, indeed, by 28,000 than
appeared at Plymouth, but still a very large
number from such a purely agricultiu-al district
as surrounded us at Bury, and the 4100?. thus
contributed to the funds of the Society will leave
a smaller sum to be paid out of ordinary
income than the week's education of so large a
number was worth.

Tho following figures represent the attendance
at Buiy and at I'lymouth respectively : —

to the ilcHi^niurtH' ostiiiKitoH vjiiioH from lOG/. to 338^. Upon this
point tlio Conmiittco would remark, that having been asaiatod
by practic.vl lAiildora, thoy havo .OHcortainod that in many caHoH
tho oHtiiiiatod eoftt in far below what the actual outhiy would
bo ill orootinK tho Hanio. Tho Committoo, after a clowe investi*
iratioii, havo imaiiiniouHly aiTived at the conclusion that tbo
plan buarinj,' tho motto 'Suitability,' and cbstinK 170/. .'Js. 8ti.,
should havo tho lirnt prize of '2^1. • and that the second prino of
ir,/. Mhoiilil bo awarded to tho plan bearing the motto "^ Level,'
and coMtint.' 1 1)0/. r)n. Tho former the Committee consulor would
bo impniveil by continuing the roof ho as ttj form gable ends ;
.also by i>lai'ing lire jilucos where tho dressers are, in each of
tho seuUei'ics, instead of that in tho bakery. In both plana
more shedding outside is do-sirablo. In the second-prize plan a
pair uioro rafters at each end are required, and sliding caso-
mcnts would bo preferable ; a fire-place is wanted in tho
scullery ; also a window in tho pantries, for ventilation. The
Coramitteo, in coming to thoir decisions, havo kept in view
the three main points — viz., lowucss of cost, durability, and
efficiency — laid down in tho schedule of prizes issued to
intending competitors. Beyond awarding the prizes they
havo refrained from coininonding any plans in particular,
althougli there are many highly deserving of it. In the jiub-
lieity given to the plans by their exhibition at the Royal
Show, they are confident that the public will duly appreciate
the skill and exertions of the exhibitors. In conclusion, they
would suggest that some of the best plans be published.
Signed, W. Biddoll (chairman), E. Greene, 8. Newman, U. T.
Turner, G. IL Nunn, K. Cooper, L. Jackman."

The aw,ard announced last week is as follows :— 1st
prize of 25/., Messrs. Conder & Laslett, 1, Park Lane
West, London ; 2d prize of 15/., T. Shaw, 20, Bridge
Street, Birkenhead. We only add, that it seems to us
impossible that the double cottage, with the motto
" Suitability," to which the first prize is awarded, not-
withstanding the comparatively small size of its rooms,
can be erected for the price named.

Bury St. Edmund's.

Flymoutb-

Monday .. .. £m 15 0

.. £26.5 16 0

Tuesday .. .. 6.57 11 0

.. 595 11 0

Wednesday .. 883 8 0

.. 2159 0 0

Thursday.. .. 1657 13 0

.. 2147 14 0

Friday .. .. "52 8 0

.. 1099 12 0

Total .. £4100 15 6

£6267 13 0

Visitors .. 60,635

80,011.

At the formal general meeting of Members of

the English Agricultural Society on Friday of last
week, in the Show-yard at Bury, Mr. H. S. Thompson
closed his very efficient Presidency by moving the
thanks of the Society to the Mayor and Corporation
for their hospitality and public spirit. The autho-
rities of the town and the neighbourhood round Bury
had spared neither their time nor their purse in
striving to make this meeting worthy of the great
county of Suffolk. " As to the result of this meeting,"
said Mr. Thompson, " there are some very favourable
features, and some that, as far as our exchequer is con-
cerned, are not quite so favourable ; but looking at the
Show itself, I may say that so far as implements are
concerned, it is the largest and best Show that the
Society has ever collected, and I believe the largest and
best that ever was collected. There have been some
diffioufties in carrying out the trials because of the
large increase in the number of implements exhibited
in certain classes, in consequence of the length of time
that has elapsed since those classes were tried before.
In steam engines especially, the number was so large
that it has been extremely dillicult— and has involved
great labour— to carry through the trials before the
end of this meeting. If it had been possible to divide
the labour by appointing additional judges, that would
have been done ; but, like a jury hearing a case, the
whole of the evidence must go before the same men ;
we therefore found that they must work through, and
they did work through most gallantly. Upon another
occasion an alteration must be made, in order to have
more time given for the trial of such an important
class of implements, which have so much increased of
late, the use of steam in agricultural pursuits having
extended so much in other operations besides thresh-
ing. With reference to the horses, sheep, and pigs,
we have had a very creditable .Show ; and though the
number of visitors who have been admitted has not
been so large as we have had when we have met in the
neighbourhood of large manufacturiug towns, I can
say, from having watched very closely the way in
which tho.se visitors seemed to examine the imple-
ments and the stock, and the great interest that they
took in the whole, that I never saw a more intelligent
gathering, or any who were more likely to profit by
what they saw, than we have had at Bury."

Among the more useful features of the Bury

meeting, though one exciting comparatively little inter-
est, was the show of plans for the erection of Labourers'
cottages in competition for prizes offered by the Suffolk
Agricultural Association. The following is the report of
the Committee ; —

" The Conmnttce report that there have been 63 plans sent
in for competition, and the cost of carrying out each according

FAEMEES AND THEIR SHORTCOMINGS.

[The following letter has been addressed by Mr. T. Fisher,
Salter, Attleborough, "to tho fiirmers of Norfolk."]

Brotiiek Farmers— It strikes me we are most
wonderfully misunderstood. We have the credit of
doing very much of that we ought not to do, and doing
very little of that we ought to do, and knowing still
less of our business or its requirements- hostile to
landlords, dead enemies to game. What a delightful
character to go to market with. I don't think the
testimony is likely to create vanity in our docile brains.

I am a pure-bred farmer on both sides, and I am
not ashamed to own it, and take my share of the just
criticism against my class. Fair play is a jewel, and
let us have it.

I know nothing of the half-bred or would-be agri-
cultural dictators, or take any part in their sayings or
doings, neither have I any faith in their extra share of
superior knowledge or common sense.

I should like to know what would be said of us
pure-breds if we were to attempt to dictate to either
parson, lawyer, or manulacturer, on theology, the
statute laws, or the intricacies of a spinning jenny.
We should be justly laughed at. Yet we find gentle-
men of these classes not very pleasantly digging at our
ribs. I don't know what for, or how to account for it,
unless it may be enlightened spirits engendered by the
fruits of high-class education.

My Lord Kimberley rather tossed us about in his
eloquent speech at Fakenham, and he must excuse me
in taking the liberty to accord with him in stating
I fear he is not thoroughly up in pure agricultural
matters, and he might have added feelings, although
I don't think his lordship intended to hurt ours.
Perhaps he might consider we are not very sensitive,
and that our mental capacities are so large we can stow
away anything.

It is a satisfaction to know we have the approval of
some of the aristocracy in the movement to establish
a Chamber of Agriculture, and inviting all parties to
participate in any good results that might accrue, bitt
my firm and honest belief is, the true intentions cf this
institution are not either fully understood or appre-
ciated, and that it is watched (being a farmer's) with
most uncalled-for jealousy, and its decisions are
misconstrued. Time will cure this evil, as it is doing
for the increased and better cottage accommodation,
upon which I must in part differ from the Earl of
Kimberley's observations. My experience has shown
me that farmers, as a body, never were opposed to it.
There are exceptions to every rule.

The Chamber of Agriculture and its members are
not opposed to educating the poor in reading, writing,
and arithmetic, and subscribe ungrudgingly to do it,
and there are schools established in every parish,
supported by the clergy, landlords, and tenant farmers,
and every unbiassed opinion must state it is wonderful
what a stride education has taken the last ten years ;
therefore I repeat that the cry for increased and
compulsory education is humbug. I have always
understood that forced prayers are no good to the soul.
I have no faith in forced education.

Let the popularity and sensation-seeking gentlemen
take one step up the ladder of humanity and devise
some great scheme for educating the small farmers'
and tradesmens' children, whose proper and natural
pride debars them from taking advantage of the parish
school, to which they cheerfully add their mite, and
who are unable to bear the additional biurden of
educating their own offspring at private schools,
probably conducted by not even such well-educated
masters.

Let the philanthropic Englishmen look this question
straight in the face. Let facts guide them. There
are no ifs or and's in the matter.

There are first-class schools for the rich, first-class
schools for the poor. The deserving and, I maintain,
the hardest working class in the community, whose
cause I advocate, are getting no proper share of
education or public sympathy. ,.,,.,

Let mv Lord Shaftesbury and my Lord Kimberley
take up this question, and let the gangs cure themselves,

790

THE GARBENEBS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JuiT 27, 1867.

and they will be doing more substantial service to
their country.

The monster gangs have no advocates. The Chamber
of Agriculture is dead against them, and without any
Acts of Parliament their doom is sealed. They have
had a chronic cough for years ; they may die a some-
what tortuous death, but die they must, without
parliamentary interference or abusing any particular
class.

The exaggerated evidence given before the Gang
Commissioners is on a par with the statements offered
against poor Governor Eyre ; and my Lord Kimberley
might well have pocketed the .shame he felt for his
county, and conscientiously have stated, " It's a sorry
tale of woe, but I don't believe three-fourths of the
report." .

I fear the remarks made by the Earl of Kunberley
on game are calculated to mislead the public as to the
views entertained by the Chamber of Agriculture on
that subject.

Farmers (pure-breds) are sportsmen. Convert those
four-legged animals properly condemned by the noble
earl into vermin. (Foxes are vermin. Hares could be
chased as vermin). Every occupier would become his
landlord's gamekeeper, as of old, and there would be
cheerful countenances on both sides in meeting.

I question very much M'hether my Lord Kimberley
dare experimentalise on his side-winded observation
as to farms being let by tender, especially if his
lordship 'binds himself to accept the highest offer,
although he is in a position to ask the assistance of the
Legislature to devise requisite clauses of security.

I mention this because Acts of Parliament seem to
be all the rage just now to manage agricultural matters
by, and it is so unceremoniously held forth that cotton
lords, merchant princes, and their followers have far
greater knowledge in farm-yard matters than legiti-
mate owners and occupiers, therefore it is fair to
presume intelligible and judicious clauses would be
sure to be inserted.

What a millennium to arrive at !

FAEM NOTES.— By Mb. Mechi.
Ducks after a .SAojoer.— There is nothing so good for
a farmer's health and pocket as early rising. During
summer I can seldom sleep after five, so from early
dawn I enjoy the then exquisitely pure and whole-
some atmosphere, and return to an 8 o'clock breakfast
with an almost ravenous appetite. How instructive to
an inquiring and observing mind are those early hours ;
and, looking at the ducks, how absurd it appears that
man should dread the feathered tribe on his cultivated
fields. They are his very best friends, and this con-
clusion grows stronger upon me as I watch their
operations and habits. As soon as the poultry door is
opened, away they go to the fields, and I now see a
flock of juvenile ducklings hurrying over that portion
of my Tare field from which the green Tares have
been recently removed, and devouring the slugs by
hundreds, probably by thousands. Their instinct
teaches them the proper time and place to look for
them. When we know that this spring thousands of
Wheat fields have been devastated by slugs, should
I not rejoice and be thankful to these ducks
for appropriating the fathers and mothers of a
future stock of destructive slugs ? With a large
stock of chickens I am spared the torment of
many flies, for not a gentle or fly escapes them when
within reach. Having regard to the welfare of agri-
culture, it is high time that agriculturists should fully
understand the habits of birds, and no longer forbear to
look upon them as their very (jest friends. T am glad to
see that the Minister of Agriculture in France has
issued a prohibition against the destruction of small
birds, andhas given sound reasons for their preservation.
As I said before, several of ray Wheat fields are open
to the poultry, and close to the poultry house. Their
abundant crops testify to the profit of a close intimacy
between the fowl and the field. I am treading on
tender ground when I say that I like to see ducks iu a
garden, as a source of profit by the destruction of
slugs, &o. Thick sowers of corn, who get their crops
prematurely and injuriously laid flat, would feel
annoyed at the fowls and ducks walking over them ;
but with the proper quantity of seed, according to the
state of the land, such annoyance would be avoided.
Even with laid crops the loss is hut trifling. I have
just harvested a crop of Clover close to the duck pond,
estimated at 3 tons per acre ; although laid flat, it
suffered no injury from the ducks. Biiring its early
growth the ducks searched it, stetch by stetch, night
and morning, for slugs, but they avoided it as it grew
thick and close. I find it most conducive to the well-
doing of poultry to have a load or two of road sand or
grit, as well as some lime, under a shed, kept dry.

The proper qimtUiii/ of Seed, and why Land can
never be too rich for a Corn crop. — The proper
quantity of seed corn is dependent upon soil, climate,
raanurial condition, and period of sowing, therefore no
universal rule can be laid down. Our farm this year

? resents many valuable illustrations on this subject,
have 50 acres of Wheat, as thick a crop as can be
grown from 1 bushel of Wheat per acre, but in some
places even this is too much seed, for wherever the
fold remained longer than usual, there, owing to the
extra manure, the crop is too thick and injuriously
laid. In another field the .3 pecks withstood the storm
better than the 4 necks, which were partially laid. The
perfection of a Wheat crop is a very thick and full
standing or leaning cropwith long and wide well-filled
ears, and large kernels. When theheapsofcorn werelaid
separately, 1 could at once distinguish the peck an acre
from the bushel an acre bythesuperior sizeof the kernel.
The straw I could detect, from its brighter appear.ance.
The peck of Wheat per acre (on half an acre as usual)
came up a full and sufficient plant, but in the sprius,
both it and the thick-sown adjoining were nearly

destroyed by slug, and neglected to be night-limed in
time. However, we left the few hopeless-looking
plants that remained, not believing that they could
come to much, but now on the portion so saved, there
will be at least 4 quarters per acre, if not more, to our
great surprise, for there could not have been left more
than one-fourth of the plants that came up, or about
2 quarts of seed per acre. It will ripen about a week
later than the thick sown. In districts where the
harvest is naturally late, it would be desirable to con-
sider the question of earlier sowing, or a larger quantity
of seed ; each farmer determining for himself by
trying one-quarter or half an aci'e in each field,
as I did, to arrive at a safe conclusion, I
have a very fine field of Wheat sown in December,
after White Turnips, which followed Peas picked for
the London market. As it was sown so late we put in
5 pecks per acre, which was then even too much.
Four pecks would have been better ; the ears and
kernels would have been larger. My Oats with
2 bushels, and Barley with 6 pecks are amply thick ; in
fact, where the laud is good the Barley is too thick
with fi pecks. Fearful mistakes are made, and heavy
losses incurred, by many who will continue to put in
the absurd quantities— 3 bushels Wheat, 4 bushels
Barley, 5 to 7 bushels Oats per acre. Well may such
folks say, "We get better Barley after Wheat than
after Turnips fed oS'." The more luxuriant the soil
the less seed should be put in. If I could but
persuade farmers to make small comparative trials,
they would soon come to sound conclusions, and
we could then discuss the matter with just hopes of
agreement on a proper comparison of facts, throwing
mere prejudices and assumptions to the winds, and
putting money in our pockets. This is the fourth year
of the peck an acre — sown sometimes in October and
at others in November. It produced —

In 1864, 7 quarters 2 bushels per acre.

1865, 7 „ 1 „ „

1866, 4i „ 0

Let observation and experiment be our guides. They
are more dependable [? trustworthy] than either
imagination or prejudice.

Fractical Ohservations on Thin Sowing. — Every day
appears to throw new light upon this important subj ect.
As we approach nearer to harvest, my experiments in
this direction appear to increase in value. If thin
sowing was the order of the day the facts I am about
to relate would excite no attention ; but agriculture is,
in this respect, in a transition state, passing from
broadcast sowing, an imperfect deposit of seed, and
poor manuring, to accurate drilling and a forcing with
rich manures. The first instance is the one peck of
Wheat per acre which had been three-fourths eaten by
slug (in common with some thick sown adjoining), and
was given up as lost. Strange to say, it has so thickened
that It has been estimated , by a practical farmer who
visited my farm, at five quarters per acre. I really think
that it will approach that quantity. In another case,
where three pecks were drilled, the acre so drilled now
surpasses and overtops the fourpecksadjoining it. Those
have stout stems, and can stand up firmly,— the thicker
sown gives way, and is partially laid. Although it is a
saying that "the laid crops never ruin the farmer," I am
yearlymoreand moreconvinced that itis ayeryunprofit-
able and improper state of things, and that it ought to be
mitigated or averted by adapting the quantity of seed
to the nature and manurial condition of the soil, having
regard also to climate and usual time of harvest. It is
very interesting to watch the progress of a thin sown
portion of Wheat or other cereal, sown in the same
field, at the same time, manured in the same way, and
growing side by side with its thicker sown neighbour.
At first all seems doubt and almost despair ; gradually
during and after spring there is a thickening and an
improvement. Still, to all appearance, it can never
rival its neighbour ; but at length, and within three
weeks of harvest, its neighbour stands nearly still, and
up goes iu triumph the crop which has caused us,
during its growth, so many doubts and misgivings. It
reminds me forcibly of the last short space between the
distance and winning post. There is longer endurance
and less exhaustion— the last few strides win the race.
So it is with the thin sown crop,— it endures and
advances longer than its neighbour, and yet there is
barely four lo six days' difference iu the fitness for
cutting. Thick sowers are generally very much out in
their calculation or estimate of a growing thin sown
Wheat crop. They measure it, as it were, by their own
crops, which, by crowding, produce small ears and little
kernels, whereas the thin sown have much larger grains
and many more of them in each ear. Surely after my
prolonged trials and published results, my brother
agriculturists will, for their own sakes, try comparative
experiments, and so put money in their pockets. It
does seem indeed surprising that two quarts of seed
per acre (the quantity left by the slug according to our
estimate) should produce from four and a half to five
quarters per acre. Whenever farmers have a new and
costly sort of seed, they generally put one kernel in a
hole in good garden ground, and " get the largest crop
they ever grew." And this year many a slug-eaten piece
that was condemned, is now astonishiug its owner by
its surprising promise.

The Sheepfold versus Farm-yard Manure.—" There
is nothing like the sheepfold." How frequently we are
told this by practical men. "The treading the land
does so much good." Yes, if it is very light land ; but
if it is heavv land the sheep treading is most injurious.
It is not the sheep's feet that do the good, but the
sheep's tails. But I wish to show to my brother
farmers in this paper that there is something like the
sheepfold, and something quite equal to it, and that
is the voidances of well-fed cattle on paved floors
under cover, carried immediately from the shed to
the field. I am going to prove wliy tliis must
be equal to the sheepfold, aud why the ordinary
farm-yard manure is so inferior to the sheepfold,

and after this I expect that both landlords and.
tenants will gradually, and as soon as may be,
discard open and unpaved farm-yards as destructive of
farm profits. We are all naturally so attached to thiuga
that have existed from time immemorial, aud to which
we have been accustomed from our youth, that it would
be unreasonable to expect a " sudden conversion '' of a
whole nation of agriculturists, but I have great faith ia
the common sense of my countrymen when they are
brought to deal with comparative facts — so I shall
expect that in a generation or two (which is not a long
period in the history of a nation) open farm-yards aud
unpaved floors will have become " the light of other
days," and that the " shedfold " will be then considered
equal to the " sheepfold." But let us come to the facts.
Whensheep are on land the whole of their voidances are
at once appropriated by the soil ; nothing is wasted :
there is no washing, drying, mangling, or turning over,
and twice moving or carting, with weeks or months of
exposure. The soluble portions are all washed into
the soil, and not down the ditches. There is much
less manual and horse labour, and wear and tear of
carting. The reverse of all this takes place with the
respected old, open, unpaved farm-yard, and the
uutroughed buildings around it. Here it is all washing,
drying, and mangling, sopping up heavy rainfalls with
mops in the shape of huge waggon loads of valuable
straw, which should be used as food rather than as
mops. How often, aud only recently, have I seen
farmers letting off the strong tea into the ditches,
owing to the heavy rain having rendered the farm-
yard impassable or impracticable, and after all this
the tea leaves are carted to what is mistakenly called
dung heap, aud, after a time, duly turned over, refilled
and recarted, and then spread upon the land. All this
is really a bitter satire on agricultural commerciality.
The real causes and objects of this mistaken, costly, and
injurious manipulation were no doubt originally two-
fold, viz., to keep the cattle dry, and to rot the straw.
But the practice must be altered now. The time will
come when farmers shall as soon think of treading
their oil-cake as their straw under foot, seeing that it
has a much greater value as food than as litter. There
is no straw in the sheepfold, yet no farmer ever com-
plains that hisland is insulhcientlymaunredbythesheep-
fold. I don't believe that farmers generally knowthat for
every pound of solid voidauce made by the animal
there are 12 or 13 lb. of liquid, and that nearly all the
value of the manure is in the liquid ; the insoluble
matter of the solid being comparatively worthless.
Well may they prefer the sheepfold to the old open
farm-yard, where not only so much runs away, but also
where such precious fluid sinks into the floor or
ground. But see how economical the covered shed, is
both in time and money. The accumulated voidances
of 20 bullocks (equal to 140 sheep) for two months may
be placed on the land at once, and spread ready for
ploughing in at a trifling cost. I am now putting it
on for Cabbage after Tares, and it will beat any guano
or artificial manure. It is, in fact, the cattlefold.
Better still is the cattle manure from under the
sparred floors without any straw ; that is the
stuff 'we want plenty of to make great crops.
I claim no merit, and I make no apology for so con-
stantly "pitching into" ancient agriculture, or rather
its erroneous practices. If I had been bred a farmer,
I should, no doubt, have done as other farmers do, but
having been well shaken in the commercial blanket
before I entered into farming, I take a commercial 1
view of its proceedings, and come to my work free and
unfettered by the trammels of antiquated custonis and
prejudices. I know that some agriculturists will be
angry with me, but what I commend I practise: and
my sole object in making public those of my views
wiiich I have found profitable, is a sincere desire to
benefit British agriculture and agriculturists, and thus
to provide more cheap and abundant food for my
fellow-countrymen.

Slug and Wireworm.—li an accurate sum total
could be made of all the damage and loss occasioned by
these two pests to British agriculture, it would be a
frightful amount. The moist season of 1SG5 produced
slugs in abundance, and now another showery season
threatens still further to multiply their number. They
swarm in our Tare ground and Clovers, therefore we |
should take steps lor protecting our future Wheat i ■
crops. As soon as my Clovers are folded off, I shall night-
lime them— that is, sow 4 bushels of fresh-slaked lime at
night, and if the first dose does not kill them shall repeat
the operation— taking care to sow the lime against the
wind to prevent them hearing you advance. I found
this a certain remedy in the early spring. The
lantern will show you that the lime falling on the
slugs at once turns him up and kills him. It is of no
use liming by daylight, for then they are all safely
ensconced under ground, having feasted on your
crops during the night. I presume they have a
sense of danger, for they either die or depart
after the night-sowing of lime. :As to wu-eworm, they
are also easily got rid of. Sow 6 bushels of salt per
acre broadcast on the surface, and they will either die
or depart, I cannot say which. It is a certain cure.
In some cases of veryjight land it may be necessai-y to
repeat the dose ; but 1 have always found that quantity
snflicient— wireworms never infest heavy lands. As
soon as you miss a few blades of Wheat or Barley, sow
the salt at once, or you will be too late, for the plants
only show that their stem has been destroyed alter a
day or two. The early spring is generally the time ot
danger and mischief. Some of our light Tiptree lands
are especially subject to the wireworm pest, but 1 nevet ;;
fear them now. Salt is a certain cure ; so is Bape-cake ,;
—or the two combined. J. J. Mechi, July, 18S7.

P.S. Slugs only come out of the ground m mild moist
nights. On this subject I cannot do better t.ian quote
from Mr. John Large's valuable book, ' Secrets oi
Farming." At page 40 he says, " when you are troubled
•\rith many slugs get some good fresh lime (it ought to

Jolt 2?, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CTTRONrCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

791

hf ill (liiinii weather if possililo), and sow it tlie same
iii-hl, at aliniit 2 busliols per acre. If the wind is in
Ihr WL'sl, uiiirli very liltely it will bo if the weather is
cliLiiip \)'vXin sowing tlio east side— sow up and down
lioiu iiortli to south, anil finish westward, or they will
liiul out tlio lime before it reaches them strong enough
lo destroy them. If there are many slugs on your
(lover ley intended for Wheat, you should sow tho
liiiio before vou plough it, and sow again before you
put in your Wheat if there are many loft."

A WALK EOUND THE BURY IMPLEMENT
YARD.

Comstock's rotary spader is exhibited by Messrs.
Porter, of Lincoln, at the first stand. It is one of those
contrivances which aim at the production of tilth
directly, thinking to aohievo at once a result which
cannot be ai^eoiuplishod without time. The rows of
tines by which the land is penetrated are lifted out of
the soil as soon as their work is done, by a leverage and
giiidanro applied by tho machine itself, so that tho
whole weight lies ou'the tines about to enter. It did
lih- work ou Mr. Condor's light-laud steam cultivation
urnund.

Stand No. 2 (Messrs. Richmond & Chandler, of
Sallbrd), contains a good show of chalV cutters, corn
crusliors, Turnip cutters, &c., for which this firm are
well known. They have gained a further prize for
olia If Clutters at Bury, where their " power " chaff cutter
accomplished its task of cutting 1 cwt. of straw in
Jtlis of an inch length in about 2V minutes.

Mr. Wood, of I'pprrTliamcs Street, shows his well-
known reaping and mowing machines. Mr. Baker, of
AVisbe<"!i. shows a variedly of barn machinery, also
(Sanuiclsou's reaper. .Suiitii's (Kettering) capital horse
linrs, which took the prize at I'lymouth, are exhibited
:ii Stand 5. Samuelsons, of Banbury, exhibit their
rr:r,iers and mowers, lawn mowers, &o., at Stand C. A
Imgo and excellent stand, including engine, winnower
:iiid corn dresser, haymaking machines, horse rakes, &c.,
IS exhibited by Mr. W. N. Nicholson, of Newark.
Mr. Maynard, of AVhittlesford, Cambridge, shows his
\Mn-kiiowii chair engine, which cuts the straw as fast
as it can be delivered by the threshing machine ; also
III. self-acting horse-rake, in which the driver causes
llie machine itself to discharge its load at intervals
IIS the load accumulates. Mellard.s, of Eugeley,
show a large number of implements for pre-
piring food — chaff cutters, root cutters and
piiliiers, &c. ; also drills, grubbers, cheese presses, &c.,
in particular a two-row Turnip and Mangel seed drill,
in which the quantity of seed is very easily and simply
n gnlated; the rollers in which are made to press a
V-groovod seed bod, and thereby cause a simultaneous
ve-;otation of the seed.

Messrs. Brigham & Bickerton, of Berwick, show their
«ell-knowu "Buckeye" reaper and mower. Messrs.
Morton & Co., of Liverpool, have a very excellent
siind illustrating their methods of wire fencing.
{ Imrns are shown by Mr. Waide, of Huuslet Lane,
1 ,1'cds ; also chain harrows, a Staffordshire implement,
slinwn first at the Bristol Meeting of the English Agri-
riiluiral .Society, aud since very largely adopted, are
exhibited by H. Denton, of Wolverhampton.

.Messrs. Burgess & Key, of 9.3, Newgate Street, have a
eiipital stand of reaping machines, in which all their
newest improvements have been introduced, effecting
'-'rent reduction of the weight and bulk of the machine
iind draught to the horses; great reduction of friction
:i ml wear of parts ; greater simplicity ; greater compact-
iir-s, the cut being 5 feet .3 inches, yet the machine
will pass through an S feet 0 inch gate.

The reaping machine, with sheaf delivery, delivers
I he corn in sheaves at the side, leaving a clear track
liu' the horses. The following results have been
iilitained by recent improvements :— great reduction of
draught; great reduction of friction, and consequent
near and tear; greater simplicity of parts; greater
eiimpactness, the cut being 5 feet as usual, yet the
iimciiiue will pa-ss through an 8 feet 6 inches gate;
greater perfection in the work done.

-Mr. Boby, of Bury, shows his patent corn dressing
machine (commended by tho Judges), with either
single or double screen from the hopper. A good sifter
for chaff is shown here. A large number of tools
suitable for the farming of Essex are exhibited by
.1. Warren, of Maldon. Another local firm (Messrs.
Ward & Silver, of Long MeU'ord) have a, large stand of
implements of all classes.

At Stand 25 Messrs. Hawkes & Spencer, of

'Tiverton, again bring forward their chain delivery

iiirn drill, which has a number of con-

I livanees facilitating the action of the chain principle

III delivery, Avhich received a good deal of attention at

Plymouth, and has since received a considerable

amount of success and commendation throughout

j the country. Carson & Toome, of Warminster,

\ show their ohaff cutters and turnip cutters and

1 pulpers. Mr. Braggins, of Banbury, shows at

J Stand 27 the best field gate in the yard, costing 25.r.

A lodge gate has a capital double bottom hinge, which

can never lose its hold, as in click-clack gates it

. very often does, A'arty, of Royston, shows a

) Unrse hoe with circular cutting discs. Messrs. Smyth,

f of Peasenhall, have an admirable stand of their loug-

I established corn drills, in which very nearly tho old

style of Suffolk drill maintains its position. There are,

, however, certain contrivances adopted by Messrs.

I Smyth which are new. Their seed conductors are so

made as to hinder the entrance of earth, and have all

the flexibility of the ordinary cup conductor. Messrs.

I Larkworthy, of Worcester, show their "Excelsior"

I easily packed harrow. .1. Webb, of Clare, Suffolk,

' shows a Turnip cutter and mower, in which both sides

' of the disc are brought into work.

At Stand .3 1, Messrs. Turner & Fardon, of Leigh ton
Buzzard, show threshing machines and reaping

machines, in which a revolving horizontal rake, pre-
serving its parallelism as it goes rouml, sweeps tho
platform at regular intervals. Messrs. Hunt,
of Earl's Colne, have a large stand of various
agricul(,ural iiuplemeuts. At Stand 39, Messrs. Coleman

6 iMorton, of Chelmsford, exhibit a new corn screen
ill which the varying interval for tho passage of grain
is obtained by a parallel motion easily impressed upon
the sets of parallel strips covering tho whole cylin-
drical surface through which tho corn is passed.
Messrs. Reeves, of Bratton, show their ribbed corn
screen, and receive a coinmondation from tho Judges.
Near their stand is Messrs. Howard's, which is,
as usual, full of useful and excellent agricul-
tur.al implements— ploughs for horso and for steam,
harrows, hay tedders (an uncommonly well-packed
tool), aud their iVnglo-American combined reaper and
mower, in which the rakes revolve and sweep the
platform — occupying the very minimum of space, and
working smoothly and elliciently. A good stand near
this is occupied by Messrs. Cro.sskill & Sous, of Bever-
ley, including clod crushers, carts, portable railway, &c.
Mr. Clay, of Wakefield, shows his well - known
cultivator. Drain pipe aud brickmaking machines
are shown by Mr. Whitehead, of Preston, one of the
earliest prize takers of the Society in this cla,s3 of
machines, which used to occujiy so much more atten-
tion in tho Society's show-yard. Messrs. Corbett, of
Wellington, Salop, hero exhibit grinding mills and
farm machinery. Their hand dressing machine takes
the 2d prize in its cla.ss.

At Stand 57 Mr. Creasy, of AVickhaiu Market, shows
his drying m.achiue for damp samples of grain, which
can be applied also for drying malt, brewer's grain.s,
&c. ; it is so constructed that a large volume of heated
air can be passed through the substance to be dried, at
any convenient temperature, whilst it is being gently
agitated. There is a sot of blades within the cylinder
arranged as in a hummeller, for the purpose of passing
the grain along and breaking up small pieces of dirt,
&c., tho outer cylinder being perforated, allowing thera
to escape ; the action of the blades also combined with
the heat gives the grain a much brighter appearance.

Comes, of Barbridge AVorks, shows his simple and
efficient chaff cutter, which is commended by the
Judges. Messrs. Priest & Woolnough, of Kingston-
on-Thames, have a good stand of drills, manure dis-
tributors, and horse hoes.

Then comes Messrs. Fowler's stand of steam plough-
ing and steam cultivating machinery, to which
reference was made last week, when we also mentioned
the performance of some of the implements that were
tried. On the Thursday we understand that their
double-drum engine was tried, working two tools at the
same time— a double-drum engine on each headland
hauling two implements at the same time, one each
way. The implements were ordinary 9-tine cultivator,

7 feet fi inches wide, aud steam harrow, 16 feet wide.
This tackle got over as nearly as possible 15 acres in
five hours, the work being done exactly thrice over
(twice with harrow, once with cultivator). The
machine worked without any hindrance, each
implement passing from end to end. — Corn
drills are shown by Messrs. Armitage, of Chatteris ;
Turnip cutters, &c., by Messrs. Howell, of Poole; a
great variety of fencing by Messrs. Bayliss & Jones, of
Wolverhampton ; pumps in great variety by Messrs.
AVarner, of Cripplegate; liquid manure carts by
J. James, of Cheltenham ; a good cylindrical corn
separator, by Messrs. Penny & Co., of Lincoln ; capital
corn drills by J. Coulter, of Spittlegate, Grantham; and
the usual admirable and most complete set of stable
fittings, by Messrs. Musgrave, of Belfast.

Messrs. Hancock, of Tipton, have added to their
numerous inventions a very clever spring mattress,
which seems likely to answer. It is described as the
softest bed with the lightest bedding that has ever
been produced.

At Stand 70, Mr. Bentall, of Maldon, exhibits a large
collection of his well-known machines— chaff cutters,
corn crushers, root ])ulpers, ploughs, ^tc. His chaff
cutter takes the 2d prize, and accomiilished tho quickest
work of any that was done ; aud his crushing mill
takes the 1st prize.

The stand of Messrs. Hornsby, of Grantham, is
another good exhibition of agricultural machiriery
including com screens (and their very simple spiery
wire cylinder takes the prize), Turnip cutters, root
pulper, corn drills, reapers, and furrow i^loughs,
traction engine, &c. Their usual exhibition of thresh-
ing machines and steam engines is wanting this year,
as they do not choose to undergo the labour and
expense of preparing racing engines for the purpose of
competition. They take prizes for Turnip cutters aud
pulpers. Messrs. Amies & Barford, of Peterborough,
show grinding mills, oilcake crushers, and tillage
implements. And here we come upon a straw elevator,
a tool of which in a cheaper form we are much
in want. Messrs. Hill & Smith, of Dudley,
who have long been exhibitors at the Society's annual
meeting, show fencing, hurdles, rick-stands, &c. Chaff
cutters, cheese presses, sack b.arrow.s, scarifiers, &o., are
shown by Hunt & Pickering, of Leicester. The
St. Pancras Iron Work Company exhibit their stable
fittings, and iron fencing. Mr. Sawney, of Beverley,
shows his winnower. Churns, washing machines, &c.,
are exhibited by E. AVeir, of 142, High Holborn;
haymakers aud horse rakes, mills, crushers, Plax
ripplers, chaff" cutters, Ac, by Ashby & Jeffery, of
Stamford.

At Stand 05 the Beverley Iron Company have a
capital exhibition of their manufactures— carts and
waggons, clod crushers, bone crushers, &c. Messrs.
Page, of Bedford, show chaff cutters, cake mills, horse
hoes, ploughs, and cultivators. At Stand 99 Mr. Le
Butt, of Bury, shows a good hay tedder. Taylor & Co.,
of iVdolaido Place, London Bridge, chaff cutters,
weighing machines, churns, &c. ; AA^hitmore, of Clerkeu-

wcll, corn crushers and Hour mills. Messrs. Turner, of
Ipswich, exhibit a largo number of crushing mills; also
steam engines, fixed and portable. They receive the 2d
prize for both hand and power crunhing mills.
Messrs. Woods & Cocksodgo, of Stuwiiiarkct, are also
successful, receiving 1st prize for slemn imwijr crushing
mill, and being commended for their hand-power tool.
They oxhibit a largo and very excellent stand of
imiilements.

A very good stand, including fixed and jiortablo
steam engines (both of them highly commended by tho
Judges), barley liumraeller aud chalf cutlers, threshing
machinery, &c,, is exhibited by tho Reading Iron
AVorks. Another large collection of machinery is
exhibited by Pieksley & Sims, of Leigh. They receive
prizes for chaff cutters, and arc commended for Turnip
cutters. AYe shall go through the rest of the stands
next week : meanwhile, we add tho perfect Award of
the Implement Prizes at Bury, part of whicli wo
published last week : —

I. — STK.VM Enoinks. Fimt Prizt:.

Fixed Steam Engiuo Clayton, Shiittlcworth, & Co, £20 0 0

Scccntt Prix.
Ditto Tuxford&Sons .. .. 10 0 0

Portable Steam "j First Prize.

En^no — double J- Clayton, Shuttleworth, & Co. 2.ii 0 0

cyliudor. }

Second Prize.
Bitto Ranaomes & Sims .. .. 15 0 0

Portable Steam") Firi^t Prize,

Engine — single >■ Clayton, Shuttleworth, i!l Co. 23 0 0

cylinder. )

Second Prize.
Ditto Tiixford &, Sons . . . . 15 0 0

lO-hoi-se Power Hori-1 IJiflhly Commended.

zontal fixed Stcura > Readinglrou Works, Limited

Engine. )

in-hor.se PowerSingle")

Cvlindor portable y Ditto

ditto. )

14-bor.se Power Im-j

proved HoriKoutiil J. Tuxford & Sons

ditto. )

lO-horse Power Port- 1

able Steam Engine.
8-borsc Power ditto ,
8-her3e Power Oscil-"! Commended.

lating Steam > Deaeon iSr Wood

Engine. )

8-horse Power Port- ) r,..„t « t^ ^..w, :i. n^

.able ditto. 1 Buston, Proctor, & Co.

II.— Threshing Macuines.
Portable Threshing^
M.achine not ex-
ceeding 8-liorse
power, which pre-
pares fur the
finishing dressing

.. E. Humphries

' y Brown & May
Ditto

. Ransomes i: Sims

machine.
Ditto . .

Ditto Nalder &■ Nalder

Portable Threshing"\

iMachiiie to be [

worked by horso ^WilUis, Haslam, & Steevens

power not exceed- I

ing that of 4 horses^

Ditto Tasker & Sous

Treshing and Fini..jh- ) ,1 , . „

ing Machine .. | Holmes & Sons .. ..

Ditto Clayton & Shuttleworth . .

Ditto Marshall A: Sous . . ' . .

III.— Chaff Gutters.
Chaff Cutter by"! Pri-ea.

horse ^ Richmond & Chandler

. . E. H. Bentall

. . Pieksley, Sims, &. Co.

^y j- llichmond & Chandler

.. E. H. Bentall

8

0

0

20

0

0

l.'i

0

0

S

0

0

steam

power.
Ditto . .
Ditto ..
Chaff Cntter

band power.
Ditto ..

Chaff Cutter

steam power.

Chaff Cutter ..

Chaff Cutter . .
Ditto

0 0

l> 0

0 0

0 0

, , Hinkli/ Comvieiuled.

"' I Carson & Toone
. . Smith &. Grace

Commended.
. . .Tames Comes

Edward Page & Co.

Ditto .Tames Comes

IV. — Crushing JIills. 73,.,

E. H. Bentall .
E. B. & F. Turner

Cirushing Mill

Ditto . .

Linseed and Corn "1

Crusher by steam ■ Woods & Cocksedgo . .

power. )

Ditto Ditto, E. R. & F. Turner

Commended.
Crushing Mills ' . . Woods & Cocksedgo

v.— Hanu Dressino Machines.

Corn _ Dressing ).^mj.^j^ Ta.ske'r & Sons

Machme. )

Ditto

0 0
0 0

S. Corbett & Son

,., Ti . ^ Coiii.mnided.

e orn Dressmg \ jj ,^ .j i^jolm Reeves

Machuie. >

Ditto Rjinsomes & Sims

VI.— Turnip Cutters. Prized.

Tumip Cutter . . Richard Homshj. & Son

Ditto R.ansomes & Sims ..

Turnip Pulper . . Richard Hunrsby & Son

Boot Pulper by ste.am | ^i^y^^,.^ Hornsby & Son

power. J ■'

Ditto E. H. Bentall . .

Commended.
Turnip Cutter . . E. H. Bentall
Turnip Pulper . . Ditto
Ditto Pieksley ij Sims

0 0
0 0

0 0
0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

VII.— Oil Cakr Bri^akers.

°'^]. Amies & Barford

Steam Power
Cako Breaker,
Ditto ..
Oil Cake Breaker
Ditto ..

Oil Cake Breaker

E. [I. Bentall . .

Ditto

R. & B. Hunt . .

Commended.
B. R. &. P. Turner

10 0 0

.10 0

6 0 0

5 0 0

792

tHE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AKD AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Jtjlt 27, 1867."

VIII.— Corn Screens. Frizes.

Com Screen . . . . Richard Homsby & Son

Commended.
Com Screen . . . . Robert Boby

Ditto Penny & Co.

Ditto . . . . . . Hansomes &, Sims

IX.— Barley Hdmmeller.

Prizes.

Barley Humraeller . . Holmes & Son .

S.— Grinding Mills. Prizes.

Grinding Mill . . Smitb & Grace

Ditto S. Corbett & Son

Bone Mills . . . . Beverley Iron &, Waggon Co.
Ditto Ditto

Ditto 4

Ditto

Stone Mills . . . . E. R. & P. Turner

Ditto I. Tye & Co. . .

Grinding Mill with")

Metal Grinders by y Amies & Barford

steam j

Stone Grinding Mill .

XI.— Iron Gates.
Held Gate . .

Commended.
Ruston, Proctor, & Co.

Prizes.
James Braggins

10 0 0

North Wilts Semld stating that he devoted the
energies of his youth to the Uberation of the West
India slaves, but that he will devote the remaining
energies of his life to the Uberation of dau-y slaves
at home.

The inference, from the facts stated, is uumistake-
able : if Cheshire cheese is to maintain the character it
has hitherto done, if Cheshire farmers are to pay their
rents and compete with America and the Cheddar
cheese districts, we must be willing to learn the lessons
the American cheese factories are teaching us, and so
exchange our *' Rule of Thumb " and dairy slaves for
science and machinery.

XII.— Miscellaneous. Silver Medals.

Horse Gear Woods &, Cocksedge

Strong Wrought Iron Cattle ) g^^^^^ ^ ^^^

Troughs and Cisterns. )

Assortment of Leather ftrachine | -^gi^jj ^ g^y

Bands. )

Chain Pump for Liquid Manure Warner <fe Son
Draining Tools and Forks, &c. . Boby, Clarke, «& Co.

Patent Aspirator A. B. Child

4-inch Double Suction Pump . .

Assortment of Gai^ien Spring , ^^^^ ^^^.^^

Chau-s and Collection. )

Adjusting Blocks for fixing)

Engines and Threshing V Clayton, Shuttleworth, &L Co,

Machines. J

stable Htang.s^. Cow-liouse I jj j5,.„t^^^3

Fittmgs, and Piggenes. ) °

C'omvicnded.

Elastic Rake John Baker

Chain Drill Hawkes & Spencer

Hay Maker J. & P. Howard

Improvements in Mower . . . . B. Homsby & Son
Improvement in Mower . . . . Burgess &, Key
Improved Horse Hoe . . . . Wilkinson & Son

Turn WMst Plough Kansomes & Sims

Portable Railway and Turntable John Grant
Guard for preventing Accidents"!

by Drum on Threshing J- Ransomcs & Sims

Machine. j

Lawn Mowers Ditto

Iron Gate J. D. Young

Iron Gate F. Morton &, Co.

Iron Gate Bayliss & Jones

Iron Gate St. Pancras Iron Works Co.

S. T. Brandreth GibhSj Son. Director of Shoio and
General Arrangements.

EGGS.

[The following article on this subject recently appeared in
the Grocer.l

"We know of no article of consumption in the import
accounts of the Board of Trade, upon which we can
place our finger, that will show a greater or more con-
tinuous increase than the simple unit of the egg.
Unimportant as it might have appeared some years
ago, it has gone on from thousands to hundreds of
thousands, and then to millions, until the quantity
seems incredible, and could only be realised in extent
by the measurement of tons weight. All this repre-
sents so much food required by the necessities of one
portion of the population, or the luxuries of another ; for
the frugal and solitary breakfast of the man of letters,
or to mix on the table with the more numerous viands
T, *i X TT i™.» I of the social family party ; or to be called into sudden
Tangye. Brothers, &Holman j,eqyisitio„ inaidofthehousewifewhenthecasualvisitor

supplies will be seen by the following table, with theF

exception of the year 1866, where the total alone has

yet been ascertained :—

From

1862.

1863.

1864.

1866.

1866.

gt. hds.

gt. hds.

gt. hds.

gt. hds.

gt. hds.

Hamburgh . .

6,864

3,066

3,813

5,670

Bremen

15,433

10,250

3,413

Holland

3,801

1,363

1,206

1,772

169,462

158,526

217,067

171,855

France . .

1,501,402

1,872,V53

2,393,521

2,795,899

13,813

4,251

6,232

1,712

Spain . .

139,628

78,828

54,465

31,328

85,226

94,487

113,294

21,617

Other countries
Total
Value ..

381

900

1,141

1,710

1,936,010

2,224,414

2,794,152

3,033,444

3,657,324

£593,813

£673,638

£835,028

£928,247

£1,097,19

I

In the volume of trade and navigation published by
the Board of Trade, the average prices given for the
computed value in the year 1S65 were— Belgian 6s. 2A,
French 5s. lid., the Channel Islands (their own produce)
5s. lOd., and Spanish 6s. id. per great hundred. It would,
however, he an erroneous impression to suppose that
Belgian eggs were therefore worth more than Prench,
the mode adopted by the authorities at the Custom-
house being this : to take the average prices published
in the Sconomisi for that year as follows, per 120 ;
s. d.

CHEESE rACTORIES.

[Mr. G. Jackson, Tattenhall Hall, has addressed the following
letter to the CheHer Chroidclt.'\

"Facts are stubborn things," and I take it that at
the present time the following facts deserve the atten-
tion of the owners and occupiers of Cheshire dairy
farms.

Fact 1.— We learn from the price current last Satur-
day of one of the Liverpool cheese merchants, that the
stocks of American cheese are in excess of the two
previous years— viz. :

Stock of Cheese in this Port, 30th June:— 18G7, 11,461 ;
1866, 1280 ; 1865, 1619.

I Farm Dairies. Cwt.

Very Good. . .. 48s. to 52.i.
Good .. .. 42i!.Ito46s.

Medium . . . 35s. to 38s.

Factories. Cwt.
Kne Factory . . 60s. to 63s.
Very good ditto . . 54s. to 58s.
Good ditto.. . . 48.S. to 52s.
Medium . . . . 44s. to 47s.

Ordinary . . . . 25s. to 33,s.
And still more noteworthy, that the cheese made at
factories are designated " fine," " very good," " good,"
and " medium ; " while those made in private dairies
are only classed below " fine " to " ordinary," and the
difference of price from 12s. to 19s. per cwt. in favour
of factory cheese-making as compared with private
dairies

Fact 2.— The price of Cheshire cheese on Thursday
last at Chester fair, as given in the Courant, was from
40s. to 53s. ; scarcely equal to the price of American
farm dairies, and 10s. under the price of the best
American /arfory dairies !

Fact 3. — In the Cheddar cheese district, at the first
of the meetings of the Chamber of Commerce at
Swindon, they mooted in May last the question of
establishing cheese factories, and from the articles
signed " Progress," that have since appeared in the
Worth Wilts Herald, the members of Parliament, land
owners, and fanners, are entering into the subject with
spirit, and have got the start of us in Cheshire.

Fact 4.— In the cheese districts of the United States
and Canada, the climate is so hot in July and August
as to burn up the pasturage, and necessitate the cows
being fed ou green Indian corn; and yet, under the
disadvantages of climate and bad roads for moving
milk, we find, by the introduction of cheese factories,
cheese are being made and sent 2000 miles in hot
steamers over the Atlantic, so superior that we are
being beaten in our own markets.

Fact S.^It is a fact that very few of the daughters of
our agricultural labourers will now engage to do dairy
drudgery, and the education they are getting in our
national schools fits them for better service, and they
find they can get better wages and more genial employ-
ment in private families and in towns, so that prac-
tically Cheshire farmers find more difficulty in getting
dairy servants than in filling up their dairy stocks.

Fact 6. — The Cheshire farmers' daughters have seen
so much of the dairy slavery to which their mothers
have been doomed, that it is notorious they prefer for
husbands tradesmen, tailors, or even cobblers, to
Cheshire farmers ; and so the race of dairymaids is fast
dying out, and it is gratifying to find the writer in the

steps in. These are the ostensible signs of consumption,
but the egg appears everywhere, and yields to every turn
of the culinary art— in pastry of all kinds, in confec-
tionery, in the making of ices, sometimes in medicine ;
and when in a state unfit for the table it refines our
sugar, or softens the leather that preserves whiteness to
the delicate hands of the fair sex. All descriptions are
eatable and nourishing, but it is only the egg of the
domestic fowl that enters into general use. In some
of the villages along the rocky portions of our coast,
the season when the sea-gulls hover in swarms about
the ledges of the rocks is for them a time of plenty ;
and there is danger and romance about the mode of
their collection quite .unknown to, or ever dreamed of
by, the farmyard peasant or the servant of the commer-
cial incubating establishments. Our home producers,
as a class, are probably not much given to the study of
figures, or they might be struck with the vastness of
the importations, of a demand that never relaxes, and
a supply from abroad that continually increases— so
much, indeed, that our egg merchants look upon the
home source as a mere trifie in the scale in satisfying
the wants of their customers. "We have no accounts
of the numbers brought to the markets of Leadenhall
and Newgate, and only the rough estimate of a French
authority, who gives the value of the poultry of the
United Kingdom at less than one year's supply of eggs
from abroad. Thus the annual import of eggs from the
Continent averaged 73,000,000 from 1S43 to 1817 ; it
averaged 103,000,000 during the next five years,
147,000,000 for the next five years, and 163,000,000 for
the next five years. In 1861 we received from abroad
203,313,360; in 1864, 335,298,240; and, in 1806,
4:38,878,880, being in excess of one million a day, and
valued at 1,097,197'. sterling. These are facts that
might well astonish the agricultural mind. The Eoyal
Agricultural Society is evidently alive to their import-
ance, for at the meeting for the Eastern Counties, to be
held at Bury St. Edmund's in the present month, the
farmyard poultry was to form a prominent depart-
ment. Prizes are offered .for the best descriptions of
fowls, varying from 5?. downwards. No similar induce-
ments have been given by the Society since their show
at Chester in the year 1858. .

At the present time, although there is much atten-
tion devoted to the subject, it is principally confined to
the fanciers, and upon the best description of birds, so
that poultry, and their product, the egg, have not

January
Febi-uary
March
April . .
M.ay

7
6
6
5
June 5

July ..
August
September . .
October
November . .
December . .

a.

9

7

6J

H

U

7

gained any general popularity amongst persons engaged
in agriculture. AVhether this arises from a disbelief
in the profitableness of the occupation, or the diH'erence
between the tenure of the soil in England and that of
France, from whence we derive our great supply, is a
matter beyond our purpose to attempt any elucidation.
AVe merely ivish to place the facts before our readers,
who are necessarily more interested in the sale than
the production of articles. That much may be learned,
both from the study of these facts and the mode in
which the eggs are produced in France, we readily
admit ; and if the ventilation of this topic will aid
in the increased supplies from at home, we shall have
effected some good beyond the general readers of this
journal. It is evident that more than one million ster-
ling in value of eggs were landed on our shores that
could have been raised with the greatest ease at home ;
and the question naturally arises, " How do foreigners
thus take possession of our own markets, with all the
disadvantage of having to convey a perishable cargo
through the hands of shippers and commission agents,
with all the risks and attendant expenses?" There
has been no want of inducement in the matter of
prices, as in the year 1854 the Custom House computed
the real value of eggs as low as 4s. &d. per 10 dozen ;
but during the last six years fts. per 120 has been
reckoned, which is also the wholesale price in France.
Amongst the arrangements under the French treaty
was the abolition of the duty charged on eggs. On
Au"ust 8, 1854, there was a reduction to id. per 120,
and" from that time to March 6, 1860, they were entered
by the cubic foot at the rate of 8d. This mode was
found less convenient, and the previous system was
adopted— that of number, called great hundreds, or
120^ as a unit ; and eggs were placed amongst free
articles. , . , , . • • i

The countries from which we derive our principal

and apply the same price to the imports of each month
from all parts. The average price so applied varies
from month to month, as will appear from the above
quotations. Since the value attached to the importa-
tions for the entire year is the sum of the values of
each month, it follows that the average value of the
importations for the year varies for the several countries
according to the month or months in which the bulk
of those importations took place. The cargoes are
shipped chiefly in steam vessels, and arrive at the ports
of Southampton, London, Folkestone, Arundel, New-
haven, and Shoreham. Of the supplies from Ireland,
in the absence of any positive data, it is generally
supposed that they have diminished from that quarter.
The time for laying eggs takes place according to the
temperature and the climate. They begin m France,
and in most parts of Europe, from January to March,
the forward hens laying in the earlier months, and the
sluogish not until the latter. For purposes of preserva-
tion the late eggs are considered the best. April, May,
and June are the months when the production is most
abundant • but in July the laying slackens, to resume
a certain degree of fresh activity in August and
September. In October and November, which is the
season of the moult, it ceases almost wholly, and is null
in the month of December. To obtain eggs m this
season artificial means are employed by raising the
temperature of the houses, and some poulterers assert
that a supply can be had in the winter by feeding the
birds on Buck Wheat, which is then given whole and
upon meat. In parts of France where breeding is
carried on as a trade, there is a separate class of persons
called coupeurs, or hatchers. The hen is seldom allowed
to lead the chickens after being hatched; the coupeurs
entrust this office either to capons or turkeys, the hen
being more valuable for laying eggs than rearing the
brood. If a similar attention to the details were giving
in this country, the stock of fowls which roam about
the farmyard, and gather corn from the threshing,
instead of being a mere adjunct and perquisite of the
servants, would return sufficient to discharge the
rental of many a small occupation. Such, we have
understood, has been the case where the experiment
has been fairiy tried, and once this becomes an estab-
lished notion our home supplies will increase in a
greater ratio than they do at present. According to a
competent authority, at this time, what with improved
native and imported varieties, we possess the best stock
of egg-layers, hatchers, and table fowls in the world
In no country is the management of our best poultry-
yards excelled. These should serve as a model for the
rest ■ and to bring up the wholesale results to their
true' national importance, all we require is an extension
of the taste for bird-farming amongst those who earn
their living on the land. ,.,.,,. . ,

To show the seasons in which the laying is mosO
active, and the variations that take place, we give the
following figures from our import tables :—

January . .

February

March

Api-il

May

June

July

August . .

September

October . .

November

December

1864.

Number.
6,999,000
17,851,000
31,849,000
42,650,000
39,930,000
33,177,000
35,332,000
34,549,000
29,711,000
19,547,000
15,864,000
27,836,000

1865,

Number.
13,301,000
22,323,000
32,231,000
39,966,000
49,507,000
37,890,000
38,488,000
34,279,000
28,444,000
24,0.50,000
20,424,000
23,103,000

1866.

Number.
16,386,000
25,794,000
46,537,000
51,471,000
56,767,000
52,334,l»lil
36,476,000
40,566,0(10
33,916,000
26.917,000
20,696,000
31,018,000

In connection with this subject, we paid a visit
to the National Poultry Company's establishment,
which is a short walk of the Bickley Station on the.
South-Eastern Hallway. This experiment in the pro-
duction of poultry is the most important that has been
made, and another is projected at Kattern Bourn,
Shenley, Herts, about 14 miles from London i he
plans fbr the houses at Bromley were made by Mr
Geyelin, but were not carried out to their original
extent. The home, now under the management of
Mr Massay, consists of a principal buildmg, sheds,

July 27, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CITRONICLE AND AGRICTILTURAL GAZETTE.

793

houses, yards, &c,, and market gardens oocupj^ing
6 acres of dry, gravelly soil. The main building is a
^'recnhouse-looking erection, of wood and glass,
311) feot long, 20 foet broad, and 13 feet high to the
central ridge. The pens are arranged along each
side of the long central passage, which has a floor of red
tiling, with shafts adnutting cold air in summer and
warm air in chill weather, ventilation being provided
from above. The pens are in two tiers— that is, a
ground-floor and a storey, each occupying 12 feet
of frontage, with a breadth of 3 feet from the wired
front to a wall of boards, and outside the hoards is a
similar range of pens of the same size, haying for their
(intside wall a framework of wood and wire. Thus, a
cock and six hens have the range of an inner pen of
12 ft. by 3 ft., completely shut in from the weather, and
also of an outer pen of equal size, roofed, but exposed to
the open air through wire of about two-inch mesh. This
was thought to be rather clo.se confinement for all but
the most inactive breed of fowls, and therefore there
have been lately added to the building open runs, each
of about 30 feet square, in which the difl'erent pens of
birds are permitted to exercise and scratch iu turn.
A\"hen a hen wants to lay she creeps into a box placed
outside her pen in the central passage, and her nest con-
sists of a circular earthenware paD,12 inches in diameter
and 5 inches deep, containing some dry sandy earth.
Scrupulous attention, of course, is paid to lime-whiting
and to every detail of cleanliness in the pens and the
vessels.

At the end of this building, which accommodates the
brood stock, are the departments for fattening and
hatching, and the apparatus for artificial incubation •
the department for rabbits, the duck-houses and tanks,
the boiling-houses, pigstyes, ic, occupy other portions
of the premises. There were about a thousand head of
poultry on the premises ; all looked healthy, and, being
the season for laying, the attendants were collecting the
eggs into baskets. These, wo believe, are sold to some
of the hotels in town, but a great many are disposed of
for the purpose of hatching, and are marked in pencil
according to the different breeds. At present the Brom-
ley Home is chiefly devoted to the breeding of what may
be called " fancy" birds, and since the stocks are excel-
lent, the diS'usion of the best class of birds throughout
the country will produce national benefits superior to
the sale of mere quantities of eggs. The French
va.rieties of Houdan, La Fl^che, and Cr^vecoeur, are
said to bear confinement, are hardy, good layers, and
non-sitters, and they vary in price from 15s. to 60s.
each bird, and for eggs, per sitting of 13, from ICs. to
18s. If we might venture to offer a word of friendly
advice to this and similar establishments, in which we
take the liveliest interest, it would bo to reduce the
price of eggs. Those disposed of for domestic use are,
we believe, rendered unfit for the purpose of sitting,
and high prices act as a prohibition upon all such
experiments. Although opinions amongst poulterers
differ respecting the use of natural means for hatching,
yet for the bad sitters the invention of the incubator
may prove useful. Mr. Crook, who is a fancier, has
by his firm in Carnaby Street, Regent Street, patented
a very successful invention, to which we shall here-
after allude. In such undertakings as the Bromley
Home we possess the source of supply. The arrange-
ments for feeding, hatching, and fattening are open
to visitors, and are interesting even to casual ob-
servers ; for farmers, and others commercially affected,
they should furnish examples for the proper and
successful management of their own poultry-.vards

The increasing demand for eggs, although it has
t^led to elicit any corresponding or commensurate
eflorts in our own country, has not been lost
upon our quick-witted and versatile neighbours
across the Channel. The metropolis is almost
wholly supplied from foreign sources, and new-
laid eggs, as they are called, demand exorbitant prices
and only reach the tables of the well-to-do classes.
I hose who have the good fortune to a«cept the hospi-
talities of the farmhouse, in addition to the never-failing
appetite on such occasions, will discover the superiority
in this portion of the fare, and will gladly return with a
contribution from the henhouse. The provincial towns
with trifling exceptions, monoi)olise the eggs from the
surrounding neighbourhoods ; the small farmers who
do not sit the market sell their supply to the
country shopkeepers, or give them in exchange
other articles. Many cottagers contrive to

confined to small farmers, by whom it is carried on
in a vigorous and commercial manner, more especially
in the provinces of Burgundy, Normandy, and Picardy.
According to the latest agricultural returns furnished
by the French Government, for 13 deiiartmonts, the
value of eggs and feathers produced each year was
taken at 32,500,000 francs. This was considered tfl be
much under the mark, as the consumption of Paris
alone is equivalent to 12,000,000 francs ; and although,
per head, it would be less in the provinces than at
Paris, it may be fairly sot at rather more than half as
great. The eggs, which at Paris are worth CO francs
per 1000, average 10 francs per 1000 in the country.
>Vo thus obtain a total of 100,000,000 francs, or, with
the export. 1 12,000,000 francs (5,680,000?.), as the annual
value of French eggs. At this rate the consumption
amounts to 2s. per head of the whole population. One
of the I'rench writers on this subject gives 7,000,000 eggs
as the annual produce ; and if we average CO eggs as
the number that cacii hen would lay, there would be at
least 117,0011,000 fowls, and these, at 3 francs apiece,
would give 1 1,(;25,000/. sterling as the value of the
poultry stock of France. For the past year, on the
same ratio of 60 per head, the eggs imported into this
country represent the laying of no less than 7,300,000
eggs.

From a namphlet published by M. de la Fo.sse at
Goussainville, near Houdan, wo select a few statistics of
the trade in that immediate neighbourhood, which will
give a correct idea of its importance. At the markets
of Houdan, Dreux, and Nogent le Koi, there are sold
annuallyupwards of 6,000,000 head of fat poultry, viz. :—

Per Year.

Hoildiin . .
Dreiix
Nogent !e Rot

Per Week.

40,000
50,000
35,000

160,000
200,000
140,000

for

a lew lowis, and where there is no pig these y."«"'^« "' "ne success wnicn naa attended the exhibi-
s scavengers, consuming the scraps of the i ° " the poultry of La Bresse (in Burgundy), a stir
■, the outside Cabbage-leaves, peelings off ?C^'*,S!'^- f"' 'i™ °P *''<' representations made to him.

keep a few fowls, and where there
act as
family,

boiled Potatos, &c., and if supplied with
httle corn, lay a great many eggs. There are no
regular agents or dealers engaged in the trade, but
the grocer or the butcher of the village takes the
surplus at the usual market price, deducting his com-
mission. The consumption of an ordinary household
in the country is as much as 2000 eggs per annum, so
that the residue has no great effect upon the metropolis
or the large manufacturing towns. Indeed, it is but
too probable that the care of poultry has retrograded •
lor as the small holdings have been absorbed by large
larms, many an active, frugal housewife has been with-
di-awn from rural life who had the will and the means
ot supplying the market. Neither the cottager with
his allotment (instead of his share in the village green
or common) nor the artizau has range enough for pro-
eggs to advantage ; therefore, in catering for

This does not include the sale of chickens, poultry,
and eggs, which .forms a separate trade. Every village,
says an eye-witness, has its weekly markets, where
farmers and their wives bring their produce for sale,
in preference to selling at the farmyard. The police
regulations in the markets are strictly enforced. The
various products are classified before the market
begins. Each person is bound to keep his assigned
place, and not allowed even to uncover his goods, much
less to sell, before the bell rings, under the fine of
5 francs. At the ringing of the bell, the bustle to
uncover, the rush of buyers, and the chattering, are
worth while to witness. The dealers and merchants
take up their stand outside the market, where they
send all the products they purchase. The seller has a
ticket given him, with the purchase price on it, and is
paid on delivery of the goods at the dealer's stand. It
seems almost incredible that even in some village
markets, within two hours, such a vast amount of
business can be transacted, with the greatest order and
decorum. Some merchants will purchase from 2,000
to 3,000 lb. of butter ; others 20,000 to 30,000 eggs or
1,000 heads of poultry, &c., all of which are taken to
their warehouse to be sorted, packed, and perhaps
forwarded the same day to Loudon or Paris. The
current price for every commodity is fixed and known
immediately after the market opens, and depends
entirely on the demand and supply. At the wholesale
poultry market. La Vallee, in Paris, where the poultry,
dead or alive, is forwarded from all parts of France,
there are a number of licensed agents, who sell by
auction to the highest bidder ; this market is a curious
scene from four till nine in the morning, when
thousands of crates of all descriptions of poultry are
cleared out and disposed of.

The eggs are sold in the markets of Paris in baskets,
which ought to contain 1,040 good valuable eggs. These
are counted, at the wish of the buyer, by the oflicial
agent, who verifies the dechet, or loss ; also the size by
passing them through a ring. For such there are
charges from 25 cents per mil for counting, CO cents
per mil for examination, and 15 cents for passing the
ring ; besides these charges there are the duties col-
lected by the Municipality of Paris. The production of
eggs in l ranee is, to a certain point, unlimited; and
the attention of breeders has been drawn to the im-
provement of the breed by foreign additions, and
modes of preservation also for long voyages. In conse-
quence of the success which had attended the exhibi-

10 or 12 departments which encircle the city, but more
than half is furnished by Lo Calvados, I/Orne, and the
.Sommo. From the latter and the Pas de Calais are
derived the Lnghsh supplies. Around Houdan are the
villages ot Goussainville, ofSt. Lubin, and La Haye
Near La Fleche au Mans are Villaine and Boco ■ also
some hamlets near St. Pierre Dive, Lisicux, Calvados
and Beauvais in the Sommo— all localities abounding
in poultry. The ports at which the greatest amount
of activity takes place are Calais, Cherbourg, and Hon-
fleur ; at Calais the eggs are packed in cases with straw
1,100 to the case ; and at Cherbourg and Honfleur in
cases of GOO and 1200.

The total value of exported eggs, of which England

received the lion's share, has been as follows :—

1815 to 1835, all average of , , 2,786,000 fr

For 18.50 „ .. 7,512,000

„ 1858 „ .. 10,418,000

„ 1859 „ .. 11,340,000

., 18B1 „ .. 17,845,000

„ 1804 „ .. 27,974,000

„ 1S65 „ .. 37,650,000

,. 1808 „ .. 42,334,000

How these exports have been distributed will appear
by this table :—

1864.

1665.

1866.

Rclgium

United Kingdom
Germany

Spain

Italy

SwitzerL-ind
United States ..
Other countrie,^

kilog.
40,364
22,093,262
15,767
34,789
14,799
143,200
2,156
27,120

kilog.
84,107
29,765,361
35,713^
62,632
16,117
133,753 f
3,370 1
29,7191

kilog.
1.30,627
33,468,539

278,659

Total

22,379,457

30,120,772

33,867,825

As a general definition, the districts that grow Buck
Wheat produce the greatest abundance of eggs ; and if
we would prosecute this matter successfully at home,
it would be well to ascertain whether Buck Wheat
cannot be imported to any considerable extent at a
cheap rate. Upon the quality and description of food
egg-laying much depends.

From a review of these facts, it will be apparent how
much our neighbours, the French, have accomplished ;
an export of one million sterling per annum in eggs is
no insignificant item even in the balance-sheet of a
nation. We have entered upon this subject of foreign
supply as fully as the public returns and the sources of
information, private and otherwise, would enable us,
since we have felt its importance to our readers,
especially as retailers, and also its indirect bearing
upon producers. Many of the former must visit the
capital city of France during the unusual attractions
of this year, and they may be induced to diverge
from the ordinary route. By a personal knowledge of
the egg districts named, they will learn, better than by
any descriptions we can give, how our admirable and
talented rivals in commerce have acquired superiority
in this department of business, and exemplified the
saying of the great artist, and whilst imparting which
maxim he probably gave to his pupils the secret to his
own fame, ' that by attention to trifles it is possible to
arrive at perfection."

ducii

the public, the wholesale merchant must occasionally
pay a personal visit to the markets in France, and rely
upon the foresight and activity of agents to meet the
Wants of his trade.
.Many have entertained a belief in the existence of
Rigantic establishments, which, from assertions made in
jno public papers, and the largeness of the imports
louncl ready credence : but we believe that throughout
rrMce there are none more extensive than our own
aiJJromley. The egg business is almost exclusively

the Minister of Agriculture instituted a special show for
fat poultry at Pans. The fowls were distributed into
five classes— La Bresse, Houdan, La Fleche, Normandy
and all other breeds. La Bresse kept the lead, gaining'
after a struggle with .La Fleche, the gold medal for the
best fowls of any class. Much of this success was due
to the strenuous exertions of Count Le Hon, as no
region had greater difficulties to surmount than
La Bresse, which constitutes the arrondissement of
Bourg, in the department of Ain, and extends from
the banks of the Saone eastward to the spurs of the
Jura. The fowls have certain features to distinguish
them, and the hen begins to lay in February, and for a
month or six weeks lays daily, then three or four times
a week, till she has laid about 160 eggs, besides rearing
two or three broods. On every farm poultry is fattened
to a certain extent, and until lately was little known or
appreciated at Paris, though for 40 years it has been
exported to St. Petersburg.

The prices of eggs per 1,000 have been at different
periods as follows in the Paris market :—

fr.

fr.

1804 ..

.. 48.00

1850 ..

.. 43.79

1826 ..

. . 64.50

1852 ..

. . 45.32

.. 48.74

1853 ..

.. 50.19

. . 50.27

1866 ..

.. 60.00

And the consumption had risen from 74,000,000 in
1807, to 174,000,000 in 1833. These are collected from

AGEICULTUEAL EMPLOYMENT BILL.

[On Friday of last week the Earl of Shaftesbury moved in the
House of Lords the second reading of this Bill.]

He, in common with many others, thought the
subject was sufficiently ripe for legislation, more
especially that part of it which related to the working
of females in gangs. Entertaining that view, he had
brought forward the present Bill, the provisions of
which were very simple. A great desire existed
throughout the country that the principles of the
Factory Acts should be applied to the agricultural
districts, of course with certain modifications
demanded by the altered circumstances of the case.
There were, however, certain principles which were of
equal value in both cases, such, for instance, as that
with respect to the limitation of age. Under the
Factory Acts no child under eight years of age was
allowed to work, while it was laid down that no child
under 13 should work longer than a certain time.
The Bill provided that no boy under the age of eight
years, and that no girl under the age of 13 years, should
be employed iu agricultural labour for hire. It also
provided that no girl under the age of 18 years should
be employed at all in a public gan^. The next pro-
vision of the Bill related to the subject of education.
Any attempt to apply to agricultural districts the
half-day system, or the alternative day system, was
found to be impossible, on account of the children
working either singly or in parties of only two or
three, at a great distance from their homes, and because
of the inconvenience which would result from the
constant interruption of the work. Therefore, he had
adopted in the Bill the time system, which was found
to work tolerably well, as established by the Print
Works Act, which provided that the children should
have in the course of the year so many hours for
education. Dividing the year into two periods, he
proposed that in one period 400 hours should be
devoted to education, and 200 hours in the other
period, because in agricultural labour the greatest
amount of leisure time was during winter and the long
nights. He knew that there was great difficulty in
giving practical effect to this arrangement, as localities
differed very much, not only in reference to the number
of schools, but in the number of children, and, there-
fore, he left it to the magistrates at Quarter Sessions
to make such regulations on this point as they might
deem necessary on account of the circumstances of the
various districts. On looking over the rates of mortality,
he found that they exhibited the complete unfitness of
the female constitution to be exposed to the vicissitudes

rsi

THE GARDENEHS' CKEONTCLE AND AGRICULTITRAL Gv^ZETTE.

[JULY 27, 1867.

of weather as well as to hard labour. He found in all
agricultural districts — in Surrey, Kent (both extra-
metropolitan), Sussex, Hampshire, BerksUire, Hert-
fordshire, Buokiushamshire, Oxfordshire, Northamp-
tonshire, Huntingdonshire, Bedfordshire, Cambridge-
shire, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Dorsetshire— that
the mortality of the girls at ten years of age and under
15 years was greater than that of boys of the same age ;
while in the manufacturing districts of Cheshire,
Lancashire, and the three Ridings of Yorkshire the
mortality of the girls working in those districts under
cover, and enjoying the warmth necessary for their
constitution, was less than that of the boys at the same
ages. With the view of ascertaining whether the result
obtained from those mortality tables coincided with
the judgment of medical men, he submitted to two very
eminent physicians specially experienced in diseases
incident to the female sex the following questions :—

" 1. Are girls of the age of 13, and a year or two
afterwards, in a peculiarly delicate condition as regards
their health ? 3. Are girls in those early ages less able
. than boys to bear hard field work ?"
The answer from one, and confirmed by the other, was
as follows : —

" I can answer both your questions in the affirmative.
Thirteen, however, is earlier than the average age of
female puberty, which in this country is 15i years.
The only inference from this, however, would be that
an age somewhat more advanced than 13 requires even
greater care. As to the generally less ability of girls
and women than boys and men to bear rough out-of-
door work in all weather there can be no doubt what-
ever ; and it may be stated absolutely, and without any
qualification."

This was the reason why he was anxious to exclude
girls under 13 years of age from the liability to work in
agricultural labour for hire. Nothing tended so much
to lower their character, and to prevent them from
making in after life good wives, than their being taken
away from their homes at an early age, and being
brought up in ignorance of all domestic duties. The
result of such a system was that the homes of the
peasantry were rendered most uncomfortable and
unhealthy, and the men were in consequence likely to
be driven to the public-house. He knew that education
in many parts of the agricultural districts was really
given to a greater extent than many people supposed,
but the difficulty was for the people to retain that
education in after life. He would ask those who
looked upon the labourers in the agricultural districts
a« ignorant boors in comparison with skilled artisans
to go and see a good agricultural labourer engaged in
digging a trench, and observe the care and skill he
exhibited. Above all, let them witness the labourer at
the plough, and note the intelligence and judgment
with which he pursued his work, and then let them
say whether that man was not to be placed in the ranks
of skilled workmen. Therefore, he thought that some-
thing should be done, if only to meet the clamour
which was raised against the agricultural labourers, in
order to give them as much education as possible. The
best thing that could be done with this view was to
institute evening schools, and he trusted that their
lordships would, by reading the Bill a second time,
record their approbation of its principle, and thus
express their opinion of the desirability of giving
children employed in agriculture a sound education.

The Earl of Stbadbroke said that a statement,
which he had read with great surprise, had been put
forth that the gang system prevailed in the eastern
districts of Suffolk. The gang system, he believed,
existed in a small district between Bury and Cambridge-
shire, but it did not prevail in the county at large. He
certamly never could approve the system.

Lord Ltveden was prepared to assent to the
principle of the Bill, so far as regarded the labour of
children; but he could not approve its restrictions on
the employment of young women in agriculture. That
portion of the ISill which related to boys who were not
to be employed unless they were educated opened up
the whole question of education. Who was to pay for
their education ? If there were no means for educating
them, it would be utterly monstrous to say that they
should not be employed under the age of 13. He hoped
this part of the Bill would be more carefully attended
to before it was allowed to go through the House. He
agreed with the noble earl as to the impropriety and
immorality of gangs ; but their lordships should not be
called upon to acknowledge a principle without know-
ing how it was to be carried out.

The Earl of Kimbehlet observed that the principle
of the Bill, so far as the educational clauses were
concerned, had been already adopted in the Factory
Act. The hardship of compelling the attendance of
children at school did not prevail in that instance, nor
had the result of that legislation been unfavourable.
The system applicable to factory labour could also be
applied to work in the fields, and he thought the time
had arrived when they might fairly consider whether
the same principle should not be carried further.
Probably the best mode in which this could be done
would he by the adoption of the conditions now
applicable to print works. No doubt there were
difficulties connected with the question. It would he
clearly unjust to require that a child should have
attended school as a condition of employment if there
was no school within a moderate and convenient
distance of his home, or where the only day school in
the neighbourhood was one where the parents of the
child could not conscientiously approve the religious
instruction given in it. If his noble friend who spoke
last read the report carefully, he would find evidence
to convince him that the proposed restriction on the
employment of young women in agriculture would be
most proper and beneficial. In many parts of the
country the great desire was that girls should not be
so employed. The case was very different with regard
to boys intended for agricultural labourers. They

should begin early, at the age of eight or nine, and
thus become hardy and accustomed to the work. He
had a strong opinion that it was a matter of urgent
necessity to extend school instruction to all classes of
the community. He should not allude to the question
which would shortly come before that House further
than to say that it had now become urgently important
that the masses of the population should not be left
without the moans of attaining at all events elementary
education. Tliis question of educating the agricultural
classes did not concern those classes, but affected the
towns whose population was recruited from those
classes. Under these circumstances, in order to render
the lower classes as soon as possible fit for the exercise
of the privileges about to be conferred upon them, he
hoped that immediate legislation would take place
upon the subject. The evidence that had been taken
by the Children's Commission revealed such facts as
might well make anj^ Englishman ashamed, and,
therefore, in order to mitigate the evils arising out of
the gang system, be trusted that mixed gangs would
be prohibited, that gang-masters would be licensed,
and that means would be taken to prevent the employ-
ment of very young children. If these suggestions
were adopted, the first step would have been taken
towards a great and permanent improvement of the
condition of the agricultural population of this
country.

The Earl of Shaeteseuet said that, as no member
of Her Majesty's Government had deemed it necessary
to express any opinion on the subject, he might be
permitted to remind their lordships of the inestimable
benefit the system of coupling learning with labour
had conferred upon the country during the last 30
years. He trusted that their lordships would read the
Bill a second time.

The Bill was then read a second time.

THE GRASSES.

The Graminacete are one of the most extensive and
important, and perhaps one of the most widely distri-
buted of all the natural orders of plants, having
representatives in nearly every part of the globe. In
proof of the value of the Grasses we have but to point
to Wheat alone, hut when we include the other cereals
and our forage Grasses, the fact is more particularly
apparent. Of the extent and variations of the different
genera few even amongst our agriculturists, who
are perhaps more immediately connected with the
cultivation of Grasses than any other class, have any
idea. Grasses supply not only the principal food of
man but also the food of most of our animals. In none
other but the English pastures do we find such an
abundance of rich and suitable food for the live stock
of the farmer.

With economic Grasses, both cultivated and
indigenous, England is highly endowed. Our island
home has always prided itself upon its corn fields, for
nowhere could we turn to a more soul-stirring scene
silently breathing forth the echo of peace and pros-
perity than to an English corn-field. As to the ancient
history of Wheat we have nothing to do with that at
present, it has been a subject so often discussed that we
will not touch upon it. Tlievalueof Wheat, weknowfull
well from ancient writings, was as great, comparatively
speakiug,inthosedaysasinthepresent. Itisaremarkable
fact that none of our important cereal Grasses-
Wheat, Barley, Eye, Oats, &c.— are indigenous, but
are all introduced plants, which have been so highly
cultivated as to produce the abundant crops which we,
happily as a rule, witness in this country. Though
tire cereals are the most important of all the English-
grown Grasses, we derive many valuable foreign and
colonial products from the same natural family, for
the Sugar-cane and the Rice are familiar everyday
examples of the importance of the Grasses in other
climes : they have their meed of utility in all parts of
the world, and they grow in almost every conceivable
position. Schouw says— "Amongst the Grasses there
are both land and water, but no marine plants. They
occur in every soil, in society with others, and alone ;
the last to such a degree as entirely to occupy consider-
able districts. Sand appears to bo less favourable to
this class ; but even this has species nearly peculiar to
itself. The diffusion of this family has almost no other
limits than those of the whole vegetable kingdom.
Grasses occur under the equator; and Agrostis algida
was one of the few plants which Phipps met with on
Spitzbergen. On the mountains of the south of
Europe, Poa disticha and other Grasses ascend almost
to the snow line ; and, on the Andes, this is also the
case with Poa malulensis and dactyloides, Deyeuxia
rigida, and Festuca dasyantha."

We have passed over Wheat, Barley, Rye, and Oats,
as being so well known as scarcely to need a mention ;
we might almost in this category have included the
Canary Grass (Phalaris canariensis, L.), and more
especially as the Grass can hardly be called a native of
Britain, but one which has been introduced so long as
to have become naturalised in fields and on roadsides
in some parts of England. We should, indeed, have
disposed of this plant in like brief manner had it not
been that it called for a word of note, not only for the
beauty of its appearance when growing— its ovate
panicle being so different to what we are accustomed to
see in the cultivated Grasses— but also on account of
the extraordinary consumption of the seeds as food for
cage ijirds, the extent of which, we fancy, is but little
kn'own. Besides the Canary Grass cultivated in this
country, large quantities of it were formerly imported
from Spain ; but Holland now supplies a considerable
proportion. Prom the Mediterranean large quantities
have also been imported.

When we are told that the annual consumption of
Canary seed averages 10,000 quarters, we are inclined
to think that it is put to other uses than that of
feeding pet birds ; but this appears to be its sole use.

for which purpose alone it is grown in this country
It is a remarkable fact, moreover, that the bulk of this
seed is consumed in the manufacturing districts of
Yorkshire and Lancashire, which clearly shows the
prevailing taste for pet birds amongst the poor
operatives. In Italy, however, as well as in the Canary
Islands, the seeds are ground into a meal, which ia
used for making pastry. Silks and other woven
articles are also dressed with a flour prepared from
them.

The Rod Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea, of
Linn., hut now referred to Digraphis arundinacea of
Trin., is a strong growing, creeping, rooted perennial
Grass, growing on the banks of rivers and in marshes.
The Grass is somewhat coarse, but cattle nevertheless
appear to be very fond of it, particularly before the
flowering period. It extends throughout Europe,
Russian Asia, and North America.

The cultivation of pasture Grasses in England is
said to have originated at the close of the 17th cen-
tury, and the Rye, or Ray Grass (Lolium perenne), to
have been one of the first if not the first. A hundied
years back no other Grass was grown alone for an
alternate crop, and at the present time it is recom-
mended as one of the best for that purpose, as it is
capable of adapting itself to almost any soil or situa-
tion, though of course it grows most luxuriantly on a
rich soil, where it produces a rich dark green foliage.
Mixed with other Grasses in damp situations it also
produces good crops. The plant is indigenous, and
grows in abundance on roadsides and waste places. It
may be known by its flowers, which appear in June
and July, and which are in long, close spikes; the
spikelets are six to eight flowered, and are alternate on
each side of the stem. The florets are without awns.
There are many varieties of this Grass known,
some, as L. perenne, tennue, having such finely out
foliage as to be very suitable for lawns ; the most
important, however, as a pasture Grass is that
known as the Italian Rye-grass,^ which was
at one time considered by some botanists a distinct
species, and was called Lolium italicum. It grows in
southern Europe, and was introduced by Messrs.
Lawson about the year 1833 or 1833. Mr. Bentham, in
his " Handbook to the British Flora," gives it as his
opinion that this plant first grew in Italy from seeds of
the Lolium perenne obtained from England. It is
now, however, extensively grown in most places where
good farming is carried on. It is a biennial or triennial
variety, flowering in May and June, and by care and
good management will yield as many as three or four
crops in one season. For this yield the first should be
ready for cutting in April. This Grass is valuable for
mixing with other seeds for sowing for permanent
pastures, as it grows vigorously for the time of its
duration, and when it dies out gives place to the
slower-growing perennial Grasses. The common
BeEB-ded Darnel (Lolium temulentum, L.) is a close
ally to these valuable pasture Grasses, but is a dangerous
and poisonous plant. It grows in corn fields and waste
places, a-s many farmers well know, and when its seeds
get accidentally mixed and ground up with Wheat,
the effects of eating bread made of such flour is highly
injurious. Instances are not wanting in which alarm-
ing effects have ensued, chiefly among the poorer
classes in the country who do not sift their Wheat
before grinding, for in the act of sifting of course the
smaller grains of the Darnel would pass through the
sieve, while the Wheat remained. The Meadow Fox-
tail Grass (Alopecurus pratensis, L.) is another
excellent pasture Grass, producing early crops, and
flowering in May and June. It is a common
plant in meadows and pastures in Britain, and extends
throughout Europe and Central and Russian Asia, and
is also found naturalised in many parts of the globe.
It aver.ages in height between 3 and 3 feet, is one of
the earliest and best pasture Grasses, and is found in
most good meadows and pastures ; it grows more freely
and in greater luxuriance on a limestone soil, but it
nevertheless produces good crops on almost any land.
All kinds of cattle are very fond of it, and it contains
much nutritive matter, as has been proved by chemical
analysis. This Gr,ass may readily be distinguished by
its long straight stems, at the summits of which are
close, nearly cylindrical spikes of florets, each having an
awn twice 'as long as the glumella. There are four
species of this genus natives of Britain, namely. A-
pratensis, L. ; A. agrestis, L. ; A. geniculatus, L.; and A.
alpinus, Sm. The first, however, is the only one of
any economic value.

Of the meadow Grasses belonging to the genus PoK
and of which we have 15 indigenous .species, the Wood
Meadow Grass (Poa nemoralis, L.), the Rough Meadow
Grass (P. trivialis, L.), the Smooth Meadow Grass (P.
pratensis, L.), and perhaps the Annual Meadow Grass
(P. annua, L.), are the best. The panicles of inflor-
escence in this genus are either close or spreading, the
spikelets each having several flowers, the flowers
without awns. P. nemoralis is one of the few Grasses
that will produce a good sward under the shade of
trees, and it is recommended as very superior to
any other Grass for this purpose. It grows wild in
woods and thickets, flowering in June and July, and is
a very variable species. One of the most important
varieties is that known as the Hudson's Bay Hay
Grass, which has been distinguished for its rapid
growth after being cut or beaten. The verdure of many
of our rich meadows depends in a great measure upon
the luxuriance of the Rough Meadow Grass (P trivi-
alis) ; it grows from one to two feet high, and flowers
in June and July. A variety called P. trivialis argentea
elegans, has lately been exhibited at the Flower Shows,
and is now being advertised. The beauty of thisvariety
is in the white, light green, and pale pmk variegation
of its linear leaves. Of course it is introduced as a
horticultural and not an agricultural novelty, being
suitable for ornamental purposes, as for drawing-room
vases, conservatories, &c. The Smooth Meadow Grass

JPT,Y 2r, 1867.J

TTTE GATIDENERS' OnT^OXTCT.E j\NTt AnETCTTTTUT; AT, OAZETTE.

795

(P. pratciisis), whinh is likowiso found in (lower in
June and .lul.v, and is equally iis abundant as the latter
speoios, probably ranks next in value as a i)asture(irass,
but this has, or bad, another euonomic iiso, for, aloni;
with other Grasses, it fouud its way into the straw-
plaitini; districts, where it was at one time, and is still
for aught wo know to the contrary, worked up into
what are called " Leghorn " bonnets, imitations of the
celebrated articles made in the city of that name.

The Timothy, or Cat's-tail Grass (Phleum pratense),
which is a c.onunon plant in our meadows and pastures,
is a valuable fodder Grass either for hay or for green
ibod. It is more particularly suited for moist and
peaty soils ; it was at one time more extensively culti-
vated than any of the perennial Grasses, and it is still
highly recommended for mixing with other seed for
good meadow land. The plant grows to a height of
18 inches or more. The stem is erect, and the panicle
or flower spike cylindrical.

The Crested Dog's-tail Grass (Cynosurus cristatus),
which grows from 1 to 2 feet high, and which is
common in dry pastures, especially on chalky or
gravelly soils, is valued for permanent sheep pasture as
well as for lawns, as it produces a fine turf, the roots
descending so low into the ground that it requires less
moisture than most of the other Grasses to keep it
fresh. The straws are very fine and even, and are
frequently made into hats and bonnets.

Of the genus Festuca, of which we have five indige-
nous species, several are valuable pastui'e Grasses. The
Meadow Fescue (Festuca pratensis), which is now
considered a variety of F. elatior, is one of the best of
this genus. It produces, however, a better crop on
damp soils than on dry land. It grows about 2 feet
high, and abounds in moist meadows and pastures, and
on the banks of rivers and streams, flowering in June
and July. The sheep's Fescue (F. ovina) flowers
during the same months, and is strongly recommended
as a valuable fodder Grass upon elevated pastiu-es,
though it is not equal to many others in the bulk of
its crop. It is likewise well suited for lawns and in
situations where the Grass is required to be kept short.
The variety called Festuca duriuscula is also strongly
recommended as a superior sheep pasture Grass for
dry situations as well as for ornamental lawns. Several
other forms of Festuca, as F. heterophylla, F. teuui- '
folia, &c., are recommended as equal in value for similar
IHirposes to some of those we have described.

The delightful and agreeable fragrance which is so
lii^culiar to newly mown hay, owes its origin to the
swoet-scented Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum odora-
lum, L.); it seldom grows to a greater height than
li or S niches, with a somewhat loose flower spike; it
|towers during iVIay and June. As a pasture Grass it
i-i not much valued, its fragrance being its chief
iirommendation.

I )f the seven British species of Bromus, only one is
viluableto the farmer, namely, the Tall Brome Grass
lllromus giganteus, L,). It is a perennial Grass, and
1^ distributed over the greater part of Europe and
Asia; with us it is found in shady and moist woods
and hedges. It grows to a height of from .3 to 1 feet,
and flowers in July and August. As a fodder Grass
cattle are not particularly fond of it, but it is useful for
forming a good undergrowth in thick woods ; the most
noted plant of this genus is the Bromus Schraderi,
which was introduced in 1811, and about which so
much has recently been written, so that it is needless
to repeat its merits here. This Grass is a native of
North America, and like the Tussao Grass of the
Falkland Islands, has been introduced on account of
its reputed value as a fodder.

The Tussac (Dactylis cffispitosa) was found by
Br. Hooker, during his journey as botanist to the
Antarctic Expedition in 1842, growing in great luxu-
riance, and he forthwith took measures for introducing
; it into Europe. The plant appears to grow well both
in the Orkneys and in the western islands of Scotland,
but its general cultivation has, we believe, not been
entirely successful. It appears to thrive best in a
peaty soil, and in the neighbourhood of the sea. It is
very nutritious, and Dr. Hooker says " it abounds in
saccharine matter, and when young is esculent even
for man." This Grass seems to be more readily
propagated by the subdivision of the roots than by
sowing the seed. Space will not allow us to detail all
the Grasses of agricultural value, whether British or
introduced; of the former, many are useful in widely
distinct situations, and, consequently^, for widely
distinct purposes. Amongst sand-binding Grasses, or
■ those which have the power of firmly fixing themselves
in loose sand, and so to withstand the encroachment of
the sea, and preserve the adjoining land from the
inroads of the driving sand and dashing waves, the
Mat or Marram Grass (Psamma arenaria, Beauv.), and
the Sea Lyme Grass (Elymus arenarius, L.), are
perhaps the best. The underground stems of both
grow so firmly in the sand as to enable the plants to
withstand almost any force of wind and waves. The
sand becoming bound up with the plants is prevented
from drifting further over the land, large tracts of
which have been preserved solely through their agency,
while, on the other h.and, where these plants have been
dejfcroyed, the land has frequently been encroached upon
beyond recovery. The value of these Grasses for such
a purpose has occupied the attention of the Legislature,
and Acts have been passed to protect them from
destruction. The Marram, however, is frequently
collected by peasants near the coast, who make it into
table mats, and similar ornamental useful articles.
A very interesting paper on the reclamation of land
from the sea was read at a meeting of the Eoyal Agri-
cultural Society some short time since, and published
m this Journal of May S,"; last.

Grasses are all more or less ornamental, and when
dned and properly arranged they make very beautiful
bouquets. Some of the most ornamental, however,
when growing, are the Pampas Grass (Gynerium

argentoum), the Feather Grass (Stipa pinnata, L.),
and some of tho Arundos, as Arundo conspicua.

'I'ho Pampas, whicdi takes its name from the Pampas
or vast iilnins of S. Aiuerifa, where it is native, is
undiinhti'dly tile grandest of :dl ornamental Grasses ; a
well-grown tnl't of this plant lins avery hue effect upoii
a lawn or in shrubberies. It flowers in September of
October, and IVequontly has 20 or SO spikes of flowers
at one time, and sometimes as many as 50 or 00 ; these,
rising to a height of from li to 12 feet, with dense,
silvery white, feather-like heads, give it a most noble
appearance.

The Arundo conspicua is likewise a good ornamental
Grass, similar to the last, but not so strong in its
growth, or profuse in its flowering. Arundo Donax is
occasionally cultivated in British gardens, growing to a
height of 10 or more feet. The reeds are^ said to be
used for the tubes of bagpipes and other wind instru-
ments : they also make good flshing-rods.

The Feather Grass (Stipa pinnata, L.), is a well-
known ornamental Grass, cultivated for the sake of its
feathery appearance. The inflorescence is in loose
jianiclcs, the awns being the chief characteristic, from
their great length. This is a very ornamental Grass,
both growing and when dried, which can he easily
effected by gathering the plants before the seeds are
ripe, and hanging them in a dry room.

Amongst the troublesome Grasses, or those which are
a pest both to farmers and gardeners alike, the Couch
Grass (Triticum repens) is the worst. In Italy, how-
ever, the roots of this Grass are used as food for cattle,
aud they form a marketable article amongst the
peasantry. In this country they have been used as a
material for paper-making, and a company was Ibrmed
a few years since at Uilkstone, near Peterliorough, for
working these roots, which were largely collected in
the Fen districts, and fjtched about 127. per ton.

Amongst tho Grasses used for human food in foreign
countries, the Millets are the most important. The
term Millet is a very indefinite one, and is applied to
many of the small grained Grasses belonging to the
same series, the various species of Panicum, Peuicil-
laria, and Sorghum— none of which, however, are cul-
tivated in this country as food plants, though they are
of considerable importance in their native countries.
It is estimated that a third part of the inhabitants
of the globe feed upon the various species of Millet,
the greater proportion of these are in Africa, Turkey,
Persia, and India. Millet is cooked in various ways,
but it is usually boiled with milk ; it swells like rice in
process of cooking. Mixed with "Wheat, or alone, it is
frequently used for making bread. Panicum miliacum,
S. P. italicum, and other species have been cultivated
from a very remote period in India and China.

Dr. Forbes Watson says in India the Millets occupy
a most important position, and are the staple food of a
very large number of the population, more than all the
other cereals put together.

Dr. Lindley says that the Panicum spectabile grows
in Brazil to a height of G or 7 feet, "while other
equally gigantic species constitute the field crops on
the banks of the Amazon." The genus Penicillaria
has a wide geographical distribution in tropical
countries. P. spicata, Willd., is a very important food
plant on the Niger and Gambia rivers, it is in daily
household use, aud most of the beer of the country is
prepared from it. The seeds are said to be even more
nutritious than Bice. The fruiting spikes are very close
and compact, and average from 18 inches to 2 feet in
height ; for travelling, a number of these ears are
fastened together by their stalks, the ends of the stalks
being placed opposite to each other, so as to bring the
two opposite spikes parallel, the whole is then readily
rolled up and conveyed on the backs of oxen to
market. The several species of Sorghum belonging to
the tribe Andropogonse, are perhaps more important
than any other Millet-yielding species. The Sorghums
are very imperfectly understood in abotauicalsense; those
known as S. vulgare, Pers., and S. saccharatum, Mrenoh,
are the mf)st valuable. These are, however, thought by
some authorities to be varieties only of Sorghum
halepense, Pers., which grows abundantly in a wild
state in the south of Europe, North Africa, &c. The
inflorescence of the Sorghums is in large dense panicles,
a single fruiting panicle of Sorghum vulgare when ripe
frequently weighs Gormoreounces. Thepanicle denuded
of its seeds make excellent brooms. There are several
varieties of this species, the panicles of which are
either black, white, reddish, or yellow. This plant has
long been cultivated iri the south of Europe, Egypt,
India, &c. ; in Africa it is known as Dawa Corn.
Sorghum saccharatum, Mfench, has lately been
brought into notice as a sugar-yielding Grass. It
seems to have been grown in Tuscany, and sugar made
from it so far back as the latter part of the last
century. Little, however, was known of it in Europe
till the French consul at Shanghai sent some of the
seeds to Paris in lS5t, labelled "Sugar Cane of
North of China." This plant is now largely grown in
all quarters of the globe, extending from France to
Algeria, Russia, N. America, the East Indies, and
Australia. The seeds are much used for soups,
puddings, &c. Numerous treatises have been written
on the plant, chiefly in France in connection with its
sugar-producing qualities. This, as well as S. vulgare,
and indeed nearly all the species of Sorghum, appear
useful as fodder plants. Cattle and horses are said to
be fond of the stems and leaves. There are a whole
host of varieties of this as well as of the last species,
known only by their native names, given to them in
the diflerent districts in which they are cultivated.

There is no such species known to botanists as
S. tartaricum, which has lately been puffed to such an
extent, and about the value of which so much has
been said. The seeds which have been sold under that
name are no doubt those of S. saccharatum, which
ought to be tolerably plentiful, seeing what an innu-
merable quantity of seeds are contained in one spike.

Attempts have been made before now to grow the
Sorghums in England, but they have never been com-
lilctcly successful ; the plants require a warmer and
more genial climate. Small quantities of Millet are
imported into England, chiefly for feeding cage-birds
and jioultry. Closely allied to the Sorghums is the
genus Aiidropogou, which includes the celebrated
Kus-kus of tlie East Indies, and the sweet-scented
Lemon-grass, both largely cultivated for perfumery
purposes. A species of Poa (P. abyssinica, Jacq.) is a
very important food-grain in Ab.vssinia, where it grows
wild, and is also extensively cultivated by the natives.
Eleusino coracana, Gaert, and E. stricta, Iloxb., both
East Indian Grasses, are largely cultivated in the
East for their seeds ; the first species fonns the chief
food of the poorer classes in many parts of India. A
kind of beer is also prepared from the seeds, which are
called on the Coromandel coast Natchnee grain.
E. stricta is also very largely cultivated, aud the seeds
consumed as an article of food. Many more Grasses of
economic value in their native countries might be
instanced, hut to do this would require much more
space than we can give.

We will conclude this imperfect summary with an
illustration of the wide differences in appearance which
exist amongst jilants of this order. To point to our
meadow Grasses and then to the gigantic Bamboos,
towering to GO or 70 feet high in the dense jungle of
the far JBast, is to point to the two extremes as to size.
To one totally unacquainted with plants, it is not sur-
prising that the Bamboo should be rather associated
with Palms than with Grasses. The fruit also of
Melanocijcca bamhusoides, Trin. (Bambusa baccifer,
Uoxb.), is large, fleshy, and drui)e-like,— more, indeed,
like a large Pear than a Grass-fruity as we usually
understand it. Though the economic value of the
Bamboo lies chiefly in the stems and leaves, the seeds
of some species are fermented and an intoxicating
drink produced from them, aud in times of scarcity
bread is even made from them. John R. JacJcson. Kevot

Home Correspondence.

A rpmarJcahJe crop of l'eiche-i and Rife. — One of the
most heavy crops of winter Vetches that has been
known in the neighbourhood of Prestatyn for some
years, was raised this spring on the Vaut Farm. When
measured, the piece of ground on which this crop was
raised was 1 acre, 2 roods, 1 perch, 14 square yards. This
comparatively small piece of ground supplied provender
for 11 horses and two cows Ibr 47 days. The Vetches
were all cut, with a little hay for the flr.st 14 days, into
cliatr mixed ; the land was ploughed with a wheeled
plough, hut at^ter sowing the plan of having it
heavily compressed with "heavy rollers was adopted.
I feel perfectly confideut that if this method were
tried that crops equally as good could be raised on
similar (light alluvial) or any soil. I have tried this
plan on winter Wheat, and found it answer remarkably
well. William Pagan, Bailiff to J. G. Dixon, Esq.,
Nani Hall, Prestalyn, North Wales.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL OF ENGLAND.

TtTE following new Members were elected at an
adjourned Monthly Council held July 5th :—
Cnoper, Robert, The Bank, Bm-y St. Edmund's,
Graham, J. W. H., Wortham Hall, near Diss, Norfolti.
Harloelc, Henry, Great Tliurlow, Newmarket.
Harper, Thomas, Uiiry St. Edravmd's.
Hawlcins, Charles Kidney, Over Norton House, Chipping

Norton.
Mitchell, William, Northwold, Brandon.
P,almer, Walter O., Bradfield, Bury St. Edmund's,
Peacey, William, Ched£low, Tetbury.
Phipps, the Hon. and Rev. Augustus, Euston Reetory,

Thetford.
Seott, Charles S., The Hill, Thorpe Moneux, Bildestone, Suffolk.
Sparke, James, Bury St. Edmund's.

Farmers' Clubs.

LooiE AND Lecropt : At the last meeting of the
Logic and Lecropt F'armers' Club, Mr. C. II. Binning
Home, of Argaty, read the following paper on "The
Eelative Merits of Shorthorn aud Ayrshire Cattle : " —

The minutes of last meeting having been read and
approved of, Mr. Home said that, not being a member
of this Club, and having been asked to speak to
them— as he was now about to do — ou " The Relative
Merits of Shorthorn and Ayrshire Cattle," he con-
sidered it a very high compliment indeed. It there-
fore became him to do what he possibly could to set
agoing an interesting and beneficial discussion upon
the subject. At the commencement, then, he thought
there would be no harm in looking at

The Various Breeds of C'«^^/c.— Having paid at all
times the greatest possible attention to the different
kinds of breeds, there was one thing that appeared to
him quite clear, that the cattle in dilferent parts of the
country had been introduced by the difl'erent tribes of
population therein now settled. When at the great
exhibiuion at Paris, in 1856, he paid very great atten-
tion to the various breeds of cattle exhibited there.
He saw, amongst others, red cattle from Flanders, with
almost all the qualities which are desired in short-
horns. He might say that, with the exception of being
of every colour, the cattle in Normandy resenibled the
shorthorns very much. The splendid butter that was
to be had at Paris all the year round was produced by
them. He believed that the only pure breed of cattle
to be found in this country was the West Highland
and the black cattle of Wales, which were much about
the same— the only difference being, the Welsh had
much less hair than the Highland, which might be
accounted for by the difl'ereuce of climate. As to the
shorthorn and Ayrshire cattle, neither of them, he
believed, could be strictly called a pure breed. The

796

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JniT 27, 1867.

population which had emigrated from Planders into
1 orkshire brought with them a fine, large, red stock,
and Irom thence Holderness cattle were known to have
been imported into the neighbourhood of Kilmarnock,
by Camhell of Cessuock. Duulop of Dunlop had intro-
duced Dutch cows, and others had introduced cows
■Fi'^ ™? Channel Islands, from all which, combined
?" J i Highland blood, the present improved
breed of Ayrshire had arisen, and were now recognised
as a distinct breed, though they were neither more nor
less than the result of a judicious crossing, to make
them what they now were famed for — first-rate
milkers. As to their West Highland blood, he remem-
bered seeing, as a constant prize-taker, a bull named
Geordie," whose colour was nearly black, and was
said to have one-eighth of "West Highland blood, and
with upturned horns, which was now the fashionable
shape among prize-taking Ayrshires. He did not
know if any improvement had been made on Ayrshire
cows for many years, as he remembered, when a boy,
of his father having at Auohenbowie two cows which
had almost all the shapes and qualities now so much
desired. He also recollected of old Lord Abercromby
having some wonderfully milking Ayrshires.

Characteristics of Ai/rshires and Shorthorns.— Tb&
principal object in the breeding of Ayrshire cattle had
been to attain great milking properties, whilst the sole
aim in the breeding of shorthorns was beautiful form
combined with great feeding properties. He consi-
dered it a great mistake of the English breeders in not
looking more to the milking properties, for he consi-
dered a cow that could not nourish its own calf was of
very little value. He was quite certain that young
heifers forced to great fatness at an early age had their
milking properties completely ruined or destroyed.
He considered this a great loss to the farmer, when
cows were rendered unfit for breeding, owing to the
great aptitude for fattening. Shorthomed cattle were
not considered good milking cows, but he would men-
tion one instance of a cow of that breed which belonged
to the late Mr. Burnett of Gadgirtb, and which gave
IS Scotch pints of milk and 2 lb. of butter in the day.
He might say that in Yorkshire for long there was a
competition between Booth and Bates— Booth's cattle
gmng wonderfully to fat, while Bates maintained that
his were excellent milkers. He recently attended a
sale near Hull, where he saw a number of cows with as
beautiful milk vessels as anybody could look upon, and
yet it was a remarkable fact that there was not a single
man in England who knew what every Ayrshire
breeder looked first at in choosing a bull for getting
milking stock— that was as to the position of the teats
in the male. Many people said that the first cross was
the only cross worth breeding. This, however, was
diametrically opposite to the theory of shorthorned
and Ayrshire cattle being brought to their present per-
lectiou by a great variety of crossing. He might also
mention that Mr. Bates told him that at one time he
had got some fine West Highland heifers from Lewis
Macfarlaue, from which he had bred by his shorthorned
bulls some of the finest animals he had ever possessed.
Whether the longish and black-tipped horns of his
Wild Eyes tribe had anything to do with this cross,
might be left for conjecture— parties might draw their
own inferences. The celebrated Frederick the Great
ot Prussia thought of breeding great grenadiers by
getting the largest men in his army to marry the
largest women. However well this system had done
:n regard to cattle, it was a very different thing between
men and women, who might bo supposed to have
certain fancies somewhat different from those in bulls
and cows, and of course this project of the Prussian
king turned out a failure.

Crossing ~-W\Va regard to cattle, they had sufficient
evidence that great perfection could be attained by
crossing the breed of those animals which had the
ditterent points required. Bakewell of Dishlev proved
the same as to Leicester sheep, and he believed it to be
of general application in almost every respect, whether
ot milking lattening, or strong constitution, fitted to
contend with coldness of climate. He should be very
much inclined to cross the West Highland cow with
the shorthorned bull. In short, a judicious selection
ot the best animals to breed was the great secret in the
breeding of good stock. He was of opinion that it was
that, and that alone, that had made the shorthorns and
Ayrshires what they now were. As to the difi'erence
ot milk, he had found out by experience that the milk
ot the shorthorns was much richer than of the Ayrshire
cows— that was, they gave a larger per-centage of
cream. On testing the milk— which he had done for
many years-he found that that of the shorthorns con-
temed from 12 to 17 parts of cream, whilst the milk of
the Ayrshire cows only contained from 9 to 12 parts-
and, therefore, although the apparent quantity of milk
might not be so great, there might he fully as much
butter, and of a richer quality. He was rather puzzled
to know what further to say on the matter. He
believed that the great point for breeders of stock to
observe was, if possible, to get a judicious selection of
pure shorthorns, and cross with whatever breed they
found most suitable. Climate seemed to have consi-
derable effect on the milk-producing qualities of cattle,
and he would rather buy a shorthorned cow from
Cumberland or Westmoreland than from the east side
of the island. As to the Ayrshire cattle and their
milking properties, the average good milkers among
them produced about eight Scotcli pints per day. As
to the shorthorns, he had not yet ascertained as to the
real quantity of milk produced by them, as many of his
cows suckle their calves. He hoped that what he had
said might lead to some discussion on the subject.
Discussion.
Mr. Home added that, at the Paris Exhibition of 1856, there
were a great many Dutch cows exhibited, having every point
of Ayrshire stock except that of their colour, being all black
and white without exception.

Mr. Christie then asked if Mr. Home approved of the high
feeding of breeding stock ?

Mr, Home said he considered it in every way most injurious,
and that those who did it were guilty of madness. Some
shorthoi-ns, however, could scarcely be kept down, although
they got nothing more than straw and water. He had the
misfortune to lose the use of three of his very best animals
from their- tendency to excessive fat.

Mr. Galloch, Knockhiil, thought that a good Ayrshire cow
with a shorthorned bull was the best hreed for their district,
both for breeding and other properties.

Mr. Peat, Manor, said that Mr. Galloch had just anticipated
what he was going to say. The breed betwixt the Ayrshire
cow and shorthorn bull was very hardy in their constitution,
and also grew to a good weight. It was very difficult, so far
as his experience went, to get good shorthorns good milkers.
He had always thought that the Ayrshire cows were the best
milkers, .and that the shorthorns were the most suitable for
the cattle shed.

Mr. Jardine said that the shorthorned cow was very apt to
go ivrong in the milking vessel. Their milk was richer than
that of the Ayrshire cow, but they did not give so much of it.
He thought that they would not go -wrong in crossing two or
three times. The herd he had at present was the same as that
he had had for 40 years. There was one cow he had kept for
12 years ; she was one of the best milkers he ever had. She
had had three times twins, and four calves within one year.

A Bictionarij of Science, Liierature, and Art. 4th Edit.

Longmans, Green, Header, & Dyer.
We have to announce the accomplishment of this very
complete work, in which agricultural subjects, as well
as those included in all other arts and sciences, are
treated, often in the form of merely elaborate definition,
but generally with a full discussion of their nature and
relations. The following paragraphs from the last part
issued will illustrate the style in which agricultural
topics are treated : —

" Steam Cultivation.— AHer years of expensive labour
and experiment, steam power has been successfully
applied to the cultivation of land. The two principal
methods in vogue are those of William Smith, of
Woolston, Buckinghamshire, who has for many years
cultivated his own farm by steam power, and the late
John Eowler, of Leeds, whose untimely death occurred
just as he had perfected his machinery and seen it in
successful operation all over the country. Mr. Smith's
plan, which has been adopted by Messrs. Howard, of
Bedford, and several other manufacturers of agricul-
tural machinery, requires the use of one of the ordinary
locomotive agricultural steam engines. This is planted
in a corner of the field to be cultivated, and there
works a double windlass, off one cylinder of which a
wire rope is delivered while its farther end is being
coiled upon the other. This rope is taken round the
field guided by snatchblock pulleys at the angles, and
lies along the furrow in which the cultivating tool,
placed as it were a link in it, is working. The tool,
whether a grubber or a plough, is thus drawn to and
fro across the field from one side of it to the other, and
the pulleys anchored at each end of the furrow are
shifted backwards step by step as the work proceeds.
As the tool gets over the unfilled land lying between it
and the engine, the shortening rope is coiled upon the
windlass, only so much being at any time let out and
used as is required.

" The cost of labour is rather greater on this plan than
on the other ; two men being constantly required at
the ends of the working furrow in shifting the anchored
pulley blocks around which the rope works. In Mr.
Fowler's plan these men are not needed. The engine
travels along the headland, and a sell-travelling anchor
works along the other headland, while the wire rope
employed to draw the tool to and fro between them
works around the large horizontal pulleys carried by
each. The tool is either a framework of ploughs turn-
ing three or four furrow slices together, or a large
cultivator and instead of turning at the land's end as
Smith's cultivator needs to do, a double tool is balanced
over a pair of wheels, and the two ends come into
operation alternately. Messrs. Howard employ both
ploughs and cultivators, in which a similar result is
obtained in a somewhat different manner. Fowler's
method is modified in some cases by the employment
of double engines, one at each end of the furrow along
which the tool is drawn ; and a single rope being wound
up alternately on the windlasses beneath these engines
draws the plough or cultivator to and fro as each
engine in its turn is set agoing.

" The advantage of steam cultivation over that by
horses lies mainly in the avoidance of that trampling
by draught animals which to a great extent destroys
the tillage. A cultivator is drawn to and fro on large
wheels, and the tilth effected by it is obtained with
hardly any drawback. There is further, the power of
accomplishing large quantities of work while the soil
is iu the fittest condition. In ordinary horse-power
cultivation of clay lands, expensive teams have to be
kept throughout the year for the sake of their services
during the two or three months when alone clay land
is in the right state for cultivation. On such land,
therefore, a steam engine, which is inexpensive except
when actually at work, is on every ground preferable to
horse power for the accomplishment of all tillage opera-
tions.

" Threshing Machine. — A machine for separating
com or other seeds from the straw or haulm; and
either impelled by horse or cattle, wind, water, or
steam. The modern threshing machine was invented
in Scotland about the year 1758, by a farmer in the
parish of Dumblaine, Perthshire, and afterwards
brought to nearly its present state of perfection by
Mr. Meikle, a millwright, of Haddingtonshire, about
the year 1708. Meikle's threshing machine consists of
a cylinder furnished with beaters fixed on its circum-
ference, to which the corn is presented by rollers, the
ears being thus beaten in pieces ; and while the grain
drops through a grating into a winnowing machine,
the straw is carried forward, and delivered by itself
ready to be made up into bundles. Some threshing
machines only beat out the corn, and separate it from

the straw ; while others beat it out, winnow it, and sift
it,_and deliver it in bags fit for market.

"The employment of threshing machines relieves
the labourers from the severest drudgery incident to
agriculture ; they enable the work to be done at the
time when there is a demand for corn ; and, by doing
it better, or separating the corn (particularly Wheat)
more completely from the straw, they add both to the
wealth of the farmer and the produce of the country •
enabling the former to employ, and the latter to feed'
more labourers. The latter is, indeed, a most import-
ant consideration. It is calculated, by the best informed
agriculturists, that 5 per cent., or one-twentieth part
more produce is afforded by a crop threshed by
machinery than by the old method ; and, estimating
the total product of the com crops of Great Britain
and Ireland at 50,000,000 quarters, we should, on this
hypothesis, have an additional annual supply by no
less than 2,500,000 quarters, if threshing machines were
universally substituted for flails. So great an increase
of produce in the hands of the farmers would obviously
enable them to employ far more labourers than would
be^ superseded by the use of the machine.

" All threshing machines are now driven by steam,
and the work in England is generally accomphshed by
travelling engines and machines, the services of which
are hired by the farmer.

Farm Memoranda.

KiEKBT Thoee.— From CarUsle we proceeded
to Liverpool, calling on the road at Kirkby
There, to pay the Messrs. Nicholson a flying
visit. We could have wished for more than
a scanty two hours for this interesting case of
steam as an auxiliary to horses. However, thanks
to the kindness and excellent arrangements of our
hosts, we were enabled to take rather more than a
bird's-eye view of one of the best-managed enterprises
we have seen. Situated on rising ground, 350 feet
above the sea, and lying between the Crossfells (whose
snow-covered sides stood out iu bold relief) and the
lesser ranges of the lake district, this holding presents
difliculties of climate which are successfully combated ;
and any deficiency on this score is amply compensated
for by the fertility of the soil, which may be described
as a rich clay loam on the new red sandstone, inter-
spersed with boulder stones, evidently brought down
from the neighbouring mountains. The subsoil is
generally strong clay with occasional beds of gypsum,
which are worked both as a manure for Clover ana
also for commercial purposes. The Messrs. Nicholson
occupy two adjacent farms— one the property of Lord
Lonsdale, the other partly their own land— in all 780
acres. The former was entered upon six years since,
and was at that time in a very neglected state. A
field was pointed out where a great crop of Wheat —
some 60 bushels per acre— had been reaped last harvest,
which on entry was iu such a poor state that the
landlord would only charge for seed and cost of sowing.
The whole farm has been drained under Mr. Parke's
superintendence, and the old story holds good— the
pipes are far too small. Some 18 acres of bog land i
have been reclaimed by the tenants, and an excellent
job made of it, and very complete farm buildings
erected, the haulage having been entirely done by the
tenant. Besides all this, Messrs. Nicholson trade in
gypsum, which isgroundand led to the railwayand othe r
places. All this explains the reason why draft horses
have not been put down to any considerable extent.

It is always interesting to inspect improvements so
evidently profitable as those at Kirkby Thore. With-
out disparaging the exertions of those amateurs who
often lay out largely for the benefit of the less affluent,
we cannot but avow the conclusion that such a farm
as this must do better service to the progress of steam
culture than any amount of eccentric and often
wasteful expenditure. The practical farmer (whose
interests the Royal Agricultural Society must ever
have in view) will be satisfied by a visit to Westmore-
land that steam cultm-e, in the hands of an intelligent
man, may prove a good investment. Mr. J. Nicholson,
being one of the Inspection Committee, had not fillad
up any schedule, and was not prepared with figures,
our report is therefore shorn of statistics. Still we
trust sufiicient has been gathered to indicate the
result, and we have only to add that as practical men
we express great satisfaction at all we saw.

Messrs. Nicholson invested in Howard's tackle in
May, 18B3, to be worked by an 8-horse power engine
(Clayton & Shuttleworth), which they already used
for threshing, &c. The tackle consists of windlass,
cultivator, and drag harrows.

The total cost, including the engine, may be put at
610^. The repairs have been trifling, and chiefly done
at home; the engineer, filling up his time as farm
blacksmith, looks after little failings. No rope has yet
been renewed.

Hitherto cultivation or grubbing only has been
attempted ; but the experience of last autumn, which
was too wet for such operations, has shown the
desirability of adding a 3-furrow plough; and it is
under consideration to make this addition, and at the
same time to get more power, and probably introduce
a 12-horse power traction engine. The 5 course
rotation is adhered to with slight deviations, seeds
being grazed for two years. There are 500 acres of
arable laud, cousequently 100 acres of fallow crop, for
which aloue steam cultivation is employed. Here,
again, we find experience pointing out the portion of
the course for which steam culture is most suitable ;
the deep grubbing once in a course being found
sufficient, it practically assumes the character of an
auxiliary and relief to horse labour in the heaviest
operations. The fields are neither rectangular nor
sizable, varying from 10 to 50 acres, and are more or
less undulating. The climate is very moist, and hence
Messrs. Nicholson considered that a stationary engine

I

JULY 27, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRK'Ul/l'URAE GAZETTE.

797

workinc a windliiss would prove raoro suitable than
the traction principle Originally the farm was much
more subdivided ; miles of lences have been grubbed.
We have alluded to the boulder stones; these are
removed before the steam tackle is worked, the
ploughmen sticking up sticks where they exist: men
follow and get them up

The labour consists of—
An oiiEinoor, who is also farm smith . . . . 8.<. n diiy.

Monatwindlass.cultivator, andauchors,4at2!.Ci/. 10,<. „

Porter hoys, 2 at Is '«'.'"

HaU timo water cart, say _j^ ..

16,<.
At the present time C pairs of very fine horses are
kept Messrs. Nicholson consider that the cultivator
relieves the farm of 3 pairs of horses; but for reasons
detailed, this is rather an approximate estimate than
an actual result. The ordinary operations on the
fallows are as follow ;-Autumn and spring grubbings,
the drag harrovvs being worked a double tme before
and after the spring eultiva ion ; estimating the
dragging as equal to one cultivation, we have -100
acres worked-a very moderate estimate. This, at an
average of 5 acres a-day, gives us 80 days a-s the tiiuo
at work The engine does all the threshing, chaff
cutting, sawing, &c. Upon these imperfect data we
may venture to make a calculation.*

Cost per day. .*. <!•

Lahom- ^i I

Coals and oil ' j^

|Wear.indtoa'ranaiutei-eVt on 400!., atlij pov cent. 12 e

£2 1 0
Or per acre, 8s. 31rf.-very reasonable for such work;
and if 6 horses are really saved we should find a hand-
some balance in favour of steam- merely as to first
cost Now let us see as to results, Messrs. Nicholson
having so recently drained, cannot speak positively of
the effect on drainage; they find, however, that the
succeeding operations by horses are decidedly lightened
-an evidence of a deeper soil and more even bottom.
Roots can now be fed off more easily lor two reasons:
no horse treading to cause a pan, and the whole surface
is moved, which is not the case with horses. We
quote iir. J. Nicholson-s reply as to increase of
I'roduce — " Yes, no doubt of it." The Clover seeds
'n-,- decidedly more certain, and the produce increased.
We saw a remarkably promising show of seeds. VV ith
.1 :!-furrow plough and a more powerful engine-extra
cmtlay which the success of the past fu yjustifies-
Mcssrs. Nicholson's steam culture wdl be more
valuable than it has proved as yet. AVo may add that
Mr J Nicholson was loud in his praises of the drag
harrow, with its chisel-pointed tines, and we can
readily believe that to follow the grubber it wiU prove
a very valuable implement.

Fkeckleton Maesh, neak Pheston.— The Ribble
Navioation Company have reclaimed about 600 acres

I of marsh land by confining the river so as to make it
navigable for vessels of larger size. The land was let
on a 31 years' lease to a company of nine professional

! and commercial Preston gentlemen, under Hie style of
the Preston Farming Company (Limited). The extent
of the farm altogether is about 637 acres of land,
formed by deposits of both fresh and salt water floods,
many feet in depth, and which had no doubt been
enriched by sewage from Preston, &c. A, good breadth
was grown over with Grass, but, as usual m such lands,
the receding tide had left many pools, varying from
shallow puddles to good sized brooks. There would
be 50 to 70 acres near the embankment of recently-
formed land which was quite bare of sward, and on
that account much less likely for growing gram. Ihe
land might have been better prepared for araljle culti-
vation if the first year had been devoted to levelling
it and getting it drier ; but the cattle plague made it
fluite out of the question to stock it with cattle, with-
out the prospect of severe loss ; and, as the company
did not like paying rent for an idle farm, operations
were vigorously begun to get as much of the land
under crop as possible. The manager, Mr. Uanief
Ashcroft (who is also one of the partners), set four or
6ra ploughs (each with two horses) to work, from bis
own teams, and hired as many more as he could. Ihis
would be about the beginning of March IStib. A few
days after they hired from the West Biding Steam
Ploughing and Threshing Co. (Limited) a set of
Fowler's steam ploughing tackle. At that tme there
was no kind of shelter on the ground ; not a clump of
trees to save the workmen from the pelting of the
pitiless storm;" nor even a briar bush for a lazy
labourer, who likes his wages better than his work, to
cower behind, when the weather looked threatening,
and his master was well out of sight ; but a wooden
shed was soon put up ; and since then the company, m
addition to the regular work, have erected a com-
modious farm-house and a very commodious barn,
with stabling for the necessary horses. As soon as the
advantage of steam ploughing was seen, the company
purchased a new set of Fowler's four-furrow steam
plough, with the most recent improvements, and two
steam engines, of 14-horse power, to work it. On the
16th April, these two sets of steam ploughs, and about
28 horse ploughs, had a prize ploughing. Seeding
operations were prosecuted with energy till far too late
a period in the season, and though some considerable
breadth of the crops grew well, and yielded fairly, there
was much of it far too late even for an ordinary
season, and, as the weather became wot in July, and
worsened so much that there has only been one or two
I more unfavourable harvests in thiscentury.the company

( • Messrs. Nicholson state that the average quantity of work
per 10 hours varies from 5 acres twice over to 8 acres once in a
plMe, and with the harrows ICi to 20 acres have been
accomplished.

t floi. is deducted from outlay for valuo of engine tor other
piuposQs than steam cultivation.

have had much against them in this way, and I shall
not bo far astray if I say that their first harvest was
never finished ; but markets have favoured them ;
diminished stocks in warehouses and failing foreign
crops made their stuff marketablo at good prices, poor
quality though it was. While struggling to secure the
crops in such weather, it must have been sickening
work for the manager to see himself left behind, and
such disastrous results to the grain. Besides attending
to these matters, requisite implements and machinery
bad to bo procured. This would be no little work, as
the company were desirous to liave the latest ;iiid most
important things. Among tlieso I saw " C'ntlibcrt's "
reaper, and the combined threshing and winnowing
machine by Clayton & Shuttleworth. Materials had
to be got together for the new buildings, and attention
given to getting the autumn Wheat sown, as the
compirny had decided to try some ; and even in that
uufavourablo weather 118 acres were sown in sucli
capital style that few Lancashire men ever saw as large
and as good a plot ou one farm anywhere. The weather
since July has generally been unfavourable for farm
operations. Till the beginning of May it has been a
succession of floods and storms, frosts and snow ; but
the resolute manager of the farm on Freckleton Marsh
did not wish to be regularly classed with the "lag-
behinds," so for several weeks the steam plough has
worked night and day in preparing for the spring
seeding, and though tliere has been far too much rain
for this work on most lands, there has not been much
done here in that miry, puddly state which is so im-
poverishing both for the crop and for the ground.
Potatos were nearly all set, and the Turnip land in
preparation, and, when finished, they will have about
lis acres in Wheat, 120 Beans, 316 Oats, 29^ Potatos,
83 Carrots, 12 Swede Turnips, Parsnips, and Kohl Rabi,
three sundries, including buildings and a nice new
orchard and garden, the latter superintended by Mr.
Thos. Mashcder, formerly statiou-ni;ister at Broughton,
who. having bought himself a small estate hereabouts,
fills his time up by being time-keeper, book-keeper,
and gardener on the company's farm. An undertaking
like this can do much good in the district. They look
like having as much produce this year as a, whole
township of impoverished land, and it will give the
neighbouring farmers an opportunity of seeing if any
of the machinery is fit to be adopted in this neighbour-
hood. The whole farm seems to be in the way for
plentiful crops and prosperity, and I don't see why the
company should not succeed, though some of the real
old jog-trot farmers were so alarmed with the wild
projects and expensive machinery of the theoretic
company of gentlemen farmers, that they said they
would " Aw b'reik ov a lump." A Practical Farmer in
the " Preston Serald."

Miscellaneous.

Strilce at Grantham.— A. strike occurred at the
works of Messrs. Hornsby, the agricultural implement
manufacturers, last week. On this occasion the strike
did not originate with the Trades Union Society, but
arose out of some not very distinct feeling or prejudice.
It seems Mr. Hempstead, a non-unionist man, has
held the office of foreman of the foundry for 13 years,
and vacated his post to enter upon business for himself,
his brother temporarily performing his duties. The
Messrs. Hornsby decided to appoint Mr. Fleetwood as
his successor. This gentleman, it would appear, is not
popular, at least with some of the workmen, for on
AYednesday, the 17tb, the moulders, numbering
upwards of 70, decided to strike work if he were
appointed, and on Thursday morning sent a deputation
to their employers with a letter, which stated, among
other objections, that Mr. Fleetwood was an enemy to
both master and men, and that they had unanimously
decided not to work under him. The men were
afterwards asked, we hear, individually, whether they
would work under Mr. Fleetwood, and repeated their
determination not to do so, and have since remained
unemployed. On Monday morning about .35 moulders
had been obtained from other places, and expressed
their willingness to work under Mr. Fleetwood. _ Mr.
Superintendent Sharpe and two or three police oflicers
were present when the new hands arrived, but no
molestation whatever was offered to them. The
newly-arrived moulders commenced work on Tuesday
morning. ^^^^^^^^^^^

Notices to Correspondents.

HnlOHT OF Caet : Fanner. A good labourer, digging a soil of
ordinary consistency, will turn over more than 200 square
yards, probably 2000 square feet, in a day, from 10 to
12 inches deep ; he will thus turn over from 80 to 100 tons of
e.arth per diem. The same man, if he had to fill a wheel-
barrow, could not lift more than from l(jto20cubic yards,
while if he had to throw this earth over the side of a cart or
.a waggon, he could not manage more than one-fifth p.art of
the weight he lifted in the first case ; and, of course, the
higher the edge over which the material has to be thrown —
the higher the edge of the cart or the waggon that be is
filling — the more will be the labour connected with the
shifting of a given weight of material. To lower the edge
and bed of the vehicle 1 foot, would lessen the labour of
filling it by a fifth or si.xth part : a most important difference :
.and when, as in Stratton's Northampton cart, comp.ared
with the waggon, the difference between the levels on which
the load is to be carried amounts to nearly 2 feet, the
relative merits of the two, on the score of economy, appear
plainly enough.

Land Drafnage : M B B. The followuig is the late Mr. Paine's
description of its results : — 1st. Draining obliterates poor,
cold clay lands, .and converts them into good, workable, and
productive land. 2d. It renders the ground fit for sabsoiling
or deep cultivation. 3d. It removes hurtful matter, and
causes a circulation of nutritious matter to the roots of the
plant. 4th. It increa-ses the temperature of thesoil._ 5th.
The mechanical texture of the soil is improved by draining.
Cth. By draining, moisture is kept in reserve for the plants
in dry summers. The soil itself becomes jMirous and retains
moisture in dry weather better than where the soil was
entirely impervious.

TriOWLER'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
X CULTIVATOR may bo 8KEN m, WORK la every AkTicultural
County la KiiKlimd.

For piirtloul.ar8 apply to .Ioiim Kowi.1,1, s Co., 71, Comhlll, London,
E.C. : and .stoara Plough WorkH, LoodH.

rriHE TANNED LHATllEU COMI'AnT

-1. Armlt WorkH, CiorMillolil, iioiir M.inchCHtur

TANNKltS, CUIIRIKHS,* M ANUKACTUKEKS of IMPKOVKD
TANNED LKATIIKR DUIVINU .STUAP.S for MAClUNiillV
l-lllME STRAP and SOLE IIUTTS
Prlco Lints sent frou by pont.
Warehouse : 81, Mark Lane, Londoij, E.C.

. . MJ". H. j'HHHAiiK,:. Afiont.

COUNCIL.
The Right Uon. W. Cowi.ur.M.P.
Thomas Hughes, Esq.. M.p
Walter Morrisoa, Esq., M p"
James Beal. Esq. ' *

Edward Vansltlnrt Noalo Esa
F. I'eDnlngton Esq. (TroMurort.
b. Owen Greouing, Eso
(Managing Director).

21), Parliament Street, London
4, Warren Street, Manchestor!

qUPPLIl«Tt,« Members

I J witU IMPLEMENTS and
JI ACIIINES bv tliB bent Makers

and with Unadulterated SEEDS

CATTrT? l-nnr, ■» w.h„i„ .i» r. M.ANURES, and Manufacturoa
CATfLE FOOD, nt Wholesale Cost Price, upon the Co-operative
SJ'.h n« ■^"'",";\'°"'k C-ireuiars post free, or on personal application
at the unices ol the As.soci!ition.

F

lOK the BEST LIQUID MANURE CART

IMPROVED ROLLER and CLOD CRUSHER, '

Apply to L James, Tivoli Works, ChulLcuhaiu.

/^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UK1T£U

V^ cow i'l'lTlNCS.

Their advantaRes aie— Fortability, liol l-ixtiircs, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partition.s to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Tioughs, Water Cistera, and i>atent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
mfection. being all of iron. Fi-ice of Fittings per Cow, 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co.. Iron Worts, 2, Wmslev Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., wiiero the
above are exhibited, together with several imporliant Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

w.

S. BOULTON'S 36--uUon SWING WATER

BARROW. Prico Vos.
Carriage paid to any Station in England.

The abova is very cheap and invaluable for carrying Liquids of all
kinds. No Garden, Farm, Stable, or Kitchen Yard should be with-
out one. Two or more Tubs can be had with one Carriage at a .small
additional cost. A Lad can easily work It ; but if required to travel
long distances over rough ground a Pony can be attached. The
wheels and carriage are wrought iron, and the tub oak. The fol-
lowing, out of many Testimonials, have been received : —

From Lord Otho Fitzoehald. West Park, Salisbury.

" Sir, — You are welcome to make use of my letter reconimcndiDg
vour Water Barrow, I find it of great use, and stronger, better,
lighter, and moro serviceable than one I had made in the neigh-
bourhood, the carriage alone of which, without the barrel, cost ma
£.3 lOs. 1 unfortunately ordered It before I saw your advertisement.
—I am, yours obediently, " O. Fitzoehald,

"To Mr. W. S. BoDLTON.'

From Tbos. Ingle, Esq., M.D., Emsworth, Hants, June 24, 1866.

*' Sib,— The Swing Water Barrow is in every respect a most admir-
able improvement on all I have hitherto used in my Gardens. All
parties who have seen it. Gentlemen as well as Gardeners, have
bestowed upon it their unqualified approval, and several said -hey
would order them of you.— Yours truly, " Thos. Isole, M.D.

*' To Mr. W. S. BoDLTOM."

Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

798

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[JULY 27. 1867.

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION,
Cheap, Pohtable, akd Easily Fixed.
SPAN-ROOFS {over 35 feet long), glazed and painted three coats,
with complete ventilation all over loof, necessaij water putters and
ironwork, exclusive of ends, put on Rail in London, Gloucester,
Coventry, UUerstone, Paisley, or Aberdeen; 10 to 16 feet wide
iimde, at 16s. to 24s. per foot run. Illustrated Circulars, with d^nite
pnces anil sizes, free on application to

Hebkmam S Mohtok, 7, Fall Mall Enst, London, S.W.

H' OT-WATKK APPAKATUS, of every deBcripiion,
fixed complete in any part of tho country, or the materials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, &c.. delivered to any Statiou.
JSstlmatea on application.
J, Jokes & Sons. G. Baukside. Southwark, London. S.K.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31, BanLside, London. S.E.

HOT WATER FIPEH, trum StocK, per yard :— 2-lnch, Is. l\d. ;
3-inch Is 9d. : and 4-inch, 2s. 3d. BENDS, from Stock, Is. 0(Z., 2s. 6d.,
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s.,and 14s. eacb. Other
Connexions at equally low pnces, and all goodB of Qrat-class jn^nu-
facture. Estimates given, and ordlers by post punctually attended to
the same day.

H

B^

Heating by Hot Water.
OT-WATER PIPES, at Wholesale Prices, with

^ Elbows. Syrhons, Tee-Pipes, and every other connection ;

Wrought and Cast-iron Boilers, Saddle, Conical, Cylinder, f duular.
and Elliptic, from 24s. each. Improved Boilers and Iron Stands to
use without brictwork, 60s. each. V^ilves from 10s. 6d. eacb. Patent
Valves, Improved Furnace Doors, Furnace Bars, Supply Cisterns,
and Castings of every description m stock, at ^ „■, , r ■

Mr. LvNou White's Iron Wharf, Upper Ground Street, Blackfnars
Bridge, London, S. Price List on application. __

Hot-water Pipes, with." Elbows

and Connections, .supplied by

>UKY AND I'Ol.LARD.

' Contrncts and Estimates giv'^n
for WARMING PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS; latest Improvements in HEAT-
ING by HOT WATER; the Improved
CONICAL BOILERS, for Heating
P r cries. Conservatories, Greenhouses,
Mansions, Halls, Warehouses, &c..
Solely Manufactured by Bury & Pol-
la D. Tliese Boilers are adapted for
betting in Brickwork, or annexed
SI etch shows BoiLV & Follaiid's im-
, mmmi i sun u »« maam provod arrangement, requiring
|Siiy <• "1^ "■"• HHh ^^ BRICKWORK SETTING.
"KMTlJtiTl """xs odaMK These Boilers have for their dura-
i b I ty and economy attained a cele-
' bi tyfar surpassii'g any other Boilers
t\t,r invented. They have been for
many years p ist in use at many Public
Establishments, Royal Botanical Gar-

^^ dens at Kew. at the Regent's Park,

the Cubtal Palace, and at most of the Nobility's and Gentry's S;eat3
throughout the United Kingdom. Reiereuces where they have
been tor 20 years in constant use. w«..iro
Price Lists on application to Bury & Follabd, Park Iron Works,
17 New Park Street, Southwark, London, S.E. ^

iKiNSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS

C

OTTAM AND COMPANY,

Conservatory and Hothouse Bdilders, &c.,
Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS. ^^_

20 24 30 inches long. \W~- — .'-7=^
45a. C5s. 92s. 6(1. each. k^-:-., . .- 1

HOT-WATER PIPES. ^coil case

2 3 4 inch.

Is. 6fl. 2s. Id. 23. 9(2. per yard. fr ,, ..-.i,, -^-.^i ^=^

Materials supplied as above, "^

or Estiijiii-tes given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

C0TTA5I i& Co.,

Iron Works,
Z, Winsley Street,
(opposite the Panttieon),
Oxford Street, London. W. ""t watxs ajpahatus

Q H ATyf" '~S" T I "F" F A N Y.

i^ For samples and prices apply to

J. Shaw & Co., 29. Oxford Street, Manchester.

_ HEXAGON and CHISWICK

^^ GARDEN NETS are guaranteed to Protect all kinds of Fruit
from Wasps, Birds, Flies, &c. They are used and recommended by
all the principal Gardeners. For Testimonials, Patterns, and
Reduced Prices, free bv post, please direct to

Mr. ilAVTBOKN, Nottingham.

HAYTHORN'S

Garden Netting.

JOHN EDGINGTON and CO. supply TANNED
NETTING for the Protection of Fniit Trees, Id. per square yard.
Anv quantity. SCRIM CANVAS, &c. ; TULIP COVERS and
GREENHOUSE SHADES, SUN BLINDS, &c MARQUEES,
TENTS and FLAGS for FETES. FLOWER SHOWS, &c.

John Edoikgton & Co., (Tent Makers to the Royal Family), 48,
Long Lane, Smithfield, E.G. ; and 18, Piccadilly. W.

N~ ETTING for FRUIT TREES, SKEU HEDS, RIPE
STRAWBERRIES. &c.— TANNED NETTING for protecting
the above from Frost, Blight, Birds, Jkc. 2 yards wide 3d. per yard^
or 100 yards 20s ; 4 yards wide, Gd. per yard, or 60 yards, 20s. NEW
TANNED NETTING, suited for any of the above purposes, or as a
Fence for Fowls, 2 yards wide, Gd. per yard ; 4 yards wide, Is. per
yjird; J-Uichmesh, 4 yards wide. Is. 6d. per yard. Can be had in
any quantitv of , -r , -r. ■ , i-. r.

Eatom & Deller 6 and 7, Crooked Lane, London Bndge, E.C.

C^

lor

HORTICULTURE.
Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South
Kensington,

GARDEN NETTING (s^t Keduced Price) for the
Protection of Fruit Trees from Fro.st, Blight, and Birds, also
as a Fence for Poultry, Rabbits, and Sheep, It*, per square yard,
carriace free, in quantities of 250, 500, or 1000 yards.
SCRIM CANVAS for Wall Fruit, Greenhouse Shadea.Tulip Covers.
RICK COVERS, with Poles and Ropes complete, for Sale or Hire.
Several Second-hand, cheap. „ ^ ,

Be particular. Fuedk. Edgington & Co., Marquee, Tent, and
Flag Manulactui'crs, CO &. 02, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.
A liberal discount to the Trade.

WO K C E S T E R
JONES AND ROWE, Patentees.

KITCHEN KANGE.

ET. ARCHER'S **FRIGI D 0 M 0."—
• Patronised by her Majesty the (Jueen, the Duke of North*
umberland for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of Devonshire for
Cbiswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
and Sir Joseph Paxton for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological
Society, &c,

PROTECTION from the SCORCHING RAYS of the SUN.
" FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepared
Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor of heat or cold, keeping a
fixed temperature where it is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-
cultural and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fmits and
Flowers from the Scorching R^iys of the Sun, trom Wind, from
Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any
required lengths.

" FRIGI DOMO"" NETTING, 2 yards wide, Is. Gd. per yard i-un.
"FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide Is. 9d. per yard run.

Pour yards wide .3s.6d. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. fld. per yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s. 8d. per yard run.
Elisha Thomas Archek, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Ti-inity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C, and of all Nurserymen, ftnd
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It is much cheaper than Mats as a covering."

JAMBS PHILLIPS AND CO.
beg to submit their prices aa follows : —
GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSES,
As supplied by them to Mr. Rivers, to the Royal Horticultural Society,
and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentlemen of the United
Kingdom.

Each Box contains 100 feet. The prices only apply to the sizes rtated.
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 16.

16 oz. to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth quality . . . . 15a. Od 198. Gd.

Third ditto 17s. Od 228. 6<*.

Seconds 18s. 6d 26s. Od.

English 20s. Od 27s. Od.

The above prices include the boxes, which are not returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes. 16-oz., in 100 feet boxes, boxes Included.

These prices only apply to the sizes stated.

11 by

n

12 bv 9

13 by 9

10

IS „ 10

14 „ 10

11

14 „ 11

i«

15 „ 12

15 „ 11

12

19 „ 12

16 „ 13

IS

17 „ 13

20 „ 12

14

20 „ 13

IS „ 13

17 „ 14

IS „ 14

20 „ 14

14 by 9

15 „ 10

Y^

4ths.
d.

3rd3.
s. d.

2nda.
8, d,
ir 0

16 to 17 oz. to the foot.

12s. Hd.
13$. 6d.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feet Boxes.
6 by 4 6i by 4i 7 by 5 74 by 5i \
8 by 6 8iby6i 9 by 7 9iby74J
10 by 8 lOi by 8J
Boxes 2s. each, retm-nable at full price.
London Agents for HARTLEFS IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes,
BRITISH PLATE. PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOCfRED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillips & Co., 180, Bishopsgate Street Without, K.C.

Plana and Est mates f i e u j. o. L n Descriptive Book fully
illustrated, post Iree for 2u stamps, irom the Author and Patentee,
James CiiANbTON, Architect, Birmingham.

Works : Highgate Street, Bii-mingham.
Hknrt J. Growtagk, Manaiier, 1. Temple Row West, Birmingham.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

The most approved Cooking Aiparat 5\ut rtr dmed, combining
the advantages of an open F ro R.nnj.e Hot P ate and other appli-
ances, adapt d for small or large cstabl bl a ents

Sole London Agents, Barron & Wilson, Ironmongers, &c.,
430, West Strand, opposite tho Charing Cross Station, where a
variety may be inspected, and C ila'.ogues obtained

KEEN'S IMPROVED NEW PATENT

GARDEN ROLLER.
The above Rollers possess many admntages over all others. They
are made in two parts, and are free to revolve on the axis, affording
greater facilities for tuminp, and the outer edges are rounded off or
turned Inwards, thus avoiding tho unsightly mai-ks leit by other
Rollers.

Diameter, 30 inches ; Length 32 inches, £7 10 0
24 „ ,, 26 „ 4 10 0

20 „ „ 22 „ 3 10 0

,, 16 ,. „ ir „ 3 15 0

Prices lor Rollers fitted with Sharts suitable for Pony or Horse
power, free on application, .,,«■, c,. ... ^

Delivered carnage paid tO ail tno prmcipal Railway Stations and
Shipping Ports in En;iland,

Thomas Gheex & Son, Smithfield Iron Works, Leeds ; 64 and 65,
Blackfriars Road. London, S. ; and 19, Eden Quay, Dublin.

N B All Orders executed on the day they are received,

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLINGTON and CO.,
S7, Bishopsgate Street Without, London, E.C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Majesty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivers, and the leading Horti-
culturists of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

20 by 12 -.

20 by 13/ ("15 oz.

20 by 14 VPer 100 feet^

20 by 15 I Ul oz.

19s Od

268 6d

by 10-'

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet,
in. in. lin, ln.|in- in.lin. in. | 4ths. j 3dB. I 2nds. I Beat.

eibHil 7.b^ 5,1 till h\ %ll Uh^^^^H'^H'^'"*

Per 100 feet.

10 by 8 112 by 9 1 12) by lOJ j 14) by lon
10)by8)12)by 9) 13 by 10 r " "

11 byo 13 by 9 13) by 10) 1
Illby9j]l2 by 10 |U by 10 |'

LARGE SBEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

er iw root.
1 14) by 10) 1
15 by 10 f

13 by 11 C

14 by 11 J

138 3ii

14s Cd

lis 3d

WsOi

In. in.

in. in.

in. in.

15) by 10) 14 by 12

22 by 12

LO by 10 14) by 12)

17 by 13

L4)bvll) 15 by 12

23 by 13

16 byll

16) by 12)

18 by 14

15) by 11)

Ifi by 12

22 by 14

IG byll

16) by 12)

24 by 14

21 by 11

17 by 12

22 by 15

13 by 12

18 by 12

24 by 15

4tbs.

las.

2Dds.

PKIZE MEDALS AWARDED to GilEEN'S PATENT
LAWN MOWERS.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1862.
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, DUBLIN, 1866.
The above La\vn Mowera have proved to be the best, and bave
carried off every Prize that has been b^iven in all caaes of Com-

Sold by all respoct.ible Ironmongers, Seedsmen, &c., in the
Kingdom. Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Conotmction, and
Apnlication of WROUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildings.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmospheric conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arranneraent.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supphed to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfaihnc result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
Improved system.

OUa PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to Becm'o
the crowth of fli-st,-class fniit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRuN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed mth or without putty.

These Houses are now protected to three Royal Letters I'atent,
and from the complete adjustment of their constructional parts mil
vie most favoui-abfy with Wood Structures m point of coat.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Dennis &. A. Scrdby, Horticultuiul Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTURAL
IMPLEMENTS and MACHINES of every description.
IMPROVED IRON STABLE FITTINGS.
HURDLES and CONTINUOUS IRON and WIRE FENCING.
Palieadinc Entrance and Field Gates. Plain and Galvanised

Wire Netting.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS and GARDEN ROLLERS.

Garden Engines, Syringes, Water BaiTows, Ornamental Garden

Seats, Chairs, Tables, Iron Fountains, Vases, &c.

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS, in great variety.

Washing, Wringing, and Mangling Machines.

IMPROVED SAUSAGE MACHINES and FILLERS.

Separate Illustrated Price Lists free on application.

Thomas Gbeen & Son, Smithfield Iron Works. Leeds.

Show Rooms opposite the Smithfield Cattle Market, North Street,

I^eed3 ; 54 and 66, Blackfrlara Road, London, 6. j and 19, Eden

Quay, Dublin.

in.
22 by IG
24 by 16"\
20 by 17

20 by 18 I
22 by 18
24 by 18 J
The above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.
SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 0 to 9 feet super.

16 oz.
4ths quality, per 300 feet case, 385.

2d3
Beat

62s.

21 oz.

4th3 quality, per 200 feet case, 3$s.
3d3 „ „ 48s.

2d3 „ „ 603.

Best „ „ 96a.

SHEET GLASS is made only In the following substances, IS oz,,
21 oz,, 26 oz., 32 oz., 36 oz., and 42 oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PIRATE in
l-Sth in., 3-16thiD., l-4th in., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &C.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearanOB
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made ajiy
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 3Cs. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much ns
one hundredweight and a half of AVhite Lead and sis gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 34s. per cwt.
An ti- corrosion Paint is extensively used for all binds of work m
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Corapo, Iron, Iron BndgQ^,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Propared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon,

Per cwt.— s. d.
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, 3(i. to iid. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.

to i\d. per !b.
„ RAW UMBER. 4Jd. to
Od. per lb. [per lb.
„ BURNT do., Od. to 9d.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to 60 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 36 0
RED PAINT .. 2Ss. to 30 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon. — *■ d-
LINSEED OIL .. - I i
BOILED OIL .. ■• I ^
TURPENTINE .■^„,.^- 3 0
LINSEED OIL PUTTY.

88, to 9s. per cwt.

FineOAKVARNlSH,10fl.tol2 0

„ CARRIAGE do., 12«. to 14 0

PAPER do. lOif. to 12 0

COPAL 11 0

Knotting i" o

Patent GOLD SIZE . . 10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0
GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
ixchango.

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

July 27. 1867.]

THE GAftDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

799 ^

THIS
■

The New Furnace Bar

(Wahrinku's Patent).

BAR i^ pai-tir:ulnrlv atlapted to FIRES for

VINERIES. GREENHOUSES, Ac, and all FURNACES

worked on the principle of alow (joiubuBtrion. Tlie Havmiir of Fuel
effeotoii iH very preiit; nearly all tlic Smuko in consumoil If cure ho
taken, and tUo fii't) can ho ao rogntiitod that any tomijonitmo
desired can be kept up lor nt least labours wlttiuut BtukiiiR or
flirther trouble. Any Bricklayer can out up tlioso Bars without
deranKini:; niucli of the brickwork. They are in uho in many Con-
servatories, and give the hi»{bo.-.t satiNtautioD. Tosttmoaials will be
Ibrwarded on application to the I'ropriotora,

The Vi'ntilatmg Furnace Ear CompaDy, Limited, 0, Mincing Lane,
liondoii, E.C.

Specimens of those Bars may bo scon in the Eostora Arcade of the
Borticultunil Gardens, South Kcn.sin(;ton.

CARSON'S ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,
Patronised by the Nobility and Gentry, is extensively used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and Is proved, alter a tost
of 70 yearn, to 8ur|ias9 any other Faint. It is cspeciallv applicable
to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Coiupo, and is the only Taint that will
effeotually re.slst the rays of the sun upon Cunswrvnt.jrlt'S Green-
houfips, Frames, &c. Is twice as dumble as gouulno White Lead, so
simple in application that any poreon can use it. P„r ^.^^■t

WHITE. LIGUT STONE, BATH, and LIGHT roilTLANU

COLOURS 30,f.

LEAD,CH0C0LATE,RED, PURPLE, BROWN, and BLACK 20s.

BRIGHT GREEN. DEEH GREEN, and BLUK i2s.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTl-CORROSIOK

OILS. TURPENTINE, VARNISHES. BRUSHES, &c.

:< cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Ports

vi Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sunt post free.

Walter Causon & Sons,

La Belle Sauvago Yard, Ludgato Hill, London, E.C.

Cahtion. — All Casks should bear the Trade Marlt. No Agents.

WARNER'S SILICATE of IROnTaINt!
—The peculiaiities and advantages of this
Paint are that it will stand extreme Heat and Damp,
and is not affected by Acid, Sea Water, Sulphuretted
Hydroiien. or Anunonia. It is equally well adapted
for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Everv Shade of
Colour ground to order. Trie Creamy 'White and
Bright Stone will retain the soft delicate shades, regardlfss of the
l\imes of Gases It has no smell, and there is an entire absence
of deleterious eflect.

WARNERS ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION is suitable for
>olt Roofing, and is a Cheap Coating lor Iron Work, and preserves
Wood in India from the ravages of the White Ant. I'rice Is. 3d.
por gallon,

17, Laurence Pountoey Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.C.

The Gardener's Watch.

PATKNT LEVKU WATCH in
EnKlno-turned Silver Case, with all tbo
latuHt liiiprovoinoiita. jewelled, secoiidH hund,
Htniiig, mill calcnIatHd lor hard wear. 'U. lli. flrf.
The Hamc Watch in HunthiK Ca-Hos, CI. rw.
STUONO SILVER ALBERT and GUARD
CHAINS.

The above being Manufactured on tho Pro-
miHoH, are with conlldence rooommeaded and
warranted for correct performance.
1 Pamphlet, Mtid all particulars gratis, on application to
__' ALI.lA^■!.; (l>iMiT]:ii). U St lU, Coriihlll. London, E.C.

JOHN (ilUSOS, JuN., bo^a to announce that he is
prepared to B'urnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for tlio FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or othorwiao.
Address Mr. John Guiso\, jun,, Surrey Lane, Uattersea. S.W.

Ulustniii

GoLObMITlj;

/JiEORGii F. MORRIS (of thu Firm of Prothekoe

VJ &MoRiiialundtTt:ikOH SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasehold and Reversionary Property
of every description. Fanning and Market Garden Produce, House-
hold Furniture. Stock in Trade, 4c.
Auction and Ewtate Af.'t;ncy ( Ullco. Tho Limes, Leytonstone, Essex.

Important Sale of Establlshea OrcWds, the

Property of a Gentleman.

lyrR J C STKVFNS ^vill SKJ.L Ijy AUCTION, at

i"A'r,, J'*, r"!" '^^"'".'*' ^8. King Street, Covont Garden. W.C, on
'^A I- , ,;iM'','iV^ J' ""^ ^^''^.^■}"^^ 12o'Clook preolHuly. Flrst-claflu

i'.stabllf^lH'.lom. I 11 .s, coiiipriHing most oftho boat varieties in culti-
vatiun, niiuiy ol which arc line Plants, in excellent health, aud well
"'orthy ol attention, Including- *

Calantho Voltchil
Cattleya exonionsia

„ lobata

., Wageueril

,, Warnonl

„ labiata
Vauda cuirulca

., cristata
Odontogloshum Phalienopsia

„ Pescatorea

„ Alexandra)

,, muvium, &c.

On view tho Morning of Sale

Oncidinm Kramorlaiiuni
Cymbidluni ohumouni
Cjpilpodlum lajvlgatuni

,, Stouel
Plolono humillB
„ lagpiiarta
DcndrochlUim tUlformo
IJarkerla spoctablUs
I'ohcatorea curiiia
Trichoplllii crispa
Epidondrum sceptrum
Cattloya iJowil, &c.
and Catalogues had.

Oxford-Down Rams.

olfurs for SALK. by Private Contract,
about m SHKARLINUS.and afew TWO-SHEAR
OXtiHil.)-I'oWM RAMS, which may be seen at any time, as well
also THE I'LOCK on the Farm. Tho Sheep have not been housed.
Eynshaiii. Oxford, July, 1807.

MR. DHUCE
this.SLMsmi.ut

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and Kood breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA, CREVECOfiUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
fur constant layers,

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
Jonw Baily a Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W. ■

Grouse Shooting.

WANTED, by two old S])..rt.smen, a FORTNIGHT'S
SHOOTING from August 12, witiiin easy distance of a good
Inn. Every f.iir arraiifrcment as to terms and Shootiugwill be made,
and sound rt-ferenees ^iven.

Reply early to A. £., ■2[\ Charles Street, St. James's, London.

W'

T

To Nurserymen ana Seedsmen.
ANTED, a SMALL BUSINESS in the above Line.

Address A. T., Oaritciwrs' Chrtniicle Office, W.C.

of

BE SOLD the LKASE aud GOODWILL

CAMPDEN GROVE NURSEHY, Campden Hill, W.
Apply at AcacU Villa, Ladljroka Road, Nottipg Hill, W.

TO BE LET, a SEED and.FLOKlST'S BUSINESS,
With Stock, Goodwill, Fixtures, &c., doing a eood business.
Apply on the Preiiiises, at 0*21, Old Kent Road, S.E.

MR.
at I

To Nurserymen, Florists, and Others.

TO BE SOLD, the LKASE of a well-stocked
NURSERY, of several Acres, with Cottage, Propagating,
Intermediate, and Greenhouses, yheds, Stabling, &c., domg a good
Trade. Established 25 years ; present Proprietor retiring.

Apply to Ml-. pRiNGLE, Nurseryman, Norwood, Surrey, S.

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a C^apital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst fit Son, e, Leadenhall Street
London, E C.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is ftilly
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in the
prouuds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of raany

hundreds of the nobility and gentry, ft'om whom the most flattering i "■'"•»->- i .^jj.^ji,,,^ .jm uuucnco au-i j:uii)igu, lvvo uouaerva tones am
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Suim will forward on I Outbuildings, Four Bed-rooms, Dredslnc-room, Dining and Drawing
application. rooms, excellent Offices, &c. The flne'Coliection of Plants in pota

From Major Rt. Beli., SamlUoe, Northumberland. t^^t, h^ ^ni-^^ .,» „ , ».,.„

" 1 have much pleasure in saying I have known your Black Varnish
to bo used for some time by friends of mine, and they all speak
highly of it, whiuh has induced mo to get the quantity I have from
you. That I have used looks remarkably well."

Upper TiUse Hm.
/^N LEASE, an attractive compact detached RESI-
\J DENCE, beautifully situate, with Garden richly adorned with
Choice Flowering Shi ubberies and Foliage, two Conservatories and

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at U. 6d, per gallon, at the
Manufactory, or Is. 8d. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Hill ft Smith. Brierly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
2-1, Cannon Street West, E.C., from whom only it can be obtained.

BEDSTEADS, BATHS, and LAMPS.— "WILLIAM S.
BURTON has Twelve Large Show Rooms devoted exclusivelv to
1 the separate display of Lamps, Baths, and Metallic Bedsteads. The
, stock of each is at once the largest, newest, and most varied ever
submitted to the public, and marked at prices proportionate with
those that have tended to make his Establishment the most
I distinguished in this country.

1 Bedsteads, from 12s. Gd. to £20 0$. each,

1 Shower B;itbs, from 8«. Od. to £6 0*-. each.

Lamps (Moderateurl, from . . 6«. Od, to £8 10s. each.

(All other kinds at the same rate.)
Ru-a Colza Oil 3*. 7<i. per gallon.

THE PERFECT SUBSTITUTE for SILVER.—
The REAL NICKEL SILVER, introduced more than 30 years
ago by William S. Bubtos, when PLATED by the patent process of
Messrs, Elkington & Co., is beyond all comparison the very best
article, next to sterling silver, that can be employed as such, either
uaofuUy or ornamentally, as by no possible test can it be distinguished
from real silver.

A small useful set, guaranteed of first quality for finish and
dm-ability, as follows :— —.

12 Table Forks
12 Table Spoons ,.
12 Dessert Forks . .
12 Dessert Spoons . .
12 Tea Spoons

6 Egg Spoons, gt. bowls..

2 Sauce Ladles

1 Gravy Spoon

2 Salt Spoons, gt. bowls. .
1 Mustard Spoon, gt. bwl,

■ 1 Pair of Sugar Tongs . .
1 Pair of Fish Carvers . .
1 Butter Knife
I Soup Ladle
1 Sugar Sifter

Total

Fiddle or' r>„„ ^
Old Silver p„^?!i,
Pattern, P'lttem.

s. d.

13 0

13 0

4 0

£ s,
2 0
2 0
1 10
1 10

0 9
0 4
0 2

0 3

1 10

Thread
Pattern.

1 12
1 12
1 3
0 12
0 8
0 10

1 10
0 6
0 16
0 4

13

King's or

Shell and

Thread.

£ 3. d.

2 10 0

2 10 0

1 15 0

1 16 0

1 5 0

0 13 0

0 9 0

0 11 0

0 4 6

Herrin-o,So.v & Claiik. IOQ. Fleet Street, E.G.. and Brixton Hill, S.

To Market Gardeners and Other aT"

'pO BE LET, by I'endtT, from Michaelmas next, a
J- HOUSE, BARN. BUILDINGS, and IS ACRES, 2 ROODS
and 30 PERCHES, or thereabouts, of LAND; now in the occupation
of Mr. Stephen Plumlev, at Langley. The above is near to the
fast improving town of Eastbourne, and convenient by rail to the
markets of Hastings and Brkhton. Offers in writing to be addressed
to Mr. JoH^f U.enni;tt, Lion House, E latbourne, Sussex, on or before
the 20th of August next.— July 1", ISij?.

WlfiTPOSSESSlON at~MICHAELMAS NS'TTIn
consetjuence of the death of the late occupier, the old esta-
blished and well-known NURSERY GROUNDS at HEDENHAM
NORFOLK, called THE ROSARl'. lor upwards of 30 years in the
occupation of Mr. R. B. Bircbara, deceased, to which are attached a
good road-side Inn and Premises, doing a quiet and respectable
business and about 30 Acres of Arable and Meadow Land.

The above occupation offers a rare opportunity, and is well worth
the attention of Nurserymen and Florists, who will immediately
enter upon the advantages of the Late Mr. Bircham's old and well
established Nursery busmess— the Nurseries being well adapted
for the cultivation of Roses and other plants connected with
Horticulture. For further particulars apply to
CuARLta HiiitNuK, Enii,, (.^iue«ii SrTeot, Norwich.

Nursery ana Seed Business for Sale.
T\TILLIAM JJEAN, haviijj^ determined on residing in
T ? London again, offers for SALE, with immediate possession
the NURSERY ac SHIPLEY, consisting of Fom- Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked
and with Dwelling House, ic, is held on Lease: also the SEED
SHOP, m BRADFORD (the only one in the town), which is well
fitted up, and where there isagood business doing in Fancy Articles
as well as Seeds, Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, &c. The Nursery
is 2i miles from the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to the pm-cha&e money required, and
will be a great bargain to the purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
tunity lor a large tiouae in the South to establish a Branch Business
here, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
much increased. For particulars apply to

William Dkan. Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

C. STEVENS will INCLPDE in his SALE,

his Great Rooms. 38, King Street, Covont Garden. W C on
SArURDAY, Axignsta, the Entire Stock of a NEW ASTItEPHIA
fVoni Bogota, comprising five Established Plants and one Cuttlni;
To bo SOLD in ONE LOT, without Resoi-vo.

On viow tho Morning of Sale, and (Catalogues had.,

Leytonstone, Essex.-Important Clearance Sale]^

To Maukbt G.inDENj;as, FAUiiEas, a\d Otiiliis.

MESSRS. PROTHKROE and MORRIS have received
inhtructions from John Whittingham. Esq., to SELL by
AUCTION, on the Premises. The Farm, Leytonstone. Essex, on
FRIDAY. August 2, at 12 o'Ctock (the ground being required to bo
clearod for building purpo.'ies), the valuable GROWING CROPS
extending over 39 Acres ; also the LIVE and DEAD FARMING'
.STOCK, comprising 2 Cart Horses, 0 Store Pigs, and a Sow in Pig
Oulempin's Wrought Iron Scarifier, Furrow Roller, 5 Tumbril Carts
Corn Dressing Machine, Sieves, and Fan, quantity of Tools, Shanks*
Patent Lawn Mower, 1 and 2-light Boxes, and other Effects.

May be viewed prior to the Sale, Catalogues had on the Premises,
and ot the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

Brentford Road, Kew Bridge.

lupoBTANT Sale of NEWLY-EnEcxKn Gheknuousks, Pits, Boxes,
BaicKs, Hot-Water Pii-ing. ic.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS am instructed
by Mr. William Drewett to SELL by AUCTION, without
reserve, on the Premises, The Market Garden and Nursery Grounds
Brentford Road, Kew Bridge, on MONDAY. August 10, at 11 o'ClocIc
(the Lease expiring at Michaelmas next), 3 Newly-Built Span-roof
GREENHOUSES, 90 feet by 12 feet over ; 3 excellent three-quarter
Span-roof GREENHOUSES, 120 feet, 60 feet, and 96 feetin length -
3 Ranges of Pits, each 90 feet long by 7 feet ; sundry other Pits and
Glazed Lights; also about 2000 feet 2 and 3-incli, but principally
4-inch, Hot-Water Piping ; Ormson's Tubular 5-feot Boiler, 4 other
Boilers, 1000 Casts of Pots, Bricks, Tiles, Drain Pipes, Sign Board
and other Effects.

The Glass Erections are in excellent condition, built of the best
materials, and being many thousand feet, offer a capital opportunity 1

May bo viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the Premises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuer-s, Levtonstone, N.E.

Duncombe Park, Yorkshire.

Important Sale of Fihst-class SaoRTUORNS.

MR. STRAFFORD bej^s to announce that he has
received instructions to offer for SALE by AUCTION, with-
out reserve, at Puncombe Park, Helmsley, on TUESDAY, August 6
(the dav previous to the Yorkshire Show at Thirsk), 3o HEAD of
SHORTHORNED BULLS, COWS, and HEIFERS, bred by the late
Lord Fevei'sham. The foundation of this famed Herd was laid more
than CO years ago by purchases from Messrs. C. & R. Colling, and
other eminent Breeders ; for the last 20 years Mr. Bates's Bulls and
their descendants have principally been used, and numerous Prizes
won by it at the Royal Agricultural Society, the Yorkshire, and
Local Shows.

Catalogues, with Pedigrees, may be had on application to Mr.
Stkaffokd, 13, Euston Square, London, N W. ; or Of Mr. McLaughlin,
Duncombe Park Office, Helmsley, Yorkshire.

Shropshire Sheep.

MR. JOHN B. LTTHALL (Secretary to the Birminj,--
ham Cattle Show) respectfully invites attention to the follow-
iniportant SALES of pme-bred SHROPSHIRE SHEEP, Catalogues
and full particulars of which may be obtained on application at tho
Auctioneer's Offices, 39, New Street, Birmingham.

Shropshire Sheep.

TuE Leese Farm, SiAFfrjRD.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by ATJCTION,
on TUESDAY. July 30, 26 SHEARLING RAMS, 3 older
RAMS, about 20 RAM LAMBS, and 25 splendid BREEDING
EWES of "Patentee" blood, the property ol Mr. S. Byrd, whoso
unrivalled reputation as a successful breeder of Shropshirea will bo
lully maintained by the specimens shown this year.

Shropshire Sheep.

The Leese Farm, Stafford.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL (Secretary to the Bir-
mingham Cattle Show) is instructed to SELL, on TUESDAY,
July 30, immedntelv after Ulr. S. Byrd's Sheep— Fifty excellent
Breeding SHROPSHIRE EWES, the property of Mr. Frederic Byrd.

0 2

0 4

1 10
0 0
0 17

14 17 3

10 9
Any article to be had singly at the same prices. An oak chest to
contain the above, and a relative number of knives, &c., 2i. 15i. Tea
aad cofl"ee sets, dish covers and comer dishes, cruet and liqueur
irainea, &c., at proportionate prices. All kinds of replating done by
the patent process.

WILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING
IRONMONGER, by appointment to II.R.H. the Prince of
■ ftf o^' ?*^'^^'"^'* ^ Catalogue gi-atis and post paid. It contains upwards
01 WO Illustrations of his unrivalled Stock of Sterling Silver and
tiectro Plate, Nickel SUver, and Britannia Metal Goods, Dish
^overe. Hot Water Dishes. Stoves, Fenders, Marble Chimney-pieces,
^iwnen Ranges, Lamps, Gaseliers, Tea-trays. Urns, and Kettles,
^wcka. Table Cutlery, Baths, Toilet-ware, Turnery, Iron and Brass
^steadR, Bedding Bed-room Cabinet Furniture, &c., with Lists of
sti« ^^1i^ ^'^'•'■^^ 01 the Twenty Largo Show-rooms, at 39, Oxford
PWb * ^- : \ ^*' 2' 3' ^°^ h Newman Street; 4, 6, and 6, Perry's
flace, and 1, Newman Yard, London.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen desiring to Possess a

Fine Pavilion f.ir Pi-easurl Grounds ok Extensive Gardens.

IVfESSHS. TRULLOPE desire to invite attention to
-Lv-L the large and handsome IRON BUILDING, designed by an
eminent ArclJitect, who prepared Special Drawings and Super-
intended the Modelling of every part, the strength of the whole
being determined and tested by Engineers mainly engitged in the
production of Iron Struciures, The Building ia of noble propor-
tions, aud is about 60 feet long by 40 feet wide; it presents a most
ornamental and pleasing object. It wjis originally prepared for tho
East, but it is highly calculated for the reception of Hardy Plants
Statuary, Bronzes, &o., and to be used as a Saloon for D^jeQners'
FGtes, or Dancing. It is to be SOLD at a considerable reduction
Irora the cost price. It is temporarily erected by permission in the
Grounds of the Horticultural Gardens.

Full particulars to be had at the Office of Messrs. Thollope,
Halkin Street West, where a Photograph can be seen.

Shropshire Sheep.

Hollv Bank., near Blkton-dpon-Trent.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION,
on TUESDAY, August i5, 30 SHEARLING and older RAMS
and 00 BREEDING and'SHEARLING EWES, tho property of
Willou-hby Wood. Esq.

At the same time will be SOLD two highly-descended young
SHURTHORN BULLS.

The high and exposed situation on which these sheep are bred
renders them particularly hardy in their constitution.

Shropshire Sheep.

Elfohd Pare.. Tauwou'

]\/rR. JOHNB. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION,

1>JL on WEDNESDAY, August 7, 36 SHEARLlNG and oldei

RAMS, and 120 BREEDING and
property of Mr. G. 4. May.

older
SHEARLING EWES, the

Shropshire Sheep.

Tub Sixth Annual Great Central Sale at Binoley Hall,

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION.
on THURSDAY, August 8, SHROPSHIRE RAMS and
EWES, the property of several eminent Breeders, including the
Right Hon. Lord Wenlock, Cuarles Randell, Esq.. Messrs. Braun,
Bnscoe, P. Lowe, Nock, Pilgrim, Steedman, Lytnail, &c.

Entries should be forwarded at once, that the same may be
properly advertised.

Imported Orclilda.

C. STEVJiNS will INCLUDE in his SALE,

at his Great Rooms, 38, KinL' Street, Covont Gardeo. W.C,

on SATURDAY, August 3, liijiioited ORCHIDS, consisting of

fine luatsea of VAN DA CRISTATA, VANDA ROXBURGHII,

and SACCULABIOM TRiEMORSUM. '

Oq view tho Morning olSalo, and Catalogues had.

M^ai

Shropshire Sheep.

Toe Mou^T, Gresdon, near Atberstone, Warwicksoirb.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION,
on FRIDAY, September G, 40 SHEARLING and older
RAMS, and LiO STOCK and SHEARLING EWES, the property of
Mrs. Baker.

The Grendon Flock is fully up to its usual high standard of
general excellence.

Shropshire Sheep.

Pipe Place, near LicupiELn.

ME. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION,
on FRIDAY, September 13, 60 snEARLlNQ and TWO.
SHEAR RAMS, and 12U STOCK and SHEARLING EWES, the
property oIMr. J. H. Bradburne.
The Owner particularly invites an early inspection of his Sheep.

800

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[JtJLT 27, 1867.

BKOWN AND POLSON'S

COBN FLOnH

FOE

CHILDREN'S DIET.

BEOWN AND POL SON'S

CORN FLOUR.

The Best ftuality at 8d. is supplied by most respectable Grocers. To obtain extra Profit by the Sale, counterfeit ch eap
kinds are sometimes substituted instead of BROWN and POLSON'S.

BEOWN AND POLSON'S

CORN FLOUR.

REMARKS ON THE DIETARY VALUE OF CORN FLOUR.

"We not unfrequently meet with persons who, with much self-complacency, affect a
lofty disregard of what they eat ; and who boast that, in order to keep their appetites
in subjection, they systematically and on principle eat whatever is set before them,
quite iiTcspective of its character or fitness for the circumstances under which they
live, endeavouring thus to carry out the recommendation of Solomon to eat only foi*
strength, not for pleasure. The gratification of the sense of taste, however, serves a
much higher purpose than is commonly supposed, for, as a general rule, if the appetite
he not blunted or perverted by excessive indulgence, our tastes and our requirements
are veiy closely related, so that, in man's natural state, taste becomes as it were a sort
of instinct, and takes rank as one of God's providences for the preservation of our
health. In this way we may explain what is matter of common observation, that a
man's taste varies with his age, habits, and circumstances of life. At one time he
wishes for, at another scarcely bears the sight of fat ; sometimes he craves for animal,
at other times for vegetable food. Indeed, the feelings of hunger and thirst, which
have reference to quantity rather than quality, are not more evidently instinctive than
is taste, which regards only the quality of food. As a guide, it may be safely trusted both
as to food and drink, if only we listen to its simple teaching, and do not abuse its confidence.

In no other way than the above can we explain the very remarkable varieties in the
food consumed in difi'erent climates ; witness the Laplander with his mass of blubber,
or the inhabitant of the Tropics with his refreshingly cool and juicy fruit. In both
these instances taste assumes the part of instinct, and guides the possessor to the
selection of a diet which his circumstances render necessary. Hence taste becomes the
handmaid of science, and points to a law in the dietary of individuals, telling them
what they ought to eat, drink, and avoid. It suggests variation under varying con-
ditions, and notably so in regard to temperature ; for, from the two great divisions or
types into which all foods are classified— namely, the nitrogenous or tissue-forming,
and the calorifacient, or heat-creating — it selects instinctively that one which science
demonstrates to be most necessary.

A few words on these two types of food will serve to illusti'ate the dietetic value of
the Com Flour, which is the subject of these remarks.

By the term nitrogenous is meant all foods, whether deri ved from the animal or
vegetable kingdom, which contain nitrogen as one of the elements of their composition,
in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These foods are also called nutritious—
that is, tissue -formers — and the measure of then* nutritive value is the quantity of
nitrogen they contain. The reason of this is found in the fact that all the tissues of
the body, fat excepted, contain nitrogen, and those wherein the nutritive changes are
most active, such as muscle and nerve, contain the largest amount of nitrogen.
Examples of this food are — meat of all kinds, eggs, milk, beans, peas, lentils, bran, and
the inner coat of wheat and flour, or bread, though in the latter we approach nearer to
the purely starchy or calorifacient group, and so get further from the nitrogenous class.

The calorifacient, or heat- producing group, are foods which contain little or no
nitrogen, but only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Starch and its varieties, rice, sago,
arrowrooc, potatos, and flour ; fatty and oily substances, such as butter, cream, and all
the varieties of sugar ; these make up the class of he at- sustaining foods, and though
they do not directly nourish tissue, except where they also contain traces of nitrogen,
they nevertheless perfoi-m scarcely less important functions in the human body ; for,
besides assistmg in the process of respiration, they develop fat for the protection of the
muscles. And, above all, they principally maintain the heat of the body, which is
essential for the due performance of all its functions ; this they do by the union of
their carbon with the oxygen of the air in the process of respiration, in the same way
as in the combustion of coal — the residual oxygen and hydrogen being in the proportion
to form water.

Such a desideratum, it is believed, is now supplied in the Cora Flour which we
manufacture, and which, when boiled with milk, presents such a combination of
animal and vegetable food as closely resembles ordinary beef and bread, while at the
same time it is in so light and easily digestible a form as will keep the system fully
nourished, when the stronger and more stimulating food would only weaken audi
depress by its indigestibility.

As a pure starch. Com Flour is peculiarly fitted for the diet of children. Though
there seems to be a general impression to the contrary, it is essentially a heat-ci eating
food, and is also one of the most easily digested. And, inasmuch as the proper
maintenance of animal heat is of vital importance to childhood, food of this class is at
all times loudly demanded by nature. This is attested by the fact that in milk, the
very best of infant foods, the heat-sustaining element preponderates largely over the
nitrogenous or tissue- forming. The popular belief appears to be that children have f
remarkable power of resisting cold. This is certainly not the case with plants, nor it
it with animals, least of all is it with man. Heat, whether supplied from mthin by^
food, or without by clothing, seems almost by itself to give life to young organisms,
whether plants, animals, or man. And according to the recent researches of scientific
men there seems to be so very intimate and mysterious a connection between heat and
life that some have even ventured to suggest their mutual dependence. The feeble^
digestive power of children, and their extreme sensibility to cold, are additional
reasons in favour of such a food as Corn Flour. Moreover, its slightly alkaline reaction
recommends it as especially fitting in those cases where there is any tendency to
acidity, a condition which is not only very common, but sometimes very troublesome
in early life, and is a frequent cause of diarrhcea and other digestive disorders. V
cannot be too often insisted upon that purity, simplicity, digestibihty, and the absenci
of any stimulating quality are, or ought to be, the essential characters in the food o
children — and these are the features specially observed in Com Flour.

But it is not in childhood alone, or even chiefly, that this preparation is so valuablt
as an article of diet. To the man of business, who ia obliged to sit long at the desk
and to all whose calling necessitates close confinement, or whose digestive organs an
impaired by over-indulgence, or the use of a too stimulatmg diet, this simple, easil;
digested, and non- stimulating food will be found an incalculable blessing. It may bi
cooked in a great variety of ways ; when well boiled with milk, with or without an;
sugar or seasoning, but better without, and allowed to cool in a shape, it forms
delicious hlanc-mange, unsurpassed by any other preparation for delicacy and eas
digestibility. By its bulk it favours digestion when the heavier kinds of food could no
be borne, and in combination with either milk or egg it forms a meal scarcely inferio
in nutritive value to a steak or chop, -while it surpasses them in the fact that it i'
easily disposed of by even the most delicate stomach. Add to all this, that change o
variety in diet is of great importance to healthy nutrition, and we have another reasoi,
for recommending this to public attention. "We once heard of a man who was nearl;.
famished on mutton chops, potatos, and bread, taken day by day without intermission I
a change of diet completely restored him. The more variety wo can introduce into ou
food, consistent with other requh'ements, the better, and hence the obvious importanc
of a new article of diet.

It has been said that he who makes two blades of grass grow where one grew befoi
is a benefactor of his species. Sir "Walter Raleigh, who introduced the potato in'
England, might certainly lay claim to that title. To us belongs the honour, whatev*
it may be, of being the first in this country to manufacture a pure starch from maizi
which is now so well known under the name we gave to it, viz. — Com Flour. Fortho;,
■who really need a light nutritious diet we can wish no gi-eater luxury than th
addition to their meal.

BROWN ANB POLSON, IRONMONGER LANE, LONDON, E.G.

[COPYRIGHT.]

Editorial Communications should be addressed to " The Editor ; " Advertisements and Boainess Letters to " The Publisher," at the Office, 41, WelUntrton Street. Covent Garden, London. "W.C. m.tthbwb at thi

Printed by Jakeb M*.TTHiwa, at the Office of Meears. BaMjaoRT, EyA.Na, & Co., Lombard Street. Pr«-lnct of Whltefrlara, City of LoadoQ, In the Co. of Middlesex, and Pubiiahed by the said jambs PHAxrBBno, »i-
Offlce, No.il.WeUington Street, Pariah of St. Paul's, Cotent Garden, in tho eald County.— Satdmai, July 27, 1867.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 31.— 1867,]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, AUGUST 3.

(Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, 6d,

INDEX.

ABVio\iltunU co-oporation . . . .

— atiitlHtica

AniloK, Qultenlnii

Annuals, Mpssra.Carter &. Co.'i

Ar<t]ia cduUa

Boca

Bfll.cducatlnnnl .813 c-

Bonoa and (iiilpburic acid ....

Honks notkpd 8096-

BiiCL'lt'iich I'stiites

Bui'v shnw. itwards at

Cnbbaci^s. spring:

" KiiiK

Cftttlp pliiKUL-

ConifiTSJit Dronmoie

CottJiKL- ciniiuetttion

Cramiii- iiirdif.illa

C'rojis in Pi'i-tlishirc

CuciinilK'V, pcreunial

Educnt ioiiiil Bill !"!!!! Isi a c-
£xnininiitinii3. t;ardencrs' ....
Fertility. elTect of tiUat'e on..
Onrtlpiiors' fxamlnalions ....

Glass V. iviilU

Cicio^elii'rries, standard

Grurt sports

— gwollines

Grape. MuKcat Echolata ,

— Mrs . rince's

HnrvPEt, the

Horse, soiirch for a

817 c
817 a
809 a

Hyncintlis

Ivery.ilcathofMr. W

Labourers' Afisociatiou

BlU 6
-815 b

LTcopodium alplnum

Lynford Hnll

822 a
-KO b
820 c
RU7 b
607 a
B09rt
813 c

Mflfhlnery, Paris awards for .

Milk, artifiL'ial

I'ariN uxhibition 8U a—

PelarponiumR.doublc.iiowcrLd

— varippatod 81)7 c —

ri'tnls,rateof Krowthof —
Plants, herbiiceous .... 606 c—

816 a

80!) a

Society, Highland

809 a

WI8 c
-815 b

813 c

statistics, aRrieultural

Trees, hardy pictorial

— Pejich

Tort worth ■* Times ■*

Triihinium Manglesil

604 c

Verbascum veruale

803 *
801 r

Vine, Thomson on the, rev. ..

808 b
808 c

Warn V. Rlass

818 a

■Woodliee

State of the Crops. 1867.

THE GARDENRRS' CHRONICLE and AGRICUL-
TURAL GAZETTE of AUGUST 17 will contnin a detailed
account of tho CONDITION of tbo CROPS throughout the Country.
A Copy of this Number aout en receipt of Six Stamps, or may be
ordered of any News Agent.
Office for Advertisements, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, London.

OYAL 11 0 K'nCULTURAL SOCIETyT

SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
NOTICE.-A MEETING of the FRtUT irnd FLORAL COM-
MITTEES will bo belli on TUESDAY NEXT, August 0, at U for
half-past precisely. GENERAL MEETING at 3.

"IV/I ANCHESTER BOTANICAL and H0RT[CDL-

IVI TUEAL SOCIETY._A GRAND EXHIBITION of PLANTS,
FRUITS, and FLOWERS will be held at the Gardens, Old Trafford,
on TUESDAY, Auenst "JT, and four follnwinR days. In connection
with the GREAT CENTENARY CELEIIRATION SHOW of the
MANCHESTER and LIVERPOOL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Charges for Admission :— First day. '2s. Gti. each ; remaining days.
Is. each ; Subscribers to tho Botanic Gardens free each day.

Schedules may be obtained at the Gardens, or from the Under-
signed. Military Bands Iti attendance. By Order.
I Cooper Street, Manchester. Henhy Whitwobth, Secretjlry.

ISHOP AUCKLAND FLOKAL and HORTICUL-

TURAL SOCIETY will hold their ANNUAL EXHIBITION
In AUCKLAND PARK on AUGUST 30, when upwards of £350
will be awarded in Prizes. Schedules m.ay be obtained on applica-
tion to Ml'. J. C. HsNDV, Secretary, Bishop Auckland.

ERBYSHIRE FLORAL and HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETY. -ANNUAL EXHIBITION, in connection with
the Derbyshire Agricultural Exhibition, on WEDNESDAY. Sep-
tember 18. Prizes of £16, £10, £5, £3 10s., and £2 are offered for
Groups of Twelve Stove or GreenhoTise Plants (or both), in or out of
flower. Ornamental or Variegated Foliage Plants arranged for effect
(Orchidte excluded). Schedules of Prizes and any farther informa-
tion may be obtained on application to the Honorary Secretary, Mr.
WiLLiAU Sadnders, Wellington House, Derby.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON beg to sav that their
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE "HYACINTHS.
TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c., is now ready, and can be had post free
on application. Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

CAMELLLi STOCKS.— A fine batch, fit for working
tills Autumn.
1-yr. old, 20,-:, ; 2-vr. old. In pots, 303. ; .3-yr. old, strong, 40s. per 100.
1-yr. SEEIJLING EVERGREEN OAKS, 12,t. per 100.
Charles B. Sadndehs, Nurseryman, &c., Jersey.

VIOLETS for WINTER and SPRING BLOOMING.
—The Undersigned can supply strong healthy Plants, in 6-inch
pots, of tho following, which are the four best Violets in ciiltivation.
Price 63. to 0."!. per dozen.

THE CZAR [ DOUBLE BLUE

NEAPOLITAN ) REINE DES V10LETTE3

FBAN01S& ARTmjRDieESON&SoNa,Tbe "Upton" Nurseries, Chester.

ULIPS.— A Collection of from 12,000 to 15.000 Bulbs,
a considerable portion of which are ROSE, BIZARRE, &c.,
Seedlings, never distributed, together with the select of Martin's,
Storer'a, and others, as well as choice named sorts, to be SOLD iu
ONE LOT, a decided Bargain. If not so Disposed of before
August 14. they will be Catalogued at very low prices in oi-der to
effect a speedy clearance.

John Slater, Lapwing Lane, Dldsbury, near Manchester.

To Cultivators of Succulent and other Plants.

T COOPER, Holmsdale Road, Reigate, has a large
• collection of SUCCULENT and other Plants, including
450 varieties of CACTI ; also ALOES, HAWORTHIAS, AGAVES,
TESTUUINARIA ELEPHANTIPES, &c. ; also many new and
, Interesting Plants raised from South African seeds.
Orders punctually attended to.

I New Fern Catalogue.

WROLLISSON AND SONS beg to announce that
• their NEW CATALOGUE of STOVE, GREENHOUSE,
Hardy, and TREE FERNS is now ready, and will be forwarded
post free on application.

The Nurseries, Tooting, Surrey, 3.

NEW FERN, SCOLOPENDRIUM VULGARE, var.
COOLINGII,— a dwarf variety between S. Wardii and S.
dlgitatuni, very distinct and beautiful. Nice Plants are now ready
for distribution at 7s. Qd. each,

A Coloured Plato free by post for two stampa.
__ Edwin Cooling, Mile Ash Nurseries, Derby.

Tfo

British Fern Catalogue.

>OBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
S.\} stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 36 pages,
mcludlng prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPI'IVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7,

Foot's Cray Nurserj-, S,E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
worth Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Roses.

HLANE and son beg to call the attention of
• Intondlnc Purchasers to their extonHivo COLLECTION of
ROSES, which "are NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and worthy of
lUspeotioD.

Tho Nurseries, Groat Berk ham pstead, Herta.

At the Old Nurseries, Cheshunt,

PAUL AND SON'S ROSES are NOW FINELY IN
BLOOM. The Show is finer than for many years past.
Frequent trains to Cheshunt, one mile Iroin the Nurseries,
Their largo and varied Collection of HARDY FINE-FOLIAGE
TREES and SHRUBS are in good condition lor selection.

Roses in Bloom.

WM. PAUL'S ROSES are NOW IN FULL
BLOOM. Inspection respectfully Invited. Trains almost
houily from Shorodltch to Waltham Station, Great Eastern Railway.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

Eltham Nursery, S.E.

THE STANDARD R0SK8 at this Nursery, comprising
from 7000 to 1U,000, are NOW In PERFECTION, and may be
seen dally. The Nursery is about one mile from the Eltham Station,
two mile's from the iHackheatli Station, from which an Omnibus
constantly runs. J, W. Toduan — Aug. 3.

Roses.

JOHN CRANSTON haa the pleasure to announce
that his ROSES are NOW IN FULX BLOOM, and that the
whole of his stock is in the finest condition possible.

The severe frosts (which proved so destructive in many parts of
England throughout last mnter) not havmg visited this locality, he
is happy to say that his Roses, Conifers, and other Trees, escaped
entirely unharmed.
Nurseries. King'a Acre, near Hereford.

NEW ROSES for 1867.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with puces, on application.
John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second PMition. By Jofin Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Roses. Hoses, Roses.

PLANTS of all the FINEST VARIETIES in
CULTIVATION will this Autumn be in magniflcent order,
in tho Castle Street Ndbseries, Salisbort.

Tho frost of May 24 destroyed all the blooming buds ; the con-
sequences are that the Plants have produced the most vigorous
growth.

Amateur Rose Growers may insure the finest Plants that can
poaslbly be produced, true to name. CATALOGUES on application.

VINES, from Eyes, the finest in England, 10s. GU. each, in October
next. John Kevnes, Castle Street, Salisbury.

Roses, Orchard Houses, and Experimental Fruit
Tree Culture.

THE NURSERIES at SAWBRIDGEWORTH,
100 Acres in extent, are OPEN to the inspection of Amateurs
Interested in the above.

The Harlow Station (IJ mile distant), G. E. R., where Flys are in
attendance, is the most convenient.

Thos. Rivers & Sos.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASS
ROSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &c., advertised at length in
this Paper In May last.

Pacl s Nurseries, Walthara Cross, London, N.

Variegated Geraniums.

CASBON AND SON hold a large stock of above.
Prices on application.
Gravel Walk Nursery. Peterborough.

IVY-LEAVED PELARGONIUM, L'ELEGANTE.
strong Plants, 3s. Gd. each ; 36a. per dozen.
Larger Plants, 6s. each ; 60s, per dozen.
Usual allowance to the Tride. For description see former
Advertisements. Cash or reference must accompany all orders
from unknown correspondents.

Wm. Cdnninghau, The Forge Nurseries, Burton-on-Trent.

New Zealand Nursery. St. Alban's, Herts.

J WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING PELARGONIUM
• EXCELSIOR, now ready; colour of Indian Yellow; fine
truss, and habit of Lord Palmeraton. Price 5s. each ; 36». per doz.
to the Trade

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1 The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.

Fine New TABLE APPLE. ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe in
April. Plants readyin November, 5s. each ; 3C,>i.perdo2 tothe'Trade
DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

w

ILL! A MS' SDPEKB STKAIN of PKIMULA.

See large Advertisement.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA.— A most superb
strain, and cannot be surpassed, G varieties, mixed, Is. CU. &, 2s. Qd.
per packet. CALCEOLARIA and CINERARIA, extra. Is, & 2s. 6d.
J, Scott. The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula fimbriata.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply NEW SEED of the
above, saved from choicest flowers, in packets. Is,, 2s. 6d., and
6«. each, post free.
Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

INTERNATIONAL PRIZE CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA.— These are unquestionably the
handsomest in cultivation. New Seed now ready, in packets, 2s. tW,
each, free by post.
Edwiw CooLiNo, Seed Merchant, Derby.

CALCEOLARIA, CINERARIA, and PRIMULA
SINENSIS.— Seed of each, from the choicest and most beautiful
flowers, in 2s, 6d and 6s. packets, post free.
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD, or OX CABBAGE,

3s. 6d. per lb. (Seed of Mr. Robinson's own saving.)
DRUMHEAD, or OX CABBAGE (old sort), 2s. per lb.

Together with all other Seeds for present Sowing. Parcels of
two pounds and upwards carriage free,

Jaukb Dickson Sl Sons, "Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

Hardy and Permanent Bedding Plant.

CLEMATIS JACKMANNI, and that type, have proved
themselves to be "the desideratum" for a good violet, blue,
purple, or maroon bed. when pegged down like Verbenaa.

The Advertisers solicit an iuhpection of their CLEMATIS BEDS
that are in FULL BLOOM, and will continue up to the month of
October. Particulars of tre.itraent by applying to

Gko, Jachman & Son, Woking Nursery. Surrey.

To Grape Growers.

TNO. STANDISH will SHOW his NEW GRAPE,

fJ ROYAL ASCOT, again on tho 6th Inst., at tho Fruit Com-
mittee, South Kenaington, where ho will be able to let Qrapa
Growers taste it. Royal Nursery, A.scot.

Vines. Extra Strong from Eyes.

JOHN KELLETT begs to announce that he has a large
and fine stock of all the leading Korl s fit for immediate Planting.
Also all tho best varieties of ROSES, in Pots.

Wollinyton Nursery, Ileaton Chapel ; and Green Lane Nurseries.
Heiton Norrls, Stockport.

INE^PLANTS, FRUTTlNG and SUCCESSION,

very fine, and never had scale. Surplus Stock Cheap.
M. RocoFonD, Market Gardener, Page Green, Tottenham. N,

New Cherry.

CHARLES TURNER bcg^ m announce that the NEW
CHERRY, PROGMORE EARLY BIGARREAU, raised by
Mr, Ingnim, at the Royal Gardens, will be sent out in Autumn next.
For description see Gardeners' Chronicle of July 13. A Drawing is
being prepared by Andrews for distribution.

Tho Royal NvirsL-ries, .Slough.

CHARLES TURNER is now prepared to supply strong
Plants of the best modem kinds, as well as all the leading
established varieties, true to name.

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may be had on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

CUTHILL'S STRAWBERRY PLANTS.— On and
after August 2G, strong, selected for next year's bearing, at the
reduced price ot Gs. ner lOu, each sort {they have lasted in bearing
65 days this year), "Early Black Prince, Early Princess Royal,
Richard II.. Highland Mary, Newton Seedling late. Prince of Wales,
latest of all. Dr. Lindlev never could depend on a crop until he had
my breed. MUSHROOM SPAWN, 6s. per bushel. Five Pamphlets,
&c. Write for a LIST. Post-oltlce orders on Camberwcll Green.
James Cotuill, Denmark Hill, C.imberwulj, S.

TEN THOUSAND FKOCMORE PINE STRAW-
BERUr RUNNERS WANTED.— Price per thousand to
W. G. T. E. Bbeavinoton, Hounslow, W.

Orchard-liouse Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APKICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUM.S, PEARS. APPLE.S, VINES, and FIGS.
RioHAan Smith. Nurseryman aofl Heed Merchant, Worcester.

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the ubovt-, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for Keneral excellence are unsurpassed.
TuoUAs Warneb, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

Vines for Early Forcing.

FAND A. SMITH have strong FRUITING CANES
• of tho above. Prices, with LIST of VARIETIES, on appli-
cation. The Nurseries. Dulwich, S.

Balsams.

FAND A. SMITH beg to announce that their
• uneoualled COLLECTION of the above is NOW in BLOOM,
and will well repay a visit.

The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

Tricolored Geraniums.

FAND A. SMITH will forward by post a COLLEC-
• TION of LEAVES, from their be'autlful TRICOLORED
GERANIUMS, on receipt of Is. 6d. stamps, returnable to purchasers.
The Nurseries, Dulwich, .S.

EVERT GARDEN REQUISITE
kept hi Stock at
Cabteb'b New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom, London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seeo Farmers, Merchants, and Nurserymen,
237 4 238, High Hoiborn, London. W.C.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND i\ SHARPE beg to announce to the Trade
. that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1867 Growth, is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambs.

RAYNBLRD, CALDECOTT, RAWTREE, BOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited,
Corn, Seed, Manure, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C, ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1861t
for Wheat ; 18G2, for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

S"U T T 0~N ' S~R E NT) V A T I N G G R ArSSlE"S"
SHOULD NOW BE SOWN.
6 1b. to 12 lb, required per acre.
Price 10(i, rer lb., or cheaper by the cwt,
Sdtton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Sued Establishment, Reading.

Grass Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

SUTTON'S PEKMANENT GRASS SEEDS
FOR ALL SOILS.
Prices (according to sorts required and aoils for which they are
intended), may be had on application.

Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

ExtrarFine"Quality! ^

COLE SEED, " 1S66 growth," ptr b ishel of 52 lb., Us.;
4 bushels do.. 4(ts New 4-S Sacks. Is. 6d. each.
EARLY SIX-WEEKS' TURNIP. New Seed, very fine, 9d. per lb.

New Bags, Qd. to Od. each.
EXCELLENT CABBAGE SEED. See Catalogue of varieties.
Remittances to accompany Orders.
Fredr, Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower. Biggleswade, Beds.

ROBINSON'S PRIZE DRUMHEAD CABBAGE
PLANTS. 3s. per 1000, of A. Wilein, Tiptree, Kelvedon
Essex. Prepaid orders only attended to.

Turnip Seeds for Present Sowing.

SUTTON AND SONS cau supply NEW SEED of the
BEST KINDS for PRESENT SOWING. PRICED LISTS on
application. All goods carnage free except very small parcels.
SoTTON & Sons. Seed Growers. Reading,

DRUMHEAD CATTLE CABBAGE,
The Heaviest of all Agricdltl-ral Crops.
Thisflhould be Sown in July & August, for Transplanting in the Spring.

SuTTr.N S Sons can suoply— „„ „„ , ^

ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE (the

heaviest known), at 3.f. Gd. per lb.
GOOD DRUMHEAD CABBAGEat2s. 6d. per lb.

ScTToN & Sons, Seed Growers. Reading.

802

THE GArvDENFRS' CERONICLE AISD AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Attgitst 3, 1867.

Caution to Gardeners.— WHen you asK tor

SATNOR AND COOKE'S "WAERANTED PEIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVKS, see that you get them.
Observe the mai'k Savnor, also the corporate mark Obtain
Wakranted, without which none are genuine.

S, & C. reirret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do ao, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s Pruning and Uudding Knives are the nest and tho
cheapest in the market.

Paston Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 125 years.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLING TON and CO.,
87, Biahopsgate Street Without, London, E.G.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Majesty, the Nobihty, Gentry, Mr. Rivers, and the leading Horti-
culturists of the United Kingdom.

in. In,
20 by 12
20- ■-
20
20
20

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.
4ths.

uy 1^,

by 13 ; f 15 02.

by 14 VPer 100 feet.^

by 16 I (.21 oz.

bylO-"

10s Cd

3rds, i 2nd3.
15s6d'l8s6d
22s2d 2oB6d

Best.

In.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 feet,
in. (in. in.iin. in. iin. in. [ 4ths. i 3ds. I 2nd8. i Best.
lilltil 'nil ii\ «b^ 6,1 ?,S^ ?j|l2s3.|l3.3.1l0«048s0ci
Per 100 feet.

10 by 8 112 by 0
10iby8! 12Sby 91

11 byO 13 by 9
Iliby0jll2 by 10

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

13s 3ci

14s6d 17s3(J

19s 0l«

In. in. I in. in
16i by lOi 14 by 12

16 by 10
141 by 111
16 by 11
151 by Hi
16 by 11
21 by 11
13 bv 12

141 by 121
16 by 12
161 by 121

16 by 12
161 by 12!

17 by 13

18 by 12

22 by 12

17 by 13

23 by 13

18 by 14
22 by 14

24 by 14
22 by 15
24 by 15

14e3i!

15s 6ii

18s 6i2

20s Od

22 by 10
24 by 16
20 by 17
22 by 17
24 by 17
20 by 18
22 by 18
24 by 18
The above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.
SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets -for Cutting up, averaging firom 6 to 9 feet super.

4ths.

3ds.

Best

21 oz.
4tbs quality, per 200 feet case, 383.
3d3 „ „ 48.5.

2d3 „ „ 663.

Best „ „ 963.

16 oz.
4th3 quality, per 300 feet case, 38s.
3dB „ „ 48s.

2ds „ „ 628.

Best „ „ 928.

SHEET GLASS is made only in the foUowing substances, 15 oz.,
21 oz., 26 oz., 32 oz., 36 oz., and 42 oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE In
l-8th in., 3-16tbin., l-4thin., and 3-8thin. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &c.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per cwt. Tbis Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists tlae weather, and is free firom the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a atone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 30s. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, witli three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and siK gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Pamt.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 288. to 34s. per cwt.
Anti-coiTOSion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone. Compo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon.

Per cwt — s. d.
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, 3rf. to Aid. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.

to i\d. per lb.
„ RAW UMBEK. 4!(i. to
6d. per lb. [per lb.
„ BURNT do., 6(7. to 9i!.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to 60 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 30 0
RED PAINT . . 28s. to 36 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon 3.

LINSEED OIL .. ..3
BOILED OIL .. ..3

TURPENTINE .. ..3
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to 9s. per civt.

Elne OAK VARNlSH,10.».tol2

„ CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14

„ PAPER do. 10s. to 12

COPAL 16

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE . . 10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0

GLAZIER'S DLVMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
'OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
exchange.

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

Glass for Garden Purposes.
AMES PHILLIPS and CO.
beg to submit their REDUCED PRICES as follows :—

PROPAGATINQ

GI^SSES.

Eaoh.-
2 inches In diameter

12 inolioB in diameter

rf. Each.-

0 31 ""

0 41

0 61

0 iCl

« „ >, ..0 8

7 ,. „ ..0 10

8 „ „ ..10

9 „ „ ..12

10 „ „ ..14 20 ,. ;; .,7 0

11 „ ,. .. 1 "

HYACINTH and PLOWER DISHES.

6 inches diameter . . . . Is. Od. j 9 inches diameter , . ..10

12 inches diameter . . . . 2s. 6d.

Hyacinth Dishes are intended to contain a number of Roots

Bedded in and covered with Moss, instead of the common Hyacmth

Glass.

LACTOMETERS, for Testing the Quality of Milk.

Four Tubes . . . .__4s. Gd. I Six Tubes . . . . Os. ^.

ndi

With Stands complete.

WITH
OPEN TOPS,

GIVE ME WATEE, or I DIE!
droopingly speak the FLOWERS.
OH! SAVE ME I SAVE ME I by RAIN-LIKE SHOWERS
through INDIA-RUBBER HOSE and ROSE.

Illustrated Price Lists of Sheath BaoTHEiis, Gutta Percba. India
Rubber, Garden Engines, Pump, and General Manufacturers,
89, City Road, E.C.

ET, AKCHEE'S "FRIGI D 0 M 0."—
• Patronised by her Majesty the Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindloy for the Horticultural Society,
and Sir Joseph IPaxton for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological
Society, &c.

PROTECTION from the SCORCHING RAYS of the SUN.
" FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepared
Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor of beat or cold, keeping a
fixed temperature where it is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-
cultural and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and
Flowers from the Scorching Rays of the Sun, from Wind, from
Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any
required lengths.
" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING, 2 yards wide. Is. ed. per yard run.
"FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide Is. 9d. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. Od, per yard.

An improved m.ake, 2 yards wide . . Is. 9d. per yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2^. 8d. per yard run.
Elisha 'Thomas Archer, Whole and Sole Manuliicturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all Nmserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

*' It is much cheaper than Mats as a covering."

AUSTIN'S AETIFICIAL STONE, Imvented 1S26.
The entire Stock of tills Manufactory compi-ises
180 diflerent MODELS of VASES.
70 different MODELS ot TAZZAS.
About 200 different FOUNTAINS.
74 STATUES from the Antique, and by Modem Artists, and

SMALL FIGURES of CHILDREN.
22 SUN-DIAL PEDESTALS.
GARDEN SEATS.

15 BASKETS, from 123. to Seven Guineas.
SHELLS, suitable either for WATER or ROCK PLANTS,

from 18 inches to 12 feet diameter.
JARDINIERES, or large BOWLS for MASSES of FLOV/ERS.
63 FIGURES of AN IMALS and BIRDS.
ORNAMENTAL RIMS to WATER BASINS.
34 BAPTISMAL FONTS.

CRESTS and other ORNAMENTS tor GATE PIERS.
BALUSTRADING, in various styles.
TRIPOD, and other ANTIQUE PEDESTALS.
Manufactured by Austin, Seelev, & Co., at Nos. 309 to 375, Euaton
Road, Regent's Park, N.W.

G

AEDEN BOEDEE EDGING TILES, in great

variety of pattertiB and materials, tbe plaioer sorts being
especially suited lor KITCHiiN GARDENS, as
they harboui- no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incui' no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgmgs, con-
sequently bemg much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., in Arti-
ficial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

E. & G. "RosHKR, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blacbfriars, S, ; Queen's Road West,
Cuelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingaland, N.E.

Sole London Agents for EOXLErti PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corridors, Balconies, &c., as cheap .and dm-able aa
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a .variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS oJ more enriched designs
than the above.

"WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ringcs, Baths, &,c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

ijricks of gieat durability, Dutch and Ad.imantine OUiikers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Ro8H£r, at their premises as above.

SILVEU SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at tlie tibore
addresses— 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3(i. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
tor delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

PLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. & G. RosHER.— Addresses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

Painted and Glazed with 16-oz. Sheet Glass.

London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S FAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes
BRITISH PLATE. PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE. CROWN
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manutaoture, at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillip^ & Co., 180, Bishopsgate Street Without, E.C.

WE have TRIED it on KUSES affected with
Mildew, Calceolarias covered with Green Ply, and Aucubas
and Oleanders inl'eated with Scale, and we have much pleasure in
stating the plants are now perfectly clean and healthy.

" Wm. Wood & Son, Mareafleld."
" Messrs. G. &. T. Fowler, Brighton."

PERFECT FREEDOM from INSECTS, and, in
many inetances, more healtliy verdure and foliage.

"Geo. Quelch, Brighton."
*' Messrs. G. & T. FowLEit, Brighton.-'*

I "WASHED an ORANGE TREE that was Infested
with the Mealy Bug, and on examming the plant after, I could
not find a single insect. " D. Walb.eb,

" Gardener to H. Reed, Esq-, Tunbridge Wells."
"Messrs. G. &T. Fowler, Brighton."

Fowler's Gardener's Insecticide,

To which the above Testmionials refer, possesses all tte requisite
essentials of a complete remedy for thoroughly and effectually
destroying and preventing, as it kills both Insects and Ova. It is
perfectly safe, for it will not injure the foliage of the most delicate
Plant, It is most easily applied, bemg at one strength — 4 ozs. to
a gallon of water — suitable for all Insects and all "Plants. Will
strengthen and invigorate Plants, and improve the appearance ol
Foliage.

In Jars with direction. Price Is. 6d., 3s., 6s. Od. and 10s. May be
had of all Seedsmen, Nurserymen, Florists, and Chemists ; or of the
Manufacturers, G. & T. Fowler, North Street, Brighton.

P.S.— London Agents : Hooper & Co., Covent Garden, W.C.

GI S H r R S T
COMPOUND.
Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1859, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thnps,
Green Fly, and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to IG ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
-many preparations intended to
supei-sede it.

Sold Retsnl hy Seedsmen, in
boxes, Is., 3s., and lOfl. Get.

Seed of Cliolce Strains of Florists* Flowers.

The following selected Strains are worthy of tho notice of all
growers of the moat useful conservatory decorative flowers.

WILLIAMS' SUPERB STRAIN of PRIMULA.

"D S. "WILLIAMS can with confidence offer his

"^"^ • superb Strain of Primula as being undoubtedly the finest in
cultivation. It is now grown in all the principal Gardens of the
Nobility and Gentry throughout the Three Kingdoms, and has never
failed to give the greatest satisfaction.

In habit the plants are very robust, and in the foliage differ from
aU other varieties ; but their great beauty consists in the depth of
colour m the Red, purity of the White, and beautiful fimbriated
form of all the flowers, which are thrown up in large trusses well
above the foliage.

As a proof ot the truth of the above remarks, this Strain has i
taken 1st Prizes in every instance that it has been shown in the '
Provinces this Spring ; and 1st Prize at the Primula Show of the !
Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington; and 1st at the I
Royal Botanic, Regent's Park. It is also the favourite Strain in the
Covent Garden Flower Market.

This Strain may be procured True, In Sealed Packets bearing
B. S. Williams' Name and Address, from any Seedsman; but
B. S. W. particularly requests that Customers will observe, on
purchasing, that each Packet has his Name and Address in Ml
printed thereon, as no others are genuine.

The Trade supplied on advantageous terms.

Perpkt. 8. d.
Bstail price, RED . . .. 5 OJ

, 2 6

WHITE ..5 0

Retail price, MIXED, per packet, 23. 6d.

Per pkt. s.

RetaU price, WHITE ..3 6

„ „ ..2 6

„ MIXED ..6 0

WEATHERHILL'S EXTRA CHOICE STRAIN OF CINERARIA,
B. S. W. has purchased the entire Stock and right of Sale of thia«
Magnificent Strain. Many of the flowers produced by this seed lost'
season were as large as a crown-piece. This strain is well known in
the London Flower Market, and is the most popular one there, a
sufficient guarantee that its qualities are good.

Retail price per pkt, 6s. Ort. | Retail price per pkt., 3s. Gd,
RetaU price per pkt 2s 6d.

JAMES'S HERBACEOUS CALCEOLARIAS.— The varieties that
took the First Prize at the International Horticultural Exhibition
last May were of this noted strain.

Retail price per pkt. 6s. Qd. \ Retail price perpkt., 3s. Gd.

Retail price per pkt 2s. Gd.

All FLOWER SEEDS in packets, Post free

B. S, WiLLiAsja* Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway
London, N.

Early Spring Feed, Trifolium

Incarnatum.

Q TJ T T 0 N V&

O ITALIAN RYE-GRASS.

NEW LATE RED TRIFOLIUM,
NEW LATE WHITE TRIFOLIUM!.

These are invaluable .irticles for earlj
Spring Feed, either grown separately oi
together. The proper quantity of Italiar
Rye-giftss, if sown alone, is 3 bushels pei
acre, or if Trifolium alone, 28 lbs. per acre.

The New Seed is now being harvested
and we shall be pleased to send sample*
and lowest prices per quarter and cwt. oi
application. Also MOSTARD and RAPE
New Seed.

All goods carriage free, except very smal
parcels.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

To Noblemen, Gentlemen, Nurserymen, &c.

Important Sale without Reserve.

J AS. GARAWAY and CO., Durdham Down Nurseries.
Bristol, beg to announce that in consequence of the approachinf
Expiration of the Lease of the above-mentioned old-established anc
well-known Nurseries, their ENTIRE STOCK of STOVE, GREEN'
HOUSE PLANTS, FERNS, &c., comprising a fine Collection o:
full-sized, half, and quarter specimen HE4THS, AZALEAS
CAMELLIAS, ORANGES, &c., and their splendid stock oi
AMARYLLIS, the largest and most varied in England, consisting
of all the best named sorts ; and manv Hundreds of FLOWEKING
BULBS of splendid unnamed HY'BRIDS, will be SOLD bj
AUCTION on the Premises (unless the whole or any portion shouk
in the meantime be Disposed of by Private Contract), on MONDAY,
August 19, and following days.

CATALOGUES will be ready a fortnight previous to the Sale
and will be forwarded post free on application.

The whole of the Plants are now lotted, and can be viewed any
time between 6 A.M. and 8 P.M. , „„ . *-ii

Jas. Caraway & Co.'s Lease expires in the Sprmg of 1869. and tin
then Business will be carried on at the present Address as usual. i
Jas. Garawav & Co., Durdham Down Nurseries, Bristol. i

FIBROUS PEAT of first-class quality for Orohiaa,
Heaths, American Plants, and all potting pm-posea, mayba
obtained by application to Mr. Thomas Jessop, Famingham Wood,
near Famingham Station, Kent. It is dispatched by the London,
Chatham, and Dover Railway in trucks of 16 yards, to most Stations
in the Kingdom, or fetched in carts from the wood. It is extensively
used and appreciated in the principal Nm-series.and in the Ros^i
Parka and Gardens. Price 68. per ciibic yard, at iarningham Station,

Red
'Spider

Mugnl-
fied.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

{Limited).

COCOA-KUT KlilPUSE
is becoming soahof, thi
old reserves will soon be gone
Now sold to bags, 1 for 23., 10 fo j
16s., 20 for SOs., -60 for 66«.^ !«
for £6. I

Fourpenoe allowed tor eaot|
bag returned carriage-pRid. l

ABaUway Truck-load tnot ii
bags), 40«. I

Postage Stamps or Poflt-offlo
Order, payable to J. Barsham \
qq^ KingBton-on-Thames, S-W,

Important to norists and HorticaLturists.

PnitrFV'R TOBACCO POWUJixt
pre"p»!;d^uLritl.ori Of tiSHON. BOAED ot^SIOM^
can now be obtamed of Seedsmen, Nurserymen, &c., in ims.

Prices Is 23 6d.,andos. ,

Wiolesale liom the Bonded Miiutictory, Si^ssx Wtarf, WappinB, I
Office, 60, Ljmo Street, London, i.t-.

AtJGTJST 3, 1867.J

THE GAr.DENKPvS' CnP.ONTOT.E AND AfimCTTLTTOAL GAZETTE.

803

New Verbenas of 1867.

DREGHOllN AND AITKKN have now a large stock
or the above, contfttnlng oil the finest s.-rtB sent out hy Turner.
rCeynes Low, Huudorson, &c., and beg to ofler them us follows, In
itrong, hoii I th V, wel I- rooted i'lan t3 :—

21 Vnriotios for 108. | 12 Vftriotios for 5s.

Safely pnckoJ and dellvorod free of cm-iago to any part of Oront
Jrltaln or Uolaud.

The Nursoriew, Kilmarnock, N.B.

Roses, Roses.

ROSES, on own roots uiid in pots, grown on
now, will flower indoors next spring, viz. :—
C CHOICE TEAS I 3 CHOICE BOURBONS

3 " NOISETTES ] •£ „ CHINAS
The Collection of 20 distinct and flrst-chiss sorta
for 20s.

PoBt-oftlca Oi-dorB on Caatlo Iledlnghain.

DlLLiaiONK Si WOODTIIOUPE,

Munro Nursery, Slble Tledlnnhiira. Easox.

UlCOLOK GERANIUMS,

Ac— Partioa not possessing the

I I following, should order them at or,ce;~

Prico of the Collection, £1 U, ; or any

Six nmy bo solcoted for \Gs.
EDWINIA FITZPATRICK
BEAUTY of GUESTWICK
TWILIGHT
VARIEGATED QUEEN of

NOSEGAYS
MRS. P. .T. PERRY
PRESIHENT LINCOLN
SCKflRE irOR
ITALIA UNI'l'A
Mils. MAXWELL HUTTON
CRYSTAL PALACE GEM

TRICULUR-LEAVED & other IVIES.
— 12 of the I'lnust and luoBt besiubiful
Ivies in cultivation, iu 12 distinct
sorts, for Ifc.

Post-offlce orders on Castle Hcdinghani.
A M-pnge CATALOGUE of CHOICE

NEW PLANTS free for one stamp.
XE At WooDTHonrE, Munro Nursery, Sible nedingbam, Essex.

TAMES CAKTER and CO. bog to annnunoe th.^t Ihoy
are nowaondlnp nut tholr unnvalled Strains of CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, whiob, fur ilneneaa of form uud
beavity of colour cannot bo surpiussod.

CALCKOLARIA, saved ftoni the llneat I'rizo varletleo.

CINEIIAKIA, .saved IVoin the llnest named varieties.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, diirk carmlno and pure
white, saved from the fluoat fringed varieties In cultivation. Price,
ench packet, is. Ocl., forwarded on receipt of Post-office Order for
the amount.

flR5* PRICE LISTS gratis and Post free on .application to CAnTK.n's
Greal Loudon Seed Warehouae, ii37 & ii3a, High Ilolborn. London.W.C.

~ T^kTaTs S E E D S for

^^ PERilAKENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
flcieutiflo system.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains llluatra-
tiona and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Pernianout Pasture.

J. C. WnEELER Sc Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agi'icultural Society.

LADY CULLUM, TRICOLOR GERANIUM,

IS NOW OrPEEIB IN ESTABLISHED PLANTS AT

15s. and 21s. each ; extra size, 31s. 6d. and 42s.

Superb New Late Grape, MrB. Flnce's Black Muscat.

IUCUMUK, I'lNCK, AND UO. Ihk tu Uitm'k lliinr very
_i immorous supiKiitcrrt, iind u> nironii thoiii ttint thoy com-
menced RoudtnK out tliu VIN KfS of tblR hploiidld Gmpo on Aiigiwt 1.
Ordoi-H il'Huiit, now, will be oxeciitod in HCrlet rotation.

Thuir NI';W GLOXL-NIAH imd ACHIMKNKH, which wore sent
out at the yanio time, are a BiKbt worth BOOhig ; the I'ubllo uro
earnestly Uivltotl to an InuiJoctloii. .„,„,.

Tlicv also boK to call attention to tholr magnlflceut Stook of
CUNlFKllS and otlior OUNAMICNTAL TBEHS and HIIKUBB.
.Sncli specimens are not to be seen In any other Nursery In tho
world ; and from the tact of their havinR boon yearly transplantod,
they can bo moved with safety to anv dlstauco.

Ij I' A Co, ben to Inlorm tholr CustomorB that tholr prices will
he foiuid very roasijiiable indeed. Plants may bo murkou now, and
removed at any time to suit the piirch.-uier.

Their snow of HARK EXOTIC PLANTS at this time 1b really
splendid. Exoter Nursery, Exeter.

rpHE ROYALIqOUQUET, BKOMl'TON MAJOil

X. STOCK, in three distinct colourn, viz.. Scarlet, White, and
Purple Is exceedingly double, and produces Immense llnwers and
extraordinary large soikes of bloom. Tho prosenl is the oropor
season lor soilng ft to^loom next Spring. Tho Undorsignod Laving
nurohaeod tho entire stook of Seed of the abovo, oiirolVilly saved by
an eiuiuent grower, begs to offer it in packets at Is. each colour, or
the throe colours for 2». ll((., free by post. Hoinlttanco in stampa.
Apply to F. W. EvA.vs, Ulli, Old Kent Road, Loudon, b.il..

ALADIUiMS,"CALA.DIUMS.— Tho following 12, iu

strong Plants, package Included, for Us., viz. ;-Two Mirablo,
two Wightil, one each Uelloyraol, Newmanil, Argyrltas, Gigantoa
violacoa, liicolor splendens, Amabilis, Ricolor. Chantinll.

ECKFOfiD-S Six NEW VERIJENjVS of 1S07 at U

Post Oface Orders accompanying orders payable at Ro.ston Spa,

J. C. Paduai*, Providence Nursery, liostou Spa, lorkshu-e.

ROBEllT PARKER begs to oflcr the following (.ill
tho Plants are strong and healthy, and can bo iupplled In
quantities) : —

PANSY CLIVET5EN BLUE, fis. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN PURPLE, lis. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN YELLOW, (is. per dozen.
rOLEMONtUM CtERULEUM VARIEGATUM, 2«. (ki. each.
RHOL'OUENDRON COUNTESS of IIAUDINUTON, 3s. till, each,
TRProMA GKANIJIS. 18s. per dozen.
TRITOMA UVARIA OLAUCESCENS, 12s. per dozea.
VIOLA CORNUTA, best variety, 48. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE UES VIOLETS, Us. per dozen.
VIOLET THE CZAR. 63. per dozen. [por PJ^k^^''

PRIMULA SINENSIS FI.MBRIATA, finest mixed seed, 2s.6d.
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of AGKICUL-
TURAL, FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, OREENHOUbE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and wiU bo for-
warded free to applieants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

G. HENDEESON and SON, WELLINGTON NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, N.W.

NEW ROSES FOR 1868.

MESSRS. JOHN & CHARLES LEE

HAVE PURCHASED THE STOCKS OF

THE TWO FINEST NEW ROSES

\\ Idcii have been exliibitcd ou tho Contuieut this season, and hope to exhibit them in London iu June next,
that the Public may judge of their merits before* they are sent out.

lEMENCE RAOUX (Grakger).— Blusti, edged and spotted rose,
of lirge size and pcrfeet form ; petals stout and very enduring ;
habit erect and vigorous.

Gold Mfdal awarded at the Great Rose Show at Rrie Comte
Robert in July.

EDWARD MORREN (Qrangeii).— Mens. Margottin thus describes

this splendid Rose : — " It is in the way of Jules Margnttin, but of a

more delicatecolour, of better forui, more double, andmuch larger."

FiKST Prize awarded at the Exposition Uuiveiselle in Paris

in July.

TO BE SENT OUT IN THE AUTUMN OF 1868.

ROYAL VINEYARD KURSERY and SEED ESTABLISHMENT, HAMMERSMITH, W.

iDlS-j

NEW PLANTS.

WILLIAM ROLLISSON & SONS

HATE GREAT PLEASURE IN OPFEKINO TO THE NOBILITY, GENTRY, AND THE TRADE THE POLLOWING

EW PLANTS, WHICH ARE NOW READY FOR DISTRIBUTION;

And feel aasuxetl, from their superior qualities, they will give entire a.itisfaction ; —

Winter Cuoumbers. , „ ^

ROLLISSON'S TELIiGRAPH CUCUMBEE, the Beat
Winter and Early Spring variety in cultivation, an immense and

certain cropper We with reiuctanco bave to state that some p,artie8

have been supplying a spurious variety for the above ; purchasers
should have a guarantee of its being true, or they may fail in their
crop. There are several varieties of Telegraph Cucumber In culti-
vation, but in no way equal to the abovo.

In printed sealed packets, with description, 2.s. m. each.
PRIMULA and CINERARIA, new seed, from tho finest varieties
in cultivation. Packets, '2s. M. each.

W. RoLLissoH & Sons, The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.

EALING, ACTON, .-ind HANWBLL HOKTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.
Fregidmt—Ihe Right Hon. S. H. W41.P01.E, M.P.
Vice-President — Baron Lionel nE RoxusoaiLO, M.P.

The above Sooietv h,a3 been established for the Porpose of holdinp
an ANNUAL EXHIBITION of FLOWERS, PLANTS, PRUIf,
and VEGETABLES, at which Prizes will be awarded in three dis.
tinct Classes, viz.. Cottagers, Uentlemon's Gardeners, and Amateuis.

An Annual Subscription of not less than Half-a-Gulnoa will entitle
the Subscriber to become a Member of the Society, and to two
Tickets of Admission to the Exhibition, and to two lickets lor
every additional Subscription of Half a Guinoa. ,_..,,.,,

The THIRD EXHIBITION of tho Society will bo held, by tho
kind permission of H. B- Walmsioy, Esq., in his Orouiids Tho Elms,
Aotoi., 00 THURSDAY, August 29. Tho Band ol tho Victoria
R V C, under tho direction ot Mr. Sibold, will attend.

Schedule of Prizes and Form of Application to bo made by
intending Exhibitors mav bo had of the Honorary Secretary.

Admission ;— By Member's Ticket from 13 0 Clock. Tickets, 11
burchasod the day before the Eshibition takes place, 2s. ■ if on the
day 3s., to admit at 12 o'clock ; Is. each if purchased tho day before,
and Is. M. if on the day, to admit at 2 o'clock ; alter 4 o Clock, M.
on the day, and if purchased the day before, 2d.

Tickets can bo purchased at Mr. Aowoain s, Ealing; of Mr.
Bdnnet, Acton ; and of Mr. H. C»bteb, Hanwell,

EnwAKD WEtTgEBLT, Hon. Soc, 2, Smgaporo Villas, Ealing, W.

■-&

Pi

Ixora princeps.

,^J8 really handsome Ixora is from Java, the native-home of many

ner fine species. Cultivators may remember that we w-re the

[tunate Importers of Ixora javanica, I. amboynensis, and I. auran-

ha, three plants of sterling merit, and which still hold their posi-

1 as firat-class plants Jit the different Horticultural Exhibitions.

, Ji I. princeps is not only dissimilar to the above-named, but

lerior to them, as the following remarks will show.

" he foliage differs in being of a much stronger texture, and is-from

) 7 inches loog and 2 inches wide, slightLv undulated on tho

."gin, and intermediate between that ot 1. GfifHthii and I. auran-

i. The flowers are borne in the greatest profusion, opening of a

buft and changing to a deep reddish orange, longer in the tube

a most others. For Eshihition purposes it will prove to be a

it of ftrst-class excellence, and wUile some of the recently intro-

jed Stove Plants are not likely to bo permanently cultivated, a

1 Ixora is always beautiful.

8 the Stock of the above is very limited, those who msh to secure
Vjats should order at once. Plants now ready, price iis. each.

Hypericum salicifolium

I a compact-Rrowing, free-blooming Evergreen Shrub, recently
lorted from Shanghai, and very suitable fur the Conservatory or
^enhouse, the golden cup-like Bowers being very effective. The
'es are from 3 to 4 inches long, by 1 iuch broad, entire and smooth
'-heir margins, and thickly set on the steins, which are red. The
'ers are of a golden yellow, about 2 inches over, and produced In
« tinlnal bunchtis on every shoot, during the summer months. Good
low flrwering plants not being over numerous for Conservatory
|oratiOD, the above is a welcome addition to this class of plants.
yiowerJng Plants in Bud now ready. Price 10s. Qd. each.

Achimenes Gibsoni

^aflne and distinct hybrid, raised by us. The flowers are of a
aly mauve, fringed on the margins of the petals in the way of the
" Muitiflora," the tube white outside and stained with light
ander blue towards the base ; tho Inside is white, beautii'ully
ckled with llfjht blue and yellow, and about 1^ inch long, and

I 'face of the flower about 2 inches over.
'he foljugo is ovate-lanceolate, IJ inch across, by 4 inches long,

I'e-Rreon, with the ribs of a dark red, robust in habit, and a

I XttHo bloomer.

Good Flowering Plants now ready. Price Ids. Gd.

Cereus crenatus sanguineus.

This superb hybrid was raised from the C. crenatus fertilised with
the C. speciosissimus, by a cultivator of great experience in this
showy class of plants. Most persons will remember the introduction
of the C. crenatus with its long tubular creamy white flowers and flat
stems, and as this possessed novelty of form, but was comparatively
olourles.'i, It was thought that if tho glowing colours of the
C. speciosissimus could be imported to it, a decided advantage would
be gained for the present subject ; the idea has been acted upon, and
this splendid hybrid i.s the result. In its mode of growth and
flowering the plant is like C. crenatus, but has the colour of
C. speciosissimus; the stems are broad, flat, and spineless, the flower
tubes 7 to 8 inches long and 6 inches across the mouth, and of a rich
glowing cnmson, producing, when iu flower, a most gorgeous effect.
Nice Plants now ready, price 21a.

Erica tubeeformis.

A very showy hybrid, raised between E. aristata major and
E. MoXabiana rosea ; in colour it resembles E. aristata, being of
deep glossy red. but has the free habit of E. McNabiana rosea ; the
flowers are abundantly produced, from 8 to 14 in each head ; the
divisions of the corolla are white, with a deep stain of rose on the
centre of each. It will make an excellent Exhibition Heath for May.
Good plants in 43-3ized pots now ready. Price 21.>;. each.

New Bedding Pelargonium Artemus "Ward.

A vcrv effective variety for bedding ; raised at the Tooting Nursery.
In some respects it resembles Luna, so much used at Battersea
Park, but is far superior to it. The flowers are of a bright crimson,
but as the plant is chiefty deairable for its cooapjcuous loliage. these
are of secondary importance. The leaves are broadly zoned with
bright reddish brown and deep chocolate, and within the zone flaked
with yellow and green, the outer margin being similarly coloured.
It produces a striking effect when looked upon in a mass, and is also
equally well adapted for edgings ; it also bears the sun well, and the
more it is exposed tho more intense the colours.

Good plants now ready, price lO*. 6ti. each.

State of the Crops. 1867. ,^^rnrTr

THE GARDENERS' CHROMICLE and AGRICUL-
TURAL GAZETTE of AUGUST 17 will contain a detailed
account of tho CONDITION of tho CHOPS throuRhout the Country.
A Copy of this Number sent on receipt of Six Stamps, or may be
ordered of any News Agent.
Office for Advertisements, 41, "Wellington Street, Strand, Londor.

SATURDAY, AUGUST 3, 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

( Royal Horticultural (Fruit and Floral
ToESDAT, Aug. fl< Committees), :it South Kensmgton ..11a.m.
iDitto Cacientilic Discussion) ., .. ap.u.

1^" Tlu usual Discount to the Trade.
THE NURSERIES, TOOTING, SURREY, S.

We have from time to time mentioned
various curious instances of Sports obtained by
the agency of GRAPimo or otherwise, and hay.e
now to dii'ect attention to two other instances
recorded in the pages of the " Gardeners'
Monthly," an American contemporary.

In the first of these cases it appears that a
scion of a Pear had been grafted on a stock of
the Mountain Ash, and according to the descrip-
tion and sketch given, the tree had grown on
and attained a considerable size, though its age
is not mentioned. In the course of time a Pear
shoot made its appearance on the Mountain Ash
stock, several (7) inches below the point at which
the union of the graft -with the stock had taken
place. The existence of this unusual growth as
described, appears to be sufficiently authenti-
cated ; and seems to point to some commingling
in the stem of the Mountain Ash of the qualities
of both stock and graft, in which those of the
latter ultimately prevailed, and became elimi-
nated, so as to be able to bui'st forth and set
themselves free in the form of a bud, giving
origin to a genuine Pear shoot.
The second instance alluded to in the work

II

804

THE GAEDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTTJEAL GAZETTE.

[August 3, 1867.

above quoted is the case of a WUlow, and is of a
different character. It is not mentioned that
this tree, which was a specimen of the curled-
leayed Weeping Willow, (Salix babylonica annu-
laris,) was grafted; but when it had attained
some 20 years of age, a strong and vigorous
shoot of the common Weeping Willow was
observed to push out from near its top. Here
it would seem probable that the germ cell had
been floating, so to speak, in the trunk of the
cuxled-leaved WUlow for many years, perhaps
from the time of the origination of the variety,
until at length set free by some agency which
we cannot explain. The case is, however, analo-
gous to those of the reversions we frequently see
among such plants as Pelargoniums, where a
shoot runs back to the original type fi-om which
the variegated form had at a former date been
evolved. In the case, however, of a woody and
enduring tree, so generally constant as this
WiUow, it might have been supposed that the
characteristic deviation from the normal con-
dition would have become more completely fixed
than in the more rapid growing Pelargonium ;
and the ultimate elimination, so to speak, of the
parental elements, which resulted in the forma-
tion of a bud of the common Weeping WUlow,
would therefore be all the less looked for.

Some time since we also quoted from the Nova
Scotian Journal of Agriculture an account of
three Apples growing on one twig, two of which
had all the characteristics of the Pound Sweet,
while the third was a small Eusset Apple, quite
different from the Pound Sweet in every par-
ticular. In a recent number of the same Journal
the Editor reverts to this dimorphic Apple, and
also to some remarks of our own on the subject,
in the following terms, which we here quote : —

" It is obvious that in certain cases, rare though
they be, the stock does exercise an obvious influence
upon the graft. This much being ascertained, the real
point to be determined is, how is this influence to be
accounted for. The prevailing notion appears to be
that such sports are produced by certain cells of the
stock and of the graft having become divided, and
reuniting as graft-cells. This hypothesis supposes that
such a union-cell will have the power of originating
half-and-half cells like itself. We doubt very much
whether a half-cell, or a cell whose membrane has been
ruptured, has any farther power of development. In
the ordinary process of union between a graft and a
stock, it is seen that this union is brought about, not
by the union of half cells to half cells, but by the
cohesion of one cell to another, which results from the
passage of sap from the one to the other thi'ough their
membranes, and the consequent formation in actual
contact of new cells and of intercellular substance.
Several years ago we had an opportunity of examining
carefully under the microscope the grafted portions of
a large number of Coniferai that had died in the
Edinburgh nurseries and gardens, and [as the disc-
bearing wood-cells of these plants are remarkably
characteristic, and difier widely in different species,
they aflTorded excellent material for such an investiga-
tion. In every case the wood-cells of the graft and
stock were clearly defined, and did not commingle to
any great extent. Yet where there is a cavity under
the bark of the scion, the wood-cells of the stock will
run up to fill it, and vice versa. In Apple grafting the
spongy surface of the scion accommodating itself in its
increase to the space allowed it in the cleft of the
stock, shows this very well, even to the naked eye.
Now it is not at all improbable that the young wood of
the stock may sometimes run up in a more or less
perfect cylinder surrounding the young wood of the
graft, or a few fibres may run up in this manner and
become mixed with the newly formed wood of the
graft. A few wood-cells straying in this way from the
stock might in time reach even the topmost branches,
and would be apt to give out here and there a bud
which would present, not the foliage and flowers and
fruit of the graft, but of the slock. After carefully
considering the whole subject, in view of all the facts
that are known, we offer this explanation as the one
least liable to objection, and which seems to be more in
accordance with the known facts of vegetable phy-
siology than some others that have been brought
forward."

These and other instances of a similar aberrant
character which from time to time transpii-e, and
chiefly amongst cultivated plants, show unmis-
takeably the extreme plasticity of plant life ; and
we may perhaps be not far wrong in deducing
from them this conclusion, that change in almost
any direction and to any extent is possible under
the guiding hand of the cultivator, who is often
enabled to giyea strongimpetustomere indications
of change in a particular dii-ection, such as
would in all probability die out were they not
helped forward by his fostering assistance. We
are not sure that something of this sort would
not have happened in the case of most of our
numerous and now favourite variegated plants,
if they had not been petted by the cultivator,
and perpetuated by his aid ; but once taken in
hand by him, and through his assistance made
the progenitors of others, the tainted blood, so

to speak, is pretty sure to break out, and some-
times in an apparently capricious manner, in the
progeny.

The effects of the exceptionally severe tkost
of the LAST WINTER Can only by this time be
fuUy appreciated. Many plants which at an
earlier period seemed hopelessly dead have never-
theless managed to survive, whilst others have
struggled on for a while, but have ultimately
succumbed. We deem, then, the present to be
an opportune moment for requesting our corres-
pondents to be so good as to supplement their
former observations on this subject by such
additional information as they may kindly be
able to communicate. It appears to us that, in
time, from the comparison of numerous records
of this nature, it may be possible to pick out a
few " test-plants " which wQl show the effects
of any particular frost at least as well as any
thermometer can show its degree of intensity.
There are some plants which in all situations, and
apparently under all circumstances, resist frost,
however severe ; others succumb at some places,
while elsewhere, even with a lower temperature, no
ill effect is produced. Pacts of this kind, dependent
on exposure, soil, or individual peculiarities of
particular plants, are familiar to every gardener ;
and we believe that if such facts were duly
recorded, we should be able to fix upon the
"mean capabilities" of various localities for
growing certain plants with more precision
than we could by a study of the climatal
phenomena alone. The data would be taken
from the living organisms, not from the inert
mercury or spirit. We are, of course, fully aware
of the difficulty of the task. Circumstances are
so different and so variable, that the means of
instituting an accurate comparison are at present
slight ; sUght as they are, however, we think
them fuUy as trustworthy as are the data
fui'nished by meteorological instruments in the
hands of amateur meteorologists. With a few
notable exceptions, the meteorological records in
the columns of the public journals are of little or
no use for scientific purposes. Either the instru-
ments are not perfect, or they have not been
accurately tested and corrected by comparison
with standards, or the observer is not sufficiently
skilled in the use of his apparatus, or from what-
ever cause, the fact remains the same, that the
majority of the meteorological records made in
private establishments are all but valueless for
practical purposes. Gardeners, who cannot
from the pressure of other avocations be expected
to become expert meteorologists, may, however,
by the careful observation of their living thermo-
meters— the plants imder their charge, arrive at
an estimate of the climate of their garden, an
estimate which, for cultural purposes, will be
found practically more valuable than any record
of mean winter or summer temperature, and the
like.

We have no intention to disparage meteorology
or meteorological observers — far from it ; we are
only too glad to avail ourselves of any informa-
tion they may afford us : but as horticultui-ists,
in the matter of meteorology we are naturally
more immediately concerned with effects than
with causes, and we are of opinion that such infor-
mation, for instance, as that a plant of Cupressus
macrocarpa, of such an age, in such an exposure,
and so forth, has been killed, while another plant
of the same species, under similar or under differ-
ent circumstances, has remained unscathed —
that such information is more practically useful
for garden purposes than the record that the
thermometer registered so many degrees below
zero. Surely a set of test plants, as nearly as
possible alike in age, vigoui-, &c., might be
planted at the same time, under as nearly similar
conditions as possible, in various locaUties, and the
effect of frost upon them recorded from time to
time. In this manner a series of observations, similar
to those on the flowering of plants, &c., carried
on in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden by Mr.
McNab, might be made in different situations,
and we should thus in time arrive at valuable
conclusions. Our public gardens, from their
geographical position, as well as from other
causes, would seem to offer great facilities for
such observations as we are now advocating.

Some doubts having been thrown on the origin

of the DouBLE-FLOWEEED Pelakgonium Gloire de
Nancy, M. Leucine, tlie raiser of the plant in
question, asserts in the Jieviie Sorticole that it was
the product of artificial fertilisation by means of the
pollen of a double-flowered variety grown at Clermont,
and which was placed on the stigma of Beaute de
Suresnes. M. Lemoine further gives his opinion, that

spontaneous duplicature is due to the presence of a ;
concealed or unobserved petaloid stamen which has •
fertilised a flower and produced a semi-double, or J
perfectly double, variety. This may happen some- \
times, but how can it be so in such a case as
Mr. Laxton's Double Pea, 1886 (p. 897), where a u
double-flowered variety was previously wholly un-
known ?

The very rare Teiohinicm Manolesii is now

flowering in the nursery of Mr. Bull, of Chelsea, so •
that those who may not have seen the flowers of
this really charming plant may now have an oppor-
tunity of doing so.

A discussion has lately been carried on in the

Society Imp^riale d'Horticulture de France as to the
cause of the sweI/Mngs so often to be seen in
GKAFTBD plants at the junction of the stock and graft.
In the case of some Pears when grafted on the Quince,
the swelling is well marked, but when on the Pear
stock the swelling is hardly perceptible — so a Peach ou
an Almond stock produces a tumescence, while the
same worked on the Plum gives rise to no such hyper-
trophy. The formation of this swelling is due to the
unequal relative growth of the stock and of the scion. „
AVheu, says M. EivifiEE, a feebly growing variety oil
Pear is grafted on the Pear stock, it produces a swelline I
beneath the graft (i. e. in the stock), but when worked I
on the Quince the swelling is above the graft (i. e,, ir I
the graft itself), because in such a case the graft isj
more vigorous than the stock. To remedy the unsightlj
appearance of these swellings, longitudinal incision;
into the bark of the smaller and less vigorous plant
whether graft or stock, are recommended, so as tc
induce in it more luxuriant growth ; this process havin§
been proved to be successful in increasing the vigour ol
enfeebled or stunted trees.

In a recent number of the Bevue Bortieole

M. Delchevaleeie records the results of his observa
tions on the Rate of Geowth of the Petals o
Selenipedium caudatum, from which it appear:
that during the height of their development the petal
lengthened at the rate of 80 millimetres a day, anc
that they attained 910 millimetres in length in 14 days
The growth seems to have been most active during tni
day, as during the 14 days the growth amounted to 31
millimetres, while during the corresponding nights th
amount of growth was 326 millimetres. When th
petals had acquired a length of 91 centimetres the,
ceased to grow in length. At the beginning of th
observations, that is to say, when the flower first begai
to expand, the petals were 210 millimetres in length.

■ We have already (p. 600) mentioned the name

of those young gardeners who were prize-takers at th ,
last examinations of the Society of Arts, and we no\
supplement that information by recording the names c
those who gained certificates both at the Society
Arts' and at the Eoyal Horticultural Society's exami
nations : —

Society of Arts Examination, AprU, 1867.

Fruit and

Floriculture.

Vegetable
Culture.

J. jr. Hemy, Richmond

2

2

J. C. Higgs, Southampton . .

3

1

A. Jamieson, Richmond

2

2

R. L. Keenan, Richmond

2

R. C. Kingston, Richmond . .

1

2

T. Paul, Slough

3

3

W. P. Roberta, Bromley

1

G. Stanton, Slough

i

A. Stormont, Richmond

2

F. Thomson, Richmond

2

2

Royal Horticultubal Socie

ty's Examination, July, 18C7.

W. Spinks, Chiswick . .

1

2

B. Wynne, Chiswick . ,

1

Ext. 2

W. Stewart, Chiswick. .

,.

3

J. M'Ardle, Chiswick..

2

F. Hardesty, Chiswick

2

3

F. M. Burbidge, Chiswick . .

1

2

J. Williamson. Battersea

2

..

The preparation for these examinations is in itself s
advantageous to young gardeners, that we urge upo
them the importance of turning their attentio
seriously to the matter. They should recollect tha
the benefit is far beyond the mere value of th
Certificate they may obtain, though even that is not t
be despised.

It may interest some of our readers to know tha;

the Annuals in Messrs. Caeteb & Co.'s Seed Farm
at Dedham and St. Osyth are now in perfeotioi
Individual kinds are grown there, not in smaU patohei
but by the acre; the relative merits of the differen
varieties may therefore be readily ascertained.

FEFIT HOUSES VERSUS WALLS.
" Fine fruit is the flower of commodities : '' it is tt
most perfect union of the useful and beautiful wit'
which the earth is acquainted. "Trees full of S0|
foliage ; blossoms fresh with spring beauty ; and final;
fruit, rich, bloom-dusted, melting, and luscious. Sue
are the treasures of the garden and orchard." 1*''"'
especially the commoner sorts, has now^a-days becon
a necessary article of consumption with all classe
The production of an abundant supply of it at a lo
price is therefore a subject deserving earnest consicier;
tion. Fruit is so plentiful some seasons that it is diP.
cult for the grower to dispose of it at any price. 1 hr
seasons of abundance are invariably followed by seaso
of scarcity, and when the supply is less than tlj
demand, prices are high. There is an idea, very prev
lent among people, that light crops are owing to t.'
variableness of our climate, and that late spring tros
do all the mischief. It is surprising how very general
this idea prevails, and yet nothing can be mc
erroneous. That unfavourable weather and la

August 3, 1867.]

TnE GABDENEl^R' ClIT^ONTrLE ANT) AGl^TCULTURAT, (UZF/rTR.

805

spring frosts do occasionally injure and destroy crops,
I can perfectly understand ; but that they are always,
or geuerally tUe cause of light crops, I by no means
admit.

Last year the crop of Apples in this part of tho
country was an extraordinary one : Apples were so
plentiful thoy could scarcely bo sold at any price.
This season the crop in genera! is a very light one ;
but this is not in conserpienco of late spring frosts, but
owing to tho crop of last year being heavy; it so
exhausted the trees of all their organised matter that
they were unable to mature fruit buds for another
crop, and required a season of rest to store up matter
for anotlier crop. But management, or rather no
management at all, was tho cau.so of all this. As with
the Apple crop, so with all other fruit crops, bad
management is in general the cause of failure. I do not
say always, for I know they do suffer in some seasons
from severe frosts, but these are exceptional eases.

The removal of the duty from glass was a great boon
to the gardening world. It gave a great stimulus to
the building of glass structures of every description,
which are now init up so cheaply that their general u.se
for tho cultivation of even hardy fruits is advocated.
Tho labour and expense, however, :itt(Miding the culture
of fruit under glass is so considerable, that the wealthier
classes only can have fruit obtained by that mean.s, it
can never reach the humbler classes.

In suburban residences and in other places where,
either from the nature of the soil or locality, or from
the limited extent of the place, there is some difticulty
ill ^jetting good crops of fruit out of doors, by means
III' ;;lass structures, a quantify can be grown if the
owners are willing to pay for tho necessary labour and
expense attending the operation. All fruit houses
should be spacious, they should be provided with means
of giving thorough ventilation, and theyshould also, to be
of real use. have hot- water pipes, to be used when neces-
sary. When these are provided, and labour and other
means are allowed, then fine fruit can easily bo grown ;
but fruit so obtained, I repeat, can only bo enjoyed by
the wealthy.

In the country, where land is cheap as well as labour,
and where the soil and situation are favourable, fruit
can bo grow^u at so light an expense as to place it
within the means of the humblest persons. I need not
say that bush fruit of all kinds can be grown in any
luantity, no matter what the season may be. A couple
nf bullfinches will do more harm to a quarter of
fioosoberry bushes in two or three days than two
'.nonths' hard frost in winter. Apples of the finest
luality come to perfection in the open ground, and
ivith proper cultivation good crops of fruit can in
leneral be obtained annually. Cherries of all kinds
•ipen well, and very rarely fail. Many of the best kinds
if Plums ripen well in open quarters; Victoria bears
;normously, and so do some others. The attention of
pomologists should be directed to the raising of new
kinds, not only of Plums, but of Pears, Cherries, and
Apples, that will be hardy and bear well. A great
number of our best Pears come to the highest perfec-
tion in the open quarters. Now, with proper cultiva-
tion, an abundant supply of these fruits cau in general
be annually obtained, not only without glass, but even
without walls, and that at a price so low as to
place them within the means of every one.

Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots, are the only fruits
in general cultivation that require a wall to ripen their
produce properly, and for these a wall is necessary.
Peaches and Nectarines are not in very general use,
except among the wealthy. Apricots are in great
demand. Immense quantities are grown in this
neighbourhood ; farmers and cottagers plant them in
favourable aspects against their houses and out-
buildings ; they find a ready sale for them, oftentimes
at very high prices, in our local markets, which are
regularly attended by buyers from our great manufac-
turing towns. They protect the trees whilst in blossom,
and they rarely fail to get crops of very fine fruit.
I know no kinds of fruit trees from which crops can
be more regularly obtained than Peach, Nectarine, and
Apricot trees, where they are well managed.

All gardens require a fence or protection of some
kind. Walls, though expensive at first, are best, and
probably the cheapest in the end. They furnish a
surface on which to train fruit trees of all kinds, which,
with proper management, soon repay the outlay. We
hear continual complaints about crops of fruit failing ;
and this is, as I have said, very generally, but as I
believe often wrongly, attributed to the changeableness
of our climate. Bad management is in general the
cause of failure. When fruit trees receive the proper
amount of cultural skill which they require, there will
not be such frequent complaints about the failure of
crops. From my own experience, which is now pretty
considerable, I believe that when crops out of doors
fail, it is in general from some other cause than late
spring frosts.

As an instance, I may mention that the Peach crop
last year was very light in most places in this neigh-
bovirhood; that was not owing to the occurrence of
spring frosts while the trees were in blossom, but from
the myriads of aphides that settled on them the
previous season causing the leaves to fall off before the
wood had got properly matured. It was entirely owing
to that, and that only, that the Peach crop last year
was light. In places that escaped the attacks of the
aphides. Peaches were abundant and fine.

Again, the Apple crop is light this season, not
because the late spring frosts killed the blossom, for
there was little to kill, but because the extraordinarily
heavy crop of last year so exhausted the trees that they
were unable to form fruit buds for this season. Next
year, no doubt, the crop will again be a heavy one, to
he followed by another light one. I could adduce
more instances of this kind to show that the failure of

crops occurs oftentimes from other causes than late

spnng frosts. Bad. cultivation is not unfrequently the

cause of bad crops. When fruit trees are properly
managed there will be little complaint about failure.
Two most esiiential points to bo attended to in fruit
tree cultivation are— 1st, always to secure woll-ripencd
wood ; and 2d, never on any account to allow the trees
to (!arry too heavy a crop. Improper borders often-
times clause trees to make soft watery wood, which
does not ripen properly in cold seasons, and in winter
tho roots perish in such borders. Under such circum-
staiu'cs it is no wonder that tho crop should fail.

Kruit treo borders should bo thoroughly drained.
When Iho trees have been properly attended to, and
tho mechanical condition of the border also, the roots
seldom suffer in winter; the trees make moderate
growth, which, with timely and jiropor attention, gets
matured ; and in general the results are good crops.
For ihe last 10 years we have had all kinds of seasons
and weather, and here thero has never been a general
failure of tho crops during tho whole of that time.
Some particular crop may have been light, but
generally from some other cause than lato _ spring
irost. I am convinced that with good cultiv.ation fine
average crops of fruit may bo had six seasons out of
seven.

I may recapitulate that in the country, whore land
and situation are favourable, abiuidancoof fruit of all
kinds cau in general be grown with ])ropor management
at so light an expense as to put it within tho means of
almost all people ; and that in places where, from the
nature of the soil, the situation, or some other cause,
fruit cannot be grown well out-of-doors, by meaiis of
fruit houses good fruit can be grown in quantities
according to tho means allowed. M. Said, Stourton,
Yorkshire.

HAKDY PICTORIAL TREES.— No. VI.

Plowertno Teees and Sheubs (Deciduous).

As in my last paper, which dealt with Evergreen
flowering trees and shrubs, I shall hero select and
describe only a few of the choicest of the deciduous
kinds.

JEsculus ffippocasfanum (the Horse Chestnut).—
Height, 60 feet. One of the grandest of flowering
trees, to which the avenue in Bushey Park bears ample
testimony. The double-flowering kind (.E. S. flore-
pleno) is equally beautiful, and more suitable for many
purposes, growing slowly, and seldom attaining to more
than half the height of the former. The Scarlet Horse
Chestnut (^E. H. rubicunda) is of still slower and
smaller growth, rarely exceeding 20 or 25 feet in height,
and, from its symmetry and beauty, forms an admirable
park tree.

Amelanchier Botrtjapiiim (the snowy Mespilus). —
Height. .30 feet. This is one of the most beautiful of
spring-flowering trees, growing well in common soil.
The white blossoms are produced in such abundance as
to completely cover the tree early in April.

Ami/gdnlus commniUs (the common Almond). —
Height, 20 feet. Another spring-flowering tree, of great
beauty ; the flowers are pink, profusely adorning the
tree in March and April. Hardy, free, thriving in any
soil, and apparently indifferent to the smoke and con-
flnement of large towns. The double-flowering
Almond is also a good hardy tree ; the dwarf Almond
(A. nana), of which there are both red and white
varieties, is very useful and pretty in the front of
shrubberies, rarely exceeding 1 foot or IJ foot in
height.

Azalea. — See RJiododendroti vUcositm.

Buddlea globnsa. — Height, 12 feet. This is a very
showy plant, producing numerous alobes of orange-
coloured flowers in the summer. It is unfortunately
not very hardy, and except in sheltered situations is
best ])laced against a wall.

Cahicanthus Jloridus (the Carolina Allspice). —
Height, 6 feet. The flowers of this plant are not
striking or showy, but their delightful fragrance com-
mends it for general cultivation. The leaves die
off bright yellow. It prefers a peaty soil, but this is
by no means indispensable.

Cerastes sylvestris iiore-pleno (the double French
Cherry). — Height, 20 to 30 feet. We have here one of
the most beautiful of spring-flowering medium-sized
trees, the branches in early spring being literally
covered with large double white flowers. C. vulgaris
Jfore-pleno (the common double-blossomed Cherry) is
also a beautiful tree, usually of somewhat less vigorous
growth. There is also a beautiful dwarf variety,
C. japoniea fi.-pl. rarely exceeding 4 feet in height,
with double white flowers, and a double rose-coloured
variety, well worthy of general cultivation for shrub-
beries and forcing.

Coronilta J^merits. — Height, 0 feet. This is a pretty
dwarf shrub, the flowers yellow, tipped with red, pro-
duced in j\Iay and June. It is very hardy, thriving in
any soil.

Cratfsgus Oxi/acantha punicea (the Scarlet Thorn). —
Height, 15 feet. No plant is more beautiful in early
spring, the dark red flowers being produced in magni-
ficent profusion. The species and varieties of C'ratieijus
are almost endless, and nearly all are desirable, when
space admits of their introduction. The best for orna-
mental planting are the double white (C Oxyacantha
./7.-;)^), the double pink (C O. punicea, Jl. -pi.), and the
double crimson (C. 0. coccinea,Jf.-pl.), the la^t named
promising to eclipse all others in point of effect.

Ci/tUus albus (the White or Portugal Broom). —
Height, 6 feet. — This is desirable among white-flowering
shrubs on account of the mass of flowers it produces in
early spring. There is a variety (C a. inearnafns)
bearing white flowers tipped with pink, also very
beautiful. The common Laburnum ( C. Laburnum,
height, 20 feet) belongs here, and there are many
dwarf-growing varieties of great beauty, ranging in
height from 1 to 4 feet ; of these nigricans, patens, pur-
pureus, purpureus Jlore-albo, elongaius, supinus, and
capitatus may be regarded as the best.

Daphne. Mezercum (the Mezereon). — Height, 4 feet.
Both the white and pink varieties of this plant are
desirable on account of flowering in mid-winter.

Drulzia gracilis.— \\ti\if\\\,, 2 to 3 feet. A pretty
dwarf shrub, of free, hardy growth, thriving in any .soil ;
admirably adapted for tho front of shrubljeries. The
white flowers are freely prodiu'i'd in eiirly soring.
I>. scahra is similar in cliiinirtcr, altliotigh of larger
growth. D. crenala./lorr-plrnu is very himitsomo, tho
ficiwers ivliif e, often tinged with rose colour. All these
tin\ cx-cclleut for forcing.

Forsythia viridis.iima. — Height, li feet. The flowers
of this plant, which are greenish yellow, appear in
great profusion in winter before the leaves. Hardy,
thriving in any soil. F. suspen.sa in ideo a good hardy
cliiubiug shrub.

Fuchsia Jiiccarfoni. — Height, 8 feet. This plant is
almost hardy, and if injured by frost will spring up
from beneath the ground, and flower freely in tho
autumn. The same may be said of /'. virgafa. Both
bear red flowers, and are very graceful.

Oenisla tinctoria ,/lore-pleno. — Height, 1 foot. This
beautifiil little plant is profusely adorned with yellow
flowers in early spring, and is well suited for the front
of borders, and for rockwork. O. purgans is a very
showy liind, and, as in tho case of many species of
C'.\ tisiis, forms a fine lawn treo worked on stems of the
[.atmriiiim.

Hibiscus si/riacus (Alth.Ta frutex). — Height, 5 feet.
Thero are few autumn-flowering shrubs so handsome
as these, and they grow freely in any soil. There are
many varieties with red, white, purple, and variegated
flowers ; some are single, others double.

Liriodrndron- inlipifera (the Tulip tree). — Height,
60 feet. One of the grandest of park or lawn trees but
requiring considerable space. The leaves are large
and curiously lent ; the flowers, which are greenish
yellow, of a deeper colour inside, are produced in June
and July.

Magnolia C0)wpjc«3.— Height, 20 feet. This plant
is usually placed against a wall, but injight loamy or
peaty soils it thrives well in the open garden, where the
masses of large white oval flowers make it a con-
spicuous object in early spring. M. purpurea and M.
Lenne, the latter especially, are beautiful purple-
flowered kinds. M. Soulangeana is also a desirable
variety, the flowers being white tinged with pur]fle._

Persica ridgaris Jlore-pleno (the double-flowering
Peach). — Height, 15 feet. We know not whether to
admire these plants most as pyramids in the forcing-
house or as standards out-of-doors ; in both positions
they are exquisitely beautiful. The double rose,
double crimson, double white, and Camellia-flowered
are the best. A striped variety of great beauty was
introduced from China a few years since, but the
variegation has in many cases that we know of
disappeared.

Philadelphus coronarius (the Syringa). — Height,
10 to 20 feet. This old-fashioned plant cannot yet be
dispensed with ; it is indeed one of the most useful
of shrubbery plants. Among other kinds, P. grandi-
Jlorus, speeiosus, verrucosus, and Zeyheri, are perhaps
the best.

Prunus domestica Jlore-pleno (the double-flowered
Plum).— Height, 20 feet. This is a useful early-flower-
ing tree, and the same may be said of the Cherry Plum
Cp. Myrohalana). The double Sloe (P. spinosa Jlore-
pleno) is perhaps the most beautiful and useful of the
Plums, flowering early, profusely, and remaining a long
time in flower. It is of smaller growth than the pre-
ceding, rarely attaining the height of 12 feet.

I'yrus iperfaiiVi's.— Height, .30 feet. One of the
most efl'ective of spring-flowering trees. The flower-
buds are deep red in April, changing to rose-colour on
expansion in May. Very hardy and free.

Pyrus Malus Mingo.— Height, 10 feet. A beautiful
medium-sized tree, covered with pink buds, expanding
white, edged with pink, in early spring. Very
efl'ective.

Shus Cotinus (theVenetianSumaoh).— Height,5 feet.
The reddish feathery pedicels of this plant attract the
attention of all observers, and are quite unique in
appearance in the shrubbery aud garden. Free, hardy,
and highly ornamental. S. fyphina (the Stag's-horn
Sumach) is a singular-looking pinnate-leaved low
tree, not without beauty.

SHes sanguineum (the Red-flowering Currant). —
Height, 6 feet. One of the hardiest, finest, and loveliest
of early spring-flowering shrubs; there are pink, red,
white, and double red varieties, all worthy of universal
cultivation. There are other species interesting enough,
but hardly equal to the above for effect in ornamental
planting.

Rohinia hispida (the Rose Acacia). — Height, 10 to
15 l^eet. A beautiful low tree, the branches of which
are exceedingly brittle, and liable to be broken by the
wind in exposed places. The flowers are rose colour,
produced in loose racemes from June to September.

Rhododendron viscosum. — Height, 3 to 4 feet. Under
this heading we class the Azaleas of gardens ; and where
peat is of ready access, the Ghent Azaleas are most
desirable either in separate beds, or in the borders of
the shrubbery. They are very showy and efl'ective in
early spring, the colours being mostly yellow, bufl', and
orange, but there are also white, pink, and scarlet
varieties.

Rosa (the Rose).— Although Roses fall naturally
within our scope, space will not allow of more than the
briefest allusion to them. Standards in beds or lines
on lawns, and dwarfs in beds or borders are equally m
place. Their culture and lists of varieties are now
matter of everyday discussion. .

.Spiraia aritsfolia.-UehM, 6 feet. This is one of
the best, and perhaps the best, of the white Spirfeas;
but iilmifoUa, Lindleyana, vl^^A prunifoha are also very
good. Of pink kinds we should select 5' bella, calif ar-
nica, callosa, and Douglasii. .411 are hardy and free
flowering, and will grow in almost any soil.

806

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[August 3, 1867.

Syringa vulgaris (the Lilac),— Height 10 to 20 feet.
Among oommou flowering shrubs the Lilac is deservedly
a great favourite, and, in addition to the old-fashioned
sorts, La Liberie, Dr. Lindlei/, and Charles the lOtfj,
are acquisitions. The Persian Lilac ( S. persica, 6 feet),
and the Siberian Lilac (5. rothamagensis, 8 feet), of
which there are both red and white varieties, are also
valuable where a lower growth is required.

Viburnum Opjihts sterilis (the Gueldros Rose). —
Height, 10 feet. The beautiful balls of white flowers
which this tree produces in spring give it a high rank
among flowering shrubs. It thrives in the commonest
soil, and should be planted freely, and cut into shape
if it becomes straggling. Viburnum pUcahim, of which
the original tree is in these nurseries, and Vibiirmmi
maerophalum, are also of great beauty.

Weigela rosea.— Height, 4 feet. One of the hand-
somest of flowering shrubs, the flowers covering the
branches with theu: rosy-coloured blossoms in May.
There are many varieties of this plant, all worthy of
general cultivation ; amabilis, Stelzneri, and Van Souttei
are perhaps the best. William Paul, Waltham Cross, N.

THEOErT AND PRACTICE OF VENTILATION.
No. XVI.

(Continued from p. 1166, 1866).

Seat and Light in their Relation to Ventilation. — If
heat be motion and motion be heat, and if motion and
change of air constitute ventilation, then it is obvious
that some knowledge of the originator of the motion and
the producer of the change is necessary to the com-
prehension of our subject. Without entering deeply
into the nature and mode of diffusion of heat, it will
sufiice here merely to fix our attention upon some
of its mechanical, chemical, or vital eflects. Heat is
the great repulsive force. It enters into all bodies,
however hard or impenetrable they may seem. It
opens up a path apparently with equal ease through
the hardest granite, and the most attenuated elastic gas.
It travels, mdeed, at different rates of speed, but
nothing can offer an effective resistance to its
insinuating energy. Its effects, too, are similar on all
descriptions of matter. It always runs counter to the
laws of gravitation and cohesion. It exerts a repulsive
separating force ; it thrusts the ultimate atoms of
matter further asunder. Hence, it increases their
bulk. Solids, liquids, and gases all increase in size or
volume by the addition of heat. It compels a displace-
ment of atoms, and causes or becomes motion. Thus
we observe that a bar of iron becomes longer and
broader, a volume of water increases in bulk, as it
becomes warm. The same thing happens to a hothouse
full of air. Raise the temperature, and one of three
things must happen. Either the air will force its way
out through the glass, or the increased volume will
indefinitely intensify the normal amount of pressure,
or it must be permitted to escape by properly con-
structed and arranged ventilators. Of this we may be
quite certain, tliat forevery degree of temperature added,
the air occupies more space, and that no house can be
made to contain, without a dangerous increase of atmo-
spheric pressure, all the air at GO" which it held at 40'.

Hitherto our coniparatively imperfect modes of
glazing has made this a matter of less consequence.
Few il any roofs have been, or are, hermetically sealed.
But with metallic glass roofs and improved modes of
glazing, such as Beard's, which properly executed are
almost air-tight, the necessity of a knowledge of these
facts, and of thorough ventilation, becomes every day
more imperative. Of course it would require great
compression of the atmosphere to break the glass.
Not but what the expansive force of heated air would
quickly accomplish this, but for its escape by doors,
lips, &c., as may readily be proved by holding a fully
inflated bladder before a fire. The rapidity of the
tightening strain, and the explosive force of the
report, will afford a good criterion of the expansive
energy of heated air. A similar if less violent process
goes^ on in every well-glazed glass house. The caloric,
by insinuating itself between the gaseous atoms,
thrusts them farther apart, and forces them to occupy
more space. If no air escapes, an increase of pressure
must necessarily result. And this is no tri fling matter.
The smallest change of pressure might, and most
probably would, prove most injurious if not ultimately
fatal to vegetable life. It is astonishing to observe the
extreme nicety of natural arrangements. Porces the
most tremendously energetic, touch us with the
gentleness of a sunbeam. Let anything counteract
their natural tendencies, or change their proper rela-
tions, and we are crushed by their power. Atmo-
spheric pressure is a case in point. Its force is
marvellous. Tet its all-embracing energy enwraps
the living world with all the gentleness of a
mother's loving touch. "Why ? All this gentleness is
dependent on the exactitude of the balance that is
maintained between the specific gravity of internal
fluids and the external support afforded by the air.
Let either gain the slightest mastery over the other
and disorganisation or rupture of tissue must ensue.
Lessen the pressure of the atmosphere, and the sap
would force its way through, tearing asunder the
living tissue on its way. Increase it, and an external
bruise, followed by internal derangement of function
and form, must follow.

And life is peculiarly sensitive to such changes,
even when and where our best instruments might not
reveal an increased pressure, the more delicately sen-
sitive indices of plant life would feel, and be injured by
it. One of the less violent results of such an increase
of pressure would probably be an accelerated circula-
tion of fluids. This, however, would not arise from
the mere stimulus of the higher temperature, that
might at times prove serviceable, and which it is one
of the chief functions of heat to provide, but from simple
mechanical compirision, if I may so express it. The

confined heated air beating against its prisOT,
striving in vain to escape, expends some of its expulsive
power in forcibly pressing forward the sap. The
increased speed thus obtained would be altogether unna-
tural, and therefore injurious.

Be it ours by skilful ventilation at the right moment
in the proper manner, and to the desired amount to
render any increase of atmospheric pressure, by accumu-
lated, confined, heated air impossible. Portunately,
though heat in this respect becomes a source of danger,
it also provides and reveals the path of safety. The very
agent thatfiUs close glass-houses to a dangeroustightness
with confined hot air, hastens to empty them the
moment a door of escape is opened. Heat, while it
thus creates the necessity for, also becomes the active
agent in effecting ventilation. We have only to guard
the entrances and the outlets and clear the lines of road,
and the great laws of fluids in search of an equilibrium
of temperature will do the rest. Heat is not only the
warmer, the illuminator, the quickener, the transformer,
the carrier, but also the ventilator of the world.
Hence, although I have in these papers complained of
ventilation being looked upon only as a means of
controlling temperature, yet it must not be forgotten
that this is one of its most useful purposes. AYe cannot
regulate temperature without it. It would be most
difficult so skilfully to generate artificial heat as
to dispense with the necessity of ventilation. The
capriciousness of solar heat renders the use of such
a regulator absolutely indispensable. By allowing the
heated air to escape and by creating draughts or currents
of air, an excess of heat is readily prevented or got rid
of. All gardeners are familiar with this use of venti-
lation ; there is, however, another purpose for which it
may be applied, or more correctly this lowering of
temperature may be carried to what may be termed
excess. Ventilation may be used for the production
of cold as well as for the regulation of warmth. An
artificial atmosphere colder than the natural may thus
be produced. At times, and for special objects, this
may be equally useful, as the generation or husbanding
of heat, for the retardation of crops, prolongation of
bloom, preservation of fruit, a continuous supply of
either these or vegetables, or a cool retreat in warm
weather a low temperature may be needed.

Skilful ventilation energised by the aid of evapora-
ting surfaces over the openings, and further assisted by
shading and a cool aspect, will place the negation of
heat, or a large amount of cold within our reach.
Heat may thus be expelled instead of admitted into an
artificial atmosphere. The difficulty is, however,
greater. In the latter case the whole volume of the
external atmosphere is trying to rush into the small
space and raise its temperature, and it is difficult to
maintain an internal source of cold ; in the other an
internal supply of heat is easily generated, and the cold
external air shut out. Still it is possible to secure an
artificial atmosphere colder than the external air, and
it may sometimes be of practical importance to know
how to do it.

The question of shading introduces us to the rela-
tion of light to ventilation. This is neither the time
nor place to dwell upon the nature or properties of
light. Of its nature nothing is certainly known. It
possesses many of the physical properties of heat. Of
that property, however, most closely related to our
subject, the expansive or moving power of heat ;
liglit seems altogether destitute. Bodies are neither
larger nor smaller when exposed to the light than
during darkness. It neither changes the bulk nor
quality of inorganic matter. It is not known to have
any direct influence upon the air. Being however
invariably associated with solar heat, and exerting an
all powerful influence on vegetable life, it thrusts
itself into our subject. It is impossible to ignore it if
we would. Speak of a sunbeam warming— it also
enlightens ; suggest shade, light flashes forth its angry
protest. And well it may. Por if heat is the great
quickener of vegetable life, is not light the master
builder of vegetable structure ? Heat looses and sets
free the building matter, light utilises and converts it
into shape. Heat creates the demand, light supplies
it; heat transports the materials, light transforms
them. Heat moves the ocean of air, with its rich
burden of plant food, round and round the earth ;
light turns it to account, and changes it into the food
of man. Heat disperses dead matter, light converts it
into living. Heat is the quickening energy of the sun,
sent quivering through the world of life; light paints
that life all over with his rich hues of glory.

I have already spoken of the nicety of the balance
existing between the weight of internal fluids and the
external pressure of the atmosphere. But that nicety
is as nothing compared to the exactness of the balance
and the closeness of the relation subsisting between
a luminous and a heating ray of sunlight d.arting forth
together to bend their great powers into harmony in
the production, growth, or perfecting of vegetable
products. The greatest difficulty in perfect ventilation
is to hold the balance skilfully between these two
subtle but powerful agencies. If the antithetical
synopsis here given of a few of their respective func-
tions be at all correct, it follows that an excessive
activity of either beyond the other, must lead to the
most disastrous results. Suppose for instance that more
food has been imbibed in a given time than has been
properly assimilated. It passes in a crude state into
the system. The light cannot reach and duly influence
it afterwards. The only one chance of being properly
prepared has been lost, and a weak, etiolated growth,
ending in constitutional debility, if not disease antl
death, will probably be the result. The lesson from
this is obvious. During dull days and at night the
lowest possible temperature, consistent with healthy
existence, should be maintained. Growth should be
checked rather than encouraged in the absence, or
with a paucity of light. If the external atmosphere is
warm during dull weather, ventilation affords the

means of lowering our artiflcial atmospheres. Every
ray of light should also be utilised where flowers and
fruit, and high-coloured leaves are the objects aimed
at ; not that every plant will bear the direct rays of the
sun, and some exquisitely coloured leaves, such as
AuBBctochilus, will not. But all that will bear it ought
to be freely exposed to it,and those that require shading
only need to have the calorific, not the luminous rays,
intercepted ; with plenty of light the temperature may
also he freely increased. Burning, as it is termed,
oftener arises from plants being placed too close to the-
glass, or from imperfect ventilation, than from any abso-
lute excess of heat. Under clear glass it is not necessary
to place plants nearer to it tliau from 2 to 1 feet. Vines
and other fruits on trellises would be better 18 inches
or two feet lower, than, as we often see them thrust up
within 6 inches of, or actually beating against the
glass. This must all be changed ■with thoroughly
transparent roofs, which seem absolutely to increase
rather than obscure the flood of light to be found in
the natural atmosphere. All recent improvements in
hothouse building place more of the light and heat of
the solar rays at our disposal. AVe have so long been
accustomed to a weak dilution of both, struggling
through thick, dingy glass, and between heavy timbers,
that we are hardly prepared to deal with the energetic
action of these forces in a pure state. It is like the
change from the rough roads and lumbering waggons^
of the olden times, to the smooth iron ways and the
powerful locomotives of to-day. Life speeds forward
much faster under the new craditions. AVith the
increased speed and force applied new dangers arise,
and greater skill is needed to avoid or master them.
D. T. Fish, F.E.S.S.

(To be Continued.)

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.-No. IIL

(Continued froyn p. 406.)

Theee are so many good things to allude to that I
must be sparing of space, and can barely do more than
name what I consider the cream: to indicate the.
capabilities, requirements, and best positions for each'
I must forego for the present. Of the Hellebores,
niger, niger major, abchasicus, atrorubens, colchicus,
and olympicus are the best of my acquaintance. The
charming genus of Columbines, or Aquilegias, is one
of the most beautiful in the whole range of hardy
plants ; indeed, I know of no flowers, hardy or tender,
that surpass in beauty well developed specimens of A.
glandulosa, alpina, and coerulea — the last of exquisite
beauty, and apparently more easy to develop and
increase than some of the others. AA'hat the true
A. alpina is Messrs. Backhouse have shown, and A,
glandulosa is of almost greater beauty ; A. oalifomioa
is very fine, and makes a great plant in sandy soil;
this last is easily had true from seed, and so is A.
canadensis. There may be and doubtless are others ol
merit, but I have not seen them flower ; and perhaps
somebody else may supplement a really good thing that
may happen to be left out. The order Banunculaceae
is a glorious one for herbaceous plants. Why, from ii
alone one could make a capital display of really orna^-
mental subjects. Notwithstanding all the fine things
I have mentioned, the noble Delphiniums and
gorgeous Pa3onies are yet to be quickly pas
in review. The Delphinium is now almost ele-
vated to the position of a florists' flower ; and
as new and good varieties are constantly being
raised, it is not perhaps necessary to specify the first-
rate here : but I venture the following names as likely
to give every satisfaction ; — D. Belladonna, Henderson!,
La Belle Alliance, Wheeleri, Schamyl, grandiflorum
maximum, g. plenum, and William Pfitzer. There are
many others, and I hope to see this fine genus cultivated
extensively in many nurseries, so that a selection
can be readily had anywhere. Not a few of the goo4
kinds may be had from seed, but the newest and rare
kinds must be procured as plants. There are no hardy
plants more ornamental in summer, and they should be
cultivated and arranged with taste in every garden.
The herbaceous Pseonies are all so good that it i^
difficult to select. There are nearly 100 kinds of these
in this country ; the dwarf tenuifolia plena is fin^-
the sinensis, white albiflora, and oflicinalis breeds par
ticularly so. As a rule they are rather too short-lived for
the mixed border, but may be made good use of apart
from that, in most gardens. To plant them, for instance,
in the beds devoted to Dahlias or Hollyhooka
would be a good plan, which indeed I have seen well
applied, yielding a good show of Pseonies in the spring,
and a good show of Dahlias and Hollyhocks in the 1 1
autumn. ,0f the Aconitums, chinense, Napellus, bicolor, I
and eminens are about the best ; though, considering '
their poisonous properties, they are probably better
omitted from general cultivation. So much for this
distinguished order of herbaceous plants.

Next we have the Poppies— bracteatum and orien-
tale being grand here, or at all events exceedingly
showy. The most vivid line I have ever seen was
afforded by these at Trentham. They are probably
varieties of the same species, but we must not wrangle
about that. Suffice it that a thing differs : we should
be thankful that somebody has given it a name whereby
we may recognise it. The dwarf Alpine Poppy is very
good, and so is P. nudicaule ; and the Welsh Poppy (P.
cambricum) is also a nice thing in its way, especially
when it gets established in a half wild spot, or at the
shady side of a wall. I noticed it very pretty along the
bottoms of the roadsides in the lake district last
autumn. But, conscientiously, I am not sure that
either of them would remain as a permanent plant in
the mixed border, though they might all be well utilised
about rockwork and the like. I know but little ot
what those great Himalayan Meconopsis are going to
do in our climate, and therefore had better leave them
out. We have enough and to spare of known excellence,
without includina the dubious. Maoleaya cordata is a

AFOrST 3! 1867 ]

THE GAUDENEES' CHEONTCLE AND AfiPJCUTTTTEAE GAZETTE.

807

plant. n( distini't foliage and habit in this order, and
StTlophn -iim iliphvllmn is a pretty yellon- plant m
favourililo s]mU. t need hardly say the Epimodiiims
are very beautiful, thoui;h it may as well bo said,
for they are very rarely seen developed in pardons,
thonnh'distinet iii habit, and beautiful in bloom All
are good, so that you ean scarcely make a mistake by
adding any of the ^enus you meet with to your collec-
tion as you mifiht certainly easily do by adopting
a similar course witli regard to many other horteeous
genera, notably Aster, Salvia, and Solidago, Do not
forget E. pinnaiium elegans. They usually enjoy a peaty
or free soil, ami slight shade, nielytra formosa or
eximia is gracel'ul in leaf, pretty continuous in llowor.
and worthy of as,sociation with the universally admired
I), spoctabilis, the "white" v.ariety of which will
dnnbtless he worth adding to collections. Taking it
all in all, the common Corj^dalis lutea is the best of its
race ; it keeps growing, rising, and producing its pro-
fuse flowers for such a length of time.^ Some rarer
kinds are much larger, but a shorter time in flower,
and altogether more suited for a botanic garden than
any other. W. M.

BAPHANTTS CAXTDATTTS, OR. BAT-TAIL
BADISH.

Tins is one of the most interesting of recently intro-
duced plants— interesting on account of the quaint
growth of its long pods, as well as in a botanical point of
view. Here however praise must end, as I cannot
endorse the published statements that " it is one of the
most useful vegetables that has been lately introduced,
or that it is of value as a salad, and still less that when
boiled it is most delicious, eating like marrow, and
having a most delicate flavour." I can only say that I
have tried it in various ways, and in each have found
it to bo nauseous and disagreeable. I will now therefore
simply refer to some experiments in its growth. Having
obtained a shilling packet containing four seeds, these
were placed in April singly in thumb-pots beneath a
common glass frame. In a short time they were
transl^erred to the gi-eenhouse and planted in front of
the house at the end of May. The plants grew but
slowly for some time, but sprang up rapidly when
settled warm weather came in. Three of the plants pro-
duced long pods, which grew with great rapidity ; the
fourth plant produced pods about half the length of
the rest. The following admeasurement of a long pod,
at different periods, may be interesting as showing the
rate of growth : —

.Tune 27.

Length of Pod

.Tuly 1

ditto

.lulv ■!

ditto

.luly 3

ditto

July 4

ditto

.luly i;

ditto

18^ inches.

21

23

24 „
24S „

25 „
25

.luly 10 ditto

At this date, July 15, it has not increased in length,
and I conclude that the seed is hastening towards
ripening. Many pods on three of the plants are
within a trifle of 30 inches in length, but the longest
pod on one plant is only 13 inches. In growing the
long purple pods are sometimes stretched at full length,
like uncoiledsnakes; at others, twisted in a most grotesque

aoRording to the weat-her. Instead, therefore, of depend-
ing for plants on ono sowing, I have made it a rule for
many years to make two sowings, the lirst about from
the 8tli to the 12lh of July, and the second from the
2i)(h to the lii'iMi. liy this plan I have always a great
choice of plants, and plenliy to spare for the workmen.

The Time for 'J'mnsplanUiifi.—Vlcre in Iforkshire
this should not be done later than the middlo of
Septombor. I jilant always the end of the first week in
Seiitembor, from the first sowing in >rnl/, and again
about tho end of the third week I plant the best plants
from tho second or late sowings. In general, I find
those planted the end of tho first week in September
come in earliest in sjiring— sometimes, but rarely, they
do get a little too forward in the autumn, and in conse-
quence sutfcr .a little if severe frost sets in, but in
general I find they ilo better and come in earlier than
the lator-planteil ones; the latter come in after the
others, and continue the supply. In general. Cabbages
should never be planted out later than the middle of
September, when wanted early iu spring. If they are
planted in October, they aro rarely fit for use before
tho following June. When planted early in September
they get good roothold, and being earthed up and taken
a little care of, they stand ordiuarj' winters with
impunity ; but when planted a.s late as October they do
not get much roothold ; and if tho weather sets in cold
and unfavourable they make no progress, and many of
the plants fall a prey to slugs, so that when March
comes round, more than half the plants are gone, the
vacancies have to be filled up, and it is generally the
end of June before the Cabbages are fit for use.

General JJcmnrfo.— For early use some approved
early sort should be sown. The properties of a good
Cabbage are, a small short stem, and a large, compact,
well-fbrmed head of succulent leaves, surrounded with
but few loose leaves. To grow them in perfection a
deep rich soil is requisite.

As the young plants advance in growth, the soil
between the rows should be stirred frequently with
the hoe, and a little earth drawn up to the plants as
they require it. Should the earth in April be dry,
frequent heavy watering will be very beneficial to
them, and occasionally a watering of liquid manure.
Attention to tne foregoing matters will ensure a supply
of good Cabbages for spring use.

Home Correspondence.

TJie Awards of the Judges at the Bury Shoiv. — It is
always a thankless office to criticise the decisions of
judges. As a rule they are accepted as final, and
received in silence, and in the main they are mostly
just. I hardly remember them to have been so much
found fault with as iu this instance. As far as the
orchard-house trees were concerned, I think the jurors
made a mistake. Possibly they did not pay sufficient
attention to the wording of the schedule. Had they
done so they must have seen that neither the number
of Peaches nor tho unripe state of the fruit should
have aS^ected the award. The schedule states: —
"Ipswich Town Cup, value lOi. Ws., for the best; 12
orchard-house trees, in fruit, not less than 6 distinct
kinds : it is not necessary that the fruit should be ripe
in this class." Now, if Mr. Gri.x had had seven Peaches

manner. The stem foliage and flowers of the young ; instead of three, and one of each of any five other kinds
plant are scarcely distinguishable from those of the j of fruit, and his trees as a whole were the best, he
garden Radish or the purple form of tho Eaphanus 1 would have been entitled to the prize. The ques-

Baphanistrum (wild Radish of ourfields) ; and I venture
to suggest, that notwithstanding the extravagant length
of the pods in some of the examples of this new
introduction from Java, that after all it is not a truly
distinct species, as already I see evidence to make
me conclude that I can from _ this strain
produce examples with short pods, and in continuing
the long-podded variety it is found necessary to have
seeds from long pods. The long-podded form, though
a native of a waimer climate, grows readily with me,
and indeed the wild Radish is a weed of cultivation
both iu Europe, Asia, and America. My specimens
offer some extraordinary forms, not to say malforma-
tions, in the development of the pod (siliqua), which I
hope hereafter to be able to describe ; and to this end
I shall continue to grow the Rat-tailed Radish, while I
repudiate the extravagant assertions that have been
made as to its value as an esculent. J. S., Dorset.

CABBAGES FOR SPRING USE.

Practical men (says M. Saul in the last number of
the " Florist and Pomologist ") have no difficulty in
getting a supply of Cabbages for early spring use ; to
them it is a very easy simple affair, no matter what the
season may be. But the inexperienced oftentimes
make great mistakes in the matter, and instead of
having Cabbages for use in early spring, it very fre-
quently happens that they have none ready before
midsummer. A supply of Cabbages early in spring is
always very useful, but doubly so in seasons like the
past, when Greens of every kind were scarce in conse-
quence of the wholesale destruction among them by
the frosts in January last. A few remarks on the
subject may be not altogether unacceptable to some of
your readers. There are two points of much import-
ance to be attended to— namely, 1st, The Time for
Sowing the Seed ; and 2d, The Time for Transplanting.

The Time for Sowing the Seed. — This is a matter of
much importance, as the time that would be proper to
9DW in one place will not answer in another part of
the country. In the south of England, the end of July
or beginning of August is found to be a proper time
for sowing ; but here in Yorkshire, if we were to defer
the sowing until then we should in vain look for
Cabbages jjcfore midsummer. Taking the average of
seasons, I find it is not prudent to sow later than the

middle of July, in order to get Cabbages early in
spring. As the seasons vary much, so also does the

growth of tho plants, which will be either large or small

tion of ripeness was advisedly left as stated. It
was felt that trees with ripe fruit were had travellers,
and so, to encourage distant exhibitors, we were content
to have the fruit green. The question is thus narrowed
to this. Were or were not Mr. Grix's trees the best,
leaving out of view any preponderance of Peaches or
Nectarines, or any drawback from the comparatively
unripe state of the fruit? Without iu the least dis-
paraging the excellent trees shown by the Messrs.
Lane, Ithink Mr. Grix's trees were the best ; in fact,
the finest, upon the whole, I have ever seen. If the
judges think otherwise, there the matter must rest, but
if they were misled by considerations that ought not in
any way to have affected the award, tlien I am sure
they will hasten to make all the amends in their
power, and as honourable men at once admit
that their judgment was the result of misunder-
standing the conditions of the schedule. They had
no right — could possess no power — to lay down con-
ditions of their own. In the Pelargonium seedlings
I uphold the decision of the judges. The prize plants
were distinguished by vigour, dislDinctness, and quality.
Your correspondents (p. 781) may decry vigour and
call it coarseness, but I contend that vigour is of the
first import iu all such plants. Whatever else they
may or may not have, it is essential that they should
possess the faculty of growth. We want no more
Senior Wranglers that simply graduate, and then
bury all their excellencies beneath the crushing weak-
ness of delicacy of constitution. The prize plants
showed at a glance that they meant growing. There
was nothing at the show that equalled them in stamina,
and I have seen no plants to equal Mr. Grieves' in
constitution, unless it be some splendid specimens
forwarded to me by Mr. Wills. But the prize plants
were also distinct : next to vigour, this merit is the
most vital. Many of the plants at the show were
amazingly like each other, and bore a startling
resemblance to others already in cultivation. It was
proposed to me by several gentlemen on the spot that
some of the largest exhibitors in these classes should
be asked to remove the labels from 12 varieties, allow
the pots to be re-arranged, and then be requested to
replace the labels. The general impres.sion was that
the raisers would have failed to replace them correctly.
The probability is that we should have had a new
reading to the query of " What's in a name ? " thus : all
the difference between one seedling Tricolor Pelar-
gonium and another. Now, the prize plants had more
than their names to distinguish them. They were not

only dhrerent from any other varieties, but emphatically-
distinct tho one from the other. And they were, more-
over, distinguished by quality. Their very faults, asi
dwflt ml by your correspondents, spoke strongly of
1 lie o\(^(!lliMico of their breeding and the ricdiness of tho
lilood Ihat was in tlinm. It was not the fault of the
('xliil)itor that their characters were not fixed. If the*
public demand .in cxiiihition of babies, it is pre-
Itostci'ous to gf) away and decry their beauty because
the babies had not the firmly set features and matured
character that distinguish and a<lorn manhood.
Whether the fleeting beauties of childhood should bo
publicly exhibited, or rewarded at all, or not, is quite a
different question, and is not here under discussion.
We asked for baby Pelargoniums— they were brought :
and the duty of the judges was to judge them
as such, and make their awards accordingly.
But as their aw.ard affected not only the present but
the future, tho first question to be asked was. Is this
baby plant likely to live ? The second, Can it grow to
any aseful purpose ? The third, Is it distinct enough
to be distinguished from others ? And the last. Is it as
beautiful, or likely to become as beautiful, from the
hidden powers which play sportively over its features,
as any of the others present? These questions can all
1)0 answered in the alfinnative, and probably (although
I am not in any sense in the secret of tho judges)
enabled these plants to carry off tho cup. I quite agree
with your estimate of their merits, and doubt not but
that the plants themselves will soon be iu our hands,
and that their strength, distinctness, and beauty, and
consequently their usefulness, will confirm the award
of the jurors. V. T. Fi.th, F.R.S.S.

Variegated Pelargoniums at Burn. — As the success-
ful comyietitor for the County Cup, ofi'ered for the best
12 Seedling V.ariegated Pelargoniums at the Bury Show,
I regret very much to observe some letters in your last
issue, calling in question the decision of the judges in.
this particular case. Although I do not feel called upon
to interfere, still I very naturally feel interested in the
matter, and with your permission will offer a few words
upon the subject, feeling the more inclined to do so from
believing it quite possible that the judges may not
condescend to notice the unwarrantable attack which
has been m.ade upon thorn. As to the letters signed
" A Subscriber " and " Scrutator," the fact that these
writers shelter themselves under assumed signatures
will be a sufficient reason for my taking no further
notice of them ; but with respect to Mr. Davison, who
with more manliness has appended his real nameJS
have a few words to say. In the first place, Mr. D.
will not, I hope, be offended if I quote the homely
old Scotch proverb, viz., that " Fules and bairns shudna
see half-dune wark." Which simply means that self-
conceited people and children should not if possible
see things in an unfinished or immature condition, as,
if so, they are very prone to form erroneous conclusions.
Now, I have always disapproved of exhibiting yearling
Pelargoniums, that is, plants under one year old, and
growing upon their original roots, from their being
necessarily in an imperfectly developed condition— for
although Mr. D.avison may not be aware of the fact,
still he must allow me to inform him that variegation
in the foliage of the Pelargonium is in most
instances developed progressively, at least not
always immediately. The schedule of the Bury
Show, however, distinctly asks for 12 Seedling Pelar-
goniums of 1866 or IStj", and neither judges nor
exhibitors are responsible for, nor had they the power
to alter, this condition. As an exhibitor, I strictly-
complied with this requisition, not for a moment doubt-
ing that the judges appointed would be gentlemen of
known ability, and possessed of sufficient knowledge
of tho subject to be able to form a tolerably correct
opinion of the ultimate merits of the productions
before them, although necessarily presented in
an unfinished or imperfectly developed condition.
And in this respect I have not been disappointed ; their
decision has, I believe, given general satisfaction, even
to unsuccessful competitors, and I cannot help think-
ing that it amounts to something very like presump-
tion on the part of Mr. Davison, to call that decision
in question, when he evilently does not understand
the subject he is writing upon— else he would never
have thought of applying the code of rules laid down iu
the Gardeners' Chronicle (p. 515) to seedlings of the
present year just breaking into variegation, any more
than a judge of horseflesh would expect to find in a
foal of similar age the various points that he might
justly consider essential in the fully developed animal. I
have said that the decision of the judge in this case gave
general satisfaction to even unsuccessful competitors,
and I believe such to h.ave been the case ; for I think
that it will be admitted that if there had been a second
cup to award, it would have gone to the Messrs. Smith,
of Dulwich. Now, I had the pleasure of being fre-
quently in the company of Mr. P. Smith after the
decision of the judges was made known ; and, although
Mr. Smith is much too gentlemanly to have made any
noisy demonstration, even if he had been dissatisfied
with the decision, still I have every reason to think
that if he had felt the least dissatisfaction or disappoint-
ment he would have quietly mentioned it to me : but he
did not do so. In conclusion, I may say that there are
now so many tricoloured Pelargoniums in the country,
and they are so very much alike, that it is
rather difficult to distinguish one sort from another.
But although there are many varieties which look
very pretty, and aro very well adapted to fill a gla^
case or the like, there are but comparatively few which
can bo considered as bedding plants, and that after all
is the purpose for which they are most required.
Raisers need not be at all apprehensive of producing
them coarse or over vigorous in constitution; more-
over it is now necessary to aim at quality and variety
of flower as well as of foliage. The mention of flowers
reminds me that it is strange that Mr. Davison
and his fellow cavillers could discover no merit

808

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August S, 1867.

whatever in the cup stand. Did they not perceive Eva
Fish with foliage equal to Mrs. Pollock, and flowers
rivalling in form and purity those of Madame Vaucher:
or in Lizzie Paget, with foliage quite equal to Lady
Cullum, and flowers of excellent substance, pure white,
with scarlet eye ? Or what fault could they find with
Isabella Clay and Victoria Regina, &c. ? They might
also have perceived that they all meant growing, too,
which is a very desirable property, and one not
possessed by all the varieties put into circulation. The
opinion that I feel compelled to form respecting your
discontented correspondents is that they are, like
myself, getting somewhat advanced in years, and under
the influence of that nervous fussiness which some-
times accompanies the advanced stages of human
existence they left their homes without their
spectacles, and consequently could only discover in the
prize collection some unbroken and partially broken
leaves. Let me assure them that it is by no means
intended to perpetuate these unfortunate leaves. Or it
may be that, for reasons known to themselves,'they
preferred to view this particular stand through green
glasses. P. Grieve, Culford.

Conifers at Dropmore. — As there are many who wish
to be furnished with the heights of some of the best
sorts of Conifers here, I feel much pleasure in supply-
ing the information. Abies Douglasii, planted about
the year 1830, is now more than 93 feet in height ; the
girth of the trunk near the ground is 11 feet 6 inches,
and 3 feet up 9 feet 2 inches ; the diameter of the
branches is 62 feet. This splendid tree grows on the
lavra. Our finest Deodar was planted in October,
183S ; its present height is 50 feet 3 inches ; the girth
of the trunk 3 feet up is 8 feet, and the diameter of the
branches 40 feet. Picea nobilis, planted in 1835, is now
44 feet 7 inches in height, and the girth of the trunk

3 feet up is 4 feet 6 inches. Taxodium sempervirens,
planted in 1845, is 40 feet in height; the girth
of the trunk near the ground is 5 feet 6 inches ;
3_ feet up it is 5 feet 4 inches, and the
diameter of the branches is 23 feet. Welling-
tonia gigantea, planted in 1859, is now 18 feet 6 inches
in height, the girth of the trunk near the ground is

4 feet 4 inches, and 3 feet up it is 2 feet 8 inches.
Araucaria imbricata is 50 feet in height ; the girth of
the trunk near the ground is 6 feet 7 inches, and 3 feet
up 5 feet 6 inches ; the diameter of the branches is
26 feet 4 inches. Many of the branches of this mag-
nificent tree rest upon the ground, causing it to form
quite a pyramid, and, being on high ground, not a leaf
has been browned by the late severe winter ; indeed, the
whole of the Araucarias here have escaped unhurt, a
circumstance which proves that high ground suits them
best, as is the case at Berkhamstead Common, where
Messrs. Lane have some magnificent plants of them.
They are growing in a strong loamy soil, which suits
them perfectly,and they are fully exposed. A littlemore
than two years ago I transplanted one of the original
Kew plants, that was given by the late King William,
to Lord Grenville. It had been kept too long in a pot
before it was planted out, and consequently it has not
made quick growth. It is only 29 feet 6 inches in
height, and since the removal it has remained dormant
until now, but it is just beginning to grow. Fhilip
Frost.

Feach and Nectarine Trees. — My Peach and
Nectarine trees have been very badly attacked with
BXeen-fly this spring, so badly indeed that I have no
fruit on them. They are now recovering and have
made shoots a foot long, and as thick as Wheat straws.
I am advised to unnail them, and to tie them to stakes,
6 or 9 inches away from the wall, till winter comes.
The trees are now free from any blight, but my adviser
says that the wood will ripen better away from the wall
than close to it. What say you? A. Billimore,
Kidderminster. [Your trees will do best left as they
are, "nailed to the wall," until they have finished
growth, but expose every leaf as much as possible to
the full action of the sun's rays. If unnailed they will
grow more grossly, and consequently their wood will be
longer in ripening than if it were weaker. After growth
IS finished, the young shoots might be unnailed, and
allowed full exposure to the weather, a condition which
might help to harden them, and give the bark that
beautiful mahogany tint which is the pride of Peach
growers. 5.]

Aralia eduKs {Sieh. and Zacc.)— This is a noble
hardy plant, highly suited for adding distinction to the
ornamental garden. It is perfectly hardy, grows 6, 7,
and even 8 feet high in good soil, is of a fresh and
tourious habit, and this so early as the end of June.
The leaves attain a length of nearly a yard when the
plant IS strong, while the shoots droop a little with
their weight, and thus it acquires a desirable character.
It is a little curious that plants so famous for their
medicinal or other uses, as the Castor-oil, the Chinese
Eice-paper plant, and the Indian-rubber, should have
beconie so very useful in the flower garden. They
are, it is well-known, among the very best tender
things we can use. For this edible Aralia I claim as
high a position as for a hardy plant. For planting
singly few things surpass it. It is, I think, very rare
in this country now, but being of easy increase may, I
hope, notlong prove so. I have seen it 9 feet high, but as
it dies down rather early in autumn it must not be put
in important groups, but rather in a position where its
disappearance may not be noticed. An isolated one,
or one near the margin of an irregular shrubbery, will
best suit. J. S.

Zilimn aiirafum.—The following are the dimensions
of a specimen of this Lily which I have seen in the
beautiful gardens of W. Wiltshire, Esq., The Frythe,
near Welwyn. A single bulb, in a 12-inch pot, has
produced two gigantic stems, measuring 7i and 8 feet
in height, respectively. The taller one has produced
20 beautiful large fully-expanded flowers, and the
smaller one 16, making a total of three dozen blooms
from one bulb. Besides which, this same bulb has

furnished successively for these last three or four
seasons a similarly fine display. Mr. Fitt, the gardener,
informs me that he grows it in peat and sand only,
giving it an intermediate temperature, &c., with air
in abundance. W. JS.

Muscat Bscholata superha. — To my mind this is one
of the best White Grapes in cultivation. The
bunches are larger than those of the Muscat of Alex-
andria. They are generally heavily shouldered and
handsome. The Berry is like that of the Muscat of
Alexandria, and I think I may venture to say that it is
equal in flavour to it. These are good qualities, but
its greater recommendations are that it is a healthy and
vigorous grower, that it sets well under ordinary treat-
ment, and that it ripens without the amount of heat
and forcing which are necessary to bring Muscats to
maturity. In the spring of 1865 I planted two canes of
it in the same house along mth Black Hamburgh and
Muscat of Alexandria. All made excellent growth, and
ripened their wood well by the end of the season.
Next year I ventured to take three or four bunches o2'
each Vine, and nice bunches they were, some of them
being upwards of 3 lb. in weight each. The Muscat
Bscholata superha produced three bunches that
weighed 8 lb. 6 oz„ and were ripe as soon as any of the
Hamburgh. I did not give them much heat, and the
consequence was that tlie Muscat of Alexandria did
not ripen at all to my satisfaction, although it was in
the hottest end of the house. This year I have ascer-
tained from my successor that there is a most excellent
crop on all the Vines, and that the Muscat in question
is magnificent; it has set its fruit well, and has
ripened early as before. It may also he relied on as an
excellent pot Vine. W. BuUoc/c, Messrs. Zee's Nursery,
Sammersmifh.

Variegated Pelargoniums. — Permit me to thank Mr.
Wills for a most interesting collection of leaves of his
variegated zonate and gold and bronze-zoned Pelar-
goniums. It is almost impossible to speak in too high
terms of their beauty, distinctness, and vigour. I was
astonished to find Mr. Wills so rich in "tricolors."
They are all from sports, it seems, except Beauty of
Huntroyde ; this and Lotty Wills are two of the most
distinct that I have ever seen. Florence is also very
beautiful, like Lady Cullum, with a vigour seemingly
greater than Mrs. Pollock. Northern Star is a good
deal like Watson's Miss Watson, and is therefore a fine
variety. Aurora Borealis is splendid. No. 9, a seedling
of this year, resembles Victoria Regina, and consequently
has the highest merit. There are many other beautiful
varieties, but I prefer leaving them to speak for them-
selves at the proposed show in September. In the class
which Mr. Wills has made emphatically his own, the
gold and bronze section — Conquest, Success, Compac-
tum. Princess Alice, Her Majesty, Firebrand, Admira-
tion, Refulgens, Treasurer, and Beauty of Calderdale,
are among the best. Many of these will be invaluable
for bed ling purposes, and, whether accepted as varie-
gated or not, will speedily supersede many of the
variegated varieties for filling the flower garden. The
distinctness of their colouring is one of their chief
merits, and nearly all of them have fine leaves of good
substance, indicating freedom of growth. Many of
this year's seedlings promise well, but I prefer seeing
them again before pronouncing an opinion. They will
doubtless all be forthcoming at Kensington on the
17th of September, where I hope all growers will take
their best, and doubtless the best will carry ofl" the
higliest honours. B. T. Fish, F.S.S.S.

Fxldbition of Variegated Pelargoniums. — I have
read Mr. Wills' proposal to hold an exhibition of
Variegated Pelargoniums at Kensington in the month
of September next. It may be very desirable to do so,
but I fear that the time intervening will hardly be sulE-
cient to allow growers an opportunity of preparing
their plants. In addition to this proposal, however, I
would suggest that a sweepstakes might be arranged for
one of the Royal Horticultural Society's great shows,
say in July next. This sweepstakes should be
strictly confined to Iplants not yet sent out.
The various sorts sent out during 1866, or in
the spring of the present year, being already
before the public, their merits are to some
extent proved; and by confining it to sorts
likely to be sent out ere long, the admirers of these
beautiful plants would have a good opportunity
of observing the progress that has been made. As,
moreover, the names under which they were shown
might be confirmed or altered by the jurors who
decided on their merits^ intending growers would be
able to make their selection ivithout incurring the risk
of growing the same, or at least very similar sorts,
under two or more names. To secure something like
uniformity, the pots in which the plants are to be
shown might be limited, each pot to contain only one
plant, and that plant to have been raised from a
cutting: yearlings, or plants growing upon their
original roots, being strictly excluded. The raisers of
these Pelargoniums are now exceedingly numerous,
indeed almost every grower of them is also a raiser ;
and the plan I propose would, I think, give raisers of
every grade an opportunity of competing with his
productions, and could not, I think, fail to produce a
vast assemblage of beautiful plants. I therefore suggest,
first, that a sweepstakes be formed for new Variegated
Pelargoniums, varieties not yet sent out by the trade.
They may be either gold or silver margined, with or
without a zone ; but they must have been produced
from a cutting, and must be shown in a pot not
exceeding 6 inches in diameter ; and secondly, that this
sweepstakes be divided into four classes, as follows : —

1. The best 12 new VariegJlted Pelarffoniums, distinct, entry."??.

2. The best 6 do. do. do. do. do. 2?.

3. The best 3 do. do. do. do. do. li-

4. The best 1 do. do. do. do. do. 1!.
Thus, supposing that there should be 10 entries in
class 1, the amount to be given in one or more prizes, as
might be agreed upon, would be 30?. ; and, in addition

to this, the Royal Horticultural Society might also be
inclined to give a certain sum by way of encouragement
to the movement. If thought desirable separate
classes could also be formed for the golden variegated
zonals, or golden and bronze zonals, which latter are
exceedingly beautiful, and well worthy of every encour-
agement. I think that if something of this sort could
be decided upon, at as early a date as possible, a grand
display might confidently be expected. There is now
ample time for intending exhibitors to take cuttings
from their most promising seedlings of the present
season, and have them ready for exhibition in July
next. It must bo borne in mind that quality, and
not quantity, is the desideratum, and this it would be
well for the jurors to bear in mind. P. Grieve, Culford.

Herbaceous Plants at Fxliibitioiis. — I almost wonder
that the Royal Horticultural Society does not offer a
prize for the largest number of herbaceous and' alpine
plants exhibited by one grower. It would not be
difficult to show 50 in June and July, and might help
to popularise them. Many might be grown in pots
too. TV.T.

Cucumber Disease (see p. 781). — I am inclined
to think, from long _ experience, that the murrain
and other diseases incidental to Cucumbers are
more to be attributed to localities where improper
soils have been used than to constitutional predispo-
sition. I, however, quite appreciate " M. J . B.'s "
remarks, that seed from a diseased stock will have
a tendency to spread the murrain ; this is quite
in accordance with my experience. I purchased a
packet of a new Cucumber from the south, intending
to ripen^ the seed for sale, but owing to some of the
fruit being affected with an exudation of a gummy
substance,! have declined to seed it. One thing I have
observed since the plants became weakened by heavy
cropping, and that is, the number of diseased fruit has
continued to decrease, and for the last two weeks none
have been affected. May we not conjecture that over-
luxuriance, arising from rich composts, has a tendency,
if not to originate murrain, at least to increase the
disease ? I have frequently seen Cucumbers diseased,
particularly in frames and dung-pits, when residing
near Stockport ; and when questioned as to the cause,
I always attributed it to over-rich, over-wet, and over-
cold compost : the latter being occasioned by over-wide
boxes, preventing the warmth from outside linings of
fermenting materials from reaching the centre of the
bed. I have now been cultivating the Cucumber in
this locality for about 11 years, and I have never seen
murrain except as related above, from, very probably,
infected seed. My Cucumbers this season, from my
own seed, were never more promising. I have a great
number of fruit in all stages of growth, which I intend
ripening for seed; sevenu of them now measure from
36 to 42 inches in length, and I have no doubt that
when ripe some of them will weigh 121b. or 141b.
each. However incredible this may appear to
some, it is nevertheless a fact, and may be
accomplished by any person who will supply the
roots with sweet and wholesome food. I ascribe my
success in the culture of the Cucumber entirely to
the porous and healthy state of my cotnpost, which
consists principally of road scrapings mixed with a
little half-decomposed stable manure, weeds, and other
refuse from the garden ; these are thrown into a heap ;
a slight fermentation takes place, which destroys the
vitality of the weeds, after which the material is ready
for use. My advice to all who grow Cucumbers in
dung-pits is, to put a quantity of tan or leaves under
the compost, to prevent the roots reaching the
manure, and to take care not to over-water, nor to
shade the fruit with too many leaves. Under such
treatment I am persuaded that the disease will dis-
appear. Joseph Hamilton, Wellington Place, Sotcherbt/,
near Carlisle.

Jjilium giganteum turning with the Sun: — Is it usual
for this Lily to turn round with the sun ? The peculi-
arity takes place when the first flower begins to show
itself, and continues until all the blossoms are seen.
The greatest distance at which I have noticed the top
out of perpendicular has been 5 inches. I have found
the top of the stem occupying two positions, 9 inches
apart, in the space of 12 hours. In dull weather it
turns around the same, although the curve is not so
great. At night, even, I have found it pointing north,
showing that it makes a circle in 24 hours. H. M.,
Fnr/s, Penri/n.

Mrs. Pince's Slack Muscat. — My opinion has been
asked in reference to this Grape, and in reply, I beg to
say that I consider it to be one of the best late varieties
in cultivation. I first became acquainted with it in
1865, when I saw a heavy crop of it just beginning to
colour. It was growing in the house, described by
Mr. Hannan (see p. 784), and I saw several bunches
of the same crop hanging on the Vines, in a fresh and
plump condition, in March, 1866— a year in which the
Vines again bore a heavy crop of large bunches, evenly
swollen, but they did not colour well ; this I attribute
to the cultivation. This year they are again bearing a
heavy crop. It is a free setter, and has a strong
Muscat' flavour; it resembles Lady Downe's Seedhng
in bunch and berry, but I consider it to be superior to
that good variety as respects keeping properties.
Thos. Toole, Gardener to Sir L. Palk, Bart., M.P.,
Haldon House, near Fxeter. [The merits of this
Grape are now so well known that further state-
ments in its favour seem to be unnecessary. We
understand that Mr. Meredith, the great Grape grower
at Garston, is about to plant a whole house with it for
late use.]

Woodlice (see p. 785).— These may be effectually
removed in a few hours by means of Pooley's Tobacco
Powder dusted round the edges of the frame, or on the
plants, as the powder does not affect the foliage.
J. Thomas, Gardener, SouthoverHall,Burmash,Sussex.

Lycopodium alpinuin in Hampshire. — I gathered the
enclosed specimens of Lycopodium alpinum at lower

August 3, 1867.]

THE GAKDENERS' CTTRONIOLE AND AflPJCTILTUrvAL GAZETTE,

809

AVagner's AVells, in the imrlsli of Bramshot, Hants ;
llio soil a sandy peat, the elov.ation not more tlian W)0
or 7110 loot, tlio situation slioltereil, and j,'i'owing near
1(> tho roots ol' lloath, aljoul 18 inches hiRli, by whioli
il a|i|io:irs to bo almost smothered. Has Lycopodiiim
;ilpiiiiim ever boon iiroporly deseribed ? All authors
desei-ibo it with a repent stem above ground; our
plant has one an inch l)olow tho surface, but it agrees in
every other particular with L. alpinum, its l-farious
habit distinguishes it from L. complanatum. May it
(Ij. alpiuuui) not have sometimes a running stem
above ground, and souietimos under ? Lastroa 'I'holyp-
toris, in its native bogs, runs above tho soil, but under
cultivation it grows with a suljtorraneous rliizome
John L/oi/il. [There are some doubts as to the true
name of this Lycmpodium, arising from tho fa(^t that
the spociimons sent are tho barren stems only. Professor
IJabington " inclines to place it under L. chaiuiccy-
parissus Il.lir., a plant of the llhine Valley." It may
be Ij. alpinum, but the subterranean rhizome is unlike
that species. Eds. |

Tho Kiiiij CaMmijf.—l send you a clipping from a
Nottingham paper, which you may think worth

{)rinting : — " A sjiecimen of this favourite variety has
)eou grown by Mr. S. Ilooley, of Woliaton, of more
than usual proportions, the diameter across the leaves
being 1 feet, and the gross weight 27 lb. The Cabbage
is in capital condition, fresh and clean. The weight of
the heaviest pair of Cabbages shown at the Whitsun
show was a littlo over 20 lb. We doubt the policy of
cultivating these enormous Cabbages. This occupied
nearly two square yards of ground, and that planted at
one loot ap!irt with Atkiu's Matchless, Paragon, or
Enlicld Market, would yield Cabbages two or three
pounds each in six weeks or two months at this season,
and that would be a larger and much more profitable
produce. JK A.

Standard Oooseherries. — There are four Gooseberry
trees now growing in this village, the like of which 1
never before witnessed. They are trained to an iron
rod as standards, and the heads trained on a circle of
■wire, beneath which the berries hang as thickly as
Grapes, and are ripening beautifully. I can assure you
the trees are splendid, and a fine production of art.
The first (Crown Bob) is 10 feet high, and 3 feet 10
inches across. The second (Crown Bob) is 7 feet high, !
and 3 feet across. The third (Victor) is 5 feet high,
and 4 feet across. The fourth (Crown Bob) is 4 feet
high, and 3 feet across. They belong to a family of the
name of Taylor. John Ai/res, Duffield, Derby.

The Perennial Cucumber [Cueumis perennis). — This
has not the quality of leaf which I could desire, but it
will prove interesting to many. It is perfectly hardy,
and possesses— if I may so speak — great trailing power.
Its leaves are strong, rough, and of a glaucous colour ;
and the shoots run about freely if the plant be in very
rich soil. Where bold trailing plants for high trellis
work, or rough banks, or shaggy rockwork are desired,
it will be found distinct ; but withal I cannot give it a
place in the front rank, and the small select garden
without any of the above-mentioned appendages will
certainly be better without it. It is used here and
there in France for overrunning unsightly objects, and
at (Cliveden for tying up to a very high trellis with
Gourds, &c. It is strong and lasting when well
established. Vertumnus.

Terbascvm veniale. — Most of us know how very dis-
tinct and imposing are the larger Verbascums, and
Ihose who have attempted their culture must soon
liave found out what transient far-seeding kinds of
things they are. Of a biennial character, their culture
is most unsatisfactory ; they either migrate into the
adjoining shrubbery, or disappear altogether. The
possession of a thoroughly noble perennial one must
therefore he a desideratum, and such a plant will be
found in the Hungarian Verbascum vernale. This is
fine in leaf and stature, and produces abundance of
flowers. The lower leaves grow 18 or 20 inches long,
and the plant when in flower to a height of 7 or 8 feet
when in good soil. It is a truly distinct subject for
helping us to vary tuatters, and may, I hope, ere long be
to be had in our gardens and nurseries. It is a scarce
plant in England, and I am not even sure that Mr.
Niven has it, though it is certainly worth all the
others of the genus that we see in gardens "put
together." R.

Crambe cordifoUa. — This is unquestionably one of
the finest of perfectly hardy and large-leaved herba-
ceous plants. It is as easily grown as the common Sea-
kale— easier, if anything ; and in heavy rich ground
makes a splendid head of leaves surmounted in
summer by a dense spray of very small flowers. Doubt-
less if these be pinched olf a larger development of
the fine glossy leaves may be expected, but as the
shoots are so vigorously shot up and converted into a
distinct and pretty inflorescence, many will prefer to
" leave the plant to nature." In planting it, the
deeper and richer the soil, the finer the result naturally.
It will prove a capital thing for every group of fine-
leaved hardy plants, and may also be popped in one
or two places where a bold though low type of vege-
tation is desired. There is another species, C. iuncea,
which is nearly but not quite so good. W. P. S.

lato years. Remaining at Riobamba for a few days, in
order to change our laittle, w<^ iiroceeded southward,
arriving in the evening at Guamote and the day
fbllowiTig at Alansi. The distance from liiobaniba to
the latter town may l)e cslimatcd at (10 miles, and
about 10 miles furtl'ier to tho south is situated tlio
Indian village of I'omallacira, constructed on a ledge of
the Azaay, being the usual starting i)oinl of the
traveller who proposes crossing that elevated mountain

piLSS.

The vegetation along the lino of road from Quito to
Alansi, with the exception of certain localities men-
tioned by Mr. Spruce in his interesting " Notes," is
of a nioncitouous character. Tho succulent Com-
posite (Linn. ,lourn., iv., p. 17'.)) is, I presume, Senecio
telcphifolius, Modd. — a plant whose northern position is
on the plain of Callao, and observed as far southward as
tho province of Alansi, i. e., on the sandy tract of
country comprised between the mountain knots of
Tropullo and Azaay, and, I believe, nowhere else.

Several showy ])lants occur on the rocks above the
town of Alansi: four species of Onoseris, a blue-
flowered Browallia, Heliotropium incanum, .Salvia
loucocephala, Perilomia ocymoides, and two species of
lochroma ; but above the cliffs the grassy slope of tho
hills was comjiletely burnt no.

Having procured at I'omaliacta a fresh relay of mules
and a couple of intelligent Indians, to serve as guides
to the village of Cahar, a distance of about 50 miles, we
started before daybreak, the weather to all appearance
being favourable for the achievement of the day's
journey. The ascent, although gradual, proves fatiguing
to the animals, caused by the dilBculty experienced in
breathing an atmosphere in which the barometer indi-
cates a pressure of from 20 to 18 inches. About mid-
way we were on the highest point of the Azaay, called
" Los Cruces," from the number of crosses fastened on
an accumulation of stones, indicating the resting
places of many unfortunate people who have there
perished through inclemency of weather. To add to
the alarm of my domestic household, we experienced a
severe snow-storm, rendering the narrow path scarcely
visible. However, there was no .alternative but to push
on and reach the point where the rocky descent com-
mences, which we at length reached after some delay.
About 800 feet below we espied a grassy plain, on which
we thought it advisable to pass the night, there being
no human habitation within a space of at least 20
miles. Descending by a tortuous rocky path we soon
arrived at the plain, and, although the air felt sharp
and penetrating, we were happy in having surmounted
the formidable barrier. Before dusk we had accumu-
lated a large quantity of fuel, consisting of Chuquiragua
insignis, Loricaria stenophylla, and L. mouilifera,
Hypericum acerosum, and a Valerian, the only woody
plants we could find at this elevation. On being lighted
at sunset they made a glorious blaze, and attracted a
multitude of beetles. I caught two of them, which I
inclose, as, being a bad entomologist, I feel incom-
petent to determine to what genus they belong. Their
occurrence at an elevation of at least 14,000 feet is of
itself a curious fact. [The smashed beetle (body and
two heads) that reached us is, according to Prof. West-
wood, the Platycffilia lineata. It is nearly allied to our
common ('oi'l<('lialI'er in its habits, but it belongs to the
family Ituiuluhc. |

We slept soundly till about daybreak, the thermo-
meter at sun-rise indicating 34°. The weather had
become fine, and while preparations were making for
breakfast, I felt an irresistible desire to make a hasty
exploration of the neighbouring cliffs. The first plant
I met with was Collania glaucescens. Herb. ; next
Erigeron pellitum, Wedd. ; Draba alyssoides, Senecio
Hnmboldtianus, Cerastium fioccosum, Benth. ; Ranun-
culus peruvianus; and, on ascending to the ridge we
had crossed yesterday, Draba violacea, a purple-flowered
Werneria, Eudema grandiflora. Planch.; Sida ph.yl-
lantha, Gentiana inflata, and Gentiana sedifolia.
The last-named species has the corolla divided
into 10 lacinite, the larger alternating with the smaller.
This little plant is found within a zone of 13,000 to
15,000 feet. It flowers all the year, but the corolla at
the inferior limit is of a bluish-white colour, whereas
at the upper region the flowers are three times larger,
of a deep azure blue, and endowed with an extraordi-
nary degree of irritability. They contract immediately
they are touched by the finger. William Jameson,
Quito.

Foreign Correspondence.

Vegetation of the Quitinian Andes. — After some days
of preparation for a journey to the southern provinces
of Ecuador, extending over nearly 6' of lat., I departed
from Quito on the 23d June, 1864. My retinue con-
sisted of my youngest daughter, two servants, male
and female, besides a muleteer and three baggage
mules, to carry our bedding, and other articles required
for a long journey. Following the main road, we
passed successively through Machachi, Latacunga,
Hambato, Mocha, and Riobamba, towns or villages
situated between the two main ridges of the Cordillera,
and described in various books of travel published of

:N'otic£i5 of Mooh^,

A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation, of the Orape
Vine. By William Thomson. Fifth edition. Black-
wood. 8vo., pp. 79.
"We deviate in this case from our usual custom of not
giving any extended notice of new editions for a special
reason. The opinion of so successful a Grape-grower
as Mr. W. Thomson, and one, too, who has written the
hest work on the subject in our language, has neces-
sarily been looked for with some anxiety by those who
have been engaged in the brisk controversy that has
been carried on in our columns as well as in those of
our contemporaries, with reference to the " extension "
or " restriction " system of Vine-growing. With
justifiable caution, our author remarks that there is
much to be said on both sides of the question — a
question to which his attention has been drawn for
many years. We prefer at present to let Mr. Thomson
speak for himself, reserving for a future occasion any
farther comment of our own.

" Theoretically, it must at once be admitted that the one-
Vine or ' extension ' system stands on vantage-ground. No
one can deny that a tree which is largely developed, with its
roots ranging over what I may term an extensive pasture-
field, is Ukely to maintain its health and vigour for a much
greater length of time than one that is by the force of circum-
stances restricted in its growth. But there are practical
difficulties in the way of the general adoption of tho former
mode of culture. In the first place, all experience goea to

]irove tliat ih<: Vino Im what inay be termed a rainblinj^ rooter.
If thu boiii.jr \n not carofulty iii;id(;, an<i of such iiiatcrials a«
to iiiduco tho formation of a nuiiiorous iirugeny ol fine braneli-
liig fibry rootn, the width of iuiy ordinary Vine border will
Miiiin l)e traversed by them. This t;ikes place even when tho
' ro.strictlvo systuin ' is adoptufl, and it will take place with
itirniit.uly Kfoatur rapidity under tho other. To moot this
diiluMilty the roots have been walled In ; but this only aggra-
vate.^ ibu evil, foi- tbiMiiimiuut thu roots touch tho wall, they
di)H('(;nd to Mm Iml Iniu of ttie Ijordor, wljere they uro far from
tho ffi-iniid iiilliii-iLiri!,( uf liual; autl air.

" AiKjUior iiljjfct.iuii bruuj^lit aKaiiist tbis sy.stem is that ono
Vine takes much Imii^cr to flll■lli,'^ll a hoiisu witli fruit than a
nuiiibor do : tmt this lmu be niut by plaiitMiK siipurimmerarieH,
to bo removed as the pcriuanent oue advances.

" A third objection is, that variety of Grapes is doHlrablo
in a Viiiory, and that this cannot be had where only ono Vhio
is yrown. Grafting or inarching will meet this objection ;
and it la well known that many delicate Horta of Vinos grow
bettor on other than their own roots.

" Thus it appears that the only serious objection to tho ono-
Vino system is tho rlifficulty of getting a border of suthcicnt
scope for the roots uf a Vine of such i)roportions a^ will fill a
good-sized Vinery with fruit-bearing wood ; but where such
can bo had, I fully approve of the ' extension system.' "

Mr. Thomson then cites, in illustration of his
remarks, the case of the Fmchley Vine. Mr. Kay,
the proprietor of this Vine, always maintained

" The great importance of what he called ' carrying a large
amount of foliage on tho Vine ' as the only sure way of keep-
ing up its stamina, and acted on this himself. 1 used to reply,
that practically it was not expedient to allow more than two
leaves to grow beyond the bnneh. This, with the sub-laterals
stopped at one leaf, I considered sufficient, and pointed to tho
example of the houses at Uakhill, near Bamet, then and for
20 years so ably managed by Mr. Davis, who produced splendid
crops of Grapes, ripe in March and April, for many years in
suecessiou from the same Vines, and which he pruned to one
eye, and luft only one leaf beyond the bunch. I thought tho
.sy.stciu I ailopted, of leaving two leaves, sufficient ; Mr. Kay
tJinuL^rht, utlirjrwise, aud left fi-om four to five. Carrying bis
idt^as still farther, he said he believed that better still would
be the plan of planting only one Vine in a large house. This I
urged bim to do, and in 1855 he built a span-roofed house
yy feet long, 16 feet wide, and 9 feet (J inches in height to the
apex. In this house he planted a single Black Hamburgh
Vine in March 1856, the roots all outside, and the border pre-
pared 89 feet in length by 15 broad. Beyond this border are
the borders of other houses, giving it scope for its roots little
if at all under a quarter of an acre. The Vine is trained vidth a
leading stem from the centre of the north side wall up to the
apex, and down to the south wall, for the house runs east and
west. From this main stem five laterals are trained towards
each end of the house— one at the apex, the others equidistant
between the apex and the walls. The last time I saw it in
company with Mr. Kay was in 186'2. I saw it again in 18C4,
when it had a full crop of excellent Grapes, weighing, as I have
since learned, 47(j lb. In 18G5 it bore 400 lb. of Grapes ; in
18Ul>, oUU bunches, some of them weighing 5 lb. It took seven
years to furnish the house with bearing wood. The girth of
tho stem where it enters the house is, at this date (.May, 1867)
14 inches. Mr. Osborne, an old pupil of Mr. ICay's, has ably
earned out his preceptor's mode of managing this noble Vine ;
and I trust it may long remain in robust health, a fitting
monument to the memory of one who had few equals .as an
enthusiastic cultivator of the Vine, aud one who stands alone
as having built a large house and planted it with a single Vine
to test a theory which some wi-iters of the present day are
startmg as a new one."

AVith reference to the restrictive system of Grape
growing, condemned by Mr. Cannell and others, our
author proceeds as follows : —

" I know many very old Vines that have been cultivated on
the ' restrictive system,' and that have continued in perfect
health for many years. AtOakhill, near London, Mr. Dowding
planted a uumtier of Vineries 40 years ago ; I became
acquainted with them in 18^7, and for 20 subsequent years
Mr. Davis, who succeeded Mr. Dowding, produced the most
regular and finest crops of Grapes in the kingdom from these
same Vines, yet they maintained their health, vigour, and
fruitfulness. They were planted one Vine to each rafter, and
the system of pruning was the ' close-cutting ' one, by which
only one eye was left at the base of each lateral.

" There is au old Vine, referred to in this work, at Wrotham
Park, which is 8o years old, and has all along been cultivated
on the ' restrictive system,' for it only clothes two rafters ; yet
I learn from Mr. Ediington, who now has charge of it, that it
is in as full health and vigour as any of the younger Vines, and
bears equally fine fruit, aud has a stem 1 foot 7 inches in girth.
True, the border it grows in h:is been once renewed in the
time. In regard to this old Vine I make the following extract
from a letter from Mr. EdUngton just to hand. He writes,
'The old Hamburgh produces fruit equal to the other and
younger Vines in tiie same house. Last year they were truly
magnificent, surpassing all other Grapes on the place.'

' ■ I might go on multiplying instances to prove that Vines
neither become unfruitful nor die off in nine years, as Mr.
C'annoir.s did, because they are not allowed to extend the area
of their foliage annually, but I think such unnecessary. The
fact is, that the Vine is a very docile plant ; and if its foliage
is kept free from the attacks of insects, if over-cropping is
avoided, and the wood well ripened, — if the border is made of
moderately good materials, aud the drainage sufficient,— the
Vine will continue in healtli and vigour for 50 years under any
of those systems of pruning and training that are practised by
gardeners of intelligence, whether that be the 'restrictive'
and close-pruning system, or the 'extension' and long-spiu"
system.

" Where it is necessary to have circumscribed borders, as is
generally the case, I would plant a Vine to every 6-feet rim of
a Vinery, and grow two rods from each plant. This would give
such vigour to the roots as would react on the branches in
such a way as to yield both good bunches and berries, while at
the same time a border 20 or 30 feet wide would afford them
sustenance for many years,

" Where there is ample scope for the roots to iim unchecked
and uninjured for 150 or 200 feet, then by all means adopt the
one-Vine or ' extension ' system, inarching or grafting on to
this patriarch all the varieties required."

AVe have only one remark to make at this time,
and that is to express our regret that, while giving the
resume of this subject and his own opinions tiiereupon,
he has not more frequently cited chapter and verse. The
value of a standard book like the present is very
materially enhanced by the addition of references to the
principal sources of information. This has been done to
a slight extent only in Mr. Thomson's volume, wherein
also we miss any account of the ground Vineries,
which, however unsuitable for large establishments,
are likely to tind much favour with amateurs.

To all engaged in the study of the lower Crypto-
gamous plants we recommend a useful and well got
up little book, entitled -4 Sandy-book to the Collection

810

THE GAUDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 3, 1867.

and Preparation of Fresh-ioaier and Marine Algce,
4-c., 4-c., by Joliann Nave, translated by the Rev. W.
W. Spicer (llardwioke). Twenty-six plates, besides
other illustrations, add increased utility to the work.

Dr. Alexander Stewart, an eminent Li^ndon physician,
vrith the assistance of Mr. Edward Jenkins, barrister,
has published a,n interesting pamphlet on the Medical
and Legal Aspects of Sanitari/ Reform (Htvrdvvicke),
which should be read by all those who profess not to
believe that the rate of mortality from fevers and other
diseases is influenced by the state of the drainage of a
town or by other sanitary arrangements. Medical men
have long known and acted on their knowledge that
their power for good, as regards the health of their
fellow men, is far greater when exercised in the
prevention of disease than when employed in its cure.
In nine cases out of ten the medical man can but
palliate the effects of disease, it is the quack only who
nretends to cure in all cases. The general public is slow
to recognise this truth, and somewhat disappointed that
it should be so, as witness the statements sometimes
made that medicine, compared with other sciences,
makes but little progress : but surely it is more impor-
tant to improve the general health of the public, to
lengthen the tenure of human life, to mitigate pauperism
and consequent taxation, than it is to treat, however
successfully, individual cases of disease ; the benefat is
special and limited in the one case, it is of universal
application in the other, and medical men, in spite of
the shortsighted, unreasoning opposition they meet
with in their labours, may look on their eflorts with
the proud consciousness that they have, in insisting on
the carrying out of proper sanitary reforms, saved ma
few years many thousand more lives than they could
possibly have " cured " under any circumstances in a
century. We can only regret that the authors of the
present pamphlet have not in all cases applied to the
most competent and trustworthy sources, and hence in
some points the information they have received is
meagre and insuflicient. Nevertheless, we earnestly
recommend its perusal, and we would ask whether the
residences, not only of the labourers but of the foremen,
nay, even of the head gardeners, are as a rule such as
they should he, and whether in very many instances
the accommodation afforded to the horses, or m some
cases even to the pigs, is not better of its kind than that
with which human beings have to make themselves
contented. Our remarks are of course not intended
to be applied indiscriminately, but it is unquestionable
that a fearful responsibility rests on the proprietors in
those cases where our observations are apjiropriate.

iflortsts' dFlotDiers.

Hyacinths.— The greater part of the Dutch bulb-
growers are in sackcloth and ashes, because the growth
of the bulbs of Hyacinths has to some extent failed
this year, on account of the extreme moisture that has
been experienced during the past muter, followed by
an inconstant, cold spring and continual harsh winds,
which have broken the foliage of many sorts. The
result, therefore, is that the bulbs in general are little
more than two-thirds of their ordinary size. In a few
favourably situated gardens, however, beautiful large
bulbs have been produced, but these are few and far
between. The English public will doubtless be disap-
pointed at the small state of the bulbs in aeueral, but
it should be borne in mind that size alone has little to
do with the flower-spikes bulbs may produce in the
year in which they are sold. A clo.se examination of
the bulbs will show three, and sometimes four or
even more flower-spikes, generally placed in a line
running from the outside of the bulb to the centre.
The spike nearest the outside is the largest, and must
flower first. This is but very small when the bulb
comes out of the ground, and only arrives at entire
development after the bulb has made its full growth.
The bad growth of this season may, however, influence
the flower-spikes in future years.

In general the extra-large bulbs do not yield the best
flower spikes ; for example, iu ISIJC) the bulbs of single
red Lord Wellington were of enormous size, and yet the
flower-spikes that year were all small. The age of the
bulb has, however, great influence on the fine develop-
ment of the spikes of flowers, and to that the atten-
tion of growers must be directed. This year and the
spring of next will prove the truth of what has just
been asserted.

This season some sorts have suffered more than
others. The single whites, together with single blue
Nimrod, single red Homerus, double blue Van Speyk,
the mauve colours and the double whites, have suflered
most. Other sorts are also more or less injured, con-
sequently the bulbs are small, and often cracked.

Lovers of Hyacinths should have their attention
du-ected to the following sorts, which are not iu general
use or catalogued, though the greater part of them are
not novelties. They are, however, first-rate, and
favourites with all who know them, as they constantly
throw up large and good flower spikes, viz. i —

Single S/iie.— Admiral de Coliguy,i Priestley, Piene-
man, three pale blues ; Leonidas, China blue ; Sir
Charles Napier, black ; Maria, dark blue, the best of
the colour, and the largest blue flower in cultivation ;
liamplighter, black with white eye, extra beauti-
ful if large bulbs are used ; Czar Peter, pale blue, also
an extra good double blue ; Garrick, Louis Philippe,
and Prince Albert, the last nearly black, a fine flower,
unrivalled for glasses. ^ , , . -.^ -,-. ,

Single ijed.— Pelissier, Josdphme, Mrs. Beecher
Stowe, Princess Charlotte, Princess Clotilde, GoUath,
Cosmos, Prince of Wales, Surpasse, Macaulay, Count
Radetzki, all extra beautiful.

Dovhle iJ«L— Noble par merite and Louis N,apoleon,
sorts which never fail ; Wieland is also beautiful.

Single )F/«te.— Grand Alexandre, unique in regard
to its size of bell; Cloche magnifique blush; La
Noblesse, pure white; La Vestale, Belle Blanchis-

seuse, Vesta, Snowball, always one of the best whites ;
La Grandesse and La Neige, both beautiful new kinds.

Single I'e//o!o.— Aurora, spike large, and of a beauti-
ful colour ; I'Or d'Australie, bells and spike large.

Among Mauve Colours ToUeus yields constantly
goodspijies. ., , , ,

The above can easily be had. . ^ , ^

The Society of Bulb Growers of Haarlem intends to
hold a flower show, chiefly of bulbous plants, such as
Hyacinths, Tulips, &o., next Christmas. This is some-
thing new, and will prove what can be done with
bulbous plants. It will also induce, I hope, other
societies to get up flower shows at the same time of
the year. O. W. F. S., Haarlem, July 25.

Pbeet's Seedling Verbenas. — Amongst the
Verbena raisers of the present day, Charles Perry is
undoubtedly the champion raiser, and to him we are
indebted for many of the best Verbenas we have.
Amongst kinds already out. raised by him but sent out
by Mr. Turner, are— Charles Turner, Charles Perry,
William Dean, Harry Law, Harry Turner, Delioata,
Exquisite, Leah, Pink Perfection, Majolica, Wonderful,
Meteor, Mrs. Turner, Mrs. Dean, Mauve Queen,
Cleopatra, Champion, Mazeppa, Novelty, Lilac Queen,
and several others. Every Verbena grower will know
that in this list are some of the finest kinds known ;
still I am glad to say that Mr. Perry has a batch of new
ones for next spring that are wonderfully fine, and will
give great satisfaction. I have seen them several times
this season, twice in his own garden, and also at various
exhibitions, and I am sure the following remarks on
them will be found correct :—

Mrs. Pfi-r//.— Eich blue purple, with large hght eye ;
very fine form ; a grand flower.

iliss rio-ner.- White, with very large pale rose
centre ; very fine pip and truss ; a handsome variety.

James BirbecTc.—Rich. glowing light rosy scarlet,
light eye ; very large pip and truss ; extra fine.

Hmma Peri-;/.— Blush white, with large dark rosy
red centre ; very fine pip and truss.

Mrs. SIole.—Dee-p lavender, large and finely-formed
pip, and beautifully formed truss.

Samuel Jfortoa.- Shadedrosy blush, with large dark
centre ; very fine pip and truss.

Shirley Sihherd.— Intense dark violet, with small
white eye ; a rich looking flower, of fine form and great
substance. . ,. , ,

Interesting.— Tale scarlet, with distract light eye;
finely formed pip and truss.

O. P. IVe.- Lighter than Mrs. Turner, with a deeper
coloured centre ; a dwarf growing kind, with very fine
pip and truss. A variety named George Tye was sent
in 18G6, but this is distinct from it. , • , ,

Jo/m Wilson.— Rosy carmine, with a violet tinted
centre ; very fine truss and habit.

J. C. JFarA- Light purple, with light eye ; fine form
and truss. . , , ,

Hercules.— Rich rosy carmine, with dark centre ; very
fine form.

James i)ay.— Shaded light violet, with white eye ;
fine truss. . , , ,

Little Clara.— Shn.ied pink with dark carmine
centre ; fine form and fine truss.

This batch should be in every grower's hands next
spring, for it comprises a lot of exhibition flowers that
will be valued. Mr. Perry has two span-roofed houses
devoted entirely to Verbenas in pots, and his style ot
growing is such as I recommend for greenhouse
decoration. W. Lean, Shipley.

^t ^ptarp.

Aetifictal Impeessed Waxen Comb.— I am
sorry I should have sent you the sample of the wax
shee'ts for comb, which you noticed at p. 739, before I
had completed my apparatus for making them. I do
not think the enclosed specimen, which I have since
made, possesses any of the defects you noticed in the
other My experience does not hear out what you
remark about these sheets of embossed wax. I decidedly
prefer them to pieces of guide-comb, for the following
reasons — 1. They produce perfectly straight combs.
3 They are attached to the frames much more easily,
without the unpleasant concomitants of hot noker, &o. ;
all that is needed being a saw-cut through the top bar,
and a couple of tacks. 3. They are far more econo-
mical as all the waste combs can be melted up and
turned into sheets, instead of only a few of the cleanest
being returned to the bees. The sample last sent,
although not nearly so good as that now enclosed, was
by no means despised by my bees. I could show
exquisite combs made from similar sheets. In the
scores of instances iu which I have used embossed
sheets during this and last season, I have never known
the bees fail to work it up into satisfactory combs.
The enclosed fragment shows the depth which I make
it and which I find most convenient. I do not find
that the small-sized embossing to which you refer is
any practical hindrance to the use of the sheets ; and
it must be borne iu mind that the hees^ stretch
them considerably in the process of converting them
into comb. Artlmr Maw, Benitiall Hall. [\Ne are
sorry to say that the last sample of your embossed
waxen sheets came to us even more pressed out of
shape than the first, probably because it was thinner.
There still remained, however, suflioient evidence ot
its superiority to that first forwarded. You appear to
have been more generally successful in the iise of these
artificial sheets than some eminent apiarians of our
acnuaintauce. These, as well as ourselves, have nad
reason to complain of the sheets warpmg or curling
after being placed mthin the hive; of large pieces
being nibbled away by the bees; and of cells being
made only on one side. In consequence ot these little
drawbacks, we have lately limited their use to narrow
strips for guides to straight comb building. We are

obliged to you for again writing on this question, and
shall be glad to hear further from you on this, or any
other analogous subject.]

Vespa akbobea.— Is there any reason able probability
of finding a nest of the tree building wasp (Vespa
arhorea), especially in Gloucestershire. I trouble you
with this question, as for many years I have been in
the habit of collecting wasps and their nests for a
relation, who now, I believe, only requires a ne.st of
the V. arhorea to complete his collection. Almost
every year he has said that he found Queens of this
kind among those sent him, but I never identified
them myself, so I am not sure where this wasp may
still be looked for. H. A. O. [We believe that
this variety of wasp is not common in the south
of England. A year or two since we were shown
a nest either of V. arhorea or V. norvegioa
(stated by Smith to be the true V. britannica), which
had been built either inside a bell-glass or in the
crown of a straw hive, we are uncertain which. We
have made inquiry of two or three good naturalists, all
of whom testify to its rarity. One of these gentlemen,
who possesses a nest of one of the above species, pro-
bably V. britannica, has kindly offered it for the
acceptance of " E. A. O.," if it should prove to be that
of which she is in search. Perhaps she will communi-
cate with S. Bevan Pox, Esq., Exeter. Another of the
gentlemen referred to agrees with Mr. P. Smith in
stating that this variety is very rare, but has been
found in Yorkshire and the northern parts of Britain.
Perhaps some of our readers may be able to help our
lady correspondent in this matter.]

Feeding fob the Completion oe Supees.— Can
you tell me bow to feed heeslon the top, by means of a
bottle, after the fashion of a bird fountain ? Or do you
know of any better way, the top of the hive being nearly
covered over with bell-glasses ? So many glasses are
nearly filled this year that it seems a good thing to
have them completed by means of a little syrup ; but it
is diflioult to give enough at a time. At what time in
the autumn would combs in supers and nadirs, which
unfortunately have brood, be sure to be free from it ?
Queen Bee. [The best way of feeding would be by the
bottle plan, provided you can make use of a hole iu
the crown-hoard of the hive. Take an ordinary
piokle-pottle, fill it with syrup (made in the proportion
of 6 lb. of loaf-sugar to 1 lb. of water, both weighed, and
boiled for five minutes), tie over the mouth a piece of
fine net or open muslin, lay a piece of perforated zinc
over the hole in the crown-board, quickly invert the
bottle, and place it neck downwards on the zinc. It i<
better to give the food at night, removing the bottle in
the morning. It must be well covered up, so that no
marauders may discover it. You must be prepared to
give a liberal supply, as the bees consume a great
quantity in the formation of wax, even for the seahng
of the cells. It is difficult to say at what time supers
and nadirs would certainly he free from brood, but
most probably at the end of September. It is by no
means uncommon for Queens to remain iu supers all
the winter.]

Garden Memoranda.

Ltneoed Hall, Noefolk, the Seat oe Mas.
Lyne Stephens.— There is here a magnificent new
Elizabethan mansion, by Burn. It was began about
nine years ago, the builder being Mr. Smith, ol
Pimlico. The contract for the shell alone was about
44 oni)?., and it cost altogether over 100,000«. It is built
of red bricks, made on the spot, the dressings being ol
the best Thettin stone. The position is commanding ;
it is exquisitely finished in every respect, courtyards,
stabling, and everything complete, and is the finest
modern specimen of the true Elizabethan style that it
has ever been our good fortune to visit. It is placed near
the northern extremity of a picturesque and undulating
park, and the public road from Mundford to Wattoii
passes close by the north front entrance. One ol
Mr. Nesfteld's gardens occupies the south front, and
splendid shrubberies and pleasure grounds, with a
long piece of artificial water, stretch away for
nearly a mile to the west. On the east is a fine piece ot
natural brake, having a Grass walk, S feet wide, made
through it, which leads to the new kitchen garden.?,
about a quarter of a mile distant. The offices and
stabling are most commodious and splendidly finished.
There are 18 horse-boxes and five stalls. The Mtings
are all of iron, and the floors paved with Dutch
clinkers. The iron fittings of the harness-room are
covered with gutta percha. The great front court is
90 feet wide, and 135 feet long. It is parted off from
the park by a magnificent iron fence on the top of a
low wall, and very 'fine chaste iron gates by Turner, ol
East Street, Loudon. The house and offices are not
only Hghted, hut part of the cooking is also done by
gas The works are placed in a valley about 400 yards
to the north-east of the house. At the gas-works there
is also a tank, 20 feet deep and 12 feet square, which
receives all the sewage from the house and othces
through a 12-inch pipe. The pure-water well is within

about 50 yards of the gas-works, and the water is. rails'}
by a 3-horse power steam-engine, and distributeii
ail over the house, garden, and offices. The sewage
is also pumped up to the gardens, and hydrants are
placed in different positions, so that the whole may Dl
watered with the greatest ease. Mr. Dunn, the vcij
intelligent gardener, sneaks highly of the value ol
sewagi as I manure for Peas, Celery, Straw ernes,
"tvoo^ Tinv orlolnos. Ciicumbers, and all solt-

that not

fruit-trees. Box edgings. Cucumbers,
wooded pot plants. Experience shows
only these, but, when wisely^ applied, eveiy
modern bedding plant in the flower S»-i-deu l.
strengthened and further beautified bya draught ol
sewage. The water arrangements of Lynford are
perfect. This is of the highest moment in most
gardens, but especially so through a great .Poition ol
East Anglia, where large tracts of light soils, resting

AtrousT 3, 1867.]

THE GAl^DMEKS' GMONICLE ANT) AGWCIIT/rtmAL GAZllTT

811

on chalk or gravel, are found, and the rainfall only
averages a depth of about 22 inches. Even with a
less drouRhty bottom, this is not enouRli I'or tlie per-
fecting of sweet, succulent voijotables. On .such :i soil
as Lynford these crops require, and will doubtless
receive, 10 inches of water per annum.

Eeturning from the t;as-\vorks we pass along the
Mundford Road to the beautiful Elizabethan loilgo.
I'lie carriage road leaves the highway, at nearly right
angles, at probably 200 yards beyond the man.sion. It
is a uoblo entrance, and the road, after proceeding
nearly straight for some distance, is carried over
a liandsoino bridge— past the site of the old Hall
—beneath line avenues of trees, and through rich
shrubberies or thriving plantations, to within :! miles
of Brandon, which is BJ miles distant, lint within
IGO yards of the lodge the main entrance to the man-
sion leaves this long carriage road at right angles. It
seems a great pity that this particular lino was chosen.
Possibly it was to bring the now entrance readily
into tlio long carriage road that led to the
old llall, of wiiich this may he looked upon as a con-
tinuation. But tins might easily have been managed
further down ; while tiie natural fall of the ground,
a convenient bend in the ])ulilic road, at the far
end of a noble double avenue ol' Wellingtonia G60 yards
long, in a straight lino from the house— all provoke
one beyond measure that the road did not pierce down
between them in a straight line until its course was
stopped by the public road. This, one would suppo.se,
must have been the original intention of those who
planted the AVellingtonias, and it is to be hoped it will
speedily be carried out. It gives the massive grandeur
of the house a stunted, broken-olF appearance, to be
brought np so suddenly in front of it, and so close to
it. The Wellingtonias were supplied by Messrs.
Veitoh & Sons, of Chelsea, and are very fine, healthy
well-shaped plants, many of them from 5 to 10 feet
high. There are nearly 200 of them, and they are
planted in made soil, liO feet by 120 feet apart. Most of
them are growing well, hut Mr. )Dunn has been much
troubled with root fungus, which has at times destroyed
some of the trees. He is constantly on the watch for
it, and the moment it puts in an appearance on the
roots or at the necks of the plants, it is treated to a
dressing of a mi.xture of Gishurst compound, turpen-
tine, and sulphur. This destroys the fungus, and.
would probably kill the tree as well, but that great
care is taken only to touch the affected parts, and not
to allow any of it to drop among the soil.

Turning from this intensely practical matter, we find
imagination picturing the magnificent eSer.t that this
avenue of monarchs, which is to be e.xtended, will have
500 years hence, andpullourselvesupsuddeuly toadmire
the rapid growth of the Pyracanthas at the end of the
stables. From here the flower garden is reached. It
is about 2 acres in extent. The retaining walls are of
red brick, with a York stone balustrading and coping
embellished with fine bronze vases. The walls and
stone steps alone cost about 4000/. There is an upjier
terrace of gravel, forming a base to the house, 20 feet wide
and 3.30 feet long. This is succeeded by ^ steep sloping
bank, and a second terrace or papel walk 15 feet wide,
terminating in a blue and gold-coloured iron gate at
each end. Beyond these the flower garden proper
begins. It is one of Mr. Nesfield's, of the usual kind,
consisting of small flower beds— box-scroll work —
different coloured walks or spaces of varied hues, &c.

At one end of the house there is a small Hose garden
on the highest ground; at the other end, at a lower
level, is an oval basin, 20 feet by 30, surrounded by
pretty scroll beds. In the flower garden there are
spaces for marble vases. There are also rich majolica
china vases on the top terrace. But the chief
feature of the flower garden is a massive group in
marble of a bull fight at Rome, by Clesinger. This
occupies the centre of the garden, and represents
two bulls in mortal conflict, one having just pierced
the other through the windpipe. The figures are
three-quarter size, and the massive bulk is much
increased by being elevated on large blocks of stone.
It is a fine, true work of art, every part of the animals
being endowed with life-like animation ; but it can only
have been placed here by way of contrast to the
sweet repose of garden scenery, and the contrast is so
violent as to ruffle one's sense of congruity.

Of course also, in harmony with the architecture,
there are round-headed and other shrubs or trees, to
give tlie whole, when they grow up, a quaint and
antique character. All was in the highest keeping,
and the beds were filled with the usual bedding plants.
Among Pelargoniums we observed Stella, Scarlet
Perfection. Punch, Christine, Golden Chain, Bijou,
Cloth of Gold, Baron Hugel, and the ever-welcome
Mangles' Variegated. As a reliefto these we were glad
to meet with some of our old favourite scented Gera-
niums, the best among them all being Shrubland Pet.
Among Verbenas, Purple King, Sir Charles Napier,
Firefly, Defiance, Lord Raglan, Ariosto improved, and
a pink Seedling raised by the late Mr. Drummond, of
Eoeliampton, were the best. Some brilliant Rose beds
on the top terrace at the west end of the house were
filled lyith General Jacqueminot, Lord Raglan, and
Souvenir de la Malmaison. There were also irregular
beds in the flower garden, consisting of Rhododendron
ponticum and ferrugineum, Portugal Laurels, and
Berberis Darwinii. The dwarf Portugal Laurels on the
ground level have been killed to the ground by the
severe frost, while Standards C feet high were not at
all injured, — an important fact, worthy of the serious
attention of meteorologists and gardeners.

Plants of Tucca recurva, Portugal Laurels, and
weeping and gold-edged Hollies are planted singly or in
masses at difierent points. The following single Coni-
fers were placed among the flower beds : Cupressus
Lawsoniana, Thuja gigantea, Juniperus chinensis and

nibernica, Thuja Lobbii and aurea, and Abies pygmsea.

Immediately through the gate leading to the shrubbery

a very line AVellingtonia, 17 feet high, was growing most
vigorously; itwas from a cutting. It rcallysoems as if the
ciiltiiigsof some Piuiisesdid better thau.seedliiigs. This is
••H^urious fad,, ileiiiiiiidiiig t,lie at,tcntion of both nursery-
men ami gardeners. Pruni the flower garden the
park falls towards a nice piece of artificial water,
spanned by an old bridge, about a mile distant. It then
rises gradually, and is bounded in all directions by
large woods or lost in the distance. The water is very
beautiful and very extensive, reaching altogether to
nearly a mile in length. It varies from 12 to (10 yards
in breadth, and is about B feet deep in the centre. It
is supiilied by a large lake, about .3 miles distant, cidlcd
the 'ri>tX's watering, and hi'cmiu's a largo llowiiig stream.
About ;!00 yards ol it is visible from the llower garden.
It is .seen issuing through the old bridge, wending
round between two artificial islands, and is lost just
before it reaches the now bridge already mentioned in
connection with the carriafje-drivo. This part of
the water has lately been improved, having been
widened, and new' lines formed, but from the flower
garden it, still looks too narrow. Thore is a natural line
pointed out for it from tho terrace, which it might
readily take. The house and garden are upon such a
scale of magnificeuce and grandeur, that the water
ought to conform to their princely iiii|iortaiice, or what
would be termed a noble lake (elsewhere) sinks here
into a tiny pool. The islands should also be enlarged,
and covered with a bolder vegetation. One of them is
planted mostly with Pampas Grass, the other with
Berberises and Heaths.

Leaving tho flower garden and passing down
some stone steps to the right, one of the finest
shrub scenes ever seen reveals its charming
beauty. A gravel walk, 6 feet wide and IfiO
yards long, leads to a tunnel which passes under
the new carriage road near the bridge and waterfall.
Oa each side of the walk bold irregular banks are
thrown up, and planted with groups of evergreens,
chiefly Berberises and Heivths. These were designed
by the late Mr. Lyne Stephens ; their banks of Laurels,
&c., wore laid out by Mr. Nesfield. TVe have always
thought that much more could be made of tho ground
itself as the basis of varying beauty than is generally
done in most gardens ; but it is doubtful if the charms
of an irregular surface were ever so effectively brought
out as they are in this instance. Doubtless it owes
much of its interest to its vegetable covering. Heaths,
above and beyond most other plants, possess unique and
varied charms. Only those who have seen them in masses
on their native hills can appreciate their inimitable
capabilities, and fascinating beauty. Planters hardly
seem to be aware of the rich material for striking efl'ects
which this class of plants alone provides for them. The
following sorts are admirably arranged on the Lynford
Bank, which will betheparentof manyothersthroughout
the country :— Erica arborea, carnea, australis, rosea,
oiuerea, Mackayana, herbacea, alba, glauca, multiflora,
m. alba, m. rubra, vulgaris alba, pygmiea, pumila,
spicata, and strieta. Of course the Heaths require
peat earth, but they richly deserve anything that will
preserve their healthy luxuriance, and enable them
to display their charming forms and brilliant colours.
And at Lynford it is as easy to give them peat as other
soil, for scarcely a shrub or tree is jilanted unless in
carefully prepared artificial earth.

Passing from this Scotch mountain in miniature
beneath tlie tunnel already alluded to, we proceed along
a shingle walk (which we were glad to learn is to be
changed for gravel — for shingle is wretched for
gentlemen, and must be simply unwalkable for ladies),
furnished with broad masses of Berberis Aquifolium,
in robust health. Then follow perhaps 500 yards of
Rhododendrons, chiefly,if not entirely, ponticum, in the
natural soil. They look well, and dress up the plantation
beautifully. However they are not so robust as others
growing in peat in different parts of the grounds, and
Mr. Dunn, who is not satisfied with merely planting,
but will have everything grow freely, intends to peat
them all by degrees. At irregular intervals along the
side of this walk, and in other parts of these extensive
shrubberies and pleasure grounds, were observed fine
thrifty specimens of the following Conifers : — Abies
Douglasii; Pioea grandis, Pinsapo,Pichta,nobilis, Nord-
manniana, and pectinata ; Taxodium sempervirens ;
Pinus excelsa, Lambertiana,Laricio, austriaca, Cembra,
and Jeffreyana ; Juniperus excelsa, chinensis,
virginiana, fragrans, japonica, spherica, and thuri-
fera ; Thuja gigantea, Lobbii, and borealis ;
Cupressus Lawsoniana, Corneyana, Goveniana, and
M'iS'abiana. Everywhere also there were Cedrus
Deodara. Wellingtonias, Hemlock Spruce, Arbor-vitjes,
and Golden and common Yews. Difierent parts of the
grounds are also specially rich in Pampas Grasses.

Returning from this digression, and turning to the
left, we pass under the boughs and close to the boles of
some magnificent Beech trees, of great . height and
breadth, and presently the sound of running water is
heard, and the sight of Ferns in a newly-formed
Fernery is seen ; the next moment the pool, and the
long canal, 000 yards long and 13 or more wide,
stretching back to the new bridge, with closely shaven
turf kissing the water — the turf itself being embraced
on the other side with shrubs and trees of great rarity
— forming such a scene of antique beauty and stately
grandeur as is seldom met with. Few changes could
be more thorough and complete than such a termina-
tion to the shrubbery walk, and consequently none
could be more satisfactory. The very nature
of surrounding objects tends to " give us pause," and
seems to satisfy and bathe the soul in liquid and
umbrageous beauty. The idea of introducing Ferns
here is also exquisite. But the Fernery must be regal
that is to harmonise with such surroundings. The
trees and bushes are giants, the water almost a river •
the pool, which is now of l^rge size, is to be extended
beyond this into a lake covering several acres, and
the Fernery must expand into natural mountains

and dells, adorned with feathery fronds, or flit else-
where. This fine straight piece uf \\at,ur terminates
hero with a large island and an olrl bridge, and at the
oUier extremity with the new bridge and waterfall.
Then follows the artificial water (already described)
from the flower garden, about 500 yards in length,
ending in the old bridge, ('inning up on tho right-hand
side of the water, on a straiglil gravel walk, edged with
a line of Roses and Yuccas alternately, and back\)d uji
by a dwarf Yew hedge, wo observe some magnificent
Yews kissing the water on the other side, and some
waving lines of Rhododendrons, groups and masses of
Pampas Grass giving a charming variety to a most
enjoyable promeiiiidc. On the right^ sweeping (irass
glades and gravel walks procieed diagonally in the
direction of the old Hall, whiidi stood about ."lOO yards
from the canal. The old Hall, which was famous for
water-works many years ago. and was built elo^e by the
site of the old church and churchyard, was pulled
down in 18G3, and the kitchen garden walls, sheds, &o.,
built with the materials.

The exact alto of tho old mansion is preserved by a
group of 13 family trees, planted by the present pro-

S'ietors and their friends. They consist of Cedrus
eodara, Wellingtonias, and several of tho Pinusos
already named. Near here is also a ^[uaint-looking Yew
arbour, of considerable antiquity, which was moved
bodily from AVest Toft Gardens. The remainder of tho
site is planted with evergreens. The old flower garden
is converted into a sunk oval-shaped Rosery, about
50 yards by 30. In sinking the ground a few feet for
the Rosery, several human skeletons were found, and
within a few feet of them quantities of horse bones were
also dug out. 'Ihere is a fountain in the centre ; eight
beds of standard Roses round it, and ei^ht sloping
(Fleur-de-lis) beds on the banks of dwarf Roses on
their own roots, the sorts being Souvenir de la Mal-
maison and General Jacqueminot alternately. These
have a fine efl'ect, and the Roses are all doing well, being
protected by a rabbit-proof fence, which detracts some-
what from the enjoyment of them, by introducing the
idea of danger to our favourites when nothing should
distract the attention from the enjoyment of their
beauty and sweetness. Returning from the Rosery wo
cross the new bridge, built of Ransomes' stone, which is
not standing very well, and pass close to the waterfall.
It has been built and planted with Ferns, ic, several
times, and is surmounted on each side with bold mounds
of earth, well planted with different Pinuses, Hemlock
Spruce, &c., the fall itself being well furnished with
Ferns. Altogether this is a very successful imitation
of one of the most beautiful and difficult to imitate of
Nature's scenes. Some rare and choice varieties of
ducks, which are kept between the fall and the bridge,
add an additional interest to the spot. Near here
some of the finest Wellingtonias at Lynford are to be
found- A row skirts each side of the carriage road
from the bridge to the lodge, cutting the double
avenue already described at right angles. Close to the
bridge there is a very fine Spruce nearly 22 feet high.
It was put in as a cutting in September, 1858. Several
of the others are nearly as good, and many of them
struck from cuttings.

Proceeding up the short carriage road, and passing
through the court and stable yards to the back of the
house, a deciduous avenue is seen stretching across the

Pastures for several hundred yards. It is formed of
limes, Poplars, Horse Chestnuts, and Mountain Ash
planted alternately. To the east of the house is a well
stocked tastefully planted pheasantry of about 3 acres,
enclosed with high wire netting. It is filled mostly or
entirely with silver pheasants, and planted about with
deciduous and evergreen shrubs and trees, among
which different varieties of Sweet Almonds, &c., were
conspicuous. There are also abundance of double and
single Furze, Periwinkle, and Ferns.

Altogether the pleasure-grounds and flower garden
extend over about 23 acres. The Grass is kept in
excellent condition by one of Shanks' 36-inch mowing
machines and eight scythes. Mr. Dunn's charge
extends over the carriage drives, nursery, lodges, &c.,
and 28 men are employed by him. There is plenty of
room for almost any style of gardening in these large
grounds.

The flower garden forms a second massive architec-
tural base to the fine Elizabethan mansion. Skifully
designed walks tempt one in all directions to the points
of greatest interest and the ever-present water, and
varied scenes of loveliness are ready everywhere to
welcome all with their refreshing, gladdening, spark-
ling smiles. We observed on going and coming some
nice new cottages for the labourers or keepers on the
estate, and Mrs. Ljme Stephens has built a new school
at Mundford, at an expense of over 1000/., for the use
of the inhabitants, -f.

(To be C'ontiiiv.ed.)

Miscellaneous.

Death of Mr. leeri/, of PecMam. — We regret to
have to record the death of Mr. William Ivery, of
Peckham, after a short but severe illness. Mr. Ivery
has carried on the business of a nurseryman and florist
in Rye Lane for upwards of 30 years, with credit to
himself and satisfaction to all who have had dealings
with him. He died on the 19th ult., in the 01st year
of his age.

The Vine in Madeira— 'iXie Vine is again resuming
in Madeira its proper place ; and in the north of the
island, especially at Porto Moniz and Seixal, the
ravafies of the Oidiura are being fast repaired. In the
south it will be longer before tho culture of the Grape
again supplants that of the deleterious sugar-cane, and
restores alike to the Madeiran wines and climate their
just character; for the atmosphere, both physical aud
moral, of Madeira, especially in Funcb.al and its neigh-
bourhood, has not suffered less delerior.ation during the
last 10 or 15 years from the introduction of sugar culti-

812

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[A-DGUST 3, 1867.

vation, with its usual train of fever-miasmatu, malaria,
and cheap spirits, than the wines of the islaml Inve
degenerated, in consequence of the temptation to
supply the deficiency of genuine Grape-juice by the
substitution or admixture of all sorts of spurious com-
pouuds formed with the fruit of the Japan Medlar or
Nespera (Mespilus or Eriobotrya japonica, Thunb.),
Oranges, Pears, &c. In the Canaries much less pro-
gress, has been made towards the reinstatement of the
Vine ; and the cultivation of Cochineal had become so
profitable and popular, that four or five years ago no
steps at all were being made in that direction. In the
Cape Verdes very little wine, comparatively speaking,
and that only of very inferior quality and merely for
home consumption had ever been made before the
setting in of the disease ; and the Vine at present
exists only here and there in gardens. In one of these
at Porto Praia, the capital of St. lago, I was presented
by the owner with a bunch of fine, well-flavoured
Grapes, though not quite ripe, in the middle of March.
The mode of cultivation in Madeira of the Vine is
somewhat peculiar. Across one end of the whole
breadth or length of the piece of ground or terrace to
be planted, a broad deep trench is excavated by a
number of men (often from 10 to 20) working side by
side. In this trench, which is never less than 5 or 6,
and often 10 or 13 feet deep, are planted shoots of the
last year's growth from 13 to 20 feet in length, the
lower portions of these being laid horizontally along
the bottom of the trench when their whole length
exceeds, as usually it does, the depth of the latter, the
longest shoots being preferred. The trench is then
filled in gradually by the men working on regularly, as
it were, backwards, and filling up the first by throwing
up the soil all along to the same depth, till they have
formed at a few feet distant another similar trench ;
and so on successively till the whole soil of the plot of
ground has been upturned and planted. In two or
three years the plants begin to bear, and in five or six
are in full bearing. Their continuance in the latter
state varies excessively, according to the soil, situation,
or supply of water. It is rarely less than 10 or 15,
and stiU more rarely above .30 years. Though the
roots do not usually spread below two or three feet of
the surface, the long remaining part of the originally
planted shoot below this depth thickens and retains a
sort of vitality, and perhaps acts like the fleshy
rhizomes or tubers formed by certain plants, especially
in warm climates or in dry soils, to supply the roots
and plant above with coolness if not moisture from the
lower depth to which it reaches. The pruning-time is
in February or March, according to the elevation of
the vineyard. The Vines are in fuU leaf and flower in
May ; and the vintage takes place in September in the
south of Madeira, and in October in the north. The
vines are trained on low trellises of cane-work, formed
of the Arundo Donax, to which they are tied by bands
of Buslies, Sedge, or Banana-sheaths. In the best
wine-districts of the south these trellises are only from
2 to 3 or 4 feet above the ground. In the north of the
island the Vines are mostly trained up trees of several
kinds, which are called Balseiros. Rev. M. T. Lowe, in
Royal Horticultural Society's Journal.

Garden Operations.

i^For the ensiling weeh.)
PLANT HOUSES.
As the season advances attention must again be
directed to all plants required for winter flowering. It
is only by duly forwarding them at this season that we
can expect to have a good display of flowers in October
and November, and indeed through the whole of the
■winter months. Look well, therefore, after such plants
as Genistas, Coronillas, Croweas, Correas, &c. ;
encourage the most forward and most compact plants
by every possible means to grow freely, and pinch back
others so as to secure a proper succession of blooms.
Give final shifts to those already in pots, and pot up
others of the following sorts from the borders, namely,
Aloysias, Heliotrope, Mignonette, Ageratums, fragrant-
leaved Pelargoniums, Sweetbriars, &c. Select likewise
the most forward plants from amongst winter-flowering
Gesneras, Justicias, Eranthemums, Tydeas, &c., for
similar earlier flowering, giving secondary plants
another shift, and, if compatible with the form of
the plant, &c., another pinching back also. Shift
finally Scarlet and other Felargoninms for winter
flowering, and induce them to well fill the pots with
roots before the season in which they are required
to flower has arrived. JStteharis amazonica will
now be benefited by another shift into a larger pot.
Do not divide the bulbs or in any way loosen
one from the other, but simply pot the ball on into a
larger sized pot. Sliould a wet period set in, remove
any tender &reenhouse Flants that may be out under
auelter, before it is possible for them to suffer from too
great an amount of moisture. If necessary procure a
few Dutch Bulhs at the earliest opportunity for very
early forcing. The little Roman Hyacinth is well
adapted for this purpose, especially when grown in
bunches in pots. Attend to the potting on of Primulas,
Calceolarias, and Cinerarias as they become sutliciently
large for that purpose. The Primulas should not be
potted too firmly; put them in an open compost,
formed of leaf-mould, peat, and silver sand, and set
them in a warm light situation. The others prefer a
more general admixture ; pot them more firmly, and
place them in a cool shady place, giving them abund-
ance of moisture when once fairly started into growth,
after each successive potting. Set the pots upon
slates, coal ashes, or some other efficiently drained
bottom, which will also keep worms from entering the
pots.

FORCING HOUSES.
Uemove Pine suckers from the parent plants, and pot
them forthwith. They root best in a bottom heat of about

87°,with abundance of atmospheriomoisture rather than
too much water at the root, and they should be well
shaded in open sunny weather. Look well to the outer
linings of all pits, which are dependent upon ferment-
ing material for the proper supply of internal heat ; for
as the nights lengthen, a greater need of warmth will be
felt. Let air, light, and heat, be so regulated at this
season of active growth as to secure an efficient well
matured plant. In proportion as the days decrease,
let the maximum heat maintained gently diminish in
connection with a smaller supply of air upon cold uu-
genial days. Keep the surfaces of internal borders in
"vineries, where ripe or ripening Grapes exist, rather
drier after this period than hitherto, especially if the
weather should prove at all clouded, using a gentle
amount of artificial heat constantly, in the latter case
with a moderate supply of air, given through the lower
front lights or proper air holes. This is more
especially necessary with regard to Muscats, and some
otter of the more tender varieties; Sweetwaters and
Chasselas Musque excepted. Let Figs have a drier
atmosphere and a greater abundance of air as they are
about to ripen fruits, which under such conditions
acquire better flavour. Remove the top lights from
Peach and Nectarine houses, as soon as the fruit has
been gathered ; even in the later houses this is also
essential, as it materially assists the trees in maturing
fruit buds already formed. Cucumhers, in the earlier
frames, and indeed wherever ^rown, will be much
benefited, if kept to this time in good health,
and it is desirable to continue them in a
fruiting state, by a thorough good thinning
out of all the older, less healthy growths. Use the
knife unsparingly, retaining only such young shoots as
are likely to grow away vigorously, and thereby induce
the plant to make fresh roots and regain some propor-
tion of its lost vigour. Do not permit any frnit what-
ever to remain upon them ; encourage first the growing
state only, which is best done by removing all surface
rubbish, and replacing it with a layer of fine rich soil,
pegging the base of the younger shoots therein, and
keeping the frame rather close, constantly sprinkling
the surface of the soil only for a week. After the
plants have made a good start, give them a good soaking
with slightly diluted water at the root, and resume the
customary treatment. Be particular not to give
Melons changing colour, and about to ripen, too much
water, either at the root or upon the surface. Indeed,
when once they have reached this stage, the soil cannot
reasonably be too dry ; whilst sufficient surface moisture
will only be needed, in dry hot sunny weather, to keep
around the foliage an atmosphere not too harsh or arid
to injure their general vigour, or to give too great
encouragement to ordinary pests, such as woodlice and
red spider. Collect at the earliest possible opportunity
a sufficiency of dry horse droppings with which to
form a Mushroom bed for an early autumn supply. I
have before stated that those droppings only should be
used which are procurable from horses supplied chiefly
with dry provender. It will be well to collect about
this time a few wheel-barrow loads of cow dung from
any pasturage, where it can be found well dried, and
not too old or decomposed. Place it in a dry shed, and
it will be ready for use when the beds are being made.
A bushel or two mixed with each bed at the time
when it is made up will be very beneficial in securing
a good crop. Dry the droppings procured sufiiciently
in the outer air by spreading them about, should the
weather prove favourable for the purpose. This will be
found infinitely better than drying them by the old
fermentive process.

HARDY FLOWER GARBEN AND SHRUBBERIES.
Do not fail, where possible, to run the hoe between
all plants in beds. Thus stirring the soil assists in
retaining moisture, and helps to destroy very young
weeds. Continue to support the fast-extending side
shoots of all Dahlias. These are readily wrenched ofl'
by wind and rains, rendering negative, and that
quickly, the labour of months. Finish putting in
pipings of Pinks, Carnations, and Picotees, ^ whilst the
weather proves more or less showery. It will be well
also to proceed with layering them as expeditiously as
possible. Sow seeds of the showy Schizanthus for
flowering next spring. Sow in an admixture of peat,
leaf-mould, and sand, and do not bury the seeds too
deeply. Sow also 10-week Stocks for flowering early
next spring. Prick out into their permanent winter
quarters all seedling or other Pansies, Polyanthuses,
&c., in order that they may become duly established
before winter. Attend to all Choice Shrubs grown in
mixed plantations or otherwise. See that no common
shrubs or evergreens encroach upon the space allotted
to them.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

request at the earliest possible date, a few inches of
soil should be placed at once around their base, giving
them every encouragement possible as regards freedom
of growth by means of liquid manure frequently
applied and other waterings. W. F.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK. NEAR LONDON,
For the Week ending July 31,1867, as observed at the Horticultural Gardeili,j

TEMPBaiTDEB.

July.

H

BiaOUETER.

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

■Wind

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

1 foot[2 feet
deep. deep.

n

?9S4?

29.695

75

52

63,5

63

GO

S.E.

Friday 26

H.i

29.860

29.575

5b

47

5i.5

64

60

N.E.

Satur. 27

9.H

30.017

29.924

61

41

59

W.

27

39.061

29, 130

71

40

55.5

61

59

N.

2»

3U.U64

30.000

38

N.

2!t

30.027,1 29.989

72

41

68,0

61

59

N.

Wed. 31

9

29.973 I 29.945

72

43

57.5

61

59

N.E.

Ave rase .1

29.982 29.751

68.1

43,5 155.8

61.7

69.3

I

Lly 25— Very fine ; cloudy and fine ; rain at nij^bt.

2tj— Constant heavy rain ; boisterous, witli rain ; rain.
27— Cloudy and cold ; densely clouded ; very line.
23— Fine, with low white clouds , tine throuf^hout.
29— Hazy clouds ; fine ; cold at nicht.
30-Hoar frost early ; rather cloudy ; fiae at night,
31— Fine ; dry haze ; fine.
Mean temperature of the week, 6 9-10 deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE "WEATHER AT CHISWICK,'
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending August 10, 18C7.

Average ,
Highest
Temp.
Average

Lowest
Temp.

Eh

No. Of
Years in
which it
Kained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Kain.

PrevaiUng Winds

.

August.

55

2
1

1
2

2
1

1
4
6
4
5
7
6

4
4
3
3
2
1
2

CO

1
■2
1

2

4
5

5
6
3
5
6

17
14
16
23
21
17
14

6

7
8
4
5

8
8

Sunday . . 4
Mon. .. 5
Tues. .. 6
Wed. .. 7
Thurs. .. 8
Friday .. 9
Satur. ..10

75 6 1 50.6
74.2 51.0
73.2 50.6
74.6 50.7
74 5 49 2
71.4 1 49,6
75.0 52 0

63.1
62.6
61.9
62.6

61.8
62.0

H3,5

17
18
20
15
17
16
19

0,85 in.

0,88

0.58

0.57

0.50

0.56

1.08

2
4
2

~Z

1
2

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
10th, 1842-therm. 93 deg.; and tbe lowest on the 4th, 1865-thenii.
35 deg.

Do not fail to sow the necessary breadth of FnoUi/
Spinach, upon late heavy lands, between the Cth and
8bh of this month ; and upon light forward soils
between the 8th and 10th, in properly prepared
positions, as advised in last week's " Calendar." A few
French Beans, sown now upon a south border, and in
a position where it is possible to protect them slightly
by mats from early autumn frosts, will be found very
useful late in the season. The necessary space should
be cleared and dug over for the purpose of sowing early
next week autumn Onions, to stand the winter for
early spring use. Choose a good rich quarter for the
purpose, and well dung it. Procure Tripoli or White
Spanish for this purpose. Take up Pickling Onions
and lay them in an open situation to ripen off their
tops. The main bed of Onions will be benefited by
having the tops gently laid with a stick or other handy
appliance, especially any coarse bottle-necked ones
which do not bulb freely. Remove all side shoots,
decaying and minor superfluous leaves from the earlier
rows of Celery, and tread the soil contained in the
trenches firmly down, which will be of much benefit
after the late rains. "Where sticks of Celery are in

Notices to Correspondents.

Asparagus: S\ih. In page 212 of Thompson's "Gardeners*
Assistant " will be found ample information as to the best
mode of making new beds of Asparagus on the plan adopted
by the best market gai'deners round London, t
Cajiellia Etoile Polaire : C C. We have not met with this
variety in bloom. It is represented as a very prettily
marked flower, but probably, like all striped flowers, is mora
or less sportive.
Epiphyllu-MS : C C. Ton will find full particulars for growing
E. truncatum at p. 318 of our volume for 1864, and p. 1191
of our volume for 1866.
Insects : G C. Tbe larvre so comfortably lodged in the buds
of the Vetch are the orange-coloured grubs of a species of
Midge, Cecidomyia. — / S. The insects collected on the
Saccolabium giganteum are a species of field bug new to us.
Although they suck plants they are not gregarious, like
aphides. It is hardly likely that they will continue to breed
in this country. Can you send us some carefully preserved
specimens, not one of those received had an antenna.—
T M ]V. It is quite impossible from your description to
identify the light green grub with lines of black on the back,
which has perforated your Pelargonium leaves. The descrip-
tion will apply to many species. No doubt, however, the
insect is the young state of a moth. W.
Judging: J Tasks what duties devolve upon him as third
Judge at a Cottager's Vegetable and Flower Show about to
take place. If there are three Judges, of whom " J V" is to
be one, his duty will be, of course, in company with the
other Judges, to examine all the articles shown in the
various classes, and give an honest opinion and vote as to
their relative meiits. If by "third man" "J V" means
that he is to act only as referee while two Judges are to
make the general awards, his duties (of the same nature aa
before) wiU be confined to those subjects, or those classes,
on the merits of which the other Judges disagree. It ia
always preferable that there should be three Judges.
LuMiNODS Moss : H W C asks if any one can tell him whether
there Is any Moss in cultivation, quite recently introduced,
which in the dark is luminous ; and if so, what is its
botanical name and native country, and whether it requires
protection. We do not think of any luminous Moss besides
the native Schistostega.
Melon Blossoms : R B, Chillingham. Thanks for the speci-
men, in which one of the leaves of the calyx has become
unusually large and leaf -like. A similar deviation has often
been recorded, and figm'ed in our columns.
Names OF Plants : D. Your three specimens are different stateS'
of Enteromorpha intestinalis. No. 3 is not a Conferva, as
you \vill see at once under the microscope. You do not say
whether it grew in fresh or salt water. It is not usual to
find E. intestinahs proliferous. M J B.—J L. Cephalotaxua
pedunculata, and Cryptomeria japonica.— Georpe Maw.
1, AlUum vmeale ; 2, Campanula rotundifolia ; 3, Semper-
vivum tectorum ; 4, CEnothera fruticosa. — A H. Sidalcea
oregana.— .^ Constant Reader. 1, Malva moschata ; 2, Poten-
tilla Hopwoodiana, Hort. ; 3, Epilobium hirsutum.— ^
Subscriber. 1, Viola coiuuta.— irC. 1, Funkia Sieboldii ; 2
(a leaf only, indeterminable) ; 3, Saxif raga crespitosa : 4,
Polemonium cteruleum.--ir B. 1, Stachys germauica; 2
and 3, HeUchrysura melanophthalmum ; 4, Lythi-um Sah-
caria ; 5, Lysimachia vulgaris.
Petunia: S C. A large purple, with narrow green edge;
similar flowers are often seen in a bed of good seedlings ; it
is apparently coarse, which is objectionable.
Pine Tree Seeds : R R. Gather the seeds when ripe. Sow
them in March or April, in pans or shallow boxes, in rather
light loamy soil. Place them in a cold frame, and plant out
in the open border, or pot singly into small pots when the
plants have made a little growth beyond the seed-leaves, t
Seedling Fuchsia : G Fi-i/. Tube short, and with the broad
well reflexed sepals bright red ; corolla purple, very double
and compact. There is a neatness and refinement about :
this flower which is very pleasing, and as the foliage is small
and the reverse of coarse, it will form a first-class variety if
the habit of growth is good, as we should judge it likely to be.
Seedling of Mrs. Pollock : Dis. There is no absolute cer.
tainty that the seedUngs will reproduce the form of the
parent plant, or wUl be similar one to the other, even though
the seeds were aU produced in the same pod and fertihscd
with the same pollen.
Seedling Shrubby Calceolaria: G Fr;/. The flowers are
large and bright yellow, but we have not matenals to judge i
of the foliage and habit.
Communications Received.-D. T. Fish. -J. Fleming.-
P. Grieve,— R. W.— W, B.-A. Sammons.— T. O. D. -Novice.
—J. H, Stansfeld.

i

AnotTST 3, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CMONTCLE AND AGMCULTIIEAL GAZETTE.

813

a 0

5 6 0

LAWES' MANURES.—

Tlio MftnuroB niamifiictnrod bv J. B. Lawcs for tho piosont
Bonsmi of 18(17 are now roiidy for uolivery at Ills Factories, at tlio
lollowliiR prices, par ton :—
LAWKS' I'ATKNT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £

SUrHltl'linsi'TIATK nf LIME 0

LAWKS' SUI'KKIMIOSPIIATK of LIME from BURNT

110NK..L- MINKUAL rilOMPHATE-S

LAWKS' WHKAT, BARLICY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANIIUKS 8 0 0

CONCIONTUATKU CORN n,nd GRASS MANURES ..12 0 U

Tlioao aiuimros oau bo obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through tho
appointed Auents In all parts of tho Unltod KliiKdoin, at prlooa
Tarying accoruiUK to cost or carriage.

GeQUlne Toruvian Guano direct from the Importora. Nitrate of
Soda, Snlphato of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manui'09.

Amorican and other Ciikoa at market prices.

Address, John Hknnkt Lawks, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.U. ; W, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

rp HE LO wTTu N MA NUKE OUMJr'ANY
X (Establish KD 1840),

Have now roadv for delivery m di7 flno condition,
C'(tRN MANURE, for Spring Use
DIsstlLVEO ItuNKS, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUl'lClU'IlOSl'llATESofLIME
i'RKPAHKD GUANO
MANGEL and PtiTATO MANURES.
Also Uonmno PKRUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Uock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMONLA, FISHERY
SALT, Ac. E. Fdbser, Seoretttry.

Otfloes, 116, Fenohurob Street. E.G.

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Arralt Works, Oreenflold, ne;ir Manchester.
TANNERS. UlIRRlKRS,i MANUFACTUKKKS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.
Price Lists sent freo bv post.
Warehouse; 81, Mark Lane, London, E.C.

Mr. H. Febrahee, Agent.

IKON HUliDLES (Silver Medal" "of"~the" Koyal
Agricultural Society).
SHEEP, 3.t. 6rf. : CATTLE, is. 2d. ; OX, 6n. lid.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St. Paucras iron Work Company, Old St. Pancras Road, London, N.W.

IpOWLElfS PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
' CULTIVATOR may be SEEN at WORK la every Agricultural
County In England.

For particulars apply to John Fowler & Co., 71, Corohill, London,
B.C. : and Steam Plough Wovks, Leeds,

COLONY of NATAL.

EMIGRATION and LAND GRANTS.

GRANTS of GOVERNMENT LAND are given to Men of good
otaaracter who have some small means to start with, and experieuco
and Bkill in Mixed Farming.

To Agriculturists with £600, 200 Acres of good Land in Freehold,
with contiguous reserves for future purchase on easy terms.

To Men of smaller means, but wlio have enough to live upon until
their Land can be made to yield sustenance for their Families.
60 Acres in Freehold, with contiguous Commonage, assisted Govern-
ment Passages for their Families, and advice and help on lauding.

Pastoral Runs of 1000 Acres, at a yearly rental of Ono Penny per
Acre on 8 years' leai^oon condition of personal Residence and Stocking.

Applications for further information to be made to Dr. Mann, the
Special Agent of tlio Natal Government, at the Natal Immigration
Office, 15, Buckingham Street, Strand, London, W.C

State of tlie Crops, 1867.

THE GARDKNERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICUL-
TURAL GAZETTE of August 17 will contain a detailed
account of the CONDITION ot tho CROPS throughout the Country.
A Copy of this Number scut on receipt of Six Stamps, or may be
ordered of any News Agont.
Office for Advertisements, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, London.

Cii0 ^sricttlttttal (BK^tttt.

SATURDAY, AUGUST 3, 1867.

UtEETINQS FOR THE ENSUINO WEEK.
Wednesdat, Aug. 7 f Meetinjt of the Yorkshire Agricultural
THonsolT, - 8, Society at Yoik.
Friday. — 9)

■\Vedne3oat, — 7— iloyal Agricultural Society of England.

Eetuens have already been made of the
amount of land occupied by different kinds of
cuni. But useful as such statistics may become
It is plain that much more information is
required, if not in respect to all kinds of
grain, at least as regards Wheat, b'efore
statistical information can be of any great
value. Besides the thinness or thickness of ear's
of corn upon the land, there are many circum-
stances and various affections, the effects of which
must be duly estimated before we can form
anything like a trustworthy estimate of pro-
ductiveness.

The farmer may be able long before harvest
to make up his mind as to his probable
amount of straw, and but for drawbacks he can
nearly foretell the quantity of grain ; but soon
after tho flowering of the Wheat plant indica-
tions of failure of various kinds may set in,
which will interfere with any conclusions that
had been previously formed.

On tho lighter soils of the west of, England
early Wheat, which flowered the first week in
June, presented for the most part a greater
length of ear than is usually the case, thus
giving great promise ; but a dry June has had
the effect of causing from six to eight of the
triple grain bunches to become entirely abortive,
thus in many cases hopelessly despoiling an
otherwise long head of Wheat of about one-
third of what might have been expected.

This, then, which is either the effect of defec-
tive nutrition, or of abortion from the want of
action of the pollen, or of both, is a common cause
of the yield being often so much less than was
expected, and it is a state of things somewhat
common at the present time. Allied to this
defect is that of the promatui'o withering and
drying up of the whole ear, which is sure to
occur, with even a short duration of drought, in
much of the corn sown on shallow soils, especially
when a hard rock is the substratum, as it is on thin

soils over tho now and old rod sandstones. Tho
thill luiiiliiii tho saiiilsoftho inferior oolito (called
in Ddisiit " ShiU" (sliallow) "ground") cause.s
many dofoctivo oars, roiiiinding us of tho parable
ot the Kowor— " Soijio loll upon stony places,
whoro thoy had not much oarth, and forthwith
they .sprniig up, because thoy had no deepness
of oarth : and when tho sun was up, thoy wore
acorchod ; and because they had not root, thoy
withered away."

This affection, if it does not utterly destroy tho
grain, will at bo.st only grow very small withered
" tail" Wheat ; and wo have now in our eye a
fiold in which tho yield is curtailed to tho extent
of o bushels an aero from this cause, and it is one
which soon arises on tho accession of drought
after the period of flowering, and its effects
cannot be fully made out until very near
harvest.

The chaff scales of these ears aro usually
covered with a fungus known as the Olados-
porium herbarum, which, though once looked
upon as tho cause of tho effect wo have here
noticed, is itself the effect of a kind of mouldi-
ness succeeding upon a dead and decaying
structure : and this is proved by the fact that this
very mould attacks in like manner those ears of
Wheat which have become defective from a
totally opposite cause, namely, too much wet.

During the present visitation of St. Swithin
a largo percentage of Wheat has become scrawled,
that is prostrated, in every direction at the foot
of the injured corn. On looking at the ears of
this " scrawled " AVheat they will be found to be
starved, and the grain, which had begun to form,
is now withered and useless. If we look at the
stalk and leaves we find every appearance of
jjremature wasting away, and the whole looks
decaying and dirtj'. The roots have rotted away,
and the plant, as a consequence of this and the
drying and contracting of the straw, falls down ;
thus making what, late in June of this year, was a
promising even crop appear, at the end of July,
very thin and unpromising.

This diseased state is very common this year
on stiff soils, doubtless induced by a general
ungenial spring ; it is, however, not absent from
the dry uplands, where it is clearly the result of
tho recent rains and cold nights.

It is this affection of the Wheat crop which Mr.
Mechi has described in the Times. He says : —

"I fear that the Wheat crop on stiff clays, even where
well drained, will this season, as last, be diminished
some 10 to 20 per cent, by what ib commonly called root-
falling, but which is really root-rotting. Owing to so
much rain, and the frequent absence of sunshine, the
stem, just above its junction with the crown of the
root, and where it rises from tbe surface, has become
brown, soft, and, in fact, rotten, so that it falls at the
first wind, and the ears shrivel or die according to the
amount of decay or detachment. In a dry, bright
season, like ISfil, this jiortion of the stem would be
hard and glossy, thus protecting the circulation,
supporting "the superstructure, and producing large
ears and fine grains."

But besides the mouldiness in prematurely
decayed Wheat, there are the so-called blights
by which this crop is also affected. These are
of two kinds — 1st, injuries in which rusts and
smuts of different species are concerned ; and
2dly, injuries arising from the attacks of
insects, &c.

1st. Busts may be described as those efflo-
rescent Fungi which discolour the stem, leaves,
and chaff-scales, generally commencing just as the
milk begins to form in the grain. This season
the plant was remarkably free from this until
the wet weather commenced, and now that
Wheat which has been beaten down by the
heavy rains is almost black with it. It is not to
our present purpose to inquire into the true
nature of this affection ; it will be sufficient to
say, that when the straw is seriously rusty the
yield of grain is never so good or so abundant.
The grains are for tho most part shrivelled and
immature, and sometimes the plague spot will be
found even on the grain itself. Bust will be a
rule this year in all late crops, and we have no
hesitation in saying that should St. Swithin
insist upon his 40 days of wet, the "bread
stuffs " of this coimtry will be seriously reduced
from the induced smut alone.

Smuts are of two kinds, the Black Smut,
which renders the flower abortive, so that it
decays away in a sooty inflorescence, which,
though harmless as to any effect upon the
sample, of course results in so much loss to the
crop. This season it ha^ been somewhat more
than usual, both in Wheat and in Barley.
The Stinking Smut, Uredo caries, in effect is
the filling up of the grain with a vilely smeUiug

black powder intead of flour. This not only is a
loss to tho crop when it occurs, but causes the
sample offered to tho miller to smell most dis-
agreeably. This too has been more abundant
than usual this year, and indeed it would appear,
in spito of tho chemicals employed for dressings
to the si^ed, to bo greatly on tho increase.

'Id. Tho Hessian fly (Cocidomyia tritici).
Wheat midge is a common insect in tho Wheat
crop, and is known by tho :niinxto yellow larvio
which infest the chaff-scales just before the grain
begins to fill up. In this attack the grain is
never porfoctod, but is indeed poor " tail" corn,
h'ortiinatoly this has been rare this season, so
that it can hardly affect our calculation of tho
cro]) of lfS()7.

In 1K()4 wo became awaro of the fact that tho
larveo of some kind of moth wore attacking our
Wlieat grains when growing in tho oar. Wo did
not, however, make any particular drawback
from this circumstance when estimating tho
probable yield of tho field, but it was afterwards
found that tho insect in question had continued
its depredations in tho stack, and to our astonish-
ment we found that from a 30-acro field of
Taunton White Wheat we had got no less than
two sacks of tho oxuviio of this larvae. As yet
we have not made out the insect, but tho farmer
who will diligently attend to his winnowing
machine will often bo sui-prised at finding oven
masses of larva>, which, though difficult to
mako out, might nevertheless tend to sliow him
that his field calculations are often open to serious
drawbacks.

These are some of the more important points
which we should attend to in estimating the
probable amount of our crop. Insects are
fortunately not in the ascendant this season, but
other and even moi-e serious checks are, and have
been, in operation to lessen our probable yield
of corn.

But it is not quantity alone that we have to
consider. It wUl generally follow that a dry
hot summer increases both the quantity and
quality of the Wheat crop ; at the same, both wet
and dry seasons have their drawbacks : and only
he who can examine all these is fit to estimate
the probable yield of the crop. As a rule, tho
knowledge of the acreage under Wheat may
enlighten us as to what we may expect, but
carefully looking into the operations of Nature
will alone tell us what we have. B.

■ Harvest time is certainly a week later than

usual — postponed by the cold wet weather of July^
and we shall, therefore, not give our Annual Report of
the Crops until this day fortnight. We fear that tho
return will give a generally discouraging account of
the year's grain produce.

• Mr. Bailey Denton calls attention, in the

Time.!, to the wonderful effect of tillage on fertility,
as illustrated by the present appearance of farms
near Lewisham. On Mr. Shepheed's farm, in
that neighbourhood, which was reported in these
columns some years ago, drainage and steam cul-
tivation, and other good management, have produced
a crop of Wheat promising more than 5 quarters per
acre (which has been sadly knocked about, however, by
recent heavy rains), while the laud close by, naturally
similar, but undrained and worked by horses, will not
yield one-half so much. There is also a midway state
of things on another neighbouring occupation, where
the land has been drained, but is not cultivated by
steam power, the crop on which — a medium between
the other two— shows at once the advantage of land
drainage, and the inferiority of horse tillage.

A report is given in another page of the dis-
cussion on Mr. Fawcett's Bill for enforcing education
in agricultural districts. The Bill was necessarily
withdrawn, after a much rougher reception, however,
at the hands of Mr. Henley and others, than it
deserved.

The Council of the Bath and West of England

Agricultural Society, at their last meeting, adopted the
following memorial to the Lords of the Privy Council :
— " That inspection of Foreign Cattle on landing does
not prevent the passing of mfected animals info the
English markets. That the sale and slaughter of all
foreign animals intended for slaughter should be con-
fined to enclosed markets, as near the water-side as
practicable, at all places where foreign cattle are
landed ; and that no port or places should be licensed
for the entry of foreign animals except such as are pro-
vided with a suitable enclosed market with the neces-
sary lairs and slaughter-houses to the satisfaction of the
Privy Council. That stringent regulations for the
quarantine of all foreign store animals should be
established, to prevent the further introduction of
disease. Therefore we pray your lordships to consider
the propriety of enforcing the estabiishraent of separate
markets of a permanent character, for the sale and
slaughter of foreign fat cattle at all ports licensed for
debarkation, and an efficient permanent system ot
quarantine for foreign store animals.'

"We hear of the formation of a "United

Kingdom Association of Agricultural Labourers,"
whose objects are ;— Istly. To promote a better system

814

THE GAllBENERS' cmONICLE AND AGHTCULTtmAL GAZETTE.

[AUOTJST 3, 1867.

of education. 2clly. To procure better cottage accom-
modation, as well as the letting of houses irrespective
of farmSj so that the labourer may be able to choose his
employer. 3dly. To obtain the allotment of large
gardens. 4thly. To secure adequate weekly wages.
Sthly. To disseminate useful knowledge adapted for the
class sought to be benefited, which would be done
through a weekly newspaper well conducted. Othly. To
facilitate the easier acquisition of land in small portions.
7thly. To forward the institution of courts of arbitra-
tion to settle disputes between employers and employed,
consisting of masters and workmen— empowered to fix
the rate of wages, aud other questions, in accordance
with local circumstances, e.tpediency, or custotn. This
is said to be the programme of the promoters, and it is
plain that they have a large enough field for their
operations. The Society must be an "Association"
rather for than " of " the body whose interests it is
intended to promote.

An Industrial Exhibition has been lately held

in the park of the Earl of DuciE, Tortworth Court,
Gloucestershire. In addition to the illustrations given
of all the various industries of the neighbourhood—
from those of the school or of the cottage fireside to
those of the various local trades and manufactures— the
handiwork of other countries was brought under the
notice of spectators by many valuable contributions

lent for the occasion. Tortworth Park has

frequently thus been the scene of very interest-
ing local fetes — horticultural and industrial
exhibitions being made the occasion of useful
and pleasant holidays, on which a whole
countryside, in all its classes, enjoys itself
together. The last Tortworth Show has attained
quite the usual success ; and it is well to
place such a thing on record in an agricultural
journal, for the wholesome influence of a good
example is thus brought to bear upon a larger
circle than might otherwise be influenced.
Among other " industries " exhibited at Tort-
worth was that of Printing, and the first
number of the 4-paged Tortworth Times we
reproduce as nearly as possible in fac-simile,
to show the sprightly, clever, kindly spirit
which has presided over the arrangements.

valves attached to the arms, and which are made to
travel in a certain path by means of friction rollers
and a curved or eccentric path. The Messrs.
Douglas also exhibit various forms of hydraulic rams.
Near the stand last described is a specimen of Ballard's
hay-making!machine. If we mistake not, this, or at
least a machine very like it, was exhibited at one of
our recent Eoyal Agricultural Society's shows. It
represents a system of working which is much
esteemed in many parts of the United States, but
which is not esteemed here: namely, the substitu-
tion of a motion resembling the action of hand
tedding with a fork, for the circular motion adopted
in all our hay-tedding machines.^ The forks or tines
are precisely those of the double-tined hand fork in use
with us ; they are secured to the ends of bent levers
which are jointed!at,their extremites to the main frame
of the machine, and the outer ends of which have a
reciprocating up and down motion given to them by
virtue of cranks and connecting rods. A very good
imitation of the motion of hand-forking or tedding is
thus secured, resulting in rapid lifting and tossmg
up of the Grass. Near this machine is a collection of
ploughs useful in American work, and also of hand
tools, as hoes, in which there is a specimen of a hoe so
constructed as to register the number of strokes which
the workman makes with it during a given time — a
Yankee notion which seems more injurious than likely

No. I.— 9-7-186T.
Published at the Exhibition.

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

Fr.OM OUR Correspondent.
Commencing with the Foreign Departments
of the class of Agricultural Machinery, we
pass from the Annexe of the British Depart-
ment into that of the American or United
States: and here the first machine met with is a
specimen of Ericsson's hot-air eugine, which is
designed to work Dovell's fog signal ; but
which, fortunately for the tympanum of the
ears of passing visitors, is silent. These hot-
air engines are very much used in the United
States, and are well adapted for cases where
but small power is required. They are easily
set in work. The cylinder is placed hori-
zontally, and the fire-box is placed at its outer
end. The air to work the eugine is heated by
passing round the fire-box, being forced into
the fire-box through the air-pump in the back-
ward stroke of the engine. The air-pump is
placed within the piston of the working cylinder,
this being made on the trunk principle, to admit
of the air-pump piston being placed within it.
IJoth the piston of the working cylinder and that
of the air-pump which it carries make their forward
stroke simultaneously, and at the same speed ; but in
order to force the supply of air into the furnace to be
heated for the forward stroke, the air-pump piston on
its backward stroke is made to travel at a much higher
speed than that of the working cylinder. This arrange-
ment necessitates the use of a very heavy fiy-wheel, in
order to store up, so to say, as much force or working
power as is necessary to carry, not only the working
piston of the cylinder through the whole extent of its
stroke, but also the air-pump in forcing its supply of
air to the furnace. There is another hot-air engine in
this annexe, invented by a Mr. Roper, which appears
compact, but is of peculiarly rough workmanship. A
good deal of attention is being paid just now to the sub-
ject of engines of this class, as they in many respects are
well adapted for rural districts where work is frequently
to be done in which the power of the engine is not
required for a long period. The great difficulty in the
bringing cut an engine of this class has been the
proper heating of the air; for when passed
directly from the furnace in which it is heated
it carried with it many of the solid products of
combustion, which destroyed the working parts, and
the great heat acted prejudicially on the valves ; on
the other hand, by heating the air in a separate
chamber, which was in turn heated by a furnace, the
great difficulty experienced was the heating of the air
quickly enough. A form of hot-air eugine in which
all these defects are overcome, and which is also an
invention of an American, Mr. Philander Shaw will
be found in daily work in a separate shed in the Park,
not far from the famous— or infamous in point of
design— English cottage.

The next machine met with in the American
Annexe is McCormick's reaper, provided with an
automatic sheaf delivery. Nearly opnosite this is the
stand of Mpssrs. Douglas, in which there is a pretty
extensive collection of hydraulic apparatus. In many
of the centrifugal pumps the arms work so freely or so
loosely that they have to be driven at a very high
speed in order to raise the water from anything like a
fair depth. In Mr. Douglas's pump the arms as they
revolve are kept perfectly packed, so tliivt the water is
lifted with comparative ea.se at slow speeds. The
packing is secured by adopting a system of peculiar

rpHIS small newspaper— the smallest
-*- perhapseverpublished.marksthe
intt-oduetion into Tortworth, of thn
Art of Printing; some four hundred
years after Caxton first brought it to
Ens^land, What these four centuries
liave Rained b.f the discovery of the
art it is impossible to estimate ; forit
is mainly to thePress that we owe the
freedom and Itnowledge we eii.ioy.

It is not. however, because Tort,
worth needs tliePress in amoral point
of view, that it lias been established
here ; but rather to afford to those
who have not yet seen the various pro-
cesses connected with the art, an op-

portunity of doing so; in short to—

' Teach the young idea how to print. '"

Our ' Times ' is a very tinv paper ;
but we must remind our readers that
cverj^hing is small or great only
by comparison. Seianons have been
preached and volumes written to re-
mind us of the importance of • 1.ITTLE
THINGS ; ' and certainly he is not a
wise man who ignores or despises
them. Ifasinglcacornin the lapse of
time becomes a fleet of ships, and a
single word becomes the turning-
point for good or ev il — for happinessor
ruin— it surely makes a vast difference
whether such an aeom grows or dies,
and whether such a word he spoken
or withheld. No ! there are no little
things ; unless by such a term we
mean the possibleheginningsof great

[ ' How to 'shoot,' it is sometimes
rendered; but this new reading is evi-
dently a more correetone. EditorT.T.J

ones. The insect that forms the
coi-al is so small that a bee would
seem an clepliant in comparison with
it ; and yet the coral insect, working
with myriads of its fellows, has built
not only part of the very rocks be-
neath tills school house, but a large
portion of the continent of North
America, or an area of five hundred
thousand square miles ! " Butforthc
coral insect Columbus might have
sailed in vain, and the history of the
NpwWorld.fromunhappyMontezunia
tounhappicrMaximilian.wonldncver
have existed. Jf then a continent is
built up by tiny atoms, and the story
of tlie longest life is woven from a
million trivial incidents, we cannotbe
too often reminded of the importance
of never despising little things.

THE EXHIBITION
opened this morning with beautiful
weather, and hag been visited by a

• According to Dr. Wright.

large number of people, all of whom
ore delighted with the varied and
most interesting objects presented to
their notice.

TO CORHESPONDENTS
Secretary Gre.at Wasting Kailway: —
The best way to prevent accidents is
to increase the fares. If nobody
travels, everybody will be s;ife. This
will tend to fix the shares— in the
hands of the present holders.

gibbtriistmcirfs.

WANTED for a permanency. — A
number of well-conducted
people to set a good example to
others. Also the said others to
folio IV it. Apply personally to
No, 1, reader of this paper.

TO BE DISPOSED OF on low terms,
A set of Bad Habits, —Apply, after
work hours, at the Public House.

Printed at Tortworth by J. B.

to be useful. TVe fear the invention will not be appre-
ciated with us. We have thus glanced at the leading
features of the American Annexe, from which it will
be seen that they are not by any means numerous.
This indeed may be said of all the American depa,rt-
inents, still it is only right to say that what is wanting
iu number and variety is made up in the practical
nature of the machines and objects sent, and in thp
quality of the work.

Passing out from the American Annexe aud keeping
the outer building wall of the Park to the right, we
proceed to make its circuit, and in process of time come
upon the Russian department of the Park, the most
prominent features of which are the Russian stables,
aud the Russian cottage, on the left. Before, however
reaching the stables, which are in themselves a beautiful
specimen of wood construction, and which are well
worthy of inspection, both inside aud out, a shed is
met with containing specimens of carriages ; at the end
of this is a compartment containing a small but
interesting collection of Russian timber, bricks,
drain tubes, &c. Opposite, or nearly opposite,
is the " Isba," or Russian peasant's cottage, which
should be visited, not only from the interesting nature
of its contents generally, but from those in the ground
apartment, which are specially interesting to those
concerned with agriculture. We should note here the
small threshing machine, with flat beaters. The
horse gear, or power, by which this is worked
presents, in its odd shape, a very marked contrast to
the neat forms of apparatus which are known to the
frequenters of our show-yards, and also to those of the
French Department. The horse gear under notice
looks very much like a bale of cotton in shape ; it is
made of wrought-iron plates, the wheels are all inside
of what we have called the bale, the power being taken
from the side. There is also here a straw-cutting
machine, to which we would draw the special attention
of the visitor, on account of the neat way in which the
timber framing is constructed — pointing as it does to
the wretchedly clumsy form adopted by our makers
wherever they use this material in the construction of
their framings. The visitor should also examine a
very ingenious Potato-planter, a reaping machine,
a corn drill (with small ploughs) to sow seed, all
of which present contrasts to our machines in

their classes more or less marked, and all of them
suggestive.

Leaving the Russian cottage and continuing our walk
round the Park, still keeping its outer boundary to the
right hand, we come to the Annexe, or long line of
sheds, containing a very large and interesting collec-
tion of machines and appar.atus used in the arts and
manufactures, of which the agricultural machines and
implements form a large and important proportion.
The part of the Annexe first reached is devoted to a
good collection of agricultural machines, exliibited by
Albarets, and consisting of threshing machines, hori-
zontal steam-engines, root-cutters, <Sto. The sapie house
exhibits a traction engine, which will be seen in the
Park nearly opposite, but at some distance from the
working-men's refreshment rooms or Omnibus Restau-
rant. Further on is the selection of implements and
machines of Gerard — amongst which is the portable
engine, mth a form of water-heater worth notice. The
lower part of the smoke-box is surrounded with a
wrought-iron receptacle, which comes up in the semi-
diameter of the smoke-box, and is some 5 or 6 inches
in width. This is filled with water, which becomes
very rapidly heated by contact with the hot plates of
the smoke-box. This water, as it becomes heated, is
forced into the boiler by the pump, the water passing
through a wide pipe through which also the blast-
pipe of the engine is passed. The heat, otherwise
lost, is thus economised.

At the end of the first long Annexe or shed
is a separate shed entirely appropriated to the
machines of the well-known nouse of Gumming
& Co., of Orleans, consisting of threshing
machines, portable engines, and horse gears.
Opposite this shed is the handsome building
of the Spanish Commission, containing a very
large and most interesting collection of food
produce, timber, minerals, wines, oils, industrial
plants, as Flax, Hemp, &c. There are also a
few agricultural implements and machines, a
variety of wine presses, a double force-pump.
Outside the building the visitor will find a
chain pump for working by hand, and another
for horse or rather donkey power, the donkey
who works it being the cynosure of a large and
apparently much interested crowd which is
generally found round it — a crowd, by the way,
made up of that body (a very large one) of
visitors to exhibitions who seem intensely
interested in looking at and examining objects
to he met with every day, but who are quite
oblivious to those which are to be rarely seen.

Opposite the Spanish Annexe, and going the
round of the Park, still keeping the boundary
wall to the right hand, a large shed is met
with. This contains a very extensive collection
of machines and apparatus used in the industrial
arts, and a good many more or less connected
with agriculture, such as Beetroot-sugar appa-
ratus, animal charcoal ditto, wine and other
forms of presses, filters. There are several
examples of corn-cleaning machines, amongst
which the most remarkable is that of M. Josse,
of Ormerson, Canton de Boissy— Saint Leger,
Seine et Oise. It is not easy to describe this
apparatus without the aid of diagrams, but the
reader may form some idea of its form and
action if he will suppose a triangular plane
enclosed by sides, and the surface of which
is filled with a series of triangular blocks,
with spaces between each block, and placed
in such a way that channels are formed
between which the grain, admitted ^ from a_ hopper
appropriately placed, passes in a zigzag direction.
The plane which supports these blocks is divided
with a wire or perforated bottom, and a to-and-fro
or vibrating motion is given to it by means of a
crank and appropriate gearing. The action of tbi?
apparatus is simple in the extreme, and the grain as it
passes over the vibrating perforated surface, and as it is
forced to take the zig-zag channel made by the
triangular blocks, is cleansed from extraneous matter,
and delivered finally at the apex of the vibrating plane.
Many forms of this apparatus are employed in the
Government works in France, and are said to give great
satisfaction. Another form of corn-cleaning apparatus
to be met with in this Annexe is the invention of
M. Dufour. It resembles Ransomes & Sims' corn-
dressing apparatus in general appearance ; the revolving
cylinder has a two-fold motion given to it,-;-first, a
revolving or rotatory one ; and second, a vibrator)
to-and-fro motion in the direction of its length ; while
the outside of the revolving vibrating screen is struck
at intervals with a hammer on its outer surface, to
insure the removal of the seeds sticking in the meshes
of the screen.

Issuing from this Annexe, and still keeping tljo
building well to the right, we come to the Omnibus
Refreshment Room, opposite to which, and nearly a]!
of them in the open air, is a very large collection of
implements and machines, chiefly composed of ploughs,
rollers, and the like, none of which call here for special
description, but of many of which, nevertheless, it inpy
be said that they are worthy of study, if not for the
purpose of knowing what to copy, cei'tainly for thij
purpose of knowing what to avoid. In a smiijl
covered shed iu this place, Renaud, of Nantes, exhibits
a specimen of a portable steam engine, and ahorizontiu
ditto, the workmanship of both of which is very gooij.
He also exhibits a threshing machine, of which the
English visitor should "take a note," as something
rather unlike what we are accustomed to look upon as
the arrangements of a good threshing machine.

Near the collection above named is a rather clumsy
building, with the word " Roquefort" in large letters
upon tho side. In the interior of this wiU be found
an imitation of the celebrated caves of Roquelort,
in the district of Aveyron, in which the well-kiiowu

August 3, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS* CTTRONICLE AND AGRICULTUIIAL GAZETTE

816

cliccso of that- name is made from the milk of owes of
n lin'od (if sln'(_'p peculiar to the district. In a ^^mall
y;n(i atlacliod to tlio biiildint,' will bo fo;iiid a i'ow
slu't'P of the breed knowu as the "race du Larsac."
Wo may, in a future paper, sivo a description of the
"Kin^'of Cliceaes," as it has been eaUed, and of some
of the peouliarities attendant upon the maintenaneo
of the tiooks from which it is obtained; meanwhile we
proceed to note other matters interesting to the aj^ri-
cultural visitor met with in thel*ark in the ueit^hbour-
hoodof the Roquefort huildini?. Not far from it, but
towards the loft hand, lonkint; to the main buildiuK,
is a small building or slud containing a collection of
objects from Iho Imitorial A;^ricultural School of
Grignan. In this will be found an interesting series
of drawings of the farm buildings attached to the school,
various models, photographs of stock bred and reared
on the farm, a set of the "books" and records of the
cstablishmout, all of which are worthy of examination.
To the right of the Uoqnctbrt building, a shed contains
fjpecimcns of Jlerino sheep and of ewes of the pure
brood do Tarontaise, together with a very interesting
colloclion iif maps and pliolographs illustrative of the
modr i^\' larmin.^', Ikhiscs {'or labourers, &:r.., adopted in
the J>e]*arttnent do la Savoio. Not far from the shed
njjpropriated to the Imi)erial Agricultural School of
Grignan, is that appropriated to the various depart-
ments of France, That containing the produce of
tbe Northern Department is very interesting. The
visitor should take special note of the specimens of
Flax, Ac, gro\^n there. In the collection of the
Noi'iuty of Arras, there is a fine model of the farm of
liougoville of ]\I. Edouard Hamoir, also models of
puuilry houses, by the Marquis of Havrencourt, in
the Pas do Calais. The same nobleman exhibits a
cattle shelter or shed, not far from the Roquefort
building. In the department of the Mouse will be
found a plan of the Cheese-making Farm, of the
Maison du Val, near Revigny, in which 8000 litres
a day are made into cheese. This establishment,
we may here notice, is conducted upon co-opera-
tive principles, the laljourers receiving a share of the
profits. Approaching the main building, and keeping
a little to the right, the Prussian Annexe is reached.
At the entrance to this, nearest the main building, is a
model with plans of cottages adapted for labourers, but
which seem more adaptea for well-to-do farmers than
for working people. They are intended to illustrate
the kind of cottages in use in Pomerania, and if they
are honest reproductions of cottages as there used, we |
may come to the belief that the working people are ;
particularly well olf. The accommodation of each I
cottage consists of, on the ground-floor, large entrance
lobby, kitchen, bedroom, pantry, and chamber ; on tho
upper floor, four rooms. In this Annexe a few agricul-
tural implements are met with, none of which call for
special description. Not far from the Prussian Annexe,
but a little further from the building, the Bohemian
cottages for working men are met with ; the same
remarks we have made on the Prussian cottages above
api)lies almost without change to these cottages.

Approaching the main avenue, which leads from the
entrance opposite the Eoole Militaire, and not far from
the main building, is the Belgian Annexe. This con-
tains a fine collection of machinery — as locomotives,
paper-making machines, and tools— amongst which
there are a few agricultural implements and machines, j
A peculiar arrangement of boiler for cooking cattle
forage should be examined; it is in a corner towards the j
left hand on entering. Outside, ranged along the side i
of the building next the Ecole Militaire, are a good
number of implements— ploughs, cultivators, and the j
like. Crossing the avenue leading from tho Ecole
Mihtaire, passing the corner of the Belgian Pine Art
Annexe, and through the arch of the Gate of Antwerp,
the second Belgian Annexe is met with. This is
easily known from its octagonal form and its conical
roof. Amidst a very interesting collection of tools,
machines, models, specimens of metals, coals, &c., there
are a few agricultural implements, the most important
of which are some Plax-dressing and breaking
machines, which have a high reputation in Belgium.

I yVe have now gone the round of the Park, and taken
up in succession the Annexes therein, which contain

I either special collections of agricultural machines and

, implements, or have these placed amongst general
machinery and tools. We have not of course in the
foreign department noticed all which may yet be met
with, but we have drawn attention to the most
important, and have in all cases at any rate pointed
out to the visitor, or intending visitor, the locales
where they may be met with, so that he can examine
them in detail should he so desire. It now only remains
for us to notice the collections within the main build-
ing, which may be done in a brief sentence or two;

i inasmuch as they are mainly duplicates of the machines
and implements exhibited in one or other of the locali-
ties outside the building which we have already
noticed; or, being different in this respect, yet have

. little or nothing which calls for special notice here. In
the French Department of the Great Machinery
Gallery, the principal exhibitors are as follows : —
MM. Pinet fils, (Indre-et-Loire,) who exhibit thresh-
ing machines, portable engines, horse gears, and a
very well arranged and excellently well-constructed
water elevator by horse power. Next to this stand is
that of Gerard Vierzin, who has a collection much the
Bame in character as the preceding. On the wall
opposite this is a collection of drawings of working
men's cottages, and in a stand in the "centre of the
gallery a collection of specimens of Vicat's cements,
bricks, tiles, &c.

In the Belgian Department there are various imple-
ments and machinery, the most noticeable of which
are some Piax machines. The collection in the Dutch
or Low Countries Department is very trifling, con-
sietmg of two tliroshing machines and one root cutter,
11 we recollect aright. A very interesting collection of

models of ploughs is to bo met with in tho Wirtom-
bcrg Department; they arc arranged incases on the
wall, and have been ail sold for tho use of tho Academy
at Moscow; all tho models have been made by .las.
Anselm. In tho Austrian Department a little further
on there is also a stnall but interesting collection of
models, and of drawings of farm buildings, together
with a few fuU-sined implements and machines. Tbo
Spanish Department show few, and the same may ho
said of the Indian Department, the most interesting
features being a few idouglis. There aro a few models
in the Russian Dcpartmefii worthy of inspection ; and,
in cniK'lusidn, wr would draw tho attention of tho
visitor to tlu' lino (^ullection of drawings of farm build-
ings which aro to bo met with in the French and
Belgian Departments.

AGRICULTURAL CHILDREN'S EDUCATION
BILL.

Till! following is an abridgment of the debate on
this subject in tho House of Commons on Wednesday
evening :—

Mr. Fawcett said tho Bill of Lord Shaftesbury on the same
aubjcct provided that chilrlrcn employed in agriculture should
attoiid Rchuul a certain nunibtir uf houvM duriiiff tho year —
40(1 bourn in wiutcr and liDU iu summer ; while ho proposed
thiit their attendance should be re^ojlated on the half time or
alternate day sywleni. The result of expenence, he con-
tended, proved that tho latter system had been eminently
successful, and the House had but the day before a^-eed to
extend it to almost every branch of industi-y in the country.
It was, on the contrary, showij by experience that the system
of attendance for a certain number of hours had worked
badly, and the conujiittee which sat on the subject had stated
in their report that it was in their opinion desirable that the
Print Works Act should be amended in that respect, inasmuch
as it did nut work as well as the Factory Acts. Again, there
was the experience connected with agricultural pursuits
which was entirely in favour of his views. A voiy eminent
agriculturist, Mr. Paget, had tried the alternate day system,
and his testimony was to tho effect that he had found it emi-
nently successful. The going from work to school, and from
school to work on alternate days, formed an agreeable change,
but the consequence of the adoption of the certain number of
hours' system was that the children were at one time over-
worked and at another overschooled, and that being at school
for two or three months and absent for two or three months
more, they gradually forgot what they had previously learnt.
As a matter of detail he might mention that of course pro-
vision was made for harvest time, so that the Bill would not
interfere merely with the hours of labour on such special
occasions. He next came to the most difficult part of the
subject— the necessity of providing suitable schools for the
chilih-cn— a subject with which Lord Shaftesbury had not
dealt in tho shghtest degi-eo. It might be said that education
in tho rural districts was spreading, and why, under those
circumstances, it might be asked, did he invite the House to
interfere in the matter instead of leaving time to do its work,
asit was doing? In ISUO an exhaustive report had been pub-
lished on the educational condition of the poor, and no one
who had read that report could fail to see that the state of
education in those districts was anything but satis/actoiy. It
was, in fact, most disgraceful. The result of all the agencies at
work at the present time was that in many districts there were
extremely good schools and teachers, but the whole evil
i^roae from the children being removed from school at too
early ai> age. In consequence of the active demand in
agricultural districts for agricultural labour the children
seldom continued at school after the age of eight years,
and it might, t^ierefoie, be easily conceived that they
soon forgot all that they had previously learnt. The
removal of tho children from school at too early an
age was caused by the avarice, the ignorance, or the
povertj^ of the parents, and if it arose from avarice the State
had a right to step in and protect the children against the
avarice of the parents. If it arose from ignorance, the best
plan which could he adopted was to educate the rising gene-
ration, for, as a general nde, educated people appreciated the
advantages of education. The poverty of the parents render-
ing the labour of their children of iniportance to them was, no
doubt, the most difficult point to de,al with, for, by being
deprived of the labour of their children, they might be
deprived of the means of obtaining some of the necessaries of
life. Still, it should be boine in niin4 that, when the supply
of labour was limited its price was enhanced, and, therefore,
the loss to the parents arising from the circumstance he had
just mentioned would really not be so great as many persons
might at first suppose. Besides, by education, the agiicul-
tural lahourers would acquire a spirit of enterprise and
energy, and would quit districts such as Dorsetshire and
Wiltshire, where an agricultural labourer starved on the
miserable pittance of 9s. or 10s. {i week, and would betiike
themselves to other places, where labour was better
rewai'dcd. The fanners would also gain by having educated
labourers, because they would avoid the loss which must
accrue to them from having labourers belonging to an igno-
rant class. As agriculture now required the use of expensive
and coniplicatcd machinery, it was absolutely essential that
the farmers should have competent labourers, to whom that
machinery might be entrusted ; and it should be borne in
mind that increased intelligence on tho part of the labourers
vastly increased their efficiency, so that more wealth would
he produced to be distributed in wages to them and in profit
t<i the fanners. He admitted that it would be a serious matter
for ParUarnent to enact that children should attend school
unless a guarantee were provided that the schools should be
brought withhi the reach of the children ; and accordingly his
Bill provided that no child should be compelled to attend
school if it were proved that the child's home was situated at
a distance exceeding three miles fi-om any school. In order,
however, to prevent the inconvenience which might arise from
schools being allowed to go to decay in consequence of oppo-
sition from landowners and farmers to the proposed legisla-
tion, the Bill provided that in :dl parishes of a certain size
chore should be a school within a leasonahle distance of the
residence of the children ; and whenever that school was built
and maintained by a rate, as imder the Bill it might be, it
would be left to the majority of the ratepayers to determine
the kind of religious instruction to be given. He confined his
Bill entirely to children under 13 years of age, because he
bcHeved it would be mischievous in the case of agiiculture to
legislate for yoimg persons between the ages of 13 and IS
years. The Bill also, differing m this respect from Loj-d
Shaftesbury's, treated boys and girls alike, for agricultural
work was not, in his opinion, unsuitable for females.

Mr. A. Peel seconded the motion for the second reading of
tbe BiU.

Jfr. Henley did not think that tbe chief reason
that children did not attend schools was the apathy
of their parents; on the contrary, he had been told by
many parents that they coidd not afford to allow their
children to attend school, because they eai-ned fi-om 3a. to
3s. 6(/. a week, being :i5 per cent, of the fathei-'s eaniings.

Tho hon. member endeavoured to moot that fact by a rather
curious argument. Ho Kiid if tbe chlldren'n labour wcro
kept out of the market that <.f tho parents wo\dd rise in
viilne. TbiH. however, was a complete fallacy, for tho labour
cf (bi; cliild and of the man did not compute with o.ich other,
aiidlluMidoro by withdrawing tbu l.djour of the one that of
tho oilier would not be increased in value. The hon. member
.■^uid that in some of the agricultural districts tho farmers mot
tugetbcr, andhuvhig calculated tbe prico of tho food which
Uic labourer consumed, flxed the ammmt of tho waRcs
accordingly. All he could say in reply to that statument was,
that lie liad lived among farmers all bin Ufo. but had never
lieard of such an occun'onco. But jierhapM tho hon. member
Iiail loixed up two or thrco things together, and having road
in f^oniB <.f tlic Blue-books lie had du« up that formerly relief
to the poor wan regulated l«y the cost of tbeir food, ho had
cimfi.uii'lud tliat systcin with the principle upon which the
amount i»f wages wan rei,'ulated. Everybody knew that tho
amount of wages was rugulatod by tho quantity of labour
which happene<l to bo in the market, and not by any fixed
rules which tho farmers might lay down. The hon.
meuihor urged the House to legislate upon the sub-
ject of the Bill at once, on the ground that it was a matter
that could not wait ; but he forgot that there was not the
same cause for hasLo in legislating with regard to agricultural
labour as there was with reference to factory labour, because
the licalth of the children was not injured in the former, as in
tho latter case by gas and late hours, — the work being per-
formed in the open air, and Providence shortening tbe hours
of labour durmg certain seasons of the year. Then the hon.
gentleman told thcra that another cause why they should
legislate without delay upon the subject was that the agricul-
tural lalxiincrs were so ignorant. He denied that there was
any fouiidal i'-n for such a charge being brought against thu
agricultural labourers. Ho would admit that a certain pro-
portion of them— but not a larger proportion than was to be
found among all other classes of labourers— could not read or
write, but he entirely denied that they wei'c ignorant of their
specialities or iu knowledge of tbeir duty to God and man.
Aa a further inducement to tho House to deal with this
question the hon. member said that if the children were
better educated they wovild do their work better, and so
would add to tho general wealth of the community. Could a
lower or more sordid argument possibly have been used than
this iu favour of educating the agricultural children ? Was there
a man in that House that believed that the efforts that had
been made by the right-minded people of this country for tbo
education of these poor children had no higher motive than
to get a greater amount of work out of them? Thirty-four
years ago the House had been asked and piayed to check thu
scethuig mass of corruption among the lower classes by
estabUsbing a system of religious education, a system that ho
thought some hon. members might not object to see
abolished.

Mr. Fawceti said ho had attributed no such unworthy
motives to the landowners ; he had never defended education
on the ground that it would result in material advantage, and
in this instance he had alluded only to the pecimiai-y loss to
the farmers, landowners, and labourers, which resulted from
want of education.

Mr. Henley was indifferent as to which bom of the dilemma
the hon. member chose to place himself on ; if he did not
defend education on the ground that it would result in
material advantage, why did he hold out such an inducement
to the farmers and landowners ? But it was not true that farm
labourers were uneducated. Whether they looked to plough-
men or carters, he contended that they would be found to be
better educated than the lower classes of any other countiy in
tiac world. Moreover, it would be found that, with the excep-
tion of Belgium, perhaps, where agriculturists were employed
in almost garden farming, no country could produce more
highly-skilled farmers, and certainly no country produced so
much per acre as England. Yet the hon. member spoke of the
brutal i^Tiorance of the labourers, and urged that on that
account it would be for our interest to pass his Bill. Unles.s
hon. members were certain they could do good, it behoved
them in a matter of this kind to pause, lest they did evil.
Hon. gentlemen seemed to imply tb^t in some cases
persons were unwilling to send their children to school, but
he asked them whether they thought those people would
be made willing by inflicting such injuries upon theru
as would result from depriving them by law of their children's
earnings. But did a prejudice exist against education? He
believed that people were becoming more and more desirous
every day of procuring education for their children, because
they were becoming more sensible of its value. It would be
true wisdom, therefore, to tako care that no mischief was
done by rudely^ stopping this natural gro^vth which he
believed had set iu, and would gradually permeate throughout
the land with most favourable results. Let the endeavour be
to make the growth as smooth as possible by the removal of
ebstaeles ; let measures be adopted to enable poor people to
send their children to school as much and as long as possible ;
let every allowance be made for the parents, but let them on
no account be coerced. It had fallen to his lot more than
once to distribute prizes to agi-icultural labourers, and among
them on one occasion was a boy, of whom he asked, as he
often did of others, how long he had been at school, and the
answer was " Father died and mother was hard up, and could
not afford to put me to school long, and I've had very Uttle of
it." Yet this boy had come from a class whom the hon.
member had described as brutally ignorant. The appearance
of that boy's countenance when he said ho had helped his
mother showed he possessed something of more value to him
than reading and writing, something which had enabled
him to strive hard and draw himself out from the crowd so
that by his superior skill he was probably earning men's wage:;
in order to support his brothers and .sisters, whereas, under
the Bill of the hon. member, he would have been prevented
from doing anything of the kind. He had heard it said that
agricultural labourers seldom attained excellence if they did
not begin their work early. He could not give a positiv.;
opinion on that puint, but he knew for a fact that those
children who were kept in the workhouse rarely commenced
work on the farm until 1.3 years of age, because there was nn
one who could take care of them : the consequence was, he had
heard so often that he believed it, those bnys never turned
out as skilled as those who had gone to the field earlier.
For those reasons among others he asked the House not to
agiee to the second reading of this Bill, which contained no
principle, had no preamble whatever, and commenced with a
provision which the hon. member knew had been condemned
already by tbe Upper House. It would be better if the Bill
were wdthdrawn so that hon. members on this side of the
House might not be falsely represented as having no msh to
improve the condition of the people, as it was probable they
woidd be if they rejected the BUI from conscientious motive.-^i.
The hon, member had chosen to charge upon gentlemen, who,
he said, were intimately connected with the landed interest,
that they had no care for theii- people beyond what would
increase their own rents,

Mr. Fawcett was sorry to be obhgcd again to coiTcct the
right hon. member, but ho had misrepresented him in almost
every sentence he had .spoken. Just now he had accused him
of having charged the people with being brutally ignorant,
whereas he had made use of no such expression. Now, with
similar injustice, he charged him with having accused land-
owners of doing nothing for their lahourers unless they wguld
thereby increase then- rents.

816

THE GARBENEHS' CmONICLE AND AGMCTTLTURAI GAZETTE.

[AtrOTTST 3, 1867.

Mr. Henley asked whether the hon. member bad not
charged the landowners with maintaiuing a monopoly. He
used those very words ; how then could he have misrepre-
sented the bon. member? He ropudiated as utterly false the
charge that landowners had not done all in their power in
behalf of those over -whom it had pleased God to place them.
Moreover this question bad never been argued in relation to
the question of rent, but simply with regard to the advisability
of depriving the poor of the profits of their labour, in order
that their condition might bo improved in the future. And
he repudiated the charge more earnestly, because the hon.
member did not choose to make it in a direct manner, but
thrust it out by means of an insinuation which, of course,
from the manner in which it was put, fell with more deadly
effect. He again urged the withdrawal of the measure, which,
if carried, would certainly fail in its object, and would tend
rather to check education than further it, by creatmg a bad
feeling among the people.

Mr, Bead said the measure appeared to him to be based
upon two propositions, one that the employment of children
should be restricted ; the other that education should be com-
pulsory, and there was no doubt the BUI acted on these pro-
positions in the most arbitrary manner. As a practical
farmer, he maintained that it was impossible to carry oat the
provision ordering that children under 13 should not be em-
ployed in agriculture. The only instance in which it was
known to be done was that of Mr. Paget, who kved near a
manufacturing town, and could therefore get as many boys as
he wanted on special occasions. He would not object to a Bill
pveventiug boys who conld not read and write well from
working continually, but by 13 a boy had generally obtained
a good elementary education, which he conld easily supple-
ment and improve by attending night schools He oonflrmed
the opinion of the right hon. member for Oxfordshire, that if
bovs were not employed in .agriculture young they would not
nrosper. Ho contended that compulsory education was un-
iecessary; .and he especiaUy objected to an educational rate
because it had become the fashion of late to put all such
burdens on real property. It was also a most extraordmary
proposition, in his opinion, that two magistrates sitting in
petty sessions should be invested with the power of buying
hind aud building a school, and of enforcing from the rate-
navers the money to maintain the school, whUe, perhaps,
they did not themselves live in the district. Farmers
as a class did not object to education; they were, on the
contrary very much in favour of it. He had been pre-
sent at a discussion on the Bill in a Chamber of
Agriculture where a resolution wag passed sympathismg
with the desire to increase the education of the labourers,
but declarin-r that the Bill would not accomplish that object.
What farmers objected to was the style of education that was
sometimes imparted to labourers' children. He admitted that
in order to work the improved agricultural machinery well it
was almost necessary to have a thoroughly well-educated
labourer : but a thoroughly educated man who kuew nothmg
of his business was the very worst labourer one could have. He
had been in workhouses where he had seen children intended
for the farm going through a course of geography, when they
should properly h.ave been learning the use of the spade.
Education to be useful, should be suited to the future position
of the child. This principle was followed to a great extent
among the middle classes; their children could not be
indulged in the higher branches of education, and this
example should be followed in the education of agricultural
labourers. They had been told that the education of agri-
culturists' was disgraceful, and especial reference had been
made in this spirit on a previous occasion to the state of
education in Norfolk. Out of the 737 parishes In Norfolk,
147 were .aided by Government in the matter of educa-
tion Eighty-three of the parishes had a population of
upwards of 1000, and 46 of them got some portion of the
grant Of the 498 parishes under 500 population, 39 only
were aided, and 459 received nothing from the grant. There
were 212 parishes in which there were no schools, but 143
were consolidated for educational purposes, leaving 09 with-
out schools. Of these, however, only 22 had a population of
L-JO • several had less than 20, and one contained only si.x.
In 525 parishes that had schools, 35,568 children were upon
the books, or .about one-tenth of the population. There were
also more th.an 6,000 night scholars in the schools ; and, as to
quality of education, the inspector reported to the bishops
that both in secular and religious education seven-eighths of
the schools wore in a satisfactory state. There was one point
on which ho especiaUy desired to offer a remark, and that w.is
with reference to the early age at which children wore taken
from school greatly to theii' detriment. Upon this subject
the Rev. Mr. Bowden, of the Norwich Diocesan Society, after
speaking hopefully of the progress of education in a letter to
him, suggested a remedy for tliis. He thought it would be a
very good thing if employers of labour and managers of schools
were to an-ange that chUdren should continue at school con-
tinuously during certain seasons of the year ; to anything in
the shape of oocicion or interference with the rights of parents
he was altogether opposed. That suggestion was worthy of
consideration.

[The BUI was withdrawn.]

roof. He also warns the public that they are apt to he

THE COTTAGE COMPETITION AT BUET.

A TEKY complete and elaborate discussion of the
several cottage plans exhibited at Bury in competition
for the prizes offered by the Suffolk Agricultural
Society is given in the Bury Fast, from which we
make the following extracts ; —

That the decision of our local Agricultural Society to
offer among other prizes one for the best design for a
double cottage suited for Suffolk labourers was well
advised, is sufficiently proved by the large number of
plans and specifications (G3 sets) which have been sent
in, and by the very great care and trouble which has
been bestowed on all, and the evident ability shown by
many. It is not long since we published a report of an
able and exhaustive address upon the subject by the
Veu. Lord Arthur Hervey, and the discus.siou which
followed the address showed that both landlords and
tenants are generally aware how necessary for their
own pecuniary interests, as well as for the social
advancement of the community at large, is the improve-
ment of landed property in this matter. But the
question how it is to be done is not so easily answered,
and it is highly instructive to have the answers or
attempted answers of 58 practical men so well brought
before our eyes in plans and sketches and folios of
specifications. In the subjoined account of the plans
we have given very fully the particulars of the plan by
Messrs. Conder & Laskett, Gloucester Road, London,
to which the judges unanimously award the 1st prize,
as we think it will appear to all who examine the plans,
most wisely. The ii prize is taken by Mr. Shaw,
Bridge Street, Birkenhead. A highly competent critic
has pointed out the somewhat singular lact— that no
designer has attempted to get the third bedroom in the

misled by the want of practical arrangement and clear-
ness in the specifications.

No 3 " Qid Mi sr.it ct bom."— A black-roofed model accom-
panies these designs, which are very complete, and when we
look ,at the estimate of cost we are at first puzzled by its low-
ness (ISOi. Os. 6d.), .and find no means of expl.iinmg it aw.iy,
inasmuch as the actual bUls p.iid for the erection of two such
cottages in this county accompany the specification. But a
closer oxamimation reveals the fact that a good deal of material
on the estate was used in the work which would scarcely be
used uuder other circumstauces ; such, for instance, as Poplar
wood for the floors of the rooms and much of the other wood-
work and clay lump for the shedding. The design, however,
is among the best. The ground-floor contains living rooms
and scuUeries, suppUed each with a separate oven, copper, &c.,
store room and closet, and the estimate includes a well for the
two cottages in the yard at the back. The bedrooms are of
good size, and have independent access to the landing. The
windows are fitted with cast-iron casements of Gothic pattern,
but the appearance of the house suffers from the entire absence
of eaves, the spurs being out off flush with the waU. The walls
are of 9-inch brick, the front and ends being faced with white
brick.

No. 6, *'5(t/roiA-."— There is a homely and at the same time
picturesque look about the coloured cardboard model^ which
accompanies the two sets of designs signed " Suffolk," which
greatly takes our fancy. There is nothiug of the model about
the appearance of the blocks. One would admire them in a
country lane as thoroughly rustic, quiet, and snug, and when
he learnt that they contained .aU that was required for decency
and comfort, he would declare they were just the kind of
cottage he should like to see everywhere. The rooms are very
fair sized, and include a pantry 7 feet 0 inches by 6 feet
6 inches ; there is an entrance lobby from which the staircase
also ascends ; each tenement is provided with .an oven or a
copper, and a " galvanized sanitary sink ; " the front room has
a boarded floor, the staircase a window, and the bedrooms
separate doors. The materials are g-uich brick, and pantiles
for the roof, and the cost, which seems to be fairly estimated,
is only 199;. The two designs only v.ary in the position of the
front door, the second having, in consequence of this difference
ui the plan, a longer frontage and costing 7i. more.

No. 8. " 1867."— In this plan the doors of the cottages
(which are of white brick and stand back to back) are at the
side, and open into a lobby, on one side of which is the stair-
case to the bedrooms, on the other the larder, beyond which is
a place for fuel. The living room (the door of which is immedi-
ately opposite the lobby), is 11 feet by 14 feet, and behind it is
the kitchen, 11 feet by 7 feet 4i inches, each being accessible
from the lobby. Each cottage is provided with a separate
oven, copper, and sink ; the privies are placed at the bottom
of the garden. The bedrooms are respectively 11 feet by
10.1 feet, U feet by 7 feet S'j inches, and 8 feet 6 inches by
8 feet. Two of them .are furnished with fireplaces, and aU have
independent access from the landing .at the head of the stiiir-
case. The roof is of simple construction, without vaUeys, hips,
or gutters, and whUst ornamentation is avoided, the insertion
of red bricks above and beneath the windows serves to prevent
monotony of appearance. The water supply (beyond the
provision of a water butt for the two cottages) is not taken mto
consideration, the expense of weU-sinking depending so much
upon the situation. Each cottage is entirely independent of
the other except for w.ater supply, and the cubical contents of
" the rooms are rather in excess of the requirements of the
Committee. Estimated cost of the pair, 227i. 7s. ^d. This
plan might be made a very good one by opening a door from
the living room to the scullery, and throwing the room thus
gained into the pantry, moving the b,aok door nearer the fire-
place, and adding a window to the scuUery.

No. H. (First Prize) " SiiitaiiJily."— The two large framed
drawings of this design, including plans, sections, and sketch
of a group of blocks, exhibit perhaps no feature in the plan
entirely peculiar to it. The doorways at the end, the b.ake-
house common to both dwellings between the sculleries, and
the system of ventUation, are to be found in more than one
other design, though not, as the judges have evidently thought,
so well combined with other necessary qu.ilifications, as by
the author of "SnitabUity." In external appearance his
buUding, though entirely without pretensions to architectur.al
display, is far from ugly, and it would be easy for any
proprietor who desired to add ornament and extra finish for
the gratification of his t.iste to find every opportunity for
doing so. The main entrances are at each end of the block,
the doors to the lobbies being still further protected by simple
hood porches. In the lobbies are the doors of the living rooms
and staircases, the scullery opening from the livmg room ;
.and out of the scullery open the pantry and a ceUar or fuel
closet. The dimensions of the ground floor rooms are -of the
front room, 11 feet 7 inches by 12 feet ; of the back room, 6 feet
2 inches by 8 feet 9 inches ; pantry, 3 feet by 5 feet 6 inches ;
closet 3 feet by 2 feet 10 inches. Between the two souliories,
and opening to the yard, is the common bakehouse of the two
cottages, which is furnished with a large oven, kneading
trough, and copper. The cottages and bakehouse are thus
brought within four w.aUs, an important requisite for economy
in buUding and repairs. The water closets stand at the end
of the common yard, their doors opening aw.ay from the
house. A water butt containing 130 g.aUons is provided to
each cottage, but no provision is made for a wcU, owing to the
impossibUity of making .any estimate for a work the expense
of which entirely depends upon the situ.ation. There are
windows to the staircases— an almost indispensable feature,
and from the Umding at the top of each independent access is
obtained to the three bedrooms, whose dimensions are
respectively 14 feet 3 inches by 9 feet 1 inch, 7 feet 3 mches by
11 feet 8 inches, and 8 feet 10 inches by 6 feet 8 inches. Two
of the bedrooms in each cottage are furnished with fire-places,
and the third is ventUated by means of a piece of perforated
zinc in a framed opening in the middle of the ceiling, the air
passing into a false roof terminated .at each end by louvre
boards The mndows of the upper floor being below the roof
plate, the roof, with the exception of these breaks for ventil.a-
tion, is uninterrupted, and the additional expense of guUies is
avoided The Committee, however, as wUl bo seen by the
report recommend that even this interruption in the line of
roof .should be omitted. In the larger bedroom is a corner
cupboard, .and in one of the smaUer a closet. The internal
work is designed to be neatly done, the doors being pannelled
.and the casements chamfered. The total estimated cost is
170i 3< 8c(, an exceedingly low figure for so weU planned and
constructed a pair of dwellings. The prices are, however, in
some particulars undoubtedly below those which a builder in
this part of Suffolk would h.ave to pay, .and it is not improb-
able that the total cost would in actual experience prove to be
nearer 200i. But aUowing this margin of increased expense,
we think the decision of the judges in awarding the first pnze
to this design wUl be gener.aUy approved of. We subjoin a
fnU abstract of the very complete specifications accompanying,
the design. „ .^^ c ,.,. c « u

In his preface addressed to the Committee of the Suffolk
Agricultural Society the author says :—

■■The principles acted upon in m.aking the accompanying
design for the Suffolk labourers' cottages have been strictly
those hiid down in the printed instructions, namely, lowness
of cost combined with efficiency and durabUity. To obtam
the first the plan has been kept as square and compact as

space and accommodation remaining the same. The m.aterial8
specified have been confined to such as can bc_ obtained in the
neighbourhood, and the construction is all within the know-
ledge and ability of country workmen. Th'e estimated cost of
the pair of cottages is 170L— the prices have all been gone
through with a builder in Suffolk and .approved by him. The
exterior of the design has been an-auged with a view to the
picturesque, and the g.able3 in the roof which reUeve what
would otherwise be monotonous, serve the pm-pose of securing
excellent ventUation to the upper floor by communicating
with ventilators in the ceilings. All the windows have been
designed to open. The comfort and convenience of the tenants
have been particularly provided for, and every sanitary
precaution has been taken. The authors of the design have
for some time given great attention to the subject of dwclUngs
for the working classes ; and- this, together with a long
residence in Suffolk, has enabled them lo understand and
provide for the requirements of labourers' cottages in this
county."

In the specification of works, after directions for excavation
for foundations, for a cesspool 6 feet deep, steined round with
bricks laid dry, and covered with 2-inch rough York stone, iovi
the laying of 6-inch glazed earthenware drain pipe, from water
butt, sinks, and yards to join a 9-inch pipe from the watei,
closets to the cesspool, with syphon traps where required, and
for the provision of glazed air-brieks, 9 inches by 6 inches, to
ventUate under the floor of the living rooms, the specification
for the bricklayer foUows. The bricks are well-burnt Suffolk
red, worked with mortar composed of stone lime and two-
thu-ds clean sharp sand. Flemish bond to be used throughouti
and the joints of the exterior waUs, as well as of the scuUerieSj
coal cellars, bakehouse, and water closets to be neatly struck;
Proper chimney bars are to be buUt into all the fireplaceg;
half-brick fenders are to be provided for living rooms' fir&
places, and trimmer .arches to those in the first floor. Th^
chimney stacks to have over-sailing courses above the roof,
audbrickon edge coping. The party waU is to be carried to .
the underside of the tiles, and the brickwork to be buUt up
between the feet of the roof r.afters. The ground floor
partitions wiU be bricknogged 4i inches thick, with two courses
of 4 inches by li inch timber. The -window sills are aU of
splayed bricks set on edge in cement, and the front is relieved
with black string-courses of bricks dipped in tar. A layer of
boUing pitch is to be put on the walls just above the ground,
to prevent the damp from rising. For the roof red pantiles are
to be used, laid to .a 10-inch gauge and pointed in mortar, and
properly fiUeted with cement where they meet the chimneys,
li inch tooled York stones are used for the heai-ths, and white
Suffolk paving bricks for floors of scuUeries, bakehouse, yard,
outhouses, and coal-houses. The sinks, 2 feet 6 inches by
1 foot 3 inches, are of stone, and the mantel pieces of the
living rooms have slate shelves 9 inches deep. All the timber
used is Norway or Baltic Fir, sound and good. No joists or
r.afters to be more than 13 inches apart : the lintels of
the doors and windows to be of timber, 9 inches by 6 inches.
The roof rafters are directed to be 43 inches by 2 inches, hips
and i-idges7inches by liinch, purlins 6inehes by 5i inches, wall
plates 44 inches by 3 inches, ties or ceiling j oists spiked to rafters,
4 inches by 1^ inch, and the coUar at each gable 4 inches by
2.1 inches. The floors are to be of 3-inch battens, laid folding,
with a .^-inch deal skirting to run 4 inches high round aU the
floored rooms and the landing. The staircases are weU made
and enclosed on the ground floor with li inch rebated and
beaded boarding and door. The door siUs on the ground floor
are of oak, .and a chamfered deal fillet round the frames stops
the plastering. The internal doors are of inch-and-quarter
stuff, four -panelled, and havuig i-iai locks and brass furniture,
with the exception of the closet, ceUars, and outhouse doors,
which are two-panelled, with Norfolk thumb-latch. The outer
doors are four-panelled, with water bar, and two tower bolts
on each, the bate-house door having two keys but no bolts.
The windows have frames 4 inches by 3 inches, and li inch
chamfered casements, with water bars fixed on the bottom
raUs. The scuUery wuidow is fixed ; stau-case windows have
the upper part fixed and the lower hung to open outwards ;
the larder windows are hung on pivots, -with beads, cords,
hooks, and bolts : and the remaining windows have one light
opening outwards, with iron stays to hold them. The porch
over each end doorway is a hood covering with wrought deal
brackets, roofed with deal battens properly united to the brick-
work. Two tiers of inch deal shelves, 10 inches wide, on deal
hearers, will bo fitted up in the larders. The bedroom closets
are also made complete, and fitted with raUs and hooks.
Dwarf cupboards with a shelf wiU also be fitted next the fire-
place in each living-room, and a shelf carried on cut brackets
over the fireplaces. Water butts, holding 130 gaUons each,
properly fixed with taps and overflows, are included in the
specification, as well as dressers, potboards, and shelves to the
sculleries. The waUs of the rooms are covered with lath,
plaster, and whitewash, those of the sculleries and offices only
whitewashed. The waterclosets to be furnished with Doulton'a
earthenware pans and traps, and the sinks with brass gratings
.and bell traps. The woodwork is painted, internaUy with
three, externaUy with four coats. In the particulars of coat
the red bricks are put at 25s. per 1000, the floor bricks at 42s.,
the pantUes at 7s. per 100. The bricklayer's work is sot down
at 3s. Gd. a yard (9 inch) the flooring at 2s. '3d.

No. 13. " PioHeer,"— These cott;iges, which are to be buUt of
white brick, with red quoins and dressings, are to be only one
storey high, and the description is therefore much simplified.
The cottages stand side by side, the front elevation of the pair
showing the windows of the front bedrooms next the party
waU, right and left the windows of the hving-rooms, with the
entrance-doors beyond them, and at each end a lean-to scuUery,
the window of which is also shown in the front elevation.
The front door opens .at once into the Uving-rooni, 12 feet by

9 feet, from which there is immediate access to the scuUery,

10 feet 6 inches by 7 feet 6 inches, and to the three bedrooms;
but it would be easy to cut off the latter by a lobby, and it
seems strange that so obvious a conveuience should have been
overlooked by the designer. The scuUery conUaius oven,
copper, sinks, and an enclosed larder. The bedrooms, one of
which (as we have said) is in front aud two at the back of each
cottafe, are respectively 12 feet by 10 feet 6 inches, 10 feet by
8 feet, and 9 feet 6 inches by 8 feet : aU these are provided
with fireplaces, the flues of the front bedroom and that behind
it being carried into a shaft in the centre of the block, whilst
those of the remaining bedroom, the keeping-room, and the
oven, are carried into a chimney at either end. In order to
avoid the additional expense of conducting flues the fire-
places are aU iu the corners of the rooms. The fact that there

, — I.J — ;. ^ ^-.-: — ..v.^....^:.,,, TiiQ.-o la ^ w.ater butt

IS no back door is a serious objection. There --
at the back of each cottage, but no other water supply, and no
privy accommodation is shown in the plan. The plans are
accompanied with drawings of detaUs, full size. Estimatea
cost, im. lis. 2d. . „ '

No. 14. " Usui cinim, decori ariiiiiii."— The designs are very
elaborately prepared, and the arrangements are very satis- j
factory. The pair of cottages have their living-room wmdows
in front, with the entrance-doors at the angles. Each opens
into a lobby, through which there is access to the hving-ioom
12 feet squire, containing a pantry Ughted by a window at the
side of the house. This room opens mto the kitchen 8 teet
by 12 feet (with copper and smk), openmg mto the y-wd, in
which there is a detached range of otflces, consisting of bake-
oBiee (in the centre, common to both '^'''<^f,*,f,„t'',?f /,°^ '
coals and wood, with a place for ashes, and at the back of the
latter a privy. The bedrooms are respectively^ 12 feet by

the first the plan has been kept .as square and compact as i.imer * P"'J- ,, f". by 8 feet, and 8 feet 9 inches square,
possible, which is evidently less costly than an irregular form, 8 feet 6 mohos, 12 teet by s leet, »

August 3, 1867.1

THE GARPENErvS' CnT?OXICLE ANT) AGMCITLTURAL GAZETTE.

fil7

each ontorod indopondontly from a landing at tho head of tho
stairs, which are liehtod bj'a window at the side. Tho lar(?cst,
which ifl over the livitiff-rooni, is fumishud with a fireplace.
Space 13 left in each kitchen for tho erection of an oven, and
an onthonso might bo b\iilt in an augle at the back of the
house, by which means, tho designer think.s, tho need of a
separate outbuilding miffht bo obviated, and tho cost of the
coUaffca reduced. No ornament has been attempted in the
etovations beyond a spariu^,^ u.so of red brick, and tho roof has
been constructed without guttorn, so as to get an unbroken
fall for the water. A rustic porch niij^ht bo added with good
offeet. The walls are intended to bo built hollow, with 14-inch
header bricks, by which it in thought greater dryness, warmth
in winter, and coolness in munmer would he secured. Tho
cost of tho pair of cottnges in tho country is estimated at
1S91. 18s. 2(1., but tho designer has no doubt that the agent of
an ostato, purchasing or supplying his ovni materials, and
carting them to tho spot, and superintending his own work-
men, might onsuro their erection for 180/. If lei by open
tender tho price would not exceed 200/., allowing a fair margin
for builders profit. Tho drainage is not sot out on tho plans,
as this would be contmgcnt upon tho site.

No. 17. ''Cottnric Comfort. —"Vho author of tbcso designs
statcsin bis explanatory letter that care has been taken to insure
tho amount of cubical space required by the Committee, and
tiiat tho estimate has boon made with a viow to have tbo
cottnges built in a thoroughly workmanlike manner. In
Suffolk, ho adds, the substitution of pantiles for slates would
effect a great saving, and where extreme cheapness isreqviu-ed,
and gravel and sand abound, a very good cottage may be built
with concrete, and about 10/. might thus bo saved in the cost
of each cottage. Supposing 8-inch and 4-inch walls were
adopted instead of 0-inch and 4i-ineh, and hollow bricks used
instead of solid ones, about tho same saving would be effected,
and in the latter case the brickwork would bo more dry and
equally hard and durable. The cost of such bricks in Suffolk
is estimated at 80s. per 1000, and ouo of them is nearly double
the size of the common brick.

Thcso cottages, which ahind side by side, arc of red brick,
the front elevation showing the windows of the living-room
with those ot the largest bedrooms above them. On either
side of the former, separated by them, are tho front doors,
with hooded porches. The front door opens at once into the
living-room, 10 feet 3 inches by 10 feet, furnished with a cup-
board on either side of the fireplace, and with a closet at one
comer. Beyond it is the kitchen, 10 feet by 9 feet, containing
a large pantry, copper, and sink. There is no oven, but it is
intended to supply this deficiency by placing a Leamington
cooking-range in the living-room, from which there is a stair-
case to the chambers, respectively 11 feet 6 inches by 10 feet,
10 feet by 8 feet, and 10 feet by 6 feet. Tho largest only has a
fireplace, and to the smallest access is only to be obtained by
passing through the third. On the further side of a paved
yard, to which there is an independent entrance from without,
is a coalhouse, a privy with dry covered ash-pit, and a pig-
stye. Estimated cost, 175/. 8s. lOrf. ; if pantiles are used
instead of slates, 166/. 13.s. lOrf.

No. 40. "For Competition. C, P."— The principal peculiarity
in this design, which is verj' neat in appearance, but somewhat
expensive, is that one of tho bed-rooms is on tho ground floor
and in front of tho house, tho living-room being at the back.
The door, which is at the side, has the sUiircase immediatelj'
opposite, and gives access right and left to the bed-room
mentioned, 12 feet by 7 feet 4 inches, and the living-room,
12 feet by 10 feet 9'^ inches. From the living-room there is an
exit to the back-yard, where there is a bakehouse common to
both cottiges, and adjacent thereto, with a door for each
cottage, on locking which all communication can be cut off on
that side. Beyond these are a wood-house and privy for each
dwelling. The upper bed-rooms are respectively 12 feet by
7 feet ^i inches, and 12 feet by 10 feet di inches. Each is
furnished with a fireplace, as is also that on the ground floor.
The front upper bed-room has two windows, one of which is at
the side of the cottage, but the latter might be dispensed with
to save expense. The cottages are built with a gutter between
them, running parallel with the front, and the drainage is
very complete. " The external walls," says the designer,
"are built hollow, toprevent damp, which cannot be prevented
on 9-inch walls without they are battened ; and instead of
having tho plastering on laths, it is now asrainst the walls,
■which is much stronger." Estimated co.st, 287/. 7«. 7rf.

No. 41. (Second Prize) Lewi, with initials " I. I. Z."— In
this design the front elevation shows the four windows of the
living-rooms (two to each) vrith bedroom windows above them.
The cottages form a compact square block, and the entrance
doors are at the side. Each opens into a lobby, from which
there is access to the st-aircase, the living-room, I,'* feet
6 inches by 12 feet, and the scullery, 0 feet by 8 feet
6 inches. The latter is provided with oven, boiler, and
sink, and has also a pantry 5 feet 6 inches by 3 feet, each
cottage being entirely independent of the other. The seuUery
has a door opening into a back yard, at the further end of
which is a privy, with its door at the side; adjacent to the
latter is an ashpit common to both cottages. The staircase
gives independent access to each of the bedrooms, respectively
12 feet by 9 feet, 9 feet by 6 feet 6 inches, and 9 feet by 9 feet
6 inches. Two of these have fireplaces, and there is a closet,

5 feet 6 inches by 3 feet, conveniently situate on the landing.
Estimated cost, 190/.

No. 53. A Square irithiti a Circle. — These cottages are neat
and unpretending in appearance, and compact in their
arrangements. An entrance porch gives access to the living
room, 12 feet 6 inches by 12 feet, which is furnished with a
dwarf cupboard, and opens into a passage containing the
staircase and a small pantry, and leading into the kitchen.
The latter, which is 9 feet by 8 feet, and contains oven, copper,
store, and sink, opens by a side door into the ground sur-
rounding the block. The space between the two kitchens is
occupied by a fuel store for each cottage, entered at the back
of the house, and adjacent thereto are the privies ; these form
a lean-to to the main building, the chambers not extending
over them. The bedrooms are respectively 12 feet by 9 feet

6 inches, 9 feet 2 inches by 8 feet, and 9 feet by 8 feet ; two of
them have bedrooms, and all are entered independently. The
designer of these plans, which deserve attention, does not
give any detail of the cost of the cottages, but estimates that
they may be carried out in Cambridgeshire, Suffolk, and
Esse.x:, for from 210/. to 220/. Ho is at the present time erect-
ing a double cottage on the same plan in another county, and
believes it will not cost more than 210/., but he has not
employed a master builder to carry out the work, which is
done by a bricklayer and carpenter, he finding the materials
himself.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

[Tbe following letter has appeared in tbo St'sse.r Exprt!.^tf from
the pen of Mr, J. Dudgeon, of Pearpelands, West Hoathlcy,
formerly of Spylaw, Jertburgb.]

I HAD early, and have long taken, a warm interest in
the necessity of procuring complete and correct
returns of the statistics of agriculture, which I trust
may be considered a sufficient apology for requesting
space in your valuable columns to make a few remarks
on this important subject.

I believe I was the first, as long ago as 1842, to direct
the attention of the Highland Society of Scotland to

this matter, throui;li wlio^p rxorlinns (ho Government
were indiiccil suli^niuoiillv In lukr. mtion, in so far as
tho cxperiiiiont of clilninin^' ;i-ririiltiinU returns was
suficessfuUy attonipted in Scotland. ( )n that occasion
I had no sfight share in preparing the schedules, and in
devising the machinery by which these returns and the
requisite estimates were procured. It is therefore with
much gratificalicm I have seen tho measure now
extended to Englimd ; and I must sayl feci very desirous
every lacilily slioiild bo given— no exertions spared— to
ensure itscuiuph'tc siu;cess.

I have not yet heard how, in tho present season, the
demand for these returns has been met. There ii;ts,
no doubt, been hitherto much indiU'eroni'e, and perliaps
.some latent suspicion on tho jiart f)f the tenantry, to
prevent a ready compliance witli the desire of tho
Government; but if those who have tho most abiding
interest in thi.s matter wo\ild rightly a-ssumo their
share of the dut.v, I cannot help thinking there would
be less occasion for many of tho strictures whioli some
leading journals have, perhaps too exclusively, made
on tho farmers a-s to tho obstacles which, in some
quarters, have interfered with tlie success of this
inquiry. The cause of reluctance to comply with tho
request of the Government appears to me to rest more
upon the lukewarmness and inattention generally to
tho due development of the resources of the land on
tho part of the proprietors than to the ignorance of the
occupiers. Hence it will be found tliat the hesitation
to give the necessary returns prevails ordinarily in
the greatest degree where the least interest is shown
on tho part of tho landlord to tlio profitable use of
his property, and where, as a consequence, agricul-
tural improvement is most deficient. The farmer
is not so ignorant, and of such limited observation
as is commonly supposed, nor is he so wedded to
tho customs and appliances of his forefathers as to
neglect altogether, as is too often said, what is taking
place around him. The obstacle to progress it
will be found ari.ses, in a backward district, more
from the narrow sphere of the experience of the
tenant ; and until those who pos.sess a wider field of
observation and superior opportunities of information,
assume the duty incumbent on them — use their
influence and endeavours to obtain and extend inform-
ation, and to encourage the spread of approved means
and processes, we cannot expect duo exertion will be
made to obtain such a knowledge of our agricultural
position and re.sources as is required, nor shall we be
enabled to make the full and speedy application of
such information, when obtained, as is so desirable.
For, after all, those engaged in agriculture have the
most direct, and, above all, the proprietor of the soil has
thedeepestandmo-stpermanentinterestinthe realisation
of a complete record of our agricultural wealth, and of
the means of its production. When our returns are
perfected, and something of a reliable estimate of our
comparative annual cereal produce obtained, such
observation may no doubt be of use to regulate in some
measure the proceedings of the merchant ; but to the
agriculturist a view of the distribution of the laud in
the cultivation of the various crojis, with an estimate
of their produce, and of the number as well as the
species of cattle and sheep maintained in the difierent
districts of the country, cannot fail to be immediately
available and of great practical use. It is earnestly to
be desired then, even for his own sake, that every one
concerned in agriculture would give every assistance,
and afford all facility to the correct filling up of the
forms required by the Board of Trade, as forming the
beginning of a good work.

But these returns are far from being all that, for the
sake of the more speedy and due development of our
agricultural resources, ought to be furnished, and that
cheerfully. It is desirable the information should be
of such a nature as that the farmer, in one part of the
country, sliould not only be made acquainted with the
dilferent species of crops cultivated in another part,
and be enabled to see how and at wdiat comparative
expense they are produced ; and it is essential that the
returns, besides containing an estimate of the weight
and produce of roots and cereals, should, as regards
live stock, specify the precise age and variety of breed.
The Government cannot fail to be aware, and every
statesman knows, that for any practical purpose to the
limited extent to which these returns are being given
they are comparatively useless. Before any reliable
estimate of the value of our agricultural wealth can be
made it will be necessary, as in Scotland in 1854-5-6,
that we should have an estimate of the weijjht and
produce of our root and cereal crops (as ascertained by
the average in these returns) given by practical men
acquainted with the capabilities of the soil of the
district, and not returnable by them until they have
had an opportunity by the yield of their own crops for
the year to check in some measure their opinion.

As regards live stock again it is essential, in order to
arrive al: any correct, even proximate, amount of the
worth of our cattle and sheep, that the returns specify
not only the number but the precise age and species
of the different varieties. It is clear no appreciable
estimate can be made by number and age alone, when
the difference of value according to breed varies not
less than as 3 to 10. Besides, what a lesson would a
comparison of varieties of breed thence exhibited con-
vey to agriculturists, where in some districts they may,
as often happens, be maintaining a breed inferior, they
will then discover, to what is reared successfuU.v on
land in no way superior to their o^vn. The weight of
beef and mutton produced in this country has wonder-
fully increased of late years, in great measure caused
by the extension of improved breeds, and in no respect
is the want of agricultural statistics in former years to
be more deeply lamented than that, with the advantage
of such information, an infinitely more rapid improve-
ment could not fail to have been carried out, while we
should have been furnished with data to mark the
y striking progress which, within a given time, has been

effected in so many partsof thr iiiitry, so valuable for

in.slruction and imitation, lir^idcs, li;id wo po-^sossed the
advantage of correct agricultural slatisli.'s in the earlier
years of tho century they would have revealed a fact
which would have gone far to dispel tho too currently
received notion, which has militated in many respects
against agriculture, that it has lagged behind tho other
industrial interests of tho country. Tho truth is, it
has not received the full public interest and attention
which it so well deserves. Something more must be
done for agriculture, and wo must no longer grudge tho
expense. Why should we not have a Minister and
Hoard of Agriculture as well as of Trade ? The returns
obtained, imperfect as they are, have shown that agri-
culture IS not the least, if not tho greatest, source of
our national wealth. Perhaps it may be as well in that,
the first instance, in tbo mfancy of the inquiry, no
more has been demanded than what is indicated l)y the
forms now issued ; but having felt our way, it is
essential, in order that wo may possess such information
as is ncccssiiry to arrive at the precise amovmt of our
agricultural resources, that we should have sclicdule.s
frameil and issued of a more distinct and extensive
character. It seems a mistake to suppose that oppo-
sition will be increased by any further minuto inquiry
as regards stock — which, at present, is especially
deficient. It is as easy, it may be said, to fill up fifteen
columns as five, when these are distinctly headed ; and,
as it is, to accomplish this it only requires that the
occupier should take the trouble to fill as many columns
in relation to cattle and sheep as is now required of
him as regards crops.

But I trust the time is not far distant when it
shall not be deemed irksome or inquisitorial that we
go even further than this; and that for the sake of
agriculture especially, we shall not be contented with
returns alone of the soil, but that we shall have such
full statistical information, periodically, as shall make
us acquainted with the precise proportion of the popu-
lation directly employed in the cultivation of the soil,
the number of horses used in tillage, and otherwise
raised and supported on agriculture in different
districts, the nature and endurance of holdings, the
extent of land thoroughly drained, and the quantity of
special or foreign manures applied in those years in
which such more extended returns are made. These
special returns need not be made more frequently than
at intervals of five or ten years, when they would be
invaluable to agriculturists for practical economical
instruction, as marking the periodical progress of agri-
culture in any specified district ; and on a comparative
view, exhibiting the advantage of improved .systems of
management and rates of employment, in order to
adoption when available. Thus those deeply interested
in the improvement of the land and the success of
rural industry, where progress has hitherto been slow,
and hence opportunities of information limited, will be
enabled immediately to discover where skill and enter-
prise has been most successfully applied, .and seek to
extend the beneficent hand to their own immediate
requirements. The green spots will become earlier
visiljle, and thus prejudice and ignorance will sooner
disappear.

Undoubtedly the machinery hitherto applied for
obtaining our agriculture returns is not at all adequate
to eflfeot fully the whole object desired, and to give that
confidence in their accuracy and completeness which is
so essential to all practical purposes. A more liberal
expenditure to accomplish satisfactorily so great an end
must not be grudged. Little expenses which come
short of the object are the worst of all economy. One
of great political authority (Burke) has said, " Expense
and great expense may be an essential part in true
economy. It consists not in saving, but in selection of
the right objects on which expenditure is bestowed. No
state since tlae foundation of society has been im-
poverished by that species of profusion."

AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATION.

The public is so deeply interested in securing fair
play for Co-operative Associations, formed with the
object of saving the pockets of consumers, that we
make no apology for troubling you with this commu-
nication, in relation to an unfair attempt now being
made to crush this Society by a trade combination.

The facts are these :— A few weeks ago we sent an
order, accompanied by pre-payment, to jlessrs. James
and Frederick Howard, the agricultural implement
manufacturers, of Bedford. Not content with refusing
to supply us with their own manufactures, Messrs.
Howard printed the annexed correspondence, marked
it "private and confidential," and sent copies through-
out the trade. The agents and middle-men, aroused by
this circular, have taken alarm for their threatened
monopoly, and are now endeavouring to compel other
manufacturers, by threatened withdrawal of custom, to
follow the same illiberal course as Jlessrs. Howard.

Under these circumstances we appeal to you to aid
us, by publicity, to defeat the monopolists. The case
between us and " the legitimate trade " is very simple.
The established agents and dealers in agricultural
implements, seeds, and manures, constantl.y declare
their inability to supply the farming public with goods
at a less percentage of profits than they now receive,
averaging from 20 to 25 per cent. We believe we can
supply the same goods to our members at a cost for dis-
tribution not exceeding the average of co-operative
trading associations, viz., -1 to 6 per cent., besides
giving an absolute guarantee against adulterations.
By this means we hope to return to our members— after
paying all expenses— a large per centage on their
purchases.

We ask no favours— we want simply a fair and equal
chance in competition with our "legitimate' rivals.
Our success will be an immense benefit alike to manu-
factures and to the farming public. By the intro-
duction of cash payments it will relieve the former

818

THE GAKPENEPS' CHEONTCLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[A-tJGTJ-ST 3, 1867. ■

from loss by bad debts, and set free an immense amount
of capital now looked up in outstanding accounts. By
reducing the cost of purchases to the latter, it will help
farmers and landowners to increase their stock of
machinery and add to their improvements. Only the
middle-men will lose; and if it be true, as they con-
stantly declare, that they are under-paid for their
exertions, they ought to thank us, for we shall relieye
them from unprofitable labour. The assumption by
Messrs. Howard, that farmers can only be induced to
appreciate good machinery by agents, who are employed
at a cost of one-fourth or one-fifth of its yalue to urge
it upon their attention, is simply an insult to the
intelligence of the agricultural public. "We ask you to
reprint this letter along with the correspondence.
—I am, &c., Edwd. Owen Geeexing,

July 10, 1867. Managing Director.

(Copv.)
"Britannia Iron Works, Bedford, May 1, 186Y.
" Gentlemen,— We have this morning received your letter
of the 29th ult. We have perused your circular, and before
we can take the enclosed cheque to account, we must ask you
whether retail customers are to he supplied with our imple-
ments on trade terms.— We are, yours faithfully,

(Signed) "James and Fredk. Howard.

" The Agricultural Association, Limited."

" The Agricultural and Horticultural Association (Limited),
25, Parliament Street, Westminster, May 2, 1867.

"Dear Sir —I take the somewhat unusual course of writing
you personally in reply to the inquiry from your firm as I

understand from Mr. , M.P., that he has mentioned to you

the plan of our Agricultural Association, and I need not there-
fore explain in such detail as I should have to do to the
officials of your house. Our Association is a co-operative
trading company, the members of which employ their ovm
capital and their own servants, and at the end of the year, or
half-year, divide the profits amongst themselves. ^ The differ-
ence between a co-operative company and an ordinary joint-
stock company is that the former after paying a limited
dividend upon capital (.5 to 7i per cent.) returns its profits to
its shareholders in proportion to then- purchases, whereas a
joint-stock company returns its profits entirely in proportion
to capital subscribed. We have 650 co-operative companies
now in Lancashire and Yorkshire, dealing in everything or
nearly so, to the great advantage of their members. Surely
your firm will not be alarmed at the proposal to introduce the
aystem into agidcultui-al dealings.

" If ordinary companies and private firms are founded on a
sound basis they need not fear the competition of co-operative
associations. It they are not founded upon the best basis,
then they cannot prevent us making way, and it is no

to be sent two days previous to the sale. The horses
belonged to his father, who had bred them, and who
was only parting with them because he was giving up
farming ; they were in a shed close by, would he come
and look at them ? On my representing to my father
that 'it was a plant,' I was met with 'I beg your
pardon, I don't understand you.' My much-respected
and dearly-beloted parent does now perfectly under-
stand the meaning of this expression. Before we had
been on the premises five minutes we quitted them in
company with the farmer's son, who led the way
without hurry through some narrow streets, descanting
in an easy, quiet tone on the merits of his animals,
and answering questions. The revolution that took
place in my mind during this walk of a few minutes
was so complete, that I was prepared to accept the
animals without the most ordinary precautions, if they
looked at all Ukely ; for having once commenced to
Ijelieve anything, the rapidity with which implicit
belief follows is marvellous. The horses were in full
suits of clothing, of which the farmer's son appeared
to have some difficulty in making the groom divest
them. They were led out into a narrow lane, the only
exit from which was blocked up, or nearly so, by a
waggon, so we could only see them trot for some
20 yards. The hood of the larger, or brougham, horse
was never removed, and on his being put into the shed
again, and the farmer's son saying he should like to
make as near 30 guineas of him as he could, my father
silently touched me. In a very few minutes we pur-
chased the two horses for 53 guineas. The farmer's
son remarked that the horses were not accustomed
to London, and might fall on the stones and
break their knees. But if this did not happen,
he would, if desired, take them back within a month.
I gave the groom my card, and wrote on it the number
of my staljles, telling him to take the animals there at
once. The owner of the horses and ourselves then
retraced our steps, my father remarking how exceed-
ingly fortunate we had been in stumbling upon such a
chance. 'His father bred them. They have never
been out of his hands, and he is so truthful' Not
having a cheque-book in my pocket, I suggested that
the farmer's son should return to my house in my
brougham, which was waiting at Aldridge's, and he did
so. On the way we heard the highest character of the
horses, and we were informed, in answer to a sympa-

usrindiridiaf firms" setting themselfes^tSf 'm''iintain'cla"ss ' thising question from my father, that his father had^not
monopolies to the injury of those who are really their suffered much by the cattle plague.

supporters, viz., the purchasing public.

"I shaU be glad to hear whether you will supply our order.
—Yours truly, (Signed) "Edwd. O. Greeniso."

"James Howai-d, Esq."

" Britannia Iron Works, Bedford, May 3, 1867.

" Dear Sir,— Your letter of yesterday is to hand. Mr.

has not mentioned the subject of the Agricultural Association,
Limited, to me, but I have considered your plan of a co-opei-a-
tive trading company.

' The scheme may prove advantageous to the members of

Knowing all that
I now do about this ingenious farmer's son, I cannot
but admire the skill with which he played his part.
When we reached my house, which is near the Marble
Arch, he gazed about him, said it was rather an out-
of-the-way place, and asked whether there was any
chance of getting a cab. He wanted a cab, because he
was in a hurry to get to Pinsbury. My servant, by my
desire, fetched a cab for him, and he drove away in it,
being doubtless in a hurry to get cash for the cheque

the Company, but I consider it would be most injurious to the | -n-hich I handed to hiui. But, before parting, we drank
agents and dealers in agi-icultnral implements, who not only su(.cess to the bargain in a glass of my best sherry,
emhaik their capital in keeping a stock of implenients and „q ^, evening of that memorable Saturday, I
nrlifg^ort'h'e SLtn Tl'r^eSlhe'fdvln^^agJs^'oT^^ discovered that the brougham horse, which appeared
proved machinery. To this class we are greatly indebted for I to be wholly black, was not SO by nature, lor two White
the more general appreciation among agricultuiists of good I legs and a blaze had been concealed by painter s skill,
machinery. . Besides, be was the most fearful roarer that can be
" It would of course bo to the advantage of manufacturers if ! j,Qjj(,gj,j,glj Now, the question was, what was to be
farmers bought from tbera direct. As a rule, however, farmers - - ~ -.- ,,,,.,

buy their implements as they do their cattle, through
middle-man, and we see no sign of any change in the practice.
■' In declining to execute your order, I distinctly wish you to

done ? On inquiry at Aldridge's, I was told that we
had been the victims of some of the cleverest horse-
copers in London, and the man who was seen goin

understand that it is not on the ground of our objection to the out of their yard with US was a well-known member of

principle of your association, butbecause we feel bound to pro-
tect the interest of those upon whose exertions our trade in
great measure depends.

"I return you the check enclosed.— I am, dear Sir, yours
faithfuUy, (Signed) " Jaiies Howard.

" K. 0. Greening, Esq., Agricultural Association (Limited)."

IN SEAECH OF A HORSE.

[The following is an abridgement of an instnictive tale

addressed to the Saturday iieiueio.]
" Mt father was in town not long since for a clergy-
man's fortnight. He required a parochial back (not
a curate) ; I required a brougham horse. Unfortu-
nately for us it happened that an old college friend of | no more about it.
my father's had some few years since purchased a " ' '

very good useful horse at Aldridge's in St. Martin's
Lane ; so we, thinking we might possibly be equally
successful, on a certain ill-fated Saturday drove to
Aldridge's. On entering the premises a very curious
spectacle presents itself to the uninitiated. One sees
before one a busy mass of human beings with coun-
tenances quite unlike anything to be found elsewhere.
The question was suggested to my mind, how can an
establishment prosper when these are its principal
customers ? We shall presently see that some of these
customers, at all events, prosper by attending the
establishment. Having procured catalogues of the
day's sale we retired to the most remote corner of the
yard, and had no sooner taken up our position than
my father was accosted by a young man who asked
permission to look at his catalogue. This young

man's appearance was in no way remarkable ; he had
the ruddy blush of health on his cheek, which bad

surely never been blanched by the polluted atmosphere

of an overcrowded city, and he was habited in the shiny

black frock-coat in which young farmers delight to

worship on Sundays. Immediately that this young

man commenced perusing the catalogue, he in his turn

was accosted by a middle-aged man, evidently in the

horse-dealing line, who spoke to him for a minute or

so with the most extraordinary rapidity of utterance,

and then departed. My father was so astonished at

this man's volubility, that he asked the young man

what the other said. " He answered that he was oH'er-

ing him money for two horses, which he (the young

man) had that morning brought to town with the

intention of selling them by auction on that day, but

on arriving at Aldridge's he found that all hoi-ses had

the society. But a gentleman employed at Aldridge's
said, ' It you stick to them you'll get your money
back,' and I determined that I would stick to them
until either I got my money or my man. By the
assistance of a detective officer 1 speedily ascertained
that this ruddy-oomplexioned, simple, truthful farmer's
son was the landlord of an exceedingly low beer-house
in Shoreditch, and that he was absent from home.
Through various channels I gained a great deal of
information about this gang of horse-copers, and after
I had had the horses a few days I sent a message to
the head of the gang to say that, if they chose to return
352., and take back the horses, I should say
A week elapsed, and no answer;
I sent again, saying I should not now take
less than 40/. The farmer's son was still absent
from home. I went to places where I was Ukely to
meet horse-copers, and revisited the shed where I pur-
chased the horses, and I stated everywhere that if the
man that sold me the horses could make a living out
of London, well and good, but that if he wanted to
make a living in London, he must come to me.
Another week passed, and still no answer to my
message ; so I sent again, and said that my price was
now 452. A few days after this last message a man,
dressed like an artizan, and not in the least 'horsey'
in his appearance, called on me and stated that he had
heard I wanted to dispose of two horses, and offered to
buy the roarer. He described it as such a bad one
that if it were put into a field it would blow all the
roots out of the ground in the next field. Of course
he knew nothing of the people from whom I had
purchased the horses. After 10 minutes' conver-
sation, I was compelled to tell him that I thought
we had been talking sufficient nonsense. I said,
'When a man is playing a game of cards, he does
not throw away the best trump he has in his hand ;
and the big horse is my " best trump." ' I added that
I had been expecting his visit for some time ; that he
knew the price I required— viz., 452. ; that if he
chose to give me that he might either take or leave
the horses as he pleased ; he said it was quite out of
the question, and departed. Three days afterwards
the same man, accompanied by another man of highly
unprepossessing aspect, came to my house, and the
result was th.at they paid the 452., and took away the
horses Had I insisted on having the whole 552.
refunded, I should doubtless have succeeded, but

having said I would take the lesser sum, I did so. ThOsa
persons who have been victimised by horse-copers
will doubtless recollect that they had to smile under
the jeers of their friends, who patted them on the back
ovel- a glass of claret, and gave them the advice usual
in such cases : ' Depend on it, my dear young fellow,
the first loss is the cheapest.' I happened to have
an aged friend who addressed me in this strain, and
told me that some time since he had given the same-
advice to a friend, in consequence of which advice his
friend had put up with a serious lloss, the screws
having been sent to the hammer, and probably bought
in by the same gang who sold them. Almost the first
thing I did after getting back my money was to drive
to the house of my aged friend. I bad the satisfac-
tion of shaking the recovered sovereigns in his face,
and telling him there were two things he had to do-
first, to apologise to me for the insulting tone he bad
adopted in the matter ;:and, secondly, to send his friend
a cheque for the amount be had lost by taking his bad
advice. Those only who have suffered like myself can
appreciate the keen enjoyment of first bringing the
horse-copers on their marrow-bones ; and, secondly, of
convincing certain of one's friends, who know every-
thing, that a little perseverance is more valuable than
their supreme wisdom, and that a cook who makes a
good fight, though he may be beaten, is a better fellow
than one that shows no fight at all." Our informant
adds the following note of a conversation which he
held at Aldridge's with the man who bought back the
horses : —

Coper : " Tou ought to have kept the little horse, sir ;
just see how many times I shall have to sell the big one
to get back that &Z.

Gentleman : " I suppose the big horse is a useful one
to .you ; you will no doubt make money of him."
Coper': " Well, sir, you see we live in hope."
The coper added in a feeling tone " that the gentle-
man had got experience and amusement ' really cheap
at Wl. ' It might have cost you 2002., what you Ao*
know.' " The coper again said :—
" There's a young gent, sir, that lives up your way.
Gentleman; "Why don't you try him like you
did me?" . ,

Coper : " Oh ! we shot him long ago.
Gentleman : " Yes ! how did be get out of it ?
Coper : " We bought the horse back for 52.'
Gentleman : " What did be give originally 1"
Coper : " 352." , „ -^ „

Gentleman: "Then he got worse out ot it than
I did?" , ^ ^, , , ,

Coper : " Tes, sir ; you see he was a better plucked
one than you were." . , ,• tn- , , j

In reference to the farmer's son, he said, 'Did he do
it well ? He mostly does. Oh ! he is a clever man.''

Another freouenter of Aldridge's, pretending to be
above horse-coping, hut really playing the game better
than any man in London, remarked to our informant
in reference to his horses, " What ruffians they were !
I never did see such blackguards." The New Cattle
Market on Friday afternoon is a usual haunt of the
gang, but our informant, when he went there, found it
quite deserted. His guide explained to him that 'they
felt a breeze"— meaning probably from Scotland Tard.
The explanation of our informant's success doubtless
is that the horse-copers were fearful of being prosecuted
for a conspiracy to defraud him. It was pretended that
the horses had never been off the farm from which the
rustic youth came, whereas the big brougham horse had
been sold bv copers and bought back again time after
time in London. But as only the farmer's son appeared
in the transaction, there would have been this difficulty,
that you cannot indict a single person for a conspiracy.
It is a common trick to ask the purchaser for a lock ot the
tail. " My sister constantly rode the horse, and we only
part with'him because we are giving up the farm. Hease
to give me a lock of the tail to take back to my sister.
A prosecution was actually instituted last year at the
Old Bailey, and a conviction was obtained against two
horse-copers. In that case it was pretended that a pair
of carriage-horses were the property of " The Hon. Mrs.
Webb, of Ambleside." They had been driven by her
deceased husband, and she could not bear the si.ght
of them now that he was dead. The prosecutor
stated that he was a judge of horses to a certain
extent," and he admitted that he expected, if the horses
were sound, he should get a bargain. Gentlemen
who have this expectation and this opinion of their own
judgment are the cause why horse-copers exist. We '
have beard that in a recent case a gentleman who had
been defrauded asked redress from the leader ot the
gang and received the answer, "Our position is^clear.
We've got the money and you've got the osses. 10
this the gentleman responded, " Tes, and there is only
one thing more wanted to make the arrangement
complete- that is, to get my man, and Fve got him.
In fact, the gentleman had taken the strong measure
of procuring a policeman to arrest without warrant tlie
actual perpetrator ot the fraud. The money was forth-
with refunded. ..,,,, T, -i -„;„
An elderly gentleman who visited the Kepository m
Barbican was accosted just outside by a respectablj;-
dressed man with an umbrella, who remarked, ihis
is not a bad place to buy a horse." The next moment
came up a big burly countryman, speaking tne
broadest Yorkshire dialect, who said to the old gen-
tlemen, " Do you know, sir, where the Barbican is
" Why, my man," was the answer, this is it.

Oh!

is it;'''reiponded'the Torkshireman ; " I brought up a
horse to be sold at the Barbican, ™d T -tfiU se him^
for what he will fetch "-explaining that ^e could not
deal with the expected purchaser. The fderly gen
tleman, after thus far narrating his af^^t^'^'Jltl?'
" when I heard this I buttoned up my breeches-pocket
and ran away as fast as I could.' We will only add
that wise are they who, under similar circumstences do
the same thing ; for many nien can pay money, but
only a few can get it back again.

AtTGUST 3, ''1867.]

THE GAEDENiaJS' CMONrCLE j\ND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

819

Home Correspondence.

Dhease in Sheep. — A pomowlmt ruro disease, not
fatal, but of a j)Grplcxi!!Li naturo. nr>('urro(l anioir^st my
ewe llock during; last lainbiii;-; season, the trcaliiifut cil'
which, if not understood, iiiif^ht have occasioned
me heavy loss. To middle ol' February lamb-
ing had been highly favourable, 300 lambs were
dropped in four weeks, with loss of only one ewe and
six lambs. This good I'ortune was of short duration.
An eruption, something like boils upon the Imman
skin.ai)i>oaredui)on t lie u<ldor, tongue and lips ofthoowo.
and on tlie lips, tonuue and gums of thelauibs; \vilhin
a week upwards of Hilil ewes and as many laml)s became
affected with the disease. Boils formed upon the teats,
inflammation e.\tcnded deep and I'ar about, involving
the whole substance of the udder ; in milder cases there
were one or two small pimples with redness of
surrounding parts, in numerous cases the bag appeared
bordering on mortification (black brown in appearance)
a black scab enveloped the ^vlinle teat, whi(di or
falling off exposed a raw ragged siu-face; in one case, the
teat sloughed away, and the milk esi-aped immediately
from tlie mlilcr. Prom soreness (bo ewe would not
allow (be lainbto suck, and the imi)risoned milk caused
garget to attack the udder, and this became more
serious than the original disease. Disease extended
deep into the gums of the lambs, causing many teeth to
fall from the mouth. A heavy land farm, with only
one cow, and it suffering from garget, and upwards of
."II lambs deprived of milk of the dams, and requiring
artificial food, and as many ewes sulTering acute
inllammatiou of the teats and udder consequent upon
the boils and garget ! So great appeared the sufferings
of both ewesand lambsthat, so far as ailments of animals
are concerned, I never witnessed a more pitiable sight;
none but a shepherd and owner of a flock in such
condition can comprehend the difficulties of my case.
By the direction of Mr. Seaman, veterinary surgeon,
under whose management I now placed the whole
stock, the young lambs were fed with Barley, malt,
sweet wort, and Linseed cake porridge. Tlie older
lambs had crushed Beans (not Bean-meal) all they
would eat ; and I have great pleasure in stating that so
appropriate was the food and so efficacious the medi-
cines used by the doctor, that fatality amounted to but
one ewe and two lambs. Scores of ewes suffered from
garget of the most painful kind, yet but one ewe lost a
part of the bag. I believe it is Mr. Seaman's intention
shortly to publish a pamphlet upou this (to us) new
disease, which, if it contains the particulars of treat--
nient, will be a great boon to the ilockmasler. An artist
has been employed to make drawings of the diseased
liarts for the purpose of illustration. Daniel JSmson,
M'imbM, Saffron TFalderi, July 23.

Crops in Perthshire.— Vi a have now dry weather,
but with very little sun, so necessary to forward the
crops. Last evening a few drops of rain fell, but
seemed ouly a proof that, with an electric condition of
tlie atmosphere favourable to rain deposit, there
remained little to be forthcoming. The crops generally,
in good, well-farmed, well-drained land, offer to be an
aver.age, but in poor wet clays, under inferior manage-
ment, will be an almost total failure, Gra^s excepted.
The hay crop is large, and generally well secured, in
the low Carse of Gowrie there is considerable damage
to the Wheat by the yello»v-fly maggot. Over all, the
cereal and legume crops offer to be nearly three weeks
later than of average years. I had a letter from Ger-
many lately stating bad rainy weather, very unfavour-
able for securing the remainder of the hay, and giving
reason to fear blight in the Potato, but that no blight
had yet appeared. It is just possible that the plant, so
well accustomed to moisture, may have become har-
dened to it, or that the organism of the disease may
have been drowned. P. M., Juh/ 31.

mineral phosphate; and, by an improvement in the | rally grand style conferred
process of manufacture, the manure is much more

Societies.

Highland and Ageicultural.— -We abridge the
following notes of this meeting from the columns of the
Times : — ■

The business of this meeting, which is the si.xth
held in Glasgow, the last visit having been in 1867,
opened (July 29) with a lecture by Professor Anderson,
at the Queen's Hotel. Major Kinloch, of Gilmerton, in
the Chair. The Professor referred to the complete
exhaustion of guano from the most northern of the
Chincha Islands, and to the inferior quality of guano
now obtained from the southern island. The farmer
buys for his money a smaller quantity of fertilising
matter th,an_ he formerly did; the elfect, however, will quarters, while the upward turned, or

scarcely be felt in the first crop, but must ultimately
tell to disadvantage from the deficiency of residual
fertilising matter left in the soil. As the demand for
real Peruvian guano is not increasing, there is a fair
prospect of its lasting for a generation to come, but
at the end of that time the supply of nitrogenous
manures must become a very grave question, seeing
that the ammonia contained in the Peruvian guano
annually imported is equivalent to about 120,000
tons of sulphate of ammonia, greatly exceeding the
quantity of that substance at present derived from all
other sources put together. Hope lies in the increased
manufacture of ammonia in gasworks and in various
processes of the arts, and also in the gradual reproduc-
tion of natural guano— of which we have an instance
in the renewed supply from Ichaboe, an island
exhausted about 30 years ago. The lecturer showed
••ow analysis and the system adopted by importers have
checked and almost destroyed the practice of adultera-
tion; he then noted the improvement in quality and
the diminution in price which have been latterly
found in superphosphate, due in great part to the
mtroduction of bone ash and mineral phosphates.
JJissolved bones may he said to no longer exist

manure i
finely reduced and more convenient for application
I ban it used to be. So fir as the supply of phosphates
is eoiieenied. Professor Anderson fc'ls no anxiety, new
iiiinos of these substances being continually di.scoverod,
and oflen in the most unexpected geological forma-
tions. Adulteration is still largely oarrietl on in oil-
cakes and other feeding stuffs. Linseed being mixed
with the seeds of many sorts of weeds. The greatest
dilliculty for the chemist and for the farmer is in
dealing with cakes called "mixtures," as a mixture of
bran and Poppy-cake with lyinseed of a very high
quality may give as good an analysis as a genuine cake
made from Linseed of a iioorer quality, and it is a fact
that sami)les have been offered in Hull market of seed
used for "reducing high quality Linseed," this seed
being in reality Wild Mustard and other seeds sifted
out of Linseed. The Professor stated that in many
instances analyses made iu tho laboratory have been
the means of getting back a largo part of the price paid
by the farmer for adulterated articles. In conclusion,
he alluded to the importance of paying more attention
to the purity of the water of wells, from which cattle
are supplied, and which can be ascertained only by
chemical analysis.

On Tuesday at 9 o'clock the Judges began their
labours in the show-yard— a plot of about 25 acres, on
Glasgow Green ; the charge for admission to the
public judging being 10s., and for members and
exhibitors half-price. At 2 o'clock the fee was
lowered to^ half-a-crown ; this rate continues till
mid-day (of the second day), and thenceforward up to
the close of the show the admission wUl be Is., with
members and exhibitors free.

In number of entries the show is scarcely of average
magnitude; there are only 28ii cattle, against 361 at
Inverness in 18G5 ; the sheep number only 505, against
812 at Inverness; the horses, however, are 212, against
132 at the last show, and the pigs are 80, against 43 at
Inverness ; and thus, with a large increase iu poultiy
the total entries come to a full average, though still
somewhat behind the great show of 1865.

Of course, in the "district" of Lanark, Ayr, Renfrew,
Argyle, Arran, and Bute, the strength of the exhibition
lies with the Ayrshire and Highland cattle, and with
the Clvdesdale horses. The classes of ruddy Devons
and wdiite-faced Herefords of our southern shows are
absent here; and even the Shorthorns are far out-
numbered by the Scotch cattle. The first place in the
yard and in the catalogue is given to tlie Ayrshires,
which number 121 entries; and no wonder that pro-
minence should be given to this breed, or that perhaps
the greatest interest dring the day should have centred
round the prize stalls of these rare milkers, when we
remember that the Ayrshires are exclusively the dairy
stock of the counties Ayr, Eenfrew, and Lanark, which
comprise more than a fourth of the whole population
of Scotland. A Continental writer of three centuries
ago said that in Ayrshire were " cattle of great size,
whose flesh is tender and sweet, and another kind
which never become fat, but yield rich milk ; " they
may be more symmetrical in form now, and of more
kindly-feeding quality, but still, in spite of all the art
said to be practised in getting up the animals for show,
of which intimations are revealed in the universal
custom of polishing the horns, there is comparatively
little flesh covering their slender frames.

The Judges werd Messrs. Alexander Buchanan,
John Macadam, and James Pollock ; and they had to
award handsome money prizes and Bronze Medals,
but no distinctive honours, such as Cups or Gold
Medals, singling out the best animal of a breed; in
fact, throughout the whole show there are none of those
extra, prizes and Challenge Plates, oflered on special
conditions, which excite so much interest and keen
competition at the meetings of some other societies.
Forty Ayrshire bulls made up three good classes. Two
Gold Medals are given to the cows which took 1st prizes
at Inverness iu 1865 and at Glasgow as far back as 1857:
ana two fine cows of the Duchess Dowager of Athole
have come in for both medals, in classes, however,
presenting no competition. There are 29 cows in
three classes, and 21 heifers iu two classes. Decidedly
the "coo o' the shaw" is Mr. Eobert Wilson's
" Mearns," aged six years, having a wonderful udder,
a deep frame, light in front of the shoulder, with coat,
horns, ears, &c., duly according to the rule of the
breed, and her colour pretty enough, being what is
here called " flecked." The heifers make a remarkably
pretty show, but to the eye of a Shorthorn breeder
ajipear sadly wanting about the ribs, neck, and

stag's horns,"

,, -,-,, , . , by "Royal Butterfly"

blood. Mr. Barclay's bull, also shown for the first
tune, has splendid quality under a flue, mossy coat, and
is by many critics preferred to tho 1st prize bull. Ho
is half brother to tho ])rize bull at the liattorsea Show
of 1.862. Lord Kinnaird's middling white bull

Roy,ahst" takes tho 3d prize. Mr. Liwrouco Drew's
1st prize yearling bull "Keir Butterfly l" is an
extremely good animal, for size, length, and height-
Mr. James Geddes' 2d prize bull ia well made and
compact; Mr. AValter Scott's takes 3d prize; and Air
Alexander Bell's lengthy, big, good bull " Duko of
lOilinbiirgh," which was 1st at tho Melrose Show last
spring, is " coniinended."

Lord Strathallan's cow, which was 1st at Inverness
in 1865 (and so disqualified from again competing in
the llighlaud Society's Show-yard) receives the usual
Gold Medal.

A small cow class contains nothing very grand or
gaudy. Mr. Francis Brown's 1st prize cow, suckling a
calf, is of considerable merit ; and Mr. M'Gibbou's 2d
prize cow is pretty good. Mr. Andrew Longmore wins
a. 3d prize and a commendation. In the two-year-old
heifer class Lord Kinnaird's 1st prize " Royal
Helena," is very superior to Lord Strathallan's
2d prize heifer, though this is a very nice and pretty
roan. Mr. David Ainslie takes a 3d prize, and Mr.
Alexander Buchanan gets a commendation.

It is satisfactory to find the crack class among the
Shorthorns to be that of yearling heifers. Lord
Kinnaird's white 1st prize " Baroness " is a real
beauty, but we should say not equal in quality to Mr.
David Ainslic's 2d prize " Thistledown," an extremely
beautiful roan heifer. Tho judges held long debate
over the award of the 3d prize, ultimately giving it to
a prime red " Young Cherry " of the Dukeof Buccleuch,
and bestowing the only " high commendation " in the
cattle "sections" upon the Duke of Montrose's roan
heifer " Pride of the Morning." The judges were Mr.
John Grey, Mr. Robert Hardie, and Mr. Thomas
Harris.

The following is the Prize List ; —

CLASS I.— CATTLE.

Ayrshire.

Bulla c.ilved before 1st January,

neutralise to him all the beauty of the taper faces and
" looks " not altogether placid enough to suit our south
country graziers.

The Shorthorns number only 51, including but two
or three animals from the south side of the Tweed.
Mr. Booth, of Worlaby, would have been an exhibitor
had cattle been allowed by the cattle-plague regula-
tions to come directly out of Yorkshire, aud other
eminent breeders have been deterred from sending
because the Green on which the show is held is the very
spot where Irish and foreign cattle have been regularly
landed, though, as a safeguard, this has been lately dis-
continued. In the aged bull class the 1st prize goes to
Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn's " Comet," a white bull
of very great frame and substance, which was first at
Cold.stream, wanting, liowever, in the style and
nobility of appearance necessary to take a high place
at a Royal Show. Mr. .lames Whyte's " Prince of
Worlaby," a wonderfully heavy beast from the neigh-
bourhood of Blackburn, is 2d ; and Lord Kinnaird's
big bull "Oxford Loui.s," is 3d. In the two-year-old
class Sir William S. Maxwell's " Keir Butterfly,"
is 1st, a very good bull, never shown before, and
beating Mr. George Barclay's 2d prize "Heir of

Section I. Bulla c-ilved before 1st January, 1865. — Ist.
Robert Wilson, Forehuusc, Ivitbdrchan (General Grant) : 2d>
W. A. Maclachlsm, of Auclatentroi;., Balfi-on ; ;ld, Wm.
Buchanan, Coxithill, Stirling (Prince Charlie).

Section 2. Bulls calved after 1st Janu.ary, 1S05.— 1st, John
Dick, Sbirrel, Bellsnill ; 2d, Robert Wilson, Forehouse ; 3d,
John Piirlcer, BroomLands, Irvmo.

Section 3. Bulls calved after 1st January, 186G.— 1st, John
Fleming, IHeadov/banlc Cott.agc, Str.atliaven : 2d, David
Forrester, Woodcoclidale Cottage, Linlithgow ; 3d, John
Fleming, Meadowbanlc.

Section 4. Cows in Millc, calved before January Ist, 1864. —
1st, John Jaclison, Barnhill, Blantyre : 2d, James Cleland.
BeflshUl, Bothwell.

Section 5. Cows in Milk, calved after 1st January, 1SG4.—
Ist, James Pollock, Blackhoudc, Mearns ; 3d, Robert Wilson,
Forehouse,

Section 6. Cows in Calf, of any age— 1st, Robert Wilson,
Forehouse ; 2d, David Fon-ester, Woodcockdale Cottage, Lin-
lithgow ; 3d, John Pender, Springhill, Motherwell.

Section V. Heifers calved after 1st January, 1865. — 1st,
Lawrence Drew, Men-yton Home Farm, Hamilton ; 2d, James
Muir, ILardington M.ain3. Wiston, Biggar ; 3q, Alexander
Campbell, Crossbill, Bishopbriggs.

Section S. Heifers calved after tbe lat January, 1.S60.— 1st,
John Meible, Seatield, Bathgate ; 2d, James Mitchelf, Black-
house, Newton Mearns ; 3d, Lawrence Drew, Merryton Homo
Farm, Hamilton.

Shorthorn.

Section 9. Bulls calved before 1st January, 1865. — 1st, Sir
Thomas Buchan Hepburn, Bart., Smeaton House, Preaton
Kirk (Comet) ; 2d, James White, Little Clinterty, Blackburn
(Prince of Warlaby) ; 3d, Lord Kinnaird, K.T., Russie Priory,
Inchture (Oxford Louis).

Section 10. Bulls calved after 1st January, 1365.— 1st, Sir
William Stirling Maxwell, Bart., M.P., of Keir. Dimblana
(Keir Butterfly I.) ; 2d, G. R. Barclay, of Keavil, Dunfermline
{Heir of Englishman); 3d, Lord Kinnaird, K.T., Rossie Priory
(Royalist).

Section 11. Bulls calved after 1st January, 186G.— 1st,
Lawrence Drew, Merryton Home Farm ; 2d, James Geddes,
(.Irbliston, Fochabers; 3d, Walter Scott, Glendronach,
Huntly.

Section 12. Cows of any age. — 1st, Francis Brown, Mains-
of-Leslie, Inch, Aberdeenshire (Lady Hay) ; 2d, David
M'Gibbou, Inveravon, Polmont (Anna) ; 3d, Andrew Long-
more, Rettie, Banff (Camilla).

Section 13. Heifers calved after 1st January, 1865. — Ist,
Lord Kinnaird, K.T. ; 2d, Viscount Stratballan, Stratliallan
Castle ; 3d, David Ainslie, of Costerton, Blackshiels.

Section 14. Heifers calved after lat January, 1866. — 1st,
Lord Kinnaird, K.T. ; 2d, David Ainslie, of Costerton ; 3d, the
Duke of Buccleuch.

"B now get a mixture of these with bone ash or I Englishman ' mainly by a sweetness of head and gene- 1 James Graham, Parcelstown.

Polled Angus or Aberdeen.

Section 15. Bulls calved before 1st January, 1865.— 1st, The
E.arl of Southesk, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin ; 2d, Robert
Walker, Hillside House, Portlethen, Aberdeen.

Section 16. Bulls calved after 1st January, 1865.— 1st,
James Leslie, The Thora, Blairgowrie (TUlyfour) ; 2d, Ditto :
3d, James Anderson, Newbigging, Dvmdee.

Section 18. Cows of .any .age. — 1st, Colonel Fraser of Castle
Fraser, Aberdeen (Mina) ; 2d, James Leslie, The Thorn : 3d,
Robert Walker, Hillside House, Portlethen, Aberdeen.

Section 19. Heifera calved after 1st January, 1865. — 1st,
Colonel Fi-aser, Castle Fraser.

Section 20. Heifera calved after 1st January, 1866.— 1st.
James Leslie, The Thorn.

Polled Gallowav.

Section 21. Bulls calved before 1st Januaiy, 1865.— 1st.
James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie ; 2d, William and
Robert Callander, D.alquh.ain, Dumfiies.

SEcmoN 22. Bulls calved after Ist Jiinuary, 18tj5. — 1st,
William Clark, Corra, Dumfries ; 2d, John Tbomsin, Blaiket,
Crocketford, Dumfries ; 3d, James Graham, Parcelstown,
West Linton, Carlisle.

Section 23. BuUs calved after 1st January, 1866.— 1st,
James Graham, Br.aidlee, Newcastlcton ; 2d, Joseph Craik,
East Glen.arm, Crocketford, Dumfries.

Section 24. Cows of .any ago.— 1st James Graham, Parcels-
town, West Linton; 2d, .John Cunningham, Whitecaim ; 3d,
James Cunningham, Tarbreoch.

Section 25. Heifers calved after Ist January, 1865.— lat,
James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie ; 2d, ditto ; 3d,

820

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 3, 1867.

Section 26. Heifers calved after 1st January, 1866.— 1st,
James Cunningham ; 2d, ditto ; 3d, ditto.

Highland.

Section 27. Bulls calved before 1st January, 1664.— 1st,
Robert Peter Urlar, Aberfeldy : 2d, Archibald Clark, Garvio,
Greenock ; 3d, John Malcolm, of Poltalloch, Lochgilphead.

Section 28. Bulls calved after 1st January, 1864.— 1st,
Donald M'Laren, Corrychrone, Callander; 2d, the Duke of
Athole.

Section 29. Bulls calved after 1st January, 1865.— 1st, the
Duke of Athole; 2d, ditto; 3d, D. M'Arthur, Achadiman,
Cairn dow.

Section 30. Cows of anv age.— 1, John Malcolm, of PoltaUoch,
Callton Mor, Lochgilphead; 2d, the Duke of Athole; 3d,
John Malcolm, of Poltalloch.

Section 31. Heifers calved after 1st January, 1864.— 1st,
John Stewart, Flodigary, Portree ; 2d, Donald M'Laren, Corry-
chrone ; 3d, John Malcolm, of Poltalloch.

Section 32. Heifers calved after 1st January, 1865.— 1st,
John Malcolm, of Poltalloch ; 2d, ditto ; 3d, ditto.

Section 33. Oxen of any Pure or Cross Breed, calved after
1st January, 1864.— 1st, Arthur J. Balfour, of Whittinghame,
Prestonkirk ; 2d, Richard Heath Han-is, Earuhill, Forres ; 3d,
Harry L. L. Morrison, Guise, Aberdeenshire.

Section 34. Oxen of any Pure or Cross Breed, calved after
Ist January, 1865. — 1st, George Syme, Couston, Aberdour,
Fife ; 2d, ditto ; 3d, the Duke of Montrose, K.T.

Section 35. Highland Oxen calved after the 1st January,
1863. — 1st, James Stewart, Newmarket, Aberdeen.

Section 36. Highland Oxen calved after 1st January, 1864.
.—1st, the Duke of Athole ; 2d, ditto.

Section 37. Cross Heifers calved after 1st January, 1865.—
Ist, Alexander Bruce, Keig, Whitehouse, Aberdeen.

CLASS II.— HORSES.
For Agricultural Purposes.

Section 1. Stallion foaled before 1st January, 1864.— 1st, I
Samuel Clark, Manswrac, Kilbarchan (Young Lofty); 2d,
Alexander Galbraith, Croj', Cunningham, Kileam ; 3d, John
M'Donald, Duntocher (Emperor).

Section 2. Entire Colts foaled after 1st January, 1864.— 1st,
William Ri^g, Banks, Kirkcudbright (Young Victor) ; 2d,
■William Moffat, Shirva, Kirkintilloch (President) ; 3d, Robert
Arkley, Philipstown, Linlithgow (Rantin Robin.)

Section 3. Entire Colts foaled after 1st January, 1865.— lat.
Sir William Stirling Maxwell, of Keir ; 2d, Samuel Clark,
Manswrac, Kilbarchan; 3d, Robert Andrew, Allans, Paisley.

Section 4. Entire Colts foaled after 1st January, 1866.— 1st,
David Riddell, Kilbowie, Duntocher; 2d, J. N. Fleming, Keil,
Campbeltown ; 3d, Thomas Mutr, Bowhouse, Lanark,

Section 5. Mares (with Foal at foot) foaled before 1st
January,1864.— 1st, Jno. Watson, jun.,GlencaimHouse, Mother-
well; 2d, John Pindlay, Boturich Castle, Dumbarton; 3d,
Lawrence Drew, Merryton Home Farm, Hamilton.

Section 6. Mares (in Foal) foaled before 1st January, 1864.—
1st, Lawrence Drew ; 2d, John Hcndrie, Coatbridge (Bask) ;
3d, the Duchess Dowager of Athole.

Section 7. Fillies foaled after 1st January, 1864.— 1st,
Lawrence Drew ; 2d, Alexander Buchanan, Garscadden Mains,
East Kilpatrick ; 3d, Robert Weir, Brownhill, Carnwath.

Section 8. Fillies foaled after 1st January, 1865.— 1st,
Alexander Buchanan, Garscadden Mains ; 2d, Lawrence
Drew ; 3d, Moses Steven, of Bcllahouston, Glasgow.

Section 9. Fillies foaled after Ist Jan\iary, 18U6.— 1st, Peter
Crawford, Duragoyack, Strathblane ; 2d, David JI'Gibbon,
Inyeravon, Polmont ; 3d, A. B. YuiUe, of Darleith, Cardross.

Extra Sections.

Section 10. Mares or Geldings foaled before 1st January,
1863, suitable for field,— 1st, Lawrence Drew ; 2d, Andrew
Hunter, 18, Cleveland Street, Glasgow ; 3d, James Mackie, of
Bargaly, M.P., Castle Douglas.

Section 11. Mares or Geldings foaled between 1st January,
1863, and 1st January, 1864, suitable for field.— Ist, George
Stodart, Netherton, Newton Mcarns ; 2d, John Newton,
Chollerton, Hexham ; 3d, John Hepburn, Piteairn, Lochgelly

Section 12. Mares or Geldings foaled before 1st January
1863, suitable for harness.— 1st, A. J. Somerville, Bothwell ■
2d Matthew Clark, Croftengca, Alexandria; 3d, WiUiam
Whyte, Nether Arthurlie, Barrhead.

Section 13. Draught Mares or Geldings in harness.-lst,
Andrew Wallace, West Burn, Carabuslang ; 2d, David
M'Gibbon, Inveravon, Polmont ; 3d, John Wallace, Stonclaw,
Rutherglcn.

Section 14. Mares or Geldings, not exceeding 15 hands, for
milk carts of heavy draught,— 1st, Robert Wilson, Forehouse,
Kilbarchan ; 2d, James Young, Duncanridge. East Kilbride ;
3d, Archibald Balloch, Milliken, East KUpatrick.

Section 15. Mares or Geldings, not exceeding 14J hands
Si",; . ^^^"^ ^'^^^^ °^ l^ff"^*^ draught.— 1st. James Robertson.
i2, Main Street, MaryhUl (Tom) ; 2d, William Cockburn, jun.,
50, Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow; 3d, James Robertson, 72,
Mam Street, Maryhill (Maggie).

CL^\S3 III.-SHEEP.
Leicester.

Section 1. Tups not above 4-.shear.— 1st. David Ainslie,
of Costerton, Blackshiels ; 2d, Willi.am Ruxton, Farnell,
Brechin ; 3d, Thomas Ferguson, Kinnochtry, Coupar-Angus.

Section 2. Diumont or Shearling Tups.— 1st, the Duke of
Buccieuch ; 2d, ditto ; 3d, David Ainslie, of Costerton,
Blaekshiels.

Section 3. Ewes not above 4-shear.— Isfc, George Simson,
CourthiU, Kelso ; 2d, John Angus, jun., Whitefield, Morpeth :
3d, George Hope, Fentonbarns, Drem.

Section 4. Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.— 1st, George Simson,
Courthill, Kelso ; 2d, WiUiara Purves, Linton Bumfoot, Kelso -
3d, David Amslie, of Costerton, Blaekshiels.

Cheviot.

Section 5. Tups not above 4-shear.-lst, James Brydon
Kmnelhead, Moffat : 2d, Herbert Brydon, Thirlestane Hope,
Selkirk ; 3d, James Brydon, jun., Appin, Tynron, Thornhill.

Section 6. Dinmont or Shearling Tups. -ii,t, James Brydon ;
2d, Ditto ; 3d, Charles Alexander, Easterknowes, Peebles.

Section 7. Ewes not above 4-shear. Best pen of Lambs —
1st, James Br3'don, Kinnelhead : 2d, John Archibald. Glengelt,
Lauder; 3d, Sir Graham Graham Montgomery, Bart. M.P.'
Stobo Ciistle. *' ' ''

Section 8. Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.— Ist, James
Brydon ; 2d, John M'Gregor, Bell-ridding ; 3d, Thomas Elliot
Hindhope, Jedburgh. '

Black faced.

Section 9. Tups not above 4-shear.— 1st, Thomas Aitkcn,
Listonshiels, Balemo ; 2d. John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow '■
.M, John Malcolm, of Potalloeh, Calltnn Mor, Lochgilphead.

Section 10. Diumont or Shearling Tups.— 1st, John Watson,
Culterallers, Biggjir; 2d, John Archib.ald, Overshiels, Stow'
3d, Thomas Aitkcn, Liston Shiels.

Section 11. Ewes not above 4-shear. — 1st, John Archi-
bald, Overshiels, Stow; 2d, John M'Laren, Corrie, Drymen ;
3d, Thomas MniTay, Eastside, Penicuik. Silver Medal for
'Lambs: John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow.

Section 12. Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.— 1st, JohnMalcolm,
of Poltalloch ; 2d, John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow ; 3d,
Thomas Mun-ay, Eastside, Penicuik.

Southdown.

Section 13. Tups not above 4-shear-— Ist, James Bmce,
Bumside, Fochabers ; 2d, ditto ; 3d, Robert Scot Skirving,
Camptoim, Drem.

Section 14. Ewes not above 4-shcar or Gimmers, — lat,
James Bruce, Burnside ; 2d, Alexander Kinlock, yr., of
Gilraerton ; 3d, Robert Scot Skirving.

LONG-WOOLLED OTHER THAN LEICESTER.

Section 15. Tups not above 4-shear. — 1st, Walter Reid,
Drem ; 2d, John Bell Irving, of Whitehill, Lockerbie ; 3d,
John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith.

Section 16. Ewes not above 4-shear and Gimmers. — Ist,
John Gibson, Woolmet; 2d, John Bell Irving, of Whitehill,
Lockerbie ; 3d, Walter Reid, Drem,

ShORT-WOOLLED other THAN SoUTHDOWN.

Section 17. Tups not above 4-shear.— 1st, John Gibson,
Woolmet ; 2d, the Earl of Strathraore, Glamis Castle ; 3, John
Gibson, Woolmet.

Section 18. Ewes not aboee 4-shear, or Gimmers.— 1st,
John Gibson, Woolmet.

CLASS IV.— SWINE.

Section 1. Boars, large breed.— 1st, Sir Thos. Miles Riddell,
Bart., of Sunart, Strontain ; 2d, R. E. Duckering & Sons,
Northoi-pe, Kirton Lindsey.

Section 2. Boars, small breed. — Ist, George Mangles, Given-
dale, Ripon, Yorkshire ; 2d, Thomas D. Findlay, Easterhill,
Glasgow ; 3d, R. E. Duckering & Sons.

Section 3. Boars of a breed not eligible for preceding
Classes. — 1st, R. E. Duckering & Sons, Nortborpe ; 2d, David
M'Gibbon, Inveravon, Polmont; 3d. Lawrence Drew.

Section 4. Sows, large breed.— 1st, R. E. Duckering & Sons,
Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey, Lincolnshire ; 2d, Thomas D.
Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow ; 3d, Lawrence Drew.

Section 5. Sows, small breed. — 1st, R. E. Duckering & Sons,
Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey, Lincolnshire ; 2d, Thomas D,
Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow ; 3d, Lawrence Drew.

Section 6. Sows of a breed not elieible for preceding Classes.
— 1st, R. E. Duckering & Sons, Northorpe; 2d, Lawrence
Drew; 3d, Thomas D. Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow.

Section 7. Pens of 3 Pigs not exceeding 8 months old,
large breed.— 1st, Thomas D. Findlay, Easterhill, Glasgow;
2d, Lawrence Drew.

Section 8. Pens of 3 Pigs not exceeding 8 months old, small
breed. — 1st, George Mangles, Givcndale, Bipon ; 2d, Robert
Philip, Royal Hotel. Bridge of Allan ; 3d, Thomas D. Findlay,
Easterhill, Glasgow,

Section 9. Pens of 3 Pigs not exceeding 8 months old, of a
breed not eligible for preceding classes. — 1st, George Mangles,
Givendale, Ripon; 2d, Lawrence Drew; 3d, John M'Kay,
Cross Arthurlee, Barrhead.

Cattle and Cattle Breeders. By William McCombie,
Tillyfour. Blackwood & Son.

Two years ago a very instructive discussion took
place before tbe Edinburgh Chamber of Agriculture
on the feeding of cattle, to which Mr. Wilson, of
Edington Mains ; Mr. G. Hope, of Fenton Barns ; and
Mr. AlcCombie, of Tillyfour, contributed their
e.xperience. The paper written then by the last-
named gentleman took the form in many particulars
of a history of his general agricultural experience ; and
it excited great interest at the time. It is now re-pre-
sented as one of the five most readable chapters which
form the contents of this book. In the first we have
this reprint; the second is headed " Eeminiscences,"
and is full of anecdote of the agriculturists and cattle
dealers of the past generation ; the third is an account
of the cattle trade, "then and now;" the fourth is a
history and description of the various breeds of cattle
of Aberdeenshire, and the last contains many useful
hints on the breeding and care of cattle.

No one can speak with more authority than Mr.
McCombie from a larger or a longer experience on any
of these topics, and the work, as a rare example of
great literary skill on the part of a practical farmer,
will no doubt be widely read and enjoyed. The follow-
ing is an illustrative passage from its pages ; —

Live-stock Carnage to London : "then and noiv" —
" The shipping of cattle gradually and rapidly increased,
and soon became a great trade from our ports, many
sailing vessels as well as steamers being brought into
requisition. Lean cattle were sent by sea instead of
road. We had at that time no railway, and the
expense was heavy. On a fat bullock it was from
2/. 10s. a head to 3^. by steamer ; by the sailing vessels,
however, it was only about \l. 10.«. a head. Sometimes
they made quick passages, but this was uncertain, and
I have known them a month at sea. I have seen the
same cargo of cattle driven back to Aberdeen two or
three times. I have been in the hold of the vessel
when they were driven back, and shall never forget the
scene when the buckets and water were brought
forward; you would have thought the ship would
have rent asunder by the struggles of cattle to get at
the water. Although the loss by the deterioration of
condition must have been great, it was astonishing
how i^\\ deaths occurred in the sailing vessels ; the
proportion was greater in the steamers. A year seldom
passed without the shippers having heavy losses. I
was owner of part of the cattle when every beast on
board the Duke of Wellington, except three (one
belonging to me, and lie had to be carted from the
boat, and two belonging to Mr. Farquharson, of
Asloun), was either thrown overboard or smothered in
the hold; the sailors told that a black-horned Bogieside
ox, belonging to Mr. Ha.v, swam for several miles
after the ship. I have made inquiry of the cattle-man
as to the scene in the hold of a steamer in a storm
amongst the cattle. He said, " I went once down to
the hold amongst them, but I was glad to get back
with my life ; and although you had given me the
ship and all upon her, I would not have gone back."
He declared that, thougli you had set a hundred men
with heavy flails in operation at one time beating upon
the side oi' the ship, it would not have been worse than
the legs of the cattle beating on each other and all
within their reach.

" The owners of the Aberdeen steamers have always
been anxious to accommodate their customers; and
about 12 years ago they raised an insurance fund for
the protection of the shippers. They laid past Is.

for every beast they shipped, to meet deaths and
accidents, and they have most honourably paid the
losses incurred by the shippers of cattle. It is a good
arrangement for both parties ; it gives confidence to
the shippers, and no doubt has a tendency to make the
owners more careful in not sending their ships to sea
if danger is apprehended. The cattle go well by sea
when the weather is moderate, but in rough weather
they are safer by rail. The above description will give
some idea of the hardships the poor beasts endure in
the hold when overtaken by a storm. I have seen my
own cattle, after they were taken from the hold of the
steamboat at London, so changed in appearance that I
could not identify them, and could not tell whether they
were black or grey. I should most seriously advise the
railway company to adopt some method of insurance,
to avoid the unseemly squabbles that are daily occurring
with the senders of live cattle and dead meat. It is
not my province to make any remarks on the late rise
of the freight on cattle by the steamboat company and
the railway. The matter is in their own hands, but I
think conciliation, owing to the present state of feeling,
might have been their wisest policy ; however, we will
allow them to be the best judges. It will now be our
study, for our own protection, to exert our influence
in the proper quarter to have our grievances removed.
The method of transit is an important subject to the
owners of the cattle, to the landowners and to the
consumers. I have no doubt whatsoever that a legis-
lative enactment will make all right by-and-by. I
cannot leave this subject without noticing Scott, the
cattle manager of the Caledonian Company at Aber-
deen, a man who deserves to wear a better coat, and
who has done everything in his power for the interest
of the senders of cattle. I believe there is difficulty in
avoiding causes of complaint at all times where there
are so many servants, and the senders of cattle are
sometimes themselves to blame. I have never myself
lost a beast by rail ; I prepare my cattle for their
journey before they start from home. My heavy cattle
are turned out three different times before they are
sent to rail. I walk them in a lea field; the first day
they are put out four hours at least ; I then give them
a day to rest ; turn them out aga.in on the second day,
and increase the distance, and they come quite fresh
out of the trucks at London. What can an owner of
cattle expect but that some will go down if he take his
cattle six, eight, or ten miles without their ever having
left the stall for five or eight months before, and put
them on to rail ? Many hundreds of good o.xen have
been lost in this way, or crushed and i>ruised. Cattle
when tied up are kept in an unnatural state ; they
often take founder when at the stall as a consequence,
and sometimes paralysis; but such moderale exercise
as I have described tends to bring, them back to their
natural state. I have often been asked the question
by those who had seen my Christmas market cattle —
' How is it that your beasts are so good upon their
legs compared with others ? ' The first day after the
cattle are put out for four hours they will not look so
well, and will return to the stalls very much fatigued ;
but on the second and third days of their exercise they
will recover their wonted appearance. They will walk
8 or 10 miles in a morning, and go fresh into the truck,
and on reaching their destination will come out and
stand well up in the market."

The chapter on the Breeding and Care of Cattle,
with which the book concludes, is full of useful
suggestions, some of which we may transfer to our
columns hereafter. Meanwhile, we can recommend
our readers to procure Mr. McCombie's work, conlident
that they will greatly enjoy and benefit by the perusal
of it.

Farm Memoranda.

The BnccLEucH Estates.— All through the count,
there are excellent roads, and in the vales of Yarrow
and Ettrick there are no toll bars. In public improve-
ments the Duke of Buccieuch has borne his part.
Although the leases are usually for nine years, though
some have been lengthened to 15, there are few changes
for the Duke has always been conspicuous for kindly
treatment of a respectable and honourable tenant who
was faithful to the traditions of the estate. In cases
not a few the same family has held a farm for many
generations, and in some instances there has been no
change during a lapse of two or three hundred years.
It is well known, also, that the Duke has never racked
his tenants with exorbitant rents, but has acted on the
principle of " live and let live." On some at least of
his estates the tenant is allowed to kill hares and
rabbits, and even partridges, a point on which his
Grace is much more liberal than the majority of land-
lords._ The farmhouses are not large compared with
the size of the holdings, though they are perhaps not
out of proportion to the rent. A gate opens into a
gravelled entrance, and there is usually a green lawn,
adorned, according to taste, with more or fewer ever-
greens ; and in close proximity to the house is a small
but well-stocked garden. The steading, on these
pastoral farms, is of small account. There is a byre
with accommodation for three or four covvs and the
necessary adjuncts for calves, pigs, and poultry. There
is a gighouse of some sort, and a stable with room for
perhaps a pair and a-half of work-horses, and one or
two of a finer sort for riding or driving. There is the
old-fashioned barn, where the grain is threshed with a
flail, and there is hardly any necessity for a granary ;
but either at or not far from the steading are the
indispensable reiiuisites for dipping and sorting sheep.
Some little fields there are, varying from 5 or C to 10 or
12 acres in extent, the chief utility of which is for early
spring pasture, but after Whitsunday some of them are
hained for hay. Two or three fields or patches of fields
are in Oats or Barley ; and there is perhaps one little
patch for Turnips and Potatos. In boggy spots here
and there over the farm meadow-hay is obtained for

AufiUST 3, 1SC7.1

THE GAEPENERS' CrTRONICLE AND AGPJCUETURAL GAZETTE.

821

use durinf! a stormy winter ; but for wiutoring liogRs,
or for any extraordinary occasion, recourse must bo
had to the low country. There is seldom any attempt
to increase the productive powers of the soil by break-
ing uii moorland, though tho excellent crops of Turnips
usually grown on the little crofts might indicate ific
hope of great beneiit in the way of green crops and
Grass from an extended area of cultivation.

There is no doubt that in Selkirkshire great improve-
ment of Grass-land is possible, and could be eifeilrd
with advantage to both proprietor and tenant. Tlio
soil is good, and in tho lower parts of tho Ettrick and
Yarrow vales it would produce excellent crops of Oats
and Turnips. If proof were necessary, it is supplied by
tho improvements made in the same district, and in
others of a similar kind. On the farm of Philiphaugh,
north from Selkirk, hundreds of acres, for tho most
part high and steep, have been transformed within the
last three or four years from dreary moorland to smiling
and profitable fields of grain, Turnips, and Grass, Four
or live miles farther up the Yarrow there have been
changes of a similar kind. On the haughs and slopes
about Yarrow Church the crops are excellent, and not
later than in the neighbourhood of Selkirk. In the
parish of Ashkirk, a district precisely similar, great
transformation of waste land is now in progress. On
one farm 100 acres of Oats are this year sown on land
where Oats have not been seen within living memory,
and i)rol)ably not since the beginning of tho world ; and
a like proportion of Turnips have been sown also on
virgin soil, some of it very steep, but full of vital power.
In Ettriek Forest much of the land is steep ; but we
could point to thousands of acres in the neighbouring
county of Roxburgh, where splendid crops have been
produced on farms equally hilly, quite as remote from
lime and tiles, and with soil in many respects inferior.
A proportion of Selkirkshire is, indeed, so high as to
afl'ord little prospect of successful cultivation. The
vale of the Tema, for example, presents an expanse of
moorland that will probably never be broken by the
plough. The last remains of civilisation are left behind
at Midgehope. At Glenkerry, the estate of Mr.
Aitchison, Linhope, there is a neat new house, about
the size of a good schoolhouse, but a small square patch
of gnrden ground is the only remnant of cultivation.
At Dalgleish we seem to have reached the world's end,
where we should almost as soon think of planting a
Vine as an Apple tree ; hut, lofty and exposed as it is,
the hill of Dalgleish is one of the most Grassy and
feeding hills in the south of Scotland. On the same
ridge of hills dividing the counties of Selkirk and
Dumfries, are the farms of Potburn and Over Phaw-
hope, said to be the highest inhabited houses in the
south of Scotland, or 1250 feet above the mean tide-
mark. The highest inhabited house iii England is an
alehouse at the head of Kirkston Pass, in Cumberland,
and is 1200 feet above tide-mark ; and in the south of
Scotland there is no other house higher than about
1100 feet. But these elevated regions are e.xceptional ;
and 20 miles at least above Selkirk, up both the Ettrick
and the Yarrow, there is great inducement to break up
and improve the land now in permanent pasture.

To the west and southward of Selkirkshire the
Buccleuch estates extend in a vast, almost unbroken
expanse of 25 to 30 miles in a straight line, including
the valley of the Teviot, with its tributaries the Borth-
wick and the Allan, the vales of the Liddel and the
Hermitage, all in the county of Roxburgh, and the
pleasant dales of the Ewes and the Esk in the adjoining
county of Dumfries. Thus the old estate of Buccleuch
and Eankle Bura has become the centre of a prodigious
domain of hill-land, over which the Duke of Buccleuch
could travel nearly CO miles from Bowhill to Langholm
Lodge, passing only a little patch of land here and there
that belongs to any other landowner than himself.
The route would be up the Ettrick to Tushielaw, then
up the Rankle, past Buccleuch, down the Borthwick
to its junction with the Teviot, calling in at Branx-
holm in passing, thence up the Teviot to its source,
crossing at Mosspaul into Dumfriesshire, and down
the Ewes valley as far as Langholm. In the upper part
of the Borthwick valley there is almost no cultivation,
but lower down the valley widens, and there is a good
proportion of tillage on the five-shift rotation. The
soil is of good quality, but is light and gravelly on the
hillsides, requiring in summer a constant supply of
moisture. Toward the summit of the hills, especially
in the upper district, the soil is wet and boggy, but
much of it has been improved of late years with open
sheep-drains. The Allan vale is almost entirely pastoral,
and it leads up to a lofhf ridge of hills, the highest of
which is Cauldcleuch Head, 1996 feet above the level
of the sea. Up the central valley of the Teviot, from
Branxholm to Mosspaul, is the road traversed by the
Hawick and Carlisle coach previous to the opening of
the Border Union Railway; and the guide-books
describe it somewhat incorrectly, as "a narrow and
sinuous glen overhung by sheep-walks and solitude."
For at least six miles above Branxholm the valley is
neither narrow nor sinuous, noris the district so elevated
as to preclude the idea of extensive cultivation. West-
ward from the church of Teviot Head the vale closes
in ; but there are some excellent sheep-farms, including
Linhope, which lies high up toward the summit of the
ridge, a continuation of the hills that separate the
county of Selkirk from that of Dumfries.

At Mosspaul we enter Ewesdale, and here at first the
Vale is narrow and sinuous, and sufficiently solitary.
The first farmhouse on the Dumfriesshire side is Ewes
Lees, then Burnfoot, Unthank, and Mosspeeble. On a
bank at Fiddleton, just opposite Burnfoot, is a planta-
tion containing some noble Scotch Firs, with a propor-
tion of hardwood trees. It was planted by the good
Duke Henry, with a view to supply timber to farms in
the neighbourhood ; and though folks call him " daft "
for attempting a plantation so high among the hills, its
success and its beneficial results are now so conspicuous
that other plantations have been added in the neigh-

bourhood. Tho conformation of the country here is
suidi that three vales run nearly parallel to each other,
watered by the Esk, the Ewes, and the Liddel, which
ultimately unite their waters and drain the country
into the Solway Firth. Tho Ewes is between the other
two, and joins the Esk at Langholm, tho Liddel joining
the Esk lower down at Canonbie. The farmhouses are
situated along the vales, at no groat distance from each
other; and the farms are divided by stone dykes,
lulling the Ewes at right angles, and extending over
llic hills into the basin of the E.sk on the one side ;uid
the Liddle on tlio other. The dwellings are neat,
cottage-shaped, white-washed houses, with little gardens
enclosed with stone dykes and hedges, generally kept
with considerable taste.

Below Mosspeeble is a belt of land, including two
farms, belonging to other proprietors than the Duke of
Buccleuch ; and on one of these, Arkleton, tenanted by
Mr. John Jardine, ;iud owned by Mr. Scott Elliot, is
the best farmhouse in Ewesdale, with a walled garden
and a conservatory, tho only one in the neighbourhood.
On the level haughs, all along the waterside, and
extending at times slightly up the acclivity, are the
little arable fields, worked usually with a single pair of
horses, but on tho whole very well farmed, and pro-
ducing Grass so superior that we wonder these efibrts
at cultivation are not pushed farther up the slopes, so
as to get more heart into the land. Some progress is
apparent, no doubt, for even among the highest hills
between Ewesdale and Liddesdale sheep-drains are cut ;
and the system is now common of having them straight
up and down tho hill-face, instead of the old oblique
method. Top-dressing with lime is also common, to
the extent of 20 or 30 cartloads an acre. On the steep
hillsides tho soil is bare and thin, so that showery
weather in summer is most propitious; and in this
respect the climate is suitable, as the annual rainfall is
more than f>0 inches. At Sorbie, three or four miles
above Laiigliiilm, a cross-road leads over into Eskdaie,
avalley ronspicuous for its rich and picturesque beauty
from A\'cstcrkirk downward, and remarkable for its
fine stock-farms, of which Moodlaw, 18 miles up from
Langholm, has long been a well-known specimen.
Among the best known farmers below Westerkirk is
Mr. Borthwick, Hopsrigg. Here is situated the nice
little estate of Westerhall, the property of Sir F. John-
stone, with a good residence, finely embosomed among
woods, and with plantations along the upland slopes,
bulging into a "belly " on the lower side, and present-
ing a pleasing effect when viewed from below. Here
also is Burnfoot, the propertyof Mr. Malcolm, pleasantly
situated on the Esk, and surrounded with luxuriant
plantations. But the great bulk of the property belongs
to his Grace, and extends below Langholm to Canonbie,
including the lands of Gilnockie, once owned by the
famous freebooter Johnnie Armstrong. The Journal of
AijricuUure, Jult/y 1867.

Merse of Beewickshiee, Juhj 27, 1867.— We
forget whether it was a wet summer or a dry one that
the prophets foretold. At any rate we have suffered
a good deal from both extremes. Potato Oats seem
to have been unusually prone to "Tulip-root," and
slugs were very destructive among them ; but other-
wise the white crops were looking very well about the
beginning of the month. Since the 10th, a fortnight
of heavy rains (measuring 6 inches), has beaten down
all the best fields, and at least increased the difficulties
of harvest work. The earliest Wheat was just bloom-
ing when the weather broke, and now the later pieces
are trying to do their duty under a chilly north
wind and cloudy sky. It is clear there can be no
harvest until September. Beans were a fine-looking
crop, but the upper blooms are rotted. Rotates were
much too late in being planted, and the Regents are
rather leggy. Bad as the Turnips of these two years
have been, the present crop may be worse as a whole.
On free soils, no doubt, the growth is enormous ; the
plants being " spindled " before thinning. On strong
land all Swedes and others sown by 1st June are first-
rate, extending to a full third of the entire acreage
under root crop; but continued wet weather about
that time lost us a fortnight of the best of the
season, and delayed the sowing of Hybrids and Whites.
As a consequence, one-third of our break is no more
than brairded, and by no means lively, and a portion
on strong clay will never braird at all, except where
shaded by a planting from the roasting sun of latter
June. Wool has been hard to sell at a reduction of
2!rf. per lb., and the price of mutton creeps downward ;
so no wonder if lambs are down Us. or 10s. from last
year, and the demand not increasing. Pastures were
much scorched, and have not yet had time to mend
ranch after such a soaking. The crop of Clover and
Bye-grass for hay was magnificent, and there was some
splendid hay weather, but a good deal was hastily
cocked just before the rain, and has suffered from
internal as well as external influences. What remains
to be mown will perhaps be got in best order, yet the
wind this afternoon was well fitted to assist in repair-
ing damage. Old parks are not ready yet, and all our
watersides were flooded the other day, where we often
get much useful winter food for the ewe flock.

Miscellaneous.

The Paris Exhibition, — The following is a true list
of the awards for agricultural machinery ; —
Class 48.— Gold Medals.

1. Jumea & Fredericlc Howard, Bedford, ploughs and other

agricultural machines

2. Albiiret tfe Co., France, traction engines and agricultural

machines

3. Clayton, Shuttlewoi-th, tfe Co., Lincoln, portable and

traction engines and threahing machinea

4. J. Fowler & Co., London, steam plough

5. R. Garrett & Sona, Liaton Worka, Suffolk, portable engines

and agricultural machines
G. C. H. MacCormick, Chicago, America, mowers and reapers

fi. Walter A. Wood, Amcriea, reapers and i
iK 11. F Kckert, rruaisia, agricultural mad

Itanaomca & Hinin, Ipawlch, portable engines and agricul-
tural machines

mowers

... machinoH

Hi. C. (lurard, Franco, horse geara, portable engines, and

thrcHhing machines
1 1. Ciinu d'lOfverum, Sweden, agricultural machines
yi, J. I'inct h Sona, Franco, horao gears and threshing

niachincs
l:l. M. Cuniming, Prance, portable onginca and agricultural
macliinca

11. F. It. I.otz & Suns, France, traction engine and steam

l.lc.iiglia
15. R. llorn.iby & Sous, Grantham, portable engine, threshing
iniichinc, and reaper

SlLViiK Medals.

1. K. Vidaer, Austria, agricultural machines

2. Aveling h Porter, Rochester, traction engines

:i. E. IL Bentall, Heybridge, agricultural machines

4. Collins &, Co., New York, ploughs

a, Rouffet & Son, Fr.ance, portable engines

C. Samuclson <b Co., Banbury, .agricultur.al machines

7. Tilkin-Mention, Belgium, portable enginea

8. Borroach <t Eichmann, Auatria, hay prcas and agricultural

machines

9. A. Danncy, France, portable engines and threshing

machines
10. C. Leclercq, Belgium, portable engines and agricultural

machines
n. JIarshall, Sons, & Co. (Limited), Gainsborough, portable

engines and threshing machines

12. O. W. Palmer, Sweden, ploughs

V.\. V. Renaud .Mantes, France, wine press, portable enginea,

and agricultural machines
14. Richmond ,b Chandler, Salford, chaff machines and com

crushers
1.7. Robey & Co., Lincoln, portable engines and threshing

m.aehine9
IG. E. R. tfc P. Turner, Ipswich, .agricultural machines and

portable engines

17. Brucl Brothers, France, agricultural machines

18. Coleman <fc Morton, Chelmsford, agricultural machines
10, Picksley, Sims, & Co., Leigh, agricultural machines

20. Pinaquy, Sarry, & Co., Spain, agricultural machines

21. Reading Iron Works, ateam enginea and agricultural

machines

22. E. V.an Maell, Belgium, agricultural machines
28. E. Farkaa. Hungary, ploughs

24. Lilpop & Lan, Poland, di-iU and reaper
2.5. Penney »b Co., Lincoln, com screen

26. J. Smyth & Sons, Peasenhall, drills and manure distributor

27. O. Deaoer, Belgium, roller

28. J. Keelhof, Belgium, corn me.asure

29. A. Leelcr, Fr.ance, drainage works
.30. J. J. M.arut, F'rance, com screen

31. C. Peltier, Juu., France, agricultural machines

Bronze Medals.

1. W. N. Nicholson, Newark, .agricultural machines

2. J. G. Perry, United States, mower

3. Ruston, Proctor, dr Co., Lincoln, portable engines, thresh-

ing m.achines, .and agricultural machijiery

4. W. Smith, Kettering, agricultural machiDes

.'>. W.dlis, Haslam, & .Steevens, Basingstoke, threshing

machines
G. Woods & Cocksedge, Stowmarket. agricultural machines

7. Ashby & Jcffcry, Stamford, agricultural machines

8. A. C. Bamlett, Thirsk, reaper and mower
i). M. Kcarsley, Kipon, reaper and mower

And 34 foreign exhibitors.

Ziehig's Artijicially Prepared Milk. — This celebrated
chemist has made a communication to the French
Academy of Sciences on the subject of prepared milk.
He says that the composition of milk is not uniform ;
the proportions of caseine, sugar of milk, and butter
vary, as is well known, with the nature of fihe mother's
food. "1 take," says M. Liebig, "for the base of my
composition the normal form of woman's milk, after
the analysis of M. Haidlen, of Giessen, and of which
1000 parts contain 31 parts of caseine, 43 of sugar of
milk, and 31 of butter. The plastic and heat-giving
substances in this milk amount to 10 in 38 ; in that of
the cow unskimmed, as 10 to 30 ; and in the same
skimmed, as 10 to 25. I employ for my preparation
skimmed milk, wheat flour, sprouted Barley, and
bi-carbonate of potash. It cannot be said that starch
is unfit for the nourishment of infants ; but it is never-
theless true that its transformation into sugar in the
stomach imposes useless labour on the organisation of
the suckling; this is spared by first converting tho
starch into sugar, or soluble dextrine. This consider-
ation accounts for my use of germinated Barley, or
malt, in my preparation ; it is also important that the
consistency of the mixture should be such that it can
be administered by means of a feeding-bottle." The
preparation of tho artificial milk is thus described : —
Sixteen grammes of flour are boiled in ten times its
own weight of skimmed milk until the mixture is
perfectly homogeneous; it is then removed from the
fire, and immediately afterwards is added to it 16
grammes of the Barley ground in a coffee-mill, and
mixed with twice its weight of cold water and three
grammes of a solution of bi-carbonate of potash, con-
sisting of 11 parts of water to two parts of the salt.
After the addition of the Barley and bi-carbonate, the
vessel is placed either in hot water or in a warm posi-
tion until the mixture shall have lost its thickness, and
assumed the consistency of cream. At the end of
15 or 20 minutes the vessel is again placed on the fire
and allowed to boil for a few seconds, after which the
milk is passed through a close linen or hair strainer, in
order to clear it of its fibrous matter of the Barley.
Before giving this milk to the child, it should, how-
ever, be allowed to stand at rest, so that the finer
fibrous matter still held in suspension may subside.
Milk prepared after this method contains almost
exactly the same flesh-making and heat-giving sub-
stances as normal woman's milk,— that is to say, 10 in
38, and after being carried to the boiling point " will
keep good in summer for 21 hours. Journal of the
Society of Arts,

Calendar of Operations.

August : Arable ian(i.— Wheat, Oats, and Barley
may be cut by the reaping machine, the scythe, bagging
hook, or sickle. In the case of gram amongst which
Clover has been sown, it may, when the straw is long.

822

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[August 3, 1867.

be advisable to reap above the green Clover; the
sheaves will be the sooner " won " for not having auy
Grass amongst them ; Barley^ is not^ however, so often
high enough to admit of this. The common practice
in most parts is to mow it, turn the swathes once or
twice, and place it in cocks, and when dry carry it to
the rick. Before harvest time men must be engaged
for the whole work ; it is of the utmost importance to
secure sufficient aud timely assistance. The cost may
be from 8s. to 145. per acre, prices at which men may
earn Ss-. or 4s. a-day.

Wheat should be cut before it is dead ripe. Reaping
may commence as soon as the grain will give out no
juice on bein^ squeezed. Barley, on the other hand,
which is required all of one degree of ripeness, in order
that it shall all sprout together in malting, can only
(in general) be obtained so by allowing it all to become
dead ripe, a period which is indicated by the bending
down of the ear. And Oats, again, must be cut almost
before they have lost the greenness of the straw ; as, if
allowed to get ripe, they are easily shaken out bywiud;
and if the crop be heavy, the sickle should be preferred
to the scythe to cut it with. And the more rapidly, of
course, that carrying proceeds, when the grain and
straw are ready the better. From the rise of dew in
the morning till its fall at night, or the failing of light
(either of sun or moon), carts or waggons are to be
kept at work, never leaving off, except on overtaking
the work, or till one or two in the morning, provided
it be light and dry. It will expedite the work to let a
share of it by contract. The pitching to the cart in
the field, the building on the cart in the field, and the
pitching from cart to stack— the work of two men and
one lad — may be let to them as one company, for from
10^^. to Is. 2d. per acre, according to the bulk of the
crop, the farmer's own men build the rick, and his
boys are employed to lead the carts to and from the
field. In a hilly district, or wherever two horses are
used in the cart, men will be required instead of boys
to drive them.

It may be necessary, in the beginning of this month,
to thresh the last of the ricks for straw, which should
be immediately "leased" for thatch, and tied in
bundles and soaked in water, ready for use.

Beans will be carried off the winter-sown fields early
this monthj and cut on the spring-sown fields towards
the end of it.

Turnips should be horse-hoed again this month. On
light rich soils the earlier stubbles— especially of Peas
— inay be scarified, harrowed, sown broadcast with the
white Stone Turnip, harrowed aud rolled, and left for
a crop, which, if not always of bulbs, will at any rate
be sure to afford a bite of greens, useful for the young
lambs.

Mangel Wurzels and Carrots, if seeding, should be
pulled and carried to the pigs.

Clovers are being folded over b^ the sheep, and the
second cut of the mown fields is being carried home to
the horses : part of it may be left for seed if considered
desirable. Lucerne, the last of the Vetches, and Clover
wUlsuffice for cattle food.

Notices to Correspondents.

Bones and Sulphuric Aoid : A Su.-bscriber. Unbroken bones
are not so easily dissolved by sulphuric acid as those that are
broken. The rapidity of solution depends on the quantity
of surface exposed to the solvent. The process goes on at
the same r;ite per imit of surface, but if you break a cubic
inch into cubic half-inches you just double the surfaces
exposed, and thus double the rapidity of any action to
which these surfaces are liable. The foUov?ing is an often-
published recipe, which will do for coarse bones as well as
for fine, if only longer time is given for the action of the
acid :—" Having dug oirt a space large enough for a pit 10
feet long, 6 feet wide, and 2Heet deep, inside measurement,
level the bottom, and lay down 3 inches of mill-wrought
puddle, upon which place fire-brick flue-covers to fonn the
sole of the pit ; build the sides and ends with common
bricks (a brick and a half thick), using no cement or plaster ;
puddle outside and pack with fine sand. After the pit has
been once used for dissolving, the interstices between the
bricks will be filled ui\ A pit of tliis- size is capable of
holding two tons of ground bones. Pits may of course be
made of smaller dimensions if preferred. Strong wooden
vats or tubs will suit equally well. In preparing super-
phosphate, first throw into the pit the substance it ia
intended to dissolve ; pour over this one-fourth its weight of
water, stirring and mixing well with a wooden rake or pole ;
then add sulphuric acid, which may be twice the weight of
the water, or half the weight of the substance to dissolve ;
stir and mix the mass as before. Take, for example, 2 tons
of bone-ash, containing 75 per cent, of phosphate-s, 10 cwts.
or 112 gallons water, 1 toti sulphuric acid, and allow them to
remain 48 hours in the pit. The above would yield 46 per
cent, of phosphates, of which there would bo 24 per Ceut.
sohible, at an average cost of 5i. Os. to [>L 10s. per ton." A
piece of beaten clay gi-ound, with a well trampled rim of
ashes to hold in any leakage of acid, will do well in place of
the pit.

Cow Calving. A Correspondent writes : ""Will you give my
co-readers of your paper an opportunity of throwing a little
light upon some {to mo) obscure cause of failure in the
calving of my cows ? I keep but two, and these upon a limited
extent of pasture, upon which they run the greater part of
the year. I have now bad three disappointments in succes-
sion from three different animals, each slipping her calf at a'
very early period, the last under two months from her visit
to the bull. There seem to be no external circumstances to
account for the mishaps unless there be any plant in my old
pasture herbage capable of so much energy. I am led to
suspect some such cause in operation, from a like failuie
attending a neighbour's cows. He has discontinued keeping
cows in consequence." [Ergotted Rye-grass will sometimes
produce abortion ; and a peaty pasture, not well grazed
down, may sometimes thus prove mischievous.]

Osage Orange : B. Joyce. The Osage Orange, approved as a
fence-wood in Illinois, is a "hardy deciduous fruit-tree, and
has naturally a height of 20 to 60 feet." " The stem divides
near the ground into a number of long slender flexuose
spreading branches." "The tree is quite or nearly as hardy
as the ordinary choice fruit-trees of the open Enf^lish
garden." " The wood is so very like that of Pustick as to be
readily mistaken for it; it has a yellowi.sh colour, and is
uncommonly fine and elastic." All which we extract from
the article " Maclura," in Wilson's " Kural CyclopEedia."
For the plant itself inquiioes should be made of any leading
nurseryman.

S

HAW'S TIFFANY.

For samples and prices apply to
J, Shaw & Co., 29. Oxford Street, Manchester.

s

HANKS' NEW

. LAWN MOWERS.

PATENT

H V-NL M ^-Lillsi:,
These are the only Machines in daily use in all the Itoyal Gardens.
These are the only Machines that will mow properly when the
Grass is wet.

These are the only Machines that will last for years without
requiring repair.

Illustrated Circulars with full particulars free on application.

A, Shanks & Son. Dens Iron Works, Arbroath.

London OflBce and Show Rooms— 27, Leadenhall Street. E.C.

£^^ 27, Leadenhall Street, is the only place m London where

intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers can choose from a stock of

150 to 200 Machines. AU sizes kept there whether for Horse, Pony,

or Hand-power.

c

"tOTTAM'S PATENT POKTABLE UNITED

COW FITTINGS.

Their advantages are — Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasm-e, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack diapensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winslev Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
io Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOE,

OB NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, EOLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATENT SELF-SHAaPENING CYLINDER CDTTEKS.

They are tlie simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can. be worked "Witb far greater ease
than any other Lawn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS have proved to be lie best, and have caixied off every Prize that has
been given ia all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 1856,

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, aud if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally.

T. GREEN AND SON hove io stale thai t/m demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has been
iinprectidmted, which is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can be made from
iJieir Stock both in Zondon and Leeds.

1^ ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and

5i and 55, BLACKFRIAES ROAD, LONDON, S.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWOETH, & CO.,

LINCOLN; and 78, LOMBAKD STREET, LONDON, E.C.

Illustrated Catalogues, containing: the latest revised Price
Lists and particulars of

PORTABLE AND STATIONARY
STEAM ENGINES,

THRESHING, GRINDING,
HINERY, &c., &c., will be
forwarded free on application as above.

TRACTION ENGINES for COMMON ROADS, and
for STEAM CULTIVATION.

Note. — Nearly 8000 Engines and 6000 Tlu-oshing
Machines have been naade by this Firm within the last
few years. »

(from 4 to 40-horse power),
PUMPING, SAWING MACHINERY,

GEAT'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Me. gray begs to call the attention of the NobUity, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to Ms

NEW OVAIi TTJBTJLAB BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every fonn of Tubular Boiler yet introducedi
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its woric with
one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from Report in Gaedenees' Cheonicle of International Exhibition, May 24, 1862, page 476

1

"The upright form of Boiler ia usually made on a circular pli...,
but the oval form given to Mr. Giiay's variety of it is said to be
preferable in consequentie of its bringing the tubes in closer contact
with the fire. The usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram

rather than a squai-e, it seems feasible that the Boilers on the oral
plan should brinj; the tubes more completely within raugo of ths
burning fuel; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,
is no doubt an improvement."

1^" Thfy are made of all sizes, which, with prices^ may be had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HOKTICULTURAL WORKS,
DAN VERS STREET, PAULTON^S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA^ S.W.

August 3, 18G7.]

TTTT; rT'\T^T)EN^T;]^S' rTTT^OXrOTE AKT) AOTTTrnTTr'RAL PtAZETTT;.

823

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
fixod complete in tiny purt of tho country, or thD malorlals,
tIz., Boilers, i'lpos, Ac. doliverod to itny Stntion.
EatlmateB on iippllcatlon.
J. Jones & Sons, a, Baukslde. SuutUwark, London, S.E.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ HOLLANDS, Ikon Merchant,
» 31. Baal Bide, London. S.E.
HOT WATER I'U'EH. In.ni Stoi:K, per yard :— 2-lnoh, Ifi. Hd. ;
S-lncU Is yd. ; aTid4-lncli, I's. 3(f. BENDS, from Stock, l8. 0(i.,i;«. (Id.,
and3« oiicli. THROTTLE VALVES. lOs., I3s.,iind lis. eiicU. Other
Conno-'ilons at equally low prices, and all goods of Qrst-cliLsa uianii-
facturo. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attondod to
tho same day. ^ ___„___

c

1 0 T T A il AND COMPANY,

CONSEBVATOKV and HOTIR'USK HCILRERS, &c..

Iron WorkK, ti, Wiusloy Street, Oxford Street, London, W,
SADDLE BOILERS.

So inches long.
G&i. 02s. Gd. each.

20
4&«.

HOT-WATER PIPES.

2 3 4 inch.

is. dd. 2s. Id. 2k. 0(1. per yard.

Materials supplied aa above,

or Estimates given fixed com*

plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,
3, Wlnaley Street.
(opposite the Pantheon).
OxSird Street, London, w,

=43

^ ^B^EJ^

MOT WAXta APPARATDS

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
nORTlCCLTDRE.
" Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by tho Royal ilorticiUtaral Society, South
Kensington.

PLana and Estimates free on appUcation Descriptive Book f illy
Illustrated, post iVee for 20 stampi) ftom the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Architect, Blim nfebiii

Works: Highg.ite btieut, Lnniingham.
TTgNRr J. Gro«tagk, Manager. 1. Temple Row West, BirminEham.

Hot-water Pipes, with Elbows
aud Connections, .supplied by

BURY AND I'OLLAllL/.
Contract-i and Estimates glvpn
for WARMING PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS; latest Improvemeiitsin HEAT-
ING by HOT WATER; the Improved
CONICAL BOILERS, for Heating
Pineries, CoTiBorvatories, Greenhouses,
Mansions, H.'iUs, W.ire houses, Ac,
Solely Manufactured by Bdrv & I'ol-
LARD. These Boilers are adapted for
setting in Brickwork, or annexed
Skotch shows Bury Sc Pollard's im-
proved arr.T.ngeinunt, requiring
NO BRICKWORK SETTING.
These Boilers have for their dura-
bility and economy attained a cele-
brity far surpassing any other Boilers
ever invented. They have been for
many years pust in use at many Public
Establishments, Royal Botanical G-ar-
dens at Kew, -it the Regent's Park,

ihe Cry8t:il Palace, and at most of the Nobility's and Gentry's Seats

hroughout the United Kingdom. Reierences where they have

laen lor 20 years in constant use.
Price Lists on application to Bort & Pollard, Park Iron Works,

7, New Park Street, Southwark, London, S.E.

Greenliouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

I^IJE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for

S- Various Improvements in the Ventilation, C'^nstruction, and
polieation of WUOUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildings.
OUR PATENT WROUGIIT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER
ATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
I lUSES perfectly neutralize atmospheric conduction.
' 't"R PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
.iiLiote vigorous growlh and richness of colour.
"UR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
''SRS and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete

— -T^r,^ PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
i"- Jtico perfect symmetry and

' GERANIUM
' admit a

TOUN GIIISON, JuN., begs to announce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS und B.STIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND Attached to ManKlons and Villa or other
Residencort, or for tho FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out thy same by Contract or otherwlao.
AddrcsH Mr. John Oiuson. |un., Surrey Lanu. Uatteraua, S.W.

/4EORGE F. MORKIS (')f the Imiiii nf i'uoTUKHOK

VJT Sl M0HHI8) undertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE.
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leawehnld »nd RovorHlouary Property
of evury descriiitlon, Ktirniing and Market Garden Produce, IIoubo-
hold Furniture. Stnck in rni<Ii', Ac.
Autitton and Estuto Ai;e)icy Ofllce, Tho Limes, Leytonstono. Essex .

To Market Gardeners and Dairy Farmers.

MK. SEARLI-:. AuurioNKER anil Land Agf.nt,
2, Hond Court, W:iibro'>k. London, E.C., solicits nistructious
from Maikot Gardeners and others, who roiiuiro VALUATIONS
or SiVJjES by AUCTION of Laud, Timber, Growing Crops. Cattle,
Shoe|i, and other Farming Stock. Railway and similar compensa-
tion claims adiusted.

Oxford-Down Rams.

R. DRUCE olitTs t..r SAI,K. by Private Contrnet,

this Season. about .10 SHEARLINGS, and a few TWO-SIiEAR

OXFORD-DOWN RvVMS, which may be seen at any time, as woU

also THE FLOCK on the Farm. Tho Shoep have not been hoiLsed.

Eynsham, Oxford, July, 1807-

M

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and moat productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breedera.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA. CREVECCEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for couatant Layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Baily Sl Son. 113, Mount Street, London, W.

To Nurserymen and Seedsmen,

WANTED, a SMALL BUSINESS in the above Line.
Address A. T., QanUners" Chronicle Office, W.C.

FOR DISPOSAL, ii First-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER vrtth a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadenliall Street
London, E C.

TO BE DISPOSED OF, a NURSERY, near the
Metropolis, doing a good Business, covering an area of 2 Acres,
the Greenhouses, Pits, &c., being entirely new, covering an area of
from 10,000 to 12.000 superflcial feet, fitted up in the best style with
Slate Shelving, Hot Water, &c. Tlie Stock consists of every requisite
for a Suburban, Metropolitan, or Country Trade.

For particulars, apply to Mr. A. P., 1, George Street, Mansion
House, E.G.

To Market Gardeners, Nurserymen, &c.

TO BE SOLD, by Private Contract, about 200 ACRES
of very superior (GARDEN GROUND, all Freehold, situate in
tho County of Bedfordshire, about three miles from Biggleswade
Station, Great Northern Railway. The Land is divided into Lots to
suit the convenience of purcha,sors. For particulars apply to
Thomas Foi'ntaink, Eat)., Duntoii Lodge. Ashwell, B.^ldock.

To Nurserymen and Market Gardeners.

TO BE Ll-rr, Willi HuniL',ii:.tc ]>ossesfti.-.n. u CAPITAL
BUSINhSS PR KM IS ES, near the City of Bath, with Dwelling-
house, Greenhouses, Forcing Pits, and about 5 Acres of Land.

For particid.ars, apply to Cotterell & Spaceman, 6, Terrace
Walks, Bath.

Farm at Watford.

TO BE LET, a SMALL FARM of 160 ACRES,
with House and Uomestall. with immediate possession, and
situate withm a mile of Watford .Station. Fit for tho occupation of a
man of business wishmg to farm as a recreation.

Apply to Messrs. Humdeht& Cox, Land Agents, S8, St. James's
Street. W.C. ; and Watfurd, llert.?.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLIA.M DEAN, bavin- ai'icrruiiird on rwidmc; in
London ag:Lin. utTurs for SALE, with iiimie'liate pus-sesaion.
tho NURSERY at SHIPLEY, consisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Gl.ass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery welt stocked.
and with Dwelling House, &c., is hold on Lease; also the SEED
SHOP, in BRADFORD (the only one in tho town), which is well
fitted up, and where there isagood business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds. Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants. &c. The Nursery
is 2i miles from the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
year's bu.siness is equivalent to tho purchase money required, and
will be a great bargam to the pui'chaser. It i^ an excellent oppor-
tunity lor a large house in the South to establish a Branch Business
here, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
much increased. For particulars apply to

William Dean, Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

W'lTH POSSESSION at MICHAELMAS NEXT, in
consequence of the death of the late occupier, the old esta-
blished and well-known NURSERY GROUNDS at HEDENHAM,
NORFOLK, called THE ROSARY, lor upwards of 30 years in the
occupation of Mr. R. B. Birchara, deceased, to which are attached a
good road-side Inn .ind Premises, doing a quiet and respectable
business and about 30 Acres of .i\jable and Meadow Land.

The above occupation offers a rare opportumtv, and is well worth
the attention of Nurserymen and Florists, who will immediately
enter upon the advantages of the late Mr, Birchain's old and well
established Nursery business— the Nursenes being well adapted
for the cultivatioa of Roses aud other plants connected with
Horticulture. For further particulars apply to

CuARLES HoRNOR, Esq., Queen Street, Norwich.

^alcg Sg Auction.

Important Sale of Established Orcliids, the
Property of a Gentleman.

ME. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on
SATURDAY, August 3, at Ualf-past 12 o'Clock preciaely, FirBt-olaas
Established ORCHIDS, comprising mostofthe best varieties in culti-
vation, many of which are fine Plants, in excellent health, and well
worthy uf attention, including —

Calanthe Veitchii
Cattleya exoniensls

,, lobata

,, Wagenerii

,, Warneril

„ labiata
Vanda ccerulea

„ cristata
Odontoglossum Phalcenopaia

„ Pescatorea

„ Alexandras

,, nsevium, &c.

Oncidium Kr.imerlanum
Cymbidium ebmnemn
Cypripedium leevigatum

,, Stonei
Pleione bumills

„ lappnaria
Dendrochilum filiforme
fiai'kerla spectabiUs
Pe.scatoroa cerina
Trichopilia crispa
Kpidendrum sceptrum
Cattleya Dowii, &c.

On view the Morning of Sale, aud Catalogues had.

M

Imported Orchids.

K. J. C. STEVENS will INCLUDE in liis SALE,

at hia Great Rooms, 3S, Kinc Street, Covent Garden, W.C,
SATURDAY. August 3. Imported ORCHIDS, consisting of
sues of VANDA CRISTATA. VANDA ROXBURGHII,
COLABIUM PR^MORSUM.
•Qn view the Mornmg of Sale, and Catalogues had.

New Plant.

STEVENS wiil iNI^UDE In his SALE,

^ooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden. W.C, on
t3, tho Enttro Stock of a NEW A.STREPHI A,
'DC five Established Plants and one Cutting,
'»T, without Reserve.
<ming of Salo, and Catalogues had.

Brentford Road. Kew Bridge.

lui'oRTANT Bale or NRWi-Y-EitfrTi i> Okiiimm.ubkb, Pitb, Boxes,
BmcKN, Hi.t-Watlii Pii-ino. 4,;

]\/rESSRS. PHOTHKROK AM. MORRIS nn- instructed

-LTJ. by Mr. William Drowett U, SELL by AUCTION, without
reserve, on tho PremlHOH, The Market Oar.k-n and Nur«ery Grouridn,
HreiiUord Ru,i,l, Kow Bridge. .„, MONDAY. AuKUht 10, at II o'Clock
(ho LeiiHO expiring at MlchJiolmaH next}, 3 Nuwiy-liullt Spun-roof
OREENHOUSKS, 00 feet by 12 footover; ;( uxcollont throo-nuartor
Span-roof GREENHOUSES, 120 fuet. DO feet, an<l 0(1 foot In lonuth ■
3 ICangus of Pits, each (10 feot long by 7 foot ; sundry other I'ltH and
Glazed Lights ; also about 20U0 leot 2 and 3-lncli, but principally
■Mnch, Hot-Water Piping; (.)rmson'H Tubular 6-fe«t Boiler 4 other
Builurs, lOOO Casta of PotH, Brloka, Tllos, Drain I'iiioH Slcn Board
and other Etfccta. ' *

The Glass Erections are In excellent condition, built of the boit
materials, and being inanv Lhoiis.ind feet. olTer a capital opportunity

May bo viewed prior to the Salo. Catalogues had on thoPreiniBOS

and of the Auctir

ers. Leyt.

l^tono, N.E.

Parel Lodge, Upper Tulse Hill, Surrey, S.

Valuaule Colleutiox ok Plants op tub late H. Wooi.lr, Esi]

MESSRS. HERRING, SON, and CLARK, are
instructed by tho Executors to SELL by AUCTION, on
tho premises as .above, on FRIDAY, August 0, at 12 o'Clock, the
flue COLLECTION of PLANTS, comprising Rhododendrons,
Camellias, Azaleas, Fuchsias, Pelargoniums, Dahlias, &c.

May bo viewed day pri'T to Sale. Cataloj^ucs (hen on thePremisea,
and of the Auetioneui.s. lOii. Fleot Street, E.C., and l!ri\to:i Ili!l, S.

Herd of Pure-Bred Alderney Cows and Heifers,
Farming and other Effects.

At Hookwood, Limpskielr, Sprrey.

MR. JOHN LEES has received instructions from
Mrs. Leveson Oowerto SELL by AUCTION, upon the premi-ses,
close to the Bull Inn, Limpsfleld, about Five Miles from Caterhara,
Godstone, and Edonbrldge Railway Stations, on WEDNESDAY,
Auguat 7, at 11 o'clock, the FARMING STOCK, comprising useful
Cart Mare. 4 Handsome Pure-bred Alderney Cows, 4 ditto Heifers
and Yearlings, 4 Half-bred Alderney Cows, and 2 ditto Helters,
Sussex-bred Sow in Pig, 3 Store Piga, Poultry, Yorkshire Cart, with
extra lades. Light Van, Set of Gig Harness, Set of Thill Harness,
capital Ch]ifi"-cutter, Rick Cloth with Poles, Ladder, Wheelbarrow,
qu.antity of Hurdles and Tools. 24-inch Iron Roller, capital Garden
Engine, Dau-y Utensils, sundry Lots of Furniture, and other Effects.
May be viewed the Afternoon preceding and Morning of Sale.
Catalogues may he had at the Grevhound, Croydon ; King's Head,
Epsom ; Laker's Hotel, Red Hill ; White Hart, lleigate ; George,
Crawley ; King's Head, Horsham ; Red Lion, Dorking ; White Hart,
Godstone; White Hart, Bletchingloy ; King's Arms, Weaterham ;
Royal Oak-, Sevenoaks; Bull, Lirapsfleld ; and of Mr Joun Lkeh,
Land Agent aud Auctioneer, Keigate, Surrey.

M

Beddlngham, near Lewes.

Important Sale op First-' lass Sootqdowns.
R. STRAFFORD begs to inform ttie Breeders and
Admirers of First-class Southdowns that he has received
Instructions from Mr. Thomas EUman to SELL bv AUCTION, on
FRIDAY. September C, hi.', entire FLOCK of PURE-BRED
SOUTHDOWN SHEEP, consisting of 500 EWES of various ages,
and 150 EWE LAMBS, with 33 Choice RASIS and RAM LAMBS,
which have been bred with the greatest care and iiicety for nearly
40 years, and originally from the Flock of his father, a name so
renowned in the history of this valuable Breed of Sheep; they com-
bine good size with first-rate quality of wool and mutton, and are
well worth the attention of Brteders of pure Southdowns. The
whole will bo Sold without Reserve, as Mr. Ellman is retiring from
farming.

Catalogues, with further P.articulars, will shortly be issued.
London : 13, Euston Square, N.W. — August 1.

Shropshire Sheep.

Holly Bank, near Cuutok-cpon-Trent.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL (Secretarv to the
Birmingham Cattle Show) will SELL by AUCTION, on
TUESDAY NEXT. Auaust 6, at 2 o'Clock (Luncheon at 121—
30 SHEARLING and older RAMS.
60 SHEARLING and STOCK EWES.
2 Highlv-descended youne SHORTHORN BULLS.
The property of Willoughby Wood, Esq.

The Flock was founded on Ewes selected with judgment from the
old Packington Flock, .and has been maintained by the introduction
of the best blood, regardless of cost, as a reference to the Catalogue
will show. The Rams possess plenty of bone and muscle, and are
good wool cutters. The Ewes are a particularly nice lot.

The high and exposed situation on which these sheep are bred
renders them particularly hardy in their con.stitution.

Conveyances will meet trains at Biirton and Walton Station,
Midland Railway.

Auctipneer's OfBces, 39, New Street, Birmingham.

Shropshire Sheep.

Elkord Park. Tamworth.

MR. JOHXB. LY^THALL (Secretary to the Bii-ming-
ham Cattle Show) informs the Breeders and Feeders of
Black-faced Sheop that ho will SELL by AUCTION, on WEDNES-
DAY NEXT, August 7, at 2 o'clock (Luncheon at 12), 43
SHEARLING and older RAMS, and 125 SHEARLING and older
EWES, the property of Mr. G. a. May. Tho charactoristics of this
Flock are S'ze, Constitution, and Fecundity, a large proportion of
Lean Meat, and a heavy clip of Wool. It was founded in 1S43,
principally on Ilagley blood, and has been perpetuated by the purest
Rams, from the most noted breeders, several at very high figures.

Elford Park is ono mile from the Haselour and Croxat I Stations
on the Midland, and two milea from Alrewas Station on the South
Staffordshire Railway.

By permission of the Midland Railway Company, th© Train leaving
Birmingham at 11.25. and Tamworth at 10.17, will call at Haselour on
the morning of the Sale.

Conveyances will meet the up and down Trams at Tamwortb at
10.61 and 12.18, to convey parties to the Sale, free of charge.

Shropshire Sheep.

TuE Sixth Ajjncal Great Ct:NTRAi. Sale at Binglet Hall,

biRUIN'GHAM.

550 GRAND SHROPSHIRE RAMS AND EWES.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION,
on THURSDAY NEXT, August S, at 12 o'Clock prompt
(Lunclieoo at 11). 125 splendid SHROPSHIRE R.AJVIS and
4'.^ SHEARLING and older EWES, from the noted Flocks of :—

The Lady Willoughby-de-Broke
The Right Hon. Lord Wenlook

(Winner at Royal Agri, Show)
Mr. Brawn
Mr. Briscoe
Mr. Coleman
Mr. King
Mr. W. J. Landor
W. Loit. Esq.
Mr. P. Lowe
Mr. E. Lythall (Winner of many

Prizes)

Mr, Nock (Wianer of numerous
Prizes .at Birmingham Christ-
mas Show)

John Peel. Esq.. M.P.

Mr. Pilgrim (Winner of many
Prizes)

C. Randell, Esq. (Winner of many
Prizes)

Mr. Steedman

Mr. W. Yates (Winner of many
Prizes)

And others.

The above will be tho largest and best lot of Ranis and Ewes ever
sent to Bingley Hall, .and will include specimens of the true Shrop-
shire Sheep, unsurpassed for size, quality, hardihood of constitution,
and wool-bearing properties, many being worthy the attention of
Ram Breeders.

Auctioneer's Offices. 30, New Street, Birmingham.

Shropshire Sheep.

The MoDHT, Grendon, near Atuerstone, Warwickshire.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION,
on FRIDAY, September 6, 40 SHEARLING and older
RAMS, and 120 STOCK and SHEARLING EWES, the property of
Mrs. Baker.

The Grendon Flock is fully up to its usual high standard of
general exceUeuce.

Shropshire Sheep.

PiPB PLACt, NEAR LkUFIKLD.

MR. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL br AUCTION,
on FRIDAY, Septembsr U, 60 SHEARLli^G and TWO-
SUEAR RAMS, imd 120 STOCK .intl SUEARLIXO £\V£ii, the
property of Mr. J. H. Bmdburne.
Th. Onner paibioularly luvitea an «&r\s mspectioD of hm .Sheep.

824

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[August 8, 1807.

CONSERVATORIES, GREENHOUSES, FRAMES.

TKE ONLY PAINT THAT SUCCESSFULLY STANDS TTPON THE ABOVE TRYINa WORK IS

CAESONS' OEIGINAL ANTI-COKEOSION PAINT,

TRADE MARK.

C!n'LREO aT STATIONERS HALL.

AND IS CONSEQUENTLY LARGELY USED BY THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY, ALSO THE LEADING HORTICULTUKISTS.

IT IS EQUALLY ADAPTED FOR ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF EXTERNAL WORK.

Tlu-ee Cwt. Free to any Station in England and Wales, and most Ports of England,

Ireland and Scotland.

PEEPABEB OIL MIXTURE FOE THE ANTI-CORROSION PAINT.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, &c,, <fcc.

TRADE MARK.

EMTER£P AT STATIONERS HALL.

Before Painting, send for PATTERNS, PfilCES, and TESTIMONIALS, which can be had Post Free on application to

WALTER CARSON and SONS, LA BELLE SAUVAGE YARD, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.G.

CAUTION. — All Casks bear tlie Trade Mark, or are not Genuine,

EIDDELL'S

PATENT PORTABLE ELASTIC PIPE JOINT.

Especially adapted for HOT-WATER PIPES for 'WARMrNG CHURCHES, PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, CONSERVATORIES, HOT-HOUSES, &c., is extremely simple,
perfectly watertight, eaves four-fifths of the time and labour in erecting hot-water work, can
he rapidly put together by an ordinary workman, and can be removed and re-erected without
injury to pipes or joints,

Frospectiis mid Frice List free.

PATENT PIPE JOINT.

EIDDELL'S

PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

For WARMING CHURCHES, CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &c., by the
circulation of Hot Water, reqmres no brick-work setting, saves half the fuel usually consumed, is
not liable to get out of repair, is easily regulated, will work from S to 20 hours without attention,
and is made in sizes capable of heating Irom 30 to 5000 feet of 4 inch pipe.

Prospectus a7id Frice List free.

J. HADLEY RIDDELL, Patentee, 155, CHEAPSIDE, E.G.

PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

CONSERVATORIES, ORCHARD HOUSES, &c.

BY STEAM-POWER MACHINERY, OF BEST MATERIALS, AND AT LOWEST PRICES.

EVERY DESCRIPTION OF HORTICULTURAL BUILDING DESIGNED, HEATED,
AND VENTILATED IN THE MOST EFFICIENT MANNER.

MANTTFAPTnnnf<?/^ON^°^' GLOUCESTER, COVENTRY,
MANUFACTORIES. {^j^.^^jjg^^jjjj,_ p^g^Ey^ ^^ ^bj,R

ABERDEEN.

The above represents a Range about 90 feet long ; Conservatory in centre, 20 feet square ; and Span-roof Wings, 32 feet long, on ?■:•
forming Orchard House, Vinery, &c. This system of building Span-roofs has been extended to form large WINTER GARD^
cost ; the produce of which, in a few years time, would almost, if not entirely, repay the original cost.

Gentlemen about to form New Gardens can be advised the best method of arranging these Glass Roofs for all HorticuK '
combining elegance with utility. As already so erected by us, they ai-e economical substitutes for walls, ensuring the pro(' '

ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS of the PATENT ROOFS free on application. REFERENCES can be given to w/

ESTIMATES given for ORNAMENTAL CONSERVATORIES to Architect's Plans and Specifications; also/'
extent, fixed complete anywhere in the United Kingdom. /

1^^ Designs prepared to suit different styles of Mansions^ or to particular ''

HEREMAN and MORTON, 7, PALL MALL /

LARGE QUANTITIES of SASHES being now in Stock, orders to any extent can be promptly/
by orders being delayed until late in autumn. '

Mitnrlal Commimlcataoiia should be addressed to '■ The Eriitof ; " AdtcrtHnmenta and Business Letters to " TUe Publish >
run™ iK. -i'.i'S™J'"5?'"';'i' '^S "J^""' Messrs BHiuBoaT. Ev»»s,& (V). , Lombard street. Pr.ci™et ^f Wblteft
Offlce, No.ll, Wellmgtoii Street, Paruh of St. Paul's, COTmt Gardeii,m the wld County.— SiiOMii, Augusts 1667. /

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 3^.-1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, AUGUST 10.

(Price Fivepence,

(STAiU'iiD Edition, 01,

INDEX.

AKrioiiItiuc, co.oporntivp ....

Aurlcuttiiml Ciiiiits liill

Aninml Uis.iiscs lllll

Hndtlii)gpl;iuti

Jt.H\s

lin.,Usnntl<Ta 834*-

(.■jitC slippiiij; ,

i.':irtu> b-oeUliig

I : I'llur.suii^ uf nil

i iiiiuiLtioiis, Kaidcnci's' ....

I Ml, Ainoihan

I I I iwfase, Swiss

till' , Uoviil Asi-ot

I I . mailict i 837 c-

'I ^ 1 -t payments ....837 n—

II II ins; system

1 iin)loiiieht», rtencli

liii|i.it-ts

I !Huin>fi>i7 results

I iluiiii ;itii'iiUiiii

1.^ ii\,nl Hiill

\ iHlnifiuiii 'I'uni'Tlluilib.VosC

liKulu's

nrflKiuMmii'ic trees

P:iris.lultci-IVom ."

l':i-.>iiliir.i m,u'vncarim

r<"ar,iiH)iistious

I'oii, iluublc

837 6

837 c

ftJO e

B2!l <i

83-1 <•

8JJ <i

8J3 a

8)0 „

835 e

832 c

815 b

833 fl

833 n

ai9n

838 n

Bi-i b

a-29 C

8J6 a

8;(8 c

832 n

834 c

831 r

831 <■

839 e

833 a

629 r

827 r

6J9 n

832 (■

I'l'lniXO'iiui" EiulIiclK-rianuni
rclai'(!utiiumsat Hury ...

— uliow of viu'iCKiitod

/nniil . .

Pinit Lord Lyon

I'liiiit-i. t-.'iy t-'uidcu

— lu-rbuteous

— test

Hum sales

Hi-iMx-i-s

Hiisi's, si'li'ftiou of

St. PctiTsbui-cli exhibition ..

Seeding ,,

Scwit^-c

Society, lloyftl Horticultunil .

— N urtliaraptynahire Field

— Iloyal Asriculiuvul ....

— }liKlilmtd AsTicultural .

— York Agricultural

Sfiil.fiti-c'tol

M.ll'l

,.h,-..,,lul

HU b

829 h
628 a

^sdfuti-for .

onial .

TnuiypluiXinc

\'ei tch , listiinoriial to . . . ,

"Wasps . trt-e

■Watcr.bad

Wii.tcf, the late

■\\ ii'cwijnn

. 633 a
. 810 a
. 8.11 b

i^RTST.VL rAMCTC. — The AUTDMN SHOW of

KJ FLOWKUS :iiid FUUIT will bu HELD at the Crystal Palaco
un TUE.SDAV, S.'ptoinlur H), and the two ibIlLiwinj,' riiiys.
:^cIil'i1ii1l'h With L'sL ol' Trizes m.iy be had nn appUpaticn to
1. WiLKiNSKN, Supeiinteadent of Flower Sliuvv, Crystal Palace.

p EADING KORTTCULTURAT. SOCIETT.— The

1 1 AUTDMN SHOW of this Society will be lielJ, bv permission
.1 the Mayor, in the Abbey Rviiiis. Readinp, on TfiURSDAY,
\uiiust 22. By peruiissioQ of Col. Fitz Wygri.ni, the Band of tho
l.'.th King's Hussars will attend. Schedules of Prizes mav bo
ibtaiiii-d or, ami Entries must be made to, Charles Collins, Hon.
ice , '.H, Chain Str. it, Reading.

"|\/1 ANCllKSTI'lU BOTANICAT, and HORTtCUL-

1>I TUKAL S(H-1ETY.-A GRAND EXHIBITION of PLANTS.
i-'RUlTS, and FL< iWl'iUS will be held at the Gardens, Old Tratfnrd,
m TUE8lJ-\y, AU'-'ust "JT, and lour followiiiK days, .in connection
Tith th.-. GREAT CENTENARY CELEBRATION SHOW of tho
MANCHESTER and LIVERPOOL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CharRes for Admission :— First day. 2s. Hd. each ; remaining days,
tf. each ; Subscribers to tho Botanic Gardens free each day.

Schedules may bo ohtained at the Gardens, or from the Under-
.ii;ncd. Military Bands In attendance. By Order.

CuLiper Street, Manchester. Henrv WuiTwoRxn, Secretary,

BISHOP AUCKLAND FLO UAL and HORTICUL^
TUP.AL Soi'lETV will hold their ANNUAL EXHIBITION
n AUCKLAND I'AUlv on AUGUST 30, when upwards of £350
I .viH be awarded in Prizes. Schedules may be obtained ou applica-
i'>ii to Mr. J. C, HhNDY, Secretary, Bishop Auckland,

H

ULL FLORAL SOCIETY.-AUTUMN EXHIBI-
TION, SEPTEMBER 4.— Prizes to tho following amounts
bo given : — For 12 Variegated and Ornamental Foliage Plants,
£10 ; 2d, £5. Best G Stove and Greenhouse, In bloom, £2 12.'J. Gd.
Giio, II, LovELL, Secretary.

DERBYSHIRE FLORAL ;niu HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.— ANNUAL EXHIBITION, in connection with
the Derbyshire Agricultural Exhibition, on WEDNESDAY, Sep-
tember 18. Prizes of £15, £10, £5, £3 10s., and £2 are offered for
Gtuups of Twelve Stove or Greenhouse Plants (or both), in or out of
flower. Ornamental or Variegated Foliage Plants arranged for effect
lOrchiflse excluded). Schedules of Prizes and any farther informa-
:iun may be obtained on application to tho Honorary Secretary, Mr.
William S^PNDins, Welhnt^ton House, Derby.

Vines, Extra Strong from Eyes.

JOHN KELLP7i'T begs to ammunce that he has a large
and fine stock ol alt the leading sorls fit for immediate Planting.
Also all the best varieties of ROSES, in Pots.
Wellington Nursery, Ileaton Chapel ; and Green Lane Nurseries,

[leiton Norris, Stockport.

VINES from EYES. — Houses upwards of 700 feet in
length occupied with their Cultivation — probably the largest
stock in England. The Fmiting Canes are extra fine this season :
5s. to "s. C((. each. Vines from open borders for ground Vineries,
Is Gd. each; ditto, fine Canes from pots, .3.f. Gd. each. A DESCRIP-
riVE CATALOGUE IVee per Post. Carnage paid to London.
Tugs. Rivkrs & Sun, Nurseries, Sawhridgoworth.

Strawberries.
A DESCRIFTIVE CATALOOUfc] of STRAWBERRIES,

■^ ClJissed, free per post.

TiioB. Rivers & Son, Nurseries, Saw bridge worth.

rs.

strawberries.
.VLTMARSH AND SON beg to offer strong
' of most of the leading kinds at from 3s. fid. per 100.
1 ;i strong Plants rooted in pots for forcing,

LIST and PRICES on application.
Moulsham Nurseries, Cholmslord.

Runners

Also a few

Strawberries.
IHARLES TURNER is now prejiared to supply strong
_' Plants of the beat modern kinds, as well as all the leading
|:atablished varieties, true to name.

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may be had on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Orchard -ho use Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, Ai'KlCOTS, CHERRIES.
I, PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.

Richard Smith. Nurseryman and Seud Merchant, Worcester.

Highly Cultivated and Regularly TransplantedT"
]' Nursery Stock.

' U^IGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
; LJ FRUIT TREKS, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
■ UENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
1^ TuoMAS Waknkr, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

C Hardy and Permanent Bedding Plant.
LEMATiS JACKMANNI, and that type, have proved
themselves to be "the desideratum" for a good violet, blue,
^HJIP ' ^^ maroon bed. when pegged down like Verbenas.

The Advertl&orsbolicit Jill inspection of their CLEMATIS BEDS
-hat are m FULL BLOOM, and will continue up to the month of
JOtober. Particulars of Lrentmenfc hy applying to

Gj!o. Jackman fis Son, Woking Nursery, Surrey.

At the Old Nurseries, Cheshunt,

PAUL AND SON'S ROSES are NOW FINELY IN
BLOOM. Tho Show is liner than fur many yoars prist.
Fret|uent trains to Choshunt, one mdo trnni tho Nurhcrios.
Their largo and varied Collection of HARDY FINE-FOLIAOE
TKEIilS and SHRUBS are in good condition lor selection.

Roses in Bloom.

WM. PAUL'S ROSKS are NOW IN FULL
BLOOM. Inspection respectfully Invited. Trains almost
hourly from Shoroditch to \\ altham Station, Great Eastern Railway.
Paul's Nurseries, Wall ham Cress, N.

Eltham Nursery, S.E.

THE STANDARD KOSKS at tliisNurserv, comprising
from 7000 to 10,000, aro NOW in PERFECTION, and may be
seen daily. Tho Nursery is about one mile from the Eltham Station.
two miles from the Blackheath Station, from which an Omnibus
constantly runs. J. W, TooiiAN — Aug. 3.

Roses.

HLANE AND SON beg to call the attention of
• Intondinff Purchasers to their extensive COLLECTION of
ROSES, which are NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and worthy of
inspection.

Tho Nur.'^eries, Groat Berkhampstcad, Herts.

Roses.

JOHN CRANSTON has tho pleasure to announce
that his ROSES are NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and that the
whole of his stock is in the finest condition possible.

The severe frosts (which proved so destructive in many parts of
England throughout last winter) not having visited this locality, he
i.'^ happy to say that his Roses, Conifers, and other Trees, escapoU
entirely unharmed.
Nuiseries, King's Acre, near Horoford.

N

EW ROSES for 1867.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now feadv.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with puces, on application.
John Cranston, King's Aero Nurseries, near Hereford.

/CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.

V_y Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Roses, Orchard Houses, and Experimental Fruit
Tree Culture.

THE . NURSERIES at SAWBRTDGEWORTH.
100 Acres in extent, aro OPEN to tho inspection of Amateurs
interested in the above.

The Harlow Station (H mile distant), G. E. R., where Flys aro in
attendance, is tuo most convenient.

Thos. Rivers & .Son.

s

UT TON'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE

IS NOW REA.DY, gratis and post free.
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

NEW VERBENAS of 1867.— C. Allen, Jun., is now
sending out strong Plants in thumb pots of tho above in
36 varieties, introduced by Messrs. Hendor.son & Son, Turner, Keynes,
and Downio, Laird, & Laing. at 3s. perdoz., package included.
TeiTis cash. Stone Hill, Heigham, Norwich.

^lOLETS for AVINTER and SPRING BLOOMING.

V —The Undersigned can supply strong healthy Plants, in 6-inch

fots. of the following, which are the four best Violets in cnltivation.
rice Qs. to 9s. per dozen.

THE CZAR I DOUBLE BLUE

NEAPOLITAN | REINE DES VIOLETTES

FaANCi3& Arthur D1CRS0N& Sons, The "Upton" Nurseries, Chester.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. PAta)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASS
ROSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &.C., advertised at length in
this Paper in May last.

Paul's Nurseries. Walthani Cross, London, N.

Over Stock.

FIFTY TRICOLOR PELARGONIUMS for Sale-
Large Plants, in 24 pots. Price and Sorts on .application to
G. Wal&ling, Seedsman and Florist, North Row. Lewisham, S.E.

New 2onal and Nosegay Pelargoniums.

NUNN AND HOliDAY, St. Au-ustine's Nursery,
Norwich, beg to inform intending purchasers of the above
that they have a large stock of all the best varieties sent out in 1867,
from 12s. to ISs. i»er dozen.

Variegated Geraniums.

CASBON AND SON hold a large stock of above.
Prices on application.
Gravel Walk Nursery. Peterborough.

TVY-LEAVED PELARGONIUM, L'ELEGANTE.

J- strong Plants, 3s. 6d. each ; 3Gs. per dozen.

Larger Plants, 5s. each ; 50.i. per dozen.
Usual allowance to the Tr.tdo. For description see former
Advertisements, Cash or reference must accompany all orders
from unknown correspondents.

W.M. Cunningham, The Forge Nurseries, Burton -on-Trent.

pALADIUMS, CALADIUMS.— The following 12, in

v^ strong Plants, package included, for fi.-)., viz. :-Two Mirable,
two Wigbtli, one each Bolleyraei. Newmanii, Argyrites, Gigantea
violacea, Bicolor splendens, Amabilis, Bicolor, Ch^mtimi,

ECKFOILD'S Six NEW VERBENAS of I8O7 at 4s.

Post Office Orders accompanying orders payable at Boston Spa.

J. C. Pad MAN, Providence Nursery, Bo-ston Spa, Yorkshire.

TO BE SOLD, Cheap, a Choice Collection of EXOTIC
FERNS and (.iRCHIDS; also about 300 Yards superior PARK
FENCING, and 14 VINES In pots. Apply to
The Gardener. Oakfield House, Gipsy Hill, close to the Station.

NEW FERN, SCOLOPENDRIUM VULGARE, var.
COOLINGII.— A dwarf variotv between S. Wardii and S.
digitatuni, very distinct and beautiful. Nice Plants are now ready
for distribution at 7.s, Gd. each.

A Coloured Plate free by post for two stamps.
Edwin Cooling, Mile Ash Nurseries, Derby.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Fei-ns and their varieties, 3rt pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Fei-nsl nf his NICW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BKITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Ready Next Week.

BS. "WILLIAMS' CATALOGUE of DUTCH and
• other BULBOUS BOOTS forwarded post free on applicatloa
to any address,

Victoria and Paradlso Nurseries, Upper Ilolloway, London, N.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON bog to Rav that their
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE 'HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, Ac, is now ruadv, and can be had pust free
on application. Higligatu Nursurlu,^, London, N.

Beautiful Foxgloves.

JIVERY AND SON can now supply new Seed of
• their fine strain of tho above, in Is., l».ti(^, or 2s. 0(i. packets ;
likewise Plants to bloom next se.^son at Us. per doz.
Dorking and Reigato Nurseries.

High Beech, Essex.
TAMES CRAWI-'iHU), in ollenng his superb Collection
fJ of RHODODENDRONS and AZALEAS, begs to statu that
their size and quality are well known to be (Irst-rute for and equal
to decorating the most splendid gardens in the country,

MONA'S PRIDES. — Should any of the Trade,
purchasers of MR. RUTLEDGE'S MONAS, visit tho Isle of
Man, it will gratify him by their having a peep at his Lofts and Stock.
Ilai^uo Hiiuse,— August, ltJH7.

PRIMULA SINKNSIS FIMBUIATA.— A most superb
strain, and cannot be surpassed, G varieties, mixed. Is. 6d. & 'is. Gd
per packet. CALCEOLARIA and CINERAItl.V, extra. Is. & 2e. GU.

J. ScoTr, 'I'liu S'^ed Stores, Yenvil, Somerset,

Extra Fine Fringed Primulas.

DOBSON'S CKLEUttATEU STKAL.N, that has stood
n ten years' test, is now ready for sending out in la., 2s. Gd., and
6s. packets. The quality may be depended upon.

DoBsoN & Sons. Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W.

Prize Cineraria Seed.

DOB-SON'S UNEQUALLED Si'K.AiN, which ha3
taken 50 First Prizes in sis years, is now ready for sending out,
Fine new seed, in Is,, 2s. Gd., and 5n. packets.

DoBsiiN & .Sons, Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W,

D

OBSON'S STRAIN of PRIZH] CALCEOLARIA,

CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, tho liuost in Cultiv.ition.

/rsr For Present Sowing.

D OBSON'S INTEliNATlO.VAI., RkYAL HORTI-
CULTURAL. ROYAL BOTANIC, CRYST.\L PAL.\CE and
KINGSTON PRIZE and UNEQUALLED HYBRIDISED CAL-
CEOLARIA now ready, in Sealed Packets, with full Du'ectious for
Sowing and Growing, Is. Gd., 2-t. Gd., 3s. Gd., and 5,-!.

DonsoN & Sons, Seedsmen, Isleworth. London, W.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula fimbriata.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply NEW SKED nf tlie
above, saved from choicest flowers, in packets. Is., 2s. Gd., and
6s. each, post free.

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Choice Seeds.

CHARLES TURNER'S superior CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA are now ready, in packets, 2s. Gd.
each. The Royal Nurseries, Slough."

TNTERNATIONAL PRIZE CALCEOLARIA,
X CINERARIA, and PRIMULA.— These aro unquestionably the
handsomest in cultivation. New Seed now ready, in packets, 2s. Gd.
each, free by post.
____^_ Edwin Coolino, Seed Merchant, Derby.

CALCEOLARIA, CINERARIA, and PRIMULA
SINENSIS, — Seed of each, from tho choicest and most beautiful
flowers, in 2s Gd and 5s. packets, post free.
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD, or OX CABBAGE,

3s. Gd. per lb. (Seed of Mr. Robinson's own saving )
DRUMHEAD, or OX CABBAGE (old sort), 2s. per lb.

Together with all othei' Seeds for present Sowing. Parcels of
two pounds and upwards carriage free.

Jamfs Dickshn & Sons, "Newton" Nurseries, Cheater.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept in Stock nt
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 23.S, Hi^h Holborn, London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, Merchants, and Nurskrvmen,

237 & L':!s, Hi;;h llolborn, London. W.C.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE beg to announce to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
18G7 Growth, is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishmont, WLtihcch, Cambs,

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY. Limited.
CoBM, Seed, Manure, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C, ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1S51,
for \yheat ; U62, for "Excellent Seed Corn and Seeds."

rrdBINSON'S~PRIXE'~DRrTM"HEAD CABBAGE
t PLANTS, 3s. per 1000, of A. Wililin, Tiptree, Kolvedon
Essex. Prepaid orders only attended to.

Turnip Seeds for Present Sowing.

SUTTON AND SONS CAn suppiv NEW SERD of the
BEST KINDS for PRESENT SOWING. PRIUED LISTS on
application. All goods carnage free except very small parcels.
Sutton & Sons. Seed Growers. Reading.

SUTTON'S RENOVATING GRASSES
SHOULD NOW BE SOWN.

6 1b. to 121b, required per acre.

Price lOd. per lb,, or cheaper by the cwt.

Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

Grass Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

SUTTON'S PERMANENT GRASS SEEDS
FOR ALL SOILS.
Prices (according to sorts required and soils for which they are
intended), may be had on application,

Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

OUTTON'S IMPROVED ITALIAN KVE-GIUSS.

O tho Best and Mo:,t PHODL-cnvi: in Cultivation,

Sutton & Sons can supply New Seed of tho above at 6s, per

bushel, or cheaper in large quantities.

August and Septemb^jr are tlie best months for Sowing.
SuTTo.f & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

826

THE (lARBENERS' CHHONICLE AND AGRlCtlLTtlRAL GAZETTE.

[August 10, 1867.

JAMES CARTER and CO. beg to announce that they
nro now sendinp out tbeir unnvalled Strains of CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, which, for fineness of form and
beauty of colour cannot be surpassed.

CALCEOLARIA, saved from the finest Prize varieties.

CINERARIA, saved from the finest named varieties.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, dark carmine and pure
■white, saved from the finest fringed varieties m cultivation. Price,
each packet, 2s. 6d., forwarded on receipt of Post-oflico Order for
the amount.

e^ PRICE LISTS gratis and Post free on application to Cartkr's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

DRUMHEAD CATTLE CABBAGE,
The Heaviest of all AoRicDtTORAL Crops,
This should bo Sown in August, for Transplanting in the Spring.
ScTTox & Sons can supply —
RORIN&ON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE (the

heaviest known), at 3s. 6d. per lb.
GOOD DRUMHEAD CABBAGE at 2s. Gd. per lb.

Sdtton & Sons, Seed Growers. Reading.

Winter Cucumbers.

ROLLISSON'S TELEGRAPH CUCUMBER, the Best
Winter and Early Spring variety in cultivation, an immense and
certain cropper. — We with reluctance have to state tbat some parties
have been supplying a spurious variety for the above ; purchasers
should bave a guarantee of its being true, or they may fail in their
crop. There are several varieties of Telegraph Cucumber In culti-
vation, but in no way equal to the above.

In printed sealed packets, with description, 2s. Gd. each.
PRIMULA and CINERARIA, new seed, from the finest varieties
in cultivation. Packets, 2s. Gd. each.

W. RoLLissoN & Sons, The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.

/^OCOA-NUT EEFUSE

^-^ is becoming boaroe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 20 for 30s., 60 for 6Gs., 100
for £6.
^ FourpenoQ allowed lor each
? bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-ofBco
Order, payable to J. Barsbau &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

Important to Florists and Horticulturists.

POOLEY'S TOBACCO POWDER,
prepared under authority of the HON. BOARD of CUSTOMS,
can now be obtained of Seedsmen, Nurserymen, &c., in Tins.

Prices, Is., 2s, Gd., and 5s.

Wholesale from the Bonded Manulhctory, Sussex Wharf, Wapping, E.

Office, 50, Lime Struct, London, E.G.

Gl S H U R S T
COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1859, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green IPly, and other Ulight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to IG ounces
as a Winter Dressing lor Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. Qd.

Red
Spider

Mjigni-
flud.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(LiuiTHn).

" T NEVBR had my PLANTS CLEANER or looking

JL better than they do now since using your Insecticide. It will
kill anything in the shape of Plant Insects without the slightest
injury to the Plants. *' J. Dale, F.R.H.S.,

" Gardener to the Hon. Society of the Middle Temple."

" Messrs. G. & T. Fowler, Brighton."

" T710R ALL PURPOSES I consider your Gardener's

i Insecticide far superior to any remedy that has come under
my notice. Most effectual in Destroying the Blue FIv on Plums,
and the Black Flv on the Cherries. " Wm. Kniqut, "llailsbam."

" Messrs. G. & T. Fowled, Brighton."

DESTROYS EVERT INSECT to wliicli I have
applied it, without the least injury to tho most delicate
Plant. " G. Parsons, Brighton."

"Messrs. G. & T. Fowler, Brighton."

Fowler's Gardener's Insecticide,

To which the above Testimonials refer, possesses all the requisite
essentials of a complete remedy for tboroughly and effectually
destroying and preventing, as it kills both Insects and Ova. It is
perfectly safe, for it will not injm-e the Foliage of the most delicate
Plant. It is most easily applied, being at one streni;th— 4 ozs. to a
gallon of water— suitable for all Insects and all Plants. Will
strengthen and invigorate Plants, and improve tho appearance of
Foliage.

In Jars with direction. Price Is. Gd., 3s., 5s. Gd. and 10s. May be
had of all Seedsmen, Nuvaerymen, Florists, and Chemists ; or ot tho
Manufacturers, G. & T. Fowlkr, North Street, Brighton

P.S.— London Agents: Hoofer &, Co., Covent Garden, W C

COUNCIi..
The Right Hon. W. Cowper.M.P.
Thomas Hughes, Esq., M.P,
Walter Morrisoii, Esq., M.P.
James Beal. Jtsq.
Edward Vansittart Neale, Esq.
F. Pennington, Esq. (Treasurer).
E. Owen Greening, Esq.
(Managing Director).

20, Parliament Street, London.
4, Warren Street, Manchester.

QUPPLIEsTts Member!?

KJ with IMPLEMENTS and
MACHI NES by the best Makers,
and with Unadultenitcd SEEDS,
MANURES, and Manufactured
CATTLE FOOD, at Wholesa;e Coat Price, upon the Co-operative
system. Explanatory Circulars [>(. st free, or on personal application
at tiie Offices of the Association.

M

New Roses for 1868.

ESSRS. JOHN AND CHARLES LEE have pur-
chased the Stocks of the TWO finest NEW ROSES which
have' been exhibited on the Continent this season, and hope to
exhibit them in London in June next, that the Public may judge

of their merits before they are sent out.

CLEMENCE RAODX (Granger).— Blush, edged and spotted rose,
of large size and perfect form ; petals stout and very endm-ing ;
habit erect and vigorous.

Gold Medal awarded at the Great Rose Show at Brio Comte
Robert in July.
EDWARD MORREN (Granger). —Mons. Margottln thus describes
this splendid Rose ; — " It is in the way of Jules Margottin, but of a
more delicate colour, of better form, more double, and much larger."
First Prize awarded at the Exposition Universelle in Paris
in July.

To be sent out in the Autumn of 1868.
Royal Vineyard Nuisery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith, W.

Roses, Roses.

ROSES, on own roots and in pots, grown on
now, will flower indoors nest spring, viz. :—
6 CHOICE TEAS I 3 CHOICE BOURBONS

C „ H.P.s

3 „ ^"OISETTES 1 2 „ CHINAS
The Collection of 20 dibtinct and first-class sorts
for 20s.

Post-office Orders on Castle Hedingbam.

DiLLISTONE & WOODTOOHFE,

Munro Nursery, Sible Hedingbam. Essex.

TRICULOR GEEANIUMS,
&c. — parlies not possessing the
following, should order tbem at once: —

Price of the Collection, £1 Is. ; or any
Sis may be selected for IGs.

EDWINIA FITZPATRICK

BEAUTY of GUESTWICK

TWILIGHT

VARIEGATED QUEEN of
NOSEGAYS

MRS. P. J. PERRT

PRESIDENT LINCOLN

SCEPTRE D'OR

ITALIA UNITA

MRS. MAXWELL HUTTON

CRYSTAL PALACE GEM
TRICOLOR-LEAVED & other IVIES.

— 12 of the finest and most beautiful

Ivies in cultivation, in 12 distinct

sorts, for 10s.
Post-office orders on Castle Hedingham,

A fi4-page CATALOGUE of CHOICE
NEW PLANTS free for one stamp,

DiLLISTONE & VVooDTooRPE, Munro Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Esses

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.
T ^VATSON'S beautiful liEDUING PELARGONIUM
cJ • EXCELSIOR, now ready; colour of Indian Yellow; lino
truss, and habit of Lord Palmerston. Price 5s. each ; 30s. per doz.
to the Trade.

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1- The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Pi ize Money.

Fine New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe in
April. Plants readvin November. 5s. each; 3Gs. per doz. to the Trade
DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

New and Beautiful Variegated Geraniums.

FAND A. SMITH respectfully invite the public to an
• inspection of their lai-ge and varied Collection of the above,
which comprises every shade of colour in each cl.oss of Golden and
Silver Variegation, and also Golden or Bronze Zonal, as- they are
gro^vn both under glass and in the open air. A fair estimate of their
qualities can easily be formed. To be seen every day except Sunday.
Trains start frequently from the Ludgate Hill and Elephant and
Castle Stations for Dulwich, and fi-om London Bridge to Lower
Norwood. Dulwich, Surrey, S,

F

New Tricolored Geraniums.
AND A. SMITH are now sending out the foUowm"
bright coloured and free growing varieties ; —

Yellow Edged.
ANTAGONIST
ENSIGN
GRANDIS
L'EMPEREUR
LOUISA SMITH
METEOR
MONARCH
PRINCE OF WALES
UNIQUE

Silver Edged.
IMPERATRICE EUGENIE
DAWN

PRINCESS OF WALES
QUEEN OF THE FAIRIES
QUEEN VICTORIA

Bronze Zonals,
MRS. CHARLES BARRY
BRONZE BELT
BRONZE SHIELD
VANDYKE. &c.

For descriptions see CATALOGUE, to be had free on application."
The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

New Verbenas of 1867.

DREGHORN AND AITKEN have now a large stock
of the above, containing all the finest sorts sent out by Turner,
Keynes, Low, Henderson, &c., and beg to ofter them as follows, in
strong, healthy, well-rooted Plants : —

2i Varieties for 10s. | 12 Varieties for 5s.
Safely packed and delivered free of carriage to any part of Great
Britain or Ireland.
The Nurseries, Kilmarpock, N.B.

/^RASS SEEDS for

PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
hnest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See "WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture,

J. C, WuEELzn & SoH,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to tho Gloucestershire
Agricultural Society.

Early Spring Feed, Trlfolium
Incarnatum.

Q U T T 0 N ' S

O ITALIAN RYE-GRASS.

NEW LATE RED TRIFOLIUM,
NEW LATE WHITE TRIFOLIUM.

These are invaluable articles for early
Sprmg Feed, either grown separately or
together. The proper quantity of Italian
Rye-grass, if sown alone, is 3 bushels per
acre, or if Trifolium alone, 28 lbs. per acre.

The New Seed is now being harvested,
and we shall be pleased to send samples
and lowest prices per quarter and cwt. on
application. Also MUSTARD and RAPE,
New Seed.

All goods carriage free, except very small
parcels.

Sutton k Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Extra Fine Quality.

COLE SEED, " 1866 growth," per b isholof 521b., II5. ;
4 bushels do., 40s. New 4-8 Sacks, Is. Gd, each.
EARLY SLX-WEEKS' TURNIP, New Seed, very fine, 9d. per lb.

New B;ms, Gd. to Od. each.
EXCELLENT CABBAGE SEED. See Catalogue of varieties.
Remittances to accompany Orders.
Fredk. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Beds,

Dutch Bulbs.

JOHN EERNAN has received the first importation of
DUTCH BULBS, principally HYACINTHS, and advises an
early application to parties fond of these beautiful Flowers ; owing
to the weather, the Stock of fine Bulbs is very limited. If the
selection is left to J. K., he will endeavour to give the highest satis-
faction, and also begs to recommend for present sowing SEEDS of
the following: —

Prickly Spinach, H-.rdy Winter White Cos Lettuce, Victoria
Cabbage do . Green Curled Endive, Nonpareil Cabbage, London
Market do., Shilling's Queen do., Enfield Market do., and Ne Plus
Ultra do , Lisbon Onion, Olive and Black Spanish Radish, Corn
Salad, Six Week Turnip, Early Horn Carrot, Calceolaria, finest i
mixed ; Cineraria, do. ; Primula sinensis flmbriata. Intermediate
and Brompton Stocks, Mushroom Spawn, Japan Flax. Garden
Syringes, Fumigators, Labels and Flower Sticks, Garlic, Shalots,
and Peruvian Guano, &c.

4, Russell Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Hyaclntlis.

/^EORGE DAYIES bcg3 respectfully to inform the

VT Nobility and Gentrv that his PRICED CATALOGUE of
HYACINTHS and other DUTCH BULBS is now ready, and may be
obtained, post free, on application. He also has much satisfaction in
stating that he has arranged with the growers, Messrs. J. H. Kersten
& Co., of Haarlem, who supplied him with the Bulbs with which he
and his numerous customers obtained so many prizes at the St.
George Hall Exhibition in March last; and would take this opportunity
of intimating to his kind Patrons, and those about to purchase for
competition or otherwise, that early orders should bo given, to secure
first-class Bulbs. As an evidence of the superiority of his Bulbs,
G. D. need only to refer to the List of Prizes awarded by the Horti-
cultural Society of Liverpool, March, 1SG7. Out of the 19 Prizes
awarded to Amateurs for Hyacinths, 13 of them were obtained by
Bulbs purchased at his establishment. Also in the Nurseryman's
Class, G. D. is proud to say, the first 24 and the first 12 were obtained
by him in competition with Messrs. William Cutbush & Son.
Green Lane Nurseries, Old Swan, Liverpool.

c

HOICE SEEDS in SEALED PACKETS.

ROBERT PARELER begs to offer the following (all
the Plants are strong and noalthy, and can be supplied in
quantities) : —

PANSY CLIVEDEN BLUE, 6s. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN PURPLE, 6s. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN YELLOW, Gs. per dozen.
POLEMONIUM CCERULEUM VARIEGATUM, 2s. Gd. each.
RHODODENDRON COUNTESS of HADDINGTON, 3a. Gd. each,
TRITOMA GRANDIS. 18s. per dozen.
TRITOMA UVARIA GLAUCESCENS, 12s. per dozen.
VIOLA CORNUTA, best variety, is. per dozen.
VIOLET, REINE DES VIOLETS, Gs. per dozen.
VIOLET THE CZAR, Os. per dozen. [per packet.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, finest mixed seed, 2s.Gd.
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of AGRICUL-
TURAL, FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and will be for-
warded free to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

THE " PRIZE " STRAIN of CYCLAMEN PERSICUM. — This
splendid Sti-ain of Seed has passed entirely into the hands of
B. S. Williams. It is tiie seed saved from tho magnificent plants
grown and shown by Mr, Wiggins, gardener to W. Beck, Esq., Isle-
worth, at the Spring Shows in the present year ; they were in each
instance awarded 1st prize, and were tho admiration of all the
visitoi-s. The flowers are 1 inch across, by 14 inches in depth, tho
colours ranging from a bright carmine to a delicately tinted white,
and pure white tipped with crimson, the leaves beautifully marbled ;
Indeed, the leaves, apart from the flowers, possess a peculiar attrac-
tion in the diversity of their marbled surface. This seed should be
sown as early in the Autumn as possible. None genuine unless the
packets bear B. S. W.'s name and address. Price, per Packet,
is. Gd., 2s. Gd., and 3s. Gd.

THE "PRIZE" STRAIN of POLYxVNTHUS. — This beautiful
Strain of one of the prettiest spring-flowering plants was also
exhibited most successfully by Mr. Wiggins, of whom E. S. W. has
purchased the entire stock and right of sale. Nono genuine unless
the packets bear B. S. Williams s name and address. Price Is.,
2s. Gd., and 3s. 6d. per packet.

Other Choice Strains of Seed.

JAMES'S CALCEOLARIA, 2s. Gd., 3s. Gd., and 6s. per packet.

WEATHERILL'S CINERARIA, lis. Gd., 3s. Gd., and 6s. per pkt.

WILLIAMS' PRIMULA, 2s. Gd., 3s. Gd., and 5s. per packet.
B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, N.

THE LADY, a SEEDLING STRAWBERRY, raised
by Mr. Underhill, who was the originator of Sir Harry.
Plants are now ready to be sent out (in lots not less than 20).
All applications must be accompanied by a Post-offlce order on
Birmingham. Postage stamps or cash to receive attention.

Paicts of the Lady Strawbkrry Plants, from Joly, 1SG7,
to AuccsT, 18C8.

One Hundred.. ..£2 8 0 1 Sixty £1 12 0

Eighty 2 1 6 I Forty 12 0

Twenty 12s.

Plants in pots [not less than 10], at Is. 3d. each.

Packages of all the above included.

Mr. Underhill's Treatise on the Cultivation ot Strawberries

(either in English, French, or German), may be had through the

post, price Is.

Address, Mr. Richard Underbill, Sir Harry's Road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.

N.E.— The Sir Harry being now in general cultivation, Mr. Under*
niLL intends reserving for a few years Pl.ants for those persons who
may prefer having them direct and genuine from himself, spurious
varieties having been so often substituted for the original.

The permanent prices of Sir Harry for the future will bo : — 20 (uot
ms), W.I. ; 40, 18s. ; 60, £l Gs. ; 80, £1 14s. ; 100, £1 18s. Plants in
pots (not less than 10), Is. 3d. each, packages included.
Testimonials (infer alia).
" Borough of Birrainghamj Mayor's Office, July 25, 1867- ■
" Mv Dear Sir, — I beg to thank you very warmly for the dish of
noble Strawberries— The Lady— 3'ou have so kindly sent me. Their
beautiful appearance and exquisite flavour are equally wonderful,
and tho celebrity you have attained in cultivating this fine fruit la
certainly fully deserved.— I am. my dear Sir, very faithfully yours,
"Richard Underbill, Esq." "Tuomas Avery, Mayor."

" The Cedars, Castle Bromwich, near Birmingham, July 3, 1866.
"Dear Sib,— 1 am sorry I cannot accept your invitation to view
your Strawberries on Wednesday next, having to attend at Regent's
Park on tbat day. 1 thank you for the basket of yom- Seedling, The
Lady, which is without doubt an excellent variety ; the flavour la
delicate and luscioui;, and quite distinct from any Strawberry I am
acquainted with; the perfume is somewhat extraordinary; I look
upon it as a decided acquisition.— With best respects, I am, dear
Sir, yours very truly, " Ciias. Jas. Perry."

"Riohard Underbill, Esq."

"Mona Cottage, Edgbaston, July 27, 1365.
" Dear Sir,— I do not know when 1 was better pleased than with a
view of the beds of your Seedling Strawberry, The Lady, the colour
of the fruit was so light and lively, and the crop so large ; as to the
fl.ivour, it was most delicious, and exceeded any Melon I ever tasted,
and reminded me much cf the Pine Apple. When youx plants are
ready, please to let me know, for I must have some.— I remain, dear
Sir, yours truly. " TouS. Bcbbidoe.
" R. Uunderhill, Esq."

At the Glasgow and West of Scotland Horticultural Society, an
Extra Prize and First-class Certificate was awarded, July 11, 1806.

27ie Birmingham Daily Post, July 17, 1800.
" TnE Lady Strawberry— We recorded on Saturday the Judgment

of Glasgow connoisseurs upon Mr. Underhill's New Strawberry, ^vo
are now in a position to record our own. We do not pretend to any
large amount of technical knowledge on the subject, but we ao lay
claim to have eaten Strawberries of all kinds in our time, and naying
done so, our opinion is that The Lady is the most dehcious Iruit it
has ever been our hap to taste."

The Midland Counties Herald, July It), 1860.
" HoBTicuLTDRK.— We havo recently had an opportunity ot iDBpect-
ing some beds of The Lady Strawberry, raised by Mr B. Underlnli,
Sir Harry's Road, Edgbaston, and sent out by him last year. It is a
free-growmg. prolific variety, and produces a fair sized berry, which
ripens thoroughly, and in flavour la delicious and distinct.

AtrausT 10, 1S67.]

THE GAUDENEKS' ClIRONTCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

827

FRESH IMPORTED DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

SUTTON'S

AUTUMN CATALOGUE FOR 1867

IS NOW KEADY,
and may lie haJ Gratis and Post Free on nppUoation.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS OF FLOWER ROOTS

FOR BLOOMING DURING WINTER AND SI'UING.

For I'ots and Glasses.
COllPLETE COLLECTION (Carriage Free).. £2 2 0
DITTO (Carriage Free) ..110
DITTO 0 10 6

For Open Ground.
COMPLETE COLLECTION (Carriage Free) . . ,02 2
DITTO (Caniage Free) .,11
DITTO.. 0 10

LIST of CONTENTS of the above on application.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKS SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS,

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.,

BEO TO ANNOTJNCE TH.4.T THEIR

ANNUAL CATALOGUE OF DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS,

CONTAINING ALSO

A SELECT LIST OF VEGETABLE SEEDS FOR AUTUMN SOWING,
Is now ready and will be forwarded Post Free on application.

THE SUPERB NEW LATE GRAPE,
"MRS. PINCE'S BLACK MUSCAT."

LUCOMBE, PINCE, & CO.,

EXETER NURSERY, EXETER,

Are now sending out this magnificent Seedling, acknowledged by numerous eminent Horticulturists as undoubtedly
the very best Late Grape, with true Muscat flavour.

Strong Canes, £1 Is. each ; Fruiting Canes, £2 2s. each ;
Extra Strong Fruiting Canes, £3 3s. each.

COPIES OP TESTIMONIALS ON APPLICATION.

WUlB' Gold and Bronze Pelargoniums.

M

R. WILLIAM m;LL lii'^-s (o announce that he in

now sonrtlnK out WILLS' Sl'LKNIJU) HIIONZE ami GOLD,
also Ills Mipcili VAIUHUATKl) ZONAL I'KLAlUiONIUMS ;

riH

iiiiiiioM, (ienci liitUiiiH, mill prictM ol wliioli will bo louiiit In
MH. WILLIAM HULLS CATALUGUJi of NKW iiiiil KAltK
I'LANTS (pages 8 and !)}, which nmy bo had ou applicfttlon.
KHtalillshmont for Now and Raro Plants, King's Rood, CIiuIkcii, 8.W.

T S.

CHEAP NEW PLAN

(loftholicst NEW NOSKGAY rKLAIlGONIUMS.
0 iif tlio host /AINAL PKLAIIOUNIUM.S.
llofthohost NKW PI'ynjNlAS.
11 i.f till' hint NKW I'ENTSTEMONS.
ill'iiA TUIVIALIS ARUKNTEA ELKOANS.
li ALTERNANTIIKltA PARON VCUOIDKS.
0 IRI'.MINE AUllEA RETICULATA.
The ahovo collection, well rootod and established In pots, for £1,
package Included.

NuNN Xi IIouDAY, St. AugTistlno's NuTsory, Norwich.

The Editor of the Gardener says (August 1, 1867), in his " Notes of a Trip to Manchester," &c. :— " We came
to another handsome new house standing unoccupied, and in reply to our inquiry why it was so, Mr. Meredith said,
I have built that house with a view to planting it entirely with Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat Grape. I went to
Exeter to see it in the Spring, and my opinion is that it will supersede all our present Black Grapes for Winter use '
We concluded that if so good a judge as Mr. Meredith, and a man so much alive to his own interest, had come to this
conclusion, it was the best Certificate this Grape could have."

TO NOBLEMEN, GENTLEMEN, NURSERYMEN, &c.

T)ANBUKY HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1867, will

L> be bold on TUESDAY, August 27.

Trizes open to all, whether Members or not, on payment of au
Eutrarico Foo of 2h. Gd.

For Stove or Greenbouso I'lantn either in Flower or Oraamontai,
but not Fuchsiafi, Achimenes, Goranluma, or Annuals, 0 varieties, to
be grown in not less than S-inch pots, Ist, £3 ; 2<l, £2.

For the bobt ■1\ Dahlias, 21 varieties, 1st, £3 ; 2d, £2.

For tbo bent 18 Hollyhocks, 'i blooms of each, Ist, £2 ; 2d, £1.

For tho best 12 varieties of Verbenas (5 tniaacs m a bunch), 1st,
£1 ; 2d, 15s.

The Judges may withhold any Prizo if tho Production exhibited be
not considered wortby. Intended Exhibitors must give notice to
the Secretary on or before Satm-day, August 24.

The Society will, if 1-equested, convey the productions from and to
the iiftilways,

For further particulars and Schedules apply to

ARTLEv, Secretary.

EALING, ACTON, and HANWELL HORTICUL-
TtlBAL SOCIETY.
Pres(rf«i(— The Rieht Hon. S. H. Walpole, M.P.
Vicc-Presidcnl—GM-on Lionel de Rothschild, M.P.

The above Society has been established for the purpnse of holding
an ANNUAL EXHIBITION of FLOWERS, PLANTS, FRUIT,
and VEGETABLES, at which Prixcs will be awarded in threo dis-
tinct Classes, viz., Cottagers, Gentlemen's Gardeners, andAmateurs.

An AnnuAl Subscription of not less than Half-a-Guiuea will entitle
the Subscriber to become a Member of the Society, and to two
Tickets of Admission to tha Exhibition, and to two Tickets for
everi' additional Subscription of Haifa Guinea.

The THIRD EXHIBITION of the Society will bo held, by the
kind permission of H. B. Walmsley, Esq., in his Grounds, Tho Elms,
Acton, on THURSDAY, August 20. The Band of the Victoria
R. V.C., under the direction of Mr. Sibold, will attend.

Schedule of Prizes and Form of Application to bo made by
intending Exhibitors raav be had of the llonornry Secretary.

Admission :— By Member's Ticket from 12 o'clock. Tickets, if
purchased the day before the Exhibition takes place, 2s. ; if on tho
day, Zs., to admit at 12 o'Clock ; Is. each if purchased tho day before,
and Is. Crf. if on the d.iy, to admit at 2 o'clock ; alter 4 o'clock, 4d.
on the day, and if purchased the day before, 2d.

Tickets c;in be iiurchascrt at Mr. Acwonxn's, Ealing; of Mr.
Bdnney, Acton ; and of Mr. H. Cakter, Hanwell,

Edward Weatuerlt. Hon. Sec, 2, Singapore Villas, Ealing, W.

DIJNDKE HOKTICULTUIiAL SOCIETY.—
GRAND FLO HAL FETE (in honour of tho Visit of the
British Association) will He held in ttie BAXTER PARK, DUNDEE,
WEDNESDAY till SATURDAY, September 4. 5, 6, 7.

£300 sterling offered in prize money, open to the United Kingdom,
to all who shall become Members, Gardeners, and Amateurs, 4s. ;

The Nomination Prize List is to be kept open till TUESDAY.
August 20, and all Cumpetitors are required to specify, not later
than that date, the classes in which they intend to compete.

Horticultural Builders desirous of erecting Greenhouses, &c., on
the ground, by way of advertisement, are requested to communicate
with tho Secretary or Treasurer.
Prize Schedules and Forms of Entry may be had on application.
W. K. M'Kklvik, Secretary, 40, Reform Street.
James Hahdie, Treasurer, OS, Nethergate.

Wixt (SattrenersS'Cftrontcle.

SATURDAY, AUGUST 10, 1867.

IMPORTANT SALE WITHOUT RESERVE.

JAS. GARAWAY & CO.,

DURDHAM DOWN NURSERIES, BRISTOL,

Beg to announce that in consequence of the approaching Expiration of the Lease of the above-mentioned
olil-cstabhshed and well-known Nurseries, their

ENTIRE STOCK OF STOVE, GREENHOUSE PLANTS, FERNS, &c.,

OKANGEs'^^l \nT,S,H'"*\™//';''f''v''\l'?'A^?i '!"'"''"'• ^P^oimen HE.WHS, AZALE.\S, CAMELLIAS,
of all thP L. ' "°V . "P'^f^'i stock of AMARYLLIS, the largest and most varied in England, consisting
^1 b SOM h?A^T^T?^1/"''T,°^'p™'^"''^°^^'^°^^«I^" BULBS of splendid unnamed 'HYBRIDS^
SiUdTb? P^varcr^krofW'NL".Ti"^Siranf ?1°^^^^^^ ^'^°"^'' ^° "^^ "-"""'^ "^

CATALOGUES will be ready a fortnight preyious to the Sale, and wUl be forwarded Post Free on application.

ihe whole of the Plants are now Lotted, and can be viewed any time between 6 a.m. and 8 p M.

JAS. GAEAWAY akd CO.'S Lease expires in the Spring of 1869, and till then Business will be earried
on at the present Address as usual.

JAS. GARAWAY and CO., DDRDHAM DOWN NURSERIES, BRISTOL,

The exhibition at the last Tuesday meeting of
the Royal Horticultural Society of the fruits of
some of the edible Passion-flowers, raises the
question once again as to what Passifloea
MACROCARPA may be. Fruits of a size amply to
justify this designation, even if not quite so
Brobdingnagian as they are .stated to be in certain
quarters, have fiom time to time been exhibited.
In form, no less than in size, the.se fruits differ
widely from those of tho plant usually, and as
we believe correctly, called P. quadrangularis.
In order to get information re.specting this large-
fruited Passion-flower, we addressed ourselves in
the first instance to M. LiifDEN, through whose
collector, Mr. Wallis, the plant was a few years
back introduced to our gardens. M. Linden was
kind enough to forward us a rough pen-and-ink
drawing of the leaves and flowers of P. macrocarpa ,
and stated that the plant ' ' was discovered ty
Mr. Wallis on tho banks of the Eio Negro,
between Manaos and Barcellos, four or five years
ago ; that the species was more vigorous in
growth than its congeners, and that its fruits,
much relished in their native country, attained a
weight of eight pounds." M. Linden added,
that " the species is closely allied to quadi-angu-
laris, but is perfectly distinct from it in flower,
fruit, and leaves." Thus far M. Linden, whose
opinion is very different from that of Mr.
P. L. HiN-DS, from whose establishment at
Byfleet some of the largest fruits of the
so-called P. macrocarpa have been produced.
In reply to our inquiries, Mr. Hinds courteously
gave us the following information : — •" You
may feel perfectly assm-ed that the fruit
I have produced at The Lodge, Byfleet, is the
true Passiflora quadrangtrlaris of the West

828

THE GAtoMMS' CHEONIOLE AN!) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 10, 1867.

Indies. I have kuown it for upwards of 60
years, and it has been fully described in many
books — by Hughes in his "History of Bar-
bados," by MiLLEE, Browne, and many others;
and last by J. D. Mayoock, M.D., in his " Flora
Barbadensis," published nearly 40 years ago.
The residents in the West Indies may well pity
the credulity of such persons as are disposed,
without inquiry, to imagine that the so-called
Passiflora macrocarpa is a rare and newly
imported fruit. My plants were sent to me
from the "West Indies some j'ears ago, and have
come into very full bearing of fruit this year
(1866). The size of the fruit varies much — from
5 lb. to nearly 8 lb., and the .shape is also not
uniform, dej^ending on the position of the shoots
of the plants in the tropical houses."

Mr. Hinds, then, evidently is of opinion that
P. macrocarpa is nothing but a form of P. quad-
rangularis. We have referred to the several
works mentioned by Mr. Hinds, as well as to
many other standard works on the natural
history of the West Indies, &c. , and although,
of course, we find numerous i-eferences to
P. quadrangularis, &c., we have hitherto not
been able to find a single passage, in any writer,
at all applicable to such a fruit as that now
called P. macrocarpa. The fruit of P. quadran-
gularis is either not mentioned at all, or it is
described as oval, aud about the size of a swan's
egg, of a yellowish-green colour — ' ' bacca mag-
nitudine fermse ovi olorini, oblonga, elliptica
lateo virens" — a description corresponding accu-
rately with the fruit cultivated in this country
under the name of quadrangularis, for fresh
specimens of which we are indebted to Mr.
Faiebaien, of Syon, and others.

Grisebach, in his "Flora of the West Indies, "
describes P. quadrangularis as variable in the
size of the flower and fruit, the latter of which
measures, says he, 5 inches in length, and less.
InSlEBOLD and DeVeiese's "Flore des Jardius,"
1858, tab. 7, the fruit of P. quadrangularis, var.
Decaisneana, is figured of the elliptical or swan's
egg form, before alluded to.

It may here be remarked that P. quadrangu-
laris has long been cultivated in the West Indies,
where the wild form is hardly, if ever, met with.
Jacquin himself saj's ho never saw it wild.

There is then clearly room for much difference
of opinion, botanically speaking ; and, so far as
we see at present, there is as much reason
to suppose that P. macrocarpa (Hort. Linden)
from the Eio Negro is as good a species as
P. quadi-angularis (Linn.) from the West
Indies is. On the other hand, there are ample
grounds for supposing that the two forms
alluded to are but varieties of one species, and
have originally been derived from the same
source. This, after all, is a purelj' botanical
question — horticultural ly, there can be no doubt
whatever that the large square-fruited Passion-
flower, is sufficiently distinct from the large
egg-shaped one, so long cultivated here under
the name of P. quadrangularis. The Passiflora
macrocarpa splendens, with fruit weighing we
are afraid to say how much, we only know from
the description of the vendor ; and as his state-
ment on the point has been repeatedlj' challenged
without reply, we may safely assume that the
Passiflora macrocarpa splendens is not likely to
find a permanent place in horticultural catalogues,
and not even an entry into scientific registers.

We are reminded by an inquiiy as to the
propriety or otherwise of CUTTING the Leaves
from Steawbeeky Plants, on the part of one
who owns himself to be inexperienced in practical
gardening, that there may be other inexperienced
readers to whom a few seasonable words of advice
on this matter may be opportune. The cjues-
tion with oiu' candid correspondent is as to how
far he may venture to cut, in dressing up his
Strawberry rows.

The Strawberry is naturally inclined to run
wild, and a plantation of Strawberries would
soon, therefore, become a forcible illustration of
the struggle for existence, if proper means were
not taken to keep the individual plants within
bounds. Some cutting and trimming is therefore
clearly necessarj'. At one time, under the plea
of letting in the Ught to the crowns, this cutting
took the form of an annual mowing off of the
leaves with a scythe ; but this barbarous
practice, which we occasionally find there is still
a desire to adopt, is universally condemned
by the more advanced practitioners of the present
day. But why, it may be asked, is there so
much harm in thus cutting off the leaves, many
of which are old and unsightly ? and does not

the removal of them cause the plants to throw
up a fresh crop of green succulent leaves that
are both pleasant to look upon, and beneficial to
the jjlant ? The answer to this involves the old
old story of the importance of perfect leaf-action
in the economy of the plant. Cut off the leaves
thus unceremoniously, and the energy of the
plant, which would be better occupied in orga-
nising the " bud" for next season, is partlyused
up in the effort to replace them, so that there is
first a loss of that kind of force which we call
the vital energy of the plant, and there is the
fm'ther loss of time, in the height of summer
too, while the young leaves are formin_
during which nothing can be in process of
being stored np, as would have been the case
had the healthy leaves not been interfered with.
Cultivators then should bear in mind the import-
ance of retaining leaves to their plants, and not
be tempted to adopt the rude mode of dressing
them above adverted to.

We have said that some cutting and trimming
is necessary, aud thus the question arises. What
form should it take ? First of all then the
runners, having from time to time been held in
check, should at this period of the season be
entirely cut away, so that the older crowns may
not get smothered by the numerous young plants
that will obtrude amongst them, and usui'p the
best positions, if left to themselves. Next the
outer aud older leaves should be cut away with
a sharp knife, but in such a way that the
healthy and vigorous leaves may sustain no
injury, but be left to go on fulfilling the func-
tion of sap elaboration for which they were
designed, for it is in this way that they store up,
silently but surely, within the plant those
matui'ed products upon which the future crop
depends. And, thirdly, wherever the crowns
themselves of the several distinct patches of
plants, have become at all crowded, they
should be thinned by cutting the weakest of them
clean away with the knife, and thus leaving the
rest in a more favourable position to benefit by
the natural action of the leaves during the
remainder of the summer. This is all the
cutting to which a Strawberry plantation should
be subjected, and even some of this may be
dispensed with, when the high-class system of
very frequent renewal of the plants is adopted.

But when, it may be asked, should this work be
done F As soon, we reply, as the crop is gathered,
or as soon after that as may be practicable. If
delayed till now, it should be delayed no longer,
though there is yet time, should the season prove
genial, for securing much of the benefit which
results from it when carried out in an intelligent
manner. When the cutting is over, the ground
between the plants should be stirred with a hoe,
and mulched with good rotten manure, or
drenched with manure water ; but it should not
be dug, lest the roots be injured, and a check
given to that accumulation of organisable matter,
that storing up of energy, on which the success
of the prospective crop so much depends.

To sum up, then : those whose Strawberry
plantations are as yet undi-essed should lose no
time in cutting away all runners, all decayed or
decaying leaves, as well as some of the older
ones, and the weaker crowns also if the\' are
getting crowded. They should then hoe, and
mulch, and also water freely if necessary. The
new foliage which will be thus induced to grow
up will continue to produce abundance of new
tissue, as the uninjured leaves have meanwhile
been doing, and at this season of the year, under
favourable circumstances, this tissue will have
time to become matured. Thus, by a sort of
annual regeneration of the plants themselves, the
necessity for annual or frequent renewal of the
plantations becomes all the less necessary ; indeed
by following out this process, the plants may be
kept in full bearing for many years.

One of the subjects which is to occupy the
attention of the Botanical Congress, shortly to be
held in Paris, relates to the ACTION of Soil on
Plants, a subject of no little interest to the
horticultui-ist. In Nature, we frequently see
certain plants thriving on certain descriptions of
soil, while they are entirely absent from others.
Go into a chalk or limestone district and you
will find, as it wore, a special set of plants very
different from those which you may meet with in a
marshy district. The sea-coast has its peculiar
denizens, while the sandy plains are tenanted
by quite a different assemblage. Watch, too,
the operations of the gardener : see how minute
are his instructions for the fabrication of com-
posts, how particular he is in his selection and

preparation of peat for his Orchids ; with what
care he prepares the borders for his Vines.

Observations of this kind, however, are likely
to mislead unless checked by further investiga-
tions, undertaken for a different object. In this
matter, as in most others, veiy much depends on
the aspect under which it is seen. In view of
the facts we have just alluded to, what more
natural than to conclude that the nature of the
soil must exert a very potent influence over
plant life — and so no doubt it does, but not quite
in the way in which, at first sight, it would
appear to do. Take the chalk or limestone
districts of our own country, for instance.
There are such plants as the brilliant yellow
Chlora perfoliata, the quaint Orchids which lend
so great a charm to the Kentish hills, the rampant
Clematis, and some others, which we constantly
associate with limestone districts in this
country ; but when we come to compare
their numbers with that of the sum total
of British plants we find them to be com-
paratively insignificant ; and, what is more to the
point, the self same plants, in other countries, are
not so markedly characteristic of limestone'
soils. Orchis militaris and Hermiuium Mouorchis
— two of our British Orchids — are scarcely ever
found away from dry limestone districts in
this country, and yet in Switzerland, as
stated by the late Dean Heebekt, both grow
in marshy places in company with Epipactis
palustris. Aster Tripolium, a plant generally
found on muddy sea shores, and usually within
the reach of the tids, nevertheless grows in
widely different stations, as, for instance, at
Swanage, where it may bo seen growing out of
the chinks of the dry oolitic rocks, though still
near the coast. Lythrum Salicaria does as well in
di'j' garden soil as in its native ditches, and so does
Acorus Calamus. Let the reader compare the lists
of plants supposed to affect particular soils in
De Cakdolle's " Geographic Botanique," or
Lecoq's " Geographie Botanique de I'Europe,"
and he will find numerous instances of the
same kind, — the plant that in one district is
limited to one description of soil, and
is hardly ever found off from it, is else-
where generally diffused. Until the observer
goes into the statistics of the matter for
himself it is difficult to believe that plants are
not more restricted in a state of nature to
particular soils than they are. But let him com-
pare the Floras of various countries, and he will
soon find that so far only as soil is concerned, the
plants that are restricted to certain soils are
exceedingly limited in number, while, on the
other hand, by far the greater proportion, water-
plants of course excepted, must be set down as
common to any description of soil.

Another fact of the same description has been
made use of with much effect by Dr. Hooker,
who, in a paper printed by us, at p. 433, alludes
to the fact that common garden soil is the medium
in which thousands of plants that naturally grow
under widely different circumstances, not only as
to soil but as to other conditions also, thrive at
least as weU, often much better, than under
natural circumstances. Dr. HooKEE also alludes
to the case of an eminently "saline" plant,
which nevertheless has flourished for years at
Kew without a particle of salt. Yet no one
will dream of denpng that the soil has an
immense influence on the plants that grow in it.
What that influence is, and in what manner it is
exerted, we propose to consider on another
occasion.

■ ■ Following closely upon the appearance of the

schedule of the great Floral Exhibition at Ghent
ne-xt spring (see p. 7oS) is that of a similar display to
be held at St. Peteesbukgh, in May, 1869, under the
auspices of the Russian Horticultural Society and of the
Empeboe, and the Grand Duke Nicholas. From a
programme just received we learn that the Exhibition
will open on the 5th (17tli) Maj-, 1869, and will termi-
nate on the 19th (31st) of the same month, and that an
International Congress of Botanists will be held at the
same time. All botanists, horticulturists, amateurs,
makers of garden implements, architects or mechanics
employed in the construction of greenhouses and other
horticultural buildings, either in Russia or elsewhere,
are invited to take part in the Exhibition, either
personally, or hy sending plants, fruits, vegetables,
garden tools, or any other object having any relation to
scientific or practical horticulture. The priz_es will
consist of gold medals of the value of 150, /5, and
25 roubles ; of silver medals of the value of 15, b, and
2 roubles, and of bronze medals. A rouble is equal to
about 3s. 3rf. Any suggestion for the improvement of the
schedule should be given not later than January 1, 1SS8.
In the spring of the last-named year schedules will be
issued giving full details. Arrangements will be made
with the several railway and steam-boat companies to
obtain a reduction in the cost of transport for

Aur.rsT 10, 1807.]

THE GAEDENEES' CTTEONICLE AND AGEirin/rrEAl, riA/KTT]

820

trnvollers or poo'ls. Tlioso arranfiemonts, with tho
nix'cssnry dooiinients, will be coinniunicaieil to those
who Rive notice of their intention to take part in
(he Exhibition or Congress. Agents of the Society
w ill bo stationed at tho Virballen railway station on
llie Kusso-Priissian frontier, at Cronstadt, and at
JIoscow ; tlio duty of these agents will be t:0 forward all
goods destined for (ho Exhibition, and to afford every
Hssisianco (o travellers. At St. Petorsburgb the goods
will linrci-fivfdattbo railway stations, and at the steam-
boat quays, where also foreign visitors will bo received,
and the an-angements made for their board and
lodging at fixed iirices communicated to them. All
goods sent to the Exhibition may be sold, but they
must not be removed till the close of the Exhibition.
'IMie .jury will bo elected on the same principles as those
Collou'fd at I'russols and at Amsterdam. The Society
w il! do evcr,\ thing in ils power to enable visitors to see
whalevcr is worthy their attention in the city and its
environs. All (;ommunications should be made " {"t la
Sociek' d'llortieultnre Russe, a St. Petersbourg." The
preliminary programme before us gives no less than
193 classes, embracing every department of horticulture.

In reference to the Snow of A'.imEG.iTED

ZoN.u, PEL.iiiGONiuMS, for Sept. 17, referred to on a
previous occasion (pp. 758, 785), the general opinion of
the growers of these plants, as expressed in their replies,
is to the eflect, that the higher rate of subscription sug-
gested is more than the occasion warrants. As, however,
several of them still desire that the Show should go on,
and are prei)aredtosubscribe two guineas towards making
np the few necessary prizes, we are willing to facilitate
tho arrangements by receiving Uic names of those who
wish to .join in the competition. The number of
classes will necessarily be dcisrcased, but we think
sep.arate classes should be formed for 1, 3, and 0" tricolor"
varieties respectively, and for 1, 3, and 0 gold and
bronze-zoned varieties. To avoid misapprehension, it [
should be understood that they are to be judged accord-
ing to the rules laid down in our columns (p. 515), and |
the whole of tho varieties shown should be taken as I
entered for the Floral Committee's Certificates, where |
they have not already won that mark of distinction. \
Subscribers names, with remittances, may be sent to -
Mr. JFoonE. Botanic Gardens, Chelsea, not later than
the 20th inst., in order to give an opportunity for con- !
eluding the arrangements, so as to announce them on
the Saturday following. This autumn Exhibition need i
not at all prevent Mr. Gbieves's proposed Sweep-
stakes next July. i

We were greatly surprised, a few weeks since,

at finding two flowering shoots of a Beurke Diei,
Pe ^r Tree proceeding from the top of what appeared
it first sight to be the stalks of a Pear of the previons
M'iir. It was clear that a Pear had fallen off from the '
liM', but the part below so exactly resembled a Pear
>talk that we felt extremely puzzled, and the more so
because after a Pear has fiillen there are generally two
or three successive solutions of continuity correspond- j
ing more or less with contiguous internodes. An I
attentive examination, however, of several bunches of
tlowers solved the difficulty. It not nnfrequently
happens that the peduncles of one or more flowers in
a triLfs are unusually elongateil, and bear one or more
bracts above, showing that they are composed of two
or more inltMUodes. The flower which terminates such
a stalk seliloni produces fruit, though occasionally it is
the privileged one of the truss which goes on to per-
fection. The true peduncle then is developed above
the highest bract, below which the axis is perfectly
cylindrical; but whether the fruit falls oS' soon after
impregnation, as is more frequently the case, or is
ultimately perfected, it leaves a disc just above this
bract. If the lower portion then retains its vitality,
and the bracts are very near the scar, it is quite
possible that the buds in their axils may be
developed, and so near to the edge as to appear
to grow from the sear itself, as in the case above
mentioned. The fall of the Pear itself depends on
the vitality of the part below being superior to that of
the part above, and in consequence an intermediate set
of cells is produced, and the upper portion
ultimately falls. The cells at first are seen like little
particles of meal on the disc. In general tho lower
part does not retain its vitalitiy through the
winter, though under excet)tional circumstances it
may do so. Wo may take this opportunity of
drawing attention to another case of unusual
development in the common Pea. In several
varieties, but more especially in Carter's Early and
Lax ton's Prolific, we have frequently seen this year where
one flower only was pijaduced from an axil, the second
being re])resented by a beautiful indented cup of
considerable size, instead of the seta which is usual in
such cases. At first it looked like an abnormal flower,
with not the slightest trace, however, of anytliing
within the cup, but a closer examination here again
determined its real nature. In most cases there will
be found a trace of stipules towards the top of the
seta, though generally very minute. A diligent search
yielded a variety of forms assumed by these organs, and
various degrees of development. Sometimes they
were quite separate, and much enlarged, sometimes
soldered together by one edge, and sometimes com-
bined all round, so as to form the elegant cups above
mentioned, the top of the seta or abortive flower-stalk
having vanished altogether. M. J. B.

NOTES ON BEDDING PLANTS.

The present summer is one that severely tests the
value of bedding plants in regard to their usefulness
for this purpose. The bedding out season was
ushered in by cold nipping winds, and these have been
followed almost continuously by cold nights, and an
unusually heavy rainfall. Such a season is clearly an
exceptional one, and is of too severe a character np to

the present (imo to warrant correct, conclusions being
drawn as to tho value of bedding idants of a somewhat
tender character. My oivn e.viiericnce so far is summed
up in tho following results.

The new Ircsino (aureo reticulata), is certainly a
most miserable looking object at tho jiresent moment.
It occupies tho best position on a warm south border,
hut all tho tender care possible will not induce it, to
change it,s suit of rusty drab IVjr soinflbiug of a livelier
cliaraider. It drags on a miseralile existence, and that
is all. I fear that many per.<ons will be I he more dis-
appointed, if not irate, inasmuch as this plant was
pretty extensively advertised as having obtaineil a
Pirst-class Certificate from tho Floi-al Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society, ndiile no award whatever
has been made to it by that body.

The pretty variegated Meadow Grass (Poa trivialis
argentea), is a decided aciinisition. It grows freely
wdiile it is also very comiiact. and it keeps its v.ariepa-
tion well, as I do not observe the slightest tendency in
any of tho plants I have, to revert to its original
cluiracter. Jlr. J). Thomson, of Archorfield, has com-
plained in the columns of a contemporary that all his
jilants have lost their variegation, but I have neither
seen or heard of a like result happening elsewhere.
On the other hand, I can do nothing with the varie-
gated Bambusa. It has so much " fixity of character "
that it declines to grow at all, and the appearance of
the plant under the circumstances is suggestive of a
kind of horticultural dyspepsia.

Of Mr. George's new bedding Tropscolums I have
King of Scarlets and King of Spots, both of which
were awarded First-cla-ss Certificates bythe Floral
Committee during last year. I am also trying Carter's
new variety of tho Lobbianum section, named Cry.stal
Palace Perfection, wdiich was awarded a First-class
Certificate at the last show of the Royal Botanic
Society. The latter has a somewhat trailing habit in
common with this section, and throws its flowers,
whicli are of a brilliant orange scarlet, well above the
foliage ; it also blooms freely and continuously. This
variety cannot be too highly recommended as an
effective and valuable bedder. King of Scarlets has the
close habit of the Corapactuni section, with the Lobbia-
num style of flowers, which are a little smaller, but of a
deeperhue of colourthan those of Carter's Perfection. It
also blooms freely, makes an excellent edging for
long beds, and does well massed or intermingled in small
ones. King of Spots is also of the Compactum strain,
the flowers approaching in character those of the Tom
Thumb section. The flowers are yellow, with dark
amber spots ; in cold weather somewdll come curiously
mottled with amber. This also will make a very useful
bedding kind, the habit being excellent, and blooming
freely. But for massing, and for ribbon borders, as
well as for mixed beds, wdiat can compare as to
elTectivene.'iS and brilliancy of hue with the Scarlet
Tom Thiunb and the King of Tom Thumb Nastur-
tiums. These two popular dwarf varieties bloom in
the most profuse manner, and continue to do so;
while the peculiar dark foliage of the latter forms an
admirable background to the brilliant crimson flcjwers.
In a window-box I have a back row of King of Tom
Thumb Nasturtiums, and thrice the number of plants
of any brilliant-coloured Nosegay Pelargoniums could
not give so much colour, even could they be grouped
in so small a space. Mr. Turner's variety of the dwarf
Nasturtiiun, which he calls Compactum, though it
grows taller than Mr. George's Compactum varieties, is
another gem, and it could be very appropriately termed
Orange Tom Thumb, the flowers being of a rich bright
orange, and produced in such dense masses as almost
to hide ever.y particle of foliage. Those who saw this
variety growing at the Roy.al Nurseries, Slough, during
the summer of ISfiO, will not readily forget the rich
line of this showy flower on the north side of the
" square house,'' near the high road.

Nor can the praises of Viola lutea as a summer
bedding plant be too highly sung or said. It has more
of the habit of the ordinary Pansy than V. cornuta,
and the petals of the pale bright yellow flowers are
broader. It blooms profusely, and it is very effective.
The hottest weather docs not appear to affect its
grow-th, as the side shoots root readily into the soil,
and thus dense masses of foliage are formed. Of the
two varieties of Y. cornuta, that known as the Mauve
Queen has the best andstrongest habit, while theflowers
are certainly larger. With me it even blooms more
freely than V. lutea, and grow'S very compact and close to
the ground. Purple Queen is more straggling in growth,
does not flower so freely, and gets from some cause a
sickly appearance. What it gains in depth of colour,
wdiich after all is not a very great deal, it much more
than loses by the defects above-mentioned.

The old Campanula carpatica makes a capital plant
for ribbon and mi.xed borders, as it grows and blooms
freely, throwing out a succession of side shoots that
become full of flowers. A variety of carpatica, with a
darker shade of colour and a little more compact in its
growth, has been named Bow-oodiaua, and originally
came froni the gardens of Bowood, near Chippenham.
Though it seeds freely, the seedlings betray a tendency
to sport, and it should be propagated by root divisions
in the autumn. Some who grow this Campanula
somewhat largely, adopt the practice of lifting the
plants and replanting in the same place early in the
spring just before the roots start into growth. It is
said that the growth is thereby assisted.

Of the new bedding Lobelias of the past year I am
trying several, all of which are now in a good state to
be reported on. For depth of colour, nothing beats
Indigo Blue {E. G. Henderson & Son), colour deep
indigo blue, with a conspicuous white centre;
apparently a seedling from L. speciosa, but not growing
so straggling. The colour also stands well, but the
season has been so far in favour of this, as there has
been but few hot sunny days. Pumila elegans (E. G.
Henderson & Son), is a very compact growing dwarf

kiml, blooming profusely ; in colour a bright blue, but
having only a very small white centre. Tho want of a
light centre to show up the blue colour gives it a so'iie-
what dull apiiearanco even wdien fully in bloom. Tho
habit is excellent, and it also stands well. Blue Tom
Thumb is a seedling not yet sent out. It has a livelier
cKiIour than the foregoing, and ha.s a consiiicuous
white centre; it is similar in habit, and blooms i)ro-
fu.sel.y. For edgings this variety will bo invaluable.
Attraction (Carter & Co.) is an excellent frce-blooiuing
variety lor bedding purposes; it has tho character of
(;. I'axtoniaua, llie centre of the flower being a large
blotch of while, with an edging of azure blue. It is of
a very desirable habit, and forms a conspicuous
feature in the flower garden. Blue King (Carter
& Co.) is iilmost a self, tlio flowers being of a deep azuro
blue colour, with a small white centre; but, like Pumila
elegans, it wants more wdiite to give life to it. Tho
habit is good, and it blooms freely. Both of the fore-
going are valuable for their compactness of growth.
Heauty of Ravensbourne (Carter & Co ), a valuable
.addi(,ion to thedwarf section, deserves all that has been
said in its iiraise. It blooms in a most i)rofuse manner,
the flowers being of a lively lilac hue, with a conspicu-
ous white centre. It is very dwarf growing, and should
be planted thickly together, as the variety appears to
branch but little. Miss Murphy, the new dwarf white
variety, I neither can grow, nor have I seen it any-
where in anything like the character given of it. It
aiUJOars to be incapable of making any perceptible
effort in the way of growth. White Queen (E. G.
Henderson & Son) is of the ordinary growth of L.
marmorata, the tube being pale blue, the lip wdiite.
Seedlings of both L. marmorata and L. Paxtoniana
greatly resemble and are quite as good as this, whilo
the habit appears to be somewdiat spare and thin. I
hear of a dwarf white Ijobeliathat is shortly to be .seen,
which, if its character be not exaggerated, promises to
be the bedding plant of the season. As any description
at the present moment must be taken on trust, it shall
be reserved till it puts in an appearance at a future
meeting of tho Floral Committee. B. D.

LETTERS FROM PARIS.— No. XXI.

Horticultural Implements, &c., at the Gbeat

1'eench Exposition.

In consequence of the permanent nature of the
show of horticultural implements in connection with
this great Exposition, they are better repre-
sented than they ever have been in any one place
before. I shall therefore endeavour to point out such
things as deserve adoption with us, passing by other
things, small or great, novel or ordinary, if they do not
come up to this standard.

Probably the first object that catches the visitor's
eye on entering the Jardin Reserve are several machines
or contrivances for spreading water without the aid of
an attendant. The French system of watering gardens,
&c,, is perfect, or at least the system generally adopted,
for there are yet watering-pots at the Jardin des
Plantes, made of thick copper, which are worthy of the
days of Tubal Cain, but a disgrace to any more recent
manufacturer, and a curse to the poor men who have
to Waaler with them. Generally Parisian lawns and
gardens are watered every evening with the hose, and
most effectively. The contrivances spoken of are for
spreading water without the continual aid of a work-
man. They consist of metal noses with stop-cocks
here and there, and of globes elevated 6 feet or so,
from which the water emerges in a circle. I shall
describe one of these machines, because an old system
which I have recently fd^served in Baron Rothschild's
beautiful garden in the Bois de Boulogne, and in other
places, is so simple and so superior, that \i is impossible
to beat it. A metal hose, in C-feet lengths, is stretched
across a lawn -the lengths being joined together by
about 1 foot of strong leathern hose, so that the whole
affair is flexible, eacli G feet length of piping being
supported by tw"o pairs of little wheels. It is, in fact,
the same contrivance that they have for watering the
grand thoroughfares, only that in that case there is
merely a pipe at one end, which is managed by a
workman, who directs his stream about among the
carriages with ease. But for w;atering a lawn they
simply perforate the pipes with little holes at about_ a
yard apart on one side, so that wdien the water is " laid
on " a dense and gentle shower falls over about 3 or
4 feet of the ground all the length of the iiose. I saw
them watering the plain of Lougchamps lately with
this piping, and, with Mr. Smith, of Kew, who accom-
panied me, was delighted w'itli it. The plain had been
beaten into dust by tho great review, and by numerous
races, and yet they were watering it from one side
to the other with one hose, a man attending it, and
going gradually from one end of the line to the other,
pushing the wheeled hose forward as the ground
became sufficiently saturated. This is simplicity and
effectiveness itself.

The only thing needing other remarlt about it is,
that they perforate the piping simply with a bit of
metal, and in a direction along the pipe, as by doing so
the water spreads gently in the same line with the hose ;
if the nail were driven in in the opposite direction
the water would play across the pipe, which they do not
desire. There can be no doubt that the success of the
subtropical plants depends to a great extent on the
excellent system of watering adopted. In some of the
drier districts of Britain there is quite as much want
for a good system of watering as there is here.

To isolated beds, specimens,and general plan ting, they
apply water with a hose— a dense heavy shower. The
profuse cropping of the market gardens here is also to
be attributed, to some extent, to their regular watermg :
the ground being always moist and friable. In the
market gardens they raise the water from deep wells
by horse-power, and send it to barrels and cement
cisterns plunged in various parts of the garden. In each

830

THE GAEDENERS' CffRONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Atigust 10, 1867.

market Rarden, and in many nurseries, you usually see a
horse oftlie establishment working one of these pumps.
The next things that demand notice are the various
hothouses, &c., at the Exposition. They are all of iron,
usually neatly and well built, occasionally elegant, but
offering very little which is worthy of adoption. The
French use iron houses, and generally think our
wooden ones too heavy and cumbrous. There is one
house which is on the principle adopted at La Muette
for the larger structures. The mode of glazing these
is worth notice, and better and neater than we often
see in England. The panes do not overlap, but meet
evenly, a particle or so of putty being used between
them if they do not meet exactly ; and on the outer
side a neat thin strip of lead paper, about half an inch
wide, is laid over each junction. Tlie appearance of
this silvery strip is good, and it is in every way eflective.
It is in fact heartily adopted by M. Barillet, and is
probably not surpassed, if eriualled, by any mode of
glazing. The house is by its use glazed hermetically,
while there is not a particle of the rustiness that occurs
in English houses from decaying putty, &c,, to be seen.
All drip is entirely prevented in this house by
making every 4 feet or so of its length slightly uuder-
lap that above it, the top pane of each division pro-
jecting half an inch into the house, and catching all the
drip which then escapes on the roof by the very thin
slit between the panes and the bar under which they
rest. There is no difBculty whatever in the repairing
of such houses, which is not the case in some of our
funny modes of glazing. This method is good and
elegant : the best for large houses, which should
generally be of iron, if we do not wish them to be
mtolerably ugly. The small houses of the Prench are
of iron too, and nothing can be more useful than the
very cheap, one-light, low iron houses at La Muette —
which, by the way, is only in its youth, from what
M. Barillet told me yesterday, namely, that they have
arranged to build between 50 and CO more houses
there. The aspect of most French glass houses is
spoiled by the effect of the shading they employ —
laths connected together by string and little hooks,
and painted dark green, and by all the houses above
the small and useful low two-light ones having a
gangway over the roof to arrange this shading, &c. It
is a very bad, very awkward, and very expensive way.
The garden is edged with the edgings I have already
recommended, but they are mostly of the strongest
type, suited for well-frequented avenues, &o., in public
gardens. The smaller size of these, such as you see in
gardens around the Louvre, are certainly the neatest
and most tasteful that can be employed.

Naturally there are very many labels in the
gardens, the best being some small ones exposed by
M. H. Aubert, 189, Hue du Temple. These
are in rather thickish zinc, and very neatly
and deeply impressed and accentuated. They are
of sizes suitable for Eose and fruit trees, small ones
for numbering, others with stems for using with pot
plants, and so on. There is a thinner type of the same style
common enough in the seed-shops, and not very dear:
but after you get them comes the writing, and that is
the difficulty, or the stamping, or whatever it may he —
usually a failure and always a labour, requiring some
taste and neatness. Now you can get these labels
deeply, and neatly, and plainly impressed by this M.
Aubert at- 3 francs per 100, furnishing him with a list
of the sorts required in the first instance. As any-
body who has meddled with such matters knows, to get
such labels deeply and well impressed would be very
cheap at .3 or even 5 francs the 100. I need, there-
fore, hai-dly say that being able to procure them ready
to attach to Hoses, fruit trees, &c., at 3 francs per 100
is a great advantage. Our labelling generally is a great
mistake, and this surely is a step towards having plants
decently labelled without incurring great expense.
Small ones numbered to order are sold at 1 franc per 100.

We will next turn to chairs, of which there are
numerous kinds to be seen. The kind which takes most
people's attention is that which you may see iu quantities
in all public places in Paris, with a convex seat made of
elastic strips of metal sprnigiug from the sides and
joined together in a little central piece. There are
many modifications of this, the best being one in which
the seat made of these united bands is covered with a
slight wire network. These chairs stand any weather
of course, and are yet as elastic and as comfortable as
any drawing-room chair. The neatest and most
elegant and comfortable conservatory, pleasure ground,
or summer house chair ever seen is composed of three
of these seats united in one, the larger framework of
the back and sides being made of charmingly rustic
iron about as thick as the thumb, the smaller spray
being tied to the larger by imitation osier twigs. This
may be seen in the kiosque of M. Carre, the maker of
the greater number of chairs in this way. It is in the
Reserve Garden, just as you enter it, near the Rue de
Belgique, and contains specimens of his many varieties
of this elastic principle.

I have no space to say anything about the artificial
flowers, which are exquisitely made, more natural-
looking both in texture and finish, and more naturally
associated than anything I have seen in England.
But their modes for trellising trees must not be
dismissed thus. The more I know of French
gardening, the more I am impressed with their
superiority as fruit growers, and now feel that I have
not rendered half justice in this respect. However,
having so many arid such successful ways of training
trees, they must have something to affix them to, and
generally make very trim and firm trellises, &c. In
some cases the galvanised wires are tightened in the
T-iron by means of a long screw and winged nut to each
wire ; but the best is, I think, one in which double
lines of wire are supported at a distance of 15 or 18
inches from each other, by means of one upright at
each end. They project a bow of iron at eachlevel,
from which it is desired to run a wire (say 8 or 10

inches apart), and the wires are strung from these,
tightened on each side by cheap little rack wheels fixed
in the upright. Lengths of these, about 16 yards long,
6 or 7 feet high, look very neat, and with a slender bit
of T-iron, armed with cross-bits half way between the
main supports, as firm as could be desired. On one
side of such you may see diagonal cordons, on the other
palmettos, &c. Need I say that such things are most
desirable dividing lines in gardens ; even if be not
desirable to cultivate them solely for their own sakes ?
Examples of very cheap narrow iron frames are also
shown. Cheap iron lights for covering turf-pits would
be very useful in England; with them we need
nothing but the bare and neatly levelled walls of turf.
A thing for entrapping flies, &c., seems effective, and
of course is patented, though not new nor deeply com-
plicated. It consists of two bell-glasses, the lower one
placed upon two sticks, and narrowing to an open
tube in the top. On that is placed au ordinary
large bell-glass, and the thing is complete. A few bits
of lean meat placed under the glass soon become
sufficiently odoriferous to attract hosts of flies, who
enter at the inch of space left free by the sticks, and
on leaving to get the right way out and ascending
through the tube, generally remain in the upper glass,
to perish in quantities. The thing may be worth
adopting as a counter-attraction in fruit houses. Some
of the rustic erections thatched with Bulrushes look
very well. They are made of both real and imitation
wood. Imitation rustic work, either in cement or
iron, occurs indeed rather often in the houses, from the
fences or little bridges to the margins of some of the
beds in the houses, and even the doors and sash bars
of one.

There is no end of garden cutlery, of which I will
only mention the secateur, and I believe this to be
an instrument that every gardener should possess
himself of at once. I know well the prejudice that
exists in England among horticulturists against things
of this kind, and their almost superstitious regard for
a good kuife— a state of things quite justified by the
nature of most inventions brought out for the
amelioration of gardening. I believed in a good knife
above all, before coming here, but when I saw how
useful is the secateur to the fruit-growers of this
country, and how much more easily and effectively they
out with them exactly as desired, I became at once
converted. A secateur is seen in the hands of every
good French fruit-grower, and by its means he cuts
as clean as the best knife-man with the best knife
ever whetted. They cut stakes with them almost
as fast as one could count them ; they have recently
made some large ones for cutting stilTer stuff-
such as the strong awkward roots of the Briars
collected by the Rose growers. There are some
cheap netted bags shown for protecting Grapes from
insects, at from 10 to 20 francs the 100. If we can do
without such things, so much the better — they seem
efficient and lasting. Their simple little machines for
impressin" numbers on strips of lead are also useful
and very handy for those who employ that mode of
labelling. They have a rather useful thing for press-
ing stakes into the earth. It is simply an iron plate
and strap for the foot, a strong bit of iron projecting
from the plate, rising up a couple of inches, and bend-
ing forward a. couple more, its inner edge being cut
into teeth. The operator catches the stake with
this, and pressing his whole weight directly upon
it "drives it home" with ease and effect. It is
not a thing that I can say is really used and liked, as
is the secateur, for I have not seen it in use.

Lastly, I will mention the cloche or large bell-glass,
used in all French gardens. You may see acres of them
at a time in the market gardens around Paris. It
is simply a huge bell-glass of coarse stuff, costing about
a franc, as big as a bee-hive, and the most useful thing
they have for winter and early spring Lettuces and
small salading. Of course the stuff under them in
midwinter are deprived of air, yet it is by the aid of
these that they produce the fine Cos Lettuces, &o., which
you may enjoy in Paris so early in spring, and doubt-
less much of the stuff they send to the English market.
They know nothing about handlights, but, as will
readily occur to the reader, have a very ancient
acquaintance with the principle of what we call the
" Wardian case."

The chief feature of the show which opened on
Friday, the 2d, is Gladioli, of which there is a good
display, Mr. Souchet taking the 1st prize. As, however,
I hope to see his grounds again before long, I shall
have an opportunity to discuss this subject more satis,
factorily than at present. Phloxes, shown by Lierval
and ;others,'are very fine ; also the double Zinnias, which
in one instance look almost like Dahlias, so large and
double are they. Some specimens of a very dwarf race
of Snapdragons, shown by Messrs. Vilmorin, Andrieux
& Co., are very pretty, and will no doubt prove welcome
for rockwork or flower garden. Another very striking
and well-grown batch of seedling varieties of Gloxinia
is shown, but though here and there remarkable as to
the flower, they lack the beauty of shape and charming
novelty of colour displayed by those noticed at the last
show. I understand that Messrs. Thibaut & Keteleer
have become the possessors of these last, so that they
are pretty sure to soon find their way to England. In
the fruit department fine specimens of the Fig Violette
d'Argenteuil, both gathered and abundantly produced
on branches, look the most attractive to the English
fruit grower. W. M.

ON TRANSPLANTING TREES.
BtRobeet Hutchison,op Cakloweie,Kiekliston.

(Coiiclit(U(t J'roni p. 782).

In transplanting, the first care of the workmen is to

dig a trench around the plant at a radius of not less

than 6 feet from the stem. Having done so to a depth

of about 2 feet to 2J feet, the points of the spades may

be directed inwards towards the root of the tree, and
having thus disengaged the plant from its moorings, it
may be carefully lifted, if the distance be short, to its
new position.

Should the ball be composed of such earth as is apt
to crack or break away, it should, before being lifted
out of the trench, be properly secured by boards
roughly nailed around it, after having been carefully
tied together and sewn up in matting, and damped.

Too much attention cannot be paid to the protection,
as much as possible, of the young roots from the
influence of the atmosphere; and, consequently, to
save unnecessary exposure, the pit intended for the
reception of the plant should be previously dug and
prepared for it. If the weather be dry and favourable,
we do not object to this having been done, and the
earth thrown up to pulverise under the action of the
air for a couple of weeks prior to the operation of
transplanting.

Before placing the root-ball into the pit, a little dry,
fine soil should first be thrown into the hole, and if the
situation be very low, or the soil heavy, it is a decided
advantage to have the immediate spot well drained by
means of small loose stones, or coarse gravel, laid in
narrow slits radiating from the pit to a distance of
about 3 yards, deepenrag such little runlets for super-
abundant moisture at the extremities to at least a foot
below the level of the bottom of the pit. By these
channels the root-bed is rendered less liable to root-
damp, the great obstacle to the success of newly
transplanted trees, which is frequently originated by
hard tramping, and over-watering at the time of
removal.

Having thus placed the tree in the site, the soil is
next cautiously filled in to the hole, care being taken
to firm it well ; but, in doing so, it is especially
requisite to avoid lacerating the small roots, and when
the earth is all filled in, there should be formed around
the neck of the tree a trough or hollow, to prevent
the operation of watering from washing away the soil,
and thus exposing the rootlets near the surface of the
ground.

In planting the tree in its new situation, it is some-
times customary to reverse its position, if it happens to
have a weather side, or an unequally balanced head,
and to turn towards the stormiest point the side of the
tree best furnished with branches. In this way the
habit of the plant to turn its branches from the wind is
corrected, aud its future appearance improved. Where
much inequality exists, or where long limbs predomi-
nate too much, a little judicious pruning may be also
desirable. ^ In no case do we advocate root pruning in
transplanting deciduous or other trees.

In the manner thus indicated, specimens from about
three to six and eight feet in height are removed with-
out the aid of machinery ; but where a good root-ball
cannot be obtained, a transplanting apparatus should
be employed ; and, when this is necessary, we have
found the 30-inch transplanter, patented by M'Glashan
of Edinburgh, at once efficient, easily wrought, and
economical.

The same general rule is applicable to all methods of
transplanting, whether by manual labour or by
machine, namely — to disturb the functions of nature as
little as possible, and when disturbed to provide for the
injury a speedy remedy. Thus very large plants may
be transported any distance with perfect safety. When
the operation is conducted by manual labour only, and
a considerable distance has to be traversed to the new
site, we have found it best to place the specimen upon
a haudbarrow, and to have the same borne by two or
more labourers, seated in a spring-cart, and, in this
way, neither the jolting of the springs nor the rough
uuevenness of the road affects the stability of the root-
ball. When placed in its new position, it is well to
have the pit somewhat larger than necessary, and into
the vacant space around the ball to pack closely a
quantity of fresh mould, composed of well-rotted turf
mixed with leaf-mould ; and, after one good drenching
of water, the tree may be left to its fate.

Should very dry weather supervene, it may be neces-
sary to add more water. Yet this is rarely requisite ;
and we think that mischief is too often done by frequent
repetitions of watering. In administering the thorough
soaking when planted, it is best to apply the water
overhead— that is, upon the leaves and foliage of the
tree, and not merely to pour it into the roots. By this
precaution, the invariable tendency to profuse perspi-
ration which the leaves of a transplanted tree exhibit,
is prevented or modified, and, consequently, any undue
drain upon the system of the tree from that cause is
obviated. To aid the success of transplanting, it is
almost unnecessary to add that the operation should
only be conducted in dull or cloudy weather.

Security against the swaying of the plant from the
action of wind is the only other precautionary measure,
subsequent to planting, requiring notice in this paper.
As soon as removed, all specimens should be firmly
secured against the sudden attacks of gusty weather.
Generally speaking, in the case of large trees, the root-
ball will be found a sheet-anchor of sufficient weight
(if the tree has been properly lifted) to cope with the
violence of the elements.

It is well, however, to moor small or tender trees by
stakes well driven into the ground, probably to a depth
of three feet, or by ropes or strand-wires fastened to
stakes driven into the soil around the root. Another
method sometimes employed to secure steadiness of the
tree in its new position, is, in transplanting, to splice to
its leading roots long pieces of tree-roots, from 15 to
20 feet long and about 2 inches diameter, cut from
other trees— thus the lever power, and resistance of the
roots against the swaying of the head by the wind, is
greatly increased, until the tree takes hold of the soil
for itself, and becomes thoroughly established in its
new site.

In cases where ornamental shrubs or trees are
planted, with the prospect of being again, at no distant

AusuST 10, 1SG7.]

TJIE GAEDENERS' CMONICLE AND AnrjCIILTUHAL GAZKTTl

831

date, transplanted, it would be well to proceed thus :—
IlaviiiK dug the pit for the reception of the tree, drive
f.iiu- stobs into the ground to tho head, one at each
cni-iier of tho hole ; to these four corner posts nail
sli-oni; hoards of common Fir planking, 1 inch thick
anil G broad, or of paling rail, loaviug narrow openings
lictween tho joints; in this underground frame-work
I ho tree will expand and spread its roots and when the
time arrives for transplanting, a trench is dug round
the wooden casing ; the four corner posts or stobs are
sawn over at the bottom ; a flat shovel or spado is used
to skim under the root-ball, for tho purpose of cutting
the downward rootlets; a rope is passed from cither
Bide under the casing, and fastened to the tree stem
above, so as to keep tho whole firm ; and in this way,
and with little expense and trouble, the plant may he
transferred to its new position. This mode of trans-
planting has this advantage, that the delay and cost of
previous preparation are avoided, time and labour are
saved during the operation itself, and a certainty of
success is, in ordinary circumstances, ensured. It may
be prosecuted in ornamental grounds, where, at tho
time of laying out, it is quite obvious that in a few
years many of the sjicoimens planted will require to be
removed or sacrificed, to leave room for the others.

Wo may notice, in passing, the ingenious but old-
fashioned mode of freezing the earth around tho roots
for the purpose of obtaining a good retentive root-ball,
but we do not recommeud it. It necessitates the
partial exposure of the rootlets to ^the weather at its
most inclement season, till sulliciently h.ard frost sets
in, and the season for the removal is limited to a jieriod
of severe frost; and although, from the process of
freezing the mass of earth round the roots, these organs
may sustain no injury, still the whole method is
obviously clumsy, and the foregoing objections are
sufficiently strong to condemn the process at the
present day.

Many practical results are within our knowledge to
j ustify the seasons and circumstances for transplanta-
tion advocated in this paper. We may observe, as
instancing betw'een the comparative advantages of
Autumn and Spring, or early Summer planting, the
following example, amongst many others, in favour of
the latter season for Evergreens :—

At C , soil rich loam of considerable depth, on a

rather damp, clayey subsoil ; elevation above sea level,
90 feet; in the month of November, 1856, a thick
belting of Evergreens, chiefly Portugal Laurels, Bays,
Hollies, Tews, &e., was formed. The plants were
about 2^ feet to 3i feet high, and were carefully
"pitted" in the usual way. A moder.itely severe
winter ensued, and the losses by next April were from
■10 to 50 per cent. This arose not so much from the
severity of the frost, as from the influence of the
chilling east winds of Spring in February, March, and
April, succeeding a considerable period of wet weather,
acting upon the plants before they had become
established in their new site. The blanks thus created
were made up in the spring of 1858, from the same
nursery stock, and in the same manner as before, but
at the beginning of May instead of in the autumn ; and \
the consequence was, that not only was there no case of
failure, but these last removed plants are now much j
taller and stronger specimens than the survivors of the ,
jirevious year's planting. j

To notice the advantageous results of midsummer
I vansplanting, we need only refer to the trees removed j
during the summer of 18G3, at Goldenacres Nurseries, i
to test and exhibit the power and advantages of
M'Glashan's Patent Transplanting Apparatus, and
which are all very healthy and thriving. These trees
are chiefly Coniferai, and ornamental Oaks, such [as
Quercus pauonica, salicifolii, pterifolia, &c., and
ranged from about 4 feet to 11 feet in height when
removed. The operations of transplanting them were '
carried out during June, July, and August, 186.3, and ]
not only had none of the plants lifted sustained any I
injury, but even in the following spring, and ever
since, they have gone on producing vigorous shoots of
young wood ; several Thorns removed having, in ISGl,
made growths of about 3! feet in length !

Before concluding this paper we have to notice the
comparative advantages in point of cost, progress, &c., j
of transplanting trees from 3 to 0 feet high, instead of
the larger specimens usually removed for purposes of
immediate effect. When permanent results are desired, j
and value as well as amenity has to be added to the '
estate by the growth of healthy timber, there can be
no doubt that the advantage is in favour of the smaller
specimens. It may, no doubt, be desirable to clothe
with rich foliage the barren landscape, or afibrd
protection to weather-beaten flocks and herds, by
calling into immediate existence the sheltering belt;
and where the subjects can be procured, to be thinned
out, or where clumps are to be found to draw from,
the practice of removing large trees may be adopted
with benefit and success, at no very extravagant
expense; and thus enhanced value may be given at
onee to bare pasture lands ; but the art must ever be
limited, and it is not in the case of largo trees appli-
cable to the general purposes of utility. It may be
argued in favour of economy of the practice of
removing large specimens, that extensive tracts of
ground usually occupied by young trees and nurses
may bo saved for other purposes, that the expenses of
fencing and of maintaining plantations during years of
unprofitableness, and of cleaning, thinning, and
pruning, may be avoided, if trees of large growth were
more generally transplanted than those usually
oaiployed, and that the dilhrulty of raising in some
unsuitable localities and soils several of the slow-
growing varieties during their tender years would be
avoided ; but in opposition to such specious arguments
we can only remark that, while for immediate land-
scape efi'ect, and for that only, the larger the tree
removed the better, provided it be done successfully,
and be not transplanted to its new site in a mutilated

condition to pine and decay ; and such means must be
employed by those who desire to anticipate years ol'
growth and progress to attain their object, — stiU their
pleasure must be dearly bought at the price it costs,
and the risks of failure-s tbcy incur I'or a few years of
merely temporary advanta:.je. Ou the other hand,
tliosc who aro satisfied with Irausplautiiig for the
purpose of iuimodiate ofl'cct, spri-'iinmis of friMii 3 to

8 feet bigU, will bo more amply rewarded, for at much
less cost and trouble, and witli prospects of grealei'
certainty of success, tlioy obtain a far more rapid and
healthy growth of young wood, as well as a more
enduring superiority of timber; aud they consequently
bequeath to their posterity a richer and more valuable
gift, in tho more permanently improved aud enhanced
value of their property.

Home Correspondence.

Pclaycjonium J^ndVcJicy'innum. — I wish to state that
this plant is perfectly hardy, and beautiful, as, since
naming it in my account of the Jardin des Plantes, I
have seen it in the full glow of its deep and pecu-
liarly-striking rose-coloured flowers. It is highly-
interesting as being tho only Pelargonium that is native
in Europe, and from being at the same time an orna-
mental plant. The leaves are neat, and remain pretty
close to the ground, but the flowers are boldly upheld
at about 18 inches from the surface, and are startlingly
showy for a plant of its colour. Boubtless some day
we shall be able to get hold of it ; and when we do it
will be necessary to give it a good but dry and sandy
soil, and a warm position. A sunny nook on a good-
sizod rockwork would be a capital position. It was
first found in Europe by that hardy and enterprising
traveller Mr. Balausa. E.

J£fferts of the late severe Winter on Coinfers, i^'c. —
The plants in my collection that have suffered most
were three Cupressus, which I had from the late Mr.
Veitch, of Exeter, under the name of Corneyana. They
were from 8 to 10 feet in height, and were all killed
down to the ground ; I have, therefore, had to throw
them away. JIacrocarpa, which grows very quickly
here, and of which I have 10 or 12 specimens, has been
greatly injured ; two fine symmetrical ]ilants,
especially, growing in the most sheltered part of tho
garden have been sadly disfigured, and I fear will not
recover their "good looks" for some time. Pinus
insignis, which likewise grows veiy rapidly, has also
suffered greatly ; many have been killed back 10 or
12 feet, and nearly all their foliage has been destroyed ;
I fear those most injured will hardly recover. It is a
sad pity that this noble tree will not stand
our climate, as it is certainly one of the
most beautiful Conifers which we possess. I
have, however, a sort of hope that it may improve in
regard to hardiness as it gets older, though every plant
which I have is more or less injured, and many of them
look more dead than alive. I was told the other day
by a friend who had recently been at Mr. Barclay's,
Bury Hill, near Dorking, that a very fine Pinus
insignis growing there, and which I believe is one of
the oldest plants in the country, has not been injured
in the least. I trust therefore that my plants may
get hardier as they get older, aud consequently grow
more slowly ; for at present they grow very rapidly^
two specimens, in particular, not a foot high seven years
ago, are now quite 23 feet in height. I fear that my
soil is too good for this Pine ; a hill side, a thin soil,
and a northern exposure would be the place for it.
Nothing else here exce]it I'inus australis, which was
killed, and the Laurestinus and Escallonia macrantha,
both of which are killed to the ground but are springing
again, are hurt. Some of my Deodars have been a
little injured, but I think more by snow and wind than
by cold. Of Conifers not the least injured, I can
report Wellingtonias, 11 specimens, the tallest about
20 feet, all doing as well as they can do. Araucaria
imbricata, 18 plants, all growing very robustly, and not
the least injured. Abies Douglasii, Menziesii, and
Morinda, all growing very freely ; not the lea.st hurt.
Abies orientalis, canadensis, and Mertensiana not hurt.
Piceapectinata, nobilis, Nordmanniana, amabilis (true,
received from Mr. Barron), cephalonica^ Pinsapo,
bracteata, Webbiana, lasiocarpa, and " nobilis robusta,"
all doing well, and not hurt in the least. The cold late
spring seems rather to have suited P. Webbiana than
otherwise. Lasiocarpa and nobilis robusta I may,
I think, boast of as the finest specimens of their respec-
tive kinds in the country ; I have not got Abies
Douglasii 93 feet in height, but I doubt if Mr.
Frost has a Picea nobilis robusta more than

9 feet 10 inches— the height of my best one.
My best nobilis, and Nordmanniana too, are very
beautiful plants. I purchased the former some
seven years ago of Mr. John Holms, of Whittington,
near Lichfield ; it was then about four feet high, now
it is more than 20 feet, and if it had been " made to
order" it could hardly have been more symmetrical or
more glaucous. The Nordmanniana is also a beautiful
specimen, it has grown very quickly, and is much
admired. I have nobilis {not the plant just men-
tioned) and Nordmanniana and Webbiana bearing
cones. Of Pines I report uninjured monticola, Lam-
bertiana, Benthamiana, Jelfreyana, and Cembra. Of
Thujas uninjured, Menziesii or Lobbii, and grandis.
The former does very well here. I have one, I think,
as good as can be seen anywhere. Biota aurea is also
unhurt. Thujopsisdolabrataandborealisareuninjured;
dolabrata is a very slow grower, but it is perfectly
hardy. T wo plants of Cupressus Lawsoniana are injured,
while five or six others are not in the least hurt. That
very beautiful plant, .luniperus chinensis, is not in the
least hurt. Torroya myristica, 9 feet4 inches high, 1 1 feet
through the branches, and very handsome, is uninj ured.
Saxe-Goth£eaconspicuaand Fitzroyapatagonica are not
hurt, and the same may be said of Cryptomeria japo-
nica, and Arthrotaxis selaginoides. I may add that

Borboris Darvvinii is also quite hardy, aud I can reoom •
mend it as a very beautiful shrub, but it grows rather
too quickly for a small place ; some of my ijlants are so
l)ig I don't know what to do with them. One plant 1
liavo iust measured is 13 feet high and IG feet tnrough
the branches ; for woods or largo iilantatious it would
lie a most dosirahle plant, for it flowers and fruits very
Ireely, and ail birds secin fond of the berries ; no doubt
pheasants would lie equally fond of them. Jierberis
;Lsiatica is also quite hardy hero, but I can make nothing
of Berberis japoiiica, Boalii, or intermedia. Will any
of your sub.scribers, who have planted Sciadopitys
verticillata, Libocedrus tetragona, and C^lianirerops
Fortune!, kindly state how they are Idoing— heiglit and
size of plant, when planted, height and size tbeu, whore
growing, and if hardy and robust? C. F. P., The Orange,
A'/th/ston, near Taunton.

Melon Growing in Kent. — I was at Maidstone on
Thursday ; it was worth the journey to see a house
of Grapes and another of Melons belonging to Mr.
Frost, formerly gardener to Mr. Betts, of Preston
Hall, but now in business for himself as nurseryman
and fruit grower. Well, of the Melon first. There
were several sorts growing, all in good health and
mostly abundant in fruit. One-third of the house
exceeded all I have before set eyes on, for the Melons
literally touched each other, and yet were in the most
perfect state of exuberance, many of them j ust begin-
ning to ripen. Not a speck of disease on the leaf, or
scar where it had been. 18 inches of earth by as much
in width was all they were growing in ; faggot wood
below that, and one hot pipe below that, and one hot-
water pipe outside this raised border to warm the air.
This arrangement I have before often seen, but never
with such result. Now for the Vinery. It had all been
planted alike ; but when Mr. Frost took the premises
he cut one portion down, leaving the other with the
weakly stems and branches to obtain a little fruit. The
other half was cut down, the border remade, and such
a result has followed that few would believe the Vines
were of the same age. There aro no bunches in the
first half, and the Vines are still weakly ; in the second
they are all vigour, and as for fruit the rafters seem
studded with bunches at regular distance from top
to bottom. The bunches are not large but regular,
and the berries have been so carefully thinned that
they are of equal size and equal tint of colouring,
and what I call perfection of colouring, too. When a
bunch was cut and jiut on a plate, each berry sup-
ported those above, so that no collapse was visible, the
berries were as firmly placed as when hanging. This
I consider proof of the highest cultivation. W. M.

Gail Plants for the Garden. — I have now in my
garden what I think does not obtain the attention it
deserves, viz., the CEnotbera Lamarckiana. I have had
it for the last three years, and there cannot be a more
interesting sight than the unfolding of its flowers in
the evening, commencing with me about one hour
before sunset, the exhibition lasting from 30 to 40
minutes. Last night no less than 61 flowers were
developed from about five or six stems, and this rate
goes on for two or threo weeks. Another plant, which
is quite worth any attention the horticulturist, or
rather the lover of flowers for their own sake, might
bestow upon it, is the common, the very common
Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. An old friend of
mine is now living at St. Ann's Heath, Chertscy. I
paid her a visit two or three weeks ago, and looking
out of my window, the morning after my arrival, I was
much struck with one or two splendid patches of pure
white flowers, half as large again as the common Chry-
santhemum Leucanthemum of the fields ; there were at
least 100 fine flowers in each patch, and they were sur-
rounded aud set off by Delphinium formosum. It is, or it
ought to be, surely worth the while of any well-wisher
to his fellow-creatures, to convert that which is a per-
nicious weed in our corn-fields into a most desirable
garden ornament. No attempt had been made to
improve the plant by manure or artificial soils, but my
friend had merely watere 1 it when she watered her
beds. The country peoplj at Virginia Water call the
l)lant " moons,"and well d ) its flowers deserve the name.
N. B. Ward.

TropcEohtm Pose Tom TViKjHS.— This variety gives a
new and distinct shade of colour in this useful tribe.
It lacks the rich glow of the Scarlet Tom Thumb, the
bright orange scarlet being withdrawn, and in its
place there is a kind of dullish rosy scarlet, the rose
being more perceptible as the flowers age. It blooms
profusely, making a very effective display, and
betraying but a very slight tendency to sport, leading
one to infer that Jlessrs. Carter & Co. had selected it
very carefully. The best plan to adopt with this
variety will be to select one or two of the plants having
the best shade of rose in the flower.s, and propagate
the same by cuttings for the following year. This
variety forms one of the batch of Messrs. Carter &
Co.'s new annuals for the present season. R. p.

Selection of Roses. — I am constantly receiving letters
on this subject, and no wonder, for trade catalogues
generally are enough to bewilder any one. I wish our
great nurserymen would meet together, and agree, if
possible, as to what should be rejected and what not.
Hi/hrid Perpetual : Rose colour, or shades thereof
— Anna Alexieff, Baronne Prevost. Comte de Nanteuil,
John Hopper, La Ducdiesse de Morny, La ViUe de
St. Denis, Madame Boll, Souvenir de la Reine d'Angle-
terre, W. Griffiths, Comtesse Cecile Chabrillant,
Gloire de Vitrv, own roots ; Victor Verdier, Josephine
Beauharnais, Thorin. The two last I have seen the
blooms of, and I thought them very good, the last
especially so. Crimson, red, scarlet, carmine, maroon,
plum purple, or s/iades if/;p;-fo/— Achille Gonod,
Alfred Colomb, first-rate; Alphonse Beliu, Baron
Adolphe de Eothschild, Beauty of Waltham, Bernard
Palissy, Charles Lefebvre, Dr. Andry, Lady Sntheld,
Duo de Rohan, Duchesse de Caylus, Framjois
Lacharrae, General Jacqueminot, George Prince, Jean

832

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AfiRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

rAuGUST 10, 1S67.

Bosenkrantz, John Keynes, Jules Margottin, Gabriel
Perronny, Lord Clyde Lord Macaulay ; Mesdames
Boutin, C. Crapelet, Charles Wood, Clemence Joign-
eaux, Emain, Julie Daran, Moreau, Louise Carique,
good for poles, or walls ; Marechal Vaillant, Maurice
Bernardin, Monsieur de Monligny, Vrol'essor Koeh,
Rushton Radclyffe, Senateur Vaisse, Vicomte Tigier.
The following are very dark : — Baronne Pelletan de
Kinkelin, Charles Wood, Due de Cazcs, Alfred de
Rougemont,EugeneVerdier,Pierre Hotting, asplendid
rose ; Prince Camille de Rohan, most beautiful ; Black
Prince, Souvenir de W, Wood, Souvenir de Comte
Cavour, Triomphe de Paris, Brupereur de Maroc, Jean
Bart, Duehesse de Medina-Cceli, Souvenir du Br.
Jamain, beautiful; and Horace Vernet. The last I
have only seen one bloom of, brought by " D." It is
deep-petaled, fine red colour, and marked to be a
superior rose. The four Roses preceding it are very
beautiful Roses, suited chiefly to garden ornament.
£lush JRoses — Caroline de Sausal, Duehesse d'Orleans,
Marguerite de St. Amand, Soeur des Anges, Madame
Knorr, and Madame Pillion, the last of which
is a beauty, being silvery under the petals.
Hoses of a White fenrfency— Madame Rivers, Madame
Vidot, the two best, but they require rich loam;
Madame Freeman. For ornamental pui-poses, Madame
Alfred de Rougemont and Madame Gustavo Bonnet.
I have seen blooms of Miss Ingram, creamy white ; it
appears to be a great acquisition— the form is globular.
Yellow Moses — Solfaterre (south wall), Triomphe de
Rennes, Celine Forestier, Gloire de Bijon. For the
south frontage of a house, or warm wall. La Boule
d'Or. For a conservatory, or warm town garden,
Marechal Niel ; I saw a fine tree of it in Blandford—
here it goes blind. i?o!;rJons— Acidalie, white ;
Baron Gonella, fine, dove pink ; Marguerite Bonnet,
fleshy white ; Souvenir de la Malmaison, blush ; and
Sir J. Paxton, bright crimson, for poles. CAiwa— Mrs.
Bosanquet, creamy white, unique. 2>rt i?05es— Adam,
Elise Sauvage, Rubens, Souvenir d'Elise, Madame
Willermoz, Sombreuil, Vicomtesse de Cazes, Souvenir
d'un Ami. Tea Roses are best suited for glass, but
they may be grown under a south wall. I did not lose
one of mine last winter in the front of my house. I
placed litter over their roots, and a turf reversed,
over the litter. They were killed to that
line ; but broke strongly in the spring, and
have bloomed beautifully. I believe the above
to be the best selection of Roses that can be
made. They have been blooming transcendently, are
blooming equally well now, and will continue in beauty
till winter stops them. Roses would be "perpetual"
if the owner did his duty by them. How can people
expect Roses to bloom, without stopping, for si.x or
seven months, with misplanting, mal-pruning, one
spadeful of manure in November, want of water both
on the roots and leaves in long droughts, and neglect
as to aphides and the varied fungoid diseases to which
they are subject? My plants are almost wholly on
Manetti or on their own roots. Briars are a thing of the
past, unsightly, and difficult of defence. Mr. Poslans is
now a convert to it, and Mr. Adolphus Kent tells me
the converts to it are multitudinous in his neighbour-
hood. I sent a noble box of trebles to Colonel Mansel,
at the Volunteer Camp at Milton Abbey, near here,
on the review day, August 1, and " Steeve " says they
w^ere greatly admired. I also sent Alpine and other
Strawberries ; I never gathered the latter so late before.
They were Cockscomb, Wonderful, and Progmore
Pines. Finally, Alfred Colomb is the best Rose that
has come out of late years— a superior Due de Rohan.
W. F. Sadch/ffe, Okeford Filzpaiiie.

Lilium auratum. — Our bulb of this Lily, of which
you published an account last year (see p. 829), is now
in a 20-inch pot, and has four stems, the highest of
■which measures 9 feet 6 inches from the surface of the
soil, and has 19 flowers; the second stem is 8 feet
6 inches high ; its top is divided into two parts, on
which there is the extraordinary number of 6ti flowers;
the other two stems are 4 feet and 2 feet 6 inches high
respectively, and are bearing one flower each — making
a total of 87 flowers. The largest of them measures
about 1 foot in diameter, and is on the highest stem;
owing to so many blossoms being on the second stem,
they are not so large as that just alluded to. Charles
Jiroch'hvrst, Gardener, J3ow Bridge, Leicester.

The Thompson Testimonial. — The Royal Horti-
cultural Society honours itself in pensioning and
proposing a testimonial to Mr. Robert Thompson. A
life of such ardent toil and rare devotion merits a quiet
evening of serenity, rest, and honour. The rest will
also prove all the sweeter when the means of enjoying
it proceeds from the Society for which he has laboured
so long and so well. His life has been devoted to the
advancement of its interests, and the promotion of its
prosperity. By serving the Horticultural Society so
effectually Mr. Thomp.son has at the same time placed
the whole fraternity of horticulturists under the deepest
obligations to him. For this reason we should all
share in the honour of this testimonial. The Royal
Horticultural Society is in its right place in front of
the movement. By taking the initiative in such a
matter it lays new claims to the support of practical
men. Be it ours, therefore, to strengthen and encourage
it in a course alike creditable to itself, and honourable
to one of the worthiest and hardest workers amongst
us. It is scarcely possible to exaggerate the
value of the services that Mr. Thompson has rendered
to gardening. With his strong common sense, his
indomitable perseverance, his quick observation, his
special knowledge, he enters the labyrinthine jungle of
Pomology, in which the cleverest were apt to be lust
amidst the maze of endless synonymes, and the tangled
thicket of useless varieties, and after years of hercu-
lean work, he cleared and mapped it all out, so plainly in
his descriptive catalogues, that any one with ordinary
attention could find their way to all our best fruits,
not only without difficulty, but with positive ease.

These catalogues afford the best index to the minute
carefulness and comprehensive grasp of his intellect.
Nothing is overlooked or omitted. Beginning at the
very beginning with the wood of the tree, we are led
through its leaves, its glands, its flowers its fruit, from
the kernel or core, throughout every feature of it up
to its flavour, size, form, embellishment; then it is
compared with others, points of resemblance or diver-
sity held up to us ; and before it is laid aside its image
is stereotyped on the brain so thoroughly, that
when it is again met with recognition is certain,
and the joyful "that's it" is the highest possible com-
pliment to Mr. Thompson's mental photography. In
fact, his descriptions are so perfect and vivid that the
fruits themselves seem to rise up before one from the
printed page, in all^ the minute nicety of the most
trivial characteristics. The labour and thought
expended in the acquisition of such special knowledge,
so lucidly conveyed, must have been immense ; and I
have heard that Mr. Thompson would spend a whole
day over one fruit rather than have the slightest mis-
giving about its identity. Doubts, in every instance,
had to give place to certainties before he would be
satisfied. Only those who have had the pleasure of
adaywithMr. Thompson by the walls or in th orchard
or fruit house at Chiswick, can tiuly estimate the
amount of his energy or the extent of his enthusiasm.
A few hours in the fruit room with Thompson
was worth a year's study. On such occasions he
delighted to pour his knowledge cheerfully and freely
into the minds of others. To acquire it for him-
self was a necessity and a duty ; to impart it
to others was his privilege and pleasure. Pomo-
logy introduced him to meteorology; his love of
trees brought him into collision with their greatest foe,
the weather ; and it seems that he applied the same
principles to both. He could not control, but he could
at least register, arrange, classify, and map out the
weather. In this way data have been collected and
generalisations made of the highest importance to both
his favourite sciences. His meteorological tables
contain the germs of truth upon the influence of
temperature and aqueous vapour upon vegetation, that
may yet be developed into the most valuable theories,
and may largely modify and improve our practice. Nor
must it be forgotten that vegetable culture owes much
to his plotting experiments and painstaking care. Of
Mr. Thompson as a writer I am hardly qualified to speak.
His contributions to the " Journal of the Horticultural
Society " and to the Gardeners' Chronicle are far
beyond the reach of my humble criticism. His
" (gardeners' Assistant" has never been equalled. It is
the gardening book taken by all my young men. If
books could make a gardener, this book would do it.
Theory and practice are so happily blended, and both
are so clearly elucidated and plainly enforced, that he
that runneth may not only read, but, what is of infi-
nitely more importance, completely master and clearly
understand what he reads. Personally 1 scarcely
know Mr. Thompson. I had the pleasure of meeting
him for the first and last time at the great International
Show of last June. Like all who know him I was
charmed with his modesty and humility, and have
learned that these qualities can only be exceeded by
his gentleness and goodness of heart. I enclose a
guinea, and a small contribution from my foreman and
young men, with much pleasure, and my earnest wish
for Mr. Thompson is that he may now rest from his
labours, and carry into his retirement the pleasing
memories of "duties well performed and days well
spent." B. T. Fish, F.S.S.S.

I'ariegated Pelargoniums at J5«ry.— In consequence
of the remarks of several of your correspondents, I feel
called upon to express my opinion in reference to the
award of the cup by the judges at the Bury Show for
12 Seedling Variegated Pelargoniums. As an exhibitor
of these plants for two years past at the Royal Horti-
cultural Society and elsewhere, I have found as a rule
that green and partially broken leaves were considered
a disqualification of any single plant, or any collection
in which it might be placed for competition. I would
also direct attention to the rules, as set forth for the
guidance of exhibitors and judges, in the Gardeners'
Chronicle of May 18, 1867 ; and as these were published
in a leading article, they may justly be considered
official. Besides this, every exhibitor at the meeting
at South Kensington, on May 21, must remember the
strictness with which these rules were enforced. Now,
no further rules having been published, nor any altera-
tions made known to the intending exhibitors at the
Royal Horticultural Show held at Bury, either in the
schedule or elsewhere, to warrant the supposition even
of any relaxation of these well-known and generally
received rules, most of the exhibitors selected their
plants and showed them in accordance with the
Royal Horticultural Society's rules. More than this :
I took extra pains to be clear on this point,
and, in reply to my question, as to this particular
matter, was informed by the Chairman of the Floral
Committee that green and unbroken leaves would
most certainly disqualify the collection. With these
facts before me, I now impeach the soundness of the
judges' decision at Bury, and publicly protest against
its correctness. In thus acting, I do so with a view to
a proper and final settlement of this question, and
therefore beg the favour of the judges to appoint some
one of their number to be their exponent of the reasons
that led them to reverse received rules, and set at
nought all previous conclusions. By thus meeting me
the correspondence will be shortened, and your valuable
space will not be uselessly occupied by irrelevant
matter. The subject to be discussed is simply this —
(jlreen leaves, and partially broken leaves, disqualify.
A collection of 12 plants, containing several plants with
green and unbroken leaves, was awarded the Silver
Cup. It needs but few words. There were three clean
collections passed over. Why ? F. T. Smith, The
Nurseries, West Bulioich. [Mr. Smith assumes that

the Royal Horticultural Society and the Gardeners'
Chronicle are one and the same, whereas they are
entirely independent of each other. We, of course,
uphold our own rules, which should be adopted for all
future competitions of these plants. Neither one-year-
old nor yearling plants should be again invited— at
least not in a prominent competition of this kind. It is
this limitation of date of origin which has been the cause
of the misunderstanding in the present instance ; young
plants were necessarily shown to comply with the con-
ditions. No doubt the intention was to bring out the
most recent and promising novelties^ that the public
might know what was in store for it, and so far the
invitation served its purpose; but such a competition in
future would be better confined to fixed sorts, and pro-
pagated plants. Eds.] In the main I agree with the

logical and temperate remarks of your able correspon-
dent, Mr. Fish ; though in following his baby compa-
rison on the variegated Pelargonium question, I think
it will be admitted by all that the most perfect
specimens of babyhood should take the prize. The
question is, were Messrs. Smith's plants more perfect in
their babyhood than Mr. Grieve's ? If this is con-
ceded, the conclusion is inevitable. I freely admit that
constitutional vigour is indispensable, and that the
prize collection appeared to possess it in a high degree.
I also agree with ilr. Grieve, that a good flower is
a great desideratum, and the better these are in shape,
colour, and substance, the more acceptable. I am
therefore no caviller on this head. My ordinary habits
are averse to public discussion, but I have no objection
to break a friendly lance with Mr. Grieve in order to
arrive at a just conclusion ; though I regret to say the
tone of his letter promises little in this way. He
begins by ignoring "Scrutator" and "Subscriber,"
and quoting and explaining a well-known Scotch
proverb, which may or may not be relevant,
but there can be no doubt of its being some-
what oflfensive. My presumption in calling in question
the award of the judges, and a denial of my under-
standing the matter, comes next. The truth is Mr.
Grieve has illogically attempted to answer me by con-
founding the statements contained in the two other
letters on this subject. I never denied merit in some
I of the plants in the prize collection, nor found fault
I with their growth. The public are only interested in
knowing if Messrs, Smith, in the first place, complied
with the conditions in the schedule [they are simply:
"Seedlings of 1866 and 1867." Eds.] ; secondly, were
their plants as seedlings more highly developed ? ana,
thirdly, were they of equal merit with the prize
collection ? My opinion is given ; it is at least dis-
interested. The same cannot be said of Mr. Grieve.
The rules laid down in the Gardeners' Chronicle, if
good, were worth attending to even in judging seedlings,
as far as possible in the examples shown, and I ask —
Did not Messrs. Smith's plants come nearest to them ?
This is the principle .on which I raise the issue. No
one will deny the first merit due to Mr. Grieve for the
important part he has played in raising these beautiful

?lants ; at the same time, as a purchaser and dealer,
claim the right to state any views I may entertain as
to the relative merits of an important decision, and I
trust I shall always do this with the dignity and
forbearance of legitimate discussion, eschewing all
personalities, the use of which generally shows paucity
of ideas and not argument. George Davison, White
Cross Nurseries, Mereford.

Gardeners' Fxaminaiions. — Can you inform me by
what means I can avail myself of the opportunity of
being examined by the Royal Horticultural Society, or
the Society of Arts ? I am a young gardener anxious
to test my knowled.ge, and have for a long time wished
to be examined by the above-named Societies, but,
owing to my great distance, I am excluded. Are there
no means to be adopted whereby such as myself can
become tbe fortunate possessors of a certificate of
merit, &c. ? I find, by your list of the 3d iust., that the
majority of students are from Chiswick, which I fear
will admit of no chance for an isolated worker. J?. P.,
Trevince, Sedruth, Cornwall. [It is not easy to make
the arrangements you desire. Surely you could come
up to London once for such a matter. The Certificate,
honourably won, would be worth far more than the
railway fare and other expenses, though we fully recog-
nise the difficulty which these put in your way. Eds.]
Double-hlossomed Fea. — I see you allude to the
double-flowered Pea I sent you last year as a matter of
some interest. I have again noticed the same variation
in the variety which produced the double flowers in
1866 under similar circumstances, but as I do not
notice it on other varieties growing under like circum-
stances (although I discovered a single instance of it
on another variety last year), it would seem that the
exhaustion of the plant, or the check, and consequent
second growth, is not the sole cause in this instance of
the double flowers, for I have other varieties growing
side by side with the one producing double blossoms
without there being any tendency apparently in the
flowers to become double, although the second grou th
thereon produces diminutive blooms only. The variety
producing double flowers is a free-bearing seedling
with long pods, called Supreme, and was raised by cross
fertilising Prolific Longpod with Little Gem ; and
perhaps its fertility may be a combined cause of the
double flowers, which are all, as last year, produced on
a second growth from the lower part of the stem, the
first blooms being all single and fertile. I endeavoured
to save seed from the semi-double blooms last year;
most of them set, but the birds, notwithstanding very
numerous precautions, prevented success. As the
same variety was sent to the Royal Horticultural
Society's garden at Chiswick for trial this year, it may
perhaps throw some light upon the obscurity attending
the matter if the same result has appeared there this
season. I may mention also the result of another
course of experiments which I tried last vear by cross-
ing the single-flowered bedding FelargoBiums with the

AtrousT 10, 186?.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND ACRTCUETURAL (}A;5ETTE.

833

pollen of the double-flowered varietioa Marcclial de
Chanflourd and Gloiro de Nancy. All that have
flowered as yet (about 20 plants from ditferent crosses)
have single flowers only, although in more th.an one
instance the foliaso and colour partake strongly of
those of the male parents. I noticed also that tlio
second blossoms produced on some Apple trees this
year were partially double. I allude to the blossoms
found, as is frcciuoutly the case with the Fear, after
fruit is formed on the tree. Thomas Laxlon, Slamford.

Roi/al Ascot Qrapp. — With reference to this (rrape,
I may say that it has a fine, bold berry, of a roundish-
oval shape, set U]>on a good, stout, short footstalk. The
flesh is firm, crisp, and rich, vvitli a slight Muscat
flavour. WiuMi grown under favourable circunistarices,
the lioyal As('(it will, doubtless, prove to be one of the
very best black (.'rapes known; and if, as I think it
will, it turns out to bo a good keeper, it will take the
place of the Black Alicante and Lady Downes'. T. P.

Herbaceous Plants, — It is now some time since I
wrote the last paper published on herbaceous plants
(see p. SOU), and I wish to slightly correct a few
statements tlicrein. I did not intend to recommend
Aconiluiu X;ip<!llus, but one which is sometimes called
Naiiolliis-bicntor and versicolor (hebegynum in the
Jardin des I'lantos), and for which the best name is
variegatum. It is a beautiful old plant, and some-
times attains a height of G feet in sandy soil. With it
the best are Stcerkianum, a rich dark purple, cminens,
:iiid chinonse. About selecting these Aconitums
among herbaceous plants, Mr. James: Backhouse once
wrote to me : — " They are so frightfully poisonous in
all their parts that I counsel against the use of one of
them." As for the Paionies, it should bo remarked
that an immense number of the varieties of P. albiflora
(syn. edulis, fragrans, sinensis, &c.) are in France, and
many of them are remarkably fine and showy, while
the varieties of P. othoinalis and parado.\a are also
popular, though cultivated to a less extent. Corydalis
nobilis, when well grown, forms a strong and handsome
garden plant ; of course it del ights in good soil. W. R.

Test Plants as regards Hardiness, — Your remarks
(see p. 804) on Test Plants for resistance to low tem-

ferature, seem to me to point more to test localities,
believe that on that depends most of our success in
growing tender trees or shrubs. In spring frosts, we
see even the hardiest of deciduous native trees suffer,
if in low or moist localities, exposed to the morning sun.
The same applies to winter frosts in the case of ever-
greens. It was remarkable this spring, after the frost
of ^lay 2.3d, to see the exact line drawn, where the sun
had told upon the frost— the green and browned foliage
divided to an inch. Experience shows us, that by
adopting the sub-tropical system, as at Battersea, we
can grow plants hitherto only grown in the hot-
ho\ise. This points the way to sucli treatment of trees
:uul shrubs. I have remarked this year, that the foliage
i;!' the Sweet Bay, so planted, has not been touched by
frost. Locality, under-drainage and aspect, are the
points to be attended to. With these a tree may be
seen in full vigour, while the very same species, perhaps
only a few yards distant, may be struggling for exist-
ence under the reverse treatment. I am much pleased
to see the subject taken up, as attention to it will so
much aflect the future success of planters. The only
tree injured here has been a large specimen of Picea
religiosa ; the top was broivned, but it was recovering
when the May trost nipped it, as it unfortunately is
exposed to morning sun. It is now however coming
round again. Phormium tenax was much burnt, but
is shooting up ; also Draciena indivisa. Nothing else
injured. I am pleased to find that Aralia Sieboldii, the
beautiful New Zealand Pittosporum, and many other
plants, supposed tender, are quite uninjured. I find
that the White Arum quite ranks with the common
Water Lily, and shoots up and blooms as vigorously
after the winter. Shannon, Castle Martyr.

Wasps : Vespa arhorea. — This wasp used to be
common enough in the woods at the Earl of Alans-
field's, Scone Palace, Perthshire, N.B. ; and I should
think an application for a nest to Mr. Halliday, the
gardener there, would be at once responded to.

r>, T. F,

Orchard-house trees at Purij. — Perhaps your corre-
spondents who wrote on the judging of orchard-house
trees will explain what they consider the chief points
of merit in the culture of these trees. Their opinion
might be useful in the establishment of a guide to
those who have rules of this sort to frame, and would
also assist in settling the points to be encouraged, by
societies giving prizes, by leading to a division of
subjects, as, for example, a prize for trees with fruit in
a state fit for table, another for fruit in a green state,
and another for the largest possible trees. I, for one,
consider that orchard-house trees, with fruit that will
scarcely be in a state fit for table before that grown
1 out of doors, unworthy of such prominent encourage-
ment. All practical gardeners know that however
unwieldy the tree and pot may be, there is most
frequently a great difi'erence in the quantity of fruit
left upon the largest possible trees in pots, after having
undergone the ripening process, simply because the
more green fruit on the trees when that process com-
mences, the fewer are likely to ripen, even under the
most favourable circumstances. Vindicator.

Foreign Correspondence.

Disease among Fish in the Lake of Geneva, — The
pleasure grounds at Campagne Lammermoor run down
to the edge of the Lake, in which about a month ago
I was surprised to find a quantity of fine fish dead; and
continuing to find them daily in that condition, I was
induced to make inquiries, the result of which has
been the discovery ot a very serious epidemic among
the fish. One doctor bought 40 fine perch the other
day, and out of the 40, 17 were diseased, a heavy
percentage among fish in a lake about 40 miles long and

8 wide. I therefore hope that other inland lakes are not
affected like that of tlenova. Specimens of the dead
fish wore submitted to Professor Uevon for inspection,
and the following is his account of the malady : —

" Tho fish in question seem to be sulferin[^ from a
kind of tape-worm, which attacks tho intestines, and
after a short time tho fish float on the surface of tho
water, and perish in enormous munbers— so much so,
indeed, that tho authorities on the borders of tho lake
engaged boatmen to collect and bury them, fearing that
the corruption of such a number of fish in the water
might create an e|)idomio in tho human race. The
species of fish that have suffered most are tho per(^h,
pike, vangeron, fera, kite, and ombre chevalier. The
trout has almost entirely escaped the ei)ideniic. I am
happy to say that tho disease seems on the decrease,
■and as soon as I get a report from tho Commission of
Doctors th.at are now studying tho epidemic, I will not
fail to send you a copy." John A. Watson.

^ocfrtfcg.

RoTAi, IToRTicuLTURAi, : Augxist C. — Rev, Joshua Dix in tho
ch;ur. Several new members were elected on this occasion,
anJ the awards of the Floral and Fruit Committeoa were
announced. Mr. Shaw, of Manchestor, and Mr. Williams, of
HoUoway, received Itlrst-class Certificates for three varieties
of Athyrium, viz., A. Filix-foemina FrizellifB glomcratuin,
A. F.-f. ramoaissimum, ami A. F.-f. Gloveri. These are beauti-
ful dwarf varieties of Lady Fern, raised by Mr. Glover, and
remarkable for their dwarf crispy habit of growth, and their
frequently -branched richides. That called Gloveri forms a
peculiarly dense dwarf curly mass, and is very distinct and
beautiful. A boxful of magnificent blooms of Clematis was
contriliutod by Messrs. Jaekman & Son, of Wokinc', to which
allusion will hereafter be made. The kinds to which Certifi-
cates were awarded, were Lady BoviU, lavender ; Mrs. Bate-
man, mauve, a variety which in general produces blossoms
having six petals instead of four or five ; and Thomas Moore,
a fine kind, having reddish purple blossoms shaded with violet,
and with a conspicuous centre of white stamens : 0. lanuginosa
Candida, in the same collection, is also a fine white sort, which
when intermixed with the charming vaiieties just named
must produce a striking and beautiful effect. From Mr.
Anderson, i(r. to T. Dawson, Esq., Meadow Bank. Glasgow,
came admirable examples of cut Orchids, among which were
Saccolabium Dayanum, Odontoglossum Alexandrse, a branched
.spike, particularly fiuc ; Oncidium leueochilura, and others,
Messrs. Low exhibited the little known Warzewiczella aroma-
tica, a violet-stained whitish-fiowered species, to which a
Second-class Certificate was awarded.

A variety of Cattleya Wagneri came from Mr. Richards, gr.
to Lord Londesborough, at Grimston Park, and the prettily
variegated variety of Sempervivum aizoides was contributed
by Mr. Hall, Lawn House, HoUoway. G. F. Wilson, Esq.,
furnished a truly beautiful Japanese Lily, bearing large
flowers of a bright orange red colour thickly ornamented with
dark mulberry-coloured spots. Concerning this the Rev. Mr.
Berkeley will doubtless have something to say hereafter ; in
the meantime we may however st^ate that as it is a most
protuse fiowerer and possibly hardy it cannot fail to be a real
acquisition. It was awarded a First-class Certificate, which
it well deserved. From Mr. Wilson Saunders came an inte-
resting group of plants, among which were a slender-growing
Afi-ican Pelargonium with small roundish pale green leaves on
which is stamped a well-defined deep brown-coloured horse-
shoe ; Dendrobium Bensonife, white with orange-stained lip ;
Eranthemum igneum, with leaves traversed by flame-coloured
veins ; the beautiful red-veined Echitcs rubro-venosa ; a white-
flowered bulbous plant from South Africa; and an Oncidium
in the way of O. triquetrum. Mr. Hilton, Dunstable, showed
a variegated variety of Cupressus Lawsoniana. Mr. Earley,
Digswell, near Welwyn, had the beautiful climbing Fern
Lygodiura japonicum, some 10 feet in height ; a beautiful speci-
me]i, to which a Special Certificate was awarded : and from
Messrs. Lee came the prettily cut leaved Rhus glabra laci-
niata, a handsome form uf this useful species.

Mr. C. J. Perry, of Birmingham, contributed a stand of
splendid new Verbenas, among which Miss Tunier, J. C. Ward,
G. P. Tye, Hercules, and Thomas Harris, received First-class
Certificates, The four first-named have already been described
by us, the latter is of a rich plum colour, shaded with glossy
dark, and has a pure white centre, the flowers being very fine
and showy. It may be regarded as an improved William Dean.
Butterfly is also a new variety, shown for the first time on this
occasion, it is of a deUcate pink hue, with a ring of dark
violet rose round a light centre, and is altogether very pretty
and attractive, A Special Certificate was also awarded to
Mr. Perry for a stand of 24 varieties of Verbenas, all of
his own raising ; among them were such fine flowers as
Mazeppa, a splendid high-coloured variety ; Startler, Glow-
worm, Harry Law, Auricula, Blue Queen, Charles Turner,
Cleopatra, Leah, Lilac King, Charles Pcny, Samuel Moreton,
and Majolica. Mr. Eckford, of Coleshill, exhibited six new
kinds of Verbenas, which were, however, very much behind
Mr. Perry's in puint of quality. They were Pluto, rich deep
scarlet, very bright, with a large lemon centre, which seems to
get washy with age ; Mrs Bouveiie, white, with conspicuous
violet ruse centre ; Criterion, very pale lilac, with rosy-litac
centre ; Hermit, white, slightly suffused with pink ; George
Stevenson, bright cerise scarlet, with showy white centre ;
and Lady M. WUde. blush, with a dark ring round the eye. Mr.
Fry, Manor Lane Nursery, Lee, received a Second-class Certifi-
cate fur a Double Fuchsia named blue Boy, a profuse fiowerer
and apparently a useful market variety. It is a dwarf-crowing
kind, the tube and sepals of which are scarlet, with a deep blue
corolla, Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son received a First-class
Certificate for Fuchsia Golden Fleece, which, as shown, luoked
as if it would make an effective bedding variety, being dwarf
and of a close bushy habit. A row of 40 plants of this variety
may now be seen at the Wellington Road Nursery, where it
makes a very effective display. The same finn also had a
similar award for variegated zonal Pelargonium Howarth
Ashton, a kind very much in the way of Lucy Grieve, but
having a more vigorous habit, though this could scarcely be
InfeiTed from the plants sho'wn. The leaves are very distinctly
marked. The same ,award was also made to Messrs. E. G.
Henderson & Son for mule Pink Napoleon III., a crimson
form of the rose-coloured Dianthus hybridus multiflorus ;
the flowers of this sort are bright crimson scarlet,
and slightly fragrant. A Second-class Certificate was
hkewise awarded to the same nurserymen for Fuchsia
albo-coccinea, having very novel-coloured flowers, the
tube being dullish red, the sepals white, and the corolla
reddish -violet— a very distinct sort. The same firm, more-
ever, received a Label of Commendation for Pelaigoniura
reticulatum, a kind having leaves mottled green and gold,
with a slight dark zone, and bright crimson Nosegay flowers.
It may prove a useful kind to breed from. Verbena Harlequin,
a striped variety, somewhat dull looking ; and Lobelias
Indigo Blue and speciosa spectabile, also came from the same ;
as WfU as some handsome yearling plants of variegated zonal
Pelargoniums of considerable promise. Mr. Richard Dean, of
Ealing, received a Second-class Certificate for a very dwarf-

glowing Liibclia named Bluo Tom Thumb, tho flowers of
which are pale blue, witli wldte eye, and the plant i« ft pro-
fuse bloomor and of still' v\„m habit.

Mr. Georgo Smith, 'I'-.IIiiigton Nur«ery, Islington, received
First-class Certificates fur two splendid hybrid Nosegay Pelar-
goiiiitniH, viz., Eclat, a rich sharlo of magotita, suffused with
purplo, tho flowers being of extra fine quality, and the tnisRos of
an ciiurinouB size, froo Jjloomhig, and tho foliaKO slightly
zunatc; a groat acquisiti-ni. The other was (Jrand Duke,
another hybrid Nosegay, colour brilliant orango scarlet, a very
showy and effective variety ; foliage also slightly zonate.
Messrs. Duwnie, Laird, &l Laing received a Firsc-class Certifi-
cate for a gulden -foliaged Pehvrgonium, named Courtossof
Kcllie, a sort having a distinct chestnut zone, ha>nt vigorous,
and yet close ; thin prunii-ses to make a very clfectivo and
durable lieddcr. The Kaiuo nurserymen alwo had another
variety named Kentish Hero, a strong growing variety, some-
thing in the way of the foregoing, but having a broader zone,
rather darker in colour, and not quite so much gold in tho
leaves. Pillarof Gold, from Mr. Fry, has a vigorous habit and
greenish gold foliage without any zone. Mr. William Paul
funnshod a useful looking white edged Pelargonium, named
Snowdrop, which, however, was considered by the Committee
to bo uiforior to Mr. Georgo Smith's Princess Alexandra.
Mr. Bland, gr. at tho Star and Garter Hotel, Richmond,
showed three varieties of seedling Fuchsias, one a bold look-
ing double variety with white condla, Tliuy were, however,
considered to l>e inferior to kinds alieady in cultivation.

As regards Fruit, Mr. Cox, gr. to W. Wells, Esq., Redlcaf,
sent a fine dish of Bigarreau do Mezcl Cherries, which received
the Ist prize for tho best dish of new varieties, Mr. Earh- ,
Difisvvell, sent in the class uf Green-fleshed Melons, Di-. II (;.;g,
which received the 1st prize ; it is of medium size, and well
flavoured. Mr. Grieve, Culford, sent Queen Emma, which was
over-ripe. From Mr. Rivers came fruit of tho Lato Black
Bigarreau Cheiry, a large and firm-fleshcdkind, which received
a I'irst-claas Certificate. He also sent fruit of a seedling from
Early York Peach, with round elands on the leaves, a finely-
flavoured and excellent sort which likewise received a Fii-st-
class Certificate. Mr. J. Beach, gr. to C. J. Herries, Esq.,
Sevenoaks, received a Special Certificate for an excellent dish
of Morello Cherries. Mr. Wilkie, gr., Addison Road,
exhibited Lady Downes' and BlacK Alicante Grapes
in excellent condition ; and from Mr. Standish came
fruit of his Royal Ascot Grape, when the decision of
the sub-committee awarding a First-class Certificate to this
Grape was confirmed. Mr. Henderson exhibited Thoresby
Queen Pine, a large fnut, which, however, was found to be
very deficient in flavour ; and Mr. Forsyth, gr. to Baron
Rothschild, Gunnersbury, sent a handsome fruit of smooth-
leaved Cayenne. Mr. Beach sent three dishes of Gooseberries ;
Mr. Turner, of Slough, a dish of Black Naples Currant : and
Mr. W. Nichol, gr. to T. H. Powell, Esq., Drmkstone Park,
Bury St. Edmund's, fruits of Passiflora quadrangularis and
edulis. Mr. Poynter, of Taunton, sent two varieties of Peas —
one named Pearce's Gardener's Delight, which proved to bo
Ne Plus Ultra ; and the other appeared to be Tall Green
Mammoth ; the Committee recommended that they be sent t«j
Chiswick and proved. From Mr. Wilson, gr, to Sir Ralph
Howard, Craven Cottage, Fulham, came two large Cucumbers
of the variety called Lord Harris.

Northamptonshire Field Club.' — The first meeting of this
Society took place at Apethorpe on Monday, July 8. The
members met at the Roman Villa discovered at that village in
18.59, and after examining the foundations and the large pave-
ment, which has been carefully preserved by the Earl of
Westmoreland, they proceeded to Morehay Lawn to examine
the old Oaks, which are certainly as old as the reign of King
John. Two were measured, one of which had a girth of
28 and another of 33 feet. The parish of King's Chffe was then
visited, and the members afterwards adjourned to Apethorpe.
Several interesting botanical specimens were exhibited. Some
observations were made on the parasitism of the Dodder, and
the following inaugural address delivered by the president,
the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, incumbent of the parish. After a few
preliminary remarks on the utility of such meetings, and
on the bearings of natural science on divinity, Mr. Berkeley
proceeded as follows : —

And first, as the point on which all local natural history
must more or less depend, we must look at the geological and
physical features of our county. For intimately connected
with the?e, in conjunction with climatic considerations, is the
distribution of our F-auna and Flora. Our county extends
obliquely for more than VO miles, taking Peterborough and
Aynho as the extreme points, and is, I believe, situated in the
Ime of least rain, the supply from the western and eastern
seas being greatly exhausted before it reaches us. The rainfall
throughout the county, on an average, probably does not
exceed 22 inches, though I have no exact information on the
point ; and as regards its distribution through the year there
is not that great disproportion, taking month by month,
which is observable in some distiicts. The county is well
supplied with drainage by the rivers which liso on our higher
grounds, which at Naseby acquire a considerable elevation,
though not sufficient to constitute more than gentle undula-
tions in a taljle-land. At Peterborough alone and its immedi-
ate neighbourhood does it protrude for a short distance into
actual fen.

The three principal geological formations are the middle and
lower oolites, succeeded by the has. Tbe upper oolite occurs
if at all only in isolated outlying patches, as the chwlk does at
two spots in this immediate neighbourhood, and one at Biggin,
the other in the Purlieus adjoining the parish of Thornhaugh,
I believe that the geology of this county, as a whole, has not
been fully examined, though, in consequence of the increasing
value of the ironstone, the beds of the lower oolite in North-
amptonshire have of late excited much interest ; and there is
httle doubt, from appearances patent to common observers, as
well as from the glance which the distinguished geologist,
Mr. J. W. Salter, who has twice paid King's Cliffe a visit, was
enabled to take, that were there faciUties of transport, the
valuable beds would be found to extend here, as indicated by
the peculiar white sand which so commonly attends them in
other parts of the county. On the Huntingdon side of the
Nene, at Orton Longueville, I may remark en passant that
there are large deposits of nodules of extremely valuable iron,
consisting of the protoxide, the nodules containing 90 per
cent, of iron in combuiation with oxygen. Still less have the
Northamptoushire fossils been fully examined, though a good
beginning was made at the beginning of the last century by
Morton, who has given many good figures of the species which
he collected in various parts of the county. Very few from
Northamptonshire are figured inSowei-by's Mineral Conchology,
He was much pleased with those from this neighbourhood,
and especially with those of King's Cliffe. from their being
almost identical with those from Anctiff. There is, indeed, no
reason why in the great oohte as important additions should
not be made to our fossil Fauna as those by Mr. Walton, near
Bath, who discovered a multitude of new forms, including
several undescribed genera, in crevices amongst the Bath
stone in a very limited locality. From the httle which was
done by Mr. Bentley in the St^^nesfield slate, ac CoUeyweston,
there is great reason to believe that any one taking up the
examination of the slate pits there as an especial object,
might make many interesting discoveries, and possibly be
rewarded with some new marsupial. The success which Dr.
Porter has had in the Oxford clay, at Whittlesea, though not
strictly within our limits, is a great encouragement to research,

834

THE GARDENERS' CmONlCLE AND AGRlCtJLTtJRAL GAZETTE.

[AUGTTST 10, 1867.

where those beds occur in any part of our county, as for
example at Deene. As regards the best oolitic beds, we have,
indeed, nothing in Northamptonshire to equal those at Ketton,
but a great quantity of valuable stone has been raised at
Barnack, King's Clilfe, and Weldon. The pits at the latter
place are, I_believe_ still worked, and good freestone has been
raised at King's Cliffe within my own experience. The yellow
marble of Weldon was once in high repute, as may be seen in
many of our older houses in the shape of cliimnev pieces, slabs,
&c., and as gravestones in our churches. Good pottery clay
occurs at Wakerly, and probably in other paits of the county,
quite equal, as I am informed by Mr. Blashfield, to what he
procures from Dorsetshii'e.

This notice would be incomplete without meutioning the
Drift. Blocks and rounded nodules of red sandstone are
scattered all over our forest, and specimens sometimes occur
of the sandstone fossil vegetation. But this is far from being
the only stone which has been brought from a distance. The
church at Brixworth appears to have been built maioly with
stones collected from the surface, a great variety of which,
including slate and granite, may be seen in its walls.

Our gravel pits contain many objects of interest, but thei'e
is one especially which may some day be the object of a visit,
though lyhig out of Northamptonshire, I mean that at Cheny
Orton, which was the first pit, as Mr. Prestwich informs me,
in which he found mai-ino and freshwater shells at the same
time, mingled with the remains of elephants, and amongst
them an enormous tusk, in the possession of the Marchioness
of Huntley. I may mention, too, the pottery pits at Water
Newton, though lying just out of our county, in which
quantities of fragments of Roman pottery are mL'ted with the
bones of the red deer and bos latifrons, showing that the latter
species was still abundant in the time of the Romans.

As regards the physical condition of our county, it may be
remarked that the extensive woods, which characterise certan
parts of it, especially in the north and south, though
greatly diminished within the last 30 years, still afford an
ample field for research, and though the geological formation
of the county is essentially calcareous, the outcropping of
some of the sandbeds in particular parishes is accompanied by
more or less decided changes in the distribution of animal and
vegetable life.

Though the predominance of calcium in our eoU prevents
the occurrence of many genera and species which are found in
other counties, our Fauna and Flora on the whole will be
found to be far from scanty, and if, as must necessarily be the
case, oui' excursions have in view localities which are within
a practicable distance of our pLaces of meeting within the
county, I may venture to assert that, as regards both the
Fauna and Flora, though we may not hold the very first place
In point of number and variety, we can take a very good
second. We cannot indeed expect, within a comiiaratively
small area, anything like the varied productions which are to
be found at a place like Bath, which, within a radius of
10 miles, includes most of the piincipal geological formations.
If, however, AVtmsford be taken as a centre, with a similar
radius, though we have neither an Alpine nor even a sub-
Alpine district, we have a list of plants and animals which
may compare honourably with most circles of a like area in
England. Some years since I went through the Flora of this
plot with Dr. Hooker, and he was quite sui-prised at the com-
parative richness of the district as regards natural productions.
Many of the localities, indeed, have since been destroyed ;
forests have been grubbed up, detached marshy spots drained,
large ijortiona of the fens, including the great Mere of Whittle-
Bea, turned into productive Land, with other changes ; but still
a great deal remains. It is not the time to enter into details
now, but when I mention such rarities as Liparis Loeselii,
Ophrys aranifera. Inula Helenium, Lythi-um hyssopi folium,
Viola lactea, and Lastrea cristata, you will at onee see that I
am not drawing inferences from insufficient grounds. On the
outlying chalk at Biggin, Orchis nstulata used to occur
formerly in abundance, and there are many isolated spots
which have their own especial interest.

As the Flora is rich, there is necessarily an extensive list of
insects. Those of the Soke of Peterborough and the adjacent
fens have perhaps been as well worked as those of any part of
England. Mr. Joseph Henderson, the late scientific gardener
at Milton, made extensive zoological collections, including
almost every branch, and, in conjvmction with those of Mr.
Simmons, his entomological cabinet, which was very rich in
diptera and hymenoptera, attained a considerable importance.
Many of their discoveries are recorded in Curtis' British Ento-
mology and other works of the day, and the hymenoptera of
the fen districts are so beautiful and interestiag ttiat, long
before the late extensive system of drainage, dealers had
carried off such quantities not merely of the insects them-
selves, but of the larva3, that some of the most interesting and
attractive have become extremely rare. Nothing, indeed, can
withstand the incursions of tho dealers ; the beautiful Orion,
which was in tolerable abundance a few years since at Barn-
well Wold, has now become exti-emely scarce ; and in tho
vegetable kingdom, where there is no chance of escape except
from inaccessible rocks, matters are still worse. As an
instance, I may remark by the way that Asplenium lanceola-
tum, which once occurred in the utmost profusion at Frenchay,
near Bristol, has now vanished altogether.

There is, however, after all the changes that have taken
place in the surface, plenty stiU to attract the entomologist.
Many novelties will doubtless reward diligent research, and a
keen observer will find on application to the highest authorities
that he is every day falling in with eomothing new as to insect
habits and economy. In the higher branches of zoology, the
naturalist cannot expect to do much. Before our forests were
so dismantled, and there was such a rage for preserving game,
our own'county, and this neighbourhood especially, produced
many objects of interest which have now vanished. Every
possible and impossible enemy of pheasants and partridges
has been destroyed with about as much intelligence as that
vnth which the farmer wages war against the hedgehog. I
recollect a bittern being shot in Spawood Sale, near Cliffe, and
nailed up as a trophy on the keeper's walls. Within my own
remembrance, many a deuizen of oui- forests has vani.shed,
and it would be as hopeless now to look for a kite in our
woods as for a bustard on Newmarket Heath, both of which,
■within half a centmy, were still not uncommon. There is a
record even of a bustard having been shot at Moulton, in this
county, though possibly only a straggler, though there are
sandy districts in the neighbom-hood where the bustard might
have bred. In some departments of zoology, besides entomo-
logy, thero is still scope for the student. As many mollusca
possibly are still to he met with as there were 30 years ago,
and almost within that period the noble Dreissena polymorpha
—which certainly did not exist previously in the island— has
become almost as common in our streams, where there is a
atony bottom, as the new water-weed Elodea canadensis.
There is yet room for study amongst the more minute
moUnsca. Many points of their anatomy aio still obscure, and
in such familiar instances as Cyclostoma elegans, nothing has
been done, as far as I am aware, beyond tho impei-feet memoir
which I published myself 40 years ago in the Zoological
Journal.

We cannot expect again to make discoveries of new or
unobserved species in the higher branches of botany, though
the example of Mr. Darwin, as regards the common Primi-osc,
Flax, and famiHar Orchids, shows what important truths
await detection even in tho most widely distributed objects.
But in the lower orders, especially amongst the Fungi, thero
are multitudes of species which have hitherto remained

unrecorded. I may mention as an instance of what may be
done in this respect, that Mr. Broome and myself have added
more than a thousand .species to our list smce we directed our
attention to Fungi as an especial object of research. It was
long supposed, for example, that there were only three .species
of Truffle in this country, Northamptonshire being once con-
sidered as the only county in which the common TrufBe
occurs. The i-esearches of Mr. Broome have added moi'c than
30 distinct species, of which half, at least, have been found in
Northamptonshii'e, as well as about Bath. Amongst Mosses
again, especially if adjacent districts be included, there is
much interest, and I may remark that the neighbouring
parish of Thornhaugh has produced one of oui" rarest British
Mosses.

Amongst other matters of county interest I would call
attention to the verification of the numeroiis species indicated
in Morton's History of Northamptonshn-e, a work which, like
that of Dr. Plott on Staffordshire, has been justly esteemed.
Mr. Morton was rector of Oxenden, and published his work in
1712. His researches were not confined to his own neighbour-
hood, and he was by no means a mere collector, but, hke his
friend Ray, an original observer. The book is still valuable,
and may afford matter for some interesting papers.

3<rotic£S of ISooliS.

The Birds of Norfolk, Sfc. By Henry Stevenson.
Vol. I. London : Van Voorst. 8vo, pp. 445.
Here is a book which, may safely he recommended as
a model of what a local Fauna should be. It is full of
valuable information on the birds of the county,
information culled from previous writers, who are duly
cited, aud supplemented and greatly extended by the
personal research of the author.

The introduction forms in itself a valuable contribu-
tion to the physical geography of the county, aud the
descriptions of the scenery, as well as of the habits of
the birds, show that the ^vriter possesses not only an
excellent faculty for observation, but a painter's eye and
a poet's relish for the beauties of Nature. AVe take at
random from this delicious volume some parap;raphs
relating to the E-eed Warbler (Salicaria strepera) :—

" This species, like the sedge warbler, is an incessant
songster, heard at short intervals throughout the day, except
in windy weather, but saving its choicest music for the
twilight hours. Its lavish notes arc thus associated in my
mind with many a calm summer's night on the open broads,
the stars shining brightly overhead, and the soft breeze sigh-
ing through the rustling reeds, mingled with the hum of
insect-life on the water. It is at such times that the song of
these marsh nightingales is heard to perfection. All is still
around, save those miu-mnring sounds that seem to lull to
sleep : the barking of the watch-dog has ceased in the distance,
and the hoarse croak of the coot or the moorhen harmonises
too well with the scene to startle with its frequent repetition.
Presently, as if by magic, the reed beds on all sides are teem-
ing with melody ; now here, now there, first one, then another
and another of the reed birds pour forth their rich mocking
notes, taken up again and agam by others, and still, far away
in the distance, tlie same strain comes back upon tlie breeze,
tiU one is lost in wonder at theii- numbers, so startling to the
ear of a stranger, so impossible to be estimated at all duruig
the day. About the first week in June, should the weather be
fine and still, is the best time to hear these nocturnal warblers ;
the sedge birds, however, as earlier breeders, have by this
time almost ceased to sing during the night, their young being
already hatched.

" I can imagine few things more delightful to the out-door
naturalist thau his first inti'oduction to the broads by night.
The mere escape for a time during tho height of summer from
the heat and bustle of a city life, might alone repay the trouble
of a visit, were there no further attractions in those sights and
sounds which have for the naturalist a peculiar charm. Never,
I think, does marshy scenery look more beautiful than on a
fine summer's evening, when even distant objects appear
distinct against the clear bright sky. How the rich gi'een of
the rushy marshes, and the luxuriant growth of sedge by the
water's side relieve the eye after the heat and glare of the day.
The whole landscape, flat though it may be, is yet prettily
broken by small groups of cattle in every attitude of repose ;
with here a marsh mill, picturesque in its roughness, or there
the tall mast and sail of a wherry alone visible across the next
reach of the winding river. Nor does the ear fail to share in
the pleasures of the scene ; innumer.ablo sand-martins fill the
air \vith their hurried twitterings, as they chase each other
over the water m endless evolutions. Every covert seems alive
with the meiTy notes of the sedge bird, now mocking the
sand-martins in their passing flight, now pouring forth its own
babbling notes, till one's head seems filled with its incessant
song. Close by from the bushes on the drier marshes titlarks
are rising and falling on quivering wings, and though lost
almost to sight, far above all, the skylark's song still mingles
with tho rest, as

' Higher still and higher the deep blue he wingeth,
And singing still doth soar, and soaring ever singeth.'
Such is indeed a fitting evening to prelude a nocturnal trip,
and as, wrapt in tho enjoyment of these rural sounds, one
glides gently down fhe stream towards the entrance of the
broad ; the soft breeze mstles amongst the feathery reed tops
and the light foliage of the willows hy the river side, tho wide
expanse of water glows with the reflection of the setting sun,
whilst the rippling waves upon its sui-face dance and sparkle
on their way, as though hastening onward to those quiet
shades, where twilight stealing over the landscape speaks of
sleep and rest for the weary."

There is scarcely a bird mentioned in the volume on
which the author has not some observations of interest
even for the most desultory of readers, "while the
ornithologist and man of science generally will find
the book a well-arranged storehouse of facts. The
history of the great immigration of the bird known as
Pallas' sand-grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus) during the
summer of 1863 is well given, aud is a valuable digest
on a point of much interest as regards the geographical
distribution not only of birds but indirectly also of
plants.

or Picotee seed. At Bury, I found the plants to be of
a most luxuriantly growing habit, so much so that one
plant bad at on e time 1 10 flower-buds on it.
It was freely blooming when I called on Mr. Clarke,
aud was also yielding plenty of " grass " for cuttings.

Mr. Clarke has also raised some other hybrid Pinks.
One of the first was Claude, a very free-blooming
variety, of a pleasing rose colour. The pedigree of
Claude gives Anna lioleyn as the seed parent, and a
laced show Pink as the poUen parent. From this
variety Mr, Clarke raised Garibaldi, a much darker
shade of colour than Claude, being of a crimson rose ;
but this flower, though blooming freely, does not force
well. Prom Garibaldi came Lord Lyon, or Clarke's
liose Pink, an intermediate shade of colour between
Claude and Garibaldi, but leaving a strong infusion of
rose in the colour, the petals being also handsomely
spotted with dark at the base. That the cuttings of
this variety root freely was placed beyond doubt, as
Mr. Clarke simply pricks out a small square of
"pipings," as they are professionally termed, among
his Gooseberry bushes, under the shade of a west wall,
and here they root readily and freely.

Besides bemg a grower and exhibitor of Pinks, Mr.
Clarke is also famous for Asters and Prench Marigolds,
both of which he shows very successfully. He is
also a successful grower of out-door Grapes, for which
the climate and soil of Bury St, Edmund's seem to be
eminently adapted; in fact. Bury St. Eimund's is
famous for its out-door Grape culture, the quantity
grown by Mr. Darkin, of St. Peter's Vineyard, being
astonishingly large. R. D.

^e glpiarg.

Sttpeks. — 1. In one of your articles you state that,
in a certain bad honey year, you took ofif a super from
one of your hives, but finding afterwards tliat the
stock was neai'ly empty, you returned it. Pray how
did you do this ?— 3. Will you kindly tell me if you
use smoke when putting one super beneath another,
aud also the other particulars of performing that
operation? — 3. Which of these two kinds of India-
rubber gloves, mentioned in the enclosed memo-
randum, is it that you recommend for bee work ? A. S.
[The super in ciuestion was an octagonal box of nearly
the diameter of the stock hive, a flat-top straw hive.
The queen was in the super at the time of removal,
September, 18C0, but was captured and returned to the
stock prior to restoring the super. After this, finding
the stock ill-supplied, it was decided to replace the
super on the top, as it previously stood. The queen
again ascended into it and remained there during the
winter, commencing her egg-laying in the spring, in
the upper box. About the middle of April in the
following spring, the position of the stock and super
was reversed, the queen had previously descended into
the original stock, there being brood in both compart-
ments. When the chief portion of the brood in the
octagon box was hatched out, the latter was removed,
and the stock reduced to the straw hive only. A good-
sized super, subsequently put on, was nicely filled; and
the stock continued to be a most prosperous one for
many years, giving an unusual amount of fine surplus
honey in large supers. 3. We never use smoke when
putting on or enlarging supers. To insert an addi-
tional super between the one first given and the
stock, first draw through a fine wire or string, to
separate any attachment there may be of combs to the
adapting board or top of the stock. Place three wedges
of half an inch square on a table ; lift off the first super
quietly, and rest it on the wedges. Now carefully
adjust the second super in its destined position. If the
top of the hive is very much crowded with bees three
wedges may be used, but are seldom necessary.
Having effected this satisfactorily, lay similar wedges
on the upper edge of the super, just placed in situ, and
gently rest on them the first super ; with a small turn-
screw ease and remove first one wedge, letting down
the upper box gradually ; then do the same with
thesecond,andwith even greater care the third and final
wedge. Notabee need becrushed in the whole operation,
and as a rule little resentment is manifested, provided
the operation be performed quietly and gently. 3. We
do not know which of the gloves mentioned would be
most suitable for bee manipulation, as we have seen
none from the respectable firm you have applied to.
Probably the cheaper quality would answer your pur-
pose. Have them sufliciently large to admit of a pair
of ordinary gloves, kid or cloth, bemg worn inside.]

dFIoviiSts' iPlotDtrg.

Claeke's Hose Pink, Loed Lton. — When
recently at Bury St. Edmund's, I had the pleasure of
calling on Mr. James Clarke, College Street, of that
place, who exhibited the above Pink, to which a Second-
class Certificate was awarded at the first Great Show
of the Boyal Horticultural Society on the 4th of June
last. When shown on this occasion, the plant
had been almost entirely denuded of its foliage,
for the sake of the cuttings thereby furnished, which
gave it a thin and weakly appearance, and led me to
think it was raised from some Continental Carnation

Garden Memoranda.

Ltneoed Hall, Norfolk, the Seat oe Mbs.
Ltne Stephens {Concluded from p. 811).-^ The
kitchen gardens are 5 acres in extent, two inside
the walls and three outside. They lie due east
from the Hall, and are approached by the Mundford
Road, and also by the Grass walk, nearly COO yards long
and 8 feet wide, that sweeps away on the opposite
side of the flower garden from the shrubberies already
adverted to. The north wall, on which the chief
range of glass is to be erected, is 275 feet long and
30 feet high. It is proposed to cover IGl feet of this
wall with Vineries in four divisions of 41 feet each.
They are to be IC feet wide inside, and 18 feet high.
The outside borders are to be also 16 feet. Probably
the centre of this fine range will be converted into a
dome-shaped plant house, and the other portions of
the wall will be covered with Fig or plant houses. A
space at each end of the proposed ranges, 44 feet long
and 16 feet high, is left to be covered with trees. ±orty
feet in length of the east and west walls is 16 feet higln,
the other 200 feet of each being 14 feet high. Ihe
south wall is 363 feet long and 14 feet high, and is
covered with a glass case 9 feet wide and 2 leet
high in front, for the growth of Peaches and Necta-

August 10, 1SG7.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

835

rines. A 2-foot light on the top is converted into a
ventihtor, and is moved with the greatest ease and
disiiat(-'li with lieard'.s jiatont ventilating apparatus.
The front lights are moved in the same manner, and
notliing can exceed the simplicity and rapidity with
M liirli they are worked. The case is divided into two
in the centre of the garden, where an ornamental
iron gate leads to the central walk; and one side
is devoted to Peaches and the other to Nectarines,
tliero heing 23 trees on each side. The trees are
in tile best health and arc annually laden with
luscious fruit of the highest qviality. It is in-
tended to grow fruit trees in pots in front,
llitherto these front borders have been very useful
for early vegetables and winter salads. A varied and
ejcoUent collection of fruits were found in these
cases. Among Peaches there were tho Acton Scott,
Noblesse, Barriiigton, George IV., Chancellor, Late
Aclrairable, liellegarde, Madeleine do Courson, Malta,
"Walburton Admirable, Sahvay, Old Newington, Grosse
Mignonne, &c. Neclarines comprised Early Newing-
ton, Hardwicke Seedling, Pitmaston Orange, Stanwick.
Roman, Oldonburgh, llownton. Hunt's Tawuy, and
Violotto HAtivc — Hunt's Tawny and tho Pitmaston
Orange being decidedly the highest flavoured.

Tho walls are all built of white brick, finished with
massive stone copings projecting on each side 3 or 4
inches, and the corners surmounted with largo stone
balls. The north aspect of the Peach case wall is
furnished with Pears and Plums. The west aspect of
west w.all is devoted to choice varieties of Plums, the
east .sido to Pears. The east aspect of the east wall is
covered with Cherries ; the west side with Apricots.
The tt-feet spaces of the south walls at the end of
the proposed ranges of glass, are planted with Peaches
and Figs.

Most of the trees have been planted about three
years, and looTv well. Mr. Dunn was careful to make
a good preparation. The soil is light, resting upon
gravel or sand, so that no drainage was necessary.
The fruit-tree borders were taken clean out to a width
of IS feet, and to a depth of 2« feet at the wall, running
out to 1^ feet at the Box edging. This space was
filled up with a good sound loam mixed with brick
earth and marl, and everything seems to root in it
freely. Mr. Dunn, however, attributes much of the
luxuriance of his trees, and the excellence of his crops,
to the sewage with which he waters everything. The
whole surface of the garden was also treated to a foot
thick of the above compost.

The main walk runs along in front of where the
chief range of glass is to be, and is 12 feet wide and
32" feet long. A 9- feet walk starts from the centre of
this, and pierces the outside wall between the Peach
cases. The side and other walks in the kitchen garden
are 6 feet wide. The whole of the walks are
edged with Box, which does well. A 6-feet border
on each side of the centre walk is devoted to
flowers ; 3 feet further back, or 9 feet from the Box,
rows of pyramidal Pears run up on each side. The
■walk that runs through the centre of the garden,
from east to west, is also furnished with pyramidal
Pears. These trees, amounting to about SO in number,
give the garden a dressy and artistic appearance. The
crops looked compact and healthy — Celery, Broccoli,
Cauliflower, Peas, Sec, seemed remarkably succulent
and good. In addition to the usual crops a large plot
of Lentils, which are much prized here, was observed.
Immense tiuantities of saladiog were also seen in all
stages of growth. Most of the bush and small fruits
are grown outside the walls. On the east side of the
garden is a space nearly 300 feet long and over 30 feet
wide ; it is planted with two lines of Gooseberries, two
ditto of Bed and "White Currants, four ditto of Rasp-
berries, and one ditto of standard Quinces, Medlars,
Mulberries, and Damsons, the whole being finished off
with a Holly hedge, and bounded by a plantation.
There is a similar plantation on the west side of the
garden, planted with two lines of Black Currants and
four lines of Cob Nuts and Filberts. Beyond these
there is a wide border of Berberis Aquifolium and a
row of red Cedars, nearly 10 feet in height, that have
a fine effect.

Returning to the back of the north wall, we notice a
row of buildings covering the greater part of it. These
are tho usual rooms for young men, storing rooms,
tool sheds, &g. There were three rooms for the men,
each 10 feet by 12 ; a root and vegetable cleaning shed,
36 feet by 12 ; a fruit room, 30 feet by 12 ; a tool shed,
30 feet by 12 ; a potting shed, 40 feet by 12, and a
central stoke-hole about the same size, which will
probably contain the one boiler to heat the great range.
A broad gravel walk, 14 feet wide, runs along in front
of the sheds, and leads to the farm-road, through a
handsome iron gate, 12 feet wide and 9 feet high.

Here a very complete orchard of pyramidal trees,
150 feet long by 9G wide, is placed. There are three
rows of Apples, one of Plums, and two of Pears. The
trees average about 7 feet in height, and are planted
10 by 115 feet apart. Beds of Strawberries are grown
between the rows of trees, which promise well, and the
Alpines were fruiting splendidly. The trees are planted
to line in all directions, and have a very satisfymg and
thrifty look. The other side of the orchard is bounded
by a 3-feet grass walk, 200 feet long, then a 3-feet
flower border, and the northern boundary line is a
7-feet red brick wall, furnished with dwarf Apple trees.
Mr. Dunn courteously supplied the list of the
varieties planted, which may be useful to young

tardeners. The Apples consisted of Beinette Madre,
am Young, Winter Codlin, Court Pendu Plat, Royal
Pippin, Pearn's Pippin, Waltham Abbey Seedling,
Norfolk Beaufin, Green do., Yorkshire Greening,
London Pippin, IJunielow's Seedling, King of Pippins,
New Golden Pippin, Old do.. Old Nonpareil, Manks
Codlin, Nonsuch, Adams' Pearmain, Claygate do.,
Dutch Codlin, Keswick Codlin, Beinette Madox, Boston
Russet, Irish Peach, Rhymer, Dutch Mignonne,

Ribston Pipiiin, Blenheim Pippin, Devonshire

',)narr™il(m, Hawtliornden, Kerry I'lppin, Alfresloii,

Aiigli'sca Pippin, (iloria Mundi, Golden Nonpareil,
Gravcustein, Sykehouse Russet, Emperor Alexamler,
Early Harvest, Margil, Court of Wick, Reinetto du
Canada, Early Nonpareil, Lucombe's Prnico, M'fyean's
Favourite, Gillyllowcr, Golden Harvey, and Downton

l'i]iiiiu. The collection of Pears is most extensive, as
will bo seen from tho following list:— Beurrd Van Mons,
Tlioiiipson'.s, Beurre Jliel, Fondantode Malinos, Bcurre
d'An.iou, Bourrd Ranee, Caillot, Bon Gustavo,
Alexandre Lambrd, Catillac, Belle du Noc'l, Fon-
dante d'Automne, Louise Bonne„Beurre d'Aremlierg,
Abbd Edonard, Beurre Bornicq, Bellissime d'lliver,
Beurrd Ciiiiiaumont, Crassane, Passe Colmar Dorc,
Althorpe Cr.assane, Easter Bergamot, Autumn do..
Van Mons Leon lo Clerc, Beurrd Delfosso, Marie
Louise, Beurre do Amanlis, Prince Albert, Cala-
basso, Beurre Beaumont, Panache, Jersey (iratioli
Colmar do Scilly, Glou Morceau, Windsor, Williams
Bon Chretien, Marechal de la Cour, Summer
Frank Real, Dnnmore, Aloxandrina, St. Germain's,
Broom Park, Louise Bonne of Jersey, Beurre Gris,
No plus Jleuris, Winter Benrre, Susette de Bavay,
Winter Nclis, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Ambrosia,
Brown Beurre, Flemish Beauty, Deux Soeurs, Passe
Colmar, Forelle, Bequene Musque, Easter Beurrd,
Beurre Bosc, Gansell's Bergamot, Bishop's Thumb,
Jargonelle, Chaumraitel, Citron des Cannes, Knight's
Monarch, Naiinliiiii, Winter Crassane, Seckel,Josepliine
<le Malines, Swnn's Egg, Autumn Colmar, Uvedale's
St. Germain, Victoria, Niel Colmar, Doyenne Gris.

The Plums consist of Fellemberg, Reine Claude
Violotte, Washington, Red Magnum, Nectarine,
Ickworth Iinp(5r,itrice, Kirk's Gage, Orleans, Jefl'erson,
Victoria, Green Gage, Downton Imp(5ratrice, Bryan-
ston Gage, Goliath, Wine Sour, Coe's Golden Drop,
Roy.al Hfltive. Of Cherries, all the varieties of Duke
and Morello.s, and the following varieties: — Knight's
Early Black, Kentish Black Heart, Bigarrean,
Napoleon, Florence. Downton, Black Circassian, St.
Margaret's, and Belle M,agnifique. The Figs include
White and Blue Ischias, Brown Turkey, White
Marseilles, Brunswick, and Black Genoa. The
following good collection of Apricots is grown :—
Roman, Moorpark, Kaisha, Royal Turkey Orange,
Peach, Breda, and Hemskirk. The fruit trees are
all correctly labelled and numbered as w'ell, so that
if a label gets lost a reference to tho fruit book
at once refreshes the memory, and restores the missing
name.

Crossing over from this pretty orchard we come at
once to the glass. First, three wooden houses claim
our notice. Two of them are of the ordinary kind
of lean-to roofs, one being a greenhouse, the other a
Fernery. Both, especially the latter, were well filled
with useful plants. The centre is a quaint looking
structure, part of a very old conservatory roof removed
here, and is to be devoted to the culture of Camellias
planted out on the walls and in pots. But in striking
contrast to these houses are three, or rather six, for
each is divided near the centre, very elegant, highly
ornamental-looking, metallic glass-houses, which at
once arrest our attention. These are Beard's metallic
glass-houses, erected by the manufacturers, Sanders,
Frewer, & Co. The first wo entered was a half span,
CO feet by 20, half being a plant stove and the other
half a forcing and propagating house. Another, 60 feet
by 1.5, is devoted to Cucumber and Melon growing. The
other is fitted up with an elegant iron and slate stage, the
slate being covered with Derbyshire spar, and is for
the growth of specimen plants, or the exhibition of
plants in bloom — a show-house in fact. The plants in
all these houses were in the highest health ; they were
literally flooded with light, and the colour of both
flowers and foliage, and luxuriant shrubbiness of
the growth showed to what good account plants
can turn intense light. These new houses have come
admirably through the severe winter ; not a square of
gla,ss broken nor displaced, nor any difliculty experi-
enced in keeping up the temperature. Colons and other
foliaged plants were as dark -coloured as they are in the
sunny flower-bed at midsummer; Cinerarias, Primulas,
&c., were also of the highest colours. At whatever dis-
tance from the glass nothing draws in these houses.
The two GO-feet houses would make splendid Pine
houses if desirable. Mr. Dunn is delighted with the
cultural merits and structural excellencies of these
houses, and is anxious to have the large range on the
same principle. The stage is the cleanest and most
elegant plant stage that I have ever seen.

It is only justice to add that the whole of these
houses, and a Mushroom house at the back, are most
efRoiently heated by one of Ormson's No. 4 upright
tubular boilers. The surface heat is drawn from
4-inch pipes in the usual way, and 3-inch pipes are
carried underneath a chamber for bottom-heat.
Tanks of water are placed over the pipes at the end
of the houses, so that it may get warm for use.
Evaporating surfaces are also provided, so that the
air may readily be charged with moisture. Altogether
the internal arrangements of these houses are most
complete, and they enable a skilful cultivator, like Mr.
Dunn, to bring tropical produce to the highest per-
fection.

Turning eastward from the glass towards the
gardeners' cottage, a large piece of ground, GO by
100 feet, is devoted to the culture of Picotees. Beyond
this is a small geometrical garden, used chiefly as
a reserve for cutting from. The other front of the
cottage is also adorned with its flower garden.
The cottage is a highly ornamental and convenient
Elizabethan red brick house, with stone dressings.
It consists of keeping-room, parlour, kitchen, pantry,
cellar, &c., with three bed-rooms. The arrange-
ments are excellent, and adapted as much or more for
comfort as ornament. A plentiful supply of both soft
and hard water is provided. The cottage cost about

300/., and embowered in its graceful covering of
liour.siudt, Ayrshire, Noisette, Banksian, and Musk
scented Roses, and Jasmine, is a very beautiful feature
in the gardens.

Tlio garden cottage is placed near to tho public
road, and a red brick wall runs along to the lodge.
Inside the wall fir a considerable distance a belt of
I'iiius Laricio and anstriac:i. sliflters tho garden and
hides the road. A similar licit protects the garden on tho
oast sido. The whole of the trees and shrubs do credit
to Mr. Dunn as a planter. Tho old gardens at West
Tofts are now converted into a nursery, and immense
iinantities of forest stulf have been raised tfaero and
planted on tho estate within these few years. There is
also a fine old-fashioned range of Vineries down there,
most of them planted afresh about five years ago. They
boar heavy crops of good coloured, finely-flavoured
Gra]ies, and are well stocked with thorough ripened
wood of large calibre. On one of the roofs a good
many squares of mauve-coloured glass were seen, and
several of the houses had onco been glazed with
this colour. The same tinted glass has been
observed in several mansions in East Anglia,
and it is doubtless of Belgian manufacture. It seems
strange that while the influence of coloured light
on vegetation is now arresting our attention, our fore-
fathers (for this glass is very old) seem to have tried
its effects years ago. Would that some of the old bones
at Lynford could speak, and tell us tho influence on
flavour and colour of the Vinery roofs of olden
times. Modern Lynford can speak with authority
through its new glass houses on tho superlative import-
ance of clear uncoloured light, as well as give many
useful lessons in cultural and landscape art, not the least
valuable being the importance of water as an element
of beauty in landscape, and of utility in productive
g,ardening— as, in addition to the unusual supply of
clean and foul procured by art, at the time of our
last visit tanks were heing made for the storage of over
10,000 gallons of rain water, near the different houses.

The estate comprises about 8000 acres. It was
purchased of the executors of the late Sir Richard
Sutton, for the late Lyne Stephens, Esq., in 185G, for
about 140,000/. Tho river Wissey, a good fishing
stream, forms the northern boundary for about fivo
miles. The soil is generally light and sandy, some
portions of it being peat. The best portions are a
light loam resting upon chalk or a subsoil of gravel.
Trees of the Fir tribe especially thrive well on large
tracts of the estate ; on other portions Oaks, &c., also
grow well. But it is more of a game than a corn
producing country, and the woods are fully stocked
with game of all kinds, to the delight of the sportsmen
who assemble here in the shooting season, few failing
to be charmed with the delightful gardens here
described.

In the remarks published last week (p. 810) tho
reader will please to substitute "Ketton" for Thettin
stone; in p. 811, a "quarter of a mile" for a mile; and
in col. c of the same page, near the end, " specimen "
for spruce. F.

Miscellaneous.

Testimonial to 3Ir. Sarrij Veitch. — On Tuesday
last, the 6th inst,, the employes of Messrs, James
Veitch and Sons, of the Royal E xotic Nursery, Chelsea,
presented Mr. Harry James Veitch with a splendid
dining-room clock, accompanied with an address and
list of sub.scribers illuminated on vellum, on the occa-
sion of his marriage. The clock was manufactured
expressly for the occasion by Mr. J. W. Benson of
Bond Street, and is a magniflcent specimen of horo-
logical workmanship.

THE SONG OF THE EXHIBITOR.
Air — " Tlie fine Old EngUsh Genflt;maH."
Oh, give nic air, and syringe mo with waters of Cologne !
Dry .13 a Hortus siccus, run to seed, and overblown,
I try to keep my head up, but down it goes again,
Just like those drooping, stooping, flowers, well name! the
iickbj men.

I'm a poor, used-up exhibitor,
Kuoclced out of present time,
I've been to all the flower shows, north, south, and east, aud

west.
By rails and roads, with huge van leads of pUnts I love the

best; —
From dusk to dawn, through night to mora, I've dozed 'mid

clank and din,
And .awoke, with cramp in both my legs, aud bristles on my
chm.

I'm a poor, used-up exhibitor.
Knocked out of picsent time.

Oh, my orchids look most awk'ardly — stove plants arc stoved-

in quite —
Like my Melon, cut up by the judge, a melancholy sight !
They've broke my Cissus .all to bits, as though I had a pair ;^
And they've brushed in all directions my pretty Maiden's Hair.
I'm a poor, used-up exhibitor.
Knocked out of present time.

Look at Erica deprcssa — depressa, yes, indeed.

As though an alderman s.at there, aftw a heavy feed :

And as for poor Propendeus— 'tis enough to make one say

Bad words "upon this blasted heath," like Macbeth in the pl.ay.

I'm a poor, used-up exhibitor.

Knocked out of present time.
There's my Lilium auratum, shrivelled up, and torn, and
tanned, — ,

They may well call it " Japonicum," for it looks as thougu

j,apanncd :
And they've stole my pet new Tricolor, with gold and cnmson

ribbed ; .

I meant it for a "bnUer" but I didn't want it cnbUd.

I'm a poor used-up exhibitor.

Knocked out of present time.
Here comes my wife ! Now, on my life, of Hebcs she be queen
My big prize cup she's flUing up with " Biss " of golden sheen-
Delicious 1 I'm myself once more ; and all I want to know,
li where and when we show again ?-hurra for that next show I

I'm a fine revived exhibitor,

Quito up to present times. S, it. //■

836

THE GAEMNERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDliAL GAZETTE.

[Attgust 10, 1867.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing loeeh.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Tender Beaths, Epacris, &c., often suffer much if
left out, fully exposed, too long in cold wet autumnal
weather. Therefore, should the weather prove at all
unfavourable, remove them under shelter at once.
Any form of structure, where entire shelter from
excessive wet is attainable, such as a cold pit or frame,
will afford sufficient protection for a time. Orchids,
of the less tender kinds, such as Dendrobiums, Catase-
tams, Cattleyas, Miltonias, and similar sorts, having
finished growing actively, should now receive an addi-
tional amount of sunlight and, during bright weather,
a larger amount of fresh air than they have hitherto
h.ad. Surface sprinkle also le.ss frequently, and with a
drier atmosphere throughout encourage the growth
already formed to become well hardened and properly
matured. Artificial heat and superabundant moisture
must likewise be studiously decreased in the more
exotic houses as the intensity of sunshine diminishes
and days shorten. Indeed these remarks, studiously
applied, as it is necessary they should be, are
applicable to all structures in which artiQcial heat
and moisture are employed. Many S/ove ^a»ts,
and especially pot-grown creepers, such as Dipla-
denias, Stephanotis, Clerodendrons, &c., will like-
wise be very much benefited by being placed more
immediately in light and air under certain modifi-
cations. An early A^nery, from which the crop has been
gathered, the leaves having in part been shed, and the
atmosphere habitually dry, will be found a very
desirable place for the kinds of plants just named.
Here they will ripen their wood freely, and set flower
buds plentifully for the following season. Such a place
will be well suited for all hard-wooded stove plantswhich
have made their final growth for the season. Some of
the different varieties of EpipTiyllum truneatum, if
now introduced into a warm growing-pit or house, may
he induced to flower a month or so earlier than the
general batch, and that at a season when they will
prove very acceptable. Lilimns (auratum, longiflorum,
&c.), which have done flowering, should be removed to
the outer air. Place them upon slates or cinder ashes,
in an easterly aspect. Do not give them too much
water at the root, but water freely as frequently as
they become too dry. This will be found a good season
for securing the necessary quantity of Peat soil, where
it is obtainable from a neighbouring common. If
stacked now, it will become properly dried for use
throughout the winter months, time being allowed
in the meantime for the decay of the customary
herbage growing thereon. Solanums of the ornamental
berried section used for winter decoration, if success-
fully treated, will now be very generally in bloom.
In order to get the flowers set, it will be better to
place them under lights in a pit or frame, and in a
position close to the glass, where, by tilting the lights,
or otherwise, a constant current of air can play freely
amongst them. "Water sparingly until the flowers are
set, when every encouragement should be given them
to produce a good and showy crop.

FORCING HOUSES.
Dispense as much as possible with artificial heat in
Vineries containing late Grapes; rather keep up a
nice warmth throughout the night by closing early,
thereby retaining the sun's heat instead. Some amount
of caution and forethought will be necessary after this
date, in regard to tender varieties finishing the ripen-
ing process, not to allow too much moisture, &c.,
which has a great tendency to cause cracking, especially
in such varieties as Muscadines, Chasselas, Sweet-
waters, and others having thin skins. Vines grown in
pots for future forcing, as soon as the foliage begins to
decay, should be removed into a warm, airy position
out-of-doors. A good plan for duly maturing the buds
is to lay the pots upon their sides under a south wall,
and to cover them well with litter ; after which tack
the growths horizontally to the wall. Large, well-
grown succession Pines will now have their pots
pretty well filled with roots, and great care and judg-
ment will be necessary as regards watering them. Look
carefully over them three or four times a week in hot,
dry weather, testing each pot in order to ascertain
its proper condition, as any check caused at this period
may drive the plant into an immatured fruiting state.
On the contrary, however, too much root moisture
often tends to the production of a too exuberant
growth at the expense of really good fruit. Hence
extreme moderation and due caution should be used
at this season. For similar reasons it is better to make
a greater distinction, from this season onward, between
the rooted suckers, secondary successions, &c., than is
generally necessary, as these latter require an atmo-
sphere more in keeping with the requirements of a
rapid and goodly growth. It will be w'ell therefore to
give all the smaller succes.sion "stuff" requiring such
attention, a moderate shift forthwith, and to place them
separately in a nice fresh pit with a maximum bottom-
heat of about 93°, plunging the pots to a third of their
depth therein, and keeping up a correspondingly
growing atmosphere. Be mindful of any Figs having
their roots exclusively within the house, and especially
those which have ripened oil' an early crop, and which
are required to grow freely for the purpose of forming
a goodly secondary one. Give all such a thorough good
soaking of water, or indeed two equally abundant ones,
where it is practicable, as it is impossible for due
progress to be made without a sufficiency of moisture
at the root. Peaches and Nectarines, which are not
showing their wonted luxuriance, now that the crop
has been removed, should the borders be old, may be
•assisted by taking a portion of the surface soil away,
replacing it witli good yellow loam and a little well
decomposed manure, which should be carefully pointed
into the older soil without injury to the roots.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.
Do not gather early Apples or Pears until they show
symptoms of becoming more or less ripened by turning
vellow near the stalk, giving freely to the touch, &c., as
these, unlike long-keeping sorts, become very insipid
if kept laying about too long before they become ripe.
Attend to Out-door Tines. Thin the bunches out
nicely in order that those chosen to remain may have
room to swell, and that sun and air may have every
opportunity, under existing adverse circumstances, to
forward them to the best advantage. Pinch back any
young shoots of secondary growth which emanate from
the points of branches previously pinched in. Only
just take the tips off, leaving those leaves already
formed to act as additional incentives for the roots to
act freely, thereby giving tone to the general fruit-
bearing qualities of the tree, and aiding in the due
elaboration of the necessary juices for its proper
growth where convenient. Give a thorough good
soaking of good strong liquid manure to the roots
of all out-door fruiting Vines. In hard crusty surfaces,
holes made with a crowbar or otherwise, just pre-
viously, will prove of some assistance to its more free
percolation into and amongst the lower mass of soil.
This is a good season for removing any remaining pro-
jections of the old stock from behind the base of grafts,
lately set free from ligatures. Make a clean cut down
the necessary position, as it will heal freely over at
this season.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Finish without delay sowing the necessary seeds of
things required to stand the winter upon cold heavy
soils. These include Carrots, Spinach, Endive,
Lettuce, Australian Cress, Onions, Chervil, Corn-
salad, Catiiyiower, Parsley, Turnips, &o,, which must
not be delayed in non-favourable situations; though
in some light warm soils, a fortnight hence might
suffice. Two or three successive sowings— a pinch at
a time— of each, if thereby good crops are more
certainly attainable, are best as regards all such
ordinary things. Place a little more soil around the
base of the earlier Celerii, not burying it too much at
a time, this being preferable to banking it up at once.
Fill in fresh planted trenches of Sorse-radish by level-
ing the soil, pinching back to their base any flower-
spikes borne by any of the newly-formed plants.
Give Olohe Artichokes a good soaking with strong
liquid manure. Particularly see to the removal by
cutting away at the base all stalks from which the
flowers have been cut; if left they deprive the base of
the necessary strength to form fresh shoots, which are
necessary to keep the plant alive through winter. For
a like reason cut down forthwith all flowering stalks
upon stools of Fennel; allowing these to stand and
seed causes the base to decay so readily. If cut away
now, a green bush is formed, which will stand, and is fit
for use the whole winter through. Bring these remarks
to bear also practically upon Tarragon, and especially
Seakale. So^ChcerophylhimlMosum. Hoe constantly
amongst all crops, and especially Peas, winter stuffs,
&o. N. F.

HINTS FOR AMATEURS.

August is a busy month for those who look forward,
as every amateur should, to doing something better in
floral display next year. By this time he should know
what the new things are worth which he is growing for
the first time this season, and which to keep: he should
also know what all his friends have got, and what to
ask them for. If he does not yet know these facts, let
him lose no time about it, for August is the best of all
months for striking cuttings of Pelargoniums, and most
other bedding plants. Much can be done now in this
way in the open air, for which, if left till later in the year,
the protection of a hand-glass or a frame will be
required. The effects of a new combination of plants
must bo studied without delay, or the opportunity will
not occur again for twelve long months. Brown's
ribbon border only wants two things and it would be

perfection ; " If it had only had at the back instead

of the front, and if he had pegged down blue Larkspurs

instead of : " well, take a note of it, and do it properly

yourself next year. Now also should you think about
improving your collection of Perennials. Many fibrous-
rooted hardy plants which have done flowering may be
at once divided, or moved if their present location is
not satisfactory. Heart's-ease, Polyanthus, double
Daisies, Rose Campion, double Rocket, and Campanula
are mentioned, just to indicate the kind of plants
referred to.

The showers of July will have made weeds_ grow
apace in the gravel walks. Pick them up without
mercy to your gloves, for nothing looks much worse
than a weedy path. The grass too will want well
sweeping and rolling, besides occasional mowing as it
gets too long.

None but those who have tried it would believe what
a great improvement it is to a flower garden, if the
decaying blooms are from time to time removed ;
brushing a schoolboy's hair and putting him on a clean
collar is but a feeble comparison. It does not take
long to do, and the effect is wonderful, particularly with
Verbenas and Roses.

Mulching is a branch of gardening not so much
attended to as it ought to be. By this is meant covering
the ground about the roots of plants with litter or
cocoa-nut fibre; the object of which is to keep the
earth cool and damp, by preventing evaporation.
Dahlias and Chrysanthemums may be mulched with
dung, well rotted and black; but fibre is better for
dwarf flowering-plants. Geraniums show up remark-
ably well with fibre covering the ground.

Seed-saving must not be forgotten. Seeds should be
collected in a dry day, and exposed in a waian airy
room upon paper trays. When perfectly dry, there is
no better plan of preserving them than in brown paper
bags, which should be hung up where neither frost nor

damp can injure them. There can be no doubt that
the amount of care bestowed upon the collection and
keeping of seeds will materially influence the growth
of the plants, and the luxuriance of the flowers next
year.

If dwarf plants of Chrysanthemums iu pots are
wanted, it is not too late to get them, by bending
branches down across flower-pots full of earth, and
pegging them down there until they throw out roots,
after which the branch may be separated from the main
plant and removed to a shady place in the pot in which
it has rooted. Rooting is greatly faciUtated by cutting
obliquely half way through the lower part of the branch
before bending it down ; but great care is necessary to
prevent its breaking ofl'. W. T.

STvVTE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
Forthe Week ending Aug. 7,1867, asobservcd atthe Horticultural Gardens.

Teuperatdre.

Au?.

0 ^

Bahometer.

Of the Air.

Orthe Earth

■Wind

y<

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

1 foot! 2 feet
deep. deep.

1

1

?R!)flS

29.934

62

49

55.5

62

CO

N.E.

29.962

^7

Satur.

3

:i

30.020

30.019

73

48

4

4

29.992

29.936

76

5S

RIon.

S

fi

29.995

29.897

73

41

n

(i

29.935

29.717

GC

44

55.5

Wed.

7

J)

29.7(i2

29.670

7U

63

6ti5

60

AveraRe .

29 95*' 29.876

63.14

45.1 1 57.43 [ 61,1

59.3

Augiist 1— Bry wind ; overcast and cold; overcast.

— 2— Overcast ; cold ; very tine at night.

— 3— Overcast; fine ; cloudy and warm.

_ 4— Very flue ; fine ; cloudy, but fine at night.

— 5 -Very fine ; fine ; densely overcast ; rain.
~ 6 -Itaiu ; constant rain ; fine at night.

7— Fine ; heavyj^louds and showers ; fine ; rain at night.

Mean temperature of the week , 5 J deg, belo w the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHIS"WICK,

During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending August 17, 1867

Sunday .
Mon .
Tues. .
Wed. .
Thurs. .
Friday .
Satur. .

: 50,6

■ 50.5
50.0
50.4
49 9
510
49.8

No. of
Years in
which it
Itained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

047
1.14
0.79
O.GI
O.SO

Prevailing Winds.

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
nth, 1835, and 15th, 1842-therm. 92 deg.; and the lowest on the 11th,
1864 therm 33 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Cucumber Disease : W ir. Wo could wish, that nil queries
submitted to tis were drawn up as weU as yours. It 13
clear that tlio disease is constitutional, and not dependent on
any fungus. We find a little red spider on the Cucumber
leave.s, but not on the Melon. The only advice we can give
you is to get seed from some other quarter, where you know
the plants are healthy. The disease has doubtless been
aggravated by the unusually cold nights. M J £.

Grapes : fnqidrer. It is difficult to reply to such questions as
yours without seeing the Schedule. We understand you to
quote the words " a collection of six varieties " as defining a
collection of fruit, and that you wish to know if 'White and
Black Grapes are admissible according to these terms as two
distinct dishes. Undoubtedly they are, and the wording
wovild be so understood at the London and other g»-eat
shows. Good Grapes, moreover, count high iu collections of
fruit. The disadvantage would be, that if two collections
were shown nearly balanced as to general merit, the judges
would take tiie amount of variety into consideration, and
two dishes of Grapes out of six might then— we do not say
absolutely that they would, because so much depends on
the judges— count adversely.

Green Fly : Constant Sub. There is no better remedy for
this pest in such a situation, than syringing the tiees well
with tobacco juice or Gishurst Compound, afterwards wash-
ing them with clear water.

Insects: An Otd Subscriber. The small grubs on your Pear
leaves arc tho common slug-like larva of the black -winged
saw-fly. They may be destroyed by powdering tho leaves
with lime or washing them with lime water. — J L L. The
white secretion on your Beech-tree bark arises from great
numbers of a small species of Coccus. The tree should be
well scraped, and the scrapings burnt, and then washed
with gas tar water and soapsuds, well mixed with lime or
soot. We prefer this to washing the trees with an acid. W.

Judging at Exhibitions: 7vi'2iu/-f?' asks the following question:
"When two exhibitions are placed equal 1st, is a third exhi-
bition, if worthy, thereby precluded receiving the 2d prize ? "
Not necessai-ily ; nor does it follow that it must take the 2d
prize. The judges generally have the power, by the regula-
tions to give what they believe the circumstances of the
case justify. Hence it depends on their opinion as to thp
merits of the several exhibitions whether they give 1st, 2d,
and 3d prizes, or two 1st and a 3d, or one 1st and two 3d.
Certainly, under the usual regulations, an exhibition to
which the judges award a 3d prize does not fall into the 2d
place, because they give two 1st prizes, and do not them-
selves fill up the 2d place.

Jddging Grapes: N C. It is a very important subject, and
one which it is desirable should be settled in a way to
command general assent. We shall ourselves have some-
thing to say on tills question shortly, and probably also on
plant-judging.

Layering Carnations : R T. The particulars for which you
inquire were given in our number for July 13th, p. 740.

Names of FRurr : J. Your earliest variety is the Grove End
Sweetwater ; the second, the Royal Muscadine, or Chasselas
de Fontalnebleau,

Names of Plants : J H. It is not a fimgus but an Alga,
Nostoc commune. It disappears with drought and revives
with the first shower. A solution of corrosive sublimate
would destroy it for a time. M J B.—P S S. Calendrinia
umbellata.— Ci/Huvt Bach. 1, Funkia Sieholdii ; 2, Lysimachia
Nummularia.— -4 P, Wehcyn. Michauxia campanuloides.—
J T S. Authyllis Vulneraria,— T C. 1, Petunia sp. ; 2,
Acanthus spinosus. — Farm Hill. A fine example of the
Moulmcin variety of Aerides virens.~(? Mau\ Salvia
Sclarea Sedum sempervivoides.— ^ Constant Sxtb. I, Begoma
sanguinea ; 2, Agathosma obtuaa ; 3. Selaginella cuspidata.
—A B. Ptarmica vulgai'is, Hyssopus officinalis.— (r !•.
Cohitea arborescens.-ir W. 1, Vanda sp. ? 2, Selaginella
cuspidata elongata ; 3, AmaryUis australasica - M A K. 1,
Alopecurus agi-estis ; 2, Phleum pratense ; 3, Anthoxanthum

G and

varieties of

odoratum ; 5, Avena flavescens ; - -

Agrostis alba ; 4 and S. next ^eG^L.-^uhscnber 1, Begoma
argyrostigma; 2, B. parvifoUa ; 3, Selaginella, too much
crSshed to determine 4, Nephrolepis tuberosa.-^«o;i.
Hedychium flavum.

I

August 10, 186?.]

THE GAT^DENT'T^S' CTlliONTfl,]'; AND AnilTCUI.Tri^AT, fiAZETTE.

837

rpHE LONDON MANURE COMPANY

I (E3TADLISHKD 1810).

Have now rendy tor doUvory in dry flno oondltlOB,
CORN MANailE. for SprlnB Use
ulssol.VKI) ItdNKS, for Drossmg Posturo Lands
MlVmUMI'isrllATESorUMB

ritia'Aiii'in uuano

MANUELmid I'Ol'ATO MANUllES,
a;.o oVnnme PERUVIAN OOANO, and NITRATE of SdDA,
ox .00? WirohS- SULPIIATE ll AMMONIA FfsllEKV

; '"'offluos, 116, Fonchurch Street. E.C.

L' r W E S* M A N U K E S. -

Tho Manui-ofl nianiiPicbnrorl by J. n. L^wks for th-* prt-sont
i aoaaon of 18il7 aro now ro!idy for dolivory at Uls Factories, tit tbo

I following prices, por ton:—

! LAWRS" TATRNT TURNIP MANURR and BONt- £ s. ,1.
I SUPKUniosPUATKof LIME,. .. -. ■:,„■• *> ^ "
LAWKS- sUPKlil'lIusPIIA IK "1 LIMR from IJURNF

HONK nr M1N1:1;A1, PIlospiIA'rKs " „;• n,'V ^ ^ "

LAWKS- U'lIKAT, ltAlU.i:V, UllASS, and MANOLL

MANlfHKS 800

CONORNTRATRD COKN and GRASS MANUIlhS .. Pi 0 0
These Miiniiros oau bo obtnlnod of Mr. L\wks, or through the
appointed Agents hi all parts of tho United KtnKdoni, at prices
viu-yhignocordinK to cost of civrrlaj^c.

aoniilrio i'oruvian Guano diruct from tho Iiupnrtorg. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Alanures.
Amurluan an<l otlier O.ikes at nmriiot priuo-^.

AdilruM'f. John Hknnet L*wks, 1, Adolaido Place, London lirldge,
B.C.; •2-i. ICden (jnay. Dublin ; and Muket riipiue, Slirowshiiry.

FTTiTk lands IMIMIOVEMENT COMPANY,

I Incoi-porateil by Special Act of Pjirllamont. in iyri3.

To LAND0WNKR9. TlIK ClkRUT, EsTATE AoKNTS, Su KVKV0R3, 4c., I!*
Knulan'd and Wales, and in Scotlaxii.

Tho Company imvanctB money, uuliinit.od in amount, for the
followhiK works of jVKricultnml ImiU'oveinont, tho whole outlay and
expenscH in all caaoa being liquidated by a rent-charge for 25 years.

1. Drainage, Irrigation, and Warpiii^i, Embanking, Inclosing,

ClOiirlng, Keclamatiun. Planting, for any benuliclal purpose.
Engines or Maehinury for Uraliia.;o or Irrigation.

2. Farm Roads, Tramways and R:iilroad3 for agricultural or farming

purposes,

3. Jetiies or Landing places on tho sea-coast or on tho banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Erection of Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottagas, and other

Buildings required for Farm purposes, and tho improvouieut
of and additions to Farm Houses and other buildings for
Farm purposes.

Landowners assessed under the provisions of any Act of P.irlia-
Dient, Uoyal Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
goneriil works of Drainage or other improvements, may borro\v their
proportionate share of tiie cost, and charge tho same with the
flxuouaos on tho lands improved.

The Company will also negotiate tho Rant-chargoa obtained by
Landowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 18131, in respect of
their Subscription of Shruea in a Railway ur Canal Company.

No invttstlgation of title is required, and the Company being of a
Blrletly Pnaucial chai-acter, do not interfere with tlio plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by tho Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to GiiANviLLB R. RtDER, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street, London, S.W.

Mht Egrtcttltural (Bajettc.

SATURDAY, AUGUST 10, 1867.

A GOOD deal of information and discussion

I' appears in our columns to-day on haryest work
— on the mischievous consequences of giving
beer as harvest wages, and on the possibility of

! breaking through this all but universal practice.
We suppose that all practical farmers will agree
with our correspondents, that wages had better
be paid in money only, than partly in money and
partly in intoxicating diiuk ; but it is not every
one who will carry out successfully the resolu-
tion to act upon this judgment. We are glad to
publish Mr. Wilson's letter, in which details
are promised of a plan for providing a refreshing
drink which shall not unduly stimulate, and
which moreover does not intoxicate.

Our own experience is in favour of a money
payment solely, on the piecework plan, for all
harvest work ; and even the pitching in the
field to carts, the loading them, and the pitching
from the carts to rick, was let at Is. to Is. 2(1.
per acre to companies of throe — horses and
leaders and rick builders being provided at day's
wages, and bread and cheese and coffee being
served out to all alike occasionally during the
day. Beer was never given as wages, though the
farm was in a district where beer or cider is
given daily throughout the year to farm
labourers.
The general feeling among farmers is well

. expressed in the following letter on the
subject, with which we have been favoured by
Mr. C. HowAKD, of Biddenham, Bedford ; —

"At present little more than talking about it
has been done, nor do I see a change likely to
take place very soon, although I believe at some
distant time the system wiU be altered, and the
farmer, like the manufacturer, will only know of
money payments. We should experience great
difficulty in this locality ; the men have all been
brought up to the system ; indeed, I may say,
such has been the case for generations past : and
with our short supply of labour the master
cimnot, in a busy time, dictate terms. Besides,
we find the men wiU have beer, and some of us
think it better to provide them with a good,
wholesome article, than drive them to the beer-
shop, where they would only get a vile adul-
terated article : by this step we prevent beer
coming on the farm at any other time than we

I choose.

" My plan is to engage the men for the month
at double the usual wages — to let the cutting to
them, the carting to be done by the day, with

from four to seven pints of good boor por day.
Many in this locality lot tlio harvest to cut, cart,
and thatch the whole of tho produce at from Vli.
to Ms. por aoro, with tho samo allowanco of boor
as above. This will bo no year for tho reaping
machine, but wlion used, so much por acre is
cliargod for their use. My mou last yoar paid
mo :U. (ill. por acre for it. Our wages hero will
bo from 1/. 1.5s. to 5/. for tho month during tho
coming harvest. Good service to agriculture
will be done when a change has boon otfoctod in
tho drinking system of tho farm ; but the supply
of labour has lately boon so limitod, that manj'
who would gladly have triiMl to abolish tho
system havo not dared to make an attempt."

The corrospondouco between Mr. OREErjma
of the Co-opoKitivo Agricultural Association,
and Messrs. lIoWABD, of Bedford, published
last week, is tlio samo as was referred to a few
weeks ago in those columns. Mi'. GliEENlNO
has nowpublisliod it along with comments of his
own. He is in a dilliciilty, out of which he
thinks publicity will help hun, and so far as tho
Aijriadtaral Uazdlc can give him this publicity
he is welcome to our help. Wo do not know
whether tho agricultural world will in tho long
run bo better served by a " manager" .acting
as its own paul officer or by individual "com-
mercial middle-men " who are sometimes spoken
of as the agents of the manufacturer, though
that is probably a misnomer. If we take Messrs.
DoWNlso & Co., of Swan Lane, as an example
of this " agency" in tho one case, and Mr.
Greening, supposing him to have a considerable
body of clients, as an example of the agency in
the other case, the question is, whether tho former,
maintaining a warehouse whore all the leading
implements are kept in stock, and where infor-
mation regarding everything made by every
English agricultural implement maker is to be
had, are more likely to be of service in the agri-
cultural world than the latter, who represents
himself as the managing director of a co-operative
company, which proposing customers must, we
presume, join as members or shareholders before
it can offer them its advantages. It is plain
that if Mr. Downing is both able and willing to
work for as little pay as Mr. Greening, the
cases must be exactly similar, so far as the bill
sent in for purchased goods is concerned. The
former gets tools at manufacturer's prices,
and sells them to a customer at a discount
as large as he can afford upon the nominal
retail price. The latter, supposing him to buy
at manufacturer's prices, must add on the charge
for management before the implement can
reach the hands of his shareholder. The former
has warehouses in which to exhibit tools, and
travellera to urge their value on presumed
reluctant purchasers, and are therefore perhaps
a better agency for customers, and unquestion-
ably a better agency for manufacturers. Tho
latter is not the agent of the manufacturer at all ;
he is merely the representative of an already
desirous customer, and of course he can do his
work at a minimum of cost. Our own prejudice
would always bo in favour of open competition,
wherever any business has been long in active
life, as certain to be the best and most
economically conducted. Competition among
manufacturers and agents will ensure the host
article at the lowest prices. It is, however,
as advocates of this perfect freedom of action,
out of which this best result arises, that we con-
tend for the fullest opportunity being given to the
competition of any new agency. A manufacturer
who appoints his agent is of course quite right to
supply him exclusively with the articles which he
makes. But this is a very rare case indeed. The
almost universal rule is that agents (so-called)
are a perfectly independent class, dealing with
manufacturers, not for their benefit, but for their
own; obtaining goods as cheap and as good as they
can, and selling them for the most their customers
can be induced to give. And we submit that
manufacturers step quite out of the whole scope
and field of that fair and open competition, from
which the best results arise, when they treat
these " agents " as an exclusive and protected
class. Let them take their chance in the general
arena, where the severity of tho competition is
the only guarantee we have that the result is as
good as it can be.

We see that Eiujincering approves the
view we are condemning, and recommends
that commercial middle-mou should be pro-
tected against co-operative agency. "It
notoriously takes a long time," our con-
temporary alleges, " to introduce mechanical

novelties, however intrinsically valuable, to tho
favourable notice of farmors. It requires well-
infoi-moil ugouts, possessed of tact, patience, and
gonorally of superior business capabiUtios to do
so, and ovon these commonly find tho task a
long and arduous ono, and of necessity costly.
A co-oporative association has been formed to
sell farm machinery to farmers at wholesale
prices, and we obsorvo that Messrs. IIow.VRl), of
liodford, have, and we think justly, declinecl to
sell their goods at all for this purpose, whereby
a hard-working and deserving class of raiddlo-
inon, to whonr the trade in agricultural machinery
ro.allj' owes so much, would be displaced. Wero
it likely that tho number of farmors ordering
direct would be considerable, or approaching
those who now buy from agents and travellers,
tho co-oporative society would dosorve encou-
ragement, but it is practically certain that but a
comparatively small number would avail them-
selves of this means of lessening the cost of the
machinery and implements bought by them.
Indeed a much less number than at present
would buy at all, in tho case of many of tho
more novel implements."

AVo believe that in the long run competition
will generally be a hotter servant to desiring
customers than co-operation, and it is on that
very ground we hope wo shall not see manu-
facturers co-operating to protect a particular
agency against it. It is, however, plain from
the concluding sentences of the quoted paragraph
that, by whomsoever given, as soon as wholesale
orders are received they will be executed on
wholesale terms. All the fine words about " a
hardworking and deserving class" of middle-mou
will be thrown to tho winds, and thoy will bo
treated profesiodly as they really are at present,
and always will be — a body of customers with
whom, of course, it is the interest of manu-
facturers to keep on good terms, but with whom
a bargain has to be driven, neither harder nor
more easy than it is for the interest of the
manufacturers to drive it.

The " Agricnltural Gangs Bill " h.is just passed

the Lords. It provides that (1) no child under the age
of eight years shall be employed in any agricultural
gang, and (2) that no females shall be eaiployed in the
same agricultural gang with males, or under a male
per-son acting as gangmaster; that (.3) no person shall
act as a gangmaster unless he has obtained a licence to
act as such under this Act ; that (4) no such licence
shall be granted to any person who is licensed to sell
beer, spirits, or any other e.xciseable liquor ; that (5)
licences to gaugtuasters granted by the Justices in
Petty Sessions shall be in force for one year only, and
may be annually renewed on the same proof on which
an original licence was granted. There are various
penalties enacted for offences against the iVct, fines of
20 shilhngs, and suspensions of licences, ttc. The Act,
when passed, is to come into operation on the 1st day
of January, 1S69, and does not apply to Scotland or
Ireland.

A trial of mowers and reapers took place on the

Imperial Farm at Vincennes, on Tuesday, July 30,
when the 1st prize for mowers was given to Wood's
miohine ; the 1st for reapers was given to
M'Cormick's, exhibited by Bdhgess & Kev ; and
the 1st for haymakers, to Nicholso.v, of Newark.
It appears that the work of many of the machines
was equally good with those of the prize implements,
but that tho French jury felt bound to honour the
exhibitors in some degree in proportion to their
reputation and ell'orts as introducers of reaping and
mowmg machinery ; and thus it is that in a competi-
tion where their work was unsurpassed, either for speed
or quality, Alessrs. Sj-muelson and Messrs. Howard
receive only " honourable mentions." The following is
the prize list a^ given in the Mark Lane Express : —

Grass-Mowing Machi.ses. — Ist prize to W. A. Wood, New
York and London ; 2d prize to JI. Perry, Kingston, Rliodo
Island, America ; 3d prize to C. H. M'Cormick, Cliicago,
Illinois, .\merica. Honourable Mention : Samuelson dr Co.,
Banljury, England.

Reaping .Machines. — 1st pKze to C. H. ll'Cormick (Burgesa
,t Koy) ; tid prize to M. Durand, d Lignieres ; 3d prizes to
S-imuelsou & Co., and W. A. Wood. Uononrablc .Mention :
J. <fe F. Howard, Bedford, England : and M. llassey,
Canada.

Havmakino Machines.— 1st prize to N. Nicholson, Newark,
England ; 2d prizes to J. and F. Howard, Bedford, and Smith
&, Ashby, Stamford, England ; 3d prize to M. HeyUndt,
.i Colmar. Honourable Mention : Silas Herring, New York.

It will be seen in another page that Professor

Andekson stated before the Highland Society last
week that a complete exhaustion has taken place of
the guano in most of the northern of the Chinoha
Islands, and that the supply from the southern island
is of an inferior quality. On this Mr. H.isLEWOOp,
the broker to the last two Peruvian loans, states, m
reply to inquiry :— " That the fact of the nortbern-
most of the Chincha Islands having been exhausted of
guano has been patent for nearly two years past. As
to the demand for guano, I state to you authoritatively
that during the past two years it has considerably
exceeded the average of previous years, and that this
fact is attributed in no small measure to the superior
quality now furnished by the other islands now worked
for export, and therefore more esteemed by agricultu-
rists. As to the extent of supply of guano tor the

838

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGMCtlLTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Attsttst 10, 1867.

future, permit me to assure you that even when the
Chiiicha Islands shall have been exhausted, as in the
course of time they must infallibly be, there exist other
deposits of such extent &s to secure sufficient for some
generations to come."

The Sewage Utilization Act of 18G7, for facili-
tating the distribution of town sewage for agricultural
purposes, has just been printed, as passed by the House
of Commons. Local Boards may provide any works
for receiving, storing, disinfecting, or distributing
sewage withm their respective districts, and in dis-
tricts where no local Boards exist a special authority
may be created for the purpose. Such Boards or
authorities may purchase any requisite lands, and for
agricultural objects may lease lands for a period not
exceeding seven years, or may contract to share the
produce or farm it and dispose of the produce. Different
districts may unite for these ends. Authorities under
the Act may also agree to contribute to any outlay on
the part of private capitalists or public companies for
carrying sewage plans into execution, and, as regards
companies, may become shareholders. All assessments
under the Act are to be included in the poor-rates.

HARVEST WOEK AND HARVEST WAGES.

On the eve of another harvest, may I once more
express my earnest belief that of all swindles the
harvest-beer swindle is one of the greatest ? In most
swindles two parties are concerned— the swindler and
the swindled ; but in this case several parties are con-
cerned, and the whole of them are swindled. I have
been farming for thirteen years at Newlands, near
Mansfield, and cut, on an average, about 400 acres of
corn annuallj', and never gave a pint of ale or beer the
whole time; never used any myself; discouraged its
use, as far as persuasion could go, at all times, and
prohibited it entirely in the fields and stackyard.
Moreover, I have made some inquiry after those like-
minded with myself on this matter, and find that there
are dozens and scores of men, practical men too, in all
parts of the country, who concur with me in the
conviction that the work can be done not only as well
but decidedly better without these drinks than with
them, while the health and wealth, as well as habits
and conduct, of the labourers are promoted by their
disuse. Then what are they to drink ? " Cold water,"
Bays the theorist, "is nature's beverage." Perhaps it
may be, but as we dont happen to be in a state of
nature, I find no practical man to recommend it. Tea
or coffee, not too strong, is about the best thing to use,
and of this we used to get through 30, 40, 50, and even
sometimes CO or 70 gallons a day. Day workers were
supplied with three to four quarts a daj', and piece
workers had as much as they liked as the rate of 5d. a
gallon for coffee, and 4d. for tea ; and I venture to say
not one of my neighbours got more work done at the
busy time, or enjoyed the same freedom from accidents,
di.sputes, and foul language among the men. Besides
this, the men's heads were clear and their pockets
heavy, for their drink only cost a third of the price of
beer and ale, and they had the benefit of the difference.
Like everything else, it takes a little trouble at first to
manage the supply of hot tea on a large scale three
times a day, as we did ; but where there's a will there's
a waj^. Practice makes perfect ; and, as the advertisers
say, " no one who will give it a trial will ever use any
other." I had no difficulty in getting plenty of labour,
even when it was scarce ; the best men knew their own
interests well enough to prefer money to beer. Forty,
fifty, or sixty men, women, and boys found they could
work hard on tea and coffee; and we finished off with
a jolly harvest festival, to which the wives and little
ones were always welcome. Now, on the other plan
these are the parties swindled:— 1st. The men who
mistake stimulation for strength, who forget that only
nutritious food can keep up the power of the system
for continued exertion, and who deprive themselves of
the best chance of laying by for the future by con-
suming a large proportion of each day's earnings in
drink, which positively diminishes their power of
working ; 2d. The wives and children, who lose their
fair share of new clothes, good food, and home comfort,
because the head of the house has consented to receive
perhaps 10 to la per cent, of his wages in a useless and
costly beverage for his own personal and selfish con-
sumption; and 3d. The employer, who does not
realize that the constant and copious consumption of
" strong drink," even when it stops short of intoxication,
has always and everywhereadegradiugand deteriorating
influence on the drinker, and who has not perceived
that a larger amount of first-class work will be done by
steady application than by the alternative of "spurts'"
and relapses so often seen where beer is depended on
as the mainspring of the system. I must stop, for the
time would fail me to enter into all the details of this
subject and the many aspects in which it bears favour-
able comparison with the beer system. The moral and
religious side of the matter too, though very important,
cannot be meddled with now.

Hoping that some of your readers may be disposed to
try the better plan, I heartily promise them any
further particulars they may wish on application, either
privately or through your columns, ff. J. Wilson,
Moorgate, Rotlierhain, Gth August, 1S67.

GLoncESTEKSHiKE.— Harvest is just begun in this
district ; labour being dearer, it will cost more than
usual to secure. Reaping machines are only partially
used, the bulk of the Wheat being either cut with the
sickle, leaving the stubble, or else with scythe or
bagging hook, costing from 7^. Qd. to 10s. per acre,
besides beer, about 2^ gallons per acre ; Oats cut, with
scythe and tied up at 6s. Gd. to 8s. per acre, and beer ;
Barley left in swathe, at 2s. and more per acre, with
beer ; Beans and Peas bagged, the former tied, at os.
upward, and beer. The labourers, from long habit, pre-
fer beer being given them as part of their wages, else all

occupiers much dislike the practice, as creating great
trouble and vexation, and would gladly give more than
the value of the beer (heavy as it is) in wages ; but
beer is generally given throughout the summer, and by
some during the winter, to the hands tending live
stock. In my opinion there is nothing better for the
agricultural labourer than a moderate quantity of good,
wholesome beer, well brewed from malt and hops ; and
I see no reason why the same quality of beer they now
have from the farmer should not be sold to them in
retail from some respectable house in each village or
hamlet at a fair price, such as would cover the cost of
brewing, &c., and counting the expenses of retailing, so
that the labourer could buy, the same as bread, the
quantity he required to take home for his daily use.
The carefullman would then economise his wages, and
his employer get rid of a troublesome burden. But it
often happens that what is right in theory is difficult
to reduce to practice, consequently we find much
trouble in keeping the labourers satisfied and cheerful
at their work (particularly in a busy time) without
supplying thera with a full quantity of wholesome beer.
I would remark that in some cases the men could brew
their own beer, but it cannot be brewed in small quan-
titiessocheapand good as in large; buthoweverbrewed, if
the obnoxious malt tax were removed it would he a
great boon. Labourers are chiefly hired by the week ;
the ordinary day labourers at 10s. per week, with a
liberal allowance of beer, say three to five quarts (and
more when busy) per able-bodied man per day at this
season ; but all, more or less, have chances to earn much
more occasionally at lump work. But carters, shep-
herds, cowmen, &c., have higher wages, with perquisites;
in fact, the increasing cost of labour is great, and in
the same ratio rent, parochial and county burdens, &c.,
hence more difficulty for the tenant farmer to make a
fair profit for his capital and skill, increased by the com-
petition of amateur farmers. As far as I can at present
judge of the corn crops in this neighbourhood, I think
they will be generally on the light lands tolerably good,
but much of the Barley went in middling from the
wet March ; early ATheat is rather straw-struck, but
seems firm in head, but much is down and twisted ;
Oats fair, and Beans and Peas good. Grass was very
abundant early in summer, and we have secured a
heavy crop of hay, chiefly well made, but roots are

very variable. Stiles JiicJi, Didmarton. 1 may not

have heretofore sent you my views on the beer subject,
contained in a little address to my own labourers on
that and the economy of food genei-ally. My notions
on this subject have only been confirmed by subsequent
experience. I am now able to add, that I have
undoubtedly greatly moderated the use of beer amongst
my people. I can safely say, that since my delivery of
a copy of this to every man on entering my service
since the publication of it, I have only seen one man
drunk on my farm, who was led away by meeting with
several men in the same occupation at a large market,
and who has been since ashamed at my having seen him
in that condition. ^ I know little of the practice of the
ordinai'y farmers in this part of the country. My
belief is that the allowance of beer, instead of increased
pay, is the rule. Farmers generally trouble themselves
very little about the economy or morals of their
labourers ; and as respects the allowance of beer, the
cost is not so obviously before the mind as the weekly
addition to the labourer in shillings and pence. Chas.
Lawrence, Cirencester. — I haveauthorised the publishers
to supply any gentleman who might feel disposed to
distribute this little book amongst his people at 3s. a
dozen copies, which I suppose would about cover the
actual cost. [See Notice in another page.]

Norfolk. — It has long been the practice in this
county (and I believe the same prevails in Sufl'olk) to
get in the harvest by contract. In former times the
men received their board and about '21. 10s. wages for
completing the harvest. They were not fed on bacon,
but fared sumptuously on roasted and boiled beef, plum
pudding, and other luxuries, with beer almost ad
lihitum. It may be novel to your readers if I explain
the system which existed even in my own time. The
lord, or foreman of the harvest, with his company, met
at the farm house at 4.30 a.m. for "dew drin kings,"
each man receiving one pint of beer with bread and
cheese, and was expected to commence work at 5 a.m.
At 8 o'clock they came to breakfast, consisting of cold
beef, meat broth, alternated with milk porridge or rice
milk, and one pint of beer per man. At 10 they had
what was termed their " 10 o'clock beer," viz., one pint
each. At noon they returned to dinner, or it was
conveyed to the fields in hot-water tins, embracing hot
joints and vegeta,bles, plum and plain puddings, rice
puddings, dumplings (plain and with currants) — these
puddiug entrees alternating. Each man with his dinner
was allowed a pint of beer. At about 2.30 p.m. another
pint of beer was served round, and at 4.30 they had
their " fours " — each man a small currant cake (called a
harvest cake), with his pint of beer. At sun-down they
came home to supper, comprising cold meat, and
occasionally hot meat pies, or boiled dumplings and
meat gravy — these always a great luxury to a Norfolk
or Suffolk labourer. On carting days, with warm
weather, beer was allowed ad lihitum. I have known
men drink two gallons each ; not ale-house beer, but a
nutritious and wholesome beverage, brewed at the
farm houses— a practice still in use here, which
would increase ten-fold were it not for the malt
duties. There is no greater luxury we can
offer our hard - working men than a pint of
home-brewed beer; as our excellent county member
tritely remarked in the House of Commons the
other day, " they will do more for a wet Gd. than
for a dry Is." But as farmers with their wives and
daughters grew more refined in their habits, this
boarding was voted a great bore (we had the men in
our houses on Sundays as well as week days), and a
system was introduced called a bag harvest — the
farmer entering into an agreement with a certain

number of men to complete the harvest for a given
amount, varying from U. to 61. 10s., and in some
districts a few pecks of malt are given in addition.
Not so here ; the men buy malt and beer for them-
selves. Harvest wages have somewhat increased during
the past few years. I have known these bag harvests
as low as il. 15s. per man, whilst in some parts of the
country where labovir is scarce, harvest wages have
during the past year or two reached 71. per man. Last
year in this immediate locality we gave 61. per man ; this ,
season we may probably give 61. to 61. 10s. '
For this amount the corn is cut, carted, stacked,
and thatched, the stacks trimmed, tlie laud raked'
indeed everything completed in a workman-like'
manner. No beer is given (excepting by way of a
treat), the only part of the farmer's contract is to find
horses and carriages. At the conclusion of the harvest
a supper or harvest home is given, but this is optional.
The quantity of acres allotted to each man varies ; for
instance, on good ric'n loams, where the crops are bulky,
10 acres will be enough per man, whereas on lighter
soils as much as 15 acres and even more are put to
each man. In this neighbourhood, where the land is
rich, the cost of harvesting will vary from lis. to los.
per acre. On my own farm last year, with bulky crops
I was enabled, with the aid of a 3-horse Beverley
reaper, to complete my harvest for a fraction under
12s. per acre. This season I fear the reapers will
be almost useless here, as our crops are so much
laid ; indeed, we shall never be able to place much
dependance on them in this district, as we never get
standing crops except in very dry summers. When
they can be generally used, a saving of from 10 to 20
per cent, will be effected in manual labour. In no
county in England do the men work harder or longer
hours in the harvest field than in this ; the average
duration of the harvest may be said to be a month,
but with favourable weather it is often concluded in
three weeks and three or four days. I think it impos-
sible to have a better system of harvesting than our
own. The only care required on the part of the farmer
is to see that his corn is properly cut, and not hurried
up too quickly, as the men are but anxious to make
short work of it ; they depend on their harvest wages
for their cottage rents.

With regard to harvest prospects, I may report
somewhat favourably of Wheat; the ear is larger
and better filled than was expected after so cold a
summer ; it still holds backward, and will require
forcing weather to be ready for cutting by the 20th inst.,
on the very forward soils it may be a day or two earlier.
It is to be feared that those Wheats that were laid by
the first storm will be mildewed. Many fields have
already a very suspicious appearance. The Barley is
improved, but must be short of an average crop, both
in quantity and quality. Oats, Peas, and Beans pretty
good. The hay was a great crop, and all well secured,
and a good second growth is coming on. Turnips
have done badly of late — the cold and wet have com-
pletely set them fast. On some farms the prospect is
good, but, on the whole, I never saw them much worse
in this immediate neighbourhood. All store stock are
in good supply at the Norwich weekly market, and
sold at reasonable prices. W. CuUit, North Walsham,

RECENT LABORATORY RESULTS.

[The following lecture was given by Professor Anderson,
Chemist to the Highland and Agricultural Society, at their
recent annual Show.]

A science may be applied to the improvement of a
practical art in two different ways. It may either be
devoted to the study of the fundamental facts on which
its practice depends, so as to trace their connection
and establish its general principles, in which case its
progress, though slow, is sure, and the art to which it
is applied is sooner or later raised to the dignity of a
science ; or, on the other hand, it may be used to
investigate individual facts, in doing which it not
infrequently produces a more immediate effect, and
assists in the solution of questions of great importance
to those engaged in the practice of the art at the time,
though they may not add much to our stock of per-
manent knowledge. In the lectures I have at different
times given at the shows of the Society I have
generally endeavoured to illustrate the former of these
methods of advancing agriculture, by selecting some
particular department of practice, and showing how
the facts which careful observation in the field has
made part of our assured and certain knowledge, when
studied by the light of science, are found to depend on
fixed principles, which, when rightly and fully investi-
gated, explain all that experience teaches. To attain
this result, however, practice and science must work
together, which they are capable of doing, because
their methods of inquiry are .really identical. They
are not, as the unscientific public too often imagine,
opposing forces, working by different methods and
in different directions. On the contrary, the very
reverse of this is the case ; both are founded on obser-
vation, and if equal accuracy and precision be brought
to bear upon the subject of inquiry by both, their
results are inevitably found to be in perfect harmony
with one another. A survey of the history of agri-
culture during the latter part of the last and the whole
of the present century, offers many striking illustra-
tions of this harmony of science and practice, which
have really assisted one another to a much greater
extent than is usually supposed ; and there are not a
few cases in which improvements originally suggested
by science have been so completely adopted in practice,
that their scientific origin is now quite unknown to,
and un.suspected by, practical men. It would be easy
to illustrate these positions in considerable detail, but
it is not my intention to do so know. My object on
the present occasion is rather to direct your attention
to the mode in which chemistry throws light on the
individual facts of agriculture ; and for this purpose I

AUGUST 10, 1867.]

THK 0AT^T)ENP,1^S' OTmo^^T^T,"R ANT) j\m^TnUT,TTyRAT, nA:^ETTK

839

pvoiioso to bring under your notice some of tlie results
recently obtained In the laboratory, and I shall avoid
all those inquiries wliieli bear on seneral nnnciiilcs,
find confuio niyseU'as much as possible to those more
re '^Iricted questions which are ol' immediate interest to
till ise engaged in jiraotice; and my observations must
necessarily be of a somewhat miscellaneous character,
though I trust they will not be found unworthy of
notice. They apply mainly to the manures and
feeding sulislanccs iit prrscut supplied to the farmer,
their qualily, rouiiinsilinn, and sources, in all of which
perceptible chang(« occur IVom year to year.
The Guano Market.
I shall first direct attention to manures, among which
Peruvian guano nc(a>ss;u-ily takes the first place, for it is
still used ill larger quaiitily than any other individual
manure. Its annual consumption, though scarcely
increasing, is certainly not diminishing, wdiile that of
other descriptions of guano is decidedly smaller than it
was some years since. JIany of the inferior kinds have
almost disappeared from the market, merchants having
found to their cost that they cannot be imported with
a profit. I have been assured by a person well versed
in the matter that the inferior qualities of guano, of
which large quantities were imported from South
America some years since, involved an average loss of
at least 1^ per ton to the importers. Even of the better
class of guanos other than Peruvian the importation is
by no means large, and I am told by the agents for the
importers of one of the best phosphoric guanos that the
annual demand for it does not exceed 8000 tons. I do
not sujipose the statement of these facts is in the least
degree necessary to prove the great importance of
Peruvian guano (for nobody can have any doubts on
that score), but they servo to show how thoroughly we
depend upon it, how little chance there is of any
formidable rival to it coming into the market, and how
important any change in its quality and price there
must be. About two years since I had occasion to draw
the attention of the farmer to the importation of
several cargoes of Peruvian guano containing a con-
siderable quantity of sand and gravel, amounting in
some cases to as much as 15 to IS per cent.— a thing
which had never occurred before, and which at the
time I was unable to explain. The reason has since
appeared, for it turns out that just at that period the
supply of guano on the most northern of the Chincha
Islands was on the point of exhaustion, and in some
instances a quantity of sand and gravel had taken up
with that which lay close to the rock. Since that time
the supplies have been got from the northern island ;
and the quality is not equal to that imported some
years since, as may he seen from the following
analyses of average samples of both the old and new
imports : —

Water

* ii\'aiiic ni.^tter Mid animoniac.al s.alts
l'Ii'isi)hates

Alkaliuo salts

Saiut

Ammonia

Phosphoric acid in tho ..ilkaline s.'xlts
Equal to phosph.atc of lime . . ..

New
Imj>'ts.

Old
Imp'ts.

16.75

50.05

23.85

T.80

1.55

100.00
15.21
1.33
2.90

13.T3
63.16
23.48
7.97
l.OG

inferior to that hitherto imported, will serve for at
least a goneraliou to come. At the end of that time
it must be adiuiHid that the supply of nitrogenous
manures will liccomc a question of very grave import-
ance. The stoppage in the supply must be immediately
followed by a great increase in tho price of all nitro-
genous manures ; for the ammonia contained in the
Peruvian guano annually imported, which is equivalent
to about 120,000 tons of sulphate of ammonia, greatly
exceeds the quantity of llnit substance at present
derived from all other sources put together. This, of
course, is putting the matter in the most unfavourable
light. In the other scale must he put tho increasing
production of iimmimia as tho manufacture of gas is
extended, and the greater economy of that at jjresent
prod\iced. Not only do the newer processes used in
tho purification of gas save ammonia, but sulphate of
ammonia is now manufactured at small gasworks
whore it was formerly neglected, and there is no
doubt that a slight rise in price would cause it to
be saved in many cases iu which it is now regarded
as unremuncrative to attempt it. Neither must
we forget that guano after it has been exhausted
will bo gradually reproduced, and that much more
rapidly than m'ight at first sight be supposed.
AVe have been in the habit of speaking of the
deposits in the Chincha Islands as the accumu-
lation of thousands of years, and hence of sup-
posing that the production of a single year must
be so small as to be entirely unworthy of notice.
Experience, however, in the only ease in which we have
had an nppmi unity of watching the production of
guano aficr tlir oi i'.;inal deposit had been cleared away,
tells a somen hat dilferent tale. It is familiar to all of
us that, for several years, we obtained a very consider
able quantity of guano from the island of lehaboe, but
about 10 or IC years since the deposit of that island was
thoroughly exhausted, and it was abandoned. Two or
three years only had elapsed when a ship touchin
there found a new deposit, of which a cargo was
brought to this country, and ever since the importation
of this recent guano has been a regular branch of trade,
and, so far as I have been able to ascertain, has during
the last two or three years amounted to between 2000
and .SOOO tons annually. This quantity is, no doubt,
small, but it is not to be neglected under the circum-
stances to which we are looking forward. The island
of Ichaboe is of small size, and it may fairly be
expected that the quantity which may at some future
time be collected in a similar manner from the Chincha
and other islands may be not inconsiderable. It is
practically a dearth of ammonia that we are here
anticipating, for, as we shall presently see, there is no
chance of tlie supply of phosphates running short, and
iu this point of view it is important to notice that
recent Ichaboe guano is richer in ammonia than the old
deposit. There are considerable difierences in the
quality of the cargoes now imported from that locality,
in consequence of the variable amount of sand they
contain, but the diU'erence may be understood from the
following analysis of a good sample contrasted with the
average of the older supplies : —

gypsum, with the addition, in some cases, of Bmall
quantities of inferior guanos, are used. I take two
uialyscs out of .several others whicli occurred during
the present year, illustrating these two kinds of
adulteration : —

Water 12,11 .. O.CO

Organic matter and ammoniacal salts .. :i7.01 .. 20.85
Phosphates 23.75 .. 35.15

Cailiiinatu of limo
Alkaline salts . .

.. t).C(5
.. 0.32

1.48
4 25

Ammonia

Phosphoric acid or tho alk.aline salts
Equal to phosphate of lime

100.00
.. 0.15
.. 0.31
.. 0.09

100.00
4.68
0.255
0.53

100.00

17.00

1.01

4.19

It will be noticed that the samples are pretty much
alike, except in the ammonia, which is 17 per cent, in
the old and only 15 iu the new imports. The effect of this
difference, which at first sight appears but small, may
be understood if we consider what the farmer must do
in order to bring up the quantity of ammonia to the
standard of 17 per cent. This could be most easily done
by adding to the guano about one-twelfth of its weight
of sulphate of ammonia, the cost of which for each ton
would amount to rather more than 1?., and to this
extent the price of guano is practically enhanced by
the diminution of its quality. The farmer buys for
his money a smaller quantity of fertilising matter than
he formerly did, but it must not be supjjosed that he
will necessarily, on that account, notice a proportionate
diminution in the produce obtained from it ; and the
reason for this is, that he does not look to the total
effect of such measures, but only to that produced on
the crop to which it is applied, and he has at present
no means of estimating the result of the residual
fertilising matter in sulisequent years. As far as the
effect on the first crop is concerned, it is probable
that a diminution of two, or even of foiir or five, per
cent, in the ammonia contained in Peruvian guano will,
in many cases, produce but little effect. To the
Turnip, for example, which requires abundance of
phosphate? and but little ammonia, the greater part of
the latter element contained in Peruvian guano is
practically useless. The surplus is more or less
effectually stored up in the soil for the use of subse-
quent crops; and though the farmer pays but little
attention to this after-efi'ect, and that mainly because
he has no me.ans of measuring it, it is self-evident
that any reduction in the total quantity of valuable
matters in the manures must affect it, although to
what extent can only be accurately determined by
oft«n-repeated, tedious, and costly experiments devoted
to that individual point. The entire consumption of
the guano on one of the Chincha Islands naturally
directs our attention to the probable exhaustion of the
supplies of this important manure, in regard to which
alarmist paragraphs occasionally make their appearance
in the newspapers. For my own part, I do not think
there is any ground for immediate anxiety on this
point. A single island has supplied the demand
for more than 20 years, and as the annual consumption
is not at present increasing, it seems not unreasonable
to suppose that the remainder of the Chinchas, together
with the Lobos and other islands on the coast of
Peru, which are known to contain abundance of
guano of a periectly serviceable kind, though

Eecent
lehaboe.

Old
Ieh.abne

Water

17.01
41.84
18.80
1.70
3.28
16.77

24.21

Organic matter .and ammoniacal salts
Phosph.atcs

39.30
SO.OO

4.19

2.30

100.00
12.35
0.44
0.37

100,00
8.50

Phosphoric acid, or
Equal to phosphate

the alkaline salts

of lime

If this recent sample had only been free from sand, it
would have been quite as valuable as much of the
Peruvian guano now being imported. Now, it is not
unreasonable to expect that a corresponding increase
in the quantity of ammonia would be found in Peru-
vian guano, if it could he collected and used soon after
being deposited. Unfortunately, we know very little
regarding the composition of the excrement of sea
birds, but from the analyses which have been made of
that of land carnivorous birds, it may be fairly esti-
mated that from one-third to one-half of the nitro-
genous matter originally present in Peruviati guano
has disappeared in consequence of decomposition, so
that if it could be got in a recent state it would doubt-
less be much richer in ammonia than that we at present
obtain. A further proof of this is offered by the com-
position of Angamos guano, a variety imported to some
extent 15 or 10 years since, which was found on ledges
of the rocks along the coast of Peru, and was collected
by men who were lowered by ropes over the face of the
cliffs. It was a very dry and pale-coloured substance,
and contained large quantities of nitrogenous matter,
average samples yielding 21 per cent, of ammonia,
while cargoes containing upwards of 25 per cent., or as
much as the best sulphate of ammonia, have been
imported. The deposits of this guano were exhausted
some 12 or 11 years since, and the localities where it is
found have not since been examined, though it would
be of great interest to have them inspected at the
present time to see whether any considerable quantity
of fresh guano had been accumulated. These con-
siderations may induce us to hope that the supplies of
ammoniacal guanos, though they must materially dimi-
nish—unless new deposits are found, of which there
does not seem to be much prospect — will not altogether
cease, and they even suggest the possibility at some
future time of devising some plan by which this
" harvest of the sea " may be more effectually econo-
mised. Little need be said as to the adulteration of
Peruvian guano, which, as is well known, has been
greatly checked by the system adopted by the
importers but cases still occur in which loam and

StjPEnrnosrn.iTE.s.
Passing from guano to superphosphates, the matter
which most immediately attracts attention is the
decided improvement in quality and diminution in
price whicli has taken place within the last 10 years,
which is due in great part to the introduction of bono
ash and mineral pho.sphates. The use of these sub-
stances has jiroduced a variety of minor modifications
in the manufacture of this manure, in consequence of
which a superphosphate of good quality is now much
more finely reduced and more convenient of applica-
tion than it used to be. At the present time dissolved
bones, in the sense in which that term was originally
used, may be said no longer to exist. That name was
at first applied to a mixture of hone-meal and acid,
without any addition ; but as such a mixture, owing to
the gelatine of the bones, becomes damp and sticky, and
cannot be brought into a dry and pulverulent form-
without considerable cost, manufacturers now inva-
riably add to it some other substance, that usually
preferred being bone ash, because the maker can then
guarautee his product as being made entirely from
bones, but coprolites, apatite, and other mineral phos-
phates are occasionally used. Occasionally sulphate of
ammonia is added, as well as, within the last year or
two, sulphate and muriate of potash ; but in that case
the mixture generally gets a special name, and is
called Turnip or grain manure, as the case may be.
Nitrate of soda also sometimes forms part of the mix-
ture, but this is an injudicious addition, because tho
sulphuric acid decomposes the nitrate, and the nitric
acid reacts upon the organic matter, and is destroyed,
so that after the manure has been kept for some
time, the quantity of nitrate is sometimes greatly
diminished. Owing to all these changes very great
varieties now exist, both in the appearance and com-
position of suijerphosphates, but, on the whole, there
is no doubt their quality has improved. In speaking
of guano, and the possibility of its being more or less
completely exhausted, I stated that it w.as the dimi-
nished supply of nitrogenous matters which was the
source of anxiety. So far as phosphates, the most
important constituent of superphosphates, are concerned,
there is not the slightest ground for apprehension, for
their supply seems to be practically inexhaustible.
Scarcely a year goes by without new deposits being
discovered, some of which have scarcely as yet been
worked. During the last two years a new source of
these substances has been discovered in Germany,
which promises to be of very great Importance. It is
found in the valley of the Lahn, a tributary of the
Rhine, where it is met with in nests in a particular
kind of dolomite, and in very large quantities. The
mines of Staffel yielded la,st year 2500 tons, and there
are many others ; so that, as their workingis still in its
infancy, the chances are that the supplies will soon be
very large. It contains from 55 to 65 per cent, of
phosphates, with some oxide of iron and fluorine, and it
makes a very good superphosphate. The discovery of
this substance is interesting not merely on account of its
afibrdingan increased supply of phosphate, but because
it is found in a new and unexpected geological forma-
tion, and there can be little doubt that by an extended
search many similar deposits will he found.

Oilcakes.
Passing now to the consideration of the feeding
stuffs at present in the market, I propose to refer not
so much to their composition as to the extent to which
their adulteration is now carried. I had occasion to
point out this matter in a paper published in the
Transactions of the Society about two years since, in
which will be found several analyses of adulterated
oilcakes. With the details of such analyses I shall not
trouble you here. Suffice it to say that during tho
past year I have found bran. Grass seeds, carob Beans,
French nutcake, and a variety of other seeds, some of
which it Is impossible to recognise, in oilcake of British
manufacture. Many of these are undoubtedly due to
the inferiority of the Linseed used, for cargoes are often
met with containing not more than 00 or 70 per cent,
of actual Linseed, the remainder being the seeds of
weeds, and in such cases the manufacturer is able to
shelter himself behind the statement that he added
nothing to the Linseed ; but in other cases there can
be no question about the deliberate addition of the
extraneous substances. This is always the case with
bran, carbo Beans, nutcake, and the like ; and in one
case, which occurred some time since, I was able to
trace the fact that French nutcake had been
brought from Hull to an oil mill in one of the
large towns in Scotland, where it was ground
down and mixed with oilcake. The great difliculty
which the chemist encounters in regard to the
adulteration of oilcake is, that it is quite possible to
make up a mixture containing a large quantity of
foreign seeds, which shall, in point of compo-sition,
appear quite equal to the best. This is done by adding,
along with bran or other similar substances, some cake,
such as Poppv-cake, which is very rich in nitrogenous
substances. Even with bran alone it is possible,by select-
ing a Linseed of very high quality, to make a mixture

840

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AKD AGPJCULTURAL GAZETTE

[August lo, 186?.

which, when the analysis alone is considered, gives as
good a result as that of a genuine cake made from
a Linseed of poorer quality, but equally free from
foreign seeds. In fact, it is generally the best
Linseed that is adulterated, and the thing is practised

fuite openly; in proof of which I may state that
possess a sample of a seed offered for sale in
the Hull market, for the purpose of adulterating
good Linseed. Of course, the use was not stated quite
so straightforwardly as I nave done it, but the veil was
a very 1jhin one, for it was described as a seed used for
"reducing high quality Linseed." It appeared to
consist of wild Mustard and a variety of otlicr small
seeds sifted out of Linseed, and you may easily judge
of how fully it fulfilled its purpose, when I tell you that
it contained^

"W.ater 10.49

Oil 5.80

Albuminous compouuda .. .. .. 11.63

Mucilage, gum, &c 57.78

Fibre 6.36

Ash 7.89

100.00

Nitrogen 1.87

Tlae a.sh contains—

Phosphates .. iU

Phosphoricacid, combined with alk.alie3 .. .63

Sand 4.19

The great difficulty which besets the whole question
of the adulteration of cake lies iu the fact tliat the
manufacturer does not conceal the fact that his cakes
are, as he expresses it, "mi.itures;" indeed, he often
sells three or more kinds of cake, distingnished as
Nos. 1, 2, 3, etc., at different prices, of which the first
only is guaranteed as being made from pure Linseed,
leaving it of course to be understood that the others
are not pure ; but as he does not deal directly with the
farmer, but with the dealer, it rests with the latter to
state whether the article he sells is pure or not ; and I
fear that in not in a few instances this fact is sup-
pressed, and the farmer is left to judge for himself.
In some instances, no doubt, the manufacturer palms
off an inferior article as genuine, and this I think must
have occurred in an amusing case which came under
my notice not long since. A dealer in cakes sold an
article which he stated was of the highest quality, and
which he sold under the name of the Simon Pure at
111. per ton. I analysed it, and found it contained
bran ; and since then the same dealer has supplied
his customers with the real Simon Pure at 11^ 10s. ;
so that it will be observed thac in commerce as well
as in comedies there are a real and a counterfeit Simon
Pure. I need not say that all these, and many other
facts which must have come under the notice of most
farmers, show what care is necessary in the purchase of
such substances.

Deinking 'Water.
At the risk of occupying your time too long, I would
venture, before concluding, to bring under your
notice one other subject which appears to me to merit
notice, and this is the quality of the water supplied to
farm Stock, Iwhich I fear is sometimes by no means
what it ought to be. I have within the last few
months examined the water of wells on several farm.s,
and have found some of them to contain nitrates in
considerable quantity, obviously derived from the
infiltration of animal matters. It is easy to under-
stand how these reach wells which are often sunk in
the farmyard at no great distance from the dungheap.
Now, the presence of animal matters is well known to
be extremely prejudicial to the health of human beings
who use such water, and there can be no doubt that
they must be injurious also to animals. The question,
therefore, has occurred to me vvhetber the outbreaks
of cattle plague, which have been so virulent on
some farms while others have escaped altogether,
may not be due, to some extent, to the quality of the
water. I have no data to enable me to decide,
but the matter merits further inquiry. There are
many other subjects of interest, which I might easily
bring before you did time permit, and if it were possible
for me to go into minutise. I have endeavoured, how-
ever, as much as possible to avoid details, and more
especially numerical details, which are apt to be tedious,
and then I am compelled to avoid some matters wliich
cannot be treated without them. I trust I have said
enough to satisfy you that chemistry can do much in
tracing out facts for the beneiit of individuals. In many
instances the analyses made in the laboratory have
been the means of getting back a large part oi' the price
of adulterated articles; and, in this respect, the duties
I have to perform often require much judgment, and
are a source of considerable anxiety to any one who
wishes to perform them conscientiously.

HINTS ON THE BREEDING AND CARE OF
CATTLE.

My observations may be of some use to those
readers who have not devoted much attention to the
subject ; they may prove of interest even to more
experienced breeders, should I be able to adduce facts
that may have escaped their notice, or in confirmation
of their own observations. I can hardly speak with
the same authority as a breeder, generally, that I can
as a feeder ; yet I have been a close observer now for
many years, and devoted my earnest attention to the
Improvement of the Aberdeen and Angus polled breed
of cattle, with respect to size, symmetry, fineness of
bone, strength of constitution, and disposition to
accumulate fat, sparing no expense in obtaining the
finest animals from the purest stock.

Laying the foundation of a breeding stock will be
the first matter under consideration. We are met here
at the very outset by the advocates of blood and those
of selection. Much may be said, and volumes have
been written, in favour of both. My experience leads
me to take a middle course between the two, and to

keep in view both the one and the other. With
respect to the qualifications of a successful breeder
Darwin writes, " Not one man in a thousand has
accuracy of eye and judgment sufficient to become an
eminent breeder. If gifted with these qualities, and
he studies the subject for years, and devotes his life-
time to it with indomitable perseverance, he will
succeed and make great improvements ; and if he
wants any of these qualities he will assuredly fail."
Darwin's view will be found pretty correct. Many
breed with a certain success, and even rush to the top
for a time in the show-yard, but it is only those
described by Darwin who will finally succeed. In
laying the foundation of a breeding stock there is
generally one of two objects in view: either, first, to
raise up a herd the best of its race, with a view to
competition in the show-yard and to imi)rove it to the
utmost ; or, second, to breed commercial cattle for
commercial purposes with tiie greatest possible profit.
The first requires independent means : and, to secure
success, skill, perseverance, and patience under heavy
disappointments. The second can be attaiued by
ordinary prudence. If the first object be the one aimed
at, the selection should be made from the most esta-
blished herds, and of animals of pedigree, and possess-
ing the characteristics of the race you intend to propa-
gate. But my attention will be more particularly
directed to the second. There are few that have hatfuls
of money to expend upon the imrchase of high-bred
animals : nor is this necessary in order to secure a
profitable return from a breeding stock.

I would recommend the following method : — I shall
suppose a farmer wishes to buy 20 cows to stock his
farm (Aberdeen and Angus cattle). His entry is, say,
at Whitsunday. He must have a bull to serve his
cows. He should be selected from an established herd
and from a race of good milkers. The farmer must be
a good judge, or employ one in whom he has implicit
confidence to act in his behalf. In his selection he
must have a certain model in his eye, such as he wishes
to propagate. I assume that he has considered that
his farm is adapted for the rearing of the Aberdeen and
Angus breed of cattle, and is convinced of their hardi-
hood of constitution being adapted to his soil and the
climate. He ought to keep to certain ground in his
selection ; that, viz., where the polled breed are still in
a state of purity, as in Angus, Aberdeen, Kincardine,
Banff, and Moray shires. He ought to visit the Afford
district, and all to the west of Alford. On the Spey he
will find cattle well worth his attention. They are not
of large size generally, but many of fine quality. In
the neighbourhood of Dufftown, and west from Duff-
town, there are many useful beasts. Tlie Mearns and
Angus he should carefully examine, visiting the farms
where polled cattle -are bred. The wealthy breeder.
No. 1, may look to the honours of the show-yard ; but
No. 2, with his limited means, must have regard only
to his ultimate profit.

As it is a Whitsunday entry, he ought to have the
lot made up, and the bull put to them in season, that
he may not lose a year. The cows he buys will give
milk to the house, and the two-year old heifers will be
easily kept on. I speak ou the supposition that cows
and heifers are bought, but the majority should be
heifers. He ought to attend all the fairs in his power
through spring, and be on the instant ready to pick up
a suitable beast wherever it appears, which he can
always do at market value. He ought to select the
best heifers or cows (duly informing himself as to their
breeding) from the different districts I have named.
The produce, after a first-class bull, will be astonishing.
The cows that throw the best calves should be retained,
while those that " cry back " should be dismissed, and
their places filled up with a new selection. By careful
breeding for two years there will be a most useful
profitable breeding stock established, and there is no
doubt that even some good races may be secured. We
have ample experience and proof of this iu the good
calves thrown by our worthless little black polled
country cows, and it is on my experience of this fact
that my recommendation is founded. For two-year-
olds rising three, out of small cows, I have at Christmas
got 401. from the butcher. Purity of blood in the
male will be found highly to improve inferior races.
A herd of breeding stock without the risk of haphazard
will be secured at a moderate cost— one that will be
profitable to the owner.

The followiug remarks apply partly to a show-yard
herd, and partly to one for commercial purposes. In
the original selection, as I have already observed, the
breeder must have iu his eye the model he wishes to
propagate. The animals selected should approach the
desired type as nearly as can be obtained; and by
careful and repeated selections the ideal may be reached.
The selector must be well satisfied as to soundness of
constitution, especially in laying the foundation of a
show-yard herd. If male or female have hereditary
defects of constitution, their progeny will inherit them.
Show-yard stock, being pampered for exhibition, are
more liable than the common stock of the country to
be affected with hereditary diseases. Pedigree is of the
most vital importance. We ought always to prefer a
bull of high pedigree, with fair symmetry and quality,
to another bull, though much superior in appearance,
but of questionable pedigree. If the latter be turned
to a herd superior in blood to himself, incalculable
mischief may be done. Breeders have not given the
subject the attention it deserves. I have paid dearly
for my experience in the matter. But bulls, even from
the purest herds, will not all produce stock alike. Some
will give a majority of bull calves, others a majority of
heifer calves ; some will be famous for getting fine
bulls, and others for getting fine heifers, while others
produce little to boast of in the one or the other. No
one can affirm that he has a first-class sire till he has
been tested. If the result be satisfactory, money should
be no temptation ; he must not be sold. It must not
be forgotten that the male has most inttuence in

breeding ; but without first-class females the descen-
dants will not shine generally in the show-yard.
Breeding for the show-yard must not be left to hap-
hazard ; nor is the breeder likely to be successful if
pride and conceit be his besetting sins. Take the fol-
lowing by way of ihustration : At perhaps a distant
sale a fine cow is bought, or it may be at market.
Attention to pedigree is ignored ; the age is perhaps
considered of no consequence. On her arrival she is
examined and applauded by friends and neighbours.
The inspection may cost the owner gallons of whiskey ;
but she is to prove a mine of wealth. Great hopes
are entertained of her progeny. The calf is expected
to be first-class. After days of care and nights of
dreams and anxious watchings, with unnecessary aid
in calving, the great calf at last sees the light of day.
The owner is disgusted at the result. The cow yields
little milk, either for the calf or the family. She is
sent where she should have gone years before —to the
butcher. The disappointed owner in future buys the
cheapest animals that come to hand. If pedigree be
ignored, and the sire be of doubtful antecedents,
except in an accidental case, the progeny will be at the
best of medium quality; but by ordinary precaution
such loss may be avoided.

Breeding in-and-in has some advantages and many
advocates. It is a knotty point to touch upon. At
the commencement I stated that my own experience
led me to adopt a middle course ; that experience has
not been in favour of the system. By adhering to it I
found that quality was maintained, and even improved ;
but size was reduced, and symptoms of delicacy of
constitution were manifested. It may be pursued for
a time, until the type is developed, but to continue for
any length of time to breed in and in, is not only
against my experience, but, I believe, against Nature.

In looking over a herd of breeding cattle, I have
often seen the owner or the cattle-keeper pointing out
a cow that throws a good calf and never threw a bad
one, and at the same time telling you how great a
milker she is. It would be difficult to buy such a cow
too dear. Most of the above remarks may apply alike
to the home farm of the proprietor, to the large and
small farmer, and to the crofter with one cow. It is
well knowQ to breeders of cattle, and I believe of sheep,
that there are particular races that are celebrated, and
upon which you can calculate that they will never
propagate an inferior animal. Specimens not so desir-
able will now and again appear, but the blood is there,
and the divergence will not be great from the desired
type. Again, there will be one race noted for produc-
ing celebrated males, and another for producing
celebrated females. A bull may be introduced that is
a great getter of bull calves, yet the change may not be
to the advantage of the owner, as the female calves will
not be bred of so high an order

In the selection of the male, you will have to
consider the faulty or defective points in your cows
with a view to correct them. As far as possible — ■
pedigree being right— you ought to purchase the bull
that is strong upon the points where your females are
faulty. If this is not duly attended to, the defect or
malformation may be aggravated. But although the
bull selected possesses the excellence wanting in the
cows, he ought, of course, not to be very deficient in
other points, else the cure may be worse than the
disease. If possible, he should be taken from a pasture
not superior to your own. Docility of temper in male
and female is indispensable. Inexpressible mischief
may be done by the introduction of wild blood into the
herd, for it is sure to be inherited. I have suffered
seriously by this error.

To be good behind the shoulder, good in the girth,
and well down in the fore-rib, are the qualifications
most difficult to attain. Lightness of the fore-rib
shows a tendency to delicacy of constitution, and
strength and soundness are most important to the
success of the breeder. Depth of rib is more important
in the male than in the female. Lightness of the fore-
rib may be tolerated when milk is the object (and
many great milkers are so characterised), but not
where the production of beef is the object. Then you
must study to combine quality with weight. Quality
ought to be the first consideration, but we must never
forget that all must come to lbs. at last.

I have already given my opinion as to the shape and
quality of a perfect breeding and feeding animal. I
shall only here remark that it is indispensable in our
cold climate that the animals should have a good coat ,
of soft silky hair to defend them from the cold blasts
of autumn, winter and spring.

[The above passages are taken from Mr. M'Combie's
recent work on Cattle and Cattle Breeders (Black-
woods).] _^^_____^___^

CONTAGIOUS DISEASES (ANIMALS) BILL.

[Lord R. Montagu thus referred to the Bill on Tuesday evening
in the House of Commons.]

Its object was to remove, as far as possible, the
restrictions now placed upon the movement of cattle
within Great Britain. The restrictions which had
recently been in force tended to raise the price of
meat, and, therefore, amounted to a tax on food ; it
was proposed, therefore, to relieve the people of this
imposition, and to do so by means of a general instead
of local restrictions. It was absolutely necessary that
meat should be imported from abroad. Before 1812
the importation of cattle was absolutely prohibited;
the prohibition was then removed, and a heavy duty
imposed, which was taken off by Sir R. Peel in 18411.
It was argued at the time that this measure would
prove entirely nugatory; but the importations of
cattle had gone ou increasing till in the year 181)5 we
drew our meat supplies not only from Spain and
Portugal, from France and Holland, but from Den-
mark, Schleswig-Holstein, Poland, Galicia, and Hun-
gary. In 1843 little more than 1000 head of cattle

August 10, 1867.J

THE GARDl'NKIiS' niRONICLE Ml) AGinCUl.TURAL GAZETT]

sti

■were iinported; in 18H, .wno heail of cattle; in 1815,
9700; in 1816, 17,000; in 1817,27,000; iu 1857,53,000;
and in 1805, 188,000. Into London alone lUe ini]iorta-
tion of cattle, sheep, pipis, &o., had vastly incrca,sed.
In 1858, 1810 head of cattle wore imported into the
metropolis; in 1856, SOOO ; and in 1807, 12,000. These
increased imports tended, of course, to fiicilitale the
introduction of cattle plague. Just before the restric-
tions were imposed whiedi had the cUcct of stamping
out the cattle plague, the number of attacks weeklj"
in Cheshire amounted to 4000, and in Yorkshire to
ncarl.v 2000 cases. The Act passed on the 20th of
February. In the week ending tlio 3d of March the
attacks of cattle plague in Cheshire had decreased
to 1273, and on the 31st of March to 765. It wa.s
a curious circumstanco tliat the sanitary restric-
tions imposed had no effect whatever upon the
price of meat either during recent attacks or during
that which took place in the last century, for the
average of five years from 1739 to l/H immediately
preceding the distemper llie price of meat was
'2\d. per lb. ; during the 12 years of the distemper from
17-15 to 1756 the price was also 21^. ; during the five
worst years of the distemper the price was only 2f,(?. ;
and 12 years after the distemper, from 1756 to
17G8, the price was lid. per lb. The same features were
ob.servable in modern time.s. In 1861 the price of
meat ranged from fi'.rf. to 7]d.; in the beginning of
1865 froui OJf/. to 7|!i<?. ; and in lSi;6, during the time
that the cattle plague wa.s very bad, from 5',ii. to 7d.
In April this year tlic ]uici! was from Gd. to did. The
quantity of cattle .^laii'.'lilered during the prevalence
of the di.«ten]|icr liail tliu cll'cct of changing the venne
of the market, the cattle, instead of being sold in
London, being sold locally ; but the trade adapted itself
to the altered circumstances. Another consequence of
the restrictions .imposed on account of the cattle plague
was that other diseases were .almost extinguished ; he
referred especially to the foot-and-mouth diseases
imported from Holland in 1830, and pleuropneumonia
imported from Holland in 1812. In the latter year,
and before the disease ^Yas imported, the average
mortality among cattle iu England was from 1^ to
2i per cent. From that time the percentage rose
steadily till it appeared from the reports of the Cattle
Insurance Company, in 1818, that three-fourths of all
their losses were due to pleuropneumonia. In 1860,
374,000 horned cattle died of disease in England, of which
more than one-half was due to pleuropneumonia, and
from 1854 to IStiO the average loss annually from that
cause amounted to 160,000 head of cattle. But after
the restrictions were imposed recently wdiat occurred ?
^Vhy, ontlie 12th of March, 1867, Profe.ssors Simonds
and Brown reported that pleuropneumonia and the
fnot-and-mouth disease existed only to a very limited
extent; and this, they stated, was due to the restric-
tions on the movement of cattle, by which they esti-
niiifed that we saved annually 1,000,000/. worth of
I'liod. A'arious agricultural s(cieties were accordingly
of opinion that the same restrictive powers which had
been applied to the cattle plague should be applied to
other diseases as well. U'ith that recommendation,
however, he was not ready to concur, as the proposal
was surrounded with a great many difficulties. Most
persons looking at a (Continental " Bradshaw,^' aud
seeing that the railways came straight from Hungary
;ind Poland to Rotterdam, .jumped to the conclusion
that all importation should lie stopped. But we might
:i« well attempt to sweep back the tide with a broom
.!- to keep out foreign meat. Some persons main-
1 .1 i lU'd that the Grass lands in the East of Europe were
the home of the cattle plague, and that as long as cattle
were allowed to be brought from thence we should
always run the risk of introducing it ; and hence, that
if cattle were allowed to bo imported they should
inv.ariably be killed at the port of landing. Under the
present regulations cattle were killed at all the ports,
with the exception of Harwich and Southampton,
where the imports for London were so enormous
that to attempt to enforce such a system
would occasion a violent disturbance of trade, and
an amount of inconvenience that would be almost
intolerable. The question was really one between
London and the country. In 1860 no less than
164,000 head of cattle were imported into London. The
next largest importation was into Hull, where iu the
same year only 26,000 cattle were imported. Newcastle
imported 8000, and all the other ports in that year
were below 5000. Then it was contended that dead
meat might be sent into the metropolis in the same
way that it now came from Aberdeen and the north of
Scotland. But it must be borne in mind that in that
case the consignee was the loser in case anything went
wrong. But with foreign meat the risk was that of the
foreign owner; and if cattle were to be killed within a
certain number of days buyers had only to hold b.ack
tor a time, knowing that eventually the meat must
come down to their price. The greatest difficulty,
however, was as to the feeding of them. Two-thirds of
the cattle that came to London were consumed at the
East-end. But if they were all killed at Harwich or
Southampton only the best joints would be sent up, for
only those would pay for the carriage. The working
classes fed on shins of beef and offal, yet these were
precisely the parts which it would cost too much to
send by railway. Then it was proposed by some that
quarantine should be established at those ports. Now,
store cattle were never imported from abroad, fat
cattle alone being brought into tliis country, and if fat
cattle were put into quarantine they lost considerably
in value. The hon. member for the Tower Hamlets
desired a separate market for foreign cattle to be esta-
blished in London. If that were attempted it would be
found that the expenditure for the purchase of the
ground, and for the erection of the necessary buildings,
would bo enormous. Moreover, the estabiishment of
two markets, one for home cattle and the other for
foreign cattle, would have the effect of dividing the

buyers and sellers, and would thus destroy comnctition.
Consequently, the hon. member's proposal would prove
a gigantic means of reviving protection. _ Anothci
objeclion to the proposal was that at the time when
the Aletropolitan Market Act was passed, a clause was
introduced expressly forbidding the erection of a new
nnirket within seven miles of the one established by
that Act. Therefore, if a new market wore established,
the buyers would have to go seven miles to get the
meat, aiul the price would be greatly enhanced. It was
said on the side of the country gentlemen, that restric-
tions should be jdaccd on tlie foreign trade, but
removed from the homo trade ; while depulatinns from
the large towns rcconnnendcd quite a dilfcrcnt cour.M-
of proi'ceding. Thus the Government wore id:iced
between two diflicultieSj the only escape from which
was by making the restrictions locally self-acting : and
this iiurjiose was attempted to bo effected by the Bill,
and still further by the consolidated order, which would
soon ho passed, the ohjei't being to throw the foreign
trade open as far as iiossible, and to prevent contact
between the foreign and homo cattle.

Rtr. J. A. SsilTH conceived tlmt -all those restrictions would
1)0 absolutely useless unleJ^s something more .stiould be done.
Some few weeks ago fi atatoment .appeared in the new.spapcrs
that a number of cattle h;id been purchased at Doune, iu
Scotland, and sent to Ilainpshiro. They were from four
and a half to five d.ays on the journey, and h.ad neither food
nor w.ater during that period. Two out of the whole number
(27) died, and 19 arrived iu a state of great suffering and
misery. He took means to ascertain the truth of the state-
ment, .and then went succcs.sively to the noble lord the Vice-
Presitlcut of the Council, to the Homo Ofticc, .and to the Roard,
and he was told by all the pcnsous he applied to they had
nothing to do with the matter, and thiit he had better go to
the Society fur the Prevention of Crucly to Animals. This wag
a case which could not be a solitary or isolated one, and it
clearly had some connection with the progress and communica-
tion of the cuttle plague.

Jlr. Puan .said he thought in this discussion the reports of
the Cattle Plague Commissioners ought not to be forgotten.
He wished to make "some remarks in favour of slaughtering
foreign cattle at the ports. There was a strong feeling in its
favour in the country, and it was borne out by the reports of
the Commissioners. In inquiring into the origin of the
disease, they came to the conclusion that it did not arise
spontaneously in this country; that it was brought direct
1 from Holland, and indirectly from Revel, from Russian
I Poland, and from the Russian steppes, in which it found its
I cnnst.ant home. They therefore recommended an inspection
I of foreign .animals in this country more minute than any that
I would probably be applied to them abroad. They stated that
during several months in tho year this country imported from
5,000 to 10,000 animals a week, which were handed at some few
ports, .and thence dispersed all over the country. Upwards of
six-sevenths of these were landed at the three ports of
London, Harwich, and Hull. They recommended that the
, foreign tr.ade in cattle, which bad grown to .such enormous
dimensions of Late ycai-s, should be subjected to proper
regulations ; that the cattle should be slaughtered at the
ports, and that good landing places, lairs, and sheds should be
provided there, by which much of the cruelty of the laud
transport would be avoided. He m.ade these remarks with a
view of directing attention to the svibject : he believed that if
I the Government carried out the recommendations of the Com-
missioners, they might dispense with many of the restrictions
now imposed inland, aud give general satisfaction to the
country. Those whom he represented, as practical men, had
no objection to free trade in cattle as far as it was requisite in
I supply the necessities of the country, but they had a yre;it
objection to free trade in cattle plague brought from abroad,
and to the unlimited importation of disease.

RECENT RAM SALES.
COTSWOLDS : 3Ii: William Lane, Broadfield, near
Northleach, July 25. — There were 50 shearling rams
sold, the average price being 3U. 19*. Gd. each; the
highest price being for No. 7, bouu'ht by Mr. Broom, of
I'carbam Hall, Norfolk, for 137^. Mr. E. Olding, Rafjin
Farm. — The autioneer commenced with the letting of
12 ram lambs, one of which was let for 25 guineas, to
Mr. Coles, near Warminstrer. Their average letting
was 14/. 2^. Gd. The sale of 100 ram lambs, single and
in pairs, was next proceeded with. The highest single
lamb sold at 16 guineas, and the highest pair at
27^ guineas. The average of the lambs let and sold was
8/. Is. Gd. Mr. C. Sarton, Manor Some, Fi/Jield.—
Mr. Acock quickly disposed of 50 very choice animals,
at an average of 11/. 17*. G'id., the total proceeds
amounting to 745/. 18.«. 6</. The highest price was
40 guineas. Mr. Hugh Aylmer, Abheij Farm, We.^t
Dereham. — This year Mr. Aylmer ottered 100 pure-
bred ram lambs, 80 shearlings, and 10 2-shear sheep to
the large number of agriculturists, belonging to Norfolk,
the neighbouring, and more distant counties, who
attended the lettfng. The following is the result of the
letting :— The first 10 lambs averaged 8/. 7*., the first
10 7/. 10*. 3rf., the first 00 7/. 2s. 6q., the first 80
()/. 15s. 4V., and the 100 6/. 8s. O-W. each. The highest
price given for a lamb was 12/. Itis. The first 10 shear-
lings aver.aged 10/. 10s., the first 20 10/. Os. the first 30
10/. 8s. m., the first 40 11/. Is. yrf., the first 50
10/. 16s. 1(/., the first 60 10/. 14s., the first 70 10/. 10.s. id.,
and the 80 10/. 9s. 7id. each. The highest price given
was 31/. 10s., by Mens. Amyot for the Emperor of the
French. The 10 2-shears averaged 9/. 18s. 6r/., the
highest price given being 24/., to be taken to Auckland,
New Zealand, by Mr. Symonds. O.rford. — Messrs.
Paxton & Castle submitted to public competition 42
Cotswold shearling rams, bred by Mr. R. Lord, of
StantonHarcourt, sold at the average price of 9/. 18s. Gd.
The same autioneers also sold 10 pure-bred Cotswold
shearlings, bred by Mr. Joseph htratton, of Upton,
near Burford, which averaged 6/. They likewise
offered 21 Cotswold shearling r.ams from the fiock of
Mr. T. Akers, of Black Bourton, which were all dis-
posed of at an average of 8/. 3s. -id. Mr. J. Gille/t,
Minsier Lovell. — 50 rams averaged 12/. 16s. 2*/. Mr.
Fletcher, Shiptou, near Cheltenham. — 50 rams averaged
14/. 15s. Of/. ; highest price, 51 guineas. Mr. W. Hewer,
Northleach.— 50 rains averaged 20/. Is. lid. ; highest
price, 67 guineas. Mr. M. dame's Cotswold Sams.—
52 sheep were offered, four of which were only let for
the season ; the whole realising 1286/. 5s., at an

average of nearly 25/. each. The highest jiricc was
l.'io guineas, which was given by an American gentle-
m.an, Mr. Ixionis; and the next best at 71 guineas,
was purchased by Mr. "W. Hewer. Several of tho
other rams made from 50 guineas to 30 guineas each.
Mr. Brown, of Marham, who was so successful at Bury
St. Edniund'.s with some of Mr. Game's sort, was
.again a customer, taking two sheep back with him
into Norfolk.

Siiiioi'SIIIItE: Mr. C. H. ICecling, Yew Tree Farm.
—.Mr. \V. G. Precce dispo.scd of 33 rams and 80 ewes.
'I'lie first ram was secured by Mr. C. Rtuhbs, at 20
guineas, from which figure prices ranged fur the shear-
lings down to 6 guineas. 'IMio interest of tho day
centred in Chadbury, a good 2-shear, used last year by
Mr. C. RandelK and wdiich, after a brisk competition
between Mr. Lythall, Mr. C. Byrd, and others, was
secured by the last-named gentleman at 31 guineas.
One other 2-shear concluded the rams, the 33 averaging
13/. 5s. each. The ewes followed, and, though low in
condition, realised from 65s. to 105s. each, the average
being about 73s. IK C. Bird, Litt//u!Ood, near
Slnfford.— Mr. Peakc, of Ijammascote, puridiased the
best at .30 guineas, and hired another at 20 guineas.
The shearlings went low, 10 guineas being the highest
price given, and a few were unsold. The average
was 9/. 12s. Gd. Mr. Sampson Byrd, the Lee.se Farm.—
Model Patentee was let for the season, after a sharp
competition, .at the, we believe, unprecedented sum
for a .Shropshire of 90/. Gs. ; the hirer being Jlr. Allen,
who last year secured the same sheep at 47/. 5s. Four
other rams were then let for the season, at from
8 to 12 guineas each ; and a shearling by Prido
of "Weston, from a Patentee ewe, was offered for half
the season, .and realised 45 guineas, to W. O. Foster,
Esq., M.P. The sale of the shearlings followed, and,
though low in condition, readily commanded buyers
at prices ranging from 6 to 25 guineas, the general
average being 15/. 8s. Mr. Horlet/'s, The Fosse.—
Among the best prizes were Freeford, 2-shear, Mr.
Keeling, 33/. 12s. ; shearling, Mr. Plumley, 21/. ; ditto,
Mr. Jordan, 15/. 15s. ; ditto, Jlr. Haraer, 22/. Is. ; ditto,
Mr. Cobb, 22/. Is. ; ditto, Mr. Swinnerton, 18/. 18s. ;
ditto, Mr. Canning, 26/. 5s. ; ditto, Mr. Wigan, 16/. 16s. ;
ditto, Mr. Cooke, 17/. 17s.; five young stock ewes,
Mr. Perkins, 13/. 2s. Gd.; five ditto, Mr. Reading,
13/. 2s. 6d. ; five ditto, Mr. Cowper, 12/. 10s. ; five ditto,
Mr. Scriven, 13/. 2s. Gd. ; five ditto, Mr. Pell 15/. ; five
shearling ewes, Mr. Nott, 15/. ; five ditto, Mr. Smith,
13/. 5s. ; five ditto, Mr. Smith, 15/. 12.?. Gd.: five ditto,
Mr. Pell, 15/. : five ditto, Mr. Pell, 15/. 12s. ; five
ditto, Mr. Pell, 14/. 7s. Gd. ; five ditto, Mr. Scriven,
Ifi/. 5s.; five ditto, Mr. Loggin, 14/. 7s. 6rf. ; five ditto,
Mr. Liggin, 11/. 7s. Gd.

Home Correspondence.

TheHappy Medium in Sowing. — This must ever vary,
according to circumstances of soil, climate, and
manurial or natural degree of fertility. The (^rops on my
farm afford interesting and instructive evidence on this
matter. Is it not strange that agriculturists generally
do not make comparative trials with a view to a better
profit ? Are we always to do exactly as our forefathers
did, regardless of altered conditions ? The results of
experiments, continued for several years in various
fields, confirm me in the opinion that thick sowing causes
a heavy loss; that very great corn crops cannot, as a
rule, be grown where corn is too thickly sown ; and
that thin-sowing, or, rather, proper sowing, produces
not only more straw {taken by weight), but of better
quality than thick-sown. Much larger crops of arain
are, in my case, reliably obtained by thin-sowing, and
it is brighter aud of better quality than from tho
thick-sown. I know that this is contrary to the general
belief, but that belief is too often, if not always, tbrnied
about a crop which was thinly sown, but had become
thin and mildewed by want of drainage, imperfect
tillage, or some defect in management. So marked is
the superior quality of the tliin-sovvn, that, when ripe,
both the corn and straw are readily distinguishable
from the thick-sown, viz., the straw in the sheaf and
the corn in the heap. To produce extreme crops the
heads must be long, thick, wide, and of course heavy,
supported by a strong, reedy, glossy stem ; the kernels
large, plump, and bright. We cannot have these
peculiar characteristics in a thick-sown crop, but the
reverse. Instead of curved or leaning crops just at or
before harvest, the thick-sown come to a premature
standstill and an early horizontal downfall, resulting
in an inferior sami>le both of corn and straw, and only
a moderate crop. I speak now of highly-manured soil.
On half-starved, ill-tilled, weedy soils no amount
of seed will produce a luxuriant or laid crop.
This season I shall drill three pecks per acre
on my Clover leas, as I find 1 bushel too much
with my farming. I shall have one or two half acres
dibbled as usual with half a iieck, or at the rate of
1 peck per acre, being convinced from experience that
if the plant stands it will as usual yield better than any
larger quantity. The piece on which only a quarter of
a peck remained (a peck per acre having been dibbled
and come up well, but three-fourths of it destroyed by
slug) promises to yield from 4^ to 5 quarters per acre.
I shall continue to drill, as usual, 6 pecks of Barley
per acre, my crop of this year being very fine and
bright, with long ears aud large kernels, the ears
from 14 to 17 kernels on each side. It is, however, in
many places too thick and laid. I shall also drill, as
usual, 3 bushels of Oats per acre— my regular
quantity; "Wheat I find more than ample. I
have two fields of Rivett Wheat on heavy land,
sown after white Wheat with one bushel per
acre. They promise abundantly; one field was not
sown until December. The ears are very large and
long, most of them will contain from 80 to 100 kernels.
How is it, then, that by thick -sowing we only get, as
an average of the kingdom, a small portion of one ear

fi

842

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[AuetrsT 10, 1867.

fniue kernels) for each kernel sown ? On my thin-
sown I find from 20 to 35 ears from each kernel, each
ear having probably 40 to 50 kernels. I commencl
Eevett Wheat rather than Barley for heavy land. It
comes to a much greater money value, being better
suited to such soils. The gain in price, arising from
superior quality and thin-sowing, was illustrated in
1861 as follows :— my Barley crops, sown with 6 peeks,
produced 5 quarters, and sold for o2s. per quarter. My
neighbour's yield was the same as mine, but was of
grinding quality, and only realised 3/.'. 6d. per quarter.
He sowed 21 or 3 bushels. I could multiply such
instances. We begin harvest on the 5th inst.
On highly-manured and well-farmed drained clays, the
Wheat and Barley crops are much laid ; in fact, so
unusually flat, that I was induced to examine into the
cause, and find that it is owing to the stems, where
they spring from the root, having become softened,
with a tendency to rottenness or decay. This has, no
doubt, been caused by the frequent and heavy rains,
the absence of sun, and the shading by dense crops of
straw. Where less seed was sown, or the land less
higiily manured, the crops stand better, the wind and
sun having had more free access to dry the soil. We
are cutting white Wheat to-day (Aug. 5). I feel con-
vinced that the corn will finish up and dry better in
the sheaf than lying flat ujion the damp ground. My
crops of every description promise to be most
abundant, and in advantageous contrast with the half
or three-quarter crops on undrained soils. They are
also in a more forward condition. The want of drain-
age on certain soils will be a cause of serious loss. My
harvest is let to ray men at 61. each man, taking
10 acres. This is 12s. per acre to cut (with the bagging
hook), cart and stack. As I have 66 acres of Wheat
(estimated at 5t quarters per acre), 11 acres of strong
Barley, and 8 acres of Oats, the job will be a heavy
one, owing to so much corn having been laid and
twisted by the strong winds. The Beans (13 acres) will
be let separately, and our men get 3.f. Gd. per acre for
carting and stacking. The Bean crop will probably be
7 quarters per acre. Eleven acres of White Peas are
stacked and being picked for London market. /. /.
MecM.

South LinoolnsTiire. — I have for the past few days
carefully observed the state and progress of our various
crops, and now give you my ideas of their present
position. The Wheat crop is the heaviest and in the
roughest condition I ever remember to have seen it,
owing to tremendous storms and floods of rain. We
have much blighted, a good deal storm-broken, and some
mildewed. Cutting will commence about the 15 th to 20th,
if fine. Barley is all down and sorely tossed about, not
likely to ripen for some time. Oats all flat on the
ground, but giving a speedier prospect of ripening than
Barley. Some few fields of early Peas are cut ; crops
fair. The general cutting of this crop will commence
next week. Beans are a bulky cro]), but much tumbled
about ; they are well podded, and tolerably free from
dolphin. Potatos are in a doubtful case; the late
winds have in.iured the haulm greatly, but that is not
all, unmistakable sign of "disease" is apparent. I
have dug diseased ones up this morning, and the
haulm in many fields is full of " specks." and in some
decaying fast. This is a serious matter for our farmers,
as thousands of acres are now grown in this district.
Mangels are growing admirably, and will yield capital
crops. Swedes improve fairly, but the weather is too
cold for hastening their growth. Common Turnips
and Rape progress satisfactorily. John Clarl-e, Long
Sution, Aug. 1.

The Harvest and Sarvesi Worlc. — The coming
harvest will present a class of crops the most trying
and diflicult to cut and gather which has been
experienced for many years. Such length of straw, so
tossed and tangled, such intertwining and interlocking
of the Wheat crop, we never saw ; it would appear
impossible to gather it without great loss. The Oat
crop, although not so long iu the straw, is much laid ;
and as our terrific rains and storms have visited us
from opposite quarters, it is sorely twisted and tied
together. The Barley crop is chiefly laid, heavy in
bulk, and much entangled. Peas are very much
tumbled about, and a good deal injured. They are
otherwise a good crop, with abundance of haulm.
The Bean crop is sadly broken, and overlapping
several ways. Both Beans and Peas are well podded,
but they cannot ripen or fill satisfactorily after such
strong visitations ; vast numbers of pods will be
defective. The cereal crops have not received that
serious injury which we thought inevitable, but we
cannot estimate the damage done at less than from
two to three bushels of Wheat, five or six bushels of
Barley, and the like of Oats, besides the depreciation
in quality. The general remark, or rather inquiry, is
^How are we to get our crops cut this year ? We
shall be short of hands, .and the reaping machines will
not be of much service. They cannot cut such crops
in a fair and satisfactory way, neither scythe nor sickle
can do it, much more the reaper. This is the con-
stantly recurring remark, go where you will. Well,
we must set our wits to work ; if one course won't do
we must try another : yes, and another, and another.
It must be done, and it can be done— we must do it.
Suppose we try the reaper, first our side-delivery one.
What ! in that tremendous crop ? Yes. Put some
scythemen in to open out a way along that lighter
part. We try ; we take a fair breadth, it tears it up,
breaks ofi' numbers of ears, the straw lodges, it can't
deliver. We take a less breadth, we set hands to watch
and remove any obstructions, and scythemen to mow
any impossible places,andwegetonto!erabl.v. Howcould
the sheaf gatherers work in such a crop? AVhy,not at all.
The workmen cannot keep all clear while using all
their vigilance and energy. But let us try the strong
manual side-delivery reaper in the bottom field. Well,
you may try, it is of no use ; it is far worse to do than
this, and our scythemen say they can't mow it, and

that it must be cut with a reaping hook. Never mind
what they say — get two strong horses, and we will try.
I am told there never was a crop grown but it could,
with care and judgment, be made to cut it. The reaper
is brought, openings are made by our scythemen, and
we commence work. We soon find our rakeman on
the seat has more work than he can do ; he cannot
push ofl'the quantity of stuff cut to keep the machine
in work. What is to be done? He says, "Ta'se ofl'the
platform, and get the hands out of the Barley iield to
tie after mo, and I will show you that I can readily get
all off' behind and keep plenty of men going to tie after
me." Tills is done, and one of the heaviest and most
entangled of crops is speedily brought down. When
we reach any unusually rough place or hollow we
cannot safely catch, the scythemen with either
scythe or hook are set to complete all. This is one of
the best courses to pursue in all crops to be cut down
by reaping machines. Scythemen should always be at
hand to cut ofi' corners, laid and missed places, and in
any way to aid the machine. There is no difficulty
in cutting down any light crop— any ordinary reaper
will do that. It is a season like the present, when
every crop is amazingl.y rough and heavy, that tests
the value aiid applicability of every reaper. General
testimony will now be of value to the various manu-
facturers. It should always be borne in mind that
every scythemen, in the execution of his work, when
like the above, has to take it in every way, turning
here and there for a cut, now forwards, now backwards,
according as he can best command a few cuts. It must
be so with the reapers. They must turn about for
a few cuts here and there and everywhere, as seems
best in accordance with good judgment and the state
of the crop. No doubt these immense crops are a
serious hindrance to these machines. They may, how-
ever, be readily cut down by them under judicious care
and management. O. F.

3Ir. Wm. Smith and the Hiring System. — After
12 years of toil, anxiety, and indomitable perseverance,
we yet find our esteemed friend Mr. Smith wedded to
an old-fashioned antiquated piece of m.achinery, and,
we might almost add, a relic of the antediluvian world ;
whereas his late co-partner Mr. J. Howard has made a
very important step in introducing not only two
engines but two cultivators to work at the same time,
and thus treading on the heels of our great champions of
progressive improvement, Slessrs. Powler & Co. But
why has Mr. Howard left his friend and fellow-worker
in a state of intransmutability ? Doubtless because
common sense dictated to him that steam cultivation
required engines of increased power, and an increase
of power required, naturally, increased size and weight,
and consequently heavy engines became incapable of
being moved about by horses. Mr. Howard then very
sensibly followed the example of his practical pioneer,
Mr. Fowler, and introduced self-moving engines, and
no sane man would attempt to compare the
"weak and incapable engine of 10-horse to the
strong and powerful engine of 40-hors6 power.
No, it does not require figures to prove the capability
of each set under proper management, for Mr. Smith
knows full well the seasons will not wait for the
sluggard, and the old motto, Tempus fugit, urges the
farmer to avail himself of that set of tackle which will
perform the most work in the least time, and, in some
instances, irrespective of cost. But if Mr. Smith has
not entirely forgotten his simple rule of three sums he
will perhaps work out the following sum for his own
instruction, 'as well as that of others : — If one engine
requires the services of five men to work it, and the
roundabout tackle connected therewith, and can only do
five acres per day, what is the saving of two engines
which only require the services of three men, and
which can work very easily 12 acres per day ? After
doing this, and finding figures against him, let
him condescend to apologise to Mr. Toepffer for
abusing his " mere trash," as he politely terms it,
and let him be grateful to him for his energy, his
enterprise, and his industry, in introducing superior
tackle to his own, and thereby giving a further
impetus to agricultural improvement. If Mr. Smith
fancies he can prove to the farmers of Lincolnshire
that they will save both time and money by purchasing
his tackle instead of hiring, let him, by all means, come
and show them how to work it more economically and
advantageously, for many have small sets of tackle in
their stackyards actually bottled up, and are hiring the
double engine sets ; consequently, facts prove more than
words, and the " mere trash "of Mr. Toepff"er alluded to
in Mr. Smith'sletter, becomes sound, sensible, practical,
and argumentative. Mr. Smith allows in the conclud-
ing portion of his letter two or three small farmers to
have a set between them and hire one of another,
according to arrangement ; for he himself acknowledges
September and October will not wait ; and, if the work
is to be done well, it must be done in those months.
Sensible suggestion indeed, Mr. Smith ! And, if they
may be allowed to hire from each other, why should they
not hire from Mr. Toepffer ? inasmuch as his powerful
engines can do almost as much work in one way as the
" litl}le tackle " could manage, with its constant shift-
ings, in a week. I fear Mr. Smith would find that his
suggestion of small farmers hiring of each other
would supply a constant source of squabble amonst the
partners, each of whom would require its earliest
application. The 12 years' practice of Mr. Smith
convinces me, that in 1858 ; he gave most decidedly
unsound advice to the farmer and my only excuse for
troubhng you witli this reply, Mr. Editor, is, that I am
satisfied that in 1867 Mr. Smith is still a victim of
prejudice, and that his advice now is impracticable, as
well as unsound. That he may become wiser as he
grows older, and take a lesson from the school of
experience, is the sincere wish of Charles H. Sharp,
The Villa, Stvineshead, near Spalding.

Sutstitute for Thatch. — Will no one, in these days of
science and progress, hit upon some substitute for

thatch, tiles, or slates, as roofing for outbuildings and
walls ? Can you tell me anything about a patent
entitled the "Zopissa," which proposes, amongst other
things, to supply such a want by utilising paper for the
purpose ? It is the invention of Col. Szerelmi, of
Houses^of Parliament notability, and the works are the
Albion Works, Wellington Road, Battersea Bridge
Road. I have tried felt, and have felt the uselessness
of it. Any information you may be so good as to give
in your Gazette will oblige /. L. T., a Siiiseriber.

Crops ill Eeiil.— Our artificial Grass (seeds) crop was
exceedingly good, an inferior piece being the exception.
All was gathered in excellent condition. Meadow Grass
generally good ; some few pieces here and there fed off
late into the spring not quite so good. All haymaking
done up to the middle of July was gathered in
excellent condition, having no rain upon it. But since
the middle of last month considerable quantities of
rain have fallen ; and haymaking has been a long-
protracted operation since that time : I fear a great
quantity must be seriously injured, if not completely
spoiled as food for cattle. Tlie above remarks on the
rain apply equally unfavourably in respect to our
corn crops, having had but little sun, nights cold, and
often frosty. All now feel anxious in regard to the
present harvest. Wheat does not come forward to a
ripening state so well as we would wish, many pieces
changing with that dark dirty colour which denotes a
disposition to root falling, " or more correctly, root
rotting." Generally there is plenty of straw, but
much is " laid " by the high winds and heav.y rains,
consequently such pieces will be more or less injured
in quantity, also quality ; indeed, the Wheat
crop must be materially deficient in quality
with a continuation of the weather such as we
now have, on the cold and stiff clays, where ill-
farmed Wheat is thin and poor. A good average
crop will be found on some Lands, while on others the
yield will be below an average: barely an average
generally, I should think. O.ats at one time promised
for an exceedingly heavy and abundant crop, but a
sudden check was given them from a continuance of
heavy rains; those pieces possessed of an abundance of
straw are much laid, consequently will be injured con-
siderably. Many pieces are somewhat short in the
straw, but stand well, and are likely to produce the
best samples, as the grain will mature better than
those pieces which are much down. I think we may
call Oats an average crop, with few exceptions. Barley
but little grown around here. Beans are much
affected with the rust^I fear in many instjinccs to an
injurious extent. On some lands they will be a good
average crop, but the crop on poor cold land is poor
indeed ; some I have seen will grow as little as three
sacks per acre. Should consider this crop generally
under an average. Peas generally a poor crop ; here
and there a good piece when well farmed. This crop
on some land is so completely overrun with weeds as
to make the crop nearly worthless, such farming being
a disgrace to English agriculture. Roots :— Mangel
Wurzel : a good plant on some lands, but many pieces
germinated so unevenly "patchy," that I should not
consider this beyond an average crop ; some below an
average. Swedes: early plants grow and look well,
but some pieces were much eaten by flea ; in such cases
the plant will not be a good one. Of my own Swedes
(which were damaged) : on a part of the field the dung
was ploughed in, on the remainder of the field the
dung was laid on the top of the land ; in the part
where the dung was ploughed in the plant was
nearly destroyed by the flea, but in the other part,
on which the dung was laid on the surface, I have
a good even plant, and promising well for a good
crop. Our land, much of it, is not adapted for
this crop, being of too close a soil. The crop wdiich
engages much of our time and expense is the Hop crop.
This will prove a fickle and precarious crop this year.
The weather has been, and still continues, unfavourable
for this plant. Its greatest enemies, the fly (Aphis
humuli), have been and done their work, and the
myriads oftheiryounglice are still to be seen in count-
less numbers on the bulk of our Hop plantations. Prom
its earliest attack (May) we have continued to have an
uninterrupted supply of their progeny. To form an
opinion of the likely yield per acre is impossible at
present, as some of the bine in many grounds, which is
coming well forward into burr, is so filled with lice, that
unless these die soon they must materially injure the
crop : indeed much lice are to be found in the burr. The
above remark applies to those plantations that have
shown a disposition to grow in spite of all obstacles.
There are some plantations tolerably clear from lice ;
such appear to me to be the only plantations that
will produce fruit. Much of the plantation is completely
destroyed for this year's crop—" gone black." I still
fear other grounds must follow. Many plantations
have been w.ashed, and have derived a material benefit
from washing. To destroy all the vermin seems impos-
sible ; and taking into consideration their remarkable
facultyof propagating their species in so short a time,
it's not so surprising that in a few days the same plan-
tations again become infested with lice. There are a
few pieces of Wheat which are being cut. Harvest
general next week. JoJm A. Buckland, Benenden, Kent,

Wireworin.—iLr. Mechi, iu his Farm Notes in your
Paper of the 27th ult., recommends salt, 6 bushels per
acre, as a certain cure for wireworm. Perhaps he can
advise something in the following instance, where I
have tried salt without success. In autumn 1865 we
broke up a piece of old pasture, and in spring sowed
with Oats, of which we had an excellent crop. The field
was winter ploughed, and half of it planted with
Potatos, without manure of any kind. The remainder
I sowed with Turnips and Mangel Wurzel. The
Mangels were drilled on the 9th of May, about 20
tons of very good farmyard manure being ploughed
in in the ridges. One lot of Turnips was drilled
on June 1st, and another on June 8th, the ground

ArousT 10, 1867.J

THE GAEDENERS' GTTRONTCEE ANT) AGPvTCTTETTmAL GAZETTE.

843

being dressed with about 10 tons of firmyard manure,
2i cwt. ol' guano, and 5 cwt. of salt per acre. Tlioso
sown on June 1st came up well and looked well until
just before they were singled. When we singled them
the men drew out as many a-s 20 wireworms at one
stroke of the hoe. From that time until within about
a fortnight they have kept going. In some instances
the top died away altojielher, in others it only looked
sickly, and on pulling it up the root was found often
as large as a good-sized Radish, eaten through about an
inch and a half below the surfiice, and the part tliat
was left putting out fresh rootlets, The lot sown on
Jnne the 8th appeared to bo taken as they came up,
only a patch here and there getting away, part of
winch have since been taken. Seeing there was no
chance of a crop of Turnips, I had part of the ground
planted with Brussels Sprouts ami Broccoli for market,
the remainder drilled with Vellow Tankard Turnips.
The Sprouts and Broccoli appear to be cpiito free from
attacks of the wircworm, but the Tankard Turnips
seem to be sharing the same fate as the others. I
.should think about two-thirds of the Swedes sown on
the 1st of Juue have esca]ied, and these look remarkably
promising. The Mangel Wurzel h.as uever been
touched, but a neighbour of mine says the wireworm
has destroyed all his Mangel and left the Swedes. In
another part of the field wo found they had attacked
some Early Potatos wo got up. The men pulled lots
out of the tubers, where they had nearly Ijuried them-
selves. The piece cleared I dressed with about
10 tons of manure, 5 cwt. of salt, and I cwt. of Rape-
cake, ground small, to the acre, and drilled with Orange
Jetty Turnips. This piece, together with the rest of
the Potato ground, I intend to sow with "Wheat. I
should be glad of advice as to the best dressing I nan
give the ground so as to get rid of wirewonu. The
soil is a rich loam with a gravelly bottom. J. B.

Cows Slipping ilielr Cahvs.— Your correspondent
may find in the following a reason why his three cows
have parted with their calves at a few months after
their visits to the bull. There was a farm not far from
Leeds, which supplied for many years that town with
milk, and for a long period it proved a profitable
speculation ; but in course of years " luck " told against
this dairyman, and his cows, nearly one and all,
slipped their calves at an early period of gestation,
and his losses thereby became so serious that he g.ave
up the farm, which had acrpiired a bad character, and
it w'as for some time ollering in the market to be let.
At last a man turned nii who was possessed with a
" whim " that he knew the reason why the ill success
had attended the late tenant. He found upon inquiry
that the calves were dropped at about a certain period
of gestation, and he therefore concluded it was caused
by the blood of the cows not being sufficiently rich
in bone material, and therefore his first step on
entering was to dress the land with dissolved bones,
and to cautiously and sparingly stock with
breeding cows. This proved his "whim "was right,
for his cows went the natural period, and produced
healthy and strong calves ; and at a farmers' market
dinner, while relating these facts, the table made merry
at his "whim," and, after the laughter had somewhat
e.Kponded itself, he made the matter clear to the
company by askingif it was not the want of lime caused ,
hens to lay soft or shelless eggs ? and therefore was
it not obvious that this dairy farm, by selling off milk
for a long series of years, had so exhausted the land of
its phosphates that the blood of the cows could not
enable them to supply the indispensables to form the
bone of the calves, and thus abortion was a natural
result? If. A. Wooler.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL OF ENGLAND.

Monthly Council : Tfediiesdai/, August 7, 18157. —
Present, his C4race the Buke of Richmond, K.G.,
President, in the Chair; the Earl of Powis, Lord
Chesham, Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood, Mr.
Araos, Mr. Barnelt, Mr. Cantrell, Colonel Challoner,
Mr. Brandreth Gibbs, Jlr. Ilassall, Mr. Hornsby,
Colonel Kingscote, M.P., Mr. Randell, Mr. Rigden,
Mr. Thompson, Mr. Robert Smith, Mr. Stone, Mr.
Torr, Mr. Wells, Major Wilson, Professor Wilson,
Mr. Frere, and Dr. Voeloker.

The following new Members were elected :—
Abbotts, R. W., Burton-onTrcnt
Amcotts, Colonel W. C, Hucktborn Hall, Lincoln
Beard, C. Bury St. Erlniund's

Bemau, Tbomas, Weston sub Edge, Broadw.iy, Worccstershiro
Bevan, William Robert, Bury St. Edmund's
Bowstead, James Cooper, Hackthorpe Hall, Penrith
Brownsmitb, Joseph, Bury St.. Edmund's
Davey, Charles M., Witbam, Essex
Davey, H. M., North Street, Colchester
Denton, Edward, Great Barton, Bury St. Edmund's
Bowsett, Herbert, Park Farm, Pleshey, Cbelmsfurd
Edwards, "Thomas Foster, Eye, Peterborough
Fothergill, William, Cefurhychdir, Tredegar, Monmouth
Freer, F. Hubert, Hampton, Evesham
Hammond, Edward, Gesnys, Newmarket
Henniker, Major the Hon. J. M., M.P., Woodland,s, Ipswich
Holme, John, Parkside, Miliithorpe
Horton, William, Livermere Park, Bury St. Edmund's
Howard, Wm. N., Bury St. Edmund's
Ion, John Watling, Bury St. Edmund's
Kemp, Francis, Spaldin°r
Kerry, S. R., Jackford, Bury St. Edmund's
Land, B. H., Bury St. Edmund's
Lofts, Jacob, Great Barton, Bury St. Edmund's
Nunn, John, Fomham, All S.aints', Bury St. Edmund's
Paine, George John, Risby, Buiy St. Edmund's
Partridge, C, Clyro Court, Hay, Radnorshire
Paxman, James, Bank Buildings, Colchester
Penny, Thomas, Taunton

Pettitt, Edward, 18, St. John Street, Bury St. Eimund's
Poyser, Josiah T., Burton-on-Trent
Pratt, W. B , StradishaU, Newmarket
Ravonshaw, James, Bridleway Gate, Shrcw.sbury
Roberts, M. Henry, Almshoo Bury, Hitchin
Robinson, James Charles, Stevington, Bedford I

Uodwell, John, Bury .St. Eimund's

Rolfo, James, Bury St. Eilinund'a

Scott, Thomas, Groat Baiton, Bury St. Kdmund'a

Sons, Rinibcn, Grove House, Moor Park, I'rcston. Lanca-ster

Talbot, John, Jauo House, Burton, Wostmorelaml

Thomas, Edward Charles. Bury St. Edmund's

Turner, Jaboz, H.idilou Grange, PotorboroU(?b, Hunts.

Webb, G. H., Stanstiold, Claro, SulTolk

Webster, Craystou, Kendal

Woollard, Joseph, Bruxtod Lodge, Ilavorhill, Suffjlk

Finance.— Major-General the lion. A. N. Hood,
Chairman of the Committee, presented the lliniort,
from which it appeared tlial the Secretary's receipts
during the past month had been examined by the
Committee, and by Messrs. Quiltor, Ball, & Co., the
Society's accountants, and wore found correct. The
balance in the hands of the bankers on July 31 was
u'278/. 12s. 3(1 Cheques to the amount of 0551/. 8s. M,
were ordered to be drawn, and the Committee recom-
mended that 2000/. stock bo sold out of the Funds.
This report was adopted. The half-yearly audit of the
Society's accounts to the 30th June, 180", took place
on the Gth inst.

JouKNAL.— Mr. Thompson, Chairman, announced
that the prize of 2ol. in Class X. on the "Rise and
Progress of Herefords," had been awarded to H. II.
Dixon, Esq., 10, Kensington Square, AV.

The Committee recommended that the appplication
of " Agricola," the winner of the prize in Class V., to
remain inco'jnito, and that the money should be paid
in another person's name to the Agricultural Benevo-
lent Institution, be declined.

They recommended that the pamphlet on ' Steam
Cultivation " be sold at 2s. 6d.

The following list of subjects was recommended for
Prize Essays for 1868 :—
(1.) Fai-ming of Middlesex, 30^.
(*3.) Improvement of Grass land, 20?.
(;i.) For the best Report, embodying the experience of those

who are at work on the edges of cultivation on moun-

t.ains, moors, and wastes, '201.
(4.) The domestic economy of the agricultural labourer, with

reference to his food and its cooking, 15L
(.5.) The preservation of timber by painting, steeping, or

other methods, lof.
G.) Comparative statement of the outlay .and returns on

100 acres of arable and Gr.iss land respectively, 21/.
(7.) The retention of moisture in the soil of arable lauds in dry

climates, 101.
(S.) The best mode of providing a continuous succession of

green crops, including roots, 15/.
(9.) History of Devon breed of cattle, •loL
(10). History of the Leicester breed of sheep, 20/.
(11.) Any other agi-icultural subject, 10/.

This report was adopted.

On the motion of Mr. Thompson, it was resolved
that information of the visits of distinguished
personages to the Showyard should be sent to all
Members of Council.

BUKY CojraiTTEE. — The Earl of Powis reported
the recommendation of the Committee that for the
future the price of the Catalogues should be reduced
to Cid. on the days when the admission is at Is., in
order to prevent loss by their remaining unsold ; and
that in consequence of a suggestion from some of the
implement makers, a limited number of implement
catalogues be bound at 2s. GJ. The Secretary to
communicate with makers, to see what number will
be bespoken. That the Secretary ascertain from
Messrs. Clowes on what terms they would print the
j udges' awards at Leicester.
This report was adopted.

Leicester Committee.— Mr. Thompson, Chair-
man, reported that the draft agreement with the
Corporation of Leicester having been read and con-
sidered, the Committee had resolved on recommending
the Council to approve it and order it to be sealed,
subject to the acceptance by the contractor of the
clause stating the time at which he can take possession
of the Show-ground. This report was adopted, and the
common seal of the Society was then alExed to the
agreement.

Snow-TAUD Contract. — Mr. Randell presented
the following report from Mr. Hunt, the Society's
Surveyor.

1 beg to report that the whole of the works comprised in the
contract with Mr. Penny were completed and ready for use by
the time specified, viz., the 30th June, and I am pleased to
.add that everything, both as regards the time for completion of
the various works and their construction, was carried out in
strict accordance with the specification and contract agree-
ment to my entire satisfaction.

The works included in the contract to be done after the close
of the Exhibition comprise the collection of the whole of the
Society's Plant .and Portable Buildings ; the packing, carting,
and loading of the same into railway trucks for transit ; the
carting and depositing thereof at Leicester : also the removal of
the contractor's material and plant from Bury, ana the filling
in of all holes and all repar.ation to the ground. These works
.are to be completed on or before the last day of August, .and I
will report thereon on the final winding-up of the account,
according to the contract, on the first Wednesday in November.
The cost of these works is included in the account now
delivered.

The Society's original plant has been compared with the
inventory, repaired, .and theinventory corrected; .and the whole
of the portable buildings purchased of Mi-. Manning requiring
it have -also been rep.aired : and these, togetherwith the new
Entrances and new Ladies' Cloak Room, are now in the pos-ses-
sion of the contriictor.

The rost of new buildings, the repairs to those purchased of
Jlr. Manning, and the repairs to plant will be charged on a
sep.ar.ate account.

The fourth payment on account of the Show-yard works is
now due, 15 per cent. ; I therefore beg to hand in my certifi-
cate for the same.

As the question of the continuance of the contract with the
present contractor will no doubt occupy your attention, I
have for your information comp.ared the cost of the Show-yard
works as executed by Mr. Penny with the average prices of
the five others who tendered for the work.

The total cost of Bury Show-yard wUl be 3018/. 2.<. M. :
according to the above average it would have been 4505/. 7s.
Under these circumstances 1 strongly recommend the Com-
mittee to continue the present contractor for the remainder of
the full term of five years, subject to his agreeing to any
alterations of time for taking possession of the ground, com-
mencing and completion of the work to meet the require-

ments of the Local Commlttoo at Loiccstor or olsewhcre, the
mode of payment, and tjuch other additioriR and alterations to
the c.mtract as the Committee or Hurvoyor may think
desirable.

The Committee recommend that, subject to tlioso
conditions and agreement, the contract with Mr.
I'eniiy bo continued for the full term, viz., four years
from the present time.

The Commitloe recommend the foUowinR altera-
tions and additions to the Show-yard, plant, and
works ; —

1. La'li';^' C'lonl- /Jooiu— Accommodation to bo increased.

2. Parixh (?^ce— Erect temporary shed, .and charge for caro
of parcels.

3. Stewards' and Jwlfjef' Rffi'uhmfnt //-loia— Add 15 foot in
length, to form an office for their use.

4. Exit Gatcff —Provide padlock and chains to each.

5. Portaljtc Crane or Craft - Referred to Mr. Amos.

C. Cm'.neil Room at Main Entrance —Fix counter .across
Council room, .and form a lobby near entrance door to prevent
other than Members of Council having access to table ; form a
small private room out of the present lavatoi-y with door out
of Secretary's office ; remove the present outer door leading
to Show-yard out of Council room, and fiU In the opening with
simitar framing to other compartments.

7. Cataiiiijiie Bo.re*—\ifiitGr method of fixing .signboard and
iron l)arriers restored.

8. V'lti^rinanj />//icf— .\ second door leading to lunging-yard
out of office ; a better table, and half a dozen hat pins ; the
yard for examining horses to be large enough for two rin<?s.

y. Ilorsc i2ia«7— Should be 20 yards longer than at Bury ;
rojie and posts to be used instead of rail and posts.

10. Horse Boxes —The double horse boxes should be 2 feet
longer and 1 foot n.arrower ; roof same height, covered with
stout canvas instead of boards; all mangers in left-hand
corners ; the boarded divisions of single iooxes one board
higher ; in both an iron I'od substituted for the present top
rail, and a 2-inch pipe-drain to carry off water from front
eaves ; an open gutter at back.

11. Open Horse Stalls— .\ cattle shed is used for these stalls ;
the boarding of the back should be under the wall plate.

12. Men's Sleeping Rooms should be discontinued.

13. Class 5oarr/«— Sheet iron should be substituted.

14. Directors' <5f?iC(;— More shelves in each comiiartmeut, .and
additional keys to locks.

15. Yard Men's Room should have boarded floor, and the
lock-up should adjoin the building.

16. Machinery in Motion— Tixa Society should erect the whole
of the sheds required by exhibitors .and place them together in
lines.

17. Trial lard—xa officer required at each end of trial shed,
.and water-closet for judges.

18. Tkreshinr/ Shed-One centre post instead of two.

■ 19. Traction Engines should be confined to certain spaces set
apart for the purpose.

20. IVater Tanks in trial yards for steam engines to bo at an
elevation of 16 feet.

21. Implement Exhibitors and Parveijors of RefreslunenU to
have copy of so much of the Show-yard contract as concerns
them.

This report was adopted.

House.— Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood
stated that the Committee recommended that the
new rooms in the roof and two servant's rooms at the
back of the house be papered, at a cost not exceeding
10/, and the kitchen and basement whitewashed.
This report was adopted.

A despatch from H.M.'s Consul at Nantes on a
system lately patented on the jireservation of Wheat
and the destruction of Weevil was read, and referred
to the Journal Committee

The Council having granted the usual leave of
absence to the Staff, adjourned to their Monthly
Meeting on the 6th November.

Highland and Ageicultueal : Glasgow,
7K«/)iesc/a;/.— The fine show of Ayrsbires and the
average sliow of Short-horns are not matched by
equally meritorious classes of polled cattle, of which
the judges were Mr. George Brown and Mr. John
Graham. Of polled Angus and Aberdeen there are
but five bulls and the same number of cows and
heifers. Mr. M'Combie does not exhibit ; and with the
exception of the Earl of Southesk's exceedingly fine
1st prize bull " Jupiter," and Mr. James Leslie's 1st
prize bull " Tilly four," the animals possess only average
merit. The polled Galloways number seven bulls and
\-l cows and heifers. Mr. James Cunningham's 1st
lirize bull " Robert Bruce," Mr. William Clark's 1st
prize bull " Marksman," and Mr. James Cunningham's
1st prize heifers in two classes, are admirable specimens
of the breed. Mr. John Cunningham gains a gold
medal for a cow that was 1st at Inverness in 1865.

The West Highland judges, Mr. John Macfarlane,
Mr. Donald Stewart, and Mr. J. Lorn Stewart, found a
capital lot of the horned cattle on the hills. The Duke
of Athole's bull, which was first at Inverness, here
comesinforagold medal ; the three-year-old bulls make
a grand class ; the aged cows, too, are exceedingly
fine ; and in the three-year-old heifer class is the gem of
this part of the show, a little, dark red, shaggy-coated
heifer of Mr. John Stewart, from the Isle of Syke.

The show of Clydesdale horses is, perhaps, the finest
ever seen — numbering, too, no less than 153 entries. It
is said that an Earl of Huntingdon imported some
Dutch mares into the district of the Clyde, and these,
being crossed with the native breed (probably the
ancient pack-horse), became the foundation of the
present Clydesdale breed. At present they are certainly
models of what we require in a walking draught-horse;
commonly standing IG hands high, the better speci-
mens have at the same time lost the tendency to long
legs and light bodies. Their strength and substance
are wonderful, and it is surprising to find such immense
heavy horses with an activity and naturally smart
pace that precisely fit them for the plough or the
one-horse cart. There are so many fine horses in the
yard that we cannot venture upon a list of themost
meritorious. We may name, however, Mr. David
Riddell's stallion, which was first at Kelso m 186.3 ; Mr.
Andrew Logan's stallion, which was first at Stirling m
1864 ; Mr. Samuel Clark's wonderful " Young Lofty,"
which was first at Haddingtonshire show as a four-
year-old, 1st at Glasgow as a five-year-old, and here
again 1st as an aged horse ; and Mr. William Rig^s

844

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 10, 1867.

magniBoent quick-stepping "Young Victor," ivhicli
was 1st at Glasgow as a yearling. Entire colts made
very large and fine classes; there are some grand old
mares, some with foals at foot, and a large lot of pro-
mising young fillies. Extraordinary are Sir William
Stirling Maxwell's three mares, which were respectively
1st at Edinburgh in 1859, at Battersea in 1862, and at
Stirling in 1801.

If the Clydesdale sections are amain attraction, and
one of the greatest successes yet achieved by the
Highland Society, the same cannot be said of the
" extra" horse classes. Of mares or geldings " suitable
for field," or, in one word, " hunters," there are 1.3, the
best being Mr. Lawrence Drew's chestnut gelding and
Mr.GeorgeStodart's four-year-oldgelding.shown forthe
first time, beating Mr. John Newton's old prize-taker
" Gambler." lu the class of mares or geldings " suitable
for harness," heavy and light draught-horses are
mixed up together in singular fashion, and while the
1st prize goes to a carriage-horse, two tliird prizes are
awarded, one of them to a heavy cart-horse, and a
commendation also is given to a heavy draught-horse.
In the cla.ss of draught mares or geldings in harness,
the 1st prize is won Ijy Mr. Andrew Wallace's four-year-
old— of immense substance and power, an old prize-
taker, too, wearing prize tickets all over the bright
chains of bis harness and on the peaked leather
housing which is here the fashion. There are two
classes for mares or geldings " lor milk carts," of light
and heavy draught, one entry being a spry little pony
about as big as a boarhound.

The pig classes are not particularly well filled, there
heingbut 51 pens. For large-breed boars, Sir Thomas
Miles Riddcll beats Jlr. Duckering, the great Lincoln-
shire breeder and prize-winner. In a fine class of
small-breed boars, Mr. George Jlangles, of Yorkshire,
takes 1st prize with an animal of extremely good
quality, beating Mr. Findlay and Mr. Duckering. In
the class of " other boars," Mr. Duckering is at the
head. For sows of a large breed, for sows of a small
breed (and a splendid one too), and for "other sow,?,"
Mr. Duckering gains all three of the 1st prizes. Mr.
Lawrence Drew, Mr. Findlay, and Mr. Jacob Wilson
come in for the other honours. The cla.sses for pens
of three pigs not exceeding eight months old are rather
short of entries, but the animals exhibited are
particularly good, Mr. Thomas Findlay, Mr. George
Mangles, Mr. Lawrence Drew, Mr. Kobert Philip, and
Mr. M'Kay being the prize-winners. j

The show of sheep is super-excellent— at any rate, !
iu certain of the classes. We have, in the first place, a
large number of what are known in the South as Border
Leicesters. Someyears ago a Yorkshiregentleman intro-
duced into Scotland a few large symmetrical heavy-
woolled sheep, of mingled Lincoln and Leicester blond ;
and by cro.ssing this imported sort with pure Leicesters,
and also by continued selection in breeding, has been
produced a variety of the Leicester possessing a large
frame as compared with some of the little Leicesters,
which are often bred lor quality; they are capable of
attaining a great weight of llesb, are of kindly-feeding
quality, and yield heavy and good fleeces. The
chief use of the breed, however, is for crossing with i
the Cheviot, i)roducing lambs of remarkably rapid i
growth and of rare grazing properties. Judging by
the majority of the animals exhibited, the border
Leicesters have great length of frame, broad chines,
loins, and backs, good square rumps, very heavy fore '
flanks, and clean, stylish-looking heads; but they are j
shallow-bodied, leggy, hollow, between the hips and
ribs, and generally " necky," the neck and shoulders
not moulded well together as a lover of symmetry
likes to see them. And occasionally they betray a
little of the Roman nose, which is not handsome.
Their fleeces are of medium quality, between the long,
lustrous, curly, and the straight open staple, and the
custom is to show them washed white and curlj', in
the Cotswold fashion. The Duke of Buccleuch and
Queensberry, Mr. David Ainslie, Mr. William Ruxton, ,
Mr. Thoma.s Ferguson, and Mr. George Hope are tho i
winners of the honours in the tup classes, the best '
sheep for quality being the. Duke's first prize shear-
ling. In the " 4-shear " ewe class there is a general
lack of symmetry ; the sheep scarcely ever match one
another in the same pen, and the judges have com-
mended ewes with shapes that would win no favour in
the south. The shearling ewes or " gimmers " are (
better, Mr. George Simpson's 1st prize pen showing
what the breed ought really to be like.

The Cheviot classes are well filled, and the best
sheep manifest a decided improvement in forui over
the model of a few years back. In fact, while we have
the characteristic white countenance, hairy head,
lengthy body, square rump, and long bushy tail, we see
less of the pinched forequarters and hollow back. Mr.
James Brydon's 1st prize 2-shear ram has both
symmetry and quality— a head with the placid, kindly
expression of a quick feeder, and fine heavy wool.
Among the ewes are too many long necks and narrow
frames ; many of the lambs exhibited with them are
exceedingly fine and forward.

The grandest classes in the sheep show are those of
the handsome blackfaces— the marvellously improved
moun tain breed on which so much of Scotch pastoral
husbandry depends— with deep compact frames, short
legs, light bone, long staple fleeces, and astonishing
convolutions of horn. Mr. Thomas Aitken, Mr. John
Watson, Mr. John Archibald, Mr. John Malcolm.
Mr. James Craig, and Mr. Thomas Murray carry oft'
the honours from a large number of competitors iu the
exceedingly fine classes of rams. Among the horned
speckled-faced and speckled-legged ewes, and their
lambs with inverted-crescent horns, are several pens of
great merit, Mr. John Archibald, Mr. John Malcolm,
Mr. M'Laren, Mr. Thomas Murray, and Mr. John
Craig gaining the honours.

It is very clear that Southdowns have but a small
field iu Scotland for their economical grazing and pro-

duction of choice mutton and wool. Only half a dozen
rams and three pens of ewes are exhibited;
and Mr. James Bruce, Mr. Scott Skirving, and Mr.
Alexander Kinloch win with animals that would
not merit commendation at a first-rate southern show.

Longwools other than Leicesters are not very
numerous, but include some very valuable specimens.
Mr. AValter Keid's 1st prize Cotswold ram is great, and
a fair representative of the breed. Mr. John B. Irving's
2d prize Lincoln ram we should have placed 1st, and a
long way Ist, too, this sheep passing every qualification
of size, symmetrical proportion, w^eight, quality of
mutton, very heavy fleece, and nobility of appearance.
Mr. John Gibson's 3d prize Cotswold ram is heavy,
with a cushion rump, but is hardly fine enou.gh in bone
to be a really good one. Both Mr. Gibson and Mr.
Irving show prime pens of ewes. Six Shropshire rams
and a pen of ewes do not tell well for the breed, the
specimens exhibited by the Earl of Strathmore
and by Mr. John Gibson possessing only a tolerable
degree of merit.

For extra stock are shown some narrow, hatchet-
backed blackfaces, and notable curiosities in specimens
of the St. Kilda sheep. This small sheep has a black
face, -black legs, brown-black shaggy knotted wool,
wdiich on the older animals turns dark gray; and in
form it is narrow — pinched up with about the rotundity
and fulness of a dried Prune. But the striking
peculiarity is in its four black horns, two shorter ones
involuted downwards almost enclosing the face, and
two very long ones arching upward and outward,
admirable pointed weapons, wdiich, from the fire of its
black eyes, the creature is evidently ready enough to
use. Originally obtained from the island of North
XJist, and now gradually spreading, this breed exists in
St. Kilda and other islands and some districts of the
mainland in a semi-wild state — specially loving open
ground abutting upon the sea, grazing the salt herbage,
and at three years old attaining a dead weight of about
101b. the carcass. The wool is particularly fine and
lustrous. The rams, shearling ewes, and ewes and
lambs exhibited are from Sir John Powlett, of Kilmory,
Lochgilphead.

A word must be added on the implement depart-
ment, which, comprising double the number of entries
of the^ last sho\v, constitutes bj; far the greatest
exhibition of the sort hitherto seen in Scotland. Prizes
have been discontinued, trials during the show week
are no longer in vogue, but a jury inspects professed
novelties, whether new inventions or improvements
upon other machinery, and recommends selected
implements for trial by appointed engineers and agri-
culturists at any suitable time and place, the results of
the lengthened and seasonable trial to be duly reported
and published for the information and guidau'^e of the
public. There is no attempt at uniformity in the
general appearance of the show; exhibitors may have
roofed shedding by paying for it, and the consequence
is that, while a small luuuber of stands are under
cover, a larger number are partly under cover and
partly without, and the majority of the articles are
set about the gra.ss with number-tickets on sticks
referring visitors to the catalogue. The largest
collection of implements and ma(;liines is that of
A. & J. JIain, of Glasgow, who exhibit, besides their
own manufactures, as iron and wire fencing, &c.,
the steam threshing machine of Ransoraes &, Sims
which gained the chief prize at Bury St Edmund's
Roval Show. The next largest stand is that
of J. Pringle & Co., of Edinburgh. Picksley, Sims, &
Co., of Leigh, contributed tlie greatest number of
machines, as corn crushers, chatf cutters, <S:c., shown
by any maker from the south side of the Border.
Bentall's well-filled stand of chaff cutters, oil-cake
mills, rootpulpers, &c., is notable for the excellent
workmanship and moderate price of the articles. The
Beverley Company exhibit some of their two and
three-horse reaping machines. Samuelsnn's reapers
also are shown. Richmond & Chandler's chaff cutters,
Ruston& Proctor's steani-engineand threshing machine,
John Gray's well-made field implements, Hornsby's
reapers are among the articles shown by Enghsh
manufacturers.

The principal novelties observed are improvements
in reaping machines, the stands abounding with inge-
nious contrivances for self-raking, and so on : to which
we must add that Peter AVinton, of Thorn, Alexander
Jack & Sons, of Blaybole. and several other exhibitors
have brought out very clever tools for raising Potatos
— that is, for uprooting by a share and extracting the
tubers from the loosened earth by means of revolving
bands or forks. These machines require some appren-
ticeship in the field before they will supersede the
simple Potato lifting plough, made by Rausomes &
Sims, and by Howard, of Bedford. Times.

YoEKsniKE.— The annual meeting of this Provincial
Agricultural Society was held at Thirsk on Thursday
and Friday of this week. Shorn (as it also was last
year) of the cattle classes, which in the home of the
Shorthorns are among the most attractive features of
the meeting, there has, nevertheless, been a very satis-
factory show. The following table illustrates the mere
quantity of the several departments of it in comparison

with tl

ecorr

esponc

ling s

motion

1

m pi

evious

fl

years

1

g-3

^1

1

t
3

§0

1864 ..

78

67

6.5

318

914

1

18(i5 .,

8G

93

90

335

20

1326

4

27

1866 . .

160

8.3

514

17

1480

18

108

1867 ..

128

120

363

20

1029

15

82

And from this it is plain, that exceptini? last year's
somewhat exceptional display, there has been quite as
much as usual on which to exercise the criticism of
judges and spectators.

Among tho features of the exhibition this year are
the excellent classes of Leicester sheep, the success of
the exhibitors of Lincolns as against those of Cotswolds
in the class of " Long-wools not Leicesters," and the
large and capital classes of pigs. It will be seen from
the prize list given below that Mr. Stamper, of Oswald-
kirk, takes the 1st prize iu Shearling Leicesters,
against Mr. Borton. of Malton; aiTd that Mr. Marshall's
Lincolns and Lord Walsin^ham's Southdowns, and
Mr. Dyson's and Mr. Duckering's pigs, are as successful
as ever.

The following is the prize list : —

SHEEP.
Leicester.

Shearling Rams.— 1st, 15;., Thomas Stamper, Oswaldkirk,
and cup value 15^, given by Mr. T. S. Walker ; 2cl, 71. ; 3d, 31.,
and Highly Commended : John Borton, Malton.

Rams of any age. — 1st, 10^. ; 2d, bl. ; Commended and Highly
Commended; John Borton, Malton. Class generally com-
mended.

Pens of Five Shearling Gimmers.— 1st, 151., James and
Edward Tindall, Malton : 2d, 51., Samuel "Wiley, York. Class
Highly Commended.

Lincoln or other Long-woolled Sheep (not qualified to
compete as Leicesters).

Shearling Rams.— 1st, 151. ; 2d, 71. ; and 3d, 31, WiUiam F.
Marshall, Lincoln. Highly Commended : John King Tombs.

Lechdale Rams of any other age.— 1st, 101., William Abra-
ham, Ulceby ; 2d, 5^, John King Tombs, Lechdale.

Pens of Five Shearling Gimmers. — 1st, 151,, Charles Lister,
Lincoln.

SUTITHDOWNS.

Shearling Rams.— 1st, 1.5/.., Lord Walslngham, Thetfovd, and
cup, value 101. , the gift of the Thirsk Local Committee.

Rams of any other age. — 1st, 10/., and commended, Lord
Walsiugham, Thetford.

Pens of 5 Shearling Gimmers.— 1st, 151., Lord Walsingham,
Thetford.

Shropshire Downs.

Shearling Rams.— 1st, 15/., T. Horton, Shrewsbury ; 2d, 7^.;
and 3d, 31., Lord Wenlock, York.

Rams of any other age.— 1st, 10/,, D. R. Davios, Knutsford ;
2d, 5/., T. Horton, Shrewsbury.

Pens of 5 Shearling Gimmers.— 1st, 15/., Lord Wenlock,
York ; 2d, 51 , T. Horton, Shrewsbury.

Mountain or Black-faced Sheep.

Shearling Rams.—lst, 10/., W. Rudsdale, Grosmont ; 2d, 3/.,
J. Peel, Clitheroe.

Rams of any other age.— 1st, 51., J. Peel, Clitheroe.

Pens of 5 Ewes certified to have reared lambs in 1S67. — let,
5/., J. Peel. Clitheroe.

Extra Stock.— 1st, First-class Silver Medal. G. Wright,
Malton; 2d, Second-class SilverMedal, W. Rudsdale, Grosmont.

PIGS.
Boars, large breed. — 1st, 51., John Dyson, Leeds; 2d, 2/.,
R. E. Duckering, Kirtou Lindsey ; 3d, 11., G. Chairman,
Scai-borough.

Sows, large breed, in pig or milk. — 1st, 5/., and 2d, 21.,
J. Lakeland, East Retford, Nottinghamshire; 3d, 1/., R. E.
Duckering, Kirton Lindsey.

Boars, small breed.— 1st, 5/., Lord Wenlock. York ; 2d, 2/.,
G. Mangles, Ripon : 3d, 1/., R. E. Duckering, Kirton Lindsey.
Highly Commended : W. llatton, Leeds.

Sows, small breed, in pig or milk.— 1st, 5/., and Cup, value
5i., given by the President of tho Society, J. Dyson, Leeds;
2d, 21., Lord Wenlock, York; 3d, 1/., R. E. Duckcrin- Kii-toil
Lindsey. Highly Commended : G. Mangles, Ripon.

Boars of any breed.— 1st, 51., J. Dyson, Leeds; 2d, 21.,
H. Whittakor, York; 3d, 1/., J. Leeming, Bradford. Highly^
Commended; W. Sagar, Bradtoi-d. Commended: T. Edon,
Bariisley.

Sows of any breed, in pig or milk.— Ist, 5/., W. Sagar, Brad-
ford ; 2d, 3/., E. Akroyd, M.P-, Halifax; 3d, 1/., J. Dyson,
Leeds. Highly Commended: J. Lakeland, East Retford,
Nottinghamshire.

Three Store Pigs of anj' breed, and of the same litter, from
4 to 9 months old. — 1st, 5/., Sir G. 0. Wombwell, Bart.,
Easingwold; 2d, 2i., J. Dyson, Leeds; 3d, 11., G. Mangles,
Ripon.

Pigs not Exceeding 12 Months Old.

Boars of large Breed— 1st. 3/., R, E. Duckering, Kirton
Lindsey ; 2d, 1/., H. Whitt^ikcr, York.

Sow of large Breed-lst, 3/., J. Dyson, Leeds; 2d, 1/., R. K.
Duckering, Kirton Lindsej''.

Boars of small Breed-lst, 3/., and Commended, Lord
Wenlock, York ; 2d, 1/., and Commended, W. Sagar, Bradford.
Commended : W. Linton, York, and John Dyson, Jjeeds.

Sows of small Breeds— 1st, 3/., W. Hatton, Leeds. Highly.
Commended ; Lord Wenlock, York. Commended ; H.
Whittaker, York.

Extra Stock.

1st, First-class Silver Medal, Lord Wenlock, York; 2d,
Second-class Silver Medal, J. Dyson, Leeds.
DAIRY PRODUCE.

Cheese, not less than I cwt. in quantity, mad© since
October 1st, 186G, the Produce of one Dairy— ist, 51. , J. Pcir^
son, Northallerton; 2d, 21., J. Hewgill, Wenslcydalc. Com-
mended : E. Wells, Thir.sk.

Batter, fresh, Gib., in sinde lbs. -1st, 3/., A. T. Attwood,
Thirsk; 2d, 2/., J. E. Roulledge, Northallerton: 3d, 11., \
J. Nightingale, Guiseborough. Commended : M. Groyg, 1
Thii-sk. I

In the Implement Yard, the \vhich was hardly so j
well filled as in the last two years, the following awards j
were made : — '

Plough fur light ploughing, 10/., Jfessrs. Cooke & Co., of
Lincoln ; 2d, 51., Messrs. Cuthbert & Co., Leeming, Bedale.

Plough for deep ploughing, 10/.. Messrs. Cooke & Co. ; 2d,
5/.. Mr. Charles Bushy, Nowton-le-Willows, Bedale.

Plough for digging, 5/., Messrs. Cuthbert &, Co. Highly
Commended ; Mr. A. Ogle, Catterick, near Richmond.

Double mould-board plough, 5/., Mr. C. Bushy. Com-
mended : Messrs. Ord & Maddison, of Darlington.

Sjarifier, or stubble-parer, 5/., Mr. E. H. Bentall, Maldon, i
Essex.

Cultivator, 51., Messrs. Coleman & Morton, of Chelmsford.

Drag for three or more horses, 5/., Messrs. Coleman &
Morton. , j. o, -it I

Scuflier, to work between rows of roots or plants, 21., Mr. i
Wm. Jaques, Baldersby, near Thirsk. . «/ nr !

Grubber, to work between rows of roots or plants, 21., Mr. ^
B. Stead, of Barnsley. , „ , , ^

Heavy haiTows, 'M., Mr. Wm. Jaques. Highly Commenaed : \
Mr. Thos. Thompson, Bagby, near Thirsk.

Light haiTOws, 3/., Mr. C. Bushy.

Corn drill, 10/., Mr. James Coultas, Grantham. Highly
Recommended : Mr. John Teasdale, of Burniston, nuar
Bedale

Turnip drill, with manure on the plat, lOL, Mr. James
Coultas. Bishly Commended: Messrs. B. & J. Reeves, of
Westbury, Wilts. .

Turnip drill, with manure on the ridge, lOl., Messrs,
Beeves. lYater-drill, 51., Mr. James Coultas.

August 10, 1807.]

THE GAKDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AlHtiCl

!I{AL GAZI'/lTl

845

First-clas.s Medals were awarded to Measra. Clayttm, Hliut-
tlewurtb. i: Co., Lincoln, for a two-row revolving liquid manure
and drop drill (Gillyatt's patent) ; to Mcssra. lIornHby & Huna,
of Grantham, for a eorn screen, and .also for a Turnip cutter
and Turnip pulper ; Messrs, Richmond ii Chandler, of Salforil.
for a chaff cutter ; Messrs. .lohn Fowler & Co., of Leeds and
London, for a new steam cultivator; Messrs. Huston,
Proctor, & Co., of Lincoln, for a new variable eccentric
importable steam-engine. Second-class Medals ; — Messrs.
Ransomes & Sims, of Ipswich, for a donble-aetion Turnip
cutter ; Mr. George Russell, of Elstono, for improved coulter
fastener ; Messrs. Reeves, for a water cart ; Mr Tbo.s. IIarri..ion,
of Lincoln, for a b,arrel diill ; Jlr. A. Ogle, for a ploiigU
coulter clearer : Messrs. Vickers, Snowdon, ij Morris, of Doii-
Ciister and Sbclfield, for a scutllcr for working between runt
drills ; Messrs. Ord and Maddison, fur patent chain corn ihill ;
Mr. R. Puckering, Beverley, for a market cart ; and Mcs.^is.
Coleman & Morton, for a corn scvccnor.

T/ie Sale of the late Lord Fauersham's Herd oj'
Shorthorns took place, under Mi'. Strallbrd's guidance,
at l)uncombe Park, on Tuesday, when a large com-
pany assembled, partly attracted by the Show at Tliirsk.
The prices made were not liiKh, only a selection of the
herd beini; ollered. C'EfiL, a bull calf by Orhstics dain
Ceeilia, made 115 Ruincs, and was bought by Mr. J. 11.
Phillips. This was the highest price reached, the
average of bulls and bull calves being about 33 guineas,
and that of cows and heifers being only 31 piiineas.
The highest price reached in the female class was Cil
guineas, for Pride of Southwick (bought by Major
Stapylton), the winner of 27 prizes, and the first iu her
class" in ISli'i at both the EuglisU Agricultural and
Highland Society's meetings.

To my Labourers : On the J'Jeoiiomi/ of Food and the
Meal Sources of Bodily Slreni/th, tvith some Sugges-
tions for their Improvement. By Charles Lawrence.
Messrs. Longman.
This little tract is now seven years old ; and we are
certain that those who have served their apprentice-
ship to its ina.xims will join us in recommending land-
owners and agricultural employers to distribute it
among their labourers. The evil of paying wages
partly in the form of excessive quantities of beer and
cider, to the exposure of which some of our columns
are this day devoted, can hardly be exaggerated.
Strength maintained upon food and spent upon out-
door labour in this country and climate would be long-
lived and healthy, but, eonstautly whipped up ijy
stimulants, it cannot but, soon fail. The word
" Economy " in the title of Mr. Lawrence's parajjhlet
contains indeed the whole of the argument. A man's
life is wasted by the coutinual and excessive use of
stimulants. And the mor<al consequences are even
worse than the physical. Much of the gross and stupid
vice which we see in country districts is due to the
custom of habitual drinking in which from boyhood
the labourers indulge, and to which employers, as to
other customs of the country, too easily submit. We
quote some of Mr. Lawrence's remarks on the subject,
and strongly recommend our readers to procure the
pamphlet, which maybe had at half-price in quantities
for distribution : —

" I have often tried to convince you of the loss you
sustain in various ways by spending too much of your
money upon beer. I have adopted the plan of paying
you entirely in wages, instead of giving part in money,
and a, certain allowance of beer, to discourage expendi-
ture in beer, so far as rested with we, and iu order to
give those who might have sense enough to see how
much more usefully the money might be employed for
other purposes, the opportunity of so using it. It has
often been said to myself and other ma.sters by
labourers, that they would rather have the beer than
the money. Some there are who will not work during
the hay and corn harvest on farm.-, on which the valtte
of their labour is given in money without beer. When
I have given beer, heretofore, as much or more than
could be taken without damage to the stomach, I have
seen this consumed early in the day, and had pressiug
calls for more towards evening, under the pretence that
the men could not continue their work withotit it,
when it was plain to any one, that some of them were
really incapable of exerting their natural power from
the quantity of drink they had already had. . . .

" 1 have heard labourers talk about the liberality of
a master who induces them to labour on at extra hours
at night by plying them with beer. This the men
suppose gives them additional strength, equal to the
extra labour required. Now, you cannot labour under
a greater mistake than this, nor one more injurious to
yourselves. This extra quantity of beer is really a
source of weakness in the end, instead of giving you
real strength, as I hope to show you by and by. Your
flesh or muscle is the real source of your strength.
That is not increased in any sensible degree l3y the
beer you have been putting into your stomach iu the
course of the day. The spirit which that contains
: affects your spirit; that is to say, it inflames your
blood, and makes that run faster, which allects your
" brains, and induces you to make at the moment greater
exertions than you ought to make in the course
of the day. It is "the permanent nourishment of
the body, not the passing influence of the spirit,
that is the true source of enduring strength. It is the
bread, the rneat. Oatmeal, Peas, Beans, and such-like
articles, which build up the real strength of the body
for each day's labour. Beer contains a very small
portion of that material, but an amount of spirit
which, when taken in quantity tends only to the
improvident waste of that strength which is your main

dependence

" When the prize-fighters are in training for a battle
—rowers for great rowing-matches, and men for any
exertions requiring the greatest strength and power of
endm^irig fatigue, it is found necessary to avoid beer
drinking, and to live on solid muscle-forming food. We
remember that during 30 years' experience in'the cricket

field, the best players, who hail the principal work both
in bowling and batting— quite as severe a day's work
as ever falls to your lot — soon found that beer would
not do ; that it only increaseil thirst, — muddled their
heads, and spoiled their i>lay. They found cold tea or
colfce, as a drink, suited tlicm much belter, (jrond tea
can be bought at 3*. ><d. per pound. Three fiuarls of
tea we have made by putting 1 ounce of suuh tea in that
quantity of boiling water, :ind allowing it to stainl for
20 minutes near enough to the (ire to keep it hot. This
will cost 2:1 (/. Good colfee can be bought at 1*. id, per
lb.; and 3 quarts of coll'co can be made by putting
2 ounces into that quantity of boiling water, and
leaving it to simmer gently on the (ire for 20 niiiiules.
This should be done at night, and in the morning it
may be poured gently into bottles, so as not to disturb
the sol I lenient at the bottom. This will cost 'lt(.
These arc really refreshing, wholesome drinks, which will
satisfy thirst. The same qnantily of beer will cost you
Or/. ; but the efl'ect on the stomach is to increase thirst
afterwards. The tea and colfee leave you 3{(/. in the
one ease, and -h/. in the other, to supply you with a
substantial meal of bread and cheese. If you adoiit
this practice during the hard \vork of mowing, iiitch-
ing, &c., at the hay and corn harvest, you would come
to work each morning in much better condition than
the beer drinkers, and would liave a good deal more
money in your pockets at the end of it."

Farm Memoranda.

An Amekican Pakm.— The following interesting
account of an extensive farm in the State of New
Jersey is taken from the " Country Gentleman,"
published at Albany, N. Y. : —

I " The traveller between New York and Philadelphia,
by the Camden and Amboy line, would hardly antici-
pate from the first half-hour by rail, after disembarking
at South Ainboy, that bordering upon the uncultivated
region skirting the coast there lies an estate whicli for
size and productiveness would by no means be
regarded as insignificant, even on the broad scale of
Western agriculture. Its owner, Mr. James Buckelevv,
is one of those men of whom we have examples in
various walks of life, and in fanuing as well as iu other
pursuits, who, by a happy combination of industry,
iutelligence, and energy, have been the architects of
j fortunes and the pioneers of improvement,
^ "This part of New Jersey was settled at an early
date, and some of the land now owned by Mr. Buckelevv
[ was taken ui) by his ancestors a century and a half
ago. But the farmers of a later day, or some of Ihein,
i became dissatisfied with the returns they succeeded in
getting from the soil ; its first freshness was exhausted,
and in these cases farms were sold at nominal prices,
for the sake of emigrating to richer districts in the
I West. Such land was only left to grow up to timber
and brushwood. But it was far from being ' worn
out ; ' the modern system of growing Grass seed, with
the necessary care and application of manure, was only
necessary to render its cultivation successful and easy.
More recently, the discovery of marl, which has done
so much for the adjoining counties, has aided here in
Middlesex ; and as railroad facilities for its transporta-
tion increase, its use is coustantly extending. Mr.
Isaac S. Buckelew, superintendent of the Jamesburg
and Freehold Railroad, told me that that company had
brought upwards of 22,000 tons over the road during
the past season.

! " Mr. Buckelew, sen., had about 2500 acres of land
j improved, until, a year or two ago, 500 acres were sold
1 for the purposes of a State institution — a reformatoi'y
j for boys similar to that at Westboro', Mass., the
building for which is now nearly completed. The
village of Jamesburg, containing 50 or UO houses, quite
an extensive grist mill, a bank, several stores, &c., has
' sprung up around his homestead. Here the main
barns of the whole farm are located, with water power
to run threshers, eorn-shellers, and other machines,
and the whole operations of the farm have always been
directed by Mr. B. iu person from this centre. In
years past he had extensive Peach orchards, the fruit
of which was a very large and profitable crop, but,
with that mysterious exhaustion which has since
visited the Delaware Peach lands, the trees died or
became unproductive, and were all removed. The
experiment is now in course of trial anew, and it is
said that several young orchards in the vicinity alTord
promise of being thrifty and fruitful.

" It may be remembered that we noticed, some
months ago, the fact of Mr. Buckelew's receiving the
sum of 90,000 dollars (the dollar, taken at -is. id., would
give the sum of 18,750/.) in a single check, for a lot of
4U0 mules. He has for 26 years beeu largely engaged
in towing on the Delaware and'Raritan Canal, employ-
ing from 100 to GOO mules or more for the purpose, all
of which he wintered on the farm, making a fine lot of
manure, as well as giving a home market for the hay
and corn. They are generally purchased in lots from
Kentucky or elsewhere, and Mr. B. has always had a
fancy for getting hold, now and then, of an extra-sized
and handsome team. Those who attended the United
States Society's exhibition at Philadelphia, 11 years
ago, may remember well, as I do, the display then
made by Mr. B. Few features of that excellent show
attracted more remark than the pair of black mules,
staiiding IS hands high, behind which some of the
Society's guests were driven about the yard, or to and
from the city, during the course of the fair.

"The farm work is still done by mules though I
understood that the business on the canal had been
disposed of. Sixty or 80 are kept, and for hardiness,
strength, and wear Mr. B. considers them superior to
horses, and is surprised that their merits are not more
fully recognised.

" We had a charming drive, carrying us several miles
over excellent roads, where we could get a view of the
farm and its general characteristics. The soil varies,

being quite .sandy on some iiarls of the farm, gravel else-
where, but throughout most of the lino table-land south-
wardly from Jamesburgh it is a stiller loam, capable of
being brought into a higli condition of productiveness,
the surface un impeded by any obstacles, and with
just sulhcieut iiinlulalion tocarry olf tlio water without
artificial drainage. AV'e stopped a moment at the
intersection of the dividing fciiees on either side the
road — for instance, wdiere four fields were overlooked at
a glance, two, of (W acres each, were in Gra,ss ; one,
containing 70 .acres, was iu Wheat, and one of 90 acres
was in Oats, all its tilear and free throughout for tho
operation of tho mower or reaping machine as we often
find on surfaces of one-tenth the size. I could not
help remarking what a fine opportunity they alforded
for steam culture to advantage ; but Mr. B. seems to
think thai the mules will answer the i)urposo for tho
present. All this land, I was told, was iu Peaeli
orchards 20 years ago.

" Thirty or 40 years ago, much of it changed hands
under the circumstaiices already referred to, at prices
wdiich now seem ridiculously low, even if there had
been better reason to suppose that it was well-nigh
exhausted. Farms were pointed out to us which were
sold at 5 dollars or IU dollars to the acre, and, in one
case, '10 acres ndiich was actually deeded out for tho
sum of 20 dollars— 50 cents an acre ; This same land
is now fanned well and payingly, and while 75 dollars
to too dollai;s per acre may bo about the ordinary
estimate of its value, farms that have been brought
into good heart, with improvements of better character,
rate considerably higher. One farm of 120 acres was
mentioned as we passed it, it having been bought by
its present owner at 130 dollars per acre, and some
smaller farms at rather higher figures.

" This district has not yet, however, been transferred
from the more ordinary purposes of farming to those
of the fruit or vegetable garden, as is the case of so
much of New Jersey. It is tending iu that direction,
to some extent, as would be expected within three
hours' easy transportation to New York; audit will
eventually be occupied, without doubt, either in that
way, or for country residences by those who devote
their time partly to other pursuits. Mr. J. D. Buckelew
has just completed a beautiful residence, built of stone,

: iu the most substantial manner, and in elegant style,
on a piece of rising ground, easily accessible from the

j railway, where he has 50 acres in process of develop-
ment into gardens and orchards. Here there
are just coming into bearing a couple of Strawberry
patches aggregating about 2^ acres, this year's
crop from which was contracted for Ijy the person

I who set them out, and who is to conduct the picking
and marketing at his own cost, and pay for the whole

' the round sum of 3G0 didlars. I need hardly mention
that the variety is the Tv'ilson's Albany. The cost of
the preparation and planting of the beds was about
60 dollars )ier acre. The plants were put out in

J October, and in December a handful of stable manure
was put on each. A part was covered over with straw
(I believe in addition to the manure), and all were
looking thrifty and blooming well, w'lth perhaps a
slight advantage in favour of the latter. The straw, I

I might add, was not disturbed in the spring, the plants
making their own way through it.

" Mr. Buckelew's main interest ju.st now lies in the
progress of the Cranberry enterprise he undertook last
year. There is to be an area of 80 acres thus employed,
of which CO lie in almost exact parallelogram.

I Sufficient water is conveniently at hand from a stream
running through, for which conduits and channels are
provided, so that the whole may be flooded, either all

[ together, or in plots of a few acres, as may be desired.
The surface of the bog is first cleared of all the native
vegetation, underwood, &c., with the exception of a
few old stumps, which it has been thought better to
leave for nature to remove by gradual decay. After

j next layiirg off and completing the necessary water-
courses, with low dykes to separate it in convenient
divisions, the surface is overspread with from 4 to
() inches in depth of the poor barren sand, which,
fortunately for such a purpose, is close at hand. Iu
this the plants obtained from the natural Cranberry-
bogs near by, and carefully picked over to exclude the
Moss, with which they are intermingled and nearly
stifled out, are set out iu rows, and they soon extend
over and possess the ground. Such a bog is flooded
over after each crop is gathered, and the water is kept
on all winter, and into May if practicable. No amount
of wetting seems to injure the plants ; water stands in
the ditches all summer, and wdienever Grass begins to
intrude or the worm to show itself, a flooding is given
to drown out the less amphibious invaders.

"Goodprogressismadeintheprcparation andplanting,
15 or 20 acres, perhaps, being nearly or quite completed.
At this stage it is impossible to state the exact cost of
the undertaking, but it is believed that it will average
.about 300 dollars ])er acre. The bog when planted
could easily be sold for a high percentage above this
cost ; but should the lowest reasonable estimate of its
probable productiveness be realised, it is not very
likely soon to be put iu the market. It is the
intention to put a considerable area of higher lands
adjoining the Cranberry bog into Strawberries; and in
order that the services of women and children may b6
obtainable for the light work required on both, several
labourers' houses have been put up close at hand.

" After leaving the bog on our way to the homestead,
we note in the distance an unbroken enclosure,
extending; as far as tlie eye can reach, clad in the rich

green which spring brings to fall-sown grain— a single
fleld of Rye 200 acres in extent, which was last year

all in Indian Corn. Our host evideiitly does not

believe in unnecessary fencing, and aside from the

saving thus eflected, both in land, material, and labour,

the use of machinery is facilitated and simplitied. Mr.

Buckelew, indeed, desires to ecouomise labour wherever

possible, and has accustomed himself to wholesale

846

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE iND AGMCULTURAI; GAZETTE.

[August 10, 1867.

operations, if I may term them so, in wliicli tlie lesser
interest is subordinated to tlie greater. Tlius, in
haymaking, when the Grass is ready, he sets his four
or five mowing macliines at work, and they go on,
regardless of the weather, day after day, till the hay is
cut, in the helief that, on the whole, the crop is made
a surer and better one than would be the case by
waiting always for a clear sky and warm sun. As soon
as it is dry enough, the hay is taken in; and if it gets
a shower or two in the process, Mr. B. thinks it
recovers from the wetting sooner and with less injury
than if it were in cock. I do not know but that he is
partly right, but I urged — what it seems to me would
not only hasten the curing process, but better the hay
by making it more uniform — the use of Ballard's
excellent tedder or spreader, following the mowers as
closely as possible. No mowing machine scatters the
Grass, and no hand spreading can toss it about, as is
done, rapidly and cheaply, by the machine. Journal of
Agriculhire.

Notices to Correspondents.

Imports in the Six Months ended June 30, 18GG, and 18CT

Articles.

I. Articles Free of Duty.

Aniin.ala, living — Oxen, Bulls, aiid

Cows No,

Calves „

Sheep and L.amb3 .. .. ,,
Swine and Hogs .. .. ,,

Bones burnt or not, or as animal
charcoal . . tons

Flax .and Tow or CodiUa of Flax—

From Russia cwt.

Holland ,

Belgium . . . . . . . . „

Other Countries .. .. ,,

Fruit — Lemons .and Oranges . . hush.

Guano, from West Coast of Africa, tons

United States ,,

Peru

Bolivia . . . . . . . . „

British West India Islands .. ,,
Other Countries . . ,,

Hemp .and Tow or CodiUa of Hemp—
From Russia . . . . . . cwt,

Venetia

Illyi-ia, Crcatia, and Dalmatia ,,
British India .. ., .. ,,
PhtUppine Islands .. .. ,,

Other Countries .. .. ,,

China Grass . . . . . . ,,

Jute .and substances of the nature of
Hemp ,,

Hides, untanned— Dry — From British

India

Other Countries

Wet — From Argentine Confedera-
tion and Uruguay . . . . „

Brazil ,

Aiistr.alia . . ,,

Other Countries . . . . ,,

Tanned, Tawed, Cumed, or Dressed

(except Rus.sia) . . . . lb.

Hops cwt.

Oil Seed Cakes tons

Potatos ,. ., .. .. cwfc.

Provisions — Bacon and Hams . . ,,

Beef, salt „

Pork, salt

Butter .. .. .. .. ,,

Cheese ,,

Eggs No.

Lard . . . . . . . . cwt.

Saltpetre „

Cubic Nitre .. .. .. ,,

Seeds— Cotton tons

Clover .. cwt.

Flaxseed and Linseed . . qrs.

Rape .. ,. .. .. ,,

Tallow— From Russia .. .. cwt.

Australia.. .. ,

South America . . . . . . „

Other Countries .. .. ,,

Tar lasts

Wool, Sheep and Lambs' — From

Europe lb.

British Possessions in South Africa ,,

British India „

Australia.. ,

Other Countries .. .. ,,

Alpaca and the Llama Tribe ,,

Teast, dried cwt.

II. Articles Subject to Duti/.

Com— Wheat— From Russia .. ,,

Denmai-k „

Pi-ussia

Schleswig, Ilolstein, & Lauenburg „
Mecklenburg

Hanse Towns „

France

Turkey and Wallachia & Moldavia „

Egypt „

United States . . .1 . . „
British North America .. ,,

Other Countries . . . . „

Bai'ley

Oats

Beans

Indian Corn, or Maize ..

Wheatmeal and Flour — Fi-om Hanse

Towns

France

United States

British North America

Other Countl'ies
Indian Com ileal

Quantities Imported.

1866.

72,812

9,122

411,r29

29,873

35,859

291,142
40,40f
79,719
52,114
1,053,934
440
1,330
59,409

1,96S
9,145

80,040

128,575

10,658

27,32'

28,412

50

002,486

65,377
30,971

103,298
42,856
48,529
99,475

1,093,123

21,911

54,607

216,210

451,744

131,621

123,179

464,645

190,409

249,200,280

193,293

85,667

329,475

09,036

174,648

401,

162,303

83,283

16,619

86,642

90,923

1,340

13,012,469
9,124,044
8,125,981

63,787,097

7,899,358

1,420,046

54,887

3,649,

148,615

1,663,193

73,607

302,225

315,701
2,683,389

296,973
7,012

315,160

8,'

2,045,714

3,954,929

3,490,490

542,637

244,376
6,151,931

130,352

2,713.046

164,735

6,142
120,209

8,3'

1867.

69,110

11,568

296,478

13,776

33,323

258,209

56,945

101,255

89,116

733,499

1,176

2,181

49,810

3,412

942

0,.325

31,782
58,604
20,077
5,156
42,603
31,030

78,297
25,732

65,024
19,776
37,088
39,345

3,423,483
24,021
51,150
405,363
230,181
98,403
78,006
504,071
260,785
230 644,500
103,078
72,531
642,416
59,633
86,670
353,060
250,175
47,047
12,786
48,324
57,697
530

7,029,031
14,630,041

5,209,584
78,844,374
11,606,998

1,330,511
53,440

5,147,296
308,412

3,532,054
83,699
498,343
432,281
418,793

1,338,159
48,505

1,071,512
87

1,.572,313

3,330,476

4,281,160
743,118
996,006

4,663,653

238,053
882,613
100,272

6,684
689,650

2,967

pAUSON'S ANTI-COEEOSION PAINT,

\^ Patroaisod by tho Nobility and Gentry, is extensively used
for all kind.s of OUT-DOOR WORK, and is proved, alter a test
of 70 year.s, to surpass any otber Paint. It is especially applicable
to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo, and is tho only Paint that will
effectually resist the rays of the sun upon Conservatories, Green-
houses, Frames, &c. Is twice as durable as genuine White Lead, so
simple in appllcntion that any person can use it. per cwt

WHITE, LIGHT STONE, BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 305.

LEAD, CHOCOLATE, RED, PURPLE. BROWN, andBLACK 205.

BRIGHT GREEN. DEEP GREEN, and BLUE 42s.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for tho ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, &c.

3 cwt. Free to .all Stations in England and Wales, and most Ports

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post free.

Walter Carson St Sows,

La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.G.

Caution. — All Casks should bear the Trade Mark. No Agents.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

•^|/\ v^:,j^'(V*-^S:^:^<22:?

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. Tliis Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds che.T.per. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinninR, and is used cold. It is used ia the
grounds at Windsor Cnstle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of manj
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials bave been received, which Hill & Ssiith will forward on
application.

JT^rum J. A. Tatlor, Esq., Stre7is7ia/m Court.

" In answer to your inquiries, 1 beg to inform you I find your Black
Vamisli an excellent suostituto for oil paint upon iron and wood
out of doors, and have found the iron Barrow with apparatus
essential in applying tbe Vaniish to lines of fencing. I can strongly
recommend tho Black Varnish for all out^door work as superior to
nnything I liave yet used for the purpose, and it can be applied with
great economy by careful labourers.

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. 6d. per gatlott, at the
Manufactory, or la. 8d. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Hill ft Smitb. Brierty Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22. Cannon Street West, E.G., from whom only it can be obtained.

s

HANKS' N I'l ^y

LAWN MOWERS.

PATENT

WARNER'S SILICATE of IRON PAINT.
—The peculiai-ities and advanUogas of this
Paint are that it will stand extreme Heat and Damp,
and is not affected by Acid, Soa Water, Sulphuretted
Hydrogen, or Ammonia. It is equally well adapted
for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Every Shade of
Colour ground to order. The Creamy White and
Bright Stono will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of the
fumes of G.oses. It has no smell, and there is an entire absence
of deleterious effect.

WARNER'S ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION ia suitable for
Felt Roofing, and is a Cheap Coating for Iron Work, and preserves
Wood in India from the ravages of the White Ant. Price Is. 3d.
per gallon.

17, Laurence Fountney Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.G.

HAW'S TIFFANY.

For samples and prices apply to
J. Shaw & Co.. 29, Oxford Street, Manchester.

IRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal
Agricultural Society).
SHEEP, 3s. 5d. ; CATTLE, 4s. 2d. ; OX, 5s. lid.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St. Fancras Iron Work Company. Old St, Paucras Road, London, N.W.

s

WATERPROOF CAPES for FARM SERVANTS,
or to any Persons, Men, Women, or Boys, at Work in the
Fields.— A useful Present. 4000 POLICEMEN'S SECOND-HAND
CAPES, in perfect order, IGs., 18s., and 22s. per dozen. LARGE
CAPES, lined with Blue Cloth to the Bottom, 3 feet deep, 4s. ; and
if lined within 10 inches of the Bottom, 3s. each.

R. RiciiARDsoN, 99, Euston Road, London, N.W.

w.

I. BOULTON'S SG-sallon SWING "WATER

BARROW. Price 45s.
Carnage paid to the principal Stations.

The .'ibove is tho best and cheapest article of the kind vet intro-
duced. It can be used with or without a Pony, and two Tubs can be
had with ore Carriage.

Testimonials can be furnished from all parts of the country.

Powerful GARDEN ENGINE for the above, price 45s.

Illustrated Catalogue, with all particulars, sent free on' application
to W. S. EouLTON, Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

c

lOTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

COW FITTINGS.

H VM

IINL

Peas : Old Subscriber. Of the two, we should prefer Peas for
sheep, and the heaviest you can get for the money, whatever
the colour niay be.

Tdrn-sick, Giddiness: JVA. The sheep is dull and moping
unsteady in his motions, and moves round in a circle. If
any soft place can be felt on the surface of the skull, the
hydatid may sometimes be penetrated by means of a common
awl ; the operation of trephining has been had recourse to
with success. Unless a soft place can be felt on the surface
when the awl or trephine may be used, it is better toconfiue
the .sheep and fatten it.

These are the only Machine-, lu i tii u-,y in ill the Roj d Gardens.
Those are the only MachmLs that will mow ptoptily when the
Grass is wet.

These are tho only Machines that will last for years without
requinng repair.

Illustrated Circulars with full particulars free on application.

A. SnANKs & Son, Dens Iron Works, Arbroath.

London Office and Show Rooms— 27, Leadenhall Street, E.G.

£^* 27, Leadenhall Street, is the only place in London where

intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers c;i.n choose from a stock of

150 to 200 Machines. All sizes kept there whether for Horse, Pony,

or Hand-power.

Their advantages are — Portability, not Fixtures, i removable at
pleasme, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Ti-oughs, Water Gistem, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, 55s.

ProspecLuses free of Cottau & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winslev Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., wliore the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
ia Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED "WITH PATENT SELF-SHAEPENINa CYLINDER CUTTERS.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked witli far greater ease
than any other Lawn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS have prored to he the best, and hate carried off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 1866.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally.
T. GREEN AND SON have to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has been
unprecedented, lehieh is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can be made from
their Stock both in London and Leeds.

^- ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and
54 and 55, BLACKFRIAKS KOAD, LONDON, S.

August 10, 1867.J

THE GAnDENETJS' CMONICEE AND AfiKTCUl.TtlRAL GAZETTE.

847

ET. ARCHER'S *'FRIGI DOM 0."—
• rutronisod by her MnJcBty the (Jueen. the Duke of Nortb-
iitnberiand for Hyon Iloiiao, his Grace the Duke of Dovonshlro for
Chtswick Gardous, Profesaor Lindley for the Ilorttculturftl Society,
and Sir Joseph Paxton for the Crystal Palftco, lloyul Zoological
Sociuty, &c.

PROTECTION from the SCORCniNG HAYS of the SUN.

" FHIGl DOMO" NEPriNG. White or Brown, niaUo of preiiared

Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor of heat or cold, keeping a

fixed temperature where it ia applied. It Is adapted for nil Ilortl-

cultuml and Floncultural pun>uaes, for Preserving Fruits and

I'lowera from the Scorching U;i)'8 of the Sun, from Wind, from

Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To bo had In any

required leDgths.

" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING, 2 yards wide, U. Gd. per yard run.

"FRIOI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wido l5. U<^ per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. lid. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wido . . 1j*. Wd. per yard.
Au unproved make, 3 yards wide . . 2a. 8(2. per yard run.
Elisua, Tbomas AncHBit, Whole and Solo Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Liine, Ciinnon Street, City, E.C., and of all Nuiserymon and
Seedsmen throughout the Kiogdom.

" It is much cheaper than Mata as a covoring^^^

JAMES PHILLIPS and CU.
beg to submit their prices as rnltowa ; —
GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSES,
As supplied by them to Mr. RiTors, to the Royal Horticultural Society,
and to most of tho Nobility, Clergy, and Gentlemen of the United
Kingdom.

Each Box contains 100 foot. Tho prices only apply to tho slzesstatod.
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 15.

16 oz. to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth quality . . . . 16s. 0(/ 19«. Cd.

Third ditto 17s. Od 22s. 6(?.

Seconds 188. Oti 208. Ud.

English 20s. Od 27s. Od.

The above prices include the boxes, which are not returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes, lii-oz., in 1(K) feet boxes, boxea Included.

These pricea only apply to tho sizes stated.

nl>y 9

12 by 9

13 by 9

I'i „ 10

13 „ 10

14 „ 10

13 „ 11

U „ 11

14 „ 12

IS „ 12

15 ., 11

18 „ 12

lU „ 13

10 ,, 12

10 „ 13

17 ,. 13

20 ,. 12

10 „ 11

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

n „ 14

18 „ 14

20 „ 14

14 by 9

15 „ 10

4th5.
s. d.

3rd3.
s. li.
15 C

0by4
SbyO

16 to 17 oz. to the foot.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
Id 100 fcot Boxes.
0|by4J 7 by 6 71 by 5)1 ,„, „

81 by OS 9 by 7 9J by 7i / ■ • '"'• ""•
10 by 8 10) by S) . . ISs. &J.

Boxes 28. each, rotumable at full price.
London Agents for HARTLE VS IMPROVED PATENT RODOU
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and RODGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes,
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of tbo best Manufacture, at. the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates fonvarded on application to
James PuiLLipsfc Co., lin, Bishop^trate Street Without, E.G.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS HILLING TON and CO.,
87, Bishopsgato Street Without, London, E.G.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
JI.iK'sty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr. "Rivers, and the loading Ilorti-
Lulturists of the United Kiogdoiu.

ORCILiKD HOUSE SIZES.

In. In.

iu uy 1;: ,
20 by 13 /
20 by 14 yP
20 by 15 I
aohvlfi-'

(■15 oz.

4ths.

14s 3rl

198 6(2

3rds. 2Dds. I Rest,

15s Od 18s0(i 20s0ii
223 2ti 268 6a 20s 6((

20 by 12 .

^PorlOOfeet-j-
. , 1.21 oz.

20 by 16-'

SMALL SHEET SCJUARE3, 15 oz., per 100 feet.
Id. ln.:in. in.lin. in.[in,
6 by 4 7 by 5 8 by 6
6|by4l| 71 by 6l| 8| by 61

Per 100 feet.

12 by 9 121 by 10! H) by 10!
12! by 91 13 by 10 ■' ■ "

13 by 9 13! by 101
12 by 10 14 by 10

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

4tbs. I 3ds. I 2nds. i Beet.
9) by 71} |l2ii3ci 13s3li lOsOii ISsOd

10 by 8
10! by 81

11 by 9
IH by 91

14! by 10! )
115 by 10 f

13 by 11 f

14 by II }

138 312 148 6(i 17s 3d

tn. in. in.
15! by 10! 14 by 12
16 by 10 , 14! by 12!
14! by 111116 by 12

15 by 11 115! by 121'
15|byll!ll0 by 12 1

16 by 11 llClby 121
21 by 11 17 by 12
13 bvl2 IS by 12

22 by 12

17 by 13

23 by 13

18 by 14
22 by 14

24 by 14
22 by 15
24 by 15

3ds.

2nds.

The above Prices are only for the Sizes st.ated ; if a quantity
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.
SHEET GLASS.
Id Sheets for Cutting up, avei-aging from 0 to 9 feet super.
I 15 oz. 21 oz.

I 4ths quality, per 300 feet case, 388.
3ds „ „ 48s.

2d3 „ „ 628.

Best „ „ 928.

4ths quality, per 200 feet case, 338.
3d3 „ „ 48s.

Best

SHEET GLASS is made only in the following substances, oz.,
21 oz., 260Z., 32 oz., 36 oz., and 42 oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8thin,, 3-lGthin., l-4th in., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striliing Glasses, &c., &c.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHE.S, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 248. percwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists tbo weather, and is free from the glo.ssy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required sbade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 36s. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and sii gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 288. to 348. per cwt.
Anti-corrosion P.aint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, kc, and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon.

Per gallon.— s. d.

By Royal Letters Patent.

Per cwt ^«. d.

SEN UINE WHITE LEAD 32
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30
GROUND PATENT DRY-

LINSEED OIL
0 ' BOILED OIL .. ..3 9

TURPENTINE .. ..3 0
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

88. to 98. per cwt.
FineOAKVARNlsn,10s.tol2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. 10s. to 12 0

., COPAL 10 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE . . 10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
exchange.
The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

, OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.

to Ud. per lb.
„ RAW UMBER. Hd. to
6d. per lb. [per lb.
J, BDRSt do., 0<(. to 9ii.
MEEN PAINT, all shades,
I .,, , 288. to GO C

8LiCK PAINT, 24s. to 30 C
ilED PAINT . . 288. to 30 C

, GROUND BRUSHES.
OpSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES

WELLS'S I'llltTAIU.H GltOUNI) VINICRT, for
Growing and Ripening Crapes without Artiliclal Heat.
Awarded a Silver flludal lit tliu lutoriiational Kx|>ositlou ol
Horticulture, hold at Nice, A|'ril, 1805.

Drawings and Instructions can bo had of tho Patkntkb,
Stoara Works 24, Bouverle Street, London, E.C.
Aqents :— B J. Edwards, 25, Blshopsgato Stroot Within, E.C.
J. R. Tanton, Epsom, Surrey.
Drummoiid Brothers, 52, George Street, Edinburgh.

The Gardener's Watcb.

PATENT LEVliU WATCH in
Engine-turned Silver C'a.so, with all the
latest Iniprovcineiits, lowolled, seconds hand,
strong, and calculated for hard wear, 41. lis. Gd.
The same Watch in Hunting Cases, 51. 5s.
STRONG SILVER ALBERT and GUARD
CHAINS.

'Tlio above being Manufactured on the Pre-
mises, are with conlidenco recommended and
warranted for correct perlorinance.
Illustrated Pamphlet, and all particulars gratis, on application to
GoLDSMiTUs' Alliance (Liuitsd), 11 & 12, Comhill, London, E.C.

BATHS & TOILET WARE.— WILLI Ai[ S. BURTON
has ONE largo SHOW ROOM devoted exchisivelv to tho display
of BATHS find TOILET WARE- The stock of each is at once the
largest, newest, and most varied ever Hubniitted to the public, ami
marked at prices proportionate with those that have tended to make
his establiai'mont the most distinguished in this country. Portable
Showers, 7s. 6d. ; Pillar Showers, £3 to £5 12s. ; Nursery, los. to 32s. ;
Sponging, On. Gd. to 32s. ; Hip. 13.'{. 3rf. to 31s. Gd. A large assortment of
Gas Furnace, Hot and Cold Plunge, Vapour and Camp Shower
Baths. Toilet Ware in great variety, from lbs. Gd. to ios. tho sot
of three.

rnHI<: BEST SHOW of IRON BEDSTEADS in the

X KINGDOM i.s WILLIAM S. BURTONS. He has EIGHT
LARGE ROOMS devoted to the Show of lion and Brass Bedsteads
and Children's Cots, with Bedding, Bell Hangings, and Bed-room
Furniture, all Manulacturod by William S. Burton, and of
Kuaranteod quality. Portable Fol'ling Bedsteads, from 12s. ; Patent
lion Bed'^teads, titled with dovetail joints and patent sacking, from
lis., and Cots, from l.is. Gd. each ; hand.some Ornamental Iron and
Brass Bedsteads, in great variety, from £1 13s. Gd. to £15.

WILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING
IRONMONGER, by appointment to H.R.H. tho Prince of
Wales, sends a Catalogue gratis and post paid. It contains upwards
of 60U Illustrations of his unrivalled Stock of Sterling Silver and
Electro Plate, Nickel Silver, and Britannia Motal Goods, Dish
Covers, Hot Water Dishes, Stoves, Fenders, Marble Chimney-pieces,
Kitchen Ranges, Lamps, Gaseliere, Tea-trays, Urns, and Kettles,
Clocks, Table Cutlerv, Baths, Toilet-ware, Turnei-y, Iron and Brass
Bedsteads, Bedding, iJed-room Cabinirt Furniture, ic, with Lists of
Prices and Plans of the Twenty Largo Show-rooms, at 3'.', Oxford
Street, W. ; 1, 1a, 2, 3, and 4, Newman Street; 4, 5, and 0, Perry's
Place, and 1, Newman Yard. London.

w

ORCESTER KITCHEN RANGE.

JONES AND ROWE. Patentkks.

The most .-., I.nig Apparatus yet intrndui.ed, combining

the advant.ij,^. ... .^:. .,.^11 Fire P^inpe, Hot Plate, ULd other appli-
ances, adapted tor sniaJi or large establishments.

Sole London Agents, Barkon & Wilson, Ironm angel's, &c.,
43G, West Strand, opposite tho Charing Cross Station, where a
variety may be inspected, and Catalogues obtained

ROWLANDS' MACASSAR OIL.— This elegant and
fragrant Oil is universally in high repute for its unparalleled
success in promoting the growth, restoring, preserving, improving,
and beautifjiug the Human Hair. It is patronised by Royalty and
the Aristocracy of Europe, whilst its introduction into the Nursery
of Royalty, and those of the Upper Classes, is a sufBcient proof of its
merits. Price 3s. 6(/., 7s., 10s. GU. (equal to four small), and 21s. per
bottle. Sold at 20, Hatton Garden, and by Chemists and Perfumers,
jt^ Ask for " Rowlands' Macassar Oil."

DINNEFORD'S FLUID MAGNESIA.—
The best remedy for Acidity of the Stomach, Heartburn,
Headache, Gout, and Indigeslion: and the best mild aperient
for delicate constitutions, especially adapted for Ladies, Children,
and Infants.

DiNNEFORD & Co., 172, 'New Bond Street, London, and of
all Chemists throughout the World.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., hega to announce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMxiTION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Gibson, lun., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

i'^.EORGE F. MORRIS (of the Finn of Puotheroe
vT & Morris) undertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasehold Jind Reversionary Propeity
of every description, Farming and Market Garden Produce, House,
hold Furniture, Stock in Trade, Ac.
Auction and Estate Agency Office, The Limes, Leytonstone, Essex.

Farm Poultry,

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed knoivn.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA, CUEVECOIUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

* Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
Joiiw Bailv & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

Feed for Sheep.

WANTED, to take in 160 SHEEP, from August 8 to
Sept. 281; & dry good soil and excellent feed. Sheep must be
warranted free from disease, foot or otherwise. Terms, 55. a score
a week. Apply to

Mr. Reed, Bowling Green, Limpsfield, Godstone, Surrey.

The Exmoor Cobs and Ponies.

MK. UOliKKT S.MITII'S ANNUAL SALE of about
FOltTY KX.MOnH COHS. (iALI>i)WAYS, and P0NIB3
will tiiku placo an UHiial (lii llm Al I'I'l : M N) dl, Fielder's Ropoeltory,
Bristol.— Emmott'H Gran^u, St.)iitii .MdILhi;, An^'ustO.

Oxford-Down Rams.

MR. DRUCE oilers for SALE, by Rrivato Contract,
thlH Su;isori. about ;)0 SHEARLINGS, and a few TWO-SIIEAR
OXl'OUO-lxnVN RAMS, which may bo hcoii at any time, as well
TIIIO FLOCK r.ri Un; Fiirm. Tho ShcLp h-ivo not been homiOd.

Evns

nl. .July, 1«(;7.

w

To Nurserymen and Seedsmen.
ANTED, a SiMALL JtlJSlNKSS in tlic .ibove Line.

Addrt-'Hs A. T., attnlcun-n' ('lin-i,i,'!,' 1 unco, W.C.

Ij^OR DISPOSAL, a Firsl-cl.isH MIKSEUY and SEED
J_ BUSINESS; or tho present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to E., McB.sra. Hurat & Son, l), Loadonhall Street
Lon<lon, EC.

rriO BE SOLD, an old cstublislied NURSERY, two
X and a-half miles from Covcnt Garden ; standa In a main rood.
Good Trade can bo done. About Two Acres of Ground, half an Aoro
covered with Gl;is.i. Good »jtock of Hard and Soft-wooded Plants,
Price about £450.

W, P,, Chichester Ten-aco, Kilhurn, N.W.

rpo BE DISFOSEl) OFTan Old-cstabTi^d NURSERY

JL and FLOllISTS BUSINESS, in tho neighbourhood of Regent's
Park. Tho present Propriotor ha.t occupied it for the last 17 years.
A WORKlN<i PARTNER would bo accepted.

W. T\ I'oHt Offlco, Kvorshall Street, Regent's Park, N.W.

TO BE DTsPOSEU of, on ad vant^eoiis terms, and
mav be entered upon immcrllatoly, an OLD ESTABLISHED
NURSKU^, eligibly situated, adjoining a largo and important town,
surrounded by an excellent neighbourhood, and having evory facility
for carrying on an extensive business, — Address,
O. II., Mr. Cooper, SeedMercbant, 152, Fleet Street, London, E.C.

TO BE LET, a NURSERY and BUSINESS, weU
stocked with all descriptions of Shrubs. Price £2000 ; or to bo
taken at Valuation. The Soil good and Loamy. Part of the money
can remain if required.

Miws F. S., 11, Wilmot Si|uare, Bothnal Green Road, London, N,E.

To Nurserymen and Market Gardeners.

TO BI-: LEI', wiih iiniii.--iiut.'p<.s.rs.iMii, u IJAPITAL
BUSINESS PRKMISES, near Lhu City of Bath, with Dwelling-
house, Greenhouses, Forcing Pita, and about 5 Acres of Land.

For particulars, apply to Cotteuell & Spaceman, 6, Terrace
Walks, Bath.

To Market Gardeners, Nurserymen, &c.

TO BE SOLD, by Private Contract, about '200 ACRES
of very superior GARDEN GROUND, all Freehold, situate in
the County of Bedfordshire, about three miles from Biggleswade
Station, Great Northern Railway. The Land is divided into Lots to
suit the convenience of purchasers. For particulars apply to
Thomas F.idntaine, Esq., Dunton Lodge, Ashwell, Baldock.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLI. VM DEAX, Inviiii:; ilrirniiint-d on residing in
London again. tilTei.s for SALE, with immediate possession,
the NURSERY at SHIPLEY, consisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked,
and with Dwelling House, &c., is held on Lease; also the SEED
SHOP, in BRADFORD (the only one in tho town), which is well
fitted up, and where thero is a good business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds, Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, &c. Tho Nursery
is 2i miles fr'im the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to the pui-ch.ise money required, and
will be a great bargain to the purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
tunity lor a large house in the South to establish a Branch Business
here, us a good healthy Trade is already done, which may bo very
mucn increased. For particulars apply to

William DtAN, Bradford Nuiaei-y, Shipley, Yorkshire.

Estate in the Cumberland Lake District.

FOR SALE, that very desirable and valuable FREE-
HOLD ESTATE of LtTTLETHWAlT and MIRE GILL, in
the Township of Whinfell, in the County of Cumberland, and lately
the property of the late .Sir Wilfred Lawsnn, Bart., consisting of
140 ACRES or thereabouts of Arable, Grazing, Meadow, and Wood
Lands, with Apple and Plum Orchards, and a good Farrahouae, with
Outbuildings.

LITTLETHWAIT is well watered, and in a good state of cultiva-
tion. The Plantations are healthy, and contain Partridges, with a
sprinkling of Black Game. There is Trout Fishing in the River
Cocker, which Hows through the Estate.

LITTLETHWAIT is beautifully situated in tho Vale of Lorton,
between Loweswater and tho important Market Town of Cocker-
mouth, from which it is distant only five miles by turnpike road, and
where there is a first-class Railway Station.

LITTLETHWAIT'S high ground affords a lovely view of Crum-
inock Lake,

LITTLETHWAIT would well repay a little further outlay. The
property wilt bo shown at any time on application to the Tenant,
Mr. Henderson, Littlethwait. near Cockermouth.

For further parliculars apply to William Lawson, Blenuerbatset
Farm, Cumberland.

Brentford Road, Kew Bridge.

Important Salk of NtwLv-EiiECTLn Greenoouses, Pits, Bo.xes,
Bricks, HoT-WATtii Piping, ic.

MESSRS. PKOTHEROE and MORRIS are instructed
by Mr. William Drewett to SELL by AUCTION, without
reserve, on the Premises, The Market Garden and Nursery Grounds,
Brentford Road, Kew Bridge, on MONDAY, August 19, at II o'Clock
(the Lease expiring at Michaelmas next), 3 Newly-Built Span-roof
GREENHOUSES, 00 feet by 12 feet over ; 3 excellent three-quarter
Span-roof GREEN HOUSES, 120 feet. 60 feet, and 9C feet in length :
3 Ranges of Pits, each 90 feet long by 7 feet ; sundry other Pits and
Glazed Lights; also about 2000 ieet 2 and 3-inch, but principally
4-inch, Hot-Water Piping ; Ormson's Tubular 6-feet Boiler, 4 other
Boilers, 1000 Ca^ts of Puts, Bricks, Tilea, Drain Pipes, Sign Board,
and other Effects,

The Glass Erections are in excellent condition, built of the best
materials, and being many thousand feet, offer a capital opportunity.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues bad on the Premises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

Bedford Street, Strand.

Leasehold Pbofit Rental of £90 a-veak, asiplv secured on toe
Premises, No. 13, Blkford Street.

MESSRS. DEBENHAM, TEWSON, and FARMER
will SELL, at the Mart, near the Bank, on TUESDAY,
August ^7, at 3 o'clock, the capiUal PREMISES, No. 13, Bedf- rd
Street, Covent Garden, W.C. ; comprising Four Floors and B;ise-
ment ; held for about 17 years unexpired, at £50 a-year, and uu'U r-
let for the full term (less a few days), at £130 per annum, but now
worth considerably more.

Particulars of M. Botce, Esq., Solicitor, 48, Cannon Street, E.C. ;
!ind of the Auctioneers, 80, Cheapside.

SIiropsMre Sheep.

TUE MODITT, GreNDON, NEAR ATDERSTO.yE, WaRWICHSHIBE.

MR. JOHN ]!. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION,
on FRIDAY. September 6, 41) SHEARLING and o'.der
RAMS, and 120 STOCK and SHEARLING EWES, Ibe pronerty of
Mrs. Baker.

The Giendon Flock is fully up to its usual high standard of
general excellenco.

SliropBlilTe Sbeep.

Pipe Place, near Lichfield.

ME. JOHN B. LYTHALL will SELL by AUCTION,
Ml FRID.IY, September 13, 60 SHEARLING and TWO-
SUEAR RAMS, and 120 STOCK and SHEARLING EWES, tbo
propeityofMr. J. H. Bradburne.
The Owner particularly invites an early inspection of his Sheep.

848

THE GAllDENEES' CimONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Ac GUST 10, 1867.

PATEOHISED BY HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN,

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PEIN'CE OF 'WALES.

NEW PATENT B B

& CO.'S

LAWN MOWER.

AWAEDED

FIEST-CLASS CERTIFICATE

BT THE

EOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON,

AT BUEY ST. EDMUND'S,

July 16, 1837.

This KEW PATENT LAWN MOWER conibiues nil the latest improvements ia Lawn Mowing Machines, being; simple in construction, very light, silent in
movement easily woiked, and so strong and durable as to be literally unbreakable— an all-important feature in Jlachiues of this class; the ordinary Cast-iron beiug
entirely done away with, and Malleable Iron substituted in all breakable parts, and 'every part being numbered and accurately made to standard gauges. The
uorkmansliip and finish are also of a superior character; the entire Machine being quite equal to a revolution, so to speak, in Lawn Mowers. The Machines are all
guaianteed to give perfect satisfaction in every respect.

TESTIMONIAL FROM THOS. INGRAM, ESQ., THE ROYAL GARDENS, WINDSOR, Augost 11, 1866.
*' Gentlemen, — I have much pleasure in stating that your New Patent B B Lawn Mowing Machine [a 21-inch] has had a good tri.il, and has proved quite satisfactory.
The work done is of the first order, leaving the Lawn like a piece of velvet. *' I am, Geutleraen, yours faithfully,

" Messrs. J. B. Bkown & Co., Loudon." " Thos. Lnokam."

NEW PATENT BB HAND MACHINE.

PRICES — including Carriage to any Railway Station or Shipping Port in England, with the necessary tools and directions for use.

10-inch Machine £1 0 0 j

12-inch Machine ..5 0 Q \ Easily Worked hy a Boy .

U-inch Machine 5 10 0 )

16-inch Machine . . . . . . . . ..6100 Bilto by a Man.

PATENT BB HORSE MACHINE.

PRICES — complete, without extras, including Carnage to any Railway Station or
Shipping Port in lingland, witu the necessary Tool^ and directions for use.

18-incli Slachine
20-inch Machine
22-inch Machine
2-4-incli Machine

. . f 7 10 0 Easily Worked by a Man.

.. 8 0 0 j

. . 8 10 0 [ Bilto by Tico Men.

.. 9 0 o)

48-inch Machine
42-inch Machine
36-inch Machine
30-inch Machine

£32 10 0 )

28 10 0 > Braicn by a Eorse.

. 24 10 0 '

21 10 0 Brawn by a Horse or Strong Pony.

PATENT B B PONY AND DONKEY MACHINE.

PRICES — complete, without extras, including Carriage to any Railway Station or
Shipping Port in England, with the necessary Tools and directions for use.

30-inch Machine £17 10 0 1

28-inch Machine 16 10 0 J

26-inch Machine 14 10 0 Brawn by a Bonkey.

\ Brawn by a Pony.

Every Machine sent out is wanranted to give ample satisfaction, and, if not approved of, may be at once returned.

J. B. BROWN & CO.'S NEW IMPROVED PREMSUM WIRE NETTING.

REDUCED PRICES, FEBRUARY, 1866.
AWARDED FIEST-CLASS CERTIFICATE BY THE EOYAL HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AT BURY ST. EDMUND'S, JULY 16.

GEEAT IMPEOVEMENT,

■WITH

EEDUCED PEICE3.

AND

GALVANIZED
AFTER MADE.

PRICES PER LINEAL YARD, 24 INCHES HIGH.

Size
of

Mostly used for

Light.

Medium.

Strong.

Extra

Strong.

Mesh.

Japanned.

Galvanised,

Japanned.

Galvanised.

Japanned.

Galvanised.

Japanned.

Galvanised.

2i inch

Hares, Dogs, Poultry

w.

3f(f.

3i(f.

4 d.

id.

5'rf.
5|rf.

6d.

6W.

2 inch

Game or Poultry Netting

3W.

3M.

3|«:.

4 d.

Ud.

5'kl.

7d.

1| inch

Small Rabbits, Hares, &c.

m.

ird.

ild.

5,d.

&d.

6irf.

ejrf.

8d.

l|- inch

Smallest Rabbits

ihd.

5 d.

5 d.

6,rf.

6.{A

Sii.

8d.

lOd.

1 inch

Pheasantries, &c

Sd.

Wd.

9 d.

Is. )W.

Is. nd.

Is. id.

Is. 7d.

Is. io<;.

I inch

Aviaries, &c.

lid.

Is. Ud.

Is. 1^.

Is. id.

Is. id.

Is. Id.

•■

*„* Quantities of 100 Yards or upwards delivered Free at all the principal Eailwtiy Stations in England; and 200 Yards or upwards delivered Free to all
parts of Scotland and Ireland.

t^" Every deseription of Netting warranted to give satisfaction, and if not approved will be exchanged, or may be returned unconditionally.

J. B. BROWN AND CO., OFFICES, 90, CANNON STREET, CITY, LONDON, E.G.;
WAREHOUSE and MANUFACTORY, 148, UPPER THAMES STRERT, E.G.

Opposite the City of Loudon Brewery, and close to the Loudon Bridge Steamboat Piers.

Editorial Communications should be addreased to " The Editor ; ■' Advertisijmenta and Business Letters to " The Puhlbher," at the Offlce. 41, WeUmgton Street. Coveut (garden, London. W.C. Matthe^vs at the

Printed by James Matthb^vs, at the Offlce of Messrs. BradbcVy. Evin3, & r.o., Lombard Street. Pr.?cinct of Wlnte&iars, City of Londou, la the Co. of Middlesex, and PubUahed by the said JiMna IVU.tthe(V3, ax me
Offlce, No. 41, WeUingtoE Street, Parish of St. Faul'a, OoYent Garden,in the said County.— Satuhday, August W, 1867,

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 33.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, AUGUST 17.

(Price Fivepence.

(StAMI'ED EOITION, C '.

Acniithii-tliiMtanK'US

AmlcH. Qviitrniaii

Aneiiii.iii-,li'il'."'i'<i"S

Animi.l Dimm-,os Hill

BamtmMi Foi'tunoi

Beddini.' ]>l-*i>ts

Bee-liives

Books notked

Botanv, m<-ttical.

Botanlciil nomenclature

Ciimaroons mounuiiu

INI

B5Q b
857 c
8J7 a
Slii b
8)7 e
Bit; b
SW a

852 6
8.V> b

857 c
0GI b
65i> ft
8,V2 a
R-.6 a
-8G1 a

852 b
669 c
851 c

853 rt

854 r
-857 b

857 n
853 a
-sm n
ftiiS c
870(1

)EX.

Kiij;raston House

Lilium aurntiim

Matleavia cordata

Melon frame. summer

Mi^'nonette dying

M>nt, golden

Mnsari

850 b
857 c
85U c

851 b
8J7 a
S-'td c
857 b
8m n

OrL'haid-Uouse trfics at Bury

Oroluds 856 c

Pelareonium cultivation . . .

rUmts, herbaceous

Plant portraits

I'yiethruras, double

857 6

-857 b

8'i(> f

854 e

Ceaticv.idev. Falircnlieit ,. .
Clcinutises, Messrs. Jacknmn'

Cuiiil'ei'K, manuring

Cropirturns 6G1 a

Pundee (loval fHii

852 b

858 c
8t>2 h

Salads..

Society, N. Lincolnshire

851 rt

869 a

muts, dried

GHRlonink', spring

Ompcs viirioufi 85S n

Thermometers

Vanilla

Ventilation

8511 a
857 a
8)3 n

OriipL- Judifing

tioG c

-8(!2 b

Hiring* svstem

Hops, early ,■

^Vinte^, effects of

Woodliee

ft55 c
850 c

State of the Fruit Crops. 1867.

THE GAKDKNKK.S' (JUKOMCLE and AGRICUL-
TURAL GAZETTK of AUGUST '24 will contain an account
of the CONDITION of llio FRUIT CROPa throughout tho Country.
A Copy of this Number will be sent on receipt of Six Stamjs, or it :
may bo ordered of any Nows Agent.
Office for AdvortisQmcnts,&c ,11, WellinKtoa Street, Strand, London.

OYaL" J10in'"lb(rLTUK~AL SOCIElT, '

SOUTH KliNSINttTON. W. I

NOTICE.— A MEETING of the FRUIT and FLORAL COM-

MIl'TKES will bw lul'l on TUESDAY NEXT, Au-ust 2u, at 11 for

ball-past precisely. GENERAL MEETING at 3. |

READING lluKTlUUi.'iUKAL SUCIETY.— llie
AUTUMN SHOW of this Society will be held, by permission
of the Mayor, in the Abbey Ruins, Reading, on THURSDAY,
August '22. By permission of Col. Fit/. Wygrum, the Band of the
16tli King's Hussiirs will attend. Schedule-s of Frizes mav be
obtained of, and Entries must be made to, CnARL£s Collins, Hon
Sec , 34, Clmiu Street, Reftdmg^^ '

1\/l ANCIIE8TKU BUTAlNlCAL and HOKTlCUL-

LVI TURAL SOCIETY.-A GRAND EXHIBITION of PLANTS, '
FRUITS, Jiiul FLOWERS will be litld at the Gardens, Old Triifford,
on TUESDAY, Aumist '27, and four following days, in connection
with the GREAT CENTENARY CELEBRATION SHOW of the
MANCHESTER and LIVERPOOL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. '
Cbar(4e8 for Admission ;— First day, 2i-. lid. each ; remaining days,
8. each ; Subscribers to tho Botanic Gardens free each day. I

Schedules may bo otitaiiied at tlio Gardens, or IVom the Under-
signed. Military Hands in attendance. By Order.
Cooper Street, Manchester. IIexrv Wuitwoktii, Secretsiry. i

rsHOF AUCKLAND FLORAL and HORTICUL^ i

TURAL SOCIETY will hold their ANNUAL EXHIBITION

In AUCKLAND PARK on AUGUST 30, when upwards of £350

will be awarded in Prizes. Schedules may he obtained on applica-

tlon to Blr. J. C, Hendv, Secretary, Bishop Auckland. I

ULL FLORAL SOCIETY. -AUTUMN EXHIBI-

TION, SEPTEMBER 4.— Prizes to the following amounts
will bo given : — For 12 Variegated and Ornamental Foliage Plants,
iBt, £10 ; 2d, £6. Best 0 Stove and Greenhouse, in bloom, £i 128. Orf.
Gto. H. LoVELL, Secretary.

Roses In Bloom.

W5[. PAUL'S KOSKS me NOW IN FULL
BLOOM. Inspection respectfully invited. Trains almost
hourly from Shoreditch to ^^ altham Station, Great Eastern Railway,
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N,

At the Old Nurseries, Cheshuiit,

PAUL AND SON'iS KOSES are NOW FINELY IN
BLOOM. The Show is finer than for many years past.
Frequent trains to Cheshunt, one mile from the Nurseries,
Their large and varied Cullcction of HARDY FINE-FOLIAGE
TREES and SIIKUBS are in good condition lor selection.

N

KVV RUSES for 186? .—Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with piicea, on application.
John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition, By Jons Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for "20 stamps.

New Roses.— To tlie Trade.

JOHN HARRISON has still on hand a fine stock of
the best NEW ROSES, also aflne stock of ROSE MARECHAL
NIEL, fine healthy plants, in small puts, 12 to 16 inches, just now
requiring repotting, at 12s. per dozen, or 90s. per 100 ; stronger
plants, in 6-incli pots, ISs. per do/.en. ISABELLA SPRUNT, a new
Tea of the present season, Gs. to 9,f. per dozen.

Nortb of En;^liuid Roko Nursery, D.irlington.

Roses, Orcliard Houses, and Experimental Fruit
Tree Culture.

THE NURSERIES at SAWBRIDGEWORTH,
100 Acres in extent, are OPEN to the inspection of Amateurs
Interested m the above.

The Harlow Station (li mile distant), G. E. R., where Flya are in
attendance, is tiie moit convenient.

Tuos. RivEBS & Son.

w

ANTED, some dozen Plants of the Small-leaved
VARIEGATED IVY. State price.
Answer to A. 2., Post Office, Ampthili, BeJs.

UTTON '"S~~RrENirvXT ING GRASSIiS

SHOULD NOW BE SOWN.

0 1b. to 121b. required per acre.

Price lOd. per lb., or cheaper by the cwt.

Sdtt.jn' A S.iNs, R'*V'd Biirk-^liire Sceil Establishment. Readins.

^^ Grass Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

SUTTON'S PERMANENT GRASS SEEDS
FOR ALL SOILS.
Prices (according to sorts required and soils for which they are
Intended), may be had on application.

Sutton & Suns, Royal Berkbhire Seed Establisliment, Reading.

^UTTOiN'S l.Ml'RUVED IIALIAN R\ E-GliASS.

O the Best and Most Productive in Cultivation.

SoTToN & Sons can supply New Seed of tho above at Gs. pel
bushel, or cheaper In large quaiitities.

August and Septembur are the best months for Sowing.

Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Dutch Bulbs,

J SCOTT'S CATALOGUE of DUTCH FLOWER
> ROOTS, GARDEN REQUISITES, SiC, la NOW READY, and
will be sent post free on appliotitlon.

J. Scott, Tho Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somer.'Jet.

WM. ClJ'i'lillSH AND SON ht-y: to sav that tlu-ir
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE "HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, Sc, ia now ready, and can be had post free
on application. Highgate Nurseries, LonLlon.N.

BELLA DONNA LILIES. — These free-blooming
flowers should bo planted as soon as pos.sible, as they come
over with the Uower bud showing. Price fis. Qd. per dozen, forwarded
on receipt of Post-office ojiler on application to Cahteh's Great
London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn, W.C.

VIOLETS for AVlNTEtt and SPRING BLOOMING.
—The Undersigned ciin supply strong healthy Plants, in 6-inch
fots. of the following, which are the four best Violets in caltivation.
rlco IJA'. to Os. per dozen.

TIIE CZAR 1 DOUBLE BLUR

NEAPOLITAN 1 RKINE DES VIOLETTES

Francis & Abthur DiritsoN & Sows, The " Upton " Nurseries, Chester,

/YaIIKLLIAS and A15ALEAS.— Eisrhtcen e.'^tra fine
KJ and largo Plants, also .some large DRAC^NAS ORCHIDS of
sorts, CRETONS. &l-,, to be DISPOSED OF in Chealiire, and
offering a most favourable opportunity for those furnishing new
Cunseivatories, &.c. For piiticularsasto where situated, &c., apply to
James Dicr.so:« & Sons, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

Superb Double Hollyhocks.

WILLIAM 0 HATER respectfully invites the
attention of tliu Piiblii'. to his unrivalled Collection of the
above, which are NOW in FULL BLOOM and may be viewed any
riav, Sundays excepted. Also a fine Collection ot other FLORl£>T
FLOWERS. Nurseries. Saffron WaMen.

rpREK MIGNONEITE,— Now is the time to Sow
X Seed, from Plants exhibited at International Show.

In packet, 13 stamps, post free.
Karslev Tanton, Nurseryman. Epsom.

N~~E\V VERBENAS of 1867.— C. Allen, J~unT7Ts"^iW
sending out strong Plants in thumb pots of the above in
30 varieties, introduced by Messrs. Henderson & Son, Turner, Keynes,
and Dowiiic, Laird, & Liuig. at 3s. per doz., package included.
Terms caah. Stone Ilili, Heigliam, Norwich.

s

UTTON'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE

IS NOW READY, Kratis and post free.
Royal Uerkuhlru Seed Establistiinent, Reading,

Strawberries.

CHARLES TURNER is now prepared to supply strong
Plants of the best modern kinds, as well as all thu Icadlajf
established vnrioties, true to name.

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may bo had on appUcatlon.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough,

Strawberries.
QALTMARSH and SON bef? to offer strong Runners

O of most of the leading kinds at from 3n. (id. per 100. Also a fow
extra strong Plantu rooted in pots Cor forcing.

LI^T and PRICES on application.

MonlKham Nurserie.t, Chelmsford.

Strawberries.
A BESClUPTIVECATALOijUEofSTRAWBERRIES,

Xjl CI issod, liue i>er post.

Tiioa. RiVKRs & Son, Nurseries, Sawbridgcwortli.

/^UTHILL'S STRAWBERRY PLANTS.— On and

V^ after August 20, strong, selected for next year's bearing, at tlio
reduced price ol Hi. per 100, each sort (they have lasted in bearing
65 days this yoar). Early Black Prince. Eiirly Princess Riyal,
Richard II., Highland Mary, Newton Seedling late. Prince of Wnles,
latest of all. Dr, LLndley never could depend on a crop until ho had
my breed. MUSHROOM SPAWN. 6s. per bushel. Five P:imphlets,
&c. Write for a LIST. Post-offlco orders on Camberwell Green.
Jauls Cutiiill, Denmark Hill, Camberwell, S.

VINES from EYES. — Houses upwards of 7U0 feet in
length occupied w.th their Cultivation — probibly tho largest,
stock in EnjjIaniJ. Tho Fruiting Canes are extra tine this season :
i>s. to 7s. Gd. Ciich. Vines from open borders for ground Vinerief*,
Is M. each ; ditto, fine Ciiiei from pots, 3s. Gti. each. A DESCRIP-
TIVE CATALOGUE free per Post. Carnage paid to London.
Tnos. RivKRs & SuN, Nurseries, Saw uridge worth.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. pAia)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASS
ROSKS and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &c., advertised at length in
this Paper in May last.

Pauls Nurseries. WaUhani Cross, London, N.

RS. POLLOCK GERANIUM.— Strong plants of"the
above can be supplied at 36s. per 100, or jElG per 1000. for cash.
Very strong plants, struck early in the open ground, will average
three cuttings each by spring.

Apply to JonN Scott, Nurseryman and Florist, Battlford, Bath.

For Present Sowing.

Choice Zonal Geranium, ntou a Collection ov 150 Varieties.

R WHITE can supply NEW SEKD of the above,
• saved from the choicest flowers, In packets, Is. Gd., 2s. 6rf.,
3^. 6d., and 5s. each, post free.

Poole Nurseries, Dorset.

New Zonal and Nosegay Pelargoniums.

NUNN ANu HOIIDAY, St. Augustine's Nursery,
Norwich, beg to inform intending purchaser of the above
that they have a lar^e stock of all the best varieties sent out in 1867,
from 12s. to ISs. per dozen.

Variegated Geraniums.

CASBON AND SON hold a lai-ge stock of above.
Prices on application.
Gravel Walk Nurserv, Peterborough.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NEOTAltlNES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
RioiiARD Smith. Nurserjinan and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

ORANGE TRKES.— Just arrived, with fruit on, from
18 inches to 6 feet high, 2s. 6d.. 3s, 6d., 7s. Gd., and 10s. Cd. each ;
also some large bushy Trees with 20 and 30 Onmges on each, 42s.
and 628. Cd. each; and many rare kinds of FERNS, PALMS,
DRAC^NAS, &c,

R. Green, Bedford Conservatories, Covent Garden, W.C.

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
TaosiAS WARNiiR. Leicester Abbey Nurseries,

Hardy Trees and Shrubs.

PAUL AND SON beg to invito intending planters to
inspect their Collection of Fine-foliaged and OrnaraeutaMeaved
I Trees, as well as their large Stock of general Hardy, Evergreen, and
] Deciduous Plants, to the culture of which in quantity they devote
I some 40 Acres of their Nurseries. The Autumn Bloom of Roses is
( exceptionally good,

I The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, N. ; one mile from Cheshunt
. Station, G.E.R.

I To the Trade.

A CHOICE COLLECTION of SEEDLING FERNS,
in thumbs and store pans, consisting of choice Adiantnms,
Asplenium palmatum, Athjnum gonngianura, trisolor, Polystichum
Conchitis, and m my other choice varieties. Also tine SPECIMEN
FERNS, of various size.s, frovi 48"8 to No. 1 pots.
Price on application,
J. Illman's Nurseries, Stroud, Kent.
N.B. Intending purchasers would not regret a visit to Stroud.

Botanic Nurseries, Biggleswade, Beds.

LUCY GRIEVE, ITALIA UMTA, Hl-JR MAJESTY,
MRS. POLLOCK. CRYSTAL PALACE, and all the best
TRICOLOR GERANIUMS-^caiefuily impregnated seed, in sealed
packets, 6«. to 10s. each. Terms cash.

EnwAun SntNTON.

New Plants.

HCANNELL beo-s to inform his Customers that his
• NEW CATALOGUE is NOW READY, and sent free fortwo
stamps. It contains a fdll description of al! the NEW FUCHSIAS,
VERBENAS, PKTUNIAS, LOBELIAS, &c., and a number of the
NEW GERANIUMS, and all the NEW BEDDING GEMS of the
year; and also a new and valuable idea in the arrangement ot
Bedding Plants. Fuchsia Nursery, Woolwich.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula fimbriata.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply NEW SEED of the
above, saved from choicest flowei-s, in packets. Is., 2s, Cd,, and
6s. each, post free.

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Calceolaria and Cineraria.

WHEELER'S CALCEOLARIA is of the finest Strain,
and second to none ; Is. 3d., Is. 6d., and 2s 6d. per packet.
The CINERARIA is saved from the finest varieties ; Is., Is. Od.
and 2s. Cd, per p icket,

G. Wheeler, Nurseryman, Warminster, Wilts.

Choice Seeds.

CHARLES TURNER'S superior CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, andPRIMQLA are now ready, in packets, 2s. Cd.
each. The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Extra Fine Fringed Primulas.

DOBSON'S CELEBitATED STRAIN, that has stood
II ten years' test, is now ready for sending out in Is,, 2s. 6d,, and
6s. packets. The quality may be depended upon.

iDoBSON & Sons, Scedsmon, Isleworth, London, W.

Prize Cineraria Seed.

DOBSON'S UNEUUALLED STRAIN, which has
taken 60 First Prizes in six years, is now ready for sending out.
Fine new seed. In Is., 28. Qd., and 6s. packets.

DoBsoN i Sons, Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W.

D

ORSON'S STRAIN of PRIZE CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, the finest in Cultivation.

ff^ For Present Sowing.

DOBSON'S INTERN ATIO.MAL, RoYAL HORTI-
CULTURAL, ROYAL BOTANIC, CRYSTAL PALACE, and
KINGSTON PRIZE and UNEQUALLED HYBRIDISED CAL-
CEOLARIA now ready, lu Sealed Packets, with lull Directions for
Sowing and Growing, Is, Cd., 2i. 6d., 3fi. Cd., and 6s.

DoBsoN & SoKs, Seedsmen, Isleworth, London, W.

NEW FERN, SCOLOPENDRIUM VULGARE, var.
COOLINGIL— A dwarf variety between S. Wardii and S.
digitatuni, very distinct and beautiful. Nice Plants are now ready
for distribution at 7s. (id. each,

A Coloured Plato free by ^lO^,t fi.ir two stamps.
Edwin Coolino, Milf Ash Nurseries, Derby.

British Fern Catalogue.

r>OBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
^ stamps. Part I, (British Ferns and their varieties, 3G pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Raihvay,

To the Trade— Rhododendron Stocks,

PAUL AND SON h;ive InnflW sulorted RHODODEN-
DRON STOCKS, fit for immediate working, 12s. Gd. per 100 ;
for quantities over lOUO, special prices.

The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

Beautiful Foxgloves.

JIVERY AND SON can now supply new Seed of
• their fine strain of the above, in Is,, Is. 6d., or 2s- Cd, packets ;
likewise Plants to bloom next season at 6d. per doz.

Dorking and Reigate Nurseries. '

RAYNBlRD, CALDECOTT, ISAWTEEE, BOWLING,
A»D COMPANY, Limited.
Corn, Seed, Manure, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Med.als, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1662. for " Excelleia Seed Corn and Seeds."

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND !•'. Wll.Uil'li biji to aiiiioumi- to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ol HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1867 Growth, is now ready .and may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambs.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES C A U ■!' E K and C 0.,

Si£ED Farmers, Mer, hants, and Ndrserymen,
237 & 238, High Holborn, London. W.C.

VERY G A R U E~N REQUISITE

kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 2.W, High Holborn. London.

Tuinlp Seeds for Present Sowing.

SUTTON AND SUNS am sii|i])lv NEW SUED of the
BEST KINDS for PRESE.NT SOWING. PRICED LISTS on
application. A 11 goods carriage free except very small parcels.
Sdtton & Sons, Seed Growers, lleadine.

850

fnt GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 17, 1867.

TRAWBEEEIE

DR. HOGG.— Vevy hrge, extra flne Pine flavour, and a good bearer

One of the finest in cultivation.
THE LADY.— i\ 11 the fruit of a good equal size without thinning

ImniQiise cropper for forcing, as we proved last spring ; flavour

highlv perfumed.
BRITISH QUf^EN, PRINCE ARTHUR, KEEN'S SEEDLIXG
CRIMSON QUEEN, SIR CHARLES NAPIER.

Prices— Established in largo 32 pots for forcing, from 76a. to 100s
per 100. Strong layers in 60 pots, from 25s. to 603. per 100. Strong
runners from 5s. to 21s. per 100. A large collection of otJier varieties
stronff, well-rooted runners, 6s. per lUO.

Jou K & Charles Lee. Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establish-
ment, Hammersmith, London, W.

CHEAP NEW PLANTS.

6 of the beat NEW NOSEGAY PELARGONIUMS.
G of the best ZONAL PELARGONIUMS.
G of the best NEW PETQNIAS.
G of the best NEW PENTSTEMONS.
6P0A TRIVIALIS ARGENTEA ELEGANS.
6ALTERNANTHERA PARONVCHUIDES.
GIRESINE AUREA RETICULATA.
The above collection, well rooted and established in pots, for £1,
package included.

NuNv .V HoBDAT, St. Augustine\q Nursery, Norwich.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.
T WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING PELAllGONITJM

fj • EXCELSIfiR, now ready; colour of Indian Tellow ; fine
truss, and habir f Lord Palmerston. Price 5s. each ; 3Gs. per doz.

MISS WAT^-'M, ready August 25; MRS. DIX, Mayl. The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.
Fine New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe in
PlantsreadyinNovember. 5s. each ; 30s. per doz to the Trade
JjESCRlirTIVE LIST sent on application.

April.

Botanic Nurseries. Biggleswade, Beds.

ONE of the FINEST CULLKCTIONS of NEW
ZONAL GERANIUMS in the Trade, 2i to naiiie, hamper
included, 12s. Seed of Lho above, carefully impregnated for raising
exhibition flowers, 'is. Gd. to Ss. per packet. Edwakd Shentun can
confidently recomuiend this, as no better can be obtained.
SWEET WILLIAM SEED, saved irom prize flowers, packets Is.
Terms cash.
Edward SuENToy,

Botanic Nurseries, Biggleswade, Beds.

GENISTA CANAHIEN^ilS.— Fine plants for winter
worK, 1 foot to 18 inches, in 48-pots, per doz., Cs. to 9s.;
2 feet to 3 feet, 305. and upwards per doz.

PANSIES.— All the finest exhibition varieties 203. per 100. Now
l3 the time to make bads far early spring.
BORDEPi. CARNATIONS —All colours, 20s. per 100.
All the New FUCHSIAS, double and single, 4b. per doz. Selection
left to Edward aatNTON. Terms cash.

Edward Shenton.

c

HOICE SEEDS in SEALED PACKETS,

THE " PRIZE " STRAIN of Ci'CLAMEN PERSICUM. — This
splendid Strain of Seed has passed entirely into the hands of
B. S. Williams. It is the seed saved from the magnificent plants
grow"n ana sliown by Air. Wiggins, gardener to W. Reck, Esq., Isle-
worth, at the Spring Shows lu the present year ; they were in each
Instance awarded 1st prize, and were the admiration of all the
visitors. The flowers are 1 inch across, by IJ inches in depth, the
colours ranging from a bright carmine to a delicately tinted white,
and pure white tipped with crimson, the leaves beautifully marbled ;
indccii. the le.ives, apart from the flowers, possess a peculiar attrac-
tion in the diversity o) their marbled surJace. This seed should be
sown as early in the Autumn aij possible. None genuine unless the
packets bear B. S. W.'s name and address. Price, per Packet,
Is. Gri., 2b, (j(t.. and 3.s. Grf.

THE " PRIZE " STRAIN of POLYANTHUS. — This beautiful
Strum of one of the prettiest spring-flowering plants was also
e.vhibitedraost succissfully by Mr. Wiggins, of whom B. S. W. has
purchased the entire MLCck and right ot sale. None genuine unless
the packets bear B. S. Williamsb name and address. Price Is.,
2s. 6d., and 3s. Gd. per packet.

Other Choice Strains of Seed.

JAMES'S CALUEULARIA, 2s. Od., 3«. Gd., and 5s. per packet.

WEATJdERlLL'S CINERARIA, W. 6d., 3s. 6d., ana 5s. per pkt.

WILLIAMS" PRIMULA, 'ds. Gd., 3s. Gd., and 6s. pej- packet.
B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, N.

DRUAIHEAD CATTLE CABBAGE,
The Heaviest of all AoRicrLTea.vL Crops.
This shoula be Suwn in August, lor Transplanting in the Spring.
Sutton a Woms can supply —
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD CABBAGE (the

huaviest knowu), at 3s. Gi'. per lb.
GOOD DRUMHEAD CABBAGE at 2s. Gd. per lb.

Sutton & Sons, Sued Growers, Reading.

Extra Fine Quality.

COLE SEED, "18iiijgro\vtli,"p(.n- b ishelof o21b., lis. ;
4 bushels do., 4IJS iv'ew 4-S KJ-cks, Is. Gd. each.
EARLY SIX-WEEKS" TURNIP, New Seed, very flne, Od. per lb.

New Bays, Od. to 8d. each.
EXCELLENT CAUBAGE SEED. See Catalogue of varieties.
Reiuitiaiices to accoLi.pany Orders.
Fredk. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Beds.

rpKEMBLE'lS NEW bEEi) WaKEHOUSE,
_L Devonshire House, 1, Market Square, Penrith.

With pleasure we inform our Patrons that our New and Extensive
Building is now opened out lor Seeds and every Garden requisite.

OX CABBAGE, very fine, 2s. per lb.

RAPE, Broad-leaved, 4d. per lb.

RENOVATING GRASSES, 9d. per lb.

ITALIAN RYE-GRASS, 4(Js. per quarter.

Choice PRIMULA, CINERARIA.' and CALCEOLARIA, 23.
packets. Every attention to the Seed department of our business.
JosEpn Tremble & Sons.

Winter Cucum'bers.

ROLLISSON'S TKLbiBKAI^H (JUUQMBER, the Best
Winter and Early Spring variety in cultivation, an immense and
certain cropper. — We with reluctance have to state that some parties
have been bupplylng a spurious variety for the above ; purcnasers
should have a guarantee uf its being true, or tlioy may fml in their
crop. There are several varieties of Telegraph Cucumber in culti-
vation, but in no way equal to the above.

In printed staled packets, with description, 25. Cd. each.
PRIMULA and CINERARIA, new seed, ft-oni the finest varieties
in cultivatiun. Packets, 2s. Od. each.

W. Rollisson h, Sons, The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S.

JAMES CARTER and CO. beg to announce that they
are now sending out their unrivalled Strains of CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, whioh, for fineness of form and
beauty of colour cannot be surpassed.

CALCEOLARIA, saved from the flnest Prize varieties.

CINERARIA, saved from the finest named varieties.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, dark carmine and pure
white, saved from the finest fringed varieties in cultivation. Price,
each packet, 2s, Cd., forwarded on receipt of Post-ofBce Order for
the amount.

t!^ PRICE LISTS gratis and Post free on application to Carter's
Great London Seed WarehouBe, 237 & 238, High Holborn, London,W. C.

TRICOLOR GERANIUMS,
&c. — Parties not possessing the

following, should order them at once; —
Price of the Collection, £1 Is.; or any

Six may be selectedf or IGs.
EDWINIA FITZPATRICK
BEAUTY of GUESTWICK
TWILIGHT
VARIEGATED QUEEN of

NOSEGAYS
MRS. P. J. PERRY
PRESIDENT LINCOLN
SCEPTRE D-OR
ITALIA UNITA
MRS. MAXWELL HUTTON
CRYSTAL PALACE GEM

TRICOLOR-LEAVED & other IVIES.
—13 of the flnest and most beautiful
Ivies in cultivation, in 12 distinct
aorta, for 10s.

Post-office orders on Castle Hedingham.
A fil-page CATALOGUE of CHOICE

NEW PLANTS free for one stamp.
DiLLisTON'E & iVooDTHoarE, MunTO Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

ROBERT PARKER begs to offer the following (all
the Plants are strong and nealthy, and can be supplied in
quantities) : —

PANSY CLIVEDEN BLUE, Os. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN PURPLE, Gs. per dozen.
PANSY CLIVEDEN YELLOW, 6s. per dozen.
POLEMONtUM CtERULEUM VARIEGATUM, 2s. 6d. each.
RHODODENDRON COUNTESS of HADDINGTON, 33. 6d. each.
TRITOMA GRANDIS. 18s. per dozen.
TRITOMA UVARIA GLAUCESCEN9, 12s. per dozea.
VIOLA CORNUTA, best variety, 4s. per dozen.
VIOLET, PEINE DES VIOLETS, Gs. per dozen.
VIOLET THE CZAR, Gs. per dozen. [per packet.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, finest mixed seed, 2s. Gd.
PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of AGRICUL-
TURAL, FLOWER, and VEGETABLE SEEDS, GREENHOUSE,
HARDY, and STOVE PLANTS, are published, and will be for-
warded ft-ee to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

_ Roses.

TOHN CRANSTON has the pleasure to announce
O that his ROSES are NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and that the

whole of his stock is in the flnest condition possible.

The severe frosts (which proved so destructive in many parts of
England throughout last winter) not having visited this locality, he
is happy to say that his Roses, Conifers, and other Trees, escaped
entirely unharmed.
Nui'series. King's Acre, near Hereford.

Roses, Koses, Roses.

PLANTS of all the FINEST VARIETIES in
CULTIVATION will this Autumn be in magniflcent order,
in the Castle Street Ndrseries, Salishcrt.

The frost of May 24 destroyed all the blooming buds; the con-
sequences are that the Plants have produced the most vigorous
growth.

Amateur Rose Growers may insure the finest Plants that can
possibly be nroduced, true to name. CATALOGUES on application.

VINES, from Eyes, the finest in England, 10s. 6d. each, in October
next; John Keynes, Castle Street, Salisbury.

New Roses for 1868.

MESSRS. JOHN AND CHARLES LEE hare pur-
chased the Stocks of the TWO flnest NEW ROSES which
have been exhibited on the Continent this season, and hope to
exhibit them in London in June next, that the Public may judge
of their merits before they are sent out.

CLEMENCE RAOUX (Granger).— Blush, edged and spotted rose,
of large size and perfect form ; petals stout and very enduring;
habit erect and vigorous.

Gold Mecal awarded at the Great Rose Show at Brio Comte
Robert in July.

EDWARD MORREN (Granger).— Mens. Mai-gottin thus describes

this splendid Rose :— " It is in the way of Jules Margnttin, but of a

more delicate colour, of better form, more double, and much larger."

First Prize awarded at the Exposition Universelle in PRriff

in July.

To be sent out in the Autumn of 1SG8.
Royal Vineyard Nui sery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith, W,

New Verbenas of 1867.

DREGHORN AND AITKEN have now a large stock
of the above, containirg all the flnest sorts sent out by Turner,
Keynes, Low, Henderson, &c,, and beg to ofi'er them as follows, lu
strong, healthy, well-rooted Plants : —

2i Varieties for 10s. [ 12 Varieties for 5s.

Safely packed and delivered free of carriage to any part of Great
Britain or Ireland.

The Nurseries, Kilmarnock, N.B.

Hardy and Permanent Bedding Plant.
pLEMATlS JACKMANNI, and that type, have proved
V_y themselves to be "the desideratum" for a good violet, blue,
purple, or maroon bed, when pegged down like Verbenas.

The Advertisers solicit an inspection of their CLEMATIS BEDS
that are in FULL BLOOM, and will continue up to the month of
October. Particulars of treatment by applying to

Geo. J\ceman & Son, Woking Nursery, Surrey.

CALCEOLARIA, CINERARIA, and PRIMULA
SINENSIS. — Seed of each, from the choicest and most beautiful
flowers, in 2s. Gd. and 5s. packets, post free.
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD, or OX CABBAGE,

3s. Cd, per lb. [Seed of Mr. Robinson's own saving.)
DRUMHEAD, or OX CABBAGE {old sort), 2s. per lb.

Together with all other Seeds for present Sowing. Parcels of
two pounds and upwards carriage Iree,

James Dickson & Sons, "Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

NEW ENGLISH ROSE.

PAUL & SON, Old Cheshunt Nueseeies,

Have the pleasm-e to announce that they will send out early next Senson the SEEDLING HOSE (raised at Cheshunt)

HYBRID PERPETUAL DUKE OF EDINBURGH.

It is a fine bold flower, of good average shape, very vigorous free-flowering hahit, and the Plants standing-
uninjured by the past winter very hardy; of a bright scarlet crimson self, it is unique in the vividness of its
colouring and distinct effect.

Exhibited last season as Seedling No. 1, and twice this year under its present name. "Wc learn it was noted by
several distinguished Amateurs as distinct and good.

Autumn Flowers of it may be seen here, as well as occasional Blooms of several interesting Seedlings.
Probable price, 7s. 6d. each.

PAUL AND SON'S NEW ROSE CATALOGUE KEADT BY SEPTEMBER 1.

NOTICE.-SPIKES OF GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSlS.

TO NOBLEMEN, GENTLEMEN, THE TRADE AND DECORATORS.

YOUELL & CO.

Beg to inform them that they can he sucplied with the above, which is universally acknowledged to be
unsurpassed for any decorative purposes in giving a most gorgeous display. They having this Season upwards M
THREE ACRES to cut from, have the pleasure to offer them in any quantity at a moderate price, which can be had
on application. Yoi'ell & Co. have great pleasure in stating that their STOCK of ROOTS this Season is finer
and larger than over, for which they are daily booking orders, and solicit early commands, as all orders will b6
booked and sent out in rotation. Prices Post Free on application.

ROYAL NURSERIES, GREAT YARMOUTH.

DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

HUGH LOW & CO.

HAVE NOW READY FOR DISTRIBUTION THEIR

CATALOGUE OF DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS,

WHICH WILL BE FORWARDED ON APPLICATION, AND ORDERS ARE RESPECTFULLY SOLIGITBD.

CLAPTON NURSERY, LONDON, N.E.

August 17, 1867.J

THE GAP.r»ENERS' CMONTOEE AND AfiT^TOUETUI^AI- GAZETTE.

Sol

NOW READY,

B. S. WILLIAMS'

PRICED AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF DUTCH
AND OTHER BULBOUS ROOTS.

It will lie foi-w-irJea to till Customcis in the course of a few days, and may be lind Free upon apiilicntinu.

B. S. WILLIAMS,
VICTOEIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

DUTCH ROOTS.

JOHN & CHARLES LEE

■\vii.L HE iiArrY to toewaud THum

CATALOGUE FOR 1867 OF NEWLY-IMPORTED HYACINTHS
AND OTHER ROOTS,

POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

ROYAL VINEYARD NURSERY and SEED ESTABLISHMENT, HAMMERSMITH,

LONDON, AV.

DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS,

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.,

BEG TO ANNOXJNfr: THAT THEIR

ANNUAL CATALOGUE OF DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS,

CONTAINING ALSO

A SELECT LIST OF VEGETABLE SEEDS FOR AUTUMN SOWING,

Is now ready and ^'ill be forwarded Post Free on application.

Hyacinths.

r^KORGE DAYIER l.cji.-* n'sp.rlfuUv to inform the

VT Nf.blllty imd (Kntrv Hint. Mh I'KICKI) CATALuGUK of
HYACINTHS and otliur UUTCll iJULliS Ib now rL-iidy, mid iimy bo
obtnliK-d, ]iOHt fico, on iii>i'liciitliiii. Ho hIno hnHmtich hjilihf:ictton In
titntliig Iniil: ho linn uriiiiigtd with Ihu KrowcvH, AIohkih. J. II. KuiHlcn
& Co., ol' Iliijirlcni, wbo hUj>i)llf:d hlin with Iho Iliillm with whicit ho
nnd his mimoifiUH ciistdinciii obtiitiiud tii> many [irlzos at tho St.
GuorKulluIl I'ixhlbltlontn Mttrchliuit; nnd woiihllilliu I hlH opportunity
ol'liitiniuliiiK to his lUiid Piitrons, iuhI thOHo nbniit to purchano for
I'OinpollLlon i'V othcTWihO, tlmt curly ordorn should hcRlven.tOfujcuro
flrst-oiaKH IJulbs, As iin cvidonco ot tho superiority ol' his Ihilbe,
Q. D. need only to refur to thu Llht of I'rlzcH iiwnrdod by tho Horti-
cultural Kocluty of Livorp<^ol. Mmch, 1807. Out of tho Hi TrlzcB
awarded to Aninteura lor Hyaclnth.s, 13 of thcni wore obtained by
Bulbs pun-hnNcd at hla oHtiibflHhmont. AUo In tho Nursery tiian'i)
ClnsB. G. 1>. Ih proud to siiy, the firht IM and tho llrnt 12 wore obtained
by him In ctunpotitiNU with Mes.sr». Wtlllani Cutlmah i Hon.
(Iri-'cn Lane Nu^^e^ie.'^, Old Swan, Liverpool.

1 ^ANBURY HOHTICIILTUKAL SOCIETY, 1867, will
J bo hold on TUESDAY, August 27.

Trizcs open to all, whether Members or not, on payment of ftu
Eiitianco Fco of ?«. (id.

For Stovi! or GrofnliouHO Plftnts either In PTower or Ornamental,
but not FuchsinB, Achimcues, Geraniums, or Annuals, C varitlus, to
bo grown in not leBa than 8-Inch pots, 1st, £3 ; 2d, £2.

For the beht 24 Ufthlias, 24 varieties, Ist, £3; 2d, £2.

For the htfit 18 IlollyluickB, 2 blooms of each, 1st, £2; 2d, £l.

For the best 12 varieties of Verbenaa (5 trusicH m a bunch), Int,

f he iufigea mny withhold any Prize if the Production exhibited be
not considered worthy. Intended ExlubitorH must give notiie to
the Secretary on or before Sitturday, August 24.

Tho Society will, if requested, convey tlie productlcns froni and to
the l<ailw»ys.

For fuither particulars and Schedules apply to

E. J. IlAnTLtY, Secrotnry.

EALING, ACTON, and HANWBLL HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.
rresicifH/— The Richt Hon. S. IT. Walpoi-e, M.P.
Vice-President—Huron Lionel de RoinscniLD, M.P.
The above Societv has been established for the purpose of hnidinj;
an ANNUAL EXHIBITION of FLOWERS, PLANTS, FHUIT,
and VEGETABLES, at which Prizes will be awardt-d in thrco dis-
tinct Clajses, VIZ., Cottagers, Gentlemen's Gardeners, andAmatcurf.
An Annual Subscription of not less than Half-a-Guinea will entitle
the Subscriber to become a Member of the Society, anti to two
Tickets of Admission to the Exhibition, and to two Tickets for
ever}' additional Subscription of Haifa Guinea,

The THIRD EXHIBITION of tho Society will be held, by tho
kind permihsion of H. B. Walmsley, Esq., in bis Grounds, Tho Elms,
Acton, oti THURSDAY, August, 29. Tho Band of tho Victoria
R.V.C, under the direction of Mr. Sibold, will attend.

Schedule of Prizes and Form of Application to bo made by
intending Exhibitors mav be liad of the Honorary Secretary.
Admihsion :— By Member's Ticket from 12 o'Clock. Tickets, if

y before,
'Clock, 4ti-
on the day, and if purchased the day before, 2d.

Tickets can be purchaEcd at Mr. AcwoRTn's, Ealing; of Mr,
Bdnnev, Acton ; and of Mr. H. Cakteh, Hanwell,

EnwARD Weatueblv, Hon. Sec, 2, Singapore Villas, Ealing, W.

Admihsion : — uy luemoerK iithei, iroiu i- u u.ot;N. ±ivt^>

Surcbased the day before tho E\hibition tal<es place, 28. ; it c
ay, 3s,, to admit at 12 o'Clock ; Is. each if purchased the day t
and Is. 6rf. if on the day, to admit at 2 o'Clock ; alter 4 o'Clo(

CARTER'S DUTCH BULBS.

JAMES CARTEE & CO/S |

AUTUMN SUPPLEMENT

TO THEIR

GARDENER'S ANI) FARMER'S YADE MECUM,

Containing Original Articles on tlie Culture of Bulbs and Spring Gardening, also a List of Vegetable Seeds for
Autumn Sowing, is now ready and will be forwarded immediately on receipt of 12 Stamps (Gratis to Customers),
on application to

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN,

LONDON, W.C.

State of the Fruit Crops, 1867.

THE GAKDENEES' CIIUONMCLK nnd AGETCDL-
TURAL GAZETTK of ACiiisT 24 will contain an account
of the CONDITION "f tho FRUIT CKuI'S throughout tho Country.
A Ci py of this Number will be tent on receipt of SixStanifs or it
may bo ordeied of any News Agent.
Office for Advertisements, &o., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, London.

^i\t (5artrtnet^'®ftrontcle»

SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1867.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING -WEEK.

r Royal Horticultural (Fruit and Floral
Tuesday, Aug. 20l Cummittccs), at South Kensington ..IIa.m,
( Ditto CScientific Discussion) .. ..3 i'.m.

FRESH IMPORTED DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS-

SUTTON'S

AUTUMN CATALOGUE FOR 1867

IS NOW READY,

and may be had Gratis and Post Free ou applicatiwi.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS OF FLOWER ROOTS

FOE BLOOMING DURING WINTER AND SPRING.

For Pots and Glasses. i For Opes Gkocnd.

COMPLETE COLLECTION (Carriage Free) . . £2 2 0 | COMPLETE COLLECTION (Carriage Free) . . £2 2 0

DITTO (Carriage Free) . . 1 1 0 1 DITTO (Caniage Free) ..110

DITTO 0 10 GJ DITTO.. 0 10 6

LIST of CONTENTS of the above on application.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKS SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

For some time past the expediency of pro-
viding duly trained candidates for seiTice in
the Forests of Ikdia has been under the con-
sideration of the Government, and various pro-
posals have been made by Dr. Beandis and
others interested in the matter; butalthough some
preliminary and tentative steps have already
been taken, it can hardly be said that any
definite plan has yet been adopted. The main
features of the scheme as proposed by Dr.
Bhajs!DI3 are such as are intended -to secure in
the candidate, first of all, a sufficient general
education, to be followed by a more special
training. The general education, it is conceived,
can be carried on thoroughly well in this country.
The elements of mechanics, of meteorology,
of chemistry, botany, geology, or any other
science bearing on forestry, can no doubt be
as well and as efficiently learnt in this country as
elsewhere. On the other hand, a doubt has been
raised as to whether the more technical educa-
tion would not be better pursued in the great
and excellently organised forest schools of Ger-
many or of Prance. British forests, it must be
admitted, are of very trifling extent as contrasted
with the enormous area occupied by Continental
forests. Neither have we in Britain anything
like the regularly oiganised systematic course of
training for forest pursuits, such as our German
and French friends possess.

The general plan pursued in the Continental
establishments is pretty much as follows: —
First a superior general education, including
instruction in the elements of the various sciences
mentioned above, is provided for. After passing
thi-ough this preliminary curriculum, the pupils
in some cases, but not in all, pass a few months
with aforestofficer, partly with a view to familiarise
themselves with the details of forest manage-
ment, and partly with a view of testing their
physical powers, or their inclination for the
profession. If either fail, butlittle time is lost, and
the pupils can easily enter some other profes-
sion more suited to their powers, or to their incli-

852

Tlit GARDtol'llS' CilEONlClE J\K1) AGl^lClII/rtmAl, GAZETTE.

[AtJGTJST 17, 1867.

nations. Supposing tie would-bo forester to have
passed this period of probation, he then com-
mences his regular forest education by attend-
ance on courses of lectures on the general
management and improvement of woods, on
planting, on surveying, on estimating the prob-
able yield of timber — indeed, on all topics con-
nected with the proper conduct of forests. At
the same time instruction in mathematics and
science, the elements of which have already been
mastered, is continued with special reference to
their practical application to forestry. Porest
legislation and police also receive attention. At
the close of these courses, which last, with
intervals, nearly three years, an examination is
held, and those who then are deemed competent
are drafted off to serve an apprenticeship of two
years in the woods ; so that before the pupil can
become a full-fledged forest officer, he must
undergo at least five years' training, half of
which time is spent in the forests. There are
minor variations in the regulations of the several
schools, but at all of them it is obvious that
provision is made for a thorough education in
the theory and practice of forestry. The pro-
fessors in these Institutions are many of them
of first-rate reputation as men of science, and
have enriched the literature of their- profession
by works which are acknowledged as standards
of reference on the subjects on which they treat.

In this country, althoirgh we have thoroughly
competent and experienced foresters : though we
are not deficient in mathematicians, botanists,
or geologists ; though we have, or might have,
the materials for organising, en a scale com-
mensurate with the limited extent of our
forests, a' forest school, yet no such institution
exists at present, and a young man desirous of
studying this profession is thus placed at a great
disadvantage as contrasted with his German or
Prench confrere. Whether it be desirable, with
a view to our own home forests or those of India,
to establish such a school in Britain, is a point
which, with some other cognate matters, we
propose to discuss at some future time.

We have on previous occasions invited atten-
tion to the beautiful forms of Hybrid Clematis
originated by Mr. Gr. Jaokmax, of the Woking
Nursery, and we revert to them again for
the purpose of pointing out, in the first place,
how admirably they are suited for pleasvire
ground decoration, and secondly and more
especially of recording how well they have
behaved when used for "bedding out."

As pillar plants dotted about here and there
on picturesque lawns, or forming avenues in
more formal flower gardens, it is almost impos-
sible to over-estimate the gorgeous effect which
these plants are capable of producing — and, what
is most important, of maintaining, for a very con-
siderable period of the summer, extending from
about the end of June onwards to the end of
October, the height of bloom occurring about
the middle of August. We know of nothing
more enchanting as a floral picture than that
presented by a fine group of these plants, at
almost any time during the interval just named.
To bring out their best efi'ect as "pillars" they
should be grown in "hills," like Hop plants,
each hill being furnished with three stakes stand-
ing some 7 or 8 feet abo-i'e ground. The plants,
which are to be annually cut down nearly to the
base, in the early part of winter, and should be
liberally manured, cover these supports with
their rapidly extending stems by the month of
June, and they then begin to branch out freely,
so as literally to clothe the whole mass with a
sheet of glowing purple, differing in hue accord-
ing to the particular variety, irom an intense
violet purple, to a deep reddish plum colour on
the one hand, and to a soft mauve or greyish-
blue on the other. In this state we have seen
no finer flowering plant for lawn decoration, no
more gorgeous subject for garden avenues, not
■ even excepting pillar Eoses. Hundreds of the
magnificent richly-coloured blossoms are borne
successionally by every plant. It is this profusion
and continuity of bloom which is the distinctive
feature of these hj'brids.

It is an ill wind that blows no one good, and so
it has proved in the case of these Clematises. The
supports in some instances gave way before the
stiff breezes of Woking Heath, and the plants
lay prone upon the earth ; but as the plantation
was an experimental one, Mr. Jackman did not
just then renew the stakes, but rather watched
the behaviour of the recumbent individuals, and
it was found that they grew on and blossomed at

earth, as when supported in mid-air. This cir-
cumstance suggested to Mr. Jackman that he
had found here a new bedding plant, and putting
this idea to the test he has succeeded, without
the slightest difficulty, in clothing some large
beds most perfectly with the rich violet hues for
which these plants are so remarkable, the
branches interlacing and forming an even sheet
of colour some 8 or 10 inches above the sur-
face, and the gorgeous mass of flowers requiring
only some marginal colour, as with other bedding
subjects, to fully bring out its beauty.

The plants are no doubt best adapted for beds
of considerable size, and it would, we think, be
an advantage to raise the centre of the bed, or at
least to elevate the plants in that part of the bed,
as might easily be done by some temporary
trellisiug. There is not the least difficulty in
covering the surface. The plants, which, when
strong and established, are certain to bloom pro-
fusely, are put in at about 18 inches apart over
the bed, and are then pegged down in the same
direction one over the other ; and treated in this
way there is by the blooming period just enough
of foliage shown amongst the flowers to set off
the colours to the best advantage. Here, then,
has been found a new sensation in bedding-out.
The materials, as to colours, are now consider-
ably varied. There is the deep violet-purple of
Jackmanni, one of the finest of the series ; the
deep pucy plum colour, varying in shade, of
rubro-violacea. Prince of Wales, and rubella;
and the more novel tints of light mauve and
greyish blue presented by the new varieties,
Mrs. Bateman and Lady Bovill, which were so
much admired at South Kensington the other
day, and promise to come in admirably as
colours supplementing and contrasting with
those of the sorts previously mentioned. There is
also a novel feature presented in one which has
been called Thomas Moore, and which with the
other new varieties named above, gained a First-
class Certificate on the 6th inst., namely a more
profuse development of the staminal filaments,
which form a broad whitish tuft in the centre of
the very large reddish purple flowers, giving
them at a short distance much the appearance
of huge Passion-flowers. We have seen blooms
of this variety which measured 8 inches across.

We have received, at the moment of going to

press, a pamphlet from M. Alphonse de Candolle,
entitled "Lois de la nomenclature Botanique," Avhich
has been drawn up .it the request of the Committee of
the International Botanical Congress now sitting in
Paris. The object of this pamphlet, and of the discus-
sions which are to take place on it, is to establish a
reformed code of Botanical nomenclature. Horticul-
turists, says M. DE Candolle, are no longer able to
keep pace with the hosts of new names or synonyms,
and demand to be released from the chaos they them-
selves have induced in the nomenclature of cultivated
varieties. All we can do at the moment is to announce
the publication of the pamphlet; of its contents we
shall have occasion to speak more fully hereafter.

■ At a time when it is seriously proposed to omit

Botany from the curriculum of Medical Edcca-
TION, it is interesting to observe the following, which
we extract from the Medical Journals ; — " His High-
ness the Maharajah of Jeypore, Eam Sing Bahaduk,
G.C.S.I., has through his physician. Dr. Colin
S. Valentine, offered the following valuable prizes to
the Botanical and Natural History Classes in the
University of Edinburgh, viz., to the Botanical Class,
20/. for the best and approved collection of Scottish
flowering plants and Ferns, and 5/. for the best collec-
tion of Scottish Mosses and Lichens, or of Scottish Sea-
weeds ; and to the Natural History Class, 20/. for the
best collection of Scottish shells. The prizes are to be
awarded at the conclusion of the Summer Session of
1803 to students attending the classes during that
Session. The prize collections are to become the
property of the Maharajah, and are to be deposited in
the Museum of his Highness, at Jeypore."

We have already mentioned (p. 264) that the

Dundee Horticultural Society proposes to hold a
Floeal Fete in connection with the visit of the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, to
that town, ne.xt month ; and to this we may now add
that schedules are issued, and that the prize-list
amounts to 300/., in sums varying from 10/. down-
wards. Notice of intention to compete must be given
by Tuesday next, the 20th inst. Further particulars,
and printed forms of entry, may be had on application
to the Secretary, Mr. W. E. M'Kelvie, Eeform
Street, Dundee.

lobed, irregular, often uncinate spines, which have a
woody appearance. The scape is erect, ten feet high ;
the lower part beset with long subulate bracts, and
bearing the greenish flowers m a dense elongated
raceme, three to four feet long, at the upper end.
Native of Mexico. Flowered at Kew.

AmaEYLLIS pardina.— -Bo/. Mag., t. 5645. Ama-
ryllidacea;. A very handsome stove bulb of the Hip-
peastrum group, aud " the most striking species of the
genus." It has a stout bulb, bifarious broadly-linear
obtuse leaves appearing with the blossoms, and large
widely expanded flowers, with broad ovate-oblong
segments, which are straw-coloured, and marked all over
with vermilion spots, that become variously confluent,
like the markings on a spotted Calceolaria; the base of
the very short tube is fringed, and is coloured green,
with a^ purple band. What purports to be the same
plant is most inaccurately figured in Floral Mag.,
t. 344.* Native of Peru. Cultivated by Messrs. Veitch
& Sons.

BlLEEEGIA SPHACELATA. — io/. Mag., t. 5647.

Bromeliacea3. A large growing stove herb, producing
a fine crown of Pine-apple-like, spiny leaves, in the
axis of which is almost hidden a dense head of pale
rose-coloured flowers, succeeded by sweet pulpy fruits,
called Chupones, which are freely eaten by children.
Also called Greigia sphacelata. Native of temperate
Chili, near Conception. Cultivated at Kew.

Cesteum elegans.— .Bo/. Mag., t. 5059. Solanacese.
A well-known greenhouse climbing shrub, more
familiar under the name of Habrothamnus elegans.
It is very ornamental, producing its purplish red
tubular flowers in great profusion, and these are
succeeded by magnificent grape-like clusters of deep
purple globular berries one-third of an inch in
diameter, as referred to at p. 432. Native of Mexico.
Fruited by Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son.

Coleus (Veitchii.— J'/ora/ Mag., t. 345. Labiatse.
A fine coloured-leaved plant, with the stout habit of

C. Gibsoni, but more attractively coloured. The whole
centre of the broad ovate leaves is of a rich blackish
purple, while a narrow portion at the edge is of a bright
green more or less breaking into the purple, the con-
trast of colour being very decided and very pleasing.
Native of the South Sea Islands. Introduced by Mr.
J. G. Veitch.

Dendeobium Bulleeianum.— 5o/. Mag., t. 5652.
Orchidaceie. A very pretty stove epiphyte, with slender,
striated, suberect stems, bearing ovate-lanceolate, acute
leaves, the flowering ones leafless, and having the
flowers in pairs or threes at the nodes ; they are
white, tipped with rose, the lip cordate, with a large,
well-defined, roundish yellow blotch in its centre.
Native of Moulmein. Flowered by Mr. Wentworth
BuUer.

Dendeobium maceophyllum Veitchianum.—
Sot. Mag., t. 5649. Orohidace.'e. This, which is the

D. macrophyllum of Eichard, must not be confounded
with the D. macrophyllum of gardens, with which it
has nothing whatever to do. It is the plant formerly
called D. Veitchianum, which is said to differ from
the type only in its smaller leaves. It has clavate
two or 3-leaved stems, and long, erect racemes of
showy, curiously-coloured flowers, with greenish-yellow
sepals, whitish petals, and a yellowish-green, three-
lobed lip, marked with radiating purple streaks.
Native of the hot jungles of Java. Introduced by
Mr. Lobb to the collection of Messrs. Veitch.

Epidendeum Coopeeianum.— J?o/. Mag., t. 5654.
Orchidaceie. A rather pretty stove epiphyte, with
rigid erect stems, bearing distichous lanceolate acute
leaves towards the top, aud terminating in a drooping
raceme of moderate-sized flowers, of which the sepals
and petals are green, and the lip broad and rose-
coloured. Native of Bengal. Flowered by Mr. Cooper,
of Old Kent Eoad, and Mr. Dawson, of Meadow Bank.

GOODYEEA MACEANTHA.— Oartenjlora, t. 533, fig. 2.
Orohidaceaj. A very pretty dwarf and nearly hardy
Orchid, with ovate acute leaves, which are bordered
with yellow, aud in the central parts are of a dark green
reticulated with pale green lines like an Anfficto-
chilus. The flowers, two or three in number, are large,
pale rose-coloured, borne at the end of the shoots.
M. Maximowicz refers it to the section Georchis.
Native of Japan. Flowered in the St. Petersburg
Botanic Garden.

GooDYEEA \ELVTli> A.— Oartenjlora, t. 633, fig. 1.
Orchidacea;. A stout dwarf-growing and nearly hardy
Orchid, with ornamental foliage, the leaves being ovate
acute, and of a deep velvety purplish green with a
white costa on the upper, and with a violet tint on
the under side. The flowers are pinkish, and grow
about 10 together in a terminal spike. In its easy
growth, dark green leaves, and silvery markings. Dr.
Eegel states that this species compares favourably with
the old and well known Goodyera discolor. Native of
Japan. Flowered in theSt.PetersburgBotanicGarden.

Lampeococcus Weilbachii.— Gar/e)!;7ore, t. 539.
Bromeliacece. A stove perennial herb, with Ungulate
entire leaves, dilated and sheathing at the base, and with
a single panicle of flowers the calycine lobes of which
are bluish-violet, and the petals flesh-coloured. The
bracts and rachis are scarlet. It is also known as
^chmea Weilbachii. Flowered in the St. Petersburg
Botanic Garden.

PLANT POETEAITS.

Agave iylonacantha.— .Bo/. Mag., t. 5660. Ama-
ryllidaceEe. One of a group of highly-ornamental
plants requiring greenhouse cultivation, which pos-
sesses ill a striking degree the varied features of plant-
nobility, and are now happily rising in popular esti-
mation, and taking up the position once held by mere
colour-beauty.

This species is stemless, and has its
., „ . I thick succulent spreading ensiform-lauceolate leaves .„ ,„

least as freely, when in contact with the mother I marginate, the margin beset by compressed, simple or t mess.

In reference to this figure, the following criticism, from a
very high authority in these matters, has heen put into our
hands: — "Some notice ought to be taken of a drawmg
which has appeared in the ' Floral Magazine 'of Hippeastrum
pardinum ; it is entirely unlike the plant infform and colour,
and important characteristics. The publication of such a
plate is absolutely mischievous to science, and merits severe
reprehension The flower .and perianth segments are not only
alto.'ether differently shaped and coloured, but the base of the
tube" is all wrong, and the leaves are represented as strongly
veined i The plate does not even agree with the descnplion,
and that is bad enough. Do, pray, use your editorial authority
in the interest of science, or we shall get into a dreadful

August 17, 1867.]

rilE GARPENEllS' C^TRO^'I(;LE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

833

N/EGEiiA FULOiDA. — Qarlenjlora, t. 5.33. Gesnera-
ceiB. A very beautiful stove perennial, closely related
to N. ciunabarina, but dilTering in its briplit green
velvety leaves, anil its cyliiidrai'i'O-campanulate, sub-
tetragonal, not ventricose, rnrolhi, not tapered at tbe
base, and in tbe spreadiir^ subliiani;ular lolies of its
limb. The llowcrsarc briglit scarlet, with a white tbrnat
spotted witli red. Native of Vera Cruz. Flowered in
the Zurich Botanic Garden, and transferred thenco to
M. Van Houlte.

Primula luteola. — Oarten/lora, t. 541. Primu-
lacere. A fine bardy herbaceous perennial, with oblong
leaves, G inches to a foot long, narrowed towards tbe
base and toothed at tlie margin ; tbe (lowers are
numerous, in roundish heads, elevated on tall flowering
stems, and are of a pale or sulphur yellow, deepening
to a golden yellow about tho throat. It is allied to
the P. auriculata of Jleyer. Native of tho Caucasus,
in moist springy localities, at a considerable elevation.
Flowered by Mr. Peter Buck, of St. Petersburg.

Pkostanthera NiVEA.— .Bo/. Maff., t. 5058.
Labiatse. A greenhouse evergreen shrub, more curious
than showy, having linear leaves, and numerous small
grayish flowers. Native of New South Wales.
Flowered at Kew.

RUDGEA JIACUOPIIYLIA. — Sol. Maff., t. 5053.
Cinchouaceto. A noble hothouse evergreen shrub, with
very large deep green obovate-obloug leaves, 1 to 2 feet
long, and large densely-flowered globose heads of fleshy
creamy-white flowers. It is the plant frequently called
Kudgea leucocephala. Native of Brazil. Flowered
by Messrs. Henderson.

GKAPE JUDGING.

At last justice is to be done, though the heavens
should fall. A great friend has spoken : his words are
weighty ; they are based on common sense ; they carry
authority. He says — hear it, O ye fanciful Grape
growers and mighty e.thibitors who cut us green, and
then run about with us from place to place, until at
last we are fit for nothing but to be thrust, oh horrible
degradation ! into sour tarts— he says, I repeat, that
Grapes are grown to be eaten ! only think of that; and
that tho palate — yes the palate, and not the eye, nor
the scales, nor tbe bloom, is to be the final court of
appeal. Well done, Thomson ! that's what I call sense.
My delight is to store up quality for appreciative and
gratified palates; but these exhibitors won't let me.
Talk of cruelty to animals ; it is as nothing to the
cruelty to which I am subjected. One says you must
produce a bunch weighing a stone. Another says that
each berry must become a black plum. Another, that
I must wear a black coat like a rook. A fourth that
I must have a dusty, mouldy surface — bloom they call
it— like a sloe. The eye, the fancy, the whim mubt be
satisfied, whatever may become of quality. And for what
purpose? The eye cannot eat Grapes; the mouth
cannot crunch a huge bunch at a snap ; and bloom is
rather a nuisance than not, having something a little
fungus-like about it. Quality is the one thing needful ;
that appeals to the palate — tbe only sense or organ con-
cerned. Its enjoyment, however, cannot be weighed
out by pounds ; its taste is in.sensible to the finest
coating of black varnish ; its craving cannot be satisfied
with intangible Grape bloom. Very large berries, too,
are rather a bore. Any ordinary-sized Grape is enough
for a single mouthful. It spoils their flavour to cut
them, even with a silver knife; it is a messy business
to tear them; and to bolt them whole is almost as
vulgar an operation as that of the Irishman, who
pufTed out his lean cheeks with a couple of hot
Potatos.

J return to quality as the one thing for the palate.
Mr. Thomson's rules, published elsewhere, are good, but
quality mightstill stand higher. He suggests that flavour
snould have 3 marks; colour, 2 ; size of berry, 2 ; size
ofbuncb,!; shape of bunch, 1; bloom, 1; in all, 10 marks
to constitute the highest relative excellence.

This, I repeat, is a good standard, but the following
would be still better :— Flavour, C marks ; quality of
flesh, fineness of texture. 2 ; colour, 2 ; size of bunch 1 ;
shape of bunch, 1 ; in all, 12 marks— discarding bloom,
and size of berries, the one as useless, and the other as
a positive nuisance to the palate. Size, form, and
colour, are rew-arded out of compliment to tbe eye ;
but flavour and quality of flesh are the essential points
in everything grown for the delectation of the palate.
Viti^ vinifera, August 12.

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF VENTILATION.
No. XVII.

(Coiilbived.fmmp. 806.)
Aktificial vegetable life, like our own, is subject
to higher pressure than it used to be. It partakes of
the prevailing excitement ; greater rapidity of growth,
and heavier and better produce are demanded in a
shorter iperiod of time. Hence a more prompt and skilful
application of natural forces is needed. Heat, light,
cold and shade, drought, moisture, air, and food, must
be better understood ; and the supply of each utilised,
controlled, or measured by ventilation. These, and
indeed all the energies of Nature, form links in the
endless chain of causation that runs round the
universe. Each is related to each, and to the whole,
and thus it becomes impossible intelligently to com-
prehend almost any subject without knowing some-
thing of its relationship to others. The interception
of part of the heating rays of the sun by partial shade,
for instance, lessens the amount of air admitted, of
moisture expended, and probably of food consumed.
Another very diflicult problem also claims solution
here. A proper shade should only exclude the heating
rays of the sun. In this climate most tropical produce,
such as we generally grow under glass, can seldom or
never bavean excess of light. The best coloured shading,
so as to exclude the most heat, and permit the passage

of light, is still a desideratum. Much also depends
upon the position of the shading material. In no cacc
should it be fixed to the glass, therefore all smear-
ings or paintings with whiting and milk,
itc, are to be avoided. Tbe usual mode of
rolling canvas, kc, down the surface of the glass
is almost as bad. Arrangements .should bo mailc
for raising tho shading material a foot or two above the
glass. In such a position it would be more eiricient in
breaking tho heating power of tho sun, while it would
admit more of its light. It should al.so be borne in
mind that the shade which may bo so serviceable
occasionally in keeping heat out, may become equally
useful in keeping it in. Glass, a-s is well known, is a
powerful radiator of heat ; by reason of this quality
single glass roofs become of themselves eflicient venti-
lators. If even so close as not to allow the passage of
heat through their crevices, the heat, nevertheless,
p.asses rapidly through their substance. In this way,
as well as by their loss from actual contact with
the external air, single-glazed, uncovered glass
roofs become sources of cold or losers of beat.
And this coldness is a cause of motion through-
out tho whole area of a hothouse atmosphere. The
heated air rushes up against the roof to bo either
radiated into space, or sent back again from whence it
came by its own weight, chilled by its journey. Thus
while the air is kept in motion, it is at the expense of
an immense loss of heat and of moisture also, as we
have already seen at page 1105 a. It seems, therefore,
that the movement of the air induced by a cold roof
may be purchased too dear. Hence double glazing
and shading or night coverings have been recommended
or adopted. Their value as conservers of heat will be
the more apparent when we bear in mind that the
energy of r.adiation is largely dependent upon the
difl'crence of temperature between any two bodies, and
t,he transparency (to heat) of the medium between
them. The warmer a ray is the greater is its power of
penetrating through any medium. Media opaque
to the passage of heat at low temperatures are quite
pervious to heat at high temperatures. The necessarily
great disparities between theinternal and external atmo-
spheres of forcing houses and plant stovesmust there-
fore stimulate the energies of radiation to the utmost.
Glass itself is also a powerful radiator. It offers little or
no resistance to the removal of heat. Whatever the efi'cct
of double glazing may be on radiation, the stratum of 2
or 3 inches of inclosed air saves the outer surface from
being cooled by conduction. It thus prevents a great
loss of heat. But a thin screen or shade of tolerably
opaque material, such as canvas, &c., placed a few
inches above the glass, would almost entirely intercept
radiation, and maintain the roof at a higher tempera-
ture. Thus tbe largest drain on the moisture of the
inside air would be stopped, a great loss of heat
prevented, and the maintenance of an equable tempe-
rature rendered easy and cheap.

Another vital question remains to be noticed. Recent
experiments have revealed new facts concerning the
changes effected upon light and heat by their passage
through different media. Tho character and density
of the medium influences the direction, quiility, and
colours of the calorific and luniiniferous rays. In
l>assing out of air, into water, for instance, or vice rersd,
the ray is bent out of its previous course. The same
thing happens on its passage through glass. I think it
has too readily been taken for granted that a change
of line is all that takes place. Certain difficulties,
almost peculiar to the setting and maturation of fruits
under glass, seem to intimate that the quality may also
be changed. While more or less of direct sunlight seems
needful at all periods of growth, it is especially
essential during the fructification of flowers and the
maturation of fruits. Hence the difficulty of setting
or imparting piquancy of flavour to fruit in dull
weather. Even hardy plants, such as Wheat, refuse
to set well or ripen thoroughly in the shade ; and we
know that no amount of artificial heat or shaded light
can successfully set or perfectly finish fruit, or bring
out the full brilliance of flowers or leaves in the
absence of direct sunlight. The experiments of Pro-
fessor Tyudal on the powerful absorbent action of
vapours, gases, and even perfumes, seem to throw a
new light on this subject. Ho proves, by direct expe-
riment, that the following perfumes are endowed with
the extraordinary powers of intercepting terrestrial
radiation. Taking tbe atmosphere as unity, the fol-
lowing table gives tbe absorbent power of the sub-
stances named in it : —

Perfumes.

AbBorp'
tion.

.. 30

N.ame3

Patchouli . .

San'lal-wood . . . . 32
Geranium.. .. .33

Oil of Cloves . . . . 33.5
Bersamot.. ., ..44

Ncroli 47

Lavender 60

Lemon .. .. .. G5

Names

Absorp-
tion.
.. 67

Portugal . .

Thyme (,«

Rosemary. . . . . . 74

Oil of Laurel . . . . 80

Camomile flowers . . 87

Cassia 109

Spikenard .. ..355
Aniseed 372

The number of atoms of air present in the tube in
which the experiments were conducted must be con-
sidered as almost infinite, compared with those of the
odours, thinly scattered as they were. Yet in the case
of Patchouli they do 30 times the execution of the
air; attar of Roses upwards of 36 times; Thyme,
68 times ; Spikenard, 355 times ; and Aniseed. 372
times. It would be idle to speculate, continues
Tyndall, on the quantities of matter implicated in these
results. Probably they would have to be multiplied by
millions to bring them up to ordinary air. Thus
" Tho sweet south.

That breathefl upon a banlc of 710101.=;,

Stealing and giving odour,"

owes its sweetness to an agent which, though almost
infinitely attenuated, may be more potent as an inter-
cepter of terrestrial radiation, than the entire atmo-
sphere from " bank to sky."

To these experiments, made on essential oils, others
were made on dry buncbesofhcrb.s, rendered still drier
by artificial means, obtained from C'ovcnt Garden
market.

Thyme thus experimented on gave an action of
33 times that of the air wdiich passed over it. Pepper-
mint .'it. Spearmint 38, Lavender 32, Wormwood '11,
and Cinnamon 53 times the action of the air.* The o
facts are sulliciently startling to demand the most
serious consideration. Olher.s, upon ozono and aqueous
vapour, are ctpially or more iniportuiil. I piirjioKo
returning to this subject soon in connection with tho
radiation of heat, and the destructive energy of ground
frosts. My chief object here in adverting to these facts
is to show tho magnitude of the issues that .seem
suspended upon these minuto causes, and to base
upon such facts an argument in favour of tho most
thorough or complete ventilation. Even s\ibtlo
perfumes may need to be driven forth, unless we aro
content to lose much of tbe heating power of the sun,
and to have the quality and colour of his light modified
and weakened, Impossible as it may seem, these facts
havealsoautilitarian aspect. Tyndal elsewhere assertsit
as almost certain " that the quantity of volatile matter
removed from a hartshorn bottle by any person in a
room by a single inb.alation would exerci.se a more
potent action on radiant heat than the whole body of
oxygen and nitrogen which the room contains." Ho
also establishes by experiment that while the absorption
of air— oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen — at the common
pressure of the atmos|ihere is unity, or 1, that of
carbonic acid is 20, and of ammonia 1195. Now, as
the power of absorbing caloric and of generating caloric
are equal, what say practical gardeners to a little
hartshorn, attar of Roses, or carbonic acid gas in
hothouses, as husbanders of heat on a winter night. In
this way science might save our coals, and render our
night duties easier. Certainly Tyudal's experiments
seem conclusive, and coincide with the teachings of
Nature. Carbonic acid gas is generated and perfumes
are most abundantly distributed at night. It is quite
possible that all this is ordered so as to husband solar
beat. And they may be dissipated in the morning, to
allow the solar rays a free passage to our earth.
Whether all this can bo established or not, ive cannot
be wrong in imitating Nature'.s example, and freely
opening our glass houses as early as possible in tho
morning, to allow free dispersion to the air, which may
be either exhausted, or overstocked with heat, odours,
or aqueous vapours, Thus much I can add from
actual experience, that early ventilation is, from some
cause, of the first importance. As a rule, in mild
weather, and during the whole summer, to open the
ventilators an inch or two is tbe first labour at 6 o'clock
A.M., if indeed they have not been partially open all
night.

I At times the copiousness of ventilation is of more
moment than continuity. During dull, severe weather,
glass houses may occasionally be kept closed for days
or even weeks together with impunity, provided a low
temperature is preserved. Then, when a change does
come, fires may be put on, and the mild outside air
freely admitted, so as to renew the entire atmosphere
and sweep every nook and corner clear of perfumes,
exhausted gases, or stagnant air. Again : when tbe
weather permits, ventilation ought to become con-
stant. Thus, summer and winter ventilation will be
regulated on somewhat diflerent principles. The stages
of growth, the state of the external air, the measure of
light and heat at command, and the objects aimed at
by our culture, will all exert a modifying influence on
our practice. In fact ventilation may be defined
as a lock, of which these and probably other
yet more subtle influences, are the difl'erent keys,
and a knowledge of when to use them, and how wide
to open the outlets and inlets, and when and why
we should keep them shut, may be said to constitute
the tlieory and practice of our subject. In winter the
necessity of internal warmth, and of conteracting tbe
external cold, renders copious ventilation difficult, if
not impracticable. And if vegetation is well nigh
dormant, so much fresh air will not be needed. But in
forcing houses, when spring or summer growth is
expanding under our leaden wintry skies, or fruit is
setting or being pushed on to perfection, then venti-
lation demands our utmost skill, and becomes the first
condition of success. By generating more beat than
we need we can afford to allow some of it to escape,
and thus get rid of exhausted air. The obtaining of a
fresh supply is a more difficult matter The openings
must be carefully guarded, or connected with drains in
the back walls, or tbe cold air will be apt to rush in in
dangerous excess. In very cold weather sufficient cold
air will come in by the top openings to renew tbe
inside atmospbere.witbout anybeing admitted in front.
In moderate weather the front ventilators may also
be opened. Those for early forcing should consist of a
series of drains proceeding from the surface and termi-
nating in a main drain within the house, enclosing the
return hot-water pipes. On this main drain the venti-
lators should be placed. I hope to give plans, showing
how this can be done, in succeeding papers.on the modes
and places for the admission of air. It will be obvious
that by such an arrangement a copious stream of /resh
warm air may be enjoyed at pleasure. The point of
admission is of the first moment. By entering so low
down it will become further warmed as it ascends, and
can hardly fail to be genialised before it reaches tender
vegetation.

In summer all these precautionary measures ought
to be dispensed with. The more freely the direct
heat and light of the sun are admitted the better.
But for tie trouble and expense of removal,
I believe many of our plants would thrive
better if partially or wholly unroofed during the
summer months. Some of them would be bene-
fit ed by tbe full blaze of the sun; more would
• Heat a.s a Mode of Motion, pp. B06, 367, .and 368.

854

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE,

[August 17, 1857.

profit by the invigorating balmy zephyrs, and dews of
night. But as this is mostly impracticable, let us open
tliem as freelyas possible to the free ingress of light, heat,
and air. IJnnrotected ventilators are dangerous^ in
winter. Muffled ones are, perhaps, equally injurious
during the summer. Even perforated wire coverings
to e.'cclude wasps have been thought to affect the
quality of the air admitted. All summer ventilators
should open up^ so as to allow the air and the light to
dart down vertically into the house. It would be well
for us to look upon both as something that could be
partially shut out by the projecting glass— and it is not
certain but that they can be. Of this we may rest
assured, that the more closely our artificial atmo-
spheres resemble Nature, the better will our plants
thrive ; and the more of the outside air, with its perfect
light and solar heat, we can get into our houses the
closer shall we tread in the footsteps of Nature. One
caution needs however to be given. Hothouse nature is
not our nature. It may be Indian, South American,
or African climate we need, not English ; therefore,
while utilising to the utmost every ray of light and
every sunbeam of warmth, as a rule much more mois-
ture and often more heat will have to be given, than
our climate at its best can afford. Fickleness and change
will also have to be guarded against, and hence the
importance of prompt and efficient mechanical con-
trivances for opening and shutting ventilators, and
therefore this will appropriately form the subject of
concluding papers. D. T. Tisli, F.S.S.S.

SALADS, AND HOW TO GROW THEM.

CncuiiBEKS. ■ — Lovers of salads always take an
interest in the cultivation of Cucumbers, which afford
a fine relish at all seasons of the year. Cucumbers, as
we all know, are intimately associated with salmon
and some other kinds of fish ; and I never consider a
salad complete without one at any season of the
year. With good accommodation and proper manage-
ment, Cucumbers may always be obtained. Where
they can be grown by means of hot water, I prefer pits
to houses, as the former are more easily kept moist
than the latter— and this is one of the chief points as
regards Cucumber growing. In cultivating Cucumbers
in houses or pits, the plants should be trained on
trellises, and the fruit allowed to hang down.

Let us commence with their propagation. First of
all, obtain a good sort from some respectable grower.
The best for general forcing is Champion of England,
but there are some other good varieties for winter
work. The Old Syon House is as good a kind as is
cultivated, but it is not so handsome as some others.
Sow in January, February, and March, and in October
and November for winter-forcing. The plants should
be raised in some other pit or box as the case may be,
or be kept near the glass in the same pit in which they
are to be grown.

The seed bed should be made after the following
manner:— If it is intended to use dung-heat, get
together a good heap of stable manure three or four
weeks previously to sowing ; and turn it over regularly
two or three times at intervals of seven or eight days.
If it is dry, give it a thorough soaking with water, so as
to get up a good state of fermentation. When the heat
has moderated a little throw out the earth on a sjiace
2 feet wider than the box, and about 2 feet deep, in a
sheltered situation, facing south or south-east, so as to
obtain the morning sun ; upon this foundation the bed
should he made 2 feet C inches high, beating it down
firmly with a dung-fork. Put on the boxes and lights,
allow the steam to pass off freely for two or three days,
then turn the dung over a few inches deep (the heat
should vary from 70° to 80' Fahrenheit), cover slightly
with fine mould, and sow the seed in shallow pans,
protecting it from mice, which are very fond of it.

Where hot water is employed the treatment must be
as nearly like rhe foregoing as possible. As soon as the
young plants have two leaves, pot them off into 41 inch
pots, two in a pot, into good mould not sifted too finely.
Let the soil be a little below the rim of the pot in order
that the latter may hold water, and be careful not to
crowd the plants. Let them have as much of the
morning sun as possible, and cover them up early in
the afternoon, sprinkling them with water, in order to
keep the atmosphere moist When they have made
two leaves, in addition to the seed ones, pinch off their
leading shoots, they will then throw out two main
stems, which should not be allowed to run above three
joints ; stop again and peg down from the glass, which
should not be more than 9 or 10 inches from the
earth, inside the boxes. The beds should be made
as has already been directed, with the addition of
9 or 10 inches of mould upon the top, for the plants
to grow in. This should be a good strong loam, if it can
be obtained, though that kind of soil i* by no means
indispensable. Put out the plants without breaking
the ball round the roots, and give them a little water,
warmed to the same temperature as the bed ; indeed,
warm water should always be used until June. After
the plants have made three joints on the leading shoots
before spoken of, they will again push at each of these
joints, and in all probability these laterals will show
fruit at the first joint. These should be pinched off to
the fruit, but if none appears leave them a joint or two
to make wood. Continue to pinch back to the fruit as
often as they break, and thin out all superfluous
leaves ; this must be well follow-ed up during the
summer. Afford a lining of hot dung whenj the beds
begin to cool— a condition which may be ascertained by
putting a stick into the bed, leaving it there for a few
hours, and then pulling it out. On feeling the stick,
it will reveal the amount of warmth in the beds ;
if they are too hot, defer putting out the plants for a
few days. Push the sashes down a few inches about
8 in tile morning if favourable, but this must be
arranged according to the wentber, for if the winds are
cool or rough when the plants are young, they will

not be able to bear them. A good plan is to give the
plants air, and cover the apertures with a bast mat.
See that plenty of water is supplied during April,
May, and June. Shade the frame from the heat of
the sun from 11 till 3 during April, May, and June,
after which the plants ought to be strong enough to
bear it. If they are to be grown in a house or pit,
allow the plants to reach the glass without stopping
them, that is, if they are strong; should they be
otherwise, they must be topped, in which case keep
them to one stem. When they have reached the
glass stop them, and train along the trellis, stopping
them as before directed for frame culture.

There are two other methods of growing Cucumbers,
viz., under hand-glasses and in the open ground.

In order to grow hand-glass Cucumbers, sow the
seed the first week in April in a slight hotbed ; pot
the plants oflF three in a pot, stop them back to two
rough leaves, keep them near the glass, and give
them plenty of air. The first week in May put out the
plants in the following manner — viz., in rows 6 feet by
4 feet apart ; but first take out a barrowful of earth at
one end of the row, and wheel it to the other end.
With this fill up when you have finished making up the
row. In the hole thus formed put a barrowful of good
hot dung, and throw the earth out of the next station
over it, covering the dung at least 8 inches : this will
make a hole for the next barrowful of dung ; and so on
to the end of the row. Make the mould fine, and put
out the plants, covering them with hand-glasses, and
leaving them, with the exception of watering, until
they have filled the glasses. Mulch with straw, raise
the glasses upon three bricks, and lay out the plants,
which will now only require plenty of water.

In the open ground they should be treated in a
similar manner to those grown under hand-glasses,
except that they should be sown where they are to
remain, giving them as much shelter as possible during
their early stages of growth. Some sow early liye in
every alternate row. There are numbers of acres of
Cucumbers grown in this way in Bedfordshire, and in
the surrounding districts.

Gherkins are sown during the first week in May,
between other crops, two seeds being put into a hole
4 feet by 2 feet apart. Their after-culture merely con-
sists in keeping them free from weeds; tbey will cover
the ground as the other crops come off. _

Out-door Cucumbers are quite a distinct variety
from those grown in frames ; they are known by the
names of Eidge Cucumbers and Gherkins. J. M. M.

A SUMMER MELON FRAME.

HAViNGgrown Melonswithoutartifloialheat for some

years, I venture to furnish an outline of a frame which

1 can recommend for this purpose. The chief things to
secure are warm air, and warm earth and water. I will
presume a common frame to be at hand, either double
or single. Knock out the front of it, add 6 inches
to the part left, and let the portion added extend

2 feet out in the front. I would have a sash made
to fit the front, as is represented by the annexed
woodcut. This sash will give in a degree suffi-

cient bottom-heat for the summer culture of this
fruit. The slides are for admitting fresh air. The
top sash of this frame ought to be hinged in front,
and tilted at the back, according to the heat of the air
in the frame. I would next recommend another frame,
1 foot less in length and breadth, and about 8 inches
deep ; the bottom to consist of bars, nailed on crosswise,
the whole standing on legs, as is here represented. This
frame is to be placed
inside the larger one
indicated above, and
may be called the earth
frame, the larger one
being the air frame.
The next essential to
be provided is warm
water. I would there-
fore recommend a
trough to be made as
long as can be got into
the frame ; hang it on
two cramps at the
back of the large
frame, and as near the
glass as possible. A
trough 5 inches deep and 5 inches wide would hold
enough water both for watering and syringing the
plants. I would further recommend these troughs for
all pits in which Melons or Cucumbers are grown. I
have used them myself with great advantage. I
always find the water to be of nearly the same tempera-
ture as the bouse in which the troughs are placed.
Galvanised wire is best for training the plants on.
Fasten some on the inner frame,and on the sides of the
outer frame ; it will form a capital trellis for the plants.
S. Mills, Enys, Penryn.

SPRING GARDENING.

It may be well to remind those who may intend to
try a little Spring Gardening, that the present is a good
time to sow many of the annuals that bloom so
beautifully in the spring months. I have been
sowing in the course of the past w'eek such subjects as
Silene pendula, both red and white ; Saponaria calabrica,
red and white ; Limnanthes Douglasii and grandiflora;
Erysimum Peroffskianum, Lasthenia californica, &c.
These are for beds, but we sow also for baskets or
mixtures such things as Collinsia bicolor and verna.
Lupins have a fine eflect in situations where there are
no rabbits, and where the soil is not wet in winter. For
Nemophilas a later period is better. I am also
sowing a long list of likely annuals, to try if there are
any others that may prove useful.

Although it is a little late for Myosotis, still it would
bloom if sown immediately. I find the best time to sow
it is with the Wallflowers and Brompton Stocks in
spring. There is no fear of its running, and the
larger the plants the more bloom they will produce.
I believe it is a perennial, but with us, when old, it
becomes subject to mildew, which generally carries it
off. There is also still abundance of time for propagating
the different sorts of Pansies, which will make fine
plants by autumn ; also for dividing Daisies. Beds or
ribbons of these latter, are nothing if not planted thick
and full.

It is quite surprising to find how rich we are getting
in foliage for winter decoration, and how very effective
beds and borders can be made with foliage alone.
Suppose any one to have a circular bed which it is
wished to convert into a Catherine wheel : we have
Ajuga orientalis for cross bars, and Arabis variegata
and mollis, with aucuba-leaved Daisy, Aubrietia
variegata, Cerastium, &c. Or is it desired to mix them
with flowers ? Then suppose we take a yard and
a half from the front of a ribbon border, and introduce
along this part beds resembling in shape _ a pair
of spectacles, adding a bridge to the opposite side.
Then fill the back part with a mass of Arabis mollis
variegata, and the front with A. lucida variegata,
and into all the ovals put blue Pansy or blue
Aubrietia grandiflora, and into all the circles red Daisy.
The white sets off the red and blue to the very best
advantage. If variety is the object, it is only necessary
to keep to low things. We are more rich in variety for
spring than summer— that is, of good things. The
Ajuga is something like the Perilla, but low growing,
and the winter brings out the colour, the same as cold
brings brightness to the leaves of the variegated Daisy.
There are besidesthese thePol6moniumvariegatum,and
the yellow-leaved Pyrethrum,but not having tried them
in beds, I cannot as yet recommend them fur winter or
spring. J. F., Cliveden.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.— No. IV.

{Continnedfyomp. 807.)

In Crucifera5, the finest plants are Cheiranthuf
alpinus and Marshallii, the fine old double yellow
Wallflower, Arabis albida, the Aubrietias (more pro-
perly alpines perhaps, but still, from their thorough
hardiness and capability of flourishing in any soil,
among the very best things that can be used for the low
front edges of the mixed border), Alyssum saxatile and
its variety compaotum, Iberis saxatilis, I. Tenoreana
(for light sandy soils and rockwork), I. Garrexiana, and
particularly one called gibraltarica in botanic gardens
and " correoefolia " in nurseries, but to neither of which
names it belongs, or rather neither of them belong to
it — it is quite a distinct species, and comes
in later than the common evergreen Iberis ;
Hesperis matronalis pleno (the fine old double
Rocket, yet plentiful in many cottage gardens),
and Crambe cordifolia for a grand fine-leaved
subtropical subject. You cannot overdo such fine
things as the Iberises, Aubrietias, and Alyssunis in this
order. Associated with a few other things, like Erica
carnea, they are almost suflicient to stock the spring
garden with beauty, though it would be spiritless
management that would confine it to any one family
or any one set of plants simply because they bloomed
as freely as do these. Depend upon it, variety com-
bined with excellence is the soul of good ornamental
gardening ; and that we can have abundant variety with-
out a single weedy or gawky plant there can be no
doubt whatever, to any person who reflects upon our
resources in this way.

But there is no room to discuss the ethics of the
subject or make the thing lively, so I will fall again
upon the names. Datisca cannabina is worth growing
for its habit, and the Helianthemums in variety, will be
found suitable for many a spot on rockwork or borders.
Viola cornuta and "montana," obliqua, striata, and
pedata, are worthy of association with the various fine
kinds of the sweet violet ; though, be it remarked, that
some of these are not first-rate as herbaceous plants.
Any of the Parnassias, well grown in pots of peat, or in
a moist spot, will give much pleasure, and such Gyp-
sopbilas as repens, sibirica, and dubia are good for
rockwork. .

With the exception of the Pinks and Carnations, it
is perhaps better to treat the Dianthuses as alpines,
but I have found D. petrieus so thoroughly useful a
plant as an edging, so free to grow where other species
invariably perished from wireworm, &o., that 1 must
highly recommend it here. It produced masses ol the
handsomest deep rosy flowers with me, so much so as to
be conspicuous at a long distance ofi^, thougli quite a
low earth-biting plant. Of course a variety of those
fragrant and beautiful Pinks, Carnations and Picotees
is indispensable to every collection of hardy plants.
How fine they are, either arranged alone or inter-
mingled with other subjects! It is a poor garden
which does not present a lot of these flowers which
combine colour, lacing, fragrance, hardiness, and beauty

August 17, 1S67.]

TlIK GARDl'NKl^S' ClIRONinLK j\NI) AGRirUITUliAL GAZETTK

855

of form in as high a degrco as we can find thoin else-
where, either iudoors or out. There is a heap of dirty
pinks goins about under various uames, none of which
I can speciry either for culture or condeninatitm,
because they are evidently all chips of the same blook.
My advice is, Ret hold ofa bitof suchkiudsas petrxus.
CKsius {which grows so pretty on the old walls at
Oxford and other places), and alpinus, and make the
most of thora. One good tuft uf the last is worth a
field full of such as you see olTored in seed catalogues
and enumerated in botanic garden lists. D. superbus
is a distinct and elegantly fringed species, worth a
place. Tunica Saxifraga is a neat little thing for rock-
work and the front or borders, so are Saponaria ocy-
moides, o. major and pulchella, Silene Sohafta, Lychnis
ooronaria plena, white and red double ohalcedonicas,
dioica alba and rubra plena, and fulgens ; the double
varieties of Viscarias are also good in this state, and
80 too are Arenaria moutana, and a tV.w of the Ceras-
tiums, the best of which are the well known two used
for edging, and grandiflorum, also a slightly silvery or
tomentose species.

We do not often see the Linums in cultivation, but
they are really far more worthy of it than scores of things
that may be seen grown in this way. They are neat in
habit, never fail into a lit of raggedness, the flowers are
always of a pleasing colour, aud the plants are easily
raised aud grown. One of the prettiest herbs I have
had the pleasure to grow was a mass of L. narbonense,
which, planted in rich moist soil, kept expanding its
charming blue flowers the whole season round, so much
so as to make me suspect it might prove useful as a
bedding plant. With me it did not seed, and that, of
course, tended to i>rulong the bloom. L. perenne, and
p. album, nuinogynum, and alpiuum, are all good, and
admirably suited to the mixed border.

Malva campjmulata is a decumbent plant, of great
delicacy and beauty of colour; I wish it were oftener
seen, though I am not sure if it be hardy except in
favourable soils aud districts, but it is a plant of
peculiar and decided beauty when well developed ; and
Callirrhoe involucrata, of the same order, is a good
thing. Of the Geraniums, lancastriense, pratense flore-
pleno, sanguineum, e-triatum, and afline are the best, aud
Erodium Manescavi is a large and beautifully-coloured
plant, well worthy of association with the best of its
allies, the Geranium.'?, if not better worth growing
than any of them. Probably the British G. sangui-
neum is the best of them, in consequence of its
prolonged bloom and tidy habit. Dictamnus Fraxi-
nellaand albus, though they do not make much show
on Some soils, are occasionally seen in a showy condition
under more favourable circumstances. W. li.

FKUITS ETC., DRFRD OR PUESER^TID.

The following report on the fruits, &c., exhibited in
the Paris Exhibition has been drawn up by Dr. Hogg.
The notices of the Oranges will form an appropriate
supplement to the information recently given in our
columns with reference to the Oranges grown in the
Azore Islands: —

Those who .ire interested in the .study of these subjects will
find throughout the varioii.'^ departments of the Exhibition
ample opportunities of pratifyinj,' their taste and of extending
their infoimation ; but it is much to be regretted that in too
many cases the collections of foreign countries are not so use-
ful and instructive as they might otherwise have been, if tho
objects had been more generally named, and pains had been
taken to furnish such information as would have enabled
visitors to distinguish between the various objects exhibited.
In the Portuguese and Italian depai-tments, for example,
there are immenp.e collections of Haricots, many of which are
not generally known ; but each variety is simply labelled
"Haricots," and no means are available for ascertaining the
names by which to distinguish one from another. This is also
particularly the case in the Algerian department, where there
are collections of Oranges and dried B'igs, not any of which
are distinguished by names by which they might be identified.

Of the fruits in their natural condition the collection which
Is 'the most attractive and interesting will be found in the
Greek department. It consists of 53 distinct varieties of
Oranges, many of which are of great size and beauty, while
others are peculiar either from their form or colour. Tlie
cultivation of Oranges having of late years become a promi-
nent feature in English horticulture, and the facility with
which they may be ripened in the cheap glasshouses now so
fijeneral in the country, a description of the leading varieties
in this collection will prove highly useful, as there are few if
any of them that already exist in our gardens.

The different kinds of Oranges are divided into, 1, sweet
Oranges, or those of which the St. Michael's may be taken as
the type ; 2, bitter Oranges, called by the French Bigaradicrs,
and of which the Seville Orange is an illustration ; 3, Lemons;
4, Citrons ; 5, Berganiottes, or Limes ; 6, Shaddocks, or Pam-
pelmous ; and, 7, Forbidden Fruit. Among the sweet Oranges,
there are the St. Michael's, the blood Orange of Malta, and the
elliptic, or egg-shaped Orange, all of which are familiar
varieties. But there is a variety which surpasses them all,
and is called China Orange, or rpiroKaXAi'if tys KaXAa,£*aTay,
a large, handsome fruit, Sg inches in diameter, of a deep
orange colour in the skin, which is smooth, like that of the
St. Michael's. In flavour this is the finest of all. Then there
are the Genoa, a variety similar to the St. Michael's, but with
a coarser surface, and the sweet Orange of Candia, both which
are very excellent varieties. There is also a variety with a
singular bossed surface, from which circumstance it is called
gibbosum. The small flat variety, which we call in the
fruiterers' shops in London the Tangicrine, is here called the
Mandarine, or M«v5ae(v(oy,

There is a great variety of the Bigaradicrs, or bitter Oranges
many of which are singul.arly curious and omamentaj. Of
these the most striking is one called K^yiTixo n^etyii, in Chios :
ia-Kou^ei, in Candy; and *eaTav£jaiio, in Peloponnesus. It is
from 4 inches to 6 inches in diameter, of a rich deep orange
colour, and has a very rough, warted surface. The other is
called umbilicata, and is also of large size, being 3^- inches to
4 iriches in diameter, of the flat shape of the Mandarine, and
with the stalk and the apex deeply indented. A vei-y beautiful
variety of this class is a medium-sized fruit, finely striped,
some being of a pale lemon colour, with deep orange longi-
tudinal bands ; and others of a deep orange ground, with pile
lemon-coloured stripes. This is called "Hermaphrodite de
Genois." There is a curious variety called Comiculata, or
Homed Orange, from horns growing out all round the upper
part of the fruit. These horns are tho points of the carpels, or
" the quarters." of the fruit which have become detached, and

grown out, and departing from tho normal form, assume tills
Hiiiguhir appearance. There in a liirgo fnUt wliich, thuuxh it
Itcli.iii^'w tu tho class of bitter Oranges, has a sweet flesli, and is
cdlud rAu«aci(«k?i« and N»{a^Jia njc Kws : hwt one of tlio muijt
rcuiarkiiblu is a very largo poar-shiipud variety, 6 inclioa to
y inches long, with a ruiiL;h, wartod aurfaco and uuoven
outline. It in called Bigaradior ^ gros fruit.

Of Lomons there are not so many varieties . and those most
worthy of notico are tho Greek Lemon 2>:aja,(Aak'«ac t>)9
«a;ou!rT(jw, an imnionBO variety, 4i Inches to (I inches long ; tho
" Deux Maininulons," also a largo oval variety, with two gi'oat
ni|]plea, uno at each cud. Tho Louinnior-bigarade is a hyl>rid
butweuu a Lemon aud a bitter Orange, sumo being nearly
round, with an orange colour, while othm'a arc oval, and of a
pale lemon colour. Thoro is a small egg-shaped variety, which
has red flesh and variegated leaves, aud this id called htfj-ovt
xtttxtrov. Tho Naples Lemon is a very small variety, about the
sizo of a pigeon's egg, and is principally used for confitureB.
Then there is a sweet Lemon, which Ls about the size of an
ordinary Lemon, but with a sweet flesh, and very agreeable.

Tho Citron do Leonido is a largo, rough, warted variety, and
is tho only one of that kind exhibited.

Tho Burgamottus or Limes are iiioro numerous. They are
of the colovir of a pale Lemon, and rounder than that fruit
usually is. The most remarkable in tliia class are two kinds
of sweet Lime— one called Z(»;t«f''^'M'''ot', which is a small,
round, and rather oblate fruit, lemon coloured, and with a larKo
nipple at the end like a lemon ; und tho other VkuxoktiMiviv,
which is quite round, aud of a deeper and more orange colour,
and with not so large a nipple. Tho common Bergainottc is
that which furnishes tho perfume known by that name, and
which forms one of thu principal ingredients in eau de
Cologne, and other compovnida of that class. There is also tho
aromatic Lime of Chio, a small fruit of tho size and shape of
tho Mandarine Orange, and has the same aromatic odour
which that variety has, but is distinguished from it by being of
a pale lemon colour, and having an acid flesh. There are
several specimens of the Shaddock and the Forbidden Fruit,
tho latter being distinguished from the former in being Poar-
shapcd, tho former being i-ound.

Oranges occur also in the Algerian and Italian departments,
but as they are not distinguished either by names or numbers,
no reference can be made to them. Some of tho specimens
arc very good, and among them may be observed a large
Fingered Citron, the development of which is on the same
principle as the Horned Orange, already noticed in the Greek
department.

The Dates in the Algerian department will form a good
subject of study, particularly a collection of 14 varieties in
boxes, all carefully named, aud which come from tho
pepiniferes of Biskra. These vary in size, form, and colour,
the last character varying from a pale brownish cream-colour
to an almost black. The variety usually met with in the shops
of Britain attached to the rachis, or stjilk, in strings, is called
" Bcglet nuur de Souf." These are generally covered with a
saccharine glaze, as is also another and a much larger variety,
also common in the grocers' shops, and not attached to the
stalks, called "Stima de Biskra." From the Algerian Govern-
ment Garden of Acclimatisation there are no less than 55
varieties, and from the "Pepiniferes do Biskra" there is
another collection of 54 varieties. These, for the most part,
are small, dry, and farinaceous, many of them not Larger than
an Olive ; and it is these that form the staple of the food of
the Arab population. All these varieties, it may be well to
know, are varieties of Phcenix dactylifera, which is as fertile
in producing varieties of fruit as our Apple and Pear are. In
the Egyptian department there are also many vai'ieties of
Dates, among which vrill be observed two varieties which
form the large dry-skinned Dates of our shops. These are
called " Dattcs de Dongolah," and " Dattes Hamry de Belbeis
et Salanich." There is also a variety which has no stone, and
is called "sans noyau," and, if imported into commerce,
would doubtless prove acceptable from that circumstance.

Dried Figs are an important feature in the Algerian, tho
Italian, the Portuguese, and the Turkish departments. Here,
agaui, it is much to be regretted that no names or numbei-s
ax-e attached to the different varieties, so as to afford some
index as to the sorts that are usually employed for drying ;
and the persons in charge of these departments are perfectly
ignorant on the subject. It will, therefore, be permissible
only to observe the various forms in which they are made up.
Some of these are sufficiently curious— as, for example, those
impaled on wooden skewers, like larks for the spit. Some aro
pressed into shallow frames made of Arundo donax ; others
are srjueezed in masses, like thick sections of a Stilton cheese ;
while others are made to resemble squares of Windsor soap, or
German sausages. There is a mode of making up Figs exhi-
bited in bottles, which consists in cutting two fruits longi-
tudinally as far as the st.alk, then spreading them out and
applying the two inner .surfaces to each other ; in this form
the fruit is dried, and in drying the two surfaces adhere, and
they are then mounted on skewers or strung on a cord. The
same fancies in the way of packing may be observed in the
other collections ; but in no case are there any exhibitions of
those large, handsome Figs which aro to be obtained in the
shops of the United Kingdom.

Aluionds are well represented in the Italian, Algerian, and
Portuguese departments. The Jordan Almonds may there be
seen under the names of "Sultana" and "Delia Dama;"
while the other sweet and bitter kerneled varieties will bo
foimd imder their various names.

The other kinds of dried or natural fruits that are exhibited
are dried Apples, Raisins, Mulberries, Pistachios, aud Pignons,
the latter being the kernel of the seed of the Stone Pine (Pinus
Pinea). In most of these coimtries the Jujube is also shown.
This is sold in Covent Garden Market under the name of
"Japonicas." and with what reason it is impossible to teU, it
being the fruit of the Zizyphus vulgaris, a tree extensively
grown in the south of Europe, where its fruit is dried, and
serves as a winter dessert. It is from this fruit that the con-
fection called "jujubes" receives its name, and which should
consist of gum arable and sugar dissolved in the decoction of
this fruit and then evaporated to its proper consistence ; but,
as made in this country, the fruit forms no part of the
ingredient. In the Algerian depaitmeut may be seen speci-
mens of the Lotos of the ancient Lotophagi, and which is the
fruit of Zizyphus Lotus ; they arc about the size of a ChciTy,
and of a purplish colour. In the interior of Africa these are
pounded in a mortar, and made into cakes, which are eaten by
the natives.

Preserved Fruits. ■ — In the Algerian collection aro good
specimens of the fruit of Carica Papaya or Papaw. This, when
young, is used for sauce ; and water impregnated with the
juice acquires the property of rendering all sorts of meat
steeped in it tender. The flesh of old fowls or other animals
becomes tender when fed on the leaves and fruit, and joints of
meat are prepared for cooking by beinjr hung in the upper
branches of the tree. There are also cx.amples of Sechium
edule, or Choko, which is now considerably grown in Algeria
as a substitute for the Potato. The only other fruits that are
preserved are Mandarine Oranges, Peaches, and Loqisats,
or Japanese Medlars. In the Dutch department there are
excellent examples of Apricots. Peaches, Plums, Cherries, and
Mulberries. Similar collections may be seen in the Bavarian
department, and a very extensive collection is sent by the
United States of America, consisting of Pine Apples, Peaches,
Cherries, Gooseberries, red and yellow Tomatos, Plums,
Grapes, Pears, Siberian Crab, Lawton Raspberries, Barberries,

WhortlcboiTies, Quince, Currants, and Swoet Com. These aro
all preserved in npirit. Rusiia u.xbihitn dried Apple", Poart,
Prunca, and Molons cut in slicca. lUtistiuUd London AVw*.

Home Correspondence.

K(fecfs of the late Wiiifev in liuckinfjhamshire. —
Youreorrespoudent "C. 1\ R" the (irauge, Kingston,
near Taunton (see p. 831), would ol)hgo me hy stating
if he ia quite certain that his two plants of Cupms.sus
Lawsoniuna were injured iiy fiost. In Jiawson's
"IMnetum IJritannicuni "itis said tliatoutof'"!' pl'ices
from which returns of tho eflccls of the winter of
18G0-1 had been received, this .species was only
injured at two. The names of the places aro not
Riven, but one was Singleton, near Swansea,
Glamorgan.sbire, where the lowest temperature was only
+ 10', but in this ca.se the plant had been wintered in a
cold frame previous to its beint,' planted out in the
autunm of IStiO, and was then very yellow from
having been much i)Ol-bound. A few ye;irs af^o I
planted a small plant each of Sciadopitys verlirjllata
and Libocedrus tetragona in my lather's garden at
Stewkley Grange, near Leighton IJuzzard, bucks, in
very good soil, about 1 foot from a south-west wall.
The Sciadoijitys wasabout3 incdies high when planted ; it
hasgr!idual]ygotsickly,andlast autumn wasnearlydead.
The Libocedrus tetragoiui also got worse and worse;
last autumn I transplanted it, and it is now dead.
Chama;roj)S Fortunci, phniU'd in heavy soil, south-enst
aspect, in December, liSOi', was killed about 12 month?
afterwards. Are"C. F. P.V plants of Herberisjaponica
much exposed to the sun ? Tho best plant at Stewkley
Grange is in a very shady place. The following short
accouut of the ellects of the past winter at Stewkley
Grange, Buckinghamshire, may not be without interest:
—Tho elevation above the sea is said to be 500 feet.
Tho lowest temperature is not known. During the
frost of January the snow was about 4 inches deep, in
March rather deeper. Pinus Loudoniana.l foot5iu(hes
high, grafted, sheltered situation— killed. Quercus
sclerophylla, 3 feet high, open situation -killed.
Quercus sp., from Pekin, bought at Stevens' sale of
Mr. Fortune's plants. May 26th, 1804, 1 foot 4 inches
high— killed down to 5 inches (about the snow level):
has made shoots 1 foot 3 inches long this summer; it
is in heavy soil, drained, and open situation, but was
slightly protected by a few Laurel branches ; it died
down a little in the winter before last. Quercus
glauca, 1 foot 5 inches high, soil light— last years'
shoots of 5 inches killed; has grown 4^ inches
this year ; Quercus serrata, 8J inches high— last
year's growth (1 inch) killed, has grown 1 inch
this year, but is not looking healthy. Cupressus
macrocarpa, 7 feet 9^ inches high, exposed to
north-west winds, tips of some shoots dead. Planera
acuminata, 6 feet 10 inches high, exposed situation,
ends of the young shoots dead. This was planted
from a pot in November, 1864, in the garden, close to
where the Sciadopitys, mentioned above, is, and was
then about 3 feet high; in November, 1865, it was
7 feet 10 inches high, aud looked like a vigorous growing
young Wych Elm ; it was then removed to its present
site, when nearly 2 feet of the top died ; in ISiiG it made
rather weak shoots, less than 1 foot in length. Juni-
perus chineusis, male and female, 3 feet 9 inches and
3 feet 3 inches high, tho ends of some of the side shoots
killed ; these were planted in their present exposed situ-
ation in November, 1S05, and did not grow vigorously
last year. Laurus uobilis, two male bushes, 9 feet and
lU feet high, some leaves and young shoots killed, which
is rather less injury than in 1860-1 {f^ardeners' Ckro-
7iicle, 1865, pp. 868, 1133). Common Aucuba, male (7
inches high) and female, and green-leaved Aucubn, all
not hurt. Common Laurels slightly injured ; flowers all
killed. Portugal Laurels not hurt. Laurustinus nearly
killed. Thea viridis, 1 foot high, in an angle of the house,
facing the east, young shoots slightly injured; this was
planted out in November, 1865. Bambusa Metake,
slightly hurt. Arbutus Cruomii, 1 foot 5 inches high,
leaves hurt a little. Ja&mi;i n. nudiflorum, on a south-
east wall, young shoots al vied. The following were
not hurt: Pinus Lanibertiana, 9 feet high, grafted;
P. Benthamiaua, P. macrocarpa; P. insignis, 2 feet

6 inches liigb, planted November, 1865, grew 10 inches
last year, consisting of two distinct growths, and has
also grown 10 inches this year up to the present time;
Picea Pinsapo; P. Lowiana, 9i inches high ; Cupressus
Lawsoniana; C. nutkaensis, grafted; Welliugtouia
gigantea. Sequoia sempervirens, Thujopsis dolabrata,
11 inches high, grew \\ inch in 1865, and \h inch also
in 186(>; K-etinospora obtusa, 2 feet 10 inches high;
R. pisifera, 1 foot 7^ inche.s high; Thuja gigantea,
Juniperus sph^rica ; Araucaria imbricata, was trans-
planted last November; Quercus Lucombeana, 2 feet

7 inches high ; Yucca gloriosa ; Leycesteria formosa,
3 feet 8 inches high, in the open border; Magnolia
grandiflora exoniensis, 2 feet 3 inches high, in the open
border; and a Deciduous Oak, called Q. serrulata,
which I had from Messrs. Osborn, of Fulham. The
Sequoia sempervirens mentioned above has lost its top,
probably from wind or spring frost, but is making
another ; it has twice before suffered in the same way :
in May, 1864, apparently by spring frost, and in the
summer of 1865 by wind. The heights given are those
of the plants last November. I should be much obliged
if you or some of your correspondents would say if I
had better remove the Quercus sp. from Pekin,
mentioned above, into a lighter and warmer soil, and
a rather shady situation. As it has partially died down
more than one winter, I fear it will not grow into a
tree in its present situation, but if it is likely to do so,
I would not run the risk of its dying by transplanting
it. I do not know if it is the Q, chinensis of Buuge,
mentioned in Loudon's "Arboretum," vol. 3, p. 1936.
Its leaves are something like those of the Spanish
Chestnut, rather glaucous undcrnuilh ; they had not
fallen off in the middle of last November, but it had lost

8.3G

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[August 17, 18G7.

them all on January 9tb, perhaps by frost. This and
many of the other trees are surrounded by hif^b wooden
fences to keep the cattle off, and which may have pro-
tected them slightly from the frost. Charles Palmer,
Mancliesfer, Aurj. 12.

Vine Mildew. — As the Oidium has again appeared in
some places on the Vine, I may mention that a very
convenient method of applying sulphurous acid where
the disease has extensively committed its ravages, is by
burning the bisulphide of carbon in a spirit lamp. The
gardener can move it about, and distribute much or
little, as be may desire, and regulate the dose to a
nicet.v. He must, however, remember that he is deal-
ing with a potential agent, and .not overdo the dose.
Por that reason everything should be removed from
the house before he applies the remedy. I only
recommend the application for bad cases ; for a little
flowers of sulphur on the hot- water pipes is preferable
as a preventive, or for eradication on the first appear-
ance of the disease. Where the Oidium is strongly
pronounced on the Grapes, the crop may be considered
as practically lost for the season ; but the use of the
bisulphide of carbon will so far preserve the Vines as to
secure a crop the next season. Alfred Smee, 7, Flns-
hurij Circus,

Cittfing off Straiuherrji Leaves. — This is a dangerous
operation. I did it in 18G0. There was no autumn.
The winter set in upon the summer, and the piants
had no leaves to withstand it. The whole were ruined.
It is contrary to physiology to deprive a plant simul-
taneously of all its lungs. In Strawberries it may
produce canker}; in Roses, if the sap is rising in any
quantity, it will produce "chlorosis." Indeed, if the
leaves are not removed, hut much stopped up by
mildew or other moulds, the effect will be the same.
The unpurified sap will return to the roots and sicken
the tree. A few leaves that lop on the ground may be
removed; the others should not be touched until the
new foliage is well up. Permit me to add that I have
succeeded at last in making a plant (received three
years ago from i\I. Verdier, and hitlierto blind) of
Mar^chal Niel Eose produce nine buds. I treated it
as follows : I kept on cutting it back as often as it
went blind this summer, and dressed it round the
roots with fresh cowdung. Outside the radius of the
roots I dug down deejjly, and kept the ground there
constantly stirred, and the crop .just named is the
result. The cow manure was of course well washed in.
Add Devoniensis to the Tea-roses named in my last
communication (see p. 832). W. F. Hadcli/ffe, Eose
Hill, Oheford Fitzpaine.

Manuring Conifers, — I would not use manure for
Pinuses ; what I do here is to top-dress with old
potting soil, the refuse of the flower-garden ivhen well
rotten, or some mixture of waste soil. This I do
occasionally, and the trees are greatly improved by the
application. In planting I have always dug the hole
, in which the tree is to be put 3 feet deep, filling up
3 feet above the ground level ; there is, therefore,
6 feet of soil, which leaves the plant on a knoll, and
by supplying material for top-dressings, in time the
knoll gradually slopes off to nothing. The subsoil here
is a rock of gravel, and before planting we often remove
as many as 50 cart-loads from one hole ; and replace
them with double that quantity of rough sods, obtained
from the roadsides or elsewhere, the rougher the
better j under these conditions our trees are in I
exceedmgly fine health. I have planted Conifers at all
times of the year; but I should prefer October, or
early March planting to any other period, for all kinds
of evergreens : some sayj August for Hollies, and
I have planted them successfully at that season.
PJiilip Fro,st, Dropinore,

Busb?/^s Golden and Snoio*s Muscat Hamburgh
Grapes, — At Danesbury, near "Welwyn, these occupy
the same house, and each is heavily laden with a most
excellent crop. Bu.sby's, a truly Royal Grape," is a
picture of luxuriance, having from 16 to 18 bunches '
upon a Vine, each averaging some 4 lbs., the berries
being of that pale yellow colour which is so suggestive
of crackling lusciousness. Snow's Muscat Hamburgh
is if anything more heavily laden than Busby's Golden;
individual bunches weigh upon an average from 3J
to 4 lbs. In form the bunches are short, but they are
widely shouldered, and the berries are so freelysepa rated
as to suggest a capacity for long keeping. The Muscat
aroma is as distinctly appreciable to the palate as the
berries are otherwise " Black Hamburgh" like in ap-
pearance; and the Vines are capable of bearing a very
heavy crop, with no sign of exhaustion. 7F. Earleij,

Centigrade \, Fahrenheit,— lily friend, M. Naudin,
of Paris, has addressed to me a letter on the subject of
the adoption of the Centigrade scale in thermometer
readings, which calls for the consideration of horticul-
turists, whether on account of M. Naudin's high
standing as a scientific man and practical horticul-
turist, or of the importance of the matter itself. I
therefore hope that you will open your pages to a dis-
cussion of this subject, and that many of your readers
will join in it. The following is the substance of M.
Naudin's communication:— "Apropos of the effect of
frost on vegetation, there is, in my opinion, a grand
reform wanted in the meteorology of English horticul-
turists, and you would render great service if you
would initiate it. This reform consists in the substi-
tution of the Centigrade for the Fahrenheit scale ther-
mometer readings. This latter is so faulty in prin-
ciple, that even those who are accustomed to use it
often fail to make themselves intelligible. I feel the
effects of this in every number of the Gardener,^'
Chronicle, wdierein I read the articles on the effects of
the late frosts ; for the horticulturists, not using a com-
mon formula for indicating the degree of cold, adopt
arbitrary modes of expressing themselves, often leading
to great confusion. This confusion would disappear if
nil would adopt the Centigrade scale, in which zero
marks a natural phenomenon, viz., the temperature of
melting ice, wdiich is neither hot nor cold. Every one

can understand — 6, — 2, -1-3, and so forth ; and, with
regard to subdivisions, the scale being decimal, the sub-
divisions may be read as millegrade without chance of
error" The subject of the adoption of the Centigradescale
is not a new one to me ; it is now fully 15 years since I
had occasion to join in a discussion on its merits with
a body of scientific men, who advocated its adoption
by English meteorologists, physicists, and chemists, and
hy some of them the Centigrade scale is now used, and
finds favour; and if this movement gains ground,
there is little doubt it will lead to the extinction of the
Fahrenheit scale. I am for from saying that it will
come about: I know too little of the state of feeling
amongst medical men and other large classes who make
great use of the thermometer. What we now have to
do with is, to ascertain how far the movement
could be introduced amongst horticulturists and
find acceptance with them. In favour of the Centi-
grade may be urged its simplicity, the advantage
of having a natural zero, and the facilities
afforded by a decisive notation; against it are the great
amplitude of the centesimal degree (equal to 1.8 of
Fahrenheit's), hence the necessity of always subdividing
it in practice, even for horticultural purposes ; the
being obliged to use the minus sign for all tempera-
tures below 32° Fahr., and the fact that the Fahrenheit
scale is still used all over the United States, and in our
colonies. As regards the force of these objections, they
are all real : for ordinary horticultural purposes no
subdivision of the Fahrenheit scale is required ;
the use of the minus sign for degrees below the
freezing point, in a climate where the temperature
is for months often above and below the freezing
point ofttimes during the day, is likely to lead to
error ; and if America and our Colonies with their
multiplying populations do not follow our example, we
shall lose by the change. There remains the possibi-
lity of having our thermometers made with both scales,
and familiarising ourselves with the use of them both ;
and this is, I believe, the only course open to us, for —
1, we shall never induce our Continental neighbours
to adopt the Fahrenheit scale ; 2, we shall not probably
in our lifetimes induce the Americans to adopt the Cen-
tigrade; 3, we shall not habituate ourselves to the
Centigrade scale under some considerable time and
practice; and 4, it will be admitted that every accom-
plished horticulturist should be familiar with the
Centigrade scale, whether he uses it or not. Granting,
then, that we should have the Centigrade scale, how is
it best done ? I believe that the best and only way in
practice is to have good cheap thermometers made
with a double scale ; the Fahrenheit to the left of the
tube, the Centigrade on the right ; not vice rersd, as is
usually the case in such instruments as have both now,
and which, by the way, are too expensive for our pur-
poses. The only alternative is to carry in one's head,
or have printed on the top of the instrument, the
formula for the conversion of the Fahrenheit scale
into the Centigrade, and apply it as occasion requires.
Before concluding, let me remark, that good inex-
pensive garden thermometers are still a desideratum ;
those of box-wood warp and do not last, and they retain
the tetnperature of the wood far too long; the metal
ones with spirit in the tube are excessively sluggish; and
the ranges of temperature useful for a greenhouse or
hothou.ce are useless for out-of-door purposes. The
house thermometer need not register above 100° Fahr..
or below 35' ; whereas the out-of-door one, for common
use, need not register from below 10' Fahr. or
higher than 100°. Higher temperatures than these
would burst such instruments, and can only be obtained
by exposing the thermometer to the sun ; and as no
gardener should put his instrument where the sun
can get at it, the certainty of its bursting would
prove a useful check. In good establishments, where
really careful registers are kept, an out-of-door
instrument registering below 10' Fahr. is of course
essential ; but, as everyone knows, the records of very
high and very low temperatures made by common
instruments and by unskilled observers are useless.
The scales should be printed on white porcelain, and I
cannot see why such should not be even cheaper than
the cast-iron scales with raised figures now in common
use. In the case of these cast-iron scales, the whole
scale and frame is oast in a mould, and the tube fitted
to it. In the case of the porcelain scale, the figures
could be printed by transfer from a copper plate, as
crests and coats of arms are upon table services of
china. Jos, V. Hoolcer, JSoi/al Gardens, Kew, Aug, 15.
Acanthus lusitanicus, — This name has puzzled me
much, the more so as it is kept up in the Jardin des
Plantes. I cannot help thinking that the plant is
wrongly named, and both M. Machado, a gentleman
now engaged in the publication of a Flora of Portugal,
and Br. Antonio Carvalho, professor in the University
of Coimbra, who has for several years investigated the
Botany of Portugal, inform me that the only indi-
genous Acanthus is the old and well-known A. mollis.
Hence the name A. lusitanicus is either a mistake, or
it may be applied to a cultivated form of A. mollis. I
should feel obliged if any of your correspondents can
give me any information on the subject. Fdmond
Goeze, Coimhra. [We find no such name as A. lusi-
tanicus in any boot or herbarium. Eds.]

Notes on Bedding Plants, — Your correspondent
" R. D." last week speaks of Poa trivialis argentea as a
decided acquisition, and my small experience of it
induces me to endorse that opinion. But although
neither he nor I can charge it with "going green,"
Mr. Rucker, of Wandsworth, told me this spring that
all of his had lost the variegation, and become no
more ornamental than Couch Grass. He obtained his
from Henderson— mine came from Carter. Where
did"E. D." get his? Out of 24 kinds of bedding
Pelargoniums that I have, nothing has stood the late
heavy rains so well as Crystal Palace Gem, and
Excellent, the former a cerise raised by Gordon,
the latter an orange-red by Smith, of Dulwich, both

being compact zonals, with large well-formed flowers.
In our uncertain climate it is important to note those
plants which are least injured by such drenching
showers as we have had this month, and I hope larger
growers will give their greater experience on this
qualification for a "good bedder." Might not the
Floral Committee be furnished witli "something
temporary," in the form of (not a teapot, but) a shower-
bath, and insist upon submitting to this ordeal eveiy
floral aspirant to certificate honours ? W, T,

Muscat Esclwlata superba Grape,— Ju Dr. Hogg'3
"Fruit Manual," 4th edition, I find mention made of
a Grape, having the name just alluded to, set dowa
as a synonym of the Old Muscat. I am therefore
under the impression that your correspondent, Mr.
Bullock (see p. 808), has in reality grown the old
Canon Hall. Two years ago I had to plant two
Vineries at this place rather late in spring. I pro-
cured plants for them from a celebrated Vina
grower, and as the season was rather far advanced
I was compelled to purchase several kinds, whicb 1
otherwise would not have done, could I have made my
own selection. Amongst the lot one Vine bore the
name of Muscat Escholata superba, whicli proved to
be the true Canon Hall. Some years ago I forwarded
to the late Dr. Lindley a bunch of Canon Hall, which
he pronounced to be in every respect perfect. The
Canon Hall is without doubt a noble Grape when well
grown ; nevertheless it is a precarious one, and not in the
least adapted for pot cultivation. Some 15 years ago it
was popular with Grape growers, but we seldom meet
with it now, even in places where Grapes are exten-
sively grown. JohnFdlington, Wrotham Park, Barnet,

Viola cornuta var. Purple Queen and Others, — My
experience with this Violet is extensive, and differs
from that of "R. D." (see p. 829). Locality, however,
should always be mentioned when the merits of
bedding plants are discussed, as some do well in some
parts, while in others they absolutely refuse to grow.
I cannot account for the disparity between the two
Violets adverted to by your correspondent. Were they
both raised from cuttings, from seed, or from division ?
—conditions which for a time have much to do with
habit and profusion of blossoms. With me this Violet
is truly charming ; it grows freel.v, and flowers most
profusely : indeed, it is matchless and invaluable for
the decoration of spring and summer flower gardens.
I have many thousands of it planted, and therefore I
am well able to judge of its merits. I have also the
variety called Slauve Queen, and the two grow
so much alike, that it would take a clever
person to distinguish any difference between them.
Purple Queen flowers more freely than Mauve Queen,
and has larger blossoms ; but I account for this through
havingstronger plants to pick from at planting-out time;
words, however, are quite unequal to all I could say in
its favour. I have the permission of my worthy
employer and that of the Viscountess Milton, to invite
any of your correspondents interested in the Violet
question, to visit Osberton, and judge for themselves.
A chain of this Violet and Beaton's Variegated Nose-
gay Pelargonium, is not to be surpassed by any combi-
nation of colours to be met with elsewhere in the
country. With respect to Viola lutea, although very
useful and attractive, it does not flower so freely with
me as Viola cornuta, although I consider it a gem, and
certainly indispensable to the flower garden. Of this
there are certainly two varieties, one having much
larger flowers than the other. Fdioard Bennett, Osber~
ton Hall, Worksop,

Golden-leaced Mint. — I am surprised that this Mint
is not more extensively grown than it is for decorative
purposes. 'SVheu fully exposed in rather poor soil it is
equally as effective as the Cloth of Gold Pelargonium.
It may be grown by the million, and propagated to any
extent in spring like common garden Jlint. It forms
an admirable line, and although common it has by no
means a common appearance. AVeathor has no effect
on it ; on the contrary it appears to flourish when its
companions suffer. John Edlington,

Woodlice,—! have discovered that these pests are
fond of oatmeal. Therefore in order to trap them I
got some glass bottles, and after breaking the necks off
them, I let them down into my Cucumber bed, pressed
the soil firmly round them, and then sprinkled a httle
meal round the edge of the necks of the bottles, which
must be made level with the surface of the bed. I also
put a little in the bottom of the bottles, the result of
which has been that next morning I had trapped
some hundreds, and I continue to do so every night.
J. B, S, S.

Pelargonium Cultivation. — Itmaybeworthknowingto
many who have any small bed failui'es or thin places in
their beds, that many Pelargoniums, as Mrs. Pollock,
Golden Chain, Stella, &c., make excellent beds as
cuttings, stuck in and left free to the sun, with only a
little damping each night or morning ; if put in close
they are effective at once. For example, a bed of
Mrs. Pollock put in 10 days ago, with an edging of
Bijou, are now beautifully rooted, and, what is of more
importance, they form an exquisite bed, finer than old
plants, as the rich leaves pave the ground. For ribbons
in spring, where one runs short of plants, they answer
quite as well. Cuttings of Stella, taken off as long as
can be spared, will form a showy bed in 14 days. F. - :

Orchids at F.rhibitions.—Bo you suppose that cool
Orchids could be made to bloom in sufficient variety
at exhibition times? My own notion is that if four-
day shows are insisted on Orchids will disappear from
them, unless heated tents, without cold draughts of
air, are provided. The Royal Horticultural Society
should have either a tent expressly for Orchids, which
it could take about the country, or a movable con-
servatory. S. W. „ , , . , .,
Macleaija cordata, — 'Yh\s is a fine plant in good soil,
but comparatively poor in bad or very stiff soil. It is
quite distinct in habit and tone, and sometimes goes
beyond G feet high when in good soil. The flowers are

August 17, 13G7,]

THE GARDENKRS' CnRONlCEK AND AGRICULTURAL GA^^ETTE.

857

not in themselves pretty, but the inflorescence when
the i)lant is well srowa has a distinct and i)le:iaiug
appearance. It will prove a good thing for associating
■with other fine hardy plants suitable for making
bold groups. AVith some of the plants recently named,
and with others, perfectly hardy plants, which I .shall
in due course deal with, I would guarantee to produce
as bold and striking groups of vegetation as any ever
Been produced cither with us or in Paris, with costly
and tender cxol-ics requiring winter protection. R,

VauiUa aruiitatica and phinlfolia.—Somo few years
ago I bought plants of cacli of these, whicli have
grown very well, but my gardener fails to fruit them,
I am therefore almost inclmed to consign them to the
rubbish heap. My gardener informs me that Mr.
Bennett, of Osberton, has succeeded in fruiting them.
If this, therefore, should meet the eye of Mv. Bennett,
or that of some other successful cultivator, I should be
greatly obliged if they would state in full the means
adopted whereby that result is ensured, which of the
two is the most prolific, and how many pods may
grow on one plant. I am informed that both are shy
iruiters. J. Broomfiehl.

Shanking of Orapes.— My Grapes have shanked
much more this season than usual, but I cannot think
that any blame can bo attributed to the border, which
is outside, and is 60 feet long and l(i feet wide. It is
flagged, and below the flags is an open space It inches
deep. The flags, which rest on pillars, aro left 1 inch
apart. Above them are 3 inches of broken bricks, each
about an inch square. In making the border 1 used
15 cwt. of crushed bones and two loads of lime from
old buildings. Not having been able to get fresh soil I
took the best that came out of the old border, which
had been used for Vines before with no result. I
replanted the same Vines that were in before. They
have now been planted five years. The Black Ham-
burghs have not shanked before this season, but JIus-
cats have shanked more or less all the time. Not having
a greenhouse, and having a large conservatory to keep
gay with flowers, the Vineries are full of plants all the
year round. I may state that the crop of Grapes on
the same Vines last year was very fine, and not one of
the berries shanked. This season I had a fine crop,
which looked well up to the time of colouring. About
one quarter of the whole crop of Black Hamburghs
have shanked. The border is 3 feet deep at back,
and 2 feet deep in front. Puzzled. [The cause of
' Grapes shanking is owing either to an insufficiency
of good roots, to a want of good leaves, or to an
over-heavy crop ; in other words, the feeding organs
of the plant are not equal to the work which they
have to perform. If, when you observed the first
symptoms of shanking, you had reduced the crop con-
siderably, the probability is you would have seen little
of the evil in question. The Muscat of Alexandria and
theFrontignan class of Grapes, being more tender than
many others, cannot stand so much rough treatment,
and are always more subject to shanking than the
Black Hamburgh, which has, perhaps, the hardiest
constitution of all Grapes. Without personal inspec-
tion it is impossible for us to say what may have
been the primary cause of the mischief; but
we suspect that the border has a good deal
to do with it, owing to its having been made
with old soil in which Vines had been previously
growing, and in which they did not succeed. The
brick rubbish added ought to have improved it, but
Vines have a great dislike to, and never succeed well
in, old soil. They may grow in it, and that rankly,
but they never bear good crops. Is the border iu a
soddened state ? The drainage seems good, but can
the superabundant moisture pass quickly enough away
between the flags ? Last autumn, being cold and wet,
was unfavourable for ripening the wood of Vines
properly; perhaps yours were not sufficiently well-
matured, which might account for their weakened
condition this year, and their inability to bring the
same quantity of fruit to perfection this year as last. £.]

Mignonette Dying. — Not liking to trust to the chance
of my predecessor (who seems to have put in plenty
of good soil) having grown any Mignonette which
might come up self-sown, I sprinkled some seed broad-
cast over the borders this spring ; and notwithstanding
that some of this seed came from the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, under the designation of Eeseda
odorata grandiflora, not one seed in 50 produced a
plant. Those few that did come up— and there are
still some plants quite young— no sooner got into good
blooming than they began to flag, look sickly, turn
brown, and die ; and this occurs with every plant that
arrives at maturity. Post mortem examination
revealed absence of tibrillse, decortication of the root,
and disintegration of its fibrous tissues. I fail to
notice anything else unusual. Can you account for it ?
W.T.

Liliiim auratum. — I bought a lot of bulbs of Lilium
auratum at a spring importation, and all but two,
which I pl.anted out of doors, have bloomed, and are
very handsome and distinctly marked with a deep blush
of lake over the yellow, and very profusely blotched
with red points. I suppose many, from other coloured
Lilies growing near them, have got touched with their
pollen, and hence this sport. I shall try the old Tiger
Lily, though I may not live to see the product of any
seed I may save, having some while since passed my
three score and ten seasons and most of my hybrids
disappearing as they approach maturity, some of them
have been advertised at one guinea per plant by the
nurseryman to whom I traced them, and who pur-
chased them in entire ignorance of their having been
stolen from me. T. I

Herhaceous Anemones. — I have just seen in the
flower garden of an old mansion in this locality, some
wonderful examples of what I take to be the ordinary
Anemone japonica. growing in a mixed herbaceous
border in a rather low position on a Grass plot under
the shade of some large trees. Some of the clumps

were fully a yard in diameter, and the height of the
Iilants from the ground to the tojt of the flower stalks
about 3! feet. Thorewere two varieties ; the colour of the
flowers of tho one a delicate rose, the other much deeper
in colour, and of a lilac-rose hue. A great many flower
stalks sprang from each clump, and there being a large
number of expanded flowers at one time, they had a
very striking appcaiani'o; in fact, the clumps formed
tho most intcrcsliiig feature in tho flower garden. Is
not the growth unusuidly tall p 1 learned that the
plants had not been disturbed for a considerable period.
R. D., Haling.

The Weather.— As we write (August 11, from 3 to
■1 o'clock, P.M.) tho thermometer stands at 95' in the
shade, on a north walL where the sun has not shone.
On Monday, the 2i)tli of July, the young shoots of
Ku'lreuteria paniculata wcrekilled by frost at Isleworth
on a hill. These facts exhibit the dangerous extremes
of our English climate. J. 4' C. Lee, Hammersmith.

Orchids.— I saw at Dr. Ainsworth's tho other day a
remarkable plant of Aerides Schroederi, with about
30 leaves and 2 sjjikes of bloom, one having 8 branchlets,
and bearing no fewer than 75 flowers ; the other spike
had 20 blossoms— forming altogether a grand sight to
any one fond of Orchids. A. Lobbii was also strong, one
plant having 2 spikes measuring 4 feet from tip to tip.
Associated with these was also a magnificent specimen
of Cattleya labiata pallida, with nearly 20 breaks just
showing flower. Others were likewise doing well in
pans suspended from the roof, a style of growth which
]\Ir. Mitchell thinks is to be preferred to bare blocks
and rotting baskets. Oncidium leucochilum had a
flower spike measuring 12 feet, with between 300 and
400 blooms on it ; another spike being nearly 10 feet in
length. Pleiones were maturing some fine bulbs,
while, as though resting after its exertions, was the
lovely Trichopilia that was in such excellent condition
at the late jlanchester show. Odontoglossums are
grown here, plunged in a sand bed in a Vinery. Den-
drobiums are kept in an adjoining house, where fire
heat for a time is aUogether withheld. I noticed,
moreover, Disa grandiflora coming into flower in a
small greenhouse. J. T.

Mrs. Pincers Black Muscat Orape. — Pardon me for
again troubling you. All that has been said of this
most excellent of all Black Grapes is not enough to
convince those of its merits who have not had an oppor-
tunity of seeing it; for many of late years, after having
received new Grapes with high characters, have been
disgusted at finding them after a time inferior to the
good old Alexandrian Muscat, Black Hamburgh, or
LadyDownes' Seedling. I can assure all who may be in
doubt about this variety, that when it is once planted
in a house it will afford them satisfaction. I cannot
see how Mr. Toole (see p. 803) could have made such a
mistake as to say that it resembles Lady Downes' Seed-
ling in bunch and berry, as the bunch of this variety
averages from 10 to 14 inches in length ; has shoulders
of medium size, with a stout stalk ; berries purplish
black, with a thin bloom, middle-sized, perfectly oval,
set on stout, short, rigid fruit-stalks ; flesh very firm,
sugary and vinous, with a strong Muscat flavour;
whereas Lady Downes' Seedling has shorter bunches,
with shoulders more branching, giving the clusters a
more chubby appearance. The berries of Lady Downes'
are purplish black, with a copious bloom, and the flesh
is rather firmer than that of the Black Hamburgh.
IV. Cragg, Or. to J. C. Bowring, Esq., Larktjeare.

Musas. — In passing through the houses of the
Oxford Botanic Garden the other day I observed a
plant of Musa with a stem about 12 feet high, which
had produced a bunch of fruit last year (1866), and
from the same stem a second bunch of fruit has
appeared this summer. The second bunch of fruit is
9 or 12 inches above the previous one, and is on the
side of the stem opposite the old fruit. As it is rare
for a plant of this genus to fruit a second time, the
fact may be worth recording. Thomas Shortt.

Judging Orchard-house Trees at Bury St. JUdmund's.
— The disappointment expressed by Mr. Grix (p. 785)
at his orchard-house trees not gaining the Bury cup is
easily understood. Every person considers his own
products, whether it be fruit or plants, superior to any
others ; but it is rather novel to find a person explain-
ing that ho had broken the first rule, but was still
entitled to the prize. It is easy for an exhibitor to
twist a rule to meet his own case. But when Mr. Grix
insinuates that the other exhibitors were equally out
of rule, he commits an error, which is, I hope, uninten-
tional. Before he thinks proper to asperse in a public
paper the judgment of such practical men as my
co-judges, he might at least go to the same trouble iu
trying to be correct as they did in judging. That a
great amount of horticultural skill is necessary to grow
large trees in large pots, and keep them alive for ten
years, is quite new to me, and if six years is the
minimum and ten the maximum of orchard-house tree
life, this mode of culture may be an expensive luxury,
but the circumstance can never be taken as a rule by
which to judge them. At p. 807 Mr. Fish takes up the
cudgels for both his neighbours : it was neighbourly
and kindly of him to do so, and no one who knows
him will be surprised, but be might have dealt
out a little more fair play. Does the indulgence
given by the rule to admit green fruit, by any means
lessen the value of ripe fruit, or debar it from taking the
prize ? I hope my friend is not so enamoured of huge
Jaoks-in-the-green as to overlook the many points a
collection of ripe fruit brings to bear against a collection
at least apparently six weeks later. Is there not some-
thing to be allowed for ripeness? I take tho rule
to mean this : " Anyone not having sufficient ripe fruit
would not be disqualified by making up the number
with trees bearing fruit in an uuripe state." Anda
very liberal rule it is. Something similar occurred in
other classes; for example, in one class of Scarlet
Pelargoniums the rule said that Nosegays were not
excluded from the class : but that wasvery diflerent from

saying that the prize could not be taken without them.
[ saw many ladles wistfully eyeing these little bushea
of ripe fruits, and no doubt some of them sub.scribed to
the Cu]!. Suppose my friend could have formed from
among them a tasting jury, he would have found their
faces lighting up and becoming more beautiful, if that
were po.ssible, as they felt the iiifiuence on the palate
of a luscious Royal George, or tho rich aroma of a
Louise Bonne of Jersey. But before getting through
the other, it would have been O miserere ! 1 have not
the pleasure of knowing either party, but if the fruit
on Mr. Grix's trees had been ripe, the amount of fruit
might have led to a dilferent result. Let us try to
judge them again. Mr. Grix, by his own showing, had
three Peaches, three Nectarines, one Apricot, two
Pears, two Plums, and ono Cherry. In the 1st prize
lot was one Royal George Peach, one Barrington, one
Murray Nectarine, one Elruge, one Louise Bonne of
Jersey Pear, one Celina Aitple, and one Early Margaret,
ono Mayduke and ono I\lur('ll() Cherry, two Plums,
and one Pig. The first i»i)int iu the last lot was com-
pliance with the entry rule ; fruits true to name and
ripe, two points ; good crop and dwarf Trees, average
3 feet high and through, one point; healthy, clean con-
dition, free from insects, one point; small pots, all 9 or
10 incues, one point ; or six points in all. I can only
make one point for Mr. Grix, namely, agood promising
crop. Large trees in large pots are easier to bring to
perfection than trees in pots half the size. A lady
might pick one of the others up, and placing the pot
below the table in the middle division, have a much
finer object for table decoration than any that "were
exhibited at Bury. We should have made a mistake
had we judged differently. I trust, however, that this
discussion will bring out some definite rule as to what
constitutes perfection in an orchard-house tree, as
evidently there is a difference of opinion on the subject.
We — I mean the judges at Bury — are perfectly agreed
that if the prize had been ten times the amount, and we
had had the opportunity, it would have been awarded in
the same way again and again. One of the Judges and
aF.n.B.S.

Bambusa Fortunei.— As the reference to this plant
by " R. D." in your last may create a prejudice against
it, I am tempted to enclose you a shoot from a plant
growing in a border of the most ordinary but friable
garden soil. It resisted perfectly the severe winter,
and is now a nice tuft with 20 to 30 shoots like that
enclosed. Further, it increases fast : my small purchase
last year having multiplied fifty-fold. I feel little doubt
that many of your readers can give equally favourable
evidence in its favour. In tenacious soils, or very dry
ones, it may possibly not flourish. TF. T.

Foreign Correspondence.

Volcanos in the Camaroons Mountains. — It may
interest you to hear that the Camaroons mountain,
whose volcanic fires have long lain dormant, is
again iu a state of active eruption. On the night of
tile 15th inst. the lava seemed to rush with tremen-
dous force out of the east side, a few hundred feet from
the top, then pour over in a grand cataract of fire, and
flow oS' B.S.B. in a crooked fiery stream down the
mountain side. The molten lava poured out, from
sunset, when it was first seen, till after midnight,
increasing in volume. Clouds obscured the mountain
next morning, but it has been seen burning thrice
since. It is apparently quiet now. There was no
thunder for several days preceding, but we had a gale of
wind from the E.N.E.— an unusual direction^coming
an hour before sunset on the 14th inst. ; a tornado in
fact, without thunder or rain, except a few drops.
Extract of a Letter from C. Livingstone, Esq., II.B.M.
Consul, Fernando Po, to Dr. Hooker, F.S.S.

Vegetation of the Quitinian Andes. — At the con-
clusion of my last letter (see p. 809), I stated a curious
physiological appearance displayed by the flowers of
Gentiana sedifolia, as observed at two distinct eleva-
tions—between its usual range of 11,000 to 14,465 feet^
the latter number being the extreme height of
the path traced across the ridge of the Azuay.
But to proceed with my narrative. By the side
of the narrow path, on a rocky declivity, grew
abundantly a species of Fern, the Jamesonia
canescens of Kunze, perhaps the only one belong-
ing to that tribe sufficiently hardy to withstand
the rigour of the climate. The same species I had
previously seen on two diflerent occasions, once at the
mine of Condorasto, near Riobamba, at 14,496 feet, and
subsequently within the crater of Pichincha, the brink
of which is 15,676 feet above the level of the sea.
Another species, J. cinnamomea (Kunze), scarcely dis-
tinct from the former, grows on Cotopaxi and Cayambe,
very near the snow limit.

To make a complete exploration of these aerial
ridges, it would t5e requisite for the traveller to provide
himself with a tent, warm clothing, and a supply of
provisions calculated to last for at least 15 days ; for he
must be prepared to take advantage of any brief
interval of sunshine ; because he may experience a
week of stormy weather during which he must neces-
sarily remain inactive. Where the two chains of the
Andes unite to form what is technically called a knot,
I have always found the flora of such localities more
rich and varied. The culminating heights of the
Azuay form the line of division between two provinces,
Alacise and Cuenca, and although many plants are
common to both, still there is a marked ditterenoe
between their respective floras.

Jul!/ 8.— We continued our journey over a moorland
country, on which grew in patches a dwarf Gentian,
with flowers of a light purple, and in the ruts that
constitute the main road, Hedyotis hypnoides in pro-
fusion. Towards evening we arrived at the farm of
San Pedro, consisting of a number of low thatched
tenements, encompassing a quadrangular courtyard of

THE GAEDENEHS' CHRONICLE AND AGRlCtJLTtJEAL GAZETTE,

[AueusT 17, 1^67.

Tery ample dimensions. The rooms we found looked,
the keys, we were told, being in possession of the pro-
prietor, who had gone to Cuenca. We were, therefore,
under the necespity of passing the night in the open
corridor, where, fortunately, there had been accumu-
lated a pi-ovision of straw, on which we slept very
comfortably.

Next morning we departed at an early hour. The
first half of our journey was accomplished with com-
parative ease, the road traversed being an elevated
plateau, clothed with a dense vegetation of Plantago
rigida, to the exclusion of almost every other plant.
But the southern descent, towards Cuenca, is exceed-
ingly miry and precipitous, consequently our progress
was much retarded by the frequent falls of the beasts
of burden, the delay of extricating them and readjust-
ing the load giving rise to an apprehension of having
to pass the night in a situation so very uncomfortable.
However, by sunset we had struggled through the
worst part o'f the path, and, continuing our journey
in the dark, we reached at a late hour a small
farmhouse, called the Hacienda del Salto, where we
remained the day following to recruit our baggage
animals. My intention was to enjoy a few days' rest
at the little town of Gualaseo, situated on a consi-
derable stream that flows eastward to join the Amazon.
The distance is about 30 miles. We mounted at an
early hour, and arrived at Gualaseo about mid-day.
The climate is dry and temperate, the thermometer
ranging between 66° and 64°. The river flows over a
flat cduutry, on which there are extensive plantations
of Sugar-cane and Maize, the view being circumscribed
by the ridge of the eastern Andes capped with forest.
An article, though not strictly agricultural, claims
attention ; the rearing of the cochineal insect. The
Cactus on which it feeds grows spontauously on the
walls enclosing the farms, and presents on its surface a
cottony or spider web-like integument protecting the
insect. The whole is scraped off with a blunt knife
and reduced to a paste, which is dried by exposure to
the sun.

On the 17th, which happened to be Sunday, I
remarked that the whole population had mysteriously
disappeared, and was told they had gone to the neigh-
bouring village, called Chordoleg, to witness the
exhumation ot articles of wrought gold. I was aware
that, 10 years ago, the discovery was made by a labourer
engaged in ploughing, having turned up a piece of gold
fashioned in a peculiar shape. Presuming that more
might be obtained, excavations were undertaken, and
gold to the value, it is said, of about a million of dollars,
was brought to light. Por the last two years however
it was supposed that the deposit had been exhausted.

The novelty of the affair induced me to proceed to
the scene of operations, being distant about a mile. On
my arrival I found several hundred individuals congre-
gated round a pit, having a diameter of about 3 yards,
and of a nearly equal depth. On the present occasion
they had been rather successful, having disinterred
during the night articles of gold weighing collectively
about 25 lb. The more curious articles were ear-rings,
made of hammered gold, 9 inches in length, each weigh-
ing somewhat more than 3 ozs., and a gold breast-pin
of nearly equal weight with the ear-ring. These
several articles were skilfully manufactured, and
indicate proficiency ;in the art of working the precious
metals, and a more advanced state of civilisation
than the present race of Indians possesses. Several
staffs, made of the slender stems of a Palm, were dis-
covered in the excavation. They were inlaid with
hammered gold, and surmounted by a bust of the same
metal, representing the head of an Indian. The same
description of staff is borne by the Indian alcalde of
the present day, and is considered a badge of authority,
but, instead of gold, it is capped with silver, or more
generally with brass. The duties of these functionaries
consist in attending to and supplying the wants of the
traveller, but they are principally under the control of
the parish priest, who on Catholic holidays obliges
them to assemble within the precincts of the church
the whole Indian population, to repeat the " Christian
doctrine," which I am sure is beyond their compre-
hension. And should it be discovered that any of the
flock are missing, the Indian alcalde receives a fresh
order to assemble the defaulters by force, who being
pent up within the walls of the convent, are individually
subjected, men and women, to a process of flagellation
which it is truly painful to witness. It is no wonder,
then, that people so degraded should be reduced to a
level with the beasts of the field. They have been often
ranked as such by the military. When I first visited
this country at a period previous to the conclusion of
the War of Independence, the civil authority was fre-
quently ordered to provide, for the transport of troops
and military accoutrements, so many " bagages
mayores," and so many " bagages menores." On asking
for au explanation of these terms, I was told that the
former meant horses and mules, and the latter asses
and Indians ! To use a harsh term, the poor Indians
have become completely brutalised by their intercourse
with the Spaniards.

On the 26th July, being provided with the requisite
number of mules, I left Gualaseo, following for some
miles a road traced along the banks of the river, and
terminating at a little village named San Bartolomd.
Here the climate is too cool for the cultivation of the
Sugar-cane, but instead of that semi-tropical produc-
tion, the fields presented plentiful crops of Maize,
Wheat, and Barley, variegated with bright green
patches of Lucerne. Of the three cereals just men-
tioned, the Maize or Indian Corn is considered the most
important, not merely on account of the quantity of
food yielded by it, but because it has the additional
advantage of being available for cultivation within a
zone extending from the sultry climate of the coast to
the cool table-land of the interior, as high as 1000 feet
above the sea-level. Moreover, its preparation as au
article of food requires little trouble, being merely

boiled in water with the addition of sohie salt.
Throughout the province of Cuenca it is consumed by
all classes, a quantity of^ boiled Maize, called mote,
accompanying the other dishes placed on the table.

We were comfortably lodged in the parish house
adjoining the church ; but early in the morning I was
aroused by the discordant sound of music, and hasten-
ing to the place from which it proceeded, I saw, within
the churcli, a party of Indians dancing opposite the
altar, on which were placed emblems of the Crucifixion
and other saintly accompaniments. The Indians were
dressed in the most fantastic style, and decorated with
articles of jewellery, "with rings on their fingers and
bells on their toes." It was a strange scene, and I
should think by no means calculated to impress a
zealous Catholic with the solemnities usually attached
to his creed; but such abuses are tolerated, because it
is asserted that the Indians, previous to the
conquest, were in the habit of dancing for days
and nights together in their temples dedicated to the
worship of the sun, and, as a matter of policy, they are
permitted, under certain restrictions, to continue their
heathenish practices, in order to be reconciled to the
adoption of the Catholic faith. It is also to be under-
stood that the curate derives nearly the whole of his
revenue from contributions, laid on the Indians, and
he, of course, feels an interest in gratifying their
natural propensities. I recollect, many years ago,
witnessing the same scene enacted in the Cathedral
in Quito ; but such ceremonies are now suppressed
by order of the ecclesiastical authorities.

To avoid the tumult and confusion, augmented by
the immoderate indulgence in spirituous potations, I
was glad to be off as early as possible ; my servant, on
crossing the square, having been nearly capsized by
the mule on which he rode taking fright by meeting
with some of these disguised objects of humanity.
William Jameson, Quito.

NottrciS of 2SooJ£S(«

Aitstraliaji Vegetation, Indigenous or Introduced ;
considered especially in its hearings on the Occupa-
tion of the Territori/, and with a view of imfolding
its Sesources. By Ferdinand Miiller, Ph.D.,
P.R.S., Director of the State Garden, Melbourne.
The title of this essay will serve to convey only a
partial idea of its contents, for in addition to a general
sketch of Australian vegetation, with special reference
to its applications for economic purposes. Dr. Midler
has here given us a complete list of the Australian
trees, with their distribution, in the several colonies of
that vast island. The list comprises no less than
950 trees, arranged in sequence, according to their
botanical affinities. Such a list is likely to be valuable
for many purposes, and it is greatly to be wished that
we had, for purposes of comparison, similar lists of
Indian or even of European trees. Victoria rivals
California in the altitude of its trees, for even the
gigantic Sequoia (Wellingtonia) is matched in height
by some of the Eucalypti. One of these latter,
E. amygdalina, was found on admeasurement to have
attained a height of 420 feet, and another of ISO feet —
the height of the great Pyramid ! In another
instance the trunk measured 295 feet from the
base to the first branch, the girth of the
stem at 3 feet from the base being 41 feet.
It is not necessary to cite further details respecting the
enormous size of these Austrahan gum trees. In
many respects they bear the palm from their Cali-
fornian rivals, especially so in the quality of their
timber. Eucalyptus marginata is, says Dr. Mi'iUer,
absolutely impervious to tlie ship-worms, which play
such havoc in piers or other works of naval archi-
tecture.

For hardness and durability also, the timber of the
Eucalypti can hardly be surpassed; while some of the
species are sought after for the beautiful markings of
their wood, which renders them of great value to the
cabinet maker, all of them furnish tar and wood
spirit in abundance, and from_ their bark paper
may be prepared. The immense importance of these
Eucalypts has led to their being introduced not only
into India, but into Portugal, the Azores, the shores of
the Mediterranean, and other places. Some of the
species might even be grown in the southern counties
of England. In Devonshire and in the Scilly islands there
are, we believe, already large specimens of Eucalypts.
E. globulus at Kew suffered severely during the last
winter, but is recovering ; but of course in our climate
the cultivation of these trees would be merely a matter
of curiosity. Far otherwise would it be in other dis-
tricts, and Dr. Miiller is hardly chargeable with
immoderate enthusiasm when he suggests the scatter-
ing of the seeds of the drought-resisting Eucalypts
and Acacias after the hot season along any watercourse,
or even along the the crevices of rocks after rain.
" Even," writes our author, " the rugged escarpments
of the rocky desolate ranges of Tunis, Algiers, and
Morocco ; even the Sahara itself, if it could not be con-
quered and rendered habitable, might have the extent
of its oases vastly augmented, fertility might be secm-ed
again to the Holy Land, and rain to the Asiatic plateau,
or the desert of Atacama, or timber and fuel furnished
to Natal and La Plata." This short extract will suffice
to show the spirit in which this most interesting and
valuable essay is written. We say no more respecting
it at present, as we shall from time to time avail our-
selves of its contents.

The Constellation Seasons, an Sas!/ Guide to a Knoio-
ledge of the Stars. By E. A. Proctor, B.A.
Longmans.
This book consists of a set of 12 maps, designed to
represent the relative position of the stars at the
different hours throughout the year. We express no
opinion as to the value of these maps for professed

astronomers, but they will be of great service to the
mere star-gazer, who only desires to know what stars
are above the horizon at any hour in any night, or
who, watching the heavens at any time, wishes to
know what are the constellations he is witnessing.
An e.xplanatory table greatly facilitates the use of the
maps, which would otherwise prove somewhat bewilder-
ing to the novice. Possibly the marking each constella-
tion by a separate shade of colour would increase the
utility of the maps so far as facility of reference is con-
cerned, while some fuller explanation than that given
is required by the non-professional observer as to the
reasons why the west side of the map is placed to the
right hand of the spectator, contrary to the general
custom in maps terrestrial. Having tested the maps,
we can safely recommend them for the use of the
amateur.

:Crloi(0ts' d?lofa)erg.

Double Pyretheijms.— Probably, among recent
additions to the flower garden, no plants have shown so
rapid and marked an improvement as have the varie-
ties of the Double Pyrethrum ; while the single varie-
ties also show an advance in a corresponding ratio. _ So
far has the improvement of the double-flowering kinds
extended, that they may be said to bid fair to rival
both the Aster and the Chrysanthemum, for in the
variety and intensity of the colours, and in the perfec-
tion of their form added to size and substance, they
are closely reaching to the requisite " properties "
which form the standard of excellence of what are
denominated " Florists' Flowers." In addition, they
are generally of a robust habit, and easily cultivated;
they also bloom profusely and continuously, in
colours very attractive and some even brilliant
— qualities which place them in the front rank
of hardy herbaceous plants.

The rudimentary form of the Pyrethrum, as it came
to the hands of Mr. John Salter, Versailles Nursery
Hammersmith, some 10 years ago, from M. Themisterri,
of Belgium, who for some time had been trying expe-
riments with a view to improve several kinds of wild
flowers, was that of a large single flower of a distinct
shade of bright rose in colour, and having the yellow
centre common to most other composite flowers. M.
Themisterri had brought the single Pyrethrum up to
the point at which it had passed into Mr. Salter's
hands, the first break showing a slight infusion of a
delicate pink colour; the second break being the flower
above described, which M. Themisterri sent to Mr.
Salter. The next generation of flowers showed a
tendency on the part of the small yellow florets in the
centre of the flower to lengthen and become quilled, as in
thecase of the German Aster; and by seeding from these
again, the work of improvement was carried on until
it has reached the point indicated at the opening of this
paper. The first double variety sent out by Mr. Salter
was named Roseum album, having several rowsof florets
of a lively violet rose, with a white centre. It should,
however, be stated that on the Continent the improve-
ment of the Double Pyrethrum is also being carried
on with success, though Mr. Salter appears to be draw-
ing ahead of other raisers, in France and elsewhere.

A large majority of the plants which have flowered
in Mr. Salter's nursery during the present summer
were planted out previous to the frost in the early
part of the present year ; this fact will help to give
some idea of their hardihood of constitution. Nor
does excessive moisture appear to affect ^ them
injuriously; but in wet weather the slugs will feed
upon the plants if they are planted near anything else
that will afford a harbour to these pests.

There is a certain amount of difi'erence noticeable in
the arrangement of the florets of some of the flowers. A
few of them have a tendency to assume a more raised
or semi-conical shape : these Mr. Salter terms Ranun-
culus-flowered kinds,as in the centre of the fiower-heads
the florets are flat rather than quilled. One of the new
varieties of the present year is in this way ; the flowers
are high and full, and of a pale rosy lilac colour, with a
light centre, a very beautiful shade of colour. This has
been named Miss Plinkie. Another with pale yellow
flower-heads, having a centre of a deeper hue of the same
colour, is named Luteum plenum ; it is a remarkably
free-blooming kind, and dwarf er in habit than is usually
observed, Another new variety is very appropriately
named Nobilissimum, it is an enormous flower, having
very broad guard florets of a bright pink hue, with a
white centre ; it is one of the most distinct kinds, and
very attractive. Mr. Salter also had other seedlings of
great promise, which have not been named.

Some varieties not yet in Mr. Salter's catalogue,
and comprised in the main of new flowers from the
Continent, are very well worthy of notice;. —
Tolande, a dwarf-growing variety, colour rosy pink,
very double; Emile Lemoine, a new continental
variety, colour deep rosy carmine, with bronzy centre ;
Modele, a fine shade of carmine red, in the way of
E.ximium, but unfortunately both these sorts, though
large and of a fine hue of colour, are very apt to come
single ; Lischen, rosy purple, with paler centre, a con-
tinental variety ; Madame Calot, deep rosy purple, a
good shade of colour; and Nancy, another continental
variety of a creamy sulphur colour, and very promising.
The plants of the majority of these were small, and
consequently the flowers did not appear m their , best
form. Of older kinds (the white, however, comprising
flowers sent out in 1865-66), the following may be noted
as the most attractive : - Alfred Salter (Salter),
a fine flower, colour vivid rose; Annie Holborn, white
with a deep blush centre, very good ; Ariadne, rosy
peach, the centre lighter, a very distinct and pretty
flower ; Earral, a very fine and double crimson purple
flower oneof the bestofthedark colours; BelleGabrielle,
a fine flower, pure white, with delicate peach centre ;
Boule Soufi're, a flower very hke an Anemone-flowered
Chrysanthemum; Carneum plenum, blush, flowers

August 17, 18fi7.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

869

large and full; Caniiinatum plcmim, dark carmine;
Cerito, clear ros^'iK'acliw it lisuliiliiiri'oiitro.a lino flower;
Fascination, a very iilcusiui; simile I'lclrp)! pink ; Fulsons
plenissimum, dark red, a largo and liandsomo llo\vcr ;
Gustavo Ilcitz, pale rosy pink, witU bronzy centre, a
fine flower, but a somewhat tall grower; Imbricatum
plenum and lioso Perfection, both of a carmine shade,
the last deeper, having more rose in it, the flowers of
both varieties hue and handsome; Iveryanum, bright
rose, the flowers very large and full, the habit some-
what dwarl': Lady Blanche, hlnsli, with adistinct rosy
tint, very line; ]\liss Talfourd, bright rosy ])ink, a
pretty and ideasiug shade of colour; Mrs. l)ix, blush
shaded \vitli jiale rose, very fine; Nemesis, dark glowin.L,
rose, showy and iiuo; No plus ultra, blush lyhite, a
fine and bold llovver; Paul Journu, soft rose with jialo
centre, a dwarf-growing variety ; Pet, a vory pretty
flower, of a clear rosy peach shade ; Pompon Rose, a
Fmall but good flower, of a lively dark rose shade;
Princess Alexandra, white, with a slight tint of cream,
a very lino flower, of great depth and substance, and
somewhat dwarf growing; Prineo of M'ales, dark
carmine, shaded with red, large and line, a rich and
striking shade of colour; SulpluuTiun, sulphur, with a
deeper centre, one of the most distinct (lowers of
this colour ; and Wilhelm Krampcr, a tall-growing
variety, but of a good shade of colour, namely, lively
dark rose.

Mr. Salter will soon bo able to form a distinct section
of Pyrethrums under the head of Tom Thumb
varieties, as occasionally a seedling variety comes of an
unusually dwarf character. It is, however, somewhat
singular to note that a batch of seedlings raised from
seed saved from these Tom Thumb varieties will
produce but five or six of the same style of growth, all
the rest being tall-growing plants. Nor have the single
varieties been altogether overlooked, for there has been
a steady improvement here also ; the long lanceolate
florets have become broader and more rounded, and the
lilac and pale rose tinted flowers have become intensi-
fied into deep carmine and crimson. These single
flowers are by no means to he despised as ornamental
flowering plants, as they make a very effective display
either massed in beds or planted on shrubbery borders.
Their somewhat lanky growth is an objection urged
against their use, but there is nevertheless a charming
novelty about them, and they also bloom profusely and
remain a long time in flower. A few of the best of the
single varieties are Giganteum rubrum, chestnut red,
large and bold flowers; Kleinholtz, bright crimson,
fine and distinct ; Mars, glowing crimson, a fine shade
of colour, the flowers large and fine; Prince Alfred,
purplish crimson, flowers large and bold; and Sparkler,
bright reddish crimson, flowers very showy, and a fine
shade of colour.

These Pyrethrums can be readily propagated by
cuttings put in a cold frame, or under a hand-glass
on a shady border. The plants can be placed in their
blooming quarters in the autumn or early spring,
using a rich soil in which to plant them. As the slugs
are apt to attack them, these should be looked after
when the plants show signs of having been eaten by
them. Mr. Salter would do well to exhibit a stand of
cut blooms occasionally at the summer exhibitions,
and thus lead the public to appreciate the charming
things he has in the way of Pyrethrums. H. D.

bees injure fho flowers. In some bad seasons, follow-
ing the pi'rfointions of the humble bee, Fuchsias, and
Some other llowers, suffer considerably.]

Eemoting Hives.— I have four hives of bees— one
stock of 18G5, one ditto of ISiiG, and two swarms, one
from each of the above. I am leaving my present
home in Warwickshire at Michaelmas, and going into
Lancashire, and should like to take one hive of bees
with me. The swarm from the stock of 1SG5 came a
fortnight later than that from the stock of 1866, but
I suppose it contains a younger queen. Which is the
best to select ? Please state also the best mode of
conveying safely such a hive of bees. I propose
breaking up the remaining three hives for their honey.
What is the best mode of so doing in common straw
hives, and how soon ? Would you advise my joining
the bees from one of these to the lot I decide to take
away ? Is it true that bees injure the flowers at
which they suck ? A. M. H. [If your stock of
1866 is a strong and prosr>erous one, we should
choose it for keeping. It will bear removal better
than the swarm, and has, in all probability, a
younger queen. You will also be likely to obtain
more honey, and of a purer quality, from the younger
stock. If you particularly desire to retain either of
the swarms, we should fix on the one most populous
and well supplied %vith stores, regardless, in this case,
of the supposed age of the queens. For conveying
such a hive we cannot do better than quote a reply
given to a correspondent a few weeks ago:— "Place
some straw in a tea-chest; remove the hive from its
floor-board, and wrap it up in a coarse cheese or open
canvas cloth, tying a string tightly close to the bottom.
Invert the hive in the tea-chest, and pack round with
straw, leaving the cloth uncovered. Put two sticks
across the chest, resting on the hive, to prevent its
shaking, fastening them by nails or screws. Make a
few good-sized holes in the cover, which nail down,
also tying a stout cord round for further security.
Look after the railway officials, and see that the case
IS carefully placed in the luggage van, standing steadily
on the floor. To break up stock, drive out
the bees, and cut out the combs with a curved
comb-knife. The latter end of August would
, be a very good time. We should hardly, under the
circumstances, advise your uniting the bees of the
condemned stocks to the one kept. The brimstone pit
wiU be the kindest treatment. If possible save the
brSod and give it to the hive on top, covered over with
a small box. for hatching out. If there is no hole in
the hive, cut one. We do not think that, as a rule.

Garden Memoranda.

KiLonASTON House, Pektosiiire, the Seat oe
.lOHN Grant, Esq. --This delightful residence is
situated in the midst of an extensive park, in the
centre of the lovely valley of Lower Stralhearn, rather
more than 4 miles due south from Perth, and one
mile distant fioni the Bridge of Earn station of the
North I'lrilish liaihvay. The house is placed in a
snniewhat. low situation, on a broad expanse of gravel,
from which a wcll-keiit lawn stretches out on all sides,
and on which no treo or shrub of -any kind appears.
It is a noble quadrangular building of three storeys, in
the modified Roman style of Grecian architecture. It
was erected for the late Francis Grant, Esq., during
the first decade of the present century, and consists of
a deep red-tinted enduring sandstone found on the
estate. Its principal front has the addition of a
portico, and it is further enriched by mural and
other ornaments in Portland stone. Its walls on
this side are sparsely covered to nearly half their
height with Pyracantha, CeanothiLs, Cotoneaster, and
other winter-berried, everclothed shrubs amongst
which Jasmines, Clematis.and Rosesflower abundantly,
and produce a charming eflect.

The park, which is of considerable extent, was
encircled by a stone wall soon after the mansion was
completed, and the whole interior was belted in
Brown's style; the present proprietor, however, has
long since removed a portion of the wall and the belt
on the southern side, and has extended the park
onwards to a considerable distance on the slope of the
Ochill Mountains, the whole being enriched with
healthy trees, which now blend admirably with the
flue groups and masses of Oaks, Limes, Ash, Chestnut,
Elm, and Planes, with which the other portion of the
park is so well embellished ; it also contains some
majestic forms of ancient Pear trees, heavily laden
with fruit,several of which girth 8 feet in circumferenoe
at 3 feet from the ground. A rivulet meanders through
the grounds, and sweeps the lawn on the south and
eastern sides.

The principal approach from the Great Northern Road,
after passing a beautiful Grecian lodge and triumphal
arch of freestone, is led in a direct line— boi-dered on
either hand with many noble examples of Oaks and
other trees, crossing the water by a neat bridge, to the
southern side of the mansion, where the main entrance
is situated. Another excellent carriage drive is led
onwards to the northern side of the park, passing on the
left the stables and other buildings, which are
screened from view by a large assemblage of stately
trees; its course, too, is indicated by many
magnificent forms of Limes, Oaks, and Planes before
reaching the extremity of the park, where the egress
is by a simple lodge and gate. A broad walk conducts
from the southern front of the mansion to the gardens,
which are situated at some considerable distance oS' at
the south-western corner of the park. Near the house
are some noble examples of variegated Sycamore and
Turkey Oaks. On the opposite side of the water is a
mass of ancient forms of Chestnut trees. On the right
are some good examples of Swedish and other Junipers,
which contrast well with the hoary leaves and coral
berries of the Mountain Ash. The circular beds of a
well-managed Rosery contained a good selection of
excellent sorts. A gool example of Weymouth Pine
has a fine efiect, associated as it is with many excellent
forms of deciduous trees. Near here are two interest-
ing groups of Cypress, of some 5 or 6 feet in height ;
the seeds of one group are said to have been obtained
from near the site of " Solomon's Temple." the seeds
of the other from trees growing in the " Garden of Get h-
semane." Near here, too, are scattered about some
excellent examples of Wellingtonia gigautea, Arbor-
vitse, Black Spruce, and upright Tews. A white
Willow, which has been planted 35 years, is 60 feet in
height and 10 feet in girth at 3 feet from the ground ;
it covers a vast area with its pensile silvery-leaved
branches— a'glorious object, contrasting admirably with
exalted forms of Spruce Fir, a good example of Purple
Beech, as well as sundry other fine specimens of the
broad-leaved variety of Douglas Fir, with which it is
associated. Crossing the " burn " by a neat bridge, we
observed that the roots of some lolty Poplars growing
on its banks had taken possession of the stream with
their reddish -coloured thickly -matted spongioles.
About here the masses of plantation are thick with
undergrowth of Yews, fringed with Rhododendrons.
Another walk is led along the southern bank of the
stream, and is ornamented on either band with many
remarkable examples of Soruce Fir and other trees,
interspersed amongst which are some beautiful forms
of ;the broad-leaved variety of Douglas Fir, upright
and other Y'ews, Picea Nordmanniana and uohilis,
whose beautiful forms and finely-powdered foliage have
a fine appearance. Re-crossing the brook by another
bridge at the end of a broad walk at some considerable
distance in frontj is the entrance to the garden. This
walk is margined on either side by a broad expanse of
turf, on whose well-shaven surface masses of Rhodo-
dendrons and iine-foliaged plants are displayed to
advantage, backed up as they are on either hand with
good examples of Purple Beech and hoary Cedars,
amongst which stately forms of Silver and Spruce Firs,
as well as exalted Poplars, are freely distributed.

The garden is situated on an elevated portion of
ground which slopes considerably from the north and
also from the centre to the eastern and western sides.
It contains an area of something more than 3 acres of
excellent land, of a samly loamy character, and is
surrounded by red sandstone walls. On either side of
the principal entrance is the gardeners' house and the
fruit rooms— both two-storeyed erections. A broad

excellent road extends the whole length of the eastern
side of the garden ; the wall borders are kept gay in
siunmer with flowering plants, and its opposite side
lias a hriiiid margin of turf fronting a mass of trees and
iHautiliil shrubs. It IS entered tlirough apair of noble
operi-l.itticed doors, and the walk proceeds onw,ard to
the centre of the garden, ornamented on either side
with diamond-shaped beds, formed with broad bands
of Cera.stium tomentosum, the whole being backed up
with Hollyhocks, Dahlias, and Roses. On the southern
aspect of the nort h wall the forcing bouses are ."ituated
and the long borders in front are not only gaily
ailorned with beautifully disposed plants, but a portion
of ground immediately m front of the glass erections is
also laid out in beds, which are well filled with fault-
lessly arranged flowering plants, amongst which the
glorious flower spikes of the Gladioli are conspicuous.
The range of houses is in four divisions ; it is
rather lofty, and is 100 feet in length, and 9 feet
in width ; the glass roof, which is fixed, rests on a
dwarf, powerful wall, in which there are venti-
lators, as well as under the apex of the roof,
for the purpose of aeration, and the whole range is
heated by smoke flues. The house at the western end
is occuiiicd by a Black Hamburgh Vine, the stem of
wliicli at some little distance from the ground girths
18 inidies, and it annually bears a multitude of medium-
sized bunches, the berries of which are well swelled
and beautifully coloured. Tho second house is lilled
with two Vines— one a Black Hamburgh and tho other
a Grizzly Frontignan. These, too, bear heavy crops of
well-swelled, medium-sized bunches. The next two
divisions are occupied with one Vine ; the eastern
portion had at one time been devoted to the growth
of Peaches, a shoot from the stem of the Vine, how-
ever, had been introduced, which gradually superseded
the Peach trees, and both houses are now filled with
excellent Grapes, the produce of a single Vine, the
stem of which girths some 16 inches. These Vines
have been planted 50 years, and during that period
they have produced crops of no ordinary character in
every season, nor have they had much to depend on
except the deep-moulded, naturally drained soil of this
excellent garden. These Graperies are a copy of the
houses erected for the late Earl of Mansiield at Scone,
by the late Mr. Atkinson, and they are well adapted
both for the production of late snd early Grapes. The
walls that enclose these gardens are we'll covered with
neatly trained fruitful trees; several of the ancient
Pear trees that were removed from the old garden
50 years ago still continue in a healthy bearing state.
The lower walks of the garden are lined on either side
with admirable examples of dwarf standard Apple-trees
which produce excellent crops of unrivalled spotless
fruit. Gooseberries and Currants are growm somewhat
extensively, being much in demand for the table in the
latter part of the season ; and they, too, have been
heavily laden with fruit.

The vegetable portion of the garden is well filled
with crops of the most satisfactory kind, which are at
once well sheltered and free from shade. On the
terrace walk and ornamental ground in front of tho
houses, handsome seats are placed from which an
excellent view of the Ochill r.ange of mountains in
the foreground is obtained. Their lofty tops are in
this direction everywhere covered with wood, and
their sloping sides, having lately been converted into
pasture, enrich the scene. On ,the!western side of the
garden is a range of flue-heated pits, 80 feet long and
12 feet wide, in several divisions, in which Melons,
Cucumbers, and Pelargoniums, and other plants in
pots are successfully grown. A r.ange of sheds extends
the whole length of the forcing houses behind the
northern wall of the garden, and in one of these
Mushrooms are cultivated. The fruit room occupies
a site on the eastern side of the garden ; it is a spaciors
two-storeyed erection, and is excellently fitted up.
^ Broad walks proceed from the eastern and western
sides of the garden, and are led onwards through the
woods by which the Park is encircled. In an enclosed
space of ground on the northern side of the garden is
situated a mausoleum, representing the ruin of an
ecclesiastical building; it was erected by the late Mr.
Grant soon after the garden was formed : it has since
been supplemented by his son, the present " Laird ;"
and although of but comparative recent formation, it is
already the depository of many sad mementos, relating
to Balaclava, India, Borneo, St. Helena, &c. At its
entrance is a pair of noble Silver Firs, 100 feet iu
height and 9 feet in girth ; a broad avenue of majestic
Limes leads from here to the extremity of the park
and is continued onwards to some considerable distance
by lines of ancient green trees. Closely adjoining is the
far-famed mineral wells of Pitkeathly, the property of
Mr. GJrant.

In the grounds of a neighbouring villa is an excellent
example of Tulip tree ; it is 58 feet in height, and its
straight trunk, which is 20 feet in height, girths 8 feet
at 3 feet from the ground; the spreading branches
cover an area of 120 feet in circumference. A Black
Gean, or Wild Cherry, growing a few yards off, girths
9 feet at 3 feet from the ground, and the spread of its
branches is 162 feet iu circumference.

In a field abutting on the 'park walls is a noble
Spanish Chestnut some 50 or 60 feet in height, the
spread of its branches being 103 feet in circumference ;
its trunk is 25 feet in height, and its girth 15 feet at
3 feet from the ground. A noble Oak, of which many
are scattered about here, girths lOi feet, and the
spread of its branches is 166 feet. A lofty form of
Elm, too, girths nearly 15 feet at 3 feet from the
ground. The estate of Kilgraston stretches onwards
to the summit of the Ochill Mountains, and at a point
immediately opposite the gardens, where "Wallaces
Road " first enters on it, is the famous sjict on which
Sir Walter Scott paused to view the magnificent scene
he so graphically describes in the " Fair Maid o(
Perth." He had, without knowing it, deviated from

860

tHE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[AuQtrsT If, 1867.

the main road, which descends into the valley some
miles further eastward, and from which no view
of the kind he describes could by any possi-
bility be obtained ; from here, however, Perth is
seen beyond the gorge of the opposing mountain,
and is finely backed in the well wooded distance by the
lofty Grami)ians. Far down beneath, and onwards to
the right, is the lovely valley of Lower Strathearo,
with its winding river gliding onwards, until it merges
with the broad waters of the Tay, which crosses the
valley on its onward course to the German Ocean. It
is screened on either hand by lofty, well clad moun-
tains, and its banks are studded with comfortable-
looking villages and farm steadings. In its e.xtreme
distance the towns of Dundee and Arbroath are
effectively brought out by the powerful rays of the
meridian sun — a glorious scene, which, when once
seen, is not readily forgotten. Z>.

Miscellaneous.

The late Mr. John MtchelL — Mr. Nitchell, who
died on the 17th ult., at Enville Cottage, Addlestone,
Surrey, was 83 years of age, and had been connected
for more than half a century with the Eoyal Gardens
of Kensington and Kew, and lastly with the Eoyal
and Cumberland Lodge Gardens, Windsor. He had
served George III., George IV., William IV., and
our present Queen, who as a reward for his_ long
services, about 10 years ago allowed him to retire, at
the same time granting him a liberal provision for
life. After that he settled down on his freehold, Enville
Cottage, Addlestone. He served his apprenticeship at
Enville, from whence he came to London, and worked
for some years in, the then celebrated gardens of the
Earl of Tankerville, at Walton-on-Thames. He then
entered the Royal Gardens at Kew, from which place
he was selected to conduct the improvements then in
progress at the Eoyal and Cumberland Lodge Gardens.
The island, too, on which the fishing temple at
Virginia Water is erected, was embellished under his
direction ; and the celebrated ruin there, the pretty
lake, and magnificent drives in the locality of that en-
chanting spot, were all carried out under his super-
intendence. He was interred in Addlestone Church-
yard on the 2.3d ult., followed by many friends, among
whom rank some of the best gardeners in the country.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing weeJc.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Now that bright weather may possibly set in give
abundance of air, which will not only prevent the
foliage from being scorched, but will also tend towards
ripening the wood eflEcicntly, and bringing flower-
buds previously formed to proper maturity. Give
encourageoient to "stove plants," which show symp-
toms of secondary autumnal flowering, such as Alla-
manda grandillora, Fleroma elegans, &c., removing all
decayed flowers as soon as they are perceived, and
encouraging secondary growth. Keep Cadi generally,
which have ceased flowering, much drier. Induce
Slandfo7'dias to perfect a good summer growth, by
giving a surface dressing to the ball, sponging the
grass-like leaves, &c. AVater Sisas, which have
flowered sparingly, removing the flower-stalks forthwith,
and encouraging the younger growths around their base
to grow. Should any symptoms of green-fly exist,
remove the plants at once into the outer air, where, by
blowing a little tobacco smoke into the heart of the
plant, the pests may be dislodged. Never allow the
plants to remain in any structure in which fumigation
is about to be carried into effect. Induce plants
intended for future forcing to well fill the pots with
roots, without which it is impossible for them to flower
freely ; on the other hand, let established hard-wooded
plants have a season of rest, especially such as are
intended for early spring flowering, among which may
be classed Combretums, Aphelandras, Franoisceas,
Clerodendrons, Ixoras, Plumbagos, &c. Dry the balls
of Pancratiums, Zingiber, &c., by slow degrees, as soon
as the current season's foliage indicates decay. Except
the weather continues very bright, afford rather less
water to plants in general, and withhold liquid manure
altogether, except in the case in which plants are in
flower, or that of soft-wooded stuff intended shortly
to come into bloom. Remove decayed and decaying
flowers at the earliest possible moment from aquatics,
which frequently over-exhaust themselves by bearing

FORCING HOUSES.
In Lale Vineries Grapes will now be commencing to
colour, and it is to be feared that in consequence of the
moist state in which most out-door borders, and espe-
cially ill-drained ones, are almost sure to be, accom-
panied with the want of solar heat, both inside and
out, that the colouring will not be very perfect unless
considerable skill is employed. Do not then resort to
the too frequent practice, in dull untoward seasons, of
giving an additional amount of heat internally ; on
the contrary, rather keep the house cooler if anything,
encouraging a reciprocity of action betwixt roots and
branches, which, though it will cause the ripening
process to be carried on slowly, will nevertheless insure
a better crop than could otherwise be attained. Give
abundance of air without undue exposure to draughts ;
and should the weather become dull, keep the internal
surfaces of the houses as dry as practicable without
having resort to much artificial heat. Just a little
warmth in the pipes during the time in which air is
given is all that is needed. Stop without reserve all
laterals, but do not remove any of the larger leaves of
earlier formation, unless the Vines have been im-
properly finger-pruned at first; and even in that case
only a few should be taken off in instances where they
are too densely packed together. I'ines intended for

winter fruiting will now be very generally in flower.
Be careful not to allow any water to settle upon the
blossoms until they are well set, and, once the fruit
Ijegius swelling, commence giving waterings with weak
clear liquid manure. See also to the bottom-heat, which
just at the swelling period should be brisk, without
being too warm. Do not, however, exceed a maximum
of 8G'. Should it be possible to devote a structure wholly
to the growth of late fruit producers, as soon as they are
set give them a liberal amount of atmospheric mois-
ture, constantly giving air only early in the day.
Commence gently to afford growing " young stuff"
less heat and moisture. Give rather more air
instead, and in that way harden the growth already
made ready for winter. Finish as soon as convenient
potting any plants requiring that attention from
amongst the general stock ; and with foresight procure
shortly the necessary supply of tan, &c., to be used
freshly when needed, for plunging in permanent
winter quarters. With good management, Feach and
Nectarine Trees denuded of their crops need no
further attention as regards pruniiig. Should they
have been left too dense, however, it will be better
to remove any useless foreright shoots, and with
a pair of scissors cut in two diagonally some of
the larger leaves, which emanate from gross wooded
shoots, in positions where the foliage is so thick as not
to afford light and air freely in all directions. This
operation slightly impoverishes gross shoots, often
inducing flower-buds to form, where previously wood-
buds only could be expected.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.
Eeraove all secondary foreshoots which form upon
wall fruit trees generally after this date, an operation
which will be more needful in i)laces where, from any
cause, too early pruning and laying in have been had
resort to. Expose more freely to the sun's direct rays
the earlier sorts of Peaches, Nectarines, &c. Do not in
the operation, however, remove any more good healthy
leaves than is absolutely necessary. These remarks
apply equally to the removal of all growths of recent
formation from espalier and other Pears, &c. Remove
wholly, by cutting away down at the base, any of the
current season's shoots which have been allowed to
remain for a time. Do not fail to eject each morning
such earwigs as may have entered the bean-stalk
traps during the previous night. Incalculable mischief
is occasioned by these pests in cool wet seasons like the
present, through the manner in which they puncture
the fruit long before it is ripe.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

It will be well now, taking time by the for clock, to
commence propagating some of the rarer varieties of
" bedding-out stufl'," especially Pelargoniitms, of the
zonal and variegated sections, and indeed any others
upon which cuttings are obtainable, and of which large
quantities are needed. Sow seeds of Myosoiis, Silene,
Nemophila, &c., intended to stand in the open borders
during winter for flowering early next spring. Sow
these under a south wall or other fully exposed posi-
tion, in order to harden them better for the purpose of
withstanding the winter's severit.v. Where a large
quantity is needed, sow at two different dates, at a
week or so apart, as the later sown ones do best for
planting around the outer edges of flower beds, reserv.
ing the larger ones for the centre. Sow Molhjhock
seed in a similar situation. Do not sow too thickly, as
it will be advisable to let the plants stand over the
winter where they come up, to be transplanted in the
spring. This will also be found a good time for propa-
gating any of the rare varieties of these. Cut any shoot
of moderate age and size off just below the lowest
flowering bud, when those which remain may be cut
up into single eyes. Neatly finish off the base below
the eye, leaving an inch or so of the stalk above it ;
press each portion so made firmly into the soil in such
a manner that the side on which the eye exists may not
be unduly buried ; where practicable it is best to pre-
pare a light in some cold pit for their reception,
placing upon a good bottom drainage about 2 inches of
light sandy soil, into which the cutting so formed
should be firmly pressed neatly in rows. In such a
position they enjoy greater immunity from frosts and
other fluctuating reverses than when placed around the
inner edges of small pots, which is the customary
mode of increasing them. Plant out into the borders
where it is intended they should flower, all hardy
perennials, such as Panties, Walijlowers, Antirrhinums,
Dianthns, Brompton Stocks, Ac. Put in cuttings
without delay of Linums, Linarias, Dianthns, Sapo-
naria oct/moides, Cistiis, and dwarf-growing Phloxes,
of the beautiful prostrate Nelsoni and frondosa
sections. _ Centaureas, of the silvery modern sorts, used
for bedding purposes, will strike freely at this season,
pricked out under hand-glasses. Abundance of small
cuttings may be found upon all thriving plants.
Put them in with a small " heel " if procurable.
Do not deprive the cuttings of too many leaves, nor
leave a ragged base to them ; on the contrary, neatly
remove all irregular surfaces from the base with a keen-
edged knife. Sever early layered Carnations, &c., from
the parent plant, when properly rooted. Also part
and transplant Polyanthuses, Daisies, &c. Give Auri-
culas suflicieut water, should warm weather continue ;
for, if neglected in that respect, they suffer much at
this season. Those who require miniature-blooming
plants of Chrj/santhemums might have them by layering
the points of growing shoots in the open ground,
makmg an incision in the part pegged down, and care-
fully treading the soil firmly when the operation has
been performed.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

It will be necessary about this time to prepare a bed
for Winter Cabbages, well digging and manuring the
space selected. Upon light soils, no better site for this
purpose can be found than the present "Onion bed."
Get the Onions off in good time, when the surface

should be well hoed over, all loose stones and litter
raked off, &c. ; drills should then be drawn of the
necessary width, and the plants dibbled in. Cabbage
beds with me are of constant local repute, being
invariably good, yet in the above alone lies the secret
of success. Take up J^arly Potatos, placing them
without delay in long narrow clamps, without any
straw. No better preserver than mother earth is to be
found. Continue the use of the hoe ; it is at once a
great fertilising agent, giving free admittance to air,
and also a destroyer of weeds. W. i?.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
For the Week ending Aug. 14.1667, aaobserved at the Horticultural Gai-dena

Thura. 6

Friday 9

Satur, lO

Sunday 11

Mon. 12

Tues. 13

Wed. U

Ayeraee

8 29.687 29,670

29.792 29.718

30.080 29.946

30.006 29.935

30.069 29,9.'i8
29.959 I 29.922

29.948 29,736

TEUrEa^TDBE.

Max. Min. Mean

29 93t' 29.845 | 79.1 I 51.7 ' 65.4 63 5 I 69.7

1 toot 2 feet
deep. deep.

0.21

August 8— Densely overcast ; cloudy, with showers ; fine.

— 9— Fine ; very line throughout.

— 10— Clear and exceedingly fine ; very fine at night.

— 11— Very fine throughout.

— 12— Veryflne; clear and hot throuehout.

— 13— Very fine ; cloudless and hot ; fine at night.

— 14— Very fine; hot and cloudless; oveicast; moonlight, with

misty haze.
Mean temperature of the week . 3 deg. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending August 21, 1867.

s-S,a stB

it

Eh

No. Of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

Prevailing Winds.

August.

4

3
3
2
2

6
4
3
3
2
4
7

1

4 2

3 -
11 1
4i-
4i 2

4 —

Ill "a

3 12 10
5 11 12

4 8 15
4 12 12
310 12
fi'lOilO

7^

Sunday.. 18
MOQ. ..19
Tues. ..20
Wed. ..21
Thuri. ..22
Friday ,.23
Satur. ..24

70 2 1 50.4
73.1 48.8
72.7 ' 60.5

72.4 ' 49.6

71 7 : 49 6
71 8 49.1

71.5 47.8

61.8

eo-9

61.6
61.0

60.6
60.4
69,6

15
9
20
4
16
21
18

0.38 In.

042

0.45

0.62

0.67

0.95

0.24

1
4
6
3
2
4
4

The highest temperature during the ahove period occurred on the
18th,1842-therm. 92 deg. ; and the loweat on the 18th, 1866-thernL
36 dee.

Notices to Correspondents,

Fuchsia cylinbracea : T J asks where this plant can be
obtained. Probably an application to sume respectable
nurseryman would be successful.
Grapes : E H Anthonit. Your diseased Grapes have not yet
reached us.

Grape Spot : J J. We do not see any Fungus on your Grapes.
The disease seems to be a common case of spot, arising prob-
ably from the condition of the roots. There is uo fructification
in the little specks, which have a fungoid appearance. M JJi

Insects : H ir. We could not discover, even with a magnify
ing glass, any trace of insects among the earth and stone
which you sent. W.

Labels : E A ugust. There is nothing special about your labels.
Similar ones are made in various materials, and for ourselves
we much prefer a rounder shape.

Malformed Potato; R W ii: Son. The appearance of small
tubers in the axils of the leaves is not an uncommon
occurrence, but is important as showing the real nature of
the tubers, which are thus shown to be swollen branches.

MEAiY Bug : R P. A fluid sold under the name of Ne plus
Ultra is very effective. It is merely necessary to touch the
insect with a camel's hair peucil moistened with it. Perhaps
gas water would do as well. Cleanliness and care in the
first instance will prevent its gaining a head. MSB.

Names of Fruit: X Y, Pertlishire. Your Apple resembles
Coe's Golden Drop, but we are not quite sure that it is that
sort.

Names of Plants: A C. Your Aerides is A. quinquevulnera.
The little Dendrobe, D. aduncum ; and the larger Dendrobe
a variety of D. Calceolaria, with flowers much smaUer than
usual.— jriJ. 1, Solidago floribunda ; 2, Epilobium angusti-
folium ; 3, Linaria purpurea.— ii D S. Tilia argentea.— .ff i*.
1, Pedicularis palustris ; 2, Pinguicula vulgaris.— JS ct Af'C.
1, Epilobium aogustifolium, var. ; 2, Lychnis (Agrosterama)
Githago ; 3, Silene pendula ; 4, Lysimachia sp. ; 5, Lathyrua
aativns.—Cozoan. Acer glabrum.— fi M'G. Eriophorum
polystachyum.— IT A W. 4, Agrostis alba; 8, Festuca
pratensis.— Z' C. Francoa ra.mosii..—Westerham. 1, Buple-
urum fruticosum ; 2, Liquidambar styraciflua. — ff H C,
1, Lastrea Pilix-mas ; 2, .3, and 4, Athyrium Filix-foemina.—
J Jones. 1, Senecio Jacobaia ; 2, Achillea Jlillefalium ; 3,
Polygonum Persicaria. — M F. Diplacus glutinosus grandi-
florus. — J L, Glasneviji. Your Cattleya puzzles us, and may
be new. What is its native country ? has it long or short,
thick or thin stems ? and how many leaves do the latter
bear, and how many flowers? All these particulars should
have been sent. We should like to see a fresh flower.

Peas : / M. Your Pea is the " Pois turc ou couronn^" of the
Bon Jardinier, the Crown or Cluster Pea, a variety re-
markable on account of its having the haulm swollen or
enlarged near the top, from whence are produced all the
pods in bunches or clusters, forming a sort of crown at the
top of the haulm, which is about 4 feet in height. The Pea
13 a round white kind of average quality, a fair bearer,
worthy only of cultivation on account of its singular appear-
ance while growing. There is also a purple-flowered variety
which used to be grown in many private gardens in Aberdeen-
fihire for the beauty of its flowers alone. It was known there
under the names of the Crown, Cluster, and Mummy Pea.
This variety is sold in France under the name of the PoU
Paquet. JS.

Pelargoniums : W B. A scented-leaved variety, very much
resembling the old Fair Helen in the leaf, and in the general
character of the flower, but apparently more suffused with
rose. It had, however, fallen to pieces.

Poplar : C G, Tay Bank. The leaves are nicely blotched and
pale green, forming, no doubt, an effective variegation when
seen fresh on the tree.

Rose Leap Fungus : R P. The Fungus on your Rose leaves
is Aregma mucronatum. It is so universally prevalent that
all precautions against it are useless. MSB.

Seedling Pelargonium ; Usher. A large clear golden leaf,
with broad bright red zyne, very effective, and, so far as an
opinion can be formed without comparison, distinct from
anything which has yet been brought forward. You should
exhibit the plant in London, at the proposed show on
September l7th,

Trop-eolums : W B. Tropfflolum flowers do not travel well,
and yours had all more or less perished before they
reached us, so that it was quite impossible to recognise
their peculiar features. And after all, little can be said of
such subjects without seeing the plants.

AuausT 17, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZlsTTE.

51

WIRRAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.— The
ANNUAL SHOW of tho Sociyty will bo hold on SEP-
TEMBKR 26. wlioii PRIZKS will bo awarjoa for IIORSKS.
SHEEP PIO!i, PUULTBV. PIGEONS, ninl F.\RM PUODUCE.
Thero will also bo n IIURTICULTUIIAL EXIllblTlON In con.
neotlon with tha above. . , .,

All PTSOPB intoniling to exhibit In either department of tho
Show nm4t (.end in particnbira of their Entries on or bolbro Sei)t. li.
For Lists of Prizes or anv fiirtli'T lnf.)rmatlon n iply to William
HBNDEHsopf, Seerotary, 2 Market Cross, Blrkeuhead.

ROYAL AGIUCULTUUAL SOCIETY of ENGLANU,
12, Ilunover Siiuare, London, W.

EDUCATIONAL PRIZES.— APRIL, 1808.
Form ok Api-licatiox for Candidates.
To be returned (Hied up on or before February 29, 1808.
Ilame of the Candidate nt full length ., ,.j

Date of his Birth }

Branch of Business followed by his family . , \

Business intended to be followed by himself , . |

Residence of Parents or Guardians [

The Names of tho Schools at which the Candi-")
date bus been educated, stating the number of (^
years spent at each ; accompanied by Certl- 1

Ilcates of general Education J

The Candidate has to state whether ho will be"!

examined in Land Surveying, or in Mechanics >

as applied to Agriculture, or in both snbiects. . j

He must liliewise st.ate in which of the foflowing

optional subjects he desires to be e:tamlned,

viz. :— Botany

Geology

Veterinary Science

Copies of the above Form may be obtained on application to

H. Hall Dare, Secretary.

State of the Fruit Crops, 1867.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICUL-
TURAL GAZETTE of AUI^UST 24 will contain an account
of the CONDITION of tho FRUIT CROPS throughout the country.
A Copy of this Number will be sent on receipt of Six Stamps, or it
may be ordered of any News Agent.
Office for Advertisements, &c., 41, Wellington Street, Strand, London.

as regards quantity of yield, but much of it must
be of very inferior quality. Oata are a bettor
crop than they have been for tho last two years,
lioaus are gimorally remarkably good ; but I'oas
are considerably inferior to last year's crop,
which was unusually good. For tho rest, there
13 generally a fair promise of green crops, Man-
gels, and Turnips ; I'otatos exhibit more than
usually abundant signs of tho disease ; and there
has boon a very heavy crop of hay, most of it
well got in.

The cattle plaguo has unfortunately attacked
the stock on tho Sewage Company's Farm, at
Barking. For some months tho disease has
existed within a few miles, or more practically
within a few minutes of it ; recently it has
destroyed animals in the immediate neighbour-
hood, and considering that the Sewage Farm is
necessarily a public place, open at all convenient
times to visitors from all parts, it is remarkable
that it should have enjoyed an immunity from
the pest so long as it has.

It may not be possible to trace tho course of
the affection, stop by step; the progress of an
infectious disease does not necessarily afford a
series of consistent illustrations of the opera-
tion of a fixed law. Certain prominent
points are established, and remain unques-
tioned, but in matters of detail there is room
for difference of opinion, not merely in refer-
ence to the pathology of the disease, but in
regard to its character, origin, and mode of

propagation. Some time back England was po,.t this presumption it should be seriously
comparatively, and the metropolis positively free I considered, but setting aside probabilities, the
from the plague, when an outbreak was recorded , f^ct of the animals remaining for months free
at Islington in February last, on the premises f^.^,^ disease while it was raging in the metro-
where it had first been detected m June, ISOo. poU^ ^nd close to them, added to the circum-
No positive evidence of the precise source of the gj^nce of tho malady appearing first in the sheds
infection was obtained; but the disease is most distant from the sewage, and not having
admitted to be foreign m its origin, and foreign ^gj appeared in the situation most exposed to its
cattle were constantly kept in the lairs on the influence, is sufficient to upset such speculative
same pjemises. By prornpt and energetic action reasonings. Something more tangible thi

and tho special signs of cattle plague wore
diecovorcd.

The usual preliminary symptoms — increase of
temporaturo, loss of milk, dulnesa, discharge
from the eyes, diminished and irregular appetite
— were supplemented in tho most marked cases
by tlio peculiar congestion of the mucous
membrane of the vagina, with tho existence of
an abundant viscid secretion, and the charac-
teristic eruption in tho mouth, and tho presence
of numerous excoriations. Cattle plague assumes
various forms, but in every outbreak whoro a
number of animals have been attacked we have
invariably observed in some of tho cases all those
indications which are generally held to belong to
the disease, but which, nevertheless, do not
present themselves in every instance. Informa-
tion of the existence of the cattle plague at the
Lodge Farm was sent to the authorities as soon
as the fact was discovered ; and the slaughter of
tho diseased cows, and of those which had been
exposed to infection, was at once commenced.
At present more than a hundred cows in two
of the sheds have escaped the disease, and if tho
liberal use of disinfectants and presumed
prophylactics will avail anything they may bo
saved, but the occupants of five sheds will have
been disposed of by the time the information ia
before our readers.

The cause of tho outbreak will afford matter
for much speculation, and the metropolis sewage
is already quoted as a presumed cause of the
catastrophe. If there were any evidence to sup-

Ciie ^gricttlttttal <5ajette»

SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1867.

♦

Oun pages are to-day filled with reports of the
current harvest. It must be remembered that
these reports are already one week old ; and that
since last Saturday we have had some of the
.characteristic fickleness of this year's weather —
a change from extreme summer-heat and drought
to almost cold and very heavy rain. Whether
the storm of Thursday may have been general or
not, it has no doubt done some mischief over
just those counties where harvest- work is already
general, and most corn was nearly ready to be
carried. And we have to add, as still more
seriously affecting the proper reading of these
returns, that from several of our correspondents
we have received corrections of their first impres-
sions, stating that, on further examination, they
have found the injury by blight and weather to
be greater than they at first supposed.

The following Table gives the number of
returns under the headings "Over Average,"
"Average," and "Under Average," respectively;
and a comparison may, at the same time, be
made in it with the corresponding reports of the
two previous harvests, both of which were con-
siderably below the average productiveness : —

the affection was^ eradicated— in fact, by the emanations from the metropolis sewage has been
efficacious if unscientific method of destroying ^t work to cause cattle plague at Barking, but
all the animals that could by possibility become , ^eing there it is not difficult to understand how
its victims. Alarm was naturaUy excited by this , it extended from one farm to another, checked it
sudden re-appearance of the pest, and the pre- ^lay be but not arrested by well-intended, and
sence of an unw;onted number of cows, many of ^^ ^ f^ degree beneficially acting restrictions.

them in full milk, in the Metropolitan market,
ilemonstrated the existence of a panic, which,
however, was of temporary dui-ation. Confidence

The malady first presented itself in the home
sheds, the first six cows attacked having been
placed in a small shod previous to being sold as

Crop.

Over
average.

Average.

Under
average.

Total.

(■1865

Wheat- 1866

.1867

29
21
21

90
96
76

76
63
112

ISS)

190 y

209)

n865

Barley J 1866

(1867

28
45
32

112
102
116

40
22
63

180-)
169 V
201)

186.';

Oala .(1866

,1867

2
29
46

27
84
105

154
60
48

185 "1
173 ^
199)

fl86i

Beans J 1866

(lS67

4

19
36

58
65
94

64
29
30

126 ■)
113 [
160 )

(1865

Peaa J 1866

(l867

6

47
18

58
59
85

64
3

61

128')
109 ,
154

was restored in a few weeks, only to be violently , fat stock for slaughtef. One of these" animals
and seriously shaken by the discovery ot the ^ied after a short illness, and the remainder were
disease among some dairy cows at Limehouse m i immediately killed. Other animals in two adia-
April, not on premises where foreign cattle were ^ (.g^t sheds were next attacked, and then the
kept m lairs although not far from them, but in I disease appears to have been carried, by the
the line of the foreign cattle_ traffic. From this attendants most probably, to tho more distant
time the cattle plague continued to appear at sheds on the farm before its nature was suspected,
short intervals, m the north, east, and west of, jt will be observed, that the infection was first
London ; following no regular course, but pre- I eommunicated to animals which were most
sentmg itself in Ishngton Newmgton, Dalston, exposed to the danger of contact with the virus
Paddington, Wormwood Scrubs and Chelsea; that can be conveved on the hair of a dog, or
obeying no law but the one which regulates the ! i^ the clothes of a" butcher or other intending
movement of bodies from place to place : existing purchaser. This cii-cumstance is in itself very
m those situations to which it was actually, and sucgestive

not the less so that it might be uuintentionally, \ %^ numerous reasons the outbreak of the
transplanted. During this period infected cattle 'disease upon this farm is unfortunate; it must
were constantly bemg sent to the Metropolitan temporarily prevent the development of an
market. The appearance of disease among the , important movement, the estabUshment of a
cows in a shed was the signal for the removal of jarge extra-metropolitan dairy for the supply of
the rest of the stock. Amnials seemingly m London, or a portion of it; and in some degree it may
good health, but beanng within them the seeds interrupt an experiment which promised satis-
of a plant rivalling the Upas in death-dealing factory results, and which it is to be hoped will yet
power were thus disposed of m large numbers he fuUy carried out, difficulties notwithstanding.
That all these animals ought to have been rendered 5,^ ^^-^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^ following memorandum
harmless by being slaughtered according to law, ^^.^^ ^. Mortox, who has had charge of the

IS true : equally true it is that they were not so f „• •,„ . ' „ , ,, t.^ , ,9 ,,

slaughtered; and thus the disease travelled about, j Companv - Metropolis Sewage

always within certain limits, until at length it] ,,• •'

overstepped the boundary in one of several , in addition to the very good sheddmg for cows at the
•ui 1 „ J -i • nomestead, wuicu accommodates 74 in three places,

possible ways, and commenced its ravages m fo^r cowsheds have been erected in difTerent p^rts of
Essex in the vicinity of the Metropolis Sewage [ the farm-a small one, to hold 24, at the entrance to
Company's farm, where some 240 cows were ' the farm, which we called our quarantine shed, and

where newly-purchased cows were received for a few

It will be seen from this table that Wheat
promises a less satisfactory yield than even 1865
and 1866 ; but it will be necessary that the
reader should correct the impression gathered
from these totals by an examination of the
detailed reports, especially in our great corn-
growing districts in the eastern and southern
comities. Barley is probably an average crop

kept in commodious sheds, and fed on sewage-
grown Grass, on which they had flourished for
some months, and promised to flourish still.

In the middle of last June cattle plague was
reported to exist among some cows at Ripple
Hall : then the malady appeared at East Ham,
and again in the middle of July we heard of it at
Damper Dock Marsh. Meanwhile some of the
animals in the Company's farm were taken ill, and
the fear of cattle plague was at once established ;
but the matter righted itself — the sick animals
recovered. In the beginning of August a second
attack of a disease, which resembled in its general
features tho one which first appeared, excited no
apprehension until one or two animals died, and
others were attacked; an investigation was made,

weeks before taking their place elsewhere ; and three
large ones, holding GO each, which were placed as far
from one another as possible, and as near to the home-
grown food as might be, so as at once to diminish the
risk of any infectious disease spreading from one to
another, and to diminish the labour of carting Grass
and Mangels to them, and manure from them. Of
these, two were at the ends of two parallel roads, 400
yards long, projecting from the main farm road across
the irrigated field, and 250 yards from one another.
The third was by the side of a bridle road belonging to
the estate, and it stood at one side of the sewaged
Grass, some 300 yards from the homestead, and as far
from the nearest of the new sheds.

The disease appeared first in the homestead, next in
the quarantine shed, and lastly in the third of the new
sheds. The two sheds, each isolated at the end of its
own special cross road, and each surrounded by the

862

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGElCtJLTtJEAL GAZETTE,

[AuGtrsT if, ISfe?.

sewaged Grass, are, while I write, free from the disease ;
and though the chance of saving the cows in them is
very small, yet by laying hot lime along the roads of
access — by free use of carbolic acid and chloride of
lime— by administering occasionally small doses of
hyposulphite of soda in the water of the cows— by
imprisoning the men in attendance and forbidding
all access to them — by stopping all imported food,
and setting apart men and horses, and cattle for
supplying them with Grass, which (none of them)
ever come near the infected houses— by the most
careful arrangements for taking the milk and return-
ing clean and empty cans, and by as far as possible
destroying the infection at its source, constantly
using carbolic acid in the other sheds and slaughter-
houses—it is sought to make as much of our small
chance as possible. At present there are 111 cows in
the two healthy sheds, and since Wednesday of last
week 127 cows have been condemned in the others, and
most of them have been already slaughtered.

Ever since the first case of cattle plague, five weeks
ago, which occurred on the immediately adjoining farm,
whatever precautions occurred to us as possible were
adopted to hinder the spread of the disease. In the mean-
time we weredeclared an infected place, and no fat stock
could be removed alive ; andtheinconvenience to which
we were put in slaughtering at home animals that were
ready for the butcher, had the effect of keeping our
risk before us. One Sunday, three or four weeks ago, a
small shed of cows at the homestead nearly all fell ill-
were attacked with a colic, attended with excessive pain
and diarrhoea. The veterinary surgeon disliking the
responsibility of pronouncing it to he cattle plague,
desired another opinion, and his colleague, who was
called in, declared that if required at once to decide he
must certify the case as cattle plague. In 24 hours
these cows were all upright again and well ! An experi-
ence of thit kind made us slow to commit ourselves
to the tender mercies of the inspector, who might, and
probably would, pronounce confidently, and land us in
a great calamity, where the hesitating fears of another
might, as in this case, prove to be unfounded.
Accordingly when, on reaching the farm on Tuesday,
August G, I heard of a cow having been attacked by
diarrhoea and dying suddenly before the doctor could
reach her, it was attributed to some sudden attack of
inflammation of an ordinary kind ; and neither the
symptoms of the living cow nor the post mortem
appearances pointed to anything else. There had
been hardly any affection of the eyes or nose, no
ulceration of the mouth, no foul breath, and the
inflamed appearance of the stomach and the
intestines indicated rather the eff'ect of poison than
anything else. Two or three other cows, however,
in the home sheds were ofi' their food, and two in the
so-called quarantine shed ; and on Thursday, two others
having died. Professor Brown was at once called in,
and after a second visit he had no hesitation in pro-
nouncing it the cattle plague. The Inspector of the
Local Cattle Plague Committee at once took charge of
the infected sheds, and some 120 cows in them were
handed over to him.

It must be added, as entirely exonerating the
management of any responsibility whatever for this
calamity, either as regards the introduction of the
disease or the susceptibility of the cattle to it, that —

(1) As regards the introduction of the infection — •
not a cow has been brought on to the farm since the
middle of May. The freshest cow we have has been
12 weeks upon the farm, and the first cows attacked
have been with us since January, and were in good
condition, rapidly shrinking their milk, and nearly
ready for the butcher ; and —

(2) As 7-e(;ards the food they ivere receiving — the cows
attacked at the homestead had been receiving half a
bushel of distiller's grains, 3 or 4 lb. of Barley
meal, 5 or 6 lb. of hay, and nearly 1 cwt. of Grass
daily, the cows in the third of the new sheds, which had
been on the farm since May, were receiving no grains,
but a little hay, 2 or 31b. of meal, 2 or 3 lb. of cotton-
cake, and about \\ cwt. of Grass daily apiece. The
cows in the two sheds still free had been receiving,
some of them, hay and meal, with full allowance of Grass,
and some of them Grass alone— about 1^ cwt. daily
apiece. These are now all on Grass alone, and they
eat about 1\ cwt. daily. These cows have been on the
farm in one shed since February and March, and in the
other since April. They have been thus all that
time surrounded by the sewaged Grass. The men,
four to each shed, have all that time slept in bedrooms
provided for them in the " tallet" over each, and there
has been no illness either of stock or of attendants.
The Grass given to them is fully grown and thoroughly
wholesome, green to the ground — not blanched, or soft
as it is often in the sewaged old Grass meadows near
Edinburgh, but thoroughly well ripened and developed,
and it is eaten greedily and readily. On one occasion,
when there was not a full supply, we cut over a piece of
old unsewaged meadow, full of Clover leaf and blossom,
and gave it in place of the sewaged Italian Rye-grass; but
the cowstossed it over,and bellowed over it, dissatisfied ;
nor did the row in the houses cease till the sewaged
Grass was restored.

The misfortune which has befallen us may prove a
greater loss to the Metropolis Sewage Company than
the mere money fine whicli it in the meantime infli<ls
upon their scheme, because it may lead to the impres-
sion that the Grass grown by sewage is unwholesome.
Such an impression is undoubtedly contrary to
the fact, and it ought not to arise out of our
experience on this farm. For (1) unwholesome food
cannot produce the cattle plague ; and (2) until the
place became infected in some unknown way from the
neighbouring cases, our cows had been extremely
healthy. In calving down about 120 cows we have
only lost one by paralysis, and the two or three other
deaths which have occurred have been owing to
inflammation caught during the severe and sudden

changes of weather in April and May. Our milk
produce has fallen latterly from 11 to 91 quarts daily
per cow, over a number varying from 270 to 230,
but that has been owing to the drying off of cows as they
became ready for the butcher ; and this produce is quite
equal to the average experience of London cowkeepers.
And (3) rapidly as the Grass grows under sewage, so
that we have had 9 tons grown on an acre in 22 days,
yet cut as it is with the seed-stem coming through, and
with the plant green to the ground, it is impossible for
any one to doubt that such substantial and thoroughly
developed Grass is as wholesome as it is palatable. We
are now cutting, over most of the irrigated land upon
the farm, our fourth crop this year, and on some of it we
have already cut our fifth. There are several acres off
which we have already cut 50 tons per acre of well
ripened Grass, and I do not in the least doubt that
from them we shall have cut at least 70 tons of Grass
per acre before November ; while from land extremely
poor, thin, and gravelly, on a gravelly subsoil, sown last
October, and just green before winter, we are about to
take a fourth crop, the three previous ones having been
9, 14, and upwards of 10 tons respectively per
acre. Mangel Wurzel, grown wholly with sewage,
without any other manure whatever, is one of
the finest pieces I have seen anywhere this year.
Lucerne, Flax, and Potatos in small plots show its
applicability as a manure for them ; and I believe we
shall prove that it is even more valuable to the market
gardener than it is to the general farmer. Any person
interested in the successful application of sewage to
agriculture is welcome to visit the farm, which lies a
mile and a half from Barking Station on the Tilbury line
from Fenchurch Street ; and he can inspect the crops
and judge for himself without going near the cowsheds.

■ The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Bill was

got through Committee in the House of Commons
last Wednesday, read a third time, and passed, the
Government agreeing to revoke the Harwich and
Southampton orders, so that all foreign cattle imported
into this country shall be slaughtered at the ports
of entry.

An important trial of reaping machines, an-
nounced to have taken place on the Buke of Bedford's
estate, Thorney Fen, on Thursday, has been interfered
with by the weather. Messrs. Burgess & Key,
Hornsby, Samuelson, Crosskill, Cuthbert, Baker, Amies
& Barford, gave one turn each to show strangers the
working of their machines ; and Bamlet, Wood,
Brigham & Bickerton, Kearsley, ka., were in attend-
ance with their machines. The judges are— Mr. G.
Martin, Hubbard's Bridge, Boston ; Mr. Scarson,
Deeping; Mr. Wm. Shepherdson, March, Isle of Ely;
M. Ed\vards, Esq., Peterborough. The field is nicely
set out, part for preliminary trials, the remainder for
prize work. The crop is not heavy enough for a
decisive trial for the public, but it is heavy enough to
test the lighter machines. The trials will take place
as soon as weather allows, and the final tests will be
upon the heaviest crops grown, both Wheat and Oats.
A considerable number of visitors from distant districts
attended, and the exhibitors were numerous. Many
minor improvements in the various reapers are shown,
but none of importance. Had the day been fine, a
satisfactory trial would have been the result. Many
farmers had provided excellent teams. Mr. Goodman,
upon whose extensive holding the trials take place,
gives every facility, and all would have gone off well but
for the continuous rain.

THE WEATHEE AND THE HARVEST.

[We'takc the following very instructive cii-ticle from the DalU/
TtUgvapli of last Monday, where it appears under the weekly
heading, " The Field and the Homestead."]
Peactical men have not much faith in those bird's-
eye-view estimates of the harvest which invariably
appear in print about the time of earing. In fact,
judging crops in June and July out of a railway-
carriage window, from a dog-cart cushion or a nag's
saddle, is comparable to guessing the wealth of a man's
cellar by the number and bulk of his beer barrels. If
his normal stock ought to consist of a dozen tweuty-
seven-gallon casks each partially filled, and we observe
only that number of " eighteens," we might suppose his
total of mild, stout, or bitter to be "less than an average ;"
and if instead of the " twenty-sevens " we found a
dozen big " thirty-sixes," we could say that there was
a possibility of his stock being " over an average." But
the mere appearance of the barrels would not reveal
the actual quantity of good liquor contained ; and for
anything we could tell, the dozen " eighteens" quite
full might be holding as much as the " twenty-sevens "
partly filled ; or, on the other hand, the 12 "thirty-
sixes," in spite of the outward promise, might be
containing in reality less than the quantity in the full
" eighteens." Nor are the reports of the farmers them-
selves, flowing in from all parts of the country a few
weeks before the corn is ripe, much more reliable.
For, granting that the growers take pains to so
thoroughly into their crops, and minutely examine
the condition of the ears after flowering, what is this
but equivalent to sounding the barrels, and measuring
the ullages this week in order to tell how much ale
will be found in the cellar next week— after some
casks have been replenished, and others abstracted
from ? Valuing a crop, even when ripe or in the sheaf,
is no easy matter; experts are satisfied if they can
guess within an eighth or a tenth of the actual quan-
tity declared by the threshing machine; and farmers
are continually deceived by the bushel measure telling
so very differently from the result they had anticipated.
But reckoning green corn by the quarter and bushel,
is precisely analogous to counting chickens before they
are hatched. You can say for certain, whether you
will reap an overplus or short bulk of straw ; and you
may say that, " with everything favourable, I shall get

such and such a yield of grain." No matter how fine
the ears at flowering time, they are but the shells,
husks, and cases in which bold kernels may; and may
not be deposited ; and the chances of abortion, root-
failing, premature ripening, moulds, rusts, insect
enemies, and, more than all, the presence or absence of
a propitious season after earing, render futile any
expectations based upon the mere promise of the crop
at that period.

However, there does exist a means by which we
can announce beforehand the general character of our
harvest, subject, of course, to deductions on account of
unforeseen damage during the time of ingathering.
This is the meteorological test, now reduced into some-
thing like a system ; and to learn our present prospects
for home-grown corn we have only to examine the
season passing over us, and to look at the latest reports
from localities where reaping has begun.

Now, by help of physiology and the weather science
together, we know that Wheat flourishes best where
there is a temperature of about 54' during the year, and
for two months a temperature of 08'; and as these
conditions are not fulfilled in the British Islands, we
are here cultivating the grain at a disadvantage. Wheat,
scarcely flowering at a lower temperature than 57',
requires after flowering time a greater heat than that
in order to come to proper maturity; and the
average summer heat of England being only 60^_ to
62°, according to locality- so very close to the mini-
mum necessary for ripening Wheat — a fall of 2° or
3° in the thermometer through a chilly summer is a
sure presage of . an imperfectly developed crop
and a scanty harvest. Thus, in the West of
England, where the average summer temperature
is 60°, a deficiency of 2° of summer heat is always
followed by a great deficiency in the yield of Wheat ;
and correspondingly, it has been found there by
lengthened observation, that Wheat generally fails to
reach that perfection which justifies its cultivation at
an altitude of GOO feet above the sea— which, allowing
for elevation, leaves 5S' as the necessary summer tem-
perature. By a comparison of the meteorological
observations of the Royal Society, with Tooke's
" History of Prices," and a House of Commons return
on the price of Weeat, it has been shown— by Mr.
Whitley, in the Soyal Agricultural Journal— Vaai,, for
65 years, that is 1775 to 1836, a fall of 2° below the
mean summer temperature of GO' has invariably
brought a lamentable harvest, and that a fall of a' or
4' below brought almost dearth and famine, while the
abundant harvests were those in which the summer
temperature rose above the average. The minimum
summer heat required for Wheat in the soutli, middle,
and east of England is believed to be 58°, and for Scot-
land somewhat less. All our improvements in drainage
and manuring have not enabled us to alter the consti-
tution of the AVheat plant, and defy those conditions
of aerial and terrestrial temperature. " In the
summer of 18G0," says Mr. Spearing, in the Central
Farmers' Club Journal, " the temperature of the
soil in the valley of the Thames reached 64°. Our
Wheat ripened well, and we had a fair average crop of
good quality, but I went over much land where the
temperature never reached 63' : here the Wheat
was by no means good either in quantity or quality,
and there was a great deal of strong land in high and
cold situations where the temperature of the soil
never reached 60', and it is needless to say that here
the Wheat was miserably bad, and it cannot be said
that it ever ripened at all, for when cut in a withered
state it was still green." The only instances of a
medium or average summer heat producing a superior
harvest, are those in which the season was at the same
time particularly dry— so much depending upon
absence of clouds that arrest the ripening sunbeams.
Thus, in 1810, the summer temperature in the south-
west of England was 59', or 1' below the average ; but
not much more than half the usual rain fell. The
'Reheat crop was above an average, and the yield
excellent. Yet, while England can produce a good
harvest under a summer heat at the average point, or
even 1° lower, provided there is a scanty rainfall, Scot-
land is more sensitive to the least depression of the
thermometer, and an average or low summer tempera-
ture there brings disaster.

To exemplify the soundness of the foregoing general
principle, take the weather and the Wheat crop of
1866. Spring growth commenced in a not unfavour-
able March ; for the first half of the month was dry,
though cold, and the rainfall of the whole month was
little above an average. June was wet, the amount of
rain being nearly double the usual average ; and the
temperature was a little below the average, the days
being warmer and the nights colder than usual. July,
the critical month, was cold, the mean temperature of
the third week being 5' below an average, and of the
last week 3.5' under an average, chiefly owing to the
excessive chilliness of the nights. But it had not the
further disadvantage of being particularly wet, though
rain fell on 13 days. August, however, was both wet
and cold, rain falling on 19 days, with a total quantity
exceeding the average. The mean temperature of the
first week in August was 5° below an average ; for the
Second week it was 4.75° below, and for the third week
2 2° below an average. This unfortunate season
retarded ripening, and gave us a defective harvest.
That is, a yield considerably less than an average was
the actual'result of a season theoretically pronounced
to be of low Wheat-producing capability.

AVhat, then, are our expectations from the season
of 1357 ' After an autumn seeding interrupted by
Lods of rain, with young Wheats ravaged by slugs,
and loss of plant in winter upon wet, cold soils, the
prospects of the crop in spring were anything but
cheerin" On all hands it was admitted that, with crops
so patchy and backward in very many districts, only a
very fiivourable summer could be expected to raise a
full produce. " Theweather in March," saysMr. Spear-

August 17, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRTCULTURAL GAZETTE.

863

ing, " is of the utmost, I may say vital, importance to
the Wheat plant. Usually, as the land becomes dry in
March, the roots keep penetrating deeper and deeper
into tlae soil to obtain moisture, aud by their so doing
ample provision is made for the plants to extract that
nourishment and support which are necessary for their
future well-being and development. But, on the con-
trary, if wo have a uel .\[iir<:h, accompanied as it gene-
rally is by a high Ifinprraturo, tlion the pUuits grow
above ground, and the roots being supplied with mois-
ture on the surface are not induced to penctralo
sufficiently into the soil to be able at the required
time to draw that amount of nourishment from Uie
land whicli alouo can enable them to produce a heavy
crop. Nor would they he able to do so if the summer
afterwards should prove to be more than usually dry
and propitious." vYhat Wiis the actual weather of
Marcn, 18Q7? The meau temperature was 37.5'. or
8.9" below tlie average, and the rainfall was witliin a
trifle of 2 inches, or nearly one-half more than the
average of '.lO years. Tlie middle of the month, too,
brougiit a return of winter, with frost and a deep
snow-blast, interrupting all spring sowing, chilling the
ground, auil putting the growth of the Wheats very
backward, itappily, with a growing April come quick
recovery from sickliness of plant; but the Wheats,
which sprang up with a surprising rapidity, next
received a sudden aud severe check by intense cold, with
frost aud snow, following the few tropical days of early
May. Moisture and warmth were needed for the deve-
lopment of a stalk and flag that should not be delicient
in fibre, and hope still lay in the weather that June
might bring. A smiling and yet showery opening
of the month wrought wonders, threatening to force
more straw than corn, except upon that very consider-
able proportion of the AVueat lands on which a thin
plant prevailed. The rainfall wns only about three-
Iburths of an average, and there were nine rainy days,
which is two fewer than the average number. The
mean temperature of the first two weeks of June was
2.4° above the average ; but the latter half of the month
was cool, with a special absertce of sunshine. The
mean temperature was only 5G.3°, or 4.5" below an
average, and Wheat came late and slowly into ear.
During that critical period, from the time of the
Wheat's coming into ear to the time when the blossom
is fully set, the temperature of the air is of more
imporlauce than at any other stage of the crop's
growth. Extreme heat is not desirable, but a medium
temperature. " The most productive harvests," wrote
Mr. Plant in the Afark Lane 2<J,vpress of July 15,
" have been wdien hot weather of appreciable duration
did not set in until after the summer solstice. In 1850,
1803, and 18&1 there was no summer weather before
July, aud excellent harvests followed. If great heat
]irevails in June, as in 182G, 1816, and 1S5S, the grain
does not arrive at its proper growth. The ripening is
premature; the yield then becomes small. What hot
^^^;lther We have had in May or June was of short
iluration. There is every reason to e.xpect, in theevent
ul' a fine hot July and August, that we shall be blessed
with a good and bountiful harvest."

That was the turning point in the fate of this year's
crop. If the temperature should rise throughout
July, or if, with only moderate heat, the weather
should continue drier than usual, the fields of green
stems and blooming ears then looking well upon
good loamy soils miglit yield more than their
common average, while the thin and defective crops
upon the days and light lands might ripen a medium
produce— together amounting to about an average
harvest. On the other hand, the alternative of six
weeks' inclement weather would inevitably bring only
a moderate or poor yield of grain from the best crops,
and at the same time do nothing toward retrieving the
condition of the thin, backward, and inferior; the
result, in other words, would be a very deficient
harvest.

The sequel is soon told. For crops that were early
in ear the bright skies have never come. In the week
ending June 19th the mean temperature (as observed
at Chiswick) was only 55.9^ or 4.5^ below the average
of the same week for 41 years. The mean temperature
of the week ending June 20th was 56.7°, also 4.5" below
the average. For the week ending July 3 it was 61.4°,
or .07° below the average. For the week ending
July 10 it was 59.2°, or 3,5° below the average. For
the week ending July 17 it was C1.7', or 1.5° below the
average. For the week ending July 24 it was 00°, or
1.5' below the average. Neither have the later bloom-
ing crops been favoured. The meau temperature of
the week ending July 31 sank to no more than 55.8',
or 0.9° lower than the average of 41 years. And the
mean temperature of the week ending August 7 was
but 56.05', or 6.8° below the average. Thus, while the
mean temperature has never once reached the standard
average in any one week, the general mean for the eight
hot-weather weeks, namely, from the middle of June
to the close of the first week in August, has been only
58.34°, which is no less than 3.06° under the average
of nearly half a century. The significance of the fact
may be learned, not only from the deductions of all
past experience, but .also by a comparison with the bad
season of last year, when the mean temperature of the
corresponding eight weeks was 2° higher ; for it was
60.3°, or 1.64' under the average. And the mean
temperatures of the two weeks ending August 7, 1806,
were 59.5' and 58.3°, or 3.7° and 3.15' respectively
higher than for the two corresponding weeks in the
present year.

Now, if an invariable repetition of phenomena is in
course of time to be regarded as a law, and if the
recorded uniform connection between a low thermo-
ineter and a failing harvest is not going to be falsified
this jear for the first time, these figures threaten certain
disaster to our hopes, and bid us expect nothing else
but a defectively ripened and miserably-yielding
harvest. Had the plant everywhere been full and

luxviriant up to June, tho result could but have been
poor ; but, with deficient bulk of straw on the m.ajor
part of the Wheat lands in Uritain, tho "prospect"
now is a total production very much lower than tho
common average.

Moreover, tho evils of alow temperature have not
been mitigated by tho compensating favourable cir-
cumstance of an unclomlcd sky aud little rainfall.
There fell in July no loss than I inches of rain;
whereas the average J uly downfall for 90 years is but
2.7 inches; tho greatest known, 6 inches; and the
smallest less than an inch. And the number of rainy
days was 18, e<iualling tho greatest number in 90 years
—the average being 12. Tho last week in July was, for
the most part, cloudy by day and cold at night, with
hoar-frost early on the 30th. One curse accompanying
a low temiteraturo ajipears at present to have nearly,
though notaltogethcr,sparedthecrops. To ripen Wheat
well there nuist be not only a high average heat in July
and August, but also the least possible " daily range "
of trmiioralure. Jlr. Spearing says, "I have never
obscr\eil rid gum rust or mildew to any extent, unless
ihere had been a dill'erenee of from 32° to 35° between
the meau maximum or heat of the day, and the mean
minimum or cold at night ; and these blights prevail to
a greater or less degree, just in proportion as the range
of temperature increases or diminishes." A daily range
of 35° was attained in the week ending July 12th;
there was a range of 33' in the week ending July 3d ;
for the w'eek ending 10th, it was the same ; but in each
week since then it has been rather less. So that the
conditions favourable to the destructive parasites and
blights of the AA^heat did not long continue. And we
have as yet heard few complaints from the growers
concerning disease among the crops.

But against this partial escape must be set what we
may call the mechanical damage inflicted by storms —
additional, because not necessarily an accompaniment
of low summer temperature. And, unfortunately, the
rains and winds this year have beaten down our crops
very early in the season before the grain was properly
set in the ear; they have not only prostrated the
heavier, but also twisted and broken the lighter crops ;
and this violent visitation has been well-nigh universal
wherever fertile ground or good husbandry has grown
bulk enough to admit of such injury.

Headers will expect us to confirm these unfavourable
anticipations by actual evidence from all quarters of
the kingdom ; but having occupied so much space with
a subject that has not]hitherto received sufficient atten-
tion, we must reserve the practical commentary on our
deductions until next week. It is observable that,
in unfavourable seasons like the present, the reports
from the corn districts ahvays read promising at first;
then, as the crops begin to yellow, though under a small
measure of solar radiance, the reports partake the aspect
of the harvest and are still hopeful ; by-and-by a more
intimate examination reveals the poverty of the ears
and the lean quality of the grain ; sample threshings
disappoint ex])ectant farmers ; and ultimately the public
become apprised of the result —that the harvest in
reality turned out much worse than it appeared to be.
This is precisely what is taking place at the present
moment : the published " harvest prospects " alter from
week to week, and grow more and more discouraging.
The most comprehensible and reliable testimony, how-
over, will be in the " Annual Eeport " from a host of
correspondents of the AgricnUnral Gazette^ which will
appear on Saturday ; and even this collection of pro-
fession.al opinions will, of course, only approximate to
the truth, and be liable to correction later in the year,
when the marketing of a considerable proportion of
produce has proved the relation of the actual to the
apparent yield.

HARVEST WORK AND WAGES.

[The following arc the •in.swers to questions relating to— ra,
"wages by the month or day duiing harvest time:"
h, "the prices for cutting Whe.at, Biirley, and Oats per
acre : " c, " the quantity of beer or cider given daily or per
acre ; " d, " the mode adopted of h.irvesting Wheat, Barley,
and Oats." The .address of the author of each set of items
will be discovered upon reference being m.ade to the same
name in the Harvest Reports in another p.age. The letter
heading e.ich clau.se indicates the particular question
which is answered]

SCOTLAND.
Abeedeen : a. We engage our harvest hands for
the period of cutting and harvesting the crop, however
long or short it may last. Men from £3 5s. to £4 5s. ;
women Irom £3 to £3 5s., with victuals. 6. Price for
cutting Barley and Oats, from 7s. to 9s. per acre. c. No
beer allowed if contracted to be cut by the acre.
Harvest hands here get a good allowance of beer
(W. M'Combie).— a. Harvest hands are engaged
to work until everything connected with harvest is
finished, at so much money. Men to cut with the
scythe and build stacks, £4; women to gather into
sheaves, £3 3s.; men to bind, £3 3s.; men to rake,
£3 3s. They also have their Ibod and an allowance of
two or three bottles of beer each daily, h. When the
crop is contracted for to cut, gather, bind, stock, and
rake, it is done for 7s. 6d. to 10s. per acre, according to
the weight of the crop. No food or drink is given.
c. No cider; their food is oatmeal, milk, vegetables;
the meal is made into cakes, pottage, brose ; no butcher
meat but at harvest home. <?. 20 to 25 acres is the
usual allowance per scythe, a man will cut 2 acres of a
fair standing crop daily ; a woman to gather and a man
to bind and slook ; a man can rake to three or four
scythes; stacks contain 10 to 20 qrs. according to the
state of the crop and the size of the farm. Breakfast
at half-past 5, begin work at 6, and give oyer at 7 in the
evening, two hours allowed during the day for meals
aud rest (A. Cruickshank).

MoHAY : a. Men per day, 2s. 6d. to 3s. ; women.
Is. 6d. per day. Beer twice a day. A common prac-
tice Js to engage women for the harvest of six weeks

for lOs. vvith victuals, il. The reaping machine has
become general throughout the county (J. Grigor).

Piatrii ; a. Men's wages from 20s. to 25s. a week;
women's do., 2s. Od. to .'is. a day. A. Prices for cutting
per acre, I'rom 8s. to 12s. an acre imperial, c Bread
and beer to the value of 6d. a day given to the yearly
servants on the farm when at harvest work. d. Mode
of harvesting on the low grounds— by reaping machines
principally: on the high— by scythe; and to somo
extent by the sickle (D. Bdie).

STiiiLiNci : The general wages of good men during
harvest is from 17s. to 2Is. per week, with victuals; for
ordinary harvest men, say 2s. 6d. le.ss; for women useful
in the field, &c., from Its. to 18s. per week without
victu:ds. Piecework is the exception and less in
practice since reaping by machine became general ; but
about 10s. per acre for cutting, and 2s. Od. more for
binding and stocking was about the price. The greater
portion of crop is cut by the reaping machine or
scythe, the hook being almost in disuse except for laid
and twisted portions (A. Buchanan).

Fi ti! : a. From 2s. 6d. to 3s. per day including bread
and beer at morning, noon, aud night : for harvest, men,
£2 10s. ; women, 36s., with bread and beer. h. About
lO.s. per acre imperial, c. English half pint of beer
forenoon, do. 2 i>ints dinner (J. Pitcairn).— (t. Men,
2s. 4d. a day ; women, 3s. ; with food. c. All cut by
machinery (R. Russell). — a. Men, 3s.; women, 2s.;
with food. I). AVith hook, 12s. ; with reaping machine,
from 6s. to 7s. ; with scythe, from 8s. to 9s. c. Beer,
6d. ; bread, lid.- daily (J. Morton).

Haddington : d. Almost wholly by reaping
machine (G. Hope).

MiD-LoTiiiAN : d. AVheat and Oats will be cut
with reaping machines. B.arley, being much laid and
twisted about, will be cut with the hand (Dalkeith).
—a. AVages cannot be stated, but they generally range
from 12s. to 16s. per week, with victuals and bed.
Victuals consist generally of oatmeal porridge with
milk for breakfast and supper, and bi"ead and beer for
dinner, d. Sickle, scythe, and reaper. Most farmers
of any extent in the district have now reapers, with
which they cut the greater part of their crops of
AVheat, Barley, and Oats (J. Hislop).

Ate ; a. 2s. Od. to 3s. per day. Good hands engaged
for four weeks at 15s. per week with board, h. AA^heat,
12s. or 13s. ; Oats, &c., 10s. to 12s. per acre, when let to
be cut by hand. c. None. d. Almost all the crops are
cut by reaping machines, at a cost of about 6s. per acre
(not including horse-work). Wheat is put up in
stocks of 10 sheaves, with two riders or capes ; Oats
generally in stocks of six or eight sheaves, as also
Barley ; and when ready for stacking put up in stacks
containing 10 or 13 quarters (A. W. Ralston).

ENGLAND.

NoBTrruMBEDLAND : a. From 2s. 6d. to 3s. per day,
with food. c. None. d. The ordinary method of
cutting with hook or reaper : stooking (D. Wright).
— a. Best men. Is. per day without victuals, or
3s. 2d. per day with victuals; women 3s. per day
without victuals; Irish reapers, from Is. 8d. to 3s. 4d.
per day with victuals. Corn seldom cut by the acre.
c. Bottle of beer per day to each man when reaping;
when carrying corn, about two bottles each. d. Cut
with reaping machines or sickles. Set up in stocks or
shocks of eight or ten sheaves ; carried as soon as
possible, and stacked in round stacks of 4^ to 65 feet in
diameter (G. Laing).

CUMBEBLAND: a. Men about 18s. per week for a '
month ; day labourers, from 2s. 6d. to 4s. ; lads. Is. aud
rations. 4. AVheat 12s., Barley 10s., Oats 8s. per acre.

c. Three pints of beer each man : one in the morning
and two in tho afternoon, at a cost of about lod. per
gallon, d. The machine is driving scythe and hook
out of the field ; all the large farmers have machines
(R. Harrison). — a. £4 per month, with their food
(T. AVilson).

Westjioeeland : a. About £1 per Week, with
victuals, beer, and lodgings, b. AVheat, 14s. ; Barley
and Oats, Us. to 12s. Od. per acre. d. Generally mown
by the scythe (W. Key).— a. 3s. per day, with
beer and victuals, i, 8s. to 10s., without victuals or
beer. d. It is principally cut with scythe or machine
(J. Robinson).

Yorkshire: a. Men, 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. per day;
women, Is. 6d. to 2s. per day ; sometimes men a pint
and women a gill of ale per day, but frequently no
liquor allowance whatever, b. AVheat from Os. to 12s.
per acre ; Barley from 5s. to Ss. per acre ; Oats from
5s. to lOs. per acre. d. Cut by machine, scythe,
and sickle (H. J. Turner). — a. By month, £4,
with victuals ; inferior hinds, £5, without victuals.
b. 8s. to 12s. c. Beer, from 1 to 3 pints per day.

d. By machine chiefly, rest by scythe, all bound in
sheaf (P. Stevenson).— n. Most of the farmers in this
locality hire young men into the home, and pay their
board and lodging at about an average of from £16 to
£20 per annum, or, if they have cottages on the farm,
engage a man and his family for 12 months, at, on an
average, about 14s. per week, cottage rent-free, his wife
and daughters getting Is. per day for all work except
harvest, when they get 2s. per day. ^s the reaping
machine is employed to cut the crops, there is very
little, if any, now let to cut, every I'arrner having a
reaping machine of his own. c. There is no beer or
cider given here; the farmer may give a little beer if
the weather is hot— it is quite optional, d. All corn is
tied up in sheaves, and 12 of these are set up together
and called a stonk ; some farmers put 2 sheaves on the
top of the other 10, spreading them over each end to
meet in the centre to shoot off the water, this
is called hooding; when carted it is generally put into
round stacks, about 100 stocks in each (R. Bell).—
a. Men 24s. females 9s. per week. No piecework
done. c. Beer, 3 pints per day. d. All cut by
reaping machine , J Outhw.iite).

{To tie Cimliinted.) .

864

THE GAUDENERS' CEffiONICLE AND AGRICULTUKAL GAZETTE.

[AuousT 17, 1867.

THE PEESENT PEOMISE OF THE HAEVEST.

FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS, AUGUST 10, 1867.

WHEN WILL

COUNTY.

WHEAT.

BARLEY.

OATS.

BEANS.

PEAS.

POTATOS.

ROOT
CROPS.

HAY.

HARVEST

BE
GENERAL ?

\'AME AND ADDRESS.

SCOTLAND.

BANFF

Average

Under average

Average

None

None

Over average

Good promise

Over average

Middle of

lohn Barclay, Braes of
Euzie, Fochabers

September

ABERDEEN

None in my
neighbourhood

Full an average

Below an
average

None

None

Below an
average

Turnips a fair
appearance

Great crop

Sept. and Oct.

WiniamM'Combie, Tilly
four

A full average

A full average

No Beans
grown

No Peas
grown

Under average

Average

Much above
average

End of Sept.

Amos Cruickshank,

Sittyton

PERTH

Average
Over average

Average
Over average

Under average
Average

Above average

Under average

Very poor and

Above average
Over average

Sept. G to 8

David Edie, Bridge of

Earn
J. Hamilton, Forres

MORAY

None grown

None gi-own

Average

late
Over average

About a

month hence

Average

Over average

Over average

Over average

Over average

Much over

Middle of Sept.

John Grigor, Forres

FIFE

Above average
Above average

Average
Above average

Rather under

average
Average

Above average
Above average

Above average

Under average
Under average

Under average

Very
backward
Late and

aver tire
Above average

Above average

September 10
September 15

John Piteau"n, Kinnaird

il. Russell, Leven

Full average

Bare average

Much under

Under average

None

Much under

Above average

Second week

John Morton, by St.

average

average

deficient

in September

Andrew's

STIRLING ',

About average

tJnder average

Under average

Above average

Above average

Very late and
veiy bad

Average

About
Sept. 10 to 15

Alex. Buchanan, Stirling

Thin on the

Is likely to be

As a whole a

A good crop ;

Not grown as

On Ught soils

Likely to be

Good crop gene-

WiU not be

W. Drummond & Sons,

average ; head

under an

thin crop ;

;all and strong

a crop (in a

look well and

generally a

rally : in late

general till

Stirling

rather larger

average ; got a

shortish straw,

—promising a

few cases

promise a good

failui'e in all

districts has got

second or

than usual, with

late bad tid,

with an average

good yield on

grown in

yield ; on stiff

our stiff soils ;

a Uttle

thii-d week of

-i

full length of

and so many

bead; under

the average

mixture with

soils deficient ;

many fields

weathered ;

September.

i

straw ; near an

fields are very

average

Beans)

blank y

ploughed up

over average

1

average

thin

HADDINGTON ....

Average

Above average

Average

Above average

Average

Under average

Above average

September 5

Patrick Shirreff, Had-
dington

Over average

Over average

Average

Over average

Average

Under average

Over average ;
l-6th damaged

Not until

first week of

September

George Hope, Drem

MIDLOTdlAN ....

Under an

Over an

Average crop

Few sown ;

None sown

Under average ;

Turnip early

Above an

Siil>tember

, Dalkeith

average

average

in the best
district

avei'age crop

no disease
as yet

sown on dry
soil : good

average

Average

Over average

Under average

Average

Average

Turnips under

Full average

September 15

James Hislop, MidCalder

BEXFREiV

Under average

Average

Average

Good

Under average

average
Under average

Average

6 weeks

Geo. Boyd, Renfrew

AYR

Average
Average

Average
Over average

Good average
Under average

Over average
Average

Under average

Late

Average
Over average

September 16

And. W. Ralston, Lajg
Wm. Orr, Beith

None

Average

Average ; late

September 24

PEEBLES

Full average

Full average

Very promising,

Turnips over

Much over

Middle of

James Lyle, Innerleithen

but late

average

average

September

ROXBURGH

Average, but

Above average—

Above average-

Average

None

Average

Below average

Above average

2d week in

WiUiam Scott, Spylaw,

very small

laid

laid

at present

September

Kelso

breadth sown

BERWICK

Average

Over average

Average

Average

Average

Under average

Over average

Middle of
September

George Logan, Hume-
haU by StitchiU

ENGLAND.

NORTHUMBER-

Hardly an aver-

Full average ;

Under average,
except on well-

Good, but not

Good, but late

Promising, and

Very forward.

Full crop ; par-

Not till into

John Grey, Lipwool

LAND

age, and late

partially lodged

much grown

without disease

and healthy

tially damaged

September

farmed lands

Average

Average

Under average

Average

Over average

Average

Average

Over average ;
spoiled by wet

Middle of
September

David Wright, Beal

Fully average

Over average

Fully average

Few grown in
this neigh-
bourhood
None

Few grown

Good

Promising

Large crop, but
badly got

First week in
September

George Laing, Cornhill

* Tyne Valley

* Over average

Average

Average

Few

Over average

Over average

Over average

1st week in

Thos. T. Dods, Aniok

September

Grange, Hexham

t Higher land

■ Under average

Under average

Under average

Under average

Under average

Average

September 15

Ditto

Under average

Average

Under avera^re

....

Good

Good

Promising

Good

Second week
in September

Marshall Stephenson,
Fouratones

CUMBERLAND....

Above average

Good

A full crop

None

None

Looking well

Very

A heavy crop

In a month

Richard Harrison, Pen-

Average

Average

Over average

Average

promising

Early sown

good ; late

sown very bad

Over average

About middle
of September

rith
Thos. Wilson, UUea-
water

Average

Average

Under average

Good

None

Average

Under average

Good

About
September I

Thos, Gibbons, Bumfoot,
Esk

WESTMORELAND .

Fair average

Fair average

Generally light,

Genei-ally

None sown

Under average

Very good, and

An average

About

William Key, Kirkby-

& under average

good
None

promising

crop

September 10

Lonsdale

Over average

Average

Average

None

Average

Under average

Over average

September 10

Jon. Robinson, Warcop

DURHAM

Average ; Uttle
sown

Average

Average

None grown

Bad

Very good,'

except strong

soils

Average

Very good,

except strong

soils

Good

Over average

Late in

September

George Crofton, Kim
bleswovth

Average

Over average

Average

Over average

Average

Under average

August 2i

B. B. Dixon, Darlington

YORKSHIRE

Nearly an
average

Average

Under average

Average

Average

Promise well

Swedes capital

An abundant
crop

End of
August

H. J. Turner, Richmond

Below the

Above an

Average

Above average

Below average

Average ; part

Turnips very

Early got very

About

John Clark, Hessle, HuU

average

average

on good land

diseased

good

good

August '20

Average ; small

Average ;

Full average

Very good

Good

Promising

Heavy crops ;

September 1

Peter Stevenson, Thirak

breadth sown

much laid

mostly well
secui'ed

An average

Above an

Below an

Below an

An average

An average

Early sown

Good, part not

Second week

B. BeU, Caldwell, North

average

average

average

good

well got

in September

Riding

Under average

Average

Under average

Over average
of straw

Average

Under average

Over average

Over average

The end of

September

James Wilkinson,
Whitby

Good average ;

Good average ;

Very promising

Promising,

Little grown;

Very pro-

Very pro-

Very good crop

End of Aug.

Henry Briggs, Outwood
Hall, near Wakefield

requiring fine

requiring fine

but late

promising.

mising, and

mising

weather

weather

little disease.

Thin ; below an

Good on dry

Good

Not good

Good

Good

Good

Good ; well

End of Aug.

B. Nicholson, Sturton

average

lands

secured

Gr-ange, Leeds

Average

Over Average

One-third below

average

Good

Average

Below average

Average

Early sown
full average

One-third over
average

First week in
September

John Outhwaite, Bain-
esse, Catterick

Good

None

Average

Good

Splendid

Very good

Good, well got

September

William Irvine, Halifax

Two bushel?

Full average

Under average

Above average

Full average

Very few grown

Very healthy

Great crop ;

Fully a fort-

Bdmond Riley, Beverley j

under average

but backwarc

bulk of it well
got

night, unless
the weather is
more sunny

Average

Average

Below average

Very mode-
rate. Not a
Bean di.'^trict

Average

Average

Early sown
Swedes good

Early mown
heavy and well

got

Middle of
September

R. Kay, Richmond

Not heavy, bu
average

Good

Light

Thin in places

Moderate

Good

Good

All in

About Aug. 24

rhos. Taylor, Dorring- 1
ton, Pomfret

Scarcely averag

Under average

Average

Average

....

Over average

Over average

Much over aver
age

Will partially

commence
about Aug. 26,
general Aug. 3{

John H.annam, Kirk
Deighton, Witherly

Under average

Barely average

Full average

Average

Variable

Promising

Good plant ;

Best crop for

August 26

John Coleman, Escrick

-

Light in the

Above average,

On good land

Winter Beans

Very few are

A fair crop

suffei-ing
Turnips : early

years
Good crop ; the

About
August 20

James Knowles, We-
thorby

straw, but well

both in straw

look well, but on

look well ;

giown in this

sown are good

earhest part was

fed, and will be
an average yielc

and com

cold clay soils

only poor ; about

average

spring sown

are well

grown, but

have got cover

neighbour-
hood

late sown
indifferent

well got

LANCASHIRE . . . .

Average

Over average

Under average

ed with lice

Good

Very pro-
mising

Good, and well
secured

August 25

George Drury, Holkham
Grange

August 17, 1807.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

865

THE PRESENT PROMISE OF THE HARVEST— (Con^inucrf).

COUNTV.

ENGLAND.

LANOASHIRR .

LINCOLNSHIRE ,

Biircly average
Average

Barely ftu

average
Under average

Average ; heavy

Full average
Under nvcrago

DERBYSHIRE

N'OTTS

' Good dry l.-iiid

t Heavy ^^ et land
CHESHIRE

SHRor.>ninE ,

LEICESTERSHIRE

STAFFORDSHIRE
NORFOLK

SUFFOLK

Averago

Under averago

\verago, butnut
straw, much laid i much sown hero

Average

Avorago; but
vory late
Average

On strong laud,

under average ;

on cliff land, an

average crop ; in

the Fens, a

fiiilure

Above avorngo

on best soils ;

some blight on

weak

Under average ;

late sown bad

quality

Light

Below average

Fair on lighc

soils, very thin

on clay

Fair crop

Very variable ;
bad on the clays,
fair on good land

Under averago,
many ears

• Fair

t Bad
Under average
worse than last

average
Scarcely average

Under average

Thin on the
grnund : under

an averago
Under average

Avcrigo

Under an

average

Under average ;

spring Wheat

ouking well. but

late

Good, but much

laid

Much under

average

Average

Under an

average

Under average

Average

On strong land,

an average ; on

cliff land, quite

an average

Good crop, prO'
misQ well

Good
Below averago

Only few good
pieces

Very good

Bad on wet land,

on the best soils

very good

Average

Badt
None grown

Average ; much
laid

But little gro\vn

Average

Average

Good

Average

Much knocked
about

An average crop.
The Tata vera not

well set
About average-
much laid §

Above average

Rather under

Good
Average

Average

Good

Good average

An average crop.
Not many grown

Average

Over average

Very good
average

Good-sized ears ; Various ; im- Affected by cold
plenty of straw ; proved of late ; weather ; about
knocked about I barely an average

by the wind and average

rain ; barely an '

average

Average on well- On poor, badly Same as Barley
farmed lands farmed land, be-l
! low an average.

Good on warm

tsr'ils
Under average

Under average

Under an

average

Under average

Under an aver-
age crop

Under average

Average
Fair average

Not averago
Over average

Average
Averago
Average

Under averago
Below averago

On strong land

in averago ; on

sand or light

land under aver

ago ; in the Fen,

average

Above average

Small breadth
sown ; avorago

Good

Average

Over average

Fair

Looking badly

Average

Average

Average ; much

laid
Good ; i^art laid

Over average —

laid

Heavy in places ;

full averago

Average

Capital

Average

Vei-y few grown

POTATOS.

A full avoragoj .... i

Under average Under averago

, Very few grown;
j looking well

Vory promising
Diseased

ROOT
CROFH.

About average

Average

Heavy in the
straw ; about an
average in corn,
but very much
laid, and some

blighted
Good average as
far as straw, but
very deficient in
the ears
Average

Under average

Average

A fair average
crop

Under an aver-
age ; short in
straw on heavy

land
Under average

Good

Average
None

None gi'own

Average

Gooti
Avorago
Average

Fair

Winter below
avorago

On strong
land, an aver-
age ; in .'iame
places rather
filthy

Much dam-
aged with fly

Good, but few
grown

A vcrago

Middling, but
dirty

Looking well

Good

Average, but
covered with

aphis

Good

Avorago

Quite an

average

But few grown

Average

Few grown ;

sickly

Averago

Average

Very little

grown

Small breadth

doing pretty

well

Good
Full average

Average

Good

Good average

An average
crop

Average

Average

Good

Good crop

Very few
grown

Good

Average
A good crop

Average ;
very various

I Vciy few
I grown
' Under average

Average

Diseased

Averago

( Over average;
but signs of
disease
Diseased

Turnips good
Vanablo

j Good

1 Over average

'Mangels aver-
' age ; Tuniips
I averngo
i Good

Good, If well ,Good, but great, Averago; corn-
got j complaints | plaints of
wire worm
An average . Under average, Mangels very
good; Swedes
and Turnips
good; espccuil-
ly where water

drill used

Mangels fair

Ra; c pior

Much injured
with the fly

Averago

Very middling

Under average
Injured by fly
None grown

Good ; few

sown

But few grown

Few grown

badly blighted

Under aver-
age ; blighted
Bad

A complete

failure
A wretched

failure

All blighted
Very bad

Little grown

Good

A failure

An average
crop

Averago ||

Under average

Under average

Full average
crop

Generally]
good

Averago

An average
crop

Under aver-
age : thin
{plant

Under average,

and inclined to

go to bad

Disease spread-
ing very much

Very doubtful,
disease appear-
ing
Very good

Average

Very good ; no

disease

Fair

Bad crop

Pretty good :

disease just

showing

Very promising

Good

Over average

Tolerably free
from disease
Good crop

Under averago

Good ; but

rumours of

disease

Under average

Not an average ;
disease showing
Signs of disease

Diseased in
places

Little grovm

Promising

Average

Not very good-
diseased

Few grown here

Over average ;

diseased

Good, so far

Various on some
soils ; the bulbs
are shot again

Veiy bad

Early sown

good, later

middling

Very various

Veiy pro-
mising
Mangels- good:
Turnips
uncertain
Swedes not
average ; late
Turnips good
Sjtuo very
good ; some
wire worm
Average

Very good

Indifferent
Mangels and
Swedes ; Tur-
nips improved
of late

Generally good Mangels good,
, Swedes good,
! where sown
early
Not good Vari.ible, and
not generally
j promising
Under average

The wireworm
very injurious

Very
promising
Average

Averago

Good

Fair crop

Mangels thin ;
Turnips pro-
mising
Good ; some
com plain of
wireworm
Good

Over average

Variable, some

excellent

Good

Average

Early Turnips
and M.angeis

pood
Under average

Bad

Late, but
promising
Very favour-
able

WHEN WILL

HARVEST

BE
GENERAL?

Fair avorago
crops, in good

order

Above average

Good crop, and

most of it well

got

Good

Over average

Much over
average

Very good

Large crops ;
well got

The best crop for
many yean

Largo crop

Good crop

Abundant

Averago ; gene-
rally well got
Above average :
well got
Splendid

Very good
Very good

Over average

Extraordinary
good

Under average

An average ; one
half well secured

Good ; after-
Grass lij<ht

Over averago

Heavy crop, and
well got

Average

Very good and

well got

Good

Great crop ; well
secured

NAME AND ADDRESA.

Goo. Storey, Burnley

Next month iR. Robinson, Garstang
August 2(f IW. Fancotirt, Aslackby

About Francis Sowcrby, Aylcs-
August 19 i bury, near Grimsby
August 20 Henry iJudding, Fanton
I House, Wragby
Tliii-d week in John Algernon Clarke,
August I Long Sutton

September 1 i Croft Sharply, Actborpc,
I Ijouth

William Wingato, Mar-
ket Riiseu

Augfust 31
Augui^t 17

Mary pieces
diseased |
The disease haS' Very back-
appeared, and [ward, but im
daily increases proved lately ;
I cannot be
I good

An average ;
disease just
appearing

Average ■ Not much grown

Under average

Mangels under

average ;
Swedes failure

Good
Good ; well got

Above average

A good crop

Average ; well
harvested

An abundant

crop, except on

low meadows

Good ; well

secured

Above average

Good crop, and

well got
Superabundant
and well secured

Very good

Very good

Average

Abundant, veiy

good, and well

secured

Abundant and

good

Abundant, and
well secured

Oats, Aug. 12 ;
Wheat, ly

Not till the
middle of
September

About

August 24

Last week in

August
September 10

August 20

End of August

About
August 24

About
August 20

Abotit
August 14

End of Augiist

About

August 20
August 21

August 20

August 20

About August

19
About Aug. 2fi

August 20

August 12

About
August 19

End of August,

In about a
fortnight
August 19

William FrancisMarshall
Branston

Thomas Aitkcn,S]ialding

.Jas. G. Dixon, Caistor

R. E. Diickcring, Nor-

thorpe, Kirton,Lind5cy

John Parkin, Idridgchay

Benjamin Swaftield,

Hartington
William Chowler, jun ,

Newark

RichardPalmer.Wiseton,

Bawtry
Wm. Sanday, Holra

Pierre point

Charles Doncaster, Bid-
dings Hill, near South-
well

Charles Paget, Rudding-
ton Grange

Ditto

W. B. Burnham, Spital

William Palin, Tarriu

H. W., Warrington

, Knutsford

W. D. Green, Market
Drayton

John Rawlings, Tenbury

Shrav ar-

Much

P. W. Bowen,

dine Castle
Evan Davies,

Wen lock
Henry Smith, Shiffnal

Harvest gen or-
ally beg\m

Middle of
August

Thos. Mansell, Orcal
Park, Wellington

Richard Shirley, Baucctt
Munslow

R. W. Creswell, Ashby-

de-la-Zoueh
George Turner, Alextou

Hall
Thomas Byrd, Mytton

G. Kersey Cooper, Tbet

furd

John Hudson, Castle
Acre Lodge, Brandon

Hugh Ayluier, West
Dereham Abbey

About lu days, Thos. Brown, Southery

August 19 W. H. Taylor, Wymond-
ham

In about a
week

September 26 William Cubitt, Bacton
I Abbey

Middle of G. D. Badham, Bulmer
August
About the 12th Fred. Nunn. Rruglmm

August 20

About
the 15th

Samuel O.
Brandeston

William Horn,
Farm, Eye

1 I never saw so great a difference in favour of yood dry land, and I fear the inferiority of the clays will make the whole crop below an average. _ _

§ The light crops in this county arc very much broken down and shackled, and a deal of damage done by wind and rain, and will be under an average in this $^y'"5?'

H Stacked last Monday. Land sown with Turnips, and will be hoed oiit next week. These Peas arc an early sort, and sown the first week in December, on

Wheat stubble.

866

THE (lARPENERS' CMONICLE AND AGKICIILTITRAL GAZETTE.

[August 17, 1867.

THE PRESENT PROMISE OF THE KARYE^T- (Continued).

COUNTY.

ENGLAND.

SUFFOLK

HUNTINGDON .

CAltBRTDGE-
SHIRE

NORTHAMPTON

WARWICKSHIRE.

WORCESTER.

HEREFORDSHIRE

MONMOUTH .

GLOUCESTER-
SHIRK

OXFORDSHIRE

WHEAT.

BEDFORDSHIRE..

Under average

Average

Healthy, but
scarcely an

average

An average

crop

Average

An average on

the good mixed
soils ; very light
on the poor lands

Nearly average

Over average

Perhaps a little

short of an

average

Under average

Fearfully laid ;

mildewed ;
yield doubtful

Average

Under average

Under average,

particularly on

heavy land

Much under

average

Not an average

A veiy inferior

crop
Not an average

Under average

Thin on this
ground, good
beaded : about

an averase
Under average

Under average

Barely an aver
ago : much Ihin
of plant, on clay

soils with
stunted growth
Varies, having
lost plant and
lipening irregu-
larly
Below average

Average ; but

below it on poor

clays

Under average

Over average

Over average

Light and under

average

Good land full

average ; poor

land miserable

Average crop ;

much laid

Average

Under avemge;

blighted
Under average

4 bushels below
average

20 per cent.

below average,

and ranch laid

Average

Under average

About average ;

much laid
Under average
and eomewbat

blighted

Over average

Varies very

much : barely up

to average ; thin

and uneven on

cold, wet land :

on the lighter

soils a fair crop

Average

Under average

On the light
soils a full aver-
age : stiff clays
hardly average
Good average
crop

Full average

Under average ;
good quality
Under average

An average on
light and mixed

soils

Below average

Varies very

much ; a large

acreage ; not an

average

Under average

Average

Below an

average

Average

Not heavy

generally

Under average

Average

Average crop on
light land

Under average

Average

Vei-y good ; late

Barely an

average

Early sown

average
Average, and
some fit to cut

Not many grown

None giown
scarcely

Veiy good

Average

About an aver-
age crop, but
short acreage

Under a^'crage

A full average

crop ; less than

an average

breadth

Good

Over average
Average

Average

Average ;

laid
Average

Average

A full average

Good, but very

much down
Barely average

Average

Good

Good

20 per cent
above average

Average

Average

Average

Veiy good on
the lighter land

About average
Thin crop gene-
rally ; gome of
the early fields
promise a good
average quality,
but the bulk of
the crop late
Average

Average

The same may

said of the

Barley on the

two sorts of soil

Good crop ; too

much down

Over average

Quite an

average

Average

A very good

crop ; more than

average

Average

Under average

Average

One-third under

average

An average

An average crop

Good
Xotmanvgr

Average

None grown

scarcely
Over average

Over average.

Not many

rown ; not an

average

Average

Average

An average

Over average

Plenty of

straw, and

apparently

well podded

Average

Under average

An average crop,
but few planted

Average
Average

Average

Good

Average

Average

Rather light

Few grown

Nearly avei-ago

Average

Good

Average '

Average

Average

Generally
indifferent

Under average
Less straw than
iisual ; below an

average, but
likely to be very
good in quality

Over average

Under average

Not nianygrown

in this county

but what few n

good crop

None

Winter good ;

Spring bad
Under average

Good, full

average

More than an

average crop

Thin, and

much blighted

Above an

average

Average

Average

Not many

grown

Under average

Average, but
very few

grown
Barely an
average

Average

About an

average in crop

and acreage

ROOT
CROPS.

Not many gi'own

Average ;

diseased

Late sown ; are
promising
Healthy at

present

Average Average

Under average

Much below
average

Under average

Like Beans

Average

Very indif-
ferent ; full of
rust
Above aver
age, and likely
to be fine in
quality

The crop of the
season ; excel-
lent

Over average

Average

Average

Over average

Good

Average

Good, but
much mildew
About average

Good

Good

Over average

Excellent

Over average

Average ;

blighted

Full average

Good ; over
average ; show-
ing blight
Over average
By no means a
good crop ;
some pieces
much blighted

Average

Under average

Light land
average, heavy

land failure

Bad, under
average

Good : few
fields blighted

Inferior

A good crop

Und,er average

Bad crop ;
under average

Average
Very bad

Rather imder
average crop ;
very variable

Average
Average

Average

Not quite

average

Under average

Average

Average

Good ; average

In many
places a fail-
re : hardly
an average
None

Hjavy crop
Good

Good,
Average

Over average

Average

Good on the

light soils
Good

About average
On some of

the cold land

not worth

harvesting,

but on waiiner

soils vei-y good

crop indeed

Average

Average

Very various ;

on the whole,

under an

average

None

Over average,

but diseased

Bad

Average ; little
diseased
Average

Under average

Average ; a
httle diseased

Diseased

Good

Very good crop,
no disease at

present
Look very pro-
mising
Very good

Diseased

Not manygrown

Very good

Early sorts full

crop, late ones

uncertain

Generally good
in the fields

Average ; but

showing disease

Blooming and

promising; little

disease

Very badly

diseased

Very good, but

diseased

Average crop,

but blighted

Good ; shghtly

diseased

Early diseased ;

late promising

Light

Fair crop, but

diseased

Bad

Diseased

Promi.sing

Average ; not
much disease

Looking well,
but diseased

Good,

but blighted

Considerably

diseased

Over average
Very promising
in appearance
up to now ; but
reports of
disease preva-
lent of late

None

Good average

Hardly

average

Mangels back

ward

Mangels imder
average ;

Swedes fail-
ure ; TuiTiips
various

Not good

Mangels small

-not very
healthy; Tur-
nips growing

weU
Beet average ;
Turnips under

Late

Above average

Over average

Kohl Rabi

good ; Mangels

ill going on

well

Average

Late, and

xmder average

Average

Good crop

Above an

average

Over average

Clover splendid ;
marsh hay short

Over average

A large crop ;

got well

Avei'age crop ;

diseased
Present appear-
ance good

Veiy promising
hitherto, but
d

Turnips good.

Mangels bad

Xerj good ; an

avei'age

Turnips and
Mangels good
Generally pro-
mise well
Good

Good average

General good

plant

Thin, late, and

poor

A good plant

generally, and

good weight

expected

Very good

Average

Waugelsgood;

Swedes very

promising

Over average

Very good

Over average

Average

Never more

promising

Moderate

Variable

Good

Never better

Mangels good

Excellent

Veiy good

Promising

Full plant,

late
A fair crop

Over average
Over average

Above an

average

Good crop

Abundant : a
heavy crop

Over average

Good
Over average

Very good, well

got
Great crop, and

well got

He.avy, and well

harvested

Above an

average

Over average

Above average,
and well got

Over average

Good crop ; well
harvested

A full avei"age
crop ; low mea-
dow crops spoU'd

Large crop, and
well secured

Over average

Large crop, but

damaged by

flood

Over average ;

very large

IMuch over

WHEN WILL
HARVEST

BE
GENERAL?

Over average

Good and heavy

Heavy crops ;
well ended

Under average
Later than
usual ; gene-
rally a very
good plant,
and much im
proved within
the last week
Average

Average crop,

but late

Very

promising

Not good

Abundant ;

well made

Good

Good

Heavy crop, well

made

Quantity and

quality good

Much over
average

Over average

Above average

Heavy crop ;
various quality

Over average
Good fair crop,
and mostly well
secured

Over average

Over average

A large crop ;

the meadows of
little worth

Very good, and
well got

About
the 14th

Now

general

August 20

Augu.st 19

About
August 16
August 13

and 14

August 19
August 14
August 15

August 12
August 12

August 12

August 15

End of August

First week ir
September
Middle of
August, or
days later
August 20

About
August 15
August 20

Middle of

August

August 19
August 15

About
August 12

NAMK AND ADDRESS,

George Debito, Lidgatu

Newmarket
, Bury

George Edwards, Fram»
lingham

J. Chapman
Beccles

Whiting,

August 14

August 12

Middle of
August

August 12

August 12

August 20
August 16

8 to 10 days

August lOtolS

August 12

End of next

week
August 12

August 12

Thomas Crisp,

iVbbey
G. M. Sexton,

stead Hall

Batley
Wher-

Henry Edwards, Wood-
bridge
Peter Purves, Brampton

Robert Barton, St. Ives

, Bassingboum

Alfred S. Ruston,
teris

Chftt-

Serjeant Wallis, Grant-
chester

Peter Love, Northamp-
ton

, Brackley, North-
ampton

Jobn Booth, Smecton,

Naseby
John Baldwin, Ludding-

ton

William Dester, Secking-

ton, near Tamworth
J. C. Adkms, Milcoto,

Stratford-on-Avon
J. H. Burbery, Kenil-

worth
Joseph Smith, Henlej"-

in-Arden

William Gibbs, Alveston,

Stratford
John Ford, Morton Hall

William Woodward,

Tewkesburv

August 10

August 19

Middle of
August

About Aug. 15

In about a

week

Joseph Matthews, Great
Malvern

C. Randell, Chadbury,

Evesham
Henry Hudson, Wick,

near Pcrshore

T. Duckham, Ross

Dearman Edwards,

Brinsop Court
Henry Pride, Monmouth i

Now, Aug. 12

Wheat nearly

all cut

August 20

Very late on
the clays

Not before
August 12

G. R. Greenhow-Reiph,
Uske

C. G. Claike, Dumbleton

Stiles Rich, Didmarton

Giles Edmonds, Lechlade

John Cobban, Berkelej^

R. Shillon, Walls Court

Jobn F. Peacey, Winch-
comb

Professor John Wright-
son, Royal Agricultural

College, Cireucester
Sam. Drucc, Eynsbam

Matthew Savidgc, Sars-

dcn, Chipping Norton

George Wallis, Bampton

Jobn Gillett, Charlhury
George Game, Cbui-chill

Heath, Chipping

Norton

-, Kirtlougton

John Bryan, Southleigli'

Charles Howard, Bid-

denham

Thomas Edward Pawlett,i
Beeston

AmusT 17. 1867.J THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

86T

THE PRESENT PROMISE OF THE 'RABYE^T-r{Conimued).

COUNTY.

ENGLAND.
BEDFORDSHIRE.
BUCKS

MIDDLKSEX

'SURREY .

BERKS .

Not aveiMgo
OiictLird
under avemge ;
blighted
Neaily un
average
Bolow average

Eartially
Ugh tod
Not fiiU average

Barely avei-age .
ears very light
Under average

Where the plant
Is good, a full
crop ; average*
Under average

Under average

I think an

average

Much knocked

about ; will be

an aver;ige

where well

fanned ; on bad

land very poor

Not averaffe ;
white varieties
not well filled

Average erop,

but a good deal

laid

Light and

drained land full

average ; heavy

ditto under

average

An average

Over average ;

heavy in straw

Not average
Under average

Under average
About average

Average
Over average
Under average

About an aver-
ago crop

Under average

An average

Rathtr light in

places

Like the Wheat

much twisted

Avoi-ago

Under average

Under average
Average

Over avorago
Under average
Over avera;fe

Over an average

Average

An average

Rather light in

places

A full average

crop ; the good

Average
Under average

Average

Below

average; nnich

blighted

Average

Average

Winter over

average ;
Bpring under

Average

Under average

and laid; an ones very much

Rather xmder

average
Under average

Under average ;

much laid ;\nd

deteriorated

Average, but

much laid

Under average ;
not an average
breadth, in con^
sequence of slug
A full average

About an
avei-ace ; laid

Hat

Considerably

blighted ; under

average

A full average,
but very late

Under average

Under average

average crop

but the quality

will be very

various

A fair average ;

not likely to be

good

Under an avei--
agc crop

Under average

About average
Average

laid and twisted
about

Barely average

Under an aver-
age ; laid early

Average

Under average
Under average

Gooa ; excel-
lent
Winter gene

rally good ;
springin many

cases affected
with the black

aphis ; gene-
rallyafaircrop

Promised an

average, but
lately blighted

Average crop

Average

Various
Average

Good average

Average
Under average

Over an
average

Avorago

An average

Light crops

Quite an
average

Would have been
an average had

it not been so
much damasced
by heavy rains

Under average

Average ; much

straw, but a

great deal of

blight

Under average

Average

Rather (".nder
average

Rather under

average
Under average

"Average

Slightly over
avemge

Average

Average

An average ;
much laid

Good ; over an
average-
Average

Average
Average

About average
Over average

Average
Under average

Average

Under average

An average crop

Over average

Above an

average ;

much laid

Over an average

An average
Average, ex-
cept where
attacked by

lice

Good ; but in

places blighted

Average

Under average
—black bug

Average

Average

Not good

Average

Variable
None

Blighting fast
Diseased

Not grown

Promising ; but
showing disease

Much diseased

Under average

Under average

ROOT
CROPS.

'WHEN WILL
I I1ARVE^ST

I BE

GENERAL

Good
Average

Bad

Late ; but ^
generally a fair
plant
Indifferent

Over average

Swedes under
average; Man^

Tubers small
Diseased

Nut many
gi'own ; and you
occasionally sec
a slight attack

of disease

gels average

Mangels good

but late ;

Turnips late
Under average

Very good

Good
Has been
abundant

Good

Average crop

Above average
Over average
Over average

Over average
Average

Under an

average

Under average

Various ; under

an ;tverage
Under aver<ige
Under average

Much lodged ;
ears small ; yet
may be average
A good average
mtil the recent

rains
Under average :

bli-hted
Average ; with

much more
itraw than usual

Full average, but
much 1 lid

Average

Rather above
average

Average"

Average ;
variable

Average

Above average

Under average

Average

Over an average,

but like the

Barley

Average
Average

Average

Rather over
average

Over average

Over average
winter, under
average spring

Very fine

grown ;

blighted

Early, good

average ; late,

bUghted ;
under average

Average
Average

Under average
—slug, frosts

Much under
average

Under average

Under average

Above an
average

Good ; over
an average

Over average Under average

Average
Average

An average

Under average

Various :

scarcely average

Over average

Above average

A very partial

crop ; too wet a

spriug

Average crop

Average

One-sixth abovt

average ; good

in quality

Average
Average

Above an

average

Under average

Good average

crop
Over average
Above average

Good average
crop

Good crop

Above average
Above average

Much blighted

Under average

Not many

planted ; aboiit

an average

Average
Average

Over average

Badly
blighted

Blighted, but

improved ;

average

Average

None grown
Over average

Under average

Variovis ;

average

Average

Good

Good average
erop

Looking baclly

Good straw ;

niilrlewed
Winter Beans
good ; spring
not half aver-
age

Average
Full average

Under average
Average

Average
Average

Average

A full crop, dis-
ease on heavy
soUs increasing

Less than usual ;
in a critical state

Scarcely average
Average

Average
Average

As much dis-
eased as 18-15

Over average,

but diseased

worse than last

year
The appearance
has been good,
but the blight

has set in
Average, but
getting very
much diseased

Good ; no

symptom of

disease

Good crop, but

considerably

bUghted

Promise well,
but rather
backward
Average ; some
diseased
Diseased

Excellent ; well
secured

Above avci'age

Rather unde"

average
Large crops

A capital crop,
and generally
very well got

Mangels

various

iVlangels,

where

well cultivated

and sown

early, good ;

the late i
not average
Mangels half aj All sorts abun-
erop ; Turnips dant

good where I
sown early I
Good ; but not Average Clover,
much gi-own Grass good crop,

August 14
August 15

I August 15

I About Aug. 19

!

August Ifl

'in less than
' week
About Aug. 15

August 12

August U

Now

Harvest isnow

here general

Later than

usual

NAME AND ADDRESS.

W. Lavender, Biddenham
W. G. Diniean, Bradwoll

W. Smith, Woolflton

Alexander Eraser, Clag-
dcu-Winsl.jw

J. K. Fowler, Prcbcndal
Farms, Aylesbury

Edward Evann, Boveney
Couri, Windsor

John Prout, Sawbridgo-
worth

George Webb, Rcdboum

John Bennet Laws,Roth-
amstead, St. Alban's

Thomas Ilewelt, Craw-
ford Park Farm

George Wilkins, Wix
Parsonage

John Clayden, Saffron
Walden

Good

Promising
Will be over

Late and
doubtful
Mangels under
average ; Tur-
nips good
Turnips and
Swedes un-
usually good
\'ery good

Under average

None grown
Average

Above an

average

Underaverage

Above average

Average
Good

Good average
erop

Barely an
average crop

Good

Average

Promises well^

but considerable

complaint about

the disease

Good, but

diseased
Not. much
diseased at

present

Average, but

diseased
About an aver-
age crop, but

diseased
Under average

but hurt
Good

Abundant
Over average

Average

JIuch over
average

Good, and over
un average

Over average,
and well got

Over average

Over average

A good crop ;
spoiled by over-
heating
Good erop, and

well secvired

Above average

Good
Over average

iVmoregeneral One of the best

plant I never crops ever grown

remember

Average erop

Average

Veiy good

Veiy good

A good plant ;

made great
progress lately
Under average

Good

Backward, but
growing

Mangels good
Swedes and
Turnips late

Good, though

late

Average

Doing well ;
average

No disease till Manrels under
within few days average ; Tui
nips average
Badly diseased Good

Very bad Good

Average, but

blighted

Under average

Showing

disease

Under average

Fair prospect

Blight just
showing itself

Good, but

blighted

Look well at

present ; a little

disease at places

Generally

good

Under average

Good plant,

but late

Ofcr average

Very good

prospect
Swede very

deficient

Mangels good,

Turnips

various

Late

Good in
general

Above average

Over arerage,
and well
secured

Splendid crop ;

well harvested

Very good

Over average

Over average

Middle of
August

August 5

August 12

August 15
General now

August 12

August 12

August 12

August 12

Next week, or
by August 14

August 5
August 5

August 13

August 10

August 12

Commenced
August 3

Now

August 3

Henry Dixon, Witham

S. W. Squicr, Hurndon-
on-the Hill

Barfield, Punmow
Mitchell, Rainhani

Collinson Hall, Nave
stock
J. Mechi, Kelvcdon

Abraham
Maldon

Hardy, Sen.,

W. T. .Vllen, Rochfold

William Impey, Broom-
field Hall, near Chelms-
ford

Wilham Willis,
Moulsey

West

Edward Hilder,
Midge, Woking

Hoe

James Amot, Carshalton

Over average
A good crop ;
well seeiired
A heavy crop

Over average

Above an

average

Average

Good ; made

well

Very good erop

A heavy crop

Average cnp

A fair crop, got
up in good
condition

August 15
August 12

About the
12th or 14th

September 1
Now

August 15

August 13
August 12

About Aug. 15
August 19

August 7

August 19

James Brebner, Windsor
Great Park

' John Ad n am s, Thateham ,
near Newbury

Thomas Owen, Hunger-
ford

■fames Williams, Abing-
don

W. liulstrode, Cookhara
Dean

E. W. Moore,
Highwarth
— , Reading

Coleshill,

About thel4th

General now,
August 12

Jas. Hulbert, Streatley,
near Reading

Martin Hope Sutton,
Reading

B. CoUyns, Dulverton
Walter Farthing, Stowey

Court, Bridgwater
William Spearing, East

Kennet, Marlborough
Edmuud Ruck,Cricklade
iTbos. ArkeU, Pen Hill
' Faim, Swindon
Cyi-us Combes, Tisbury
George Brown, Avebury,

near Calne
Robert Matson, Wing-
ham

Mark Sandford, Martin,
near Dover

Wm. i^Fansell, Dumpton,
Ramsgate

868

THE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE A^^D AGBICULTURAL GAZETTE.

fAtTGUST 17, 1887.

THE PRESENT PROMISE OF THE HARVEST— (Confm^erf).

WHEN WILL

COUNTY.

WHEAT.

BARLEY.

OATS.

BEANS.

PEAS.

POTATOS.

ROOT
CROPS.

HAY.

HARVEST

BE
GENERAL?

NAJHE AND ADDRESS.

ENGLAND.

SUSSEX

Good, but much

Good

Good

None

Good

Very good

Moderate

Very good

August 12

William Rigden, Hove,

laid and injured
Average

Average

l-7th over
average

Not grown

Average

Over average

Average

August 12

Brighton
Fred. F. Hallett, The

Manor House, Brighton
, Arundel

Dreadfully

Good ; quite an

Much laid and

Not good ;

Good ; much

Very bad ;

A good plant

A very large

Beginning of

beaten down,

average crop

damaged ;

under an

over the

nearly all

crop and made

August

but nearly-

■ probably an

average

.average

diseased

well

average

average

Under average

Average

Over average

Average

Average

Average

Average

Over average

Already

J. Scott Hayward, Folk-

Under average

Under average

Average

Vei-y ftw
grown

Under average

Good ; a little
blighted

Late;
promising

Over average

general
About Aug. i;

ington, Willingdon
John Brothcrston,

Eobcrisbridge

Barely average

Average

Average

Below average

Below average

Diseased

Proniismg;lju1

rather late
Over average

Good

Now

James Fames, Midhuist

HANTS

Bare average

Average

Over average

Over average

Over average

Average

Most abundant;

August 7

Joseph Blundell, South-

well made

ampton
Jos. Laneashire, Michel-

A doubtful

Average

Average

Average

Over average

Over average

Over average

Now

average ;

dever

blighted

•

Light hulk ;

Much laid ;

Good;

Few grown ;

Average

Indifferent ;

Well planted,

Large crop ;

About thel2th

John T. Twynam, Win-

symptoms of

coarse ;

over average

blighted

disease

but grow

good quality

Chester

blight ; under

about average

appearing

slowly

average

1 '

Under average

Average

Over average

Average

Over average

Not muchgi-own
as a field crop

Improving,

Over average ;
weU made

August 12

Hugh Raynbird, EasiDg- >
stoke * I

DORSETSHIRE . .

Average ; laid

Average

Average

Not much
grown
Good

Over average

Mucli diseased

Veiy
promising

Promising

Great crop

August 12

R. Damen, Dorchester*

Under an

Large crop, but

Good

Great crop

More diseased

Good crop, and

Next week

John Pope, Symonds^' '

average

more thin Barley

than last year

than for many
years past

weU secured

bury, Bridport

Full of rust :

Much straw ;

Average crop ;

Not grown

Good crop

Partially

Genera llyvery

Good crop,

August 10 .

T. H. Saunders, Water-

much laid ; aver-

nearly all laid

full of rust

about bore

blighted

good

mostly well

combo Farm, Dor- .

age crop

made

Chester

DEVON

Fully a quarter

Under average

Average

Avei-age

Average

Vei y much

Very good

A light crop.

In a few days

George Tunier, Cadbury, '

under average

diseased

damaged

Tiverton

Under average

Average

Average

None grown

None grown

Diseased

Very good

Early hay good;
late hay injured

August 15

R. H. Watson, Dorsely,
Totnes

Over average

Over average

Over average

None

None

Average ;
disca.?ed

Partial

Good, and well
saved

Ten days

George Langdon, Bam-
staple

Average

Average

Average

Much diseased

Promising

Crops abrmdanl

August 15

P. Cowan, Tawstcek
Manor, Uarnstaple

Over average

Over average

Over average

Not much

Not much

Much diseased

Very good ;

Heavy crop ;

About a week

Lamoureux, Clark & Co., ,

grown

grown

over average

over average

hence

Plymouth

Decidedly

Decidedly

Decidedly

Very bad indeed

Likely to be

Over average ;

Now

, Poltimore

under average

under aveiage

under average

over average

but in low lands

much sanded

CORNWALL

Over average

Average

Over average

Much diseased

Average

Average

August 12

T. Davey Simmons,-
Killiganoon

Average

Various ; nut aii
average

Average

Diseased

Good

Good

August 12

Jno. Wills, Laurcestcn

WALES.

CARMARTHEN....

Average

Good

Good

Looking well

Fair

Good crop

About 10 days

John Burni 11, Llaiiclly ,

IRFLAND.

LONDONDERRY ..

Full average

None

Average

None

None

No blight as yet

Promising

Over average

End of Sept.

Charles Pollock, Mnghc^

af elt.
Wro. M'Cleery, Polta^

DOWN

20 cwt. per acre

15 cwt. per acre

20 cwt. per

15 cwt. per

Abundant crop :

15 cwt. per

Good : 4 cwt. per

Abcut Sep-

acre

acre

200 bushels per

acre

acre

tember 1

ferry

KILKENNY

Average

Average

Average

....

acre
Good

Average, hut
backward

Good

August 25

D. A. Milward, TuUogbo

Average ; in-

Average

Good

Very good

Average

Average

August 20

P, Grace, Uppercouri'

jured by rust

appearance

Freshford

KERRY

Good

None
Average

Middling
Under average

None

None

Best since 1845
Over average

Middhng
jndcr aveiage

Short
Average

August 20
August 20

J. O'Sullivan, Kcnmare
John Crea^b, Tarbcit

Average

CORK

Over average

Average ; little
grown

Over average

None

None

No appearance
of disease

Much under
average

Average

August 20

Francis A. Twiname
Kanturk

Less sown here

• . ..

More productive

1

Large and good

Very

A bad crop

End of August

John D. Clanchy, Charlc

this year, but

than for years

'

backward

ville

very good

past

Under average

Average

Average

Under average

Under average

August 20

James Byrne, Wallstowt
Castle, Shanballymor

Good

Light

Good

None

None

Good

Not so pro-
mising

Fair

September

..,„,„„..

Sarrest 7Fc;-J.— My Wheat crop fuffcred much
prostration from the past winds and rain. I have been
somewhat perplexed as to the best mode of cutting it.
I read, therefore, with some interest, the observations
of correspondents in the last Oazeite, especially those
of one who seemed to have been influenced by the
ripht sort of resolution, Notwithstanding two years'
experience of the performance of Wood's machine, in
the hands of a careful and observant carter, I had
great doubts of its capabilities in the tangled corn of

Home Correspondence. |

for mowing Grass, and another expressly adapted for of incalculable use in helpingin a good crop of hay ver; ■
corn, would no doubt answer best; but as my farm i quickly, and in fine order. The reaper will be mucl
consisted of but 200 acres of arable land, and about | more used this season, but the work will be bad foi
40 of pastures, he thought I might find the combined j hand or machine, as the corn is much laid and twistec
machine answer my purpose, at any rate for Barley I about. I cut most of mine last year with Burgess &
and Oats as well as Grass. I think it due to the i Key's combined, and have to-day begun with one o
maker to say that this machine has cut all my Grass j their side sheaf and self-delivering reapers, I an'
and corn for two years, and has commenced its third i alraid the work will be rather trying for it. Edwan
season as I have described, with no other change than I IlUder,Jirol-inrj.

the substitution of an Ash pole for a deal one, and the

tins year, and anticipated the necessity of reverting to \ purchase of two extra knives, hut it has always been

the scythe or the hook. Having made a careful survey
of the field in which we proposed to commence opera-
tions yesterday morning, and inspected the cut round
which had been previously made by the scythe, it was
clear that implement would not do. I waited to hear
the carter's impression. " Well, master, if you'll leave
it to me and my mate, with the machine, and a change
of 'osses in the middle of the day, we'll make a tidy
ioh on it; we baint going to cut 12 acres a day as we
has done, because we must go out o' gear one way ; we
shall want four hands to tie and stock, and we will put
the other four with the hooks round towards the
fences, where 'tis worse bazzled, and we'll leave the
ground (10 acres) tidy to-morrow night." I have been

Mr. TTm. Smith and the Hiring System. — " Charle;
H. Sharp, The Villa, Svvineshead, near Spalding," ha
warmed himself up a bit at my reply to Mr. Toepffer
Let me have a few words with him. He first has i
fling at my 12 years' practice and tackle, and then set

handled by the same man. Chas. Zaurence, Cireticesier,
Aufl. 13.

Sarvesi Work and Harvest Wages.— "WMh regard , - v .

to harvest work and wages in this neighbourhood, to work to crack up Howard and Fowler— especiall,
I think the general practice is to cut by the acre ! the former, by telling us that he has " introduced sell
without, and to carry by the day with, beer. All regular [ moving engines, and no sane man would attempt!
hands, such as horsemen, shepherds, yardmen, &c., I compa.re the weak, and incapable engine of 10-hors
receive their usual wages, with from four to six or j power to the strong and powerful engine of 4n-hors

eight pints of beer per day, and at the finish of harvest
have 2Qs. or 305. extra each. Brewing for themselves
is seldom or never done. I have this season be^un the
practice of paying for all overtime, and allowing the
men fltf. per day, and boys and women from id. to 6d.
each, instead of giving beer. It has answered very

power. No; it does not require figures to prove th
capability of each set under projier manajiement, fc
Mr. Smith knows full well the seasons will not wa,
for the sluggard." Yet he asks me to do a " sum fc
my own instruction, as well as that of others." "Wei
I will do one, by reference to page 398 of the Roys

this evening to see the result. The only dissight in j well throughout the hay time; much less beer is drank, Agricultural Society's Journal :—

the field was where the scythe and the hook had been 1 they are much better oflf with the money, and upon

at work : the machine work was perfect. I found the \ the whole I think more satisfied. I hope, and think

people at work in another field, having completed that it will work well. The weather has been so unsettled

computed to last them till night about 2 o'clock p.ii. ! that we have done but little (except cutting) in

A good machine is indispensable, but a sensible resolute the harvest, but I intend to continue the

manager, not to be scared by difficulties, is equally so. money payment instead of beer, and I quite think

I have been induced to give these particulars, because we shall find it the better plan for both master

I have often seen and heard of such machines being and men. The cost, I think, will be considerably

cast aside, solely from the ignorance or incapacity of more to the master, but I believe the practice to be

those put in charge of them. Priorlothepurchaseof this right. The Grass (both Clover and meadow) has been

machine, I asked the agent whether I could cut corn cut by the mowing-machine both this and last season

as well as Grass with it. He observed that a machine andthat, with the hay-maker and horse-rake, have been

No. 123. The Market Drayton Steam Cultivation Coi

pany, Limited A Company was formed in 11

summer of 186.5 for the purpose of working How.ard's doub

engines The tackle was purchased August 25, ISC

. . . . The amount of apparatus will be seen from the folico
ing list —

Two engines, rope, .and cultivator. . . . £1.^02 10 0

One plough, complete ?4 0 0

Lamps, anchors, snatch-blocks, rope

porters. &c

Water-cart, 21i,, house on -wheels, 45?. . .
Duplicates

65 4

66 0
72 10

August 17, 1867.]

Trn^ GABDTlNEl^R' CMCWTm.K AND AGBTOTTLTimAL GAZETTE

869

Up to the present time tho joui-nnl presents us with a.
moliiui:holy chiiptor of acciilonts -principally in consequenco
of repeated breakages of the coilinR-screws attached to and
working the windlasses and the clutches connected with the
road-gear ; and it is quite evident from a careful study of the
facta that these portions of the apparatus were defective in
construction. They are now materially altered and strength-
ened. Mr. Gower (the manager) thinks the engines wnuld
move bettor and not stick fast so much it rnnning on foiu-
wheels instead of three. . . . When the apparatus fir.4t
started there was plenty of work to do : but farmers got tired

of waiting and set to work with their horses No

iULMUiits have as yet been published, but the following abstract
conveys some idea of the present condiliou of the Market
Drayton Cultivation Coinijany, Limited :—

H'oi-A'/nt; AceoiUila/ivM Seijt. 1, 1865, to I'eb. 1, 1807.

1)11. £

t To cash for 346 acres

cultivated
96 acres ploughed
Balance represent-
ing loss . .

Ck.
i 13y wages

145

173 0 0 Oil and cotton waste 14 13

52 16 0 Wearing parts . . 10 0

Other repairs . . 22 15

180 11 0 Co.als .. .. 2 10

I Manager's salary, at

406 7 0 40(. a year . . CO 0
Sundries and

carriage . . . . 1 •''
Depreciation, at

10 per cent., say 150

0
0

0
6
0

0 0

.'-. 0

0 0

406 7 0

These accounts may appear very rough, as far as they
go, yet the word "interest" does not show in them,
neither does coal, except for shifting from place to
place : 2/. 10s. is all that i,s set down for it. Well, then,
we will make these additions : —

Total cost given £400 7 6

Interest at 5 per cent, on 1590/. for a year and a

b.dt 119 6 0

A price for coal found by the farmer, 4 cwt. to the

;ure, at 9^^ per cwt. on 442 acres of work done . . 60 6 0

This gives a tofcil of £591 18 0

for Ail acres of work done, or an average of 20*. 9rf.
per acre. Even at this price the manager (Mr. Gower)
would not cut much of a shine if he got only iOl.
a year to live upon. My carter gets more than that.
Now, Mr. Sharp, I have done my sum, and it is odd to
me if it does not sharpen your "sanity" a bit by finding
that my " old-fashioned antiquated piece of machinery"
is not so far beliiud as you would have us believe ; and
I will test your "sanity' by "comparing" your high-
driving lO-horse power tackle with my old-fashioned
chap. Look back to my reply to Mr. ToeptTer in the
Oazefte of July 13, 1SG7. You may there find that the
old fellow, my 10-horse tackle, can do it well from S to
9 inches deep for lOs. 'Jjc/. per acre; and, what is
more, can do the work when work ought to be done, not
requiring a year and a half to do 442 acres in. Your
talk has given me a good chance of showing up this
tackle that you are trying to putf oil' before the public.
ijy this sum of mine Mr. Sharp may learn that if my
tackle is "antiquated," it is useful, and can do work at
much less cost than his high driver can. "What is the
good of his talking about " seasons not waiting," when
his high-driving tackle can do only 412 acres in a year
and half? The " farmers got tired of waiting" for the
"sluggard," and well they might, for by it the work
progressed at a snail's crawl. He will find that my
"figures are (not) against me," but that he is now in
the shade with Mr. Toepffer. My " sound,' sensible,
practical" facts prove mere than his words only. Let
Mr. Sharp sharpen his sanity by studying the Eoyal
Agricultural Society's Journal before he writes again.
He may then give facts instead of "trash." I will not
trouble you with any more of it, for my sum must have
convinced your readers that his high-driving tackle is
a regular stick-in-the-mud. William Smi/h, Woolston,
Bleichley Station, Bucks, Aug. 12.

Hylrid Oat. — I send you the results of a cross be-
tween the wild Oat and the Black Tartar. Owing to
late sowing and dry weather, they are not so good as
they were last year. In fact, I had quite forgotten
them till the first week in May. W. B., JSrerton Farm.
[A one-sided head, full of heavy grain, with long coarse
I awns.]

NoETH LiNCOLNSHIEE : Aug. 7 — Barton-upon-
Humber, the extreme northern point of the county,
was this year selected as the place at which to hold the
annual show of the North Lincolnshire Agricultural
Society. The exhibition was fully equal, in point of
attendance and eutries, to that of any previous year.
A large collection of implements occupied the yard,
and the following received prizes ; — ■

Portable threshing machines ; the prize of 10/.
equally divided between Messrs. AV. Foster & Co.,
Lincoln • Messrs. Marshall, Sons cSfc Co., Gainsborough ;
Messrs. llobey & Co., Lincoln ; and Messrs. Hornsby
k Sons, Grantham. Ploughs for light land : Messrs.
Hornsby & Sons, Grantham, 3/. ; ditto for heavy land :
Messrs. Hornsby & Sons, 3/. Drags or cultivators :
Mr. W. Ashton, Horncastle, 3/. Scarifiers, or stubble-
Tiaring ploughs : Mr. Alexander Thompson, Kealby, Zl.
Drills for general purposes : Mr. Wm. Barton,
Boston, G/. ; liidge Drills : Messrs. Vickers, Snow-
den, & Morris, Doncaster, Zl. Liquid manure drills :
Mr. AVm. Watkinson, Louth, Zl. Horse lioes for
corn ; Messrs. Hornsby & Sons, 3/. ; ditto for Turnips :
Messrs. Amies, Barford, & Co., Peterborough, ]/.
Grubbers : Mr. Watkinson, 3/. Harrows for
fight land: Mr. W. Ashton, .3/.; ditto for heavy
land : Mr. Wm. Ashton 3/. Chain harrows : Messrs.
T. Simpson & Co., Lincoln, il. Waggons for general
i^urposes; Mr. John Thompson, Soutli Terriby, 4/.
Two-horse carts : Messrs. Hy. Hayes & Sons, Stam-
ford, 21. One-horse carts : Hy. Hayes k Sons, 21. Clod
crushers; Messrs. Robinson & Neave, Barton-on-
Humber, 21. Rollers for general purposes: Messrs.
Amies, Barford, & Co., 2/. Dressing machines ; Mr. T.
Corbett, Shrewsbury, 3/. Corn blowers : Mr. James
Clarke, Lincoln, 2?. Chaff cutters : Amies, Barford, &

Co., 3/. Turnip cutters: Messrs. Hornsby & Sons, 21.
Cake breakers: Messrs. Amies, Barford, & Co., 1/.
General mills forcrushing agricultural produce : Amies
Barford, & Co., 3/. Steaming apparatus for general
purposes : Messrs. Amies, Barford, & Co., 3/.

Sijccial prizes wore awarded as follows :— Messrs.
Amies, Barford, & Co., 3/. for their straw elevator, \l.
for their food-preparing machine, and 1/. for one ol
Moule's earth closets ; Asliby k Jelfery, \l. for their
sot of hay-makers; Mr. T. Ashby, Louth, 3Z. for his
straw elevating machine; Mr. AV. Barton, Boston,!/,
for his cooking stove and range; Mr. Jas. Coultas, 10s.
for his stand for sharpening reaping knives ; Mr. S.
Gibson, Biirton, 1/. for his stand ; Mr. T. Harrison,
Lincoln, 1/. for his small seed distributor; Messrs.
Hornsby & Sons, 1/. for their patent corn screen; Mr.
1'. Ades, Shcnield, 1/. for his stand; Mr. IL Smith,
Winterton, 1/. for his haj-making machine. No. 1;
and Mr. AV. Watkinson, Louth, 1/. for his elevator.

On Thursday, the principal day of the meeting,
although the weather was gloomy, upwards of 0000
persons visited the ground. Although shorn of one of
its principal attractions, the cattle classes, the defi-
ciency was made up by the excellence of the stock.

The show of Horses was one of the best the Society
has ever had, both as regards the number and quality
of the entries. The Stallion Classes were well filled.
The class which excited the greatest amount of interest
was that for 4-ycar-old hunting geldings and fillies,
which competed for the prize of 50/. offered by H.
Chaplin, Esq. The judges had no difliculty in awarding
the prize to a magnificent black brown gelding, by
Sereuader, d. by Augur, exhibited by Mr. Thos. Geo,
of Dewhirst Lodge. The whip given by the Earl of
Y'arborough for 3-year-old hunting geldings or fillies
was competed for by upwards of 20 horses, the prize
being carried oH by a hay gelding, by Cavendish, d. by
Phoenix, belonging to Mr. R. Toynbee, of Bracebridge.
The class for 2-ycar-old hunting fillies was exceed-
ingly good, and some highly meritorious animals were
shown in the yearling classes. The pair of draught
horses exhibited by Mr. Battersby, of Scotherne, which
took the prize in Class 100, were much admired for
their size and beauty.

The Classes for Sheep were better filled than usual,
and the animals had evidently been selected with great
care. The prize of 20/. for the best ram of any age
was awarded to a magnificent 3-shear, shown by
Mr. Charles Clarke, of Scopwick. The largest entry
was in the shearling class, the 1st prize of 15/. being
carried off by an animal exhibited by Mr. F. Marshall,
of Branston. The same sheep took the 2d prize at the
recent Royal show at Bury, the 1st being awarded to a
Cotswold, which late in the year generally show better
than pure-bred Lincolns, the time when the latter are
at their best being before shearing. At Barton, Mr.
Marshall's shearling was much admired, and was con-
sidered by many breeders present to be one of the best
ever shown.

In Class 19, for the best pen ol 10 ewes, Mr. Toynbee,
of Bracebridge, gained 1st honours -with a pen which
would do credit to any exhibition, and shearling
gimmers were also well represented.

The show of Pigs was not quite so large as in
some previous years, but the prize animals would have
taken honours at any show. The principal premiums
were divided between Mr. Dyson, of Leeds, and Mr.
Duckering, of Northorpe.

At the annual dinner, presided over by Mr. Rowland
Winn, the Hon. A. L. Melville, speaking with
regard to sheep, said while visiting the Royal Agricul-
tural Society's show recently held at Bury St.
Edmund's, it had been suggested that it was desirable
that Lincoln should have a distinct class at the Royal
show. It was thought unfair that Lincoln and other
Long-wool sheep should be put together. AVhat sheep
was it that carried off the 1st prize ? Why, a cross
between the Lincoln and the Cotswold. He had
always been of opinion that Lincoln sheep never
showed so well as at Lincoln April Fair— that they
could not show their sheep to the same advantage
when they were shorn, and thus deprived of their
principal beauty. He complained of the limited show
of Lincoln sheep which was generally made at the
Royal Society's exhibition. It was not the quality he
was ashamed of, but the quantity. It was not because
there was a scarcity of sheep in Lincolnshire, for he
found from statistics that the county had half the
number of sheep there was in the whole of Ireland.
He had urged upon the Society to have distinct classes
at Leicester next year, and if there were not a good
show he would never speak on their behalf again.
There was a good show of sheep to-day, and one of
which they could not be ashamed. Referring to the
premiums which had been awarded to Lincolnshire
farm servants and labourers, for length of service, &c.,
the speaker observed that they might well feel proud
of them. In what other county could tuey find
31 entries for the premium offered to the man who had
served one master the longest ? One servant had been
54 years with one master, another 51, a third 49, a
a fourth 43, a fifth, 40, a sixth 36, and so on. AVhere
could they find that except in Lincolnshire ? The
labourers in that part of the country liked their
employers, and the good feeling was reciprocated.
Mr. Melville concluded by again congratulating the
Society upon the success it had attained.

Mr. ToEK, referring to Mr. Melville's remarks about
the Lincoln sheep at Bury, said that if breeders would
show more of them at Leicester, he would promise
that they should have a separate class. Indeed, they
deserved it, for they travelled further north and south
than any other distinct breed.

Mr. E. TUKNOK proposed " the Chairman," who was
the pioneer of a new interest among them, inasmuch
as he had opened out some mines of iron ore.

The CnAiEM.iN, in responding, said he could not
take great credit for having developed certain mineral

iiroducts in North Lincolnshire, to which Mr. Turner
had alluded, because, in doing so, he had been actuated
purely by mercenary motives. At the same time he
believed that in benefiting himself ho should also
liencfit that part of the county. Ho congratulated the
Society upon the excellent show which they had had,
especially upon tho splendid exhibition of implements.
It was a very satisfactory circumstance in connection
with that exhibition, that out of something like
77 exhibitors no less than 52 belonged to North
Lincolnshire. The town of Barton had two of the
largest exhibitors. Ho coincided in the oiiinion which
had been expressed that there were no better labourers
in tho country than the Liiii'oliishirc labourers. Uo
called attention to the Coiiiinissiuu which had beeu
issued to inquire into the condition of tho agricultural
labouring classes, and more especially the women and
chfldrcn. In certain parts of Lincolushiro no doubt
very gri:at abuses connected with the public g-ang
system had crept in, but he was happy to say they were
free, on the whole, from those abuses. In North
Lincolnshire there was no such thing known as public
gangs. Private gangs, however, might exist to some
extent. In a short time the Commissioners would
require them to furnish certain information, and he
wanted tliem to consider how the law could be best
altered with tho least interference with farmers. Ho
believed that the condition of tho labouring class,
especially that of women and children, could be con-
siderably improved, with great advantage to all.

Mr. R. G. F. HowAKD, alluding to the gang sys-
tem, wislied to know how a poor man could support
15 children up to the age of 13 years, without sending
them out to work, unless Government made an allow-
ance. Afjrldged from the " Lincolnshire Chronicle."

Farm Memoranda.

Bowes Fakm, Fence Houses.— Until this winter
the api)aratus has consisted of Fowler's 14-horse engine
and anchor, with the 4 and 2-furrow ploughs, 7-tined
cultivator, and drag-harrow. Now the use of double
engines, with winding drums, dispenses with tho
anchor ; and, looking at past results and the favourable
character of the land, we think that this change is
likely to prove advantageous. The original purchase
made in 18r,2 came to 875/., additional implements
liave since cost 170/., making a total outlay of 1045/.
It is a proof of superior management that no serious
accidents have occurred, almost the only breakage oa
record being that of a driving wheel. Repairs, when
necessary, have been done by the engineers of the
collieries, and the "stitch-in-time principle" has no
doubt often prevented more serious delays. These are
advantages not generally enjoyed by the ordinary
occupier ; but we would urge on all the importance
of securing as engineer a man who is a thorough
mechanic, perfectly acquainted with the mechanism of
the apparatus, and capable of executing all minor
repairs, even though considerably increased wages be
necessary to secure such a man.

The soil at Lambton is a strong loam on a clay
subsoil, tolerably free from stones, overlying the coal-
measures. The home farm consists of 750 acres, of
which about 400 are arable; the apparatus is also
employed on two outlying farms about two miles from
Lambton, which together contain as much more arable
laud. The fields are much cut up by the working of
the collieries, and are not so symmetrical as is desirable
for steam culture; they run about 15 acres and
upwards ; no alteration has been made in their size,
and no new roads have been required. The quantity
of work per day has varied, according to depth, from
about 3 acres, at the greatest depth (13 inches), done
by the 2-furrow plough, to 7 acres at C to 7 inches.
The cultivator (7-tined) has averaged about 10 acres.
The average time consumed in moving tackle is half a
day ; the labour required in addition to the ordinary
staff being two men and four horses. The work of the
engine has until lately been entirely confined to culti-
vating the soil ; recently it has been employed to drive
a stone-breaking machine. No work has been done
for hire, but in a few instances land has been worked
for tenants, a liberality which is duly appreciated.
The engineer fills up his time with carpenter's work
or repairing machinery. Mr. Steward has not found
the drainage of strong soils improved, or the consump-
tion of the root crop on the land facilitated ; it must
be remembered, however, that very deep horse culture
was practised previous to the introduction of steam.
The crops generally are decidedly increased and
improved, but no accurate information on this point
was produced. The exception is in the case of Clover,
ndiich is found uncertain and difficult to grow once in
five years. This may arise either from too much of
the subsoil being brought up or, as we incline to believe,
from the mechanical condition being too loose. The
Clover after harvest is generally abundant and forward,
but it dies away during winter and spring, and we
should recommend folding over with sheep, and thus
consolidating the surface, more especially as the head-
lands, which are cultivated by horses, and more or less
consolidated, generally produce a good plant. No
journal having been kept, we were unable to find out
the number of days during which the steam is employed,
and can only arrive at an approximate result by refer-
ence to the system of cropping and the average amount
of work done per day.

The land is farmed on the Scourse shift, seeds
remaining down two years. Steam culture is now
entirely confined to the fallow, for when, in some
instances, the Clovers were ploughed for Oats expe-
rience proved that horse-labour is more advantageous.
We have then IGO acres of fallow. This receives a
deep furrow in autumn, with either the common or
the digging-breast, and is twice cultivated in spring,
the drag-harrows, going a double-tine, between the
cultivations. Assuming l-16th of the area to behead-

870

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGPJCIILTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 17, 1867.

£ s.

.(

0 17

2

0 e

(1

0 1

fi

1 5

1

0 10

0

lands which are worked hy horses, we have the follow-
ing results: —

150 acres of deep ploughing or digjying in autumn.
300 acres cultivated in spring.
300 acres di'agged a double-tine.
Calculating that -1 acres can be dug and 10 acres
cultivated or double-dragged, we find the number of
days during which steam is employed, including
removals, averages 104.
The expenses per day are as follow ;—

* Labour

Coals, at 8s. a ton

Oil ;;

Wear and te.ar and interest on original

outlay at 12J per cent. (1045/.)
Repairs, estimated at 50/. per annum,

about

£2 19 9
We thus arrive at an annual outlay of 310?. 14.9.
Against this we have the cost of eight horses knocked
off— 14 horses now doing the work of 22 before. Each
pair of horses wilh their driver, on such land and with
such deep ploughing, would cost 100/. per annum;
consequently, for the above outlay, we have a saving
of 400/. in horse-labour, showing a balance in favour of
steam of 89/. 6s. on outlay, independently of the many
advantages appertaining to steam culture on strong
land. The character of the operations we saw in
progress, the excellent condition of the apparatus, and
the evident signs of good management everywhere
visible, prepared us to anticipate a favourable result,
which our figures, fairly representing the case, bear
out. Improvement of produce, ability to perform
important operations at the proper season, are im-
portant items which may be variously estimated, but
must be placed to the credit of the apparatus, and we
may fairly conclude that we have in Lord Durham's
case evidence decidedly favourable to steam culture,
and it only remains for us to point out the causes
which have led to this success. Good management, on
the part of the employer and the workmen, must
occupy the first place ; sufficient area to be worked to
allow of a reduction of horse-labour commensurate to
the cost of the apparatus, should come second; and
favourable conditions as to soil and surface complete
the list.

We would, in passing, call attention to a simple
improvement in the engines, consisting of small con-
ducting pipes from the steam-cocks of the cylinders,
which convey the steam to the ground so that the
driver's sight is not obscured by a volume of steam,
the noise of the rushing steam is much deadened, and
the risk of frightening cattle, when on the road,
materially diminished. Mr. Coleman, in the Report on
Steam Citlfivafioii, Agrlctiltiiral Soeielii's Journal.

(^EASS SEEDS for

PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
fiiest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scieutiHc system.

See "WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Desciiptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Patture.

Important to Florists and Horticulturists.

POOLBY'S TOBACCO POWDER,
prepared under authority of the HON. BOARD of CDSTOMS.
can now be obtained of Seedsmen, Nurserymen, &c., in Tins.

Prices, Is., Is. Cd., and bs.

Wholesale from the Bonded Manufactory, Sussex Wbarf, Wapping, E,

OfHce, 60, Lime Street, London, E.G.

J. C.

Wheeler & Son,
Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Aglicultural Society.

Miscellaneous.

Eeporls from tlie Mop Market. ~(\). The first pocket
of Hops of this year's growth reached the Borough on
Friday last, and is reported to have been sold at
31/. 10«. per cwt. It was of inferior quality, the hops
being small and undeveloped, and to all appearance
ought not to have been picked for at least a fortnight.
In about an hour after a second pocket was consigned
to the Hop Planters' Companj', from Coles Child, Esq.,
of the Palace, Bromley, of really good quality and capitally
managed. This pocket was sold to Messrs. Vf. A.
White & Co., at 20/. per cwt., and resold by them to
Evan Evans, Esq., Vale of Neath Brewery, Neath.
(2). The first pocket of 1867 growth, weighing 1 cwt.
2 qrs. 21 lb., was this morning sent into the market,
consigned to Messrs. Austen and Sweet, Hop Factors,
Borough, and sold by them to Messrs. Whitworth,
Graf ham, & Co., Hop Merchants, Borough.at 30 guineas
per cwt., by whom it has been resold to Alessrs. John
Jones & Co., Oswestry. The grower is J. R. Thomson
jun., Esq., of Moatlands, Breuchley, Kent (from whose
plantation the first pocket of Kentish Hops was pro-
duced last year). Taking into consideration the early
period of its arrival, this year's pocket is allowed to be
a very fair samnle, and is from the stock of Mr. T.
Guest's now well-known Early Prolifics.

The Harrest Weal/ier has at last set in so suddenly
that the farmers in many districts are sore beset for
want of hands, the action of the reaping machines
being impeded by the condition of the crops, which
have in many places been prostrated by the severity of
the weather. Some weeks ago we revived a suggestion
which had more than once been made in our columns
that the difficulty might be met, or at any rate
mitigated, by the employment of soldiers on furlough
for the occasion. We are glad to see that the Horse
Guards have adopted the idea. The following general
order has been issued by his Royal Highness the Field-
Marshal Commanding-in-Chief;— August 10: Harvest-
ing (home stations only). -There will be no objection
on the part of his Royal Highness the Field-Marshal
Commanding-m-Chief to commanding officers per-
mitting a certain number of men to assist in the
harvest, on being applied to for such assistance,
provided that the employment of the population is not
thereby interfered with.— By command, W. Paulei
A.G. Fall Mall Gazette.

Notices to Correspondents.

Books : A Weekly Reader. The " best book on .agiiculture " is
one of two or three which stand in the first rank— as
Stephen's Book of the Farm, Morton's Cyclojitedia of Agri-
culture, &c. But if you want only "Tables of Quantities,"
you should get Blackie's Agriculturist's Calculator.

Land Steward, The Editor of this Journal can confidently
recommend to any one contemplating estate improvement,
whether agricultur.al, horticultural, landscape gardening]
building, &c„ a man capable of can'ying out such operations.

Warts— Fowls : F. Will you wait a week ?

'^ Engineer, 33. Gd. ; ploughm.ru, 3s. ; anchor-man, 2s. SW. ;
2 boys, at Is. id., 2s. St/. ; man with water, *;s. id. : horse, Ss. ;
total, 17». 2rf.

s.

Early Spring Feed, Trifolium
incarnatum.

U T T 0 N ' S

ITALIAN RYE-GRASS,

NEW LATE RED TRTFOLIUM.

NEW LATE WHITE TRIFOLTUM.

Tbeso are inv.iluable arlicles for early
Sprint; Fecil, either Krown sep.ii'ately or
together. The proper quantity of Italian
Rye-grass, if sown alone, is 3 bushels per
acre, or if Trtfotiutn alone, 28 lbs. per acre.

The New Seed is now being harvested,
and we shall be ple:»sed to send samples
and lowest prices per quarter and cwt. on
application. Also MUSTARD and RAPE,
New Seed.

All goods carriage free, except very small
parcels.

SuTTos & Sons. Seed Growers, Reading.

GENUINE TOBACCO PAPEK, for Fumigating
Greenhouses, kz., fid. per lb. to the Trade. Cash on delivei?.

COUNCIL
The Right Hon. W. Cowper.M.P.
Thomas Hughes, Esq , M.P.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.
James Beal, Esq.
Edward Vansittart Neale, Esq.
F. Pennington, Esq. (Treasurer).
E. Owen Greening, Esq.
{Managing Director).

£0, Pai'liament Street, London.
4, Warren Street, Manchester.

SUPPLIES its Members
with IMPLEMENTS and
MACHINES bj the bi;st Makei-s,
and with Unadulterated SEEDS,
MANURES, and Manufactured
CATTLE FOOD, at Wholesale Cost Price, upon the Co-operative
system. EsnlanatoiT Circulars post free, or on personal application
at tue Offices of the Association.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE
^^ is becoming scahoe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
IGs., 20 for 303., 60 for 66a., 100
for £6.

Fourpenca allowed tor each
bag returned carriage-paid.
A Railway Truck-load (not in

bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-offlce
Order, payable to J. Barsham &
Co., KinRston-on-Thames, S.W.

G

1 S H U R

COMFOnND.

S T

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1859, against
Red Spider, MUdow, Thnps,
Green Fly, and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to IG ouncea
as a Winter Dressing for Vinei
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen,
boxes, Is., 3s., and lOs. 6d.

in

Red
Spider

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(Limited).

PAINTED SHEEDS, the Disperser of Insects,
To be had from any Seed Warehouse in the Kingdom.
Manufactory, No. 90, East Street, Walworth, London, S.
Post-offlce orders payable to W. Lehro, Walworth, S.

G

IVE ME WATEK, or I DIE!

droopingly speak the FLOWERS.

OH! SAVE ME I SAVE ME! by RAIN-LIKE SHOWERS
through INDIA-RUBBER HOSE and ROSE.

Illustrated Price Lists of Sheath BaoTnERs, Qutta Perclia, India
Rubber, Garden Engines, Pump, and General Mjjiufacturera,
89, City Road, E.C.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTKKNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mr. gray begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to his

NEW OVAL TTJBtTLAE BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every fonn of Tubular Boiler yet introduced,
It has prored itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work witft
one-third less the amount requii'ed by any other.

RriracI from Report in Gardeners' Chronicle of International Kvliibition, Ifai/ 24, 1862, paffe 47S

" Tbe upright form of Boiler is usually mnde on a circular plan,
but tlie oval form Riven to Mr. Gray's variety of it is said to be
preferable in conserjuenee of its bringiiiK the tubes in closer contact
with the fire. The usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram

rather than a square, it seems feasible that the Boilers on the oviil

Elan should bring the tubes more completely wrtbin range of the
uming IXiel; and this being so, the change, though a Blight sue,
is no doubt an improvement.

^^ Thfi/ are made of all sizes, which, with prices, may be had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

-*»

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOE,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATENT SELF-SHAKPENING CYLINDER CUTTERS.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater •aao
than any other Lawn ilower citaut.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOVERS have proved to be the best, and have carried otf every Prize fea^ M
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since tlio year 18o6.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

fti

Every Machine is wan-anted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally,
T.GREEN AND SON hare to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has be^'
unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can be made froih
their Stock both in London and Meeds.

I^° ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and
54 and 55, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

ii

August 17, 1867.]

THE GAEDENET^S' CTlT^OMrEE A^^D AfiPvTniTTUEAE GAZETTE

871

L AWES' MANURES.—

The Mitnures nmiiQfacturod bv J. B. Lawbs for the proaoiit
aeison of 18117 are now ready fur delivery ftt Uls Factories, at tbe
tollowlug prices, per tou ;—
LAWKS' PATKNT TUIINIP MANURE and BONE £ s. tt.

SUPERPIIOSrilATK o|- LIMl-: 0 0 0

LAWKS' SUPKlll'ilOSFIIATK of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINKdAL PHOSPIIATKS 5 6 0

LAWE.S- WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 6 0 0

CONCENTRATED CORN aud GRASS MANURES ..12 0 0

Thoao Mjinuroa oixa be obtained of Mr. Lawks, oi" tlirough tlio
appointed Agents In all parts of the United Klnt'doiii, sit prlooa
varying according to cost of carriage

Goimliie Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

Amoricaa and other Cakoa at market pricei.

Address. John Benkkt L\wbs. 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
B.C. ; 2a, Edeii t^uay, Dublin ; and Miirkot Sgu'ire, Shrewsbury.

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(ESTABMSIIKDlSIO).

Have now ready for dolivory m dry flue condition,
CORN MANURE, for Sprinn Uso
DISSOLVED HONES, lor Urossmg Faature Lands
SUPKRPIIOSI'IIATES of LIME
PRKPARKI) GUA.VO
MANGEL ;ind POTATO MANURES.
AlHO Genuuie PKRUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPIIATE of AMMO.MA, FISUERV
KAI/r, JSsc. E. PuRSBB, SecreUiry.

Olfleos, 116, Fanchurch Street. E.G.

[.ARDEN BORDER EDGINO TILKS, in grcJit

variety of patterns and materials, tlio plainer sorts being

especially suited for KITOIIKN GARDENS, ns

' they harbour no Slugs and lusocls. t)ike up little

room, and once put down incur no further labour

and expense, as do "grown" Edgmgs, con-

^r 1 1;_, sequentlv bemii much cheaper.

S*^J*ar GARDEN VAbES, FOUNTAINS, &.C., in Arti-

\\i\Ljy ficinl Stono. of groat durability, and iu great

■ '■' variotv of dcsigo.

F. & G RosfiKR, Manufactiircra, Upper Ground

V, Street, Blackfi-iars, S. ; Queen's Road West,

-— Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingalaud, N.E.

.l^> London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
iLlLliS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied.

( \UNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
^_/ Ualls, Comdors, Balconies, inc., as cheap and durable as
Stone, in blue, red, aud buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TEbSELATED PAVEMENTS ol more enriched designs
than the above.

"WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walla of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Rang<.-9. Biths. &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clibkers, Wall

Copings. P.od and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. ic G. Rosui.a, at their premises as above.

QILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above

»0 addresses — Ds. per Ton, or Is. 3[^ per Bushel ; 'is. per Ton extra
tor delivery Within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
tju.^ntities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

KLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Wmk. F. & G. RosHER. — Addresses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

Iron Cisterns.
y^ BRABY AND CO. having laid down extensive and
I • Improved Machinery in their new range of buildings, Ida
\^"lMJf, Depticrd. are itow'propared to supply WROUGHT-IRON
TANKS, BLACK, GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior
<|U:ility, at reduced priof. niul ;it vui v sliort notice.

F. Bh.\by & Cu., Lunited, Fitzroy Works, Eustou Ruad, London.

W^

TARNEE'S SILICATE of IRON PAINT.

— Tho peculiarities and advantages of this
Paint are that it will stand extreme Heat and Damp,
and is not affected by Acid, Sea Water, Sulphuretted
Hydioi^en, or Ammonia. It is equally well adapted
for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Every Shade of
Colour ground to order. Tne Creamy White and
Bright Stone will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless f>f tho
Ihraes of Gases. It has no smell, and there is an entire absence
of deleterious efiect.

WARNER'S ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION is suitable foi
Felt Iloofiog, and is a Cheap Coating for Iron Work, and preserves
Woou Hi India from the ravages of the White Ant. Price Is. M.
per gallon.

17, Laurence Pountney Lano, Cannon Street, London, E.G.

Oil Faint no longer Necessary.

■^y\ >f^J^5^*f^^*^^^--21^z3

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
Hceilent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
Wquirea no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used In the
prounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smitb will forward on
application.

^^ From CuAS. E. B. Smedley, Esq., 27ic Orange, near Boston.
\ ''^^^ much plea-sure in giving you a reply to your inquiries about
Ine Black Varnish I have had from you for the lost two years. It has
answerod my expect-atlons ftiUy, and as far as I am able to judge, it
la the best material for preserving iron fencing, g;atos, and other wjod
work exposed to theair ; and I can with safety recommend it as the
"™ and cheapest article that is yet out. Wishing you every success."

Sold m casks of about 30 gallons each, at la. HU. per gallon, at the
Man'ofactory, or la. 8./. per gallon paid to any Station in the kiugdom.

Apply to UillA Smith, Brierly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, aud
«. Cannon Street Wcat, E.C., ft-om whom only it can bo obtained.

s

H A

W'S TIFFANY.

For aamplea and prices apply to
J. Sniw & Co., ao. Oxford Street, Manchester.

HANK

r N K W

LAWN MOWERS.

HAND MACHINE.

Theso aro the only Machines In dally use in all tho Royal Gardenfl.
These aro the only Machines tliat will mow properly when the
Grass Is wet.

These aro the only Machines that will last for years without
requiring repair.

lllustmted Circulars with fall particulars free on application.

A, Shanks & Sos, Dona Iron Work.s, Arbroath.

London OlUce and Show Rooms — 27, Luanenhall Street. E.C.

f^" ^7, Leadeiihall Street, is the only pl.ace Id London whore

intending inirchasers of Lawn Mowers can choose from a stock of

160 to 200 Machines. All sizes kept there whether for Horse, Pony,

or Hand-power.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., be^B to announce that he is
prepiired to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa nr other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Giuson, jun., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

TO BR LRT or SOLD, toRcther or separately,
WESTBOURNE NURSERY. HAYSWATICR; and CAMPDEN
GROVE NURSERY, KENNlNd'ION. Kor terniH, Ac, apply
_Mr. J, Rkkvlh, Sen., Acacia Vlll:i, L:ull,ruko Road, Notting HIU.

|.|M)lt IHSI'OSAL, :i"l''Ii^Ni.lass MJ IlSKUY^d S iiEU
1 MIISINKS.S; or l,he present I'rnprlutor would aocei^t of a

WORKING PAK'rNKll wlthaCapltiil of not lens than X1600.
Apply by lotter to E,, Messrs. Iluist St Son, 0, Loadenhall Street

London. E C.

Tj^^^O 11 SALE, a FLOKI^f, "^SKKi). and FRUIT

X BUSINESS, ma lirst-class situation, and with a good connec-
tion, in the South of England. Coming In, about £2&0. Rent of
Premises, £00.

L.,aankner!i' ChronU-k onice, W.C.

To Market Gardeners, Nurserymen, &ci

TO BE SOLD, bv Vv'waU- fi-iilnut, ul.uut 200 ACRES
of very superior G.ARDEN GROUND, ail Freeliold, Hituato In
tho County of Bedlordshire, about three miles from Biggleswade
Station, Groat Northern Railway. The Land is divided Into Lots to
suit tlio convenience of purchasers. F'lr particulars apply to
Thomas Fountaink, Esq., Duntoti Lodge, Ashwell, Bildock.

rpo BE LET, a FAMILY RESIDENCE, GARDENS,

JL STABLES, LAWN, and PLANTATIONS, situite on a very
pleasant part of the Norfolk coast, within a mlleofthe sea, and four
mdcs of a market town, from whitrh a railway is in course of con-
struction to Norwich, The House contains Entrance Hall, Dining,
Drawing-room, and Library, with seven Bed-rooms and' commodious
Attics, and commands charming sea and land views. The Gardens
aretastetully laid out, imd are planted with choice Shrubs. Eight
acres of Grass and thirty acres of ftne Arable Laud c.in be let with
the House. Shooting may be had, and a Pack of Harriers is kept in
the immediate neighbourh'iod. Any Gentleman, desirous of giving
hia son a practical aud Bclentiflc education, may make very advan-
tageous terms — the owner of this property occupying COO acres of flno
arable land, by which this bou;^e is surrounded.

Apply to W. CtiiiTr, B:icton Abbey, North Walsham, Norfolk.

/^.EORGR F. MORKIS (of the Firm of Pkothkroe
VT ScMoRRisI undertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDiCD ESTATES, Leasehold und Reversionary Property
of every description, Farming and Market Garden Produce, House-
hold Furniture, Stock in fraJe, Ac.
Auction and Estate Agency Office, Tho Limes, Leytonstone, Essex.

The Exmoor Cobs and Ponies.

MR. ROBEKP SMITH'S ANNUAL SALE of about
FORTY EXMOOR COBS. GALLOWAYS, and PONIES
will take place as usual (m tho AUTUMN) at Fielder's Repository,
Bristol.— Emmetfs Grange, South Molton, August 6.

TO BE SOLD, a well-bred COW, with her SECOND
CALF, Calved on the 4th inst. The Cow was bred by tho
present owner.

Apply to the Gardener, .Sunbury Lodge, Sunbury-on -Thames.

G

Farm Poultry.

REY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any

numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and eariy maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA, CREVECCEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
JoBN Daily & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

BEES. — The Advertiser wishes to Dispose of about a
dozen strong HIVES of BEES, six in Woodbury Frames, and
remainder in Straw Cittage Hives. Also a quantity of EMPTY
HIVES, and Apparatus suitable for a Scientific Apiary. Very Cheap.
Address, Joun Hunter, Esq., New Maiden, Surrey.

To Nurserymen and Seedsmen.

WANTED, a SMALL BUSINESS in the above Line.
Address A. T., Gardeners' CkronicU Office, W.C.

Covent Garden Market.-To Growers of Water Cresses

TO BE LET, for 7, 14, or 21 years, 25 ACRES (more
or less) of LAND especially adapted to the growth of WATER
CRESSES, abundantly supplied with Water, ciose to a Station, and
within one hour of London. Apply, giving name and address to
X. Y. Z., Post Office, Sevenuaks.

Estate In the Cumberland Lake District.

FOR SALE, thit very desirable and valuaMe FREE-
HOLD ESTATE of LITTLETHWAIT and MIRE GILL, in
the Township of Whinfell, in tho County of Cumberland, and lately
tho property of the late Sir Wilfred Lawsnn, Bart., consisting of
140 ACRKS or thereabouts of Arable, Grazing, Meadow, and VVood
Lnnds. with Apple and Plum Orchards, and a good Farmhouse, with
Outbuildings.

LITTLETHWAIT is well watered, and in a pood state of cultiva-
tion. The Plantations are healthy, and contain Partridges, with a
sprinkling of Black Game. There is Trout Fishing in tho River
Cocker, which flows through the Estate.

LITTLETHWAIT is beautifully situated in the Valo of Lorton,
between Lowej^water and the important Market Town of Cocker-
mouth, from which it is distant only five miles by turnpike road, and
where there is a first-class Railway Station,

LITTLETHWAIT"S high groumi affords a lovely view of Crum-
mock Lake.

LITTLETHWAIT would well repay a little further outlay. The
property will be shown at any time on application to the Tenant,
Mr. Henderson, Littlethwait, near Cockermouth.

For further particulars apply to William Lawson, Blennerhasset
Farm, Cumberland.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLIAM DEAN, having determined on residing in
London again, offers for SALE, with immediate possession,
the NURSERY at, SHIPLEY, consisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked,
and with Dwelling House, &c., is held on Lease; also tho SEED
SHOP, in BRADFORD (the only one in the town), which is well
fitted up, and where there isagood business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds, Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, &c. The Nursery
is 21 miles from the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to the purclia&e money required, and
will be a great bargain to the purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
tunity for a large house In the South to establish a Branch Business
here, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
much increased. For particulars apply to

William Dkan, Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

^altg 6b gtuctton«

Imported Orciiids.

MR. J. C. STEVLNS will SELL by AUCTION at
his Great Rooms, 33, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
THURSDAY, August '12, at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, an impor-
tation of ORCHIDS from Guatemala, Chiriqut, and other parts of
the world. Also a collection of FRUITING and SUCCESSION
PINES.

On Tiew the Morning of Sale, and CAtaloguea had.

Brentford Road. Kew Bridge.

luponTANT Sale «v NEWLY-EntcTH) GiiEKNHOUSKS, Pits, Boxes,
BnicRS, HoT-WAThit PiriNG, ic.

MESSRS. PKOTHEROE and MORRIS are instructed
by Mr. William Drewett to SELL by AUCTION, without
reserve, on the Premises, The Market Garden and Nursery Grounds,
Brentford Road, Kew Bridge, on MONDAY, August 19, at U o'clock
(the Lease expiring at Michaelmas next], 3 Newiy-Built span-roof
GREENHOUSES, 00 feet by \i feet over ; 3 excellent three-quarter
Span-roof GREENHOUSES, 120 feet. GO leet, and 9G feet in length :
3 Ranges of Pits, each 00 feet long by 7 feet ; sundry other Pits and
Glazeil Lights; also about ^000 feet 2 and 3-inch, but principally
4-inch, Hot-Water Piping ; Ormson's Tubular 6-feet Boiler, 4 other
Boilers, 1000 Casts of Puts, Bricks, Tiles, Drain Pipes, Sign Board,
and other Effects.

The Glass Erections are in excellent condition, built of the best
materinls, and being many thousand feet, offer a capital opportunity.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the Premises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers. Leytonstone, N.E.

Upper Mitcham, Surrey.

MESSRS. BLAKE will SEi.L by AUCTION, at The
Firs, on TUESDAY, August 23, at 2 for 3 o'Ciock, a Collection
of STOVE and GREEN HuUSE PLANTS, including specimens of
Australian Palms, Tree ana other varieties of Fern, Camellias,
Azaleas, Heaths, and Orange Trees; Garden Uttinsils, including
Lawn Mowing Machines, Iron Roller, Cucumber Buses, Hand
Lights, Seats and Ladders, Tumbril Cait and Harness, Stack of
pnme Hay, Stump of old Hay, Manure, Cord Wood, and Effects;
also three handsome Cows,

May be viewed the day before the Sale ; and Cat.alogues had of the
Gardener on the Premises ; at the Inns in the neighbourhood ; and
of Messrs. Blake, Croydon, S^

Bedford Street, Strand.

Leasehold Profit Rkntal of £Sf) a-veak, AurLv secured on the
Premises, No. 13, Bedford Street.

MESSRS. DEBENHAM, TEWSON, and FARMER
will SELL, at the Mart, near tho Bank, on TUESDAY,
August 27, at 2 o'clock, the capital PREMISES. No. 13, Bedford
Street, Covent Garden, W.C. ; comprising Four Floors and Base-
ment ; held for about 17 years unexpired, at £50 a-year, and under-
let for the full term (less a few days), at £130 per annum, but now
worth considerably more.

Particulars of M. Boyck, Esq., Solicitor, 48, Cannon Street, E.C. ;
and of the Auctioneers, 80, Cheapside.

TO NOBLEMEN, GENTLEMEN, NURSERYMEN, &e.

IMPORTANT SALE WITHOUT RESERVE.

JAS. GAEAWAY & CO.,

DURDHAM DOWN NURSERIES, BRISTOL,

Beg to annoimce that in consequence of the approaching Expiration of the Lease of tho ahoye-mentioneJ
old-established and well-known Nurseries, their

ENTIRE STOCK OF STOVE, GREENHOUSE PLANTS, FERNS, &c.,

Comprising a fine Collection of full-sized, half, and quarter specimen HEATHS, AZALEAS, CAMELLIAS,
ORANGES, &c., and their splendid stock of AMARYLLIS, the largest and most varied in England, consisting
of all the best named sorts; and many Hundreds of FLOAVEKINli BULBS of splendid unnamed HVBEIDS,
will bo SOLD by AUCTION, on the Premises (unless the whole or any portion should in the meantime be
Disposed of by Private Contract), on MONDAY, August 19, and following days.

CATALOGU KS will be ready a fortnight previous to the Sale, and wUl be forwarded Post Free on application.

The whole of the Plants are now Lotted, and can be viewed any time between 6 a.m. aud 8 p.m.

JAS. GAKAWAY and CO.'S Lease expires in the Spring of 1869, and till then Busiims Kill ti earried
on at the present Address as afital.

JAS. GARAWAY AJfD CO., DURDHAM DOWN NURSERIES, BRISTOL.

872

THE GAEDENFRS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GiZETTE.

[August 17, 1867,

CONSERVATORIES, GREENHOUSES, FRAMES.

THE ONLY PAINT THAT StJCCESSFULLT STANDS UPON THE ABOVE THYING WORK IS

CAKSONS' OEIGINAL ANTI-COEKOSION PAINT,

TRADE MARK. ^j, ^ jg CONSEQUENTLY LARGELY USED BY THE NOBILITY AND GENTRY, ALSO THE LEADING HORTICULTURISTS. TRADE Mj^BK.

IT IS EQUALLY ADAPTED FOR ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF EXTERNAL WORK.

Three Cwt. Free to any Station in England and Wales, and most Ports of England, /*''fl5J","^'|°'''*

Ireland and Scotland.

PREPAKED OIL MIXTUEE FOR THE ANTI-CORROSION PAINT.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, &c., &c.

£r:T£seD £T stationers hall

EWTEREP ATSTATIONERS HALt,

Before Painting, send for PATTERNS, PEICES, and TESTIMONIALS, which can be had Post Free on application to

WALTER CARSON and SONS, LA BELLE SAUVAGE YARD, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON, E.G.

CAUTI0N.~A11 Casks bear the Trade Mark, or are not Genuine.

EIDDELL'S

PATENT PORTABLE ELASTIC PIPE JOINT.

Especially uJapted for EOT-VATER PIPES for ATAEMIKG CHURCHES, PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, CONSEEVATOEIES, HOT-HOUSES, &c., is extremely simple,
perfectly watertight, saves four-fifths of the time and labour in erecting hot-water work, can
be rapidly put together by an ordinary workman, and can be removed and re-erected without
injury to pipes or joints.

JProspectus and JPriee List free.

EIDDELL'S

PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

For WAEMING CHUECHES, CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &c., by the
circulation of Hot Water, requires no brick-work setting, saves half the fnel usually consumed, is
not liable to get out of repair, is easilv regulated, will work from 8 to 20 hours without attention,
and is made in sizes capable of heating from 30 to 5000 feet of 4 inch pipe.

JProspecius and Trice List free.

PATENT PIPE JOINT. J. HADLEY RIDDELL, Patentee, 155, CHEAPSIDE, E.G.

PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

JOHN WAENEE & SONS,

GRESGENT, GRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.G.,

BRASS and BELL FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTY, HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

35. WAENERS'

PATENT CAST-IRON

LIFT PUMPS.

1\ inches diameter . . £1 8

2 1
2 6
2 14

No. 37.

SHORT-BARREL

DITTO,

FOR SINKS, PLANT
HOUSES, &c.
2i ins. diameter . . £1 1

No. 547a.

GARDEN

ENGINE.

No. 547a.

28 Gals. . . £5 10
24 „ .. 4 19
16 „ .. 3 14
10 „ .. 2 19

THE CRYSTAL PALACE FIRE ENGINE and
GARDEN PORTABLE FORCE PUMP.

Price on Barrow, with Branch Pipe, Spreader, Unions, and
Suction Eose, £6.

l|-in. 2-ply Eubber Suction Pipe, per foot, 2s. 2d,

IJ-in. ditto Delivery Hose, Is. 4c?.

No. 42.

WAENERS'

PORTABLE

PUMPS,

With Improved Valves for
Liquid Manure, £2 15s.
2-in. Flexible Eubber
Suction Pipe, in 10, 12,
and 15 ft. lengths, per
foot, 2s. od.

No. 579i.

SWING

■WATER

BARROW.

50 Gals. ..£5 12

3 17
2 13
2 2

No. 579i.

ILLUSTRATED and PRICED LISTS of Garden Engines, Swing Barrows, Aquajects, Syringes, :and Fountain Jets sent on application.

EOYAL AGETCULTUEAL SHOW, held at BURY ST. EDMUND'S, 1867.-A SILVER MEDAL was Award ed to JOHN WARNER and SONS' CHAIN PUM^
This Pump, from the entire absence of Valves, is especially adapted for the use of Builders, Contractors, and Farmers.

I i^^j] L?? « ° ? ii "l^i^'^'i'?. The Editor ;•■ Aa jertiseraenta and Biuliiesa Letters to " The PuWljher." at the OSce, 41, WelUna ton Street, COMBt Oa^en, l»''<l»"-,J^f-. . ,.„„ m.tto,.o., at tlu

n..^''",.^'"' ^J ''"?' M"""""!. at the omceof Messrs. BairaoaT. E»ans,.S Ro.. Lombard Street. Pr«clnct or wnltelriars, Oity of Londoa In the ( to. ot Middlesex, and PabUahed by the said Jijins MiiTHivTs, at tin
Office, No. 11, WeUmgtoa btreet, Pariah of St. Panl'a, Oovent OordeK, in the eald County.— Satobdat, Anguat 17, 1867.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 34..— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, AUGUST 21.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, Gd.

INDEX.

Becfi

Books nutleud

Oubbap.s.Bprinti

Cattle pliiiciic, llni-kiiiK

Congretw, PariK Itotank'iil—
Hlii b

Fftrmors, pai-linmoiitnry

Fftrmnotca

Farmscedfi

— — Inrao V. smnll . . . ,

Pnms, AustniHiin

Fruit ciop rctum-t B75 c-

Ornpe j uflBinR

Orupc, M rs, Vince's

Han-Cit bcverajfcs

— reports 880 a-

— wjiares

Hliililiiiiu Society's hhcuv . . , .

802 a

im b
m5 b
B7fl e
877 n

HH2 b

MnnuiT libel f

Poaclii'B and Npct;irinc8 on

►ame tree f

Pcliirjroninm (variegated

3;onal}slmw (

PoiitiiTiMlis arpentea t

Potato. Ash-top Fluke f

linm sales ^

Rats S

Renpei-s, trial of 886 a-i

Roses, new t

Society, Royal Horticultural . i

— Thomoy Agrieultural . . i

Thcrmometei-a f

Turnip fly f

Wages, harvest t

"Weatbei-.the ir

Winduw t,'iirdenini|[ t

CItTSTAL TALACE — The GREAT AUTUMX SHOW
nt FLOWERS and FRUIT on TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
RBd THURSDAY, September 10 to 12. Scbetlules on application to
I. WiLKiNBiifi, Crystal Palnce.

T\/| ANOI[l!;STKR BUTAJNlCAL and HORTICUL-
IVI TURAL ROCIETY.-A GRAND EXHIBITION of PLANTS,
FRUl rs ftii.l FLOWKRS will be lieki at the Gnrdens, Old Traffoid,
on TUESDAY, Auirtist 27, and four following days, in connection
With the GREAT CENTENARY CELEBRATION SHOW of the
MANCHESTER and LFV'ERPOOL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Chiir^es for Admission;— First day, 2*-. Crt. each ; remntning days,
la. each ; Subscribers to the Botanic Gardens free each day.

Schedules may bo oiitained at the Gardens, or from the Uoder-
algiied. Military Handa in attendance. By Order,

Cooper Street. Manchester. IIen-rt Wuitwokth, Secretary.

BKSTIOP AUCKLAND FLORAL and HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY will hold their ANNUAL EXH[BITION
In AUCKLAND I'ARK on AUGUST 30, when upwards of £350
will be awarded m Prizes. Schedules may be obtained on applica-
tion to Mr. J. C. HtNDv, Secretary, Bishop Auckland.

BRIGHTON ^n(l~SUSSFrX FLORICULTURAL and
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The FOURTEEN'IH ANNUAL AUTUMN EXHIBITION will
be held on WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY. Se^.tember 11 and 12,
in the Griind Assembly Ronm, and the Western Lawn and Grounds
of the Royal Pavilion, on the same Rrnnd scale as former years.

Schedules of Prizes on application to the Secretary, 90, *St. Jaraes's
Street; or E. Spary, Supeiintendent. Queen's Graperies, Brigtiton.
Sept. 24. Edward Cakpenter, Secretary.

U T T 0 N • S A XJ T U U N C AT AL OG U E

IS NOW RE\DY. (zratis and post free.
Royal Birksbire Seed Establishment, Reading.

s

S t rSi wb 61*1*16 s

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of STRAWBEKRIES,
Ch.ssed, ft'ee per post.
Tno3. Rivers & Son, Nurseries, Sawbridgoworth.

Dutch Roots.
JOHN AND CHARLES LKI'J will be happy to forward

O thefr CATALOGUE for 1867 of newly-imported "HYACINTHS
and other Roots, post free on application.

Royal Vlneyiird Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hamnieramith,
London, W.

Dutch Bulbs.

J SCOTT'S CATALUUUh; of DUTCH FLOWER
• ROOTS, GARDEN REQUISITES, ic, la NOW READY, and
will bo eont po^t free on application.

J. Scott, The Seed Storea, Yeovil, Somerset.

Suttons' Collections of Hyacinths.

SUTTON AM) SONS hiive now reL-eived their first
consignment of the above, which includes all the varieties so
much admired at the Sprine Shows. For particulars see BUTTONS'
AUTUMN CATALOGUE for 18()7, which may be had gratis and
post free on application.

Sutton & Sons, Reading, Berks.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulbs, &c.

ROliERT I'ARKKR begs to imnoiinee that his NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of New. Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and Stove
Plants, Azalea indica. Fruit Trees. Gr.ipe Vines, Rhododendrons,
Roses, Sweet Violets, Ac. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, Cyclamens, Gladioli,
Hyacinths, Liliuuis, Narcissus, Tulips, and other Bulbs, la now
published and will be forwai-ded to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooling, Surrey, S.

WM. CUTIIUSH AND SON be^ to say that their
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, Ac, is now ready, and can be had post free
on application. Highgate Nurseries, London, N,

BELLA DONNA LILIES. — These free-blooming
flowers should be planted as soon as possible, as they come
over with the flower bud showing.. Price Us. 6d. per dozen, forwarded
on receipt of Post-offlce order on application to Carter's Great
Loudon Seed Warehouse, 237 & 233. High Holborn, W.C.

Strawberries.

CHARLES TURNER is now prepared to supply strong
Plants of the best modern kinds, as well as all the leading
established viu-ieties. true to name.

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may be had on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

CUTH ILL'S STRAWBERRY PLANTS.— On and
after August 2C. strong, selected for next year's bearing, at the i
reduced price ol Gs. per liW, each sort (they have lasted in bearing
66 days this year). Early Black Prince, Early Princess Royal,
Richard II., Highland Mary, Newton Seedling late. Prince of Wales,
latest of all. Dr. Llndlev never could depend on a crop until ho had
my breed. MUSHROOM SPAWN. 6s. per bushel. Five Pamphlets,
Ac. Write for a LIST. Post-offlce orders on Caraberwell Green.
Jaues CtTTHiLL, Denmark Hill, Camberwell. S.

Vines for Early Forcing.

FAND A. SMITH have strong FRUITING CANES
• of the above. Prices, with LIST of VARIETIES, on appli-
cation. The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

A/'IOLETS for WINIER and SPRING BLOOMING.
T — The Underhigned can supply strong healthy Plants, in 6-inch

fots. of tho fiiltowmg. which are the four beat Violets in cultivation,
rice 6s. to 9s. per dozen.

THE CZAR I DOUBLE BLUE

NEAPOLITAN | REINE DES VIOLETTES

Francis 4 Artucr Dickson & Sons, The "Upton" Nurseries, Chester.

Beautiful Foxgloves.

JIVERY AND SON fan now supply new Seed of
• their fine strain of the above, in Is., Is. 6d., or 2s. Gd. packets ;
likewise Plants to bloom next season at Us. per doz.
Dorking and Reigate Nurseries.

Camellias, Azalea indica, Otaheite Oranges, &c.

JEAN VKRSOHAFFELT begs to solicit early orders
for the above, tho stock, although very fine, being rather limited
this year, especially as regards Camellias, which are not so well set
aa usual.

All orders to be addressed to Jean VERScnAFFKLT, Nurseryman,
134, Faubourg de Eruxelles, Ghent, Belgium.

Roses in Bloom.

WM. PAUL'S KOSES are NOW IN FULL
BLOOM. Inspection respectfully invited. Trains almost
hourly from Sboreditch to Waltham Station, Great Eastern Railway.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

YINES from EYES. — Houses upwards of 700 feet in
length occupied with their Cultivation — probably the largest
stock m England. The Fruiting Canes are extra fine this season ;
6a. to 7s. Qd. each. Vines from open borders for ground Vineries,
is 6d. each ; ditto, fine Canes from pots, 3s. Qd. each. A DESCRl P-
TIVE CATALOGUE free per Post. Carriage paid to London.
Thos. Rivers & Son, Nurseries. Sawbridgeworth.

PIN E PLAN 1 S. — Thos. Pape begs to state that he
canaupply strong Fruiting and Succession PINE PLANTS of
WHITE PROVIDENCE, BLACK PRINCE, MONTSERRAT, and

JAMAICAS.—Underclilfo Gardens, Bradford, Yorkshire.

Or chard -ho use Trees Fruiting in Pots.

REACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,

PLUMS. PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.

Richard Smith. Nurserj-man and Seed Merchant, Worcester,

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES. ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MElNTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
Tbomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

o

RCHIDS.— A Small Collection of the best varieties

for SALE, on account of owner's ill health.
For particulars, Ac. address H., Post Office, Retford, Notts.

SPECIMEN PLANTS WANTED.-A large Conser-
KJ vatory, 130 feet long, and 30 feet high, baa been erected at th^
Royal Park, Leeds. PLANTS or SHRUBS are WANTED. Must
be large, good, and cheap.

Thomas Clafham, Royal Park, Leeds.

Hardy Trees and Shrubs.

TDAUL AND Son beg to invite intending planters to
J- Inspect their Collection of Fine-follaged and Ornamental-leaved
Trees, as well aa their large Stock of general Hardy, Evergreen, and
Deciduous Plants, to the culture of which in quantity they devote
Bome 40 Acres of their Nurseries. The Autumn Bloom of Roses iB
exceptionally good.

The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, N. : one mile from Cheshunt
Station, G.E.R.

W Superb Double Hollyhocks.

I L L I A M C H A T K R respect lully invites the
attention of tho Public to his unrivalled Collection of the
above, which are NOW in FULL BLUOM and may be viewed any
day Sundays excepted. Also a fine Collection ot other FLORIST
FLOWERS. Nuraerlep, SaflVon Walden.

M

To the Trade.
AESHAL NIEL HOSK, from own roots, in pots, by
the 100 or 1000, at £6 per 100.
G. Barer i Sow, American Nursery, Bagshot.

NEW ROSES for 1867— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW KOSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with puces, on application.
John Cbanbton, KlnK*8 Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Roses.

JOHN CRANSTON has the pleasure to announce
that his ROSES are NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and that the
whole of his stock is in the finest condition possible.

The severe frosts (which proved so destructive in many parts of
England throughout last winter) not having visited this locality, he
la happy to say that hia Rosea, Conifers, and other Trees, escaped
entirely unharmed.
Nurseriea, King's Acre, near Hereford.

Roses, Orchard Houses, and Experimental Fruit
Tree Culture.

THE NURSERIES at SAWBRIDGEWORTH,
100 Acres in extent, are OPEN to the inspection of Amateurs
interested in the above.

The Harlow Station (11 mile distant), G. E. R., where Flya are in
attendance, is the most convenient.

Thos. Rivers & Sos.

Ferns from New Zealand.

FOR SALE (just arrived from New Zealand), TWO
CASES of GROWING FERNS, Maybepeenat
Messrs. Levy Brothers, Southwark Street, Borough.

NEW FERN, SCOLOPENDRIUM VULGARE, var.
COOLINGII.— A dwarf variety between S. Wardii and S.
digitatum, very distinct and beautiful. Nice Plants are now ready
for distribution at 7s. 6d. each.

A Coloured Plate free by post for two etampa.
^ Edwin Coolino, Mile Ash Nurseries, Derby.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 30 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of hia NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sldcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

To the Trade.

A CHOICE COLLECTION of SEEDLING PERNS,
In thumbs and store puns, conslsiting of choice Adiantuma,
Asplenlum palmatum, Athynqm Gorlngianum tricolor, Polystichum
Lonchltls, and many other choice varieties. Also flue SPECIMEN
FERNS, of various sizes, frowi 48's to No. 1 pots.
Price on application.
J. Illuan's Nurseriea, Strood, Kent.
N.B. Intending purchasers would not regret a visit to Strood.

Trlcolored Geraniums.

FANn A. SAIiril will forward by post a COLLEC-
• TION of LEAVES, from their beautiful TRICOLORED
GERANIUMS, on receipt of In. C(/- stamos, returnable to purchasers.
The Nurseries, Dulwich, S,

Variegated Geraniums.

CASBON AND K(»N hold a large stock of above.
Prices on application.
Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

MRS. i-OLLOCK GERANIUM.— Strong plants of the
above can be supplied at 3(i3. per 100, or £18 per 1000, for cish.
Very strong plants, struck early in the open ground, will average
three cuttings each by spring.

Apply to John Si'ott, Nurseryman and Florist, Bathford. Bath.

New Zonal and Nosegay Pelargoniums.

NUNN AND 110 II HAY, St. Augustine's Nursery,
Norwicli, bog to inform intending pnrchasors of the above
that they have a largo stock of all the best varieties sent out In 1807,
from VJs. to ISs. per dozen.

For Present Sowing.

CimirE Zonal Geranu-m, fkosi a Collection oy 150 Varietifs.

R WHITE can supply NEW SEKD of the above,
• saved from the choicest flowers, in packets, Vi. GU., 2k. Od.
Ss. Qd., and 53. each, post free.

Poole Nurseries, Dorset.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paitl)
respectfidly solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASa
ROSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &c., advertised at length in
this Paper in May last.

Paul a Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

To the Trade— Rhododendron Stocks.

PAUL AND SON have to oiler selected RHODODEN-
DRON STOCKS, fit for immediate working, 12s. Gu. per 100 ;
for quantities over 1000, special prices.
The Ola Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula fimbrlata.

SUTTON AND SONS cun supply iNEW tihlEU of the
alaove, saved from choicest flowers, "in packets. Is., 2s. 6d., and
bs. each, post free.
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

Choice Seeds.

CHARLES TURNER'S superior CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULAarenow readv, m packets. 2s. 6d.
each. The Royal Nuraeriea, Slough.

Calceolaria and Cineraria,

WHEELER'S CALCEOLAKIA is of the finest Strain,
and second to nono ; Is. 'Jd.. Is. 6d., and 2s. 6d. per packet.
The CINERARIA ia saved from the finest varieties ; Is., Is. 6d.
and 2s. 6(i. per packet.

G. WfiEELER, Nurseryman, Warminster, Wilts.

Sow In August.

DOBSON'S PRIZE CALCEOLARIA SEED,
the finest strain in the world : per pckt., Is. Od., 2s. Gd.,3s.6d.,5s.
DoBsoN & Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W.

New Seed of 1867, choice quality.

DOBSON'S PRIZE CINERARIA, 1*., 25. 6d., 5s.
DORSON'S PRIZE PRIMULA, Is., 2s. 6d., 6».
DOBSON'S PRIZE BALSAM, Is., 2s.
DoBSON & Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Islewortb, W.

/CALCEOLARIA, UlNEKAKIA, and PRIMULA
V^ SINENSIS. — Seed of each, from the choicest and most beautiful

flowers, in 2s. Od and 6s. packets, post free
ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD, or OX CABBAGE,

3s. Gd. per lb. (Seed of Mr. Robinson's own saving )
DRUMHEAD, or OX CABBAGE (old sort), 2s. per lb.

Together with all other Seeds for present Sowing. Parcels of
two pounds and upwards carriage free.

Jaues Dickson Si Sons, "Newton" Nurseries, Cheater.

To Private Growers.

TO BE SOLD, in consequence of alterations, a very
choice Assortment of STOVE, GREENHOUSE, and SPECI-
MEN PLANTS, some excelleiit FERNS, &c. Also a few POT
TREES, suiih as Peaches, Nectarines, Oranges, L«mons, &c ■ and
a neat FOUNTAIN KERB, with 4 COPfEAS, containin? hantiome
vase in centre. Apply to

The Gardkner, St. Matthew's Lodge, Norwich Road, Ipswich.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn, London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, Merchants, and Ncrsertmen,
237 A 23S, High Holborn, London. W.C.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND E. SHARPK be^ to announce to the Trade
. that their SPECIAL LIST ol HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1867 Growth, is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambs.

RAYNBIRU, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
Corn, Seed, Manure, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1862. foi^^Excellent SeedCom and Seeds."

Grass Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

SUTTON'S PEKMANENT GRASS SEEDS
FOR ALL SOILS.
Prices (.according to sorts required and soils for which they are
intended), may be had on application.

SoTTON & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Read ing.

SUTTON'S IMPROVED ITALIAN RVE-GKACiS,
the Best and Most Productive in Cdltivation.
SoTTON & Sons can supply New Seed of the above at Gs. per
bushel, or cheaper in large quantities.

August and September are the best months for Sowing.
Sdtton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

Extra Fine Quality.

COLESEED, "18(3figrowth."per bushel of 521b., lis ;
4 busliels do., 40s New 4-8 Sacks, Is. Cd. each.
EARLY SIX-WEEKS' TURNIP. New Seed, very floe, 9d. per lb.

New Haes, 6d. to'Ml. each.
EXCELLENT CABBAGE SEED. See Catalogue of varieties.
Remittances to accompany Orders.
Fredk. Gee, Seed Morcliant and Grower, Biggleswade, Beds.

874

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 24, 1867.

JAMES CARTER and CO. beg to amioinice that they
are now sending ovit their unrivallod Strains of CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, aod PRIMULA, whioh, for fineneas of form and
beauty of colour cannot be surpassed.

CALCEOLARIA, saved from the finest Prize varieties.

CINERARIA, saved from tbe finest named varieties.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, dark carmino and pure
white, saved from tbe fioest fringed varieties m cultivation. Price,
each packet, 2s. Grf., forwarded on receipt of Post-office Order for
the amount.

e^ PRICE LISTS gratis and Post free on application to Carter's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn, London, W.C.

HARDY CLIMBERS and PERMANENT BEDDING
PLANTS.— Eleven First-class Certificates awarded to Messrs.
Geo. Jackm.\n & Sos, by Royal Horticultural and Royal Botanic
Societies of London.

The Advertisers solicit an inspection of their CLEMATIS JACK-
MANNI. and varieties of that type NO^V in FULL BLOOM, which
have proved themselves to bo the "desideratum" for a good violet
blue or purple maroon bed. See Editorial remarks in Qardeners'
Chronicle, Augai5t 17. page 8o2, inviting attention to the beautiful
forms of tlieir Hybrid Clematises as a "new sensation in bedding
out." Particulars of treatment by applying to

Geo. Jaceman & Son, Woking Nursery, Surrey.

Notice of PartnersMp.

JOHN SANDY beg? to inform the Trade, hia
Customers, and the Public generally, that he has taken hia
Son, HENRY SANDY, into PARTNEKSHIP; and that in future
the Business will be carried on under the name of SAN DY and SON.
Nursery and Seed Warehouse, Stafford.— August, 18G7.

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that the PARTNER-
SHIP carried on for some time past at Northampton, Holcot,
Kingsthorpe, Wootton, Collingtree, Kettering, and elsewhere in the
Counf.y of Northampton, by the Uudtrsigned, JOHN MARSH and
THOMAS PEKKINS, as Nurserymen, under the Firm of "MARSH
AND PERKINS," was on the 27th day of July instant DISSOLVED
by mutual consent. The said John Marsh will receive and settle
ail Debts due to and by the P^irtnership, and tbe Business will
henceforth be carried on by the said Thomas Perkins alone.

Dated tlii.s Thirty-first day of July, 1867.
Witness to the Signatures of the said Jony llAKsn.

John Alarsh and Thomas Perkins — Thomas Perkins,

Thomas Green, Solicitor, Northampton,

New and Beautiful Variegated Geraniums.

171 AND A. SMITH rospectfuUy invite the public to an
' • inspection of their large and varied Collection of the above,
wbicli comprises every shade of colour in each class of Golden and
Silver Variegation, and also Gotdon or Bronze Zonal, as they are
grown both under glass and in the open air. A fair estimate of their
qualities can ea-sily be formed. To be seen every day except Sunday.
Trains start frequently from the Ludgate Hill and Elephant and
Castle Stations for Dulwich, and from London Bridge and Victoria
St;itions to Lower Norwood.

The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

F

Tlie New Tricolored Geraniums.
AND A. SMITH are now sending out the following
bright coloured and free growing varieties :—

Ykllow Edged.
ANTAGONIST
ENSIGN
GRANDIS
L'EMPEREUR
LOUISA SMITH
METEOR
MONARCH
PRINCE OF WALES
UNIQUE

Silver Edged.
IMPERATiilCE EUGENIE
DAWN

PRINCESS OF WALES
QUEEN OF THE FAIRIES
QQEEN VICTORIA

Bronze Zon"al3.
MRS. CHARLES BARRY
BRONZE BELT
BRONZE SHIELD
VANDYKE, &c.

For descriptions see CATALOGUE, to be had free on application.
The Nurseries, Duhvicb, .S.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.

J WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING PELARGONIUM
• EXCELSIOR, now ready; colour of [ndian Yellow; Hne
truss, and habit of Lord Palmerston. Price 5s. each ; 3Cs. per doz.
to the Trade

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1. The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.

Fine New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe in
April, Plants readyin November. 5s. each; 36s. per doz. to the Trade
DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

Important to Gentlemen engaged in Planting,

Landscape Gardeners. I

Sale by Acctiok of Highly Valuable Nursery Stock. , I

JOHN CRANSTON bejrs to say that from tlie greatly ,
iDcreased demand for ROSES during the last two or three
years he finds it absolutely necessary to very considerably extend
their Cultivation, both out-of-doors and under glass. To enable
him to accomplish this in a manner fully and satisfactorily to meet
the demand, he feels compelled to clear a very large portion of his
Nurseries, now stocked with valuable collections of Fruit Trees,
Conifers, Evergreens, Deciduous Ornamental Shrubs, Forest Trees, I
&c, ; liliewise a fine Collection of Camellias, Az.ileas, Geraniums, !
and Miscellaneous Greenhouse Plants, now occupying several !
large houses. I

He will, therefore, in future be able to devote at least the one-half ■
of his Nurseries, which extend over 50 Acres, solely to the cultlva- i
tion of Roses, as well as five or sis large Houses for the propagation
of Tea-acented and other tender sorts in pots.

The fact of his having on every occasion during the season taken
the First Prize for the large Collection of Roses at the Metropolitan
and other Rose Shows, coupled with the regular increase of orders
■which has been going on for years, convinces him of the necessity of
losing no time in taknig the course he heroin proposes.

Instructions will be given to SELL by AUCTION, on the premises,
nt the King's Acre Nurseries, dunng the first week of October,
1867, a large portion of the GENERAL NURSERY STOCK,
comprising—

25,000 Dwarf-trained, Pyramid, and Standard Poaches, Nectarines.
Apricots, Pears, Plums, Cherries, and Applss, all well grown ana
finely trained — the greater portion are large-sized bearmg trees,
1,000 Peaches, Nectarines, Pears, Plums. Cherries, and Figs in pots.

300 Grape Vines,
16,000 Common Laurel, 2 to 3 feet.

30,000 Coniferre, including beautifully grown plants of Cedras
Deodara, Cedrus atlantica, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Thujopsis i
borealis, English Yew, Pmus austriaca, Pinus msignis, Arauc.iria I
imbricata, &c., varying in height Irom 2, 3, 4, and 6 to 8 feet, and i
many of them fine specimen trees. |

2,000 Wellingtonea gigantea, from 2 to 3 feet, beautifully grown

plants, all regularly transplanted. i

3,000 Rhododendrons, 2j feet.

Several thousand Berberis Darwinii, variegated Holly, Arbutus, &c,
A quantity of the New Japan Aueubas, &o.

A large quantity of Deciduous Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,
including 1000 Standard Double Pink, Scarlet and other Thorns,
Weeping Ash, Beech, Oak, Elms, &c,
2000 Deutzia gracili.s, suitable for forcing.
Climbing and Wall Plants, all the leading kinds of Clematis, Loni-

cera, Ceanothus, &c.

300,000 Transplanted Eorest Trees, including Ash, Spanish Chestnut,

Larch, Scotch, English Oak, Spruce Fir, Thorns, ic, varying in

height from 2 to 4 feet.

1600 Indian Azaleas, 600 Camellias, miscellaneous Greenhouse

Plants, &c.

The whole of the above Stock is In the finest condition possible,

having been thoroughly well grown, and regularly and carefully

transplanted, neither were any of the Trees injured iu the least

during the last severe wmter.

F\irther particulars are given in circulars now publLshed, and will
bo forwarded on application.

Catalogues, which art now in course of preparation, will be
distributed early in September,

Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.— Aug. 1, ISO?.

IBROUS PEAT, of first-class quality for Orchids,
Heaths, American Plants, and all potting purposes, maybe
obtained by application to Mr. TnnuAs Jessop, Farningham Wood,
near Farningham Station, Kent. It is dispatched by the London,
Chatham, and Dover Railway in trucks of 10 vards, to most Stations
in the Kingdom, or fetched in carts from the wood. It is extensively
used and appreciated in the principal Nurseries, and in the Royal
Parks and Gardens. Price 5s. per cubic yard, at Famincham Station.

CHEAP NEW PLANTS.

6 of the best NEW NOSEGAY PELARGONIUMS.
C of the best ZONAL PELARGONIUMS.
6 of the best NEW PETCNIAS.
C of the best NEW PENTSTEMONS.
CPOA TRIVIALI3 ARGENTEA ELEGANS.
C ALTERNANTHERA PARONYCHUIDES.
C IRESINE AUREA RETICULATA.
The above collection, well rooted and estabhshcd in pots, for £1,
package included.

NuNM k HosnAY, St. Augustine's Nursery, Norwich.

New Verbenas of 1867.

D LEGHORN AND AITKEN have now a lar^e stock
of the above, containing all the finest sorts sent out by Turner,
Keynes, Low, Henderson, S:c., and beg to ofier them as follow.*), in
strong, healthy, well-rooted Plants : —

24 Varieties for 10s. | 12 Varieties for 5s.

Safely packed and delivered free of carriage to any part of Great
Britain or Ireland.

The Nurseries, Kilmarnock, N.B,

Rlclunond Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey.

GandW. STli;ELE beg to call tbe attention of the
• Trade in general to their valuable and very extensive Stock
of CONIFEROUS and other EVERGREENS, particularly Striped
and Green Hollies, in which they abound ; and also to their
DWARF-TRAINED, STANDARD, ana SPIRAL FRUIT TREES,
which are of first-rate quality, consisting of Apricots, Peaches,
No;:tarines, Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, &c., which aro second
to none in the Trade. An inspection by Travellers this Autumn is
respectfully solicited.

R ASS SEEDS for

PERMAN-llNT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientihc system.

See "WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
(/)]j| tions and Descriptions of the most
Oji suitable Grasse3 for Permanent Pasture.

G

J. C. Wheeler & Sow,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire

Agi'icultura! Society.

Early Spring Feed, Trifollum

incarnatum.
Q U T T 0 N ' S

O ITALIAN RTE-GRASS.

NEW LATE RED TRIFOLIUM,
NEW LATE WHITE TRIFOLIUM.

These are invaluable articles for early
Spring Feed, either grown separately or
together. The proper quantity of Italian
Rye-gi-ass, if sown alone, is 3 bushels per
acre, or if Trifoliura alone, 28 lbs. per acre.

The New Seed is now being narvested,
and wo shall be pleased to send samples
and lowest prices per quarter and cwt. on
application. Also MUSTARD and RAPE,
New Seed.

All goods carriage free, except very small
parcels.

Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

c

HOICE SEEDS in SEALED PACKETS.

THE " PRIZE " STRAIN of CYCLAMEN PERSICUM. — This
splendid Strain of Seed has passed entirely into the hands of
B. S. Williams. It is the seed saved from the magnificent plants
grown and shown by Mr. Wiggins, gardener to W. Beck. Esq., Isle-
worth, at tho Spring Shows in the present year ; they were in each
inbtaace awarded 1st prize, and were tbe admiration of all the
visitors. The flowers are 1 inch across, by li inches in depth, the
colours ranging from a bright carmine to a delicately tinted white,
and pure white tipped with crimson, the leaves oeautifully marbled;
indeed, the leaves, apart from the flowers, possess a peculiar attrac-
tion in the diversity of their marbled surlace. This seed sliould bo
sown as eariy in the Autumn as possible. None genuine unless the
packets bear B. S. W.'s name and address. Price, per Packet,
is, erf., 'Is. Crf.. and 3s. Orf,

THE "PRIZE" STRAIN of POLYANTHUS —This beautiful
Stram of one of the prettiest spring-flowering plants was also
exhibited most successfully by Mr. Wiggins, of whom B. S. W. has
purchased the entire stcck and right of sale. None genuine unless
the packets bear B. S. Williams's name and address. Price la.,
2s. Cd,, and 3s. 6d. per packet.

Other CnorcE Strains of Seed.

JAMES'S CALCEOLARIA, 2s, fid,, 3s. Cd., and 6s. per packet.

WEATHERILL'S CINERARIA, 2s. Cd., 3s. Cd.. and 6s. per pkt.

WILLIAMS' PRIMULA, 2s. Cd., 3s. 6d., and 5s. per packet.
B, S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nmseries, Upper HoUoway, N.

E A W B

R R I E

DR. HOGG, — Very large, estra fiae Pine flavour, and a good bearer.

One of the finest in cultivation,
THE LADY.— All the fruit of a good equal size without thinning ;
immense cropper for forcing, as we proved lasts prlng ; flavour
highly perfumed.
BRITISH QUbiEN, PRINCE ARTHUR, KEEN'S SEEDLING.
CRIMSON QUEEN, SIR CHARLES NAPIER.

Prices— Established in large 32 pots for forcing, from 763. to lOOr
per 100. Strong layers in 60 pots, from 25s. to 50s. per 100. Strong
runners from 5s. to 21s. per 100. A large collection of other varieties,
strong, well-rooted runners, 6s, per 100.

John k Charles Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establish-
ment, Hammersmith, London, W.

THE LADY, a SEEDLING STRAWBERRY, raised
by Mr. U.vderhill, who was the originator of Sir Harry.
Plants are now ready to be sent out (in lots not less than 20).
All applications must be aceomp;mied by a Post-offlce order on
Birmingham. Postage stamps or cash to receive attention.
Prices of The Lahy STRAwnERnv Plants, from Jolt, 1867,
to AuGcST, 18G8.

One Hundred . . ..£2801 Sixty £1 12 0

Eighty 2 1 6 I Forty 12 0

Twenty I2s.

Plants in pots (i.ot less than 10), at Is. 3d. each.

Packages of all the above included.

Mr. Usderhill's Treatise on the Cultivation ot Strawberries

(either in English, French, or German), may be had through the

post, price Is.

Address, Mr. Richark Uktekhill, Sir Harry's Road, Edgbaston,
Birmingham.

N.E.— The Sir Harry being now in general cultivation, Mr. Under-
niLL intenda reserving for a few years Plants for those persons who
may prefer having them direct and getiume from himself, spurious
varieties having been so often substituted for the original.

The permanent prices of Str Harry for the I'uture will be : — 20 (not
less), lO.'t. ; 40, 18s, ; 60, £l 6s. ; 80, £1 14s. ; 100, £1 18s. Plants in
pots (not less than 10), Is. Zd. each, packages included.

Testimonials {inio' alia).

*' Borough of Birramgham, Mayor's Office, July 25, 1807.

"My Dear Sir, — I beg to thank you very warmly for the dish of

noble Strawberries— Tue Lady— you have so kindly sent me. Their

beautiful appearance and exquisite flavour are equally wonderful,

and the celebrity you have attained in cultivating this flue fruit is

certainly IXilly deserved.— I am. my dear Sir. very faithfully yours,

•' Richard Underbill, Esq." " Thomas Avert, Mayor,"

"The Cedars, Castle Bromwich, near Birmingham, July 3, 1865.

"Dear Sir,— 1 am sorry I cannot accept your invitation to view
your Strawberries on Wednesday next, having to attend at Regent's
P.-irk on that day, 1 thank you for the basket of your Seedliny, Tho
Lady, which is without doubt an excellent variety ; the flavour ia
delicate and lusciouy, and quite distinct from any Strawberry I am
acquainted with ; the perfume is somewhat extraordm;iry; I look
upon it as a decided acquisition. — AVith best respects, I am, dear
Sir, yours very truly, " Coas. Jas. Pebrt,"

"Richard Underhill, Esq."

"Mona Cottage, Edgbaston, July 27, 1865.

" Dear Sih, — I do not know when I was better pleased than with a
view of the beds of your Seedling Strawberry, The Lady, tho colour
of tho fruit was so liirht and lively, and the crop so large ; as to the
flavour, it Wiia most delicious, and exceeded any Melon I ever tasted,
and reminded me much cf the Pine Apple When your plants are
ready, please to let me know, for I must have some. — I remain, dear
Sir, Tom-s truly. " Thos, Bdrbidqe,"

*'R, Uunderhill, Esq."

At the Glasgow and West of Scotland Horticultural Society, an
Extra Prize and First-class Certificate was awarded, July U, 1866.

Tlie Birminyliam Daily Post, July 17, 1S60.
*' Toe Lahy Strawberry. — We recorded on Saturday the judgment
of Glasgow connoisseurs upon Mr. Underbill's New Strawberry. We
are now in a position to record our own. We do not pretend to any
large amount of technical knowledge on the subject, but we do lay
claim to have eaten Strawberries of all kinds in our time, and having
done so, our opinion is that The Lady is the most delicious fruit it
has ever been our hap to taste."

The Midland Counties Berald, July 19, 1806.
"HoRTicDLTURE.— We have recently had an opportunity Of inspect
ing some beds of Tho Lady Strawberry, raised by Mr. R. Underhill,
Sir Harry's Road, Edgbaston, and sent out by him last year. It is a
free-growing, prolific variety, and produces a fhir sized berry, which
ripens thoroughly, and in flavour is delicious and distinct,"

FRESH IMPORTED DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^-^ is becoming scarce, the
old reserves will soon bo gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s,, 10 for
16s., 20 for SOs,, 60 for COs,, 100
for £6.

Fourpence allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid,

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Poat-offlca
Order, payable to J. Barsham &
Co,, Kingston-on-Thames, S,W.

SUTTON'S

AUTUMN CATALOGUE FOR 1867

IS NOW READY,
and may be liad Gratia and Post Free on application.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS OF FLOWER ROOTS

FOR BLOOIIING DURING WINTER AND SPEING.

Fob Pots and Giasses.

CO JIPLETE COLLECTION (Carriage Free).. £2 2 0

DITTO (CaiTiage Free) . . 1 1 0

DITTO 0 10 6

FoK Open Ground.
COMPLETE COLLECTION (Carriage Free) . . £2 2 0
DITTO (Carriage Free) ..110
DITTO 0 10 6

LIST ot CONTENTS of tlie above on application.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKS SEED ESTABLISHMENT, BEADING.

August 24, 1807.]

THE GARDENERS' CTTRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

875

CARTER'S DUTCH BULBS.

I JAMES CARTEK & CO.'S

AUTUMN SUPPLEMENT

TO THEIR

GARDENER'S AND FARMER'S VADE MECUM,

Contiiiniug OEIGINAL ARTICLES on the CULTUEE of BULBS mid SPKING GAEDENINO, also .1 LIST
of VEGETABLE SEEDS for AUTUMN SOWING, is NOW EEADY and will Ije forwarded immedialely on
receipt of 12 Stamps (Gratis to Customers), on application to '

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN,

LONDON, W.C.

ALL the FIRST PRIZES for HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c.

AWAEDED TO

WM. PAUL'S COLLECTIONS

IN MAECH LAST,

At the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL and ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S SPRING SHOWS.

FIRST IMPORTATION JUST ARRIVED IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE FREE BT POST ON APPLICATION.
1^" Xarli/ Orders respectfully soUciled.

PAUL'S NURSERIES AND SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

NOW READY,

B. S. WILLIAMS'

PRICED AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF DUTCH
AND OTHER BULBOUS ROOTS.

It will be forwarded to all Customers in the course of a few dajs, and may ie had Free upon application.

B. S. WILLIAMS,
VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS,

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.,

BEG TO AKNOUNCE THAT THEY HATE EECErraD THErR

ANNUAL SUPPLY OF BULBOUS ROOTS FROM HOLLAND,

AND ARE PLEASED TO SAY THAT THEY AKE IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

CATALOGUES are NOW READY, and will be foi-warded Post Free on application.

J. V. AND SONS desire to impress upon those who patronise them the great advantage of giving them their- orders
early, as the successful Cultivation of Bulbs depends in a great measure upon their being planted early in the season.

I

DUTCJH BULB CATALOGUE.

DILLISTONE & WOODTHORPE

WILL HAVE JtrCH PLEASURE IN PORWAEDINO THEm

DESCRIPTIVE AND PRICED CATALOGUE

OF

pA*-^ w fiJ^J) FRESH-IMPORTED DUTCH BULBS AND OTHER FLOWER ROOTS,

ALSO THEIK

CATALOGUE OF NEV/ AND CHOICE PLANTS

FOR THIS AUTUMN,

Containing a SELECT LIST of all the NEW and BEST STAWBEEEIES in cultivstion. Both forwarded
fost Free upon application,

MUNRO NURSERY, SIBLE HEDINGHAM.

Dutch Flower Eoots.

J--»V

i

MEKSUS. FKANCIS am> AKTIIUR DICICSON amj
S'lNS Imvo rccoivuii frnni Uio moHt celobraldd Oroworn in
IlnlliLiui tliolr fli-Ht liirgu liiip«.rtation of tlio nbovf, and li;ivo tlio
HfitiMlaaioii to 8ny ttiiit LUe IJULUS aio this Buahoii Koiiiid, wuU
liiKMied. and of excclteiit (iiiftlity, Early ordtTs respectfully BoMcitcd.
l)KSCIUrTIVE PUICEI) CATALOGUES post froo upon appli-
cation.

10(1, Eastgato Street ; rntd tlio "Upton" Nurseries, Cliestor.

Hyacinths.
i^EORGE DAVIES b.-.-i nsp, rlfnUy to infonii the

\a Nobility aud Gcntrv tliiit his rUICED CATALOGDE Of
HYACINTHS nnd other DUTCH BULllS is now rundy, and may bo
obtiiliiod, jiOKt fieo, on upt'licjitiMH, Ho also liotiuiuch Bntlntfactlonln
htatliig fliiit ho has unangtd with the t'roworB, MussrH. J. H. Kcrston
& Co.. or Iliiarlvni, who feupplied him with the Bulbs with which ho
nnd hiB nnmernuH tnstoniera nbtatnod bo many prizes at tho St.
OeorROlIall Exhibition ill March last; and would tuko this opportunity
of intimating to his kind PatroiiB, nnd thosj about to purchaBo for
conipotitlon or otherwise, that early orders thould bo given, to Bccuro
flrst-ciasa Bullis. As au evidence ot the Gupcriority of bia Bulbs,
G. D. need only to refer to the List of Prizes awarded by tho Hortl-
culturnl Socioty of Liverpool, March, 1807. Out of tho 19 I'rlzcB
awarded to Amateurs for Hyacinths, 13 of them wore obtained by
Bulbs DurehaBOd at his establishment. Also in the Nurseryman's
Cla^s, O, D, is proud to say, the fiiot -4 and the lirst 12 were obtained
by him in coini><-'tili"ii with liks-^r', W illi;iiii Ciitt-thsli Ji Hon.

(;|-Oin l.unc Nin-CTH'S Old Skmii, I^lXripnul.

RicUmond Nurseries, RlcHmond, Surrey.

TO INOlJIJaihlN and GENTLEiMKN making large
PLANTATIONS, or PLANTING ORCHARDS or WALLS

With FRUIT 'JRKES, and requiring qumtities of superior ConiferouB
ami o hiir Kvergrceiis, Urnamentil ^'lowering Trees, Shrubs, &c., or
Dwa f-trainod, Standard, or Spiral Fruit Trees, Sped il prices wll
be ff ven on application to

, G. & W. Steelk, of til q above Nurseries,

EALING, ACTON, and HANWELL HORTICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY.
PrcNn/cnr— The Right Hon. S. H. WAtrotK, M.P.
Vice-President — Huron Lionel dk Rotiiscuild, M.P.

The above Society has been established for the purpose of holding
an ANNUAL EXHIBITION of FLOWERS, PLANTS, FRUIT,
and VEGETABLES, at which PrizQB will be awarded in three dis-
tinct Classes, viz.. Cottagers, Gentlemen's Gardeners, and Amateurs.

An Annual Subscription of not less than Half-a-Guinea will entitle
the Subscriber to become a Member of the Society, and to two
Tickets of Admission to tho Exhibition, and to two Tickets for
every additional Subscription of Haifa Guinea.

The THIRD EXHIBITION of tho Society will be held, by the
kind permission ot H. H. "Walmsley, Esq., in his Grounds. The Elms,
Acton, on THURSDAY, August 20. Tho Band of the Victoria
R.V.C., under tho direction ol Mr, Sibold, will attend.

Schedule of Prizes and Form of Application to be made by
intending Exhibitors mav be had of the Honoriry Secretary,

Admission :— By Member's Ticket from 12 oClock. Tickets, it*
purchased the day before the Exhibition tikes place, 25. ; ir on the
day, 3s., to admit at 12 o'Clock ; Is. each if purchased the day before,
and is. Cd. if on the d.iy, to admit at 2 o'Clock ; after 4 o'Clock, 4d.
on the day, and if purchased the day before, 2rf,

Tickets can bo purchased at Mr, Acwortd'e, Ealing; of Mr.
Bdnkev, Acton ; and of Mr. H. Cabteh, Hanwell.

EnwAiiD WEATUEiiLy, Hon. Sec., 2, Singapore Villas, Ealing, W.

SATURDAY, AUGUST 2i, 1867.

Thanks to tie courtesy of our correspondents,
■we are this Tveck enabled to present to our
readers, in a tabular form, a record of the past
condition and present prospects of tho FiiUiT
Crops of 1867, in the several counties of England.
What a commentary it affords upon the meteoro-
logical records ! How eloquent it is as to the
effects of the May frosts ! Ranging the counties
into districts, it is evident from our reports that
Apples are all but universaUy deficient, the
deficiency being due in most cases to the injury
done to the blossoms or to the young fruits by
spring frosts ; in some cases where the trees
have not borne for many years, however, a
crop has been produced, and in many
market gardens round the metropolis a fair-
crop of Apples may be seen. Pears are also,
generally speaking, below average everywhere.
Plums, with the exception of Damsons, which
are reported as unusually abundant, are short
in quantity. The crop of Strawberries has
been on the whole good, though the blossoms
suffered from the May frosts in some localities.
Cherries may bo estimated at about average, but
of comparatively indifferent quality. Peaches,
Nectarines, and Apricots, the latter especially,
under average ; and Pigs, as might have been
expected, are veiy scanty. On the other
hand, small fruits, such as Currants and
Gooseberries, have been unusually abundant,
while Easpbcrries have suffered fi-om the frosts.
Nuts supply an average crop, but Walnuts are
all but a complete failure. Fruits general!}'
are I'ound to bo deficient in flavour, owing doubt-
less to cold nights, and absence of sunshine.
Such, in brief, is the general result of tho census
which we are enabled to give through the kind-
ness of our correspondents. We invite special
attention to the valuable remarks that are inter-
spersed in the columns of the report, and to
which we con do no more than allude at this
time, though they may form the subject of
comment hereafLcr. In addition to frosts, the
leaves ha-s e been much injured by easterly
winds, which have caused them to blister. Other
trees have suffered from green fly or from black
fly. The influence of locality, too, is well shown ;
low or damp valleys having almost invariablj-
suffered more than high and dry places. Tho
prospect for the coming year, so far as it can be

i

876

THE (URDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[AuGTTST 24, 1867.

guessed at now, is not very encouraging. The
cold, wet weather must prevent, in a great mea-
sure, the due ripening of the wood, and the
formation of fruit buds. This will not be won-
dered at, when we state, that as late as the 19th
of July, Eidge Cucumbers were killed by frost
in some of the southern counties, and that most
kinds of garden vegetables are late in flowering.
In many places the foliage of the Beech and the
Oak is still brown from the effects of the spring
frosts. Another moral to be drawn from all this
points to the necessity for glass structures if we
wish to ensure a crop under adverse circum-
stances.

Once again we are called on to abandon our
old Theejiometers and adopt the Centigrade
ones (see p. 856). Now all those whose duties
or inclinations lead them to compare the records
of the thermometer, as given in this country,
with the observations made on the Continent —
nay more, all those who have to compare the
various statements made in our own country —
need no telling, still less from such influential
men as M. Naitdin and Dr. Hooker, that for
scientific purposes the Centigrade thermometer
has immense advantages over that, of Fahren-
heit. Slowly but surely chemists, physicists,
and medical men are adopting the Centigrade
scale.* For scientific purposes, then, it is certain
that the Centigrade thermometer will at no very
distant date be exclusively used. This being so,
we cannot but believe that its employment by
the general public must follow as a matter of
course. The number of amateurs, or of persons
who take an interest in scientific pursuits is so
large, the hosts of "practical" men who,
whether they will or no, must become more
or less familiarised with scientific methods

and scientific usage, are so great, that, once j turists of the future, would advance by grades,
let the men of science set the example, the ] ^^^ig tijg partisans of Fahrenheit would get less
rest must follow. It is simply a question of,a„^iesg numerous by "degrees!" As to the
time. We Britons were a long while before we ' necessity that exists for inexpensive but seiwice-
adopted the calendar as we now have it ; but as ] ^tle thermometers for garden use, we can only
the nation has survived that change, and has I endorse Dr. Hooker's statement, and commend

must mainly look for the general introduction
of this most desirable change ; and we sug-
gest to Dr. Hooker, as the head of the
largest and most important botanical garden
in the world, that means should be taken by
him to introduce into every house at Kew, either
the double-scaled thermometer, or preferably, as
we think, two thermometers as just mentioned.
If this plan were followed out at Kew, at Chis-
wick, at Edinburgh, and other public gardens,
where large numbers of young gardeners are
gaining instruction, private establishments would
sooner or later follow the example, the old
generation accustomed to Fahrenheit would in
due course die out, the new generation would
be as wedded to the Centigrade as we are now
most of us addicted to Fahrenheit, and so the
fate of the latter would be sealed.

Among the many subjects that were inci-
dentally treated at the LondonBotanical Congress,
of 1866, the reform of our thermometrio scale
was one, but as far as we recollect, the
discussion assumed somewhat of the " tu
quoque" form, for there were some among
the speakers, as may be seen by the Report
of Proceedings, who employed Reaumur's
thermometer. We have, however, no wish to
screen ourselves ; convinced as we are of the
superior convenience of the Centigrade system,
we are glad to advocate its adoption for general
as well as for horticultural purposes. To this
end, in addition to what we have before said, we
repeat a suggestion that has been frequently
made by others, that, in order to avoid confusion,
the divisions of the Centigrade thermometer
should be called "grades," those of Fahrenheit's
scale still retaining their name of "degrees." In
this way there would be less chance of confusion.
The men of science, and with them the horticul

meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society, on Septem-
ber 17tli, by permission of the Council of the Society.
The prizes which are offered have been subscribed by
gentlemen who take special interest in this class of
plants, namely, Mr. Wills, Mr. Turner, Messrs.
Downie & Co., Mr. Mann, Messrs. Garaway & Co., and
Messr.s. Carter & Co., 2Z. 2s. each ; Messrs. Perkins &
Sons, 11. Is. ; and Mr. Bull, and Messrs. E. G. Hender-
son & Son, 5Z. each. This amount will be distributed
in prizes as follows : —

1. The best 6 Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums, not yet in

commerce, seedling plants excluded, one of each,
50s., 30s.

2. The best 6 Gold and Bronze Zonal Pelargoniums, do., do.,

do., 50s., .30s.

3. The best 3 Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums, do., do., do.,

S0s.,20s., 15s.

4. The best 3 Gold and Bronze Zonal Pelargoniums, do., do.,

do., 30s., 20s., 15s.

5. The best Variegated Zonal Peliirgoniura (golden or silver),

not in commerce, the seedling plant excluded, 20s.,
15s., :0s.

6. The best Gold and Bronze Zonal Pelargonium, do,, do.,

20s., 1.5s., 10s.
V. The best Golden Self Pelargonium, do , do,, 20s., 15s., 10s,
8. The best Varieg.ated Zonal Pelargonium, in commerce,
two plants of the variety to be shown, 20s,, 15s., lOs,
Should other subscriptions be sent in, other prizes can
be [added Among the suggestions already made it is
proposed to restrict Class 5 to Golden Zonals, and to add
a separate class for Silver Zonals; and to add a class for
6 Nosegay Pelargoniums ia flower, to be sent out ne.xt
spring. The Regulations adopted are as follow : —
The prizes to be open to all who signify their intention
to exhibit, to Mr. MooEE, not later than Saturday,
September 14. The Floral Committee, at its meeting
on September 3, to he requested to appoint censors to
award the pri zes. The Variegated Zonal varieties to be
judged according to the rules laid down in the Gar-
deners' Chronicle (p. 515). The whole of the varieties
shown in the several classes to he considered as indi-
vidually entered for examination by the Floral Com-
mittee, and to be eligible for the Certificates granted by
that body.

assuredly vastly increased in prosperity since, so
we see no reason to believe that it will cease to
flourish even if the Centigrade thermometer, and
the decimal system in general, be introduced.

Among working gardeners there are some
who need to be told that the Centigrade thermo-
meter is, after all, not in itself different from any
other instrument, but that it is in the scale that
the difference consists. The universal adoption
of thermometers marked with the two scales
would of course tend to obviate the diSiculty to
which this difference is likely to give rise — a
real one to some, though to M. Naudin or
Dr. Hooker it might seem fanciful. Of the
two alternatives proposed by Dr. Hooker, the
introduction of the double scale isinfinitely prefer-
able to the plan of affixing to the thermometer the
requisite formula for the conversion of Fahrenheit
to Centigrade, or vice versa. What busy gar-
dener would ever find time to do this, every
time he looked at his thermometer ? Some years
since we knew a young horticulturist who, when
perusing De Candolle's " Geographic Bota-
nique," took the trouble as he went along
of converting the Centigrade degrees therein
recorded, to Fahrenheit's scale; but ,the object in
this case was to gain a facility in working arith-
metical computations. Assuredly had he been
in possession of the table prepared by Mr.
Robert Thomson, and originally published in
our columns, from which it has been reprinted,
he might have saved himself an infinitude of
trouble and time. The mention of this table,
wherein a comparison of the several degrees of
the Centigrade and Fahrenheit thermometer is
given, suggests to us, that one plan by which the
general adoption of the former might be pro-
moted, would be to have the thermometers all
made with the Centigrade scale, and to have
hanging up in the house, but at some little
distance, a similar table to the one to which we
have referred.

By this means both young and old gardeners
would get familiarised with the new scale, and
they would have near at hand the table to refer
to in case of need ; or the same object might be
obtained by having two thermometers, one
Fahrenheit, one Centigrade, and to place the
former in some comparatively inaccessible posi-
tion. We incline to this plan, because if the
two scales are given on the same thermometer,
the temptation to take the old and familiar
reading in preference to the new would be too
great to be always resisted. It is of course to
the coming generation of gardeners that we

it to the notice of the instrument makers.

We are glad to have to record that the Floral

Committee on Tuesday last adopted, for the Royal
Horticultural Society, the very sensible and matter-of-
fact rule that New Roses should date from the year
in which they are actually put in commerce — a rule for
which we have already contended, as the only one
which does not admit of being misunderstood, and
which is, that a Rose sent out in 1867, though it be in
October, is to be regarded as a New Rose of 1867, and
not of 1868. It was indeed argued that some temporary
inconvenience might he felt by those growers who had
been accustomed to date from the year in which blooms
are exhibited in England ; but even if this be so it must
soon pass away when the opposite custom becomes gene-
ral ; and we therefore counsel all other Societies, as well
as the compilers of schedules throughout the country,
to adhere in future to this common-sense conclusion,
which, once fairly understood, will do away with many
quibbles and disputes.

As regards Window Gardening in London,

the " Builder" says that the Inspector of Nuisances to
the Holborn District Board of Works has given formal
notice in his district to those having flower-pots in
their windows to remove them immediately, otherwise
proceedings will be taken to compel their removal. It
is right that such flower-pots should be secured, for the
public safety, and we have not only urged this, but
pointed out plans for the purpose ; but the safety of
the public does notrequire their removal ; and we hope
that the District Board will withdraw the order given,
and substitute another, ordering the securing of all
window-gardening apparatus, so as to ensure the public

• The first two evening meetings of the

Botanical Congress now sitting in Paris were
occupied with the formation of a Committee; and
among the papers read was one by M. Rivieee, on
the " Hybridisation of Lselia crispa by the pollen of L,
cinnabarina," M. Geleznoff, of Moscow, treated of
the influence of cold and frost on the change of position
of the branches of trees. He observed that the
pith is not usually quite central, so that the annual
zones of wood are thicker on the one side than on the
other, the convexity of the curve being, in consequence,
on the side where the zones are thickest. Sig, Cakuel
contributes a paper on the plants found on serpentine
rocks in Tuscany. Dr. Mooke, Glasnevin, is to read
two papers on cultivated pitcher plants, of which he is
to exhibit specimens. A Committee has been appointed
to study M. De Candolle's paper on " Botanical
Nomenclature," to which we adverted last week ; and
their report is to form the basis of the discussion on
this point. Among the botanists present are Prof.
De Candolle, Prof. Gceppekt, Dr. Schulz Schul-
zenstein, M. Dumoetiee, Prof Santi Gaeovaglio,
Prof. Geleznoff, MM. Duchaetre, Planchon,
CossoN, Dueieu de Maissonneuve, Dr. Mooee,
Prof. E, MoEEEN, and many others.

We have been requested to announce that the

Show of Vaeieoated Zonal Pelaegoniums, sug-
gested by Mr. Wills (p. 758) will take place at the

THE FERNS, etc., OF AUSTRALIA.

Peogressing from the Victorian promontories
easterly and thence northerly, we find that the Euca-
lypts, which still preponderate in the forest of the
southern ranges, gradually forsake us, and thus in
Eastern Gipps'-land commences the vast assemblage of
varied trees, which so much charms by its variety of
forms, and so keenly engages attention by the multi-
plicity of its interest. Bathed in vapour from innu-
merable springs or torrents, and sheltered under the
dark foliage of trees very varied in form, a magnificent
display of the Fern trees commences, for which further
westerly we would seek in vain the climatic conditions.
Even isolated sentries, as it were, of the Fern tree
masses are scattered not further west than to the
craters of extinct volcanoes near Mount Gambler, and
although colossal Todea-ferns, with stems 6 to 10 feet
high, and occasionally as thick, emerge from the
streamlets which meander through the deep ravines
near Mount Lofty, on St. Vincent's Gulf, we miss there
the stately Palm-like grace of the Cyathea;, Dick-
sonise, and Alsophilse, which leave on the lover of
nature, whoever beholds them, the remembrance of their
inexpressible beauty. These Fern trees, often 20 to
30, occasionally 50 to 70 feet high, and at least as many
years old, if not older, admit readily of removal from
their still mild and humid haunts, to places where, for
decorative vegetation, we are able to produce the
moisture and the shade necessary for their existence.
Of all Fern trees of the globe that species which pre-
dominates through the dark glensof Victoria, Tasmania,
and parts of New South Wales, the Dicksonia
antarctica (although not occuring in antarctic
regions) is the most hardy and the least susceptible to
dry heat. This species, therefore, should be chosen for
garden ornaments, or for being plunged into any park
glens: and if it is considered that trees half a century
old may with impunity be deprived of their foliage and
sent aivay to distant countries as ordinary merchandise,
it is also surprising that a plant so abundant has not
yet become an article of more extended commerce.

A multitude of smaller Ferns, many of delicate forms,
are harboured under the shade of the jungle vegetation,
amountingintheiraggregatetoaboutl 60 species, to which
number future researches in North-East Australia will
undoubtedly add. The circular Asplenium Nidus, or
great Nest-fern, with fronds often six feet long, extends
to the eastern part of Gipps'-land, but the equally grand
Stag's-horn-ferns(Platyceriun. alcicorne and P. grande)
seemingly cease to advance south of Illawarra, while
in Northern QueensIand^Angiopteris evecta counts
amongst the most gorgeous, and two slender Alsophilse
amongst the most graceful forms. The transshipment
of all these Ferns offers lucrative inducements to
traders with foreign countries. Epiphytal orchids, so
much in horticultural request, are less numerous in
these jungle tracts than might have been anticipated,
those discovered not yet exceeding 30 in number.
Their isolated outposts advance in one representative
species— the Sarcochilus Gunnii— to Tasmania and the
vicinity of Cape Otway, and in another— Cymbidium
oanaliculatum— towards Central Australia, The com-
parative scantiness of these epiphytes contrasts as
strangely with the Indian orchid-vegetation, as with
the exuberance of the lovely terrestrial co-ordraal
plants throughout most parts of extra-tropical Aus-
tralia, from whence 120 well-defined species are known.
Still more remarkable is the almost total absence of
orchids, both terrestrial and epiphytal, from North and
North-West Australia, an absence for which m the
central parts of the continent aridity sufticiently
accounts, but for which we have no other explanation
in the north but that the species have as yet there
effected but a limited migration.— ifiiZZer's Australian

August 2-1, 18C7.J

THE GARDINKRS' CIIRUNICLE AND AGRlCUl.TURAf; GAZETTE.

877

EEPOET ON THE CONDITION OF TUE EEUIT CHOPS.

FllOM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS, AUGUST 19, 1807.

COUNTY.

! ArrLES.

PEARS.

1 1
PLUMS. bIsRRIES. cherries.

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

FIGS.

1 1 1

,S?IM^^ NUTS NAME and
FRUITS. I ^^^^- 1 ADDRESS.

NORTHERN

COUNTIES

1

NORTHUMBER-
LAND

Undor iivorage

Plentiful and
good

Almost a Most ' Average
failure abundant

Very defective

Very good

Not grown

Very plentiful

Very few ;H, Bowie, Chilliug-
I ham Castlo

Keawick Cod-

Aro a failure,

A Ereat All sorts | A very heavy

Good crops

No

Gooseberries,

In tho woods :Anthonv lledlev.

liua aro tho

with tho

failure, ' abundant 1 crop until tho

out-door trees

Currants-

appear to bo

1 Walling! on

best, which

exception of

excepting a crop, and fruit' 2.'>th of May,

Black, Red,

a good crop

are about half

two or throe

few Greengage

large which sufferec

ami White,—

a crop

trees, which

aro fair crops,

and upon tho

wall trees

trees, which

are middling

fair crops

from 7' of

frost, that

caused the

better half to

fall off

also Rasp-
berries, all in
|.;reat
abundance

CUMBERLAND..

Bulow

Plentiful.

Full average

A fair crop,

Average

A light crop

• . .

But few

Cnn-ants an

But few

Joseph Williamson,

iiverago

but small, and
late

but suffered

from heavy

rams

grown

average cr<ip,

Gooseberries

good in some

places, in

others very

light

Good crops of

grjwu

Castle Gardens,
Whitehaven

UUfiUAM

C'rciicral

Fruiband

Generally

Crop good ;

Good

Not much

Too far north

General

Richard Westcott,

failure

crop both

small and

uneven

good

fruit small

grown in this

part in the

open air

all kinds ;

fruit small,
indthebushe."
[uuch blighted

failure

itaby Gardens

Under

Under

Average

Guod

Good

Failure

Average ;

Good

John Stevenson,

average

average

damaged by
green -fly

Lamb ton Castlo

Very spare

Thin crop ;

None ;

Heavy crop,

Morel los a

Very scarce

• . . •

None

Plentiful ; but

None in this

WDliam Dick, Wyn-

crop ; trees

trees also un-

easterly winds

later than

good crop ;

out-of-doors ;

never saw so

quarter

yard Park, Stock-

much infested

usually in-

and frost

usual

early Cherries

trees making

much aphis

tun

with fly

fested with fly

spoiled the
blossom

none

late unsatis-
factory
growth

before

yOEKSHIRE ..

Average

Over average

Abundant and
fine

Over average ;
fine

Average

Excellent

Abundant

Under average
and blitrhted

W. Lee, Thirsk

Btilow the

Average, some

Average

Above the

Above the

Below

Average, but

Above the

Above the

G. Clifton, Bretton

average

trees much

eaten with

grubs

average ;

much eaten

with small

snails

average

average ; trees

uifested with

fly early in the

season

late

average ;
Gooseberries
and Red Cur-
rants much in-
fested with fly

average

Hall, Wakefield

Poor crop

Very uneven

Under the

Abundant

Average

Average ; will

Fair crop ;

Plenty fruit

Abundiint

None

J. Mclndoe, Bishop-

but moderate

average

not be ripe

nearly ripe

on the trees,

thorpe Palace

crop-

before Sep-
tember

but not likely
to lipcn

Crop very

Good crops

Set a good

Have been a

Morello

Very thin on

Same as

Currants,

R. T ylor, Byram,

liKht; fruit

rate excep-

crop; a great

full crop of

Chenies very

walls ; very

Peaches

Raspberries,

Sou. a JVlilford

very sraall,

tions ; late,

many dropped

extra fine

abundant and

late, and likely

and Goose-

and very back-

and likely to

off owing to

fruit

fine

to be small

berries vcy

ward

be small

the cold nights

abundant and

tine
All kinds mott

111 thiadis

Nearly an

Above an

A most abun-

A very heavy

An abundant

A large tree of

Abundant

M. Saul, Stourton,

tiict much

average crop

average crop ;

dant crop, and

crop

crop ; the

the White

abundant

West Riding

below an aver-

in general

some kinds are

very fine

trees also look

Ischia here.

age crop; some

a very heavy

in good health

which is

kinds, such as

crop, such as

covered in

Cockpits, &c.,

Orleans

winter with

are hoivily

straw, has a

laden

nice crop

Very thin crop

Plentiful on

Excellent on

Have been

Average

Below average

Very good crop

None grown

Fair average

Plenty in the

George Sutherland,

walls ; thiu un

walls and

plentiful and

outside

woods ; Fil-

Castle Howard

WEST.IIORE-
LA.ND

Below average

fatandards
Good crop,

standards
Large varie-

good
Very good

Fiiii- crop

Below average

Good crop and

Currants verj

berts scarce
In" the woods

David Lewlie, Apple-

and looks well

ties, poor

looks well

good ; Rasp-

very plentiful

by Castle

crop;

berries

Damsons very

average

heavy crop

Are Rood as to

Good, both as

A very heavy

Only moderate

On the whole

Very light

^"ery heavy

Very

A. Dodds, Sizergli
Ciistlc, iHiluthuipj

luuntity, but

to quanlity

crop indeed

pretty good

abimdaiit

are rather

small
Very partial

and quality

LANCAS:iIRE .

Crop abun-

Very

Very good ;

Very

Nearly all cut

Very poor

Gooseberries,

\'cry few

John Will.'-. Hmit-

crop, de-

dant, but fruit

abundant

we are now,

abundant.

off by the

crop on the

Raspberries,

royde, Burnley

stroyed in

generally

crop

August 17,

and generally

frost un the

open walls

and Currants

most places by

small

gathering very

guod

•25th of May

of all sorts,

the May frosts

fine Sir C.

Napier and

Premier

are an abun-
dant crop

Below average

Average on

Avcrajje on

Good crop

Good crop

Guod crop

None grown

Good crops

None grown

James Krccman

walls

walls

of all

* Knowslcy, Pres-

CHESIIIRi:

Early kinds

Very good

Veiy few on

Scarcely an

An average
crop ; Morellos

Scarcely an

A very good

kmds
3eavy crops of

Average .'rop

cott
Williiuu Whitt ker,

abundant ;

crops on

walls, but

average crop.

average crop ;

crop on a wall

all kinds of

of Filberis:bul

Crcwc Hall

late sorts

standard

Damsons,

our hmd being

an abundant

the previous

with a south

small fruits ;

Walnut trees

generally

brces, but only

some stand-

Light, and the

one

autumn

aspect ; both

the leaves.

have been

scarce. The

moderate on

ards have

weather

having been

these and

having been

without leave.'

young fruit

walls

heavy crops.

very dry and

wet, and the

Peaches and

well expanded

since the Maj

was injured

Damsons are

[lot at the time

winter a severe

Nectarines are

at the time

frubt^, until

by the frost in

largely grown

of tho fruit

one. The trees

protected in

the last frost

ust now thej

the end of May,

inthisdistrict,

swelling.*

were much

spring at night

in May

are putting

there having

and the crop

Eclipse and Sir

attacked by

by canvas

occun-ed.

out a ffw, but

been 9' one

this year is

Harry bore

aphides

covers

afforded

no fruit

night

very abundant

best

shelter to the

Very few

Average crop ;
sound kinds

Great abun-

AU the first

Average crop

Not half a

fruit
Great abun

Charles .Ulen, With-

dance

blooms killed

crop : trees

dance

inghani Hall,

by the frost.

doing well

Congleton
J. AUpurt, Dodding-

Rather under

Great crop

Average

Showed well,

Very great

Average

Gooseberries

Great crop

an average

but were
small, in con-
sequence of

crop

and Currants

mcistplentiful,

and fine

ton Park, Nant-
wich

SHROPSHIRE ..

An average

A good crop

A vei7 heavy

dry weather
Have been a

Rather Hght,

A goo crop

A very heavy

Very light

quahty
Gooseberries,

A good crop

G. Peai-son,

crop, except

crop

good crop

except the

crop

crop

Currants, and

ham, Shre

some trees

Morellos

Raspberries,

that were very

heavily

cropped last

year

Next to none ;

very heavy
crops

Comte do

Light crop,

Crop various,

A fair crop,

Good crop, the

A thin crop.

Crop abund-
ant and clean.

Various, the

John Pearson, Kin-

I have a few

Lamy,

save of

as the frost

but the trees

fi-uit is late

late

wild Nut good
in favoured

let Gardens

Ribston

Passe Colmar,

Denyer's

killed the

were attacked

and small, the

Black Naples
Currant

Pippins

and the

Victoria.

early

by the slimy

atmosphere

places

Seckel are all

Hard as a

blossoms

giTib, and the

having been so

attracts notice

that we have

brick wall.

leaf- mining

cold (save the

from its high
finish

worthy of

They are

insects, which

last few day^.,

notice, and

against an '

did consider-

which have

thev, like the

east wal

able injury to

been warm)

Peaches,

the trees

that the fruit

have not made

could not

much

swell

progress

'

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[August 34, 1867.

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT CnOTS~.{CojiUnued),

MIDLAND
COUNTIES.
STAFFORD-
SHIRE

LEICESTER-
SHIRE

NORTHAMPTON

NOTTS ,

RUTLAND

Very few

Chiefly below

average ; *

orchard almost

a failure \

Much below

the average!

Below average

in quantity ;

quality

superior

Veiy iew ;
injured by
frost in the
end of May

Plentiful

- Plentiful,

but sroall
A light crop ;
fiiiit small
many falling ;

the best

blossom killed

by the frost in

May

Very few

almost a

general failure

Very few tree!
have any fruii

in ; heavy
crop last year

hurt this
spring by frost

PEARS.

Hard sorts

plentiful ; fine

soi'ts scarce

Average

Fair crop

Good crops t

Above average
in quantity ;

quality
inferior ; late

varieties
worthless

Average crop
where grown

PLUMS.

Very few

Very scarce

About one-
fourth of a
crop

Apples are

quite a failure

with us : large

orchards here,

but with very

little fruit

Failure ; out

of 70 varieties

gi'own here,

only six are

bearing any

fruit at all

Blighted :

Poor crop ; a
fine show of
bloom, but
the severe
frost at the
•end of May
proved fatal to
this fruit

Very partial
many orchards
a total failure

Not good

A light crop

from some

cause, but

this not a Pear

district

Good crop

Good crop ir

the gai'den

here, but not

in the neigh

bourhood

generally

Plentiful :
fruit small
A fair crop on
walls ; stan-
dards not
quite half a
crop

Pear crop is
better; but
not at all an
average crop

GoodJ

Full average ;
fruit medium
sized ; Green-
gages good ;

also Coe's
Golaen Drop
and Victoria.
Damson crop
not equalled

since 1864

Crop good ;
especially
Damsons

Ratherpartial;
Damsons a
fair crop

Not good

Few, and vei-j"

late ; Damsons

are generally

plentiful

but late ; good

crop of Plums

under glass

Good crop on
wall trees ; a
failure on
standards
Crop very light
indeed ; I be
lieve every-
where in the
"district

STRAW-
BERRIES.

Plentiful crop

Crop very thin,
small fruit,
and very late

A very bad
crop, having
borne heavily

last year,
therefore not
much bloom
this, except
on such sorts
as Keswick
Codlin, or
Hawthorn-
den
Plenty of
Hawthorn-
den, Blen-
heim Pippins,
Ribston Pip-
pins, and
Welliugtona ;
other sorts

Blighted ;
scarce

The same as
Apples

Good crop
generally

Wall trees
almost a
failure ; pyra-
mids, half a
crop ; fruit

good
In general a
scanty crop

Average crop

Abundant
both on walls
and standards

Plums are
veiy fair ;

better than
last year

Failure

BUghted ;
scarce

A moderate

crop ; on walls

very fan*

ci-ops ;

standax'd trees

_ not so good

Plentiful ; ii
somo places
crops very

heavy

Wall trees

good crop ;

standards a

fatlure ; ditto

P5Tamids

Very few, al-
though plenty
of blossom,
except Dam-
sons, which are
plentiful

Fair cropj

Partial in some
places ; good
both in quan-
tity and
quahty ; in

others a failure

Moderate
crop ; early

bloom

destroyed by

frost in May.

Over ; but

have been

abundant

Very good and

fine
Fair crop ; all

the early

bloom killed

by frost

A good full
crop

Good crop

Veiy good

Fair crop

Goodt

Most varieties

average crop

Morellos full

and good

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

Good crop

Full average

Very good, but
late

Crop above an
average one

A good crop,
especially
Morellos

Few grown in
this district

Good crop but
late, the early

blossoms
being cut off
by the frost

Veiy poor
crop

Greengages,
Victoria, Or-
leans, Coc's
Golden Drop,
and Damson
in abundance,
other varieties
scarce

Plentiful: fla-
vour inferior
Not very good ;

plenty of
bloom, which,
however, did
not set well,
owing to the
May frosts
Abundant
crop ; the wet

spring just

suits our dry

soil

Failure,
except a small
kind grown
here for pre-
serving, under
the name of
Scarlet Gem
Large and
plentiful

One of the
finest shows I
over re-
member ;
many of the
early blooms
destroyed by
frosts ; plenty
for use
Abundant

Not very good;

this is not ;
good district
for Cherries

Rather scarce

Abundant and

fine ; Morellos
particularly so

Good half
crop

Average crop

Locality

unsuitable
except under

glass ; and
from the long-
continued
rains of last
autumn wood
did not ripen ;
crop nearly a

failure

CUmate not

adapted for

their growth

out- doors

Suffered much

from green-fly

in spring,

a fair crop

Not very good

None grown

outside ; good

under glass

APRICOTS.

An excellent
crop

Abundant,

and quality

good

Have been

remarkably

plentiful, par-

ticularlyGrove

End, Keens'

Seedling,

Elton Pine,

and Pi'oqmore

late Pine

Very
plentiful

A very good
crop on walls
standard trees

not so good

Abundant ;

heavy crops in

some orchards

In the garden
we never miss
a crop; suffered
from green-fly
in spring ; in
the district
crop light

Very scarce

Average cr op
of both

Very good

Medium crop

Plentiful and
good

Not very good

None out-of-
doors

Very xmsatia-
factory here
without the
aid of glass

Not grown
except imder
glass ; crops
there, good as
usual

Do not succeed
grown out-
doors

Not quite
average

Trees young,
with good

crops
A fine crop,
but very back-
ward ; unless
a fine autumn,
doubtful of
coming to
maturity

An excellent

crop, and fine

fruit, MoreUos

especially

P'air crop

Morellos very
fine, other
sorts have

been scarce

Very plentiful

in Eomo

places ; in

others light ;

severely
injured by
blight in the

spring
A very thin
crop and late .
much troubled
with green
fly in tlie
early spring
Very thin,
trees having
suffered
greatly in the
sprirg ; all
the early
leaves being
terribly blis-
tered, owing
to the preva-
lence of cold
easterly winds
Plentiful and
fine

Average
crop

Rather better

than half a

crop

A good crop,
but small

Good with us,

and I have
heard no com-
plaint ; but of
course not
much gi-own
in the mid-
land counties
Plentiful ; too
late to ripen
Pretty good,
but rather
late in
ripening

Many large

trees with a

fair sprinkling

of fruit

SMALL
FRUITS.

An abundant
crop

Very good

Good

Goodt

Very full
average crop,
ofgoodquaUty

of Goose-
benies, Cur-
rants, of all

varieties.

Gooseberries
and Currants :
crop a mode-
rate one

Very plentiful
and fijie

Very good

Gooseberries

and CuiTants

pleutifiU ;

Blackcurrants
fine ; Rasp-
berry much
injured by
May frosts
Abundant

Very good
crops

Average

Very abun-
dant!

Not much
grown

Few grown ;
a failure

Promising a
fair crop

Good

NAME AND
ADDRESS.

J. Ballingall, Dray-
ton Manor, Tarn-
worth

Wilham Chapman,
Hawkesyard Park,
Rugeley

Edwin Simpson,
Wrottesley, Wol-
verhampton

Ditto

William Moore, Alton
Towers

James Stanton,
Biddulph Grange

Andrew Dick, Sud-
bury Hall Gardens

Os-

Chas. ^Keetley,
maston Hall

James Taplin, Chats-
worth, Chcsterfi eld

Plentiful

Gooseberries
and Currants

very plentiful ;

Raspbcnies
below average

Never had sc
good a crop

Good crop

Not many
grown out-of-
doors, but two
veiy old trees,
well matted up
in winter, are
swelling a few

good fruit

Nice light crop
generally

None outdoors

A fair crop,
even where

not protected.

In fact I find
they stand
the winter

better with-
out

Red, Black,

and White

Currants, also

Goosebenies

of kinds,

plentiful

Large and
plentiful

Gooseberries
and Currants

excellent
crops, Rasp-
berries hke-

Vcry plentiful

A large crop

Plentiful, but
small

Plentiful

Average crop

Montgomery Hen-
derson, Cole Orton
HaU, Aahby-de-la-
Zouch

Emanuel Sage, Gop-
sall Hall, Athcr-
fctone

Robert Collins, Wel-
ton Place, Daventry
John Brown, Boot-
ing ham Castle

The same as
small fruits

A good crop in
most places

Gooseberries,
Currants, and
Raspberries
full crop ; fine
and good

Abundance

An abundant
crop

Veiy plentiful
crops indeed

Not much

grown about
here ; Wood-
nuts plentiful.
Walnuts thin,

having

suffered in the

spring

George jii'cher, Fine-
don HaU

George Beech,Castl9
Ash by

Filberts good

John Miller,

sop Manor

Jas. Tegg, Clumber,
Worksop

Edward Bennett,
Osberton Hall,
Worksop

Thos. Speed, Berry
Hill, Mansfield

J. Grey,
Park

James Maxwell,
Exton Park

* This applies to the garden, &c,, under my charge. 1 1 do not attribute this to the season, but to the great crop last year,

t This applies to the district in general, as far as I have been able to ascertain.

August 24, 1S67.J

THE GARDENEES* CMONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

879

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT GB>OVS— (Continued).

COUNTY.

MIDLAND

COUNTIES.
0XF0RD81I1UE

W.\RWICK-
SHIRK

Very sairco,
owinj/ to ti
scarcity of
bloom, aa woll
AS tho Into
frosts

Under average

Failure on
Btantlards :

some sorts on

dwarfs fair ; on
tho wbolo,
Apples are

quite a failure
Crop very

partial ; with
us dessert
kinds are
plentiful

EASTERN

COUNTIES.
LINCOLN.SUIRE

EUFFOI.K

ESSEX .

APPLES.

SOUTHERN
COUNTIES.

HERTFORD-
SHIRE

A fair crop on

walls, but

standards and

espaliers aU

cut off by the

frost on the

2ith May

Under average

Fair; generally

Pears are not a

good crop

Crop veiy fail'
with us, very
good on east
aspect walls

Scircity

Scarce, very
small, late,
trees blighted
fuU of white
aphis an^l
white bug
Will be scarce
ax"e falling off
before ripen-
ing, and will

not keep ;

trees blighted

by late frosts

Very few; trees

show signs of

weakness : the

little fruit on

our pnined

trees injured

by maggots.

The few good

and healthy

examples in

orchards
Very short

About one-
fourth of a
crop, but vei-y
irregular ;
some trees
full, others

none

Almost a

failure

Only a
few trees that

have any at

all ; hundreds

of trees have

liot got an

Apple on thera

Scarcely half

a crop ; a few

sorts ai*e an

exception,

chiefly early

culuiary
varieties, such
as White Cod
lin, Haw-
thorn den
Improved, &c.
Failure ; very
few

A failure : the

blossom

seemed to

want vigour

Very bad

crop ;

I think I

never knew

them so

Very poor
crop, especi-
ally standard
trees

A few in high
situations ;
none here

But few

Thin crop,

fruit good,

trees healthy,

rather late

Under the
average ; the
early bloom-
ing varieties
destroyed by

late frosts

Abundant ;
both summer,
autumn, and
winter Pear
trees equally
prolific in
fruit

Plentiful

Not half a
crop ; very
irregidar

One-third of
the usual crop

Not more than
half crop
genera lly

Less than half

a crop ; I have

seen, however,

a few trees

loaded, but

these chiefly

non -keeping

varieties, such

as Green Pear

of Yare, &c.

Partial ; pyra-
mids, gene-
rally thin,
walls, occa-
sionally full
crop, but, as a
rule, much
below an
average
A partial crop;
maggots were
veiy trouble-
some on the
blossom and
young f niit in
the early part
of the season
Pretty fair
crop, but not
so good as last
year

An excellent
crop on walls,
ami on stand-
ards on dry
gi'ound : but
all cut off on
damp soils
with late
frosts
Under average

Failure : I

never had

woisc in the

14 years 1 have

been at Elm-

dou

Crop very fair

with us, very

good on east

walls

A failure

A great crop,

standards
healthy. Wall

trees very

much infested

with blue fly

A good crop

on walls
where pro-
tected from
spring frosts ;
scarce on
standards
Heavy crops
of Victoria,
Golden Drop,

Magnum

Bonum, and

Jefferson

Short, except Plentiful Scarce

Damsons
V'ciy few of Good crojis Good crops

Moderate

crop on walls,

very thin for

pyramid

trees

Very few on

standards ;

?ood on walls

STRAW-
BERRIES.

A fino crop of
the early and
late sorts, but
those sorts in
flower on the
•.;4th May had
tho blooms all
killed

E.Kcellont

Good ; a great
many of the
first blossoms
were injured,
but plenty left
for a crop

Veiy plentiful
and fino

Plentiful

A good crop ;
Keens' Sir
Harry, Reeves'
Eclipse, and
lYoUope's Vic-
toria best
An abundant
crop of all
varieties

Exceedingly
good crops of
early and late

varieties ;

gathered from

June until

August

any kind

None on the

standard wall

trees ; only a.

few where

protected

'A fair crop of
some sorts,

more particu-
larly Green-
gages ; and
Damsons on
standard trees
are in great
abundance

Nearly an
average

Under an
average crop

Rather scarce
about this
neighbour-
hood ; about
half a crop

Moderate
crop ; abun-
dant show till
killed by May
frost

A few on stan-
dards in high
situations ;
heavy crop on
walls

A vory good

crap of both

lato and early

sorts

Excellent ;

very line

Good

Very plentiful
and fine

iV fine crop : ci
deal of black

A good crop ;
fruit good

Good crops of

Kentish. May

Duke, and

MorcUu

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

Not more
than half a

crop ; nearly
all the first
bloom was
lost by tho

frost of May
All soits were

very plentiful

Good ; all the
early blossoms
injured ; side
blossoms came
up well ; still
Kathering
Elton Pine,
north border

Plentiful ;
Queens gene-
rally a light
crop

A very good
crop

Thin crop, and

very indif-
ferent ; those
that escaped
being killed
by frost were
so injured as

to cause
deformity and
lack of flavotir
First blooms
killed by frost
middling crop

Tho same may
be said aa in
the case of

Plums— an ex-
cellent crop

where tho land

ishighanddry

Thin crop

Fair ; not
many grown

Crop good on
south walls

Fair crop

A good crop,
trees healthy

A good crop
on walls where
protected from
spring frosts

Much checked
by frost in the
spring, and
injured by
aphis : not
much fruit

Plentiful

Bad crop ;
trees much
injured by
winter frost

Very good

Plentiful and

very fino

Veiy good, yet

not a heavy

crop

Only about
half a crop in

places, all

much hurt by

the frost

In Orchard-
houses
abundant ;
Morellos on
walls less than
usual ; trees
unhealthy

Good average
crop

A good crop

Rather li^ht
crop, Morellos
better, but not
so good as last
year

A good crop
where pro-
tected, but
it is fully a

week or
10 days late

In Orchai-d-
houses
planted-out in
abundance ; on
walls in open
air also plenti-
ful, but win be
late ; trees not

looking well

Partial : thin ;
occasionally a
very full crop,
best on high
grounds where
protected

Plentiful, both
under glass
and on walls

Not quite half
a crop

Good where
sheltered ;
thin where
exposed to
north and
north-east

\. light crop on
standards in
high situa-
tions ; good
crop on walls

Very much
cut up in the
winter with
tho severe
frost, but a fair
crop on what
was left of the
trees

A thin crop,
trees healthy

An abundant
crop where
covered up
from late'

spring frosts

Thin on south
w,alls ; good
and abundant

on east and

west aspects.

On cottage

walls a very

great crop

Very few, and
those not like-
ly to ripen

Very good

None, all

killed in

winter

Fine crop,
large in size,
and of fine

flavour

A middling
crop, although
not nearly so
good as last
year

Light crop in
high situa-
tions ; none in
these gardens

Fail" promise
of fruit

Bad ; and

trees much
injtu-ed

Very few
gi-own in
this neigh-
bourhood
A good crop,
but late ; will

not ripen if

we do not get

some fine

weather

On walls in
the open air
will ba late ;
under glass in
great abund-
ance, fruit of
great size, and
of fine quality

Good, pro-
tected and
unprotected,
especially Lee's
Perpetual

Rather a light
crop ; injured
by lato
frosts

Excellent of
all MortH but
Goosebonies ;
something
uncommon;
many of the
trees breaking
down

Very plentiful

ana fino
Very good ; but
GooBcbcrries
arenotahcavj-
crop

Very plentiful
and fino

Abundant

Abundant and
good ; no ca-
terpillar

Very abund-
ant ; more so
than I ever

saw

Tho largest
crop of Cur-
rants I ever
saw ; Goose-
berries and
Raspberries,
fair average
crops

Shoit

Good crops

I may say
none, as the
trees were
very much
hurt last
winter

Moderate

where warm

and dry

Very few ;

trees much

injured last

winter by

frost

SMALL
FRUITS.

Filberts a
small crop ;
Walnuts none,

the young
wood having
all been cut
down by the
frost on the

24th May
Average

Very good ;
common Nutt
are abimdant
in hedges and

plantations

Filberts very

plentiful and

fine. Walnuts

scarce and

lato

Not any
Thin crop

An average

crop ; trees

veiy much

infested with

aphis

Filberts thin

a sprinkling

of Cosford

Cob Nuts

NAME AND
ADDRESS,

Jas. Stewart, Nunc-
ham Park

W. Miller, Combe
Abbey, Coventry

Wm. Brown, Elm-
don Hall, nctr
Birmingham

S. Elworthy, Stoue3
leigh Abbey, Kenil-
worth

W. Stoekwell, Holy-
well Hall. Starafd.

George McBoy, Sud-
brooke, Holme

David Lumsden,
Bloxholm Hall,
Sleaford

William Ingram,
Belvoir Ca.stlc

A short crop

at most places,

but where a

little sheltered

an average

crop

All sorts have
been very

plentiful and
very good

Gooseberries
very fine ;
Currants :
Black a
failure. White
and Bed half a
crop : Rasp-
berries hardly
an average
Most abun-
dant. Rasp-
be n'ies ex-
cepted

Gooseberries
and Ciirrants
were a good
crop ; Rasp-
berries were
cut by the
frost in May.

Abundant,

except Rusp-

beiTies ; the

early bloom

being killed

by frost

caused a

succession of

fruits

Good crop

Short

Very thin

Very good

A good crop
everywhere

Less than half
a crop

Ecf : (rdinaiy
f ne crop

Is a very light

crop about

here

Moiei'ately
abundant in

hedgerows

A very good
crop

Hugh Girvan, Holk-

ham
William Smythe,
Elmham Hull

William Carmichael,

Sandriugham,
King's Lynn

John Pottle, Beal
ings Grove, Wood-
bridge

P. Grieve, Culford,
near Bury St.
Edmund's.

D. T. Fish, Hard-
wicke House, Bury
St. Edmund's

Thomas BlaLr, Shrub-
land Park

Geo. Young, Audley
End

Richard Ruffett,
Brock ett Hall,
Welwyu

George Sage, Ash-
ridge Gardens

880

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICIJLTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 24, 1867.

CONDITION OF THE FEUIT CROPS— ((7o»iz»«e(2).

COUNTY.

APPLES.

FEARS.

PLUMS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

CHERRIES,

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

FIGS.

SMALL
FRUITS.

NUTS.

NAME AND

ADDRESS.

SOUTHERN

COUNTIES.

HERTFORD-

Very poor

A moderate

Partial ;

Fluctuating,

Good ; but

Generally

Fine crop at

A moderate

Abundant,

Good,

William Earley

SHIRE

crop ; one

crop

pretty good in

owing to late

rather partial

good where

Digswell ;

crop

except Rasp-

especially

Digswell

orchard only

some places

frosts ; crops

[protected

generally only

berries, which

hedgerows

ill N.W.

heavy in

from sr'ring

middling

in some places

district has a

places where

frosts

were injured

fair show

they escaped
injury in the
way named

by late frosts

With me and

A heavy crop

A very heavy

A very heavy

Good crop

Not an aver-

None ; trees

Gooseberries

Average crop

Ambrose Sanders,

generally very

generally

crop with me

crop with me

age crop ;

nearly killed

and Currants

Theobald's Park,

thin : but iu a

but in some oJ

trees much

but are.

heavy crop ;

W altham Cross

market

the gardens

injured with

however.

Raspberries

garden close

much injured

the late spring

making

half crop

by of 50 acres

by the May

frosts

plenty of

there is more

frost

wood again

than an aver-

age crop, and

was the same

last year

On some trees

IPlenty ; re-

Abundant

Good

Never more

Heavy crop

Middling

Never so goot

Breaking

A. Parsons, Danes-

very heavy,

quire a deal of

beforo

down

bury, Welwyn

others nono

thinning

Good

Poor crop ;

Poor crop ;

Would have

Fine crop of

Abundant,

Trees killed

A fair crop ;

Abundant ;

D. Buchanan, Dyr-

frosted ilay 24

frosted May 24

been an abun-
dant crop, but
frosted May 24

Morellos

protected by
canvas

January 2

escaped the
frost

this is remark-
able, as the
Catkins were
kUled in May
by frost

ham Park

KENT

Very plentiful,
and promise to

a^^^t~^t^ IriTin*!

Average ; Uke
the Che rries,

Generally bad

Spotty, some
orchards abun-

Very thin in
places, much

Trees mostly
killed to the

Raspberries
slight ; Black

Filberts excel-
lent ; Cobs not

T. F., Maidstone

not grown

grow out fine

extensively

some orchards

dant, others

injured by May

ground: where

Currants do.

so good

about here ;

heavy crops.

more exposed

frosts ; fruit

uninjured

Red and White

common sorts

others close

very thin ;

does not swell

very good

Currants verj

abundant

by very thin ;
Damsons
abundant

Reds bad, run
down after
late frosts

out satisfac-
torily

good

Crop defi-

Blossom

Very defi-

Very abun-

Moderate ;

A fair crop ;

Blossom,

Young wood

In great

D. H., The Gardens,

cient ; trees

abundant ; set

cient ; trees

dant crop

pointa of

trees have

which was in

killed in

abmidancc

Quex Park, Mar-

healthy, and

well for a

infested with

young wood

suffered much

great abun-

many places,

gate

many flower

heavy crop ;

fly all the

completely

all the

dance, killed

hence a

buds forming

early in June
they nearly
all dropped

summer

killed by

black ily—

early kinds in

particular

summer from
fly

by early frost : ! failure

trees much !
injured ; very!
deficient crop

Very partial

Partial crop in

A very

All over ; crop

Nearly over,

A good fair

Verv scarce None ; trees

Abuu'lantand

Fair average

John Cux, Rodleaf,

indeed ; in

many parts.

abundant

has been very

but the crop

crop iu most jindeed, owinff

aU killed

fine

crop; looking

Pcnshuj'st

some parts

in others mos1

crop of all

partial ; not

has been

places ; fruit

to the severity

down last

strong and

none, in others

abundant ;

sorts ; rather

up to the

most abun-

rather small.

of the frosts

winter

healthy

great crops ;

above the

deficient in

average ;

dant, and the

and deficient

.in May

on the whole,

average ; f ruil

flavour

quality pretty

quality good

in flavour

I should say

small, and the

good

below average

early sorts

considerably

deficient in

flavour

Very partial,

Not more

Very short

' Over an

Considerably

Average

....

Where impro-

Gooseberries

Walnuts

,Bifrons, Canter-

and much

than half a

crop

average crop

under an

crop, but

tected none

and Currants

nearly all

bury

under an

crop, and

average crop

smaller and

good and

destroyed by

average

small

later than
usual

plentiful ;

Raspberries

under an

average

frost ou May
24 ; Filberts
an average
crop; Wood-
nuts iu gi-eat
abundance

Average crop

Heavy crop

Slight crop

Had abun-
dance, and
fine fruit

Average crop

Excellent crop

Slight crop

Heavy crop

Heavy crop

W. Street, Bette-
shanger, Sandwich

Only a mode-

Good crop of

Half a [crop of

Excellent crop

The finest

Very moderate

Very short

Grapes much

Cob Nuts, a

G. Webb, Jun., Tuu-

rate crop :

common

common sorts.

everywhere ;

crop of the

crop ; fruit is

crop indeed

injured by the

great crop.

6taU

better at some

Pears, but

Damsons

fruit rather

Bigarreau on

improving in

late frosts.

FUberta fair;

places that

very short of

good ; Gages

flavourless

record ;

quality

Crop bad^

Wahiuts good

don't usually

all good wall

bad ; fruit

Blacks mode-

take. QuaUty

Pears, or the

good

rate ; other

good

better class ;
quality good

sorts very fair.
Little flavour

Slack

Very short

Good

Good

Some good ;
others bad

Short

None

Good

Cobs good

Wm. WUson, Staple-
hurst

MIDDLESEX. ..

A very partial

Partial crop ;

Partial crop of

Crop above

Dessert kinds

Good crop :

Nono

Of Cunants

Walnuts very

A. F. Barron, Royal

crop ; of some

imder average

Orleans ;

average ; ex-

very scarce ;

very late, but

and Goose-

scarce ; Fil-

Hoi-ticultural So-

varieties an

Prince of

traordinary

Morellos plen-

promise well ;

beiTxes an

berts plentiful

ciety's Gardens,

abundance,

Wales, Gis-

show of bloom.

tiful

just beginning

immense crop;

Chiswick

but in general

bornes, &.c.,

one-third de-

to gather on

much above

much under

an immense

stroyed by

open walls ;

average ; Rasp-

average, and

crop ; fine

frost on May 26

mildew preva-

berries very

much infested

varieties

lent

poor crop,

with, gi'ubs

scarce

much injured
by frost in May

Early kinds

On the walls

Considerably

Never saw

A wonderful

Average crop.

Under avenge

None

GoosebeiTies

Barely an

John Edlington,

an abundant

underaverage.

over average;

such a glorious

crop in all

heavy crop ;

■ average ;

Wrotham Park,

crop. Lato

On Standards

a groaning

crop. Good

respects.

Currants

Quinces a

Barnet

keeping kinds

an average

crop

iu all points

Good

heavy ; Rasp-

poor crop

under average

crop

berries

Good average

Good crop

Thin

Abundant

Good crop

.Good average

Fair crop

average
Gooseberries

Good crop

Frederick Rutland,

crop

crop

crop

and Black
Currants very
heavy crop;
Red and White

Bentley Priory,
Stanmore

Very few ;

Moderate

Very thin ;

Abundance,

Thin crop

Plentiful

Currants good
Tolerably

W. W. Constantine,

trees very

crop

much blighted

but much

plentiful

Hillingdou Court

healthy

injured in
places by late

near Uxbridge

BEDS

Partial crop ;

Half crop ;

Plentiful ;

spring frosts
Moderate

Pretty good

Fair crop ;

Plentiful

Moderate

S.Snow, WrestPark,

middling

much injured

much

crop ; injured

promise well -

Ampthill

prospect

by hail

bUghted

by haU and

frost
Good crop,

BERKS

Very partial ;

Below an

Medium crop

Good average

Good every

Good

Failure ;

Excellent ; as

Thin from the

, Cliveden

a crop upon

average

except where

crop, both

way

crop where

mostly killed

Gooseberries,

May frost

trees that have

the May frost

walls and

well protected

down by

CuiTants, &c. ;

not fruited for

caught the

standards

from May frost

severe winter

far above an

several years

early blossom

average

A very light

An excellent

Many kinds

Greatly

May Dukes

A good crop of

Trees mostly

Currant crop

Walnuts much

Thomas Tnjiram,

crop with the

crop, both on

are plentiful,

injured by

and standards

all kinds

killed to the

light, injured

inj ured by

Royal GiU-dcus,

exception of

walls and

such as

spring frost.

were all killed

ground by the

by spring

spring frost ;

Windsor

the following

standards, and

Washington,

Sir J. Paxton

by spring

severe frost in

frost ; Rasp-

Filberts a

kinds :—

promise to bo

Orleans, and

Improved

frost ;

winter

berries almost

moderate crop

Rosemary

of first-rate

Greengage ;

Elton,

Bigarreau,

a failure from

Russet,

quality

Damsons

PrinceArthur,

Napoleon,

the same

Cox's Pomona,

destroyed by

and Frogmore

Black Eagle,

cause ; Goose-

Scarlet Russet,

spring frost

ate Pine were

plentiful ;

berries were a

Frograore
Prolific, and

by far the best

the crop on
walls was

heavy crop

Small's
Admirable

generally good

August 24, 1867.]

TEE GARDENERS' OITRONTCLE AND AGRTrUETTIRAL GAZETTE.

CONDITION OF THE FRUIT GROVH-{ConUnued).

COUNTY.

SOUTHERN

COUNTIES.
BUCKS

WESTERN
COUNTIES.

WILTS :

One-third of ;i
crop

Scarce; one
orchard, how-
over a splendid
crop, but for
15 years pre-
viouslynocrop
In the valley

ahmg the
banks of the
river Molo,
killed entirely
by May frosts ;
on most of the
hills around
hero, a good
crop

Thin crop in
most places,
and the fruit
small and late

Below

average with

us, Louise

Bonne of

Jersey the

most
productive

Moderate crop

A few in

places ;

generally bad

Very partial
here ; some
orchards in
this locality
great abund-
ance
Very good in
gardens,
otherwise
very middling
Under aver-
age ; fruit
small and a
^reat number
falling ; most
trees do not
seem to have
done so well

as usual
this season

A partial crop
in some locali-
ties : where
sheltered from
the north-west
wind, a heavy
crop ; where
exposed to
the same
quarter, a
total failure
Very thin in
places ; not an
average

Thin crop ;

fruit fine

Trees bloomed

and set well,

but nearly all
the young
fruit were

killed by frost

on the night of
May 24. In
higher and
drier places

some trees are
well massed

A great many
orchards with

scarcely any
fruit in them ;

the blossom
injured by the

frost in May.

A fair crop in

the orchard at

Cranbury

Light crop ;
an abundance
of blossom ;
the greater
part set, but

the young
fruit fell after

the severe
frosts ; the re-
mainder of the
crop very
inferior in
quality

STRAW-
BKRHIBS.

A profuse
bloossom, but

did not set

well, and the

young fruit

was greatly

damaged by

late May

frosts ; cuticle

injiu-ed, and

inconsequence

fruit does not

swell

Very partial ;
small and in-
ferior in qua-
lity

Heavy crop

Few trees on
the walls are
well loaded,
but standards
on the whole
are very thin

Small; half a
crop, and

ripening pre-
maturely

Thin on
standards,
better on
walls, scarcely
an average
Very good

The remarks

on Apples will

apply to Pears,

except those

on walls,

which are

nearly an

average crop ;

fruit small

A good general
crop, and in
good condi-
tion

Partial crop ;
majority of
the fruit de-
formed ; many
sorts cracked
open to the
core, and
much eaten by
maggots

The crop
on standard
trees mostly
destroyed by
the frost on
the 21th uf
May ; Green-
gage the best
crop on walls
Middlini; :
Damsons
scarce

On standards

nearly all
killed by froot
in our valley
on some of the

hills close by
they have good
crops ; Phi rns
on walls are a
very excellent

crop

Young fruit to

a great extent

destroyed by

the frosts in
May ; Victoria

the only sort

producing a
full crop ; this

invaluable
kitchen Plnm
ought to have.

its correct
name restored

Fine and
plentiful

Fair crop

Trees on the
walls thin ;
some stan-
dards good ;
taking alto-
gether under
average

A very heavy
crop ; quality
not first-rate

Thin on

standards,

generally good

on walls, about

an average

Good

Very thin on
walls ; scarcely
any on stan-
dard trees

Very scarce,

and were
injured by the
frost in May ;

were all

frosted, and

fell off the

trees after

they were set,

and about as

large as Peas

Very scarce

crop ; an

abundance of

blossom

Not so flno as

wo ha ve had

them, owing

to tlie May

fvoHt

Moderate

crop ; were

hurt by May

frosts

Never was a
bettor pros-
pect until the

May frost

swept them all

away

Less fruit than

ever was

known in this

district ; a

beautiful

bloom all cut

off by 0" of

frost on the

morning of

May 24, many

blossoms
having been
killed by two
previous frosts
Very scarce ;
cut off from
frost 24th May

Good and
plentiful

Good crop, but
of short dura-
tion ; want of
rain during
the time the
fruit was
swelling ;
foliage good

A good aver-
age crop, with
the exception
of those which
took the

morning sun,
and these were

a total failure

Not an

average ; thin

in many

places

Good

All the young

fruit and
blooms open
were killed
here on May
24. I have,
however, seen
fine crops in
the neighbour-
hood. Sir C.
Napier seems
to bear with
most certainty
A good gen era!
crop here ; at
Brambridge
House in this

neighbour-
hood, were all
killed by the
frost in May ;
all the bloom
was destroyed
on the 24th
May

Early aorta a
fair crop ; late
ditto very
light ; the
crop of early
sorts was
abundant,
owing to the
fruit being
set, and pro-
tected by the
foliage from
the severity
of the wea-
ther in May

Morellos on

north wall
much injured
here by frost ;
judging by the

quantity in
the markets,

fruit from
standard trees

must have
been plentiful

May duke,

MoreUos,

Bigarreaus,

very good and

plentiful

Good crop

Average crop
trees made
some good

shoots

On the hills a
good crop ;

destroyed by
the frost in
the valleys

Middling

On standard
trees all killed
by frost ; good

crops on the
walls

PEAnriES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

A good crop,
but injured
very much In
stoning by the
spring frosts

Generally good

Good

A crop on
walls ; pro-
mised well on
standards, but
entirely des-
troyed by frost

Were a very
good crop

Light crop;

I never saw a
better pros-
pect of fruit

than the trees
presented on

the 1st May

A fine crop,

the trees
looking well

APRICOTS.

A fair crop
generally

Crops fair, but
trees have not
made good
wood, in con
sequence of
the want of
wax-mth

Both mil-
dewed and
blighted very
much, and are
very scarce in
this district
Very good

Finest crop for

the last few

years ; trees

clean and

healthy :

gathered fruit
on the 16th

inst. ; White

Nectarine and
Double Mon-
tague Peach
out-of-doors

Promise to be
an excellent
Top, with the

exception of a
few old trees
that suffered

much f n>m the
spring frosts

Very partial :

thin in many

places

Very thin

Abundant
crops of fine
fruit where
trees are in
good condition

and saved
from the frost
by coverings ,
many failing
trees killed by
the winter
frost

My trees on

south wall
were nearly all
killed by the

May frost ;
and at a good

many places
in this neigh-
bourhood were
much injured.
Nectarines are

a pretty fair

crop, and look

very well

Good crop
where pro-
tected ; unpro-
tected, nil

Half a crop

A fair crop,

but small and

unkind

generally,

owing to the

ungenial

weather

in the end of

July

Abundant,
and of fine
quality, espe-
cially Moor-
parks ; care-
fully covered
ill spring

In most cases

killed by frost;

very scarce

Large wall
trees at least
GO years old
killed to the

gi-ound in
winter

Cut oft by hard
winter down
to old wood,
notwithstand-
ing good
covering
Fair crop

Wall trees very

deficient ;
Standards suf-
fered from last
winter's frost,
which was 5°
below zero

SMALL
FHUITS.

Abundant
and fino

Very plentiful,

especially
Gooseberries
and Currants

A fair crop ;
quantities on

each tree

killed by frost,

but enough left

for a crop

Gooseberries
and Currants
plentiful and
good ; all the
earliest flowers
of the Rasp-
berries frozen

and killed ;

crop conse-
quentlyshort

Raspberries

cut off by the

frost24thMay;

both have

been scarce

Abundant

A good crop

Walnuts
scarce, others
more plentiful

A total failure
from frost

after the crop
was well
advanced

Very little

fruit ; plants

suffered very

much

Trees all killed
to the ground
Trees, where

grown, aU

killed to the

ground

Very much
injured by the
frost in May,
and where not
protected,
fruit all des-
troyed ; trees
look well, and
have recovered
nicely

Very bad crop

the young

shoots killed

by the winter

frosts

Gooseberries
good crop ;
Mulberry
Standard, fine
crop ; Cur-
rants, good
crop ; Medlars,
average ;
Raspberries,
under aver-
age ; some of
last year's
canes killed
by the frost
Excellent, and
■dM of first-rate
quality

Generally

Very good

Gooseberries,
though many
dropped, are

plentiful ;
Currants

abundant ;
Raspberries

very scarce

Gooseberries,

Currants, and

Raspberries

Were a most

abundant crop

Average crop

NAME AND
ADDRESS.

Thos. Bailey, Shar-
dilocs Qardena,
Aniersham

J. H. Bird, Orchard
Villa, Bumham

H. Downing, Nor-
bury Park, Dork-

J. B. Whiting, the
Deepdcne, Dorking

Walnuts in
this neigh-
bourhood are
all killed by
May frost ;
Filberts are
very scarce ;
common wood
Nuts are
plentiful

Filberts thin

hero ; Walnuts

all cut off by

the frosts of

May ; a few

are to be

found in very

sheltered
situations only

None grown in Stejjh. Smith, Port-
this district nail Purk, Staines

Middling

Filberts under
average ; Wal-
nuts under
average

Filberts an
excellent crop

where well

sheltered, but

where exposed

a failure

Half a crop

An abundant
crop, and in
good condi-
tion

Light crop

J. W., Arundel

Thomas Jones, Pet-
worth House, Pet-
worth

George Cameron,
Goodwood

Wm. Meadfl, Minley
Manor, Farn-

borough

Thomas Shortt,
Heckfield Place

James Bell, Strath-
fieldsaye

Alexander Camp-
bell, Cranbury
Park, Winchester

Tho3. Challis, Wilton
House Gardens

882

THE GAPvPENEES' CHRONTCLE AND AGT^lCULTtlllAL GAZETTE.

[August 24, 1867.

CONDITION OF THE FEUIT C^OVS~{Contmued).

COUNTY.

APPLES.

PEARS.

PLUMS.

STRAW-
BERRIES.

CHERRIES.

PEACHES
AND NEC-
TARINES.

APRICOTS.

FIGS.

SMALL
FRUITS.

NUTS.

NAME AND
ADDRESS.

WESTERN

COUNTIES.

WILTS

Bad

Bad

Good

Veiy good

Good

Veiy bad

A complete
failure

Bad

Very good

Bad

Geo. Wright, Long-

leat, Warminster

Not an

With the ex-

Generally

Early varieties

Generally

Very scarce

First crop

Gooseben-ies

In some lo-

, Bowood Park

average crop

ception of a

trees are bare

very good,

good

nearly all

and Currants

calities a fair

few trees, fruit

of fruit, ex-

late varieties

destroyed

very good

crop

destroyed by

cepting where

destroyed by

crop ; Rasp-

late frost

securely pro-
tected

frost of the

22d and 23d
May

benies one-
thu-d of crop
destroyed

DORSET

A good few
but under

Average crop

Generally a

Thin at first,

Best crop for

....

<■••

Currants of all

T.C.EUiottjMelbury

poor crop, but

but continued

several years

kinds good ;

House

average, and

some sorts

much longer

Gooseberries

in the cider

have done weU

than usual in

the same ;

orcharda in

— as Morocco,

bearing, so

Raspben-ies

this neigli-
bourhood

Coe's Golden

that we had a

thin at first,

Drop,

fair supply

but have hadja

crops are very
poor indeed

Mitchelson's,

fair supply,

and Victoria

and still have
fine fruit

Scarce ; veiy
little cider

Below average

Thin crop

Below average,

Fair

Very f aii-

,^..

....

Full crops of

Plentiful

Henry Munro,

but good in

Goosebenies

Clevelandi, Lyme

will be made.

quality

and Currants ;

Regis

Blossom was

Raspberries

destroyed by a

below average

,

severe frost

DEVON

early in Jlay

The early
kinds thin ;

A good half
crop ; some of

About one
quarter of a

But Uttle
above half a

Abundant ;
the Morello

With us most
abundant and

Scarcely any
out-of-doors

Abundant
under glass ;

Gooseben-ies
and Currants

A very heavy
crop of large

James Barnes,

Bicton

late blossom-

the sorts a

crop: set well;

crop, and

crop very fine

fine, both in

late out-of-

of every

clusters in all

ing kinds a

good deal

got the size of

those not the

and clean

and out of

doors owing to

variety a

the hedges,

very heavy

crippled, and

Filberts ; cut

usual size.

indeed

doors, but not

the May and

heavy crop of

copses,&c.,also

crop ; trees

hidebound by

off by frost :

owing to all

a general crop

June frost

large clean

of Filberts and

obliged to be

cold and frost ;

the ground

the early first

out-of-doors in

cutting off all

fruit, free from

Cobs in gar-

propped, to

some varie-

covered with

blossom being

this locality ;

the first fruit

blight, cater-

dens, but no

save their

ties, since the

yellow

killed by frost

the foliage of

formed.

pillar, or

Walnuts ;

breaking down

more genial

crippled fruit

many trees

aphis. Rasp-

those were all

with weight of

weather,

was in May

berries half a

cut off by the

fruit ; clean,

cracking open

and June ex-

crop, owing to

severe June

fine foliage,

tensively

frost cutting

frosts

and strong

blistered, ^aud

off firet

healthy

young wood

blossom.

growth; alarge

sadly

quantity of

cankered

cider will be

made this year

In some

Are generally

Are a very

In some gar-

Have been a

Are generally

....

Promise a

Goosebemes

Common

Wm. Burner, Combe

orchards the

very scarce

partial crop

dens the crop

partial crop ;

scarce ; very

very scanty

and CuiTants

Hazel Nuts in

Royal, Kingsbridge

crop is abun-

has been very

Morellos very

few ripe; many

crop ; much

veryfaircrops;

woods are

dant ; in

good : in

fine

sorts promise

cut by late

Raspberries

plenty ; of Fil-

others a com-

others scanty

to be fine

spring frost

are a partial

berts, but

plete failure

crop

few are grown

SOMERSET-

Is a very par-
tial crop.owing

no doubt to

Tender kinds

Better sorts

Has been a

Has been a

Are very

The trees were

Are a good
crop of all

There has been

Filberts and

Charles Elworthy,

SHIRE

none, the

very scai-ce.

good crop, with

good crop on

scarce, some

very much in-

plenty ; these.

Rents are a

Nettlecorab e,

flower buds

common sorts

the exception

walls, but on

trees have

jured by the

kinds, but

of course, were

good crop

Taunton

the frost on

being much

are more plen-

of the late

standard trees

been killed.

frost and cold

late

in flower after

here ; Walnuts

May 25, when

injured by 10°

tiful; fruit

flowers, which

the crop was

others much

rain in spring

the March

are^ very scarce

we had 5" of

of frost and

fine; these

were inj ured

much injured

injured, but

to such a de-

winter, and

in general.

frost ; the

7 inches of

also suffered

by the May

by the frost in

I fear the wood

gree that they

were well set

owing to the

fruit is fine

snowinMarch:

from the same

frost, causing

May

will not ripen

were de-

before the

frost in May

hardy kinds

cause as Pears

the crop to be

well, the

nuded, as well

May frost

are a fair crop,

of short dura-

growth being

as the Peaches

but small

tion

30 late

andNectaiines

Qiiiteafailure,

Veiy poor

In some places

Has been very

Very partial

A failure, ex-

>•..

Round here an

Has been very

Wm. Dods, Ashton

scarcely an

crop, so far as

pretty good

good. ,

crop

cept in places

average crop

good

Court, Bower Ash-

Apple to be

my observa-

on walls, very

where well

ton

seen

tions go

few on

standards

protected

GLOUCESTER-

Very deficient;

About half a

Nearly a com-

Abundant, but

Plentiful, par-

A full crop of

....

Abundant

Abundant

Alexander Cramb,

SHIRE

in our orchard

crop, and con-

plete failure.

small, owing

ticularly the

the early

Tortworth, Wot-

of 3 acres

fined princi-

whether as

to the sharp

earliest kinds

varieties ; the

ton-under-Edge

there is

pally to the

regards

frosts during

latter kinds

scarcely a

early kinds

trained or

the middle of

are deficient —

bushel of fruit

standard trees

May, which
injured the

flowers
Small, and

about one-
third of a crop

HEREFORD-

An

Plentiful, but

Abundant

Good

Plentiful, but

Plentiful and

Walnuts

John Campbell,

SHIRE

average crop

apparently

deficient in

small and late;

good ; no

scarce ;

Downton Castle,

small

flavour ; con-
siderably in-
ferior to last
year

leaves blis-
tered : conse-
quently lata
growth andun-
ripened wood

caterpUIar

Filberts
plentiful

near Ludlow

Very few ;

Half a crop

Good

Good

Good

Very few. trees

• •..

• ■••

Good

Good

Samuel WeUs.Holme

Ribston Pip-

nearly killed

Lacy

pins good

by blister

Below the

Average; some

Good crop,

All kinds have

Average

Below the

....

Average ;

Gooseberries,

Filberts, Cobs,

William Browne,

average ; an

of the coarser

looks well ;

boms remark-

average;

though small

CuiTants,

average ;

Shobdon Court

abundance of

peiTy kinds

Damsons good

ably heavy

but suffered

and bad

Raspberries

hedge do..

Gardens, near Leo-

blossom in the

veiy abundant

and well-

much from the

flavoured

very good ;

abundant

minster

spring, but did

flavoured

effects of sharp

Currants

not set

crops

frosts in May

particularly

fine
Abundance

WORCESTER-

Vei-y scarce

Fail' crop

Good crop

Good

Pair crop

Trees suffered

Fair crop

Good crop

Robert Dalrymple,

I SHIRE

muchfromcold
spring ," ci-op

very thin
Good where

Hadzor House,
Droitwich

Crops partial ;

An average

An average

Very light :

Standard trees

Very few ;

Curi'anta fine.

Very light ;

WilliamCox, Madras-

best where

'crop of perry

crop, trees

much injured

a partial

protected.

trees in some

clean, and

much injured

field Court, Great

sheltered from

Pears ; best

in some situa-

by frosts while

crop : wall

Aphis very

places nearly

abundant ;

by May frosts

Malvern

east winds.

kinds light

tions much

in bloom.

trees generally

troublesome

destroyed to

Gooseberries

Trees healthy

bUghted

Picking gene-
rally finished

a fair crop ;

Morellos very

good

eai'ly, but

ti-ees now

clean ; crops

late

Below the

the ground

light ; Rasp-
berries a good
average crop

CORNWALL ....

Considerably

Inferior crop ;

Scarcely any

Very fair crop

Early Cherries

None what-

Average crop

Filberts but

H.M., Enys, Penryn

under the

small ; and a

veiy indif-

average, and

ever, the

little grown ;

average

great deal of
fungus grow-

ferent ; late,
better, but not

veiy late in
ripening

young wood
being killed

common in
woods.

ing on tbem

good 1 '

last winter

average

I

Peaches and Nectarines on the same tree. — Instances
have not been uufreciueat of Peaches and Nectarines
being naturally produced on the same tree, and upon
the same branch, and occasionally of the two fruits
beinp! united in one; such instances, however, are, I
believe, sufficiently rare to make it worth while to
record them when they occur, and I therefore take this
occasion of troubling you to state that I have now
growing in my garden here a Peach tree, having
several specimens of this irregularity of production.

Home Correspondence.

On one branch is a Peach and a Nectarine, and a fruit
partly one and partly the other ; on another a Peach
and a Nectarine, and on a third a Peach and
Nectarine combined, besides other fruit. The first
mention I And of such instances is in a paper by
E,. A. Salisbury, F.B.S., read at a meeting of the
London Horticultural Society, on 3d May, 1808. Oeo.
R. Mai'teii. Marshal's Wick, St Albaii's.

Grape judging. — "At last justice is to be done
though the heavens should fall." What an expression

of power ! "What a sensational idea, too, this of dressmg
lilack Grapes in red clothing ! ' Our li-iend Thomson
I presume, has, as it were, thrown down the gauntlet
for some other than " Vitis vinifera" to take it up ; il
not, shallow indeed would be our knowledge o what
good Grapes are and ought to be. I still hold there is
no need of tasting Grapes to know their flavour. An
experienced eye can always tell a good, ripe black
Grape without using either of the senses— touch or
palate ; if not, it is high time we were all put down sa

AuGtrsT 24, 1867.]

THE GAKDENERS' CirRONIGLE ANT) AORKlUETtTRAE GAZETTE.

883

know-nothings. I am glad I was the originator of the
discussion at the Mimcliester show, when Mr. Thomson
asked me whether I should know what colour a Grape
Wiis if I ate it in the dark. Rather a lame argument,
I think. However, wo are all indebted to him I'or
hriuKinf? thi.s vexed question before the public; but
I think Mr. Thomson's standard can be altered. I
should prefer leaving flavour out. Every man in the
j)rofession ought to know that a good, ripo Grajie,
jilump and sound, ha.s a good flavour; a good bloom
will be sure to accompany the foregoing qualities if the
Vines have been projierly managed, havmg no adinity
to mildew, which, I am sorry to say, many gardeners
deal in, I should have, for colour, 3 marks; shape
of bunch, .3 marks ; evenness of berry, 3 marks ;
size or weight, 3 marks ; bloom, 3 marks ; total,
15 marks. I think with this standard old or new
judges could make no mistake; and all the criticisms
after (if the Grapes were impartially judged) could not
alter their decision. If this ratio he fixed on, we may
then thank a great friend for speaking; but if yon
allow reilness in Grapes to have any weight in the
decisions, you form a loop-hole for inferior cultivation.
Charhs Priini/, Or. to H. II. Gihhs, Esq., St. Diinslan's,
lie'lt'iif'.^' I\iA; Alt;/. ]'.).

T/ie M'enflirr at Boiiniemoiit/i. — The following is an
account of the weather here during the week ending
August 17th. The instruments used were Negretti &
Zambra's standard: i feet 6 inches above ground,
80 feet above .sea-level : —

i^i

3

"■i

Thormo-

a

to

D

meter in
shiido.

3

s

Wind.

Ozone.

Mux,

Mill.

Mom.

Aft.

11

30.193

73,5

45.7

;>a

N. &a.

2.

0.

v.!

30.oy3

77.

51.2

(ill

S.E.

5,5

B.6

1,1

30,029

83.

02.2

54

_ S,E.

8.

8,5

U

so,ooa

82.

69.7

74

TJ.E. & S.W.

3.5

4.5

l.'>

29,753

615.2

58.2

84

.09

N. bS.

2.5

1.5

l(i

29.-58

73,

55.

59

.01

N.W.

4.

8.

1-

29.937

6S,7

59.

7(i

N.W. &S.W.

9.

9.

Bemovo this crop at the earliest moment when
ripe, then, having first raked off all loose lit,ter,
stones, 4c., thoroughly hoo the bed over. This
operation must be performed with due regard to
the habitual stiffness or consi.stency of any given .soil,
and also with due regard— even in the lightest soil-
to the proper destruction of everything in the sh;ipe
of weeds. The heavier or stiller the soil, then, the
deeper and more thoroughly penetrative must bo the
hoenig. Should the weather bo favourable, it should
receive two or three consecutive rakings over, the more
thoroughly to destroy seed-weeds, &c. The soil will
then ho ready for tho plants, when the necessary drill
rows have been drawn in which to transplant them.
I find it bolter here, ngain, to make two or niore
seiiarato pUuiliogs, .sckcliiig the strongest plants in the
bed for the first operation ; a week's interval or so^
having elapsed, the secondary seedling." will be of
sullicient size to take the next division. It will be
seen how much more likely plants grown firmly in such
positions are to stand severe frosts than are others
which push forth leaves strong and sappy from freshly
dug and manured ground. One other thing I wonM
remark, and that is, when from any cause it is desirable
to plant under such conditions, be particular at all
times to thoroughly tread the ground over first, even
along tho drill rows after they have been drawn out.
Cabbages, if grown at all, are surely worth growing
well. William Barley, Bigsivell,

S. C. C. Lippincoit, Bovrnemouth, Aug. 19.

Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat Orape.—ln consequence
of Mr. Cragg having stated (see p. 857) that he could
not see how I could have made such a mistake as to
say that this varietyresemblcs Lady Downes' Seedling,
I must beg permission to encroach again on your space.
For three years in succession, previous to my coming to
this neighbourhood, I saw this latter variety grown in
a lean-to house, devoted to its culture, 60 feet long and
13 feet wide, with due west aspect, and the bunches
averaged ench year from 10 to 15 inches in length, with
shoulders of medium size, well proportioned through-
out; berries oval, jet black, set on short, st^t fruit-
stalks ; flesh firm, sugary, and vinous. If this is not a
true delineation of Lady Downes, I hope some of your
more able correspondents will set me right. Perhaps
Mr. AVills, of Huntroyde, who I know has grown this
variety, will decide the matter. That excellent culti-
vator, with a splendid b.asket of this fruit, grown whilst
he was at Oulton Park, took au equal 2d prize with
Mr. Henderson, at the Crystal Palace Show in the
autumn of ISIU. Mr. Cragg, whilst writing on Mrs.
Pince's Grape (see p. 1221, 18G6), says that he saw a
Vine of this variety which was producing fine bunches
jet black. And, again, whilst writing about the
same Grape (see p. 857), he describes the colour
as purplish-black. Why does he assign these two
different shades of colour to this Grape ? My opinion
is, that Mrs, Pince's Muscat, when well cultivated,
will be as black as any variety we have in cultivation,
and when better known it cannot fail to be appre-
ciated, nomas Foote, Or., Saldon Souse, near
Exeter.

Foa tricialis argentea.— In answer to " "W. T.," I
have to state that my plants of Poa trivialis argentea
came from Messrs. Carter & Co, There is not the
slightest sign of departure from the variegation in any
one of them. I may take this opportunity to reply
to Mr. Bennett's query respecting the two varieties of
Viola enrnuta. My plants of Mauve pueen, or Mr.
Wills' variety, \\ere raised from cuttings, and the
plants of Purple Queen came direct from Mr. Bennett
to a friend of mine, from whom I obtained them, S. I).
Carter's Ash-top Fluke Potato.— 1 purchased of
Messrs. Carter & Co., High Holborn, some of their
Ash-top Fluke Potatos in April last, and set them by
the side of the Ash-top Potato, I find them nearly as
early as the Ash-top, and they grow large and plen-
tiful. Fryer Richardson, Sorsewai/ Souse, Chatteris.
[Along with this came a sample of the Potato in
question, and specimens of the same variety have also
been sent to ns by Messrs. Carter & Co. It is a white
medium-sized Kidney, very smooth in the skin, .and
furnished with few eyes, which are nearly level with
the surface— altogether a finely-shaped and excellent
Kidney Potato. Eds.]

Spring Caliliages.— As this is about the time when
plantations of Cabbages are made which are intended
to stand through the winter, for the purpose of a supply
of good-hearted early material, I may perhaps be per-
mitted to make a few remarks, wdiich may be of use to
some, as regards their culture, and especially to those
who have light or moderately light soils on which to
operate. Few things are more partial to a good firm
bed than Cabbages are, or delight and prosper better
under such conditions in a soil with good heart, as
opposed to one loo.sened and mixed with fresh, ill-
decomposed manure ; for that reason, freshly dug and
manured ground should never he used for the purpose
specified, unless the soil be very heavy and bad. The
best possible place for the purpose is an old " onion
bed," upon which onions are at present ripening ofl'.

Foreign Correspondence.

The P.\bis Congress,— I think our Congress in
London was as well arranged with reference to practical
uses as anj', although we had had no experience in such
matters, I think it is a mistake inviting people to
these Congresses who are not pure botanists, unless
they may go into subjects they may think themselves
acquainted with. Thus to my mind, the first question
proposed, viz,, the influence of soil on the distribution
of plants, is more of a subject for nurserymen than for
botanists.

One must wait until the end before one can judge
fully ; but I am clear on one point, and that is, that
these disjointed Congresses do little more good than
enable people to meet, and when not conducted as that
wa.s at Amsterdam, where they appointed a hotel, or
cafe, at which to meet at a certain hour in the evening,
then that benefit is lost. That was the great fault of
our London meetini, and here it is still worse.

What I should like to see is an International or
Universal Botanical and Horticultural Association,
which shall hold Congresses annually in difl'erent
capital cities (that may offer to receive it), in the same
way as our Agricultural Society and the British Asso-
ciation meet at different towns in Great Britain ; and
that every member of tho Association shall pay a cer-
tain sum per annum, which shall go to pay expenses of
printing and distributing the proceedings. This I call
a practical plan, and I should be glad to see it adopted.
I cannot, in a brief letter like this, even shadow out
the advantages of such an Association ; but they will
be patent to every practical mind. The rules could be
framed afterwards. I should like the head-quarters to
be in England, therefore I would add that the Linnean
Society should undertake it; but if the Society will not,
then let it be an independent Association. li. Warner.

[We have not much hope of the Linnean Society
moving in the matter, after the cold reception given to
the Congress of 1880: but as that was successfully
carried out, an independent Association, such as Mr.
Warner suggests, could doubtless be organised.— Eds.]

RovAL HORTICULTDRAL : April 19. (Floml Committee.) This
was a meeting at Chiswick, held for the purpose of examining
the bedding pla^is which were sufficiently advanced, chiefly
Pelargoniums, and for determiningr their respective merits.
Many of the sorts were as yet not sufficiently advanced, owing
to having been received in a small state, and the season having
been untienial, but the following, which are either novelties
or sorts not previouslv tried out-of-doors, were awarded First-
class Certificates as i3edding Pelargoniums :— Madame Weric,
free blooming, fine shape, white, ■with delicately-tinted rosy-
pink eye ; leaf zoned. Fairy Queen, a free and useful sort,
with bright rosy crimson flowers, and lobed leaves. Dr. Houg,
very showy, a semi-nosegay with large broad petals of a rosy
crimson hue, the lower petals, especially in some stages, being
more strongly suffused with rose. Sambo, dwarf compact
habit, and faijitly zoned leaves, the flowers rather small but of
a very rich crimson scarlet. Madame Martha Vincent, free
blooming good white, the white a little tinted, and the flowers
in good trusses. Purity, free and bearing good trusses, the
flowers pure white. This and the foregoing are the two
best of the many white-flowered sorts in the collection,
the first having slightly the advantage in freenesa and
size of truss, aud the Latter in pureness of colour. Crystal
Palace Gem, a large, red, and very showy flower with
small white eye, something in the way of Roi d'ltalie,
and with dark zoned leaves. Lady Constance Grosvenor,
a very effective flower, and probably the best, as far as
yet developed, of the present season; the leaves are of a
peculiarly lively green, and elegantly marked with a dark
zone and the flowers (of the Nosegay class) are of a very bright
scarlet and produced in large tnisses ; it is a decided beat
upon Cybister. Violet Hill Noseg.ay, which had formerly been
voted a Second-class Certificate, was now given a First ; it is
remarkably dwarf and compact, with a full head of salmon-
red flowers, and has lobed leaves : and if a continuous bloomer,
will make a pretty edging variety. Gloire de Nancy, with
large plain gretm leaves, and rosy-tinted flowers, was selected
for reward as the best of the double-flowered varieties yet ob-
tainable. Rebecca, a semi-nosegay, with zoned leaves and fine
trusses of large rosy-red flowers, having glowing upper
petals. Warrior, a strong-gi-owing sort, with plain green
leaves and large trusses of finely-shaped bright scarlet
flowers. Princess Alexandra, a silver variegated sort, of
compact growth, with large flat leaves, broadly edged with
white. CastlcmUk, a white -edged variety, of rather
erect free growth, with the leaves incUned to cup.
Snowdrop, the counterpirt of Princess Alexandra, as to
compactness and flatness of leaf, but with the broad margin
of a creamy tint. Second-class Certificates were given t the

f'llluwiug :— Alblun'H CHITh. a silver-edged, much in the way o(
(iLstleniilk, but more vigurous in growth, and NomowJiat less
wliitu ill appt;aram;o ; a i4-iud useful nort, nevertheless. Oboron
Nusogay, with yulluwifih green leaves, marked by a dull zono,
;iii.n;irgoHcarlot semi nosegay rtuwci-H ; itiabrik'Ut in colour,
l.iit thin. Emily Murland, a Konaio Hcarlot ; Vulcan, a froo-
^rnwiug Hort, with grecu lobod leaves, and Homi-nosegay
ihiwurH of a clear scarlet.

In addition to the foregoing Pirst-cLi_S8 Certificates woro
s<ivoQ to Messrs. E. O. Henderson it Son's Pyrothrum Ooldon
Keathor. and to Mr. Chater's dwarf, compact-gi'owing, orange-
.Hi^arlet TroiJinolum called Advancer.

/(nj^fiuf '.iU.—W. Wilson Saunders, K.sq., in the chair. Ono
nr two Kullowfl were elected. From Mr. Hull, King's Hoad,
( 'lnrl,si;a, c^imc an interesting collection of plants, among which
rulamuM javanii'Ufl, C. adspersus, two handsome kmds of
I'ahuH, .and Alsuphila Leicbardtiana, a pronuMiiig tree Foni,
roeoivud Firfit-chwH Certificates. Among others in tho wamo
collection were Kchitcs rubro-venosa, with licnutiful rosy
veined foliage; LomariafalcafcifromNewZuuhmd ; Onhiopogon
spicatuin, from Japan, with_ leaves striped with creamy
yollow ; charmingly bloomed little plants of Lilium a\u'atum ;
tho white-stemmed Dielfenbachia Baraquiniana, panfuls of
V'allota purpurea and its variety oximia, both of which rank
amongnt the most ahowy of wfnter blooming plants ; a
small but unique examijlo of Yucca quadriculor, Dracaena
Cotijiori, from New Caledonia; Cycas Riuminiana, from tho
Philipi)ines, and the large, glossy-leaved Fieun Portcana, a
kind which deserves to rank high among finc-foliaged planta.
From Mr. Broekhurst, gardener to A. Turner, Esq., of Leices-
ter, came a handsome unnamed Cattleya ; Messrs. E. G. Hen-
derson had a variety of Ixora crocata called lutilms, to which
a First-cla.ss Certificate was awarded ; and from the same firm
also f-amo Crinum gigantcum, producing two robust flower
stems, surmounted by chisters of large white blossoms. Mr,
Parsons was awardeda First-class Certificate for an interesting
variety of Lady Fern called Athyrium Filix-fcemina cerato-
phyllum. A boxful of blooms of MartSchal Niel Rose was
shown in admirable condition by Mr. Keynes, of Salisbury,
who was awarded a Special Certificate for them.

One of the most interesting features connected with this
meeting were some seedhng Hollyhocks, from the Rev. E.
Hawke and Mr. Chater, of Saffron Walden, the latter contri-
buting a fine lot of spikes as well as cut blooms. First-class
Certificates were awarded to Ruby Queen (Hawke), brilliant
ruby red, flowers large and full, and Gem (Hawke), deep
3 Union rose, flowers large, and of full substance. These were
shown in the form of cut blooms. The same award was also
made to the following, which were shown in the shape of
spikes, viz.. Alba superba (Chater), pure white, large and
full; and a Second-class Certificate to Walden Queen (Chater),
pinkish salmon, the flowers somewhat small, and loosely set
on the spike. Other new kinds shown by Mr. Chater weio
^V^litley King, not so good as Hawke's Gem ; Queen of Yellows
(Chater), a very good shade of colour, but wanting colour in
the guard petal, which was also too large; and Moonlight
(Chater), a glossy, dark kind, wanting quaUty. A fine collec-
tion of cut blooms was also shown by Mr. Chater. Seedling
Dahlias were shown by Messrs. Keynes, Hopkins, <fc Pope.
Second-class Certificates were awarded to Mrs. Dodds
(Keynes), white ground, tipped with lilac, the centre deeper
in colour good form and outline, and high close centre ; and
to Caroline TettereU (Keynes), somethmg like the foregoing in
character, tho lilae being, however, of a deeper hue, and dis-
tributed more over the ground, good form, aud high close
centre. Mr. Keynes also had Miss Sarah Turner, pale ground,
heavily tipped with rosy purple ; Royal Purple, rich rosy
purple ■ Lady Derby, pale ground, heavily tipped with dark
purple ;' Snowball, white, large, but low in the centre ; Duke
of Edinburgh, rosy violet, a niee shade of colour ; and the
Hon Mr. Bouverie, orange buff, with a dark tip. Dahlia
Rutli (Pope) is a small light ground flower, edged with rosy
purple ; and Excellent (Hopkins) is a small flower of a pretty
shade of colour, best described as orange maroon.

A First-class Certificate was awarded to Mr. John Standish,
Ascot for a free-blooming perpetual Picotee, Ascot yellow,
bright yellow ground, edged with rosy red, the habit excellent,
a capital variety for cutting from. The same award was
likewise made to Mr. Eckford, Coleshill, Berks, for Verbcnrt.
The Cure, rose suffused with purple, having a well-defined
centre of bright crimson ; pips stout and large, and ver^
attractive From the same raiser came Isa Key, rosy lilac,
with white centre ; Lady Folkestone, and Mrs. Bouverie, both
in the way of Perry's Jliss Turner, but not so good ; Novelty,
pale lilac ; Emperor, violet, with white centre; and Mrs. Hay,
pale pink with lemon eye. ,,,,,« ■ t^ ^

Messrs E. G. Henderson & Son had a double-flowenng French
Pelargonium which appeared to bloom but sparingly ; Messrs.
Downie Laird, & Laiug furnished a bright-looking Nosegay
Pelargonium, named M.aguuni Bonum, the trusses of which
are r^iarkably fine, but the flowers individually are small and
somewhat rough; Mr. Bull had also some very promising
yearling zonal and plain-leaved Pelargoniums, of different
shades of scariet and cerise, together with one or two of the
salmon-coloured division. - r r -4. m

Various prizes were offered on this occasion for fmits. The
best dish of Peaches grown on an open wall eame fi-om Mr.
Lynn gr to Lord Boston ; for Peaches grown in an orchard-
house Mr. Douglas, gr. to F. Whitburn, Esq., Loxiord Hall,
llford' was first with very good Early York. In the class for
Apricots grown on an open wall there were three exhibitors—
namclv. Mr. Lynn. Mr. Eariey, gr. to F. Pryor, Esq., DigsweU,
and Jlr. Cox, Redleaf. The 1st prize was adjudged to Mr.
Eariey whose Moorparks were large, handsome, and delicious.
As regards Nectarines there was no competition. Mr. Lynn
exhibited Hunt's Tawny from the open wall, and took a
'»d prize and Mr. Douglas received a first prize for orchard-
house fi'uit. Mr. Tegg, gi'. to the Duke of Newcastle, Clumber,
sent a dish of very fine Grosse Miguonne Peaches, and was
awarded a Special Certificate. A 1st prize was awarded to
Jfr. Cox for three dishes of Plums, consisting of Huling'a
Superb, Jefferson, and Greengage.

Mr. Webb, of Calcot, near Reading, sent a seedling Plum,
which, however, was considered unworthy of a Certificate.
Mr w'halley, gr. to the Bi-shop of London, sent two Melons.
Mr Eariey 'contributed two fruit of Dr. Hogg 3Ielon, an
exceUent green-fleshed kind. Mr. Perkms, gi-. to Lord
Henniker, Thornham Hall, Suffolk, sent a dish of Queen
\niie's Pocket Melon ; and from Mr. W. Cox, gi". to Lord
Beauchamp, cime a seedling Grape raised from Black Ahcante
crossed by Muscat of Alexandria. In shape the bunch
resembles that of Muscat Hamburgh, but is rather more
tapering. The benies are large and oval ; skin jet black, witli

fine bloom ; berry-stalks short, stout, and warted ; flesh
m, juiey. rich, sugary, brisk and vinous, and pr— •"" "
distinct Muscat flavour. It deservedly received a

^ Mr. Bradley, of Elton Jlanor Gardens, Nottingham, sent a
■ • from Keswick CodUn ; Mr. Jackson Blake-

Apple, which, however, had not sufticient ^^^"^"u? w-.v
toaCeri:ifieate. From G. R. Marten. Esq., Marsha s Wick
St. Alban's, came Peach and Nectarine fruits on the same
bearing shoot, to which reference i^^niade m anothei coton.

Mr. Tegg sent a dish of Guava (Pf d"'^ ^.^^^^^S'anumj m
fine concUtton ; and Mr. Evershead exhibited, through Messrs.

884

THE GARDENERS' CHliONlCLE AND AGHICULTDEAL GAZETTE.

[August 24, 1867.

Wrenuh &■ Song, of London Bridge, two new Peas, which, liow-
e.-er, did not seem to differ much from Ne Plus Ultra.

Messrs. Stiifirt & Mein, of Kelso, sent specimens of Austra-
lian Spinach (Chenopodiilm aUricomum), which were ordered
to be cooked and a report to be made to the next Meeting of
the Committee. Mr. Gadd, gr. to Lord Middleton, WoUaton
Hall, Nottingham, sent fruit of the CheiTy Tomato, which had
been received from California, and from Messrs. A. Henderson
& Co. came fruit of a seedling Cucumber, called Champion of
St. Alban's.

The Chairjian remarked that it had occun-ed to him, on
seeing the specimens of Lilium auratum which had been exhi-
bited, that it would be desirable to try what could be done by
hybridising it with other species, with the view of xmiting to
its fine foim other colours. The Fi-ench had worked upon
Lilies to a considerable extent, and had succeeded in raising
numerous varieties, and he thoueht English horticulturists
ought to see if they too could not make a step ahead. Success,
he believed, only required piitience and a little investigation,
and he was sure that among all the beautiful tribes of plants
the Lilies were one of the most worthy of such a tiial.

The Rev. Joshua Dix remarked that the Meeting on the 17th
of September would be rendered iateresting by a competition
of Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums (see p. 876).

Aetificial Queen-raising, {Continued from p.
715). — In my last communication on this subject, I
gave an account of my proceedings up to the early part
of July. It may be remembered that several hives had
been deprived of their queens, for which suitable
brood-comb or royal cells had been substituted. I now
propose to relate the result of these attempts at queen-
raising. I may premise that I am not a novice in
this matter, having practised the rearing of queens,
and the formation of artificial swarms, with great
success for many years. When the first of the
papers on this subject was commenced I could not
say what might be the result of the various opera-
tions, but I had no reason to suppose that less
success would attend my efforts during the present
season than usual. But I have to acknowledge that
this summer has been a singularly unpropitious one for
me, both as regards honey collecting and queen raising.
It often happens that, in the pursuit of any science, we
may learn almost as much by our failures as by our
successes. I think it right, therefore, to give an
account of both. We are too apt to impart, ourselves,
as well as to hear from others, only the successful and
bright side of the results of all these and similar mani-
pulations, while our failures are too frequently allowed
to pass unnoticed, and to be consigned to oblivion.

No. 3. From this hive, as previously related, the old
queen was removed, and a brood-comb, with two
sealed royal cells, was inserted. With but little delay
a young queen assumed the functions of sovereignty
and maternity ; the stock is populous, and, so far as
the season goes, prosperous. A super was put on which
would probably have been filled if the honey season
had been more propitious.

No. 9. This stock was operated on the next in suc-
cession to No. 3 so early as the 14th of June. The
queen having been removed, a pure Ligurian royal
cell, the inmate of which ought to have been almost on
the point of arriving at full maturity, was inserted.
This cell, however, becoming abortive, great numbers
of royal cells were started from the original brood.
These were persistently removed as fast as begun. At
length I resolved on removing every particle of brood,
and forming an artificial swarm therewith. A comb
of pure Ligurian brood and eggs was given to the bees
of No. 9. Some cells were raised, but at the end of a
month, on examination, the hive was found to be
without any queen. Most probably one was hatched
in duo time, but may have been lost in her matri-
monial excursion. On the 25th of July a sealed
royal cell, removed from an artificial swarm just
in time to be saved from destruction by a slightly
older rival who had come out but an hour or so
previously, was fitted into one of the combs of No. 9.
The inmate of this cell was out by the 27th ; she
proved to be the niost diminutive queen I ever saw :
she was so small, being scarcely longer than an ordinary
bee, that it was a considerable time before I could
distinguish her from her subjects. She soon after-
wards disappeared without having laid an egg. Cells
are being raised in another stock, from which I hope
to obtain a queen for this at present queenless and
broodless colony. S. Bevaii Fox,

Miscellaneous.

Gardens of the Hoyal Horticultural Society at South
Kensington. — These will be open free to the public on
Monday next, August 26, by command of her Majesty
the Queen, in commemoration of the birthday of the
late Prince Consort. The cascades and fountains will
play during the day, and military bauds will perform
both morning and afternoon.

TF/tat Caterpillars, and what other insects ? — A plan
has recently been successfully adopted at Auxonne,
J'rance, of preserving crops against the ravages of
caterpillars and other insects by placing artificial nests
of wood or pottery about the farms or vineyards.— The
JPress and iSt. James's Chronicle.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing weeh.)
PLANT HOUSES.

Perhaps no time is better for undertaking repairs,
such as painting, whitewashing, mending, or altering
hot-water pipes, sweeping flues, &c., than August.
Let all such operations, where needed, therefore, be
done forthwith. Pelargoniums, struck from cuttings
about April last, should now receive their last shift, if
in need of another before winter approaches. Sbould
the weather continue fine, free exposure to the outer
air will suit them admirably. Continue to pinch back

all soft-wooded stove plants, such as JPentas carnea.
Begonias, &c., intended for flowering after those which
are beginning to show symptoms of blossoming are past
their best. Cut back all Kalosanthes which have ceased
flowering. Do not cut them down too severely ; they
break better with a moderate piece of young wood for
a base than when severed in two down close to the old
wood of the previous summer. Make the necessary
quantity of cuttings, chosen from amongst the youngest
wood upon the prunings. Remove sufficient leaves
from around the base to properly insert the cuttings in
the soil, and a few from the apex of the cutting also,
as this tends to make them break more freely.
Keep the old plants so cut-in rather dryer for
a time ; affording them abundance of air, with free
exposure to the sun. Sfatices, likewise, which have
done flowering, must be gone over individually, remov-
ing all decayed leaves, old flower-stalks, &c., and pot-
ting any which need a shift into a free, open, sandy
peat. Crock the pots well, and press the soil firmly
around the balls. Any which are not in need of a
larger pot, should receive a surface dressing. After
having removed a little of the soil from the top of the
old balls, press the dressing down firmly, and finish
off neatly, so as not to allow loose soil to lay about the
surface ; as this is retentive of moisture, to an excess
of which these plants have a dislike during the duller
winter months. Any which are want^ing in healthi-
ness or vigour— when the operation just named has
been performed— might be placed in any structure,
where a nice genial warmth can be maintained. If
kept here for six weeks, time will then be left to pro-
perly inure them to their more natural temperature
before the approach of actual winter.
FORCING HOUSES.
Vineries intended for very early forcing will shortly
need especial attention. Those upon which the wood
has become properly matured— which is indicated by
the uniform decay of the foliage, &c. — might be pruned
at once. Do not cut-in too severely, but rather select
good prominent eyes, where these are attainable with-
out causing an undue elongation of the "spurs."
Should more eyes push than what may be requisite in
consequence, it will be easy to rub them off, after
having chosen the stronger ones. Also prune Pot
Vines intended for early work. Do not shorten them
too much, though it will be necessary to remove from
the points all wood which has not become thoroughly
well matured. Protect the borders of Vineries in-
tended for early work from wet. This is best done by
covering them over with any spare lights which are at
hand, a process by which they are not only protected
from excessive wet, but solar warmth is collected
and retained, and thus assists in more thoroughly
ripening the Vines. Prepare an admixture of two
parts good rotten dung, one of rich mellow loam,
and one of old mortar debris and road scrapings ;
and when this compost is well mixed up together,
place it in a position sheltered from rains. This
will shortly be required, as a dressing to the
Vine borders aforesaid after the removal of a
portion of the spent surface therefrom.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.
Strawlerrij Runners laid in pots, for the purpose of
forcing in the ensuing Winter, must be shifted without
further delay into the pots in which it is intended they
should fruit, Picked large-sized 32's alone are fit for
this purpose. Pot them into about two-and-a-half
parts of good rich fibrous loam, and one of thoroughly
decayed spit-manure. One good crock alone, properly
placed, will be necessary for drainage ; upon that place
a slight layer of manure, as above. Do not bury the
crowns too deeply, and Vot moderately firm. When
potted, do not omit the precautions necessary to secure
them against worms, which enter the pots readily,
where these are not placed upon ashes or some similar
material with which they dislike to come in contact.
Place them in a fully exposed situation, where the sun
can shine fully upon them from early morning until
past noon. Do not, as is too frequently the case,
commence giving manure-water to them until the roots
begin to " feel" the inner sides of the pots, as too much
liquid has a great tendency to sour the soil where no
gross-feeding roots are present in an active state.
Other " runners" layered in the ground and intended
for the purpose of making fresh plantations with,
should have the connecting link with the parent plant
severed in two. This will give them a full oppor-
tunity of establishing themselves quickly, with no
need of further parental support. No time should
be lost, and especially should moist showery weather
prevail, in forming fresh beds as quickly as possible
when the plants have once arrived at this stage. They
have need of all the " stored up " resources possible, to
enable them efiiciently to meet the demands which are
in anticipation respecting the forthcoming spring crop.

hardy flower garden, BEDDING PLANTS, &c.

Choose a favourable opportunity to go thoroughly
into the subject of " Bedding out," with the view of
attaining greater success next season than has been
arrived at this. Untiring attention to the several
merits of individual plants, whether as regards form,
colour, or habit, will be needful where a proper blend-
ing of plants— whether grouped sparingly, or placed en
masse— h desired. Bear in mind that every garden, of
any pretension, should have some change from what it
was last season. The present style of "bedding-out" is
sufficiently monotonous in itself, without too great a
repetition of old blendings, &c. Of Pelargoniums
some decisive choice must be made from amongst the
many varieties, of every hue and colour, now in
existence, choosing those only which for certain merits
are best adapted for the purpose for which they are to
be used next spring ; for to store away, a few weeks
hence, numberless varieties, with no settled plan of
action, will entail throughout the winter a vast amount

of useless labour. Where gardeners do not, as a rule
plan out their own ways of planting, but are required
to follow those of their employers, they should not
fail to point out the great necessity there is that
some understanding as to what is required next season
should be arrived at forthwith, in order that all may
haveequal opportunities of preparing for the emergency.
As regards Zonal Pelargoniums, Tricolors, &c., of the
Mrs. Pollock section, I may remark that though good
strong cuttings will strike freely at this season, the
plants are likely to survive the winter's many draw-
backs better if taken up from the beds at a later date
whole as they are. They take up less room in the
aggregate; are decorative during the winter, in the
shape of fine bushes ; and the cuttings root readily
in the earlier part of April; quickly forming far
healthier plants with proper treatment than other
not over robust autumn-struck ones.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Do not delay taking up any Potatos which show
symptoms of ripening slightly. If left, beyond what is
absolutely necessary, in the soil, they become still
more liable to the attacks of the " disease," which is
likely to be very prevalent this season. Do not let
them lay out in the open air longer than is needful;
light has a deteriorating influence upon them. Look
well after seeding weeds at this season ; they too fre-
quently raise their heads amongst growing crops, and
shed innumerable seeds quickly, if not sought after.
Pull them all up, and burn them. The hoe will be
needed more frequently than ever at this season,
amongst crops upon all favourable occasions, as weeds
quickly "get a head" if the soil be not frequently
stirred. Make the final sowing of Lettuce, CauUfiower,
and Cabbage, upon very light lands. Sow Endive for
the final crop, also ; that called the Digswell Prize re-
ceives general recommendation for its hardy and other
good qualities. In transplanting earlier sowings which
are intended to stand through the winter, plant the
crowns deeply ; they heart so much better, and are not
near so likely to be injured by severe frosts as when
dibbled out in the ordinary shallow way.

state of the WEATHEU at CHISWICK, near LONDON.
Forthe Week ending Aug.21,18G7, as obsRrveilatthe Horticultural Gardens

Thurs. 1

Friday 1

Satur. 1

Sunday 1

Mon. 1

Tues. 2

Wed. 2

.Average

Max. Min.

O '30.031 29,887

Ifi i29,800 29.615

17 29.850 29.812

18 30.000 29.&86

).07l

0.014

29973 29,899

TEUPERJVTnRB,

^

Of the Air. lOftheEarth -^i„Q

Min.

Mean

77.8 I 53.8 I 65.8

1 foot 2 feet
deep. I deep.

65.7 I 62.1

1.0

August 15-E,aia ; showery ; slight rain at niRht.

— 16-Densely overcast ; tiae throughout,

— 17— Cloudy ; partially overcast and line ; cloudy.

— I8-0vercast ; cloudy ; very fine at night.

— 19— Very tine ; exceedingly fiae and hot; continuous storm of

thunder, lightninn, and heavy rain.

— 20 -Densely clouded ; very tine ; clear.

— 21— Clear and fine ; exceedingly tine throughout.

Mean temperature of the week, 4 4-10 deg. above the average.

STATE OF THE 'WEATHEB, AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending August 31, 1867.

11a 1^.

No. or
Years in
which it
Kained.

16
13
12

9

5

1

7

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain.

0,152 in.

0.5 1

1.3i

0.22

0.58

0,92

131

Prevailing Winds.

August

S5

2
3
2
3
4
3
3

3
2

6
5
6

7

t

3 —

4 11
3 -

3 2

5
8

3
6

G
2

3:

9

li

3

a

10

S

7
9
10

7

if
9

Sunday ..25
Mon. ..2b
Tues. ..:i7
Wed. ..28
Thurs. ..29
Friday ..30
Satur. ..31

74,2 49,7
72.8 ' 48,2
73,5 49.2
72-9 49,7
713 47 6
7t.3 48.0
71,5 47,1

61.9
60.5
61.4
61.3
59.4
61.2
593

5
4
9
4
4
4
5

The highest tempera
2.5th, lB50-therm. 89 d
31 de«.

ture d
=g.; a

uring the
td tbe low

it»ove pen
est on tht

od occurred on the
2eth, 1861-therm.

Notices to Correspondents.

Apples: J Jacksmi. Your .seedling is high-coloured, and on
that account has a fine appearance, which is its chief merit.
It is deficient in juiciness, becomes mealy, and soon decays.
It may, however, be worth growing where very early Apples
are a desideratum.

Celery Leaves: A C, Bvornley. The parasite on your Celery
is the same species of Puccinia which was so destructive
last year. We fear that there is no mode of eradicating
these pests when young. Your case is clearly beyond
remedy. If you suffer another year you may try sulphur,
but it is doubtful whether it has any effect on such dark-
coloured Fungi. If J B.

Insects : A. Your insect is a young larva of one of the lace-
wingcd flies, Hemerobius sp. ; it feeds on Aphides, and
should not he injured.— 0/ti Dublin Subso-iber. Your Pear
leaves are infested with the slimy grub of the black-winged
saw-fly, Tenthredo fethiops. Dust the leaves with powdered
lime, or sjTinge them well with lime water. W.— \V J. The
small beetles which have attacked and guawed holes in
your Peaches are a species of weevil belonging to the genus
Apion (A. flavipes or an allied species). The fact is quite
new, and it is certainly not the usual habit of the species.
"We can suggest no other plan than hand picking for their
destruction. W.

Names of Plants : A B L. Pancratium littorale, found
plentifully on sandy shores of South America, and intro-
duced to other places.— ii R Cheney, Esq. 1, Dendrobium
densiflorum ; 2, Aerides odoratissimum ; both flowering out
of season. — C A T. Can you kindly furnish us with another
specimen?— IF ^.E". The smaller Lycopodium seems to be
the same as the larger, which is the common species of
gardens. We do not understand your other question. If it
be whether the proliferous varieties of Polystichura angulare
are always silvery scaled, as in the piece sent, we answer
no ■ that must be the result of the circumstances under
which they are grown.— iJee / //. The very beautiful New
Holland Tecoma jasminoides.

Pelargoniums: HCannell. The striped flowered sort is pretty
and we think different from the striped sorts we have
previously seen, having more white, and a larger blotch
The Ivy-leaved seedling has a broader and more defined
margin of white^han we have before seen.

Communications Received.— A. Forsyth.— J. Carter & Co.—
Midlothian Lady Gardener.— J. H.— W. Lerro.-W. Cross.—
A _T S — W. B.— C. Clisaold.— Country Resident.

August i-i, 1S67.]

THE GArvDMERS' CnRONICLE AND AGRICULTIIIUL GAZETTE.

885

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(ESTAOLISUED 1840),

Have now ready for delivery in dry fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Uao
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pftsture Lands
SUPERPHOSHIIATESofLIME
FREPAKED GUAHO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Gonnine PERUVIAN OUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ei Dock Warehonse; SULPHATE ol AMMONIA, KISUKRV
SALT, &c. E. PoRSKR, SecreUiry.

UIII0O8, no, Fenchureh Street, E.C.

L AWES' MANURES.—

Tlio Manures mannfactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
season of 18(i7 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
following prices, per ton : —
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ ». ((,

SUPERPHOSPHATE or LIME 0 0 0

LAWES' SUPERPllOSPHATB of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES 6 6 0

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 8 0 0

OONCENTRjlTED CORN and GRASS MANURES ,.Vi 0 0

These Manures can bo obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Agents in all Darts of the Uuttod Kingdom, at prices
varying according to cost or carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures.

American and other C.tkea at market prices.

Address, Jons Bennet Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.C. ; i'i, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury. __

a THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Incorporated by Spocinl Act of ParHament In 1853,
To Landowners, the Clehgt, Estatk AoKNia.SuRVKTcaa, Ac, iv

England and Wales, and in ticoTLAND.
Tho Compnny navfttices money, uuUmiled in amount, for the
following worka of AuriculturiU Improvoniont, the whole outlay and
expouseti in all cases ooing liquidated by a rent-charge for 25 years.

1. Drainage, Irrigation, and Warpinj^, Embanking, Inclosing,

Clearing, Keclamiitton, Planting, for any benencia! purpose,
Engines or Macliinory for l)raltiai:e or Irrigation.

2. Farm Roads, Tramwaysand Railroadsfor agricultural or farming

purposes,

3. Jetties or Landing placos on the sea-coast or on the banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Erection ot Farm Houses, Labourers* Cottages, and other

Buildmgs required for Farm purposes, and the improvement
of and additii^ns to Farm Houses and other buildings for
Farm purposes.

Landowners assessed under the provisions of any Act of Fjiriia-
mont, Royal Cliarter, or C'ommission in respect of any public or
Reaeral works of Drainage or other improvements, may borrow their
proportionate sliare of the cost, ana charge the same with the
expenses on the lands improved.

The Company will also negotiate the Rnnt-charees obtained by
Landowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 18G4, in respect of
thoirSubscnptionof Shai'os in a Railway or Canal Company.

No iuvcetigation of title is required, and the Company being of a
strictly Pnancial character, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by tho Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to Oranvillf R. Ryder, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street. London, S.W.

Ei\t ^grtcttltural (Bu^Htt.

SATURDAY, AUGUST 24. 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

Meeting of tlu* Manchester and Liverpool
Society at Manchester.

,fj; i Meeting of the lloyal Astricultural Iniprovc-
rjl 4* ment Society at Dublia.

Tdesdav, Aug,
Wednesday, —
Thubsdat, —
Wednkroat, —
Thuhsday, —
FaiDAT, —

^

20 \

Mr. WrLSorr, whose letter on harvest work
appeared at page 83.S, has sent us the following
details of his plan for providing a substitute for
ale and beer in the harvest field. These must
always vary with the habits of the district and
the circumstances of each farm, such as the
position of the farm-house, the contiguity of the
various fields ; but, subject to these, he recom-
mends that tea should be made three or four
times a day, and carried out to the men in the
fields. If the farm is small and the distance
short, the trouble is nothing ; in his own case a
boy with a donkey was entrusted with this duty.

The proportions of the materials were an ounce
of tea and six of sugar to the gallon, with milk
according to taste, but it was by some preferred
■without milk. The cost will be barely od. a gallon ;
and, in a case in an adjacent parish, where the
men were on money wages only, they tried the
tea plan, using less than half the quantities
mentioned, and saved their money of course.

Where only a few gallons a day are required
any housewife will know how to make it at the
kitchen fire, but if 20, 30, or 40 men are to have
a gallon a day each, then a boiler or copper will
be found needful, as well as a few large
puncheons, or milk-coolers of earthenware, or,
as in Devonshire, of tinware. The tea-leaves
may be separated from tho liquid by a milk
"sile," or horsehair sieve. Sometimes the tea
is boiled in the water and sometimes the water
is merely poured on to the leaves ; either way
will do, but if the boiler be iron the tea
must not be boiled, as it acts on the iron, and
makes the infusion as black as ink ; indeed
it is ink. In several instances where men
have had a money payment only for their work,
they have voluntarily adopted tea, coffee, or the
Uke in preference to beer, as a simple question of
economy, and even with a preference for beer as
a matter of tuste : but all found they could do
their work just as well, or better, while their
pockets soon told which was the best plan for
poor men with large families.

Indeed, this question lies with the masters
rather than with the men ; for if an employer
proposes a change which is known, or believed

to bo, for tho benefit of his own pocket, ho is
certain to bo opposed ; but let him show an
interest in the social and moral woU-boing of
those ho employs, and make it clear that the
change is not for his pocket's sako, but for
theirs, then with caro and patience all diliiculty
will vanish, and tho employer himself will bo
rewarded in tho greater regularity and steadiness
of his labourers and their work.

The general carelessness about tho quality of
seeds sown on farms induces us to refer to tho
following experiments in tho growth of — 1.
Vetches, both wild and cultivated ; 2. Oats ;
3. Barley; 4. Wheat.

1st. Our first trials with Vetches were made
with the seeds of Vicia angustifolia, a small
hedgorow species, which we hold to bo tho
parent of our larger cultivated sorts.

Now, if wo take seeds of this truly wild
plant wo find that they are tolerably oven in
size, and weigh on an average about half a grain
each in tho dry state ; but if we sow that seed
in manured ground, after collecting it and keop-
ing over the winter, we shall find a largo pro-
portion of the seeds of our now cultivated plant
to weigh as much as two grains each : and by
rejecting the smaller seeds and sowing only tho
larger ones, a still larger majority the second
year will have attained to that and even a greater
weight.

Following out this method of selection wo
were enabled to got plants of Vetches from the
original seed of V. angustifoha rivalling the
common cultivated Vetch in length of stem,
size of foliage, and size and weight of seed.

Seeing then that in such experiments the
Larger seeds give the best results, it was to be
expected that experiments with large and small
seeds of the common Vetch would bring out
some interesting facts. Accordingly in 1865 wo
sowed some plots of Vetch seed as follows : — •

Plot 1. Small seeds, of which 100 weighed 70 grains.
„ 2. Large seeds, of which 100 weiglied 192 grains.
„ 3. Small seeds, equal in weight to Plot 2.

An equal number of seeds were sown in Plots
1 and 2 — in rows 8 inches apart and 4 inches
apart in the row. In Plot 3, a bulk equal to that
of 2 being made up, they were sown propor-
tionately thicker. The result was that Plot 1
afforded much the best crop ; Plot 2 the next ;
but in Plot 3 the plants were small, and, though
from triple the number of seeds of 2, did not
yield more than one-third the produce.

Last year we repeated the like experiment,
with three plots of different sized seeds, as
follows : —

Plot 1. Small seeds, of which 100 weighed 103 grains.

„ 2. Middle-sized seeds, of which 100 weighed
175 grains.

„ 3. Large seeds, of which 100 weighed 432 grains.

In these experiments an equal measure of
each was sown, with the object of testing tho
common observation at market — "Yes, they are
small; but you get the measure." Our results
show that although you sow the same measure
of large and small seeds — and consequently the
latter might be three times as many seeds as
the former — yet the crop from the large seeds
may be expected, as it has proved with us, to be
nearly double that of the small ones. To us,
then, it is perfectly clear that even in this crop
the best seed is the cheapest ; though if used for
feeding, the argument, "You got the measure,"
may better apply.

2. In experimenting upon the derivation
of our crop Oat from the Avena fatua, or the
wild Oat, it was observed that improvement was
marked by the production of a plump seed and a
large increase in weight, while the wild seed is
very light indeed. And by selecting our seeding
examples, and sowing only the heavier seeds, we
got from these insignificant wild seeds a sample
weighing nearly 40 lb. per bushel.

Reasoning then upon this subject, we obtained
in 1844 some of the heaviest seed we could find
for our main farm crop, and succeeded in getting
a sample from Canada weighing 48 lb. per bushel,
and from these we obtained a good crop of Oats
of the same weight. The following year we tried
a few acres of black Tartarian Oats in a field,
with a few acres of our own seed of the white
Canadian Oats ; the result was as follows : —

The seed of the white Canadian Oats, 1845,
weighed 481b., tho crop, 47A. The seed of the
black Tartarian Oats weighed40 lb., the crop 38 lb.
It was a bad Oat season, but on light sandy loam
the better sort did not materially depreciate,
while the poor seed of the black Tartarian gave
a stiU poorer result.

Our crop for tho prosont season was obtained
from seed of White Potato Oats, weighing 48 lb.
per bushel. This is just liarvested in fine con-
dition, and wo estimate tho crop at 12 sacks au
aero, and the com has every appearance of
weighing equal to the seed.

Facts of this kind have determined us always
to sow the best seed we can procure, for although
it is true that poorer seed may somotiinos imiirovo
by change, yet it is quite certain that the host
results — other things being equal — are obtained
where the bettor seed has been employed .

3. Barley being a crop for which our farm is
celebrated, and for which we usually get tho
best price of the market, wo have never yet sown
such poor samples as wo have sometimes seen
used, such as English tail Barley or French
feeding Barley ; we usually sow a good jjlump
seed, and if it bo found as tho result of trial to
germinate freely and well to the extent of fVom
90 to 95 per cent., wo do not care about tho
sample being a little stained. By choosing good
seed it is found that it improves even upon a
second year's sowing ; in this case not always
getting larger, but of a finer skin and grain tho
second year. This year we have good promise
from a heavy seed of Chevalier Barley, and with
tho cold spring and the absence of sunshine
of the summer, wu incline to think that a poor
skinny seed would have been destructive to our
hopes.

4. Our Wheat crop of the present yoar is
good, and from seed of our own growth. Oar
best crop is of white Conservative Wheat, and
curiously enough it was deemed that the 3am[)la
of last year, which will bo recollected as a bad
Wheat ye.ar, was too small in tho berry for good
seed. This smaller seed was accordingly separated
from that sown for tho main crop, but by way of
experiment two acres in a Wheat field were sown
with the small seed alone, and both it and the
main crop of the field at the rate of 7 pecks 2>''i'
acre. Now we have not measured the result, but
a careful estimate leads to the supposition that
the crop of the larger seed is as much as
32 bushels an acre, whilst that of the smaller
seed cannot be more than 2G bushels. We have
thus reason to be satisfied that this small seed
was employed upon only two acres.

In Ma J' of 1866 we sowed a plot of a spelt
Wheat, which, after standing the winter of
1866-7, is a little over-ripe at the time of our
writing. This is exceedingly interesting, in that
being over-ripe its rachis or ear readily breaks
into bits, like that of the Egilops, while its grain
is closely enveloped by the chaff scales. A close
observation of this trial is to us conclusive proof
of the fact that Wheat is in reality derived from
Egilops, and that the spelt Wheats are very
nearly related to the wild Egilops.

As a rule, then, our experiments, founded for
the most part upon facts obtained in the
ennobling of species, tend to show that tho
best results are to be obtained from the best
seeds. The practice, then, of using almost any
refuse for seed is therefore utterly vicious. We
find that by selection of seed we can get a finer
selected strain, whether for the garden or for the
farm. Nor is this to be wondered at, as the laws
of vegetable breeding are much the same as many
of the same in the breeding of animals ; but in
the latter case no man in his senses would
expect to obtain tho finest specimens of any race
by choosing small half-starved parents. We
have always maintained the importance of
attending to breed and to quality of seed in
farming : a fact which, though fully recognised
by the nurseryman and gardener, has not yet
been half appreciated by the farmer ; but both
experiment and reasoning tend to convince us,
that fine crops are to be obtained fi'om good well-
developed seed, as much as good stock from
strong, handsome, well-grown parents. S.

We are happy to say that the preventive
measui'es adopted during the past week on the
sewaged farm near Barking, have hitherto saved
the cows in the two outlying sheds, to which
reference was made last week. Three cows taken
from these sheds as soon as they were off their
food, which it was feared betokened an attack,
were placed in the quarantine shed where the
disease had first appeared. That shed had, how-
ever, been thoroughly cleansed and disinfected,
and these thi-ee cows remain healthy. The
whole clearance of the infected stock has now
been completed, and the sheds in which they
stood have been scraped, washed, and wetted
with dilute carbolic acid, sulphured, and Ume-
washed. They will remain empty for a month

886

THE GARDENERS' CnEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[AuGtrsT 24, 1867.

or two, and after being again subjected to a
cleansing and disinfection may be safely re-used
for cows or other cattle.

The attack in those instances at Lodge Farm
which were allowed to run their course has in no
case presented those very loathsome features
which writings on the cattle plague had led us
to expect. Except in one or two instances, and
then it appeared only in an incipient stage, there
was hardly any inflammation, still less any
sloughing of the inner skin of mouth or tongue.
There was very little watering from the eye or
nose; there was, however, considerable diarrhoea,
and evident inilammation tliere ; _ and a
post mortem examination showed an inflamed
and congested state of the intestines. The
raised temperature of the blood was observed.
Instead of 102°, the thermometer rose to 105°
and 106° long before any other symptom of ill-
ness appeared. Four cows died and were buried
before the disease was pronounced cattle plague,
and 10 other cattle immediately afterwards were
condemned as being diseased, killed, and buried. :
all the other stock condemned because of their
neighbourhoodto the diseased beasts were slaugh-
tered and sold as healthy meat. Their value as
meat was in the majority of cases much more
than 25 per cent, below their value as milking
cattle, and thus a loss has fallen upon the
locality even heavier than that which has fallen
upon the farm itself.

Several corrections have reached us of last

week's harvest reports :— Mr. Hallett, of Brighton,
alters his report of Wheat from " Average " to " Under
average." At Kirtlington, Oxfordshire, Barley should
have been stated " Under average and rather thin." The
3?en crops are stated to be below their former promise.
Both Wheat and Oats are less weight than were anti-
cipated, and there will be a good deal of tailing corn.
Other reports are given in another page. We must
also make two corrections in the totals of the returns
of the two last years' harvests given at p. 8G1— those of
the Wheat crop for 1866 make 180 instead of 190, and
those of the Oat crop for 1865 make 183 instead of 185.
Adding to the returns given last week those which
have been since received, we find the per-centages of
the whole reports in the three successive years to be
as follow—" Over average," " Average," and " Under
average" respectively :—

Crop.

Over
Average.

Average.

Under
Average.

Total.

(1865 ..

Wheat J 1866 ..

.1867 ,.

(1865 ..

Barley \ 1866 . .

(l867 ..

(1865 .

Oats \ 1866 . .

.1867 ..

(1865 ..

Beans \ 1866 . .

il867 .

(1865 ..

Peas .^1866 ..

(l86T ..

15
11

10

15
27
17

1

17
23

3

17

21

5
43
12

46
53
38

6-2
60
67

15
48
54

46
67
60

45
54
55

39
36
52

23
13
26

84
35
23

51
26
19

60
3
33

100
100
100

100
100
100

100
100
100

100
100
100

100
100
100

It will be seen from these per-centages that the promise of the
Wheat crop is not so good as it was last year.

At a mowingrmachine trial at Millbrook, under

' the auspices of the Athy Farmers' Club, Hoensby's,
Samuelson's, and other mowers competed, and the
following discussion is reported to have taken place on
the merits of implements made for trial, not for sale :—
Mr. William O'Neill referred to the great de-
mand for these machines, but was sorry to say that
certain makers had sent machines to the ground that
day specially made for the occasion. Their machines
cut low — a matter that soon took the fancy of the
looker-on ; but the every-day machines of these
makers, and those being sold as theirs, would not out
so low by any means. He could prove this ; for he
had these very makers' machines in his yard, and they
would not cut so low as those they had seen on the
ground at Millbrook. — Thereupon Mr. BuLWEE
remarked ;— These matches, which they attended at a
loss of time and money, were either worth something
or nothing — either valuable or a sham. Now, Mr.
O'Neill had made a statement of the deepest import-
ance to them ; and if it were true, they had had a trial
of show machines made for racing, but not to be had
for sale. He thought a matter of such importance
should be thoroughly investigated, and it remained for
them to say whether the three machines which had
been in everybody's mouth all day were hoiid fide
working machines.— Mr. O'Neill said he had referred
to the machines exhibited by Sajiuelson and

HOKNSBT.

Mr. BULWEB now requested the representatives of
these gentlemen'to come forward, and make some reply.

Mr. Hoknsbt's agent said the machine they had
worked all that day had been taken out of their stock.aud
was the So»«j7rfe machine they proposed to sell. He
called on a gentleman who had purchased his machine
some time past to state his knowledge of that fact.—
Mr. EoBEKTSON said he had purchased a Hornsby
some three weeks ago, and it was in all respects the
same as that exhibited that day. He fuhy corroborated

the agent's statement. He had cut old meadow with
three to five tons per acre with the machine, and it did
capital work.— Mr. Samuelson's agent said his machine
was the same as the one exhibited, vvhich had,
however, been made to cut a quarter of an inch lower.
They were making experiments, which, if they proved
successful, would be adopted and brought out next
year. It was an improvement, and they had thought
of adopting it ; in all respects else the machines were
similar.

Mr. BiTLWEE stated as an individual that he
thought Samuelson's machine did the best work
in the field that day. If that were so, it remamed
with Mr. Wood and Mr. Hornsby to improve
their machines, and compete with Mr. Samuelson.
—Mr. Bagot, the hon. Seotretary of the Club, pro-
posed that at the next match they should take a
machine of each maker from the farmers in the neigh-
bourhood, and have a trial of them. This woidd do
away with all race machines. They would not have
any from the agent or direct from the maker at all.
Of course, he did not at all mean to have a machine
made in 1866 competing in 1867, so as to preclude
trying an improved machine by the same maker; but
let them appoint a sub-committee to get a machine
recently made, but some time in the farmer's hands,
and thus prevent any more show machines from being
present.

FAEM NOTES.- By Mk. Mechi.
Tlie Willing Agricultural Slave.— Feei it well with
coals and water^nd oil its joints, and it will never tire
or complain. What a mental, moral, and physical
effect it is producing on the British agricultural
labourer, and how it awakens and sharpens the farming
intellect. The flail and the other mechanical opera-
tions of the farm, that once reduced the labourer to a
mere mechanical machine and destroyed his physical
energies, sending him, a consumptive patient or a
deformed cripple, to the Union House before or during
his old age, will have become soon and vei-y generally
" the lights of other days." This slavery is reduced
some 50 per cent., and he has transferred fully that
balance to the agricultural steam-engine, which is
neither sick nor sorry, which is never hungry nor
thirsty when out of work, and whose frame (under
Dr. Engineer), is of long and profitable endurance.
Who has not noted, as I have during my agricultural
observation, the young but broken-down married
labourer wiib a large young family converted into a per-
manent pauper by threshing by piece-work in the barn,
month aftermonth.untilNaturegave way! Andthesame
results have been often produced by the chaff cutter
(piece work). Butleavingaloue the philanthropic, let us
appeal to self-interest and the breeches pocket. I have
asserted and I here repeat my conviction, that every
farm of 150 to 200 acres of arable land (not Grass) should
have a steam engine with its necessary accompaniments.
I speak of course of a highly tilled farm, on which much
live stock is kept and much corn and other produce
grown ; in fact, a farm on which much business is
done— and, of course, on which a profit is annually
made. Take my own case as an example. Here are
170 acres— landlord's measure— of naturally poor land,
all arable, except li acres in permanent pasture. Let us
see what work we have for an engine, on an average of
years : —
600 quarters of com to thresh and dress.
200 tons of straw to cut into chaff.
25 tons Clover hay to cut into ch-aff.
25 tons Grass hay to cut into chaff.
100 tons of green Tares, green Clover, Italian Rye-grass to cut

into chioff.
400 tons of Mangels, Swedes, Cabbage, and Carrots to pulp or

to pass through gardener's cutter.
600 sacks of corn to grind for our own consumption.
800 ditto for bii-e.

30 tons of Rape, Cotton, and Linseed cake to break.
1400 sacks of corn to hoist.
Many sacks of Linseed to be crLlshed.
The grindstone to be turned.
350 tons of water to be pumped for stock.
GOUO to 10,000 tons of water and sewage force-pumped on the

Grass land.
I think that after this list my brother agriculturists
will admit that some business is done on the farm,
and that there is something for my fixed engine to do.
My willing agricultural slave has an active employ-
ment. Yet this is what really ought to be done on
every poor farm of the same extent as mine, in order
to convert them into profit-making concerns. It is
true that this sort of management necessitates a con-
centration of capital on a limited area— say a tenant's
capital of 161. to 201. per acre, and a large investment
of landlord's capital in the necessary conveniences for
such an amount of business. The tenant would really
be in a much better position, paying an increased
rental of 40 to 50 per cent, as interest for the neces-
sary improvements. I know of many thousands of
acres of poor heavy land that are almost starving and
robbing the tenant for want of drainage and of such
improvements and conveniences as I have described.
My object in so frequently calling the attention of
business men to the protitableness of such operations is
to stiimdate a great improvement and change in our
ordinary application of capital. Spread it thicker on
the land. The land is grateful, as I know by experi-
ence—there is plenty of money in the country. It
only wants tempting out of the pockets m which it is
so comfortably ensconced. There is scarcely a parish
in the kingdom where you cannot find one or more qiuet
and economic individuals with their many thousands
at command. Let their juvenile successors learn to
believe that money spread thickly on the land is the true
way to make a good profit, but that a mere sprinkling,
as is too commonly the case now, means low rents
and miserable profits. Tliis wet season the difler-
ence between highly farmed and well-drained corn-
fields is, in many cases within my knowledge, quite

7Z, per acre, or more than the entire cost of perfect
pipe drainage. It is just in such seasons as these that
the high improved farmer gets such an enormousadvan-
tage, and consequently large profit, as compared with
the non-improver White Wheat is at 75s. or more
per quarter ; two e.xtra quarters per acre gives us
71. Ws. advantage, besides extra straw. The first cost
of a fixed steam engine and boiler is not great. I
paid for mine, 19 years ago, only 150?., or 25?. per
horse-power; and the engine is likely to last many
years longer. I exchanged the old boiler for a new
and larger one (Cornish) in 1365. Of course the fixing,
riggers, straps, and various machines are all at
additional cost. The cost of working for a full day
may be taken as—

,1, d.

10 cwt. dust coal, atlOs. Cd. 5 3

Cartage . . ..16

Engine di-iver ,.26

Oil, wear and tear, &c 19

II 0*

Sixteen horses could not do an equal quantity of work.
We use the engine as many times in the year as would
represent about 170 full days. If we ask what has
made England so great and so rich, the answer must
be "steam power;" and are we not justified in
concluding that agriculture must look to the same
power to increase its wealth and dignity? Let land-
lords and tenants, too, ponder well this question, and
look upon steam as their best friend. Our astute
Scotch friends have been beforehand with us in the
matter of steam in agriculture. Even the showmen
at fairs and/ei!es work their round-about of wooden
horses by a neat portable steam-engine, which they
find infinitely more effective and profitable than the
old system. Surely, then, it must soon become general
on every arable farm of 150 acres upward. P.S. I am
almost daily more and more convinced that my
brother agriculturists have not sufficiently devoted
their attention to the great advantages they would
derive from the more general adoption of steam power.
A striking instance of this inattention occurred a day
or two ago. A wealthy farmer of 800 acres of arable
land in this county (much of it his own) visited me,
and in the discussion of various matters I expressed
my astonishment at his not using steam power for
preparing food for his horses and cattle. " Well," he
said, " I do pay a great deal of money for the hire of
a steam threshing machine ; but how could I cut up
reen food enough for my 10 horses ? " I smiled at
the singular indifference or want of attention that
prevented his seeing that the power that could thresh
70 quarters of AVheat in one day would make child s
play of comminuting enough green food for 40 or 400
horses. I laboured hard to convince him that he not only
must have a fixed steam-engine for the various purposes
that I have described in this paper, but also gigantic
engines for cultivating his 800 acres of good but stilf
soil. There could be no excuse on the score of capital,
with which he is well furnished; he only lacked
the conviction that such machines would be profitable
to him. He never cuts up any straw, hay, or green

The Causes and Consequences of Laid Crops.— li I
am not mistaken, we shall have to regret the present
laid and twisted condition of our corn crops. It is a
common saying that "the laid crop never ruins the
farmer," because it is an evidence of rich maunrmg,
and plenty of forcing power in the soil. A Lincoln-
shire farmer, the other day, walking over my farm,
regretted that my crops were not laid enough ; his own
had been, for some time, as flat as if a roller had passed
over them. The important question, however, is, how,
or rather, in what way is a crop laid ? In a fine dry
season, when the heads are long, broad, thick heavy,
and nearly ripe, and the straw like reeds, I delight to
see them " bowed " over, the stems forming a succession
of arches, but that is a very different affair from
the laying of the present season. In the former case
the lowest portion of the stem, from its junction
with the crown of the root to the first knot (about 2 to
3 inches) would be hard, stiff and glassy— a sort ot
erect abutment for the reedy, arched superstructure ;
but this year that portion of the stem will be found in
an exactly opposite condition, viz., soft, spongy, weak,
and brown with rottenness or partial decay; so that
the stems fall horizontally flat (not arched), and this
takes place prematurely, and before the ear has become
full and weighty : consequently the kernel will be so
imperfectly developed as to become shrivelled, lean,
and in many cases worthless. In fact, by the splten-
in" and rotting of the stem the circulation of the juices
in the plant Is impeded or suspended, and the crop
partially destroyed. I am afraid this is the case over a
very extensive area. This rotting has been caused, no
doubt, by the excess of moisture and alow temperature.
The heavy soil remained too long ■ '"

; in a soaked condition

» It will be seen by my farm balance sheets for 1865 and
1866 at pp. Ill and 112 of my new book, that my expenditure
for engine coals was for those two years atotal of Sil. 17s. Wl.,
and my receipts for grinding tor hiro during the same perioa
104; 0,! -('., so that all my own work, as above descnbort, was
done withoit .any cost for coal, and only lOj. 12... 6,i. •^"""J'J
for engineer's labour, because the bal.ance of grinding loi mre
(22( is. M.) more than paid the engine-drivers wages of
2s. 6.!. a day for 170 days=21i. 5s. So I had only to pay for
my own work (for a whole year)—

Balance of engine-driver's wages _ . .
Interest on engine, boiler, and driving ge.ar,

at 5 percent. .. ••,,„"

Wear and tear, oU, repairs, &o., at 10 per cenf.

,£ .s.
10 12

£40 12 6
What

Totiil amiual cost

2Xr^Sa^^c.?'S^^i^U""anr^=^^
ask, after tliis statement, " ■^^■" " "^'^-''"^-^
of 170 acres?"

' Will a steam-engine pay on a farm

AlTGUST 2-1, 1867.1

THE GAP.nENEBS' CimOMCLE AND AOl^TOTTLTimAT, CAZETTE

887

around tho stem of the plant where it issues from the
surface. The air n-.i,'! not warm enough to absorb the
moisture from tlie surl'ace of tlio oarth. Liglit porous
soils suU'or much les.^. It is especially with
thickly-sown crops that tho mischief is greatest.
A rush of Grass-like close-packed stems and
loaves, thin, weakly, and early sloping, formed a
canopy, and shut out the action of tho siui's rays and
passing winds, and prevented tho evaporation of water
from tho soil ; not only, therefore, was the sur.'ace kept
wot, but the atmosphere between the surface of the
earth and the under portion of the closely packed flag
or dcnso canopy of plants was like the air of a damp
cellar, where mildew or funsus finds the proper condi-
tion for its growth. Therefore I am not at all surprised
to hear of sullering by mildew, which is this season a
common complaint. Tlie pasture-like appearance of a
thick sown corn crop in its early growth exposes it to
a tremendous risk iu a wet season on sti (f soil; and
even with 1 bushel of Wheat, 6 pecks of Barley, or 2

bu.shels of Oats, some of my crops, especially
Wheat, are too thick where I manured heavily.
The great advantage of thin sowing is, that while yovi
liave a greater weight of straw and larger quantity of
corn, the stems and heads are large, few, and strong
and reedy, leaving room for the circulation of air Jind
conseriuent drying of the ^ soil. Especially is this
necessary on heavy tenacious clays. The air and
surface of llio ground are thus permitted to come into
contact instead of being separated by a (laggy, weak,
crowded, trembling mass of stems. As I mentioned
in a former pajier, where folks will not sow thin, they
should, if they farm higli, do like my Suffolk friend,
that is, " flag," or rather cut off tho (lag leaves of their
Wheat, Oats, and Barley, and tluis permit tho circula-
tion of air among their crops. This question of thinner
sowing is, like the sewage question, gradually forcing
its way to a liappy (xmsummation. The sooner
the belter. Holders of non-drained lands have
got a severe dressing this wet season. The plant pot

has been so continually full and running over,
owing to there being no hole in the bottom, that
plants havn languished and rotted. The difference in
several Wheat crops under my observation will bo
something like two quarters per acre in favour of tho
well-drained soil. At present high prices the money
dill'eronco is therefore from 71, to 8/. per acre. Tho
drained land crops are nearly a week forwarder than
the undrained, a matter of great importance this lato
season. While Wheat stems soften and suffer from so
much moisture the Bean stalks, as hard and thick as a
walking-stick, rejoice in such moisture. Wo com-
menced Wheat cutting on the .ith. My crops were
all standing and as level as a rule a fortnight ago,
therefore, although now partially laid, they will
suffer little, l)ecause the kernel was well formed and
nearly matured. Where the Wheat stands, the stem
between tho crown of tho root and the first knot
will be found dry, hard, stiff, and glassy. J. J. ilechi,
i August, 18(J7.

THE PRESENT PEOMISE OE THE HARVEST.

FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENTS, AUGUST 10, 18G7.
[The follomng Seports were received too late for last week's puHication.}

WHEN WILL

COUNTY.

WHEAT.

BARLEY.

OATS.

BEANS.

PEAS.

POTATOS.

ROOT
CROPS.

HAY.

HARVEST

BE
GENERAL?

NAME AND ADDRESS.

SCOTLAND.

ROXBURGH- .

SUIKK
GALLOWAY

BERWICKSHIRE. .

Above average
Average
Average

Above average

Average
Over aveiage

Average

Under average

Average

Few planted
Average

Under average

Good

Average ; blight

appearing in

gardens

Under average

Good
Under average

Above average

Fair

Average

About
September 12
The beginning
of September

About
September 1

Geo. Ballingall, Clarilaw,

by Selkirk
A.H. M'Clean, Auchneal

John Wilson, Edington
Mains, Benvickshirc

ENGLAND.

NORTHUMBER-
LAND

LAN'CASHIRE ....

LINCOLN

Fxilly an average

Under average
Not an average

Over average

Average

Fully an
average

Average

Average
An average

Variable

Under average
Good

Average

A large crop

Over average
Looking well

Enrly sovm,
heavy ; late
sown, unequal
Under average

Early sown

very good, and

late sown not

good

Late; look

healthy

Good
Not good

An average
crop

Never finer
Average

Over average;
much spoiled

Over average

A very high crop

Early in
September

End of

August

August 20

Jacob Wilson, Woodhom
Manor

John Croudson, Urs-
wicke, near Ulverstou
W. Torr, Aylesby

HUNTINGDON....

BEDFORDSHIRE..
SUSSEX

Mucli storm

broken ;

5 bu&hels per

acre under

aver.ige

Not average

One -fourth
below average

An average crop
if we keep free
from blight,
which is doubt-
ful with the
backward
Wheat
Under average

Under average

Rather below an
average

Average

Above an
average

A large crop of
straw, but

ripening too
fast, and not a

good quality

Under average
Average

A good average

Average
Very good

Above an

avei-ago

Over average
Average

About an
average

Under average
Average

Na

Blighted ; not
good

Under average

Average

Over an
average

Above average

Bad

Blighted ;
below average

A good erop, but
going off fast
with disease

Very bad
Under average

Very good

Good

Clover good ;

meadow good,

but caught

some wet

Over an average

Abundant, and

well saved
Above average

August 12

August 14
August 7

Not general
tiU Aug. 19

August 19
Now general

Geo. Armstrong, Graff-
ham

James Ross, The Hoo
Park Farm, Luton

R. H. EUman, Landport,
Lewes

J. A. 'WilUams, Baydou

Samuel Cornish, Stan-
combe, Kiogsbridgo
, Wareham

WILTS

DEVONSHIRE ....
DORSETSHIRE.. ..

WALES.

CAERMARTHEN . .

Average

Under average

Average

Average

Under average

Averago

August 16

H. H. Muscott, Lang-
hanic

IRELAND.

TIPPERARY

Good

....

Good

....

....

Good

Middling

Good

August 26

Wm. Ryall, Cashel

OXFOEDSHIRES : Mr. TreachivU, at Winchendon.—
The following are the prices realised for the different
lots, with the ijurchasers : — No. 1 was a two-year-old
shear sheep, knocked down to Mr. Bryan, of Southley,
near Witney, for 15^ guineas. No. 2, also a 2-shear,
was let for the season to Mr. Pell, near Welling-
borough, for 7 guineas. No. 3, a shearling, was let for
the season, at 11 guineas, to Mr. Roberts, of Casswell,
near Witney. These gentlemen are two of the most
eminent Oxfordshire l)own breeders, and the hiring
of these tups by such good judges must have been
gratifying to Mr. Treadwell. No. 4 fell to the bid of
the auctioneer for 11 guineas, who is starting an
Oxfordshire flock. No. 5 w^ent for 12J guineas, to Mr.
Smith, near Eiokmansworth. No. 6, for 64 guineas.
No. 7, for 8 guineas. No. 8, for 9i guineas. No. 9 fell
to the bid of Mr. Sanders, of Bletchley, for 13 guineas.
With No. 10 in the ring, it soon became evident that
nigh prices would now be the order of the dav, and he
was quickly knocked down to Mr. Day, of Brickhill, for
20 guineas. This was the first of 10 very large, grand,
heavy-woolledshearlings,forwhich Oxfordshire, Sussex,
Bucks, Beds, Herts, and Northamptonshire breeders
spiritedly competed. The other lots fetched the follow-
ing prices :— 11, Warr (Lenborough), 20 guineas; 12,
Bennett (Hillesden), 16| guineas; 13,Stilgoe (Adderbury
Grounds), 20 guineas; 14, Wright (Sussex) 15i guineas;
15, R. Mumford (Chilton), 18 guineas ; 16, Edey (near
Northampton), IBJ guineas ; 17, Edey, 14 guineas ; 18,
Everett, 131 guineas ; 19, Edey, 20 gumeas ; 30, Warr,
181 guineas; 21, Day, 141 guineas; 22, Brett (Waddon)
14 guineas ; 23, Claske (Iver), lOi guineas ; 24, Linneli
(near Towcester), 14 guineas ; 25, Kimble (Worming-
nall), 15 guineas; 20, Bennett (Dr. Lawford, Linslade),
12 guineas; 27, Attenborough (Wing), 12i guineas;

RECENT RAM SALES.

23, Day, 13J guineas ; 29, Day, 105 guineas ; 30, Lines,
12 guineas ; 31, Perkins ( Winchendon), 12 guineas;
33, Watts, 11 guineas; 33, Maydon (Salden), 11 guineas;
31, Guy (Whitchurch), 91 guineas ; 35, Watts, 111
guineas ; 36, Newitt ( Wappingham), 8 guineas ; 37, H.
Parrott (Whitchurch), 10 guineas. The whole 37 sheep
averaged 14/. each within a fraction, a figure never
before obtained, wo believe, in Bucks. The 12 ram
lambs were soon disposed of at an average of about 5
guineas each— they being in only store condition, in
fact only the draught lambs from the flock. The fol-
lowing is a list of the prices ; Ram Lambs — Lot 33,
Partridge (near Luton), 5 guineas; 39, Jones, 41
guineas ; 40, Horwood (Drayton Beauch.amp) 31
guineas ; 41, Stevens (Lodge Hill), 4 guineas ; 43, Day,
61 guineas; 44, Cooper (Milton), 5 guineas; 45, P.
Denchfleld (Aston Abbotts), 41 guineas; 48, Thorn,
4 guineas ; 49, Smith, 5 guineas. '

Sheopshires: Tlie Bhigleij Ball Sa^e.— The sale
opened with Mr. E. Lytball's rams, the first a 3-shear,
" Double X," bred by Mr. G. A. May. being let at
25 guineas, the others following at from 61 to 13 guineas.
— Mr. W. Yates' rams were very young, and the prices
were from 51 to 11 guineas. — Mr. Pilgrim's lot were in
low condition ; an average of 7 guineas only was ob-
tained.— Mr. Nock, who has recently risen into noto-
riety as a Shropshire breeder, let to Mr. Eyke of Stanton,
the first at 9 guineas, and others went at from 10 to
25 guineas, the average being over 15?.— Lord Wenlock's
rams were extremely moderate, ranging from 5 to
12 guineas.— Mr. Yates's yearling ewes made from 43s.
to 50.!. ; Mr. Lort's,42«. to 70.s. ; Mr. Nock's 52.s. to 83*.,
the highest price given for ewes ; Mr. Briscoe's, 40«. to
46s. ; Mr. Pilgrim's, 55s. to 67s. ; Mr. Coleman's,

36s. to 41s. ; Mr. P. Lowe's, 50s. ; Mr. Steedman's
41s. to 49.S. ; and Mr. Osborne's, 37s.— 3/r. C. R.
Keeling, Vew Tree Farm. — The first ram was secured
by Mr. C. Stubbs at 20 guineas, from which figure
Ijrices r.anged for the shearlings down to six
guineas. The interest of the day centred in Chadbury,
a splendid 2-shear used last year by Mr. C. Randell,
and which, after a brisk competition between Mr.
Lytball, Mr. C. Byrd, and others, was secured by the
last-named gentleman at 34 guineas. One other 2-shear
concluded the rams, the 33 averaging 13i. 5s. each. The
ewes followed, and though low in condition, realised
from 65s. to 105s. each, the average being 73s. —
Mr. Sampson Bi/rd, Leese Farm. — Mr. J. B. Lytball
auctioneer. Twenty ram lambs, being very young, and
having being brought direct from their pasture, with-
out the assistance of any other food to develop their
points, showed to much disadvantage, and realised but
low prices, the average being 3?. 15s. each. The rams
followed, commencing with Model Patentee. He was
let for the season, after a sharp competition, at the (we
believe) unprecedented sum for a Shropshire of 90/. 6s.,
the hirer being Mr. Allen, who last year secured the
same sheep at 47/. os. ; four other rams were then let
for the season at from 8 to 12 guineas each, and a shear-
ling by Pride of Weston, from a Patentee ewe, was
offered for half the season, and realised 43 guineas, to
W. O. Foster, Esq., M.P. The sale of shearlings followed,
and, though low in condition, readily commanded
buyers at prices ranging from 6 to 25 guineas, the general
average being 15/. 8.v. A few pens of choice old ewes were
offered, which made from 100s. to 62s. 6d. each.—
Mr. Charles Bi/nl, Litfi/wood.—ilT. Peake, of Lam-
mascote, purchased the best at 30 guineas, and hired
the other at 20 guineas. The shearlings, though strong

888

THE GAEBENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[AWGTJST 24, 1867.

and as a rule with good fleeces and colour, went low,
10 guineas being the highest price given, and a few
were unsold. The averaTO was 91, 12s. 6d. Some very
useful breeding ewes followed, which ranged from
70s. downwards ; and the wethers and wether lambs
realised satisfactory prices. Mr. Preece, of Shrews-
bury, conducted the sale.

JLlford Park Sale of Shropshires. — Mr. May
called his neighbours and friends together the other
day to display their judgment over 10 sheep, two
3-shear and 3S shearling. Great Eastern, one of the
former, and which was the reserved number at the
Bury Royal meeting, let for 35 guineas to Mr. German
for Lady Edith Hastings' flock, for whom another was
also taken at 30 guineas. Mr. Negus bought one at
29 guineas and another at 15 guineas, while Mr. "Webb,
of Elford, took one at 29 guineas. The remainder sold
at good average store breeding prices, for which pur-
pose we have seldom seen a lot better adapted. Mr.
May deserves success, for he does not spare his pockets,
having this year again taken Mr. Evans' 2d prize at
Bury at a high price,

Freeford Sale of Skrops/iires.—The announcement
by Mr. Coxon of the Duke of Newcastle for unreserved
sale, and of Novelty, another winner at Newcastle,
some days since attracted a large company. This
assembly included all the leading Shropshire men,
among whom were Messrs. Keeling, Horley, Masfer,
May, Willonghby "Wood, Crane, and others. Alto-
gether there were about 150 visitors and purchasers
present. The Duke of Newcastle was the 1st prize
shearling at the Northumberland Eoyal Meeting, and
he is therefore a 4-shear. As a shearling he was gene-
rally allowed to be as fine and handsome a sheep with
dark points as was ever shown. He was bought of
Mr. Thornton, his breeder, by Mr. Coxon, at a high
figure. His character, as a matter of course, made a
great demand on his services, and consequently,
although he still retains his fine countenance and level
straight back he has gone a good deal to wind and
bowels, but there is no doubt a deal of work in him yet.
He was bought by the Messrs. Crane at the good sum
of 50 guineas. Novelty, a remarkably thick, straight,
and heavy fore-cinartered sheep, made 25 guineas, and
Conservative let for 52 guineas to Mr. Davis (near Old
Hall.) The remainder, making 30 in all, although there
were five sheep we should have sold privately, sold at
good prices, the average amounting to upwards of

16 guineas. Sixty ewes, five of which were show sheep
and made 71. 10s. each to Mr. Davis, sold at corre-
sponding high figures.

Hampshiee Downs: Mr. U. Waters, Slralford-
suh-Casfel. — This sale took place on Aug. 14th, under
the hammer of Mr. John Waters, of Salisbury, and
attracted a large and influential company of a"ricul-
turists. The biddings were exceedingly quick and

fiirited, and prices ranged as under : Mr. Thomas
erris (who also bid 40 guineas for the two-teeth ram
bought by Mr. Blake) hired a single lamb for the season
at 40 guineas. Mr. P. Long hired another lamb at 26 gs,,
Mr. Olding, Mr. Lunn (Whitchurch), Mr. W. Taunton,
and Mr. Melsome taking the other let lambs. Nine of
the single lambs sold for 2G, 25, 23, 22i, 21 (two), and
20 (three) guineas respectively, the purchasers being
Mr. J. Long, Mr. Lyne (of Compton), Mr. Melsome,
Mr. Olding, Mr. llawlenoe, Mr. i?ord, and Mr. Lunn.
The remaining single lambs realised 18i, 18, 17i, 17,
16i, 16, 14, 13i-, 13, 12J, 12 guineas, &c. For pairs the
prices reached were 33 gs., Mr. Hayter; 32 gs,, Mr.
Courtney, for Mr. Coordery ; 21 gs. Mr. Phillips ; 30
gs., Mr. Stubb; two at 28 gs,, Mr, Tiobertson and Mr.
Allen ; 251 gs. Mr. Hoddinott ; 21 gs., Mr. Pookes ; 23i
gs,, Mr. Brake ; 22 gs., Mr. Line ; three at 20 gs., Mr.
Eobertson, Mr. Porter, and Mr. Parnam ; (two) 19i,
184, 18, and 15 guineas; 161 gs,, Mr. Earle, &c. The
two-teeth rams realised as under: 42 gs., Mr. Brake;

17 gs., Mr. Rooke; two at 13 gs., Mr. Pookes and Mr.
Lunn; and 11 gs., Mr. Nockolds. The average of ram
lambs was HI. 8s. IQd. per head, and of the whole
stock lil. 15s. id. per head.

COTSWOLDS : 3Ir. Cot/ier, Middle Aston.— The 37th
annual auction of Mr. Cother's Cotswold rams came
off on Tuesday. The sheep were of the usual Middle
Aston quality and condition, strong of constitution,
heavy of fleece, and, without being over-fed, in
thoroughly good working order. There were 80 in
all, either for sale or letting, and they i-ealised an
average price of lOl. 17s. 6d., thehighest being 261.

MR. GREY, OF DILSTON, AT GLASGOW.

Thb following is a report of the remarks made by
Mr. Grey at the banquet of the Highland Society, on
the evenmg of Tuesday in the show week ;—

In proposing the health of the judges. Lord
KiNNAiED said, that "it gave him great pleasure to
see aniongthem one whose name was well known to
all agriculturists in Scotland and England and to many
in foreign countries, bearing his age and laurels so
well. He alluded to Mr. (Jray, of Dilston, and pro-
posed his health and the other judges."

Mr. Gkey rose to reply, and was received with much
applause. He said, that although he saw himself
surrounded by many younger and abler men, as it had
pleased the noble lord who had proposed the toast to
place his name in the foreground it became his
pleasing duty, in the name of his colleagues and his
own, to return their earnest thanks for the very
kind manner in which the toast had been pro-
posed, and for the very cordial reception it had
experienced from that numerous assembly. When
he received the invitation of the Society through
their worthy Secretary, to act as one of the
judges on this occasion, his first impression was
respectfully but decidedly to decline it, pleading the
wear and tear of eighty-two years iu this busy world as
his apology and disqualification for the oflice ; but, on
second thoughts, some secret impulse roused the recol-

lection of former years, and inspired a wish to see once
again the meeting of that interesting and influential
Society, which he had often termed the " Parent
Society" — as the Royal English and Irish Societies,
and all those more recently established, had been
framed upon its model. And now, he must be allowed
to express the great gratification lie had had in seeing
the exhibition of that day so well sustained in its
various branches, although to him accompanied by
some painful impressions, from the fact that those who
were his colleagues and companions in former years
were not here now. On the last occasion, he believed,
on which he had acted in that capacity. Captain
Barklay and Hugh Watson were his coadjutors, names
familiar to the members of that Society. But he was
not there to talk to them of anything so insignifi-
cant as himself or his own feelings. With re-
gard to the show of that day, and especially of
the department in which he had been engaged (that
of the Shorthorned class), he must not say, that though
highly respectable he had never seen individual speci-
mens of a higher character in former times. Indeed, he
believed that such specimens might be found 50 years
ago which had never been surpassed, but then they
were in the hands of only two or three of the earliest
improvers of the breed, while now they are spread over
the length and breadth of the land, wherever soil and
situation are suitable for their support. It was not,
however, in producing the most perfect specimens for
a show, however desirable it was to see what perfec-
tion could be attained, that the benefit which the
country had derived from that breed of animals con-
sisted. It was with Shorthorns in the case of cattle,
as with Leicesters in that of sheep, that crossing the
females of almost any breed and district with well-
selected males of these breeds contributed so greatly
to the increased produce of butcher's meat, which we
still found, with all our efforts, was incapable of
keeping pace with the demands of an ever-
increasing population. In such crossing it is
desirable to select males of the finest quality
of flesh, because it is from them that is commu-
nicated that tendency to heavier produce and
early maturity which is the great object of the breeder,
and hence the necessity of maintaining the breed of
the sires as pure and perfect as possible. There is no
subject of more importance to the farmer in a breeding
district, or on which his judgment can be more bene-
ficially exercised, than the selection.of the description
of stock, whether of pure breeds or crosses, which his
soil and situation are best suited to maintain. It was
well remarked by the honourable chairman of last
evening (Mr. Kinloch), that the benefits of this
Society are not confined to those which emanate from
the show, but are derived also from chemical instruction
and publications. The two good objects connected
with agricultural progress and improvement are, by
good cultivation of the land, and judicious application
of manures, such as are best suited to the kind of soil
and of crops, to increase its produce in corn, roots,
and Grass. And having obtained that object, to
apply to the consumption of our roots and
Grass the description of live stock which will
be the most profitable— that is, which will yield
the greatest amount of butcher's meat for the
quantity of food consumed. These objects the
teaching and exhibitions of your Society essentially
embrace. Lord Kinnaird had spoken kindly of the
services of the judges. He (Mr. Grey) h9ped if his
lordship had been an exhibitor on the occasion— which
he was not aware of— that he had found substantial
reason to approve of their decisions. That the deci-
sions of the judges should give universal satisfaction is
not to be expected. Where there are many candidates
for one prize there must be many disappointments ;
and so long as it is natural for man to be partial to
what is his own, and to what he has looked on with
satisfaction from day to day, at his own house, on the
one hand ; and so long as fallibility attaches to all
human judgment, on the other, there will not be
wanting ample grounds for censure and dissatisfaction.
We cannot presume to say that in every case, where
the merits of animals are so nearly balanced, we may
not have made wrong awards. But this I may honestly
say, that we spared no pains to do what was right to
the best of our judgment. He begged again to thank
the company for their cordial reception of the toast, and
for the indulgent hearing which they had accorded to
himself.

HARVEST WORK AND WAGES.

(Continued from p. 363.)
[The followmg are the answers to questions relating to— a,
"wages by the month or day diu-ing harvest time;"
h, " the prices for cutting Wheat, Barley, and Oats per
acre ;" c, "the quantity of beer or cider given daily or per
acre ; " d, " the mode adopted of harvesting Wheat, Bailey,
and Oats." The address of the author of each act of
items will be discovered upon reference being made to the
same name in the Harvest Reports last week. The letter
heading each clause indicates the particular question
which is answered ]

SCOTLAND.
Banpf : a. Cutters for harvest from £3 15s. to £4 ;
gatherers from £2 10s. to £2 15s. ; bandsters, from
£2 5s. to £2 15s.; all with their victuals and beer.
b. According to weight of crop ; from 7s. to 93., without
victuals, d. Mostly by the scythe (J. Barclay).

Ayrshiee : a. 2s. 9d. to 3s. per day for a woman ;
4s. to 5s. per day for a man. b. 15s. to 16s, per acre for
cutting and setting up. c. None. d. Mostly cut with
the scythe ; two women for each scythe to tie it up.
Some others shear with the hook ; only a few have
machines. Some men are engaged by the month at
20s. a week, with keep (W. Orr).

Peebles : a. Harvest not having yet begun, wages
for the present year cannot yet be stated. For the last
year or two wages for scy themen or mowers haveaveraged

about 20s. per week, with victuals ; women, as lifters,
either from scythe or reaping machines, 15s., with
victuals. Most of the crop is cut by scythes or reaping
machines, b. There is little or no Wheat grown in
the district. The rate per acre for Barley or Oats
varies from 7s. to 8s. 6d,, with victuals, according to
the quality of the crop and the supply of reapers.
c. Reapers get a quart bottle of beer or milk to dinner,
and a loaf of about 18 oz. ; the breakfast and supper
consisting of porridge and milk. The general hour for
breakfast is 8, for dinner 1, and supper 6 o'clock ; three
meals being given a day. d. As soon as the grain is
dry it is carted to the barn-yard and put up in stacks,
with a small ventilator up the middle. Sometimes the
stacks are placed upon a wooden stand, raised about a
foot above the ground, and sometimes the bottom
consists of a little straw. In wet seasons it is not
uncommon to stack part of the crop in the field in
order to expedite the work (J. Lyle,)

Roxburgh: a. 3s. per day, or 18s. per week, with
victuals, consisting of porridge and milk for breakfast
and supper, and bread and beer for dinner, b. Prom 7s.
to 8s. Cd. per acre, with victuals, and 9s, 6d, to lis.
without victuals, d. Mostly cut by machines when
the crop will admit, and by the hook when laid and
twisted (W. Scott).

Berwick : a. 18s. and 19s. per week, or 3s. to Ss. 2d.
per day. c. one bottle of beer at dinner time. d. By
reaping machine and reaping hook (G. Logan).

ENGLAND.
Noethumbeeland : a. Men, 243. to SOs. per week,
without food or drink ; women, 15s. to l8s. per week,
without food or drink, b. For cutting, binding, and
stocking, I have paid as low as 8s, per acre, and as
high as ICs., according to the crop. The cost of cutting
per acre by the sickle with Irishmen, and of mowing,
taking up, &c., with the scythe, is very little different.

c. It is not the custom to give any, but to pay all in
money, except when men are hired into the farmer's
house for the harvest, when they get ISs. or 20s. per
week and their food ; this is common in the district.

d. Till within the last few years the cutting was done
chiefly by scythe or sickle, at so much per acre. Reap-
ing machines are now almost universally used, and
crops of every kind cut by them. The carrying is
done by the farm labourers with one-horse carts,
frequently a man forking, and a strong lad loading in
the field, and boys driving between the stacker, and a
good forker being iu the stackyard. In this way a set
of carts (3, 4, or 5, according to distances) will get in
from 35 to 40 loads per day, going from 6 A.M. till
8 or 9 P.M. (T. Dods).

Cumberland : a. 18s, perweek, with food. b. Reaping
Wheat, 10s, per acre; mowing Oats, 6s. per acre,
c. None (T, Gibbons),

Yorkshire : a. Mowers, &c., ISs. to 20s. per week ;
gatherers and binders, 15s. to 17s. per week. All boarded
m the house at a cost of 8s. per week, and Is. per week
in ale. b. Mostly cut with reapers ; costs about 2s. per
acre the gathering, and for tying, stocking, and raking,
4s. to 5s. per acre. c. Each man one gallon of ale per
week. d. Cut with reapers, put in stocks of 12 sheaves,
led home with 2-horse pole waggons, stacked in round
pikes of from 18 to 24 loads (B. Riley). — a. During
harvest, 15s. to 20s. per week for extra men; but
married men and their families principally employed—
engaged by the year, with cottages found and 15s. to 16s.
perweek. b. Principally cut by back delivery machines,
with the usual labourers upon the farm, their wives and
families having their double wages, say 2s. per day,
cutting G to 8 acres per day, costing 3s. to 5s. per acre
(R, Kay). — a. Contract harvest work to mow, stock,
and rake, 10s. per acre for full crops ; no beer or
other allowance ; light crops, 8s. to 9s. per acre. A
great deal is done in this district in this manner. My
own mode of harvesting is as follows : — To cut about
200 acres of corn I use two reapers, two men in charge
of each reaper at 4s. 6d. per day each, with beer and
cheese and bread at 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. ; one man
stocks, keep knives in order, and changes with the
other; five strong boys or young men and five women
complete the set, men 3s. 6d. and woman 2s. each,
bread and beer same as the others. This makes the
cost of labourers to one reaper 36s. 6d., and we average,
including stoppages, 8 acres per day. In the evening
and early morning the binders assist in stocking the
corn. I have also four scythe men who mow with the
scythe any Barley that has seeds in it and give over as
soon as carting begins. These men stack and thatch, &c.,
and work any length of day, carting till 10 or 11 o'clock
at niglit, and even later if necessary. These men have
food found — beef and bacon, ad libitum, morning, noon,
and night ; cheese and beer 10 a.m. and 4 p,m, ; beer in
the evening at supper. The beer is ale and porter
mixed, at Is. per gallon, from the best brewers we can
find. In addition, these men have £1 to £1 5s. per
week for a month and in some instances for five weeks
(J. Hannam).— a. About 203. to 21s. a week for five
weeks, with meat, three meals a-day, and beer, at 10
and 4, and later if busy, 2 quarts a day. b. Vary from.
Wheat mown and laid, 8s. to 12s. ; Wheat reaped, 14s.
to 16s., by Irish only ; Barley, mown and tied, 7s, to
lOs. ; Oats, 7s. to 10s. c. Beer is given with day-work,
and not as a rule, when the work is let, though very
often it is, d. Manual reapers have become more
common lately ; formerly the scythe was most used.
Reaping is confined to the Irish. Barley and Oats are
either cut with machine or mown and tied (J. Cole-
man). . .

Lancashire : c. Nearly all the grain is now cut by
machines, and not many extra hands are required.
When the men are boarded in the house they have
extra food as well as during harvest. When day
labourers are employed, the foreman, m some cases,
finds machines and horses, and gives 7s. or 8s. per acre
for cutting and setting up. In this case no beer is
given, except when the grain is being carried, when

August 24, 1867.]

TTTE r,AT^T)l',NETlS' rnnOXTriE AM) .AOT^irTTTTTTT^AT, CAZVUTM

889

the men have what they require, which depends upon
the hours they work and the weather, d. The grain is
all tied up when it is cut, and set up in "hattocks" often
sheaves; somethnes it is hooded. All the machines are
on the hand-delivery principle. The present rate of
WttRes is, for labourers, 18s. a-week ; for same boarded in
the house, from .t20 to £30 a-year each (G. Drnry).
—a. From £3 to £1 per month, the farmer finding
all meat and beer. b. Price for cutting Wheat per
statute acre is from 15s. to 17s. per acre. c. As much
as is required, no stated quantity (II. Robinson).

LlNCOLNSUIiil! : a. 4s. Cd. and 3 quarts of beer a day
in each man. b. Mowing and tying Wheat, Barley,
Oats, and Beans, lis. per acre and no beer (W.
Fancourt).— «. About 28s. per week for si.t weeks.
*. About 10s. per acre all round. I gave 12s. last year,
but it was an cvceptional year. c. Very little given,
d. AVith the scythe principally. A few machines are
iu use. (F. So'werby).— a. Team men hired for four
weeks, at 18s. to 25s. and 30s. per week, with 3 or
4 quarts of beer when at harvest work, or £1 for the
month in lieu. b. 10s., 12s., to IBs., including raking.

c. No beer on piecework. Hired men have 3 or
■t quarts, but £1 for the month, instead, is becoming
more general, rf. Chiefly by scythe, a small jiortion by
hook or sickle, leaving the stvibble knee high, the
straw being very long in this district. Carting
generally done by the day, but a portion put out by
the acre— a "set" consisting of four men, who pitch,
load, "team" (or unload), and "takeaway" on the
stack, at 6d., 8J., or lOd. per acre for each man
(J. A. Clarke).— rt. 30s. per week for six weeks to
those not liired by the year. b. From 8s. to 12s. per
acre. c. None, excepting 10 gallons of beer to each
man hired by tlie year (C. Shari)ley).— .31. £0 per
month, without board ; £4 per month, with board.
h. Wheat about 9s., Barley about lOs., Oats from Os. to
15s. c. Beer per day, each man, 3 quarts, d. What
corn is not cut by the reaper is let to the labourer at
per acre. AH the Barley is tied U]) and stooked, and
allowed to remain till quite ripe before cut. Oats are
cut greeu. owing to the loss there might be from wind
(W. F. Marshall).— a. Very few by the month ;
(■arting generally done by the acre, men earning 4s. to
5s. per day. b. Wheat from 12s. to 17s. per acre ;
Oats from lis. to lis. c. None, excepting to hired
servants, or the men who take the carting, rf. Very
generally cut by scythe ; mown up to the standing
corn ; tied up at once (T. Aitken).— 4. I use the
reaper to great advantage— nett cost, Gs. per acre : the
men want from 8s. to 10s. per acre. c. (jive malt, eay
4 bushels for the season, d. Chiefly by reaper (J. G.
Dixon).

Derbyshieb : a. 18s. per week for one month in
hay harvest, with board and lodging, and a liberal
quantity of beer. 1/. Oats mown and tied in sheaf at
25d. per threave of 21 sheaves; a good crop would be
about 16s. per acre (no liquor of any kind), set up as
soon as cut in stacks of 12 sheaves — two in the middle,
four on each side, and two on the top : the butt ends
meet on the top, and both sheaves tied togetlier, which
generally secure it well until fit to cart (B. Swaffield).

Notts : a. About 4s. per day. Some are engaged by
the month at £1 per week, and victuals, b. From 8s.
to 12s., according to crops, c. None allowed jier acre ;
about 3 pints per day. d. Generally by the scythe, and
the reaping machine is being introduced (Richd.
Palmer).— a. 21s. per week for five weeks, b. Wheat,
from 10s. to 15s. for reaping; Barley from 10s. to 14s.
for mowing and tying, without any beer or cider.
(W. Sanday).— a. About 23s. per week. *. From 7s.
to lis. for mowing with .scythe, and that includes tying
up ill sheaves, raking, &c. ; and from 12s. to 20s. for
shearing, c. From 3 to 4 quarts of beer per acre,
and about 2 quarts when by the day. d. Generally
mowed with scythe, and then tied up in sheaves ;
but many farmers now use reaping machines (C. Don-
caster).

Cheshire : c. About £1 per week while the harvest
lasts, b. Wheat cut by scythe, from 10s. to 15s. per
acre ; ditto cut by sickle, 12s. to 16s. per acre. Oats
cut by scythe, 8s. to 12s. 6d. per acre, hound iu sheaves
and raked. No Barley, c. Beer from 2 to 3 pints per
day. No beer on some (e\v farms, d. Much of the
Wheat and Oats cut by machine where crops are
suitable. Scythe as much used as sickle for Wheat.
Oats all cut by scythe, and all bound up in sheaves
(W. B. Burnham).— a. By the day, with the whole of
their food — viz., breakfast, dinner, bread and cheese at
4 o'clock, and supper— 2s., or 18s. per week without
food, excepting bread and cheese ; iu each case they
are allowed 2 pints of ale per day, and sometimes
3 pints, b. 10s. per statute acre, or 20s. per Cheshire,
as agreed upon, for each kind of grain, without any
allowance for beer, &c. c. 2 pints of ale per day, and
3 pints when carrying corn in very hot weather.

d. Reaping Wheat with the sickle and binding up into
small sheaves is the prevailing custom, set up in
" hattocks " of 10 sheaves, including the two bonders,
which are carefully put on the top. Mowing Wheat
is more practised than formerly. Barley and Oats are
invariably mown and gathered into small sheaves ; if
very ripe, it is tied up as soon as mown ; if otherwise,
it is left for a day or two, according to circumstances,
and then bound up and put into small " hattocks " of
eight sheaves (W. Palin).— a. 3s. per day, with beer.
i. los. to 17s. per acre. c. Beer, 2 quarts per day each
man, with bread and cheese, d. Mowing, generally

Sheopshiee ; a. Usual farm labourer's wages, 12s.
Per week, and constant hands during the whole year
' have meat and drink during the harvest ; carriage of
coals and Potato ground free. Extra farm labourers
during harvest, 2s. 6d. to 3s. perday,with meatanddrink.
i. According to the crop. Oats and Barley mown
about 3s. per acre, without meat or drink. Wheat from
6s. to 12s., including binding and setting up in mow.
'■. Where beer allowed, seldom any stated quantity,

but the bottles filled when empty, and generally 5 or 6
quarts a day given, d. Mowing and reaping machines
are coming into more general use, hut more than half
is still mown with the scythe. The greater part of
Barley and Oats is left loose 'on the field, and so
packed, but all Wheat ishound, and set up in 8, 10, or 12
sheaves in what is called a mow ; and if the weather is
doubtful two of the sheaves arc placed (the ears down-
ward) at the top of the mow for covering, or, as locally
termed, hooding it (W. D. Green).— a. Most of the
corn is sot-to cut, therefore the wages vary. Where
machines are used the men generally work by the day
at from 2s. 61I. with rations, up to 5s., finding theirown.
b. Depends of course a good deal how they stand,
whether laid or twisteil about. I have heard of a large
farmer setting both Wheat and Oats to his men, to tie
and stick up at Is. jier acre, he undertaking to cut it,
and finding them what cider they require at 6d. per
gallon, c. In this neighbourhood tliey generally have
from 3 to (i quarts per day. d. The Wheat is mostly
cut with broad hook or machine, tied up not too large,
six sheaves to the stock. Barley and Oats have been
generally cut into swath, but the plan of tying u\) as
Wheat is fast coming into favour, as there is so little
trouble afterwards and less damage in bad weather.
Some prefer styching Barley and Oats, as Beans are
usually done. I had a field of Barley machine cut,
and tied up last year, which was out in all the bad
weather, and when threshed Last spring was nearly
equal to that secured without rain. The piles seem to
keep oif the rain ; there was a little sprouted under the
bands, but the blower took that out, making it a
capital sample (J. Rawlings).— «. 12s. per week fur a
month, and 15s. to 18s. for shorter time, with food and
beer. b. From 10s. to 12s., lind themselves ; and from
5s. to 6s., food, beer, and lodging, c. 5 to 6 quarts of
beer. d. Wheat and Oats bound. Barley not. (P. W.
Bowen). — a. 70s. per month, with dinner each day, and
beer. b. Cutting Wheat by manual labour, 7s. per
acre, with board and lodgings. If by machinery
(which is coming much into use) considerably less. All
other grain cut by day work. c. 6 quarts per day.
d. Cutting, binding, and putting the AVheat up in
shocks, generally set to Welsh or Irish reapers ; but
our advanced farmers cut with machine and tie up, &c.,
with their usual staff of labourers. All other descrip-
tion of grain is cut and secured by the usual labourers
on the farm (E. Davies). — «. About 20s. ])er week,
without meat. 6 quarts of beer per day when in full
work. b. Wheat, IO3. to 12s. if laid. Barley, 3s. c. Some
cases 10 quarts per acre ; generally 6 quarts per day.
d. Reaping machine certainly where practicable for
Wheat and Oats. The scythe generally in use for
the Barley (H. Smith). — a. 30s. per week for four weeks.

b. Wheat, from 10s. to 15s. per acre ; Barley, from
3s. 6d. to 5s. per acre. c. Nothing found, d. Wheat
cut with reaping machine if not laid ; otherwise with
scythe. Oats the same (T. Mansell).— «. 2s., with five
meals, and about 6 quarts of cider, daily, b. Wheat
from 6s. to 8s., with meat and drink as above; Barley
and Oats are cut by the day. c. Generally about
6 quarts per day (R. Shirley).

Leicester ; a. 1 Is. a week and beer, or 16s. without
beer. b. For mowing and binding, from Us. to 123. jier
acre (R. W. Creswell).— J. Wheat, from 16s. to 18s.
without beer; Barley, from 83. to 10s.; Oats, do. do.

c. Where beer is given, 2 quarts per day in harvest.
(I. Reaping machines not much used ; Wheat princi-
pally reaped, although a good deal is mown (G.Turner).

NoEFOLK: a. Wages are paid per acre for securing
the corn. Iu this district a man expects to earn £7
to £7 10s. for about a month's work. They take so
many acres each to cut, load, and stack. If the weather
were fiue they could do the work in a month ; but the
earnings^ are regulated by the weather, b. Prices are
very various iu this neighbourhood, from the variety
of the soil and management. The Wheat varies from
6s. to 12s. per acre ; Barley, 3s. to 4s. 6d. ; Oats, 3s.
to 5s. c. Beer and cider are not given as part of n ages,
but only as au encouragement for hard work ; in some
iiistances malt is given m lieu of part of wages. I prefer
giving money, that the men may exjjend it as
they please, d. The mode of harvesting is that the
corn is generally cut by a machine, when it can be
used, and the corn tied up Iw the meu. This year
it will be the exception. I never remember the
corn more laid, or so difficult to harvest (G. K.
Cooper). — a. £6 10s. for the harvest, done in about
20 working days if the weather is fiue. c. One pint of
ale each person at 4 o'clock p. 11., and 1 pint at 6 o'clock
P. 31., if they work well. If they begin to cart the corn
early in the morning, then a pint each at dinner-time,
but no bargain made to give the beer — all is given
extra, d. I give my men, 24 in number, £6 10s. each
to cut, pitch, load, and stack the crop of corn, here
200 acres Wheat, 200 acres Barley. I find drivers,
rakers, and thatchers. I have also some helpers
besides, and pay 2s. 6d. an acre for tying the Wheat,
and 6d. per acre for gathering the Barley ; also about
6 barrels of ale during the time of carting the corn
(J. Hudson).— a. Some few by the month at £6 or
£6 10s., but in most instances so much for the harvest,
from £6 to £7. b. From 8s. to 14s. per acre, and some
a little more, according to the supply of hands, c. No
beer or cider, except the master gives any extra in a
long day's carting, d. Several different ways in this
county, some mow and tie all their corn, others cart
the Barley loose. Wheat, and most of the Oats, are
tied by all, and Beans are all tied (T. Brown), a
Farmers generally hire the men to cut and get up the
corn ; the price given this year is £6 to £6 7s. 6d. —
say, £6 10s. The reapers were likely to have been more
general this season iu use, had it not been for the corn
being laid and beaten down ; and now, it is said, on some
farms they will be of little use. Beer or cider is given
by a few of the good old sort of farmers during the
harvest, but that is not binding, only optional. Many
give beer or cider when carting, and a few oftener.

Wheat ; very little reaped by hand, principally mown,
and the rest cut with reaper. Barley, &c., mown ;
lieans tied in sheaves ; Peas gathered in heaps. The
gangs of gleaners, comiioseil of many large girls and
strong lads, having been so troublesome of late years in
breaking fences, using bad language, &.C., many of the
farmers confined the gleaning to the harvesttnen's
families. This is hard for widows and orphans, .and
we wish somo means could ho adopted for including
them. (\V. II. Taylor).— a. 30s. per week, or 5s. per
day. b. From 12s. to 13s. ))er acre, and from 10 to
12 acres each man without extras, d. Wheat, Barley
and Oats are generally either mown with a scythe or
cut with a reaper (G. U. Badham).

Stafford: a. 3s. per day. b. 12s. aud 6 or 8 quarts
beer; 2s. 6d. to 3s., and 4 quarts beer per acre.
1/. AVheat, straight crops by machine and tied u\) in
sheaves, others cut by scythe or reap and tie up;
Barley and Oats generally out by scythe (T. Byrd).

Suffolk : a. I consider the cost per acre, including
boys, reaper and thatcher, about 13s. for AVheat and
Barley, c. No agreement for either; but beer is given
carting, and on long days. d. I give my men £7 each
to harvest 14 acres. Lads hired by the week assist the
men when wanted in tying, &c., free of expense to the
meu. I allow them the use of Burgess & Key's reaper,
wherever it can be used, free of all expense, I finding
man to drive its horses. This year they will not be
able to cut much AVheat, but most of the Barley, the
former being too much laid. The harvest lasts
generally rather over a month. (P. Nunn).— «. £5 per
month, with 10 pecks malt, 2 lb. Hops, 10 lb. meat.

b. Cutting and carting, 8s. 6d.. with 10 pecks malt,
2 lb. IIojis, 10 lb. meat, or 10s. 6d. clear of everything,
to cut aufl clear (S. G. Stearn).— a. AVlien by month,
from £(j 10s. to £7 ; but mostly done by jiiece. b.
Prices for cutting and harvesting, all crops included,
from lis. to 12s. per acre ; they average about 12 acres
per man. rf. AVheat and Oats mown and tied up.
JBarley mown and carted loose. Reaping machines are
being introduced, but labourers do not like them ;
however, they must become general. (AV. Horn). —

a. By the month or harvest, £5 10s. and 3 bushels of
malt, Is. hiring money, and a harvest supper, or 2s. Cd.
in lieu of it. c. Malt given in place of beer, d.
Reaping with machine is becoming general for Wheat,
but cutting with the scythe still the most usual for
this crop. Barley and Oats mown with scythe and
swathed, not sheaved or shocked as in other districts.
Talavera AVheat is much grown in this district ; new
nearly all cut, and some threshed and otfered in the
market. The yield much injured by the late frost

( ).— a. About £5 in money ; 7s. 6d. per acre to cut

and clear, the farmer furnishing teams and driver iu
addition ; 1 stone of pork, 2i bushels of malt, and
21 lb. of Hops. Second math Clover included, if not
fed. Turnips twice hoed. Mangel cleaned before harvest;
thatching not included, d. AVheat mown and sheaved
or stocked. Barley mown and turned before carting
(G. Edwards).— a. lis. to 12s. per acre, 10 to 12 acres to
a man. Is. earnest, and 2s. 6d. harvest supper (which is
equal to £6 or £6 10s. for harvest) ; seldom or never
done by the month, b. lis. to 12s. per acre to cut,
cart, and stack whatever corn is grown on the farm.

c. No beer. d. AVheat mown and tied. Barley mown
down, Oats mown down, seldom or never tied (T. C.
AA'hiting).— a. Generally by the acre, to cut and stack
from 10 to 12 acres of AVheat, Barley, and Oats
per man, at 10s. per acre, and 2 bushels of malt.

c. Malt found, or beer, per acre, about 8 pints, d. The
AVheat is generally mown and thawed. Machines
getting general. The Barley is mown and left in
swath. 'The Oats are mown and tied up (G. M.,
Sexton).— a. From 3s. to 3s. 6d. per day, and beer

b. Reaping, AVheat from 9s. to 14s. per acre; mowing'
Barley, 3s. 6d. to 4s. 6d. ; ditto, Oats, 3s. Cd. to 5s.
with beer. c. 4 to 6 pints per day ( ).

Cambeidge: a. By the day; generally pay carting
hands harvest wages five weeks from beginning to end,
allowing them to reap by the acre the first seven or
ten days, and then give them 33. 6d. per day for the
remainder of the time. b. From 10s. to 15s., probably
average about 12s. c. Carting hands three pints per
day of beer, nothing to reapers, d. Reap aud mow by
manual labour at per acre ; cirt by the day, giving man
that pitches 4d. per day extra, and that stacks 6d.,
except he be a foreman, when nothing extra is given ;
wages paid for wet days as well as fine. AVhere farms
are conveniently situated some farmers cart their corn
by the acre (A. S. Rustou).— «. 63. for the day, £5 for
the month, b. los. per acre, including carrying, stack-
ing, and thatching, c. Beer included in above wages.

d. By reaping machines and the scythe (P. Purves).—
a. 3s. 6d. per day, and four pints of beer per day, or
money equal to it. b. About 10s., no beer. d. Mown
and tied ; Beans reaped and tied. Some farmers put
the carting out to the meu at about 3s. per acre, the
farmer providing carts aud boys to drive ; no beer (R.
Barton).

NOETHAMPTON : a, £4 per month, with 28s. worth
of beer. b. Reaping Wheat from 8s. to 16s. per acre,
and two gallons of beer ; mowing, tying, aud shocking
Barley and Oats, from 7s. to 12s. au acre, two gallons of
beer. c. One gallon a-day. d. AVheat-reaping is fast
being superseded by the machine and scythe ; Barley
and Oats are mown and carted loose generally, but
many first-class farmers tie and shock theirs (P. Love).
-a. Corn cut by the acre. b. Say AVheat 9s. to lis., and
Barley, &c., 23. 6d. c. Three to four quarts of beer
generally per day in addition, d. Reaping and niowing

machines will soon become general ( ).— a. By the

month, at £3 4s., without beer, b .From 10s. to 15s.
per acre. d. AVheat chiefly reaped, some mown and
tied up ; Barley mown and carried loose ; Oats partly
tied up, and some carried loo.se (.1. B. Smeeton).

AA'aewick : a. By the mouth for labourers generally
employed, double wages aud a gallon of fresh beer and
quart of ale, except when carrying— then almost

890

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONTCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 24, 1867.

unlimited, h. Wheat from 9s. to I5s. d. Beaping
and fagging and mowing, many reaping machines now
used (J. Baldwin).— rt. By pieceworii, from 4s. to 5s.
per acre for cutting hay. S. Prom 12s. to lis. per
acre for reaping Wheat, 43. for mowing Barley, and 3s.
for mowing Oats, and 4s. more for tying up. c. A
gallon of strong beer to the acre, and a gallon of small
beer. d. Wheat, chiefly cut with the sickle ; Barley,
mown with the scythe ; Oats the same, and tied up
afterwards. Reaping machines are becoming more
general (W. Dester).— a. By the month, double the
usual price per day. h. Impossible to state any price,
as it entirely depends on the crop and supply of hands.
e. Beer allowed, d. Wheat generally reaped with
sickle, or cut close to the ground with hook ; Barley
generally mown,and carried withouttying( J. C.Adkins).
—a. A few farmers have one or two men at the most by
the month, at £1 and maintenance, but most are by
the day, from 2s. 6d. to 3s. I, Wheat, from 10s. to 12s.
per acre ; Barley and Oats, from 2s. to 3s. per acre.
c. C quarts per day. d. Very few reaping machines,
most of the Wheat being reaped by hand, and not so
much capped (hooded) as formerly. A few farmers
the last year or two have taken to fagging, and it
becomes more general every year. Barley mown by
scythe ; never tied up. Oats, a few reaped and tied up
(J. Smith). — a. If by the month, 72s. to 80s.
i. Wheat, with I'eaper, 6s. 6d. to 6s. per acre, without
beer; ditto reaping and fagging, about lis. or 12s. per
acre; no beer. Barley, mowing, 3s. 6d. to 4s. per acre;
no beer. Oat^s, mowing, 3s. 6d. to 4s. per acre ; no beer.
c. Beer and cider generally given per acre. d. Wheat
chiefly reaped. Fagging, and with reaper, getting very
much in use. Barley and Oats generally cut with the
scythe, and laid loose (J. Ford).

WoKCESTEE: a. From 15s. to ISs. per week, and
cider 4 to 5 quarts per day. Corn principally cut and
tied up by the acre, and carried and stacked by the day
or week, and beer and cider given to all. h. Wheat,
8s. to 12s. per acre, and beer and cider for cutting and
stocking; Barley and Oats generally mown, at from
2s. 6d. to 4s. ; Oats reaped, 7s. to 10s. ; Beans and Peas,
part cut and sheaved, part mown and cocked, at 6s. to
10s. per acre— beer and cider also. c. Part, 8 to
12 quarts per acre for Wheat and Beans ; for most pai-t,
5 quarts per day. d. Wheat, a small part cut by
machine where not badly laid, as much is this month ;
the greater part by broad hook, close to ground, and
tied in sheaf and stocked uj), till carried. Barley, mown
and cocked in heaps when dry. Oats, part reaped, &c.,
as Wheat, part mown, &c., as Barley (W. Wood-
ward).—a. £3 12s. to £1 by the month for men not
employed in cutting corn. h. Wheat, cutting, binding,
and stocking, 9s. to 16s. ; Barley, mowing, 2s. 6d. to 4s. ;
Oats, carting, binding, and stocking, 7s. to 10s.
c. 5 quarts per day. d. We use waggons with two
horses, and pay the men by the day (C. Eandell). —
a. Men from 2s. 6d. to 3s. per day with 5 quarts of
beer and cider; women. Is. per day with 2 quarts of
beer and cider; generally half of each to men and
women, h. Wheat cutting from 10s. to 12s. per acre,
with 5 quarts of beer aud cider per day. ISarley
mowing from 3s. to 5s. per acre, with the same allow-
ance of beer and cider per day as with Wheat cutting.
Bean reaping from 9s. to 10s. per acre, with the same
allowances. (It is poor economy to mow Beans.) Oats,
do., from Ss. to lOs. do. : seldom cut with the scythe,
but when done so the same price per acre according to
crop ; but as Oats generally stand up pretty well, the
price seldom exceeds 2s. OJ. or 3s. per acre ; but there
is often great waste in mowing, particularly if the
weather should he unsettled, d. Wheat usually cut
with the broad hook and stick. Six sheaves put oppo-
site to each other, from north to south, and one at each
end, and in this position little damage occurs from
wet, the bloom on the corn is retained, and the sample
is generally fine. Plenty of field room is allowed. This
mode is far preferable to cutting or reaping with the
sickle, as the Wheat stands more off the ground, the
straw is longer, and the grain will keep best in stormy
weather, and is in better condition than when the top
sheaf is reversed or hackled. I cannot too strongly
recommend the broad hook and stick for cutting
Wheat. After many years' experience I have found
this plan so very superior to the cutting or rather
reaping with the sickle that I always adont it. Barley
is usually cut with the scythe, and after being once
turned is put into good sized cocks, which preserves
the colour and clears the ground. If there is much
Clover the Barley islturned twice before it is cocked,
and the ground raked. Oats are generally cut with the
broad hook, the same as the Wheat, and allowed
plenty of field room. Sheaves at the end, only six, put
opposite each other. Peas are cut in the same way, and
rolled up in small wads and turned every other day.
Beans are also cut with the broad hook and stick and
placed on the ground in reaps until the haulm is
withered, and then tied round the top with some of the
Bean haulm, which is drawn upwards by the hand,
which is far better than tying round the middle. In
cutting the Beans with the broad hook and stick,
each gathering or reap is put on tho ground and
allowed to remain until it is well withered, then two
men gather up the reaps with their sticks, put three
together, and another man or two men follow, clear
out a handful a little above the stetch or stealch, twist
it, and tie the top, and then put a band of Bean straw
round the top about a foot down the stetch as it is
called. In this position the Beans may remain in the
field a month without injury. Burgess and Key's
improved Grass mower, which has been used this
season in this neighbourhood, is a first-class implement.
Nothing can cut the Grass better. It matters not
whether the Gr.ass is down or up, for it cuts its swath
evenly, aud gives the greatest possible satisfaction (H.
Hudson).

Heeefokd: a. 10s. per week, with 20s. extra for the
month, or 2s. 6d. per day, with dinner on hauHng days ;

cider almost ad ?/5e7?rHi— usually 6 quarts per day.

b. 10s., cut, tie, and stook Wheat, men finding their
own drink, which is usually cider, supplied on the
farm at 4d. to 6d. per gallon. Barley is usually mowed
aud harvested in the swath ; 2s. per acre is given for
mowing, with 5 to 6 quarts of cider per day. Oats
same as Wheat, or nearly so. c. 10 quarts of cider per
acre is allowed for Wheat when found by employer.
d. Tho Wheat and Oats are tied in sheaf and stocked,
the Barley harvested in swath (T. Duckham).—

a. From 16s. to £1 per week, with drink. J. Wheat,
to cut, tie, and stook, from lOs. to 12s. per acre, without
drink. Barley, to mow, from 2s. 6d. to 33. 6d. per acre.

c. From 4 to 6 quarts per day, but often no allowance
is made, and they have what they require. Cutting
Wheat, about 10 quarts per acre. d. Wheat is gene-
rally set to cut, tie, and stook, though a great deal is
now cut with machines. Oats cut and tied. Barley
mown and harvested loose, the regular workmen
getting it together (D. Edwards).- a. The usual
labourers on farms get an allowance of from 10s. to 20s.,
in addition to their wages, for the harvest month ; and
extra hands 2s. 6d. per day with cider, h. Wheat, 7s.
to 9s., to cut, tie, and set up ; Barley, 2s. to 2s. 6d., to
mow ; Oats, 2s. to 2s. 6d., to mow ; but if reaped, the
same price as Wheat, c. 10 quarts per acre for
reaping; 3 to 4 quarts for mowing; 6 quarts for day
work. d. Wheat is generally cut with reap-hook and
wooden crook to gather it against the standing corn ;
tied and stocked without capping or covering with an
inverted sheaf, and allowed to stand in the field till dry
enough to carry to the rick. Oats are often treated in
the same manner, but as often mowed and allowed to
dry in swaths. Barley always mowed. Mowing or
reaping machines but little used (H. Pride).

Monmouth: a. There is much loose hiring here,
viz., for harvest time at so much per week and victuals,
and the terms this year run, I understand, from 7s. to
15s. per week. The time being indefinite, the engage-
ment very frequently ends in a dispute, h. Wheat is
generally cut, bound, and stocked at per acre ; as yet
the price scarcely quotable. Barley and Oats are
mow n at from 4s. to 5s. per acre, and a gallon of cider
per acre with the lower figure, c. Generally a gallon
of cider per acre when cutting by the acre; when
working by the day or week cider all but ad lib.

d. Cradle scythe for Wheat ; also bagging, known as
"hook and crook; "very little reaping done. Barley
and Oats, scythe. Heaping machines are gaining
ground (G. E. Greenhow-Eelph).

Gloucesteeshiee: a. 4s. per day for harvest
month, b. Wheat, £1 per acre for cutting with
machines, 6s. per acre, tying aud stocking; Beans,
5s. 6d. per acre, ditto; Barley, 4s. 6d. per
acre, ditto. c. None. d. Cut with machine,
the whole being tied up (C. 6. Clarke).— a. The
few ordinary day men. Is. 8d. to Is. lOd. per acre,
besides 4 to 5J- quarts of beer per day. b. Wheat,
7s. 6d. to lOs. 6d. per acre, besides beer; Barley, 2s. to
2s. 4d. per acre, besides beer; Oafs, mowed and tied,
6s. 6d. to 83. per acre, besides beer. c. About 4 or
5 quarts per man per day (S. Eioh).— a. By the day,
2s. 2d. b. From 10s. to 14s. per acre. c. Beer or cider
for day work. d. Some cut by machinery and some by
hand (G. Edmonds).— a. 2s. 6d. a day, and no beer.

b. From 8s. to 14s. for Wheat ; Barley and Oats, when
cut and tied, 9s. ; when mowed, 3s. to 4s. c. 1 gallon
per acre. d. Wheat, reaped and tied up ; Barley and
Oats, mowed and left in swath to dry, and carried
loose like hay, only tied up in a few cases (J. Cobban).
—a. Since hay time 13s. weekly, with beer. b. About
lOs. an acre, with beer. c. 1 gallon daily, beer.
d. Wheat, with heavy hook close to the ground ; Oats,
Wood's machine (E. Shillon).— In this district reaping
is much done by machines, aud tbe afterwork of tying,
stookin" and raking is let for 4s. to 4s. 6d. per acre.
When Wheat is mown, tied, stocked, and raked, the
work is let for from 8s. to 9s. per acre. Barley is mown
for 2s. to 2s. 3d. per acre, and is carted loose to the
stack. Peas are pulled with the hook for Os. per acre.
Most of the work is done by piece, but in cases where
daily w^ages are continued through harvest, 2s. per day
with beer and payment for overtime is usual (]?rof. J.
Wrightson).— a. Average, 15s. per week. b. Average,
lis. per acre. c. 5 quarts per day. d. Wheat about
one-fourth cut by machine, two-fourths by scythe
or hook close to the earth, one-fourth reaped by sickle.
Barley and Oats mown with scythe (J. P. Peacey).

OxFOED : a. 2s. 6d. per day with an allowance of
malt or beer. i. IDs. to 153. per acre for Wheat ; 8s. to
10s. for Barley, tied up in sheaves ; 8s. to 10s. for Oats,
ditto ; 23. 3d. to 3s. 6d. if mowed and not tied— all exclu-
sive of beer. c. The carting and stacking men only
have an allowance of malt or beer. d. The Wheat is
all tied in sheaves, and latterly the Barley and Oats
have also. All the harvest is done by a regular staff of
men, who are employed summer and winter; being near
a largo village, some few small tradesmen turn out and
assist in cutting the corn for two or three weeks during
the busy season. Eeaping machines are used but
little at present in this neighbourhood (S. Druce). —

a. All at piecework as much as^possible. When cart-
ing commences the best men receive 18s. per week.

b. Most of the crops are now fagged at various prices,
from 10s. to 14s. per acre ; if Barley is mown, 2s. 6d.

c. Where cider is made the quantity consumed is
enormoiis ; on this estate no drink is given as part pay-
ment. The best men receive 20s. for hay time, and
again 20s. for the harvest ; the rest of labourers- men,
boys, and women — at what they are worth, d. Fagging
has become very general in this part, and many good
hands are to be found ; tlie last wet harvest has made
the farmers anxious to sheaf all their corn, if possible,
either by hook or machine; when properly done it will
stand much wet without damage (M. Savidge).™
a. Generally 2s. per day, with beer ; about a gallon, and
sometimes more, to a man, when at day work amongst
corn. b. Always cut by the acre, from Ss. to 13s. per

acre for the fagging or reaping. Fagging most general.
A considerable quantity of the Barley is fagged, and
nearly all the heavier crops of Oats. For mowing
Barley or Oats about 3s. per acre, sometimes more.
Eeaping machines are becoming thicker c. We give
no beer or cider with the piecework ^G. Wallis).—
a. The men employed by the day during the whole
time of harvest have from 20s. to 25s. extra, and
2 bushels of malt each: those who have the chance of
piecework, and are occasionally employed by the day,
have 3s. per day and an allowance for beer. b. From
8s. to 14s. per acre for fagging, c. Without beer or
cider, d. Mostly by fagging. I tie up all I can. The
few fields that are not laid will be cut with Samuelson's
sheaving reaper, and tied by the acre ; but mine being
mostly heath_ land, the corn grows very frothy, and
rather weak in the straw, so that it is difficult to cut
by machinery (G. Game).— a. 3s. 4d. per day ; no drink
or extras. 4. 10s. for fagging Wheat, Barley, and Oats;
5s. for Peas. c. None. d. All corn sheaved, and carried
by one-horse carts ; the pitching and ricking, &c., ail
day work, at Ss. 4d. ( )

Bedfoedshiee : a. Generally the men are engaged
for the mouth at from £4 16s. to .£5, with 4 to 7 pints
of beer per day, besides " small beer; "the cutting is
let by the piece ; the carting done by the day. Some
farmers let the whole of the harvest to cut, cart, and
thatch at from lis. to 14s. per acre. b. Eeaping Wbeat,
9s. to 12s. per acre, and beer ; mowing Wheat, 8s. to
10s. per acre, and beer ; mowing Barley, 3s. 6d. to 4s.
per acre, and beer; mowing and tying 75. to 9s. per
acre, and beer (C. Howard).— a. 96s. per month, and
5 pints of beer a day. b. Prom 9s. to 143. per acre, and
4 pints of beer a day. c. Generally mown and tied.
It is a custom with some, and saves a great deal of
trouble to the master, to have a sufficient number of
men, and let the harvest to complete (that is, to cut,
cart, stack, and thatch it) at per acre— say from 12s. to
14s., and beer ; others let the cutting, and cart by the
day (W. Lavender).

BucKiNGHAMSHiEE : a. Eeaping and mowing,
per acre. Carters, shepherds, and stock men £4 4s.
and upwards for the month, with beer. b. Wheat,
from 9s. upwards; Barley, from 3s. upwards; Oats,
from 7s. 6d. upwards, c. 4 pints of ale and some small
beer, daily, for the month's men. A. Wheat is reaped,
fagged, and mown, according to circumstances ; tied,
and set in shocks. Barley is mown and carried loose.
Oats generally fagged and tied, or mown and tied.
Beans are mown and cocked or fagged and tied,
according to length of straw and bulk of crop ; a great
many Bean crops this year cannot be tied (W. G.
Duncan).— o. 3s. a day. b. Wheat, 6s. to 16s. ; Barley,
3s. to 5s. ; Oats, 3s. per acre, c. No beer for contract
work, 4 pints per day for day work. d. Some reaped,
some mown, some cut by machine, and some fagged
(W. Smith). —o. £4 for the month, or by the day
3s. ^ with beer, b. As the crops are so variable, so
must the price be ; a good upstanding crop of either
Wheat or Oats, 12s. per acre; Barley, fagged and
sheaved, 10s. per acre; but layered crops vary from
lis. to 25s. per acre. c. Four pints per day when not '
working by the piece, d. Fagging has now become
prevalent, especially where steam culture is used.
There are not many reaping machines in use in this
neighbourhood. Farmers are looking out for the best
class of reaper before they order, and none have been
seen yet that will cut a layered crop perfectly (J. K.
Fowler),

Hertfobdshiee : The general custom for harvest
work in this neighbourhood is to let to the labourers on
the farm, joining in one company, the whole corn crop,
varying from lis. to' 13s. per acre, according to crop,
for cutting, carting, and stacking; Wheat, reaped or
mowed, and shocked ; B.arley and Oats generally
carted loose, the farmer finding horses, carts, and hoys
to drive, and reserving to himself the power of
carting when he thinks it desirable. Farmers and
labourers both prefer this, as the labourers in this case
supply themselves with everything, and it relieves the
farmer from all complaints about bad beer, cider, &e.
(J. Prout).— rf. The greater part of the Wheat out
with reaping machine or scythe; a small part reaped ;
Barley generally mown or cut with reaping machine,
and carted loose ; a small part tied in sheaves. Oaft
the same (■ )

MiDDlESEX : a. 2s. 6d. to 3s. per day. h. 15s. the
average price for Wheat and Oats ; 12s. for Barley, if
fagged, c. Day-men, 5 pints during hay-making and
harvest work. d. Nearly all fagged and shocked in
the usual way (T. Hewitt).

Essex : a. Men hired to cut, cart, carry, and stack, i
about 10 to 12 acres each man, at 9s. to 10s. per acre,
with beer ; without, about 2s. per acre extra, or
3 bushels of malt. d. Wheat is generally mown and
tied. Barley generally mown and carted from swath,
Oats the same ; but tying them is becoming more
general (J. Clayden). — a. Harvest generally let;
10 acres to be cut and harvested by each man at about
lis. 6d. to 12s. 6d. per acre, master finding 3 bushels of
malt, and 3 lb. of Hops per mau, or his own brewed
beer. Cutting Wheat by odd men, lOs. to 15s. per acre,
master finding beer. c. Beer per acre or per day, 6 to
8 pints, d. Wheat mostly bagged or mown ; Barley
and Oats by scythe ; not much use for reap-
ing machines this year, all cereal crops being
much lodged by heavy storms (H. Dixon). — ;
a. 5s. per day. b. Wheat, at 12s.; Oats, at lis.;
Barley, 8s. 6d. c. Six Quarts a day. d. Mow every-
thing. Some farmers le"t everything to cut and carti

at about from 12s. to 15s. per acre ( ).— «■ Average- | -

£6 for a month's work; 5s. per day. b. 12s to 18s.,;!
including carting, c. Beer to the value of 3s. 6d. m the [(
pound (i.e., we suppose, one-sixth of their wages) d. '
Cut close by scythe or bagging hook ; Wheat and Oats ,
sheafed- Barley generally carted loose. On outlying I
farms the work is undertaken by a company at from,
£7 10s. to £9 per man (S. W. Squier).— o. About £ct<

August 24, 18C7.J

THE GARDENERS' OnRONTCLE ANT) ArTRTCFLTURAL GAZETTi:

891

per month and beer, or 5s. per day without beer. h.
Wheat from 10s. to 12s. Cd. per aero ; Barley about 4s.;
Oats about 3s. Cd. c. Beer from 6 to 8 pints per day.
d. Much is now cut with machinery. The general
mode is mowing, but in consequence of the laid cou-
dition of many pieces, rea])ing of Wheat must be
' resorted to {A. Bai licld).— «. ,t7 a mouth. 4. Cut by
reaper, :!s. (id. per iirio, and bound up by the month
men (P. Milchell).— «. 2s. 4d. per day ; good men, 3s.
b. Average crops: bagging, 12s.; mowing, S.s. ; Oats,
cutting, binding, cSlo., 7s. to Us. d. Bad season for the
reaper; AVheat bagged, mostly; Barley and Oats,
mowed. Each man hopes to earn between £6 and £7,
finding hi.s own boor, contracting to cut, cart, stack,
and drag. They earn most if wo can cut by reaper,
and with less fatigue (0. Hall).— «. £0 for harvest
month, 10 acres per man where the crops are strong;
12 or more where they are light. My crops are
56 acres strong AVheat, 10 Barley, 8i Oats; 10 acres
to each man. b. When let by piece, according
to strength of crop, lis. to IGs. merely for cutting ■
ordinary wages before harvest vverc 12s. per week and
beer; horsemen, Is. to Is. Od. extra; engine-driver, 14s.
and beer. c. Six pints of beer (4 bushels to hogshead),
and as uuich small beer as they like (1 bushel to hogs-
head) : an extra pint of strong beer when carting.
d. IVbeat bag"cd, Oats mowed and sheaved. Barley
mowed— not sheaved (J. J. Jlechi).— o. By the month
("i- horse-keepers and regular hands, £0 to £7, and
LI rach for beer ; cutting nearly all done at per acre.
/'. 4'rom Ss. to 10s. per acre, and 4 to 8 quarts of beer,
I according to weight of crop; -te. Gd. for Barley, if not
I tied up. d. Wheat nearly all cut with the bagging-
ihook; Barley and Oats mostly mown, aud now our
practice is to tie all up if the Barley straw is long

' enough ( ).—<i. If by the month, from £5 to £5 10s.,

and if by the day at about same rate, exclusive of beer.
i. Wheat from Ids. to Us. c. Prom C to 8 pints per
day ale, but the plan is becoming very general to allow
money instead— about Is. per day during the month.
d. Some Wheat reaped, but most mown or cut by
machines ; Barley and Oats mown or cut by ma(diine;
Wheat and Oats tied, and Barley not. Most farmers
et a largo portion of Wheat, all the Barley and Oats
md Beans, to a company of men, at from lis. to 13s.
ler acre, to do all the operations except thatching
exclusive of beer ; and pay the same men from 2s. fid

0 3s. per acre to carry and stack the Wheat cut by
Grangers. N.B. The price is higher than usual this
'ear, m consequence of the corn being very much laid

W. Impey).— «. Gangs of men take the harvesting of
ach farm. Price according to circumstances, but in
;cneral each man of the gang is supposed to harvest
bout 11 acres, "c. Beerarf Ubitiim, except ale, which is
aeasured out twice a day, but more when heavy cari-
ng, d. Wheat mostly cut by the scythe, hook, or
ickle ; Barley and Oats chiefly by the scythe. Very
3w horse reapers are used here (G. Wilkins).
SuKREY: a. All cutting done by the acre and carting
y tho day. b. Wheat and Oats, and sometimes
iarley, fagged (or hagced) tied, and shocked.
Iverage, 10s. per acre, without beer. If tied after
oaper, 5s. per acre. Barley, if mown, 4s. to 5s. c.
ieer, when carting, abouto to 7 or 8 pints (E. Hilder).
-b. This year, hands being plentiful and Wheat twisted
bout, I will cut about 21 out of IGO acres of Whe.it
lyhand, at lis. to 12.s. an acre; remainder, and all
).ats and Barley, cut by machine. I supply horses,
len cut it at .'SJd. an acre, and earn good wages, b.
'inding the beer system work very l5ad indeed after
hree years' trial, I give an equivalent in money. The
verage was a gallon per man per day, at Is., which he
ets. I am not only against it, in the time they take to
rink it, but I maintain I get more work done, and the
leu at any hour of the day are fit to be spoken to and
Iways civil, d. Having (with the exception of those
ho are this year cutting by hand) as many h.ands on
le farm throughout the year as managed my
arvests, I take them off their regular wages (12s. and
3s.aweek, with house and garden, 2s. Gd.), and allow all
) tie by the piece behind the machine, where they earn
bout double their regular wages, or more. I find this
.'Stem suits admirably, as it gives all a chance of earning
imething extra ; besides, all my harvest expenses are,
i it were, kept on the farm. The horse-drivers, I may
1.V, clean their horses in lieu of their rent, having
len a boy to tend them and take them out at regular
itervals for the machines. I have adopted that plan
3W for 10 years, and have not had a changed hand on
le farm (J. Arnot).
Beekshihe : a. From IBs. to 223. per week ; beer

1 carting days. b. Wheat, cutting, tying up, and
locking from lO.s. to 15s. per acre; Oats aud Barley,

mowed, say from 2s. to .js. per acre, without beer.
Corn is cut by the acre at a given price, without beer
. Adnams).— «. Prom 2s. Sd. to 3s. per day. b. Pag-
ng Wheat from lis. to IGs. per acre; fagging Oats
om 93. to 14s. per acre ; fagging Barley generally about
S. per acre ; mowing Barley from 3s. 6d. to 53. per
re. c. From six to eight pints of beer per day when
rrying, according to the length of the day ; none
hen at taskwork, d. Corn is all cut by taskwork,
id carried by daywork ; reaping machines very little
■eil ; nearly all corn cut with the fagging hook, except
wley, which used to be all mown ; fagging this is,
iwever, becoming more general every year (W.
alstrode).

SoMEESETSHiKE: The general mode of harvesting
heat in this neighbourhood is to cut with the scythe,
'■ and stock up, at a cost of from 7s. to 8s. per acre, an d
ae quarts of cider per acre; Barley and Oats are cut
it and lie at 2s. per acre, and four quarts of cider : a
Kv reaping machines are used. We carry and
^k by the day, at wages about 3s. per day, and as
nch cider, in moderation, as they like (W.
irthing).— ffl. Generally about 2s. jier day fur a
Mth or five weeks; beer (W. Spearing).- a. 2s. 6d.
f day and drink, b. Wheat, 8s. to lis. per acre ;

Barley, 2s. to 2s. fid. per acre; Oafs, 2s. Gd. c. One
gallon per day whilst cutting and harvesting Barley
and Oats; uo drink while cutting Wheat; one gallon
per day whilst harvesting Wheat, d. Wheat is first
rcajitd, (dioiijied or moun by hand or niachme, then
directly tied up into sheaves and hiled, or clumped,
and, after a day or two, it is carted into ricks and
thatched in ; Barley is mowu by hand or machine, and
laid in swaths, which in two or three days, alter being
onco or twice turned over by men and women with
prongs, is hauled into ricks or barns ; Oats arc some-
times harvested in the same manner as Wheat, but
generally like Barley (C. Combes).

AViLTS: a. 2s. per day during harvest; beer when
at harvest woi-k. b. Not commenced : from 9s. to 10s.
per aero; Wheat and Oats, from 8s. to 9s. reajud ;
Barley, 2s. per acre, mown. c. 1 gallon per day.
(G. Brown).

Kent: a. Corn cut by the acre. The farm servants
carrying tho corn are paid their wages by tho year, of
course contemplating overtime in harvest. Where
the labourers arc employed by the day in harvest, their
wages are usually about 3s. fid. per harvest day, viz.,
from 4 A.M. to 8 r.M., allowing an interval of two hours
for meals, with an allowance of about 2 quarts of beer
per diem. b. AVheat, 8s. to 15s. per acre, mowing,
binding, aud shocking up ; Barley and Oats, cutting
and binding alterwards, 5s. to 8s. per acre. c. None
included in tho price. The farm servants are allowed
about 2 quarts of beer per diem. d. The AVheat is
usually mown, struck in, and tied up at once. The
Barley and Oats are generally thrown out, and after-
wards collected with binding rakes, and tied up, the
master finding either yarn or bonds for the purpose
(M. Sandford).— a. This part of Kent does not import
labourers for harvest, consequently the men emiiloyed
during the year do the cutting of corn with the same
^vages, a few cases only where more is given, b. Wheat
about 10s. to lis. ; Barley mowing, 3s. to 3s. fid. ; Oats
the same, but where strong and bagged from 8s. to lis.,
without beer. c. About Is. to 2s. an acre allowed for
AVheat cutting, and less for other corn ; some give
beer, and others do not. d. Sheaves, in shocks of
about 10 sheaves, which when tied loosely will stand a
great amount of rain without injury. The usual rate
of wages for agricultural labourers is 14s. per week,
with employment during the year, but a great portion
of work is done by the piece, when considerably more

is carried by a strong and active man ( ).— «. At 5s.

per day ; we do as little as possible by the day in har-
vest, b. 15s. per acre is about the average price for
cutting AA'heat ; 10s. for Barley and Oats ; we have
more than an average quantity of straw this year.
Men that work by the day are allowed about three
quarts of beer per day, those that work by the piece
have about Gd. per acre in addition for beer. d. AA'heat,
Barley, aud Oats are mown with scythe and cr<adle,
and all bound in sheaves for the price named above
(W. Manser).

Sussex : a. Prom 3s. to 3s. fid. per day. b. Wheat,
about 12s. to 14s. per acre, in some cases as much as
20s. has been paid ; mowing Barley and Oats, about
3s. Gd. an acre ; when the Oats are bound in sheaves,
9s. to 10s. per acre. c. 2 quarts of beer daily (W.
Bigden).— n. Moiithsmen receive about £5, carters,
£5 10s. for the month ; tho reapers, after they have
finished reaping, from 3s. Gd. to 4s. per day. b. AVheat,
from 153. to 25s., average fully ISs. per acre; Oats,
from 12s. to 17s. ; Barley, about here chiefly mown,
about 3s. per acre. c. AA'here allowed, about 10 pints

a day of beer ( ).—a. 3s. per day, beer when

hauling, b. 12s. to IGs. for AVheat ; 2s. Gd. to 3s. for
mowing Barley and Oats. c. None except when
hauling, d. AVheat, by swapping; Barley, by mowing;
Oats, by mowing or swapping (J. S. Hay ward). — «.
Day workers get 3s. fid. to 4s. per day, with 3
quarts of beer or sometimes more. Monthly workers,
such as carters and shepherds, &c., £4 10s. to £5,
with same allowance of beer. b. Wheat from 10s.
to 15s. per acre ; Barley and Oats from 9s. to 12s. per
acre. c. None allowed when men work by the piece.
d. Mostly fagged with the hook, some mown with
scythe, some with machine ; tied in sheaves and set up
in stocks or shocks till fit for carting. I always put
my stocks on the middle of the land {i. e., the highest
ground) with eight sheaves in each shock thus : 1 and 2
are first put up, then 3 and 4, so as to form a square,
then 5, fi, 7, and 8, all brought together at the top as
much in a cone as possible; each side of the shock
should present, when well up, a straight line of three
sheaves. Stocks set up thus will seldom blow
down if pains be taken to do it well, and will resist
the wet better than any other I know of (J. Eames).
— a. Per day, 2s. Gd. b, AVheat, reaped, per acre, 12s.
to 14s. • Barley and Oats, mown, per acre, 2s. fid. to
3s. c. None allowed, d. AVheat, reaped and tied up
in sheaves ; Barley and Oats, mown and carried loose,
and stocked, as above (J. Brotherston).

Hants : a. Wages this year have been lis. per week
for the ordinary labourer ; double pay is given during
harvest of four weeks, b. 8s. per acre for Wheat, .3s.
for Barley and Oats; if cut by machine, Wheat is
gathered at half price, but men do not rake the ground.
c. No beer is given when at piecework ; during harvest
from 4 to G quarts are given d^ily, depending on the
strength of the beer; those who do not give beer pay
8d. per day instead, d. The bulk of corn here is still
done by the scythe, and it is to me a surprise that
machines arc not more used. To those who under-
stand the proper working of them they are invaluable.
Much of the corn here is stacked in the field (J. Lan-
cashire).— a. Prom 18s. to 21s. per week, with 1 gallon
of beer per man per day. b. Wheat, from 9s.
to 12s., and 15s. — the latter price where much
laid; Barley, from 3s. to 4s.; Oats from 3s. fid.
to Gs. c. None generally, d. By the day, the
carters, boys, aud women helpers having double pay
and beer during the harvest (J. T. Twynam). — a. Most

of the day work is done by the team men, who are
hired by the year. If day men are employed, their pay
is about Is. per day in money and beer. Por cutting
and tying AVheat, 10s. ; ditto Barley, 8s. ; ditto Oats,
Ss. per acre. c. Beer is given to the men employed at
cart only. Tho nllowance varies from half a gallon to
three-quarters of a gallon por day. d. On the clay
lauds the bagging-hook is used, on the hills the scythe
and reaping and mowing machines; tho lying after
which is i)aid for at tho rate of 5s. per acre for Wheat
(H. Kaynbird).

DoiisiiT: a. By tho acre. b. Price for cutting
AVheat, 7s. 8d. ; Barley, 2s. Od. ; and Oats, 2s. per acre.

c. Wheat, 10 quarts of cider per acre; Barley and
Oats, 5 quarts, d. Reaping, biuding, stitching, and
mowing (J. Pope).

Devon : a. About double wages during harvest.

d. Heaping machines arc now vei'y general, and
labourers aro paid double wages and double allowance
of cider (G. Turner).— a. 3s. fid. per day. b. Machines
generally used for cutting, c. Unlimited cider, d. Tied
and stood up. Ricked in the fields (R. H. AVatson). —
a. Men, £1 a week and beer or cider (no food), or
20d. to 2s. per day and board in farmer's house.
AA^omen, lod. to Is. per day and board in farm house ;
beer or cider allowed, b. AVheat, fis. per acre, and
1 gallon of cider, to reap, bind, and set up. Barley,
2s. per acre, and J gallon of cider, to mow outwards.
Oats, 2s. 3d. to 2s. Gd. per acre, and l a gallon of cider
to mow inwards and gather. Reaping machine, and
man 2s. (AVheat) per acre. More in the case of extra
heavy crop.?, r. 2 quarts per day per man in harvest,
but no stint generally; as much is given as the men
ask foi', short of making them heady, d. In round or
oblong stack.s. Some jdaced near the ground, only a
base of faggot w ood interposing ; others on raised
stands or " staddles ;" usually. Wheat en sfaddles,
spring corn on the ground (P. Cowan).— a. 10s. per
week, as usual, with a douceur of 30s. each at the end
of harvest, b. Principally cut by machine, c. We
are not particular about a gallon per day each ( ).

Cornwall : a. From 2s. to 2s. Gd. per day, with
meat and liquor, b. Wheat, 10s.; Barley, 2s. »d.;
same for Oats, with a gallon of beer or cider, c. Prom
a gallon upwards, d. The AVheat is chiclly cut with
the I'eaping machine (we have 10 in this parish) ; it is
then put up in shocks, remains in the fieUi from
five days to a week, according to the weather, it
is then taken to the stack and fhatcbed (J. AVillsj.—
a. Farmer's steady men have their meat and drink
in addition to their u.sual pay during harvest, the
average weekly wages being from 12s. to 13s. b.
Taking one with the other, about 10s. per acre. c.
Agarics very much. d. On most farms the reaping
machines do the work. The AA'heat is made into
shocks, and the Barley and Oats into Irish mows, about
250 in a mow (T. D. Simmons).

WALES.

CAESiARTnEN : a. AVages all the year round by
day, average from 10s. to 15s. per week. b. Generally
done by the day. c. A little beer, but no regular quan-
tity, d. All cut with scythe and cradle attached, then
secured in hand mows till all is fit for the rick (J.
Burnell).

IRELAND.

LoNDONDEREl' : a. No monthly
AVages by the day very fluctuating,
season, b. 12s. Gd. per acre. c. None,
sheaves, stocked for a short period, then carted to'the
stack-yard (C. Pollock).

County Down : a. Is. Gd. or 2s., without food or
drink, per day. b. All done per day as above, c. None,
teetotallers. d. Rtaiiing machines g(neial, and by
reaping hooks as formerly by small fanners (Vv.
M'Cleery).

Kilkenny : a. 3s. a day for men. Is. Gd. to 2s. Gd.
for women, e. None. d. All corn here is reaped with
sickle, or mown with cradle-scythe, or with machine.
Tied in sheaves and put up in capped stocks till dry
enough to stack (D. A. Milward).— a. Averageof men,
23. per day, without diet, to 2s. fid. Average of women.
Is. Gd. per day to 2s. Gd. AVhen boarded in the house,
Gd. per day less. AVhen boarded, usual food is bread and
milk. b. Average of IGs. to 18s. per Irish acre, for cut-
ting arid binding into sheaf, d: Generally, wheat is
cutby the sickle; Barley and Oats by the scythe. Some
few are beginning to use the reaping machine. If we
were farming as of old, we all should use them, as
labour is getting scarce and wages rising steadily ; but
stock prices paying the farmer doubly, he cultivates
only for the use of his stock (P. Grace).

Keert: a. Mowers 3s., reapers Is. Cd. per day. b.
Hay only cut per acre, at 7s. per Irish acre. c. None
in this district, milk used instead ; mowers and reapers
are in some cases fed with common labourers' food. d.
Cut with reaping hooks at Is. fid. per day ; cut with
corn scythes at 2s. to 33. per day; cut with horse
machines, then bound into sheaves, then stocked for
some days, then carted into hay-yard, and made into
stacks or ricks. All this done by common labourers,
paid at the rate of Is. to Is. Cd. per day (J. Creagh). —
n. Is. Gd. per day. c. No beer or cider, but a luncheon
of bread and milk or tea sometimes, d. Cut with a
sickle, then made into stocks for, say a fortnight,
and then into stacks (J. O'Sullivan).

CoEZ : n. 2s. to 2s. Gd. per day for men. Is. 4d. to
Is. 8d. per day for boys and women, b. Never let the
cutting of corn per acre ; but by calculating at the
above rate of wages, to mow, bind, aud put in stocks,
costs about Gs. Cd., or 7s. Gd. per statute acre. c. None.
d. Corn is generally cut down with scythes, reaping-
hooks for the last four or five years being rarely used,
and as yet only very few reaping-machines employed ;
the corn hound (without delay) into sheaves, and
placed in hooded stocks, and should the weather be
otherwise than fine, corn is often made small field
stacks of, before bemg taken to the haggard (P. A.

engagements-
owing to the
d. Tied up in

892

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 21, 1867.

Twiaame).— ff. Reapers 2s. per day with two meals, or
2s. 6d. without meals ; mowers 3s. 6d. per day with two
meals, or 4s. without meals ; women as binders, Is. 6d,
per do., or 2s. do. b. Scarcely ever let by the acre ; no
gangs here. c. No beer or cider to men engaged by
the day; the ordinary labourers if engaged mowing get
either 3 pints of porter, or if they prefer it 4d. per day
in lieu thereof. Some parties give a few shillings in a
lump, some at the end of the harvest to each regular
worker by way of gratuity, d. Nearly all are either
cut down by scythe or reaping machine ; the latter is
becoming pretty general, and in a few years will super-
sede the scythe. The sheaves are bound, stooked,
hooded, and in most cases are temporarily stacked in
the field before being removed to the corn-yard. A few
parties here have their corn-yards permanently covered
in (J. Byrne).

Home Correspondence.

Tenant Farmers in the Souse of Commons. — It has
long been my opinion that owing to the vast improve-
ments made in British agriculture, the enormous
acquisition of wealth made and held by tenant-farmers,
and their intelligence and social position, they are
fully entitled to a more influential representation in
the House of Commons than they now possess. In
this I am strongly borne out by the debates which have
taken place in reference to the Cattle Plague and the
Contagious Diseases (Animals) Bills. Mr. Corrance, a
practical man ( who may perhaps be a remove above the
tenant farmgr), and Sir. C. S. Read, a true British
yeoman and real tenant-farmer, have done themselves
great honour by the course they took and the ability
they have shown in carrying an amendment or the
purport of it into force, against the Government, and
for the protection and advantage of every owner of
live stock. Por this the tenant-farmers owe them a
debt of gratitude. It was for them they worked, and I
believe they pride themselves upon being more espe-
cially the representatives of that class. Through their
successful efforts we are now made comparatively safe
from the introduction of cattle plague from abroad.
All ports for the landing of foreign stock will be named
and set forth, with their regulations and conveniences,
" so that all cattle landed shall be slaughtered at the
ports of landing, and none allowed to leave the ports
alive." Mr. Read supplemented another clause by
which compensation will be given for suspected cattle
slaughtered by order of an inspector to ascertain the
nature of the disease. Now these are items in legisla-
tion effected for our good by tenant-farmers. If one or
two can be so useful, what might an united body of
25 or more be able to effect ? I say 25— that is the
number of new members given to the counties under
the new Bill, but that number is insufficient. I should
like attempts to be made to return an intelligent tenant-
farmer for every county and for every division of a
county. Look at thepresentsocial po.sitionof thetenant-
farmer of the United Kingdom ? Where do you find
men of more sterling worth,— men who have done so
much to increase a nation's welfare — men who have
grown more in intelligence and public usefulness y
Look at their wealth ! for if they were all sold up
to-morrow at present prices, the produce of the sale
would go near to extinguish the National Debt ; and
yet this powerful body of men have only one real and
true tenant-farmer in the " House." And are we to
rest satisfied under this order of things ? It is pro-
verbial that farmers are of all others the slowest to
take upany important movement, but it is also equally
proverbial that when once fully aroused they can, and
do, carry all before them. They have been partially
amused during the past year, and have formed them-
selves into county and district associations, or rather
"chambers," for their own protection, and to make
themselves heard in the senate. Why not follow this
up, and make these Chambers of Agriculture the
means by which these exceedingly important changes
are to be brought about ? We have also many Farmers'
Clubs, why not suspend their " standing orders," and
take up the question of political influence for tenant-
farmers ? Could there, by possibility, be any question
so important upon which Chambers of Agriculture and
Tarniers' Clubs might unite, and, together with the
agricultural public, exert all their power to place once
more the agricultural interest in its legitimate place in
the Commons House of Parliament? The landed
interest have failed to uphold it in its proper place :
let us try what the tenant-farmers in conjunction
with the country gentlemen can do. For this purpose
county and district organisations must take place,
funds must be raised, men selected; tenant-farmers
may give their time, but it would detract from the
tenant-farmers' high position to allow their repre-
sentatives to be at one penny cost for their especial
benefit. 0. F.

Tborkey.- Trial of Heaping Machines. — 'Vhe
following full report of the trial of reaping-machines
here, to which we referred last week, we take from the
Mark Lane Fxpress : —

"If you can cut the Fen crops, you can cut any-
thing ; and when we say ' cut,' we mean cut and deliver
too :" this is a maxim of the heavy Wheat growers on
the rich alluvial lands of the Bedford Level. And the
proposition will be disputed hy nobody who is
acquainted with the tremendous weight of the AVheat
and Oat crops there : often having straw 5 and even
6 feet long (we ourselves have measured Oat-straws
more than 8 feet in length), generally laid by wind and
wet as if a roller had crushed all down flat, or twisted
and " shocked up " in all positions, often " thorough-
grown ;" sometimes matted together by bindweed and
other vegetation. This kind of crop, in which neither
scythemen nor sicklemen can make straightforward

work, but have to drive "breeds" in all directions
(according as they can get the scythe-point under, or
can get at the back of the straws for a handfuU), has
been supposed to be beyond the power of any reaping-
machine; and the makers themselves admit that crops
may be found presenting difliculties too great to be
overcome by the " horse-power scythe." The fen-men
do employ these mechanical reapers to some extent ;
but there has hitherto been no public exhibition of
what the various machines now before the world really
can accomplish in excessively-laid and " touselled "
crops ; and accordingly a number of gentlemen on
the Duke of Bedford's estate, at Thorney, near Peter-
borough, have just provided an occasion for bringing
the matter to a test, handsome prizes being given by
the Duke and by his tenantry.

The trial came off upon Mr. Alexander Goodman's
Willow Hall Farm, about three miles from Thorney
railway-station ; not, however, upon Fen peat soil,
although upon perfectly flat land, the soil being a
gravelly loam ; and the crop was not exactly the
heaviest and roughest that could have been procured
had the contest been postponed for a week or 10 days,
till the black-land Wheats were ripe. However, the
time had been publicly advertised, the weather kept
back the ripening later than was expected, and the
managing committee could not do better than accept
the spirited offer of Mr. Goodman, who placed a field of
66 acres of Wheat at their disposal, and himself opened
out the crop in 2-acre and 3-acre plots by his own
Croskill machine. The crop was of Nursery Wheat,
with Sh to i feet straw, heavy enough to yield -10 bushels
per acre, remarkably free from weeds and without
Clover, prostrated so that nearly all was flat, the ears
lying within a few inches of the ground, the " lays"
being so far in one direction that about one-fourth of
the straws overlaid other straws in cross bunches,
while only occasional bunches leaned in the opposite
direction. To describe the condition and posture of
the crop is not very easy ; but it will be understood
when we say that the machines could " throat," that is,
meet the stuff one way, without finding very much corn
sloping away from them, and the chief difficulty was in
" dividing" the cut stuff at the side from what we may
call (by courtesy) "the standing." The crop being
laid out in rectangular, long, and narrow plots, all the
machines were obliged to work one side only, returning
empty after each " breed," or half-bout. The land was
quite level, smooth, with a few small stones, and owing
to the thunder-storm and rain of Thursday, moist and,
for part of the time, " soapy," quite wet enough for the
machines to work on, and the crop w^as damp and
clammy, and by no means in a good condition for slip-
ping easily off the rakes or platforms. In fact, the
state of the crop may be .judged from the circumstance
that pouring rain on Thursday (the first day of the
trial) prevented anything further than a false start, in
which several of the machines cut a woeful figure
trying to deliver stuff wet as thatch; and the crop
being so flattened, was only just dry enough for the
renewal of proceedings at noon on Friday. The
judges were Mr. Willi&m Shepperson, of March ; Sir.
George Martin, of Hubbert's Bridge, near Boston ;
Mr. Searson. of Deeping St. James ; and Mr. Edwards,
of Eye, near Thorney ; and the prizes they had to award
were as follow : — Class 1. For the best self side-
delivery reaper, 1st prize, 20/. (offered by his Grace
the Duke of Bedford) ; 2d prize, 10/. (ofl'ered by the
tenantry). Class 2. For the best manual back-delivery
reaper, 61. Class 3. For the best manual side-delivery
reaper, 5/. Semi-manual machines were not allowed
to compete in these classes, but an extra prize was
placed in the hands of the judges to be awarded if they
iound sufficient merit. It will be seen that "swathers"
and ," sheavers " were classed together, thus obliging the
jud.ges to decide between "sheaving" and "swathing"
for such crops as that at Willow Hall, as well as to
pronounce upon the relative performances of the
different machines. " Class 1 " consisted of five
swathers, namely, those of Bamleit, Hornsby, Burgess
& Key, the Beverley Company, and Mr. Goodman's
" Croskill ; " and four sheavers, namely, those of
Hornsby, Samuelson, Baker, and Brigham i: Bickerton.
Turner & Fardon had entered a new machine, but it
could not be completed in time. Messrs. Howard did
not make an entry.

Hornsby's swathing machine is worked by two
horses with a pole (which is placed outside the main
wheel) ; it takes a 5-feet cut, measures 8i feet from out
to out, and weighs about 14 cwt. The main wheel is
in advance of the knife-bar, and the small ofl'-side
wheel follows the knife-bar. The platform is inclined
at an angle of about 45°, and delivers the swath by
endless chains; and the reel of 8 feet diameter has six
blades or " fans." A peculiarity is in the fingers, and
the smooth-edged knives pointing more downward
than in other machines. This machine made a
beautiful cut, and deposited what we thought was,
upon the whole, the best-laid swath ; but the reel
occasionally carried over, and littered considerable
quantities of corn.

Burgess & Key's improved screw-reaper (the machine
which won the Cup at the Peterborough trial last year)
is worked by tw'o horses with a pole, which is placed
outside the main wheel; it takes a cut of 5 feet 4 inches,
measures 8j feet from out to out ; it has smooth-edged
knives, the delivery-screws are driven directly by spur-
gearing, and its four-bladed reel is driven by a chain.
A peculiarity is that the knife-bar is a line with the
main-wheel axis; (the off-side small wheel following the
knife-bar), so that the main wheel and the cutting-bar
rise over elevations or sink into hollows together
The driver's seat is placed so as to nearly balance the
platform, and thus relieve the ofl-side small wheel of
weight. This machine cut splendidly, delivered a very
good swath considering the awkward state of the crop, and
the reel carried over very little stuff ; and the revolving
conical divider (recently improved) effected a perfect

separation of the stuff, appearing to pick up the lodged
and twisted corn in a wonderful manner; but this
machine showed a somewhat greater amount of side-
draught than the others.

The Beverley Company's machine is worked by three
horses following behind ; it takes a cut of 7j feet, mea-
sures 8j feet from out to out, and weighs about 16 cwt.
It has a six-bladed reel, and delivers by means of a
chain and two studded belts on a slanting platform.
It had sickle-edged knives, but works with plain-edged
knives when there is green stuff among the crop. In
the trial, this machine delivered particularly well, but
it worked at great disadvantage, because the plot, being
only 22 yards wide, did not allow the urachine to work
in such a direction as to cut both in going and return-
ing— a peculiarity of the machine being its ability to
deliver the swath from either side of the platform.

Mr. Goodman's machine is an old Crosskill, worked
by two horses following behind, and Mr. Goodman has
added a dividing-roller to each side of the slanting plat^
form. That this machine is quite capable of dealing
with almost any crop, no matter how rough, was fully
shown by its having " set out" the work in all directions
on the day before the trial, but the cutting was not
super-excellent.

A novelty was Bamlett's new swath-delivery ma-
chine ; remarkably light in construction : but the
platform (delivery by a chain and two belts) too short
and set too upright for dealing with long-strawed
crops.

The sheaving machines included Hornsby's "Go-
vernor," self-raker, taking 5j feet cut, and measuring
about 8 feet breadth from out to out, and weighs about
Hi cwt. It delivers by two rakes, revolving on a
centre, placed 18 inches in advance of the cutter-bar,
so that the far-end of each rake enters the stuff first,
and, the axis being vertical, the rake-teeth are alwajs
vertical also. This machine cuts exceedingly well,
and made an admirable division ; but the sheaf-bunches
were so spread as to measure 9 feet in length upon the
ground.

Samuelson's self-raking reaper takes a cut of 5 feet,
weighs about lOJ cwt., and it delivers by two rakes and
two gathering-boards, balanced. The cutting was
good ; but the sheaf-bunches were open to the same
objection as those of the preceding machines. A man
would be longer in tying them than he would be in
gathering and tying a swath.

Baker, of Wisbeach, competed with a Samuelson's
self-raker, improved in sundry details of dividing-irons
and so on, and fitted with Baker's patent elastic rakes
which are constructed with springs, allowing the teetl
to bend backward upon encountering an immoveabli
obstacle upon the platform. The work done was vei]
fair, with the exception of the shapeless form of tbi
delivered bunches.

The other machine in this class was Brigham i
Bickerton's "Excelsior" self -raking reaper, which alsi
cut and divided pretty well.

The judges could not possibl.v sanction such untidj
delivery as all the sheaving machines made of this crop
and the two awards to the swathers it was not difficu!
to foretell; Burgess & Key's " improved screw" snati
delivery reaper obtained the 1st prize, and Hornsby'
swather took the 2d prize.

The manual back-delivery machines were those o
Hornsby (with tipping slat platform); Cuthber
(improved in detail of gearing and framework, i
remarkably strong and serviceable machine) ; Kearsle;
(with wrought-iron framing and tipping platform)
Samuelson's "Eclipse" (with single lever-gear motioi
for driving the crank) ; Bamlett's (with drop slat plat
form); Brigham & Bickerton's "Buckeye Junior'
(with tipping jilatform); and Wood's left-handei
machine, with tipping slat platform. The plots o
work had been so laid out that this machine found th'
lay of the corn entirely the wrong way for it, and goo(
work was not made until the latter part of its trial
Cuthbert, in our opinion, did the best work, taking ■
full 5-feet breadth at once, and the bunches were wel
laid for tying. Hornsby's machine took 41 feet breadtl
at once— the cutting exceedingly well done, andth
sheaf bunches well laid. The judges awarded the priz
to Hornsby, and highly commended Cuthbert.

In the class of manual side-delivery machines, th
prize was awarded to Hornsby's " Universal Harvester,
which has a tipping skew-shaped platform, and a sor
of mould-board for shunting the cut stuff to the sid
behind the horses. A high commendation was give)
to Cuthbert's machine fitted with quadrant platform.

An extra prize of 21. 10s. was awarded to Mcssn
Hornsby's " semi-manual " reaper (which has a tippio
slat platform, and also chains for delivering thi
sheaf-bunches at the side) as being a good machine fol
its purpose. I

The trial may be taken as conclusive in favour (
swathing and against sheaving machines, for heav
and flat-laid crops ; for though the swathers were n(
of the neatest description, the sheaf-bunches were n<
business-like, either for tying or lying to be weathere;
And the manual-delivery machines left their work ■*
better trim, and easier for binding than did any of tl:
self-delivery machines.

An Account of the Island of Jersey. By the Rev.

Halle. Public Library, St. Heller's.
The occupation and cultivation of the Chanit
Islands aflbrdmany points of interest even to Engli'
farmers, who have the credit for being more pr
gressive. Perhaps it is because English farmers ha
been making great and rapid strides or changes duri-
the last 30 or 40 years, that more primitive systems
occupation, culture, disposition of productions, a!
social habits and relations, become just now more th;
ever important. We have been going at a racing pt

AUQUST 21, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND ACRK^ULTIIRAL GAZlTfE.

893

in EnRland, without stoppiiiR to consider wliot.Iior we
were running in tlie correct jiatli. We have been
much struck with the practical culture of tliesc ishinds,
for it has long been our opinion that we have been too
contemptuous ot small matters, and too anxious to
Ireduco our national agriculture to a system or
succession of gigantic schemes, that could be worked
with the order and precision of a cotton-mill, or any
otiior large manufactory; and if wo now look at our
slluiition from a national point of view, we may
jicrceive that we have many vital points of a coinitry's
mterest in anything but a healthy and jjromising
condition. In fact, from our standpoint, they require
the most scarchiTig an<l grave consideration, i'or it is a
great question \vhether the proportion of the material
and necessary comforts of the great bulk of
the people of this country may not tend rather
to decrease as they (the ])"eoiile) increase in
numbers. Hero we refer more particularly to such
articles or productions as milk and cheese, butter,
meat, and, indeed, e.\ce]iting bread, to every necessary
of life. Corn is a highly concentrated material of
nutrition, and therefore it is readily portable; and so
long as we can iind the money to go down into Egypt
nid elsewhere with, we shall no doubt lie able to coni-
uand a full supply of the food corn yiehls. But in
his climate, and under the order and habits of civiliza-
ion which we have contracted, we shall be neither
"lutentcd with plain bread, nor will it be good for our
diysical health and mental power; nor, therefore, for
lur national prosperity.

The cry has been— on the one hand among some
nfluential anlhorities.andon theother amongsomewho
lave had intluence from the position which accident,
t maybe, gave them— that " Small farmers and small
arms must disappear before the tide of science, as
leveloped in the practice of chemical knowledge and
■ngineering skill." This may not have been the exact
brm of the standing proposition of these authorities,
lut the substance of their meaning is thus tersely con-
eyed. The principles here involved, however, are, we
lelicve, likely to prove most detrimental to our

" Ilnw Ijlcst tho man, who novoi- sought to roam
lioyrind his iic'ru.s of pjitunial soil !
Wtioso ago has still that cottjigo for his lionie
'I'liat saw tho offorU of bis boyish toil."

The Editor of this edition was the Rev. Edward
Darell, M.A., rector of St. Saviour's; and as tho Rev.
I'hilip Hallo was minister of the same parish, that care
anil warmth of feeling which succession to a worthy
man in.spire.s, evidently pervades the historv befuro us.

In the " Preface of the Editor," tho Rev. E. Darell
begins:

" The Rev. P. Halle's ' History of Jersey ' has always
been considered ns the most valuable account of that
island, and from which all subsequent publications on
the subject have borrowed their most important
information. Nor has it been uncommon to quote
him in our Royal Court in a kind of semi-ollicial
authority, to whoso honesty and veracity it was equally
safe to appeal."

Many other references are made, but we have not
space for entering into jiarticulars, further Ihan
will sulFice to raise an interest in and assure us of the
trustworthiness of the author of the pas.sages whicdi
bear more particularly on our subject. V\'e may how-
ever add that in the second paragraph of this Editor's
preface it is said : " The first edition of his History was
jiublished in IGOt, while ho was yet rector of St.
Saviour's in Jersey," and that ho is there also referred
to as being, in 1731, "a very old man, and posse.ssed of
a stall in iJurham Catliedral."

The Rev. P. Halle, it appear.*, entered vigorously inlo
the political turmoil of his day, and as he was fortu-
nate enough to bo on the winning side, he was
rewarded with the above ecclesiastical honour, and the
sweets which it conferred. Under tho topic of agri-
culture, and while commenting on its ramifications
through other interests, and its influence over the
welfare of a people, we found the following pertinent
remarks. Alodern political economists would probably
ridicule such notions, but in those days, when English
and Irish villages .are being deserted by their native
peasantry ; when store cattle are but seldom reared 'oy

lational interests. In saying this, it will of course be ^mall farmers, for being supplied at a fair price to the
inderstood that we are not deprecating scientific in- !"0''s opulent grazier; when milk is diflicult to be got
luiries and knowledge, nor the application of engineer- '" abundance in town.s, and the quality generally is of
ug arts to the machinery of farms. That our views * doubtful character; and when— to take a more com-
nay not be doubted on this point, we will recall the prehensive but suggestive glance— our large towns are
act, that in the more limited practice, as regards getting so over-crammed that many sagacious citizens
creage, of horticulture and market gardening, and '^^gin to tremble before the prospect of increased
ven in the hothouse and greenhouse, scientific know- P^iuperism— when these palpable anomalies and their
3dge of soils and fertilisers are the elements of success >'i?l^tive but minor influences are recalled and kept in
a making the greatest money profit, as well as in pro- ''iow, our author's reflections on the condition of the
ucing the greatest amount ol human comforts with I P'^op'*' of his small sea-girt island two hundred years
he least expenditure of manual force. i'S", are certainly curious and worthy of consideration.

These relfections we will not pursue in this place; I '' ^°^ "' being exactly and fully followed. Human
ut we shall have to recur to them occasionally as we P^turo and human w.ants are the same in the main

, roceed, and in our concluding remarks. They have ; """' ^? """.-^ ^^'^''e then, and they will remain about the
een induced and revived partly by our own observa- same in times to come. How far, therefore, wo liavo

I ions, as embodied in our note-book, and partly by the I ''fj^" ^'^s in treating the agriculture of this country as
ecords of an old and quaint writer on the Ijland of °' '^"' '''^"^ importance to the bulk of the i)opulatiou

I ersey, some extracts from whose history we have """^ ^'"'' °"'' manufactures, commerce, and trade, we
aken. and shall sliortly transcribe. i '"•^o yet to see practically demonstrated. The Rev.

The produce of the Channel Islands consists in two -^''.'."'P H.alle says :—

lain classes, viz.. Agricultural and Horticultural.! " ^Vhen Dr. Heylin came into this island he found
'he first is principally composed of cows and the *"e people more addicted to tillage and husbandry than
utter yielded by the parent stocks, and the latter is }" manufacture, and navigation, and accordingly in his
nade up of early Rotates, Peas, and Carrots, and such I Cosmography' (published in 1G56, 28 years after the
ruit as Pears and Apples, the well-known Jersey ' doctor had visited the Channel Islands) he say that
'ears being a leading feature. There are some Grapes *j^^ island is generally very fruitful of corn, whereof
Iso grown, but they only come to great perfection }"^ inhabitants have not only enough for themselves,
inder glass. We have some most interesting observa- "}'^ ?°Pie overplus to barter at St. Male's with the
ions to relate on hothouse Grapes and the culture (Spanish merchants. The matter is much altered since
lursued in respect to them, but we fear we shall have '"^ doctor was here, and the island does not now pro-
0 devote a separate article to this branch of our '^^'^^ f^^ quantity sulhcient for the inhabitants, who
ubject, as the points of agriculture before us are 'pp*' ^^ supplied from England, or (in time of peace)
mmerous, and will extend to the limit of our space on J!™™ l^etagne in France. They have often gone as
his occasion. We take agriculture first, as we look '^'' "^ Dantzic in the Baltic, invited thither by the
ipon this art as our speciality, while in the matter of, cheapness of the market.

ruit generally, and hothouse and greenhouse culture I " '^'.'^'^ decay of tillage among us has sprung from a
articulaiLv, we can only claim an instinctive admira- coalition of such causes as these:—!. From the
ion for the art, and profess to have but an amateur's I improvement of navigation and foreign commerce,
nowledge of it. j which took away many hands employed before in

We will first take Jersey, as it is the larger island. ' "'"''^'pR "t "ie ground, and brought us corn from
IS it happened, we did not discover, and then only by outlandish markets, cheaper than the husbandman
n incident, till the evening before we left St. Heifer's ^ could afford it at home. 2. From the increase of the
hat Jersey possessed a valuable institution in the stocking manufacture, which (to speak truth) has
hape of a Public Library. Here we found the History ' rendered the generality of our poorer people lazy and
bove referred to, and we may say we rejoiced that its 'die, giving them an aversion to husbandry work a.s a
uthor's views and conclusions, although somewhat 'Pce painful [e. g., laborious] occupation, .'i. From the
rudely expressed in some instances, were greatly in ' conversion of the best arable lands into gardens and
arniony with our own, as previously taken and come orchards for the growth of cider, a commodity with
1. But we will come to our notes as then made. I which we are now overstocked, whilst we now want

In the Public Library in St. Helier's, which strangers *'"5 more necessary support of life. Though it must

" ' ' ~ ' be confessed that since the present war,* which has

ruined our trade, our people, sensible of this error, and
]„_i ^ fl have

IS the collection and use of sea-weed. On this point we
will also give tho views of the Rev. P. Halle for his
quamtnessis interesting, and his account of the rules for
gat^ienng, and the manner of using the weed, hold good
to tlie present day. But his conclusion about its effects
being similar to lime, chalk, and marl, or " with what
answers the end of them," is not quite in harmony
with modern data:—

" VVe have in Jersey a method of agriculture differ-
ing in sundry particulars from that of England l!ut
so in England itself, tho way of managing land is not
everywhere alike. I sliall mention one thing only
relating to that subject, which Mr. Camden iii
describing this i.sland, did not think below his notice
viz., that Nature having denied us tho bcnelit of cliaik
lime, and niarlo, has fully supiilied us with what
answers the end of them in husbandry. It is a
sea-weed, but a weed more valuable to us than tho
choicest plant cultivated in our gardcn.s. AVo
call it Vraic, in ancient records Vcriscam
.and Wreccum, and [it ?J grows plentifully on'
the rocks about the i.sland. 'Tis gathered only at
certain times aiipointcd by the magistrate, and notified
to the people li.\- a public crier on a market-day. There
are two sea.soiis of cutting it, the one in summer the
other about the Vernal Equinox. The Siimmi-r T'rciic
being first well dried by the sun on tho shore, serves
for kitchen fuel in country hou.ses, and makes a hot
glowing fire; and the ashes, which are carefully pre-
served, servo for manure. We hold them equivalent to
a like quantity of lime. The IVi'iilei- Vrnir, being
spread on the green sward, and a/fer buried in the fur-
rows by the plough, 'tis incredTble how, wilh its fat,
nnctious substance, it meliorates and fertilizes the
earth, imbibing itself into h, soflening the clod and
keeping the root of the corn moist during the most
parching heats of summer. In stormy weather the sea
does oltcn tear up from the rocks vast quantities of
this useful weed and cast it on the shore, when the
glad husbandman gathers it, and proper officers attend
to see it distributed in just proportions."

To this we ajipend the following, as it is suggestive
m regard to the source of an increased supply of a
most valuable fertiliser. The question it suggests is—
IS there not a supply of sea- weed on some of the coasts
of the globe that could be profitably secaired and burned
for the purpose of sending the ashes to this country ?

In a note the Rev. Mr. Darell said, in 1837, " The ashes
of Summer Vraic are particularly valuable for the Culti-
vation of Wheat, and there are many poor people along
the coast who get their living bv collecting drift
Vraic and burning it into ashes, which they .sell to the
farmers usually at the rate of one quarter of ashes for a
cabot (321b., or half-a-bushel) of AVheat, or eight parts
of the former for one of the latter."
- There is but little gathering for sale in Jersey, as the
farmers are so careful to exercise their right that the
gatherers are generally greater Ihan the sujiply. So
much is this the case that the rent of land varies con-
siderably, according to the facilities which mav exist
for taking advantage of the Vraic harvest.
(To lie Cmtinv.ed.)

courteously permitted to enter, we found" an
Account of the Island of Jersey," which was in part
robably conceived nearly 200 years ago, as it was
Titten about the end of the 17th century. This was
y the Rev. Philip Halle. In a sketch of the life of
PS author we find ' "

iteresting^^ refeience, looking from' our present
osition:—"Pliilip Halle was descended from an ancient
^ncuUuial family, who, according to his own account,
eloiiged to that happy class of substantial freeholders,
lio are not sufiiciently elevated to excite envy, but
110 enjoy enough of the necessaries and even comforts
I life, to be independent, and to pre.serve their iutegrily
nsullied by the temptation of avarice or ambition,
lis ancestors may, therefore, be said to have (or ages
vailed in that respect the happiness of Claudian's old
lan of Verona."

To this are appended two notes, one an extract and
le other the sentiments of the first rendered into
nglish versification. They are as follow :—

" Felix qui proprils jevum transect in arvis !
Ipsa domud puerum, quern videt ipsa senem."

Ctauil, de Sen. Veron.

"Wlio the author of the English translation was we
lUld not learn :—

pressed by the evident necessity of the thin;,, „„.
applied them.selves with more industry to an employ -

, "lent they had neglected, and have begun to put their

the second paragraph, this Poinds again to the plough ; so that we may soon grow
-' ' " ■ PP to a condition of subsisting, if not wholly from our-

selves, yet with a little help from England. "

On these views we will not comment further than to
say it is not our intention to argue that we should
forsake rnan ufactures, commerce, and trade for agri-
culture, in the hope— as it would surely be hoping in
vain— that we could supply our large population with
corn as well as other food, but have we not been carried
away by the more dazzling prosperity which artificial
business, when pampered, may display for a time, and,
like the people of Jersey in the 17th century, are we
not finding ourselves with a superabundance of manu-
factures and a decreasing proportion of cattle and
slieep, and particularly of the products of the dairy ?
These questions will have some light thrown on them,
by the practical notes we now have to give.
A leading feature in the practical cuUure of Jersey

Miscellaneous.

Sale of Artificial Manures: Action for Libel—
At Queen's County Summer Assizes, Maryborough on
Friday, the 2(jth ult., the case of Patrick Dowling r
Edward Purdon was heard in the Record Court. This
was an action brought by the plaintiff, who is a shop-
keeper, residing in this town, against the defendant
who IS the proprietor of the well-known paper, the
Farmers' Oa:etle, for an alleged libel published in that
newspaper. Damages were laid at 1,000/. The alleged
libel was in the following terms:— "The active honorary
secretary of the Queen's County Agricultural Society,
I'. Macdonnell, Esq., has written to us stating that a
party is selling the so-called phospho-Peruvian guano at
£12 10s. a ton, which Dr. Cameron h.as pronounced to
be worth only £7. Since we received Mr. Macdonnell's
letter Dr. Cameron's otiicial report has come to hand,
fully bearing out the statement. This is a gross
swindle upon farmers, and every means should be
taken to hunt down the scoundrel who would
attempt to plunder unsusjiecting farmers by vending
such stuff, after the cautions we gave respecting it
Phis way he commits a fourfold robbery. The
highwayman who takes your purse is a gentleman
compared to the fellow who induces the farmer to
purchase a worthless manure; for he is first robbed
of the money he pays for it ; secondly, he is robbed of
his time, trying to raise his crop ; thirdly, he is robbed
of his crop and the rent of his ground ; and lastly, he is
robbed of the winter's keep he expected to have for
his stock. We therefore, say it behoves every man to
expose and hunt down the fellow who engages in such
a nefarious trade. We strongly advise those who have
been thus imposed upon not to pay for it if on credit,
and when paid for, proceedings should be taken against
the vendor to make him refund the diU'erence between
the price paid and the price set upon the so-called
phospho-Peruvian guano by the chemist. Landlords
and land agents should look to this matter; it is of far
more importance to them than most of them are aware
of. There are other valuable manures in the market,
and landlords and land agents could easily procure a
supply for their tenants on advantageous terms, and
thus save them from being victimised, and materially
serve themselves." The defendant pleaded several
defences, denying, 1st, the publication was a libel;
2dly, the defamatory sense ; 3dly, a plea of privilege, to
the eflect that lor several years 'before the publication
of the alleged libel he was one of the proprietors of the
Farmers' Oazefte, which had a very wide and general
circulation through Ireland, and was for the most part

" The war with France i
was written.

devoted to the discussion of agricultural subjects, in

King William's reign, when this which the farming classes took, or were believed by the
I defendant to take a great interest, including t'ue subject

894

THE GATlMNFES' CriRONlCLE AND AGRlCtJLTUEAE GAZETTE.

[AlTGUST 24, 1867.

of artificial and natural manures used and applied in
the cultivation of land in producing green and other
crops in Ireland, and that the farming classes looked to
and relied on the advice and assistance they got through
the coUuuns of said newspaper relative to the quality of
guano vended to them hy dealers and agents through-
out Ireland, and the farming classes and the iiublic
looked to the said newspaper for assistance and guidance
as to the jiurohase of good and useful guano, and relied
on the columns of said newspaper for information to
enable them to avoid the sellers of such spurious and
useless manures ; and that the defendant, as proprietor
of said newspaper, had a duty towards the farming
classes and public, who were largely his subscribers, and
lomi fide and honourably believing the statements
therein to be true, he published the alleged libel in
good faith and without malice. The defendant also
pleaded a plea of justification. The j ury found for the
plaintiff, damages lOOi. Irish Farmers' Gazette.

Turnip-fl!i.—A3 different insects prey, in the larva
state, upon the leaves of the growing Turnip, the most
destructive, and consequently the most important and
interesting of these, will be noticed under the present
head. They are the Turnip-flea, as it may be called
from its power of agile leaping (Haltica nemorum),
and the Turnip-fly (Athalia centifolia). The Turnip-
flea belong.s to a genus (Haltica) of minute Coleopterous
insects, of the section Tetramera, and family Galeru-
cidffi ; in which genus the species are all remarkable for
the large size of the femora or thighs of the hindmost
pair of legs. The species in question does not exceed
the twelfth of an inch in length ; it is of an oval form,
with the elytra of a greenish tinge, each ornamented
with a broad longitudinal stripe of a pale brimstone
colour ; but there are other species of the same genus,
perhaps equally destructive, and not characterised by
the longitudinal elytral bands. The perfect insect
shelters itself in the rough uncultivated margins of
fields, feeding upon the hedge weeds ; and appears to
be ready at any time, provided the weather be wg^rm,
to commence the work of destruction on the young
Turnip shoots. Late sowing of the Turnip seed does
not therefore obviate the attacks of the Haltica. The
first precaution obviously is to clear away all the woods
in the neighbourhood of the Turnip grounds that may
afford food or shelter to the little enemy. When the
Turnip-flea has made its appearance in the crop, the
ground should be dusted with quicklime, and this
should be repeated as often as rain or wind beats it off,
and the flea reappears. The other enemy to the Turnip
(Athalia centifolia) belongs to the order Hymenoptera,
and family Tenthredinidw, or saw-flies.

Discussion, on Karrest Work hefore the Ayrshire
Aijricultural Societi/. — Mr.TouNG,I)undriff, concurred
generally in all that Mr. Cunningham had said (see
page 772). Something had been said about making
preparation for the harvest by getting ropes ready ;
these could be dispensed with now, owing to the
cheap rate at which they could procure cocoa-
nut fibre ropes, which were of great assistance to
farmers. In regard to the time of cutting the grain,
he thought no farmer could have any difficulty
in knowing when to cut, provided the grain
ripened all at one time, but there must be great
difficulty where one part came to be ripe before another
portion, owing to its being late of brairding. In regard '
to the reaping of Wheat, he thought it was ready for j
cutting when it showed from 4 to 6 inches of yellow
under the head. He would not mind though the other |
part of the straw was not coloured.— Mr. Dalgleish,
Cumnoch, though more a dealer in than a grower
of seed, entirely approved of Mr. Cunningham's ,
remarks. In regard to that part of the country from
which he came it was impossible to use reaping |
machines, the land being so soft that it was neces-
sary to raise it into ridges in most cases. So far
as he was concerned he did not cultivate to any great
extent, but what he did grow he was good to it, and
attempted always to raise as lai'ge a crop as possible,
and it was impossible for him to use anything
but the sickle, the grain was so strong and lay in
different directions. He thought the sickle in the
hands of one able to apply it made the best job, and
that farmers ought to teach young people the use of it
more than they now did. He thought Mr. Cunning-
ham was right in regard to the cutting of grain, as he
believed it to he at maturity though perfectly green.
When cut green it made better fodder, and more
lasting thatch than when fuhy ripened. In regard to
the rijiening of Bye-grass, he thought it was a great
error for farmers to have over-ripened hay for the
sake of heavy seed, for such a system destroyed the
nourishing qualities of tlie fodder, and the perennial
qualities of the seed. He thought it should be the aim
of farmers, notwithstanding the whims of seed mer-
chants, to have the seed light, as it would be more
profitable. He had found seed weighing 121b. per bushel
grow seed equally well with seeij 30 lb. per bushel.—
Mr. TouNG, Dundriff, asked if Mr. Dalgleish would
be willing to give farmers the same price for seed
weighing 121b. per bushel as they got for heavier.—
Mr. JDalgleish replied that so far as it was for his
own use he would.

Notices to Correspondents.

Books.— "The Ox and its Dise.ises." by J. Dobsoii, V.S.,
(Longmans) ; " The Sheep," by W. C. Spooner, V.S. (Eling,
Southampton); or, Blaine's "Outlines of the Veterinavy
Art," edit. 1865 (Longmans).

Poultry : F. Baily's little book (113, Mount Street, W.)
will tell you all you need to know. A reeipe is given at
p.. 350 in our Vol. for 184S, which wc will repeat next week.

Superphosphate : Jioss Sithscriber. The London Manure
Company, 116, Fenchurch Street, E.G., sells coprolitcs, bone
ash, &c. As to the manufacture, we know of no publica-
tion that will inform you fully on the subject. One of
Richardson's rural shilling handbooks may contain what
yoii want.

GENUINE TOBACCO PAPER, for Fumigating
Greenhouses, &c., 8d. per lb. to the Trade. C ish on delivery.
Sv. RosoFORTn, Leeds.

Important to Florists and Horticulturists.

POOLET'S TOBACCO POWDER,
prepared under authority of the HON. BOARD of CDSTOMS.
can now be obtained of Sccclsmeu, Nurserymen, &c., in Tins.

Prices, Is., 2s. 6ii., and os.

Wholesale from the Bonded ManufactoiT, Sussex "(Vhnrf, Wapping, E.

Office, 60, Lime Street, London, E.G.

Something New at Last.

PAINTED SHREDS, the Disperser of Insects.
To be had from any Seed W.arehouse in the Kingdom.
M.anufactory, Ko. 09, East Street, Walworth, London, S.
Post-office orders payable to W. Leuro, "Walworth, S.

s

HAW'S TIFFANT.

For samples and prices apply to
J. Sdaw & Co.. 29, Oxford Street, Manchester.

rpHE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.

-1- Armit Works, Greenfield, nefir Mancliester.

TANNERS, CURRIERS,& MANUFACTURERS of IMPROVED

TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.

PRIME STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.

Price Lists sent free by post.

Warehouse: 81, Mark Lane, London, E.C.

Mr. H. Fkbrabee, Agent.

i^lSHURST

VX COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1859, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green I'ly. and other Bhgbt,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it. •

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes. Is., 3s., and 10s. 6d.

Red

Spider

Magni-
ficd.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(Limited).

COUNCIL.
The Right Hon. W. Cowper, M.P.

Thomas Hughes, Esq . M.P.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.
James Bcal. Ksq.
lildward Vansittart Neale, Esq.
F. I'ennington, Esq. (Treasurer),
E, Owen Greening, Esq.
(Managing Director).

20, Parliament Street, London.
4, WaiTcn Street, Manchester.

QTJPPLIESTts J^Iembers

I--' with IMPLEMENTS and
MACHINES b\ the best Makers,
and with UnadultcratedSEEDS,
MANURES, and Manufactured
CATTLE FOOD, at Wholesale Cost Price, upon the Co-operative
system. E.'iplanatory Circulars post free, or on personal application
at tiio Offices of the As-sociation.

s

HANKS' N E W

LAWN MOWERS.

PATENT

HAND MACHINE.

Those are tho only Machines in daily use in all the Royal Gardens.
These are the only Machines that will mow properly when the
Grass is wet.

These are the only Machines that will last for years without
requiring repair.

Illustrated Circulars with full particulars free on application.

A. Shanks & Sou. Dens Iron Works, Arbroath.

London Office and Show Rooms— 27, Leaaenhalt Street. E.C.

(3^ -7, Leadenhall Street, is tho only place in London where

intending inirchasers of Lawo Mowers can choose from a stock of

150 to 200 Machines. All sizes kept there whether for Horso, Pony,

or Hand-power.

^,— ^ . \t/'ARNEB'S SILICATE of IRON PAINT.

(■■, , ■■'■ >V —Tho peculiaiities and advantages of thia

Faint are tliat it will stand extreme Heat and Damp,

\ Mild is not affected by Acid, Soa Water, Sulphurettea

' TlydroHeu, or Ammonia. It is equally well adapted

In- Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Every Shade of

Colour ground to order. Toe Creamy White and

lin^^iii Mone will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of tho

lumes of Gases. It has no smell, and there is an entire absenye

of deleterious eflect.

WARNER'S ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION^ is suitable foi
Felt Roofing, and is a Cheap Coating for Iron Work, and presorves
Wood in India Irom the ravages of the White Ant: Price Is. Sd.
per gallon,

17, Laurence Pountney Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.C.

pARSON'S ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,

V>' Patronised by tho Nobility and Gentry, is extensively used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORIC, and is proved, after a teat
of 70 years, to surpass any other Paint. It is especiallv applicable
to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Conipo, and is tho only Paint that will
effectually resist the rays of the sun upon Conservatories, Green-
houses, I^Yames, &c. Is twice as durable as genuine White Lead, so
simple in application that anv person can use it. pm- cwt

WHITE, LIGHT STONE, BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 30*.

LEAD, CHOCOLATE, RED, PURPLE, BROWN, and BLACK 26*;

BRIGHT GREEN, DEEP GREEN, and BLUE 42«.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE lor the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPENl'INE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, &c.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Portt

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post free,

Walter Carson & Sons,

La Belle Sanvage Yard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.

Cadtios. — All C;isUs should bear the Trade Mark. No Agents.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

HILL ANiD SMITH'S PATENT BLACK TARNISfl
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is a
excellent substitute for oil paint ou all out-door work, and is full
two-tlnrds cheaj)er. It may be applied by an ordinary labourei
requires no mixmg or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in th
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of man
Dundi'eds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flatterin
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward o
application.

F7-omRtcn>L.-a-D Hemmisg, Esq., Bordeslcy Pari:-, Worcestershv'e.

"Gentlemen,—! have great pleasure in stating that I highlj;
approve of your Black Varnish, as a substitute for paint for iam
buildings, barn doors, gates, and especially when the wood has bBBi
previously pamted in the tisua) way a few years before; in this pai
ticular case it leaves a very nice glazed surface, than which notbiQ
could be better. The same observation also applies to ironwork o
every descriotion, such as iron hurdles, &c. The Wrought-iroi
B;irrow with apparatus for heating gas tar h.as been found mos
useful, and so gi-eat a convenience do I consider it that I shall be
you to send mo another, as well as a cask of tho Black Varnish, ft
the use of the property which I have io W.irwickshire. Please t
send the whole by the same conveyance as before."

Sold m casks of about 'M galiouii eaen, at la. iid, per gallon, at tli
Manufactory, or Is. 8d. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdon

Apply to Hill ft Smith, Brierly Hill Iron Wojjks. ne.ar Dudley, am
22, Cannou Street West, E.C, from whom only it can be obtained.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOE,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATEKT SELF-SHAEPENINQ CYLINDEK CUTTERS.

Tliey are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worlced ivith far greater e;
than any other Lawn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS have proved to be the best, and have caiTicd off every Prize that fia
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 ha f e been sold since the year 1856.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE

*

Every Machine is wan'anted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionall
T. GREEN AND SON hare to stale that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has tee
unprecedented, lohich is a proof of the high estimation in ivhieh therj are held. Selections can be made fro.
their Stock both in Zondoji and Leeds.

^- ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHPIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and
54 and 55, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

August 24, 18G7.] THE GAKDENEliS' CimONlCLE A^ij) AGRlCtlLTIiKAL (JA/KTTE.

895

HOTTIOTT SES for the liflLLION,
CIIKAr. PORTABLK. and EASILY FIXED.
tSl'AN-ROOFS {ovoi- 15 fcot loii^), gluzcd and painted three coats.
wHIi cnmploto vt'iitllatli'D all over rool', necesariry water Kuttora ana
II iirii\oik, exclufiivo of ends, put on Hail in Lowdon, Glouckstkh,

rui.NTIlV, Ul,Vh;il8T0NK, I'AlHLrV, Of ABliRDEEN; 10 tO 10 TOut WlilO

III- !•■.', at His. tf) 2*lH. per I'uot run. Illuhtrated Circulars, witb dcjuiite
/•.■,.;\^ aim BlzeH, frou on ain'llcafioii to

IIkhhian & MoimiN. 7. Pall Mall Eist, London. S.W.

HUT-WaTEU AI'i'AUATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the matorlale,
viz., Hoilors, Pipes, Ac. dolivured to any Station.
ICfitlinatos nil application.
J. JovES & SnK8, fi. HiuikHldo, Soutliwark, London, S.E.

Heating by Hot Wateri

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• .11. Banl side, London. S.E.
HOT WATE^l PIPKS. Hum HtocK. per yard :— 2-inch, l.i. Ij.i ;
g-lnch, Is, Vd. ; and l-iiich. '.'d. 3il. HKNDS, from Stock, la. Gil., '_'«. M.,
imd 3s. eacli. THROTTLE VALVES, los., 13s., and 14.t. each. Othot
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of flrst-claxH nianii
f^ictmo. Eatinrntos given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the winioday. _^

H

Heating by Hot Water.

OT-WATEK riTKS, at Wholesale Prices, -with

Elbiiw.s, Syphons, Toe-Pipes, and every other connection ;
iHliL and Cast-Iiou lloileis. Saddle, Conical, Cylinder, TtmuLAn,
I'TlHptic, fVoni 2'l.t. each. Improved Boilers and Iron Stands to

WroilKhL am

3.i !■

uso uitliout brickwork, 00s. each. Valves from 10s. Gd. cacli. Patent
Valves, Improved Furnace Doors, Furnace Bars, Supply Cisterns,
and CiisLinga ot'tvii\ doscrintion to stock, at

Ml 1 \s( II \\ iiiTi t hull Wharf. Upper Ground Street, Clackfrlars
Bridge Londnu, s Pilco Lint on application.

^

^ ^B&Bija

Hot-water Pipes, wltli Elbows
and Connections, supplied by

BURV AND rOLLAUU.
Contracts and Estim:ites giv-'n
for WARMING PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS; latest Iinprovemontsin HEAT-
ING by HOT WATER; tlie Improved
CONICAL BOILERS, for Ilcating
Pineries, Coneerv.atories, Greenhouses,
Mansions, Halls, Warehouses, Ac,
Solely Manufactured by BuRv & I'ol-
LARD. These Boilers aro adapted lur
sotting in Brickwork, or annexed
Sketch shows Bury & Pollard's im-
proved aiTangenient, requiring
NO BRICKWORK .SEIZING.
Those Boilers have for their durv
billty and economy attained a cele-
brity far surpassiiipc any other Boilers
ever invented. They have been for
many years p ist in use at many Public
Establishments, Royal Botanical Gar-
dens at Kew. at the Regent's Park,

A\e Cr\-stal Palnco, and .at most of the Nobility's .and Gentry's Scats

-luouchout the United Kingdom. Reterencos where they have

jor>n fnr L'O years in con.stant use.
Price Lists on application to Bury & Pollard, Park Iron Works,

7, Nc\i- PiU'k Street. Southwark, London, S.E.

nUANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS lor

O nORTlCULTDRE.

" Dry Gl:i7,ini? wiihout Putty."

" Glass without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Lights."

Hijfhly Commendetl by the Royal Horticultural Society, South

Consiny'ton.

GBy Royal Letters Patent.
SHKKWSlUJltVS No.M'AUI'.lL GAS BOILER.
• No. I, for .30 foot ; No. 2. lor 00 feet ; No. 3 for 200 foot of Pipe.
A HOT-WATER APPARATUS complete, to Heat a Small CoiiHor-
vatory, for '^id. per day, for GCm.—O. SiiitEwaiiunY, Lower Norwood. S.

CO T T A M a"nd C 0~M~P~X1^ Y,

CoNBKRVATORY and lIornoosK Boilders, &c..
Iron WurkH, -j, Wlnsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.
20 :i4 30 inchoH long.
46s. OM. 02«, M. each.
HOT-WATER PIPKS.
2 3 4 inch,

\n. Cid. is. Id. 2.1. 9d. per vard.
Matorlals BUppliod as above,
or Estimates given (Ixed com-
plete to rtan, on application to
COTTAM & Co.,
iron Works,
2, Wlnsley Street,
(opposite the Pantheon),
Oxford Street, London, W, mot watch apparatus

The New Furnace Bar

(WAitniNiai's Patent),

THIS BAR is pjirticuliirlv adaptca to FIRES for
VINERIES. ORKENHOUSF.S, Ac, and .all FURNACES
worked on the princtplo of alow combustion. Tiie BaviuK of Fuel
effected is very groat; nearly all the .Smoke is consumed If care bo
taken, and the fire can bo so regulateil that any temperature
desired can be kept up for at leabt 12 hours without stokiiig or
further trouble. Any Bricklayer can set up thoio Bars without
deranging much of the brickwork. They are in uso in many Con-
servatories, and give the highest satisfaction. Testimonials will be
forwarded on application to the Proprietors,

The Ventilatmg Furnace Bar Company, Limited, 0, Mincing Lane,
London, E.C.

Specinions of these B.ars may be soon In the Eastern Arcade of the
Horticulturul G:irdons, South Kensington.

Q. W. RILEY'S

PORMENTEL CHIMNEY TOP.
A certain cure for Sraokey Chimneys ;
and a certain cure for thitt unhealthy
nuisance, Descending Smoke from other
Chimneys, when no Fires are in tliosg
Rooms.

G. W. RiLEV.

3, Gunncrsbury Place.
Turnliam Green,
Middleses, W.

/-Ii EORGE P. llOlllilS (of the Firm of Protheroe

nm if i"A'!;.'l','!li'l"r'JiV',';,M."'\'-''''^ ,»■','' VALUATIONS of PRKE.
HOLD LAMJLI) LM ATfcs, L,;v»oliol(l nnii Rovcirsloimry Proportr
of oveiy ilimcrli.Unn, tiuijili.K iiii.l Miirkot OnrJon Produce, IIouBO.
bold I'uriiltiiru, Stuck In rr.i<li\ .Vc.
Auction lui.l Katatu Agency Olllco, Tlio LImoa, Leytonstono, EiBei.

Farm Poultry.
/^REY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any

VJ nnmbera. "^

Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largOHt and most productive

bruoil kni'wn.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders
AYLKSluntV nuil ROUKN DUCKS r. «"" goou ureeaers.

Impnrl.d HKLC I AN HARK RABBITS, for size and early maturltv
BRAIIMA-I'UUTUA. CREVECtEUR, and LA FLKChI: FOWLS

lur confttaiit layorH. *

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John lUn.v & Sr.N. Il.'t, MmiliiI Strert. l.,iiiiilon. W.

Covent Garden Market.-To Growers of Water Cresses
rno liK LKI', for 7, H, or 'il yc-ins, *2-i ACKKH (more
J or less) of LAND CiiicclUly adapted to the growth of WATER
CRESSES, abundantly supplied with Water, close to a Station, and
withlu one hour of London, Appiv, giving name and address to
X. Y. Z., pMsL t inieo, S..v^-[,.,;tks.

To Nurserymen, Florists, &c.

TO BE LKT, a FLUlilST'y SIJUW and SALE
BUSINESS, or the LEASE to bo DISPOSED OF.-Grand
premises, position (Irst-class, In one of the most healthy and Im-
i)roviiig iiuiglibnurhoods round London, well worthy tho attention of
large growers and othorn,
Messrs. PitoTUKnoK& Monnis, Nurserj'men,&c., Leytonstono, Essex.

IjiLORlST unci SKEU SHOP, Old Kstablished,
-L position undeniable.— The Goodwill, Fixtures, &c., with a good
Jobbing Connection, price £200, Every inquiry courted. To an
active Man this offers a r.aro opportunity.
G. D , Oardenera' GlironicU Office.

l^^Olt "lUSI'OSAL, a Frrit^^NURSEKY^i^^SMn
J- liUsiNRS.S; or tlio present Proprietor would accei't of a
WORKING PAltTNER wilUi a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, G, Leadenhall Street
London, E C.

T^^OR SALK, a I-'LOKIST, BEblD. and FRUIT
i BUSINESS, m a lirst-class situation, and with a good connec-
tion, in the South of England. Coming in, about £250. Kent of
Premises, £00.

L., Gardenfrs" CJironicle Office, W,C.

To Fruiterers, Green Grocers, Florists, and Otbers.
'"PO BE DlsrO.SED OF, a GENUINE BUSINESS in

X a first-class neighbourhood, doing a good f^milv and ready-
money Trade, and whero tho FLORIST'S BUSINESS might bo
added with great advantapo, as there are two Forcing Houses in
Garden at rear, and room fur a third if required; also Stable and
Coach-house, with Rooms over. Particulars to be had of
J. R., -U; Queen's Road, 15;ivswater, W.

w.

Plan") an i Estiii it i t i an I ti n 1
llustrittrt post tree lor 0 st imj s Irom the Auth r and later tee,

AUEB Cranston, Architect, Blrmingh.ara.

Works : Ilighgate Street, Birmingham.
Hewrt J. Growtaqk, M.anager, 1. Temple Row West, Birmingham.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

S. BOULTON'S

3fi-gallon SWING WATER
BARROW. Price ios. Carriage pa:d
to the principal Stations.

This is the best and cheapest
article of the kind yet introduced.
It can be used with or'without aPony.
Two Tubs can be had with one Car-
ri.oge, and a Spreader if required.

Testiraoni.als can be furnished from
all parts of the country.

Powerful GARDEN ENGINE for
the above, price 45s.

Improved WATER and LIQUID
MANURE CARTS.

Illustrated Catalogue, with all par
ticulars, sent free on application to
W. 3. BoDLToy, Ross Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

Iron Cisterns.
BRABY AND Co. haviiif^ laid down extensive and
Improved Machinery in their new range of buildings, Ida
Wharf, Deptkord, are now prepared to supply WROUGHT-IRON
TANKS. GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior quality, at
reduced prices, and at very short notice.

^ ^..^C^-

F.

F. BiiAuv 5: Co., Liiiiiteci, Fitzruy Woik.s. Eat>tou Road, London.

flOTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITEU

COW FITTINGS.

To Market Gardeners, Nurserymen. &c.

To BE SOLD, by Private Contract, about 200 ACRES
of very su|)crior GARDEN GROUND, all Freehold, situate in
the County of Bedfordshire, about three mil^s from tfiggleswado
Station, Great Northern Railway. The Land is divided into Lots to
auit the convenience of purch.asors. For particulars apply to
Thomas Fouktaink, Esq., Dunton Lodge, Ashwell, B ddock.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLIA.M DEAN, having determined on residing in
London ;ig'iiii. itir.M-.'i for SALE, with immediate possession,
the NURSEKY at SlIIPLEl', consisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked,
and with Dwelling House, &c., is held on Lease; also the SEED
-SHOP, in BRADFORD (the only one in the town), which is well
Qtted up, and where tbero is a good business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds, Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants", ic. The Nursery
IS 2i miles from the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to the purchsi&e money required, and
will bo a great bargain to the purchaser. It i^ an excellent oppor-
tunity (or a large bouse in the South to establish a Branch Business
here, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
much liKiroased. For particulars apply to

William Dean, Brio

■ry, Sliiploy, Torltshire.

To Buyers of Highland Scots.

THERE will br OEFl-KEU I„r SALE at J[r. John
Duckworth's Fanii, close to the Sheep Fair, Birnet. on
WEDNESDAY, SeDtembe.- 4, 140 WEST HIGHLANDERS, in Lots
to suit purchnsors. TUo Cattle having been on the Farm 28 days.
Licences will be procure l to move them anywhere. Full particulars
on application to

JoDN McTcRK, Market Harboro', Leicestershire.

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for

■L Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Construction and

ipnlication of WHOUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildiu's

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER

ATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGJIT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
' OUSES perfectly neutralize atmosuherie conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES

roraote vigomus growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID

OUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete

-Tanccment.
■ OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD

HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and

nfiilint; result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM

Id PLANT HOUSES aro thoroughly ventilated, and admit a

laximura degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER

nd MELON HOUSES are specially aiTanged and heated upon an

.iproved system.
I OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,

hen heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure

•e (TTOWth of flrst-class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are

ninently superior for nil early work

JJUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
lERRY HOUSES admit a comi)lete Hood of air and light.
The .above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty,

TlicBe Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent,

"i from the complete adjustment of their constructional parts will

I e most favounibly with Wood Structures In point of cost.
Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of

ouses in Wood or Iron,

Illustrated CAialogues on application to the Patentees,
i; H. P. Dennis & A. ScanBT, Ilorticultural Builders and Hot-
ter Engineers, Chelmsford.

Tl i i e— iorti It It fixtures, removable at

pleas le roW dworl or P rt tions to n pede Ventilation or breed
Vern n Hay lack d spensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Tioughs Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, dumble, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow. 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winslev Street
(opposite tbe Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured bv Patent.

Caution to Gardeners.— Wnen you asK lor

SAYNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Savnor, also the corporate mark Obtain
Warranted, without which none .are genuine.

S. & C. regret having to caution G.ardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so. in conseipionce of an imitation, of common
ciuality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to bo made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & Cs Pruning and Budding Knives are the oesc and the
cheapest in the market.

Paxton Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 126 years.

Bulbs from Holland, Ornamental Greenhouses, Plant
Rustic Seats, &c.

MK. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Gre.1t Rooms, 38, King Street, Coverit Garden, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, Ausust 28, at liair-p.ist 12 o'clock precisely, a Con-
signment of HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, GLADIOLI, unA
otiier BULBS from Holland: Stove and Greenhouse CLIMBING
PLANTS; a Collection of BRITISH FERNS, ORNAMENTAL
PLANTS. 4o. ; also a quantity of RUSTIC GARDEN SEATS,
TOOLS, VASES, BOXES, &c.
On view the Moiniiit,' of .Sale, and Catalot^ues had.

Beddingham, near Lewes.

Important .Sale ok FinsT-cLASs SocrnnoWNS.

MR. STRAFFORD begs to inform tUe Breeders and
Admirers of First-class Southdowns that he has received
Instmctions from Mr. Thomas EUman to SELL by ADCTION. on
FRIDAY, .September fl, his entire FLOCK of PURE-BRED
SOUTHDOWN SHEBP, consisting of 500 EWES of various ages,
and U'l) EWE LAMBS, with 40 Choice RAMS and RAM LAMBS,
which have been bred with the gi-eatest care and nicety for nearly
40 years, and originally from the Flock of his father, a name so
renowned in the history of this valuable Breed of Sheep ; they com-
bine good size with lirst-rate quality of wool and mutton, and are
well worth the attention of Breeders of pure Southdowns. The
whole Will be Sold without Re.serve, as Mr. Ellmm is retiring from
firming.

Catalogues, with particulars, may be had on apnlication to Mr.
Strafford, 13, Euston Square, London, N.W. ; or of Mr. Ellman,
Beddingham, near Lewes,

Elmham Hall, Norfolk.

Second Anncal axd Unreskrvkd Sale of 4 0 Sodthdowx Sreep. .
'M Norfolk. Red Polled Cattle, and Letting of 4j Sodtudow.s
Rams.

MESSRS. F. AND E. BECK arc honoured with
instructions from the Right Hon. Lord Sonles to offer for
SALE, on MONDAY, September 0, next. 70 PURE-BRED SOUTH-
DOWN SHEARLlN.i EWES. CO URAUGIIT EWES. 100 SOUTH-
DOWN EWE LAMBS, an<i I70 WEITIER ditto; 4iSHEARLINQ
and 2-SUEAR RAM>- for LETTING, upon the Babraham plan ; 17
^ery handsome NORFOLK RED-POLLED IN-CALF HEIFERS
{but some with calf at foot), and a YOUNG BULLS.

The Sheep h.ave been carefully bred from the Flocks of the late
Jooas Webb and Henry Overman : more recently Rams from the
Flocks of the Earl of Radnor and Sir William Throckmorton.

T!ie Heifers are singularly well bred, and are of the most promising
description.

The Stock can at any time be inspected upon application to
Mr. Fulclior, Elmham Park, distant 1 mile from the Elmham
station on Wells branch of the Great Eastern Railway; and
Catalogues may be obtained of the Auctioneers, Oxwick, Fakenham
Norfolk.

Trains from London at 8 0 a.m. I Trains fVora Norwich at 12 Noon.

„ Cambridae at 10 /> „ „ Lynn at 12 2

Peterboro' at 6 50 „ | Duo at Elmhrtm at 1 33

Passenger Carriage will bo attached to ) Arrives at Elmham

Goods Train leaving Norwich at 8 30/ about 11,

Conveyances will meet all Trilns at Elmham dm'ing the day.

896

THE GArxDINEES' CHEONICLE iND AGEICULTURAE GAZETTE.

[Atjgust 24, 1867.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWOETH, & CO.,

AT THE BURY MEETING OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND, RECEIVED THE FOLLOWING AWARDS-

EVERY EIEST PRIZE EOR FIXED AND PORTABLE STEAM ENGINES;

ANU THEY WERE ALSO AWARDED THE

PRIZE OF £15 FOR THEIR PORTABLE FINISHING THRESHING MACHINE.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, and CO., LINCOLN; and 78, L0MB.4RD STREET, LONDON, E.G.

EIDDELL'S

PATENT PORTABLE ELASTIC PIPE JOINT.

Especially adapted for HOT-Tv'ATER PIPES for WARMING CHUECHES, PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, CONSERVATORIES, HOT-HOUSKS, &c.. is extremely simple,
perfectly watertight, saves four-fifths of the time and labour in erecting hot-water work, can
be rapidly put together by an ordinary workman, and can be removed and re-erected without
injury to pipes or joints.

Trospecftis and Price List free.

EIDDELL'S

PATES T SLOW COMBTTSTION BOILER.

For "WARMING CHURCHES, CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &c., by the
circulation of Hot Water, requires no brick-work setting, saves half the fuel usually consumed, is
not liable to get out of repair, is easily regulated, will work from 8 to 20 hours without attention,
and is made in sizes capable of heating from 30 to 5000 feet of 4 inch pipe.

Prospectus and Price List free.

PATENT PIPE JOINT.

J. ITADLEY RIDDELL, Patentee, 155, CHEAPSIDE, E.G.

PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

JOHN WAENEE & SONS,

CRESCENT, CRIPPLEGATE, LONDON, E.G.,

BRASS and BELL FOUSDESS to HER MAJESTY, HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

35. WARNERS'

PATENT CAST-IRON

LIFT PUMPS.

21 inches diameter . . £1 8

2 1
2 6
2 14

No. 37.

SHORT-BARREIi

DITTO,

FOB SINKS, PLANT
HOUSES, i'c.
2.V ins. diameter . . £1 1

No. 547a.

GARDEN

ENGINE.

No. 547a.

28 Gals. . . £5 10
24 „ .. 4 19
16 „ .. 3 14
10 „ .. 2 19

THE CRYSTAL PALACE FIRE ENGINE and
GARDEN PORTABLE FORCE PUMP.

Price on Barrow, with Branch Pipe, Spreader, Unions, and
Suction Rose, £6.

If-in. 2-ply Rubber Suction Pipe, per foot, 2s. 2d.

li-in. ditto Delivery Hose, Is. id.

No. 42.
WARNERS-
PORTABLE
PUMPS,

With Improved Valves for
Liquid Manure, £2 i5s.
2-in. Flexible Rubber
Suction Pipe, in 10, 12,
and 15 ft. lengths, per
foot, 2s. 6d.

No. 579*.

SWING

•WATER

BAaROW.

50 Gals. . . £5 12

No. 42.

3 i;

2 13

No. 579|.

ILLUSTRATED and PRICED LISTS of Garden Engines, Swing Barrows, Aquajects, Syringes, and Fountain Jets sent on application.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SHOW, held at BURT ST. EDMUND'S, 1867.— A SIL^TSR MEDAL was Awarded to JOHN WARNER and SONS' CHAIN PUIL'
This Pump, from the entire absence of Valves, is especially adapted for the use of Builders, Contr actors, and Farmers.

Editorial ComTrmnications should be addressed to" The Editor;" Advertlsemeata and Business Letters to " The Publisher," at the 0Bce,41, Wellington street, Covent Oarden. London. W.C. Arn.i.Bi.ma at th.^

Printed by JiMKS -Mattuij.vs, at the Odlce of .Messrs. Br\dburt. Evans, & Co., Lombard .street. Precinct of Whitefriars, Olty of Loudon, in tUe t^. of AliddleseJt. and i-ubUsbed by the aaia JAUE9 Matthews, ul tut
OlSce, No. 41, Welllngron street. Parish of St. Paul's, CoTent Garden, in the said County.— Satubdat, August 24. 1S67.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 35.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, AUGUST 31.

( Price Fivepence,
(Stamped Edition, M.

Aoniitlms luaitiinicua .
BmikH, Sir Joseph ,,,.
Uutt ersuu Park

INDEX

, 903 c

PookB noticed 906 fl-

Clnrkin. tloubic wliib-

CIpniatiiiCH, MeHsm. Jiickmiiird
Cuiiift-iv, luniiuriii!;;

— ImiJiiioss (if

Crops, Dt'VDnsltirc

Ci'iippiiiK . niiitvr

Cui-umlicrs

Dairy, winter

DulllliSCUS

raniis, stonm

FAnufrs' Clubs

1\' I'VlllUl

Flii\

Front , IsBt wlnter'8

— lessons taught by

Fuukiiia

Oni)ie,Madi-CHtloldB)nck ....

— judfjlllR

Harvest jjiwipccts

Hnviiiukiii);

Hippfiistruiii pardinam

MiKnonotto

Olpiuiders

Otcbai'd-liouse trecu

Wl a
910 A
910 h

905 a

PariB, letter fiom !

I'eas, Munmiy 1

PelarKoniurus.variogutcd . .. 1

— ruin on U

Pink Claude 1

Plants, now !

Plant uonicnclnturc •

Uats i

Ilvupent '

Kentsin Forfai-shb-c '

Kivor Ciiinmlssloa i

Ro>%es, word on '

Relaxlnellas !

ijhcep, Shropalilre

— fcedinR

— parusiti's

Society, Hotanical of Ediu-

buriflk

— Qui'ki It .Mii.iu-.i'opii-ia..

— Puliliii A^-ru'iLltuiMl ....

— LiVfipnul A^'li^■ultu^nl..
St*-ani i-uHLViitioii, I'liillips-

Simth's 910 o-

Stuueloii^h Abbey

Tomiitos

To^ni gardening

Trijpa?uliims

Vrratruiu nisnim

^'ines, OarstoD

Dutch Roots and Spring Gardening Plants.

13AUL AND SON invito nlteiition to the very
COMrLETE LIST nf tlnj abovo. I'roo on application.
The Old Nuri^uno-J, riioahunt.

Dutch Bulbs.
SCOTT'S CATALOG UK ut DUTCH FLOWER

ROOT.S. GARDEN IlEQUISITES, &c., Is NOW READY, and
will be sent post free on applicablon.

J. SooTv, The Seed .Stores, Yeovil, Soinoraet.

J.^

Dutch Roots.

JOHN AND CHARLES LEE will be hnppv to forward
their CATALOGUE for 1807 of newly.lmponed Hi'ACINTHS
and other Rcrots, post tree on application.

Royal Vlneyjird Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
London, W.

WM. CUTIIUSH AND SON beg to sav that their
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE "HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES. Ac, is now ready, and can be had post free
on application. Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
NOTICE.— A MEETING of tho FRUIT and FLORAL COM-
MITTEES will beheld on TUESDAY NEXT, Sopteiiibor 3. at II
or half-past precisely. GENERAL SIEETING at J o'clock.

CRYSTAL PALACE.— The GREAT AUTUMN SHOW
ot FLOWERS ntid FRUIT on TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY,
and THURSDAY, September 10 to \'l. Schedules on application to
I. WiLRiNSiiN, Crystal Palace.

BRIGHTON and SUSSEX FLORICULTURAL and
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The FOURTEENTH ANNUAL AUTUMN EXHIBITION will
be held on WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, September 11 and 12,
in the Grand Assembly Room, and the Western Lawn and Grounds
of the Hoyal Pa^'ilion, ou the same Brand scile as fi^rmer years.

Schedules of Prizes nn application to the Secretarj-, yO, St. James's
Street ; or E. Spary, Supeilntendeut, Queen's Graperies, Brighton.
Sept. 24. EowARD Carfenteb, Secretary.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASS
KOSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, 4c., advertised at length in
this Paper in May last.

Paul 3 Nurseries, Wftltham Cross, London, N.

Variegated Geraniums.

CASBON AND SON hold a large stock of above.
Prices on application.
Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

New Zonal and Nosegay Pelargoniums.

NUNN AND HO H DAY, St. Augustine's Nursery,
Norwich, beg to inform intending purchasei-a of tho above
that they have a large stock of all the best varieties sent out in 1867,
from Vis. to \is. per dozen.

For Present Sowing.

CuoiCE Zonal Qeraniuu, foou a Collection ok 160 Varieties

R WHITE can supply NEW SEED of the above,
• saved from the choicest flowers, in packets, la. 6d., 2j. Oti.
3£. 6(Z., and 6$. each, post free.

Poole Nurseries, Dorset.

Hyacinths.

WILLIAM R0LLIS8ON and SONS beg to announce
that their CATALOGUE of DUTCH and ENGLISH
BULBS is now in the bands of their Printers, and WILL BE PIFB-
LISHED IN A FEW DAYS, when it can be had ft-ee upon appli-
cation.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula flmbriata.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply NEW SKEIJ of tlio
above, saved from choicest flowers, in packeta, la., 'la. Gd., and
ba. each, post free.

Koyal BorkHhlro Seed Eatublishment, Reading.

D
D

Sow in August.

OBSON'S P Rl/ E CALCEOLARIA SEED,

the fluent strain in the world: per pckt., 1« iW., -Ih. Orf.,3i. C((.,68.
Sons, Woodlancfs Nursery, ialeworth, W.

IDoUHON & i

New Seed of 1867, choice quality.

OBSON'S PRIZE CINERARIA, U.. 2,5. U., 5s.

DOMSON'S PRIZE PRIMULA, la., 28. Od., 08.
DOBSON'S PRIZE BALSAM, Is., 'is.
DoBsoN & Sons, Wondlaiids Nursory, Isleworth, W.

Choice Seeds.

CHARLES TURNEK'S superior CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA are now ready, m packets, 2a. Ctl.
each. The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Calceolaria and Cineraria,

WHEELER'S CALCEOLARIA is of the finest Strain,
and second to none ; Is. M., 1«. Gd., and 2tt. 6d. per packet.
The CINERARIA is saved from the fluest varieties; U., Is. Iki.
and 2s. 6d. per picket.

G. Wheeler, Nurserjman, Warminster, Wilts.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulbs, &c.

EOIiEKT PARKER begs to announce that liia NEW
' CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of New, Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and Stove |
Plants, Azalea indica, Fruit Trees, Grape Vines, Rhododendrons,
Hoses, Sweet Violets, &c. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, Cyclamens, Qtadioli, !
Hyacinths, Liliums, Narcissus, Tulips, and other Bulbs, is now i
published and will be forwarded to applicants. I

Exotic Nursery. Tooting. Surrey, S. 1

lOLETS fur WINTER and~SPKING BLOOMING.
—The Undersigned can supply strong healthy Plants, in 6-inch
pots, of tho following, which are the four beat Violets in cultivation.
Price Gs. to Us. per dozen. I

THE CZAR I DOUBLE BLUE

NEAPOLITAN I REINE DES VIOLETTES I

Francis* AaTHiinDicK.soN&SoNs, The "Upton" Nurseries, Chester, I

Beautiful Foxgloves.

JIVERY AND SON can now supply new Seed of
• their fine strain of the above, in Is., Is. 6rf., or 2s. GU. packets ;
likewise Plants to bloom next season at C.*, per doz.
Dorking and Reigate Nurseries.

Strawberries

A DESCRIPTIVE CA TALOGUE of STEAWBEBRIES,
Classed, free per post.
Taoa. Rivers & Son. Nurseries. Sawbrldgeworth,

Roses In Bloom.

WM. PAUL'S KOSES are NOW IN FULL
BLOOM. Inspection respectfully invited. Trains almost
hourly from Shoreditch to \\ altham .Station, Great Eastern Railway.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

R'OSES ON" OWN" ROOTS.— These "young~"pra"nT8rin
Pots, are now Ready, of the soverul leading sorts. Just now is
the best time for planting. Our Selection, 12s. per do/., yas. per 100.
Padl & Son, The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt.

To^he~Trade!

MARSHAL NIEL ROSE, from own roots, in pots, by
the 100 or 1000, at £5 per luO.
G. Barer & Son, American Nursery, Bagshot,

EW ROSES for 18(i7.— Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with piice^. on application.
John Cranston, King's Acre Nuisories. near Hereford.

N

WANTED, CUTTINGS of CHKISTINE, MADAME
VAnCHER, and LITTLE DAVID GERANIUMS.
Please state price per louo to C. M., Post Office, Esber, aurrey.

Strawberries.

CHARLES TURNER is now prepared to supply strong
Plants of the best modern kinds, as well as all the leading
established varieties, true to name.

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may he had on application.
Tlio Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Orchard-liouse^treeslFruitlng In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS. PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RicaABD .Smitii. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

/CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.

V_> Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre NurserieR
near Hereford, Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES. EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAD TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
Tbouas Warner. Leicester Abbey Nurseries,

BUTTON'S COLLECTIONS of FLOWER ROOTS.

K3 For particuifirs, see

SDTTON'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE, gratis and post free on
'application.
Sutton & Sons, Reading, Berks.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, Hinh Holbom, London.

Richmond Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey.

TO NOBLEMEN and OENTLEMKN making lar?e
PLANTATIONS, or PLANTING ORCHARDS or WALLS
with FRUIT TREES, and requiring quantities of superior Coniferous
and other Evergreens, Ornamental Flowering Trees, Shrubs. Ac, or
Dwarf-trained, Standard, or Spiral Fruit Trees. Special prices wil
be given on application to

G. & W. Steele, of the above Nurseries.

Roses.

JOHN CRANSTON has the pleasure to announce
that his ROSES are NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and that the
whole of his stock is In tho finest condition possible.

The severe fmsta (which proved so destmcLive in many parts of
England throughout last winter) not having visited this locality, he
is happy to say that his Rosea, Conifers, and other Trees, escaped
entirely unbanned.
Nuiseries. King's Acre, near Hereford.

Roses, Koses. Roses. ~~

PLANTS of all the FINEST VARIETIES in
CULTIVATION will this Autumn be in magnificent order,
in the Castle STRstT Ndrserieb, Salisbury.

The frost of May 24 destroyed all the blooming buds; the con-
sequences are that the Plants have produced the most vigorous
growth.

Amateur Rose Growers may insure the finest Plants that can
possibly be produced, true to name. CATALOGUES on application.

VINES, from EyesLthe finest in England, 10s. Gd. each, in October
next. John Keynes, Castle Street, Salisburj'.

ECHIVERIA METALLICA. — Fine Plants of this
beajtiful Greenhouse Plant at 8.f- per dozen.
DiLLisTOHE & WooDTHQRPK, Muiiro Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

Hanover Nursery, Peckham, S.E.

M- A. IVERY, Widow of llie late Mr. William Ivery,
• begs to state that the BUSINESS will be carried on as
usual, and trusts to receive that support so long given to her late
huflband, which shall at all times have prompt attention.

A Select AUTUMN CATALOGUE for 1867 can be had post free
on application.

Notice of Partnership.

JOHN SANDY ht'^^ to inform the Trade, his
Customers, and the Public generally, that he has taken hia
Son, HENRY SANDY, into PARTNERSHIP; and that in future
the Business will be carried on under the name of SANDY and SON.

Nursery and Seed Warehouse, Stafford.— August, 1807.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, MERrHANTs, and Nurserymen,
^^^^ 237 & 238, High Holbom, London, W.C.

H Agricultural and Garden Seeds.
AND F. SHAKPE boor to announce to the Trade
- that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
i80, Growth, is now ready and may be bad on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambs.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLLNG.
AND COMPANY, Limited, '

Corn, Seed, Mandre, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 8», Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.G. ; or Basingstoke
, Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals. 1851
lor Wheat ; 1862, for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

C^, ^ „ Extra Fine Quality.

OLE SEED, "18(36growth," per bushel of 521b. ,11*.:
T?Ai>T» „4buHhelsdo..40ii New 4-8 Sacks. Is. 6d. each.
JiARLT SIX-WEEKS' TURNIP, New Seed, very fine, 9d. per lb.

New Bags, Qd. to 9d. each.
ii-iCELLENT CABBAGE SEED. See Catalogue of varieties.
Remittances to accoTopany Orders.
Ha&DS.. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Beds.

Winter Blooming Plants.

FAND A. SMITH liave a large and clean Stock of
• well-grown plants to offer of the fnllowing :— AilALEAS.
ACACIAS, CAMELLIAS, EPACRIS, ERICAS.

LISTS, with prices, on application.
The Nurseries, Dutwich, S.

for

HOTHOUSE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS
SALE.— A private Collection, about 300. Apply to
Mr. Adbott, Abbott's Nursery, Belsize Road, Flnchley Road,

ORCHIDS.— A Small Coll ection~of"lhe~b est varieties
for SiVLE. on account of owner's 111 health.
For particulars. &c., address H.. Post Office, Retford. Notts.

A COLLECTION of ORCHIDS, of unrivalled richness.
consisting of about 1100 Species, is to be SOLD, preferentially
undivided, but a single plant may be also obtained. Parties inclined
to buy are requested to send their address to

"F. G. 668," Messrs. Haasenstein &. Vogler, Hamburgh.

WANTED. MYRTLES, strong Plants, in Pots.-
State price per dozen and hundred to
J. Luff, Nurseries, Battle. Sussex.

QPECIMEN PLANTS WANTED.-A large Conser-

^J vatory, 130 feet long, and 30 feet high, has been erected at the

,, T,__,. , ^^_,_ p^^^jjTS or SHRUBS are WANTED. Must

eap.

Thomas Clapham, Royal Park, Leeds.

Royal Park, Leeds.

be large, good, and cheap.

rpHIRTY THOUSAND HERBACEOUS and ALPINE
-L PLANTS, in pots, now ready. An inspection respectfully
requested. CATALOGUES early in September, sent on receipt of
postage stamps.

Thos. S. Ware, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham. N., adjoining the
Railway Station. « . --

T To Private Growers.

0 BE SOLD, in consequence of alterations, a very
„T,v'^'^°**=^ Assortment of STOVE, GREENHOUSE, and SPECI-
MEN PLANTS, some excellent FERNS. 4c. Also a Uw POT
TREES, su.;h a.s Peaches, Nectarines, Oranges, Lemons. &c ■ and
a neat FOUNTAIN KERB, with 4 COPCEAS, containing handsome
vase in centre. Afiply to

The Gaedexkr, St. Matthew'a Lodge, Norwich Rodd, Ipswich.

Roses, Orchard Houses, and Experimental Fruit

Tree Culture.

THE NURSERIES at SAWBRIDGEWORTH.
100 Acres in extent, are OPEN to the inspection of Amateurs
interested in the above.

The Harlow Station {l\ mile distant), Q. E. R., where Flys are in
attendance, is the most convenient.

Thos. Rivers & Son.

Ferns.

WILLIAM ROLLISSON and SONS also beg to
intimate that their DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of
FERNS, LYCOPODS, &c., is being distributed, and will have much
pleasure in forwarding tho same, free of charge, to all applicants.
William Rollisson & Sons, The Nursern^s, Tooting, London, S.

NEW FERN. SCOLOPENDRVuM VULGARE, van
COOLINGII.— A dwarf variety between S. Wardii and S.
digitatum, very distinct and beautiful. Nice Plants are now ready
for distribution at 7s. 6d. each.

A Coloured Plate free by post for two stamps.
Edwin Coolinq, Mile Ash Nurseries, Derby.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 36 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

To the Trade and Large Purchasers.

PONSFORD AND SON have to otter the following
FERNS, in strong plants, cheap. Prices on application :—
BLECHNUM CORCOVADENSE
NOTKOCHL^NA NIVEA i PTERIS LONGIFOLIA

PTERIS CRITICA ALBO- „ SERRULATA CRISTATA

LINEATA I „ TRICOLOR (fine)
Brixton Place. Brixton. Surrey. S.

Ferns from New Zealand.

IJ^OR SALE (just arrived from New Zealand), TWO
1.' CASES of GROWING FERNS. Slay bo Fcen at
Messrs. Levy BaoTitERa. Sontliwark Street, Borough.

_ Grass Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

QUTTON'S PERMANENT GRASS SEEDS

k_> FOR ALL SOILS.

Prices (according to sorts required and soils for which they are
intended), may be had on application.

SuTTOw A Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

SUTTON'S IMPROVED ITALIAN RYE-GRASS^
the Best and Mo^t Pkoductive in Cdltivation.
Sdtton & Sons can supply New Seed of the above at 6s. pei
bushel, or cheaper in large quantities.

August and SeptLinbur are the beat months for Sowing.
SuTTuM & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

898

THE GAEDENERS* CMONICLE AND AGRICULTtJEAL GAZETTE.

[AuausT 31, 1867.

A.WBERKIES.

DR. HOGG. — Very large, extra fine Pine flavour, and a good bearer

One of the finest in cultivation.
THE LADY.— i\ 11 the fruit of a good equal size without thinning ,

Immense cropper for forcing, as we proved lasts pring ; flavour

hlghlv perfumed.
BRITISH QUeiEN, PRINCE ARTHUR, KEEN'S SEEDLING
CRIiVISON QUEEN, SIR CHARLES NAPIER.

Prices — Established in large 32 pota for forcing, from Tds. to 1005
per 100. Strong layers in tiO pots, from 25s, to 5ba. pur 100. btr u^
runners from 5s. to 21s. per 100. A larj^e collection of other varieties,
strong, well-rooted runners, 5s. per 100.

John & Charles Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establish
ment. Hammersmith, London, W.

New Perpetual Pine-apple Strawtoerry (Gloedej, aiid
LUiums.

A VAN GEERT, Nurseryman, Ghent, Belgium,
. begs to offer the above STRAWBERRY, good plants, which
will be ready in a few days, at £1 5i. for 50, and £2 for 100 plants.

Per 100— £ s.
LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM PUN CTATUM, very strong roots.. 8 0

„ „ RQEUaM. ditto 2 10

ALBUM, ditto 3 0

„ „ ROSEUM, ditto 2 10

„ EXCELbUM, ditto 8 0

LONGIFLQRUM. ditto 110

THUNBERGIA GRANDTFLORA 8 0

AUREDM 4 0

Important to Gentlemen engaged in Planting,
Landscape Gardeners.

Sale uy Auction of Hiouly Valuable Nursery Stock.

JOHN CRANSTON begs to say that from the greatly
increased demand for ROSES during the laat two or three
years he finds it absolutely necessary to very considerably extend
their Cultivation, both out-of-doors and under glass. To enable
him to accomplish this in a manner fully and satisfactorily to meet
the demand, he feels compelled to clear a very large portion of hia
Nurseries, now stocked with valuable collections of Fruit Trees,
Conifers, Evergreens, Deciduous Ornamental Shrubs, Forest Trees,
&c. ; likewise a fine Collection of Camellias, Azaleas, Geraniums,
and Miscellaneous Greenhouse Plants, now occuijying several
large houses.

He will, therefore, in future be able to devote at iea.st the one-half
of his Nui-series, which extend over 50 Acres, solely to the cultiva-
tion of Roses, as well as five or six large Houses for the propagation
of Tea-scented and other tender sorts in pots.

The fact of his having on every occasion during the season taken
the First Prize forthe large Collection of Roses at the Metropolitan
and other Rose Shows, coupled with the regular increase of orders
which has been going on for years, convinces him of the necessity of
losing no time in taking the course he herein proposes.

Mr, SoNDEitLAND has received instructions to SELL by AUCTION,
on the premises, at the King's Acre Nui-series, on September 30,
1807. and following days, a large portion of the GENERAX
NURSERY STOCK, comprising—
25,000 Dwarf- trained. Pyramid, and Standard Peaches, Nectarines,

Apricots, Pears, Plurns, Cherries, and Apples, all well grown and

finely trained — the greater portion are large-sized bearing trees.
1,000 Peaches, Nectarines, Pears, Plums, Cherriea, andFigs in pots.

300 Grape Vines.
15,000 Common Laiu-el, 2 to 3 feet.
30,000 Comfera3, includii g beautifully grown plants of Cedrus

Deodai-a, Cedrus atlantica, Cupressus Lawsoniiina, Thujopsis

borealis, English Yew, Pmus austriaca, Pinus insignis, Araucaria

imbricaCa, &c., varying in height from 2, 3, 4, and 0 to 8 feet, and

nianv of them fine specimen trees.
2,000 VVellingtonea gigantea, from 2 to 3 feet, beautifully grown

plants, all regularly transplanted.
3,000 Rhododendrons, 2J feet.

•Several thousand Berberis Darwinii, variegated Holly, Arbutus, &c.
A quantity of the New Japan Aucubas, &c.
A large quantity of Deciduous Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

including 1000 Standard Double Pink, Scarlet and other Thorns,

Weeping Ash, Beech, Oak, Elms, &c.
2000 Deutzia gracili-vsuitable for forcing.
Climbing and Wall Plants, all the leading kinds of Clematis,- Loni-

cera, Ceanothus, &c.
300,000 Transplanted Forest Trees including Ash, .Spanish Chestnut,

Larch, Scotch, English Oak, Spruce Fir, Thorns, &c., varying in

height from 2 to 4 feet,
ICOO Indian Azaleas, 500 Camellias, miscellaneous Greenhouse

Plants, &c.
The whole of the above Stock is in the finest condition possible,
having been thoroughly well grown, and regularly and carefully
transplanted, neither were any of the Trees injured in the least
during the last severe winter.

Further particulars are given in oirculaars now published, and will
be forwarded on application.

Catalogues, which art now in course of preparation, will ba
distributed earlv in September.
Nurseries. King's Acre, near Hereford.— Aug. 1, 18G7.

G

i it ASS SEEDS for
PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the moat
suitable Grasses for Permanent Posture.

J. C. WU£EL£R St SOITt

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agricultural Society.

/noCOA-JS'UT KEi^USE

kj

is becoming soAaoe, the

old reserves ivill soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s,, 10 for
IGs., 20 for 30s., 50 for CGs,, 100
for £6.

Fourpence allowed lor each
bag returned carriage- paid,

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-oi&co
Order, payable to J. Baksham &
Co., Kincston-on-Thames. S.W.

/^ ISHUKST

VJT COMPOUND.
Used by many of the leading

Gardeners since 1S60, against
Red Spider, MOdew, Thrips,
Green Fly, and other Btigbt,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Wintei- Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees, Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes. Is., 3s., and 10s. Gd.

Red
Spider

MjigwU
flea,

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(Limited) .

V

JAMES CARTER And CO. beg, to annoimce that they
are now sending cut their uurivfillerl Strains of CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, wliiob, for fineness of form and
beauty of colour cannot be surpassed.

CALCEOLARIA, saved from the finest Prize viirletles.

CINERARIA, saved from tbe finest named v.arleties.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, (larlt carmtae and pure
wliite, saved fiom tlie fioest fringed varieties m cultiv.ation. Price,
eacb packet, s. 6rf., forwarded on receipt of Post-offlce Order for
tbe amount.

fil^ PRICE LISTS gratis and Post free on application to Carter's
Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, Hi^b Holborn. London, W.C.

AEIEGATED

SOPHIA DUMAKBSQUE
MRS. BENYON
GOLDFINCH
LUNA

BEAUTY of OULTON
NEATNESS

Tbe above forwarded on receipt of Post Office order for
Alfrep Fryer, Nurs6rie_s, Chatteris, Carabrndgeshire.

PELARGONIUMS.

ITALIA UNITA

COUNTESS

ELEGANS

THE FAIRY

PRINCKSS ALEXANDRA

BICOLOR SPLENDEN3

Flower Roots,

ARCHIBALD HENDER-
SON begs to announce that
he has received a iHrge Consignment
of Dutch and other Roots, carefully
selected from the most celebrated
growers.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED
CATALOGUES are now ready, con-
taining practical directions for their
successful cultivation on all the
various systems now adopted.

Also a CHOICE and SELECT
LIST of VEGETABLE aad HARDT
FLOWER SEEDS for Autumn
Sowing, Catalogues gi'atis and post
free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath,
Surrey, and at the E^ist Surrey Seed
Warehouse, College Grounds, North
End, Croydon.

M

Hyacintlis for ExMbitioii.

ESSES. SUTTONS'

COLLECTIONS include the
varieties so much admired at the spring
shows, and they are now prepared to receive
orders for the same at the following prices ;—

The Choicest ino Sorts, £4 4s., carriage free-
The Choicest 50 Sorts, £2 2s., ,,

The Choicest 25 Sorts, £1 Is., „

The Choicest 12 Sorts, £0 12s.

Cheaper Roots, 6s. to 9s. per dozen.

HYACINTHS for Beds and Open Borders,
3s. per dozen, 21a. per 100, carriage free.

SoTTON & Soss, Importers, Reading, Berks.

Early Spring Feed, Trifolium

incarna,tum.
U IT T T 0 N ' S

O ITALIAN RYE-GRASS.

NEW LATE RED TRIFOLIUM.
NEW LATE WHITE TRIFOLIUM.

These are invaluable articles for early
SprmB Feed, either grown separately or
together. The proper quantity of Italian
Rve-grass, if sown atone, is 3 bushels per
acre, or if Trifolium alone, 28 lbs. per acre.

The New Seed is now being harvesited,
and we shall be ploisod to sund samples
and lowest prices per quarter and cwt. on
appliration. Also MUSTARD and RAPE.
New Seed.

All goods carriage free, except very small
parcels.

SnrroN & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Camellias, Azalea indlca, Otalieite Oranges, &c.

JEAN VERSCtlAFFELT begs to solicit early orders
for the above, the stock, although very line, being rather limited
this year, especially as regards Catoellias, which are not so well set
as usual.

All orders to be addressed to Jean Verscoaffelt, Nurseryman,
134, Faubourg d© Bruselles, Ghent, Belgium.

New Plants.

HCANNELL begs to inform his Custoiuers that h.ia
• NEW CATALOGUE ia NOW RfeADY, and sont free fortwo
stampa. It contains a full- deaoripMon of all the NEW FUCHSIAS,
VERBENAS, PETUNIAS, LOBELIAS, &c., and a number of the
NEW GERANIUMS, and all the NEW BEDDING GEMS of the
year; and also a iiew and valuable idea in the arrangement of
Bedding Plants, Fuchsia Nursery, Woolwich.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.
T "WATSON'S beautiful BEBDING PELARGONIUM

O • EXCELSIOR, now ready; colour of Indian Yellow ; fine
truss, and habit of Lord Palmerston, Price 5s. each ; 36s, per doz.
to the Trade

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1. The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.

Fine New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe in
April. Plants ready in November. 5s. each; 36s. per doz. to the Tnide.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

CHEAP NEW PLANTS.

C of the best NEW NOSEGAY PELARGONIUMS.
6 of tbe best ZONAL PELARGONIUMS.
G of the best NEW PETUNIAS.
6 of the best NEW PENTSTEMONS.
6P0A TRIVIALIS ARGENTEA ELEGANS.
6ALTERNANTHERA PARONYCHOIDES.
G IRESINE AUREA RETICULATA.
The above collection, well rooted and established in pots, for j£l,
package included,

NuNv it Hobday, St, Augustine's Nursery, Norwich,

HARDY CLIMBERS and PERMANENT BEDDING
PLAJ^TS, — Eleven First-class Certificates awarded to Messrs,
Geo. Jackm.ilx & Sox, by Royal Horticultural and Royal Botanic
Societies of London.

The Advertisers solicit an inspection of their CLEMATIS JACK-
MANNI, and varieties of that type NOW in FULL BLOOM, which
have proved themselves to ba the "desideratum" for a good violet
blue or purple maroon bed. See Editorial remarks in Qardmeis'
Chronicley August 17. page 853, inviting attention to the beautiful
forms of their Hybrid Clematises as a " new sensation in bedding
out," Particulars of treatment by applying to

Geo. Jackman & Son, VVoking Nursery, Surrey.

Eiclimond Nurseries, Rlcliinond, Surrey.

GAND W, STEELE beg to call the attention of the
• Trade in general to their valuable and very extensive Stock
of CONIFEROUS and other EVERGREENS, particularly Striped
and Green Hollies, in which they abound: and al.=;o to their
DWARF-TRAINED, STANDARD, and SPIRAL FRUIT TREES,
which are of fii-st-rate quality, consisting of Anricots, Peaches,
Nectarines, Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, &;c , which are second
to none in the Trade, An inspection by Travellers this Autumn is
respectfully solicited.

aOICE SEEDS in SEALED PACKETS.

C

THE " PRIZE " STRAIN of CYCLAMEN PERSICUJI, — This
splendid Strain of Seed has passed entirely into the hands of
B. S. Williams, It is the seed saved from the raaguiflcent plants
grown and shown by Mr. Wiggms, gardener to W. Beck, Esq., Isle-
worth, at the Spring Shows in the present year ; they were in each
Instance awarded 1st prize, and were the admiration of all the
visitoi's. The flowers are 1 inch across, by li inches in depth, the
colours ranging from a bright carmine to a delicately tinted white,
and pure white tipped with crimson, the leaves beautifully marbled ;
Indeed, the leaves, apart from the flowers, possess a peculiar attrac-
tion in the diversity of their mai'bled sm-face. This seed should be
sown as early in the Autumn as possible. None genuine unless the
packets bear B. S. W.'s name and address. Price, per Packet,
Is. Gd„ 2tf. Gd.. and 3s. C((.

THE " PRIZE " STRAIN of POLYANTHUS. — This beautiful
Strain of one of the prettiest spring-flowering plants was also
exhibited most successfully by Mr. Wiggins, of whom B. S. W, haa
purchased the entire stock and right of sale. None genuine unless
the packets bear B. S. Williams's name and address. Price Is.,
23. Qd., and 3s. 6d. per packet,

OrHEn Choice Strains of Seed,

JAMES'S CALCEOLARIA, 2s. fid,, 3*, Gtf., and 6s, per packet,

WEATHERILL'S CINERARIA, 'is. Gd., 3s. Cd.. and 6s. per pkt.

WILLIAMS' PRIMULA, 2s. Cd., 3s. Gc/., and 6s. per packet.
B. S. WiLLiAsis, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway>N'

NEW GRAPE.-SUPERB NEW LATE GRAPE,

MRS. PINCE'S BLACK MUSCAT,"

THE Very best late grape extaht.

LUCOMBE, PINCE, & CO.

Hare a few very fine strong Fruiting Canes for Sale at f

£2 2s. and £3 3s.
These Vines are capable of producing from 6 to 12 bunches next year. They may be fruited either in or out of pots.

This magnificent Grape may ifo* bo seen in greater perfection than ever. The public are earnestly tntitW to^tfl
inspectioii of it at their _

EXETER NUESERY, EXETER.

DUTCH BULB CATALOGUE.

DILLISTONE & WOODTHOEPE

WILL HAVE MUCH PLEASUKE IN rORWAEDINO THEIE

DESGRIPTIVE AND PRICED CATALOGUE

OF

FRBSH-IMPORTiiD DtJTCH BtJLBS ASt) 0f HER EL&WER ROOTS

ALSO IHEIK

CATALOGUE OF NEW AND CWOICE PLANTS

I'OK THIS AUTUMN,

Containing a SELECT LIST of all the NEW and 'BEST STAWBEKElES in cultivatioii. :goth forwarded-
Post Tree upon application.

MUNRO NTJRSERy, SIBLE HBDINGHAM, ESSEX.

August 31, 1867.J

THE GAEDENERS' OTTRONTOLE ANT) AGRTCUT/riTRAL GAZETTE.

899

NOW READY,

B. S. WILLIAMS'

PRICED AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF DUTCH
AND OTHER BULBOUS ROOTS.

It will be forwarded to nil Customers in the course of a few days, and may bo had Free upon application.

B. S. WILLUMS,
VICTOEIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS,

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.,

BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THEY UAVE EECEIVED THEIK

ANNUAL SUPPLY OF BULBOUS ROOTS FROM HOLLAND,

AND AKE PLEASED TO SA1 THAT THEY ABE IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

CATALOGD£S arc NOAV EEADT, and will be forwarded Post Free on application.

J. V. AND SONS desire to impress upon those who patronise them the great advantage of giviffg them their orders
early, as the successful Uultivation of Bulbs depends in a great measure upon their being planted early in the season.

ALL the FIRST PRIZES for HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c.,

AWARDED TO

WM. PAUL'S COLLECTIONS

IN MAECH LAST,

At the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL and ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S SPRING SHOWS.

FIRST IMPORTATION JUST ARRIVED IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

TKICED DESCKIPTIYE CATALOGUE FEEE BY POST ON APPLICATION.
I^' Early Orders respecifttlhj solicited.

PAUL'S NURSERIES AND SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

CARTER'S DUTCH BULBS.

JAMES CARTER & CO.'S

AUTUMN SUPPLEMENT

GAEDENER'S AND FARMER'S VADE MECUM,

Containing ORIGINAL ARTICLES on the CULTURE of BULBS and SPRING GARDENING, also a LIST
of ■VEGETABLE SEEDS for AUTUMN SOWING, is NOW EEADT and wUl be forwarded immediately on
receipt of 12 Stamps (Gratis to Customers), on application to

CAilTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN,

LONDON, W.C.

FRESH IMPORTED DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

..iiH^cmt^ ■

SUTTON'S

AUTUMN CATALOGUE FOR 1867

IS NOW EEADT,
and may be had Gratis and Post Free on application.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS OF FLOWER ROOTS

FOR BLOOMING CURING WINTER AND SPEING.

For Pots and Glasses.

COMPLETE COLLECTION (Carriage Free) . . £2 2 0

DITTO (Carriage Free).. 1 I 0

DITTO 0 10 6

Foe Open Gbound,
COMPLETE COLLECTION (Carriage Free) . . £2 2
DITTO (Can-iage Free) . . 1 1
DITTO 0 10

LIST of CONTENTS of the above on application.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKS SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

Dutch Flower Boots.

MESSRS. FKANCIS anu AETIIUR DICKSON and
SONS Imvo rocoivotl from tliu moHt celabratod Growers in
IKilt:iinl tliulr flrHt largo impnrtntlon ol' the above, and have tho
tiiiLisluctkiii tu Huy that tho BVHiH uio tbin soaAon bound, well
rliioiiu.l. iiiid ol'iixcellent qnallty. Enrly ordoVH rcjRnoctfUlly HOlicitod.

iJlOSLliirTIVE riUUKl) catalogues poHt iYoo upon appU. •
cut loll.

10(!, EaBtgato Streot ; nnd the " Upton" NursorleH, Chester.

Hyacinths, Hyacinths^

DREOnOKN AMI AITKKN, Kilmaraock, N.B„ beg
t« liitliiiatu that thoir CATALOGUE of IIYACINTII.S and
othur IIULIW 1ft now Puhlishod, and will bo forwaiclod Fowt Froo to
any Addros-s, It coutaliiB valuable Uescnptivo and Cultural Notes,
and will bu found a usol'ul guide to Purchasers.

rUIZK IIVACINTHS,— D. & A.'s PRIZE DOZEN for 15«. The
beht value lu tho Trade— viz., Macaulay, Omamuut do U Nature.
Von Schlllor, Grandeur a Morvillo, Lord Welliugtou (double), Alba
maxima, Mont Ulanc, Qiieou of tho Nothorlands, Barou Voq Thuyll,
Cbaik'3 Liiekcns. (Jrand Lilas. and Prince Albert.

HUMAN aVxVClNTIIS.— Flue Bulbs of these beautiful carly-
llowe^ln^,' llyaciuth.H, 3a. Grf. per dozen. Free by Post or Rail.

JSCutf, Nurseryman and Florist, liathford,
• near Path, has to ollor a quantity of Specimen and Ilalf-
speciiiicn AZALEAS, suitable for Exhibition or Decoration; sorts,
sizes, and price nivon on application. Also, a splendid plant of
EIUOSTKMON DENSIFLOKA, a large plant of RIIODODEN-
DUUN GIBSUNII, one of EPACRIS GRANDIFLOIIA RUURA,
somo nice plants of PiMELEA SPECTAiilLEand lIENDERSONli
and (JluSMIFLORA. Also a few hundred very largo plaut.s of
MRS. Pollock GER^VNIUM, from Us to 20». per dozen, well
suited to persona wishing to get a stock ; and some fow hundreds of
very strong young plants, at aOs. per 100, a good cutting on nearly all
of them now. _

rii no M P S 0 N T E S T I M 0 N I AL FUND.
J- rmsT LIST of subscribers.

GardeHCrs'C'/iroi-fc^f. Proprietors of £10 10 0

Adie, A. J., Kockville, Linlithgow li 0 0

Bam, Jamea, Downton Hall Gardens, Ludlow . . . . 0 10 6

Barnes, W., Camberwoll 110

Barron, A. F., R. H. Society. Chiawick 110

Beadon, Rev. F., M. A., North SfconeLam, Southampton .. 10 0

Brando, E. A., Sulhampatead House, Turnham Greon . . 10 0

Browne, G 0 10 0

Glutton, John, 3, Sussex Square, Hyde Park, W 5 0 0

Cox, W., Gardener, Madre&field Court, Great Malvern .. 0 5 0

Culverwoll, W., Gardener, Thorpe Plrrow, Bedale . . . . 10 0

Dancer, Francis, Tui-nham Green 220

Davies, Walter, Shepherd's Bush 10 0

Dawnay, Hon. Payan, Benningboroutjh, York 10 0

Dawson, Walter, The Cemetery, Coventry 0 10 6

Dick, J. Douglas, K. II. Society, South Kensington.. .. 0 5 0

Dickson. F. A. & Sons, Chebtor 560

Dilkc, Sir C. Wentwonh. Bart., M.P 5 0 0

Dixon. Mrs.. Stanstead Park, Emsworth, Hants .. .. 2 2 0

Ducio, The Earl of, F.R.S., l.Belgrave Square, S.W. .. 6 0 0

Eckfoid, H.. Gardener, Coleshill Park. Highworth .. .. 0 6 0

Edmonds, Charles, and friend, Chiswick House .. .. 5 0 0

Elworthy, S., Gardener, Stoneleigh Abbey, Kenilworth .. loo
Eyles, George, R.H. Society, South Kensington .. ..110

Fish, D. T., Hardwicke House, Bury St. Edmund's , . 110

Fleming, John, The Gardens, Clivedon, Maideuhead . . 110

Fletcher. J. C, Dale Park, Arundel 110

Fox, J. Caven, R.H. Society, South Keasington .. .. 1 1 o

Francis, Mr., Slough 0 10 0

Qair, J.. Falkirk 110

Graham, F. J. Crauford, Hounslow 110

Hogg, Robcrt,LL.D.,F.L.S., 99,St.Georg6'sRoad,Pimlico 5 0 0

Hole, Rev. S Reynolds, Caunton Manor, Newark .. .. 110

James, Thomas, Downton Hall Gardens, Ludlow .. .. 0 5 0

Johnston, W., Kain Park, Bathgate 110

Junes & Son, J., Baukside 220

Kingliorn, F. R., Sheen Nuisery, Richmond 2 2 0

Low & Co., Hugh, Clapton 110

Marnock, Robert, R. B. Society, Regent's Park . . . . 110

Maators, Mixwell T., M.D., Spring Grove, Isleworth .. 110

Maw, George, F'.L.S.. Benthal Hall, Eroseley 110

McDonald, Charles, Woodstock Park, Inistloge .. .. 0 10 6

Meldrum, E., Rosemount, Bathgate 2 2 0

Mendel, Samuel, Manchester 600

Moore, Thomas, F.L.S., Botanic Garden, Chelsea .. 2 2 0

Murray, Andrew, F.L.S.,tl7, Bedford Gardens, Kensington 110

Northwick, the Lord, Nortliwick I'ark, Bleckley . . . . 5 0 0

Oates, P.. Gardener, Rockingham, Bayle 0 10 0

Ormson, Henrv, Stanley Bridge, Kmg s Road, Chelsea . . 5 6 0

Paul, William,' Waltham Cross, Herts 6 6 0

Perkins, Thomas, Wairen House, Stanmore 10 0

Reeves, John Russell. F.R.S., F.LS., Wimbledon .. .. 6 0 0

Richards, James, R. H. Society, South Kensington .. 110

Ronalds, R., Brentford 220

Russel, J., M.%yficld, Falkirk 2 2 0

Scott, Lieut. -Col., R.E..F.L.S., Ealing 110

Scrutton, Alexander, Blackheath Park 6 0 0

Sharpo, T., Hardwicke House, Bury St. Edmund's .. .. 0 2 0

Smith, Rev. Dr., Ecclehmachan, LinUthgow 2 2 0

Smith, James 110

Sparkes, George, Bromley, Kent 100

Standish, John, Nursery, Bagshot 110

Stevens, J 110

Telford, Charles, Widmore, Bromley 10 0

Thompson, W 0 10 (J

Thomson, Mr., Gardener, Stanstead Park, Emsworth, Hants 110

Three Young Gardeners, Hardwicke 0 3 0

Thrower, Joseph, High Canons .. 110

Turner. Charles, Royal Nurseries, Slough 3 3 0

Wallace, J.. Bathgate 110

Webb, Henry, Redstone, Redhill 3 0 0

Wliitiug, Homy, Battersca Rise 560

Wilson, Geori^oF., F.A.S., East Hill, Wandsworth .. .. 5 5 0

Wood, W., Holtleld Grange, CoggeahaU 020

Eiit (Sattrenei'0'CKironicle»

SATURDAY, AUGUST 31, 1867.

TCESDAT, Sept

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

C Royal HorticlUtuial tEruit and Floral
7 Committees), at South Kensington ..11
t Ditto tScientilic Discussion) . . . . :

HoWKVJiR excellent we may be as a nation of
GAEDENEKS, it is a lamentable fact that our
.superiority in this way is not to be found
where it is most likely to be of service to the
greatest numbers, i. e., IN OUR TOWNS Am) cities.
In the subui'bs of nearly every town and city
in the United Kingdom, green, fresh and beau-
tiful gardens may be found ; but enter the towns
themselves, and how rarely do we find any
attempt made to bring fresh green trees or other
vegetation near the dense haunts of men ! Our
present state of trade and civilisation leads men
to congregate more and more in towns and cities
— thesG are every day growing bigger and
extending, but without, we are sorry to say,
exhibiting the corresponding indications of
presenting anything to the eyes of the busy,

900

THE GAliDENEllS' CnHONICLE AND AGllICULTDRAL GAZETTE.

[AttousT SI, 1867,

weary crowds of men who inhabit them, but
piles of black and sooty bricks, depressing as
depressing can be in winter, and worse, if that be
possible, when the summer's sun illumines the
sooty surfaces, and shows theii' ugliness without
reserve. Should this be so ? Are the designers
and managers of our towns justified in persevering
in this peculiarly British mode of depriving the
more important part of oru- population from even
a trace of vegetable beauty ? Surely this is not
creditable to the "capital of the world," and the
other cities which are spreading fast to keep up
with it. Is it enough to create parks and squares
at great distances apart in our towns, and leave
square miles of densely packed human beings to
breathe a vitiated atmosphere all their lives ?

The partial good that is effected by fine parks
here and there, and in or towards the outskirts of
a city is as nothing compared with what may be
effected by so planting and planning streets
and roads, as that the air in which the people
work and sleep may day and night be compara-
tively pure and free, and the eye refreshed with
green at almost every point. It is so in many
continental cities much smaller than many of
ours, and whose population cannot be said to
want it so much as onr hard-working people,
engaged so much indoors from day to day. It
may be said that the ground is too precious in
our more important cities to permit of this ; but
that this is not the fact is proved by the
vast areas which are covered by miserable
shanties of houses — occupying ground that
might more healthfully accommodate six times
the number of persons. It is the will and the
governing power, that we want. We have been
going on for long j'ears congratulating ourselves
upon our free system of government, by which
everything regulates itself — theoretically, at all
events, and so also everybody and everything is
about as it ought to be. Nevertheless, the way
in which we have been surpassed in this dii'ection
by our neighbours, is patent to all who visit
Paris, and calls for a general protest against
the management of London and our great
towns generally. In Paris vehicles roll, not
grind, over crisp, level roads ; horses and men
do not describe "lines of beauty" in the streets
while endeavouring to avoid the last deposit
of sharp broken rock ; every new boulevard
or street is wide enough for the breeze to
" feel its feet" therein, and remove impurity
almost as freely as in the open country ; there is
hardly a street more than five minutes' walk from
healthy lines of trees ; the streets are watered
most conveniently and regularly in summer.
Unfortunate navvies do not pound away with
mallets so laboriously that they are an object of
pity to the passer-by, but heavy steam and horse-
moved rollers move along steadily day and night,
crushing into the pleasantest of siu'faces, the
debris which we in England leave the poor horses
to trample down.

It is obvious that if some change does not
start us on the same happy road to improvement,
the condition of London and other cities will
soon be a reproach to the nation. The remedy
is obvious. It may be said that trees would not
flourish if planted in London, as they do in
Paris, but from an examination of the soil of the
two places we have no doubt whatever that they
would do better in London of the two, and there are
a sufficient number of deciduous trees which we
know to flourish freely here ; indeed, if there
were none but the noble common Plane, it would
be sufiicient for our purpose. Some may object
to the drip of trees in our moist climate, but
there is but a very slight difference between the
climate of Paris and that of London, and in any
case the trees and footways are so arranged in
Paris that if it rained there every day in the
summer, the drip would be no inconvenience ;
while the plan of having wide footways and
streets is more wanted in our- cities where traffic
and crowd are so much denser. Letus be distinctly
understood not to advocate expensive annual
gardening more than it is at present pursued in
our cities, but the planting abundantly of fine
hardy trees, the opening up of our towns by
wide breezy roads, and their planning so that
pestilential crowding may be impossible, with
not a few minor improvements which we may
indicate at some future time. Nobody can be
better aware than ourselves of the difficulty of
making any alterations of this kind in the older
parts of our cities, or of the inertia that has to
be moved before we can do any good in the
matter ; but we also know how very easily the
thing may be done if public attention is once

sufficiently attracted to the matter, and of the
splendid opportunities which occasionally oocm- for
carrying it out — the Thames embankment to wit.
Imagine how beautiful our noble rivor and mag-
nificent bridges would look if flanked by lines of
trees, and how well their verdure would tell
when seen from the river behind the massive
and highly suitable stone work of the greatest
improvement ever effected in London. Let us
hope the opportunity will not be lost. In Paris
every spot for miles along both sides of the river
is planted, not only the edges of the quays but
the paved banks of the river itself, wherever they
are sufficiently exposed. If, as we trust, those
large and excellent dwelling-houses for the
working-classes, originated thi'ough the gene-
rosity of Mr. Peabody and the thoughtful
philanthropy of Alderman Waterlow and other
gentlemen, become as prevalent as they ought,
another excellent opportunity for tree planting
will be had, for of course it would be unwise to
place those large buildings along narrow streets ;
but unless a total change comes over our system
of arranging these matters, it is hopeless to
expect a radical improvement. Come when it
may, we trust it must come some day, assured
that it will effect more for our cities, from both a
sanitary and aesthetic point of view, than almost
any other improvement whatever.

A RAMBLE through the Plower Garden at
Battersea Park, where the arrangements are
always so admirably carried out by Mr. Gibson,
is one of the annual floral ti'eats of the metro-
polis, and one to which we always look pro-
spectively with Confident anticipation of seeing
something good, and retrospectively with the most
lively recollections of pleasurable anticipations
fully or more than fully realised. This year we
must confess to having started on our ramble
with some misgivings about Sttbtropical
Gardening, at least in certain of its phases,
but they were soon dispelled by the bright
pictures of exotic beauty which met the eye
in every dii-ection.

Subtropical gardening has indeed this season
been put to a severe trial, but it has firmly held
its ground. The moist sunless summer, and
especially the chilly and often frosty nights, have
been all against it ; but notwithstanding these,
and other adverse cUmatal conditions, we were
glad to see that the effects produced are very
little different from, and, as it appears to us,
scarcely at all inferior to, those which have been
realised in the more favourable seasons which
have occm-red since the movement was first
inaugurated. Perdinandas, Polymnias, Wigan-
dias, Uhdeas, and such-like grand-leaved things,
are growing freely; and though they have not
attained the stature of other years, they have
still sufficiently advanced beyond the range of
growth presented by the ordinary vegetation of
flower beds to yield the full general effect of which
their stately forms are capable ; while, on the
other hand, the dripping season seems to have
suited certain things, such as Palms, Tree Perns,
DracEenas, and Aralias, exceedingly well, and
charming indeed is the effect presented by one or
two specimens of Seaforthia, as seen springing
from the velvety tmf, and by a grove of Tree
Ferns in a secluded nook, where the Bird's-nest
Thamnopteris is scattered about beneath, as if it
had sprung up self-sown. Cannas are this year
in all their glory, and in a group of the variety
known as "limbata," the roots of which have
passed two winters in the beds where they are
now growing, they cannot measure less than
12 feet in height, presenting a grand mass of
its broad and healthy foliage, waving with every
breeze, and lit up with a profusion of its
characteristic flowers.

Amongst the bright gems of former years,
which this season must somewhat suffer by com-
parison, may be mentioned the charming setting
of the ruby Coleus Verschaffeltii, in its border of
silver Centaurea, a group which has usually
been no less remarkable for its chaste and quiet
loveliness, than for its perfectness of finish.
The group is, indeed, there again, and
the colours are very fairly developed ; but
Coleus has proved intractable as to growth, and
the finish of perfectly balanced development is
wanting. But then, to compensate for the less
perfect condition of a few groups of tender
subjects such as these, there are new groups and
new effects brought out ; and one of these is so
startling in its quaintness, that we give it a fore
most place amongst the happiest of Mr. Gibson's
ideas. It seems hardly possible at first sight to

realise that one is looking upon a group of living
plants, so strange and unfamiliar do their forms
appear in this new association. Let the reader
picture to himself a oii"cular raised bed of
moderate diameter, 5 or 6 feet perhaps, having a
large plant of Echeveria metallica in the centre,
and six smaller ones standing at a little distance
round about it. Then, close to the central plant,
and fitting in beneath its leaves, a ring of single-
stemmed plants of Sempervivum arboreum, other
plants of which again alternate with the smaller
Echeverias, but stand a little nearer the circum-
ference. These quaint-looking fleshy forms of
foHage, the green of the Sempervivum contrast-
ing strongly with the glaucous, coppery-tinted,
metallic hue of the Echeveria, stand up on
little elevations in prominent relief, and the
sui'face of the bed is hollowed out between them,
and entirely clothed with the little close-growing
Sedum glaucum, the circle being neatly margined
with a broadish line of Sempervivum montanum,
and outside that with one composed of a small,
tufted-growing, encrusted Saxifi-age. The bed
thus filled presents a marvellous appearance, so
original is it in conception, so perfect in design
and execution, wanting altogether the elegance
we are so apt to demand in flower-garden groups,
and yet most fascinating in its entire novelty of
character and its striking associations of form
and colour. It is the crowning effort of 1867 at
Battersea.

. M. De Candolle's code of regulations con-
cerning theN OMENCLATUEE OF PLANTS brought before
the Botanical Congress at Paris, of which we have
previously made mention (see p. 852) was referred to a
Committee consisting of MM. Ddmoetiee, Eichlee,
Weddell, Cosson, Btjeeau, Planchon, and the
author. The Committee discussed eacb paragraph
separately, in four consecutive meetings, and the result,
we learn, has been the adoption of tlie code with some
slight modifications. A few other alterations were
subsequentlymade at a general meeting of the members,
when the entire code was read. No essential point
has been changed. Certain points on which opinions
were divided were left as open questions. Thus, for
the " Cohorts" M. De Candolle had proposed a
uniform termination of "ales" as used for the corre-
sponding " Affiances" by Lindley. Some of the
members, however, seemed to prefer the varying form
used by Endlichee, as the termination "ales" does
not always accord well with the word to which it is
affixed. It was decided that the words "opsis" and
" oides," which were proposed to be omitted after words
derived from the Latin, should be retained, as not being
so contrary to the genius of the Latin language as had
been supposed. The code, as thus revised, will shortly
be printed in the Transactions of the Congress, and it
will probably be translated into English and German.
The discussion was brought to a close by a unanimous
resolution of the botanists assembled in Paris at ths
International Botanical Congress of 1867 — "That the
Congress having taken into consideration the pamphlet
of M. Alphonse De Candolle on the Laws of
Botanical Nomenclature (previously referred to a
special sub-committee), adopt the report of the sub-
committee, and recommend that the rules laid down by
M. Alphonse De Candolie, with the amend-
ments made in Committee, be henceforth adopted
as the best guide to be followed in the matter of
Botanical nomenclature." More than a hundred
botanists, representing France, Germany, Belgium,
Great Britain, Eussia, Italy, Brazil, New Grenada, kc,
were present. M. De Candolle, as already stated,
was the President of the Congress ; but during the dis-
cussion of the subject of his pampUet, the chair was
taken by M. Dumoetiee.

This is a practical result of a gratifying character,
and assuredly no tribunal is more competent to decide
on such matters than a general International Council,
like those that have within the last four years
assembled at Brussels, Amsterdam, London and Paris.
We shall return to the subject shortly.

. The following note has been transmitted to us

by Dr. John Edwaed Geay, of the British
Museum, who, as it will be seen, has just executed a
graceful and pious " act, in causing to be erected »
tablet to the memory of Sir Joseph Banks, a man
to whom horticulturists, the Horticultural Society
especially, are under great obligations. It is not credit-
able that the grave of such a man should have been
left so long unmarked by a memorial tablet. This is
not the only graceful act of this nature performed by
Dr. Geay. The trustees of the British Museum have
lately been presented by him with a portrait, from the
brush of Mr. Caepentee, of Sir Heney Ellis, the
principal librarian, under whose reign the Museum
was so essentially reformed. It is not long since that
we had to record another act of recird to the memory
of a deceased friend on the part of Dr. Gbay, who pub-
lished a portion of Salisbuey's "Genera Plantarum
(seep. 686, 1866), a fragment full of curious mformation.
Dr Geay's note, above referred to, is as follows :—

"Mr. John Smith, the late curator of the Kew
Gardens, having mentioned to me that he believed ne
was the only person now Uving who knew where bir
Joseph Banes was buried, not finding it mentioned
in ' Weld's Biography,' I wrote to the Kev. Ji.
Spoonee, the vicar of Heston, near Hounslow, the
place Mr. Smith indicated, to make inquuy, and
received the following reply :—.,.„, „, ,

" ' Sir Joseph Banks was buried in Heston Cnurorij

J

AuauST 31, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CirRONTCLE AND AGRICUETTTRAL GAZETTE.

001

in 18;!0. Durinc tho lato robuildinp; it was found
necessary to open the vault, his collin was found tliore,
with tho name on it, in a very Rood state of repair.
There is no tablet of any sort ]>ut up to his memory.'

" I have caused a white marble mural talilet to be
nut up in the chureh, inseribcd :— ' In this Church is
buried the Bifjbt Honourable Sir Joseph Hanks,
Bart., C.B., President of tho Royal Society from 177H
to 1820. Died at Spring Grove, 19th of Juno, 18:30,
aged 77.'

" Sir Joseph Banks wa-s a rare, I may say an
unique, example of a country pentleman of lart,'e
fortune, devoting it and his time and energies to
the promotion of science, making his house the
rendezvous of the scientifio men of all nations. I
owe much of my success in life to Sir J. Uank.s'
kindness and liberality. I)r. Leach introduced
me to him in 181(1, and ho allowed me to have the
free use of his library and collection, thus enabling me
to study Botany and Zoology, and to become
acquainted with tho scientific men of tho period."

New Plants.

Dendrobium Gouldii, sp. v.

C«rrttobium mciito oxtinctoriifomii, scpnlia lip^il.itia ohtuio
acutis, topjilis spatnlfttis, longioribus beno tortis, hibcllo
ciiuu.'ito ciil:it.ito trifidu, hiciniis hitcr.alibu-s acutanguliH propc
roctnngiilis, lacinia media Hpatulati obtusa, carinis teriiis a
basi in disco l.acini.no anticas, ibi apice .abnipto triangido
OTiinoscontibus, culmiin,T> auriculia anticia argute bldentuti.^
m-eetls,

(3. artitum : Floris tela teimiorl, labelli lacinia antica cuneato
ovnll acuta.

This appears to be a very handsome plant. Its flowers
are in the way of those of Dendrobium taurinum,
Lindl., apparently whitish, with yellow and some

Surplish veins! in the typical plant, and much more
elicate, with beautiful purjile on the anterior part of
the lip, in the var. acutum. The shape of the flowers
is very elegant, and we believe they may last a long
time in bloom — at lea,st the flowers of the type have a
very firm substance. It is one of the numerous
Polynesian discoveries of Mr. John Gould Veitch, the
adventurous and successful traveller. In dedicating
it to this gentleman we do so with the intention of
connecting all his names with the Deudrobia —
Johannis, Gouldii, and \^eitchiannm, and we feel
pleased to pay our excellent friend this probably novel
compliment.

CCEIOGTNE RHODEANA, Sp. n.
Afflnie Ccelogyni flaccidas, Lindl., pedunculo pluriflovo, denRi-
floro, br-acteia spathaceis ovaria pedicellata e.xcedentibus,
aepalis lateralibus carinatis, labelli oblongo aeuto, obscure
trilobo limbo anteriori subserniLato, carinia aemilato pli-
ca tis temis a basi apice m usque, columnse limbo apice
denticulato.

This is a pretty Coelogyne, much like C. flaccida, but
with a pleasant smell. The sepals are ligulate acute,
the petals linear lanceolate, and the lip dark brown. It
is probably a native of the Molucca Islands. We were
indebted for the first specimens to Consul Schiller.
Later we obtained it from England, from Mr. Low.
It is named in compliment to G. Rhode, Esq., of
Leipsic. the most zealous lover of plants we have
met with, whose drawing-rooms are decorated with
innumerable splendid flowers. But when frost forbids
the introduction of these raritie?? into his house, then
a formidable army of artificial zinc flowers, prepared
with artistic skill, takes the place of the true flowers.

Odoxtoglossum vextllabium, sp. n.
AflSno Odontogloaso PhaL^nopsidi, sepalis oblongls apiculatia,
topalis latioribua obtusis, labello basi angusto sagitLato,
dein expanse in laminam amplam flabelLatAm emarginato-
bilobam, Tearinia elevatia Igeminia acutis basi, sepala inter-
posita, columna aptera brevi.

This is a dangerous rival of the old Odontoglossum
Phaleenopsis itself, bearing a larger, more delicate
white flower, with rosy petals, and a rosy lip, yellow at
its base. The sagittate lip presents a form which is
quite new among these plants. The plant is reported
to be small, andthe leaves are .said to be fine and delicate.
Where does it grow ? We are not allowed to say.
Who has discovered it? We do not know. Who
possesses the specimen ? Impossible, too, to say. How
do you know it? Infandum, regijia, juhes rertorare

doJorem. A friend of ours, Mr. S 1 L , of U r

CI n, near London, got the flower for six days'

space, in order to lend it to us, after having given bis
promise, 1, not to show it to anybody else ; 2, not to speak
much about it ; .3, not to take a drawing ; 4, not to
have a photograph made ; .5, not to look oftener than
three times at it. We were indiscreet enough to take
» description of it, and hope the wonderful beauty will
one day appear at South Kensington. B. G. iJcij /.

— = \^.

VINE CULTURE AT GARSTON.-No. I.\

Geapes and Vine growing in these days are a.ssumihg
such a degree of importance as to call forth the
best devices and ingenuity of the practical horticul-
turist. No half measures can be tolerated in the
journey through life, travelling as we do in the heat of
competition, at a wonderful speed, towards the realisa-
tion of any given aim. Given a man of energy,
possessed of a discriminating turn of mind, who is not
easily upset by intervening obstacles, and it is amazing
what he can accomplish if he is not crippled in his
resources, by the " needful " not being provided him.
Gardening as generally practised, can scarcely be looked
upon as a remunerative investment ; were it so, its
place and position would be vastly elevated. If there
be one thing, however, more than another that is
capal)le of yielding a fair return it is Vine-culture, and
that unquestionably is one of the principal reasons for
the rapidly-extending popularity of Grape-growing
under glass.

The majority of horticultural readers, it may be

inferred, are personally concerned, some to a greater
and some to a less degree, in the (Utltural routine of Vino
management; and I may therefore anticipate engaging
some attention when treating upon the practice of one
of the most successful cultivators of modern times,
To do so profitably, it will be better to avoid more
formal ilcscripliini, and rather to detail the operations
involved in border making, houses and their manage-
ment, .sorts in cultivation, and general manageTuent
throughout. By so doing facts will bo brought out,
and notes can be compared on points of practice.

Border Ala^iuf/ at Garston is like border making
everywhere else, in so far that it consists in providing in
tho first place a system of adequ.ate drainage, next,
rubble bottoming, and then, the usual compost for root
producing and feeding. It has a charm of novelty
about it, nevertheless, which is worth noting, and
acting upon. Instead of digging down into the
earth, and clearing out everything that comes in the
way to a depth of from t to 6 feet, so as to square the
operation of border-making with tho general surface of
the ground, Mr. Meredith raises the foundation of his
house at least 4 feel above the general ground level, so
that there is a corresponding depth of foreign border
material, standing higli and dry, so to speak, and unin-
fluenced by weather inclemency. The wisdom of the
operation suggests itself to every thoughtful mind. It
was only on looking at the elevated position of the
houses that one could reconcile one's mind to the idea
that these long stacks of houses, filled up in the usual
preserving fashion, running parallel with tho span-
roofed houses, and appearing in the distance like a
dwarf retaining wall, were veritable Vine borders. Mr.
Meredith, who is fond of a dry joke, whitfed his
cigar voluptuously, and the depth of his silence, and
the truly bewitching character of his gaze, told more
eloquently than words, how vastly he enjoyed the
writer's amazement and incredulity. These borders
are increased by layers, as the Vines increase in growth,
which induces the roots to ramify; and, instead of
coming to the front, like a few skirmishers in advance,
they come rank and file, like a most determined foe,
every representative bristlingwithlifeandvigour. When
the limit is reached, a brick retaining wall is built,
and the whole comf^ortably circumscribed. By this
arrangement there is far less danger of the roots per-
meating into unprofitable quarters, and the whole
border is more at the command of the grower— indeed,
it is not too much to say that a border so provided for,
in any locality, is equal to a change in climate, and
offers unusual facilities for aeration, while, geother-
mally speaking, it is no less efficacious, leavmg less
room for the need of artificial heat. Let the reader
therefore understand that Mr. Meredith only takes
about 2 feet off the surface of the soil ; in this space
he places broken debris, and then his compost, which
measures fiom 4 to 4V feet in depth. This might be
considered extremely and unnecessarily deep by many
growers, who, of course, practise very ditferently
themselves; but if an objection be raised, it will vanish
in most minds when ihe elevated character of the
border, and how completely it must be under control,
are taken into consideration.

The importance of limited occupancy in the case
of Vine roots, and absolute control over them, can
scarcely be overrated, when one knows, as all growers
do, their tendency to permeate into inhospitable sub-
soilsj macadamised walks, and even through solid brick
partitions. A very gof)d illustration of the latter I saw
at Garston. Mr. Meredith has hitherto always first
made good his border inside, and as the plants grew he
stacked up his turf walls in about 4 feet layers
periodically outside. A press of business, and a laud-
able desire to extend his Vineyard as a covered garden,
to be one of the wonders of horticulture, together with
the considerable difliculty under which he has to
labour in securing suitable turfs, interposed some
obstacles to his reinforcing certain borders at the nick
of time. When he did so in early summer, judge of
his surprise, and mine too. to find that the roots had
not only gone through the layer of brick in all direc-
tions, but had actually forced themselves through the
centre of solid bricks. Of course, the continual mois-
ture under the surface had somewhat softened the
charred particles, but that the spongiole of a Vine
could bore its way through a mass of solidity, like a
fine steel chisel in the hands of a skilled artisan, seems
almost incredible.

The compost heap, which I examined, was composed
of three distinct materials, which are in turn charged
with numerous organic and mineral substances. These
are turfy loam, crushed bones, and oyster shells.
There is such a dift'erence in the composition and
nature of turfy loam, that the term can only be used as
a general expression, implying that something of the
kind is wanted as possessing substances favourable for
the development of roots, and together with the bones
and chalk to provide stamina, the better to induce large
bunches and good-flavoured berries, highly-finished in
all respects. To give the qualitative determination of
any soil, one would require to have studied for some
time in the chemist's laboratory, and however accurate
an analj;sis may have been taken and promulgated, it
is questionable, in the hands of border makers, how far
it would prove practically useful. The soil appeared to
be what in gardening phraseology is termed a maiden
loam, neither wholly calcareous nor clayey, but of a
sort of friable and yet plastic tendency. 'The intro-
duction of the broken shells, and crushed bones,
in moderate quantities, while adding to the
stability of the compost, would modify its mechanical
texture, and counteract a cohesion of the particles as
the organic substances gave way. Mr. Meredith lays
great stress upon, and provides accordingly for the
conservation of his borders, and the upholding of their
material condition, so that in the one case ammonia
shall be utilised while passing through its numerous
pores, and in the other aeration shall be unimpeded.

The heavy rains of Lancashire are often very uncom-
fortable, and tho Vine rods of Garston have' hitherto
proved that it is a wise economy to have outside borders
as much under control as possible, and they can only
bo made so by providing in all resjiects against tho incle-
mency of the weather. A.

LETTERS FROM PAUIS.-No. XXIL
BoTANTOAr, Congress and Tenth Snow.
Dr. Moore, of Glasnovin, read atone of the meetings
an extract of a paper on Pitcher plants, and presented
to the Society a most complete collection of these inte-
resting subjects. His paper will bo found very interest-
ing, as it treats of the culture of the plants, as well a.s
of their structural peculiarities and other matters of
interest. Afterwards commenced a discussion on tho
pamphlet of M. De Candolle on the laws of Botanical
Nomenclature. As rapporteur of the Committee
ai)pointed to investigate the subject, he read his 6/-oc//?(r/?,
with the alterations that were suggested by tho
Committee. These were very few, and their general
tendency was to make tho proposed laws soiitevvhat
less stringent, and to give more latitude to the
individual botanist. About half the article was
read, and all the laws adopted, nearly all without
discussion The chief point upon which the botanists
present did not agree entirely was the propriety of
giving a place in scientific nomenclature to the sub-
varieties, variations, and sub-variations of plants. This
was opposed by some, but the most distinLMiishnl
men and the whole of the Special Committci. ndoplod
it. It was put to the test of a division, and adopted
by at least 40 or 50 against 20.

Themembers of the Congress visited various interest-
ing gardens from time to time, one of the interesting
excursions being to Verrieres, the country house of
j Madame L. A'iliuorin, situated in a very pretty district,
' about 12 miles from Paris. There a magnifi(;ent
dejeuner was prepared for them, their appetites
being sharpened by the morning air, and by a
pleasant walk over the closely-cropped and very
pretty country. The tables were laid in a circular
\ space in a grove. A bed of flowers and plants was in
the centre, with plenty of that fine tall Grass, Panicum
altissimum, to give it grace ; around this the tables
were placed,and a prettier spot, or more happy reunion,
could not be found. We were of all jiarts, from
St. Peter.sburg to the Cape of Good Hope; spoke a
variety of tongues, from musical Italian, to our own
" hoarse northern guttural ; " had widely diverse ways
of saying our prayers, and yet each one said that the
day was one of the most agreeable he had ever spent.
Verrieres is a sort of botanist's home. I have been
there a good many times now, and never yet found it
without several botanists enjoying the interesting
gardens and cordial hospitality of Jladame Vilmorin,
and M. H. Vilmorin; but it was particularly agreeable
to meet so large a portion of the botanical family there
united without the slightfst trace of the "struggle for
life" betraying itself After breakfast we had a long
walk through the large wood in the neighbourhood,
and then returned to an equally reeherchc luncheon,
the company visiting the cultivated fields and gardens
of the neighbourhood afterwards. The botanical and
horticultural interest of the visit was considerable, for
there are fine trees, and a great number of miscellane-
ous plants, at Verrieres. But I think we should have
seen a little more in this way, had our reception not been
so cordial, and the wines and fruits and other vi.ands,
not so particularly good. Mr. Greenland showed GO or 7()
■ living species of very rare German and Swiss Mosses, &c.,
i in acool room in the house, but (and I grieve to state it)
' they had very small attention compared to such tangib'e
subjects as good specimens of the smooth Cayenne
Pine, and other fruits on the breakfast table. Even
botanists are human.

However there are big trees at Verrieres that do not

permit themselves to be passed by, and one of these

is the finest specimen of Pinus Pinsapo that w'e

strangers had ever seen. There is a glaucous variety

of the Cedar of Goa there, which for grace and a

pleasing silvery tone is unrivalled. Of its effectiveness

, for good among the usual dark colour of Pines, we

i formed a decided opinion. It is one of the most

exquisite pleasure-ground things in existence, drooping

j most gracefully, and of a lively silvery tone. There

! are many other interesting Pines and deciduous trees

worthy of notice, but space is short, and therefore I

! will turn for an instant to their humbler neighbours.

Of iEthionema cordifolium— one of the best and

sweetest rock and alpine plants I have met for some

time, there was a bed abjut 10 feet long in

flower, looking like a well-flowered mass ol the

charming Androsace lanuginosa, and not rising more

than three inches. The flowers are most abundantly

produced, and the plant quite hardy and perennial, as

it has been here fully exposed to the elements for a

long time. Nothing can be more suitable to the

rockwork or front edge of a choice mixed border. I

always feel satisfied if I discover one perfectly hardy

and beautiful plant in a day, and I immediately relaxed

my efforts after seeingthis. It seeds freely, and therefore

nobody will have any difliculty in procuring it. It

shall form one of my selection of beautiful easily-grown

alpines by-and-bv.

The next beauty was Nierembergia frutescens, which
I have mentioned as so well ,eho\ni at the Exposition.
There are two plants of it at "^'errieres, which have
been out all the pa,st vile winter, and are now flowering
freely, though not so luxuriantly as the plants which
were kept indoors. This is a plant which will plea,se
all classes of cultivators, being a beautiful object for
the summer garden, quite as profuse in flower as the
little Nierembergia, and with much larger and equally
sweetly-coloured flowers. But it rises when j well
grown to a height of 18 inches or more, while it'may
also be employed in as dwarf a condition as couldjbe

902

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[Attgust 31, 1867.

desired. In the taller state it will be found quite a
distinct thing for the flower garden, and as it has stood
out near Paris, it may do so even more successfully
in the south of Enjjland, It was first introduced into
the fine Botanic Garden at Bordeaux, from whence M.
H. Vilmorin brought four plants last October. Two of
these were the plants that stood out, and as they were
planted only in the first week of NoTember, they, of
course, had cot a very fair trial. The other two were
propagated and cultivated in-doors, and from them
have been raised the fine stock shown at the Exposition,
and 2000 plants in all, before the 1st of June. That is
perhaps sufficient proof of the capability of the
plant.

Of other plants seen here I would particularly call
attention to Dianthus dentosus, a distinct _ and
singularly pretty species. Though it varies consider-
ably from seed there is yet a distinct family likeness
amongst the plants, which do not grow more than
4 inches high, and are masses of the richest dark violet
crimson. Some of the flowers resemble a dark form of
JDianthus alpinus, and altogether the plant is better
than most of the species of its tribe. Then
the hesperidifolia variety of Iberis amara is not
so much grown with us as it ought to be.
The French are fond of it, and it is really a fine
annual, making a truss 5 inches high. But the
prettiest little annual I have seen for a long time is a
fringed variety of Agrostemma cceli-rosa : it is delicate
in colour and nicely distinct. Chrysocephalum apiou-
latum is also a fine perennial thing; and Panicum
virgatum, a free-growing hardy Grass, flowering late,
and useful also for its flowers. Tripsacum dactyloides
also makes a good strong Grass here. As for the
Sorghum tartaficum, it is now tall, without any
hope of fruit. The pretty little spring-flowering plant
that I saw here last spring is Arabis arenosa; it is
worth a trial in the spring garden, being very neat and
distinct.

Pinally, a line to cordially acknowledge the warm
and graceful reception given to us all by Madame
Vilmorin, and her son. Go where he will, the botanist
or horticulturist will find none more genially agreeable.
Another word on a matter not horticultural, yet so
tasteful and so much in accordance with every principle
of true art, that I am sure my readers will like to
hear of it. A number of dessertplates might be noticed,
each bearing a different design of flowers and leaves.
These had been painted by Madame Yilmorin, and
beautifully painted they were. This was, of course, done
before the baking. One bore a wreath of choicest
everla.sting flowers, true in every line and tint ; another
a charming batch of Primroses aroiind the margin,
another spring bulbs, another Daisies, or Pansies, and
so on. This kind of thing is the antithesis of " Brum-
magem ; " it is real taste.

51. Linden shows at the 10th show, a new species of
Alloplectus and several interesting Gesneraceous
plants. The best of the group is Lasiandra macrantha.
The flower is, as regards colour and form, like the
Pleroma ; but in size it is extraordinary, one produced
on a poor little plant with eight leaves being 6 inches
across, and remarkably beautiful. This, I think,
will prove a grand acquisition to plant growers. He
has also some new Orchids, the best of them being
a good plant of Cattleya Wallisii. Very distinct and very
dwarf too, is the Nanodes cinnabarina, in colour like the
Sophi'onites. Mesospinidium sanguineum, in the same
group, is a graceful-looking thing, of quiet colour,
though hardly good enough for general culture in
Orchid collections.

There is a little bed of the splendidly-variegated
form of the Japan Privet in the garden, which is
looking pretty well, but is disappointing. Arads come
from Mr. Kellerman, of Vienna. He says they are
hybrids, which is perhaps doubtful, as there are but
few indications of hybrid origin, except in otie plant
between Alocasia Lowii and macrorhiza. It is large
and fine. The Gladioli are plentiful ; the 1st prize
being again taken by M. Souchet, whom I have seen
lately, and of whose magnificent collection I shall soon
have something to say. W. B.

style of judging, no amount of merit could avail the
client at the bar.

Without going over all the pomts referred to by
" Vitis vinifera," I will confine my remarks to the two
which he thinks might be left out. He thinks bloom
of no importance, and size of berry no matter. No one
ever saw Grapes grown to perfection where bloom was
wanting, and had it not been an important mark to
aim at, it would not have been there at all, depend upon
it ; for be it observed the Grape is exceedingly beautiful
as well as useful, and the bloom is one of its chief orna-
ments. The size of the berry, and the style of its
finish, makes all the odds, or hits with the marker
above mentioned, whom I must now call up and
question.

Hothouse Grapes grown at Southgate, in the county
of Middlesex, of the Black Hamburgh variety, were
taken to Covent Garden Market and sold for Is. 6d.
per lb. The writer of this note saw them, and knew
their history ; they were really good Grapes, and black
as sloes, quite ripe, and well flavoured. The Vines on
which these Grapes were grown had been struck from
eyes obtained from the celebrated Hampton Court
Vine. On the same fine summer morning hothouse
Grapes, grown at Bast Barnet in Hertfordshire, just
one mile from Southgate, were taken to Covent
Garden and sold for IGs. per lb. Now the talented
author of Hudibras sagely says, " the value of a thing is
just as much as it will bring," and those who have to
cater for the Court fvfes and State dinners get at the
marker's idea quite cleverly, for the English nobleman
has bright ideas about the size and finish of the berry ;
he marks the colour as a hit, the bloom perfect as a
bull's-eye, and the surface hammered like that of a
copper cauldron as a centre; and he no doubt judgeth
justly. It is this marker that gives the tone to the
market, for had the size of berry and superb bloom
been wanting, the Grapes would have found their
level, and realised perhaps lid. an ounce, or 2s.
per lb., which was just one-eighth part of their market
value as they were.

It must never be lost sight of that Grapes have to
adorn the table. Nice, sweet Grapes can be grown
with little trouble, for the Vine, like the Wheat plant,
accommodates itself to very ordinary treatment, and
does well ; moreover, sensible people may sit under the
shade of their Vines, and eat the fruit thereof at home,
and such fruit will add to the enjoyments of that home:
but take the Grapes to market, and when they have
been freely handled, and have lost their bloom, the
marker will grin all over his honest' face, for he will
know full well that you have not made a hit. Alex.
Forsyth.

JUDGING GRAPES.

The rules laid down by your correspondent who
signs himself "Vitis vinifera" (seep. 85.3), appear to
me to need some little amendment to suit them to the
present advanced state of the art of Grape growing.
The theory of giving so many points for one good
quality, and so many more for a better quality, is quite
new in horticulture ; and is evidently borrowed from
the school of musketry at Hythe and Wimbledon,
where it is found to answer admirably with fire-arms.
The rifleman having carefully studied the " way of a
bullet in the air," arranges its parabolic course for the
furlong or for the 800 yards, and makes bull's-eyes and
centres as best he may ; and near, nearer, and nearest
might comprehend all the points. He must hit the
mark— that admits of no arguing, for outside the
target it is all " amiss."

There is, indeed, a target for Grape growers, and it
has to be steadily aimed at. There is also a marker
—a just and faithful one— taking down the hits, and
occasionally doing a broad grin over the well-meant
endeavours that have missed the mark ; and it is this
gentleman's way of thinking on these mattere that I
mean to put into words, and lay before my readers, in
order that we may arrive at just judgment in the matter.
A Welsh judge is said to have remarked, that he could
jiidge very well when he had heard bul one side of the
question, but when he heard the other side it confused
him ; and we read in the fable that the song of the
thrush, and that of the cuckoo, were referred to the ears
of an expert (animal) in music, to decide which of the
two birds sang best. The judge praised the thrush by
saying that he sang very well, but for being true to
the air he must say the cuckoo surpassed him. With this

JACKMAN'S HTBEID CLEMATISES.

If I step forward to endorse your remarks at p. 852, it
is because I consider you have stopped short in pointing
out the full value of these extraordinary plants, as
additions to our summer bedders. They have in their
several varieties the very colours of which our summer
flower gardens are in a great measm'e deficient ; and if
we take the only exception I know of, namely, Purple
King Verbena, there is not the least comparison
beyond the general hue of purple, for the Verbena is dull
in the extreme by comparison ivith Clematis Jack-
mani ; and there is besides the additional drawback of
uncertainty, and, at the best, the prospect of six weeks'
colour, if we can keep offthrip, &c., for so long, while
the Clematises are never likely to be affected by msects,
on account of the firm hard character of their leaves.
Besides, they range from the rich purple of Jack-
mani to something nearer a light- blue than any
Verbena— tints that will lighten up the distance of a
various-coloured garden, and also bear the close inspec-
tion of a skilled florist ; very difierent, in fact, to the
horned subjects that have been butting about of late,
filling witb terror every one who doubted their merits,
and bearing a strong resemblance to the ears of a run-
away costermongers' friend. There is one seedling not
named, the flowers of which consist of four petals
only, perfect in shape, having a creasy appearance up
to the middle of the petal, and with the outside smooth,
forming as it were a flower within a flower, although
single, the outer portion shining as if some fairy had
blown diamond dust over it in the dew of the morning.

I saw these Clematises after the severe storm of the
night of the 19th and morning of the 20th, which was
as severe here as anywhere ; but it had not aft'ected
these plants so much as the general bedding about
London. It will be found, I think, that some varieties
will be more prolific as low beds, while others will be
better adapted to different purposes. For example,
one fine strong flowered seedling was cleared out of a
low bed on to the Grass, and although there was not
much difference between that and the others, it proved
that the shoot of this had begun, at about 1 foot from
the root, to break at each eye, for 6 or 6 feet in length,
the eyes being opposite, and from 4 to 6 inches apart,
according to vigour. These shoots were just tufts of
bloom,withsome open,others opening, and others latent,
that is to say, there was a succession up to the time
when frost comes. When the plants are trained on a flat
low bed, these flowering shoots take an upright form,
hence the mass of blooms. I must differ with you as
to a trellis for the low beds. It will be better to raise
the beds, and edge them with some plant that would
bring them out, as variegated Chrysanthemums ; for if
on a trellis a strong wind might topple over the heavy
head of bloom.

It will be seen from the foregoing description, that
the plants by the middle of August form a free-flower-
ing fringe, of from 5 to 6 feet of successional bloom,
commencing in June. Suppose we take one of Mr.
Gibson's long rectangular borders, and try to bring out
the colours. We find that a great practical knowledge
of habit has led to intersecting these beds with plants
that will make a distinct division, but will yet harmonise

with the whole, If we take C. Jackmani in a fringe,
like the aforesaid, and peg it into sectional lines, and
fill the diamonds with Pelargoniums Princess Alex-
andra or Mangles' Variegated, leaving a few blooms,
and edge all round with any good yellow leaf, as
Pyrethrum, &c., it will prove a mixture much richer
than any I know, with our present plants. I see
nothing to prevent the winter arrangement of this
also, as the Clematis plants at the angles would allow
of filling the diamonds with Pansy, &c., and the Cle-
matis might remain for several years. So also beds of
purple or violet, with light leaves mixed, would always
be charming, or ribbons pegged to any shape. Suppose
we make one row of Arabis lucida, one of Alternanthera,
one of blue Lobelia, one of Mrs. Pollock, one of Cle-
matis rubella, one of white Centaurea, &o. The
Clematis will also help in forming festoons, and be
valuable for raising objects in otherwise fiat gardens ;
it will be a real acquisition either as a pyramid or
column. We already have the former, made up ivith
C. Flammula, mixed with the rich, strong growing
Denmark Tropffiolum. If we take a small garden, it
may be raised up by a simple contrivance to form
one bed above another ; or it may come in alternately
with standard Hoses, training it to a shape at the top.
I shall have more to say, with your leave, on thi?
subject, at another time. J. F., Cliveden.

MADRESFIELD COIIRT BLACK GRAPE.

This splendid new Grape was exhibited to the
meeting of the Fruit Committee of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society on the 20th inst., and was most
deservedly awarded a First-class Certificate. The
bunches exhibited weighed from li to 2 lb. each ; they
were beautifully and regularly grown, and quite of the
same form as those of the) Muscat of Alexandria, i. e.,
long and tapering and well-shouldered. The berries
are large, longish oval, like those of the Muscat, jet
black, and covered with a fine bloom like that on the fruit
of Black Alicante. The stalk of the bunch is rather
fine, erect, and of a reddish purple ; that of the berry is
stout and warted. The skin is tough and membranous:
the flesh is lirm and very juicy, rich and excellent, and
has a distinct Muscat flavour. The leaves, which are
bristly, deeply lobed, and serrated, have reddish stalks
and midribs, like those of the Esperione.

This fine seedling was raised by Mr. Cox, gardener
at Madresfield Court, Great Malvern, who has kindly
furnished the following information respecting it:—
" The Grape in question," says Mr. Cox, 'was raised
some five years ago, and was the only one of a quantity
of seedlings which, after fruiting, I considered worth
saving. TheparentswereMuscatofAlexandna.andBlack
Alicante, crossed both ways. I am therefore in doubt
as to which kind produced the seed from which the
present seedling was raised. The plant is of robust
growth, and short jointed; the eye is prominent, and
rather more pointed than that of the Muscat ihe
fruit sets as freely as that of the Black Hamburgh, and
ripens a fortnight later than that variety, and a like
period earlier than that of the Muscat of Alexandria.

Judging by specimens of this seedling which have
been exhibited during the past two seasons, it promises
to be one of the finest Grapes yet introduced. l!or
flavour it is nearly if not quite equal to the Muscat ot
Alexandria ; in appearance, size, colour, and form, it
is all that can be desired; and there is a freeness
about the bunch, like that which belongs to the Black
Hamburgh, . that betokens a fine constitution, and
capability of being grown to a large size, ilie stout
stalks of the berry, and its tough leathery skin, are
also sure indications of its good keeping qua ities. Ut
aU Grapes in cultivation, Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat
comes nearest to it. A. F. B.

THE CULTIVATED SELAGINELLAS.
Geottp 1. Decumbentes. Stems wide-trailing, pros-
trate, furnished with rootlets nearly or quite up to
the point. (Seep. 783.)

1 S. ddicalimvia, A. Braun, Ra™, No. 8. S. microphylla,
Hort. non Spring ;-Stems continuous, slender, wide-creep-
uyr densely interlaced, branched irregularly and distantly,
the branches with a few distant or forked spreading branch-
lets ■ ultimate divisions a line or rather more broad, the
iSerYcaves, except at the very point, with at l^^ff "^err own
br^dth between them, spreadmg roundish, oblong blunt,
sUghtly ciliated towards the base, the two sides neailj equal,
both rounded at the base, the smaller leaves ovate, adpressei
to the stems ; spikes unknown.

The native country of this still remains unknown.
Mr. Smith quotes S. microphylla. Spring, as a synonym,
and it is often cultivated under that name, but the
true plant of Spring (a native of South America), is
very diflerent, having rigid stems not more tha,n2qr
3 inches long, and subuniform, rigid, nerveless, mbri-
cated leaves. From the other interlaced decunibent
species this may easily he known by its more delicatfi
texture, and smaller and more distantly-placed leaves.
The colour is pale green, with sometimes a tinge oi
red in the older stems, and the texture is so delicate
that the plant soon curls up and spoils when gatherea.
The midrib of the leaf is white, and very distinctly
visible, but ceases below the point. The radicles are
very slender and copious, white or reddish.

2. S. helvetica. Link, Fil. Hort. Berol., p. ^f- °P[|Jg
Monog, 2, p 83 A^ Braun «e™ No 0^ Ly^"^^--
^^ STy wYd";;re!?ing!''an?: 1 -te^matted ; the branches
distant, ii-rcgularly and subdichotomously foiked , divm^^^

rcuriifbr^yi^iLT"^^-^^^^^^^

with a distinct stalk.

A well-known plant, long cleariy distinguished
rangingfrom Smtzerland eastward to Amur-land It
comes nearest to denticulata, but difl-ers materially m

AUOTTST 31, 18G7.]

TITK GArvDl'NKRS' rifKONICI.E A^V) AGl^K'UITURAL OAZETTR

903

the spike, and it is not so much matted in habit, the
leaves are paler green, narrower, and not so close to one
another.

3 S (ieiiUmlala, Link, FU. Hort. Borol., p. 159. Spring,
MonoK 2, p. 82. A. Braun, Rovi.i, No. 7. Lyoopodium den-
ticulatum, Uim. Sp. PI., p. l.'il)9 i-Stoms continuous, wicie-
oreeping, densely intcrmattod, copiously hruncliod with
dichotomously forked branches; diyisiona 14—2 linos broad
the lixrgor Iciivos sproadiuK, close or imbricated, decurved
when dry, nearly as broad as long, pointed, denticulate
tiroughout, the two sides nearly equal, both rounded at the
base ■ the smaller leaves adprossod to the stem, nr slightly
Bproadiiig, ovato-aristate ; spikes lax, sessile, the loaves
pnsslng upw.ards into liracts without .my abrupt transition.

Well marked by its jirostrate growth, interl.accd
habit, nnrt la.\ spike, .■fo difFerent from the close, riRid,
tetragonnus one of most of iho others. When specimens
are allowed to dry, the decurvatiire of the leaves is
conspicuous. The colour is dark green, with often a
reddish tinge. The radicles tare copious and mode-
rately firm, the nerve green, and only faint. From
Madeira and Teneriffe it ranges through the south of
Europe and liarhary states, eastward to Asia Minor. A
Madeiran specimen before me has a stem 1,5 inches long,
with six liranchcs on each side 5 or 6 inches in length.
TVlial appears to be the same plant was gathered by
Menzies at the Cape, and a closely allied .species, or
perhaps a variety, was obtainedby Welwitsch, in Angola.

4. S.AY.i/iiii, Spring. Monog, 2,p 119. A. Brann, Revis, No. 12 :
—Stems continuous, firm, zigzag, wide creeping, not inter-
laced, with numerous close spreading subdichotomously
forked br.anchcs. Divisions 3 linos or more broad, the larger
leaves densely imbricated, nearly spreading, linear-oblong,
blunt, subentire, slightly ciliated below, nearly equal on both
aides, the smaller ones euborbicular, cuspidate, connivent ;
spikes dense, ."tlender, tetiagonoug.

This has the most robust habit, andbroadest divisions,
of all the decumbent species. The colour is a pale
shining waxy-green. It is most like some of .the
forms of Martensii in general aspect, but the habit is
quite decumbent, and the leaves are much closer and
more glossy, with the two sides nearly equal. It is a
native of Brazil and Guiana. Braun mentions it as
being in cultivation in English gardens under the
name of Lycopodium panamcnse, but it is not in the
Kew collection, and I have not met with it elsewhere.

5. & uneinala, Spring, Monog. 2, p. 109. A. Braun, Revis.
No. 11. Lycopodium uncinatum, Desv. Enc. Bot. Suppl.
3, p. 558. L. ca?sium, Hort. : — Stems continuous, elong.ated,
wide-trailing, the point lengthened out into a runner, the
lower p.irt pinnate with numerous distant thyrsoid branches
having simple or forked branchlets : divisions 2—3 lines
broad, the Larger leaves close, spreading, oblong, eutire, the
t wo sides equal, the smaller leaves ovate-acuminate, falcate ;
-pikes close, tetragonous, Avith rigid erecto-patent bracts.

Well-known in gardens for its iridescent hues, deep
^rcen in some lights, with a strong blue tinge in others,
"Inch quite disappear in dried specimens. Usually
grown under the name of CKsia. The habit is quite
jjeeuliar. There are two forms, one less branched and
very tender, soon shrivelling when gathered, and the
other with a firmer stem, and more compound and
longer branches. A native of China.

15. S. jiolulr;. Spring, Monog. 2, p. 96. Griseb. Fl. Brit. W.
Ind., p. C45. Lycopodium iiatulura, Swai-tz, Syn. Fil., p. 134.
S. s.arment^sa, A. Braun, Revis. No. 14 : — Stems continuous,
.'^lender, flaccid, with a few short distant simple or sub-pinnate
1 II anches, the point lengthened out into a runner. Divisions
one-eighth of an inch broad, the large leaves erecto-patent with
a space between them, decurved when dry, ovate-acuminate,
the edges ciliated and denticulate, the two sides nearly equal,
tlie smaller leaves ovate-acuminate, sub-falcate; spikes short,
close, rigid, tetragonous,

A native of the West Indies. In identifying it with
the L. patulum of Swartz I follow Dr. Grisebach. It
is nearest to serpens, which it resembles in its distant
sjiaringly-branched branches, but may be readily recog-
nised by its paler colour and elongated whip-like
shoots, with the leaves growing gradually smaller and
laser upon them to the end. Both this and serpens
grow freely, hut the fruit is only produced rather
sparingly.

7. S. /terpens. Spring, Monog. 2, p. 102. A. Braun, Revis. No.
9. Lycopodium serpens, Desv. Enc. Bot. Suppl. 3, p. 553 : —
Stems continuous, wide-creeping, straight, pinnate, with
numerous regular short sparingly - branched erecto - patent
branches; divisions H— 2 lines broad, the larger leaves
spreading, close, or thelo\.-er ones subdistant, broadly cordate-
oblong, blunt, the two sides nearly equal, and both cordate at
the base, slightly ciliated downwards, the smaller leaves
obliquely ovate, cuspidate, convergent ; spikes short, close,
rigid, tetr.agonous.

A native of the West Indies ; grown under the names
of varians, mutabilis, and jamaicensis, especially the
former, given no doubt an account of the peculiarity
which it presents of being deeper in colour at night
than during the middle of the day. It is well marked
by the thyrsoid arrangement of its closely adpressed
stems. The colour is deeper than in the preceding,
and the leaves are very different in shape. A closely
allied plant, lately received at Kew from Montserrat,
is probably S. albo-nitens. Spring. The stems are less
branched, and not so regularly pinnate, the colour is
paler, and the leaves are. ligulate, and placed edge to
edge.

8. S. Kreiussiann, A. Br.aun, Rc^'is. Suppl. 2. Lycopodium
Kraussianum, kunze, Liuuiea vol. 18, p. 114. Pappe and Raw-
son, Syn. Fil. Afric. Aust., p. 50. S. hortensis, Mett. FU. Hort.
Lips. p. 128. A. Braun, Revis, No. 28. J. Smith, Ferns Brit,
and For., p. 278 :— Stems .articulated at the joints, very wide
creeping, flaccid, with copious sparingly branched assurgent
branches ; divi.sions 2 — 2i lines broad, the leaves close in the
upper p.art, spreading, ovatc-oblong, subacute, scarcely denti-
culate, the upper half the broadest and more rounded at the
base, the smaller leaves ov.ate-acuminate. adpressed to the
stem, but the points recurved : spikes short, close, rigid,
tetragonous.

This is the species most commonly grown in gardens,
usually under the name of denticulata, to which it has
no right, whatever. It is a much larger and laxer
plant than the Linncan species, and the .iointed .stem
and character of the spike furnish good marks of
distinction. I have seen wild specimens from the
Azores (Guthnick, Watson, Godman, Baron Paiva),

Natal (Krauss, 738, Pappe, Gorrard, and M'Ken), and
Cape Colony (Uitenhage, Sir f. Grey), and it is
reported by liraun from Sicily.

9. S. (lahe'tlef, Spring, Monog. 2, p. 229. A. Braun, Revis.
No. 29. S. Wchottii. Hurt. :— Htoms articulated at the joints, pro-
cumbent or sliKhlly ascejiding, copiously pinnate, the lower
branches elongated and again copiously branched, the
branchlets .arranged on a thyrsoid plan. Divisions, 3 lines or
luoro broad, with the Larger leaves erecto-p.atcnt. close or with
a small space between them, ovate-oblong, unequal-sided,
rounded at the base, especially on the upper side, slightly
ciliated downwards, the smaller leaves obliquely ov.ate, con
vergent ; spikes short, dense, rigid, tetragonous.

A native of Mexico, with about an equal claim to
rank in the decumbent and suberect groups. The
stem is angular, very pale (straw-coloured in the dried
plant), and firm, with the articulations very distinctly
marked. The leaves are pale green in colour, very
rigid in texture, with a lieel below reaching nearly
from the base to the point.

10. S. n(«ni.t, A. Braun, Annales, 1865, p. 296. B. Poppi-
giana var. guyaneiisis, Sjiring, Monog. 2, p. 218 :— Stems articu-
lated at the 'joints, firm, wide-trailing, the branches distant,
elongated, assurgent, corymbose ; divisions 3 lines or
more broad : the larger leaves close or imbricated, oblong-
lanceolate, subfaleato, the point subacute, the upper side
dilated below and more rounded at the base than the other,
the lower edge rather upcnrvcd, slightly toothed, the smaller
leaves obliquely ovate-acuminate, convergent : spikes short,
dense, rigid, tetragonous.

A native of Guiana, nearest Kraussiana, from which
it may be known by its more compact habit, deeper
green colour, and compound level-topped branches.
There is another closely allied decumbent, articulated.
South American species in cultivation on the Con-
tinent, S. sulcata. Spring (Lycopodium, Desv.) from
Brazil. This has a stem with two deep grooves in
front, straighter and less pointed leaves, and is paler
in colour, with the branches not corymbose. J. 6. B.

COMPARATIVE TRIAL OP TOMATOS.

The great interest which appears to be taken in
America in the cultivation of Tomato-s, and the
numerous varieties mentioned in their garden publica-
tions, suggested that it would be desirable to institute
a trial of the different varieties at Chiswick.
Accordingly, in the spring of the present year a large
collection of varieties was procured from Messrs.
Thorburn k Co., of New York, and grown for
comparison with the sorts heretofore known|in England.
They have all been grown and fruited in pots under
glass, and are really very handsome and ornamental
when cultivated in this manner, the Cherry and small-
fruited sorts especially making really beautiful decora-
tive plants.

The earliest variety is the Bed Cherry (syn. Cherry-
formed), the fruits of which are round, red, about the
size of Cherries, and borne in clusters of from 6 to
10 fruit in great abundance. It forms a very hand-
some plant. The Yellow Cherry (syn. Small Yellow)
is the same as the Bed Cherry, except that the fruits
are yellow.

The Pear-formed (syn. Pear-shaped) has the fruits
from IJ to 2 inches in length, red, of the form of a
small Pear, and borne in clusters, in great abundance.
It is very handsome.

The Yellow Plum (syn. Plum-formed) has the fruits
small, yellow, oval in shape like a Damson, and very
handsome.

The Round Red (syn. Extra Early Red, and Sims'
Mammoth) is a few days later than the foregoing;
the fruits are red, roundish, ovate, and smooth, about
the size of a Washington Plum. It is very prolific.

The Large Bed Italian (syn. Orangefield) is the
earliest of the large fruited sorts; it is very dwarf and
prolific, bearing fine fruit within 6 inches of the ground ;
the fruits are very large, red, corrugated, or ribbed. It
is an excellent variety, and one of the best in the
collection.

Kaye's Early Prolific is a tall-growing variety, with
the leaves much more entire, and of a lighter colour,
than in any of the other sorts. The fruit is medium-
sized, pale red, corrugated, somewhat later than the
Orangefield, and very productive. It is altogether a
first-class variety.

The Grosse rouge hative is laterthan the Orangefield,
and a stronger grower, hut a fine and true variety.

The Great Mammoth (syn. Large Red) has smaller
and more finely-cut leaves.

The Large Smooth Red is synonymous with Powell's
Prolific.

The Pilden (syn. Red Valencia Cluster, Lester's
Perfected, New Giant, and Fiji Islands) is a strong-
growing variety, much praised in America. The leaves
are deep green. It is late, and not so prolific as the
others.

The Large Yellow is the same as the Common Large
Red, except that if has yellow fruits.

The Tomato de Laye (syn. Grenier, Upright or Tree
Tomato) is of a stifi' erect habit of growth, and will
stand without stakes. The leaves are deep green, and
the fruits are large, and slightly corrugated ; but it is
very late, and not suited for cultivation in this country,
excepting in exceptionally warm seasons.

The Whortleberry Tomato proved to be nothing
more than the little black-fruited Solanum nigrum, a
weed of our gardens.

THE FERULAS.
I WISH it were not necessary to write in praise of
such very fine plants as these, so noble in aspect and
beaiitifui in leaf. If you grow 2000 kinds of herbaceous
plants, the first things that show clearly above the
ground in the very dawn of spring (even in January)
are the deep green and most elegant leaves of these
Ferulas. In good garden soil they look like large
editions of Leptopteris superba, or tl e most elegant of
Ferns. Their chief charm will probably be found to
consist in their furnishing masses of the freshest green

and highest grace in early spring. The leaf is apt to
lose some of its beauty and fade away in early aututnn,
but lliis may to some extent be retarded by cutting
out the flower-bearing shoots the moment they appear.
Not that these are ugly ; for, on the contrary, the plants
are fine and striking when in flower. It is indis-
pensable that the Ferulas, like some other hardy
ibliaged jilants, be planted permanently and well at
first, as it is only when they are thoroughly esta-
blislicd that you get their full effect. At a first view,
lliii best way to treat them would appear to be, so to
arrange Ihcm that they would be succeeded by
things that flower in autumn, and only begin their
rich growth in early summer ; but equally wise will it
be to plant them near the margin of a shrubbery,
where it is desired to have a diversified and bold tyi e
of vegetation. In the rougher and more solid ground,
so to speak, near largo rockwork or rootwork, they
would, of course, prove grand. The ller;icleums, so
often recommended in garden literature fur planting
near water, &c., are mere coarse rags compared to
the Ferulas, while the Ferulas may be used in the
places recommended for Heraeleums. I look forward
to a day when a far greater variety of form will be seen
in English gardens than is at present the case, and
believe these Ferulas to be thoroughly well worth
growing for their superb spring and early summer
effect. The best species are F. communis, tingitana,
and ncapolitana. Probably a few others, including
sulcata, Fcrulago, and glauca, may with advantage be
added where variety is sought, but the effect of any of
the first three cannot be surpassed. Among " aspects
of vegetation" which we may enjoy in these cold
climes, I know of nothing to equal their grand
leaves, pushing with the Snowdrop. In semi-wild
spots, where spring flowers abound, it will prove a
most tasteful and satisfactory plan to drop a Ferula
here and there, in a sunny spot, and leave it to nature,
and its own good constitution ever afterwards. R.

Home Correspondence.

Manuring Conifers— 1 see (p. 850) that Mr. Frost
says " he would not use manure for Pinuses." He may
be right, but I have seen, or fancy I have seen, good
well rotted dung do Conifers a deal of good. Some
three or four years ago I transplanted a large Silver
Fir, 10 or 12 feet or more in height. I did not take any
personal trouble about it, but left the operation to my
gardener (who is only a common labourer) and to
another labourer. The plant was moved, and grew,
but looked very shabby and miserable all the next
summer, when I had two barrow-loads of old Cucumber
frame dung pricked in over its roots, and gave it a good
soaking of water, and I was surprised the next season
to see how vigorous it became. I had an Araucaria
and a Cryptomeria which did not grow or look as they
ought, and I gave them a similar dose, and had every
reason to be satisfied with the result. 1 never hear the
question of using manure for Conifers discussed, with-
out thinking there is a wide diU'erence between the
use and the abuse of everything. In growing timber I
would discard the use of all artificial stimulants, but
in growing garden trees, the judicious use of them now
and then saves time, if it does nothing else. C. F. P.,
The Grange, Kinasion, near Taunton.

Acanthus lusitanicus (see p. 856).— The plant best
known by this name is also known under the name of
A. latifolius. Both are garden names, the last the
best. It came into cultivation in the neighbourhood
of Paris about six or eight years ago, and has since
spread about a good deal. Nobody seems to know from
whence it came. I think it is a variety of Acanthus
mollis, a striking one of course. The plant itself varies
a good deal ; I have seen specimens of it about a foot
high with leaves comparatively small, and stiff, and
rigid' as if cast in a mould, by the side of others of
thrice the development, and of the usual texture. If
either of its two garden names be allowed to remain
with it, the last is of course the best and most char-
acteristic. W. M.

Cuaiinlers.—I observed some time ago a notice in
your paper respecting RoUi-s. n's Telegraph Cucumber.
I procured a packet of its seed, and have given it
particular attention, growing my plants thoroughly
well, .and I do not find it to bear out m any way tl e
description given of it by two diflerent corre-
spondents—one in January and the other in March
last. It has been seen by two or three persons, who
say that what I have got is a spurious variety, and
certainly not RoUisson's variety of Telegraph. I am
quite certain that the kind I have got, would not pro-
duce Cucumbers in winter. I should like to know
from some of your readers if they have been deceived in
the same way. I did not obtain my seed from the
person whose name it bears, but from a London house.
I think it anything but business-like to send out such
rubbish as I have got, for an article which lam assured
is really first-class, if procured true. I intend to get
my next supply from the senders out of it, and hope to
be more successful. /. i., Lemisham.

Pink Claude.— Mr. JamesClarke.Bury St.Edmund s,
informs me that I am mistaken in crediting him with
being the raiser of the above Pink, it having originated
with Mr. R. Dalton, of Bury St. Edmund's. He also
informs me that in saying Garibaldi Pink did not force
well, he meant — did not force so freely as Claude.
R.D. , ■ *

Last Winter's Frost.— Mr. C. Palmer asks in a recent
Number (p. 855) whether Cupressus Lawsoniana was
injured by frost. I can answer that two young plants,
that had, however, only been transplanted in the
previous spring, were severely injured by frost;
Siiadopitvs verlicillata, on the other hand, was unin-
jured, having l)een nearly entirely covered up with
snow. Cupressus niacrorarpa quite killed; Cherry
Laurels killed to tlie grouiul ; Portugal Laurels slightly
injured • common Laburnums, recently planted, killed

904

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 31, 1867.

nearly to the ground: Laurustinus killed to the
ground ; Araucaria imbricata severely injured ; Laurus
nobilis much hurt. Heston, Middlesex.

Lessons taught hi/ Severe Frosts.— Some useful
lessons may he learned in reference to this subject by
noticing the position of trees and shrubs that have
succumbed to the winter's cold. It is worth
while to inquire whether or not in may instances
death has not been accelerated through erroneous
notions about shelter and high cultivation. The
disappointment experienced through the death of
many favourites is often brought about by over-feeding
at the root, causing a prolonged growth in the autumn,
when there is no time left for hardening the wood
made. If I were now asked, for instance, where I
"would plant a Magnolia grandiflora, or questioned
as to soil for its growth out-of-doors, I should
reply — Plant it where it would either have
the first rays of the rising sun throughout the
year, or where the sun would never shine on it from
October to May ; soil rather poor than rich ; situation
rather dry than damp. Screening may stay the
blighting force of the east wind, yet it allows what is
much worse, viz., Jack Frost, to hold his victim in
tight grasp until he is driven off by the rays of the
mid-day sun, when sudden release is oftimes sudden
death. What preparation is necessary for a tree or
shrub to withstand f reat cold ? Is it not well-ripened
wood ? How is this to be brought about ? Not by
shelter or high cultivation, but by exposure and early
and stinted growth. Some Conifers which have come
under my notice since last winter fully bear out this
assertion; those that were sheltered, and which had
made late long shoots, are killed, the frost having easy
access through the unripened wood, while those which
were exposed are unhurt. I believe there are many
things that would not stand such high cultivation, or
so much food as they receive in this country, even in
their native climate. IT. M., ISni/s, Penryn.

Mignonette Di/ivg.—Jf " W. T." will first ram his
ground as hard as a brick — which is a common saying,
but in this case means something less — his Mignonette
will not go off or fail to come up. It is the same in
pot culture. The soil should be made as hard as the
pots will bear. The finest plant I have seen is now
growing in the middle of an old Pear wall, and hangs
down to a length of 3 feet, the seed having accidentally
been blown into a crevice by the wind when I was
sowing the border. It cannot receive any moisture,
and is even more healthy than the border plants. F.

Variegated Pelargoitiums at Bury. — I feel in some
measure called upon to apologise (as I now do) to Mr.
P. Smith, for having stated in my former letter on this
subject that I believed that he was satisfied with the
decision of the judges in the matter of the County Cup.
The only excuse I can offer is, that Mr. Smith's
manner and conversation induced me to suppose that
such was the case. Mr. Smith wishes to know why
the set of rules laid down in the Gardeners' Chroniele
(p. 515) was not adhered to. I must reply that these
rules had nothing whatever to do with this matter;
and I should say that they were never intended to
apply to yearling plants. This cup was a special prize,
ofi'ered by the county of Suffolk, for the best 12 seedling
variegated Pelargoniums of 1856 and 1867. And, may
I ask, does it appear at all unreasonable to suppose
that parties interested in the production of these beau-
tiful plants should entertain a desire to see collections
of them exhibited in their transitional state, or, in other
words, in the early stages of their development ? I
willingly admit that Mr. Smith's plants had no green
leaves upon them, while my plants had ; but what does
this amount to ? The green leaves were not taken
into consideration at all; nor ought they to have
been,_ the judges no doubt knowing that their
position was merely transitor.v, and that they
neither added to nor diminished the ultimate
value of the variet.v. In short I showed my plants in
strict accordance with the requisition or spirit of the
schedule. And now allow me to ask Mr, Smith if he
did so also, were his plants really seedlings of 1866 and
1867, or was there a single seedling or plant growing
upon its original roots, not having been propagated, in
his collection? I trust that Mr. Smith will answer
this question. Nearly all the plants that I showed at
Bury I also showed in May at South Kensington,
where Mr. Smith showed a much larger collection.
Now if he will refer to the Gardeners' Chronicle of
June 1 (p. 571) he will find that I was awarded a
" Silver Plora Medal " for my collection, while he was
awarded a Medal of less value for his collection. Was
he satisfied or dissatisfied with this decision ? The
unfortunate Bury judges, at all events, were not to
blame for this. I now take leave of the subject. I
have won the cup fairly and honestly ; I am proud of
it, and mean to keep it ; and the next time Mr. Smith
calls at Culford he shall drink out of it; or if he
refuses to do so, I shall then think that he really con-
siders the judges made amistake, a conclusion in which
I cannot now think he seriously believes. P. Grieve^
Culford. [This letter has been delayed by the pressure
on our space last week. Eds.]

Orchard-house Trees at Biirtj. — Knowing much of
the undoubted talent and ability of the judges on
this occasion, I confess to a feeling of surprise at the
defence of their award made by one of them at p. 857.
The introductory remarks are altogether beside the
question. Neither is it true, as matter of fact, that
every exhibitor thinks his own productions the best ,
nor that Mr. Grix broke any rule ; nor that he is a
neighbour of mine. I do not even know Mr. Grix,
and I presume that Ely is as far from me by rail as
Berkhamstead. But had the exhibitor been my own
brother, that fact would not have influenced my
judgment one hair's-breadth, as those who know me
best will readily admit, and a knowledge of who the
judges in this case were, will abundantly confirm.
The I'act that ladies prefer ripe fruit to green, or the

influence that the luscious aroma of Peaches or Pears
exercise upon their judgment, should not have deter-
mined the award in a class where ripe fruit was not
demanded, and in which, consequently, neither of the
senses of smell and taste need have been called into
exercise. But it seems that not only were two of
the ladies' senses to be gratified, but their strength was
also to be tested by the size of the pots in which the
trees were grown. And a chief merit of the prize
trees, as specified by " One of the Judges," was that a
lady might pick one up and have a finer object for table
decoration than any that were exhibited at Bury ! If
so, why were not these trees shown as table decorations,
and not in a class where few exhibitors would have
expected to meet with judges in quest of handy table
decorations, or in search of pots of any size whatever ?
Trees were asked for, hut the schedule was silent about
pots ; and had the trees arrived in tubs or beer-barrels,
they would still have been according to rule. One of
the judges admits "that had the fruit on Mr. Grix's
trees been ripe, the amount of fruit might have led to
a diSerent result." This is just the rock, as I have
already pointed out, upon which the judges foundered.
The schedule says distinctly, in reference to the whole
12 trees, that " it is not necessary that the fruit should
be ripe in this class." The judges explain this to mean
that as many of them as possible must he ripe, and
that green ones may be added to make up the number.
There is no warranty in the words of the schedule
forsuch an interpretation ; and hence, according to " One
of the Judges " own showing, Mr. Grix was entitled to
the prize. Further, I think the one point which Mr.
Grix's trees are admitted to have possessed, viz., a good
promising crop, is worth all the six claimed for the
prize trees. Both collections were shown according to
rule. Both, as far as I observed, were true to name,
and alike clean and healthy. So far they may be said
to be equal, and if these characteristics are to have a
mark, then each up to this stage will receive four.
I discard the three points of ripeness, size of trees,
and pots ; the first in this case was not asked for, the
other two are not in themselves merits to he rewarded.
The value of size either way can only be correctly
assessed in its relation to the quantity of fruit found on
a given area. In this case the largest trees had the
most fruit per square inch or foot of surface.
The form of the trees is also a subordinate
point. However, the prize trees mieht in this case
claim one point for their nice shape. The vital merit
remains to be assessed. If orchard-house trees are to
hold their own, they must be grown, not as amusing
toys for ladies to lift off and on to their dinner tables,
but for the quantity and the quality of their fruit.
Produce alone must mainly determine the award. The
condition of that produce, or rather its state of matu-
rity, is a difficult point. At local exhibitions it might
be asked for nearly ripe ; but at large shows, such as
the one held at Bury, fruit might be accepted if it had
passed through the stoning period. Beyond this crisis
ordinary skill can generally carry it on to maturity.
One thing is certain, it cannot be carried to great
distances in a ripe state. Neither is it at all difficult
for practical men to assess the worth of the quantity,
healthfulness, and size of partially ripened fruit. I
would give for an extra good promising crop six points.
The two lots of trees would then stand probably as
follows : —

Prize Mr. Grix's

FruitfuTness (qviAntity and pro- Trees. Trees,

spective qliaiity of fruit).. .. 3 .. .. 6

Form of trees . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 0

Quantity of fruit in proportion

to size of trees 1 . . . . 2

Shown according to rulo . . . . 1 . . . . 1

True to name . . 1 . . . . 1

Cleanliness . . . . , . . . 1 . . . . 1
Healthfulness 1 1

Points 9 .. ..12

I trust my friends, the judges, will pardon my temerity
in challenging their decision in this important matter,
and that this discussion may lead to some rules being
adopted for the future, safer than the fanciful points
with their sustaining reasons, advanced in reference to

the Bury award. D. T. Fish. Referring to the

letter signed "One of the Judges at the late Bury
Show" (see p. 857), I beg to say that, in common
fairness, it always ought to be stated, that ripeness of
fruit is to be taken into consideration by the judges. I
always understood orchard-houses and late forcing-
houses to differ from each other. Orchard-houses were,
I believe, first started by Mr. Elvers, according to
whose system it is impossible to get the fruit at all
approaching to ripeness in June. Besides, how can
ripening be considered skill in gardening. As far as
regards myself I should only have to tell my gardener
to turn the hot water on every night, and I could easily
have fruit nearly quite ripe in June, but of course there
would be little or no flavour. As far as I have always
understood, the utility of orchard-house culture was to
insure a crop, and to be quite independent of spring
frosts. As the " Judge " who writes does not consider
so, why could not each Society, before a show, name
what are to be the conditions as to ripeness ? and as
each Society will most probably have different ideas
on this subject, let the judges be bound down to give
the prize according to such Society's prospectus. F
W. Fyffe, Box, near Stroud.

Peas. — I have had for several years Peas exactly
answering the description of "J. M.'s" Peas, as given in
your columns of the 17th inst. (see p. 860)— the haulm
being much enlarged and flattened, instead of round,
towards the top, and the pods in clusters of 8 or 10,
forming a sort of crown upon this flattened toi>.
These were brought to England about eight years
since by a nephew of mine, who had taken them out
of the skeleton hand of an Egyptian mummy. Having
sown them in every successive year, their distinctive
character is lessening, and now they give out branches
from the main stem, having single blossoms after the

manner of common English Peas. From the circum-
stance just mentioned, they have been alv/ays called by
me (and my friends to whom I have given them) the
Mummy Pea. Chas. Lane, Westham, Kent.

Oleander-growing in JPraBce.— Oleanders are grown
about Paris in small pots, say 48's, in sandy soil, and
these pots they of course soon fill with roots. They are
plunged all the summer in the open air, and grown at
all other seasons near the glass in those low houses so
much in vogue in Parisian nurseries and gardens. The
large plants you see in some of the public gardens are
in great tubs, evidently undisturbed for long periods.
They flower profusely, and get about the same treat-
ment as Orange trees as regards housing in winter.
The little plants of Oleander are however most likely to
be useful with us. They are allowed to rise with an
undivided stem for about 3 inches, and then break off
into several branches. There should be no difficulty
in growing them wherever there is a sunny shelf in the
greenhouse, by securing a clean, while discouraging a
soft or luxuriant, growth. E.

Fffecfs of Rain on Bedding Pelargoniums. — The
showers which fell during the severe storm on the
19th inst., though not perhaps so trying to blooms as if
they had been accompanied by wind, were neverthe-
less so exceedingly heavy, that I deemed it worth
\vhile to examine their effects upon some large collec-
tions in a tolerably exposed situation ; for which pur-
pose I visited, on the following evening, Carter's
nursery ground, near Forest Hill, and I was much
indebted to their superintendent, Mr, Boston, for the
assistance which he rendered me. The information I
wished to obtain was not so much which sorts looked
best after such rough treatment as the clouds had
inflicted, but rather which had had the smallest number
of petals washed out of them in proportion to the number
of expanded pips which the plant had. In short, I
wanted to know which kinds would stand the greatest
amount of punishment ; and, considering that the
collection contains nearly 300 named sorts, you may
be surprised at the large number that were completely
" knocked out of time." You will remark that nearly
all the Pelargoniums to which I shall have to refer
belong to the Nosegay section ; while (as if to show
that there is no rule without exception), Stella and
Harry Hieover looked as miserable as any on the
ground. Those which had been least injured were
Waltham Seedling, Cybister, Jackson's Variegated
Nosegay, Lord Palmerston, Excellent, Carminalum
Improved, Rattazzi, Crystal Palace Gem (Gordon), Amy
Hogg, Black Dwarf, Indian Yellow, Rubens Improved,
Scarlet Gem, Conqueror of Europe, Rebecca— these
only could I put into the first-slass. The following
are the very few to which I can give a second place :—
Madame Vauoher, Magenta, Spread Eagle, Pink Pearl,
Duchess, Christine, Leona, and Volcano; everything
else in bloom was nearly, if not quite, knocked to
pieces. The perpendicular direction of the showers
was evident in many instances from the absolutely
uninjured trusses which had been protected by the
friendly foliage of sundry Castor-oil plants. W. T.

Conifers.— YouT correspondent, Mr. Palmer (seep.
855), asks if I am quite certain that my two plants of
Cupressus Lawsoniana (see p. 831) were injured by
frost. I must admit, in reply, I am not quite certain
that all the mischief which they have sustained arises
from that cause only, as early in the spring of last year
the walk close by where they grow, was salted to
destroy weeds, and some of the salt was blown over
them, and did them a great deal of harm. But I fancy
the effect of the winter following upon this, has
increased the injury. They will, however, I have no
doubt, get all right again in time. From your Corre-
spoudent's remarks abiiut this plant in connection
with Lawson's "Pinetum Britannicum," a work
which I have not yet seen, I presume that he knows
more about the various specimens of it in the
country than I do. Has he ever met with
one which has borne out a tenth part of the
flourish of trumpets with which it was intro-
duced to public notice. It was then very
generally said to rival the Cedrus Deodara. Of all the
specimens I have seen, not one can be said with any
regard to truth to do this, any more than a Privet can
be said to rival an Oak. I do not say that Cupressus
Lawsoniana is not a very "pretty" thing, but I have
not yet met with one which has assumed an arborescent
character. Ttiey all look to me like shrubs rather
than trees, and I class those I have seen rather with
Arbor-vitas than with that noble tree the Deodar.
I omitted in my former communication to mention
my plant of Pinus patula. I planted two of this species
eight years ago, small seedling plants, 4 or 5 ipches
high. They grew very well, and became very hand-
some, hut last winter killed one of them and killed
back the other some 6 or 8 feet. I am, however, glad
to say that it is not dead, and that it wilh I hope, still
make a plant and recover its beauty. I went a few
davs ago to visit one of my neighbours at a house near
here, where there is a very interesting collection of trees
and shrubs, and I was sorry to find that two very large
and beautiful plants of Benthamia fragifera, which havo
been objects of admiration to every one who has seen
them for some years, have been killed. It is a great
pity this plant is not hardier, as when in fruit it is
interesting and ornamental. In the same grounds is a
lot of Cryptomerias, well worthy a visit. They are by
far the finest specimens of the species I have ever seen.
Many of them must be nearly 30 feet high, perlect
cones in form, very dense in habit, and very robust.
They are truly beautiful, and were to me particularly
interesting, as most, I may say all the Cryptomerias
which I have seen elsewhere, except my own, are very
shabbv, brown, scraggy-lookmg things. I am sorry
that TOur correspondent cannot give a more favourable
account of Sciadopitys verticillata, Libocedrus tetra.
gona, and Chamnerops Fortunei. A hardy Palm would
be a great acquisition. 0. F P., The Grange, Kingston.

AtJansT SI, I86f,]

TnE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

905

Clarkia integripetala, neio Double White. — This is
one of Carter's batch of new annuals for 1867, very
pure in colour ; but I find only a small proportion of
the flowers came double. For a pure white colour it
is probably unsurpassed, if even equalled by any other
white annual; but the fault lies in that it does not
come double. Perhaps others have succeeded better
with it. -B. D.

Winter Croppiiuj. — I have a garden of about a
quarter of an acre, of which I try to make the most.
A considerable space is occupied by Raspberry canes,
and itseems to me that the space between them is wasted
during the autumn and winter months, ivhen the
canes are bare. Can I plant Savoys or winter greens
between the canes ? or can you toll me any other way
of employing the space? How am I to e.vterminate
ants from Peach and Plum trees on the wall ? I am
overrun with them. JS. E. M., Edmonton. [You may
plant winter greens in the manner you mention, and
they should be put out at once, especially Savoys.
There are other things which will likewise succeed in
fluch a position, such as Lettuces and Endive, trans-
planted from the seed-beds in another week or so, and
which will come in for spring use. Late Turnips
might be sown, or what is better, as it is getting
rather late, transplant any already up, if of sufficient
size. A better crop of them might in that way be
secured. Leeks might also be transplanted from seed-
beds, dibbling them in deeply with just the crowns in
sight. In all such etforts at severe cropping, however,
do not omit an e-\tra supply of manure. This might
be applied to Raspberries in the shape of sprmg
mulch mgs, which encourage surface rooting. Have you
not upon your fruit trees even a greater enemy than
the ants themselves, viz., scale ? Wherever that exists,
ants are certain to follow. Be that as it may, however,
pour gas-tar freely into their real abodes, and syringe
the trees well over with a strong decoction of Elder
leaves, any nauseous remains of which might be
syringed off again before it is allowed to dry on. W. E.]

A Word on Hoses. — As I have again had the oppor-
tunity of visiting Mr. Eadclyffe's Roses at Rose Hill,
Okeford Fitzpaine, I am very glad to be able to bear
my testimony to their excellence ; for on the principle
that he who kills fat o.\en should himself be fat, so
one who is a teacher of Rose-growing, and so strong an
advocate of the Manetti, ought to be able to show that
his words are sacred words, exemplified in his own
inactice. Nothing could exceedthe vigour of his plants,
and Hybrid Perpetual was not a fallacy there, while
not an aphis was to be seen, orange mildew very little
troubling him, and white mildew still less. This is
entirely the result of good cultivation: the sheet-anchor
liciug, I believe, in such dry weather as we have had,
thorough soaking over -had, and at the roots. His Roses
had recovered their growth, and were all plump and
vi;;orous, and I believe that he will not have a failure
amongst them. AThile on the subject of Roses, I am
L'lail to find all parties coming round to what I have
lung maintained — though, I believe, single-handed — as
to what are new Roses. If I recollect aright, some two
years ago I put forward the view as adopted by the
Floral Committee, and upheld by the Gardeners'
Chronicle, viz., that Roses of 1865 were those sent
out, no matter where, at any time in that year. At
that time I had my friend Mr. Radclyffe against me,
but I felt convinced it must ultimately come to this.
I). Deal.

Sippeastrum pardinum (see p. 852). — No one could
have been more astonished than I was, on opening the
number of the " Botanical Alagazine " containing the
figure of this plant (Amaryllis pardina) to see the
immense difl'erence there was between the two plates ;
and although even if a gross blunder had been com-
mitted, the cause of science ought hardly to suffer, as
the "Floral Magazine" claims only to be a popular
and not a scientific work, yet I could not be satisfied
without investigation. I at once went to Mr. Veitch's,
but the plant had gone out of flower. I, however, saw
there a drawing of Mr. Chandler's (Mr. Veitch's own
artist), which very strongly resembled Mr. Andrews',
and not at all Mr. Fitch's ; ray own recollection of the
plant which I saw at Kensington being that it
resembled both in form and colour the drawing in the
"Floral Magazine." And whatever faults have been
charged on my friend Mr. Andrews— and many ground-
less attacks have been made on him, I have never heard
him accused of inexactness ; while Mr. Fitch is so
accomplished an artist that I could hardly conceive
he had made a blunder, and so I was content to
wait for another season. However, on the appearance
of the critique, I forwarded it to Mr. Andrews, who,
in his reply, informed me that on making the sketch
he showed it (his invariable practice) to Mr. Harry
Veitch, who was satisBed with it. What then is the
explanation ? I can only think of one, and that is one
which Mr. Andrews himself suggests— viz., that there
are two distinct varieties. He says, " I am confident that
Mr. Dominy pointed out to me two varieties— the one
a short-petaled one, of a light straw colour, with rusty
markings ; the other a cream colour, with crimson
markings." And he adds : " I know I am right, and
I believe Mr. Fitch to be the same." It may then
be, perhaps, after all, the old story of the gold and silver
shield. Tlie Editor of the "Floral Magazine."

Teratrum nigrum.— Some ten years ago I saw a fine
clump of this in bloom in a border at Forest Hill, not
inany inches away from the original lawn of Spergula
pilifera. The noble bold foliage charmed me so much
that I was at once promised a division of the root,
which I received the same autumn. It came out of a
stiff clay soil, and has therefore been so treated ever
since. I have had it three years at Forest Hill, four
years at Bayswater, and again three years at Forest
Hill, and I can make nothing of it. It has never once
offered to flower, and its leaves, instead of preserving
their peculiar form, split up, turn black at the edges,
and look very miserable. I expected to have added

on interesting fine-foliaged plant to my collection. Will
.vou toll inohowtogrow it asit oughttobodone? W. T.
[It usually grows freely enough iu strong soil. Eds.]

Fitnkia laiiceolata and F. suhcordata. — The former
of tlieso two species flowers freely with mo every year,
but the latter has never given me a bloom, altlioiigh
I have watched for it for nine long years. What can
1)0 tlie reason ? It is planted in common garden soil,
and looks in perfect health and vigour. I have tried \i
in three different positions, leaving it four years in one
and three years in another. I am now Jurying it as a
jiot-plant, to see what can be done with it in that
manner, W. T.

Foreign Correspondence.

Notes from Uam.vscu.s.— There are, I think, few
people in the world who love flowers and bright colours
more thoroughly than the people of Damascus do.
Everywhere, throughout lhoyear,amongMoslems, Jews,
and Christians, evidences of these tastes are to be seen.

In the early spring time numbers of little boys
traverse the streets, dressed in crimson, purple, or
brown and white, carrying reed baskets or trays fllled
with bunches of wild flowers, which they offer for sale.
As the little fellows make their way through the motley
and picturesque crowds in the long arcades, the delicate
odours of the Hyacinth and the Narcissus are difl'used.
JIany of the passers by, delighting in their fragrance,
utter the words ; " God is bountiful."

The cries with which the boys seek to attract atten-
tion to their flowers are very curious ; they are always
indirect, and in some cases quite enigmatical, as
indeed, are all the street cries of the East. For
instance, the little seller of the Narcissus calls
out in a loud and wailing minor key, or in a quavering
shriek : " O food for the soul ! O food for the soul ! "
This is in allusion to the well-known ancient precept :
" He who has two cakes of bread, let him dispose of
one of them for some of the flowers of the Narcissus ;
bread is food for the body, the Narcissus is food for the
soul !" TheNarcissus odorus,the sweet-scented, starry,
yellow Narcissus, has narrow leaves, and a tall, erect
stalk, from the envelope at the head of which four or
five flowers, on an average, protrude. It is called
narjis and ronj'is, and in some i)arts of Syria nisrln.

The Narcissus "Tazetta, the fragrant white Narcissus,
is also called narjis, but more commonly lahar,
a Persian word for perfume. It is extremely
beautiful. I have found as many as 15 flowers
clustered on one stalk ; eight or nine is the usual
number. The chalice is generally of a bright yeilow
colour, but it is sometimes of a deep purple, the petals
surrounding it being always pure white. To the
latter variety, Arab poets have often compared the eye
of a maiden. In a fanciful couplet, written by the
famous Hariri, early in the 12th century, the simile
occurs thus : —

" From the Narcissus sho rained pearls, and watered the
Roses : and bit the Jujube with hailstones."

This is a description of a beautiful maiden in tears,
who in her distress bites her lower lip. The Narcissus
represents her dark eyes, the pearls are her tears, the
Roses are her cheeks, the fruit of the Jujube tree
Cannab) is her bright red lower lip, and the hailstones
are her pure white teeth.

The Arabs are extravagantly fond of this enigmatical
style of poetry, and of the use of indirect expressions
in general. They are introduced in sermons as well
as in ordinary conversation, and the street cries, as I
have shown, are of this character. The boys who have
the sweet wild Hyacinth to sell, call out, " Odours of
Paradise ! Odours of Paradise ! Refresh yourselves
with odours of Paradise ! " The Arabic name for the
Hyacinth is sinbul.

The red, white, purple, and lilac Anemones which
carpet the plains and cover the hill-sides of Syria in
the early spring time, are eagerly welcomed ; and when
the little Damascus boys proclaim them, they cry,
"O flowers of the king! O flowers of the king!"
The Arabic name for the Anemone is shaki/c. The
above definition refers to the fact that Naaman,
King of El Hireh, in the time of Mohammed, had
such an extraordinary passion for the adharyoon,
a blood red anemone, that he monopolised it for
his especial enjoyment, and gave it his name. All
Anemones, without distinction of colour, are now
called Shakik Naamany, or Shakik en Naaman.
Is it not possible that Anemone is a corruption of
the name of its royal Arabian admirer? and that
when we, in the West, speak of this flower, we
unconsciously echo the almost forgotten name of
Naaman, Ibn el Mundhir, King of El Hireh ?
I have never felt quite satisfied that the true origin
of the word could be found in the Greek av^^os (wind),
for there seems to be no especial connection between
tlie wind and the Anemone in any of its stages.

Pliny speaks of a flower, so called because its
blossoms only opened when the wind blew. If our
Anemone is identical with the one he refers to, I am
guilty of an anachronism in attributing the origin of
its European name to a contemporary of the Prophet
Mohammed. In any case, however, the Shalcik en
Naamany may justly be allowed to revive the memory
of an extremely interesting race of Pagan and Christian
kings, many of whom were called Naaman. They
reigned over a flourishing district in Irak Arabia,
called El Hireh, or Hira, and their dynasty lasted
about 600 years. The country was conquered, and its
last king was slain, by the victorious Khaled, during
the khalifate of Abu Bekr, the immediate successor of
Mohammed.

Violets are always iu ^reat request. Conserves and
sherbets are prepared from them, and of the dried
flowers a decoction is made, and taken in the form of
tea to allay fever. The Moslems say ; *' The excellence
of the Violet, hanafsaj, is as the excellence of
El Islam above all other religions."

These, and many other wild flowers, of which I shall
speak hereafter, grow on the iici'.;liliom'ii)g hill-sides,
in the broad green meadow of tin; liaiaJa, and in the
wonderful gorge beyond. Tlie boys gather thein
at or before sunrise, and have no difficulty
Ml finding willing and liberal customers for them.
Their baskets are soon empty, and the flowers
liriglilcn, .and perfume tlie little shops or stalls of the
various bazaars, whose turbaned and tarhftshed
occupants sit at their case, working, or reading, or
smoking, or selling their wares.

I well remember a pleasant morning in February
last, when I strolled through some of my favourite
bazaars, attended only by Mohammuil, our trust-
worthy Indian kavvass, who glories in lii'iiig an English
subject. He led me to the Siik cl Mi^kiyeh, where
the Moslem booksellers and bookbinders have esta-
blished themselves. This bazaar is wide, lofty, and
well built, and forms the avenue of approach to the
Great Mosque, El .\iiiwy, the largest in Syria. Here
flowers were plentiful, and the atmosphere was like
that of a conservatory. What a contrast to Pater-
noster Row ! Mary Eliza liogers, H. B. M. Consulate,
Damascus.

(To be Continued.)

Botanical of EDixBURfiir ; Autj, 14.— This, the last meeting
for the session (31st), was held in the Royal Botanic
Gardens — William Gorrie, Esq., V.P., in the chair. The
fiillowing communications were read ;^1. On Ihe DUcoveru of
J!ujhin(tnia iiidasiata near Ahoyne. By Prof. Dickie. Dr.
Dickie reported that ho picked, on 2!*th June last, ten speci-
nicna of this rare Moss near Aboyne — being the thii-d time it
has been met with in Britain. The plants were growing on
rotten timber, on the north slope of the hill of Craigendiiinie.

2. Botanical Inlelligence. By Prof. Balfour. 1. A new

/Iteiiiodoraceous Plant. — Dr. Balfour placed ou the table a
flowering specimen of the plant sent by H. Fox Talbot, Esq.,
and which was described at the last meeting under the name of
VcUozia Talboti. Dr. Balfour thought that, although the
plant was very nearly allied to Vellozia, yet it possessed
cerUiin characters in which it disagreed with that genus. He
proposed, therefore, that it should be made a new genus, and
in the meantime he wovdd name it in honour of his friend
Mr. Talbot, and designate it Talbotia eleg;ms. 2. Ga^es/otiud
i/i Plants. — Messrs. Faivre & Dupre have recently examined
the gases found in the Mulberry and Vine, the pai-ts which
contain them, and the changes produced in them by the
process of growth and development. They have arrived at
the following conclusions: — 1. The presence of gaaes in the
interior of the root of the stem, and of the branches in the
Mulberry and Vine, is a normal and constant fact. 2. The
composition of these gases changes with the epochs of vegeta-
tion. 3. During the pei'iod of inactivity, carbonic acid is in
very &mall proportion, and is scarcely appreciable. Oxygen
is present to the same extent as in atmospheric air. Dui-iiig
the phase of activity the contrary takes place, and the changes
are more marked in proportion as the vegetation is more
energetic ; with the progress of vegetation, the proportion of
oxj'gen diminishes, 4. in the roots, during the" epoch of
vegetation, the quanity of oxygen is not so great, while that
of carbonic acid is greater than in the branches examined
under the same circumstances. 5. In the branches, as in the
roots, there is an inverse relation between the oxygen and the
carbonic acid ; by adding to the normal oxygen that dis-
ent;agcd under the form of carbonic acid, we obtain a number
which is scarcely above the proportion of oxygen in the air.
0. In the Mulberry and the Vine, injections do not penetrate
the pith or the bark, whether in the branches or roots. The
ligneous layers are alone permeable to mercury. The more the
formation of vessels increases, the easier and more complete
are the injections. The injections are fuller in the roots than
in the branches ; they are also more in the branches than in the
young herbaceous shoots. In the old stems of the Mulberry,
the central layers cease to be permeable. 7. Microscopic
examination proves that the injection specially penetrates the
pitted and reticulated vessels, and also the apii-al vessels in
the young herbaceous shoots. 8. The pitted vessels show dis-
tinctly the mercury in the areoke, as if in so many little
pouches formed by thin portions of the wall ; the same
observations have been made in regard to the reticulated
vessels. 9. The contents of the vessels expelled by the
mercury is variable. Sometimes gas only is sent out:
this is the case in winter and after dry weather. Some-
times the gas is mixed with sap, which is more or less
abundant according to the epoch of vegetation and external
temperature. These two hitter conditions regulate in a certain
degree the contents of the vessels. 10. The contents are so
variable that in plants the root vessels of which contain gases
and sap, the stem vessels contain only gases, or inversely.
11. The presence in the vessels of animals of oxygen and
carbonic acid mixed ■with the blood, constitutes one of the
best established facts in animal physiology ; the presence of
the same gases mixed with the sap in the vessels of plants, and
the modifications which they there undergo, seem to establish
an interesting con-espondence between these two kingdoms.
3. Nature and Sti-ucture of the Pud of Cruci/ercn — In a paper in
the " Livei-pool Naturalists' Journal," Dr. J. Birkbeck Nevins
gives what he considers a new explanation of the nature and
structure of the pod of the Cruciferre. He states that the
replum is merely the thin elongated axis of the plant, ending
in a point called the stigma, and that the cai-pels are leaves
attached near the apex of the axis, and bending downwards,
so as to be fixed slightly to the lower part of this thin axis or
replum. In process of time the attachment below gives way,
and the leaves separate from below upwards, and finally fall

off by an articulation at the upper part of the axis.

3. On the Pahn Trees of Old Calabar. Extracted from the
MS. Journals of the late Mr. W. Grant Milne. By Mr. Sadler.
The Ata ukot. Wine Palm or common Mimbo, is apparently
an undescribed species of Raphia. It yields a very pleasant
beverage, which is much appreciated by all classes of people
who have the fortune, or rather misfortune, to touch the
western shores of Africa. It has been cultivated by the
natives for ages for its watery fountain. The trees are
generally seven years old before they are tapped. At this age
they are from 30 to 40 feet in height. The natives ascend the
trees, and pierce a hole to the centre of the stem immediately
below the growing point ; a small pipe is then inserted into
the hole and led into a vessel which is fixed to the tree. In
this way it is drained from time to time, which causes the
tree to die, and it is then cut down to make room for others.
The mimbo thrives best in damp situations, and such localities
are generally chosen for its cultivation ; at the same time, I
bive seen avenues of mimbo trees on high sandy places
leading to towns. The people employed to tap the mimbo are
Ebebo slaves, which are purchased by kings and chiefs at
public slave marts. The Calabarians are not a climbing race.
The Ebeboes are In practice superior in the art of "speeling."
The liquid, when taken from the tree, has somewhat the
colour of cream, and has a pleasant sweetish taste. This only

906

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLE AM) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[ArrflTTST 3l, 1867.

Ia3t3 ^ few bom'a, when it becomes tartiali. The natives have
certain barks which they bruise and mix with the liquid,
which renders it intoxicating. It is sold in the public markets ;
and iu the Ebebo country there are mimbo public-houses,
similar to our beer-shops. It is used by the missionai'ies'
wives for making bread, being very subjedt to fermentation :
the bread made with it is excellent. The yount? leaves of
the plant are split up into threads and made into fine bags.
2. The lya, or Bamboo Palm, is another species of the same
genus (itaphia). Its petioles are used for house building at
Calabar, and all along the coast. These petioles are generally
from 20 to .30 feet long. The fi-nit is used as an article of food,
which is not the case with the last-named species. M.any of
the trees are from 50 to 60 feet high. In the Uwet country
the natives do not cultivate the Wine Palm, consequently' they
tap the B,amboo ; but the wine is sti'oug and harsh and
unpleasant, and is very intoxicating. I once saw the King of
Uwet as tipsy fi'om its effects as any man under the influence
of brandy. The inland kings and chiefs indulge themselves
to e-xcess in drinking Bamboo wine, and consequently are
always in a state of stupidity. The tree is tapped in the same
way as the mimbo, at the base of the growing point. In the
Qua country, at the foot of the Qua mountains, they use the
wine uf the Oil Palm (Elais guinoensisj, which is inferior to
that of the Bamboo, being much harsher and stronger. In this
case the trees are tapped about 2 feet from the gi-ound, in the
same way as already described. I never saw any of the natives
intoxicated by this wretched fruit, but I have no doubt that
tbpy can .supply ingredients to it for this purpose. Another
spe'oies is the Afea oku nkot, or the white rod mimbo. The
petioles of this Palm are white, while that of the Ata nkot are
red. Its wine is equal in quahty to thiit of the Ata nkot. The
scales of the fruit are, however, much thicker th.au those of
that species and the Bamboo. The Idim ibum is perhaps the
most important Palm of all at Calabar. Idim signifies water,
and ibum grctt. It occurs on the banks of the main branch of
the Calabar river, but confined to the district of Ikoiaofiong.
The qiiantity of wine which this plant produces is astonishing.
An ordinary tree will yield a puncheon of a most delicious
beverage, which is deservedly a great f.avourite with the people.
In colour it resembles cream, which is sold in large quantities

arranged in their proper order. As M. Boissier has
studied the plants of these countries for many years,
and his publications have rendered him widely known
as an accurate observer, and a most faithful delineator
of species, the fact of his having collated his previous
observations, so as to bring them into one collected
whole, will be sufficient to ensure the volume a place iu
every botanical library. Ofthe purely technical portion
of the bools we need only say that it will be referred
to henceforth as the standard work on Eastern plants.
The introductory chapters, however, demand fuller
notice in this place, devoted as they are to a brief
sketch of the botanical geography of the various
districts into which the Flora is divided. These are
(1) the mid-European region, characterised by the
occurrence of rain throughout the year, with a
moderate summer heat, and of a winter temperature
often below freezing point, without being of extreme
rigour. The presence of a moist atmosphere through-
out the year favours the growth of deciduous trees and
Conifers. In the mountainous district of Pqntus,
where rains and fogs prevail with a mild uniform
temperature, a very rich Flora is observed, including
the Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Vacciniums, &b. On
the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, a somewhat
similar climate exists, with a colder winter and a
hotter summer. Most of our fruit trees grow wild in
this district, and together with Ivy, wild Vine,
and Smilax excelsa, form almost impenetrable forests.
Higher up. Oaks, Maples, Ashes, and Lime trees abound ;
and at a still higher level, in a moister region, the Myrtle,
the Olive, Paliurus aculeatus, &c. The Mediterranean
region has milder winters, and hot dry summers, while
the rain falls m autumn and spring only, rendering
the atmosphere at those times very moist. Evergreen

at the mimbo puhUc-bousos. When the tree is once tapped it [ ^^^egg jjjj(l slJr^^)g predominate in this district. Next
invariably bleeds itself to death. _ This is not the case with ^^^^^ ^^^ Oriental region proper, characterised by an

common mimbo ; it can be taliped from time to time till the
fluid is exh,austed, and then it dies. Such is also the case
with the Idim ibum, the lya or Bamboo, the Afea oku ukot,
and the Oil Palm. The last of this class of Palms, belonging
to Raphia, mot with at Calabar, is the lya asiakia nditto,
which signifies children. The base of the fruit is sun-ounded
by numerous scales similar to those produced at the base of
bulbiferous plants — these are called by the natives children.
This Palm is not common. Another nearly allied species
^hich is plentiful upon the south coast, sends up numerous
slj9()f:s, similar to the plantain, covering a great space of
ground. On the south coast a species of Date is abundant on
fh.e sea sljQjro, but not inland. The fruit is small, and of an
oval shape. In t^ste the pulp is similar to that of the Date of
commerce. Its toli^ge also resembles that of the common
Date, and might easily bo r,aistaken for it were it not for the
fruit. A Fan Palm is plentiful at Citia C.amma, but I have
f^oi seen the pl.ant, never having been so f.ar soutii. Captain
Kirli^wood has two plants raised from seed collected at Citia

O^mm^, where he states it is abundant. 4. Notice of Jim

Species of Moskcs Neif to Science. By Dr. Buchanan White.
Dr. White g.ive descriptions of two species of Hypnnm, which
he had collected in 18G5, on Ben Lawers, in Perthshire, and
which had been ascertained to be as yet undesoribed in any
work. The one he proposed to call Hypnnm bread.albanense,
and the other H. montanum. Drawings of the plants were

(fKhibited. !i. On a Fungoid Disease affecting the Human

If(^i<!. By John Bishop, E.=iq. Under the microscope the hair
presents a remarkably jointed appearance at each of the
speckSj :}iid if the speck is large the whole substance of the
hair is seei> to be split into its component fibres, and a mass
of something which appears to be fungus is found to protrude
from the centre of ttie liair. The fungus has evidently broken
the oontiituity of the hair, by rupturing it from within out-
wards, thus giving rise to the fibrous appearance, and also to
the bending and fracturing which are so characteristic. If the
end of a broken hair be examined, it will be found to h.ave a
brush-like appearance, and the fungoid growth will again bo
visible. The fungus appears to be of a low tyjie, and to
consist of an aggregation of cells, with occasionally sporules
and mycelium branching amongst the broken fibres of the

hair. 6. Miscellaneous Communications. 1, Mr. M'Nab

la^d before the meeting a specimen of a Crataegus which was
raise,d from seed collected, during 1828, by the late Mr.
Tlipnj^li Di-unimond, in the Rocky Mountain aistrict, during
the secpn4 land expedition under command of the lamented
paptain Pranklin, late Sir John. The pecuUarity of this tree
is that it uover flowers before July, and generally about the
middle of the month, and during diUl moist seasons flowers
have been seen as Ute as the beginning of August. The tree
is now about 20 feet higlj, having a somewhat pendulous head,
and bears blaek fruit. It was many years before it bloomed,
but now it flowers annually. 2. Mr. M'Nab also placed on tho
table flowering plants of Goodenia amplcx.ans and Selliera
radicans, which were sent to the Botanic Garden last year
from Australia toy Dr. Mueller.

extreme climate, cold winters, hot rainless summers,
clear skies, and rain only in spring and autumn. Trees
are comparatively rare iu this region, and forests are
entirely wanting. In this district are included the
plateaus of Anatolia, Armenia, Syria, Persia, Affghan-
istau, Mesopotamia, Tibet, the Western Himalaya,
&o. It admits of subdivision into provinces dependent
on altitude and other conditions. In the more lofty
districts trees are scarce, but spiny plants, many
Caryophyllece, Astragali, Composites, Plumbagos, and
similarplants,growin hemispherical tufts or hummocks,
which give a special physiognomical appearance to
these countries. Saline plants— Statiee, l/epidium,
Salsola, &c.— are also found here and there, so that the
flora of these elevated plateaus is, on the whole, the
richest and most varied in the East. The deserts of
Turkestan, Eastern Persia, and Western Affghanistan
belong to a district of lower general elevation than that
last mentioned, to which the climate presents many

_ . __ __ , , analogies. In spring time these wastes are covered

work. The one he proposed to call Hypnnm bread.albanense, ^yith a great variety of small annual species, with few
„..j *,.„ „*,,„, u . T,„„j.,„, „, *v„ „,„„*, „„,.„ ^^^^^^ ^^jg^^ jj. j^g wiiio^vs and Poplars, which are

found along the watercourses. Saline jjlants abound
here also, together with large shrubs of Tamarisks,
Nitraria, &o.

The vast alluvial plains forming the valleys of the
Tigris and Euphrates constitute another sub-district
characterised by burning summers, abundant autumnal
and winter rains, and comparatively mild winters.
Here may be found large Crucifers, Umbellifers,
Cynareas, &c. Lastly, there is the region of the Date
Palm, characterised by scanty autumnal and winter
rains, which indeed are wanting in the southern and
lower regions ; the summer is burning hot, the winter
for the most part mild, but not without frosts.
This is the desert region par excellence, comprising a
belt of G'— 10° in width, stretching from the Cape de
Verd Isles and Western Africa to Sciude and the
Punjaub. Towards the south it merges into the
tropical region with its summer rains. The plants
growing iu this district are often widely .spread, so
that the same species may be met witli in Africa, and in
Sciude. The Date Palm is the characteristic tree, and
is frequently associated with the Doom Palm, Ficus
Syoomorus, and a host of annual and perennial plants,
often spiny, and frequently either provided with a
very thick fleshy rind or with a dense coating of woolly
hairs. Saline plants also abound in certain portions of
the district.

Turning from these climatic details, it is interestiuL
to see what M. Boissier's ideas of species are. It will be
recollected that hitherto he has been noted for his
subtle and acute discrimination of forms, which other
botanists with less analytical views would be disposed
to group together rather than to separate as distinct
forms. His present views, then, are all the more
worthy of being adverted to, and we do so nearly in his
own words. Alluding to the difficulties that must ever
be met with in attempting to define species, he says
that experiments made with a view to determine this
point must be more or less uncertain or unsatisfactory.
Thus hybridisation gives results the more indefinite in
direct proportion to the closeness of aflinity between
the species operated on. Cultivation moreover must
not be depended on, for plants are removed from their
natural conditions, and grown under circumstances
that have no parallel in Nature. The results of experi-
ments on this head are capricious, and are usually
found to accord pretty closely with the preconceived
ideas of the experimenter ; thus, some botanists say
that they derive from seeds of the same plant in culti-
vation forms distinct enough to be ranked as species :
while othei-s, disposed always to look to the smallest
points of diflisrence, say that these forms are immutable
under cultivation. M. Boissier says on this head
that he has cultivated plants from all sources
for 20 years, and ha« never observed anything of tho
kind, either in the way of permutation from one
specific form to another, or in absolute fixity of
characters, but he has been struck with the facilities
with which hybridisation is eflected in gardens between

QuEKETT MiCRO-sgopiCAL Club.— A monthly meeting was
held on the 23d inst., Mr. Aa-thur E. Durham, President, in the
Chair. Mr. R. T. Lewis read a p.aper on " Mermis nigrescens,"
in the course of which he gave some interesting particulars of
the remarkable .appearance of large numbers of these hair-
woians which were found suspended from the leaves of Apple
trees and shrubs in the morning following a thunderstorm
which passed over the southern counties on the nittht of
June 2d, similar appearances having been noted in the
month of June, 1791, 1S32, and 1845, on each occasion after a
thunderstorm. In length they varied from 2 inches to
4^_ inches, but wore not more th.an about l-20th of an inch in
width. For the most p:u:t they were of a pale yellow colour,
except when charged with ova, which gave a brown line.
They closely resembled Gordius aquations, being a genus of
the order Gordiacea, in the class Entozoa ; but they differ
from Gordius in the position of the oviduct, and also in habitat,
Gordius being generally found in water, whilst Mermis
inhabits damp earth. The ova in their- free state exhibit two
fine filamentous appendages, delicately fringed at theii- free
ends. Numerous specimens were exhibited .at the meeting,
and theii- structm-e demonstrated under the microscope.
Twelve new members were elected.

species of the same genus but of widely different
geogranhical habitat, as in Aquilegia, Antirrhinums, &o.

M. Boissier declares himself an upholder of the old
doctrine of the permanence of specific forrns, endowed,
however, with a more or less closely limited range or
variation ; and he considers it a lesser error to separate
forms than to combine them improperly, the former
error being more easy to detect, and also more easy to
correct. Nevertheless, it will be found that acting on
his enlarged experience M. Boissier has in this volume
reduced very many of what he had previously described
as distinct species to the rank of varieties.

The present volume contains the series of Thalami-
floral orders ; that it may soon be followed by the
remainder is the earnest wish of every working
botanist.

STotitcg of J^oo'ks.

Flora Onentalis, etc., auctore. Edmoud Boissier. Vol. i.,
royal Svo., pp. 1017, Basiled, 18G7. Williams and
Norgate.
Hero IS tho first volume of a book, which will be re-
ceived by acclamation by all those who have any
concern Avith the plants of the East, that is to say, of
Greece, European Turkey, the Crimea, part of Egypt,
Northern Arabia, Asia Minor, Persia, and Western
Asia generally. The body of the work consists of a
technical description of the various genera and species

The comparatively new race of the Tom Thumb
compactum Bedding Teopjeoediis promises to
become both very useful and attractive in the summer
flower garden. They originated in an attempt on the
part of Mr. J. George, of Stamford Hill, to cross the
varieties of the traihng Lobbianum section with those
of the ordinary Tom Thumb section, the olyect sought
to be accomplished being that of getting rid of the
trailing habit iu the one case, and of reducing the
somewhat gross-growing properties in the other. Mr.
George considered that if he could improve the habits
of the plants, with a view of rendering them (the
Tom Tliumb section more especially) better adapted
for general use as bedders, he could well afford to
leave the flowers to take care of themselves, feeling
certain that were the form of the flowers of the
Lobbianum section, or the larger and more expansive
blooms of the Tom Thumb section assumed, in either
case he could reasonably look for breaks from the
original types that would not fail to carry with them
a certain amount of improvement also.

The first attempt was made by crossing the old
T. Lobbianum Crystal Palace Scarlet, with a good
form ofthe ordinary Tom Thumb scarlet. Some plants
of this popular variety occasionally come more com-
pact in the habit than is usually seen, and there is
sometimes allied with this a greater prepondei-anoe of
scarlet over orange in the flowers. From the first
experiment in cross-breeding came T. compactum
cocciueum, which showed a manifest contraction of the
habit of the one parent, and a greater infusion of
scarlet into the flowers of the Lobbianum parent. The
colour of the flowers was of a very rich hue, and they
also retained the Lobbianum shape. By crossing the
new variety with a yellow flowering seedling, T. com-
pactum luteum was'produced, the flowers being yellow
and spotted with pale amber. This was a weakly
growing variety, though it flowered profusely, but it
required greater vigour in the habit. With this also
came a seedling possessing a shade of crimson
deeper and richer than any form of the crimson
Tom Thumb that had l)een seen. This proved a useful
variety to seed from. The next batch of seedlings pro-
duced several varieties of considerable promise, a few
of which were distributed during the past spring. The
more noticeable were Luteum-improved, a consider-
able advance on Luteum, the habit much stronger, the
flowers larger, the colour golden yellow, the spots on
the lower part of the flower crimson, on the upper part
amber. This is a very striking and effective kind for
ribbon borders. King of Spots, bright yellow with
bright amber spots, dwarf-growing and very free
blooming; in damp and sunless weather the flowers
will come heavily suffused with amber, though it is by
no means unattractive in that character ; King of Scar-
lets, a somewhat dullish hue of cerise scarlet, a very
dwarf-growing variety that blooms profusely, and is
very suitable for small beds; Scarlet Gem, in character
very like the foregoing, but having more orange, but
a very indifferent grower; the colour is very bright,
and it also blooms freely. Both of these partake
of the nature of the Lobbianum varieties in
regard to the build of the flowers riither than
of the Tom Thumb character, like Luteum-improved,
King of Spots, and others ; and they appear, in conse-
quence, apparently to lack vigour of constitution.
Another variety, named The Moor, is of a very com-
pact habit, but yet robust growing ; the colour rich
velvety maroon of a bright shade, the upper part ot the
throat pencilled with black. The colour is very showy,
but this, and King of Spots also, buries its flowers as it
were beneath the surrounding leaves to a great extent
Mr George has readily acknowledged this defect, and
his seedlings of the present year actually shovr con-
siderable improvement in this respect. From a goodly
number of these Mr. George selected the following, the
most of which will probably be sent out next spring :
Orange Perfection, rich bright orange, very showy,
habit compact and dwarf, and free blooming ; a striking
shade of colour for bedding purposes. A bright crimson
scarlet, as yet unnamed ; this Jlr. G. Smith, of Islington,
will distribute ; it is a good strong growing and yet
compact variety, very free blooming, but on the seedling
plant the flowers show a tendency to come crumpled.
Le Grand: this I take to be an improvement on the
foregoing, though the hue of colour plainly differs as
it has more orange and less of crimson, and there is the
presence also of a strong dasli o/ mrple ithenower^
are large and very smooth, and tiie habit '^1 «>«' f "'f'
be desired. This is the best variety yet raised by JMr.
George Scarlet Perfect on is in the way ot Lo Grand,
thoug^therfiracleariy perceptible difference in the
hue of colour; the flowers are ^maUer but it is an
astonishingly free b oomer, and very showy. Uoth ol
Go?d is 2 decided advance among the yellows there
bein- more gold, and consequently the hue is deeper ;
hut it has the same defect as Luteum-improved,
regarded from the florists' point of view, as the spots

AtrOTTST SI, 1867.]

THE GARBENEHS' CTTRONICLE AND AOPJOTILTTmAL GAZETTE.

907

on the lower segment of the flower are palor than
those on tho upper portion. Black Prince shows an
advance on The Moor, tho colour is deeper without
losing tho ricluiess, and just above the throat, on the
upper portion of the flower is a rich baud of a dark
colour; habit very fine and free.

Mr. George is evidently on the right track, though
much remains to be done. Tlio scarlet flowers up to
this point appear to adhere closely to the form of
the Lobbianuiu section, but in tlie .seedlings of the
present year there is a manifest departure from this
seen in tho high-coloured flowers, and they are
assuming the larger and more expanded shape of tho
Tom Thumb varieties. To have those thrown well
above tho foUage is rao.st requisite. Next, dwarfuoss
with compactness of growth must be also developed.
There is no doubt but that the present damp season
has caused some of these compactum varieties to grow
beyond ordinary bounds, in common with many other
bedding plants ; therefore thisyear's conclusions, drawn
from a trial of them, will have to be qualified by
another year's experience. In Luteum-improved to a
large extent already, and in Cloth of Gold yet more,
can bo seen the coming substitute for the uncertain
Yellow Calceolaria. For ribbon borders, and for large
beds these Tropajolums can be highly recommended ;
they simply require to be seen used as such in order to
bo appreciated. For small beds the high-coloured
kinds will prove the best. They certainly possess
advantages over some other kinds of bedding plants,
■which to persons having restricted accommodation for
wintering bedding-stuU'are of some importance; they
are easily cultivated, strike readily from cuttings, will
winter in store pots, and take but little room. Their
somewhat wiry habit in the cutting pots keeps them
free from the ravages of damp, while it also preserves
them uninjured under a considerable amount of
exposure to cold. S. D.

LlStTEIANISINa AN APIAKT : ARTinOIAL QtTEEN-
Eaisino (continued from p. 8S1). — The artificial
swarm (No. 12) formed by the majority of the brood-
combs, with a due proportion of bees taken from
No. 9, had been from the 2oth to the 2Sth of June
without a queen; on the latter day I discovered
another queen cell, tenanted by a very young larva
This was extraordinary, as it was then 1-1 days since the
queen had been removed, and, consequently, .since any
egg had been deposited among the combs. This cell,
like all the others, was at once destroyed ; a small
piece of comb, containing a few suitable grubs and
eggs, cut out from the brood-comb previously given to
No. 9, was inserted in one of the combs, a piece corre-
sponding m size being out away for that purpose. As
many as eight royal cells were quickly started ; some of
these were cut out, and given to another queen-raisin"
stock. From one of the rest allowed to remain the
eldest princess came forth, and lost no time in securin"
her rights of succession to the sovereignty by ruth-
lessly dispatching her less fortunate rivals. She did
not exhibit any great amount of beauty of colour In
this respect I have often known that, after the lapse of
a few -weeks, queens become so much improved in
appearance as to be hardly recognisable.

No. 7 was the hive next operated on. On the 4th of
July the combs were searched for the queen, and when
found, the comb on which she was, with the bees and
another equally well filled with brood, were placed in a
nucleus-box. After being confined in a dark room
until evening, the small swarm was located on its
permanent stand, and the bees liberated. The queen
has COTitinued to hay eggs, but the little stock will not
be sufliciently populous, or well supplied with food to
survive the winter unaided. It is therefore my inten-
tion to unite the bees and comb.s, after securing the
person of the old queen, to one of the stocks which
have raised young artificial queens. The now queen-
less stock. No. 7, was supplied with two royal cells out
out from No. 12. Neither of these came to anything
therefore on the 5th of August a new comb, well filled
with eggs andjarvic of suitable age, was given to the
hive. One or two royal cells were soon started, but
subsequently made little progress, and on the 2ith of
August I discovered that this stock was the subject of
that very mysterious phenomenon, the presence of
fertile Workers. With the assistance of a clever
apiarian friend every bee was examined, and we were
both fully satisfied that no queen existed, and that none
had been raised. The worker cells contained drone
larvio, some of which was lately sealed. In a few cells
mere newly-deposited eggs, which, instead of being
attached to the bases of the cells, were fastened
to one or other of the sides, most probably owing
to the fact of the egg-laying bee being unable to reach
the end of her cell with her abdomen. This circum-
stance will, in a great degree, account for there having
been but little attempt made at raising queens after
the last brood-comb was given. This stock has become
so much weakened, that I do not intend to supply it
with a queen, but wiU unite it to some other. "

No. 8 was treated in the same manner as No 7 ■
that IS, the queen and one brood-comb with suffioieni;
bees to form a swarm were placed in a nucleus-box
and carried within-doors until night. The parent stock
M^ i„ J^Pl'l'ed with two royal cells cut out from
JMo. 12. In proper course, a young queen emerged be-
came a mother, laid a considerable batch of eggs and
then mysteriously disappeared. The bees started one
or more royal cells from her brood. These I cut away
inserti ng instead thereof a royal cell of pure Liguriaii
Brood. In one of the royal cells which I destroyed
there were i/u-ee eggs. Query, were they laid there by
me queen, or conveyed there by the bees ? It seems
Tery doubtful if the queen could have deposited them
as in all probability these cells were not thought of

until the death or loss of tho young mother. Tho other
cell was quite sealed, while this particular cell was not
half formed. I believe this hive also is in the indes-
cribable predicament of having Fertile Workers. The
royal coll last inserted remained unopenod, and on
inspection, after more than sullicient time had
elapsed, I found a dead larva, about half grown. Tho
brood laid by tho young queen, who was for so short
a period at tho head of the colony, was all either
hatched or hatching out; nevertheless, there were
many young drone-larva; in worker cells both scaled
and unsealed, and several eggs only just deposited.
The bees having become very few in number were
very easily scrutinised, but no queen could be dis-
covered amongst them. If this should be tho real
.state of the case— and I can see no reason todoubtit—
it is rather remarkable that two such instances of what
is usually considered a very rare circumstance, should
have occurred at tho same period in my apiary. As
usual, no bee presents any unnatural appearance which
might induce the observer to attribute to her the
power of exercising the functions of maternity.
S. Sevan Fox.

{To he Continued.)

Aetificiallt Impressed Combs.— I should feel
much obliged to Mr. Maw if he would kindly furnish
us with some more details of his process for manu-
facturing the embossed sheets. The greatest difliculty
with me, and with others who have similarly
experimented, has been in the preparation of the wax
itself into plain, thin, and even sheets, of sufficiently
large size. The dies I have used for pressing the wax
have been metal ones, but I fancy that they could be
almost if not quite as eflicient if made of plaster of
Paris. Many apiarians would doubtless, as well as
myself, be glad to know Mr. Maw's plan. S. Sevan Fox.

Garden Memoranda.

SloffELElGH Abbey.— This, the seat of Lord Leigh,
Lord-Liieutenant of the county of Warwick, is about
three miles distant from Kenilworth, and is plea-
santly situated on the banks of the Avon. The main
portion of the mansion is a noble pile, in the semi-
Italian, or what is better known as Ijouis Quatorze
style of architecture. The two principal fronts face
south and west, and owing to their fine elevation have
an imposing appearance. The north, or carriage en-
trance, forming a portion of the old abbey, is in the
Gothic style. In front of this is a long grass enclosure
for cricket, croquet, &c. Upon the opposite side of this
grass from the front doorway, is a long, winding, irre-
gular ribbon, composed of five rows of the usual ribbon
plants ; but its principal feature consists in its forming
a coloured fringe to, and lightening up, the evergreen
banks behind, which are formed to rise with the same
line and irregular curves up to the trees behind,
which adds much to the meaning of what are termed
ribbons. At the west corner of this line is the carriage
entrance to the enclosure, consisting of a fine Gothic
arch and gatewa.v, in connection with which are some
interesting antiquarian remains of the ancient abbey.
A portion of this ancient pile forms the residence of
the gardener, and a very pleasant one it is, except
that it may be a little too near the mansion.

The garden on the east front is divided from the
north front byalowbalustraded wall with vases,meeting
another wall at the end of the .garden, which runs from
the archway entrance to the river, thus separating the
garden from the park. The flower garden on this front is
laid out in the old-fashioned style of half a century ago,
and consists of mixed Box and Grass, with some of the
beds near the house still retaining the old mixture of
Roses, &o. Most of the beds, however, in the centre
of the garden have given way to modern innovation,
and are decorated with the bold colours of our present
summer favourites. In front of this are extensive
park views, rich in noble trees, and green vistas. A
little beyond the balustrade are two trees, to which
much importance is evidently attached, owing to the
careful way in which they are protected— one is a
Wellingtonia, the other an Oak, planted by Her
Majesty and the Prince Consort upon their visit to
Stoneleigh in 1833, when on their way to open the
Aston Park at Birmingham.

The lower or south front is reached from this point
by two flights of steps, one at each end of the broad front
walk. The slopes, terraces and walks on this front
run east and west, and finish by means of a balustrade
along the river side, having square projections at inter-
vals, running a few feet into the water. The tout
ensemble here is singularly pleasing, great harmony
existing between the mansion, and the broad flights of
steps, terraces, and balustrading, which form one grand
whole, proportionate to the river, which is here
widened out to lake proportions. Beyond is a gently
rising hill, of park -like character and treatment, fringed
in the distance with the irregular outlines of trees,
except in one place, where a little stiffness occurs from an
attempt to make a break, which has much the appear-
ance of a huge letter A, without the bar.

The designs on this grass terrace are detached and
modern. The centre is the old double harp outline, so
popular with Le Notre two centuries ago, and still
remaining in many places ; this is laid out in Box,
with spaces for coloured material. The broad end of
the harp lies next the house, and the more contracted
portions come harshly against the long, straight lines
of the slopes and (walks, with an evident want of three
others, if space would admit, to make a complete figure-
losing, in short, what is a good opportunity of making
a pleasing, continuous, imposing design. Spring gar-
dening forms a feature here, and every autumn many
thousand Pansies and other spring plants are turned
out^ by means of which a fine display for the
spring mouths is obtained. The summer bedding
will bear favourable comparison with that in other

places. At the end of this terrace is the conservatory
an architectural structure, with light stone front
harmonising with the mau.sion, and a glass roof ; it is
planted out in beds with material of the usual descrip-
tion, has seats formed into alcoves, a walk all round,
and Iront shelf containing an excellent collection of
flowering plants.

The vyalks along tho river side, beyond this are
rendered interesting by means of waterfalls and
islands raised up to give the width noticed above and
rustic bridges are thrown aciuss, from which tine
vievys of the water and terraces are obtained. One
noticeable feature on reaching the woods is the treat-
ment of the Laurel, which is made to form a close, rich
green covering, without having a stilf clipped appear-
ance, allowing the fine stents of the trees to stand out
in bold relief. ^Voodland walks and small ])retty
gardens may be found hero, and it may be mentioned
e« passant that Pinuses and all other trees and shrubs
have escaped the severity of the winter, which lias
punished so many things in other places.

The kitchen garden commences on one side by a
wall near the conservatory going round to the north
entrance, and enclosing about G acres. A pair of fine
irongatesopen from thepleasure ground into the central
walk, on each side of which are a large flower garden
and fountain ; but though the walls flank one side as
it were of the pleasure grounds, they are completely
hidden by a fine old rustic covered Ivy walk, so dense
that not even the border is seen in passing. The houses
have all been modernised, and heated on the most
approved principle. In an excellent late Vinery
one division is all Black Hamburgh, the next Lady
Downes', Black Alicante, &c. In the centre are 0 feet of
flags, and the house is a broad, sharp, high, sp.an-roofed
one, of the very best form for late keening Grapes.

Next to this is a long Fig house with a central pit,
in which all the plants are in pots, which is much the
best method of growing Pigs, except in oases where an
old tree has become established, and its roots cramped.
In ranges of half-span Pine pits are excellent fruits of
Smooth Cayenne, Queen, &c. Over the pathway and
down the back span are Melons in pots, plunged in the
leaf-beds of the Pines. It may not, perhaps, be
generally known that this is the best practice for
Melons, if not grown in frames. They should be planted
either m pots or along the wall of the pits, letting
them fall down. In a No. 1 pot, there were, at the
time of ray visit, from 9 to 12 fine fruit of what
Mr. Elworthy, the gardener, named Seymour's Green
Perfection, a kind which he prefers to all others.

Stephanotis, Cucumbers, &c., occupy the other half
span, and these, as well as long shelf r.anges of stove
and other plants, are in e.xcellent condition — the
plants, pots, paths, and everything else being
scrupulously clean. Grapes are fine, both in bunch
and berry. In the Early Muscat house a little of the
extension system crops out, a long rod of fresh wood
being allowed to extend itself every season, the old
being alternately taken out. In this way Mr. Elworthy
gets not only better bunches but better berries.
Peach houses, &o., are equally satisfactory. On the walls
are fair average crops of Pears. Plums are not so
plentiful. Gooseberries trained to trellises will be
found a great success, apian of treatment which should
be more frequently followed than it is.

Ice is kept here under mounds of straw with great
success, and comes into use after that in the
ordinary ice-house is over. Let us hope that Mr.
Elworthy will kindly furnish some account of these
ice-mounds, by which persons having no ice-houses,
may secure a supply of this useful article sufficient for
all ordinary purposes. J. F.

Miscellaneous.

Sammonion Stravilerry SIiom.—Ev&ry student of
English history has read of the king wdio died through
a surfeit of " Strawberries." In our youth we were
noted for a tendency to unbelief unless in very straight-
forward stories, and we never could understand how
any one could surfeit of such " good things as Straw-
berries." There might be " too much of a good thing "
once in a while thought we, but not of Strawberries.
But since we have seen these Hammonton Straw-
berries we think even a king might die of too much
of them. The people here (United States) talk of nothing
but Strawberries, grow nothing but Strawberries, eat
nothing but Strawberries, can see nothing but Strawber-
ries, and all they have to sell is Strawberries. They
sleep on Strawberries, and in short the Strawberry is
food, drink, and raiment to them. One thousand acres
of Strawberries, and only 3000 inhabitants ! can any
place beat this? But they grow good Strawberries,
that IS some excuse for their enthusiasm. We have
seen heavy crops in our time, and we should judge
from what we saw there, 150 bushels to the acre was
not an uncommon crop, and this not bad for a plot of
laud which 10 years ago would have been passed over
as " barren " sand. The average size of the berries was
equal to what we have seen on the best Strawberry :
land, and as to varieties it was remarkable to note that
though they had experimented largely with most of the
new varieties, no kinds were popular but Wilson's
Albany and Triomphe de Gaud. We heard a veteran
pomologist, filling no less a position than Vice-President
of the National Pomological Society, say to some
friends, after thoroughly examining Hammonton, and
comparing all the kinds he saw, with those in his own
State, "there are but two Strawberries worthy of
the name — Wilson's Albany and Hovey's Seedling."
Gardener^ s Monthly.

Pyramidal Silver-striped Solly. — The height which
this Holly attains is something remarkable. On Clin-
ton Terrace, Nottingham Park, may be seen a single
specimen, a perfect column of health and luxuriance,
little short of 30 feet in height, and not more than 30
inches in diameter at the base. At Castle Donnington

908

THE (UIBENEUS' CHUONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [august si. ise?.

also, near the Moira Inn, may be seen three specimens
30 to 50 feet in height, and about 6 feet in diameter
at the base. Of course we are speaking of diameter of
foliage, not of stem, and we speak of this Holly to
show its adaptability to certain purposes where a
formal style of planting is indulged m.—N'otiingAani-
shire Guardian.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing weeJe.)
PLANT HOUSES.
As the days shorten admit sunlight freely, in order
that what growth has been made may be well hardened
and ripened. Look to all hard-wooded greenhouse
plants which have been hitherto freely exposed, and
provide them with shelter from cold wet weather,
should such ensue, without however in any way
depriving them of light. Many subjects in the con-
servatory or greenhouse will need frequent waterings
with clear liquid manure, especially Fuchsias, Trito-
nias, Liliums, Feathered Cockscombs, Balsams, &c.
Do not keep Indian Azaleas in a high temperature
after they have finished growing, and begin to show
just slight symptoms that a crop of flower-buds is
setting. At such a stage gradually inure them to the
outer air— exposure for a week or two to which will
be of great benefit to them, before storing them away
for the winter. Thin Mignonette out to some seven
or nine plants in a 32-sized pot, as soon as it is well
up, and it can be ascertained which are the most
robust plants. Do not water too freely for a time.
Give seedling Cyclamens their final shift before winter
arrives; let them have a good rich loam, with a
moderate supply of well-decayed cow-dung. Shift
the earlier-struck batch of Poinsettias singly into
48-sized pots, giving them afterwards frequent
syringings over-head. Finish drying off Gloxinias by
freely exposing them to the sun upon a dry shelf, and
without affording them any more water.
FORCING HOUSES.
Protect Grapes from wasps, &c., by tacking on all
openings thin scrim, or "Haythome's Hexagon
Netting :" No. \\ is a serviceable cheap sample. This
is preferable to putting individual bunches in bags.
A temporary framework might be so fixed to the door-
way as to admit air freely, should fine weather
ensue. Protect ripe Grapes from damp, &c.
Pinch back freely all shoots or laterals which
may emanate from any of the Vines; after this
time of the year any wood formed cannot be over
well matured. As has been before intimated, be very
careful with late Grapes which are about to colour, in
houses having but indifferent borders, which are likely
to be cold or over-sodden with wet. Do not by any
means maintain a too high temperature inside the
house ; on the contrary, let it be somewhat in con-
formity with that outside, and once the colouring
process has commenced keep the inner air studiously
dry — even by the aid of fire-heat by day, whilst air can
be given. Any spare lights at hand might be placed
over these borders, for the double purpose of warding
off heavy rains which might set in, and for aiding in
every possible way the retention of any sun-heat with
which we may be favoured, for I fear the best of
borders will not be over plentifully supplied with good
roots this season. Fines, when they cease flowering,
and commence to swell fruit perceptibly, might be
assisted with a good surface dressing of rich soil.
Give Peach and Nectarine houses, previously forked
over, surface-dressed with fresh soil, &c., a thorough
good dressing with soot.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.
Sow Ten-week and Intermediate Stocks for early
spring flowering. Pot any Auriculas requiring that
attention without further delay. A good, thoroughly
decomposed surface-loam, with a fourth of well decom-
posed cow-dung, a little well-washed road driftings,
and silver sand, will suit them well if the pots are well
crocked. Be careful not to bury the crowns too deeply,
and pot just sufliciently firm to ensure a not too
retentive capacity to hold moisture. Remove all
old flowers from Dahlias, upon the first symptoms
of decay, and this will be especially necessary with
SoUyhoclcs also ; always in performing this latter
operation, when seed saving is not intended,
be particular to remove the seed-pods, as allowing
them to remain greatly impoverishes the plants,
and tends to destroy the beauty of the later
blooms at the apex of the shoots. Prick out seedling
Pansies and plant out into their permanent beds,
where it is intended they should flower, all properly
struck cuttings. The beds properly prepared, as I have
before advised, must be well mixed up with partly
decayed leaf-mould, good loam, &c. Sow Sweet
William^ seed for spring planting.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.
Eemove the old fruiting canes from "Easpberry
stools " as soon as they have done fruiting, which, by
affording a greater amount of light and air to the
young growths, will aid in more efficiently hardening
them to stand through the winter. Finish budding
various "Stone Fruits "where possible this week, in
order that the worked parts may have time to properly
heal over before adverse weather sets in. This opera-
tion is more easily performed than that of grafting,
while the result is about equal as far as success is
concerned.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Make a small sowing of Spinach. This will come in
nicely to follow that coming up in the spring, as it will
be fit for picking at a time when the earlier sown has
run to seed. Sow also a similar quantity of Lettuce
and Endive seed, which should be allowed to remain in
the seed-bed until spring. Pricked out then, it will
prove an acceptable succession to those transplanted
into beds in autumn, ■« hen they have also run to seed.

These remarks will apply equally to Cabbages, which,
if sown now In a similar way, will eventually prove
very serviceable as early spring Coleworts. Take up,
dry, and store away Onions without further delay. If
left standing until they have become thoroughly ripe,
the top having decayed, they do not keep nearly so
well as when they are pulled up before the green tops
have quite decayed. Continue to plant out Lettuces
and Endive as frequently as any successional sowings
become sufficiently large for the purpose. These are
sure to be useful, with slight protection during early
winter months. Where seeds are being saved, of course
this will need attention in the ordinary way. Eemove
all decaying substances from Cabbage plantations, from
which the first crop has been taken, and which are
intended to stand for the purpose of giving a supply of
winter greens. Continued attention to successive
plantings of Celerij will be the more needful as the
cooler long nights of autumn approach. Continue to
earth them up, as they grow, a little at a time in a
general way. The earlier lot might now be pretty
generally earthed up, for the purpose of thoroughly
blanching it for use. Finish earthing up Cardoons,
where this has not already been done, as previously
advised. W. JH.

strong roots ; you will of course recommend him to
cut off all the biggest leaves, and to plant these
divisions in some shady place away from the drip of
trees in a good free soil, where they may remain
until the spring, when they must be transplanted to
those places which they are to ornament with their
stately flower-spikes. If, after taking all these pains
to enlarge his collection for him, he does not offer you
a plant or two, his acquaintance will scarcely be worth
further cultivation on your part.

There is a plant just now coming into bloom, which
is so rarely met with in the gardens of amateurs, and
has such a beautiful flower, that we strongly recom-
mend its being inquired for. It is the double-flowered
variety of the Autumn Crocus or Meadow Saffron.
Its bloom most resembles a pale Oleander flower, while
it has the egg-shaped form of a half-blown bud of a
good Tea Eose. Its colour is a delicately pale purple
or pinkish, and it lasts a long time in a vase of
water. W. T.

HINTS FOR AMATEURS.
Early in September, those who have the misfortune
tobeobligedtomoveat Michaelmas begin tolook out fora
new location, and not a few have no choice but between
houses built upon new ground. Now, we all know too
well what new ground round London means ; it means
clay— stiff, back-aching, unmitigated clay— fit only for
making bricks. The surface generally presents some
few inches of useful soil ; but this is commonly buried
beneath the clay which is wheeled out from the depths
of the found.\tions, and which is so heavy that the
workman is obUged to use a long spade of only half the
ordinary width, and so sticky that he must wet his tool
in a pail of water each time before using it. Out of
such unkindly soil as this do metropolitan amateurs, by
dint of constant perseverance and attention, succeed in
growing some very nice flowers — after how many
failures we will not mention. So many of these
failures have mainly arisen from not having had the
ground properly prepared in the first instance, that we
propose to say a little on this matter. There are but
few plants that will survive being planted in such stuff
as this, if the autumn should prove wet, and the winter
severe. It would be much more prudent to abstain
from planting anything until the spring, and meantime
to subject the soil to a proper course of treatment.
The usual plan is to trench the ground. By this is
meant digging down to the depth of about 2 feet, and
casting up the clay into long, raised, rough ridges, so as
to expose as great a surface as possible to the air and
frost. It is very desirable that these ridges should run
north and south, for then one side of each ridge gets
the full influence of the morning sun, while the other
side gets its turn in the afternoon. Probably the
effects of frost upon this rough material are more
beneficial than any other influence, as it cracks and
breaks it up, causing it in the spring to crumble to
pieces. Then is the time to take advantage of its dis-
integrated condition, by covering it 3 or 4 inches deep
with sifted, burnt brick-earth, and digging it all up
together. By so doing a good, useful garden soil is
obtained, which will grow most hardy plants and shrubs
excellently.

Some years ago a scientific friend strongly com-
mended to us the expediency of a mixture which he
scattered broadcast over the ground, before trenching
it. It consisted of 1 lb. saltpetre, 2 lb. soda, and 3 lb.
common salt. He stated that these 6 lb. were sufficient
for a quarter of an acre of ground (or 1 ounce for a
border 20 feet long by 5 feet wide), and that it would
be found easier to distribute it evenly if the quantity
were increased (which it might be indefinitely) by the
addition of brick-dust or dry road scrapings, only
taking care that it be all thoroughly and uniformly
mixed. He assured us that if we trenched one piece
of ground with this mixture, and another without it,
that we should find a marked difference the following
spring in the greater lightness of the soil where this
mixture had been used, besides the advantage— which
these salts undoubtedly effect— of manuring the
ground. Never having tried it, we will not pledge
ourselves to the results here indicated ; but we may
safely say that no harm can accrue from the use of
such small quantities of these three salts, and if any
one will give it a fair trial, we should be glad to know
the result.

Bulbs must now be thought about. We wonder
that Crocuses and Snowdrops are not oftener grown
upon Grass plots. Planted about 6 inches from the
border or gravel walk, they have then sufficient green
around them to show off their charming colours in all
their purity with an effect to which they can never
attain with a background of earth. It is true that the
scythe ought to be passing over the sward before the
leaves have died down, and must not intrude here just
at first. But what matter ; a strip of long Grass all
round your neatly-mown lawn will not be a very
untidy margin to it, and will only be of very short
duration. Probably the second, certainly the third
mowing, may remove all traces of the lovely flowers
that have jewelled your Grass plot. They might also
be used to grow up through Grass edgings in large
gardens with good effect. Of the large Crocuses, a
succession of yellow, white, and blue would look well,
while the dwarf yellow Crocus would alternate with
the Siberian Squill charmingly.

Have you noticed, at a neighbour's, some fine strong
Hollyhocks, which would look well in your garden
next year ? If so, explain to him the advantages of
dividing the root, show him how to do it, taking care
to wait till the plant has done blooming, and also that
each division when made has a good shoot and some

STATE OF THE "WEATHER. AT CHISWICK, NEAR LOJTDON,
FortheAVeek endingAug.28,1867, asobBerved atthe Horticultural Gardens

^<1

Ba,boubter.

Temperatuhe.

■Wind

Au?.

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

Max.

Miu.

Max.

Min.

Mean

Ifoot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thurs. 22
Friday 23
Satur. 2i
Bun day 25
Mon. 26
Tuea. 27
Wed. 28

c

23
21
25

26
27
28

30.049
30.051
30.088
30,027
29.971
30,040
30.118

29.998
30.009
30.038
30.003

29.956
30.000
30.088

73
75

74
75
69
67

70

48
49
65
57
48
48
51

60.5
62.0
64.5
66.0

58.5
58.0
60.5

65
64
64
64
62
62
62

62
62
62
61
60
60
60

S.W.
"W.

S.W.
S.W.
N.E.
N.W.
S.W.

.00
.00
.00
.00
.14
.00
.00

Average .

30 049

30.013

71.8

50.8

61.3

63.3

61.0

^14

August 22-Fine; very fine; clear at night.

23 -Cloudy ; exceedingly fine ; clear, with starlight.

— 24 -Fine ; verv line throughout.

— 25-Cloudy an'd hot; veiy tine ; overcast at night.

26- Overcast; hea\'y showers ; slightly overcast; rain.

— 27— Partially overcast and fine ; overcast ; cloudy at night.

— 28 -Fine; cloudy; clear and fine at night.

Meau temperature of the week , i deg. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHEE. AT CHISWICK,'
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Sept. 7, 1867.

Sunday . ,
Mon .
Tues. .,
Wed. . ,
Thurs. .
Friday .
Satur. .

£-s ■

pp.

No. of

Prerailing Winds

which it
llained.

Quantity
ofUain

3

W
_
5

4

•f

13

S

70 7

47.7

59.2

21

1.50 in.

59]

IS

0.44

7

b

71.3

5!) 5

18

0 49

■?i '

70 7

18

0.58

70 0

47.2

58.6

17

0.30

69.8

iS.6

58.2

19

0.70

70.0 47.6

58.8

19

0.55

The hiKhest temperature during the ahove period occurred on the
1st, 1843, and 7th, 1865-themi. H5 deg.; andtbe lowest ou the Gth,

1850 -therm, 30 des.

Notices to Correspondents.

Balsams : J Carter i- Co. The flowers are large, very double,
and finely varied in colour. One especially, a deep purple,
is remarkably beautiful.

Books ; T G. There is no better book on the practice of
gardening than Thompson's " Gardener's Assistant," wliich
costs about 30s. If a book more specially devoted to explain-
ing the principles of Horticulture is required, then Liudley's
" Theory and Pracb'ce of Horticulture," at about 2Is., would
be found more useful. — Subscriber. Bentham's " Handbook
of the British Flora," which you can have either with
woodcut figures or without.— IK Miller. Thompson's "Gar-
dener's Assistant " is the best work we know of for amateur
as well as for professional gardeners.

Dactylis glomerata VAKlEQATA ; P M. It is quite hardy,
and very constant.

Figs : 0 T. We never intended to offer any remarks on the
cultivation of Figs, but only on the particular maliidy with
which yours wei-e affected. The disease has not, however,
since come under notice as we expected, so no supplement
has been sent to the note published last April. M. J. B.

Gardeners' Enoagemekts : SiAicriber. Your question being
a legal one, can only be fully answered on investigation by a
solicitor. In general terms, if a gardener is hired and paid
by the week, he would only receive a week's notice to quit,
but if engaged and paid monthly or quarterly, a longer term
of notice, or the equivalent in wages, would be claim.able.
Individual cases, however, would be ruled by the terms of
hiring. We cannot answer you more explicitly, and indeed
if we attempted to do so without knowing both sides of the
question we might lead you astray.

Gladioli : Yonell >t Co. Your spikes of brenchleyensis,
though perhaps sciircely so large as those you sent last year,
are magnificent, and fully entitle this deservedly favourite
variety to still hold a foremost place against all competitors.

LiLlFM auratitm : E M R. Keep the bulbs moderately
watered after flowering, while the leaves continue fresh ;
but as soon as they show signs of ripenmg off, reduce the
water gradually till the stems are quite dead, when the
bulbs can be stored away in the nearly dry soil till they are
potted early next spring ; or they may be potted as soon as
they ripen off. See an article at p. 102 for particulars of
culture. . ,

Melons : / T. Your Melon was not flrst-rato, a circumstance
doubtless attributable to a want of bright sunUght.

Names of Plants : BB.\, Woodw.ardia onentalis ; 2, Gymno-
gramma ochracea : 3, Selaginclla Martensu ; 4, Pteria
hastata ■ 5, Campanula Rapunculus, or something closely
aUied to it.— i" B F. 1, Sagittaria sagittifolia ; 2, Ahsma
Plantago ; 3, Butomus umbellatus ; 4, Artemisia vulgaris ;
5, Monarda didyma. ^ , .,

Petdnias : C J Barher. Y'our seedUngs are excellent, both as
regards quality and subst.ance. Among them ai-e selfs of all
shades of colour; while some are beautifully striped, and
not a few of them are double, large, and showy.

Ploms : Charlton. Your Plums are infested with a salmon-
coloured caterpillar. Bv aU means gather the bad Plums at
once and burn them, and you will prevent many a moth
from appearing which might lay multitudes of fggs. it is
curious that a disease is prevtilent this year which to the
outward eye exactly resembles yours, but there aie no
caterpillars; and the evil arose, we l^f =™. fr°S\ '^"i'J
affecting the ovules or some other portion of the pistil. Out
not destroymi! it utterly. M. J. B. „„„. t,-„„ „„,„. „it in

Ventil,vtion : Saiscriter, Marlow In ™°'^''*"i=,.y°; l"U"
which von grow Pines and pot Vmes, do not lemove the
uSdurinI the middle of the day, but tilt them more or
less at the back or sides, according to the temperature

Oom?ionk*ations EECEIVED.-Diss.-E. B. (thanksV-TUia
(under eens°deiation).-J. Meredith (next week^-W. K.-
XFleming.-B. Warner.— A.. F. Barron.^" ,. R

-H.

B.

August SI, 1867.]

THE GAKPENEl^S' CHRONICLE AND AfiPJCULTUlUT, GAZETTE.

909

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(Kbtadlishkd 1840).
Hato cow roMly for doUvory in dij flno condition,
CORN MANGRK. for SpriiiB Uso
DISSOLVED bONES, for IJieBMng Pasture Laudi
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PRKPAHED GUANO
MANaEL ..nd POTATO MANURES.
AKO Oomiino PERUVIAN OUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,

"s^i^i^"""""'" '"'™^''^ °' ^s^^:>£i^^:^

Offlo'os, 110, Fenchuroh Stroot. E.G.

E S. -

LAWES' MANUR

The Manures manufaoturod bv J. B. Liwp.a for the present
«eason of 19il7 are no» ready for delivery at Ida Faetones, at tbo
loUowlng prices, per ton:—
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ s (I.

SUPEllPllnsPllATEofLlME.. .. .. ••„,^-,,; " » "

LAWES- SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MINERAL PHOSPHATES •;„;;„,„■,■ ' » "

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, QBAbS, and MANGEL

MANIIRKS -■ ■• ..SOU

CONCENTKATKD CORN and GRASS MANURES ..12 0 0

These Manures cau bo obtained of Mr Lawes. or through the
appointed Asents In all Parts of the United Kingdom, at prlcoa
varying accord lUK to co^t of carriage.

Oenuliio ronivian Gnano direct from the Importers. Nitrate Of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures,

American and other C^ikca at market prices.

Address, John Beknet Lawks, 1, Adolaido Tlace, London Bridge,
E C ■ 22 Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

w.

S. BOUL TON'S

30-gftllon SWING WATER
RARRDW. rnce ■U»i. CarrlaKO paid

to the principal Stations.

Thin in the boHt and cheapest
article of tho kind vet Uitroduucd.
Itciui ho used with or without iiPony.
'i'wii Tubs can bu hiul with one Uar-
riuKO, and a Spruader if required.

Testimonials oim be luruished from
all parts of the ctmnti'y.

PoworlLil GARDEN ENGINE for
tho iilirivo, TH'U-o 'I.'i^.

Ir.i|.n.v,nl WATER and LU^UID
MANURE CAItTS.

Illu.-strutud Ciitaloguo, with all pur

ticuliiis, Moiit froo on application to
W. S. DouLTON, itoao Lane Irou and Wire Works, Norwich.

1

Iron Cisterns.
71 BllAUY" AND CU. luiviiiff iuid clown extensive and

Improved Machinery in tholr now range of buildings, Ida
WitAiiv, Dki'tkorii, aro now preiJarod to supply WROUGHT-lRt)N
TANKS. GALVANISED, or TAINTED, of superior quality, at
rcducQd prices, and at very short notice.

To Veterinary Surgeons.

WANTED, foi- tho Kdiuburgh VeLerinary College, it
VETERINARY SURGEON quallllod to llll tho NEW
CHAIR of CATTLE I'ATHuLUGY, founded by tho Highland and
Agricultural Society.

The Endowments amount to £160, and there Is roaiion to boUovo
that tliu feen and practice may bo about £1'20 additional.

Testimonials to bo lodged, on or buloro tho Htli Hoptembor. with
F. N, Mknziks, Esq.. Secretary of the Illghlan*! anJ Agricultural
Society, a, Georgu IV. Urldgo, Edinburgh.

Eiit Agricultural ©ajcttc*

SATURDAY, AUUUiiT 31, \mi.

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Incon>orated by Spocial Act of Parliament in 1853.
To LAHDOWNKas. THE Clerov, Estate Agents, Survevorb, Ac, in

England and Walks, and in Scotland.
The Company aavancen money, unlimited in amount, for tho
following works of Agricultural hnprovomont, the whole outlay and
©xpensoa In all cases oeing liquidated by o rent-charge for 25 years.

1. Drainage, Irrigation, and Waiting, Kmbanking. Inclo.sing,

Clearing, Reclamation, Planting, for any beneficial purpose,
Engines or Machinery for Drainage or Irrigation.

2. Farm Roads, Tramways and Railroads for agricultural or farming

purposes.

3. Jetties or Landing places on the sea-coast or on the banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Erection ol Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other

jJulldings required for Earm purposes, and tho improvement
of and additions to Farm Housea and other buildings for
I'.irm purposes.
Lnndownora assessed under the provisions of any Act of Parlia-
ment, Roval Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
gcneriil works of Drainage or other Improvements, may borrow their
proportionate share of the cost, and charge the same with the
esuenses on the lands improved.

The Company will also negoti.^te the Rpnt-charges obtained by
Landowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 1S64, in respect of
their Subscription of Shares in a Railway or Canal Company.

No investigation of title is required, and the Company being of a
strictly fnancial chai-acter, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to Granville R. Hvdek, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street, London, S.W.

Limited, Fitxruy Works, Euston Road, London.

c

^OTTAM'S

PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

cow FITTINGS.

THE GENERAL LAND DRAINAGE and
IMPROVEMENT COMPANY. Offices. 22. Whitehall Place.
Under this Company's Act Tenants for Life, Trustees, Mortgagees,
Guardians, Comnntteos of Incompetent Persons, Beneficial LsJisees,
Corporations {Ecclesiastical or Municipal), Incumbents, Charitable
Trustees, &c.. may effect the following Land Improvements, and
charge the outlay and exponsos on the estate improved, by way of
rentcharge, to be paid by half-yearly instalments, viz. :—

1. All works of Dramage, Irrigation, Warping, and Embankment.

2. The Erection of Farmhouses, Cottages for Agricultural
Labourers, and all kinds of Farm Buildings.

3. Tho Construction of Roads.

4. Tho Grubbing and Clearing of old Woodlands, Enclosing,
Fencing, and Reclaiming Land.

The ownei^s of Estates, not entailed, who may be desirous to avoid
the expense or inconvenience of a Legal Mortgage, may also charge
tnolr Estates with an Outlay in Improvements imdor the simple and
inexDeiisive process of the Company s Act.

The Term of Years for the Rentcharge is fixed by the Landowner,
eo as to adapt the amount of Annua,! Payment to the circumstances
of the Tenants,

No Investigation of Title being required, and the Charge not being
affected by Encumbrances, no Legal Expenses are incurred

Tho Arrangements for Effecting Improvements are threefold —

No. 1. The Works may be Designed and Executed entirely by the
Lando^imer's Agent, and the Company employed only to supply the
Loan and conduct the matter through all the official Forma for
Charging the Outlay on the Estate.

No. 2. Tho Company will supply Plana, Specifications, and Esti-
mates for any Improvements to be executed by the Landowner'a
Agent as under No. 1. In each of these cases the Landowner will be
solely under the control of the Enclosure Commissioners,

No. 3. The Company will midertake theentire responsibility of the
Improvements, prepare the Plans, execute the Works, and finally
charge on the Estate the actual amount expended, with their Com-
mission thereon, approved by the Enclosure Commissioners.

Landowners may thus obtain what assistance they require from
the Company, and no more, in effecting the objects in view.

Works of Drainage and other Improvements are aiso executed on
Commission for Landowners, who merely require the skill and
experience of the Company's Officers and a Staff Id constant practice.

Applications to be addressed to IIorace BaoRE, the Secretary, at
the Office of the Comoany. 22, Wlntehall Place, London. S.W.

G

ARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great

X vfiriety of patterns and materials, the plainer sorts being
e.specially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no farther labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, con-
sequently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., in Arti-
ficial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. 4 G. RosiicR. Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Cnelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.

Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corridors, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stone, In blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS ol more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walla of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of gi'eat durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosukk, at their premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses— 14.?. per Ton, or Is. Zd. per Bushel ; 23. per Ton extra
Jor delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, \a. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. & G. RosHER. — Addresses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

Their advantages are— Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasui e, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Ti-oughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Clean^, durable, and impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, 653.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above aro exhibited, together with several important Improvements
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

«^ W7ARNER'S SILICATE of IRON PAINT.

kjj'^y^ VV — The peculiarities and advantages of this
B|yEflB Faint are that it will stand extreme Heat and Damp,
HBH^H and is not afi'ected by Acid, Sea Water, Sulphuretted
^^A^U Hydrogen, or Ammonia, lb is equally well adapted
^ ^^^~ for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Every Shade of
Colour ground to order. Tbe Creamy White and
Bright Stone will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of the
fumes of Gases. It has no smell, and there is an entire absence
of deleterious effect.

WARNER'S ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION is suitable for
Felt Roofing, and is a Cheap Coating for Iron Work, and preserves
Wood in India from the ravages of the White Ant. Price la. 3d.
per gallon.

17, Laurence Pountney Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.G.

CARSON'S ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,
Patroniaed by tho Nobility and Gentry, Is extensively used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and is proved, after a test
of 71) years, to surpass any other Paint. It is especiallv applicable
to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo, and is tho only Paint that will
effectually resist the rays of the sun upon Conservatories, Green-
houses, Frames, &c. Is twice as durable as genuine White Lead, so
simple in application that any person can use it. per cwt

WHITE, LIGHT STONE, BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 30i.

LEAD, CHOCOLATE, RED, PURPLE, BROWN, and BLACK 26s.

BRIGHT GREEN, DEEP GREEN, and BLUE 42«.

Prepareri OIL MIXTURE lor the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES. 40.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Porta

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post free.

Walter Carson k Sons,

La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.G.

Caution.— All Ca.sks should bear the Trade Mark. So Agents.

Oil Faint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish iB an
excellent substitute fur oil p.aint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in the
pounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
liundreda of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
application.

Front RonT. Raikes, Esq., Eaaf Dale, near Brough, Yorkshire.

" I have used your Black Varnish for park palings and consider it
to be the most durable and best thing of the kind 1 have ever seen.
I think it might be applied with still greater advantage to iron
fencing instead of paint, and it is my intention so to employ it in
future."

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. Gd. per gallon, at the
Maniifactory, or U. Sti. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Hill & Smith, Briefly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.C., from ivhom only it can be obtained.

The ErvERS CoMmssiON have couiploted tlioir
third report — relating to tho pollutions caused
by the wooUou and worsted manufactures in tho
district of the rivers Aire and C'alder, but con-
taining much also of general and agricultural
interest. Thus, they give it for their opinion
that all pollution of rivers, whether by trade and
manufacture or by sewage, ought to bo pro-
vented at tho cost of the community causing
such pollution. At Croydon, Norwood, and
elsewhere, injunctions have been obtained,
forbidding the passage of sewage into tho
running waters below a certain definite
standard of purity ; and, there, after all
other systems have failed, a clarification of such
sewage by irrigation has been ellected, which is
successful not only for the avoidance and abate-
ment of nuisance, but for tho attainment of a
certain amount of profit from the operation. And
in any case tho Commissioners believe that if
there bo any immediate loss consequent upon
the expense of dealing with sewage, the advantage
of the operation to the whole community — of the
perfect abatement of a serious mischief, more
than overrides it.

It is, however, hardly to be doubted that in
the great majority of instances an immediate as
well as indirect profit arising out of sewage
irrigation is possible. AVhere immense quantities
of rain-water, as well as of sewage, have to be
pumped any considerable height before land
capable of turning the whole to account cau be
commanded, most likely the cost will be exces-
sive ; but ,wherevei- no gi'eat expenditure is
needed for pumping, and still more, of course,
where no pumping whatever is required, tho
experience of several places shows that the pro-
duce obtainable is a good repayment of the cost.
On turning over the Grass account of the several
beds or panes, in which the u-rigated land near
Barking is worked, we find that Plot No. 6,
which is 3 roods and 26 perches in extent,
yielded 18 tons 3 cwt. of Grass in two cuttings
before May 25 this year ; on June 26, it yielded
close on 10 tons ; on July 20, close on 10 tons;
on August 24, 9 tons 13 cwt. ; or 47 tons 16 cwt.
in five cuttings before the 24th of August ; which
is upwards of 50 tons per acre.

On Plot No. 8, which is 3 roods and 16 perches
in extent, there were cut in the weeks ending
April 20, May 25, June 22, July 20, and
August 17 respectively — 9, 10, 7f, 10-^, and
9 tons, or 45 tons 19 cwt. in all, which represents
a still larger quantity per acre. On Plots
Nos. 18 and 19, 2 acres 3 roods 30 perches in
extent, there were cut, in the weeks ending
April 6 and April 13, 18 tons 10 cwt. ; on May 18,
37 tons 9 cwt. ; on June 15 and 22, 28 tons
11 cwt.; on July 13, 27 tons 1 cwt.; and on
August 10, 26 tons 3 cwt., or 137 tons 14 cwt. in
aU, which is about 45 tons per acre. These
figures certainly prove that enormous produce is
obtainable from the use of sewage, and we should
be glad to show this Grass to Mr. Alexander
Forsyth, to whose interesting paper on hay-
making in another page we dii'ect our readers,
certain that ho would admit, notwithstanding
what he has there said of Sewago Grass, that it
is possible to grow Italian Eye-grass, green and
hard, and well-developed, ripe and wholesome,
on beds irrigated thus. We believe, then, that in
this one crop alone — and many others are being
proved available — riverside and inland towns have
an easy and satisfactory escape from all the
difficulties which the water-closet system and im-
pending legislation are about to bring upon them.

We have received from Mr. Hugh

Smith, of Much Hadham, Herts, a letter
descriptive of an experiment in sheep-feeding,
in which dried Mangel Wurzel was pitted against
good oil-cake. The root contains in its natural
state eight -ninths of water to one-ninth of dry
substance, and Mr-. Smith, remembering that it
is generally consumed when the temperature is
low, that the animal has to eliminate this one-
ninth of dry food from the remaining eight-
ninths of water, that it has to raise this large

SlO

quantity of water from, this low temperature to
the natural temperature of its bodj^ and then to
expel the superfluous water from the system— it
occurred to him that the carbon requu'ed to per-
form all these operations might be more econo-
mically supplied from extraneous sources than
from the physical constitution— that, in short, car-
bon m the shape of coal at ^Id. per lb. mii^ht be an
economical substitute for mutton or beeffat at 9d.
Actmg upon these convictions, he took eight tons
of Mangel, and, having passed them through the
pulper, he put them on the kiln to dry. When the
water was entirely expelled, he found he had as
residue one ton of dry pulverised matter, extremely
sweet and palatable. Such a substance ought to
have high feeding powers. The next point was to
ascertain this by the test of practical experience.

To effect this object he placed the ton of dry
food in the hands of his neighbour, Mr. Henky
Knight, one of the most considerable tenant
farmers in the parish, and requested him to
ascertain practically its feeding value. For this
purpose he selected two lots of sheep of five each,
and put them on to Grass divided by hurdles,
giving one lot oil-cake, the other lot the prepared
roots, commencing with half a pound, and, by
degrees going up to a 71b. cake for the five
sheep, and 7 lb. weight of prepared Mangel for
the other lot per day ; this has been their allow-
ance for the last two months. The oU-cake was
the very best that could be purchased, costing in
April last 111. 10s. per ton.

The result of 12 weeks' feeding has far
exceeded his most sanguine expectation. Preju-
diced at the commencement of the experiment in
favour of oil-cake, he has come slowly to the
conviction that prepared Mangel has a superior
feeding value to that justly-estimated article.

The two lots of sheep of five each were put up
on May 25. They then weighed exactly alike,
viz., 603 lb. each lot of five. After monthly
weighings, indicating a slower progress at first
on the part of the Mangel-fed lot, they were
again weighed on August 17, when the five on
cake weighed 770 lb., or 154 lb. apiece, and the
others 787 lb., or 157 lb. apiece. This has been
the result of the rapid progress made by those
fed on dry Mangels during the last month of the
trial. Mr. Smith adds :— The sheep are still
being fed in the same manner, and I shall be
happy to show both the sheep and the food to all
who may be interested in the matter.

It appears that the expense of manufaotiu'e,
i.e., pulping, kiln-drying, and pressing into
cakes, amounts to 21. per ton.

For those who may wish to further investigate
the matter, it is added that the place is 26 miles
from town, and a branch station on the London
and Hertford Une.

THE GARDENERS' CHIiOKlCLE AND AGMCTJLTtmAL GAZETTE.

[Attgust 31, 1867.

strain four and a-half times greater. It is not so
long ago when we had railway locomotive engines
taking the whole draught of the train from a
plats rivetted to the firebox casing, but it is now
generally admitted that the boQer has quite
enough to do without throwing extraneous work
upon it. Where traction and ploughing engines
are put, as they now are, to hard work, the bolts
fastening the cylinders, brackets, and other parts
of the boiler are often, if not constantly, leakino-,
and to make good a steam -joint of this kind is
always attended with difBoulty. We find suifi-
cieut evidence, after a somewhat extended inquiry,
to convince us that the practice of bolting all the
machinery of a powerful traction engine to the
boiler must be abandoned, and the sooner the
better. Locomotive engineers now make the
boiler quite distinct li-om everything else, so that
both the boiler and machinery (or, technically,
the "engine") maybe worked quite independ-
ently of each other.

These remarks of Encfineering- represent the
technical and mechanical merits of Mr.
PHiLLLPs-SiiiTH's engines. The more dii-ectly I
economical and agricultural merits of his plan of
steam cultivation hinge, of course, on the
advantage of keeping two tools constantly at work
—one, perhaps, a plough, and the other follow-
ing it either a harrow or a cultivator ; or the one
a cultivator, going 6 inches deep, and the other
a grubber, stii-ring the land 2 or 3 inches deeper.
The advantages of two engines in place of one
in facilitating the moving of the apparatus from
field to field, and from farm to farm, are so great
as to have justified the greater cost, even when
only one tool was driven by the two engines in
the field. Certainly the combination of double
efaciency when at work, with double rapidity of
movement from place to place, of which the
double engine plan is now made capable, must
hasten the progress of steam cultivation, whether
on large farms by piu-chase, or on small occupa-
tions by hiving.

A DESCRIPTION of Mr. Phillips- Smith's
system of double tool steam cultivation, to
which, according to Enrjineering, he has an
exclusive patent right, is extracted in another
page from the columns of our contemporary. The
drawings which accompany the description repre-
sent two long frames on wheels carrying engines,
with vertical drums at either end, which are thus
far enough apart to allow of the tools they
severally actuate pasising one another without
interference on their journeys to and fro across
the field. It is hardly possible to doubt that the
superiority of steam cultivation must so commend
itself, even in cases where the capitalneeded for the
purchase of steam-cultivating machinery does not
exist, that the practice of hiring must ultimately
at least be frequent. And in that case it is cer-
tain that double engines, working double tools in
this way, will excel all others. In the engines
patented by Mr. Phillips-Smith the cylinders
and working parts are bolted, not to the boQer,
but to the framework by which the boiler is
carried ; and the strain upon the fastenings is thus
directed where it is less likely to be mischievous
than, under the ordinary plan of bolting cylin-
der and boiler together, it is. This is pointed
out by Engineering as an improvement much re-
quired; and especially important in a class of
engines which, numerous as they at present are,
must be largely increased in number before the
immense field for steam cultivation in Eno-land
is anything like sufficiently overtaken.

Our contemporary informs us that the old-
fashioned 8-horse portable engine, with a pair
of 6-inch cylinders, worked at 40 lb. boiler
pressure, sustains a strain of about 1 ton alter-
nately to and fro at the point where the cylinders
are fastened to the boiler. The 12-horse plough-
ing engine, with a pair of 7^-inch cylinders
worked at 120 lb., sustains, at the same point, a

, . Mr. TtTENER, of Richmond, sends to the Times

Ills annual estimate of harvest prospects, founded this
tame upon observations during a journey through
Uiesliire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, Oxfordshire
^<>f's, Hants, Wilts, Dorset, Devonshire, and Corn-
wall His general impression has been favourable. In the
Midland Counties he was struck with the boldness and
brightness of the ear and straw, and in the south
the crops are as good, and in as good condition
as could reasonably have been expected. We fear that
the character of the crops along Mr. Tuenek's route is
not suthciently indicative of our harvest prospects
^ a whole to give his annual letter to the
^jiKcs its usual importance. Had he travelled
through the eastern instead of mainly throu''h
the western coiinties his opinion would have
been valuable We hear from an extensive occupier
in ounolk, that the threshing-machine is giving a
worse account of the Wheat crop than had been
already given to us in the estimates of resident farmers
in various parts of Norfolk and Suffolk.

A NEW SYSTEM OF HAYMAKING

WITH EEMABKS OS THE CtTLTUEE OF (JRASS.

_^ It is easy enough, as the old adage hath it, to
make your hay while the sun shines," and I have
nothing to offer that can supersede the bright sun-
shine for haymaking; but when clouds have obscured
the sun for many days and rain has fallen I can still
save the crop, as this system works best when there is
moisture m the Grass, and I should have no more
diliiculty in drying the herbage in March or September
than at Midsummer. In drying the leaves of the Tea
pfaut It is very queslionable whether the grower would
ever get his Tea into marketable condition by any
system of air drying such as we practise for hay. In
drying medicinal herbs and pot-herbs, which is oulv
haymaking on a small scale, it is no easy matter to
preserve the medicinal qualities of the herbs for
distillation and the colour of the pot-herbs ; and in
this matter we have the evidence of the Chinese as
well as that of our own experience, that drying them in
the sun la not the best way to accomplish these ends
Herbs dried in the shade and by artificial heat are
superior to sun-dried herbs, and although meadow
ttrass with all its mixture of field herbs may be sun-
dried m the field and afterwards fermented in the
haystack so as to smell quite sweet as hay after the
genuine orthodox system of haymaking as by use and
wont established, it could not compare in flavour with
lea leaves artaficially dried as the Teas of commerce
are dried by the Chinese, nor with Camomile flowers
white as snow done by the herbalist, nor with Parsley
green and full-flavoured, done by the housekeeper ; ali
of which had been done hastily, and by artificial
means, as one would di-y linen before a fire or else on a
kiln as one would parch corn. In the case of hay-
making m our day hands can hardly be got to do it as
formerly, and this difficulty is likelv to increase • and
moreover hay will not pay for making at high wages,
therefore the mowing machine must be used to save
the costly scythe labour, just as the threshing machine
has been used to supersede the flail ; and means must
needs be devised to dry hay by artificial means in this
uncertain cluuate of ours, instead of helplessly lookin™

on until we see the half-dried herbage rot in the hay-
cocks In the Exhibition of 1851 there was to be seen
a cofi^ee-drying machine, it looked like a chest of
drawers and the wet berries were put in the shallow
trays or drawers, and each drawer was made to slide on
rails, and was run out on castors, so as to look when
open like a stair, each tread being a layer of cofl-ee corns
drying; and in case of dew or rain all the drawers
could be run into the chest, and were thus for the
tme housed from wet. The principle is a good one
and may be used by us as well as by theni, for the
coffee-plauter rejected the foul weather and made the
best of the fair weather. It is a well-known fact that
wet hnen will dry in a thorough draught in a gallery or
shed, where air is fully admitted and rain kept out •
every postage stamp and receipt stamp wetted and put'
on IS a case in point of the action of air-dryino- ■ all
the paste used m paper-hanging is air-dried it 'has
simply a house over it, and yet every room, passage
and garret gets duly dried in a few days at most'
Where yarns are manufactured, and particularly
in the bleach crofts, this air-drying process may
be seen gomg on at any time; but the ugliest
sample of drying which manufacturers have to deal
with m this country is that of drying bricks so as to
get a lunip of clay-puddle, hard and dry, ready for
baking in the brick oven or in the damp The brick
moulder has been taught by experience that if he
leaves his batch of wet clay exposed to the air it wiU
assuredly very soon get dry on the surface, hence we
see It carefully covered over with matting to keep the
air from it If we take a week of changeable weUer
at any time, we shall find that three-fourths of it has
been such that a lump of wet elay or a web of wet linen
would have dried very considerably-the clay bavin"
been in an open shed, and the linen hanging on a line
under cover— even although rain had been falliu" for
three days out of the seven. The bleacher and the brick-
maker are necessarily well versed in the power of air-
drying, and, next to seafaring men, may be said
to have their weather eye open." If bricks had to
be wholly dried, as they are first laid flat on the ground
like hay the risk of their being damaged by rain would
be greater than it is now, and the cost would be
increased Ijy the extra space and time required • but
when bricks are just hard enough to be built up into
iow open walls and roofed over, the brickmaker con
siders them nearly out of danger from wet There
really appears to be no end to the millions upon millions
of tons of clay puddle that have been air-dried, and
that are now being air-dried into bricks ready for
burning, and yet with the exception of frosty weather
we never hear at any other time of a brickmaker that
could not dry his bricks. Therefore let no one despair
tor if the greater evil has been already got over and
c ay-puddle has, been air-dried, hay can be air-dried
also ; but lor this end we must borrow— as I am doin»
now— ideas from mechanism applied to other manu-
factures already m good working order ; and for om-
encouragement in this line, let us bear in mind that
when gardening was enslaved to the scythe, as it has
been m my time, and men had to mow very early in
the morning, or, to speak more plainly, had to labour a
good part ol the mght m the heat of the Grass-growing
season to keep the lawn and flower garden neat (and
this under the ancient pretence— quite true— that the
Grass cuts best about 3 or 4 o'clock in the mornin")
in due time the machine maker borrowed t£e
revolving shears from the manufacturer of velvet
and by engrafting that shears upon something like
pur garden-roller, gardening got the tool that was
invented and used to shear velvet to cut Grass neatly
and thus do the lawn-mowing, and that not in the
morning only, but all daylong; and it was not long
after this that the reapmg-maohine came upon the
stage, not as a revolving shears, but a real go-a-head
taifors snip —a shears, or rather a scissors of the
simplest and most ancient type, the chief invention in
both cases being the application of the clippiu"
principle: and all the other items, such as traction-
delivery, &c., were merely auxiliaries. The one-blade
system of scythe and sickle, wielded by men, is now on
its trial against the two-bladed reaper drawn by horses
One of the greatest practical difficulties to be
encoiintered with haymaking is its bulky character
and if the bulk could be reduced that alone wouli
make haymaking much more manageable than 'it is
now. When the Stafl'ordshire potter packs his ware in
the orates the straw is laid so evenly, and packed so
tightly with the ware, that after all the goods have
been got out of the crate it can hardly be made to hold
the loose straw that has come out of it, and wafers are
said to have been laid by good packers that a country-
man could not cram all the loose straw into the crate
that had held goods and straw both ; but when
Hodge " twisted the straw into ropes, it was soon
found that they occupied only about one-third of the
crate, and so the countryman won the wager.
• J ''^'ow the brick croft, or rather the tile croft, is just my
idea of what a hay croft ought to be, and when hay-
has been spun into ropes, and wound upon a bobbin or
centre, two rows deep, and the centre has been taken
out, it will leave the buy cylinder with a hole all
through like a dram pipe. I have called the centre piece
a cylinder, but, accurately speaking, it is the frustrum
of a cone, with a diameter of 4i inches at one end and
only 4 inches at the other, and when a wall of these
hay cylinders has been set up like a w.all of drain pipes,
the first process will be inaugurated, and aU the
tossmgs, turnings, rakings, &c., of haymaking will be
laid aside, and the open wall of unburnt bricks will be
the model to work by, and the pipe file will be the
pattern of the hollow ware. Hay spins best when
damp, and after the Grass has fallen from the crisp
state it gets tougher than before, as well as more
pliable. Flax is wetted in spinning : it is, therefore,
nothing new to damp the staple, or to spin it in a damp
state. When once hay has been spun, and thus

AuotJST 81, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CTTRnNlCLE AND AGRTCtTT-TIIRAL GAZETTE.

911

ti"litlv pi-ossfil into shape on a bobbin, it has entered
iipnu'ii now phase in its "making;" reduced in built,
linn and compact to handle, yet open like a stonk to
tlic air, it can now be kiln-dried, if necessary, as well as
aii--dried. I have elsewhorestated howhay has been kdn-
dricdbyscioutilic men and ground into meal, and nuido
into biscuits, but for our present purpose wo only
want it milled, not baked, to enable the farmer to
feed stock with it without waste, and to add water and
such seasonini,' as ho sees fit ; for although the horse
has a mill ill liis mouth, it is cheaper for the owner
to pay lor the milling than to employ the mouth of
the horso to do it, Buonaparte I. issaid to have
allowed only 20 minutes for his staff officers to dine,
and Mr. Br'assey, the railway contractor— foUowinf:, no
doubt, such a colebriited leader— allowed the same time
to his lino teams of waggon horses for their midday
meal, and they generally iinished in the time allotted,
and lay down 'to rest for the remainder of the hour.
French ctiiiuottc saved the oflioors' time, as it is the
servants that carve in France, and not the gentlemen ;
and Brasscy's horses in like manner bad their bait
ground or otherwise prepared for them before it got
into tho manger. The cow and other ruminating
animals grind their food wet by chewing the cud, after
the fashion that colour-grinders make paint; whereas
tho horse grinds dry, and his corn gets but one offer,
and unless every grain of Oats gets crushed by his
teeth into meal, it is as pood as lost, in proof of which
wo see the Oats germinate after being eaten, and
many a lean horso would wear a better coat if the
miller were to give him a hand to grind both hay
and Oats.

Mr. Snieo, tho celebrated physician, made biscuits of
hay bleached, and also of straw, to show what could bo
done, after the Potato failure, with Grass as food for
man, Sliould any one be at a loss in learning to spin
bay, let him go to the nearest rope-walk, and see
several people spinning whilst one turns the wheel for
all the rest ; and if this does not satisfy him he might
look ill at tbe princely establishments in the province
of Ulster, where they spin fine linen, and take a lesson
there; or if the woollens were more in his way, tbe
Vale of Stroud has tho yarn for her broadcloth spun to
perfection ; and lastly, let him look at the way they do
it in Lancashire, for the Cotton lord has taught
thousands how to " toil and spin." There is a small
tool called a hand-nTonch or twister, for making straw
ropes, and whether neat or clumsy, the tool is to be
found in some shape at every farmhouse in Aberdeen-
shire : it is called the thrack-thruck. Now let any
one take this hand-gear, and make himself a rope of
half-dried hay, and wind it two threads deep on a piece
of wood, l inches in diameter and 18 inches long, and
when the wood is removed let this Grass cylinder be
suspended in an open shed till it is air-dried, not
troubling himself about the consequences, but
confining the experiment to the question— Can hay be
well dried in this way ? and when this has been
answered, further issue in the matter can be taken.
Fifty blunders in trying would be no evidence of the
thing being impracticable. There has always been a
link awanting in the chain of haymaking ; it never
could be piled or set up because it was loose, not
pressed ; and it could get no help in drying because it
was so clumsy you could not house it ; it was appa-
rently made to be trampled upon, and when carted and
stacked it seemed like some great accumulation of
loose litter gathered into an immense cottage-shaped
rick, differing only from a dunghill in having some-
thing hke a roof over it, but in no case giving one the
idea that it was worthy of respect as a valuable article
of food, to be kept clean and dry.

Unless hay is made up on bobbins, or otherwise
twisted and pressed, it cannot be kiln-dried. Hay thus
dried is greener and lighter than ordinary hay, and is
old hay at once, and all ideas about fermentation are, of
course, quite out of the question ; it is too dry for that.

The doctrine that horses and cattle are beasts of
taste, and that they like their fodder with some
flavour, is only of recent promulgation among farmers,
as witness tbe " food for cattle " men " doing the
chemistry " with Fenugreek and ginger, and charging
accordingly. ^Vhere tillage with the rotation of
crops is ])ractisc(l, and credit taken for good farm-
ing, the kind of Grass grown for hay is often
of the lowest order ; I allude to the Bye-grass and
Clover of the Scottish husbandry, the "Clover and
Eaver " of the Devon farmer. Rye-grass, or Hay-grass,
in all its forms is certainly one of our heaviest_ Grasses,
and it is indigenous to the land we live in ; it is there-
fore a free grower, but a coarse plant, and it is just the
sort of Grass that when dried should certainly have a
trifle spent upon it in the way of salt. Fenugreek, and
ginger. The way that Ray-grass is cultivated or grown
13 such that no fine or tender Grass could endure. The
seeds of this Grass are heavy, and it is therefore easily
sowed as compared with the extremely light seeds of
some other Grasses. When a crop of Oats or Barley
has been sowed, and has begun to braird, the ground is
over-sowed with this " Clover and Eaver " broadcast,
much after the fashion we imagine that the Arch-
Fiend did in tho good man's field when he sowed the
cockle " while men slept." Where a crop has got well
established you cannot grow tender seedlings of the
finer Grasses by over-sowingj for they can only be
grown well where the land is like a flower garden, and
every part of their culture needs the greatest care and
nicety. I have often seen costly mixtures of Grass seeds
sowed, but when I came to look for the plants in the
Grass field they were not forthcoming ; the seeds of the
finer Grasses are so small in size and light in weight that
extraordinary care is needed to sow them and cover
them in, for they must neither be buried nor left above
ground. And where are the farms, where the land in
spring could be brought to such a fine tilth as to
receive them properly,? and how are they to be covered
in ? and with what ? Those who are iu the habit of

sowing fine seeds in-doors know what delicate handling
they rciiuire, yet, notwithstanding all this, if we are to
liavc good hay wc must have high quality in the
Grass ; and as all the e('niioinii:al Grasses are accurately
ligiircd and described in liooks, there can be no excuse
for growing "Clover and Kavcr," as if there were no
other kinds of Grass in iMiltivalion. I woulil adviso all
who aro interested in Giusses to study well the living
specnmens to bo found in gardens such as the Botiinic
( rardcn at Kew, and in the native habitats, hill and dale.
Since the era of cheap literature the straw that formerly
was so much wasted has found an outlet, and is now
sold to the paper-maker, who cuts itand sorts it in such
a systematic way that the growers of hay and straw may
well take a lesson from him. The straw is digested in a
strong alkaline ley to sei>arate its flinty coat from it.'
woody fibre, which latter article is what the paper
maker wants. The vegetable tissue, along with the spent
ley, is generally wasted, and, although unquestionable
as a manure for Grass, yet being so abundant and
unmanageable, it froths in torrents, drugging tho
stream that carries it away.

Besides tho botanical character of the Grasses to
be grown for good haymaking, we must not forget
that tlio welfare of tho Grass plants will generally
depend upon the materials supplied to them, for
vegetables must feed upon what is set before them.
The caustic alkaline ley above mentioned, when
diluted with water until it scarcely tastes soapy, is a
cheap and very efficient manure ; indeed all the forms
of soda sensibly affect Grass crops, even when the dose
seems quite iuflnitessimal. Salt is one of the cheapest
Grass manures, and greatly improves the quality of
Grass, if I may use the expression, for the table ; for the
" salt lick" tells truly without .speech how cattle long
to have their portions seasoned with salt. Sulphuric
acid (or oil of vitriol) is perhaps the cheapest stimulant
we have for Grass, as it has to be diluted with not less
than 500 times its weight of water, or 900 times its
bulk of water, to make good acid manure water. Wood
ashes are nearly a good as guano for Grass laud, and the
ash of the rank Bracken Fern (Pteris aquilina),
formerly used as wash balls, is better even than wood
ashes. Lime, guano, and bone-dust, are all so well
understood in the culture of cereals, that the farmer
who would e.ssay to grow Barley, for example, without
lime, would be black-balled as unworthy of the
fraternity to which he belongs. Farm-yard manure
and night-soil, or town manure, are staple articles, and
need not be named if it were not that they are all
chords on the same instrument to be sounded, and
there has already been too much "fiddhng upon
one string." There is, perhaps, no greater bubble
afloat in the agricultural world now than the value
set upon dirty water as manure for Grass. Water and
manure are both so clearly right for Grass that no one
questions their efficacy, but every swiU is not manure
water: and when Grass has been grown under certain
conditions, such as the shade of trees and certain forms
of irrigation, although it may be tall and thick— a regular
" fill basket " — it is not rich Grass ; and experienced
dairy people can tell what pasture-fields their cows
have been in by the flavour and richness of their milk :
and this test must ever be respected, as it is the golden
one, the rin.g of the Califoruian metal that no one
dares to despise. Ou leaving Edinburgh for the north
and west by rail, we see sewage irrigation under the
very best circumstances, but to me the Grass looked
dull as the ditch-water that had set it up, and its green
was not the light Grass green, but bad the leaden hue,
like the green of Solanums, and the land was not red
earth, and had not the healthy look of land warped by
the sea, but seemed such earth as Cobbett got his ideas
of muckworms from ; and unless the finer Grasses were
grown in such a place by themselves they could not be
grown at all, as the rank kinds would ruin the weaker
growing ones.

To an ordinary observer the world seems to
have been sown with Grass from a random mixture
of species, but on closer examination we soon see how
beautifully Nature has suited the Grasses to the sites
tbey occupy. Look, for instance, at the wiry bundles of
that Storm Grass, the common Sheep's Fescue (Festuca
ovina) thriving ou the bleak hillside in a thin layer
of vegetable mould : its hair-like foliage exposes neither
length nor breadth to the storm, which from the
situation is its " constant and familiar guest." I have
no hesitation in saying that this Grass does work that
no other sort of Grass could do better, if so well ; and it
is by studying Grasses where they are at home that
we see their true characters and what they are capable
of doing for us. The Wheat being a true Grass and
so well known, may be quoted to show the culture of
Grass ; its seeds have been measured, numbered, and
weighed, and an acre has been planted with the dibbler
witii a gallon of Wheat, and as the crop has been
satisfactory, we have the clearest evidence that the
work had been done accurately as to distances between
the lines and spaces ; but fortunately Wheat is one of
the largest Grass seeds we possess.

About 1821 there was growing in the parish of Old
Meldrum, on the lleldrum House estate, belonging to
James Urquhart, Esq., acres of native and foreign
Grasses in flat drills, just as the Wheat is grown
in England. He employed women to weed his
Timothy Grass and his Foxtail Grass, &c. ; but
to sow the light and small seeds, and to cover
them in, was the work of his gardeners' men,
and it was done neatly ; and I cannot see why we
should always mix Grass seeds. The Scottish squire
grew them separately, and when I saw them
they were luxuriating on land that only a year or two
before had been a worthless swamp, and they were
, sowed after the same'fashion that wheat is dibbled : and
by this treatment the finest Grasses can be successfully
cultivated ; and as it is wisely laid down in the cookery
book that you must "first catch your hare" before you
proceed any further with your cookery, so in hay-

making wo must first of all provide ourselves with
I)lenty of rich Grass. When the Scottish housewifo
coloured her butter, she grated carrots and put the
pidp into tho churn in a linon bag; but when I
wanted yellow butter, I also grated the carrots and
gave thorn to tho cow, and the effect produced in both
cases as to colour was the same, but the milk as well
as tho cream and butter in the latter case was
greatly improved by the carrots: and I cannot too
often repeat that wo must first feed the Grass and
then feed tho beeves with it. How very slowly
agricultural intelligence travels even on tho best of
roads ! I recollect perfectly the heaps of dry bones
and unbiiried offal that lay bleaching on the com-
mon around our village before we had learned tho value
of such a manure, for the "Cannie Scot" had pinned
his faith to the bulky midden, made up in great part
of wot straw, and could not believe in bone-dust at
first, and was altogether incredulous on the use of
guano; and the leading articles in the Scottish news-
papers jibed and jeered about " essence of manure in a
bottle, and the kilted Highlander brushing the fields
with a feather." But a reformation of manners soon
set in, and the dry bones disappeared as if by magic
from the conimou, and found graves in tbe parallels of
drill hu-ibandry, or were ground to powder and the
treasured dust sowed on the green sward to enrich the
(jra«s, which it did most eU'eotually. I may here state
that I first became acquainted with Grasses sorted
and grown separately in my youth. Mr, Urquhart's
Grass plantations looked quaint, and the names were
odd, and many of them then, as well as now, had a tail to
them— as Cat's-tail Grass, Mouse-tail Grass, Fox-tail
Grass, and Dog's-tail Grass ; and a child must be dull
indeed that could forget the Quaking Grass, with its
trembling spikelets, like so many palpitating hearts,
or the beautiful Feather Grass of the gardens, with its
silky beard, like tho downy plumage of some rare bird.
About 30 years ago I went from London to Bedford-
shire, a distance of 10 miles, on foot, to see the Grass
garden at Woburn Abbey, belonging to his Grace the
Duke of Bedford : the Grasses were arranged in small
squares like a quilted scroll, and each square neatly
edged with Grass. I have paid many a visit to the
long narrow neatly-kept beds allotted to the Grasses iu
tbe Kew Botanic Garden— it is such a treasure to find
the specimen accurately named ; and speaking from long
experience, I wonder at the little interest taken by most
of my companions in horticulture in the subject of
Grasses. I could find plenty of enthusiasts who have
scoured the straths of Scotland, the orchards and sea
cliffs of Devon, and the wilds of Westmoreland for
Ferns, when the search seemed very much like a wild
goose chase ; but with the exception of our leading
nurserymen, who deal in Grass seeds and grow patches
of each kind for trial and experiment, I know of very
few people who trouble themselves about the true
Grasses. Clover, Lucerne, Sanfoin and the like,
although cultivated either along with Grasses or by
themselves, as substitutes for Grass, have nothing to
do with the true Grasses, any more than a field of
Tares grown for fodder should be called Grass, or that
the poisonous Crowfoot should be raised to the same
dignity because when it is in flower it makes the
meadow shine like a sheet of gold by its unwel-
come presence. The system of haymaking and
haygrowing, as practised over the greater part
of the country, seems better suited to the patriar-
chal time when they harvested hay and provender
for cattle, than to the settled tiller for profit, with all
our modern means and appliances. I complain of
growing only R;iy-grass when there are so many otlier
choice sorts in the market. I complain of Grass being
grown in a slough of dirty water. I complain of
slovenly haymaking and the want of resources to do it
well, and I complain of good hay being wasted and
trodden under foot when it should have been not only
gathered into barns duly as cattle food but cut and
ground as if it were not only cooked for the cattle but
actually chewed for them. When the field is clothed
with Grass I want to arrest it when it is at the best
and bake it hard dry at once. The usual rule is to cut
the Grass when in flower ; thi.s is not a safe rule, for
some Grasses are past their prime when in flower, the
rich flower-stalk of the common Cauliflower is quite
worthless as food when the plant is in flower ; and this
clumsy example is clear enough in its way to show
what I mean, and there is a beautiful allusion to the
rapid drying, or rather baking of hay in Holy Writ,
where St. Matthew quotes his Blessed Master's sermon
on the Mount, that " The Grass of the field to-day is,
and to-morrow is cast into the oven," as if the tran-
sition should be accomplished in something less than
a day. Alex. Forsi/tA.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

The following notes on the history of this valuable
breed are taken from Eddowes* Shrewsbury^ Journal,
of the .31st ult. :— In these days of high farming, when
science and skill are brought to bear advantageously
not only on the cultivation of the land, but also on
that important adjunct to good farming, the propa-
gation of the various animals which afford us the
means of food and clothing, it may, perhaps, not be
unacceptable to our readers, especially those connected
with agriculture, to olTer a few remarks on the history,
past and present, of that important and valuable breed
of animals, now known as Shropshire sheep. It is
only within the last twenty years that the Shropshires
have been, so to speak, fashionable ; but many years
previously several of the leading agriculturists of this
countv had turned them to good account, and with a
far-sighted wisdom taken advantage of their hardy,
productive, and meat and wool-producing qualities.
So far back, indeed, as the year 13-13, history records
that Shropshire was famous for the quality of its
wool, which fetched a higher price at that time than

912

THE GAUDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGMCtlLTtlRAL GAZETTE,

[AuausT 31, 186?.

any other description quoted. From the Journal
of the Eoyal Agricultural Society we learn
that the prices of wool in that year were, for
Shropshire, 9/. 6*. 8d. per sack ; Oxford and Staf-
fordshire, S>1. 13s. id. ; Leicester Hereford, and
Gloucester, SI. ; and Cornwall, the lowest quoted, U.
Amongst the breeders of our own day we may mention
especially several who are now passed away — Mr.
Meire, of Berrington; Mr. Gittins, of Shrawardine
Cattle ; Mr. George Adney, of Harley ; Mr. Juckes, of
Tern ; Mr. Stephen Matthews, of Montford ; and Mr.
P. Lee, of Eiowton. These gentlemen, as well as many
others now living, well understood the value of the
breed, and spared neither pains nor expense in
improving them by the judicious selection of breeding
ewes as well as of sires. The first public recognition
of the " Shropshires " as a distinct breed was at the
meeting at Gloucester, in 1853, of the Koyal Agricul-
tural Society of England, when 30Z. was offered by the
late Hon. Robert Henry Clive, M.P. for South Shrop-
shire, as special prizes for " Shropshire or other grey
and black-faced short-woolled sheep." On this occa-
sion a prize was awarded to Mr. Thomas Hortou, of
Harnage Grange. In 1854, at the Lincoln R. A. S. E.,
there was no mention of them ; but at the Birmingham
show of the same year they were classed as at Glou-
cester, the prizes being awarded respectively to the
late T. C. Whitmore, Esq., of Apley, and Mr. Stephen
Matthews, of Montford. In July of the same year,
Mr. "W". G. Preece, to whose exertions the recognition
of the Shropshire sheep by the Council of the
E. A. S. E. as a distinct class is wholly due,
announced the great Shropshire ram sale, at
which 80 rams and 92 ewes were offered, and
sold at prices varying from 6 guineas to 32 guineas,
which latter sum was given by Messrs. Crane for a
ram from the flock ot Mr. Juckes, of Tern, whilst
GO ewes, belonging to Messrs. Crane, sold for nearly &l.
a head, a price hitherto imparalleled. Mr. Hilditch
on the same day sold 31 rams belonging to Messrs. S.
& J. Meire, Mr. John Evans, and llev. C. P. Peters ;
one of Mr. S. Meire's rams was let for the season at
SI guineas : those sold averaging 111. each. It now
became a subject of much discussion as to whether the
Shropshires were really a distinct breed or not; and
much interest was e.xcited among sheep breeders
thereby. The Birmingham Merald, in December,
1851, in an article wherein the merits of Shropshire
sheep were freely canvassed, arrives at the conclusion
that they are; it says: — "The questions which pur-
chasers have to consider, and which have no doubt
attracted their attention, are these— have the breeders
of this stock succeeded in obtaining purity of type ?
and can its present characteristics be perpetuated ?
These questions, we think, can be, and have been,
conclusively answered by the great uniformity which is
to be found in large flocks in various quarters, no less
than in the satisfactory reports of more recent pur-
chasers. It may also be safely assumed that the many
experienced agriculturists from all parts of the country,
who have attended the leading sales this season,
would not have been present to pay high prices unless
they were perfectly satisfied that they were securing
the means of establishing a distinct breed of sheep on
their own farms."

The breed now rapidly advanced in public favour
fully maintaining their high reputation at the Bir-
mingham and other provincial shows. It was not,
however, till the year 1860 that the Council of the
Eoyal was induced to grant them the dignity of a
separate ola^s, and fully recognise them as a distinct
breed. This distinction, to which they were undoubt-
edly as much entitled as any other breed of sheep in
the kingdom, was not achieved without a considerable
amount of dogged perseverance on the part of our
townsman, Mr. W. G. Preece, who, in recognition of
his services, was presented with a valuable testimonial
by the flockmasters of this and the adjoining counties,
breeders of Shropshires. Previous to this, however, we
find them again occupying a most important position
in the Eoyal showyards at Salisbury, Chester, and
"Warwick. At these meetings prizes were oflered " for
short-woolled sheep, other than Southdowns ; " and at
the two latter places special prizes were also announced
to be given by the local committees for Shropshires
exclusively.

It is, however, in the open classes that we recognise
more especially the superiority of the breed. At
Salisbury, in 1857, the entries m the class of yearling
rams of any short-woolled breed, not Southdowns,
numbered 58, the post of honour being assigned to the
late Mr. George Adney, of Harley, with the 1st prize of
25Z. In the aged ram class, comprising 42 entries, the
1st prize was taken by Mr. S. Meire with " Magnet,"
the 2d by Mr. G. Adney with " Patentee," whose blood
is so highly prized at the present day.

At Chester, in 1858, in the open classes, as at the
previous show, the Shropshires were again victorious,
under similar conditions, only that this year they took
first and second prizes in the shearling class, Mr. Foster
winning 1st, and Messrs. Crane 2d honours. In the
aged ram class, the 1st prize was won by Mrs. Baker,
of Grendon, whilst Messrs. Crane, for shearling ewes,
monopolised both 1st and 2d places. The special prizes
above alluded to were, of course, allotted to the winners
in the open classes. At the Warwick meeting of 1859,
the 1st prize for shearling rams, in the open class, was
won by Mr. J. Coxon, of Freeford, the winning sheep
being afterwards sold for a hundred guineas. The

Srizes for aged rams were awarded as follows : — 1st
Irs. Baker ; 2d, Messrs. Crane ; 3d, Mr. Adney ; and
for ewes, 1st, Mr. Holland; 2d, Messrs. Crane. The
special prizes also fell to the above-named winners,
Messrs. Sheldon & Horley being placed respectively
2d and 3d for shearlings.

In 1860 we find them, as previously mentioned,
receiving the tardy recognition of the Eoyal Society as
a distinct breed of sheep— a recognition which, after

their performances at Salisbury, Chester, and Warwick,
where their acknowledged superiority over all other
breeds which were brought into competition with
them, could no longer be withheld— 1st and 2d prizes
only of \U, and 51. respectively being given for each of
the three classes of shearling rams, aged rams, and
shearling ewes. This injustice was, however, soon
removed ; for in the following year we find the Shrop-
shires placed on a perfect equality, as regards prizes,
with the Southdowns, Leicesters, and other recognised
breeds. We here append, in a tabular form, the names
of the winners of all the Eoyal prizes from 1860 to
1867 inclusive :—

Year and
Meeting.

1860.
Canterbury

1861.
Leeds .

1862.
Batteraea

1863. I
Worcester 1

1864. f
Newc-astle )

1805. J
Plymouth j

1867.
Bury

Shearling
Earns.

T. Horton.

J. & E. Crane.

T. Horton.

J. & E. Crane.
Mrs. Baker.

T. Horton.
T. Mansell.
H. Matthews.

J. Stubbs.
T. Horton.
T. Horton.

E. Thornton.
H. Matthews.
J. Coxon.

2 J. & E. Crane.

3 T. MansoU.

1 J. Evans.

2 J. E^ans.

3 T. Manaell.

Earns of any
Age.

E. HoUand,

M.P.
T. Horton.

E. Holland,

M.P.
T. Horton.
T. Horley.

T. Horley.
P. W. Bowen.
T. Horton.

P. W. Bowen.
Colonel Dyott.
J. Coxon.

J. Coxon.
P. W. Bowen.

Colonel Dyott,

M.P.
E. Thornton.
S. Bryd.

J. & E. Crane.
T. Mansell.
J. Evans.

Shearling Ewes.

J. &, E. Crane.

J. & E. Crane.

W. O. Poster,

M.P.
J. i E. Crane.
J. Evans.

J. & E. Crane.
J. & E. Cr.ane.
H. Matthews.

J. & E. Crane.
J. & E. Crane.
H. Matthews.

H. Matthews.

H. Smith.

E. HoUand, M.P.

J. & E. Cr.-me.

E. Holland, M.P.

Lady WiUough-

by de Broke.

H. Smith.
T. Horton.
H. Matthews.

Our space will not permit of particular reference to
provincial shows during the last 10 years ; but we are
fully justified in asserting that the Shropshires have
not in the least degree degenerated since the period
of the open competitions at the Eoyal Shows : they
having repeatedly gained open prizes at Birmingham
during that period. On the other hand, the breed has
been greatly improved and widely extended, and they
have found homes not only in the fertile meads of the
Emerald Isle, and in the northernmost recesses of the
Highlands of Scotland, but also in the vast plains of
Australia and North America. Their extreme hardi-
hood of constitution fits them alike for all climates,
and this, coupled with their superior size, their extra-
ordinary prolificacy, their quality of wool, and aptitude
to fatten, constitutes their real value. The estimation
in which Shropshire sheep are now held may be judged
from the demand for them in the present day as com-
pared with that of a few years ago.

In July, 1854, we find, on reference to advertisements
of that date, Mr. Preece offering for sale by auction 80
rams and 92 ewes, whilst, in 1866, 250 rams and 2000
ewes were brought together for the second great sale of
the year. This, as well as the high prices obtained,
proves incontestibly the progress that Shropshire sheep
have made in public favour, a result due entirely to
their own inherent merits. In plain words, the breed
has become fashionable, because it has been found
profitable.

ME. J. PHILLIPS-SMITH'S SYSTEM OF
STEAM CULTIVATION.
While a set of steam ploughing or cultivating
apparatus can get over from 10 to 20 acres daily, and,
in some of the lighter operations, on light soils, even
more than this, it is not to be expected that farmers
can afford to sink 1500Z. or so in engines and tackle,
and to engage men, available for no other service, to
be employed, at the outside, for but three or four
weeks in the year. As we long ago pointed out, the
extension of steam cultivation depends greatly upon
the multiplication of steam ploughing companies, and
of these but few have yet been started. In the hands
of a company, whose business it is to hire out engines
and tackle, and to look to their constant employment,
no investment can pay better, and we have the evidence
of the Herefordshire Steam Cultivating, Threshing,
and General Implement Company, whose reports show
a net revenue, over all expenses, of 26j per cent, since
its formation, two or three years ago. A set of engines
and tackle, costing 150o;., and worked by six men,
whose wages amount to not more, perhaps, than 6/.
weekly, will let readily at hi. per day, and at this rate
will do an amount and quality of work which will well
repay the hirer. There are many hundreds of thousands
of acres of land in England of which the annual value
would be increased, as abundant experience has
already shown, to the extent of more than 10s. an
acre by thorough steam cultivation, costing 'at the
outset, perhaps, twice that sum, but of which the
effects are visible for years, during which the land has
many times repaid the original cost of the improve-
ment. If of the 33,000,000 acres of land in England we
suppose even but one-third to be arable, and worth, say,
18s. yearly an acre, there is good evidence to show that
the annual value of this land might be increased by
more than one-half by steam cultivation, or say by
more than 5,000,000^. sterling annually, representing,
when capitalised, an addition of more than 100,000,000^.
to the permanent wealth of the country. As the cul-
tivation of land is also attended with extra expenses
for sowing and harvesting, it will not be too much to
say, speaking in the light of the late report of the

Eoyal Agricultural Society on Steam Cultivation, that
the annual value of the crops would be increased by at
least Zl. per acre (repsesentiug but 5 bushels of wheat
at 8s.), and which would alone return far more money
than the net profits of our whole system of British
railways.

We saw, last week, in Staffordshire, a large farm of
the stiffest clay, which had well nigh ruined its former
tenants, and which had been again let at a very low
rent, but of which 200 acres were being well broken up
and harrowed, sometimes to the extent of five opera-
tions on the same area. On Saturday last Mr. J.
Phillips-Smith, secretary of the Hereford Steam Culti-
vating Company, accompanied by Mr. Zerah Colburn,
waited upon the Earl of Shrewsbury and Talbot, at
Ingestre, who, with Captain Talbot, of the Guards, and
Captain Talbot, E.N., drove over with them to the
Birchwood Park farm, on Lord Shrewsbury's estate,
and about 12 miles from Stafford. Here Mr. Smith
had at work a pair of Howard's transverse boiler
engines, driving a five-tine cultivator at a depth of
12 inches in a stiff lumpy clay soil alreadv ploughed.
Nothing but steam could properly touch such ground.
It was not only cold, cloggy, and obstinate, but the
surface was foul with Couch, Wire-grass, Eushes, and
Thistles. The cultivator was getting through a good
10 acres a day, although, taking, as it did, a 5 feet
2 inches breadth at the rate of 3J miles an hour, its
rate in motion was equal to nearly 2i acres an hour.
The distance between headlands was, however, but
260 yards, and as, at full speed, this was traversed in
less than three minutes, the proportion of time lost in
stoppages and reversing was considerable.

An immense improvement, however, upon the pre-
sent double-engine system of cultivation has been made
by Mr. Smith. A Mr. TuUoh Osborn, more than
20 years ago, patented a scheme wherein two engines
were to work two separate but similar implements to
and fro across a field, the traction being effected by
chains, wire ropes being then hardly known. On the
introduction, however, of the modern system of steam
ploughing no advantage was taken of this plan, and the
roundabout system with a single engine and its great
length of outlying rope was adopted. Then came the
double engine system, the advantages of which are now
everywhere recognised, although it has the great disad-
vantage that while either engine is working the other is
standmg. Early last year, Messrs. Howards, of Bedford,
endeavoured to remedy this defect something after the
manner of TuUoh Osborn, although his plan was 'well
nigh impracticable, from the difficulty of removing the
implements, at each bout, into fresh ground. The
Messrs. Howards employed two implements of the
same sort, and drew each one alternately to and fro
halfway across the field. This plan requires, of course,
that the engines shall be reversed twice as often as if
they drew the implements at the same rate across the
whole width of the field. At the Bury Show, Messrs.
Fowler & Co. showed an improvement upon this,
their double engines drawing two implements, either
unlike in kind (as a cultivator and a harrow), or two
of the same kind working at different depths, say the
leading cultivator to 6 inchesand the following one to
12inches. Inthiswayboth engines are made to dotheir
full work without stopping, except at the headlands
to reverse the implements. Without, as we have the
best reason to believe, any knowledge on the part of
Messrs. Fowler, Mr. Smith had patented this im-
portant improvement but a little time before them,
and they are now excluded from using it. The whole
idea of this system of working, as distinguished from
Tulloh Osboru's, consists in the use of different imple-
ments, the cue following the other, or in the use of two
implements of like construction, the following imple-
ment going so many inches deeper than the leading
one. It will need but little reflection to perceive that
this forms one of the most important improvements in
the mechanism of steam-cultivation yet made, as it ,
will greatly cheapen the cost of the work, keeping both
engines alw.ays going, and peforming two consecutive
operations at the same time.

This improvement was clearly explained to Lord
Shrewsbury on Saturday, and he fully realised its
great importance. He remained upon the field for
several hours, and all the operations of cultivating,
mould draining, harrowing, and working the engines
over the fields and in the roads were exhibited to him,
his lordship and both Captains Talbot mounting the
engines and riding upon the cultivators, and other-
wise acquainting themselves with all the details of
working.

Mr. Smith had in operation a cheap yet effective
mould-draining plough, forming a channel 4i inches in
diameter at a depth of 2 feet, in a soil almost like
pressed brick clay. In the operations of the Hereford
Company, Mr. Smith employs his engines at draining
in wet weather, and he often finds it more than the
engine can well do to bring the plough through to its
work. He has devised therefore the simple and
excellent expedient of hauling the plough by a snatch-
block at hall the speed of the engine-drum, and with
but half the strain on the rope. With improved moulds
he expects to go to a depth of 2 feet 6 inches in stiff
clays, and this is even now being attained by first
ploughing a farrow 6 inches deep and running the
drain plough along this.

Mr. Smith has assisted in the formation of a new
Steam Plough Company at Bury St. Edmund's, and it
is not unlikely that another will soon be organised at
Stafford, and it would be most desirable that the Earl
of Shrewsbury and Talbot should be its chairman.
J^Ingineerlng.

FLAX eULTUEE IN lEBLAND, 1867.
Eetukn, showing in statute acres the extent
under Flax in each county and province in 1866 and
1867, compiled from informatioa obtained by the

AUQITST 31, 18G7.J

THE GARDENErvS' Cni^ONICLE AND AGRTCULTURAE GAZETTE.

913

constabulary and metropolitan police, who soj

olliciently act as

enumerators ; also the number ol

Boutohing mills in

each county and province in 1866.

Extent

Difterenco

i

Counties

of

between

u ,:»

Land under Flax.

1866 and 1867.

Sq»

nnti

"1

Provinces.

1866.

1867.

Increase Pecreaae

Ulstov.

Acres.

Acres.

Acres.

Acres.

27,879

22,687

5,192

180

27,'245

27,8'20

575

132

Cavan

1.1,557

16,369

2,812

26,849

24,736

1,113

295

Down

51,762

48,000

8,762

269

Fermnnagh

7,226

8,008

783

23

LondondeiTy

30,388

26,673

3,713

202

MonaRban . .

23,663

24,561

998

64

Tyrono

37,888

35,637

2,251

199

Acres.

Total of Ulster . .

246,356

234,401

10,865
Decrease in 1867.

1,393

Mmistor.

Clare

1,082

878

204

4

Cork

1,496

1,197

299

20

Kerry

772

548

224

2

Limorick . .

239

140

99

2

Tipporiiry . .

4'28

363

65

8

Waterford . .

153

124

29

3

Acres.

Total of Munster . .

4,170

3,250

920
Decrease in 1867.

39

Loinator.

Carlow

48

27

21

2

Dublin

12

25

13

1

KiWaro ..

21

6

13

Kilkenny

18 1

77

107

2

King's

691

442

24;l

6

Longford . ,

1,150

1,336

186

4

Louth

2,704

3,840

1,136

7

Moath

1,050

1,342

292

9

Queen's

674

158

516

5

Westraeath

342

233

109

8

Wexford . .

379

562

183

5

Wicklow . .

7

2

6

Acres.

Total of Lcinstcr . .

7,262

8,050

788
Increase in 1867.

49

Connaught.

Galwiiy

996

599 : ..

397

7

Leitrim

1,819

2,045

226

4

Mayo

1,876

2,252

376

S

Roseommon

1,172

1,785

613

5

Sligo

856

633

223

8

Acres.

6,719

7,314

595

32

]

Increase in 1867.

Total Acreage un

der Flax in Ireland in 1866 and 1867 :—

1866, 263,507 acres

1867, 253,105 acres. Total decre.ise in

1867, 10,402 acres.

Total number of .

cutching mills in 1866, 1513.

Total extent of

Flax gi-own ia Ireland in each of the

following years : —

Acre.s.

A cres.

1851

40,536

1800 .. 128,595

1852

37,008

1861 . . 147,957

1833
1854
1855

74,759
51,403
97,075

1862 . . 150,070

1863 .. 214,099

18.56

06,311

1864 .. 301,693

1857

97,721

1S05 .. 251,4.33

1858

91,646

1866 .. 263,507

185',1

This return, w

36,282

lich exh

ih

1
ts n, (i

367
ecrea.'^R

253,

onn4nf:

105
a.nrfis

in the area under Flax in 1867, compared with 1866, is
published, as in former years, in anticipation of the
general abstracts, which will give the acreage under
the various crops, and also the number of live stock, by
counties and provinces,— they will, I trust, soon be
ready for publication.

I do not apprehend that any difference of importance
will be found between the acreage under Flax here
given, and that which will appear in the tables of the
general abstracts of the crops now in course of compila-
tion. William Donnelh/, Segistrar-General^ Agri-
cultural and Emigration Statistics Office, 5, Henrietta
Street, Dublin, August 14, 1867.

"WINTER DAIRY.

Fresh butter of prime quality, made throuf;h the
months of December, January, February, and March,
will always command a price high enough above the
summer-made article to pay for the e.xtra cost of the
food required. By having the cows bring forth their
young in November, the calves can be raised by hand
better than in summer, because the milk will not go
sour, and the cows will continue to give a large flow
when Grass comes, right on to August. The food best
adapted for forcing milk and giving the butter a
delicious flavour has been repeatedly tried ; conse-
quently there is no mistake, no supposition, and no
over-estimate.

The hay should be made from Grass cut early in
June, and the Grass should be from seeds sown when
it was laid down, somewhere about the following pro-
portions :— Rye-grass, 1 peck ; White Clover, 6 lb. ;
Red do., 4 lb. ; Tiniothy, 2 quarts. Other kinds can be
substituted according to the land, and a greater variety
introduced, for the thicker the herbage is, the finer and
more tender the stems, which causes the cattle to
relish it better, and a nice sweet iibrey forkful of hay
must not only he more nourishing to an animal, but
will certainly produce more and sweeter milk than the
same quantity of coarser, dead, brown-looking stuff,
such as is cut in July and August, when it is nearly or
quite ripe, and be preferable, too, to any very

largo rough hay, even should it be mowed in good
season.

The best roots are Carrots and Mangels, and if meal
is given, a few Turnips can be mixed without impart-
ing any unpleasant flavour. The meal will be bettor,
if corn and grain arc ground together, and if good
fresh bran is mixed with the meal it will bo a still
greater improvement.

The following was the way in which a winter dairy
of cows was managed and fed with very satisfactory
results:— In November and December the cows were
turned out during the day on Grass which had been
growing from the preceding July and August, in small
fields, which they grazed in succession. They had then
put ready for tliem every day about half a bushel of
sliced rools; being about equal imiportions of Carrots,
Mangel Wurzel and Tiirnins, with two quarts of meal
on the roots, wliirh was tlic allow.-inco for each cow.
They then had hay for the night— just as much aa they
could cat up clean. In the morning each cow received
her half bushel of roots and the meal similar to the
evening feed. Thus they prospered till the snow inter-
fered, when they had hay, just the same for the night,
but first in the morning they had corn-stalks, which
liad been put in a tight box, and about a quart of meal
per cow mixed up, and boiling water poured on, and
the chair, which was cut tine, soaked and steamed from
night till morning, when it was given to them. After
they were milked, they received cut roots, as previously
described, and ranged about the yard till noon, when
they came into the stable again, and had a feed of hay
chafl", and also a feed of roots, going into the yard, if
not very cold, till evening, when they were fed the
same as in the morning, corn-stalk chaff having been
steamed all day for them. Every fair day all winter,
when they could get at the ground, they went into one
or the other of tlie Holds according to the wind and
which lay the best sheltered, and when out in the field
the noon feeding was omitted, without any diminution
of the milk, thougli there was a slight depreciation in
the quality, but which was very trifling ; however,
while they could go out, they ate so much of the Grass
that less hay was used in the night.

The quantity of butter made from these cows varied
very much, because they dift'ered so in the quality.
Their milk, every now and then, was kept separate
and set in pans; when skimmed, some cows' milk of
equal measure produced double the cream others did —
and this is a point demanding much more attention
than it generally receives, for a cow giving very rich
milk will influence her offspring in this respect, and
any dairyman who not only looks into these distinctions
in his cows, but investigates the milking qualities of
the dam of a bull before purchasing him, may soon
have all his cows good for quantity and quality ; for the
cows above alluded to were treated alike, and yet there
were some making as little as "lb. per week, while
others produced unwards of 12 lb.

Before I came to this country, I kept a lactometer,
which, having many glass tubes, was very convenient
to prove the milk of different cows, and by having
charge of a large herd the calves were all reared with a
view to their milking qualities, and in three genera-
tions the same number of cows made more than double
the quantity their predecessors did. Those cows, or at
least the portion of them used for the dairy in the
winter, had several acres of cabbages grown for them,
and when grain was cheap I had barley grown for
them, which swells and jellies similar to flaxseed, and
is one of the best feeds in every respect I ever gave to
milch cattle at that time. Barley, weighing 52 lb. per
bushel, would sell under a dollar, and as it increases in
bulk threefold by being boiled, and prevents cabbage
or roots giving an unpleasant taste to the butter, it is
excellent for the purpose.

Previous to the war, while in the South, I had cows
lying out all winter, which I gave boiled corn to with
satisfactory results. Morning and evening, at milking
time, they had a bundle of fodder and a gallon of
boiled corn each, and they increased their milk two-
fold and the butter nearly threefold, making 5 lb. of
butter each per week, whicli was considered great for
the diminutive grades which prevailed in that locality,
especially as the family was very large, and new milk
and cream was used freely, which made a diSerence of
a third, so that it was equal to 1\ lb. per week
each cow.

If cows have meal, roots, and hay, or corn-stalks
instead of hay, they will do well without a change
from that food, because there is sufficient variety to
make them healthy. It requires care in changing the
feed of milch cows, for if the milk is checked by doing
so, they will not thoroughly get over it, for it is the
same as if checked by bad milking; either failing to
drain the last half-pint, or going two hours beyond the
usual time, will soon ruin any cows.

Some people say if roots are given after milking, the
fact of their being eaten then will prevent the butter
tasting. What can that have to do with it ? The
flavour is not conveyed instantaneously; the Turnips,
&c., have to be digested first— therefore the way to
allay this evil is to give an antidote in the share of
good meal, &c. Where they are given in a prepon-
derating proportion to other food, the only remedy I
know of IS to scald the milk, which is always done in
Devonshire, England. O. O., in Albany ( U.S.)
Cultivator.

with dust, looking like chimney-sweeps. Barley: the
early sown, and that on the best land — that looked all
one could wish for till just previous to its shooting into
ear— was so seared and crippled by severe morning
frosts that it never shot into ear properly or together,
and was a good while and irregular in producing short,
unnatural, weakly cars. The later sown amongst the
poor afternoon managers, and such Jis are behind
lidth at secd-timo and harvest, really seems this
season to do the best of the Barley, owing no doubt
to its never lacking moisture : a good deal of the
strongest is laid, and growing up through, green apain,
so that tho samples this season must naturally be very
variable. Oats : not much grown : those of tho winter,
tawny colour, that I have seen, are pretty good in crop
and quality, 40 to 4t lb. per bushel. Beans : not niucu
grown ; those that I have seen went off in a very short
time with the red gum and black aphis, or black
dolphin as called by some : pods short, curved, and
crooked. Peas : not largely grown ; they were very good,
strong, and commenced flowering, or blooming, and
podding well ; all at once the tops of their shoots, for
three or four joints, were crippled and searcd-up ;
blossoms and tho last-formed young pods, all seared
by tlie late frost no doubt, commenced growing again
a fortnight after this severe check, and were in full
bloom, growing freely, when the first pods were ripe.
Potatos': crop variable, planted late, came up irregular ;
the early garden kinds grew away well in May, till wo
got stormy weather and severe frosty mornings ; those
that caught tho late evening storms, and those in close
or damp spots, were sadly crippled and seared up ; those
on dry open spots were to some extent checked : the
weather soon becoming favourable they grew away, and
generally produced an abundant crop of good-quality
tubers, and as early as any previous year. Out-of-
doors garden Potatos were plentiful at midsummer, the
disease though was, by close inspection, always visible.
By the second week in July it began to spread rapidly
in foliage, stalk, and tuber ; by tho end of that month,
in some dampish, close garden spots, the whole of the
tubers were afi'ected and useless. Two-thirds and half
the crop diseased was very general. For the past 10 days
or fortnight the disease has made but little progress. The
crops on dry healthy land, and in the open fields, are
growing away well, and at present likely to be a good
crop. The frosty, foggy, cold mornings in July caused
the disease to advance astonishingly. Should we in this
month get frosty or foggy mornings, the late main
store-crops will sufi'ermost severely. Last season fully
one-half of the abundant late store-crop was lost in a
very few days through the same kind of weather, just
before being ripe. James Barnes, Bicton.

Crops near Salisburt/.—Vf heat,, under average, and
much blighted; Barley, under average, quality bad;
Oats, over average, quality good; Bean.s, average ; Peas,
average ; Potatos, fair crop, but much diseased ; Root
crops, good; Hay, good. Wheat and Oats nearly
finished, and some Barley carried. James Raiolence,
Bulbridge, Wilton, Salislmrt/, Wilts.

Home Correspondence.

Crops around Bicton, Devonshire.— Vfbc^i, that
looked tolerably promising and well at earing and
blossoming time, has sadly altered for the worse since,
owing to mildew and rust, caused by the prevalence
of cold frosty nights, heavy rains, dark cloudy weather,
and heavy foggy morning in July; it is now to
a great extent, at cutting time, black straw, crisp and
rotten, and the men cutting or binding smothered

ROTAL AORICULTUKAL OF IEELAND CaTTLE

Show.— The e.\hibition of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs,
poultry, and flax, annually held under the auspices of
the parent " Irish " Society, came off on Wednesday,
in the very centre of the Irish capital. Last year,
owing to apprehensions regarding the spread of the
cattle plague in Ireland, the holding of the usual
annual exliibition was wisely postponed. This year,
owing to the total absence of this and other contagious
epidemics, the Society determined on having the show
held, as per the conditions of the Royal charter, in the
province of Leinster, and after due deliberation on the
part of the Council, the site selected was St. Stephen's
Park, which is centrally situated in the most respect-
able part of the city, and covers a space of about
26 acres of highly ornamental grounds, used exclusively
for pleasure and recreation by the inhabitants of the
adjoining square. Fifteen years have now elapsed
since tile city of Dublin was favoured with a similar
exhibition, and the site on which the cattle and imple-
ments were then staged has been recently tran.5formed
into the AVintcr Palace Gardens, in which the recent
Irish International Exhibition was held, and which
proved such an attraction to the lovers of the beauties
of nature and the treasures of art.

During a decade and a-half of years the labours of the
present Agricultural Society have been signally success-
ful in the promotion of improved breeds of cattle and
the introduction of approved agricultural machinery.
No country required the aid of agricultural enlighten-
ment among the larming community more, and very
few similarly circumstanced can lay claim to such
visible omens of progress in the departments of stock,
tillage, and implements, as the Emerald Isle can.
Her herds and flocks can, and have, successfully com-
peted with those of her sister country, and even at
continental shows. This, in itself, is gratifying and
highly creditable to the vigorous labours of the Society.
Unlike other countries, the agricultural element
must preponderate in Ireland. On this alone their
prosperity depends, and hence it is that the owners of
pure stock and superior produce pride themselves in
their possessions, 'i'he varying tendency of the climate,
and its unforeseen v.ariations, would almost have
justified the remarks of the late Earl of Carlisle when
V^iceroy of Ireland, when he stated at one of the
banquets that the country was admirably suited to
become the "fruitful mother of herds and flocks
Indeed, the prognostications of the noble Earl would
seem to have been well received by the breeders of the
improved stock who so largely exhibited at Wednes-
day's show. , T J ■«■- o

The local Committee, headed by the Lord Mayor of
Dublin, left nothing undone to render the exhibition a
success. They incurred a responsibility of about .SOOOf.

914

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 31, 1S67.

in its advancement, and they succeeded in the project.
The prize list offered was the largest in every sense yet
offered by the Society. These consisted of— 1st, Short-
horn class, 133^. ; Herefords and other breeds, 133Z, ;
tenant farmers' class, iSl. ; sheep, 253^. ; swine, 1992. ;
dairy produce, 7'2l. ; poultry, ISil. ; farm implements,
50/. ; and in horses, which is the national one, 2G0
being entered, there are in prizes 385i., irrespective of
challenge cups and medals, which would swell the
awards to about 17WI.

^ -The shedding erected— and which, to say the least of
it, was well designed and strongly put together— would
consist of 170,000 square feet of .iheeting, u2,000 lineal
feet of scantlings, and about 70,000 lineal feet of deals
and planks. The erection of such an extput of shedding,
tl)e hewing and moulding of the timber, its carriage,
and the tools, nails, &c., required for its completion,
must have been a source of money circulation among
the vendors of goods.

The stock having been placed in their proper sec-
tions on Tuesday, implements being previously
deposited according to older, and all other preliminaries
having been carefully arranged, the Judges, accom-
panied by the Stewards, entered on the duties of
ad,iudication on Wednesday morning, and though the
task was not free from criticism, yet their decisions
Rave general satisfaction.

As usual, the great attraction of the show fell to the
lot of the Shorthorns, of which 85 splendid representa-
tives were placed side by side. In this lot the
thorough-bred bulls were really magnificent, and
nearly to a shade equally symmetrical and respectable
in lineage.

The Challenge Cup of 50 guineas for the best Short-
horn bull was won by Mr. Smith's " Backnoodeman,"
calved April, 1864, and got by " Baron Warlaby," out
of " Wood Nymph."

In the yearling heifers, of which a goodnumber were
entered, the Challenge Cup of 50 guineas was won by
Mr. "Welstead, County Cork, for his excellent Short-
horn heifer, " Bridesmaid," calved AprU 10th, 1866.

The Croker Challenge Cup of 50 guineas for the best
thorough-bred stallion was awarded to Mr. James
Crockin, Yorkshire, for " Roman Bee," whose breeding
is matchless ; and a similar piece of plate for the best
mare or filly was won by Mr. Thomas Butler, Golden,
Countj; Tipperary. The Cork Cup of 50?., for the
best Leicester ram, was won by Mr. Seymour, Mawbroy,
Queen's County ; and a Cup of equal value, for the
best shearling ram, was adjudged to Mr. Meade,
County Cork. All these Cups must be won three
years in succession before they become the property of
the winners.

The young stock, both males and females, were
brought out to full perfection. Their majestic stand,
well4urned rib, mellowness of touch, ancl nicely pro-
portioned shape, were all indicative of great care in
breeding, rearing, and management. The aged cattle,
too, were on the whole of respectable descent. Many
of them were familiar with exhibition purposes, and
appear still very little the worse of the wear. Their
immense size, high condition, and intrinsic value,
would bear a singular comparison with the charac-
teristics of the old Irish cow, at one time so prevalent
throughout the country. The enterprise of some of
the Irish gentry, in importing thorough-bred animals,
possessing the blood of the Booths, Bakewells, and other
eminent breeders, has so revolutionised the character
of the stock in Ireland, that the most inexperienced
must be struck with the magnitude of the change.

As regards implements they were extremely cre-
ditable, and represented the products of the workshops
of some of the leading English, Scotch, and Irish manu-
facturers. The Messrs. Howard sent over their steam-
ploughing tackle, which was publicly set to work in the
neighbourhood of the city on Tuesday, on the home
farm of Mr. Hamilton, M.P. for the County Dublin.
Neither the constitution of the soil nor the area of the
field rendered the site a favourable one for the exhibi-
tion of the machine's usefulness. Up to the present
the number of sales effected in the supplying steam-
tackle to Ireland consists of only four orders ; the
pecular coufetitution of the Irish soil, the expense of
purchasing the machine, and the growing disposition
on the part of the resident gentry to turn the land
into pasture instead of being arable, will tell against
Mr. Howard's speculation as far as this country
is concerned. This is candid, but obvious to the writer
of this notice. Amongst the other agricultural
exhibitors from this side of the Channel, we were glad
to notice the elaborate stands of our friends the Messrs.
Hornsby, who fully sustained the well earned reputa-
tion of their manufactures; Mr. Beutall, whose
extensive display of hay, straw, and chaff cutting
machines commanded such attention, both from their
capacity for work, lubricating bearings, and cheapness
of price ; Bradford, of Manchester, whose machines for
washing, mangling, and promoting the work of the
laundry were nicely staged and considered of great
value ; Croskill's clod crushers were also sent forward
by his representa,tives ; and the Messrs. Eumbellow
and Kendall exhibited a very useful and practically
important lot of agricultural implements of sorts. The
threshing mills from Messrs. Garrett & Co., which in
Ireland are the favourites amongst the farmers, and
the ])roductions of the other extensive English
exhibitors, merited universal attention.

The amount of sales effected amply repaid the enter-
prise of the manufacturers in sending them forward,
and pity it would be otherwise when such manu-
facturers come forward with accustomed spirit to
advance the agricultural implement and mechanical
enlightenment of the cultivators of the soil, and the
owners of the local workshops in the capital of the
Sister Isle.

The horses have constituted a creditable feature
in the Show, particularly hunters. There were
ICO entries in this section, and many of the animals

possessed more than average merit, and all had to
undergo the inspection of the surgeons. The farmer's
section was well filled up, and the brood mares exhi-
bited in this class were of the right sort.

In sheep the competition was sharp, as the animals
were of the most superior class. Indeed^ year by year,
the sheep department has been gaining in quality and
numbers, owing principally to the suitability of the
soil and climate for sheep rearing. The competition
lay between the Border Leicesters (a class of sheep
which have proved themselves very well suited to the
soil of Ireland), Leicester and Shropshire Downs.

'The display of butter, flax, and poultry were of the
ordinary sorts, but not so numerous as at previous
exhibitions. As regards quality, the dairy produce
was creditable, but as regards quantity or quality in
roots and grain, the display was rather limited for a
Eoyal Show.

As usual, the show of swine was extremely good, and
represented some very superior specimens of the Tork-
shn-e, Berkshire, and Oxford breeds. The breeding
sows with their young, showing such excellence in
breeding and propensity to early maturity, was a very
attractive feature. Lord Claremont won the chief
prizes with his matchless Berkshires, and the Lord
Mayor of Dublin with the 1' orkshire breed.

The Judges, members of the Society, and others,
dined together in the Dublin Exhibition Palace,
Lord Talbot de Malahide presiding. His Excel-
lency the Lord-Lieutenant, with other illustrious
personages, attended. The evening was most agree-
ably spent in discussing various agricultural subjects.

It may be remarked that all the prize animals will
be faithfuUy photographed, and the likenesses added to
the library of the Society.

Manchester and Liverpool.— A three days'
show of live stock and farm produce, under the
auspices of this Society, was opened on Tuesday, on the
site of the Art Treasures Exhibition, Old Trafford.
Originally a one-day show, it was in Manchester that
the experiment was first made, nine years ago, of
keeping it open for two days. Since that time the
Society has made greater progress than during its
previous 90 years, judging by the main test— the show-
yard receipts. This year another extension of time
has been made, and if Tuesday's attendance consti-
tutes a fair basis of calculation, we believe that this,
the longest show, will prove the most profitable. It is
well that the century should end thus, and a good
stimulus will also be furnished to the years yet to
come. The plan upon which the ground is laid out is
admirable, and a sketch of it in the catalogue enables
a visitor to comprehend it at a glance. But the details
were not carried out with that punctuality which
should characterise such an undertaking. The yard
was not fully prepared even on Tuesday morning for the
valuable animals that had been entered, and many
complaints were made on this score. Although Mr.
Barrington, of Yorkshire celebrity, was engaged as
director of the horse department, his presence was not
requested until Saturday, and hence he was helpless in
the matter. At a recent Committee nieeting some
irregularities were disclosed in connection with the
engagement, or rather the neglect to engage, this
gentleman ; and we fear that the feeling then made
public has continued to operate, even to the risk of
injuring the show.

Under these circumstances it is a wonder that the
horse show is so particularly good. The entries,
very large in some classes, in others are singularly
small ; the quality for the most part is excellent. There
are several remarkable specimens of heavy horses ; but
the closest competition is among the light ones, of
which many are so nearly equally first class, that the
judges had no little dilliculty. In short, all the best
horses from the shows at Bury St. Edmund's (the Royal
Agricultural Society), Islington, and Thirsk (Y'ork-
shire Society), are here. In the Class of Hunters,
carrying not less than 14 stone, there were 24 entries,
and 18 came into the trial ring. They were severally
trotted and cantered round and round the paddock.
Then a selection of eight or nine was made, which were
unsaddled, walked and run before the judges. Next
the number was reduced to four or five, which were
tested again and again, by the exhibitor's represen-
tative and by the judges. In this way a long time was
occupied, and only after a more thorough examination
than we have ever seen in a showyard was the 1st
prize awarded to Captain Heygate, of Leominster, for a
dark brown five-year-old, which he bred himself. All
this judging, in this and other classes, was watched by
some 2000 occupants of the stand, and certainly not a
smaller number was crowded round the hurdles. The
entries of horses number 282, and they are from all
parts of the kingdom, from Darlington to Kent.

Under the operation of the cattle plague orders of
the Privy Council no horned cattle could be exhibited.
As no show was held last year, in 1868 three years will
have elapsed since cows have competed for this Society's
prizes. We hope it will be lound that the interval
has been employed in improving the breed of cattle
which best suits this locality. In other classes the
entries are as follow :— Sheep, 172; wool, 9; pigs, 82;
poultry, 220 ; pigeons, 114 ; dogs, 216 ; cheese, 25
grain and roots, 91 ; vegetables, 33 ; saddlery, 5 ; imple-
ments, machinery, and miscellaneous articles, 1549,
arranged on 114 stands.

The prevalence of the rinderpest in this district has
driven many a farmer to what is always the safest
course, viz., the distribution of his capital among
several sources of profit instead of confining it to one,
which, if it fails, ruins him. The Cheshire agricul-
turist, whose unquestioned maxim it «as that farming
in that county meant cheese-making, now raises
flocks of sheep. It is, therefore, no matter of surprise
that sheep are in greater force than ever belbre in the
history of this Society, and some of them are as fine as

were ever seen. The Shropshire Downs surpassed
those shown a.t the Thirsk exhibition of the Yorkshire
Society.

The show of pigs, especially of the large breeds, is
very good; but both boars and sows are too heavy
for the purposes for which the prizes were intended.
Indeed, with the ideas which now seem to prevail, in
order to get prizes nature's functions are totally dis-
regarded, and in nine cases out of ten, after the porcine
monster has gone the round of the shows, he is
destroyed by the treatment resorted to in order to
reduce him or he is at once consigned to the butcher.
The consequence is that the money spent upon him, so
far as breeding purposes are concerned, is thrown
away.

The poultry are numerous : the pigeons include a
large contribution by Mr. R. Fulton, of Deptford.

Dogs are many and noisy, of all sizes and degrees of
nobleness, from the St. Bernard to the poodle. The
bulldogs, eminent for their ugliness and breadth of
breast, with lithe and narrow hind-quarters; the
massive Newfoundland, the useful sheep dog, the best
of whom singularly enough comes from London ;
hounds, spaniels, pointers, harriers, retrievers, terriers,
and mastiffs— all are well represented, and haying tired
themselves with unavailing protests against the
strangeness of their quarters, lie asleep most of the
day, while the fear of them keeps visitors from stirring
them to uprightness.

'The exhibitors of cheese cannot be complimented.
The show is most unsatisfactory ; but if, as we suppose,
this is owing to the cattle plague, we presume that it
will be the only time that this remark will have to be
made about a show of cheese from South Lancashire
and North Cheshire. Some few samples of butter are
inferior, the remainder are very good. Two samples
are of such good fliavour that one of the judges said he
had never tasted English butter to equal it ; and the
1st prize fell to Mr. Neild, of Worsley (for the second
time). Four or five extra prizes were distributed in
this class. The grain and roots shown include samples
from as far as Oxfordshire, which shows the growing
importance of this Society ; and in every respect this
class is most creditably represented. For the time of
year the roots are wonderful, and as a test of tenant
farmers' excellence, this department of the Show must
be very satisfactory to landlands. The 1st prizes for
horses are as follow : —

Hunters.— Best weight carrier, under 10 stone, Mr. T. Gee,
Wadhurst, Kent : best jumper, under 10 stone, Mr. C. WilsoD,
Polefleld House, Piestwich. Four-tjear-old Fill!/, for road or
field, Mr. T. Barproft, Waterfoot. Three-year-old Ocldmg, Mr.
N. ElUson, Sutton, ne.ar St. Helen's. Tico-year-oU Filly, Mr.
J. B. Booth, Catteiiok, Yorkshire. Yearling Colt, Mr.
Jouathan Fed, Knowlmere. Extra. Stoek : Mr. H. Piatt,
Bangor, bay mare ; Mr. John Brogden, Sale, grey pony ; Mr.
W. Murray, Broughton Mews, gelding and cob (two Ists).

^RZEP.— Leicesters ; For Shearling Ram, 10(. and 5/. : 1st and
2(1, E. Riley, Kipling Cote Farm, Beverley. For Ram of any
other age, ' SI. and il. ; 1st, J. Simpson, Spofforth Park,
Wetherby. 2d, J. Boi-ton, Barton House, BartonJe-Street,
Maltou. For pen of Three Shearling Ewes, lo;. and M. : 1st
and 2d, E. Tindall, Knapton H.all, near ROliuKton. For pen o£
Three Ewes of any age, 61. and il. : 1st, the Bight Hon. Lord
Pemhyu : 2d, J, Simpson, Spofforth Park. For Eam Lamb,
SI. and 2/.. : 1st and 2d, the Right Hon. Lord Penrhyn. For
pen of Ewo Lambs, 3!, .and it. : 1st, J. Simpson, Spofforth
Park; 2d, T. H. Millei, Singleton, nearKirkham.— Zixcoins, or
other Long-wooUed : For Shearling R.am, 10!. : J. Simpson, Spof-
forth Park, Wetherby. For Ram of any other age, SI. : J.
Simpson. For pen of Three Yearling Ewes, 10(. and 5(. : 1st
and 2d, S. Allen, Acton Station, Weaverham, For pen o£
Three Ewes of any age, G(. : E. Holmes, Keighley, Yorkshire.
Shrof shire Doichs: For Shearling R,am, 101. and 6i. : 1st, D. B.
Davies, Mere Old Hall, Knutsford ; 2d, the Right Hon. Lord
Penrhyn. ForHamof anyotherage,8(.and4L : 1st, D. R.Daviea,
Mere Old Hall; 2d, 8. Byrd, Lees Farm, Stafford. For pen of
Three Shearling Ewes, 10?. and 51. : 1st, J. Coxon, Freefovd
Farm, Lichfield ; 2d, D. B. D.avies, Mere Old Hall. For pen of
Three Ewes of any .age, e(. and 4(. : 1st, J. Coxon, Freeford
Farm; 2d, B. B,arton, Caldy Manor, Birkenhead.— iriniti:.' For
Ram Lamb, 3(. and 2(. : 1st, S. Byrd, Lees Farm, Stafford ; 2d, T.
Mansell, Adcott HaU, Shrewsbury. For pen of Three Ewe
Lambs, SI. aud 2(. : 1st and 2d, T. Mansell, Adcott Hall.
mccs : For pen of Three Ewes of .any afie, ei. and il. : 1st and
2nd, the Right Hon. Lord Sondes, Thetford.— £r(ra StocI::
Shropshire Down Ram, 21. : the Bight Hon. Lord Penrhyn,
Bangor. Pen of Southdown Ewes, 2(. : the Right Hon. Lord
Sondes, Elmh.am Hall. Southdown Bams, 2(. ,andl(.: tho
Right Hon. Lord Sondes. Bams, 2(. and li. : the Eight Hon.
the Earl of Derby. , „, , , _

Wool-.-For five fleeces of Long Wool, SI. and 21. : 1st, 1.
Morris, Tlic Chase, Ulceby, Lincolnshire; 2d. F. LythaU,
Splttiil Farm, Banbury, Oxfordshiie. For five fleeces of
Short Wool, 5;. and 21. : 1st, T. ManseU, Adcott Hall, Shrews-
bury ; 2d, T. Morris. , . t

Pigs.— For Boar of large breed, 8(., 4i., and 21. : 1st, J.
Dyson, Adelphi Hotel, Leeds ; 2d, H. Neild, Worsley, near
Manchester; 3d, T. Jones, Agden, Whitchurch, Salop, ior
Bo.ars of middle-sized breed, 81., it., and 21. : 1st, P. Eden,
Cross Lane, Salfoid ; 2d, J. Dyson, Adelphi Hotel, Leeds ;
3d, W. Hatton, Addingham, near Leeds. For Boars of small
breed, 8(., 4/., and 2(. ; 1st, W. Hatton, Addinghtim, near
Leeds ; 2d, P. Eden, Cross Lane, Salford ; 3d, T. Atherton,
Chapel House, Speke, near Liverpool, For Boars of Berkshire
or Essex breed, St and il. : 1st, T. Atherton, Chapel House,
Speke, near Liverpool; 2d, H. Humfrey, Kingstoue Fjxrm,
Shrivenham, Berks. For Sows of large breed, 8L, 41., and 21. .
1st, J. Lakeland, Moorgate, Retford ; 2d, P. Eden, Cross
Lane, S.alford ; 3d, J. Dyson, Adelphi Hotel, Leeds. For Sows
of middle-sized breed, 8!., 4?., .and 2;. : 1st, P. Eden, Cross
Lane, Salford ; 2d, W. Parker, Golden Lion, Leeds Road,
Bradford ; 3d, R. E. Duckering, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey.
For Sows of small breed, 8J., il., and 2/. : 1st, O. M.anglea,
Givend.ale, Ripon, Yorkshire; 3d, P. Eden, Cross Lane,
Salford. For Sows of Berkshire or Essex breed. Si. and 4(. .
1st and 2d, T. Atherton, Chapel House, Speke, near
Liverpool. , ., .. . c ™ nm

Cheese.— Sample of Cheese, made on exhibitor s farm, JU .,
Ul., 101., and6(. ; 1st, G. Gibbons, T'unley Farm, near Bath,
Somersetshire; 2d, S. Hornby, Aahton Park Northwich , 3d,
J. Robinson, Lee Green HaU, Church MinshuU, Oheshne , 4tU
W. Jones, PistiU Farm, Hope, near Mold. w„,.s1pt

BOTTEE.-Buttcr, 4;„3(., 2!.,and 1. : lst,H. »<='"., Wo'^i^J
near Manchester ; 2d, J. and A.Taylor, Higherfold F,arm,
Midrtleton, near M^mchester ; 3d, E. ^l»-''f'JfZm\Kuei
nearHopwood, Heywood, La?""^ "O ^ ''"j^^-.,^"' .'ward?
Farm Bard.sley, Ashton-underLyne. Additional awards .
U. each to R. Mason, Greenhirst, Samlesbuiy, near Blackburn ,
,8. Whitehead, Crosby's Farm, Blackley; and G. Haworth,

AtTGUST 31, 1867.]

THE GAP.PENEES' CITROMOLE AND AOPJCULTTTEAL GAZETTE.

915

Lower Parwen, iioar Bl.ickbuj'u : 10.*. oacb to J. Gnolden, Clay
Hoiisi). iriao, noiir Altrincham ; and W. Uougb, More, jioar
Knutsfortl, Clicshiro.

Grain and Roma.— While Wheal, fiiwm in 1SU7, :!(., 2'., and
1(. : 19(,, J. K. I''<'wler, Proliond.il Farms, Aylosbury, Bucks :
2d, R. Athcrton, Mount Pleasant, Spoke, naar Uvoipool : 3'1,
J P Lytliall, Spittal Farm, Banbury, Oxfonishiro. rdliiw nr
Bed Wluut (iroien ill 1887, 3(., 2i., and 1(. : Ist, T. Lowo,
Calveloy Hall, Ilanriloy, no.ir Ohoator ; 2d, .1. Uornos, Now
Farm, Ilurleaton, Nantwich, Chcsliiro; Sd, G. D. Badliani.
the Lawn, Bidmor, audbury, Suftolk. Wliile Oatt, i/ruimi i,i
1867, S(., 2/., \l. : Ist, T. Lowo, Culveloy Hall, Ilandloy, near
Chester : 2d and 3d, F. Lythall, Spittal Farm. l't((ow OnU.
Itroteii in 1867, Hi., 21., II. : 1st, T. Lowo, Calvoloy Hall, Haml-
loy, near Chester. Black OaU, grmm in 1867, '.M., 2(., and II. :
Ist, H. Neild, Worsley, near Manohostor (for the ninth tinio
8ucco.s.sivuly): 2d, G. D. Badham, tho Lawn; 3d, Sir II.
Do TratTord, Bart. An>i varieOi e>f Barleit piwrn in 1867, 3/.,
2(., and II. : 1st, G. D. Badham, Tho Lawn ; 2d, J. K. Fowlor :
.Id, R. Atherton. Mount Ploa.sant, Speko, near Liverpool.
Ani/ variety of Beam f/roien in 1867, H/., 2/., and 1/. : 1st,
F. Lythall', Spittal Farm, B.anbury ; 2d, F. Lythall; 3d,
J. K. Fowler. Si.i- rooU of Sieediuli Tnrniit.^, of any kind,
groien in 18C7, 3/., 21., .and 1/. ; 1st, E. Kennerley, Halo,
Altrincham, Cheshire ; 2d, J. Cornos, New Farm, Hurleston ;
3d, T. Brocklohurat, Altrincham, Cheshire. Six rootn af
Tuniijif, of ani/ kind, ffroinl in 1867, 3?., 2?., and 11. : 1st,

E. Hall, Kingsley, Frodsham, Cheshire; 2d, H. Neild, Worsley,
nojw Manchester ; 3d, H. Watson, Timperley, Alti-iucham.
Six rool.^ of L(m{r Itcil Mangel Wnvzcl, of fuiii kind, tiromi in
1867, 3i., 2(,, and 11. : 1st. R. Athcrton, Jtount Pleasant, Spcko,
near Liverpool ; 2d, E. Kennerley, Hale, Altriuehara. Cheshire ;
3d, J. Parry, Bridge End Farm, Davcnham, near Northwich.
Six roots <\f' Yellow Manetel IVnrzel, ffroien in 1867, 3/., 2/., .and
11,: 1st, J. K. Fowler; "2d, E. Kenuerley, Hale, Altrmcbam.
Cheshire : 3d, J. K. Fowler. Si.r roots of Globe Metneiel
Wiinel, of am; kind, grown in 1867, 3?., 2i., and \l.: 1st,

F. Lythall, Spittal Farm ; 2d, P. Lythall ; 3d, E. Kennerioy,
Hale, Altrincham, Cheshire. .Si.r roots of Seoieh Ceibbaiie,
groipn in 1867, 2/. and 1/. : 1st, K. Keimerley, Hide, Altrincham.
Cheshire; 2d, T. Broclilehnrst, Altrincham. Amj varicli/ of
Rotoid Polotos, (jroien in 1867, 3/.. '21., and 1(. : Ist. T. St:itter,
Stand Hall, Wiiitclicld, near M.anchester ; 2d, W. Whitlow,
Crouchley Farm, Lymm, near Warrington ; 3d, T. Statter.
Ant/ rarielii of Flat Pottitos, itroien in 1S67, M., 21., and II. :
let, T. J.ainson, Lj-mm, Altrinch.am ; 2d. H. Neild, Worsley,
near Manchester ; 3d, T. Statter, Stind Hall.

The Dinner took place" in the exhibition house of
the Botanical Gardens. The Bight Hon. J. AVilson
Patten, M.P., presided, and there was a very small
attendance. Sir H. Mainwarins gave the health of the
Chairman. He said that tho Society offered no more
prizes, considering that land was now .">?. ,<m a<;re
whore it was then 1/., than when it was first founded.
The prizes were in fact nearly the same, except for
.pimping horses, of which he had that day seen some
very bad ones, and for useless machinery. There were
no prizes for hay or for irrigating meadows, or for
encouraging the particular culture of the district.
He lioited that the Committee would offer prizes
for some of the articles which they at present
neglected.— In responding to the toast, the Chair-
man said ho believed tho Committee were fully
alive to the wants of the district, and that Sir
Harry Mainwaring was in error with regard to the
nature of the prizes that were offered to the Society.
•Sir Henry JIainwaring had said that the Society had
made little or no progress during the la.st 100 years :
why, the highest prize that was then given was two
guineas, and the prize list was most meagre as to
variety compared with the list of the pre.sent show.
There could be no doubt at all about it that the
Society, and in fact agriculture generally, had gone on
improving pari passu with all other things. He be-
lieved theirs was the oldest agricultural society in
England, so that the district might claim to lead in
agriculture as well as commerce. It might be well to
ask themselves in what they had improved during the
past century. Though, as was evident from the prize
list, there was a system of draining when the Society
was started drain tiles were not known, and many
breeds of cattle which now formed the staple of many
agricultural societies, were not known. In fact the
standard produce of many of the fields was rushes
— of which, perhaps, at least one gentleman [Sir Harry
Mainwaring] might not be sorry to hear— and the
making of chair bottoms very probably formed a
very important duty among the cultivators of the
soil a hundred years ago. Even in the recollection of
many persons who were present improvements had
been effected in the breeding of cattle, which had been
copied throughout Europe. The present system of
deep-draining had its origin on a farm near Bolton ; as
a breeder of sheep, Colonel Townley was known to the
utmost parts of the earth, and a Mr. Bouldeu, in the
north of the county, though, perhaps, not so well
known, could sell some of his bulls for 1000?. each.
There was another point with regard to agriculture
itself, that though the deep clay soil of the district and
the climate were unfavourable to white crops, they
could boast a rivalry with most other counties in
England. He was recently at a show in the south of
England where a prize was given for a yield of Turnips
to the extent of 25 tons to the acre, whereas in Lan-
cashire the prize crops were sometimes 40 or 42 tons.
It was also to the credit of the county that .so much of
the thin crust over Chat Moss was under cultivation,
the management of which was no small triumph. He
thought that in all those improvements and achieve-
ments that Society might fairly claim to have contri-
buted its share. He could not say much with regard
to that exhibition. About 2S30 articles had been
shown, and he was assured that the day's receipts
exceeded the receipts of any day since the Society was in
existence. He regretted the absence of horned cattle,
but hoped that after a continuance of the present
orders for a little time longer, cattle might again be pe"-
initted to move. Abridged from Manchester Q-uardian.

Farmers' Clubs.

Gaushiels : Parasites of the Sheep. — Dr. Sommer-
ville read a paper on the " Parasites of the Sheep and
the best way of destroying them," of which we give the I
following abstract : — " The parasite animals which '

infest the skin and wool of tho sheep of sufficient
iuipcirtanco to merit tho attention of tho (lockmaster
are three in number. 1. There is first of all tho 'tick.'
It is reared in dry woods, I'erns, and such like, and
whenever presented with a favourable opporluuity
transfers itself to tho skin of any animal which iiiiiy
happen to come near. When it forms a lodgment with
its jiroboscis in the skin it remains rooted to the spot
until it has increased from the size of a grain of
Linseed to that of a small Horse Bean, and any
attempt to dislodge it before it falls oil" of its own
accord is followed by severe inllammation of the iiarts.
Tho second of these noxious animals is tho 'scab mite,'
a much more troublesome one than the tick, but which
in this neighbourhood is fortunately rare. These
creatures bore underneath the epidermis or superficial
skin, and there lav their eggs, from which the young
appear after a term of from 11 to IS days. Every one
knows that tho scab is very infectious. The third of
these pests is what we call in Scotland the ' kcd.' This
insect lays what appear to bo eggs, but in reality the
young animal in the proper state, cni'loscd in a horny
covering similar to that in which the butterfiy is
found immediately before it takes to fiight. These so-
called eggs aro oval shining ovides, which are attached
to the wool, and are most abundant in tho early part of
summer. As to the means of destroying the ' tick,' it
has been asserted that merely causing the sheep to
swim through water would remedy it, but farmers do
not believe it. As compared with rubbing, I imagine
dipping to be the more easy and more effective plan.
It has certainly this important advantage, that it will
serve at the same time for the ' keds' if there be any.
As the best materials for dipping for the 'tick' are
very much the same as those for the destruction of the
sheep louse, I shall notice it in its i)roper place. As to
the treatment of scab, when the disease is very bad the
wool should be shorn off to allow the applications to
be rubbed in. You may then rub in M'Dongall's
composition, or, if you like a mixture, \\ oz. of creosote
and J pint spirit of wine, with enough of water to make
up the mixture to three pints. Two or three applica-
tions of either of these agents will be sufficient. But
in most oases shearing will not be required.

2. Scah.—U, for the cure of scab, you have recourse
to pouring, I cannot fancy a better application than
the Hollylee composition, the active ingredients of
which are turpentine and spirits of tar. Obstinate
cases could be further treated by pouring on tobacco
liquor of the strength of one pound of the tobacco to
the quart and a half, or by pouring on M'Dougall's
composition sufficiently diluted. But a more thorough
method of care, and the one that in many cases must
be adopted, where, as in Australia, it is important to
pay much attention to each individual sheep, is
dipping ; and in using baths for sheep affected with
scab, I think the mineral poisons — arsenic and corrosive
sublimate— are inadmissible. For if they do not reach
the scab mites under the cuticle, they will do little
good, and if they do not penetrate so far, they will be
absorbed into the system of the sheep and poison it
effectually. For the cure of scab I would have nothing
to do with them. A b.ath that has done good service in
Australia is one containing a pound of tobacco and a
pound of sulphur to five gallons of water— a little soda
is also added. In this bath, which is kept at a
temperature of 100 degrees Fahrenheit, the sheep is
allowed to swim about. The sulphur is said to prevent
the tobacco from colouring the wool. Another suitable
bath is made with sulphur and oil of tar (so active a
principle), and having also added to it soft soap and
quicklime. The soap and the lime serve not only to
mix the spirit of tar with the water, but they tend to
dissolve the scurf skin and assist the remedies permeat-
ing to the seat of the disease. For the latter purpose,
it is highly beneficial in bathing or pouring for scab to
have tlie liquid at a high temperature, as a hot liquid
finds its way much easier under the cuticle than a cold
one. There is some reason, however, for thinking that
this heat ;i,lone may have a destructive effect upon the
parasites, and I rather incline to the opinion that
repeated baths of hot water, at a temperature of say 125°
or i30', would effectually cure scab in sheep. Before
having done with the cure of scab in sheep, I ought to
allude to another practice. Mercurial ointment is
rubbed into the skin on the inside of the legs, and the
mercury is absorbed. The system of the animal is
brought under the influence of the remedy, as is
evidenced by the solution. Mercury is exhaled from
the pores of the skin, and as it comes out it kills the
scab mites. This is a very efficient mode of killing the
parasites ; but unfortunately ruminants, and especially
sheep, are more ea-sily poisoned by mercury than any
other of our domestic quadrupeds, and it often happens
that in curing the disease you destroy the sheep.

.3. Lice.— I come now to getting rid of ' keds.' After
remarking that smearing with tar, which had long
been in use, would soon be numbered among the
things that were. Dr. Sommerville proceeded — But
tar, at least some of its constituents, may be applied to
the fleece by other and more efficient methods. The
brown spirit of tar is a most useful substance, whether
used in pouring or dipping, and it is far less apt to
stain the wool than is the smearing compound. When
poured into the fleece, it ought to form a thirteenth or
fourteenth part of the pouring mixture. It is made to
mix with the water by means of the soft soap. When
put into a bath, a quart goes to ten gallons of the bath.
It is usually conjoined with other powerful substances,
though I have no doubt that for the killing of ' keds '
it would of itself be sufficient. Generally the external
employment of spirit of tar is safe, but it has been
known to poison. But the brown spirit of tar is
destined to be entirely superseded by a substance
obtained from tar— carbolic acid — the active principle
of M'Dougall's Dip. This substance does not stain the
wool, which the oil of tar does to some extent ; and it
has the great advantage, as compared with some other

ilips, to bo presently considered, of not being easily
washed off by rain; also, it is not a very powerful
lioison, and though it were, its smell is siillicieut to
|u-eveiit its beiu;; iiartakeu of at all. In Jl'Douaall's
bath the carbolic acid is suspended in water by a
mixture of potash and animal fat, on tho same [irinciple
as tho oil of tar is. I have no doubt that the inombors
of tho club will agree with me in thinking this the best
bath lor tho destruction of ' keds ' that has yet beou
tried. Another substance is used for killing tho slioep
louse, which is toba(;co. This is a powerful ana
effectual agent, but it colours tho wool somewhat,
although sulphur is said to protect the fleece from any
material in.jury. For tho purpose of pouring, a pound
of tobacco is boiled in water, so as to produce a quart
and a half of liquid. For dipping, tho same quantity
is suflicient for live gallons. 1 ho high price of tobacco
is aijcainst its free use. It might be lessened if the
liquid was prepiired in bond, but the risk of adultera-
tion is against this being carried out. Turpentine is
used, and with good reason, in the killing of 'keds.'
Though poisonous to the parasite, it does not injure
the sheep. It is used in the Hollylee composition.
Arsenic has been very extensively used, and, until of
late, was the favourite application— the danger to its
use ari.ses from contact with any broken surface. To
dissolve arsenic in water it is necessary to add to the
water some soda ash, and soft soap is used in addition.
Soda ash or potash acts as a caustic if it be strong, and
burns the skin so :is sometimes to make a raw wound,
particularly if aj)plied hot. The arsenic gets the credit
of burning, wdiile probably it belongs to tlie substances
administered along with it. The liquid containing
arsenic should be weak — a quarter of a pound of
arsenic to twelve or fifteen g;illons of water. Biggs' dip,
containing arsenic, has been very extensively used,
and has not proved very dangerous. Most of the
members of the club would know something of Elliot's
dip, also containing arsenic. In tho famous case of
Black 1'. Elliot it was conclusively shown that the sheep
had eaten of the pasture saturated by the drippings
from the wet fleeces. In using arsenical preparations
for dipping, care should be taken to have it done in
dry weather, so that none of the arsenic may be washed
off on the Grass. If the operation be properly con-
ducted, no arsenic, or almost none, will find its way
into the system ; and even though a small quantity
were to be absorbed, yet, from llie action of arsenic
when given as a medicine, and from what we know of
its effects on the arsenic eaters of Styria, I cannot
think that any harm would accrue. I wholly condemn
the use of corrosive sublimate. Instead of using
poisons, olive oil has been recommended, and by
smearing the wool with oil, the parasites would be
suU'ucated. In the human subject the itch insect can
be suffocated by perseveringly rubbing in oil or lard.
Such a thing it is impossible to do with sheep. I
cannot think that the use of oil or of glycerine either,
uucombined wdth any more active substance, is likely
to be of much benefit. The great difficulty in sheep
dipping or pouring i.s, not to kill the 'ticks' or 'keds'
on the sheep at the time, but it is to leave so much of
the poisonous substance on the ivool as will serve to
poison some future generations of them. By no
substance you can reasonably apply will you succeed
in penetrating the horny covering in which the young
' ked ' is enclosed. Therefore yon must leave sufficient
on the wool to which he adheres as will prove fital the
first day he comes out of his shell. Hence the advantage
of dipping in dry weather when the poison is allowed
to day on the wool, and the advantage of using
substances not ea-sily soluble in water. In regard to
the relative advantages of dipping and pouring, farmers
have generally made up their minds that the former is
the best method, and that pouring ought to be entirely
discontinued. In the choice of materials for bathing
be sure to employ nothing the constituents of which
you do not know. In the case of carbolic acid you
cannot obtain it in any other way than by buying it as
M'Dougall's composition ; but, with this exception, if
I were a farmer, I would have nothing to do with any
composition I did not make up myself, and which I did
not thoroughly understand.

All Account of the Island of Jersey. By the Eev.

P. Falle. Public Library, St. Heller's.

(Continued. from p. 8'i*3).

The farms of Jersey vary in size from 10 to .30 acres
in a general way, there being but few above the latter
quantity. There are a few 50 and 60 acre farms, but
these are quite exceptional. It is from these facts that
we get the practical illustrations of our introductory
remarks. It is astonishing how profitable these small
patches are, although there is much room for improved
fertilisation, and greater care in regard to cleanliness
and culture in a great majority of instances.

The area of the island is about 28,717 English acres,
its form being about 11 miles long by Sj miles wide.
The population (about which we shall have tomake
some general remarks by-and-by) was, in 1861, 55,613.
Thus there are, as nearly as possible, two persons to
the acre ; but as these people sell the greater part ot what
they produce, and buy a greater part of what they
consume, this is not an important element lor our
consideration. Of the value of their land, however,
much is to be said. Around St. Helier's, on the south
shore, it will make 91. per acre rent ; two or three miles
distant, 6/. to 71. ; while skirting the more distant
coast it makes U. to 61. This will probably make some
of our English and Scotch, and even Irish landlords
and proprietors and farmers open their eyes in asto-
nishment, particularly when we add that the produce
grown is principallv sent to the English market. VV hen
we quote these high rents we do not give them lor the
purpose of striking an average to cover the whole area

916

THE GARDENERS' CIIRONICT.E AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 31, 1867.

of the island, for there are large plots of it where the
rook, which forms the base of the whole, so crops out
that it is perfectly sterile as regards its capacity for
producing cereals, or any other domestic crop ; while
other large plots are mere sand-banks, which in days
gone by have been blown up by gales during low tides.
Before giving our brief notes on eaoh principal kind
of agricultural produce grown, we will tabulate the
quantities of those exported and imported during the
two preceding years : —

Exports.

Apples busb.

Butter lb.

Cider gal. imp.

Cows and Heifers head

Bulls

Grapes . . lb.

Pears bush,

Potatos tons

Fruit not specifically described, includ-
ing Apples, Apricots, Grapes, Peaches.
Pears, and Plums . . . . bush.

Imports.

Beer

Bullocks

Cows

Butter cwt.

Calves . . . . head

Eggs No.

Flour

Pigs

Poultiy (dead)
„ (living)
Potatos
Sheep and lambs

O.ats

Wheat

Barley ,. \\

Buckwheat cwt.

Bran tons

gals,
head

cwt.

No.
cwt.

No.
tons

No.
qrs.

1865.

81,212
106,288
72,466
2,487
2.?
1,373
1,234
3,216

186,840

3,477

1,048

3,783

1,703

0,840,600

40,132

10,949

310

91,211

1,867

16,543

14,850

11,956

3,.590

2,516

219

1866.

170,087

125,776

33,99.5

1,467

6

382

373

4,080

191,484

3,602

786

2,311

1,379

,569,700

.57,243

11,433

360

103,676

2,326

18,376

10,529

12,595

4,055

6,196

292

We have given these agricultural statistics in full
(first) because they afford a singular instance of a
regular importation and exportation of the same or
similar articles of food; and (secondly) because the
several items make good starting points for our
practical remarks. As a whole, no definite conclusion
can be based on them, as much of some of the articles
is merely purchased from the small French ports, as
St.^ Malo, Portbail, and Granville, for sending in a more
suitable form to the London markets. But this we |
shall explain under the head of each article. i

Cattle and their produce are the more interesting '
from our present point of view, and we therefore take ,
them first. Jersey cattle in England are known as i
Aldemeys, the general term given to the breeds of the !
Channel Islands. The females of these breeds are .
proportionately valuable above all other breeds, for '
two main reasons, one of which is natural, and the j
other the result of training or attention. The first i
consists in the fine rich colour and quality of their
milk, and the second in their remarkable docility and
traotability. The native size of these cattle, too,
makes them more valuable, if we contrast them with
other breeds, and estimate them at per stone, for as
they are small they eat accordinjjiy, and one or more
can therefore be kept by a family in or near a large
town, where the same number of our English breeds
would require not only a less domesticated kind of
management, but also a supply of food that would
make the small quantity of milk which will suffice for
a family a very expensive necessary daily diet, so much
so that it would have to be classed, in regard to cost,
under the head of luxuries. We may here adapt an
old saw by giving it a suitable variation : —

The first market price of a thing
Is no rule for the costs it will bring.

On this simple ground a family man, who has a
small paddock or two, and a spare stall in a stable, or a
wall against which a lean-to shed may be built, can
afford to give half as much more per stone, live
weight, for a small cow to supply his children with
milk, than he could for one which would add .almost a
branch of business to his domestic affairs.

In regard to the greatprofitablenessof the Jersey cows
over other kinds, in consequence of the richness of
the milk they ^ive, we believe that this is altogether
a misapprehension, which arises from the encouraging
vanity with which nature seems to have endowed her
sons and daughters all the world over ; and which is a
gracious gift, as it permits us to enjoy a far greater
sum of human happiness by the way we cheerfully
follow the labours of civilised lifo. We of course
refer to the amiable delusion that our own geese are in
all points superior to other people's swans. That
these cows have the capacity for giving milk which
yields a greater quantity of butter per gallon than
larger kinds, and than some smaller sizes also, we do not
dispute ; but that they are more profitable than other
breeds on that account, we are so far from being con-
vinced that we hold a totally different opinion. How-
ever, be our opinion correct or not, the value of the
Channel Islands cows will not be lessened in the least
degree. If, too, the merit of Jersey dairying all
emanates from the natural character of the Jersey
cow, the management which Jerseymen pride them-
selves in, and which we commend above all other
systems, is simply a delusion as regards its asserted and
accredited superiority. We take up this point on
vegetable and animal physiological grounds. This is
our argument.

The Jersey cow no doubt has some peculiar orgiini-
sation, whereby she elaborates and secretes the liquid
taken into the system in the form of food and drink in
a much more perfect manner than do some other
kinds of cows. But this is because her skin is more
porous, whereby more moisture is exhaled in that
direction : or because the proportion of her lungs to
her whole frame is greater, and more breath, the same

being largely charged with vapour, is tliereby expended :
or another channel may be more free in discharging
the liquid waste of the body. Be this, however, as it
may, apart from the colouring matter which is blended
with the milk of the Jersey cow, the only difference
between her milk and that of a Shorthorn, Here-
ford, Welsh, or Scotch cow is, its proportion of
water is less. If an average cow be taken from each
breed, and each animal be kept according to the
habits which may have been imposed on it, and a
ton of turnips, grass, or anything else he allotted to
each, the same amount of marketable produce would
be derived from that food, although the larger breeds
might produce this in a form wnich would be one-
fourth or one-third more in quantity in the first
instance than that produced by the Jersey animal.
The effect of climate also is as great on cows as it is on
any other animal. Hence Jersey cows require housing
nearly all the year round when they are first imported
into this country ; but when they have bred here they
gradually become acclimatised, or, otherwise, their
organisation — so wonderful a nurse is Dame Nature-
becomes adapted for the new conditions under which
they are placed. Their milk then differs in quantity,
and therefore in quality.

The artificial or trained character of these animals
is even more interesting than their natural traits, for
while the one cannot be imparted— albeit it may be
improved — by the hand of man, the other can every-
where be accomplished. There is nothing about the
Jersey cattle to indicate that they are naturally more
tameable than other bovine breeds— indeed, if physi-
ognomy be any guide, they are more than any others
like the animals about which much has been sung by
bold sportsmen ; the line —

" A-hunting the wild deer and a-following the roe "

will convey our meaning. There is no reason, at any
rate, why Jersey cows, with their deer-like heads and
legs, should be pets as rei^ards docility when compared
with other breeds. This is the result of the treatment
they receive from calfhood upwards. In the first place,
they are generally reared by hand, suckling them at
all being uncommon — and this weaning is generally
done by the hand of a woman, who, as a rule, is
naturally more gentle towards young dumb creatures
than is a man or a boy. Besides, as the wife of a
farmer or cowherd does the greater part of this work,
the gentleness she practises towards the animals she
in part owns or has under her charge is instinctively
impressed on the minds of her children, and all the
rising generation who may come in contact with her
and her bovine charges. What puppies and kittens
are to children in this country, calves are to the
juvenile peasantry in Jersey; not that there are
no dogs in |Jersey, lor in the absence of a dog-tax"
these animals have become so numerous that the States
are about to decrease their number by imposing a 5*.
duty. But calf-petting is an additional domestic
amusement with Jersey children. In this countr.y,
however, the boys and hobble-de-hoys frequently, if
not as a rule, seem to be actuated by an eleventh Com-
mandment, which appears to be—" Never forget to
kick or hit an animal when thee can, and with all thy
might." The result of this is, our animals retain their
natural fear of man instead of being trained to that
gentleness and tractability, and the comfort which
follows, which would be equal to a meal of food per
diem.

Jersey cattle never know they have naturally the
love of wild pranks. They are tethered from the birth.
Calves are haltered, by which they are tied to rings
around the wall of an unfurnished building, or they
are fastened two in a stall. Thus they are fed with
milk one by one. When they are fit to be turned, or
rather led, out to grass, they are tethered in an orchard,
so that they can choose, if they prefer it, the shady side
of a tree ; or if it be cold, the shelter of a fence or wall
is selected for them. When their horns grow long
enough to receive and hold a chain, this and three or
four yards of cord are substituted for the calf-halter.
So they are led, by the two, three, or half dozen, at
home ; and so they are taken to the market, fair, or on
board ship for a passage to this country. If these lead-
ing-strings be taken off the yearling or full-grown
cattle, they will follow their owner in the same way as
Saxony, Hungarian, and some other continental sheep
and cattle follow their shepherd and herdsman. In
the markets there there is none of the barbarity which
belongs to 6 feet of ground-Ash furnished with a goad
for special torture, as seen in English fairs and markets,
and particularly in the streets of London and other
populous cities. In this, we think, there is a le.sson
from which many of us may learn, and having realised
it, teach our swineherds, herdsmen, shepherds, and
drovers. In too many cases, the first duty of a British
aspirant in the art of animal tending is to secure a
pliable stick with a good knob at one end, for giving it
a ready fall, and the legitimate use to which it appears
to be thought this weapon should be put, is to hit a
horse, cow, or sow, as hard as possible across the snout
as often as the chance can be made available. We are
well aware that there are many instances where
masters and stockmen effectually inculcate different
and better sentiments into the boys whom they may
have under them, but our extensive range of observa-
tion has also assured us_ that the contrary is also in
more cases the fact, and in several instances where we
have had a master's responsibility we have had no
alternative but to peremptorily order boys not to carry
a stick of any kind ; and to make this order effective,
we added the condition that if they did so, they would
be made sensible of its punishing powers by having a
smart taste of it on their own back. Under this rule
the animals were far less trouble, and their habits were
also much more after the character' of animals which
are required to yield a profit.

In Jersey, where there is no town interest to be

jealous of the lauded interest, and where, therefore,
there has been no fear that any exposition of agricul-
tural yields would be used for political purposes, and
turned against the men who made the return— a
system of returns of live stock has been effectually
established. The following is the " Aggregate Beturu
of Live Stock in the Island of Jersey on the 5th of
March, 1868":—

Cattle.

Milk cows 5815

Two years old and upwards 1845

Under two yeara of age 4377

Total .. 12,03T

Sheep.

Ono year old and above . . . . . . . . 404

Under one year old US

Total SIT

Pigi.

Ages not specified (total) 6885

Horses.
Ages not specified (total) 3227

We have given these returns of all kinds of stock,
as it is thus shown that cows, the produce of them,
and pigs for eating dairy and other refuse, are the
animals on which the Jersey farmers rely for
profit. Sheep, as will be judged, are thought
nothing of, the 617 returned for the whole island
being probably, in greater part, sheep which had
recently been imported from the French ports afore-
said, and were either being kept till wanted by
butchers, or were in the enclosed grounds of English
residents, who have property independent of the profits
on their land. Sheep are not to be seen on farms.
This is perhaps because they cannot be conveniently
tethered. Nothing runs loose in Jersey. Horses are
tethered, donkeys ditto, and even if a chance goat be
imported or bred in the island, no sooner does he or
she befjin to show his or her natural propensities for
mounting and scaling stone walls and banks than the
days of his or her wild liberty are numbered, for a rope
and chain are applied to a pin at one end, and neck or
horns at the other ; describing a circle is henceforth
the utmost liberty of his or her goatship in Jersey.
Pigs are never seen otherwise than in a walled pound,
sty, or cart on the way to market or the shambles. ^ It
is probable, too, that from the same habit of keeping
animals confined and tied up but fowls are kept in the
best cultivated parts, and, therefore, that 6,000,000 and
more eggs, and the number of fowls, live and dead,
given in the Table, are imported annually. In many
places there are no fences to divide the land of neigh-
bours, and most of the small farms are in one or two
fields, or imperfectly divided plots, so far as fencing off
fowls go ; and in almost every field there is the patch
of Wheat, Barley, or Rye, or perhaps a patch of each
side by side, or intermixed with the greensward on
which cows are tethered, and Grass for hay is growing.
Fowls, therefore, would do more mischief than the profit
on them would be. Fences are cultivated, and we think
wisely, for shelter to the fruit and crops, but, for the
foregoing reasons, there is no pretension to confine
animals by means of them aided by banks. So free
from roaming animals is the island, that many orchards
and fields, and gardens in front of cottages and houses,
have only a stone facing level with the soil, from which
the roadway may have worn down a foot or so. ^ This
speaks in favour of the general respect the inhabitants
have for their neighbours' goods, at the same time that
it accounts for a large importation of eggs and fowls,
where the climate and cottage farming are so suitable
for the production of both. After our first observations
on tethering we certainly expected to have seen cocks
and hens under this arrangement, but we were not
gratified. Probably it has been found that a tethered
cock is not a lively bird, and would not therefore crow
at the end of his own tether in the same way that
every cock is conventionally said to be disposed to do
when on his own dunghill.

The cattle may be further considered with advan-
tage, for we have to relate the practice of one or two
of the leading breeders and dairymen in the island.
These we found out from recollecting their names ai
exhibitors at the International Cattle Show, under the
auspices of the Royal Agricultural Society of England
at Battersea, in 1862. We refer more particularly to
Mr, Le Galiais and Mr. Le Feuvre. Before briefly
taking up their stock and farms, however, we have a
general rem,ark or two to make on the facts as given iu
the above Tables.

The difference of 2532 calves, or animals less than a
year old, over those above a year old and under two
years, is a fair average number of the two-year-old
heifers and a few cows annually exported. In 1865
the number was 2487 ; for the year ending in 1866 the
number was about a thousand less ; but this was owing
to the restrictions imposed in this country on account
of the cattle plague, and the total prohibition of
European cattle entering into America, for the same
reason. Americans are great and excellent customers
for Jersey cows. This exportation of two-year-olds is
admissible from the fact that Jersey heifers are early
in the propensities which, when gratified, lead as_ a
rule to an increase of the species. And as a family
quantity of milk is, as we have explained, a greater
consideration than the ultimate size of the cow, the
almost invariable practice with the Jersey farmers is
to let nature have its course, whereby their heifers a,re
far advanced in calf, or on the point of calving, by the
time they are two years old. The prices of these
heifers vary from \\l. to Wl, according to size, form,
and colour. The average now, we are informed, is,
including the few cows sold, about \U. At this price
the sura realised, on the average, for cows and heilers,
would be 32,500i. per annum, a good item for a place
not larger than an average hundred or township of
English counties. A great trade has been done during
the present year, both on account of the accumulation

AuctrsT 81, 18G7,]

THK GARDENERS' CHRONK^LE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

917

of stocks last year, and tlie Uiuli prices wUich cows in
milk have been making in Londou from the losses by
tbe ijlaguo duriuf 18U5 and 18UU. . .

Ucre we may relate a gratilying result of our MUiuiry
Before we made any exploration of tlio island beyond
St llelior's and tho shores of the adjacent bays, wo

, saw several lots of heifors beiiiR led on their way to a
boat From tho general beauty in syniinetry and

i colour of those animals, a suspicion at once arose in
our mind to the ellect that (,he Jersey farmers were

i tempted to do as the silly Welshmen have done lor
years vi/,., to sell their best i^rown heifers because

1 thoy commaniled an extra price by a pound or two
"down on tho nail." Hut on mentioninR this to
reliable iiion, Mr. Le Gallais being one of them we
wero a's-urcd that our imnrcssion was groundless.
Mr T.o (iallais, for example, said, ' 'iliere is mute
enough public spirit in our farmers to induce them
to keep tho best for improving their homo slock.
This is honourable pride and meritorious selt-iuterest
in iianpv combination. The many observations we

' afterwards made enable us to conliriii this, by saying
wo saw quite as lino and beautiful animals in a general
way in the cottier's paddock and ou the farmer s (jrasj
plot of his one or two Holds, as wo saw being led
throu'^h the streets or held ou the quay of St. Heller s.
As further evidence, Mr. Lo Gallais said he recently
wanted to buy several good cows, and ho could not
induce tho owners of such as ho required to part with
them on any terms which, as regards their marketable
Talus, would have been within reason.
{Tube CoiUlnued.)

Farm Memoranda.

STBAM CULTlV.lTIO>f IN E iST LoTHIAN.— "Withiii
■V low niiles of Drem, in Haddingtonshire, five sets of
Lli-un tackle are at work. We had not time to visit
Mr Walter Reid, of Drem, wliose apparatus is that oi
Messrs Coleman & iMorton, of Chelmsford, in which a
headland engine with a couple of winding drums
•works two one-way implements, these being alwa\s in
IV. irk when going toward the engine, and returning
toward the anchor backward without working. It
w;is reported to us as giving him satisfaction in every
v>av We were also obliged to pass by the lowler
'■>('.t"of Mr. Todd, of Castle Mains, Dirleton, near

Mr' Hope met us at Drem Station, on Saturday
iiinrning, November 17th, our first call being upon

Xo 93. Mr. Thomas Begbie, of Queenston liank,
I hem Haddingtonshire, who has worked a U-horse
I'V.wler engine since 1802. His farm is on the trap
r.,rk • the soil partly light, but portions making heavy
pair-horse ploughing. Ho uses the C-feet cultivator
Lv autumn and spring tillage, does all the heavy work
for Turnips, and prepares some of the seed furrows tor
Wheat by the steam tackle. The main advantages
found are in the greater expedition and the increased
depth of the work, as compared with horse-ploughing
and grubbing. Mr. Begbie considers that his root
crops show a considerable augmentation of produce,
though he has not tested steam against horse work in
the same field. One palpable result has been attained
—the displacement of one-fourth his former number
of farm horses.

Our next call was upon ^ t^- , i

No 9G Mr. William Sadler, of Ferrygate Dirleton,
near Drem, Haddingtonshire. Eastward of Drem, and
not far from the new "watering place" of North
Berwick, Mr. Sadler occupies 409 acres of arable mixed
soil lying in 60 and GO-acre fields, on a gentle rise of
bleak uuwooded country, which looks northward over
the wide Firth of Forth. ^. , , . ,„^-,

A Fowler 10-horse engine was tried here in 18ba,
but wanting in power, was changed for a 12-horse
engine, which has done all the heavy work for roots
and also ploughed the land for Wheat, Barley, and
other crops. And now the big boulder stones have
been got out, Mr. Sadler finds that he can accomplish
his steam tillage for much less than the price that
horsework used to cost, and his former force of
14 horses has been reduced to nine— a fact from such a
place and from such an authority as should tell more in
favour of steam culture than a dozen reports from
ordinary practitioners. We walked over some magni-
ficent tilths, torn up 12 or 14 inches deep ; and when
Mr. Sadler declared to us that not only was his tillage
expenditure so much less than formerly (and this,
remember, under the best Lothian management of
teams which has become proverbial for its exactness
and rigid economy iu every detail), his crops were also
better, we could readily recognise the correcfjiiess of
his judgment on this point, for we never beheld more
wonderful Swedes and hybrid Turnips than those
which in huge bulbs for hundreds of yards together
along the rows, had just been pronounced by a
local Society's official judges to weigh 30 to 56 tons

per acre. . , . x, nr c. ji

Another important circumstance is that Air. Sadler,
feeling the loss of time involved in taking up and
setting down the anchor, and the difhculty of the
action of the "slack gear" in fields not perfectly
rectangular, has purchased a " double-engine set. Of
course this tackle (which we believe has made a good
begmning since Christmas) will do duty on several
other farms besides Ferrygate.

No 97 Mr. George Hope, Fenton Barns, Drem,
Haddingtonshire, occupies 070 acres arable, with 2 only
of old pasture ; a medium loam soil, in places more
clayey High-backed lands were at one time adhered
to, but in tho early days of uuder-draining the farm
was tile-drained at 2t feet depth, and flattened, and
now it is always sufUciently dry. A Howard apparatus,
with 10-horse engine, was purchased in September,
181)3, has done more than 1200 acres of tillage since
that time, and, excepting the rope, appears as sound
and good as ever, and has incurred no expense m

repairs. All tho work has boon grubbing,* and in
consequence of this aid all operations are so forward in
autumn and in spring, that Mr, Hoiio " wonders how
he ever got on before." Ho has parted witli tlireo
lujrses, and would bo able to sell more, if ho had not so
much carting of Folates, besides a now farm, distant
2S miles, at which many improvements are being
niade. Ho finds that he can do a 30-acro field at one
selling-down, and by simply turning the enijine and
windlass round, docs 00 acres from one position. Ah
liis steam win-k is done with inferior coal, costing 10s. i
a ton with the cartage. .

Mr. Hope considers that ho is well repaid lor his
investment by the deeper and bettor tillage, and by
the winter-exposed land being sooner ready for sowing
in spring. Then the yield of cropping is greater, Ironi
the fact of tho crops being more equal. This is due to
the more timely sowing, instead of having some holds
too early and others too late. Mr. Hope s root crops
aro " a treat to see," and every square foot of ground
wonderfully clean, tho Turnips growing up to the very
stems of the Quick hedges ; and there, instead of
weeds and Grass, Rape shoots out from the hodge-
bottoms. The hedges are cut once a year, and the
bottoms dug every time a crop is put in.

It was not part of our embassy, however, to make
notes of Scottish husbandry ; we had simply to form
ail impression as to the value or uselessness of the
steam plough on farms where everything had been
about perfection already, and the impression we
brought away with us is, that the heavy investment ot
a steam tackle is found to pay well, even upon the
neatest and best-managed occupations, where firsl-
class farming has been practised for generations. J. A.
Clari-e, ill the Journal of the English AnncuUiiral
Society.

AVest Sussex : August 27.— We are now m the
middle of harvest ; the greater part of the Wheat is in,
but very little Oats or Barley is yet carted, and a great
part of these is not cut, and is suffering a good deal, as
It is very much down and over ripe, and the Clover
has got up through it, in some cases hiding it com-
pletely. Barley will be very much injured on this
account, and as there is so much Clover in it, i' W'h
have to remain cut for some time before it is fit to
carry ; and the land is so damp, that unless we have
very fine weather it will be much injured. 0,its are
iu the same slate, and will come out very freely it they
have to remain long in the field. We have never seen
the young Clover get so much the advantage of the Corn.
Respecting tho state of the crops we can now speak
with some confidence, as there have been several lots
threshed hereabout, and the yield on the whole is not
good probably two sacks an acre less than an average
crop for Wheat. Barley is very light in the straw, and
the yield of corn will not be good, either in quantity
or quality. Oats, though not heavy in straw, are a
fair crop, and if well harvested will be of good quality.
Roots now promise to be good, though they came
slowly on at first ; they have grown very rapidly of
late, and there is every prospect of a good crop of
Mangel and Turnips. Of course the pastures are
good, and lean slock are likely to be wanted, and not
to be got any cheaper— although dearer they are not
likely to be, as they will pay little or nothing at the
present prices of buying in. , j

The Potato disease has set in pretty severely, and
half of them are likely to rot ; they are as good a crop
as we have had for some years.

Harvest hands have not been very numerous, and, as
the corn has been much laid, higher prices have had to
be given for reaping— as much as 20*. per acre ; and as
there has been much wet, men have not done so well
even at that, except where they have been employed
during the wet times at other work.

The samples of new Wheat in the market are hard y
equal in quality to last year's ; some has been sold
as hi^h as 76s. per quarter, but 68.s. has been more
common : there is not much old left, and straw is
also uearly all used up, so that the new crop must come
into market at once. Peas have been a fair crop, but
sufl'ered a good deal from the wet weather we had as they
were being cut, and a good many were lost on the
ground Where they have been grown the land has
got in a very foul stale, and will require a good deal of
work to fit it for Wheat.

Altcelher we have had a strange and variable season,
great extremes of heat and cold, of wet and dry weather,
but all tho weather prophets have been right, whatever
they may have foretold about it, and we may stiU retain
our faith iu these Delphic oracles. O. S.

fields. Tho great distinction in the work lay with the
person who tilted tho sheaves from the manual
delivery ; so also in tho self-delivery, as much depended
on the completeness and adaptation of tho delivering
apparatus. The reapers examined may he divided
into three classes ; 1st, The one-horse manual ; 2d, Tho
two-horse manual ; and .'id. The two-horse self-delivery.
As to tho one-horse reaper, although the work done by
it is eciual to that of any of the others, yai, from the
less breadth cut, tho heavy draught, and its requiring
a driver and man for tilting the same asatwo-horso
machine, the difference in price is not sullicient to
recommend its extensive use on the larger farms.
As .to the two-horse manual delivery machine,
the "work done was very satisfactory ; and from
tlio care and' workmanlike manner in which some
of the men turned off tho sheaves, the most iierfect
work was done by this class of reapers. Everything
was done in a very neat and superior manner, and
such as left nothing to bo desired. One thing recom-
mends itself very strongly in the management of this
machine. A hand is exclusively employed m walking
before the machine along the edge of the uncut corn to
lift up any stalks which may have fallen over in a dif-
ferent direction from the general lay of the corn, the
eflect of which quite perfectly prevents any straggling
of stubble. The cutting with the two-horse delivery
machine is equal to the others, and the delivery into
sheaves very fair, and, with a little further improve-
ment in the delivery arrangement, will very probably
come into general use. From the superior work done
by all the classes of reaping machines, we do not hesi-
tate to recommend the employment of them on all
farms. At the same time, to do full justice to both
I machine and crop, a careful preparation of the land is
' necessary, broad ridges, thorough harrowing, furrows
well filled up, large stones carted off, and the land well
rolled. It is also of the utmost importance to have the
knives regularly and properly sharpened, and the gear-
ing of the machine frequently oiled. Your Committee
must not, however, omit to mention that this has been
a favourable year for the trial of reapers, crops being
generally light. Notwithstanding this advantage, we
inspected several fields where machines were at work
in heavy crops, and the work done was sullicient to
recommend their general use. Some disadvantage
attending the use of reapers is caused by occasional
breakages; and, from the closeness and compactness
with which the stalks are put together in a sheaf,
it is more difficult in a harvest like the past to get
the crop into condition for stacking than when it
was cut with the scythe ; but it is more than eom-

Miscellaneous.

Reapiiui Machines— U has been seen from the short
reports of harvest work given last week, how general
the use of reaping machines is becoming, i here are,
however many counties where the ordinary methods
are still in practice, and where the reaper is not yet
believed in. For such we reprint part of a report
which appeared last year from a Committee
of the Morayshire Farmers' Club, which have
in their time taken the lead in many agri-
cultural improvements, and who here declare
the entire success of tho reapers made by local mariu-
facturers, many of which must be pronounced interior
to those of best English make. They, inspected 20
machines at work on 15 different farms in the county,
and report as follows :—" All the machines cut well,
almost all equally well, after making allowance for
variety of soil and the difl'erence in the preparation of

• Since tbe visit of the Cummittee, Mr, Hope has purchased
a Fowler's 4-furrow balance ploush. which he works with his
Howard's apparatus, and finds lighter in draUijht than the
cultivator. He can now easily and certainly regulate the
depth of the wort ; this he formerly faUed to attain where
strong clay and aaudy soils alternated in the same field.

pensated by the neat, clean, and tidy way in which
the crop can be lifted. The sheaves should be of a
small size. While your Committee hope that improve-
ments on reaping machines may be eUected by the
makers, they would urge on farmers and their servants
to see as to the proper preparation and culture of tho
land, and the working of the machines, so that they
may be more extensively used throughout the country.
For this end, your Committee would recommend that
prizes of a fair value should be given for competition
to servants in charge of machines, who would excel in
the management and keeping of them in repair, as \yell
as in the tilling of sheaves a proper size, and that
arrangements should be made by another harvest for
this purpose." This report was signed by three of the
leading farmers of the district.

Bats.— A heartless ruffian, much patronised by rats
having tried iu vain nux vomica, phosphorus paste,
and improved rat-traps, has at last hit U[)on a plan
which has relieved him of his unwelcome visitors, and
has had the inhumanity to publish the expedient in
the papers for the benefit of other householders allUcted
as he was. "You fry," tersely wrote the inhuman
barbarian, " a number of bits of sponge in dripping,
and place the savoury morsels in the rats' runs. By-
and-by you will not be troubled with rats any more.'
Our magniloquent contemporary has brought the
tremendous force of its eloquence to bear upon this
discredit to the human race in a leader, in which a
condemning public is invited to—" Look at the fright-
ful barbarity of the plan ! The sponge attracts moisture
from the stomach and intestines of the miserable
creature, swells into an immovable mass, and the
animal dies. But how ? Of enteritis— in tortures
inconceivable- worse probably than if the creature
were flung into a slow fire. A burning internal
inflammation sets in, the hapless brute rolls and
writhes in unspeakable agony ; it thirsts, it vomits, is
convulsed, frantic, fevered with an anguish which lasts
all the while that mortification is preparing ; and not
till many hours, perhaps days, after the sponge is
swallowed does the gentler hand of Death arrest the
piteous pain and dismiss the tortured life. Let us kill
what we must kill, but if we hope for mercy from the
Power higher than ourselves, let us avoid such devilish
cruelty." We cannot doubt that if the devilish agri-
culturist who has thus ruthlessly freed himself aud his
stacks from rats happens to read the Telegraph he will
fry no more sponge, and will resignedly hand over his
store to the harmless little rodents iu which our con-
temporary takes such a tender interest. Pall Mall
Gazette.

Rents in Forfarshire.— A parliamentary return has
been issued which shows for a series of years the land
rental— that is, the valuation on which farmers profits
are assessed — for each county of Great Britain
separately. By means of this document the amount
and the rate of increase in rent during the 10 years
terminated with 1805 can be computed. A longer
interval for comparison might have been taken . from
the paper, but the term chosen wifl sufhciently
demonstrate that the landed interest has participated
in the general prosperity of the kingdom. In .he
property tax returns the gross assessment under
Schedule B and the gross assessment under that part
of Schedule A which represent lands only, are the

918

tHE GARDENEES' CHEONTCT.E AKl) AGPlCULTtmAL GAZETTE.

[AirausT 31, 1867.

same ; the one may be used for the other. The gross
land rental of Enghmd and "Wales in 185-1-5 was
41,06S,OOOJ., and in lSi>l-5 it had risen to 48,404,000?.,
or by an increase in the latter over the former year of
5,336,000?.— that is, 13 per cent. The gross land rental
of Scotland in 1334-5 was 5,715,000?., and 10 years sub-
sequently 0,830,000?., being an increase of 1,085,000?., or
18.9 per cent. This exceeds the English rate for the
same interval by 5.9 per cent. To save space, the next
Table has been restricted to 12 of the principal agricul-
tural counties of Scotland— seven in the southern and
five in the northern division of that country :^

Amount of Farmers' Rent asse3.sed under Schedule B of tlie
Property Tax in 1855 and in 1865, compared for under-
named Counties of Scotland : —

Assessment under Scliedulc B.

Counties.

Southern —
Dumfries
Ayr

Lanark . .
Edinburgh
Roxburgh
Haddington
Fife

Northern —
Perth . .
Forfar . .
Aberdeen
Argyle ..
Inverness

1355.

£
281,949
420,090
320.809
240,764
244,043
213,737
408,108

629,216
295,664
474,233
232,937
183,664

18G5.

£
342,287
511,704
386,010
276,173
284,063
224,713
455,281

618,763
401,351
570,020
279,030
191,881

Increase.

£
00,338
91,014
65,201
35,409
40,010
10,977
47,173

89,547
105,687
95,787
40,093
8,217

Increase
per Cent.

21.4
21.6
20.3
14.7
10.4
6.6
11.6

16.9
35.8
20.2
19.8
4.5

Seven Southern Counties.—Four are much below the
Scotch average, and three above it. Lanark, which is
the great manufacturing county of Scotland, is one of
those in the group that seems to have made the most
advance in agricultural wealth— namely, 20.3 per cent.;
whilst the progress of Haddington has been remark-
ably small, only 5.1 percent. Five Northern Counties.
— The diversity of fortune appears to have been greater
in this section than in the former; the increments
rising from 4.5 per cent, in Inverness to 35.8 per cent.
in Forfar. The contrast which the two Highland
coimties present is noteworthy. Argyle has increased
its rental by 46,093?. or 19.8 per cent., while the increase
was only 8217?. in Inverness, or 4 5 per cent., measured
proportionately, less than a fourth of the Argyle rate.
The Forfar rate, 35.8 per cent., is nearly twice the
average ratio for Scotland, and far in excess of any
percentage recorded in this Table. Pall Mall Oazeite.
The Karvestinij of Crops. — In your impression of
Saturday last is a communication from a correspondent
recommending a new plan for securing the harvesting
of crops, viz., " decapitating the stalks, and taking the
ears of Wheat into the barns and spreading them out,
so that the wind blowing through the open door should
dry them." Thanks to your correspondent for his
suggestion, but I think a more efficacious plan would
he to get half-a-dozen blacksmith's bellows put up in a
barn, and from a stage erected above the line of bellows
suspend by means of cheap twisted Hemp the sheaves,
and from the gusts of wind proceeding from the
different bellows, so powerful a blast would be created
as would soon dry the sheaves. Adjoining the barn
should be an enclosed drying house, with half-a-dozen
of Messrs. Hardy and Padmore's iron stoves; around
these should be placed the sheaves as they come
from the blast-house, and in a little time the corn
would be hard and fit for grinding. Excellent as all
this inay appear on paper, I fear it would bother many
of our old farmers, who would rather go on in
the old-fashioned jog-trot way, and leave these
new inventions to our amateur farmers ; but
your correspondent's mode of harvesting corn reminds
me of a friend of mine, who, on going to the
sea for a little change of air, told his servants to mow
the lawn and make it into hay, but to take care it did
not smoke, or it would be spoiled. The servants put it
together, but alas ! it smoked, and they pulled the rick
to pieces and dried it before the stove in the laundry,
put it again into stack, and made a rick of it. I am
afraid the ears of Wheat dried as your correspondent
recommends would smoke when put together like my
friend's lawn Grass, and that the trouble would not be
worth the expense. I farm a large tract of corn and
Grass land, and harvest a large (juantity of corn, but
I always leave the corn to the wind and sun to dry it,
never resorting to artificial help, such as wind instru-
nlents, &c. To the best of my recollection I have
never had any corn injured by the weather; but by
cairrying it too soon, or by inattention in turning it, or
hyl some fault of my own, I have sometimes injured
it, but not through the weather. Farmers should
exercise patience— trust an overruling Providence, and
there is a promise, " seed time and harvest shall never
fa,il." Agricola, Pershore^ August 21, in " Berroio''s
Worcester Journal."

Heating hy Hot Water.

HOT-'WATER PIPUS, at "Wholesale Prices, ivith
Elbows, Syphons, Teo-Pipeg, and every other connection ;
Wrought and Cast-iron Boilers, Saddle, Conical, Cylinder, Tdbdlar,
and Elliptic, from 24^. each. Improved Boilers and Iron Stands to
uye without brickwork, COS. each. Valves from 10s. Gd. each. Patent
Valves, improved Furn.ace Doors, JTurnace Bars, Supply Cisterns,
and Castings of every description in stocl:, at

Mr. Lyncu White's Iron Wharf, Upper Ground Street, Blackfriars
Bridge, London, S. Price List on application.

c

20

453.

OTTAM AND COIIPANI.

Conservatory and HornoosE Builders, &c,,
Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

24
65s.

3 inches long.
92s. 6d. each.

HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. M. 2s. \d. 2s. 8ci. per yard.

Matorials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,

2, Winsley Street,

opposite the Pantheon).

Oxford Street, London, W,

Hot-water Pipes, with Elbows
and Connections, supijiied by
I^URY AND POLLARD,

and Connections, supijiied by
~^ URY AND POLLARD.

Contracts and Estimates given
for WARMING PUBLIC BUILD-
INGS ; latest Improvements in HEAT-
ING bv HOT WATER; the Improved
CONICAL BOILERS, for Heating
Pineries, Conservatories, Greenhouses,
Miinsions, Halls, Warehouses, &c.,
Solely Maniil'actured by Buav & Pol-
laud. These Boilers are adapted for
setting in Brickwork, or annexed
Sketch shows Bury & Pollard's im-
proved arrangement, requiring
NO BRICKWORK SETTING.
These Boilers have for their dura-
bility and economy attained a cele-
brity far surpassing any other Boilers
ever invented. They have been for
many years p;ist in use at many Public
Establishments, Royal Botanical Gar-
dens at Kew, at the Regent's Park,

the Crystal Palflce, and at most of the Nobility's and Gentry's Seats

tbraughoiit the United Kuigdom. Reterences where they have

been ftr 20 years in constant use.
Pnce Lists on application to Bury & Pollard, Park Iron Works,

17, New Park Street, Southwark, London, S.E.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOE HEATISG CONSERVATOEIES, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PKIVATE

RESIDENCES, ETC., ■^ITH

Truss's Patent Universal Flexible and Leakless
Pipe-Joints.

T. S. TEUSS

Begs to state that the immense number of APPARATUS annually Designed and Erected by him in all parts of
the kingdom, and for the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHISWICE,
with unrivalled satisfaction, is a guarantee f(ir skill of design, superior materials, and good workmanship : while the
great advantages obtained by his IMPROVED SYSTEM cannot be over-estimated, consisting of perfectlv tight
joints with neatness of appearance; EFFECTS A SAVING OF 25 PER CENT, on cost of Apparatus erected
compared with other systems ; facility for extensions, alterations or removals without injury to pipes or joints ; can
be erected by any gardener; an ordinary size apparatus erected by one man in a dav, and PERFECTNESS OF
DESIGN SUPPLIED, INSURING NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle Boiler,
delivered to any Railway Station in England, anl Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 2.5 miles ofl'
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large works.

TWO FOUR-INCH PIPES ALONG ONE SIDE AND ONE END OF HOUSE.

Size of House.
20 feet by 10 feet
3D feet by 12 feet
40 feet bv 15 feet

Apparatus Complete.

£2 0
2 10
2 15

Size of House.

50 feet by 15 feet
75 feet by 15 feet
100 feet by 15 feet

Apparatus Complete.

£17 10
20 0
26 0

£9 0
11 15
15 0

Bath and Gas Work erected in town or country. The Trade Supplied.

Soriiculiural Buildings of every description from Is. 9(f. per foot superficial.

Erection,

£3 0 0

3 0 0

3 5 0

Price Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on application to

T. S. TRUSS, C.E., Consulting Hoktioultukal Engineek, &c., Sole Manufaciueke,
FKIAR STREET, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

Observe — The City Offices are now Semoved to the Manufactory, Friar Street,

GUMMING & EDMONDS'

PATENT TUBULAR ARCHED SADDLE BOILER.

AWARDED

THE ONLY

FIKST-CLASS
CERTIFICATE

roR

HOT-WATER

BOILERS

AT THE

SHOW
OF THE

ROYAL

HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETY,

at BURT ST.

EDMUND'S,

July 16, 1S67.

Notices to Correspondents.

BRirr<iN Cows : W M A. itr. Baker, of tlie Pheasantiy, Chelsea,
used to advertise. Perhaps this answer may bring us the
names of other salesmen, either native or English.

Caponising ; Cor. The reference given last week is, we find,
mistaken. Wo will endeavour to obtain a recipe for you.

JIangel Wurzel : A Constant Reailer writes :— My Mangel
"Wurzel is running to seed this year much more than usu;ij.
I have a capital crop, many upwards of 2 feet in circum-
ference. I have taken up from 3 acres more tlian five good
cartloads of dressed roots (some weighing 7 lb.), and many
more are nuining. What can be the cause ? early sowiuEr,
the season, or the seed ? I sowed on the 6th April ; it came
\ip rather iiTegular, commencing on the 24th April, My
bailiff sowed some in his garden a mouth later, and it runs
in the same proportion. The seed, "Orange Globe," I get
fi'om a first-class house. The roots I take up are not a dead
loss, as the pigs and cows enjoy them. [Early sowing and
a growing season are probably the causes of this unusunlly
general complaint.]

New Forage Plant: Messrs. Carter d: Co, Our opinion must
be postponed for a week,

We have received numerous and flattering Testimonials of the efficiency of this Boiler, and in a report of i)0
Directors of the Royal Horticultural Society, April, 1867, it is specially mentioned as " ivorking very efficiently^ a'""
merintammg the heat at stove temjieraUtre lolth a very small consumption offuel.'^

We beg to draw attention to our superior designed CONSERVATORIES and HOTHOUSES of every descrip- ;
tion, and especially to our

NEW ORCHARD, STRAWBERRY, AND PLANT HOUSES,

whicli are " very cheap," and " ventilated " on a principle very much approved by all practical judges.

Having lately made considerable additions and alterations to our STEAM-POWEE MACHINEKT, we are now
enabled to execute orders in the shortest possible time.

GARDEN BOXES, PIT LIGHTS, &c., at the lowest prices.
MANSIONS, CHURCHES, PQBLIC BUILDINGS, ■WAREHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &e., HEATED by HOT,
WATER in the most efficient manner.

I^^ Designs and Estimates Free on application.

GUMMING ANl) EDMONDS,

CONSERVATORY ARCHITECTS, HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, AND HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

LILLIE BRIDGE, RICHMOND ROAD, FULHAM, LONDON, S.W.,

Adjoining the West Brompton Station on the West London Railway.

August 31, 1867.]

THE GATJDENERS' CMnNTCEE ANT) AnRTCUETTmAL GAZETTE,

919

Midland Steam Power Horticultural and Hot Water

Works, Loughborousli.

r\^ G. MESSENGER, Midland Stciim Power
J_ • Ilortlcultnval Works, Loughborough, Hot- Water AppnratUB

mid Vdlvo M)i.!mliu;turer. , ,„ , ^^,^, ,^,,,

I luiium ihio Mi'dtlnii iiwardod at tho International Exhibition, ISCii,
i.ti^i ,1 tiiu liuliliii Kxhibition. 1805 ; also a FirHt-clas3 UortiQcato by
tlio Koviil llurtuMilUiriil Society.

r li'Jlissi M.i It, I'atoiitoe of niauy linpoi-tant improve men ts In
|;uiMiiiK;< ^iii'l Iin|ik-nient8 connected with Horticulture, and which
iiR.'t, witli uiii|irtlilloa iipprobation, is prepared to ^Ive referonco to
liundrods of works entrusted to him and pre-ouiinontly answering
tho purposo fm- wliicli they were conatructod.

Any Iloiiso Gliizod sinKlo or double, with or without putty.

The inndo aduptod bv T. 0. MEssENnEa rorlleatint; imd Ventilating
initrine Houses is particularly successful.

Iluuse-s iiro couKtructed by his Patented Ventilating pilnciplo to
npuii tho whole of roof and sides as though the ulass were eutiroly
roiiinvod, at once pkiclng tlio plants in tho external atiuysphore.

T tl. Mkssenokr's Uoilor possej^sea all tho ndvuntiigos of tlie
Tiihular and .Saddle uonibined, has hollow furnace bars, roijulros but
a shallow stokehole, and expoeos as much surface to tho direct action
of tli« (ire as can pos-slbly bo obtained, tho whole of which can bo
easily cleaned ; and It is an important facl; that out of upwards ol
6U0 now at work made upon tho improved principle not ouo has
ciAckod.

1', G. Mebbknoeii's Valvo (single or double) is effective, flimple,
iMsv to work, and as durable as tho pipe to which it is attached

licslgns and Kstlmatoa supplied for all kinds of Horticultural
Works, and guaranteed to auswor the purposo for which they may
be intended,

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXUIBITION

rpiIE ONLY

_1 Vai'ioi

PRIZE MEDAL AAVARDEI) for

j'ious linprovonnMits in the Ventilation, Cnnstniction, and
A|.nlicfttiouof WROUtillT-IRON V~' Uorticultural BuildiuL;s.

(ilTR PATliNT WilOUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CON.SER
V A rOKlES are of tho highest order.

OUR PATPJNT WROUailT-IRON PRIZK MEDAL GUEEN-
1I<.>USES perfectly neutralizo atmospheric conduction.

UQR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
]ii-.iinote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
;irr:iii«oment.

nUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
Hi>i_;SES(a8 supphcd to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unriiilinL,' result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDiVLGERANlUM
uil PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
m:iximum degree of light.

< lUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
:i].l JIELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
I [ij|iiMved avstem.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
wiiuu heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
LliL' k'rowth of flrst-claas fruit,

UUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
cmintfiitW superior for nil early work.

itUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty.

These Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent,
iiiid from the complete adjustment of their constructional parts will
vie most favourably with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Cntalogues on application to the Patentees,

T. n. P. Dennis & A. Scruby, Horticultui-al Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of tho comitry, or the matorlala,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, &c.. deiivorod to any Station.
BstimatOK on application.
J. JoN£B & S0N8, 0. biinkfsldo, Southwark, London, S.E.

By Royal Letters Patent.
f^ SIIREWSHUKY'S NONl'AHlilL GAS BOILER.

vT . sfzo to Heat 'M fuot of I'lpe, :is.^.

" HiH Nonpareil Gas Bollor \h an invention of which we can speak
in terms of unquailllod iii)]jioviil.'"— /^Vvjin the Irinuininfjcrs' Jountat,
June 21), 1S07. G. SnaKW-^iiunv, Lower Norwood, S.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Ikon Merchant,
• SI. Banlsido, London, S.E.
HOT WATER PlPl-JS, Imm StocK. per yard :— 2-lnch, U. M'l ;
S-lnch, Is. (ici. : andl-inch. 2n. :id. HEN DS, from Stock Is. Od.,l's. (W.,
and 3s, each. THROTTLE VALVES, liw., I3fl.,and l4«. each. (HIkm-
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of flrst-chiss nmuu
factm-o. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the s,iine day.

West of England, Ireland, and Wales.

~ VINCENT SKINNER (liite

Partner with J.
Wti:iis & Ol).), HoitTiciii.-
TUKAi. IK'ii,nKa and Hut-

WATKH Al'IMRATtS M.VM^-

F.VLTUiiKH, HEATING
<m tho ONK-BOILER

SYSTEM. Plans andj

Estimates on application. 5>_ r"Tn^
N.s'KR, Stokes Croft, Bristol.

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS lor
HORTICULTURE.
" Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Uorticultm-al Society, South
Kensmgton.

Plans and Estimates free on application. Descriptive Book fully
illustrated, post free for '20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
James Cranstos, Architect, Bumingham.

Worii^: Higligato Street, BiiTningham,
Henry J. Growtaoe, Manaeer, 1, Temple Row West, Birminirham.

GREENING AND COMPANY (Limited),
Manufacturers of Iron Gates, Fences, Palisades, Espaliers,
Hurdles, Tree Guards, Garden Seats, Vemndahs, Vases, Fountains,
Tomb Railirfcs, Stable Fittings, Garden Rollers, Poultry Houses,
Emigrants' Houses. Bridges, Corn Rick Stands. &c. ; also of Wire
Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Movable Fences for
Railw,ays, Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Prtserves, Poultry Courts,
Sheep Walks, &c, ; also of Wire Netting, Plant Guards and Protectors,
Garden Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea and Plant
Tnainers, Pheasantries, Hen Coops, and Garden Lounges,

General Pi iced Catalogue, in royal 8vo, 72 pages and Wrapper, with
33 Illustrations (together with .Supplement of Testimonials from the
leading Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom to the
quality of Gree.visg & Co.'s Maniiiactures), forwarded free on receipt
of two stamps to defr.ay postage.

OasENixG & CoMPA.Nv (Limited), Victoria Iron and Wire Works.
Offices:— 1, Albert Square, Manchester.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOB,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.

FITTED WITH PATEKT SELF-SHARPENING CYLINDER CUTTERS.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with f.tr greater ease
than any other Lawn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS h.ivc proved to be the best, and have carried off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 liave been sold since the yfear 1856.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Eveiy Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally,

T.GREEN AND SON have to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has been
unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can be made from
their Stock both in London a?id Leeds.

1^ ILLUSTRATED TRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and
54 and 55, BLACKFRIAES ROAD, LONDON, S.

TO BE SOLD, Cheap, an IRON DOMK CONSER-
VATOKV, 67 foot by 0 feet 4 InchuH. Would nmko an oxcollont
roach House or Covered Way. Also an UltNAMKNTAL CONSER-
VATORY, 2fi f«et y hiohuH bv 18 foet 0 luchuH, with Iiou Douio ; and
all other dejicrlptloiiH of Horticultural Wtukri, to be huCU at

J. Lkwis'h Horticultural Works, Stamfoni IliU, MldtllcHOX.

Important to Floriflts and Horticulturists.

l:> 0 U L K Y ' S TOBACCO P 0 \V D E R,
-i pr6imri.ul unrlor authority of the HON. BUAKI> of CUHTOMS,
oau uow bo obtained of SeodHiueii, NurHorjiuou, ate. In Tina

TrioeH, U., 'Jh. (it/., and ua.

Wholesale (Vom the Doiidod Maimfaclorv, Sussox Wharf, WapulnH E.

UlHoo, M, Llinu Street, London, K.C.

TOIIN GIBSON, JuN., bcffs to announi^o that ho is
prepiiio<l to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATK8 for LAYING
OUT GltOUNU attached tf M;ii]slonn and Villa or othor
ttosi del ices, or for tho FoUMATluN of ruiJLIC PARKS or
GARDEN .S and to curry out tho fsaiuo by Contract or othorwlno.
AddreRH Mr. Joun Ginso.v, lun., Surrey Laiiu, Uiitturfieu, S.W.

/^.EORQK F. MORRIS (of the Finn of Pkothkkoe

VT & Mourns) nnricrtakCB SALES and VALUATIONS of FREK.
noLD LANHKlt INSTATES, Leasehold mid Rovurhloiiary Property
of everv iKni i jptinn, l<;u'riilug and Market Garden I'roduco, Ilouao*
hold Fuiiiitufu. Stock in Trade, &c.
Auction and Entrite AKency Offlco, Tho Liniofl, Loytonstono, Ettaox.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
nurnbera.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and moBt productive

breoii known,
lini'i'ivod NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good broodora.
AYM'NIiriiV luid ROUEN DUCKS.

Ir.ii-irtfd KKLUIAN HARE RABBITS, for fiizo and oarly maturity.
BKAHMA-J'OUTltA, CREVECOiUR, and LA FLECIIE FO\VL.S,
for conatiiiit laycre.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Bailv & Son, 113. Mount Street, London. W.

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSKRY and SEED
BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor wnuld accoi-t of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £WK>.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst tc Son, C, Loadenhall Street
London, E C.

To Market Gardeners, Nurserymen. &c.

TO BE SOLD, by Pnvate Contract, about 200 ACRES
of very superior GARDEN GROUND, all Freehold, situate in

tl o County of Bedford-shire, about three miles from Bit,'gleswado
tion, Great Northern Railway. The Land is divided into Lots to
t the convonieucu of purcha.sers. P^r particulars .apply to
Thomas FuiixrAiNE. Esq., Dunton Lodge, Ashwell, B.ildock.

Stanwell, Middlesex. Market Garden.
''pO Bt; LEI', within 16 mii.s of London, ;.t Mii-Iuichiias

X next, ab^iu". iHJACRKS of FIRST-ULASS LANO, well suited
r T. Market Garden, with abundance of Water. For further par-
ilars, apply ti Messrs. Tatlok. Roauk, & Tatlok, 28, Great
I lies Street, Bedford Row, Covent Garden, W.C.

To Market Gardeners.
rpo BE LET, fmni the 29th of September next, a

i capital KITCHEN GARDEN, conlaining Vineries, Melon
Pits, &c,, and encloMed by a liigti wall, furnished with Fruit Trees;
ilbj a productive ORCHARD and comfortable Residence, situate
n thin one mile from a station on the South-Eastern Railway, and
about 25 miles from London.

For terms apply to Messrs. Nasu, L.and Agents, Valuers, and
Auctioneers, Reigate, Surrey.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WII,LIA51 DEAN, having di'tennined on residing: in
London again, offers for SALE, with immediate possession,
the NURSERY at SHIPLEY. consistinK of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Gloss Houses, the whole, with tlie Nursery well stocked,
and with Dwelling House, &c., is held on Lease; also the SEED
SHOP, in BRADFORD (the only one in the toivn), which is well
fitted Up, and where thero isagood business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds. Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, Ac. The Nursery
is 21 miles from the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to the pui'chase money required, and
will be a great bargain to the purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
tunity for a largo house in the South to establish a Branch Business
here, .as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
much increased. For particulars apply to

William Dean, Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

Sba\t& 6g gtuctton.

Periodical Sale of Poultry and Pigeons.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. on
TUESDAY. September 3. at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely. 240 Pens
of POULTRY' and PIGEONS, including many very fine Young Birds,
bred this season.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Consignment of Bulbs from Holland.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL hy AUCTION at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, at half-past, 12 o'Clock precisely,
BULBS from Holland, consisting of Douhle and Single Hyacinths,
Tulips, Crocuses, Narcissus, Gladioli, ^c, from a well-known Dutch
Farm. Rustic Seats, Stools, Vases, Baskets, &c. On View the
morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Sneli's Park, Edmonton.

To NDRSEnVMEN AND OTHERS. RaSGES OF GREEXHOD SES, HOBSE,
Van, Harness, &c.

"VrK. A. mCHAKDS will SELL by AUCTION, on the

XVA Premises, near St. James's Chuich, Upper Edmonton, on
THURSDAY, Sept. 6, at 1 o'Clock, by order of Mr. Greatliurst, whose
Lease expires at Michaelm.as next, 11 SPAN GREENHOUSES,
roo feet run; TUBULAR and CONICAL BOILERS; 1000 feet of
4-inch HOT-WATER PIPES; 40 NEW GLAZED LIGHTS, C feet
bv 3 feet 7 inches; '20 4-feet ditto ; STAGING, a quantity of new and
old MATERIALS, 8000 BRICKS, PAN TILES. 150 CASTS of
POTS, 60 AZALEAS and other Plants, &c.

May be viewed. Catalogues obtained on the Premises, and of the
Auctioneer, Tottenham.

M

Elmham Hall, Norfolk.

Second Annual and Unrkserved Sale ov 40O Sodtddown Sheep
"20 NoRFoLii Red Polled Cattle, and Letting of i) Sootudown
Rams.

ESSKS. F. AND E. BECK arc honoured "with

_ instructions from the Right Hon. Lord Sondes to offer for

SALE, on MONDAY, September 0. next, 70 PURE-BRED SOUTH-
DOWN SHEARLING EWES, CO DRAUGHT EWES. 100 SOUTH-
DOWN EWE LAMBS, and 170 WETHER ditto; 40 SHEARLING
and 2-SHEAR RAMS for LETTING, upon the Babr.aham plan;
17 very handsome NORFOLK RED-POLLED IN-CALF HEIFERS
(butEoraewithcalf at foot), and 3 YOUNG BULLS.

The Sheep have been carefully bred from the Flocks of the late
Jonas Webb and Henry Overman : more recently Rams from the
Flocks of the Earl of Radnor and Sir William Throckmorton.

Tho Heifers are singularly well bred, and are of the mo^t promising
description.

Ttie Stock can at any time be inspected upon application to Mr.
Fulcher, Elmham Park, distant 1 mile from tho Elmham Station on
Wells branch of the Great Eastern Railway ; and Catalogues may be
obtained of the Auctioneers, Oswick, Fakenhiim, Norfolk.
Trains from London at 8 o a.m. I Trains from Norwich at 12 Noon.
„ Cambridge at lU 6 „ „ Lynn at 12 2

Peterboro' at C CO „ | Duo at Elmham at 1 33

Passenger Carriage will be attached to i Arrives at Elmharn

G'^ods Train leaving Norwich at S 20 ) a^out 11.

Conveyances will meet all Trains at Klmham during vliw day.

920

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[August 31, 1837.

CONSERVATORIES, FORCING, AND ORCHARD-HOUSES.

MANUPACTUEED in LONDON ; and at GLOUCESTER, COVENTRY, ULVERSTONE, PAISLEY, and ABERDEEN,
By STEAM-POWER MACHINERY, of BEST MATERIALS, and at LOWEST PRICES.

MVESY DESamPTWU OF BORTI CULTURAL HUILBING SESJGNEI), BEATEB, AND VENTILATED IN TEE MOST EFFICIENT MANNER,

View of an Ornamental Eidge and Furrow Roofed CONSEEVATORT about 30 feet by 15 feet inside, and
The large front Sashes slide, and ample Ventilation is also provided in

15 feet high
tie Roof.

from the ground to the cornice.

The above represents a Range about 90 feet long ; Conservatory in centre, 20 feet square ; and Span-roof Wings, 32 feet long, on Su' Joseph Paxton's Patent Principle,

forming Orchard-House, Vinery, &o.

This system of building Span-roofs has been extended to form largo
WINTER GARDENS, as in the accompanying figure, which represent
one erected in 1860, at Summerfield House, Birmingham. The Roofs ai-o
connected with the Dwelling House on the north ; and a Wall covered
with Lean-to roofs, on the same principle, on tlie south ; the area of
Glass being over 15,000 square feet.

Gentlemen about to form New Gardens can be advised the best method
of arranging these Glass Roots for all Horticultural purposes, and as
Boundaries in place of Walls, combining eleg.ance with utility. As already
so erected by us, they are economical substitutes for walls, ensuring the
production of much larger and better crops of fruit.

ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS of the PATENT ROOFS free on application. REFERENCES can be given to work executed m all parts of the Kingdom.
ESTIMATES given for ORNAMENTAL CONSERVATORIES to Architect's Plans and Specifications; also for HEATING APPARATOS for all purposes, and to any
extent, fixed complete anywhere in the United Kingdom.

1^^ Tlans prepared to suit diffei-ent styles oj Mansions, and to particular dimensions.

HEREMAN and MORTON, 7, PALL MALL EAST, LONDON, S.W.

The SECOND EDITION of a HANDBOOK of VINE and FRUIT TREE CULTIVATION, as adipted to the above Patent Hothouses, containing Illustrations, Hints
lor Heating Houses, and General Du-ections for Cultivation, &c., may be had of Mr. Hebemau, post free for 13 stamps.

" The iustrnctions given for the cultivation of the A'ine and other crops are essentially practical, and are eridently written by one who has himself performed all the
operations before he attempted to instruct others."— /o;in(ai of Horticulture.

Editorial CoramuQications should be addressed to " The Editor ; " Advertisements and Business Letters to " The Publisher," at the 0 Hce, 41, WelliuKton Street, Covent Garden, London. W.C.
n.w ^, .?^.i*,w'''' JiATTBBwa, at the Office of Messrs. BaiDBORY. Evans, & Co.. Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefrlars, City of Londou.m the Co. of Middlesex, and Published by the said Jasms iUiTTHBffa, at the
Offloe, No.ll,WeUliigton8treet,Pari8hoI 6t.Paul'B,Cove]lt Garden,lntheBaldCounty.— SiioiDAT, A»gust31,1867. ' ' .

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 36.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 7.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamthd Edition, lid.

AUiimtimia Hoiidersout

Apple ilccay

Boiikft notlo'tl vjv c-

Itritisli Atwociution

Busnco

Cattk' plnftuc 936 a -

Ci'ntnuron habylonlcn

Cliii|iniaii. dcitth of Mr

<..iii-ii~, l':iris BotftnicftI ....

I iii'i. Li- rhiuca

I. it< -niiiiinu

IijilihiH, iifW

1' iillllSOllS

I'livsim, dpntli of Mr

1 n^^il1(•^;, piniit

Do^ law

Farm, Berwickshire

— Amcrlcnn

Onmp Inws

(ihuliuli, M. Souchefa

d'lun, prices of

tii*!i|)f. Mrs. Pince's

— bloum

— Judging ;925c-

H iirrost experiences

llitiisouHroscus >

Horn?)' dew

Irclnnd.cnndition of

1, ilium numtum

OSS 6
029 a
-939 b

-928 b
935 n
S'la b
931 b
041 b
938 (1
928 e

Lime treen

L'lbelins, herbaceous

Mount Merrion

Orchid culture

I'nris exhibition

Patholop[y, vegetable

Peas, Chifiwick

PelarponiumB, variegated . ..

PiRs, Berkshire

Pipe Hues

Plants. Alpine

Plant diseases

Flantago pnniculata

Rhubarbs, ornamental

Santolina a hedge plant

ScftonPaik

Slu^s

Society, Royal Horticul-
tural

— Dundee Hoiticultural . ,

— Irish Agricultural . . . .

Strawberries

Thcrmometera

Thundei-storms

Trees, hardy pictorial

Vegetable pathology

Vine disease

Warts

V heat seed

— diseases

^ returns

930 a
930 b
936 a
•129 a

POTAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

IV SOUTH KENSINGTON. W.

SHOW of ZONAL PELARGONIIJJMS, TUESDAY, Sept. 17.

Admission 15. Promenade and Band every Saturday at Three,
Arimiasion, 2«. Crf.

For Sclieduto of Prizes see Gardeners* Clironicle of August 31.

Dutch Roots.

JOHN AND CHARLES LEE will be happy to forward
thoSr CATALOGUE for 18C7 of newlj-imported "HYACINTHS
and otlior Hoots, post froo on application.

Uoyal Vlneyurd Nursery and Seed Katabllahmont, Hammersmith,
London, W.

WM. CUTBUSE AND SON beg to say that their
DESCRIITIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE >1YAC1NTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c., is now roady. and can be bad post free
on application. Highgate Nuraerics, London, N.

Hyacinths.

WILLIAM ROLLISSON and SONS beg to announce
that their CATALOGUE of DUTCH and FNGLLSH
BULBS i,s now in the bauds of their Printers, and WILL BE PUB-
LlStlED IN A FEW DAYS, when it can bo had free upon appll-
catioD.

Dutch Roots and Spring Gardening Plants.

PAUL AND SON invite attention to the very
COMPLETE LIST of tho above, free on application.
The Old Nurseries, Cheshunt.

Bulb Catalogue.

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, and GO'S CATALOGUE
of Choice DUTCH and CAPE BULBS is now ready, feont
free and post paid. — Established upwards of a Century.
South Row, CovGUt O:irdon Miirktit. W.C.

"i:>RlGHTON nnd STISSKX FLOKICULTUKAL and

J-> HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tlie FOURTEEN'IH ANNUAL AUTUMN EXHIBITION will
be held on WEDNESDAY at.d THURSDAY, September 11 and 12,
in the Grand Asaonibly Kooni, and the Western Lawn and Grounds
of the Koyal Pavilion, on the same grand scale as former years.

Schedules of Prizes on application to the Secretary, 96, St. James's
Street; or E, Sparv, Supeilntondent, Queen's Graperies, Brighton.

Sept. 24. Edward Carpenter, Secretary,

QTKAWBERKIES.— All thele^ins Varieties in strong
kJ Plants. PRICED DESCRIPTIVE LIST on opplicotioa.
Jamrs Dickson & Soss. "Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

Dutch and Other Flower Roots.

JAMES JJICKSUN AND SU.NS luive received, in
excollont condition, a l.^rge Importation from the most eminent
growers. PRICED DESCRIPTIVE LIST post free on appliotttion.
1U2, E-Tstgato Street, and " Newton " Nurseries, Chester.

Dutch Bulbs, and other Flower Roots^

/CHARLES TURNER'S CATALOGUE of the above is

vy now ready, a copy of which may be had on application.

The Hoots have arrived In splendid condltiOQ, and eai-ly Orders are
respectfully solicited.

The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Strawberries.

CHARLES TURNER is now prepared to supply strong
Plants of the best modern kinds, as well as all the leading

established varieties, true to name.

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may be had on appUcation.

^^^ Tho Royal Nurseries, Slough.

NEW STRAWUKRRY '^ PERPETUAL PINE."—
Strong plants of this new and valuable Strawberry are now
rerxily for sending out at the following prices : — 26 for £1 ;
fiO for £1 10s. ; 100 for £2 10s,

Trade price per 100 or 1000 may be had on application to the
Grower, Fekd.Gi.oede, Beauvals (Oise), France; or to his Agents.
Messrs. K. Silberbad & Son, 6, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street,
London, E.C.

piNES (QUEENS), FRUITING and SUCCESSION,

X very fine, from a stock that never had scale. Surplus stock cheap.
M, KocnFORD, Market Gardener, Page Green, Tottenham, N.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
RicnARD Smith. NurserjTnan and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTT ACRES of the above, consisting chieily of
FRniT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
Thuiias Warner. Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

I' ARGE ORANGE TRKES in FRUIT. — Six fine
-i Specimens ot the above, some of them laden with fruit, for
! DISPOSAL. They are about 8 feet in height, and perfectly clean
i and healthy. For price and further particulars applv to
Saltuarsh & Son, Nurstryman, Chelmsford.

TO THE TRADE.— Special offers for quantities of
Transplnnted and Seedline BEECH, LARCH, THORN,
AUSTRIAN PINE, and SCOTCH FIR, for cash.

Address, H. Y. P. & Co., Post Office, Salisbury, Wilts.

THIRTY THOUSAND HERBACEOUS and ALPINE
PLANTS, In pots, now ready. An inspection respectfully
requested. CATALOGUES early In September, sent on receipt of
postage stamps.

TeoB. S. Ware, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, N., adjoining the
Railway Station.

SPECIMEN PLANTS WANTED.— A large Conser-
KJ vatory, 130 feet long, and 30 feet high, has been erected at th^
Royal Park, Leeds. PLANTS or SHRUBS are WANTED. Must
be large, good, and cheap. — Thomas Clapham, Royal Park, Leeds.

Nierembergla fnitescens.
\\T THOMPSON, tiEEDSM.\N, Tavern Street, Ipswich,
V V • begs to offergood Plantsof the above valuable introduction,
recently described by the Paris Correspondent of the Qardeners'
Chronicle, at Is. Qd. each. A few very strong Plants can be had at
2s. Cd each.

Collinsea verna.

W THOMPSON, Skedsman, Tavern Street, Ipswich,,
• begs to Intimate that New Seed of the above Spring Bedder
can now be supplied, post free, for seven stamps Amateurs are
respectfully reminded that it is perfectly useless to sow this Seed in
Spring, and for tho best results It is important to sow early In
September. Trade prices on application.

Notice of Partnerslilp.
TOHN SANDY be^s to inform the Trade, his
tf Customers, and the Public generally, that he has taken hii
Son, HENRY SANDY, Into PARTNERSHIP ; and that in future
the Business will be carried on under the name of SANDY and SON.
Nursery and Seed Warehouse, Stafford. — August, 1867.

M Hanover Nursery, Feckham, S.E.
A. IVKRY, Widow of the late Mr. William Ivery,
• bogs to state that the BUSINESS will be carried on as
ttBual, and trusts to receive that support so long given to her late
huflband, which shall at all times have prompt attention.

A Select AUTUMN CATALOGUE for 1807 can be had post free
OQ appllcatloD.

Dutch Bulhs and other Flower Roots,

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Road Nurseries,
and Houn istone, Yeovil, Somerset, begs to announce that he
has imported a large assortment of tho above, in excellent condition,
and is now ready to supply orders at the lowest prices. See
CATALOGUE, free on application.

Strong GRAPE VINES, trom Eyes.— AH the leading varieties, at
unequalled low prices.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulhs, &c.

ROBERT PARKER begs to announce that his NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of New. Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and Stove
Plants, Azalea iudica. Fruit Trees, Grape Vines. Rhododendrons,
Roses, Sweet Violets, &c. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, Cyclamens, Gladioli,
Hyacinths, LiUuins, Narcissus, Tulips, and other Balbs, is now
published and will be forwarded to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

For present Sowing.

DOBSON'S PRIZE CALCEOLARIA SEED,
the finest strain in the world : per pckt., Is. 6(i., 2s. 6d.,3s. 6d,,5s.
DoBSON & Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W.

New Seed of 1867, choice quality.

DOBSON'S PRIZE CiNERAHIA, Is., 2s. 6d., 5s.
DOBSON'S PRIZE PRIMULA, Is., 24. 6d., 6*.
DOBSON'S PRIZE BALSAM, Is., 2s.
DoBsON t Sons, Woodlands Nursery, laleworth, W.

DOBSON'S PELARGONIUM MAGNET.
NOTICE.
In answer to numerous inquiries, we beg to announce that the
above splendid decorative v.iriety will be sent out in OCTOBER,
Price 16s. each. Full particulars next week,
John Dobsou & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, London, N.

S~~ UTTON'S COLLECTIONS of FLOWER ROOTS.
For particulars, see
SUTTON'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE, gratis and post frea on
application.
Sdtton & Sons, Reading, Berks,

Special Notice.

CATALOGUES of the SALE to be held at the King's
Acre Nurseries on SEPTEMBER 30 and following days, are
NOW READY, and may be had on .application.

The Lots, comprising upwards of 3500, are now on view.
Address John Cranston, Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

TO BE SOLD CHEAP, a quantity of large double-
flowered CAMELLIAS, AZALEAS, &c. Prices on application to
Mr. Temple, Gardener, Bill Hill, Wokingham, Berks, two niilea
from Wokingham Station, South-Eastem Railway, four from
Twyford, Great Western Railway.

ORCHIDS.— A Small Collection of the best varieties
for SALE, on account of owner's ill health.
For particulars, Ac, address H., Post Office, Retford, Notts,

A COLLECTION of ORCHIDS, of unrivalled richness,
consisting of about 1100 Species, la to be SOLD, preferentially
undivided, but a single plant may be also obtained. Parses inclined
to buy are requested to send their address to

"F. G. 668," Messra HaaBensteln A Vogler. Hamburgh.

FERNS, Stove and Greenhouse, and Coloured-leaf
Plants.— A good collection, many in large pots, suitable for
ftimishing a Stove or Conservatory, mu-st be SOLD.

Apply to Hr, Moses, Gardener, 2, Suter'a Cottages, Diamond
Terrace, Greenwich.

Ferns.

WILLIAM ROLLISSON and SONS also beg to
intimate that their DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of
FERNS, LYCOPODS, 4o., Is being distributed, and will have m«ch
pleasure in forwarding the same, free of charge, to all applicants.
William Rollisson ft Sons, Tho Nurseries, Toottng, London, S.

NEW FERN, SCOLOPENDRIUM VULGARE, var.
COOLINGIL— A dwarf varietv between S. Wardil and S.
digitatum, very distinct and beautiful. Nice Plants are now ready
for distribution at 7s. 6d. each.

A Coloured Plate free by post for two stamps.
Edwin Coolino, Mile Ash Nurseries, Derby.

British Fern Catalogue.
TDOBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
XV stamps, Part I. (British Ferna and their varieties, 36 pages,
Including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRtPTlVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Roses In Bloom.

WM. PAUL'S KOSliS are NOW IN FULL
BLOOM, Inspection r«»pecfcfully Invited. Trains almost
boorly from Shoreditch to V, altham Station, Great Eastern Railway.
I'aul's Nuraeriofl, Waltham Cross, N.

R~ OSES ON OWN ROOTS.— These yoimg^Plaats, in
Puts, art) now Ready, of th« 8eTer;il leading sorts. Juat now is
the best time for planting. Our Selection, lis. per doz., 75*. per lOii.
Paul & Son, The Old Nurieries, Cheshnnt.

To the Trade.

MARSHAL NIEL ROSK, from own roots, in pots, by
the 100 or 1000, at £o per 100.
G. Baekr a Son, American Nursery, Bagshot.

NEW ROSES for 1867.- Strong Plants of all the best
NEW ROSES now ready.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST, with piioes, on application.
John Chanston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

pLAUKE'STiOSE PINK, LOltfi LYON.— Th. b.et

Vj/ Pink for Forcing In Cultivation, to which a Certificate wa«
awarded at the Great Show of the Royal Horticultural Sotlety, oa
Juno 4, 18G7, Strong PKnts, now in a fine state for potting, 6.i. p»r
pair. Orders, accompanied by Past-ntn<;o order or stamps, to
J. C'L/hiKK, 42, College Street, Bury St. Edmund's,

Cultur"al Directions for^the eose.
Sscond Edition. By Ji.hn Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by po.st from the Author for 20 stamps,

Roses, Roses, Roses. "

WITTY AND SON have to offer for Forcing noxt
Spring strong plantsof MARECHAL NIEL ROSES, true, Th«
plants will average from 18 inches to 2 feet high, with side branchas
from top to bottom. Also all the leading sorts of TEA-SCEiTTED
ROSES in strong plants. The NEW ROSES of 1667 in strong
plants. Price may lie had on appliciition, by the dozen or 100.
The Nurseries, Cottiugham, near Hull.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASS
ROSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &c., advertised at leigtk la
thla Paper in May last.

Patl s Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

Variegated Geraniums.

CASBON AND SON hold a large stcck of akovc.
Prices on applic.^tion.
Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

For Present Sowing.

Choice Zonal Geranium, fho.m a Collection of 160 Varieties.

R WHITE oan supply NEW SEKD of the ab»ve,
• saved fVom the choicest flowers, in paclsets, Is. 6i., 2s. 6rf.
3s. Qd., and 5.1. each, post free.

Poole Nurseries, Dorset.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula ftrnhmta!

SUTTON and sons can supply NEW SiiED of the
above, saved from choioeat flowers, in packets, Is., 2s. Qd., and
63. each, post ft-ee.

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Readiag.

Choice Seeds.

CHARLES TURNER'S superior CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA are now readv, in packots, 2«. 6d.
each. The Royal Nurserias, Slough'

Calceolaria and Cineraria,

WHEELER'S CALCEOLARIA is of the finest Strain,
and second to none ; la. 3d., Is, 6ti., and 2s 6d. per packet.
The CINERARIA is saved from the finest varieties ; Is., Is. 6d.
and 2s. 6d. per packet.
G. Wheeleh, Nurseryman, Warminster, Wilts.

SPRING FLOWERS.— Plant now for a good effeot in
the Spring. CATALOGUE on application.
Taos. S. Ware, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, N., adjoining bb»
Railway Station.

A UTUMN BEDDING. — For Winter and Spring
Xjl, Decoration of the Flower Garden, this month and the n»xt \s
the time for Planting in order to get well-established Plants

CATALOGUE on application to
TnoB, S. Ware, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, N.

Notice.

NOS. 1 to 10 apply only to DILLISTONE and CO.'S
LITTLE LISTS, which will be sent post free to all applicant!.
Address, Dillistonh & Co., Nurserymen, &c., Stunner, near
Halstead, E«sex.

Grass Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

SUTTON>S PERMANENT GRASS SEEDS
FOR ALL SOILS.
Prices (according to sorts required and soils for wkich tbey are
Intended), may be had on applicition.

Sutton A Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establighmcnt, Readiag.

SUTTON'S IMPROVED ITALIAN RYE-aRASS.
the Best and Most PitoDomTE in Coltivation.
Sdtton & Sons can supply New Seed of the above at Cs. per
bushel, or cheaper in large quantities.

August and September are the best months for Sowing.
Sutton Sl Soxs, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warabouse, 237 & 238, Hlgb Holbora, London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farubrs, Merchants, and Nursebthbit,
237 & 338, High Holbora, London. W.C.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.
LT and F. SHARPE beg to announce to the Trade
-Li. that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SBED^

1867 Growth, Is now ready and may be had on applieation.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambs,

RAYNBLRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLINO,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
Corn, Sbed, Manure, and Oilcake Mhrchants,
Address. 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post fi-ee on application. Priaa Medals, 1851,
for Whe.it ; 1802. for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

To Wholesale Dealers and Manufacturers of
Articles used In Horticulture, &c.

AN ESTABLISHED SEEDSMAN, having a goo*
connection and Corner Shop, situated in the beat p,aTt of a
Countv Town whera a flist-rate Market is held, ig OPfiS to a
COMMISSION,— Sebdsmax, 18, HoUoway Street, Exater.

922

THE GAKDENEl^S' CHRONICLE AND AGKTCtJLTtmAL GAZETTE. [Septemee ?, w.

Roses.

JOHN CRANSTON Iws the pleasure to announce
that his ROSES an NOW IN FULL BLOOM, and that the
whole of his stock is in the flne'.t condition possible.

Tho severe frosts {which proved so destructive in many parts of
England throughout last winter) not havinK visited this locality, he
is happy to say that his Rosos, Conifers, and other Trees, escaped
entirely unharmed.
Nui-series, King's Acre, near Hereford.

_ Roses In Pots.

T\ILLISTONE and CO.'s Collection of EOSES iu

J-^' POTSfor 21s,, package, &c., included, contains—
G of the best ne(V HYBRID PERPETUALS of 18(17.
2, , „ „ TEAS of 1807, viz., MADAME MARGOTTIN,

and ISABELLA_ SPRUNT. Also 1 each of tlio following :—

SOnVENlH DE LA MAL-
MAISON

MARECHAL NIEL
CLOTH OF GOLD
AMERICA

Dr

CELINE FORESTIER

SOLFATERRE
Post OfBce Orders tobe made payable at Haverhill, Suffolk.
LTSTODE & Co., Nurserymen, &c , Stumier, near Halstead, Essex.

PTo the Trade and Large Purcliasers.
ONSFORU iND SON have to offer the following
FERNS, in strong plants, cheap. Prices on application :—

blechnum corcovadensb
nothochl.s:na nivea , pteris longifolia
pteris critica albo- „ serrulata cristata

LINEATA I „ TRICOLOR (fine)

Brixton Place, Brixton, Surrey, S.

V

ARIEGATED PELARGONIUMS.

SOPHIA DUMARESQUE
MEIS. BENYON
GOLDFINCH
LUNA

iiEAUTVofOULTOiJ
NEATNESS

ITALIA UN IT A

COUNTESS

ELEGANS

THE FAIRY

PRINCKSS ALEXANDRA

BICOLOR SPLENDENS

Tho nbove fonvarderl on receipt of Post Office order for 2
Alfiied Fryer, Nurseries, Chattoris. Cambn-idge shire.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.

J WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING rELARGONItJM
• EXCELSIOR, now rencly colour of (ndian Yellow ; fine
truss, and habit of Lord Patmerston. Price 6s. each : 3Gs. per doz.

to the Trade

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1- The Two
have rccf:ivcrl 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.

Fine New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe in
April. Plants readyin November, 5s. each; 3Cs. per doz. to the Trade.
DESCRlPTiyE LIST sent on application.

New Fuchsias, Verbenas, Lobelias, Petunias,
Tropaeolums, &c.

HCANNELL has u fine stnrk of all the above, and
• will oflcrthem to tho Ti-ade at a reduced price.
CATALOGUE, &c., on application.
Fuchsia Nursery, Woolwich.

Extra Fine New Tulips.

GEORGE LltiHTEODY, Falkirk, will LET OUT
several of the Splendid Seedlings raised by Richard Headly,
Esq., of Stapleford, near Cambridge, at very moderate prices. These
flowL-rs have been successfully exhibited atthe Principal Showain the
Kingdom, and are warranted the fiuest Tulips now extant, A
description of them, hy Shirley Hibberd, Esq,, F.H.S., was published
in the " Gnrdeners' Magazine " for 22d June. A list of names and
prices supplied on application.

Richmond Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey.

TO NOHl.KMblN and (iKNTLKMKN maldnff lar^e
PLANTATIONS, or PLANTING ORCHARDS or WALLS
with FRUir TUEKS./indrequinn;; quantities of superior Coniferous
and other Evcrt?reens, Omnmental J'luwerlng Trees, .Shrubs, ic, or
Dwarf-trained, Standard, or Spiral Fruit Trees, Special prices will
be given on application to

G, & W. Steele, of the above Nurseries,

HARDY CLIMBERS and PERMANENT BEDDING
PLANTS.— Eleven First-class Certificfites awarded to Messr-s.
Geo. Jackman & Son, by Koyal Horticultural and Royal Botanic
Societi;.s of London.

The Advertisevs solicit an inspection of their CLEMATIS JACK-
MANNI, and varieties of that type NOW in BLOOM, wbicli
have proved themselves to bo the "desideratum" for a good violet
blue or purple muroon bed. See Editonal remarks in Gardeners'
CJironicle, Augur,! 17. page 852, inviting attention to the beauiilul
forms of their Hybrid Clematises as a " new sensation in bedding
out." Particulars of treatment hy applying to

Geo. Jackman & Son, Woking Nursery, Surrey.

New Perpetual Pine-apple Strawberry (Gloede), and
Liliums.

A VAN GEERT, Nuiiseuyman, Ghent, Belgium.
• begs to offer (he above STRAWBERRY, good plants, which
will be ready in a few days, at £1 5s. for 60, and £2 for 100 plants.

Per 1(J0 £ *j

LILIUM LANCIFOLIOM PUNCTATUM, yen- strong roots. . 8 6

,< ,. RUBRCJM, ditto 2 10

ALBUM, a!tto 3 0

ROSEUM, ditto

EXCBLsUM, ditto

LONGIFLORUM, ditto
THUNBERGIA GRANDIFLOKA

ADREOM

2 10
8 0
1 10
8 0
4 0

TKAWBEEK

^ E S .

DR. HOGG.— Very Inrge, extia flue P!ne flavour, and a good bearer.

One ot the finest in cultivation.
THE LADY — A il the fruit of a good equal size without thinning •

Imiiietise cropper for forcing, aa we proved last a pring : flavour

highlv perfumed.

SKJI^^.'JRt''^,?' rRINCE ARTHUR, KEEN'S SEEDLING.
CRIMSON IJUEEN, SIR CHARLES NAPIER.

Prices— Establlslied In Ifirge 32 pota for forcing, from 75s. to 100s.
per 100. Strong layers in CO pots, from 26s. to 50s. per lOO. Strong
runners from 5s. to 21s. per 100. A large collection of other vaneties,
strong, well-rooted runners, 6s. per lOO.

JoBK k Charles Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery .and Seed Establish-
ment, Hammersmith, London, W.

QHOICE SEEDS in SEALED PACKETS.

THE "PRIZE" STRAIN of CYCLAMEN PERSICUM. - This
splendid Strain of Seed has passed entirely into tho hands of
B. S. Williams. It is the seed saved from tho raagniflcent plants
grown and shown by Mr. Wiggins, gardener to W. Beck, Esq.; Isle-
worth, at tho Spring Shows in tho present year; they were in each
instance awarded 1st prize, and were the admiration of all the
visitors. The flowers are 1 inch across, by 14 inches in depth the
coloui-s ranging from a bright carmine to a dehcately tinted white
and pure white tipped with crimson, the leaves beautifully marbled ■
Indeed, the leaves, apart from the (lowers, possess a peculiar attrac'
tion in the diversity of their nmrbled surlace. This seed should be
sown as early* in the Autumn as possible. None genuine unless the
packets bear J3. S. W.'s rmiiij and address. Price, per Packet
Is. 6^.. 2a, Gd., and 3s, 6(/, ^ ^ ^i-i^eu,

THE "PRIZE" STRAIN of POLYANTHUS. —This beautiful
.Strain of one of the I'retticst sprlng-Jlowermg plants was aho
L-xhibit i mostsucctSsfuUy by Mr. WigRiLs, of whom B. S. W. h-'t-
purchased the entire stccK and right of sale. None genuine u'nlesi-
the packets bear B, S. Williamss name and address. Price is
2s, 6d., and 3s. 6d, per packet,

Othi^r CnoioE Straiss of Seed.

JAMES'S CALCKULARIA, 2s. C,d., 3s. Gd., and 5s. per paclcot

WEATHERILL'S CINKRARIA, 'zs. Gd., 33. (id,, and fe per pkt

WILLIAMS' PRIMULA, 2s. Gd., 3s. 6d., and 6s. per packet.

B. S, Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nm-series, Upper Holloway, N.

Azaleas and Camellias (Engllsli grown).

TA5IES CARTER and CO. beg to announce that they
tf are nowsending out their xmnvalled Strains of CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, .ind PRIMULA, which, for fineness of form and
beauty of colour cannot be surpassed.
CALCEOLARIA, saved from the finest Prize varieties,
CINERARIA, saved from the finest named varieties.
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, dark carmine and pure
white, saved from the finest fringed varieties in cultivation. Price,
each p.acket, 2s. Gd., forwarded on receipt of Post-office Order for
the amount,

^ C®^ PRICE LISTS gratis and Post free on application to Cartkh's
Great London Seed Warehouse. 237 & 238. High Holborn, London.W,C.

Dutch Flower Roots.
CP.OYO0V. A KCHIBALD HENDER-

XJL SON begs to announce that
he has received a Iwrge Consignment
of Dutch and other Roots, carefully
selected from the most celebrated
growers.

DESCR IPTI VE and PRICE D

CATALOGUES are now ready, con-

I taining practical directions for their

successful cultivation on all the

vaiious systems now adopted.

Also a CHOICE and SELECT
LIST of VEGETABLE aad HARUY
FLOWER SEEDS for Autumn
Sowing, CataTo^ues gratis and post
free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton He^th,
Surrey, and at the Eist Surrey Seed
Warohousp, College Grounds, North
End, Croydon.

Hyacinths for Exhihition.

MESSRS. SUTTON'S
COLLECTIONS include the
varieties so much admired at the spring
shows, and they are now prepared to receive
orders for the same at the followingpriccs ; —

Tho Choicest 100 Sorts, £4 4s,, cama-ge fVee
The Choicest M Sorts, £2 2s., „

The Choicest 25 Sorts, £1 Is., „

Tho Choicest 12 Sorts, £0 12s.,

Cheaper Roots, Cs. to 9s. per dozen.

HYACINTHS for Beds and Open Borders,
3s. per dozen, 21s. per 100, carriage free.

SDTTo?t 3: Soys, Importers, Reading, Berks,

Early Spring Feed, Trifolium

Incarnatum.

Q U T '1' 0 N ' S

O ITALIAN RYE-GRASS,

NEW LATE RED ^'RIFOLIUM,
NEW LATE WHITE TRIFOLIUM,

These are invaluable articles for early
Spnnp Feed, either grown sep.arately or
together. The proper quantity of Italian
Rye-grass, if sown alone, is 3 bushels per
acre, or if Trifolium alone, 28 lbs. per acre.

The New Seed is now being uarvebtod,
and we shall bo pleased to send samples
and lowest prices per quarter and cwt. on
application. Also M USTARD and RAPE,
New Seed.

Ail goods carriage free, except very small
parcels.

Sl'ttow fe Sns3. Seed Growers, Reading.

/iKASS SEEDS for

^^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the

finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

YOUELL ANB CO. beg to ofier fine healthy plants of
the above leiding kinds to name at the following prices : —
CAMELLIAS, 1st Size, with bud, ROs. per dozen.
CAMKLLIAS, 2d Size, with bud, 24s. per dozen.
Nice Healthy Stuff, without bud, 20s. per dozen.
AZALEAS, 1st size, beautiful bushy stuff, in 6-inch pots, with bud,
24s. per dozen. ,

AZALEAS, 2d Size, in 6-inch pots, 15s. per dozen.
Usual allowance to the Trade.
Royal Nurseries, Great Yarmouth.

Violets, Violets, Violets.

"V^OIJELL AND CO. can supply good strong; Plants of

-L the undermentioned beautiful vaneties for Winter and Sprii g
Blooming, at the following prices, package included: —
DOUBLE PURPLE VIOLET, is. per dozen
DOUBLE PURPLE TRkE VIOLET, 4s. per dozen
NEWCALIFORNIAN Species, 9s, per dozen
DOUBLE RED, very fine, 9s. per dozen
CZAR, very fine, 6s, per dozen
GIANT, very fine, Cs. per dozen
KING of VIOLETS, extra fine, 12.^. per dozen
QUEEN of VIOLETS, extra fine, 125. per dozen
NEAPOLITAN, true, scarce, 6s, per dozen
DERMIENSIS, one of the best, 45. per dozen
WHITE TREE. 4s. per dozen

DAISIES, a choice collection to name, 4s, per dozen.
HELLEBURUS NIGER, strong, 9s. per dozen
DOUBLE LILAC PRIMROSES, 6s, per dozen.
Royal Nurseries, Great Y'"ai-mouth.

Special offer to the Trade.

Royal NuRSEnrES, Great YAiiMonTH

GREENHOUSE PLANTS, ERICAS, EPACRIS, &c.

YOUKLL AND CO. beg to offer several Thousand of fine,
healthy, and well-grown plants of the abuve, at the under-
mentioned reduced prices. In consequence of the increased demand
they have had for AZALEAS and CAMELLIA-S they are anxious to
enlarge their stock of the same, t't meet the requirements of their
Customersj and to enable them to accomplish this ooject they are
desirous to dispose of several thousand of the following, to make
room for their young stock of the above now coming on.
The following prices are for cash :— Per doz.— s. d.

ACACIAS, of sorts, in 48-sized pots 7 0

APHELEXIS. do., do 8 0

EILLARDIERA SCANDENS, in 48-sized pots ..8 0

CHOROZEMAS. of sorts, do 6 0

CORRvEAS, do., do 9 0

DAPHNE INDICA RUBRA, in 48-sized pots ..9 0

DIOSMA ERKJOIDES. do 6 0

JASMINUM POICTOU, do 6 0

KENNEDIA, ofsorts. do 8 0

OLDENLANDIA DEPPIANA. in48-sizod pots ..8 0
PHILESIA BLIXIFULIA, very scarce .. . . 15 0

MYRTLES, of sorts, iu 48-sized pots 6 0

PASSIFLORAS, do., do 6 0

TACSONlA, do.,do SO

TETRATHECA ERXC.EFOLIA, In 48-sizcd pots. 8 0

ERICA Gl^ACILIS AUTUMNALIS, do BO

„ ,, „ (per 100) 40 6

„ „ VERNALIS. in 48-sized pots 7 0

„ HYEMALIS,in48-sizedpots(perlOO, 40s.) 6 0

„ ofs-.rts. do. (per ion, 45s,) 70

VENTRICOSA, ofsorts.in -IS-sizedpots.. 9 0
RETINISPORA ERICOIDES, PISIFERA, and

OBTUSA, 12 to l.'i inches, in 60-sized pots. . ..90
CHAM.ECrPARiS GLAUOA, 0 to lainches, do. 0 0
The above are all well worthy the attention of the Trade.
YouELL & Co., Royal Nm-series, Great Yarmouth.

Richmond Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey.
(^ AND W. STKELE beg to call the attention of tho
\_X« Trade in general to their valuable and very extensive Stock
of CON1I"EROU"S and other EVERGREENS, particularly Striped
.and Green Hollies, in which they aboucid; and also to their
DWARF-TRaINED, standard, ana SPIRAL FRUIT TREES,
which are of first-rate quality, consisting of Apricots, Peaches,
Nectarines, Apples. Pears, Plums, Cherries, &c,, which are second
to none in the Traae. An inspection by Travellers this Autumn is
respectfully solicited.

J. C. Wheeler & Sow,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agiicultural Society.

Extra Fine Quality.

COLE SEED, " 1866 growth," per bushel of 521b., lis. ;
4 bushels do., 408 New 4-8 Sacks, Is. Gd. each.
EARLY SIX-WEEKS* TURNIP, New Seed, very fine, 9d. per lb.

New Bags, Gd. to 'Jd. each.
EXCELLENT CABBAGE SEED. See Catalogue of varlaties.
Remittances to accompany Orders,
Fkedk. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Bq<3b.

J. WATSON

HAS C05tMENCED SEKDINQ OUT HIS BEATJTIFUI,

TRICOLOR PELARGONIUM "MISS WATSON,"

Price £2 Ha. each.

JEarlt/ Orders olidted. Usual Discount to the Trade.

'HUS. DIX," .1st May, 1868, 31s. ed. cuch.

J. WATSON, NEW ZEALAND NURSERY, ST. ALBAN'S, HERTS.

VIOLETS.

The following are strong Plants in pofs, established for winter flowering : —

QUEEN of VIOLETS, the most magnificent double variety grown— per doz. 9s. Qd.

KING of TIOLETS, exira fine, double blue „ 9 0

NEAPOLITAN, double lilac „ 6 0

DOUBLE RED, very fine . . „ 12 0

A CATALOGUE of CHOICE NEW -PLANTS, with LIST of upwards of Twenty I
other Choice VIOLETS ; SELECT LIST of best STEAWBEEEIES grown, and
DUTCH BULB CATALOGUE, free upon application.

DILLISTONE and WOODTHORPE,
MUNRO NURSERY, SIBLE HEDINGHAM,

ESSEX.

Septemdeh 7, 1S67.]

THE GAEPENET^S' CTreONTOLE AND AGBIOULTTmAT; GAZETTE.

923

ALL the FIRST PRIZES for HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c.,

AWARDED TO

WM. PAUL'S COLLECTIONS

IN MAECn LAST,

At the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL and ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S SPRINO SHOWS.

FIRST IMPORTATION JUST ARRIVED IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

TRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION.
1^" Early Orders respectfully solicited.

PAUL'S NURSERIES AND SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON. N.

DUTCH AND OTHER BULBOUS ROOTS.

B. S. WILLIAMS

UAS REOEIVEn IIIS FIRST IMPORTATIONS IN EXCELLENT CONDITION, AND KESPECTPULLV

SOLICITS EARLY ORDERS.

A PRICED ana DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE forwarded free on application.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS carefully put up to suit Gardens of various sizes.

Tlie CHOICEST HYACINTHS for Pots or Glasses, 24s., 18s., 12«., 9s., 8s., and Gs. per doz.

HYACINTHS for Bedding, assorted, in colours, 3s. Caf. per doz.

All Roots of the firat quality mily.

B. S. WILLIAMS,
VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

JAMES YEITCH & SONS,

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, S.W.,

BEG TO AlfNOUNCE THAT THEY HAVE nECErVED THEIK

ANNUAL SUPPLY OF BULBOUS ROOTS FROM HOLLAND,

AND ARE PLEASED TO SAT THAT THEY AEE IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

CATALOGUES are NO'W BEADY, and will be forwarded Post Free on application.

J. V. AND SONS desire to impress upon those who patronise them the great advantage of giving them their orders
early, as the successful Cultivation of Bulbs depends in a great measure upon their being planted early in the season.

■■

CARTER'S DUTCH BULBS.

JAMES CARTER & CO.'S

AUTUMN SUPPLEMENT

TO THEIR

GARDENER'S AND FARMER'S VADE MECUM

Containing ORIGLNAL ARTICLES on the CULTURE of BULBS and SPRING GARDENING, also a LIST
of VEGETABLE SEEDS for AUTUMN SOWING, is NOW READY and will be forwarded immediately on
receipt of 12 Stamps (Gratis to Customers), on application to

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN,

LONDON, W.C.

FRESH IMPORTED DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

SUTTON'S

AUTUMN CATALOGUE FOR 1867

IS NOW READY,
and may be had Gratis and Post Free on application.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS OF FLOWER ROOTS

FOR BLOOMING DURING WINTER AND SPRING.

For Pots and Glasses.

COMPLETE COLLECTION (Caniage Free) . . £2 2 0

DITTO (Carnage Free).. 1 1 0

DITTO 0 10 6

For Open Qrodnd.
COMPLETE COLLECTION (Carriage Free) . . £2 2 0
DITTO (Carriage Free).. 1 1

DITTO 0 10 6

LIST of CONTENTS of the above on appUcation.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKS SEED ESTABLISHMENT, BEADING.

Dutch Bulbs for Exhibition.

T SOOTT h,i« ri'divcd bis ainiiinl supply of DUTCH
rt • FLOWER ROIITH IVom Uolliu '

truo to iiiimti.

I Id qiiulity nnd

Vi very clioloo oxlilbltion IIYACINTns, Iflji.

12 oxtni clioioo ,, „ 12«.

( Itlior very flno Borts, (Is. iiDi 8m. per (iozon.

A comploto Hat ot tlio above sent froo on appltcfttlon to

. Scott, Tlio BcoU StoruH, Yoovil, Scjiiiorflot.

HDOl'Elt AND UO.'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE of
HIJLHS. Ac, ia about to bo IwHuort, and can be obtained by
appltcattiin. Price Is., postage free (proHentofl to CufttoniMt*).

It in coplouKly iIliiKtralod, and dOHCrlhcs a larger colloctlou of rare
and cbolou Bulbous PbiDts than probably any other In the Kingdom
It IncludcH alHO Coloured DrawlnKH of their celebrated Etniaoaii
llyaclntii VaHcsand Ilortlcuitiiral Kltg>ineios.

IIoorKn & Uo C -vont Garden Market, London, W.C.

Hyacinths, Hyacinths.

DREGIIORN ANU AITKK.N, Kilmaniock, N.B, heir
to intimate tbat their C.\TAI.(>(;lIi-; of HYACINTIIS and
otlier BULBS In now l^ubllBbed, and will bo forwarded Post Fi-ee to
any AddreHw. It contains valuable IiCMCriptive and Culturiil Noton,
and "ill bo found a usefui guide to Purcba'iors.

PRIZE HYACINTHS.-O. j[ A.'s PKIZK DOZEN forI6«. The
best value in the Trade— viz., Macaulay, Ornament do la Nature.
Von Schfller, Grandeur a Merville, I./)rd Wellington (double). Alba
maxima, Mont IJlanc, Queen of the Netherlands, Baron Von Thuyll,
Charles DicltenB, Grand Lllas. and Prince Albert.

ROMAN nyAciNTIIS.-Flne Bulbs of these beautiful early-
flowering Hyacinths. 3s. IW. per dozen. Free by Post or Rail.

Dutch and Cape Bulbs.

T>UTLER, jrcCt'i.l OCIl AM) CO. have received their
^ usual consigiinient of the aljovo, and beg to offer the following
carefully assorted collections.

FOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION.
No. 1 I No. 2 I No. 3 No. 4 I No. 6 I No. n

100s.

603.

25s.

21s.

10«.6<(.

FOR FLOWER GARDEN DECORATION.
I No. 8 I No.O I No.lo I No. 11 I

IJIW. 1 COS. I 40s. I 25s. I 21s. | 10s.fi(/.

FOR FLOWER GARDEN AND CONSERVATORY COMBINED"

No. 13 I No. 14 I No. 1.^. I No. 16 I No. 17 I No. 18

105s. I 52s.0(I. I 42a. I 21s. | 16s. | lOs.fld.

CATALOGUES containiug details of above Collection sent free,
and Post-paid Orders amonuting to 21s. sent, carriage paid, on
receipt of Post-Offlco Order.— Established upwards of a centurT.

Covent Garden Market, London, W.C

Dutch Flower Roots.

mi

MESSRS. FRANCIS and ARTHUR DICKSON and
SONS have received fVom the moet celebrated Growers in
Holland their first large importation of the above, and have the
satisfaction to Bay that the BULBS are this season sound, well
liviened, and nf excellent quality. B:arlv orders respectfully solicited.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES post free upon appli-
cation.

lOfi. Eastgate Street; and the "Upton" Nurseries, Chester.

Camellias and Indian Azaleas.with Bud^^

An extensive Stuck uf their very best varieties is reitdy for Sale at

LOUIS VAN IIOU'ITE'S Establishment, Ghetlt,
BelKiuni. The goods are delivere"), carriage- paid, by Louis
Van Houtte ; but, per coutra, 6*', are charged in account for every
case or basket sent.

C^ The Camellias are from £G 10s. to £S per hundred; the
Indian Azaleas from jC6.

VIOLETS for WINTER and SPRING BLOOMING.
—The Undoi-signod can supply strong healthy Plants, in 6-inch
pots, of the following, which are the four best Violets in cultivation.
Price 6s. to Qs. per dozen.

THE CZAR ! DOUBLE BLUE

NEAPOLITAN | HEINE DES VIOLETTES

Fhancis&Artuur Dickson 5; Sons, The "Upton" Nurseries, Chester

HUNTINGDONSHIRE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.— OPEN FRIZES.
The AUTUMN SHOW of this Society will be held at the Com
Exchange, St, Ives, on WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER !R, when,
besides the PRIZES offered in the Scheuule for Membwrs, the
following will bo given by the Inhabitants of St. Ives, Open to all
Entland : —
For the best 24 Show Dahlias, 21 varieties, £5.
For the best Dessert, arranged for the Table, and consisting of
not less than Seven iiinda nf Fruit, combining qualitv with
taste in arrangement, such Fruit to be bnna fide grown by
the Exhibitor, £5.
N.B. The Pr'zcs offered for 24 Show Pah]ia.=, Class 31 in the
Schedule, will now bo awarded for 12 instead.

Intending Exhibitors must give notice to Mr. Armstrong, Hun
tingdoD, on or before Saturday, September 14.

Eht (SartrenetiS'Cfitonicle.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1867.

TtTESDAT,

WSDNECDAT;

ThV'HSDAY,

fttEETrNG FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

Sept. 10 ^ ci7stal Pnlace Autumn Show of Flowers

ni

We have, curiously enough, before us two
papers, the one the AUgemeineZeitung, of July 28,
the other the Australian Weekly Age, of May 24,
1867, in both of which there is an earnest
recommendation that some officer should be
appointed whose particular duties should be to
collect and communicate information respecting
the Prevalent Diseases of our Cultivated
Plants. From time to time, as happened when
the Potato disease was first prevalent, a Com-
mission for special investigation is appointed in
our own country ; but the members generally
consist of persons who, however acute and
well versed in some particular branches of
science, bring no practical information with them,
the result of patient investigation bearing on the
particular subject. Whereas if there were a
regularly appointed officer, whose sole business
should be the study of Vegetable Pathology in
all its branches, and especially the conduct of
illustrative experiments, there would be some
chance of a well-appointed Commission arriving
at least at some negative, if not at some positive
result.

The misfortune is, both as regards animal and
vegetable pathology, that there is seldom any

924

THE GAEDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTUKAL GAZETTE.

[Septembee 7, 1867.

intimate acquaintance witli the peculiar vege-
tables on wliich the diseases depend. In conse-
quence every form or variation is marked with a
separate specific or generic name, ■without any
attempt on really scientific grounds to assign the
substance its proper place in the vegetable kingdom ,
or to ascertain the connection of difi'erent forms
Tvith each other. One takes an easy line, asserting
that all are modifications of one or two species,
■without an attempt to show that they really are
so, while another, without even tracing the con-
nection of the fruit with the threads which bear it,
makes the wildest and most untenable assertions
as to affinity. Nor is this a matter of no im-
portance. If Algje are confounded with Fungi,
as is so often the case, what chance is there that a
proper remedy wiU be suggested ; or if parties are
Ignorant of such simple facts as that the para-
sites of Hops and Vines, which are so destruc-
-tive, but which yield so readily to proper
treatment, are essentially superficial, while the
Potato mildew is as essentially intercellular, there
will be no distinction made as to the probable
effects of any particular treatment.

The duty of the Vegetable Pathologist would be
to diffuse information in an easy form, accom-
panied by clear and good illustrations, exten-
sively, through the length and breadth of the
laud. Our popular departmental journals rarely
have editors who are even slightly acquainted
■with the subject, and even in our leading metro-
politan papers we are often startled ■with asser-
tions which the most superficial pupil ought to be
able at once to refute. The notion that the cattle
plague might arise from the common Stinkhorn
(Phallus impudicus), as though it were a new
Pungus, instead of being a most widely distributed
one in the neighbourhood of London, and occur-
ring frequentlyjn profusion, could not otherwise
have been entertained for a moment. Were a
farmer, for example, aware that the frequent mis-
carriages of his cattle may arise from Ergot in
Grass, he would be cautious how he trusted his
stock in pastures where every bent has two or
three ergoted grains, if, indeed. Ergot j^has been
brought before his notice. The gardener, again,
would not be dusting his Vines with sulphur in
many cases where there is not a particle of
mildew about them, in his utter ignorance of
what mildew is, and often forgetting that the
white appearance on the shoots is the result of
some dressing that he has himself applied. It is,
however, quite certain that if good information
were supplied, though it would require time for
it to be properly appreciated, it would gradually
make its way, much to the benefit of all parties.
The Hop growers in genertil at first set their
faces against the use of sulphur ; but a few,
wiser in their generation, made fortunes, while
others were groaning under their discomfiture ;
and the opposition which was first made by the
Hop buyers has now subsided, and the use of
sulphur is a fait accompli. This, however, was
not arrived at 'without diligent study, arising
from long acquaintance with the subject, and
similar ends might be attained more speedily and
surely by persons who had nothing else to
occupy them, than by the desultory efforts of
mere lovers of science for its own sake. We
cannot help thinking, therefore, that there is much
sense in the suggestion above alluded to.

We have already a most useful institution in
the Medical Department of the Privy Council,
and the appointment of a Vegetable Pathologist
might be of essential ser^vice, not only as regards
the immediate objects of his researches, but in
connection with disease in general.

We accordingly give in the present Number a
translation of the article in the Allgemeine
Zeitung ; while the substance of that in the
Weekly Age appears in the Agricultural por-
tion of our Journal, with which it is more
immediately connected. M. J. B.

The diSiculty of imitating successfully the
cmditions under which Alpine Plants
n'lturally grow, necessarily precludes our gar-
deners, in many cases, from growing these
beautiful little denizens of the mountain to
perfection. Por what conditions can well be
more diverse than those offered hj the lofty
mountain side, with its pure air, clear light, and
diminished atmospheric pressure, abundance of
moisture at times, and warm almost scorching
sun at others ? What can be more unnatural
in fact than the placing the poor unfortunates in
" cool frames," where they get abundant mois-
tu e, perhaps with a modicum of drainage, but
wofnlly little sun ! As to the soil, that is often
reduced to a minimum ; the little plants push

boldly out from the deep chinks and cracks of
the rocks, leaving their roots to penetrate these
narrow channels, where, though water may
freely percolate, there is often but a small
proportion of soil — though, sooth to say, that is
little and good, and yet the brillianoy and
large comparative size of the flowers in such
situations is matter of common observation.

Familiar as we were with these facts, and with
the difficulty in the way of cultivating many of
these gems, we were hardly prepared for the very
singular fact related by Dr. Jameson in his
interesting letters from Quito (see p. 809), from
which it appears that a small Gentian, G. sedi-
folia, growing in the lofty plains of New Grenada,
Ecuador, and Peru, at an elevation of 11,000 to
15,000 feet above the sea, and flowering nearly all
the year round, produces in the lower regions com-
paratively small flowers of a diluted blue colour ;
while the same species, at a higher elevation,
not only developes much larger flowers of a
more intense blue, but which are also endowed
with a pecuUar sensitiveness to touch entirely
absent at lower levels. The slightest contact,
says Dr. Jajieson, causes them to contract. The
fact is confirmed by other observers. If the
plant in question grew at the lower part of the
mountain, we could the better understand its
increased luxuriance and sensitiveness at the
height of 11,000 to 14,000 feet, but when we are
told that it does not come lower than about
11,000 feet, it is difficult to understand how this
increased vitality should be made so remarkably
manifest in so comparatively limited a range.
The plant is not, as far as we know, in cultiva-
tion at present, but were it so we should
fear that it would not exhibit its sensitive pro-
perties here.

As to this point, the testimony of Dr. Wel-
wirsoH is important. That gentleman informs
us that some species of Oxalis which are
exceedingly sensitive in tropical Africa, are
scarcely at all so when grown in our European
hothouses and conservatories, as indeed any one
may observe for himself. As it seems highly
improbable that we shall ever be able to imitate
successfully the ordinary conditions under
which these phenomena are manifested, either on
tropical plateaux or mountain side, the question
arises as to whether, by using other means, a
similar result may not be obtained. Judging
from analogy, the thing seems feasible, and ■with
the increasing fancy for Alpine plants, we doubt
not that improved methods of cultivating them
will sooner or later be discovered, and we refer
the reader with much pleasure to an article of
Messrs. Backhouse, reprinted in the last number
of the " Florist and Pomologist," for some
excellent practical remarks on the cultiu'e of
these veritable gems.

Among papers most interesting to horti-
culturists read at the Paris Botanical Congress
on the 29th ult. was one by M. Weddell, on
Cinchonas, a subject upon which he is so well
entitled to speak. He showed specimens of the
first importation of bark from India, gathered of
course from the plantations made there by Govern-
ment, and stated that the bark was gathered three
times, the tree being mossed over after the first flaying ;
how a second bark of even more valuable qualities
replaced the first ; he also described the cultivation
and propagation of the trees. As this memoir, with
all the others, will be printed in full, it is needless to
enter into the subject more at present. Mr. B.
Waenee, our great Orchid grower, placed a paper
on the table of much interest in connection
with his favourite subject, which will be found in
another column. One of the most interesting of
the purely botanical papers read was that by M. Favee,
"On the Development of the Reproductive Organs
in the Flower of Agave." It was illustrated by
photographs taken at intervals of four and six hours,
and showed conclusively that self-fertilisation was
impossible in these flowers. The growth of the
anthers was much more advanced than that of the
pistil ; the former had done their work ere the pistil
was ready, and so on up the flowering spike. The
pistils were fertilised by the pollen of flowers above
them, the pistils of which latter flowers were yet unready
for impregnation. Such are briefly the facts of his
interesting paper, which agree so fully with the
observations of Mr. Baewin and others among our-
selves on plants far removed from Agaves. On Friday
M. De Candolle showed a new Oak, recently dis-
covered in America, and the discussion on his paper
on nomenclature was concluded. Some consideration
was given to the mode of forming the plural of botanical
names, the general opinion being that the word ought
not to be added to, to express the plural. Finally, and
most important of all, M. Be Candolle's suggestions,
alluded to last week, toward a more satisfactory botanical
nomenclature, were approved of with modifications, all
botanists not present were earnestly requested to give
their consideration to the matter — one of very great
importance to both horticulturists and botanists; and
lastlj', M. Be Candolle was enthusiastically thanked.

as he certainly deserved to be, for his lucid and
philosophical attempt to settle this heretofore unsettled
question. So ended the Paris Botanical Congress.
The plan of settling on some distinct object to
work at, as adopted beforehand in this Paris Congress,
is a great improvement. There was an object, and
it was not let out of sight throughout, whatever the
interest presented by miscellaneous matters. AH
future Congresses would do well to adopt this system,
and if in addition matters are so arranged that members
could meet each other conveniently apart from the
regulation sittings, as at Amsterdam, it would much
improve such gatherings.

Liverpool is well provided with Public Paeks,

the Corporation having adopted arrangements by which
the town has been surrounded by a cordon of these
health-recruiting spots. At the extreme north is the
Stanley Park, 160 acres in extent, purchased of the
Earl of Derby, and now being laid out by Mr. Kemp.
Shiel Park, named after a member of the Council, has
been completed ; and then follow on the east the
Newsham House Park, the Wavertree Park, and the
Botanical Gardens. To the south-east is the Prince's
Park, provided by the munificence of the late Mr. Jt.
V. Yates ; and near this comes in the new Sefton
Park, the competition of designs for laying out which we
have recently noticed. Our contemporary, the Builder,
has published a good bird's-eye view of the proposed
arrangements for this latter, and sketches of some of
the residences and other erections, which seem com-
modious and tasteful. Of the 400 acres of which the
Park consists, 113 are devoted to building sites ; 19 to
a Botanical Garden, 14 to water, and 61 to roads and
drives, leaving 190 to be planted and laid out in
walks, &c. The staking out of the roads and drives
is being rapidly proceeded with. We notice that our
contemporary, like many others perhaps who are not
familiar with the subject, fails to distinguish between
what is called " gardening " and " landscape gardening,"
for he speaks of Mr. Nesfield, to whom the compe-
tition designs were referred, as "the distinguished
metropolitan gardener" — a title under which, we appre-
hend, he would fail to recognise himself. The truth is,
that gardening and landscape gardening, though occa-
sionally and to varying degrees carried out by the same
individual, are really and essentially distinct, the one
being devoted to the culture of plants for use or orna-
ment, the other entirely to the creation of tasteful and
beautiful scenery — in a word, to the disposition of the
ground, and the arrangement of the living materials by
which it is decorated, which latter it is the gardener's
business to tend with a loving hand.

■ We noticed some year or two since a fine strain

of Herbaceous Lobelias, of which flowers had been
sent to us by Mr. Bull. Some of these varieties
proved to be remarkably fine things. We may espe-
cially refer to three— called respectively Euby, a rich
deep ruby crimson ; Efficient, a bright orange scarlet;
and Excellent, a bright rosy purple — as specially fine,
in a batch where all are good. We have now before
us another series from the same source, Icomprisiag, in
addition to the more familiar scarlets and crimsons,
varying shades of less common colours, as carmine,
rose, magenta, rose purple, and puce. From amongst
these a very choice selection may be made. We really
hope to see these fine things speedily taken up and done
justice to, for, well cultivated, there is no finer set of
hardy herbaceous plants in existence.

CENTIGEADE v. FAHRENHEIT.

At p. 856 Br. Hooker invites a discussion on the
subject of the adoption of the Centigrade instead of
Fahrenheit's scale in thermometer readings, as suggested
by M. Naudin. The characters of both these gentlemen
stand high as scientific men and as horticulturists, and
both are of course anxious for improvement and to
elicit facts relating to the subject, to which horticul-
turists will doubtless very willingly give the results of
their unprejudiced consideration. Br. Hooker himself
is well qualified to take the lead in such discussion.
When young he took temperatures in the Antarctic
regions," but there under the British flag. Afterwards
he visited India as high as the limits of perpetual
snow ; and in the course of his journey still
taking meteorological observations, often under diffi-
culties, and even when a prisoner, at the preearioua
mercy of native tribes, and cut off from communication
with the British officials. Still he kept on making valu-
able observations, as doubtless M. Naudin will consider
them to be, although recorded in terms of Fahrenheit's
scale, just as we value Humboldt's, although in the
Centigrade scale.

As mformation on the practical working of a chanee
of scales is desired, perhaps I may be allowed to briefly
state the results of some years' experience on the subject.

It was suggested many years ago by some members
of the Chiswick Garden Committee that the observa-
tions should be taken by the Centigrade thermometer.
This was accordingly done for three years ; hut as the
temperature according to Fahrenheit's scale was at the
same time often inquired after, the precaution was
taken to have thermometers with both scales. By
means of conversion tables extending to three places of
decimals, the monthly averages were given in terms ot
the Centigrade, Reaumur's, and Fahrenheit's scales, so
as to obviate as far as possible any difficulty as regards
the comparison of temperatures recorded in previous

journals. , . ,_

ProfessorDaniell,theauthorof "Meteorological Essays

and Observations," and who had been consu ted
respecting the journal kept by the Society, said, when
the substitution of the Centigrade scale was mentioned
to him " I am very sorry ; it will render your observa-
tions in a great measure useless and not comparable.
And as he thought of it he could scarcely avoid waxing
wroth However, the observations were taken as

I

September 7, 18G7.]

THE GARDENEES' CIIIIO^'ICLE AND AnHTCULTUHAL GAZKTTl

925

ordered for three years, when it was thought advisable
to resume the use of Fahrenheit's scale, giving only
the table of averages in the Centigrade.

Practically the degrees of the Centigrade are found
to be too widely aiiart, one of them being equal
to nearly 3' of Fahrenheit. It is true, in what
the French term ihermomhres de precision this
ohiection is got over ; but at the same time another
objection is started, for in such thcrmoraeler.s the
degrees are subdivided into tenths, and this in ordinary
cases would be very inconvenient, for two reasons : a
glass would be required to read oDf the divisions, and
the columns for the observations would be confused
with decimals. The error of making the Centigrade
divisions too large is a radical one, and I cannot
imagine on what pretext these wide divisions were
attempted to bo established ; for there was no neces-
sity to make them so wide as to be inconsistent
with accuracy ; and why the French sai-ans, so cele-
brated for their brilliant scientific attainments, should
have agreed to adopt a scale so liable to cause error in
daily practice is difllcult to be accounted for : and why
the measure between the fixed points, freezing and
boiling, should bo divided into 100 parts instead of
some greater number of divisions that could be referred
to with greater aiT\u-acy. Was it done in consequence of
the predilertiim llien prevalent for the decimal system ?
Surely not, for the AcadiSmie des Sciences is a body
especially notorious for no predilection except for the
truth. The decimal system generally in France, and by
many of late in this country, is considered perfection,
and its adoption is wi.shed to be rendered universal, even
if it should reiiuire compulsory means to do so. The
denary or Hindoo system of notation has certainly
proved a most useful introduction to Europe, and gives
a great command of numbers generally; but there is
no reason why it should be pressed inio every service
whether it may be particularly adapted for such or not.
Convenient as is the base of 10, it does not surpass
other figures in all cases. As regards exactitude and
convenience, can it be compared with the number 3
for example ? No numbers can be more siunple than
tlae latter; none so useful or convenient. Weights and
measures based on the binary scale can be halved con-
tinually, and without a remainder. But we can only
halve 10 once, and for the rest employ fractions.

The objection as regards the too great distance
between lue degrees appears to be insurmountable, and
to bear hard upon the very name of the Centigrade
scale, for such could not be claimed for it if we are
obliged, for the sake of sufficient accuracy, to divide it,
not into 100 parts, but into at least 200 or 500 parts.
Where accuracy is concerned there seems no necessity
for ndopting the particular number 100 in preference
to all others, and then have to divide these Centigrade
divisions.

As these are objectionable, cannot a scale be devised
ii^recing in ijrinciple with the Centigrade as regards
its extension between two fixed points, but with
;raduations sufiieiently close to bo considered
accurate enou'-'h for general use and for all ordinary
nurpnscs ? This, I think, is quite possible, and
its adoption might be effected without very great
difficulty.

It might be called (unless a more appropriate and
shorter name can be suggested), the Bicentigrade scale.
It would have ils zero point at freezing; but from that
to boiling, instead of 100° it would have 200', so that
one of the Centigrade would in this be exactly two;
and it would count from 0, the freezing point, upwards
to 200, and from the same point downwards ; in short,
it would be similar to the Centigrade scale in that
respect. Of course to convert the degrees of the
Centigrade into those of the Bicentigrade, it would
i>nly be necessary to multiply by two; and, vice versa,
divide by two to reduce the Bicentigrade to the
Centigrade. Fahrenheit's would be as 18 to 20.

It may be said that the descending portion of the
scale would not be readily understood, and would con-
sequently be objectionable. From what we have
observed, reckoning from a fixed point downwards is
more natural than proceeding uniformly upwards, as
in Fahrenheit's, from an arbitrarily fixed zero.

In precarious springs, from the occurrence of late
frosts, when garden crops are liable to be cut oCF,
and labourers are interested in the weather, they
often ask such questions as — How low were you
last night ? If the reply was " down to 20°," they
cannot readily form an idea of the temperature ; but
if it be told them it was " 12° below freezing," or
" 12' of frost," they at once understand. It therefore
appears that the reckoning downwards from freezing
would not be a difGculty, but rather a boon to the
public ; and as for scientific men, they would readily
enough accommodate themselves to this change.
During a great part of the year (— ) signs prefixed
would not be necessary, and in case of any mistake
from their omission, columns could be allotted for tem-
peratures below freezing, and in summing up these the
amount of cold below freezing would at any time be
readily seen. Again, the registers kept by the Centi-
grade scale could be easily compared with this, which
we would at present distinguish by the Bicentigrade
one, for by doubling the number of degrees in the
former the thing is done.

I have considered this subject years ago, and have
again reconsidered it, and can only come to the conclu-
sion that something on the plan of the Bicentigrade
thermometer would be most advantageously adopted ;
but let those that have any doubts express them. E. T.

i pro-

caused the berries to crack, and the Oidium ha;
vented the projier development of the fruit.

A Vine-grower in Condriou, a district celebrated for
its white wines, has ^ont u^ (lievtie des Jardins, i'vom
wdlic^h this paper is a translation) the following letter
on the subject : —

" Our ■'/incs, particularly those of the plains, are
nearly all infected with Oidiimi ; the loss of while
Grajics from Ampuls to Condrieu is very serious ;
fortunately the hill Vines have not suffered so seriously
as those of the ]tlains.

" The only remedy against Oidiimi issulphurdre.ssing,
but the dressing should be applied with timely skill,
I have always succeeded, and my method is as
follows :— I sulphur the Vines immediately they begin
to flower: I apply it the second time after the flowering,
and a third tmie about 15 days after the second dress-
ing. Sulphur has no effect as soon as the berry has
attained a certain size. I give the dressing very early in
the morning; after 8or 0 .i.M. the sulphur is powerless.
I recommend this method for next year, for the
Oidium will remain for some time with us. The plants
are not constitutionally affected, the disease being pro-
duced by an anomalous condition of soil. We are
now passing through the same phase as in 1851."

" This method of applying sulphur," says the Editor
of the Revue des Jardins, " is really good. We have
ourselves," he states, " operated in the same manner
upon our trellised Vines with great success, but we are
not equally certain that the disease is present in the
soil, and not in the plant. We prefer to believe that
the morbid princiiile, the germ of the malady, is
present but latent in the plant, and that a peculiar
condition of the atmosphere will cause its development.
It has been noticed that the Oidium acts upon the Vine
as certain epidemics do upon animals, as the cholera does
upon men — certain plants in a Vineyard are seized with
the disease, others growing in the same plantation will
escape : if the disease were present in the soil this
difference would probably not exist. The Vines which
have been injured by frost are the most affected. We do
not, however, deny ab.solutely that the soil does not
exercise an injurious influence upon a morbid con-
dition of the Vine. One of our correspondents, a skilful
cultivator, has sent us the following letter on the sub-
ject :— ' Hail has a most positive influence upon the soil,
of which I have this year had a sad experience ; the
earth is suddenly cooled by the fall, and a deleterious
principle is left, the presence of which I cannot explain,
but the effects are plainly perceptible ; this is feU
throughout the year by certain plants.' " T. F. It.

very good (luality. It is a very prolific and good Pea;
.Mcin's I'aradise, Giant Early Marrow and Excelsior
Marrow ;u'c identical with it.

Suinersi'tshire I'larly Prolific, is very similar to the
old White Prussian. It is a small, round, white Pea,
about 2 feet high, jirolific, with small but well filled pod^.

Peabody is of the same class, about 18 inches high, a.
good bearer, but not of any particular merit.

Harrison's IVrl'i'i-tioii is a «eriiiid early white Marrow,
about .'!'. feet. Iiigli, ei'.;lit da.vs later than Sangster's
Xo. I. The I'eas are of larg(^ si/,e, huL the pods do not
(ill well. It is quite superseded.

W.aterloo Marrow is about 0 feet high ; sown at the
siuno time, it comes in three weeks after Sangster^s
No. 1 ; the ^)ods are very large, full, .slightly curved,
containing from seven to eight large Peas in each, of
very good quality. Victoria Marrow is identical with it.

(iarbutt's Amazon is a very strong-growing blue
JIarrow, about 0 feet high, three weeks later than
Sangster's No. 1 ; the pods are large and full, containing
from seven to nine large Peas in each, of poor flavour.
The dried seed is large, wdiite, and light blue, or green
mixed. Invicla Marrow very much resembles this
variety, but is a few days later.

Prizetaker is a second early green Marrow, from
Ij to 5 feet high, about a fortnight later than Sangster's
No. 1 ; the pods are large, full, rounded, curved, remark-
ably well filled, of a deep green colour. It is a very
prolific free bearing variety, and very handsome in
appearance, always commanding a high price in market.
It is, iiowever, not very sweet in flavour; indeed this
class of Peas is altogether much inferior in flavour to
the wrinkled varieties. The ripe seed is of a mixed
character, white and olive green. La.xton's Prolifio
Longpod is very similar to this, but is frequently
mixed with a white variety, the same in general
appearance. Green Prolific and Grotto are identical
with it. Hannaford's Favorite is a much mixed stock
of green Marrow Peas. Green Marrow (Wrench) is a
somewhat stronger grower, a larger sample with broader
and larger pods than the old green Marrow or Prize-
taker.

Blue Excelsior and Knight's Blue Emperor are
identical ; a second early green Marrow, about 5 feet
high, with fair sized pods, of a pale green colour,
prolific. It resembles while growing, the Champion of
England ; ripe seed of an olive green colour. Early
Surprise is somewhat larger than, and an improvement
on. Blue Excelsior ; a very good Pea.

Scimitar is a well known variety, and much esteemed
for general purposes ; it is much used for field culture as
it is very hardy, and does well without staking. It grows
about 3 feet high, and comes in three weeks after
Sangster's No. 1. The pods are large, curved or sword-
shaped, rather flat, well Ulled, with from seven to
nine Peas in each, of a nice green colour, and
Carter's Improved Scimitar is no

THE CHISWICK TRIAL OF PEAS.

(Coacliuhd from p. 735.)
Beitish Queen is a white wrinkled Marrow, an
old, well-known, and general favourite. When sown 1 fair quality.
at the same time as Sangster's No. 1 it comes into use imiirovement.
three weeks after that variety. It is very prolific, and Flack's Imiierial belongs to the same class ; it grows
continues bearing for a long time in succession, so about .3 fret high, and is 'earlier than Scimitar. It is
that a great many gatherings can be had from the hai-Jy and prolific, the pods fair-sized and well filled;
- ^' ~ ■ ' " '- ° '—^ '" '----'-t- *■-- ' ripe seed bluish green. Banksian Marrow is an

same row. It grows from 6 to 8 feet in height; the
pods are very large, full, of a pale green colour, con-
taining from seven to nine large Peas in each, of very
fine quality. Hooper's Incomparable, Wonder, and
Cattell's Wonder are identical with it. Tall Mam-
moth very much resembles British Queen, but is a few
days later, and has smaller pods than that variety.

Knight's Tall White Wrinkled Marrow is a few days
later than British Queen ; grows from U to 5 feet
high, and is very prolific; the pods are pale green,
rather flat, with an exceedingly thin inner liuin

they contain from seven to eight Peas each, w^hich are ! ripe seed light bluish green.

improvement on this variety. Carter's Surprise is
a Blue Imperial of the same style of Scimitar, with
straighter pods, and a few days later. Harrison's Glory
is of the same class, about 3 feet high, 8 or 10 days
later than Sangster's No. 1. The pods fill badly, con-
taining only from four to six Peas in each ; it is quite
superseded.

Blue Prussian is an old well-known variety, a very
prolific bearer, about 3 feet high ; pods rather small,
l3ut well-filled ; peas small, deep green, poor flavour ;

VINE DISEASE IN FRANCE.

The year 1807 cannot be marked with a white stone

in the Vine-grower's alniauat^k, for it is many years

since so much damage has been done to Vineyards by

the weather. After the late frost the plants were

remarkably sweet and tender; and this, it may be
noted, is the case with all of the late Mr. Knight's
seedlings.

Spider Pea (Stuart & Mein) is a white wrinkled
Marrow, about 3 feet high ; pods small, but well filled,
containing from six to eight Peas in each, of good
flavour. The dried seed is small, much wrinkled, and
compressed like Fairbeard's Nonpareil.

Lynn's Prolific Wrinkled is a white wrinkled
Marrow, about 3 feet high; when sown at the same
time it comes into use one month after Sangster's No. i,
the latest of all the varieties grown ; the pods are
small, but well filled. It is very prolific, with a fine
hardy constitution, standing against the summer
droughts well. The dried seed is of a brownish white
colour, small, much compressed, almost square, with
a small black spot on each. Owing to this charac-
teristic it is sometimes called Black-eyed Susan.

Auvergne is a second early white Marrow, an old
well known and general favourite where quantity, not
quality, is desired. Sown at the same time it comes
into use about a fortnight after Sangster's No. 1. The
pods are long and rather narrow, much curved at the
point, containing from 7 to 10 i?eas in each. It has
a very vigorous hardy constitution, grows from 4 to
6 feet high, and is very prolific.

Dickson's Favourite is a selection from the Auvergne ;
the pods are larger, broader, and not nearly so much
curved ; it is the better variety of the two, and is very
often substituted for it. Torwoodlee is a synonym of
it, and Taber's 68 and Stuart & Mein's Improved
No. 1 are good selections from it, a shade dwarfer and
perhaps a little earlier, but in other respects the same.

Princess Royal is a second early white Marrow, from
2i to 3 feet high, 18 days later than Sangster's No. 1,
and a first-class Pea. The pods are large and broad,
with from seven to eight largo Peas in each, of excel-
lent quality. It is of a line vigorous constitutiou, and an
abundant bearer. The ripe seed is large, round,
smooth, slightly indented, of a very clear whiti.sh
appearance. Cattell's Kent Rival is identical with it.

Paradise Early Marrow is 10 days later than
Sangster's No. 1, about 41 feet high. The pods are

Woodford Green Marrow is of the Prussian class,
about 3 feet high ; pods medium sized, well filled, deep
green ; peas small, of a deep green colour, but poor
flavour; the ripe seed is of a very deep green colour,
greener than in any other variety. Batt's Wonder is
from four to flve days later than Woodford Green
Marrow, rather larger, and an improvement on it.

Imperial Sugar (edible-podded).— This is one of the
class of Peas called by the French " Pais sans
parcliemin" or " Mange tout." It grows from 7 to
8 feet high ; the flowers are purple ; pods very large,
broad, flat, 7 to 8 inches long, twisted and crooked like
a ram's horn ; the sides of the pods exhibit prominent
marks where pushed out by the seeds.

Sugar (edible-podded), a wdiite flowered variety,
about G feet high ; pods from 4 to C inches long, crooked.
Dwarf Sugar is about 3 feet high, pods much smaller,
and later than the taller varieties, and more prolific.
Vilmorin's edible-podded and Knight's dwarf white
edible-podded Marrow, are very nearly allied to Dwarf
Sugar. These edible-podded Peas are used in the same
way as Kidney Beans. The pods when young are very
tender, having no inner lining to them, so that they
readily snap in two like a young Kidney Bean; they
are then fit for use, and make a very good and excellent
dish. A. F. B.

GRAPE JUDGING.
As an old exhibitor of Grapes I must confess that I
think there is much that isreally unnecessary, recom-
mended and said about Grape judging. I can recollect
when Messrs. Fleming Glendinning, Frost, a.nd other
veterans, had no difficulty in coming to a right con-
clusion as to who was entitled to the first prize for
their Grapes. Why ? because they, as a rule, usea to
stick to four cardinal points of quality. 1st, a jet black
'colour, with a good bloom ; 3d, size of berry ; 3d, com-
pactness of bunch ; 4th, size of bunch. In my opinion,
if there is any deviation from the above rules, we shall
none of us kiiow what to ex|iect in the way of a decision,
notwithstanding fliat wo may have had many years'
toil and study in growing the Grape. I am of

me weaiuer. jiiier me laie iiosi. mo piauoo ncio i large, full, and broad, of a' rather whitish appearance, opinion that a Grape should be shown, if possible, of
broken by hail, and the heavy and constant rains have I containing from seven to eight large Peas in each, of 1 its natural colour, that is to say, a niacK namnurgn

926

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND A<}RICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Septembee 7, 1867.

should be black, and with a beautiful bloom : the com-
position of which is next of course. This, there is no
doubt, is the first point of quality, and the other three
points, as stated above, must, I think, be the next con-
sideration. This is sufflcient, in my opinion, to satisfy
the most enthusiastic in Grape growing.

There are many who will recollect that years used
to pass by when the Shows were held at Chiswick,
without any dissatisfaction of importance being mani-
fested as to the judging of Grapes. This arose from the
fact that the judges never considered there were more
than four points of quality, which, as a rule, it was
necessary to discuss. As to the tasting of Grapes, I
consider this perfectly ridiculous. Who would feel
safe in the hands of judges who had a berry or two
from, say, 100 dishes oi' Grapes to taste ! It would be
like the toss up of a shilling as to who would be
placed first. Fancy a man whose heart and soul
are in Grape-growing being subjected to such
ridiculous nonsense, and, alter toiling night and
day through a hard winter — watching his Grapes
until his eyes nearly dropped out of his head —
finding, though he had obtained the four points of
quality alluded to above, that his Grapes were thrown
aside because the palate of the judges had become so
cloyed that they were not able to satisfy themselves
which samples were the best ! Besides this, if
I were a nobleman or gentleman who allowed
my gardener to take the best Grapes out of the
Tinery to an exhibition, I should certainly not
like them to be fingered and pulled about by the
judges. How often it happens that they are required
for presentation, or for the owner's own dinner party.

There is nothing so trying to a man's temper, after
going to the trouble and expense of growing first-class
Grapes, and after travelling with them several hundred
miles to an exhibition, to find them judged by judges
who have never been successful in Grape-growiug.

Nothing would give greater satisfaction than that the
committees of horticultural societies should secure for
Grape judging men who have been thoroughly success-
ful as exhibitors. AYhere this is done, there will be
little cause for dissatisfaction. Only imagine a man
getting a 1st prize for badly coloured Grapes ! This I
have seen more than once, and I have myself many
times experienced the annoyance arising therefrom.
J. Mereditli, The Vinei/ard, Qarsion, Liverpool.

[When a good bunch is presented to the Fruit
Committee at South Kensington, it is a difficult matter
for our reporter to find a good berry to look at, much
more to taste ! The proof of the pudding is in the
eating. Eds.]

good season of rest. The cooler the climate of their
natural habitat the longer season of rest they require.
Some of the East Indian Orchids require but little
rest, but even these must have some, if plenty of flowers
are wanted. The way of resting Orchids varies con-
siderably. With some coolness of temperature induces
rest, in others the comparative absence of moisture ;
and, again, there are some that cannot be made to
flower unless nearly burnt up by the direct rays of
the sun.

The fourth rule is, let plenty of air be given,—
a circulation of air at all times is desirable, even in
winter ; whether the air given should be hot, or merely
warm, depends on the section grown, but in all cases
draughts of cold air must be avoided.

The fifth rule is, let the utmost care and attention
be given to keep the plants free from all insect
enemies, whether they attack the leaves by suction, or
eat the roots, young growths, or flowers. Orchids are
not more attacked by insects, than the Eose, and some
other beautiful garden flowers.

If the above rules are well followed success is certain,
and in many cases the bulbs and leaves will be larger
and stronger, and the flowers better and more numerous
than in their native countries. It must, however, be
borne in mind that Orchids will sometimes die in spite
of every care. The members of the human race who
can tell the doctors how and where they suffer do not
live long, and even an Oak tree, though it may live a
thousand years, dies at last. Sobert Warner, 8, Crescent,
Cnpplegate, London, and Jlrooin^eld, Essex.

THE PRINCIPLES OP ORCHID CULTURE.

A Papee eead at the Inteenational

Botanical Comgeess at Paeis, August, 1867.

It will be evident to those who have made the culture
of Orchids their especial study, that the general prin-
ciples laid down in the following remarks have in some
cases to be modified. It is, moreover, certain that such
deviations can only be made by those who have had
considerable experience in growing Orchids.

It is equally certain that any one following well
defined rules, when commencing any particular study,
will be able to experiment with a fairer prospect of
success than if he had begun without any settled plan
of action.

It is indispensable that the Orchid houses should be
of a size and shape suitable for the sections proposed
to be cultivated. Por the northern countries of the
continent of Europe, double-glazed houses are almost a
necessity. In England they are not so essential,
for the cold of its winter is less intense. In Italy they
are not required, there the difliculty to contend with
is the heat of summer, rather than the cold of
winter. The width of the houses should not be less
than 10 feet or more than 18 feet clear inside, the
former should have one path i feet wide down the
middle, and the latter should have a stage iu the
centre of 5 feet, with a path on each side 3 feet
6 inches, and side stages each 3 feet wide.

Houses for Orchids should be low rather than high.
The narrow house should not exceed 7i feet in height
in the centre, and the wide one not more than 10 feet
6 inches. Plenty of ventilation should be provided,
both at top and bottom, but chiefly at top, and all
openings should be fitted with perforated zinc, to keep
out flies and bees, and also to perform the office of
respirators. Good but not too thick shading is neces-
sary. The heating power of the boilers and pipes
should be 50 per cent, more than is wanted for every-
day use. All rain-water falling on the roofs should be
collected into tanks within the houses, which tanks
should be so placed that the water may soon become of
the same temperature or even 10' warmer than the
air of the houses.

Por ordinary collections it will be generally suflicient
to b aild t vvo houses, one for the East Indian and another
for Mexican and Brazilian sp3cies; for those requiring
cooler treatment will do well in any low Grapery where
only suflicient fire-heat is used to keep out frost— the
Tmes being trained rather thinly, so that only one
layer of leaves shall come between the glass and the
Orchids. The details of cultivation of particular
species are best described in Mr. B. S. Williams'

Orchid Manual."

I now come to the time when purchases are to be
made, and the first rule I lay down for beginners is,
— never buy a diseased or weakly plant.

The second rule is, let all Orchids, like other
plants, enjoy warmth and some moisture duriug their
growing season. It is quite a mistake to suppose that
what are termed cool Orchids are any exception to this
rule — the chief difference being that they require
a longer season of rest than others.

This brings me to the third rule, which is one of
the most important, viz., let all Orchids have a

HARDY PICTORIAL TREES, Etc.— No. VII.
Climbing Plants.

What garden is so fortunately circumstanced as to
have green hedges on all sides for boundaries, and
within no buildings the walls or boards of which left
bare are anything but sightly ? But the ugliest wallsand
buildings may be covered^-may be converted into
breadths of beautiful foliage and flowers by the use of
climbing plants. Various are the objects to which these
climbing plants may be applied, as for instance to cover
trellis-work and pillars, to be trained in a recumbent
position, or to be clipped to form edgings to flower beds ;
but my object now is not so much to suggest uses for
them as to enumerate and describe the best. Of climbing
plants valuable for the beauty of their leaves in winter,
the different kinds of Ivy, green and variegated, stand
pre-eminent, and almost alone. Of the 40 different
kinds cultivated here, the foUowing are considered the
most desirable : —

Hedera canariensis aiirea macidata. — A plant of rapid
growth ; leaves large, well clouded with gold.

Sedera- marginata aryentea. — Leaves green, broadly
margined with silver ; growth free and rapid ; the best
of the white-leaved Ivies.

Medera donerailensis minor. — Leaves small, dark
green, deeply cleft; shoots numerous and slender;
growth rapid.

Hedera minor marmorata, — Leaves small, beauti-
fully marbled with white; growth rapid; exceedingly
pretty.

Hedera poetica. — Leaves of medium size, pale green,
almost entire, very glossy, the whole plant looking as if
varnished ; growth very rapid.

Hedera latifolia macidata. — Leaves large, marbled,
and clouded with gold and silver; growth rapid; very
handsome.

Hedera digitata. — Leaves dark green, long and
pointed at the apex, broad at the base, deeply cleft ;
growth rapid, but shoots less numerous than most
others.

Hedera palmata. — Leaves dark green, of medium
size, very broad and deeply cleft, veins unusually pro-
minent; very vigorous.

Hedera sagittcefolia. — Leaves medium size, dark
green, very distinct.

Hedera Helix foliis aureis. — Leaves small, green and
gold, some wholly of each colour, others finely blotched ;
growth rapid, very beautiful.

Hedera rhombea. — Leaves broad, dark green, narrow,
but regularly margined with silver ; very distinct and
elegant.

Hedera japonica. — Leaves small, reg'ilarly and clearly
margined with white ; growth dense and moderate ;
very pretty.

Hedera walthameiisis. — Leaves very small, green ;
growth very rapid. The prettiest of all small-leaved Ivies.

Hedera canariensis foliis aureis. — Leaves large,
some entirely green, others blotched, or entirely gold;
growth vigorous, very handsome.

Hedera algeriensis variegata. — Leaves large, broadly
margined with white ; growth rapid ; one of the hand-
somest.

Hedera canariensis nova (the new Irish Ivy). —
Leaves larger and of a paler green than the common
Irish Ivy, also of more rapid growth.

Hedera algeriensis. — Leaves pale green, large, entire ;
a very handsome sort, of rapid growth.

Hedera Rcegneriana. — Leaves dark green, large, thick
and leathery ; growth rapid ; very handsome. This and
the two preceding are the best kinds for covering a
large surface quickly.

Of Evergreen shrubs, suited for placing against walls,
I recommend Jasminum revolttfum (flowers yellow),
Ceanottitis of sorts (flowers blue), Crattsgns Fyracantha
(flowers white, berries orange red), Escaltonia of sorts
(flowers red or white), Photinia serritlata (fine large
glossy leaves), Shamnus Alaternns (the green, the gofd,
and the silver varieties).

The following are amongst the best of climbing
Ijlants, selected for the rapidity of their growth or the
beauty of their flowers : they lose their leaves on the
approach of winter : —

Ampelopsis hederacea (the A'^irginian Creeper). —
Very hardy, very rapid in growth; leaves dying off
scarlet in autumn.

AristolocMa Sipho, — Also a rapid climber; best
against a wall, where the splendid large round leaves
are protected from the wind and displayed to great
advantage.

Clematis Amelia. — Plowers lilac blush. This variety
is very hardy, flowers freely, and grows rapidly.

Clematis azurea grandijlora. — Plowers fine purplish
blue.

Clematis Flammula sempervirens — Plowers white,
very sweet. This plant is of very rapid growth, and
sub-evergreen.

Clematis J?'orfK»es.— Flowers white, double, large
and fine.

Clematis Helhie. — Plowers pale blue, almost white,
very hardy and free.

Clematis /oeiniaiu.— Flowers dark purple, hardy,
and free. Very beautiful.

Clematis ZaaK^wjosn.- Flowers light blue; one of
the best.

Clematis montana. — Plowers white, small growth,
very rapid.

Clematis odorata azurea. — Flowers blue, small, very
sweet ; a beautiful sort.

Clematis Sophia Jlore-pleno. — Flowers pale blue,
whitish towards the centre, double.

Clematis Standishii. — Plowers deep blue, free, hardy
and good.

Clematis Viticella venosa. — Flowers reddish-purple,
striped, very handsome. There are also other varieties
of Clematis well worthy of culture.

Jasminum nudiflorum. — Very hardy, of rapid growth,
the branches covered with bright yellow flowers in
midwinter.

Jasminum ojjicinaie (the common Jasmine). —
Flowers white, very sweet, growth rapid.

Lonicera aureo-reticulata. — Leaves green and gold,
beautifully marbled, the gold colour usually predomi-
nating, very handsome; growth rapid; sub-evergreen.

Lonicera braclujpoda. — A rapid-growing climber, the
shoots well-clothed with beautiful green leaves,
invaluable on account of the masses of foliage it
produces ; sub-evergreen.

Lonicera Jlava nova (the yellow trumpet Honey-
suckle).—Hardy, free, but of moderate growth only :
flowers pure yellow.

Lonicera Jlexuosa. — A beautiful sort, producing fiae
masses of foliage and clusters of red and yellow flowers
late in the year. Of rapid growth, sub-evergreen, but
not very hardy, therefore should be x^ut in a sheltered
situation or against a wall.

Lonicera Magnevillea. — A hardy free-growing kind,
producing an abundance of large trusses of flowers.

Lonicera grata (the evergreen Honeysuckle). —
Plowers yellow, red, and white, sub-evergreen, hardy,
and free.

Lonicera Ferichjmenum belgicum (the Dutch Honey-
suckle).— A capital variety for common purposes,
hardy, and free.

Lonicera Bromnii. — This is perhaps the best of the
scarlet trumpet Honeysuckles.

Fassijlora cceruleo-racemosa. — A good plant for a
wall in a sheltered situation. Of other hardy Passion-
flowers, F. Colvillii and F. Neumauni are the best.

Fosa. — Of climbing Roses the best for arches and
like purposes, where a rapid growth is required, are
the "Boursault" and "Sempervirens;" for walls or
fences, the vigorous kinds of " Noisette " and " Tea-
scented;" for pillars, the vigorous kinds of "Hybrid
Perpetual" and "Hybrid Bourbon."

Tecoma radicans major (the Trumpet flower). —
Plowers yellowish red ; growth, when established, very
rapid. A magnificent plant for a south or east wall.
Of other hardy Tecomas, T. atrosanguineum (dark
crimson), and T. Jlava speciosa (yellow) are the best.

Vitis. (The Vine).— Where masses of broad hand-
some foliage are required there are no plants more
beautiful than certain kinds of the Vine : Coussi Noir,
Castello de Donello, and Muscat Noir de Jura, are
among the best, the leaves changing in autumn to
crimson, yellow, and scarlet. Titis apiifolia laciniosa
has beautifully cut leaves, Vitis labniscafoliis purpureis
has leaves of a purple tint, and V. lieterojphylla
variegata, leaves green, marbled with white.

Wistaria sinensis.— Ihis is the queen of climbing
plants; the growth is often slow for the first two or three
years, but when the plant becomes established the
growth is very rapid, often covering enormous spaces.
The flowers are pale blue, produced in clusters in the
way of the Laburnum. William Faul, Waltham
Cross, N.

VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY.
All organised beings— men, beasts, and plants, are
subject to various weaknesses, diseases, and malforma-
tions, and more so when domesticated than in free
nature. In all these organisms diseases are subject to
similar laws with respect to locality and nature, their
original condition and diffusion. In all these circum-
stances there is in part an aflinity, in part a conformity.
We see, for example, that individuals are affected
either locally or generally, and that diseases occur in
isolated case's only, or in numerous ones at the same
time ; that they are or are not contagious, that more-
over they originate in conditions of soil or climate, in
nutriment, in atmospheric relations, or even from
parasitic plants and animals of greater or less size.
Organised beings, therefore, have their common diseased
conditions, but each kingdom (human, animal, or
vegetable,) has not only its pecuhar forms, but the
different genera and species of plants and animals are
subject to their own particular diseases. 1 he general
therapeutics, therefore, of organised beings may he
referred to three divisions -- human, animal, and
vegetable pathology-each of which has to treat of the
ma-ntenance of health, the promotion of increase, but
especially the protection from disease, and its expulsion
when it occurs. Great progress has already been made

Sbptembbb 7, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICI.E AND AfiRTCULTURAL GAZETTE.

927

in the knowieilfie of the nature, the diagnosis, and cure
of human und animal maladies, but with respect to
plants we can only speak of a fair couimcnconient. If
wo ret?ard the development of human and animal
therapeutics, we shall find that the pursuit conum'iiced
with mere empiricism, that it was i^raduully raised into
M. science after talented and thinking men had entered
upon the study, after memoirs had beeu published
rind instruction given, and especially after numerous
ijicTi previously educated had devoted themselves to
p:trticular branches witli i-eference to the iuvesti^'atiou
and practical In'iirin-^s of their peculiar biological oou-
ditioas. VoKet;il>le i-atliolo^y is yet in the vestibule of
science, as is mitural^ when we consider the rehitious
of other organised beiu^s or the practical requisitions
which have hitherto existed. Fair beginnings with
respect to the iuvestii^ation of the diseases of vegetables,
in connection with their causes and mode of operation,
iiavo already been made (the names of Meyen, Be Bary,
Si-hacht, Kidin, &c., occur at the moment), but the
knowledKc has been only slightly dill'used ; and as
reganls the prevention and cure of disease* it seems
almost eomrortless. The attempts have been left to
Kardeners, foresters, woodroeves, proprietors or wander-
ing (iuacks, and, as a rule, have led to no useful result,
because not sustained by the requisite knowledge, or in
the case of widely-spreading contagion because un-
supported by societies and governments.

These and'siniilar considerations, and more especially
the fact that cultivated plants, in consequence of the
increase of jiopulatioa, attain a greater importance,
nliile the consequent artilicial attempts to obtain a
■.greater produce seem to induce more frequently
an unsound and weak couditiou. have for some
time made the author of this article feel the necessity
that something useful ought to be done for the
practiciil side of the question, while in some measure the
scientific side might obtain some advantage. Hence
arose the idea that States, in proportion to their size,
>lionld appoint one or two men prepared with the
icquisite botanical, zoological, and field and forest
knowledge, to investigate the diseases and injuries of
]ilauts, as also the remedies and mode of application
lor the prevention and removal of these abnormal
cijuditious, to whom the views above stated, and the
proposition of the necessarj' rules, should be entrusted.
^^uch State vegetable-pathologists would not be
diihcult to find in the higher agricultural colleges,
]iolytechnic schools, or universities, and who would
be ready to undertake such an oflice for a
proper remuneration. Should they not already
l>o.~sess the necessary knowledge of the diseases
and injuries incident to cultivated plants as well
as of the weeds which impede their culture, and
the means of their hindrance or eradication,
they would soon attain this from their scientific
habits and tendencies, and reach the requisite jioint
for the investigation of vegetable pathology. They
would naturally enter into organic connection with
practical men, and inquire of tuem what is necessary
for theproper develoi)ment of their oflice, and especially
to enable them to acquire such technical kuovvledge as
may facilitate instruction, aud the proposal of positive
rules by the Govei-nmeuts. Order, profit and success will
then, and then only, he achieved — when the idea, which
I have indicated, or something similar, shall be brought
lo bear on the matter; whereas, under present circum-
stances, an injurious confusion prevails, and in couse-
ijuence we frequently read in country journals the
most opposite views on the diseases of plants, their
prevention aud eradication, and so the old do-nothing
and know-nothing system prevails ; all is left to Provi-
dence, and one comforts oneself with the notion that
natural evils are followed by natural remedies.

My plan is well supported by an article w^hieh lately
appeared in this Journal on Zoological Observations, by
Dr. Jager. The two articles have the same tendency.
The latter, however, goes further in its demands per-
haps, also is the more practical as to the consequences
which may be expected. May something be done in
either direction, whether in the way of State Vegetable-
Pathologists or Zoological Observations. Dr. Fuchs in
the Allgemeine Zeitung.

BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

The Thirty-seventh Meeting of this Association w'as
inaugurated on AVednesdaylastatDundee, byanaddress
from the President, his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch,
the President of the Royal norticultural Society, The
following are some of the more important passages :—

" I feel that, whatever bold deeds my ancestors may have
done, or may have attempted, perhaps in one sense I have
attempted the boldest of them aU. If it were only a question
of physical endui-ance, or of dashing enterprise, I should not
have felt abashed, nor shy, nor disinchned for the encounter.
I think the old spirit of the Borderer would have carried
me through. I have been tuld, and perhaps with reason, that
it is better and more usual upon such an occasion as this for
the President to prepare his address with care beforehand, to
commit it to writing, and give an opportunity of having it put
in print for the convenience of the members of the Association,
and also of those whose pai'ticular vocation and duty it is to
communicate to the public that wJiich passes at public
meetinps. Unfortunately, ]ierhap8, for myself, and still more
unfortunately for you, I have not done so. I never in my
life attempted to pon an addi-ess or to prepare a written
speech to bo delivered. If I had done so, and had had
recourse to the productions of the pens and heads of others,
1 might have read an addresa to you in flowing language
— full of science, full of information ; but 1 could not
have prettrnded that what I read came from myself.
I preferred rather to fail by speakiug what I had to say direct
from myself, as it came from my heart and from my bead,
than to have recourse to the assistance of the thoughts and
pens of others. Their pens and their thoughts have been well
employed. You may read their productions in the Transactions
of this Association. You may hear them at the different
sections, which you will be invited to attend. M'by, then,

* Tbis is scarcely bomc out by facts. Witness what has
been done with respect to Bunt, Grape and Hop Mildew, and
other iuBtances that might be mentioned. Eds.

should I rob them nf tin, fruitM of their labour and toil.
Wbatevcr I may say, 1 alono am responsible.

"Wbun I consiacr the nature und iiitoiitiun of UiIh great
AH.sociatiun— for great it i«. powerful for goorl, ami it ill-
directed, I four powerful for evil, iilthongh 1 trust such never
can be the ease— I euunot but fool, aud 1 am suru you will all
;iKreo with nio, that ono of tho greatest gifts which Provideiico
has bcMtdwod upon niiin Is great intelluct'uil power. I do not
mean the ordlnury faculty of reasoning which is given to man,
and which he posycssos iibovo all tlio other living works of tho
Crcator-I do nut mean that— but that to aouio in a greater
degree, and to otheni in a lessor degree, intoUuctual power is
given not to bo idly nsoJ or vaunteil of, hut as a sacred gift,
and ono to be mado niueh of. It is u tiilcut of tho highest
price ; it is a talent vouebsafed to but few. There may bo
many more wlio possess it >niknownii,'ly, but wlio unfortuiiat^L-ly
citlicr have not liad tbe opportunity or tho will to avail them-
.telvcs of it. Happy arc ti)oMj urm themselves, and blessed is it
for this rnuiitry and for tbe wurld, when they who have the
inlullectuiil power have also the will to oxorciso it, th" ]>ower
to exorcise it aud U) direct it aright. It varies in dtfteront
persons. With some you will soo it take tho form of tho gicat
statesman; the great warrior, or the mariner; the great dis-
coverer, or traveller. You soo It in all great branches of
science. You will rarely soo that any one man possc-sscs the full
intellectual power to make himself master of the whole. But
then wo see those great luinds seizing each upon that particular
topic or branch wljlch is most congenial to his spirit. Ho will
work it OHt assiduously, continuously, and with a will, not
for tlie purpose solely of aggrandisement to himself, or acquir-
ing to himself, or keeping frir himself, a great amount of
knowledge in that particular branch, but of communicating it
to tbe public for the general benefit of the Commonwealth."

After a graceful allusion to the loss sustained by tho death
of Professor Faraday, his Grace went on to say that "the
acquirement of science, and the diffusion of science are,
and ought to be, closely connected with religion. If there is
anything that has often struck me, it is this : that the involun-
tary admission and confession of the ignorance of men is in no
way more strongly manifested than it is in tho great desire to
acquire knowledge — that the inquisitiveiiess of man indicates
previous ignorance uf that which he inquires into. Now, what
do men of science do ? They search the Heavens. They
cannot make the stars— they know not when, nor where, nor
how they are made. But from their experiments and
theories they deduce certain results, and we are
satisfied that they may be light. I am here talking
of faith, yarely, in no instance is faith more tried than
when we are called to believe in what science teaches us.
Those of us who are uninitiated, who have not studied it,
cannot understand this or that thing which a man who has
studied that particular branch of science looked upon as a
thing as natural as that the child should learn its alphabet ;
and we trust In them— we believe in what they state. But
what is it they do? They do not create these things. Their
great object, as I can perceive, is this — they try to jntcrjjret
the great Maker's works— to make them patent to all— to let
all understind and reverence the Creator, they only attempt-
ing to be the interpreters. Some men may say I put too low
an estimate upon their position. I trust I do not — it is not
intentional if I do ; but at the same time I cannot put dis-
coverers of that which exists in a higher po.sition than that
which is di.scovered. I quite agree that science should be
taught at our pubUc schools— that it should form a portion of
the curriculum of study in every school ; but I think you must
not, at all events in the first instance, attempt to push it too
far. If you do. you will frighten people, and the thing will
stop. They will say you want to convert all the boys into
juvenile philosophers. Now, you may attempt that, but I
defy you to succeed in doing it. I think it of great importance,
however, to teach the elements of science in our schools.
Give the youth a taste for it, and when they have acquired
this taste, those who have an aptitude for the sciences
will each be vei-y much inclined to follow a particular
science for himself. You can no more drive science down a
boy's throat than you can teach mathematics to a horse. If he
has a turn for it he will take it in, if he has not a turn fur it
he will say it is a gi-eater bore than Latin or Greek ; but to
teach him the elements of science is of great importance.
What do we see every day? This is an age of progression.
In every relation of life a knowledge of science is becoming
more and more necessary. I need nut go further than the
town in which we are at present assembled. Where would
the prosperity of this town have been had it not beeu for
science ? You will say we have got a certain amount of manu-
factures of Flax, Hemp, Jute, and thmgs of that sort ; there is
not much science in that. Well, go to the cultivation of these
plants— go on to the preparation of these plants after they are
cultivated, and bring them to this country. Do we not require
some amount of science to build those ships, and to navigate
them ? .and when those vessels come to port, do we not require
some science to produce the docks and harbours in which
these vessels are to lie ? Then, again, when you come to the
manufacture of the raw material, do we not require some
science in chemistry and in mechanics ; and in mechanics, we
require mathematics to begin with? Then, these mveutive
faculties are necessary to produce the machinerj' by which
all these raw materials are to bo made into useful
articles of commerce. Is it not also the ease when we come
to the cultivation of the soil ? What do people do now ? It is
not the rule of thumb process — the old story, that you must
put lime here and farm manure there. You ask, why ? The
answer is, 'it stands to reason— because the soil requires that.'
' Standing to reason ' is a very good answer ; but the man who
gives it goes by the rule of thumb. We want a m-in of science
and chemistry to tell us why we do these things — why we
apply one description of manure to one soil, and one to another;
and why. if we apply this description of manure to one place
and not to another, we apply it to the wrong place. I was
talking a little while ago of scientific education in schools.
We want scientific educ^ition in oxu: universities. We want to
have natural and physical science taught in our universities.
It is not many months ago since a powerfid effort was made
to got an endowment for a geological chair in Edinburgh,
which, we may say is the cradle of geology — where it took its
rise, and flourishes particularly ; and not only that, but Edin-
burgh happens to stand on a peculiar geological furmatiouj
where ;dmost every remarkable phenomenon is to be found
connected with geology. Unfortunately that attemjit was
simply snuffed out. We met with a very cold reception. We
were told — "Oh, if you want to endow a chair in Edinburgh,
endow it yourselves." In vain did we say that endeavours
had been made to endow the University of Edinburgh, which
happens to be very poorly endowed ; but the efforts and con-
tributions of almost all those who responded to tho applica-
tion have been directed to founding' scholarships and bursa-
ries to enable poor students who thu-st for knowledge to avail
themselves of the knowledge which might be afforded there ;
and we thought the public purse misfht well afford a professor
to teach that which was really of national import-ance.

' ' I cannot pretend to go thi ough all the different points and
sections which are taken up by this Association. I will only
call your attention to one which I take some interest in —
namely, meteorology. There, great efforts have been made,
and v\ith signal success, by the British Association, more par-
ticulaily at Kew Observu,tury. What I and others have urged
on tho Government of the day is the great impurtiUice of
having renewed and carried on what were called the storm
signals at our different ports. I do not mean that we have

asked the Mutcorolugii^al Department of tho Bo'ard of Trado
to turn tlieniMolvds into weather prophets— tu give us forecasts
of weathor — but, as they have the power uf usccrtainiiig the
prevailing winds and storms by telugraphlcconiiiiunlcatiouovor
tho whulo of thia country, and over the ConLineutuf Europe —
(tvur all its shores, at least, luid to very distant parts— they can
inform us where thoro is great disturbances uf the elomont*
prevailing. This in of iniinenso value and importance, and I
bcllcvy nnieh valuable property has been saved, and many
valuable lives preserved, l>y tho timely hoisting of the drum
signifying bad weather ; and thusu hiterestud can easily by
ai)plicatiun ascorUim where that bad weather is. 1 must, ia
eonchiMion, be allowed to thank the gentlemen of tho Britlab
Association for tho honoin- they have dono mo In placing me
in this chair. I know it is no slight honoin— 1 feci It \n no
alight honour ; I also feci it ia no slight rcspunsibUity, but so
far n-H in nm liea 1 will endeavour faithfully to nei-forni my
duties ; an<l I hope these duties will not be so perionimd ua to
show that you have buon entirely deceived in h.iviiig selected
a person fur this hitjh po.sitiou who was totally unfit to bo
your choice." __^^_^_____^__

M. SOUCHET'S GLADIOLI.

M. SoucuET has been cultivating the Gladiolus for
more than ao years; it was cultivated also here by his
father. Tlie Gladiolus is the most uoble of our
Eiutuiunal (lower tardea oniaments, and one compara-
tively neglected by us. There is no dowering plaut so
well calculated to improve the asi)ect of the autumnal
garden, of no matter what style, tbau this, and
M. Souehet is the best grower of it in the world, and
has the largest collection. He grows it iu gardens, or
rather fields, surrounded by white stone walls. In
fact, his ground was for the most part formerly
occupied by market garden cultivators, &c., aud these
usually surround their gardens by such walls. He
altogether occupies from eight to nine hectares of land
with the culture of his favourite, or say about 2U acres
English.

Now the first thing noticeable in this ground is that
about half of the laud is unoccupied for the current
year. That bare portion is ploughed, and manured,
and cultivated throughout the summer a^ well as iu
winter, and thus he has fresh laud in beautiful con-
dition for his bulbs every year. Besides, the fact that
the ground is bare for a year helps to counteract to
some extent the particularly vicious enemies with
which he has to contend, as, having no food on the
ground for the summer, they are not attracted; and
when the ground is rolled between the ploughing aud
manuring the tracks of the mole ciicket are readily
seen, and it may be readily destroyed. This idle
ground is thoroughly tilled, ploughed, or in some way
disturbed six or seven times during the season, and
they would like to do it a dozen times if time or labour
would permit. The ground planted this year will of
course be empty next, and so on. Now, in all the
extensive piece of ground planted with Gladioli you
cannot notice a decayed leaf, and all are in the
rudest health, some of the varieties growing as
much as six feet high. It was a fine sight at any
.time of the year to see the magnificent stretch
of varied bloom ; but the days about the time of
my last visit were very hot, as they were in England
at the same time (Paris is under almost exactly tlu* same
cUmatal influences, and any decided change in England
occurs in Paris as well.),' and we were obliged to get
up very early in the morning to see them at their best.
Although very showy at noon, yet the hot sun had
caused the most open flowers to Hag a little. But ia
the early morning, when the dew hung upon tho
bloom, aud every petal was braced with its freshness,
they were tine indeed. But if fine here, when seen in
great quantity unrelieved bj^ a particle of verdure
except that of their own pointed leaves, how much
finer would plants of the same quality be ina graceful
pleasure ground or garden judiciously associated with
other things of beauty, and pushing up their bold
spikes amidst and near refreshing verdure !

The insect enemies of M. Souehet would prove
enough to deter and defeat most men. He makes
ceaseless war against them, aud if they do succeed in
destroying a bulb now and then, it generally forms the
guide to their detection and destruction. Tour readers
may know the mole cricket, but his ravages in
England do not go very far. If allowed his own way
for a fortnight in these grounds, I fear some of the
great bulbhouses would sutfer from their want of
Gladioli this autumn. Now when this strong
and well armed little brute gets into a bed of choice
Gladioli, you cannot well dig him out as you could if he
happened' to be in a kitchen garden. The way he is
killed here is so interesting and efiective, that I must
relate it. M. Souehet explained it to me, but so many
" cures " and dodges for exterminating vermin are not
worth the trouble of trying the second time, that pro-
bably I should not have noticed it had he not called a
man and given me an illustration on the spot. "When
the mole cricket goes about, he leaves a little loose
ridge, like the animal after which he is named : and
when they detect his presence in a closely iilanted bed
of Gladiolus at Fontainebleau, they generally press the
ground quite smooth with the foot, so that his track
and halting place may be the more distinctly seen the
next times he moves about. This had been done in
the present instance iu the case of a young bed of
seedlings. I saw his track, and a workman who brought
with him a rough jar of water and one of common oil,
opened a little hole with his finger above the spot
where the enemy lay. Then he filled it with w^ater
twice, and on the top of the water poured a little oil.
The water gradually descended, and with it the oil,
which, closing up the breathing pores of the mischie-
vous thing, caused it to perish of asphyxia, and m
about 20 seconds we had the pleasure of seemg it put
forth its horns from the water, go back a httle
when it saw us, but again come iorth, to
die on the surface, hindered for e^er from
destroying valuable bulbs. Being of large size, and
very strong and well armed, even one ot these can do
a deal of damage in a bed of Gladiolus, and therefore

928

TOE SARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGrJCULTURAE GAZETTE,

[Sbptembee 7, 1867.

the moment the workmen of M. Souchet see a trace
of the pest they take means to catch it as described,
jars of water and oil being alwayi kept at hand. That
is only one enemy — vei-s blancs are worse. Of what a
vile opponent this is iome idea may be formed, when
I relate what precautions M. Souohet is obliged to
take against it, even for the sake of enjoying a few
Rhododendrons. He has built a nice private house
near his Gladioli grounds, and wishing to have a couple
of beds of these shrubs within view of the windows
near the garden, he has had to Vuild strong cemented
walls deep into the earth around each bed, and fill in
the bottom with a deep bed of fine sand so as to guard
against the entrance of this dreaded worm into the bed.
But it is among his Gladioli that most is to be feared.
It is simply the larva of the cockchafer, dangerous here
in its perfect state also. He employs a great number
of people to gather them at the egg-depositing season,
has the larvae picked up after the plough, and one way
or another clearly avoids tkeir ravages, though at great
cost of time and money.

The soil is a very sandy one, not a fluffy one observe,
but one with some holding power, and yet when you
get a dry bit of a clod of it, and crumble it fine on a
silk glove you find that most of it sinks through to the
palm of your hand, in the form of nearly impalpable
sand. I have seen somewhat the same kind of soil in
many places in England, and always noticed its great
superiority in the growth of bulbs, alpine, and rare
herbaceous plants, &c. It is well-manured, and pretty
rich and deep, from having been long used as kitchen-
garden ground. They prefer horse manure, and that
as well rotted as possible.

Tha time of planting is, perhaps, one of the most
important things to be acquainted with, and they do
it here from April till the early part of June. This
late time is not often resorted to however, though I
believe the bulbs may then be planted with safety. They
prefer th« beginning of May for the general and the
safest planting. The medium-sized bulbs give the
best flowers as a rule, the biggest bulbs often breaking
into several heads. Of course, to plant at various
times will lead to a succession of bloom, another
great point in favour of this fine ornament of our
gardens. The seedlings flower in their third year.
The time of taking up is October, and from the great
quantity that they have to store this sometimes goes on
to the beginning of November. The plants are mostly
in beds, about 4 feet wide, placed in rows across the bed,
from 15 to 18 inches apart. The beds are all mulched,
and a little alley runs between each of course. In
very hot weather they are well watered. Each kind is
numbered, the bits of lead on which the number* are
stamped being wrapped round bits of Vine prunings,
stu"k in the earth. The beds are also carefully
examined during the blooming season, so as to destroy
all " rogues." Such are the chief points upon which
information is wanted— next for a selection of the
varieties.

There are altogether between 250 and 300 varieties
in cultivation here. The best of the new varieties of
the present year, or rather the new varieties ready to
send out this year — for one which only flowers this
Tear will not be ready to send out for a long time— are
Princess Alice, with very large, fully opened flowers,
good shape, and charming lilac colour, faintly striped
with rose and white : this is of the finest quality ;
Semiramis, also another very large flower, of fine
form, rosy carmine in colour, with carmine stripes and
a fine white throat ; Uranie, a large flower, with a
pure white ground, and decidedly striped with bright
rose, a distinctand brilliant variety ; Bernard de Jussieu,
a dark purplish toned variety, quite new in colour;
Stella, a flower with white base and rosy red margins :
and E. Scribe, a large flower, of a delicate rose, flamed
with carmine red. But a selection of all the other
kinds he cultivates is of groater importance, and I give
the following, selected by JI. Souchet and myself
from the several hundred varieties he cultivates. We
in the first case selected the undermentioned varieties,
and then went over them again, marking the best of
the best. The second or prime selection is indicated
by an asterisk to all those so chosen : —

M^t^ore
*Meyerbeer
•Milton

*M. Ad. BrougnLirt
*Napoli5ou III.

Newtou

Ophir

Oracle
'^P^n^lopB

Prince of Wales

Pi'incess of Wnles
*Princesse Clotilde
*Princesse Marie de Camhiidge
*Reine Victoria

R^ver^nd Berkeley

Roi Leopold

Rubens

"Shakespeare

Sir- Wmiam Hooker

Stephenson

Stuart Low

Thomas Mooro
*Sir Joseph Paxbon

Vesta

•Walter Soot>t

Achille

Anais

BeUe Gabriello

Charles Dickens

Charubini
*Dr. Lindley
*Duc d© MalakolT

El Dorado

Fulton

Oalilee
*Imp6ratrice Euj^^cuie

* James Veitch
•John Waterer

Lady Franklia
Laquintinio
•Le Poussin

* Le Titien
LinniS

*Lord Byr«n
•Madame Furtado

Madame Lesdblo

Madame de S<vign»
*Madamo Vilmoiin

Mafr^cbal Vailtant
•Marie Dumortier

^laaeppa

So that there is an ample field from which to select,
and a sufficient variety to please the most fastidious.
M. Souchet grows almost exclusively for the trade, and
a large propoition of the bulbs of Ihese attractive
autumnal flawers, which are met with in the stores of
the Paris and London nurserymen or seedsmen, are
derived from the grounds of this successful cultivator.

I cannot close this without acknowledging the great
kindness of M. and Madame Souchet, both being as
amiable and excellent in private life as M. Souchet is
distinguished in horticulture as a Gladiolus grower.
W.R.

Home Correspondence.

Cupressus Lawsoniana. — In answer to " C. F. P.,"
The Grange, Kingston (see p. 904), I may state that
the tallest Cupressus Iiawsoniana that I have heard of
is one at Holkham, Norfolk, and mentioned in Mr.
Hutchison's paper " On the Introduction and Cultiva-
tion of the Newer Coniferse," &c., in the " Transactions
of the Scottish Arboricultural Society," vol. iii., parts
2 and 3, which was 25 feet high in or about 1864 ;
the probable age is therein said to be 13 years, but it
could not have been more than 10 years old. I have
always fancied that there must be some mistake as to the
height or the species of tree at Holkham. A specimen
at Eairlawn, Kent, planted in 1859, was 16 feet high,
and 1 foot 8 inches in girth at the base, in February,
1867. Another plant at Manby Rectory, near Louth,
was 10 feet high last spring. There is a tree 18 feet
highatBishopstoke (Oardeners' CAro»«('?s,1867, p. 689).
Amongst other large specimens mentioned in Mr.
Hutchison's paper are Easton Park, SuSblk, 15 feet ;
Halston Hall, Shropshire, 14 feet; Kew,13ft.; Welbeck,
12 feet; Eagesford, 12 feet ; Ems Park, Ireland, 12 feet,
all taken in or about 1864. The specimen at Stewkley
Grange, mentioned in my former letter, was planted in
November, 1859. It was measured in November, 1861,
when it was 4 feet 5 inches high. Its growth since is
as follows :— 1862, 1 foot 7 inches ; 1863, 1 foot 2 inches;
1864, 7 inches ; 1865, 1 foot 2^ inches ; 1866, 2 inches
only. I should observe that in the autumn of 1865 a
trench was dug round it at about 2 feet off, and the
stiff clay thrown out to be exposed to the winter's frost,
and was put back again about March. The ends of a
few of the roots were laid bare. This plant certainly
looks more like a bush than a tree, so far as I have
seen. I observe from the account of it in the " Pine-
tum Britannicum," that it was discovered by Mr. Wm.
Murray in 1854, growing near the brink of a waterfall,
and that it is usually found on the banks of streams.
Has it been tried in similar situations in this country ?
In Mr. Hutchison's paper above referred to mention
is made of an imported plant of Soiadopitys verticil-
lata at Osborne, Isle of Wight, which was then
15 inches high and vigorous. Perhaps Messrs. Veitch
can give some information about Libocedrus tetragona ?
I believe it was introduced by that firm. I saw a nice
little plant of it at Biddulnh Grange, Staffordshire, in
January, 186.3, which had been planted out in 1861.
I may add that the injury sustained by the Cupressus
Lawsoniana, at Heston, which had been transplanted
in the previous spring (see p. 903), reminds me of the
Thujopsis borealis mentioned in your leading article,
March 2, 1861, and of another Thujopsis at Aldenham
Abbey (see p. 98, vol. 1851), which I am told had
been planted a year or so. Charles Palmer, Manohester.

Allamanda Hendersoni, — I should be glad to know
if any of your correspondents who have flowered Alla-
manda Hendersoni and Allamanda Schottii have found
any difference between them, either in habit or growth,
or in the shape, size, or colour of their flowers. They
are both in flower here at present, and I cannot dis-
cover the slightest difference in any respect between
them. W. Whitalcer, Crewe Hall, Cheshire. [Are your
plants true ? The same question was raised some time
since, and it seems generally admitted that the plants
were sufficiently distinct, the one being an earlier
bloomer than the other, besides other differences. Eds.]

Pipe Flues. — I should be glad to know if any of your
correspondents have tried sewer pipes for a fire-flue,
and if so, to be told how they act. J. IT., theadle.

Santolina ehamcecr/parlssus as a low Mediae Plant. — ■
This bears clipping well, and forms a dense and distinct
little silvery hedge. It is particularly desirable to use
such a plant as this where a small dividing line is
desired — say around compartments for hardy florists'
flowers, or between such; around formal clumps of
choice shrubs, or for several similar uses in the geo-
metrical garden. It bears the square shape under the
shears well, but of course generally it would be better
to make it slightly narrower towards the top. For a
silvery hedge from a foot to 15 inches high there is
nothing to equal it among hardy plants. Viator,

Hibiscus roseus. — This is a very noble hardy peren-
nial, growing from 4 to 6 feet high incur latitudes, and
having the upper part of each of its abundant shoots
set thickly with buds which produce flowers fully
6 inches across, of a showy rose, with straight deeply
coloured veins running from the rich dark crimson
base of the petals, and gradually becoming lost towards
the margin. I have reason to think it thoroughly
hardy, and recommend it strongly for trial in good
soil in the southern and milder parts. The show it
makes in autumn is really very fine, and it will pro-
bably be found a grand thing for association with noble
autumn flowers, as the Tritoma and Pampas. W. S.

Judging of Gfrapes : The lEffeet of Colour on
Qualiti/. — A few weeks ago, when writing upon the
influence of Vine extension upon fruitfulness, at
p. 710 c the following remarks occur : — " Here I wish
carefully to distinguish between mere weight or colour
and quality. Not only are the two former not identical
with the latter, but they often seem incompatible with
it. The largest are far from being the best Grapes, and
high colour seems often, as it were, totally antagonistic
to piquancy of flavour. It may seem treason to say so,
but the best flavoured Hamburghs are seldom the
largest; never, as far as my experience of 25 years'
Grape growing and tasting goes, the blackest. . . I have
eaten prize Grapes little bettor than Sloes, while others,
like honey in comparison, have been completely
ignored." My object in repeating these words is to
buttress them up by additional facts of quite recent
date. A short time since a party of ladies and gentle-
men were enjoying their dessert. It consisted chiefly
of two lots of Grapes, from different growers. Both
were Hamburghs. One were of medium size
and imperfectly coloured. The others were large, fine
Grapes, well coloured, and laden with bloom. In fact,

they were sensation bunches, and created a stir accord-
ingly. All were eager to taste the flne Grapes. The
result of tasting was quite a study. Satisfaction of the
highest kind gave place to a surprised look of disap-
pointment, and this was again succeeded by wry faces.
What ! not flnished, nor quite ripe ? They looked both,
and had been eaten daily for the past six weeks. But-
well, the flavour wasnowhere. They weredecidedly harsh
and acid. Some one suggested a trial of the others.
The taster was not sanguine. A berry was taken with
doubt. It settled the matter. " Exquisite " was the
verdict ; and the small Grapes were at once set upon
and devoured with a real relish, and as " who would
have believed it ! " whilst the others were left to please
the eye and deceive the uninitiated for another week.
Nor is this a solitary instance : [ have met with hun-
dreds like it, and as a rule I boldly affirm that medium
sized,imp3rfectly coloured Hamburghs are distinguished
by the highest flavour. Neither would I confine
this statement to Hamburghs ; I believe it extends to
most other black Grapes. Notably, I have found it
true in reference to that splendid Grape, the Muscat
Hamburgh. For some years past an excellent grower
of this Grape has forwarded a specimen bunch ; the
berries are larger, but in colour and redundancy of
bloom it equals or excels a perfect Black Prince. No
Grape could look finer ; but the flavour is nil. These
large bunches, so superbly coloured, are altogether
destitute of the rich aroma that is the distinguishing
merit of this Grape— and it is so from the same
grower every year. Another grower, who is afflicted
with shanking to such an extent that he seldom
finishes a perfect or complete bunch, constantly
secures the highest flavour. None but those who
know the Grape well could believe they were the same
variety. The same thing happens with other Grapes.
It is astonishing how much they vary in flavour in
different localities. Soil and situation have doubtless
something to do with it, culture perhaps more. But
the fact that I am anxious to establish here is that
neither colour, bloom, nor size are certain nor indeed
any criteria of flavour in Grapes, any more than in
any other fruits. And hence the reasonableness and
necessity of making the palate, and not the eye, the
final umpire in all such matters. It would be a safe
rule for all fruit judges to taste and try before they
either praise or decry, and it is utterly impossible for
them to judge righteously without doing so. Flavour
cannot be placed too high. Quercus.

Lilium auratum, — The plant of Lilium auratum, of
which I sent you an account last year, at the same
time stating my belief that we knew but conipara-
tively little of the magnificence of this Lily, is just
about to burst into blossom, and has somewhat
exceeded my expectations. The bulb pushed two
stems, one of which was rather flat, and when about a
foot high it divided into two. The three stems grew
away vigorously, and are now about 8i feet in height,
and bearing 100 flowers. A small growth from the
bottom, which X take to proceed from a small offset,
has four flowers on it, making a total of 104. I regret
to say that this plant, like others of which you have
given particulars, is flattened at the upper part of its
stems, a circumstance which causes the flowers to be
set too closely together, and when expanded to be
quite crowded. When the growth remains round, the
flowers have each their proper distance apart, and are
therefore much more handsome. This large bulb
yielded flve young ones last year, and now I notice that
several are formed as high as a foot up the stem.
William Cross, Gardener to the Right Hon. Louisa
Lady Ashburton, Melchet Park, Ramsey, Hants.

Lime Trees. — Mr. Bentham, in his " Handbook of
the British Flora," remarks :—" The truly indigenous
form in Northern Europe is always a small-leaved one.
The larger-leaved variety, which we commonly plant
(T. grandifolia, ' Eng. Bot.' Suppl. t. 2720), is of south
European origin," &c. Now, the specific character
given by Sowerby to the fruit of T. grandifolia is
"turbinate, with prominent ribs;" and so far from this
being the variety which we commonly plant, I have
seldom met with it in plantations, and never at a
nurseryman's. I shall be much obliged to any of your
correspondents who will inform me where I can get
young trees of this species characterised by the presence
of three flowered cymes, downy turbinate fruit, with
five prominent angles. Tilia.

Variegated Pelargoniums at Bury.- — In reply to Mr.
Grieve, I beg to say that I still maintain the correct-
ness of my statement — that as it was the Royal Horti-
cultural oociety's exhibition, so also the rules of the
Society were in force, and that such would be the case
I had the assurance of the respected President of the
Floral Committee of the Society. I must still express
my preference for clean plants over those partially
broken, as it is evidently the safest to conclude that
clean plants have developed their character, while of
the others there must remain considerable doubt as to
what their future value may be; every grower, I
presume, must admit this is as a truism. In reply to
Mr. Grieve's question, whether my plants were of the
required age, I beg to inform him that there were
none of a greater age than 21 months, the oldest being
raised from seed gathered in the summer of 1865. I am
thus explicit, as I maintain that seed saved and sown
in the autumn of 1865 is essentially the crop for 1866,
while seed sown in the autumn of the latter year pro-
duces the crop of 1867. I am aware that some growers
sow only in the spring following the harvesting of the
seed, hut that makes no difference as to the age of the
crop, in a competitive point of view. As to the next
question of Mr. Grieve, I can assure him that all mine
were seedling plants, although the schedule of the Show
does not particularly insist on seedling plants. I left at
Dulwich some good things that would have niaterially
enhanced my collection rather than create a dispute on
this point. As to the third question, respecting the
award of the judges at the May Show at Kensington, I

SepteMbee 7, 1867.]

THl^ GAT?T)EKE1^S' 0^!^O^n^T,E AKT) Ani^TrUT.TTrpAT, (lAZETTR

929

can say that I never demurred to that decision, being
satisfied with havins obtained three First-class Certi-
ficates and a Silver Modal for my collection, and I was
the only person who obtained so great a number of
Certificates on that occasion. As an exhibitor of S.'i
years' standing I never before disputed an award. If
Mr. Grieve still wishes to try conclusions as to the
superior (|ualily of the 13 varieties shown by each of us,
I am quite willing to exhibit them at any of the Uoyal
Horticultural Shows in 18(», three plants of each
variety ; and, as this is a private matter, the terms can
be arranged through the usual channel of the post-
ofTioe, afterwards to be made public in the Oardeners'
Chronhle. F, J. Smith, Dulwicli.

Apple Secaii.—l have noticed in my garden this
year Aiiplos (luite rotten hanging on trees which to me
seem apparently in good health, as on the same trees
are some most beautiful fruit. What is the reason of
this ? I may mention that I have not noticed any
insects in the fruit, but to me it seems remarkable that
rotten ones should bo in the middle of a spray of good
sound fruit. N. M.

The Ithnbarhs for the Subtropical Garden. — In a
day when we grow variegated Cabbages for the garden,
there need be no excuse for introducing such very noble
plants as the lUiubarbs to your readers. I do so cbielly
m consequence of having seen some of the ordinary
garden kuuls used in Uyde Park and elsewhere, while
several of the species are much nobler and better.
AVhat a pity it is, by-the-by, that we have not Ilheum
nobilo to liegin with ! The singular towering aspect it
presents, and the curious and delicate colouring of its
leaf-like bracts, make it a thing to be longed for. But
we have Rheum Kmodi, and that is certainly a noble
plants quite distinct from our ordinary kinds, and with
reddish veins. It comes up much later than the others
and remains a little later ; all the better for our pur-
poses. The leaves grow very large and coarse ; wo can
the better direct tho energies of the plant in the
desired direction by pinching out the flower-stems as
soon as they are noticeable. li. palmatum, freely
grown, will also be worthy of a place from its distinct-
ness. It is rather scarce, but no doubt to be had here
and there, for I have seen small gardens near Dublin
in which it was the only kind used. It requires a
lightish rich soil to do well, and of course it is highly
desirable to give all the species a deep one, in which
their great roots may find full room and nourishment.
Ivhenm Ribes is also a thoroughly distinct kind, rare,
but worth looking after ; R. Ehaponticum, hybridum,
and rugosum may also be mentioned. R.

Ceiita:irea balii/loiiica.—'No collection of hardy fine-
leaved plants — no place where subtropical gardening is
attempted, should be without this. The flowers are
]>oor and yellow, so much so that they would be better
(iut of sight ; but nothing can be more distinctly noble
than the great silvery leaves when the plant is in good
soil. It IS thoroughly hardy. The stem rises to a
height of 8 or 10 feet when the plant is in good deep
loam, and in any soil it is large. The inflorescence
assumes a pyramidal outline, looks like a slender
pyramid of j'ellow, in fact, and those with no objection
to comparatively poor-looking yellow flowers may let
it. flower, but generally it will be found better to pinch
out the stems in their earliest Infancy, and thus
encourage a grand growth of leaves. I have a slight
objection to any plant that requires pinching or any
other attention to make it assume the character we
admire, but this is really so distinct and fine that we
must admit it to the front rank of hardy fine-leaved
jilants. Of course it would prove fine for the group of
hardy fine-foliaged plants, its immense silvery leaves
contrasting finely with the glistening green ones of the
Acanthus and other good green things, which I hope
to soon see used in this way. W.

Orape Bloom. — What is this ? "Whence comes it —
from the substance of the Grape inside, or is it formed
on the outside ? Has it any flavour? Is it any test
of quality ? Is it a secretion or a parasite ? Does it
tend to keep or decompose fruit? What influence
has aqueous vapour, or heat or cold, on its formation ?
Is there any known reason for its varied colours. Beta.
[The bloom is a secretion or exudation, of a waxy
nature, formed in the cells of the epidermis covering
the berry. We should be glad to have the opinions of
some of our practical correspondents on the other
questions raised in this letter. Eds.]

Blantago major, var.paniculata. — I send a specimen
of a variety of Plantago major. I saw it growing in a
garden at Albury, near Guildford. It was transplanted
from a neighbouring field, where its singularity was
such as to attract the notice of a lady who was not a
botanist. I shall be at Albury shortly, and will endea-
vour to secure seeds, should they ripen. H. B
Makeson, lit/the. [The variety sent is Plantago
major, var. paniculata, mentioned by Gerarde in the
following terms ; — " This Plantain must not be forgot ;
his leaves, roots, and stalks, are like those of the ordi-
narie ; but instead of a compact spike it hath one much
divided," &c. Gerarde gives a figure of it. Ray speaks
of it as the " liesome Plantain, with spoky tufts."
We should be glad to know whether it comes true from
seed. It seems to produce but few perfect flowers,
indeed we never saw perfect flowers on any but the
specimen you sent, Eds.]

Straxoherries. — The Strawberry season here has been
the longest that I ever remember. The last of the
common Strawberries were picked the 1st of August.
The crops of the sorts which I keep, and recommend,
have been great, I may almost say a trouble to pick. I
recommend the foUowing'sorts as the best,upon the whole,
in their lines :— Rivers' Eliza, Dr. Hogg, Mr. Radclyffe,
Cockscomb, Frogniore Pine, Wonderful, Bicton Pine,
Royal Ilautboi.s, Red and White Alpines (which I am
now picking). Most of the above are generally known,
but there are two not so well known, viz., Dr. Hogg
and Mr. Radcly tfe. Of these two {as one relates to me)
I will give Mr. Turner's catalogue description, which I

can truly endorse. I have seen them succeed in chalky
land at Rushton, and al.so in deep sandy loam here. Hi'
says of Dr. Hogg (liradley), " it resembles tho Hrilisli
Queen, but it is very largo and a better grower, and \yill
become a favourite, and be generally grown." He
might have said "universally" grown. It has dcn.se
green foliage, is quite hardy against a winter, and does
not burn in summer— a fault of the (^ueen. The
Queen sun'ui's from chlorosis in chalky land, but
neitlier of those two are affected by it. liiilli
are strong and quick growers and good setters.
He says of Mr. lladclyllb (Ingram). This fine Straw-
berry was originated at Progmore ; the fruit is large,
of a bright red colour, and ripens to the point. As
regards quality, it quite e<iuals the British (Jueen— in
fact, it is a Queen with a robust constitution, which is
quite suflicieut to recommend it ; and its excellence
has been attested by competent judges." Tho leaves of
this Strawberry are light green, very healthy and
strong. In fact, you would think it to be tho Queen
in an extreme state of health and vigour. Neither
of these Strawberries were mulched, and yet
they stood the severe winter perfectly well.
I have re-introduced M. do Jonghe's excellent seed-
lings. La Constante and Lucas, as I think they will
succeed here. They aro distinct and first-rate in
flavour, and are tho best shaped and most level
berries of any Strawberries known to me. They did
not like the chalky land at Rushton. I have had
only novelty (novelty means excitement, which is the
condiment of Rosarian and Fragrarian life) here
this last season. The Lady,— of her I will
speak justly. It is a strong plant, a quick
rooter, hardy, a great cropper, very late, is in
pick a long time, and when thoroughly sunned is
very distinct in flavour and good. In wet seasons, or
in sunless situations, it would not be bearable. The
leaves must be penned back to let in the sun, and an
Apricot flavour will be quite perceptible; and the
colour, otherwise too pale, will be nice. The plants
must be 3 feet apart every way, or the sun and light
(the colourer), unless the leaves are penned back, will
not be able to act on the berries, so as to eliminate its
flavour or colour its berries. I shall keep it
another year without the responsibility of a
decided recommendation beyond what I have said.
I cannot conclude without thanking Mr. Ingram for
the honour he has done me, and also for the benefits he
has conferred on Fragrarians by raising such noble
Strawberries as the Frogniore late Pine, Mr. RadclyiTe,
Cockscomb, and John Powell, which, if more are
wanted than I have recommended, may be added to the
others. W. F. Eadeliiffe, Sose Hill.

Mrs. Pincers Black Mii-icat Orape. — I am aware that
I called Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat "jet black," just
as Mr. Foote has called Lady Downes' Seedling "jet
black;" but when I wrote again of Mrs. Pince's
Grape, I gave it its true colour, viz., purplish black,
which is also the true colour of Lady Downes', and not
" jet black." Mrs. Pince's Grape, like Lady Downes',
begins to colour with a purplish tint, which grows
deeper and deeper until fully ripe, and if well done it
is purplish black, with perfectly oval berries. The
berries of Lady Downes' are roundish oval, the flesh
nothing like so firm and sugary, nor is the bunch so
tapering as that of Mrs. Pince's seedling. The latter
has already been sent to all parts of the kingdom ; it
will, therefore, soon prove to all who have the good
fortune to possess it, whether it is an Alexandrian
Muscat in bunch and berry, or Lady Downes ; as regards
flavour there is no doubt of its being Muscat, and in
respect to constitution, few Grapes can equal it.
W, Craggs, Larkljeare.

Foreign Correspondence.

BuSACO, Julii 'IGlh. — Ciipressus glauca. — I have just
come back from a trip to Busaco, a small but beau-
tifully situated Pine forest, a few thousand feet above
the level of the sea, justly famed for the luxuriant
growth of the Cupressus glauca, but a place which I
am sure will be well known to the majority of your
readers for the battle which Wellington fought there
against Massena in 1810.

Busaco was originally a monastery, the buildings of
which have been partly preserved ; and it appears,
according to the statistics which I was able to
procure, that the monks obtained in 1623 a few small
plants of this fine Coniferous tree from the Azores.
Further investigation tells us that this species is a
native of Goa, a Portuguese possession in India, whence
it was first introduced to the above-mentioned group
of oceanic islands. During my last year's voyage to
St. Michael I felt much interested at the sight of some
very large pieces of wood, which M. Antonio Borges
da Camara had extracted from about 100 metres
depth of the soil, and which immediately proved
to belong to the Coniferous family. As these islands
have at present only one indigenous species of
this group, namely, the Juniperus oxycedrus,
growing there as a very small tree, or rather as a
large shrub, the question naturally arose, if its vege-
tation had tbrmerly taken much larger proportions, or,
which seemed more probable, if the specimens of wood
came from a .species entirely extinct there — owing,
very likely, to volcanic eruptions. This led me to
examine small slices of the wood of Cupressus glauca
which I got at Busaco, and to compare them under a
compound microscope with a thin slice of the wood
extracted from such a depth. I know very well how
diflicult it is to arrive at any safe conclusion from such
an examination, but still I feel inclined to think that
the wood found at St. Michael is the remains of
the trees of Cupressus glauca originally introduced
from Goa; where people wdio have resided there
a long time inform me it is not now to be met with,
as is also the case in the Azores. M. Antonio Borges
has kindly sent me some good specimens of this wood.

measuring from ,'i to -1 feet in diameter, and I feel most
lia|>py in lurwardiug one of them to Kew, whence I
hope I.O obtain the solution of this rather puzzling
(luestioii.

I am sorry to say that little attention is paid at
Bus.aco to propagating this fine Cupressus (Cupressus
Lusitanica, Tourii. ; Juniperus ex (ioa, IXerm. Hurl. Bat.
1)111; Cupressus glauca, i?ro<.). It is true that tho largo
trees abound there, some of them measuring from ■\ to
f) metres in diameter, and are, generally speaking, in a
.splendid condition ; but still they cannot last for over,
and it would be reiiuisite to make new plantations of
it every year. Conifera; seem to do well here; .somo
(ino Dcodaras, a few pretty large Araucarias— excelsa,
Cunninghamii, imbricata, and brasiliensis, and some
more— aro to bo found hero ; but as room is not
w.anling, provided tho extensive thickness of
Arbutus, Ilex, Rhamnus, Persea indica, &c.,
were jiartly to bo cut down, I thiidt Busaco
would bo the proper place for the accli-
matisation of a great many foreign forest trees,
especially those of Australia, as for instance the
Eucalyptus and Acacias. Some nurseries here on a
regular system would prove of great service to the
country, as they would enable one to replant, by and by,
all the surrounding mountains, which at the present
time are mostly quite bare of arborescent vegetation.
Edmoiid Qoeze, Coimbra.

Notes from Damascus (Continued from p. 90.^.—
In some of the shops I saw among the books, or on
the tool <;hests, boughs of the Almond tree in full
blossom; in others there were branches of the glossy -
leaved Myrtle, and small cups filled with Violets.
I ai)tiroached the workshop of a certain man named
Et Tayyib ebn esli Sheikh el Embirak, which being
interpreted literally is "The good or agreeable one,
son of the Sheikh, the fortunate or blessed one." AVe
have our corresponding "Virtue & Co., of Ivy Lane."
Et Tayyib is one of the best bookbinders in the city,
and had frequently worked for my brother and for me.
He was kneeling down on the floor of his little shop,
and was separating with great care the leaves of an old
M.S. copy of the Koran, preparatory to rebinding it.
On the black marble slab, fitted on to the top of a
small Walnut-tree chest, which served as his bench,
there stood a glass, filled with flowers of the Narcissus.
As I drew near Et T.ayyib rect^nised me, and with a
pleasant greeting offered me one of the flowers, saying,
" Behold, O lady, the narjis has awakened from its
winter sleep!" I replied, "How welcome is its
awakening ! "

A Moslem gentleman, who wore a long lilac cloth
pelisse lined with fur, and a large white turban, was
sitting on the floor opposite to Et Tayyib, and was
engaged in reading in a murmuring undertone a com-
mentary on the Koran. He presently looked up from
his book, and askedlme if the Narcissus, "the food for
the soul," grew in my country, and he congratulated
me when I informed him that in our gardens it arrived
at perfection. He then asked me if we had groves
of Palm trees, but he made no comment when I rejilied
in the neg.ative. It is said, that " God created the Date
Palms for the Moslems, and He has decreed to them
all the countries where these trees are found."
Perhaps my interlocutor was thinking of this prophetic
tradition.

Et Tayyib allowed me to examine the exquisite
illuminations of the manuscript which he was repair-
ing, and showed me the cover, of crimson and purple
and gold, which he had prepared for it. Pieces of
purple leather were cut and inserted, as centre pieces
and corner ornaments, into the crimson leather, and
enriched with gold arabesque designs. The joints were
exceedingly neat and close, so that the cover appeared
to be formed of one piece of leather. He showed me
some old book-covers of the s.ame description of work-
manship ; some were green and gold, others brown and
greeu ; the pieces of inserted leather were quite firm
and undisturbed, though the covers had evidently been
much used. I asked him what kind of paste he
employed to produce so good and durable an eS'ect.
He showed me a little basin filled with a stifl" yellowish
paste, inodorous, and of great adhesive power. I said,
"What is this made of?" — "Of meal and water." —
" What kind of meal ? " — " The meal of a root that
grows at Palmyra, in the desert." — "What is it
called ? " — " Sarras." Et Tayyib could not enlighten me
further, for he had never seen the root in an un-
ground state, and had no idea what kind of flower
sprang from it.

I took a small portion of the dry meal away, and
pursued my walk. I had several other flowers, both
wild and cultivated, given to me by the shopkeepers in
the cotton and silk bazaars, where Manchester goods
and silks of native manufacture are displayed. Even
in the butchers' shops which I happened to pass, there
were branches of evergreens and Almond blos..oms.

A short time afterwards I visited the shoemakers'
bazaar, a very muchmore extensive and busy one, by-the-
by, than that of the booksellers. Here I saw a great
number of men and boys makingyellowmoroccoslippers
and socks and over-shoes for women, and red leather
shoes and high boots for men. I noticed that they
were using the same kind of paste as that which
Et Tayyib had shown to me. On inquiring of
one of the workers the nature of the meal, he
told me th.at it was the powder of a root brought
from Palmyra and the Hauran, aud then he good-
naturedly sent a little boy with me to show me
the way to a shop, not far off, where the meal was sold.
Here I saw an old man, wearing a pair of large
clumsy silver spectacles, a green turban, and an old
brown and white camel-hair cloak. He sat on the
floor of his little shop, in the midst of a number of
well-filled sacks. He was smoking a narghile, and
fingering a rosary made of Olive stones. One of the
sacks close to him was open, and on the surface of the

930

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONlCLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Septembee 7, 1867.

fine yellow Sarras powder which it contained, there was
a beautifully embossed brass basin, or measure, with
an Inscription from the Koran round it.

The descendant of the Prophet — for such I knew
him to be, by his green turban — seemed greatly amused
at my inquiries concerning the Sarras, and he asked me
why I wanted to learn its history. He did not put
this question impertinently, but simply because he
was really i)azzled to know why a woman should
trouble herself about such things. I explained to him
that the paste made of the Sarras seemed to me to be so
excellent, that I wished to know what plant produced
it, that ill ■ ise it did not grow in England, my country,
I might I ilroduce it there if possible. " O wonder of
wonders ! " he exclaimed. " The daughters of England
are wise.'* He then opened a small camel-hair sack,
and took out some samples of the root. He handed
them to me saying, "Take what you will, 0 Lady, they
are all yours, and everything that I possess is at your
service." I selected three of the most perfect of the
roots, and then continued my questions.

From the old man, and from one of his neighbours,
also a dealer in Sarras, who joined us, I obtaraed the
information that the roots are gathered late in the
autumn, in the Desert of Palmyra, and in the neigh-
bourhood of Horns, the ancient Emessa. The Bedouins
and peasants bring camel-loads of it to Damascus every
yeai'. There is a water-mill just outside the city, which
IS used solely for grinding the Sarras. The root is beaten
with sticks into pieces of about half an inch long before
it is put in the mill. When I asked the old man
what kind of flower grew from this root, he said,
" God know.s, the roots only reach our hands, we have
never seen the flowers."

Before I went away he took oS' his great spectacles,
and asked me to look at his eyes, and to tell me if I
thought he should become blind, and whether I had any
English medicine for the sight. I suggested to him,
what struck me immediately, that the fine dust of the
Sarras was injurious to his eyes. His spectacles did
him very little service in this respect, for I observed
that he took them off when he measured the meal, and
he admitted that he did so always.

On my return home I carefully examined the roots.
I found that they were attached to the base of a bulb,
and consisted of reddish brown, shrivelled and slightly
tapering woody fibres from? to 10 inches in length, and
about a quarter of an inch in diameter at the base. A
brown silky skin encased each fibre, and was easily
rubbed off. About 10 or 12 fibres were attached to
each caudex, which ison an average aboutthree-quarters
of an inch in diameter, and very regular in form. No
portion of the bulb remained attached to any of the
gpecimens I have seen. I asked a great number of
people for information, but no one had ever seen the
flower. Not even my old friend Dr. Meshakah, the
cleverest native doctor and herbalist in Damascus, could
help me in this matter. He said that the name
Sarras was no guide, for this was simply a corruption
of the Arabic word for root, sharash; and in tliis
corrupted form it was used to designate not only the
root, l3ut the paste, and the meal prepared from it.

Shortly afterwards Dervish Pacha, the chief Military
Governor of Syria, called at the Consulate, attended by
pr. v., the chief military doctor of Damascus. I
showed to the latter one ot the roots, but he could not
identify it. His Excellency Dervish Pacha, however,
recognised it immediately, and said, " It is called iu
Turkish Tclierish; I saw it at Montenegro. The
people there grind the roots and use the powder not
only for making paste, but in time of scarcity — that is to
say, in time of war— they make bread of it, using equal
parts of Wheat and of this root powder." The leaves, he
added, are very mucilaginous, and a thick gelatinous
soup is prepared from tliem. He could not describe
the flower ; he had never observed it.

I mention these details in order to convey an idea of
how difficult it is even for a resident foreigner to obtain
anything like exact scientific information on such
subjects from the natives. However, in the course of
my researches in this city I have always met with
extreme courtesy from people of all creeds and classes,
and I have found them always willing to take any
trouble to serve me. This may be partly for my
brother's sake ; but still more, I think it is because the
Damascenes are naturally kind and courteous. Mary
Eliza Rogers, H. B, M. Consulate, Damascus.

[The " Sarras" root is evidently the root of Aspho-
delus ramosus, apparently in general use in the East
for the purposes mentioned in our correspondent's
letter. Eds.]

*" ROTAL Horticultural : Sept. 3 (Floral Committee). — The
Rev. Joshua Dix in the chair. Foremost among the subjects
exhibited was a large quantity of Seedliiitf Dahlias, some
critical notes on which are given on another liago. Mr. G.
Rawliuga, Bethnal Green, had Hebe, which was awarded a
First-class Certificate. Mr. C. Turner had YgUow Perfection,
awarded a Fh-st-class Certificate ; Mrs, Dorling, awarded a
Second-class Certificate ; Mutabihs, Libei-ty, and Madame
Nillsaon, three Fancy kinds. Mr. Hopkins, of Bi'entfoi'd, had
Yellow Gem, Excellent, and Master Robert ; Mr. W. R. Bragg,
of Slough, The Hon. G. Wellesley and Commander ; Mr. G.
Wheeler, of Warminster, Flag of Truce and Chameleon,
awarded Second-class Certificates : and Mrs. Burgess and Mrs.
Adaras ; Mr. Eckford, the Gardens, Coleshill, Velvet Cushion,
The Hon. Mr. Bouvevie. Eaii of Radnor, and Mrs. Brunton ;
and Mr. Keynes, of Salisbuiy, Sir Greville Smythe, Lady
Derby, Viceroy of Egypt (Fancy), and Leopardess (Fancy),
all awarded First-class Certificates ; Wonderful (Fancy),
awarded a Second-class Certificate ; Rosy Queen, Chameleon,
Emma Newman, Snowball, Pui-ple Gem, Miss Sarah Turner,
Yellow Boy, Mrs. Dodds, and Duke of Edinburgh. Mr. Eckford,
the Gardens, Coleshill, exhibited six varieties of new Verbenas,
viz., Bravo, awarded a Second-class Cei'tificatc ; Lord Derby,
Beauty, pale rosy pink, with orange crimson centre; Mrs.
Laing, dark rosy ci-inison, with pale centre, pips large and
rough ; the Bride, a white flower, with small ring of pale rose
round the eye; and Hclfene Matilde, deep pink, with a darker
ring round a lemon eye, A bedding variety, named Queen of

Beddera, was shown by Mr. W. Walker.gr. to J. A. Rose, Esq.,
Wandsworth Common, the colour violet crimson with pale
eye, very dwarf habit, and free blooming : appears to keep its
colour well, but its flowers are very small. A collection of cut
Verbenas from the open ground was shown by Mr. H. Cannell,
Woolwich, and awarded a Special Certificate.

Some seedling Gladioli were produced by Mr. J. Stevens,
the Gardens, Malvern Hall, Solihull, one being a crimsoii form
of G. brenchleyensis, the flowers small and of poor form ;
this was named Wigley Williams ; Annie Stevens, bright
orange rose, with white and lemon thi'oat ; and Margaret
Booth, salmon rose, striped and suffused with pale crimson.

A single bloom of Cattleya sp, came from Mr. Brocklehurst,
gr. to A. Turner, Esq., Bow Bridge, Leicester, a supposed
variety of C. labiata. It was referred to Mr. Bateman for his
opinion as to whether it is a distinct variety. A fine collection
of cut Orchids came from Mr. J, Anderson, gr. to T. Dawson,
Esq., Meadow Bank, Uddingstone, and was awarded a Special
Certificate. They consisted of an Oncidium sp., from Peru,
thought to be O. excavatum ; Epidendrum sp., from Trinidaa ;
two fine spikes of Odontoglossum grande, Bletia Sberratiana,
Cattleya Aclandi^, Oncidium leopardinum ('?), sweet-scented ;
Saccolabium Blumei Dayanum, and Odontoglossum hasti-
labium. Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, had Aerides
Huttoui, from Java, with rosy violet flowers, standing erect
on a pendent stalk ; a small plant, but very free blooming ;
awarded a First-class Certificate. Messrs. '1'. Jackson & Sons,
Kingston, had an Aerides sp., from the Bast Indies, appa-
rently allied to conspicua and Drosera dichotoma in bloom.

A golden-foliaged Euonymus, named flavescens, was shown
by Mr. W. Paul, AValthara Cross, having four shoots, some
3 or 4 inches of each of which was of a clear golden hue, the
other leaves mottled with green and gold. It was considered
by the Committee to be a great acquisition, but they recom-
mended that it should be propagated, and a few plants shown
at a future season to show its constancy.

Some leaves of a Seedling Variegated Zonal Pelargonium
were sent by Mr. John Mogford, of Wells. It appeared to be a
Seedhng of considerable promise, and Mr. Mogford was recom-
mended to send plants of it to the Floral Committee.

Fruit Committee.— Geo. F. Wilson, Esq., in the chair. A
collection of Tomatos grown in pots came from the Society's
Gardens at Chiswick, of which we have already given some
account. A First-class Certificate was awarded to Grosse
Verte, a large green Fig, from the Gardens of the Society.
Though not new, it is but little known, the skin pale gi-een,
the flesh deep red, the flavour juicy, rich, and altogether
excellent. A very interestuig collection of Apples grown on
the Doucin stock, amounting to about GO varieties, came
from Mr. W. Paul, Waltham Cross. The fruits appeared to be
generally of excellent quality. Mr. A. Spary, Chailey, Lewes,
sent some very large but coarse-looking pods of what appeai'ed
to be the Scarlet Runner Bean, which was named Spary's
Premier ; and some large pods of Pre-eminent Wrinkled
Marrow Pea, the pods very large, the Peas hard, and of very
iudifferent flavour, in a green st-ate. Mr. G. Edgerton, gr. to
Countess Waldegrave, Strawberry Hill, sent a large Green-
flesh Melon, of indifferent character ; and from Mr. N. Cole,
the Gardens, Orton House, Hammersmith, came some small
branches of a Peach, the fruit hangmg in very thick clusters,
but suggestive of the injurious effect on the bearing properties
of the tree for another year.

DuiNTJEB Horticultural : Sept. 4.— The gi-and Floral Ffite
held by this Society in honour of the visit of the British
Association, opened on Wednesday last, and continues till this
day. The show is held in the Baxter Park, and is on an
extensive scale, the schedule consisting of no fewer than 153
classes. It is comprised in a large, oblong central tent, from
which six others radiate. There is also, in a lai-ge circular
tent close at hand, a separate show, consisting of flowers and
vegetables, got up by working men. The general show may
be designated a good one for this season of the year. Its weak
point was in the specimens of stove and greenhouse plants ; its
strength lay in Ferns, both hardy and tender, with some very
good foUage plants and Fuchsias, a fine display of vegeti\bles
and bouquets, and a considerable exhibition of fruit of general
good quality. Of this latter there are four collections of 10
dishes ; four collections of Grapes ; 23 bunches of Grapes,
among them some well-sweUed Hamburghs, b\;t deficient in
colour ; several dishes of Peaches, some especially good, coming
from Mr. Brown, Kilmarou Castle, and Mr. Ewing, Castle
Menzies. The first piize for black Grapes was given to Mr,
Morrison, Inchmatun, for a well-colourod bunch of Lady Dowries,
and the second to Mr. Murray, Brycedale, for a fine bunch of
Hamburghs. There was the usual complement of Melons, Apples,
Pears, ifcc, and 1'27 dishes of various small fruits. Of baskets
of vegetables, some containing six and others 10 kinds, there
were 29 exhibited, the quality of these, as weU as of the
Cabbages, Savoys, and other exhibitions in the separate
vegetable chxsses, being remarkably good. There were nine
additional collections of vegetables shown for a special prize,
and 10 coUections of six plants of Curled Parsley also for a
special prize, Cut flowers were very numerous and varied.
There wore 24 sets of hand bouquets containing three each,
14 larger table bouquets, and 10 very interesting bouquets of
wild flowers ; 52 spikes of Hollyhocks, and 22 stands of single
blooms, Messrs. Downie, Laird & Laing showing very finely
in this class ; 27 stands of DabUas, 18 of Pansies, 14 of Roses,
and 14 of Gladioli, among which latter the finest group was
contributed by Messrs. Downie & Co. In another tent were
20 sets of Pentstemons, 8 of Phloxes, and 11 of herbaceous
plants, but the specimens of these were too long, and set up
in anything but a neat and effective manner ; 24 stands of
Asters, indifferent in quaUty ; and 25 of Marigolds, among
which latter some very finely striped blooms of the French
sort came from Mr. Marshall, Invergowrie. Some well flowered
Liliums came from Messi-s. Stewart & Son, of Dundee, who
had one tent entuely to themselves, in which they exhibited
various Conifers and other Evergi-eeus, and a miscellaneous
collection of tender plants. A few good orchard-house trees
came from Mr. HaUiday, Scone Palace.

Among the Conifers shown was Abies Groigli, an interesting
plant, said to ba new, and apparently distinct. It had pale
green, blunt, linear leaves, set equally on all sides of the stem,
and bore a Picea-Uke aspect. There were, finally, some very
remarkable floral devices, in the shape of dragons, shields,
pyramids, &c., unnecessary and certiinly not ornamental
objects, the production of which must have been a sheer
waste of much valuable tiine.

One of the most interesting objects shown was a case of
Hymen ophyUums, containing a paii- of hassocks of our two
British species, from plants which had been gathered in
An-au in 1865. These were shovm by Mr. Moir, the Vice-
President of the Society, and had been grown by simply
binding the natural tufts ^vith incorrosive wire on the outside
of inverted flower-pots, and keeping them afterwards moist.
They were in a most vigorous state of gi'owth, and highly
creditable examples of Fern cultivation.

Among the many Ferns exhibited are sevei-al new varieties,
which received Certificates of Merit. They were shown for the
most part by Dr. Lyell, of Newburgh, and Mr, E. J. Lowe, of
Beeston, both well known Fern gi-owers, and comprised the
following, which are all desirable varieties :—Scolopendi-ium
vulgare corouare, formosum, Hookei'i, notabilo, stenomenon,
Morgan!, triforme, and Moorei ; Athyrium Filix-fosmina
apioides, Edwardsii, and pulcherrimum ; Blechnum Spicant
ramosum brevilobum, kalon, and imbricatum Cliftii, and
Polyatichum angulare Buckleas.

Some very ingenious rustic seats, of vltiified pottery, were
shown by Messrs. Hudspeth & Co., Wishaw. They represented
the stump of a tree cut off to form the seat, with portions of
the erect branches left to form the back or elbows, the
branches being hollow and having apertures in various parts in
which Ferns and other plants are to be planted. The openings
wei'c so arranged that they appeared to be formed by the
cutting off of a branch. Still more useful were some erect
stands with receptacles for several plants ; these might be used
in a greenhouse to economise space, as well as to expose the
smaller and more deUcate species more fully to the influence
of light and air.

Our northern friend.s will forgive us for indicating that they
have something to learn in regard to the organising of great
Flower Shows. For instance, it Is a most inconvenient
arrangement for competing collections to be set, as they were
here, across a stage facing in two directions, half looking one
way and half the other -Ineffective as regards the display,
since the plants cannot be set to the best advantage, and most
inconvenient for the judges, who have to examine the two
aides of a collection separately. Then again, the practice of
marking the collection by placing on it the address of the
exhibitor, sealed up in an envelope, and only to be opened,
when the award is made, is a most tedious process, rendering
it difficult for the judges to note their awards, and one which
is quite behind the age. These, together with some other
minor matters, are worthy the serious consideration, with a
view to remedying them, of the spirited Committee and its
indefatigable Secretaiy.

Notices of aSooitS.

Mushrooms and Toadstools. By "W. G. Smith.

Pp. X. and Gl; with two large sheets containing

figures of Edible and Poisonous Fungi. London :

Hardwicke, 1867.
This little volume, with its two sheets of characteristic
drawings, is published with the laudable endeavour of
making generally known the distinctive marks and
aspects of some of our more generally diffused, useful,
and deleterious Eungi. It is not only desirable that
this should be done because amongst certain persons
there is a passion for making experiments amongst
many doubtful species, from an impression that there
are really very few which are dangerous, but because a
great deal of useful and nutritious food is suffered to
lie waste from mere ignorance. The large sheets of
drawings, after the manner of some which appeared a
short time since in Denmark, are made with a view of
their being suspended in schoolrooms, cottages,
entrance halls, and libraries, that people may become
familiar with some of the leading forms. By themselves
alone they would be scarcely suflicient, though the
differences between Marasmiusoreades and M. urens are
clearenough when they are once pointed out, the species
are at first sight so like each other that they may easily
be confused, and mere figures without recourse to the
text will scarcely indicate the real distinction ; and the
same may be said of Agaricus gambosus and A. crustu-
liniformis, for though no one could well make a
mistake who had ever seen the two together, the smell
being alone a suflicient distinction, when figured they
are so alike that any one attending to the figures alone
might easily confound them ; and, indeed, Sowerhy's
figure of A. gambosus, under the name of A. graveolens,
was mistaken for one of the forms of A. crustulini-
formis till we had an opportunity of examining his
original drawing, and the pencil notes vipon it. The
drawings and the book should therefore be taken as two
parts of a whole, and there will then be no chance of
error.

Mr. Smith has good reason to give a serious caution,
having very nearly lost his life oy eating a portion of
Agaricus fertilis (.B«/0, the interesting account of which
we subjoin, premising that different species of Agaric,like
some other articles used as food, are dangerous to some
individuals, while to others they are quite harmless.
Mr. Salter, who was attached to the Geological Survey,
on one occasion, when it was difficult to procure fresh
meat, consumed indiscriminately every species of
Boletus with which he met, without the slightest
inconvenience. Those which turned blue when out,
amongst which are some very dangerous species, were
used as fearlessly as the others ; and we have .just
heard from a friend that he lately ate by mistake a
specimen and a half of A. muscarius without suffering
from more than a slight tipsiness. Mr. Smith shall,
however, speak for himself of Agaricus fertilis, which
grows sometimes to a great size.

" Without doubt, this is a furiously poisonous plant,
for I once cooked a very small piece of a specimen for
luncheon, and was very nearly poisotied to death
thereby. I did not eat a twentieth part of the specimen
gathered, I am sure not so much as a quarter of an
ounce, and the taste was by no means disagreeable.
But mark the result (It must be borne iu mind that
though I fell so dangerously ill, I never till the last'
Taoia&it suspected t/ie Fungus. Such a confirmed toad-
stool-eater was I, that I laid my symptoms to anything
but the true cause).

" About a quarter of an hour after luncheon I left
home, and was immediately overtaken by a strange
nervous, gloomy, low-spirited feeling quite new to me.
Soon a severe headache added its charms to my
feelings, and then swimming of the brain commenced,
with violent pains in the stomach.

" I had now great difficulty to keep on my legs at all ;
my senses all appeared leaving me, and every object
appeared to be moving with death-like stillness from
side to side, up and down, round and round.

" More dead than alive I soon returned homo and
was horrified to find two others, whom I invited to
partake of my repast, in exactly the same condition as
myself. At this moment, and not before, I thought ol
Agaricus fertilis. These two had suffered precisely as
I had done, and we all thi-ee were apparently dying
fast. They, however, were attacked with learlul
vomiting, which I imagine helped to hasten tlieir
recovery, for after a few days of sickness and nausea
(with medical assistance) they got well. But it was
not so with me, for I had not the strengl-h left to vomit.

Settembeh 7, 18G7.]

THE CtARDENETJS' Cin{()NI(!LE ANT) AGRICUT^TTOAL GAZETTE,

931

Durinf! tlic Inttor jKirt of tlio day I was so continually
and reiirfnlly iinr).'c(l 1 really tlionslit every ninumnl,
would bo my last, and it was not till a Ibrtniglit had
elapsed that every bodily derangement bad left me."

It is well tlieroforo to hasten slowly in these culinary
oxiiorinionts. Dr. Kadham sniTered severely from
simiily oatinu the spores of l/aotarens vellerous, and his
villa^'e schoolmaster was nearly dying from mistaking
Agarii'iis euiismos for Agarieus ostreatus, the fonucr
of uiiii'h smells strongly of Tarragon and has pink
sjjorcs, (■li;\rartprs which do not exist in the latter.

The case abovo mentioned was not Mr. Smith's only
misadventure. Marasmius urens let him oil' more
easily, but ho paid the penally of a day or two's serious
illness from eating it mixed with M. oreades. The
two grow together in great profusion in tho sandy
pastures in tho Kew plea--nro grounds, and figures
wore in consequence given in the " Outlines of IJritish
rungi," as a caution to the admirers of the best of all
Uritisb Fungi, tho Champignon. The broad creani-
colonrod gills will always distinguish it, whereas those
of M. urons are narro\ver and darker.

Wo aro glad to see Mr. Smith give so good a
character of tlie llorse Mushroom, which is rejected
by most conks because it turns yellowish when bruised.
The Rev. 11. T. Lowe some years since convinced his
neighbours in North Lincolnshire, where it grows in
profusion, of its excellence, and it is now carried to the
Yorkshire markets in cart-loails, having been previously
entirely neglected. Indeed it is almost tho only species
to be met with in Covcnt Garden Jlarkot, except in the
punnets of the leading fruiterers, whose specimens are
all of artilirial gro;vtli.

Mr. Smilh's talents as a draftsman are well known
to tho fi'pquonlers of the South Kensington Museuru,
from whence his drawings were sent to the Paris
Exhibition. Characteristic as the two sheets are, and
excellent in point of drawing, the colouring scarcely
does him justice. Wo would point more particularly to
Agarieus nuiscarius and Lactarius dcliciosus, the tint
of the lirst being not sufficiently scarlet, and that of
the latter not enough orange. It was, however,
requisite to make the price moderate, and in conse-
finence diversity of tint has perhaps in some measure
been sacriliccd. "We would not, however, say anything
I" ileprcciato tho real u.sefulness of the work, and we
sliould be glad with the publisher to see the illustrative
-lieets suspended largely in our schools and houses.
'riiat the etVect of so doing would ultimately be
extremely beneficial we liave no doubt, though like
every useful project it may make its way but slowly.

Uri/isJi SiifferJIies and Mollis : an Tntrodiiciion 1o the
Sludi/ ofonr Native Lepidoptera. BvH. T. Stain ton,
IMl.S., F.L.S. 8vo. Plates. Reeve & Co. 1867.
Seience always has had, and always will have, two
iliU'erent kinds of votaries, the deep and the super-
licial ; and as a necessary consequence, every subject,
no matter how abstruse, must have books provided for
tlie I'espective classes of inquirers and readers. Por
snino years ])ast entomological literature has made but
small advances in England. The publishers of the
ivork now before us deserve credit for bringing out a
series of small books upon some of the principal groups
of English insects, written in a style which will be
much aj>preciated by those who desire to obtain a
i-'eneral knowledge of the subject. We recently noticed
another of this series on tlie British Bees, and it is
with much pleasure that we call attention to the pre-
sent volume. The author is possessed of a combination
of qualifications rarely met with in the world of science,
viz., profound knowdedge of his subject, ample time
and means for pursuing it, and the power of communi-
cating the information he possesses as freely in lan-
guage that will fix the attention of a schoolboy, as in
that sterner phraseology for which science is too often
blamed.

The object of the book is to give a general idea of
the British Lepidoptera, which for convenience may be
roughly diviiled into butterflies, large moths, and small
moths. Of tho first, there are C6 species, of which Mr.
Stainton hero describes 3S, and figures nine. Of the
large raoth.s 740 species are known, of which 1.37 are
here described, and 52 are figured ; while of the
1170 recorded kinds of small moths, descriptions will
here be found of fi3, and figures of 30 species. The
selections have been judiciously made, and not more
than a due preference shown for the more generally-
interesting larger insects.

It is just 10 years ago that Mr. Stainton published a
manual of 800 pages, containing a short description of
every British butterfly and moth then known. Since
that time the number has been increased by 74 species,
but this conveys only a small notion of the advance
that has been made in our knowledge of this group of
insects, and especially of the transformations of the
smallest kinds. In this last field of inquiry much still
remains to be investigated.

It would be foreign to our pages to transfer to them
any of the strictly scientific portions of the descrip-
tions, hut we may illustrate our author's style of
general remarks by the following, taken at random : —
" Gonepteryx Rharani (the Brimstone Butterfly). —
This pretty species is common in the south of England,
and generally distributed ; in the midland counties it
is scarce, and disappears entirely before we get as far
north as Scotland, the northern limit of its food-plant.
Buckthorn, not extending to the Tweed. « * * »
The perfect insect emerges from the pupa at the
beginning of August, and it tends to enliven the
woodland scenery during many an autumn ramble,
now sitting on the purple flowers of the Thistle, now
on the blue flowers of tho Devil's-bit Scabious. On a
warm sunny day in October, we may still see stragglers
of this species, after which they retire into outhouses,
hollow trees, woods, stacks, &c., where they remain
dormant during the winter ; but the first

warm sunny days in Pobruary and March
cnlicc it IVoiii its winter retreats, and when wo see
Ihoso biitlcrllics threading their way along some
sheltered lane they seem to us tho hajjpy harbingers of
si)ring."

In this extract we notice some tautology anil
irregularities in grammatical construction, whieh will,
doubtless, be corrected in another edition, and which
would not have escai>ed the author if ho had had
occasion to tn^atthis work as ho is doing his clidxirate
monograph of the smallest moths, viz., to jirint it in
four l:iiigu:ig<'s in parallel {■olumns.

'I'lie lii;iires which are given aro perhaps a little too
highly coloureil, making the illustration (to those wdio
arc well accpiaiuted wdtli the insects) appear rather as
diagrams than ns accurate reiiresentations, to whieh
view we are also led by tho engravings being some-
times larger and soinotimes smaller than the insect
dopiotod ; nevertheless tho details of the markings are
in each case so carefully and correctly rendered, that
no one can doubt for an instant which species is
referred to. In every respect tho book is a useful
addition to our entomological library and wdll, we
liolicvc, induce many to take an interest in this branch
of natural history who have never done so previously.

Cataloquks Beceived. — The accumulation of
Trade Lists on our table is a reminder that the busy
season for gardeners is again coming round, and that
those who would keep pace with the times in the
acquisition of new flowers, fruits, &o., will find it
necessary to study this branch of garden literature
somewhat closely. We have now to invite attention
to the Ibllowing: — W. EoUisson Sf Sons' CataJogue of
Ferns, a full and carefully-prepared list, arranged
under popular heads ; Jean Verschaffelt, Catalogue
des Flantes, a general prix-courant; Amhroise Ver-
schaffett, Palmiers Cj/cadees, Pandanees ; Haage ci(*
Schmidt, Bull) Catalogue, containing a great variety of
subjects, many of them illustrated by slight woodcuts.
There are upwards of GO kinds of hardy Terrestrial
Orchids oU'ered, including many of the beautiful
European Ophrydea>, some 20 species of Orchis, and
1 4 of Ophrys. Of Home Bulb Lists we have : — James
Veitch Sc Sons' Bulb CataJogue, also Descriptive
Fruit Catalogue, and List of Straioherries ; Suttons'
Catalogue of Bulbous Flower Boots ; W. PauVs Bulb
Catalogue ; W. Cuibush S^ Son's Bulb Catalogue, also
General Descriptive Catalogue ; F. tV -4. Dickson Sf
Sons' Dutch Flower Boots ; B. S. Williams' General
Bulb Catalogue, also N»ic Plants for 1807 ; Archibald
Henderson's Bulbous and other Boots ; Litch ^ Ballall-
ti/ne's Dutch and French Flower Boots; Dreghorn S;'
AitJi'en's Catalogue of Bulbs ; Smith t^ Simons' Dutch
Boot List.

iFloiists' dflotocrg.

Kensington onSeptember 3d brought together a goodly
number of Seedling Dahlias from Messrs. Turner,
Keynes, Pope, Ilawlings, and other well-known raisers.
The flowers shown comprised some blooms of fine
quality, and the following may be taken as represent-
ing varieties that will very probably appear in the
front rank as exhibition flowers : — Hebe (Rawlings), a
light-ground flower, very regularly and evenly tipped
with rosy lilac, deepening to jiurple, the blooms of
medium size, centre close and high, good outline, and
fine form of petal. Yellow Perfection (Turner) marks a
great stride in the improvement of the yellow flowers,
the colour rich golden yellow^, of a beautiful hue, centre
close and high, good outline, plenty of substance, and
said to be very constant. Sir Greville Smythe (Keynes)
is of a bright orange-red shade, the centre suli'used
with purple, a flower of good properties, but not perfect
in form, the centre petals being too upright. Lady
Derby (Keynes) will make a very pleasing popular
flower, though not perfectly first-cl.ass from the florist's
strict point of view : the colour pale ground, heavily
tipped with bright rosy purple : good petal
and outline. Viceroy of Egypt (Keynes) is a some-
what large and flat flower, yet of good qualities as a
fancy kind, the ground colour suB'used rosy-lilac, with
crimson stripes ; a flue exhibition variety. Leopardess
(Keynes), is another large and bold fancy flower, of
the same build as the jirevious one ; the ground colour
lilac, spotted and striped with bright crimson, the
petals of fine form — a bold and showy flower. The
foregoing may be taken as representing the very cream
of the new flowers shown on this occasion. Plowers
of the next stage of quality were represented by Mrs.
Dorling (Turner), pale fawn ground, edged with rosy
purplish-lil.ac, a good-sized flower, which will be a useful
exhibition kind ; Flag of Truce (G. Wheeler) appears
to be a wonderfully constant flower, the colour wdiite,
slightly suffused and striped with pale lilac : the petals
are large and somewhat coarse, but yet it is a very
taking variety, and it will always be found when wanted;
Chameleon ((5. Wheeler) has a yellowish-bulT ground,
with a kind of rosy-orange tip, heavier in some than in
others : a very pretty flower ; Wonderful (Keynes),
another fancy flower of the same build as Viceroy
of Egypt and Leopardess, the colour pale lilac ground,
with purple flakes and stripes. They also will prove a
very useful exhibition kind. Of other new flowers, the
best were Yellow Gem (Hopkins), a small pale yellow
flower, perfect in form and outline, but considerably
undersized, the centre, though close and high, appears
to get somewhat stained ; Excellent (Hopkins) is also
a small flower, but of a very lively shade of orange
buff, and will no doubt be seen better as the season
advances; The Hon. Gerald Wellesley (Bragg), shown
in 1866, a deep bronzy buff flower, that looks as if it
wouldprove very useful, though wantingiusizeasshown ;
Mrs. Burgess (Burgess), rosy crimson, flaked with
purple, the flowers small in size but novel in char-
acter; The Hon. Mr. Bouverie (Eckford ), buff, slightly

streaked and pencilled with rosy violet ; Rosy Circle
((i. \Mieel(.r), a bright shade of orange ro.se, suiru,sod
wil h purple, a very jdcasing colour, and having a rich
hlorim ; Purple Gem (Keynes), purplish ruby, a
very bright and striking shade of colour ; Miss
Sarah Turner (Keynes), a flower of considerable merit,
thoufih not first-rate, a palo ground flower, somewhat
heavily tipped with rosy lilac; Yellow Boy (Keynes),
a largo flower, wanting smoothness of petal and outline,
yet of a good hue of ludour ; and Duke of Edinliurgh
( Keynes), deep iiuri)lish rosy crimson, some coarse, hut
promising. A cmisideiable number of other seedling
ilowers were shown, hut geiiei-;ili> tno young; some of
these will, no doubt, be seen helliTiit Ihoncxt meeting.
Jlr. l'lc:kford, of Coleshill, i)roduced a stand of his
new Verbenas, though somewhat behind tlio lino
quality of Mr. Perry's new varieties of tho present
year. The most striking flowers of the batch were Lord
Derby, brilliant deep orange scarlet, with a conspicuous
lemon eye, but the jiips were cupped so much a.s to
give it an unsightly appearance ; and Bravo, cerise,
(dianging to pale rose with age, with a small lemon eye,
the y'\\-> of good form and stout, though a little rough,
and llie iiUiiiiate loss of tho bright cerise hue gives it
a somewhat washy appearance. B. D.\

Honey Dew. — I have taken oU' some honeycomb
in two supers of a particularly dark colour, the honey
being nearly as black as ink, and having a very pecu-
liar taste. I am inclined to attribute this to honey-
dew, which was very abundant about a fortnight
previously, and which, being deposited principally on
the Lime tree leaves that had become thoroughly
ingrained with soot, was the cause of the very dark
colour of the honey stored in the supers.

I may add that several of my apiarian neighbours
have had to complain of the same peculiarity in the
colour and taste of their honey taken at the same
period. However, on the 22d ult. we had a heavy
thunderstorm, since which the bees have been very
busy collecting large quantities of honey. One hive
increased in weight to the extent of 5 lb. 10 oz. in the
course of 21 hours. This supply, I have no doubt, was
obtained chiefly from honey-dew on the Sycamore
trees ; and I am pleased to observe that it is of a bright
pale yellow colour— a great contrast to that previou.sly
noticed. We have usually prided ourselves on the
beautiful pale, almost transparent, colour of our honey,
and were both astonished and disajipointed on dis-
covering the quality and appearance of that taken by
us this year. D, D.

[We are of opinion that the dark colour of your
honey arose from the cause to which you attribute it.
But in the south of England we have heard of no such
honey-dew as that you describe as having taken place
so late in the season. AVe should have been very glad
if our bees could have had such a chance of laying in
stores for winter consumption. Many hives are in a
very bad plight in this respect, and we have no doubt
that an immense number of stocks will be lost before
another spring comes round.]

Garden Memoranda.

Mount Mekrion, one of the Seats of the
Earl op Pembroke.— This is situated about five miles
from Dublin. The demesne, which is about 300 aores
in extent, is charmingly located in the rich undulating
plain which stretches from Dublin Bay to the Dublin
mountains. The whole country around is studded with
villas and mansions, in every style of architecture. The
house is approached from the south-east by a broad
straight avenue a quarter of a mile in length. On
either side of the carriage-drive fine old trees are
placed sulUcieutly distant to leave a very wide margin
of Grass. It is however to be regretted that the drive
was not kejit a few yards further south, so as to have
been in a line with the road called Mount Merrion
Avenue. The whole would then have formed a noble
avenue nearly two miles in length, and a good view of
the sea and neighbouring mountains would have been
obtained. The residence is a plain old building of no
architectural pretensions, but large and comfortable
looking, embosomed in trees and shrubs. Leaving the
house to the right, a broad serpentine walk leads to the
gardens, between which and the house a Pinetum is in
course of formation. The trees planted last year are
all looking healthy, and all passed through the winter
frost unscathed. Mr. Welsh, the gardener, informed
me that nothing was injured. The elevated position
of the grounds, and their proximity to the sea, suffi-
ciently account for this.

The garden is square, and contains 4 acres within
the walls, wdiich are 10 feet high, and covered with
young healthy fruit trees. It is divided into two
compartments by a wall running east and west. Th
half next the mansion is in Grass, and forms what may
be called the flower garden proper ; the other half is
devoted to fruit and vegetables. A. 12-feet border and
S-feet walk are carried round the entire garden. The
west, south, and east borders are filled with flowers. A
9-feet walk runs up the centre of the flower garden,
parallel with the division wall. A high Beech hedge,
running north and south, cuts the flower ground into
two distinct halves.

Entering the garden at the north-east corner by the
serpentine walk already mentioned, the eye runs along
a border 300 feet long, planted from end to end with
Pelargoniums, Lobelias, Centaureas, and PeriUas. The
arrangement is in circles and squares, alternating, set
in a frame of Cerastium tomentosum. Every third
square is planted with Perilla in the centre, next that
Ccntaurea candidissima, then Lobelia. The circles
are alternately scarlet and pink Pelargoniums. The
principal Pelargoniums employed in this border are

932

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[SEPIEltBEE 7, 18G7.

Baron Ricasoli, Christine, Golden Chain, Perfection,
Trentham Eose, Silver Chain, and Rival Nosegay.

The south border is also 300 feet loni?, and terminates
aliboth ends in a mount of flowers.' A broad belt of
Pelargonium Stella runs up the entire length of this
border. Next to this central belt, both'baclc and
front, is a line of Christine, and outside of all a line of
Flower of Spring Pelargonium. But the belt of Stella
is broken every 12 feet by a fine plant of Centaurea
gymnocarpa.

The east border, which is of the same length as the
others, has a broad central band of Purple King
Verbena, edged with Alyssum variegatum. Every
12 feet of this border, lilie the others, is broken by a
clump of Pelargoniums. It will thus be seen that
while the borders arc all planted in a totally difl'erent
manner, there is a variety of design in the whole. This
is effected by means of the central clumps of Perilla,
Centaurea, and Pelargoniums. But these central
plants do more than presei"ve a general unity — they
relieve the masses of colour, and break and relieve the
flatness of the outline. Several beds of Viola cornuta
on one of the borders were blooming in great perfec-
tion, but Mr. Welsli says that thej[ require constant
watering, to prevent them from flagging.

Returning to the lower or eastern end of the garden :
on either side of the central walk are charming ribbon
borders, both borders being exactly alike in every
respect. They are 12 feet wide, and 180 feet long.
They are planted as follows : — Nest the walk, Mrs.
Pollock Pelargonium ; 2d line, Iresine herbstii ; 3d,
Christine Pelargonium ; 4th, Flower of Spring Pelar-
gonium; 5th, Purple King Verbena; Gth, Perfection
Pelargonium ; 7th, Centaurea candidissima ; 8th,
Cybister Pelargonium— the whole backed by a line
of Hollyhocks and Standard Roses. No mere
list of names can give any idea of the beauty of these
borders, whose soft mellow glow of colour reminded
one of the pictures of Rubens. If ribbon borders
required any vindication, it might be found here. The
plants are remarkably fine, some of the leaves on
Mrs. Pollock being 61 inches in diameter, and the
colour all that could he wished. The Iresine is equally
good— the foliage dark and crisp. Indeed, were the
Centaurea and Iresine taken out of the borders it
would be difficult to supply their place ; they are the
lights and shadows of the picture. About 600
plants of Mrs. Pollock are employed in these
borders. The smooth and well-kept Grass on both
sides of the ribbon borders are adorned with single
specimens of Conifers, among which is a fine
Araucaria imbricata, 15 feet high ; also Cedrus
deodara, 18 feet ; Irish Yews, &c. On the opposite
side of the Beech hedge already mentioned, a number
of flower beds of moderate dimensions have been cut
out on the Grass. These beds are chiefly filled with
Verbenas, edged with some other material. Mr. Welsh
believes it to be necessary in every case to have an
edging between the principal colour and the Grass.
Particularly fine among the Verbenas were Firefly,
Foxhunter, and Le Grand Boule de Neige— the latter
having very large trusses of pure white flowers.

There are two principal ranges of glass within the
garden. Each range is divided into three compartments,
which are devoted to the culture of Grapesand Peaches.
Many of the Grapes were cut, but one house had a fine
crop of Black Hamburghs, as black as Sloes, and
covered with bloom. In one of the houses were some
nice Vines in pots, with nine or ten small but well-
coloured bunches on each Vine.

Leaving the garden at the south-west corner, and
immediately outside the wall, there is an artificial
mound erected for the purpose of obtaining a better
view of the surrounding scenery. From its summit
is seen a part of Dublin Bay and the Wicklow
and Dublin mountains. Conspicuous among the
Wicklow mountains the Sugarloaf lifts its conical top
above all the others. But leaving this mound and
traversing a walk in a north-westerly direction, we
come to a still finer prospect. This walk is carried
within a sunk fence, enclosing about 30 acres of
pleasure ground, most of which is planted with forest
trees, such as Oak, Elm, Ash, and Scotch Fir. At the
extreme north-west point of the enclosure is about a
quarter of an acre of natural rockery, planted with
Ferns, Alpines, Hydrangeas, &c. Close to this is a
sort of temple or tower, from the summit of which a
magnificent view is obtained— the whole of Dublin
Bay, with its shipping and fortiflcations, the Hill of
Howth, Ireland's Eye, Lambay, and Dublin city,
stretching from the head of the bay to the Wellington
Monument and the Pha-nix Park. There are seven
broad walks radiating from a shell-house in the centre
of the wood, each walk opening up a view of some
interesting object, such as the Pigeon House Fort in
the bay, the Dublin mountains, Kingstown harbour,
&c. One of these radiating walks leads straight back
to the mansion.

The whole of Mount Merrion is admirably kept,
and all is under the charge of Mr. Welsh, who acts as
steward as well as gardener. J. D,, Kildare.

Miscellaneous.

Dean of Mr. Cliapman..— W6 have to record with
regret the death of Mr. Wm. Chapman, which took
place on the 3d inst., in the 50th year of his age. He
was lately chief gardener to H. H. Halim Pacha,
Shobrah, Egypt, and was previously 15 years gardener
at Eaton Hall, Rutland. While in Egypt he was an
occasional contributor to our columns.

The late Mr. Thomas Da2vson. — Mr. Dawson was
buried on the 2.1th ult. in the pretty parish churchyard
of Hertinfordbury. He was for many years hend
gardener at Earl Cowper's, Panshanger, Herts, and
will be long remembered by gardeners as an exhibitor
of forced fruits, and occasionally of pot Koses, in the
cultivation of both of which he was most successful

He had been long subject to an internal affection,
under the influence of which his naturally robust con-
stitution at last gave way, after having nearly reached
the advanced age of three score and ten years.

An Ohjectionahle Old Man. — Young Ladies. "Going
to make a flower bed here, Smithers ? Why, it '11
quite spoil our croquet ground ! " Gardener. " Well,
that's yer Pa's orders. Miss ! He'll hev' it laid out for
'orticultur, not for 'usbandry ! !" Funch.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing weeh,)
PLANT HOUSES.
Slove and Intermediate Houses must now, as the
days shorten, be allowed rather less air than they have
been having. A little given about ten in the morning,
and taken off again soon after two in the afternoon,
will suffice, in a general way. Let me enforce the fact
upon those who may not be able to afford time to study
these matters, that during dull intervals which may
occur at this season, a maximum artificial heat is more
injurious than otherwise to plants. With a gentle fire,
give just a slight amount of heat, sufficient only to
insure a night temperature of 60° to 66°. Air may also
be given at one or two of the openings at the apex of
the house. Air given carefully at this season has many
advantages, one among which is altering the inner
sluggish atmosphere and stagnant damp, which is so
injurious to wood ripening. Cease syringing all plants
in cold structures. Expose Lantanas freely to the
sun's rays as they show the first symptoms of colour.
Water them freely upon hot days, giving an occasional
supply of clear liquid manure. Give such Ci/clamens
as are intended for spring flowering a shift into fresh
soil. They like a compost formed of one part peat,
three parts good fibrous loam, and one part tuoronghly
decayed manure and silver sand. Pot them moderately
firm, just half burying the corm below the surface, and
fixing it firmly in this position. Place them in a gentle
heat for a time, until they have made a slight start.
Be very moderate, comparatively, in supplying atmo-
spheric moisture to Orchids after this date, as these
must be gradually induced to again resume a season of
rest. All Dendrobinms will be much benefited,
after having finished their growth, by being placed in
an open, airy vinery, where, kept perfectly dry, they
may mature the young pseudo-bulbs, and be induced
to flower more freely than when retained in the Orchid-
house, or any similar position, where only a slight
amount of humidity is kept up.

FORCING HOUSES.

Openings will periodically occur about this season in
Pineries, through the removal of plants which have
ripened their fruit. This will afford increased oppor-
tunity for the necessary re-arrangement of the whole
stock, preparatory for winter treatment. These
autumnal arrangements should not nowbe long delayed.
If a thoroughly successional stock exists, it will be well
to divide it into three sections, namely, plants in any
of the various fruit-bearing stages, larger successionals
intended for spring fruiting, and younger stock. These,
to treat them efficiently, should have separate com-
partments, whether in pits or houses. The first two
will appreciate constantly a slight amount of artificial
heat, and especially at night, and when dull, sunless
weather prevails. This will be best given to them at
all times when air can he admitted pretty freely. Give
rooted suckers, and young plants generally, air pretty
freely also whilst any moderately favourable weather
lasts. The strongest succession stock will likewise be
benefited by similar treatment, without, however,
allowing so much atmospheric moisture as it has
hitherto been accustomed to. This will aid more
surely in maturing the summer's growth which has
been made. Syringe Figs less after this date, and cease
watering so plentifully at the root. Keep slight fires
in the houses where the crop is ripening. I have lately
been asked, "When are Melons ri^e P How do you
tell ? " A subject doubtless of interest to many
" amateurs," whose wants I am anxious to meet. When
they assume a lighter or more yellow tint it may be
surmised that they have arrived at their full size, and
that they are commencing to ripen. At that stage
keep them drier than previously. In time they will be
found to diffuse a slight smell, and at this stage a dis-
tinction should be made between '' hard" and " melting
fleshed" ones. As soon as the latter begin to crack
between the base of the fruit-stalk and the upper rind
of the fruit they may be cut, and removed to a cool,
airy place. They will be ripe in a day or two from the
time of severing them from the plant. Allow the hard-
fleshed ones, on the contrary, to remain attached to the
plant until they are nearly loosened therefrom, when
they likewise should be taken into an airy, rather more
sunny situation, they will be fit for use in three or four
days afterwards. Some amount of observation is really
needed to detect the merits and peculiarities of indi-
vidual varieties. This is why new Melons, even of merit,
are so slow in making way with the public, and
especially hard-fleshed ones. Thickness of flesh, weight,
&c., in relation to the ripening process, are, however,
the basis upon which to judge them.

HAKDY FLOWER GARDEN.

Admit of no further delay as regards the propagation
of all " bedding stuff." The season quickly advances
from early September, to the cold first signs of winter.
Besides, the sooner all plants are struck and have
become established the better opportunity there is to
harden them oflT by due exposure before storing away
for the winter. Pelargoniums might be kept safely, in
any quantity, ]3laced thickly in store ])ots, 16-sized,
or shallow pans, with a good drainage and abundance
of gritty road drift, or clean silver sand, mixed with
the loam into which they are dibbled. Remove all the
I larger leaves in making the cuttings : do not cut them

too short, as the longer they are the better they with-
stand the effects of damp : hence, also, it is best to
select such as are most hardened and exposed. When
the cuttings are made, lay them upon their sides in any
open shed for a day, when they are fit for dibbling into
the pots. Do not water for a day or two, and place them
in an exposed situation in full sunshine. Pot up
Picotee cuttings or layers where shelter through the
winter can be afforded them. Place two in each pot at
opposite sides. Gritty loam is most suited to them.
Give thorough soakings of liquid manure to Dahlias,
and continue to support the branches as they grow.
Destroy earwigs by placing Bean-stalk traps amongst
the branches. These are not nearly so unsightly as
pots elevated upon thick protruding stakes.
HARDY FRUIT GARDEN".

Peaches and Nectarines, which are generallly late
this season, will be ripening fast now. As regards the
injury accruing from the attacks of insects, it will be
best to gather the fruit before it is quite ripe. Go
carefully over it, and remove all showing first
symptoms, placing them when gathered in a cool, airy
shed or fruit room, upon sheets of soft paper : here
they may remain until sufficiently ripened for use.
KITCHEN GARDEN.

The Winter Spinach, sown about the 10th ult., will
now be well above ground, and will need hoeing and
thinning out if too thick. Transplant into permanent
winter quarters Lettuces, Cabbages, and Fndive, as
frequently as any of the late sowings become suffi-
ciently large for handling. The Endive and Lettuces
should be planted very thickly after this date, in rows;
say 6 inches apart. Cabbages should be 2 feet apart in
the rows, by about 18 inches between the plants. Con-
tinue to earth up Celery, which at all times should l3e
done with the hands, holding each plant separately in
one baud whilst the soil is put to it with the other.
Sprinkle flowers of sulphur over late Peas which show
any symptoms of mildew upon the foliage. W. E.

STATE OF THE "W
Fortlie Week ending S

GATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR, LONDON,
ept.4, 1867, as otiserveil at the Horticultural Garden

1^

Babombtek.

TEMPERATDilE.

■Wind

Aue. nud
Sept.

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

.9

Max.

Mia.

Max.

Min.

Mean

Ifoot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

TImra. 29
Friday 30
Satur, 31
Sunday 1
Mon. 2
Tues. 3
Wed. 4

•
1
2
3
4
6
6

30.150

30,084
29.858
2a.919
30.072
29.932
29.835

29 985

30.088
29.924
29.812

29.818
30.0U

29.8(38
29.807

72
73
78

80

73
74
74

48
49

65
45
59

63
54

GO.O
Gl.O
71.5

62.5
68,5
63.5
G4.0

62
63
63

65
61
65
64

£0
60
60
61
61
61
61

S.

S.

S.E.
S.E.
S.E.
S.E.

s.w.

.13
.00
,00
.00
.20
.22
.10

Average .

29.908

75.5

53.3

64.4

63.7 flO.5

0.C5

August 29— Cloudy ; Teiy fine; cloudy at night.

— 30 -Fine ; exceedingly fine ; clear at night.

— 31— Fine; exceedingly tine ; overcast.
Sept. 1— Overcast; very fine and hot throughout.

— 2— \>ry line ; clear and fine throughout.

— 3— Violent thunder-storm and heavy rain, G a.m., ivanu o nd

overcast ; low fog at night.

— 4— Overcast; cloudy ; clear and fine at night.

Mean temperature of the week, 4 9-10 deg. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,

During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Sept. 14, 18C7.

Isi

Si-s ^

EH

No. Of
Years in
ivhich it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Raia

Prevailing Winds,

Sept,

3

2
4
2

1

8
G
4

8
6

3
4

c4

"2
2
4
1

1
6
8

u>

2

4
1
2
4

2
4

4
5

7

5

5
3

te

18
15
10

8
10

8
10

3
8
U
11

13
10
8

Sunday . . 3
Mon. .. 9
Tuea. ..10
Wed. ..11
Tliurs. ,.12
Friday ..13
Satur. ..14

C9.4
69.0
69.5

68,4
69 0
68.2
67.0

48.0

48.2
46.9
46.6
44.7
45.8
46,1

58.7
58.6
68 2
57.5

5[:.3

57.0
56.6

19

la

20
U
16
19

21

0 65 in.

1.09

1.27

0.63

0.49

0,42

0.84

3
2

2
4
1
5
3

The highest tc
13th,18ij5-them
—therm. 28 deg.

mperature d
1. 88 deg. i ai

uring the
id tiic 1d\^

above per
est on th

od occurred on the
' 11th and 12th, 18G0

Notices to Correspondents.

Books : E Feiui Florence. "We 'have only seen the prooE sheets
of the woi"k you meution, It has, however, been reprinted
(except the Ust of trees) in the recent numbers of Seemann's
Journal of Botany.

CiNcnoNAs IN India : C P. So far as it is possible for us to
judge at this time, we should certainly not adopt the views
of the writer in the Times, to whom you refer.

Dahlia : / Grieve. We do not remember to havo seen any
variety similar to that which yon send, and which is remark-
able for having the florets mure or less completely divided
into their component petals, so that in place of the ordinary
ligulate or quilled petal, there are four or five petals, one
larger than the rest. This is a reversion to the primordial
or typical form of the flower.

French Horticultural Journal: Enquirer. The "Revue
Horticole " will probably answer your purpose.

Insects: M J B. The small moths, of which the caterpillars
make little movable cases, in which they reside on Cherry
leaves, belong to the Tineidte, and are the Colcophora
hemerobiella. — A B, Melrose. You have surely confused two
different things. The Gooseberry grub is the caterpillar of a
sawfly half an inch long. We suppose you allude to the
harvest bug, a very minute mite, which is probably in the
earliest state ; it burrows into the skin. We know no means
of escaping from its attacks.— T R, Llanfair. The insect
which has stung the young ladies is an Ichneumon (Ophion
luteum). It lays its eggs in caterpillars, and its attack
must have been accidental. W.

Lobelias : Essex. Brilliant scarlet, large and beautiful. What
is wanted among herbaceous Lobelias, to which yours
belongs, is, however, variety of colour. Of scarlets — and
good ones— there are plenty already in cultivation.

Melons ; G R A, The spots on the Melon leaves are of two
kinds, the larger arising probably from the air on some
occasion having been too dry ; the smaller from thrips. It
is, of course, very difficult to form any judgment from two
or three leaves crushed in the post. We have, however,
seen similar effects from the causes just stated. iV / S.

Names of Plants: P H G. 1, Selagiuella Marteusii:
2, S. Kraussiana ; 3, S. sul e.osa ; 4, S. Braunii,— IF". Noisette
Desprcz &, fleur j'aime. — J-'aber, Solidago lanceolata. — S R.
Francoa ramosa.— C-4 T. Wesembryanthemum laeve.— S2'.
1, Stachys Betonica ; 2, Mentha sativa ; 3, Myosotis coUina :
4, Hypericum perforatum : 5, Stachys sylvatica; 6, Lamium
incisum. , 114.

Pansy: J Grieve. The Pansy seedling does not appear to beat
all affected by the supposed cross with Viola cornuta.

Communications Received.-S. R. H. (Erica, with thanks),—
J. M. M.— C. C— T. M.-J. P.— W. F. R.-T. S.

SErTEjrnEK 7, 1S67.J

THE GARDKNEI^S' CllKONtCLE AND AGPvlCULTtlRAL GAZETTE.

633

W K S-

1A .. - -
J The Manures nmnurjictuvoti bv J.
of 18117 lire now ready ler doUv

N U R E S. —

B. LA1VE3 lor the present
ery iit bis factories, at tlio

lollowlii),' prices, per ton ;—
LAWKS' PATKNT TUllNIP,

MANURE imd BONE
l3uNK.,r MINiaiAl. IMIOSl'ILATKS

jE ». (I.
0 0 0

5 5 0

c

0 I, 0 N Y of N A T A

IMMIGRATION ami rilUKIlOLD I.ANU OltANTh.

l.AWK

WIIKAt/ViARXeY, QllASS, and MANGEL
OONOKNTllATKi) CORN and ORASS' MANURES
Those Mannre, can b? "".'f „f t",^ "J'iiitijJTln^doiu, at prices

0
..12 0
or tlirnngli tlio

Nitrato of

appolntoil AROnts In all parts

viirvlnL' ai'i-urilmi: to cost el uarrlaye. ... . „

ie mine l>m?ian Uuano diroot from tUe Tmportors.
Mo.la s i.'i ,to .il Ammonia, and other chemical Manures.

^rr'Vri'BK;;^S'f:^>:;i.T ASelSirnace, London UrU.«e,
E.C ; i" liilen IJnay.lliilJlin : anil^arkeljinare, Shreirsbnry.

T

u o Ml' A w y

41 A N U tt K

(ESTAULIBllKDlSlO).

Have now ron.iy for delivery In dry One condition,
CORN MANOllK, lor SprlnB Use , „j.

DlssolVvKD HONKS, lor Dressing Posture Lands
.SllV'lvlll'llOSPllATESofLIME

yVNOKL-Jid niVSo MANURES.
Also (lomiMie PERUVIAN OUANO, and NlTRATE.of SODA
e. Dock WaJebouso; SULPHATE or AMMO.NIA,

Ome'ea, ho, Fenohuroh Street. E.O.

tnOWLKR'S PATENT STEAM PLOnGH und

r CULl'lVAToamaybo SEEN at WORK In every Agricultural

"-""F'il'paruSi'aVPly to Jen, FowtBa U C^o., 71, Comhill, London,
E.C. ; 'uid Steam Plough Works, Leeds.

. fishkrV

E. FonsKR,'S©er6Ury.

IIRANTS oldOVKRNMKNT LAND are glveu to Men ramillnr
with Fanning operations, and possessing sulllclont moans to inin
their Land tu aueuunt.

Applications for rnrllicr Inrorniatlon to bo made to Dr. Mann, tlio
Spuclal Agent of the Natal Uoverninent, at tho Natal Immigration
Oince, 15, Buckingham Street, Strand, London, W.C.

AGllICUI/rUttAL COLLEGK,

CIRENOESTKR.

The rROFESSORSIIIP of NATURAL HISTORY being

VACANT, 111 consuniioncc of tho appointment of Dr. Traiuialr to

the Olialr of Zoology In tho New School of Science at Dublin,

Candidates are rei|uostud to communicate with the PitiNcirAU

J^OYAL

WS. B 0 U L T 0 N ' S
. 36-gallon SWING WATER
BARROW. Price '\(>s. UaiTltige paid
to tlio principal Stations.

This is tho best and cheapest
arttclo of tho kind yet introduced.
It can bo used with or without a Pony.
Two Tubs can be had with one Car-
riago, and a Spreader if required.

Tostiiuoniala can be iLiruishod from
all parts of the country.

Powerful GARDEN ENGINE for
the above, price 43^.

Improved WATER and LIQUID
MANURE CARTS.

Illustrated Catalogue, with ail par
ticulars, sent free on application to
W. S. BODLTON, Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

Iron Cisterns.
BRABY AND CO. h.iving Uiid down extensive and

Improved Machinery in their new range of buildinRS, Ida
AHF. Dr-rTVORD, are now prepared to supply WROUGHT-IRON
TANKS. GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior quality, at
Hi luced prices, and at very short notice.

b\

UMITUFIKl-l) CI-U1{ FAT CATTLE SHOW-—

O The ANNUAL SHOW of PAT CATTLE. STIKKP. ami
PIUS, iviilbehuldutLUo AOKICULTUIIAL IIALli, ISLINUTON.
on MONDAV nftornoon, Docomborl), and Four following Days.

Intending Kxhlbttcrs are requo»ted to apply for Certificate Forma
by lUo ruferencu luttorH as under.
CATTLE.— Form A. For iin OX or STICKR (in any Class).
U P.M- a c:o\V or IlKIi'KIt (iu iiny Ciass).
,, C. Fmu MKAsr lu K\ir i Slock.
SHEEP I' P'T a ['ICX ><t:i WK'l'UKllS (Id any Claas).

' K. Pel- ji SI SULK SIll'iKP In Extra Stock.
PIGS '.. F. For a PKN of 3 PUiS (in any Cla.is|.

,, O. For a SINGLE PIG iu E.xtrft Stock.
ENTRIES for LIVE STOCK CLOSE NOVEMBER 1.
Prizo Lists, Forms of Cortiflcatci, and all information, may be
obtained ou application to Mr. David Puli-kn, Assistant Secretary,
at tho OtBce of tho Honorary Secretary, cornor of Ualf-Moon Street,
Piccadilly, London, \V.

N.B. All coiimiuni cations respecting the Show must be addressed
to the Assistant Secretary, as above, and should bear outside tho
words "Sinithflold Show."

C! M I T H F I E L B CLUB SHOW.

O AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON, DECEMBER 0 to i:J,
IMPLEMENT DEPARTMENT.

The LAST DAY for receiving Applications for Space for Imple-
ments and Machinery, &c., is OCTOBER 1.

Printed Forms of Application, with the Rules and Regulations, may
be obtained of Mr. David Pullkn, Assistant Secretary, at the Office
of tho Honorary Secretary, Coruor of Half Moon Street, Piccadilly,
London, W.

Eixt ^QticttUuial (Sajette*

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 7. 1867.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
ToFSDAY, Sept. 10 I Staffordshire Agricultural Society at
Weunc^u.iy, — 111 LichllcM.

r^OTTAM'S

PATKNT PUitTABLE UNITEU

COW FITTINGS.

Their advunlaKt-'S are— Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Hack lUspensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Ti-oughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Wmsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
la Stable Fittings just secured by Pateut.

!_ABDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great

ety of patterns and material.'!, the plainer sorts being
r-nr-Bs-fc especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
Lz_^.i»» they harbour no Sliig.s and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no furtlier labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, con-
sequently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., In Arti-
ficial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosuER, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.

Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corridors, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable aa
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine (Jliukers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Roshlr, at their premises aa above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — Us. per Ton, or \s. Zd. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
tor delivery ivltbln tiiree miles, and to any Loudon Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, l.i. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
WorlE. F. & 0. RosnRa. — Addropees see above.

N, B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

We have just received a, copy of the Audmliun
Wi'cldy Aye for May 24, 1867, which coutaius a
long article from the South Australian Segister,
consisting of the most interesting portions of a
prize essay by the Rev. James Maughan on the
Diseases of Wheat. There is, of course, a good
deal in it which has no pretence to novelty,
but not only is there an account of a disease
known under the name of Take-all, which is not
without interest, but a suggestion is made in it
which accords so nearly with the article in the
All(/eme>iie Zeitmig to which the attention of our
readers is called in the horticultural portion of
this Journal, that we at once present them
with an extract : — " It is impossible for the
Government of this colony to see fine districts,
once covered with smiling sections of Wheat,
being blighted year after year, and their owners
falling into financial ruin, without some effort,
though it may be ever so abortive, being put
forth to retrieve the disaster. Probably the
Government of South Australia is at the present
moment the only agricultural Government in the
world that does not provide scientific facilities of
one kind or another for promoting the develop-
ment of its agricultural resources. It is to be
hoped that the day is not far distant when this
reproach shall have been wiped away. It is vain
to hope for any discovery unless the Government
can be induced to take up the investigation. No
one can be expected to devote himself to such a
purely national object without the authority and
appliances of tho Government to sustain him.
In such a colony as this, where so much of our
commercial prosjierity depends upon the proper
development of our agricultural resources, our
farmers ought to have placed at their command
by the Government a properly-equipped agricul-
tural chemist, whose province it should be to
investigate such questions as the present, from
whom they could obtain advice as to the natui-e
of their soils, and the character and pui'ity of
the manures they need to employ."

It is obvious, unless the chemist is equal
to the physiological and structural investigations
which the case involves, that he must have some
competent botanist associated with him, a point
which should on no account be lost sight of.

We have already in oui- notice of the article
in the AUgeinehie Xeitunrj stated our views on the
subject, we shall not, therefore, dwell upon it at
greater length here, but call attention to the
peculiar disease which appears to be so injurious
in Australia, and which, we believe, is not
altogether unknown at home. The disease,
in fact, appears to be identical with what is
sometimes called blight in this country ; a disease
which is not confined to any especial part of the

plant, but, coiinnencing apparently iu tho root,
ad'octs tho whole plant, ultimately causing
sterility or absolute death. " Ou subjecting to
cariil'iil exiiuiiiiation a plant of Wheat, the growth
of wliicli has been iirciiiaturoly arrested by tho
' take all,' there is not tho .slightest indication of
any kind of disease on any portion of tho plant,
until wo come to the examination of tho root."
In one case, on a piece tjf 40 acres, tho ears,
which wore in other respects well developed,
were entirely empty, though on an adjoining
patch, tho soil of which was of a loss friable
nature, not a single ear was affected. Samples
of Iiolh wore communicated to Mr. Maitoiian,
and tho cause of mischief was at once found to
be in the roots, which, in tho diseased plants, wore
enlarged and distorted. The root fibres wero
coated with fine soil, traversed by woolly-looking
threads, which wore given off by them iu every
direction. On examining tho tissues, fungous
spawn was distinctly observed amongst the cells,
from whicli the woolly mould had sprung.*
The most luxuriant plants frequently fall a prey
to the disease. An instance is mentioned of ono
with 50 strong stalks, the ears being six inches
long, which entirely failed. It appears, however,
not uncommonly before a .single stalk is thrown
up. It is in several districts equally severe on
manured, unmanured, fallowed, and unfallowed
lands, though in others tho fallowed lands suitor
least. Tho early sown wheat suffers most. No
remedy has at present been found, but supposing
the cause of rust to be a Fungus attacking tho
roots, tho suggestion of the application of sulphur
in some form or another is very good as far as it
goes : the difficulty is in determining how and
when to apply it, for if tho roots are onco
attacked by a destructive mould it will probably
be too late.

There is another matter in the paper which
deserves notice, though it is not quite clear what
is meant by tho black rust, which is spoken of as
something distinct from smut, bunt, and mildew.
"Most of the farmers on the Lake Plains have
entirely relieved themselves from the curse of
black rust by simply changing their seed and
their time of sowing." If smut were more
prevalent in this country than it is, the suggestion
might be of great value, for it is clear that the
smut does not exist on the seed before it is sown,
and it is probable that tho spores, wluch are
blown away long before the seed is ripe, have
some more especial time for germination, and,
consequently, variation in the time of sowing
may be extremely useful. M. J. B,

It is told us in tho Bible that the surplus — a
fifth of the annual crop of Egypt — preserved in
store diu'ing seven plenteous years, was sufficient
to support the population of the country during
seven successive years of famine, and at the same
time to allow of exportation, so as to afford
considerable relief to the neighbouring nations,
subjected to a similar scarcity. And in tho
seven plenteous years the earth brought forth by
handfuls, and Joseph gathered corn as the sand
of the sea, very much, until he left numbering.
Have astronomers, who have calculated the dates
of so many phenomena vaguely mentioned by
the ancients, made any attempt to account for
these wonderful years of plenty in Egypt,
followed by as many of disastrous scarcitj' — in
a country e.xposed to no vicissitudes of climate,
and irrigated by an eternal river, fed by the
everlasting mountains 'f

Coming nearer home, we discover a fact which,
if not so astounding, is still very remarkable
and worthy of consideration. Eighty year.5
ago, that is from 1743 to 1748, the sum of
8,007,948Z. was received by England for
grain exported to other countries (" Ch.almeks'
Estimate"). The average price of Wheat in
England during those six years was, respectively,
22s., 22s., 24s., 34s., 30s., 32s. In the year pre-
ceding, that is, 1742, the price was 30s. ; and
these averages, being the lowest of anj' through-
out the entire "Price of Wheat Becord," from
1641 to the present time, must be taken to
signify seven years of plenty in the land — the
more so as they follow what seem to have been
years of scarcity, for in 1741 and 1742 the prices
wero, respectively, 45x. and 41s., the average
price of Wheat being in none of the other years
of the seven less than 30s.
Various are the causes which have tended to

* In the text this is said to be almost identical with Peni-
cillium anneniacum, or Peronospora infestans, which differ
so much from each other that there is clearly some confusion.
Eds.

934

THE GAUDENEUS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICtJLTtmAL GAZETTE

[September 7, 18r.7.

necessitate that importation of corn ■whicli we
have required during the last 90 years. There
is first of course that which proves the prosperity
of the nation — an increased population; secondly,
an increase of pasturage beyond the former pro-
portion of tillage ; and thirdly, the coldness,
cloudiness, and humidity of our climate, which
render it less favoui-able to the rijjening of
corn and fruits than it used to be. Our crops
appear, it is true, more luxuriant to the eye
than ever, and they really are so, from the
improvements in agriculture; and if we could
but have sufficient sun to ripen them, we should
be as satisfied with the produce as we ai'e
flattered by the appearance.

As seasons vary in all climates, so they do in
ours, and the local causes which have such an
unfortunate effect on our climate are sometimes
counteracted by adventitious circumstances ; in
which case we have a temporary abundance.
For instance, your true Wheat lands — the clays
— yield a more abundant produce in dry warm
seasons than in moist, and, consequently, cold
ones. This fact is too notorious to admit of a
question. The ancient agricultural proverbs,
handed down from our ancestors, attest it
abundantly : —

" When the sand doth feed the clay,
Oil then, oh then, a-lack a day !
But when the clay doth feed the sand.
Oh then 'tis well for old England."
The meaning is that, in cold damp seasons, the
light gravelly soils yield the best crops, but yet
insufficient to supply the wants of the nation ;
whereas in warm, diy summers, the produce of
the clays are so much more abundant that there
is no danger of scarcity, although there may
then be a deficiency on the gravelly and lighter
soils. Again: "England never took hurt from
drought ;" the meaning of which is very clear if
we consider its application to an undrained
country. It is obvious that in the case of wet
clays, undrained, a drought must have been a
god-send in the olden time, since even now, with
extensive drainage, we can bear the effects of
drought much more cheerfully than those of
excessive wet.

In the present year, when opinions of harvest
produce differ more than we have ever known
them, " the Wheat crop," according to Mr.
James Edwaeds, of Northallerton, " will be a
full average, excepting on wet, undj-ained lands,
which are sure to be very late with the harvest,
and of a small yield. Oats and Barley suffered
very much from the wet spring, and excepting on
diy lands, the crop will be found deficient. The
whole of the cereal crops this year have shown a
marked difference between the good and inferior
lands, perhaps more than in any season of late
years ; and unless by thorough di'ainage the
strong land can be made to a certain extent to
shed the water, it is impossible it can be
remunerative to the fanner."

A controversy has arisen as to the practice of
sowing too thickly, and Mr. Meohi is decidedly
against it, giving his reason as follows : — " An
early and Grass-like vegetation of crowded
plants compete injuriously for their food in the
soil, like an unthrnned plantation of Turnip crop,
and thus weaken or destroy each other. So dense
a vegetation shuts off communication between
the air and the soil, culminating in a prema-
tui'cly laid crop, with all its evil consequences."

But here, again, an important distinction must
bo observed. Though drill husbandry and
reduction of the quantity of seed Wheat have
great advantages over the broadcast system, yet
on poor lauds it is absolutely necessary to sow
abundantly, because more plants will on such
lands be cut off in the winter ; nor do the plants
branch out (" stool " or "tiller " as it is called)
in the way they are found to do on more
generous soils. An immense quantity of the
seed committed to the ground must either perish
or be destroyed by insects, devoured by birds
and vermin, or not fructify to advantage, owing
to unfavourable weather. A great number of
plants are too weakly to withstand the rigoui' of
winter and the .sudden changes of weather.
Therefore, to guard against these casualties, it is
necessary to have a superfluity of stock plants in
the first instance as a reserve against irremediable
accidents.

A single grain of Wheat, cultivated in a
garden, with every assistance that art can give
it, has been known to produce a thousand grains ;
but the return of our fields scarcely exceeds
thirteen for one. Hence, a variety of circum-
stances must co-operate to secure the advantages
of diminished seed- Wheat, and, among the rest,

generous manuring. The effect of manures in
enabling plants to support a vigorous vegetation
in unfavoui'able weather is evident when cold
rain, snow, or hailstorms occur towards the latter
end of the month of April. The young Barley
plants turn yellow, and many perish, while those
growing in parts of the very same field where
manure has been more liberally bestowed, retain
their verdure and brave the inclemency of the
weather. When the Barley thus turns yellow
from cold it does not recover its green hue till
some time afterwards, when the rain comes from
the south-west, and the thermometer rises to
about 54°. Now, in light gravelly soils the
plants recover and assume a healthy complexion
in 48 hours ; but in cold clays they continue to
look sickly much longer, and in some situations
never become healthy any more. The reason
why Barley plants are so soon restored to a state
of health during warm rains in gravelly soils,
and not in clays, may be that in the former case,
the soil, being loose and pervious to water, sooner
admits the warm rain-water to the roots, and by
the combined humidity and warmth the vitality
of the plant is quickly brought into action. The
warm rains cannot so soon produce their effects
on the roots of Barley rooted in clays, — not only
from the natural impenetrability of the soU, but
from the preceding cold winds having hardened
the surface ; so that when the rains, accompanied
by warmer winds, fall upon them, while the
upper part of the plants are enjoying a genial
temperature, the roots are still paralysed with
damp and cold.

The Wheat crops in this country suflTer much
from humid weather experienced in July and
in the beginning of August. This is a very
critical period with the Wheat ; for if we have
not favourable weather during the expansion of
the bloom, all the previous industry wUl be of
little avail. A continuance of wet, or cold high
winds, happening at this season, causes the
pollen to be blown or washed away ; the conse-
quence of which is, that the ears are not filled,
or are deficient in well-formed grain.

Unfortunately the evil does not stop here. As
each ear contains a number of imperfect seeds, a
portion of these are too often committed to the
ground for the production of the succeeding
crop ; and as the imperfect ones do not germi-
nate, there is a deficiency of stock plants the
following season. It is on record that the scarcity
which succeeded the wet summer and bad harvest
of 1799 was followed, in the autumn, by a bad
seed time, rainy weather continuing tOl the frost
set in ; a large portion of the seed committed to
the ground that season being imperfect, the
quantity of stock plants in the spring was very
deficient, and this was the principal cause of the
scanty produce of the harvest of 1800, the price
of Wheat in the following year running up to
119s. 6d., nearly double of what it had been,
though already high on account of the war.
Now, that .summer was highly favoui'able for the
fructification of the Wheats, but there had not
been a sufficiency of plants on theground, owing
to the cause above-mentioned.

Now, this is an important matter. After wet
and bad seasons — such as that of last year — the
greatest care should be taken to commit only the
best and most trustworthy seed to the gi'ound.
If there be a deficiency in the harvest of this
year, it will have been due as much to the cause
we have mentioned as to the general untoward-
ness of the weather during the growth of the
crop ; and it will be well if farmers follow this
advice, in order to secure the utmost yield of
which their land is capable, and so make up
next year for two years' deficiencies.

Barley does not require the same degree of
sunshine, and the crops, though they require
more watering than Wheat, yet if they are
sown early, so as to possess root fibres at some
depth in the soil before a di'ought sets in, will,
in a dry summer, yield a more abundant crop,
and of infinitely superior quality than in a moist
season. It has been asserted by a long experi-
enced and observant agricultui'ist that, in the
course of 40 years' experience, he grew more
Barley per acre in peculiarly dry than in wet
summers.

It has been observed that the air of Wales is
too humid for the growth of Wheat ; and if the
moisture and cloudiness of our summer months
continue to increase, it will be the same with
England. It is too frequently the case that the
prospect in the field has been more flattering
than the granai-y receipts justify. Vegetation
has to proceed for months with but a very small

portion of aid afforded by the sun, so that every
blade of corn is extended to its utmost
limit to enable the plants to produce their
fructification ; and the efforts of the weaker
plants are abortive, from being covered by the
shade of their overpowering and oppressive
neighbours. These produce ears, it is true, but
few that are equal to the expectation of the
farmer. WilUam of Malmesbury says that the
yield of corn in the 11th century, in the Vale of
Gloucester, was a hundredfold ; this may be an
exaggeration, as even Camden, so much nearer
his time, remarked. And yet it seems certain
that England, at the time when Malmesbury
wrote, had a less exhaling surface of pasturage,
&c., than at the present time, and so the
additional genial heat and light of the sun, with
a less clouded and humid atmosphere, would
enable the arable lands to support a much
greater number of Wheat plants per acre, and
perfect theii- seeds, than can be effected under
the usual state of our present atmosphere at the
critical periods of bloom and maturation. This
remark was made by Williams 60 years ago, and
the lapse of time seems only more and more to
confirm it.*

More than one-half the country, or at any rate
fully one-half, is in pasture, and considering that
bread can never again be absolutely dear, and
that meat will never again be cheap, it would
seem the better coui'se to turn our attention more
generally to grazing. The humidity of our climate
promises a perpetuity to the success of Grass.

It is to be feared that not only the uncertainty
of the seasons but the growing practice of our
speculators in corn will ultimately bring about
this change in England. For ages man has
been endeavouring to discover the means of
prognosticating the weather, and counting on
the probability of the harvest ; and now that we
have attained a certain degree of foresight, as
regards at least the possibility of a good harvest,
this knowledge is turned to account against the
interest of the consumer. It has been esta-
blished that a diminution of 2° in the average
summer heat — when that heat does not exceed
60° — is fatal to the Wheat, which flourishes best
when there is a temperature of about 54° during
the year, and for two months 68°. In other
words, should a difference of 5° or 6° below the
standard obtain for two or three months in suc-
cession, the crops prove a failure, and bread is
enhanced in value from Id. to 2^d. the loaf.

Mark Lane speculators wisely endeavour to
obtain the necessary records of temperature
thi'oughoirt the country, and they act in the
market accordingly. Why should not the advan-
tages they obtain be more generally distributed ?
We have a Meteorological Office endowed with
more than 10,000/. of public money, and a Eoyal
Agricultural Society having the interests of the
grower intimately at heart. Why does not
the Home Office see to this important matter ?

The inference to be drawn from our desultory
remarks is that if we must continue to cultivate
the cereals in spite of our adverse climate, we
must have an eye to meteorology, and gratefully
accept its warnings. The subject commends
itself especially to the Royal Agricultural
Society; and we ti-ust that it will be authorita-
tively mooted at the meeting of the British
Association, and secui'e a recommendation to the
Government to give effect to the above sugges-
tion. A, S.

Mr. A. Stewart, of Saint Bridge, Gloucester,

whose name is familiar to visitors at the Royal and
other agi'icultural meetings as the exhibitor of remark-
ably fine Berkshires, has announced the whole of his
now celebrated herd for sale. The merits of these
swine, which have never been surpassed in size, quality,
and form, w'ill be best understood by a reference to the
list of their performances, as seen in the advertisement.
The Saint ijridge family have their origin in sows
from all the most popular and celebrated breeders of
Berkshires in the kingdom. The boars have likewise
been selected with good judgment, and "Tim Whilller,"
the sire of the present herd, is without doubt one of
the finest pigs in England ; stock by him, out of the
grand sow ' Snowdrop," have realised as much as
121. 12s. per head at two months old. This celebrated
sow and boar, with a large number of the same breed,
are to come under Mr. Tompkins's hammer at
Beading upon the 34th inst. It is barely four years
since Mr. Stewakt first appeared in the lists of
competitors, and from that period to the present
wherever his pigs have been shown tbey have
a^hit vet an almost unprecedented success. We
strongly recommend all who take an interest in these
matters to visit the repository at Beading on the
24th inst. ; they will then have an opportunity of
observing what can be done by an amateur possessed

* Sec Gardtntrs' Chivnicle for Juno 22, 1807, p. 065, "The
Humidity of our English Climate."

Septembee 7, 1867.]

THE GARBENEHS- CTTTIONTCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

935

nf i-anital iudement, and perseverance, for it is to
?he'enuaiil rations, added to a natural taste and lilcuiR
for tl.o oreaturo. that Mr. Stewart's prosi.cr.ty must

be attri!)uted.

HARVEST EXrERIENCES.
If tlie liarvest seasons or'(«,'«;, and 'C.-lmvo merely
nre^en cd to fanners occasions in .wU.cli skill and
aUe .'e »ero tried, and opportun.t.es for study -.ore
inusod, it wcn.ld lio a matter lor ronrct. If the e.\po-
r ernes of comparatively adverse tunes arc allowed to
pas" nvav havui- only provoked unavailmg regrets
amlwiUioulliaviuK perfected an educational mission,
thn indeed might we ho disposed to nueslim, tho es
of adversity. But it (-aiinot he said that lie agi luil-
tiral mind is altoKetlier stationary. Douh less there
are n™. V who have reaped advantages hy their losses
through the late dillicult harvests, and it ^vould perhaps
bo ewcting too much of human nature if we imagine
that al our larmers w.aild he so far improved by tlicir
experience that they will not C9mm.t many ""fakes.
Whilst we write rain is coming down m torrents.
From the windows may be seen a hp U in which a
waggon stands partly laden with Oats; half of the field
contiuns a numher of shocks badly made. It has been
raining all day, and a falling barometer indicates a
probable continuance of wet weather. The com of
this field was cut more than a week ago, and was ht
for carrying three days since. . t j t„ „„

Again : the picture of two farms is presented to us.
On one the corn is safely stacked, and on the other
side of the hedge we find in the stackyard stacks par-
tially made, and in the fields, corn in all stages ol
harvesting. Why is there su<-h a dillerence here, il the
circnmstances of tho farms are, equal? On one,
promptness of action was the spirit actuating the
farmer ; on the. other, there was dilatonness and an
adherence to old-fashioned views. , . i f

What are our results? A^ hat have we been tanght
during these three seasons ? To commence with gene-
ralities we hiive learned that those who have delayed
carrying (heir corn after it was properly seasoned have
been iiivariablv caught by bad weather. Farmers will
say they will " depend on Providence, but Providence
does not work miracles for those who will not be tanght
by experience. AVc have had a crop m considerable
danger in consequence of " putting off 'till ' to-morrow.
It may be laid down as a general rule, that whenever
corn is tit for carrying it ought to be at ouce secured \
against bad weather. It may ho that suUicient help
caunot be found to carry to the stackyai-d ; the com
may then bo stacked iu large or small stacks in the
field, and now, in tho days of portable engines and
threshing machinery, we may without loss have our
corn threshed in the field.

As regards the time for cutting gram, we are
strenuous advocates for cutting before the period ot
dead ripeness. If the weather should promise to
continue fine, we woidd cut at this period ; but on the
contrary, if nasty weather should occur, then the
reaping ougbtto be delayed,as ripeness is retarded by wet
weather and by allowing the corn to stand the danger
of sprouting in the sheaf is avoided ; so that those who
are not prejudiced against what is called reaping corn
green " can in a great measure select their harvest
weather. Farmers have often to bear with a deal ot
sneering at the introduction of new-fangled notions.
Having lately read of a novelty iu stocks or shocks
adopted on the Continent, we found considerable
ditficnlty in getting our men to try how h.alf-a-dozcn
would suit on onr farm. Our agriculturists ought to
be reasoning men. It would not be well to have all
our farms devoted to the carrying out of experiments,
but it will he found advantageous occasionally to try
what would be the result of the adoption of new
systems and what are styled innovations. .

In the harvest of ISlifl, by carrying out this view we
saved a valuable crop of Barley in the manner toUow-
ing — The Barley was rather short in the straw. It
wa^ cut " high," that is above the Clovers, and as the
crop was dead ripe we had it bound and immediately
made into small stacks, called provincially cobs,
"field stacks," or "hand stacks." By this means, at
the risk of being thought "odd," we brought our
Barley out perfectly safe.

Whether ought corn to be bound into sheaves or
carried from the swath ? " Never no more shall 1
BWath my corn" was the emphatic ejaculation ot a
neighbouring farmer during the harvest of 18l3i">, when
he found his Oats beaten out by the rains and frequent
turnings and "stirrings" of his labourers. There can
be no doubt that in dry weather corn is fit for carrying
earUer from the swath, but in a dropping season
sheaves are more easily moved about, and means tor
saving from wet may be adopted, which would be im-
practicable for corn in the swath. Stacks may be
hooded, and field stacks may be made when the com
is sheaved, so that on the average of seasons we would
give the iireference to binding the corn in sheaves.

As already hinted, we have derived considerable
advantage from making field stacks when the weather
was doubt fill, and before the corn was fit to bring to
the stackyard. The making of t'hese stacks is advisable
under the following conditions :— Weather threatening
rain ; or if the area of corn is so great that the available
labour is barely suflicient to reap the corn as it ripens
then, by putting the corn into small stacks, it is secured
against rain, it becomes dry, and the farmer may avail
him.self of a fine dav for carrying it to the stackyard.

We have found the reaping machine to be of immense
service, and with a Burgess & Key's reaper we have
this year made very good work when, in consequence
of the corn being laid, many imagined that even the
scythe could scarcely work.

In conclusion, we cannot do better than call atten-
tion to the fact, when corn crops are caught by wet
■weather in tho process of harvesting farmers generally
regret that " they did not know rain was coming. It

they had known they would have acted dillerenlly ;
theV would have made certain fields secure, &c. ine
prudent conrso is-and it is worthy ol general attentio
*' Always treat your corn to-day as you would il you
were sure there will be rain to-morrow. C.

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

i' wi

FUMM ouii CointKsraNDF.NT.
In again drawing the attention of tho reader to
what is to be seen in this great gathering ol tlio world s
products, for embodying objects IVom a 1 parts, Ironi
the remotest East to the countries best kiiowu m I he
West— it is really this— we purpose devoting tlio
present and possibly another paper to pointing out
the localities where the exhibitions of oh.]ccts coii-
ucctedwith seeds and food produce are to bo met wit i,
doing thus for this department what wo have already
done for that connected with implements and machines.
There is this obvious ditl'erence, however, between tlio
two so far as onr labours are concerned, that while in
"oing over tho exhibits of machinery pretty frequent
Spportunities were presented us of giving descriptions
of objects met with in the course of our exainmatioii,
in the present paper we have to treat of ob.iccts
which do not admit of much special description,
objects which are not so much to be described as seen
and personally examined. AVe shall therefore luUil
theobiect of this paper if we note generally what is,

and where it is, to be seen.

Commencing with the British Agricultural Annexe,
which runs parallel with the Avenue Suffrein near the
Station of the Cliemin de Fer Cciiiture, wo find very
little to note iu it in the department at present under
our hands ; two or three stands only being taken up
with a collection of seeds. Of these, by far the most
important is that of the Messrs. Sutton & Sons, ot
Reading. This firm has a pretty large case, the three
lower compartments of which are devoted to the exhi-
bition of samples of dried Grass ; the centre coinpart-
ment is devoted to samples of Grass seeds, lull justice
is not done to the examples of Grasses, as the space m
which they are placed is so confined that they are
crushed and crowded together. A much better
arrangement would have been that which is met with
in other departments of the Exhibition, where each
specimen of Grass is placed in a separate case, watli a
! specimen of the seed ; or perhaps better still the Grass
attached to and spread out upon a card, with enlarged
drawings of the organs. This is done with admirable
effect in the Austrian department, which contains a
very largo— by far the best in the Exhibition—
collection of Grasses and seeds. To return to
the stand of Messrs. Sutton : the upper part
of the case contains a very large and care-
fully arranged selection of agricultural seeds, which
are worth studying, but here again more justice
would have been done had space been larger ; crushed
together a.s they arc, the collection is dwarfed into
an apparent insignificance, which it does not possess,
for it is in reality large and complete, and would have
looked as imposing as several other collections, which
have all the advantages of abundance of space. A little
further up the Annexe, a small stand is devoted to tlie
exhibits of Messrs. M'Lean & Hope, of Edinburgh,
and another to the Jlessrs. Gouldmg, of Dublin. In
addition to a few samples of seeds, a few of manure are
also to be met with. When we state that with the
exception of a few samples of Hops met with in the
main building (British department), these are all the
exhibits of seeds by well-known seedsmen, our readers
will quite understand how it was that one of the jury
felt as expressed to us, that his duty was next to none—
at least, that his work in connection with this depart-
ment was very light. It certainly is matter of regret,
that we should be so weak in a department in which
we are in reality so strong. We are free to con-
fess however, that although we have named
all the British exhibits in this department,
we may yet have overlooked some which may be
stowed away in some out-of-the-way corner, not patent
to the public eye; for although with a system or
theory of classification which leaves nothing to be
desired, it certainly is not the least provoking feature
of this exhibition that the classification is not adhered
to ; and the result is that every now and then the
visitor comes across something or other that he does
not expect to find, and, if all was done en regie, would
not be there. Thus the only exhibits of British
seedsmen which we have noticed are m the Annexe
devoted to the machinery of agriculture, where they
ought not to have been, and are not m the Zone
devoted to natural products, where they ought to have
been and where the exhibits of other nations m this
department are. This, however, has its exceptions,
for many of these collections fill up the spaces in this
Zone, and flow out, as it were, into the great
machinery gallery, where the visitor with drearus ot a
closely adhered-to classification is surprised to tind
them. But more of this as we proceed through the
main building— we having now to concern ourselves
with what is to be seen in the Annexes of the Park.

Before leaving the British Annexe of Agncnltiiral
Machinery, the visitor should walk to the end of it,
where he will find a number of cases containing the
exhibits of the Committee of the Madras Presidenc.v
(East Indies), amongst which are many specimens ot
seeds and of food produce. There is here a very fine
collection of Teas, Tobaccos, Rices, Sago, and textile
plants. The visitor should note two very interesting
cases, containing examples of Rice plants, and the
Helens Sorghum. There are also many specuujjns
of woods, several of which are very beautiful, further
on is the American Annexe, but as they exhibit no
seeds or food produce in it, the visitor, whom we
suppose only interested in this department, shon d step
across the walk towards the main building, and enter
one of the two Italian Annexes here placed, which '

contains a large collection of rural and industrial
objects, and vvliich ha.s only been recently opened.
Amongst a series of models of farm buildings, oil nulls,
ai.d of agricultural machines and hand implements,
the visitor may spend a short time with pleasure, if
not with profit. On tho wall arc photographs
of the various breeds of cattle and of tho
sheep of Italy. In a small apartment of tho
Annexe a collection of agricultural seeds and plants is
to he met with. The Flax specimens are particularly
good, and have had justly awarded to them prizes.
Several of the speianiens of plants are arranged in
cases one case to each variety, tho seed being placed in
t,he same case. In this room are two trophies ver.v
tastefully made up with various specimens of cereal
and industrial plants and Gras.^es. A large, case m
devoted to the silkworm nrocesses. Opposite the
entrance is the model of the farm building designed bv
Professor Louis, of Cremona, which is worthy of

""pas.sing from this Annexe, we skirt tho boundary of
tho Park till we come to the Annexe of the 1 ortugal
colonies. We pass previously the Russian 1-bah, in
which there are a few specimens of plants, and the end
of the French Annexe, containing agricultural machi-
nery and a few specimens of cereals grown by the aid
of phospho-guano, but which tell little or nothing. In
the Portugal Annexe there is a small collection ot
agricultural seeds and products; but a much finer one
is to bo met with in the Spanish Annexe, a few steps
further on. Indeed, the collection here met with is
probably by far the largest and most complete in the
Exhibit'ion. In the gallery there is a very fine collec-
tion of seeds and food produce, in glass ves.sels, well
arranged together with numerous specimens ot the
plants. The glass jars containing the examples ot
AVheat Barley, and JIaize which obtained the prize
medal should "be examined. In addition to the seeds
and plants, it may he as well to notice that there is a
fine collection of samples of oils, wines, Tobaccos, and
fruits. Altogether this is one of the best collections ot
natural products in the Exhibition. , • r ^

Not far from this Annexe— withm a few yards, in tact,
and in the direction of the main entrance of the Ecole
Militaire, is the French Annexe, contaiuing tlie
examples of agricultural produce of the various depart-
ments. Undoubtedly the most interesting and instruc-
tive is that of the Department du Nord, pf, which
Lille is the chief city. The country round this well-
known place— the Manchester of France, and with not

known place- me iuaiiciiB»i.ui ui iiuuy^, ...... ■• .-

a little of the dust and the smoke of its prototype-is
famous for its cultivation of what is now known as tlie
industrial plants, as Flax, Hemp, Beet-root (tor sugar-
making and distilling), oleaginous plants, and Tobacco.
The part of the Annexe devoted to this ricti
and fertile district is, therefore, as might be expected,
peculiarly instructive. The specimens of agricultural
produce of the kinds chiefly grown are both numerous
and fine, many of them remarkably so, such as the
cereals. Flax, Hemp and Beet-root., Of the cereals
there is one specimen worth examining, the \> hea.i
called "Napoleon the Third," The same remark
applies to some samples of Oats at the end of the build-
ing. The samples of Flax are very fine, and much
information can be derived from the placards-attached
to many of the specimens, as to the actual cultivation ol
the various branches of agriculture in the districts.
From the exhibits of tho department pf the Nord the
visitor passes to those of the Agricultural Society ol
Arraa Facing the entrance to this is a fine model ana
drawing of the tannery of M. Edouard Hammr, at
RougeviUe, St. Saulve (Nord). A variety of speci-
mens of seeds and plants are also in this department
and in that of the Bas Rhins, a little (further up the
same room. In the latter department there is a fine
collection of Hops and wools. There is not much in
the way of seeds in the next room, the department
of Savoie, but the visitor should be careful
to examine a novel and instructive collection ol
the stomachs of birds and their contents, the result
of the labours of M. Florent Prcvast natur.alist,
carried on for several years, and which had tor aim the
determination of what class of birds were destructive,
or otherwise, of farm produce. , t n • „„„

In the Annexe of the Agricultural School at Grignon,
which is a few steps from the Annexe above described,
there is a small biit well arranged collection ot Seeds
and produce, amongst which a number of Potatos are
well worthy of notice. Passing from this Annexe is
that of the department of Allier-a shed open at one
,iie— containing in the centre a small collection ot
seeds and produce, and at the back a number ot maps,
illustrations of stock, and the, like. We have now
taken the run of tho Annexes in the Park, and shall,
in our next, take up what is to be seen in the main
building. , _^

THE BEST WHEAT FOR SEED.

In an article on the selection of grain for seed, in last
week's Agricultural Gazette, the writer is anxious to
make out'that the heaviest samples should be chosen lor
th.at purpose. There exist, however, abundant reasons to
doubt the soundness of the practice so ably advocated
If there is a limit beyond which the cultiva.tor cannot
push the quality and weight of gram per, ^"^1'';^. ^e" ''
would seem the part of wisdom to aim ^l' ^"^ "'"f

that point, but not to strain at ™ imff '» .'jf^ 'i^t?
how,itmaybeasked.isthis«.p/;^>««"^tobearrived^
Not Isubmit,by sowing grain whicibasalreadj'attained

that distinction, but gram which s r"'/ f """°"
thereto. Here is the boundary YHMAoo are foolish
to it gradually and quietly, we 1 ; 1^"' ^ J°/, ,^117,^ '^
enough to run against it, in the hope of breaking it dow u
the sStfering and loss will be 3'f"-^-, ^„ Vsbnt nn It
there is no such limit as I refer to then I ^^ ™t "P^*
once ; only in that case I would ask Inm toj^f >^'y ™«
on the point by srow ng Oats from -lb lb. one year, to
say 50 rthe next, and 55 lb. the next, and so on. la

936

TnE GABDENERS' CHEONICLE ANT) AGTIlCULTERAL GAZETTE.

[SllPTEKBEE 7, 186?.

his own case " B." failed to maintain his starting point
of 481b., and only a few pases further on (p. 89-1), Mr.
Dalgleish shows that " B." might have been more suc-
cessful had he adopted a lower standard. Of course, as
"B." says, no man of sense would use "any refuse"
for seed, because that would be going to the other
extreme; I expect a farmer following "science with
practice " would no more think of sowing refuse Oats
than he would those weighing 48 lb. per bushel. With
permission I submit the following remarks as bear-
ing on the subject: —

There aj^pears to be a limit set by climate, cultiva-
tion, situation, and local circumstances, to the quality
of the produce of the soil. AU cultivated vegetables
have a tendency to degenerate, but this tendency is
more than counteracted by the cultivation bestowed,
until they arrive at a degree of perfection beyond
which it does not appear possible by any cultivation to
push them; and if this is attempted, a recoil is
induced, and a degree of degeneracy and inferiority in
the produce appears to be inevitable. This is perhaps
particularly the case in annual and biennial plants.
Suppose a very prime sample of "Wheat is presented to
us, such as might induce a farmer or corn factor to
pronounce it one of the best he had ever seen : the
presumption in this case is, that this fine grain grew
on land of the best quality, which was prepared in the
best possible manner for it; that the circumstances
attending its growth, ripening, harvesting, &c., had
been particularly favourable ; and that it had, in fact,
arrived at the utmost perfection which it was capable
of attaining. Now, if this fine grain is used as seed
what will be the result ? of what quality will be the
produce ? Will it not be found to have degenerated—
to he much inferior to the seed used ? Improve it
cannot; that it will remain stationary is just possible,
but that it will go back is almost certain. AYhen grain
is used which has reached the maximum — Wheat
weighing, say 6G lb. per bushel, Barley weighing^ 581b.
per bushel, Oats weighing 48 lb. per bushel— is the
produce reaped equal in quality to the seed sown, or is
it not always a few pounds, and often a considerable
number of pounds, lighter ? The plants appear to be
constitutionally incapable of producing an equal to
that grain from which they sprung, because it had
attained that degree of perfection beyond which it
could not possibly "o, and therefore retrograde it must
for a season ; but liaving now room it will advance
again the following season, if climate, soil, and circum-
stances, are favourable; should these be unfavourable,
it will ( ontinue to retrograde.

If this doctrine is correct, it follows, that to raise a
first-rate article as produce, we must use an article of
lower quality as seed.

Public opinion has hitherto been opposed to using
any but the finest samples of grain for seed, judging
that the finer the seed is, the better is the produce
likely to be ; that, as vegetables incline to degenerate,
the best plan, it is said, is to sow the best seedofthem
which can be got ; avoiding degeneracy, and aiming at
perfection. This would be all very well if the principle
were a correct one, which it evidently is not; if it
were, we should by this time have Had Wheat as large
as Beans. Grain of the weights I have mentioned, or
approaching them, is about the limit fixed by our
climate for their attainment ; and if we sowthem with a
view ol raising a better, or even so goodj we shall find to
our mortification that instead of going forward we
have been going backward. Change of soil and situa-
tion have no doubt an invigorating influence on plants
subjected to them; but no change of soil or situation
can add improvement to a production which has
already attained perfection.

Agricultural societies offers premium for the best
samples of " seed Wheat." Many competitors come
forward with splendid samples, bright, heavy, plump,
and beautiful. The superlative best— if I may so speak
— are selected for the prizes. The superiority in point of
quality being thus settled, it is resolved, before awarding
the premiums, to test the productiveness of the selected
sorts ; and for this purpose several agriculturists receive
a portion of the seed, to sow on their respective farms.
It is sown, reaped, harvested, and threshed, and
by-and-by out comes the judges' report, in something
like the terms foUowing--

" We find the quantity and quality so inferior that
wo cannot recommend the Wheats for the Society's
premiums " — just what was to have been expected.

Is this principle or law confined to the vegetable
world? Byno means. It pervades all Nature, following
it to the lower animals. How happens it that when
wo have a first-rate stud horse or bull the progeny is
not always superior to the sire ? Why is not this race
superior fco the last, and the next to this, and so on ?
simply because Nature has decreed that ^yhen her
productions attain perfection their reproductions shall
degenerate. Stop we at the lower animals? No; go
to man himself, and to his mind and intellect. How
many names illustrious for extraordinary talent in
their various professions could be mentioned— great
men who have passed away, but whose inspiring
mantles have not fallen upon their sons ? C.

NEW ORDER IN COUNCIL.

The following Order in Council, dated the 20th ult.,
has been lately issued :—

PRELIMINARY.

1. This Order may be cited as "The Consolidated Cattle
Plague Order of August, 1867."

2. Except as in this order expressly otherwise provided,
this order shall take effect from and immediately after the
15th day of September, 1867 (which time is in this oi'der
refen-ed to aa the commencement of this Order).

3. The Orders of Council or provisions thereof described in
the first schedule to this Order, Part I., are hereby revoked ;
but this revocation shall not affect the past operation of any
of those Orders, or the validity or invalidity of anything done
or suffered, or any appointment made, or any license granted,
or any right, title, obligation, or liability which may have

accrued thereunder before the commencement of this Order ;
nor shall this order interfere with the institution or prosecu-
tion of any proceeding in respect of any offence committer
against, or any penalty or forfeiture incurred under, any Order
hereby revoked.

4. Nothing in this order shall affect the Orders of Council or
provisions thereof described in the first schedule to this Order,
Part 11. , and the same shall be in force and continue to operate
as if this Order had not been made.

5. Every license for the movement of cattle or for any other
purpose granted before the commencement of this Order by a
local authority or any of their officers on their behalf, or by
any other person authorised to grant the same, and in force
at the commencement of this Order, shall continue in force
thereafter as if this order had not been made, and shall be
available in like manner to all intents, for the purpose for
which it was granted, as if it had been granted under this
Order.

6. Every place which before the commencement of this Order
has been declared to be an infected place, under the Order of
Council of the 24th day of March, 1866, and has not been
declared to be free from cattle plague, shall contmue to be an
infected place after the commencement of this Order, as if this
Order had not been made, subject to the power of the local
authority to declare such place free from cattle plague and
thereby to cause the same to cease to be an infected place ;
and the rules of "The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act,
1867," mth respect to infected places shall, from and after the
commencement of this Order, apply to every such infected
place, iu lieu of the rules in that behalf of the Order in Council
of the 24th day of March, 18G6.

7. Every licence granted by the Privy Council for the
holding of a market, exhibition, or sale before the commence-
ment of this Order, and in force at the commencement thereof,
shall continue in force thereafter as if this Order had not been
made, subject to revocation by the Privy CouncU, and as if
the conditions, provisions, and regulations applicable under
this Order to such market, exhibition, or sale, had been
referred to in such license, instead of the conditions, pro-
visions, and regulations of any former Order in Council
therein refeiTed to.

8. This Order extends to England and W^ales (save as far as
the metropolis is expressly excepted), and to Berwick-upon-
Tweed, and also to Scotland or Ireland where the same is
expressly mentioned, or where any Order revoked by this Order
extended to or affected Scotland or Ireland.

9. In this Order words have the same meaning as in "The
Cattle Diseases Prevention Act, 1866;" the term "foreign
cattle " means cattle brought by sea from any place out of the
United Kingdom; the terra "sale" includes auction; the
term " infected place " means a place dechired such under the
Order of Council of the 24th day of March, 1865, or under
"The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Act, 1867."

OFFICERS, ETC., OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES.

10. Each local aiithority may from time to time appoint
such officers as they think necessary for executing this Order,
and may assign to them such duties and award to them such
.salaries and allowances as the local authority think tit, and
may revoke any such appointment. Officers appointed by
local authorities under Orders relative to cattle plague, and
holding office at the date of this Order, shall continue in office
with the same duties, salaiics, and allowances, and on the
same terms as if this Order had not been made ; nothing
herein shall affect the power of the local authority to revoke
the appointment of any such officer.

11. A local authority may provide and supply, without
charge, piinted copies of documents or forms requisite under
this Order.

12. Every regiilation made by a local authority under this
Order shall (where no other provision is made for the publica-
tion thereof) be published by advertisement in a newspaper
circulating in the district of the local authority.

13. Expenses incurred by the Court of the Lord Mayor and
Aldermen of the City of London (as the local authority for the
City of London and the liberties thereof) in executing this
Order shall be defrayed by them out of the consolidated
sewers rate.

LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

14. A local authority may appear before Justices, or in any
legal proceedings under this Order, by their clerk, or by any
agent authorised by them in writing under the hands of two
of their members. A railway company or other body
corporate may appear before Justices, or in any legal proceed-
ing under this Order, by their secretary, or by any member of
their Board of Directors or Management, or by any agent
authorised by them in wi-iting under the hands of any two
members of such Board.

PEIVY COUNCIL INSPECTORS.

15. A person for the time being appointed by the Privy
Council an inspector for the purposes of this Order shall have,
wherever the operation of this Order extends, aU powers
which an inspector appointed by a local authority has within
his district ; and a direction of the Privy Council shall, in
case of an inspector appointed by them, be deemed equivalent
to a direction of a local authority in case of an inspector
appointed by them.

ANIMALS AFFECTED WITH CATTLE PLAGUE.

16. Every person having in his possession or under his
charge any animal affected with cattle plague shall observe
the following rules :—l. He shall, as far as practicable, keep
such animals separate from animals not so affected. 2. He
shall with all practicable speed give notice to a police
coustiible of the fact of the animal being so affected. Such
police constable shall give notice thereof to the inspector
appointed by the local authority. If any person required by
this article to give notice fails to do so, he shall be deemed
guilty of an offence ag-ainst this Order.

17. The following rules shall have effect with respect to
animals affected with cattle plague and to animals that have
been within 28 days in a shed or stable, or in the same herd
or flock, or in contact with an animal so affected, that is to
gay:_i. No such animal shall be placed or kept on any
common or unenclosed land, or in any field or other place in-
sufficiently fenced. 2. No such animal shall be sent or
brought to a market, exhibition, or sale, or be exposed for
pubhc sale. 3. No such animal shall be driven along or allowed
to stray on any highway or the sides thereof. 4. No such
animal shall be sent or carried by a railway, or by a canal,
river, or other inland navigation, or by a coasting or sea-going
vessel. 5. No such animal shall be removed alive from the
field, stable, cowshed, or other place where it is ; provided
that where such animal is not actually affected mth cattle
plague it may, subject and according to the foregoing pro-
visions of this article, and with a license from the local
authority, be removed thence to some place within the district
of the same local authority, where it can be conveniently
slaughtered, or w'here it can be kept apart from all other
animals untU the local authority are satisfied that there is no
reasonable probability of its propagating cattle plague. If any
animal is dealt with or removed in contravention of this
article, the person so dealing with or removing the animal,
and also the person causing or permitting such dealing there-
with or removal thereof, shall each be deemed guilty of an
offence against this Order.

18. Where an offence is committed with respect to an
animal under Articles 16and 17 of this Order, or eitherof them,
the local authority may by themselves or their officers cause

such animal to be slaughtered and buried, and may recover
from the owner in a summary manner all expenses so incurred.

19. All animals affected with cattle plague, whether they
have been slaughtered or have died of cattle plague, shall be
buried by the owner as soon as practicable in some proper
place, with their skins slashed iu such a manner as to prevent
their being made of any use, and with a sufficient quantity of
quicklime or other disinfectant, and shall be covered with at
least 6 feet of earth, or shall be otherwise disposed of in such
manner as may be directed by any regulations made bj' the
local authority and approved by the Privy Council. If any
animal is not buried or otherwise disposed of in pursuance of
this article, the owner of such animal shall be deemed guilty
of an offence against this Order, and the local authority may
bury or otherwise dispose of such animal, and may use any
convenient place on the premises of the owner for that
pm-pose. The local authority may recover from the owner in
summary manner any expenses incurred by them under this
article.

20. It shall not be lawful for any person, except with the
license of the Privy Council, to dig up, or cause to be dug up,
an animal that was affected with cattle plague, or part of such
an animal. If any person acts in contravention of this article
he shaU be deemed guilty of an offence against this Order.

21. "Where the local authority exercise the power of causing
premises to be cleansed and disinfected, conferred on them by
Section 14 of " The Cattle Diseases Prevention Act, 18G6," the
occupier of such premises shall give all facilities for that
purpose, and if he fails to do so he shall be deemed guilty of
an offence against this Order.

22. No fresh animal shall be admitted into any yard, shed,
stable, field, or other premises in which an animal affected
with cattle plague has been kept while so affected, or has died,
or been slaughtered, until the expiration of 30 days after the
cleansing and disinfecting of such premises. If any fresh
animal is admitted into any yard, shed, stable, field, or other
premises in contravention of this article, the occupier of such
yard, shed, stable, field, or other premises shall be deemed
guilty of an offence against this Order.

23. The dung of an animal affected with cattle plague, and
all hay, straw, or litter, or other article that has been in
contact with or used about such an animal shall be destroyed,
or with the sanction of the local authority shall be disinfected
and dealt with to the satisfaction of the inspector to either
case, by and at the expense of the occui>ier of the premises on
which the same is found. If the same is not so destroyed or
disinfected and dealt with, the local axithority may cause the
same to be destroyed or disinfected, and may recover in a
summary manner all expenses incurred by them from the
occupier of the premises on which the same is found, and in
addition thereto such occupier shall be deemed guilty of an
offence against this Order.

24. No such dung or other article shall be removed from the
premises where an animal affected with cattle plague has been,
except for the purpose of being .so destroyed or disinfected
and dealt with, and with a license of an inspector specifying
the place at which it is to be destroyed or disinfected and
dealt with, nor shall any such dung or other article be removed
beyond the limits of the disti-ict of the local authority in
which such premises are situate without the consent in
writing of the local authority into whose district it is moved.
If the same is removed in contravention of this article, the
occupier of the premises from which it is removed, and also
the person removing the same, shall each be deemed guilty of
an offence against this Order, and the local authority may
cause the same to be destroyed or disinfected, and may recover
from the occupier in a summary manner all expenses incurred
by them.

MARKETS, EXHIBITIONS, AND SALES.

25. No market, fair, exhibition, or sale of cattle shall be
held, except as follows:— 1. Cattle belonging to the owner or
occupier of premises not in an affected place may be sold on
those premises if the cattle are not affected with cattle plague,
and have been on those premises iu possession of the owner or
occupier thereof not less than 28 days immediately before the
sale, 2. Markets, exhibitions, and sales may be held under
licence of the Privy Council. If any cattle are sold, or exposed
or put xip for sale, or exhibited, in contravention of this
article, the seller and the pui-chaser thereof, and the auctioneer
putting the same up for sale, or the person exposing the same
for sale or exhibiting the same, shall each be deemed guilty of
an offence against this Order ; and if any person holds a
market, exhibition, or sale, in contravention of this article, or
fails to comply with any of the conditions, provisions,^ or
regiUations of any license for the holding of a market, exhibi-
tion, or sale, he shall be deemed guilty of an offence against
this Order.

26. Cattle exposed for sale in a market or at a sale, the
holding whereof for the sale of cattle for immediate slaughter
is Ucensed by the Privy Council, may be kept alive for a period
of six days after such exposure, and no longer. If any person
keeps any cattle alive in contravention of this article, he shall
be deemed guilty of an offence against this Order.

MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS.

27. Cattle may be moved in accordance with the provisions
of this Order, but not otherwise.

28. No cattle shall be moved on a highway between sunset
and sunrise in the months of March to September, inclusive, f
or between the hours of 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. in the other months ;
but nothing in this article shall restrict the movement of
cattle within the limits of any city or town.

29. Licences for movement of cattle shall be of three kinds :
— 1. A licence for movement generally, to be called a move-
ment licence. 2. A licence for removal to a licensed market,
exhibition, or sale, to be called a market licence. 3. A Ueence
for removal from a licensed market, exhibition, or sale, to be
called a market pass.

30. The forms in the second schedule to this Order, or forma
to the like effect, signed as in that schedule directed, should be' '\
used in the cases to which they refer, with such variations "■
only as circumstances require, and when used shall be deemed
sufficient.

31. No cattle shall be moved out of the district of a local
authority in which they are, except with a Ueence of the local
authority ; and if that licence is not signed by a justice of the
peace, then there shall also be requisite a licence of the local
authority of the district into which they are to be moved,
indorsed on or referring to such first-mentioned Ueence ; but
such second-mentioned licence, shall be necessary in the case
of movement from lands to other lauds in the same occupation
situate in the district into which the cattle are moved within
500 yards of the boundaiy of the district out of which they are
moved.

32. No cattle shaU be moved within the district of a local
authority without such Ueence as the local authority prescribes
in that behalf ; provided as follows :— 1. The conditions of any
such licence shall not be more strmgent than the conditions of
the licences, forms whereof are given in the second schedule
to this Order. 2. No regulation of a local authority shall
authorise the owner or purchaser of any cattle, or his bailiff or
ai'ent, to consent by his signature or other act to the move-
ment of such cattle. 3. No licence shaU be necessary for
movement withm the district for a distance not exceedmg
500 yards from land to other lands in the same occupation.

33 Each local authority shall, as soon as may be after the
commencement of this Order, send to the Privy CouncU a Ust
of all persons appointed by such local authority to grant
Uceucesfor the movement of cattle, with the addi-esses of such

Septembee 7, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICT.E AND AGRICUETDRAL GAZETTE.

937

peraonH, and shall afterwards from timo to tiino acnd to tho
Rrivy Council notice of any addition to that list within soven
days after such addition is made ; and tho Privy Council may.
If they think fit, at anytime, direct the removal from such
list of tho name of any poraon, and thereupon that person shall
oease to ho authorised to grant any liconco for the movement
of cattlo under this Order.

34. Cattlo may be moved to a market, exhibition, or hhIo,
licensed by the Privy Council, with a market liconco, ur a
market pass, but not otherwise ; and the person bringing any
cattle thereto shall deliver tho licence or paas to an otlicer of
the market, exhibition, or sale, or to somo other person
appointed in that behalf by tho holders of tho market, oxhitn-
tion, or sale, and tho same when so dolivorud shall be retained,
numbered (for identification), and carefully preserved liy such
officer or person, and shall bo produced on demand to an
inspector of tho Privy Council, or an inspector or other officer
of the local authority, or to any polico officer ; and any person
refusing so to produce tho same shall bo deemed guilty of an
offence against this Order. Provided that in case of an exhibi-
tion or sale such a liconco or pass shall not be given except for
movement from places or parts allowed in the licence of the
Privy Council for the holding of the exhibition or sale.

3.*). Cattlo which have been sold or exposed for sale, or
exhibited in or at a licensed market, exhibition, or sale, shall
not bo removed therefrom, except with a market pass, to be
given by an officer of the market, or exhibition, or sale, or
other person appointed in that behaU by the holders of the
market, exhibition, or sale, to tho owner or purchaser
desirous of moving the same.

36. Whore a licence for the movement of Ciittlo has been
granted, and an error is afterwards discovered therein, any
two justices may, by writing under their hands subscribed to
or indorsed on the licence, correct tho error, and thereupon
tho licence shall be and bo deemed to have boon as valid and
effectual as if the error had not been made.

.37. If any cattlo are moved in contravention of any provision
of this Order, tho owner thereof, and tho person directing or
permitting their romoviil, and the company or person removing
Ml' convoying them, shall each be deemed guilty of an offence
;i;,' dnst this Order.

33. Nothing in Articles 27 to 37, inclusive, extends to the
metropolis.

39. Cattle may be removed from Scotland into England with
a movement or market licence, but not otherwise.

40. A local authority may, from time to time, with the view
if preventing the spread of cattle plague, make regulations
1 Inhibiting or regulating the movement of animals on, to,
lioni, and throvigh, and the keeping thereof on, commons and
wastes whereon there exists a right of common, and may
revoke any such regulation. If any person acts in contravention
if any such regulation, ho shall be deemed guilty of an offence
:i_,';tinst this Order.

41. No person shall drive cattle under his charge, or allow
them to be driven, or to stray, into an enclosed field, without
the consent of the" owner or occupier thereof. If any person
afts in contravention of this article he shall be deemed guilty
■ <[ an offence against this Order.

FOREIGN ANIMALS.
i2. Prom and after the 13th day of September, 18G7, foreign
■ittlo shall not bo landed elsewhere than at parts of ports
i'jiiued by special Orders of the Privy Council (made or to be
111 bie) for the several ports as places where foreign cattle may
ii, hiuded, and. notwithstanding anything in this Order, uU
i^giilations relative to the landing of foreign cattlo at any
)">rt ill force at tho commencement of this Order shall remain
ill force until the 1st day of October, 18G7.

4,'>. The owner, consignee, or other person landing foreign
r ittle shall, before or within 12 hours after landing thcni, at
hirf own expense mark them by clipping the hair of the end of
the tail, and in such other manner as the Privy Council from
time to time direct. If any foreign cattle landed are not so
marked the person landing the same, and the owner or con-
sin^nee thereof, shall each be deemed guilty of an offence against
thi,s Order.

44. Notwithstanding anything in this Order respecting
iiiDvement of cattle by licence or otherwise, foreign cattle shall
in.it be moved aUve out of the limits of the defined part of the
]iMrt at which they are landed except as allowed by and in
LLLurdance w-ith the provisions of an Order of the Privy
Cnuncil relating specifically to that port.

i'i. The following cattle are hereby excepted from the opera-
tii.>n of Articles 42, 43, and 44 of this Order, namely, cows
lirought from the Channel Islands or any of them, or from the
I^le of Man, in vessels plying or sailing between those islands
rt;.speetively, or one or any of them, and England, and not
having touched since last leaving England, or one of those
i-slands (as the case requires) at any port or place elsewhere
th:m in one of those islands or in England, and not having on
buard any cattle except cows bom in one of those islands and
nut previously removed from those islands ; and the following
provisions shall apply to such cows : — 1. In order to entitle any
person to the benefit of this article in respect of any cows, the
master of the vessel in or on board of which the same are so
brought, shall, on his arrival in such port or place, deliver to
the person appointed by the local authority of such port or
place for tho purpose, or, in default of such appointment, to
the officers of her Majesty's customs there, a clearance docket
under the hands or hand of the principal officer and controller
of her Majesty's customs at the port or place in one of those
islands from which cows are exported, describing the same as
bondjide the produce of, and as having never previously been
removed or exported out of, the Channel Islands, or one of
them, or tho Isle of Man (as the case may be) ; together with
a certificate in writing imdcr the hand of the governor or
lieutenant-governor of such island, certifying that the shipper
of such cows has made proof before a m.agistratc within such
manner required by the laws relating to the customs, that
such cows are actually the produce of and were born within
the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man (as the ca.se may be),
and have never previously been removed or exported there-
from ; and also a certificate under the hand of somo veterinary
surgeon practising within such island, and countersigned by a,
magistrate having authority within the same, to the effect that
to the best of his knowledge and belief such cows are fi ee from
cattle plague, and from every symptom commonly supposed to
indicate the presence or approach thereof, and from contagious
disease of any kind, and that to the best of his knowledge and
belief cattle plague never has existed and does not at time of
granting such certificate exist in such island. 2. No such
cows shall be removed from such port or place alive without a
certificate from the local authority that they have been
examined by some officer appointed by the local authority for
that purpose, and that they are free from cattle plague.
3, Such certificate shall not exempt such cows from any other
regulation of this Order with respect to the movement of
Cattle or otherwise ; save that the same may be accepted in
the case of a movement licence by the person authorised to
grant the same, as sufficient for the purpose of the granting
thereof, .and in the case of a market licence, by the justice, or
other person authorised to grant the same, as equivalent to
the declaration of the owner or his agent. Provided that the
exception made by this article shall not extend to any such
cowg landed at a part of a port defined as in Article 42 pro-
vided.

4fi. Sheep, goats, and swine brought in the same vessel with
foreign cattle shall be subject to t'le provisions of this Ordtr
respecting foreign cattle.

REMOVAL OF Til DES, WOOL, UORNS, ETC.

47. No hide, skin, hair, wool, horn, or hoof of animals shall
bo carried by or on a highwuy, railway, canal, or river, or
by other mode of conveyance, unless effectually covered. If
any such thing is carried in contravention of this article tho
person sending tho samo and the porsnn conveying tho s-amo
shall each bo doomed guilty of an offence against this Order.

48. The last preceding article shall not apply to the following
things : — 1. Hides, skins, hair, wool, horns, or hoofs imported
into tho United Kingdom from India, Australia, South Africa,
or America. 2. Hidus, skins, hair, wool, horns, hoofs, or glue
pieces that have been effootually limod for manufaeturnig
purposes. But proof that any hide, skin, hair, wool, horn,
hoof, or glue piece is such as to como within any exception
mado by this article shall lio on tho accused.

POWERS AND DUTIES OE OFFICERS RESPECTING
MOVEMENT OF ANIMALS, HIDES, ETC.

40, An officer authorised in this liohalf by a local authority,
or any constable or polico officer, may stop and detain any
animal which is being moved, or which ho has reastmablo
grounds for suspecting is being moved, in contravention of
this Order, and may apprehend, without warrant, tho person
in charge thereof, and bring him before a Jxistico, who shall
inquire into the case in a summary manner, and may, if
satisfied that there aro good grounds for suspecting that such
animal was being moved in contravention of this Order, by
writing under his hand direct tho animal to bo detained, and
tho person in charge thereof to be brought before two Justices
as soon as practicable, and the samo may be done accordingly.
On such person being brought before two Justices they shall
adjudicate on the case in a summary manner, and, if satisfied
that tho animal was being moved in contravention of this
Order may direct it to be slaughtered and buried, or to be
otherwise disposed of as they think most expedient for pre-
venting the spread of cattle plague.

50, Any officer authorised in this behalf by a local authority,
or any constable or police officer, may inspect any railway
truck, cart, boat, or other vehicle used by land or by water, in
which animals, hay, manure, Utter, straw, and other articles
used for or about animals arc usu.ally or at the time of such
inspection carried, and may examine the person in charge
thereof, \vith a view to ascertain whether any animals or
articles are being moved or carried in contravention of this
Order; and such officer may, if he has reasonable grounds for
suspecting that such animals or articles are being moved or
carried in contravention of this Order, apprehend, without
warrant, the person in charge thereof, and bring him before a
Justice, who shall inquire into tho case in a summary manner,
and such Justice, if satisfied that there are good grounds for
suspecting that such animals or articles were being moved or
carried in contravention of this Order, may, by writing under
his hand, direct the same to be detained, and the person in
charge thereof to be brought before two Justices as soon as
practicable, and the same may be done accordingly. On
such person being brought before two Justices, they shall
adjudicate on the case in a summary manner, and if satisfied
that the animals or articles were being moved or carried in
contravention of the Order, may direct the same to be
destroyed or otherwise disposed of as they think most
expedient for preventing the spread of cattle plague.

.51. If any person having charge of any animal or thiny that
is being moved or carried on a highway, railway, canal,
navigation, or river, for the moving whereof a licence is
requisite, is required by an officer of a local authority
.authorised in this behalf, or by a constable or police officer, to
produce the licence (if any) for the moving or carrying of that
animal or thing, and fails to do so, he shall be deemed guilty
of an offence against this Order.

52. Any constable or police or other officer detaining any
animal under this Order shall cause it to he supplied with
requisite food and water during its detention, and any expense
incurred by him in respect thereof may be recovered in a
summary manner from the person in charge of the animal or
from its owner.

53. Any inspector or other officer empowered to can-y this
Order into effect may. if authorised in this behalf by general
or special order in writing of the local authority, enter any
field, stable, cowshed, or other premises within his district,
where he has reasonaljle grounds for .supposing that cattle
affected with cattle plague have been buried or otherwise dis-
posed of, for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions
of this Order. If any person refuses admission to, or obstructs
or impedes, or aids in obstructing or impeding, such inspector
or other officer, he shall be deemed guilty of an offence against
this Order.

CLEANSING AND DISINFECTING OF PENS,
TRUCKS, ETC.

54. Every pen, carriage, truck, horse-box, vehicle, or boat
required to be cleansed and disinfected shall be cleansed and
disinfected once in every 24 hours during the time when it is
used for any animal in manner following :— By sweeping out
and effectually removing all dung, sawdust, or other matter
from the pen, carriage, truck, horse-box. vehicle, or boat, and
then by thoroughly washing the same with water, and then by
applying to the floor and to all parts above the floor of the
pen, carriage, or truck, and to the sides, floor, and ceiling of
the hold of the boat, and to every other part of the boat with
which animals or their droppings come in contact, a coating of
limewash made up by mixing good freshly burnt lime with
water, and containing in each gallon of limewash either
one-fifth of a pint of carbolic acid, or one-fifth of a pint of
cresylic acid, or four ounces of fresh dry chloride of lime, such
limewash to be prepared immediately before use. The sweep-
ings shall be well mixed with quicklime and effectually
removed from contact with animals.

DOGS.

55. A local authority may make such orders as they think
expedient for preventing the propagation of disease by means
of dogs, and may order stray dogs to be destroyed or otherwise
disposed of. _^^^_^^_^^__^—

Home Correspondence.

The Thunderstorm of August 19^A-20^A..— It is very
remarkable that this storm occurred exactly a week
behind a spell of deluging rain in the United States,
from the Maine frontier to the Bocky Mountains.
According to a Washington correspondent to one of
the papers, people began to think about furnishing
steam arks. Railways were washed away, rivers over-
flowed their banks, a vast extent of land was inundated;
great damage to property and to standing crops ensued
everywhere. At Washington 6 inches of water fell
during the 9S hours ending at noon of Sunday, the
18th, the day preceding; the occurrence of the storm in
England. At Albany, inNew York State, and at other
places, the showers were attended by various phenomena
—smallshellsand portions of decomposed tropical plants,
with gelatinous matter, being found in the pools caused
by the rain. In several of the Southern States the
crops were very seriously injured. It is obvious that
the great Atlantic Telegraph might warn us of many

an impending storm by announcing daily tho state of
the weather in America. The consideration of the
following facts will show the utility of this sug-
gestion. Let us suppose, for example, tho northerly
current to be prevailing in America, and tho
southerly ono in Europe; tho latter will have
a tendency to swerve from the point of contact,
and allow the former to encounter it as a north-
west wind. If, on tho other hand, tho northerly
current is in Europe, and the southerly one in America,
tho latter will have a tendency to inipingo on that
from tho north in a more westerly direction than that
of its original course. This elfect will bo caused by the
greater density of the i)olar current in tlie upper
regions of tho atmosphere. If, however, tho polar
current makes too great a resistance, a whirlwind will
be produced in the eriuatorial current in the direc-
tion S., E., N., W. If wo know tho weather
that prevailed in the rest of the globe— as wo
may, certainly, by means of all the telegraphs —
we might prognosticate that which might be expected.
We ought to know, when the barometer is low with us,
whether the cold is intense in America or in Asia. If
in America, then the west winds will bring rain ; if in
Asia, tho e:ist winds will bring cold. Such a matter-of-
fact method would be invaluable to all who are exposed
to loss by sudden storms of wind or rain. A. S.

The Slug Fest is this year in full vigour, especially
in our Clovers, so that there is danger agaiu for our
AVheat plants. They suffered much last season. I
cross-ploughed my Clovers just after harvest, and again
ploughed them for Wheat: so there was no slug; but
on 5 acres of one of the same fields not ploughed twice,
a large portion was slug eaten. As this twice ploughing
appears to be a certain cure, I communicate it for the
beueiit of my brother agriculturists. I suppose tho
drying of the furrow-slice and the Clover within it
starves them to death. The first ploughing should be
early, and in dry weather. The crop was better where
twice ploughed. Liming at night is also beneficial.
An intelligent farmer who visited us lately told the
bailitr that he never suffered from slug. He well
harrowed the Clovers in dry weather with sharp
harrows, which pulled out the slugs from their hiding-
places around the stem of the Clover, and the roller,
following immediately, crushed them. My young
Cabbage plants, after a heavy crop of Tares, were
literally covered with them. With a lanthorn, about
10 P.M., I counted as many as 14 ou a single leaf; so I
sowed about 4 bushels of fresh-slaked lime per acre,
and found them, the next day, as a shrivelled and dried-
up chrysalis. A second dressing was also necessary,
and my 40 ducks early in the morning gorged them-
selves with any escaped slugs. On the dry earth their
trail or track would shine with dried silvery slime.
But for these arrangements our crops would be
partially destroyed. J. J. Mechi, Sept. 4.

The price of Grain and Fidse during the ensuing
year. — The British nation is deeply indebted to the
Agricultural Gazette for the earliest and most trust-
worthy information relative to the harvest and the
prospects of our home grain supplies for the ensuing
year. They are very valuable, and should form a rule
for the guidance of our farniers in their sales of grain.
In the face of such returns it would appear unreason-
able for our farmers to thresh so freely as to overstock
the market even at the present prices. There is every
probability that all kinds of grain will realise very
satisfactory prices throughout the year, and that Wheat
more especially will command a high price. AVe have
already passed over two years of short crops, and this,
the third year, is still less productive than the two
preceding years. The consequence will be very serious
unless ample supplies are forthcoming from foreign
ports, of which there is great doubt. We don't read of
any of the large exporting countries holding stocks, or
bemg blest with an abundant harvest. On the contrary,
all our reports are unsatisfactory. There is no superabun-
dance anywhere. The chief ground for satisfaction
and hope to our consumers is in the knowledge that all
our colonies, and many countries not habitually
exporters, are growing corn for the British market.
This is highly reassuring, but any large supplies from
these sources must not be looked for. Suppose these
new providers can supply us with something like a
million quarters, which is a very high estimate, where
is the remainder to come from ? We imported
in the year 18154, of Wheat, 23,190,793 cwt. ; other corn,
18,793,562 cwt.; Wheat meal and flour, 4,512,391 cwt.
In the year 1805 the imports were, Wheat, 20,962,903
cwt. ; other com, 24i370,164 cwt. ; Wheat meal and
flour, 3,904,471 cwt. In the year 1866 the imports the
first six months were. Wheat, 11,508,076 cwt.; other
corn, 14,284,373 cwt. ; Wheat meal and flour
(six months), 3,134,448 cwt. In the year 1867 the
imports the first six months were, AVheat, 14,448,556
cwt. ; other corn, 13,920,303 cwt. ; Wheat meal
and flour, six months, 1,833,072 cwt. These
figures suffice to show that our imports are
pretty regular: no enormous excess of imports has
been brought forward of late years to swamp our
markets. The high prices of last year induced an
extra import of about 3,000,000 cwt. of Wheat in the
six months ending June 30, as against the corre-
sponding six months in 1866, but there was a fallmg
off of 1,311,376 cwt. of Wheat meal and flour. The
difference is, comparatively, not great for a large import-
ing country like ours. We have, then, these facts:
the two preceding harvests were considerably under
average, the nresent harvest is still more deficient ;
our imports do not keep up with our wants, our popu-
lation is greatly on the mcrease,— what is there to fear,
then, as respects prices ? Our farmers should, therefore,
be cautious and patient. They may, by their hurry
to secure present tempting prices, force down the
market for a time, to their own groat disadvantage, and
for the sole benefit of importers. It is universally
known that a single shilling per quarter diflerence la

938

THE GAPvDENFES' CnEONICLE AND ACrEIClTI.TnilAL G/^ZETTE.

[Septembee 7, 1867.

the price of "Wheat in the British market has its
influence over the whole exporting world. Imrorters
take advantage of this, and if we force down our
market, their orders go forth, and in due time large
importations take place, and keep them down ; or the
other alternative is, that for the first si.x months after
harvest we have depreciated prices, and in the course
of the next six months a considerable advance, as in
the past year. This is chiefly owing to two causes :
ignorance of the country's resources, and over-anxiety
to realise sales of grain, "VVe are this year to be
favoured with agricultural statistics, which, with the
information already before us, will no doubt greatly
enlighten us as to our resources. "We shall also learn
in a short time what other countries have to spare for
us. It would, therefore, be foolish and precipitate,
according to this showing, to force sales. It would be
much better to await the result of our intercourse with
exporting countries, and our own country's returns :
we shall then be in a position to judge as to the right
course to follow. 0. F.

Sarvest of 1867.— I have been very much surprised
this morning on reading your observations on my
letters to the Times on the agricultural crops of 1867.
I think in common fairness you ought to have waited
until you had seen the whole series ol those letters
before you gave your opinion as to their value. If
you had done so, you would not have fallen into the
mistake of accusing me of giving an opinion about the
crops of the whole country when, as you affirm, I had
only seen one side of it. As one of the oldest sup-
porters of, and contributors to, -the Gardeners'
Chronicle, I think I am entitled to ask you to correct
the unfair impression which your remarks are calcu-
lated to convey. S. J. Turner, Richmond, Sept. 2.
[We are not aware of having done Mr. Turner any
injustice. His letter was less serviceable towards the
formation of a sound opinion of this year's produce
than others which he has in previous years sent to the
Times newspaper. If he shall give the result of any
further examination he may have made, we shall be
happy to state the results at which he has arrived.]

Crops in Forfarshire. — "Wheat, average, but quality
doubtful. Barley, average. Oats, over average. Beans,
avei'age. Potatos, average, except on heavy soils.
Eoot crops, good on easy soils, very bad on clays. Hay,
above average. Harvest general the middle of Sep-
tember, consequently all the cereals are in a precai'ious
state. "W^ages, during harvest time, say — scythemen,
25*. per week; bandsters, 20*. do. ; uptakers (women),
18s. do. Prices for cutting Wheat, Barley, and Oats,
per acre, an average of 10s. One bottle of beer for each
hand per day. Mode of harvesting "Wheat, Barley,
and Oats : about one-half by the reaping machine and
half by the scythe. Thos. Smith, West Dreni.

Crops in J^ottinghamshire. — You have made a
mistake in printing my report in your Number of
August 17. Instead of " "Wheat under average, many
ears," it should be " "Wheat under average, many deaf
or blighted ears." Since I last \vrote you, several
farmers have threshed Wheat, but I am sorry to inform
you that the yield is much worse than was estimated
before cutting. I will give you 1lie result of Wheat
threshing on four farms, all well cultivated, and various \
qualities of soil:— A. (very light sandy soil), about
three quarters per acre. 13. (good sand land), about
three quarters per acre. C. (black moor soil), two and
a-half quarters per acre. D. (clay land, of rather
weakish tjuality), two and a-half quarters per acre. I
have not threshed any corn yet. Several farmers com-
plain of finger-and-toe amongst Swedes. Potatos are
bad, diseased. Cabbages and Mangels growing fast.
Charles Doneaster, Biddings Hill. [ We i^hall be very
glad to have the occasional reports which you kindly
offer.]

The Royal Irish Society's National Horse
AND Cattle Shotv.— The animation which prevailed
in the Irish capital during the past week, by reason of
the holding of the great agricultural event in its
central park, has now disappeared, and the site in
which the display came off" is now^ bare. In the hurry
of drawing up his report on Wednesday last (the day of
the^ adjudication on the part of the J udges, whose
decisions in some instances were not fully confirmed
till late in the evening), our correspondent committed
an inaccuracy ; for w'e find that in the horse section
the Croker Challenge Cup was awarded to Eobin
(late Eobin Hood), bred by Baron de Rothschild,
and not to Roman Bee, as previously decided.
The Judges in this department were Henry Thurnall,
G. A. Boy, and Thos. Clayton, Esqrs.

The adjudications in the different departments
having concluded— and which, we are happy to say,
gave general satisfaction — the members of the Society,
its officers and friends, dined together in one of the
halls of the Winter Crystal Palace Exhibition.
The chair was taken by Lord Talbot de Malahide,
President of the Society, who gave " The Health
of his Excellency the Lord-Lieutenant, and Pros-
perity to Ireland," and made a graceful allusion to
the intimate acquaintance with the country which his
Excellency possessed, and the esteem in which he is
held as a landlord.

His Excellency said : I should be doubly unworthy —
unworthy both of the high office which I have now the
honour to hold, and of the national ijosition which I
enjoy as one of the largest proprietors in this country,
if there were any one in this assembly or elsewhere to
whom words could convey a deeper import, or impart
a more thrilling sympathy, than they do to myself,
There have been reasons during the last two years since
you met— reasons both social and political— which
might seem to indicate a possibility that the farming
interests of Ireland might not show so strong a front
as in apparently more favourable years; but I think

that a walk through your showyard and a calculation
of the numbers in your entries will show that such a
presumption was totally unfounded, and that your
Society, after its enforced slumber of two years, has
risen with renewed freshness and vigour to resume its
important functions, whether these functions be to
extend the improvement and progress of agriculture in
your own country^ or to compete in friendly rivalry
with the titled aristocracy of the herds of the sister
kingdom. Gentlemen, with regard to the show of
this morning, I think the display of horses
was pre-eminently good. I believe it is undoubtedly
the best show of horses that has ever been seen in this
country. The Shorthorns also ivere well represented
to-day, especially the yearling heifers, some of which
had considerable merit. I must not omit also the very
great number and variety of implements and machinery,
and I am glad to say that Irish manufactures hold a
prominent place. Gentlemen, I think the evidences
we have seen, both of the success of your Society, and
of the progress of agriculture which it indicates are so
far satisfactory ; but I think it may be useful to go
somewhat more minutely into the ramifications and
details through which the sources of wealth well up to
the prosperity and advantage of nations, before we come
to any accurate conclusion as to what the comparative
state of the prosperity^ of Ireland may be at this
moment. In considering this question we must
not omit to notice the fact that this country has for
two years undergone political disturbances which have
materially affected the outward prosperity of the
country, have looked up his own capital, and diverted
that most easily frightened of all visitors— I mean
external capital — from taking any footing on our
shores.

The Condition oe Ireland.
I confess that, while I have a great dislike to
anything which seems like taking an extravagant or
imaginary view of what may be presumed to be the
prosperity of this country, I hold it to be an evidence
of equal weakness to take a despondent view of tempo-
rary obstructions. Therefore, with your permission,
and even at the risk of somewhat wearying you by a
dry compendium of figures, I will place before your
judgment a true and reliable statement of some of
those details of internal finance and economy, the
reaction of which operates most powerfully upon that
which more immediately concerns your Society — the
agricultural wealth of the country. There is, perhaps,
no more eficctual test of what the comparative state of
prosperity of the agricultural labouring classes may be
than the number of persons receiving Poor-Law
support during the year. We must acknowledge that,
tried by this test, the present season has been one of
unusual distress for the poor, "\^'e find that the year
ending February, 1867, shows the number of 78,000
persons receiving ]?oor-Law relief, both in-door and out-
door ; a greater number than has ever been since 1855,
when it was about the same amount ; while the four
previous years to 1866 only show an average of 73,000.
Nor do we find, as is usual, that as the season advances
there is a proportionate decrease in the numbers, for I
regret to say that on the 4th of August \Ye still find
63,000 persons receiviug Poor- Law relief This is not
altogether a pleasing picture, but there is much to be
said on the reverse side of it. This, it appears, was
caused by an exceptionally severe winter and an
inclement autumn, and not by pei^manent causes. We
have had, from the same cause, to regret a considerable
amount of distress in Connemara, and the Government
have taken means to give employment, as far as lay in
their power, in some districts there, in the hope of
enabling the population there to get through their
difficulties till the harvest, which is of good promise,
shall have further relieved them. And we have done
this with very considerable success, I am happy to
say. But I must remind you that if the number of
persons receiving Poor Law relief has been in this last
year in excess of previous years, yet, as compared with
former years — for example, with 1852 and 1853 — the
amount in the present year is not one-half of that in
those years, and is 40,000 less than in either of the
years 1854 and 1855. We may, therefore, while
acknowledging and regretting a temporary depression,
yet come to the conclusion that the position of the
agricultural labouring classes is more prosperous now
than it was 14 or 15 years ago— namely, in 1853, 1853,
1854, and 1855 ; and we may also confidently hope that
a good harvest may completely reinstate them in their
former amount of comfort. I will now enter upon
some other financial details not altogether connected
with your Society, but yet not less vitally iniportant as
evidences of a country's wealth. If we begin with the
amount of Bank stock in the Bank of Ireland, we find
the return for the half-year ending June, 1867, to
amount to 18,900,000/., being about 170,000/. in excess
of the whole year's returns of 1866. And we also find
thati with the exception of the year 1865, which
was 328,0007. in excess of the present year, the present
year, 1867, is higher than any previous year what-
ever. In another important subject — the deposits in the
Post-office savings banks— we find a progressive increase
since their first establishment in 1803, the amount for
the present year, ending June, 1867, being set down at
280,000?., or 40,000?. more than the whole year's returns
of 1866 ; while we find in every succeeding year since
1862 a progressive increase averaging about 35,000i.
a-year. In another still more important subject —
namely, the amount of deposits in joint-stock banks —
we find that the amount of deposits, or rather the
actual wealth in the hands of the people of this country,
is larger at this moment than it has ever been known
to be before. The return for the half-year ending June,
1867, shows 18,900,000?., being 200,000/, in excess ot the
whole year's returns for 1806, while the year 18G0 is in
excess of 1865 by 1,600,000/^ and in excess ot 1864 by no
less a sum than upwards of 4,000,000?. Nor is this the

only satisfactory result to be deduced from these returns ,
for on going back to a succession of years— from 1844,
when the amount was only 5,500,000?. — we find the
return for the half-year ending in 1837 — certainly the
highest that has ever been made— is 3,000,000/. higher
than any year antecedent to 1864. There is another
return connected with property that may be worth
your notice, as certainly evidencing no decrease of
means in the country — I mean the amount of property
passing under probate and administration. We find for
the year ending February, 1867, the amount set down as
5,0-18,000?., being 1,000,000/. more than the amount in any
four previous years; and by 450,000/. more than in any
previous year whatever, the highest previous amount
being 4,600,000/. in 1853-59. My lords and gentlemen, I
have gone somewhat fully into these details because I
thought it might be interesting to you to know the precise
details of some of these branches of internal finance
and economy ; and with the exception of a depres-
sion in relation to the number of those receiving
Poor-Law relief, we have clear evidence of a larger
amount of wealth existing in 1867 than has ever been
known in the same form in the country before. If,
then, we have this amount of capital in the funds of
the country, why do we hear of stagnation of trade,
and of a certain slackness in commercial proceeds,
and of a certain amount of general depression ? Well
gentlemen, I think that an amount of capital may be
compatible with an indisposition or a mistrust in
applying it. We have evidence of a larger amount in
Bank stock, in joint-stock banks, and in Post-office
savings banks than has ever been known in the country
before. We have also evidence of an indisposition to
apply it in mercantile or speculative projects. I leave
the fact in your hands, premising only that I believe
that while the designs of the insane and mischievous
men who have disturbed the peace of Ireland for the
last two years have been unable to affect the mone-
tary wealth of the country, they have yet been the
means of materially locking up the issues of that
wealth, of diverting it from its natural occupation, and
of paralyzing to a great extent the beneficial effect it
might have had on the progress and advancement of
the country.

Agricultural Statistics.
I will now revert to some subjects more imme-
diately, though perhaps not more vitally, connected
with your Society, The returns for the present
year show no material difference as regards the breed-
ing of stock and cultivation, except in the item of
sheep. We find a small decrease of about 60,000 acres
in the amount of land under rotation of crops, making
altogether a decrease of 500,000 acres of land under
rotation of crops, including about 200,000 of green
crops, since 1800 ; while we find an increase of cattle to
tlie amount of 500,000, and of sheep to no less an
amount thau 1,500,000, of which 500,000 are in the
present year. I find this decrease since 1863. This
large increase in cattle, with a decrease of the winter
means of feeding them, is a subject which, in the
presence of so many more experienced than I am in
agricultural economy, I will not venture to enter
further upon than to say that it is a subject which
appears to be worthy of the serious consideration of
the practical and skilled members of your Society.
Connected with this increase in cattle there is
one point which is undoubtedly highly satisfactory —
namely, the large increase of exported cattle during
the present year as cjmpared with former years. We
find the number of cattle exported during last year to
be 579,000 as compared with 345,000 in 1863, and to go
further back, to 1850, as compared with 195,000. If the
average of the exported cattle be taken at somewhat
less than 15/. per head, which, I am informed bj com-
petent judges, is not much over the mark, we shall
find the difference in the exported value between this
year and 1865 to come really to three millions of
money. In flax we have a decrease in the whole of
Ireland of 10,000 acres ; but if we look into the returns
we shall find the decrease to be wholly confined to
Ulster, while in the rest of Ireland there is a slight
increase of about 500 acres. Now, I question much
whether this decrease in Ulster may not be a very bene-
ficial one, for it is possible that the cotton famine years
may have over-stimulated the growth of Flax iu that
province, and that the present decrease is merely a
return to a more healthy amount of production ; and
I think that a comparison of the number of acres
grown in Ulster last year— namely, 263,000 acres— as
compared with the number of acres grown in 1861,
before the Cotton famine— namely, 147,000-very much
bears out that view of the case. On another highly
important subject — important both to the working
powers of the farming interest and to the wealth of
the whole counrry,— I mean that of emigration, the
returns are comparatively satisfactory. I say compa-
tively, for though we have to regret still the departure
of a large number of our population for Transatlantic
regions, yet the returns of the first six months of the
present year show a palpable decrease from the
eorresDonding returns of last year ; the amount for
the first six months of 1867 being 43,000 persons,
as compared with 66,000 persons in the corre-
sponding months of last year— a decrease ol
18,000, or nearly one-third of the whole amount.

Railway Communication
is yet another subject which has been much discussed in
Ireland during the past year, and which I can hardl.y
omit to mention, I believe the advantages that
a better system of railway traffic would confer
on this country are almost incalcu able. 1
believe that those advantages would be felt down
to the iiettiest trader and the smallest fanner m
the remotest districts, and that a stimulus might then
be nven to enterprise, and capabilities developed which
are°now in their infancy. I might instance among

Septembbb 7, 18(7.1

THE GA'RPENERS' CMONTCLE AKl) AfirxTOTTTTURAL OAZETTR

939

others the sea fisheries of the south and west of
Irelauil, vvhioli I believe might he made a source of
natioimi proUt and emplojmeat, uow nearly thrown
away. The oonsideration which the Governmcut,
looking to this matter, have given this suljjout, has
resulted in tlie detormiuatiou to appoint a committee
of inquiry, which it is confidently hoped may produce
results highly advantageous in this respect. My lords
and gentlemen, I have already trespassed too long upon
your piitieuce, but 1 think the view wo have been able
to take, both of the linancial condition of the country
and of its agricultural progress, has been one of no
despondent nature. It is true that this country has
hceu but just delivered from one of the most insane
and unmeaning attempts at insurrection ever recorded
in history. It is equally true that the consequences
of the attempt are still pressing heavily on the com-
mercial enterprise and spirit of all classes ol' the
community; but while we have this in the back-
ground, wo have yet much that is hopeful in the future.
We have seen that the monetary wealth of tho
country is undamaged, although its application may
have been hindered and delayed. We have also the
cheering fact that, notwithstanding the political dis-
turbance of the last two years and the demoralisation
which might have been expected from it, the amount
of crime, as indicated in the return of indictable
olfences not summarily disposed of, and including
political olfences, is very much less this year than it
has been in previous years, the total amount of cases
for the year ISliU being UOUO, as compared with itSUO in
18IW, and with 10,8110 in 1SI>1. Whatever may be the
misguided feelings of some portions of the population,
^ve cannot but feel that it is highly satisfactory that so
large a diminution should have taken place in general
crime ; and I must pay this just tribute to the Irish
1 ' lople, that whatever may be the errors of some portions
nl them, whatever may have been the crimes which
liiive delaced some portion of the Irish calendar, and
lliat fortunately is but a small one, we have been
spared anything like the cold-blooded atrocities which
Ikivo made Sliellield and some trades' unions hideous
ill the sight of humanity. I rejoice that Ireland, in
llie midst of insurrection, of poverty, and of social
disturbances, has had no reproach of that nature cast
agiiinst her. My lords aud gentlemen, it would ill
become any one to prophecy as to the times before us,
hut I believe that, though some clouds still hang over
the horizon, any storms they engender will pass away
liarmlessly, and that the loyalty of the great bulk of
the people, and a return of good sense even to some
of those who have been misled, will result in that
\i hich all but the enemies of Ireland must wish to see,
the increased ]irosperity of its people, the improved
development of its resources, and a return of social
eoiilideuee and all those advantages which it alone is
able to confer."

Lord Talbot de Malahide, in acknowledging the
iii:ist of his health, which was cordially received,
It terred to tlie character of the show, and observed
iliat they had been placed in peculiar ditliculties in
urUiug good representatives of cattle, and the show
was a manifestation of what could be done by people
\> lio were thrown upon their own resources, aud who
wiTe determined to e.xert themselves to the utmost.
'I'liey were not indebted to England nor any other
etaiiitry for the show of cattle; they were all the
liniduce of Irish soil. His lordship then offered some
remarks on the subject of Irish agriculture, premising
that he would not trench upon the rule which had
kept the Society together — namely, the rule which
prevented them from entering upon political questions.
He proceeded to say : —

I do not conceive that those who are connected
with the landed interests of Ireland have been fairly
and honestly treated. I contend that it is not fair to
assert that there is an antagonism between landlord
and tenant in Ireland. I deny that to be the case. Of
course, among a large community there will he isolated
cases where there may be disagreements, but I contend
that the intercourse between the landlord aud tenant
in Ireland, in the general run of eases, is as friendly as
it is in any other part of the United Kingdom. I am
myself slightly connected with property both in
England and Scotland, and I may fairly say that,
from what I know of tenure in this country, 1 am
sure there are quite as frequent causes of dissen-
sion and misunderstanding in those countries as in
Ireland. I will just mention another matter which
will prove the case, aud which will enable us to
consider the subject. I ask any person who has a prac-
tical knowledge of the three countries— I do not mean
parties who deal in generalities, but those who really
have a knowledge of the countries— to consider whether
it is not more common for tenants to remain in
possession of their farms for centuries and for many
generations in Ireland than is the case in England
or Scotland. I could sayj and any person
acquainted with the countries could tell you,
that it is more common for the whole tenantry
upon an estate to have been the original
tenants for ages than in either England or Scotland. I
do not mean to say that there may not have been hard
cases— and these will occur in all countries— and I do
not mean to say that English or Scotch landlords are
harsh or cruel to their tenants ; but the circumstances
of the countries are such that, from various causes,
there have been more cases of changing of tenantries in
Eii!.;land and Scotland than in this country. The
question, I think, admits of no dispute. I thought it
my duty to urge this point, because the reverse might
be taken for granted if it were not alluded to. I can
say, so far as I am personally concerned, that I never
had the slightest cause of complaint from any of my
tenantry towards myself, and, in fact, I have had more
trouble in attempting to settle disputes between them-
selves than any complaint they could have against me.
t have felt it my duty to enter into this short defence,

particularly of the landlords, as all'ccting the tenantry
of Ireland, aud I do not mean to say that I do not think
that, ill many respects, it wcmld not be advantageous
to both parties if there was a dillbrent system pursued.

Ah Account of the Island of Jer.iei/. By tho Ilev.
P. Falle. Public Library, St. Heller's.
{CiMitiiiucd from p. 917).
Mr. Le Gallais' residence and farm are situated on
the soutliern side of what may bo termed the western
point of the island. This point is mainly composed of
the drift sand we have previously referred to as e.\isting
at places. But towards the south the rocks are high
and very abrupt, beimr generally nearly jierpendicular.
It is owing to this fact, no doubt, that the strip of
cultivatable land which Mr. Le (iallais farms e.xists,
for the sand from tho shore could not ho carried up
these rocks, even had they been exposed to the open
channel, and the drift from tho western and northern
edges of this miniature nouinsula has been blown back-
wards and forwards till it fornied into wavcy mounds,
or in its passage to tho south it became lodged and
sheltered in the rough herbage before it reached the
.southern edge. Nine-tenths of this peninsula is as
poor and sterile as pure sand in a temperate climate
can be found. Eor some distance too, inland, eastward
towards St. Peter's, the soil is not much better,
although it is cultivated. The ripe Wheat as it stood,
as we passed across, was no more than 2 feet high, and
in some instances not more than 18 inches. How little
an acre these crops would yield, our experience would
not enable us to make a satisfactory guess. While this
was so, however, as regards Wheat and other cereals,
there were decent Potatos, Parsnips, Mangels, Carrots,
and "seeds," which are generally composed of that;
soecies of (jlovcr known as " Cow-grass," Pacy, or
Percey's Cirass, aud Italian and natural Grasses. This,
however, is the worst cultivated part of the island — we
refer to the part that borders the sand-drift— but
this is probably because it has not substance or bottom
enough to make anexpenditureof moneyon it profitable.
But as there is clay in the neighbourhood, if this earth
could be found within an easy distance, or by sinking
a pit an easily ascended depth, to adopt the Norfolk
arid Lincolnshire practice of applying 80 or 100 cart
loads per acre would double and treble its present
value. In a case, however, of this description, the
disadvantage of small ownerships is insurmountable,
for there is no money or means to enter into a heavy
work of this kind.

Mr. Le Gallais has a somewhat better soil to deal
with, and it is naturally better sheltered, while belts
of trees and high trimmed fences add increased
security to his crops and cattle, as against the marine
gales. Mr. Le Gallais' main productions are similar
to the small farmer's, viz., heifers and butter. He
engages to send, during tho sitting of the British Par-
liament, 200 lb. of butter per week to a West-End
dairyman. A relay of cows and much skilled manage-
ment are obviously required to admit of this being
done off this high ground without the assistance of any
moist bottom luxurious pasliirage. Artificial feeding
and other means, which we did not inquire into,
have also occasionally most likely to be adopted. But
the management here is as near perfection as anything
we have overseen.

The herd altogether numbers generally between GO
and 70. The object of Mr. Le Gallais is to breed
good and profitable cows in preference to animals that
would take the eye of amateurs, and the owners of
some pedigree cattle which we will not name. Roomy
hind-quarters, straight hacks, and gently tapering long
rumps, of course with light shoulders and long thin
necks, are the leading characteristics at which Mr. Le
Gallais aims. AH such features as arched ribs, and bag
and teats hanging in the well-known best position, are
of course also studied; but in cattle breeding these
points are generally subservient to, or naturally follow,
if the main outline be correct. Another essential
quality in a Jersey cow, Mr. Le Gallais considers, is a
deep yellow or orange-coloured skin, as this is almost
a certain indication of great dairy-serving capabilities.
The first animal which particularly attracted our at-
tention was a tine handsome— from our point of view
— 16 years old cow. She was described as being a very
regular milker, having given about 3 gallons a day
for 9 or 10 months in the year, and yielding from
10 to 13 pounds of butter per week, from her milk
being equal to one-fourth more, or -J gallons of that
given by the generality of cows. This argues in favour
of our previously-expressed opinion, about different
breeds of cows, and greater and smaller quantities
of milk. Her colour was fawn, and the exposed
parts of her skin were of a deep yellow. Here we
venture a question that may be worth further
observations ' and discussion. Does this peculiar
deep colour arise from an unusual amount, and the
particular quality, of exhalations from the skin being
acted on by sun and light? One person's skin becomes
" tanned " by the effect of the sun more than the skin
of other persons, which undoubtedly arises from pecu-
liarity of organisation, and therefore the character of
the cutaneous secretions. This is merely a question
for scientific discussion, and does not lessen the value
of the practical experience which has found, that the
deeper the yellow colour of the skin of a cow is the
richer is her milk. Another very attractive cow is of,
as we termed it, a silver fawn colour ; she cost 20^ as
a two-year-old. This is a colour which is very rarely
bred, and for this reason the novelty-loving Americans
will give almost any price for an animal with this
shade of hair. Mr. Le Gallais has two or three other
young animals with coats which nearly approach it,
and with these means he intends doing what he can to
reproduce and establish a race of this colour. The 2d

prize heifer of tho ,)orsey Agricultural Society was
among tho rest, and a more perfect animal in form we
have seldom seen. Indeed all the cows we saw were
ailiuiraldo; II) were tethered in one' field, 'J iu the
next ; and tho two's and three's in iiaddncks near by
made up tho usual stock. Their fonu was everything
that could be desired, and tho rich colour of their bags
not to be surjiasscd.

Of the tethering system as hero soon, wo need only
say that the fields behind tlio cows looked as if they
had been regularly mown in quantities for a daily
supply of food fur stalled animals. The great economy
of this system cannot bo quc-sl-ioned, while the cows,
which have never known any other mode of life, are
always easy, comfortable, and cheerful in appearance.

Tlie young stock were all housed in the heat of the
day; eight heifer calves and seven hulls, seven or eight
months old, being iu two houses, and all of them most
promising for size and form. Their colour, however,
seemed so different to tho older cows that we could
not do less t-hiin ask a question or two respecting it,
when Mr. Le Gallais informed us that they change
colour so much when about a twelvemonth olil, that
till then it was iiuiiossible to toll what it would be.
Thus these bovincs have a siugularity similar iu this
respect to foals.

Of fertilisers, guano has been used pretty consider-
ably, in addition to Seaweed, but superphosphate has
not been much patronised. This year, however,
Mr. Le Gallais has applied a ton as an exiieriment, but
the crops are not sulheieutly advanced to admit of a
fair conclusion. Carrots and Mangels are admirably
kept, the latter crop being the finest, perhaps, that we
have ever seen. In a usual way in the island Carrots
and Parsnips are grown together, by way of taking a
double chance; an occasional row of Beans is often
' added ; and if the two former roots miss, each
open patch is filled in with Mangels, which often
happens, and therefore these patches have a singular
\ appearance. Mr. Le Gallais, however, has this year
t been successful— as his skilled practice would usually
be-in securing full plants, aud his green crops would
do credit to the farm of any man. This practice
I undoubtedly, as in other cases, is the base of his
general success. Guano is now used instead of Sea-
weed for early Potatos, as their long-keeping qualities
are of no consequence.
1 Mr. Le Eeuvre, of Les Niemes, St. Peter's, farms
; about 30 acres. This is about 3 miles east, we believe,
from Mr. Le Gallais, and 5 miles north-west from
St. Heller's. The soil varies here from sound mixed
qualities to deep and loamy strata. Its value to rent is
from 5/. to 6/. per acre.

The usual number of cows kept on this farm is seven.
Mr. Le Feuvre has taken great care in securing well-
bred animals, aud his present stock is of a first-class
character. Where they are all good it would be super-
fluous to particularise. The seven cows this year had
all heifer calves, and very beautiful fawn-like creatures
they are. As we saw them they were all tied to rings
in the wall of a cool building, neatly bedded down with
straw, and as they lay chewing their cud, or stood
eating a pinch of green fodder, they were a picture of
animal comfort and contentment. These little creatures
are tethered out in suitable places and at suitable times.
, Here there are some low cool slips of pasturage at the
I bottom of a dell, formed of rock and debris, on which
are growing Heather, Perns, and other wild jilants, and
I au occasional clump of trees. According to British
notions, these would have been calf-weaning places to
perfection, but the feed of them is reserved for year-
lings. Calves are never turned out in such a place, for
the cool rill which runs at the bottom, aud forms an im-
portant element in the comfort of the dell, is con-
sidered to be dangerous to calves or very young
animals, on the ground that they have no discretion in
drinking, and frequently injure themselves by taking
too much. These young animals have a regular
allowance of drink when the quantity of milk they
' have is not considered sufficient. Thus scouring is
' preveutedj and "pot-bellies" are seldom seen. While
we were inspecting these animals a commission agent
called and purchased a two-year-old heifer, which was
within a few weeks of calving. The price was 151.
! This is a large as well as quick return. She was very
handsome, and promising as a milker, so far as form of
bag was an indication, but she was very small, not
' for the Jersery breed, but for the price. She was
bought for taking to the mail boat for Southampton
at 6. 15 the next morning ; thus with commissions,
passage money, keep, and the profit of the Loudon
dealer, she would not probably be placed in a gentle-
man's family under, or not much under, 201.

We have omitted to say that all the male calves,
excepting the few required for bulls, are disposed of as
quickly as possible, and generally between a month and
six weeks of age, when they would make small, and
what Londoners would look upon as very poor, veal.
Butter is more profitable than veal. Peediug anything
for the butcher, excepting pigs, as we have said, is
now almost unknown in Jersey. After learning the
above prices for two-year-old heifers, which require no
more food than a couple of good store sheep, and not
so much as is given to one Lincoln, Cotswold, and
Shropshire ram, our own graziers and stall-feeders will
not be in the least disposed to raise a question as to
which is the more profitable— rearing in-calf heifers or
fatting steers. Excepting the few barren cows and
heifers that may happen, all the animals required by
the Jersey butchers are brought over from the
French ports, which trade is indicated in the pre-
viousiy given Tabfe of Imports. .

Some excellent Wheat was just ripening off on this
farm when we were there, that time benig July
the 31st. A field of Chidham Wheat was very fine, the
yield of which Iilr. Le Feuvre estimated at 5 quarters
to the acre ; and if the yield, according to straw, be
similar to the produce of English fields, we should say

940

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Sbptembee 7, 1867.

this was not an over-estimate. The value of straw
here is high, in consequence of green crops, and what
we should term market gardening, being thought more
of than ^rowinp; cereals ; Wheat straw now makes the
usual price of 3/. 10s. per ton, so that an aero of Wheat,
taking straw and corn, would generally be worth 151. to
161. Now it is worth 201., if of a fair average. Mr. Le
Feuvre's acres of Wheat referred to, would of course be
worth far more at present prices.

Potatos we have said are an important crop in
Jersey, A small portion of each man's land only can,
however, be thus cropped. As it is, the Potato harvest
imposes night and day work on nearly all hands. There
are fertilising considerations also, as well as the feed
for the profitable cows and heifers. We make these
relations preliminary to an extraordinary statement.
From a piece of land, in size barely an acre, and which
is a steep side-hill at the head of the dell previously
mentioned, Mr. Le Feuvre took up Potatos enough
this year to clear him 125^. Much of this, of course,
was incidentally owing to the fact that a snow storm
occurred in England on the Derby day, and the pre-
ceding nights being cold enough to cut most of our
forward Potatos nearly close to the ground. Never-
theless, this was a great crop for a piece of land that
was a few years ago a side-hill of what we should call
" heath " or common." The main fertiliser used was
guano. A full crop of white Turnips is now growing.

Potatos usually vary from 501. to 801. per acre,
according to the soil and the manner in which it is
cultured and dressed. The quantity grown by each
occupier is, as far as we could judge, about a twentieth
of his arable land. These of course would be disposed
of for the London market, and the bulk of the supply
for consumption in the island is obtained, like the
butcher's meat, from the ports of Normandy and
Brittany.

We have some more general remarks to make, and
arguments to use, on such topics as machinery, popu-
lation, national interests, the general appearance of the
Jersey people, &c., but as the above notes have extended
far beyond the space we thought they would, we will
reserve these till after we have given our observations
on the other islands. As the agricultural and horti-
cultural practices and the social habits and position of
the people are similar in all the Channel Islands, this
plan of a general review and summary in the form of a
concluding article will save both time and space, and,
we trust, fully meet the wishes of the readers of the
Chronicle and Gazette.

Farm Memoranda.

_ Mebsb or Berwickshike: .inff, .31. — Harvest
time draws near, and the weather continues more
favourable to the growth of Turnips than to the
ripening of corn. The rainfall scarce exceeds an iuch,
but it has been ])retty constant, and the sun rarely
visible. Reaping has begun with the light crops of
Barley in the How of the Merse," where alone
fine quality can be looked for. Our stronger
crops are badly laid and twisted ; much that has been
flat since the middle of last month will yield little but
light grain, and the best is very unequal, but wo must
take it as it is within a week's time. Our richer
hollows of Wheat are in a similar condition, liable
to the depredations of pigeons, wild and tame,
but the general crop is standing fairly, and will come
forward when we are ready for it. Oats are yet as
green as Leeks, but will not be such a very light crop
as was expected. Swedes are very good, and even
Turnips are beginning to spread a little, though it is
much too late for anything like a crop. We have a
considerable piece with only a plant here and there ;
and side by side a splendid crop of Vetches. These are
beingconsumed where they growby lambs, to the manifest
advantage of the stock ; and, grown without manure
or labour, will probably make the land as fit for Wheat
as the adjoining break, where heavy work and manure
have produced nothing. This seems a good plan for
clay lands, but will not do unless they are perfectly
clean to begin with. This is now the third deficient
Turnip crop in succession : and the enforced use of
cake and corn spoils our Barley following, besides
swallowing up all profits. The Potato disease is
general. /. T.

Fahming near Cincinnati.— We visited Mr. J'
T. Warder, who has a farm of about COO acres but a
short distance from the town. The soil about here
rests on a limestone formation, and generally possesses
excellent drainage, owing to the gravelly subsoil
beneath. The bottom lands along the creek, which
are sometimes kept year after year in Indian Corn,
Mr. Warder prefers for pasturage. Kentucky Blue
Grass is natural everywhere here, and the longer the
sod is undisturbed, the better apparently the return.
The rotation adopted on the ploughed land is to turn
over the sod for corn, which is followed by Wheat,
and then seeded to Clover and Timothy, and either
mowed or grazed for two years. There are four fields of
70 or 80 acres each, subject to this system as a general
rule.

In putting in Wheat on corn ground in the fall, it
is not the custom, as in the vicinity of Frederick (Md.),
to leave the entire length of the strips of land occupied
by the corn shocks, without seeding them— the drills
here being run close up to and between the shocks.
Mr. Warden would not recommend following corn
with Wheat on thin land, but for his rich soil finds it
not only less expensive, but actually more productive,
than when a fallow year is made to intervene between
the two grain crops. In about 30 years he has lost
four Wheat crops — in two instances from rust, and
twice from freezing out. The crop of 186(3 was a total
failure, from the latter cause, through almost the
whole of this part of Ohio. Owing to unusual circum-
stances, Mr. W. happened to have an area in Wheat

exceptionally large, and on 175 acres he did not out a
single sheaf! Land, labour, and seed were a total loss.
The three largest Wheat crops recorded in his books
averaged respectively 31, 33, and 37 bushels per acre,
and he estimates the average of aU seasons, good and
bad, at 20 bushels.

In putting in the Wheat, the land is harrowed
across the corn rows to level them, and the seed drilled
in. A man and team will either harrow or drill

8 acres a day. Allowing 3 dollars per day as the cost of
each, this area can thus be put in for 6 dollars, or at
the rate of 75 cents per acre, while in the case of a
fallow there is the loss of one year's use of the land,
and it takes about 5 dollars per acre to cover the two
ploughings and harrowings then required, and cost of
drilling. The cultivation given to corn is an excellent
preparation for Wheat, and all the crops Mr. W. has
made of over 30 bushels per acre have been obtained
in this way. The Wheat is quite frequently ploughed
in with the shovel plough and with good success, but
drillingis preferable.

Mr. Warder plants Indian corn in rows, in prefer-
ence to hills — putting large corn 4i feet apart, and

9 to 12 inches in the row; and the small variety
3J feet, and 3 to 7 inches in the row. This gives a
larger number of stalks than when grown in hills, and
the ears are also more numerous. They are, perhaps,
smaller in size, but Mr. W. is convinced that tbe
quantity of grain is considerably greater. The average
of his corn crop is about 60 bushels per acre, one year
with another, but there are few years when a single
acre could not be selected somewhere in his fields,
which would yield 100 bushels ! With most of the
farmers of this part of Ohio, Wheat is rather the main
dependance as the source of income, though there are
many who turn their crops into stock of one kind or
another. Thus, in the eastern part of the county
(Clarke) there is a large wool interest, and many
valuable flocks of fine-woolled sheep. Others feed hogs,
and others still graze beef cattle.

Mr. Warder has long been engaged with another
class of domestic animals— the mule — and in this
respect his practice is not very common in Southern
Ohio. He has had some valuable Jacks himself, and
has encouraged the breeding of mules among those
who chance to have mares suitable for the purpose.
He has been in the habit of buying six months old
mule colts at from 50 dols. to 60 dols per head, which is
more than any other ordinary stock would be worth at
that age, and therefore gives a good return to the
breeders. He purchases say from 50 to 75 per year
(and they cost, on the average, 52 dollars each in 1865),
and 57 dollars in 1866), at weaning time— about
October 1st. They are fed a little more than two years,
going off in the months of December and January.
Last year the sales made averaged iu the vicinity of 150
dollars per head, which, on the price paid for the animal,
would be equal to a return of nearly 4 dollars per
head per month, for the time they were in hand, and it
is not likely that the corn and Grass they consume
could be turned to much better account in any other
way. The risk of life among them is found very
small — not over 1 per cent. Just now the market is
dull, and the prospect is that a lower price will rule for
the next sales. But such oscillations are not un-
common in any branch of enterprise.

Mr. W. buys nearly all the mule colts raised about
him, and sometimes a good many from a distance, and,
as I said, can annually fit^ 60 or 70 very nicely for
market without straining his land. He sometimes has
had 250 or 300 on hand at a time, and at others has
kept considerable other stock to make up for a short
number in the mule barn. Last year 130 mules and
too hogs were wintered wholly on the product of
65 acres of Indiin Corn, and they had it before them
all the time. The foddering season is usually about
five months in length.

The principal mule barn is 75 by 80 feet, and the
corn is fed from the shocks, unhusked, in troughs
5 feet wide and IS inches deep, raised a proper height
from the ground. There is very little waste of the
corn, and both fodder and ears are eaten closely.
Wheat straw, of which they are also fond, is supplied
in liberal quantities, and used as a bedding and
absorbent. The barn referred to will accommodate
about 100, and may require a fresh supply of straw
under foot every third day — or often enough, at least,
to keep them dry and comfortable. There is never
any trouble from the heating of the manure, as it thus
accumulates during the winter, nor does it emit an
unpleasant odour, or in any way affect the health of
the animals. By spring the quantity thus made will
be very great, averaging probably 18 or 20 inches in
depth over the whole, and very compactly packed.
Last year, as there was no Wheat to make straw, saw-
dust was used as a substitute with good satisfaction.

Mr. Warder hauls out from 350 to 450 four-horse
loads of manure a year, on to the farm. This is a very
expensive job, and he does not observe that the ex-
pense is counterbalanced by an apparent gain in the
crop, taking any single year into the account. But he
is obliged to confess that the farm is getting into better
heart all the time, and that its productive capacity, on
the whole, was never so great as at present. The
manure is carried out from the barns on to the wheat
stubbles as rapidly as possible after harvest, giving
a heavy dressing over from 30 to 50 acres of the
higher and most clayey knolls— stimulating and pro-
tecting the young grass, and acting as a mulch for the
next season. And though it is thus liberally applied
(for Mr. W. does not believe in what is called a " lick
and a promise," but carries out thoroughly what he
undertakes at all), it is quite impossible, he finds, to
distinguish manured spots from the rest of the land,
when it comes to be put in corn and Wheat, from any
difference iu the apparent growth and promise of the
whole. Careful comparison, however, convinces him
that there is some difterence in the number of ears

and the thickness of heads, and in actual quantity and
quality of grain.

The hog farmers generally divide up their stock in
lots according to condition, giving the fattest ones the
first choice. They are fed in the corn-field, confined
to five or ten acres of it at once, and when the best have
had their pick, a poorer lot foUovvs as gleaners, and so
on. It is computed that a bushel of corn adds 81b.
to the weight of the animal, though possibly careful
feeders, who husk the corn and pen the hogs, may make
101b. But this mode of feeding the corn without
husking to any stock is more economical than it would
be to spare less labour and more corn — except when
there is an unusual scarcity, and the price gets above
say one dollar a bushel.

More is got out of an acre of Indian corn for the food
of stock than can be obtained in any other way. A
comparison with hay Mr. W. thought to be much to
the disadvantage of the latter, and he considers it the
most expensive food he raises, though he says that with
the modern improvements in mowing and stowing
away by machinery, he can make hay at a cost of not
over a doUar a ton for the labour required. He can
obtain from land, which would average a ton and a
half, an average of the same weight of corn fodder,
with 60 bushels of the grain into the bargain — and he
thinks corn fodder well cured worth as much, weight
for weight, as the hay is for his stock. He, therefore,
uses most of his Grass land for pasturage, cuts only 30
or 40 acres of hay, and depends on corn fodder, straw,
and grain for other feeding materials in winter. Ali(my
( U. S.) Country Gentleman.

Miscellane ous.

r

Game Laws. — The following form of a petition was
recently sent to the Editor of SelUs Messenger : " To
the Honourable the House of Commons in Parliament
assembled. The humble petition of the undersigned
tenant farmers and others showeth, That the game
laws, as at present constituted, are detrimental to the
interests of the country, morally, socially, and mate-
rially. Morally ; Because the encouragement they give
to the excessive preservation of game interferes with
the employment of labour in the proper cultivation of
the soil, and thus constant temptation, held out to
enforced idleness, leads on to crime. Socially : Because
this excessive preservation of game engendered by the
game laws breeds discontent where good will would
otherwise prevail, disturbs the relation between land-
lord and tenant ; in short, separates at heart one class
from another. Materially : Because, under the influ-
ence of these laws men reap not where they sow, and
sow not where, under other circumstances, they might
reap. Your petitioneis, therefore, deeply impressed
with the necessity of a legislative remedy for these
evils, humbly importune your honourable House to
pass a law which thall have the etl'cct of removing
hares and rabbits out of the category of game, and of
securing to the tenant farmers, on lands they occupy,
the entire control over such animals. And your
petitioners will ever pray," &c. &c.

Dog Law. — The law was that whenever any injury
was done by a dog it was necessary to prove " culpa"
by showing what was called a" scienter," or knowledge,
on the part of the owner, of the bad disposition ol the
dog. Thus, in the case of " Fleming v. Orr," in the
House of Lords, it was held that the owner of a fox-
hound which had killed 18 sheep was not liable to
damages, because there was no culpa on the part of
Major Orr. Lord Cockburn had ridiculed the rule of
the English Court which gave a dog the privilege, once
in its life, to worry a flock of sheep ; but the House of
Lords held that the rule in England and Scotland was
the same. A similar rule prevailed in Ireland. Then
came the Act of the 2oth and 26th of A^ictoria, cap. 59,,
in 1862, making the owner of every dog iu Ireland
liable in damages " for injury done to any sheep by his
dog," aud that "' it shall not be necessary for the party
seeking damages to show a previous mischievous pro-
pensity, or the owner's knowledge of such propensity,
or that the injury was attributed to neglect on the part
of the owner." In 1863 the Act of the 26th and 27th
of Victoria, cap. 100, was passed, which enacts that in
any action brought in Scotland against the owner of a
dog for damages on account of in j ury done by such dog
to "any sheep or cattle" it shall not be necessary to
prove a previous propensity in such dog to injure " sheep
or cattle." So the Act for Scotland goes a little further
than the Act for Ireland. In 1865 the 28th and 29th
of Victoria, cap. 60, was passed .making the owner of
every dog in England liable in damages for in.iury
done to sheep or cattle," without showing a previous
mischievous propensity on the part of the dog or
neglect on the part of the owner. In 1866 a Bill passed
the House of Commons making the owners of dogs liable
on account of injury to human beings, without proving
the mischievous propensity of the dog. It was opposed
by Lord Crann orth in the House of Lords, and on a
division 37 voted against going into Committee on the
Bill, and 14 in favour. The Marquis of Clanricarde is
reported to have said — " The learned Lord would not
think so lightly of this subject had a child of his been
worried by a savage dog." Now, this very evening I
saw a child bleeding from a severe bite on the nose from
a dog that had attacked it Tlae dog was one of those
numerous ones which are permitted to prowl about,
and which the owners do not think it to be necessary
to keep on their own premises. Not very long since a i
dog bit on the thigh a labourer who works occasionally ,
for me, and the bite caused a very large abscess to form. '
He had to submit to two severe surgical operations.
The surgical attendance was costly, and for 14 weeks he
was unable to earn wages. He could prove no scienter
against the dog's owner, who neither inquired after
him nor gave him relief of a farthing. Shortly after-
wards, in a town not far off, a woman was suiTering
i^rom an abscess in the ankle-joint from the bite of a

September 7, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

941

lid" Tlieso persons would have been thankful to have
lurii proli'cleJ as if they wore Irish " sheep," or Enslish
aii.l Siotch "sheep and cattle." T. F. (Aug. 26), h: Timrs.
Ca/tle riaiiues.—Vrnl'essor GamKeo, in the course of
a recent address before the Liverpool Veterinarj
Medical Association, adverted to the cattle plague, and
remarked that it had somewhat changed the ideas
entertained both by the public and the Legislature.
When the first statistics regarding the ravages of
disease amongst cattle appeared in print, there was a
perfect storm of indignation at the supposed exaggerated
nature of the statements. It was thought impossible
that the value of horned stock alone lost in si.\ years
ending in IHCiO, amounted to 2.5,931,650?., and of this
about 12,000,0110/. sterling had been sweptoff by pleuro-
i.ui'umonia. Including the losses amongst sheep and
pigs with those of cattle, we suU'ered to the extent of
0,000,000/. sterling per annum, and, in addition to this
direct money loss, we had a deterioration of stock, the
export of capital, and last, though not least, a manifest
prejudicial influence on human health. It wa.s the
duty of the Association to prove that under a proper
organisation, and acting under their advice, three or
four millions sterling could be saved to the country
every year. Thousands of acres of land could
be rendered fruitful which were now lying
waste; animal life could be economised so as
to render this country quite independent of the
importation of live cattle from abroad ; and a system
could be devised whereby a national and unrestricted
free trade in animal produce, rather than in the
animals themselves, could be inaugurated and sus
taincd. AVhat had been the position of veterinarians
sinro the cattle plague appeared in 1863 ? Every sugges-
iHniniado for years back had been slowly but surely
adopted. He hoped it would be asked in Parliament
why so little information concerning the existence of
many diseases among cattle had not been laid at this
inijiortant period before the House of Commons. He
lin|)ed it would be asked what investigations had been
made to confirm or refute the statements which had
been made that pleuro-pneumonia in cattle could be
prevented by inoculation. As a good work could never
bo commenced too soon, he proposed recommendations
should be sent to the Government from that meeting
which could not in llie public interests pass unheeded.
Let the recommeudatious go forth as emanating from
a profession which might have done much, perhaps
more directly than any other, for the pressing wants of
a '.jreat comnuuiity, had it been aided and encouraged,
instead of being assailed at all hands as incompetent
and weak. The time had come when the profession
sluiuid (lemonstrale that the accumulated experience
111' ages eiinljled veterinarians to discharge with effect
llie important duties which devolved on them. In
conclusion, ho asked those present to vindicate the
position of their calling amongst the learned profes-
sions, and to work incessantly as men of science
entrusted with a high commission.

good fare to store stock ; but for fattening animals the
provident farmer will endeavour to have an adequate
portion of his Turnip crop fit for use early in this
month, knowing that meagre pastures and chi My dews
will soon take from his bullocks what they had pre-
viously gained. Uncompleted harvest work will pro-
bably hinder their immcdiato removal to the feeding
yards; and so it will be well to give asupply of aurnins
daily on the pasture, taking care to spread them thinly
and regularly over it. Feeding sheep, for like reasons,
should share the same treatment. Hoggets vvi 1 ho
much the better for getting some aftermath or Clover
stubbles to keep thorn growing, and prepare them for
going on to Turnips. Coleseed suits admirably lor
this purpose; and some farmers provide it by
growing it, mixed with the Turnips, on the piece
which they intend to use first. The cast ewes are
usually disposed of now. As much depends on using
good rams, care must be taken to select them in time
from flocks of known purity.

Notices to Correspondents.

Agricultural Imports i.s the Seven Months ended July 31,

18(i6, AND 1807 : it.

Quantities Imported.

Calendar of Operations.

.September, — The work of autumn cultivation is
proceeding. The cultivator, drawn by horses or by
steam, is busily at work, and light lands are getting
cleaned, and clays are getting aerated and fertilised for
next year's growth. The work of cultivation will
proceed also for autumn sowing ; Bean and Clover
stubbles are being ploughed for Wheat, and other
stubbles for Beans or winter Tares and fallow. Lime
may be properly applied now where it is desired, on
the stubbles, broadcast, at the rate of from 50 to
150 bushels per acre. Marl, and chalk and clay, may
be hauled out this month on land where it is intended
to apply them. Manure, too, may be carried out to
the lands intended for Wheat. It is a good plan in
districts where the harvest is early and autumn moist,
and where weeds thus have time and opportunity to
grow, to pare the stubbles, harrow them well, gather
tie rubbish together, and burn it.

Clover for seed will be ready to cut towards the end
of this month. The ploughing of Clover lea for Wheat
may be proceeded with this month. AVheat and
winter Beans should be threshed out in September for
seed. Fallow Wheat may be sown towards the end of
the month. The earliest portion of winter Tares
should be sown some time in September : and JRi/e should
be sown in the commencement of it— both upon some
corn stubble that has been prepared for them. Italian
Eye-grass, too, may be sown this month.

Canary Seed will be ready for the sickle generally
after Wheat harvest. It should be cut as soon as the
top ears are ripe : and it may be laid in handfuls on
the land till all are equally ripe ; and then bound in
sheaves, and carried to the rick.

Hemp. — The leaves are withering, and the seed
capsules are getting brown. The whole crop is now
pulled, tied in bunches, and set up on end to dry :
the sheaves are then threshed to separate the seed, and
they are then carried to the steeping pool, and in a few
days removed to a field, in which dewretting Is carried
on for some weeks.

Ri/e, of the winter sort, may be sown 3 or 4 bushels
per acre, broadcast, on a corn'stubble, which has been
prepared by ploughing and harrowing; and the crop
will be ready for use early in June.

Muxiard may be harvested this month ; reaped, tied
in sheaves, and left in the field for a few days, till ready
for carrying.

Grass Lands. — All pastures will require still further
thinning; breeding ewes and ordinary grazing sheep
may be put on stubbles, and as many fields as possible
laid in, ready for them when put to ram ; this being an
important matter respecting the fall of lambs, as good
keeping, at thisseason, is essential both for rams and ewes.
Care should be taken that all rough Grass be eaten off.

Lh'e Stock. — This may be called the transition month
with the grazier. The pastures will still afford tolerably

I. Artidei Free of Duty.

Animals, living — Oxen, Bulls, and

Cowa No.

Cllvea . . . . . . . • „

Sheep and Lambs .. .. ,,

Swine and Hogs ,

JBones burnt or not, or as animal
ch.arco.al tons

Flax and Tow or Cedilla of Flax —

From Russia cwt.

Holtand

Bel^um .. .. .. .. ,,

Other Countries .. .. ,,

Guano, from West Coast of Africa, tons

United States ,

Peru ,,

Bolivia . . . . . . . . „

British West India Islands .. ,,
Olher Countries . . . . ,,

Hemp and Tow or Codilla of Hemp—

From Itussia cwt.

Vcnetia .. .. .. .. ,,

lllyria, Croatia, and Dalmatia ,,
British India . . . . . . ,,

Philippine Islands ,

Other Countries .. .. ,,

China Grass . . . . . . „

Jute and substances of the nature of
Hemp . .

Hides, untanned— Dry— From British
India .. ,. .. .. ,,

Other Countries

"Wet — From Argentine Confedera-
tion and Uruguay .. .. ,,

Brazil . . „

Austr.alia . . . . . . . . , ,

Other Countries .. .. ,,

Tanned, Tawed, Curried, or Dressed
(except Russia) . . . . lb.

Hops cwt.

Oil Seed Cakes tons

Potatos cwt.

Provisions — Bacon and Hams . . ,,

Beef, salt ,

Pork, salt

Butter .. .. .. .. ,,

Cheese

1868.

No.
cwt.

tons
cwt.
qrs.

cwt.

L.ard

Saltpetre

Cubic Nitre
Seeds— Cotton

Clover

Flaxseed and Linseed

Rape

Tallow— From Russia

Australia . .

South America . .

Other Countries

Tai- lasts

Timber and wood, sawn or split . . loads

Staves, not exceeding 72 inches
long

Timber or wood, not sawn or split ,,
Wool, Sheep and Lambs' — From

Europe . . . . . . . . lb.

British Possessions in South Africa „

British India ,,,

Australia.. „

Other Countries

Alpaca and the Llama Tribe ,,

Ye,ast, dried . . . . . . cwt.

II. Articles Subject to Duty.

Com— Wheat— From Russia .. ,,

Denmark.. .. .. .. ,,

Prussia ..

Schlcswig, Holstein, & Lauenburg ,,
Mecklenburg .. .. .. „

Hiinse Towns

France .. .. .. .. ,,

Turkey and Wallachia & Moldavia ,,

Egypt „

United States „

British North America . . ,,

Other Countries ,

Barley ,

Oats

Peas . . . . . . . . . . ,,

Beans .. .. .. .. ,,

Indian Corn, or Maize . . . . ,,

Wheatmeal and Flour — From Hanse

Towns

France

United States . .
Briti.sh North America
Other Countries
Indian Com Meal . .

86,177

10,957

472,546

33,""

43,633

506,106
43,4.S3
86,122
5.5,644
580
1,.330
64,611

' 1,968
10,188

189,094

159,701

19,666

28,312

56,074

50

74,883
42,594

170,531
60,770
58,408

106,648

1,924,964

26,312

63,992

346,712

486,988

140,803

131,681

545,480

271,128

285.76.5,960

205,530

110,011

562,936

75,407

176,735

445,181

185,673

142,8.38

17,012

142,624

112,013

2,713

592,699

31,602
473,874

17,439,552
10,348,498

9,639,823
76,520,499
11,304,165

1,476,762
64,536

ET. ARCIIEK'S "FRIGI D 0 M 0."—
• PtttrontHoU by hor Mnjosty tlio tiuoon, the Duko of Nortb-
umburlniKl for .Syob IIouhb, his Grace thy Ouke of IJovoiishtro for
ChlHWtck GaraoiiR, Prol'oKSor Lliidley for the IlorllcuUurftl Society,
and Sir Joaoph I'axton tor the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological
Society, &c.

PllOTECTION from the RCORCMINO RAY.S of the SUN.

" FRUll DOMO" NliTTlNO, Wbito or llrowQ, made of prepared

Hiilr arid Wool, a porl'oct non-conductor of heat or cold, keeping a

IlKod tuiiipuriitore whoro IL Is applied. It Is adapted for nil flortl-

ciilturiil imd Fluricuitural purpoaoH, for ProBorvtng Fruits and

l-lowena from tbo Scurching Rtiys of the Sun, from Wind, from

Attacks of Insects, and from Rforuliig Frosts. To bo had In any

required leiigtlls.

" FRIUI UOMO " NETTING. 2 yards wide. Is. CtJ. per yard run.

" FRIQI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide 1«. Od. per ynrd run.

Four yards wide 3s, 0(f. per yard.

All Improved iniike, 2 ynrds wide . . \s. s\d. per yard.
An Improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2^, 8d. per yard run.
Ei.iHiiA Thomas Auciikii, Whole and Solo M.anulacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C., and of all Nuiserymen and
Soodsmon throughout the Kingdom.

*' It Is much cheaper than Mats as a covering."

84,769
15,014
343,387
19,554

42,979

379,840

60,402

114,989

93,986

1,775

2,181

71,070

4,967

1,692

6,356

81,241
61,498
27,469
5,456
49.538
35,370
584

874,237

90,533
30,702

124,371
26,975
44,324
54,965

4,174,185

25,886

62,610

704,993

271,827

110,336

94,787

613.006

331,980

271,377,120

118,097

93,739

673,721

70,249

88,993

408,566

232,178

61,434

14,985

91,568

73,494

636

454,431

24,433
358,233

9,193,377
17,141,413

7,201,721
97,205,777
15,228,526

1,.598,808
64,843

3,988,
244,952

2,430,902
117,630
453,222
489,720

3,162,206

300,973

8,738

323,160

8,789

2,233,274

4,368,306

4,506,80'
709,397
280,446

7,653,850

160,4'

2,974,122

168,949

6,166
143,108

9,979

6,464,815

330,395

4,071,707

90,869

562,821

434,615

601,301

1,523,421

204,124

1,408,736

87

2,141,287

3,668,160

5,660,515

1,013,687

1,087,043

5,599,750

258,569

1,013,520

141,709

9,276
633,461

3,567

Warts : F. They are best removed by tying a_ ligature
around them, or, with scarcely any pain, by applying evei-y
day with a camel's hair pencil a small portion of strong
acetic acid. When they are strong, with roots larger than
their heads, apply once a day a paste made of sulphur
moistened with sulphuric acid. Blaine.

c o.

JAMES PHILLIPS AMD
beg to submit their prices as follows : —
GLASS for ORCHARD HOOSES,
As supplied by them to Mr. Rivers, to the Royal Horticultural Society,
and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentlemen of the United
Kingdom.

Each Bex contains 100 feet. The prices only apply to the sizes stated.
Suuares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 16.

16 oz, to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth quality . . . . !6s. OiJ VSt. Oti.

Third ditto 17s. Od lls.U.

Seconds 18s. Od 2Cfl. Od.

English 20s. Od 278. Od.

The above prices include the boxes, which are not returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes. Iti-oz., in 100 feet boxes, boxes Included.

These prices only apply to the sizes stated.

Uby 9

12 by 9

13 by 9

12 „ 10

1-1 „ 10

14 „ 10

13 „ 11

14 „ 11

14 „ 12

16 „ 12

16 „ 11

18 „ 12

19 „ 12

10 „ 12

10 „ 13

17 „ 13

20 „ 12

10 „ 14

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

17 „ 14

18 „ 14

20 „ 14

14 by 9

4ths.

3rda.

Y^

2nd3.
s. d.
17 0

16 to 17 oz, to the foot.

0by4
8 by 8

6) by 4i

81 by Ci

Boxes 'J

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feet Boxes,
7 by 5 71 by 6) 1 .„ ,..

9 by 7 !)»by7i; " '-S- !"»•
10 by 8 lOi by 8§ . . 13s. Od.

each, returnable at full pnce.
London Agents for HARTLErs IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizrs,
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATEj CROWN.
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James PniLi.irs & Co.. 180, BishopsK.ate Street Without, E.G.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLINGTON and CO.,
87, Bishopsgate Street Without, London, E,C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Majesty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr, Rivers, and the leading Hortl-
culturists of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

rl3 {

tin

4ths.

3rds. I 2nda.

22«2d 26s6d

Beat.

In. In.

20 by 12 ,

20 by 13/

20 by 14 VPer 100 feet

20 by 16 I

20 by 16-'

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 feet.

n. In. jln. In.lin In.|ln.
6 by 4 7 by 6 8 by
61by4i| 71 by f,\\ 8| by i\\ 9!

Per 100 feet.

10 by 8
10} by 8i

11 by 9
11) by 9)

by 7 1

!by 7(1

100 feet.

1141 by ion I

15 by 10 M

13 by 11 f

14 by 11 )

I 4bbs. I 3da. I 2nds. \ Best.
12s 3d 13s 3d 10s Od 18s Oil

12 by 9 121 by 10)1141 by ion
12) by SI) 13 by 10 I' ' "

13 by y 13) by 10) 1
12 by 10 14 by 10 I ■

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 16 02., per 100 feet.

Id. in.lin. in.
15) by 10) 14 by 12
16 by 10 14) by 121
14)bvll) 16 by 12

15 by 11 ,16) by 12)
15ibyll)|lfi by 12

16 by 11 16) by 12)
21 by 11 17 by 12
13 by 12 1 18 by 12

The above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.
SHEET GLASS,
lo Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 9 feet super.

in. in.

in. in.

4ths.

3ds.

2nds.

22 by 12

22 by 16,

ir by 13

24 by 16

23 by 13

20 by 17

18 by 14
22 by 14

22 by 17 1
24 by 17 >

Us 3d

15s 6d

lSs6d

24 by 14

20 by IS

22 by 15

22 by 18

24 by 16

24 by 18

16 QZ.

4ths qurility, per 300 feet case, 3S.s.
3da „ „ 48s.

2ds „ „ 62s.

Best „ „ ms.

21 oz.

4ths quality, per 2'
3d9

2d3

) feet case, 33x.
488.

96».

SHEET GL4SS is made only in the following substances, 15 oz,,
21 oz., 2Goz,, 32 oz,, 30 oz., an J 42 oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8th in., 3-lOtli in., l-4tli in., and 3-8th in, substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &c.

PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per civt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
wallsj re.^ist3 the weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 3fo. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallo'ns of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and sii eallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 345. per cwt.
Anti-corrosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situation.s, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon.

Per cwt. — s. d.
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECO^DS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS. 3d. to4irf. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, Zd.

to \\d. per lb.
„ RAW UMBER. \\d. to
6d. per lb. [per lb.
„ BURNT do., 6d. to 9d.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

288. to 60 0
BLACK FAINT, 248. to 30 0
RED PAINT .. 28s. to 30 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon. — s. d.
LINSEED OIL .. ..3 4
BOILED OIL .. ..3 9

TURPENTINE .. ..3 0
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to 9s. per cwt.
FineOAKVARNlSH,10'*.tol2 0
,. CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. 10s. to 12 0

„ COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE . . 10 0

„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0

QL.\ZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken In
exchange.

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

942

TEE (lABBENEES' CHRONICLE AND AfiPvICtlLTtlKAE GAZETTE.

[September 7, 186/.

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION,
CFTEAP, PORTABLE, and EASILY FIXED.
SPAN-ROOFS (ovor 16 feet loug), gliized and painted three coiita,
with complete ventilation nil over roof, necessnry water putters and
Ironwork, exclusive of ends, put on Rail in London, Glodcester,
Covekthy, Ulverstone, pAibLEV, or Aberdeen; 10 to IC feet wide
insute, at 16s. to 24s. per foot run. Illustrated Circulars, with definite
prices an-i sizes, free on application to

Hereman & MoitTOK, 7, Pall Mall East, London, S.W.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Ikon Merchant,
• 31, Ban I side. London, S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, Irom StocK. per yard :— 2-incli, U. IJd, ;
3-inch, Is. 9d. ; and 4-inch. 2s. 3d. BENDS, from Stock, Is. 6d.,2s. firf.,
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s., and 14s. each. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of flrst-class manu
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

CKANSTOJM'S PATENT BUILDINGS lor
HORTICULTD RE.
" Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South
Kensington.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every deacription,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the materials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, &c.. delivered to any Station.
Estimates on application.
J. Jones & Sons, 6, Bankside, Southwark, London, 5.B.

c

OTTAM AND COMPA

Conservatory and Hotboose Boilders, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London,
SADDLE BOILERS.

N T,

w.

30 inches long,
" " :. Gd. each.

24
45s. 65s.

HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. Gd. 2s. Id. 2s. 9rf. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Eatimattis given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,

2, Winsley Street,

(opposite the Pantheonl.

Oxford Street, London. W.

^

COIL CASE

HOT WATER APPARATUS

H

Heating by Hot Water.

OT-WATER PIPES, at Wholesale Prices, witK
Elbows, Syphons, Tee-Pipes, and every other connection •
Wrought and Cast-iron Boilers, Saddle, Conical, Cylinder, Tuholar!
and Elliptic, from 24s. each. Improved Boilers and Iron Stands to
use without brickwork, GOs, each. Valves from 10s. Gd. each. Patent
Valves, Improved Furnace Doors, Furnace Bars, Supply Cisterns,
and Castings of every description in stock, at

Mr. Lynch White's Iron Wharf, Upper Ground Street, Blackfrlara
Bridge, London, S. Price List on application.

JAMES WATTS and CO., Hothoitse Builders and
Hot-waterApparatusMandfactdrers, 3.'J3, Old Kent Road. S E
^TWO HUNDRED CUCUMBER and MELON BOXES and
LIGHTS, and from 400 to 500 LIGHTS for PITS of all SIZES kept in
STOCK, Glazed and Painted complete, ready for immediate use.
Packed and sent to all parts of the kingdom. Public and Private"
Buildings, Warehouses, &c., heated on the mnst approved scientific
and economical principles. Keferences to the Nobility, Gentry and
Trade in most of the Counties in England.

Great Flower Show, Manchester, June, 1867.

FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE TO

Plans and Estimates fi ee on apphcatlon Descriptive Book fully
IHustiated, post tree for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
Jaues Cranston, Architect, Birmingham.

Works : Hlgligato .Street, Binningham.
Hewbt J. Grot\tage, Manager. 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus,

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements in tile Ventilation, Cf^n&truction and
Applicitlon of WKOnGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildin.'s

OUR PATENT WROnOHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUQIIT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atinosDhehc conduction

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDaL VINERIES
promote vigorous growl h and richness of colour

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arrangement.

TTRS?^?'^'^^^^ WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSbS (as supphed to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailini^ result.

9^^r^AT.?^L^?^?^^^-^.^°^ P^I2E MEDAL GERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

°A?,r,'VFx??,'!'X'',i!F™'^-™°'' ^KIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
improved system.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the growth of flrst-class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early wori;

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BEKRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light. "^"-^^

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty
.r.H'lS™?^ ™'"'i° now protected by three Royal Letters Patent,
and from the complete adiustment of their constructional parts wil
Tie most favourably with Wood Structures in point of cost

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses m Wood or Iron. f "o laugoo m

n, ^ll'^'f-i'S'i Catalogues on application to the Patentees,
„/; "■ P-.Dessis S A. ScaoBv, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford. i^-ucia au^ nvt^

rj^HE PATENT TERMINAL SADDLE BOILER,

J- with following note : —

'The Judges consider this one of the most powerful and useful
Boilers for general purposes."

Oardaicrs' Magazine.— " This Boiler possesses the rare merit of
sucking all the heat from the fire, so that it furnishes a maximum of
power for a minimum of outlay in respect of fuel," — S. H.

Tlie Oardener. — "Of Boilers, by far the best, according to our
judgment, was the Terminal Saddle," — W. Thoirison.

Journal of Sortitmlture. — "T. Jones's Terminal Boiler was con-
sidered by the judges the best of all exhibited on this occasion." —
J. Wills.

J. Ireland, Edward Street, Brougbton Lane, Manchester.

TO BE SOLD, Cheap, an IRON DOME CONSER-
VATORY, 62 feet 8 inches long, 9 feet 4 inches wide. Would
make an excellent Peach House or Covered Way. Also an ORNA.
MENTAL CONSERVATORY, 25 feet Cinches by IS feet C incliea,
with Iron Dome ; and all other descriptions of Horticultural Build-
ings to be seen at

J. Lewis's Horticultural Works, Stamford Hill, Middlesex.

The New Furnace Bar

(Warriner's Patent).

THIS BAR is particulnrly adapted to FTEES for
VINERIES, GREENHOUSES, &c., and all FURNACES
worked on the principle of slow combustion. The saving of Fuel
effected is very great; nearly all the Smoke is consumed If care bs
taken, and the fire can be so regulated that any temperatura
desired can be kept up for at least 12 hours without stoking or
farther trouble. Any Bricklayer can set up the^e Bars without
deranging much of the brickwork. They are in use in many Con-
servatories, and give the highest satisf^iction. Testimonials will be
forwarded on application to the Proprietors,

The Ventilating Furnace Bar Company, Limited, 9, Mincing Lane,
London, E.C.

Specimens of these Bars may be seen in the Eastern Arcade of fcho
Horticultural Gardens, South Kensington.

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Armit Worts, Greenfield, near Manchester.
TANNERS. CURRIERS,& MANUFACTURERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.
Price Lists sent free by post.
Warehouse : 81, Mark Lane, London, E.C.

Mr. H. Ferrader, Agent.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOR HEATING CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE

RESIDENCES, ETC., WITH

Truss's Patent Universal Flexible and Leakless
Pipe-Joints.

T. S. TRUSS

Bpgs to state that the immense number of APPARATUS annually Designed and Erected by him in all parts of
the kingdom, and for the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHISWICK,
with unrivalled satisfaction, is a guarantee for skill of design, superior materials, and good workmanship ; while the
great advantages obtained by his IMPROVED SYSTEM cannot be over-estimated, consisting of perfectlv tight
joints with neatness of appearance ; EFFECTS A SAVING OF 25 PER CENT, on cost of Apparatus "erected
compared with other systems; facility for extensions, alterations or removals without injury to pipes or joints ; can
be erected by any gardener; an ordinaiw size apparatus erected by one man in a da\, and PEKFECTNESS OF
DESIGN SUPPLIED, INSURING NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle Boiler,
delivered to any Railway Station in England, an! Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 25 miles off
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large works.

TWO FOUR-INCH PIPES ALONG ONE SIDE AND ONE END OF HOUSE.

Size of House
20 feet by 10 feet
30 feet by 12 feet
40 feet by 15 feet

Erection. 1 Size of House. Apparatus Complete.

£2 0 0 50 feet by 15 feet ..£17 10 0

2 10 0 75 feet by 15 feet . . 20 0 0

2 15 0 I 100 feet by 15 feet . . 26 0 0

Bath and Gas Work erected in town or counti-y. The Trade Supplied.

Apparatus Complete.
£9 0 0
U 15 0
15 0 0

Erection.
£3 0 0

SorticiiUiiral Buildings of every description from is. M. per foot superficial.

Price Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on application to

T. S. TRUSS, C.E., CoNsuLTiNa Hortioulthrai Engineer, &c., Sole Manitpacturer,

FRIAR STREET, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDOK, S.

Ohserve — The City Offices are now Semoved to the Manufactory, Friar Street.

EIDDELL'S

PATENT PORTABLE ELASTIC PIPE JOINT.

Especially adapted for HOT-WATER PIPES for WARMING CHURCHES, PUBLIC
BUILDINGS, SCHOOLS, CONSERVATORIES, HOT-HOUSES, &c., is extremely simple,
perfectly watertight, s.aves four-fifths of the time and labour in erecting hot-water work, can
be rapidly put together by an ordinary workman, and can be removed and re-erected without
injury to pipes or joints.

Prospectus and Trice List free.

EIDDELL'S

PATENT SLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

For WARMING CHURCHES, CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &c., by the
circulation of Hot Water, requires no brick-work setting, saves half the fuel usually consumed, is
not liable to get out of repair, is easily regulated, will work from 8 to 20 hours without attention,
and is made in sizes capable of beating from 30 to 6000 feet of 4 inch pipe.

Prospectus and Price List free.

PATENT PIPE JOINT.

J. HADLEY RIDDELL, Patentee, 155, CHEAPSIDE, E.G.

PATENT BLOW COMBUSTION BOILER.

Septembee 7, 1867.]

THE fiATlDENEBS* Cni^ONICLE AND ArxIJTCTILTUML TxAZETTR

943

Caution to Gardeners.— When you astt for

QAYNOK AND COOKK'S WAUKANTEU I'RTZE
O PRUNING lunl nUDDlNG KNIVKS, aoe that yovi got tbom.
Ohstirve the nmik Savmhi, also the corpomte in;irk Obtain
Wahrantkd, without which none are jtenulno.

S, & C. rocret having to cniitlon Gardonprfl iind othora, but are
coninelloii to do ao. In conaoqiiunco of nn iniltdthm, of common
quality, haviutt heon sold for Lhu gonulno one, and which hris causod
many CDinplalnta to bo made to thorn of Knlvos wlilch woro not ol
their make, all of whloh are warranted both by ScUorg and Makers.

S. & C.*9 Pruning and Budding Knives me tfto best and the
cheapest in thu nmrkot.

Paxton Works, SholHeld. ISstabliahed upwards of 125 yoars.

WARNER'S SIUCATE of IRON PAINT.
— Tho i)C(:nIiaritie3 and advantages of thia

* Paint avo that (t will stand extroma Ilcut and Dai
and is not alTcotcd by Acid, Sea Water, Sulphuruttod
IlyOro^en, or Ammonia. It in e'lunlly woll adapted
for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Comoiit. Every Shade of
Colour crounU to order. Tne Creamy Wliito and
Hri^jht Stono win retain tho soft delicate shades, rogarillcsH of tho
runi(>a of Qoso^. It has no smell, and there Is an entire absence
iiriloleturious ofloot.

WARNKR'S ANTITKUMITK COMPOSITION is sultahlo foi
I'olt Roolhig, and is a Cheap Coating for Iron Work, nnd proaervea
W'.iud In India from the ravages of the White Ant. Price Is, 3(1.
] i.r K'lllon.

17, Laurence Pouotney Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.C.

PARSON'S ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,
v_' Patronised by the Nobility and Gentry, is extensively used
inr all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and Is proved, alter a test
'if 7(1 years, to surpass any other Paint. It Is especiallv applicable
In Irnn. Woi>d, Stone, Brick, Compo, and is tho only I'aint that will
I iR'ciiially resist the rays of tho aun upon Conser.atorics, Green-
hi>usi>s, Frames, &c, la twice a-s durtblo as genuine White Lead, so
simple in application that any person can use It. Per cwt

WllITK, LIGHT STUNK, BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

lOLDUKS 30s.

LEAD. CHOCOLATE, RED, PURFLK, BROWN, and BLACK 26s.

ORkilir GREEN, DEEt' GRBEN, and BLUE 42».

Prepared ull, MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPKNllNE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, Ac.

3 cwt. Free to all Stitl.iona in p^nghind and Wales, and most Ports

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Teatiinonlala sent post free.

Walter Carson & Ronh,

La Belle Sauvage Vard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.

Caotion.— All Casks should bear tho Trade Mark. No Agents.

TMPROYED BLACK VARNISH, an oxceUert
L Substitute for Oil Paint, for Coating and Pjcscrving all kinds of
liv.0 and Wood Fencing, Gates. Kooiififc. and every drscription of
oiuiloor Wood or Stonewoik, Steam Boilers, Pipes, Tanks, Carts,
Wiigf^ons, Farm Implements, &c.

It is an excellent substitute for Oil Paint, and is not one-flfth the
cost ! It requires no mixing, and can bo applied in a cold state by
iiiiy ordinary laHourer.

Sold in Casks of about 30 gallons onch at U. 3il. per gallon (casks

included). Carriage paid to ai.y Iliilw.-ty St'ition in Great Britain or

.•Scotland. Extra strong Iron-bound Varnish Brushes, 63 per pair.

The following Testimonial has just been received from

W. C. Haigh, Esq., of Ashfi-hl. Bradford.

" Dkar Sir, — 1 have used your Black Varnish both on Wood and
Iron, and flod it fir superior to any Paint, both as to colour and
diuabilitv, and so cheap thut any one that can do with the colour
will find it lar KXiperior to anything th«y can use. 1 shall recommend
It wherever I have the opportunity. It is as easy to lay on as paint,
?md dries a beautiful bright colMUr.— Youn truly, W. C. IIaigh."

Charlton Paiv, If), Richard's Villas, Lavender Grove, D.alston.
London, N.E. (from whom it can only be hafl), Mannfacturer of
Continuons Iron and Wire Fencing, Hnrdles, Gates, Tree Gnnros,
Garden Arche3,Ro3ariGs,Netting, and every description of Wire Work,

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone, This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixmg or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in the
grounds at Windsor Ca.stle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
application.

From Major Rt. Belt,, Sandhoe, Xo7-lhumherla7ul.

" 1 have much pleasure in saying I have known your Black Varnish
to be used for some time by friends of mine, and they all speak
highly of it, which has mduced me to get the quantity I have from
you. That I have used looks remarkably well."

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. 6d. per gallon, at the
Man'ifactory, or Is. Sd. per gallon paid to any Station In the kinedom.

Apply to Hill & Smith, Brierly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
-2. Cannon Street West, E.G., from whom only it can ha obtained.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^^ Is becoming scarce, the
old reaervea will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 20 for 30s., 60 for 66s., 100
for jE6.

Fourpence allowed lor each
bag returned carriage -paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not In
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-office
Order, payable to J. Barsham &
Co., Kingston- OD-Tbames, S.W.

GI S H U R S T
COMPOUND.
Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since ISiiil, againat
Rod Spider, Mddow, Thnpa,
Green Fly, and other IJIight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of I'lom 4 to 10 ounces
as a Winter Dressing lor Vinos
and FVult Trees. Uaa outlived
many preparations intuudod to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Soodsmon, in
boxofl, Is., 38., and lun. aU.

Mngni-
fled,

Wholesale by

PRICK'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANV

(Liuited).

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., begs to nnnounre thnt he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING

OUT GROUND attached to Manslona and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
OARDEN.S and to carry out tho same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. .Toiiw OinsoM. pin., Surrey Laiio, Batteraoa, S.W.

/4.EORQE F. MORKIS (of tilt' Firm of Prothkkor

VT & Morris) und'Ttakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasehold ami Reversionary Property
of every description. Farming and Market Garden Pi-oduco, House-
hold Furniture, Stock In Trade, Ac.
Auction and Estate Agency offloe, The Limes, Leytonstono, Essex.

G

Farm Poultry.
REY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
nunibora.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

brood known,
Impn-ved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and KOUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA. CREVECUiUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Baily & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

TO BE LET, or SOLD, CAMPDEN GROVE
NURSERY. Kensington ; and WESTBOURNE NURSERY,
Denbigh Road, Bayswater.

Apply to Mr. Pi.i:evks, Sen., Acacia Villa, Notting Hill, W.

To Rose Cultivators and Nurserymen.

TO BK Dlsro^Kli OF, tlio LEASt], STOCK, and
GOODWILL of a BUSINESS m one of the best localities in
the south of Devon, with Five Acres of deep, rich, well watered, and
sheltered land, adjoinini^ a railway station.
Apply to Mr. W. D. ilws. Share Broker, 3, Fleet Street, Torquay.

To Market Gardeners.

TO BE LET, from the 29th of September nest, a
capit.M KITCHEN GARDEN, containing Vineries, Melon
Pits, &c., and enclosed by a high wall, furnished with Fruit Trees;
also a productive ORCHARD and comfortable Residence, situate
within one mile from a station on the Soxith- Eastern Railway, and
about 25 miles from London.

For terms apply to Messrs. Nash, Land Agents, Valuers, and
Auctioneers, Reigate, Surrey.

M

Dutch Bulbs.

MR. STKVENS' SALES or HYACINTHS, TULIPS,
CRUUUSE.S, and other HULKS, iuHt imported fmin Holland,
will take place ovevv WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and
Irenucntly on MONDAY, at the Auction Rooms, 38. King Street.
Cnvuut Gaiden, Lon.i.m, W.C.

Bulbs from Holland.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SEIJ. I)y AUCTION at his
Groat Rooms, 38, King StrL-i.-t. c.vunt Garden, WC, on
WEDNESDAY, Sept. 11, ut hair-iin.-,t 1l> ./dock piecls.dv, an nssort-
ment of Flrsi-clats HYACINTILS, TULIPS. CRoCUSKS, NA1^
UlbSUS, and other Bulbsjutit ai-rivod from Holland.

On view tho Morning of Salo, and Catalogues Iiad.

Dutch Bulbs.

R. J. C. STEVENS will SKLL by AUCTION at his

Grc:it Rooms, 3;^, King Street, Covent Garden, WC, on
SATURDAY, Sept. 11, at hair.p;iflt Vi o'clock precisely, several
ca-scH of BULBS frnin Ilollam). In lutH to suite private buyers and
the Trade ; and a few lots of RUSTIC SEATS, STOOLS, VASES.
BASKETS, &,c.

On view tlio Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Very Important to Noblemen, Gentlemen,

PlIHI.ir COMPAMEH, NoHSKRVMrS, AND rnUKHH KN<M(ill) IN PlrHNTINO.

PRELIMINARY NOTICE OF Ft)RTHCOMIN0 SALES HY

TV/TESSKS. PRO THE ROE and MORRIS.

TUNBRIDGE WELLS, October 10. 17, and Irt.

CLEARANCE SALE of VALUABLE EVERGREEN, OONI-
FER,'E. and DECIDUOUS SHRUBS, ORNAMENTAL and
FOREST TREES, in the llrjcst condition.

ACTON, HOPGOOD'S NURSERY, Oclober 21. 22, and 23.

CLEARANCE SALE (the Lea.se having expired). Thriving
NURbERV STOCK, including, with tho usual assortment, some
remarkable ftne LIMES, PLANE.S, FRUIT TREES, &o.

KINGSTON, SURREY.— Clarence Street and Park Ro-wi, Nov. 5,
and following days. The excellent NURSERY STOCK, in the
best state of cultivation, EVERGREEN, CONIFEK/E. and
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS in great variety, varying all sizes,
which has been constantly removed, and will incur no risk from
Trans pi an tmg.

GODALMIN G.SURREY, November 11, and following days, by order
of Charles J. Barker, unless previously disposed of in one lot by
Private Contract, the whole of the GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
GREENHOUSES (newly erected), and other Effects, at
Godalining Nursery; also the Valuable NURSERY STOCK,
growing in Terrace Gardens, bhady Hangers; withmEvemlnutea'
walk of the GodalmlDg Railway Station.

WOKING, SURREY, November 18, and following davB.

Clearance Salo of the whole of the unrivalled COLLECTION" of
EVERGREEN, C0N1FER.^E, and DECIDUOUS SHRUBS,
ORNAMENTAL, FRUIT, and FOREST TREE.S. extending
OTor loo acres, or tlitreabout^, to be SOLD, without reserve, m
consetjuencB of the death of Mr. Robert Donald. The Stock is
particularly worthy the attention ot the Tra<lo.

To Market Gardeners, Nurserymen, &c.

TO BE SOLD, by Private Contract, about 200 ACRES
of very superior GARDEN GROUND, all Freehold, situate in
the County of Beafordsliire. about three miles from Biggleswade
Station, Great Northern Pi.aiiway. The Land is divided into Lots to
suit the convenience of purchasers. F'T particulars apply to
Tuomas Fountaijie, Esq., Dunton Lodge, Ashwell, B^ddock.

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSERY and SEED
EUSINE.SS ; or tlio present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1500.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 0, Leadenhall Street
London. E C.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLIAM DEAN, having dutermined on residing in
London again, ofr>jrs for SALE, with immeiiiate possession,
the NURSERY at SHIPLEY, consisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Glass H'nises, the wliole, with the Nursery well stocked,
and with Dwelling House, &c., is held on Lease; also the SEED
SHOP, in BRADFORD (the only one in tho town), which is well
fitted up, and where there isagood business doing m Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds, Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, &c. The Nursery
is 2i miles fr'-jra the Shop, on a principal road to Brajlford. A half
year's ba^iiness is equivalent to the purchase money required, and
will be a greit bargain to the purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
tunity for a large house in the SouMi to establish a Branch Business
here, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
mucn increased. For particulars apply to

WiiLiAM Dean, Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

The Exmoor Cobs, Galloways, and Ponies.

MR. ROBERl SMITH'S next ANNUAL SALE of
about 40 of these LITTLE HORSES will come oft at Fielder's
Repository, Bristol, on WEDNESDAY. September 25, next, at
1 o'clock. On view the day previous to the Sale.

They are warranted sound, and chiefly bred from renowned sires
and Exmoor Pony Mares. De.'icriptive Catalogues may be had,
10 days prior tothe Sale, at the Stud Farm, Exmoor Forest, South
Molton, Devon. — Emmett's Grange, August 20.

To Noblemen, Agriculturists, and Others.

An Important Unreservkd Sale of Prize UrtiKfiiirRE Pigs, wir.L

TAB.K PLACE AT RkaDING, BeRKS, ON TuESDAY, tiEFTbMUER 24,
COMMENCINO AT 12 O'cLOCK,

MR. TOMPKINS is favourt^d witli instructions from
Arthur Stewart, Esq., of Saint Bridge House, Gloucester (who
is retiring from breedin'.? and exhibiting for prizes), to SELL by
AUCTION, at his Mart, close to tho Railway Station, Reading,
without the slight'=st reserve, the entire and Valuable HERD of about
(!0 head of the CHOICEST PIGS perhai s ever seen together. Mr.
Stewart's Berkshire Pigs took the 1st and 2d Prizes m the Breeding
Sow Class, and the Silver Medal in the Boar Class, at tho Roval
Agricultural Show at Newcastle in IS'J-l. Mr. S. also obtained at the
Royal Aaricultural Show at Plymouth in I8C5, 1st and 2d Prizes, and
reserved number in the breeding Sow Ci.tss, and 1st Prize in the Boar
Class. In 180G there was no Show At the Royal Agricultural Show
at Bury St. Edmund's this year, Mr. S. secured the 1st Prize in the
Boar Class, and 2d Prize and reserved number in the Breeding Sow
Class : Mr. Stew.irfs best sow died, leaving seven young in the pen,
before the Judges were admitted into the show yard.

N. B. — The Auctioneer earnestly solicits the attendance nf the
Public to the abore unreserved Sale, and would remark that Mr.
Stewart lias gained many Prizes, both at the Rxth and West of
England Sliows, and elsewhere. These Pigs will be found of great
hize, length and depth ; the fine strain of blood is solely confined to
the above herd, Mr. Sliewart never allowing any subscription to be
taken for his Boars.

Full particulars will appear in Catalogues, which can be obtained
a week prior to the Sale, on application being made to the Auctio-
neer. See Vol. No. 2 of the Agricultural Journal for 1865, in refer-
enceto this Herd.

Lincolnshire Long-wooUed Rams.

MR. JNO. CLARKE, nf i.mv^ Siutnn, Lmcohi shire,
will havo pleasure in fonv.irding to Soeep-breeders, in any
partot the kingdom, SHEARLING UaMS of excellent quality, at
very moderate prices. The&e Rams have been found to answer
exceedingly well as a cross with Merinos and otber Short-woolled
Ewes of aiiy Breed, The difficulties in railway transit are very
siiglit. The Rams will be re.ady for delivery after Wednesday,
September Hth, or earlier if required.
Long Sutton, August !i4.

Sheep.

MR. BURNHAM has on SALE some SHEARLING
SHROPSHIRE DOWN RAMS, of superior quality and large
size, at his Farm, near Spital tstation. Chester and Birkenhead
Railway.

For particulars by Post, address Spital, Sutton, near Chester.

SakjS fig auction.

Highly Important Sale of Shorthorns and Choice
Leicester Sheep.

MR. THOMAS WETHERh-LL, having received the
patronage of Marshall Stephenson, Esq., of Fourstones.
near Hexham, Northumberland, will SELL by AUCTION, without
reserve, on THURSDAY, October 3, a Valuable HERD of 30
SHORTHORNS, including 19 Females and five Young Bulls in close
alliance in blood with the Kirklevingt.on Duchess. Red Darl'ngton
— the foundation of this herd — was piirchaseii from Mr. Bates by Mr.
Burnett, of Black Hedley, Northumf>erland ; since which crossed
by 2d Cievelnnd Lad, 2d "Earl of Beverley, Loid Geore Bentinck,
Disraeli — all bred by Mr. Bates ; and by Short Tail and the Duke of
Northumberland — all renowned Dvichess Bulls. Voltlgeur, Ivanhoe,
Fieldmato, Silver Medal, and Royal Butterfly ICth, have been used
in this Herd with great success, as many of the Butterflies are grand
specimens of the Shorthorns. The LEICK.STERS are bred from
ti>e flocks of Messrs. Grey, DonglHss, Borton, Lord Polworlh, &c.

Catalogues are readv. and may be bad of Mr. Stephenson,
Fourstones ; and of Mr. Wetherell, Durham.— 32, Claypath,
Dui'bam, August 21.

Important to Gentlemen engaged In Planting,
Landscape Gardeners.

Sale nv Auction of Highly Valuable Nursery Stoce.

JOHN CRANSTON begs to say that from the greatly
increased demand for ROSES during the last two or three
years he finds it absolutely necessary to very considerably extend
tlieir Cu'tivation, both out-of-doors and under glass. To enable
him to accomplish this in a manner fully and satisfactorily to meet
the demand, he feels compelled to clear a very large portion of his
Nurseries, now stocked witli valuable collections of Fruit Trees,
Conifers, Evergreens, Deciduous Orn.amental Shrubs, Forest Trees,
ic. ; likewise a fine Collection of Camellias, Azaleas, Geraniums,
and Miscellaneous Greenhouse Plants, now occupying several
large houses.

He will, therefore, in future be able to devote at least the one-half
of his Nurseries, which extend over 50 Acres, solely to the cultiva-
tion of Roses, as well .as five or six large Houses for the propagation
of Tea-scented and other tender sorts in pots.

The fact of his having on every occasion during the season taken
the First Prize for the large Collection of Roses at the Metropolitan
and other Rose Shows, coupled with the regular increase of orders
which has been going on for years, convinces him of the necessity of
losing no time in taking the course he herein proposes.

Mr. Sunderland has received instructions to SELL by AUCTION,
on the premises, at the King's Acre Nm-series. on September 30,
lSii7. and following days, a large portion of the GENERAL
NURSERY STOCK, comprising—
25,000 Dwarf-trained. PjTamid, and Standard Peaches, Nectarines,

Apricots, Pears, Plums, Cherries, and Apples, all well grown and

finely trained— the greater portion .are large-sized bearing trees.
l,roo Peache.o, Nectarines, Pears, Plums, Cherries, and Figs ux pots.

.300 Grape Vines.
15,000 Common Laurel, 2 to 3 feet.
30,(100 Coniferfo, includiig beautifully grown plants of Cedms

Deodara, Cedrus atlantica, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Thujopsis

borealis, English Yew, Pmus austriaca, Pinus msignis, Araucaria

imbricata, Slc, varying in height from 2, 3, 4, and 6 to 8 feet, and

manv of them fine specimen trees.
2.000 Wellingtonea gigantea, from 2 to 3 feet, beautifully grown

plants, all regul.arly transplanted.
3,000 Rhododendrons, 2) feet.

Several thousand Berberis Darwinii, variegated Holly, Arbutus, Arc.
A quantity of the New Japan Aucubas, &c,
A large quantity of Deciduous Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

including 1000 Standard Double Pink, Scarlet and other Thonia,

Weeping Ash, Beech, Oak, Elms, &c.
2000 Deutzia gracilis, suitable for forcing.
Climbing and Wall Plants, all the leading kinds of Clematis, Loni-

cera, Ceanothus, &c.
300,OOU Transplanted Forest Trees, including Ash, Spanish Chestnut,

Larch, Scotch, English Oak, Spruce Fir, Thorns, Ac, varying in

height from 2 to 4 feet.
1500 Indian Azaleas, 600 Camellias, miscellaneous Greenhouse

Plants, &c.
The whole of the above Stock is in the finest condition possible,
having been thoroughly well grown, and regularly and carefully
transplanted, neither were any of the Trees injured in the least
during the last severe winter.

Further particulars are given in circulars now published, and will
be forwardod on application.

Catalogues, which art now in course of preparation, will ^e
distributed early in September.

Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.— Aug. 1, 1887.

944

THE GARDENEES' CMONICLE AND AGBICULTtlRAL GAZETTE. [Septesibee 7. iser.

BEOWN AND POLSON'S COEN FLOUK.

REMARKS ON THE DIETARY VALUE OF CORN FLOUR.

"W^'e not unfrequently meet -with persons who, with much self-complacency, affect a
lofty disregard of what they eat ; and who boast that, in order to keep their appetites
in subjection, they systematically and on principle eat whatever is set before them,
quite irrespective of its character or fitness for the circumstances under which they
live, endeavouring thus to carry out the recommendation of Solomon to eat only for
strength, not for pleasure. The gratification of the sense of taste, however, serves a
much higher purpose than ia commonly supposed, for, as a general rule, if the appetite
be not blunted or perverted by excessive indulgence, our tastes and our requirements
are very closely related, so that, in man's natural state, taste becomes as it were a sort
of instinct, and takes rank as one of God's providences for the preservation of our
health. In this way we may explain what is matter of common observation, that a
man's taste varies with his age, habits, and circumstances of life. At one time he
wishes for, at another scarcely bears the sight of fat ; sometimes he craves for animal,
at other times for vegetable food. Indeed, the feelings of hunger and thirst, which
have reference to quantity rather than quality, are not more evidently instinctive
than is taste, which regards only the quality of food. As a guide, it may be easily
trusted both as to food and drink, if only we listen to its simple teaching, and do not
abuse its confidence.

In no other way than the above can we explain the very remarkable varieties in the
food consumed in different climates ; witness the Laplander with his mass of blubber,
or the inhabitant of the Tropics with his refreshingly cool and juicy fruit. In both
these instances taste assumes the part of instinct, and guides the possessor to the
selection of a diet which his circumstances render necessary. Hence taste becomes the
handmaid of science, and points to a law in the dietary of individuals, telling them
■what they ought to eat, drink, and avoid. It suggests variation under varying con-
ditions, and notably so in regard to temperature ; for, from the two great divisions or
types into which all foods are classified— namely, the nitrogenous or tissue-forming,
and the calorifient, or heat-creating — it elects instinctively that one which science
demonstrates to be most necessary.

A few words on these two types of food will serve to illustrate the dietetic value of
the Com Flour, which is the subject of these remarks.

By the term nitrogenous is meant all foods, whether derived from the animal or
vegetable kingdom, which contain nitrogen as one of the elements of their composition,
in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These foods are also called nutritious —
that is, tissue-formers — and the measm-e of their nutritive value is the quantity of
nitrogen they contain. The reason of this is found in the fact that all the tissues of
the body, fat excepted, contain nitrogen, and those wherein the nutritive changes are
most active, such as muscle and nerve, contain the largest amount of nitrogen.
Examples of this food are— meat of all kinds, eggs, milk, beans, peas, lentils, bran, and
the inner coat of wheat and flour, or bread, though in the latter we approach
nearer to the purely starchy or calorifient group, and so get further from the
nitrogenous class.

The calorifient, or heat-producing gl'Oup, are foods which contain little or no
nitrogen, but only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Starch and its varieties, rice, sago,
arrowroot, potatos, and flour ; fatty and oily substances, such as butter, cream, and all
the varieties of sugar ; these make up the class of heat-sustaining foods, and though
they do not directly nourish tissue, except where they also contain traces of nitrogen,
they nevertheless pcrfoi-m scarcely less important functions in the human body ; for,
besides assisting in the process of respiration, they develop fat for the protection of the
muscles. And, above all, they principally maintain the heat of the body, which is
essential for the due performance of all its functions; this they do by the union of
their carbon with the oxygen of the air in the process of respiration, in the same way
as in the combustion of coal — the residual oxygen and hydrogen being in the proportion
to form water.

It is obvious that the effect of a diet in which one or other of those classes
is in excess will be to overburthen the digestive organs with a portion of food
which is not required. This is especially injurious when the nitrogenous class
is in excess, because a greater effort is required for its digestion than is the case
with farinaceous food.

The real practical difficulty hitherto has been to find such a mixed diet wherein the '
nitrogenous and farinaceous (or calorifient) elements are in such proportions as to
meet the healthy requirements of the system, especially in cases where the habit of life
is sedentary or the digestive organs feeble, in all such cases the farinaceous element
should preponderate.

Such a desideratum, it is believed, is now supplied in the Com Flour which we
manufacture, and which, when boiled with milk, presents such a combination of
animal and vegetable food as closely resembles ordinary beef and bread, while at the
same time it is in so light and easily digestible a form as will keep the system fully
nourished, when the stronger and more stimulating food would only weaken and
depress by its indigestibility.

As a pure starch, Com Flour is peculiai'ly fitted for the diet of children. Though
there seems to be a general impression to the contrary, it is essentially a heat-creating
food, and is also one of the most easily digested. And, inasmuch as the proper
maintenance of animal heat is of vital importance to childhood, food of this class is at
all times loudly demanded by nature. This is attested by the fact that in milk, the
veiy best of infant foods, the heat-sustaining element preponderates largely over the
nitrogenous or tissue -forming. The popular belief appears to be that children have a
remarkable power of resisting cold. This is certainly not the case with plants, nor is
it with animals, least of all is it with man. Heat, whether supplied from within by
food, or without by clothing, seeriis almost by itself to give life to young organisms,
whether plants, animals, or man. And according to the recent researches of scientific
men there seems to be so very intimate and mysterious a connection between heat and
life that some have even ventured to suggest their mutual dependence. The feeble
digestive power of children, and their extreme sensibility to cold, are additional
reasons in favour of such a food as Corn Flour. Moreover, its slightly alkaline reaction
recommends it as especially fitting in those cases where there is any tendency to
acidity, a condition which is not only very common, hut sometimes very troublesome
in early life, and is a frequent cause of diarrhcea and other digestive disorders. It
cannot be too often insisted upon that purity, simplicity, digestibility, and the absence
of any stimulating quality are, or ought to be, the essential characters in the food of
children — and these ai"e the features specially observed in Corn Flour.

It has frequently been remarked to us by physicians and others that in cases of
children's ailments our Corn Flour has been retained upon the stomach when almost
all other kinds of food (arrowroot inclnded) had been tried in vain, and by this means
the turning point towards recovery has been gained.

But it is not in childhood alone, or even chiefly, that this preparation is so valuable
as an article of diet. To the man of business, who ia obliged to sit long at the desk,
and to all whose calling necessitates close confinement, or whose digestive organs are
impaired by over-indulgence, or the use of a too stimulating diet, this simple, easily
digested, and non- stimulating food will be found an incalculable blessing. It may be
cooked in a great vaiiety of ways ; when well boiled with milk, with or without any
sugar or seasoning, but better without, and allowed to cool in a shape, it forms a
delicious hlanc-mange, unsurpassed by any other preparation for delicacy and easy
digestibility. By its bulk it favours digestion when the heavier kinds of food could not
be home, and in combination with either milk or egg it forms a meal scarcely inferior
in nutritive value to a steak or chop, "while it surpasses them in the fact that it is
easily disposed of by even the most delicate stomach. Add to all this, that change or
variety in diet is of great importance to healthy nutrition, and we have another reason
for recommending this to public attention. "We once heard of a man who was nearly
famished on mutton chops, potatos, and bread, taken day by day without intermission ; ,
a change of diet completely restored him. The more variety wo can introduce into ouf:'
food, consistent with other requirements, the better, and hence the obvious importance
of a new article of diet.

It has been said that he who makes two blades of grass gi"ow where one grew beforfl
is a benefactor of his species. Sir "Walter Ealeigh, who introduced the potato into I
England, might certainly lay claim to that title. To us belongs the honour, whatever
it may be, of being the first in this country to manufacture a pure starch from maize,
which is now so well known under the name we gave to it, viz. — Com Flour. For those
who really need a light nutritious diet we can wish no greater luxury than this
addition to their meal.

BROWN AND POLSON, IRONMONGER LANE, LONDON, E.G.

t COPYRIGHT.

Eaitortal CommunicaHoiu ahoald ba addressed to " Tba Editor ; " AdTortlseraents and Business Letters to " The Publisher," at the OiHce. 41, WaUlnrton Street, CoTent Garden, London. W.O.
Printed by J»yB8W»TTKi*a, at the Office of Messrs. BaiDBnar, E^ims,* no.. Lombard street. Pr«clnct of WbllnMars, Oitr of Loudon, in the Co. of Mlddlesei, and Published by the said
Office, No.41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's. Covent Garden. In the Bald County ^Sithboat, September 7,1867.

jAtfEs MATTHHvra, at the

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No, 37.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 14.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, Qd.

INDEX.

Arnbian lioracs 960 <

A-iphuilel, uses of 951

Azores M2

Hi'p comb, artilJclal SM <

Honks noticed P53 c-064 J

Cattle dcailnif. Irish »'.8 (

— plaeuu 05^ f

Christy plant case SMH t

Cli'inntises in beda Wi i

t'rjstiU Palace Show fli'i <

Oiifumber, twin ,. 'JtB i

Hflicveria mctaUicn S52 (

I'linuiiig, Mr. Mcchi'8—

957 n, 958 n— fl5!) (

rimncrB' Clubs Ml (

Fluiists' flowers J15I i

liixclaves 952 J

luts. colour of 9S0 I

'iiiff .

I'luitffrc „

rniit-tree pruninR FlSG f

f;:iniflaw8 9(i4 f

' iiilrna, French private .... 95.^ t

!■! iftinir, experimental 947 i

i.i.iin' judging f»J9 I

IIlmUi meetind flJ8 i

Heating, pipe flues for it.'li i

llunouiN, sciEutlflc ,.: !>JS <

Hooker.Dr 948 .

Horses, Arabian 960/

Liibumum poisoning 956 n

Life, old country

Lilium auratum

Lime trees , . .

Mofhi, Mr 957 <i, 958 h-

Muslironm poisoning .. 948 fi-

Palm.Date

Paris exhibition

Peas

rclargonium show, zonal ....
Phalienopsis Schillcriana.. .,

Plant case, Christy

Plants, herbaceous

Fna tri viiilis argentea

Poultry, domestic

Kam breeding

Reapers, trial of ,

Hoot cuttings

Kose growing, out-door

Schedules, prize

Seeding, thin

Selaginellas ..,..,....

Sheep, Australian

— sales 958 n-

Socicty. Lichfield Agricultural

— Viticultural

Strawbon-y, Perpetual Pine..

— autumiiiil

Superphosphates

"Wases, agricultural. ...957 6—
Wheat harvest

958 (.
9S2 b
94H e
952 c

■965 b
963 b
943 c
952 b

F>OYAL HORTICULTURAL SHOW of ZONAL
t PELARGONIUMS. TUESDAY, September 17. Admission Is.
i'rutiienaiio anrt Bund every S'lturday at Three, Admission, 2s. r>d.
For Schedule of Prizes see Oai-deners' Chronicle this day (p. 948).

p oTaI HOUiTuULTUHAL SOCIKTY^

it SOUTH KENSINGTON. W.

NOTICE.— A MEETING of the FRUIT and FLORAL COM-

.MITTEKS wlllbe held on TUESDAY. September 17, at 11 for hulf-
p. t jiLCisoly. GENERAL MEETING at Three.

I lERBYaHlHE, FLOKXlTTird^HORTlCULTURAL
17 SOCIETY.— ANNUAL EXHIBITION, in connection with

III' Derbyshire Agricultural Eihibitioii, on WEDNESDAY, Scp-
t>jinberl8. Prizes of £15, £10, £6, £3 10s,, and £2 are offered for
(..roups of Twelve Stove or Greenhouse Plants (or both), in or out of
ilnner, Ornamental or Variegatea Foliage Plants arranged for effect
(i.'iuhidre excluded). Schedules of Prizes and any farther informa-
ti'ii may be obtained on a(>plioation to the Honorary Secretary,
Mr. William Saunders, Wellington House, Derby.

Special Notice.— Dutch Bulbs.

MR. STEVKNS' SALES of HYACINTHS, TULIPS,
CROCUSES and other BULBS, just imported from Holland,
take place every WEDNESDAY and SATURDAV, and frequently
on MONDAY, at tbo Rooms, 38, King Street, Coveut Garden,
London, W,C.

SUT'l'ON'S GUINEA COLLECTION
of BULBOUS FLOWER ROOTS, for Pots and Glaases, or
Open Ground Cultivation, c.irriage free.

Sutton & Son-s. Komiing, Berks.

Bulb Catalogue.

BUTLER, KcCULLOCH, and CO.'S CATALOGUE
of Choice DUTCH and CAPE BULBS ia now ready. Sent
free and post paid. — Established upwards of a Century.
South Row, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

Dutch and Other Flower Boots.

JAMES JJICKSON and SONS have received, in
excellent crmdition, a large Importation from the most eminent
growers. PRICED DESCRIPTIVE LIST post free on application.
102, Eastgate Street, .iiid " Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

Dutch Bulbs, and other Flower Roots.

/CHARLES TURNER'S CA'J'ALOGUE of the above is
Vy now ready, a copy of which may be had on application.

The Roots have arrived in splendid condition, and earlv Orders are
respectfully solicited.

The Royal Xurseries, Slough.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON beg to say that their
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, Ac, is now ready, and can be had post free

on application. Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

Hyacinths.

WILLIAM ROLLISSON and SONS beg to announce
that their CATALOGUE of DUTCH and ENGLISH
BULBS is now in the hands of their Printers, and WILL BE PTTB-
LISHED IN A FEW DAYS, when it can be had free upon appli-
cation.

Dutch Roots.

JOHN AND CHARLES LEE will be happy to forward
their CATALOGUE for 1867 of newly-imported HYACINTHS
and other Roots, post free on application.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
London, W.

w

Boses in Bloom.
M. PAUL'S KOSKS are NOW IN FULL

BLOOM. Inspection respectfully Invited. Trains almost
|] Illy from Shoreditch to 'W althani Station, Great Eastern Railway.
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

^ To the Trade.

MARSHAL NIEL ROSK, from own roots, in pots, by
the 100 or 1000, at £i> per 100.
O. Barer & Son, American Nursery, Bagahot.

/lULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the KOSE.
V7 Second Edition. By Johjt Cranstos, King's Acre Nurseries
ni'iir Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

/CLARKE'S ROSE PINK, LORD LYON.— The best
Vy Pink for Forcing in Cultivation, to which a Certificate was
awnrded at the Great Show of the Royal Hortlciiltural Society, on
Jiitie 4, 1867. Strong Plants, now in a fine state for potting. 58. per
[M.r. Orders, accompanied by Post-office order or stamps, to
J. Clarke, 42. College Street, Bury St. Edmund's.

Roses, Roses, Roses.

WITTY AND SON have to offer for Forcing next
Spring strong plants of MARECIIAL NIEL ROSES, true. The
plants will average from 13 inches to 2 feet high, with aide branches
from top to bottom. Also all the le.ading sorts of TEA-SCENTED
ROSES In strong plants. The NEW ROSES of 186T in strong
plants. Price may he had on application, by the dozen or 100.
The Nurseries, Cottinghani, near Hull.

TMPORTED DUTCH and CAPE FLOWERING
X BULBS. — We bee leave to intimate that our PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE and AMATEUR'S GUIDE of the
above is now ready, and will be sent post free on application.

Fergus Farrei-l & Son, 119 and 120. Capel Street, Dublin.

Dutch Bulbs for Exhibition.

J SCOTT has received his annual supply of DUTCH
> FLOWER ROOTS from Holland ; eitra fine In quality and
true to name.

12 very choice exhibition HYACINTHS, 10s.

12 extra choice „ „ 125.

Other very fine sorts, Cs. and 8s. per dozen.

A complete list of the above sent free on application to

J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset,

HOOPER AND CO.'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE of
BULBS, &c., is about to be Issued, and can be obtained by
application. Price Is., postage free (presented to Customers),

It 18 copiously illustrated, and describes a larger collection of rare
and choice Bulbous Plants than probably any other in the kingdom.
It includes also Coloured Drawings of their celebrated Etruscan
Hyacinth Vases and Horticultural Elegancies.

Hooper & Co C vent Garden Market, London, W.C.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE beg to announce to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1807 Growth, Is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Canibs.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula fimbriata.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply NEW SEED of the
above, saved from choicest flowers, in packets, Is., 2s, 6d,, and
Ss. each, post free.

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Dutch Bulbs and other Flower Roots.

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Road Nurseries,
and Houndstone, Y'eovil, Somerset, begs to announce that he
has imported a large assortment of the above, in excellent condition,
and is now ready to .supply orders at the lowest prices. See
CATALOGUE, free on application.

Strong GRAPE VINES, from Eyes.— All the leading varieties, at
unequalled low prices.

Choice Seeds.

CHAELES TURNER'S superior CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA are now ready, in packets. 2s. Qd.
each. The Royal Nurseries, Slough,

To the Trade.

r^ H A R L E S TURNER can now supply—

\y CALCEOLARIA (JAMES) I PANSY I PINK

CINERARIA I PRIMULA KERMESINA

In Trade Packets, at 20s., 10s,, or 5s., all of which are saved from
the most extensive and unrivalled collections.

The Royal Nui'series, Slough.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paltl)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASS
ROSES and BEDDING GERANIUMS, &c., advertised at length In

tlji.i Paper in Mav last.

Pauls Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

Variegated Geraniums.
1ASB0N AND SON hold a larse stock of above.
Prices on application.
Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

C

For Present Sowing.

Choice Zonal Geranium, frosi a Collection of 150 Varieties.

R WHITE can supply NEW SEED of the above,
• saved from the choicest flowers, in packets. Is. 6d., 2s. 6d.
Ss. 6d., and Hi. each, post free.

Poole Nurseries, Dorset.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.
T WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING PELARGONIUM

O • EXCELSIuR. now ready; colour of Indian Yellow ; One
truss, and habit of Lord Palmeraton. Price 6e. each ; 36s. per doz.
to the Trade

MISS Watson, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1. The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.

Fine New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe in
Apn]. Plants readvin November. 5s. each; 36s, per doz, to the Trade.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulbs, &c.

ROBERT PARKER begs to announce that his NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of New. Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and Stove
Plants, Azalea indica. Fruit Trees, Grape Vines. Rhododendrons,
Roses, Sweet Violets, Ac. ; Amaryllis. Crocuses. Cyclamens, Gladioli,
Hyacinths, Liliuins, Narcissus, Tulips, and other Bulbs, is now
published and will be forwarded to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S,

The Autumn Catalogue of

H LAUREN TIUS' Horticultural Establishment.
• Leipzig, containing BULBS and TUBEROUS-ROOTED
PLANTS, VARIEGATED and COLOURED-LEAVED PLANTS,
Prices for the Trade, &c. ; also a SELECT LIST of NOVELTIES
and RARE PLANTS ; is now ready, and may be had gratis and
post free on application to
Messrs. Betham & Blackith, Cox's Quay, LowerThames St., London,

>ANSy SEED of 1867, and of the finest strain, at U.
per i)acket ; sent free for 13 stamps.
H. Haruan, Denham, near Uxbridge.

Notice.

NOS, 1 to 10 apply only to DILLISTONE and CO.'S
LITTLE LISTS, which will be sent post free to all applicants.
Address, Dillistone & Co,, Nurserymen, &c.. Stunner, near
Halstead. Essex.

Special Notice.

CATALOGUES of the SALE to be held at the King's
Acre Nurseries on SEPTEMBER 30 and following days, are
NOW READY, and may be had on application.

The Lots, comprising upwards of 3500, are now on view.
Address John Cranston, Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

Camellias and Indian Azaleas, with Buds.

An extensive Stock of their very best vaneties is ready for Sale at

LOUIS YAN HOUTTE'S Establishment, Ghent,
Belgium. The goods are delivered, carriage-paid, by Louis
Van HiiniTE ; but, per contra, 5«. are charged in account for every
case or basket sent.

C^ The Camellias are from £6 10s. to £8 per hundred ; the
Indian Azaleas from £6.

NflTT Pl3.ntB

HCANNELL be?3 to inform his Customers that his
• NEW CATALOGUE U NOW READY, and sent free for two
stamps. It contains a full description of all the NEW FUCHSIAS,
VERBENAS, PETUNIAS, LOBELIAS. &c., and a number of the
NEW GERANIUMS, and all, the NEW BEDDING GEMS of the
year ; and also a new and valuable Idea in the arrangement of
Beddln Plants. Fuchsia Nursery, Woolwich.

STRAWBERRIES.— All the leading Varieties in strong
Plants. PRICED DESCRIPTIVE LIST on applicatloa.
James Dickson & Sons, " Ntwton " Nurseries, Chester.

Strawberries!

CHARLES TURNER i.s now prepared to Bupply strong
Plants of the best modern kinds, as well as all the h'^ding
established varieties, true to name.

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may be had on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

HE THREE MUS I' "USEFUL STRAWBERRIES

in cultivation either for forcing or the open ground.
PRESIDENT, strong layers, in f.O-pots, 15s. per 100
SIR CHARLES NAPIER, strong layers, in BOpots, 15». per 100
KEEN'S SEEDLING, strong layers, in 00-pots, 15s. per 100
Runners of most other sorts, true to name, from 3s. firf. per 100
F. R. KiNGiioRN, Sheen Nursery, Richmond, S.W.

CUTHILL'S STRAWBERRY PLANTS.— On and
after August 20, strong, selected for next year's bearing, at the
reduced price o( 6s. per lOU, each sort (they have lasted In bearing
55 days this year). Early Black Prince, Early Princess Royal,
Richard II., Highland Mary, Newton Seedling late. Prince of Wales,
latest of all. Dr. Llndley never could depend on a crop until he had
my breed. MUSHROOM SPAWN, 6s. per bushel. Five Pamphlets,
&c. Write for a LIST. Post-offlce orders on C.T.mberweU Green.
James Cutuill, Denmark Hill, Cnmberwell. S.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NEUTAKINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUM.S, PEAR.S. APPLKS. VINES, and FIGS,
RioiiARD SyiTii. Nurseryiiiai] and Sued Merchant, Worcester.

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, consisrtng chieflv of-
FRUIT TREES, ROSES. EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general exciillence are unsurpassed.
Thomas Warner. Luk-ester Abbey Nurseri.'S.

Richmond Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey.

TO NOBLEMEN and (iKNTLKMKN iiKiking large
PLANTATIONS, or PLANTING ORCHARDS or WALLS
with FRUIT TREES, and requiring quantities of superior Coniferous
and other Evergreens, Ornamental flowering Trees, Shrubs, &c., or
Dwarf-trained, Standard, or Spiral Fruit Trees. Special prices, will
be given on application to

G. & W. Steele, of the above Nurseries.

THIRTY THOUSAND HERBACEOUS and ALPINE
PLANTS, in pots, now ready. An inspection respectfully
requested. CATALOGUES early in September, sent on receipt of
postage stamps.

Thos. S. Ware, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, N., adjoining the
Railway Station.

ORCHIDS. — A Small Collection of the best varieties
for SALE, on account of owner's ill health.
For particulars, Sc, address H., Post Office, Retford, Notts.

w

Cephalotus follicularis.
E. DIXON has to offer fine Plants, os. to Js. (
• each. Price per dozen to the Trade on appUcatlon.
Norwood Nursery, Beverley,

WANTED, MINIATURK PLANTS, in the Trade.—
The West London Flower and Seed Establishment, 9, Queen's
Road, Bayswater. W.

SPECIMEN PLANTS WANTED.-A large Conser-
vatory, 130 feet long, and 30 feet high, has been erected at the
Royal Park, Leeds. PLANTS or SHRUBS are WANTED. Must
be large, good, and cheap. — Thomas Clapham, Royal Park, Leeds.

TO the TRAUE or GARDENERS.— A large quantity
of PELARGONIUMS, FUCHSIAS, CRASSULAS, and other
Plants, to be SOLD, a Bargain.— The West London Flower and Seed
Establishment, 9, Queen's Roail, Bayswater, W,

Ferns.

WILLIAM ROLLISSON and SONS also beg to
intimate that their DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of
FERNS. LTCOPODS, &c.. Is being distributed, and will have much
pleasure in forwarding the same, free of charge, to all applicants.
William Rollisson & Sons, The Nurseries, Tooting. London, S.

Hanover Nursery, Peckham, S.E.

MA. IVEKY, Widow ol the late Mr. William Ivery,
• begs to state that the BUSINESS will be carried on as
usual, and trusts to receive that support so long given to her late
husband, which shall at all times have prompt attention,

A Select AUTUMN CATALOGUE for 1867 can be had post free
on application.

EVERY GARDEN Kii^UUibiTJi
kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom. London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers. Merchants, and Nurserymen,
237 & 238, High Holbom, London. W,C.

RAYNBLRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
and COMPANY, Limited.
CoRM, .Seed, Manure, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingatoko.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1862. for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

To Market Gardeners and Seed Merchants,

FIRST-CLASS MUSHROOM SPAWN for SALE.—
Apply to C. Shepherd (late Pearson). 83, Chalk Farm Road,
Haverstock Hill, N.W.

DICKINSON'S NEW ITALIAN RYE-GRASS SEED"
is now ready to be delivered, and may be had by Aericulturists
at 34s. per quarter, or 30s. per quarter for 6 quarters for prompt pay-
ment. New Park, Lymington, Hants.

PAMPAS GRASS.— Many thousands of fine Plant',
in pots. Price according to number taken.

Sutton & Sons, Reading Nur.ieries.

Grass Seeds for Autumn sowing. ^.^„_q

SUTTON'S PERMANENT GRASS SEEDS
FOR ALL SOILS.
Prices (according to sorts required and soils for which they are
Intended), may be had on application. . n ^i -

Sotton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading,

QUTTON'S IMPROVED ITALIAN RYE-GRASS,

O the Best and Most Pkodcctite is Cultivation.

Sutton & Sons can supply New Seed of the above at 63. per
bushel, or cheaper in large quantities. ,.1. , c, „.

August and September are tlie best months for bowing.

Sutton & Sons, Roval Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading,

946

THE GARBENERS' cmONICLE AND AGMCULTtJML GAZETTE.

[SepTeMbeb 14, 186?.

c

HOICE SEEDS in SEALED PACKETS.

THE " PRIZE " STRAIN of CYCLAMEN PERSICUM. — This
spleDdid Stra,tQ of Seed haa passed entholy into the hands of
B. S Williams. It is the seeiJ saved from thu maKniflceut plants
growQ and shown by Mr. Wiggins, gardener to W. Beck, Esq., Isle-
wortli, at the Spring Shows lu tho presunt year; they were in each
in&tance awarded 1st prize, and were the iidmir;ition of all the
Tisit'ii-s. The flowers are 1 inch across, by IJ iuchts m doptb, the
colouis rang. ngfrum a bright carmine to a delicately tinte,! white,
and pure white tipped with crimson, the leaves ueautifiilly marbled;
indeed, the leaves, ap.art from the flowers, possess a peculiar attrac-
tion in the diversity of their marbled surface. This seed should be
sown as early in the Autumn a^ possible. None genuine unless the
packets bear B. S. W.'s n;iiLj and address. Price, per Packet,
Is. 6d., Us. 6(7.. and 3s. Gd.

THE " PRIZE " STRAIN of POLYANTHUS, — This beautiful
Stram of ooe of the prettiest spring-flowering plants was also
exhibit, d mo.st successfully by Mr. Wiggins, of whom B. 3. W. has
purchased the entire stcck and right of sale. None genuine unless
the packets bear B. S. WiLtiAHs's name and address. Price Is.,
2s. 6d., and Ss. Gd. per packet.

Other Choice Strains of Seed.

-JAMES'S CALCEOLARIA, 2s. od., 3s. (!(/., and 6s. per packet.

WEATHERILL'S CINERARIA, I's. Gd.y 3s. 6d., and 5s. perpkt.

WILLIAMS" PRIMULA, 2s. Gd., 3s. Gd., and 6s. per packet.
B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper FloUoway, N

Extra Fine New Tulips.

GEORGE LlUdTBuUY, Falkirk, will LET OUT
sevei-al of the Splendid Seedlings raised by Richard Headly,
Esq., of Stapletord, near Cambridge, at very modei-ate prices. These
flowcTs have been successfully exhibited at the Principal Shows in the
Kingd'im, and are warranted the finest Tulips now extant. A
description of them, by Shirley Hibberd, Esq., F.H.S., whs published
in the " G irdenei-s' Magazine " lor 22d June. A list of names and
prices supplied on application.

CUTTIN GS.— The following Cuttings from a
Private Garden, to be SOLD, as long aa they last, at the prices
affixed. Stamps to accompany orders by past.
GOLDEN CHAIN, AMY HOGG, QUEEN of QUEENS,

Ci BLSTER, KuSE hENOAThER, 2s. a dozen,
STELLA, SCARLET PERFECnON, LONICERA AUREA

RETICULATA, CHRISTINE. Is. 6rf, a dozen.
MANuLKftll, GOLUEN-EDilED IVY LEAF, 9d. a dozen.
VIOLA CORNIlTA, 2s. for 50.

Apply to Mr. Staktow, Gardener, Southgate, near London.

Important; to Gentlemen engaged in Planting,
Landscape Gardeners.

Sale et Auction of HioaLV Valuable Norsery Stock.

JOHN CRANSTON be^^s to say that from the greatly
inorea-^ed demand for ROSES during the lust two or three
years be finds it absolutely necessary to very considerably extend
their Cu^tiv.ition, both out-of-doors and under glass. To enable
him to nccoiiiijlish this in a manner fully and satisfactorily to meet
the dtmand, he fuels compelled to clear a very large portion of his
Nurseries, now stocked with valuable collections of Fruit Trees,
Conifer^s, Evergreens, Deciduous Ornamental Shrub.-?, Forest Trees,
&c. ; likewise a fine Collection of Camellias, Azaleas, Geraniums,
and Miscellaneous Greenhouse Plants, now occupying scTeral
large houses.

He will, therefore, in futurfl be able to devote at least tbe one-half
of his Nurseries, which extend over 5i> Acres, solelv to the cultiva-
tion of Ruses, as well as fi?e or six lar^e Houses for the propagation
of Tea-scented and other tender sorts m pots.

The fact of his having on evia-y occasion during the season taken
the First Prize forthe large Collection of Roses at the Metropolitan
and other Rose Shows, coupled with the regular increase ol orders
which has been s-oiog on for years, convinces iiim of the necessity of
losing no time in tatiug the c mrse he herem proposes.

Mr. buNDEKLASD hds reci'ived instructions to SELL by AUCTION,
on the premises, at the Kings's Acre Xiirstsnes, on September 30,
1867, and followmg days, a large portion of the GENERAL
ifURSERY STOCK, comprising—
26,000 Dwarf-trained, l^ramid, and Standard Poaches, Nectarines,

Apricots, Pears, Plums, Cherries, and Apples, all well grown and

finely trained— the greater portion are iarge-sized bearing trees.
l,mo PeaclicF, Nectarines, Pears, Plums, Ohemes, and Figs in pots.

30U Grape \ities.
15,000 Comtnon L.iurel, 2 to 3 feet.
30,tJ00 Coi.ifeiEB, includii g beautifully grown plants of Cedms

Deodai-a, Codrus .-ttlaiitica, Gupreasua Lawsoniana, Thujopsis

borealls, Euglitili Yew, Fums austriaca, Pinus msignis, Araucaria

imbriCLta, s,c., varying in height trom 2, 3, 4, and li to 8 feet, and

many of them fine specimen trees.
2,000 VVellingtonea gigantea, from 2 to 3 feet, beautifully grown

pUnt:H, all regularly transplanted.
.3,000 Rhododendrons, 2^ feet.

Several thousand B<.'rberi3 Darwinii, variegated Holly, Arbutus, &o.
A qu.tutity of the New Japan Auuubas, &c.
A largB qiiiuitity of Deciduoas Ornamental Trees and Shrubs,

inclU'dug lOUu Standard Double Pink, Sc^Iet and other Thorns,

■Weepiug Ash, Beech, Oak, Elms, &c.
2000 Deutzia (;racili.s, suitable for forcing.
Climbing and Wad Plants, all the leading kinda of Clematis, Lonl-

cerii, Ceauothus, tec.
300,0iW Transplanted Forest Trees, including Ash, Spanish Chestnut,

Liirch, Scotch, Enghsh O.ik, Spruce Fir, Thorns, &c., varvinK in

height from 2 to 4 fett.
1-600 li.dian Azaleas, 50O CamelUaa, miscellaneous Greenhouse

PlaLtS, &LC.

The whole of the above Stock is in the finest condition possible,
havmg biifin thoroughlv well grown, and regularly and carefully
tran.-plmt-ed, neither were any of the Trees injureLriu the least
durhig the last severe winter.

Pmther particulars are given in ciroalara now published, and will
be forwarded on application.

Cataliiguos. which art now in course of preptu-ation, wlH be
distributed early in September.

Nursenes, King's Acre, near Hereford.— Aug. 1, 1S07.

THK LO^'UUJN MAWUKJi OOMi-AJNY
(Established 1840).
Have now ready for delivery m di-y fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED RONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
IIAI^GEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genume PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
es Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISHERY

-.^ ' ■,,« -D. ^ ^ c, E. PoRS£R,SecroUvry.

Offlcus. 116^ Fencburch Street. E.G.

LA W E~S"^ MANURES.—

The Manures manufactui-ed by J. B. Lawes for the present
season ot lbi>7 are now ready for delivei-y at his Factories, at the
following prices, per ton ;

H^I-^LJi.^'^lW TnRNIP MANURE and BONE 4 3. d.

SDPERPHUSPHATK nf LIME C i li

LAWtS- SUPEUPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

El .NE Of MINERAL PHOSPHATES -"^""i

iAWBSj^WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASs'MANtTRES '.'. 12 0 0

Thesa Manures can be obtained of Mr. LiWEs, or through the
appointed Agents m all parts of the United Kingdom, at nilces
varying according to cost of carnage.

GeiiUitiO Peruvian Guano direct fVom the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures

American and other Cakes at market price<;.

Address, John Ee^-ni;! La wes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge
ex:. ; ^2, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market 8.|uare, Shrewsbury

s

T K

"W B E R R

E S .

DR. HOGG. — Very large, extra fine Pine flavour, and a good bearer.

One of the finest in cultivation.
THE LADY.- iMl the fruit of a good equal size without thinning ;

immense cropper for forcing, as we proved last pring ; flavour

highlv perfumed.
BRITISH QU^-EN. PRINCE ARTHUR, KEEN'S SEEDLING.
CRIMSON I.JUEEN, SIR CHARLES NAPIER.

Prices — Established in large 32 pots for forcing, from 75s. to 100s.
per 100. Strong layers in GO pots, from 25s. to .50s. per 100. Strong
runners trom 5s. to 21s. per lOt), A large collection ot other vaneties,
strong, well-rooted runners, 6s. per 100.

JooN & Charles Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery and Soed Establish-
ment, Hammersmith, London, W.

New Perpetual Pine-apple Strawberry (Gloede), and
Liliums.

AYAN GEERT, Nursery:^! an, Ghent, Bel^um,
• begs to offer the above STRAWBERRY, good plants, which
will be ready in a few days, at £l 5s. for 50, and £:i for 100 plants.

Per 1(10— £ s.
LUJUM LAJSCIFOLIUMPUNCTATUM, very strong roots.. 8 0

„ „ RUBRUM, ditto 2 10

„ „ ALBUM,d!tto 3 0

„ „ ROSEUM, ditto 2 10

„ EXCEL^UM. ditto 8 0

LONGIFLURUM, ditto , .. ..110

THUNfSERGIA GRANDIFLORA 8 0

AUREUM 4 0

V

A It 1 Ji W A T E D

PJELAKG0NIUM8.

SOPHIA DUMARESQUE

MRS. BENTON

GOLDFINCH

LDNA

EEAOTY of OULTON

NEATNESS

ITALIA UNITA

COUNTESS

ELEGANS

THE FAIRY

PRtNCHSS ALEXANDRA

BICOLOR SPLENDENS

The above forwarded on receipt of Post Office order for 21s.
Alfred Frvek. Nurseries, Chatteris. Caiiibrndgeshire.

Eiclimoiid Nurseries, Elctunoad, Surrey.

GAND W. ftXliELb; be;^ to call tlie attention of the
« Trade in general to their valuable and very extensive Stock
of CONIFEROUS and other EVERGREENS, particularly Striped
and Green Hollies, in which they .tboiiiid; and also to their
DWARF-TRAINED, STANDARD, an.l SPIRAL FRUIT TREES,
which are of first-rate quality, consisting of Auricots, Peaches,
Nectarines. Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, &c , which are second
to none in the Trade. An Inspection by Travellers this Autumn is
respectfully solicited.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 3G pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Dutcli Flower Roots.

MESSRS. FRANCIS and ARTHUR DICKSON &m
SONS have received from the most celebrated Growers ii
Holland their first large importation of the above, and have thi
satisfactiou to say that the BULBS are this season sound, wel
ripened, and of excellent quality. Earlv oi'ders respectfully soliciteil
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES post free upon appU
cation.

100, Eastgate Street; and the "Upton" Nurserios, Chester.

Dutcli and Cape Bulbs.

BUTLER, McCUl.l.OCH AND CO. have received theii
usual consignment of the above, and beg to offer the following
careftilly assorted collections.

FOR CONSERVATORT DECORATION.

No. 1

No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5

No.O

100s.
No. 7

50s. 25s. 21s. 15s.

FOR FLOWER GARDEN DECORATION.

No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 No.ll

lOs.Od.
No. 12

IjOs.

60s. 40s. 25s. 2ls.

lOs.64

FOR FLOWER GARDEN AND CONSERVATORY COMBINED
No. 13 I No. 14 [ No. 15 I No. 16 1 No. 17 I No. 18

105s. I 52s.6d. I 42s. | 21s. j los. | lOs.Sd.

CATALOGUES containing details of above Collection sent free
and Post-piid Orders amounting to 21s. sent, carringe paid, or
receipt of Post-Offlce Order. — Ebtabllshed upwards of a century.

Coveut Garden Market, London, VV.C

M

Hyacintlis for EsMbition.
ESSRS. STJTTON'

COLLECTIONS include
varieties so much admired at the sprinj
shows, and they are now prepared to receivi ,
orders for the same at the following prlce& :-

The Choicest 100 Sorts, £4 4s., carriage fiwt
The Choicest 60 Sorts, £,■£ 2s.,
The Choicest L'oSnrts, £1 Is., ,,

The Choicest 12 Sorts, £0 12s.,

Cheaper Roots, Gs. to 9s. per dozen.

HYACINTHS for Beds and OpenEordera
3s. per dozen, 21s. per 100, carriage free.

ScTTON & Sons, Importers, Reading. Berka.

Butcli

JAMES CARTER and CO. beg to announce that they
are nowaendinj; out their unrivalled Strains of CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULA, whiuh, for fineness of form and
beautir of colour cannot be surpasae J.

CALCEOLARIA, saved from the tlnest Prize varieties.

CINERARIA, saved from the finest named varieties.

PRIMULA SINENSIS PlilBHIATA, dark carmine and pure
white, saved from the finest fringed varieties in cultivation. Price,
each p.ack6f., 2s. (id., forwarded on receipt of Post-office Order for
the amount.

t'^ PRICE LISTS gratis and Post free on application to Cakter's
Great London Seed Warehouse. 237 & 238, Hiiih Holborn. London, W.C.

G

R A S S SEEDS for

PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
Quest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natoral, and
scientific system.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illnstra-
tions and Dcficriptione of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. Wheeler & Solf,
Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire

Agincultural Society.

Caution to Garaeners.— Wiien you aaJj for

SATNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING EINIVES, see that you get them.
ObseiTo the mark Satnor, also the corporate mark Oatain
VViRRiNTED, without which none are genuine.

S. & C. regret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which haa caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s Pruning and Budding Knives are tn© oesc and the
cheapest in the market.

Paston Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 12fi years.

Early Spring Feed, Trlfollum

Incamatum.
Q U T T 0 N ' S

O ITALIAN RYE-GRASS,

NEW LATE RED TRIFOLIUM.

These nre invaluable articles for early
Spnn;: Feed, either grown separately or
together. The proper quantity of Italian
Rve-grass, if sown alone, is 3 bushels per
acre, or if Trirolium alone, 28 lbs. per acre.

The New Seed is now being harvested,
and we shall be pleased to send samples
and lowest prices per quarter and cwt. on
application. Also MUSTARD and RAPE,
New Seed.

All goods carriage free, except very small
parcels.

S0TTON- & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Flower Roots,

A RCHIBALD HENDER

Xi_ SON begs to announce tha
he has received a birge Consignmen
of Dutch and other Roots, carelXill
selected from the most celebrate
growers.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICE!
CATALOGUES are now ready,
taming practical directions for the
suecesslul cultivation on all
various systems now adopted.

Also a CHOICE and SELED
LIST of VEGETABLE aad HARD*
FLOWER SEEDS fur Autum
Sowing. Catalogues gi-atis and pot
free upon applicati'in,

Sion Nursery, Thornton Hentl
Surrey, and at the East Surrey See
Warehousp, College Grounds, Nort
End, Croydon.

Choice Bulbs.
QTEPEEN BROWN'

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE

Cultural and Descriptive,

F-ree for-6-fibaBapB, gratis to oustomers.

THE DUTCH ROOTS
Have anived in splendid condition.

Seed and Nursery Establishment,
Sudbury, Suffolk.

Hyacinths, Hyacinths.

DREGHORN AND AITKEN, Kilmurnock, N.B., be;
to intimate that their CATALOGUE of HYACINTHS an.
other BULBS is now Published, and will be forwai-ded Post Free t
any Address. It contains valuable Descriptive and Cultural Notes
and will be found a useful guide to Purchasers.

PRIZE HYACINTHS.-D. i A.'s PRIZE DOZEN for 15s. Th'
best value in the Trade— viz.. Macaulay, Ornament de la Nature
Von Schiller, Grandeur a MerviUe, Lord Wellington (double). Alb:
maxima, Mont BLanc, Queen of the Netherlands, Baron Von Thuyll
Charles Dickens, Grand Lilas, and Prince Albert.

ROMAN HYACINTHS.— Fine Bulbs of these beautifiU eai:Iy,
flowering Hyacinths, 3s. Gd. per dozen. Free by Post or Rail. ' ■

ARDY CLIMBERS and PERMANENT BEDDHfG

PLANTS. — Eleven First-class Certificates awarded to Messsa
Geo. Jackman & Son, by Royal Horticultural and RoyaJ Botanii
Societies of London.

The Advertisers solicit an inspection of their CLEMATIS JACK'
MANNI, and varieties of that type NOvV in BLOUM, whicl
have proved themselves to be the "riesidoratum" for a good vio^i
blue or purple maroon bed. See Editorial remarks in Oardenert
Chronicle, August 17. page 853, invitmg attention to the bcau'iiu
forms of their Hybrid Clematises as a " now sensation in bedding
out." Particulars of treatment by apijlying to

Geo. JacsmakASow, Woking ^jursery. Surreys

JEAN VEPiSCHAFFELT, NURSERYMAN,

134, FAUBOURG DE BRUXELLES, GHENT, BELGIUM,

Beg3 to offer the following, in fine healthy PLANTS, at the undermentioned low pricey viz. : —

AZALEA INDICA,fine plants forwinter blooming, choice varieties,

£b per 100 ; stroneer, £8 to f 10, and upwards,
AZALEA TNDICA SOUVENIR DU PRINCE ALBERT, £1 4s.

per dozen.
AZALEA INDTCA STOCKS, fit for grafting, £1 per 100.
CAMELLIAS, fine plants, beautifully set with buds, choice named

varieties, £6 per 100 ; stronger, £8, £10, £12, and upwards.

CAMELLIA STOCKS, fit for graiting, £1 8s.
OTAHEITE ORANGES, fuU of iVuit, £1 4s. per dozen.
„ „ stronger plants, extra, £1 Os.

JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM, grafted, flowering aM tbrORgll

the winter, £1 per dozen.
TEA ROBE, MARECHAL NIEL, grafts in pots, Se. perdozen.

1^" Early Orders are respectfully solicited.

JEAN YERSCSAPPELT'S NEW CATALOGUE is just published, and may be had Pree on application eithe:!
to himself or to his Agents, Messrs, A. SilBerrad & Son, 5, Harp Lane, Great Towei Street, Loudon, E.G. Al
Letters to be addressed

JEAN VERSCHAFTELT, 134, FAUBOURG DE BRUXELLES, GHENT, BELGIUM. I

SEPT.MBEE w. 1867.] THE GARDENERS' OTTRONTCLE ANT) AGRTCITLTURAL GAZETTE.

947

DUTCH AND OTHER BULBOUS ROOTS.

B. S. WILLIAMS

HAS RECEIVED HrS PTUST IMrOBTATTONS IN EXCEIXENT CONDITION, ANIl RRBPECTPULLY

SOLICITS EARLY OltDEUS.

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE forwarded freo on application.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS carefully put up to suit Hardens of various sizes.

The CIIOICEST HYACINTHS for Pots or Gk-^sea, Us., 18s., 12*., 9s., 8»., and 6». per doz.

HYACINTHS for Bedding, assorted, in colours, 3.!. 6d. per doz.

All Moots of the Jirst quality only.

B. S. WILLIAMS,
VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

ALL the FIRST PRIZES for HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c.,

AWARDED TO

WM. PAUL'S COLLECTIONS

IN MARCH LAST,
At tho ROYAL HORTICULTURAL and ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S SPRING SHOWS.

FIRST IMPORTATION JUST ARRIVED IN EXCELLENT CONDITION,

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE FREE BT POST ON APPLICATION.
^^ Sarly Orders respectfully aolieited.

PAUL'S NURSERIES AND SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

CARTER'S DUTCH BULBS.

JAMES CARTER & CO.'S

AUTUMN SUPPLEMENT

GARDENER'S AND FARMER'S YADE MECUM,

Containing ORIGINAL ARTICLES on the CULTURE of BULBS and SPRING GARDENING, also a LIST
of VEGETABLE SEEDS for AUTUMN SOWING, is NOW READY and will he forwarded immediately on
receipt of 12 Stamps (Gratis to Customers), on application to

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN,

LONDON, W.O.

FRESH IMPORTED DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

SUTTON'S

AUTUMN CATALOGUE TOR 1867

IS NOW READY,
and may be had Gratis and Post Free on appiicatii«».

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS OF FLOWER ROOTS

FOR BLOOMING DURING WINTER AND SPRING.

For Pots and Glasses. 1 For Open Ground,
COMPLETE COLLECTION (Carri-age Free).. £2 2 0 COMPLETE COLLECTION (Carriage Free) .. £2 2
DITTO (Carriage Free).. 110 DITTO (Carriage Free) . . 1 1
DITTO 0 10 6 I DITTO 0 10

LIST of CONTENTS of tbe above oa application.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKS SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

VIOLETS.

The following are strong Plants in pots, establisked for winter flowering:—
QUEEN of VIOLETS, the mo&t magnificent double variety grown — per doi:. ^s. Od.

KING of VIOLETS, extra, fine, double blue ,
NEAPOLITAN, double lilac
DOUBLE KED, very fine

12

A CATALOGUE of CHOICE NEW PLANTS, ^vith LIST of upwards of Twenty
j^^j^r^nSH\'/. Jl^¥^'^^ ' SELECT LIST of best STKAWBERKiES grown, and
DUTCH BULB CATALOGUE, free upon application.

DILLISTONE and WOODTHORPE,
MUNRO isrURSEUY, SIBLE HEDINGHAM, ESSE5C.

JOHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE

O of SKLEOTKD ROSES !b now ready and will be forwarded
on appHciillou.

J. C. ro.si»ccLfiiUy dlrocts attention to the followlriK LIST Of
FIRST PRIZES which hiivo beou awHrdid to him at the principal
Rtiso Sbowa of the jircsent year, provlnK boyond a dtmbt that tbe
soil and climate of his Nurseries are unrlvallad for the Cultivation
of Roses.

Uoynl Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
June 19.— 24 Vai-letiea, Cut Uones, una truHs eacb, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester.
June 10.— 30 Varieties, Cut Roses, throo tnisaes each, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
Ji2ne26.— 24VftrietieH, Cut Roaes, one tmss each, FIRST PRIZK

Crystrtl Palace.
June 2tt.— 7a Varieties, Cut Roses, one trufls each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington.
July 2.— 71i Varieties, Cut Rosea, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingbam,
July4,6.— 72 Varieties, Cut Uo-ses, one trusa each, FIRST PRIZE
24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three tnisaea each, FIRST PRIZE
Hereford.
July )».— 73 Varieties. Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE
a4 Varietlca, Cut Rosos, three trusaea each, FIRST PRIZE
Rugby.
July X2.— 72 Varieties, Cut Rosea, one tniBB each, FIRST PRIZE
Nurflerlos, King's Acre, near Hereford.

D

Roses In Pots.

ILLISTONE AND CO.'s Collection of EOSES in

POTS for 2l8., piickace, &c., included, contains—
6 of the beat now flYllRlD PKRPKTUALS of 1867,.

TEAS of 1807, viz., MADAME MARGOTTIN,
and ISABELLA SPRITNT. Also 1 each of tbe following ;—

SOUVENIR UE LA MAL-

MAISON
CELINE FORESTIER

MARECIIAL NIEL
CLOTH OF GOLD
AMERICA

SOLFATERRE

Post OfRco Orders to bo tnado payable at Haverhill, Suffolk,
DiLi.isTONE & Co., NurKerynien, &c , Stunner, near Halstead, Essex

in

Roses, Koses, Roses.

PLANTS of all the FINEST VARIETIES
CDLTIVATiON will this Autumn be In magniftcenfc order,
in tbo Castlk Strclt Nuhsebieh, SALianuKv.

The iVost of May 24 destroyed ail the blooming buds; the con-
aei|ucncua are that the Plants ha?e produced tbe moat vlgoroun
growth.

Amateur Rose Growers may insure tbe finest Plants that can
posslhly bo Droduced, true to n ime. CATALOGUES on application.

VINES, from Eyes, the finest in England, 10s. 6d. each, in October
next. John Kevneb, Castle Street, Salisbury.

HUNTINGDONSHIRE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.— OPEN PRIZES.
The AUTUMN SHOW of this Society will be held at the Com
Exchange, St. Ives, on WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, when,
besides the PRIZES offen-d in the Schedule for Members, the
following will be given by tho Inhabitants of St. Ivea, Open to all
Eniiland :—
For tbe beat 24 Show Dahlias, 24 varieties, £5.
For the best Dessert, arranged for the Table, and consisting of
not less than Seven kinds of Fruit, combining quality with
taste in arrangement, such Fruit to be bona fide grown by
the Exhibitor, £f).
N-B. The Prizes oflered for 24 Show Dahlias, Class 31 in the
Schedule^ will now be awarded for 12 instead.

Intending Exhibitors must give notice to Mr. Abubtrono, Hun
tingdou, on or before Saturday, September 14.

€iit ©attrenerjS'Clirontcle.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 1867.

MEETING FOE THE ENSUING WEEK.

Tdmday, Sept. 17

Royal Hoitioultural (Fruit and Floral

Couunittt'es). lit South Kensington .. 11 i.m.
Ditto (Scientific Discussion) .. .. 3p.ii.

Ditto (Show of Zonal Pelargoniums)

Some little astomshment was created when
John Httnter engrafted the spur of a coek upon
the comb of the same bird, though in ti'uth " the
learned Taliacotius," as the author of " Hudi-
bras " tells us, had long before been in the habit
of performing analogous operations on the human
body when comeliness or comfort demanded a
new nose in place of one destroyed by disease or
accident. Every gardener, too, is familiar with
the more or less apocryphal stories of wonderful
GRAFTS, or " greffes des charlatans," as our neigh-
bours across the water term them. It is well
known that many of these marvels are altogether
legendary and mythical, while others are merely
clever tricks but not grafts. In the whole
history of genuine, bond fide, gi'afting, however,
we doubt if there is a more curious instance
recorded than that published by M. B.
Verlot in the last number of the Revue
Hortkole, from which it appears that the
following curious experiment was made by
M. C-iBiLLET, of Vincennes, in the month of
April, 1866. Two Pear trees, about four years
old, both worked on the Qmnce, of a pyramidal
form, and each from 4 to 5 feet high, were
chosen. The one, a Beurre d'Aremberg, was
made to serve as the stock ; the other, a Beurre
de Charneu, was dug up with the greatest care
in order to avoid injury to its roots. It was then
grafted by approach on the Beurre d'Aremberg,
but in such a way that the roots were allowed
to be in the ah-, and the extremity of the leader
directed towards the soil. The graft was made
at about 30 centimetres (10 — 11 inches) from the
top of each stem, so that when the operation was
completed there were two Pear trees united by
their leaders, but the upper one was reversed in
position, with its roots completely exposed to the
atmosphere.

At first the graft grew but little, it only deve-
loped a few leaves of small size and it did not
flourish, but during the course, of the summer
the body, and main divisions of the root, threw
out several buds of the Quince, which attained

94S

THE CtAEDENERS' CHEOXICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[September 14, 1867.

a length, of from eight to ten centimetres
(3 — 4 inches).

The stock, on the other hand, grew with toler-
able vigour, even produced flowers, but did not
ripen its fruit. The leaves fell in autumn at
their usual time. The roots of the graft were
entirely unprotected against the inclemency of
the winter of 1866-7. Thus the graft has not
only grown and produced leaves, but its roots,
although exposed to the drying influences of the
air, have not only retained their vitality, but they
have even pushed forth shoots. Thisyear, 1867, the
stock has grown vigorously, flowered abundantly,
but has produced no fruit. The graft^ developed
its buds, flowered, and set two fruits, which
now (19th August) are perfect in size and shape,
and bid fair to be equal to those of other trees
at their usual period of ripening in October.
Furthermore, the branches of the Quince, which
are developed on the roots, hayo grown to a
length of from 20 to 30 centimetres. It should
be remarked, that the branches, whether pro-
duced from, the root or from the stem, after
having sprouted horizontally, have speedily
assumed a vertical direction. M. Carhlet
has added to the strangeness of the fact that
we have just mentioned by grafting on the
extremities of the four principal branches of the
root of the Quince diiferent varieties of Pear.
Of these four grafts, two have taken perfectly,
and have pushed out shoots 4 to 5 centi-
metres long, terminated by a rosette of well-
formed leaves. At present therefore the
plant is made up as follows : — Its base
consists of a Quince stock, whose roots
are in the .soil. On this stock is a Beurre
d'Aremberg Pear ; grafted on this latter and in a
reversed position is a Beurre de Charneu, itself
terminated by a stock and roots of the Quince,
on which again have been inserted two new
varieties of Pears. Such is the account given
by M. Veelot of this curiosity of grafting, and
it is very significant in many ways. It shows,
for instance, that the currents of the sap, what-
ever be their natural course, are quite independent
of the mere direction of the tissues ; the ascending
sap, for instance, must have passed as well
through the inverted stem of the Beurre de
Charneu and its attached Quince stock, as
through the erect growing Beurre d'Aremberg.
Again, it shows how the roots of the inverted
graft, although exposed to the au-, yet managed
to live and to throw out buds — assumed, in fact,
as roots so often do under similar circumstances,
the functions of branches.

It is interesting also, especially in these days
when the question of graft-hybrids is exciting
attention, to see how each portion of this com-
posite structure retains its own individuality.
There seems in this case to be simply adhesion of
one part to another, without perceptible inter-
mixture of characteristics, though the sap in its
course from the soil to the topmost grafts passes
through no less than six different organisms,
first through the Quince, then through the BeurrS
d'Aremberg ; from that, thirdly, into the inverted
Beurre de Charneu; in its foui-th stage it
re-enters the Quince ; and, lastly, it passes into
tioo Pear-grafts.

The transmission of plants to distant
COUNTRIES has necessarily long occupied the
serious consideration of all those connected with
practical horticulture or agriculture. Setting
aside for the moment the Wardian case, the
merits of which for introducing small numbers
of soft- wooded or other plants in an active con-
dition need not be reiterated, we would now
specially allude to the plans that have been
followed with more or less success for the trans-
port of plants of a size or in quantities so large
as practically to preclude the use of the Wardian
case, and which do not demand the same atten-
tion on board ship, the same exposure to light
on deck — in other words, the same expense and
trouble, as do the contrivances for which horti-
culturists and the public in general have to thank
Mr. Waed.

Supposing the plants to be properly selected at
the right season and with all due care, the
methods of packing them for transport, that have
hitherto been adopted, all depend for their success
on the more or less perfect way in which the
plant is kept at rest on the voyage ; an equable
temperature, exclusion from light, an amount of
moisture sufiicient to prevent desiccation, but
not «!iif[icient to induce either growth or decom-
position, are the conditions to be comphed
with. That it is not in all cases easy to do so
with all plants is evident on a moment's consi-

deration, but it is equally certain that, in pro-
portion as those conditions have been fulfilled,
success has been obtained. The Messrs.
LoDDiGES packed their plants just after the
wood had ripened, and as they were entering
upon their resting stage, between layers of
sphagnum tightly pressed down and enclosed
within a wooden chest. They further remarked
(see Lindley's " Theory of Horticulture," p. 258)
' ' that it would be an improvement if the chest of
plants were guarded by another case, the space
between the two being filled with charcoal, and
the whole enclosed in a polished tin cover ; for by
these means the variations of temperature would
be most securely guarded against." Wo allude to
this as an illustration of the methods adopted,
with slight variations, by exporters of plants. A
contrivance invented by Mr. Thos. Christy
(155, Penohurch Street), and which has now been
in extensive use in India and China for the last
three or four years, is constructed on the same
principles. It consists of an ordinary wooden
packing case, lined with a double lining of zinc
and felt ; the interior is divided into three com-
partments, separated by moveable wooden bars.

published by Mr. M. C. Cooke and Dr. Hogg. With
the guidance of Mr. W. G. Smith and the two gentlB-|
men just mentioned, it will be difficult with due atteu-l
tion to commit fatal errors, but without such guidance!
experience may be bought too dearly. M. J. B.

• We learn from the Revue Horticole, that^

among the persons who were honoured on the oocasiom
of the Emperor's fMe were MM. Baillon, Professori
of Botany to the Faculty of Medicine at Paris ; Pevee,J
Professor of Botany in the Faculty of Science atl
Lyons ; Teecul, member of the Academy of Sciences;'
and BouKGEAUD, " botaniste colleoteur," — who werei
all made Chevaliers of the Legion of Honour.

A " Viticultural Society " is about to be esta,-|

Wished in Paris ; such a Society being called for b;
the great importance of Vine culture in France. .^

It has been decided that the next meeting olSlJ;

the Beitish Association shall be held at Norwich.:'"
under the Presidency of Dr. Joseph Dalton
HooKEE, the Director of the Boyal Gardens, Kew.

Mr. W. Miles, gr. to R. Graves, Esq,

Ludwell, Salisbury, sends us a "twin CucuMBEE."
Such instances arise from the juxtaposition and subse-
quent union of two flowers, and are not of infrec[uent
occurrence.

• In reference to the Show of Variegated and

OTHER Pelargoniums to be held at the Eoyal Hor.
ticultural Society's Gardens, South Kensington, oi

The roots of the plants are placed in the two Tuesday next, we have to state that several additiona
side compartments, the stems, ikc, occupying j s^,|js(,riptions have been received since our last state
the central space. The divisions between the ment (p. 876), and that some slight alterations have it
compartments are formed of moveable bars or consequence to_.be made in the Schedule, which wil
frames of wood, in which grooves or notches are
made to receive the stems of the trees, &c.,
which are thus kept fast, pretty much in the
same way as the legs of delinquents in former
days when confined in the stocks. Mr.
Christy has had for his associate in this im-
portant experiment Mr. John Wateree, of
Bagshot, and reports in sundry Indian papers
now before us show the success that has hitherto
attended their attempts to introduce fruit trees.
Vines, Eoses, &c., into that country. Dr. Hen-
derson, the Secretary of the Punjab Agricul-
tural and Horticultural Society, gives very
favourable testimony on this point, but adds the
caution to have the plants landed in India by
the middle or end of January. We insert an
extract from one of Dr. Henderson's letters
from Lahore, as given in the China Telegraph,
which shows that the plan answers as well for
" eyes " or cuttings as for fruit trees : —

now stand as follows

1. The best 6 Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums, not yet ii

commerce, seedling plants exclnded, one of each.
50s., 30s.

2. The best 6 Gold and Bronze Zonal Pelargoniums, do., do..

do., 50.S., .30s.

3. The best 3 Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums, do., do., do.

30s., 20!., 15s.

4. The best 3 Gold and Bronze Zonal Pelargoniums, do., do.i

do., 30s„ 20s., 15s.

5. The best Variegated Zonal Pelargonium (golden), not ir

commerce, the seedling plant excluded, 20s., i5s., 10s.
C. The best Gold and Bronze Zonal Pelargonium, do., do.
20.5., 15s. 10,!.

7. The best Golden Self Pelargonium, do., do., 20.':., I5s., lOs

8. The best Variegated Zonal Pelargonium, in commerce
two plants of the variety to be shown, 20s., 15s., lOs.

The two best Golden Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums, il

commerce or not, two varieties, three plants of each ti

be shown, 25s., 15s.,
The best 6 Gold and Bronze Pelargoniums, put in com

merce within the last 12 months, 25s., 15s.
11. The best Silver Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums, not i

commerce, the seedling plant excluded, 20.!., 15s., iOs

9.

10.

A MEETING " ON THE HEATH.'

„ , o 1, 1 ^ i i i • T, 1, I In consequence of numerous and loud complaints aj

Very few of the plants sent out to me in December i j^ ^j^g manner in which Heaths are trained, and thi
have died ; both boxes seem to have been opened at the ^^ y,\s.ia]i they are shown at the London and largi

Calcutta Custom House. 1 he Vine cuttings were provincial shows, together with the neglect of many o
planted as eyes, and I don 1 1 nnk a single one has j,^g ^^ ^Id sorts, the leading members of that beautifu
failed to strike. Vines will probably degenerate here f^mjiy resolved to hold a meeting, for the purpose o
very quickly, as the heat m Slay, June and July is ^^Yms into consideration their present depre^
much too great for them, and if we are to grow hrst- 1 ^.jg^jg^ condition, of devising means if possibli
rate Grapes on the plains it will be necessary to import : j^j. jj^gj^ thorough restoration to public favour, am
cuttings every four or five years. ;; Eyes will truit ; j^jgo (,,■ .j,gj,t;^g tjjg logg ^f many an old favourite t<

here the third summer; the rate of growth is quite
wonderful. A Peach bud put in in March will in
November be 6 feet high, and the stem an inch in
diameter, and will be covered with flowers in March.
Forest trees will grow 16 feet from seed in nine months."
No special care is taken of the packages
en route, as they are treated exactly as ordinary
merchandise, and conveyed at the same rate of
freight. We should hope that Mr. Wateeer
will make further experiments with these cases,
as to the transmission of Evergreens, Ehododen-
drons, &c., as well as of grafts, seeds, and bulbs
in large quantities^

In another part of the paper (p. 956) we copy

one of those lamentable accounts which so frequently
occur of Poisoning by Deleterious Fungi. Unfor-
tunately, in these cases the particular kind which has
proved destructive is rarely if ever ascertained, either
because there is no one at hand acquainted with
species, or there is uncertainty as to which especial
kind amongst several proved noisonous, or because no
specimens remained out of those which were eaten.
The specimens in the case recorded were gathered in a
wood, and the danger of eating Mushrooms from such
a situation almost amounted to an axiom so long since
as the days of Horace. Indeed, no one should venture
to dress any from such a locality without some accurate
knowledge of the subject; for though our woods pro-
duce many excellent species, the distinctions are often
so nice between good and bad kinds that the utmost
caution should be used. Indeed, we should ourselves
be sorry to venture on such species as Agaricus
rubescens, one of our commonest forest kinds, though
many pronounce it excellent. Paulet, whose work
would be inestimable were the figures as good as the
text, speaks only doubtfully of it, and it may very
easily be confounded with some' closely allied
species which bear a bad character. Even
with the practical knowledge, the result of long
experience, which is possessed by the peasants in the
South of France, who consume the different species
largely, fatal mistakes are not unfrequent ; and so strong
is the feeling on the subject that at Paris onl.y two or
three universally approved kinds are admitted into the
market. We have already called attention to the two
tables of esculent and poisonous Fungi published by
Mr. Haedwicke, and we would also recommend
the useful and cheap hooks on the subject lately

the world. This meeting lately took place, on a day
which need not be named ; and the following was,
according to our own reporter, the order of proceeding

Mr. Cavendishii was unanimously, and amid genera
acclamations, called to the chair, and Mr. Massoni
was requested to act as Secretary. The chairman, or
rising to address the meeting, said— He felt some diffi- ;
culty in presiding over so august an assemblage, anci
all the more so, from the fact of his being C9mpara-'
lively a young man among them ; but as their fcini ;
ness had placed him in an important pot — he beggeti
pardon— post, he would use all the influence that i
first-rate constitution and a great share of publi(
favour had placed at his disposal. (Hear, hear). He
was happy, indeed, to have leisure on his hands tc
attend to the wants and wishes of his brother Heaths;
for, having been born to a good place among them, hf
had not had to labour under the disadvantage oi
fighting for a position. As he had no personal com-
plaint to make, he would not take up more of their
time in talking, but would feel deeply interested in
listening to all complaints and suggestions on this, and
perhaps on many a future occasion. As no programme
could, of course, be issued as to the proceedings of a
preliminary meeting, he threw himself on then
indulgence, and, as he was happy to see nearly evew
section of their great family represented, he would,
with their permission, call on a member of eact
division to state grievances, and suggest remedies.
He would call first on his old and valued friend, Mr.
Aristata major; and he sat down amid a ringing cheev
which was kept up for several seconds, during wmct
Mr. A. M. was looking attentively to his ' headings.

Mr. A. M., on rising, was loudly cheered by all his
old acquaintances; but some little jealousy was showr
by a few of his section of more modern introductioi:
and popularity, at their great-grandfather beinf
selected to take precedence; the feeling, however, was,
only transient, and the sun breaking through the clou*
at the moment, away it went. Mr. A. M. began b;
thanking all his friends, who had come, some ot tben
at great inconvenience, to state wrongs and deman<
redress ; and as he had less ill-usage to complain c
than some of his friends, he had the more chance o
helping to redress the wrongs of others. (Hear hear.
His principal grievance was, that people were atraid o
him Nineteen out of twenty young hands who pro
fessed plant growing would like to have him m thei
collection, but they would as soon engage in a tussl
with a gorilla as attempt to grow him, and why thi

Septembee 1-1, 186".]

THE GAEDENERS' CIIEONR^LE AND AGRKJULTUEAL (tAZETTE

949

\\ ;ts so ho oould not understand. Ho could not help
'i\\ning tiirtt, so far I'rom submitting to bo coddled up
Hilh a, thick shading when tlie glorious sun was
>hining, ho would rather bo thrown on the rubbi.sh
lii-ai) (that last homo of many pretensions) ; and as to
thinking that a plant with wood as hard as his own
would stand a lot of lire heat, rather than 2° or 3' of
frost, was about as sensible a i)roceedin^ as bolting the
street door with a boiled carrot. His forefathers had,
ho knew, very properl.v refused to suffer all sorts of
indignities at the hands of would-be Heath growers,
;ind had died straight out of hand; but he would tell
iho world, tlirough the meeting, that a family who had
Ininishedso many mai'tyrs— martyrs to imbecility —
iMiuld one day rise and take a terrible revenge. As
rtioro mature ideas must grow out of such an assem-
lilugo as the present, and as ho might have .something to
say on a future occasion, he would not take up more
time in talking, but promising his ready obedience to
;iny call for their present purpose, he would, with the
.liaivnian's consent, ask his old friend Mr. Propendens
as a member of a very dilferont section, but whose
< "nipany he had many times enjoyed iu days gone by,
lo step forward and state what he could for their
u'uidance.

The speaker sal down amidst general and con-
tinued cheering, during which Mr. Propendens
• ".una to the front, and when the cheering had subsided,
I:.' said : " He appeared before them in a more drooping
-late than he ought— as all present could see— a state
brought about from several causes, partly from the
death of some of his old admirers, and partly from the
neglect of those who pretend to succeed them. Sulphur
:nid stupidity had had a great deal to do with torturing
!iini, and it was a painful fact that he was hardly ever
iiiot with out of the nurserymen's catalogues. He did
not Inow what to suggest as a remedy lor his forlorn
c imdition, unless he could persuade the youngsters who
run about with what he might call apologies for
Heaths, to remember how he used to be turned out
from a place not a hundred miles from lieckenham ;
Hid though after the shows he, at that place, used to
lii^ very tenderly pruned with the hand-shears, he
r:iilier liked it than otherwise, and well knew that
uhonheput on his ne.tt year's coat iie would be as
niiii'h prized as ever. He had a deal more which he
•liiinid like to say, but from weakness and want of air
\;r feared his lungs were affected, and, as he felt some-
n liat faint, he begged leave to sit down." This abrupt
irrmiuiition rather surprised some of his old friends,
iint it was evident he was not in health, and all present
lilt a deep sympathy for his sad condition.

The Chairman next called on Captain Intermedia,
\\\vi at once responded, and stepped forward in his
usual upright form. He said that he felt justified iu
-living he had as little to complain of as any one
lircsent, for, though he was not admired by every one,
most people who spoke of him called him by far the
lust white Heath out. (l^ooh, pooh.) Wlio dared
|iunh pooh him in such a shameless manner. (Order,
order.) They might well call order, if he could only
discover the cause of the dis-orAQv he might be dis-
]iosed to put a few sticks about him to keep him in his
1 1 ire. (No threats.) The Chairm.an here mildly

ii?ifered and said he could feel for their friend, who
fur the time had possession of the platform, and also
thought ho had disi.'overed the cause of the little
disturbance, in the person of their diminutive friend,
I'nspicua nana, Esq., who had taken shelter iu the
iiraiiches of Sir restita C'occinea, Bart., and under
lliat shelter had, more from caprice than malice, made
use of the expression which had given oCfence to the
friend then speaking. He hoped their small, but useful,
brother would see the impropriety of such conduct ou
such occasions, and avoid it iu future.

The meeting took the same view, and all was peace-
ably settled. Captain Intermedia resumed : " Iu say-
ing as much of himself as he had said, he meant to
convey to the meeting that he could push along under
all the difficulties that came in his way, not from any
merit of his own making, but from liis good consti-
tution, and his determination to be jolly under all
circumstances. People who took him in hand might
lop off his long growths and welcome; he could throw
up more as fast as they could out them off; and so far
from fearing a Heath-torturer, or any other such
being, he defied them all to do their worst, if they
would only let him have ])lenty of water. As ho felt
rather warm now, and consequently thirsty, he thought
he had better stop short, at lea,st for this time;" and
he dropped into the shade accordingly.

The Chairman next asked Mr. Ventricosa Coccinea
Minor to give the meeting his opinion of their state in
general, and of his own family in particular. The
request was no sooner made than responded to by the
worthy old gentleman coming forward with a face
redder than ever, and evidently not in the best of
tempers. " Whatever, I wonder, is Heath growing
coming to next ? Are we not all tortured and twisted
about enough, but any fellow that likes to take it into
his head must set to work and coil us — us— Ventri-
cosas round a lo tof sticks in a way that would not
disgrace that popular weed Dracophyllum gracileV
Did I not see at the last blessed show as ever was at
' the Park,' one of my own brothers twisted round and
round, till his own mother would not have known him
his poor limbs no stouter than fine lacing wire,
yards together without a leaf, and not bloom enough
on the top to cover the most fashionable bonnet
in the show. (Here the old man was obliged to
pause for breath.) There was only one conclusion
to come to, and that was, the person who brought
such an object there must have been appointed
perpetual chairman of a ' free and easy ' held all day
long, and twice all day long sometimes; and must have
got the wiry twigs of his unfortunate brother ready by
the yard, for the purpose of clearing the stems of

churchwardens ' that had got foul from long smoking

by the company over which he presided. I think I
liave stated enough of our wrongs ; now for the remedy.
I hold that the judges have tho power in their hands
to put a stop to suoh cul— no, not cultivation, but mu-
tilation, by withholding the prize offered for any
subject which in their opinion is unworthy; and I
appeal to them to use their earnest endeavours to check
tho recklessness lately evinced among those who aspire
to the name of plant growers: and with those few
remarks I beg to sit down."

Some ono in the body of the meeting here suggested
an adjournment till a future day, and the Chairman
agreeing to hold his post ou any occasion when called
on, the hearty thanks of all present, for his kindness
brought the meeting to a satisfactory conclusion. JSrica
Nigra.

GEAPE JUDGING.

Some 25 years ago I was about to bo introduced
into a baronet's garden ou the east coast, when the
following incident occurred : A young gardener was
submitting his list of varieties to his employer, when
several, among which were the Syriau, White Nice,
and Wilmot's Hamburgh, were objected to, as being
" gardeners' Grapes." This puzzled me and tho young
gardener exceedingly. The gardener looked as if he
were accused of proposing sorts for his own eating, and I
could not comprehend why some of us should be turned
over specially to tho gardener, while the baronet had
procured comfortable iiuarters for us all alike. There
was a painful suspense. At last, the usual "I beg
your pardon, Sir Philip, I don't quite understand
about ' gardener's Grapes,' " elicited this explanation,
which satisfied two of ttie parties concorned, while it
set the gardener a thinking : — " Why, you know,
gardeners grow large Grapes to look at for show, but I
want Grapes for eating." And so the list was cut
down to common Hamburghs, Muscats, Frontignans,
and St. Alban's, much to the chagrin of the young
gardener at the moment, but to his entire satisfaction
ever after.

Of late years the gardenei"'s Grape has developed
into the exhibitor's Grape, until at p. 883 it culminates
in ignoring quality altogether, and in making colour,
shajie, evenness, size, and bloom the end of all
perfection iu Grape-growing. Those who do not admit
this are to be put down as know-nothings, and in the
teeth of the strong asseverations to the contrary made
by some of the best Grape-growers, and which I can
abundantly confirm, Jlr. Penny declares that good
bloom will be sure to accompany good flavour if the
Vines have been properly managed. Rather a clever
saving clause that if, &c., is it not ? From this standard
—that ignores quality, and forbids testing for it by
tasting — there is to be no appeal, for if flavour
dissociated from colour is to have any weight in the
decisions, " you form a loop-hole for inferior cultiva-
tion." If so, better a loop-hole than an open door, 15 feet
(or marks) wide, for the admission of sour (or coarse)
Grapes, which Mr. Penny's points — totally ignoring
flavour — would certainly lead to. For it can be
established by the most certain of all tests— that
of experience — that there is no certain or neces-
sary connection between form, colour, bloom,
or size and quality. These are not only not
synonymous, but they seem, as recently pointed out
by " Quercus," in an article advocating more free-
dom for me, to be prob.-ibly antagonistic. Will
you Editorial gentlemen, or your able coadjutor,
" M. J. B.," kindly explain what bloom is, and how
colour IS laid ou, in order that exhibitors may see that
they have little or nothing to do with quality. This
is well recognised in reference to other fruits. A
Damson has a splendid colour, and a thick coat of
bloom ; has it therefore a higher flavour than other
Plums ? Assuredly not. And why should qualities
that are well nigh ignored among other fruits be so
highly exalted among Grapes ? Simply because exhi-
bitors have worked for the eye and not for the palate ;
and the sooner these capricious standards are pro-
nounced out of fashion the better for the Grape eaters.

But almost before the battery of common sense has
time to affect the exhibitor, the market standard of
merit is held aloft by our respected veteran, Mr.
Alex. Forsyth, who lays down the law thus — " the
value of a thing is just as much as it will bring."
llather a sweeping statement that, and, wdthal, rather
damaging. Good things will assuredly sell ; but goods
made up expressly for sale are often of doubtful merit.
Two elements, at least, will affect the bringings in, or
returns — the skill of the producer and the wisdom of
the purchaser ; sometimes, too, as in the case before
us, the interest of the seller is different and distinct
from both. The first necessity of market Grapes is
that they should look well. They are grown to be
sold, and purchasers are, in the first instance, attracted
and appealed to through the eye ; they must also keep
long, carry safely, and bear some rough handling, or
moving about, with the least possible injury. All this
is essential to their being sold. But these requisites
are no proofs of quality ; they are, in fact, evidence of
the want of it. Toughness and thickness of rind are of
the highest market value. Partial unripeness is a
market necessity, colour a market hit, bloom a market
" bull's-eye ;" and the hard, hammered surface a market
"centre of attraction," a real convenience. But what
then? — has it come to this, thattheladiesand gentlemen
of England are to come down and accommodate their
tastes to the commercial necessities of a public market ?
As well ask them to furnish their drawing rooms at the
Lowther Arcade, or a public fancy fair. No. After
all, most of the Grapes grown in England are eaten at
home; and I send the commercial pointsman back
to Covent Garden, and contend, thai; in judging Grapes,
or indeed any other fruits, quality should be, as
indeed it always is, by those who actually eat them, the
chief, I had almost said the only, consideration. I also

know that it is more difficult to .secure high quality
tbtin either size, colour, or bloom, which often come of
themselves without any special skill whatever.

Since writing the foregoing I have carefully read
Mr. Meredith's letter (sco jiagas 'J25 and 926).
AVeighty as his autliority is, it in no scnsa modi-
fies what I have here advanced. He contends
wholly for a iudgment by appearances, anil by exhi-
bitors, and ridicules the idea of tasting Grapes as a
test of their quality. Vet colour, a hirge berry, a com-
pact bunch, and a heavy one, exhaust liis four points
of merit. Doubtless all these are very useful to an
exhibitor and a grower for .sale, but neither of them
are of the first importance to consumers. What thoy
desire are quality and flavour. A Jury of bakors
would advance the very same point' ui favour of an
eye-fascinating quartern loaf. Snowy white, a largo
bulk, and a pretty shape would coinplitu tlnir poinkof
merit. But the great consuming imlilic demandn
quality in their bread as well as iu their Grapes; and
outside ornament or show can only bo a very lecon-
dary consideration in regard to either. It is easy
for Mr. Meredith to conjure up a hundred-power
tasting difficulty: but it is doubtful if a hundred dishes
have ever competed together; and if they had, the tastini;
test would speedily reduce them to half a dozen, and
among them the sensitive palate would be quilis as
likely to detect flavour as tho discursive eye to assess
the relative value of endless shades of varying colours.
Besides, Grapes should be arranged into classes, which,
would much simplify the process of judging. Prizes
might also be offered for distinctive features ; one, for
instance, for weight, another for colour, a third for
form, a fourth for quality — that is, the best flavour. The
different varieties of Grapes should also compete only
among themselves. For instance, the best Hamburghs,
best Muscats, best Frontignacs, and the best of any
other sort, — in these and all general prizes for Grapes
quality and flavour to be the first merit, and to have
at least twice as many marks as any other feature.
FiVw vinifera. [We share the opinions of our tendrilled
correspondent, and as to the nature of bloom refer him
to p. 9:^9. Eds.]

THE DATE PALM.

The Date Palm (Phcenix dactjlifera) is one of the
most important of Palms, and if not an article of very
great consumption with us, to some nations it affords
their chief support. It is difficult to tell why this fruit
is not more largely consumed in this country than it
is, for it is not only very delicious, but is likewise very
nourishing.

The cultivation of the Date Palm extends through
Southern Europe and Western Asia, but more
especially in Northern Africa, where the tree is a most
invaluable one to the desert tribes. In the South of
Europe, where it has been introduced, it seldom or
never ripens its fruit in perfection. The cultivation
of the Date can be traced to a very remote age, and it
seems tolerably certain that where the Palm tree is
mentioned in Scripture the Date is implied ; and from
this belief the custom in Boman Catholic countries of
carrying branches of the Date Palm ou Palm Sunday,
and on some other festivals'.of the Church, has had its
origin. In places where the Palm will not ripen it«
fruits it is largely cultivated solely on account of its
leaves, which constitute a regular article of trade. In
some parts of the Continent, however, where Palm
leaves are not to be had, leaves of Cycads are used in
churches instead, these plants being largely grown for
that purpose— a better substitute, our readers will
say, for a true Palm leaf than the Willow, which in
many parts of this country is called " Palm." Besides
being a valued symbol amongst Christians of ancient
and modern times, the Jews also carried Palm
branches in their festivals commemorating the posses-
sion of the Promised Land. The Palm tree was a typ9
of Judtca, and as such was represented on the coins of
Vespasian and Titus. ValuabIe,however, as Palm leaves
may still be, in an ecclesiastical point of view, by far
the most important produ3tion of the Date Palm is
its fruit, which is the chief support of the settled tribes
of North Africa, as well as the staple product of many
other districts. In the Turkish portion of the district
of Bussorah the yearly produce amounts to about
33,000 tons, half of which is consumed in the district,
and the other half exported to the Persian Gulf ports,
India, and England. Nor are Dates consumed by the
natives alone in those countries in which they are
plentiful. Camels, horses, and other animals are said
to be exceedingly fond of them.

Three or four varieties of Dates are known in British
commerce. Of these Tafilat is always considered the
finest. In thsir native countries, however, there is
scarcely any limit to the kinds known, and their
names are derived from their size, shape, quality, Ac.
These varieties v.iry considerably in the prices they
fetch. In the valleys of the Hedjaz it is said that
more than 100 kinds are grown. So large is the
value of the Date crops to the different tribes, that
the gathering Is looked forward to with as much
interest as tlae vintage in the South of Europe, or
our own Wheat harvest in England. If the crop
fails or is destroyed by locusts, as it sometimas is,
a general gloom prevails throughout the entire dis-
trict. The cultivation of the Date, though so general,
is nevertheless an operation requiring some care, as,
the plants being dioecious, the female flowers have to be
artificially impregnated with the pollen of the male
flowers; for this purpose the male flowers are first
gathered, and then men climb the female tree and
s&atter the pollen over the female flowers. About four
or five months after this operation the fruits begin t
grow, and wdien they have nearly attained to maturity°
they are carefully tied up to prevent them from-
falling, or from injury by the wind. This process of
fertilisation appears to have been well known to the

950

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONTCLE AND ArTRTCFLTURAL GAZETTE. [Septembbe u, iser.

ancients, it is mentioned both hy Theophrastus and
Pliny. In " Delile's Efiyptian Flora" a. circumstance
is related which occurred in the year 1800, when the
Date trees in the neighbourhood of Cairo yielded no
crop. It would seem that, the land being completely
run over by French and Turkish soldiers, a serious
check was given to all branrhes of husbandry and agri-
culture. The Date Palms flowered but the artificial
fertilisation was omitted, and the result was that no
fruit was produced, the pollen of the male flowers,
though scattered by the winds, did not reach the
female flowers in sufBoient quantities to ensure ferti-
lisation.

Dates,' as we see them in this country, are the fruits
that have been gathered and dried in the sun before
becoming quite ripe ; for if they are allowed to
hang upon the trees till fully ripe they are unfit for
keeping, as they soon turn acid or ferment. The
Arabs make a kind of Date cake by pressing the fruits
in baskets, and this forms their principal subsistence
at such times when fresh Dates are not to be obtained ;
similar cakes are made and cut into slices and sold to
travellers by the monks of Mount Sinai. When Dates
are fully ripe they contain a large quantity of thick
syrup, which the natives express and collect to pre-
serve the Dates themselves and other fruit? in; a strong
spirit is also distilled from them. Besides these varied
uses of the Iruits, the trunk, leaves, and indeed the
entire plant is valuable for various economic purposes.
Baskets, crates, walking-sticks, and a multitude of
other articles are made from the petiole. Cordage, and
a kind of coarse cloth is made from the sheathing bases
of the leaf-stalks, and from the trunks themselves are
hewn posts, beams, &c., indeed the huts of the natives
are almost entirely composed of parts of this Palm, and
even the hard stones or seeds are boiled or ground as
food for cattle. Date Palms are not unfrequently
objects of exchange or barter, a single tree being often
given over from one person to another in payment of a
debt. A bridegroom also pays the price of his bride in
Date trees to her father. The trees, which grow to a
height of 60 or 80 feet, live to a good old age ;
100 to 200 years is not at all uncommon, and they bear
fruit abundantly all that time. The consumption of
Dates in this country is, as we have said, very small,
the yearly imports upon an average perhaps do not
exceed 14 or 15 tons.

TThetber the "Wild Date (Phoenix sylvestris), which
grows abundantly all over India, is a distinct species, is
a question on which botanists have disputed. Unlike
the cultivated Date, its value does not depend on its
fruits, but on the quantities of Palm wine, or toddy,
and the amount of sagar which are obtained from it. In
India large qfuantities of both are made, and the average
yield of a single tree is said to be from 120 to 240 pounds
ofjuice. J.

THE CULTIVATED SEL AGIN ELLAS.

{Coatimiedfrom. p. 903).
Gkotjp 2. Sub-erectse. Upperhalfof the stem ascend-
ing, the rootlets confined to the decuinbent lower
half.

11. «. Mnrtmiii. Sprinir, Monog. 2, p. 129. Mett. Fil. Hort.
Lips., p. 124. A. Brarm, ReviR, No. 13. : — Stems 6—12 inches
long, continuous, firm, sub-erect, with copious pyramidally-
pinnate spreading or erecto-patent branches ; divisions three
lines or more broad ; the l.arirer leaves spreading, twice as long
as broad, oblong, scarcely pointed, slightly ciliated below, the
upper side the bro.ade3t^, rounded at the base, the smaller
leaves ovate-acnrainate, oblique, more ciliated, the apex di-
vergent; spikes slender, square, rigid.

A native of Mexico, very common in gardens, under
a number of different forms, which are called stoloni-
fera (the true stolonifera is a diSerent plant, not known
in cultivation), formosa. robusta. divaricata, diohotoma,
comnacta, ramosa. and flexuosa. It is excellently figured
by Hooker in "Pilices ExoticiB," t. 56, under the name
of S. Piippigiana. From every other species, except
atroviridis, it may be known by its robust sub-erect
mode of growth. The leaves are lisht green, with the
lower side cut away at the base and the upper dilated
and rounded, and the nerve distinct, nearly or quite up
to the point. The radicles are strong .and copious,
those at the base issuing from below, but those of the
branches open from the angles. A. Braun describes
five varieties, which he calls normalis, flacoida, com-
paota, divaricata, and congesta.

12. S. airriviridis, Spring, ATonog. 2 p. 124. Lycopodinm
atroviride. Wall, Hook, .and Grev. Ic. Fil., t. .S9 : — Stems often a
foot long, continuous, firm, sub-erect, with close, copious
pyramidally-pinnate, ereeto-patent branches ; divisions
4 — 5 lines broad : the larger leaves orecto-patent, oblong, twice
aa long as broad, close, blunt, rather curved upwards, the
upper aide denticulate, dilated and rounded at the base ; the
smaller leaves ovate-aristate, convergent : spikes slender,
square, rigid.

A native of Penang and Peninsular India, very near
Martensii, but more erect, the colour brownish-green,
the branches and leaves closer, the latter longer, and
the nerve broad and falling conspicuously short of
the point.

13. 5. ciliata, A. Brann, Revis, No. 14. Lvcopodium ciliatura,
Willd, Sp. PI. 5. p. 38. L. Novffi-Holl.andi!B, Swartz. Syn. Fil.,
p. 184. S. Nova3-HoUandia3 and increscentifolia, Spring,
Monog. p. lOG and 208. S. Warcewicziana, Klotzsch : — Stems
6 — 8 inches high, continuous, sxib-erect, slender, copiou.sly
branched ; the branches flaccid but close, the lower ones
sometimes 3 or 4 inches Ion?, with slightly compound branch-
lets ; divisions about one-eighth of an inch broad, only the
very uppermost leaves close, the Larger ones broadly ovatc-
aeurainate : the upper side liroader and more rounded at the
base, the margin ciliated : the smaller leavesov.ate-acuminate ;
Bpikea rather lax, the copiously ciliated bracts with a slight
tendency to dimorphism.

Annual, pronagated by bulbs from the ends of the
branches, which, "after producing them, die away. A
native "f Cohunbia and Peru, reported from New
Holland by mistake. The ciliation i^prinoipally on the
upper side of the leaf, low down. The colour is light
green, sometimes rather reddish.

14. S. bulbifera, Baker. S. increscentifolia, A. Bi-aun, Revis,

No. 15, non Spring: — Stems 6—9 inches high, continuous,
sub-erect, slender, copiously pinnate ; the branches irregular,
flaccid, with short simple l)ranchlets ; the shoots flagelliform
and bulbiferous ; divisions under 2 lines broad ; the larger
leaves close upwards, ereeto-patent, ovate-acuminate, slightl.v
toothed on the upper side, wtiieh is considerably the i)roade«t,
and rounded at the base ; the smaller leaves ovate-acuminate,
denticulate ; spikes short, often passing off into bulbs.

Not known in a wild state, as the examination of
Spring's original specimens of increscentifolia in the
Hookerian Herbarium shows them to belong to ciliata,
from which this differs by its toothed — not ciliated —
leaves, lower branches whip-like at the end, the shoots
dying down in autumn, and only the bulbs lasting
through the winter.

1.5. S. apvs, Spring, Monog. 3, p. 75. A. Braun, Revis, No. 4.
Lycopodium apodum, Linn. Sp. PL, p. 1568. S. densa,
Hort. : — Stems 2 to 3 inches high, continuous, flaccid, thread-
like, densely tufted, sub-erect, sparingly branched : divisions
under 2 lines broad : the larger leaves close or with a space
between them, spreading, ovate-acute, sub-entire, much
dilated and roimded on the upper side at the base, the smaller
leaves ovate-acuminate, adpressed, the point recurved ; spikes
lax, thick, the bracts equal, ereeto-patent.

"Well marked by its small size, densely-tufted habit,
and very tender pale green leaves, and slender white
thread-like stems. In general habit it is very like
some of the Hepaticffi, especially Jungermannia
bidentata and heterophylla. A native of the United
States and West Indies. Lycopodium brasiliense of
Raddi, from Brazil, united with the more northern
plant by Spring and S. Smith, is now considered by
Braun to be a distinct species.

16. S. ludoriciana, A. Braun, Revis, No. 5 :— Stems 6—9
inches long, continuous, sub-erect, sparingly branched : divi-
sions about 2 lines broad ; the larger leaves distant, spi'cading,
broadly ovate-oblong, acute, toothed, dilated and rounded at;
the base on the upper side, the smaller ones ovate-acuminate,
adpressed to the stem, the points recurved ; spikes lax, irre-
gular, the bracts equal, ereeto-patent.

Very near S. apus, of which it was placed as a variety
in Spring's Monograph, but the stems are longer and
not so much intertangled, both the stems and leaves
are firmer in texture, and the latter are a deeper green
and finely toothed. A native of the Southern United
States, discovered by Drummond.

IV. S. sziberom, Spring, Monog. 2, p. 252. 8. rubricaulis,
Hort : — Stems 6 — !) inches high, continuous, herbaceous,
copiously branched, the branches loose, copiously pinnate,
with simple or forked branchlets ; divisions 2 lines or more
broad ; tlie larger leaves moderately close, spreading, linear-
oblong, broader on the upper side than the lower and the base
more rounded, the edge sub-entire or faintly denticulate, tho
sm.aller ones minute, erect, lanceolate-acuminate ; spikes lax,
the larger bracts, like the leaves, spreading, the smaller ones
ovate-acuminate, adpressed.

Stems thick but fragile and herbaceous in texture,
straw-coloured or reddish. _ It is the only cultivated
species except the next, which belongs to the section
with dimorphous bracts. In general habit most like
S. ciliata, but the leaves are much narrower and not
ciliated, with the lower edge upcurved, if the plant is
at all dry. A native of the East Indies and Malaccas,
which yield a large number of closely-allied species not
yet known in this country in a living state.

18. S. utenophylia, A. Braun, Revis, No. 31 :— Sterna 6—9
inches high, continuous, assurgent, moderately firm, rather
copiously branched, the branches .ascending, bipinnate, the
branchlets lax, di.st.ant ; divisions 2 lines or more broad ; even
the xipper Larger leaves with a space between them, linear-
oblong, slightly upcurved, the upper .side dilated and rounded
.at the ijase, the edge denticulate, the smaller ones minute,
ovate-acuminate, adpressed ; spikes short, lax, the lower
outer bracts Larger than the upper ones, lanceolate, all ereeto-
patent : the inner rows ovate-acuminate, adpressed.

Very near the last, but firmer in texture, with the
bracts less distinctly dimorphous, more pointed, and
all ereeto-patent. Colour pale-green, the radicles
sometimes reaching two-thirds of the way up the stem.
Nerve of the leaf pale-green, raised beneath, distinct
from the base up to the point, A native of Mexico.
Group 3. Ereotaj. Stem erect, but tho habit of

growth not distinctly tree-like, with rootlets only

from near the base.

19. S. WitUlenovii, B.aker. Lycopodium Willdenovii, Desv.
Bot. Suppl. 3, p. 525. Hook, and Grev. Ic. Fil., t. 57.
S. IsBvigata, Spring, Monog. 2, p. 137. A. Braun, Revis, No. 17.
Lycopodium Ijevigatum, Willd. non. Lam. : — Stems con-
tinuous, climbing to a height of 6—10 feet, with lax
spreading branches 1—2 feet long, and pyramidal branchlets,
bipinnate below : divisions 2—3 lines broad ; the Larger leaves
close, linc^r-oblong, deep green, nearly spreading, blunt,
entire, square or auricled at the b.ase, the upper side more
dilated, the sm.aller ones adpressed, similar ; spikes short, dense,
slender, square.

The only large climbing sjjeoies, often grown in
gardens under the name of cffisiaarborea. A native of
Malaya and the East Indies. It agrees with cpesia in
its iridescent hues and blunt entire leaves, but the
two sides are not quite equal. The primary stem in
well grown plants is quite woody and as thick as the
little finger, and the leaves of the main branches are
very distant and not far from uniform. It is the Lyco-
podium tevigatum of Willdenow, but Lamarck had
previously given that name to another species, shortly
to be described.

20. S. intpqualifolia, Spring, Monog. 2, p. 141.. A. Braun,
Revis, No. 16. Lycopodium insequalifolium, Hook, and Grev.
Bot. Misc. V. 2, p. 391 :— Stems continuous, erect, 12— 18 inches
high, the branches reaching down nearly or quite to the base,
but tho lower ones sp.aringly compound, the upper_ ones
spreading, close, copiously bipinnate with elongated ultimate
divisions, which are 2 — 2J lines broad ; the larger leaves
close, ereeto-patent, oblong, the point acute, the upper side
rather narrower than the lower, but more rounded at the
base, the smaller ones obliquely ovate-aristate, adpressed ;
spikes close, rigid, slender, square.

The general habit of this plant will readily distinguish
it from any of the other species. The colour of the
leaves is d.-irk green, and the nerve is continued from
the apex to the base. The divisions are conspicuously
narrowed upvvnrds beneath the base of the spikes. A
native of the East Indies and Malaya.

21. S. Lfihbii, Hort. :— Stems continuous, IJ— 2 feet high,
the branches reaching down nearly or quite to the base, the

lower ones sparingly compound, tho upper ones pubescent
regularly pinnate, the branchlets close, elongated, usually
simple, or the lowest once-forked ; divisions i inch broad,
the larger leaves ereeto-patent, sub-f-alcate, a line broad, the
edge entire, the lower side rather the broadest, both rounded
at the base, the smaller ones ovate-falcate, aristate, con-
vergent ; spikes not seen.

A very fine plant, brought from Borneo by Mr.
Lobb. We have not anywhere seen a description of
it, and have only a single specimen at our command.
The regular pinnation of the branches reminds one of
Wallichii, but the general habit, judging from our
material, is that of inaequalifolia. J. G. B.

COLOUE OP FRUITS IN RELATION TO
THEIR QUALITY.

The present discussion on the judging of Grapes haa
suggested the importance of inquiring into the probable
influence of colour upon flavour. If fruits can be
correctly judged by the eye,lwithout any appeal to the
palate, it follows that colour must be the most impor-
tant factor in the assessment of qualit.y. For no one
can seriously contend that symmetry of form or large-
ness of size can impart sweetness or piquancy of
flavour. These characteristics may he worthy of
reward in themselves, but as tests of eatable excellence
or meritorious flavour they are wholly worthless.
This is generally recognised in reference to all other
fruits, and there seems no valid reason for exempting
Grapes from such a salutary rule. Thus the advocates
of judgment at, or by sight merely, are thrown baok
wholly upon colour as their revealer of quality.

Our ignorance of the true nature and properties of
colour, of the mysteries of its production, of its true rela-
tion to ripeness, and the impossibility of discriminating
between colour merely coinciding with quality or
becoming an active or passive agent in its production,
indicate merely a few of the rocks ahead upon which it
is very easy to founder. Still, believing that difficulties
were made to be mastered, and that by discussion part
of the truth at least may be evolved, I now proceed to
inquire into the worth of colour as a test of quality.

The first objection I urge against accepting it as a
safe test, is the limited extent to which it has been
applied. Colour sways a wide sceptre; it bears rule,
in a less or more decided manner, over all fruits ; and
consequently, if it affects the quality of any, it must
affect the quality of all. Therefore, it is as applicable
to Pines, Melons, Peaches, Apples, Pears, Plums, &o.,
as to Grapes. Is it proposed, then, to extend the colour
test to all fruits alike ? And if not, which are to be
exempt, and on what grounds ?

The great variety of colour is the next difficulty.
Among fruits they cover almost the whole range of the
spectrum, with the exception of decided blues. Now,
is each colour supposed to exert the same influence
upon quality? Or are some endowed with more
potency than others ? If the former, such a fact would
well nigh abolish all faith in a colour test by render-
ing its application impossible. If the latter, how are
the varied influences of the different colours to be
measured ? Colour appeals to the eye only, and that
organ, though endowed with the most marvellous
power, cannot take cognizance of flavour. Upon
what principle, then, are colours to be assessed?
Are the brightest colours to be assigned the
highest place ? This would be opposed to experience.
Well, then, shall we assign the place of honour to the
dullest? This would do the same. Let us turn to
black, red, or white ; we are confronted by the same
difficulty. It is rendered obvious at once that no one
colour possesses a monopoly of quality. We also lack
any sense that can disoriminate between the flavour of
rival colours. They are all alike tasteless ? We have
no proof that one conveys any more quality than
another. Black has been highly extolled ; but
no one can seriously believe that the blackness
itself is the cause of the flavour. If so, how is
it that Mr. Rivers' new white Nectarine is the
sweetest of them all, and the Grizzly Frontignao
the highest flavoured Grape, or that the Muscat of
Alexandria is at least equal if not superior to the
Muscat Hamburgh or any black Grape whatever ? It
may be, and indeed is, contended that each fruit has
its own specific shade of colour, and that this colour
perfectly displayed is a safe index to quality. But
who is to paint the exact shade of colour that testifies '
to perfection of flavour ? and what is to be done when
quality is developed, as it often is, independent of its
outward and visible sign ? It is well known that
locality, soil, aspect, weather, and culture exert_ ft
powerful influence on colour, and that the same fruits
may be equally good, though their colours be widely
varied. The Noblesse Peach, for instance, is often
nearly white ; at other times it is much streaked with
the most delicate pink ; but I have never found that
its pink cheeks improved its flavour. I must also
affirm, with Mr. Thomson and others, that the best
Hamburgh Grapes I have ever eaten have not been
the blackest. The Mill Hill and Wilmot's Hamburgh
are generally a denser black than the common
Hamburgh, but will any one contend that they are
higher flavoured ? Are they not, on the contrary, well
known as coarser varieties ? But after all I do not
believe there is any such thing as an absolute judgment
of fruit by appearances. Tlie eye looks upon it, and
discovers red, black, white, violet, gold, or green, and
that is all. It can discern nothing more. From the -
very nature of its functions it can go no further. |
To arrive at anything like a rational decision,
it must appeal to previous experience, and consult
another sense. And thus it comes to pass that different
colours are associated with certain qualities that have
been revealed by others, or at other times, by the aid
of the palate. In this way a roundabout appeal is made
to the sense that eye judgment professes to ignore.
At best eve judgment becomes only a second-
hand appeal to the palate, subject to all the

Septbmbee 14, 1867.]

THE GARPTNeS' cnROXTH.E AKD AninrmTTTRAL GAZETTE.

951

eii^^rT^f such a moie of procedure, and poises-
sin- no po3sible adv,inta;,'e over a direct reler-
enc"!) on tlie spot to tlio ^onlj sense

_, that of tiiste,.
And to this stand-

that cim assess tlie vakie of uuahty. ....- ,

a"d it must be brought. ]>or .t may be '»;n'"l;' "'v
affirmed that colour cannot be salely aocr^ptcd .i. an
fado^ of flavour. It attracts and Rratifies tlie eye, that
s its mission. Other two seutinols, taste and smell,
were appointed as the gnardians of our salety, and
Tssessors of enjoyment. in eatur,' Colour makos no
appeal to either. Being odourless and tfusteless, it
Sres both. Probably it is well for us that it does so
for our ignorance of ihe nature and properties ol
colour renders it a most unsafe RUide.. Those who
follow its lead may speedily be anded in sulleriug or
death. ItisamereWill-o'-the-Wisp,afatalor deoep-
tWe i?uide, revealing no safe data concerning quality.
No one can say with certainty what it is. it may
be onlv a bundle of sunbeams travelling on a given line
■with inconceivable velocity, impinging against, re-
bounding from, or passing through a beauteous flower
or luscious fruit. How then are we to appraise
its influence on flavour? Fruits may be most
likely are, endowed with the power of manu-
faoturing their colour from these subtile influences
but the human palate must be created anew heloro it
can discriminate between the fliivom; of such switt-
winged messengers. (See Selective Theory ol Colour,

'*0^r a.ss'uraing colour to be a substance, part of the
Quality of a fruit, and not a flashing, fleeting, raylet ol
disintegrated light, it certainly is not a substance
appreciable by the palate. Each sense has its own
aporopriato stimuli. It cannot be affected tlirougl
any other media. The eye takes cognisance ol
colour, the ear of sound, the hnger ol touch,
and the palate of flavour. And it would just be as
reasonable to appeal to the palate for a verdict upon
the merits of a musical performance as to expect the
eye to pronounce truly upon the ciua ityof Iruit. I'rom
the very nature of the case, the thing is absolutely
impossible. For this very reason Judge P^l^tewj^
raised to Nature's high court ol justiciary. . Before
him all our fruit must appear, and his decisions are
final and irresistible. By that judgment alone the
Question of quality must stand or fall. While fruit
continues to be grown expressly that it may be eaten,
iudgment by colour is an appeal to the wrong sense,
and is consequently worthless. Nevertheless I have
no intention of disparaging colour. It is valuab e in
its proper place, but until we know mvioli more about
it, it can never be accepted as a true index to high
flavour, nor a safe test of quality. D. T. Rsk,
F.SM.S., Sept. 10.

NOTES ON THE ART OP GROWING ROSES,
OUT-OF-DOORS.
The love of Roses is universal. There is a richness,
a perfection about a fine Rose that raises an admiration
of a higher kind than the beauty of any other flower.
An opening Rose-bud is full of the most lovely senti-
ment; so sweet, so perfect in form, giving such promise
of riper beauties, yet so modest and retiring. It nas
often been a matter of surprise to me that the art ot
cultivating so charming a flower should not be more
universally understood than it is. It issurpnsmg that
many of those who profess themselves gardeners are
really very poor hands at growing Roses.

The simple directions about to be given are from
one who has found in their cultivation the greatest
relaxation and amusement, who has searched the
hedges for his own stocks, dug the ground and manured
it with his own hands, budded and pinned every plant
himself and gathered the seed, sown, and raised
his own seedlings. Year by year he has learned some-
thin" by experiences of success or failure, and by these
he flatters himself he has secured the riglit to be the
teacher of other amateurs like himself. For professed
gardeners these are not intended, nor yet for him who
IS the master ( or servant) of a professed gardener ; but
for that not leas happy being, who, with a man and a
boy under him, keeps a horse, a couple of cows, and a
dozen pigs, and looks after his Roses himself. .

It is not intended, therefore, to introduce anything
of history or science. For these higher branches ol
the subject, the reader is referred to such works as
"Paul's Rose Garden," or " Rivers' Amateurs Guide

Section I Classes of Bases, and their adapta/ton to
different soils.— In these (modern) days there are but
three classes of Roses which the amateur will care to
cultivate They are the Hybrid Perpetual, the lea-
scented Rose, and the Noisette. It is not necessary in
this place to describe them A single visit to a
Rose garden or a nursery will make ttieir distinctive
characters apparent. Suffice it to say that the Hybrid
Perpetuals vary in colour from a purplish-cnmson
through all shades of crimson, scarlet, carmine, and
pink, to a light flesh colour— white is yet a deside-
ratum They are never of a yellow tint. They flower
in June and .July, and again in the later part of
August September, and October, and a few blossoms
may under favourable circumstances, be gathered until
Ch'ri'stmas. Examples: Jules Margottm, Charles
Lefebvre Tea-scented Roses vary from a bright pink,
throu"h shades of fawn, yellow, and lemon colour, to
almost pure white. They have a peculiar scent, and
some of them slightly that of snuff They flower nearly
at the same time as the Perpetuals, but commence a
few days earlier. Examples: Adam, Deyoniensis Ihe
Noisettes are most of them climbing Roses, suited to
the wall They bear their flowers in clusters, and
their colours vary from deep golden to pale straw
colour, almost white. They are exceedingly fragr.ant,
and flower nt the same time as the last. Examples:
Mari5chal Niel, Lamarck. . . ., , ...

The Rose grower is to a great extent the slave ol nis
soil. Some soils are eo decided in their character that

art is almost powerless to alter them. There are the
heavy clays and the thirsty gravels, and belweou these
every intermediate variety. Probably a hot, chalky
soil 'is the worst of all. Now, it is a happy oircuia-
staiioo for the Rose gr.iwnr that Rosea differ much in
l,lieir suitableness to dilfcrent soils. B.v one treat-
ment also a sort may bo induced to flourish, whore by
another it would not. . „ , , ,„

To bo more piirlicular, a plant, as is well known,
consists of the root below, and the branches leaves,
and flowers above the soil. By what is technically
called " working " we may cause the root to be ol one
variety (the stock), and the branches o( another (the
scion), or else both the root and branches, as in plants
raised from cuttings, may bo of one. kind. Now, at
lirst sight it might be suppo.sod that, il we had a par-
ticular kind of soil, wo needed only to use a kina oi
stock whose roots are suitcil to it. But that is not the
case. The plant must be looked at as a whole, its
growth depends as much upon the leaves as upon tnc
roots. Indeed, its substance is almost entirely, elabo-
rated by the leaves. The consequence of this is, tnat
we must look as much, or more, to the accordance
between the soil and the scion, as to tha,t between tlio
soil and the stcks. The stocks generally useful lor
most kinds of Roses are the Dog Rose or common Briar
(of which there are several sorts), and the Alanetti
a stock rai.sed from seed about 30 years ago in Italy.
The Dog Rose flourishes best in a strung clayey loam
The Manetti flourishes well in the. same, and it
flourishes better than the Dog Rose in a iglit soil.
But it would be a mistake to suppose that the l)Jg
Ruse is an unsuitable stock for all kinds of Ruses in a
light dry soil. On the other hand, it is the best
possilile stock for the Tea-scented Buses on light soils
The Dog Rose is an excellent strc'c for the Perpetual
Roses on a strong soil. On a light soil they succeed
better as dwarf plants on their own roots, or on the
Manetti stock. The Dog Rose seems to be the stock
best suited on all soils to the Noisette Roses, Ihey
also do well on their own roots raised trom cuttings.
If worked on the Manetti, and properly planted,
burying the junction of the stock and scion, they
throw out roots from the scion, and become ultimately
established on their own roots. If then the soil is
heavy it will be found best adapted to Perpetual
Roses worked upon the Dog Rose or Manetti. Tea-
scented Roses will require especial preparation ot their
beds to succeed well here. , , , , j

If on the other hand the soil is of a dry sandy or dry
"ravelly nature, the amateur must not expect to grow
Perpetual Roses in perfection. He may get them m
very tolerable condition in the early period o the
summer, but when hot weather sets m they will lose
their leaves and look miserable. He shouhl therefore
turn his attention to the cultivation of Tea-scented
Roses and Noisettes. These flourish better in a hot
soil than in a cool one ; and though it is sullioiently
provoking to be unable to succeed wel with l-er-
petuals it is some consolation to remember that the
Tea-scented are the rarer kind, seldom to be seen
growing well, and requiring more skilful management
to ureserve them. An Amateur.

(To be CoiUi/iued.)

HERBACBOITS PLANTS.-No. T.

(Contuitied/rQm p. 855.)
In the Leguminous order the first plants of any note
are the Biptisias, but as to the specific differences ol
such kinds of these as are in cultivation I cannot speak,
only knowing the ordinary strong-growing one to be
worth a place in the choicest collection from its great
Lupin-like spikes of blue flowers. Seeds ot .Li. aus-
tralis and exaltata are offered, I observe, and in this way
the plants may be raised abundantly. Genista sagittalis
is a charming plant in this order, and has also siugula,r
leaf-like stems. Fresh clean plantsof this on a rockwork
or border are charming, and perhaps with it I may asso-
ciate Genista tinctoria, which so often makes a, low
mass of clear bright yellow. The common Ononis, or
one of its forms, is worth a place in a full collection, and
so is " spinosum albiflorum," as I observe it catalogued.
Medicago faloata I have found a great plant on
heavy bad soil, spreading out into luxuriant
decumbent masses on the ground, and flowering
for a long time in profusion.. The mass ot flowers
afforded by one single plant of it was both
showy and prettv. Therefore I think it a fine plant,
particularly for falling over a ledge in a large rock-
work, where its luxuriant spreading habit would not
interfere with any other things. Galega officinalis,
and its white variety, G. orientalis. Astragalus vagi-
natus, and monspessulanus, Coronilla varia, Vioia
Cracca, Lathyrus rotundifolius and grandiflorus are
fine in this order,in addition to the white and common
form of the Everlasting Pea. The white is not halt suf-
ficiently grown. In rich soils I have never seen any-
thing to surpass the effect produced by this herb : it
does not seed freely like the common one nor seed at
all sometimes, and this prolongs the bloom most
desirably. I have never seen it finer than when
planted on the Grass in a glade among Conifers and
evergreens, and allowed to describe an irregular circle
of its own. The effect of the mass of white flowers
among the surrounding green is very fine. Ot course it
should not be staked, but allowed to have its own way,
and it will look much the better for it. L. grandiaorus
is superb, and cannot be too much grown. One ot t be
best of all plants for running up medium-sized trellis
works is Lathyrus luberosus, smaller thin any ot these,
but very good. I have seen it capital, when
planted against a wall, and allowed to tjrail itsolt
up inside a small wirework placed aiaiost that.
Orobus vernus, flaccidiis, and angustifolius are soodi

Spirma venusta, iaponica, and Filipendula plena;
Goum inoiitaiiuni, cliiluonso, and alrosanguinpum, ana
11 lot of Poteotillas are the best in the Ruse order.
There are a great number of PotontiUas now 1 1 be had
in this country, and .sonio of them are suriirisingiy
large and double. As new varieties are coiitiiiiially
being raised there is the less necessity to spcc,il.v any
particular kinds, but such as AVilliam RoUi.ssoa,
Rose d'Or, Hopwoodiana, Hamlet, grandiflora coccinea,
and deusiflora will give satisfaction to your readers.
M'Nabiana is also good, so is maculata suporba, and
alpestris and calabrioa are distinct, the last having
silvery leaves. . » .

Though a common, and it may be a coarse plant, we
must not omit Epilobium aiigustifolium and its white
variety from a good collection. . The first makes such a
capital show in summer. I noticed that a lot.ot it had
been intentionally planted behind the late hirJos^epU
Paxton's house at Chatsworth, in the shrubbery
around the enclosure at its back. Sucdi is the place for
it though many others may be provided. .It makes a
fine thing fur the third or fourth rank in a mixed
border There is a good and a bad variety-a narrow
and a full-flowered one ; one is worth growing, the
other not. The evening Primroses afford a few indis-
pensable things, particularly the large, sweet-sme ing,
evening-blooming kinds in the wa,v of CEnothera
Lamarckiana, the.splendid yellow free-bloora.ng macro-
carpa the large-sweetly-tinted acaulis; the white, ereou,
and free-blooming speciosa, with fruticusa major and
anisoloba. Free easily-grown plants m a must any
soil, they should be grown by every cultivator oj
hardy plants; (E. Lamarckiana is soinplimes ca ed
grandiflora, and macrocarpa is sometimes callea
missouriensis. Lythrum ro.seura superbum is one of
the most useful and really good herbaceous plants-
good for mixed-border flower garden, and capita tor
the margin of water, for of course it is but a variety or
the common water side Loose-strife. The colour is
both beautiful and effective. , ^ , . ,

Rhexia virginica is one of those plantjs which one
seldom sees in beauty or even alive, and wishing to
avoid these I should not name it here were it not that
it is a really beautiful and distinct plant when grown
in a little bog or bed of moist peat. Messrs. pshorn
of Fulham, have a good stock of it, and they are the only
people that have, so far as I know. Calandrinia
umbellata is perhaps best included with the alpine^
but it is a thing of such extraordinary bri lancy and
effjctiveness that it should be " included with no
one class, but made generally useful in the garden. 11
is hardy enough to survive in the open ground on
sandy soils, and nicely as a true alpine m
chinks of rockwork ; hut for all practical purposes
a batch of it is best raised annually and kept in smaU
pots, in dry frames or pits near the glass, or in the greeu-
liouse during winter, and then planted out in April
or May; it likes a peat or fine sandy soil best but
is not very fastidious. The colour being quite distinct
from any other usually seen in gardens, and ot the
most vivid character, it should be tastefu ly used m
every garden. I was about to pass over the Seduni|
for the present, but must stop to strongl.v recominend
the one known as S. Fabarium in gardens, but lor whiotj
(he best name is S. spectabile. Where an autumnal
display in the flower garden is a consideration this
Sedum should be grown. It does well in any ordinary
soil but best in the full sun, and this I say in conse-
quence of many placing things of this sort in half-snady
spots and the margins of shrubberies, &c,thereb.v pre-
venting them from ever exhibiting their full beauty.

Among theUmbellates Bryngiumamethystinum will
be found a beautiful and distinct thing with a span or
so of the stem under each flower-head of a rich dark
blue-of the colour of blue ink, m fact. Others are
good, as Bourgati, planum, cceruleum, and alpinum.
No subjects among hardy plants afford more beauty ot
leaf than the Ferulas : they are well suited for use in
the subtropical department in the flower garden, and
unlike many other herbs do well in the margin of a
shrubbery, which indeed is their best position as they
"die down" rather early. F. communis, neapoli-
tana, and tingitana ar> among the best ol tne
sorts The British Meura athanianticum has
very 'graceful leaves, and being rather concise in
habit, should be tried for the sake of its much cut
leaves. The great Heracleums are only ht tor
roughish spots, or woodland or river bank scenery.
They are of extraordinary dignity of habit, it i-s tTue,
but retire to their roots too early in the season. W. M.
(7*0 be Continued.)

ECONOMIC USES OF THE ASPHODEL.
The mention of this plant by Miss Rogers in
your last number induces me to send you the
followin- additional information concerning its eco-
nomical uses:-In the last Paris Exhibition in 18do,
in the Tuscan collection, was a series of specimens
illustrative of the production of alcohol, paper and
cardboard, from the roots, stems, and foliage o tbe
Wild Asphodel (AsphodeUis ramosus). A pamphlet ot
72 pa-'Ps by M, de la Bertoche, accompanied the
speoim'ens, from which we learnt that a society was
then forming in Tuscany for tli« "'i""[*=*"7.hi
similar articles on a large scale. The f"thor " the
pamphlet asserted that the roots of the A po el
contain upwards of 27 per cent, of a'.'';"''"!"; P,"",S f 'f'
which is more than double the quantity found in Beet-
root. We were told that the fasciculated rofs after
cleansing and crushi-.g, were mixed ^^'t" 7,™"-'
and the fluid exposed to heat, so as to t.icilitate
fermentation. The alcohol which » /|flf '^^srell of
colourless, perfectly transparent and has the smell ol
alcohol itself. It contains neither acid, salt, nor oily

t contains ueituc. „„.-,. j.-, — ,.c'

^';;^rtSonh;^d;o;ce^wflieSon:--L^pi.^s^i

phyllus and its varieties will of course obtain a place | flame is re,narki^M^^^^^^^ es the probable source
among Leguminous herbaceous plants. cnieny mai me au

9o2

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[Septembee 14, 1867.

of extensive operations in the manufacture of paper.
The asphodel abounds in a mucilaginous or (junimy
substance, which the native bookbinders and shoe-
makers use in their respective trades. This gum, it
was said, would prove most valuable for giving a gloss
to the surface of card-board or writing paper, as well
as for strengthening the paper itself. So sanguine
of its success as an economic plant were the pro-
moters of this new manufacture, that it was
said at the time if " even the enormous tracts of land
which are covered with Asphodel should in time be
exhausted, the culture of the plant would be by no
means difficult. It has been the subject of experiment
in the Eoyal Botanic Garden at Florence, where it
increased by runners and tubercles only too fast ; for
the very moving of the soil to eradicate the plant
causes it to spread and multiply four or five-fold. The
manager of the Grand Duke's domain at Albarese
offered, a few years ago, 40,000 francs for the extirpa-
tion of the Asphodel in a comparatively limited terri-
tory, and no person was found to undertake the next
to impossible task. The noblest specimens are seen
in the forests of the Apennines, and on the sea shore.
The plant grows abundantly in meadow land also, and
is not rejected by sheep, nor injured by their tread."
Though so much was expected in 1855 from the
Asphodel, we have never heard that these "great
expectations" have been realised. Since then, how-
ever, the Asphodel has been brought to notice as an
article of food, and about three years since the farina
from the roots was introduced to the notice of the
authorities at the War Office by a German in Dresden,
with a suggestion that it might be adopted for use in
the army. It was said to be 2J per cent, more nutri-
tious than Salep arrowroot, and considerably cheaper.
A few ounces dissolved in water, with a small quantity
of wine or milk, was said to form not only an agree-
able drink but a nutritious food, and sufficient to
support an adult person for a whole day. This farina
was so far considered an article of commerce that it
could then be obtained of certain agents both in
Dresden and Alexandria. J. R. JacTcson, Museum, Kew.

Home Correspondence.

Lime Trees. — The variety of Lime named by your
correspondent (see p. 928) " Tilia graudifolia," is, I take
it, the Tilia europsea of Loudoc. The common Lime of
our nurseries, the Tilia e. grandifolia, is a very distinct
variety, with enormous leaves, and is generally grafted
on seedling varieties of T. europsea, when planted in a
sheltered place, so that its leaves are not wind-riven ;
this rather scarce variety is very ornamental, being far
superior to T. americaria latifolia. Tilia parvifolia, or
microphylla, seems to be the original species. I have
seen it in one of its habitats in England, the trees so
old and decayed as to be quite interesting ; the seeds
of the Lime imported from the Lime forests of the
north of Europe produce trees of this species, and the
seeds of T. microphylla now sold by the German seeds-
men do the same, in the first generation varying but
little, whereas the seeds of T. europaja, the " T. grandi-
folia " of your correspondent, give endless varieties,
some with large leaves— rarely, however, so large as the
sort I have above described — and others so like the
species T. microphylla as to convince me that no
specific difference can exist. My grafted trees of
T. e. grandifolia have not borne fruit. I have only
T. europsea and T. e. alba in fruit, neither of them
agrees with Sowerby's description; but it is quite
possible that many seedlings raised from T. europaja
may give turbinate and ribbed fruit, varying as they
do in their habit, twigs, and foliage. The seeds of
T. europsea have given me two with green, yellow, red,
and crimson twigs, and leaves varying in size to an
incredible extent. T. E. [From a recent extended
examination of Limes living and Limes dead, we are in
a position to state that the differences said to exist as to
size of leaf, form and ribbing of fruit are by no means
absolute. We shall have more to say of this hereafter.
Eds.]

Curiosities of Prize Schedules. — Such a study as this
opens up so many little facts connected with the compi-
lation of prize schedules, as to make one wonder who
could have entered on the task. An amateur Dahlia
grower of considerable repute put into my hands a few
days ago a schedule of prizes to be awarded at a horti-
cultural exhibition, which was to be held in connection
with the Warwickshire Agricultural Association, at
Sutton Coldfield, on the 17th inst. Prizes are to be
awarded respectively to 36, 24, and 12 blooms of
Dahlias, selfs. The qualification is given in italics in
the schedule. As my friend intended exhibiting, and
being anxious to know exactly what was intended to
be implied in the term selfs, he wrote to the secre-
tary, and the following was the definition of the term
forwarded to him :— " The word self is to be taken in
its literal sense, that is, without tip, or any colour,
except the self colour," Yerily. we are progressing in
horticultural matters, but in this instance it is in a
sideway, if not in a backward direction. A stand of
Dahlias, selfs, will be a novel spectacle ; but are we to
understand that the horticulturists of Sutton Coldfield
are determined to put down, with a Mrs. Partington-
like energy, all tipped flowers but such as are actually
Fancies ? Excepting that superb piece of pleasantry
that appeared in the schedule of prizes of the recent
Bury Show — "12 Scarlet Pelargoniums, any shade of
colour," among which were found exhibited Bose
Eendatler and Madame Vaucher— the above from the
Sutton Coldfield list of prizes is as curious an illustra-
tion of schedule compilation as anything I have ever
seen before. S. D.

J£cjieveria metallica. — As a foliage plant this stands

pre-eminent, wherever small compact plants of

tropical " aspect are needed for decorative purposes.

Grown in 48-sized pots to a size of which it is capable,

in abundance of sun and air, the metallic lustre upon

its thick and characteristic leaves is very beautiful.
Independently of the uses to which it may be applied as
a drawing-room or dinner-table plant, I doubt not
that it will likewise become a prominent favourite as a
bedding plant when sufficiently known. One great
merit belonging to it is that it will thrive perfectly
imder any ordinary greenhouse treatment. It is
therefore "well adapted to meet the wants of such
amateurs as may be fond of plants of this description.
William Earleij, Digswell.

Poa trivialis argentea. — I beg to bear testimony to
the truthfulness of " E. D.'s" remarks (see p. 883)
respecting this Grass, which is certainly one of the
loveliest of plants, and I cannot account for Mr.
Bucker's specimens losing their variegation. I
have to-day closely examined some hundreds of it
growing here in soil of nearly every description, from
light sand to black bog earth, and I cannot find a single
green leaf among them ; and the stronger the plant the
more silvery it is. Might I recommend another most
beautiful silvery-leaved plant, viz., Achillea Clavennse,
to the notice of your readers ? it is one of the most com-
pact,hardy,and efficient plants grown for ribbon borders
or edgings for larje beds. T. S., Sope Nursery, Bedale.

Peas.— No portion of your paper is more prized by
readers, like myself, seeking practical information, than
such articles as those with which you favour us from
time to time after the manner of that in your last,
headed " The Chiswick trial of Peas." The catalogues
of the seed shops bewilder a country gardener, and
therefore your articles, reducing scores of varieties of
every vegetable to a few synonyms, with a few reliable
remarks upon each, are of great assistance to us in the
country. As to Peas, we read how many days
earlier the variety sold by one seedsman is than any
other ; I believe that the computation as to this is now
made in hours, no doubt it will soon be reduced to
minutes. But there are other qualities as to Peas of
more consequence than such speed in podding, and
which might perhaps be attained by attention. Now,
I do not observe any notice in your description of
varieties of Peas, as to the degree in which they can
resist the ravages of small birds. In my garden it is
impossible to grow Marrowfats ; I have netted them as
as close as possible, trapped tom-tits and sparrows by
scores, but have become weary of my attempts. Now
and then I obtain permission from some farmer to sow
a row of Marrowfats in the middle of a large field, and
stick them with tallest and strongest rods, and thus
I obtain some of that most splendid of all Peas, Knight's
Tall Marrow, " so remarkably sweet and tender," but,
as you also describe it, "with exceedingly thin inner
lining." The little winged vermin eschew the long
flight between this row and the hedgerows. The " Blue
Prussian" is more impregnable against birds, but, as
vou describe it, is of " poor flavour." Instead of the
French Pea sans parchemin, the desideratum, or rather
the desiderandum, is a Pea aeec parchemin, and as
good as Knight's Marrows in flavour. W. M. E.,
Bishop's Castle Vicarage, Salop.

Fruit Orowing. — Some of your readers may recollect
the attempt made in 1865 to form a fruit-growing
company, which, owing to the shares not being taken
to a sufficient e.ttent to satisfy the directors, who
would not countenance any loan transactions— rather
warmly recommended in those borrowing times by
sanguine London men — failed in forming itself into a
corporation. The idea, however, did not perish, for
Mr. T., the owner of the 100 acres of magnificent soil
which the company intended to rent from liim, formed
in the spring of 1868, under my directions, a plantation
of 3 acres of Apple and Pear trees, with a few Plums.
A short time since, feeling interested both in the land
and the trees. I paid a visit to Mr. Green, the manager
of the estate, living at Clements (the name of the farm
at Ilford), and I confess that I never saw a plantation
of pyramidal fruit trees in the second year only of its
growth so perfect, so well managed, and so gratifying
to the planter. Thos. Mirers.

Perpetual Pine Strawierri/. — Ever since the hoax of
the Delices de I'Automne Strawberry, plants of which
some years since were sent from Belgium in October
covered with fruit, the English public has been
sceptical with regard to autumnal Strawberries, except
the Alpine varieties. The sort above named is of very
recent introduction, and as I have a fine row of about
50 plants, which were planted last autumn, and are
now in the most vigorous growth, I am enabled to give
a tolerably safe opinion of its autumn-bearing quality.
I yesterday (September 10) gathered some half-a-dozen
fruit ; they were below medium size, bright red in
colour, and of the true Pine flavour— in short all that
could be wished for in that respect : but, whether owing
to the cool season or not I cannot say, its crop is very
scanty. I could find no more ripe fruit on my plants,
but some 15 or 20 are now putting forth flowers, a
weakly truss to each. This Strawberry seems a step in
the right direction, and if seedlings can be raised from
it with the same quality of fruit and a stronger
tendency to bear in September, we shall owe thanks to
the raiser of the Perpetual Pine. It is quite possible
that the warm autumnal sun of France may have
induced this sort to bear more freely there. Observer.

Perennial Digitalis. — The varieties of the common
Foxglove are beginning to receive the attention which
they merit ; at the flower shows this year some good
specimens have been exhibited. But how is it that
we never see any of the dwarfer perennial species of
this genus? The dictionaries speak of nine yellow
species, three yellow and red, one orange, two brown,
two purple, one pink, and one white j and nearly all of
them are European. Is there nothmg amongst them
worth growing ? W. T.

Clematis Jackmanni, rubro-violacea, and others. — In
some gardens may be found beds upon the lawns,
which are margined with Ivy. Is there any good
reason why varieties of these lovely climbers should
not be planted near the edge of these beds, and be

allowed to trail over the Ivy ? In a mild situation
Clematis lanuginosa and C. monstrosa might be intro-
duced to vary the effect. W. T.

Pipe Flues.— In reply to " J. H.," Cheadle, I may
state that when living near London a few years since
a friend of mine had a small greenhouse heated with '
sewer pipes, which answered the purpose very well. In
constructing a flue with them it is best to have a I
brick flue, say a yard from the furnace, as probably
they might be liable to crack if the fire had direct
action on them. They should be gradually raised from
the fire to the bottom of the chimney, to cause a
draught, and should be kept clear from the floor
beneath, as they are liable to become damp when not in i
use, and when wanted it takes some time to expel it |
before the fire can burn freely. E. S., Fdgeley, '

Stockport. 1 have had a pipe flue in operation

here with the best results this season. The size of
pipes used was 9-inch sockets, earthenware. Care
must be taken to carry the flue a distance of, say,
2 yards from the fire, as the heat will probably crack
the pipes if closer. It is quicker in action than even
hot water. John Solman.

Phalanopsis Schilleriana. — A plant of this Orchid,
which I have had for two or three years, has this
season furnished a young plant, the largest leaf of
which now measures 10 inches. Not having heard of
this Phalfenopsis reproducing itself in this country, and
there being no opportunity of ascertaining the fact in
this part of the kingdom, would you have the goodness
to inform me whether or not such a matter is of com-
mon or rare occurrence. Robert Masson, Gr., Yiewjield
Souse, Arbroath, N.B. [The formation in question
is not of rare occurrence in the case of P. amabilis ;
but we have not ourselves seen it take place in that
of P. Schilleriana. Eds.]

Lilium auratum. — I have four very distinct varieties
of this truly glorious Lily ; first, one has the clear
yellow ray and distinct crimsonish spots on a pure
white ground. This I take to be the original L.
auratum. The second has a ray of dark yellow
at the base of each petal, which changes into
a reddish brown flushed with yellow towards the
extremities. The spots of this variety have a broader
base than those of the former, giving the flower
a much darker and altogether richer appearance
than the last. The third is in all respects like a
cross between the two kinds just named, having less of
the yellow of the one and less of the dark hue of the
other. The fourth is very distinct from any I have
seen or heard of. It has a broad ray of green, very rich
and deep at the base of the petals, but diluted, or rather
suffused with yellow towards the extremities, the spots
are rosy crimson, very distinct, and set in a pure white
ground. This I consider to bo the most desirable of
all. The flowers of all the above were large, the unex-
panded bud of one measuring 7i inches in length. If
those distinctions are permanent (and there is no reason
for doubting it) the sooner wo begin to distinguish them
by name the better. I have already christened the
ones here for my own convenience, but if every gar-
dener were to do the same we would soon get different
names for the same sort. I would, therefore, suggest
that the Floral Committee of the Eoyal Horticultural
Society be appointed to collect information on the
subject, and affix names to the different varieties of this
fine Lily. J. P., Shotleij Hall Gardens. [Let them be
English, not Latin names. Eds.]

Foreign Correspondence.

Germantown, neae Philadelphia, August 21.—
Propagation of Variegated Plants.— Some months ago
I read with much interest an account of some experi-
ments made on propagating variegated-leaved plants
from root cuttings. The result was that the plants so
raised returned to their original green-leaved sta,te.
Some four years ago I made the same discovery with
Cornus mascula variegata, the root cuttings of which
produced the normal form, while plants raised from
layers have never shown any tendency to revert to
their original. I communicated these facts to Professor
Asa Gray, and was by him encouraged to continue my
experiments. I found, as your correspondent did, that
this was the case with most variegated plants, and
expected to establish it is a general rule ; but on
trying it with the Pyrus japonica variegata, I found
these roots produced the same variegated forms as the
parent, and I have not been able, therefore, to establish
any theory of variegation from the facts that ought
not to apply as well to the Pyrus as the others.

We often envy you the luxury of variegated trees.
Very few endure the dry air of our summers. The
white parts of the leaves of such beauties as Negundo
fraxinifolia variegata absolutely burn out in a few days
of hot sun, and make a blemish of what with
you is a beauty. There is a division of variegated
plants, however, which does pretty well, namely, that
which produces the leaf at first wholly green, the
white variegation not appearing until the leaf is well
developed. I do not know whether you have noted
this division in Europe. Fraxiuus acuminata aucubse-
folia and Madura aurantiaca variegata-the jpt a
most lovely thing— are of this class. Not until the
leaf has been two weeks expanded do the silver lines
appear. All of these do pretty well. F. M.

Vegetable Products in the Azores.— T^ie Vine is
universally cultivated in the Azores, but only three
islands yield sufficient wine for exportation, that is to
say, Pico, St. George, and Graoiosa. The plant
generally cultivated is the Verdelho, which is very
abundant, but it is more valued for the excellence
than for the quantity of its produce. It is likewise the
Grape that has been longest in cultivation. Generally
speaking, the Vine is grown in a good aspect, and a
stony soil little able to produce anything else. ;The
plants have but a short duration, so that it becomes

Septembeb 14. 1867.] THE GAl^DKNEBS' CHl^ONTOLE ANT) AOT^TOTTT.TTTT^AT, GAZETTE.

963

necessary to renew them often. The stones extracted
from the soil are used in the construction of walls
1 metre in height, and which aflnrd shelter against
the west and north-west winds. The Vine is pruned
in February, and the ground is dug over in July to
destroy weeds. At San Miguel the vintage does not
take place before the first fortnight in September. No
red wine is produced in the islands. In ISo.'i the
Oidium showed itself for the first time in the Azores.
It spread rnpidly, so that in 18.")() there was scarcely a
Grape to be had ; but for some years the disease has
been declining. For the last few years the culture of
Tea has been attempted, and with considerable success,
by MM. Ernest do Canto and Jose Correa. The
culture of Tea in these islands oflers an exception to
the rule laid down by M. Alphonse De Candolle in his
inaugural di.^eourse as President of the International
Botanical Congress in London in 1861). It will be
remembered that the learned Professor, after alluding
to the similarity in the situations in which the two
plants are naturally found, went on to say that the
two plants required a temperate climate; that the
Vine required heat without summer rain, whereas, on
the other hand. Tea required but little summer heat
and a considerable amount of rain : whence ho con-
cluded that the culture of the two plants in the same
climate was hardly possible— Vine-growing countries
would not be able to produce Tea, and riee rersa. lie
this as it may, in the island of San Miguel the Tea
succeeds admirably well by the side of the Vine, and I
would fain hope that the two plants may be success-
fully grown in some parts of Portugal. If the Vine
and the Tea are of vast importance with reference to
the social and commercial state of nations, I may now
speak of another plant which has become, if not more
important, at least as much so as the two I have
mentioned — I speak of Tobacco. This baneful weed !
with its acrid taste and repulsive odour, is nevertheless
the subject of enormous commerce. Its culture spreads
with even more rapidity than that of more useful
plants. It furnishes to Government a most productive
tax ; hence it is not to be wondered at that some of the
great cultivators in the islands have done all they could
to obtain from the Portuguese Government permis-
sion to cultivate Tobacco. Thanks to this permission
which ha.s only been acted on for the last few years,
the growth of the plant has already assumed consider-
able proportions, and although experience has not yet
shown which varieties are best adapted for the soil and
climate of the Azores, there can be no doubt that
Tobacco is destined to form some day an important
element of commerce. The varieties cultivated belong
toNicotianaTabacum.N .rusticabeing no longer grown ;
I venture to suggest that N. persica, so much esteemed
for the fragrant odour of its leaves, should be established
there. I was considerably surprised not to find any
Cotton grown in the island, where the volcanic soil so
favourable to the growth of the plant exists in such
abundance : I was told that the fruits did not ripen
there in ordinary summers ; but earlier varieties
obtained by hybridization might be grown so as to
overcome this objection. JEdmuiid Goeze, Coimhra.

Ch.4teaud'Eleghem,Sempel,Weende,Malines,
Belgium: Strawberries.— '"YbeHst of t\\e common
Strawberries were picked the 1st of August." I quote
from your paper the words of Mr. W. F. EadclyfTe. It
may be of interest to your readers to hear that Straw-
berries in large numbers continue to be gathered in
the garden of the Count de Baillet, near Malines.
They are a kind of wild Strawberry, of the Alpine or
Hautbois nature. M. I). It!/der,jun.

Soctrttes.

Crystal Palape : Sept. 10, 11, and 12, {Autumn Exhibit ion
of Frvits and Floirevs.)~This exhibition was scarcely as good
as that of last year, as far as fruits were concerned ; but there
was a large and fine display of Dahlias, Hoses, Gladioli,
Asters, and other cut flowers.

Pine-apples. — These, though shown in considerable numbers,
were not very remarkable as regards heavy weights. 5Ir.
Bailey, gr. to T. T. Drake, Esq., had however some good fruit,
as had also Messrs. Rattray, Page. Rockford, and Davies.
Mr. Penny likewise showed well in this class.

Grajits. — Mr. Sage, Gopsall Hall, contributed four remarW-
ably fine bunches of Barbarossa, which competed for the
prizes offered for baskets of 12 lb. They were large, well
formed, and cnvered with a beautiful bloom. The best 3
bunches of Black Hamburgh came frum Mr. Norris, gr. to A.
Bosanquet, Esq., and Mr. Sage and Mr. Osborne also showed
excellent examples of good Grape growing. Mr. Laing, gr. to
P. W. Flowers, Esq., furnished some good Canon Hall
^luscuts, and we also noticed some well-ripened Buckland
Sweetwater. The prize for the heaviest bunch of Grapes was
awarded to a badly-coloured, larue-shouldered cluster of Black
Hamburgh, which weighed 5 lb. 1 oz. Of Grapes in Pots
luagnificent examples came from Messrs. Lane, of Great
Btjrkhampstead. They consisted of Foster's Seedling, Alicante,
:ind two Black Hamburghs, on each of which were upwards
■ if 20 beautiful bunches of well-ripened Grapes. Mr. Wells
furnished ripe fruit of two varieties from his patent ground
Vineries.

Peacht^s.—'Vhc dish to which the 1st prize was awarded was
altogether excellent. It came frum Mr. Page, gr. to W. Leaf,

Etq. A few others were also good : but a considerable propor-
tion of the fruit exhibited was below the average as regards
size.

Nectarines. — The remark just made applies equally to these.

Mr. Frost, of Bower Nursery, Maidstone, however, showed a
beautiful dish of Elruge, to which a Ist prize was deservedly
awarded.

Mttijns.~~The best came from Mr. Beech, Kingswood Warren,

Epsom, and Mr. Alliston, gr. toM. Portal, Esq., of Overton.
Chfrriex. — These were confined for the most part to Morellos,

of which good dishes were shown. The best were contributed

by Mr. Bailey, 8hardeloes,

Pliiiiii'.—Thef'e were furnished in considerable quantities,

and generally in excellent condition. The best came from Mr.

Webb, Reading, and Mr. Sage, Ashridge. Among the different

varieties we noticed good fi-uit of White Magnum Bonum,

Goliah, Coe'» Golden Drop, Prince of Wales, Washington,

Denycr's Victoria, Jefferson, Pond's Seedling, Green Gage,

Kirkcs' Reine Claude de Bavay, and Coe's Golden Drop.

Applet'.— Atnong kinds fur dessert, the l.iest were contributed

by Mr. Grover, Hammersmith, and Mr. Webb, Reading, while

among varioties for culinary purposes, those tt) which 1st and
2d prizes woro awarded were contributed by Mr. Mortimer,
gr. to A. Smee, Esq., Wallington Bridge, and Mr. Newman,
Lavender Hill. In these and other dishes were good fruit of
Emperor Alexander, Blenheim Pippin, Rod Astrachan, Stone
Pippin, Lord Suffidd. Cellini, Ltivd Derby, Chanccllur, Cats-
head, Nelson's fllnrv, Ilullandburv. Now Hawthomdon,
Keswick Codlin, Kentish FillbaHkut, Wellington or Dumclow's
Seedling, Alfriston, Northern Greening, Gloria Mundi, York-
shire Greening, and Monstrovis Lcadington. Dessert kinds
consisted of Red PcamiHiii, Red Astrachan, Colonel Vaiighan,
Reinetto du Lank. Ribston Pippin, Cox's Orange Pippin,
t^iarrcuden. Scarlet Nonpareil, Eearn's Pippin. Cellini, Bull's
Gulden Reinetto, Kerry Pippin, Lemon Pippin, Asbmead's
Kernel, King of the Pippins, Yellow Ingestre, Early Straw-
berry, Early Red Margaret, Early Crofton, and Pearson's
Plate.

Pi;arit.-~The best three dishes came from Dr. Cooper, Slough,
and G. F. Wilson, Esq., Weybridge. The 1st prize in the class
of single dishes for weight was won by Mr, Goldsmith, gr. to
Sir W. Farquhar, Bart., the st»rt being Uvedale's St. Germain,
while for flavour Loviise Bonne of Jersey won both Ist and '2d
prizes. Those wore furnished by Mr. Bailey, Shardcloes. and
Jlr. Thornycroft, Floore, Weedon. Among other varieties
shown wo noticed good examples of Duchesse d'Angoul6me,
Bcurre Clairgeau, Beurre Dlel, Easter BeurrC*, Gansel's
Bergamot. Marie Louise, Bcurr^ d'Amanlis, and Jargonelle.

Fruit Trees in Puts. — Oi these excellent collections came
from Messrs. Lane, Great Berkhampstead, and frum Mr. John
Fraser, Lea Bridge Road, The last consisted of Pears, Apples,
and Plums. Messrs. Lane had three Figs, five Pears, four
Apples, and a Morello CheiTy. Peach trees in pots came from
Sir. Waller, gr. to G. Lake, Esq., Watford, and Mr. Eraser.
Both groups wei-e woU furnished vfith ripe fruit, of good size
and colour.

Miscellaneovs Collediims of Fruit.— Of these an excellent
collection came from Mr. Bailey, Sh.irdeloes. Mr. Webb had
large quantities of Nuts ; Mr. Bennett, Osberton, Vanilla; and
Mr. Sage, Ashridgc, a fine bunch of Banana.

Da/Witw.— These were numerous, but, as a whole, apparently
smaller in size than those shown last year. In the class of 48
varieties prizes were awarded to Messrs. Keynes, May, Walker,
and Kimberley, in the order in which the names stand. In
the different stands were good blooms of Golden Admiration,
King of Sweden, Matilda, Queen of Primroses, Delieata,
Edward Spary, Baron Taimton, Lord Shaftesbury, Chairman,
James Backhouse, Miss Henshaw, Flo&sy GiU, George White,
Leah, Paradise Williams, Mrs. Wyndham, Aaidrew Dodds,
Um pire, John Wyatt, Charlotte Dorling, An i ■ ie Austin ,
Disraeli, Anna Keynes, British Triumjib, Lady of the Lake,
Freemason, Lady Mary Wylde, George Wheeler, Miss Herbert,
Bob Ridley, Stella Colas, Criterion, Lady Palmerston, Hugh
Miller, Ellen Potter, Lilac Perfection, Lady Gladys Herbert,
Lord Derby, Princess, Norfolk Hero, Lilac Queen, Sara
Bartlett. Peri, Earl Pembroke, Fanny Purchase, Vice-Chairman,
Golden Gem, Jenny Austin, and others.

In the class of 24 blooms Mr. Keynes was again the most
successful exhibitor. Among his kinds were Queen of Prim-
roses, Lady of the Lake, Chairman, James Backhouse, Lord
Derby, Charlotte Dorling, Lady G. Herbert, Golden Admira-
tion, Bob Ridley, Norfolk Hero, Earl of Pembroke, Anna
Keynes, George Wheeler, Mrs. Wyndham, Queen of Lilacs,
George White, Lady Palmerston, Edward Spary, Vice-President ,
Miss Henshaw, Delieata, Harriet Tetterell, Leah, and Miss
Herbert. The next best collection came from Mr. May, Bedale ;
and Messrs. Kimberley, Legge, Walker, and Draycott, also
showed in this class.

In the Class of 12 Fancy Dahlias, Mr. Keynes took the 1st
prize, Mr. Kimberley the 2d, Mr. Legpe the 3d, and Mr.
Perry the 4th. Among the varieties were good blooms of
Chang, Formidable. Regularity, Lightning, Octoroon, Remark-
able, President Lincoln, Lord Warden, Messenger, Butterfly,
John Salter, Ebor, Leopard, Pauline, Countess of Bective,
Harlequin, Queen Mab, Lady Paxton, Nora Creina, Fanny
Sturt, Le Domino Noir, Glory, and Queen of Sports.

In the Amateurs' Class of 24 kinds, Mr. Perry was 1st, Mr.
Thornycroft 2d, Mr. Pelfield 3d, and Messrs. Heldred and
Hopkins 4th and 5th. Among the varieties were Chairman,
Arthur, Phidias, Anna Keynes, Andrew Dodds, Master of
Arts, Bub Ridley, Delicate Pink Seedling. Model, Leih, Deli-
eata, Donald Beaton, Miss Henshaw, Messenger, Lady G.
Herbert, Lord Derby, Alexandra, Hueh MiUer, George Brown,
British "Triumph, Juno, Criterion, Charlotte Dorling, Pauline,
Volunteer, Startler, and Willie Austin.

In the Clsss of 12 blooms (amateurs) Mr. Thornycroft was
the most successful exhibitor ; and Messrs. Perry, Petfield,
Glasscock, Lakius, and Steer, received prizes in the order in
which their names stand. Among the different varieties were
good examples of Lord Palmerston, Volunteer, Fanny Pur-
chase, Lord Derby, Model, International, Willie Austin, Juno,
Miss Henshaw, British Triumph, Matilda Keynes, Goldfinder,
Chancellor, Andrew Dodds, Jenny Austin, Garibaldi, Bird of
Passage, DeUcata, Mrs. Belton, Norfolk Hero, Comet, Earl
Pembroke, Lady Popham, Leah, Lottie Atkins, Peri, Golden
Admiration, and Charles "Turner.

In the Class of 12 Fancy kinds (amateurs) Mr. Perry had the
best blooms; and Messrs. Glasscock and Thornycroft were
2d and 3d. Among the sorts were J. Bunn, Sam Bartlett,
Queen Mab, Octoroon, Pauline, Queen of Sports, Harlequin,
Garibaldi, Triomphe de Robaix, Regularity, Artemus Ward,
Ebor, Angelina, Frank Tiffin, and Messenger.

Seedlivf/ Dahliax.'— Of these there were flowers from Messrs.
"Turner, Keynes, Rawlings, Hopkins, and others. First-class
Certificates were awarded to Mr. Turner for B\ittercup,
Adonis, Mrs. Dorling, and Master Johnny, a Fancy flower ;
and a Second-class Certificate to High Sheriff. Mr. Keynes
received First-class Certificates for Mr. Dodds, Rosy Queen,
Yellow Boy, and Leopardess (Fancy) ; and a Second-class
Ceriificate for Chameleon, also a Fancy, Mr. Rawlings
received a First-class Certificate for Hebe. Other seedling
flowers not Certificated, were Vidette (Turner), Constancy
(Rawlings), Miss Sarah Turner (Keynes), Princess Mary of
Cambridge (Keynes), Caroline Tetterell (Keynes), Duke of
Edinburgh (Keynes), Wonderful (Keynes), and Grand Sultan
(Keynes), two Fancy flowers, A few other flowers were
staged, but not of sufficient merit to deserve notice. Some
notes on these new Dahlias will be found in another page.

HoUiihocks. — No spikes of these were shown, but instead of
them there were some large and fine single blooms, especially
those in the collections from the Rev. E. Hawke, WiUingham,
Gainsbro'. Mr. Minchin, Hook Norton, also contributed good
blooms. Seedling Hollyhocks were produced but very
sparingly. Mr. H. Minchin received First-class Certificates
for the Rev. Charles Garrett and Aiypius, both noticed in
another place.

Verbenas.— Of these Mr. Perry showed some charming sorts,
chiefly seedlings of bus own. Among the latter were J. C.
Ward, Miss Turner. Hercules, Interesting, and G. P. Tye, all
of which received First-class Certificates ; and Mr. Perry had
also Samuel Morton, Mr. Mole, and other new kinds. The
same award was made to Verbena Constance, from Mr,
Knight, nurseryman. Battle, Sussex.

Roses. — Large numbers of boxes of these were shown, even
thus late in the season. Among exhibitors of them were
Messrs. Paul &. Son, Mr. Keynes, Mr. FYaser, Mr. HoUing-
woi-th, Mr. Draycott, and others. Boxfuls of Martchal Niel
were furnished by Messrs. Paul Si Son and Mr. Keynes. Among
other varieties we noticed Maurice Beruardin, Gloire de San-
^ tenay, Mar^chal VftiUant, Dr. Andry, Victor Verdier, Oliver

Dclhomnio, Madanio Bovitin, Plcrro Netting, Mm. C. Wood
Comto Viglor, Lord Herbert, Baron Adolpho do Rothschild,
Princess (,f Wales, Prince Canilllu de Rohan, Riibens, Gloirode
Dijon, and other fine kinds,

AsttrK. — Both Germ. in and French kinds were shown in
good Condition. The lust, espccL-dly, were largo and fmo, and
the colours bright and clear, while the Gurnian vuriotles were
not less remarkable for their cumpaetncsB and neatness. The
best exhibitions in both classes came frum Mr. Benhum and
Mr. Sandford,

<i'/of/i(//(.— Cut spikes of these wero shown in fair condition
by Metisrs. Kelway k Son, Langjjoit, SomerHct, and by Messrs.
Bunyard i\j Son, Paul h Son, Sladden, Plester, Minchin, and
utliers. In these exhiliition.s were good spikes of Lord Byron,
L'assandra. James Veitch, Shakwpeare, Emperor Napoleon.
Prince of Wales, Leonardo da Vinci, and othern. Seedlings were
in strong force, inasnmch as Mr. Sladden'n stand of 24 varietien
was composed mainly of 'A new kinds, though they were not
set up fur Coitificates. Messrs. Kelway ik Son, nurserymen,
I.angport, received First-class Certificates for Charles Turner,
Refulgens, Mr. Robinson's "Seedling," and Snowtiako.

Misi:KUaneovs Sulijectg.— Yuxeuvjst among these wasacbarro-
ing group of different flowering and other plants from Messrs.
Carter ii Co., High Holbom. It consisted of Gladioli of
different colours, variegated Zunal Pelargoniums of the best
description, ornamental foliage plants, J'ems beautifully dis-
posed among the more prominent specimens of other things ;
a coUectiun of Tomatos in pots, ornamental Gourds, Japanese
Maize, Indian Shot, and a conspicuous centre yruup uf the
useful Trituma uvaria. Messrs. Duwnie, Laird, 4i Laing, also
contributed a fine collection of Solanums, internuxed with
flowering specimens of LiUum auratum, and other plants.
From Mr. Tanton, Epsom, came a beautiful specinien of
Allamanda cathartica, and various plants of Vallota purpurea
in beautiful condition. A finely flowered plant of CUanthua
Dampieri was shown by the Crystal Palace Company.

Koticcg of iSoofeg.

The Silkworm Book; or^ Silkworms Ancient and
Modern^ their Food, and Mode of Management. By
W. li. Lord, R.A. 8vo. Cos. 18G7.
Although sericulture has been practised by the
Chinese for more than 4000 years, there is nothing to
indicate that any other than a Mulberry-feeding larva
has ever occupied their attention. We have become
acquainted, within the last few years, with a silk-
producing larva, which feeds on the Ailuutus in
China, on the Coriaria in Northern India, and on
other plants elsewhere ; and we have still more recently
obtained eggs of a species which leeds on the Oak in
Japan ; but regarding the antiquity of these we have at
present no information.

Inasmuch as these three insects are capable, under
certain management, of being reared in England, it is to
their history that our author devotes the principal part
of his book, in which we tind much that is interesting
regarding the habits.and mode of feeding and cultivating
those various larvae. If his object in publishing this
information had been merely the amusement and
edification of rising young entomologists, who want a
change after breeding Puss moths, Drinkers, Oak
Eggars, and Hop Dogs, we might have been spared any
other than a lavourable notice of it, but as it aims at
higher views, we cannot pass them without comment.

It is perhaps not generally known that there is a
very large and natural group of moths, one of the most
prominent peculiarities of which is that the larva
changes to a chrysalis in the interior of a silken cocoon.
Before the classitication of insects was so much attended
to as it has been of late years, every moth coming from
such a cocoon was considered to be a species of
Bombyx. The great number of these moths now
known and described has necessitated their subdivision
into many genera, Ibuuded chiefly upon the Ibrm of the
larvse, and with the differences in the larvae are asso-
ciated, as might be expected, did'erences in the cocoon.

The form of the cocoon of the Mulberry silkworm
(Bombyx mori) is oval. Now, the cocoon of the
Ailantus silkworm is not oval, but pointed at each
end ; and when Mr. Lord speaks of it as Bombyx
cynthia, he evidently is not aware that it belongs to
the genus Attacus, and is not a true Bombyx at all.
Again, when devoting a page to the notice of " some
miscellaneous silk spinners," he refers to the " Arrindy
worm of India (Saturnia arrundi);" which is only
another name for the Ailantus silkworm (Attacus
cynthia).

So much for our author's acquaintance with ento-
mological nomenclature. Nor is his botanical know-
ledge much more extensive, if we may judge from the
Castor-oil plant being called Recinus, and the insect
feeding on it Bombyx recinus, by which is meant
Attacus ricini. Xanlhophyllum hostile is a plant with
which we are unacquainted, unless it should be
another way of spelling Xanthoxyion hastile. He
surely cannot mean either Xauthorrhcea hastilis, a
New Holland plant, or somespecies of Xylophylla, which
is a West Indian genus, since he is relerring to an
East Indian insect.

The attempt to supersede the produce of the Mul-
berry silkworm by that of some other animals is by
no means a recent idea. One sanguine individual
expected to succeed by the use of the byssus or silvery
threads with which mu.^sels attach their shells to the
rocks. So long ago as the beginning of the last century
a Frenchman started an establishment for growing
spiders, whose silken egg-bags (such as we see uuder
ledges and on walls), were to be manufactured into a
material far surpassing silk ; but apart from the two
difficulties of providing them with flies and of pre-
venting their indulging in their partiality for their own
brothers, in preference to any other food, the notion
was seen to be useless when it was shonn that one
silkworm could produce as much silk as 280 spiders,
and that its silken thread could bear four times the
weight that the thread of the spider would.

Of the Ailantus Silkworm Mr. Lord says :— " There
are, we think, substantial grounds for ranking this silk-
producing insect high amongst the hardy workers
whose labours bid fair to afford healthy and profitable
employment to vast numbers of the inhabitants of
Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands."

954

THE GARDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGElCtJLTTJEAL GAZETTE, [September m. im.

Of the Japanese Oak silkworm, he asserts that no
Bilk-producing insect ever introduced into this country
promises more fairly to become a source of national
■wealth, as the climates of both England and Ireland
appear especially well adapted for its successful
cultivation."

In opposition to these views we submit the
following:— , ,, « / f

There is no other cocoon yet known besides that ot
the Mulberry silkworm, from which a skein of
1500 yards can be reeled off. All other silk must be
carded, after the manner of cotton, before it can be
manufactured. The silk produced by the Mulberry
silkworm in England is of very little value compared
with that brought from China, Japan, and Italy, ol
•which the values of the best qualities are now about
SO-s., 35s., and -iSs. per lb. respectively. The c[iiality ot
silk depends chiefly upon the combination of strength
and lustre with fineness of thread. English-grown
Mulberrv silk is very deficient in strength, ihe silk
of the Ailantus and Oak worms is also very iveak, and
cannot be reeled. , . , i- n •

The worms of all silk-producing larvse are liable in
England to great destruction by ichneumon Hies,
which it is next to impossible to keep from attacking
them. The eggs of the Ailantus insect hatch
before the trees are in leaf with us. Silk comes only
as yet (and we believe it will always be so), irom
countries where labour is cheap. The rearing ol silk-
worms on anything approaching a, remunerative scale
would involve the employment of many hundred
persons, and there is no part of the British islands
where labour can be had upon terms to compete with
the Chinese. , , , , „ ,

Enough, we imagine, has now been brought forward
to induce any one to pause and make further inquiries
before allowing himself to be deluded, by anything that
Mr Lord may have written, into the beliet that silk
can ever be grown in England for manufacturing or
any other purposes, except that of an amusement for
children.

eagerly consumed by the lower classes in Londoii. The I
muscular proboscis, with its spiney tongue, is first
extracted. Its appearance does not seem very inviting,
and the food must be rather tough eating, though pos-
sibly not more so than the retractor muscle of a large
rock oyster when cooked. The shells of Buccinum
nudatum occur occasionally amongst oyster shells on
the sites of old Roman towns or villas. Fusus antiquus
is known at Billingsgate by the name of the almond, or
red whelk, and the part within the upper whorls of the
spire, consists mainly of the liver, which is thought to
be peculiarly good and tender._ We have never, how-
ever, had the courage to taste it.

The animals of this group are carnivorous, and
perforate shells by means of the rasp in their proboscis,
and are occasionally very injurious in oyster beds.
They are frequently taken in lobster pots, a dead fish
being placed as a bait. The animals are themselves
also used extensively as baits, especially for cod, in
whose stomachs they are sometimes found in great
numbers.

As in former volumes not the least valuable part is
the table showing the geographical and geological
distribution, and it is to be hoped that when the work is
complete all the tables will be united.

It would be easy to point out other matters of general
interest contained in the volume, but we have already
reached our usual limits.

Srliish Conchology, Vol. IV. Marine Shells i»_con-
tinuation of the Gasteropoda as far as the Bulla
family. By John Gwyn Jeffreys, I'.E.S. Svo.
Pp. 488, tab. 8, and a coloured frontispiece. Van
Voorst. 1807.
We have great pleasure in welcoming the publication
of another volume of a work which we have already
taken occasion to notice on the appearance ot the
former volumes. One only is wanted to complete the
original design, which will contain those beautilul
animals the MoUusca with naked branchije, the Guttle
fi sh, and other interesting families, and will appear as
soon as may be consistent with the care which has
been taken in the preparation of all that has already
been published. Besides the eight plates containing
figures of a type of each family there is acoloured trontis-
piece showing the singular appearance of lanthma
and its float, an appearance which, though familiar to
travellers on the wide ocean, will be new to many ot
our readers. Live specimens of at least one species
are occasionally wafted in great numbers to our coasts,
though it can scarcely be considered as a true inhabi-
tant The shell is of a purplish blue or violet, and is
very delicate. The float, which is of a considerable
size, and looks like a mass of soap-bubbles, is formed
by the foot, vesicle by vesicle, a bubble ol air being
inclosed in a pellicle of mucus by a curious process
described two years ago by Lacaze-Duthiers m the
" Annates des Science Naturelles," but which cannot be
easily understood without reference to the figures
When accidentally detached from the float the animal
at once sinks. It has little or no power of directing
its course, but is carried in whichever direction the
wind or current may hear it. It is curious that such a
southern form as Spirula is sometimes brought in by
the winds on the Irish coasts with lanthina.

There are some interesting observations in the
volume on the dye produced by several MoUusca, and
amongst others by Purpura lapillus, though the purple
of the ancients was derived from a species of Murex, a
common Mediterranean shell. It is secreted b.y an
organ which seems to be the kidney, as urea has been
detected in the secretion by chemical analysis. When
extracted from the living animal it is ol the consist-
ency of cream, and is at first colourless or more or less
yellowish. Exposed in a moist state to the light of the
sun it passes through all the different shades of green
to violet, then to a beautiful purple, and ultimately
becomes crimson. • i i

Every one who frequents the coast is acquainted
with the bladdery masses which are thrown up by the
tide, and with which many are familiar under the
name of whelks' eggs. It is not however to be supposed
that only a single embryo is contained in each egg. As
the phenomena presented by the eggs of Purpura
lapillus are very similar, we give a description of what
takes place in the course of their development, the
liquor contained in whose egg-capsules is also purpu-
riferous. Each capsule is at first hermetically sealed, and
filled with a Uquid, which is as transparent as water,
viscous, and resembles the white of a bird's egg ; in this
liquid are enveloped a mass of eggs, GO, or even more,
in process of growth ; these eggs agglomerate, and form
from 30 to 40 embryos, the shell taking the shape of a
Nautilus At the end of the ninth or tenth week, and
not before, the fry quit the capsule. They soon assume
the peculiar habit of their parents, by getting out pt
the water, where they remain for hours till the tide
covers them. . t,, •

Purpura lapillus, though eaten by some of the in-
habitants of St. Michel-chef-chef, is scarcely, if ever,
used as food in this country. It is, however found in
tiie sites of the so-called Plot's houses m Scotland, with
the shells of other MoUusca. .

The next "enus, Buccinum, however, together with
that of Eusus, yields a large supply of food, which is

Two parts of t^e Journal of the Ziimean Society.
(Botany), Nos.' 40 and 41, have recently been issued,
containing Dr. Anderson's Enumeration of Indian
Acanthaceffi ; Notes on the Papayacese, by J. Correa
de Mello apd fi. Spruce ; Notes on Malvacece, with a
Description of a new Genus of Buettuerieffi (ScapUo-
petalum), by Dr. Masters; on Nutmeg Cultivation in
Singapore, by Dr. CoUingwood; Notes on the Genus
Canna by Dr. Dickie; and other papers, to which
attention has already been called in these columns.
Some new Magazines — the Broadway, Tinsley s
3Iagazine—Ao not call for more than mention in this
place ; but we may allude, with a word of congratula-
tion and commendation, to a new weekly low-priced
periodical called Country Life, devoted to rural
pursuits— the Garden, the Cottage Earm, Angling, and
Natural History, edited, in so far as the gardening part
is concerned, by Mr. Bichard Dean : a sufhoient
guarantee that this portion of the journal will be
etficiently conducted. Associated with him are
Professor Kymer Jones, Bev. J. A. Johns, M. C. Cooke,
Esq and other well-known names. The numbers of
Seemanu's Journal of Botany for August and Sep-
tember contain a paper on Aphyllostachys, a Fossil
Calaraaria, by Professor Gceppert, in the course ot
which the author expresses his opinion that the theories
of Lamarck and Darwin receive no support from the
fossil flora. Other memoirs relate to systematic
botJany notably the continuation of Dr. Seemanu's
revision of the order Hederaceaj. Mr. Andrew Murray s
description of a new Conifer from Arctic America,
Abies arctica, nearly allied to A. alba, and described
as the most northerly tree that has been met with on
the North-west Coast of America, and Dr. Hances
valuable communications on Chinese Plants Mr.
Ernst's papers on the cultivated or naturalised plants
of Caraccas are interesting, the more so as a meteoro-
logical table, prepared according to the metrical system
as well as according to that used in this country, is

The Sandbooh for Travellers ia Scotland (Murraj^)
is a new guide to the " North countrie," which at this
season wUl be found very useful by tourists. It is
written pleasantly, without exaggeration, and so far as
we have yet been able to test it, with truthfulness. The
plan of laying out routes is a very convenient one (or
travellers. Here and there a slip occurs, as for example,
one day's work of a two mouth's tour is set down thus—
" To Balloch, Loch Lomond, Rowardennan ; ascend
Ben Nevis, and sleep at Tarbert "—for Ben Nevis read
Ben Lomond. Such slight inaccuracies will no doubt
be eliminated from future editions.

dFlorists' dFlotofVSt'

The exhibition at the Crystal Palace on the 10th
inst. was so essentiaUy a Show of Plorists' Flowers,
that some Seedling Dahlias, HoUyhocks, Gladioli, &c.,
would naturally be looked for on such an occasion.
HappUy for the raisers, these new flowers were passed
in review by the judges comparatively early in the
day, as at noon the sun had begun to teU on them so
markedly that by the evening a few were nearly
shriveUed up. The usual awning overarching the
Qowers exhibited along the length of the nave
was removed on this occasion, and had the hot
weather of Tuesday last continued, there would
have been but little of flower remaining by the
close of the Show on Thursday. Seedhng Dahlias
were in strong force, the largest contributor being
Mr Keynes, whose flowers were in better condition
than when shown at South Kensington on the 3d mst.
Yellow Boy (Keynes) promises to be a very iiselul
yellow flower, being a fine and bold-looking variety, ot
good form and substance, and apparently very constant.
IJnttercup (Turner) is another excellent addition to the
yellows, being of massive build, and it looks as it it will
make a fine exhibition variety for the back row of a
stand. It is of a bright shade of pure yeUow, not quite
so deep in hue as the foregoing, and very constant.
Adonis (Turner) is an exquisite light ground flower,
almost white, slightly suffused with soft li ac. It is
singularly delicate in appearance, and it is allied with
very fine form and high quality of petal and centre. ^
The blooms, as shown, are of a medium size.
Mrs Dorling (Turner) had considerably improved m
quality since seen at South Kensington, and deserved
the high award it received. It is a flower that changes

somewhat in character, as, like most suffused flowers,
the colour wiU be more heavily distributed on some
flowers than in others. The petals have a tendency to
reflex, though it appears to give a nice appearance to
the flower. High Sheriff (Turner) is a smaU glossy
black crimson flower, having a fine full higb centre,
though the petals round it have a tendency to quill.
The hue of colour is something striking, and it is a
flower that promises to be much better than it appeared
to be on this occasion. Hebe (Bawlings) was still
very fine indeed, and is certainly one of the leading
new flowers of the year. Constancy (Rawlings) is a
strong-looking flower in the way of Charles Turner,
but darker ; but the flowers were small and somewhat
flat. Rosy Queen (Keynes) had improved since seen
at South Kensington, though the petals about the
centre showed a tendency to quill. It is a fine full
flower, the colour bright rose, the edges of the petals
tinted with lilac. Leopardess, Chameleon, and Wonder-
ful, Mr. Keynes' flowers, are three Fancy varieties,
somewhat akin in appearance, being pale lilac green
flowers, flaked and striped with crimson and scarlet.
They are notwithstanding quite distinct, and look as if
they wUl make very useful exhibition flowers. All
these Ulac ground Fancy flowers appear to have a
confused dull look about them. Miss Sarah Turner
(Keynes) is a good constant flower, very attractive in
appearance, but wants refinement. There is a coarse-
ness about it that detracts from its merits. Grand
Sultan (Keynes) is a large and showy fancy bloom, but
is flat and coarse looking. It will nevertheless make a
good exhibition variety when it can be caught m good
condition. Princess Mary of Cambridge (Keyntss) is a
large but somewhat coarse flower, m colour pale solt
violet. Caroline Tetterell (Keynes), a light tipped rosy
lilac flower, and Duke of Edinburgh (Keynes), a rosy
crimson bloom suffused with purple, will be two useful
I kinds, without possessing first-rate properties. Violette
! (Turner) is a novel-looking flower, smaU in size, but
having a full high centre and good outline, the colour
i rose suffused with violet, which is heavier towards
i the ed^es of the petals and almost forms a tip.
I Verbena Constance (Knight) was represented by a
boxful of good trusses, said to be from the open
' ground. It is of a bright dark scarlet colour, with a
small lemon eye, in the way of Perry's Mazeppa, but
i darker in hue, and quite distinct; the pips are large
and very fine, and it is altogether a first-class flower,
having the additional recommendation of being a fine
bedding variety. Mr. C. J. Perry had an excellent lot
of seedlings, some of them in the finest condition ;
Hercules and Miss Turner were especiaUy striking,
and G P. Tye had deepened into a wonderful richnesa
of colour round the eye. Mrs. Mole was especially
noticeable also ; the soft Ulac self flowers are both novel
and handsome. Of the two new Hollyhocks shown by
Mr. H. Minchin, Alypius, a salmon buff flower, large
and fuU, was the best. There is already an
abundance of fine buff and salmon flowers, but this
one appeared to have got an infusion of clear rose into
the guard petal, which imparted to it a pleasing
novelty. It will make a fine exhibition flower. The
Rev. Chas. Garrett may be described as ot a claret
crimson colour suffused with purple, the flower quite
flat, but close and fuU of stuff.

Messrs. Kelway & Son's new Gbdioli were fine
spikes, as pure in colour as coul4 he desired, the
flowers all forming an exceUent face, and two or three
of the spikes had as many as 10 aud 12 expanded
flowers at one time. Snowflake is a capital addition
to the whites, pure white, having a lemon
throat, penciUed with violet; flowers of good
form and bold. This spike had 12 expanded
flowers. Mr. Robinson's " Seedling " (badly named, as it
may prevent recognition when the flower gets into
commerce) is of a pale pink colour, flaked with rosy
pink, the throat pencilled with lilac. Charles Turner
is a most pleasing flower, and wiU teU well on the
exhibition table ; colour bright salmon pink, with
conspicuous white throat, very showy and bold spike.
Refulgens forms a bold and striking spike; tlie
ground colour is rose, the petals feathered with dark
crimson, the throat slightly white^ pencilled with
violet The way in which Messrs. Kelway & Son and
Hadden, the former especiaUy, had staged their flowers
was an admirable lesson to exhibitors of this splendid
summer flowering plant. B. D.

Aetihoial Embossed Waxen Comb.— My only
reason for not sending you a description of my process
for making embossed wax sheets has been the fear thai
I might be doing an injury to those who have taken as
much trouble about them as myself, but with the object
of profit. If, however, Mr. Fox will give me his
address, I shaU be happy (privately) to teU him how he
may, with very simple apparatus, make enough sheets
in an hour or two to last him a season, of a quality
better than those commonly sold, and without any
other limit as to size than the proportions of me
apparatus. The cost is only the first expense otne
apparatus, which is trifling, and the bare value ol
the wax used. Arihwr Maw, Benthall -Hf "•X'"'';, „

rWe have forwarded your letter ^ Mr. 1 ox, who
wiil doubtless be glad to avail 11™'^!^ "^ f,Xo iS
offer. We appreciate your motives for withholding
the publication of the particulars of rf ^P™^f ^^Ji"^
we do not think that yoii ""'ul'J'J'y ,^?;'^",V., ™
known, be doing anyinjuirto ™J\E"jl'ft,fC 4m
we believe all the impressed waxen sheets that aie sold
in this country are imported from Germa,ny.J

Removing Bebs.-Iu your answer to my query,
respSn-rremoving a hive of bees, you say invert the
hfvefn a tea-chest ;" would it not be better to keep it
SSt Sde up al it stands on the board which, in the
way the combs are always built, seems the only plan of

Septemdeb 14, 18G7.]

THE GARDENERS' CIIRONICLE AND AGRIGULTTniAL GAZETTE.

965

preventing the honey in any unsealed conif)s from
escaping. I can either give airthrougli the hole in the
adanter board, or else have two pieces of wood nailed
at tlie bottom of the chest, so as not to lot it stand quite
close on the floor, and thus let air reach the bees
thn)iii;h hciles in the bottom. My hive has no sticks
tluouLih (he combs, and a friend has advised my having
a small iron rod, made with a sharp point, and running
it gently through the hive as a support to the combs in
travelling. Should you think this to be a good plan ?
J. M. E.

[There are many objeotionn to removing stocks in
common hives any considerable distance in the way
you proijose. Slu>uld some of the combs become
detached, they would slip down to the bottom board,
and probably choke u]i the lower apertures for ventila-
tion ; or if any bees became sutlboated or drenched
with honey, they, when fallen, would also elfecstually
prevent the free admission of air. If carried in its
usual position, a tea-chest is quite unnecessary, as,
unless the bottom of the hive rested on straw, there
■would be no medium for lessening the shock of any
concussion ; while if it did rest on straw, the providing
of ventilation from below would bediHicult and uncer-
tain, ilunning an iron bar through the hive and
combs would be useless, as the attachments would soon
be severed by the shaking. There is no fear of the
honey running out from the unsealed cells
by inverting a hive, except perhaps in the
case of very young swarms. Wo have known
a great many hives to have been lost from endea-
vouring to convey them in their usual position.
Two years a^o we purchased a fine young stock in the
country, which we removed with the greatest care in
an easy carriage, giving the bees ample ventilation
below. "VVe had not travelled above half a mile on the
road before we felt one of the combs fall, and this was
(juickly followed by the whole in succession. By
inverting the stock the combs rest on a firm basis, and
have not their own weight, in addition to the vibration,
to bring them down. The open texture of the cheese
doth admits plenty of air, and the bees are kept in a
cool and comfortable condition as to temperature.]

Garden Memoranda.

Feexch Pkiv.yte Gardens. — I have before de-
scribed theexcellentsystemadoptedat PONTCHAKTEAIN
for covering walls. That is a great step in advance of
our English way of doing it, and must eventually be
generally adopted by uSj unless .something better
should turn up, which is scarcely possible. The
French formerly employed, and to a great extent still
use, a dirty wooden trellis on their walls, but that must
pass away. The other feature of the place that is most
worthy of remark is the fine collection of foliage
plants. The conservatory is magnificent with such
things as Cibotium princeps, Sterculia mexicana,
Crescentia regalis, a plant with graceful and splendid
leaves ; Cedrela odorata, with elegant arching pinnate
foliage, 4 feet long; and Galea Commersoni, which is
so truly noble a stove plant. 1 have never seen a better
or more thoroughly diversified collection of fine
foliaged plants in any garden. This, like all other
French conservatories, distinctly shows the difference
between French and English taste in this matter.
Wherever you see a conservatory in France it is
sure to be presentable at all seasons, from the
abundance of handsome-leaved plants that occur ;
whereas, so miserable is the aspect of English con-
servatories in many cases from the want of these plants,
that I have known gentlemen to express abhorrence of
having any form of conservatory near the house, — ■
and quite right, too, if beauty of form and
refreshing verdure are not to be found in
it in the winter, when people most frequent such struc-
tures, and when there is little or no interest out-of-
doors. There are numbers of conservatories and
*' show-houses " in the British Isles without a single
plant distinguished by beauty of form or graceful
verdure, except, perhaps, what is now and then afforded
by Ferns. On the contrary, everywhere the French
grow a few tender plants some of them are sure to be
of the graceful type ; and though they do not grow
them as well as we do, they deserve credit for so pre-
serving the true beauty of vegetation. I have seen
thousands of young Palms in small nurseries in
obscure parts of Paris — a sufficient evidence of the
popular taste.

Pontchartrain is distinguished among all French
gardens by its Grape-growing ; in fact, Mr. Knight
has shown the French how to grow hothouse Grapes,
and has taken the Emperor and Empress' prizes for
them at nearly all the shows during the past few years.
I hope they will profit by the example, and am
informed that the Paris Horticultural Society has sent
Commissioners to report upon his work and his system
(the best English cue). The Vine iu a French glass-
house looks more like a weed than anything else.
Perhaps this arises to some extent from the fact that it
is grown as a field crop in the open air ; and they do not
appear to treat it as a respectable crop in the hothouse,
but on the contrary, somewhat as we do Mustard and
Cress or a tuft of forced Mint— leave it, in fact, to
Nature, as she displays herself in a dirty hothouse.
There are a lot of noble Graperies and forcing houses
after the best English typos at Pontchartrain — and well
managed too they are as houses can be. Here are also
interesting medicinal plants— good fruit growing on the
cordon and dwarf system, and many rare plants in the
hothouse way. It is situated in a diversified country,
the views from many parts of the place to the distant
surrounding hills being varied and beautiful. Straw-
berries are very extensively forced— Eclii)se being the
best for those purposes, and good for the open air also.
A hedge composed of several hundred plants of the
neat and always pleasing Thuja aurea is a distinc
»nd charming feature. Would it not oe well occa-

sionally in the more ornamental parts of a garden to
form hedges or linos of plants like this that do not
require perpetual clipping and wall-like surface? Of
Yucca aloifolia varicgata, a fine specimen, has stood out
all the last winter at l'oiit(^hartrain. There arc fine
pieces of water, and one loir.; siilo of the chdtoau was
overlacod with the blue Mowers of the Wistaria, while
the court of the cliilteau, or rather the oblong gravelled
space surrounded on the three sides by it, was
beautifully embellished with long stone-margined beds,
containing a lino lot of glistening evergreens, both
variegated and green — the Irish Ivy, lus usual in Paris,
being made a tine feature of, both as edgings and for
going uj) rails, walls, and balconies. But the one
thing at Poutohartrain that I liked best was
the capital and most suitable gardener's house.
It is roomy and well fitted, somewhat in the Chillet
style, and well situated to overlook both kitchen and
Iileasure gardens, though not objectionably visible iu
either. Like many French houses, it is excel-
lently built on cellars— their floor bein^ 4 feet below
the level ground, with little windows just above it.
There are, so far as I remember, six cellars underneath,
a central passage running down the middle, and doors
opening into each. They are perfectly dry and equable
in temperature, cool, cut off the house quite from
damp, &c., and make the most excellent .stores for
roots, fruits, &c., that can he desired. One is devoted to
a wine cellar, and not empty either, as good wine may
be had in the neighbourhood cheaper than good beer in
Jjondon. In these cellars Kidney Beans, Cucumbers,
fruits, &c., that the judicious gardener cuts at the
right moment, and wishes to keep till they are wanted,
may be preserved excellently. Being isolated, capable
of beiug ventilated, shut up, completely darkeued, and
most conveniently visited, they have many other uses
which I need not suggest to the practical man. Mr.
Knight has adopted the French mode of growing
Asparagus, and also the French mode of growing salads
for winter; these circumstances, combined with his
excellent English garden and the good disposal of the
many fine (jonifers In the garden, the ornamental
water, &c., make the establishment more than usually
interesting.

Baeon James Rothschild's Garden in the Bois
DE Boulogne.— One of the most tastefully-disposed
and satisfactory gardens I liave seen for a long time is
that of Baron Rothschild, near the race-course of
Longchamps. The large forcing and reserve garden is
cut off entirely from the ornamental portion of
the place. They force and grow plants to a great
extent for room decoration, as well as for housework,
and many houses are filled with good plants in capital
health ; while in front of the forcing-houses there is a
large space of ground, devoted to plants for cutting
young stuff, &c. Space forbids me to say much about
the houses, but it may be remarked that here, as
elsewhere in French gardens, there are evidences that
French gardeners work successfully with materials
which English gardeners would consign to the rubbish
heap. This is a place in which there is evidently no
lack of expense. A magnificent Camellia house was only
erected last September, and yet it is now as full of
large and established specimens as if 20 years old ;
but within a few feet of it you find a "structure"
(I think I had better not call it a house) devoted
to forcing (drapes, which would materially destroy
the peace of mind of any English gardener who
happened to be placed in charge of it. It is simply a
frame of rough wood, with a very high back and low
front, in which Grapes and other things are forced.
But it is not in this instance alone that this obtains,
and had I not better evidence than the Grape forcing,
I should say nothing about it, because the house Grapes
in France are very inferior to our own. However, the
French say this is the be.st and cheapest way they can
force, and doubtless they know best. There are copper
hot-water pipes in the frame, and all the sides are
banked up with hot dung. The practice of covering
a considerable extent of ground with suoh things as
Carnations and Picotees for cutting is also a wise and
desirable one. The Azaleas were very neatly trained in
the almost flat-headed Belgian fashion, but this they
explained tome was desirable, as in decorating with such
planes they could insert the pot in a grate or throw it
back in some way so as only to present the head of the
plant to the observer. But let me say a word or two
about the beautiful French garden, which really quite
surprised me from its beauty and chaste character. It
is not, like most straight-laced gardens, so to speak,
placed immediately against the house, but gradually
isolated from it, and on nearly every side it is
surrounded by a dense green wood, so that a capital
relieving agent is close at hand. There is but one
terrace, and that not high, the wall being covered with
a dense glistening sheet of Irish Ivy. This wall of white
stone does not project above the terrace, as with us in
general, but merely shows above it, and then, on the
terrace side, there is a wide margin of rich green Ivy,
so that, looking sideways, you see the slab rising
between the rich green of the Ivy. There is an
abundance of bedding plants, but the spreads of fresh
Grass and graceful borders, wide Ivy edgings and
Thuja aurea, small green Lilac bushes, and surround-
ing ma.^s of wood serve to neutralise and render them
tolerable. Happily there were few or nosubtropical plants
of tender character. At the time of my visit (end of
June) the aspect of Bananas and other tender plants in
some of the Paris parks was enough to give a sensitive
person a fit of temporary palsy. A charming feature
in this quarter was the quantity of Standard Fuchsias
which formed large and rich heads of bloom, and quite
relieved the gay flowers beneath. These Fuchsias are of
course taken up in autumn and put out iu spring. Roses,
Lilacs, and a few later things were alternated with them,
so that the centre of all the borders was green and
pleasingly varied. A sort of rai.sed fountain, formed of
wood in the centre, will perhaps illustrate the character

of the garden as well as anything. In the centre is a
statue iu bronze, which stands on a pedestal completely
covered with glistening Ivy. The whole elevation is
probably about the same size as the great bed at the
end of the broad walk at Kew. Around the Ivy
pedestal there is a bed of mixed summer flowers, and
that is edged with the large leaves of a free-growing
Funkia. Then we have the water, whii-h falls over two
of the four halves into which the lowest circle is
divided, the two being simply spaces for great beds.
Instead of making a blaze in these divisions they
simply plant in early spring a lot of a strong rich
growing Andropogon, and such verdant material, in
them; and between these hero and there place plants in
flower; so that the allair is as fresh and pleasing to look
upon a-s one could desire. But what we may call the
English portion of the grounds is even more taste-
fully disposed ; indeed it would bo well if examples
equally .satisfactory were common with us. No English
])leasure-ground could furnish more grateful walks,
the water was also treated in a masterly way. One
side is made rocky, and the way that they have planted
the bald bank above this with trees of various shades of
foliage is admirable. By the way the variegated Acer is
seen in a much larger condition here and about Paris,
than in England. That it is of extraordinary beauty
when it becomes large and vigorous, I need hardly say.
The rocky edge of the lake is worked out in a distinct
and beautiful way by leaving a lot or brood of very
small islets near the bank, as if they, being of hard rock,
had withstood the denudation of the water. They are
covered with wild flowers, and you can step from one
to the other— the overarching rooks of the margin being
lined underneath with rock Ferns, and the whole
looking as natural and a propos as if the hand of man
had never approached it. The easy yet bold and
natural treatment of the lawn on the lake side of the
chiUe.au, and the beautiful grouping of the trees — the
most important point in the laying-out of grounds —
was here very remarkable ; in fact, the best specimen
I have seen in France of the happiest mode of laying-
out grounds. The Orange trees on the terrace are much
finer than even those in the Tuileries, though far from
being so numerous. Even the very kitchen— a neat
building isolated from the chateau— is seamed over
with Wistaria and Irish Ivy, while a foam of White
Roses spring from its roof. The same is nearly true of
the gate lodges at this portion of the Bois de Boulogne.
They are models of neatness and convenience, and
beautiful from being covered in all directions with
hardy climbers. Even some of the railings are clothed
with the rose variety of Convolvulus sepium — a
capital thing of course, as it dies down in winter,
and leaves no filth, while no member of the family
can look more beautiful w'ben in flower. It simply
shows us what may be made of cheap hardy plants
— or even of wild plants, by putting them in a fitting
situation.

There was a low and cheap wire fence near one of the
houses — say about 2 feet high— which was covered
with a plant, the seed of which cost originally probably
about a solitary sou — with varieties of Convolvulus
major, or Pharbitis hispida more correctly. Doubtless
this old favourite is known to many as a simply
coloured poor thing ; but of late years there have
appeared such a variety of exquisite colours in it, from
crimson to richest violet, and to blue and scarlet
stripes on white ground, that the plant becomes of
great importance, though it has not yet been used
much with us. On this dwarf railing the plants had
been placed separately, so that the variety and rich-
ness of the colour was fascinating. Thus we see
that one may be " as rich as Rothschild " without
finding the simplest and least costly things less
beautiful than those for which a small fortune must
be spent.

Madame Fdktado's Garden is a few miles from
Versailles, and being one of the most famous about
Paris, it is desirable to say a few words about it. It is
good as a potagerie or kitchen-garden, and a plant
place, particularly in the Palm and " fine-foliaged "
way. Pines are grown, planted-out in iron houses, and
very well indeed, most of the fine-leaved plants
being iu iron houses also. They look as well as
could be desired, and the success attained here and at
La Muette with low iron houses would not seem to
justify the prejudices that exist in England against
them. Instead of staging the plants as we mostly do,
they have them placed on irregular banks, with
winding walks between, and the effect is very charming
indeed. It shows conclusively that we may get rid of
a great deal of the stiffness that exists in our plant-
houses without sacrificing anything of importance.
The conservatory has a central part planted with a
bold and beautiful mass of tropical vegetation, and two
wings with specimen Camellias and cool-house plants,
with little rivulets and a cari)et of Lycopodium as green
as the greenest Grass. A noteworthy feature is the
abundance of very small propagating and other houses,
which branch off from the more important ones, and
are entered from them — rather a distinct but
thoroughly useful system. The kitchen garden is,
like the ]?rench market gardens, very well cropped ;
lines of Pear trees bordering all the walks, and
the Celery being grown in beds of very rich
ground. 1 believe they take it up in autumn, and put
it in trenches to blanch; certain it is that they
cannot well blanch it where it now is. Out-of-doors
there are many good features, and some immense
spreads of colour ; also some nice beds of subtropical
plants — Hexacentris mv.sorensis was magnificent,
depending from the roof "of naturally arranged stoves
and the succession Pines in narrow frames, such as I
have before described, very fine. In this case the
frames were not, as they generally are, nearly flat, but
with rather high backs, and a system of closely
plunging them in dung was carried out. Briefly, the
thing most impressively shown at Madame Furtado's

936

THE GARDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GiZETTE. [Sbptembee i4. w.

is the good result to be attained by arranging the
interior of hothouses in a more natural manner, a
method which renders them very much more interest-
ing and beautiful.

Miscellaneous.

Seven Persons Poisoned by Mushrooms. — An inquest
of a very important character has been held by Mr.
S. F. Langham, deputy-coroner for Westminster,
touching the death of Miss Annie Warton, aged 17,
■who fell a victim, as believed, to the poisonous effect of
mushrooms of a certain class. Six other persons were
also poisoned, including Mr. Alfred Warton, the
father, an Italian warehouseman, of 13, North Audley
Street, Grosvenor Square, who is still suU'ering from
the effects. Mrs. Ann Warton, the mother of the
deceased, said her family of six, including herself and
husband, accompanied by one of their servants, went
to Chislehurst for a short time, and on Friday last her
now deceased daughter gathered some Mushrooms in
Slade's Wood. Some were selected by her daughter as
being good and wholesome, and were grilled ; others
were submitted to the judgment of a neighbour, and
were condemned. Some, very small, were pronounced
by him to be good to eat. Some eight or ten were
fried in an ordinary pan with butter, of which the
whole seven partook at supper. The next morning
they were all taken ill, and the deceased daughter was
so alarmingly bad that they at once came to town,
calling upon their medical attendant in Spring
Gardens, Charing Cross, on their way home. He
most promptly attended, but her daughter died on
Sunday afternoon. Dr. Robert Cross deposed to
attending the deceased. He found her vomiting inces-
santly, and in a state of general prostration, un-
doubtedly from poisoning by a vegetable alkaloid. He
had examined the contents of the stomach, and found
no signs of mineral poison. She died from eating
Mushrooms of a very poisonous character found in the
wood in question. He might add that she had suffered
from chronic gastritis and sub-acute inflammation of
the stomach, which rendered her more susceptible to
the ell'ects of the poison than the other six, who were
slowly progressing towards recovery. A verdict of
" Accidental death by eating poisonous Mushrooms,"
was returned. Daili/ Paper.

Poisoning luith Laburnum Seeds. — The other day
some children, ranging from three to ten years of age,
living in Castle Lane, Totnes, were at play, and seeing
on the ground some Laburnum pods which had fallen
from the garden of Admiral Mitchell, they indulged in
eating a lew of the seeds. These seeds being highly
poisonous the children were soon very ill, and their
mothers finding out what they had been eating, took
them to a medical man, who prescribed for them ; and
after a course of physio, with the exception of one,
they soon recovered. That one remained very dull for
some time, but eventually got better. Countri/ Paper.

Pruning Fruit Trees.— My experience and observa-
tion has shown me that June, of all months, is prefer-
able [to March] for the pruning of fruit trees ; that
when pruned in this month the limbs heal over more
readily and quickly, leaving no unsightly ends of
limbs partially covered with new bark, as is too
generally the case with March pruning; and, further,
requiring no solution of gum or other substances to
cover the limbs, as is required and advised by those
who prune in March. There is a something about a
tree and its circulation of sap in the month of June,
that evidently fits the tree for pruning : for it is not
generally known, that during a certain portion of this
month the bark may be entirely stripped from the
trunk of a tree with entire impunity, and a new bark
will be formed, without the wilting of a leaf or the
dropping of any fruit. If any of your readers who have
any old Apple trees that refuse to bear anything but
knotty or gnarly fruit, will, upon any of the three longest
days of the year, (the 20th, 21st, and 22d days of June,)
with a drawing knife, or any other sharp instrument,
cut through the bark of an old Apple tree, and raise
the bark so that they can insert their fingers, and strip
off the bark (for it then easily runs) as far up as they
can, and as low down as it will peel, they will find that
a new bark will have formed within CO days, with no
injury to the tree, and without the wilting of a leaf or
the loss of any fruit. In my own experience the effect
of this plan has been to secure a crop of fair and
handsome fruit in old trees, which, before, liad proved
to be knotty and gnarly ; and some varieties of Apples
which had of late years apparently run out — for
instance, the Rhode Island Greening— by this course
have yielded crops of large and fair Apples, which keep
good during the winter, while the same trees, prior
thereto, yielded a small crop of unmarketable fruit, and
they even rotted upon the trees before gathering. New
York Correspondent of Gardener's Monthli/.

Garden Operations.

{.For the ensuing tveek.)
PLANT HOUSES.
All such plants as Seliotropes, Pelargoniums, of the
scented-leaved and scarlet sections, or any other variety
of plant employed for furnishing pillars or back walls
in cool structures during winter, should now be cut
back decisively, in order that they may have time to
break and form fresh flowers before the dull season
arrives. The Heliotropes should be spurred back to
the old wood. Hard-wooded plants generally will have
finished active growth by this time, but wliere this is
not the case cease giving water so freely as has been
done ; admit air daily between 10 o'clock in the morn-
ing and 2 o'clock in the afternoon during fine sunny
weather, and water at all times early in the forenoon.
A slight fire-heat in pipes or flues will always be ad-
vantageous on mornings during which thorough

waterings are given. The keeping of stoves and similar
houses rather drier during the past and ensuing few
weeks, for the purpose of hardening recently formed
wood, will have been very favourable to the spread of
red spider. It may be well, therefore, to paint a little
sulphur upon any moderately warmed surfaces in such
structures, an operation which will have a tendency to
obviate any ill effects that may present themselves.
Plants in flower in conservatories, &c., must receive
the least possible amount of excitement at this season.
Keep the internal warmth as even as possible. Shift
into pots a size larger than those they are now in all
Cinerarias, Calceolarias, Primulas, &c. Put the two
former under cover without further delay, if not already
done. The latter should be changed into a position
due south, where, by receiving more light they
will not run the risk of being unduly "drawn."
Thin out Mignonette sown last month if not already
done, and remove it likewise away from any too
shady position. See that Oloxinias are ripened off
gradually, giving a little water occasionally if they
become too dry. Forward by every possible means all
plants intended for winter flowering, such as Stocks,
Heliotropes, Chrysanthemums, &c. ; these latter should
now have abundance of good strong manure water
given them. Some of the more tender Tea Hoses
intended for winter blooming should also be seen to ;
place them under shelter where heavy rains cannot
reach them.

FORCING HOUSES.

Most Grapes should be properly coloured by this
time, but especial attention will now be necessarj^ as
regards keeping all late Vineries as dry as possible
internally. The dry atmosphere which is desirable
acts in a twofold manner, it endows the berries with
good keeping qualities, and it assists materially in
ripening the wood formed by a somewhat later growth
than ordinary. Should symptoms of " shanking "
exist, remove at once all affected berries. Sever the
part cleanly in twain, leaving as little of the diseased
portion or ragged edge to the wound as possible, in
order that no incentive to further spreading may
remain. Do not omit to have all necessary repairs
done, whitewashing the back walls, &c., of Vineries,
the foliage in which is dying off. Continue also to stop
useless laterals should they present themselves. Give
every attention to such Pines as may show fruit
during this or the next month. Place them in
the most_ favourable position possible, where they
may receive the greatest amount of sunlight, and
not be subjected to too moist an artificial heat.
Gently and with uniform gradation reduce the heat
around the most foriv.ard next following successions,
letting it fall to a minimum of about 64'^, with a few
degrees rise by day. Doing so will inure them to the
temperature which must be more or less forced
upon them at the time they show flower in or about
December. A rise to a higher temperature at that
time will be more appreciated by them than if no
depression in the warmth had taken place. Heat had
better be slightly reduced also in the case of Pines of
all stages from this date. Those swelling fruit should,
however, have a high moist stimulating heat, which
should be continued until the first symptoms of
ripening show themselves. Drive the thermometer
upon fine afternoons up from 94° to 98°, taking care
to have all other accessories therewith equally
proportioned.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

Bulbs, such as Syacinths, Tulips, Narcissi, which
for convenience may be classed together as regards
treatment, if they are to be flowered early and well,
should be procured and potted without delay. Any,
however, intended for late forcing, or which are
wanted in flower from February to April, need not be
potted for another month or so. Always select where
possible solid bulbs, with the apex fully ripened off.
It is not necessary that they should be finely-formed
ones. Some of the ugliest amongst them ofttimes
produce the finest spikes. They all delight in a rich,
well decomposed maiden loam, two parts, thoroughly
rotted spit manure one part, with a dash of silver sand,
all being carefully amalgamated. Crock well, but not
too plentifully. Press the soil evenly and firmly into
the pot, filling the latter to within an inch of the rim ;
place a little silver sand upon the centre of this, upon
which the bulb— now held between the fingers without
injury— should be placed, and pressed firmly down to
rather more than half its depth ; press a little more
soil around it for the purpose of fixing it more firmly,
finishing off the surface evenly, to admit of future
waterings draining uniformly throughout the ball;
afterwards place them in an open situation, and
afford them, if possible, an opportunity to become
nicely dried upon the surface, when a thorough
soaking with clear water may be given them without
there being any danger of caking the soil upon the
surface ; a too frequent occurrence, caused by early
watering plants which have been potted in rather
moist soil. If convenient, moreover, let the sur-
face of the soil and the apex of the bulb become
moderately dry again before they are covered over. A
layer of coal ashes or Cocoa-nut refuse placed over each
bulb, about G inches deep, will then be all that is
needed ; this is for the purpose of keeping them firmly
fix >d in their places durmg the process of rooting,
without which the force of the roots as they emerge
from the base quickly ui)raises the bulbs. One other
remark : procure good bulbs ; even though they cost a
trifle more, they are cheaper in the end. In the case
of Hyacinths, single flowering ones are as a rule more
showy, and indeed more graceful than double ones. For
potting single bulbs, 32-sized pots are best. Do not keep
Indian Azaleas in a high temperature after they have
fini.«hed growing, and begin to show just slight symp-
toms that a crop of flower-buds is setting. At such a
stage gradually inure them to the outer air — exposure

for a week or two to which will be of great benefit to
them, before storing them away for the winter.
HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Prune away all young shoots, and any leaves which
overhang and shade fruit upon Tomatos, an operation
which will materially aid the process of ripening.
Remove all laterals as frequently as they show them-
selves upon Peaches and Nectarines, and snip some of
the larger leaves in two, in order that air and light may
be freely admitted to the wood.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Sow Dwarf French Beans in pots, and place them in
an open situation, there to grow strong and robust for
ultimate removal to the forcing pit. Commence
blanching Endives for early winter use ; as these are
intended probably for removal eventually into pits or
frames, it will be better to forward this process by
tying them up in the w-ay followed for blanching
Lettuces. Finish earthing [up Cardoons. Sow small
salading rather more frequently as the weather
becomes cooler. Set about transplanting the main
stock of winter Cabbages intended for spring use,
and while sunny weather lasts do not omit the proper
use of the hoe. Continue to earth up Celery, which
at all times should be done with the hands, holding
each plant separately in one hand whilst the soil is put
to it with the other. Still sprinkle flowers of sulphur
over late Peas which show any symptoms of mildew
upon the foliage. W. E.

STATE OF THE "WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON.
For the Week ending Sept. 11, 1867, as observed at the Horticultural Gardens

P

Barometer.

Tekperitdbb.

Wind

Sept.

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

1

Max.

Min.

Mai.

Min.

Mean

I foot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thurs. 6
Friday 6
Satur. 7
Suuday 8
Mon. 9
Tues. li>
Wed. a

^s

9
10
11
12
13

29.621
29.773

30.000
30.030
29.S5S
29.887
29.941

29.798
29.725

29.651
29.848
29.731

29.785
29.851

73
69

72
73

]i

72

42
52
40
40
50
41
56

67.5
60.5
56.0
56.5
62.0
57.0
64 0

63
62
63
62
62
62
62

61
61
60
60
60
60
60

w.

S.W.
S.W.

s.

S.W.
S.W.

s.

.02
.12
.00
,00

.82
.30
.21

Average .

29 901

29.799

72.3

45.8

59.0

62.3

60.3

1.47

Sept. 6-

lain

; tine

clear, and very Qne at night.

6— Fine; heavy showers ; fine.

— 7— Overcnst; tine; clear at nie;ht.

— 8— Very fine ; cloudy ; very fine.

— 9 — Very fine ; overcast ; excessively heavy rain.

— 1(1— Clear . fine ; thunder and heavy rain, 5 p.m. ; clear.

— 11— Hazy ; cloudy; overcast ; rain at night.

Mean temperature of the week, 6-10 deg. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,

During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Sept. 21,1667-

Average
Highest
Temp.
Average
Lowest
Temp.

No. Of
Tears in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain.

Prevailing Winds

Sept.

2;

1
3
1

3
4
3

5

6
9
10

5
6

1

5
6
3
4
5
G

3

1
3
1
1
4
2

8
10
3
3
6
5
6

ai

G
fi
13
11
9
9
10

6
7
5
6
4
6
7

Sunday.. 15
Mon. ,.16
Tues. ..17
Wed. ..18
Thurs. ..19
Friday ..20
Satur. ..21

67.6 4G.2
68,4 47.1

69.1 44.6

66.2 46.5

67.3 1 45.0
67.3 ' 44 0
66.3 452

56,9

57.8
56 9
57.4
58. 2
55.6
55.7

21
17
16
19

20
19

23

0.63 in.

0.61

0.90

0.84

0.64

0.45

0.50

The hishcst temperature during the above period occurred on the
15th, 1865— therm. 87 deg. ; and tlie lowest on the 17th, 1840-thenn
29 de*.

Notices to Correspondents.

Notice to Coerespoki>ents.— Specimens which are sent for
inspection so often arrive in a state unfit for examination,
that a hint about the proper mode of transmission may not
be superfluous. Nothing should bo sent in a mere envelope,
which can be injured by stamping. Succulent leaves, for
example, have their characters completely obliterated.
Specimens of diseased fruit should not only be sent in a little
stiff box not likely to be injured, but each fruit should be
wrapped in a piece of soft paper, which should be perfectly
dry, and the whole so firmly packed that no shifting can
take place, yet not so firmly as to cause any exusion of the
juices. Damp Moss or paper is sure to cause decomposition,
and where disease has really been caused by Fungous
growth, the original Fungus will be quite overrun with
common mould, so as to make any connect diagnosis
impossible. With proi>er packing, specimens will bear three
or four days' imprisonment without undergoing any
material change. Soft Fungi, for example, often resell us
from Wales or Scotland in excellent condition where the
mode of packing above suggested is adopted. M J B.

Antirrhinums : / C. Among your seedlings are some pretty
varieties, which, however, are little improvement, if any, on
kinds possessing the same colours already in cultivation.

Grapes: K D B. Your berries arrived in a dreadful state of
decomposition. We can, however, just see the puckered
condition you mention at the stalk:, though the top of the
berry is even more decayed. In both we find abundant
mycelium, but whether the cause or consequence of disease
cannot be ascertained from the specimens. M J B.

Names of Plants : East York, 1, Cyperus alternifolius ; 2,
Pilea serpyllifolia ; 3, apparently Sanseviera caruea varie-
gata.— vl ]y. Leycesteria formosa.

Pelargoniums : J G. Your leaves having a well-defined
narrow red zone, with a broad yellow margin, are pretty ;
but the disc on the centre is not dark enough, and it is
somewhat broken by the yellow, which runs into it. There-
fore, unless the variety is distinguished by quality of bloom
or habit of growth, it must be inferiur to kinds already in
cultivation.— JV/ d: Son. There is apparently little or no
fixity of character in the large leaves which you have sent.
The margins are yellow, the zones red, but very irregular,
and in the centres there is more yellow than green, making
the variety, we are afraid, of little value. In your
small leaves the zone appears to spread or diffuse itself over
the entire centre of the leaf, a circumstance not unusual
with some varieties, more particularly at this period of the
year, but it is doubtful if it will prove permanent.

Red Spider : W H. Y'our leaves are swarming with red
spider, and there is besides a small kind of scale on them.
When red spider once gains admission it is very difficult to
drive it out. A thorough cleansing, frequent syringing, and
the extirpation of all affected plants, is all we can suggest,
except that should the house be capable of having every-
thing removed, and be detached from other huuses, a
fumiization with burninsr sulphur would be desirable.
Should any plants, however, be left behind, they would
certainly be killed with the fumes of the sulphur. Proper
caution, therefore, must be used. M J B.

Communications Received.— T. M.— D. O.— C. E. F.-D. F.
(Your letters have been sent to the proper authorities).—
Inquirer.— H. P.— H. il.— S. and M.

Septembeb 14, 1867.]

THE GARDENEl^S' CTTT^ONTCLE ANT) AflKTrnETTmAL HAZETTR

937

TO FARMERS in Healthy Localities.— A Gentlemanly
Roy, about 13 yo.ii's olit, of deltcate coDsti button, to bo placod
With » Farmer'a Fiimlly, Farm Ul'o b6lti({ rucoiiimtiiidod by Itio
Doctor. Ploiiso stiite wlint would bo dono, noiirness of a PUyalclim
if Qaodod, with f[imtly roUi^lous dtiDomltuitioii, and iiaino and iiddross
of their clorKyniiui or lulultitur, to K. 1\, 7. St. i'aul'ci Croscent,
St. PiiuI'b Hoad, Camdeo New Town, London, N.W.

HIGHLAND AND AGKICULTURAL SOCiETT.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The NEXT EXAMINATIONS for tho .SOCIKTVS CKUTIKI-
GATE and DIPLOMA will be held mMAUCll, IttUS, lu the Sooiuty'a
ChnmbBra. No. J, Guorgo IV. HrldRc.

Candidates for the Certillcatu must be 18 years of age; those for
the Diploma must bo ^1.

CandldatuH for the Certificate must bo acqu%tntod with Farm
Accounts, Mensuration, and Surveying, and must p03MeH.s ii gnud
kDowled^o of Practical Agriculture, ana a general ncquamtauco with
the elements of Botany, Chemistry, and Natural History.

Candidates for the Dl|>loma must have previously obtained tho
Cortiflcato, and must possesa a thorough knowledgo of the theory
and practice of AgricuUuro ; of Meclianlcaand Mensuration; of the
Physiology and trentment of domesticated Animals; and of tho
npplicntl'jus of botany, Chemistry, and Natural lllstory to
Agriculture.

Further tuforniatlon in roforenco to the ExaminntioDs to bu had
on application to the Secretary of the Society, at No. 3, Goorgo IV.
Bridge, Edinburgh. F. N. Menzies, Secretary.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

CIRENCESTER.
The PROFESSORSHIP of NATURAL HISTORY boing
VACANT, In consequenco of the appointment of Dr. Traqualr to
the Chair of Zoology iu the New School of Science at Dublin,
Candidates are requested to communicate with tho Phikcipal.

T3 OYAL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY of ENGLAND.

EDUCATIONAL PRIZES.
APRIL, 18CC.

Form or Api-lication for CANDi»4TEa.
To bo returned ailed up ou or before
February 20, 1808.
Name of the Candidate at full length . . . . }

Date of his Birth }

Branch of Business followed by his family . . |

Business intended to be followed by himself , . }

Residence of Parents or Guardians |

The Names of tho Schools at which the Candl-")
date hfis been educated, stating the number of (_
years spent at each ; accompanied by Corti- 1

flcates of general Education )

The Candidate has to state whether he will be)

examined in Land Suireying, or in Mechanics j-

as applied to Agriculture, or in both subjects. . }

He must likewise state in which of the following i

optional subjects he desires to be examined,!

VIZ. :— Botany f

Geology . . I

Veterinary Science '

Copies of the above Form may be obtained on application to
H. Hall Dahc, Secretary.

THE NATIONAL EXHIBITION of SPORTING and
OTHER DOGS.-The EIGHTH GREAT ANNUAL EXHI-
BITION will be held in the CURZON EXHIBITION HALL,
BIRMINGHAM, on MONDAY, TUE.SDAY, WEDNESDAY, and
THURSDAY, the I'd, 3d, 4th, and 5th of Decemiier next.

Copies of the Prize Lists and Rej^ulations mny be obtained from
tho Socrotary, Mr. G. Beech, Temple Row, Btrnilngham.
Tne ENTRIES CLOSE on NOVEMBER 1.

^MITHFIELD CLUB FAT CATTLE SHOW.—

O The ANNUAL SHOW of FAT CATTLE, SHEEP, and
PIGS, will be held at the AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON,
on MONDAY afternoon, December 9, and Four following D.iys.

Intending Exhibitors are requested to apply for CertiQcate Forma
by the reference letters as under.
CATTLE.— Form ^V. For an OX or STEER (In any Class).
„ B. For a COW or HEIFER (in any Class).
„ C. For a BEAST in Extr^i. Stock.
SHEEP. „ D. For a PEN of 3 WETHERS (in any Class).

„ E. For a SINGLE SHEEP in Extra Stock.
PIGS. „ F. For a FEN of 3 PIGS (in any Class).

„ G. For a SINGLE PIG in Extra Stock.
ENTRIES for LIVE STOCK CLOSE NOVEMBER 1.
Prize Lists, Forms of Certificates, and all information, may be
obtained on application to Mr. David Pullen, Assistant Secretary,
at the Office of the Honorary Secretary, corner of Half-Moon Street,
Piccadilly, London, W.

N.B. All communications respecting the Show must be addressed
to the Assistant Secretary, as above, and should bear outside the
words "Smithfield Show."

OMITHFIELD CLUB SHOW.

(O AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON, DECEMBER 9 to 13,
IMPLEMENT DEPARTMENT.

The LAST DAY for receiving Applications for Space for Imple-
menis and Machinery, kc, is OCTOBER 1.

Printed Forms of Applii;atiou, witli the Rules and Regulations, may
be obtained of Mr. Oavid Polled. Assistant Secretary, at the Office
of the Honorary Secretary, Corner of Half-Moon Street, Piccadilly,
London, W,

Eixt ^gncttltural ©afette.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER U, 1867.

MEETINGS FOE, THE ENSUING WEEK.
ToEBDiT, Sept. 17— Warwickshire.
Wi-iiMp^n.* _ lot BueklnehamshireCAylesbiuT).

DuEENG the last 12 months a series of letters
have appeared in the Times newspaper, from the
Eev. Edward Gikdlestone, Canon of Bristol
and Vicar of Halberton, respecting tho wages
and treatment of agricultural laboui'ers. Urged
by the condition of the labom-ing population of
his own Devonshire palish, he has practically
endeavoured to apply the best remedy to tho evil
as it exists near himself, having, as he states in
a recent letter to the Times, sent no less than
90 laboiu'ers fiom his neighbourhood to other
parts of tho country — ciO of whom are married
and with families — almost all of them doing

well, and still in their own vocation of agricul-
tural labourers, tho married men earning from
Vis. to 1/. a week, with a cottage and garden rent
free, together with, in some cases, fuel and other
privileges ; tho single miin board, lodging, wash-
ing, mending, and from (i.s-. to S.s. per week. Mr.
GiRDLESTONB further says : — " Tho result of
this movement is very encouraging. Among
tho labourers — up to this tiino a rather sleepy,
untravelled, and immovable body — a spirit of
inquiry and enterprise has been roused. Many
besides those towards whose removal I have boon
instrumental, have of themselves found better
wages in distant places. Those who remained
have learnt that a removal to botter-paid districts
is not by any means as difficult a matter as they
once supposed. The farmers in every part of
this neighbourhood have raised wages from 7s. to
8s., 9s., and, in some cases, even to 10s. a week.
They have begun to treat their labourers with
more kindness and consideration ; and much
to their own advantage, as well as ultimately
to that of the labourers, they have begun to mako
more general use of mowing, reaping, and other
machinei-y. In other parts of the country
farmers short of hands have learnt how easy
it is by means of the penny post and penny-a-
mile trains to enlist the sei-vices of those at a
distance, and have discovered that it is well
worth their while to do this, at the cost of giving
part and advancing tho remainder of the expense
of removal, to be repaid gradually out of wages.
Thus, the influence for good has been much more
extensive and important than could have been
anticipated from the means employed."

In consequence of this success, the rev. gentle-
man has, with the co-operation of several
influential persons, established an institute and
oflice for the registration of the wants of both
employers and to the employed, at 18, Serjeant's
Inn, London.

In connection with this a circular will be
issued, at present monthly, containing a list of
the above wants — the price of labour in various
agricultural districts — and other appropriate
information. District agencies are likewise
being gradually established in various parts of
tho country, both to collect and supply informa-
tion, and to make known the wants of all parties
concerned.

The probable result of this movement cannot
be better described than in the words of the
founder. " It will practically establish what is
imperatively wanted — free trade in all kinds of
labour :" It wiU tend to bring employers and
the employed more together, improving the tone
of feeling between them, and lessening that bane
of the present day — the desire for unions and
strikes. It must have the effect of rousing the
energies of the agricultural labourer, the most
dependent of all the working classes, and by
facilitating the removal of Iiis capital (labour) to
the best market, improve his condition and
character by the hope of rising in the social
scale. Indeed, there is no knowing what good
may ultimately result from this move in the
right direction, both with regard to the employer
and the employed. The former may have the
means of secui'ing the best men by bidding for
them ; and the latter will have a substantial
motive for endeavouring to come up to the marlc
in all the requii-ements. These are the prime
motives which lead to success in our social state,
whatever may be our avocation ; and it
is high time that they should be set in
action among the labourers in rural districts.
For these constitute a class which must be con-
sidered the very bone and sinew of the country,
having hitherto been the chief source of the
nation's defenders all the world over, in the
army.

The outlines of the enterprise will, doubtless,
be sufficient to attract attention to it from all
concerned in agricultural pursuits ; but, of
course, it will need the advice as well as the
co-operation of both sections of the labour market
— the employers and the employed — to raise the
institution from its present beginnings to the
ideal of its founders. Ml-. Girdlestone's letter
is given in full in another page.

The same week has brought us two extremely
different criticisms of Mr. Mechi and his
farming. Tho reputation of so energetic a public
man is certainly a matter of public interest, and
we have not hesitated therefore to give our
correspondents tho opportunity of laying their
very opposite estimates of his services to agri-
culture before our readers. We cannot fuUy
) agree with either, for in neither case, as it

appears to us, is justice done — Mr. MECni is not
always absolutely right, as " MiLES " believes
him to bu, nor, if he misleads, is ho him-
self misled by any unworthy motive as
an "Old Farmer " or his friend insinuates.
His sauguiuo and demonatrativo nature cannot
avoid pouring forth the thoughts which
a fertile brain and keen agricultural tastes
and observation suggest. That is tho true
theory of tho plienomenon. And so our readers
have, almost weekly, quantities of very readable
and interesting agricultural discussion, for wliich
to thank him. And they are beneflted, occasion-
ally by the sound practical advice, often by the
thought-compelling criticism, of a man who pro-
bably does not carry out his own sound teaching,
or realise his own ideal of an agriculturist, half
so well as many a plodding, careful, clover farmer,
who, after all, may be benetiting hardly any per-
son but himself. We hope it may be long before
our agricultural periodicals shall cease to jmblish
Mr. Meciu's thoughts on agricultui-e, or our agri-
cultural meetings shall miss his hearty face and
fluent tongue. He is serving his generation with
efiicienoy by his constant iteration of many an
old agricultural truth, for which the point and
fire of his good English often obtain a lodgment
where duller eflbrts hitherto had failed ; and we
represent the large majority of EngUsh agricul-
tui'ists in ofl'ering him our thanks .

—I— Last year we made some remarks and sug-
gestions on the progress of ram breeding, as it had
developed itself in Lincolnshire. The strictures we
then made have been verified, and the predictions have
already come to pass. In the first place, we may at
once say, the demand at this fair was far beneath the
supply, although there were only 583 on the ground
against 367 ia 1865. Last year the number was no
criterion, as the regulations on account of tho cattle
plague prevented the sheep shown under certain con-
ditions from passing out of the county in which they
were exhibited. This excess has arisen from too many
men, who were hitherto only store breeders, having
given way to the temptation to save rams. 'The high
price of long wool constituted this temptation, which
caused breeders of cross-bred sheep to fiock to Lincoln-
shire and give V2l. or 15/. for any form of sheep,
providing he had a heavy fleece. But this is not
tho worst result which we said must ensue
if the practice which was pursued by many of the
smaller breeders was continued. From the character
of many of the sheep that were brought to the various
fairs, it was clear that every principle essential to
successful sheep-breeding was being sacrificed for two
objects, viz., apparent size, as it was shown by the
height of sheep, and a great weight of wool. The
additional result of this practice is, that the flocks which
have been so selected have lost, not only form and
substance, but wool also. And now that long wool has
fallen in price from 30 to 40 per cent, the great
temporary demand in question has departed also,
leaving with it, we fear, more than a temporary defeat
for the breeders of lirst-class improved Lincolnshire
sheep. For not only is there a disposition to change
among breeders, who look only to stores, particularly
when there is no more inducement to produce wool
than mutton, but there are now spread about the
country many yearling sheep that do anything but
credit to their breed ; and many others have had
their throats cut from pure disgust on the part of their
owner at their ugliness after they had been sheared.
Thus our strictures and advice might have been
advisedly circulated, and, where practicable, enforced.
For it will have been seen that the rams of many of the
first-class flocks have declined very much in price, and
in some cases but little more than half the averages of
previous years have been realised. This simply con-
stitutes an injustice to men who aim at good animals
regardless of expense, and it inflicts on the breed an
injury that is solely due to the indiscretion of those
who are most interested in that breed standing well in
the eyes of the public. The blow, however, this year is
so severe, that it will eflectually clear the atmosphere,
and thereby allow, by next year or the year after, the
good breeders, who have thus been injured by incon-
sistent interlopers, to have the fair chance in the field
of competition with other breeds which they merit.

To promote this restoration, there is one thing
the Lincolnshire men ought to adopt, viz., to take
advantage of any putilic shows, and there
make a greater exhibition of their sheep than
they have done. Lincolnshire sheep have been but
meagrely represented as regards numbers at the Eoyal,
West of England, and Scotch and Irish shows ; and
the best specimens of the breed have scarcely been
represented at all. In the interest of this fine breed,
as regards the production both of an abundance of
meat and of so large a value of wool, we need
scarcely say this neglect ought no longer to continue.
Whatever may be the short-comings, from a practical
point of view, of the biassed judgment which governs
many public agricultural meetings, this much is
certain— the breeders of any particular county, or of
many counties, are impressed and infiuenced in their
opinions and decisions by the great or small compara-
tive show which is made by different classes of animals.

Every regular annual buyer of rams has not explored
Lincolnshire, and if Leicester, Cotswold, and other
white-faced breeds be shown in long "strings" at
National County, and Fat-stock Shows, and Lincolns be
exposed but in a Umited way, the breeders of them.

958

THE GAEBENERS' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTTmAL GAZETTE. [Sbptemb.bi4.i867.

however much they may be appreciated on their own
ground, must, in competition with the whole county,
be placed at a disadvantase.

Beyond one lot at Peterborough last Saturday, the
prices were far beneath the usual average. The
successful ones were Mr. Tom Casswell's, of Pointon.
These made an average, for 50, of 15/. IOj. each. This
good result was<lue to the consistent treatment of these
sheep by making line and true character the first
object. Mr. W. Kiekham, of Warkby, has greatly
improved his flock, and he was rewarded by an average
of upwards of 121. Mr. Charles Claeke, of Ashby,
undeservedly suffered from an excess of sheep over
customers. Mr. Williams, of Carlton-le-Moorland ;
Mr. Geeaves. of Bloxham ; Mr. Weight, of No.ijtoii
Heath; and Mr. Caetweight, of Dunstan Pillar,
also brought their rams in capital form, but they
shared the fate of the day. Some of the petty
breeders of two or three years' standmg have already
declared their intention to leave this branch of busi-
ness to other and, we need not add, better hands, ihis
is wise, as it will enable them to spread over their
whole flock that time, trouble, and food, which has
been devoted to a few rams ; and it will at the same
time make room for those flockmasters who do not
presume in vain to be worthy of the name of ram
. breeders.

The sale of Mr. Thom.as Ellman's Southdown

flock took place at Beddington, near Lewes, last
■week. Pive hundred ewes averaged 3i. Ifts. id. each ;
150 lambs averaged 2Z. lis. Gd. ; 25 ram lambs fetolied
141. 4s. 9rf. apiece; and 15 rams 24Z. 18s. 5fl'. each, ihe
amount realised was 309«. Most of the flock remains
in Sussex. Some of the highest priced animals,
however, were purchased by Sir J. Seeeight
•who gave 25 and 43 guineas each for ram lambs, and
48 guineas for a full mouthed ram. On the other
hand Mr. Rigden gave 10 ?. apiece for a lot ot lull
mouthed ewes, and other lots of five fetched oC. and W.
apiece. The sale is a satisfactory testimony to the
value of well bred Downs.

The reappearance of Cattle Plague in Cheshire,

reported last week, has been since denied. A post
mortem examination on the farm of Mr. Holland,
Green Bank, Hartford, near Warrington, had revealed
■what were believed to be symptoms of the disease, and
30 head of cattle upon the farm were all to be
slaughtered. We learn, however, that a meeting ol
the Central Cattle Plague Committee for the county
has been convened for this day (Wednesday), at the
Crewe Arms Hotel, Crewe. Of course there is no
afternative but to declare the district an infected place.
This is just the time of year that the disease broke out
two summers ago. Chester Coiirant. TV ith refer-
ence to the above paragraph Professor Brown the
Government inspector, has since reported that these
cases are not cattle plague, but a non-contagious
disease dependent entirely upon local causes.

WHERE IS MR. MECHI WRONG?

I HAVE lately read most carefully Mr. Mechi's
book, "How toParm Profitably," and candour compels
me to say, if it is not the best agricultural work as to
details, I have ever read, it is the most original, and,
in many respects, certainly one of the most practical.

I have heard many men who call themselves good
farmers condemn Mr. Mechi's system ; but I can see
nothing, absolutely nothing, in it repugnant to what 1
have always understood to be the foundation ot good
and profitable farming. So far as I can see, he originates
no new theory in agriculture. He is loud in proclaiming
the stern necessity for the introduction of more capital
into the business ; but surely this does not really touch
the business itself— it is simply a means to do better
that which was inadequately done before. Will any pt
his opponents tell us seriatim to what they object in
his system? Is it to drainage, sewage manure, sub-
soil ploughing deep, clean cultivation, the absence ol
unnecessary trees and fences, green crops, house-
feeding stock, &o., &c.? for I dare to say all these
things had their advocates before Mr. Mechi adopted
them Then why were these not attacked before .'' 1 he
truth is, Mr. Mechi is a bold man ; he exposed and
denounced prejudice in its stronghold, and it is tor this
he is condemned. • i- <• • j

I consider him an honest, devoted, enthusiastic iriend
to agriculture, in its broadest and best sense ; and he
has done more, spent more money and more time in
the cause of agriculture than any living man, so tar as
I know and he has at last succeeded m thrusting its
wants and its importance steadily before the public;
and had he done nothing else, he is for this entitled to
the lasting gratitude of landlords and tenants. I honour
and admire the man for his courage, candour honesty
and consistency. I avow myself a humble disciple ot
his system, though he is personally hardly known to
me I mean to trv, on a small scale, to do what he has
so 'largely carried out. But I cannot purchase and
improve bad land, as he has done, nor have I any wish
to face the obloauy that was heaped on him; but as a
mere tenant farmer I shall most certainly try to follow
him and others of his class as soon as I can find a
proprietor of the right sort, one who is really anxious
to develop the steady, profitable progress of agricultural
pursuits and who is ready to do the landlords work in
this most noble and most necessary pursuit ; for they
are bhnd indeed who cannot see the time is rapidly
comin"- when two blades of Grass and two ears of Corn
must be made to grow where but one is now seen.

As a class the farmers ot England sadly need
education, enterprise, energy, and emulation. To seek
for all these, as well as for profitable farming we must
travel north o' Tweed, and try to do as they do at
Auchness and Canning Park farms. Talk of these
things to English farmers, and they will laugh at you
for a fool ' Why ? because they will not try to do the
same themselves; they don't succeed, only because

they won't try— of course, using the proper means,
the first of which is capital, the powerful lever on
which Mr. Mechi depends; and what, may 1 ask, in
any pursuft, can be accomplished without the com-
mand of adequate capital ? , . , , , i-

My profession obliged me to live a considerable time
in the Channel Islands, when having some little know-
ledge of such things, and being an ardent admirer ot
them, I iiaid much attention to the cows, as well as to
the mode of feeding and treating them, and the
consequent superiority of the dairy products of those
islands. Why, Sir, English dairy farmers have very
much to learn from the natives of Jersey and Guernsey.
The ordinary winter food for those cows is the Parsnip,
the Carrot, and the sweetest hay ; no grains, no wash,
no rubbish. Where in England do Parsnips and
Carrots enter largely into farm cultivation ? For these
you must have deep, nay, the deepest, cleanest culti-
vation, liquid and good rich solid manure. 1 ou
must have good houses, and you should cook all
cattle food. Does not Mr. Mechi insist on all these
things? Ifso, wherein is he wrong? For my own
part, I should much prefer to pay il. to 4i. per
acre for the richest land in England, to farming
a poor, undrained, worthless clay or sandy soil gratis.
If I only knewthe landlord and the land of the right sort,
I would cheerfully pay the highest price for the best
land ■ and if the landlord would erect buildings to sa,ye
labour in feeding stock (a daily saving), most gladly
would I pay interest ou his outlay, as Ukeypise on his
outlay in enabling me to manure the laud m the most
economical way, which is unquestionably by sending
it out enriched with golden guano, blood manure, &o.,
&c., in a liquid form. I never yet heard a farmer
dispute this. ,^ , . . „

Who will point out in detail where Mechi is wrong?
I am really very anxious to know this. Miles.

THE PARIS EXHIBITION.

From our Correspondent.
In our last we described the many places in which
collections of seeds and agricultural produce can be
seen, and which are situated in the Park; we
now take up_what is to be seen within the main
building. We enter from that part where the
zone intersects the main avenue leading from that
facing the Ecole Militaire, and which will easily be
known by the small gold trophy or obelisk which
stands in the centre of the avenue. Looking towards \
the central garden, we turn into the zone on our right
hand, and the first collection we come to— IS the section
devoted to Algerian produce. In the zone devoted
to the natural products, in which those objects we
are at present interested in are naturahy placed the
claimants for space have been so numerous, that the
exhibits have overflowed, so to say, their natural
boundaries; and in order to keep up as much as
possible the order of classification, in place of carrying
away the surplus of exhibits to some altogether distant
or separate place, they have portioned off a strip from
the side of the machinery gallery.

The seeds shown by Algeria are not very numerous,
but are worthy of examination ; to the Potatos and other
roots and the collection of fruits, the sauie reniark
applies. A little further on in the zone is the collec-
tion of produce of the French colonies other than
Algeria. This, as might be supposed, is rather an
important one in point of extent and value, and there
is much in it which will well repay a close inspection ;
all the more if the visitor happens to be one interested
in our own colonies. The collection of agricultural
seeds is not very large, but this cannot be said of the
sugars and the coffees ; these, with the Cottnus, are
really very interesting. Althouah only m the most
indirect manner connected with the subject, we cannot
pass this without noticing the collection of Ufe-size
figures which are placed in a department next to the
oSe under description, illustrating the costumes of the
peasants of the diff'erent departments of France. 1 h s
IS really a very interesting and a very suggestive httle

^\u walSng along the zone a long stretch of flooring
will have to be traversed by the visitor before he
comes upon any object or collection of objects within
our present subject. If he is interested m metals, he
will find, however, in the course of his walks uiuoh
that will arrest his attention and give rise to reflections
suggestive enough when he sees how closely the Con-
tinentalists are treading upon our heels m a wak
which we have for long looked upon as exclusively
our own The department or apartment next come to
contains a large collection of seeds and plants which
are exhibited by the leadrag seedsmen of Pans^
Amongst the collections we would specially draw
attention to that of Paul ToUard, 20, Quai de la
Megisserie, Paris. This seedsman has a large col e9tion
of agricultural and garden seeds, ami he exhibits a
goodly number of specimens of Grasses Messrs.
V°lmorin, Andrieux & Co. (4 Quai de la Megisse™
Paris), have perhaps the largest collection of seeds and
fpecimens of agricultural produce. The samples of
ErPeas, cereals, are both. numerous and good
Thenext apartment, further on, is devoted to specimens
of wopds, and here will be found a number ot albums

'°Intl°SSSon of the zone devoted to n^^^^^^^^
predicts there are no ™llectons.of seeds although
there are some to be met with m the part of the
machinery gallery opposite to -hich we shal hereafter
refer when we go through that part ot the building.
Continuing our w-alk, therefore, in the zone proper,
we nexrcome to the section devoted to the .Austra lan
Colon es where the first collection met with is that sent
by the Queensland Committee, in whichthere are a few
samnles of cereals and a very complete collection of
w"s and woods, showing the wealth of the colony in
these two important departments of its rural economy.

South Australia shows samples of flour, of cereals, a,na
of wools, woods, and fruits (in wax). The wools, like
those of the Queensland colony, are numerous, and
there is also a very interesting collection of insects
peculiar to the colony.

The South American collections come next, amongst >
which the United States of Venezuela shows some ':
seeds of various kinds, as also the Argentine Republic .;
Confederacy. Next come the United States of America, ,
which exhibits a very interesting collection of Cottons,
Flax and Hemp, but no seeds, these being in the
machinery gallery opposite, of which more here-
after. Next comes the Turkish collection, which is
made up of a large and most interesting assortment of
seeds of all kinds, fruits, and various food produce.
The Cotton samples are both numerous and good, and
altogether the exhibits show very clearly how rich
this"country is in natural products, and how much it j
might contribute to the wealth of peoples if its resources I
were properly cultivated, and all the aids of improved 1
cultivation and good government were brought to bear
upon and assist the exertions of the population. It
remains to be seen whether the now much talked ot
reforms and improvements said to be shortly to be
inaugurated, will be in reality so ; if so, we may anti-
cipate a large increase in the food supplies of this
country from Turkey. „ ,. . ,

In the Italian department a collection of seed
Flax, and a very interesting and complete e-xhibition
of Maize or Indian corn will be met with. An interest-
in" series of samples of silk fibre is to be met with in
the Russian department, next m order. Manures,
varieties of flour and meal, are also here exhibited;
and the smoker will find in the very large collection 9!
Tobaccos and cigars much to interest him. There is
in the Swiss department, next arrived at, no seeds or
food produce, but an interesting collection of Mosses.
The Grecian department has a small but most
suggestive collection of seeds, of silk fibres, cottons,
fruits and oils, which show what this fine country can
produce. The remarks we have made upon the
Turkish department, with reference to the effect ot
good government upon the increase in the amount ot
the products of food, apply as forcibly to Greece
I The Portuguese department has a fair collection ot
' specimens of Flax, of bees' wa.x. Tobaccos, nuts, oils,
I wines and cheeses. In the Spanish departmentisayery
fine collection of wools, Flax, and silks, and a variety,
not numerous, of seeds ; but this is atoned for in the
I splendid collection in the Annexe of this country m
the Park, and to which ws drew attention in our last
paper. Austria has a collection of Flax, Teazles, and
silks, and a few seeds. Bohemia exhibits perhaps the
best collection of Hops met with m the Exhibition
Further on still, in the Austrian department, a most
interesting collection of Maize will be met with ; the
heads are arranged on the wall m the form of a scroll.
Here is the collection of Grasses to which we have
before alluded as presenting an excellent specimen ol
the way in which Maize can be exhibited to the best
advantage. Each specimen is spread out upon a card,
with the scientific designation given, and large scale
drawings of the organs. In this same department the
samples of wool are very numerous, and altogether
there is much in it to interest the agrioultural
visitor In that of Hesse, the next met with, there
is a small collection of seeds of Flax plants and of the
prepared produce. ,.,...,, j i j *

As this finishes the exhibits m the zone devoted to
natural products, we walk a little further on till we
reach the gold obelisk or trophy, which marked the
place where we commenced our survey we cross over
the machinery gallery to the right; until we come to
the opposite side, and here, in an apartment the
entrance to which is next that of the large
entrance by which, from the avenue leading
from the Ecole MiUtaire, the main gallery _ is
reached, will be found a very interesting and extensive
collection of seeds and food produce belonging to
Algeria, which is the' supplemental exhibition to
that met with in the zone of the natural products
opposite, and which we have alread.v described. Ihe
collection of plants and food produce is very interesting
and complete. Issuing from this, and continuing our
walk around, through the machinery gallery,. keeping
always its exterior wall or boundary to the right, the
main collection of machines being to the left m the
centre of the gallery, .we next come to a long side
gallery, so to call it, which belongs to Belgium, and is
devoted to a very large collection of seeds maum-es,
models and drawings of agricultural buildings, &c.
The examples of cereal plants are very numerous ; and,
as might be expected, the exhibits of mdustrial plants,
as Tobaccos, textile plants, sug,ar-producing Beets, &o.,
are both extensive and interesting. , „ „„

On this side of the machinery gallery France has no
supplemental exhibitions of food produce-t his stretch
of wall being continuous, having no apartments or
galleries in it, and is occupied with small machines,
Sases of tools and models, and drawings of various
kinds. Passing on, we come to the British depart-
ment of the machinery gallery, which, on the right is
provided with a series of side galleries or apartaients
in which a few cohections of food produce and seeds
are to be met with. The first on o°to':ing^ a collec-
tion of Hops, exhibited by Messrs. Baker White, and
Morgan, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge and Dy
Messrs WooUin & Sons, illi, Borough, London. |n
ftesTme gallery, to the left and a Uttle |hrte oMbe
visitor will find a selection of the ^^ll-l:™",^ ''"^'q^™
tical samples of food which have for a |.ood.™™y
years graced the galleries of the Sou h Kensin tra
Museum. They are here placed m such ^ ^'|tohedly
lighted corner, that we have ijo doubt hundreds w
visitors will pass them without being made aware 01
their exhtence. The collection here comP"«f, f'^° ?
riesrf drawings of British Funguses, botli edible and
poisonous. Mr. Isaac Riokett, of Hull, exhiDith

SEPTElTDEn U, 1967.J

THE GAKBENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRTCtTLTURAL GAZETTE.

560

samples of his new food, which he calls Sagolina, pro-
pared, as we prcsiirao the name imports, from Sago.

i'urther on in this side yallery the South Airioricau
Republics, as Peru, Chili, and Paraguay, oxliiljit a.
collection of seeds and food produce. And still further
on we come to the exhibits of the Uiiited States of
America, whicli comprise samples of Maize, and corn-
meal or flour produced from this plant. Mr. Geo. A.
Seaverns, of ChicaRo, exhibits a number of samples of
what is called the " broom corn," the straw of wliich is
very peculiar, and well adapted for makiuR brooms or
household brushes; hence we suppose the name. The
Eichard City Mills C'ompiuiy of Iowa exhibit a large
collection of Maize, of Hour produced I'rom it, and also
samples of Wheat. The Wisconsin Agricultural
Society exhibit a very fine collection of seeds. Cotton,
and Maize plants.

I'urther on i.s the collection of seeds and roots in the
department' of Tunis ; and the same in that of Japan ;
together with a splendid display of insects, reptiles,
&a., found iu this most interesting country. The
Viceroy of Egypt, iu another department, shows a
collection of seeds; while iu that of Houmania there is
an odd way of showing seed— a species of fountain
being made, the centre spout of which issues a con-
tinuous stream of Wheat, Maize being poured out from
the two others, the wall above being decorated with a
festoon of Indian corn heads.

In the ceutie of the machinery gallery, and in the
part devoted to llussian exhibits, there is, supplemental
to those in the zone opposite, a collection of seeds and
food produce. This is very largo, and arranged with
great taste and care in a series of glass jars.

We have now concluded our rapid survey of the con-
tents of the Exhibition, so far as seeds and food produce
is concerned. I'rom what we have said in connectioa with
it the reader will perceive, that although by no means
approaching what ought to have been the standanl of
efiiciency, still there is very much that is interesting
and suggestive. Our space has not enabled us to give
more than a mere pa.ssing glance at the features of this
important department ; but if our remarks will tend
to make the visitor's own inspection in any way easier
than it would be without a guide, we shall be well
satisfied with the results of our labour.

MB. MECHI AND HIS REPORTS.

As I have lately been in Essex, and in the immediate
neighbourhood of the world-renowued Tiptree Hall,
perhaps yourself and the readers of your excellent
journal will like to be informed of what I heard of Mr.
Mechi's farming, and of his reports of his crops from
farmers who reside near him. I was at a market town
within six miles of Tiptree Parm, and I purposely
arranged that I should be there on a market day.
Being myself a farmer, and in other ways connected
with farming pursuits, I easily introduced myself to
the farmers in the market, especially as I had a
business object in view, as well as to obtaiu the infor-
mation I am now about to impart to yourself and
readers. I had in my pocket the Agrictdtural Oazcfte,
as well as a newspajier sold in the place, and which 1
had just bought. In both of these was Mr. Mechi's
reports of his farm and farming, dated "August," and
hence I concluded it was the last report he had
published, and in which he states that Tiptree Hall
Farm is " naturally poor land;" that the f;urm is 170
acres, 14 of them being laid down witli permanent
Grass; and I afterwards learned from a solicitor, whom
I met at the inn, that full 10 acres more were taken up
witii the dwelling-house, homestead, yards, stackyard,
garden, lawns, plantations, shrubberies, fish-ponds,
brooks, hedges, roads, &c. ; and these 10 acres being
added to the 11 of permanent Grass, leave 146 only for
cultivation by the plough.

Now, Mr. Mechi's report states that he has COO
quarters of corn, 25 acres of Clover hay, 25 acres of
Grass hay, 100 tons of green Tares, Clover, &c., and 400
tons of Mangel and other roots, kc. I suppose, also, that
he has horses and other cattle, and sheep and pigs to
keep, the food for which he does not take into account,
since I conclude the 25 tons of Grass hay grew on the
14 acres of permanent Grass land.

Being, as I have said, a farmer myself, and much
among farmers, and having in former years read
accounts by Mr. Mechi similar to those lately put
forth, and knowing pretty well what land could be
made to produce under the most skilful cultivation yet
known, I confess, but I am sorry to do so, that I never
had placed any confidence in the marvellous reports
Mr. Mechi sends out to the world of the wonderful
results of his system of cultivating his land, and espe-
cially when he adds, as I have said above, that his laud
is naturally poor. But as to this statement about the
poorness of his soil. Some years ago, when 1 attended
one of his great annual gatherings, I had an oppor-
tunity of seeing his land. I learned then that the
farm had been enclosed for at least 200 years or more,
that it had kept several respectable farmers iu succes-
sion on it, that the last who occupied it as a tenant
had done so for full 40 years, and that his crops per
acre were equal, or nearly so, to any that have been
grown there since he left it. The land also was divided
into fields for the same length of time, and had a respect-
able homestead upon it ; the dwelling-house was
called Tiptree Hall, signifying that the first owner of it
was a person of some note in the country, and that
the house was the chief one iu the parish. It i.-:
certain, therefore, that the Tiptree Hall Farm had been
in existence, as a farm, for at least 200 or 300 years or
more, and that it had been cultivated according to the
custom of those times, and had borne excellent crops
before Mr. Mechi became the proprietor of it. This
information being obtained from persons living in
the immediate neighbourhood of Tiptree some dozen
or more years since when I attended one of the gatherings
there, and which I believe may be strictly relied upon.

I have thought, Mr. Editor, that it ought to bo
made generally known, as a corrective of the reports
that llio laiiil composing the farm when Mr. Mechi
purchased it formed a portion of a barren heath, and tliat
it was enclosed and formed into an occupation, and
brought in to thepresent state of cultivation by himalone.
It is true, however, that the present a-speet of the farm
gives soiuo colouring to this report ; the ancient trees
and Pollards and liedgerows, and the hall and farm
buildings, having been demolished, give it all the
appearance of a recent enclosure, but there is no doubt
whatever that the account I have given above is the
correct one, and I found it corroborated by a solicitor
whom I tlio other day met at the inn iu the town to
which I have above referred.

I found my companion a very intelligent man, and
well acquainted with that part of the country. I told
him the object of my journey, which was to see some
crops of corn not then cut m Norfolk, which I had
learned from the proprietor of them were unusually
good. Ho was a young man, and I had helped him
into his farm. My friend replied that he also held a
little land, and asked me to accompany him to his
home, remain the nif;ht, and see his little doings iu
the morning; but his road was only a few miles
towards the way I was going, and so I thanked him
and said it was out of my power to do so, as my wish
was to have gone to Tiptree, but not having been able to
procure a conveyance, I must move on at least as
far as Ipswich that evening, as I had engaged to see
Jlessrs. Ransomes' foundry works iu the morning.
As we chatted on, I found I h,ad fallen in with
the very man of all others whom I could liave wished
to have seen, who knew Mr. Mechi well and every foot
of his land, and he corroborated to the very letter
every word I liad learnt about the history of his farm,
his f'armin", and his reports, and he went somewhat
further. "He gave," he said, '"Mr. Mechi credit for two
things — namely, for making more land of his farm by
grubbing up old and worse than useless fences, and in
part for felling old Pollard trees ; but as a genuine
measure this," he said, " might be carried too far ; for
were all farms denuded of trees and shrubs as Mr.
Mechi had served his, nothing could be more injurious
to the general welfare of the country, for the time
mi.ght come wlien England might not be able to
import timber from abroad, and, besides, timber added
greatly to the salurity of the country, and the philan-
thropist ought to plant and preserve it for future
times rather than destroy it. And in part, also,"
he said, "but only in part, he gave Mr. Mechi
credit for his drainings, for it is certain again that any
country might be rendered barren and uninhabitable
were land-draining to be carried to the ruinous extent
that Mr. Mechi advocated. Providence provided
natural reservoirs of water iu the earth to be giveu out
gradually as it is required for man, beasts, and vege-
tables; but Mr. Mechi, in the eagerness of his sanguine
imagination, never halts to turn his thoughts to couse-
quences, and thus might empty every well, and brook
afld spring, iu the country, in order to carry into effect
any favourite project he may get into his head. Thus,
benevolent man as he is, I have myself heard of hi-
making a drain which emptied the wells of poor cot-
tagers at a distance, thus thoughtlessly forgetting the
trouble he was inflicting on others inhis aim at benefit-
ing his property. The grubbing up of ruinous
hedges is a positive good ; the felling of old and useless
Pollard trees is also a good ; and draining corn-growing
land to a limited extent is a partial good ; but a farm
should never be without beautiful and sky-kissing
timber trees, if not in hedges, certainly in corners ol
fields ; nor should one man be permitted to carry
his di'aining mania so far as to injure his neighbours.
This, Sir, is my opinion of Mr. Mechi. Mr. Mechi's
heart may be right, but his head is wrong ; he acts by
impulses, and fancies that the volubility of his tongue
and the rapid movements of his pen over sheets of
paper, will iuduce thinking, business-like men to
receive all he talks and writes about and publishes
without reflecting upon it : but no such thing ; not
but that he sometimes drops upon a truth long ago
promulgated, and which he dresses up in fresh lan-
guage, and thus, as the Scotch peasant's wife made old
clothes look like new, and as a cobbler fresh vamps
old shoes, so Mr. Mechi in old books drops upon
practices forgotten only to a few, which he patches
up, darns, and vamps, and then sends them into
the world through the printing press as new articles
and inventions of his own."

Thus went on my friend, when I interrupted him,
and asked if he did not think Mr. Mechi's crops (an
account of which he has lately pubUshed) marvellous
— wonderful — considering the comparatively fen-
acres upon which they are grown ? (140 only, the
rest of his ITO acres being taken for permanent
Grass, house, homestead, yards, garden, lawns,
shrubberies, fish ponds, brooks, roads, &c.) " I
should, indeed," he sa,id, "consider those crops
marvellous — wonderful — if I believed they were grown ;
but this I do not, nor does any farmer or gentlemen
connected with farming here believe they were." —
" Why," I replied, " you astonish me ! How can you,
then, account for Mr. Mechi's publishiug such flaming
accounts ? " — " Oh, easily enough. The enigma, if it be
one, explains itself; and it does so in one single word,
and that is, ' estimated.' I have such and such crops,
he writes, which are ' estimated,' and one was a crop of
Wheat, amoug which 200 or 300 poultry had fed, and
yet it was ' estimated ' that (i or 7 quarters an acre were
left ; and hence, you observe, my dear Sir, the whole
mystery lies in the word ' estimated." — " And who are
the persons who make the estimates ? " — " Himself,
of course, assisted by his farm bailiff, who is only
another self, or what may be called his shadow. And
as to the GOO quarters of corn, 400 tons of roots, 50 tons
of Clover and Grass hay, and 100 tons of green Tares,
&e., they again are only estimated, and by the same wise

parties."— "Surely, ray dear Sir, it cannot bo so," I
replied.— "But it must bo so," ho continued, "and it
cannot be otherwise. What man, bo his wits whatever
they may, can tell what yield crops may give whilst they
are standing iu the fields and not half grown 'i No one
upon earth can accomplish such a feat. The corn must
be cut, and threshed, and measured before the cleverest
man can tell how much there is of it, and the roots
must be pulled and weighed for the same ; and had this
been done before Mr. Me('lii liad made up his account,
the old lady we liear of would uul have been l'iilli)wed
who ' estimated ' herchickens bereie they were hatched,
and found that she had oiilyO when she Inul expected 15."
And thus my intelligoni aii<l iigrecaltle friend was
proceeding when the waiter entered the room, and
announced that the cab was at the door to take him
to the train, when my friend called for his hill, and
having settled it, hurried to the door, where I folluwcd
him, and where we heartily shook liands and hoped
at no distant time to meet again, and he was driven
away.

As the next train would do equally as well for me,
I returned to my room, and committed to i)aper what
I had heard, the above being the substance of it.
I then, having more time yet to spare, opened the
market room door, and asked if the company had any
objection to a stranger and brother-farmer joining
their company, and being at once politely invited to
enter I took a chair, and being pressed for time, I at
ouce said what had brought me to their neighbourhood
from a far county, and which was to learn from those
who were able to inform me, on account of their
vicinity to the favoured, famed 'Tiptree Hall, what
their opinion was of Mr. Mechi's farm, and of his
farming, and of the reports he published about his
crops and profits. Upon which a respectable looking
and plainly dressed gentleman replied " that they all
respected Mr. Mechi, but as to his reports about his
wonderful crops, and his farming, and his enormous
profits, no farmer in Essex gave any credence to
them. W^hy," he continued, " he states that he has
flOO quarters of corn this year, 100 tons of roots, 50 tons
of hay and Clover, and 100 tons of green Tares and
Vetches, besides keeping his horses, bullocks, cows,
sheep, pigs, and 200 or 300 cocks and hens ! But, Sir,
his whole farm is but 170 acres landlord's measure,
and not 160 that he can cultivate ! Why, here are
better farmers in this room than Mr. Mechi ever will
be, and they make more protluce off their land, acre
for acre, than ever he did, and they know very well
that he does not grow two-thirds the crops he
states he does ; and as to the Wheat he grows, it
is always of a coarse quality, coarse red Wheat and
bearded Wheat, which generally yields well ; but still,
were he to wait and measure even these crops in the
presence of witnesses, as he had been asked to do, his
(JOO quarters of corn, and all his other crops, would
wofully dwindle down; and I appeal to every one
here if I am not speaking within the mark y" wdien they
all shouted out that he was— that he was ; and " Why
does he not measure his corn and weigh his hay and
rootsand other things," they asked, " beforehe flourishes
about what they are?" "The reason," reiilied the
gentleman who first spoke, " is clearly this : Mr.
Mechi wants the world to believe that lie is making
large profits by his farming, and so he is led to estimate
his crops above their quantity and value, in
order— before he can tell what they are — to make the
balance lie on tlie right side of the sheet ; and this he
can only do by estimating them whilst they are grow-
ing, instead of waiting to measure and weigh them, as
all farmers do." At this point tlie waiter informed me
that the cab was at the door to take me to the train,
and so I arose and heartily thanked the company for
the valuable information they had given me and for
the kindness with which I was received by them,
paid my bill and was driven away, and in two hours
afterwards was drinking coti'ee and reading the Times
at the White Horse, Ipswich. A)i Old Farmer and
Agent,

COUNTRY LIFE IN THE OLDEN TIME.

I HATE already described the daily fare of a farmer of
the common class, and this very fairly represents the
diet of families in the same rank. That of labourers
and the poorer class of tradesmen was even plainer.
They had not such store of rich milk, and seldom
indulged in the luxury of beef or ham. The shop-
keeper, again, and better class of villagers had more
beef ; but to none probably, under the rank of the
parish clergyman, was it an article of daily food. Our
butcher seldom killed a "heifer" excepting in harvest
and about Martinmas ; and he scarcely ventured on
the purchase till he saw his way to the disposal of
nearly all the carcase. Thus the poor animal was being
disposed of piecemeal when it was unsuspiciously
grazing iu some park at the foot of the Lowthers.
The " heifer" was generally some old cow which had
gone "yell" in harvest, or it was an old bull whose
beef was as tough as "ben-leather." Mutton was
somewhat more common, the poorer cliisses occa-
sionally buying the "head and harrigles." Faniilies
of better means sometimes iu the beginning of winter
united and bought a small West Highlander and
divided it ; this was our " mart." The price of beef
and mutton was from 3rf. to \d. per lb.

Nearly every one in our village, save the poorest,
had a park, on which were raised sufficient meal, milk,
and Potatos for the family. Every one, too, kept a
pig, and although the carcase was commonly sent to
market, the oflal was used at home. From our plain
way of living, raising our own food and manufacturing
our own clothing, very little coin was circulated.
Labouring men, indeed, had little to expend, as wages
scarcely exceeded an average of li. per day. Loaf
bread (Wheaten bread) was a luxury rarely seen.
Tea cost Si. a pound, and sugar Sd. to \s. ; it was held.

960

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLE AND A6BICULTUKAL TtAZETTE. [Sepiembee u. m.

therefore, as disgraceful for a woman of the common
class to be given to the use of tea as for her modern
representative to be addicted to dram drinking, and
the vice was indulged in as surreptitiously. The tea-
pot, if she had one, was carefully concealed from
husband and prying neighbours alike, and she seized on
any favourable. moment to " mask" and swallow a cup.
It was a luxury to be enjoyed legitimately only on
special occasions, as marriages and christenings, and
offered to friends who came on a visit. In the latter
case tea was made at whatever hour you called, and
stood for dinner. Loaf-ljread, too, was sent for, and
there was an unfailing saucer of " carvies " (oonfected
Carroway seeds), in which you dipped your buttered
" scone."

Many stories were rife in reference to the intro-
duction of tea. It was first brought into our district
by Galloway smugglers, who had " run " it from the
Isle of Man. They used to leave a pound or two
'along with a bottle of brandy) in the barn or shed
belonging to the farmer in whose premises they got
shelter for the night. Some of the wives, it was said,
boiled the whole quantity in a pot, pouring off the
" broo," and serving up the leaves dressed with butter.
One wife after such a feast remarked that " were it no
for the name o' the thing she would ha'e preferred a
cofo' buttered kail." I well remember an old man, a
servant of my teacher, who on his return from Dum-
fries informed his neighbours that he had " gotten a
breakfast on the new tangled tea, and although he
drank but si.x ' dishes,' with ' shaves ' of bread conform-
able, he 'had to pay his lily white sixpence for't.'"
Later, three cups was recognised as the statutory
quantity. A simple-minded liachelor minister had a
man-servant of the old school, — faithful and devoted,
but most opinionative. On one occasion when the
Doctor had gone to assist a neighbouring clergyman he
received information that his sister, to whom he was
intensely attached, had been seized with sudden and
severe illness. He instantly sent orders to David to
have the gig yoked without delay. " Tell the Doctor,"
said David, " that its clean onpossible to gang eennow,
for I'm only at my second cup yet."

Our entertainments were few; yet fifty years ago
theatrical representations were more common than
now. I have heard an old medical man say that Ed-
mund Kean made his debut in our village : he had
been engaged as property man at the Dumfries theatre.
The season had been poor, and in consequence the
company split up into parties of three or four and
made their way on foot by diderent routes to Ayr, per-
forming at the various villages on the road. Kean was
attached to the party that came our way, and was re-
quired on the stage— when in the middle of a highly
wrought passage he was shocked by seeing his audience
burst into laughter. He persevered, piling the agony
yet higher, but the laughing did not cease. In wrath
he turned to leave the stage, and then he perceived the
cause of the merriment by which he had felt himself
insulted. The sheet which did duty for the back scene
had fallen down, and disclosed one of the actors stand-
ing half dressed with his back to the audience, painfully
endeavouring to introduce his legs into a pair of silk
stockings, the fragility of whose texture, and the num-
ber of whose openings, rendered the operation one of
extreme care and peril.

Our girls encountered no such difficulties, as their
feet were encumbered by neither shoes nor stockings,
except when they went to church, and on occasions of
equal importance. Clothes used to be " tramped " by
them on the street, before the door, as the Vines were
pressed by the Tuscan maidens when —
"The must did foam
Round the white feet of laughing girls
Whose sires had marched to Rome."
It was thus, doubtless, that Peggy and Jenny did
their washing at Habbie's Howe. Dr. Johnson saw in
this an evidence of barbaric indelicacy ; was it not
rather proof of that unsuspecting simplicity which
"thinketh no evil?" We were, it must be owned,
«» pelt sauvage, yet the maidens whom the
Doctor saw thus engaged could read their
Bibles, and many of them could at least sign their
names, feats beyond the reach of their more sophis-
ticated English compeers.

This reference to writing suggests the change intro-
duced by the penny postage scheme. A Loudon letter
then cost us thirteehpence halfpenny, and the smallest
enclosure, as a supplementary scrap of paper, doubled
the cost. Peers and members of Parliament enjoyed
the privilege of " franking," and great interest used to
be made with their upper servants to get a " frank."
I have known a box of game " franked" through the
post-office. There were no money orders in those days ;
so cash, wliether notes or coin, used to be enclosed in
the letters, and in consequence was often lost. Lord
Palmerston, when foreign secretary some 40 years ago,
paid a visit to our Duke. A box covered with green
baize containing despatches came to him daily. Upon
one occasion the servant got drunk in the village, and
let the box fall from his horse into the Nith, which he
required to ford — when he arrived at the Castle he was
perfectly unconscious, and could not even tell whether
he had received the box. The country was raised, and
the important package was found more than a mile
down the river. A letter in those days took 50 hours
to reach London : it now arrives in 12.

On the whole we were a ruder but a more natural
people than we are now. One of our worst traits was
indiflerence to inflicting pain on animals. On Shrove
Tuesday we tied a cock to a post and fired at it with
ball ; and, worse yet, sometimes hurled sticks at it, at a
penny a shot. Animals were made to undergo much
torture too with the view of improving their quality,
which is now avoided. But we did not affect a refine-
ment which was not genuine. We did not pinch our-
selves to make a greater display before the public. The
line of demarcation between the gentry and the com-

mon people was sharp and precise, and few tried to
pass it. Our married women were seldom called Mrs.,
but continued to bear their maiden names. Our girls,
such even now as would be at boarding schools, were all
brought up to work ; and if a guest came to us, we
openly laid our neighbours under contribution to assist
in entertaining him. I do not think, however, that
anything more clearly demonstrates the change that
has come over us than the difference between the
character of the books we read then and those devoured
now. Our secular reading used to consist of weighty,
solid works, often of two or three octavo voiumes, one
such furnishing us with occupation for a winter.

But to attempt to enumerate all the points of
difference would protract this paper to a length alto-
gether immoderate. In one word, I m.ay say that
there was a quietness and repose about the old times
unknown to us of the present day. We walked
quietly and softly amid the familiar scenes, knowing
not, and scarcely wishing to know, what lay beyond
the encircling hills. Our uneventful lives gave us
unshaken nerves. We did not live in a constant
flutter of excitement, rushing hither and thither from
haste to make rich or mere love of change, and our
faith was troubled by no unsettling doubts.

But we were undoubtedly more boisterous in our
enjoyments, less refined, less cleanly even, fared
harder; were, to a great extent, insensible to the
beauties of nature and of art ; while we were free from
doubt, very much because we never troubled ourselves
to inquire. " Quinquagenarian^Hii the Dumfries Courier.

THE AE.AB HOUSE.

[The following letter (a translation of which appears
in the current number of the " Monthly Journal of
Agriculture") was written by the Arab, Emir Abd-el-
Kader. It was addressed to his friend General Daumas
after the publication of his work on the "Horse of
the Sahara, or Great Desert : "— ]
Praise to the One God,
His kingdom alone is eternal I

To our friend General Daumas, whom may God pro-
tect. Amen.

Here is my reply to the questions you have put to
me regarding Arab horses. In my opinion it is the
exact truth.

Know, then, that God created the first horses in the
country of the Arabs comprised between the Mediter-
ranean, the Sea of Aden, the Persian Sea, the E-ed Sea,
and the Euphrates. Therefore these animals are called
" Irab," pure blood. They were then wild and unap-
proachable— they all fled from man ; but Ishmael, son
of Abraham, was the first who, about 2000 years after
Adam, had the courage to mount and the skill to
subdue them. Prom what goes before, it follows that
all the horses now scattered over the whole earth origi-
nated in Arabia.

Of all animals, the Arab horses are the best in dispo-
sition, and in character and fine qualities the likest to
man. Like him, they know honour and pride ; ahorse
of pure breed will not eat what has been left by another
horse.

The horses known among us under the name of
"beradine," animals with heavy bodies and slow paces,
and " kedchane," animals for the saddle or for draught,
did not exist formerly. The first degeneration of the
pure race was owing to the negligence and bad pro-
ceedings of a Persian king. He introduced the " bera-
dine" and the "hadjine," breeds characterised by a
bad head, limbs common and thick, as well as little
graceful in their whole formation. The posterity of
these first bastards produced the "kedchane," which
have narrow nostrils and coarse manes. At this we
should not wonder ; gold, in order to be pure, rejects
all alloy.

Alexander the Great was the first who brought
together asses and mares ; from these were born mules.
Later, by crossing horses and asses he obtained a
smaller species of rnules with a broad nose and a short
head ; and that is intelligible, as the ass has the belly
and barrel narrower than the mare.

If certain horses, though descended from the pure
race, have notwithstanding degenerated in quality and
appearance, that is to be attributed to fortuitous causes
or accidents, going back to the paternal or maternal
sources. Then, these same influences being repro-
duced, the constitution of animals has been affected by
them, and in the course of time other species, more or
less debased, "have been formed.

Do we not see the same results among men ? A
native of a temperate climate, of mild and civilised
manners, goes to Soudan, and there marries a negress.
Generation after generation their descendants are trans-
formed ; they gradually lose t.ype, colour — in short, all
the moral and physical qualities of their first progeni-
tor. The skin will be black, the hair crisped ; they will
have the passionate and savage character ; their intel-
ligence will be limited, and their morals light; and, in
short, like the negroes, they will not be long before
they are remarkable for extreme dissipation and exces-
sive love of dancing.

There are then, we clearly see, two very distinct
classes of horses : —

1. A class of pure Arab horses, which have preserved
all their worth, because in them nature has not been
modified by any injurious cause.

2. A class which is no longer pure, because it has
undergone profound changes, moral and physical. If,
to make ourselves better understood, we resort to a
comparison, we may say that the horses of the perfectly
noble race are in the same relation to the " beradine "
and the" "kedchane" that the gazelle is to the
goat. The muscles and bones of the " beradine " and
the "kedchane" are apparently larger than those of
the pure " irab," but iu reality they are lighter, weaker,
and, above all, less resisting. Amongst us it is admitted

I that the noble horse excels all animals, even beasts of

burden, in patience and vigour. It is at once the most
agile, the lightest, and the strongest of creatures.
Besides, it may be considered as the animal most easily
fed and watered during the dusty days of our long
journeys in the desert.

The principal causes of alteration in the breeds are
the following four— climate, food, drink, labour. We
proceed to speak of them : —

1. Climate.— In excessively hot countries, like
Nigritia and those near it, the horses are of a feebie
constitution ; their limbs are not well propor-
tioned, and you would say that their hair had been
burnt. They are deficient in intelligence, and of a
restive temper.

In cold or very moist countries the horses are gene-
rally tall, heavy, and apathetic ; their i)roportions are
far from agreeable and regular ; they have in general
massive forms, long hair, and bones thick, but not
resisting ; whereas the horses of temperate countries
are of middle size, neither too big nor too little, of a
well-poised character, a beautiful exterior, very agile,
with the hair shining and short.

The influence of climate, who can deny it ? It even
makes itself felt on horses of the same country, accord-
ing to its difl'erent regions. Thus, only to speak of the
Arabian peninsula, the horses of Hedjas (Arabia
Petraia) have fine black eyes, long ears, a deep chest,
small mouth and lips, the ankle bones fine, and the
hoofs hard.

Those of Nedjed (the plateau of Arabia) have the
shoulder longerthan any other Arab horse; the hcadshort,
without hair on tbe cheeks, the rump large, the belly
capacious, the legs lean, the articulations well knit
together, and the thighs strong.

The horses of Yemen have the body round, the
rump narrow, the thighs, however, furnished with
muscles, the tendons well separated, well detached from
the bones, and the shoulder short in comparison with
other Arab horses, but still long if we look at those of
other countries.

The Syrian horses are all of a fine colour ; they have
large eyes, the corners of the mouth very open, the hair
fine, and the head bald. Their bodv pleases the eye,
but they have not the bottom and' the endurance of
the horses of Arabia properly so called.

That which will always give a great superiority to
the horses of those countries is the air, the light, and
the sun, those grand life-givers. Assuredly, they are
not reared in stables.

2. Food.— Out forefathers have observed that in
parched countries, where straw. Grass, and grain are
scarce, the horse is much saperior than when living in
well-cultivated countries, where he has abundance of
forage. He is better made; he has leaner limbs,
stronger tissues, a brighter colour, hair silkier, and the
best health, with inexhaustible bottom. Why ?
Because more abundant food, always generating in the
horse hurtful humours, and developing only certain
parts of the body, gives rise to that want of proportion
in the ensemble, and to that dull hue which renders the
exterior of the animal so ugly. It produces, moreover,
fat, heaviness, deformity, and, above all, those defects
of respiration which are the sure signs of unfitness for
labour and fatigue.

The Arab horses of the Sahara furnish new proof of
what I have just stated. They are the most intelligent,
the lightest, the most teachable, and they endure
fatigues, miseries, long journeys, hunger, and thirst
much better than their brothers equally Arab, but
which have been less soberly reared elsewhere. In
order to maintain their superiority, all that is needed
is to drink camel's milk, when it can be got, pluck
certain perfumed shrubs incapable of corruptmg the
blood, or browse on certain vegetables which contain,
it is true, tonic and very nutritive principles, but in
very small volume. They are almost unacquainted
with grains, though subjected to perpetual training.

Moreover, the horse of the desert is no exception to
the general law. Look at the gazelle, the ox, and the
sheep in their wild state, the giraffe, the wild ass, &c.
They live in dry and barren countries, and, notwith-
standing, are very superior to their tame congeners,
however fully fed on fertile soils.

The ignorant man believes that the modified species
is of another family than that which has preserved its
primitive nature. It is a mistake. The goat is the
gazelle's sister, the wild ox and sheep are the brothers
of the domesticated ox and sheep, the camel is the
giraffe's brother, and the ass likewise is the brother of
that which we know. Only the one has remained in
conformity with its primordial type, whereas the others
have changed their aspect either from lack of exercise,
or, which is yet more certain, from excess in eating
and drinking. They have become thick, have contracted
vicious humours, the body has become habituated to
unhealthy secretions, and these results of servitude
have in the end reacted on the physical and the moral.

Eating little, so as never to be completely satisfied,
and always feeding on aliments not of a nature to alter
tbe blood, such are the conditions which have such a
beneficial influence on the horses of the desert. To
these are they indebted for their purity, vigour, fleet-
ness, beauty, and admirable character.

If a horse make a constant abuse of food, the least
privation weighs him down, and he rapidly deteriorates.
That explains how his intestines have beeu enlarged
beyond measure : diminished food leads to their con-
traction ; they are deficient in moisture ; they dry up,
inflammation occurs, and the animal is lost.

The contrary happens with horses which, to appease
their hunger, confine themselves to the shrubs I have
mentioned— Kuetofl' (Atriplex kalimus), those Grasses
which we call Alfa (Lygeum spartium). Diss (Arundo
festucoides of Desfontaines), Doum (dwarf Palm),— in
one word, everything on which they can lay their teeth.
They never eat to excess, preserve the stomach free,
and the bowels in a natural condition. These delicate
organs do not enlarge, accommodate themselves to all

Septembee 14, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

961

natural aliment, and are not liable to be impaired any
more than to be dried up or indamed.

All grains are not beneficial to horses— Barley alone
exercises a salutary influence on their health. It has
in particular the special property of nourishins without
heatins! the animal. If it be well formed, it derives
from it an extreme speed. In the country of the Arabs
Barley is, therefore, excellent food. To give Beans to
horses, as is done in E|?ypt and elsewhere, is actually
useless. In so doing you spoil them completely.

The horses of Hedjaz are fed on Barley, Millet,
Date.s, and Date kernels. Milk is their habitual drink.
In Hed.jid it is not uncommon to see horses eating salt
meat (k'adid). and Locusts sometimes. They are cooked
in a stove. They also soak them in milk. They make
them browse on the leaves of certain shrubs, among
these the Chihhe Tamarind (Artemisia judaica), the
Gandoul (Spartium spinosum), and they graze on the
Anagallis, who.se seeds are very nutritious.

To finish as to food, I repeat that among all the
Arabs, when they require or have required considerable
exertions from a horse, they never make him eat soon
before starting, nor soon after arriving. Serious
accidents may result from non-observance of this rule.

3. Orin/c.—Thi drink exercises an equally marked
influence on the nature of the horse. If great attention
be not paid to it, it may lead to troublesome accidents,
which in the end will become chronic and change its
constitution.

The horses of the Sahara only drink once a day when
they find water, otherwise they easily do without
drinking for two or even three days. The best time
for giving them drink is the middle of the day.

In tribes possessing many sheep and camels, they
give by preference the milk of the camel. It is the
most strengthening and wholesome drink. Where
there are only sheep they are careful to give them milk,
at least in spring. The colts are invariably turned out
at the time when the mare's milk can be replaced by
that of camels or sheep.

Milk has the property of strengthening the muscles
by depriving them of useless fat, of facilitating respira-
tion, and thus rendering the horse not susceptible of
fatigue. That of the camel above all possesses the
advantage of strengthening the backbone and main-
taining the health, which is always perceptible in good
spirits, brilliancy of theskin, and suppleness ofthe hair.

The Arab horse likes to drink muddy water only.
If it be clear and fresh he muddies it with his feet. If
he cannot do that he drinks with evident apprehension.

The inhabitants of towns and fertile countries are
quite wrong in making their horses drink twice or
thrice a-day. The absorption of too much liquid
softens the muscles, enlarges the body, and swells the
flesh. It often brings on shiverings, and unfits the
horse for runuint;. His constitution is also ruined by
making him drmk immediately or shortly after
exertion.

Water coming from a distance, and which .has passed
through lead pipes or plastered conduits, is highly
injurious. Experience has proved this. It is main-
tained that in the long run it is capable of altering the
original constitution so that the posterity becomes
long-shanked.

In certain tribes, when a horse has been fatigued by
long hunting or racing, they make him drink mutton
soup diluted with very cold water. This regimen sets
him up again speedily.

The more a horse has worked, the more cautious
should one be in giving him water; this is the way to
avoid chilling the body and suppres.sing perspiration.
Often, on the day of a very long race, he gets no drink
at all.

In short, the Arabs hinder their horses drinking
much. They say that excess in drinking swells the body,
softens the tissues, and lessens his ardour for work.

4. Work. — The horse being by nature and tempera-
ment more impressionable and more subject to
modification than any other animal, it cannot be
questioned that work also exercises a great influence
upon his constitution. If, for example, we accustom
him to carry heavy loads, like a camel, he will infallibly
become a beast of burden. If we make him drag the
plough or thresh grain, he will become like the ox and
the mule. God has created the ox to till the earth,
the camel to carry burdens, and the horse for swift
running ; hence, to employ him in work for which he
was not made is to humble him, destroy his qualities,
and subject him to constraint in small conformity with
his nature. All violence to the laws imposed by God
Himself is unworthy of those who practise it, while it
is at the same time disastrous to those who endure it.
Look at what the gazelle, the cow of desert regions,
and the wild ass become when they submit themselves
to the dictation of man, and abdicate into his hands
the power of their savage state. They lose their
strength, their energy, their gait, as well as their noble
and beautiful appearance.

The horses of the desert regions of the Sahara are
the most beautiful and the finest in the world. To
what do they owe their brilliant qualities ? To a very
simple cause : here it is — they are never used except
for riding, for long and rapid journeys ; after which,
without imposing on them any other work, they are
returned to their natural habits, so that, while perfectly
tamed, they yet preserve the advantagesof the wild state.

There will always, therefore, he a great difference
between the horses of rich countries, where they eat
much, and are subjected to debasing labours, and those
of desert countries, where they are extremely hardy,
and do nothing from their earliest youth, save hunt,
attack, i)ursue, or flee from an enemy. Does not the
like hold true with men ? Take Arabs, Bedouins, half
savages, inhabiting arid regions: they are brave,
hardy, insensible to misery, to hunger and thirst,
broken in to every fatigue ; transplant them to fertile
countries, condemn them to idleness and abundant
diet, their strength will diminish, their courage will be

enfeebled, their endurance will no longer be the same,
soon you shall not recognise them. I conclude the
horse is not himself when inactive and fat; but he is
in perfection when working and temperate.

And when you require from him excessive labour,
increase his usual fond a little; you will then obtain
unheard-of efi'orts. What, on the contrary, will be the
benefit of this increase to a horse constantly accustomed
to excessive abundance ? It will be nothing ; you will
only run the risk of killing him, and, if his stomach
resist it, which shows that he has always had too
much, he, for that reason, can exhibit no more speed
or endurance.

But enough on this subject; let us proceed to
breeding, upon which you wish my advice.

The Arabs have a horror of incestuous connections,
never allowing the daughter to bo covered by the father,
the mother by the son, the sister by the brother. It is
averred that in such cases a pure Arab stallion feels no
desire. The people of Hedjaz lately told me that one
of their stallions, son of a bay mare, would never cover
mares of that colour. When he saw them, whether
owing to their recalling his mother, or some other
reason, he went away from them without showing any
desire.

Moreover, by uniting father and daughter, mother
and son, sister and brother, we should run the risk of
having in a posterity thus continued only feeble and
degenerate animals, incapable of service.

It is advantageous, on the contrary, according to
experienced Arabs, to unite together the members of
the same family when quite diflerently related,
especially when the constitution which they have
derived from a faultless father and mother has not
been modified or altered by external causes foreign to
their origin. They assert that by thus constantly
transmitting the good qualities and not the defects, we
can more certainly preserve a noble race free from all
mixture.

You tell me that certain persons in France, whose
opinions are of weight regarding horses, believe that,
the pure Arab blood having degenerated, it might be
possible to restore it to primitive purity by judicious
crosses with English sta,llions, whose reputation extends
all over the world. In my opinion, that is a grave
error, because all the horses of Europe, like all those of
fertile countries where they have degenerated through
over-feeding (and with them I comprehend those of
Syria, Egypt, Irak, and Moghreb), have, besides,
original defects either from sire or dam, and some-
times from both, so that they can no longer be con-
sidered animals of pure blood. On this principle,
nothing would induce the Arab possessor of a really
noble mare to allow her to be covered by the finest
English horse. In his eyes it would be a complete
mesailHance. This may explain to you the words of a
celebrated Arabian poet : —

" The ignor.ant pretend there .are many pure horses.
But they are scarcer than true friends."

You tell lue that the ruler of Egypt has had pure
Arab mares covered by English stallions. If sucli be
the fact, I am sorry, for his sake, for deficient acquaint-
ance with horses can be his sole apology. As for
myself, I know that if undoubtedly pure Arab mares
be' covered by English horses, there can only be
obtained from them that kind of horse which we term
" Monkueref " — that is, the progeny of a p-irfectly noble
mare and of a horse whose pedigree is tainted. They
are in all respects even worse than the progeny of a
pure-blood sireandofadamof mixedblood ("Hadjine").
Their descendants must degenerate at last; for, how-
ever much the produce of these irrational unions may
be apparently beautiful, they never will, in bottom and
good qualities, equal those produced from a noble sire,
much less those from a race confirmed on both sides,
both by blood and by antiquity. I sum up and say : —

The'"Horr," or, which is the same, the "Aatik,"
which means of the highest degree of excellence,
passes among us as the purest race.

After it comes the "Hadjine," the incomplete, the
imperfect— the sire being pure, and the dam of inferior
origin.

After the " Hadjine " comes the " Monkueref," the
dam noble, the sire of base extraction.

And at last we arrive at the " Berdonne " (the
singular of " Beradine ") ; we think nothing of them,
both sire and dam being humble.

You see, then, as I have already told you, that the
value ofthe horse depends on his race.

In fact, the colt generally resembles the sire in his
principal organs— the head, the brain, the lungs, the
heart, the liver, the bones, the nerves, the tendons.
He takes the rest from the dam. It has, moreover,
been proved that the sire transmits to his progeny
most of his moral or physical defects. Therefore we
carefully avoid the diseases which in the stallion are
inherent in the bones, the veins, the tendons ; and for
covering we reject bad characters and restiveness.

I do not know ranch about English horses, and
nevertheless, from all that I have seen, read, or heard,
I am confident that they are very far from being as
valuable as Arab horses. English horses, I admit, beat
Arab horses and make brilliant running on a race-
course, for a few minutes, or even for an hour, which is
owing to their height, their elevated croup, their long
leg.s, and the training which they have to undergo;
but if, like our horses, they had to run seven or_ eight
hours without stopping, they would not maintain
their reputation. The greater the distance, and the
more accidental the ground, the more quickly would
their superiority disappear. Their organisation, what-
ever may be said of it, does not permit them long to
support the column of air which a rapid race always
displaces.

The Arab horse, in consequence of his deep chest,
his vigorous respiration, his big nostrils, the size of his
flank and back, his legs of iron, and his hardy educa-
tion, and likewise in respect to abstemiousness and

power of enduring fatigue and bad weather— the Arab
jior.so, I .say, can run without regular training (for he
is always being trained) over all kinds of soil and
during all weather, for halfa day without halting.

Wo call the horse which comes in first and gains tho
prize at the races " Modjelli," tho one after him
" Mossaly," and the last of all " Sokeit" (the silent one).
We see vexation in his eyes and humiliation in his face.

Whenever, anywhere, you see a horse remarkable
for pride, agility, grace, and uncommon qualities, you
may be certain that ho has Arab blood in his veins.
From whom does he get it ? Prom his sire, his dam,
or his ancestors.

Among the Arabs such importance is attached to
purity of race, that even to this day the inhabitants of
Nedjcd and Iladjaz would not have for .their marej a
horse, however beautiful or famed for speed, if they
did not know his pedigree. They alw.ays prefer a
horse of le.ss pleasing form, but of undoubted origin,
even though seemingly of ten times less worth. Tho
reason is that, in their opinion, if the colt often
resembles his sire or dam, he also often derives his
qualities from his grandsire or great-grandsire. Instead,
then, of thinking so much of the beauty of a hor.so for
breeding, it is especially necessary to know precisely
about the purity of his origin and his race.

After this I must confess that it is very rare and very
difficult to find primitive Arab horses— that is, those
which are perfectly i)ure, and whose nature is in no
respect modified either by work, or by food, or by inju-
rious .alliances with strangers. We might not so term
those which, habitually over-fed, carry loads, till the
soil, thresh grain, and which from an early period have
not been trained to long journeys and fatigues, as well
as to endure hunger and thirst.

The only country where we can find the pure blood
of which i speak, is in the true desert among the wan-
dering Arabs, particularly among the ijreat tribe."!
Zenata and Senhidja. There from time immemorial
the race has not been altered by any injurious mixture,
and every one there knows the parentage of his horses,
father, mother, sisters, uncles, paternal and maternal
aunts, grandfather and grandmother, great-grand-
father, &c.

Formerly the Arabs had very little intercourse with
strangers, and then it was easy to preserve their races;
but since they have been mixed with the neighbouring
Persians, Egyptians, Turks, and others, they have
undergone very important changes. Now it is said
that with our horses, such as they are, no vrrand
exploits can be undertaken, I am of a different
opinion, and am induced so to be from what I have
seen during my long warlike career. I have often seen,
not a single horse — that would prove nothing — but
collections of from one to two thousand horses, carry
their riders enormous distances under the most deplora-
ble circumstances.

In 1815, from Morocco, where I had established my
headquarters, not far from the mouth of the Moul-
neya, I set out on a campaign with numerous cavalry,
for the purpose of making a foray in Djebelaamourc,
whose tribes had betrayed me, and given me the greatest
reasons to bo displeased. Succe.ss crowned the enter-
prise, and marching night and day, and only resting for
a little at long intervals, we returned laden with booty,
after having thus travelled 54G miles.

On our arrival at our camp, most of us were still
able to perform the fantasia before our wives and
children, who uttered cries of joy as a salute to us on
our happy return.

During this long journey we had only given our
horses eight feeds of Barley ; they generally drank only
every second day, and yet only a few of them were left
behind. How then were they supported ? Only on
the plants and shrubs scattered over the Sahara. This
proves that if among us the blood of our horses has
undergone changes, there yet remains enough to per-
form astonishing things.

In short, if it be impossible to form a pure race from
a mixed, it is admitted, on the contrary, that b.y judi-
cious alliances we can restore to primitive nobility a
race which has not been impoverished by excessive
privations, by want of attention, or by too much work.
Here, above all, is what should induce the Arabs to
consent to no mesalliance, and rigorously to follow the
wise methods of rearing transmitted by our ancestors.
The horse himself says,

'* Rear me as if I were thy brother,
And ride me as if I were thiiie enemy."

May you be safe at the end as at the beginning of
this letter. — Written by the servant of God, Sid-eU
SadJ Abd-eUKader Ben Mahhi-ed~Dine : Damascus,
Wtk May, 1866.

Upon this singular epistle of the gallant Emir,
General Daumas remarks — " In reference simply
to the saddle-horse, I believe he is right. In fact, the
Arab horses, as well as the Barb horse, as I have had
frequent opportunities of observing in Algiers, are
from birth obliged to live in the open air, and endure
the dews of the night and the scorching heat of the
day. They are early accustomed to man, to see sur-
rounding objects, to hear the strangest sounds, such as
the you you of women and children, on all occasions
of joy, the frequent explosion of firearms, the frightful
growls of the lion prowling round the tents, the fero-
cious jerked howls of the hyena, the endless yelps of
the jackal, the dull grunts of the resting camels, the
hurried barks of watch-dogs, and the beating of drums
and tambourines on festive days. One almost always
sees them saddled and bridled, and when they march,
whether to war or to pasture, they constantly travel
long distances by difficult roads full of inequalities and
not constructed, through regions covered with dwarf
Balms, mastic trees, and thorny bushes. This life
strengthens their lungs, invigorates their joints, and
renders robust their backs and muscles; so that,
without injury to health, they can undergo journeys

962

THE GARDEMES' CKRONICLE AOT) AGEICULTimAL GAZETTE. [September u. ise?.

and hardships which could not be endured by horses
with less blood and differently reared. I am sure of
this. Why ? Because I can truly declare that I hare
seen it as well as heard it."

HOME FARM DOMESTIC POULTRY'.

"Will poultry pay for its keep in this country?"
is a question often asked by rich and poor. The
labourer's wife in the country, the coachman's in a
London mews, the farmer, the land-ste ivard, my noble
lord and lad.v— all are alike interested in this question,
which I shall at once endeavour to answer by means
of the following reports of loss and gain, the result of
five years' practice as a poultry keeper upon a home
farm in Bedfordshire. It will be seen that more
depends upon attention to little matters of detail
bestowed on poultry than upon the kind of yard, house,
or breed to which they belong. I shall therefore try
to show what can be done by means of small beginnings,
by which I have had abundance of eggs and poultry
for the supply of my employer's table, and some to sell.

Rearing poultry with success requires more attention
than is generally supposed, and many diSiculties
belong to the practice, but with due care they may be
overcome. In other articles I shall give some account
of the way in which we managed each kind of fowl,
but on this occasion I shall content myself with
furnishing an abstract of accounts, which I hope will
be suffioiertly clear to speak for themselves in
reference to profit and loss.

I commenced operations with the stock which I
found on the property. It consisted of 23 hens and
three cocks of the common bam-door breed, and with
the hens in question and three new white Dorking cocks
I endeavoured to cross the fowl of the district. The
circumstances under which operations were begun were,
however, far from being favourable. The poultry yard
was about 500 yards from the dwelling of the attendant,
enclosed with walls 13 feet high ; the house was cold,
damp, and badly ventilated, and very little sun could
shine into the interior. After arranging to reserve
10^. per year for attention, we commenced on May 14,
1847, with the following stock : —

23 Hens and 3 Cocka, value . .

3 Turkeys, 2 Cocks and 1 Hen

2 Guinea Fowls

£1

IV

0

1

1.1

(1

0

4

0

These prices are only auch as could have
been obtained from the poultry hawkera
of the distiict.

Abstract of Accounts from May 9 to December 31, 184T.
December 31, 1847—
60 Fowls £6 0 0

20 Chickens
8 Turkeys
12 Guinea Fowls

1 10
3 10
1 10

Increase in value of Stock
1131 Egea sold or used
17 Chickens kiUcd
12 Turkeys do. ..
12 Fowls

8 14
3 IG

1 4

2 11
1 7

41 produce

Expense!
29 bushels of Barley . .
6 bushels of Barley Meal . .

14 lb. of Rice

Wages for attendant for the year

19

Loss in year 1847 19

Abstract of Accounts from January 1 to Dcceiuijcr, 1848.

January 1, 1848 —Value of stock £12 10

December 31, 1848—

80 Fowls £6 0 0

20 Chickens 1 10 0

14 Guinea Fowls 1 15 0

9 Turkeys 3 16 0

123

Increase in value of stock . . . . 0 9 0

3590 Eggs 12 10 6

IS Fowls >

95 Chickens i

23 Turkeys .. .. .. )- 22 0 34

6 Guinea Fowls . . . , |

■24 "Wild Ducks for sale . . J

Abstract of Accounts from January 1st to December 3lst, 1850.

January 1, 1850.— Value of Stock
December 31, 1850—

14 Turkeys
100 Fowls

15 Chickens
62 Guinea Fowls

191 produce
Increase in Value of Stock
4500 Eggs sold, and
40 Turkeys
67 Fowls
24 Chickens
73 Ducks
12 Guinea Fowls

£4 16
10 0
0 15
7 15

7 12
12 10

;

216 produce

Expenses.
SO bushels of -Barley . . . . ^
42 bushels of Barley-meal . .
11 bushels of Tail Wheat
7 bushels of Pollard . .
Kice and Groats
Boy's wages and attendant's

salary

Gain in 1850

37 15 9

a 3 li

43 IS 10^

48 18 lOi

Abstract of Accoit/nts from January 1, to December 31, 1851.

January 1, 1851— Value of Stock £33 6

December 31, 1851—

14 Turkeys

16 Chickens
100 Fowls

65 Giiinea Fowls

£4 13
0 16
10 0

8 2

23 1-2 3

195

Increase in Value of Stock
4500 Eggs sold
44 Turkeys
136 Fowls
58 Wild Ducks
56 Guinea Fowls

204 produce

Expenses.
87 bushels of Barley
52 bushels of Barley-meal . .
13 bushels of Pollard
6 bushels of Tail Wheat
5 bushels of Beans . .
Rice, Groats, and sundries,
Attendant's and Boy's Wages
Gain in 1851

J

0 6

12 10

42 IS 3i

85

These results may not be considered great, but still
they show that poultry pay. To do so, however,
they must have as much food as they require— that is,
as much as they will eat up at a time when it is given
them. Neither must they be allowed a certain measure
per head, for some will lay more freely than others,
and on that account they will require more food.
They cannot produce good eigs on short allowance, or
poor food; and in addition to this they require a
comfortable domicile. Prom experience I advocate
the adoption of glass, or partly glass houses, in pre-
ference to the kind of house generally employed.

Damp kills poultry in a variety of ways ; therefore
they should not be sub.iected to it. Warmth, light,
and cleanliness, are at all times essential to their pro-
ductiveness and health. Cold air and dirty food
generate innumerable diseases in their case, as well as
in that of the human race ; and if these remarks only
induce greater care than is usually bestowed on their
management, they shill not have been made in vain.

In my ne.xt paper I shall advert to the treatment of
the conimon fowl generally kept for domestic use.
Land Steward.

166 Produce.

Expensus.
41 bushels of Barley . .
19 bushels of Barley-meal . .
6 bushels of Tail Wheat . .
. Poultry attendant's wages
Boy's do. to assist . .

— 36 5 'Ji

9 4 U
3 15 0
13 6
10 0 0
1 IS 0

■ 35 5

Abstract of Accounts from Jmnmry 1 to December 31, 1849.

;4 4
2 0
8 0
1 10

January 1, 1849 — Value of Stock
Deeember 31, 1840-

12 Turkeys

16 Guinea Fowls

80 Fowls . .

20 Chickens

183
Increase in value of Stock . . . . 2 13 0

4100 Eggs sold 12 5 3

22 Turkeys sold \
55 Fowls

44 Chickens [ 21 IS 0 J

15 Guinea Fowls 1

41 Wild Ducks J

177 produce

Expenses.

51 bushels of Barley 15

18 bushels of Barley-meal

10 bushels of Tail Wheat

Rice and Groats

■Wages tor attendant and boy

11 17

3i

27 5 54
9 10 10

Home Correspondence.

Sitpeiyhosphates, (?-c. — In your impression of
August 2-lth a correspondent asks for information on
this subiect; a pamphlet by Alfred G. Look,I{,edbridge
Vitriol Works, Southampton, printed by Gutch, 154.
High Street, Southampton, price 'is. 6rf.— may be of
use to him. I have one, and intend to work by it.
Would " Agricola, Pershore," who writes in a recent
Agricultural Gazette, enlighten us a little more as to
the make and use of Hardy & Padmore's iron stoves,
giving the full address, as they might be found useful
for other purposes than are mentioned by him ?
Various suggestions have been made from time to time,
and new plans for securing the harvesting of our crops
are submitted to the thoughtful consideration of our
farmers, still I cannot agree with "Agricola" that
they would bother our old farmers, who would rather
go on in the old-fashioned jog-trot way, as I
am not quite sure our landlords would either put up
(or consent to its being done) an enclosed drying house,
with stoves, bellows, &c., as "Agricola" recommends.
And why does "Agricola" ask us to use "the new
inventions of our amateur farmers" if, as "Agricola"
says, " I farm a large tract of corn and Grass land, and
harvest a large quantity of corn ; but I always leave
the corn to the wind and sun to dry it, never resorting
to artificial help, such as wind instruments, &o. ? (Qy.,
what about the bellows and stoves?) To the best of
my reooUection I have never had any corn injured by
the weather ; but by carrying it too soon, or by inat-
tention in turning it, or by some fault of my own I
have sometimes injured it, but not through the
weather. Parmers should exercise patience, trust an
over-rnlin" Providence, and there is a promise that
'seed time and harvest shall never fail.'" Most
excellent advice! Now "Agricola" admits that
by common attention, leaving the corn to the
wind and sun to dry it, his large quantity of
com can be got up uninjured ; if so, on what
ground does he come forward and recommend
"half-a-dozen blacksmith's bellows," and "half a
dozen of Hardy & Padmore's iron stoves," and taunt
our farmers with their want of common sense and
energy ? Does " Agricola " himself believe in the
above appliances ? Does he consider his plan feasible ?

If so, with his large quantities of corn at stake, he
seems to be one " who would rather go on in the old-
fashioned jog-trot way, and leave these new inventions
to our amateur farmers." Quite right ; and he might
add, " see that they (the farmers) have a proper written
agreement, in which the landlord's and tenant's
interests are fairly and reasonably protected. Drain
the land, stock well, use cake and manures freely but
judiciously, use the hoe and other pulverising and
cleaning implements as often as you can, so as to keep
the straw free from Twitch and other weeds. Do not
talk too much of what you can, or ought to do ; but
set to work to be attentive to turning and carrying of the
croosinpropertime." Farmers certainly require patieno^
and" let them trust in an over-ruling Providence, and
leave these new invention "to " Agricola," and our
amateur farmers. Preaching and practice best go
hand-in-hand. West Indian.

The Wheat Saraest.—I fear the subjoined extract
represents too truly the condition of our Wheat
harvest. In this county I have ascertained from
various sources,especially from the travelling threshing
machine owners, that there is a general disappointment
in regard to the quantity of Wheat grain, while the
straw is frothy and superabundantly disproportionate.
In a former ' letter to you I calculated the loss by
stem-rotting or root-falling as from 10 to 20 per cent.
I fear that it is even more than that, especially where
the land is highly fanned and thickly sown. Thai
latter is a serious evil this year. No field of Wheat oa
this farm will yield less than 5 quarters per acre, the
quantity sown being only 1 bushel per acre ; 6 acres
have yielded 6 quarters per acre, and 16 acres over
5 quarters per acre. With the quantity of straw we
have this year on this farm the Wheat grain should
(as in 1865 it did) yield 7 quarters per acre, but ths
season has caused it to fall short from 1 to 2 quarters
per acre. It is evidently very difficult to arrive at a
correct estimate as to the yield of our growing crops,
and quite impossible to do so by a flying survey by
rail. On close examination, especially of laid crops, the
kernels will be found small, in many cases shrivelled,
and densely encased by chaff. The ears, too, are small.
We hear nothing this season of corn shelled out by the
wind, or bursting through its chaff, as was the case m
the abundant vear of 1863. It certainly appears now
clear to me tliat our Wheat harvest must fall short
of an average. J. J. Meehi, Tiptree Sail, Sept. 7.—
" In South Bucks, where the land is well cultivated and
the crops of straw are very large, the yield will be very
deficient, owing, I beheve, to the late frosts and to the
wet weather in July; the Wheat was beaten down and
much blighted, and the straw, which to us is an impor-
tant article, is of a dirty-brown colour, instead of being
bright ; there are a few exceptions where the soil is
light and gravelly, and where the corn stood up. I
have threshed by my steam power 12 acres of what in
June I considered my best crcp of Wheat, and which
I estimated would produce four loads of straw and from
4i to 48 bushels of white Wheat per acre ; requiring
about 12 trusses of straw (36 lb. each) to yield a sack ot
Wheat. I am greatly disappointed at the result,
having only 3| loads of straw (very bulky and very
light) and 24 bushels of Wheat per acre ; and this
I fear is the case generally in this neighbourhood ; all
the farmers who have threshed Wheat report the yield
as verv bad." .

Thin Sou'ing.— Wishing well to British agriculture,
and looking to the production and economy of our
food as a paramount principle, I feel bound and justi-
fied, on public grounds, to protest against a practice
in British agriculture which annually, and this year
particularly, causes a loss and deterioration of food^ to
an enormous extent— I mean the practice of sowing
too thickly. If this rule had been deduced from a
comparative trial of various quantities suitable to the
peculiarities of soil, climate, and manurial conditions,
there need be no objection, but I know that too gene-
rally it is not so ; but we are following an old custom,
established when broadcasting was the only ™J'"''. °J
sowing, very imperfect and uncertain as compared with
the new and accurate deposit of seed by drill. I his
and the modern high-farming system of draining,
deeper cultivation, and forcing great growths by cake
feeding and artificial manures, demands and necessi-
tates a'muoh more limited quantity of seed, especially
as the modern dressing and blowing machines separate
and withdraw all light and imperfect kernels, hee
what has taken place this year. Tens of thousands ot
acres of corn crops have been prematurely laid Hat to
the ground, weeds and Clover growing through them
and tying them, as it were, to the damp earth, thus
producing mildewed and imperfectly developed kernels,
and deteriorating the sample so much as to diminish
its value 10s. or more per quarter. The loss thus
entailed is probably 2?. to 3?. per acre in quality alone,

I

by comparative trials, established, as regards this farm,
quantities of seed suited to its peculiar circumstances.
The result is a return or increase of from 40 to 56 for
each kernel sown, with a perfect quality of grain and
straw, while the average of England gives, according to
one of our best authorities (JMr. James Caird), a return
of only nine for one. The cause is obvious— an early
and Grass-like vegetation of crowded plants compete
injuriously for their food in the soil, like an un-
thinued plantation or Turnip crop, and thus weaken
or destroy each other. So dense a vegetation shuts
off communication between the air and the soil, cul-
minating in a prematurely laid crop, with all its evil
consequences. The quantities of seed suited to this
farm are 1 bushel of Wheat per acre, 6 pecks of Barley
per acre, and 2 bushels of Oats per acre. The average
quantity of Englandis, according to Mr. Caird (p. 522),
Wheat 3 bushels, Barley 4 bushels, Oats 5 bushels per
imperial acre. With high farming I find even my

Septembeb 14, 1867.]

THE GARDENET^S' CTTT^ONICLE ANT) AORTrUTTTTRAL GAZETTE.

963

quantitios too large in oertain seasons, and I am
gradually diminishing them. Indepenrlent of qimlity
and produce, the mere saving ol' seed is worthy ot
national consideration, for according to Mr. Caird's
reliable statistics (p. 622), the qiniiitilics of graia used

annually as seed on the 1 l.niMl.qoil
England alone (leaving out Irclaud,
Wales,) are —

nrable acres of
Scotland, and

Qi-3.

1,281,281

ro8.;i7.?

Wlieat

Barley . ,

OfttsaudHye 1,2.7(1,(100

.3,2;lii,(i.lC

At present prices these would be worth about
6,800,000/., and certainly half that amount might be
saved, and an enormous incrcaso in produce be
additionally obtained. British agriculture is so vast,
and of siicii jiaramoimt interest, than when we deal
with the i;i),(liio,()00 of acres of the United Kingdom a
single shilling per acre amounts to .3,000,000/. sterling.
Taking the landlord's capital as only 20/. per acre and
the tenant's capital as 4^. jjer acre, hero is a vast grand
total of 1. '140,000,000/., or twice the amount of our
National Debt. There is much to be saved and more
to be gained by treating such a vast interest on com-
mercial principles, and emancipating it sis much as
possible from the shackles of old customs and preju-
dices no longer suited to this age of steam-excited pro-
fress. /. .7. Mi'c/ii, Tip/ree IlaU, Au(l. 23 (hi the Times).
'.S.— This season, so far as this farm is concerned,
will be a very profitable one. We have just threshed
6 acres of white ^^'heat ; the produce, 0 quarters i)er
acre, sold yesterday at G4.S. per quarter. Fifty more
acres are estimated to produce from 5 to 0 quarters.
Barley of malting quality from fi to 7 quarters; Oats,
9 to 10 quarters; and Beans, 7 quarters— thus proving
the propriety of the quantity of seed previously named
for this farm.

Foreign Correspondence.

Victoria: Sheep Farming in Anstrirlia— There
has been a gre.at deal of hasty legislation in this as in
all new countries, especially those that have grown into
such magnitude in so short a space of time. Thirty-
two years ago there was not a white man where now
cities flourish, railways are formed, and industry
receives the rewards of enterprise and perseverance.
Before the gold discoveries it was exclusively a pastorai
country, but with the large influx of population occa-
sioned thereby, and after the time had passed when
men had in many places only to put their spades into
the ground and they found wealth almost on the sur-
face, numbers turned their attention to the cultivation
of the soil; and as the difficulty of getting gold
increased, in just a proportionate ratio more attention
was paid to agriculture, until the demands of the
people required a change in the laws which had pre-
viously placed the lands almost entirely under the
control of the squatters, or the large station-owners.
An Act was then passed opening the lands for selection,
at an upset price of 1/. per acre. Also, after survev,
in 18S2, a further Act was passed by which land could
be taken up, on deferred payments, at 2s. M. per acre
for six years, and then they had the fee-simple at 1/.
per acre. But it was thought that many who had
paid such large sums for their land originally were
not in a fair competition with those who had paid only
such a comparatively small price. So it was enacted
that certificates should be granted to such original
purchasers, entitling them to choose more lands
on certain conditions, at an upset price of 1/, per
acre ; and the Act also provided that land in various
quantities could be selected by others than the
holders of certificates, under similar conditions and
regulations. These lands were all surveyed, and sup-
posed to contain a great portion best suited for agri-
culture. In this manner large areas, in different
parts, say from ."iOOO up to 1.5,000 acres, were decl.'ired
open for selection, and each certificate-holder had a
right to select fresh lands in proportion to the number
of acres held by him. I may say, parenthetically,
that it was not necessary for a certificate-holder to
confine his right of .^election to any one place. The
certificate gives him right to choose any part of the
colony open for selection. In the first place, no
person could select more than .320 acres, it being the
object of the Legislature to get a large number of
people on the lands : and as some of the areas declared
open contained land of extraordinary richness, it
followed that there would be a great rush to get those
parts. Consequently a regulation was issued which
notified that on a certain day, duly advertised, a
land officer would attend at a place stated, wliere
oertifioate-holders .should appear and hand their names
to him. The names were placed in a lot, and, when
all had been deposited in and well shaken up, a name
was drawn, and this person had the first chance of
choosing the best land up to the amount his certificate
represented, and so on until the whole of the land
then open was selected, and the certificate-holders
remaining over and not drawn would have to go to
fresh districts for their chance. An arrangement of
this sort was necessary, for at some places as many
as from 2000 to .3000 persons assembled. The
selections were fixed at diETerent times to prevent
clashing, A condition was attached to each— viz.,
that tlie land selected should be improved within a
certain time, by residence, fencing, &c. Nor had they
power to sell for a certain number of years, tiius
ensuring settlement. Evasions, however, were made
by canitnlists, in this way: though the land could not
be sold, the certificates could, and they were sold up to
as much as 1/, per acre, and the purchasers of these
certificates attended on the day for selection, some with
as many as 40 or 50 persons, termed "dummies," to
whom the certificates bought were handed audi their 1
names given in, but they had to sign a transfer iu '

blank first to the real parties behind, so that if their
names were called, and they selected, the description
liad only to \w filled in, and they got sums varying from
5/. to 20/. for their trouble. No doubt they could turn
round on their emjiloyers and stick to their snlcr;tioii
il" thev chose, and great amusomeut was occasioned :it
limes by some actually doing this; but the great bulk
behaved honourably, so far as the word honourable
c;an bo associated with such a gross abuse of the Act.
IJy this means a very largo area of country has been
brought into cnllivatiou. aud the jicoplo are rapidly
settling on the lands in all directions ; and, as a conse-
quence, wo liavo become a self-supporting country,
and, ere long, wo .shall bo exporting the staff of life, as
South Australia (from Adelaide) is doing this year, to
England. It will give some idea of tho eircot of this
sottlemeut on tlie lands when I mention that two
years ago wo imported from 70,000 to 80,000 tons of
corn, itc, and now we grow all we want ourselves.

Another branch of industry is greatly on the increase,
namely, cultivation of the Vine. Thousands of acres
are devoted to this purpose, and some of the wine is
jironouuced equal to any made in France or Germany.
In some districts it is drunk in preference to beer, and
in a few years I have no doubt Victoria will ship a
hogshead to England for every glass of wine she
ships now.

I will now advert to the pastoral tenants, who have
stations varying from 20,001) to 200,000 acres, and even
more. One firm of three or four brothers, the Messrs.
M^ilson, shear about 400,000 sheep. Their income from
wool alone is said to be upwards of 80,000/. per annum.
The common extent of stations is from 15,000 to 30,000
sheep. The wool of a sheep averages say 2| lb., which,
at Is. 6d. for washed wool, would give a yield of over
4s. per sheep, and this would give, for a station of
20,000 sheep, 4000/. for wool alone. It is always con-
sidered that the increase pays expenses, including rent
and living ; the latter is not much on the station, and
the rent is about 8f/. per sheep ; thus, with an outlay
of 20,000/. a man has 4000/. a-year to put by. This, in
10 years, adding the accumulating interest— colonial
interest is 10 per cent.— will make him worth 50,000/.,
independent of his original outlay. The wool grows
and the sheep increase without our labour ; all that is
required is careful superiutendence. There is no life
like the squatter's; but in the year 1870 there will be
a material change made, for in that year all the pastoral
leases will fall in, and it is thought that these large
runs or stations will be cut up, and instead of one man
realising a gigantic fortune, openings will be made for
meu of moderate capital to step in, and that ten will
occupy the place of one. This will double the produce
of sheep, and consequently wool, in the colony; for it is
well known that 10,000 acres will carry a much larger
quantity of sheep when properly paddocked off into
twos and threes of thousands of acres, and letting the
sheep scatter over them, than by feeding, as at present,
in flocks. They generally number from 1500 to 2500 in
a flock, and thus destroy more Grass bv treading
it down than by eating it. 10,000 acres' of mode-
rately fair land thus paddocked will feed 0000 sheep,
which will cost about 10s. each, or 3000/.; build-
ing house, fencing, and other et ceteras, will cost
about 1500/. more, making 4600/. capital required.
Of course, wdien I name 6000 sheep, that is only to
show re.5ults from that number ; there will no doubt
be smaller runs, to suit persons with lesser means. The
returns would be: wool, 4.5. Od. per sheep— for with
only 0000 sheep more attention can ha paid to them,
and thus make the wool better— 1350/.; the increase will
yield as much more, or say for certain, 1150/. : total,
2500/. Cost : rent, 300/. ; shearing, 14/. per 1000, 81/. ;
wool packs, carriage to market, &c., 100/.; two
shepherds, being all that are necessary, 100/. ; expenses,
head station, and brokerage, 500/.— 1081/. ; leaving
1400/. per annum to put by. This is a fair calculation,
lor with that number of sheep no overseer is required ;
the squatter can do all that is required himself, and
500/. per annum is amply sufficient to secure all the
comforts of life in moderation. This is a matter well
worth the attention of capitalists at home. I know of
no mercantile business to compare with it, so free,
comparatively, from care, and reduced almost to a
certainty. Of course, adverse seasons will come, but
the above calculation gives a fair average.

I will only just add that no person, unless he has
been here, has an idea of the fineness of the climate.
Sunshine is in the ascendant, and with an air so pure
and dry that, with care, a man's span of life might be
increased from three score and ten to five score ! [The
above appears in the Inverness Courier, from Mr. H.
Macdonald, a native of Ross-shire, who has settled in
Victoria.]

Staffoedshibe : Meelint; at Liclifield.—Mter two
blank years, from the dangers of the cattle plague, this
association has again come before the public with all
the renewed vigour which a season of rest imparts.
And there was a good show of horses, an unusual
collection as regards numbers of sheep, and the
ordinary muster for a county of pigs, while a large
tent of fine flowers and exotics, another of fruit and
vegetable garden produce, another of cheese and farm
roots, and yet another of poultry, made altogether a
capital exhibition. Then there was the usual
machinery in motion as well as in dumb show.

The renewed vigour we have referred to displayed
itself in the energy with which the stewards and other
officials endeavoured to make every arrangement that
would attract visitors to the Show .ground, and enter-
tain them when they had entered. The most attractive
feature thus arranged was the trial ground for horses,
but more particularly for the hunter classes, for there
was a good pasture of 4 or 5 acres to gallop round, and
at each side was a row of hurdles well topped with '

furze for trying tho leaping capacity of horses required
to go acro.ss country. These trials were made in a set
form bel'oro the judges, and afterwards imlividual exhi-
bitions were in,ado at frccinent interv.als, and th6
hunter classes were taken out again collectivoly in the
afternoon.

The horses, cobs, and ponios were altogether a very
rospootablo show. 'J'ho Isl class was composed of
entire horses for agricultural purposes, 10/, being
awarded to Mr. Yeornans for his " Black Prince," a
short, thick, poddy and fat but active horse ; and 6/.
to Mr. AVallis, of Tainworth, for " Voun(! Samp.son," a
very clean legged, round barrelled, active .7-year-old
groy. Tastes and opinions, wo need scarcely say, are
numerous about horses; but if there be nothing the
matter, as regards soundness, with the grey more
than an off-hand inspection could delect, wo should
unhesitatingly have given the 1st to him instead
of placing him second to the "Black Prince." Geldings
in pairs were useful, but there was nothing crack about
them ; 10/. was given to Mr. Whitgrave, Barton ilanor,
Stafford, and G/. to Mr. Dean, Kugelcy. Mr. Joseph
Beach, The Hattons, Breewood, also exhibited a fine
Avorking pair. Mares and foals were three only, Mr.
Selby, Lichfield, getting the prize of 8?. The 3-year-
old fillies were a plain class, Mr. Nadan's 6/. prize, and
Mr. Coxon's conimended animals being exceptions.
Tho yearling geldings or fillies were not handsome.

The strength of this Show lay in the hunter and
other lighter classes. There were IG entries in Class 6
— hunting horse or mare, without restriction to age
(open to all England)— the prizes for which were :
1st, 20 guineas, given by the tradesmen of Lichfield;
and 2d, 10/,, by W. Holland, Esq. The Ist was taken
by Captain E. V. Heygate, of Buckland, Leominster,
for a 5-year-old "black brown" gelding, with great
reaching powers, much strength, and fine hunting
movements. The 2d, Lieut.-Colonel R. H. Fitzher-
bert's, of Uttoxeter, is a most elegant and beautiful
moving bay for a flat country, or with a very
light weight across enclosed fields. Mr. Gilman, jun.,
brought out 'a 7-year-old gelding, of great power and
excellent capacity. This horse w.as said to be Irish,
but he had the stamp of a Clydesdale dam, his sire
being, according to his entry, Tom Steel. He was
highly commended, as was another of Capt. Heygate's,
the brother of the 1st prize, but a year younger, the
sire of them being the Erd. For " 4-year-old geldings
or fillies" two prizes were offered, 16/. and 10/, by the
gentlemen of Mr. Myuell Ingram's Hunt." Mr.
G. B. Keeling, of Penkridge, took the 1st with a very
fine and beautiful-moving weight-carrying bay,
16 hands 1 inch high. The plate and shoulder of this
animal are excellent, and his legs almost everything
that can be desired. A slight plainness about the
under jaw prevents this horse from being
altogether beautiful as well as excellent. Mr.
Stirrup, of Cheadle, took the 10/. These prizes were
not to be awarded " unless the animals were con-
sidered to be worth 70 guineas."

In harness horses or mares, Mr. Tyler, of Birming-
ham, took 71., with an uncommon neat hackney; and
Mr. John Coxou the 2d, 4/., with his good old brown
mare.

Mr. G. Cheetham, of Lichfield, took the 7/. prize for
a very clever 13 hands 3 inches bay cob ; and John
Hardy, Esq., M.P., 5/., for an equally meritorious aged
grey pony ; Mr. Roberts, of Liohfieid, taking 3/. as 2d
in the pony class.

The entries in the above classes were 94. The
judges in the Hunter and Hackney classes were Mr.
Rahd.all, of Chadbury; Mr. Congreve, Rugby; and
Mr, Cartwright, of Wolverhampton. Messrs. F. Hop-
wood and J. W. Ladkiu were j udges of the agricultural
horses.

The sheep were a great show, there being 103 pens,
besides the novel collection of 100 ewes from the flock
shown by Mr. Brown, Sandhills; and 20 most excel-
lent ones by Mr C'oxon, of Treeford. For both these
lots Silver Medals were given by the Society.

The long-wool classes were not much of a show, for
there is but little long-wool breeding in the Midland
Counties, and but little crossing. The sheep that were
shown were principally Lincoln, or largely impregnated
with tha,t more thrifty breed. There were only a few
pure Leicesters. The 1st for rams was taken by Mr.
Foster, Alkmonton, Derby, for a sheep bred by Mr.
C. Clarke, Asbby, Lincolnshire ; Mr. Johnson, Kir-
kinton, taking the other prize. Mr. Johnson also took
both prizes for Lincoln lambs in a long-woolled class.
The females, both ewes and lambs, in these classes were
both few and mean.

The "Shropshires and black or grey-faced sheep"
were a strong show of G4 pens. Mr. Way, El ford, took
the 1st prize and Silver Medal for the best animal,
which is an enormous sheep with great character f^or
flesh and wool. Had the poll of this sheep been suf-
ficiently covered, he would have made a great price for
ram breeding. Mr. Bradburn's 2d is also a big sheep,
with a good head. The shearling rams were a weak
class, the only sheep worth notice being Mr. Holland's,
of Lichfield, the 1st, which he bought at Mr. Coxon's
sale, and Mr. Ma.y's highly commended sheep. The
value of this sheep to a black-faced flock would pro-
bably not be appreciated by very offhandjudges, as his
merits consist more in wha' he is likely to do, than in
what he really is, although his appearances are any-
thing but insignificant: hence he was only highly com-
mended by men who did not know his character. The
ram lambs were numerous, but not super-excellent.
Mr. Stubbs, of Stockton, Stafford, took both prizes
with highly fed lambs that are not likely to be heard
much of hereafter. Mr. Coxon sent a good lamb, that
only wanted a better covered and less sour head to
have been in a better position. Mr. W. Tates, Grindle,
sent two that were deserving of a verbal compliment.
The breeding ewes were excellent as a whole. Mr.
Coxon could not be beaten on this ground, and he was

964

THE CtARDENEES' CHEONICLE AND IGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Septembee 14, 1867.

1st ; Mrs. Baker, of Grendon, taking 2d, and a highly
commended ; while Mr. Bradburn was fairly com-
mended.

In shearling ewes Mr. Coxou was again 1st with an
extraordinarily good pen, as he was in ewe lambs for a
very promising lot. In the shearling ewes Mr. Joseph
Beach's were scarcely inferior to Mr. Coxon's, and Mr.
Beach, who was hero also 2d to Mr. Coxon, was again
as meritoriously beaten. An interesting feature here
was the offer of a cup for pens of 10 lambs ; there were
six entries, but, excepting Mr. Way's, of Elford, to
which was awarded the cup, they were all more or
less weedy. There were some fat wethers, too, and
Mr. Beach's prize pen are so fine of character, with
dark long faces and good tufts on their poll, and so well
fed, that Ihey will probably be heard of in a conspicuous
position about Christmas.

Some prizes were offered for the best sheep not
trimmed, but if this question were worth discussing, it
could be easily shown that the temptation to "' touch
up" points is too great to be resisted. More than one
animal had evidently been " improved." An animal in
this class had been trimmed from head to tail. It is
only fair to say, however, that this was an erroneous
entry. "VVe ventured to make a suggestive remark
about trimming a sheep's head in the way this
was done, which was met by the shepherd with
the reply, " He be our'n, an' we dq'u as we likes
with'n." Good ! and a very good imitation of an
escaped "gaol bird" — the sheep we mean— he was.
"What everybody else is trying to get this sheep had
out off because it was there ! In these classes Mr.
Bradburn took four prizes, Mr. Coxon one 1st, Mr.
Joseph Beach another 1st, and Colonel Dyott one 2d.
There were some single sheep also, in which Mr.
Beach and Mr. Coxou were again successful. Six pens
of 20 lambs of any breed finished up this department.
These were all Shropshires, all commended, the
5Z. and SI. prizes being awarded respectively to Mr.
Grindley and Mr. Green.

The judges of sheep were Mr. John Woods, Mr.
lythall, and Mr. Thomas Horton ; and Messrs. W.
Tomlinson and J. A. Beale were entrusted with the
other long-woolled sheep, and pigs.

Among the pigs there were some very neat and good
animals, but the production of this branch of agricul-
tural produce is now so well understood that indivi-
dual criticism would be superfluous and suggestions
almost invidious. Mr. Tomlinson, of Eugeley, took
the 41. prize for a boar of a large breed ; and BIr. M.
Walker, of Anslow, Burton-on-Trent, for a sow of the
same. The latter gentleman was also 1st with " boars
of a small breed," " sows of a small breed," and with
"four pigsofthe same litter under six andnot less than
three months of age." The Marquis of Anglesea was
3d in both the classes for small breeds with a very neat
boar and sow, and Colonel Dyott .and Mr. Walker
deservedly received high commendations.

The cheese generally were not of fine quality ; Mr.
Chadderton's 1st prize Staffordshire " lumiis," and Mr.
Carrington's thin ones, however, were good.

The roots, and particularly the Potatos, were excels
lent, both for size and quality.

In the tent for garden produce and hothouse fruits
and plants there were some magnificent Muscat Grapes,
sent by the Earl of Lichfield, who also lent some rare
plants for adding to the interest of the stands.

The machinery department was almost unnoticed.
Mr. Underhill, however, created some attention ocoa-
sionally by running his locomotive engine, to show the
effect of his patent zig-zag wheel tyres, or rims. Jlr.
Joseph Beach, of the Hatton's Farm and Dudley Mills,
had a large stand of his appetising and stimulating food.
The remarkable increase of the use of this food is
shown by the fact, that upwards of 2000 agents are
selling it in London and the provinces.

Farmers' Clubs.

Peneith. — T/ie Game Lait's.— The proceedings were
opened by Mr. Thom reading the motion he had drawn
up on the paper he had recently read. The resolution
was as follows : —

" That it is the opinion of this Club that the Game L.aws and
the Assessed Tax Acts relating to g.ame certificates should be
repealed, the ordinary law of trespass being amply snfiicient
to protect the owners and occupiers of land against trespassers
(where such owners and occupiers devote theil" land to the
preservation of game)."

After some conversation Mr. Thom agreed to with-
draw the latter clause of the resolutioUj which is
within parenthesis.

Mr. Jamieson altogether dissented from the pro-
position for the total repeal of the game laws. The
fame laws were directed against only one class that he
new of, and that was the common poacher, who had
no right or claim to go upon any man's land for any
purpose whatever. Poachers made it their business
not to kill game in the daytime, but in the dead of
night when nobody knew or saw. It might be said
that persons could go upon land not to kill game, but
they were liable to an action for trespass. Nineteen-
twentieths of those persons who had land would not
go on to the other people's land to kill game without
leave, but the common poacher did, and if they did not
provide against that class the consequence would be
that there would soon be no game in the country.
Was that a state of things, he asked, that Mr. Thom
would like to see introduced ? He contended that a
law should be maintained for the protection of those
who jjreserved game against the class of persons he had
mentioned. He submitted that the law of trespass was
not sufficient, and said if there was not a law to
punish poachers who committed their depredations by
night they might bid farewell to game altogether, and
it would become a matter of history. He explained
the difference between the Scotch and EngUsh laws on
this subject, and said with regard to assessed taxes he

agreed with Mr. Thom that they should be repealed so
far as they relate to a man killing game on his own
farm, but if he went beyond his own farm he ought to
pay for a licence like other people. He pointed out
that when a man took a farm he had the making of
one-half of the bargain, but perhaps a little tincture of
the Scotch law might be useful if introduced. In con-
clusion, he said on the whole he could see very little
to amend in the game laws. The small landowner was
in the worst position, because the common poacher
preyed upon him, and he had not the means to
prosecute him. The only amendment he could see
was that if a landlord was a determined and inveterate
game-preserver, there ought to be some limit beyond
which he should not go, and if a farmer could make out
any case against him he should have some redress
against over-stocking.

Mr. HoGAETH said it was clear that if a man had
a few heads of game he could not keep them if poachers
were allowed to go about in the night time and destroy
them ; but there was another expense to which the
ratepayers were subjected, and that was for the
prosecution of poachers. Who were the men who
were now the mainstay of the poachers ? The police
had now the right to search any man they might iind
upon the road at an unseasonable hour, and they did
so sometimes when they had no reason. lu proof of
this, he instanced the case of one of his own men who
was out rather late on Sunday night on a sweetheart-
ing expedition. The policeman, who knew the man
very well, pounced upon him and searched his pockets
to see if he had any snares or nets, but not finding any
he then searched for picklocks. Now he wanted to
know whether policemen had that power. They were
sufficiently troubled with police-rates and poaching
without being troubled by a man meeting them on the
public highway and searching them. If the police had
that power the sooner that law was modified the better.
If Mr. Thom had taken a little advice and just intro-
duced the thin edge of the wedge, and said that the
common funds of the county were not for keeping men
to prosecute poachers, he would have been doing more
good than by trying to upset a law that had been and
would be beneficial. Those who paid the rates should
have something to say in the disposal of them.
After a .short general conversation,
Mr. Thoji said he had never himself suffered from
game, but he had read and seen by experience the
great ravages committed by game, where excessively
preserved, and he thought it was the duty of the
Penrith Farmers' Club to express their opinion on the
subject. It was calculated that the farmers of England
and Wales suffered more from the ravages of game
than they paid in taxes of all kinds, and in a. great
many counties it was an ascertained fact that one-fourth
of the produce of those counties was destroyed by the
g,ame. Every farmer knew tliat he had the same
difficulty and expense in rearing a bad crop as a good
one, and they paid the same amount for rent, taxes, and j
labour, and if the crop was destroyed by game they
could calculate their loss. Some members might
object to his wishing to do away with the game laws,
but he had read them over and considered them, and he
had come to the conclusion that any attempt to mend
them was quite out of the question. They were good
for nothing, and the only way to deal with them was
to repeal them altogether. Mr. Thom next referred to
a case heard before the Committee of the House of
Commons about 20 years ago. One witness told the
Committee that in the season he employed 20 men for
taking pheasant and partridge eggs, and rabbits to
stock gentlemen's preserves. He would like Mr.
Jameson to tell him the difference between the
receiver of stolen goods and the thief. He thought the
gentleman who bought them from the poacher was
50 per cent, worse than the thief, and yet that gentle-
man had the aud,icity to sit in judgment upon those
men who robbed other preserves to stock his own. He
pointed out that whilst the aristocratic poacher got
off scot-free, the poor labourer perhaps received
three months' imprisonment for his offence, and con-
tended that it was a class law, and a remnant of the old
feudal system. He was quite sure they would have
more game in the open country if every rierson was
allowed to shoot game on his own estate. He did not
think that winged game did any harm, but rather good.
Unless a candidate would promise to vote for the repeal
of the game laws and the malt tax — one of the most
unjust taxes a farmer had to pay — he would not vote
for him. In conclusion, he moved his resolution.

For some time Mr. Thom failed to find a seconder
to his motion.

Mr. HoGAETH thought an amendment such as he
held in his hand would be more like the mode of pro-
ceeding. It was as follows : —

" That the expense of prosecution of all poachers and the
cost of the preservation of game, as at present worked by the
county police, is unjust to the ratepayers : and that such
expense should be paid only by the game preservers."

The CHAIE5IAN ruled that this motion could not be
discussed that day.

Mr. Thom's resolution was then put, but only one
hand was held up in its favour, and that was his own.

The proceedings then terminated.

The Journal of Agriculture. September, 18G7.
26, Cockburn Street.
The current number contains many interesting
papers, one of which, or nearly the whole of it, con-
taining the letter of Abd-el-Kader on the Arab horse,
we have transferred to our columns. There is also the
vigorous address of Professor John Gamgee on cattle
plagues in general, and on the influence of the veteri-
nary profession, from which we malce the following
extract:—

"It is our duty as a body to prove that, under a
proper organisation, and acting under our advice, three
or four, millions sterling every year can be saved to the
community. We can render fruitful thousands of
acres of land which are lying waste ; we can economise
animal life so as to make ourselves quite independent
of the importation of live cattle ; and we can devise a
system whereby a rational and unrestricted free trade
in animal produce, rather than in the animals them-
selves, can be inaugurated and maintained.

" What has been our position since the cattle plague
appeared in 1865 ? Every suggestion made for years
back has slowly but surely been adopted. But by what
process? Having stated long before the rinderpest
appeared how it would reach our shores, when it came
we were laughed at, and the foreign dealers were
believed when they said that the filthy cow-sheds of
the metropolis were responsible for all the mischief.
Our recommendations to isolate, slaughter, and dis-
infect were characterised as barbarous and unscientific.
The Government adopted them, and in order to shift
its great responsibilities on to other shoulders, appointed
a Eoyal Commission. How were we represented
there? One veterinarian, and that one the representa-
tive of that important section of our profession who
never professed to know anything except concerning
the diseases of horses. A veterinary department was
created, and instead of initiating measures with that
courage and determination which springs from fulness
of knowledge and competency, it has always been
behind the times.

" We must not expect the Government, and much
less the veterinary department of the Privy Council as
at present constituted, to take the initiative in any-
thing : and it appears to me that veterinary associations
throughout the country should combine to organise a
committee which might watch the interests of the
public and of our profession, and insist on the proper
utilisation of knowledge, and reasonable limits being
placed on red-tapism and oflicial reticence. From the
continued prevalence of the cattle plague, the absence
of information concerning the origin and extent of
cattle diseases of all kinds, the ever-increasing price of
beef and mutton, and what is more, from the recent
revelations regarding the probable connection between
certain malignant diseases of animals and man, we
must not be astoni.shed if the influence of our profession
be not permanently injured unless some very decided
movement is made from within our ranks.

"A good work never can be begun too soon ; and this
very evening I beg to propose that we should address
to the Government recommendations which cannot,
in the public interest, pass unheeded. Let these
recommendations go forth to the world as emanating
from a profession which might have done mucli —
perhaps more directly than any other— for the pressing
wants of a great communit.v, had it been aided and
encouraged, instead of being assailed at all hands as
incompetent and weak. We can turn to the pages of
our veterinary journals— we can quote the Eissaults of
infuriated agricultural editors — we can unearth the
victims of a raging pestilence— in testimony of the
wisdom and foresight for which we deserve credit, and
of the stupid blindness and obduracy of those who
thought we worked from selfish motives in uttering
timely words of warning and advice. It is the duty of
our profession to unfold the pages of a few years'
history. It is due to themselves that the blame should
be heaped on the right shoulders, and our intereste
must suffer if we lack that esprit de corps and pluck
which are essential to ourlprotection against injuries
sustained and revilings continued.

"It is no phantom we are fighting with when we
speak thus. There is a deep-rooted prejudice against
our calling which is most dangerous to progress and
damaging to the world at large. We are so often told
that the veterinary profession is not what it should be,
that we are compelled in self-defence to look round
and ask what is done for our advancement. If any
one will read the debate in Parliament on the recent
proposal to establish scholarships with the fund
bequeathed by Mr. Brown for a hospital for animals,
he cannot but read with amazement how little is
thought of the cultivation of a science which, apart
from its influence on the develo[)ment of a new philo-
sophy, is of the most direct practical bearing in relation
to the comfort and prosperity of mankind.

" Where are the endowments of colleges, the scholar-
ships for students, the prospects of moderate support
to unselfish workers in the all-important field of vete-
rinary science ? So long as we prescribe balls, draughts,
and powders for sick horses and plethoric lapdogs,
the means of existence are not denied us ; but if we
contemplate increasing the rent-roll of Scotch lairds
by putting an end to scab and braxy— if we offer the
Cheshire landlords immunity from the disasters which
befell their tenants and themselves a few months since
— if we propose to work for the Irish peasant, and rid
the country of foul diseases which attack animals first
and then shorten human life — who is there, what is
there to encourage us in undertakings so great, so
urgently called for, and so thankless ? The cry which
met us in 1863, the efforts of agricultural associations
in 1864, are too fresh in our memories for us to forget
that for the moment the less they have or hear of us
the better."

The History of the Rise and Progress of the KiUerby,
Studleij, and Warlabij Rerds of Shorthorns. By
William Carr. W. Bidgway, 169, Piccadilly.
There is at present a larger number of educated men and
women in this country who take a direct and personal
concern in agricultural matters than ever there has
been till now. And of those who are thus stimulated
by a new interest, and guided by some amount of new
knowledge, much the larger proportion of our amateur
agriculturists are attracted by their pleasure in the
fold and feeding-ground rather than in the tillage

Septembee 14, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGEICTIETUEAE GAZETTE.

966

operations of the land. It is the live stock— the horse,
tlie cow, the sheep— that is the Rreat attraction of the
farm to them. Undoubtedly, therefore, Mr, Carr—
himself a well-read man and master of good English—
ha-s a largo public, to whom his extremely interesting
book will be heartily welcome.

But it is not by the amateur alone, nor even chiolly,
that his work will be received. If the great body of
amateur farmers has increased of late years, and the
number of admirers of the Shorthorn has been
recruited largely from without the bounds of agri-
culture altogether, there can be no doubt that witliin
those bounds the number who are directly interested
in pure bred stock has quadrupled or many times
increased. Mr. Strafford's herd book has a circulation
which the original editor, Mr. Coates, could not have
anticipated. And it is this largo body especially whom
Mr. Carr e.ipects to interest. The work itself is well
qualified to e.\cite this interest. Though professedly
confined to a history of the herds connected wilh the
name of Booth, it is really a discussion, illustrated by
their examples, of the whole art and policy of the
breeder. And in no better field could the author seek
his illustrations of such a subject than in the lives and
achievements of a family who stand among the highest
of those to whom we owe the present position of the
Shortbnrn breed. Wo make but one extract at present
from Mr. Carr's pages :—

" There are not a few who, disregarding the evidence
of facts that no cattle are more robustly organised than
those of Warlaby, have jumped to the conclusion that
they must be bred from too close consanguinities. It is
butfairtohearwhatwas Mr.Booth'sown opiniononthis
subject, and his reasons for it. Some time ago, accepting
the then prevalent notion that the Warlaby herd would
derive benefit from fresh blood, I ventured to suggest to
Mr. Booth the expediency of adopting a cross, when I
■was met by arguments to the following eSect: 'Have
any of the evils which are usually attributed to in-and-
in breeding manifested themselves in my herd ? Is
there any degeneracy in size, substance, or vigour in the
animals ? any tendency to premature age ? any lack of
milking or thriving disnosition in the cows, or of
capacity of fr.ame, or hardiness of constitution? Are
tile bulls (with one or two exceptions, such as must
occur in every herd) deficient in masculine character
and efficacy, or the sires of a puny or feeble offspring ?
or do they early become worn-out and unfruitful ?
And lastly, is there any tribe of Shorthorns that attains
a higher or even the same degree of condition on the
same food ? ' All of which questions it being impossible
to answer otherwise than in the negative, Mr. Booth
added, '^Because, if not, it is clear that the only con-
sideration that would justify me in haying recourse to a
cross, would be the discovery of a tribe which, besides
possessing in an equal degree vyith my own the qualities
"we have mentioned, are superior to them in utility and
symmetry.' ' Granted,' I replied. ' Where is it ? ' was
the pertinent but perplexing rejoinder. ' The result of
the last three crosses upon which I ventured,' con-
tinued Mr. Booth — ' Water King, Exquisite, and Lord
Stanley — has made me distrust the policy of any further
step in that direction ; nor have the results I have
witnessed of the experiments of others in crossing
animals of my blood with the most fashionable bulls of
other strains tended in any instance to remove that
distrust.' "

Miscellaneous.

The Hev. Canon Qirdlestone on Agricultural Wages.
— During the last 12 months you have been kind
enough on several occasions to insert letters from me
aboutthe wages and treatment of agricultural labourers.
I have to thank you, also, for having yourself noticed
favourably my ellbrts in behalf of that class of labourers.
Will you permit me, after a long interval, again to
report that I have now sent away in all no less than
90 labourers from this neighbourhood to other parts
of the country ? Of these 30 are married and with
families, almost all are doing well, and, still in their
own vocation of agricultural labourers, are in their
new homes earning — the married men from V2s. to 1/.
a week, with a cottage and garden rent free, together
with in some cases fuel and other privileges; the single
men board, lodging, washing.mending, and from 0.!. to Ss.
a week. The result of this movement is very encourag-
ing. Among the labourers — up to this time a rather
sleepy, untravelled, and immovable body— a spirit of
inquiry and enterprise has been roused. Many besides
those towards whose removal I have been instrumental
have of themselves found better wages in distant places.
Those who remained have learnt that a removal to
better-paid districts is not by any means as difficult a
matter as they once supposed. The farmers in every
part of this neighbourhood have raised wages from 7s.
to 8«., 9s., and, in some cases, even 10*. a week. They
have begun to treat their labourers with more kind-
ness and consideration. And much to their own
advantage, as well as ultimately to that of the labourers,
they have begun to make more general use of mowing,
reaping, and other machinery. In other parts of the
country farmers short of hands have learnt how easy
it is by means of the \d. post and Irf.-a-mile trains to
enlist the services of those at a distance, and have dis-
covered that it is well worth their while to do this, at
the cost of giving part and advancing the remainder
of the expense of removal, to be repaid gradually
out of wages. Thus the influence for good has
been much more extensive and important than
could have been anticipated from the means employed.
This success, though on a limited scale, has induced
me to invite the co-operation of several influential
persons in an attempt to give a more comprehensive
and permanent character to my own hitherto unassisted
and consequently partial eflbrts. We have established,
at 18, Serjeant's Inn, London, an institute and office
for the registration of the wants of both employers and

employed. In connection with this a circular, of which
I enclose a copy of the first number, will bo i.?suod
monthly, containing a list of tho above wants, the price
of labour in various districts, and other appropriate
information. District agencies, wilh a liber.al com-
mission, are likewise being gr.adually established in
various parts of the country, both to collect and supply
inlormation, and make known the wants of all parties
concerned. If this institute succeeds, of which tliere is
fair promise, it will practically establish free trade in
all kinds of labour. It will do much towards bringing
employers and employed more together, improving the
tone of feeling between them, and lessening the desire
for unions and strikes. It will have the efl'oot of
rousing the energies, atid, by facilitating the removal
of his capital to the best market, improving the
character and position of tho most depressed of all the
working classes— namely, the agricultural labourer.
The introduction of some of this class to new scenes
and spheres of action, made much more easy by the
institute above described, will leaven the whole mass.
The agricultural labourer will become a wholly
diiferent sort of man, will acquire new tastes and
habits, become more active and intelligent, will demand
and obtain better accommodation and wages, and
le.aru to value them and make good use of them ; will
himself be happier as well as more useful to his
employer; will, in short, keep pace with the times,
instead of being, as now, half a century behind them,
The large number of this class, the fact that they are
in reaUty the very bone and sinew of the country, the
certainty that they must before long be admitted to
the franchise, make it an object of paramount import-
ance that their energies should be roused and their
character and position improved, I do, therefore, most
earnestly invite all those who have sympathised with
I me in my personal endeavours to better the condition
of this class to co-operate heartily with those who are
endeavouring, by the establishment of this institute
. and circular, to advance on a much larger scale the
same important objeect, Edward Girdlestone, Canon
of Bristol and Vicar of Ralherton : Salberton
i'icarage, Tlrerfon {in the Times, Sept. 9,)

Freeford {Wolverhampton) Annual Sale of Shrop-
shires. — This was Mr, Wasfen's Mill annual sale, and
I as evidence of the turn the trade has taken in favour
1 of mutton in preference to wool, there were buyers
here from 15 counties. Lord Chesham, of Latimer,
j Bucks, was one of the company and one of the prin-
cipal buyers. The leading Shropshire breeders were
also present, as were several influential men of the
above town, among whom were Sir John Norris,
M.ayor ; Mr, J, Hartley and Mr, T. Evans,
The sale was conducted Avith Mr, Preece's usual
skill, and tho prices realised made the good
averages of 14/, 8.9, ad. for 50 rams, and .3/. Ss. 5rf. for 75
draught ewes. No 1 made 21 guineas to Mr. Dale ; 2,
30 guineas to Lord Chesham, who bought also No, 3 at
20 guineas, Mr, D.ale buying the next" at 25 guineas,
] Mr, Grimstone, No, 16 at 25, and a 3-shear at 30
i guineas, Mr, Sharpe, agent to Lord Aylesford, bought
j Pride of Pendford, 2-shear, for 40 guineas, and Mr.
( W'ardell, of Burton-on-Trent, bought the third 2-shear
' at32guineas. A larger complimentary and friendly com-
pany we have never seen together in the midland
counties, which says much for the respect in which
I Mr. Wasfen is held by his neighbours. Everything
passed ofl' in a manner which did great credit to our
hostess as well as host.

I Trial of Reapers at Dublin. — Thirteen reaping
I machines, including those of Burgess & Key, Hornsby,
I Samuelson, &c,, were tried during the recent Show upon
a 15-acre field of Oats — not a very favourable crop, from
the quantity of Grass, which formed a severe test. No
racing was attempted, the object being simply to
exhibit the mode of performance of each machine at
intervals throughout the day, rather than to test its
capabilities against time, A great concourse of persons,
apparently of all ranks in society, took the greatest
interest in the work— following up the machines very
closely, and freely commenting upon the respective
merits of the self-delivery swathers and sheavers and
themanualrake-delivery reapers. Harvesting machines
are being introduced into many parts of Ireland, the
trade in Grass-mowers being already very large ; in
fact, one firm alone has imported no fewer than 500
American Grass-mowers during the last hay season ;
and it is a matter of significance to those whom it may
concern that these labour-saving implements should
have met and passed on the Atlantic cargoes of
emigrant labourers from this land. Equal interest was
shown by the Irish agriculturists and other spectators
in the performance of Messrs, J, k P, Howard's steam-
cultivating apparatus. A 10-hoi-se portable-engine,
with " roundabout " tackle, broke up a piece of lea
ground by means of a three-share cultivator, the shares
being armed with prong stirrers, which raised, tossed,
and shattered the up-turned soil in a most efl'ective
manner. With the three-furrow plough some exceed-
ingly neat work was turned over, and at different
depths, to show the ability of the steam plough to
prepare land for Wheat seeding as well as for deep
fallowing. Steam tillage was exhibited a second time,
the operations including cultivating, digging, turn-over
ploughing, and harrowing. Messrs. Howard have
already four sets of steam tackle at work in the counties
of Du'olin, Kildare, Waterford, and Cork.

IriOWLKR'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
' CULTIVATOR may bo SEKN m WOUK In overy AKrloultural
County \u KiiKliiud,

For pfirtlcuUvra apply to John Fowi.Kn 4 t-0,,71, CorDhiU, London,
E,C, ; and titoam Plough WorkH, LeodH,

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Armlt WorkH, Gioenllold, noiir Manche«tor,
TANNERS. CURRIKRS.Jc MANUFACTaRKKS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATIIKR DKIVINU Si'RARS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAI' ana SOLE HUTT.S.
Price Lists aont froo by post.
Warohoufle: 81, Mark Lano, Lontloii, E.G.

Mr. H, Frrbaiiek, Agent.

COUNCIL,. "

Tho RlHht Hoa. W. Cowpor, M.P
Thomas HuKhon, Ksii , M.P.
WiiRer MorrlhOii, E»q., M.P.
JiLiiies Beal, Esq.
Edward Vansittart Nualo, Esq.
F. Pennington, Esq. (Treasurer).
E. Owen Groonlng, Eaq.
(Mauftglog Director).

£0, Parliameut Htroct, London.
4, Wan'en Street, Mancheuter.

UPPLTl^sTts Mr-mbers

with IMPLEMENTS and
MACHIN'F:Sb\ the best Makers,
and with UnadiiltLTited SEEDS,
MANURES, and Manufa-itured
CATTLE FOOD, at Wholesale Cost Price, upon the Co-operative
system. Exnlanatory Circulars po«t free, or on personal application
at tne Offices of the Aiiaociation. ^

Iron ClBterns.

FBRABY AND CO. having laid down extensive and
• Improved Machinery in their new range of buildings, Ida
Wharf, Deptkord, are now prepared to supply WROUGHT-IRON
TANKS. GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior quality, at
reduced prices, and at vory short notice.

LISTS OF TANKS

ON APPLICATION.

lii

F. BaAHv & Co.. Limited, Fitzroy Works. Euston Road, London.

w.

S. B 0 U L T 0 N ■ S

> nfUgftllon SWING WATER
BARF-OW. Price 45s. Cirriaije l^ald
to the principal Stations.

This is the best and cheapest
article of the kind yet introauced.
It can be used with or'without a Pooy.
Two Tubs can be had with one Car-
rinp;e, and a Sprefider if required.

Testimonials cnn be furnished from
all parts of tne duntry.

Powerful GARDEN ENGINE for
the atiovo, price 458.

Improved WATER and LIQUID
MANURE CARTS.

Illustrated Catalogue, with all par
ticulaiR, sent free on application to
W. S. EouLTON, Rose Lane Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

c

^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

COW FITTINGS.

Notices to Correspondents.

Cider Mill : H W C asks if any of our readers can tell him
which is accounted, by the best cider-makers of the day, the
best mill for making cider.

Grasses : M A. Your Grasses are— 1, Pea (Glyceria) aquatica,
the reed Poa of brooks and watercourses ; 2, Bromua mollis,
soft Brome, called "Lop," from its heavy seeds; 3, Alope-
curus pratenais, Meadow Foxtail ; 4, Aira ca;spitosa, Has-
sock or Tussac Grass, tall Uair-^ass, sometimes colled
" buU'pates."

Their advaiitagea are— Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and I'atent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, diunble, and impervioua to
infection, being all of iron. Price of Sittings per Cow, 66*.

Prospectuses free of Cottam k Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where tho
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvementa
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great
variety of patterns and materials, the plainer sorts being
especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, t;Lke up little
room, and once put down incur no farther labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, con-
sequently being much cheaper,

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., In Arti-
ficial Stone, of great durability, and In great
variety of design.

F. i G. RosHKR, Manufacturer, Upper Ground
Street. Blacklriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W, ; Kingsland Road, Klngaland, N.E.

Sole London Agents for FOXLEVS PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied,

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corridors, Balconies, ic, aa cheap and durable as
Stone, In blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TEbSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, Ac, Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of gi'eat durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Roshlr, at their premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses— 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 'is. per Ton extra
tor delivery within three miles, and to any London P..ailwayor Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Ic. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries wr ©rotto
Work. F. & G. RosB KB.— Addresses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

966

THE (lARBENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Septekbee h lae?.

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION,
CHEAP, PORTABLE, and EASILY FIXED.
SPAN-ROOFS (over 15 feet long), glazed and painted three coats.
with complete ventilation all over roof. necessMry water cutters and
ironwork, exclusive of ends, put on Rail in Lokdon, GLoticKSTen,
Coventry, Ulverstone, Paisley, or Aiji£bdken; 10 to Ifi feet wiiJe
inside, at 16s. to 24s. per foot mn. Illustrated CircuJare, with definite
pnces anu sizes, free on application to

Herewan & MoRTOK, 7, Pall Mall East, London, S.W.

JAMES WATTS and CO., HoTHorsE Builders and
Hot-waterAppar4.tcsMandpactdreiis, 353, Old Kent Road, S.E.
TWO HUNDRED CUCUMBER and MELON BOXES and
LIGHTS, and from 400 to 500 LIGHTS for PITS of all SIZES kept m
STOCK, Glazed and Painted complete, ready for immediate use.
Packed and sent to all parts of the kingdom. Public and Private
Buildings, Warehouses, &c., heated on the most approved scientiflc
and economical principles. References to tho Nobility, Gentry and
Trade In most of the Counties in England.

Heating by Hot Water.

HOT-"WATER PIPES, at Wholesale Prices, witli
Elbows, Syphons, Tee-Pipes, and every other connection ;
Wrought and Cast-iron Boilers, Saddle, Conical, Cylinder, Tdrdlar,
and Elliptic, from 24,s. each. Improved Boilers and Iron Stands to
use without brickwork, GOs. each. Valves from 10s. Gd. each. Patent
Valves, Improved Furnace Dooi-s, Furnace Bars, Supply Cisterns,
ajjd Castings of every description in stock, at

Mr. Lynch White's Iron Wharf, Upper Ground Street, Blackfrlara
Bridge, London, S. Price List on application.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31, Bantrside, London. S.E.
HOT WATER PIPES, from StocK, per yard :— 2-lncb, Is. IJd. ;
S-inch, Is. 9d. ; and 4-inch, 2s. 3d. BENDS, from Stock, Is. Cd., 2s. 6d.,
and 3s each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s. and l4s. each. Other
Connexions at equally low pnces, and all goods of first-clas-s manu-
feature. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day^ __^

c

OTTAM AND COMPANY

Conservatory and HoTHotisE Builders, &c..

Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.

SADDLE BOILERS. ^ ^

24 30 inches long.
46s. 65s. 92s. (id. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. 6d. 2s. Id. 2s. 9rf. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to
Cottam & Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street.
(opposite the Pantbeonl,
Oxford Street, London, W.

COIL CASE

^

r WATER APPARATUS

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
HORTICDLTDRE.
** Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South
Kjenslnyton.

Flans and Estimates free on application Descriptive Book fiiUy
lUusti-ated, pobt Iree for 20 stamps from the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Architect, Birmmtham

Works: Highgate Street, Binningbam.
Henbt J. GROTtTAQE, Manager, 1, Temple Row West, BirmlDgham.

Greenliouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Me. GKAY begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to his

NEW OVAL TUBXJLAB, BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every fonn of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for (juieknesa of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with
one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from Seport in Gakdeneks' Ciikonicle 0/ InUrnational ExhiUtion, May 24, 1882, page 476.

"The upright form of Boiler is usually made on a circular plan, rather than a square, it seems feasible that the Boilers on the oval

but the oTal form given to Mr. Gray's variety of it is said to be plan should bring the tubes more completely within range of the

preferable in consequence of its bringing the tubes in closer contact burning fuel ; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,

with the fire. The usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram is no doubt an improvement."

^^ They are made of all sizes, ivhich, with prices, may be had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DAN VERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOR HEATING CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE

RESIDENCES, ETC., 'WITH

Trviss's Patent TTniversal Flexible and Leakless
Pipe-Joints.

T. S. TRUSS

Begs to state that the immense number of APPARATUS annually Designed and Erected by him in all parts of
the kingdom, and for the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHISWICK,
with unrivalled satisfaction, is a guarantee for slciU of design, superior materials, and good workmanship ; while the
great advantages obtained by bis lilPRtJVED SYSTEM cannot be over-estimated, consisting of perfectly tight
joints with neatness of appearance ; EFFECTS A SAVING OF 2.5 PER CEN'I'. on cost of Apparatus erected
compared with other systems; facility tor extensions, alterations or removals without injury to pipes or joints ; can
be erected by any gardener; an ordinary size apparatus erected by one man in a day, and PILRFECTNESS OF
DESIGN SUPPLIED, INSURING NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle Boiler,
delivered to any Railway Station in England, and Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 2-5 miles oif
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large works.

TWO FOUK-INCH PIPES ALONG ONE SIDE AND ONE END OF HOUSE.

Size of House.

20 feet by 10 feet
30 feet by 12 feet
40 feet hy 1.5 feet

Erection. Size of House.

£2 0 0 50 feet by 15 feet

2 10 0 75 feet by 15 feet

2 15 0 100 feet by 15 feet

Bath and Gas Work erected in town or country. The Trade Supplied.

Apparatus Complete.

£9 0 0
11 1.5 0
15 0 0

Apparatus Complete,

Erection.

. £17 10 0

£3 0 0

20 0 0

3 0 0

26 0 0

3 5 0

Horticultural Suildings of every description from \s. %d, per foot superficial.
Price Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on application to

T. S. TRUSS, C.E., Consulting Hortioultural Engineer, &c.. Sole Manupactubee,

FRIAR STREET, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

Observe — The City Offices are now Eemoved to the Manufactory, Friar Street.

GUMMING & EDMONDS'

PATENT TUBULAR ARCHED SADDLE BOILER.

0^

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWAKDED for
Various Improvements in the Veutilation, Ciinhtruction, and
ApDlicattou ofWKOUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildln^is

.OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER
VA-TORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neuti-alize atmosolioric conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growch and richness of colour.

OUK PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazad roofs, are a complete
arraniicment.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (iis supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailini; result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
Improved system.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heiited upon the improved system, are calculated to securu
the gi'owth of first-class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES ara
eminently superior for all early work,

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PEIZIE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty.

These Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent,
and from tho complete adiustment of their constructioijal parts will
Tie most favourably with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges oi
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Cacalogues on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Dknnis & A. ScROBT, Horticultural Buildera and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

AWARDED

THE ONLY

FIRST-CLASS
CERTIFICATE

FOR

HOT-WAl'ER

BOILERS

AT THE

SHOW

OF THE

ROYAL
HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETY,

at BURY ST.

EDMUND^S,

July 16, 1867.

"We have received numerous and ilatiering TL'.stimoniflls of the efficiency of this Boiler, and in a report of the
Directors of the Royal Hortiiultural Society, April, 1S67, it is specially mentioned as " working very eMciently, and
mamtaming the lieat at stove temperature with a ■very small consumption of fuel.^'

We beg to draw attention to our superior designed CONSERYATORIES and HOTHOUSES of every descrip-
tion, and especially to our

NEW ORCHARD, STRAWBERRY, AND PLANT HOUSES,

wMch are "very cheap," and "ventilated" on a principle very much approved by all practical judges.

Having lately made considerable additions and alterations to our STEAM-POVER MACHIHEKY, we are bow
enabled to execute orders in the shortest possible time.

GARDEN BOXES, PIT LIGHTS, &c., at the lowest prices.
MANSIONS, CHURCHES, PQELIC BUILDINGS, 'WABEHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &o., HEATED by HOT
WATEK in the most efficient manner.

1^" Designs and JBstmates Free on application.

GUMMING ANi> EDMONDS,

PONSEEVATOEY ABCHITEOTS, HORTICULTUEAL BUILDERS, AND HOT WATER ENaiNEia!?,

LILLIE BRIDGE, RICHMOND ROAD, FULHAM, LONDON, S.W.,

Adjoining the W^est Brompton Station on tho West Loudon Railway.

Septembeb 14, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

967

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
flxerJ complota In iiny part of the country, or the mutoiials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipea, Ac. rtulivered to any Station.
Estlniatea on miplloation.
J. JoNBB 4 Snna, «. HiuikHldo. Sontriwark, London. S. B.

By Royal Letters Patent.

GSHREWSHUia'S NONI'ARKIL GAS BOILER.
• No. 1, I'nr 30 fiH't. ; No. 2, for I'O foot ; No. 3 for 200 foot of IMpo
A HOT-vVAriOIl Al'l'AltATUS ooiuplote. to Iloat a Small Connor
vatory, fjr lijti. pur day, for &5s.— G. Siiukwsiiiikv, LowerNorwooii.Jii

T. "aIiciTeii'^s *'F"kTG1 ~D 6 iM 0."—

E.

J • Patronised by lior Majesty the (iueen, the Duke of North
umberland for Syon Houso. his Grace the Duko of Uevonsliiro for
Chlswlok Qardous, Profosaor Lindloy for the llorticultiirnl Hocioty.
and Sir Joaeph Paxton for the Crystal Palace, Roynl Zoological
Society, &o.

PHOTKCTION from tho SCOUCniNG KAYS of the SUN.

" FKIGI OoMO" NErriNQ. White or lirown, made of prepared

Hairand W xil. a perfect non-conductor of heat or cold, keeping a

fixed toiiipiTaLuro where It la applied. It Is adapted for nil llortl-

oaltural and Florrculturul purposes, fur Preserving Fruits and

ITlowerd from tlie Scorching R .ya of the Sun, Irom Wind, from

Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To be had in anv

required lengths.

" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING. 2 yards wide. Is. 6d. per yard mo.

"FHIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide ls.9d. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3«. Grf. per yard.

Aq improved make, '2 yards wide .. Is. 9d. per yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 25. 8d. per yard run.
Elisha, TnoM.^s AncnER, Whole and Solo Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lano, (Junuon Street. City, EX., and of all Nursorymon aud
Seedfitnen throujihout the Kingdom.

" It IS much Cheaper than Mats as a covering."

VV^

rARNKtt'S SILICATE of IRON PAINT.

—The pccuiiarities and advantages of this
Paint are that it will stund extreme Heat and Damp,
and IB uot affected by Acid. Sea Water, Sulphuretted
Hydroiien, or Ammonia. It is e^iually well adapted
for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Every Shade of
Colour ground to order. Toe Creamy White and
Bright Stone will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of the
ftimu.'i of Gases- It has no smell, and there is an entire absence
of deletoriouH oOect.

WARNKHS ANTITKRMITE COMPOSITIOV is suitahle for
Felt Rooting, and is a Cheap Coatma; tor Iron Work, and preserves
Wood in India frum the ravages of the White Ant. Price Is. 3d.
jwr gallon.

17, Laurence Pountney Lano, Cauion Street, London, E.C.

CARSON'S ANTI-CURRUSION PAINT,
Patronised by the Nobility and Gentrv, is extensively used
for all kinds of OQT-DOOR WORK, and is proved, after a test
of 70 years, to surpass imy other Paint. It is especiallv aj>plicable
to Iron. Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo, aud is the only Paint that will
efTectually resist the rays nf the sun upon Conservatories, Green-
houses. I'>auies, &c. lb twice as dunible as genuine White Lead, so
simple in applic;ition that .any person can use it. Per cwt

WJJITK, LIGHT STONE, BATB, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 30s.

LEAD. CHOCOLATE, RED, PURPLE. BROWN, and BLACK 26s.

BRIGHT GREEN. DEKr' GREEN, and BLUE 42s.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS. TURPENTINE. VARNISHES, BRUSHES, &c.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Ports

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post free.

Walter Cabson & Soss,

La Belle S.iuvage Tard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.

Caotios. — All Casks should bear the Trade Mark. No Agents.

Oil Paint ZLO longer Necessary.

--^i^f^^^'^'^^^C^^D

HILL \m> SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
Eundredsof the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill 4 Smith will forward on
application.

From the Right Hon. Lord Greenock, TVood End, TkirsJc

"Lord Greenock has seen the P.itent Black Varnish made by
Messrs. Hill & Smith, applied with success, and has heard it highly
recommended by friends who have tested it extensively."

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. Sd. per gallon, at the
Man'ifactory, or Is, 8rf. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Hill ft Smith, Brierly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
2?, Cannon Street West, E.C, from whom only it can be obtained.

— ~7S0C0A^NUT~ REFUSE

^^ is becoming soahce, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s,, 10 for
16s,, 20 for 30«., 50 for &Gs,, 100
for £6.

Fourpenco allowed (or each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-office
Order, payable to J. Barsham A
Co.. Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

/;:tisHirRST

VX COMPOUND.

Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1859, against
Red Spider, Mildew, Thrips,
Green Ely. and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes. Is., 3s., and 10s. 6d.

Red
eplder

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CAKDLE COMPANr

(LlUlTED).

WATERPROOF C\PES for FARM SERVANTS,
or to any perannn at Work In the Fields a useful present.
Four ThouBund Socond-haiid POLICEMEN'S CAPES, In perfect
order, HIh., 18h.. and 22^. per dozen. LARGE CAPES. 3 feet deep,
lined with Bluo Cloth, ■In.: lined within 10 Inches of tlio bottom, 3s.
GAitDEN TAUPAULINGS. S foot by 4 feet 32,'*. per dozen.
R. RiyiiAaDsON, W, EuHton Road, London, N.W.

M

K. J u a N Jl I H U H, Architect

(Author of the Society of Arts' Prize Cottages),

10. HenufortBuildingH. Strand, W.C.

rOHN OUiSON, JuN,, hf^s to announce that He i8
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to ManKlons and Villa or other
llusidLMicuH, or for the KollMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
OAKDKNH and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Addresn Mr, .Toiin Giiison, pin.. Surrey Lane, Battersea. S.W.

/^KORGK ¥. MORKLS (of the Firm of Puothkroe
VJT k Moitins) undertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREli-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasehold and Reversionary Property
of every description, Fiuniiug aud Market Garden Produce, House-
holJ Furniture, Stock in fra<ie, 4c.
Auction and Estite Agency Urtlco. The Limoa. Leytonatone. Esse.T.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING 1?UWJ.S, of purest breed, in any
numberH,
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and moat productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAIIMA-POUTRA, CREVECGOUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on apphcatton.
JoRii Bailv ft Son. 113. Mount Street, London. W.

WANTED, a quantity of GOLD and SILVER FISH,
in the Trade.— The West London Flower and Seed Estab-
lishment. I), Q leen's Road, Bayswator, W.

WANTED, a SMALL MARKET GARDEN or
FLORIST BUSINESS near London, or any large Provincial
Toivn. — Address, stating particulars, to

A. B., caro ot Mr, Kiughorc, Richmond. S.W.

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1500.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs, Hurst & Son, 6, Leadenhall Street
London. E C.

To Florists, &c.

TO BE LET, on Lease, near the Crystal Palace, about
HALF an ACRE of LAND, with a newly-erected GREEN-
HOUSE and STOVE, 70 feet long by 16 wide. The situation is most
desirable, and a large .lobbing Buitiies'^ niav be calculated on.

Address A D., I'J, Pk.>ot;e Plice, Penge, S.E.

To Market Gardeners, Nurserymen, &c.

TO BE SOLD, by Private Contract, about 200 ACRES
of verv superior GARDEN GROUND, all Freehold, situate in
the County of Bedfordshire, about three miles from Biggleswade
Station, Great Northern Railway. The Land is divided into Lots to
BUlt the convenience of purchasers. Fir particulars apply to
TuoMAS FofNTAiuK, EsLj., Dunton Lodge, Ashwell, Baldoclc.

- Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLIAM BEAN, having determined on residing in
London again, offers for SALE, with immediate possession,
the NURSERY at SHIPLEY, consisting of Fom- Acres, with
13 extensive Ghuss Hmises, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked,
and with Dwelling House, ftc, is held on Lease; also the SEED
SHOP, in BRADFORD (the only one in the town|, which is well
fitted up, and where there isagood business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds. Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, &c. The Nursery
is 21 miles ITom the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to the pui-chase money requii-ed, aud
will be a great bargain to the purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
tunity tor a large house in the South to establish a Branch Business
here, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
much increased. For particulars apply to

William Dean, Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

The Exmoor Cobs, CkiUoways, and Ponies.

MR. ROBERl' SMITH'S next ANNUAL SALE of
about 40 of these LITTLE HORSES will come ofi at Fielder's
Repository. Bristol, on WEDNESDAY, September 25, next, at
1 o'clock. Oa view the day previous to the Sale.

They are warranted sound, and cliiefly bred from renowned sires
and Exmoor Pony Mares. Descriptive Catalogues may be had,
10 dajs prior to the Sale, at the Stud Farm, Exmoor Forest, South
Molton, Devon.— Emmett's Grange, August 20.

Lincolnshire Long-woolled Rams.

MR. JNO. CLARKE, of Long Sutton, Lincolnshire,
will have pleasure in forwarding to Sneep-breeders, in any
part of the kingdom, SHEARLING RaMS of excellent quality, at
very moderate prices. These Rams have been found to answer
exceedingly well a.s a cross with Merinos and other Short-woolled
Ewes of any Breed, The difficulties in railway transit are very
slight. The Rams will be ready for delivery after Wednesday,
September 11th, or earlier if required.
Long Sutton, August 24.

^aUs 6b flttctton.

Public Sale by Auction at Ghent, Belgium.

1.32, Rue do la Caveme,

MR. FERD. VERHULST will SELL by AUCTION,
under direction of Mr. Jean Verschaffelt, on WEDNESDAY,
the 18th inst., and following days, the very rich and renowned
Collection of PLANTS of the late Mr. Auguste Fnnel, and con-
sisting especially of a rare collection of CACTI, AGAVES, &c., and a
fireat number of specimen INDIAN AZALEAS, all choice varieties.
Catalogues may be had free on application to Mr. Jean
Vehschaffelt, 134, Faubourg de Biiixellcs, Ghent, Belgium.

Preston Hall. Maidstone.

The remaining portion of the valuable LIVE STOCK and AGRI-
CULTURAL IMPLEMENTS on the Home farm, comprising
15 poweiful Cart Horses, a Trotting Cob quiet to ride and drive, two
Nag Horses, '.i? Shorthorned Cows, Heifers, and Bulls, prmcipallv
pure bred, being the remaing portion of the renowned hei-i
of first-class Shurned-horued Cattle, known as the Preston Ha.l
Herd; 480 Shetp, Plains, and Lambs, including the Kent
Half-bred and Cutswold Breeds ; 40 fat Down and Kent Ewes ;
several Sows. Pigs, and Boar^ ; numerous head of Dorking
and other Poultry, Pigeons, &c. The implemerts comprise
numerous Scotch and other Carts on iron arms. Hop-pole
Carriages, capital Road Waggon, double cylinder iron Land Rollers,
Timber Carriages, two patent Manm-e and Corn Drills, a patent
Haymaking Machine, Dressing Machines, Turnip Cutters, Bent-
all's patent Broadshares, Iron and Wood Ploughs and Harrows,
numerous seta of Thill and other Harness, Sheep Hurdles, two sets
of Rick Clothes, Poles, and Hopes, Dairy Utensils, a Waggonette
and a Dog Cart on Steel .Springs, neatly painted, with Cushions,
Lamps. &c,, ana numerous miscellaneous and useful Implements
and Effects ; also a Steam Power Double Press and other Brick-
making Machines, the Machinery of a Flour Mill, a Tubular Iron
Boiler, and a stock of Bricks, Copings, Tiles, &c., at the Aylesford
Pottery.

MESSRS. DANIEL SMITH, SON, and OAKLEY
have received instructions to SELL by AUCTION, on the
Premises, at the Home Farm, the above valuable LIVE STOCK and
IMPLEMENTS, on WEDNESDAY, Septemher 25. and following
dav, at 12 o'Olock precifleiy each day. Catalogue? may be obtained
of "Mr. FitFKMAs, at the Home Farm ; the Bull Hotel, Rochester;
the Star, Maidstone ; and of Messrs. Daniel Smith, Son & Oaklet,
Limd Agents and Surveyors, 10, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W.

Araucaria Imhrlcata Seed.

MR, J. C. STEVENS will SKLL by AUCTION, at
hh Groat Rooms, ;i^i. King .StioL't, Covent Garden, W.C, CD
WEDNESDAY, Soittoiiibor 1«, at lialf-pHHt 12 o'Ulock precmely,
HO Ihs. of cloau SEED of ARAUCARIA IMHRICATA, In good
condition, just arrived.

On view the Morning of Sale, and CatalogucH had.

Bulbs from Holland for Autumn Planting!

R. .]. C. STKVKNS will SELL by AUCTION, at

hlH Groat Rooms, 'M, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
WEDNESl'AV, September 18, at hall-past I'Z o'Clock precisely,
au importation of Double and Single HYACINTHS, TULIPS,
CROCUSES, NARCISSUS, and other Bulbs, just arrived, in capital
condition, lioiii Holland.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Cataluguen had.

M

Under a Bill of Sale.— Enfield Highway.

To NuRSBnVMEN ANU Otuekh.

MR. A. RICHARDS will SELL by AUCTION, on the
Promi.'ies. one mile from Ponder'a End Station, on MONDAY,
September 10, at 1 o'Clock, without reserve, Four nearly Now
SPAN GREENHOUSES. 30 feet. 52 feet, 55, and SO feet; Hcvoral
PITS and LIGHTS; aoo dozen PLANTS, including CAMELLIAS.
AZALEAS, FUCHSIAS, &c, ; EVERGREENS. FRUIT TRliES,
Ac; also a SPRING VAN, HORsE, HARNESS; 160 CASTS ot
POTS; large HEAP of MANURE, &c.

View on Saturday, Catalogues obtained on the Premises, and of
tho Auctioneer, Tottenham.

Preliminary Notice.— Important Sale.

]\/rR. A. RICHARDS will SELL by AUCTION, on the

iVX Premiaes, Edmonton, on WEDNESfiAY and THURSDAY,
Octobers and:J,thevaluable NURSERY STOCK, GREENHOUSES,
Ac. (the Lease having expired and the Grdund bamg required for
building purposes), including 3000 home-grown Camellias of tho btst
varieties, 'M)') Calceolarias, 2000 Hydrangeas, 2.00 Welliugtonia
gigantea 3 to 0 feet high. 1500 Cupn-ssus Lawsonianii a to 5 feet.
Red Cedars, Aucubas, Araucaria imbricata, &c-, nearly the wliole
transplanted In the spring and autumn of 1861!. Also H capital
Greenhouses, 100 Lights, large common Boiler, Pipes, Spring Van,
&c. On viow iwo uays previous. Citalogues obtainable on the
Premises, and of the Auutiuneer, Tottenham.

To Noblemen, Agriculturists, and Others.

As Imi'ohtant UMiK^t.iivin Sale of Prize Bekksuire Pigs, will

TAKE PLACE AT READING, BeRKS, ON TcESDAY, UePTEMUEK 24,
COMMENClNO AT 12 o'cLOCK.

MR. TOMPKINS is favoured with instructions from
Arthur .Stewart, Esq., of Saint Bridge House, Gloucester (who
is retiring from breeding and exhibiting for prizes), to SELL by
AUCTION, at his Mart, close to the Railway Station, Reading,
without tho si ightLst reserve, the entire and Valuable HERD of about
60 head of the CHOICEST PIGS perhaps ever seen together. Mr.
Stewart's Berkshire Pigs took the Ist and 2d Prizes in the Breeding
Sow Class, and the Silver Medal in the Boar Class, at tho Royal
Agricultural Show at Newcastle in 1864. Mr. S. also obtained at the
Royal Agricultural Show at Plymouth in 1S65, 1st and 2d Prizes, and
reserved number in the breeding Sow Class, and 1st Prize in the Boar
Class. In 1806 there was no Show At the Royal Agricultural Show
at Bury St. Edmund's this year, Mr. S. secured the 1st Prize in the
Boar Class, and 2d Prize and reserved number in the Breeding Sow
Class : Mr, Stewart's best sow died, leaving seven young in the pen,
before the Judges were admitted into the show yard.

N.B, — The Auctioneer earnestly solicits the attendance of the
Public to tho above unreserved Sale, and would remark that Mr.
Stewart has gained many Prizes, both at the Bath and West of
England Shows, and elsewhere. These Pigs will be found of great
size, length and depth ; the tine strain of blood is solely confined to
the above herd, Mr. Stewart never allotving any subscription to be
taken for his Boars.

Full particulars will appear in Catalogues, which can be obtained
a week prior to the Sale, on application being made to the Auctio-
neer. See Vol, No. 2 of the Agricultural Journal for 1865, in refer-
ence to this Herd.

The late W. Fisher Hobbs, Esq., Boxted Lodge,

near Colchester, Essex.

MR . CLEAR ia instructed by the Executor,
H. Trethewy, Esq., to SELL by AUCTION, on THURSDAY
and FRIDAY, September 26 and 27, upou the Premises, without
any reserve, the Farm being Let, all the Valuable LIVE and DEAD
AGRICULTURAL STOCK, comprising the Entire Herd of his
celebrated improved ESSEX PIG.S, which consist of 40 Sows with
Piga and in farrow, 20 Boars of various ages, and 70 Store Pii;s ;
the whole of the FLOCK of highlj-breu pure SOUTHDOWN
SHEEP ; bretl from the flocks of the Duke of Richmond, Mr. Jonas
Webb, and Mr. PeufoJd, which includes l&o Ewes, 17o Ewe and
Wether Shearlings, 160 Ewe and Wether Lambs, 6 very large and
Buptrior Rams, 11 Shearling Rams, 6 Ram Lambs ; tho choice
selection of 9 ALDERNEY COWS and CALVES, aud 4 BULLS,
which are exceedingly handsome and profitable, being all bred
from prize stock ; 100 couple of pure Dorkings, bred from the lata
Mr. Hobbs's celebrated prize stock ; and 10 couple of Golden-
Pencilled Hamburghs ; 10 Aylesbury Ducks and 6 Turkeys ;
10 Suffolk CART HORSES.

Enfield Farm, Boxted.

Arrangeucnt of Sale. — The herds of Cows and Swine, fiock of
Sheep, Poultry, and Steam ThreshiLg Machine, on THURSDAY,
September 26. The Hoi-ees aud Agricultural Implements, on FRI-
DAY, September 27. Sale to commence each <lay at 11 for 12 o'clock.

Enfield Farm is 4 miles from Colchester, a lirst-claes station on
the Great Eastern Railway. Conveyances will meet the train that
leaves London at 9.15 and arrives at ColchesteratlU.57 ; also the train
that leaves Colchester at 6.45, arriving in London at 8.46.

Catalogues may be obtained, on application to Wm. Hobbs, Esq.,
Boxted Lodge; at the Cups Hotel, Colchester; and ot Mr. Clear,
Maldon Essex.

M

To Market Gardeners and Others.

R. W. T. ATWOOD will SELL by AUCTION, on

the Premises, Culvert Road, near the Half-way H^use,
Battersea Fields, S.W. , on THURSDAY, October 3, at 12 o'Clock
precisely, the property of Mr, S. Podpart. who is relinquishing
business, the LIVE and DEAD STOCK and IMPLEMENTS of
TRADE, and CROPS of GLOBE ARTICHOKES, RHUBARB,
and BEET ROOTS, The Stock comprises — 3 powerful Cart Horses
and Chaise Horse. 5 Spring Market Vans, Dung Cart, Market
Cart, Block Waggon, Wash Bed, 4-wheel Chaise and Dog Cart,
Thill Trace and Chaise Harness, Com Bins, Ploughs, Harrows,
Rollers, Box and Long Barrows, Patent Chaff Machine, Frmt and
Step Ladders, Seed Sieves, Winnowing Machine, Sack and Seed
Cloths, Wiitering Pots, Garden Tools, 80 3-light lloxes and Lights
and Bell Glasses; heaps of excellent Manure, Litter, and Packing
Hay; quantity of useful Boards, Scantling, Kerb and Paving Stones,
Firewood, Iron Hurdles, .and sundry usefui effects.

May bo viewed Day before and Mormng of Sale ; Catalogues had
on the Premises, Inns in Covent Garden Market, aud W. T. Atwood,
Mortlake, Surrey.

Desirable Freehold Estate.

RocR NuRSERV Gardens Washingtos, Scssex.

]\/rR- JAMES MOASE bugs respectfully to announce
i-VX that he has received instructions from the Proprietor (who ia
retiring from business on account of ill health) to SELL by
AUCTION at the Chequers Inn, Steyuing, on THURSDAY,
October 3, at 2 o'Clock in the afternoon (unless previously disposed
of by Private Contract, of which due notice will be given), all the
before-mentioned most desirable FREEHOLD PROPERTY, com-
prising eight Acres of productive Land, stocked with choice Fruit
Trees, Nursery Stock, Brick Wall on North side 648 feet long, well
stocked with la-ees now in full bearing ; Cucumber House, 60 leet by
11 feet ; Peach House, 50 feet by 10 feet ; Grapery, 50 leet by 10 feet,
with Hot-water apparatus to each house, together with comfortable
eight-roomed Dwelling House, large Stores, Cart Lodges, Piggeries,
Stable, tc. The above property is most delightfully situate about
5 miles from the Steyning and 6 miies from Pulborough stations, is
well adapted for bmlding purposes or for carrying on an extam>iV9
Nursery Business.

To view, apply on the Premises, for printed particulars and con-
ditions (which will be ready seven days before the Sale) apply to Jobn
Ingram. Esq., or to tho Auctioneer, West Chillingtpn, by Steyamg,
Sussex.

968

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTUIUL GAZETTE. [September u, 1867.

HEATING BY HOT WATER.

It is now generally admitted that BUILDINGS of any kind can be more effectually "WARMED by HOT WATER than by any other means; but as so much
depends on the way in which the Apparatus is fixed, it is of the greatest importance that it he done by experienced Men.

J. JONES & SONS

HAVE EVERY FACILITY FOR

EXECUTING WORK IN THE BEST MANNER

AT A MODERATE COST, AND HAVING THE

LAKGEST STOCK IN THE KINGDOM OF BOILERS, PIPES, ETC,

THEY CAN COMPLETE WORK WITHOUT DELAY,

Their great experience in HOT WATER HEATING enables them in aU cases to supply an APPARATUS best suited to the purpose for which it is intended, and they will
be happy to send to any part of the Country at a moderate charge, to take particulars of work, and prepare Plans, &c., or on receipt of particulars per post, they
will forward Estimates free of charge.

J. JONES AND SONS having been so extensively patronised for many years by the Nobility, Clergy, Gentry, and others, are enabled to give references to work
done in nearly eveiT part of the Engdom.

J. JONES & SONS

ARE PREPARED TO ESTiMATE FOR WARMING, TO ANY EXTENJ"-

CHURCHKS
CHAPELS
SCHOOLS
LECTURE HALLS
BANKS

PDBLIC OFFICES
WAREHOUSES
FACTORIES
GREEN HOUSES
CONSERVATORIES

VINERIES
HOTHOUSES
FORCING PITS
PINE STOVES
PEACH HOUSES

ORCHARD HOUSES
HALLS and PASSAGES
PICTURE GALLERIES
MUSIC ROOMS
BILLIARD ROOMS

BATHS

DRYING CLOSETS
COACH HOUSES
HARNESS ROOMS

J. JONES AND SONS' APPARATUS is simple in construction, moderate in cost, and economical in working.

It is equally available for the AMATEUR'S GREENHOUSE, or the longest range of FORCING HOUSES ; for the smallest Chapel or the largest Church ; for
Private Offices, or those of Public Companies.

It is admirably adapted for DWELLING HOUSES, as coils of pipes can he placed in any part, for warming the v.ai'iou3 rooms. One or more Baths may be
heated from the same Boiler, and a constant supply of hot, 'w.ater obtained in any part of the house.

For WAREHOUSES and WORKSHOPS this system of Heating is unsm-passed as, unlike Stoves and Hot Air Flues, the circulation of Hot Water in Pipes is \
perfectly safe, and the Management of Apparatus can be left to any ordinary workman.

J. JONES & SONS

HAVE LATELY

FIXED THEIR HOT WATER APPARATUS IN OR NEAR THE FOLLOWING PLACES;

AND THE WOEKING OF THE SAME HAS IN ALL CASES GIVEN THE GREATEST SATISFACTION.

SoUhuU
Southampton
St. Albans
St. Asfiph
Staiford
Stamford
Stanstead
Stone
Stonehouse
Stroud
SunningliUI
Swansea
Teddington
Teignmouth.
Thame
Thetford
Tongham
Torquay
Tun bridge
Tunbridge "Wells
Tmckenham
Uckfield
Uxbridge
Virginia Water
"Waliingford
"Waltham '
"Walton
"Warlingham
"Warrington
"Watford
Wellingborough
"Welwyn
"Weybridge
Weymouth
Wimbome
Windsor
Wolverhampton
Worcester
Wisbeach
^ York

J. JONES AND SONS,
IRON MERCHANTS and HORTICULTURAL ENGINEERS, 6, BANKSIDE, SOUTH WARK, LONDON, S.E,

Abbey Wood

Canterbury

Famworth

Lutterworth

Abergavenny

Cardiff

F aver sham

Lymington

Abingdon

Carshalton

Finchley

Lynn

Addlestone

Caterham

Gloucester

Maidenhead

Aldershot

Cheltenham

GljTide

Malvern

Alton

Chepstow

God aiming

.Manchester

Ascot

Chertsey

Godstone

Marlow

Ash

Chester

Gomshall

Middle ton

Atheretone

Cirencester

Grantham

Minster

Aylesbury

Congleton

Gravesend

Nantwich

Balham

Coolcham

Guildford

Newbujy

Banbury

Coventry

Hailsham

Newhaven

Barnes

Cowes

Hammersmith

Newnham

Bath

Crawley

Hampton

Newmarket

Battle

Croydon
Culnam

Hauworth

Newport
Northampton
Northwicn .

Beckenham

HaiTogate

Beccles

Darlington

Haslemere

Bedford

Daitford

Hastings

Norwich

Bexhill

Datchet

Hatfield

Nottingham

Bickley

Deal

Hayward's Heath

Oswestry

Birmiugham

Derby

Hereford

Oxford

Bishop Stortford

Dingwall

Hertford

Paris

Blackheath

Diss

Hitchin

Pembroke

Blandford

Dorchester

Horsham

Petersfield

Blisworth

Dorking

Hull

Pinner

Bournemouth

Dover

Huntingdon

Poole

Boxmoor

Downham

Inverness

Potter's Bar

Bracknell

Dublin

Kettering

Eamsgate

Brentford

Eastbourne

Kingston

Beading

Bridgend

East Grinstead

Knaresboro'

Eeigate

Bridgenorth

Edenbridge

Leamington

Eichmond

Brighton

Edmonton

Leeds

Eickmans worth

Bristol

Elgin

Lewes

Eingwood

Broads tair 3

Ely

Leytonstone

Eoss

Bromley

Enfield

Limerick

Rugby

Broxbourae

Epsom

, Liphook

Eushton

Buckingham

Erith

■Liss

Eyde

Burton

Exeter

Liverpool

Sevenoaks

Bury St. Edmund's

Famborough .

Ludlow

Shiffnal

Cambridge

Farnham

Luton

Shrewsbury

j

Iri^^il IS ? .. should be addressed to " The Editor ; ■■ Advertisements and Business Letters to •• The Publisher," at the Omce. 41, Wellinrton street, Corent Garden, London. W.C.

nmS.4S^.i?'<i'in.»!^"J?""'.'' ='?",? 9'5S*,S' Messrs. R«i.n.»aT. En-i.,4 Co.. Lombard street, Pr.clwt of Wbit«Mar8, City ot London In the Co. or Mldiesex. and PubUahed by the said Jakes M«tsbws, at tlie
OIBce, No.41, Weinngton street, Parish of St. Paul's, OoTent Garden, in the said County.— SiTORbiT, September 14,1867.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 3S.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 21.

(Price Fivepence.
( Stamped Edition, iid.

Aearlciiii ruhescens 976 A

Ariiunaiida lU'ndoi-8onl 977 I

Allium carinututu 973 n

Been 979 I

Books noticed 879 o

CattV' plnfiue Sfll i

Chiimberof Acnculture .... 987 n

Cliiswii-k Gardens 97U (

Crops niid the " Times " .... 983 a

CrystJiI I'nlace 979 c

Huhlin BhowinR 976 i

Dnrstcnirts 8^3 i

Epipliyllums 975 c

Florists' flowers 979 (

ForcsU, Indian 971 i

PoXKloves 976 i

Fruit (fi"f>winR, Jersey 974 t.

Oftrdeiilnp. Paris 975 1

Griiftiun, Russian 973 f

Ornpcs, rusting of 977 t

Oraiie Hrowiiiy, rival 972 I

— judKlne 97(i 0-977 )

Hftlr.vejietable 980 t

Harrcit experiences -

981 h, 985 c, !)8C (
Hefltin^. fumact' burs fur .... 9W0 c
Jardindes Planter. 977 <

Liibour question

l,eH*it<H, farm

WnnROl T. oilcake

MaiiKel cako

MecLi. Mr

NieiomhcrKift rivularis

Piiris. letter from

relarKoiiiums,ionftl..,.972 c-

riauts.old favourite

Puny s:ilc

Pimltry nt Vichy

llaihvay pmbankmcnts

Itosn Rrowintr

Siodinjf, thick and tliin,981 b,

Shoi'tlinrn sales

Society, Koyal Horticul-
tural

— Oln^cow Horticultural . .

— Huitbcndcn ARricultural

— Warwickshire Agricul-

tural

Spinni'ti, Australian

Btntistics, nKricullural

Sti'iun cultivation

Stniwbt'rrics at Vichy

Wasps' nusts

Window gardening, camp,.,.

9HU n

«h;( ft
977 a

978 a

978 ^

9aiJ b

973 a

1868.

THE TENTH ANNUAL GRAND FLORAL FETE
will be held at YORK, on WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY,
Juno 17 and IS, 1SG9. Scbe>lule3 will bo published early la January
next, and may be had on application to Jno. Wilson, Sec.
IS, Now Strflot, York, Sopt. 14, 1867. ^^

Standard Apples.

WOOD AND INGRAM otter to tlip Trade and others
20,000 splendid STANDARD APPLES, with 5 to fl feet
stems and magnificent he-ida. Price nn njiplication.
The Nurseries, iluiitniydon.

Orcliard-liouse Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHKS, NEOTaRINKS, Al'KICUTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS. PEARS. APPLKS. VINKS, and FIGS.
RionARD Smith. Nurserniian atul Seod Merchant, Worcester.

STRAWBERRIES.— All tli.^ leading Varieties in strong
Plants. PRICED DESCRIPTIVE LIST on appHcatloa.
JjLMtia Dickson & Son3, " Ncwton '" Nurseries, Chester.

Strawberries.

CHARLES TURNER is now prepared to supply strong
Plants of the best modern kinds, as well as nil the leading
established varieties, true to name.

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may bo had on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

THE THREE MOST USEFUL STRAWIiEREIES
in cultivation either for forcing or the open ground.
PRESIDENT, strong lavera, in GO-pots, 15s. per 100
SIR CHARLES NAPIER, strong layers, in GO-pots, 153. per 100
KEEN'S SEEDLING, strong layers, in 60-pots. 153. per lOO
Runners of most other sorts, true to name, from 3s. 6rf. per 100
F. K. KiNOHORN, Sheen Nursery, Richmond, S.W.

CDTHILL'S STRAWBERRY PLANTS.— On and
after August 26, strong, selected for next year's bearing, at the
reduced price ot 6s. per lOO, each sort (they have lasted In be:irinR
65 days this year). Early Black Prince, Early Princess Royal,
Richard II., HiRhland Mary, Nowton Seedling late, Prince of Wales,
latest of all. Dr. Lindley never could depend on a crop until he had
my breed. MUSHROOM SPAWN, 6s. per bushel. Five Pamphlets,
&c. Write for a LIST. Post-ofBce orders on Camberwell Green.
James Cutrill, Denmark Hill, Camberwell. S.

Hlglily Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting chiefly of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
Thomas Warnkh, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

THIRTY THOUSAND HERBACEOUS and ALPINE
PLANTS, in pots, now ready. An Inspection respectfully
requested. CATALOGUES on application.

Tuos. S. Ware, Hal© Farm Nursery, Tottenham, N., adjoining the
Railway Station.

To the Trade.

AUCUBA JAPONICA, well-rooted Cuttinsa, by the
100 or 1000. Price (according to size) on application to
Tnos. S. Waiif, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, Middlesex, N.

w

Cephalotus follicularis.
E. DIXON has to otfer tine Plants, os. to 75. Gd.
• each. Price per dozen to the Trade on appUcation.
Norwood Nursery, Beverley.

LIBONIA FLORABUINDA.— Oneofthemostbeautihl
winter blooming Greenhouse or Conservatory Plants grown,
blooming profusely from November to April. Strong ^'an;i.
Is. each ; 8s. per dozen.

FHKDEBict Martiw, NursBryman, Ac, North Bridge, Hull.

Azaleas, best sorts, with buds.

FAND A. SMITH have to offer to the Trade a large
• clean STOCK of the above — every Plant a specimen. Price
<moderate) on application.
The Nurseries. Dulwich, S.

SUTTON'S GUINEA COLLECTION
of BULBOUS FLOWER ROOTS, for Pots and GlaBBCfl, or
Open Ground Cultivation, carriage free,

Sutton & Sons. Reading, Berks.

The Successful Cultivation of Hyacinths.— See

SUITON'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE for 18G7,
which may bo had grati« aiid post froo on appHcatloQ.

Sutton A Sons. Koading, Berks.

Bulb Catalogue.

BUTLER, McCULLftCll, ani> CO.'S CATALOGUE
of Choice DUTCH and CAPE BULBS Is now ready. Sent
free and post paid.— Established upwaid.'t of a Century.
South Row, CuTont Garden Market, W.C.

Dutch and Other Flower Roots.

JAMES JHCKSUN and SONS have received, in
excellent condition, a larno linnortation from the inost omineiit
growers. PRICED DKSCRIPTIVE LIST post free on application.

103, Eastgato Street, and " Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

tMPbRTED~~LUTCH "and "CAPE~ FLOWERING
i BULBS. —We boir leave to intimate that our PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE and AMATEUR'S GUIDE of the
above is now ready, and will bo sent post free on application.

FERoca Fabhell & Sun, IIU and r20, Capel Street, Dublin.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON beg to say that their
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE "HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, Ac, is now ready, and can be had post free
on application. Ilighgato Nurseries, London, N.

Dutch Bulbs and Plants for Spring Gardening.
DAUL AND SON'S vtTv cnini.letit and suggestive LIST

li Ni^W READY.
The " Old ■■ Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

Dutch Roots.

JOHN AND CHARLES LEE will be happy to forward
their CATALOGUE for 1807 of newly-imported HYACINTHS
and other Roots, post free on application.

Royal Vlneyurd Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
Lonilnn, W.

WILLIAM ROLLISSON and S(JNS' CATALOGUE
of DUTCH, ENGLISH, and CAPE BULBS. NEW PLANTS,
and those of recent intkoductiok ; ROSES, GRAPE VINES, &c.,
is now ready and will be forwarded post free on application to
William Rollisson & Sons, The Nurseries, Tooting. London, S.

Special Notice.— Dutch Bulbs.

MR. STEVENS' SALES of HYACINTHS, TULIPS,
CROCUSES, and other BULBS, just imported from Holland,
take place every WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and frequently
on MONDAY, at the Rooms, 38, King Street, Covout Garden,
London, W.C.

HOOPER AND CO.'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE of
BULBS, 4c., Is about to be i8.sued, and can be obtained by
application. Price Is., postage free (presonted to Custom'jrs).

It 18 copiously illustrated, and describes a larger collection of rare
and choice Bulbous Plants than probably any other in the Kingdom.
It includes also Coloured Drawings of their celebrated Etrusaan
Hyacinth Vases and Hoi-ticultural Elegancies.
HooPKR & Co C ^Tent Garden Market, London, W.C.

Dutch Bulbs for Exhibition.

T SCOTT has received his annual supply of DUTCH
• FLOWER ROOTS from Holland ; extra fine In quality and
true to name.

12 very choice exhibition HYACINTHS, 10*.

12 extra choicq „ „ 12».

Other very fine sorts, 6s. and 8s. per dozen.

A complete list of the above sent free on application to

^ J. Scott, The 3eed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Bella Donna Lilies.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply the above beautiful
LILY, at 6», per dozen.
Ileading. Berks.

PAUL AND SON'i

NEW ROSE CATALOGUE for 1807. Priced and DeHcriptW*.
may now be had post free from Tim "Old" Nurseries. Cheshunt, N.

The Advertisers venture to call attention to th«ir large stock of
fine Plants, and to solicit early orders.

Roses in Bloom.

WM. PAUL'S ROSES are NOW IN FULL
BLOOM. Inspection rcupoctfully Invited. Trains almost
hourly from Shoreditcn to W altham Station Great Eastern Railway.
Paul'h Nurseries, Wait ham Cross, N,

~ " To the Trade.

MARSHAL NIEL JtOSK, from own roots, in pots, by
the 100 or 1000, at £5 per IDO.
G. Bah;u & Son, American Nursery, Bagahot,

/■"ILAUKE'S ROSE I'lNK, LORD LYON.— The l.i-st

y~J Pink for Forcing In Cultivation, to which a Certificate WM
awarded at the Great Show of th« Royal Horticultural Society, on
June 4, 18117. Strong PhmtH, now in a lino Htat« for potting, fx. per
pair. Orders, aticoni|janled by Post-oillco order or stamps, to
J. Clarke, ■fJ, College Street, Bury St. Edmund's.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.'
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurserloa
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

PINKS. — These should bo planted at once, when tint
well-laced Blooms will bo obtained. Strong Pla»ta ef the ytent
named varieties at fs. and 12s. i>er dozen pairs,

Charles Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Novelties.

WM. PAUL (Son and Successor to the late A. Paul)
respectfully solicits Orders for the NEW and FIRST-CLASW
ROSES and BKDDING GERANIUMS, &c., advertised at length in
this Paper in May last,

Paul's Nurseries, Walf-ham Cross, London, N,

OKCING ' G Elt ANlUMS'^MRSr LEAV^IS ' LOYU",

SPOTTED ALMA, and MRS. BRADSHAW (Jacsson).—
Good Pl.anta of thcso unequalled Forcing Geraniums, Is. Od. oiich, or
15a. per dozen.

T. Jackson & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W.

Variegated Geraniums.

CASBON AND SUN hold a huge stock of ab»ve.
Prices on application.
Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

For Present Sowing.

Choicb Zonal Geramcm, FnOit a Collhctios of 150 Vahphties.

R WHITE can supply NEW SEED of the above,
• saved from the choicest flowers, la packets, is. Cd., 28. 6U.
3s. td., and 6s. each, post free.

Poole Nurseries, Dorset.

Glolre de Nancy Geranium.

CHARLES BUTLER, WuUmjtou Nursery, Salop, be?s
to offer to the Trade a fine lot of the above at 76«. per lOD ;
extra large picked plants at 12s. per dozen.

9zt CHOICE TRICOLORliD and other GERANIUMS^

/Ci in 60*3 and 48-pot3.— A leaf of each sent on receipt cif
18 stamps, with price and sorts.

G. Waleling, Nui-seryman, Le wish am, S^.

Notice.— Fruits, Flowers, Bulbs.

Before pcRCUASiNS, please S£ND for

DILLISTONE AND CO.'S LITTLE LISTS,
post free to all applicants.
Address, Dillistone & Co., Nurserymen, fcc, Sturmor, near
Halstead, Essex.

To Gardeners, Seedsmen, &c.

HENLEY, BROTHERS, Mfkchants, Holbeach, have
itill on hand a quantity of SNOWDROPS, which they beg to
offer. Samples and price on application.

VERY G OrD E N R E Q U I S I T^

kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehuuse, 237 A 23S, High Holbom. London.

Special Notice.

CATALOGUES of the SALE to be held at the King's
Acre Nurseries on SEPTEMBER 30 and follomng days, are
NOW READY, and may be had on application.

The Lots, comprising upwards of 3500, are now on view.
Address John Cranston, Nurseries, King's Acr*, near Hereford.

Calceolaria, Cineraria, Primula fimbrlata.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply NEW SEED of the
above, saved from choicest flowers, in packets, 1«., 2*. 6ci., and
6*. each, post free.
Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

I)

For present Sowing.
OBSON'S PRIZE CALCEOLARIA SEED,

the finest strain In tlio world; per pckt., Is, Gd., 23. 6d.,3s. 6£i,,6s.
DoBSON & Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W,

New Seed ot 1867, choice quality.

D OBSON'S PRIZE CINKRARIA, Is., 2s. 6d.,
DORSON'S PRIZE PRIMULA, !»., 2s. 6<J., 6s.
DOBSON'S PRIZE BALSAM, Is., 2s.
DoBsOK k Sons, Woodlands Nuisory, Isleworth, W.

5s.

ORCHIDS.— A Small Collection of the best varieties
for SALE, on account of owner's ill health.
For particulars, &c., address H,, Po.st Oftlce. Retford, Notts.

A VALUABLE PRI VATE"COLLEC f ION~"^F^TOVE
FERNS to be SOLD, having become too large for the Pro-
prietor's Houses.

Apply to A. MiLFORp, Sandrldge Park, Meltfsham, Wilts.

NEW FE RN S .— Lastnta ~Filix-mas, var. Crispa
Crlstati, a flne crested form of L. F.-m , var. Crispa, and
Athyrium Fllix-fcemina var. Pulcherrimum, both of which hvvo
recently received First-class Certificates, can be bad at 3s. 6d eich
or 6s. for the two, from J. Clark, Gardener, Newburgh, Fife'
Other sorts also very cheap.

Choice Seeds.

CHARLES TURNER'S superior CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMO LA are now readv, in packets, 2«. 6d.
each. The Royal Nurseries, Slough."

R British Fern Catalogue.

OBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 30 pages.
includinKPrices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRlPl-iVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS
No. 7.

Foofs Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eagtem RallWRj.

To the Trade.

CHARLES TURNER can now Bupplv—
CALCEOLARIA (JAMES) 1 PANSY | PINK
CINERARIA I PRIMULA KERMESINA
In Trade Packets, at 208., 10s., or Ss., all of which are saved from
the most extensive and unrivalled collections.
The Royal Nurseries. Slouch.

Hanover Nursery, Peckham, S.E.

MA. IVERY, Widow of the late Mr. William Ivery,
• beg>i to stite that the BUSINESS will be carried on as
UBual, and trusts to receive that support bo long given to her late
husband, which shall at all times have prompt attention.

A Select AUTUMN CATALOGUE for 1807 can be had post free
on application.

Richmond Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey.

TO NOBLEMEN and GENTLEMEN making large
PLANTATIONS, or PLANTING ORCHARDS or WALUS
with FRUIT TREES, and requiring quantities of superior Coniferous
and other Evergreens, Ornnniental flowering Trees, Shrubs. 4c., or
Dwarf-trained, Standard, or Spiral Fru* Trees. Special prices will
be given on application to

O, Jt W. Steeu, of the above Nurseries.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

JAMES EAIRHEAD and SON, Sekd Growers and
Mercuants, 7, Bor jugli Market, and Braintroe, Esses.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.,

Seed Farmers, MERntANTB, and Nuiservmen,
237 & ^38, High llolbnni, Lniidon. W.C.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND E. SHARPK beg to announce to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ol HOME-GROWN SEED^,
1867 Qrowch, is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishmont, Wisbech, Combs.

RAYNBIRD, CALDEGOTT, RAWTREE, DOWLlK^j,
AMD COMPANY, Limited.
Corf, Seed, Manure, and Oilcakk JIerchakts,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane. E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851
for Wheat ; 1862. for " Excellent Seed Corn and Seeds."

DICKliNSON'S NEW ITALIAN RYE-GKASS SEED
Is now ready to be delivered, and may be had by Aariculturists
at 343. per quarter, or 30a. per quarter for 6 quirtera for prompt pay-
ment. New Park, Lymington, Hants.

PAMPAS GRASS.— Many Thousands of tine Plants,
in pots. Price according to number taken.
SurroN & Sons, Reading Nurseries.

BUTTON'S IMPKOVTiU Il'ALIAN RYE-GRASS,
C7 the Best and Mojt FKODtrcTiVB is Cdltivation.

Sutton & Sons can supply New Seed of the abov« at Gs. per
bushel, or cheaper in large quantities.

September 1^ the best month for Sowing.

SuTToic & Sons, Roval Berkshire Seed Establishment. Ri?ftding.

New Grass Seeds for Autumn Sowing.

SUTTON'S PERMANENT GRASS SEEDS
FOR ALL SOILS.
Prices (according to sorts required and soils for which they are
Intended), uriy be nad on application.

Sdtton k Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

New Gras3 Seeds for Exportation.

SUTTON AND SO.NS, luivmg r-Tfivcd their supply of
NEW GRASS SEEDS of th*.- pi-e.-^i'iir .Sonson's Growth in fine
condition, will be happy to forward Juwest price per ton or cwt. on
application. All Seeds perfectly packed and delivered free to ehip'i*
■ide at any English Port. CATALOGUES gratis and post free.
Sdttoh & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

970

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Septembee 21, 1867.

DOBSON'S NEW DECORATIVE PELAUGONIUM
MAGNET— This spleodid variety will be seat out ia October,
1867 It rocBived a FUst-class CdrtiQonte at tue Hoyal Butanic
Society's BslilbitioQ on Wddoesday, Mtiy 27, 18ii7. and it has beea
thtj admiration of all wlio have seen it in bloom the last two seasons.
We cau therefore very strongly reconamend it as a most attrictive
variety, worthy of general cultivation whether as exhibition plants,
or for aecorating, or for market purposes. It is tilso a good forcing
variety for any of the purposes above named. It is uiioqualled,
having a tine habit, profuse bloomer, and most striking colour. A
single sieui has produced from 18 to 20 largo trusses of olootn. The
foltowiDg remarks appeared in the Gavdeiter^ Chronicle of June 1,
1867, page 577 :— " If it had been in the province of the judges to
grant a Certihcate to what has an excellent character boch for
decorative and mnrkot purposes, it should have been giweu to
DOBSOlN'S PELARGONIU&l MAGNET. A largo quantity of small
plants literally covered with bloom were grouped together, and a
most striking effect they had. The colour is very bright purpliab
crimson, the habit good, and it bas the appearance of forcing well.
Strong plants, 15s, each.
DoBsos & Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W.

T K A "W" B

R R

V

ARIEGATED PELARGONIUMS.

SOPHIA DUMARESQUE

MRS. BENZON

GOLDFINCH

LUNA

BEAUTY of ODLTON

NEATNESS

ITALIA UNIT A

COUNTESS

ELEGANS

THE FAIRY

PRINCKSS ALEXANDRA

BICOLOR SPLENDENS

The above forwarded on i-eceipt of Post Office order for 21s.
Alfred Fkyer, Nurseries, Chatteris. Canibmdgesbire.

New Zealand Nursery. St. Alban's, Herts.
T WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING PELARGONIUM
O . EXCELSIOR, now ready; colour of Indian Yellow-, fine
truss, and habit of Lord palmerston. Price 6s. each ; SGs. per doz.
to the Trade.

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1 The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.

Fine New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe in
Apnl. Plants ready in November. 5s. each; 3&s. per doz. to the Trade.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

Tlie New Sensation in Bedding-oufc.

JACKMAN'S HARDY HYBRID CLEMATISES.
Awahded Eleven First-class Certificates, and One Special.

MESSRS. GEORGE JACIvMAN and SON are
desirous of drawing the attention of those who Intend using
then- HARDY and HYBRID CLEMATISES for a PERMANENT
BEDDlNO PLANT, that the present time is most favourable for
planting them to secure good vigorous growth and flower next

See Editorial remarks in Gardetiers' Chronicle, August 17 :— " The^
ne\v Sensation in Bedding." Also in August 31, 1867, m which "J. i.
(Clivederi), endorses the foraier statement, and adds, that Messrs
G-. J. & Son have m their several varieties "the very colour of
which our summer flower gardens are in a great measure deacietib.

Varieties that flower together in May and June :—
CLEMATIS AZUREA GRAI^DIFLORA, violet, stamens deep
STANDISFII, beautiful violet blue. [purple.

„ FORTUNE!, fine large double white.

Besides several other good old summer sorts.
Autumn varieties, flower from July to October :—
CLEMATIS JACKMANNI (G. J. & Son), large, intense violet
purpie, rug'isd and veiny.
RUBRO-VIOLACEA (G. J. ft; Son), maroon, shaded

reddish viol-^t.
RUBELLA (G-. J. & Son), rich velvety claret (new).
„ PRINCE OF WALES (G. J. & Son), deep violet purple,

with red bars, (now).

Also a large Stock of other autumnal kinds.
An EnKtaving from ii Photograph, sbowing the flowering qualities
of their Hybrid Clematises, can be forwarded shortly by enclosing a
stamped envelope.

Woking Nursery, Surrey.

DR. HOGG-.— Very large, extra flue Pine flavour, and a good bearer

One of the finest in cultivation.
THE LADY— Ail the fruit of a good equal size without thintung ;

immense cropper for forcing, as we proved last pring ; flavour

hichlv Derfunied.
BRITISH OUr-:EN, PRINCE ARTHUR, KEEN'S SEEDLING.
CRIMbON QUEEN, SIR CHARLES NAPIER.

Prices— Established in large 'SZ pots for forcing, from 75s. to 100s.
per 100 Strong layers in 60 pots, from 25.s-. to 50a. per 100. Strong
runners from 55. to 21s. per 100. A lari^a collection of other varieties,
strong, well-rooted runners, 5s. per lOU.

John & Charles Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery and SeedEstablish-
ment, Hammersmith, London, W. ^__

Cliolce Bulbs.

QTEPHEN BROWN'!

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE,

Cultural and Descriptive,
Free for 6 stamps, gratis to customers.

Extra Fine New Tulips.

GEORGE LIGHTBUDT, Falkirk, will LET OUT
several of the Splendid Seedlings raised by Richard Headly,
Esq., of Stapleford, near Cambridge, at very moderate prices. These
flowers have been successfully exhibited at the Principal Shows In the
Kingdom, and are warranted the finest Tulips now extant. A
description of them, by Shirley Hibberd, Esq., F.H.S.,was published
in the "Gardenei-s' Magazine" for 22d June. A list of names and
prices supplied on application. ^_^

Extensive and -well-grown Nursery Stock.

J SCOTT, ftterriott Nui'series, Somerset, has to offer
• FOREST TREES in large numbers, finely rooted and in
perfect health. ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS of all sizes

in quantity, beautifully gru«-n and regularly transplanted.

Intending Planters would do well to vii^it these floe Nurseries.
which have been established 160 years, and are by fai- the largest in
Somerset. CATALOGUES on application.

Araucaria imbricata Seed.

C^HARLWOOD AND CUMMINS beg to give notice
J thatthey have just received a CONSIGNMENT of the above,

in excellent condition.
Price per 1000 Seeds .. 25a. I price par 100 Seeds .. 3s.
Usual discount to the Trade.
14, Tavistock Row, Covent Garden, W.C.

The Autumn Catalogue of

HLAURENTIUS' Horticultural Kstablishment.
. Leipzig, containing BULBS and TUBEROUS-HOOTED
PLANTS. VAlilEGATED and COLOURED-LEAVED PLANTS,
Prices for tlie Trade, &c. ; also a SELECI LIST of NOVELTIES
and RARE PLANTS; is now ready, and may be had gratis and
post free OD application to
Messrs. Bkthau & Blackixh, Cox'b Quay, Liwer Thames St., London,

Elehmond Nurseries, Riclimoud, Surrey,

GAND W. bTli:ELJLi beg to call the attention of the
• Trade in general to their valuable and yery extensive Stock
of CONIFEROUS and other EVERGREENS, particularly Striped
.and Green Hollies, in which they abound; and also to their
DWARF-TRalNED, STANDARD, ana SPIRAL FRUIT TREES,
which are of first-rate quality, consisting of Apricots, Peaches,
Nectarines, Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, &c., which are second
to none in the Trade. Au inspection by Tiavellers this Autumn is
respectfully solicited,

New Weeping Elms.

WOODLAKDS NdBSESV, M ARESFlli^LD, NEA.H UcEPIBLD, SOSSES,

WM. WOOD AND SON have mui^h pleasure in
recommending the undernamed ma^gniScent WEEPING
ELMS, being varieties of Ulmus suberosa, which have beeu raised
from Seed in their Nurseries, and have elicited the aduiuation ol
several of the leading Nurserymen and Amateurs.

The eracefully weeping branches of these lwo new Elms are thickly
covered with a core-Iike excrescence, presenttug a very interesting
and novel appearance, entirely distinct from all other varieties in
cultivation.

ULMUS SUBEROSA PENDDLA 6s,

„ „ „ MICROPHYLLA .. 5s.

Uusual discount allowed to the Trade.

To Farmers, (Aardeuers, and. Others.

EXCELLENT CABBAGE PLANTS (Stocks not to be
surpassed), can be supplied in any quantity, as folio ws ; —
TRUE DWARF NONPAREIL (the earliest and best). ij,(i(i. per 1000
TRUE ENFIELD MARKET {extra fine variety), -Ja. iki. per 1000
TRUE ROBlNSuN'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD, 2a. Gif. per 1000
TRUE RED PUTCH (for Pickimg), Js, per luOO

A remittance or reference to accompany all orders.
FjtEDji.. GsE, Seed Merchant and Grower. Big^lostvade, BetLfoi-dshiiTe.

THE DUTCH ROOTS

Have arrived in splendid condition.

Seed and Nursery Establishment,
Sudbury, Suffolk-

Hyacinths for Exhibition.

MESSRS. SUTTON'S
COLLECTIONS include the
varieties so much admired at the spring
shows, and they are now prepared to receive
orders tor the same at the following prices : —

The Choicest 100 Sorts, £4 45., carriage free
The Choicest 60 Sorts, £2 2s., „

The Choicest 25 Sorts, £1 Is., „

The Choicest 12 Sorts, £0 123.,

Cheaper Roots, 6s. to 9s. per dozen.

HTACINTHS for Beds and Open Borders,
35. per dozsQ, 2l£. per 100, carri^igQ free.

SonoN & SoKS, Importers, Reading. Be^ks.

Dutch Flower Roots,
cV^OYPoy^ ^ RCHIBALD

HENDER-
X\~ SON begs to announce that
he has received a l»rge Consignment
of Dutch and other Roots, carefully
selected from the most celebrated
growers.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED
CATALOGUES are now ready, con-
taining practical directions for their
successful cultivation on all the
various systems now adopted.

Also a CHOICE and SELECT
LIST of VEGETABLE aad HARDY
FLOWER SEEDS for Autumn
Sowing. Catalogues gratis and post
free upon application.

Sion Niusery, Thornton Heath,
Surrey, and at ihe E^st Surrey Seed
Warehouse, College Grounds, North
Eud, Croydon.

Camellias and Indian Azaleas, with Buds.

An extensive Stock of their very best varietiea is ready fur Sale at

LOUIS VAN HOUJTE'S Establishment, Ghent,
Belgium. The goods are delivere-J, ciu-riage-paid, by Louia
Vam Houttk ; but, per contra, &s. are charged in account for every
case or basket sent.

p^ The Camellias are from £6 10s. to £8 per hundred ; the
Indian Azaleas from £6.

JOHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE

fj of SELECTED ROSES is now ready and will be forwarded
on application.

J. C. re.spectfuUy directs attention to tho following LIST of
FIR'sT PRIZES which h;ive been awarded to him at the principal
Rose Shows of the present year, proving bevond a doubt that T-rio
soil and ^lixuate of hia Nurseries are xmrivalied for tho Cultivation
of Roses.

Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
June 19.— 24 Vai-ieties, Cut Roaes, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester.
June l^v— 36 Varieties. Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
June 25.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, S}1RST PRIZE

Crystal Palace.
June 29.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, ono truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal Horticultural Society. South Kensington.
Ju^y 2.--,72 Varieties, Cut Roses, ono truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.

July 4, 5.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Hereford,

July 9.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses pach, FIRST PRIZE

Rugby.

July 12.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, ono truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Nurseries, Kmg's Acre, neai" Hereford.

Early Spring Feed, Trifolium incarnatum.
QUT TON'S ITALIAN RYE-GRASS.

O NEW LATE RED TRIFOLIUM.

These are invaluable articles for Early Sprmg Feed, either grown
separately or together. The proper quantity of Italian Rye-gz-ass, if
60 wn alone, Is 3 bushels per acre, or if TrUolium alone. ^8 lbs. per acre.
The New Seed is now being harvested, and we shall be pleased ""
samples and lowest prices per quarter and cwt. pn apphoati<
MUSTARD and RAPE, New Seed. All goods cftrriage free,

send samples and lowest prices per quarter and cwt. pn abphoatlon.
Also MUSTARD and R/ "" " - ■ ■ •..-------''

except very small parcels.

Sutton & So^g, Seed Groweii, Reading,

TAMES CARTER and CO. be^ to announce that tl^ey

f * are now sending out their unrivalled Strains of CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIfllULA, which, for fineness o;i; torm a^ad
beauty of colour cannot be surpassed,

CALCEOLARIA, saved fi'opi the finest Prize varieties.

CINERARIA, saved from the finest named varieties.

PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, dark carmine and pure
white, saved frojii the finest fringed varieties in cuLtiviitian. Price,
each packet, 2s. 6d., forwarded on receipt of Post-ofBco OrtLer for
the amount.

C^" PRICE LISTS gratis and Post £r.ee on application to Carter's
Great I-ondon Seed Warehouse.237 & 238, High Uolborn, London, W.C.

MBS.

SUPERB
P I N C E S

NEW GRAPE.
BLACK

M U S C A T,"

THE VERY BEST LATE GKAPE EXTANT.

LUCOMBE, PINCE, & CO,

Have a few Fruiting Canes of tliis fine variety, at £2 2s. and £3 3s. each.

These Tines are capatle of producing from 6 to 12 Bunches next year. They may be Fruited either in ujr out
of Pots. The Public are respectfully invited to see the Vinery ia which it is gfpiywg, measuring 34 feet by 13 feet.
It has now 230 bunches, coloiu-ing m a high state of perfection.

c

flOICE SEEDS in SEALED PACKETS.

THE " PRIZE " STRAIN of CYCLAMEN PERSICUM. — This
splendid Strain of Seed has passed entirely into the hands of
B. S. Williams. It ia the seed saved from the maj;nificent plants
grown and shown by Mr. Wiggins, gardener to W. Beck. Esq., Isle-
worth, at the Spruig Shows in the present year ; they were in each
Instance awardod 1st prize, and were the admiration of all the
visitors. The flowers are 1 inch across, by H inches in depth, the
colours ranging from a bright carmine lo a delicately tinted white,
and pure white tipped with crimson, the leaves Deautifully marbled ;
Indeed, the leaves, apart from the flowers, possess a peculiar attrac-
tion In the diversity of their piaibled surface. This seed should be
sown as early in the Autumn as possible. None genuine unless the
packets bear B. S. AV.'s iian^j and address. Price, per Pacfcet,
Is. 6rf., tis. M., and 3s. Gd.

THE "PRIZE" STRAIN of POLYANTHUS. _ This beautiful
Strain of one of the prettiest spring-flowering plants w.as also
exhibit d most successfully by Mr. Wiggins, of whom B. S. W. has
purchased the entire stccK and right of sale. None genuine unless
the packets bear B. S. Williams's name and addresfl. Price Is,,
2s. Gd., and 3a. 6d. per packet.

Other Choice Straiwb of Seed.

JAMES'S CALCKOLARlA, 2s. &d., 3s. Gd,, and 6s. per packet.

W^ATHERILL'S CINERARIA, '2s. 6d., 2$. 6d., and 5s. per pfct.

WILLIAMS' PRIMULA, 2^. Ud., 3a. Gd., and fi«. per packet.
L. S. WiLUAMs, Victoria and Paradise Nui'serias, Upper HoUoway, N.

L. P. & CO. beg also to call attention to their %e PRUITING CANES of other varietiea, comprising
all the best kinds in cultiyation, all grown without bottom h^t. These Ti^es are not to be surpassed.
Extra Strang Fruiting (toes, 10s. 6d. each.

A71 inspection is earnestly invited. A LIST ,0/ A-i»fo mil he forwonrded ztpon application to them.
EXETER NURSERY, EXETER.

JEAN VEKSCHAEFELT, NURSBKYMAN,

134, FAUBOURG DE BRUXILLES, GHEKT, BELGIUM,

Begs to offer the following, in fine healthy PJjAS'TS, at the undermentioned Jow pi'ices, viz. :—

AZALEA INDICA,flne plants for winter blooming, choice Tarietiea,

£5 per 100 ; stirOQKer, £^ to flO, and upwarils.
AZALEA INDICA SOUVENIR DP PKJNCB ALBERT, £1 ia.

per dozen.
AZALEA INDICA STOCKS, (it for grsfting, £1 per 100.
CAMELLIAS, fine plants, beauttfolly set with buds, choiee oajned

varieties, ^£6 pei- lOO ; stronger, £6, £10, £12, and upwards.

CAMELLIA STOOPS, fit for grafting, £1 83.
OTAHBITE ORANGES, full of fruit, i.1 4s. per dozen.
,, ,, st^ronger plants, extra, £1 9s.

JASMINOM OKASDIPLOBUM, giafted, flowering all through

VUe winter, £1 per dozen.
TEA ROSE, MARECHAL NIBL, grafts In pflts, 8*. per dojan.

Ig^ Early Orders are respectfully solieiieif,
JEAN VEKSCHAFFELTS NEW CATALOGUE is just pubUshed, aEd may be Hi Free on applicatwn fflther
to himself or to his Agents, Messrs. A. Silberbad & Son, B, Harp I*pe, Great Vm&v Street, London, ji.L.. AU
Letters to be addressed

JEAN VERSCHAFFELT, 134, FAUBOURG DE BRUXELLES, GHENT, BELGIUM.

Seftembm 21. 1867.] THE GAllDENEKS' CIIEONICLE AND AGiaCUETURAL GAZl'TTK.

971

FRESH IMPORTED DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

BUTTON'S

AUTUMN CATALOGUE FOR 1867

IB NOW iJEADi',
aui way t)e tad Gratw a»4 Post Frep on applwatipn.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS OF FLOWER ROOTS

FOR BLOOMING DyiUNG WINTER AND SPRING.

For Pots and Glasses.
COMPLETE COLLECTION (Carriago Frou) ..£22
DITTO (Carriage Free) . . 1 1
DITTO 0 10

F.on Oi'KN OuouwD.
COMPLETE COLLECTION (Carriuge Freo) . . £2 2
DITTO (Carriage Free) . . 1 1
DITTO 0 10

LI^T of CONTENTS of the above on application,
SUTTON AND SONS, B-OYAL BERKS SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READIf^G.

CARTER'S DUTCH BULBS.

I JAMES CARTER & CO.'S |

AUTUMN SUPPLEMENT

TO THEIB

GAEDENER'S AND FAEMER'S VADE MEGUM,

^"^^Sfcpf-

Containing ORIGINAL ARTICLES on the CDLTUEE of BULBS and SPRING GARDENING, also a LIST
of VEGETABLE SEEDS for AUTUMN SOWING, is NOW KEADY and wUl be forwarded immediately on
receipt of 12 Stumps (Gratis to Customers), on application to

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN,

LONDON, W.C.

ALL the FIRST PRIZES for HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c.,

AWARDED TO

WM. PAUL'S COLLECTIONS

IN MARCH LAST,
At tJjp ROYAi;' HORTICULTURAL and ROYAL BOTAJ^IC SOCIETY'S SPRING gHOWS.

FIRST IMPORTATION JUST ARRIVED IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE FREE BY POST Olf APPLICATION.
1^" Uarli/ Orders respeetfulhj solicited.

PAUL'S NURSERIES AND SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

DUTCH AND OTHER BULBOUS ROOTS,

B. S. WILLIAMS

HAS BEeMVED HIS FIRST IMPORTATIONS IN EXCELLENT CONDITION, AND RESPECTPULtY

SOLICITS EABLT ORDERS.

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE forwarded free on appUcation.
COJ-LECPIONS of BULBS carefully put yp to suit Gardens of various sizes.

Tbe CHOICEST HYACINTHS for Pots or Glasses, 24s., 18»., 12s., 9s., 8.*., and 6«. per doz.

HYACINTHS for Bedding, assorted, in colours, 3s. &i. per doz.

^11 Roots of the Jirsi qtiuliitj only.

B. S. WILJjIAMS,
VICTORIA AjfB PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

GLADIOLUS BRENCHLEYENSIS,

YOUELI, & CO.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulbs, &c.

ROIU'JtT I'AKliEU bi-s to iinnguiiiju that his NEW
CATALonUK. cuutuiiilDK hjcluct. IJcHcnptlvo, uud i'riood
Ltst« of Nuw. Biiro, Jind lnniu'llul fJrcciilinuno, Ilnrdy iiiid htoVfi
FIutitM, Aznloii luUica, Fri^ll Trvua, Unipo VId^, RhgdoJuiitirutui,
Uuaca, Swout Vio)(jt8, Ac. ; ArnarylliH, CrociiHcd, CvcIaniouH, Gladioli,
HyiioliitliH, Llliuiii«. Nu-roiHHUB, TuUijh, ittid otber liulbfl, Ih noW
publlnbudaud will bo forwarded to iiiipllciinta.

Kxutio NuTBOry, Tooting, Hiinoy, S.

Dutch Bulbs and other Flower Roots.

THOMAS SAMl'tiON, Thu Prustoii Road Nursmcs,
jirid Houni.lstoiio, Vtiivil, So^1or»(^t, bogs to atinounco timt b6
hiui Iriiijoriuda vm^u imburCauuiit of LUv abovo, liiuxcollunt coudttLoQ,
and 1» imw roiidy to suoply ordorn ut ttio Jowoftt prices. Soo
UATALOUUK. ir*!0 on appUcatjou.

BLrout; (IKAPK VINJiS, irom Kyoe.— All tUo lo^Dg varieties, »t
uaequuliod low pricey.

Carter's Du^h Bulbs.

SccdgQion to Her Mojesty's
Chief Commissi oners of Public
Worka and other Government
Ocpartinciitfl, the Royal Gardens.
Rew, &c., &c., kt.

SJeedsiaen to H.I.&l. the Eia-
poror of the FrotiCh, the Crvstal
Palnce CompaDV, tbe AKri-Hor-
ticultural Socitt; of India, &c.,
&c., &;c.

CARTER'S GUINEA BOX of DUTCH FLOWER
ROOTS for FORCING, contaius lli choicewt n;tmed Uyaointlift
in 12 varieties; 0 varietios Polyanthus Nurcisaus, 12 Sicijle Juni|uils,
12 Double Jonquils, 60 Queen Victomv Crocus, 6U David liviiio
Crocua, Oi) Louid d'Or Crocus, 2-'> Eajly Due Van Tbol Tulips, U La
Candeur Double Tulips, 0 Rex Rubrorum Double Tulips, Yi Tour-
nesaol Double Tulips, 1 Cyclamen persicura, box and packing included.

The above fi)rwarded without delay on receipt of I'ost Ofllce
order for 2\s. PRICE LISTS gratis and post free on application to

Carter's Great London .Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn,
London, W.C. .

Hyacinths, Hyacinths.

DREGHORN AND AITKEN, Kilmarnock, N.R.. beg
to Intimate that their CATAliOGUE of HYACINTHS and
other HULBS is now Published, and will be forwarded Post Free to
any Address. It contains vahiablo Descriptive and Culturid Notes,
and will be found a useful guide to Purchasers.

PRIZE Hi'ACINTQS.— D. & A.'s PRIZE DOZEN forlfc. The
best value In the Trade— viz., Macaulay, Ornament de la Nature.
Von Schiller, Grandeur a Mervillo, Lord Wellington (double). Alba
maxima, Mont Blanc, Queen of the Netherlands, Baron Von Thuyll,
Charles Dickens, Grantl Lilas, and Prince Albert.

ROMAN HYACINTHS— Fine Bulbs of these beautiful early
flowering Hyacinths, 3,f. 6d. per dozen. Free by Post or Rail.

\

S'aTonrP^^St.^n:^''" *?'^i,-'i,"' ""-t '=°'T^™''s, tiey^bc^grespi^ctfuUy to impress upou tkem the Eecessity uf doi
io at opce. rceir prices (which may be had Post Free) being reduced, wiU insure a gresiter demand thiin litherto

of 8e^?eXr7°pa^m*®' ^^^'^^^'I'l'^' GREENIJO^SE PLAJJTS, VIO^ISTS, ,&c., pee Gardeners- Ckroniele
fiOYAL NURSERIES, iGREAT YARMOUTH.

Dutcli and Cape Bulbs.

BUTLEE, McCUI.l OCH and CO. have received their
lisual consignment of tho above, and beg to offer the following
carefully assorted collections.

FOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION.
No. 1 I No. 2 I No. 3 1 No. 4 | No. 6 | No. C

lOOs.

26s.

16s.

ItisM.

FOR FLOWER GARDEN DECORATION.
No.7 I No.8 I No.B I No.lo | No.U I No.l2

ijOe. I 60s. 1 40s. I 26*. I 21s. I los.^d.

FOE FLOWER GARDEN AND CONSERVATORY COMBINED.

No. 13 I No. 14 I No. 16 I No. 10 I No. ir | No. 18

105s. 1 b'lsM. \ 42s. I 2lB. 1 16s. I lOs.Od.

CATALOGUES containing details ol above Collection sent free,

and Post-piid Orders amounting to 21s. sent, carriage paid, on

receipt of Post-Office Order. — Bstablisbrd upwards of a century.

Coveiit Garden M;irket, London, W.C.

Dutch Flower Roots.

MESSES. FRANCIS AND AETHUE DICKSON and
SONS have received from the most celebrated Growers In
Holland their first large importation of the above, and have the
satisfaction to say that the BULBS are this season sound, wel]
ripened, and of excellent quality. Early orders respectfully solicited.
DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES post free upon appli-
cation.

106, Eastgate Street ; and the " Upton " Nurseries, Chester.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 1867.

— ~ — ♦

Some time since we took occasion to allude to
the plans that had been proposed with reference
to the education of officers for service in the
Forests of India by Dr. Brambis and others,
and we alluded to the very complete and syste-
matic training which is demanded of the students
in the forest schools of Germany and France.
In this country, as we have nothing hke the
same extent of forest, so we have nothing
approaching to the scheme of education carried
out in the establishments to which we have
referred. Admii-able as those schemes are, as is
manifested not only by the excellent manage-
ment of the forests, but by the numbers of high
class standy.rd text-books which are so frequently
published by the Professors, it is to us a matter
of considerable doubt whether the plan advo-
cated by Dr. Brandis _with so much zeal, can
be successfuUy worked. It remains to be seen
whether youiig men of superior education wiU
be content to conform themselves, in the fii'st
instance, to the strict regulations of the German
or French forest schools ; and next, whether,
when thus armed with so thorough an education,
liberal as well as technical, they will cheerfully
accept service under such drawbacks as the

912

THE OAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Septemee 21. lae?.

forests of India in many cases offer : such are
tie isolation from other Europeans, the dis-
astrous climate, the hardships and exposure, the
expense of living, and other minor evils to which
it is not necessary to allude, but which make it
difficult for a forest officer to get a life assurance
offiee to grant him a policy. Truly the bait
ought to bo well gilded ; nay, the reward for
such service should be both speedy and
substantial. On the other hand, it must
not be overlooked that to a young man
of good physique, with a love of sport,
or, still better, a taste for natural history,
the attractions may be great. In any case,
however, we doubt whether a sufficient number
of these highly-trained officers can be looked for ;
and we would therefore strongly urge the
consideration of a scheme for establishing forest
schools in India, and for educating the natives
to act as forest officers, at iirst in a subordinate
capacity, but in due time, as they become
competent, advancing them to higher posts.

In some parts of India the climate and the
course of vegetation are so widely different from
what we have in Europe, that the European
officer, with all his training, would require some
little time to accommodate himself to the novel
«ircumstances by which he would be surrounded,
and to mould and adapt his " principles "
to the peculiar phase of practice which
would be required. To some extent he would
have to unlearn, or at least to ignore, great part
of what he had learnt, while on other points a
great deal of what he would have learnt would
be entirely uieless to him in India. For these
reasons, then, we rather demur to fhe lengthened
educational period, either in this country or on
the Continent, which Dr. Bkajtiiis' scheme
entails. Pending the formation of a forest
school in each of the Presidencies, at least it
might be well for the embryo forest officer to
pass some time in the Botanic Grardens at Cal-
cutta or Peradenia, and in the Cinchona planta-
tions at Ootacamund, or DaijeeUng, where at
least he would get an insight into the peculiari-
ties of Indian vegetation, and into many details of
management which would be of service hereafter,
while exceUont opportunities would be afforded
for acquiring knowledge iu the botany and
natural history of the country, as weU as of the
native languages. We incline to think that a
portion of the time allotted in Dr. Beandis'
scheme to study in the Eui'opean forests would
be better spent in the way we have indicated. As
to the estimation of quantities, the valuation of
blocks, the making of roads, the forest police and
legislation, and many cognate matters, surely
they could even now be gained as rapidly in
India by the student having a little prebminaiy
knowledge as they could in Eui'ope. But it is
specially with reference to the differences iu the
growth and reproduction of trees in India as
contrasted with Europe that we would urge the
speedy formation of forest schools on the spot.
Take the Deodar for instance. Would any
European forester, from his knowledge of the
rate of growth of that ti'ee in this country,
and the inferiority of its timber here, be
able in the absence of authentic infoi'ma-
tion even to surmise that the Deodar was the
mosti mportant timber tree of the Himalayas ?

Whatever scheme be ultimately adopted, it is a
matter for congratulation that, thanks to the
labours of such men as EoYLE, Cleghorn,
Stewart, Brandis, Madden", and others, the
attention of the Government has been drawn to
the vast importance of conserving these forests —
too long considered, as is well said in a recent
article in the Calcutta Review, to be " inex-
haustible," and, therefore, suffered to be felled
recklessly. In the journal to which we have
above alluded, is an account of how forests were
till recently destroyed in the Punjab, from
which, by way of illustration, we extract the
following 1 — " So the price of timber rose, native
traders crowded round the rajahs of the forest-
bearing hill states, begging, praying, and bribing
for licenses to cut trees ; felling, launching, and
pilfering with an amount of energy rarely to be
seen in orientals, except when money is to be
made." And here is an account of how the
felling was done, as related by Dr. Cleghorn : —
' ' The wood-cutter enters, fells many trees, and
damages many others by the tree falling down
the steep slopes, the branches not having been
previously cut off ; a heap of chips and debris
remains, which takes fii-e by accident or other-
wise ; the villagers send their cattle for pasturage,
and in a few years some scattered Pines are all

that remain of a once flourishing forest."
Truly it was time for the Government to " think
of preserving these forests."

The discussion in our columns on the Eival
Systems of Grape-growing has excited general
interest throughout the country, and on review-
ing the subject, it must be admitted that the
advocates of the progressive or accumulative
system appear to have the best of the argument,
whatever may be the results of their practice.
We do not, indeed, go the length of believing that
a Vine must progress indefinitely, in order that
its vigour may be kept in full force. On the
contrary, we think that if the surface of each
Vine were increased thi-ee or four fold, or, in
other words, if, instead of a dozen Vines in a
house, we had three or four to fill the same
space, the balance of force between the root and
the branch would be more equitably adjusted, and
the constitution of the plants would be stronger,
while as a natural consequence the average weight
of crop and size of bunch would be increased. If
we look to nature, such is the fact. A fully-
developed fruit tree of any kind, with the free
action of root and branch, wUl produce finer
fruit than another of the same variety suffering
from the maiming of its roots or branches, either
by accident or design ; and it is fair to assume
that the Vine, obedient to the same laws of
growth, will obey them in the same manner. It
is doubtful if this balance of vital force can be
so well maintained under the restrictive system.
On the contrary, the roots revel in fatness, while
the branches being restricted to a given area,
ruthlessly insisted upon, the gi-oss food taken up
has no adequate outlet, and hence accumulates
in the system of the plant in the form of crude
undigested sap, the parent of shanking, imperfect
colouring, and other evils.

Look at the Vines which have supplied aU the
fine Grapes to the Chiswick Exhibitions from the
time of DowDiNG (referred to by Mi-. Tillery)
and the Crawshays down to the present time.
Though we have seen many superb collections
while the Vines were young and extending, not
one exhibitor has kept up the size of bunch, after
the plethoric condition has set in. To mention
names would be invidious, but the records
of the exhibitions will prove the fact ; and
if any exceptions have occui-ed, we doubt not
it would be found that they may be explained
by the fact that new Vines had been
planted, or that old Vines had been cut down,
and allowed a progressive season to recruit the
waning energy of the plant. One of our great
Grape growers, noted for the size of the
bunches which he exhibits, is so well aware of
this fact, that he regularly cuts down a few Vines
to produce rods for these monster bimches ; and
taking only one or two bunches from each Vine,
he attains his end. But this is not legitimate
Grape growing, and hence, in a cultur&l point '
of view, is not equal to a regular crop, regularly .
finished off. The Vine at Finchley, as it has i
been described in our pages, seems the perfection i
of Grape growing. Por size and uniformity of I
bunch, the crop appears superior to that of any
set of Vines filling the same space, and hence
the success of the plan cannot be gainsaid. j

Of the various geological strata which are 1
met witii from the Valley of the Thames to the
Valley of the Trent, a tract of country to
which the discussion has related, there is not
one whereon good Grape growing has not been
manifested. Indeed, for artificial cultivation the
geological formation is comparatively a secondary
consideration. With a well-formed and properly
drained border, and Vines properly planted and
attended to, success is certain, so long as the border
does not become water-logged, and the roots are
in a sound and healthy medium. As for its not
paying to form an expensive border for one
Vine, that argument must fall to the ground.
There is no reason that a house should remain
partly unstocked, imtil one Vine fills it. We say,
plant each rafter — ^in duplicate if you please; but
if one, three, or six Vines wiU, by allowing them
to develop themselves, adjust the balance of
force better than 12 or 18 smaller plants crowded
together, then we say, let Nature assert her
prerogative, and let us accept the superior results
which she offers. In planting with a view to
the accumulative system, fix the sites for the
one or more Vines which are intended ultimately
to occupy the house, filling in with secondary
plants, and let it be a rule that the permanent Vines
shall not be over-cropped, and that the secondary
ones shall be made quite subservient to the others.

To illustrate what we mean, it may be mentioned
that in a Vinery planted last season with
32 Vines, we intend to reduce the number
ultimately to eight, and it will be done in this
manner. The Vines, now standing in line, will
be reduced to groups of four plants. From one
of the two centre plants in each group a branch
will be carried this season, and be inarched upon
the other, and that completed, two other shoots
will be carried to fill the space of the outside
Vines. In this manner the force of two sets
of roots will be retained to support one Vine, as
we anticipate with corresponding success. When
the late Sii- J. Paston first went to Chatsworth
he planted duplicate Vines in a long range of
Vineries, with the intention, as he explained at
the time, of inarching the two together; but
whether he did so or not, we do not know. Mr.
Hereman, who was there at the time, can
perhaps throw some light upon the subject.

Passing to Speechley's Vines, as transplanted
by Mr. Mearns, and referred to by Mr.
TiLLERY, we have reason to know that they
were not always trained upon the restrictive
system. At the time of their removal each Vine
covered two or more rafters, and as they had been
primed for years upon the cut-to-the-best-eye
plan, each plant was comparatively a fagot of
branches. Mr. Mearns reduced them when
the roots were reduced, and as Mr. Tellery
informs us, the result was large crops of small
but luscious Grapes. Of the tine old Vines at
Clumber we cannot speak so positively. Mr.
MoEFATT had only had charge of them a short
time when we first knew them ; but one fact we
recollect perfectly well : at the time the coiling
system came up, a cart-load of long branches
was received at Welbeck ti'om Clumber, which
certainly looks as though the Vines there had
not been, up to that time, trained upon a very
restrictive plan.

The large Vines at Cole Orton, which have been
alluded to in this discussion, were severely
injured a few years back, and are not now so
fine as they would have been under other
circumstances. StiU, looking to the exhibition
awards of many years past, these old Vines have
taken a vei-y lai-ge number of prizes, and even
now the young A'ines cannot put them altogether
aside. We thank Mr. Sage for having elicited
this fact, which is worth many ingenious theories.

Our great Grape growers, and our most recent
authors, give signs of progress. The followers
of Mr. Thomson are adopting the double rod
system, and no doubt they will come to the
quadruple system in the course of time, while
Mr. Thomson himself, as shown in an extract at
p. 809, from the last edition of his admu-able
treatise, rather commends than objects to the
principle of extension. Clement Hoake defined
the bearing capabilities of the Vine at 10 lb.
for the first inch in diameter at the base of the
stem, and 10 lb. more for every subsequent half
inch at the same point. Has any person ever
tested this standai'd ?

The Exhibition of Variegated Zonal Pe-
largoniums, which took place on Tuesdaj' last
at South Kensington, bore evidence that the
public interest in these beautiful-leaved plants
is unabated. Never before were so many of these
plants, or so many kinds, brought together ; and
if after all there is a touch of sameness running
thi'ough the whole series, there remains this sa-
tisfaction at least, that all are charming objects,
and any of them worth possessing. The gi-eat
n\miber of varieties we now possess, and the
similarity which exists between them, must,
however, lead to the gradual rejection of all but
the best sorts ; and it is just in so far as exhi-
bitions of this kind serve to eliminate the inferior
sorts, that they render an essential service to the
horticultural public. Those varieties which best
bear the test of public competition, are those
which must make their way amongst growers.

The experience of another exhibition fully
confii-ms the soundness of the rules laid down by
us at p. 515 for judging these plants, for those
which approached the nearest to the standard
■we had set up, were conspicuously the best sorts.
The special points of merit may be regarded as
comprising constitutional vigour, free growth,
and effective marking. Without clear, woU-
defiaed markings and duly balanced bands of
colour the leaves would be unattractive ; without
free development to clothe the plants with an
even surface of imcrumpled foliage, the beauties
they possessed could not be advantageously dis-
played; and without vigour of constitution to

Septembee 21, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CTTRONTCT.E AND AORTCULTDRAL fiAZETTE.

973

secure bulk in the plants, they would prove but
sorry ornaments to the parterre, however pretty
they might be as toy plants. Our report in
another column will show which of the kinds, in
the opinion of the judges, most nearly reached
the standard ; and purchasers may bo assured
that in obtaining these, they will at least obtain
reliably good sorts.

We are more than ever convinced of the neces-
sity of insisting on a flat or piano sm'faco for the
leaves, in plants like those, whose beauty depends
on tho richly-coloured markings of those organs.
Convexity to a slight degree may be permitted,
but is not to bo desii-od ; while concavity is
altogether inadmissible. Some highly-colovircd
varieties of the gold and bronze sections. Empress
Eugenie, for example, appear quite spoiled by
this concavity of the leaves. Again : the less the
leaf is lobed at tho margin, and tho nearer it
approaches without indentation to the circular
outline — that talisman of floricultural perfection
— the more beautiful will it appear.

There is ono other point relating to the exhi-
bition of these plants, with the view of testing
their merits, which demands attention. The
varieties are all in their younger stages
sportive, and therefore the appearance of the
seedling plants may be to some extent, at certain
times, deceptive. In order to obviate this, it has
been proposed that in future threo plants of each
kind should always be staged in the case of new
candidates for popular favour ; and as these must
necessarily be propagated plants, there will, by the
time these aroobtained, be some assurance that the
plant has assumedits permanent and fixed charac-
teristics. We quite coincide with this suggestion.

We learn that there is a desire on the part of
some at least of the growers of these Pelargo-
niums, for another trial of strength next
summer, it being thought

last May was too early, and that on Tuesday
last somewhat lato, for the plants to be shown at
their best, and that sufficient notice was not
given in either case for making the neces-
sary preparations. Hence it is proposed to
hold another show in July or August next.
Indeed, Mr. Griete's proposal in our own
columns (p. 808) stands open for that season, to be
either modified or adopted in the form suggested,
as the growers may collectively determine. We
shall be happy to facilitate the completion of any
arrangements that may be thought desirable, as
far as lies in our power'; but whatever form of
exhibition is adopted, the plan and details should
be decided on at once, in order that due prepara-
tion may be made by those who intend to exiibit.

New Beitish PH.ENOGAii.— Allium oariua-

tum. L., was formerly considered as a British species,
but the plant figured for it in English Botany, and what
has since been gathered for it, has proved to be a
mere broad-leaved variety of Allium oleraoeum. At
the last meeting of the Northamptonshire Field
Club, we had the pleasure of receiving from the
neighbourhood of Newark, but on the Lincolnshire
side of the boundary, an undoubted specimen of the
true A. carinatum, as figured by Redoute and
Reichenbach, characterised not onlj; by its lilac
flowers, with the concave connivent divisions of the
perianth, but by the exserted stamens. We at first
referred it to Allium flexum, Kitaibel, of which
we had a fresh specimen, but that is very pro-
perly reduced by Kocu to A. carinatum, of which
it is merely a narrow-leaved form. We have lately
received a tuft, consisting of more than 20 specimens,
growing on sandy, wet soil, mixed with a little lime,
amongst Rushes and coarse Grass. The plant was
found'by the Rev. W. T. Hampton, Rector of Stubton,
between Brandon and Doddington. Allium oleraceum
extends eastward as far as Beluchistan, but Allium
carinatum is not an Indian plant, though it probably
extends beyond Hungary. M. J. B.

In the number of the " Gartenflora " for

August, Dr. Regel gives an account of a quite new (?)
METHOD of GRAETISG, as practised by Heke Fbeund-
LICH, one of the Russian court gardeners, with
remarlable success. Instead of taking the scions from
the previous year's wood, with the bud just beginning
to swell, the still soft, growing, lateral shoots are
selected, when from i to li inch long, and either bari
or tongue grafted, care being taken not to
draw the ligature too tight, as they swell
much more rapidly than hard - wood scions.
Success, he says, is certain, if care be taken that the
sap of the stock is in motion at the time the operation
is perfoi med. He recommends this mode as superior to
all others, especially for hard-wooded trees, such as
Quercus, Fagus, &c., which are usually difficult to pro-
pagate from the old wood. New Roses and other plants,
which it is desirable to increase as rapidly as possible,
may also be advantageously worked in the same
manner.

One of the most gratifying features of the

PpLAEGONirM Show On Tuesday last, was the produc-
tion of Iwo very creditable Variegated Zonal Seedlings
by a Corporal of the Royal Engineers, engaged on the
Ordnance Survey, and now stationed at Hersham.

These were respectively named Royal Engineer, and
Hon. Mrs. W. le Peer Trench. They had been shown at
tho Chertsey local show, and had there obtained First-
cl.T-ss Certificates; but on this occasion they were
eclipsed by tho more brilliantly-coloured varieties
produced bj; other growers. Nevertheless, they pos-
sessed considerable merit, and ]>robabIy, cultivated
under more favourablocon'litions,niight prove superior.
Tlioy had been grown in tho window of Corporal
Uuowne's room; and during last winter, when very
young and tender, had been nursed on the inantelslielf.
It is gratifying to find soldiers taking so much interest
in the higher branches of gardening, and it would be
well if many others would profit by the example, and
go and do likewise.

NOTES ON THE ART OF GROWING ROSES
OUT-OP-DOORS.

(Continued frnni j). 0.>l.)

Section II. Preparation of ifi'e Beds.— Jivery one
wishing to grow good Roses should have some beds
appropriated to them. Of these some may be in the
flower garden, but it is necessary to have some plants
also in tho kitchen garden, where, if it is not desired to
appropriate a plot to them, they may be conveniently
grown by the sides of the walks. In every garden of any
but the smallest size, there will be usually found some
varieties of soil. Jlost commonly these run in strips.
Choose for the Perpetuals a spot where tho subsoil is a
clayey loam, or a clayey gravel, what is technically
called "a cool bottom." For the Tea Roses a drier
soil is to bo selected, and a sheltered situation with a
southern aspect, is required. We will presume that
the garden, if the situation requires it, has been already
drained; for Roses will not bear water stagnating about
their roots. The situation being chosen, the soil must
be dug and manured. It should be trenched ; and we
will first suppose it required for standards on the Briar.
Dig out a trench at the end of the bed, across its width.
Let the trench be of the width of the spade, and a
scant spit in depth. Carry the earth dug out to the
other end of the bed to fill up at last. Now, with a
fork, turn up and break the subsoil at the bottom of the
trench. Then place upon it a layer of good manure.
Cover it with the soil

„ „ _ but do not stir it in. Cover it
that the e.xhibition I dug out of the succeeding trench, and so continue

until the bed is completed. By proceeding in tins __ _ ^

manner we obtain a layer of manure betweeu the two , is of much easier management in every way than the

They may be of one, two, or three seasons' growth ; but
llioso of ono season make on the whole tho best plants.
They may bcobtained from November to February, tlis
first of these months being the best for the purpose.
Having roughly torn thoiu from the hedges, and
brought them homo, they must bo trimmed. This is a
iii.iro important process than it is usually considered,
and bore the art of pruning may bo said to begin.
The stem of tho stock, if it be of ono or two yeart'
growth, will have branches proceeding from its top.
It must bo cut oir below tho lowest of these, so as to
present a mere straight stick, like a walking stick.
You will often see the snags of the branches left ou
the stick. This is a very great mistake. At the root-
end there will be a thick portion pliced at tn angle
with the stick. This i.s an underground st«m. It
should bo cut ofl' close to where the stick springs from
it, and not more than 2 or <i inches on the other side
or the stick should be retained. If a fibrous root or
two proceeds from this portion, so much tho bcMer.
It is this underground stem which has an unconqner-
ablo tendency to send up suckers, causiug on» chief
plague of the Rose garden. Search, then, th« small
portion you have retained for every bud upon its
surface. They appear in the form of warts upon the
bark ; cut these all o(f close. So you will save your-
self much future trouble. When the stocks are thus
prepared, lay them in by the heels until you have
enough for your bed. Now plant them; if to remain, at
about 2i feet apart. Let them just reach the layer
of manure. Plant the taller ones in the middle, and
graduate towards the sides of the bed. Having planted
them, cut them all off to suitable lengths ; those in Uia
centre to the height of the second button of your
waistcoat, and the outside rows graduated to the height
of the knee. Leave room round the edge of the bed
for a border of dwarf plants. If the plants are intended
for future removal, they may be planted closer. If you
please you may afterwards remove the alternate ones.
When planted close, single or double rows are the
most convenient for budding. If there are three rows
they should be set close together, the middle being the
highest, so that you can reach over the outside rows te
get at it. Remember that Briars have awkward thorns,
and are very difficult of access.

Section V. On Planting Stocks of the Manelti Rose.
— You will not have grown Roses long without dis-
covering the immense value of the ilanetti stock. It

spits that have been moved; and if the roots of
standard Rose be examined they will be found to
spread sideways at a uniform level, pointing to this as
the best arrangement for their food.

Some growers plant their Roses upon raised beds in
form like an old Asparagus bed. By this means more

Briar. Its disadvantage is that it will not make
standards. Dwarf plants obtained from nurserie*
often send up suckers of the Manetti from their roots.
Sometimes an old neglected plant, so obtained, becomes
a mass of shoots of this sort, the scion completely
perishing. If y^u can find such, you have your mate-

perfect drainage is secured, and a greater depth of j rials at band. Otherwise, purchase a bundle of cutting*

iuould. The plan seems peculiarly adapted for Teas.
Some difference of opinion exists as to the state tho
manure should be in, whether somewhat fresh or com-
pletely decayed. Probably each may suit particular
soils. But it is doubtful whether the point is of much
importance, for the freshest manure, applied when the
beds are made, will have lost its freshness before the
plants begin to grow in it. There can be no doubt that
the manure should not have had its salts and animal
constituents washed out of it.

Of all manures night soil is the best ; next to it pig
and stable manures. For strong soils the dressing is
improved by being mixed with burnt earth. The
earth should not be too much burnt ; it should be
black rather than red. In preparing beds for dwarf
Roses on the Manetti, or on their own roots, it seems
preferable to mix the manure with the lower spit of
soil; for the roots of these kinds strike downwards
more deeply than do the roots of the Briar. This fact
is prob.ibly one cause of such plants being better suited
to hot soils.

Section III. On Obtaining P?at!fa.— Plants may be
propagated at home, or they may be bought. There
can be no doubt that it is best to propagate your own
standards, but it is a matter of indifference whether
you propagate your dwarfs or buy them. All standards
do best budded where they are to remain. Indeed,
some kinds of Roses will scarcely bear to be moved.
It will therefore he a question with you, whether you
will put up with a bed of wild Briars in your flower
garden for one summer, or whether you will set plants
which, for the first year, will be weak, and which
will some of them perhaps die. The best alternative
is to transplant into the flower garden only the strong-
growing kinds, and to retain the more delicate growers
in the kitchen garden.

In whatever way you obtain your plants, be con-
scientiously scrupulous to have them correctly named

in October. Cut the shoots of the current year into
lengths of about 10 inches; make a clean cut olf just
below the lowest bud. Cut off all the leaves and the
buds in their axils, except three or four at the
upper end. Upon the care with which this is done
will depend your immunity from suckers. Having
prepared a piece of lightish ground, as directed for the
JIanetti in Section II, take each cutting between the
finger and thumb, and push it down into the soil to
the depth of about 3 inches, and so form a row in
which the cuttings should stand about 10 inches apart.
About 18 inches from a walk is the most convi^nient
position for the row. Let the cuttings slopo slightly
away from the walk. Now with a hoe ridge up the
soil to cover all as far as the buds have been cut out.
They will all grow and be ready to bud in July, August,
and September.

Section VI. On Planting Standard JfojM.— The best
time for planting ready-made plants on the Briar is from
tile middle of October to the end of November. For
Teas, iiowever, it is better to wait until the severe winter
frosts are past. The latter part of ilarch is a good
season l^or the purpose. Standard Roses should not
have their heads pruned when planted. Look over the
roots carefully for suckers, and buds which produce
suclcers, and remove them. To distinguish a sucker
from a root, observe that a root tapers, getting smaller
as it lengthens ; a sucker, on the other hand, gets
thicker. Cut off all wounded roots, and their bruised
tips, and then plant them upon the layer of manure,
and at once tie them to stakes. At this season you
need not tread the earth round the roots ; the winter
rains will settle it much better.

If you have the taking up of the plants before
removing them, be very careful indeed not to break
off the roots. Few operations require greater patience.
A common labourer, or a "groom and gardener,"

inmediately enters upon a contest with the poor plant,

and to keep their names attached to them. If a friend ' and his object is to tear it quickly from the soil, he
offers you a variety of which he cannot give you the I cares not how. Not so the Rose grower. He desires
name, it will be a question with you whether to accept to obtain a plant which will producejiim abundant

it. Your labels should be of deal ; red deal is the best.
Pass a piece of wire through one end to attach it
loosely to the plant. Smear a little white paint upon
one side of the label, and write the name upon the
paint while wet with a soft pencil : a B B answers best.
The safest way to obtain sorts is to visit a rose
nursery early in July. See the plants in flower, and
order a plant of each kind that pleases you. If the
sorts in question can be obtained in pots, you may
take them home at once, and plunge them in the soil ;
otherwise you will have to wait for them until October.
Section IV. On Obtaining and Planting Stocks for
Standards.—^iocks of the Dog Rose may commonly be
bought of hedgers. A penny a piece is a high price for
them. But you will obtain better ones, and be more
sure of their not having been exposed to frost or
drought by getting Uiem yoarself Moreover, those
which grow in the vicinity of your garden will probably
suit the soil better than those which are brought fr(.ni
a distance. Those stocks should be selected which
grow from the ground without knots in their stems.

blossoms of beauty lix months hence. Therefore he is
anxious not to destroy the organs with which it collects
its juices. Whenever you need anything done "whick
is to be buried out of sight, if you wish it done well,
do it or see it done yourself. An Amateur.
(Tobe Contmuci.)

A FEW WORDS ON DORSTENIAS.

These curious plants meet in a general way with
but little attention, notwithstanding that some of them
have elegantly cut leaves, and others have the leaves
decorated with silvery markings; notwithstanding,
moreover, that they are of neat compact habit, and
easy of cultivation in a moderately damp stove.

The fructification of these plants is indeed remark-
able, and their relationship would be little suspected at
first sicht, for, notwithstanding their very diflerent
habit and generally low heibaceons growth, they are in
reality very close relatives of the commsa Fig, and
have a very similar fructification. The Dorstenias

974

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGETCULTURAL GAZETTE. [Septemeee 21, iser.

produce amongst their leaves certain green flesliy
bodies springing up on long stalks. These are of very
different forms in the various kinds of Dorstenia ;
some are hand-shaped, some horned, some nearly
quadrangular, and some cup-shaped. These fleshy
bodies, so irregular and varied in shape, con-titute a
basis or receptacle, on the upper side of which are
seated numerous flowers, a portion of which eventually
produce small rounded minute fruit or seed-vessels.
The fruit of a Fig is a somewhat pear-shaped body,
presenting externally a rather rough skin, with a small
opening at the broader end leading directly into the
interior, where is found, according to its age, a multi-
tude of small flowers or of seed-vessels, which when
ripe constitute the fleshy, luscious portion so much
admired by Fig-eaters. Here the pear-shaped body is
the receptacle, and the flowers are quite analogous to
those produced on the receptacles of Dorstenias. The
Fig may therefore be described as a Dorstenia with a
bag-shaped fructification, having in addition other
characters by which botanists are able to recognise
differences constituting a good generic distinction
between the two. The Dorstenias stand next the i igs
in the same natural family, being their nearest allies.

The Dorstenias are plants found in tropical climates,
both in America and Africa, and are called after
Dorsten, an old botanist, who did good service to the
science he cultivated. The species are said to have
tonic and other virtues, and one or more of them are
reported to have the power, when in the green state,
to cure the bite of serpents ! A few of the more
remarkable species are well wotthy of cultivation, and
will much interest those who will give them a little
careful examination. Among those which may be
recommended to the cultivators of curious plants are
D. ceratoSanthes, D. Houstoni, D. pilosa, D. tubioma,
D. arifolia, and D. maculata. Florist and Nomologist.

FBUIT GROWING IN JERSEY.
Ik turning the suggestions of nature to profitable
account, by bringing artistic knowledge to bear, Jersey
contains an example that I have nowhere seen
equalled. In entering tha port of St. Heller's the eye
cannot fail to be arrested by a considerable spread of
glass houses iust beyond a nook at the north-western
corner of St.'Aubin's bay. On inquiry a stranger will
be informed that this glittering display is, what may
be termed, the nucleus of one of the wonders of the
island ; but it will probably be added—" It will require
a good introduction to he favoured with a sight of the
interior." This difficulty, it will be found on further
inquiry, arose from the fact that cockney excursionists,
who obtained leave to inspect this grand show of fruit
growing, could not, in many cases, so far leave their
vulgar manners at home, as to resist the temptation to
spoil a few bunches of Grapes by picking an extra fine
berry occasionally, as they passed through the hot-
houses. The proprietor is evidently of too generous a
nature to make this a show-place by charging for
admission ; and to have his grounds open to the many
sight-seers who visit the island, would require more
attendants to keep them from this petty peculation
and other forms of mischief, than are required at this
Reason of the year to do the work of the whole place.
To out a whole bunch, if it were not the best, would
be comparatively a pardonable hberty, but to slyly
pluck here and there a berry, as the opportunity pre-
sented itself, was a breach of self-respect, and an abuse
6f conferred courtesy, that no man could continue to

Mr. Pond, the present proprietor and cultivator of
the plants of these highly interesting grounds, is, we
believe, a Bath man, and he has been in possession of
them we were informed, about six years. The
beginning of their formation and planting was made by
a Frenchman, who fell into a state of insufferable alarm
under the belief that the Emperor of the French
intended to take possession of the Channel Islands.
In this state of mind he sold his possessions to the
best customer— and it may be only customer— he could
at once find, pocketed the proceeds, and skedaddled to
Great Britain, " The land of the free." Mr. Pond
undoubtedly saw a good opoortunity before him, and
froto what I saw, he has had no cause to repent of his
bargain. Indeed, if there he cases where profitable
business, and one of the most enjoyable pleasures, exist
together in happy combination, this is surely ohe of

them. , , J, T.

The extent of the grounds under hothouses. Pear,
Apple, Plum, and a few Peach, NectariPe, and Apricot
trees, is about 4 English acres. Its ancient formation
was an abrupt point of one of the small tables of land
which are so frequent in this island. It jutted out
with its foremost point towards the south, and as its
rugged sides ran nearly at right angles, it Would
present a face to the south-east and south-west, or
thereabouts. . , , „

The most striking feature about the whole place is
the manner in which the upper part of it has been
transformed from rugged unproductive declivities to a
system of the most productive hot-houses and beds
that could well be devised. This consists in a succession
of terraces. These are not very regular, but they are
none the less convenient for that ; and their appear-
ance is perhaps more pleasing than would have been
the case had uniformity been studied, and the
monotony of equal heights and regular straight lines
been constructed throughout. The great economy of
adapting these terraces to the original formation of the
cliffs was, undoubtedly, a material con.fideration, for it
is no trifling matter to shift the surface of such a
place, so as to make it uniformly suitable for receiving
foundations of walls, however low, and for growing the
delicate Vine and the finer sort of Pears and stone-
fruits to perfection. Had this point of uniformity
been studied, too much "rubble" would have been
shifted to one place, and deep trenching— which Would

have involved the risk of a land slip— would have been
required where a prominent part needed reducing.

The first plan of operations seems to havo been to
out down from the top to a depth which would give a
flat surface wide enough for a terrace that would
reoeife two or three rows of trees, or a house and an
artificial bed for Vines to grow in. As the original
upper surface was not level, this depth varies in some
places frotn about 12 feet to 6 or 8 feet. The earth
removed in doing this work was disposed of by select-
ing the best for forming the bed for planting in, and
the waste— if any of it came under that term— was
passed down the cliff as conveniently as possible for
assisting in forming another terrace below. We are
speculating in some measure in this description, by
inferring from present appearances what was probably
first done. The facings thus formed were not left quite
perpendicular. This was undoubtedly a judicious
precaution, for there was apparently some danger that
water might accumulate during heavy storms, when
there would be a danger of the walls, which were to be
subsequently built, being carried away. This was
further guarded against by wooden troughs being
carried across the terraces and through the walls into
enclosed " shoots," which were placed against the
front of the slightly inclining walls. Whether these
high leaning walls are single brick or 4-inch work, or a
brick and half, or 14-inch work, we omitted to ascoT-
tain ; but in proof of the general economical construc-
tion of these terraces, it is important to state that the
low faces to Vine beds in front of houses, or of beds
on which standard fruit trees are growing, are generally
only single brick or 4-inch work ; these walls, or
facings, vary— omitting the top one, described— from
2 to 4 or 5 feet in height, and as they are backed with
soil to absorb and retain the heat of the sun, although
they are so thin in themselves, they answer every
required purpose for growing wall-fruit. Their great
advantage, reckoning their cost, will appear when we
come to describe the present crops of fruit against

them. J X J J

Mr. Pond has greatly improved upon and extended
the works of his predecessor, so far as go the alterations,
and increased number of houses, heightening the walls,
and increasing the depth and fertility of the soil which
composes the beds of the terraaes. This is clear from
every corner being, not only filled with some kind of
tree, but from every tree, with scarcely an exception,
being laden with as heavy a crop of fruit as experience
in thinning has decided ought to remain and be fine,
and yet not exhaust the trees for the crops of coming

The Grapes, which have been, and will be cut by the
end of the year, will amount to nearly four tons.
Allowing for the lesser number of houses in previous
years, a proportionate quantity has been grown nearly
every season since the Vines have been under Mr.
Pond's care and management. The quantity of Pears,
Plums, and other stone-fruit named, sent to market,
amounts annually to about the fame weight, four tons.
A large portion of this fruit is sold in Covent Garden.

The hothouses, or Vineries, are generally of the lean-
to, or one-light construction, but there are some lengths
of half-span. The lights are generally 12 feet in length.
The lineal extent of these houses is about 1400 yards, or
a little over three-fourths of a mile. The man whose
duty it is to give air to the houses in the morning, has
to walk, when the weather is suitable for the lights or
Ventilators of all the houses to be raised, a distance of
two miles before he has completed his work.

As this is a business, Mr. Pond does not aim at
growing many wonderful or sensational bunches of
fruit, but he endeavours to adapt his yield to his
customers, by producing a greater number of compact
bunches of a medium size— Black Hamburgh, for
example, of three-fourths of a pound weight.

The longest houses are for Black Hamburghs. There
are two of these, 300 feet each, the form of which is a
lean-to. A Muscat house is the next, 200 feet in
length. The fruit in these houses had been cut for
some weeks. This I mention, because there was here
one of the most remarkable appearances I ever saw ;
although the fruit had been some time cut, excepting
a bunch or two, and the canes were well ripened or
ripening off, the leaves vt^ere as green as I haVe
usually seen them in this country when the fruit
begins to ripen. Mr. Pond said this was now Usual
with him. Some Cornish gentleihen were greatly
puzzled at this appearance. They could not define it.
As I make no pretensions to professional knowledge
in Grape-growing, 1 did not make any further
attempt to solve the problem than to ask a few plain
questions. According, however, to my familiarity
with the science of vegetable physiology, and to my
views of the doctrine of reasouing by analogy, this cer-
tainly seemed to be a most interesting question,
amounting as it did to a species of phenomena.
Whether it was mainly attributable to climate, the
same being humid, or whether it was due to Mr.
Pond's superior treatment, are questions well worth
discussing pro and con, by men who are learned in the
influences which produce orprevent these results in the
Vine • thus it might be determined whether the splendid
condition of these Vines was due to any particular
treatment or not. For my part I should watch this
inquiry with great interest. I may here add, as a
"eneral confirmation of this statement, that although
Mr Pond aims at cutting Grapes all the year round,
and has hitherto done so, there is only a difference of a
darker green shade between the leaves of the Vines
from which the fruit has been cut for some weeks, and
those of the Vines on which the Grapes are just ripen-
ing, or are quite green from being for Christmas and
January cutting.

As a brief reference to a crop or two, we may say, in
One house several kinds of Grapes were growing,

bottom to top. This plan was conveniently adopted
from the soil of the terrace above being as high as the
wall to which the glass roof was attached. Tlius, in
one Vine the flow of sap was upwards, in the next
downwards. There has been, we believe, much di^^
cussion between rival growers as to the advantages 6f
one of these methods over the other. In regard to the
result in this case; where the Vines are several .years
old, I need give only one reply to the several questions
I put, viz., "I have taken every opportunity to watch
the progress of these Vines," said Mr. Pond, " and I
have never been able to detect the slightest possible
difference." This ought to be valuable if not conclusive
evidence. The base of contention about the roots
growing to and from the sun, would not in this case ba
quite accurate; but here the up-growing Vines would
have their roots in a south-eastern aspect, while the
opposite ones would of course be oh the less favourable
north-western side

In one of the late houses Muscats are now growing
in splendid form, not a single berry being defective,
and the weight of the bunches varying from about 2 to
2J lb. Here there are also Black Hamburghs of a
similar character as regards form and quality; two
Vines of the latter grow side by side from the top, the
form of training being a fork, or two canes to each
root. On each vine there are 50 bunches of the best
marketable size and form, viz., three-fourths of a pound
each. The length of each branch is 12 feet. Anything
more perfect than these specimens could not be
produced. Muscats are also growing both from the
top and the bottom, with the same results, and in
every case to the utmost degree of perfection.

A Vine of the Australian Grape, known as "Cole-
man's," had a crop, which for size of bunches and
berries I have never seen equalled. The flavour of
this Grape, too, was very fine, while its sweetness was
intense. Mr. Pond spoke of this as an extraordinarily
good Grape for cutting at Christmas. The stock of
it came from Mr. John Keynes, of Salisbury.

The principal trees growing on the terraces are the
best varieties of Pears, there are some Plum and a
few Apple trees. All these are on short stocks, and
kept cut down to 5 or 6 feet in height. The Pear trees
are engrafted on Quince stocks. This practice, com-
bined with the cutting-iu to insure young and yigorotis
lateral shoots— which is here in almost every instance
the case— is, according to Mr. Pond's view, the plan to
make trees continuously prolific while they last, but
under this highly artificial treatment they soon become
exhausted. This, however, in this case is of no mate-
rial consequence, for these trees take up so small a
space, that a circle a yard in diameter would enclose
the greater number of them, and they are so planted
that a set of young trees, at a trifling cost, can be
planted so soon as the present standards show signs of
falling off in producing their usual abundant crop.
Nothing of the kind could be more profitable, and at
the same time more charming, than is the appearance
of these trees this season. This, we were informed, has
been their regular show each year since Mj. Pond has
possessed and cultivated them. Common soil, no
matter how good it might have been in the first
instance, would not of course sustain these heavy crops
year after year. The required fertility of these terraced
18, however, preserved at a profit, for as the trees are so
low and pillar-like in form, there is but little ob-
struction to the growth of a full crop of Potatos. The
nursing manure suitable for bringing these bulbous
esculents forward enough to make the best price
in the market, subsequently serves to stimulate and
sustain the summer growth of the trees. It will
have been anticipated probably that the manure
used for this double purpose is stable-dung in a suit-
ably digested form. As the young or " new " Potatos
thus grown are taken up by the time they would begin
to require something more than the ammoniacal or
volatile qualities of the dung, the phosphates and
humus of this compound of animal excreta and straw
remain to yield up its organic and inorganic elements
to the trees during their vigorous midsummer shoots,
and, when these are cut-in, to the crops of fruit, which
thus grow to so great a weight and to so much
perfection. , . . . ,,

Here I may incidentally remark that raising the
Potatos thus grown, is usually begun early in May and
finished by the second or third week in June. This
year the first quantity raised was despatched to Coyent
GtirdenontheSth of May, and the last on the 27th
of June. , r ■ »it.

Pears are also grown on the walls and facings ot the
terraces. Pear trees on walls are no novelty, and need
no special reference ; but to see Chaumontelle and
other Pear plants— they hardly come, as regards size,
under the class we understand by the term trees-
growing on rod after rod, lineal measure, of brick
facings only 18 inches and 2 feet high, and to see these
plants at the samie time uniformly covered with full
and judiciously thinned crops of the finest fruit, is
certainly a sight worthy of a note, and the commenda-
tion which the simple mention of the fact conveys.
Other kinds, such as Louise Bonne, Josephine de
Malines, Beurre Clairgeau, Crassane, and other fine
varieties, are grown both on these walls and facings,
and also on the dwarfed standards.

One young Beurre Clairgeau Pear tree is growing
on the wall of the packing house. Last year was its
third season aft«r planting, when it was allowed to
mature seven Pears. Six of these came_ to perfection

witbout injury or blemish, and their weight was 91b
or an average of li lb. each. This year, the fourth of
its age, there are 15 Pears growmg, and from the
rapidity of their growth their skins shine under the
stretrhing which the pressure of jiuce has produced.

This great success in growing Pears is nearly it not
quite equalled by the display of Apples : fruit which do

and a singuTar"featu"re""of its arrangement wa^ the [not, hpiB^ef ZS™ '''&'toXvt "^Xr^Uy
Vines grew alternately from top to bottom and from I interest attached to them, ifiis, nowever. is iitarauy

Se^tSmbeh 21, 1867.]

TTTE n ^T^PENEKS' CTITHA'TrTE A>'T» j^Ol^TnTT.TFRAE TtAZETTE.

915

aniattproftaitd. Fonnv own part, aporfectlyRrown and
nmturod KiiKlisli Appio, wliRlher urown in Jersoy or
elsewhere, is seoon'l to nothing in the season when it
is in its prime. With these proclivities of taste I
was charmeil with the appeuramie of the Ribston
Pippin trees, hotli on the hish walls and the low
faeinRS, The first tree of this sort, which was sinsu-
iarl.v striking, is on a low «urvin« and inrlininR wall,
whi'eli separates the end of one terrace and the rising
semi-circular pathway hy which a higher and lower
terrace are passed to and from. The roots ot this tree
are on the north side, and run under the pathway,
and the wall hero being from 2 to 3 feet high, there are
branches of that length leading to the top of the wall.
"Notice this," .said Mr. Pond, "for when we got
round you will see the etfeot of a wall and a sunny
aspect." On the path side there were but few leaves—
none it may be said worth mentioning— and only one
Apple standing out at the end of a spur, appearing to
bo all forlorn and miserable in its nakedness. On the
inside of the curved wall, however, where there was
about 2 feet of space above the soil, the branches,
which are trained each way, were a mass of the most
beautiful, glossv foliage, and completely laden with
correspondinir fruit. On the highest part of the top
wall, another tree of this kind may be said, and fairly,
to hixuriato. The wall is hero, as I have said, 12 fe^t
high The bottom of the tree extends 36 feet, and the
top runners vary from 18 to 20 feet ; thus there is a
vast spread ef fruit-bearing branches. One note-
wnrlliy foiiliirn hero jiresents itself : while this tree i.s
wilhoiil cNi'oplinn a mass of glossy leaves, there is not
—which m:i)' Iw taken perhaps as a natural inference —
one or more of the defective and dying branches Which
almost invariably orauir on Ribston Pippin trees at this
season. This is the more singular, as showing the effect
of tho wall, from all the standard trees of this kind
growing on the open terraces being affected in the
various stages of lice and canker, and the dying of
branches which sooner or later inevitably ensues.

liawthornden trees, which are anywhere almost
certain and heavy bearers, are also on the lower part
of tho top wall, and also, if I recollect rightly, on 9,
low facing. But this seems to be a comparative waste
of walling, for this kind will ^row well enough in the
open, and nothing can convert them into choice table
ftuit. However, as a curiosity, the larger tree is
worth its place, for such a display of bunches for

purple to pink, and the delicately-tinted E. albo-
lateritia promises fair to produce a white ono at no
distant d.ay. _, „ ,, . . ,,

They arc of the easiest ouU-uro. The following i« tho
nioilc of treatment usually adopted by the best growers
of thi.s class of plants. Take for compost good pasture
loam of medium strength, and peat of rather a sandy
nature, in about equal proportions, and add to this a
moderate quantity of leaf-mould and brick rubble. In
this compost they will both grow and flower Vigorously.
The time for potting is when the plants begin to grow
in the spring after flowering. It is imperative to dram
well and not to over-pot them. Place them at once
into a brisk moist heat until they have quite completed
their growth, after which they may be set in a lower
temperature to harden, and finally they may be exposed
to the full sun in order to sot their buds. They gene-
r.ally begin to flower in November, and a few at a time
may bo placed in a gentle heat to open their blossoms
as they may be wanted.

The" varieties of E. Bussellianum are naturally from
one to two months later in blooming than the varieties
of B. truncatum, and are invaluable as suooessional

If failures take place in the cultivation of these
plants thev usnallv arise from neglecting to give them
tho higher temperature at their growing time, lor
although usually termed greenhouse plants they are
natives of the 'Prazils, which country, it is almost
needless to state, does not produce many that^ thrive
under mere greenhouse treatment. Appended is a list
of 21 of the most distinct sorts in cultivation :— ^
E. truncatum spacfeabilo

c'lrminatum

E. fcnmcatuni mft]us

,, .albo-lateritinm

„ ,, uniahile

,, anranti.acum

" „ bicnlor

,, coccincum

,, ,, enientnm

,, ,, magnificnm

,, ,v purpiireura

,, ,, rosjeiim

,^ ,, nibro-tinctum

II „ Ruckeriafium

,, splendoTis
JF. BncMey, Tooting.

,, aalmnnoum

,, tricolor

,, violaceum

,, ,, grand!"

florum

,, ,, super bum

Russellianum
,, rubium
„ oxipreum
,, siipcrbuTO
,, Sno\vii

LETTERS FROM PARIS.— No. XXIII.

Obname.\t.il French G.irdejiing.
miantitylndTze we have never' seen equalled, and 1 1 This is the 27th day of August, and I cannot
Kbould sav it was never surpassed. Codlins, too, of all I perhaps, sele(!t a better time to tell all I can about
others seeiu" how thev are looked upon as one of the : the merits of the much talked-of system of flower
most old-fashioned of 'the Apple tribes, were planted | gardening employed about Paris. To begin, we had
aoainst the wall and Mr Pond has allowed one or two better consider for a moment that the gardens ol Pans
" —• . .. . - i-.->- <•-..;,. I are under dift'erent boards of management, if I may so

speak. Thus the gardens of the Luxembourg, the
Tuileries and other palaces, with the Jardin des
Plantes, have their own gardeners, and have nothing
to do with what we may call the Municipality of Paris,
nor are they supplied from its great nursery, La
Muette. On the other hand, the Pare Monceau, the
Bois de Boulogne, the great belt of gardens on each
side of the Champs Elysees, and all the squares, &o.,
belong to La Ville de Paris, and are managed by it.
As I have many large gardens to deal With
in one article, the sooner we come to the
vital points the better, and we will begin at the
Luxembourg, with M. Riviere. This fine garden was
cut to pieces last winter, and so much so that those
who knew it a year or two ago would hardly recognise
it now. But it is yet a noble garden, and for a geome-

to remain. These, however, are a fine table fruit,
from being handsome in their deep rosy colour, which is
made more intense by the influence of the wall, while
the brisk acid they contain, and the dry aroma the.v
emit when well grown, make them equal in medicinal
qualities to Oranges or Lemons, and more agreeable a.s
a dessert in the autumn and winter seasons. 1
cannot conclude this notice of fruit growing on this
sygt<?m of terraces, and by the fertilisation and culture
we have cursorily described, without mentioning a
little standard tree of the Pride of Kent variety.
This was on one of the upper terraces of the south-
eastern aspect, and this plant was covered from top %(>
bottom with these quaint and elegant little golden
gems of the Apple species of fruit.

In making a general remark or two, I cAnnot but
admit that climate has much to do with this success.

BuTth :i many £e Ite red "pots in England whe;; ! ideal one v^ry pleasing indeed. I must pass by its
DUh ineie.irB niiiii.y . iiciicit.., .p °..__- , i n ii — i „„ „(■ nr..b.flc .nifl snmft other inr^restm"

greatly increased contributions to our material com
forts and luxuries might be made with a very passable
and satisfactory imitation. Plums, as Orleans, Magnum
Bonums, and the fine luscious Greengages and other
rich fruit of this kind, are also grown on these facings
in the greatest profusion that is consistent with the
future vigour of the trees, and they are growing too to
the utmost perfection. One hundred dozen of_choice

fine collection'of Orchids, and some other interestini
features, and come at once to the style of decoration,
which is distinct, good, and well worthy our attention.
Continuous borders, not beds, run round the squares of
Grass, &c., and from the dawn of spring to the end of
autumn, these are never without occupants, never
It is not the old mixed
it the

ragged, never flowerless,

border system, observe— far from it; nor is

Plums are ftMuentiy'pidced "a^day for "Covent Garden | bedding one. It is a system of bedding and herbaceous
^' ^Wh5' should :not single-brick walls be; plants mixed, but all changed. every year. They

m
growing

at this season. ...... ._,..._.„- ,.

built a few yards apart on some of the slopes ol Hent ' .steal
and Surrey, where the frnits in question would grow '" '
equally well ? This investment could not fail to pay,
with the wealth and .3,000,000 inhabitants of London
within easy reach. In many places bricks might be
ulade on the spot, and if slopes could not be found, a
succession of walls made slightly serpentine to give
them strength, if built on the flat, would add marvel-
lously to the produce and value of the fruit so grown ;
while early Pens, Potatos, and salads might be pro-
duced in suflicient abundance to create a ravenous
taste among Cockneys for such wholesome spring
relishes. Thus the greater the supply in sea.son the
greater would be the demand ; for now these things
are thought but little of because they are so scarce that
the bulk of well-to-do people never think of them till
the idea is dinned into their heAds by such street cries
as, " Lettns three a pennee !" and ' Reddishes, three
fardens a markkit bundle!" "Will not some enter-
prising men strike out in the direction indicated, and
seize upon the opportunity that 3,000,000 of people offer
them ? There is room for a thousand Mr. Ponds, with
ten times the extent of his grounds for each enter-
prising individual. And when these thousand men
have developed their schemes, each in his own par-
ticular way, there will be a greater demand for the
produce they will yield, and this from the taste for
these home-grown fruits and " vegetables " having teen
established and made to linger for satisfaction. W. W. O.

NOTES ON EPIPHTLLtTM TRUNCATUM.

As winter-blooming plants the Epiphyllum trun-
catum and its numerous varieties rank among the most
uspI 111, and when grafted on .stems of from 1 to 2 feet in
height they have a most charming eflect. Their blos-
soms vary rn *6lour froA the richest 6rimsdn aild

out a spring flower this week, and put
fine herbaceous or bedding plant, or strong
florists' flower in its stead, and with
the very best success, A stock of good bedding
and herbaceous plants are always kept on hand to
carry out this, and the placing of good kinds of
herbaceous plants into fresh ground every year
causes them to flower as freely as the bedders. But
those borders also contain permanent thing.5— Lilac
bushes, Roses, &c., which give a line of verdure through-
out the centre of the border, and prevent it from
being quite overdone with flowers. Among those woody
plants there were others very beautiful and very sweet,
for many weeks, through the better part of the season,
and those were low standard bushes of the common
Honeysuckle ! Tour readers would, perhaps, scarcely
ever think of that for such a position ; but alternating
between a Rose and a Lilac, or other bush, and throwing
down a head of free-growing and flowering shoots, I
can safely say that I have rarely seen anything so
pleasing in the flower-garden. Few arrange-
ments can be more satisfactory than the mixture
of Phloxes, Gladioli, (Enothera speciosa. Fuchsias,
Pelargoniums, large yellow Achillea, &c., m these beds
at present and for months past. They also have
the sub-tropical sv.stem at the Luxembourg, and
rather more tastefully than elsewhere. Thus m one
part may be seen a graceful mixture of a variety ol
fine-leaved plants with an edging of Fuchsias, instead
of the ponderous mass of 500 plants of one variety ot
Canna, which you sometimes meet with in other places
about Paris. M. Riviere is also fond of having mixed
beds of Ferns in the open air, and also isolated speci-
mens of tree Ferns, Woodwardia elevated on a moss-
covered stand, &<:, and their effect is very good. One
thing however, not in the flower-beds I must not pass
' b j--the magnificent lot of large Oleanders that are in

flower here now among the Orange trees and double
I'uini-griiiiates. They are many of them perfectly fur-
iiislii'd with flowers, have well-l'oraicd heads, and being
li-oiii I'l ui 10 feet in diameter, look like beds of flowers
rather than single petals. They are grown in large tube,
Ijreoisoly like tho Orange trees,and stored in a great dark
conservat iry with them also. The culture of Orange
trees in tubs is at best but an awkward relic of Middle
Ago gardening, but the culture and keeping of these
magnificent Oleanders is really not only tolerable but
admirable. They have many specimens here such as I
liavo described. A bed of Pajiyrus antiquoriim does
well here, and looks refreshingly dark green and
distinct.

From the Luxembourg we will next turn to the
garden around the Louvre. Hero again we have
borders instead of beds to deal with, and the eflect is
beautiful and also capable of infinite change. This is
the plan of the Louvre borders. It is a combination of
circle, and mixture, and ribbon, quite unpra'itised
with us. Along the middle of the borders we have a
line of permanent and rather large-growing things-
Roses, Dahlias, neat bushes of Althaea frutex, and small
Persian Lilacs. The Lilacs might be thought to grow
too gross for such a position, but by cutting them into
the heart as soon as they have done flowering the
bedding stuff starts with them on an equal footing,
and the Lilacs hurt it not by pushing out again, and
making neat heads for taking a lead m the display of
spring flowers. Thus they have all the central line of
each border a lino of green and pointed things, which
always save it from over-colouring, and then uniler-
neatli they lay on the tones as thick as could be wished.
Around each' bush or tallish plant in these barders
are placed rings of bedding plants— Fuchsia, Veronica,
Heliotrope, Chrysanthemum grandiflorum, fceni-
oulaoeum, &o.,the outer spaces between the rings being
filled with a few plants of a sort. Then follows a straight
line of Pelargoniums— red, white, and rose, mixed
plant forplant,and forming a very pretty line. Outside
of that a band of Irish Ivy, pegged close to the earth,
and pinched two or three times a year; and finally, on
the walk side, an edging of the capital irons before
described. As soon as one gets beyond the very primi-
tive idea, that because one border is of a certain
pattern the others ought to follow it, this will be
found a really good plan, and it is worth attention with
us ; by its liieans we may enjoy great variety in a
border without any of the raggedness of the old mixed
border system. Around most of the Rose trees they
place a ring of the Gladiolus— a good plan where the
plant grows well. Any person with a knowledge ol
bedding plants may vary this plan ad i.nji ml «m, And ■pro-
dace a most happv result with it wherever borders have
to be dealt with. In theTuileries we find much the same
kind of garden, with a fine bloom of Roses in summer,
and more Hollyhocks and Althisas in autumn. So also
in the Palais Royal we meet with the same style going
around the squares, but it is only the Louvre strips
that have the wide margin of dark green Irish Ivy— a
refreshing and neat finish.

In the private garden of the Emperor, at the
Tuileries, the flowers are kept a good deal subdued,
and some trouble is taken to develop the shrubs and
stronger vegetation distinctly and well. The eflect is
very good from the windows, and the interior. Here
again we see the Ivy edgirg, 20 inches wide, well used.
The flower borders touch the gravel walk, and are
edged with Box, but on the gravel itself they lay down
a beautiful dark green band of the Irish Ivy, of course
allowing, in the laving down of the walk, for the space
thus occupied. The efl'ect of the rich green band adds
much to the beauty of the border.

Let us next turn to an entirely opposite style— that
generally adopted by M. Barillet for the gardens of the
city It is often striking, often beautiful, and occa-
sionally mean. It is striking when you see a host of
that fine silvery tree, AcerNegundo variegata, arranged
in one great oval mass, pay and bright, in the midst of
a park laid out after the English fashion ; it is beautiful
when you see some spots with single .specimens and
chaste beds, every one ditf -i ing from its neighbour ;
and it is mean when you mpet with about 1000 plants
of one variety stretched around a collection of shrubs,
or flopped down in one wide mass in some of these
beautiful little green pieces that spread out among the
trees on the islands in the Bois de Boulogne. In the
Champs Elysees there is a deal of this gardening, and
much of it consists of masses of monstrous ugliness, in
consequence of what I will call overlumping to produce
sensational effect. But, nevertheless, the general disposi-
tion of the ground prevents this from doing much harm,
and it is withal a flne piece ofpleasure ground this, which
spreads along each side of the noblest avenue in the
world. An odd single specimen of Musa Ensete looks
very fine here now, and occasionally you may see a
really tasteful thing— for instance, a mass of brightly
and freely flowering Portulacas surfacing beds with tall
foliated plants, &o, Iresine appears to be a failure here
up to this date ; doubtless it will as usual begin to
put on a decent face as soon as it is time to
clear off the beds. The Hibiscuses are beginnmg
to compensate for months of ugly stickyness by showing
an odd blazing bloom, beautiful here and there, while
Begoniasandnotafewotherthingslookmiserableindeed.
" This sub-tropical system will never do for England .
say some practical men. The truth is, it requires to be
done very carefully here, and that there is a great
mistake made by putting out a host of tender plants
merely because- well, I can'tsay wb.y, unless it is to con-
trast healthy beauty with ragged ugliness Their weak-
ness is, that, like most people in this world, they do not
know where to stop. You have m he Pare Monceau
a group of Musa Ensete worth making a journey to
.see, and groups of Wigandia, Canna, and such Splanums
as vYarcewiczoides, that are worthy of association with
it; hut you also see there groups and beds of Begonias
without a good leaf, let alone a particle of beauty : you

97S

THE GARDENEES' CKRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Septehbeb 21. iser.

«ee nasty scraggy stove plants, with long crooked legs,
and a few tattered leaves at the top, and poor standara
plants of the Sweet Verbena at the same time. If it
were an experimental ground one would not mind, of
course; but this, in gardens where its omission would
leave almost nothin;^ to be desired, is almost too bad.
In some respects this park is really unequalled, and
therefore one regrets the more to see these biernishes.
However it is only fair to say the season is considered
axceptionally bad, and that may have caused some
things to look so very poorly. Musa rosacea and
M. sinensis flfep their poor leaves about in the wind
without being "kilt entirely," but among all the Musas
give me M. Ensete for the open air or the cool
conservatory. U blows and rains as hard in Paris
as in London, but there was not to-day a rib of its
beautiful wide leaves separated from its fellow, though
there had been a storm of rain this morning enough
to riddle the leaves of Gunnera scabra. Although it is
vanity for ue to attempt much with this sub-tropical
gardening except in the milder parts, yet the hardmess
and good qualities of this superb Musa cannot be too
widely known, and those who cannot enjoy it in the
open air in some sheltered spot during the summer,
may pknt it out with confidence as the grandest of all
conservatory plants. The surfacing of the beds con-
taining the large plants here, with such things as Phlox
Drummoudii, Sweet Alyssum, Mignonette, &c., is
tasteful, and worthy of adoption with us. Tapidanthus
calyptratus, growing here and there among a bed of
Chinese Pinks, illustrates the kind of thing I mean.
It should be practised in most cases with this class of
sub-tropical plants because the smaller plants keep the
bed furnished till the big things have made leaf. In many
cases— that of the Ficiis, for instance— this surfacing
vegetation will show well all through the season ; in
others, where the foliage is strong and dense, it may
become useless after a while, and in all such we may of
course use annuals and cheap stuff. The New
Zealand Flax is often used with good effect, and all I
have to say of it is, that there is not in cultivation a
plant more useful for either conservatory, house,
flower garden, or vase. The French know the value
of this plant, and cultivate it by the thousand. With
as it is, as regards the effects it is capable of, an
unknown plant.

Wigandia Vigieri is on trial a good deal about Paris
this year, and proves a good thing, though it does not
quite equal the old one. A variety of the common
Tobacco, called grandiflora, is one of the most useful of
all annual plants that furnish fine leaves; it grows to
a great size, and is very effective. A very pretty effect
is obtained in one place by alternating lines of Mrs.
Pollock with lines of Alternanthera, several of each
forming a band for a clump of shrubs. Caladium
bataviense is very ilne indeed in the open air, the bed
surfaced with Mignonette. Their rarest things appear
to be put out in this way : thus there is a bed of
Lomaria cycadifolia, each plant with an old and fine
stem ; and this valuable and distinct tree Fern appa-
rently much hurt by the cold and stormy rains.
There is a variety of Perilla— "argentea crispa" — used,
which seems capable of giving a dark olive effect,
wherever such a sombre tone may be desired.
Artemisia Stelleriana seems a fine, free, and decidedly
silvery-leaved plant. Here, as in Enaland last year,
the best of Uie small fry of coloured-leaved plants
recently introduced is Alternanthera paronycliioides ;
the second best, A. spathulata ; the third best, Telian-
thera ficoidea versicolor. Eranthemum tuberculatum,
a, pretty white-flowering dwarf plant, is used, and
flowers freely, but only succeeds well during warm
ssasons. I liave, of course, taken observations of
numerous other plants which I have not room to
mention here, and will conclude by naming the best of
the Solanums employed about Paris, for the genus is
so full of wretched weeds, and plants useless as to the
effect they produce, that your readers are more likely
to make a mistake with them than with most families
in this way : —

olamira robustura

,, macranthum

„ lanceolatum (a free-
fioweiing kind, blue)

„ discolor

„ siaymbrifolium (distinct)

There are many others, but being planted late, they
are not yet sufficiently developed. The fact is, what
with /eiifs and the garden of the Expositbn, the people
at La Muette have had great difficulties to (jet things
planted at all this year, and therefore it is hardly
a, fair one in which to judge them. W. B.

Society was to lose confidence in the judgment
of its practical farmers, and order a steak or chop to
be cooked out of each animal before a prize was
awarded it, would not such a practice, if possible,
change the objects the Society has in view?
Increased progress would not be the result. The pro-
posed new mode of Grape judging would leave us in
much the same position. Judges would go backwards
and forwards in trying to be correct, until they had
mutilated and disfigured what should have been
perfect, because even in three bunches the flavour may
be dilferent. And how puzzling it would be to bring
oneself to giving a 1st prize to small red bunches of
what should have been black Grapes, when close by
are perfect-looking specimens of the same variety.
Colour, as Mr. Penny says, cannot be got on fruit from
unhealthy Vines, and as a rule there is little flavour in
its absence. If red Grapes, however, are taken at a
certain time, they are to some palates more grateful
and agreeable than black Grapes, because they are mere
bags of sugar and water, but to test their merits
against black fruit, let them hang a month. The red
in nine cases out of ten will look as if some person had
gone over them with the finger and thumb, pressing
all the juice out, and only leaving an empty bag with
one good seed and one or two bad ones in it ; whereas
the highly-coloured fruit is plump and may in time
dry to a raisin, but never becomes a shrivelled bare
bunch like the other. Any one wanting red Grapes
should fall back upon the time when your columns
were full of a discussion in reference to Red Ham-
burghs, which were upheld by many as a distinct kind,
but Eed Hamburghs proved to be simply the result of
carrion messes and indigestion, which a wholesome
regimen soon dispelled. Your correspondent (see page
949) says that Mr. Alex. Forsyth puts the value of a
thing at as much as it will bring, and in my opinion he
is correct. There are many gentlemen, and amateurs
too, who send Grapes to market when over-stocked with
them. Whatever flavour your correspondent's Grapes
might have, I think they would turn a little sour if he
found they brought at market only one shilling, when
his neighbour's brought three. Iconsider thepublic who
generally buy Grapes, has as much common sense as
generally belongs to shrewd people ; and it would, I
imagine, be difficult to persuade it to believe that a
red Grape is better than a black one ; and instead of
green fruit, I believe from what I have seen that the
best fruit, either foreign or English, finds its way to
Covent Garden Market. In it are also the best judges;
and I shouldsay, instead of dismissing the salesman, let
us try to improve upon him. It is frivolous to write
about gardeners' Grapes, which only e.xist in nightmare
dreams. The various Grapes at exhibitions are classed.
No gardener would think of putting a monstrous bunch
of Syrian between say two .3 lb. bunches of Muscats,
and fancy that the extra size and weight of the coarser
Grape would carry his smaller correct two bunches
through the judges' ordeal to the prize. No prize
that I remember has ever been offered by any Society
for gardeners' Grapes, and he is not much of a gardener
who would plant such rubbish. The colour and bloom
upon Damson Plums are as much evidence of perfection
in that fruit as in the Grape, but, under unfavourable
circumstances, the former are equally as red as are ill-
grown GrapeSj and much more unpalatable, to say
nothing of their depreciated marketable value in com-
parison with those to be in future termed eye-feeders.
The latter will, however, if the rules recently set up
become law, hold their own in regard to flavour
against all colours, notwithsanding this jet bloom-
covered black. J. F.

Solanum crinitum (one of tho
very best)
,, marginatum
,, Warscewiczioides
„ criiiitipes

GRAPE JUDGING.

One or two of your contributors seem apparently
determined to put an end to all Grape exhibiting.
What nobleman or gentleman would allow Grapes to
come to their table, after a show, that had been fingered
by .unknown hands ? About some matters in our
great exhibitions the publi<! is always found to be
ling«ring, and from which they pass with reluct-
ance—notably Fruit and Roses. Nor is this to be
wondered at when we consider that careful packing
has defied tie travelling of 200 miles perhaps to
shake or touch a single particle of the bloom on the
fine bunches of Grapes, or put one berry out of place,
both of which it is now to be reserved for the judges
t» effect. It has always been my impression that, in
regard to exhibitions, two great ends should be kept in
view : the first, nleasing the public by putting before
it perfect examnles of horticultural skill ; the other,
honourably rewarding and fostering that skill. Surely
the present movement, in reference to Grape judging,
is not any furtherance of these ends.

If tasting is to be laid down as a rule, why not make
it gener.il as regards all fruits?— a result which few
would like to see. Suppose the Royal Agricultural

Home Correspondence.

Agaricus rtibescens. — Although fully agreeing with
" M. J. B." in his observations on the late lamentable
case of poisoning by Fungi at Chiselhurst, and thanking
him for his seasonable caution, I beg to put in a plea
for Agaricus rubescens, which abounds in the Fir
woods about here, and which I used to regard with
much the same suspicion as your reverend correspon-
dent does, till about 10 years ago, when the learned
editor of Dr. Badham's " Treatise " satisfied me of the
wholesomeness of this species, and taught me how to
distinguish it from other and deleterious kinds ; since
which time it has been constantly eaten and enjoyed
by myseU and my family, and introduced to many
friends and neighbours, who have thanked me for
overcoming their prejudices against every sort of
Fungus but the common Mushroom. I shall never
forget the shriek of horror uttered by our cook when
desired to dress the first dish of these Fungi ; and yet
she and her fellow servants have now learnt to look
upon them as a delicacy, and to relish the good food
which once they despised. We have several other kinds
of esculent Fungi in this neighbourhood, and if your
valued correspondent ever strays into it, I shall be
delighted to feast him with some of them, and express
to him personally the obligations which, in common
with so many others, I owe him for what he has done
and is doing for floral science, using the term in its
largest acceptation. W. F. Sarrison, Sartropp, Weij-
hridge Seatli.

Foxgloves. — \a answer to your correspondent
" W. T." (see p. 952), who directs attention to the
common Foxglove as a garden flower, I should be glad
to mention that we have grown the white kind here
for many years, and have found it to be a most useful
as well as ornamental plant, as (save perpetually
warning tbe gardener and his men that the young
plants were not to be pulled up as weeds) they require
little or no care. We usually leave a good number of
heads for seed, and when this is ripe we scatter it
broadcast in the shrubbery or rougher garden beds,
and seldom fail to have beautiful flowers in due course,
usually white, but occasionally including some light
purple varieties, all very beautiful, and well rewarding

much more labour than they require. On the newly-
turned red soil in the Forest of Dean the common
Foxglove flourishes most luxuriantly, and should
" W. T." chance to pass at the proper time of year near
any recent alterations which have left the ground free
for them, he can scarcely fail to be much gratified by
their wonderful beauty. H. A. 0.

Showing Dahlias.— Is the practice of pinning the
under petals of Dahlia blooms a common one among
exhibitors who travel long distances by rail, in order
to be present at a competition? Is it right, or is it
wrong ? These are questions which we should like to
see answered by experienced Dahlia competitors, in
order that a distinct understanding may be arrived at,
that would serve as a rule for all judges to abide by, as
to whether blooms so treated should be disqualified or
not. At the late Dundee show we were competitors
for Dahlias, and thought that by careful handling on
the way we should be able to carry them safely
without any artificial expedient; but on arrival
there we were very much disappointed to find
that all the best blooms, though perfectly fresh
when we started, had dropped their petals, and we
were obliged to make up the number with spare
flowers of inferior quality, thus losing any chance we
might have had of gaining the head prize, though we
managed to secure the second place. The first prize
blooms, on 'the other hand, had travelled beautifully,
most of them being carefully pinned up to jirevent
destruction. Well, vainly imagining that we could
not go far wrong in taking a pattern from such
experienced and successful Dahlia growers as the
well-known firm who were first at Dundee, we
adopted the plan of pinning a few of our flowers
at the Glasgow. Show on the 11th inst, thinking
that thereby we should increase our chance of the
prize, but, alas ! worse luck attended us there than
even at Dundee, for at Glasgow we got no prize at all,
but as a reward for pinning our blooms got a disqualify-
ing card pinned to our stand ; and to show the differ-
ence of opinion that exists on the subject, we may
mention that while the judges in the Nurserymen's
Class acted in the manner just named, those in the
Gardeners' Class awarded a first prize to a stand with
pinned blooms. This is certainly a very perplexing
state of things, and one which cannot be too soon
remedied. What say our leading growers ? Dreghorn,
4* Aitken, Kilmarnock. [It is a malpractice. Eds.]

Chismick Gardens. — I had a look at the varieties of
Pelargoniums planted out for trial here last week, and
I must confess that as a whole they made a very fine
appearance ; but, like our so-called varieties of Peas,
if their flowers were collected and thrown into a
basket, I am of opinion that 25 per cent, of distinct sorts
could not be selected from amongst them. I hope there-
fore that the Floral Committee will not only give certi-
ficates where they are deserved, but that it will also
furnish us with a list of such kinds as are really distinct.
I leave it to others to give a description of the ribbon
borders, the fine standard Pear trees, the deplorable
arboretum, and the " Doctor's dell," which, by-the-
by, had at one time a few good points about it. Now
it is half nursery and half something else. What a
desecration. It might however be made to be very
interesting with Yuccas, Ferns, &c., and I should
like to see this done as a memento of the Doctor.
On entering the orchard from the kitchen garden, the
Peach wall had a very good appearance ; for though I
have seen it better covered, yet there was a quantity of
very fine fruit : but on looking to the right— oh,
horrible ! the orchard appeared one mass of Sow
Thistles, Groundsel, and Couch Grass. Has the
Society let it to some of the Dudley Street London
bird-catchers? or are the weeds in question left for
the studies of the certificated Chiswick students ? One
would suppose if they were tied up in bunches before
they were quite so ripe they might find a better
market. Surely this ought not to remain in the con-
dition just indicated. An Old Four Guinea F.R.S.S.
[It is the old story of scanty means. Eds.]

Old J^aooriYej.— Having been for many years an
earnest unbeliever in " spirit-rapping," and all there-
with connected, it was with considerable anxiety J
not long since attended a meeting, or, more technically,
seance^ for the purpose of learning, if possible, certaiQ
matters which appeared almost inscrutable. The
unbelief aforesaid was for the nonce shaken off, and I
now record the results. The company being assembled,
and on the "tip-toe of expectation," the "medium
was good enough to request some one of the company
to ask for the presence of any spirit that took his fancy.
On this deponent ventured timidly to inquire "Is
the spirit of William Hunt present ? " and the
orthodox number of raps, from the fist or foot
(uncertain) of a 15 or 16 stone man " when in
the flesh," immediately responded " Present." My
courage almost gave way, but, screwing it up to
high-pressure point, I asked — "Tell me, friend and
lover of plant growing, how it happened, that, when
you entered "spirit land," you swept clean off the face
of the earth all your old favourites, hard and soft alike,
and swept them off so effectually that, could you but
revisit the scenes of your former triumphs, you would
need an illustrator to show the beauties of the present
class of exhibition plants, and an interpreter to
teach you.their names ? The spirit replied, "I think,
young man, it would be a deal more respectful for you
and such like, when you come into the presence
of spirits, to come in good spirits, but not in a state
of spirits; and if you can't understand that— why,
then, in plain words, come sober." I did not consider
this a very nice way of giving a modest young man
encouragement ; but being anxious to gain my point,
pretended to take it as a bit of chaff. So repeating the
question a little more firmly, but very respectfully, was
astonished to hear, " That fellow had better get back
again before his mother or his keeper knows he's out."
Remembering, nevertheless, the old saying, " the third

SEPTEJtBfiH 21, 186?. J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICtlLTURAL GAZETTE.

977

time pays for all," couraue again came to my aid ; and,
repeating my question onoe more, his spiritship
seemed to think— like the boy when he turned up the
bee-hive— that there "miRht be something in it,' and
said, " But, stranger, you don't mean to tell mo,
seriously, that the shows at the Park and Chiswiok are
pretended to be carried on without Burtonias, Lesche-
naultias (red and blue), Chorozemas, Podolobiums,
Boronias, Pimeleas, and so on, all as big and healthy as
good Gooseberry trees ; and not only these, but lots of
other things, without which, in my opinion, I take it
a Loudon show woiiM look like a pump without a
handle?" I rciilicil, "'I'holist of names which you have
now called over would astonish beyond measure a great
many of the parties who now profess plant growing ;
for I very much question if many of them ever saw
several of them, and they would rather ' whistle a jig
to a milestone ' than attempt the cultivation of plants
which require so much time, care, and patience. Our
present exhibition plants, or nearly all of them, must
grow us fast as ' Bear Bine,' or ' they won't do now.'
Whatsoever will grow a yard a year may be just
tolerated, but anything less than that it voted * too
slow.' I should be .sorry, spirit friend, to cause you
uneasiness, but, as this subject is between us, I may as
well tell you, that I looked all over the last show at the
Park in the hope of finding a few of the good old
Clerodendrons that used to light up with a blaze the
July shows of old, but my search was rewarded, or
rather saddened, by finding one poor little wretch (I
think in a 24 pot), screwing itself out of sight, as if
ashamed of the 'last appearance on any stage' of
the sole surviving relic of a cla.ss of plants that were
once a pride and a glory. The poor little spike, if
spike that might be called which spike had none,
would hardly have been sufficient to furnish
your button-hole, and contrasting that last little
bit with the grand old plants that 'West Kent'
used to turn out, I could not help exclaiming, ' Alas !
"the light of other days is faded."' I fear your
patience will be exhausted ; so will say for this time.
Adieu. Will you grant me another occasion to discuss
this matter ? " — " Yes." " Thank you ; will you come to
' the Park ' next show ? " — " No," roared the spirit, in
a tone of disgust and anger, and we knew at once that
he was gone. Erica.

Rusting of Grapes. — Inquiries are occasionally made
in your columns relative to the rusting of Grapes. I
have no doubt that, at times, the supposed rusting is
nothing more than the accretion of dirt deposited by a
dusty atmosphere on green Grapes wet by syringing.
Gooseberries are not unfrequently dirty from a similar
cause. I lately had an opportunity of inspecting a
case of real rusting, in which the clear bloomy cuticle
of the ripe Grapes was more or less changed into a
brownish grey fibrous substance. This form of
rusting was clearly owing to excessive steaming. It
had been the custom in the Vinery in question to pour
twice a day a quantity of water on the heating pipes,
so as to fill the house with dense white vapour of a
high temperature. The rusting was worst imme-
diately over the pipes, where the rising steam first
impinged on the Vines, and it gradually decreased
toward the top of the rafters. In the end of the house
at which the heating pipe entered, and where of course
the steam was hottest, the foliage as well as the fruit
was much injured. The bunches near the upright
glass in front were not rusted at all. I am aware that
sulphur smeared on hot pipes, to destroy red spider,
sometimes produces rusting, but in this instance no
sulphur had been employed, though a year ago a little
had been dusted into the soil of the house. Viewing
the circumstances on the spot, I could come to no other
conclusion than that the rusting was due to the hot
steam. Every one is aware that a moist atmosphere is
beneficial to Grapes when the berries are swelling^ but
that is very different from immersing them twice a
day in vapour approaching the temperature of boiling
water. It is inconceivable that ^rdeners should think
it expedient to parboil their Vines and Orchids, and
yet they not unfrequently do it. Such an artificial
climate does not resemble any on the face of the earth ;
and it is certainly very different from that in which
Vines naturally grow. J. S. E.

Nierembergia rivularis. — It is a cheering fact to
lovers of hardy plants that not only are there
some who carefully guard all our good old things,
and thus provide that when the demand does
come for them they shall be ready for dispersal over
the country, but also that entirely new things of the
highest merit in this class are not unfrequently intro-
duced. Of these nothing that I have recently seen
surpasses this singularly distinct and beautiful little
plant. They tell us that its large, erect, creamy white
flowers whiten the Grass near the banks of the Plate
river, its native home. The Messrs. Veitch having
proved it to be a " perfectly hardy " plant, why not
permit it to do the same in an isolated sunny spot in
our pleasure grounds ? Why not add it to the charms
of our best form of spring garden— those parts of a
country place planted with beautiful spring bulbs, and
flowers hardy enough to take care of themselves, and
lovely as things in a really wild state, peeping
through the budding Grass in spring or early summer,
without the usual gardenesque accompaniments
of naked muddy earth and prim surroundings ? But
granting that we do not and cannot make this most
elegant of all uses of it, it will prove very useful in
other ways. What, for instance, so beautiful in small
beds on the green Grass, like those in the "Duke's
garden " at Cliveden, in which a very dwarf and choice
type of vegetation is desired ? The stems and foliage
trail along the ground as dwarfly as those of that
beautiful but tender little New Holland Violet, Erpe-
tion reuiforme, while from amongst them spring erect
open cup-like flowers of a creamy white tint, just
barely pushed above the foliage, so that the side effect
is seen at a considerable distance. This side effect is

very pleasing, suggesting Snowdrops at first, but
entirely dilforent, and no less pretty when you come
near and stand over the flowers. No collection of
rock or herbaceous plants can bo complete witliout it,
while the tasteful llower-gardencr may well use it in
his smaller designs. What, for instance, could be more
appropriate than to use it as a groundwork where
single specimens of some choice showy thing are put
out for the summer— say Echeveria metallica, which
has been proved to grow finely in the open air, even
during such a peculiarly bad season as the present.
T'iafor.

Orape Judging.— I fully coincide with the views
expressed by Mr. Meredith (see p. 925) in reference to
this subject. It seems to my thinking scarcely right
for the judges to mutilate a fine bunch or bunches of
Grapes that are shown in competition. If shown as a
seedling, or new variety, then as a matter of course it
becomes highly important that something more
should be known than is seen by the eye.
Presuming that a seedling possesses all the cardinal
properties and qualifications as regards colour, size of
berry and bunch, bloom &c., it is absolutely necessary
that the berries should be subjected to the tasting
process, so that the flavour may be contrasted with
other known varieties. No successful raiser would for
one moment offer the slightest objection to his Grapes
undergoing the test of tasting ; but when several collec-
tions are subjected to this ordeal, it must of necessity
become somewhat difficult to determine their respec-
tive merits. I therefore consider that size and symmetry
of bunch, and size, colour, and bloom of berry,
should be the only qualifications to guide the censors
to a right decision relative to the merits or demerits
of Grapes exhibited for competition. George Fry,
Lee, Kent.

Strawberries. — The Alpine Strawberry, about which
your correspondents have written so much lately, is
very similar, I imagine, to one which I have seen
almost everyday for the last six weeks at Vichy ; and
upon inquiring at the public gardens there, where I
saw it in blossom and bearing fruits, I was told that
its name was Tons les Saisons. It is indeed most
delicious in flavour, and the perfume, as described,
enchanting. At Vichy it is ordered to be served as one
of the fruits so desirable when taking the waters.
E. A. M., Dublin.

Hailway Embankments as Gardens/or Cottagers. —
I have often thought that the slopes of the railway
embankments in this country, especially in some
counties, might be turned to good account by cottagers
residing near them. Found, as they often are, in some
of our richest valleys, they would, without much
trou'oie in regard to preparation of soil, afford a capital
situation for the culture of choice fruits. The aspect
of many of them is everything one could wish, corn-
combining at the same time shelter with plenty of sun,
and they are so curved and otherwise screened as to
enclose a temperature scarcely found in any other
position out-of-doors. I believe, therefore, that there
are some places in this county (Cornwall) where an
apparatus might be erected for forcing fruits for the
London markets, and prove a profitable investment.
It would certainlybesoas regards Grapes, The cottager,
with the help of the "ground vinery," advertised in your
columns, or something akin to it, could, with very little
trouble, ^row Grapes for local markets. With a little
expense, in the shape of trellises, Peaches, Nectarines,
Plums, Pears, and Cherries could be grown in perfec-
tion, rigs, too, could scarcely be planted in a better
situation out-of-doors than in some of those places.
Perhaps, however, they should be planted say 6 feet up
the embankment, where they would probably fruit
better than in richer soil. "The embankment would
serve the purpose of a wall, while the roots of the trees
would flourish in the rich soil beneath. Strawberries
would require some terraces made, and a good depth of
soil laid on, which perhaps would not be allowed on
the one hand, and too much labour to be profitable on
the other, yet a good bed might be made at the base
where nothing else grew, but not over the roots of the
trees. Peas and Scarlet Runners could also be trained
up those banks. Cucumbers could be grown by the
million in the summer months by making little beds of

food compost. Here and there over the slope Vegetable
larrows might be grown in the same way, and would
be productive. Herbs of all kinds would answer.
What an aspect some of those slopes would give for
growing Tomatos ! Digging out pits 16 inches square,
and filling them with stable dung and loam well rotted
together, would be all the preparation required. The
plants would grow down those slopes, and a few pegs
and a little pruning now and then, would be all the
after trouble. Patches of Sedums, Wallflowers, &c.,
would make it all gay, these requiring no trouble in
such a situation after planting. In the growth of
Cucumbers, Vegetable Marrows, Tomatos, a frame
would be required, and alittle hot-bed to raise the plants
in spring ; many cottagers,however, already possess these
essentials, and also the amount of skill and care to use
them. Besides rendering the appearance of the slopes
more pleasant, and the pecuniary advantages accruing
to the cottager, the encouragement given by local
exhibitions all over the country would be met by finer
displays of fruit, if not a greater variety, than is at
present seen at those shows. Proprietors of railways
would, doubtless, gladly let those banks to cottagers on
guoh conditions as to prevent all accidents, such as
keeping fences in good repair, Ac. It would form an
item to swell the dividend, which I know is much
needed in some places. If this subject was brought
before the notice of cottagers who happen to live near
those banks they would perhaps apply to the proper
quarter with a view to some arrangement to carry this
idea into practice. S. M., Enys, Fenryn.

Allamanda Sendereoni. — In answer to Mr. W.
Whitaker, of Crewe Hall, Cheshire (see p. 938), I have
to say that a plant of A. Hendersoni, which I purchased

of Mr. Bull, Chelsea, is now in bloom at my place, as
well as a plant of A, Schottii, of the same age, and
I regret to say that it is impossible to discern any
difference between them, either in the bloom or time
of flowering— in ^ fad, the two plants with me are
identical, the only dilference being that one of them
cost 20s. and the other 2*. Orf, if. Marshall, Sandv
House, Durham. [There are some very slight botanical
differences between the two plants, and cultivators of
them state that there are corresponding difl'erences in
the habit of the two. Eds.]

Australian Spinach {Chenopodium auricomum). —
\Ve forward to you a few plants of the above Spinach for
your inspection. The leavesshould be put into boiling
water to bleach, and afterwards cooked the same as
ordinary Spinach. It requires a little more time to
boil than our Spinach, and perhaps a little more
attention in the beating. If we are correct in our
estimate of this vegetable, it is likely to prove valuable
on account of its flavour, its productiveness, and its
not having a tendency to run to seed. The flavour is
that of Spinach, but it is preferred by many who have
tasted it, as more delicate and less grassy in taste.
Will you kindly favour us with your opinion of it ?
A few plants will yield an abundance of leaves during
the season. We began to gather when our plants were
about 18 inches in height, and they have continued to
grow and produce leaves until they are now from 6 to
7 feet in height. It should be planted on well-manured
ground, and afterwards watered occasionally. It is of
exceedingly rapid growth. The tallest plants we send
you were sown on a slight hot-bed about the middle of
April, and the smaller size in the open border on the
11th June. Stuart 4" Mein, Kelso, N.B. [The plants
were strong, vigorous, and productive, some of them as
much as 7 feet high. Cooked like ordinary Spinach
we found the flavour to be coarse, with a saline and
bitter taste, which might be removed by the bleaching
recommended, or by changing the water in cooking.
It boils of a fine dark green colour. Eds.]

Destroying Wasp Nests. — Can any of your corre-
spondents inform me of the best means of destroying
a wasp's nest in the roof of a mansion without disturb-
ing the slates ? Gunpowder and sulphur cannot, for
certain reasons be used, for the purpose. E. B.

Foreign Correspondence.

A Few Further Notes on the Jardin des Plantes. —
I forgot to tell you, when describing the Jardin des
Plantes, how much I enjoyed a freely blooming speci-
men of Pavia californica in the nursery. What a pity
that such a sweetly blooming, low and neat tree is not
oftener seen with us. It has also the valuable point of
blooming three months in succession, so unlike that of
its relatives. Juncus glaucus is very extensively used
in nearly all French gardens for tying plants. They
plant a ring of it round the water cistern, or any con-
venient spot, and cut a handful whenever it is required.
It seems a useful practice. Fruit growers like the rush
for tying down the young shoots, while it is also useful
for tying up annual and herbaceous plants. For the
information of curators of botanic gardens I may state
that Cuscuta major is luxuriantly grown here upon
the Nettle, C. Epithymum upon Calliopsis tinctoria,
C. Engelmanii upon a Solidago, and Orobanche grows
upon Hemp. I have niyself grown O. minor upon
perennial Clovers, and O. Hederae may be readily grown
upon the Ivy at the bottom of a wall (I once saw it
growing freely on the top of a wall near Lucan, in
Ireland), so that there ought not to be the difficulty in
showing these curious plants to the public which our
botanic gardeners find. Orobanche ramosa is also grown
here upon Calliopsis tinctoria. The safest way with the
Orobanches is to scrape away the soil till you come
near the root, and then sow the seed. Echinophora
tenuifolia is a beautiful umbellate, with hoary leaves.
Phlomis cashmeriana is a large and noble herbaceous
species, with soft lilac whorls, and Menispermum vir-
ginicum is a glistening species, nice for covering bowers,
like the Canadian Moonseed. Antirrhinum rupestre
is a pleasing decumbent species, good for rockwork.
They have also the White Belladonna and a little Spi-
ra;a (decumbens) from the Austrian Alps, nice for
making edgings, growing about three inches high,
and also healthy plants of Arracacha esculenta.
The Sweet Potato is also grown here in the
open air, as in many French gardens. Meren-
dera Bulbocodium, Colchicum byzantinum, and
C. montanum were all in full flowfr on the 26th day
of August, and very pretty, especially the second. The
first is like Bulbocodium verum,but flowers in autumn.
Of ornamental Grasses here the best are Sorghum
halepense and Panicum bulbosum, both fine, with
Poa abyssinica, graceful and pretty. Panicum altissi-
mum and virgatum are also good. Clematis mon-
golica is a very interesting species, but barely orna-
mental, though very desirable for a botanic garden.
Nelumbium speciosum and Limnocharis Humboldtii
are both flowered well in the open air in cold water.
Epilobium sericeum is a very pretty and distinct
species. Arctotis elongata, silvery and spreading on the
ground, looks like a thing that would make edgings,
while Dahlia arborea (out only for the summer of
course), looks better than even D. imperialis, D.
Decaisneana being good also. Finally, Pyrethrum
Tchihatchewii, of the south of Europe, is a capital
plant for covering with dark green the dryest of
banks. It is very low in habit, and produces white
flowers in spring.

Anemone alba is very dwarf, with large white
flowers appearing in July and August. They have also
a Ficaria calthffifolia, which is very fine and interesting.
Cuphea jorullensis, very large and fine, though of
course only out for the summer and many other good
things, which I shall not trouble to name at present,
but the best of which I hope to be the means of intro-
ducing. E.

978

THE GARBENEBS' CHPONICLE AND AGBlCULTtJRAL GAZETTE. [Sepiemhee 21, lae?.

Soc(rt«s.

RoTAL Horticultural; Sept.' 17. —Show of Variegated Zonal
Pelargoniums. — Of these there was a largo aud excellent
display, in which a crowd of exhibitors and other visitors
appeared to take a lively interest.

Iq Class 1, which was for the best 6 Variegated Zonal Pelar-
goniums not yet in commerce, Messrs. F. & A. Smith, of Dul-
wich, were Ist, with Suuray, King of Tricoloi*3, Coruseana,
Earl of Derby, Peri, and Banshee ; the last, which was silver
white-edged, also received a First-class Certificate, Messrs.
Saltmarsh, of Chelmsford, were L'd, with Mrs. Pattison, Alma
Browning, Sunrise, Vesuvius, Duke of Buceleuch, aud Crown
Jewel; Messrs. Carter & Co., Messrs. Caraway & Co., Mr.
Wills, and Messrs. E. G. Henderson &. Son, also showed in
this class.

In Class 2, for the best 6 Gold and Bronze Zonal Pelargo-
niums not yet in commerce, Mr. Wills was 1st, with Diadem,
Her Majesty, Admiration, Piincess Beatrice, The Sultan, and
Arthur H. Wills ; the last also received a First-class Certificate.
Mr. Bull, King's Road, Chelsea, was 2d, with DucheSs.
National, Modem, Success, Umpire, and Diamond.

In Class 3, for the best 3 Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums,
Messrs. F. & A. Smith were 1st, with Jetty Lacy, Sylph, and
Sunray. Messrs. Carter & Co. were 2d, with Mrs. Diinnett
(which also received a First-class Certificate), Viceroy of Egypt,
and Emperor ; and Messrs. B. G. Henderson 3d, with Lady
Sheffield, Howarth Ashton, and Mrs. Grieve.

In Class 4, for the best 3 Gold and Bronze varieties, the
1st prize was awarded to Messrs. Downie, Laird, & Laing, for
Kentish Hero, Mrs. John Todd, and Countess of Kelliu ; 2d,
Messrs. F. &. A. Smith, vdth Sybil, Combatant, and Brilliant
and 3d, Mr. Wills, with Her Majesty, a noble bind previously
described by us. Beauty of Sabden, and Illuminator.

In Class 5, for the best Golden Variegated Zonal, the 1st
prize was awarded to Countess of Craven, from Messrs.
Perkins, of Coventry, who also received for it a First-class
Certificate. It has medium-sized leaves, with a fine golden
edge, and a red and mulberry zone. Messrs. F. &■ A. Smith
were 2d, with Jetty Lacy, a handsome variety, described by
us in former reports ; and Mr. Watson 3d, with Mrs. Dix,
which has also been frequently noticed in these pages.
Mr. Turner hada First-class Certificate for Mrs. George Hanbury,
a vei-y promising kind ; and similar awards were made to
Messrs. E. G. Henderson for Beauty of Culford, a very fine
kind, vrith a broad bright zone, having an unusual amount
of red in it, and to Messrs. F. &■ A. Smith for Retaliator.

In Class 6, for the best Gold and Bronne Zonal variety,
Messrs. Carter & Co. were 1st, with Egyptian Queen, to which
a First-clasa Certificate was awarded. It has a very
broad reddish bronze zone, with a golden centre and
edge, altogether very beautiful. The same_ firm
were 3d, with Cleopatra, which is somewhat similar in
general appearance. The 2d prize was assigned to Messrs.
Downie, Laird, and Laing for Countess of Kellie, a sort having
a handsome light-coloured zone and a bright golden ground.
Mrs. Frampton, from Mr. Uphill, Moreton, Dorchester,
received a Fust-class Certificate in this class.

In Class 7, for the best Golden Self, Mr. Tii-ebuck, of Luton,
was 1st, vnth Golden Drop ; Messi-s. Saltmarsh 2d, with Golden
Queen ; and Mr. Tu-ebuck 3d, with a variety which was also
shown under the name of Golden Queen.

In Class 8, for two plants of the beat Variegated Zonal
Pelargoniums in commerce, Messrs. Perkins were 1st, with
Queen Victoria, and Messrs. F. & A. Smith 2d, with Defiance,
to both of which First-class Certificates were also awarded ;
Mr. Watson was 3d with Miss Watson. A First-class Certifi-
cate was awarded to Messrs. F. and A. Smith for their Queen
Victoria.

In Class 9, for the two best Golden Variegated Zonal
varieties, whether in commerce or not, the Ist jjrize was
awarded to Messrs. F. & A. Smith for Louisa Smith and Jetty
Lacy ; the 2d to Mr. Watson, for Mrs. Dix and Miss Watson.
Messrs. Carter &, Co., Mr. Wills, Messra. Saltmarsh, and
Messrs. E. G. Henderson also showed fine varieties.

In Class It), for the best 6 Gold and Bronze Zonid varieties
put in commerce ^Tithin the last 12 nipnths, Mr. Wills wa.s
awarded the 1st prize with Beauty of Ribblcsdale, Perilla, Fire-
brand, Beauty of Calderdale, Model, and Compactum, all
charming varieties. Mr. Bull was 2d with Perilla, Compactum,
Model, I^ebrand, Beauty of Calderdale, and Glowworm,

In Class 11, for the best Silver Variegated Zonal Pelar-
gouium, not in commerce, the Ist prize was awarded to
Messrs. F. *tt A. Smith for Miss Burdett Coutts, a variety
having a large bold leaf with a broad edge and zone, the latter
" pink in it. This also received a First-class Certifi-

with much pink

cate. Messrs. E. G, Henderson were 2d, with Italian Sunshine,
a sort having smaller leaves, with less red ; and Messrs. F.
&.A. Smith 3d, with Peri, white edge, and abroad green centre.
Floral Committee. — First class Certificates were given
to the follomng SeedUng Dqhlias, viz., Buttercup, yellow,
and Eosamoud, pinkish lUac, from Mr. C. Turner, Slough ;
Memorandum, tipped rosy lilac, from Mr. Church, of Wool-
wdch ; and President, rich crimson, from Mr. Henry Leggc,
Edmonton. Second-class Certificates were awarded to Gipsy
Queen, a crimson -tipped flower, from Mr. R. Hopkins, of
Brentford ; to Chameleon, a rosy purple-tipped variety, aud
Rosy Cii'cle, shaded rose and pui-ple, froqi Mr. George Wheeler,
Warminster ; to BiUy Button (Fancy), dull hlac and crimson
flakes, Adonis, a light tipped flower, and Vedette, rosy purple,
from Mt. C. Turtier; to Princess Mary of Cambridge, white,
from Mr. H. Thorney croft, Floore, Weedou; and to Golden
King, bright yellow, from Mr. George Rawlinga, Romford,
whose address we have erroneously given as at Bethnal Green.
Of new kinds, Mr. R. Hopkins also h^d Yellow Gem and
Excellent ; Mr. George Wheeler, Snowball, Alice, and FLig
of Truce ; Mr. Tturner had Mrs. Dorling, Guardsman,
Claudia and Master Johnny (Fancy) : Mr. Thorncycroft
had Mr. Hem-y Hooper, Conqueror, and Scarlet King ;
Mr. Hopkins had Mr. Burgess : Mr. Rawhngs h;ui Hebe ;
Mr. Eekford, The Gardens, ColeshiU, had Eliai aud the Hon.
Mrs. Bouverie ; Mr. Church had Reform ; and Mr. H. Legge
also had Beacon, Sult-an, Fairy Queen, Flora, and Rainbuw ;
Mr. RawUngs also showed a white beddhig kind. A First-class
Certificate was moreover awarded to Mr. Knight, florist.
Battle, for Verbena Constance ; and Mr. Eekford exhibited the
foUowuig new kinds:— Achievement, Lord Derby, Julius, Isa
Key, and Novelty. Some further remarks on these will be
found in another place.

Mr. Bull contributed a highly iateresting, collection of
miscellaneous plants, which filled one side of the room.
Among them the following were awarded Certificates, viz.,
Oreodoxa regia, an elegant Palm ; Astrocaryum niveum :
Cyathea canaUculata, a hiindsome tree Fern ; and Araucaria
elegaus, a very elegant species, of smaller growth than A. Rulei.
Messrs. Veitch &l Sons also exhibited some very beautiful
plants. Alocasia Jenningsii, with black foliage, edged and
handed with green, received a First-class Certificate, Among
other plants in this collection to which were awarded a Special
Certificate were Cattleya exoniensis, a beautifid panful of
Panicum variegatum, Selaginella Poulteri, and Davallia pai--
Tuli.. A fine-foUaged Cinchonaceous plant, stiited to be sviit-
ahle for sub-tropical gardens, was also exhibited, aud the
Committee requested that it should be sent again. Messrs. E.G.
Hendei-son also sent several good plants, among which were
Mihonia Cloweaii, Cychnoehes ehlorochilum, and Cattleya
speoiossissima. Mr. Shortt, Heckfield, received a First-clasa
Certificate for Saxifraga longifolia (vera), an old plant, but

scarce. He also furnished two Cape Pelargoniums, Sar-
coglottis lineata and S. variegata, Hibiscus metallicus, and
Satyi-ium aureum, the last a robust yellow-flowered terrestrial
Orchid. Mr. Earley, Digswell, sent some well-grown specimens
of .lEchmea fulgens, suitable for table decoration. Mr. Cannel ,
Woolwich, contributed a seedling Ivy-leaf Pelargonium. Duke
of Edinburgh, which, when better grown, will be likely to be
a very useful plant. From Mr. George, Stamford Hill, came
Tropfeolum Scarlet Perfection. Messrs. Dovmic, Laird, &
Lamg had Wigandia Vigieri, a fine-foliaged plant, but not
equal to Caracasana. From Mr. Salter, Hammersmith, came
a small collection of plants, among which were Centaurea mag-
nifica. Crassula Cooperi, and Pachyphytum bracteosum. Mr.
Beach, gT. toC. J. Herries, Esq., Sevenoaks, sent Fuchsia gracilis
aurea and Hoya carnosa variegata alba ; Mr. Richardson,
Southend, Darlington, Athyrium Fllix-fcemina Peaseanum, to
^hich a First- class Certificate was awarded; and Mr. Middleton,
gr. to Sir W. W. Wynne, Bart., a small plantofBougainvilbjea
glabra, in flower in a 4-inch pot. Concerning this Mr. Middleton
states that he procured a dozen of cuttings in the beginning of
Jime, struck them and potted them in the end of the month ;
kept them for a fortnight in heat, turned them out m a
cold frame, and a month afterwards introduced them into a
shai-p heat asain, and they ail flowered as the sample sent,
and some of them are commencing to bloom a second time.

Mr. W. Paul exhibited Cupressus Lawsoniana ochroleuca,
which received a First-class Certificate ; a variety of Taxus,
and a beautiful collection of Roses, which were awarded a
Special Certificate. Mr. Jackman, Woking, sent a basket of
small plants in pots, full of flowers, of his Clematises, for
which a Special Certificate was awarded.

Two pretty seedling Variegated Pelareoniums were brought
by Corporal Browne, of the Royal Engineers, who had raised
. them in his small sitting-room, after carefully fertilising the
flowers. They were named Royal Engineer and Hon. Mrs. W.
le Peer Trench.

FriLit ComnatUe. — Prizes were offered on this occa-
sion in separate classes for the best dishes of Peaches,
Nectarines, and Apricots from the open wall, and there was a
class for each of the same fruits from orchard-houses ; there
were likewise classes for the best three dishes of Plums, and
for the best dish of Figs. No Apricots were shown either
from walls or orchard-houses. The 1st prize for the best dish
of Peaches from the open wall was awarded to Mr. Ruffett, gr.
to Viscountess Pilmerston, Brockett Hall, who had finely
ripened fruit of Violette Bative ; the 2d prize was awarded to
Mr. Earley, gr. to F. Pry or, Esq., Digswell, for Barrington.
Mr. Whiting, Mr. Lynn, and others also exhibited in this class.
In the corresponding class for Nectarines, Mr. Ruffett was
again Ist with Ehuge; and Mr. Whitmg, The Deepdene,
Dorking, 2d, with Pitm:iston Orange, of fine flavour, but
not remarkable as regards size. For orchard-uouse Poaches, a
2d prize was awarded to Mr. Whiting, for Noblesse ; and Mr.
Douglas, gr. to F. Whitboume. Esq., Loxfurd Hall, Ilford,
sent Walburton Admirable ; fi'om Mr. Tillery, gr. to the Duke
of Portland, came large fruit of Barriogton. The same
exhibitor also sent good examples of Elruge Nectarines, from
an orchard-house. In the class for Plums, three dishes, the
only exhibition came from Mr. Whiting, who had a 2d prize
for Imp^ratrice, Peine Claude de Bavay, and Guthrie's Late
Green. Mr. Hughes, gr. to the Rev. G. Kemp, had a similar
award for a dish of small Brown Turkey Pigs. Mr. Ingram,
Royal Gardens, Frogmore, received a First-class Certificate for
a seedling Plum called Bonne Bouche, which proved
of delicious flavour. From the Society's gardens at
Chiswick came large examples of Gohah ; and White
Magnum Bonum came from J. Whitmore, Esq., Sloane Street.
Mr. Webb, Calcot, Reading, sent a seedling Plum and Apple,
but they were not considered equal in merit to existing
kinds. Mr. Beach, Surbiton, exhibited a large fine-looking
seedling Pear called Lord Suffield ; but it, too, was not con-
sidered of sufficient merit for an aw;u:d. Messrs. Lee, Ham-
mersmith, sent fruit of Royal Vineyard Peach, a fine-looking
variety, of which it was stated that the parent tree bore a
heavy crop as a standard out of doors in 1865, the fruit
averaging 10 Oz. each, but that the May frosts had destroyed
all the blossoms of the parent tree for the last two years.
It is described as being of vigorous habit, and ripenmg its
fruit, which is juicy and of good flavour, a week earlier than
the Barrington. Mr. Shortt sent a variety of Pine-apple
introduced from Brazil, stated to keep good for from five to
seven weeks after being cut from the plant ; it was, however,
not ripe. A seedling white Gmpe with large herries, was :il30
shown by Mr. James, gr. to the Earl of Dartmouth, Patshull,
but no award was made for it. Mr. Jones, gr. to Lord Lecon-
field, Petworth, sent a seedling Plum ; Mr. Ford, a seedling
BLack CuiTant; and Mr. Perkins, gr. to Lord Hcuniker, a
Scarlet-fleshed Melon.

G. F. Wilson, Esq., Weybridge. was awarded a Special cer
tiflcate for Louise Bonne of Jersey Pears of remarkably fine
flavour, grown in pots in an orchard-house, and then plunged
outside. Mr. Wilson also exhibited fiue fi-uit of the Melon
Apple. A Special Certificate was also awarded to Mr. Ch;d-
mers, gr. to E. J. Colman, Esq., Stoke Park, Slough, for four
finely grown Queen Pines. Messrs. Veitch exhibited their Muscat
Champion Grape, a remarkably fine vai-iety, with a Muscat
flavour. It was raised betv, een Mill Hill Hamburgh and Ctmon
Hall Muscat, and succeeds in the same temperature as a Black
Hamburgh. The Committee confirmed then- previous decision as
to its high merit. Among other subjects 3ho\vu were fruit of
Monstera deliciosa, from Mr. Fleming, Cliveden ; Quetsche,
■ or German Prune Plums, from Mr. Turner, of Slough : Morello
CheiTies, from Mr. Tillery ; good specimens of Yellow Inges-
tre Applos, also Raspberries and Red Grape Currants, from
Mr. Beach ; a collection of upwards of 80 Apples and Pears
came from Mr. W- Paul.

thing. The otherwise fine appearance of this grand table was
marred by a lot of unsightly "baskets of fruit." These cif-
cular things ought not to be tolerated, a much better style
being generally adopted at Edinburgh— that of arranging gioups
of this kind in square boxes, neatly hned, or placing them
in dishes, which is quite as good. The method of mixing
Pines, Grapes, Plums, Melons, Peaches, and such like, m
these baskets, is only suggestive of disordered arrangements,
such as one might expect from a railway collision, or some-
thing where precipitiuicy and a "rush" for safety was
unavoidable. It is simply showing the finest productions of
Pomona en deshdbille.

Mr. Fowler, gr. to the Earl of Stair, Castle Kennedy, had the
most extraordinary bunch of Grapes, for size and weight, that
has been exhibited in modern times. It all but lavaUed the
famous bunch of Speechly at Welbcck, and was suggestive of
it in being suspended from an arched trellis, and rather too
formally stiung up, showmg its enormous proportions. It
weighed 171b. 2ioz., an4 it.s name is the White Nice. The
same gi-ower had enormous Black Alicante, with berries the
size of Victoria Hamburghs, and bunches compact and pyra-
midal to a fault, but they were red m colour. Trehhiano, too,
was the largest and best formed bvinch of the kind probable
ever exhibited. Black Hambiu-ghs were models in point of
form, but deficient in colour, and Muscats were particularly
good, as also was the Golden Hambvu-gh. This collection
of three bunches, however, was beaten by much larger
ones from a hitherto unknown grower, Mr. D. Campbell,
gr. to E. Alston, Esq,, of Craighead, Hamilton. The two
bunches of Muscats, from this grower, were superb in
point of size, both of bunch and berry, but neither
of these contributions were so highly finished as the samples
sent from Mr. Campbell, gr. to J. Hozier, Esq., of MauldsUe
Castle, Carluke, and there seemed to be some questioning as
to how the judges had arrived at their decision. The fact is,
there are no two sets of men who base their conclusions upon the
same premises ; which shows the absolute necessity for an
instant settlement of the points of merit in Grapes by
some properly quahficd tribunal. Mr. J. McConnachie, gr.
to A. Smollett, Esq., Cameron House ; Mr. Alexander Foggo,
Calendar House, Falkirk, and many others, had aU excel-
lent Grapes. If there was one thing more meritorious than
another it was a bunch of the Uucbess of Buceleuch variety
from Castle Kennedy. It was much larger, both in bunch
and berry, than any of this variety ever before exhibited ; and
as shown, too, in colour, and in aU points which are worth con-
tending for in Grapes, it merits a higher place than we were
ever before inclined to give it. The size of bunch which Mr.
Fowler induces in all the sorts that are under his cultural care,
is something wonderful, and if he does not at all times show
them quite up to the finishing stroke in point of colour, it
need not be wondered at. Mr.Barnwell, gr. to A. Fleming, Esq.,
Kilkerran House, exhibited a large variety of Grapes, some of
them in good condition, and many of them of very large size.
Pines were meagrely contributed, the best coming from
Mr. Alex. Crossby, gr. to Sir Jas. Colquhoun, of Luss. Peaches
were a large and a good exhibition, Mr. Fowler taking 1st;
place with Royal George, and Messrs. Campbell and McFar-
lane, Peebles, having large fruit of Noblesse and Royal George.
A very excellent dish of Nectaiines, called the Balgowan
variety, which came from Castle Kennedy, seemed to be
very much like the Elruge.

Passing from the table over a miscellaneous assortment of
plants, which were more numerous than generally piuise-
worthy, we note with special pleasure a group ot Heaths from
Mr. Stevenson, gr. to R. Addie, Esq., View Park, Both well,
which were the admiration of every one ; and as they repre-
sent probably, nay, certamly, the three very best autumn
Heaths in cultivation, we single them out— Marnockiana,
densely clothed with its marvellous crimson and black
blossoms ; Aitoniana Turnbulli, the most chaste white Heath,
and the best for brides' bouquets in cultivation: and
McNabiana, the largest and most showy of its kind. Really
these are gi-and plants, and more worthy of culture than some
things that get a vast deal more attention.

The groups of Lilies were numerous : L. auratum was, as
usual the most conspicuous— those from Mr. Jas. Buchanan,
Lochbrae, and Mr. Robert Thomson, Hope Park, being
superb. . , . ±1

Florists' flowers were numerous. Roses, considering the
season, were very good, especially those from Messrs. A.
Dickson fz Sons, Newtonards, Ireland ; from Mr. Campbell,
Craighead ; and from Mr. John lugi'am, Aitkenhead. The
very best sorts in the different pans were John Hopper, large,
fine, and fuU ; Madame Rivei-a, Senateur Vaisse, Gloire da
Dijon, Comtesse Chabrillant, and Martchal Souchet,

The best among groups of miscellaneous plants came from
J. & R. Thyne. That firm has always a nice lot of Ixoras in
bioom, and" they appear very effective among foliage plants and
Ferns, and so does the charming Eucharis amazonicA. The
pretty lofty-spiked Trichinium Manglesii, with its rosy-tipped
flowers, was conspicuous among them, ^i- '''■^•'i' '■''"^' ^'^^''i

Mr. Clark sent from

Glasgow AND West OF Scotland HoRTicuLTrnAL: Sept. 11.
—The last great show of the season was, as usual, remarkable
for the Luge number of articles exhibited, upwards of 1200
entries being oflacialiy notified in the various classes of trnits.
flowers, EUid vegetables. Every available spot was occupied,
and the interest evinced by a host of competitors was of itself
suftieient to mark the matter as an event in the West of Scot-
land. Visitors were more numerous than at any former exhi-
bition of the Society, and the amouut realised was conse-
quently unprecedeutedly large. In the evening, when the
admission was reduced to (irf., crowds p;i3sed hi aud ci-ammed
the large hall to suffocation, and it was no easy task for the
directors to keep all going smoothly. Lai-ge as the City Hall
of Glasgow is, with its various tributaries, which are always at
command, it Is not at all capable of accommodating the crowds
that periodically flock to the flower shows. It is time, there-
fore, that some spiiited effort should be m;ule to erect some
commodious building in the West End Park, or in the
Botanic Gardens, to meet the growing wants of a great
;uid populous city. In the interests of horticulture we
suggest such a step, in the first place to give scope for
the ai-ticles that are exhibited, and in order in the next place
to offer sufficient walking space. At present the different
articles shown are detached and detailed in groups, Uke so much
furniture in so many suites of rooms, and the central hall,
where the music and the principal attractions are, ia often
unnecessarily crowded when the subsidiary ones are nnich
less so. .

Fruit formed the chief feature of the exhibition, and it was
well staged on a table about 10 feet wide, sloping from the
centre on both sides like a double desk in any business
counting-room— a very pleasing style of doing this sort of

the Royal Botanic Gardens a very fine pair of the pearl-bearing
SoueriIa(margaritacea), a leaf of the Victoria Lily, and a plant
of the curious Echeveria metallica, vrith its lustrous, glaucous,
bronzy leaves strikingly conspicuous. Messrs. Dreghom &
Aitken, Kilmarnock, had a group of the best variegated zonal
Pelargoniums in cultivation, in some 50 sorts, effectively
arranged and fronted with a good hue of elegant variegated
Grass— Poa triviahs. The very best are under the gold section,
and at the risk of being tedious, wo name them here ; Lucy
Grieve Queen of Tricolors, Miss Watson, Sunset, Meteor, Lady
Cullum, and L'EmpSreur. Under the regular grouping section,
Mr Campbell, gr., Castlemilk, took first place with a gooti
twelve, trained, as usual, in the pyramidal style ; others are
foUowiog this grower's example, and it is the best mode
of setting or growing these to advantage. ■ 1. t

Gladioli were grand as spikes, as varieties, and m point of
numbers Nothing could have been finer than those from Mr.
John Taylor, Musselburgh; Mr. J. M'Lachlan, Belfast ; and
from Mr. George File, Kilm.amock. The very cream of them
were Queen Victoria, a large fine white flower, with coloured
stripes; J. W. Lane, Milton, Comtc de Morny, Isohne,
Neptune, Ophir, Lucifer, Brenchleyenais, and Diaaa, a list
which comprises some of the old as well as some of the newer

sorts. , r .^L t J

Dahlias were largely contributed, and some of the stands,
notwithstanding the weather, were as clean and fine as
possible. We can see, however, that the showing of them haa
become quite a trade, and that many of the flowers are "got
up" for the occasion. Judge of our surprise when some of the
jury pointed out more than half-a-dozen of flowers on one
stand with then- florets pinned together with ventable pma.
Tarn the flower upside down, and youseoacuxlctof glisteumg
heads in quite apple-pie order, just upon a par with wiiat one
often sees done by chUdren for amusement on .1 pm-i'-nflnion .

iury support this despicable outrage upon Flora'
■'■"■■' ^.'1 -11 -.-^ — ..^^-..a -will have

cushion !
le of the
beauties.

Who among aU our readers will have tl^e,.^"dacity
to declare for such a practice? The best -^^^eties staged

Ae ^imto^tands were J. Gartshore & Sons, Falkirk ; Wm.
Paul PaiSfv J Gibson, gi-., FauhUl, HamUton ; James Orr,
EaSyliSfGreenock; oforge Fy^e, Bellfield, Kitaaniook;,

Sbptembek 21, 1867.]

THE GAPxDENEKS' CnRONICLE AND AGiaCUETUIUL GAZETTE.

979

Fraucie Smith, P;irtick, nnd Mrs. Vais, Duufonuliuu. Mr.

Georjje White, Paisley, exhibited a cullcctiou of Poiniiuu
sorta which have novelty about tbom. We woulct prefer, how
ever, a group of Chiueso Asters. Hollyhocks wore not so n:nnd
as U8u:u. Some of the sorta that ilemand notice are Mrs,
Downio, Countess Cr.ivon, Invineiblc, Decision, Acnic, Mth.
Binuinff, Lord Rokeby, James Anderson, Mra. Hastiu, .luhn
Tweodie, Mrs. M'Kenzic, and Gem of Yellows, The mtiHt anc-
cossfiil exhibitors were Mr. D. M'Farlano, Peebles ; Mr. George
Barric, E.Unburgh ; and Thomas Walker, Tcnnochsido, Both-
woU.

Annuals as shown hero, in littlo mado-np bouquets, and
arranged in dozens and in twenty-fours, make a uioat effective
display, and are well worthy the attention of all schedule
makers ; indeed, tliey arrest general attention, yuch things
look better made up in this than in any_ other way. 'I'lieae
were the double Keiioeio, Godetia the Bride -a grand acqui-
sition, having exquisitely pure, large, wax-like flowers ; the
crimson Mallow, the yellow and white edged Oxyura, the
common Sweet Pea, the charming Phlox Druinmondii, always
good and pretty ; tho Cya»us minor, the Tom Thumb Nas-
turtium, that tiny white and ochre-eyed gem N'ycterinia
selaginoides, the grey and marbled Salpi^doasia, the
elegant pink Ceutrauthus ; and the soft, pink, showy
floweroil CaUndriuia discolor. Those from Mr. Henderson,
Ardrossan ; from Mr. Miller, Bothwell ; from Mr. Alex,
Walker. Men-yloo, a grand lot ; from Mr. Wm. Clark,
Camphtll ; and from Mr. H. Crichton, Gourock, wore all
praiseworthy. Such things as Phloxes, Pentstemons, " Ucrba-
ceoua cut flowers," are not suitable unless arranged far better
than \isual, as they sdl become flaccid, trashy, and fadeddook-
ing. Vc^et-iblea were grandly shown, the collection from Mr.
Burnwell, Kilkerran, being worthy of all praise.

Crystal Palaok Show. — At this Show, of which a report will
be found at p. 053, and at which 3(j dishes of Peara competed for
the prizes for "a single dish for flavour :" the 1st prize w;is
awarded to tlie Louise Bonne Pear, from G. P. Wilson, Esq.,
Gishurat Cottage, Wcybridgc. These very large fine-looking
Pears wore grown on trees in pots which had their fruit set in
an orchard-house, and were then plunged in the ground out-
side. In the Company's list of awarda, the 1st prize for these
was eiToneously set down to Mr. Bailey, who was not a prize-
taker in this class. We may also add that Mr. Norris, gr. to
A. Boaanquet, Esq., Osidge, Southgate, received the 1st prize
in tho class of baskets of 12 lb. of Grapes, a fact which was
omitted in oiu- report last week.

Notices of aiJoofes.

Mr. Cannell has just issued a shilling pamphlet,
entitled CaiiiieU's Extending Method of Orape-
growinff (Woolwich : Pryce), in which he further
illustrates the plan which has given rise to so much
discussion, since his remarks were first printed in our
columns. In an appendix the letters which have
appeared in our columns and elsewhere, relating to the
subject are reprinted. In his concluding remarks the
author says: '■ I began the subject simply because I felt
sure we were torturing the Vine and many other
plants unnecessarily. I trust much good may result
from the publication of this book, for it is nothing
more than a good old system revived and proved. I felt
convinced, from practice, and from a common know-
ledge of nature, that it would prove itself, and I
determined to explain myself, no matter whether
I stood or fell."

d?loiist0' iFlotoeis.

We read the following account of Making-up
Floweks for show, in our northern contemporary,
The Farmer :—" At the Glasgow flower show the other
day, the Dahlia, the pride and glory of the florist, was
shamefully abused. One of the best-looking stands
of 21 blooms was 'made up' for the occasion. The
grower bad evidently exhausted all the usual modes of
trimming and dressing, and in the fertility and
exuberance of his resources had hit upon an effective
method of keeping the florets together, and but for the
keen, discriminating eye of one of the judges, he might
have pocketed chief honours, and escaped scot-free.
On examining some of the blooms individually, to scan
the depth of petal, lo ! and behold, the base of the
receptacle turned into a veritable pincushion ! A
perfect circlet of tiny pins, with their silvery-looking
heads, met the eye, but so nicely was the operation
performed that no semblance of such wholesale stabbing
could be detected on the surfixce. This may be a very
clever proceeding, but it is an indefensible one. Every
representative of the floral race would, if he could, cry
aloud against such an unwarrantable manipulation.
"We, too, thus prominently condemn it ; and if it were
insisted upon and tolerated by florists, and the societies
which countenance them, it were a thousand times
better that they should have no existence. By all
means let the standard of excellence be reached by
legitimate means, but don't abuse the wonderful pro-
ductions of Nature by such and similar arbitrary and
artificial modes of procedure." Although the flowers
in question must have bad a few good " points " about
them, we heartily join in protesting against such a
practice.

If it be true, as some assert, that the cultivation of
the Dahlia is on the wane, it is nevertlieless true that
the production of seedling flowers during the present
year has been unusually large. Thus at the meeting
of the Floral Committee, at South Kensington, on the
17th inst., even though Mr. Keynes was absent, a large
number of new flowers were staged by the leading
raisers of new kinds. Chameleon (G. Wheeler) had
considerably improved both in size and colouring since
la.st seen. It is of a pale yellowish bufl' ground, tipped
with rosy puqile, and appears as if if will make a useful
exhibition flower, as well as being a constant one.
Rosy Circle (G. Wheeler), clear vivid rose in the
centre of the flower, while down to the base of the
flower the tips of the petals are heavily suB'uaed with
purple. It has a most pleasing shade of colour, and there
IS a good deal of substance in the flowers, but it is sndly
deficient in outline. Snowball (G. Wbeeler) is a likely-
lookin-' white flower, of a good pure colour, and good
petal, but looking as if it would be inconstant. AHce

(G. Wheoler) is something in tho way of Turner's
Adonis, and not so good. Flag of Truce was again
shown by Mr. Wheeler; it looks very constant, but
the character of two or three of the flowers had become
changed, as they were considerably suffused with lilac.
Gipsy tjuoeii (Hopkins) is a heavily tipped criinsnn
lluwer, the palo ground suffused with purple, into
which some of the crimson runs. It is a striking and
useful cxhil)itiou flower, but wants high cla.<s proper-
ties. Yellow Gem (Hopkins) is a small though well-
formed yellow flower, there being, as the florists say,
" not enough of it-" and Excellent (Hopkins) has a
Iialc bufl' grouiul, ivifh maroon tip, Buttercup
('J'lU'ner) and Golden King (G. Rawlings) are two
fino high-coloured yellow flowers, somotliing similar
in build, though distinct in colour. Mr. Rawlings'
were smaller than those of Mr. Turner, though
equally pure in colour, and with as fino a floret and
outline; but size carried the higher award. Hebe
(itawlings) was not in such good condition as at a
previous meeting; and the white bedding kind shown
by Mr. Rawlings, though having larger and bettor
flowers than the well-known Alba floribunda nana,
does not bloom so freely, nor does it appear to possess
so good a habit, being stronger growing as well as
taller. Memorandum (Cliurch) is a light ground
flower, tipped with rosy lihii^, very pretty, of good
substance, and smooth in the florets. Reform (Church)
is an indifferent plum-shaded crimson flower, as shown.
President (Legge) is a fine addition to the lively
crimson flowers. It is of a very rich hue of colour, has
a remarkably full and high centre, good florets and
substance, and possesses first-class properties.
Beacon, a violet-shaded crimson flower, of a
pleasing shade of colour, but wanting quality ;
Sultan, shaded crimson, small but promising; Fairy
Queen, a small pale ground flower, sufl'used and
slightly tipped with lilac ; Flora, something in the way
of the foregoing, but more lilac about it; and Rainbow
(fancy), maroon, tipped with white, a small flower,
were all shown by Mr. Legge. Mrs. Dorling (Turner)
was not so good as at the Crystal Palace ; CJuardsman
(Turner), is of a vivid crimson shade, very bright, but
the flowers are low in the centre; Rosamond (Turner)
has grown into a fine flower, the colour a clear pinkish
lilac, very bright and pleasing, a flower that will render
good service as an exhibition variety ; Vedette (Turner)
IS a small but handsome and well formed flower, of a
clear rosy purple shade, the purple more manifest on the
edge of the florets ; Adonis (Turner) was not so good as
at the Crystal Palace, though one flower was a model in
in point of outline; Claudia (Turner) is a somewhat
coarse-looking light flower, with a light tip of rosy
violet; Billy Button (Turner) is a fancy variety,
having a ground colour of dullish buff, flaked with
dark crimson, a flower of good substance and consi-
derable promise, though so dull in appearance ; and
Master Johnny (Turner) is another fancy flower, pale
buff, flaked with rose, good floret and outline, but thin
and flat, and deflcient in the centre. Mrs. Henry
Hooper (Thorneycroft) is a yellow flower very much in
the way of Turnpr's Buttercup, but a little deeper in
colour, and not so good in quality ; Conqueror, a shaded
crimson flower, small and poor; Princess Mary of
Cambridge, a large French white flower, of good
substance, and appearing to be constant, though
with an inclination to coarseness as shown ; and
Scarlet King, bright deep orange scarlet, good
outline and centre, but of small size, were also shown
by Mr. Thorneycroft. All that could be said of Mr.
Eckford's flowers was that they were shown in bad
condition, whatever unrevealed merits they might have
possessed.

Some cut blooms of Mr. Knight's new Verbena Con-
stance, again from the open ground and without even
a stain in them, were produced here, and received the
high award they deserved. A single truss of Achieve-
ment (Eckford) was shown, the colour dull cerise dashed
with crimson, and lemon eye, the pip large, stout and
of good quality; Lord Derby (Eckford) still has that
cupped appearance that detracts from the value of its
really brilliant scarlet hue; Julius, deep cerise, with
white eye ; Isa Key, violet rose, with white eye, a shade
of colour that looks as if it would not stand exposure ;
and Novelty, bright cerise, with lemon eye, surrounded
with a narrow crimson ring, were also shown by Mr.
Eckford, but scarcely in their best condition.

A very dwarf form of bedding Pelargonium Christine,
with pale yellow foliage, and flowering most profusely,
was shown by Mr. Wills of Huntroyde, Burnley.
It was obtained from a cro-ss between Little David and
Christine, and it is of an unusually dwarf and compact
habit. A good bright-coloured, free-blooming variety
of the Tropaiolum compactum, named Scarlet Perfec-
tion, was shown by Mr. J. George, of Stamford Hill.
In point of constitution it appeared to be a noteworthy
advance on some of the high-coloured kinds; hut as
the plants had been grown in pots^ it was thought by
the (Committee not to afford suflicient indication as to
fitness in regard to the habit of the plant for bedding
purposes, ij. JO.

the small kind, or perhaps cotton rag, in a weak
solution of saltpetre, if that is not likely to hurt the
bees. What do you say to this y Fungus is certainly
to bo bought, but at too dear a rate.

When I have a Tobacco-smoking assistant, but one
mode of using it with a veil is practicable. It is to
pull aside the latter to light the pipe and then, having
readjusted the veil, to cover the lighted bowl with a
rag, and blow strongly thrcjiigh the latter, so as so drive
a stream of smoke through the mouthiiiece, which is
thrust into the hive. It is only some smokers,
however, that can do this, and it is troublesome even
to them. Some easily- procured ready -lighting
substance for the fumigator is a desideratum, A. B.

[Wo doubt if the small Fungus you allude to will
answer for the purpose at all, even when soaked in
saltpetre. The large kind, Lycoperdou giganteum, is,
as you observe, sometimes diflicult to be TU'ocured.
But the kind we always were in the habit of using in
bygone fumigating days was that which grows in large
old wine vaults, or bonding cellars, described by Taylor
as Racodium cellarCj or Mouse-skin Byssus. Wo had
no difliculty in obtaining a supply sullicient to last for
many years. Some of the owners of these vaults
object to having it taken away, as its presence is said to
be indicative of a good cellar. The use of smoke has,
however, almost entirely disappeared in our apiary ;
still there are times when a resort to it may be made
with advantage. Then we find any old— and if dirty,
all the better — linen or cotton rags, tied round a
short stick, and the smoke blowm gently in with
the mouth, to answer very well. We have also used
rag saturated in a very weak solution of saltpetre, and
have had no reason to believe that the saltpetre injured
the bees. It should be as weak a solution as possible ;
if the rag smoulders ever so slowly, that is sufficient.
As regards the tobacco-pipe, our oid assistant used it
in the way you describe, but it is a troublesome affair.
The longer you live as a bee-keeper, tho less smoke you
will find necessary in your operations. In fact, in the
majority of all the various manipulations with bees
we believe the use of smoke to be quite unnecessary,
and at times even, to a certain extent, to defeat the
object in view.]

1Ef)t ^pfarp.

FtTMiGATiNG Mateeial,— I find a difliculty in
using smoke when uniting bees, &c,, which I cannot
get over. In the first place, I am no smoker of
Tobacco, and have, when by myself, to depend on
Fungus. Now the proper kind of Puffball for the
purpose is not always to be had. The proper kiud is a
large sort; that I find about here is small, and dries
into a hard substance, which when torn up and dried
carefully in an oven, even for the day it is to be used,
does not burn in the fumigator. The large kind has a
soft spongy inside, which does burn readily when made
quite dry just before using. I have thought of a plan
which it might be worth while trying, that of soaking

Italian Bees.— Mr. Reazin, head master of the
grammar school here, has made a successful attempt
to introduce these famous bees into this county, by
importing through J. H. Thomas, Esq., Brooklin,
Ontario, an Italian queen bee from Quinby, the cele-
brated American bee-keeper, at a cost of 5.50 dols.
Mr. Reazin has just built, at considerable expense, one
of Thomas's improved bee-houses for wintering bees,
capable of holding about 40 hives. He has also pur-
chased the right to make Thomas's patent hives, and
has let a contract to build 50 of them. Lindsay Post.

Dee Dke.ss. — For every department of house-work
equip yourself properly. Unless very timid, you will
in your every-day care of bees need no protection—
any way, no more than gloves and your gardening hat
and veil give. For extraordinary work, such as hiving,
making artificial swarms, pruning comb, or making
surplus boxes, you will need a bee-dress, which can be
made perfectly efficient as follows : Having a hat on
your head, measure from the baud down to your waist,
very free measure, two lengths of calico ; sew these
together at the sides, and put in it a third strip, half a
yard wide, of some transparent material. Hem strongly
top and bottom, and run in a strong gum-elastic tape.
One of these cords will draw around your hatband, the
other around your waist; the gauze width is before
your face, allowing free vision. Now insert long, easy-
fitting sleeves with an elastic cord that fits closely over
your glove at the wrist. With thick hose, stout shoes,
and snug-fitting nnder-wear, you are perfectly free from
danger from the most exasperated swarm. Your skirts
should be bloomer, as trails gather up the bees from
the Grass, and the hat brims should be broad, other-
wise the bees may reach your face through the cloth.
American Country (Gentleman.

Phocess foe making Embossed Wax Sheets
FOE Bee-comb. — As you state in your la-st issue (see
p. 9.54) that I should not be doing an injury to English
manufacturers of artificial bee-combs by publishing
this process, I herewith send it to you : —

1. To prepare the plain wax sheets it is necessary to
have a double trough, or melting pan, similar to a glue-
pot, but square, the inner pan being about one inch
longer than the intended length of the sheets, and
about 3 inches wide, allowing 1 inch all round betiween
it and the outer can for boiling water. The top of the
inner can should have the upper edge projecting a litt!e
over the outer can, so as to prevent any of the water
getting into the wax, should it boil over.

2. A very smooth slab of plaster-of-Paris must be
made, about !'■ inch thick, of the length of the required
sheet, but about 3 inches wider; melt the wax by
boiling the water over a fire, and having soaked the
plaster slab in water, allow that which is superfluous
to be absorbed, and dip it into the melted wax, with-
drawing it again immediately, with an even motion.
If properly manipulated a beautifully even and smooth
sheet of wax will ho deposited, which will drop from
the slab on the outer edges being separated.

3. To emboss the sheet with the form of the base of
the honey-cells it is only necessary to press it between
damp plaster moulds, with a moderate amount of
pressure, such as may he obtained by an ordinary
linen press. To prepare tho mould involves some
knowledge of modelling and casting plaster. What
are called "squeeze moulds" must be prepared as
follows:— A model of the base of one cell must be
made very accurately in clay, leaving the sides which
are intended to come together perfectly true and
upright; from this tho first squeeze mould is cast in
plaster. Then set out on tracing paper, in pencil, a
portion of the hexagonal plan of the embo.ising, the
size of a multiple of the intended dimensions of the

980

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE, [Septembee 21, 1867.

mould (say 2 inches long and a proportionate width).
Then on asmall plaster slab (previously " lacquered"*),
spread pipe-clay of a perfectly even ihickness
of J inchj of a somewhat larger area than stated
above. Tiien form the second "squeeze-mould" as
follows: — Lay the tracing-paper drawins face down-
wards on the clay, and rub off the drawing on to the
clay. Then proceed to take " squeezes " from the first
(single cell) mould (having first thoroughly dried it),
by squeezing into it with the thumb fine pipe-clay,
striking it off the surface evenly with a steel scraper ;
then pull it out by adhesion to the surface of a
modelling tool. These squeezes must be accurately
arranged on the clay surface described above, according
to the drawing, and when this is completed a second
"squeeze-mould" is to be formed in exactly the same
way, by casting plaster on to it, after cutting away the
layer of clay upon which the squeezes are placed
round the outer edge of the pieces laid on, so as to
form in the plaster the walls of the second mould.
With this mould proceed in the same way until a
sufficiently large surface is covered. In making the
double mould, one side must be cast from the other to
insure accuracy, or from moulds originally cast from
one another. The moulds used for pressing the
sheets must be cast into metal frames, made
of hoop-iron or brass, with bars across the back to hold
the plaster together should it crack under the press,
and they must be furnished with guide-pins, or corre-
sponding projections and depressions in the plaster to
insure the accurate fitting of the two moulds. I have
produced the most satisfactory results from the above
described process after trying a variety of others, such
as casts in type-metal taken from the natural comb, a
single mould used with an India-rubber pad, &o.
Arthur Maw, Senthall Sail, Salop,

Miscellaneous.

Ventilating Furnace Bars. — A companj; has recently
been started for the purpose of brmgmg into practical
operation Warriner's regulating furnace bars, which
are intended to economise fuel, to prevent the destruc-
tion of fire-bars, and to consume smoke. These
objects are effected by admitting only such an amount
of atmospheric air as the nature of the fire requires,
and by distributing the air admitted equally over the
whole grate surface. This is done by means of hollow
bars, through which all the air required for combus-
tion passes to the fire, the rest of the furnace being
made air-tight, and the admission of air to the bars
being controlled by a valve. The atmospheric air
continually passing through the bars tends to keep
them cool, and replaces the o.xygen burned out of
them, thus preventing their being destroyed so rapidly.
For horticultural purposes, where the Sre is required
to be kept in for a long period without stoking, this
arrangement is invaluable, as the gardener can set the
valves to keep up any temperature, and leave them
without attention for 12 hours. The invention has
been tested by a number of practical men, and has
received their unanimous approval. Weekly Paper.

Vegetahle Hair. — The Californian papers state that
1here is now dug out of the mountains of the Sierra
Nevada Hange a better material for beds than has been
hitherto available in the markets of the world. It is
the soap root, which grows in unlimited quantities in
that region. It is a bulbous root, enveloped in a very
tough and supple fibre, resembling somewnat the husk
of Cocoa-nut in colour and appearance, but nearly as
tough as whalebone. The roots are dug, observes the
Toronto Qlohe, chiefly by Chinamen, bound in bundles
of 100 lb. each, and brought on poles to the factory.
The first work is to put the roots through a picker
similar to a threshing-machine, which is run by horse-
power. This separates the fibre into a hair of 8 or
10 inches long, which is placed in a large vat or
steamer till it becomes flexible, and is free from all
gummy or glutinous matter. It is then dried on flats
m the sun, put through another fine picker turned by
a Chinaman, then taken and twisted into ropes at a
common rope-walk, then steamed again, which sets the
curl. The ropes are then bound in bales and are ready
for the market. The natural colour is brown, but it is
often coloured black, and an expert would find it hard
to tell it from curled hair. [What is the plant herein
referred to ? Can it be Agave saponaria, incorrectly
described as to " root ? " Eds.]

Garden Operations.

{For the eiunting week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Do not longer delay potting Pelargoniums of the
Cape sections, as sufficient time ought to be allowed to
enable them to establish themselves in the fresh soil and
pots befoi'e the duller months set in. They should be
potted firmly into small pots, in an admixture of one
part good, fibrous, maiden loam, and one of sand and
good leaf-mould intermixed. First free the roots
entirely from the old soil, and, if needed, shorten all
coarse lengthy ones, cutting them clean in two. In
potting, shake the fresh soil well in amongst the roots,
but be careful not to in any way mjure the delicate
shoots in the operation. Continued watchfulness will
be necessary to see that no outstanding greenhouse
plants suffer from too much moisture, or through
cold, which, with other attendant ills, does much mis-
chief, although it may not show its effects for some
time to come. Place forthwith some sort of
covering over Auriculas, and more especially those
which have been recently potted. A spare light set at
a moderate angle and elevated upon pots, so that air
can blow freely through, will be ample for a time. Be

* Lacquer is a material used by workers in plaster-of-Paris,
which renders it unabsurbeut and capable of being again cast
from iu plaster.

very particular— at this season especially— to see that
all plants which are standing out upon open borders,
or in similar situations, have a good layer of cinder
ashes under them, or are placed individually upon
slates or some such material, as worms are constantly
upon the surface ready to enter anything containing
soil composed of decayed vegetable matter, such as leaf
soil. These remarks apply more especially to Chrysan-
themums, Cinerarias, and similar plants which are at
times left unnecessarily exposed in that way. Of course
no one would dream of placing any hard-wooded green-
house plant out of doors without a good sized slate, or
equally effective basis to stand upon. Continue to
constantly give a little air to all stoves, but only give
just sufficient water to keep a nominal amount of
moisture throughout the balls of all inmates of them,
which having matured their growths should now be
permitted to enjoy a season of rest. It will be well to
place a few Tea Boses grown in pots under shelter, in
order that the soil may become slightly dried, and the
wood get better ripened previously to forcing them
early into bloom. The beautiful Marechal Niel, Celine
Forestier, and similar varieties, will be greatly benefited
by this treatment.

FORCING HOUSES.
Do not delay longer than is possible the pruning of
all Vines intended for very early forcing. Having been
forced early last season, as probably many of them have
been, they will not be unlikely to bleed if pruned at a
much later date. Those who intend buying Pot Vines
for fruiting in pots, and especially for early work,
should lose no time in procuring them, for delay
ofttimes compels purchasers to put up with what they
can get, instead of selecting the best from amongst
saleable stocks. Short-jointed, hard, and firm-wooded
canes, with high prominent buds, ripened to a dark
hazel brown colour, are those which should be preferred,
and which should always be selected where possible.
As it is only by a proper and studious gradation of heat,
iu conformity with the decline of sunlight, and with
it an attendant and uniform decrease of moisture, &c.,
that success in the winter fruiting and the proper rest
of Pines can be attained, I cannot impress these facts
too much upon practitioners. Where practicable, give
a little air constantly at night. This is best given at
the front of the house at all times when a proper and
suiliciently dry air exists within, as it does not neces-
sarily admit an egress of the warmed inner air. Should
there be from any cause too much atmospheric moisture
within, then with a little brisker heat, a little air
afforded during the night at the apex will be of
invaluable service. There can be no doubt that an
over-stimulating state of the atmosphere induces the
formation of large unsightly crowns upon Pines. The
fruit itself is sustained and fed directly by means of the
roots, leaves, &c., of the plant, and so to a given extent
is no doubt the crown, but the latter must not receive
too much encouragement, as the fruit itself is thereby
impoverished. Counteract this tendency, therefore, by
every practicable means, and we shall no longer have
to lament such unsightly formations as overgrown
crowns. Pay all attention possible to the renewal of
linings necessary to Pine pits. Worn-out linings
should never be permitted to remain until more heat is
really needed ; on the contrary, they should be always
renewed before that occurs. Wash, scrub, clean, and
whitewash all the internal surfaces of the earlier
Peach or Nectarine houses, and should any vacancy
occur, fill it up with some fine promising tree from the
outer wall, where any such exists. A season or two
may thus be gained as compared with the too common
practice of purchasing small stuff for the purpose, and
hence having to put up with a large vacancy for a year
or two. The past weather has been unfavourable
for all Melons grown in pits or frames without the
assistance of pipes or flues, and as no improvement
can be anticipated at this late season, every assistance
must be given them by means of fermenting materials,
&c., to well line the beds, without which no fruit
worthy of the name can be had.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.
I regret to see that, notwitstanding your able edi-
torial advice, regarding injury caused by the removal of
perfect leaves from Strawberry plants which have
fruited, many amateurs continue the old, old practice
of cutting all away indiscriminately. Whilst it is abso-
lutely necessary to remove all suckers, as often as they
crop out, and is advantageous to remove all decayed
leaves or such as are of no further use, good sound
fibre-sustaining ones must receive every possible
encouragement, in order duly to elaborate and to aid
in storing away all the strength necessary to the forma-
tion of a good large crown ready to push forth robustly
next spring. Peaches and Nectarines will now be
ripening, and insects will persevere in their attacks,
more especially on the ripest and best- flavoured. In
order to annoy them in their lurking-places, keep the
hoe and rake moving frequently along the bottom of
the walls. Earwigs are best entrapped in bean-stalks,
as previously directed ; wasps may be enticed into bottles
with water sweetened with honey or sugar, or under a
hand-glass baited with over-ripe fruit, another being
placed over it, a hole in the top of the lower one
forming an easy communication between the lower to
the upper. Wall Fruit acquires a higher flavour by
exposure to the direct rays of the sun than it does
under glass, unless the season is unusually wet and
sunless. When the fruit is gathered the trees should
be gone over, and if any are crowded with succession
shoots, some portion of the wood that has just borne
may be removed in order to benefit the succession of
shoots.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

Polyanthus beds or elgings should now be formed,
as they move well at this season. It will be well not to
delay it too long, however, as the roots ought to resume
a slight activity before winter sets in, in order duly to

establish themselves. Take up layers of Carnations
and Picotees, and pot them forthwith into 60-sized pots ;
two in a pot, placed at opposite sides, is the best way.
Expose them freely to sun and air for some time to
come. Good loam, leaf-mould, and road-drift will suit
them well, with efficient drainage. Beds should not be
formed of these much later than this ; proceed, there-
fore, with the operation as quickly as possible.
Elevate the bed formed for them slightly above the
level of the surrounding soil ; pat it firmly over, and
fix the plants firmly therein. Pick and hoe over
Pansy beds frequently, in order to entirely free them
from weeds. Press the soil firmly around the plants
when necessary, duly to fix them firmly in the soil after
blustering windy weather. Should the seedling plants
of Myosotis, Silene, Saponaria, &.O., become too strong
in anticipation of standing severe frosts, it will be best
to transplant the larger ones, an operation which will
imbue them with greater hardihood, whilst at the same
time it will check them materially.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Here past "directions" must be attended to. Con-
tinue earthing Celery. Prick out succession Cauli-
flowers, Endive, and Lettuce plants as the succes-
sional seed-beds afford respectively plants in a proper
state for handling. Get in the main crop of Potatos
with as little delay as possible, as the moist weather
we are experiencing tends greatly to further the ill-
effects of the disease, with which they are, I fear, too
generally smitten this season. Continue to thin out
the various sowings of Spinach. It will be well to
draw a little soil, where convenient, up to the stems of
late planted Broccoli. Every possible assistance
should be given these, to duly encourage the best
growth possible under the circumstances. W. F.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK. NEAR LONDON,
For theWeek ending 8ept.l8.1M7.a3 obsprred at the Horticultural Gardens.

Thura. 12

Friday 13

Satur, 14

Sunday 15

Mon. 16

Tuca. 17

Wed. 18

18 130.194

19 130,317

20 i30.3'20

30,113

29,691
29.903
29.8,58
29.983
30,124
30.291

30.009

TXHPEa&TURE.

67.7

42.7

65.0

61,0

59.0

S.W.

N.W
N.W.

-iveraae

Sept. 12-Wain; tine; \ery clear and fine at night.

— 13— Slif^hthuze ; overcast; Tery fine.

— 14 - pine ; rather boisterous ; rain at night.

— 15— Cloudy ; tine ; clear and Tery line.

— 16— Clear ; partially clouded; clear at nii;ht.

— 17- Overcast and cold ; clear and flue ; overcast ; rain.

— 18-Cloudy; clear, with scattered white clouds; cloudy.
Mean teraperatureoftheweek, adeg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Sept. 28, 1867.

Sept,

660
26i 65,6
,27! 65 5
,28 65,1

No. or
Years in
which it
Rained.

Sunday .
Mon.
Tues. .
Wed. .
Tliura. .
Friday .
Satur. .

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the

25th, 1832-.therni. 82 deg. ; and tae lowest on the 26th, 1855-themi.

26 dOK.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

0.30
1.68
0,57
1.44

Prevailing Winds.

ta

^

i

fi

n

fi

H

Ml

ft

(1

i'.^

fi

7

14

fi

H

;i

«

H

11

<i

10

10

5

Notices to Correspondents.

iETHiONBMA coRiDiFOLiuM : / P. Tliis pretty plant, referred
to at p. 901, is, we believe, grown by Mr. W. Thompson, of
Ipswich.

Beech Tuees : J P F. The disease in your Beech trees ia very
curious. The shoots and branches perish very much after
the fashion of gumming. It ia cleariy not the eCEect of last
year's frost, because though in one case the disease origi-
nated iu last year's wood, in another it is of much longer
standing. The bark is constricted at a certain point, the
part above it distinctly swollen, and the wood at the
constriction dead to the pith. It is most probable that the
injury is due to some insect. The dead portion is now
occupied by Fungi belonging to the genera Nectria and
Asterosporium, but there is no reason to believe that they
are the causes of decay. A close iuspection of this year's
wood a Uttle later in the year might possibly lead to the
discovery of the cause. M J B.

Heating: J L L. The two flow and return pipes will not be
sufficient for your proposed Vinery ; put in double the
quantity of piping ; it is better to have more than enough
than too little, as the necessary heat can then be got without
forcing the apparatus. Thd proposed arrangement will
suffice for the plant house, if a greenhouse, but not if it ia
intended for stove plants. We should recommend keeping
the connecting pipes inside, for economy of heating power.

Insects: W R >is Sana. Your young Apple tree was attacked
by the larva of the beautiful wood leopard moth, Zeuzera
iEscuii. It is rare. A soft wire introduced into its burrow
would have killed it. W,

Melons : M. Melon plants are so capricious, and so liable to
die off from so many and opposite causes, that it is
impossible for us to say what may have been the cause of
yours having done so. Melons have not been good auj-where
this season, owing, probably, to the changeable character of
the weather, i. e., alternate extremes of heat and cold. We
have examined your two samples of soils. No. 1 is of a very
poor, sandy nature, without substince, and not all suited for
Melons, which require a somewhat stiff and heavy soil. We
should not like to use No. 1 for any potting purposes what-
ever. No. 2 is of a better description, but somewhat hard
and deficient in fibre ; it would, however, we thmk, with a
little manure added, grow Melons very weU, and be generally
usuful.

Names of Fruits : J M. Black Achan Pear, and King of the
Pippins Apple. -i? Kell]/. Apple not known ; Peai-
resembling Napoleon, but we are not quite aure, as the
specimen sent was coQsiderably decayed.

Names of Plants: P C 1, Gymnogramma oehracea; 2,
Pteris hastata ; 3, Pteris serrulata.

Tomato ■ R J S. The Tomato is undoubtedly a fruit, though
not a dessert fruit. It may be classed with kitchen Applea
and Pears,

September 21, 18C7.] THE GARDENIAS' CMONIGLE A^i) AGRtCULTtlRAt, GA;:EWE.

981

G!

RASS SEEDS for

PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
tlQest quality, at modorata prlcoa,
carefully selectod oo a new, natural, and
BoieDtiAo synbom.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contalna IllUBtra-
tlouB and Doaorlptlons of tho moat
aultablo Orosaos for Pennanont Pui.t»ire.

J, C WnEKLKR & Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agnoultural Society.

C

OLONY of NATAL.

IMMIGRATION and FRtlKIIOIJ) LAND GRANTS.

GRANTS of GOVERNMENT LAM> iiro alven to Muu IiunUlar
with FiiriiiinK opomtious, uud poasoaainu sulQclout luouna to lura
their Laud to account.

Applications for further Information to bo made to Dr. Manm, tho
Sp.icial At(<Mit of tho Naial Govornmont, iit ttio Natal Imml^ratifm
Office, 1&, UucklnKhani Street, Strand, Londou, W.U.

MFE NATIOr^AL

OTIIKIL IIOUS,-

EXKIIilTION of SrORTING iind

10 KIGHTII GREAT ANNUAL EXHI-
HITION will lio liulit In thu ClIRZiiN EXIIIHITION HALL.
BIKMINUIIAM, iMi MONDAY. TLIKSUAY. WKUNESUAV, aud
TllURSDAV, tho 2d, Jd, 4tli. aud 6th uf Docwuibur next.

Gopleaoftho Prize LhtJi aud Rojjulations miy be obtained from
the Socrotary, Mr. G. IJkkou, Temple Row, Birmingham.
Tue ENTRIES CLOSE on NOVEMBER 1.

New Seeds for the Colonies.

Skehs UmtcT rnou tiik GituwFus Ana tub
Most Suitaiile for Expi'htation, and

TUB "EST MEAM9 OK PllEVKNTINO Dl«-
Al-l'OIKTMENr.

MESSRS. SUTTON solicit tho
favour of Orders from those about to
send ortiikoout SEEDS to tbe COLONIES,
and Bubdiit the following fmm among many
Tustliiionials recently received, as to tho
OBKATLT soPKitioR quality of their Seeda to
those usually exported from this country.na
well as to the very efficient manner in which
their export packing is carried out :—
Juli/ii,/r07n A. N. Ella, Esq., Qucenstovm,
Cape of tJood Hope.
" 1 may mention that the case referi'od to
was in splendid order, looking as fresh after
three mnnths' aea and six weeks land carriage ng if only yesterday
packed."

From lltioii Romsat, Esq., Shanglute, China, May 5, ISfif!,
"Tho bi.)X of aeuda and roots haa arrived, and nothmg h:w given
me Rreater pleasure for a long time than the excellence of these seeds."
From Mr. Z. W. Wklls, A'ew Plymouth, New Zeaiand, May 7, 18G6.
"The Grass and other seeds sent by the Shelburne to me, have
come safe to band. I have tried aumplea of the Grass seeds, and am
happy to inform you that tboy have come up quite to my satisfaction."

From Mr. Jas Dalr, Oranae, New South Wales, September 20. 1866.

"1 have tho pleasure to inform you that your seeds have given
great satisfaction, and 1 now send you a larger order."

All Seeds properly packed and delivered free to ship's side. Special
quotations given for large quantities. A liberal allowance mad© to
Shippers. Sutton & Suns, Seed Growers, Reading.

S^;:^

L AWES' MANURES.—

The Manures manufactured by J. B. Lawes for the present
neason of 18r.7 are now ready for delivery at his Factories, at the
following prices, per ton i—
LAWES' PATKNT TURNIP MANURE and BONE £ a. d.

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME 6 6 0

LAWES- SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME from BURNT

BONE or MLVERAL PHOSPHATES 6 6 0

LAWES' WHEAT, BARLEY, GRASS, and MANGEL

MANURES 8 0 0

CONCENTRATED CORN and GRASS MANURES ..12 0 0

These M.inures can be obtained of Mr. Lawes, or through the
appointed Agents In all parts of the United Kingdom, at prices
varying according to cost ol carriage.

Genuine Peruvian Guano direct from the Importers. Nitrate of
Soda, Sulphate of Ammonia, and other Chemical Manures,

American and other Cakes at market prices.

Address, Jous Bennet Lawes, 1, Adelaide Place, London Bridge,
E.G. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; and Market Square, Shrewsbury.

THE LONDON MANURE COMJfANY
(Established 1840).
Have now ready for delivery in dry Qne condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DIHSOIA'KI) BiiNES, for Dressing Faature Lands
SUI'Klll'Hi)Si'liv\.TESof LIME
FREPARKD GUAMO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genume PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISHERY
SALT, Ac. E. PoESKR, Secretary.

Oiacua. IIG, Fencburob Street. E.G.

SMITHFIELD CLUB FAT CATTLE SHOW.—
The ANNUAL SHOW of FAT CATTLE, SHEEP, and
PIGS, will be hold at tho AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON,
on Monday afternoon, Docombor 'J, and Four followln^; Days.

IntoDdmg Exhibitors are requostod to apply for Cort iflcato Forma
by the reference letters as under.
CATTLE.— Form A. Fi>r an OX or STEER (In any Clasa).
„ B. For a COW or HEIFER (In any Ciaas).
„ C. For a BEAST in Extr i Stock.
SHEEP. „ D. For a PEN of :J WETHERS (In any Class).

„ E. For aSINQLKSUEKPln Extra Stock.
PIGS. „ F. For a PEN of 3 PIGS (In any Class).

„ G. For a SINGLE PIG in Extra Stock.

ENTRIES for LIVE STOCK CLOSE NOVEMBER 1.

PHze Lilts. Forma of Certlflcates, and all information, may bo
obtained on application to Mr. David Pulleh, Assistant Secretary,
at the Offlce or the Honorary Secretary, corner of Half-Moon Street,
Piccadilly, London, W.

N.B. All communications respecting the Show must be addresaed
to the Assistant Secretary, as above, and should bear outside the
words "Smlthfield Show."

SMITHFIELD CLUB SHOW.
AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON, DECEMBER 9 to 13,
IMPLEMENT DEPARTMENT.
The LAST DAY for receivint; ApplicationB for Space for Imple-
ments and Machinery, Ac, is OCl'OBER 1.

Printed Forms of Application, with the Rules and Regulations, miy
be obtained of Mr, David Pullcn, Assistant Secretary, at tbe Offlce
of the Hnnorary Secretary, Corner of Half-Moon Street, Piccadilly,
London, W.

?Clie ^gricttltural (Bn^tttt.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 1867.

COUNCIL.
The Right Hon. W. Cowper, M.P
Thomas Hughes, Esq , M.P.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.
James Beal, F.sq.
Edward Vansittart Neale, Esq.
F. Peonjngton, Esq. (Treasurer).
E. Owen Greening, Esq.
(Managing Director).

29, Parliament Street, London,
4, Warren Street, Manchester,

SUPPLIES its Members
with IMPLEMENTS and
MACHINES by the best M.akers,
and with UnadulteratedSEEDS,
MANURES, and Manufa-itured
CATTLE FOOD, at Wholesale Coat Price, upon the Co-operative
ayatem. Explanatory Circulars post free, or on personal application
at tue Offices of tbe Association.

Iron Cisterns.

FBRABY AND CO. having laid down extensive and
• Improved Machinery in their new ranj<e of buildings, Ida
Wharf, DEFTKoan, are now prepared to supply WROUGUT-IRON
TANKS. GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of auperior quality, at
reduced price?, and rit vnry short tiul.ice.

LISTS OF TANKS •

ON APPLICATION.

K Brabv & Co., Limited, Fitzroy Works, Eustoa Road, London.

w.

S. B 0 TJ L T 0 N ■ S

se-eallon SWING WATER
BARROW. Price 45*-. Carriage paid
to the principal Stations.

This is the best and cheapest
article of the kind yet introduced.
It can be used with or without a Pony.
Two Tubs can be had with one Car-
riage, and a Spreader if required.

Testimonials can be furniahod from
all parts of tlio country.

Powerful GARDEN ENGINE for
the above, price 435.

Improved WATER aud LIQUID
MANURE CARTS.

Illustrated Catalogue, with all par
ticulars, setit free on application to
W. S, BosLTOK, Ron Lans Iron and Wire Worki, Norwich,

The continual rise of prices in the corn
market is due, no doubt, in part to short
arrivals (and indeed to demands upon us) from
abroad : but it is a striking confirmation, never-
theless, of the reports regarding our own pro-
duce, which were given in our pages last month.
The compiler of those reports had less personal
knowledge this year of the harvest prospects of
the country than on any of 20 or more previous
occasions on which he has had to undertake the
annual task. It was with less personal confi-
dence, therefore, that the mere arithmetical
result of so many local estimates was extracted
from them. That result is, however, notwith-
standing the cheerful picture sketched on Thurs-
day last by tho Chancellor of the Exchequer,
proving remarkably trustworthy ; and there can
be no doubt that the opinion based on these
estimates in tho early weeks of harvest is
correct, and that in particular the Wheat crop
is again untortunately deficient, and the Potato
crop unusually diseased.

What help or remedy is there under the
circumstances ? None now within reach of the
producer. Tho quantity of food for the coming
year is now unalterable by him; and, like the
crew of a ship upon a twelvemonths' voyage, all
we now can do is to regulate our rations accord-
ing to the condition of our store-room. This is,
indeed, happily forced upon us all, as the
natural result of oui' circumstances : for
the rising price of food at once enforces that
economy which deficient stores require. There
are not wanting, however, aU'eady many advisers :
and, among others the Rev. 0, F, Watkins —
well known, he says, to the farmers of Northamp-
tonshire— irrges the importation of rice and the
use of Indian corn aud Peas, of porridge and
oatcake, in place of wheaten bread and Potatos ;
and ' ' Rhubarb, which has thrown out a second
crop, is a good substitute for the scarcity of
Apples !" It is certain that importers of food,
guided by the expectation of profit upon the
transaction, will keep us as well supplied as the
markets of the world permit ; and it is probable
that the clero;ymen in every rural parish will bo
ready to advise his cottagers on such economies
as may be at their command : and recommenda-
tions under both these heads, published in tho
columns of the Times, are thus decidedly works of
supererogation.

But what are we to say to the advice which
Ml'. Watkins volunteers to the farmers, espe-
cially it appears to those of Northamptonshii-e,
to whom he refers all others to assure them of
his "good will towards them?" If the voyage
of our ship can be shortened, and she shall then
arrive at a well provided port, the crew may no
doubt be better fed during the course of it ti-om

their existing limited supplies ; and if next har-
vest could anyhow bo hastened, and a better crop
coulil be then ensured, no doubt such a prospect
would in like manner alTect tho sujiplies of corn
to market, and prices would bo lowered. Wo
fear, however, that whatever may bo our power
over tho latter ot these particulars the former is
almost wholly beyond us. Tho period of next
harvest may, perhaps, to some extent, bo affected
by tho general adoption of tho best seed time, but
the result of any iniluonco in excess of ordinary
practice that we can set up here — the consequence
of any extra effort beyond that which every farmer
always makes to get his Wheat all in in proper
time — will be so over-ridden and obscured by tho
character of next year's weather, that wo must
lay GUI' account with the probability that wo
shall not reach our next year's harvest till
after the usual twelvemonths' interval.

The abundance of the supplies which will then
be at our command is, however, clearly to some
extent under our control ; and tho only circum-
stance that strikes us here is that any one should
think that the farmer is not already perfectly
aware of it. Mr. Watkins, with his earnest
recommendation of thin sowing, heavy rolling,
spring hoeing, and Proctor & Ryland's
manures, i-eminds us of Mr, Salter's letter to
his brother farmers, in which he discusses the
general belief, that theirs alone of all businesses
and occupations is best understood by the mere
outsider and spectator !

An immediate alleviation of our unhappy plight
is at hand, we are assured, if the farmers will lay
aside anoldprejudice, and, instead of sowing 3 bushel.-,
sow but half the quantity to the acre. For more than
30 years before Hewitt Davis wrote upon the subject,
and long before Mechi practised, Mr. Watkins has
never sown more than 6 pecks upon light land, and
4 upon strong land in the autumn season ; in spring
2 bushels or 2 and a peck ; and never has he had less than
36 bushels to the acre, and generally from 40 to -18, and
above, even to 56. Of course the land must be in good
condition, and tbe seed put in by the middle of
October if possible, to secure an early tillering and a
level crop at harvest. He drills 12 inches apart on
strong land and 10 on light. On Clover leys, and where,
from other causes, there is fear of the slug, 2^cvvt. of salt
to the acre should bo sown before the ploughing and
2i cwt. after. Light laud should be firmly pressed by
the roll or clod crusher, and if the season be too wet
for the roll, trampled in by sheep. This preserves the
root from the winter frosts and north-east winds, and
very much helps to secure it from the slug. Repeated
in March, it arrests ^the wire-worm. The saving of the
seed Wheat will add millions and millions of bushels
to the national supply ; and in such an emergency as
tliat to which he fears we are now exposed, it is the
duty of every man to endeavour for the sustenance of
his countrymen.

The farmers of Northamptonshire will not suspect
him of evil counsels ; and he refers all others to them
to assure them of his good will towards them. In this
confidence, he earnestly entreats them to hoe their
Wheat, clean or foul, early in the spring, and a second
hoeing will bring its return. " The nitre and ammonia
in the atmosphere will thus reach the roots of their
Wheat through the pulverised earth, and the plant \yill
have freedom for breathing, for exercise, and sporting
under the rays of the sun and the dews of heaven, like
the young of the animal creation rejoicing in their
strength. The stalk of their thin-sown Wheat wdl
stand up firm under storm and rain, and the stout ear
will have its four rows entire, and the full com in the
ear. If, owing to extraordinary frosts, or bleak winds,
or the ravages of the slug, the plant should have a weak
appearance in spring, three or four cwt. of Proctor and
Ryland's manure will do wonders to restore it." He
never knew it to fail. This is no puff— they don't need
it. It is but just and grateful to bear this testimony,
without meaning to disparage others not tried like this
for 20 years.

The salvation of the country evidently depends
on this advice being followed ! The ludicrous
aspect which it presents to us arises chiefly fi'om
the fact that the writer should not know that the
points he insists on are already everywhere
admitted. Thin seeding, as he defines it, is
already general — everybody knows that 6 pecks
of seed on well-prepared land are all that an
autumn seed-time needs ; and the only criticism
on Ml-. Watkins' advice hero that we would
make is, that we hope everybody will determine
upon the quantity he may sow with regard
exclusively to the interests of next year's harvest,
and uninfluenced by any idea of a present saving.
Early seeding — pressure for light land— -salt
for slugs — spring hoeing and top-dressings
in spring, are all in universal operation ; and to
many other manufacturers and importers, as well
as Proctor and Ryland, our "\Vheat produce
is annually indebted. ,

A coesespondence upon cattle plague regula-
tions as conveyed in the recent Privy Council Order
on the subject, between Mr. CoKE.iNCE, one of the \
members lot the county of Suffolk, and Lord Robeei

982

THE CtACTENERS' CMONTCLE ANT) AfiT^IOULTtmAL GAZETTE, [SEP».to.H 21, ise?.

MoNTAGHE, has been published, in which it is urged
on the one side —

(1). That the definition of the parts of ports at
which foreign cattle may be landed is by no means
precise, and thus no proper or effective provisions for
the reception or slaughter of animals are likely to be
carried out.

(2). That Thames Haven should remain open is a
source of some anxiety and apprehension, owing to the
constant recurrence of disease in the county of Essex.
_ Mr. COKEANCE adds :— " All which we can require
IS that by suitable regulations (made as the occasion
demands) the foreign trade at improper places even
within the ports themselves should be checked, and
encourasement and security afforded to all places
having for their object the safe attainment of certain
ends now sufficiently defined. Competent authorities
do not differ as to these or the means by which they
may be accomplished without inconvenience or risk."

To this Lord R. Montague replies (1) "that by
Art. 42 of the Consolidated Cattle Plague Order of
August, 1867, foreign cattle cannot be landed elsewhere
than at defined parts of ports, and by Article 44 of the
same Order such cattle cannot be moved alive out of
the limits of such defined parts of ports at which they
are landed, and that foreign cattle cannot be landed at
any port at which such part has not been defined.

" (2) That the part of the port of London for the
landing of cattle (which it is the intention of the
Privy Council to define) has not been yet defined. In this
definition it is intended to exclude Thames Haven, as
stated by me in the House of Commons.

" (3) That quarantine is required only for store
stock. In the case of animals which are to be
slaughtered it is not considered necessary to keep them
alive for a time suflicient to ascertain that they have
no latent disease, but it is absolutely necessary to do so
in the case of foreign cattle, which, after quarantine,
are to be treated as home stock.

" As no cattle can be moved out of the metropolis,
the communication is entirely cut off between cattle
within and without the metropolis."

Mr. Odams comments on the above correspondence
by quoting a letter dated Sept. 12, and signed by
"A. Williams, Privy Council Office, Veterinary
Department," in which the writer is directed by their
Lordships to state that the detention of foreign cattle
for 1 J hours will not in every instance be enforced ; but
in a.iy case in which the inspecting veterinary surgeon
will certify that there is no danger in the removal of
any particular cargo of cattle from the landing place,
any part of such cargo may be so moved withi^a less
period than 12 hours, provided that the cattle which
are so moved have been properly inspected.

The Shorthorn herd of Mr. Stephenson, of

Pernstones, near Hexham, is announced for sale on
Oct. 3 by Mr. Wetheeall. Twenty-four out of 30
of which the herd consists are descended from one
cow, Red Darlingtou, which was purchased from the
late Mr. Bates, by Mr. Buenett, of Black Hedley,
Northumberland ; and she and her produce have been
crossed by "2d Cleveland Lad," "2d Earl of
Beverley," "LOED Geo. Bentinck," "Disraeli,"
(all bred by Mr, Bates) ; Voltigeue, Ivanhoe,
FiELDMATE, Silver Medal, and Eotal Butter-
fly 16th, all first class bulls, and from herds of
notoriety. Full particulars of the descent and
performances of these bulls are given in the catalogue
of the sale which has been issued, from which the
reader will gather that the herd well deserves the
attention of Shorthorn breeders.

— The annual sale of Mr. E. Smith's Exmoor
Cohs, GJalloways, and Ponies is again approaching, as
will be seen by the advertisement. We are informed
that the 42 to be offered by auction at Fielder's
Repository, College Street, Bristol, on Wednesday next
(Sept. 25), are equal to any that have hitherto been
supplied from this well-known stud farm.

The crops which increased ip acreage in 1867 are—

lucreaae. — Acres.
20,411

Abstract ob Green Crops.

Cereala — Barley
Green Crops — Turnips
Meadow and Clover .

18,513
37,028

85,952

Total increase on the foregoing crops

Making a net decrease in the area under all crops of 61,623
Compared with 1866 the area under Wheat
decreased by 37,282 acres, Oats by 40,283 acres,
Bere and Eye by 415 acres, and Beans and Peas by
1327 acres. Barley increased by 20,411 acres. In
greon crops the area under Potatos diminished by
48,808 acres, and Cabbage by 12,510 acres. Turnips
increased by 18,513 acres.

The following abstracts exhibit the acreage under
each crop in 1866 and 1867, and the increase or decrease
in the latter year ;—

Abstract op Cereal Crops.

Potatos
Turnips . .
Mangel Wurzel and

Beet Root
Cabbage . .
Carrots, Parsnips,

and other Green

Crops
Vetches and Bape

Total ..

Acres.

1,050,353

317,198

20,162
86,531

Acres.

1,001,545

335,711

18,805
24,021

25,471
26,699

Increase
in 1867.

Acres.
18^513

Decrease
in 1867.

Acres.
48,808

1,367
12,510

1,267
3,924

Wheat

Oats

Barley

Bere and Rye

Beans and Pease

Total ..

Acres.

299,190
1,699,695

150,293
10,021
14,834

1867.

Acres.

261,908

1,659.412

170,704

9,606

13,507

,174,033 2,115,137

Increase
in 1867.

Acres.
20,411

20,411

Decrease
in 1867.

Acres.
37,282
40,283

415
1,327

Decrease in Green Crops in 1867, 49,353 acres.
General Summary of Cereal and Green Crops, &c.

Decrease in Cereal Crops in 1607
Decrease in Greeu Crops in 1867
Decrease in Flax in 1867
Increase in Meadow and Clover in 1867

68,896 ■)

49,353 }

110,402)

Total Decrease in the extent of Land under 1
Crops in 1867 .. ]

79,307

Decrease in Cereal Crops in 1867,

From the foregoing statement it will be seen that
there has been a decrease of 61,623 acres in the total
area of Land under crops in 1867 compared with 1866 ;
Grass has increased by 52,828 acres, fallow by 772 acres,
bog and waste unoccupied, by 13,176 acres. "Woods and
plantations show a decrease of 6,153 acres.

The extent under Crops, Grass, Fallow, Woods and Plantations, and Bog and Waste unoccupied
IN 1866 and 1867, are given by Provinces in the following Table ; —

Provinces.

!'='-»"=>• IwK

W

(1866

11867

CoanaugM | j866

Ulster

Extent
under Crops.

Acres.
1,598,987
1,579,416
1,315,760
1,301,248
1,881,135
1,861,903
724,686
716,378

Acres.
2,473,607
2,494,414
3,279,941
3,278,388
2,181,301
2,175,776
2,069,395
2,108,494

Total ,

(1866
ilS67

5,520,568
5,458,945

10,004,244
10,057,072

Acres.
12,023
11,807
4,932
7,088
6,320
4,818
2,144
2,478

Woods

and

Plantations,

Acres.
104,909
101,928
111,487
110,320
69,806
60,733
53,259
51,327

Bog and

Waste

Unoccupied.

Acres.
648,1501
650,111 f
1,222,667)
1,237,743 f
1,185,705)
1,211,037)'
1,383,710 '
1,354,517;

25,419
26,191

329,461
324,308

Total.

Acres.
4,837,676

6,934,787

6,314,267

4,233,194

4,440,232 )
4,453,408 I

* Exclusive of the larger rivers, lakes, and tideways.
The area under the seviibal Crops in each Tear from 1863 to 1867, inclusive, was as under : —

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS, IRELAND

1867.

The collection of these statistics was carried out,
as in former years, by nearly 4,000 enumerators,
selected from the constabulary and metropolitan
police ; and they have furnished returns of the tillage
and live stock on the several holdings in Ireland,
which amount to about 600,000. The inquiries were
conducted by the officers and men employed on this
duty with their usual efficiency.

The abstracts are compiled from summaries made by
the enumerators, and may differ slightly from the
revised figures hereafter to be published ; but I do not
apprehend that any important change will be necessary.

The total acreage under all crops in 1867 was .. 5,458,945

The total acreage under all crops in 1866 was

(revised numbers) 5,520,568

Crops.

1863.

1864.

1865.

1866.

1867.

Acres.

Acres.

Acres.

Acres.

Wheat

260,311

276,483

266,989

299,190

261,903

Oats

1,953,883

1,814,886

1,745,228

1,699,695

1,659,412

Barley

171,892

172,700

177,102

150,293

170,704

Bere and Rye

8,659

8,894

10,091

10,021

9,606

Beans and Pease

15,153

16,090

16,899

14,834

13,507

Potatos

1,023,414

1,039,724

1,066,260

1,050,353

1,001,545

Turnips

351,436

337,355

3.34,212

317,198

335,711

Mangel and Beet Root

16,434

14,128

14,478

20,162

18,805

Cabbage , .

34,125

31,821

33,622

36,531

24,021

Carrots, Parsnips, and other Green Crops

22,505

23.149

24,130

26,738

25,471

Vetches and Rape

29,938

29,829

29,466

30,623

26,699

Flax

214,099

301,693

251,433

263,607

253,105

Meadow and Clover

1,660,638

1,609,569

1,678,493

1,601,423

1,668,451

Returns of Live Stock.
The returns of live stock for 1867 compared with
1866 show a decrease in the number of horses of 13,451 ;

of cattle, 43,779 ; and of pigs, 283,381 ; and an increase
in the number of sheep of 551,733. This increase in
sheep is spread over every county in Ireland.

The followino are the numbers of Live Stock for each Year from 1855 to 1867, inclusive : —

Years.

1865
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
IS62
1863
1864
1865
1666
1867

Difference in Numbers between )
1866 and 1807 .. .. ]

Number of Horses- Number of Cattle. Number of Sheep. Number of Pigs.

656,287
573,408
599,782
611,321
629,075
619,811
614,232
602,894
679,978
562,158
648,339
535,799
522,348

Decrease.
13,451

3,564,400
3,567,858
3,620,954
3,667,304
3,815,598
3,606,374
8,471,683
3,254,890
8,144,231
3,262,294
3,497,648
3,746,1.57
3,702,378

Decrease,
43,779

3,602,342
3,694,294
3,452,252
8,494,993
3,592,604
3,542,080
3,556,050
3,456,132
3,308,204
3,366,941
3,694,356
4,274,282
4,826,015

Increase.
551,733

1,177,005
918,525
1,255,186
1,409,883
1,265,751
1,271,072
1,102,042
1,154,324
1,067,458
1,058,480
1,305,953
1,497,274
1,233,893

Decrease.
263,381

Showing a decrease in tho extent under crops in 1867 of 61,623
The crops which diminished in area this year are-

Cereals—

Wheat

Oats

Bere and Rye

Beans and Pease

Green Crops —

Potatos . .

Mangel and Beet

Cabbage

(Carrots, Parsnips, and other Green Crops

Vetches and Rape

PLix

The total estimated value of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs this year, was £35,095,224, being a decrease of
£114,491 compared with 1806.

Estimated Value of Live Stock in Ireland in each Year from 1855 to 1867, calculated according to the rates
ASSUMED BY THE CENSUS COMMISSIONERS OF 1841, VIZ. ; — For Horscs, £8 each : Cattle, £6 10s. ; Sheep, 22s. ;
and Pigs, 25s. each.

Total decrease on the foregoing crops

1855
1856

issr

1658
1859
1860
1861
1862
186,1
1864
1865
1866
1867

Difference in Value between |
1866 and 1807 . . . , I

Horses.

£.
4,450,296
4,587,264
4,796,256
4,890,568
6,032,600
4,958,488
4,913,856
4,823,152
4,639,824
4,497,264
4,366,712
4,286,392
4,178,784

Cattle.

£
23,168,600
23,321,077
23,536,201
23,837,476
24,601,387
23,441,431
22,565,972
21,156,785
30,437,501
21,204,911
22,734,062
24,350,020
24,065,457

Decrease.
£107,008

Decrease.
£284,563

Sheep.

£
3,962,576
4,063,723
3,797,477
3,644,492
3,952,084
3,896,288
3,911,655
3,801,745
3,639,024
3,703,635
4,063,792
4,701,710
6,808,617

Pigs.

Increase.
£606,907

£
1,472,006'
1,146,156
1,568,982
1,762,354
1,582,168
1,588,840
1,377,552
1,442,905
1,334,322
1,323,100
1,632,441
1,871,693
1,542,366

Total Value.

Deci'ease.

£329,227

£
33,053,478
33,120,220
33,700,916
34,334,890
35,368,259
33,88.5,047
32,769,035
31,224.587
30,050,671
30,728,910
32,617,007
3,5,209.715
35,095.224

Decrease.
£114,491

I beg here to repeat the observation made by me
when submitting to your Excellency the general
abstracts of tillage and live stock for last year :—
" There is great cause for thankfulness to a merciful
Providence that Ireland has hitherto been almost

entirely free from the distressing ravages of the cattle
plasue bv which almost every county in England and
Scotland' has so deeuly suffered."

I have again the pleasure to state that, with scircely
an exception, the particulars given in the re'nirns

SEPTEMBER 21, 1867.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

983

have been readily afforded to the enumerators by the
various stoukovvners and occupiers of land, which I
bes to say is highly creditable to their good feelint; and
intelligence ; and I have now to repeat my respectful
acknowledgments to the landed proprietors, tenant
farmers, the clergy of all denominations, and to the
public Press, for their continued valuable assistance
wit-li reference to the collection of these Statistics.
IVilllam Don iielli/, lleijisirar- General, Oeiieral Regislei-
Otl'ice, Dublin, September 13, 18G7.

The following is the detailed report of the live stock
returns for all Ireland in 1866 and 1867 respectively :—

Ilorsva ;—
AiiricuUmul

Armiseincnt
1 to 2 yoiira old
Under 1 year

Total..

Cattlo :—
Milch cnws ..
2 to :) years old
Yearlintja . .
Calves

Total.

Shoep :—

Ewea

Tups and AV Lathers
Under 1 year

Total .

Pigs :—
1 year old and upwards .
Under 1 year old . .

Total.

40r,!)49
2-,7!>3
30,650
36,278
3.1,l-'il

535,799

1,483,016
816,253
717,e6a
729, 620

3,746,167

241,017
1,230,257

396,816
26,1)66
29.580
84,7117
34,189

522,348

2,027,748
1,055,847
1,742,419

197,112
1,036,781

THE "TIMES" AND THE CROPS.

The Times, in a very cheery article, tells us that
"the harvest of 18G7 is decidedly a good one." We
are very glad to hear it, and it is quite right for the
Times to make the most of the glorious weather of the
past month. Most cordially do we agree in thinking
that " great reason for thankfulness is furnished by the
general harvest of ISO"." But we much fear that the
pictures of heavy crops and great abundance so vividly
painted by Messrs. Sanderson, Turner, and Mechi, in
the colunins of the leading journal, will not be
altogether realised. It is perfectly idle for the cleverest
laud agent in the world, in taking a railway trip from
London to Plymouth, to form any sort of estimate of
the yield of grain on the South and West of England ;
and really that is the only way in which some of these
favoured writers in the Times form any opinion of the
growing crops. The glimpses byroad or rail cannot
be half so reliable as the opinions of practical farmers
from all parts of the kingdom, which are collected
with so much pains by the A<jrictdtural Gazette. The
summary of tbe whole of these returns was ])ublished
a week or two ago, and is very much aC variance with
the glowing estimates of the Times. And we should
remember that it is now-a-days the direct interest of
the farmer (who of course wishes to keep up prices)
to make the most of the growing crop, and to put the
highest estimate upon the expected yield, for such
reports might prevent merchants from speculating
largel}^ in foreign grain, and securing large shipments
in anticipation of a rise in price. In the days of old,
when the value of AVheat depended almost entirely
upon the amount we grew in this kingdom, it was the
interest of the farmer to take the most gloomy view of
the yield of the crops, in order to force up the price at
once ; but now, we contend, it is quite the contrary.
Other nations, which do not allow the opinions of any
number of theoretical agriculturists or advertising land
agents to magnify an acknowledged small but happily
well-secured crop iutoagood harvest, arealready a-head
of English mercliants, and have been supplying their
wants in the cheapest markets in the world. Such
leading articles really defraud the public by ultimately
enhancing the price of grain. The very arguments of
the rimes writer, showing how this grand crop of com
has been grown, are worthy of note. Here they are ; —

"Yet the circumstances under which this blessing
has been realised are probably almost without parallel.
We owe the result almost entirely to a fine August.
Up to the beginning of last month the prospect was
unpromising in the extreme. The intense and
prolonged cold of the winter, followed by an inclement
spring and a tempestuous summer, had reduced the
crops to a most critical condition. We are assured,
indeed, that if the weather of August had been as
unfavourable as that of July, our supplies of food
would have been almost destroyed. With August,
however, came a brilliant sun, with fine drying winds,
and a week or two of the change acted like magic on
the aspect of the fields. Rust and mildew disappeared,
the crops of grain were raised and ripened with extra-
ordinary quickness, and a continuance of the brilliant
weather allowed the produce to be housed almost as
soon as it was cut. The result has been the sudden
transformation of a gloomy prospect into a happy and
most beneficial reality."

Nature is not quite so magical as is supposed.
August, thank God, was a glorious^ month, and it did
wonders for the corn crops of this kingdom; but it
could not in a few days undo all the evil of the previous
w'iuter, spring, and summer, and although " rust and
mildew are supposed to have disappeared," the effects
we fear will be still felt when the farmer measures and
weighs his corn. ]3ut there is one thing that naturally

puzzles the Times, and that is that the markets won't
boliove in this good and groat harvest. It says—" It is
impossible, however, to overlook the fact that the
actual price of corn has failed as _ yet to respond
adetiuately to the rapid improvements in the prospects
of (he hai'vest— Wheat is very dear." Yes, and when
the muiority of its readers were busied in this flatloi--
ing ariide, Mark Lane put up the price of Wheat
is. or 3s. per quarter more, and wo think the summary
of the agricultural reports in the farming papers had
some effect upon the mark(5t. The Mark Lane
Mxpre.ss finishes up thus :— " Our accounts of the yield
are now so universally admitted to be very delicieat,
that farmers will not push their corn to market so
freely " — and hence the rise in price, which all over
England has ranged from 2s. to 3s, and oven Is. per
quarter.

The Times concludes its leader by a lecture upon
farming generally. Here is a sample ;— " The object of
agriculture is to turn bad lands iuto good, and to
compensate the deficiencies or remove the impediments
of nature by judicious applications of science. Drain-
age and manures are the two specifics of farming. By
these aids any land can be rendered fertile at a cost
which it is easy to compute." We don't believe any
quantity of manure would turn black sand into good
soil, nor would the most scientific under-draining
render some our London clays friable or fertile land.
A Tounij Norfolk Farmer.

MR. MBCHL

I HAVE, long since, ceased to be angry about any
comments on my practice as a farmer or agricultural
improver. As a public man I expect that a very great
variety of sentiments must have been awakened and
feelings excited, and, in many cases, honest doubts
have arisen about the propriety of my agricultural pro-
ceeding.s.

Standing on the rock of truth, and supported com-
fortably by success, I can vvell afford personally to
despise even misrepresentation ; but wishing well to
agricultural progress, I cannot leave any infringement
of truth, interfering with the good cause, unchastised.
I observe that adverse critic~s, who dislike Tiptree pro-
ceedings, and do not desire that my farming should
succeed, carefully avoid a personal inspection of the
farm, and prefer to pick up and reproduce the second-
hand go.ssip or floating grumblings of prejudiced and
discontented practitioners. The stern logic of facts
supplied by a personal investigation before or during
harvest would be inconveniently and unpleasantly cou-
vincing, so they are prudently avoided under pretence
of not being able to hire a conveyance. I must even
venture to differ with my able agricultural friend, the
Editor, and state that, in the practical working of this
farm, in its details it may compete safely with the most
economical elsewhere, both in cost, management, and
result.

Before I proceed to consider and rebut the charges
of " An Old Farmer and Agent," let me say, but not in
self praise, that this farm has been visited weekly, nay,
almost daily, by sensible and able practical agricul-
turists from all parts of the kingdom, and, indeed, of
the civilised world, who have expressed favourable
opinions of the crops and management. I need hardly
say how ready I am to avail myself of any sugges-
tion that would increase the profit of the farm. But I
must decline the " Old Farmer's " advice of going back
to the little hedge-surrouuded fields and undrained
shallow-ploughed lands of the original occupation. The
land was full of water then, now the brooks have it ;
and instead of robbing the poor of their water I have
deprived their lands of superfluous moisture and
affordetl them a brook of pure spring water of the
finest quality, running for many miles before it reaches
the sea, and thus " spoiling his best cases of fever," as
the late medical man of this neighbourhood used
jocularly to say to me.

The origin of this charge was, that when I drained
the bog of the farm 12 feet deep (a difficult operation),
I lowered the water level, and the public-house in the
village could only obtain water by sinking their well
deeper. My drains have discharged constantly for
25 years about 40,000 gallons of the purest water daily,
and that water flows for miles, supplying many cot-
tages which previously only got stagnated or impure
water. The draining of the cottage gardens and neigh-
bour's lands by drying this bog and another one has
been a real benefit to tlieir health and produce.

The general drainage of this neii^hbourhood, follow-
ing my example, has greatly benefited the crops and
the sanitary condition of the district, which is most
healthy, though somewhat cold from its superior
altitude. If an "Old Farmer" h.ad any doubt about
the ancient condition and fertility of Tiptree Heath, with
its geese, donkeys, cross roads, and gipsy camps, it would
be removed by the common saying in this country —
" Tiptree Heath ? God help j ou ! " and " Cold, poor,
Tiptree Heath, with its once well-known fair and
races." Even now many farmers say, " Why, Mr.
Mechi, I would not farm such land if you were to give
it to me."

What strange mistakes and misrepresentations the
" Old Varmer " makes when he amusingly states that
the old-lashioned tumble-down dwelling-house (pre-
vious to my purchase of it in 1811) was called Tiptree
Hall, signifying that the first owner of it was a person
of some note in the country, and that the house was
the chief one in the parish ! Now, the old farm was
called Sadler's or Bigmore's Farm, and like many other
lath and plaster farm buildings, had its bedrooms in
the roof, the ceiling high in the middle, and about
18 inches from the floor near the windows. When I
pulled it down as un-rejiairable, and rebuilt the
premises elsewhere, I re-christened it Tiptree Hall.
After this the remaiuing strictures of " An Old Farmer"
may pass for what they are worth. I never said that

the farm hiul not been in cultivation previous to my
purchase of it. The labourers on the farm tell me
that only a small area of Wheat used to be grown ;
that in a wet season it produced as little as IJ to
2 quarters per aero, and that th(^farm now produces in
meat and (torn three times its former produce. I
remonilier walking over it in 1812, when it was in a
wrclrhcil condition, water-logged and altogether like too
many others of the present day.

Now as to the charge of misrepresenting produce, I
thought that I had so distinctly (in ray recently
published balance sheets for 18iil and 180.5) detailed
every jiarticular as to cropping, &c., that no one, except
intentionally, could misunderstand or misrepresent it.

I have .50 acres of Wheat. I have already sold 190
quarters, and have still 4 stacks (100 quarters) to sell.
I have plenty of Beans Barley, Oats, and Peas, and
quite 00 tons of good Clover, Grass, and Italian Rye-
grass hay.

iMy stackyard is well filled, although I have sold
100 quniters of Wheat, not coarse, hut good white and
red Wheat, mostly the foriocr (club-headed rough
chalf). I nave 11 short-horn bullocks fattening in
paved and covered yards, 75 ewes, and 107 lambs of
my own breeding. I have been shy of pigs for the
last 12 months owing to the high price of^ Barley, and
consequently I have avoided those heavy losses sus-
tained last winter and spring by pig breeders and
feeders.

If farmers are to make poor stiff land pay, land-
owners must drain the land and put up proper
buildings for stock. Farmers must invest a much
larger aoreable capital, and keep more live stock.

I have 15/. to 10/. per acre as tenant, and find that
is not enough. Without 20/. per acre you cannot keep
your corn over, and provide a sufEciency of live stock.
20/. tenant capital will pay a much better interest on
one acre than on two, and this is one of the most
important lessons that farmers have to learn. The
great want of agriculture is more manure and masimum
crops. These follow one another in logical sequence.

There is no way of obtaining manure so good
and so cheap as by feeding cattle with good rich
food. Excepting certain soils, dependence on guano
and other artificial manures is a great mistake,
although they are occasionally useful auxiliaries. A
landowner said the other day: — "My tenants have
been sellina straw and buying guano— the consequence
is a gradual exhaustion of their soil and diminution
of their corps : I have not done so, and consequently
my land maintains its fertility. They were too far
away to bring back town manure." Here we have a
practical illustration of the truth of Baron Liebig's
prediction that a deiiendence on Peruvian guano alone
would surely bring on exhaustion.

My experience teaches me that agriculturists (both
landlords and tenants) must prepare themselves for a
great change in the mode of administering food to
cattle and farm horses. Already they have fallen into
the improved method of root pulping, chaff-feeding, &o.
Their Grass, Clover, and green crops must be treated
in the same way if the most is to be made of them.
Steam-power makes child's play of finely comminuting
such crops, and as I look at the asphalted floor covered
with finely cut green food, mixed with chaff, malt-
combs, and bran, and consider how accessible such a
mass must be to the gastric juices, and what advantages
it possesses in various w.ays (no treading, lying down,
or dunging on the food), I find a ready and satisfactory
reply to those who ask innocently, " How can you find
food, Mr. Mechi, for 14 bullocks on your small farm,
besides your 182 sheep ?"

The turning-out system for cattle, especially after
September, must soon be given up. It won't pay like
the other system of covered yards and paved floors. My
bailiff has just reminded me that we employ eight to
nine men in harvesting, where formerly onlj' four were
required— a pretty sure proof of the increase of
produce.

Personally it does not signify a str.aw whether Mr.
Mechi loses or gains by his farming, but, as it affects
the general improvement of our agriculture, it rises
into the utmost importance. /. J. Mechi, Sept. 10.

ON OVER SEEDING.
It is now a long time since I troubled you with my
articles on land cultivation and corn and root growing;
but I believe ray name was once familiar to most of
the readers of the Agricultural Gazette, and I hope it has
not entirely escaped from their minds at the present
time ; and if so, I will endeavour to bring it again to
their recollections. The subjects upon which I before
wrote were, as you will recollect, deep and thorough
cultivation, supplying the land with proper vegetable
pabula, and what is erroneously called thin-seeding or
seeding much thinner, full one half thinner, or more,
than farmers generally seed for all kinds of both cereal
and pulse crops ; not that I care about the quantities
of seed as to its value, whether it be little or much, but
chiefly because every year, and this year also, I have
painfully witnessed thousands of acres of corn of all
kinds ruined by practical and regulaidy bred farmers
through absurd or over seeding alone, even where the
land had been tolerably cultivated and in fair con-
dition. I think therefore I can resume the subject
now without an apology, since I have used my pen in
favour of what I advocate, and have practised the
system I now recommend for upwards of 50 years, and
have never kuown it to fail of success. The first acre
of Wheat I ever had a hand in was hand-dibbled, and
in this way : the acre was accurately measured in the
middle of a large field of nearly .30 acres, and marked
out with stakes, and then dibbled in rows 12 inches
apart, and the seeds carefully dropped iu y inches
apart from seed to seed iu the rows; and the result was
that cousiderably under a peck of seed was required for
the acre. The remainder of the field was drilled with

984

THE GAl^DENEKS' CflROI^ICLE AllD AGRICtllTtJRAT. CtA^ETTE. [Septembbe 21, ise?.

exactly a bushel an acre, and "was put in with what
was then called Parsou Cook's drill, which was then
only coming into use. At harvest each crop was
reaped and carefully kept by itself, and the
results were, that when threshed and measured
the single acre produced 45 bushels, and the
others averaged 43; and the owner of that land,
who farmed very extensively (fall 1000 acres of arable
with about 500 of permanent Grass), never used more
than one bushel of Wheat an acre, and for other cereals
nearly the same : but he really cultivated, and generally
with two ploughs, one going before the other for a
furrow, and the latter reaching at least 13 inches deep ;
and although land-draining was then not so common as
it is now, yet even then, upwards of 50 years since, I saw
much draining done on that land, 4 feet deep; and the
last time I saw the drains they were working apparently
as well as when first made. And I will here also
observe, that 30 vears back I made drains in the same
way in my parish of Wix, some of which were
6 feet deep, and they now work nearly or quite as well
as when first made. Nor was thin-seeding, at the time
of the above experiments, confined to a single farm ;
I myself knew three other farms at the same time
(from 1810 to 1830), upon each of which acres were
seeded with a single peck each only, and with the
best results. , ,, _,^.,

But I will give you and your readers, Mr. iditor, a
few examples of what were called thin-seeders many
years back, and of the quantities of seed each of them
used. Thus we have—

3 pecks, and farmed
3 „

from 1712 to 1735
„ 1744 to 1764

in 1782
„ 1790

from 1816 to 1822
„ 1825 to 1832

in 1857

from 1846 to 1858
,, 1850 to 1868

„ 1819 to 1858
successful thin-

3Ir. TuU, who used
Mr. Dean

Eev. W. Cl08e,2 and 3 „

Mr. Budd 3 „

Mr. Beaman 3 ,,

Mr. Box 3 „

Mr. Clark 3 „

Eev. S. Smith 2 ,,

Mr, Jones 2 and 3 „

^"Z-S-'^-l 2 and 3 „
Robinson f ^ " " "

Mr. Hewett Davis was
seeder; Mr. Hardy the same, sometimes using as
little Wheat as one peck an acre. But the
most successful and perfect thin-seeder of the
whole was the late Mr. Piper, of Colne Engam,
Essex, who never exceeded one peck, and yet, after
allowing liberally for all expenses— rent, taxes, rates,
and labour— made annually according to his published
balance sheets, from 51. to 61. an acre profit, and he
was a man who, from my knowledge of him, could be
implicitly relied upon, and, besides, I myself inspected
most of his crops just as they were ripening before
harvest, and ready to be cut.

Mr. Mechi also professes to have joined the ranks ot
the thin-seeders, and that he has done in this way an
acre or so for several years ; but as his farm is 170 acres,
it may be feared that his not venturing to do more on
this plan shows that he has not faith enough in it to
follow the examples of bis predecessors, the Rev. Sir
Geo. Robinson, the Rev. S. Smith, the Rev. W. Close,
and others, who, as long as they lived, seeded all their
lands on the same system, and, as they showed, with
complete success.

But I have been induced to resume my pen in
defence of what is called thin-seeding— and I think
erroneously— in consequence of your talented corre-
spondent " A. S." having in last week's Agricultural
Gazette apparently expressed his astonishment that 'a
single grain of Wheat cultivated in a garden, with
every assistance that art can give it, has been known to
produce a thousand grains." If " A. S." will take the
pains to look back for a few years into the numbers of
the Agricultural Gazette he will find that I several
times published that I had growing, and by plough
cultivation— though I prefer the spade or fork— plenty
of roots from single grains of seed then containing
4000 grains, and that I anxiously Invited inspection of
them ; and he will further find that I publicly offered
to be blindfolded by any persons, and m that state be
led into my field, and in their presence pull up root
after root growing from single grains having 2000 or
more grains growing from them; and my challenge
was accepted, and I was so blindfolded, and by
strangers, who came on purpose, and who led me into
the field, just where they pleased, when I knelt
down and pulled up root after root having so many
grains to each. I must here observe that all the
above Wheat was the Egyptian kind, the most prolific
and nutritious of any that is known, and called
Mummy Wheat, though no man, except one of the
most ignorant of bis race, believes that it was preserved
in mummies, though it is the most ancient kind
known, but has been handed down to our time by
successive cultivation. As probably "A. S." and
others will be sceptical of what I here state, I add
that many persons purposely came and examined some
of the above described crops, and that the last who did
so was a gentleman who cultivated his own large tracts
of land, and who brought his steward, farm bains', and
servants, just as the corn was ripe and fit to be cut,
and these found several roots having 4000 grains to
them of the same kind of Wheat. But I hereby
challenge, should my life be spared, that I will next
year produce roots of common kinds of Wheat, and
such as is usually grown, having from each rootful
2000 grains, and I now invite " A. S." to come, and
next year inspect them, and the land shall be cultivated
by the plough, and nothing done by us from the time
the seed is put in until the crop is ripe for cutting at
harvest, except horse and hand-hoing it during its
early growth. , . , 4v ■ j

And another thing which rather surprised me was
this. Some time since Mr. Mechi expressed his sur-
prise that a gentleman in Scotland had produced
400 grains of Barley from one grain, whereas, on several
occasions, I have counted nearly four times that number,
or 1400 or 1500 grains, growing from roots from single

grains, growing within seven miles of Tiptree Hall ;
and many such roots were hung up in a shop in Maldon,
only six miles from Tiptree Hall, where I several
times saw them, and counted upwards of 60 stalks, all
growing from one crown, showing that they sprang

from one seed. , , , , „ , ,<.,

Nor is this wonderful at all, as I myself have pro-
duced the same many times from roots in my field, as
in the above cases, having 1400 or 1500 fold ; nor is
there any mystery or legerdemain in all this, as any
farmer with tolerably good corn-producing land may
accomplish the same if he knows anything of vegetable
nature.

But here, Mr. Editor, I reluctantly stop, lest 1 press
too much on the columns of your valuable Journal ;
but another week, if you will permit me, I will explain
the modus operandi by which I myself have accom-
plished what I have above stated : and I will show
further how in 17 years I had a year of fallow
the first, then 14 crops of Wheat from various
quantities of seed— from half a peck to 2 pecks,
which I never exceeded, and that the average
yields of these crops was 41 bushels. I had then a
crop of Barley on the same system, equally as good ; and
then followed as fine a crop of Clover as ever was
grown. My landlord then sold my little farm, it
having been rented by me, and for 120Z. or more an
acre, although copyhold, though no land in my parish
had before or since sold for more than half that sum
—so high had the reputation of the land become from
the splendid crops I had successively grown upon it.

I add, also, that my seed was put into the ground
by the drill I invented and made, dropping it seed by
seed, and before as many witnesses as I could obtain,
that it was threshed by machinery, and, of course, in
the presence of witnesses, and always measured at the
same ' time ; hence there could by no possibility be
any wilful or accidental mistake, and, besides, I myself
superintended the whole. Geo. Wilkins, Wix Parsonage,
Sept. 13.

STEAM CULTIVATION.

[The following paper on the advantages to be derived from
Steam Cultivation, its present position, and its future
development, was read last weet before the meeting of the
British Association, at Dundee, by Mr. David Greig, of the
firm of Fowler &l Co.]
It is not my intention in this paper to treat of the
mechanical part of the above subject ; for although the
greatly varying nature of the soils and circumstances
to be dealt with all over the country render it
necessary to have many different adaptations of the
apparatus employed, still the machinery has now been
so nearly brought to perfection that the farmer has no
longer any difficulty in obtaining apparatus suited to
his own particular requirements. The means employed
to bring about such results as those to which the
writer will advert can scarcely be considered of that
importance which the subject assumed during the
earlier stages in the development of steam cultivation.
The points the writer proposes to deal with are— the
advantages to be derived by the farmer from the use
of steam, in the shape of better crops ; tillage opera-
tions more economically effected ; the lessening of the
number of operations required ; and, most important
of all, work done at precisely the right time, ^nd when
it can be done to the greatest advantage. I shall also
advert to the present state of steam cultivation, and
its prospects for the future.

SUPEEIOEITT OF StEAM TiLliGE.

It is asserted by all who have tried spade husbandry
that the crops obtained under that system are much
better than those which can be got from horse-
cultivated land; indeed, this is so far the case, that
although to cultivate land by the spade a foot deep
costs about -il. per acre, it would pay the farmer better
to employ the spade than the horse, providing the
necessary amount of manual labour could be procured
at the proper time. The state of the labour market in
England, however, renders such a system of cultivation
impracticable; but the superiority of the spade to the
plough nevertheless remains an indisputable fact. The
chief feature of advantage in spade husbandry is the
thorough loosening and mixing of the soil, and as this
is much better accomplished by steam, it logically
follows that crops upon steam-tilled land wiU be far
superior to those grown under horse culture ; and this
is borne out by actual experience, the exchange of horse
for steam power being generally followed by a marked
improvement in the crops and much greater yield per
acre, varying, of course, with the nature of the soil, but
amounting in some cases to 2 quarters more corn
per acre. Ample proof of the accuracy of this state-
ment may be found in the recently published " Reports
of the Royal Agricultural Society's Commission on
Steam Cultivation," a work with which I presume
most gentlemen are well acquainted. The reason for
this increased productiveness can be easily understood.
A team of four horses ploughing a 12-inch furrow will
leave more than 300,000 footprints per acre; and as
these nearly cover the ground, the effect, as every
farmer well knows, is to leave a hard subsoil, or " pan,"
beneath the cultivated ground, which becomes worse
with every successive ploughing at the same depth.
The tractive power that horses are able to exercise
upon a plough or other implement is very limited, and
is further decreased in consequence of having to convey
their own weight over the broken and uneven soil, and
also to partly undo the compression caused by the

treading of their feet.

"If a horse be taken when the land ism a rather
plastic state, and walked across the track of the steam
plough, and made to travel to and fro transversely on
every 10 inches width until a breadth of six yards is
trodden over, it is then found that if the steam culti-
i vator has just snfti;ient steam to perform its work
properly before ic arrives at the ground so trodden

down it will be completely stopped before it gets through
the six yards ; and, considering the momentum of the
fly-wheel, this experiment shows plainly that the power
required is something very material; and experience
shows one-third additional draught to be required on
land that has been trodden down to the same extent as
in cultivation by horse-power."

With steam the case is different. The engine stands
on the headland and hauls the implement to and fro
by means of a wire-rope; all treading and compression
of the soil and subsoil is thereby entirely avoided, and
the implement is driven at a much more rapid pace,
throwing up the soil to a greater depth and in a loose
state, enabling it to derive full benefit from the influ-
ences of the aiimosphere.

It is found in practice that the rapid motion of the
steam-driven implement tends to loosen and aereate
the soil much below the actual depth at which the tine
or share is running. In horse or ox ploughing the case
isjust the reverse, as the sole of the plough and the
treading of the animals so consolidate the bottom that
the necessary chemical action between soil and subsoil
is prevented, and, consequently, all escape of gas and
water. The result of the deep tearing up and loosening
of the soil at the proper time by steam is that its tempe-
rature is raised and a much greater quantity of ground
is permeated by air. The air is replaced in the same
proportion by water when rain comes, and this mois-
ture is retained in the cultivated ground as though in
a sponge, any superfluous quantity sinking away to the
drains beneath, instead of the whole lying for some
time on a hard trampled subsoil as though held in a
dish, making the land cold and ungenial.

I am now more particularly referring to heavy land,
but a similar result is observable in the case of light
land. Light lands are never much damaged by wet,
the principal danger is from " burning " in dry weather,
but the deep cultivation and loosening of the soil
(instead of having it lying on what might be termed a
" board ") causes even light land to retain its moisture
in a dry season for a considerable time. The mere
question of aerating the soil deserves much more atten-
tion than is generally given to it.

Mr. Bailey Denton lately wrote an able letter to the
Times, which forcibly illustrates the importance of this
question. He says :— " Within a few miles of the
metropolis, in North Park Farm, Blackheath, Mr.
Shepherd has raised a breadth of Wheat which any
earnest agriculturist will be pleased to see. It is grow-
ing on land not naturally fertile, which Mr. Shepherd
under-drained at his own cost, and has since cultivated
with Fowler's steam plough. The yield has been esti-
mated by good judges at an average of 45 bushels per
acre. At 8s. per bushel this will bring 18i. per acre,
irrespective of the straw, which may be considered as
equivalent to the harvest expenses. Adjoining North
Park Parm is some very good Wheat growing on similar
land equally well drained and treated, except in the one
particular of steam cultivation. It has been horse-
ploughed. This yield may be fairly put at 30 bushels,
which at the same nrice per bushel will bring 121. per
acre. Within sight of these two instances may be seen
some Wheat also growing on land similar in character
to Mr. Sbepherd's, which has neither been drained
nor steam-cultivated, the yield of which cannot
be estimated at more than 20 bushels to the acre.
The return in money at the same price per bushel
will be SI. per acre. Hence we have within
a rshort drive of London three cases for comparison,
which cannot fail to show that by the adoption of deep
steam cultivation on deep drainage the produce of our
stiff soils may be doubled." But steam cultivation
improves the crops in another way. If the soil has
been thoroughly and deeply loosened at the right
period, and has not been consolidated except by its own
weight, the roots of the plants have ample liberty to
penetrate until they are stopped by natural causes. In
dry seasons the roots are thus enabled to follow the
moisture in the ground very much further than would
otherwise be possible, and as no burning can take place
until the deepest root has entirely exhausted the mois-
ture around it, the crop is made capable of resisting
the effects of drought for a very long time. The writer
believes that the success or otherwise of a crop depends
upon the number of cubic feet of soil that the roots are
able to penetrate, and tbe writer has found that a gra,in
crop will stand up much better, and is not so easily
laid on a deeply cultivated soil as on one that is
shallow. From what has been said on this part of the
subject it will, the writer thinks, be readily conceded
that a great improvement in the crops is one of the
results that must inevitably follow the use of steam on
the land.

Cost of Tillage, &c.
At the present time the cost of performing tillage
operations by steam is very far from being so low as it
should be, or what it eventually will be. In ma-ni'
cases, and especially with machinery working for hire
the very heaviest portion of the work is given to steam,
and generally that whicb cannot well be done by horses.
Now, before we can obtain the maximum of cheapness
we must cause steam power to perform all the opera.-
tions connected with the tillage of the ground. Pont
after steam ploughing a field horses are taken upon it,
perhaps two or three times for the purpose of harrow-
ing or doing other similar work, the ground is ot course
trodden down and consolidated again. The conse-
quence is that the next year it requires much more
power to break it up than would otherwise be the case,
and not only does it require this extra force, but clod-
crushers and other implements have to be applied to it,
which would not be required if the treading were
avoided. The generality of land, if put under steam
cultivation and kept entirely free from the trampling
of animals, would only require one very deep culti-
vation operation every fourth or fifth year, and would
he kept in such a state as to allow air and moisture and

September 21, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

985

the roots of the crops to penetrate freely, so that the
cultivation for tho grain crops iu the rotation woulil
only require to be lifiht or surface operations sullicioiil
to receive and cover tho seed. The cost of steam culti-
vation has hitherto been Rreatly increased by the
excessive breakages that have occurred to the machinery.
These have arisen from two causes, namely, tho want
of men properly educated to tho work, and the deficient
construction of the machinery at first employed. The
varying circumstances under which the apparatus had
to work involved much more experimentinj; to brin;^
it to perfection that would have been tho case with any
fixed machinery. These dilliculties are now, however,
altogether overcome, and with ordinary good nianago-
ment any mishaps of the kind named may bo wholly
avoided.

With regard to the cost of steam as compared with
horses, the writer finds from careful observation that,
including interest on money, depreciation, and repairs,
the aver.igo yearly cost of maintaining a set of steam
cultivating machinery, doing 2000 acres per year (say
10 inches to 12 inches deep), is under .300^., or .'is. per
acre. This allows money enough for its replacemeut
in 10 years. A good machine of this kind should
displace over .30 horses, and of course many horse
implements. Now the wear and tear of the harness,
implements, and the amount of farriers' and other bills
in connection with these .30 horses, with interest and
depreciation, will be at least twice as great as the
corresponding items chargeable upon the steam tackle.
The average price of coals per horse-power per day —
that is, the cost of the quantity of coals wo should have
to burn iu an engine to get out of it work equal to
what one horse could do in a d,ay— is 7cl. It is quite
evident that tho daily keep of a horse must cost much
more than this. Less than half the number of men
also are required to do the same acreage of work,
although theii' wages have to be somewhat higher than
those of the ordinary farm labourer. Or, to put the
ease more concisely : a pair of horses in an ordinary
plough cannot pull with a force of more than 3 cwt. or
4 cwt. at the most, and a day of this work cannot «ost
less than Ws. ; on the other hand, a steam ploughing
engine will give of during the whole day eight or nine
times that draught, at a cost of certainly not more than
SI. These calculations are per day only; but as the
horses have to be kept and fed when they are idle as
well a8 when they are working— which is not the case
with the steam engine— the comparison is manifestly
unfair to the latter. The whole of the comparison
should be based on a yearly average ; but it is rather
difficult to come to a conclusion how many acres a pair
of horses can cultivate in a year, even supposing them
to be exclusively occupied in such work. But money
is saved in another way. After a thorough deep
ploughing or cultivating by means of steam, it is evident
that only half tho number of after operations will be
required to bring the ground to a tilth. In heavy land
Twitch will be found to disappear altogether, as there
will be no treading and plaiting of it Ijy the horses' feet,
which has so much effect in undoing the very operation
while being performed, and, consequently, necessitating
many successive operations in thoroughly clearing the
laud. A steam-driven implement always tends to bring
the weeds and rubbish to the top, never buries them.
Heavy land is not naturally inclined to grow Twitch;
and if so, much treading and trampling should be pre-
vented. It is tho writer's firm opinion that no such
thing would grow on it, except through gross misman-
agement on very light crops. The want of suitable
implements has been a drawback to the cheap use of
ateam in tillage, as farmers have not been able to effect
more than a portion of their work by its means.

Although it is no doubt an advantage to be able to
do the farm operations more cheaply than by horse
power, the writer looks upon this as of minor import-
ance, compared with the results referred to in the
first part of this paper, and with the increased
certainty that will attend the carrying out of the
farming business, about which he will say more
presently. The cultivation of the soil is a business
that requires a great amount of care and attention. A
very false idea of a farmer's business is conveyed when
it is said that anyone is tit for farming; on the con-
trary, the writer does not know of any business which
requires such minute attention and such keen observa-
tion ; and this arises mainly from the extraordinary
variations in the climate, weather, and soil, and the
great effect these variations have upon the crops.
Those persons who most carefully observe the state of
their land, and never work it except at proper times,
will derive the greatest advantage from it. On a farm
under horse cultivation, however, this is a very diffi-
cult task, as the small amount of profit yielded by
farming will not allow the number of horses to be
kept that would be necessary to deal with all
the land at the right period and in the most
economical manner. This inability to perform the
work when the land is in its best condition involves
its deterioration until it can scarcely be considered to be
in a growing condition, and not unfrequently involves
the total or partial loss of a crop. 'When we reflect
that there are only two or three months in the year
during which tillage work can be profitably performed,
the fact that the horses are sometimes kept going con-
stantly, in order not to fall behindhand with the work,
shows that the soil must often be operated upon when
it is in a very improper condition. But the person
who farms by steam has a powerful and ample force at
his disposal, so that he can afford to wait until his land
is in a fit state for working ; and this force is also an
untiring one, which he can work night and day with
relays of men if necessary. You may often hear
farmers complain that they are behindhand with the
work, and they will point out to you a field, or perhaps
two fields, in which the crop had been nearly lost
simply because it was put in two or three days later
than the remainder, or when the land is in a state

unfit for its reception. This occurs because tho farmer
is usually obliged to keep his working force of horses
down to tho narrowest possible limit, and tho conso-
qucncn is that in some unfavourable seasons ho requires
twice the power at his disposal to do his work in time.
Hut, as the writer shows, these irritating and expen-
sive dilliculties are almost unknown to the man who
farms by steam.

PjUiP.\KATI()N3 FOB StBAM CULTIVATION.

Hitherto farming has very rarely been highly suc-
cessful as a commercial undertaking, and when taken
up by commercial men it does not often i)ay. The
reason is that to effect the dill'erenl operations required
iu the best possible way entails an expenditure all the
year round which cannot be borne by the profits of
farming. As tho use of steam developes itself, how-
over, farming will become a business in which a man
may see his way with some degree of confidence, and
be able to calculate beforehand the cost of each opera-
tion, and whether ho will gain or lose by it. The
season and tho weather will have only half the control
over tho crops and tillage operations that they havo at
present. But, before these results can be elfccted it is
necessary that the very cheapest system of cultivation
—cheapest, I mean, as regards the cost per acre-
should be adopted, that the tillage should be done at a
given time, and at a cost not greater than that of the
actual day's work. For instance, if under the present
system a farmer were to take each field consecutively,
and just calculate beforehand the co.st of the diff(3rent
operations required for cultivating it under ordinary
circumstances, he would probably find that such an
estimate would have to be doubled before it would cover
his actual expenditure ; and this in consequence of wet
diiys and other contingencies compelling him to keep
his teams and men idle. Such a state of things in an
ordinary mercantile business would be^ ruinous ; and
this is the great drawback in all calculations connected
with farming— wet days have to be paid for exactly the
same as dry ones, and often expenses are running on
when real harm is being done to the land. Before,
also, we can [attain the cheai)est system of cultivation
we must have the farms remodelled, in order to admit
of engines and machinery being worked in the most
profitable way; and, as the writer has before pointed
out, we must have steam implements that will perform
every operation required, so as to keep horses off the
land altogether, and thus lessen the power required to
to till tho ground.

It is important that the fields should be made of a
size to suit exactly the routine of work that the farmer
wishes to carry out, and arranged so that all the crops
of one kind are together, thus avoiding unnecessary
delays and removals. The removal of a number of
implements from ono field to another entails a loss of
time which should be reduced to a minimum by
making the fields as large as possible, consistent with
the rotation of crops the farmer intends to follow.
Some may argue that as their farms consist of different
kinds of land, they require a particular crop upon each
kind; but the writer believes that when steam is used
the advantage of having the whole of a crop in one
place more than counterbalances any drawbacks of
this nature — except, of course, in very exceptional
cases ; and besides, the fact that steam can work one
kind of land just as easily as another will often remove
these objections altogether. As an example of the
advantages of enlarging fields and pulling down old
fences, the writer would refer to the case of a gentle-
man in Essex— Jlr. Prout, of Sawbridge worth— who, on
a holding of 410 acres, by pulling down fences and
dividing his farm into seven or eight large fields, has
gained no less than 16 acres of arable land— land which
was formerly occupied by old straggling fences, trees,
and water-courses ; and this has been done at a cost
which is trifling in comparison with the benefits
obtained from the improvements.

The question of roads on a farm has an important
bearing on the subject. There is an objection gene-
rally made that they take up too much ground, but
this is altogether unfounded. The head-lands, which
are generally trodden down and compressed by horses
and carts, require at least twice the cultivation of the
other parts of the field, and yield worse crops. There
can, consequently, be no profit in their tillage, and the
width of a road dividing two fields is of course much
less than that of two headlands and the hedge. But
however that may be, by having properly-constructed
roads on a farm the cost of taking off the produce is
very considerably lessened— say by a halfpenny per
ton on tho whole. This would much more than cover
the rent of the ground occupied, and prevents any
treading on land to be cultivated. When these and
such kindred improvements are carried out, farming
will become a business which any thoughtful and
intelligent man may manage with profit, and will be
free from most of the vicissitudes which now cause the
investment of capital in farming to be looked upon as
of so precarious a character.

Besides the advantages to the agriculturist the nation
at large will derive great benefit from the increased
yield of crops, and also from the fact that the materials
to " feed " the power used in tillage will be drawn
from the coal-mine or the forest, instead of being taken
from the produce of the fields. We shall not be obliged
to import so much corn as hitherto, and a larger per-
centage of the crops will be converted into food for
human beings instead of food for horses.

In these days of dear labour a very important point
is the reduction in the amount of manual labour
required to till the soil, together with the enlighten-
ment of the agricultural labourer, tending to make him
use his mind as well as his body. So far as the country
is concerned, tho state of the labour market is becoming
a question which every farmer will have to study, for
while the labourer justly participates in the progress of
the condition of the people of this country, the rise in

labour must materially lessen the farmer's profits,
[ndeed, if wages go on increasing in the same ratio as
they have recently done, it will bo impossiblo to farm
with a profit at all except by employing such machinery
as shall considerably diminish tho number of mea
required.

Home Correspondence.

ITnrnesl and olhrr Experiences.— I fear the sugges-
tions of your correspondent "C," in his letter on
" Harvest Experiences," will be looked upon in
England as a sugj^ested retrograde movement, or, as I
once heard an Irishmen describo the abandonment of
corn-stack making in tho fields, "a disprovement,"
or, as a waggish Irish pedagogue more cloqueutly
defined it, "a retrogressive progression," which
tho very same abandonment has actually proved
to bo in many parts of this c^ountry of late years ; as has
also tho sowing of corn on flat beds of wide dimensions
on undrained land, in preference to what has been
libellously called the lazy-bed" system, that is,
narrow ridgo and deep furrow culture — the best ever
deviled for cropping with all kinds of crops on heavy
or wet undrained land. These things are now well
known in Ireland, ay, and keenly felt by those who
havo decried and caused others to abandon those old
and successfully practised systems of cropping lands
and harvesting their crops ; unmindful, if not regard-
less, of the vicissitudes which could not well be fore-
seen by strangers to an uncertain climate; thus treating
poor Paddy's successful practices as remnants or the
residue of that barbarism with which his ancestors
had been unjustly charged by those who denied the
right of education according to what is now be-
coming universally admitted to be common sense. I
think I saw in your fiages some time ago some
stringent arguments given to prove the folly
of abandoning the ridge and furrow culture
of crops on undrained heavy lands, to which
I could willingly and confidently subscribe, and in
proof give you many more examples than those
given by your Irish correspondent at the time. From
long and well-tried experience I could also, under very
varied circumstances, give you many examples, both
past and present, to j ustify " C." in his suggestions on
the harvesting of corn, more especially in wet climates,
when grown on heavy lands ; and were it not that it
would appear like a daring heresy to do so, I could cite
you many other examples to prove that much of our
costly got up agricultural machinery, now employed in
the sowing, reaping, and threshing of our corn in
Ireland, are evils which should not be tolerated iu this
country, at least under any other circumstances than
the cheapening of labour, which at first sight is a direct
gain, but which ultimately is an indirect loss of great
magnitude, both to the individuals who require such
cheap accommodation, aud a loss far heavier still — to
every individual of the community at large, nay, to
the national strength of the empire.

" IU fares tho land to hastening iUg a prey,
Wliero wealth accumulates, and men decay."
Thus sang poor Goldsmith many years ago, and of all
the bulls ever made by his bull-making countrymen,
the greatest appears in the stanza I havo just tran-
scribed ; for surely no political economist worthy of
being listened to will assert at this period of the 19th
century that there can be an accumulation of wealth
where there is such a thing as decadence of men, the
producers of the true wealth of nations— the food of
man. Some of our would-be great philosophers fency,
and would seek to make others believe, that because
they cannot make tillage farming pay in Ireland, such
farming in Ireland should be abandoned, and the whole
country abandoned to the production of Grass ; as if for-
getful or in total ignorance of the fact regarding much
of this land so abandoned, which whilst in tillage
gave excellent corn crops, forage plants of Clovers and
what is called artificially forced Grasses, and green feed-
ing generally for cattle, sheep, and pigs — that when now
abandoned to, and eveu well laid down with, good
Grasses, annual, biennial, and perennial, all the
Grasses and Clovers have disappeared, and the whins,
so " racy of the soil," are growing more than ever
luxuriously on the same land, as a consequence of the
improvement it has undergone for the production of
corn. Turnips, Mangels, Italian Rye and other Grasses,
Clovers, &a., which in fair courses of tillage it
gave in abundance, and of the best quality in each case
respectively. Well, what is the reply given by those
" dogs in the manger " who are complaining of the
deterioration of those lands for Grass producing pur-
poses, when you ask them, " Why not till this land
which Nature points out to you should be tilled ? "
" Oh ! the cost of labour is too great ; it would not pay
to employ men at the rates of wages now demanded
for harvest and spring work, by men who are idle at all
the other periods of the year." You ask them then
" Why not get improved machinery for effecting those
purposes cheaply ? " The reply will be, " Oh ! I have
seen my Lord this, or Sir that, or Mr. Somebody else's
English, Scotch, or Irish stewards get such machinerj',
and when once tried thrown by to rust, thin corn sown
with the seed drill coming up and ripening unevenly,
aud thin crops when harvested lyinp in the fields in
unhooded stocks, waiting for a dry day to draw it in
and get it threshed by a portable machine— ranch of it
wasted by the reaping machine, and more still by the
stocks being blown down by storms, caught so by the
rains, and as much more wasted in the haggard
during the threshing, &c., as would in the olden time
pay for the entire cost of culture and harvesting." Then,
if you ask them " Why not adopt a system modified so
as to embrace all the good in the old and new practices,
by a mixed work or proper division of labour ? " the
answer is, " They won't work for me as J could wish, and
I must give it up." Now, sir, the fact is, such men do
not know how to arrange their work or direct their

986

THE GARDENERS' CFROMOLE ANT) AGETCITLTTTRAL GAZETTE.

[Septembes 21, 1867.

labourers, and hence the work Must either stand still Or'
be badly done. Nor is the ca*e much benelited by the'
pr.iclices of ournewneighbours, who abandon, or rather
who will not adopt, the old and successful system of
harvesting suggested by yoar correspondent "0.,"
because it is so purely Irish, without even taking the
trouble of investigating the matter, and judging if it is
not the best under particular circumstances to insure;
their success. I know well how difBcuH a thing it is
to remove prejudices, and how much harder it is to get
adults to embrace objectionable habits, than it is to get
juveniles to learn new ones based on principles of
common sense, which is the true science that leads to
success. Fingal, Sept. 12.

Mangel Cake (see p. 909).— The subject noticed in
your leader a few weeks back, viz., the Mangel cake of
Mr. Hugh Smith, is already attracting a considerable
degree of attention, and the question " How will it
pay ? " is being asked on more sides than one. Now,
the answer to this, I think, can only he arrived at by
considering, first of all (1) How much does it cost to
raise one acre of Mangels ? (3) How many tons can be
grown per acre ? (.3) What is the money value of a
ton of Mangel off the land ? Practical farmers of long
experience and of various soils and localities can alone
give the right answers to these questions, and as I lay
claim to the possession of none of these qualifications,
my answers must be taken simply for what they
are worth, but as a reader and inquirer I hazard
for answer to the first, Wl. per acre, exclusive of rent
and rates ; to the second, 33 tons ; to the third, Ift*. per
top ;— in some localities, for e.tample near large towfls,
and in late spring, as much as 1/. and even 35s. has been
given ; and here, of course, it would not be worth while
to convert the raw material: and in like manner, as soil
And climate vary, so will the answers to the two former
questions differ, for e.xample, in a deep rich staple it
will not take even M. to grow the crop. Therefore,
taking my answers as about the true ones, and pre-
suming that the Mangel cake is as valuable for a feed-
ing stuff as analysis and the careful experiment now
being carried on upon the living animal by Mr. Henry
Knight, of Much Hadham, proves it to be, we have
4 tons of cake the produce of one acre, and putting the
value of it, say at the least 10^. per ton, we have the
money value of an acre of Mangel 40Z. : but from this
jve must deduct Wl. the cost of producing, 8/. the cost
of manufacturing, leaving for profit 22Z. I have not
put to the " per contra " side the interest of
money for erection of kiln, or for the conversion of
some old building into one, for 4 tons of cake, nor
for the inferiority of Mangel cake as a manure to that
of Linseed— presuming that it is inferior, nor the cost
of harvesting, nor, lastly, the rent and rates for the
credit side. of the account. As against these we may
fairly put the land clean and fit for a crop of "Wheat
or other cereal. The damping and consequent loss by
fermentation, frost, &c., is all avoided by this mode
of converting the Mangel crop into cake ; no mean
consideration. Having no pecuniary interest whatever
in the success or otherwise of this experiment, I only
write in the interest of truth, and in the hope of elicit-
ing opinion in reference to it. The results of the last
Weighing of the respective lots of five sheep (Sept. 14),
give for the four months' feeding a total gain, for oil-
cake, 1921b.; Mangel cake, 2181b. I enclose my card.
X. Y. Z.

Frepared Mangel v. Oilcalce. — Those of your readers
who took an interest in my communication on this
subject, published in your number of the 31st ult., wiH,
I think, be glad to hear the result of another four
weeks' feeding. The sheep have been on the same
pasture, and have been fed in the same manner, each
receiving an equal weight of oilcake and prepared
Mangel. The result of the month's weighing has been
unsatisfactory with both lots— which my friend Mr.
Knight accounts for from the fly, which has been very
tormenting the past month— the oilcake lot having
only increased 35 lb., the Mangel lot 341b. Bad as the
result is, it shows a decided continued superiority of
the prepared Mangel over oilcake. I shall continue the
trial for another month, when, with your permission,
I will publish an analysis of the feeding of each sheep
month by month. I confess the result thus far has
convinced mo that 1 ton of prepared Mangel cake is
decidedly superior to the same amount of oilcake.
Miigli Smith, Mnch Hadham, Herts, Sept. 14.

The Labour Question and the Farmer's Duties. —
This is becoming a very important subject for the
most attentive consideration of farmers. Already we
have symptoms of disaffection, and occasional instances
of actual strikes. We must be prepared for such a
course being adopted by agricultural labourers unless
something be done to improve their condition as a body.
No doubt in many districts they are fairly and liberally
paid for their labour ; but it is undoubtedly true that
in other districts they are ground down to the lowest
point of remuneration or rate of payment upon which
it is possible for them to exist. It is no longer to be
expected that in our glorious country, our happy " Old
England," that farm labourers will be content to live
upon Oatmeal porridge or Onion skilly, and the like
insipid stuff. No. They have long been fed upon
stronger and more substantial food, and the determina-
tion of the class is to live better still — to be better
fed and better clothed. Now in this lies the difficulty.
Will the farmer's returns enable him to meet a much
higher expenditure for labour? Can the labourer subsist
comfortably upon an equitable amount being paid for
his labour? This is the question to he discussed,
arranged, and settled. Take the farmer. There are
innumerable ways for the beneficial employment of
labour, which farmers as a body do not adopt. "'Tis
the labour that eats you up," says one. "My land
shall only have two crops and a dead or bare fallow,"
says another, * so that I may save labour." The
economising labour is a main object with a large class
of farmers. This is all right enough if done judioioijsly

after such a bestowment of it as to makO the land
produce its very utmost. But who does this? Who
does not curtail labour in this, that, and a thousand
other instances where a doubtful result is appareut ?
Farmers do not in the main manage so as to make
labour profitable. Tliey have done much of late years
to effect this double advantage— to employ labour and
get well paid for it ; but it is not half done yet. Every
farmer should look upon it as a duty imposed upon his
station of life to employ all the labour of his poor
labouring neighbours that he possibly can. Their labour
is their only capital ; he is in a position to employ
it. His duty is to consider and devise every means
whereby he Oan advantageously give employment, not
how to do without it, how to save labour. What a vast
amount of misery and poverty might thus he prevented
by such timely consideration. Now take the labourer.
Is he doing the best he oan to improve his condition ?
Is he not chargeable, with many inconsistencies ? It i^
but little he has to expend, hut does he do that econo-
mically ? " He likes to see his family comfortable ; "
i. e., the lads to appear as young gentlemen, the lasses
as young ladies — yes, in silk, with veils, parasols, &c.
It is one of the glories of our country, that so little
poverty is publicly seen. Thousands of the poor would
submit to any privation rather than appear poorly clad.
Then there is the improvident husband, or still more
improvident wife, or idle and unruly children. No
system of equitable payment in wages can make pro-
vision for these cases. There is much to be done and
borne on both sides. Farmers must lay themselves out
to provide profitable labour at just rates. Labourers
must well consider what is an equitable payment for
their labour, be content with it, and look more closely
to its expenditure. Could these mutual attempts to
help and benefit each other be fully carried out, we
should not have much complaint. O. F.

The Dates of the Beginnings and Fndinps of
Harvest on a farm on the Chalk Hills of West SusseXy
about 250 to 860 feet above the sea level : —

1813
1S14
1S15
1816
18ir
1818
1819
1820
1821
1825
1823
1924
1825
1828
1827
1828
1829
18.30
1331
1832
1833
liU
1S35
1836
183T
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1860
1851
1853
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
3838
1809
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1805
1866
1867

August 5
August 19
August 2
September ff
August 23

July 28
August 4
August 10
August 21

July 22

August 28

August 16

July 22

July 26

August 6

July 29

August. 12

August 0

August 1

August 2

August 1

July 25

July 27

August 8

August 12

August 14

August 10

August 7

August 12

July 29
August 11

July 25
August 14

July 17
August 4

July 31

August 3

August 6

August 7

August 2

August 10

August 7

August 16

Aiigu.st 7

July 28

July 23

July 19

August 21

August 2

August 11

August 3

July 33

July 31

July 30

August 1

Ended.

September 17

September 19

September 6

October 18

October 2

August

September 1

September 8

October 5

August 17

September 19

September 22

August 25

August 23

September 3

September 6

October 1
September 11

August 29

September 14

August 29

August 21

August 21

eptember IS

September 8

September 5

September 27

September 1

September 13

August 31

September 7

xVugust 23

September 8

August 17

August 27

September 13

August 28

September 2

September 2

Avigust 27

September 10

September 1

September 8

September 5

August 20

August 21

August 13

October 5

August 28

September 16

August 24

August 19

August 30

August 27

August 31

Harvest began in July . .
„ „ Augu^

,( „ September

ended in August
„ September

,, October

17 times.
1 „

Httghenden, Bucks : Harvest Home, Sept. 19.—
The Right Hon, B. Disb.ieli, M,P,, thus addressed his
neighbours on the occasion of the local Harvest Home
at which he presided :— " Nothing gratifies me more
than presiding at the 'harvest home' at Hughenden,
I am on the present occasion more gratified, because I
think I can congratulate all around me upon the results
of this harvest. "iThere is at present, as there always is at
this period, very great controversy going on as to the
character and results of the general harvest, not merely
of England, not merely of Europe, not merely of
America, but of the world ; and we hear contrary
accounts and conflicting calculations upon that all-
important subject. On the present occasion I am
satisfied with the limited horizon in which we live.

and I think I can say this without exaggeration, that
when we met in church tliis morning to return thanks
to the Giver of all Goodness, we might sincerely
return thanks for a most satisfactory and plenteous
harvest in the parish of Hughenden. What-
ever may be the accounts which may reach us from
other quarters, whatever may be the conclusions
arrived at and the criticisms passed by others, I think
there is no doubt that in the parish of Hughenden
we ought to be content with the ingathering which we
have just accomplished. With regard to the Wheat
harvest, of which in other places we have heard such
contrary accounts, we have realised an average. As
regards Barley, it has that brightness which brewers
love. As for our Oats, rarely have I seen such a prolific
and golden ingathering. These are very great results
under all circumstances, and alone would constitute a
good harvest. But when I look around me I remember
and observe that these results have been obtained in
these varieties of grain in a district where the root
crops are equally distinguished. Nor ought we to forget,
my friends, that this satisfactory and prolific season has
afforded one of the finest hay harvests that can be
remembered on theChiltern hills— so great and plentiful
that even the after-math will exhibit almost as fertile
a condition as our pastures have had in the Last few
years in the month of June. Well, then, I think we
have a right to be satisfied, and we ought to be grate-
ful for the harvest which we have just ingathered in
this district and parish ; and at the present moment
I am speaking only of this parish, with whose interests
I am so intimately connected, and with whose feelings
I so deeply sympathise. I think, so far as I can take
an impartial survey of our rural world, there are other
things in this parish, of no less importance, upon which
we may equally congratulate ourselves. In the first
place, I think it is a matter of great satisfaction that
at this moment there is no able-bodied labourer who
is not employed, and who also is not employed at good
wages. We are, no doubt, in some degree indebted
for this result to the happy circumstance of that
rural manufacture, and the prosperity of that rural
manufacture, which converts the raw material of our
Beechen woods into the convenient form of chairs
for the accommodation, not only of England, hut
even of the colonies and of foreign parts. I am
glad to say we are indebted for that satisfactory
result to another and not less efficient cause, and
that is the highly-improved husbandry of this
district and parish. It is to the skilful rotation of
crops, it is to the various and often costly manner in
which our lands are now dressed, and the great head
of stock that is now maintained on the farms of this
parish, that the results of the population being well
employed, and being employed at high and satisfactory
wages, are mainly, or at least equally, to be asuribed,
and these are very satisfactory results. There is another
circumstance of our rural life in this parish in which,
I think, we may find congratulation, and it refers to a
subject which I have more than once brought under
your consideration — that is, the dwellings of those to
whom we are peculiarly indebted for the labour which
cultivates our fields and gathers in our crops. I am
glad to say that there has been going on for some time
a continuous improvement in the residences of the
peasantry — of the labourers on^ the soil of this
parish. Some time ago I mentioned this subject,
and, indeed, more than once I have dwelt upon it
in your presence. These are legitimate and proper
occasions on which we ought to touch upon such
subjects. I am very much in favour of building
new cottages for the labouring population ; hut at
the same time I know it is a process which oan
only be very gradually carried out. I will not enter
into any controversy on this subject, because this is
not a moment for controversy, further than to repeat
what I have often said, that those take a limited and
too contracted view of the case who, in building cot-
tages for the labouring population, look only to the
immediate return in the shape of rent. There is an
immediate return far more valuable than rent, which
is to be acquired by giving the labouring population
dweUings which conduce to their health, to their
strength, and to their happiness. But I would make
this remark, because it is one essentially practical and
applicable to this parish, that you may do a great deal
to improve the dwellings and to increase the comfort
of the labouring classes without absolutely building
new cottages ; you may improve those that exist. I ,
believe that there are three things which a labourer
in the Chiltern hills most desires. The first is a '
porch, the second an oven, and the third a tank. I
have for some time been extremely anxious that every
labouring man on my estate should have these three
sources of comfort and happiness — a porch, an oveU,
and a tank. I am very glad to say that the example I set
is spreading ; and I hope when we hold our neit
" harvest home" we shall find that the custom of pro-
viding the three things I have named is meeting with '
general adoption. Whether I look to our harvest,
whether I look to the general condition of those Who
have mainly assisted in its in-gathering, I think I can
congratulate the proprietors and the cultivatorg, the :
farmers, the occupiers, and the labourers of this parish 'i
on its general prosperity. I am sure, from what I have \i
seen this morning, I am addressing a society that, in
the possession of these great advantages, is deeply
srateful to the Giver of all Goodness, to whom we are
indebted for these blessings. I trust that the prosperity
of Hughenden mav long continue. It is founded on
sound principles and, under the blessmg of Providence,
it ought at least to be superior to most of the vicissi-
tudes that interfere with human occupation. I am
sincerely obliged to you for drinking my health on an
occasion like the present. Tour kind feelings I greatly!,
appreciate, and your good opinion will always be my
best reward. I thank you heartily,
'ihe right hon. gentleman had only just resunied his

smtembee 21, i8fl7.] THE fiATtlilNOS' CHRoXiClK AND ^(MMClil 'i'lIRAI> (iAZETTE.

f)R7

seat, whpn a villniip maiiloti stcptieil up «nd presented
him nith a cereul doll-sli:iiK'(i H^^iiio. Wlielhor il wero
etlrcy, fetiph, or idol, or only a .siiniplo »!' tlio Imrvest on
which he had been speiikiniJ, sfPiiied a general puzzle.
Its head was ol' Oats, its anus were Barley, and its I'eet
were Wlieat; and somewhat of a feminine cliaraoter
wflnS imparted by a dress of blue )taper. I^^OT the eatis-
faction of the curious and uninitiated,

The Chancellor of tlio Ex(iiF(;rnR added,— I was
foraraomont a little daunted. 1 Iciin'd Hint one of the
most ancient customs in JOn^lanll had born forgotten
on tills occasion. I liold in my hand a repre-
sentation of the goddess Ceres. For centuries this
figure, dressed up in robe.s of similar magnificence, has
been brought forward on these occasions, as represent-
ing that golden harvest for which in this parish we are
deeply grateful. This remind.? me — indeed, my
mind was already full of the subject— of those who
arc, perhaps, more interested in the suca^ess of the
harvest than even other classes intimately (Minnectod
with it. We are in this parish favoured, I believe,
with a body of farmers who, take them altogether,
equal, I believe— perhaps more than equal— those of
any pari.sh in the county. It is not merely that they
are skilful farmers, and that they bring to the cultiva-
tion of the soil a knowledge ot its character, and all
those artificial adjuncts which develop its qualities,
but they are men who are sensible of their social duties
as farmers, as great tillers of the soil. They look upon
their occupation as being one not directly of a com-
mercial character. They remember and do fullil their
duties towards those who are dependent u|ion them.
Indeed, I have always found that the skilful farmer is
a man who most appreciates the good qualities of the

To deprive them of the surplus rent the farm will bring
on a in-lct for the remainder of the lease, from the
husband's exertions and capital laid out in inii>rove-
meiits, is simply robbing the widow and fatherless.
The clause providing for the lease falling if a
tenant is bankrupt, is also a very unfair one to the
(u'editors. i have known farms let at a surplus rent of
Vml., 150/., and 2(lli/,, the laird pocketing the whole,
and the creditors, with their capital sunk in the
improved condition of the farm, not receiving a
farthing. Then tho shifts and rotations fi,\ed in lea.ses
are in many cases a gratuitous hindran(!e to the proper
cultivation of the soil, resulting in loss to the land, and
of course to landlord and tenant; fori take it to be
undoubted that what is loss to tho one is loss to tho
other. In ray opinion, all rotations aro drags on the
wheels of modern scientilic agricultiiro, and ought to
be abolished, unless it may bo for tho last iive or .si.\
years of a tack. My lease would just be this; 1 (the
proprietor) let to you (the tenant), your heirs and
assignees, the lands with the houses, fences thereon,
and roads thereto, for 1!) years, at a given rent, iiayable
out of the fruits at the first term after these are
gathered. Tho condition of the lands and erections to
be reported on by men mutually chosen on entry and
again at issue. The land and erections to be left in as
good a condition as got ; and if better or worse, to bo
jiaid for by the landlord or tenant, as the case may be,
according to the valuation of men mutually chosen. 1
woidd give right to sub-let, the original tenant always
remaining liable in tenant's obligations under the lease ;
and I w'ould take ordinary tear and wear into account
in estimating tho value of houses, fences, and roads at
issue. Nothing more is needed, nothing more is required

person labouring under him, and knows the value of a i by the circumstances. Aly case would encourage every
good character. Such a person is always found to be man to do his best for the subject let, and it would
the best master. I must congratulate the farmers of give him the honest reward of his labour, and it asks
Hughenden u|ion their great success and prosperity i no one to pay a penny save for value received. With
this year; I propose that we drink "the Healths of; these views, hurriedly and imperfectly expressed, I
the Farmers of the Parish," and I trust that they may ' leave the subject to be treated by my friends who are
have many haj^py returns of seasons like the present. , to follow me ; and I call on my predecessor in this
The toa.st was drunk, and was responded to by Mr. chair— my friend Mr. Goodlet — to read the paper he
Coates. He said that if they did not spend their capital has prepared on this subject at the request of the
in that part of the country they would get no return, committee.

although they were blessed with some ))roliHc land. | Mr. Goodlet (Bolslian) said :— (1) A landlord, in
With regard to Wheat, Barley, and Oats, they were entering into a lease with a tenant, will natually seek,
favoured this year with a fair, average crop, and he cer- i by certain clauses and provisions, to protect the
tainly considered that they were better off in that subject let from being injured or deteriorated by the
respect than farmers were on many of the wet soils, j tenant, or from being used by him in a manner

The Ch.incellor of the EscHEQUEK then proposed different from that intended at entering on the
that they should drink the health of another order of contract. He will also seek to provide against certain
the agricultural hierarchy, not inferior in importance contingencies which, in the course of a 19 years' lease,
or utility to those whose healths had been drunk. It '""^ "o* unlikely to arise, affecting the stability of his
was " the Health of those to whom they were indebted tenant, through death or bankruptcy ; and he will also
for the in-gathering of the crops, and fbrtbe preceding wish to see the lands properly farmed, and the build-
processes of culture." So far as he could form an i"?* and fences kept in proper repair; and should
opinion of his neighbours, and he was happy to say that improvements be intended, he will desire the insertion
when at Hnghenden he lived much among them, the "' ^ clause to limit and define the extent of his own
labouring class in the parish \vas one of which the obligations, and to secure the proper performance of
parLsh might be proud. They were skilful husbandmen, those undertaken by the tenant ; and doubtless, as is
they were moral, they were influenced, generally customary, he will desire to reserve the game, which
speaking, by a great sen.se of duty. In proposing the ^^ rarely admits to himself does harm to the tenant's
health of the labourers he would connect the toast with crops ; and lastly, he will be very chary about omitting
the name of one who had long worked on his estate, ^''^y "' *h6 merely formal clauses of the deed, which,
and who in his own jiersou combined many of the however useless in themselves, have come to be
best qualities of the English husbandman. This was regarded by landlords as essential to the validity of the
Hatt, who worked for Air. James Leigh, and was a ' lease, but which in thir wordiness rather tend, in my
model of what a skilful, independent, and excellent opinion, to cumber and perplex,
husbandman ought to be. I (2) The tenant, on the other hand, will desire to have

The toast having been drunk, Hatt rose to respond. I ^^^ 'ease so framed as to allow of his enjoying the free
He was a hale old man, and a good specimen of an i ^^^ peaceable possession of the subjects let— that he
agricultural labourer. But speaking was evidently shall not be unnecessarily hampered in the manage-
not his forte. In disjointed fragments of sentences he nient and cropping of the lands, and that he shall have
expressed his thanks, and his appreciation of these the free use and disposal of the produce of the farm at
celebrations and the kindly associations of classes in l^is command, limited only by such conditions as may
them. He also referred to the morning's discourse, i ^^ absolutely necessary to prevent the deterioration of
and concluded by invoking a general blessing. Some- ! "^^ soil— that the buildings and fences be handed over
how he seem to suggest more than he said by his 'o him in proper order, with such new additions as may
unaffected earnestness of manner, and he sat down I'O requisite for the profitable occupation of the farm,
amid cheers. | He will also desire to secure to himself and his family

The Rev. C. W. Clubbe proposed " the Health of 'he benefit of any improvements he may effect by
Mrs. Disraeli," who had many claims on their respect draining and liming, or otherwise increasing the
and regard, sympathised with all the amusements of fertility of the soil ; and in order that he may not, in
their rural fete, and was the great promoter of the t'lc event of certain contingencies arising during the
mirth, fun, and jollity which were essential elements lease, be deprived of this benefit, he ought to have the
of the proper celebration of a " harvest home." power to assign and subset, under provision, cf course.

The compliment was acknowledged by the Rev. C. ^'i^' the rights of the landlord under the lease are not
LlOTD. thereby impaired ; and the tenant will e.tpeot, if, as is

] always the case, the game be reserved, that at least no

Scottish Chamber or Aoricultuee ; Farm greater damage will accrue from game than that which
Zeases.— At a meeting of this Society, held some time exists at his entry to the farm ; but that if at any future
ago in Glasgow, this subject was discussed in reference time damage from an increase of game should arise
to modern scientific farming. The Pre.sident of the compensation will not he withheld under cover of a
Chamber thus referred to his objections to the modern ' stringent game clause, but that the same shall be at
lease. There should be no reservations in leases of once ascertained and readily allowed for by the land-
game, fish, minerals, or anything else. The law gives ' lord when found to have been incurred

the landlord the ownership of all these things usually
reserved, and right to bruick them ou reasonable and
fair terms, and nothing more should be given in a lease.
Tho thing let, that is, the land, should be given for the
purpose for which it is hired— that is, agricultural
purposes. If the landlord chooses to rear game or work
minerals, the law gives him the right of doing so, but
it compels him to compensate the tenant for any loss
the subject let may sustain, for the purpose of the lease,
through the landlord's acts. That is quite fair between
man and man, but anything more is not fair. For
instance, the usual clau.-ie that tho tenant is not to be
compensated for loss through the landlord's game
consuming the fruits of the subject hired, is just giving
With the one hand and robbing with the other. Then
the clause excluding assignees and sub-tenants is no
better. A decent, industrious man takes a farm and
makes many improvements on it. You all know the
first five years of a new tack is incessant labour and
outlay. But he is cut down, say in the fifth year of
his lease. His all is in the farm- energy, enterprise,
and oafiital. Ha leaves a widow and a young family.

(3) Such being the understood views of the con-
tracting parties, one would think that no great
difficulty need arise in framing a deed of moderate
length, distinctly to express and define the rights and
obligations of both under it. From various causes,
however, the modern lease, as usually drawn, is found
to be not only a verbose document, but what is worse,
it is for the most part a very one-sided one. This,
I believe, arises chiefly from the circumstance that
the landlord is very much in the habit of laying down
the conditions under which the farm is to be held, and
the tenant must either take it on these conditions, or
have his offer declined. The landlord— himself seldom
a practical agriculturist— insists on the most stringent
and often unsuitable clauses, under the mistaken
notion that such are necessary for his own protection
and the proper binding of the 'tenant ; while, in reality,
they fail to effect either purpose, and only tend to
hamper the tenant in the free use of the subjec;t let,
and also retard improvements by not unfretiuently
confining him to systems of cropping and management
of the land alike detrimental to the interests of both.

This, although a serious evil in itself, hncomes still
worse when tlio iigciil who framrsi the leisc! is not more
conversant with practical agriculture tliiin his con-
stilUBut, and who has to depend upon the various
forms of loa.se to be found in the stylo books for
direction and guidanco in his preparation of it. The
inanagcmeut of landed property is now largely confided
to gentlemen of the leijal profession, who rarely are
pos.scs.sed of that practical knowledge of agriculture
which is essential to the agent who would intelliRontly
franio the deed in acconlanco with tho just and
equitable requirements of the case.

{ I) It would be easy to give instances of the most
absurd blunders committed by agents in framing leases.
I have mysolf soon a lease, prepared by a lawyer, with
a Martinmas entry, containing clauses suited only foi'
one with a Whitsunday entry, and fuVv vpr.\/i j and
oven tho better informed of tliem, who would not be
guilty of such gross blundering as this, will always be
iriclined so to Irame tho clauses as to make the landlord
sale, la they suppo.so, whatever may become of the
tenant. Some agents, indeed, will tell you that the
clauses aro only framed to please the laird, and that
they are not meant to bo rigidly enforced. Others,
again, will say that they are the usual conditions appli-
cable to the estate, and however unsuitable they may
be to the present farm, they cannot bo departed from :
and tenant,s are to be found who will sign such leases
l>rovided tho rent suit ; and some even are not very
particular about the rent, trusting that, if once in
jiossession, neither the rent nor conditions will be
strictly exacted orenforced against them. And I could
instance cases of this kind whore such tenants have
not been disappointed. Estates managed on such prin-
ciples, however, are seldom occupied by a trustworthy
tenantry, and are about the worst farmed, under leases
the most wofdy, stringent, and arbitrary, of any to be
found in the country. At one time, indeed, it was
customary for almost all farmers to be indifl'erent as
to the nature of the written conditions of the
lease— trusting to the good faith and honour of
their landlords that no unfair advantage would
be taken of them ; but the practice has been
gradually changing, and tenants are now more than
ever strictly kept to the terms of the written contract.
Many cases of hardship have occurred from tenants
having signed leases containing stringeut clauses,
which they little expected at the time would be
enforced to the letter against them ; and since the
written contract is being more and more looked on as
embodying the exact agreement of parties, it becomes
all the more necessary, as well in the interest of the
landlord as in that of the tenant, to see that the lease
be a deed expressing in plain, simple, and clear
language the true nature of the transaction between
the contracting parties, in which the rights and obliga-
tions respectively "undertaken by, and conferred on
each of them are plainly defined and set forth.

(5) All the wordy and unmeaning jargon which dis-
figures most of our leases should be unsparingly elimi-
nated and cast aside ; and here I cannot do better than
quote to you the remarks of a worthy Edinburgh
lawyer of a former generation, called forth by a lorjg
and wordy minute of lease, interlined, altered, scored,
and crammed with marginal additions, which had
been sent to him to be framed into a lease by one of
his constituents — a Forfarshire laird — to whom these
remarks were addressed and sent. For sound sense,
clearness of thought, and terseness of expression, I
venture to say they are not to be surpassed ; and I
would strongly recommend them to the careful con-
sideration of our landlords and their factors, especially
such of them as are of the legal profession. They are
as follow ; —

" Observer on the proposals arul condiiions of a new

UasnifF »* W d.

" April, 1819.
" 1. Ttiese conditions are, in many particulars, too general,
notwithstanding of the .appearance of being very particular.

" 2. In a great many particulars they arc indefiuite : in
others they provide for wtiat the law provides.

" 3. It will be impossible to engross them iiU in a tick and
inalce the tuck effectual, without running out to a great
length : and the multiplicity of them will afford a teuant a
good and leg.al apology for neglecting some of them, and a
handle for disobeying others.

" 4. A m;in would need to re.ad the tiiek every morning to
be sure of knowing them, and a tenant has other work than
to read and to comprehend intricate clauses and conditions.
A court of law would be disinclined to enforce such a contract.
" 5. llefcrence to other tacks is inconsistent with the
nature of a t.ackj and it seems impossible to make the pro*,
posed tack explicit and binding.

" 6. If W r requires all those fetters tj> keep him right,

Mr. M 1 had better have nothing to do with him.

" 7. All gentlemen find it their interest to have tacks short,
clear, and explicit ; the fewer conditions the better. Tenants
always find escape-holes in long t.ack3.

_" S. The proposed tack is laying the foundation for a multi-
plicity of law processes, which is just the game of a bad
tenant.

"0. The signing such a minute, scored and deleted, and
sitrning scorings, and some not signed, appears quite incon-
sistent."

(6) It is not a great many years ago when protection
was the recognised policy of the nation, and when bad
times for the manufacturing and commercial classes
were hailed by the farmers as the sure indication of
high prices and prosperous times for themselves. In
those days the farmer was accustomed to look up to
his landlord as his natural leader and protector, and in
the letting of land less of the mercantile spirit per-
vaded their dealings with each other than has latterly
come to be the case under the re'jime of free-trade.
Landlords were then content with moderate rents —
not only professing, but many of them really acting on,
the principle of "live and let live" in dealing with
their tenants, who were not then so hard driven as
they are now. If they did not possess so many of the
amenities of life as the modern farmer can command,
they had at least less anxiety, and lived in an easy sort
of way. They were to a man zealous partisans of the

988

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Septembee 21, 1867.

laird, whose health at their social entertainments never
failed to be drunk with all the honours ; Tories for the
most part in politics, wore keen supporters of Church
and State and the powers that be; and always thehuinble
servants of the laird, who, to do him justice, usually ruled
with gentle force his willing slaves. In our day, however,
all this is changed. Under the iron sway of free-trade
which now animates the spirit of the age, the relation
between landlord and tenant has come to be regulated
mainly on commercial principles. The rent exacted is,
on the one hand, what can be got in the market ; and
on the other hand, when that is paid and the other
obligations of the lease performed, the tenant con-
siders he has exhausted the sum of his obligations, and
that he should be free to mould his opinions and
exercise his political rights as may seem to him best,
uncontrolled by landlord interference, or even the fear
of subjecting himself to his displeasure. Some land-
lords, indeed, have still a lingering desire to retain the
influence their predecessors claimed and generally
exercised over the opinions and sentiments of their
tenants, while they have no objections at the same
time to take the benefit of the commercial principle in
the matter of rent and other prestations of the lease ;
but the two are wholly incompatible, and can be no
more mixed up together than can oil and water. There
is no halting between the two systems ; the one or the
other must prevail, and landlords must either make up
their minds to go back to low rents with a poor and
subservient 'tenantry, or forward to high rents and a
more advanced agriculture, which the commercial
principle, fairly carried out, cannot fail ultimately to
secure.

(7) To give, however, that principle fair play, it
must have free scope, and in order to that, certain
obstacles in our laws affecting agriculture, which now
impede its progress, must be removed, but to these
your time will only permit me to give a passing glance.
The law of hypothec, the game laws, and in some
degree, also, the law of entail, are all more or less
opposed to the full development of agriculture, chiefly
by rendering the investtnenii of capital by tenants, in
the improvement and cultivation of the soil, unsafe,
and by encouraging a "hand-to-mouth" system of
management, alike injurious to the true interests of
landlord and tenant. The law, as it affects the rights
of the tenant, in reference to any permanent improve-
ments made by him in the course of his occupancy, is
also in a very im satisfactory state ; and it would, more-
over, tend greatly to promote the advancement of agri-
culture, if an equitable plan could be devised by which
a tenant would be able to maintain the farm to the
close of the lease in good condition, without incurring
the risk of losing the increased outlay necessary for
that purpose, by having to leave the benefit of it to be
reaped by his successor. It is hardly necessary for me
to tell a meeting of practical farmers what a serious
evil it is both to the landlord and tenant, but especially
to the tenant, to have a farm run out, or even partially
so, at every renewal of a lease, again to be restored at
great expense by the new tenant. Some landlords
may fancy that deterioration of the soil can be pre-
vented by those stringent clauses in the lease to which
we have before alluded ; but if such clauses would have
done it, the evil should have been remedied long ago,
for we all know how stringent the clauses are in many
leases, and yet run-out farms at the end of a lease are
no uncommon things in the country— indeed, so far as
my own observation goes, the most run-out farms are
those that have been held under the most risid condi-
tions. But I cannot dwell longer on these topics, and
must hasten to offer a few remarks on the lease itself,
which I shall endeavour to do as briefly as possible
under the following heads :—

I. Destination. — la tho clause of destination it Is usual to
exclude "assignees and sub-tenants legal and voluntary."
Sueh exclusion may, under certain circumstances, inflict heavy
loss on an improving tenant, who might not be able to con-
tinue the occupancy of the farm to the close of the lease ; and
it deprives creditors, in the event of the tenant's bankruptcy,
of the power to reap the benefit of the expenditure, which
may have been made by him in ameliorating the condition of
the soil, or in executing other improvements on the farm, and
therefore a power to assign and subset should not bo withheld
if it can be granted without unduly inipiiring the landlord's
rights under the lease. The exclusion is not only unfair to
the tenant, but is calculated to lay an aiTest on all improve-
ments by him not yielding an immediate return. It is unfair,
inasmuch as it may have the effect of depriving him of the
benefit of his expenditure in raising the fertility of the soil,
or in the erection of buildings which he is not even allowed
to remove, because of his inability personally to carry on tho
farm ; and to declare, by a clause of irritancy, the lease to be
nuU and void in the event of the tenant's bankruptcy, without
in any way providing for his creditors getting tho benefit of
his outlays so made, is simply dishonest. If, in the interest
of the landlord, it is necessary to exclude assignees and sub-
tenants, provision ought at least to be mado in the lease to
obviate such gross cases of hardship as those to which I have
referred, and which I believe are of no unfrequent occurrence
under the clause of destination as now usually framed,

II. E^idurancf. —Tho great advantage of having the lease
of reasonable endurance is, that it enables the tenant to
execute improvements, and bring up the condition of the farm
at the beginning of his occupancy, with the hope of being
relnuuerated before the lease expires. To do this usually
requires a few years of extra outlay— generally speaking, I
should say, two rounds of a short rotation, or one round of a
long one— and for a purely agricultural lease the common
period of nineteen years seems not unsuitable. A shorter
lease than this would not justify a tenant in laying out largely
in making permanent improvements at his own cost. And
even such outlays as are necessary to bring the soil into a
high manurial condition, would not be warranted unless under
a lease of sufficient duration to realise returns. Yearly hold-
ings are altogether opposed to outlays of any kind beyond the
mere current expense of seed and labour, with manin-e enough
to produce a crop. Under such holdings the advancement of
agriculture is not to be expected ; and it is well known that
in England, where yearly holdings are common, agriculture
unless fostei-ed by other causes, is in a very backward condi-
tion. A lease of some endurance therefore seems essential to
tho successful cultivation of the soil by a tenant, and must be
for his interest to have, as well as for that of his landlord to
grant.

III. Hesfrvations. — It is customary in tho lease to reserve
coal, lime, minerals, wood, ifcc, to which at common law the
tenant has no right, and to reserve them, therefore, seems
unnecessary— at all events these reservation clauses are often
stated very wordily, and might with much propriety be short-
ened and more concisely expressed. The game clause, I need
not remark, is distasteful to most farmers, even in its mildest
form : but in many leases that have come under our notice of
Late, this clause is so outrageously unjust and exacting that the
wonder is, not so much that such clauses are there, as that
tenants are so readily found willing to agree with them. But
I believe that this is one of the many evil effects of the law of
hypothec, which, by inducing a gambling spirit into the letting
of land, encourages a set of men to take farms who have
nothing to recommend them b\it a readiness to offer high rents,
and to incur risks which a prudent man would not, if he
could help it, venture to undertake, but which, however, ho
must do if he is to compete successfully with them. The fact,
however, Is undoubted, that the most stringent clauses that
the ingenuity of game-preserving landlords can devise, are
admitted by tenants into leases, and eo long as game clauses,
such as we have seen, are allowed, and game is unduly pre-
served, it is impossible agriculture can be in a healthy or
thriving condition. To such of our members as are enamoured
with the English game laws, and would support the Bill of
Lord Elcho, as originally brought in by that noble lord, to
render ours more in accordance with them, I would commend
to their serious perusal a book, published in 184G, by Mr.
Welford, on the " Influences of the Game Laws," containing
classified extracts from evidence taken before a Select Com-
mittee of the House of Commons that year, in which facts are
disclosed that should at least cure farmers of that silly craving
for an assimilation of the Scotch game-law, bad as it is, to that
of the English, which is infinitely worse. Lord Elcho's Bill
has been characterised in the House of Commons by an
honourable member as an "imposture and a sham." The
" imposture " very properly has been knocked out of it by the
Select Committee which lately sat on the Game Bills, and to
that extent the Bill has been amended and improved, as well
as shortened; but the "sham," I am sorry to .say, still
remains, and now comes recommended by the Committee as a
proper measure to be passed by Parliament. This Bill, as far
as I can perceive, concedes nothing that the law does not
allow. Damages can be recovered at present when game is
increased on a farm, and if the landlord does not reserve the
hares, there is nothing to prevent the farmer now acquiring
the qualification and killing them, and these are the rights
which this Bill professes to confer on the farmer— a sham Bill
truly ! If landlords will insist on reserving the game for the
special sport of themselves and friends, they should at least be
prepared to limit their power in the lease, and, if at any time
the game on a farm should increase, frankly to grant the
tenant compeusation equivalent to the damage done, and
cease to shelter themselves under a stringent game clause.
High farming— or, for that matter, even low farming — and a
head of game such as is now thought neces.sary by our modem
sportsmen, who delight in battue shooting, cannot co-exist ;
and I hesitate not to say that any landlord, who in virtue of a
stringent game clause, and in defiance of the reasonable claims
of his tenant, shall persist in maintaining a large head of game
on land let for agricultural purposes, and at the same time
refuse to allow compensation, is neither more nor less than a
legalized plvmderer, whose proceedings cannot fail to bring
deserved odium on the class to which he belongs— counte-
nancing him in them.

IV. Kain ami Services. — These on many estates have now
ceased to be exacted or stipulated for in the lease. They are
a remnant of feudalism, and the performance of them is often
very inconvenient to the tenant, and of no equivalent advan-
tage to the landlord. They are also imposed as an extra
burden over and above tho rent, and constitute a badge of
bondage which should havo no place in a contract between
independent parties.

V. Bu ildings and Fences. — It ia customary to make the tenant
bound to accept of these as in "good and sufficient repair,"
and to keep and leave them so at his removal, the landlord
assigning over to him the obligation on the outgoing tenant
to leave them in that state. This is a custom which has in it
nothing to commend it, but, on the contrarj', much that is
objectionable. It may relieve the landlord, or rather his
factor, of a disagreeable duty, but it is the fruitful source of
much strife and quarrelling between outgoing and incoming
tenants. It is seldom that anything like an adequate sum is
awarded against the outgoing tenant for repair, and the in-
coming one is often put to serious inconvenience and loss by
having buildings and fences handed over to him in a worn-out
and dilapidated state, while the sum got from the outgoing
tenant is altogether inadequate to put them into the "good
and sufficient " condition in which by his lease it has been
assumed they have been received by him. It would be better
for all parties were the landlord himself to enforce the fulfil-
ment of the outgoing tenant's obligations in respect of the
buildings and fences, and to sec to it that the incoming tenant
really gets them in the good and sufficient condition in which,
by his lease, he accepts of them and binds himself so to keep
and leave tbcm. The present practice is unfair to the tenant,
and cannot fail in the long run to recoil injuriously on the
landlord himself. So long as this objectionable custom pre-
vails, buildings and fences will never be properly cared for, or
kept in that good order and repair which it would be for the
interest of both landlord and tenant they should at all times
be in, whether during the currency or at the expiry of the
lease.

VI. Cyopping CTauses and Management,— 'Many absurd and
pernicious conditions are inserted in leases in reference to
cropping tho lands. It is customaiy, in most cases, to bind
the tenant to a regular rotation of crops, from which he can-
not deviate unless under heavy penalties ; so that, should a
failure occur in a particular crop, the tenant has no power to
remedy it by deviating for a time from the prescribed rotation,
although the doing so would be of advantage to him and not
injurious to the landlord. Rotations, moreover, are often ill
chosen, and inserted in the lease by agents ignorant of prac-
tical agriculture, where a different course of cropping would
have suited better. In fact, it is doubtful if a tenant should
be bound to a particular rotation under any circumstances.
In my opinion it is better for both parties that as much lati-
tude as possible should be allowed the tenant in the manage-
ment and cropping consistent with the due preservation of
the subject let, and this could as well be secured by negative
clauses, which would, at tho same time, permit more than one
rotation to bo followed, and prevent deterioration of the soil
by injudicious cropping. Of course the obligations at entry
and waygoing must be provided for by suitable conditions ;
but all unfair advantages should be avoided— such as com-
pelling a tenant to leave dung and straw paid for at his entry
to the landlord or incoming tenant for nothing at his removal ;
or to leave more in grain or less in com crop than there was at
his entry, unless specially bargained and paid for.

I might take up and discuss the other clauses of the
lease, but those commented on are the most important.
The formal clauses are generally prolix, and some of
them ought to be_ dispensed with altogethei*. The
bankruptcy clause is one of these ; and the insurance
clause IS often too favourably framed for the land-
lord to be quit-e just to the tenant; but I shall not
detain you longer. In conclusion, allow me, in the

words of the worthy old lawyer alreadv quoted, to
reiterate his wise " observe : " " All gentlemen "—-not
all landlords, be it observed, but all gentlemen — " find
it their interest to have tacks short, clear and explicit ;
the fewer conditions the better"— a remark which
cannot too often be dunned into the ears of all land-
lords and their agents with whom is entrusted the
preparation of the deed which we are this day met to
discuss.

["We shall give the remainder of the discussion next
week.] I

Waewickshiee : Meeting at Sutton. Coldjield,
Sept. 17. — The show of this Society may be described,
from an agricultural point of view, in a small compass.
The flower tents, the vegetables produced by cottagers,
and the musicians were, with a few exceptions in favour
of the animals, the better and more attractive depart-
ments of the exhibition. The Society will also, we
feel assured, be considerable losers by this meeting.
For whatever may have been the shortcomings of the
authorities and officials of the Association, they have
not for some years past been niggardly in expenditure
with a view to make the showyard worthy of tho
animals shown, and the collection thereby a worthy
representation of the county of Warwick. In this
respect the yard on Tuesday and Wednesday last was
no exception. But as at Lichfield the previous week
there were no cattle, and as the Midland Counties
farmers seem in many cases to have lost heart in
regard to the utility to them of these exhibitions, the
horses were few, the sheep were scanty, and the
pigs not numerous. When to these facts it is added
that the railway company obstinately refused to run
trains at convenient intervals, it will be judged that
the company was also anything but large. This was an
inexplicable freak of the London and North- Western,
for if a little exertion had been made in advertising in
the streets of Birmingham, in the " Black Country,"
and at Wolverhampton, a little Derby day in traffic
might have been secured on their seven miles branch
line. For Sutton Coldfield is at all times so attractive,
from its thoroughly rural character, that excursion
parties often make this the place of their visit and
recreation. With an agricultural show in addition, an
effort might have been made by the railway officials,
particularly as the starting points are at such centres
as we have named ; 10 carriages might have been run
every half-hour, or if that number were not enough,
20 might have been "coupled" in two minutes, or if
that number were too many, less might have been as
readily started. There is no excuse whatever for the
conduct of this railway, and the officials at
Euston, or the shareholders, who are not over-
done with dividends just now will do well to ask
a few questions as to why this fair opportunity
was wilfully thrown away. If a Sunday more or
less is enough, as has been recently contended,
to cause a reduction of a half-yearly dividend, what
must be said of the management which refuses to take
advantage of one of the ordinary events, such as a
county agricultural show, which take place at frequent
intervals somewhere in connection with a great rail-
way system like the London and North-Western ?
Thus some of the want of success at this meeting may
be attributed to causes which are not agricultural.

The animals were worthy of a few notes. As at
Lichfield, the horses were the amusement, if not the
fun, of the Show. The arrangement of the ring for
judging in, and of hurdles for trials over, were also
similar. The number of horses, however, bore no com-
parison to that of the neighbouring county. There
were only 50 entries in all, and several were absent.

For the best cart stallion, 201. 1st, and 5?. 2d, were
offered, but the heavy 1st prize failed to bring more
than four. Black Prince and Young Samson again
met here, and the judges (Messrs. John Claydeu and
J. E. Bennett) confirmed the opinion of the Lichfield
judges by placing Ihe short pot-bellied waddling Black
Prince before the longer, straighter-barrellen, true-
stepping Young Samson. Our opinion remains the
same, notwithstanding this decision ; that is, if the
veterinarian declared the grey sound. Although the
relative position of these two was the same the real
situation was different, for the old horse was placed 2d
to a 3-year-old, and the grey was only commended.
This 3-year-old was sent by Mr. W. Wynn, of Grafton,
and a very powerful horse, with admirable tempera- i
ment, he is. He has a splendid neck and plates, I
a fair shoulder, great arms, knees and hocks, a kindly
but rather heavy head. If he has any great weakness,
it is in the want of spring in the upper part of
his ribs. This defect, however, was well kept out of
sight by an abundance of strappings and cloths. In
the mares, Mr. Holland. M.P., took the 1st prize vrith
his wonderfully-formed roan, 14 years old, which has
taken so many prizes, and deserved others. The class
for geldings had only two, and the fillies ditto, none of
which were worth notice. The pairs of cart geldings
were better, Mr. Hawkes', of Clifl'ord Hill, were power-
ful, and Mr. Nottenham, of Birmingham, had a capital
pair of browns, to which were awarded thepri^e of 10^.

There was no entry of stallions for hunting purposes,
Eor the best hunter, ridden in neighbouring specified
hunts, 15^. was offered, which was taten. in a small
class of three entries, by a grand 5-jear-old, shown by
H. J. Sheldon, Esq., of Brailes House, Shipton-on-
Stour. The 201. for the best hunter of any age was
taken by Mr. Oilman, jun., of Birmingham, for his
dark brown Little John, the horse we spoke of
last week as having Clydesdale traits and perfect
style, and performing powers for carrying a heavy
weight safely through a tolerably long day. Mr.
Summerfield's 2d is a gay and good-looking chestnut.
Por the 151. for best 4-year-old gelding or filly for
hunting purposes, only three were entered, the prize
being taken by Mr. C. Griffin, of Chesterton, with a
beautiful brown. Only two mares for breeding hunters

September 21, 1867.]

THE GAI^TIENERR' rm^ONTOLE AKl^ AnTtTrT'I/rUIIAE HAZETTE.

989

were entered— Mr. G. T. Smith's 5/. prize goinR to II.
J. Sheldon, Esq., for a Rood-looking roany half-bred
bay, with a fine promisinj; chestnut foal at nor foot, by
"\V antase. The only other horses worth notice were
Mr. Sheldon's very powerful larf;e brown " h.icknoy,"
over 15 hands, which, however, was more of a hunter ;
a capital trotting black in the class under 15 hands,
s'lown by Mr. Summerliekl, aged, and by name Dusty
Bob; and an equally clever 13-year-old chestnut pony,
shown by R. Mihvard, of Thurgarton Friory. These
took the 1st prizes of their respective classes.

The sheep wore short in mo.st of tlio classes. In the
Loic(^st('rs, wliich were iilaccd first in the catalogue,
the "Id {|ii( stion, Where does Leicester end and Linrohi
begin? niiglit have been raised at almost ever corner.
Mr. ('r<-ssueirs 1st prize suggested it, and his 2d jtrize
wa.s a neat sheep, but more like what this still valuable
breed is frequently coming down to. Mr. Turner's :ird
prize, and nis other sheep were of doubtful appear-
ance; however, a.s Leicesters go, their value was not
less, hut on the contrary, for general purposes. Mr.
Cresswell's 1st in '2-shcars was of the same stamp, with
a more clumsy head ; and the 2d was a good .sheep,
barring tho above susi>icion. Mr. Umber liad theewes
to himself, and he had the prizes awarded him for live
pens of five each.

In long-woolled sheep not being Leicesters, the
well-known names of Gillett, Lynn, and Tombes were
great as usual in Cotswolds, the 1st going to the latter,
the 2d to the former, and the 3d to a less known man,
Mr. Wheeler, of Long Compton. In 2-shears Mr.
Gillett took the 1st and 2d, Mr. Lynn being absent,
and Mr. Wheeler again taking the 'id. Mr. Gillett was
again 1st and 2d with two pens of five ewes each.

The Shropshires were the strength of this depart-
ment, but as a whole tho numbers were greater than
the beauty of the animals. Mr. W. Baker's two
shearling rams wore good sheep, to which were awarded
1st and 2d prizes. The 1st has a fine dark head, but
this was somewhat detracted from by the wool of his
scrag having been made too prominent ; the 2d has also
a fine but less characteristic brown head. This sheep
as a 2-shear will probably possess a far better shoulder
and a better bat-k than the one to which he is now
placed 2d. Mrs. Baker's, of Grendon, the 3d prize, is
also a good tliick sheep, as is her 2-shear, for which she
took the 2d prize — Mr. Holland, of Bumbleton, taking
1st with a sheep of good form, great size and substance,
but from some cause, probably in feeding, with much
deficiency m firmness. Mr. Tongue's was a good
compact sheep, in natural condition, neither trimming
nor colouring having been practised on him. Mrs.
Baker was 1st in ewes, which were admirable ; and
Mr. Joseph Beach was 2d as regards the award,
but his live sheep were equally to be admired. In
shearers, or yearling ewes, Mr. Holland's, of Dum-
bleton, were very neat, thick, and good brown-faced
sheep, with polls tolerably well covered. The remain-
ing lots of ewes and lambs were generally mean.

In the " other short-woolled sheep." Mr. S. Wallis,
of Old ShilTord, sent a good O.xford Down ; the other
four lots under this head being only " half-middling."

The Pigs were much about the same as at Lichfield,
but if anything an improvement as regards quality.
Such names as Sir J. W. C. Hartopp, Bart.; Mr.
Bantock, Wolverhampton ; Mr. Joseph Smith, of
Henley-m-Arden ; Mr. E. E. Duckering, of !N orthorpe ;
Mr. John Wheeler, Long Compton ; and others, are
names familiar enough with fine characters of pigs
to be a guarantee that the animals, if not nume-
rous, could scarcely be improved upon for form and
quality

mjt i^oultrg YarDf.

Allez voir le nouveau prodiiif de YicTty. — This
sentence is one, which together with the beak and
comb of a bird holding in the former a piece of paper
upon which is printed in small letters, " Pouleis gras
des Princes," is to be found in the local journal of
Vichy, named Le Programme. Being tempted to
respond, perhaps because of the invitation of agreeable
friends, who were anxious to see these poulets gras, I
made one of a party who engaged a good carriage
(this in justice to the proprietors of the voitures of
this charming retreat, alike of invalid and pleasure
seeker— for truly Vichy is well adapted to each), on the
morning of the 12th of August we started for Cusset,
a neat old town, about four or five miles from Vichy.
The drive upon this said 12th of August, which was a
hot scorching day, was most refreshing, as upon either
side of the road were fine old trees, whose foliage
formed a substantial shade. Passing the Cosset, we
ascended gradually to the residence of Monsieur
Martin, who has taken out a patent for the system
of fattening fowls by means of machinery, an
outline of which I shall try to describe for
the advantage of tliose of your readers who may be
interested in the management of this department of
the farmyard. Upon arriving at the "Belvedere"
you are met by one of the neatly dressed " Bourbon-
nais," who in polite language demands from each
visitor 1 fianc. This is more to prevent a general rush
of strangers than as payment, for it could scarcely
repay M. Martin for the trouble taken by his son, who
IS the conductor of the visitors. The Belvedere is
prettily situated on the top of one of the hills surround-
ing the rich valley of the Vichy, and the view from
this place of the Allier, the Montague Verte, and in
the distant horizon the peaks of tho Puy de Dome, is
extremely picturesque. The hour of feeding being
notified, we were requested to follow M. Martin j?/s
into the building wherein are kept the fowl. Before
describing this somewhat unpleasing operation, I
should say that it takes place three times daily, viz.,
^ 8 0 clock A.M., 2 P.M., and 8 o'clock in the evening.
lou are first taken into a large room containing a

goodly supply of sacks, one of which is open to show
the meal upon which the loan " scraggy " chicken is in
a fortuiglit converted into tho Poulel gras des
Pri)iri:i .' .'" The meal ajipoared to my eyes to be
very fine Indian corn, hut so fine as to hear
the aspect of finely ground lloor. Prom this room
wo passed into what may well bo di'siguatcd " the
chamber (if horrors,'' for in Ihisiiparhuriit llic uiili;ippy
fowls aro slaughtered. Here M. MartiuyiV.vdircclcil our
attention to a largo ])ail, in which was a mixture
resomhling one well known in this land by the endear-
ing term of " pap ; " this was composed of milk mixed
with meal, at least so I understood him to say, although
in an article iniblished in Le Programme tlio day
before our visit it is said that the composition ol'
tho " paliV is a secM'otnot to be revealed. Passing from
this "chamber of horrors" you are conducted into a
largo square room, in which art three octagonal coops,
each containing five stages, which are divided into
compartments, large enough to hold a fowl each. The
coops aro upon pivots, which are turned slowly by the
machinery below. The fowls, of which we were
informed there were at the time of our visit GOOD
in the coops, were tied to the board upon
which they stood by the legs; all seemed most
eager for their turn to arrive. Two women, one
at the entrance the other at the further corner,
stood ojinosito the coops, holding in their left
hand a lioUow zinc tube, which was about four
indies long; to this was attached a hose upon
a small scale, which was placed in a large
reservoir beneath containing the food. As the coops
were moved slowly round, each row of the eight rails
was removed, and the woman, who had a small hollow
piece of wood to fit the back of the fowl, placed it over
each one to prevent its moving ; this slie had in her
right hand, having, as I before said, in her left the
feeding hose. Like lightning she placed this upon
each, and at the same time applying the zinc tube to
the open beak, removing it as quickly. And so in a
short time the first stage was fed. By the pressure of
her foot upon some part of the machinery, the food con-
tained in the cauldron beneath was shot into tlie tube,
which act was repeated as each fowl was fed. And
when one stage of the five was finished, it was lowered,
and again the operation was commenced at No. 2,
until the entire (1(100 had feasted. If I have not given
even an outline of this wonderful place, I must crave
the indulgence of my readers, for as we are warned
that M. Martin has an objection to his systhne
mi'canique becoming known, and as his visitors are
not permitted much time to investigate the mysteries
themselves, I only promised to report what I had seen
as well as was in my power. To one fact I can most
truly testify — viz., that more tender and delicious fowls
never were eaten than those placed upon the dinner-
table of the Hotel Miauel, at Vichy. The price piid
for them in the market was a matter of interest, after
having seen the " Belvedere Cusset," and in reply to my
query, I was told that each sold for 5 francs. £. A, M,,
l)ubliti.

Miscellaneoas.

Importance of Science. — In every relation of life the
discoveries of science are becoming more and more
necessary. Where would the prosperity of this town
have been had it not been for science ? You will say
we have got a certain amount of manufactures of Flax,
Hemp, Jute, and things of that sort ; there is not much
science in that. Well, go to the cultivation of these
plants— go on to the preparation of these plants after
they are cultivated, and the means of bringing them to
this country. Do we not require science to build those
ships, and to navigate them ? and when those vessels
come to port do we not require science to produce the
docks and harbours in which these vessels are to lie ?
Then, again, when you come to the manufacture of the
raw material, do we not require science in chemistry
and in mechanics ? Is it not also the case when we
come to cultivate the soil ? What do people do now P
Is it the rule of thumb process — the old story, that you
must lime here on one farm, and manure there on
another ? And when you ask why ? the answer is, it
stands to reason— because the soil requires that.
Standing to reason is a very good answer; but the man
who gives it goes by the rule of thumb. We want the
man of science, of chemistry, to tell us why we do these
things — why we apply one description of manure to
one soil and another to another ; and why, if we apply
this description ol manure to one place and not to
another, we apply it wrongly. Duke of Buccleuch, at
the Dundee Meeting of the British Association.

Notices to Correspondents.

Cows : Old Subscriber. Has the change in the character of the
milk and butter appeared shortly after adding lime to the
water ? Grass and hay, both of them good, are very good
feeding for the cow. Your letter has been sent to our
veterinary authority.

Grub : M A R. Your grub is probably the maggot of the
crane fly, which is a most destructive animal in the field
and garden, eating through the roots of Wheat, Oats, Beet,
Cabbages, Carrots, Potatos, Turnips, Scarlet Beans, Lettuce,
Dahlias, Carnations, and various flowers from May to
August. All th.at Mr. Curtis says of a remedy is—" Rolling
will reduce these gnats by destroying the larvie, pupa;, and
flies, and hand-picking may be successfully practised in the
garden." Soot, salt, and sea-sand sown on the surface
prevent their increase. Rooks, starlings, seagulls, lapwings,
pheasants, and snipes pick up and devour multitudes of
these larvw.

Rape : J R. There is no need of ridging up. If properly
grown, you should not now be able to get among it.

ZopissA : J L J asks whether some substitute for rootingjwalla
and outbuildings could not be found for slate, tiles, and
straw ; and refers at the same time to a patent called the
"Zopissa," taken out by Colonel Szerelmi, Victoria Works,
"Wellington Road, Battersca Bridge Road, proposing to apply
paper to such purposes. Any information that our cor-
respondents could give on this subject will oblige him.

RKIOATK SII.VEU SAND, best q\ialitv, 12s. per ton,
at Swiui riaco ; dollvorod four intloH. or to any London Wharf or
Riillway, nw, i>i!r ton. oi- ],,, (i.( i.„r IhinIi,,]. (Siwks at coat price, or
onlilro.) KKNriSlI riii.l II AM I'.SIII UK I'KAT.S, YELLOW LOAM,
LKAF MOULD. 8IMIAUNUM IKJHS, s COCO.V i.'U)Kl.; REFUSE.
J. IvKNNAitn, Swan I'lacti, Old Kunt itn.id, London, 8.E.

( '(OCOA-NUT HEFUSE '

^~^ 1h bocointiiK BCAncE, tho
old roBorvoB will soon bo Bono.
Now sola In bags, 1 for 2fl., 10 for
lfi«., m for 30«., 60 for fW«., 100
for jEO.

Fourponce allowed for each
bag returned carriage.paid.

A Railway Truck.load (not in
bags), 408.

Postage Stamps or Po8t.offlco
Order, payable to J. ilAitsuAu ft
Co., KinK-ston.on-Thames. S.W.

1 S H D K S T

COMPOnND.
Used by many of the leading
Gardeners smce 1869, against
Red Spider, Mtldow, Thnpa,
Green Fly. and other Rlight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of sett
water, and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations inteudod to
supersede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes, Is., Zs., and 10s. Ctf.

G

Red
Spidor

Mngni-
acd,

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(Likited).

GREENING AND CUAli'ANY (I-imited),
Maniifticturera of Iroa Gates. Fences, Palisades, Esijaliers,
Hurdles, Tree Gimrds, Gnrden Seats. Verandahs, Vases, Fount4>D9,
Tomb R»iiings, Stable Fittings, Garden Rollers. Poultry Houbos,
Emigrants' Houses, Bridges, Corn Rick St:mds, &c. ; also of Wire
Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Movable Fences for
Rftilways, Parks, Farms, Gardeoe, Game Presen-es, Poultry Courts,
Sheep Walks, &c. ; also of Wire N etting. Plant Guards and Protectora,
Garden Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea and Plant
Traiiiere. Pheasantries, Hen Coops, and Garden Lounges.

General Priced Catalogue, in royal gvo, 73 pages and Wrapper, with
33 Illustrations (together with Supplement of Testimonial i from the
leading Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom to the
quality of GiinKNiNo & Cu.'a Manufactures), forwarded free on receipt
of two stamps to defray postage.

Greening k Company (Limited). Victoria Iron and Wire Works.
Oftlces : — 1, Albert Square, Manchester.

OHN WARNER and SONS,

BRASS and BELL FOUNDERS to HER MiJESTr,

HYDRAULIC E.VGINEERS.

8, Crescent, Crippiegate, London, E.G.

_^^_— No, 35.

PORTABLE PUMPS ■»-

«" PUMpCf^lJ'eam, CAST-IRON

LIQUID MANURES. Horse, or Hand Power. PUMPS.

Drawings and Prices for any description of Hydraulis Machinery
sent upon application.

The New Furnace Bar

(Warbiner's Patent).

THIS BAR is particuLirlv ad;ipted to FIRES for
VINERIES, OREENHOUSfiS, &c., and all FURNACES
worked on the principle of slow combustion. The aaving of Fuel
eflected ig very great; nearly all the Smoke is consumed If care be
taken, and the fire can be so regulated that any temperature
desired can be kept up for at least 12 hours without stoking or
further trouble. Any Bricklayer can set up theae Bars without
deranging much of the brickwork. They are in use In many Con-
flervatorles, and give the highest satisfaction. Teatlmoniala will be
forwarded on application to the Proprietors,

The Ventilatmg Furnace Bar Company, Limited, 9, Mincing Lane,
London, E.C.

Speclmena of theae Bara may be seen in the Eoatsra Arcade of tbe
Horticultuml Gardens, South KenulngtOD.

990

THE GAP.DENERS' CRKONICLE AND AGEICULTDRAL GAZETTE. [Septembee 21. i867.

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION,
CHEAP, PORTABLE, and EASILY FIXED.
SPAN-ROOFS (over 15 feet long), glazed and palated three conte,
with complete ventilation all over roof, necessary wuter Kutters and
ironwork, exclusive of ends, put on Rail in Lowdon, Glodckstbr,
CovENTEY, Ulvebstoxk, PAiSLsy, Or Abekdeen; 10 to lU feet wide
. inside, at 16a. to 24s. per foot run. Illustrated Circulars, with definite
prices au'l sizes, free on application to
Heresiak & Mdrton, 7, Fall Mall Esist, London, S.W.

HOT-WATKK AFPAltATUS, of every description,
fixed complete iu any part of the country, or the materials,
viz., Boilers, Pipes, &c.. delivered to any Station.
EstimaLes on application,
J. .ToNKs & Sons, G, itaukaide. Southwark, London, S.E.

JA.MIiiS WATTb AND tJO., Hothouse Buildeks and
Hot-water ApparatdsManiifactdrers,.";j3, Old Kent Road, S.E.
TWO HUNDRED CUCUMBER and MELON BOXES and
LIGHTS, and from 400 to 500 LIGHTS for PITS of all Si;!ES kept in
STOCK, Glazed and Painted complete, ready for immediate use.
Packtd and st-nt to all parts of the kingdom. Pubhc and Private
Buil,dings, Warehouses, &c., heated on the mnst approved scientific
and economical principles. Keferencea to the Nobility, Gentry and
Trade iu most of the Counties in England.

Heating by Hot Water.

HOT-WATER PIPES, at Wholesale Prices, with
Elbowa, Syphons, Tee-Pipes, and every other connection ;
Wrought and Cast-iron Boilers, Saddle, Conical, Cylinder, Tdbolar,
and Elliptic, from 24s, each. Improved Boilers and Iron Stands to
use without brickwork, 60s. each. Valves from 10s. Gd. each. Patent
Valves. Improved Furnace Doors, Furnace Bars, Supply Cisterns,
apd Castings of every description in stock, at

Mr. Lynch VVuite'b Iron Wharf, Upper Ground Street, Blackfriars
Bridge, London, S. Price List on application.

Heating by Hot Water.

J. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,

31, Banl side, London. S.E.
HOT WATER PIPES, Irum StocK, per yard •.~2-inch, U- Hd. ;
2-lnch, Is. 'Jd. ; and 4-inch, 2s. 3rf. BENDS, from Stock, Is. Gd., 2s. 6d.,
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s., and l4s. each. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of first-class manu-
feoture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

c

OTTAM AND COMPANY,

CoNSERTATORTand Hothouse BoiLDERs, &c.,
Iron Works. 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

20 24 30 inches long.
45». 65s. 92s. 6rf. each.
HOT- WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. Qd. 2s. Id. 2s. 9d. per yard.
Materials supplied as abo'^e,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,
Iron Works,

2, Winsley Street.

(opposite the Pantheon).

Oxford Street. London, W.

HOT WATER APPARATUS

Midland SteamPower Horticultural and Hot Water
works, Lougliborougli.

TG. MESSENGER, Midland Steam Power
• Horticultuml Works, Loughborough, Hot- Water Apparatus

and Valve Manufacturer.

Honourable Mention awarded at the International Exhibition, 1862,
and 1^ tlie Dublin Exhibition, 1865 ; also a First-clat>s Certificate by
the Royal Horticultural Society.

T. G. Messe.noer. Patentee of many important improvcmentB in
Buildings and Implements connected with Horticulture, and which
meet with unqualified approbation, is prepared to give reference to
hundreds of works entrusted to him and pre-eminently answering
the pui-poso for which they were constiucted.

Any House Glazed single or double, vrith or without putty.

The mode adopted by T. G. Messenoer for Heating and Ventilating
Forcing Houses is particularly successful.

Houses are constructed by liis Patented Ventilating principle to
open the whole of roof and sides as though the glass were entirely
removed, at once placing the jjlants in the external atmosphere.

T. G. Messenger's Boiler p'jssepses all the advantages of the
Tubular and Sadd.e combined, has hollow furnace bars, requires but
a shallow stokehole, and exposes as much snrtiice to the direct action
of thp fire as can possibly bo obtained, tbo whole of which can be
easi!/ cleaned ; and it is an important fact that out of upwards ot
BOO now at work made upon the improved principle not one has
cracked.

T. G. Messenoeh's Valve (sinele or double) is effective, simple,
easy to work, and as durable as the pipe to which it is attached

Designs and Estimates supplied for all kinds of Horticultural
Works, and guaranteed to answer the purpose for which they may
be intended.

Greenhouses—Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
.5l EXHIBITION

rriHE ONLY PEIZE MEDAL AWARDED for

J. Various linprovements in the Ventilation, Construction, and
Application of WROUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildings

ir??nm^P^'^fM^^.^?^?'-^^°^ ^^l^E MEDAL CONSER
VATORIES are of tbe highest order

„SSi-,.f'*-'''PT WROUGHT-IKON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUsiib perfectly neutralize atraospherie cooduction

onR PATENT WROOGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAi VINERIES
promote vigorous growth aud riclinesa of colour

O0R PATENT WROUGUT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofb*^ are a coinplete
arranuement. *^

^P.K?,.!'?-™'*^ ^?°.'"^P'^i"'°" r'KIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (ais supplied to Mr. Rivers), Induce perfect sjmmetry and
unfailiiiL; result.

^"S.^/'Jt ''Jfm^w??*^^'^!''"^ ^^^^ MEDAL GERANIUM
and PLANT HOUsIts are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree ot light.

*J^£l,^Tv mmSJl^'^^'^-^^^?? P^^^^ MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specudly arranged and heated upon an
improved system. "^

OUR PATENT WROUGHT- JRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to seouro
the giowth of flist^class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminentlv superior for all early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRoN PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRr HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light. ^

The above Patent Houses cau be glazed with or without putty

These Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent
and from the complete adjustment of their constructional parts will
Tie most favourably with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs anel Estimates prepared for single or complete raoRes of
Houses in Wood or Iron. ''

illustrated Cucalogues on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Duusis & A. ScHOBT, Horticultural Buildei-a and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

nRA.NSTON'S PATENT BTJILDINqtS lor

\J HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Glazing without Putty."

" Glass without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Lights."

Highly Commended by tho Roy;il n-ii-tu'ultnral Society, South

Kensington,

WARNER'S SILICATE of IRON PAINT,
— The peculiarities and advantages of thia
Paint are that it will stand extreme Heat and Dapap
and is not affected by Acid, Sea Water, Sulphuretted
Hydrogen, or Ammonia. It is equally well adapted
for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Every Shade of
Colour ground to order. Tue Creamy White and
Bright Stone wiU retam the soft delicate shades, regardless of the
IXimes of Gases. It has no smell, and there is an entire absence
of deleterious e0eot.

WARNER'S ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION i? suitable for
Felt Rooflng, and is a Cheap Coating for Iron Work, pnd preserves
Wood in India from the ravages of the White Ant. Price Is! 3d.
per gallon.

17, Laurence Pountney Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.C.

Oil Paint no longer Necessa^T-

Plans and Estimates free on ap[.liuition Doabnptuo Book fully
lUuBtrated, pobt Iree for 20 stamps, irom the Author and Patentee,
Jaues Cha>ston, -Architect, Blmimgham

Works : Hlghgate Street, Birmingham,
Hekry J. Growtagk. Manacer, 1. Temple Row West, Birmincb.im.

TO RE SOLD, Cheap, an IRON DOUE CONSER-
VATORY, 52 feet 8 inches long, 9 feet 4 inches wide. Would
make an escellBnt Peach House or Covered Way. Also an ORNA-
MENTAL CONSERVATORY, 25 feet G inches by IS feet 6 inches,
with lion Dome ; and all other descriptions of Horticultural Build-
ings to be seen at

J. Lewis's Horticultural Works, Stamford Hill. Middlesex.

Dried Natural Flowers.

BOETTNER, BKOTHKRS, Greusseu, near Erfurt.
Germany, beg tn announce that they can supplv BOUQUETS,
WREATHS, 'FLOWER BASKETS, &c., of DRIED NATURAL
FLOWERS at most reisonable prices.

Price Lists may be bad post free on application to Messrs.
R. SiLBKHRAD & Sox, 6, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street, London, E.C.

T. A R CH "E"R ' S~^' FllToT "DOM O."

E.

• Patronised by her Majesty the Queen, tbe Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindlcy for the Horticultural Society,
and Sir Joseph Paxton for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological
Society, &c.

PROTECTION from tbe SCORCHING RAYS of the SUN.

" FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, White oi- Brown, made of prep.ired

Hair and Woo], a perfect non-conductor of heat or cold, keeping a

fixed temperature where it is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-

caltural and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and

i-lowera from the Scorching Riys of the Sun, from Wind, from

Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To be had in anv

required lengths.

" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING. 2 Tards wide, U 6d. per yard run.

"FRIGI DOilb" CANVAS.

Tffo yards wide Is. 3d. per yard run.

Four yards wide ., 3s. 6d. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. Od. per yard.
An miproved make, :! yards wide . . 2s. Bd. per yard run.
Elisua Thomas Akouer, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Ti'inity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all Niuserymeu and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.
" It is much cneaper than Mats as a covering."

i^ARSON'a ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,
V_/' Patronised by the Nobility and Gentry, is extensively used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and is proved, after a test
of 70 years, to surpass any other Paint. It is especialW applicable
to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo. and is the ooly Paint that will
efftotually resist the rays of the sun upon Conservatories, Green-
houses, Frames, &c. Is twice as dunible as genuine White Lead, so
simple in application that any person can use it. Per cwt

WHITE, LIGHT STONE, BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 30*.

LEAD, CHOCOLATE, RED, PURPLE, BROWN, and BLACK 26s.

BRIGHT GREEN. DEEP GREEN, and BLUE i2s.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES. BRUSHES, &c.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Ports

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post &ee.

Walter Carson & Soss,

La Belle Sauvage Yard. Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.

Caution.— All Casks should bear the 'J'l'ade Mark. No Agents.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACE VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
t^vo-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in the
^'rounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most Batteripg
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Siutn will forward on
application.

i^'uTR J. A. Taylor, Esq., Stremham Oourt.

*' In answer to your inquiries, I hee; to inlorm you I find your Black
Varnish an excellent suostitute for oil paint upon iron and wood
out of doors, and have found the iron Barrow with apparatus
essentiid in applying tue Varnish to lines of fencing. I can strongly
recommend the Black Varnish for all out-door work as superior to
anything 1 have yet used for the purpose, and it can be applied with
great economy by cai'eful labourers."'

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. 6d. per gallon, at the
Manufactory, or Is. 8il. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdoiQ.

Apply to Hill & Smith, Brierly Hill Iron Works, nejir Dudley, ^Jid
22. Cannon Struct West, E.G., from whom only it can be obtained.

TMPEOVED BLACK VAENISH, an excellent

J- Substitute for Oil Paint, for Coating and Preserving all kinds of

Iron and Wood Fencing. Gates, Rooting, and every description of
out-door Wood or Stonework. Steam Boilers, Pipes, Tanks, Carta,
Waggons, Farm Implements, &c.

It is an excellent substitute for Oil Paint, and is not one-flfth the
cost I It requires no mi-\.ing, and can be applied in a cold state by
any ordinary labourer.

Sold in Casks of about 30 gallons each at Is. 3d. per gull on (casks

included). Carriage paid to any R lilway Station in Great Britain ot

Scotland. Extra strong Iron-bouud Varnish Brushes, fo, per pair.

The foUowiLg Testimonial has just been received fi-om

W. C. Haicii, Esq., of Ashfleld, Braiiford.

"Dear Sin, — 1 have used your Black Varnialiboth on Wood and
Iron, and find it fir superior to any Paint, both as to colour and
durability, aud so cheap that any one that can do with the colour
will find it lar superior to anything they can use. I shall recommend
it wherever I have the opportunity. It is as easy to lay on as paint,
and dries a beautiful bright colour. — Yom-s truly, W, C. Haioh."

diARLTON Pain, 10, Richard's Villas, Lavender Gi-of6, Dalston,
London, N.E. (from whom it can only be had). Manufacturer of
Continuous Iron and Wire Fencing, Hurdles. Gates, Tree Guards.
Gardeu Arches, Rosaries.Notting, and every description of Wire Wpiflc. ■

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOE HEATING CONSERYATOEIBS, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PEIVATB

EESIDENCES, ETC., WITH

TRUSS'S PATENT UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE AWP
LEAKLESS PIPE-JOINTS.

T. S. TEUSS

Begs to state that the immense number of APPAEATUS annually Designed and Erected by him in ail parts of
the Idngdom, and for the EOYAL HOIiTICULTUEAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHISWICE,
mth um'ivailed satisfaction, is a guarantee for eliill of design, superior materials, ajld good workmansldp ; ■svbile the
great advantages obtained by his lUPROVED SYBTEisil cannot be OTer-estimated, consisting of perfectly tighl
joints with neatness of appearance; EFFECTS A SAVING OF 25 PEE CENT, on cost of Apparatus erected
compared ^vith other systems ; facility lor extensions, alterations or removals without injury to Pipes or Joints ;
can be erected by anv Gardener; an ordinarv size Apparatus erected in one dav, and PEKFECTNESS oi'
DESIGN SUPPLIED, INSUKING NO EXTHAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle HoJJer,
delivered to auy Eailway Station in England, anl Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 25 miles olf
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large works.

TWO FOUR-INCH PIPES ALONG ONE SIPE AND ONE END OF HOUSE.

Size of House. Apparatus Complete. Erection. fiize of House.

20 feet by 10 feet .. #9 0 0 ,,£2 0 0 60 feet by 15 feet

30 feet by 12 feet .. 11 15 0 .. 2 10 0 76 feet by 15 feet

^0 feet by 15 feet .. 15 0 0 .. 2 15 0 JOO feet by 15 feet

Bath and Gas "Work erected in town pr country. The Trade Supplied.
Sortimititral Bfulejings of ewry description from Ifr. 6i.per foot superficial, melusinf of Sriclewof/t,

Price Lista, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on appiicatian'to

T. S. TBUSS, C.E., CoKStJLTINS HoUTIOtTLTpRfJ, JENGINEEB, ,&e., SOI.E MANtrFAXJIlJREB,

FRIAB STEBBT, BLACKFRiJaRS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.
Observe — T/ie City Offices are now Hemoved to the Manufactory, Friar Street.

Appai'atus Complete.

Ereatiop.

. £17 10 0

£8 0 0

20 0 0

3 0 0

26 0 0

3 6 0

Septembee 21, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS" CIIRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GA^^ETTE.

991

s

HANKS' NKW

LAWN MOWERS.

PATENT

HAND MACUINE.
Thoso aro tho only Machines In iliiily uso in nil tho Koyia Gardens.
ThuHo aro tho only Miicblnos tlmt will inuw pi-ypurly wliou the
Gross Is wot,

Th«ae ftro the ODly Machines that will last for yoara wlbhuut
requiruiR repair.

lUustratod Circulars with lull particulars free on appUoation.

A. SiiANKs & Son, Dona Iron Works, Arbroiith.

London Office and Show Rooms— 27, Ije&uenhall street, E.C.

Cc^ *J7, Loiidonball Street, is the only place In Loudon whoro

intondliiK purcliasers of Lawn Mnwera can chooso from a stock, uf

160 to •ji}Q Machines. All sixes k«pt there whether for Horsg, Pony,

or Ilaiid-power.

^Olf tho BRSt LTCrUID^^ANlfRR"^AKT,
IMPROVED ROLLER nnij CLOD CRUSHER,

Apply to I. James, Tlvuli u ._

^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

cow FITTINGS.

c

Their adv.iiild.i;t;s ave — I'oiL^vijilitj', not tlxLurus, roinovab.le at
pleaeure, no Woodwork or Partitions to Impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with a^ unnecoasary, increjiaed width
and depth of Feeding 'fi-oughs. Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorginK. Cleanly, durable, aod imparvloua to
Infection, being all of iron. Pi'ice of Fittings per Cow, 55*-.

ProapecLusos free of Cottau & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsler Street
(opposite the Pantneou), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several important liuproveiaeiits
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

Nursery Oround
rpo BE LET, or LEASt: to bo 60LB, well cropped

JL witli Vegetables, Flower lioots, and li'niit Trees ; largo Greon-
liuuRo, Heated with Hot Wa(,or; St^tck Plants, in pots; Frames,
LiKbts, 4c. Standing on ahout Two Acrua of excellent Land.
Pnuo, with Lea.Hu, for tlie whole, £1&U.
Apply A. H., The clroyhuuiid, Baalam Stroot, Plaistow, Essex, E.

Tlie Exmoor Cobs, Oalloways, and Ponies.
It. KOKEIU' SMI Til's lu^xi ANNUAL SALE of

abmit 4i» nf i.Iiohu M'l'f'M-; HOltSICS will conio otl at Fielder's
Hepoaltui-y, llriHl,..!. yn W'KU.N liSDAV. Suiitoinbor :J6, next, at
1 uclock. O-A view tliu day provtoiu to Ihutialp.

They are warntutod suund, and o ilolly broil from renowned stroa
and E\iiioor I'ony Marea. DeiioriptU'o Catalogues may bo had,
lUUajiiprior totho SilIo. at tho Stud Farm, Knui^or Foront, South
Multun, Devon.— KminoU's Grange, August 20.

M

^aU& bs Auction.

SALE THIS DAY AND MONDAY.AT HALF-PAST I'JO'CLOCK.

Bulbs from Holland for Autumn Planting.

MR. J. C. STKVENS will SfclLL by AUUTIUN, at
his Groat Kij"iiis, .'i-S, ICin;,- Street, Cuvent Garden, W.C, on
SATUllUAV and MuNOAY. Soptember ai and -23. at haJi-paat
IL'i.'ClMck precisulv « mh day, lOUi) Lots of (Irst-ulass HYACINTHS.
TULIPS, CKOGUSES, NARCISSUS, RANUNCULUS, OLAUIULI,
IRIS, and other liiUbs just arnvud frmu woli koowti Farms in
Holland ; and a few Lots of RUSTIC SEATS, STUULS VASES, jcc.
On view tho Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

A Collection of Greenhouse Ferns,

The Property of a Gkmleman, ano a Consiomient of Hulus
ritoM HoLLAUu pun Pke^emt Plavtinij.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SbiLL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3g, JCmg Street, Govent Garden, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, September 'Jo, at half-past i:i o'Clock pieciwoly, a
Collection ofcholcoGaWKNHOUSEand HOTHOUSE FERNS, the
property of a Guntjeinan ; and a Consignment of first-class BULBS
from Holliind, juat arrive I In capital condition; also some RUSTIC
SEAT.S, STOOLS, BASKETS, &c.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

To Koblemen, Agrloulturista. and Others.

An Important Unrkskiived Sale of Pkize Bkkksiiikk Pios, will

TAItK PLACE AT READlNtJ, BtRliS, ON TuESDAY, SEPTEUUEa :;4,

COMUENCIKO AT I'i O'LLOgK,

MR. TUMPKINS is favoured with instructions from
Arthur Stewart, Esq.,ofSai'it Bridge House, Gloucester (who
is retiring from breeding; and exhibiting for prizes), to SELL by
AUCTION, at his Mart, close to the Kailway Starion, RuaUing,
without the slightest reserve, the entire and Valuable HERD of about
fJU head of the CHOICEST PIGS perhajis ever seen together. Mr.
Stewart's Berkshire Pigs took the 1st and 2d Prizes m the Breeding
Sow Class, and the Silver Medal in the Buar Class, at the Royal
Agricultm-al Show at Newcastle in i»t)4. Mr. S. also obtained at the
Royal Aaricultural Show at Plymouth in IBUo, 1st and iM Prizes, and
reserved number in the breeding Sow Class, and lat Prize in tho Boar
Clns3. In Iftiifl there was no Show At the Royal Agricultural Show
at Bury St. Edniuad's this year, Mr. S. secured the 1st Prize in the
Boar Class, and 2d Priae and reserved number in the Breeding Sow
Class : Mr. Stewart's bust sow died, leaving seven young in the pen,
betore the Judges were admitted into the suow yard.

N. B. — The Auctioneer earnestly solicits the attendance of the
Public to the above unreserved Sale, and would remark that Mr.
Stewart has g:uued many Prize-s, both at the Bath and West of
England Showa, and elsewhere, Thoso Pigs will be found of great
biao, length and depth ; the tlue strain of blood is solely condned to
chv above herd, Hr. Stewart never allowing any subscription to be
takt.li for his Boara.

Full particulars will appear in Catalogues, which can be obtained
a week prior to the Sala, on application being made to the Auctio-
neer. See Vol. No. 1 of the Aoi'inuUiirat Journal for 1805, in refer-
ence to this Herd.

Important to Gentlemen engaged In Planting,
Landscape Gardeners.

Sale iiv Auurios ui' Hi.,iilv Vai.uaiu.k. Nuuseuv Sroi k.

JOHN CItANSTON be<,'s to eny that from thu greatlj
increafod demand for RuSES rluring tho liuit two or three
years ho lliids it absolutely ncoussary lo very conHldorably oxtoud
thoir Cultivation, both out-of-doofH and undor glawH. To enable
lum to iicciiinpliMh this in a manner l\illy and Hatlnfactorlly to meet
tho dLiii:iiid, ho fools comijolled to clear a very large portion of his
NurHoricM, now stocked with valuable collections of Fruit Trees,
Conifors, lOvorgreens, Deciduous Urnamental Shrubs, Forufit Treoi
&c. ; likewiKo a fine Collfccti"n of Camollias, Azaleim, Geruniuma,
and Mihcellanooufl Gro(uibouso Plants, now occupying soyeriil
largo houses.

He will, therefore. In future bo able to devote at leaat tho one-half
of his Nursiirles, which extend ovor f)l) Acres, noioly to thu cultiva-
tion of Roses, a.s well a.s Ovo or six large Houses for the propagatlou
of Toa-scontcd ami other tender sorts in pot«.

TnohictofblB Jiaving on uvcry occasion during the aonaon takou
tho First Prlzo tor the large Collection of Ilosos at the MoLropolltan
and othor Kuae Shows, coupled with the regular Inoroafle of orders
which has boon going on for yoais, convinces him of the nucoMHtty of
loijing no time In taking the course he herein prupohmt.

Mr. SuNUKHLA.'iD Uis reoeived lUbttuctions to SKLL bv AUCTION,
on the premises, at the King's Aero Nui-serles, on Soptembcr (10,
1867, and following days, a hirge portion of the GENERAL
NURSERY STOCK, comprising—
25,000 iJwaii-tralned, Pyramid, and Standard PeachcH, Nectarines,

Apricots. Puars, Plums, Cherries, and Ajjpl j«^all wull grown and

flnyly trained — the greater portion aro large-sized bearing trees.
1,001) I'oaciifs, Nectarines, Pears, Plums. Cherries, andi'igs in pots.
300 Grajio Vinos.
16,000 Common Laurel, 2 to 3 feot.
3y,uOO Conlferiu, including beautifully grown plants of Cedrua

Deodtu'a, Cedrus atlantica, Cuprcssus Lawsonlana, Thuiopsla

boroaliB, Englitth Yew, Pinus aublriaca, PInus insignis, Araftcaria

Inibrlcata, &c., varying in height Jrom 2, 3, 4, and fi to 8 leot, and

many of them fine specimen trees.
2^000 VViillingtonea gigantea, fi'om 2 to 3 fpat, b«aijtlfully grown

plants, alfregnlarly transplanted.
3,000 Rhudodeudj-ons, 2} feet.

Several thousand Berberis Darwinil, variegated Holly, Arbutus, &o.
A quantity of tho New Japan AucuUis, tc.
A largo quantity of Decidyourt Oroamental Trees ajid Shrubs,

including 11)00 Stajidard Double I'luk, Staurlet and. other Thorua,

Weeping Ash, Beech, 0»k, Elms, 4o.
2000 Deutzia (gracilis, suitable for forcing.
Climbing and Wall Plauta, all the leading kinds of Clematis, Loni-

cera, CeanothuH, &c.
300,001) Transplanted Forest Trees, including Ash, Spanish Chestnut,

Larch, Scotch, English Oak, Spruce Fir, Thorns, &c,, varying in

height from 2 to 4 foot.
1500 Indian Azaleas, 600 Camelha.s, miscellaneous Greenhouse

Plants, ic.
The whole of the above Stock is in the finest condition possible,
having btien thoroyghly well grown, and regularly and carefully
transphintoJ, neither were any of the Trees injured in the least
auring tho last severe winter.

Further particulars are given in circulars now published, and will
be forwarded on application.

Catalogues, which art now in course of preparation, will bo
distributed early in September.
Nurseries, King's Aoi-o, near Horefonl.— Aug. 1. 1867.

Preliminary Notice. -Important Sale^
\T R. A. KiUllAKDS will ^KlL bv Alii; I HiN", on the
XVL Premiafs, Edmonton, on WEDN'E.-^DAY and THURSDAY,
October 2 and 3, the valuable NURSERY STOCK, GRKENHOUSE.y,
itc. (tho Lease having expired and the tir-iund bding required for
building purposes), including 3000 home-grown Camellias of tne b-st
varieties, 3000 Calceelarjas. 2000 Hydrangaus, 2 00 Wellipgtoni*
ptgantea 3 to 0 feet high. 1600 Cupressus Lawsoniani a to 6 feot.
Red Cedars, Aucubas. Araucaria inibricati, lic-. aearly the whole
transplanted in the spang and autumn of \W6 Also 8 cauital
Greenhouaes, 100 Lights, large common Boiler, Pipes, Spring van,
Ac. On view iwo days previoiw. Cittlogues obtaiiuibia on the
Premises, and of the Auctioneer, Tottenham.

M

R. JOHN BIRCH, Architect

(Author of the Society of Arts' Prize Cottages),
16 .Beaufort Buildings, Strand, W.C.

JOHN GlBSOiN, JuN., begs to announce that he is
prepared to Furmsh PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences^ or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Gihson. lun., Surrey Lane. Battersea, S.W.

Cl^EORGK F. MORKIS (of the Firm of Protheroe
T & MoRRie) undertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasehold and Reversionary Property
of every description, Faiming and Market Garden Produce, House-
bold Furniture, Stock m Trade. Ac.
Auction and Estate Agency Office, The Limes, Leytonstone, Essex.

Farm Poultry.

GRET DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, lai'ge, hardy, and good breedera.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA, CREVECGiUR, and LA ELECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
JouN Bailt & Son, 113, Mount Street, London. W,

The late W. Fisher Hobbs, Esq., Eoxted Lodge,
near Colchester, Essex.

MK . CLEAR is instructed by the Executor,
H, TRETntwv, Esq., to SELL by AUCTION^ on THURSDAY
and FRIDAY, September 26 and 27, upon tho Preniisus, without
anv reserve, tho Farm being Let, all the Valuable LIVE and DEAD
AGRICULTURAL STOCK, comprising the Entire Herd of his
celebrated improved Et^SEX PIGS, which consist of 40 Sows with
figa and in larrow, 20 Boars of various ages, and 70 Store Pi'S;
the whole of the FLOCK of highlv-bred pure SOUTHDOWN
SHEEP ; t>red from the flucks of the Duke of Richmond, Mr. Jonas
Webb, and Mr. Poufold, which includes 180 Ewes, 170 Eivo and
Wether Shearlings, 160 Ewe and Wether Lambs, 6 Tery large and
superior Rams, 11 Shearling Rams, 6 Ram Lambs ; the choice
I selection of S ALDERNEY COWS and CALVES, and 4 BULLS,
I which are exceedingly handsome and profitable, being all bred
from prize stock ; loo couple of pure Dorkings, bred Irora the late
Mr. Hobbs's celebrated prize stock; and lu couple of Golden-
Pencilled Hamburghs ; 10 Aylesbury Ducks and fi 'Xui'keys ;
10 Sufl^olk CART HORSES.

Enfield Farm, Boated-

Arranoement of Sale. — The herds of Cows and Swine, flock of
Sheep, Poultry, and Steam Threshing Machine, on THURSDAY,
September 26. The Horses and Agricultural Implements, on FRI-
DAY, September 27. Sale to commence each day at llforl2o'clock.

Enfield Farm is 4 miles from Colchester, a first-class statiop on
thp Great Easi^eru Railway. Conveyances will meet the train that
leaves London at 9. 16 and arrives at Colchester at 10.67 ; .tlao the train
that leaves Colchester at 0.46, arnviug in London at 6.45.

Catalogues may be obtained, on application to Wm. Hobbs, Esq.,
Boxted Lodge ; at the Cups Hotel, Colchester ; and ot Mr. Clisah,
Maiden Essex.

WANTED, a SMALL MARKET GARDEN or
FLORIST BUSINESS near London, or any large Provincial
Town. — Address, stating particulars, to

A. B., care ot Mr. Kmghorc, Richmond. 9.W.

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1500.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadeuhall Street,
London. E C.

To Market Gardeners, Nursersonen, &c.

TO BE SOLD, by Private Contract, about 200 ACRES
of very superior (JaRDEN GROUND, all Freehold, situate in
the Countj of Bedfordshire, ahout throe miles from Biggleswade
Station, Grea» Northern Rnilway. The Land is divided into Lota to
BUlt the conven-ence of purchasers. F>jr particulars apply to
Thomas Fuuntaine, Esq,. Dunton L^d^ie, Ashwell, B.ildock.

' Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLIAM DEAN, having determined on residing iji
London again, off'srs for SALE, vrith immediate possession
the NURSKRY at SHIPLEY, consisting of Fom- Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked
and with Dwellins? House, &c., is held on Lease; also the SEED
SHOP, in BRADFORD (the only one in the town), which is well
fitted up, and where there is a good business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds. Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, Ac. The Nursery
Is 2i miles from the Shop, on a prmcipal road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to the purchase money required, and
will be a groat bargam to tho purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
' tunity for a lar(;e house In tbe Soutli to establish a Branch Business
; here, aa a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
much lncrea.sed. For particulars apply to

William D*;aw. Bradlorji N^usery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

Preliminary Announcement.

Valdable Orcuids, Stove, Gheenuolse. and OoT-noOR Plants,

GllEERHODSE, VlNEHY, AND FrUIT-UODSE, CLACtiHTOS, KEAR

Liverpool.

MR. BRANCH will SELL by AUCTION on
WEDNESDAY aud THURSDAY, October 2 and 3, on the

Premises, Devonshire Road, Claughton, near Liverpool, the property
of a Gentleman changing bis residence, a large and select collection
of valuable ORCHIDS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
FERNS, ORNAMENTAL and FOLIAGE PLANTS, ROSE.s,
DWARF FRUIT TREES, AZALEAS, CAMELLIAS, BEDDING
PLANTS, &c. ; also a huge GREENHOUSE and VINERY, about
70 feet long by 26 feet wide, with Boiler and Hot-water Pipes com-
plete, and an ORCHARD or FRUIT-IIOUSE, Ac, which will bo
further particularised in the Mercury of Fnday next.

To be viewed one dav pi evious to the Sale, when Catalogues may
be obtameri on the Prennaes, or at the Offices of Mr, Branch,
60, Hanover Street, Liverpool.

Nursery Stock— Mill Hill Nursery, Hendon,

At^out a mile from Mill Hill Station on ^he Edgwaje and Highgnte
Kailwiiy, and one hour's ride from Camden Town by MiU Hill
OiKUibuB.

MESSRS. HUMBERT and COX are favoured with
instructions from the Executors of the late Mr- James Wriv.'ht,
to SELL bv AUCTION, on the Fremit-es, Mill Hill Nyrsery,
Hendou, on THURSDAY. October 24, at 12 furl o'Clock. the whnle
of thp NURSERY S'fOC^, comprisiDg 1000 Thuja Lpbbil,
100 Thujopsis Boreali, looO Aucuba Japonica, lOOO Liiuruetinus,
1000 English Yews, 200 Laurels, 500 Portugal LaUrels, 1000 Cupre.ssus
Lawaoniana, 500 Abies Douglassii, 600 Phijlyrea. 600 Scotch Fir,
600 Pinus excelsa, 600 Standard Roses (named), 600 Dwarf Ruses.
6U0 Thuja gigantea. 500 h\mt% Chestnuts, BUch, Aeaeias, Mountain
A-,h, English Oak and Elm, &c. \

May bo viewed two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had
on the Promises ; at theprtnoipal Inns at Hendon ; the Essex Anns
and Clarendon Arms Hotels, Green Man, and Leathersellurs' Ai'iu.^. ,
Watford; the Red Lion. Elstreet and Barnet ; Aborcorn Arms and
Vmo Inns, Staumore i Three Crowns, Bushey Heath; Bell Inn,
Bushey ; Swan and Boll Inns, Rickmausworth ; and (free bv post) oi
Messrs. HuMflEaT &, Cox, Land Agents, Auctioneers. a*id Suryevors,
Little Nascot, Watford, Herts jaud tiS.St. ,Iaii;ieu" Street, ^ondon,,9.W.

To Market Gardeners and Others.

MR. W. T. AXWOOD will iSl^LL by AUCTION, on
the Premises. Culvert Ri.ad, near the Half-wav House,
Batter-iea Fields, S.W. , on THURSDAY, Oct^ibor 3, at Vl o'Clock

Erecisely, tho property of Mr. S. Poupart, who is rolinqnuhiug
usiness, tho LIVE and DEAD STOCK and IMPLEMENTS of
TRADE, and CROPS of GLOBE ARTICHOKES, RHUBARB,
and BEET ROOl'S. The Stock comprises — 3 powerful Cart Horpes
and Chulse Horse, 6 Spring Market Va-uS, Dung Cart, Market
Cart, Bloek Waggon, Wash Bed, 4-wiiecl Chaise and Dog Cart,
Thai Trace and chftise Uiimess. Com Bins, Ploughs, Harrows,
p.ollers, Box and Long Barrows, Patent Cbaff Machine, Pmit and
Step Ladder;, Seed Sieves, Winnowing Machine, Sack and Seed
Cloths, Watering Pots, Garden Tools, SO 3-light Boxes and Lights
and Bell Glasses : heaps of excellent Manure, Litter, and Packing
Hay ; quantity of^ useful Bo.irds, Scantling, Kerb and Paving Stones,
Firewood, Iron Htirdles, and sundry useful effects.

May be viewed Day before and Morning ot Sale; Catalogues had
on the Premi.ses, Inns in Covent Garden Market, aud W. T, Atwood,
Mortlake, .Surrey.

The Prince Consort's Shaw Farm, Windsor
Home Park.

Important Sali; ur Shortuokned Cattle, &c.

MR. STRAFFORD has the honour to announce that
he has received instructions to offer for SALE by AUCTION,
without reserve, on WEDNESDAY, October 16 next, at the Prince
Con^^oi-t's Shaw Farm, Windsor Park, a choice selection cf SHORT-
HORNED CATTLE, comprising upwards of 60 HEAD of BULLS,
COWS, aud HEIFERS. Amongst them will be found some fine
specimens of the Fawsley blood, including several descendants of tbe
celebrated Cows " AIix" and "Cold Cream." First-cIass Bulls from
Warlaby have been used for a number of years, viz.. Prince Alfred
(13,494). British Prince (14,197), Fitz-Clarepce (14.662), and Lord
Hopewell (18.230). Also will be offered three entire YEARLING
CLYDESDALE COLTS, 16 Fat BULLOCKS, 100 Fat SHEEP, and
a few Choice PIGS, of the Prince Consort'scelebrated Windsor Breed.
Catalogues, with Pedigrees, will shortly be issued, and may be had
on application to Mr. Strafford, 13, Euston Square. London, N.W. ;
or of Mr. Tait, at the Prince Consort's Shaw Farm, Windsor.

Very Important to Noblemen, Gentlemen,

PdBLIC CoJIPAKIES, NoRSERYMtN, AND 0T)1ER3 ENGAGED IN PlANTINO.

T3RELIMINARY NOTICE of FORTHCOMING SALES

i by Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS.

TUNBRIDGE WELLS. October 10, 17, 18, and 19 ;—

CLEARANCE SALE of VALUABLE EVERGREEN, CONI-
FERS, and DECIDUOUS SHRUBS, ORNAMENTAL and
FOREST TREK.S. in tho finest condition.

CITY AUCTION ROOMS. 38. GRACECHURCH STREET, CITY:
WEEKLY SALES of first-class DUTCH BULBS, STANDARD
and DWARF ROSES, &c.

ACTON. HOPQOOD'S NURSERY, October 21, 22. 23, and 24 :—
CLEARANCE SALE (the Lease having expired). Thriving
NURbERY STOCK, including, with the usual assortment, some
reuuirkablo fine LIMES, PLANES, FRUIT TREES, &c.

TOTTENHAM. MIDDLESEX. HALE FARM NURSERT,
November 1 ;— (Surplus Stuck). A Collection ot ORNAMENTAL
TREKS, EVERGREENS. CONIFERA;. and FLOWERING
SHRUBS, ROSES, FRUIT TREES, CLIMBERS of sorts, he.

KI>'GSTON. SURREY.— Clarence Street and Park Ro.id, Nov. 6,
and lullowing days;— Excellent NURSERY STOCK, in the best
st;\te 01 cultivation; EVERGREEN, CONIFER^, and
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS in great variety, ranging all sizes,
which h;is been constantly trtu^splanted, and wUi mcur no risk
from removal.

GODALMING. SURREY. November 11, and following day.s. by order
of Mr. Charles J. Barker, unless previously disposed of in one lot
by Private Contract, the whole of the GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
GREENHOUSES (newly erected), and other Effects, at
Godalmlng Nursery; also the Valuable NURSERY STOCK.
growiuK in Terrace Gardens, Shady Hangers. Withm five minutes'
walk of the Godalmlng Railway Station.

WOKING, SURREY, November IS. and following days :—

Clearance Sale of the whole -f the unrivalled COLLECTION of
EVERGREEN, CONIFER-E, and DECIDUOUS SHRUBS,
ORNAMENTAL, FRUIT, and FOREST TREES, extending
.over luo acres, or tiiereahouts, to bu bOLD, without reaei've, m
coDseqiiauce of the death of Mr. Robert Donald. The $toc^ is
(lai-ikuliu-jj wofiias the attention of the Trada.

992

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[SEpteMBeE 21, 1867.

HOOPEE'S ETRUSCAN HYACINTH VASES.
To be had of most Seedsmen in the KlDgdom, Wholesale
and Retail of
HoopiK ft Co., Seed Merchants, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

s

HAW'S TIFFANY.

For samples and prices apply to
J. Seiw & Co.. 29, Oxford Street, Maacheater.

Russia Mats.

JAMES T. ANDEESON'S PRICE LIST of
ARCHANGEL and other MATS Is now ready, and may be
had post-free on application. They are the beat and cheapest offered.
James T. Anderson, 7. Commercial Street, Shoredttch, Lopdon, N.E.

IKON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Koyal
ABricultural Society).
SHEEP, 33. 6d. ; CATTLE, 45. 2d. ; OX, Ss. lid.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of erery dencnptton.
St. Pancras Iron Work Company. Old St. Pancras Road, London, N. W.

IpOR SALE, at half its cost, a TREE-MOVING
' MACHINE, capable of lifting Trees 30 feet high, constructed
»nder the Superintendence of Mr. Barron, of Elvastoiie Castle. Is
as good as new, and only parted with because the present owner has
no use for it.

Apply to Mr. Hcnrt Dowwino. Mickleharo. Surrey.

WANTED, a SECOND-HAND TRANSPLANTING
MACHINE, for the Removal of Large Trees. Any one
having Buch for Disp isal, will oblige by sending price and particulars
to Chables Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Caution to Gardeners.— Wlien you asK for

SATNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Savnor, also the corporate mark Obtaim
Warranted, without which none are jreniiine.

S. & C. reirret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'b Pnming and iSuddlng Knives are the Dest and the
cheapest In the market.

Faxton Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 125 years.

G

AEDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great

variety of patterns and material.s, the plainer sorts being
especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, fis
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up littlu
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "growu" Edgings, con-
sequently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., in Arti-
ficial Stone, of groat durability, and In great
variety of design.

F, & G. RosHKR, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Elackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Cnolsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Koad, Kingaland, N.E.

Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
BRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corridors, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable aa
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Batlis, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. RosnLiit, at their premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses— 14», per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 23. per Ton extra
tor delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is, per Ton leas.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. 4 G. Rosueb. — Addresses see above.

JI 1*. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

TYE'S REGISTERED HYACINTH GLASSES AND SUPPORTS

MAY BE HAD OF ALL RESPECTABLE NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN,

AND WHOLESALE OF

CLA.UDET, HOUGHTON, & SON, 89, High Holborn, London W.C.

Also a Revised Edition of " PRACTICAL HINTS on the CULTIVATION and PROPERTIES of the HYACINTH," by G. P. TvE. Price id.

PRICE LIST of the above, and of FERN CASES, FLOWER STANDS, &c., free on application.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED "WITH PATENT SELF-SHARPENING CYLINDER CUTTERS. .

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked -with far greater ease
than any other Lawn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS hare proved to be the best, and have can-ied off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Every Machine is wan-anted to'give entii-e satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally.
T.GREEN AND SON have to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season lias beat
unprecedented, which is a proof of the hii/k estimation in which they are held. Selections can be made from
their Stock both i?i London and Leeds.

^- ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and
64 and 55, BLACKFRIAES ROAD, LONDON, S.

S. OWENS & CO.

(Late CLINTON Airo OWENS),
MANUFACTURERS OF

PUMPS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY,

WHITEFRIARS STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

THE LANDSCAPE SKETCH shows an adaptation of THL IMPROVED HYDRAULIC
RAM for Forcing Water to considerable Heights sind Distances to supply Mansions, Farms, &c,, where a
few feet fall can be obtained. Full particulars of this iiseful Self-acting Macnine can be had on application.

No. 4. Useful YARD, GARDEN, and COTTAGE PUMPS, from £1 5s. each.

No. 38. PORTABLE LIQUID MANURE PUMPS, with Flexible Suction Pipe.

No. 46a. DOUBLE-ACTION PORTABLE FORCE PUMPS and FIRE ENGINES for

WATER or LIQUID MANURE.

No. 60. IMPROVED (HOLMAN'S PATENT) DOUBLE-BARREL FARM FIRE

ENGINES and IRRIGATING PUMPS.

No. 49. GARDEN ENGINES of all sizes.

No. 49tf. IMPROVED SWING WATER CARRIERS, holding 24 and 35 Gallons, for

GARDEN USE.

No. 49c. INDIA RUBBER HOSE and FITTINGS for WATERING GARDENS.
I^" Further particulars, Estimates, and Illustrated Price Lists on application.

Editorial Communications should be addre&ied to" The Editor;" AdTertUements and Business Letters to "The PubUaher," at the Offlce.il, WeUington Strppt, Oovent Garden-, liOndon. W.C.

Printed by Ji^as MiTTHiwe, at the Otflce of Messrs. BaiDioHT. Evans,* Co.. Lombard Street. Precinct of WhitpfrlaM, City of London.ln the G). of Middlesex, and Putolisbed by tbe Baid James MixraEws, at the
Ol&M, No. 41, Wellington Street, FarUh of St. Faal'B.GoTtnt (Hrdin.ln the uid County.— 6atoiu)at, Septsmber 31, 1867.

THE GARDENERS' CimONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 39.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 28.

/Price Fivepence,
(Stamped Kdition, Qd.

=3=

Abyssinia

Acis, nvricultiiml

Allaiiinndd llendcrsoiil ....
ArchtrllL'ld, flower garden'

inc at

Aznivs

Beaii,ne\r i-unncr

Bees

Ho.il-t noticed . .997 a, 1002 c,

HosviiiinKicrns

llritish AssiK'iation

Caiintla llotanic Society

Clmmbcr, Scottish Agricul-

tunit

Clcmntisps

ConureHs, French Pomolo-

Rical

Corn cutting

Crop reports

Cucuuibcrs, larRC

Diiblia, white bedding

I>.t]i1iadrL<ti<iiiitc

FanutTB' Cluhii .,

Fern sports

Fruit, Jei-sey ,

— 8cc<)iid crops of

Olnmis Castle :

Grape, Koval Aflcot

— judKinu mo c-

Harvesting 1005a-

Insectieide, Fowler's

Land investmeut

INDEX.
99fi b
1007

1001 c

999 n

lUOi b

1001 a

1003 c

1012 a

llWI c

998 n

997 fi

997 n
lull c
1(H)9 c
1004 c

1001 n

1002 <i
1011 c
1000 rt
1000 b
iWi a

1003 c
loot a

■1000 c
-1013 a
UiOl c
1006 a

Leases, farm

Liliiiin auratum

Lycopodiiunaipinum

Man^i^l cake

Manui'es, artificial

Paris

Pelargonium a shrub

— show

Pentstemons

Plants, new

Poiiltiy

Itaiiirull, harvest

Root cuttioRS. variegated ..
Sheep movement

— sales

suit worm, new

Society, West of England

Agri

— Staffordshire Agri

— HuekinKham Agri

— Ardoch Agri

Slcam ut Woolston

Strawberries, new

— autumn

Trapa^olum, Mrs. Tredwell..

Vanilla

Vine mildew

Wasps' uests

"Water tanks...

■\Vheat, diseases of

"Wheat tillage, Woolston ,,

— seed ....

997 fl

1010 a

1011 c
995 c
990 f

1001 b

1002 c
997 a

1013 b

1010 a

1000 ■
lOOti n
1006 c

1001 b

10(>6 a

1011 <i
1011 b
1011 c
lOOG 6

997 c
]00l b
1001 c

997 b
1004 c
1001 c
1010 ft

1008 b
1006 a

1009 c

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
NOTICE.— A MEETING of ttie FRUIT aud FLORAL COM-
MITTEES will be lieM on TUESDAY, October 1, at 11 for half-paat
l.recisely. GENERAL MEKJ'ING at Three.

NOTICK.— Awaids huvin^ been _ given to Messrs.
F. A A. Smith, for LouiB.i Smith and Jetty Lacy, and to Mr.
Perkins' Victoriji and Countess of Craven, at the South Kensington
Exhibitim.. iunrefureiice to J.WATSON'S MISS WATSON and
MRS niX, J. Watsox CHALLENGES Messrs. Ssnith ami Perkins
toEXHlHlT thoirTWOuvaiTi^t bis TWO for a CUP, value £IA 155.
Each Exhibitor to subscribe Fiv« Guineas; the Plants to bo judged
according to ruLs laid down in the Hardeners' Chronicle: each
Exhibitor to ohooso two Judges,

N ew Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's^ ^^

" IVf R- PAUL'S HDSKS * • - are X\\m%& to see once
-LVX and dream of for ever." — Athenceum^ June, 1867.
Wsi. Pavl begs to iLiinounce that his CATALOGUE of ROSES is

now reiidy, ami will he forwarded free on application,
EIGHTEEN PRIZES have been awarded to him for Roses this

year at the piincipal Loudon Flower Show^.

Paul's Nmsevies, Waltuam Cross. London, N.

PAUL AND SON'S

NEW ROSE CATALOGUE for 1867. Priced and Descriptive,
may now be had post froe fi'om The "Old" Nui-series, Cheshunt, N,

The Advertisers venture to call attention to thtsir large stock of
floe Plants, and to solicit early orders. _^_^____^_^____^_

Winter and Spring Flowering Bulbs and Plants.

BAKU AND BUGLtKiN'S FLORAL GUIDE may be
had fruo. It contains much valuable information.
For partlcuiaiTJ t-ee largo Advertisement, page J016.

Dutch Bulbs and Plants for Spring Gardening.

DAUL AND KO^'S verv complete and suggestive LIST

Is nOw ready.

The "Old" Nur8orit!,s, Cheshunt, N,

Bulb Catalogue.

BUTLER, McCULLOCH. am. CO.'S CATALOGUE
of Choice DUTCH and CAPE BULBS Is now ready. Sent
free and post paid.— Established upwards of a Century,
South Row, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

Dutch and Other Flower Roots.

JAMES DICKSON and SONS have received, in
excellent condition, a large IniportatloQ from tho moat eminent
growora. PRICED DESCRIPTIVE LIST post free on application.
102, Eastgftte Street, and " Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

ArrcOTBUStT AND SOlTTe^to say thaTlheir

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE liyAClNTUS,
TULIPS, CROCUSKS, Ac, is now roadv, and can ba had pDst free
on application. Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

TMPOKTED DUTCH~"an"d CAPE FLOWEKING
X BULBS. — We bee leave to Intimate that our PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE and AMATEUR'S GUIDE of the
above Is now ready, and will be sent post free on application.
Fergus Farrkll & Son, 119 and 120, Capet Street, Dublin.

SUTTON'S GUINEA COLLEuTlON
of BULBOUS FLOWER ROOTS, for Pots and Glasses, or
Open Ground Cultivation, carriage free.

Si-TTON & Sons, Heading, Berks.

s

The Successful Cultivation of Hyacinths.— See

Ui'TtiN'S AUTUALV CATALOGUE for 1867,
which may be had gratis and post free on application.

Sdtton & Suns, Reading, B.^rks.

Choice Seeds.

CHARLES TUIiNEK'S superior CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, and PRIMULAarenow ready, m packets. 2a. Gd.
each. The Royal Nurserlefl, Slough.

I)

D

For present Sowing.
OBSON'S PRIZE OALCKULARIA SEED,

tho flneat gtmin In tlio worUl: perpckt., !.«. tid., 28. C(Z.,3tt. Od.,5s.

U0B5"N 4 S"T<<, Wi.uillilll.ls Xiirsfiy, I^luwurtli, W.

New Seed of 1867, choice quality.
OBSON'.S I'KIZK UI.Ni'.RAUlA, Is.. 2s. Gd., 5s.

DdHSON'S riUZE I'l'.lMULA, !»., 2«. Od., 6».
IJOBSDN'S PKIZK BALSAM, 1«.,2«.
DonsON & StiNa. \Vo.)ill;iinls Nursery, Isleworth, W.

Glolre de Nancy Geranium.

CHARLES BUTLER, Wellington Nursery, Salop, bess
to offiir to tho Trado a fine lot of tho above at 768. per iyj ;
extra largo picked plants at l'-,*. ]ior dozen.

" ORCING GERANIUMS^— MRS. LEWIS LOYD,

F

SPOTTED ALMA, rind MRS. BRADSHAW (Jackson),—
Good Plants of these unequalled Forcing Geraniums, Is. Qd. each, or
16k. per dozen.

T. Jacksos & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W.

For Present Sowing.

Choice Zonal Geranium, fkom a Collection op 150 Varieties.

R WHITE c;m supply NEW SEED of the abore,
'• saved from the choicest flowers, in packets, Is. G*^, 2*. Gd.
Zn. Gd., and 65. each, post free.

Poole Nurseries, Dorset.

ZONAL PELARGONIUMS. — SUNSET. ITALIA
UNITA, MR. BARRE. NE PLUS ULTRA, GLOIRE DE
NANCV, MKS. POLLOCK, GLOWWORM, SCEPTRE D'OR.
MADLLK. MARIE VAN HOUTTE, GARLAND, COUNTESS
OF WARWICK, and AMY HOGG. The 1-2 for 'Js. Apply to
William Cocrs, Old Nurseries, Donington, neur Wpalding.

WILLIAM RllLLlSSON and S<>N8' CAT.A1.0<.iiiE
of DUTCH. ENGLISH, and CAPE BULB.S. NEW PLANTS,
and those of recknt introdcction ; ROSES, GRAPE VINES, &c.,
is now ready and will be forwarded post free on application to
William Rollisson & Sons, Tho Nurserie'), Tooting. London, S.

Dutch Roots.

JOHN AND CHARLES LKK will be happy to forward
tho!r CATALOGUE for 18G7 of newly-imported HYACINTHS
and other R'lota, post free on application.

Royal Vlneyurd Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
London, W.

CUTTINiiS W.^NTEU, of GERANIUMS and
CALCEOLARIAS, neurlv every variety, includiLg Italia Unita,
Mrs. Pohock. Bijuu. CALCEOLARIAS : — Sulton, Aurea flori-
, bumla, and others. Write, stating price per 100 or lOUO for prompt
I cash, to William Armitaqe & S»n9, Se^d Merchants, Hudderstleld.

ORCHILS.— A Small Collection of the beat varieties
fur SALE, on account of owner's ill health.
For particulars, &c., address H., Post Office, Retford, Notts.

To the Trade.

MARECHAL NIEL ROSI-;, from own roots, in pots,
by the 100 or 1000, at £5 per 100.
G. Baeer & Son, American Nursery, BagshoL

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford, Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Dutch Bulbs and other Flower Roots.

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Road Nurseries,
and Houn'istone, Yeovil, Somerset, begs to announce that he
has imported a largo assortment of tha above, in excellent condition,
and is now ready to supply orders at tne lowest prices. See
CATALOGUE, freo on application.

Strong GRAPE VINES, trom Eyes.— All the leading varieties, at
unequalled low prices.

New Green-flesh Melon, the Sultan.
QUTTON AND SONS beg to announce that they have
lO purchased the entire stock of the above spiendid M'^KLON, |
which took the First Prize at the Royal Horticultural Society's Show
at Bury, in July last. It will be sent out in the Spring, In packets
2k. Cd, each, post free.

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Vines.

BS.WILLIASrS has now on hand a very large and
• fine Stock of FRUITING and PLANTING CAi^ES of all the
best varieties. An inspection Is invited.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway, London, N.

Fines (Queens).

TO BE DISPOSED OF, 94 superior FRUITING and
SUCCESSION PLANTS, clean an^i healthy.
For further particulars apply to Mr. R. Stanley, 21, Holly Grove,
Balharo. Surrey, S^ ^

Strawberries.

CHARLES TURNER is now prepared to supply strong
Plants of the best modern kinds, as well as all tho leading
established varieties, true to name.

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may be had on application.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

THE THREE MOST USEFUL STRAWBERRIES
in cultivation either for forcing or the open ground.
PRESIDENT, strong layers, in CO-pots, 16a. per 100
SIR CHARLES NAPIER, strong layers, in 60-pots, 15s. per 100
KEEN'S SEEDLING, strong layers, in 60-pots, 16s. per 100
Runners of most other sorts, true to name, from 3^, Gd. per 100
F. R. KiNonoRN, Sheen Nursery, Richmond, S.W.

Standard Apples.

WOOD AND INGRAM offer to the Trade and others
20,000 splendid STANDARD APPLES, with 6 to 6 feet
stems and magnificent heads. Price on application.
The Nurseries, Huntingdon.

Orchard-house Trees Fi-uitlng In Pots.

REACHES, NECTAK1N1-:S, APKICOTS, CHERRIES,

PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINFR, n-' FIGS.
Richard Suith. Nurseryman and Seed ' ut, Worcester.

Highly Cultivated and Regularly Transplanted
Nursery Stock.

EIGHTY ACRES of the above, consisting cbieflv of
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNA-
MENTAL TREES, which for general excellence are unsurpassed.
Thomas Warnf.r, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

Dutch Bulbs for Exhibition.

J SCOTT has received his annual supply of DUTCH
• FLOWER ROOTS from Holland ; extra fine in quality and
true to name.

12 very choice exhibition HYACINTHS, lOa.

12 extra choice „ „ 12s.

Other very fine sorts, 6*. and 8s. per dozen.

A complete list of the above sent free on application to

J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset,

OOPER AND CO.'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE of

BULBS. 4c., Is about to be issued, and can be obtained by
application. Price Is,, postage free (presentea to Customers).

It 13 copiously illustrated, and describes a larger collection of rare
and choice Bulbous Plants than probably any other in the Kingdom.
It includes also Coloured Drawings of their celebrated Etruscan
Hyacinth Vases and Horticultural Elegancies.

Hooper & Co Cnent Garden Market, London, W.C.

WILLIAM BARRON and SON^S PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CONIFERS, HARDY
JAPANESE PLANTS, and EVERGREEN and DECIDUOUS
SHRUBS lor the AUTUMN of I8G7 is now ready, and may be had
post free on application. Their Stock this year is unusually line.

Elvaston Nurseries are only 3 niiiiUtes' w/ilk from the Borrowaah
Station on the Darby and Nottingham Kailwav.

Special Notice.— Dutch Bulbs.

MR. STEVENS' SALES of HYACINTHS, TULIPS,
CROCUSES, and other BULBS, just imported from Holland,
take place every WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and frequently
on MONDAY, at the Rooms, 38, King Street, Covont Garden,
London, W.C.

Important Notice.

THK SALE of COMFKR TREES, SHRUBS, FRUIT
TREES, &c., to bo held at tho KING'S ACRE NURSERIES.
Commencea on MONDAY, September 30, and will continue until
FRIDAY, October 11.

CATALOGUES will be forw.irded on application to
John Cranstom. King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

To Gardeners, Seedsmen, &g.

HENLEY, BROTHERS. Mi-rchants, Holbeach, have
BtiU on hand a quantity of SNOW^DROPS, which they beg to
offer. Samples and price on application.

Notice.— Fruits, Flowers, Bulbs.

Before PBacQAaive, please send fob

DILLISTONE AND CO.'S LITTLE LISTS,
post free to all applicants.
Address, Dillibtone & Co., Nuruerymen, &c., Stunner, near
Halstead. Essex.

New Fuchsias, Verbenas, Lobelias, Petunias,
Tropaeolums, &c.

HCANNELL has got a tine Stock of all the above,
. • and will offer them to the Trade at a reduced phicc.
CATALOGUES. &c., oa application.
Fnchttia Nursery, Woolwich, S.E.

w

1)INKS. — These should be planted at once, when fine
-i well-laced Blooms will be obtained. Strong Plants of the best
iiamed varieties at 9s. and 125. per dozen pairs.

Charles Turner, Royal Nurseries, Slough.

C iLAKICE'S KO«E PINK, LORD LYON.— The best
\~y Pink for Forcing In Cultivation, to which a Certificate was
awarded at the Great Show of the Royal Horticultural Society, on
June 4, 18C7. Strong Flanta, now in a flue state for potting, &s. per
pair. Orders, accompanied by Posi-offlce order or stamps, to
J. Claree, 42, College Street, Bury St. Edmund's.

Cephalotus follicularls.
E. DIXON has to offer tine Plants, os. to 7*. Gd.
» each. Price per dozen to the Trade on application.

Norwood Nursery, Beverley.

To the Trade.

AUCUBA JAPONICA, well-rooted Cuttines, by the
100 or 1000. Price (according to size) on application to
Thos. S. Warh, Hale Farm Nursery. Tottenham, Middlesex, N.

Richmond Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey.

TO NOIiLEMEN and GENTLEMEN making large
PLANTATIONS, or PLANTING ORCHARDS 01 WALLS
with FRUIT TREES, and requiring quantities of superior Coniferous
and oLhor Evergreens, Ornamental Flowering Trees, Shrubs, Ac, or
Dwarf-trained, Standard, or Spiral Fruit Trees. Speelal prices will
be given on application to

G. Je W. Steele, of the above Nurseries.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties. 36 pases.
Including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Camellias and Indian Azaleas, with Buds.

An extensive Stock of their very best varieties is ready for Sale at

LOUIS VAN HOUTTE' S Establishment, Ghent,
Belgium. The goods are delivered, carriage-paid, by Louis
Van Houtte ; but, per contra, 5s. are charged in account for every
case or basket sent.

t^^ The Camellias are from £6 10s. to £.8 per hundred ; the
Indian Azaleas from £5.

The Autumn Catalogue of

H LAUREN TIUS' Horticultural Establishment,
• Leipzig, coiitnning BULBS and TUBEROUS-ROOTED
PLANTS, VARIEGATED and COLOURKD-LEAVED PLANTS,
Prices for the Trade, &c. ; also a SELECT LIST of NOVELTIES
and RARE PLANTS; is now ready, and may be had gratis and
post free on application to
Messrs. Betham& Blackith, Cox's Quay, Lf)wer Thames St., London.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed WarehMUso, 237 & 23S. IliKh Holborn. London.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.
[AMES FAIKHEAD and SUN, Sekd Growers and

' MEaoiiANTS, 7, BorouRb Market, and Rraintree, Essex.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.

Seed Faruers, Mbhchants, and Nubserthek,
237 & 238. High Holborn, London. W.C

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE bes to announce to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1867 Growth, is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambs.

RAYNBIED, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
Corf, Seed, Mandre, and Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mart Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free oa application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1862, for *' Excellent Seed Corn and Seeds."

WANTKII, Five Tods JMYATT.S PKOLIFIC
KIDNEY POTATOS. true ; Two Tons FORTYFOLDS, true;
Two Tons OLD ASHLEAVES. true. State lowest oasli price.

B. A., Qardeners' Chronicle Office, W.C.

DICKINSON'S NEW ITALIAN KYE-GkASS SEED
is now ready to be delivered, and may be had by Acriculturiat
at Sis. per quarter, or 30s. per tjuarter for 5 quarters for prompt pay
ment. New Park, Lymington. Hants.

P' AMPAS grabs.— Many Thousands of fine Plants,
in pots. Price accordini: to number taken.

SoTTON & Sons, Reading N urseries. ^

New Grass Seeds for Exportation.

SUTTON AND SllNS, )i;iving received their supply of
NEW GRASS SEEDS of the present Season's Growth in fine
condition. Will be liappy to forward lowest price per ton or cwL on
application. All Seeds perfectly packed and delivered free to ship 3
■Icfe at any English Port. CATALOGUES gratis snd post free.
SoTioN 4 SoNi, Royal Berkshire Seed EstaWishmeut, Reading.

994

THE GARDENEES' CHIiONICJ,E AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Septembee as. w.

M

E. JOHN BIRCH, Architect

(Author of the Society of Arts' Prize Cottages),

1(5, Beaufort Buildings, Strand, W.C.

IP A. PUIG, OkNAMENTAL KoCK. "WORKEIi.
U ■ FERNERIES of all kinds, internal and external, artistically-
designed and executed.

21, Grove Terrace, Grove Road, St. John's Wood, N.W.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., begs to announce that He is
prepared to FurniaU PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Kesidences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or atlierwise.
Address Mr. John Giuson, lun,, Surrey Lane. Batteraea, S.W.

H

COPER'S ETRUSCAN HYACINTH VASES.

To be had of most Seedsmen in the Kingdom, Wholesale

and Retail of

Hooper & Co., Seed Merchants, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

H" YACINTHT^LASSES. in ^reat variety, from 45. per
dozen ; CROCUS GLASSES. HYACINTH ijISHES, &c., at
The Garden Repository, 33, James Street, Covant Garden, W.C.

N.B. Trade supplied. ^

Registered Hyacinth Glasses.

Sole Wuolesai-e Depot,

pLAUDET, HOUGHTON,

MD SOH,

TERN CASE MANUFACTURERS,

and HORTICULTURAL GLASS

DEPOT,

89, Higli Holborn, W.C.

Price Lists free on application.

WANTED, a SECOND-HAND TBANSPLANTING
MACHINE, for tlio Removal of Large Trees. Any one
having such for Disp isal, will oblige by sending price and particulars
to Charles Tukner, Royal Nurseries, Slougli.

FOR SALE, fit h-dU its cost, a TREE-MOVING
MACHINE, capable of lifting Trees 30 feet high, constructed
iinder the Superintendence of Mr. Barron, of Elvastone Castle. Is
aa good as nev7, and only parted with because the present osvner has
no use for it.

Apply to Mr, Henry Downing, Mickleham, Surrey.

M

cKENZIE'S SHEEP-FOLDING FENCE,

mrsus SHEEP NETS and HURDLES.
Vkle Report of The Times, August 31. 18G7.

"The low-priced Sheep Fence of this Firm is of great merit com-
pai'ed with Net ; being etroQger, more portable, not liable to injury
from Hares and Rabbits, and not capable oi' entangling headstrong
members of the flock."

Price per lineal yard, Oid. (lasts five years), delivered at any Port
in direct communication with Ireland.

Thomas McKenzie & Sons, 31, Dawson Street, Dublin ; and
Camden Quay, Cork. (Orders executed frorji tlie Factory at Cork.)

ET. AROHEK'S "FKIGI D 0 M 0."—
• Patronised by her Maieaty the Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of Devonsniro for
Chlswick Gardens, Professor Lindloy for the Horticultural Society.
and Sir Joseph Paxton for the Crytital Palaco, Royal Zoological
Society, &,c.

PROTECTION from the SCORCHING HAYS of the SUN.

" FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepaied

Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor of heat or cold, keeping a

fixed temperature where it is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-

cultm'al and Fioricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and

I'lowers from the Scorching R;iys of the Sun, from Wind, from

Attaclts of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To be had in jiuv

required lengths.

" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING, 2 yards wide, U. 6ci. per yard run.

"FUIQI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide ,. Is. ttrf. per yard run.

Four yards wide , . . . . . ,. 3s. Gd. per yard,
Au improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. Qd. per yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . , 2s. Sd. per yiird rup.
Elisoa TaOMAs Akobeh, Whole and Sole M^inutacturer, r. Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C., and of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It is much cheaper than Mats as a covpring."

Extra Fine New TuUps-

GEORGE LIGHTBODY, Falkirk, will LET OUT
several of the Splendid Seedlings raised by Richard Headly,
Esq., of Stapleford, near Gnmbridge, atvery modei-ate prices. These

flowers have been successfully exhibited atthe Principal Shows in the
Kingdom, and are warranted the finest Tulips now extant. A
description of them, by Shirley Hibberd, Esq., F.H.S.,was published
in the " Gardeners' Magazine " for 22d June. A list of names and
prices supplied on application

Lilium lancifolium— Enormous Bulbs.
TEAN VERS OH A F FELT'S NURSERY,

fj 134, Faubourg de Bruxelles, Ghent, Belgium.

LANCIFOLIUM RUBRUM, per lOO, £3. \ iiOOO on
ALBUM, per 100, £3. J hand.
LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM PUNCTATUM, 1000 extra-sized bulbs,
in splendid condition, are ofl"ered at, per dozen, £2 ; 50 ditto, £7 ;
100 ditto, £12.

A reduction made when 500 are taken at once.

Azalea, Her Majesty.

WILLIAM BARNES has mucli pleasure in
announcing that he will be prepared to send out the above
splendid AZALEA on and after Wednesday, October 23, at the
following price — 21s. each. A very few extra strong plants at 42s.
each, with the usual allowance to the Trade ; where three plants are
ordered at one time four will be given.

It was exhibited before the Floral Committee of the Royal Horti-
cultural Societj; on June 14, 1S66, where it was awarded a First-class
Certificate for its gresit beauty in its markings, shape, and colour,
when the following remarks wore made upon it, which appeared in
the Qariieners' Chronicle, June IG, 1866 :— " A beautiful Azalea, rosy
lilac, edged with white, and blotched, and spotted in the upper petals
with crimson, called Her Majesty, from Mr. Baknes, of Camberwell."

On June 23, 1866, the following remarks appeared in the same
Paper: — "We have from time to time referred to the sportive
character of the Indian Aaalea, and called attention to the fact that
some of our best varieties have had their origin in a freak of Nature.
A fresh mstance of their sportiveness was shown the other day at
South Kensington. Mr. William Barnes there exhibited a variety
of Azalta which he purposes to designate Her Majesty. It is, we
believe, a'sport from Madame Miellez, or some of the forms closely
allied to that fine old sort; and in qiuility, therefore, as well as in
name, takes the very highest lank. The flowers are of thp full
average size, and of excellent form and substance, and the colour ia
a soft hlac-tinted blush, white at the margin, densely spotted with
cri[Hsou in the upper part, and marked with variable .stripes, or
sometimes broadish bars of deep rosy purple. Its high quality as
regards the flower itself, and this novelty of marking, will make it
an acquisition in any collection of these showy plants."

A faithful Figure of this fine Azalea ia given in the January number
of the " Florist and Pomolo^ist."

A remittance must accompany all orders from unknown corre.
spondents. Camden Nursery, Camberwell, London, S^

WHITE SAND, good quality, to be SULU, Cheap.
Apply by letter or otherwise to Mr. Hughes,
Amhurst Road (corner of Down's Park Road), Hackney, N.E.

REIGATE SILVER SAND, beat qnaUty, 125. per ton,
at Swan Place ; delivered four miles, or to any London Wharf or
Railway. 16s. per ton, or Is. dd. per bushel. (Sacks at cost price, or
on Hire.) KENTISH and HAMPSHIRE PEATS, YELLOW LOAM,
LEAF MOULD. SPHAGNUM MOSS, Sc COCOA FIBRE REFUSE.
J. KBNNARn, Swan Place. Old Kent Road, London. S.E.

T^

E LONUOW MANUitli CUMi-ANY

(ESTABLISQED 1840),

Have now readv I'or delivery m di'y fine condition,
CORN MAN ORE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Landa
SUPEUPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED QITANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANCUES.
Also Gemune PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ox Docli Warehouse; SULPHATE of AJaMONlA, FISHERY
SALT, 4c. E. PoRssK, Secrethry.

Offices, 116, Fenchurch Street. E.G.

DILLISTONE AND WOOD-
TIIORPE beg to offer the follow-
ing beautiful New Plants :—
NIEREMEERGIA RIVULARIS

(see QariieTui's' Ckronicle for s. d.
last week, pago 977), each . . a 6
PANICUM VARIEGATUM,

finest of all the variegated

Grasses 3 6

COLEUS VEITOHII, very

beautiful 2 6

COLEUS LAMONTI, ditto ..16
HIBISCUS METALLICUS, ditto 3 6
RETIN1.SP0KA PLUMOSA ..6 0
SALVIA GRAHAMl PURPU-

RATA 10

SEDUM AZOIDEUM VARIE-
GATUM 2 6

12 of the finest NEW GERA-
NIUMS (Zonals) let out this

season for 12 0

12 finest NEW VERBENAS ditto 6 0
12 finest NEW CHRYSANTHE-
MUMS ditto * '

12 finest NEW PETUNIAS, Double and Single . . . . ..00

VIOLETS, strong, in pots, for winter flowering.
QUEEN of VIOLETS, the most magnificent double variety

grown, per dozen ,90

KING of VIOLETS, extra fine double blue 0 0

NEAPOLITAN, fine Double LUac 0 0

Double Red, very fine 12 0

Otpage CATALOGUE of NEW and CHOICE PLANTS, ROSES
on own roots, STRAWBERRIES, BULBS, &o., free on application.
Post-offlce Orders on Castle Hedingham.
Munro Nursery, Slble Hedingham, Essex.

WHEAT MANTJRE for AUTUMN

—A supply of the above Manure is now ready for
at J. B. L^wts' Factories, Deptford and Barking Creeks.

COUNCIU
The Right Hon. \V. Cowper, M.P
Thomas Hugho.s, Esq,, M.P.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.
James Beal, Esq.
Edward Vansittart Neale, Esq.
F. Pennington, Esq. (Treasurer).
E. Owen Greenmg, Esq.
(Managing Director).

20, Parliament Street, London.
4, WaiTen Street, Manchester.

SUPPLIES its Members
with IMPLEMENTS and

MACHINES by the beat Makers,
and with Unadulterated SEEDS,
MANURES, and Manufacturott
CATTLE FOOD, at Wholesale Cost Price, upon the Co-opeiativa
system. Explanatory Circulars post free, or on personal application
at tne Offices of the Association.

LAWES
SOWING,
delivery.

Price £9 per ton. Two to three cwt. per acre to be harrowed into

the land before the seed is sown. It can be obtained of Mr. Lawes,

or through any of his appointed Agents ; also

LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE .. £6 6 0 per ton.

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME .. ..£55 0 per ton.

Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO direct from the Importers, and

all Cliemical Manures of value.
AMERICAN aud other CAKES at market prices.
Address John Bennkt liiWEs, OCQces, 1, Adelaide Place, London
Bridge, E.G. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; & Market Square, Shrewsbury.

G

AEDEN BOEDER EDeiNCi TILES, in gre.it

variety of patterns and materials, the plainer sorts being
especially suited for KITCHKN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, con-
sequently bemg much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., in Arti-
ficial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & Q. RosuER, Manufacturera, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Koad, Kingaland, N.E.

Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied,

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Consei-vatories,
Halls, Corridors, Balconies, &c., as cheap and duiable as
Stone, in blue, red, and bufl' colours, aud capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TEbSELATED PAVEMENTS of more em-iched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walla of Dailies, Larders,

Kitchen Rangts, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Cliokera, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. & Q. RoaatR, at their premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, beat quality), at the above
addresses— 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 2a. per Ton extra
tor delivery within three nnles, and to any London Railway or Wharf,
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. i G. RosHEit. — Addresses see above.

N.B. Oidtrs piomptly executed by Rjiilway.

pOCOA-NUT KEF0SE

^-^ is becoming soabos, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
Ids., 20 for 303., eo for 663., 100
for £6.

Fourpenee allowed lor each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A F^Uwa; Tpick-load [not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Fost-offlca
Order, payable to J. BABSuAa &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

G\

HURST

COMPOUND.
Used by many of the leading
Gardeners since 1859, aj'ainst
Red Spider, Mildew, Tmips,
Green Fly, and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to 10 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
superaede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. Cd.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(LlMlTEP),

W ' S T i V i* A JS i.

For samples and prices apply to
J. Sbaw & Co., 29. Oxford Street, Manchester.

TTIOWLEE'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
Jj CULTIVATOR may be SEEN ac WORK in every Agricultural

County m England. ^ ^ ^, ^ i.-,, t

For particulars apply to Joan Fowler & Co., 71, Coi-nhill, London,
E.G. : aud Steam Plough Works. Leeds.

Caution to Gardeners.— Wnen you asii for

SAYNOR AND. COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Savnob, also the corporate mark Obtaim
Warranted, without which none are genuine.

S. & C. reeret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, In consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & O.'a Pruning and Budding Knivea are the dosl and the
cheapest in the market.

Paxtou Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 125 years.

G:

RASS SEEDS for

PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prioca,
carefully selected on a new, natural, aud
scientific system.

See "WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contain.^ Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Paatava.

J. C. Wheeleb & Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire

Agricultural Society.

M^

New Seeds for the Colonies.

Sekds Direct from the Growkbs aub the
Most Suitaule for Expoutation, and
tue ijest means of preventing dls-
afpoiwtuent,

ESSRS, SUTTON solicit the

favour of Orders from those about to
send ortake out SEEDS to the COLONIES,
and submit the following from among many
Testimonials recently received, as to the
GREATLY SUPERIOR quality of their Seeds to
those usually exported from this country.aa
well as to the very efficient manner in which
their export packing is carried out ; —
July 9, from A. N. Ella, Esq., Queenstovy}i,
Cape of Hood JSope,
" I may mention that the case refeiTed to
was in splendid order, looking aa fresh after
three months' aea and six weeks' land carriage as if only yesterday
packed."

From Hocn Rousay, Esq,, Shanghae, China, May 5, 1866.

" The box of seeds and roots has arrived, and nothing has given

me greater pleasure for along time than the excellence of these seeds."

From Mr. Z. W. Wells, New Plymoutfv, New Zealand, May 1, 18C6.

"The Grass and othar seeds sent by the Shelburne to me, have

come safe to hand. I have tried samples of the Grass seeds, and am

happy to informyou that they have come up quite to my satisfaction."

From Mr. Jab Dalk, Orange, New South Wales, September 20. 18CG.

"I have the pleasure to inform you that your seeds have gi?ea

great satisfaction, and I now send you a larger order."

All Seeds properly packed and delivered free to ship's side. Special
Quotations given for large quantities. A liberal allowance made to
Shippers. Sutton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Important to Gentlemen engaged in Planting,
Landscape Gardeners.

Sale iiy Auction of HionLY Valuajilb Ndrsehy Stook.

JOHN CRANSTON begs to say that from the greatly
increased demand for ROSES during the last two or three
years he finds it absolutely necessary to very considerably extend
their Cultivation, both out-of-doors and under glass. To enable
him to accomplish this in a manner fully and satisfactorily to meet
the demand, he feels compelled to clear a very large portion of hia
Nurseries, now stocked with valuable collections of Fruit Trees,
Conifers, Evergreens, Deciduous Ornamental Shrubs, Forpst Trees,
&c ■ likewise a fine Collection of Camellias, Azaleas, Geraniums,
and Miscellaneous Greenhouse Plants, now occupymg several
large houses.

He will, therefore, in future be able to devote at least the one-half
of his Nurseries, which extend over 60 Acres, solely to the cultiva-
tion of Roses, aa well as five or sis large Houses for the propagation
of Tea-scented and other tender sorts in pots.

The fact of his having on every occasion during the season takou
the First Prize for the large Collection of Roses at the Metropolitan
and other Rose Shows, coupled with the regular increase ot orders
which has been going on for years, convinces him of the. necessity of
losing no time in taking the course he herein proposes. ^^^^.^.^
Mr. Sunderland has received instructions to SELL by AUUllUiN,
on the premises, at the Ring's Acre Nui-series, on September 30,
18C7, and following days, a kirgo portion of the GENJiRAL
NURSERY STOCK, comprising— ^^ ^ .

26,000 Dwarf-trained, Pyramid, and Standard Peaches, Nectarines,

Apricots. Pears, Plums, Cherries, and Apples, all well grown and

finely trained— the greater portion are large-sized bearmg trees.
1,000 Peaches, Nectarines, Pears, Plums, Chernes, and Figs in pots.

300 Grape Vines.
15,000 Common Laurel, 2 to 3 feet.
30,000 Coniferai, including beautifully grown plants of Cedfua

Deodara, Cedrus atlantica, Cupressus Lawsoniana, Thujopsis

borealis, English Yew, Pmua austriaca, Pinus insignis, Araucaria

imbricata, &p., varying in height trom i^ 3, i, and ti to 8 feet, and

raanv of them fine specimen trees.
2,000 Wellingtonea gigantea, from 2 tq 3 f<^ftt, beautifully grown

plants, all regularly transplanted.
3,000 Rhododendrons, 2i feet.

Several thousand Berberis Dai'winii, variegated Holly, Arbutus, «c.
A quantity of the New Japan Aucubas, &c j oi. »,

A large quantity of Deciduous Ornamental Trees and ^uruDs,

including lOOO Standard Double Pink, Scarlet and other ihorns.

Weeping Ash, Beech, Oak, Elms, ic.

2000 DeutziaRmcili.s suitable for forcing. , .

Clmibing and Wad Plants, all the leading kinds of Clematis, t.oni-

cera, Ceanothus, &o. . , ,, -v. nhnotnnfr

300,000 Transplanted Forest Trees including Adi, Spanish Oheatmi^

Larch, Scotch, EngUsh Oak, Spruce Fir, Thorns, itc, var)ing m

laOO^SiVnTzllelsV'ToO CameUias, miscellaneous Greenhouse

Thi^'whole of the above Stock is in the finest oonditlou pos^ble
havlnc been thoroughly wall grown, and regularly and carefuUy
tnmsplanted, neither were any of the Trees mjured m the least

'^^°rf h\\'pSicS Ire%n in circulars now pubUshed, and will
'' cS;SS.°w£Pcf art'now in course of preparation, will be
distributed early in September. *„„ , ifts?

Nxirseries King's Acre, near Hereford,— Aug. 1, lefa?.

Sei'TEMBEB 28, 1807.]

THE GARDKNKliS' (JllRONlCLE AND AGKiCULTURAE GAZETTl

9!)5

E

?DWARD TAYTOR. Nuuskuyman, Seedsman, and

Flokibt. Miilton, Vurkahlro, ollcia lie untlor;.
OI-AD(OLUS URENCHLKVKN.SIS. Os. per luO ; 75«. per lOOO
WINTKil ACONITKS, -^h. por liHt; 17.1. 0'/. pur 1""0

DOUBIJ': i;i;i;man wallf lower I'LANTsj, all trausplautcU,

■In. pec 1(1(1 . :^.'l^■. por I'lm)
Flno SlNlJl.K KN(;LISII WALLFLdWEH. ■la. por 100 ; 3Cs. p. luOO
TKIToMA UV AlU a. :u. per dozi-n ; 'Ms. pur lOU
OOOKEBKRHY and CURUANT TItKEH, i;, 3, and 4-yr. old, 8a. por
UpO ; ?;■..■*. por 1(JU0
CATALOGUES of BDLBS and SPRING FLOWERING I'LANT.S,
GLADIOLUS, &tj., froo pur post uu iipplioiitlon.

Koses, Koses, Roses.

PLANTS nf all thn FINEST YARIRTIES in
CULTIVATION wtll this Autiniin bo In magumcout order
In tho CA!>TLh: Stkklt NuKsKRiiia, Salisduky.

Tho frost of M.iy 24 destroyed all tlio blooming buds; t,ho cnn-
soquonces are that tbe PlantH havo produced the moat vigorous
growth.

Amateur Uosa Growers may insure the fine-it Plants that can
possibly bo produced, true to name. CATALOGUES on application.

VINES, fioiu Eyes, tho finest in EnRland, 10s. M. each, in October
next. JuiiN Kkvnks, Castlo Street, Salisbury.

OHN C R A N S TON'S CATALOGUE
of SF.LECTED ROSES is now ready and will be forwarded
on application.

J. C. rospoctfully directs attention to the following LIST of
FIRST PiUiiES which have been awnrded to him at the prinoipiil
R080 Shows of the present year, proving hevond a doubt tUiit llio
soil and climate of his Nuiserioa ai'u unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Roaes.

Roval ■Rotanio Society, Regent's Park, London.
JunelO.— 21 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester.
JuDo 19.— 30 Varieties, Cut Rosus. tliroe trusses eacb, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
June 26.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cryst.tl Palace.
Juno 29.— 7'J Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal ITorticultural Society, South Kensington.
July 2.-72 Variotios, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.

July 4, 5.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

iM Varieties, Cut Hoses, three trus3e.s each, FIRST rillZH

Iloroford.

July it.— 72V!ineties, Cut Rosea, one truss o.ich, FIRST PRIZE

•j4 Varieties, Cut Roses, throe trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Kugby.

July 12,— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

The New Sensation in Bedding Out.

TACKilAN'S HARDY IIVIiUID CLEMATISES,

f I awarded Eleven First-class Certificates, and One Special.

Tho following HARDY PLANTS would bo found very distinct
and effective for edging, either in point of shape or foliage, where an
entire hardy and permanent bod ia desired, and suitable for winter
gardening:—

BUXUS ARGENTEA NOVA.— A dwarf compact silver variegated
Box.

„ .Species, from China, a dwarf green variety.
CUPRESSUS THYOIDES VARIEGATA.— Small brancbleta of

colflon vellow, reeularlv intermixed with tbe green.
EUONYMUS RADICANS, fol. var.— Neat habited shrub, well

adapted for edglnc. bright silver margined loaves,
HEDERA MACULATA VARIEGATA.— Silver marbled, broad

lo!ivefi ; besides several other variegnted Ivies.
LONICERA AUREA RETICULATA.— Leaves golden yellow,

effective.
RETINISPORA ERICOIDES.— Green pyramidal bush, changing

in the winter tf> a purplish hue.
TAXUS ELEGANTISSDIA.— Silver striped, changing to straw

colour.
THUJA AUREA.— A dwarf conical KTcen Arbor-vitie; brancbleta

during winter and spring of the finest golden colour.
VINCA ELEGANTISSIMA.— The beautiful golden-yellow mar-
gined Periwinkle,
VIRGINIAN CREEPER.— Loaves in theautumn dying oJTscarlot.
WEIGELIA NANA VARIEGATA— Yellow vnrie gated leaves.

The above can be supplied in large quantities at very moderate
prices by

Geoboe Jackmax & Son, Woking Nursery, Surrey.

New Beautiful and Hardy Pseonies.

P/EONIA JIOUTAN GLnRIA ISKLUARUM (Ca. Goethals).
SOUVENIR IJE GAND

JOSEPH BAUMANN, Nvrsery.man, Ghent, Bd>,^ium,
has great pleasure in olfering for the first time to the Nobility,
Gentry, and the Trade, tbe two finest MOUTAN P.-EONIES known
in the world, of which be is the only possessor. They are figured in
many horticultural and botanical journals. (For the description see
J. B.'s NEW CATALOGUE.) One good strong plant, in Basket or
in Pot, £20 ; also plants at £16, £12, £S, £a, and £3, according to size.
For tho next sprintr, ono good plant grafted in lSfi7. in Pot, £3 8s,
20 per cent, discount to the Trade for the two new Paaonies only.
In 1851 Mr. Cla. Goethals sent a few flowers of these Paaontes to Vr.
Lindley, who gave them a special notice in tbe Qardeners' Chronicle,
and proclaimed them the most beautiful and largest Pjeonies he
knew. The Uowera are from 3 to 4 feet in circumference, and are
very odoriferous.

Four Gold Medals at Ghent and Paris.
100 Hardy GHENT A2ALEAS, with flower buds, best named sorts,

£.'. to £G-
100 Hardv GHENT AZALEAS, best seedlings, with flower buds,

£4 to £5.
100 CAM ELLIAS, without flower buds, best sorts, £5 to £C.
100 MAGNOLIAS. LINNG, £15 to £'2.x
100 LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM ALBUM. £1 15s.
100 ., „ RUBRUM, £115s.

s

T R

W IJ E R R I

IS

OR. HOGG.— V017 birgo, extra flno Pino flavour, and a good boarer

One iif thu fluust in uultlvatlou.
THE LAOY.— All tho fruit of a good equal size without thinning ;

hiinioiiHO cropper for forcing, iw we proved lant prlng ; flavour

highlv perfumed.
BRITISH QI;|(;EN, PRINf^F, ARTHUR, KEEN'S SEEDLING.
CRIMSON QUEEN, SIR CHAKLKS NAPIER.

Prices— EstabaHhod in larro it: p^ty u^r Inicmg. from 7C>n. to Um.
per loo. Strong layers in im imtn, \n>in ■^f>a. tn .'iila. per Hill. Stront;
runners from [>8. to 21s. pur jou. A largo coUwctlou of other variotloa,
strong, well-rooted runners, 6a, por lOU.

JouN Hi CnARLEs Lkk. Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed BBtabllali-
mont, Hammersmith, London, W. _^^^^.

Strawberry Plants.

I j"^ ELTON AND IKHJ DA V, llinningham Nuraury,
- Harborue Ro^d, BlriMlugli.'iui, lirivy a largo stock of the follow-
ing flrst-class varieties to DIsposo of, extra atrijng Plautb, seleotod
with great care and warranted true to name, flt for bedding or pot
culture. Prices on application.

THE LADY

PROGRKSS

KKKNS i'EKKECTION

IJR HOGG

PRINCE ALFRED

PRESIDENT
VICTORY OF BATH
PRINCE OF WALKS
EMPRESS EaOKNIE
LUCIDA PERFECTA

Fruit Trees.— The finest Collection in England.

T SCOTT, Mnrriott Nui-adrics, Somerset, bi!<js to
• solicit his Friends and tlio Public to inspect his inimcnso
Htnok. cnnsisting of 70U sortn of APPLES, 60 do. APRICOTS. VH) do.
CHERRIES, 15iiHo. PEACHES and NECTARINES.'J(iOdo. PEARS
and 160 f I o. PLUMS, in all manner of tr'iiniiig, well root-pruned
and oTrefuUv transplanted; CURRANTS, FILBERTS, QOUfiE-
BERRIES, &c. : making together about 15uO suits of FRUIT
TREES, which for health and beauty cannot bo surpassed.

CATALOGUES on appltcattun.

UTRONG STANDARD and DWARF-TRAINHD

O APPLES and PEARS.

Fine transplanted LARCH FIR. 1^ to G feet

Bushv LAURUSTINUS. LAURELS, and BOX TREES

CHINESE ARBORVIT.E, 5 to li feet, flno Pyramids

A choice collection of COXlFER.lii

A largo assorimeiit of STANDARD and DWARF PERPETUAL.

and strong DWARF CHINA or MONTHLY ROSES, and a

general NURSERY STOCK.
All tho above are well rooted, and vnW remove with .safety. Prices
on application to

CiiAiiLRs BoEGEss, The Nurseries, London Road, Cheltenham,

Fruit Trees and Free Stocks. Roses, and other

Nursery Stock.
/ GEORGE GRAY and SON lM>f>s lonve to offyrtothe
VT Trade, MUSSEL and other PLUM STOCKS; also CRABS,
APPLES, and PEARS, all very clean and strong, two anrt throe vears
transplanted. A few thousands of MANETTi ROSE STOCKS,
DWARF HYBRID PERPETUAL and TEA ROSES, very strong, of
all the leading and apnrovod kinds, now and old ; also strong MOSS,
CABBAGE, PROVENCE. CHINA, .and other ROSES, on own roots,
twice transplanted. Thev also otTer several thousands of Dwarf
Trained and Maiden FRUIT TRKE3; also one year cut-backs of
APPLES, APRICOTS. PEACHES. NECTARINES, PEARS.
PLUMS, and CHERRIES (the trained trees are very strong and
handsomej, and of all tbe most approved sorts, new and old;
RHODODENDRONS, two years' graftHot the leading kinds; EVER-
GREENS, and other kinds of Nursery Stock. Prices of all, which are
very moderate, may be had on application.

Nurseries, Bros, Chertsey, Surrey.

Ixoras

J AND R. THTNE, Wootlsiae Nursery, Glassow, be^
• to state that they are prepared to ofiFer a very superior Stock
of tho abo9e at the following prices : —

In S-inch pots, IG in(;lies high, and bushy, 7s. Cd, each.
In 7-inct pots, 10 inches higli, 42d. per dozen.
In G-incb pots, 8 inches high, Si)s. per dozen.
The above are nearly all well set with bloom-buds.
In 4-incb pots, 7 inches btKh, iSn. per dozen.

Richmond Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey.

GAND W. STEELl;; be^^ to null the attention of the
• Trade in general to their vuluable and very extensive Stock
of CONIFEROUS and other EVERGREENS, particularly Striped
and Green Hollies, in which they abound; and also to their
DWARF-TRAINED, STANDARD, ana SPIRAL FRUIT TREES,
wliich are of tirst-rato quality, consisting of Apricots, Peaches,
Nectarines, Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, &c,, which are second
to none in the Trade, An inspection by Travellers this Autumn is
respectfully solicited.

New Weeping Elms.

Woodlands Nobsert, MARtsFiKLu, near Ucepield, Sussex.

WM. WOOD AND SON have mueh pleasure in
recommending tho undernamed magnificent WEEPING
ELMS, being varieties of Dlmus suberosa, which have been raised
from Seed in their Nurseries, and have elicited tho admiration of
several of the leading Nurserymen and Amateurs,

The Gracefully weeping branches of these two new Elms are thickly
covered with a corR-like excrescence, presenting a very interesting
and novel appearance, entirely distinct from all other varieties in
cultivation.

ULMUS SUBEROSA PENDULA 63

MICROPHTLLA .. 6s.
Usual discount allowed to the Trade.

Gladioli.

CHARLES YERDTER, fils (Ex-partner in and Successor
to the late Arm of Victor Vehdieu, p^re, and Charles Verdi er,
fils), 12, Rue Dum6ril, Paris, has just published his CATALOGUE of
GLADIOLI, containing all tho novelties of the season (M. Souchet's
Seedlings), and can he had, free, cither from him or of his Agents,
Measr.'i. SiLriEBKAD & Son, 5, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street,
London, E.C,

FRESH IMPORTED DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS.

SUTTON'S

AUTUMN CATALOGUE FOR 1867

IS NOW READY,
and may be had Gratis and Post Free on application.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS OF FLOWER ROOTS

FOR BLOOMING DUKING WINTER AND SPRING.

For Pots and Glasses.

COJIPLETE COLLECTION (Cai-riage Free).. £2 2 0

DITTO (Carriage Free).. 1 1 0

DITTO 0 10 6

For Open GnotJND.
COMPLETE COLLECTION (Carriage Free). . £2 2
DITTO (Carriage Free).. 1 1

DITTO 0 10 0

LIST of CONTENTS of the above on application.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKS SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

J.

New Zealand Nursery. St. Alban's, HertB.
WATSON'S beautiiul liEDlJING PELAlt(iONIUU

• KXCKLSIUH. now ruJiUy colour ol' liidlnii Vijllow ; (Ino
triuii4, aii'l Uiibit of Lord ralinurutoli. I'rlco &h. «ucIi ; aUH. jior doK.
to lUu Triiiio.

MISS WATSON, roadyAUBiiBt 25-, MKS. niX, May 1 Tho Two
liuvo rooeivod lU Flrst-cliiMH CcrtHlcatos and Kxtra Trlzo Mouoy.

Flno Now TAHI.K APl'LK, hi'. ALllAN'S I'll'PlN, Ulpo la
April. Plants roiulyinNovwriibor. fin.oacli; :jo«,i»Brdo« tothoTnuie,
DESCKIPTIVK LlM;r hont on application.

'Y' A K I E G A TED P E L A U 0 0 nTuIi S .

SOPHIA DIIMAUESIJUE

Mils. IIKNVON

UOI.OFINCU

LUNA

HKAlITYofOtlLTUN

NEATNESS

ITALIA DNPPA

COUNTESS

ELEUANS

THE FAIRY

PRINCKSS ALEXANDRA

iilCOLOR SPLENBKNS

Tho above forwarded on rccoipt of Post Offlco ordor for 'JU,
ALFnED FnYKii, Nur«orl08. Chattorls, CambmdgoHhlro.

s

;urEKB VAUIEGATED PELAKGONIUMS.

irillA DUMAUESQUE
HEAUTY of OULTON
ITALIA UNITA
MKS. LONGFIELD
LIFNA

JiEAUTr of aUESTWICJC
The above, 21h.

EDWINIA PIT/CATIUCK
GENKRAL LONG.STltEET
THE COUiN'TKSS
niCoLoi: .Sl'LbiNDENS
OLOWWOltM
lii;EEN"S FAVOUUITE
Remittance requested.

Casdon & Sos, Gravel VVnlk Nursery, rotcroorougli.

Choice Trlcolored Geraniums.

JELCOilBE AND SUN hvx to ofiV-r the folluwing, iii
• well rooted Plants : —
Each—;*, <i.
LADY CULLOM .. .. 7 li
LUCY GRIEVE ., . . 10 G
EDWINIA FITZPATRICK 6 0
SOPHIA DUMARESQDE 10 6
BEAUTY of GUESTWICK li 6
NEATNESS 1 (i

Each— f. d.

COUNTESH 10

ITALIA UNU'A .. ..10
MRS. BENYON .. ..10
SUNSET, 5n. perdoz.,36rf. perlOO
MRS. POLLOO'K, Ss. per Uozon,
3Cfl. per 100
Nursery and Seed Establinhmont, Romsey, Hants.

DOBSON'S NEVV UJCCORATIVb; PELARGONIUM
MAGNET —This splendid variety will be sent out in October,
1807.. It received a. EirHt-cla.s.s Certificate at tlio Koyul Botanic
Society's Exhibition on Wednesday, May 27, 16(5", and it haa been
tlie admiration of all who have seen it m bloom the last two seaaoua.
Wo can therefore very strongly recommend it as a moat attr-ictivo
variety, worthy of general cultivation whether as exhibition plants,
or for decorating, or for market purposes. It is also a good forcing
variety for any of the purpo.ses above named. It is unequalled,
having a fine habit, profuse bloomer, and most striking colour. A
Biugle stem has produced from 18 to 20 largo trusses of bloom. The
followiDg remarks appeared in the Qardeners' Chronicle of June 1,
1SG7, page 677 : — "If it had been in the province of tho judges tu
(;rant a Certificate to what has an excellent character both for
decorative and market purposes, it should havo been given to
DOBSON'S PELARGONIUM MAGNET, A large quantity of small
plants literally covered with bloom were grouped together, and a.
most striking effect they hud. The colour is very bright purplish
crimson, the habit gooiJ, and it has the" appearance of forcing well."
Strong olants, Us. each.
DonsoN & Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W.

Carter's Dutcli Bulbs.

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioners of Public
Works and other Government
Departments, the Royal Gardens,
Kew, Sic, &c., 4c.

Seedsmen to H.l.M. the Em-
peror of tho French, the Crystal
Palace Compaov, the Agri-Hor-
ticultural Society of India, &c.,
Slc, Slc.

CARTER'S GUINEA BOX of DUTCH FLOWER
ROOTS for FORCING, contains 12 choicest named Hyacinths
in 12 varieties; 0 varieties Polyanthus Narcissus, 12 Single Jonquils
12 Double Jonquils, 50 Queen Victona Crocus, 50 David Rizzio
Crocus, 60 Louis d'Or Croons, 25 Early Due Van Thol Tulips, 6 La
Candeur Double Tulips, 6 Rex Rubrorum Double Tulips, 12 Tour-
nessol Double Tulips, 1 Cyclamen persioum, box and packing included

The above forwarded without delay on receipt of I'ost Office
order for Vis. PRICE LISTS gratis and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn
London, W.C. '

Dutch Flower Roots.

MESSRS. FRANCIS and ARTHUR DICKSON and
SONS have received from the most celebrated Growers in
Holland their first large importation of the above, and have tho
satislaction to say that the BULBS are this season sound well
ripened, and of excellent quality. Early orders respectfully solicited

Descriptive priced catalogues post jvee upon appS:

cation. *^*

lOG, Eaatgate Street j and the " Upton " Nurseries, Chester.

STfie aiarlyeneriS'efirontcl^.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 28, 1867.

StEETING FOE THE ENSUING WEEK.
^ ^ « Royal Horticultural (Emit and Floral
TDE8DAT, Oct. i< Committees), at South Kensington

( Ditto (General Meeting)

Pabis, the city of stone, is fast becoming a
city of trees, but whOe her modern architecture
is full of so much promise, her modern gardening
is retrograding or settling into a lifeless formula,
from which it should be rescued by those whose
interest it is to bring it to a successful issue. The
traditions of French gardening may briefly be
described as twofold : — 1st. The style founded by
Le Notee, supposed by his contemporaries to be a
revival of the manner of the ancients. Le Notke,
in spite of some gigantic faUui'es at Versailles
and elsewhere — and it is difficult to separate his
work from that of those who came after him — has
not yet been equalled by any of his coimtrymen.
His chief defects lay tu detail, in the relation of
subordinate parts to the whole, and in some

998

THE (lAKDENEES' CHTiONICLE AND AGIIICULTIJRAL GAZETTE.

[Septbmbee 28, 1867.

greater matters, but his conceptions were
magnificent, and he must be allowed the merit
of having pointed out a path which may
yet lead to results as lasting as any
monument in architecture. This school
gradually decayed, till in its last and feeblest
efforts straight and radiating alleys, originated
with a very different purpose, were margined by
a parallel flower border, the contents of which
varied with the taste of the gardener. The
other style, presumedly borrowed from Le Jardin
Anglais, may be seen in some perfection at the
Trianons at Versailles, where although rather
dependent upon those tours de force which are
more frequently suggested by stage effect than
by nature, it is not unworthy of being classed
among works of art. The stagnant pools
imitating the line of the brook, but without the
rush of water that hews out its course, the arti-
ficial cascades without any visible supply, the
pavilions and faii'y buildings originally designed
with much taste, have been preserved as charac-
teristics of this style, but the principles which,
judging from the result, one may presume
dictated their application, have been forgotten.

The gardening of the Paris Exhibition is
among the examples of the latter class, and is a
magnified version oi what has been already
done in the Champs Elysees. The task allotted
to the gardener, in this instance, was to lay out
the spaces between the buildings or exterior
exhibitions of the different nations, thus requiring
many and broad walks suited to exceptional
crowds of people. A universal scheme, such as
a garden laid out by each nation in illustration
of its own particular style, would have been a very
interesting addition to the Exhibition, but any
intelligent pupil might be instructed in a very
short time in the principles on which it has
been done. The existence of design is in itself, to
a certain degree, a proof of art, though the rules
of design seldom admit of being strictly defined,
but in this case they are easily arrived at, though
in most cases even of geometrical gardening
they are not ; but this seeming inconsistency
becomes more clear when it is recollected
that the latter is generally dependent upon
the wants of the architect, whereas the
former is independent and subservient only to
its own purposes. Having no pretension to
regularity, it admits of even greater freedom and
variety of treatment, and is governed only by
pictorial effect. Unless designed pictorially, it
stands to reason there must be some system,
some code or manner, on which the designer
proceeds with the embellishment of his ground.
It is the extreme mannerism that has crept into
French gardening that we think likely to prove
fatal to its healthy development. As a manner
it is deficient in breadth, and is entirely destitute
of that quality known to painters as composition,
which need not exist in pictorial treatment,
though it is quite certain, from the trouble its
acquirement has always given, even to painters
of the greatest capacity, that it cannot exist
without it. The means also are nearly always
the same, and lead to the same ends, till they
weary with the repetition of tame effects, produc-
ing neither nobility, pioturesqueness, nor quaint-
ness of design. In the Jardin du Eoi, at
Versailles, an old water-basin was filled up and
converted into an English garden with consider-
able success. Its former use is not entirely
disguised, but its adaptation is ingenious, and it
forms a pleasant corner. In the reserved park
at the Exhibition, which was a great opportu-
nity lost by Erench gardeners, concave or basin
hollows are invariably constructed, which is
extremely offensive to any one who has studied
Natirre, and observed the immensely greater
proportion of convex than of concave lines. In
certain cases there can be no doubt of the beauty
of the concave line, especially in a general
assemblage of forms, but the entire predo-
minance given to this form for contour pui'poses
is, we imagine, subversive of truth. Monotony
thus ensues, and affords another proof of the
baneful effect of being cramped by rules that
rest on no better foundation than man's
dictation.

Before concluding these remarks, we must not
pass over the skill exhibited by the French in
moving trees, originally founded upon Sir
Henky Stewart's practice. The Boulevards
afford sufficient testimony to this, and to the
handsome manner in which the trees are grown.
The deciduous trees in the Exhibition garden
could hardly be expected to make much show
in the first season, but a large number of choice
evergreens has done much to harmonise the

motley collection of buildings. In colour there
is not much variety, and the elliptical outline of
the shrubs and flower beds is antagonistic to any
great display. A greater acquaintance with
other gardening schools will correct this omission,
and lead to the introduction of a better style.
Even in gardening, though but a small portion
in the wide field of scenery, there is a right and
a wrong way of doing things. The art tendency
of the age leans too much to copying, instead of
originating — if we are not good enough to
invent, we are good enough to copy — but we
hope that the French, with so much natural
talent, may strike out a new phase in gardening,
and since France does exercise and aims at
exercising an influence over art matters, we wish
the effort to be made in the right direction. Z.

1 Whatevbk may be the direct results of the
' expedition now on its way to the shores of
Abyssinia there can be little doubt, that in some
[ particulars at least, benefits will accrue from the
i incursion of our troops into solittle known a region
' as that which lies beyond the frontiers of Egypt
I and Nubia. Not that we are altogether ignorant
of the features of the country. The travels of
' Brtjoe, of Salt, of Dillon and Petit, of
I Ferret and GtALInibr, of Beke, and others
j that might be mentioned, have made us
acquainted to some extent with the climate, the
zoology, and the natural products of this region,
1 As far as the plants are concerned, the collec-
I tions of SoHlllPER, a German, who resided for
I some years in Abyssinia, and which are acces-
1 sible in anj' of our large herbaria, suffice to give a
i general idea of the vegetation of the country.

Owing to the varying physical conformation
of the kingdom, and other causes, the climate
I and natural products present very considerable
I variety. In some parts, especially in the district
in which Messawah, the principal seaport, is
situated, the climate is so intensely hot and
scorching that, as far as vegetation is concerned,
there is, as some French travellers put it,
1 " sterility absolue.'' In other districts during the
' rainy season, which lasts from June to the end of
I September, the fertihty of the soil is described as
i prodigiously great ; and then there are the lofty
! mountain ranges only a little less in altitude than
the Alps, on whose slopes may be found an
alpine flora, and whose summits are clothed with
perpetual snow.

Speaking in general terms, the countiy may be
described as a vast plateau dotted with fresh
water lakes, surmounted by lofty mountains and
furrowed by deep valleys, allowing passage for
numerous rivers tributary to the Nile. Between
the most easterly spurs of these mountains
and the shores of the Eed Sea is a dry, hot,
arid region, one of the hottest, driest,
deadliest districts on the face of the globe. In
the less barren portions in the interior the
vegetation approximates very closely to that of
the desert regions of Senegal ; indeed, this
portion of the country may be said to constitute
a part of the vast desert tract, stretching from
the Cape de Verd Islands, across the Great
Sahara, into Arabia, and on into Scinde and
Affghanistan, a region characterised throughout
its whole extent by almost identically the same
species of plants. In strange contrast with this
sterUe tract of country are the valleys, deep
gorges, clothed with luxuriant vegetation, almost
rivalling that of the tropics, but as deadly in
their way, as the arid, barren tracts before-
mentioned. In the lower part of the valleys the
temperatiu-e is stated to vary from 25° to 36" C. (77°
— 9 7 ° F . ) , a heat too great to allow of the cultivation
of Wheat, whose place is suppUed by Dagoussa
(Eleusine coracana var.), and in which Cotton
and Indigo are largely grown. Here the Ebony,
the Baobab, the Tamarind, the Castor-oil, the
Sugar-cane, and the Date Palm flourish in
luxuriance, and here, too, may be encountered
the lion and the hippopotamus, besides hosts
of scorpions and legions of stinging insects.
At a higher elevation on the moujitain sides the
climate is more like that of Western Spain or
Italy, the thermometer ranges from ]4° C, to
27° C. (58°— 81° P.). Such is the climate of
Gondar, around which town Wheat, Barley,
"TefF" (Poa abyssinica). Peas, Beans, and
Lentils are grown, together with Vines,
Citrons, Peaches, and Apricots. Higher up the
vegetation becomes more and more scanty,
though Barley and Wheat are grown at a con-
siderable elevation ; but as the height increases
the flora assumes more and more of an alpine
character, and at last altogether disappeai's.
The recent researches of Mr. Gustav Maksh

in the Cameroon Mountains, in Western tropical
Africa, have shown that the vegetation of those
mountains is to a great extent identical with
that of the mountains of Abyssinia, on the other
side of the continent — an interesting and signi-
ficant fact to those who occupy themselves with
the consideration of the distribution of plants
over the surface of the globe.

As may be inferred from what we have ah'eady
said, the temperatui-e ranges between that of the
torrid and that of the arctic zones, according to
elevation, &c. ; nevertheless, it may serve to
give a general idea of the mean temperature of
the country to cite the following figures from
Dove's maps on the distribution of heat on the
surface of the globe. From these we find that
the mean temperatirre of Abyssinia in January
is 68° F. , in April and in October, 86°, while in
July it rises to 90° F.

The geological features of the country are, as
might be anticipated, not less varied than the
climate. Indeed, we are told that from the
shores of the Red Sea, where tertiary strata
exist, up to the granitic mountains, almost all
the principal geological strata are represented,
including the basaltic rocks and other indications
of volcanic agency.

From such a country it is impossible that our
army should retirrn without considerably adding
to our somewhat meagre information. We would
fain hope that some professed naturalist may
accompany the expedition, in order to supple-
ment the information on matters such as we
have above alluded to, which of necessity must
be obtained by the engineers, and the scientific
stafi' of the army.

The Bury magistrates, acting on the dicta of
counsellors learned in the law, have just decided
that a Geranium (Pelargonium: zonale, Lady
CuUum, is the specific instance) is not a Shrub.

The circumstances which gave rise to the
decision we have adverted to, are briefly these : —
At the Bury Flower Show, on the 13th inst., Mr.
Grieve showed a plant of Pelargonium Lady
CuUum. In the course of the day a branch was
cut from this plant bj' some unauthorised hand.
A witness named Head stated that he saw a
gardener named Fisher take this branch : " I
saw him take his hand away with a cutting in it,
put it into his pocket, and walk away." FiSHER
was charged with the theft, but denied it, and
the matter subsequently came before the Bury
Petty Sessions. The defence set up by Fisher's
attorney was, that although he felt confident of
a verdict on the facts, mistaken identity being
alleged, yet he was bound to contend that a
"Geranium" was not a shrub, and even if it
could by any possibility be dragged into the class
of shrubs, it was not such a shrub as was con-
templated in. the Act of Parliament. The Bench,
after deliberation, decided that in their opinion
a Geranium was not a shrub within the meaning
of the Act. The case was thereupon dismissed
on that ground, and a new summons granted
under another Act of ParHament.

Since, therefore, the Bury magistrates and
lawyers have taken upon themselves to affirm
that a Geranium (Pelargonium) is not a shrub,
we hope that on the further hearing of the case
they will enlighten us by affording some definite
information as to what it really is. We get no
insight, from the newspaper report of the pro-
ceedings at the sessions, into the grounds of
their decision — whether because it is not a
hardy plant, or because it is not indigenous;
but the fact that it is a tender plant does not
in the least alter the other fact, that it is, in
the strict botanical sense of the word, a shrub.
The Zonal Pelargonium — the progenitor of this
Lady Cullum — is, in fact, neither more nor
less than a greenhouse shrub, and as such
it is entitled to at least as much legal pro-
tection as a shrub of any other kind. We have
not, indeed, the Act of Parliament in question
before us, and are therefore unable _ to
say at the present moment what meaning
or meanings are given to the word slu-ub in
that Act. We know, indeed, that botauically
this Pelargonium is a shrub, and we are
quite aware that it would be exceedingly
difficult in all cases to draw the line between the
shrub and the tree, but we must affirm that
the distinction between a herbaceous perennial
and a shrub is far more clearly marked : there is
no intermediate class between the two, and that
being so, the Pelargonium in question must
surely be a shrub, as it is clearly not a herbaceous
perennial. This appears to us to be the physio-
logical truth of this matter. The expression

Septembeh 28, 1807.J

TlfE GATJDENERR' CTrROXTrT,E AND AfiT^TCUTTFlLAL O.AZETTE.

997

" shrabby perennial," sometimes loosely made
use of, is ouo which has no real application in
pinnt life; ami that of " plant," which was the
term most in favour with the attorney, being
about as defiuite as it would be to call a jiheasaut
an animal.

We ure pleased to be able to announce tlie inib-

lication of the third i)arl of Bentiiam ami Himknii's
Genera Plantarum, with the issue of which Is com-
pleted the lu'st volume of this most important work, to
which wo shall lake another opportunity of adverting
more at length. We may also allude to the issue of a
new and revised edition (the fifth) of Dr. Asa Gkay's
Manual of the Botany of the Noethben United
States, with 20 plates and analytical tables on the plan
of IJentuasi's British Flora. No one concerned in
American botany can dispense with this work.

More Congresses ! If we go on at this rate

there will be no more flower shows or fruit shows, just
as schools have merged into *' Academies," and esta-
blishments for young ladies have become " Ladies'
Colleges." 'I'his time it is the Pomoloqical Con-
qkess of Fkance of which we have to speak, and
which is in full operation at this moment at the rooms
of the Socictc Imperiale et Centrale d'llorticulture de
France. Here are fruits of all kinds in abundance, the
first place being most creditably tilled by Mr. Knight,
of Pontchartrain, wdio shows French gardeners what
British Grape growing really is. Pears and Apples
are of course shown in profusion, most of them being
of the same varieties as are grown here, but larger and
more brightly coloured. One main object of the
e.xhibition is to secure the correct nonienokiture of tlie
varieties, ami the rectification of the synonymy. In
this particular the Congress has still much to do.

AVe learn from Mr. Lloyd, wdio was the first

to direct attention to the occurrence of Lycopodium
alpinuji in Hampshire (see p. 80S), that, having
lately paid much attention to the growth of that plant
amongst the Welsh mountains, he has no hesitation
whatever in regarding the Hampshire plant as
identical with it. Mr. Lloyd also maintains that
Lycopodium alpinum has not been correctly described
as to its habit of growth, a repent above-ground stem
being attributed to it ; and this opinion he supports by
specimens of the "Welsh plant, still growing in the sod
of earth, in which a subterranean rhizome is distinctly
evident. It is therefore clear that, in addition to a stem
threading its way on the surface amongst the surround-
ing herbage, this alpine Lycopod does also produce a
true underground stem, in which it agrees with the
Hampshire plant, which from the very fragmentary
specimens first seen, was referred to L. complanatum.

We learn that the Botanical Society of

Canada whose operations have been suspended for
some time, is about to resume the publication of its
Annals, a new series of which will be commenced
forthwith. Botanists in Britain, the United States, or
other foreign countries who desire to connect them-
selves with the Society will be elected corresponding
members, from whom no subscription is required.
Such members, by payment of one dollar (four shillings)
annually, may have tho Annals sent regularly to theii'
address. All communications should be addressed to
Professor Lawson, LL.D., Dalhousie College, Halifax,
^ova Scotia.

New Plants.

AEKIDES "\'aNI)AEU5I.

Afline Aoricli cylindrico, I.indl., l.ibelU laciniis posticia Hneari-

falaitis erosulis, lauiniii antica unguiculata renifornii-

biioba, calcaii extinctoriiformi ov.arlum pedicellatum siib.

acquantc. — Jertdex cijLuidrki'.m, Hook. Bot. Maj?., tab. 4LIS2.

Caiilis foliosug, foliis tereti-subulatis supeme can.iliculati3 ;

pedunciilis vulgo uuifloris. Substautia floris tenuis sub-mem-

liraiiacea. Scpalum dorsaleobovato-ligulatmnuuguiculatum ;

sepala lateralia sub-a3qualia apice svib-crenulata, pedi

column33 affixa ; tepala cuneata obovata acuta liinc illinc

crenata, reversa : omnia undulata. Labellum basi columnari

pedis articulatum ; in calcar e.xtmctoriiforme rectum

doscendens, tritidum, lacinise posticae linear! falcata?, superne

serrulatai, isthmus inter lacinias has et laciniam anticam pro-

cessu quadrato, dentato ; lacinia antica ligulala, apice

hastatO'Semiovata cucuUata, denticulo utrinquo in basi

unguis, carina arguta, interjecta.

It is astonishing how long an error may last. A

single glance at the figures in the Bot. Mag. and in

Wifjhfs Iconps^ vol. v., tab. 1740, show how different

the plant above named is from A. cylindricum.

We have for a very long time delayed the correction

of the error. Aerides Vandarum has very pretty white

flowers, reminding one of Vanda flowers, by the

reflexed petals, and the undulations of both sepals

and petals. We do not know whence the novelty comes.

AVe have observed it, from English sources, both in the

gardens of Fran Senatorin-Jenisch, grown under Sir.

Kramer's superintendence, and in that of Consul

Schiller, cultivated by M. Schmidt. Whether the true

Aerides cylindricum, so well represented by Dr. Wight,

is in cultivation in Europe, we cannot say. It has a short

conical spur, broad ovate-acute lateral partitions, and

a wide, retuse, anterior lip, bearing crests. The

caudicula is very broad, whereas it is slender and narrow

in A. Vandarum. H. O. Mchb. fil.

Dendkobiuii capillipes.

Chrysanthum, caule fusiformi brevi, foliis cimeato-lanceolatis
acutis tenuibus, pedunculo bene exserto capillari monantbo,
mcnto obtueangulo, sepalis ligulatis obtuse acutis, tepahs
rotundis subcrenulatis, labello a lineari basi reniformi
bilobo lineis ramentaceis ac papulis iiliformibuB micros-
copicia permultia, callo ovato pobtice obtusangulo ac carinulis
duabus linearibUH in uiigue, coluniua apice utrinque auricu-
lata, basi utrinque angiilata, fovea semi-rotunda in basi.
This is a very little species, with a small, golden-yellow
flower. Whether it is capable of a higher develop-
ment we cannot say ; we may, however, remark that
DO reasonable man ought to accuse us of a mistake, if

ultim.ately tho plant takes on another appearance. Such
Wiis our fortune with Dendrobiiim dixanthum. which we
described just as it was when it fell into our namls. It
appears to be one of tho numerous Moulmeiii intro-
ductions of Mr. S. Low, to whom wo are indebted
for it. n. G. liiM. fil.

VANILLA PLANIFOLIA AT OSBERTON.

It has been stated in your .lournal (see p. fi.^tt) that
probably the largest ])lant of this in the kingdom is to
be found in the Shcllield Botanical Gardens. Mr.
Simiison, of Clielmsford, who had visited the Sheflield
Gardens as well as those at Osberton, however, thinks
otherwise (see p. 080), and considers the one hero much
the largest. Leaving mere size of plant, however, for
others to dis(ui.ss, visitors who have seen the two, one
and all, come to the conclusion that there is no com-
])arison between the two plants as regards the quantity
of fruit which they respectively bear. The plant here
has more than .'ioo pods upon it, and some of them are
of largo size ; while that at Sheflield produces only
about half-a-dozen pods.

AVhen I went to Osberton about eight years ago, I
found that most of tho houses were heated on the old
^\\G principle ; and as my employer wished to keep pace
with the times, several new houses were erected, and
the whole were heated on the one boiler system. Some
14 houses and four ranges of pits are therefore now
satisfactorily warmed in that way. The work in ques-
tion was not commenced until late in autumn, conse-
quently it could not be completed before severe
weather set in ; and during that time, with
the exception of a small piece, we lost our old
Vanilla plant, which was again planted when
the healing apparatus was made complete. This
plant, which is trained near the roof, now runs
the length of tho pit iu which it is placed,
viz., 40 feet, and it would have covered more than
double that length could sufficient room have been
found for it. The pit in which it is growing is
used for succession Pines, for which the temperature
rarely exceeds 50° in winter, and frequently it is even
lower than that. Mr. J. Bloomfield (see p. 857), states
his plants of Vanilla have grown well, but that his
gardener fails to fruit them. Several plants in this
immediate neighbourhood never do produce a fruit,
and some never even flower, while others blossom
profusely but never fruit. I attribute the failure in the
first place to not getting the wood well matured, for if
it is not well hardened it will not flower freely. I
alloiy my plant at times to get almost dry and parched,
for if, like some Or-
chids, the wood is not
well ripened, it will
not, as I have said,
flower, but, on the
contrary, grow vignr-
ously. In the seci
place, failure ensue-
through a want <>!
knowledge of the art ni
fertilising the stigma.
an operation which
requires great care,
and some skill. In
the flowers of this
Vanilla three sepals
and as many petals
surround the column
which bears the an-
ther and stigma ; the
former of these (a), a
dilated &i)pendage at-
tached to the summit
of the column by a
narrow curved neck,
contains, within a
cavity on its lower
surface, the pollen masses. This appendage, by
means of its curved neck, bends towards the lower
surface of tho column, where it rests upon an
organ called the retinaculum ir), which interposes
between the anther and the stigmatic surface of the
column (2), this latter, projecting from the column,
lies immediately under the retinaculum, and terminates
a bearded glandular process which covers the lower
surface of the column. The retinaculum, which is
concave towards the stigma, effectually prevents all
contact between that and the anther ; it is therefore
necessary to remove the retinaculum in order that the
anther and stigma may be brought together, and this is
best effected by means of a pair of narrow pointed
forceps. These should be carefully introduced side-
ways between the anther and stigma, seizing the retina-
culum and tearing it off in the direction of the anther.
The pollen-masses are then drawn out and pressed
down on the stigmatic surface of the column, and the
operation is completed. If this is properly performed,
the setting is certain. The flowers will not drop, but
will remain for a considerable time on, or continue
fixed to the fruit; in less than 24 hours the latter will
be perceptibly elongated, and in about 12 inonths will be
ripe. It is requisite, therefore, that the Vanilla should
be planted and trained so that when the flowers expand
they may be easily got at. They for the most part
open during the night or early in the morning, there-
fore the best time to fecundate the flowers is in the
morning; and this must be attended to day by day as
long as the plant is in bloom. This operation is so
familiar to me now, that I could venture to rely upon
every pod swelling to maturity.

The Vanilla itself, as far as the plant is concerned, is of
ea.sy culture, and grows very freely in a mixture of
peat and charcoal. It may be trained in any form,
and will attach itself to mortar, wood, or iron. Having
little tendency to branch, I frequently stop my plant
to make it throw out side shoots, and thereby secure a

greater space for tho production of fruit. Its leaves
aroofariidi fleshy green, and its flowers have a some-
what singular iqipcarance. The pods grown here are
of high flavour, whirli they retain for years. I am
indeed of oijiiiion that it would bo a good speeulalion
to gnjw a house ol' Vanilla for commercial purposes, its
price being very high. A largo Pino stove, where iho
idaiits could bo removcil during tho few weeks in
ivhich tho flowers aro .setting, would be a suitable place
for it. I generally keep tho temperature rather high
duriug the time the plant is in flower, and I use tho
syringe pretty freely during tho summer time. Insects
never trouble me, and shade during the hot summer
months is all that is required.

My jdant commenced to fruit after tho second year,
and It has borne pods annually, since I could doubtless
have had a thousand fruit upon it this season had I
thought well to do so, but after I had set .as many as I
considered the plant could conveniently bring to
maturity, I discontinued setting the fiowers. Edward
Bennett^ Or. to G. S. Foljambe, Eaq., Wurksoi).

[The pod which accompanied this communication
was 10 inches in length, well coloured, and in every way
excellent. Eds.]

NEW STRAWBEERIES.

In a circular rei'cntly issued by M. do Jonghe, of
Brussels, we find some interesting remarks concerning
some new seetlling Strawberries raised by him since
18 IB, a description of which has not up to this time
been made accessible to the general public. From this
document we condense the following particulars, which
will ho interesting to Strawberry growers. The firsli
variety of Strawberry named by M. de Jonghe is La
Perpdtuelle do Saiiit-Gilles, obtained in 1845, in an
amateur's gai-den, i'roin seeds of a variety called iu
France La Mciuloniiaise. This variety is reproduced
true from seeds when gathered in the month of Sep-
tember, that is to say, from the third crop of the year.
The Strawberries to which M. de Jonghe gave names
in 1819 and 1850, are the following: — Bicolor, Choix
d'un C mnoisseur, Perle, and La Reine. Bicolor and
La Reine, on account of the early ripening of their
fruit (loth to the 20th of May), and especially owing
to their fine quality, were welcomed in the gardens of
cultivators, wherein those distinct varieties are still
frequently grown. The Choix d'un Connoisseur and
the Perle have been surpassed by other varieties, which
are more prolific, and have better properties. In 1852
and 1853 two other seedlings were named, viz.. Belle de
Bruxelles and No Plus Ultra. The first, having the
flesh too soft and the fruit too scanty, has not been
preserved. The second, by reason of its large size and
the abundance of its fruit, is still grown by those who
have at command a firm soil and a good aspect. In
1851 and 1855 six other seedlings were named — Dr.
Karl Koch, Einma, La Constante, La Grosse Sucree,
Retemeyer, and Robert Trail. After 10 years' cultiva-
tion these varieties are much appreciated by a large
number of growers who have space at command, in
1857 La Constante took the lead of the five others by
its vigorous habit, by the abundance, the beauty, the
flavour, and consistence of its fruits. At that time
no variety offered so many good points, and it was then
considered as the type of perfection. In 1857 and 1858
La Savoureuse, Lucas, and Lorentz Booth were named.
In 1S50 and 1800 Bijou and Souvenir de Kietf From
1801 to 1864 Hero, Globe, La Fertile, Leonce de Lam-
bertye, Modide, La Noire, Paysanne, Progres, Robuste,
Rustique, Topsy, and Virginie ; and in 1865 Baron de
Quadt, Carniola magna, Menagere, and Sucree, or
Surpasse Grosse Sucree, received names.

In M. de Jonghe's opinion. La Savoureuse, Lucas,
Souvenir de Kieff, and La Sucree will remain a long
time in our gardens. Lorentz Booth produces an
abundance of fruit of good quality. Leonce de Lam-
bertye, Heros, La Fertile, Progres, and llobuste require
a firm soil and a good aspect, in order to produce fruits
which leave nothing to be desired. Baron de Quadt
and Modele are distinguished by the beauty and
superior quality of their fruits when these are produced
on plants growing in a suitable soil. The fruits of
Globe, of Paysanne, Virginie, and Carniola magna are
often deficient in flavour when the plantation has not
been made on a warm soil and in a good aspect. Tho
fruit of Carniola magna is the finest of all the seedlings,
except President Wilder. Bijou, La Noire, and Topsy
are curiosities. In addition to the above M. de Jonghe
gives a descriptive list of a new series of varieties
raised by himself. It must be remembered that the
properties of the fruit, &c., are liable to variation either
from defective culture, bad situation, or soil, or an
unfavourable season.

Dr. Thompson ; In the spring, summer, and autumn
this variety has a stiff habit of growth ; the leaves are
of a deep green, hut little polished; the lobes of the
leaves are nearly flat, and have their blades regularly
toothed ; the hairs are spreading. The flower stalk is
very solid and branched ; the flowers have the corolla
but little developed, as is also the case with all the
varieties of this new series, which are all derived from
the same race, and hence oflfer considerable degree of
uniformity in this particular. The fruit is of moderate
or large size, conical, regular, and with firm flesh ; the
surface is of a red, shining, cherry colour; the seeds
are rather numerous, not deeply imbedded ; flesh of a
pale cherry colour, juicy, and of a brisk flavour.

Emerite: The plant is of firm, compact habit, the
foliage is that of La Constante, and the fruit has the
form of that of Bijou, but larger, and it is of an elon-
gated conical shape. The hairs are spreading. The
seeds are even with the surface. Skin cherry-coloured
and shining; flesh firm, white, or flesh-coloured, juicy,
and very rich. The variety is a good bearer ; it has a
robust habit of growth and reproduction.

Fanny: Habit vigorous; leaves broad, of a pale dull
green, subsequently assuming a straw colour with the

998

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Sepxembee 28. iser.

lobes turned up and deeply cut ; the hairs are
spreading. The fruit is of a regular conical form, of a
reddish cherry colourl; seeds numerous ; flesh of a dull
white or flesh tint, juicy, and of a piquant flavour
when first gathered : the next day the flavour is vinous
and sugary.

Madame Bal : This variety is of moderate compact
habit, hardy, and a good hearer. The leaf-stalk is
short and solid. The lobes of the leaves are of a deep
dull green, flat, and deeply toothed; hairs ppreading.
Pruit conical, medium-sized or large ; skin varnished
red ; flesh white or flesh-coloured, very juicy, and with
a distinct vinous flavour.

Madame Jacobs : Plant of very moderately vigorous
habit, leaves but little developed, lobes nearly round,
of a dull green colour, margins deeply toothed, hairs
spreading ; fruit oval or round, of a bright red, shining
colour ; seeds but little imbedded ; flesh of a cherry or
flesh tint, juice abundant, of piquant and brisk flavour.

Mrs. Wilder : Habit vigorous, great firmness in the
stalks of the leaves and of the fruits, hairs spreading ;
fruit of flattened conical form ; surface deep red and
varnished ; seeds on the surface, or bvit slightly
imbedded ; flesh of a deep cherry or flesh colour, very
juicy, and with a brisk flavour. This variety may be
recommended for its vigorous habit, its fertility, and
the good quality of its fruit.

Miss Coutts : This name has been given to the variety
the most remarkable of all for its vinous, sugary, and
brisk flavour; at the request of a large number of
excursionists from St, Gilles, as a mark of esteem and of
acknowledgment to the lady after whom it has been
named. It is of moderately vigorous habit, the leaves
have round lobes of a dull green colour ; the hairs are
spreading. The fruit is of a shining cherry colour,
of a shortened but regular conical form ; size above
average, skin of a pale cherry tint; seeds father
numerous but slightly imbedded. The flesh is firm,
white, and very juicy; the flavour is vinous and
brisk. This variety is a good bearer.

President Wilder : This variety has more firmness in
the leaf and fruit-stalks than has La Constante. It is
very hardy in all seasons. The hairs are inconspicuous
and ascending. The fruit is nearly conical, but
acquires an oval form when it has obtained its full
size. The seeds are not numerous, but they are rather
large, even with the surface, and symmetrically
arranged. The skin is of a deep, shining, cherry
colour ; the flesh flesh-coloured and firm, juicy, and of
a sugary, piquant, brisk flavour. This variety is a
good and continuous bearer. To sum up, it is a good
type of Strawberry, surpassing, in the beauty of the
fruit. La Constante.

Succfis : The plant is of vigorous and firm habit.
The leaves are of a deep shining green, broad, flat,
the lobes deeply cut, hairs scanty and ascending; fruit
large, conical, obtuse, and of a yello\vish cherry
colour; seeds numerous, but little imbedded; flesh
firm, of a pale flesh tint, juicy, and of good flavour.
This variety produces a considerable number of
runners as soon as the fruit has acquired half its size.

BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

[We select from the very interesting proceedings at tlie recent
Dundee meeting an abstnlct of such of the papers, read at
the various Sections, as are likely to possess interest for our
readers. Eds.]
In Section A. (Mathematics and Physics), Professor
Poster read a paper, by Mr. R. Russell, P.R.S.E.,
on the Properlies of Vapour in fhe Atmosphere, in
which the author, after admitting the ingenuity of
jProfessor Tyndall's researches on heat as a mode of
motion, took exception to some of his deductions on
the influence which the vapour of water exerts in
modifying the intensity of solar and terrestrial radia-
tion. He, on the other hand, came to the conclusion
that the radiant powers of the vapour of water in the
atmosphere were not even capable of forming clouds,
though they might be capable of forming mists in
valleys. In our atmosphere the vapour of water had
little power of transmitting its heat into space when it
approaches or reaches the dew point. If any cloud
had been caused by the radiation of heat into space,
its upper surface would be flat, like the mists in the
meadows before sunrise. These and other reasons led
him to the conclusion that the radiation of vapours
into space has, directly, a very slight influence on the
production of rain.

Sir Wm. Thomson observed that the paper that had
been read contained some very important arguments
on a diflicult question of meteorology. He did not
doubt that the author was right in the main in
maintaining that cold produced by expansion had a
very small effect in causing those condensations which
gave rise to torrents of rain. But he thought he had
undervalued very considerably the influence of radia-
tion in producing that minor condensation by which
mists and clouds were constituted. He said minor
condensation — meaning condensation from a gaseous
condition into small spherical globules, so small that
the resistance they met with kept them suspended.
The reason why a cloud did not fall down as rain was,
that every part of the cloud was composed of very
minute drops of water. The larger the drops were
that constituted a cloud the more rapidly would they
fell; but when very small they fell insensibly, as
Professor Stokes had shown, only perhaps a few iriches
in an hour. When somewhat larger they formed what
we called a Scotch mist, which was something between
a shower of globules coming down appreciably, and a
shower of globules in which the descent was insensible ;
and it appeared to him that Mr. Russell had under-
valued the influence of the radiation referred to. He
would not pronounce, however, at present upon the
vexed question of the radiating power of transparent
gaseous vapour. Professor Majnus, of Berlin, and Dr.
Tyndall had l5een investigating that subject; and

although up to this time they had not been able to
agree in their conclusions, he had no doubt th^it two
such eminent observers would yet arrive at a con-
clusion, and give the benefit of it to the world. But as
to the influence of radiation and the influence of minor
condensation to which he had already alluded, as soon
as a cloud exists, whether high or low, each particle
becomes a radiator. It radiates heat, and becomes
itself a little cooler than the surrounding air, and so
becomes a reservoir of condensation. That takes place
at the top of the cloud if there is clear air above it, and
so with the mist in the valleys. The observations of
Wells, the discoverer of the true theory of dew,
demonstrated the accuracy of this assertion. He
might now refer to Mr. Russell's remarks upon the
temperature at night as influenced by the dew point.
The temperature at night was found to be but little
different from the dew point which might be observed
in the course of the day. The true explanation of that
was to be found in Wells' theory of dew. A blade of
Grass could not go to a temperature lower than the
dew point of the air touching it, and so it was with
particles of mist. Dew was most plentiful in clear,
calm nights, when the air Was very moist, but quite
transparent, and when it fell fine leaves of flowers and
Grass blades could not sink lower than the dew point.
Dew did not form to any great extent, indeed hardly
at all, when the sky was cloudy, for then the clouds
afforded the protection which was not on such nights
afforded by the dew. When there were no clouds, and
if there was a high wind, then in that case the wind
afibrded the protection to the leaves and flowers which
was to be obtained from neither dew nor clouds. But
by an arrangement which they could not but regard
as an admirable and wonderful exemplification of
design, there was nothing destitute of protection. The
protection was sometimes insuflicient, and plants were
killed by frost, but some degree of protection was
never wanting; and there was enough of that pro-
tection always to allow plants to live, as we saw them
doing, and to survive during weather when, were it
not for one or other of these three causes, the cold
would be so great as to destroy them altogether.
Physically, it was interesting to remark how it
was that in each instance the protection was obtained.
There was first the protection afforded by clouds.
These prevented the surface of the earth from
radiating and reaching a lower temperature than that
of the clouds. The temperature of a blade of Grass on
a cloudy evening would therefore be very nearly the
temperature of the lower surface of the clouds over-
head. When there were no clouds and no wind, the
office of each blade of Grass was to collect the air
touching it, condense vapour from that air, and so
take heat from part of the heat around it. Thus we
had a source of heat taken from the air several feet
above the surface. The protection was more complete,
however, when dew did not fall, for when there was
no dew the wind made up so large a portion of heat from
the air that the leaves of plants were never allowed to
go down even to the dew point. Thus wind was a
more complete protection than dew, and it would
have been observed that plants were never injured by
frost on windy nights, and that in the morning the
Grass was found dry. It was sometimes remarked
that flowers were frosted in hollows, but that close at
hand, and on the summits of little hillocks, they
escaped damage. The explanation was clear when
they took into account the principles developed by
Wells, The air in the hollows remained unchanged,
and unless there was moisture enough in the air to
provide dew as long as the severe condition of weather
lasted, and to keep the dew point from going down too
low, injurious effects would follow. The plants, in
short, got dry, drying the air around them, and if that
air was not changed very much for the better, then
they were destroyed by frost. This, however, rarely
happened. He agreed with Mr, Russell in what he
had said regarding the value of Dr, Tyndall's work on
" Heat," The scien tifio world were much indebted to
Dr, Tyndall, not merely for his investigations, but for
the manner in which he had attracted interest to the
results of science, and for the beautifully clear
explanations he had given of scientific principles.
Scientific men were extremely dependent on the
sympathy of the rest of the world, and this was very
largely increased when the illustrations of scientific
investigations were made known in a clear and
interesting manner, as Dr, Tyndall had made them
known, to a very large part of the population in this
country, and throughout the civilised world.

In Section B, (Chemistry and Mineralogy), Professor
Odling read a paper by Dr, L. Lindsay on Tlie Pre-
sent Use of LMiens as Bye Stuffs. He said — It had
been expected that the aniline dyes— a product from
the distillation of coal tar— discovered a few years ago,
would supersede the lichenous dye-stufl^s previously in
use, and that the latter would speedily disappear, in
consequence of the breaking up of the Highlands by
railways, and the improvement of the communication
between Glasgow, Edinburgh, and the south. To him,
however, it seemed that all such predictions were at
least premature. He confessed that such was the
eminence and experience of the authorities, that for a
time he acquiesced in their conclusions, and took it for
granted that they were well grounded; but in the
course of his investigations for a work which he had in
preparation on Lichenology, he had found that there
existed abundant evidence of the use of Lichens in
commercial manufactures on a large scale, as well as
for domestic purposes. Dr. Lindsay then stated that
from facts which he had learned at the Exhibition of
1862, from his investigations whilst on a tour through
the Orkney and Shetland Islands, and parts of the
Highlands, and from numerous writers whom he
quoted, he had come to conclusions favouring the
belief that Lichens would not be superseded, at least
for a long time to come. He then proceeded to give

numerous details of the use of Lichen dyes for com-
mercial and domestic purposes, to remark on the unsa-
tisfactory state of the nomenclature and classification
of the Lichens, and to advocate a uniform system.

Some conversation followed, principally as to the
use of the lichenous dye-stuffs, in the course of which
Mr. R. Pdhak, of Perth, said— It is very important
to investigate the question of the value of Lichen pro-
ducts, as many more districts might be found where the
Lichens are produced, and a certain market for them.
Orchill or Cudbear will not, I think, be replaced by coal
tar or aniline colours for many purposes, and especially
for rich crimson or claret shades on woollen goods. I
think there is every likelihood of this material being
used to a greater, instead of less extent, and the intro-
duction of the coal tar colours has rather increased
than diminished its use. I do not think the Lichen
products will ever compete with the coal tar colours
for light shades. It is a well known fact, which can be
corroborated by the ladies present, that purples,
violets, and other shades produced in former days by
the Orchill or Cudbear, gave way very much sooner
than those produced from coal tar. A violet dress or
ribbon was formerly stained red so easily by exposure
to the atmosphere or the slightest acid, that very few
persons thought of having such colours ; while, since
the introduction of the coal tar shades, however, which
some say are not so fast as the old colours, there is now
an enormous sale, because they can be worn with
impunity, and the colours in most cases stand well for
a long time. This is an extraordinary fact, but can be
corroborated by every person of experience. In
reference to the Lichens of the Shetlands and West
Highlands, their value is, I conceive, very small, as the
same colours they produce, can be made by the use of
Fustic and Orchill, or Cudbear, at a less cost, and more
certainly. These Lichens are only used in these wild
districts because of the difliculty of procuring any pro-
perly fabricated dyeing materials.

In Section C. (Geology), Mr. Cakeuthess read a
paper on British Orapfolites. The genus was esta-
blished by Linna!us in the first edition of his
"Systema Nature " for a series of natural productions
which had previously been considered to be tree fossils.
In the genus, as it appeared in the early editions, not
a single species of the fossils to which the name is now
confined, was included. No alteration was introduced
into the genus until the 12lh edition, when G. scalaris
appears, which had already been figured by Linnjcus
in his Soanian travels. This is the true type of the
family, and the only species with which Linnicus was
acquainted. The single-celled Graptolite, Avhich has
by every one been referred to LinuEcus's G. Sagittarius,
has nothing whatever to do with the organism to which
he gave this name. His species is found on a frag-
ment of Lepidodendron figured by Volkmann. To
correct this error, and to make the extent of the
acquaintance which Linnsus had with these fossils
more obvious, he proposed to substitute the name
G. Hisingeri for the species, after the distinguished
pateontologist who first described the species, but
erroneously ascribed to it the Linnsean name. The
whole of the species were included by Murchison,
Portlock, and others in the original Linnrean genus.
New genera were introduced by Barrande, M'Coy,
Hall, Salter, and the author. The various genera were
then described, their different characteristics noticed,
and the number of species given. A new genus,
Cyrtograpsus, was proposed for a singular form from
the Wenlock of England, of which a singlespecies only
has been observed occurring both in England and
Bohemia, and which the author dedicated to the distin-
guished author of " Siluria," The netted forms which
have been referred to this family had been carefully
examined by the author, but he could not satisfy him-
self as to their aflinities, and for the present must
exclude them. The family still remains characteristic
of the Silurian period — nothing having been
observed to alter the generalisation made years
ago by Sir R. I. Murchison. Mr. Carruthers
then made a verbal communication respecting
Catamites and Fossil JSquisetacecs. Having described
the structure of the recent genus Equisetum, he
referred to the various stems that had been regarded as
allies of this genus. While true specimens of Equi-
setum had been found fossil, he showed that the stems
belonging to (iJalamitea; had a structure very different
from anything knovm in this or any other order of
acotyledons. The most important characters were
obtained by botanists from the fructification. The
author had obtained, through the kindness of Dr.
Hooker, sections of vegetable structures prepared by
Mr. Binney, whose extensive acquaintance with coal
plants was well known ; and he had discovered some of
these fruits which belonged to Calamites so beautifully
preserved that the most minute details could be deter-
mined, and, with the help of his diagrams, the various
points in which they agreed and differed from the fruits
of the recent Equisetacese were shown. He then
described the foliage which had been certainly found
connected with Calamites, and which had been named
Asterophyllites ; and he showed that as similar fruits
had been found associated with Annularia and Spheno-
phyllum, which difl'ered from AsterophyUites only m
the amount of cellular tissue spread out on the vems,
there could be no doubt that these also were the foliage
of members of this larger genus or tribe of plants.
Calamites he considered to represent a new natural
order more highly organised than any acotyledonous
order, but certainly belonging to this great class of plants.

Professor Phillips congratulated the section on
having had such an able communication as that of
Mr Carruthers submitted to them; and said it was
also matter for congratulation that they had in that
"entleman an authority on the sub,iect with which he
had iust been dealing, and one who was not only
willing but thoroughly qualified to work out profitably
these important investigations.

Septdmbek 2S, 1867.]

THE TtAL'DENETIS' rTTT^ONTnT,E i^AH) j\nTIT(HI[,Tlll!AL (iAZHTTK

099

Mr. Carrulliers tlii-n iiTOffcIod shortly to dosciribn
tlio fruits of a fossil Punftittiiis, beloii;;iii^ to the
Northampton Muscuin, whicli his friend Mr. S. Sliiirp
had brought under liis iiolice. He beUeved it to be
nearl.v allied to, if not identical with, the imporfcetly-
preserved eone, wliiidi Ijiodley figured under the name
of Slirobilites Bucklandii, the affinities of whieli,
owinp; to its .'state of preservation, he was unable to
determine. It differed very greatly from Bucldand's
Podocarya, and approached nearer the structure
helonginp; to the recent family, and more cspeeially to
that section of the Screw Pine.s which had sinRlc
seeded drupes. ^.^___________

FLOWER-GARDENING AT ARCHERriELD.

AlTnouGH Mr. D. Thomsoa is one of our very
best fruit growers and general gardeners, space pre-
vents me from discussing those iihases of his excellent
garden. I cannot even touch upon liis sturdy, riuickly
grown, and capital Pines— which subject, however, is
in less want of notice in consequence of its being fully
described in Mr. Thomson's book on the Pine-apple—
but I was so much struck with the excellent and
highly hnisbed style of flower gardening pursued by him,
that i cannot help sending you a special notice of it.

Let me at once proceed to deal with the flower-
gardening near the glass-bouses in the kitchen garden.
First, there is a circular bed in a courtyard, in front
of Mr. Thomson's bouse ; and, by the way, I must stop
for a moment to say what an excellent gardener's
house it is— comfortable and roomy, fitted with every
convenience, and altogether a model of what such a
structure should be in a first-cIass place. I mention
the bed in front of it simply for its edging— Dactylis
glomerata variegata. I have often recommended this
to your readers, but observation in many parts convinces
me that it is the best of all variegated orsilvery edging
plants. That, too, is Mr. Thomson's opinion, although
it was he who first used that now most popular and
useful plant, Centaurea ragusina. The Dactylis seems
to grow well in all parts of the country— every bit
grows when pulled in pieces, it is perfectly hardy, and
worth a dozen such plants as the variegated Poa,
recently sent out. Here, in consef|uence of regular
planting of healthy young stuff and probably a cooler
climate, it grows taller and more erect than about
London, forming quite a little wall of silvery leaves in
fact, the tops drooping over, and looking on a long
bonier like the crest Jof a wave, as Mr. Thomson
remarked. In another part of the grounds we looked
from a considerable height down upon a large collec-
tion of bedding plants, showing most of the popular
silvery plants in a good state, and there and then, after
comparison, came to the conclusion that it was the
best of all silvery bedding plants, as I have before said.
Not alone is it useful as an edging, &c., but also in a
high sense for a single specimen panel plant, and many
other uses, which will suggest themselves to the
tasteful bedder. Mr. Thomson does not clip it, but
allows it. to grow to its full size ; but it may, where we
wish to keep it dwarf, and associate it with dwarfer
things, be cut or clipped in, and the budding points of
the leaves will in a few days come out and take away
every trace of the shearing. It is the borders near the
houses that first strike the visitor to Archerfield, and
the first thing that strikes him in those borders are tall
and noble things like the Gladioli and Tritomas, if he
go there in autumn. Thus, right against the houses
there is a capital collection of fine tall Gladioli, in full
bloom, and they take all the stiffness and flatness out
of the borders while offering the visitor a glorious
floral treat from their fine and varied colouring. Mr.
Thomson is about the first gardener I have met who
really knows the full value of this superb autumnal
flower. G. brenchleyensis and G. Bowiensis, and many
of the best varieties, are cultivated to a great extent;
the minor cross borders in the kitchen garden being
planted with them, as well as more important parts.
J5ut let us come at once to the main border here, which
was a splendid thing in its way.

I should explain that in consequence of the central
portion of the main range being projected more into
the garden than its right and left wing, an opportunity
occurred for varying the ribbon borders and making
them much more satisfactory than if all in one line.
Accordingly we find the middle jiortions differing from
the receding borders of the wings, and being the
most important — exhibiting choice plants and higher
finish. First, we have a compact line of espalier trees,
then one of Humea, followed by a line of Dahlia Prince
Arthur, then a groundwork of Verbena venosa, 7 feet
wide, edged allround with PelargoniumFlower of Spring,
and varied at every 7 yards by a nice specimen of
Yucca aloifolia variegata ; after that a line of Christine,
followed by Si feet of that fine Verbena Crimson King,
dotted at every 7 yards with a single plant of
Chrysanthemum Sensation, just barely raising its
rich head a little above the bright Verbena,— the
whole being edged off with Cerastium, and the ends
of tiie border rounded off and planted as neatly as the
front instead of being carried out straight as is fre-
quently the case in other places. Now the effect of the
rich bed of Verbena venosa in this border with the
bold and pleasing diversity caused in it by the placing
of the Yuccas as I have stated, was the finest I have
ever seen in a ribbon border. The colour of the
Verbena is very fine when grown in masses, and the
heads of the striped Y'uccas standing above it made
the picture complete of its kind. Need I say there
are many other plants which may be used with equal
success? Near at hand several specimens of the fine

Cordyline indivisa were placed out among the
flowers in the^ same way, and with the
happiest results. I must not mention all the ribbons

here, one will suffice. First, a wide line of Gazania

near the walk, then a capital line of Dactylis, followed

by purple Kuig Verbena and Christine, the whole

hacked by a line of Gladiolus against the glass. This I
mention in consequence of tiie extraordinary good
elfect produced by the Dactylis between the Gazania
and Purjile King. [ may say in passing that
althouudi all the new Pelargoniums have been tried, old
Tom Thumb still holds his own, and is always found
good for sandy soil. The Stn<'ks, iiarticularly the Hast
Lothian varieties, are found line for llower-Rardcn
work, and are full of colour and b(>auty, even ndion the
rain has washed it all out of Pelargniiiuuis, Iki:
Zelinda and Prince Arthur Dahlias are both mui'h
used and thought highly of. Asters prove as useful as
the Stocks, and for the same reason. Barrett's dwarf
crimson Beet is largely used instead of Perilla, and
really produces a niuch'fiuer effect Of course the fact
that you can make use of the roots when all is over
sliould not make any body prejudiced against it, espe-
cially when there is a hope of its delivering us from
Periila to some extent Perilla is a thing that rarely
])leases unless put in with the greatest care. The
Beet is certainly a great improvement on it.

We will next have a loolt at what may be termed
the flower gardens proper. They are situated a con-
siderabledistaneefrom thomansion,and form the greater
part of the enclosed grounds of the old Castle of
Dirlcton. This looks over on the Firth of Forth, and
commands from its ivied heights a fine view of the
rocks, small but bold rocky islets in the Firth, North
Berwick Law, and the Bass Rock. However it also
looks down straight upon a flower garden ; one of those
very awkward ones with large beds on a gravelled
space— no Grass. It is not geometrical, nor are the
beds of any precise form ; therefore making it beautiful
requires more than ordinary skill. A border in it was
of an unusual degree of vividness, while distinct and
pleasing. It was against a wall, and was made thus :—
First the top of the wall was covered with one great
plant of Wistaria, then a magnificent line of Gladiolus
Brenchleyensis was at the back of the border, then
■1 feet of the bright Stella, a row of Flower of Spring
variegated Pelargonium, 2J feet of Gazania and
bine Lobelia, with 10 inches of Cerastium. But a
bold attempt was made to vary this by planting nice
small and compact specimens of Irish Yews at intervals
of a yard apart aninugst the Stella, and good specimens
ofCeutaurea ragusina amongst the Gazania. In the
larger beds in the body of the garden, single specimens
of various Conifers, and of a larger size, were planted,
and, on the whole, with a much better effect than if
the place were devoid of anything to vary it. However,
this garden is not one that I should hold up as a model —
one close at hand, and simply cut off by a slight
plantation, comes very much nearer to perfection. In
it the beds are on the Grass. It is entirely surrounded
by trees of some kind, and thoufrh some of them are
formal from clipping, they help it very much. But it
owes its beauty solely to the tasteful arrangement of
its contents. Entering it from the large flower garden
on gravel, the effect was charming. Graceful Conifers
were here and there on the Grass, varying the scene in
a very desirable way, while in most cases the beds were
graced by the presence of a " subtropical " plant in the
centre. There were plenty of flowers, but also an
abundance of permanent vegetation of a graceful type,
while the rather near walls of green played a very goad
liart. Southerners who doubt the good of the sub-
tropical movement, and do not even try the best plants
employed in it, should surely be encouraged by the
fact that these grow well during such a wretched season
as the present within a short distance of Edinburgh. I
had no idea that they would do at all thereabouts, and
was therefore surprised to find Wigandia looking very
well indeed, and having made a large growth ; the
India-rubber plant with clean leaves made in the
open air ; Solanums really good ; and Cannas quite
enough so to warrant their general culture.

This is Mr. Thomson's first year of trial with these
plants, and what a year he has had to begin with !
Therefore he has no doubt of the merit of the system,
and intends employing it more fully. The Tritomas
are several weeks later than usual— so much so that it
is doubtful if their full bloom can be developed ere the
winter falls, and yet here we have Nicotiana wigan-
dioides bravely developed. It should be mentioned
that the garden is thoroughly well sheltered, and
without thorough shelter nobody should attempt the
culture of such plants. As yet there are no masses of
them, but the few in the centres of the beds produced
a capital effect. I should add that a very tasteful
Iiractiee of backing lines of Gladiolus with lines of
Sweet Pea obtains in the kitchen garden, and an even
more commendable one of planting those bare spaces
under trees near the flower gardens around the old
castle with trees. People fre(|uently ask, What can I
plant under trees ? while our strong-growing native
Ferns offer themselves to everybody. To find the
ground covered with a rich growth of Ferns in passing
under the trees that surround these gardens was quite
refreshing. It is worthy of note that Mr. Thomson
makes it a point to vary all his arrangements every
year. The aspects of the several gardens and borders
difl'er completely from year to year. This cannot be
explained better than by giving the planting for the
past year of the great border with the Yuccas before
described, the more so as it was much admired by good
judges as a fine example of colouring. First row, after
espaliers, Humea elegans : 3d, dwarf white Dahlia; 3d,
Christine ; then a groundwork of Stella Pelargonium,
7 feet wide, varied with raised panels of Centaurea
ragusina, followed by another row of Christine, then a
line of purple King, followed by line of Calceolaria
canariensis, and then a groundwork of .3 feet of blue
Lolielia. InthisLobeliapanelsofPolemoniumcceruleum
variegatumoccunied a like position to the raised plants
of Centurea ragusina in the wide groundwork of Stella,
and the whole was edged off by the dwarf and glisten-
ing Arabis lucida variegata. It may readily be ima-
gined how fine this arrangement must have looked. In

concluding my very hurried survey of this most inte-
resting garden it would ill become me not to simply
testify to the superb condition of all departments, from
the extraordinary wall of Ajiricots to the iiropagatinR
pits. The borders arc the finest of their kind I have
ever seen, the last described garden quite a lesson in
ta.ste, and the fruit culture of a chamrler which is very,
rarely attained even where friiit-grnwiug alone has to
bo attended to; and all this is doiK^ with but a very
spare allowance of help. It is in short, about the most
instructive garden I hfive met with foraloug time, and
I almost wish that good taste would permit me to speak
with equal frankness of the qualities of its manager,
Mr. David Thomson. Via/or.

GRAPE JUDGING.

FnnM the various opinions of those who have lately
written upon this subject, it seems to mo that the
point of colour is the one most in question, and were I
to be a.sked whether I cousidorcu the colour of any
black Grape a standard of its flavour, I should say,
decidedly not. Take, for example, one of our highest
coloured' Grapes, a universal favourite as a late variety
—Lady Downes Seedling, wdiich I have now as blaofc
ns Sloes, and yet I do not consider it lit for table before
Christmas; but on the other h;uid, the (picstinn of
flavour without bloom cannot lie denied, and riir rrrs/i.

As to flavour without bloom, my experience is this:
Last year I fruited for the first time 21 Vinos
that were planted by my predecessor. The varieties
were Ilambnrghs, Muscat Hamburghs, and Lady
Downes' Seedling. The Hamburghs were the colour
of Frontignans, tile Muscat Hamburghs little better,
and Lady Downes' only moderately well coloured. The
Vines are planted outside of the house, without any
protection, and I attributed the deficiency of colour
and bloom to the cold wet season. I also afterwards
found that there was an obscure wall built across the
bed, which prevented to a great extent the escape of
superfluous water. The flavour of the Hamburghs
was exquisite, so much so, indeed, that one of my
employer's visitors came to the gardens on purpose to
inquire of me the natne of the beautiful red Grape, of
which he had the previous evening partaken; and on
my telling him that they were what should have been
Black Hamburghs, he thought I must be mistaken, as
he had no hesitation iti saying that they were the
best-flavoured Grapes he had ever tasted. The
Muscat Hamburghs were equally good, though
shanked a little, and Lady Downes' were as iierfecl
when I cut them m April as they were at Christinas ;
in fact, as to the last three bunches which I sent to my
employer's table as late as the 22d May, the berries and
bloom were quite fresh and plump, and I then for the
first time tasted a really good sugary berry of Lady
Downes' Seedling.

Then as to bloom without flavour: The Vines above
alluded to are now all bearing excellent crops, of which
the bunches and berries are equally good as those of
last year, but they are as black as Sloes, though as yet
they have not nearly the same flavourj which makes me
so much the more strongly assert tuat the bloom of
black Grapes, of however dark a hue, is not, nor never
can be, any criterion as to flavour. I do not mean this
remark to refer in any way to white Grapes, as I never
yet knew an instance in regard to that class in which
an absence of colour did not denote a deficiency of
flavour.

In your columns (see p. 929) I find some important
inquiries relative to Vine bloom : one is, does it tend to
keep or decompose fruit? My opinion is that it acts
as a preservative, as I never had such difficulty in
keeping Grapes as I had in the case of the Red
Hamburghs of last year, for although every possible
attention was paid in keeping the atmosphere cool and
dry (and for a considerable time not a moulded berry
was to be seen), yet frequently the mere motion of
cutting a bunch was enough to cause a complete
shower of berries to fall from it, leaving only the out-
side ones remaining.

While advocating, as I have done, that bloom is no
criterion as regards flavour, I would not for a moment
be thought so sceptical as to ignore a large bunch and
berry with a beautiful black bloom— three primary
objects, which I shall always endeavour to obtain, for
when these are secured and the fruit ripe I have little
fear of deficiency in flavour.

As to the objection brought forward by one of our
most successful Grape growers against flavour being
constituted a point, when he says " that an exhibitor's
Grapes might be thrown aside because the palate of
the judges would become so cloyed that they would
not he able to satisfy themselves which samples were
best," I do not for my own part see any difficulty
whatever, or how is it that any determination is ever
come to with other fruits which are subjected to the
test of taste? Besides, the palate will not readily cloy
with unripe Grapes, but between the two it is much
more likely to act as a detective of the highest flavour.
And as to the remark made by the same writer, that
the primary objects in Grape-judging ought to be
confined to four points— which he gives in the following
order, namely, " a black colour, yet with a good bloom^j
size of berry, compactness of bunch, and size of bunch'
— he just excludes the most essential point, flavour, to
which ought to be given the maximum number of
whatever figures are fixed upon to denote the highest
excellence in a bunch of Grapes, giving to the other
Ibnr in the same order as above.

Were a test of this kind once adopted, I feel sure
that the mutilation (?) apprehended by another writer,
" that might be caused by the judges pluckin" two or
three berries from each bunch," would only go to
expose the great sacrifice at present made in the
cutting of so many fine unripe bunches, which, though
they adorn a sho"w table, are certainly fit for little
else'. S. Wesicott, the Oardevs, Rith)/ Castle.

1000

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Septembee 28. ise?.

Home Correspondence.

Fern Sports.— One of the most interesting features
of the late flower show at Dundee consisted of the
groups of abnormal forms of Ferns for which various
classes were provided. The reporter of the local
Adyertiser thought fit to lecture the growers of these
varieties in the following terms ; — " There was also
another feature which we would advert to, though
with no willing hand— we care not for the shades— hut
a thorough love of Nature constrains us to do our
duty. We refer to the Fern sports. If there was one
department more than another where we lingered
longest, and enjoyed ourselves the most, it was among
the Ferns. A more precious collection we never saw.
Amongst these, however, there were by far too many
sports. The normal form of the frond of the Fern is
Nature's form, and they that will waste their time to
work the Ferns out of their natural shape by raising
sports, alias monstrosities, deserve no encouragement.
We have known not a few of Nature's ardent votaries,
but never yet met with one of them but detested the
Fern fancier who took to raising sports. What ails
the sport exhibitors that they will grow some of their
beautiful Ferns out of all shape, and run them to
Parsley ? What ails them at the common Hart's-
tongue that they will run the simple into the com-
pound form of frond ? Let the Scolopendrium vul-
gare alone. It is better as Nature meant it than in its
crested shape. This bastard system of raising .sports
deserves to be classified with that ridiculous and mis-
placed art which tears up corollas of every colour, and
batters the petals piecemeal with leaves upon base
pieces of timber and pasteboard of fantastic shapes and
labels them ' Floral devices ' — Floral vices would be a
more appropriate designation." This ignorant tirade
drew from Dr. Ljell, of Newbargh, an enthusiastic
Fern grower, and one of the exhibitors, the following
dignified reply, which, transferred to your columns,
may serve as a more general answer to similar senti-
ments:—"It is said of the great Sir Isaac Newton
that when Dr. Halley began to sneer at religion
in his presence, he made use of somewhat the follow-
ing words: — Dr. Halley, when you speak about
mathematics or astronomy — subjects which you under-
stand—I shall always be glad to listen to you, but
when you speak about Christianity— which you do
not understand — I cannot have patience with you.'
I would apply these words to the critic on Fern sports,
for he evidently does not understand the subject on
which he writes. I will not yield to him or any one
else in the love of nature ; and, in his words, this love
of nature constrains me to do my duty, and confess in
the face of these strictures my love and admiration of
the extraordinary as well as the ordinary forms of the
Fern family. This writer does not seem to know
that the greater number of the abnormal varieties
of Ferns have been found wild in Nature, just as
God made them, and cannot thus have been worked
out of their shapes by the manipulation of any
Fern fancier, who has had no hand in the matter. The
florist has considerable power over the objects of his
culture, such as the Pansy, the Dahlia, and the Pink,
by hybridising, and other well-known processes ; but,
owing to the peculiar mode of reproduction, the Fern
groiyer has little or no power to vary his favourites.
Varieties do sometimes spring up, but these are the
exception, and not the rule, for they are exceedingly
true to parentage. With regard to these varieties, I
will ask any unprejudiced or common-sense person
whether there can be any just resemblance between
the constructor of a floral device, and the raiser of a
new Fern? Why, the former object, barring the
material, is a bit of human workmanship entirely,
while the latter is the gift of the good God, the sole
maker of it all. Is it a waste of time in any way to aid
the development of occult forms, with which Ferns
seem to be so richly endowed by their Maker? or is it
a waste of taste to admire what God has taken the
trouble to make ? But let me state a few facts. The
Scolopendrium vulgare crispum is an abnormal variety
or sport of the common Hart's-tongue. Put the
two together ; does the writer mean to tell us that a
person has no true taste who admires the wavy line
of beauty in the one as much, or more so, than
the plain straight edge of the other ? Will he dare to
tell us that the young man who, some years since,
found the lady-fern Victoria;, should have cast it again
into the ditch, and trodden it under foot in the mud,
because, forsooth, it was a sport ? Or will he put the
ordinary male Fern alongside the oristata or cristata
angustata. and tell us that the former ought only to be
admired, because it is the normal, and the others the
abnormal conditions of the plant ? Is the common
Polypody more beautiful than the cambricum, or
pulcherrimum, or omnilacerum ? — all sports of the
other. I presume our friend would prefer the Sloe or
BuUace to the Victoria Plum, because the latter is a
sport, and a Crab to a Eibston Pippin for the same
reason. A Carrot he would not eat because it is abnor-
mal—nor put his mouth to a Cauliflower because it is
a monstrosity. But to conclude : I love Nature in all
its forms, and see the h.i.nd of God in every variation
Variety in unity is a principle in natural organisation,
and the love of variety a principle in our organisation,
and thus the two harmonise. The lover of ordinary
forms, as the Fern-sport critic, I claim as a half-
brother ; but the lover of all forms I claim as a whole
brother, and with him rejoice over our inexhaustible
feast." a

Variegated Plants from Xoot-cvttiitgs.—'Last autumn
I observed two or three green shoots on plants of
Mrs. Pollock Geranium which had been cut very hard
all through the summer for propagating, and I noticed
that these shoots in each instance sprang from inter-
nodal, or rather ultranodal germs (?) — I here want a
term more expressiveof maturity, for they undoubtedly
propagate their kind, and engage in the affairs of indi-

vidual, active, instinctive (and why not intelligent ?)
life — centres of vital force, each working in its own
department, gathering form and substance about them
as garments^ building up matter as habitations or store-
houses, or laboratories, or using it as social appliances
of some kind. What are these unknown dwellers in
every fertile cell ? The microscope may have discovered
them, but by their works only we know them.
Shall we ever have a better knowledge of them ? If
we do, it will be through their actions, and it is an
action of theirs I am about to describe. These green
shoots, then, were from plants of my own propagating,
and had their origin clearly below any previously
formed leaf buds, my practice being, when the shoots
are suSiciently long-jointed, to cut them immediately
above and not below a leaf joint, and these shoots were
from such struck plants, and had started from Clearly
beneath the lowest leaf-bud. They had been forced
out, as it were, on a principle of self-preservation by
the close cutting treatment of the other parts of the
plant. Having ascertained this much, I thought I
would try what root suckers would do. For this
purpose I severed some roots from the stem close at
the point of contact without disturbing them other-
wise, and found they made, without exception, green
shoots from their summits. I then cut some roots
into lengths and planted them in pots, according to the
old-fashioned way of propagating Pelargonium roots,
and I find they are universally coming up green
without any disposition to come variegated. These
are certainly children of Mrs. Pollock, rejoicing in her
maternity, but evidently waifs and strays from her
fraternity. I have also root-cuttings from some other
kinds of variegated Geraniums evidently following the
same example. Sunset has not yet shown any signs of
leaf-shoots, but other kinds have. I expect to have a
batch of these unschooled, unchristened Arab3,and shall
be happy to distribute them among those who may be
disposed to try if they can be brought back again to
the variegated condition, and if so, whether they will
come to the same pattern of variegation again, which
I very much doubt. I should very much like to hear
of this being tried on other variegated plants, and with
what results. Has any one a variegated Elm on its
own roots ? I have not been able to find one, or I
should have tried it before this. I know of no better
plant on which to try the experiment, as the roots
would not require to be severed, only to be laid bare,
to make them throw up an abundance of suckers. It
appears to me from this little experiment that varie-
gation is only a conditional state assumed by certain
plants under certain circumstances, and not a necessary
nature of the plant. Neither would it appear to be
disease, for if so it would surely aflect the roots, it
being well known that disease, even in a grafted plant,
affects the root action of the stock, though it has no
effect whatever in altering the special nature of such
stock. It is also well known that variegation of the
leaves has a material effect in weakening root action,
not by disease, but from want, by its depletive ten-
dency. So that were it disease, the root germs would
be most liable to it, instead of holding exemption from
it. I can answer for my plants that they were wholly
variegated to the bottom of the stem, and not plants
that had run from a green to a variegated state ; in
such case it would have been easily accounted for.
What, then, is the cause of this change ? Is variega-
tion an educational process, and are these dwellers
iu the ultranodal stem and root ^ cells, having
been hitherto engaged in the occupation of deposit-
ing wood and drawing water only, and never
having been initiated into the mysteries of the labora-
tory, suddenly called upon by necessity to act a new
part and do the best they can ? If so, awkward at
first is their best, as we shall see if we look at the
tattered misshapen rags of green they first throw out as
leaves. Without figure of speech, I do believe that
Nature is constantly and quietly carrying on an educa-
tional process : whereby she gradually changes, and
fits by change of life action, every subject of the
vegetable kingdom to altering circumstances and
requirements, either for its own preservation or the
wants of others, and that she does this as surely as she is
instructing humanity by means of mental powers in
the knowledge of arts and sciences for the same ends.
And, surely, this is a more rational theory than the
present l^ashionable one, that Nature, which means of
course an all-wise Providence, should scatter at random,
then make her selection afterwards. J. Sally. [See
an article at p. 953.]

Fruit Growing in- Jersey. — " Honour to whom
honour is due." Tour correspondent " W. W. G."
(see p. 974) has been led into error by information that
a Frenchman, who fell into an unsuflerable state of
alarm, for political reasons, had disposed of the St.
Laurens Vinery to the best customer. The St.
Laurens Vinery was established by, and the larger por-
tion of the houses constructed to the order of, Mr. A.
Fennimore, a gentleman who had devoted much time
to the cultivation of Grapes, c&c, at Peckhara, near
London, and who, 25 years ago, was intimately con-
nected with Covent Garden Market. The cause of the
place being disposed of was not " unsutferablo alarm,"
but domestic affliction, and consequent nervousness,
which rendered him, considering his increasing years,
unaljle to cope with the duties attending the manage-
ment of so large an establishment. I have known the
establishment from the commencement, and therefore
can write confidently. It is a marvellous place
for producing fruit, and under the skilful
management of its present proprietor it is cer-
tainly, and deservedly, one of the greatest horticul-
tural attractions in the island. Other establishments
of a similar character are being erected for the purpose
of growing fruit for the London markets, and they
are favoured with such a fine climate and excellent
soil that I look forward to the time when larger
amounts of capital will be invested iu the speculation

of "Channel Islands fruit growing," and when the
islands will become " one of the principal sources of
early supply for the London markets." Potatos are
largely grown here; during the month of June last
the weekly shipments averaged 900 tons. Grapes and
Pears form the most prominent of the features, whilst
cut flowers. Asparagus, Apricots, Peaches, Plums,
and Nectarines help to make up the sum total
of the supplies sent herefrom. In conclusion, I may
add that I did not think it just to ourselves to have
attributed to any other nationality what Englishmen
do. It was an Englishman who established the fruit-
growing establishment at St. Laurens, and if this
should meet his eye he may possibly inform you of it
himself. Charles B. Saunders, Nitrseryinan, Jersey.

Grape Judging. — I fear that under the present
sy.stem of judging Grapes, especially in provincial
towns, it will be difficult to bring the suggestions made
by some of our leading Grape growers to bear practi-
cally on the matter with satisfactory results. How
often are men chosen to act as judges who never grew
a good bunch of Grapes iu their lives, and who know
little about what flavour good fruit should have, or its
value in other respects? I have had considerable
experience in buying and selling fruit in Covent
Garden Market, and I am acquainted with the hand-
some prices which well-coloured Grapes realise there,
compared with those which are badly coloured. The
latter are almost unsaleable, and always bring the
lowest price, no matter what their flavour may be.
Few gentlemen care to have badly coloured fruit on
their tables, especially where dinners are served a la
Siisse, as the fruit in that case is used quite as much
for ornament as for use. In my opinion, fruit of any
description which has not attained its natural colour
should be passed over unnoticed, when ripe well
coloured fruit is on the table for exhibition. This
applies to Peaches, Nectarines, Apples, &c., as well as
to Grapes. How often do we see third-rate fruit put
on a higher level than first-rate kinds ? For instance,
a few days ago I saw Grosse Mignonne Peaches,
unripe and badly coloured, awarded a 1st prize, when
ripe, highly coloured Bellegardes and Noblesses were
on the table in competition with them. On the same
table I also saw fine looking Black Hamburgh Grapes
passed by while larger bunches of the same variety,
which w'ere of a greenish brown colour, took the
1st prize. What proprietor would care to have his
guests supplied with the latter ? and who knows if even
the flavour of the big greenish bunches was best ?
Tastes vary much ; some prefer Grapes when they are
about to shrivel ; while many will not eat them except
when the berries are full of viuous juice. To dojustice
to exhibitors, I would suggest that the system by which
fruits are to be judged should he entered in the exhibi-
tion schedule, in order that all parties might under-
stand what they were to aim at. Old Sab. 1 am or

opinion that in many instances the quality of Grapes
may be pretty well ascertained without having
recourse to tasting them. But at the same time it not
unfrequently happens in Grape judging as well as iu
judging other productions, that there is an approach to
what in sporting language is, I believe, termed a
'■ dead heat." Now I would ask if it can be reasonable
iu that case to prohibit the judges from appealing
to their palates, which might at once decide
the matter ? Your correspondent " J. P." speaks
of tasting as the new mode of judging Grapes, I
think, however, he must mean the old mode of doing
so; for I have been in the habit of assisting to judge
Grapes at various horticultural exhibitions for more
than 20 years, and I cannot recollect a single instance
in which they were not tasted. Great stress is laid by
some of your correspondents on the supposed objection
that the employers of exhibitors may have to their
Grapes being tasted. In my opinion this argument is
weak, and I do not believe that one employer in a
thousand would object to anything of the sort; and if
such an employer is to be found I can only
say that I would strongly recommend his gardener
to decline showing altogether. Mutilation is not, iu
my opinion, the correct word to apply to the careful
removing of^ two or three berries from a dish of Grapes
for the purpose of ascertaining their quality, for
when done the exhibitor or owner could not, iu the
majority of cases, tell whether a berry had been removed
or not. Surely no one could find it necessary to distigure
a dish of Grapes in his endeavours to ascertain their
merits. For my own part I still think that the best
way is for horticultural societies to continue to appoint
to the office of judges men in whose judgment and ,
probity they have seen reason to place entire confi-
dence, and allow them, untrammelled by any rules or
standard for judging, to award, as they doubtlessly
will, the prize to the production which, all things
considered, they believe to be the best, and let their

decision be final. P. G. A great deal is now being

said on the subject of judging Grapes by flavour, and I
think all who can throw any light thereupon should do
so. As we are far ahead of other nations in producing
Grapes, it is no more than right that we should
endeavour to keep so; and I hope this may be one
result of the present discussion, though I must confess
there are many obstacles in the way. Nevertheless,
Black Hamburghs are not very difficult to judge, for
the rules are simply five in number: — 1st, that relating
to colour, which must be jet black, with the bloom
perfect ; 2d, size of berry ; 3d. size of bunch ; 4th, shape
of bunch ; and then comes, oth, the question of flavour,
which must be decided with fairness and impartiality.
Now there would be no difficulty at the present day in
collecting at an exhibition all those that possess the
first four points of quality, as there are seldom many
samples that possess all these precious qualities ; and I
see no more harm, nor so much, in taking a few berries
from the back of a bunch to decide the fifth point than
there is in cutting a large gap in a Melon. If there are
good reasons for cutting Melons, there certainly must

SePIEMBSe 28, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1001

be good reasons for putting Grapes through the same
ordeal. But let the colour of the kind of Grape bo
what it may, no matter whether it be black, yellow, or
red, ifit is grown to perfection there is always apeculiar,
noble, andatlractivo ai)pearance,such asnoone can paint
but Nature herself; and no lover of Nature, with a
taste for Nature's beauty, could over give a verdict in
favour of any other colour than that which is natural
to the kind of Grape shown. What is most pleasing
to the eye certainly goes far to tempt the palate ; and
any other than the natural colour conveys an idea of
imperfection and souruess. I say therefore that colour
must be insisted on as the first quality ; if not, I fool
sure that great dissatisfaction will arise, and the best
Grapes will cease to bo shown. There certainly is a
great difference in the flavour of Grapes of the same
sort from dilferent Vines. It happens to have been
my lot to have had several old vines as well as a
number of young ones at the same time under my
charge, and the difference was very great, oven
when berries equally well coloured were tasted. But
then one was grown in rich soil, and the other in the
natural, unprcjjared, ordinary garden soil. I am con-
vinced that manure is not conducive to good flavour in
any fruit, and I feel sure that all the samples of jet
Black llamburglis which have been found to be sour,
are the produce of young Vines grown in rich borders,
and in a damp atmosphere. In proof of this it may be
mentioned that on the Continent they never consider
Grapes produce good wine till they are 12 years of age.
If the first prizes are in future given to Grapes with
the best colour and flavour, time will prove that those
monstrous bunches that we are accustomed to see will
be left far behind. I think small black bunches have
more to comi)lain of than red Grapes if flavour is to be
the ruling jioint. JI. Caimell, Fuchsia Nursery,

Woolwich. The one or two "saving clauses " in my

letter of the lUth ult. seem to strike " Vitis vinifera "
(see p. yiy) as being rather clever. Now, it is just
these " saving clauses " that keep up the real standard
quality of all good Grape-growing. The " open door "
leading to perfection we have already, and we_ do
not intend to allow a loop-hole for inferior cultiva-
tors. Whatever our tendrilled friend may say, we must
still keep to the old laws, which have guided judges of
Grapes for so many years, viz., colour, bloom, size of
bunch, evenness of berry, and ripeness. I was sur-
prised that "Vitis vinifera" had not made himself
acquainted with established rules. If he would provide
himself with an old schedule of the Eoyal Botanic
Society he would then see separate classes for Ham-
burghs, Muscats, any other black (not red), and any
other white Grapes. Some societies provide an extra
class for the heaviest bunch, as was the ca^e the other
day at the Crystal Palace, when a large Red Hamburgh
bunch came in for the prize, with the bloom looking as
if it had been laid on with a birch-broom. This bunch
I have no doubt would have been pronounced by

"Vitis vinifera" to be super-excellent. C.Penny.

Will you kindly allow me to give three cheers for
"J. F." (see p. 976), and one cheer more for "Mr.
Fry ?" (see p. 977). BlacJc Hamburgh.

Eawlini.j's White Bedding Dahlia. — Willyou permit
me to invite any persons interested in bedding Dahlias
to bring the best plant of Alba floribunda nana they
can procure, on Tuesday, October the 1st, to compare
with one of my white bedder, which I hope to submit
to the Floral Committee at Kensington on that day.

this appears an incredibly short time in which to do so
much, for, allowing it to be seven months, we
generally consider a Vinery takes si.^ months to ripen
fruit under common management. Of course the
fruit will come in the eye from the cutting.
I have no doubt this will prove an o.\cellont
pot Vino, and if I am not deceived it will be easily got
Ml for February, March, and April; it will come in,
too, at a time when the difl'orence in flavour may
bo considered greatly in its favour, and worth a point
or two. I think, moreover, that pot plants ripened in
March may be easily coaxed to carry another crop in
autumn ; at all events there will be no difliculty in
getting bunches if there is growth left in them. J. F.,
Cliveden.

Autumnal SIrawherrie.t. — Yrom 100 planted last
autumn, I gathered on the 8th of this month 28 fruit;
on the ICth, 37 ; on the 20th, 32 ; and on the 22d,
■t2 fruit ; and from the quantity of flowers and green
fruit still on the plants I am likely to gather ripe
Strawberries for some time yet to come. F. S. Calver
Oarnons, Hereford. [A berry which accompanied
this oommunication, though of fair size, was not
particularly good as regards flavour. Eds.]

Shorn of Zonal Pelargoniums.— la reply to remarks
(see p. 973) alludingto Mr. Grieve's proposal to hold an
exhibition of these most beautiful and popular plants
in the summer of 18(58, 1 beg to make a few suggestions
The month of July would doubtless be the most appro-
priate time to show them in their greatest perfection,
say about the 25th and following day. I would propose
that the schedule of prizes be divided into 14 classes,
subject to an entrance fee in each class as follows :
For classes 1, 4, 7, and 12, 20s. ; for classes 2, 5, 8, 10,
and 13, 15s-. ; for classes 3, 0, 9, 11, and 14, 10s. : —

1.— C Golden Variegated Zonal, ill pots not exceeding
6 inches in diameter.

2. — .3 Golden Variegated Zonal, do.

3.— 1 Golden V.ariegated Zonal, in pot not excecduig
8 inches.

4.-6 Silver Variegated Zonal, in pots not exceeding 6 inches.

5.-3 Silver Variegated Zonal, do.

6, — 1 Silver V.ariegated Zonal, in pot not exceeding S inches.

7. — 6 Bronze Zonal, in pots not exceeding 0 inches.

8. — 3 Bronze Zonal, do.

9. — 1 Bronze Zonal, in pot not exceeding 8 inches.
10.— 3 Golden Selfs, in pots not exceeding 6 inches.
11,-1 Golden Self, in pot not exceeding 8 inches.
12, — 6 Green Zonal, in (lower, in pots not exceeding G inches.
13.— 3 Green Zonal, in flower, do.

14.^1 Green Zon.al, in flower, in pot not exceeding 8 inches.

Thus thedifl'erentvarietieswouldbeprovidedfor. Three

frizes might be offered in each class, making 42 in all.
would solicit monetary assistance from the Boyal
Horticultural Society ; also subscriptions from non-
exhibitors interested in these magnificent productions,
the amount to be proportionately divided to increase
the prizes. This would induce many to send plants
from long distances, who otherwise would not show.
It would be desirable that not less than two plants be
staged of each variety. [It has been decided that three
plants of each shall in future be required. Eds.] Seed-
ling plants to bo excluded. Not more than one plant
in a pot should be allowed. It would also be a novel
feature to confine all varieties to such as are not already
in commerce ; this would prevent repetition of previous
shows. I would suggest that the pots in which the plants
are exhibited should be restricted not to exceed the sizes
named above, but smaller sizes should be allowed.
I believe if these, or similar rules were adopted, a grand

to those parts. Ilaiikow would be the proper port
whence to obtain particulars relating to tho worm that
yields the sze-meou. John 11. Javkson.

Wasp Nests (see p. 977).— If there is any opening
througii which tlio nest in question could bo r6a<;hed, a
little coal tar poured into it would effectually destroy
it. Should th.at bo impracticable, the wiusjis could, by
degrees, almost all be caiigtii by placing glass bottles
near tho nest about half I'lWvA witlj bccr,wcil sweetened
with coarse brown sugar. If tlio mixture spoils by
fermentation or otherwi.so, the bottles should at once
bo emptied, thoroughly cleansed, and thou refilled as
before. S. M. 0. [ We can confirm our correspondent's
statements as to the use of coal tar for tho above

purpose. Eds.] After dusk we pour a little (quarter

of a i)int) of gas tar into their holes, and then stuff in
a wisp of long Grass, a process which always destroys
them. If your correspondent's slates fit closely except
at tho place of inyre.ss, he will find this iil;in, if ariojiU-d, a
certain means of destroying his nest. William Hmning,

ar.;Bolton Hall, Bedale. Spirits of turueutine is the

most effectual remedy for destroying wasps. A small
quantity should be poured down the hole, and apiece
of tow soaked in it, and then thrust down the entrance
as well ; then place a flower-pot, the hole having been
previously corked, in an inverted position over it.
Next morning (the process just mentioned having
been done in the evening) the wasps will be found
either dead or stupefied, and the nest may be dug up
with impunity. A bottle of sugar and beer should be
placed near tho flower-pot to catch the late arrivals.
For a nest iu a roof the process is not so easy, as it is
difficult to confine the scent ; but any means that can
be suggested to gain that end, would probably effect
the object. I would suggest pouring the spirits into
the nest if possible, and down the entrance of the same,
as well as stuiliug it up with tow soaked in the spirits,
which in this case must be used pretty freely. If; is
perhaps needless to remark that in neither case is flre
necessary : it is the vapour alone that stupefies.
Oeorije Heiislow. -A deadly mode of destroy-
ing these pests is by means of cyanide of potassium
and dilute sulphuric acid (as sold by druggists).
It can be applied with but little trouble, by
day or night, though of course the most certain
plan is at night, when all are at home ; those, however,
who would wish to see \U deadly effect may do it in the
daytime. The mode is simjily this : Put half a drachm
of cyanide of pota.ssium in a vial, and three drachms of
dilute sulphuric acid in another; pour in the acid,
thrust the bottle into the hole, the more upright the
better ; every wasp that enters drops at once, and none
come out, so that the operator may look on without
risk; at night act in the same manner, but dig the
nest out in 10 minutes and destroy it. A child's feed-
ing bottle does well for positions in which a bottle
cannot be placed. T. W. Taylor, Booking.

Foivler^s Gardener s Insecticide. — A few months
ago 1 received from Messrs. Fowler, of Brighton, ajar
of the above, with a request that I would give it a trial,
which has been entirely confined to Roses and some
shoots of Black Currant trees. Both of these were
infested with green fly, and I found that immersing
the shoots in the solution, heated to a temperature of
from 8,5' to 90', thoroughly cleansed them, producing
instant death in the case of the aphides clustered on
them. I used it on several occasions with the same
satisfactory results. It is especially worthy of the atten-

I have 12 plants growing along with°the above-named I treat would be offered to lovers of these ornamental ! tion of amateur gardeners, as the preparation of the

variety, and none of mine are taller ; both varieties i plants, which would be remunerative to the Royal
are full of bloom ; mine are all double ; the blooms of Horticultural Society, and give the raiser an opportu-

Alba areaU open in the eye. They maybe seen by any
persons interested, who will favour me with a visit.
The plant shown last meeting was grown as a show
variety, and therefore had not many blooms. <?. Saw-
lings, Somford.

New Runner Bean. — I venture to send you some
pods of a Runner Bean, very distinct in character from
all others with which I am acquainted. It grows
dwarfer than the ordinary Runner Bean, produces a
thin and handsome pod, and is singularly prolific.
I take it to have been selected from some dwarf-
growing variety, as the seed in a dry state is of that
character. I hold it to be valuable for two reasons,
viz^, its extraordinary productiveness, and its adapta-
bility for purposes of exhibition. Tou will observe, in
regard to the pod, that it would not he known from an
ordinary dwarf-growing kind, as far as its appearance
is concerned. Jtichard Dean, Ealing, W. [A hand-
some looking Bean, quite like a dwarf French Bean in
respect to its pods. Eds.]

Soyal Ascot Grajie.— Having recently paid a visit
to the Ascot Nursery, I was very much struck with
the promising qualities of this new Grape. It has all
the appearance of proving a great boon to gardeners,
and of filling up a gap in early forcing. It does not
appear to want much heat, either to move it into
growth or to ripen and colour the fruit, as some finely
coloured bunches had been without fire heat since
June. But its abundant fruitfulness is something
surprising. I counted four different successions of
bunches from one side shoot. Both in the latter and
in lateral shoots it begins to show bunches from the
fifth eye, and if stopped repeatedly it shows the same
on all the lateral shoots that break out— not the
trifling bits that generally come from the laterals of
Hamburghs or Muscats, but medium-sized and
Bhapely bunches in hundreds. Those that were
ripe were a second crop. The berries are large,
taking a fine colour, and resembling in shape
those of the Muscat Troveren, one of the parents, except
that it is black ; indeed, both the parents are
classed among amber-coloured sorts — a singular freak
The flesh is juicy and rich, with a smack of the
Muscat flavour. Mr. Standish expects to have ripe
fruit next March from eyes now in the cutting frame,
put in on the 26th of August. It is not possible to
know what can be done with a plant so fruitful ; still

nity to judge if he had anything really worth propa-
gating which he might offer to the public with con-
fidence. Should my respected friend, Mr. Grieve, or
any of my Pelargonium friends, propose anything more
appropriate, I will willingly give my best support.
Wm. Groom, Ipswich.

New Silkworm. — Some three or four months ago I
received at the Museum at Kew from China some
cocoons of a silk-producing insect which fed on the
leaves of Liquidambar formosana (Hance). They were
very dirty, broken, and without any chrysalids ; it was
therefore impossible to rear any of the insects. From
the appearance of the cocoons it would seem that they
are attached to the bark of the tree, as some portions
of them are still adhering to it. As I am unacquainted
with the name of the insect, and as no notice seems to
have been taken of it in the review of a new Silk-
worm book in your issue of the 14th, I am induced to
send you this, together with the following extracts from
a report of Consul Swinhoe, at Amoy, in reference to
it. He says : The silk-producing worm found on the
leaves of the Liquidambar formosana I have already
alluded to. The late acquisition of the cocoons of the
insect, however, do not hold forth any high promise
of its use in the silk trade. It is said, never-
theless, that near Canton the silk is woven
into a coarse fabric. But here, the only use
that I can learn that is made of the worm
is to draw it into gut. The gut is strong, and is used
for fishing lines. The tree itself produces a gum
which might easily be collected in large quantities, and
perhaps compete in the market with the storax of trade
obtained from other species of the genus Liquidambar.
A silk wadding, for padding the dresses of the rich,
was brought to me the other day for inspection. It
was called sze-meen, or silk cotton, and consisted of
several layers of network-web of fine silk. I was
informed that it came from Szechnen and its adjacent
provinces, was spun by a species of worm distinct from
the ordinary Bombyx mori, was found too delicate to
roll off for weaving, and was therefore torn in the cocoon
and expanded into layers for wadding. The Chinese
who were offering this substance for sale, were taken
up on suspicion of being spies, as they were asking so
small a price for it that the Mandarins considered
that profit could not be the inducement that brought

solution is a very simple process, involving but slight
labour, in fact a lady could prepare and apply it with
the greatest ease. Richard Dean, Ealing, W.

Tropceolum Mrs. Treadmell. — I saw this the other
day at the nurseries of Messrs. F. & A. Smith, of
Bulwich, and I hold it to be a great acquisition. It
has a slightly climbing habit, the dark foliage of thf
King of Tom Thumbs, and large, well-formed, stout
flowers of a brilliant orange-crimson hue. The build
of the flower is that of T. Lobbiauum elegans. R. D.

Lilium aurafum.—We have flowered a good many of
this Lily this season, and have found among them six
distinct varieties, four of them answering to the
description of your correspondent "J. P." (see p. 952).
Of the others, one is very thickly set with bright
crimson spots, having rays of a pale red; the other is a
line transparent white flower, measuring 14 inches in
diameter, with golden yellow rays, and very sparingly
studded with pale pink spots. This I consider to be
the best I have seen, and I also believe some varieties
are later than olihers, and I think we might get a
succession of this magnificent flower nearly all the year
round ; for instance, I potted 50 bulbs at one time, of
these some started and flowered, while others which
have been in the same house and under same treatment
are just bursting into bloom, and the last three bulbs
are just started, so that we shall have them in bloom
in about six or eight weeks hence. I quite agree with
your correspondent that it is desirable to have th"
varieties named by some proper authority, but when it
is taken into consideration that the country is stocked
with some thousands of bulbs, the difficulty is not so
easily met. If the Committee of the Eoyal Horticul-
tural Society would appoint some one to receive and
name the different varieties, and growers would send a
flower of all the sorts they possessed, it might be done ;
but written descriptions would never answer, as m
many cases they would be inaccurate or incomplete.
Perhaps some of your readers wiU suggest a better mode
of getting over the difficulty. J. Kent, Jun,., Penkhull
Nursery, Stoke-on-Trent.

Allamanda He)idersoni.—hast year so much cor-
respondence took place in your columns about this
plant, and its merits were so highly extolled by many
of the best judges and plant growers, that I thought no
doubt remained as to its excellence and distinctness.
I should therefore have passed unnoticed the letter
respecting it at p. 977, but for two reasons : first, I am

themfromdistanthomes, where this stuff is produced, I about to introduce to the public another new Alia

1002

THE GARDENEHS' CMONICLE ANB AGBICULTITML GAZETTE. [Septembeb 28, iser.

mauda from Eid Branco; and, secondly, it is not
correct that Mr. Marshall paid 20s. for his plant.
What he paid was 15*. The discrepancy may not be
great, but any one that could rush into print with such
an inaccuracy might be equally mistaken in his other
observations. The inference from Mr. Marshall's
statement can only be, that he had bought an old
plant under a new name, and paid very much too high
a price for it. Such, however, is not tlie case.
Allamanda Hendersoni is not only a new plant, but
very superior to any other yellow-flowered AUamanda
in cultivation. Compared with A. Schottii, it is more
compact ill habit, much more profuse in flowering,
especially in a young state ; it can also be bloomed
much earlier in the season than A. Schottii, which is a
great point of usefulness with exhibitors ; the flowers
individually are larger, of greater substance, smoother
in texture, and more evenly formed. It was a plant of
this AUamanda that won the 1st prize as the best
specimen stove and greenhouse plant, at the Great
Show of the Eoyal Horticultural Society, held the
beginning of last June. It was then very much
admired, and perhaps the exhibitor of that plant will
give us his opinion of its merits. Some may ask.
Why has it been said, it is like A. Schottii?" The
reply is, that under certain conditions the two plants
may appear similar— perhaps the true character of
neither being developed, or that of one, and not of the
other; and it is possible for plants to be weakly
bloomed. Oiu- leading exhibitors all agree as to the
merits of the AUamanda in ciuestion, and theirs is the
best testimony that can be given. William Bull.

Dressing Dahlias. — I am surprised at the prominence
given {see p. 979) to an attack on dressing Dahlias at
flower shows. Messrs. Dreghorn & Aitken, of Kilmar-
nock, showed a fine stand of Dahlias at the last Glasgow
Show, and these were excluded from competition on
account of some of the flowers having pins at the back
to svipport the petals. You and your correspondents
have decided that they were rightly excluded, indeed,
you go so far as to censure the practice as despicable.
Let me, therefore, take up the subject as one of general
interest to Dahlia growers, — how far is dressing a
flower legitimate? I was one of the .judges of the
flowers in question, and constituted the " some of the
jury who supported this despicable outrage ; " other
two judges and your correspondent (who was passing,
and took part in the discussion) being on the other
side. Had anything been taken from the flower, or
artificially added to it for effect, I should at once have
thrown it ; but in my opinion it is quite legitimate for
any exhibitor to dress any flower in whatever way he
thinks best fitted to preserve its beauties or to show its
points. It is, besides, a general practice to put a pin
here and there in the back petals, and this is perfectly
well known, and, till this occasion, allowed. What
your correspondents wish, is to show the bloom
exactly as cut from the plant ; if dressed in any
way it is called manufactured, not grown. Now, can
you tell me of a single exhibitor who does not in
some way dress his flowers ? Are they not all in the
habit of jjutting artificially a thick stem over the
natural thin one ? Why ? To support the bloom erect,
and sometimes to support the back petals. If this is
not permitted you would reqiiire to show your blooms
in bottles instead of cans, as the flower would be top-
heavy and fall out. The other juds^es admitted having
known green hearts to be cut out oi DahUas, and justi-
fied the act, while strongly condemning the pins. Is
there any comparison between the acts ? Cutting out
the heart materially alters the flower, and tliis I
believe to be commonly practised, as it is well known
that flowers are staged perfect that are almost impos-
sible to bloom out in the heart without their falling
away in the back, except by this method of cutting out
the green heart ; but in the present case the pins did
not in the least degree afl'ect the merit of the flower,
they did not improve its appearance ; neatly put in,
they did not spoil its look ; they only guaranteed that
the flower would appear in Glasgow as it did in Kil-
marnock. And if this is considered unfair, it is equally
so to tie, support, or prop, any plant exhibited : any
artificial support must be disallowed if this rule holds
good ; for of all dressing this case of pinning seems to
me the most legitimate, as it is the most necessary to
exhibits coming from a distance. It is however the
uncertainty of the rule that I most complain of ; no
one can tell whether or not he should put in his best
and fuUest blooms. With one set of judges he ought to
do so, if necessary with a few pins to prevent drop-
ping ; with others it would only result in disqualifica-
tion ; and should he only put in young blooms that can
stand carriage unsupported, then he may be cut out by
other competitors with larger pinned blooms. Let there
be a rule fixed, and no one can complain ; but while the
presentuncertaiuty exists, every onemustfeel aggrieved.
I think by far too much has been made of
the present case. It has been written about as if an
attempt at defrauding had been discovered. To read
the remarks made about it, one would think the ettect
of the pins was to do what the grower had been unable
to do in a legitimate manner on the plant. Nature
ordains that when flowers are' out they should decay ;
to act up to the letter of the rule, we should not even
put them in water, as by such arbitrary and artificial
procedure we may in some degree counteract this
natural law. I uphold that all florists should encourage
by every means in their power the production and
exhibition of the most perfect flowers, preserved,
staged, and shown in the liest manner, and instead of
quibbling at a novelty, should award a prize to any one
who can promote or improve any of these particulars.
X A. O.

Second Crops of Fruit.— I have in my garden a tree
of WiUiams' Bon Chretien Pear, from which I picked
what there was on it about three weeks ago, which
only amounted to about three dozen fruit, and now the
second crop of about 50 fruit is about as large as

pigeon's eggs. I have also an Appte tree (a Hawthorn-
den), which has been in full bloom this last fortnight.
The Apples have been picked some time. M. C,
llighhuri/.

Foreign Correspondence.

Gardening in the Azores (see pp. 658, 785, 952). —
Having previously made mention of the splendid esta-
blishments of MM. Do Canto and Borges, I must now
refer to that of M. Jose Correa, smaller, indeed, but in
many respects as interesting as those before mentioned.
Here at the time of my visit, among other Proteads
growing in the open air was a specimen of Banksia
serrata, 15 feet high, in full flower. Some Cycads also,
such as Encephalartus horridus, and Cycas ciroinalis.
were also in cone.

A fine tree of Araucaria Coolcii was also showing its
cones, the female flowers having been artificially
fertilised with the pollen of Araucaria excelsa, a suf-
ficently remarkable occurrence, and one which if it
prove successful in engendering a hybrid offspring
between the two species just named, will excite much
interest among horticulturists.

Among the Melaleucas cultivated here, I may
mention M. Leuoadendron, the fibrous bark of which
might possibly be used in the manufacture of paper.

Aralia papyrifera, the Bice-paper plant, adorns not
only this garden, but almost all the others in the
island with its large whitish leaves. Cunonia capensis
and Ceratopetalum gummiferum, Australian plants,
succeed well here, and are remarkable, not only for
the abundance of their flowers, but also as being
Saxifrages on a large scale— arborescent Saxifrages in
fact.

In the stoves M. Correa possesses a good collection
of tropical fruit trees, as well as a fine specimen of that
splendid Musa— Musa vittata— with variegated leaves.
Corynocarpus lievigatus, a New Zealand shrub, ripens
its fruits here ; they contain a sweetish pulp, and the
seeds are edible.

Reverting to the garden of M. Antonio Borges,
I may allude to its prominent characteristics— the
Palms, the Cycads, and Ferns. Pine as these plants
are, they require to be grouped with taste to become
fully effective. M. Borges has thoroughly understood
this, as will be seen by the arrangement of the blocks
of volcanic rocks. &c., among the trees, so as to form
ravines, glens, &c. Tree Ferns of large size, such as
Alsophila radens, A. australis, and A. guianensis,
Dicksonia australis and pubescens, and some splendid
Cyatheas give a noble effect, to which an additional
charm is given by the multitude of small herbaceous
Perns which spring out from the clefts and crannies of
the rocks. But in order the better to contrast with
the graceful foliage of the Ferns, brightly coloured
Begonias, Caladiums, Achimenes, and Gloxinias are
interspersed, and even epiphytal Orchids are not want-
ing to enhance the beauty of the scene. I must not
forget to allude to the beauty of Jacaranda filicifolia,
which here forms a large tree.

Emerging from one of those glens, the eye rests on
small lakes surrounded with green turf, while here and
there are fine ornamental Grasses, Dacrydiums,
Pincenectitias, and Agaves, and these again give place
to Palms and Cycads. Endogenous vegetation here
reigns almost supreme. How delighted would
European horticulturists be with the grand specimens
of such plants as Caryota urens, Arenga saocharifera.
Phoenix spinosa, Corypha australis, Latanias, Elicis
guineensis, Jubioa spectabilis, various Arecas, Sea-
forthias, Thrinax, and Oreodoxa, which M. Borges has
collected together, and which here flourish in the open
air better than in the stove houses of Europe. Cycads
also, such as species of Encephalartos, Zamia, Cerato-
zamia, Dioon, Cycas, &c., thrive equally well, and the
magnificent Travellers tree, Ravenala, adds its
splendid foliage to aid the general effect.

Among the Exogenous plants distinguished for their
fine foliage I may allude to two species : of Sciado-
phyllum erown here, also to Carapa guianensis, the
young leaves of which are of a brilliant red colour.
Here, too, are Lomatias, Theophrastas, Coccolobas,
Stadmannias ; and among " economic " plants, the
Baobab, the Xanthochymus pictorius, long supposed to
yield Gamboge, but whose fruits are very good eating,
and ripen here every year; Genipa americana is equally
esteemed for its fruits, and specially the Mango,
Mangifera indica. Stillingia sebifera, the Tallow-tree
of China, is also cultivated here. Pine-apples are
grown in the stoves, and fruits weighing nearly
14 lb. have been grown in this garden.

Besides these noble establishments there are many
smaller ones which I visited : among them the
nurseries of Mr. Brown, who communicated to me the
list of Oranges cultivated by him, and already com-
municated to you (p. 7S6).

In the garden of M. Boros I saw two superb Date
Palms, one of which was more than 30 feet in height,
and had a trunk over 7 feet in girth. The other was
somewhat smaUer in size. A specimen of Laurus
fcetens, in the same garden, measured over 37 feet in
height.

M. le Vicomte la Praya has a splendid collection of
CameUias, which here form large shrubs, flowering
almost throughout the year.

In the garden of the Baron das Lorangeiras is a
colossal specimen of Juboea spectabiUs, some fine
specimens of Acacia heterophyUa, Eucalyptus glo-
bulus, Diospyros virginiana, &s. ; while the Baron de
Foutebella may weU be proud of his Magnolia grandi-
flora, the trunk of which is 6 feet in circumference,
and does not begin to branch till it reaches a height of
8 feet from the ground ; it is certainly far the finest
specimen I have ever seen of this noble species.

Thanks to the Uberality of some of the gentlemen
I have named, the garden under my charge has been
much enriohedi and your readers will be enabled to

judge of my delight and astonishment from my record,
however imperfect, of the horticultural features of San
Miguel. Jl^dinond Goeze, Coimbra.

Wottas of asoofeg.

Letters Some from Spain, Algeria, and Brazil. By
the Eev. Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S. Van Voorst:
Bvo, pp. 178, tab. 5.
The first impression on reading this book is one of
surprise that the author should have made public a
series of " letters home," in which outsiders have little
concern. For the most part the regions traversed are
not precisely lerrts incognitai, nor does our author add
much to our knowledge of them. Nevertheless, it must
be admitted that the letters have a freshness about
them and are written in so liberal a spirit, that
it is impossible not to be pleased with their
perusal, even though they contain little novelty.
The work consists of a light gossiping record
of a yachting trip along the coasts of Spain
and Algiers, with occasional excursions inland.
To this is added the account of a voyage to Teneriffe,
Brazil, &c. Our author is an enthusiastic entomolo-
gist, and the zest vi^ith which he enters into his pursuit
is well reflected in this volume, wherein it is well
shown, among other things, how insects can revenge
themselves, especially upon clerical gentlemen in black.
Though the stoi-y has often been told before, and
always in terms of highest admiration, we cite as sug-
gestive to horticulturists, the author's account of his
first excursion into a Brazilian forest. " We were in
the deepest shade, some 50 or 80 feet above our heads
were the bushy tops of closely-packed trees ; then
below them a second covering of Palms, Fern trees,
and such like, all loaded with parasites ; below them,
again, was thick tangled brushwood, not in the least
like our English brushwood, that good-naturedly gives
way to your arms and hands as you stride through it,
but interlaced in all directions with long trailing
creeping plants, some with stems as thick as my wrist,
others thinner ; the thinnest, and by far the worst for
us, were thread-like runners that were no thicker than
string, so tough that to break them was impossible,
and so long that they would not give way before us.
Underneath this monster vegetable net (through which
we had to struggle for hours) was the ground covered
with masses of dead leaves, broken branches, all the
debris of the vast vegetable creation above that had
been accumulating for countless ages, and often
green with little plants and Ferns."

This extract may serve as a sample of this unpre-
tending little volume, whose author will have the
sympathy of all readers embued with that most
enthralling and most innocent of pursuits— Natural
History.

Eeaders concerned in the history and doings of
trades' unions and similar organisations will find matter
of interest for perusal in a small Avork receritly
published by Messrs. Longman & Co. Under the title of
The Last Thirty Years in a Mining District, by
Ignotus. The literary style in many places reminds us
oi' that of Mrs. Flora Pinching, in " Little Dorrit," as
our author's sentences are often as involved and as
difficult to be disentangled as the confused periods of
the lady to whom we have referred.

" Was Galileo supported by rigorous scientific proofs
when he held with so much tenacity the orbital and
diurnal motions of the earth ? " is the question which
a Wrangler attempts to answer in a pamphlet entitled
TJie Theories of Copernicus and Ptolem;/ (Longmans).
We must refer our readers to the publication itself for
the reply to the above question.

Stjmons^ Monthhf Meteorological Magazine (Stan-
ford), for August, 1867, has special interest as contain-
ing a report on the excessive rainfall of July 26,
which in some places amounted to 5 inches. The
thanks of meteorologists are due to Mr. Symons for his
persevering labours in this department. No observa-
tions are more easily made than those relating to the
measurement of rainfall, and the mere record in
various localities of the number of rainy days in a year
would for cultural purposes be very valuable. If the
quantity were measured, so much the better ; but very
useful information, practically speaking, can be deduced
from a bare record of the number of days upon which
rain, little, or much, falls in any given locality.

The fifth number of the Journal of the Transactions
of the Victoria Institute (Hardwicke), radiant in the
brightest of blue covers, is before us, and is chiefly
occupied by a paper on the credibility of Darwinism
by Mr. Warrington, who maintains that Darwinism is
harmonious, adequate, consistent, and credible. The
discussion, which is given in full, may be summed up
in the words of one of the speakers, who is persuaded
that "the theory of Mr. Darwin is inharmonious,
inadequate, inconsistent, and utterly incredible." One
of the speakers objects to the hypothesis on the grounds
that the ark constructed by Noah was of enormous
size, and a great deal too large for the representatives
of eight or ten species only ! Of greater scientific value
are the remarks of the Eev. W. Mitchell on the cells of
the hive-bee, the construction of the eye, &o. The same
inexhaustible subject is treated of in the Anniversary
Address of the same Society.

The value of the Pentstemon as a decorative plant
for the Hower garden is so generally admitted on every
hand, that one wonders they are so seldom seen at
exhibitions. A stand of cut blooms of some of the
best varieties could not fail to be highly attr.nctive,
but rarely are they met with excepting when they
are employed to assist in making up a stand of
cut blooms of herbaceous plaits. It is simply for

Septembeb 28, 1867.]

THE GAKDENET^S' CnTlONICT^E AND AGPjrtTl.TTmAT, GAZETTE.

1003

want of being better known, that they are so seldom
met with, nevertheless they are slowly but surely
rising in jniblic estimation. There will be a reaction
presently m favour of mixed borders as a relief from
the stereotyped masses of colour met with in every
garden, the constant iteration of which jialls upon the
taste; and in these mixed borders tlio Fenlslemon will
play an important part, as the llowprs, both line in
form and colour, combined with elegance of habit and
large and showy sjiikos of Howors, mark them as espe-
cially attractive and nsofnl things. They bloom con-
tinuously, for the succession of bloom is prolonged
from the early part of Juno till the end of Sejitember
■where a selection of varieties are grown ; and the stiff,
strong llower-stem enables them to resist both wind
and rain without material injury, while the hottest
i-un fails to burn or disligure the brightest hues of
colour in any perceptible degree.

The improvement of the Pentstemon during the past
few years has taken tlieform of adding to the varieties
of some one or two well-known species, rather than by
the introduction of new species. P. Hartwegii and
P. gentianoides appear, as far as can bo traced, to
have been the two species most fertile in producing
new v.arieties ; while P. Coha;a, sometimes confounded
with P. Digitalis, from wdiich, however, it is quite
distinct, and the dwarf blue species {P. glabcr), have
no doubt added their quota of blood and characl eristics
to the work of improvement. As this work has been
wrought out more extensively on the Continent than in
our own country (though at the present time it is
being most successfully prosecuted here), we have
thereby lost the record of the pedigree of the new
kinds, sujiposing it could have been traced.

It has been noticed that the commoner species of the
Pentstemon betray a ready tendency to variation,
without the interposition of any artificial agency to
produce it, and it is thought that some of the new
kinds of :vhat have been termed garden hybrids of this
flower are not hybrids at all, but simply higher and
handsomer forms of the variation referred to, the which
are simply the effects of accident rather than of
design— "more seminal varieties, with nothing of the
true hybrid in their natures." However they may
have originated, certain it is that recent years have
added considerably to the list of varieties in cultivation,
and that among these are beautiful and striking forms,
manifesting not only a considerable variation in point
of colour, but having the flowers enlarged in size and
perfected iu form, and the addition of a robust growing
habit as seen in the stout vigorous plant stalk that
yields not only a leading spike, but branches with
lateral spikes as well, and in the increased size, and
especially the width, of the leaves of the plants.

Opportunities have recently been afibrded to me of
inspecting two collections of Pentstemons when in
bloom, one at the London nursery of Messrs. Downie,
Laird & Laing, Staustead Park, Forest Hill ; the other
at Jlr. ,Iohn I'raser's, Lea Bridge Eoad Nursersies,
Leyton. The flowers seen at the first-named repre
sented what has been done in the way of improving
the Pentstemon in our own country ; while Mr.
Fraser's flowers represented a corresponding advance
on the Continent. I cannot say that either collection
was the best in point of quality, but in the matter of
■variation Mr. Fraser had the best of it, as it would
appear that the varieties of the Pentstemon are more
numerously produced on the Continent than in
England. Varieties having shades of purple and
violet, with broad Gloxinia^like flowers, represented
mainly the new varieties in the hands of Messrs.
Downie & Co., but while these are by no means
overlooked on the Continent, there were yet t6 be
seen among the foreign flowers many having the
trumpet shape of what has been erroneously termed
P. gentianoides coccinea, allied to colours leading up
from light rose to even brilliant red and crimson
blossoms, of great beauty. These trumpet-shaped
flowers have become considerably enlarged, as in the
case of the shorter flowers, and many of them are very
handsome. The disposition of the sepals is rapidly
approximating to the florists' ideal of their perfect
form and arrangement. The limb segments are five in
number, and are w'cU rounded, in shape nearly two-
thirds of a circle ; those of the most perfect form stand
out almost at a right angle from the orifice of the
tube, and are very slightly concave in form, with a
slight inclination forwards from the flower stem.

The best of Messrs. Downie, Laird, & Laing's
flowers, respecting which it is only due to this well-
known firm to say that they are mainly their own
raising, were :— Andrew Smith, dark purplish maroon
with pure white throat, the flowers of great size and
fine quality; James Douglas, the tube bright violet
purple, with a ring of light blue just within the mouth,
a beautiful and distinct variety ; Czar, dark purple, the
throat pure white, veined, and very slightly spotted
with crimson ; lona, pale rosy crimson, a bold and
distinct variety with a finely expanded tube; John
Pow, brilliant red, the throat pure white marked with
deep carmine, a very fine and showy variety; the
Hon. Mrs. Dalrymple, light rose, with pure white
throat, a beautiful and distinct variety ; Delicatum, a
very pretty light flower, flesh colour, suffused with rose ;
Donald Beaton, light rosy crimson, ■with light throat,
faintly pencilled and sutlused with deep rose, flowers
large and showy ; AVilliam Martin, a very fine flower,
the tube a series of heavy crimson stripes on a paler
ground, the throat white, marbled with blue, distinct
and handsome; Madame Le Brun, a French variety,
violet rose, with white throat ; Exchequer, purple, a
very fine flower ; David Smart, deep crimson, with
pure white throat, a very showy flower ; Buclide, a
very fine variety, the flower crimson, the throat pen-
cilled with deep rose and purple ; and Dr. Hogg,
bright glowing scarlet, with pure white throat, the
flowers very broad, and of fine quality.

The flowers seen at the Lea Bridge Eoad Nursery

comprised, a.s before stated, the leading improvements
in the Pentstemon mudo on the Continent.

The following varieties represent the very cream of
a largo collecivion that Mr. Fra.ser had planted out fur
trial, and also with a view of amending the descriptions
received from Franco with the flowers, and which are
(iflcn found to ho unreliable :— Le Conquerant, deep
rosy crimson, with white throat pencilled with bright
crimson, a liamlsome and fine flower ; Richard Lenoir,
rosy purple, the throat heavily pencilled with dci'ii
violet: the habit of this line variety is extremely good ;
Due do l;orniine, a claret crimson self flower, tlio
mouth of the tube suffused w'ith violet, a fine self-
{■oloured variety, but the Howers are somewhat narrow
in the tube ; Georges Bruant, white, sufl'used with pale
rosy violet, a very pretty and distinct flower; Souvenir
do 'Miitlhii'U I'eniet, purplish crimson, the throat pen-
cilleil with rosy crimson,:! line and bold ilower; Souvenir
de St. I'aul, bright crimson, snd'uscd with imrple, clear
bright throat, pencilled with rosy crimson, extra
fine; Melanie Lalauette, pale violet ro.se shaded, the
throat white, heavily pencilled with rosy lilac, a Ilower
very handsome as well as of fine shape, and of
dwarf habit; Pauline Dumont, iialo rosy lilac,
suffused with crimson, and handsome pencilled white
throat, very nretty ; Surpasse Victor Hugo, fine bright
reddish scarlet, with pure white throat, a superbly
fine flower; Rosalie, rosy red suffused wilh violet, the
white thro;vt slightly pencilled with rose, bright and
very pretty ; Indisjiensablo, delicate rose, the throat
crimson, which is pencilled with white, a very free
blooming variety; Edmond About, deep reddish
scarlet, with pure white throat: the colour of the flower
comes out remarkably bright and effective when the
sun is on it ; George Sand, purplish lilac, of a bright
shade, conspicuous white throat pencilled with violet,
very free blooming and showy; L'Africaine, creamy
white, suffused with violet, clear white throat, very
pretty and cfl'ective, but somewhat inappropriately
named ; Bonne Villageoise, intense reddish scarlet,
with white throat, pencilled with lines of the same
colour ; a splendid variety, and one of the very best of
this shade of colour; Grinchu, violet shaded with
purple, and having a conspicuous white throat, a very
promising flower, but not in good condition on this
occasion ; Leon Leprevote, the crimson of the flower
is deeper than any that has preceded it, while it is also
quite rich in the hue, it has also a conspicuous white
throat slightly pencilled and dashed with violet
crimson ; and Maria Held, bright violet purple, with
showy white throat, a very handsome and striking
flower.

As a rule, the Pentstemon, of which the foregoing
flowers stand as representatives is an evergreen shrub,
as during mild winters the foliage is retained. The
plants will endure some degrees of frost without
material injury, but it is best to winter all choice
kinds in cold frames, when some extra covering can be
added in very severe frost. Mr. Fraser regards it as
an invariable rule that if the foliage dies though frost
the roots will inevitably die also.

The commonly-received method of cultivation, and
a generally successful one, is to increase the stock of
plants by taking cuttings from the old plants in the
summer, when the young wood is nicely developed.
These strike readily put into a small frame in a bed
composed of a good friable sandy soil, or they can be
put out iu a similar way under hand glasses in a shady
situation. Here they may be struck quite readily, and
in numbers. When rooted, the plants should be potted
off singly into small pots if space will permit, and in
this way they m\\ form well-established and strong
.plants by the winter. They can be set out in some
exposed place, and be freely watered to encourage
growth, and the shoots should be pinched out
to make the plants bushy. A cold frame or pit will
serve to house them during the winter, which should
be in as dry a situation as it is possible it can occupy.
Very little water will be required by the plants, as
freedom from damp is a necessary condition of their
winter treatment. In bright dry weather, especially
if thfire be some sunshine, the lights or covering to the
frame may be entirely removed during the day, but
should be replaced at night in all weathers. An addi-
tional shift into larger pots can be given to the plants
early in March, if it is required they should be extra
strong, but as a general rule they can be transferred to
their blooming quarters from the pits iu which
they have been wintered. Planting out can be done at
the end of April or the beginning of May, but the
plants will be secure from injury if it be done earlier,
as the exigencies of accommodation at that season of
the year often require that all available economy of
shelter for tender subjects, should be practised.

To those who are fond of raising seedlings (and it is
always fraught with great interest to the Horticul-
turist) the Pentstemon is an excellent subject on
which to operate. They by no means seed freely in this
country, or at best produce matured seeds, only unless
the season be very favourable. Still, Continental seed
can generally be obtained, and that has been found of ^
very good quality indeed. About March the seeds
should be sown in pans in a light sandy soil, and
placed in a gentle heat. The usual plan of pricking ofl'
the plants into other pans as soon as they are large
enough to handle should be followed in this case, still
retaining the plants in warmth for a time to encourage
growth, and then gradually introducing them to cooler
quarters. By the end of May and on into the middle of
J une they can be planted out in a well-prepared bed
to bloom, placing an inverted flower-pot over any
plants that appear weakly till they get roothold.
These plants should ho about 18 inches apart each
way, if so much room can be spared. Those of the
seedlings that prove worth keeping should be marked,
the others can be accommodated on the rubbish heap,
or can go to fill up odds and ends of .borders requiring
to be tenanted. B. I).

Wtit ^pfarg.

Artificial Qltkkn - haising (Concluded from
7).9U7).— The .stock. No. 9, which I beheved (as previously
.stated) to have lost the very diminutive queen which
was raised from an inserted, sealed, royal cell, I after-
wards found, when about to take steps to remedy the
supposed deficiency, had not sustained such a beroave-
menl. The queen was so extremely diminutive that
sill) miglit have been easily overlooked in my former
search for her. More than three weeks had elapsed
from the time of the queen leaving the cell when I
examined the hive, and as there was still not a single
egg or any larval, sealed or unsealed, to be seen, I
naturally came to the conclusion that she was really
dead, and may not have instituted so strict a search as
r olherwiso should have done. Not having a royal coll
that could be spared, I left the stock to its own devices
un( il I should be able to supply it with one, or with 4
fertile queen. But on again examining tho combs more
than a fortnight after I was surprised to find a con-
siderable <piantity of brood and eggs in worker-cells,
many of which were elongated, and sealed for tho
accommodation of drones, proving that the queen had
commenced her egg-laying career as a drone-breeder.

Still hoping that the unsealed larvtc misht prove t6
be worker, I intended again to inspect the hive after
an interval of a few days, and if they should all then
turn out to be undoubtedly drone brood, to destroy the
queen, and, as it was drawing on very late in tho
season, probably to break up the stock altogether.
Circumstances, however, prevented ray being able to
examine the hive for some weeks, when I found that
all the brood was hatched out with the exception of a
very few drones still sealed up in worker cells. There
is therefore every reason to fear that this stock has si
its head a confirmed drone-breeding queen.- There ar^
many drones to be seen on tho surface of the combs, but
they are all very diminutive, being scarcely larger than
ordinary bees. The queen decidedly is a small one;
but is nicely coloured, exhibiting unmistakably hei*
Ligurian blood. I mean to endeavour to keep the
queen alive in this stock until next spring, solely as a
matter of curiosity, and not of utility.

I may now conclude these papers by stating that it
will have been seen that my experiments this season
in (lueen-raising have been particularly unfortunate and
unsuccessful. This want of success may be attributed
partly to the season, which in this district has
been singularly unpropitious for bees in every way-
swarms having been conspicuous by their non-appear-
ance, and honey-gathering barely sufficient to keej)
the hives from starving— and partly to having been
prevented by other engagements from examining my
queen-rearing stocks just at the time when they most
required supervision. It is now obvious to me that in
such a season as the one we have just passed through,
the bees engaged in queen-raising should be liberally
fed. This was not done, and to this omission I may
ascribe the loss of three, if not four, of my small arti-
ficial nuclei. In other summers, when honey has been
plentiful, I iave had no difficulty in forming as many
artificial stocks as I required, or in substituting young
and vigorous Ligurian queens for those of common
origin or of advanced age, and with little injury
to, or retard-atiou of, the prosperity of the stocks ;
but this year I have found, without any exception,
that every hive which has been manipulated on for the
purpose has been seriously weakened, and b'os failed in
laying in a sufficient store of food for the coming
winter. Hives, on the contrary, which have not
been tampered with, though they have given neither
swarms nor surplus honey, are safe in this respect.

The result of all my operations this past summer is
an increase only of two or three artificial swarms,
headed by young Ligurian queens ; but against this, I
must put in the balance the injury done to what
would have been, by this time, strong colonies.

It would have been a far more pleasing task to have
had an account to give of unvaried success, but I have
thought that it might be as well if we occasionally
recorded our failures, as well as our successes. Queen
rearing has been usually described as a remarkably easy
and certain affair, the formation of artificial swarms as
being attended with but little difficulty or uncertainty ;
but I have proved that the contrary may be the result,
and that enormous delay may often occur before a hive
deprived of its queen is again in possession of a fertile
mother. During all this period the colony is going
back, lessening both in population and in prosperity.
Before embarking in these experiments I would advise
the inexperienced bee-keeper to count the cost, and be
fully alive to the possibility of seriously interfering
with the welfare of the apiary. S. Beran Fox.

Garden Memoranda.

GliAMis Castle, the seat of the Earl of Strathmore
and Kinghorn, has been in the family of the present
Earl for nearly 500 years, and bears many traces of the
alterations that at different times have been made
upon it. The building consists of a massive round
turret standing at the intersection of two square towers
at right angles, and this part is very remarkable from
the large number of small turrets and pinnacles that
cluster round the building, giving it a very gi-and
appearance. The buildings and other oflices are very
extensive, and the interior of the Castle is magnificently
furnished. The dr;iwiag-room is particularly superb,
being hung with numerous family and other valuable
historical portraits. The grounds and garden are of
great beauty and extent ; and as to the latter, it occupies
what little more than a twelvemonth ago was moor-
land, covered with the yellow broom.and golden furze.
Now it is a beautiful level, laid out with much taste.
Tho wall, which is of brick, is on one side above
30 feet high, and is of a most substantial character. It
encloses within a square above 4 acres of ground

1004

THE GAliDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GAZETTE. [Septembee 28. ise:.

whioh is intended principally for kitchen garden, fruit I down into the root-line. By no means arrange the
trees, and bushes Along the base of the wall, a wide grating and its attendant minute dumb well (formed to
border extends all rounS, in which wall trees are catch the drift sand and other debris) so asjo fix it

extensively planted. Then a wide walk surrounds the
garden parallel to the wall, gravelled, and edged with
box, as are all the walks. The rest of the ground is
divided by transverse walks at right angles into four
large compartments. Outside the south wall many
labourers are employed levelling the ground for a
flower garden. It will occupy a gentle incline of
several acres, sloping to the river Dean, and is, when
finished, to be something very magnificent. To the
east, west, and south the entrances are by splendid
iron railed gates, hung upon stone-arched gateways.

Along almost the whole length of the north wall
extends one of the finest ranges of hothouses which
exists in Scotland. They are fitted up with every improve-
ment known at the present day. The artificial heat is to
be furnished by hot-water pipes, while the natural heat
is largely drawn upon by many underground lines of
communication with what appears to be a long rovv of
ventilators at a few yards' distance from, and parallel
to, the houses. The means of ventilation are of the
most complete description. The Vines and other
plants, with a few exceptions, are not yet in their
permanent positions. Several of the compartments are
occupied with avaried and unique display of greenhouse
plants. This, however, is only a temporary arrange-
ment, an extensive range of Melon and Pine-apple
pits and greenhouses being in course of construction.
These are situated about 20 yards behind the north
wall, with which they run parallel. It will be two or
three years before the houses can offer a display
approaching anything near to perfection, the whole
being as yet in infancy. A range of buildings, consist-
ing of bothy, toolhouses, potting-houses, stables, boiler-
house &c., runs along the whole back of the north
wall. One of these is occupied for the rather unusual
purpose in Scotland of forcing Mushrooms, and is sur-
rounded by two ranges of trough shelving. This room,
as well as the whole range, is heated by hot-water
pipes. Outside the north-west corner of the garden
has been erected a tasteful and commodious dwelling-
house for the head gardener, Mr. Johnston.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
It will be best now to get all Oreenhouse Plants
into their permanent winter quarters without delay.
Of course I refer more especially to such hard-wooded
" stuff" as Camellias, Azaleas, &c. After housing, it
will be necessary to throw all the lights open, to admit
all the air possible for a week or two, in order that the
transition from the outer air to, at the best, a closer
inner atmosphere may not be too sudden. Such
plants as Chrnsanthemnms, Cinerarias, and the like,
continue to keep as cool as possible by exposing them
constantly to the outer atmosphere, simply protecting
the latter from too much moisture, heavy rains, &c.
In giving Cinerarias their final shift, which, generally
speaking, should be into 32-sized pots, always place
them in a compost containing more fibrous loam than
that in which they may have been grown previously,
potting them also more firmly than before. Do not
keep them too moist at the root, but give slight sprink-
Ungs frequently overhead with the rose of a fine spray
watering-pot. The more forward ones, which begin to
fill the pots in which they are to flower, with roots,
will be much benefited by alternate waterings with
hquid manure of moderate strength. See that no slugs
injure the foliage, which they too frequently do, if not
watched closely and occasionally sought for after sun-
set. Place Primulas in a more open sunny situation
than previously, sprinkle them freely overhead, but
be careful not to make the balls too wet, as they readily
rot off at the base under such circumstances. It is
usual when these get sufliciently large to fall over, or
roll from side to side of the pot, to fix them firmly in
their position, by placing two neat pegs of well-dried
wood, one on either side of the base, in such a position
that they cannot possibly move. These little pegs are
of great' benefit, as they support the plant and secure
it from the danger of snapping some of its main
roote in two. Pot Lachenalias without further delay.
Shake the old balls to pieces, and choose from amongst
the bulbs the larger ones. These are best placed
evenly and thickly in 32-sized pots. Put them into a
compost of two parts good loam and one of leaf mould,
with a httle silver sand ; when potted, place them upon
a properly prepared bottom in the open ground, and
treat them in every way like Cinerarias, when once
they have fairljr commenced rooting. Do not place
Tritonia aurea in a dry position, and hence force it
into rest, a too generally followed practice. If success in
its culture is sought for, treat it precisely as you
would an evergreen, by continuing to water freely,
&c. Remove the old flower stalks without injuring the
leaves, as these too frequently have seed pods which
are useless growing upon them.

FORCING HOUSES.
Look about for a proper material duly to protect all
line borders from superficial rains, and especially those
attached to Vineries which are at rest. Great caution
however will now be needed with all, as very much
rain has already fallen this season, and therefore we
may fairly surmise that even the he.st drained borders
are quite wet enough in consequence. Those whom it
may concern therefore may best judge of the injurious
efiects which already may accrue to badly drained ones,
and should take precautions accordingly. Much good
may be done to many borders of that kind by running
an additional drain all around them where convenient,
pi ovided a good clear outfall can be secured for the
water which is likely to traverse them. By this means
additional air, with its many useful properties, is diverted

contiguously to the border, as a certain amount of
dampness necessarily exists around such an arrange-
ment. Where any such exist, I advise their imme-
diate removal. Asphalte is perhaps the best covering
for borders ; let it be securely fixed to frames, and laid
over tlieni at a sufficient angle to drain the water freely
off. Next comes a thatching of good wheaten straw
and lastly a thick layer of dry Fern, which has the g9od
property of retaining much moisture and drying
quickly again if fine weather ensue without admitting
any very large quantity into the border below. In
an economical point of view, there can be
no more efficient covering, however, than a good
layer of this Fern, well trodden down, slightly thatched
over with straw in the usual way. A latent heat, with
perfect security from too much moisture, is thus
readily retained. Any Grapes which remain enclosed
in paper or other bags, wherein they have been placed
for protection against insects, had better have the
covering taken off, and be duly scrutinised to see that
no decayed or injured berries exist in the middle of the
bunches. It is needless to say that the damaged berries
should be removed with the utmost care, so as not to
injure other berries which are near them. Pines
ripening fruit must be kept studiously in a dry, light,
and sunny position, if good flavour is to be sought for.
HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.
Go over all Peach and Nectarine trees for the last
time, and remove all foreright shoots from them. It
will be well also to stop the points of weak shoots ; this
will aid them in maturing flower-buds for next year's
crop. Proceed with the gathering of Apples and Pears,
using proper judgment and forethought in so doing.
Some of the earlier sorts of Pears, at least those whicb
succeed the first early, such as Marie Louise, Gansel's
Bergamot, British Queen, &c. ; where a sufficient crop
of either exists, had better be gathered " at twice." Go
over them carefully at once and gather one-third of the
most prominent ones which have been the most fully
exposed to the sun. When gathered lay them upon a
shelf upon which a little straw has been placed. Give
them plenty of air by day, but if convenient keep the
moist night air away by closing the windows, or other
apertures. It will be better also to proceed with the
ingathering of the earlier Apples generally. The test
of fitness will be found in the colour of the "pip."
Take from the tree one of the soundest looking of the
fruit, and cutting it in two ascertain whether the pips
have, or are, changing colour ; if brown, the fruit is
perfectly ready, and should not be allowed to remain
upon the tree another day. Generally speaking, how-
ever, they have not yet arrived at this stage, but at the
most will only commence showing the ripening tint.
If gathered when the first signs of ripening only exist,
they keep much better than when farther advanced ;
hence, I advise that no delay should occur in con-
cluding the operation so soon as the pips have arrived
at this stage. Studied discernment will be needful in
dealing with late keeping Apples, and indeed Pears.
To gather thus early such Apples as Court-pendu Plat,
Sturmer Pippin, Ashmead's Kernel, and similar sorts,
even should the pips show signs as above, would be to
spoil them irretrievably. The same applies equally to
such of the latter also, as Easter Beurre, Beurr^ Eance,
Ne Plus Menris, &c. All such must remain some time
upon the trees yet. Little tom-tits I find are doing
much injury to standard and espalier trees bearing
fruit. They gouge out small holes near the stalk,
which, however small they may be, are suflicient to cause
the fruit to rot at a later date. Protection, by the aid
of nets or any other mode which suggests itself, must
be given, and that quickly, if the crops are to be
saved. It is hardly necessary to add, that all fruit
should be gathered when perfectly dry. ^ Each
individual fruit should be taken without any injury in
disengaging it from the branch, and with the stalk
entire ; this is particularly needful, as the fruit thereby
keeps much better than under other conditions. Lay
each fruit carefully down, bearing the fact in mind
that the least bruise whatever gives place to ulterior
decomposition, a cause from which much good fruit is
entirely lost, together with the labour and outlay
attending its production.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.
Auriculas often at this season form offsets, which if
removed with care and potted in small pots, and
attentive treatment be given may become good plants for
next season's flowering. Be very careful, however, in
taking them off the parent plant, not to injure the base
more than is absolutely necessary. Too large a mound
made at this season tends to cause decay hereafter.
Expose the wound made fully to the sun, and induce it
thus to heal over. Take up Anemones which have
ripened off their foliage, and store them away in silver
sand, should the ground be wanted for other purposes.
I find that Weigelas, which have grown freely during
the summer, flower better if taken up out of the
border and replaced immediately ; severing some of the
roots, and thereby checking the growing capabilities of
the plant generally, would appear to throw it into a
flowering state. SoUyliock cuttings maj; still be
placed in pans or pots, as they will still strike freely.
As I have before stated, choose those eyes only which
have not produced any flowers during the season.
KITCHEN GARDEN.
Cardoons must now be earthed up; some bind
them round with hay or similar bands, and thereby save
much of the labour of handling them continually
during the operation. It may be well to give them a
good soaking with strong liquid manure first of all.
A similar application would also benefit much Crlobe
Artichokes. Do not omit to remove all old flower-
stalks from these as soon as the flowers are used;

leaving them causes the stools to become much weakened,
and, indeed, very frequently so decrepid that they
are in consequence unable to withstand the effects
of winter. The last main batch of Lettuces and
.Ei»(ii oe should be got in in the ensuing week. Con-
tinue to plant the Endive deeply ; it is only needful
just to ensure that the crown does eventually reach
the surface. Take advantage of favourable dry weather
to tie up a good batch of each of these also ; they will
come in about right to lift and store away in frames for
early winter use. Forward all Onions which still
remain out, by laying the necks of the coarser ones in
such a manner that they cannot rise again. Dust
lime and soot, or either separately, amongst all young
plantations of such things as those just referred to—
Cabbages, Cauliflowers, &c. ; slugs, which are very
numerous, caterpillars, and other nightly depredators,
injure these materially by marking the leaf ever so
little ; all wounds spread apace when hoar frost has
once set in. To keep the plants' clothing intact and
free from injury, is the first step to secure it against
such positive injury. W. E.

STATE OF THE WEATHEK AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
Forthe Week endingSept. 25. 1867. asobsfirredattlieHorticultttral Gardens.

Thurs. 19

Friday 20

Satur. 21

Sunday 22

Mon. 23

Tues. 21

Wed. 25

Average
Sept.

21

O.OU

'30.141 30.12'.
(T i30.137 30.009

24 J3O.030 29.857

25 30.0141 29.887

26 30.376 29.991

27 130.434 30.391

130.176 30 039

TaurEaAToaE.

lofthe Earth

Ifoot
deep.

66.4 I 41.3 ! 53.

2 feet
deep.

59 0

58.0

19— Fine tbroushout ; overcast at niiflit.
20— Fine ; low white clouds ; clear at night.
_ 21— Uniformly overcast ; clear and fine; clear.

— 22-Rain ; cloudy and fine ; clear at night.

23 -Rain ; cloudy, and rather boisterous ; clear.

24— Hoisterous ; massesof dusky white clouds; clear.

— 26— Partially overcast ; tine ; clear.

Mean temperature of the week, 1 8.10 deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Oct. 5, 18G7.

^I^

Wed.
Thuia.
Friday
Satur.

.29 65.5 ; 44,2

,.30, 65,0 , 43,5

.. ll 63,6 45,1

,. 2; 64,7 44,4

,. 3' 64 0 I 41,8

.. 4l 64 1 I 43,0

.. 5' 6:t.0 40.6

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained,

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

I Prevailing Winds,

0.46 in.
0,58
0 53

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
5th, 1834— therm. 80 deg. ; and the lowest on the 5th, 1865 -therm.
25 de^. ^^^_^^___^^^^^^^

Notices to Correspondents.

Bowling Gbeen : / C M. A bowling green should be rendered
as level as possible, and should be sunk below the general
surface level, so as to present a small bank of turf to stop the
progress of the bowl. It must be rendered perfectly dry by
draiu.age, and must also be kept very closely mown, and
repe.atedly rolled.
Clematises : E B. C. lanuginosa as a rule cannot be struck
by means of cuttings ; it should be grafted, which is also
a slow process. C. montana may be increased by means of
layers. C. Jackmanni and Lanuginosa should be mulched in
November ; the former should be cut back in that month,
but the latter, unless very strong, should be but sparingly
pruned.

Cucumbers : Mes&rs. Sutton ifc Soti.^. Your specimen of
Hamilton's Invincible is certainly the largest of which we
have either seen or read. It measures 38 inches in length,
103 inches in circumference, and weighs 12i lb. 1 It is short-
necked, straight, and altogether handsome in form. _ It is,
however, far advanced beyond an eatable state, and is now
only usefiil for the seed which it contains.

Grapes : R D B. Y'our Grapes arrived in better condition, but,
as in the former case, the apex of the ben-ies moulded. The
wrinkles at the base were very evident and were clear of
mould, though the stalks were covered with it. We presume
the leaves which accompanied the Grapes were gathered
from the same Vine, and if so, it is clear that the roots are in a
bad condition, as the chlorophyll is only partitllly developed.
In consequence the hemes are unhealthy, and subject to
decomposition. M J B.

Ix-SECTS : Vilis. The disease in your Black Hamburgh Grapes
is quite new to us, and consists of a number of minute
galls on the under surface of the leaves, which burst open
on the upper surface, disclosing a number of minute oval
eggs. "We can only suppose they may be the work of some
gall midge. Can you follow out their history or send us
more specimens ?—Jl/ws £ .4 0. We believe your wasps are
Vespa rufa, but they are so smashed and discoloured that it
is difficult to make them out,— ^ M C. The grubs in your
lawn arc either young cockchafers or the larvai of one of
the allied smaller species of Melolontha. Water the Grass
with strong lime water, and next summer employ children
to catch and kill all the beetles. W.

Names of Plants : W M. Tour Fungus is one of the v.arious
forms of Marasmius peronatus. M J B.—M D. 1, Polygonum
complexum : 2, Gymnogramma chairophylla.

OOT-DOOE Vines : Vigneroa. There are none better for your
object than Royal Muscadine and Black Cluster, or Miller's
Burgundy.

Pelargoniuji : M tt Son. The leaves you have sent us,
though pretty, exhibit no improvement on those of varieties
possessing the same colours .already in cultivation. The
chief fault belonging to them is the irregidarity of the zone,
which, on a small scale, has the appearance of being what is
termed Vandyked.

Rainfall in the W. Indies: Inquisitive wishes for informa-
tion as to the amount of rainfall during every month of the
year in the West Indian islands. He is anxious to try some
experiments with planted-out Pine-apples, .and wishes to
know the exact amount of rain they receive in their natural
habitats. None of the authorities to which he h.as access
take any notice of so important a matter.

Vine Mildew : H S T. Sulphur is an unfailing remedy, if
applied sufficiently early. The Vines should be thoroughly
dusted with flowers of sulphur, by means of a sulphurator,
the moment th.at mildew is observed. You will find some
useful hints in Thomson's Treatise on the Vine.

Communications Received.— J. Fleming.— J. A,— J. Hally.—
M. Nesfield (thanks).— H. Cannell.— W. Groom.— I, J.— W. r.

September 28, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' ClIRONK^LE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZKTTK. ioo5

THE

TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.

Armtt Works, Gieenriold, near Manchester.

TANNEKS. OUdRlEKS.A MANUFACTailERS of IMPROVED
rANNED LEATUKK. DKIVlNLl STltAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIMK STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.
Frlco LIbLs sent free by post.
Warehouse; 81, Mark Lono, London, E.G.

Mr. H. Ferrabbe, ARunt.

Wheat

Sowing.

DOWN'S FARMER'S FRIEND, for rrevcntini? the
Smut In Wheat, finti tho Ravnges of the Slug. Grub, and
Wlrewnrin. A Vd. packet is eufflclont lor Six Bushels of Seed Wheat,
whloh can bo droasod and lit to sow in a quarter nf an hour.

Tostimonials from tlio larReat Wheat Growers In tho KuiRdoni,
boarln? testimony to Its great powor and efflcacy, may be had of
Agonta, who aro appointed for every district.

Full directions for use are given with each packet.
Prepared at tho Manufactory, Woburn, Beds.

Caotion. To Ruard against fraudulent imitation and consequent

disappointment, see that tbo signature of IIenuv Down is on the label.
Ageuts in every Town throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland.

HE~ TanI) S ~1 M P K 0 VEM E N T~ C 0 M PAN Y,

IncoriJorated by Special Act of Parliament In 1853.
To Landowners. theClkrot. Estate Aoents.Scrvevors, 4c., in

EnulamI) and Wales, and in Scotland,
The Company aavancos money, unlimited in amount, for the
following works of Agricultural Improvement, the whole outlay and
expenses in all coses being liquidated by a rent-charge for )i!> years.

1. Dminage, Irrigation, and Warping, Embanking, Inclosing,

Clourlng, Reclamation, Planting, for any benoHclal purpose,
Engines or Machinery for DralnaK'e or Irrigation.

2. Farm Roads, Tramways and Railroads for agricultural or Dirming

purposes.

3. Jetties or Landing places on the sea-coaat or on the banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Erection ot Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other

Buildings required for Farm purposes, and the improvement
of and ftdditluus to Farm UouHea and other buildings for
Farm purposes.

Landowners assessed under the provisions of any Act of Parlla-
ment, P.oyal Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
general works of Drainage or other improvements, may borrow their
proportionate simro of tho coat, and charge the same with the
expoDsos on the lands improved.

The Company will also negotiate the Ront-charees obtained by
Landowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 1864, in respect of
their Subscription of Shares iu a Railway or Canal Company.

No investigation of title is required, and the Company oelng of a
strictly Pnancial character, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the GoTern-
meut Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to Granville R. Ryder, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street, London. S.W.

THE GENERAL LAND DRAINAGE and
IMPROVEMENT COMPANY. Offices. 22. Whitehall Place.
Under this CompRny's Act Tenants for Life, Trustees. Mortgagees,
Guardians., Committees of Incompetent Persons, Beneficial Lessees,
Corporations (Ecclesiastical or Municipal), Incumbents, Charitable
Trustees, &c,, may effect the following Land Improvements, and
charge the outlay and expenses on the estate improved, by way of
rentcharge, to be paid by half-yearly instalments, viz. : —

1. All worKs of Drainage, Irrigation, Warping, and Embankment.

2. The Erection of Farmhouses, Cottages for Agricultural
Labourers, and all kinds of Farm Buildings.

3. Tho Construction of Roads.

4. The Grubbing and Clearing of old Woodlands, Enclosing,
Fencing, and Reclaiming Land.

The owners of Estates, not entailed, who may be desirous to avoid
the expense or inconvenience of a Legal Mortgage, may also charge
their Estates with an Outlay in Improvements under the simple and
mexDensive process of the Company s Act,

The Term of Years for the Rentcharge is fixed by the Landowner,
BO as to adapt the amount of Annual Paymeat to the circiuustances
of the Tenantfl.

No Investigation of Title being required, and the Charge not being
affected by Encumbrances, no Legal Expenses are incurred.

The Arrangements for Effecting Improvements are threefold —

No. 1. The Works may be Designed and Executed entirely by the
Landowner's Agent, and the Company employed only to supply the
Loan and conduct the matter through all the official Forms for
Charging the Outlay on the Estate.

SSQ. 2, The Company will supply Plans, Specifications, and Esti-
mates for any Improvements to be executed by the Landowner's
Agent as under No. 1, In each of these cases the Landowner will be
solely under the control of the Enclosure Commissioners.

No. 3. The Company will undertake theentire responsibility of the
Improvements, prepare the Plans, execute the Works, and finally
charge on the Estate the actual amount expended, with their Com-
mission thereon, approved by the Enclosure Commissioners.

Landowners may thus obtain what assistance they require from
the Company, and no more, in effecting the objects in view.

Works of Drainage and other Improvements are aiso executed on
Commission for Landowners, who merely require the skill and
experience of the Company's Officers and aStaff in constant practice.

Applications to be addressed to Horace Broke, tne Secretary, at
the Office of the Comoany, 22, Wbitehal! Place, Loudon. S.W.

UMrrHFIELU^CLUB'^Tr^aiTTLE" suo\vT—

O The ANNUAL SHOW of FAT CATTLE. SHEEP, and
PIGS, will be held at the AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON,
on Monday afternoon, December 9, and Four following Days.

Intending Exhibitors aro requested to apply for CertiUcate Forma
by the reference letters as under.
CATTLE.— Form A. For an OX or STEER (in any Class).
„ B. For a COW or HEIFER (in any Class).
„ C. For a BEAST in Extra Stock.
SHEEP. „ U For a PEN of 3 WETHERS (in any Class).

„ E. For a SINGLE SHEEP in Extra Stock.
PIGS. „ F. For a PEN of 3 PIGS (in any Class).

„ G, For a SINGLE PIG in Extra Stock.
ENTRIES for LIVE STOCK CLOSE NOVEMBER 1.
Prize Lists, Forms of CertiflcMtes, and all information, may be
obtained on application to Mr. David Pullen, Assistant Secretary,
at the Office ot the Honorary Secretary, corner of Half-Moon Street,
PiccadiUy, London, W,

N.B. All communications respecting the Show must be addressed
to the Assistant Secretary, as above, and should bear outside the
words " SmitUfleld Show."

CMITH FIELD CLUB

SHOW.

' AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON, DECEMBER 9 to 13.

IMPLEMENT DEPARTMENT,
The LAST DAY for receiving Applications for Space for Imple-
ments and Machinery, Ac, is OCTOBER 1,

Printed Forms of Application, with the Rules and Regulations, may
be obtained of Mr. David Pullen, Assistant Secretarv, at the Office
of the Hunorary Secretary, Corner of Half-Moon Street. Piccadilly.
London, W,

Efit ^srtcttltural (Bu^tttt,

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 28, 1867.

Harvesting in a bad season was the subject
of a capital essay (iu 1S61) by Mr. Euwnr
Eddison, of Leeds, who said, " During the last
12 years I have experienced three harvests iu
which I had not a drop of rain, except what
might, unknown to me, have fallen in the night ;
but I have also hud to contend, like the rest of
my brethren, with wet weather in the other
seasons." The loss by delay, as well as by direct

injury to tlio corn, is a serious matter to the
farmer in three years out of four, and anybody
who can help him to secure his crops more
speedily, or who is ublo to neutralise tho ovils of
a showery harvest, must bo hailed as a bonoluotor
to his country. Mr. Eddison'.s practical recipe
was in ton parts:— "(1) Roap early ; (2) raako
small sheaves ; (3) use single bauds ; (4) leave
tho sheaves open as long as you can before bind-
ing ; (u) never allow tho sheaves to lie all night
upon the ground ; ((>) make small stooks ; (7) do
not use hoods ; (8) rather lot corn be ' muck in
the stock than muck iu the stack ; ' (9) carefully
watch it; (10) when dry, quickly cart it." So
fiir good ; but what is to bo done with tho corn
when it is not dry ? Are we always to wait
throughout a beautiful sunny and windy day for
a wotted crop to get dry, and on the morrow,
just as wo aro harnessing out to fetch it, have a
storm come and drench it again as wet as ever 'f
Could we not cart between the showers by help
of an artificial drying apparatus, and so save corn
almost as quickly in a bad season as in a good
one, only at a little more expense ?

" I have dried corn," wrote Mi-. Eddison, "in
a room into which hot air was forced by a
blowing machine, and on a small scale I have
tried the drying of the ears cut off close to the
straw ; but I have no present intention of
repeating the experiment, the cost being too
great." Still, there are different ways of doing
the same thing ; and we are inclined to think
that Mr. William Alfred Gibes, who farms
around his residence at GUlweU Park, three or
four miles from Waltham Station, on the Great
Eastern line, knows how to deal with wet corn
in a satisfactory manner.

This gentleman, having a taste for mecha-
nical inventions, has expended much time and
thought upon the drying of hay and grain crops
for at least half-a-dozen years, trying all sorts
of suggested methods, and at last patenting
what practice has arrived at as the best. Visiting
the place a week or two since, we found several
" playthings," as the inventor termed them,
beside the corn-dryer. One was an elevator,
consisting of a long slanting spout on wheels,
reminding one of a fire-escape, having a fan at
the bottom ; and armfiils of straw, hay, or
sheaves of Wheat, being inserted through a valve
door, are blown up to the top and delivered on a
stack. Another contrivance was an iron steam-
chamber, shaped like a large horse-shoe, kept
heated by a steam-pipe from a portable-engine
boiler, so as to dry hay placed round it.

The principle of corn-drying adopted by Mr.
Gibes is that of forcing cui'rents of hot aii' into a
j chamber in which Wheat sheaves are placed, the
] chamber being made with two compartments, so
that one may be emptied and refilled while the
! other is "baking." The experimental "chamber"
j that we saw (for the apparatus is not yet quite
in shape for immediate manufacture and sale) is
a cheap structure of corrugated sheet-iron walls
and roof, so made as to be quickly removable in
pieces ; its dimensions are 12 feet squai-e, with a
middle partition forming two compartments, each
12 by 6 feet, and 7 to 8 feet high. Two iron
floors, 12 inches apart, form a receptacle for the
hot air, which enters the chamber through
vertical pipes, each about 18 inches high and the
same distance apart. There are 32 of these
pipes standing in each compartment, and the
sheaves are stuck upright upon these pipes, like
so many faggots stuck upon stakes ; a jet of hot
air being thus injected into the centre of each sheaf
in such a direction as to rush upward through
the mass of ears. When a compartment has
been charged with its 32 wet sheaves, the door
is closed, the hot air "turned on," and the air,
damped and cooled, issues from the chamber
through spaces left under the eaves and above
the door. At first the metal walls feel chilled by
the moisture condensing upon the inside, but
become warmed as the Wheat dries. The air,
when we were present, entered at a temperature
of about 280°, and finally issued from the chamber
at about 140°. Sheaves, all wet enough to moisten
the hand when feeling of them, were dried suffi-
ciently for threshing in about 20 minutes — the
"stubble ends" of the sheaves, however, not
being thoroughly done, showing that jets of hot
air should enter by holes in the floor as well as
through the 18-inch long pipes.

In a subsequent experiment, the Wheat ope-
rated upon had had 18 hours of storm and rain
upon it on a Monday and Tuesday, six hours
rain on Wednesday, and again four hours heavy
rain on it on Friday morning (September 6th),
the day of trial. It was carried from the field

during a perfect torrent, and left on a cart
exposed to several showers until four o'clock in
tho afternoon. Tho temperature of the ingoing
air was raised to 320'', and well dried both grain
and straw in l.j minuto.s. A large party of
practical farmers and oth(jr gentlemen witnessed
this trial, and unanimcnisly pronounced it a C(jm-
plote success. Somo person may say, "How about
damaging the corn by tho heat?" Certain
experiments iu Franco are known to have
proved that tho gormlnating power of Wheat
is destroyed by a temperature of about 160",
tho grain being also injured for bread-making
at a temperature considerably below 212°. But
in this apparatus only a few ears come in imme-
diate contact with tho ingoing air, namely those
in the middle of the sheaves ; the moisture on
the straw and ears must instantly cool the aii- by
evaporation ; and besides, tho grain itself is pro-
tected from scorching heat by its covering of
chaff scales. No smoky or unpleasant taste or
scent is communicated to the grain. Now, a
performance of 32 sheaves every quarter of an
hour is not anything like expeditious enough for
common field practice, although some of the
farmers present expressed themselves satisfied
with that rate of work ; at any rate it would be
an improvement upon leaving corn out in tho
field to take its chance of natural drying. Our
opinion is that, to command the approval of
farmers in general, and to be adopted in regular
practice, pro^dsion should be made for desic-
cating sheaves as quickly as the force of men
and teams on a farm can get them up to stack
them. This would "look like business,"
whereas most farmers would shake th:-ir heads
doubtiugly at such a slow "fiddling" job as
clearing only half a dozen acres in a day and a
night. In a large field of one of oui- own
moderately heavy Wheat crops wo have
lately counted 48 shocks to each acre ; the
average number of sheaves in a shock was
13, so that there were 648 sheaves per acre,
and thickish ones, too, with straw 4i to
oi feet long. A one-horse cartload aver-
aged scarcely 100 sheaves, thrown up at the
rate of about nine sheaves per minute (on a
windy day) ; the leads leaving the field, how-
ever, at not more than four per hour. To suit
us, the drying apparatus should be large enough
and expeditious enough to take good-sized wet
sheaves at the rate of about 400 per hour — -that
is, about three times the capacity of the experi-
mental apparatus at GillweU Park. What
forbids the fitting up of an old barn as a drying-
chamber in two compartments, each to hold one
cartload of 100 sheaves, to be cleared and
refilled every quarter of an hour ? It is simply
a question of the supply of hot-air.

Mr. GiBBS obtains it in this way : Wa found
an old 8-horse portable steam engine with the
chimney off, and an iron fan, of i\ feet diameter
and 2^ feet wide, in a sheet-iron case, was placed
close to the opened smoke-box, di'awing iu the
hot air, and delivering it between the two
bottoms of the drying chamber. To intercept
sparksa screenof malt-kiln wire is placed between
the fan-case and the smoke-box. The engine
drives the fan by means of a belt off the fly-
wheel ; and, working at only 10 lb. pressure of
steam, drove the fan with a speed of about 600
revolutions per minute. To avoid smoke,
anthracite coal or coke is used. It is evident
that by simply increasing the velocity of the
fan to double or treble (by working at a high
pressure of steam), double or treble the volume
of warm air may bo injected into the chamber,
and thus either the 32 sheaves be dried in a
shorter time, or a larger number of sheaves be
diied in the same time. We are not sure how
far the sharp di-aught may tend to melt the fire-
bars, or whether the admission of plenty of air
by the fire-door will tend to crack the tubes, or
cause constant leakage at the end-plates ; but,
certainly, boilers can be constructed purposely
for this work ; indeed, upright boilers (as those
of Woods & Cocksedge) are already in use
which have no tubes at all, while other boilers
(as some of Tuxford's) have flues and tubes too,
— either construction promising safety in this
air-heating process.

We predict that this novelty of "desiccation"
wiU be the fashion by next harvest ; any building
of brick walls, lined inside with galvanised sheet-
iron, is precisely adapted for keeping iu the heat ;
ample apertures for egress of the damp air must
be provided ; the engines are in the farmer's
hands in readiness, and a fan is one of the
simplest pieces of machinery to make, buy, or
keep in order.

1006

TITR GAEDENERS' CHUONICLE AKD AGRICtJLTtJRAL GAZETTE. [Septembee 28, issr.

Cost we can say notliing about ; but an outlay
of 20?. or 301. would be into pocket again in
a day or two's work during a " catcby " time.

Mr. GiBBS has duly patented his invention, the
date being 19th of November, 1866, and the
number of the specification 3036. /. A. C.

Me. Smith, of Woolston, thus announces the

completion of his autumn tillage for "Wheat sowing by
the aid of his new cultivator ;— My 112 acres of croppmg
wereasfoUows : Wheat,59acres; Barley, 12acres; Beans,
23 acres ; Peas, 6 acres ; and 12 acres of Clover fed on.
You see that I had more than half my farm in Wheat.
The "Wheat, Beans, Barley, and Peas were all over an
average. "1 on know that we have had two wet years
together, yet my farm is clean from end to end. It is
true that the wet seasons have caused some small
patches of knot Grass, and a few weak Thistles to shove
up their heads ; but when I weigh my position after
these two wet seasons with horse farming I have plenty
of room to be thankful for the aid of steam power. I
have looked round in all directions and can see more
than a usual quantity of dead fallows, and no end of
land in a state that will cost vast sums of money to
cleanit; yes, andlcanlookover the hedge on to the best-
farmed land in the neighbourhood and see more twitch
on a square yard of land than there is to be found all
over my farm. Such are the results of steam and horse
farming after wet seasons. On Saturday last, Septem-
ber 14, I finished my harvest. On Monday last I set
the steam-power smasher to work on my Bean and
Pea stubbles, and to-day I have finished them, doing
three fields, containing together 39 acres. These four
day's work have made me completely master of my
position for my next year's crops. The bits of Grass and
Thistles are now being roasted to death. Horse farmers
may be inclined to have a smile at this. If they have
any doubt upon the point, let them come and look at
my land and judge for themselves. They cannot lay
their land for the sun to shine through it as it does
through mine. Por some time past we have heard a
good deal about ploughing or cultivating, then cross
cultivating, rolling and harrowing by steam power,
thus giving a number of operations by steam power for
a crop. Now I have long since told you that as a rule
we ought only in exceptional cases to use steam power
more than once for a crop. My letter to you last year,
dated October 13, shows that I smashed 45 acres of
Bean and Pea stubbles, and then cross cultivated and
seeded them at one operation by steam power. My
opinion now is that I should have done better to have
been content with the smashing, leaving the cross
cultivating and seeding to the horses, for I see plainly
that the operations came too quickly one after the
other to allow the sun and wind to do their work
before the seeding, and it will never do to take the
tackle away from a field after smashing and then bring
it back again to do a crossing, that can be done as weU
with horses for 2s. an acre as it can by steam for 5s. or
6s. an acre. Now, look to my 12 years' practice.
The yearly average of work done on my farm by steam
power is 70 acres ; yet tbe farm is clean, and there has

not been an acre of fallow on it during the 12 years.

In another column Mr. Smith illustrates the fitness of
his svstem for ordinary farm practice, and argues
agains't the entire exclusion of farm horses from farm
work ; declaring that the maximum of economy is to
be looked for rather in the use of horses along with
steam-power for whatever work is especially adapted for
them.

It appears from a published correspondence

that all restriction on the movements of sheep has now
ceased, except only when they have arrived in the same
ship w'ith foreign cattle. Mr. Waller, Secretary of the
Home Cattle Cefence Association, after stating that the
Butcher's Trade Society had announced that on
September 16th all restrictions on the movement of
sheep would cease, so that "sheep," it was added,
" may therefore be removed in any direction as
formerly/' asks Dr. Williams, of the Privy Council
Office :— Is there any official authority for this state-
ment? To this Dr. Williams replies that he is not
aware of any restrictions under " The Consolidated
Cattle Plague Order of August, 1867 " on movement
of sheep, unless they arrive in sbips. Mr. Wallee is
therefore directed to ask him, if sheep not arriving
with foreign cattle in the port of London may be
forthwith driven out of the Metropolitan District ; or,
if taken to the Metropolitan Market to be sold,
may, after sale, be taken out of the Metropolitan
District? He asks furthermore, whether it is to be
understood that sheep arriving in contact with foreign
cattle are to be treated differently ; that is to say,
whether they too may be driven out of the Metro-
politan District ? Dr. Williams replies to this by
enclosing a copy of " The Consolidated Cattle Plague
Order of August, 1867," and calling attention to Article
46 of such Order. Clause 46, above referred to, is :
'• Sheep, goats, and swine brought in the same vessel
with foreign cattle shall be subject to the provisions of
this Order respecting foreign cattle." It thus appears
that sheep may be removed from the Metropolitan
Market without any restrictions whatever, if not
imported with foreign cattle. But should they arrive
in a vessel with oxen, then alone, although all the sheep
in market are in pens contiguous, are they subjected to
all the restrictions appUcable to foreign cattle.

At a meeting of the Council of the Bath and

West of England Society, held at Taunton last Tuesday,
it was resolved (having regard to the fact that for the
last two years the annual meetings of the Society have
been held at a considerable distance from the centre of
operations, and that in 1868 the meeting will take
place at Falmouth), that, subject to the compliance of
the local authorities with the usual conditions of the
Society, the meeting in 1869 shall be held at Taunton.

• In the Times of Tuesday last Mr. Bailey

Denton calls attention to the various branches of
land improvement as a safe investment for capital now
lying idle. "Tbe present Premier." he says, "more
than 26 years ago, at the meeting of the Eoyal Agri-
cultural Society of England at Liverpool, uttered these
words : —

' The man would be thought to have confen-ed no trifling
benefit on his country who should add one bushel to the
quantity of Wheat produced by the Wheat lauds of England,
yet I am confident I speak within compass when I say that
much of the wet land of England is capable, by improved
cultivation and drainage, of producing 5, 10, or in bushels per
acre more than they do. I am aware that the process of
draining is an expensive process, which requires an outlay of
capital which, if we were to talce the totiil of even a single
county, would strike every man .as something marvellous .and
almost .appalling, and yet I .am satisfied that there is no bank
in the country, no commercial undertaking, no investment
so safe, so sure, so profitable as that in which even boia-owed
capital may be engaged by investing it under the ground of
yoiu- own soD.'

These, words were used before the passing of the
Public and Private Moneys Drainage Act, and the
several Companies Acts for the advance of money for
drainage. In the 26 years that have since elapsed it
is estimated that 10 millions of money have been
expended in under-drainage, and the views of Lord
Dekbt have been more than verified by the results
attending the outlay. Perhaps there never was a
time at which the remembrance of these circumstances
could be more opportune than at the present moment,
when capitalists are in a state of disgust at the failure
of popular speculations, and when the produce of the
present harvest is proving to demonstration the very
satisfactory return due to the drainage of clay lands in
the increased yield of Wheat of superior quality.
If I remember rightly Lord Deeby, when making
the observations I have quoted, mentioned that
money was then (in 1841) commanding only
li per cent, interest in the market, ' and this I
believe is the value of money now. Labourers, too,
were then in the same condition as at this moment —
plentiful and wanting employment. May I be per-
mitted to call tbe attention of capitalists as well as
landowners to the great scope tliere still exists for the
profitable employment of money in the improvement
of the soil? Though 10 millions of money may have
been expended, but a small proportion of the wet lands
of Great Britain is yet drained. Many millions of acres
in England alone still remain wet, and some of the
capital now unproductive, but which must soon find
employment, probably in tlie encouragement of hazard-
ous schemes, may not only be applied in their drainage
to ga,in between four and five per cent, interest with
certainty and security, but the general commerce of
the country may be advantaged at the same time, for
the result cannot fail to be increased crops of corn and
increased yields of meat-producing lierbage."

STEAM CULTIVATION AT WOOLSTON.

Tou give in your Paper this week an article on
Steam Cultivation, read by Mr. David Grey at Dundee.
In his paragraph on " Cost of tillage, &c.," he says ; —
" Now before we can obtain the maximum of cheap-
ness, we must cause steam-power to perform all the
operations connected with the tillage of the ground.
For if, after steam-ploughing a field, horses are taken
upon it, perhaps two or three times, for the purpose of
harrowing or doing other similar work, the ground is
of course trodden down and consolidated again. The
consequence is that the next year it requires much
more power to break it up thau would otherwise be
the case, and not only does it require this extra force,
but clod-crushers and other implements have to be
applied to it which would not be required if the
treading were avoided. The generality of land if put
under steam cultivation and kept entirely free from
the trampling of animals would only require one very
deep cultivation operation every fourth or fifth year,
and would be kept in such a state as to allow air and
moisture, and the roots of the crops to penetrate freely,
so that the cultivation for the grain crops in the
rotation would only require to be light, or surface
operations sufficient to receive and cover the seed."

Now, Sir, I will prove to you either that Mr. Grey
is not writing from practical evidence, or that he is
not a practical man.

I have just finished my harvest, and have 29 acres
of/Bean and Pea stubbles, and 12 acres of Clover-ley
to be prepared for Wheat, 32 acres of Wheat stubble for
Beans, 13 acres of AVheat stubble for roots, and 14 acres
of Wheat stubble for Barley ; the remainin" 12 acres
are seeded with Clover. I will first bring Sir. Grey's
talk to bear upon the 29 acres of Bean and Pea stubbles.
I have smashed them up by steam-power, but they are
not in a fit state to receive the seed, neither has the
proper time arrived for planting thein ; but the sun is
shining round, and even under some of the lumps, the
recent dry east winds have helped to dry them, and to
assist I ii'ave thought it wise to pass a horse-cultivator
over them. Since the steam-smasher did its work no
consolidation from the horses' tread has taken place,
merely the turning over or breaking the big lumps.
Besides, the cost by horses was only 2s. an acre, and
done by the horses that I am obliged to keep to cart
my corn, whereas had it been done by steam it would
have cost three times as much. They wiU not be fit for
plantinguntil wehavehad rain to mellow and reduce the
lumps, after which, and when the proper season arrives,
am I to bring the steam tackle out again to plant theiri?
No ; for, in the first place, we shall have dirty weather
by then, rain we must have, for the land will not be
fit for seeding until the lumps have been reduced by
it. Then the cost of taking the tackle over the dirty
land would be more than doing the work by horses.
Would Mr. Grey take steam tackle to a field to do a
couple of harrowings to save the tread of horses, when
norses do no damage ? It is absurd to talk of needing

clod-crushers on this land next year, for I shall here-
after show that they will not be needed on Wheat
stubble for Beans, or even roots. Last year I did try
the dodge of seeding my 45 acres of Bean stubbles as
soon as I had smashed them by passing the combined
cultivator, and drill over by them by steam power,
but I find that, although my Wheat crops are over an
average, I have more bits of knot Grass in my Wheat
stubbles, through not having smashed them up as early
as I could after harvest, and giving a liorse-cultivating
or two before seeding them, than I should have had. I
have done so ; therefore I am wise enough this year
to practise what I neglected last year. Mr. Grey
must practise a bit himself before he sets him-
self up to be a teacher. Just fancy him
bringing his big double engine or even single engine
tackle to my heavy clay land Bean stubbles after the
big lumps have been well soaked by rain, and made
thereby fit for seeding. See what woful consolidation
the engines must make upon the headlands, if they
could be got over them at all, and that part of the
work, if his tackle is used, must be done by horses if
seeded at all. Mine (the roundabout tackle) can do
better, for when standing at a corner of the field it can
do headlands and all without doing any damage by
consolidation ; but it is of no use bringing even that
tackle out to do work that horses can do better and at
less than half the cost.

Now for the 12 acres of Clover-ley. I shall plough
it over with my horses, for they have done nothing yet
but shift tackle and cultivate the land once over that
had been previously steam smashed, and besides that
they can do it better than the steam engine can ; and
as to the consolidation that goes on when they are
seeding it, it is a benefit, for a Clover-ley seed bed is
never a good one unless it is well worked down. On
some occasions clod-crushers are even used to effect
this, in addition to the consolidation by horses.

Now for my 32 acres of Wheat stubble for Beans.
I shall steam ridge-plough and subsoil them, and
when the proper time for seeding comes I shall dib the
Beans in by manual labour ; therefore " the maximum
of cheapness" is arrived at here, and so it has been for
a long time, for this was my practice at starting
12 years ago, and I have never been able to beat it.

Now for my 13 acres of Wheat stubble fi>r roots.
It will be steam ridge-ploughed and subsoiled. In
that state it will lay through the winter uutil seed
time, when it will be planted by hand-power ; there-
fore no consolidation will take place, yet frost and snow
will be its clod-crusher. " The maximum " has long
since been arrived at here.

Now for my 14 acres of Wheat stubble for Barley.
In March next I shall smash it by steam power, then
cultivate it twice over by horses to bring it to a fitting
seed-bed. To talk of consolidating it would be all
nonsense; for it does the land good to tread and break
it after it has been well broken up by steam and
before it is seeded.

Such has been my practice for 13 years, and I do
know that the horse never damages land when pre-
paring seed beds after the land has been well smashed
by steam-power; and if Mr. Grey will consider and
weigh these facts over (for they are facts, for when the
above described work is done it will be a repetition of
fact), he must see that he has never made a greater
blunder. William Smith, JVoolsfon, Sept. 23.

EECENT SALES OF SHEEP.

Leicestees : Gfreat Sale at Kelso, Sept. 13.— The
following are some of the particulars of the great sale
at Kelso, when upwards of 2000 sheep stood for sale.
The lot belonging to Lord Polwarth is generally
regarded with great interest. There were altogether
29 of his lordship's sheep sold, which brought a total of
743/. 15*., being an average of 2ol. 13s., or ll. 8s. less
than last year. His highest ram this year was 106/. ;
last year it was 9SZ. We give the sales of some of the
tups, with the names of purchasers :— Mr. Nisbet, of
Lambden, purchased one at 22/.; Mr. Brunton, of
Eastfield, one at 66/. ; Mr. Black, Heatherlaw, one at
27/. ; Mr. Wilson, Haymount, one at 62/. ; Lord
Devasse, Ireland, one at 43/. ; Mr. Ainslie, Costerton,
one at 41/. ; Mr. Smith, Castlemains, one at 106/. ; Mr.
Dove, Ecoles Newtown, one at 36/. ; Mr. Simpson,
Courthill, one at 35/. ; Mr. Angus, Whitehouse, one at
22/, ; Mr. Scott, Maisondieu, one at 24/. ; Mr. Bell,
Cessford, one at 35/.

In Mr. Torrance's lot, of Sisterpath, Mr. Henderson,
Middlethird, gave the highest price— 19/. ; Mr. Chess,
Melwick, gave 18/. ; and Mr. Thomson bought one at
15/. Mr. Torrance's highest price last year was 47/.,
and his average 9/. 4s. 7f/.

Miss Stark's (of Mellendean's) sheep have long had a
high reputation in the market, and the prices of the
highest this year were as follow : — Mr. Mills, Hors-
burgh Castle, bought the best ram at 84/. ; Mr. Forsterj
EUingham, bought one at 76/. ; Mr. Eoberton, Har-
perton, bought a splendid animal ,at 69/. ; Mr. Clark^-
Oldhamstocks, one at 2S/. ; Mr. Stevenson, Hales, one
at 20Z. ; Mr. Roberton, Harperton, another at 22/. ;
Mr. Franks, Ireland, one at 35/. ; iMi-. Allan, Billie-
mains, one 51/. ; Mr. Laing, Cornhill, one at 36/. ; Mi*.
Calder, Kelloe Mains, one at 20/. The total amount of
the sale for the 34 tups was 773/. The average last
year was 25/. 15s., and the highest 80/.

In the lot belonging to Mr. Purves, Linton Burnfoot,
the liighest price was 60/., the animal being purchased
by Mr. Calder, Oxeurig. The next highest prices were :
—Mr. Douglas, Riddleton Hill, 31/.; Mr. Wilson,
Cumledge, 25/. ; Marquis of Tweeddale, 22/. ; and Mr.
Flockhart, Edinburgh, 15/. , ■ .

iSIr. Lees, Mervingston, sold two rams, and his
average was 26/. lOs.

In Hr. Errington's lot. Sir George Dunbar bought
one at 27/. ; and Mr. Calder, Kelloe Mains, one at 16/.

In the Rev. Mr. Bosanquet's lot, Mr. Hope, Fenton

SepI'EMBee 38,

1867.] THE TrAtJDMTll^S' CMONtntE ANt) ACTntOTTtTtn^AT, CrA7.V!tn.

1007

Barng purchased one at 297. ; Mr. Murray, Kdinburgh,
one at 317. ; Mr. Langdale, Morpeth, one at 207.

The following are some of the sales :

Barnes.

No. of
Bams

Highest
prico.

Mr. Forster, ChathiU . . . . 4(1

Earl of Zotlan* . . . • 20

Mr. Angus, MorpoHi .. ■■ «

Mr. DiiiniiiK, UclfovA . . .. 50

Mr. Morrison, Bowick .. 25

Mr. Kobiuson, Lockliy Palace 4(1

Messrs. Ulaok, Hcutbovlaw . . 46
Messrs. IMiininff, Nilstori

Ridt'O 2.5

Mr. Rotltroraon, Wliittinprhani 2
Mr. Erriiigton, Whittingliam. r>

Jlr. C:hi.sliolii^ lliiwick .. 20

Mr. Wooil, 'imirnbrouBk . . 22

Rev, li. W. Uosanquct, Rock 80

Mr. Smitb, Ualiigato Ilovise .. 40

Mr. Wilson, Haymonnt .. 50

Mr. Brunton, EastfloU . . IB

Mr. Hardie, Harriotftelrl ..100

Mr. Thomson, DilstonUailgb 24
Mr. Cimuiogbam, Grabams-

l.aw . . . . . - 3-'

Mr. licll, MiUheugh .. .. 20

Jlr. li.uldon. Honeybum . . 20

Mr. Tbnmson, Rutherford . . 40

Mr. Bain, Scpirs .. 10

Mr. Hume, Ballickuowe . . 30
Messrs. Hubback, Sunlaws-

hUl 30

Mr. .T. C. Bolam, Low Trowitt 13

Jlr. Simson, Trow.s .. .. 13

Mr. Caldor. KoUoe M.ailis . . 40

Mr. Tait, St. Cutbbcrfs . . 25
Ti-ustoos of the late Colonel

Nisbet, Mersington . . . . 45
Mr. Hogarth, Ecclos Tofts . . 60
Mr. Logs, Mcrvingston .. 00
Mr. White, Duddo . . . . 20
Messrs. Taylor, Vressou . . S.^J
Mr. Calder. Oxenrig .. .. 40
Jlr. Ripely, Kirkbatnmerton . 3.1
Messrs. Laiug, Cornhill . . 37
Mf. Borthwick, Cowbog . . 20
Right Hon. Lord Polwarth . . 35
Mr. Bull, Linton . . . . 38
Mr. Robeson, Springwclls . . 55
Mr. Torrance, Sistcrpatb . . 40
5fr. Wotberspuon, Spots-
mains 40

Mr. Hume, TTormerlaw . . 12

5Ir. Roljerton, Harpei-ton . . 50
Representatives of the late

Mr. Stark, Mellcndean . . 34

Mr. Jameson, late Nottylcea . 16

Mr. Purves, Linton Bumfoot 80

Mr. Simson, Courtbill . . 46

Mr. Elhot, Galalow . . . . 11
Mr. Barber, Alnwick . . . . 14
Mr. Peak. Craigend . . . . 28
Mr. Blaikie. C.amicston .. 45
Mr. Old, of MuSrhouselaw . . 30
Cheviots.

Mr. W. Moffat, Easter Kin-- .

leith 51

Mr. J. M-Oregor, Behiddiiig i 30
Mr. D. Scott, Heriot Mill I 3 |
Black-faced,
Mr Thomas Aitken, Lisfon-; [

shicls .1 .50

Mr. W. Dickinson, LongoToft HO
Mr. J. Wilson, Crosshouso ..I 73

£

Average
prico.

10 10
8 15

15 10
5 0

10 0
9 15

3 15

5 10

7 15
10 10

10 10

4 10

11 16

11 0

41 0
(1 0

6 15

8 10

8 0
20 0

9 5
100 0

14 10

15 0
19 0

9 16
6 0
18 0

84 0

4 IS
GO 0

16 10

5 0

12 10

14 5

15 10

Rir G. Graham, Montgomery

Earl of Moitou

Mr. Flockhart, Annacroich . .
Mr. Gay, Polmont Hill
Mr. Ritchie, Plean Mill
Mr. Wilson, Crosshouse
Mr. Mills, Horsbiu-gh Castle
Admu'al Sir J. Hope, Carring-

ton

Mr. Smith, Stevenson's Mains
Mr. Simson, Blainslie
Mr. Stevenson, Halls . .
Mr. Balfom-, Whittinghame .
Mr. Calder, Kelloe Mains
Messrs. Clarke, Oldhamstocks

Mains . .
Mr. Lees, Mervingstoli
Mr. Christie, Hailes . .
Earl of Wemyss
Mr. Marshall, Reedshill
Mr. Smith, Casttemains
Duke of Bucclcuch
Mr. J. Edgar, Edinburgh
Mr. Aiuslie, Costerton
Mr. Ford, Hardengreen
Mr. Fender, Rules Mains
Mr. Wotherspoon, Spotsmains-
Mr. Bell, Linton
Mr. Robeson, Spriugwells .
Mr. Hogarth, Eccles Tofts
Mr. John Horn.Thornanean

CO 0
616

41 0
8 0
26 0

7 I'l
i 10
3 0

3 10
31 0
37 0
10 0

6 5

5 15

14 10
41 0
i 0

4 2
3 7

17 10
20 0

2 17
12 0

6 5

3 17
8 5
3 17
3 17

5 0
2 14

,e .1.

8 U

S 3

4 0

8 1

4 1

5 11

6 0

7 0
16 10

4 0

5 4
10 15

3 0

6 12
6 12
0 n

5 10

6 7

3 10

4 6

5 14

2 13

3 19

4 9 10

5 4 0
2(5 10 0

3 18

3 1« 4

4 0 2i
4 0 0
7 11 lU

4 11 lOi
25 13 0

7 5 6

6 0 0

7 IS 0

5 11 0
4 5 5

22 14
3 14
7 17

7 0
a 0
1 12

6 0

4 5

5 10

2 10

3 0
3 2
3 10
6 10

6 17
3 5
3 0

3 0

7 10
6 13

2 6

4 8
4 4

3 0
3 16
3 2
3 15
3 3

3 0 0
5 10 0
8 0 11
5 11 0

4 0 0
3 11 0

5 17 11

weather, were spirited in the extreme, and the .rale,
which began shortly after two, was finished by half-past
five. Tho total number of rams sold was 17.'i, and the
!)iim which they realised w.is i:UO/. 7.'. The siibjunied is a
hstof-someof the principalprices,withtheavorttKC ol this
and tho last sale :—5-yonr-olds— Highest iirice, lU. Hl.v ;
lowest, 5/.; average, 87, .5.?. •(-year-old.s — Highest,
19-17. C.«.; lowest, ;17.; average, 107. 4.y. tlo'.: average in
1865, 217. (Is. Ii7. D-year-okls— Highest, 757. 12.v. ;
lowest 27. 10s.; average, 107. 12.v. :W.: average m 18(io,
157. lis. ;!f7. Air. Johnston, Archbank, bought tho
highest i)rioed one; Mr. Denholm, Baitl.aws, bought
one for 62 guineas ; Mr. Welsh one for 5fi guineas ; Mr.
Moffat, Garvald, one for 107. ; Mr. Aitohison, Ijinhopo,
bought one for Ai guiue!is. 2-year-old*— Highest,
377. 10s. ; lowest, 27. : average, 07. 15s. ; average in 180C,
117. 18s. M. 1-vear-olds— Highest, 137. 10s,; lowest,
27. 5s. : average, 57. O.s-. '2d. ; average in 1805, 07. 13s. 5V7.
SKIlorsiIiKES : Mr. Preeci-'s Sale of Shropshires
took place in the Smithfield, Shrewsbury : contained
entries of 291 rams and about 2250 ewes— the largest
lot ever brought together for sale by auction. The
first day's sale was occupied in the dispo.sal of the
rams, and though we have known higher prices given
for individual slieep, yet we find the large number of
278 rams actually sold at an average of over 127. a-piece.
The ewe sale, on Friday, was well attended, and the
competition was spirited. Prices ranged from 50s., at
which some store lots low in condition were sold, to
6 guineas, at which price Mr. Coxon's prize ewes found
purchasers. Shrewshuri/ Journal.— Mi: Sradliurne's,
of Pipe Place, rams numbered 18, of which three
were let, and the remainder sold at an average of
107. 2s. Cf7. ; the highest price being 20 guineas. There
was a brisk competition for the ewes, two pens making
110s. per head, to W. O. Poster, Esq., M.P. ; and
another, 97s. Of7., to Mr. Kittow ; the 100 averaging
nearly 703. per head. Bingteij Hall.— Mr. Lythall held
his seventh sale of Shropshires at Bingley Hall, on
Thursday of last week. The number of sheep sent was
in e.Ncess of any former occasion, but the trade was not
so good as usual. Mr. E. Lythall's rams made from
5!- to 12 guineas; Mr. Yates's, 6 to 11 guineas; Mr.
P'ilgrim's,<ll guineas ; Mr. Nock's, 6| to 1(5 guineas ;
Mr. Baker's, 5V to 8 guineas; Mr. Bradburne's,
6 guineas ; Mr. Slay's, 6 to 10 guineas ; Mr. Horley's,
6 to 10 guineas; Colonel Dyott's, 5 to 9J- guineas;
Mr. Beach's, 6 to 10 guineas ; Mr. Glover's, 5 guineas ;
and Mr. Wood's, 5 guineas each. Mr. Yates's ewes
realised from 39.9. to 15s. ; Mr. Brawn's, 40s. to 51s. ;
Mr. Nock's, 46s. to 55s. ; Mr. Pilgrim's, 41,t. to 50s: ;
Mr. Beach's, 85s. to 95s. ; Mr. Glover's, 40s. to 45s. ;
Major Wollaston's, 42s. to 45s.; Mr. King's 40s.
to 42s.

Cheviots -. Bknmal Sale of Mr. Brydon's Bams
at Beattock.-'She 5-year-olds, of which there were
only two, were first sold. The 4-year-olds were the
next to pass under Mr. Oliver's hammer ; and one of
them," Craigpatrick,"a splentiidly made sheep, realised
the fabulous sum of 185 guineas. The first bode which
was offered for him was only 107., but he quickly rose
to a 100 guineas, after which the competition was con-
fined to Mr. Miller, from Sutherlandshire, and Mr.
Johnston, Capplegill. Mr. Johnston bade 180 guineas,
amid the applause of those surrounding the ring, but
Mr. Miller, who was evidently anxious to secure
" Craigpatrick," dropped another five^ and Mr. John-
ston declining to go further, Mr. Miller secured the
animal, at the highest price ever paid for a ram in
Scotland. The next highest figure, 72 guineas, was
paid by Mr. Johnston, Archbank.for "Young Sammie,"
a 3-ycar old, out of " Lammie." The averages are con-
siderably lower than they were in 1865, but the reduc-
tion is not equivalent to that which has taken place in
the value of white stock generally during the last year.
The biddings throughout, despite the coarseness of the

AGEICULTtTEAL ACTS, 1867.

The following Acts have been passed during the
past session :^

I. The Aoeiculttteal Giiiros Act.

(2) Comes into operation January 1, 1868.

(4) No child under the age of eight years sh.all be employed
in any agricultural gang. No females shall be employed in the
same agricultural gang with males. No female shall be
employed in any gang under any male gangmaster iinlcss a
female licensed to act .as gangmaster is also present with that
gang. Any gangmaster employing any child, young persun,
or woman in contravention of this section, .and any occuj.ier
of land on which such employment takes place, unless he
proves that it took place without his knowledge, shall respec-
tively be Uable to a penalty not exceeding 20«. for each child,
young person, or woman so employed.

(5) Gangmasters to be licensed.

(6) Licences not to he gi-anted to keepers of public houses.

(7) Licences to g.angmasters to be granted by two or more
Justices in Divisional Petty Sessions, on due proof that the
applicant for a heence is of good char.acter and a fit person.
The Justices shall annex to theii- licence a condition limiting,
in such manner as they think expedient, the distances within
which the children employed by such gangmaster are to be
allowed to travel on foot to their work, .and any gangmaster
violating the condition so annexed to his licence sh.all for each
offence be liable to a penalty not exceeding 10.?.

(8) Licences to be in force for six months only.
(12) The Act appUes only to England.

II. The Hypothec Amendment Act—

0) Applies only to Scotland ; .and (2) only to farms or land
mth the biuldings thereon occupied for farming purposes, and
not dwelling houses, shops, and other subjects, though the
same may be in rural districts.

(3) Whensoever .any agricultural produce has been bona. fide
purchased for its fair marketable value from the ten.ant of any
farm, and actually delivered to the purchaser, and removed,
the price having been paid, or whensoever agricnltm-.al produce
has been purchased at public auction, after seven days' written
notice of the intention to sell by pubhc auction given to the
landloid or person entitled to the rent of such farm or land,
then all right of hypothec over such agricultural produce shall
cease and determine. This does not, however, apply to any
.agricultural produce which the tenant is not entitled legally
or by the terms of his lease to sell or carry off the land.

(4) Hypothec not to be available beyond three months .after
rent is p.ayable.

(5) Stock of third party taken on a farm to graze to be ILable
only to the amount of consider.atiou payable for the grazing.

(6) ^Vhen .agi-icultur.al produce or stock is sequestrated, it is
incompetent to sequestr.ate furniture, implements, imported
manures, &c.

(7) Register of sequestrations for rent is to be kept.

III. An Act to establish Ecjuit.uile Councils
OF Conciliation to adjust Differences between
Masters and Workmen—

Gives (1) Power to her Majesty or Secretary of State to
license councils of conciliation. (2) Councils to consist of not
less than two nor more than ten ma.sters and workmen, and a
chairm.an. (3) Petitioners for council to elect first council.

(4) The council shall have power to hear and determine all
questions of dispute and difference between masters and
workmen, as set foi-th in the Act of the fifth year of King
George IV., chapter 96, which may be submitted to them by
both parties, and shall have, hold, and exercise all the powers
and authority granted to .arbitr.ators and referees. And any
.award the s.aid equitable councils of conciliation and arbitr.a-
tion may make in any case of dispute or difference submitted
to them shall be final and conclusive between tho parties to
such arbitration, without being subject to review or challenge

by any cmrt or autbnrity whatsoever; and tho said council arc
hereby further authoriHcd to adjudicate upon and determino
any otbor ease fif diH]iute nr rlitreronee submittwd t^) them by
the mutual ciiiisent of inaslor and wurkmaunr musterH and
workmen. But notbhi^; in this A<;t eonlainetl shall authorise
the said council to establish a rate uf wages or price uf labour
or workmanship at whieb the workman shall in lutiiro bo paid.

(7) No couiiHcI, solicitors, oi attornics to be allowed to attond
on any bearing before tho council or the committoc of
coneiliatinn, unless consented to by both parties.

(9) Householdcrfl and part occupiers may demand to bo
registered, and have a vote for tho oonncll, and may be elOclod
theret.o: liut tho masters shall aiipolnt tlielr own portion of
tho council, and tho workmen elect their portion of tho
council.

IV. The CoNTA(3l0tTS DiSEASfis (ANIMALS) Act,
1SC7—

(9) Enacts that every inspector appointed by a local authority
on receiving information of the supjjosed existence of cattlo
plague in any place within his district, shall proceed to that
place with all practicable speed, and execute and discharge
tlie powers and duties by law conferred and imposed on him
as such inspector.

(10) Section 10 of tlio Cattle Diseases Prevention Act, 1806,
shall be read and have effect as if the words " any animal
affected" wero therein substituted for the words "cattlo
affected,"

(11) Where an inspector finds cattle plague to exi.st within
his distriet, he .shall forthwith ni.ake a declaration thereof, and
deliver a notice under his hand of such declaration to the
occupier of tho premises where the disease is found, and
thereupon the same, wilb .all lands and buildings contiguous
thereto in the same occupation, shall become and he an
infected place.

(12) Where an inspector makes such a declaration of tho
existence of cattle plague tho local authority shall inquire
into tho correctness thereof, and if it appears to them that
cattle plague existed .as declared by the inspector, they shall
so determine and declare, .and shall proscribe the limits of the
infected place : but if it appears to them that cattle plague
did not exist as declared by the inspectc^-, and tho same in
certified to them in writins by one or more duly qualified
veterinary surgeons, they shall so determine and declaj-e, and
thereupon the place comprised in the inspeotor's declaration
or affected thereby shall cease to be an infected place.

(15) The inspector may order any .animal to be slaughtered
for the purpose of ascertaining the nature of any disease,
suspected to be cattle plague, under which such animal may
be labiau-ing : .and the owner of such animal shall be com-
pensated in the manner provided by the Cattle Diseases Pre-
vention .\ct, 1S66.

(18) jVn order of a local authority declaring a place to be an
infected place sh.all be published by the local authority by
notices posted in and near the infected place.

(21) The following rules shall have effect with respect to
infected places : —

1. No animal shall be moved .alive out of .an iufected

place.

2. The hide, skin, hair, wool, horns, hoofs, or offal of .any

.animal, or any part thereof, shall not be moved out of
an infected place without a licence signed hy au
ofliccr of the local authority appointed to issuo
heences in th.at behalf, certifying either that the
thing moved has not formed pai-t of au animal affected
with cattle plague, or of an animal that has been in
the same shed or stable, or in the same herd or flock,
or in contract with an animal so affected, or that it has
l)een disinfected.

3. The earca.se of an animal, or a single portion of raw
meat weighing more than 20 lb., shall not be moved
out of an infected place without a licence signed by
an officer of the local authority appointed in that
behalf, certifymg that the carcase or meat moved is
not the carcase or p.art of the carcase of an animal
affected with cattle plague.

4. Any dung of animals, and any hay, straw, litter, or
other thing commonly used for food of animals or
otherwise for or about animals, shall not be moved
out of an infected place without a licence signed by
an officer of the local authority appointed in that
beh.alf, certifying that the thing moved has not been
in contact with or been used for or about any animal
affected with cattle plague, or that it has Ijeen dis-
infected.

(23) The rules of this Act shall not restrict the moving of
.any animal or thing by railway through an uifected place,
such animal or thing not being stopped withm the infected
place.

(26) Any constable .

1. May apprehend anj' person found committing an
offence again.st'tho rules of this Act with respect to
infected places, and he shall take any person so appre-
hended as soon .as conveniently may be before^ a
Justice of the Peace to be ex.amined and dealt with
according to Law,

2. He may require that any animal or thing moved out of
an infected place in contravention of those rules be
forthwith taken back within the limits of that place,
and may enforce .and execute such requisition.

(27) The local authority by whom an infected place iS
declared may at ,anv time .after the expiration of 28 d.ays fi'om
the disappearance "of cattle plague in that place hy order
declare the place to be free from cattle plague.

(32) Notwithstanding anything in the former Acts, a local
authority m.ay withhold compensation in respect of .any animal
slaughtered, where the owner or person having the charge of
such animal has been guilty, in relation to such animal, of
any act in contravention of any of the former Acts or this
.\ct, or has failed in respect of the giving of notice of disease,
or in .any other respect.

(46) The Privy Council may from time to time hy order
regulate the landing in Great Britain of foreign animals, cither
as regards the port or ports or as regards the part or parts of
the port or ports at which such animals may be landed.

(47) It shall be lawful for the local authority to pro\ade,
erect, and fit up proper places for the sale of such animals,
liirs for and slaughter of the same, and for such purpose they
may purchase or hire land or builduigs.

(48) It shiillhothe duty of every railway or other company
aud every person caiTyiug animals for hire to thoroughly
cleanse and dismfcet all pens, tmcks, vehicles, .and beats used
for the canylng of animals, and faiUng this such company or

snn sbflU nn pvpvv such occasion bc deemed guilty ot an

person shall on" every such occasion be deemed guilty c
offence against this Act. .. ...

(49) If any person exposes for sale in a market or tlir cattle
affected with pleuro pneumonia, or sheep affected with scab,
he shall be deemed guUtyof au offence against this Act, unless
ho shows th,at he did not know of the same being so affected,
and that he could not with reasonable dihgence have obtained
such knowledge. . ^ ,, . . „*

(55) .iny person guilty of .an offence ag.amst this Act
sh.aU for each such offence be liable to such pen.alty as is pro-
vided by Section 27 of The Cattle Disease Prevention Act
1SG5; and whore .any such offence is committed in rclxtiontd
offal dung, hay, straw, litter, or other thmg, a further penalty
not excclding 10(. may he imposed in respect of every hall

ton in weight of such offal or
ton.

other fhUig after the first hall

1008

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Septe.ibee 28. w.

V. The Sewage Utiiization Acr-
es) Gives authority to local boards and corporate bodies to
provide any works and do any act (or the purpose of receiving,
stormg, dismfeotiug, or distributing sewage within their
district.

(4) To purchase or take on lease any lauds either within or
without their district.

(5) To deal with any Und held by them for the purpose of
receiving, stonng, disinfecting, or distributing sewage in such
niiinner as they deem most profitoble, either by leasing the
same for a period not exceeding 7 years for agricultural
purposes, or by contracting with some person to take the
whole or a part of the produce of such laud, or by farming
such land and disposing of the produce thereof; subject to
this restriction, that in any appropriation which may be made

t u '** ^^ ''' ""'"''' .authority for the above purposes, care

shall be t<iken that provision be made for receiving, storing,
dismfeeting, or distributing all the sewago which it is the
duty of the sewer authority to cause to be disposed of in that
manner.

(15) And where a sewer authority, or .any corporate or other
body, under any power enabling them in that beh.alf, or by
any agreement confirmed by Parliament, has agreed with any
person or persons or body of nersons, corporate or unin-
corporate, as to the supply of all or any of the sewage of any
place, and the works to be made for the pui-pose of that
supply, they may contribute to the expense of carrying into
execution by such person or persons or body of persons all or
any of the purposes of such agreement, and may become
shareholders in any compiiny with which any agreement in
relation to the matters aforesaid has been or may hereafter be
entered into by such sewer .authority or corporate or other
body, or to or in which the benefits and obligations of such
agreement miiy have been or may be transferred or vested ;
and all expenditure in consequence of the exercise of the
power hereby confen-ed sh.all be deemed to have been incurred
by such sewer authority or corporate or other body in the
construction or due maintenance of the necessary sewers for
carrying away the said sewage, and shall be provided for
accordingly.

that would not have been annulled if this Act had not been

(17) And where the sewer authority of a district is a vestry
ielect vestry, or other body of persons acting by -virtue of any
Act of Parliament, prescription, custom, or otherwise, as or
instead of a vestry or select vestry, such authority shall for the
purpose of defraying any expenses incurred in carrying into
effect the Sewage UtiUzation Act, 186,5, or this Act, issue their
precept to the overseers of the p,arish of which they are the
authority, requiring such overseers to pay over the amount
specified in such precept to the sewer authority, or to their
officer named in the precept, or into some bank mentioned in
such precept.

The overseers shall comply with the requisitions of such
precept by levying a separate rate in the same manner as if it
were a rate for the relief of the poor, with this exception, that
the owner of any tithes or of any tithe commutation rent-
charge, or the occupier of any land used as arable, meadow, or
pasture ground only, or as woodlands, market gardens, or
nursery grounds, and the occupier of any land covered with
water, or used only as a canal or towing-path for the same, or
as a railway constructed under the powers of .any Act of Parlia-
ment for public conveyance, shall, where a special assessment
18 made tor the purpose of such rate, be assessed in respect of
such property in the proportion of one fourth part only of the
rateable v,alua thereof ; or, where no special assessment is
made, shall pay m respect of the said property one fourth part
ohly of the rate in the pound p.ayiible in respect of houses and
other property. [The Act defines the mode in which public
notice of any proceedings is to be given, and in which .an
appeal against the same may be made.]

"VI. The Mastee and Seevant Act—

(4) Declares that wherever the employer or employed shall
neglect or refuse to fulfil any contract of service, or the
employed shall neglect or refuse to enter or commence his
service according to the contract, or shall absent himself from
his service, or wherever any question, difference, or dispute
shall arise as to the rights or liabilities of either of the parties,
or touching any misusage, misdemeanour, misconduct, ill-
treatment, or injury to the person or property of either of the
parties under any contract of service, the party feeling
aggrieved may lay an information or complaint in writing
before a justice, magistrate, or sheriff, setting forth the
grounds of complaint, and the amount of compensation,
damage, or other remedy claimed for the breach or nonperfor-
mance of such contract : and upon such information being
laid, the justice shall issue or cause to be issued a summons
or ciution to the party so complained against.

(5) The time to be appointed in the summons or eit.ation for
the appearance of the p,arty complained against shall not be
less than two or more than eight days from the date of the
summons or citation.

(7) On neglect or refusal to obey summons or citation,
warrant to issue.

(9) Upon the hearing of any information or complaint under
the provisions of this Act two justices, or the magistrate or
sheriff, after due examination, by .an order in writing under
their respective hands, in their or his discretion, as the justice
of the ease requires, either shaU mjike an abatement of the
whole or part of any wages then already due to the employed
or else shall direct the fulfilment of the contract of service
with a direction of the party complained against to find forth-
with good and sutficient security, by recognizance or bond
with or without sureties, to the Siitisfaction of a justice
m,agistrate, or sheriff, for the fulfilment of such contract or
else shall .annul the contract, discharging the parties from'the
same, and apportioning the amount of wages due up to the
completed period of such contract, or else where no amount of
compensation or dam.age can be assessed, or where pecuni.ary
compensation will not in the opinion of the justices
magistrate, or sheriff meet the circumstances of the case'
shaU impose a fine upon the party complained against, not
oxceedmg m amount the sum of 20i., or else shall assess and
determine the amount of compens,ation or damage, together
■mth the costs, to be made to the party complainmg inclusive
of the amount of .any wages abated, and direct the same to be
paid accordingly ; and if the order shall direct the fulfilment
of the contract, and direct the party complained against to
find good and sufBcient security as aforesaid, and the party
complained against neglect or refuse to comply with such
order, a justice, magistrate, or sheriff may, if he shall think
fit, by warrant under his hand, commit such party to the
common gaol or house of correction within his jurisdiction
there to be confined and kept until he shall so find security'
but nevertheless so that the term of imprisonment whether
under ono or several successive committals, shall not exceed
in the whole the period of three months : provided al'w.ays
that the two justices, magistrate, or sheriff may, if they or he
think fit. assess and determine the amount of compensation
or damage to be paid to the party complaining, and direct the
same to be paid, whether the contract is ordered by them or
him to be annulled or not, or. in addition to the annulling of
the contract of service and discharge of the parties from the
same, may, if they or he think fit, impose the fine as herein-
before authorized, but they or he shall not under the powers
of this Act be authorized to annul, nor shall any provisions of
this Act have the effect of annulling, any indenture or contract
of apprenticeship that they or he might not have annulled or

(18) Nothing in this Act shall prevent employer or employed
from enforcing theii- respective civil rights and remedies for
any breach or nonperformance of the contract of service by
.any action or suit in the ordinary courts of law or equity in
any case where proceedings are not instituted under this
Act ; nor shall anything in this Act affect the provisions of the
Act of the fifth year of King George IV., chapter 96, " to con-
solidate .and amend the Laws relative to the arbitration of dis-
putes between mjtsters and workmen,"or of any Act extending
or .amending the same.

(26) This Act shall continue in force until the expiration of
one year after the passing thereof (Aug. 20, 1867), .and to the
end of the then next session of Parliament, and no longer.

VII. An Act to Repeal the Duties of Assessed
Taxes on Dogs, and to impose in lieu theeeop
a Duty of Excise—

(3) Enacts that instead of the existing duties there shall be
granted and charged in respect of dogs kept in England after
April 5, 1867, or in Scotland after May 24, 1867, the following
duties : —

For and in respect of every dog, of whatever description

or denomin.ation, for which a licence to keep the same

shall be taken out under this Act, the annual duty of

5s. to be paid by the person who shall keep such dog.

(8) If any person shall keep a dog without having in force a

licence granted under this Act .authorising him so to do, or

shall keep a greater number of dogs than he shall be licensed

to keep, he shall for every such offence forfeit the sum of 51. ;

and every person in whose possession, or in whose premises'

any dog shall be found or seen, shall be deemed to be the

person who shall keep such dog, unless the contrary be

proved, and the owner or master of hounds shall be deemed

to be the person keeping the same.

(10) The duties imposed by this Act sh.all not be payable in
respect of any dog under the age of six months.

THE DISEASES OP WHEAT.

[We extract from the South Australian Register, of the 9th
May, the more interesting portions of the Prize Essay,
on the Wheat plant and its diseases, by the Rev. James
Maughan) see p. 933) ;— ]

" Taze-ail."
Of all the diseases with which our Australian
Wheat crops are being affected, that popularly
designated take-all is at the present moment the most
serious and embarrassing. It seems to be the very
contrary, in many respects, of the diseases we hare
already enumerated. These affect only the leaves and
straw, leaving the roots of the plant entirely unaffected ;
this affects the roots only, leaving the leaves and straw
entirely untouched, e.xcepting by the result; these
permit the formation of the nutritive juices, and then
simply appropriate them to their own sustentation,
thus causing the plant to die a slow and lingering
death ; this stops at once the formation of the nutritive
juices, and kills the plant outright ; these allow the
husbandman a tithe of the property on which they
lay their hands, to assist him to meet expenses, but
this takes crop and tithe as well. On subjecting to
careful examination a plant of Wheat, the growth of
which has been prematurely arrested by the take-all,
there is not the slightest indication of any kind of
disease on any portion of the plant, until we come to
the examination of the root. Here we instantly detect
the mischief. About two months ago a farmer of
Saddlevvorth forwarded two parcels of plants to the
editor of the 5o«^/i Australian Register ^nH Observer
for his inspection. They were taken from within 8 feet
of each other. One sample, taken from about 40 acres,
had grown most luxuriantly, and given promise of
considerably more than an average yield. It had
grown upon a light and friable soil. The leaves,
the straw, and the ears were all apparently com-
pletely developed, and there was scarcely a speck of any
kind of rust to be seen upon them. But when the
owner went to inspect his Wheat, prior to its being
reaped, he found to his dismay that the ears in the
whole 40 acres were entirely empty. On an adjoining
patch, the soil of which was of a less friable nature, the
second sample was obtained. It was even better in
appearance than the first, and not a single ear of it was
in any way affected. It had a full firm ear, and the
grains were everything that could be desired. The
samples having been placed in my hands for examina-
tion and report, the cause of the mischief was almost
instantly detected. The roots appeared to be enlarged
and distorted from their usual form. The root fibres
were all covered with a coating of fine soil, and a 16th
of an inch in diameter. On placing one of these fibres,
with its encrusted covering, as an opaque object, under
the microscope, a number of mouldy or wooUy-lookine
threads appeared, projecting through the soil, through-
out the whole length of the fibre, and on every side.
On carefully removing the soil, the whole of the fibres
appeared to be covered with these mouldy or filamen-
tous threads. On further examining the cellular
tissue of the root, a myceUium or spawn was distinctly
seen amongst the cells, and from which the woolly
mould, almost identical in character with the Penioil-
lium armeniacum, or painters' pencil-like mould, or
the Peroncspora infestans, or Potato mould, had
sprung. There can, therefore, be no doubt but that
the take -all is a disease of the Wheat plant, caused by
a fungus fastening upon its root, as the black rust is a
disease that fastens upon its leaves and stems. I see
from a letter of Dr. Mueoke to the South Australian
Register, to which my attention has just now been
called, that he had previously arrived at the same con-
clusion. I may further observe that a few days after
the Saddleworth specimens of plants were placed in my
hands, I was favoured with several of au almost similar
character from Mr. Randall, of Rapid Bay. One of
these was a magnificent Wheat plant, containing about
50 strong stalks, some of them between 4 and 5 feet
high and a quarter of an inch in diameter. The straw
seemed quite free from rust, and some of the ears
measured 6 inches in length ; but the moment the
eye was directed to the root, the state of the ears
was correctly predicted. The fibres of the root
were covered from end to end with a white woolly

mould, the never-failing indication of the take-all,
and, as a certain consequence, the ears were empty.
Most frequently, however, the disease attacks the
Wheat plant long before it reaches the more advanced
stages of development. In 1SG5 it appears to have been
generally observed in this colony during the months of
August and September, in many instances before the
shooting of the stem of the plant. In several districts
the disease appears to have been equally severe on
manured, unmanured, and on fallowed and unfaUowed
lands, though in a number of others the fallowed lands
appear to have borne decidedly the best crops, and to
have been most free from rusts. In that year Mr.
Thomps9n, of O'Hallorau Hill, reported that he was in
the habit of fallowing one-third of his land, and of
nianuring with sheep, stable, and stackyard dung ; that
his average crop was 18 bushels to the acre ; but that
on 60 acres of manured land the average would be 25
bushels to the acre. Red rust, black rust, aBd take-all
appear during the year to have been about equally dii-
tributed, although the black rust and take-all were
decidedly the most pernicious. In every one of tbe '
districts that suffered from blight the early sown suf-
fered severely, and that sown late only in a trifling
degree.

Suggestions as to Remedies.

Scientific men are agreed in believing that it is pos-
sible to find remedies for the various diseases to which
our Wheat crops are liable. Remedies have already
been found for bunt, smut, the hop diseases, the white
mildew, and a variety of other fangitio maladies. With
the immensely rapid multiplication of our chemical
resources, therefore, no reason can exist why remedies
should not ultimately be found for all the diseases
to which the Wheat plant is heir. It unfortunately
happens, however, that the study of the nature of
these diseases is much easier in its character,
and has more abundant opportunities and facilities
provided for it than has the study of their cure. One
falls within the province of every competent mycologist,
the other scarcely within the proper province of any
one. The first only requires a little scientific know-
ledge and the possession of a good microscope for ift
prosecution ; the second requires much time, large
scientific facilities, extensive opportunities of observa-
tions, and means for extensive agricultural, chemical,
and physiological experiments. Hence it is that we
have a thousand men investigating the nature of these
diseases for one who, possessing the requisite know-
ledge and commanding the necessary time, is investi-
gating the questions of cause and cure. Hence, also,
it is that we now know everything about those dis-
eases, excepting that one thing which above all others
it is essential for us to know. The fact is, that in this
matter " what is everybody's business is nobody's
business." It is as true of scientific men as it is of
men of commerce, that each one is so intent on the
prosecution of his own special duties that few men
possessing the requisite means either can or will devote
themselves to that which miy prove an utterly unremu-
nerative task. The only men having a direct and
special interest in the question are those who are the
least fitted by habit and education for conducting such
profound and subtle questions to a successful issue, or
who. if otherwise fitted for the task, are hindered from
undertaking it by the pressure of their own local and
personal duties. The discovery of some means of pre-
venting these diseases, or, at least, of largely mitigating
their severity, would be an immense boon to this
colony. But it is in vain to hope for any such dis-
covery unless tbe Government can be induced to take
up the investigation. No one can be expected to
devote himself to such a purely national object
without the authority and appliances of the Govern-
ment to sustain him. In such a colony as this,
where so much of our commercial prosperity depends
upon the proper development of our agricultural
resources, our farmers ought to have placed at their
command by the Government a properly-equipped
agricultural chemist, whose province it should be to
investigate such questions as the present; from whom
they could obtain advice as to the nature of their soils,
and the character and purity of the manures they
need to employ ; to whom they might be able to send
their sons in order to obtain that high-class scientific
education of which their fathers have been necessarilj',
by circumstances, deprived ; and who should, in fact,
act as the scientific pilot of our great agricultural
interests. If in England, under the scientific pro-
clivities of the Royal Agricultural Society, land can be
made to produce on the average 26^ bushels to the
acre, there can be no reason why in this colony we
should be contented with less than 12. I would
strongly urge upon our own agricultural society the
necessity of appealing to the Government at once for
the appointment of an agricultural chemist, as the first
step towards the formation of an agricultural college.
If there be one reason more than another for the
taking of such a step, it is the perplexity into which it
is being perpetually thrown in connection with these
terrible Wheat diseases and their remedies. The
appointment of an agricultural chemist would also
lead to such a diffusion of scientific information
amongst our farmers as would pave the way for that
natural treatment of soils for which our English and !
Continental chemists are novT so eloquently pleading,
and to which we shall be compelled to come, iu spite
of ourselves, before many more years have passed away.
Still, though no general specific has yet been dis-
covered, science and experience have made some
progress in the study of palliative measures for the
prevention of these diseases. No intelligent farmer
can reside long in a particular district without
discovering some particular conditions of seed or soil
which are most favourable to the development of some
particular disease, and therefore of being prompted
to the emijloyment of such measures as his observa-

Septembeb 28, 1807.]

THE GAKDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1009

tion and experience may indicate for tbeir prevention.
As a sample of what may be accomplished in this
way, I may ftuto the following out of many similar
cases which have recently come under my notice:—
Mr. Steer, of Crookham Hill, on the Lake Plains,
informed me when on a visit to that locality that the
two principal varieties of seed which had been
used m that district were the "Frampton" and the
"purple straw;" but that the "Frampton" was .so much
more hable to the ravages of rust than tlie " puriilc
straw," that they were being compelled almost entirely
to abandon the use of the former as seed. He said
Mr. Crawford, of Jlilang, had in 18G3 sown both these
varieties in the same land, and had treated both
precisely alike, i)ut that when he came to reap the two,
the " purple straw " yielded from 13 to 15 bushels to
the acre, and the "Frampton ."through the ravages of
" red rust " not more than four or live. The variety
called " AV hito AVinslow" was being abandoned. Its
liability, but in this ease to black rust, when early
sown, and in a damp season, was something frightful.
There wore two things they had to guard against in his
district. The first was against early and wet sowing,
when they lost their crops through the ravages of
dust; and the second was against dry ploughing and
sowing, when they lost their crops for want of mois-
ture. His largest and soundest crops were obtained
where he bad ploughed and sown immediately after the
rain, and when the land therefore contained a large
amount of nioisturo. In three samples of Wheat,
which I obtained from three different soils in one of
his paddocks, I found on microscopic examination that
the sample wdiich had been grown on strong clay land
was slightly aflectcd with Trichobasis rnbiga vera.
The straw also wa.s deficient in quantity, but the ear
was large and healthy, and the yield most promising.
In the second sample, which had been taken from good
red sandy loam, I found a mixture of the rusts Trioho-
basis linearis and Triohobasis rubiga vera. The straw
was considerably stronger, but the rust being more
abundant, the ears were somewhat sickly looking. In
the third sample, which was obtained from a fine
healthy looking alluvial soil, the straw was covered with
Trichobasis linearis, and the grain was shrivelled in
the ear. In the strong clay land, in the district gene-
rally, the Wheat was less affected with rust; but in the
low places, where the vapour in the morning arising
from the lakes was the longest in clearing away, the
rust was generally the worst, and in some particular
places seriously bad. As a rule, the rust was worst on
the best soils and in the dampest situations. I am
quite aware that in making these statements I am
placing myself in direct antagonism with the state-
ments of Dr. Muecke, namely, that " The black rust
attacks early and late seedlings without distinction ;
that it knows no preference between Wheat sown in
the wet and ^Yheat sown in the dry, nor between the
numerous varieties of that grain ; and that these expe-
riences ai-e of themselves sufficient to prove that the
origin ofthe disease ought not to be sought in any of the
circumstances alluded to." The conclusion I readily
admit, but not the premises upon which it is based ;
and I believe that facts will bear me out in the position
I take. Most of the farmers on the Lake Plains have
entirely relieved themselves from the curse of black
rust by simply changing their seed and their time of
sowing. That the disease is not to be found in the seed
is, I think, unquestionablv demonstrated by the fact
that the seed of aSected Wheat has frequently been
sown under different conditions without a single par-
ticle of disease reappearing ; but that particular kinds
of seed are most suited to particular districts, and less
liable to particular forms of disease in those districts,
it is impossible to doubt. After these general remarks,
we now proceed to indicate those more particularly
specific measures of a preventive character which the
present state of science points out as most useful in
the treatment of these diseases : —

1. Semedies for Bunt, Smut, and Rust. — One grain
of ■' bunted " Wheat is capable of containing four
million snores of the Fungus, while each ear of
"smutted" corn gives at least ten millions of spores.
When the grain is threshed the bunted or smutted
seeds become ruptured, clouds of sporules escape,
which, being of a greasy nature, adhere to the skins of
the unaffected grains. If these grains be sown with
these Fungus spores attached, the crop will be more or
less destroyed. But several remedies for this evil may
be successfully employed. One is to cleanse the
Wheat which is about to be sown from all the spores
of bunt or smut, or even rust, which may have
attached themselves to it by reason of their unctuous
character. The principle of eflecting this object
clearly must be to convert the oily matter ofthe bunt
or smut into a saponaceous compound, which will
allow the spores to be easily washed off. Chemistry
here supplies us with the material. An alliali will
convert oil into soap, and this is the basis of nearly all
the dressings, as they are called. Every district has its
Own peculiar mode of dressing, but the best are merely
modifications of this principle. Whatever other
ingredients may be used, the effective constituent is
some alkaline matter in the form of a ley. Lime,
which possesses alkaline properties, is frequently
resorted to, but there is one serious objection to its
use. If too much slaked in mixing it loses its alkaline
properties, and thus fails to effect its purpose. Some
persons employ brine, common potash, or substances
containing ammonia, such as stale chamber-ley, or the
liquid excrements of animals. The plan most usually
adopted a few years ago was to immerse the seed
Wheat in stale chamber-ley, and afterwards to di7 it
by mixture of quicklime. This is called "pickling"
the Wheat, and is usually efficacious ; but the lime
injures the eyes and excoriates the hands and face of
the sower, or clogs the hopper of the sowing-machine,
and has therefore now been superseded by other
substances. But another and ranch less objectionable

method of getting rid of these spores is, to use a
popular phrase, to "kill" them. Two methods are
cmi)l(>yed for this purpose : one is to wash the
seed-corn in a strong solution of Glauber salts,
and afterwards, while still moist, to dust it over
with nuicklime. The chemistry of this process con-
sists in tho setting free of caustic soda Uiningh
tho sulphuric acid of the Glauber salts eonibming
with the lime— and thus converting it into sulpliiUc
of lime. The caustic soda thus set tree is fatal to the
germination of spores of bunt and smut. The other,
and by far the most popular method, is that called
hluestono pickling. A .solution is prepared by dis.solv-
ing jiowdcred sulphate of copper (bluestono) in water,
about 2 ounces more or less to a pint for each bushel
of Wheat to be sown. Tho grain is emptied on tho
Hoor : a little of it is shovelled to one side by one
person, while another sprinkles the solution over it:
and this process is continued until tho whole quantity
is gone over. The heap is repeatedly turned by two
persons working with shovels opposite to each other.
After l.ving for a few minutes the grain absorbs the
moisture, the sulphate of copper destroys the spores of
the fungi, and the seed is ready for committing to the
ground. Some persons prefer steeping the seeds in a
weaker solution, in order to wash away tho bunt spores,
but this is probably the safest plan. In addition to
what lias been already said as to these remedies, it may
be of service to quote the remarks of the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley, who is the very highest of British authori-
ties on all matters relating to the cryptogamic world.
That gcntloman says :— " Slany of the most formidable
enemies of the farm are rust, smut, and bunt. The
surest remedy is to steep the seed grain in some solu-
tion, which at once washes off a portion of the spores
and poisons the rest. Many remedies have been pro-
posed, as simple water, salt, lime, sulphate of copper,
corrosive sublimate, and arsenic. The best, perhaps, is
sulphate of soda (Glauber salts) in solution, and dried
off with quicklime. The lime combines with the
sulphur to form sulphate of lime, while caustic soda is
set free."

2. Semedy for Mildew— Puccinia graniinls. — Unfor-
tunately, no remedy has yet been found for this pest.
Tlie suggestion, however, of Mr. Tycho Kiug, the
eminent land agent of the Bedford estates, has been
found or great practical value, namely, to allow no
Reeds or loose CJrass to remain in the ditches, but to
clear everything away and to consume it at once. As
the Fungus which attacks Reeds and Grass is to all
appearance the same as that which attacks Wheat, it
is considered that the disease may be propagated in
the spring from such near and dangerous enemies.
For the same reason it is desirable, says Mr. Berkeley,
that the stubble should not be left on the land too
long, but that it should be as speedily as possible
cleared away. Attention should also be given to
hoeing the Wheat crops in the early stages of their
growth, in order to free them from all kinds of weeds.
Jlildew will seldom prevail to any very serious extent
when this precaution is taken. Land should never be
manured immediately before it is sown, and early
luxuriance ought to be checked by cropping down with
sheep for a few hours in the daytime.

.3. Remedies for Black ijBS^.— The remarks applied
to mildew will also apply to black rust, with this
addition, that as in this colony it is all but universally
admitted that early sown AVheat is much more liable
to this rust than that which is late sown, those farmers
who have suffered from the black rust should take
care to protect themselves as far as possible in this
respect. Again, as in the case of the farmers ou the
Lake Plains, they should study the characters of the
Wheats most suitable to their lands, and sow only
those which experience teaches them to be least liable
to the rust. Those farmers whose lands lie low, and
are consequently exposed to excessive fogs, or to undue
saturation of their soils, should give them the greatest
possible access to free currents, and they should also
pay all necessary attention to matters of drainage.

4. Remedies for Take-aU, — As this disease is to a
great extent a new one, and we have therefore no expe-
rience to guide us in any remedial suggestions we may
make, it will be seen that there must be some appear-
ance of presumption in such an attempt. The ques-
tion is being perpetually asked. Is there no remedy for
this terrible take-all ? The answer is. There is none at
present, hut there ought to be one. 1. The disease is
in the root of the plant, and therefore easily accessible
at all times to the agricultural chemist. 2. The disease
is manifestly occasioned by a vegetable parasite, and
therefore our agricultural chemists ought to be able to
''kill" it without necessarily "killing" the Wheat
plants upon which it feeds. 3. Similar vegetable or
parasite Fungi have been destroyed while preying upon
other plants, and plants have thus been relieved from
the diseases to which they have been subjected; and
therefore there is the advantage of experience in
support of this opinion. As we already know, sulphate
of copper, and some other chemical agents, destroy the
vitality of the spores of bunt and smut. Sulphur,
again, when applied as a dressing by the Hop growers
to their plants, proves a perfect specific against the Hop
mildew, and we have the authority of Mr. Berkeley,
who first suggested its use for such a purpose, that it
appears to be not only a specific against the mildew in
Hops, but against all the species in alliance with it. I
am not aware whether any of your agriculturists have
tried the virtues of sulphur in this disease ; but if not,
I think it is, at all events, worthy of trial. The crude
sulphur combines with oxygen in a nascent state, and
so forms sulphurous acid, which is eminently destruc-
tive to mucedinous bodies, as appears from its effect in
stopping fermentation. The more finely the sulphur
is divided the better, and, therefore, it is most efficacious
when applied in such a form as to cause a chemical
deposit of sulphur, or, as the earlier chemists were
wont to designate it, a magisteriura ou the plants or

leaves. Liver of sulphur answers the same purpose.
If sulphur fails, it is scarcely possible but tliat some
other material from the laboratory of the chemist
would succeed. Tannic acid is well known for its power
of destroying a great many different forms of Fungi. In
the hands of an intelligent agricultural chemist, well
I'onvorsant with vegetable physiology and having
:ni eulhu.siastic love of science, it might be
turned to valuable account as it remedial agent in
connection with this most terrible of all the diseases of
the Wheat plant. At all events, the matter cannot
rest where it is. It is impossible for the Government
of this colony to see line districts, once covered with
smiling sections of Wheat, being blighted year after
year, and their owners falling into financial ruin,
witliout some effort, though it may be ever so abortive,
being |)ut forth to retrieve the disaster. Probably the
(Jovcrnment of South Australia is at the present
moment the only agricultural government in tho world
that docs not provide scientific facilities of one kind or
another for promoting the development of its agricul-
tural resources. It is to be hoped that the day is not
far distant when this reproach shall have been wiped
away. Only one further remark is necessary. Having
fully, and as we believe correctly, described the various
diseases to which our Wheat crops are liable, and
having indicated all that is at present known ofthe
remedies that can be employed, it is only left to express
our sincere regret that the present state of science does
not enable us to point out some great specific for the
ills of our agricultural friends. We .are no quacks. AVe
cannot manufacture nostrums. We have, however,
furnished the South Australian Agricultural and Hor-
ticultural Society with all that is at present surely
known upon the subject; and in this way have sup-
plied its members witii material for further discu.ssiqn,
and cleared the starting-point for fresh advances in its
great and useful career.

Home Correspondence.

The best Wheat for Scerf.—Whil.st entirely agreeinR
in what your correspondent "C." has written under
this heading, in as far as the vegetable king-
dom is concerned, I cannot quite agree with his
parallels in regard to the human and animal kingdoms.
I believe him quite right in saying that some of the
most highly prized sires have produced, even with good
dams, very inferior stock, of horses, cattle, sheep,
and iiigs, whilst sires comparatively inferior, except
in point of pedigree, have produced much better stock
with the same dams. Of this I could cite you many
notable examples, both in private practice and public
report, due regard not being always had to the pedigree
of the dams, or if of equally good pedigree with the
sires, consanguinity not having been duly considered—
but more especially if there should be a taint of
unsoundness in cither dam or sire, proceeding froui a
combination of causes, of which overhigh or otherwise
injudicious feeding from infancy had been practised in
the case of both, or even either, without the due exer-
cise which nature intended for the full development
of all the organs interiorly as well as exteriorly
placed. Farther still, I agree with your corre-
spondent as regards the degeneracy of the human
frame and intellect, although I know of my own
knowledge that the greatest men Ireland ever produced,
not only" in a physical, intellectual, but a moral sense,
were the fathers of men who never could come to the
standard of mediocrity in any one of the foregoing senses.
Nay, farther, I know of my own knowledge that
one at least of the very greatest was the son of
parents of a rather low staudard of intellectual and
physical powers. Ah ! but this great man had a
pedigree derived from ancestors who were great
in every sense of the word, his grandmother
more especially. Nay, more than that ; some
of the collateral branches of that great man's family are
great in every sense at the present day. But to
return to the vegetable kingdom, the subject more im-
mediately under consideration : and here, I repeat, I
could verify by examples obtained during varied experi-
ments. .Such examples, and a detailed account of the
experiments they were drawn from, however impor-
tant they may seem to myself, would be insignifi-
cant compared with the scientific reasoning which
such facts should elicit. It is believed, and I think
with much justice, that seeds of all kinds exceed-
ingly rich in starch, such as your correspondent
alluded to, but deficient in nitrogen, will not produce
as strong and as healthy plants as others differently
constituted. The same rule holds good in the case of
the Potato, in Ireland at least, and hence the
degeneracy from time immemorial of the finest kinds of
Potatos ever grown in our great Potato-growing
as well as Wheat-growing locality, long long before the
awful Potato diseasemadeitsappearance in 1815. Permit
me now to put a question on this important subject.
Is the theory I have but cursorily glanced at a correct
one in the opinions of the chemist and vegetable
physiologist ? Fingal, Sept. 10.

The "Agricultural Gazette's" Report of the Crops
Correct.— in the first place, the gentlemen who send
in these reports [Agricultural Gazette of August 17)
are all resident, each on the spot from which he writes.
They are all, less or more, immediately or remotely
connected with agriculture ; for the most part they
are persons who are now spending their lives in the
earnest pursuit of that business— in a knowledge of
which, and all its details, the names given are those of
men who stand amongst tho cleverest in the United
Kingdom. Now, when the Editor of the Agricultural
Gazelle applies to one of these, his correspondents, for
an "piniiin us to " the present promise of the harvest,
is that opinion given hastily— is it something written
down at hap-hazard and sent off at once? By no
means. The person applied to, and who is to fill up
the blanks in the sheet fowarded to him for that

1010

THE GARDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

September 28, 1867.

purpose, is scrupulously cautious as to the words he is
about to use; he knows that what he sends to the
AgricitlUiral Gazette will be copied and re-
published in every paper in his own county, and
will be commented on by all its agricultural
readers, commended if correct, condemned it not. He
has formed an opinion as to the answers he should
give, but he wishes to be fortified as to its correctness by
the opinions of others. "In the multitude of counsellors
there is safety." He seeks out a few of his brother
agriculturists, shrewd, observant, experieuced men.
He says, " So and so is my opinion ; what is yours ? " as
to the present promise^ of the harvest. Then there is
an interchange of opinions ; some of his own are
perhaps slightly modified by these "friends in council,"
but ultimately a statement is agreed upon which must
be true ; and if true as regards a county, then true as
regards a kingdom, because the same caution is used,
and the same care taken to avoid error in almost every
instance, so that the names— say 200— of contributors
whose opinions are given in the Aortmllvral Gazette
represent not 200 only, but 1000 at least— all good men
and true, with which the most fastidious truth seeker
after the state of the crops ought to be satisfied. P.

Slate Water TuBfe.— Having used several for more
than 20 years I can speak of their cleanliness and
durability. There is one point, however, that requires
amendmeiitand alteration. Mine answered admirably
until the foundation on which they rested settled or
gave way a little— and then, although the difference
was only the thickness of a sixpence or less, there was
leakage. This is easily remedied or prevented by small
bars of iron, i inch to J inch or 1 inch, passing under
or through the bottom of the cistern and hooked on the
the upper edge of the slate, or the cistern may be
clamped with iron outside— the object being to tie the
various slabs of slate together, so that if there
is any sinking or settlement it should all go
together, and the bottom slate should thus be
prevented from leaving the upper ones. In
fact, all slate cisterns should be well clamped, and
then the foundation is comparatively unimportant.
Again, with very large slate slabs there should be iron
ties passing through them across from one side to the
other, and well screwed up with a broad outside flange
under the nut. The pressure of water is so great that
those matters require attention, especially where the
tanks hold 2000 to to 3000 gallons. Any crack is easily
closed by asphalte. 1 know of a very old slate tank,
well clamped and tied outside with iron, which has
been removed and somewhat roughly used without the
least leakage. J. J. Mectd, Sept., 1857.

Mangel Cake. — Tour correspondent " X. T. Z.," at
page9S6, estimates Mangel at 32 tons per acre. This
appears to us a very moderate estimate, as we have
often grown, under ordinary conditions, 40 tons per
acre, and we hear of greater weights from some of our
correspondents. Mr. H. Taylor, steward to the Right
Hon. Lord Falmouth, writing on 30th of May, ISO",
says :— In 1800 I sowed about 23 acres of your Yellow
Globe, OrangeGlobe,and Yellow Intermediate Mangels,
and I had an average of 40 tons per acre, the roots
being of very line quality." Mr. H. L. Breeds, Grove
Parm, Burgess Hill, writing on 24th of April, 1806,
says; — "Last year I grew upwards of 40 tons of
Mangel per acre, and it was admired by all who saw it."
Mr. Geo. Watson, Princes Pield Farm, Walthani
Abl3ey, writing on March 16, 1865, says: — "I weighed
1 acre of the Yellow Globe Mangel, and found there
were 44 tons." AVm. Peers, Esq., Magazine, Brom-
borough, writing on 14th Feb., 1867, says : — " I have
500 tons of Mangel and Turnip on 11 acres." Mr.
James Rollins, at the Hon. and Rev. Edward Talbot's,
Evercreech, says :— " Mr. Talbot had nearly GO tons
per acre of your Yellow Globe Mangel this season."
Messrs. J. & T. Hepburn k Sons, Southwark, S. E.,
writing on Nov. 1.5, 1865, say :— " Y/e forwarded
yesterday, from our farm at Dartford, for exhibition
at your show, 0 Yellow Intermediate Mangels, taken
from a field of 3} acreSj which produced 75 tons
per acre ; the rows 2 feet 6 mohes apart, and the plants
18 inches in the rows." These latter are exceptional
cases, but if only 5 tons per acre may be fairly added
to the estimate of " X. Y'. Z.," it will tell materially
upon the advantages of Mangel Cake, which he has
already shown to be considerable. Sutton <f" Sotis,
Readiiifi.

Tlie Rainfall in- August— the Sari^eH Month. — The
average of the last 30 years has been 2.81 inches. During
the same periods the wet Augusts have been—

In 1841 .. .. 4.40 m. I In 1852 .. .. 6.20 in.

„ ISle .. .. 5.23,, „ 1860 .. .. 5.05,,

„ 184S .. .. 5.51 „ I „ 16S5 .. .. .5.4!! ,,

The raiiifall in August 1867 has been 3.41. The average
rainfall in September for 30 years has been 3.07 ; — the
gauge kept on a farm 280 feet above the sen, and 14 miles
Irora the sea, on the ohalk hills of West Sussex. W.

Scottish CH.iMBEE of Agki culture : Discv-^sion
on Farm Iyea.?e-9 {Continri.ed from p. 988). — Mr. CuN-
NINGHAME, Chapeltoun, Ardrossan, then spoke as
follows : The subject of leases is one of the greatest
interest both to landlords and tenant farmers, and
has hitherto not received anything like the venti-
lation its importance ou^ht to have commanded ; and,
with the view of directmg the attention of both the
parties most immediately interested in such contracts,
let us shortly consider what ought to be the principal
clauses in an agricultural farm lease. 1. As a general
rule, leases should not be for a period shorter than 19
years. 2. If the lease is for a farm in need of great im-
provement, and the tenant be prepared to expend the
requisite capital, he should not be too strictly bound
by cropping clauses until the four last years of the
lease, for it often happens that neither landlord nor
tenant have properly appreciated the capabilities, or

the reverse, of many portions of the farm, and the
result of the tenant being tied down by cropping
clauses, as has often happened, is serious loss to both
parties. 3. When an on-going lease has lapsed by
death, bankruptcy, or any other cause, it ought to be
in the power of those who are immediately interested
to have power to sub-let the farm, so that a fair
portion of the Improvements might be made available
to either creditors or heirs, or those otherwise bene-
ficially interested ; but in such cases of sub-letting the
landlord ought to have the power to enforce the clauses
inserted for rotation for the last four years from the
day of entry of any such sub-tenant. 4. Landlords in
general insert clauses in their leases as to the preserva-
tion of game that are altogether antagonistic to good
farming. The majority of tenants are not opposed to
their landlord's retaining on their lands sufficient game
to afford a fair day's sport ; but when hares and
rabbits are allowed to multiply, it must be quite
apparent that both the landlord and tenant cannot
each have a stock on the farm with profit. .5. There
are so many diflerent modes of entry upon leases in
the v,arious districts of Scotland, that it is apparent
that if one instead of the many systems now pursued,
as to the date of entry of the lauds and houses, and the
term for the payment of the first half-year's rent, were
made for cropping farms in the various districts, that
it would aflbrd greater facilities to tenants to remove
from one district to another; and without stating the
rule which obtains very generally in the West of
Scotland, viz., entry to the ploughablc land at Martin-
mas, with accommodation for horses and ploughmen,
and full possession of houses and pasture at Whit
Sunday, and to pay the first half-year's rent at
Martinmas thereafter, is the best, it appears to be as
reasonable and convenient as any other system that
exists, and is so satisfactory to the landlord that it
must convince him that his tenant is possessed of
some means; while in some of the other modes of
entry and payment of the first half-year's rent, a term
of IS months is often allowed. There may be some
need for the hypothec of the landlord, but if the system
previously indicated were generally adopted there
v.'ould be none. G. Whenatenantenters into possession
of a farm, the landlord ought in fairness to see that the
houses and fences are in a proper state of repair, and
not cause him to treat with the out-going tenant, as is
the custom upon many estates. 7. Where a tenant
is about to enter on a farm that has been improved,
and has been lastly in the hands of a judicious farmer,
it is quite reasonable that he shouid be bound by
clauses enforcing a rotation of crops suitable to the soil.
Mr. Wilson, Crosshouse, Edinburgh, said — In
bygone days, when a tenant received from his landlord
seeds and implements and cattle, it was all very well to
direct and instruct him. But times have changed.
Proprietors and farmers are now on a different footing,
and the covenants entered into between them should
be suitable to the present date. I may state that my
remarks are not prompted by any personal grievance. I
have few restrictions binding me to a prescribed course
of rotation, and I am glad to acknowledge this here, as
I can more freely and vyith better grace speak of evils
which do not bear heavily on my own individual case ;
but, taking an interest in the agricultural prosperity of
the country, I think the subject is well worthy the
consideration of this Chamber. I doubt very much if
receiving offers by tender is the wisest way of letting
farms, at least it is liable to many objections. A farm
is advertised, and offers are to be taken in up to a
certain day ; the competition may be keen, and parties
from other counties become candidates, likely possess-
ing skill and experience, but coming from a distance
they must labour under a disadvantage in estimating
the true value of the land. Others, destitute both of
skill and experience, equally anxious to obtain posses-
sion, frequently offer a rent quite beyond the capabilities
of the farm ; and the proprietor, being terapted_ by the
high offer, accepts of an adventurer, especially if he be
a man of capital, and rejects the lyiser offer of the
practical agriculturist, who by his skill and experience
could farm the land to much greater advantage. _ In
some cases that have come under my observation,
proprietors in letting their farms have adopted a course
which, I think, is worthy of being more generally
followed. When a tenant is quitting a farm, the
proprietor has it valued by some competent party, and,
after having a fair rent put upon it, he offers it to the
public, and from amongst the candidates selects one
who possesses not only capital, but also skill and
respectability. Were this method more generally
adopted, unskilled adventurers, the great bane of
farmers, would be kept out, and the land let at its true
value to practical men. The practice of agriculture
has undergone such a change during the last 30 years
that the stipulations then common in leases are not
now applicable. On some estates the tenants are very
much hampered by bein^ bound to adhere to old
stereotyped conditions and prescribed rules, whereby
they are to be guided during the whole currency of
their lease. During the greater part of a lease, it is as
much the interest of the tenant as of the proprietor
that the land should be kept in good condition ; as,
should he allow it to get out of heart, it will soon
deprive him of the means of success. I do not go the
length of saying that there should be no restrictions in
leases at all, but a sufficient guarantee to the proprietor,
I think, would be, to preclude the tenant from having
two white crops in succession, and have a fixed rota-
tion for the last five years of the lease. This would
simplify the whole matter, and while securing to the
proprietor the farm at the end of the lease in a regular
rotation, the enterprising tcnantwould be untrammelled
during its currency by clauses too often ambiguous and
liable to misconstruction. To show how little room is
sometimes left for the skill and experience of a tenant,
I may quote one or two stipulations from a Mid-
Lothian lease. After stringent conditions in regard to

the cropping, the lease runs thus :^ " And the said A. B.
binds and obliges himself and his foresaids to pay 5/.
sterling of additional rent for each acre managed con-
trary to the above regulations, and that over and above,
and along with the rent above stipulated, and over and
above such damages as may be fixed by two persons
mutually chosen for that purpose." Where in regard
to rotation such regulations as these have to be adhered
to, there is no room left for the skill and experience of
a tenant in the matter at all. ^ Take another example —
" One quarter of the land being always in Grass, sown
down with the first crop after bare fallow. Turnips, or
Potatos, with at least 7 lb. of Red Glover, 7 lb. White
Clover, and one bushel of good perennial Rye-grass
per acre, at the sight of the landlord or a person
employed by him." Now, to say the least of this
clause, the quantities or kinds of seed for every field on
this farm, considering the state the land may be in at
the time, may not be in the proportion or of the variety
that an experienced farmer would fix upon ; and he
who is not allowed to exercise his own judgment must
work at a disadvantage. No good farmer will object to
stipulations restraining him from deteriorating a farm
by mislabouring and overcropping the samC; contrary
to the usual practice of the country ; but stipulations
binding him to certain kinds of manure, seeds, plough-
ing, harrowing, and so forth, should belong to a
bygone age.

In regard to game, the regulations in many leases
are simply ridiculous. There is something quite
incongruous in the stipulation requiring a tenant to
have his lands at all times fully stocked, and at the
same time being bound to preserve all the game that
the proprietor may choose to rear upon it. This often-
discussed and vexing question of game is one of the
most irritating that can arise between landlord and
tenant. The enterprising farmer who has brought his
fields up to the highest pitch of cultivation, is in many
districts perpetually annoyed by having them overrun
with game, over whose ravages he has no more control
than lie has over wind and weather. In some leases
proprietors have even gone so far as to have a clause
inserted, that whatever enactment might be passed
modifying the game laws, the tenant shall be strictly
bound to preserve all that now goes under the head of
game. W here tenants have agreed to such conditions,
the result may be most disastrous. A few cases have
lately come under my observation, where^ at the entry
of the tenants the game ivas '^%ry inconsiderable, but
in a short time the estate came under different manage-
ment, and the game is now strictly preserved ; tlie
result being that it has increased to an extent wholly
unforeseen by the tenants v.hen they entered to their
farms. They have thus sustained serious injury.
With high rents they can ill afford to bear the loss
which they incur from the ravages of a stock upon
their crops and pastures which do not belong to them,
and from which they have no power to protect them-
selves. I may mention a clause connected with game,
which is embodied in many leases of hill farms, and
which I think is a damaging one to both landlord and
tenant — I refer to the restrictions against burning
Bent and Heather. It is well known to sheep
farmers that when Heather is old, sheep can
get little benefit from it, but when burned in
rotation at intervals of a few years it is
most valuable. Cases have come under my notice
where the stock has annually to be reduced in number,
and, besides, have become much smaller in bone,
because of such a prohibition being enforced. Now,
while the want of new Heather is hurtful to the
sheep, I know it is also hurtful^ to the game.
I believe proofs are not wanting this season _ot] the
mortality of game being greater where the prohibition
of burning has been strictly enforced than where the
Heather has been regularly burned in rotation, thereby
affording a breadth of fresh young Heather, which
seems to be as necessary for the game as for the sheep.
A friend of mine who entered to a large sheep-holding
a number of years ago. and having a great proportion
of heather, was bound not to burn except at the dicta-
tion and under the eye of the gamekeeper ; but it turns
out that the gamekeeper does not approve of burning,
only 5 acres out of 1000 having been burned during
seven years ; so the Heather is running wild, and the
farmer has to suffer. It is, indeed, not easy to estimate
the damage entailed by such a prohibition ; and I think
it is one of the most unreasonable restrictions
that a lease can contain. I admired the exem-
plary generasity which some proprietors have
lately shown, in giving to their tenantry perfect free-
dom to share alike with them the privilege of shooting.
This must be productive of the best feeling between
landlord and tenant, and in few cases, were it adopted,
would it damage to any great extent the landlord s
sport. I will now only say, before closing,^ that in
regard to permanent improvements, I think that
suitable farm buildings and fences should be erected at
the proprietor's expense ; and in regard to draining,
the money should be laid out by the proprietor, on
condition that the tenant pay interest on the outlay at
a fixed rate. A tenant laying out money on any of these
improvements has not time to reap the full benefit of
the capital expended during the currency of a 19 years'
lease. I do not think that valuation of farms at entry,
and again at issue of lease, and having the ditference in
value paid to the landlord or tenant, as the case might
be, would be likely to work well; such an arrangement
would be attended with a great deal of trouble, and,
considering the time that elapses from the entry to the
expiration of a lease, it might not be an easy matter to
give satisfaction to either party. In the few remarks 1
have made 1 have given my opinion candidly, although
I know I have said' little that can throw light upon the
matter; I now only urge simplicity of form in leases,
with well-selected tenants, and no one need fear the
result. Very closely connected are the interests of
landlord and tenant, and what affects the one must ulti-

SeptEMBEB 2S, 1887.1

THE

GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AW ACiRICIIT-TURAE GAZETTE

1011

may only b» *" "^''°' °^ strongthenmg the hoiuls

between them.

STAFFORDSHinE; The FoUlics of -^f/nV«W«rc-

for thev had not been able to hear a buil-Io spoerl,.
LUlle whiffs of wind had now and then venehedthoni
w uncertain information of what was gon,g on but
not in" dolinite. lie was there by virtue of a rule o
CsoHe V a" vice-chairman, to represent the onant
farn er oVS affordsliire, and he was proud to hold that
Son ilis opinion was that these meet. nRs were
foo mie devoted to that wl>ielj J';^ Pr»fcu and
whii'h helouKed to agriculture. He had sat lortwo
hour and had heard little that had been very inte-
resth g and certainly very little that had R'veu hira
informition Ho was not one of those who would put
Tn unto or an uncharitable construction upon what
had been said, but he had heard a speech from his
friend Mr, Neville, which he thought bore upon the
Xre tf of tenant farmers, but which was rather
inuhbcd by Sir Edward liuUer. Ho did not like raen-
t"oing names, but would ever stand up lor his order,
and he did not believe that the farmers of this county
or of England generally were held in the estimation
they dese ved to be. Sir Edward Buller might pass

— ; — not love ilat- 1 capital in the country open to fair investment. Now,

istitutions of his country ; ''''' ^e ^I'd not 'o™ a ^^^ |„,|,eved no investment was so safe for the capitalist

eil[)ll.ill Hi ^llV l-.^miuij .^1.,-.. v.. ..... -" - "■ ----- .^ ,. /

ho helieved no investment was so safe lor tiie caniiaiisi
as the land of his own country, and he shoulil never
feel satislicd until lie saw the capitalist wi ling to
advance money to tlio farmer in whoso ability and
intogrilv he could place conlidence. Ho could not.
however, be expected to do this unless the farmer had
some certainty of tenure, and he thought, tliorelore,
farmers ought to make a aland for leases, it was true
fomo of his tenants were afraid to take leases, but he
was convinced that until leases became the rule the
soil would never become so productive or so healthy as
it mi'-lit be. The co-oneration of all classes— the
labourer, tlio farmer, the landlord, and the oapitalist-
was necessary for the ellicient cultivation ol the land.
He had seen the benefits ol leases in Set and, and ho
honed to see the same benehts en.ioycd iii tins country.
Mr HuBiSAKD congratulated the company on the
cessat^ion of the ravages of the cattle plague, and on
those ravages having caused so small a diminution o
te prosperity of tlio country. About 300,0IH> head o
catl chid been slaughtered, the va ue of which migh
be set down at live millions sterling; but what was
this plague compared with the plague of war with
which this country was in former times so olten
visited? After referring to. the great improvements
which had taken place in JS"?"1V'™'.''''''''^''\™1°h° ,
in our breeds of cattle, Mr. Hubbard rem^^kedthji\.
the labourer had not been commensuralely elevated,
but still remained too much of an unreasoning instru-
y nnas uoiu iauuiuiv.i .*•.'* v^..-.-- " i,'.i.,notinr, Imd Tnnde ranid strides, but much

him; although we cannot so ."l^jdily i men Ldueat^^^^ fortoto'lt for their duties the

UU.U .iumble' of. Mr Chawuer. CM , hfy^f^l"„l^°,,^™''„ rising not only into industrial but

Uyott, the chairman, and himself a '>?™'^^J."f ^„'™tf So pohtk)a importance. With regard to liis hon.
ment, invited the fanners to state tl^eu^ grievances it u™^^^^ i investment of capital, it wa,s

they had any, and Mr. May P^hf-fmore in order ' quite trS^^^ "ever been a larger amount

Nothing could be clearer,, and nothing more n order qu^'^^ ^ ,^f investment than there was at the present
according to the law which the <^^^'>?,'™™ , ™ '?;\'J : ^^S appeared to him that it was in the

down. Lord Sandon, however, goes turt^her than this moment oui ' 1 j. j ^ ^ j (,1,^ i^nd into the
in his reproof of Mr. May's conduct, and a«3OTding to I ^^'n'^S best suited for the tenant. No doubt the
his lordship's reading the dinners of agricultural cond^^^^ ^_^ ^^^ must purchase

societies are quite uusuited lor the d'sossion ol agn | J™ant requireu b ^^^ landlord had done

cultural questions! „^^Vhat '" /h«^Xa« "J^.^^eTa iJStarthe had no right to complain of any lack of
" ^ enterprize in his tenant.

insMiuiions oi ms euiuii..j , "••» ••.- - ■- ---. , , ,
lory, he did not love mere verbiage he d d n t ove
cimitv wind. He did love truth and honesty, aud ear-
S less and justice.-Mr. May wxs loudly ohoered at
the close of his speech, and «■■• l*";' <■■ "'°""^,'"Vl ^
seat, called for "three cheers for »';■, May^ ,, ^';','i
proposition was received with cries ol No "o aim
iomo hissing from the upper end ol the room, but tho
cheers wore nevertheless given very I'^r^'y- „„,,.,,.
[On this meeting-Mr. May and hi. ^ ,5 f,^,^"™
Mark- J^ane AViirm thus comments :— I'orourpwi
part, as our readers are awaro, we have long comp ained
of the 'stock platitudes' of those occasions and te
systtan under which the prart.ca men are kepUn to
background until the fag-end m the evening w en the
comnanv is weary, as well it may be, aud the liust tram
du.' Nevertheless, despite the partial cheers ol hoso
around him, it is c ear that Mr. May lad not his
audi"uco with him at Lichlield. . Mr. . Chawner, for
instance, also a farmer of some po'it'o" '"*''" ditrct
who spoke subsequently, 'had been Perloa ^
astounded at the w.ay in which the discussion had gone
on. He could not understand tho I'l-esidont who
ought to have led them, nor co"'d he unders and his
old friend Mr. May, who would .take.tliom in a con-
trary direction. Everything wa.s in a jumblo And
again, Lord Sandon considered that 'a raeoling like
Iheirs was quite unsuited for the discussion of the
details of practical agricultural quostjions. So tbat
?he luckiest Mr. May tinds both landlord and tenant
dead against i'-™ • nit.linmrh wa nannot so reaauy i
admit ' the

t.ieyaeservenu,ue. Sir Edward BuUermigipi^ St ^'l^ umble' of. Mr Chawner. .^^^^^'I'^J^XoZTZ^As^TnoC^^^^^
satirical jokes very pleasantly aud '■'PP' ^ i" '''^ ",™,^ Dvott, the chairman, and himself a raember.of I'arha- class ™" "^^^'^^^t^nc-e. With regard to his hon.
mind upon those who sat around him but he Mould ^i^J'";„„;,„,l „,„ f„iners to state their grievances if , into Pohtical_^importauce.^^^^^_^^^^^ ^^^, ,.„,„ital. it was
tell Sir Edward Buller that farmers .had something
else beside satirical .iokes and happy hits to attend to^
They had to get their living, aud they wished to
get it as honourable, upright, and independent men.
They had to spend a good deal of time, and atten-
tion and health, and strength to try to put hings
into an intelligent and just form, and begged re^l.v and
seriously to call upon those men who signed M.l^.. to
S names to help to do something ui that dircctron. , ^^^'^^—'i^.y At to, ?

He would tell them candidly, bone V^ Ihoi/ .^onduct; I toast^ist prepared Y "]

that the tenant farmers were watching their conaiia j - _

and criticising it-not, he Ijoped, unjustly; and he Buckingham: September 25.-At the annual stock
was bound to s?ay from what ho had seen and known I^^^Ki^u ^^^^^ ^^^^^^.^ Agricultural Associa-

that in some instances be did not believe "le™. '"« of j ^"^ »^ ^^^^^20 gentlemen dined, under the presidency
Parliament had those questions at heart which were \ " , {',...,,.;„„i,„™

Farmers' Clubs.

Kelso: The most Economical Way of Ciiltinp Corn

„.„., „,„„„.„„„...--, -^ Crops.-This subject was introduced by Mr Munro,

of the Duke of Buckingham. ,„,,„:„„ ,i,„ toast I Eairnin"ton who said the different ways of cutting

The l)uke of Buckingham, acknowledging the toast tairni^^^^^^^ saiu ^^^^ ^^^^

ofhishealtb.referredtqthedillerences of opinion Mhicl "^ « thiee v z.,^y the no ^ ^^^ ^^^

prevailed in the. district 18 months ago ?}'°Jhe best ^^^^^•ne;\f^'/^id"„Ymowers, especially the Aberdeen

wav of deal ng with the cattle plague. Ue and many ^n^o.";' f "i oe sam Average, and he certainly

of the magistrates felt that stringent measures were men ; but we m^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^

necessary, and he thought tune had P™™,;! that ^hf ^ n? S for ft S the bert and cheapest method. He

difii^Sd from him look at the way in w.ucli t.e^caui. Zr^X^^'^^^r"^^'^^^'^^ ""^^S ^is ^^ ^Z^'t^'^

been more thought of than the British farmer This , °P'j7™,_ague, but while any doubt remained restrictions the maoli me He ^^^^"J.J'^^f.'fdhi as both easier for
was not, as was said by many people, a mere cUp-trap ^^^^^'j^^ -g.^^y. He trusted, however, that the move- , the 'lo^es walking luste^uioirainfc a
complaint, the object of which was to keep "P thepr ce ^^/„\°^.°^^ti^J eattle within all uninfected parts of the , himselt f^ t^^^"^? '^^l^^^^ and r^^^^^ rectify it

ofmeat All thev wanted w.as that the cattle disease ^ "'™';o "^.,, „,„„dily be nerm tted, and that the anything that Y™p\f , "' „ TTrS made a calcu-
shJS d not be brought to their l.omes, but now ever.y- ^^™bksome restrSn/ which had hampered agricul- than on the back of t^e tos^. He had made a calcu
thing was in a muddle from right to left, and nobody \ 1^™V". :."-,.„; ti,„;r „norn.tions mniht be discon- lation of the cost, which he w

for the benefit of the tenant farmers. He hoped the
meeting would hear him out. He did not desire class
legislation, for no man was freer in his ideas than hini-
self; but he wanted the same fre^edom for himself
which he would give to others. Colonel Dyott had
invited them to discuss their grievances, jod tliere,-
fore, he would say that the sympathy of both the
present and the late Government had beeri lor the
foreigner and not for Englishmen. Let those who
differed from him look at the way in which the cattle-
plague question had been treated, and then let them |

knew what to do. An order came from one quarter to
do this and another order came from another quarter
to do that, and at this moment they could not have a
show of cattle, although such .shows could be held in
Derbyshire and Yorkshire. AVhy was it that this
anom'alv existed ? He could not tell. They generally
supposed that wisdom existed with men of high station,
and if that were so whv did they not deliver the country
from this muddle ? tt was not only m reference to
cattle but other things. There was the question of the
repeal of the malt- tax. At tliatmoment they were drink-
ing beer which was taxed GO per cent. : but if he were on
the Continent, and were to go to a cafe, he might drmk
untaxed beer made from Barley grown possibly by the
very men who were taxed ISO per cent. Was not that
showing sympathy with the foreigner ? He did not
ask for class protection, but for simple .lustice. II they
meant free trade, let there be free trade ; but let them
not tell him he must grow his Wheat in competition
■with the whole world, and then tax his Barley bO per
cent What sense was there in that? He might
express himself strongly, but if he did it was because
he thought these things ought to be placed upon a
right footing. As a farmer occupying a consideraiile
extent of land, he wanted to pay his way and have
something in his pocket; but if he was to be loaded
with extra taxation how was he to do it ? Local taxa-
tion had increased at his place something like 50 per
cent, during the last seven years. AVhat he wanted was
that the fetters should be taken off which prevented
him from running the race. He confessed he felt a
sort of pity for the stock platitudes which they always
heard at meetings of this eort, which might with
proper management be made both interesting and
useful But instead of that they trifled away the tune,
getting up and sitting down and doing nothing. If
they wanted to see what one man who was thoroughly
in earnest could do let them look at Mr. Read, the
tenant-farmer member for East Norfolk— a man who
had the courage to stand alone m the House of
Commons. What did he say ? " I have not birth to
recommend me: 1 have neither money nor eloquence,
but I have honesty and earnestness, and those are
worth more than money or birth. He (Mr. May)
honoured and respected those above him m rank, and
he hoped he should ever keen himself m his right place,
but he had the most honest conviction that these
meetings were prostituted ; by that he meant that a
number of toasts were given and responded to which
had no bearing whatever upon the object which had
called them together. He was as loyal as any man. He
loved his country, he loved his Queen, and he loved the

trouDiesome resuiiciiuu.T ,n.n.ur ...v.. rs : , :■■ ., „

turists in carrying on their operations might be discon

'"sU^ H Verney, in returning thanks for the toast of
his health, said-Representing an agricultural district,
he had always regarded himself as, to a certain extent,
the representative of the agricultural interest, and he
could not help reflecting on the changes of opinion
which had taken place on agricultural questions since
40 years .ago. At that time many landowners and
parishes thought it wise policy to get rid of their
labourers, and to otler them induoements to migrate
to the manufacturing districts In this opinion .he
never shared, for ho had always held that every locality
could supply sufficient work lor all its labouring popu-
lation Unless, however, comfortable dwellings with
good gardens were provided for them, we could not
expect agricultural labourers to resist the temptation
to remove to the large towns,' though he knew that
many when they got there were sorry for it, and that
some of them came back to the country It was a
melancholy thing to think that men might leave kind-
hearted employers in their own neighbourhood .and
mi"ht find themselves subjected to the atrocious
tyranny and the abominable outrages which, as has
been shown by the inquiries at b^heffie Id and Man-
chester, were practised in some districts by work-
ing men upon members of their own class. It
was important, moreover, to retain the occupiers
of the laud as well as the labourers, and to do
this care must be taken not to overrun their farms
with too much game. He was glad to think there
was no excessive preservation of game m this neign-
bourhood, and for his own part he would rather have
none on his estate than that any tenant should teel
that his crops were injured by it . A.hrmev naturally
took a pride in the fertility of his fields, and money
could not compensate him for the ravages of game.
He believed no farmer objected to a certain i™ount o
eame sufficient to furnish sport alter the old English
fashion, for farmers felt it an advantage that country
gentlemen should reside on their estates and should
lind sufficient sport if they were fond of shooting.
Excessive preservation, however, encouraged poaching,
for an active young fellow found that he could make as
much in one night by killing pheasants as he could in
a tbrtuight by hard work. This was a slate of
things much to be deprecated. 'J'here was another
point he wished to touch upon, farmers wanted
capital. He knew that very often they could not get
it but he believed his hon. colleague, who was more
conversant with suoh matters, would corroborate him
when he said that never was there a larger amount ot

tnan on ine naos oi uuo iluli^^,. -y-^ "" ^T- „;Vi,«

lation of the cost, which he would read, counting it by

the week ;—

Shearing.

Tliree men at 18,t„ and victuals 4«. Bd. .. . . £3 6 0

Two women ..it 17.i., and do. is.Sd..... . i*

Cuttmg, whea the erop was ligM, 15 acres at a cost of , s. 5c!.
per acre, or, when the clop was heavy, 12 acres at 9s. cA.
MomNo BY Scythe.

Mower at 22s., and victuals at 4.S. M £1 6 8

Lifter at m., and do. 4,,. 8rf 11 8

BandmakeratCi., anddo. 4s. Srf u i" °

Bindoi- at 19s., and do. ,*'■''';.■■„.••,,
Cutting 9 acres per weelc, costing 9s. -'!.
Machine.

FourmonatlSs., .and victuals 4.!. erf £4 10 8

Four women at 1T.<., and do. 4». Sti n in in

Half woman cuttinij comer.s, *c ill

One pair of horses ;J ,„ ^

Tear and wear of machine, l.». id. per acie .12 6
Cutting 42 acres one way cost Ts. 2ti.— a little less li tho
machine cut all round. .

Mr Burn, Ednam, said he agreed generally with
the remarks of Mr. Munro, but be thouglit he had put
down too httle for victuals, and on the other hand we
were apt to calculate machines on crops below tlie
average; but on heavy crops, even where standing, it
was doubtful whether they could be done any cheaper
than the hook, and when the crops were down and
twisted the hook was still by far the best. .

The other members generally agreed with the fore-
going remarks.

ARDOCH : Artificial Manures. — The following
extracts are from a paper read by Mr. Pan ton :—

As agriculture progresses, and the reclamat on ana
improvement of land increases here and efsewhere so
does the demand and need or manures of the charaL er
indicated. The sum paid annually by Per",'^f "[e
farmers alone is large. Some tenan s pay f'om .0( to
500/., or perhaps more. Having made tl'^f i^e?™ \\^
unhesitatingly state the fact that there ^™, and for the
12 years of my experience have been, many spurious
ami valueless 'manures in the markets pressed and
imposed ("guaranteed") upon ff™ers, or which
thev had topay-what?. So much per ton, rent and
working of land, and besides suffer loss of crop to a
serious extent. Thus cheated, t^e l"^^^;=;j?.\f.*
estimated in figures. It may run over a current tease
or nrematurely be the indirect cause of putting an en a
or l^em^ure^y ^^^^ ^,, „„„rse intended to ne

convtted into money and . manure for next years
operations The latter being awanting in conse-
seauencrof bad crop, the farmer is agam almost
forced into the artificial manure market to provide for

1012

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GA.ZETTE.

[Septbmbeb 28, 1367.

the raising of next season's crops. And supposing,
from the same cause (viz., useless manure), that that
year's crop fails, the farmer must either return (for
crops caunot be raised without assistance) to "the
dangerous manure market," or retire from his farm,
perhaps a ruined man. I am sorry to say that I can
name farmers by the score who attribute their poverty
to having used and paid for spurious manures, and
thereby lost their money and crops. Supposing a
farmer loses one crop, or has " a poor crop," through
being so cheated, it will take him years to recover his
purse and recruit his land. And the very bestial feeding,
labouring, &c., on the impoverished soil suffer in the
flesh from the want of what ought to be plentiful.

The numerous manufacturers of these manures are
represented by fifty times as many agents— many of
the latter closely bound up in business relations with
the farmer — the one indebted and obliged to the other;
even some bankers are agents. Most of these manures
are widely advertised and recommended, with detailed
analysis. The manufacturer's invoi{;e bears the same
in print, and which is guaranteed to be correct and
genuine.

What I wish to notice is, that it is in the buyer's
own power to see, learn, and know that they get what
they buy. Then they cannot turn round and blame a
poor agent or rich m.anufacturer for a bad crop. There
has been no "pig bought in a poke," if such is
followed out. In explanation, an agent hooks his
orders in the various markets, &c., and transmits them
direct per letter to the manufacturer, who sends the
manure direct to the purchaser or farmer. Conse-
quently the agent may, bond fide, take an order from
a friend, and the manufacturer send a spurious article.
There are of course sellers and agents of these manures
who keep them in stock at their various places of
business, and also at railway stations, which are not
sent or delivered direct from the manufacturer or
importer. A farmer supplied from such places may
receive the brand of an honest manufacturer's manure,
but perhaps not the contents. In such a case even
the manufacturer suffers, as his manure will in due
time be reported bad and its sale curtailed. In my
humble opinion there ought and should be some mode
adopted to protect the honest manufacturer, merchant,
and agent, and especially the farmer, from a repetition
of the heavy losses the latter has sustained by manure
frauds for many bygone years. I write from actual
knowledge, observation, and experience.

GiovernmeLits looks after "weights and measures."
A little short weight would not ruin the farmer, as the
spurious article in question does. Likewise a cup of
coffee, with chicory in it (if he discarded the latter)
would not occasion him any harm or loss ; for by Act
of Parliament he can have unadulterated coffee without
chicory. Then to put the question— Do any of your
readers think that it would be out of place for Govern-
ment to take strict cognisance of manufacturers and
vendors of manures, seeing that such a vast amount of
money is paid for them by proprietors and tenants,
and that the bulk of stackyards, the tons of Turnips
and Potatos, and even the price of the " poor man's
loaf," depended much upon the genuineness of the
commodity in question ? Whisky is sent out in casks
with a Government label bearing the strength and
quantity. Manure is sent out in bags, and I think
(under some authority or regulation) should have a
"permit" in the mouth of each bag (unopened), and
lia,ble anywhere— in store, in field, or in transit— to be
seized and tested ; and if found deficient of the permit
or an analysis, that proper steps be taken to fine and
expose the manufacturer or seller. Were some such
mode as this adopted, manure manufacturers, manure
merchants and agents would have much more pleasure
in meeting together with farmers, and there would
then be a much better prospect of punctual payments
than hitherto, and without a grudge or grumble.

I am far from ignoring the fact that there is a great
deal of valuable and genuine manure imported into,
and also manufactured in the United Kingdom, suitable
for various soils. For a crop of any kind, on very high
lying land, how valuable to the farmer is a ton of
genuine artificial manure. It saves an immense cart-
agCj labour, tear and wear, that would be incurred in
laying down farm-yard manure.

Hearths and Homesteads : a series of I^apers on
subjects connected with Agricultwre. By a Hamp-
shire Parmer. J. Humphreys, 28, Southampton
Eow, Holborn, W.C.
The papers here collected in a thin octavo volume are
entitled— Education— Labourers' Houses— Work and
Wages— Who does the Farmer Work for? -Clipping
Farm Horses— Our Sheep, and How we Treat them—
Game and Farming- Should Farmers Hunt?— Corn
versus Grass— Our Citizen Soldiers. They are written
by a practical man, of considerable literary ability,
independent thought, and confident opinion. He
attacks and defends with equal courage, whether his
subject be the prejudices of his own class or the mis-
takes of others. Thus, speaking of education :—

" Does any man doubt the advantage ? Let him look
back a hundred years, and inquire what were the
manners and customs of the country gentleman of that
period, and then compare them with the same class of
to-day. Which is the most pleasant picture, and what
has wrought the change ? Education \ Take, again,
the farmer of the same period, and you will find avery
different person from his prototype of to-day. The
school-master has been abroad, and ignorance and
debauchery have given place to education and sobriety.
Surely what has done so much for two classes cannot
hurt the third. The Scotch farm-labourer is known
throughout the world for his industry and integrity ;
he has had the chance to learn, and has iu most

instances availed himself of it. Are servants in the
various trades valued more highly for not knowinghow
to read and write ? I turn to the mechanics' institutes,
poor men's libraries, and reading-rooms, for an answer."

Again : —

" I am, unfortunately, only too well aware that the
country, the fabled seat of innocence and purity, has its
plague-spots and miseries to the full as visible as those
that stain the town ; it is no secret that ignorance, drunk-
enness, and immorality reign supreme iu our villages.
We naturally ask the why and the w'herefore of this,
and the answer that suggests itself is the present state
of our labourers, both as regards their education and
housing. Again, it may be asked, why are not these
things amended ? The answer I write with sorrow, is,
I fear, the true one— viz., the apathy, if nothing
worse, of farmers themselves in the matter, and their
obtuseness to any improvement that does not promise
an immediate return. Show them a new implement,
or extol a fresh manure, and ten to one but they will
purchase either the one or the other. Ask them for
education and better housing for their people, and see
what response you will receive."

The discussions which have taken place on the
agricultural gang system and on Mr. Fawcett's Bill,
are quoted in justification. On Cottages, he says—
" without hesitation, that on many estates the cottage
homes are simply a disgrace to the proprietors. I write
strongly on this subject, having personally felt the ill
effects of it. My first start in business was on a farm
of some 500 acres in extent, with — will it be believed ?
— not one single cottage. On taking it I was promised
some should be built ; and being young at the time,
and somewhat too trustful, I signed my lease without
any special clause as to time for their erection being
inserted, and after waiting seven years got two built on
the threat of leaving the farm unless something was
clone. My landlord was a clergyman of the English
Church. Most of the cottages in this village belonged
to a noble lord who never even saw them, and were
allowed to get into the most horrible condition, and men
who worked for me paid, to my own knowledge, fifteen
and eighteen pence a week for them, some without a
foot of garden attached, and others with but a very
small piece. When I state that only for a very short
time during my residence iu this place were wages over
9-s. a week, and that often many were paying under
that, some idea of the prosperity of the poor in the
district may be formed. One farmer near, who had a
great many cottages at this time, refused to allow any
of his tenants to keep pigs, certainly a great hardship
on a poor man, as it debars him from making use of so
much refuse."

This is, we hope, a practice of the past.

Besides the essays on what may be called social
questions there are a number of practical essays on
points of farm management which will repay perusal.
Wo make one more extract: —

" Oti the PoUcij of Breahinfj n^ Down Lands. — That
many downs have been broken and converted into
really good arable land I am well aware, especially on
Salisbury Plain, where what was formerly down now
yields large grain and root crops, producing infinitely
more food, both in meat and corn, than it could have
done in its natural state. Here the plough has been a
real improvement ; but the success here and in
similar places has unfortunately caused a great deal of
useful down to be turned into worthless arable, and
landlords would do well to consider what chance there
is of permanent improvement to the farm before
granting leave for downs to be broken up.

" The tenant is little to blame if, when a farm is in
the market, he takes it on condition of ' breaking the
down,' and gives, perha,iis, rather more an acre than he
otherwise would do. _ • He is safe enough, and if he
manages with anything of judgment will reap a good
reward for his spirited outlay, and continue to get fair
crops to the end of his lease from the unexhausted soil,
which he is sure to take pretty good care shall not
remain idle. But when he has had his pull, and
vacated the farm, the next comer possibly does not find
things quite so rosy. He perhaps takes it on tne report
that his predecessor has done well there, naturally
expecting to do the same, but overlooks the fact that,
but for the chance of breaking up a large extent of
down and having its maiden produce, that predecessor
would never have taken the farm at all. An exhaust-
ing, though quite fair, series of cropping has now, in
all probability, reduced this to nearly the level of the
land surrounding it, and both the fresh tenant and his
landlord find to their sorrow that the last state of that
land is worse than the first. Many may think this an
exaggerated picture ; but I have more than one farm
iu my mind's eye as I now write that will quite bear
me out in everything I have said. In fact, I know a
spot where a down was divided and enclosed. One
proprietor turned his portion to arable, the other has
now as fine a fine sheep walk as can be imagined; a road
separates them, and any one going along it, wh9 will
use his eyes, can see with which of the two wisdom
resided."

Frojitahle Poidtri/.—ThB best kind of bi'eed to pro-
pagate depends upon situation and other circumstances.
The kind we find to be the most profitable is the half-
bred Dorking from the barn-door fowl and Dorking cock,
by which we get a fowl thick in body, plump on the
breast, and short legged, which we can get well fleshed
at the age of 16 weeks. Their colours are white,
brown, speckled, and buff; the white hens lay the best
in summer, the dark ones in winter; the bufl'oues sit
the best, and are the kindest mothers ; the speckled
lay the largest eggs. We do not keep our hens over
three years old, unless they are very fine ones ; as by
bringing in young fowls we can spare the others before
they are too old to sell for the table.

As a table fowl we have not yet seen any we like so
well as the Dorking, which Mr. Baily, of Mount Street,
Grosvenor Square, London, deals in, but a little cross
of the barn-door breed enlivens them, making them
more nimble and able to get out of the way of cattle
about the park, and it hardens the constitution and
fits them for colder localities. When once crossed I
should always afterwards prefer the best and purest bred
Dorking cocks to be got, not breed my own, but buy them,
and thus keep the stock improving, which is what we
consider good farm-yard poultry. 1 use but one plan iu
rearing all kinds, and find it suitable to our place.
Vv''hen a hen wants to sit she is brought home ; for
should she sit where many other hens lay and roost,
they will want to lay iu her nest when she comes off
for food, and in the confusion much injury is done:
but, by having all the sitting hens at the rearing house,
they can be immediately attended to when they come
off to feed, and also prevented from going upon another
sitting fowl's nest, when more are off than one at the
same time, for the purpose of feeding, &c. In spring,
for our sitting hens, we place the nest and eggs in
wicker baskets ; but in summer, on the cool damp
floor. We find little diflSculty in getting a hen to sit
on a different nest from that she has layed in ; but if
very unwilling, place her in the nest with a board over,
perforated with auger holes for air, she will thus soon
be accustomed to her situation if she has a desire for
incubation.

Another reason why all sitting fowls should be
under and near the attendant's care is, that imme-
diately they come off the nest they should be fed, and
care taken that each returns to its appropriate nest,
for, should any take the wrong one, a quarrel will
ensue, which will not terminate until both nests of
eggs are spoiled. Since we had our breeding and
rearing house built close to us, when I hear any
quarrel amongst the fowls I go and see which is in
I'ault, determinedly pull off the hen who has got on the
wrong nest, and put her on the floor, when the proper
owner of the nest will appear to thank us, and go on
her own eggs, while the other that was wrong will
mutter at our treatment, but with an appearance of
shame will betake herself to her own nest. Sometimes
the quarrel will be repeated, but with two or three
interferences on our part the strife will end. When
the chickens are hatched, I leave them in the nest
with the hen for 21 hours, as they do not require any
food then, but merely the warmth of the hen's body.
It is decidedly wrong to remove the nest during
2-i hours on any pretext, as any other that you may
substitute caunot be so warm or congenial. When the
chickens come from under the hen, and run about iu
a lively manner, I take them all to the coops in the
rearing house, and place a board 10 inches high to
keep the chickens while so young from getting to the
older ones, or other hens, who, from having other
chickens, would kill then. I first feed them with
boiled eggs, chopped up with the shell. Then for the
first week they get their boiled eggs and bread crumbs,
tail Wheat and Groats, and bricks, finely powdered or
broken, and a little brimstone. This food is laid on a
board in the coop. For the first month the chickens
get their food as dry as possible, allowing no water to
be spilt about.

I find earthenware fountains the best to supply
them with water, as in the course of a few days the
chickens all run in the body of the house together. We
put their food there to eat as they require, which is a
hard rolled ball of barley paste, about 3 inches in diameter.
These I put iu small garden pans, to keep the food clean
— in which I am very particular — and keep it fresh ; this
plan tends to lessen the necessity for any medicinal
treatment, and if kept drj;, in light and well ventilated
places, very few of the chickens will die. This sort of
food is prepared for them every two or three hours if
required. But should any of our chickens take cold,
or be otherwise sick, we look for any feathers under
the wing or tail, and if the quills seem full of black
blood, we call them sick feathers, and pull them out,
and give them agrimony and rue tea to drink, without
any other suction for 2-1 hours. When we do not give
them this tea, we give them a pill or two of Arum
maoulatum, or what children call " lords and ladies," at
night. Land) Stewa/rd.

{To he Continued.)

i

Turkeus.—'B.e who would succeed well in this busi-
ness must, during the winter, feed his flock well and
familiarly. By the middle of March or first of April
they will probably commence laying. If they are quite
tame, as they can readily be made to be, they will be
likely, if allowed to run at large, to lay about the farm
or outbuildings ; but the best way is to drive them into
some shed every morning and let them out at noon.
They will lay in the corners of the room, and when
they come to set they will be content to be taken care
of, and by closing the door at night they are free from
harm. I never feed the turkey on the nest, and am
decidedly opposed to the practice of so feeding them.
It is well enough to place food where they can get at it ;
but if tlie turkeys are hardy and in good condition this
is not necessary. Most turkeys are good sitters, and
will commence hatching in 28 days. They should be
kept on the nest until the young are dry, and able to
stand. The hen may then be put with a coop in a
warm, dry place, and the chicks be permitted to run
out, but should not be fed for 24 hours, or for even a
longer period. I am very particular on this point, as
I think many young turkeys are destroyed by over-
feeding soon after they are hatched.

Alter the first day a little curd or hard-boiled egg.^
may be scattered upon a board or fiat stone. If the
weather is cold or wet, it is well to season their food\
with pepper. I have experimented with giving young
turkeys food very highly peppered, and have seen no
bad effects from it, but have frequently noticed case*
where I was quite sure that the use of it produced

sbptembeb 28, 1867.] TTIK r;,\ll])EN'l<1{S' nillOMCLE Am) AOmcur.TlIRAL PtAZETTE. 1013

much good. After tlie first two or throe weeks, it is
well to let the old turkey out some four or live hours
eaxjh pleasant day, if you have pasture or other suitable
grounds. There is muuh danger in leaving them out
at nights, as tliey aro disposed to wander about while
the dew is on the Grass.

I would also again caution all who hope for success
not to feed too high lor the first week or two ;
afterward feed often, but sparingly. If during tlio lirst
four or five weeks any of them should droop and
decline eating in the morning, give them pepper by
taking a small quantity of their regular food and about
an equal quantity of pepper ; mix it and give to each
one as much as a healthy one of the same size would
eat. One of the most important points is to prevent
the turkeys from getting wet during the first six weeks
or two months of tlieir life, for during this period a
good soaking will generally prove fatal to a large
majority of the Uuck. Xor should they, for this reason,
be turned out too soon in the morning— not until the
dew is entirely dried off tlio Grass. For feed during
the first week I use common cottage cheese with a
small amount of pepper, and to prevent the old hen
from eating it, feed her with whole corn, which the
young chicks cannot eat. Oerinantowti Telegrai>h.

Miscellaneous.

Tke Harvest.— Vi'hea.t is in some respects a hardy
plant, and often bears productively very rough seasons
and somewhat rough usage. But it is a plant especially
grateful for generous treatment. There is in England
far more M'heat sown and grown under circumstances
which may fairly be deemed rough rather than gener-
ous. On the clay soils, a wet autumn and winter, such
as we had in 18i5fl-07, are most adverse to the Wheat
crops — being commouiy sown on land imperfectly pre-
pared, while much seed perishes from long continuance
of superabundant moisture. Again, in game-infested
districts, the plant has less chance of recovering from
game depredation in bad than in good seasons. Then,
the mechanical condition of the soil— the result of good
or imperfect cultivation — the abundance or paucity of
weeds, and the amount of applied fertility in the form
of manure which the land luay have received during
the rotation, of which the Wheat crop is usually the
conclusion, are all important circumstances in the
results of Wheat growing. Where the land is very well
farmed, there will be in different seasons great differ-
ences in the amounts of yield, as well as in the quality
of the grain ; but such diU'erences will be far less than
the differences of yield in various seasons upon land
indifferently managed. Now, a very large proportion
of the arable land of Eugland is by no means well
farmed, and, consequently, the degree in which the
crop of the country generally is dependent upon a good
season is far greater than it ought to be, having regard
to the capacity of our soil and the knowledge of our
better farmers. Applying these general remarks to the
present season, it must be recollected that the Wheat
crop in most parts of the country and on average farms
came through the last winter with a thin plant ; that
the blooming season was not favourable ; and that
though we have had some very hot weather in August
as well as iu September, we have also had some very
heavy rains, and that at no great intervals. Indeed,
our climate this year has almost justified the reproach
that the summer is made up of successions of three
hot days and a thunderstorm. Our own observation,
too, made in the Midland Counties— where, however,
the general management of very fertile arable land is
not always first-rate— leads to the conclusion that the
majority of the Wheat crops will be deficient in quan-
tity ; though it is certain that during the 10 days which
preceded the unusually late harvest iu the Midlands,
the improvement in the character of the crops was
unexpectedly great, and that when cut they had a very
bright and good colour. And the harvest lias been late,
and the corn when cut has sustained whilst in the field
some heavy and drenching storms ; there lias been none
of that perpetual rain which last year did so much
injury. Where there has been ordinary judgment and
activity, there has been no great portion of the grain
seriously damaged. The quality then will be good, but
all accounts agree that the new Wheats have yielded
badly. The highly coloured views of the harvest which
have been put forth by leading journalists and their
correspondents, must be taken with large abatements.
The markets show that the dealers do not regard our
crop as more than moderate, while the whole stocks
are said to have been worked down unusually low.
Barley is, perhaps, better than Wheat, but not so much
better as has been represented. The Oat crop, however,
is unquestionably large, and that almost without excep-
tion . This, with a good hay croj), for the most part well
saved, will afford some relief to horse-keepers, who
have had to pay heavily for their provender during the
last two years. The pastures are very full of keep,
and roots of all sorts are good and growing rapidly, so
that, with the fall in the price of store sheep which has
taken place, the grazier may hope for a profit at lower
prices than the public have of late paid for mutton.
Still, we do not look for any considerable reduction at
present in the price of meat ; consumption is very
large, and the gap which the cattle plague made in our
herds, though filling, has not yet been filled up.
Economist.

Calendar of Operations.

OcTOBEH: Wheat-soioing is one of the principal
operations of this month. The Clover stubbles will,
to a cousiderable extent, have been ploughed (they
may be rolled or pressed immediately after it), and the
Bean stubbles also, by this time; the Potatos also are
being, or have been, harvested ; and towards the end
of the month some of the Turnip land, too, may be
ready for sowing, part of the early crop having been by

that time removed from the land or consumed on it.
All or any of tlieso fields on which it may be intended
to sow Wheat will, after ono or two double turns of
the harrows (the Turnip land being first either
ploughed or scarified) bo ready for the seed. The
quantity sown may be from 1 to 3 bushels per acre.
I'ivp or six iiecks are quite sullicient on good land in
midland and southern England. The use of the drill
is always advisable ; tho grain should bo sown in rows
1) to 13 inches apart. The seed before use is " pickled"
— watered with a solution of blue vitriol, 1 lb. to a
gallon of water being enough for 8 bushels of seed.
A drilling maching sowing a width of B feet G inches
should get over 1 acre per hour. The land should be
somewhat moist when sown with Wheat, but not so
wet as to knead under tho treading of the horses.
A single, or at most one double turn of the harrows,
either across or along tho ridu'os, will be required after
the drill. The furrows should then be cleaned out by
plough and spade, so as to leave a free passage for
water, which might otherwise stagnate during winter.
On light and free soils the seed furrow for Wheat
should be given two or three weeks before sowing.

Winter Beans should be sown this month on any
Wheat or other stubble that has been prepared for
their reception. The stubblo worked with the grubber
is manured broadcast with 13 or 10 tons of farm
mauure ))er acre ; then well harrowed, and ribbed
over by the plough with shallow furrows, at intervals
of 18 to 3t inches, and the seed sown broadcast and
harrowed in. Or the seed and manure may be ploughed
under together, the former being sown from the
barrow in every second or third furrow of the plough.
The seed should not exceed 3 bushels per acre.

Winter J'eiettes may be sown now — some having
been sown in September also — for successions next
May and June. If tried in Scotland, this crop must
be confined to rich and sheltered land.

Fotatos should be harvested during this month.
They may be taken up either by the common or by
the double mouldboard plough, which is made to
undermine and throw open every other row, the tubers
being gathered by women and children ; and the
alternate rows are to be similarly treated after these
are cumpleted; or by spade husbandry, in which case
the whole operation is let to a party of men, who dig
or fork up the tubers, and employ children to sort
and gather them. This operation costs from 20s. to
25s. per acre. When the plough is used, the field is
afterwards to be harrowed, to expose any tubers that
may remain. Perfectly dry " houses," thickly thatched
to the ground, with channels to carry off the water,
will secure the store for sale or consumption. That
portion intended for seed should be " greeu'd," or air-
hardened, before storing, and, if possible, kept so cool
and dry as to prevent sprouting.

Turnips, Mangel Witrzets, and Carrots may be
harvested towards November— such of them as it is
not intended to consume on the land where they have
grown.,

I/ape or Coleseed will be ready for receiving the
stock lo be fed upon it.

SInbbles may be ploughed during October — in ridges
up and down the field.

It is well, if the farmer finds himself possessed of
snUicient manure in his yards, at this season to apply
it on all the land which requires it, that is to be
cropped early in spring. All land for springBeans,|early-
sown Peas, Carrots, Parsnips, and Mangel Wurzels
should thus, if possible, be manured in October.

Ditches should be scoured and the rubbish cleaned
out; if weeds, &c,, burned — and if earth and clay,
carried to the spots on which the dung heaps are to
be formed, and laid as a foundation for them. The
outlets of drains should be examined.

_F>tifcs.— Finish clipping, slashing, and cropping
hedges ; cleanse all ditches and water-courses ; plant
Holly hedges. Begin trenching for planting fresh
hedges.

Notices to Correspondents.

*, ■ Tlie Editor of this Journal cin recommend for the position
of Land Steward, or Agent over an estate, one who is well
qualified, not only by long agricultural education under the
roost favourable circumstances, but by considerable ex-
perience, resolute character, and good judgment.

Bone Mills: F C W. Apply to the Beverley Iron and
Waggon Comp.any, Beverley, Yorkshire, There is also an
agricultural machine factory at Legh, near Manchester,
which turas out good bone crushers,

Cow-iKicsE : Derv'ent. A simple open shed facing the south,
with an end space for fodder, and capable of being .shut up
in winter, is all that you need for six cows. A width of le or
18 feet IS sufficient, and 4 feet per cow is abvmdant length,
Mr, A\'i9, Lodge Farm, Barking, has designed and erected
several capital cow-houses for ns lately.

Cows : An Old Si'hscribet- says : " We have two cows, one of them
cannot be got in calf, and at last we have left off sending her
to the bull, and have determined to keep her only as long as
the milk she gives makes her worth her keep. Her cream
and butter have been both remarkably good, till of late the
cream has had a sickly taste, which was not app,arent in
the milk when first taken, but has at length extended itself
to the butter. We have thought this was attributable to
the feverish and unquiet state of the cow, but within the
last few days the same thing has been apparent in the other
cow's cream, for which no such cause exists. We have
thought, therefore, there may be something in the feed.
They have as much Grass as they can pick in the paddock
in which they are, and tho hay is this year's making,
bought two 01- three weeks .ago. The w.ater is what is laid
on from the Vauxhall W.aterworks, and in it, by the advice
of the person from whom the first mentioned cow was
bought, some lime is put. There is good reason to believe
that there is no f.ault in the person who has the
management of the dairy,- (Most probably the flavour is
rmparted to the milk from some portion of the food. Wild
Garlic has a very remarkable effect, and there are doubtless
other plants which have a similar influence. Give the
animals two drachms of nitre evei-y day in a little mash,
and throw rock salt about the meadows in which they are
grazing.]

Desiccated Milk : .1/. Apply to Mr, Grimwade, Desicated
Milk Company, Harrow-on-the-Hill.

Iron ClBternB.

FBRABY AND CO, having laid down extensive and
. Improved Machlnory la tliolr now raiino or buUdlUKB, Ida
WiiAitF, Di:i>TKonD, nro now ptoparorl t-j Huiiply WROUQll'r.IRON
TANK.S, OALVANl.SKD, or I'AINTKI), of miperlor quality, at
roducotl [iricos, and at vory short in.tlcu..

LISTS OF TANKS

ON APPLICATION.

!•'. BtiAiiv & Co,, Limited, l-'iLzfy Woika, Euf.tQ!i lload, JjOqcIod,

w.

S. B 0 U L T 0 N • S

• 30-(j(illon SWING WATER
HARROW. Pi-ice '!:.*(. Carrlugo pa'.d
to tliu iiriitcipal Stationfi.

Tins in the best and cheapest
nrtlcle of tho kind yet introtlimcd.
It can Itij used with or without aPony.
Two TubH can bo had with onu Car-
riago, and a Spreader itroqntred.

Tostimonialij cun be tarnished ft-om
all parts of tlio country.

Poworful GARDEN ENGINE for
the ahovo, price 4Ss.

Improvud WATER, and LIQUID
MANURE CAKTri.

Illustrated Calatoguo, with all par
ticuhirs, sent freo ou applicatioa to
W. S. BocLTOK, Rose Lano Iron aud Wiro Works, Norwich.

^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITEjJ

' cow i'iTriN(_;s,

C

Their advanta-Kes ars— Portaliility. not Klxlnres, removable at
pleasui-e, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and I'atent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorginK. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottau & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winslev Street
(opposite the P.intheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several Important Improvementa
in Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

WARNER'S SILICATE of IRON PAINT.
— TUo peculiarities and advantages of this
Faint are that it will stand extreme Heat and Damp,
and is not affected by Acid, Sea Water, Sulphuretted
HydroKen, or Ammonia. It is equally well adapted
for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Every Shade of
Colour ground to order. Tne Creamy White and
Bright Stone will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of the
fumes of Gases. It has no smell, aud there is an entire absence
of dclotenous eflect.

WARNER'S ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION is suitable for
Felt Rooting, and is a Cheap Coatm? tor Iron Work, and preserves
Wood in India from the ravages of the White Ant. Price Is. 3d.
per gallon.

17, Laurence Pountnoy Lane, Cannon Street, LondoD, E.G.

CARSON'S ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,
Patronised bv the Nobility and Gentry, is extensively used
for all kinds of ODT-DOOR WORK, and is proved, after a test
of 70 years, to surpass any other Paint. It is especiallv applicable
to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo, and is tho only Paint that will
effectually resist the rays of the sun upon Conservatories, Green-
houses, PYames, &c. Is twice as durable as genuine White Lead, so
simple in application that any person can use it. pgj. q^

WHITE, LIGHT STONE, BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 30j,

LEAD, CHOCOLATE, RED. PURPLE, BROWN, and BLACK 20s.

BRIGHT GREEN. DEEP GREEN, and BLUE 428

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSION

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, &c.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Porta

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns aud Testimonials sent post free.

Walter Carson &, Sons,

La Belle Sauvage I'ard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.G.

Caution.— All Casks should bear the Trade Mark. No Agents.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish le an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixmg or thinuinK, and is U'led cold. It is used in the
Kroundfi at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
Qundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill St Shith will forward on
application.

From Cras. E, B. SMEnLEv. Esq., TIic Orange, near Boston.

*' 1 have much pleasure in giving you a reply to your inquiries about
the Black Varnish I have had from you for the last two years. It has
answered my expectations fully, and aa far a.s I am able to judge, it
is the best material for preserving iron fencing, gates, and other wood
work exposed to tneair ; and I can with safety recommend it as the
best aud cheapest article that is yet out. Wishing you every success."

Sold in casRs of about 3U gallons eacii, at 1^. ou. per gallon, m tbe
Man'ifactory, or Is. 8<i. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Hill a Suits, Brlerly Hill Iron Worts, near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.C., from w'.iom only it cait be obtained.

1014

THE GARBENEHS* CHRONICLE AND AGMCULTUML GAZETTE. [Septbmbee as. ise?.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of tbo couDtry, or tte matenaia,
via., Boilers, Pipes, &o.. deliveied to any Statiou.

Estimates on application.
J. JoHEB ft Sons, C, Bankside, Soutbwavk, London, S.E.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, laoN Merchant,
• 31. Banl.side, London, S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, trom atocK, per yard :— 2-inoli, Is. lid. ;
3-inch, Is. Dd. : and ■1-inch, 2s. 3d. BENDS, from Stock, Is. 6d., 2s. Gd„
nadSs.each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s.. and Hs. each. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of first-clasa manu-
^cture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day. ^^_^_^^^_^_

H

Heating lay Hot Water.
OT-WATER PIPES, at Wholesale Prices, with

Elbows, Syphons, Tee-Pipes, and every other connection;

Wrought and Caet-Iron Boilers, Haddle, Conical, Cylinder, Tdeular,
and Elliptic, from 24s. each, improved Boilers and Iron Stands to
use without brickwork, 00s. each. Valves from 10s, 6d. each. Patent
Valves, improved Furnace Doors, Eurnace Bars, Supply Cisterns,
and Castings of every description m stock, at

Mr. Lynch White's Iron Wharf, Upper Ground Street, Elackfriars
Bridge, London, S, Price List on application.

AMES WATTS and CO., Hothouse Builders and

Hot-water Api-aratds Mascfactdrers, 3o3. Old Kent Road, S.E.
TWO HUNDRED CUCUMBER and MELON BOXES and
LIGHTS, and from 400 to 500 LIGHTS lor PITS of all SIZES kept m
STOCK, Glazed and Painted complete, ready for immediate use.
Packed and sunt to all parts of the kingdom. Public and Private
Buildings, Warehouses, &c., heated on the moat approved sciontiflc
and economical principles. Keferences to the Nobility, Gentry and
Trade in most of the Counties in England.

TO BE SOLD, Cheap, an IRON DOME CONSER-
VATORY, H2 feet 8 inches long, 9 feet 4 inches wide. Would
make an excellent Peach House or Covered Way. And all other
descriptions of Horticultural Buildings to be seen at

J. Lewis's Horticultural Works, Stamford Hill, Middlesex.

C

OTTAM AND COMPANY,

Conservatory and HoiauosE Edilders, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Wlnsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

i5s.

24

30 inches long,
92s. Gii. each.

HOT- WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. Gd. 2s. Id. 2s. Qd. per yard.
Materials supplied aa above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Flan, on application to
COTTAM & Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street,
(opposite the I'antheon),
Oxl'ord Street, London. W.

RANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS lor

HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Glazing without Putty,"

" Glass without Laps."

" Ventilation without Moving Lights."

Higblv CommpTi'ic-d hv tlie Roynl Hnrtitultural Society, South

HOT WAISa APRaBATU&

Plana and Lbt. ^t s. I oo un aj-pl cation Desciiptne Book fully
illustrated, post liee lor 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
Jaues Cranston, Ai'chitect, Birmingham.

Works: Highgate Street, Birmingham.
Hewrt J. Gromtaqe, Manager, 1. Temple Row West, Birmingham.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

.^4.^=1 s- _^i

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Cnnotruction, and
Application of WROUOHT-IRON to Hortionltural Buitdines

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES porloctly neutralize atmospheric conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of (olour

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arrangement.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as suppUed to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailln^' result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of hght.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
Improved system.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the Riowth of first-class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES ara
eminently superior for all early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty

These Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent
and from the complete adiustment of their constructional parts will
vie most favourably with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Dennis & A. Sorubt, Horticultural Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATENT SELF-SHARPENING CYLINDER CUTTEES.

They are the simplest in constniotion, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease
than any other Lawn Mower extant,

GBEEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWEES have proved to be the best, and have carried off every Prize that has
been jjiveu in all cases of conipctition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 ha ve been sold siace the year 1856.

H09SE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Every Machine is warranted to give ciitiie su Lis fact ion, and if not approved of can be retm-ned at once unconditionally,
T. GREEN AND SOX have to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWlilllS this Season has been
unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in xcliich they are held. Selections can he made from
tht^ir Stock both in London and Letds.

1^ ILLUSTRATED PEICE LISTS FKEE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and

5i and o5, RLACKPRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mr. GRAY begs to call the attention of tlic XobUity, Gentr}', Nursei'ymen, Gardeners, &c., to Lis

KEW OVAL TITBTJLAil BOILEK,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a gi'cat improvement on every fonu of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It bas proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with
one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract fro-m Report in Gardeners' Chronicle 0/ International Exhibition, May 24, 1862, page 476.

" Tlie uprighc fonn of Boiler is usu.^Ily made on a circular plan,
t tho oval form Riven to Mr. Ghav's vaiiety of it is said to be
cfunible m consetiuence of its bringirip the tubts io closer contaut
ill the lire- Tbo u&u:l1 form of u I'uruace being a parullelugram

rather than a square, it seems feaaible that tho Boilers on the ov.il
plan should brin;; the tubes more completely within range of the
burning fuel ; and this bemg so, tho uiiange, though a slight one,
is no doubt au impruvcmont.''^

^g° Thiy are made of all si::esj ivhich^ with prices^ may be had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
BANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

GUMMING & EDMONDS'

PATENT TUBULAR ARCHED SADDLE BOILER.

AWAEDED

THE ONLY

FIEST-CLASS
CERTIFICATE

roB

HOT-WATER

BOILERS

AT THE

SHOW

OF THE

EOTAL

HOETIOTJLTUEAL

SOCIETY,

iit BUET ST.

EDMUND'S,

July 16, 1867.

We have received numerous and flattering TestimoiiiiUs of the efficiency of this Boiler, and in a report of the
Directors of the Eoyal Horticultural Society, April, 1867, it is specially mentioned as " ivorlcing very eMeiently, and
maititainitiff the heat at stove temperature with a very small eonswnptio/i of fuel."

We beg to draw attention to our superior designed CONSEEVATORIKS and HOTHOUSES of every descrip-
tion, and especially to our

NEW ORCHARD, STRAWBERRY, AND PLANT HOUSES,

which are "very cheap," and "ventilated" on a principle very much approved by all practical judges.

Having lately made considerable additions and alterations to om- STEAII-POWER MACHINERY, we are now
enabled to execute orders in the shortest possible time.

GARDEN BOXES, PIT LIGHTS, &c., at the lowest prices.
MANSIONS, CHURCHES, PCIBLIC BUILDINGS, WAREHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &o., HEATED by HOT
WATER in the most efficient manner.

I^" Designs and Estimates Free on application,

GUMMING AND EDMONDS,

CONSERVATORY ARCHITECTS, HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, AND HOT-WATER ENGINBEBS,

LILLIE BRIDGE, RICHMOND ROAD, FULHAM, LONDON, S.W.,

Adjoining the West Brompton Station on the West London Eailway.

SepteMbeb 28, 1S67.]

THE GARDENEKS* OIIKONICLE AND AGEICULTURAE GAZlTrl

1015

By Royal Letters Patent.
r^ SHREWS lUUtY'S NONPARliiLL GAS BOILER.

VT, Size tu Hc-ilt JHIcutori'ipo, 3S,'i.

" HiH Nonpareil tins nailer is .ui iLvoiitimi ul' wliicli wo can apoiiU
in terms ol' utKluulllkul n|ipruv;il."— /'V-h/i IIw IruumnnQcrti' Juurnul,
June an, lMi7. U. Shukwmuihv, l,owor N^rw I, S.

The Only Stove witliout a Flue.

NASH ANH JOVCK'H rATKNT, for
AIlUNli. OUVING, and WAUMINO HALLS,
SllOi'.S, RUDMS, &ii., ;i now osi.eciul St.nvo |\ji- Con-
survntories, aroeiiliuuHOM, I'Yuit-RipouUit,'. &c. : to IJiirn
witliQUt re-liBlitUiK uU wiutur by lilUug wltli luul evoiy
Vi houi'fl. T«ni|>oiitl,iiio, liny UoRrea roqulrod, witliout,
varylnic. rrlco troni !!■<. Gd. to G k'uinens.

ailNCINO fin'l HAIWAGE KI'LLINU iinU MASTl-
CATIN(4 MACIIINKS of the best luiikcra, lOs. \id.

Tho CUTTAUK KNIFK CLEANliH. 18 the only vapid
Clojuier and Pollahor uf Kuives at a moderato prico.
3s. tt't. to IOj*. iJii. Pi'Dspoctus post paid.

CHEAP FIRES.— Tiie HadiatinK Fire Ralls s-ivo lialf
tho usual uonsutiiiitiuu or tu.al. Uue StiiUiu^ p4okQL of
Four, re<l liot in tho l\ro ovory utiy, laata all Wintar.

S. Nasii, Irinuiiougpr, 263, Ox fold Street, W.C. ; Linster Torraco,
Bayswiter ; and Stovo Uopflt, U'J, Now^'ato Street. Loodon. E.C.

The New Furnace Bar

(\VAllBJNt.It'.t i'ATtNT).

THFS BAR is piirtirubirly adapted to FIRES for
VINEUIES. GREENHOUSES, 4c., and all FURNACES
workod on tho principle of slow combustion. The aavio;; of Fuel
otftioLod IS very great; nearly all tbe Sinolio is conamaod if care bo
taken, and tho fire can be so regulated that any temperature
doaired can bo kept tip for at least 12 hours without stoking or
further trouble. Any Bricklayer can set up those Bars without
doraiiglna inuoli of tho brickwork. They are In »iso in many Con-
servatorlus, and givo the hinhost satisfaction. Testimoniala will be
forwarded on api>liwitiun to tho Proprietors,

The Ventilating Furnace Bar Cumpany, Limited, 0, Mincing Laiio,
London, E.C.

Specimetis ofthi-'so liars may be scon in the Eoatom Arcade of tho
Ilorticultund C:irdi>ns, Suuth Konsington.

TKON IIUUULES (Silver Medal of the Koyal
J- Aynoultural Sooiety).

bUKEV, 3s. t}U. ; CATTLE, 4s. 2(1. ; OX, 6s. Ud.

List by PoHt. GATES and FENCING of every description.

St. Faucnia Ircm Work Cuiupany. Old St Paucrns Road, Loudun, N.W.

SH A j>< K a ' NEW r A X Ji j:< T
LAWN MOWERS.

HAND MACHINE.
These are the only Machines la daily uso in all the Royal Gardens.
These are the only Machines that will mow properly when ihe
Grass is wet,

Theso are the only Machines that will last for vears without
requinng repair.

Illustrated Circulars with full particu'ars free on applicatioa.

A. SuANE.5 i Son, Dona Iron Works, Arbroath.

London Office and Show Roonis~27. LeAOenhall Street, E.C.

C^r* -7, Loiuienhall Street, is the only place in London where

intending purchasers of Lawn Mowers can choose from a stook of

150 to 200 Maobiues. All sizes kept there whether for Horse, Pony,

or Hand-power,

T 0 UN wTTinmr tvv wo^^s,

tf BRASS and KELL FOlTNDEllS to HER MiJESTi',
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.
8, Crescent., Cripplegatc, Londoo, E.G.

PORTABLE PUMPS
for

No. 35.

DRV.p WELL
PDMPS-, i"r steam CAST-IRON

LIQUID MANURES. Horse, or HanaPoTeV PUMPS

Dnwiuga and Prices for any description of Ujdranlic Machinery
Bent upon application.

C:i EORGE F. MORRIS (of the Finn of Prothkroe

nnr .?f.'".°K'?' .!!"''""■''''"'' SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE.
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasoliold and Reversionary Proportj
M every description. Farming and Marliet Qiirden Produce, House-
hold Furniture. Stuclt in fr.ade. Ac.
AuctiOD and Estate Agency Office. The Limes, Leytonstene, Esaes.

G,,^-., „ Farm Poultry.

KEY DOKKINS FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
T _^ ^ numbora.

Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive
breed known.

aX'pI^ot^t.HI^^''^^^ TURKEYS, large, hai-dy, and good breeders.
A\LhSBURY and ROUEN DUCKS ' ■" ^

Rp^'^rf?? J^^;^'Jf ^^N ^^^^^ RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAIIMA-PUUTRA. CREVECOOUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
lor constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimatea on application.
JOQN Baily St SoM, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

/^ EOUUE PAUL, Df.ckaheu.— Pursuant to thf Act of
VT Parliament of tho 22d ami 'JW Vict., cap. 35, Intituled " An
Act tu further amend the Law of property, and tu roUevo
TrustooM:"

All CREDITORS and others having' any CLAIMS or DEMANDS
upon ..!■ aKiihist tho ESTATE oIUEOUOE PAUL, late of Cboahunt.
In tho t'nuiitv lit Hertford, Nnrsoiymau, who dlod on tho 7th dny of
July. Ihll7, lind tu who,,u pui>.unal Estate and Elfcct« Lotters i.f
Adminlstratlnii worn mi Llin lUli ii;iy of September. 18157, granted by
ihe I'riiieinal RcKit-tiy nl llor M'K»t.y's Court of Probate to MARV
Paul, of Chchlmnt, ul'nruHaUI. Wid.JW. and GEORGE PAUL, of the
^amo iilaoe, Nurseryman, are liurebv requirod to ,sond partloulars of
their Claims in writing to tho said Adiuimstrators on or befure tho
Slht day of October, ls07, at tho expiration of which time tho said
Administrators will proceed to diblribute tho Assets of the uatd
di'ooasoi among tho parties entitled tliureto, having regard to those
claims only of which they shall then have reculvod Notice ; and tho
said Adndiilstratora will not bo liable for thoAssetH so distributed to
any person or uersons of whose claim or demand they shall not have
had notice. ' Dated this 2tith day of Septonibor, 1807.
StWKLL &. KnwAiius,
Greitham nuuao, Old Broad .street, London, E.C.

Solicitors to tho abovo-namod Adnduistrators,

WANTED, a SMALL MARKET GARDEN or
FLORIST BUSINESS near Londou, or any largo Provincial
Town. — Address, st.itmt; paiLnulars, to

A. B., caro ui ,Mi-. KmyhorL, Richmond. S.W.

WANTED to UIKE, 50 to 100 ACRES of LAND,
near London, and near a Canal or Railway, to improve and
cultivate in Garden order. The Advertiser is prepared to invest
£.'^*) per Acre of working capital, ou satisfactory Tenm'e, such as a
loni; Lease, or with Covenants securiiig paymenb for unoxhausted
Improvements.

AddrcKs A., Post-offlcft Stapepbill, ne^r Burton-on-Trent.

OR DISl'OSAL, a Fir3t-das7NURSERY and SEED

BUSINESS; or tho present Proprietor would accoi.t uf a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not loss than £16riO.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadenhall Street,
Londou. E C.

To Market Gardeners, Nurserymen. &c.

TO liE SOLD, by Private Contract, about 200 AGUES
of very superior GARDEN GROUND, all Freehold, situate In
the County of Betllurdsliiro. about three miles from Biggleswade

Station, Groat Northern Railway. Tho Land is divided into Lots to
suit the convenience of purcha-surs. Fur particulars apply to

Thomas Fountaine, Esf]., Duutnn Lodije, Ashwell, Baldock.

w

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.
/I / ILLIAftt DEAN, having determined on residing in
i V London again, offei-s for SALE, with immediate possession,
the NURSERY ac SHIPLEY, consisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Hnuaes, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked,
and with Dwellinc House, Slc, is held on Lease; also the SEED
SHOP, iu BRADFORD {the only one in the tovni), which is well
fitted up, and where there isagood business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds, Cut Flowers. Fiowerine Plants, to. The Nursery
is 2i miles from the Shop, on a prmcipiu road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to the pui'chase money rer|uired, and
will bo a gre-^t bargain to the purch-iser. It ia an escellent oppor-
tunity for a large house in the South to establish a Branch Cuslucss
here, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
mucu lncrea.sed. F"or particulars apply to

William Dean, Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

5ak)S 6b Auction,

Very Important to Noblemen, Gentlemen,

PLniMC CoMI'ASlES, NuiiSERVMES, ASH OTUEBS ESGAGF.n IN PlANTINO.

"PUELIMINAUY NOTICE of FORTHCOMING SALES

X bv Messi-s. PROTHEROE aad MORRIS.

ACTON, nOPGOOD'S NURSERY, October 21. 22. 23, and 24 : —
(.'LEARANCE SALE (the Lease having expired). Thriving
NURSERY STOCK, including, with the usual assortment, some
reni:.rkablc fine LIMES, PLANES, FRUIT TREES, &c.

PECKIIAM, QUEEN'S ROAD NURSERY, October "ill :—

Very compact EVERGREEN and CONIFEROUS SHRUBS, and
other valuable NURSERY STOCK, choice GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, Ac.

TOTTENHAM, MIDDLESEX. HALE FARM NURSERY,
Nnvemberlr— (Surjilus Stock). A Collection of ORNAMENTAL
TRBI-.s. EVERGREENS. CONIFER.E, and FLOWERING
SllUriis. Kw.sES, FRUIT TREES, CLIMBERS of sorts, ftc.

WANDSWiiRTII ROAD, LAVENDER HILL NURSERY, Nov. 4:
—The thiivin'.,' jount; NURSERY STOCK, including some
thous.ands of flne AUCUBAS, 1 to 4 leet ; CHINESE ARBOR-
VIT.E, ENGLISH YEWS, and other tine EVERGREENS^
particularly worthv the attention of the Trade; STANDARD
and DWARF FRUIT TREES, ROSES, Jic.

KINGSTON. SURREY.— Clarence Street and P.ark Road, Nov. 5,
and following days:— Excellent NURSERY STOCK, in the best
atiito of cnltiviition ; EVERGREEN, CONIFER.!;, and
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS in great variety, ranging all sizes,
which has been constantly transplanted, and will incur no ri^
from removal.

GODALMING, SURREY, November 11, and following days, by order
of Mr. Charles J. Barber, unless previously disposed of in one lot
by Private Contract, the wholeof the GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
GREENHOUSES (newly erected), and other Effects, at
Godaluiicg Nursery; also the Valuable NURSERY STOCK,
growinc in Terrace Gardens, Shady Hangers. Withinfive minutes'
w:i!kof the God.airotng Railway Station.

WOKING. SURREY, November 18. and following davs :—

Clearance Sale of tho whole of the unnvalle»t COLLECTION of
EVERGREEN, CONIFER.^^, and DECIDUOUS SHRUBS,
ORNAMENTAL, FRUIT, and FOREST TREES, extending
over 1(11.1 acres, or thereabouts, to be SOLD, without resen-e, in
consequtiiico of tho death ol' Mr. Robert Donald. The Stock ia
particularly worthy the attention of the Trade.

Dutch Bulbs.
R. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, iit

\xU (Jroat RooiiiH, :is, Klu^; street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
Wl'.DNESi'A Y, October ■.', ut liJiir-pii.Ht li o'clock procluely, -llW Lota
of DUTCH UU J.HS. Ju-vt arrived from two FaniiH iu Holland,
tin view the Morning uf Sale, and Catalogue- had.

Important Sale of EstabllBhed Orchids.

MU. J. C. STEVKNS will SKLL by AllCl'lnN, at
Iil4 tJrcat Rijiim.s, :)s. Kiiik Str.'.ut. Covciit (Jardcn, W.C, on
FRIDAY. uanbt.T'l, iLt liiiir.|i.'iHt lii n'oiijck procluely. Two Prlvutu
Collections of ESTAIlLISilKD dI'.CIIUjS, the property of Gentle-
men giving up the 'culture, Inclndinn many tlno Spcclmeii I'liuitH,
and woU worthy of attention ; and about UHJ Lota of BULBS for
present plimtliig, j iist arrlvo'l irom llullaiui.

On view the Morning ol' Sale, and Catalogues had.

M

Bulbs from HoUand.

MK. J. C. STEVENS will SEH, by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, .1h, King Street. Covent Garden, W.C., on
SATURDAY, October 5, at haif-past 12 o'Clojk precisely, 600 lotH of
BULBS, for present planting, just arrived from Holland.

On view the lloriiiuj; of .Sale, and Catalogues had.

Established Orchids.

MK. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, '.W, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
TUESDAY, October >i, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely, a Collection
of ESTABLISHED ORCHIDS in the finest po9.sibte health, and
Including manv lliiehpeoimon Plants of CYPRIPEDIUMS, CYMBl-
DIUMS,AERrDES,ODONTOGLOSSUMS.DENDROBIUMS. VAN-
DAS, LYCASTES, L^,L1A.S, SACCOLABIUMS, CATTLEYAS,
luid other choice species.

Ou view the M^rnine of Sale, and Cataloiruflu had.

Preliminary Announcement.

ANn Olt-doob Plantj),
lb, Clalu UToy, n£ak

Valuahle Oiinuns, Stove, GntENuuLsL.

GtiKKMlOUhK, ViNEHV, AKi> F'kC iT-UUD
LlVEKPCOL.

MK. BRANCH will SELL by AUCTION on
WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, October 2 and 3, on tho
Premises. Devonshire Road, Claughton, near Liverpool, the property
of a Gciitliimaii clianulng his residence, a largo and select collection
of valuable URCHIDS, STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
FERNS, OllNAMENTAL and FOLIAGE PLANTS, ROSES,
DWARF FRUIT TREES, AZALEAS, CAMELLIAS. BEDDING
PLANTS, &.C.; aUo a large GREENHOUSE and VINERY, about
70 feet long by 2ii leot wide, with Uriiior and Hot-water Pipes coni-
Vloto. and an ORCHARD or FRUIT-HOUSE, Ac, which will bo
further particularised in the Mercury of Friday next.

To bo viewed one day previous to the Sale, when Catalogues may
be obtained on the Premises, or at the Olllces ot Mr. Bkancu,
00, Hanover Street, Liverpool.

Nursery Stock— Mill Hill Nursery, Hendon.

About a mile from Mill Hill Station on the Edgware and Highgnte
Railway, and one hour's ride from Camdeu Town by Mill Hill
Omnibus.

MESSRS. HUMBERT and COX are favoured with
instructions from the Executors of the late Mr. James Wrieht,
to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Mill Hill Nurserv.
Hendon, on THURSDAY, October 24, at 12 for 1 o'Clock, the whole
of the NURSERY' STOCK, comprising 1000 Thuja Lobbii,
100 Thujopsis Bore.ali. loOO Aucuba japonica, 1000 Laurustinus,
1000 English Y'ews, 200 Laurels, 500 Portugal Laurels, 1000 Cupres.sus
Lawsoniana, 500 Abies Douglassii, 600 Phillyrej*. 500 Scotch Fir,
600 Pinus excelea, 600 Standard Roses (named), 500 Dwarf Roses,
500 Thuja gigantea, ftOO Limes, Chestnuts, Birch, Acacias, Mountain
Ash, English Oak and Elm, &c.

May be viewed two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had
on the Premises ; at the principal Inns at Hendon ; the Essex Arms
and Clarendon ^Vrms Hotels, Green Man, and Leathersellers" Arms,
Watford; the Red Lion. Elstreet and Barnet ; Abercorn Arms and
Vine Inns, Stanmore; Three Crowns, Bushey Heath; Bell Inn,
Bushey ; Swan and Bell Inns, Rickmansworth ; and (free by post) of
Messrs. Homiikut & Cox. Lnnd Agents, Auctioneers, and Surveyors,
Little Nascot, Watford, Herts ; and 88, St. James' Street, London, S. W.

Edmonton.-Important Sale of Nursery Stock.

MR. A. KIUHARDS will SELL by AUCTION,
on the Preniisos, Edmonton (near the Golden Fleece).
a quarter ot a mile frura the Railway Station, on WEDNESDAY
and THURSDAY, October 2 .and 3, at 12 o'Clock each day,
the valuable NURSERY STOCK (in consequence of the
espiratiou ot tho Lease, and the Ground oaing required for building
purposes), comprising ?ala.*bl6 collection of Greenhouse Plants,
including about 3000 home-grown Camellias of the best varieties-
Double White, imbricata, Cup of Beauty, Princess Frederick
I William, Jubilee, Dride, fimbriata, ic. in fine health and well set
j with bloom buds ; 3u00 Herbaceous Calceolarias, of the well-known
I E-lraonton strain ; 2000 Hydrangeas, m 43 and 32-pots, well set for
I bloomint: next year ; 500 choice Azaleas, full of flower buds, com-
prising the following fine varieties :— Flower of the Day, Flag of
Truce. Due de Nassau, Duchesse Adelaide de Nassau, &c, ; Lilies of
the Valley, in pot^ ; 3u00 Camellia Stocks, tc. j a large quantity of
fine Evergreens, cumprising 2.00 WelliDgtonia gigantea, 3 to 6 and
(t feet high; 1300 Cupressus Liiwsoaiana, 3 to 5 feet; Red Cedars,
Roses. Aucubas, Araucaria imbricata, and many others, — nearly the
whole of this Stock having been transplanted in the spring and
autumn of 180(5 ; also Eight Greenhouses, in good condition ; 100 Pit
Lights; a large quantity of i and i Slate Slabs, Bricks, Hot-water
pipes, a large Cannon Boiler, Covered Van, 300 Casts.of Garden
Pots, &c.

May be viewed two days prcviou?;ly. Citalogues obtainable on the
Premises, and of the Auctioneer, Tottenham.

Sale of Very Fine Dutch Bulbs, Handsome Standard
Roses, &c.

MESSRS. PKOTHEKOE am. MORRIS will SELL
by AUCTION, at 38 nod 311, Gracechurch Street, E.C., on
TUESDAY, Oitober 15, at 1 o'Clock precisely, a First-cIass Collec-
tion of DUTCH BULBS, including choice named Hyacinths, Tulips,
Crocus, Narcissus, .Snowilrops, 4c. ; a splendid assortment of
STANDARD, DWARF, and CLIMBING ROSES, comprising the
finest varieties in cultivation; Hardy AMERICAN PLANTS, viz.,
Ghent and other Azaleas, Hybrid Rhododendrons, Kalmia.s,
Andromedas, with a variety of Hardy Climbers, ic.

On View the Morning of Sale, Catalogues had at the Rooms as
above, ami ofthe Auctioneers, Aniericiin Nurseries, Leytonstone.X.E.

Strawtoerry Hill Nursery, Tunbridge Wells.

Clearance Sale or Va,liable NoasEav Stock.

MESSRS. PKOTHEROE and MORRIS have received
instructions from Mr. Edwin Hollanby to SELL bv
AUCTION, on tho Premises, Strawberry Hill Nurserv, Tunbridge
Wells, on WEDNESDAY, October 16, and three following days, at
11 o'clock each day, without Reserve (the t,ease having expired, and
the land being imuiediately required for building purposes), the
valuable NURSERY STOCK, includitg a very extensive and choico
Collection of Everyreen Coniferaj and Deciduous Shrubs, comprisiug
LSOO Portugal Laurels, 4000 Common Laurels, 2500 Spruce Firs.
10 to 0 fi-'et ; 1100 American Arbor-vitLu, 800 Laurustinus, a)0 Green
Hollies, 4 to 10 feet ; fine Aucubas, Box, Oval-leaved and Evergreen
Privet, some remarkably handsome Cedrua Deodara, 4 to 20 feet;
splendid Araucaria imbricata, Si to 16 feet ; Wellingtonia gigantea.
10 to 12 feet ; Thuja aurea (very compact), 2 to 4 feet ; Cupressus
Lawsoniana, Irish Junipers, Thuja Warreana, T. Lobbii, T. gigantea,
Thujopsis borealis, Juniperus chinensis, Deutzia ; loOO Standard and
Dw^rf Roses ; also OruiimeDtal and Forest Trees, consisting of
Scaodard-worked Thorns, Weeping Ash, Elms, Spanish Chestnuts,
Oaks, Mountain Ash, Beech, Limes, Sycamores, Laburnums, Acacias,
Chestnuts, Standard Walnuts, 3500 Rhododendrons, together with
some flne Cimellias and Azalea indica, 2 to G feet, beautifully
furnished with bloom buds, &c.
May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the

E remises, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, American Nurseries
eytonstone, N.E.

To Market Gardeners and Others.

MR. W. T. ATWOOD will SELL by AUCTION,
on the rr6mi.>^fs. Culvert Road, near the Half-way
House, Battersoa Fields, S.U',, on THURSDAY, October 3, at
11 o'clock, the pioperty of Mr. S. Poupart. who is relinquishing
business, the LIVE and DEAD STOCK and IMPLEMENTS of
TRADE, and CROPS of GLOBE ARTICHOKES, RHUBARB,
and BEET ROOTS. The Stock comprises— 3 powerful Cart Horses
and Chaiso Horse, 5 Spring Market Vans, Dung Cart, Market
Cart, Block Waggon, Wa.sh Butt, 4-wheel Chaise and Dog Cart,
Thill Trace and Chaise Harness, Com Bins, Ploughs, Harrows,
Rollers, Box and Long Barrows, Patent Chaff Machine, Fruit and
Step Ladderr., Seed Sieves, Winnowing Machine, Sack and Seed
Cloths, Watering Pots, Garden Tools, 80 3-light Boxes and Lights
and Bell Glauses ; heaps of excellent Manure, Litter, and Packing
Hay ; qu.antity of useful Boards, Scantling, Kerb and Paving Stones,
Firewood. Iron Hurdles, aud sundry useful effects.

May be viewed Day before and Morning of Sale ; Catalogues had
en the Promises, Inns in Covent Garden Market, and W. T, Atwood,
Mortlake, Surrey.

Important Annual Sale of Nursery^tock. '

To NouLEUE>f, Gentlemen, Ncrsertmes, and Otuers.

MESSRS. J. TAYLOR and CO. have been favoured
with instnictions from Mr. B. Whithau to CATALOGUE
and SELL by AUCTION, at his Nursery, Reddish, near Stockport,
on WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY, October 9 and 10, commencmg
each dav at U o'Clock a.ji., a portion of his VALUABLE and
EXTENSIVE NURSERY STOCK, comprising a large quantity of
Choice Greenhouse Plants, Fruit. Forest, and Ornamental Trees and
Shrubs, including about 10,000 Roses, in and out of pots; Camelhas,
well set with buds ; Eric.ts, Epacris, Azaleas, 20,000 extra strong
bushy Rhododendrons, mostly hybrids ; a large qut^ntity of Fruit
Trees of all sorts, true to name; 250,000 extra strong five and six
years old Transplanted Quicks, Larch, Spruae, Austrian Pines,
Poplars, extiu strong Alders, extra strong Privet, five and six years
old; and many other sorts too numerous to mention, all of which
have been grown with the greatest care and attention. These
Nurseries rank amongst the largest in the North of England, and as
tho stock comprises the most choice descriptions, the auctioneers
have great plo.isure in calling the attention of the trade and of
private gentlemen to it, believing it to bo in the finest condition, the
whole having been regularly transplanted, and well protected from
the late severe winter.

Caialogues, and any further information may be obtained from
Mr. B. WuiTiiAM, at tho Nurseries, Reddish, and at the Ofllces of the
Auctioneers, 17, Cross Street, Manchester, and Bank Chambers
Great Underbank, Stockport.

1016

THE GARDENERS' CHEONTCLE AKl) AGTUCULTUEAL GAZETTE. [Sepiembeb 28, ise?.

CARTER'S DUTCH BULBS.

JAMES CARTER & CO.'S

AUTUMN SUPPLEMENT

TO THEIK

GARDENER'S AND FARMER'S VADE MEGUM,

Containing OEIGINAL ARTICLES on the CULTURE of BULBS and SPRING GARDENING, also a LIST
of VEGETABLE SEEDS (or AU'lUMN SOWING, is NOW READY and will be forwarded immediately on
receipt of 12 Stamps (Gratis to Customers), on application to

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN,

LONDON, AV.C.

DUTCH AND OTHER BULBOUS ROOTS.

B. S. WILLIAMS

HAS RECEIVED HIS FIRST IMPORTATIONS IN EXCELLENT CONDITION, AND RESPECTFULLY

SOLICITS EARLY ORDERS.

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE forwarded free on application.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS carefully put up to suit Gardens of various sizes.

The CHOICEST HYACINTHS for Pots or Glasses, 24s., 18s., 12s., 9s., 8s., and 6s. per doz.

HYACINTHS for Bedding, assorted, in colours, 3s. 6(f. per doz.

All Roots of the first quality only.

B. S. WILLIAMS,
VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

ALL the FIRST PRIZES for HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c.,

AWARDED TO

WM. PAUL'S COLLECTIONS

IN MARCH LAST,

At tlie ROYAL HORTICULTURAL and ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S SPRING SHOWS.

FIRST IMPORTATION JUST ARRIVED IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION.
1^" Harhj Orders respectfully solicited.

PAUL'S NURSERIES AND SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

JEAN YERSCHAEFELT, NUESEEYMAN,

134, FAUBOURG DE BRUXELLES, GHENT, BELGIUM,

Begs to offer the following, in fino liealthy PLANTS, at the undermentioned low prices, viz. : —

AZALEA INDICA.fine plants for wintor blooming, choice varieties,

£6 per 100 ; stronger, £8 to £10, and upwards.
AZALEA TNDICA SOUVENIR DU PRINCE ALBERT, £1 4(t.

per dozen.
AZALEA INDICA STOCKS, fit for giaftlng, £1 per 100.
CAMELLIAS, fine plants, beautifully Bet with buds, choice named

varioties, £6 pet* 100 ; stronger, £8, £10, £12, and upwards.

CAMELLIA STOCKS, fit for grafting, £1 Ss.
OTAHEITE ORANGES, full of ftuit, £1 is. per dozen.
„ „ stronger plants, extra, £1 9s.

JASMINDM GRANDIFLORUM, grafted, flowering all through

the winter, £1 per dozen.
TEA ROSE, MARECHAL NIEL, grafts In pots, 8a. per dozen.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulbs, &c.

ROBERT TARKER begs to announce that his NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lints of New. Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and Stove
Plants, Azalea indica. Fruit Trees, Gr.ipe Vines, Rhododendrons,
Roses. Sweet Violets, &c. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, Cyclamens, Gladioli,
Hyacinths, Lihuais, Narcissus, Tulips, and other Bulbs, is now
published and will be forwarded to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

1^^ Early Orders are respectfully; solicited.

JEAN VERSCHAFFELT'S NEW CATALOGUE is just published, and may be had Free on application either
to himself or to his Agents, Messrs. A. Silbekrad & Sox, 6, Hai-p Lane, Great Tower Street, London, E.G. All
Letters to be addressed

JEAN YERSCHAEFELT, 134, FAUBOURG DE BRUXELLES, GHENT, BELGIUM.

Hyacinths, Hyacinths.

DREGHORN AND AITKEN, Kihnarnock, N.B., beg
to intimate that their CATALOGDE of HYACINTHS and
other BULBS is now Published, and will be forwarded Post Free to
any Address, It contains valuable Descriptive and Cultural Notes,
and will be found a useful guide to Purchasers.

PRIZE HYACINTHS.~D. & A.'s PRIZE DOZEN for 15s. Tho
best value In the Trade — viz., Macaulay, Ornament do la Nature,
Von Schiller, Grandeur a Merville, Lord Wellington (douDle), Alba
maxima, Mont Blanc, Queen of the Netherlands, Baron Von Thuyll,
Charles Dickens, Grand Lilas, and Prince Albert.

ROMAN HYACINTHS.— Fine Bulbs of these beautiful early-
flowering Hyacinths, Ss. Cd. per dozen. Free by Post or Rail.

Dutch and Cape Bulbs.

BUTLER, McCUi.lOGE AND CO. have received their
usual consignment of the above, and beg to offer the following
carefully assorted collections.

FOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION.
No. 1 I No. 2 I No. 3 I No. 4 j No.6 . | No. 6

100s. I 50s. I 253, I 21s. 1 15s. | lOs.fld,

FOR FLOWER GARDEN DECORATION,
No. r I Wo, 8 I No. 9 I No. 10 j N o.ll I No. 12

ijOs, I 60s. I 40s. I 25s. | 21s, | lOa.Gil.

FOR FLOWER GARDEN AND CONSERVATORY COMBINED.

No. 13 j JSo.U j No. 15 I No. 10 I No. 17 I No. 18

1058. I 52s.6ii. 1 42s. [ 21s. | 16s. | lOs.Cf?.

CATALOGUES containing details ct above Collection sent free,

and Post-paid Orders amounting to 21s. sent, carnage paid, on

receipt of Post-OfBce Order.— Established upwards of a century.

Coveiit Garden Market, London. W.C.

Choice Bulhs.
QTEPHEN BROWN'S

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE,

Cultural and Descriptive,

Froe for C stamps, gratis to customers.

THE DUTCH ROOTS
Have arrived In splendid condition.

Seed and Nursery Establishment,
Sudbury, Suffolk.

Hyacinths for Exhibition.

MESSES. SUTTON'S
COLLECTIONS include the
varieties so much admired at the spring
shows, and they are now prepared to receive
orders for thu same at the following prices :—

The Choicest 100 Sorts, £4 4s., caiTiago free

The Choicast 60 Sorts, £2 2s., „

The Choicest 25 Sorts, £1 Is., „

The Choicest 12 Sorts, £0 12s.

Cheaper Roots, 6s. to fis. per dozen.

HYACINTHS for Beds and Open Borders,
3s. per dozen, 21s. per 100, carriage free.

Sdtton & Sons, Importers, Readlne, Berks.

Dutch

C^OYDOv

Flower Roots,

A KCHIBALD HKNDEK-

Xi- SON begs to annnunco that
be has received a lnrce Consignment
of Dutch and other Roots, carefully
selected from the most celebrated
growers.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED
CATALOGUES are now ready, con-
taining practical directions for their
successful cultivation on all the
varinus systems now adopted.

Also a CHOICE and SELECT
LIST of VEGETABLE aad HARDY
FLOAVER SEEDS for Autumn
Sowing. Catalogues gratis and post
free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath,
SuiTey, and at the East Surrey Seed
Warehouse, College Grounds, North
End, Croydon.

WINTER AliD SPEING FLOWERmG BULBS AHB PLAITS.

BARE & SUGDEN,

THE METROPOLITAN SEED, BULB, AND PLANT WAREHOUSE,
12, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

BAEE & SUGDEN'S FLOEAL GUIDE

CONTAINS HUGH VALUABLE INFOEMATION, AND CAN BE HAD FREE ON APPLICATION.

COLLECTIONS of BULBS for "Winter and Spring Bloom- I COLLECTIONS of BULBS for Spring Bloommg Out- I COLLECTIONS of PLANTS for Spring Blooming,
mg In-doors, lOs. 6rf., 2l5., 42*., 63s., 845., and 1055. 1 doors, 10s. Qd., 2l5., 42s., 635., 845., and 10.5s. I 12s. 6^., 25s., 50s., and 105s.

HYACINTHS. 3s. to 12s. per dozen

POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS, 3s. to 63. per do7en

GARDEN NARCISSDS, 3s. m. to lOs. Crf per 100

rRnf?S; V- ^?}^'- ?"^^^.n 1 SNOWDROPS, 2^. Gd. per 100

GLADIOLI, the verv best kinds Tsorts

IXIAS, SPARAXlS, TEITONLiS, and BABIANAS, the finest

LILIES, finest kinds

LILIDM AURATUM, the Golden-rayed Lily of Japan, 2s. 6d., 3s. 6d.,

fis. 6d,, 7s. 6d., and 10s. Od. each
RANUNCDLUS, 2s. Cti. to 5s. 6d. per 100

ANEMONES, 4s. to 7s. 6rf. per 100 I AMARYLLIS, 6(J. to 63s. each
AMARYLLIS, unbloomed seedlings, from varietiOB the finest in

cultivation, 42s. per dozen

CYCLAMEN PERSICUM, exceedingly fine varieties, 10s. 6d.,

15s., 2is., and 25s. per dozen
CYCLAMEN EUROPIUM, quite hardy and very fragrant,

3s. Gd. per dozen, 21s. per 100 .

LILY of the VALLEY, fine imported clumps to bloom in winter,

15s. to 21s, per dozen ^, _^ [to 26s.

SPIREA JAPONICA, fine imported clumps to bloom m spring, iw.

StTNDEY Bulbs. — Under this heading in the ^^ Giiide^" are described many rare and beazttiful Bulbotts Plants.

BARR AND SUGDEN, 12, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.

Editorial Coniinimicatioas should be addressed to " Tho Editor ; " Advertisements and Business Letters to " The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. „„ o. .1,0

Printed by Ji!iEsM.TTmBw«. at the Offloe of Messrs. BaiDBoar. Ei.iis.i Co., Lombard Street. Precinct of Wbltefrtan, Olty of London, In the Co. of SUddlesei, and PubUshed by the said Jiura M.Tmtws, at tne
omce, No.41. Wellington Street, Parish ot St. Paul's, Coyent earil8n.ln the said County— SiTonnir, September 28, 1867.

He GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 40.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, OCTOBER 5.

{Price Fivepence.
Stamped Edition, Gtf.

Agrlfulture, home and
furiMgu

Allnmanda Hoiulcnioul ...,

Arnucurlu imbricatu

HeeH

lloiler incnintatlons

Boiikfl noticed . .1022 n, 102G a,

British AKSoci.itioii

Capi'ofGood Hope

Cattle plngue staliAtics

Ccntiiuroos, hardihood of....

Cheese loai a—

Concrete

Corn , weight of

Cucumbers

Currnnt trees , lealless

Eoheverifvmetallica

Farin, dairy

Farm acfounta

FloriiitB' flowei-s

OurdcnerR' exanilnntions .,

Gritpea, photograph uf heavy

Gmpejudging

Hntvests, wet

— forciKn

Hyacinth Klassps

Imports, agricultural

Milk,

Obituary 1027 6-

1031 h

10J5 a

low a

lOi" a

1030 a

iu;i6 b

Yn\ a

Vilt a

lC-29 ■:

1025 6

-10:J5 «

1031 b

1033 b

\0U c

1025 b

liiir, a

103ti b

hVM a

10'2(i e

1021 c

1(122 a

1024 e

1030 6

1032 c

1U22 a

1037 a

1033 c

-1036 fi-

Ibitlon

.1030 a-

INDEX.

Paris exhibition

Peas, lute

Felargoniutns, show of varla-

Katcd

Pliiiils. new

rritabillty of

Plnntlng, remarks oa

Poultry

lU-upius; niftchinta....l029 o—

Kivor pollution

Shenf-drytug apparatus ....

t!horthorDS

Slugs

Society, Royal Horticul-
tural

— Quckett Microscopical

— Cheshire Agricultural .

Rtcam cultivation

ToinutOM

Trade Lists

Tropa'olum speclosum ......

Vunegation induced by inocU'

lation

Vines at Chatsworth

Vine piTining

— growing, rival

j^— — at Garston ....

"iiV alls, garden

'Wheat seed

1029 b
1023 b

1027 b

1021 a
1035 c

1031 b

1032 b
1034 a

1029 e
1023 a

1025 e

1028 a

1026 a
1034 b

1025 e

1026 c
1025 r

1022 a
10-25 b

1021 b

1022 c

1023 b
1022 b

1030 b

1868.

THE SECOND GRAND HORTICULTURAL FETE.
FLOWEH anrl POULTRY SHOW will be held at SPALDING,
on THUllSDAY, Juue 2i>, iStiH. Schedules will bo issuad in January.
Geo. F. Barrcll. ) Hon.
Edud. CAMyAcc, /Sees,

Vines.

BS. "WILLIAMS hfis now on hand a very large and
• fine Stock of FRQITING and PLANTING CAt^ES of all the
best varieties. Aq Inspection Is Invite't.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upper HoUoway, London, N.

Vines.

HLANE AND SON solicit an inspection of their
• stock of VINES : 2000 Canes to choose from, atrong and well
ripened. TUey have been awarded the First Prize for Vines in pots
at all tUo leading Exhibitions. CATALOGUES free on application.
The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Ilerts.

/1ASTLE KENNEDY GRAPES. — Photograph of the
\j famous Bunch of Grape.s grown by Mr, Fowler, of Castle Ken-
nedy ; post free for seven atanips.
J nun Brown, Photographer. Kilmarnock.

" wU-rooted SUCKERS of

Warranted free troru scale.

PINES.— Wanted, strong
BLACK JAMAICA PINE.

AppIVj stating quantity and price, to W. B., Gardeiwra" Chronicle
Office, W.C.

Standard Apples.

WOOD AND INGRAM oH'er to the Trade and others
20,000 splendid STANDARD APPLES, with 6 to 6 feet
stemi and magnificent haids. Price on application.
The Nurseries, Huntingdon.

Or Chard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINKS, and FIGS.
RiOHABD SuiTH. NuTserj'man and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

PRINCESS of WALES STRAWBERRY.—
This fine variety Is now proved to be tbe best early variety
ever produced, either for Forcing or for general Early Crop, See
Qardenera' Chronicle of May 12, 1806, p. 437. Good Plants can now
be supplied from the true stock, at 63. per 100, from the raiser.
B. W. Kniobt, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussei.

THE THREE MOST USEFUL STRAWBERRIES
in cultivation either for forcing or the open ground.
FRESI DENT, strong layers, in 60-pots, 153. per 100
SIR CHARLES NAPIEK, strong layers, in 00-pots, 16s. per 100
KEEN'S SEEDLING, strong layers, in 00-pots, I5j. per 100
Runners of most other sorts, true to name, from 'is. &d. per 100
F. R. KiNOHORH, Sheen Nursery, Richmond, S.W,

New Green-flesh Melon, the Sultan.

SUTTON AND SONS beg to announce that thej have
purchased the entire stock of the above splendid MELON,
which took the First Prize at the Royal Horticultural Society's Show
at Bury, in July last. It will be sent out In the Spring, in packets
2«, 6ii. each, post free.
^^^^^ Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

THREE HUNDRED ARBOR-VIT^ for SALE.—
From 3to 4 feet, fine bushy Shrubs, price £10 per 100.
J. Salter, Nurseryman, Park Cottage, Dulwich Road, Dulwich, S.

Dutch and Other Flower Roota.

TAMES DICKSON and SONS huvo received, m

"' " ■ ... - - . ' ipurtatlon from the most eminent

E LIST post. Ireo on application.

fj excellent crmdllinu. a large In

growers. PRICEU DESCRIPTIVE LIST p;

102. Erustgato Street, and " Nowton" Niirierics. Chester.

s

The Successful Cultivation of Hyacinths.— See
UnuN'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE for 1867,
which may bo hnd gratis and post free on application.

SuTTUN & Sons, Rending, Berks. _^^^_

Bulb Catalogue.

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, and CO.'S CATALOGUE
of Choice DUTCH and CAPE BULBS Is now ready. Sent
free and post paid.— Establluhed upwards of a Century.

South Row, Covent Garden Market. W.C.

WM. CUTBUSII AND SON beg to say that their
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE 'HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c,, U now ready, and can be had poit free

on application, Highgate Nurseries, London, N. _^___

JOHN KELLETT begs to announce that his NEW
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of DUTCH FLOWER
ROOTS. SPECIMEN AZALEAS, ROSES. EPiPHYLLUMS, &c.,
la now ready, and can be had po.'it free on application.

Wellington Nursery, Ileaton Chapel, Stockport^

Dutch Bulbs and Spring Flowering Plants.

PAUL AND SON venturL- to call attention to their
very carefully prepared LIST of PLANTS for WINTER and
SPRING GARDENING, joined to their Catalogue of Hyacinths and
Dutch Bulbs. Post free on .ippiication.

The "Old" Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

Dutch Bulbs and other Rower Roots.

CHARLES TUiiNEK'S CATALOGUE of the above
la now ready, a Copy of which may be had on application.
The Hoots have arrived In splendid condition, and early Orders
are respectfully solicited.

The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Winter and Spring Flowering Bulbs and Plants.

BARR AND SUGDEN'S FLORAL GUIDE may be
had free. It contains much valuable information.
For particulars see large AdvertiBoinent, page 1016,

WILLIAM ROLLISSON and SONS' CATALOGUE
of DUTCH, ENGLISH, and CAPE BULBS, NEW PLANTS,
and those of beoeni inxHonucTioK ; ROSES, GRAPE VINES, ic,
la now ready and will be forwarded post free on application to
WiLLiAH RoLLissoN & SoNS, The Nurseries, Tooting. London, S,

Dutch Roots.

JOHN AWT> CHARLES LRE will be happv to forward
their CATALOGUE for 1867 of newly-imported "HYACINTHS
and other Roots, post free on application.

Royal Vineyiird Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
London, W.

Special Notice.— Dutch Bulbs.

MR. STEVENS' SALES of HYACliNTHS, TULIPS,
CROCUSES, and other BULBS, just imported from Holland,
take place every WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and frequently
on MONDAY, at tbe Rooms, 3S, King Street, Covttut Garden,
London, W.C.

Dutch Bulbs and other Flower Boots.

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Road Nurseries,
and Houndstone, Yeovil, Somerset, begs to announce that he
has Imported a large assortment of the above, in excellent condition,
and is now ready to supply orders at the lowest prices. See
CATALOGUE, free on application.

Strong GRAPE VINES, from Uyes.— All the leading varieties, at
unequalled low prices.

Dutch Bulbs for Exhibition.

J SCOTT has received hia annual supply of DUTCH
• FLOWER ROOTS from HoUand ; eitra tlna In quality and
true to name.

12 very choice exhibition HYACINTHS, 10*.

13 extra choice „ „ 12«.
Other very fine Borts, 6j. and Ss. per dozen.

A complete list of the above sent free on application to
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

FOR SALE, Cheap, the BED of 700 fine BULBS of
arst-rate SHOW TULIPS, formeriy Mr. Tebbutfs Collection,
for the last seven years bloomed bv
M1CHELL& Co., Florists, William Street, New North Road, Islington.

PAUL AND SON'S NEW DOUBLE SCARLET
THORN. — For the present season we can supply the above,
our unique and original introduction, as

FINE STANDARDS with good heads, 6s, each.
PYRAMIDS, 6 feet high, pinched in to bloom, 6a. each.
DWARF MAIDENS, 2», (id. each,
The "Old" Nurseries, Cheshimt, N.

Important Notice.

THE SALE of CONIFER TREES, SHRUBS, FRUIT
TREES, &c.. to be held at the KING'S ACRE NURSERIES
Commences on MONDAY, September 30, and will continue until
FRIDAY, October 11.

CATALOGUES will be forwarded on application to
John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries, near Hereford.

Immediate Clearance of Surplus Stock.

ITIHREE HUNDRED THOUSAND NATIVE SCOTCH
J- FIRS, 2-yr. Seedling, nnd 1-yr. Transplanted, at 63. per 1000:
also aL-iut 300,000 LARCH, various sizes, up to 4 feet (Special
Offers on ^jplication.) Terms cash. Fur particulars apply to
^^ Joi£Pu RoBSON & Son,

auraerymen ^ Seedsmen. Bank Foot, Hexham, Northumberland.

R British Fern Catalogue.

OBERT SIM 'san now send, post free for blx postage
stamps. Part I. IBritlsh Ferns and their varieties, 36 pages,
taoludingpricea of Hardy Kxotio Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North^ent Lino of South Eaatem Railway.

Notice.— Fruits, Flowers, Bulbs.

Before ruRCHABiHO, please send FOR

DILLISTONE AND CO.'S LITTLE LISTS,
post free to all appllcanta.
Address, Dillistonk & Co., Muruerymen, &c., Stunner, near
Halstead, Essex.

To Gardeners. Seedsmen, &c.

HENLEY, BROTHERS. Mkkchants, Holbeach, have
still on hand a quantity of SNOWDROPS, which they beg to
offer. Samples and price on application.

FIFTEEN Dozen CINERARIAS, in 48-pot8; 100 Dozen
SCARLET GERANIUMS, and 60 Dozen Pot GERANIUMS
in store pota. No reasonable oflfer refused.
J. Webb. Chaae Side, Southgate, N,

TO the TRADE. — The immensely increasing demand
among the Trade all over the globe for our CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA, PRIMULA, PELARGONIUM, BALSAM, and
INTERMEDIATE STOCK, prove beyond a doubt that they are all
they profess to be, of unequalled quality, and worthy ol general
cultivation. TRADE LlStS free.
DoBgoN & S0R8. Woodlands Nursery, Islewortb, W.

D

ORSON'S DECORATIVE PELARGONIUM

MAGNET Strong plants, 16*. each.
DoBgoN ii Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W.

D

OBSON'S CATALOGUE of DUTCH BULBS,

PELARGONIUMS, CINERARIAS. Ac, is now ready, and
Ipost free.
Yoodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W.

SUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIONS of
FLOWER ROOTS.
For particulars see page 1020 of this Week's Paper.
SuTTopf Ic Sons, Reading, Berks.

CameUias.

CHARLES BUTLEK, Wellington Nursery, Salop, ha«
12 fine Plants from 6 to 7 feet, and 12 from 3 to 4 feet, well set
with Bloom Buds, to iJlspnHo of nL rmtsimaljle prices.

Azaleas, best sorts, with buds.

FAnd a, SMITH have to oH'er to the Trade a large
• clean STOCK of the above — every Plant a specimen. Price
(iiioderatti] on application.

The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

GladioU.

EUGENE VERDIER, fiU aine, Nurseryman, 3, Rue
Dunols, Paris, is now publishing his CATALOGUE of
NOVELTIES (Seed from M. Souchet), and also of his own splendid
Collection of the above. CATALOGUES to be had gratis, either
direct from him, or ot his agent!), Betuau &. Blackitu, Cox's
Quay, Lower Thames Street, Lomlon, E.C^ __^

To the Trade,

MARECHAL NIEL KOSiO, from own roots, in pots,
by the 100 or 1000, at £6 per 100.
G. Ba&er & Son, American Nursery, Bagahot.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

New Roses for 1867-1868.

EUGENE VERDIEK, fils aine. Nurseryman, 3, Rue
Dunois, Paris, is now publishing his CATALOGUE of the
above, wnlch will comprise 6y New Varieties for 1867-1808. This
CATALOGUE to bo obtained gratis, either direct from him, or of
his Agents, Bktham & Blachith, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames Street,
London, E.C.

"T

HE ROSES of MR. PAUL * * * are things to
see once and dream of for ever." — AtTientPum, June, 1807.
Wm. Paul begs to announce that his CATALOGUE of ROSES Is
now ready, and wilt bo forwarded free on application.

EIGHTEEN PRIZES have been awarded to him for Rosea this
year at the principal London Flower Shows.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltnam Cross, London, N,

New and Good Roses.

J HARRISON ht'i;^ to inform lii.s Friends and the Public
• that his STOCK of ROSES is exceedingly fine this season,
CATALOGUES of which are now ready.
Several Thousands of MARfiCHAL NIEL, fine plants. 15 to 18
inches high, both on roots and Manetti, 12a. per dozen, or 803. per 100 ;
ISABELLA SPRUNT, i)s. per dozen. 60s. per 100 ; M aDAME MAR-
GOTTIN, 18fl. per dozen. Ail other Rosea equally low to the Trade.
North of England Rose Nursery, Darlington.

H

Notice.
LANE AND SON beg to inform their Patrons and

Friends that their CATALOGUES are now ready, viz. :—
No. 1. ROSE I No. 3. FRUIT

No. 2, TREE and SHRUB j No. 4. AZALEA

And may be had post free on appliciition. (
The Nurseries. Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

Richmond Nurseries, Richmond. Surrey.

TO NOBLEMEN and GENTLEMEN making large
PLANTATIONS, or PLANTING ORCHARDS or WALLS
with FRUIT TREES, and requiring quantities of superior Coniferous
and other Evergreens, Ornamental I>lowering Trees, Shrubs, &c., or
Dwarf-trained, Standard, or Spiral Fruit Trees. Special prices will
be given on application to

G. & W. Stei^le, of the above Nurseries.

Extensive and weU-grown Nursery Stoclc.

J SCOTT, Merriott Nurseries, Somerset, has to offer
• FOREST TREES in large numbers, finely rooted and in
perfect health. ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS of all sizes
In quantity, beautifully grown and regularly transplanted.

Intending Planters would do well to visit these fine Nurseries.
which have been established 150 years, and are by far the largest in
Somerset. CATALOGUES on application.

New Grass Seeds for Exportation.

SUTTON AND SONS, having received their supply of
NEW GRASS SEEDS of the present Season's Growth in fine
condition, will be happy to forward lowest price per ton or cwt. on
application. All Seeds perfectly packed and delivered free to ship's
side at any English Port. CATALOGUES gratis and post free.
Sutton ft Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

EVERY BARKEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock Ht
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 &. 238, Hifih Holborn, London,

Genuine Qarden and Agricultural Seeds.

JAMES CARTER and CO.

SxED Faruers, Merchants, and Nuesertmen,
237 4 238, High Holborn, London. W.C.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

I AMES FAIRHEAU and SUN, Seed (jrowees and
Merchants, 7, Borough Market, and Bralntree, Essex.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, RAWTREE, FOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited,
Corn, SsEn, Manure, and Oiloaee Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 186-'. for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

H Agricultural and Oarden Seeds.

AKD E. SHARPE beg to announce to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ol HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
18«7 Orewih, U now ready and may be had on application.
S»ed Qrowlng EstablUihiBiDt, Wlabeeb, Cambi.

FORCING GERANIUMS.— MRS. LEWIS LOYD,
SPOTTED ALMA, and MRS. BRADSHAW (Jachbon).—
Good Flanta of theie unequalled Forcing Geraniums, If. Od. each, or
I&«. per dozen.

T. Jackioii k Sow, NuraerJes, Kingston. S.W.

ZONAL PELARGONIUMS. — SUNSET, ITALIA
UNITA, MR. BARRE, NE PLUS ULTRA GLOIRE DE
NANCY, MRS. POLLOCK, GLOWWORM. SCEPTRE D'OR.
MADLLK. MARIE VAN HOUTTE, GARLAND, COUNTESS
OF WARWICK, and AMY HOGO. The 12 for y«. Applv to
William Caski, Old Nmrseries, DenlngtoD, near Spalding.

To the Trade.

DICKSON'S "FIRST and BEST" EARLY PEA.
New Seed can now be supplied.
Lowest price per quarter on application.
Francis & Artiicr Dickson ft Sons. lOG. Ea.stgate Street, Chester.

A~ S"PARA'jUS~SEED.— Half a^^fon of this year's crop,
and tbree or four Cwt. of last year's on SALE. What is unsold
at the end of the month will be offered bv Public Auction in Liverpool.
Apply at Asparagus Garden, Formby, Liverpool.

MUSHROOM SPAWN of the best possible quality,
68. per bushel. Sample Brick sent on application. The
Trade supplied.
John Kellett, Wellington Nursery. HentonChapel, Stockport.

r^UCUMBER, *' IMtOVER'S TELEGRAPH."— This
KJ celebrated Cucumber has obiained within three years 20 First-
class Prizes at various Shows, vii. :— WincheHtor^ Chichester,
Southampton. Gosport, Farebara, Emsworth, and Kingston, tor
references apply to the Secretaries of the above Shows. Per packet.
Is. and 2s. 4d., to be had of Hsnrv Drovkr, Faieham, Hants.

1018

THE GAUDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTtJBAL GAZETTE.

[OCI'OBEE 5, 1867.

Tulips, Ranunculuses, Anemones, &c.

CTTSO, Florist, &c., Wallmsford, Berks, invites
• att^sntion to his assortment of FLOWERS as under :—
TULIPS, 25 choice late varieties, £1 5s.

„ 25 fine mixed do., 2s. Crf. and 3s. Gd.
RAilUNCULUSES, 2r> superb named sorts, 7s, and 10a.
.,,^,, ■• 25fiDemixeddo., 2s. 6rf. and 3s. 9d.

AjnEMONES, 25 choice double sorts, 5s. and 6s. 6rf.

25 flue mixed do.. Is. 9d. and 2s. Gd.
Hi ACiNTHS, 12 imported varieties, Is. Qd. and lOs.
IMPORTED BULBy, for Autumn planting, in variety.
Splendict ANEMONE SEEl), Is. and 2s. 6d. per packet. Treatise
on Culture, f lur Stamps.

RANUNCULUS SEED, 2s. Gd. per packet. Treatise on Cultute,
seven Stamps.

CATALOGUES sent free for one Stamp.

Lllium lancifolium—Enormous Bulbs.

JEAN VbiKSC HA F FELT'S NURSERY,

fJ 134. Faubourg de Bruxolles, Ghent, EelRium.

LANCIPOLIUM R0URUM. per 100, £3. > 6000 on
,. ALBUM, per 100, £3. J hand.

ULItTM LANCIFOLIUM PUNCTATUM, 1000 extra-sized bulbs,
in spleiidid ondition, are ofieved at, per dozen, £2 ; 50 ditto, £7 :
100 ditto, £12.

A reduction made when 500 are taken at once.

_ „ Gladioli.

TpTJ(iENE VERDIER, fils aine, Nurseryman,
-'■ J 3. Rue Dunols Paris, has the honour to inform his numerous
5 iienda ,ind those interested that he is now publishing his
CATALOGUE of the above, which will contain all the New
Varieties obtained by M. Souchet.

He is happy to be enabled to announce that M. Souchet's Collec-
tion and his own carried off all the First and Second Prizes at the
Exposition ITuiverselle of Paris as well as being the admiration of
all visitors.

This Catalogue can be had gratis, either direct ftom him, or of his
Agents, Betham & Bla.c&.y.tu, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames Street,
London, E.G.

J^EW FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

12 Select New FUCHSIAS of 1867 for 6b.
12 Select New ZONAL GEUANIUMS of 1867 for 12s,
12 Finest ZONAL GKRANIDMS of 18G5— 1866 for 4s.
12 Select New CHRYS ANTttEMUMS of 1867 for 6s.
12 Select New VERBENAS of 1867 for 4s.
12 Select New PETUNIAS of 1S67 for 6s.
12 Select New PHLOXES of 1867 for 9:i.
6 Varieties of AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 2U-.
3 Vftrieiies of New Japan OSMANTHUS, quite hardy, 5s.
12 Fine Virieties of Japan EUONYM0S. very fine, 6s
12 Fine Varieties Perpetual ROSES, Dwarfs, for 6s.
12 Fine Varieties of Variegated ZONAL GERANIUMS. 123
GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, the best double. Is. each
COLEUS VETTCHII, Is.Gd. PANICUM VARIEGATUM,
GIBSONII. is, 2s. Gd.
LAMONTlI, Is. BRUGMANSIA KNIGHSII.
FICUS COOPERI, 2.s-.6d. ]s6d
CATALOGUE of NEW and CHOICE PLANTS sent on application
B. W. Knight, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

Winter Flowering Plants^^

TTtKEDERTCK PERKINS has for SALE the foUowing

JL' CARNATIONS, ROSES, &c, which are strong healthv Plants,
well set with Buds, and suitable for Conservatory or Greenhouse
decoration ;—

TREE CARNATIONS.
GLOIRE DE LTON, Scarlet Flake. 1 Flowering plantis with buds, in
LA GRENADIER, bright Scarlet. / 48-slzed pots, ISs. per dozen.

These two varieties of Perpetual CaraatJons open freely in the

dull months of winter, "which makes them invaluable for cut

flowers.
POlNSErriA PULCHERRIMA. — Flowering plants, in 4S-6ized

pots, 15s. per dozen.
JASMINUM GRANDIFLORUM.—On own roots, flower the best,

full of bu'ls, 24s per dnzen.
BEGONIA SANDKRSIANA. — Bright crimson; will flower all

wmter ; 18s. per dozen.

TEA ROSES ON OWN ROOTS.
ADAM.— Strons plants, 12s. per dozen.
CAROLINE.— Strong plants, 12s, per dozen.

MARECH AL NIEL.— True ; on own roots, 12 to 18 Inches high, In
eo-sized pots. 12s. per dozen. Ditto, ditto, large plants with
buds, 3s. 6d. to 05. each.
GLOIRK DE BORDEAUX, 12h. per dozen.
GLOIRE DE DlJoN, l?s, per dozen
MRS. BOSANQUKT, China, 12s. per dozen-

The usual discount to the Trr^de.
Frederick FERKiKa, Seed Wurehouae, Regent Street, Leamington,

_1?0A RI^WARD. — Whereas a considerable quantity

oW ^\J of GERANIUMS — Lady Cullums, Lucy (^ieve,
PrincBsa of Wales, Sophia Dumaresque, and Sophia Caaack—
hrtvo been STOLEN on three several occasions within a fortnight,
besides other New Variegated Varieties not yet offered in trade, ana
evidently taken by some person well acquainted with the premises
and position of tlie Platits, and supposed to have been passed into
other hands for purposes of sale:

The above REWARD will be paid to any one who shall give infor-
mation leading to the conviction of tlie guilty party or parties. The
Plants can be sworn to.

Wo caution Nurserymen and others, purchasing New Variegated
Geraniums (in any section), from parties who caunnot ofl"er satisfac-
tory evidence that they have been raised by themselves, or directly
purchased of the raiser, such being Iheir bonajlde property.

E. G, Henderson & Son, Wellington Nursery, St. John's Wood,
London. N.W.— Oct. 3, 1867.

DILLISTONE AND WOOD-
THORPE beg to ofler the follow-
|,-i-)ljj|,(pjv^B« Ing beautiful New Plants :—

M^fflv NIEREMBERGIA RIVULARIS

liSrafflSl^^ (see Gardeners' Chronicle for s. d.

llailCaBSr* J.\ last week, pace 9771, each ..26

PANICUM VARIEGATUM,

Ci'ft IW ~~?^svyi. fioest of all the variegated

vOV^^=sL.*T ^ Grasses 3 6

/$^^*^^^^^vA COLEUS VEITCHII, very

'W*/>C V ■ XvyA beautiful 2 C

<J,/^s. P1MM\\-«\\ COLEUS LAMONTI, ditto ..16
^1 ilp\ pM^V—I hibiscus METALLICUS, ditto 3 6
XI %\mhWM 12 RETINISPORA PLUMOSA ..6 0

. \\\ mJMi mm IZlW salvia grahami purpu-

A**A^' WW//^ ItATA 16

^i^ y-J^ I SEDUM AZOIDEUM VARIE-
^/^^^^K*>// GATUM 2 6

■^J^^Hr?^ 12 of the finest NEW GERA-
■" "»«'— '■«™^''-^ NIUMS iZonals) let out this

season for 12 0

12 finest NEW VERBENAS ditto 6 0
1"^ finest NEW" CHRYSANTHE-
MUMS ditto 6 0

12 finest NEW PETUNIAS, Double and Single 6 0

VIOLETS, strong, m pots, for winter flowering.
QUEEN of VIOLETS, the most magnificent double variety

grown, per dozen 9 0

KING of VIOLETS, extra fine double blue « 0

NEAPOLITAN, fine Double Lilac 6 0

Double Red, very fine 12 0

64-page CATALOGUE of NEW and CHOICE PLANTS, ROSES
on own roots, STRAWBERRIES, BULBS, &c., ftee on application.
Post-office Ordei-s on Castle Hedingham.
Mimro Nursery, Siblo Hedingham, Essex.

TRAWBERE

E

Dr. HOGtJ.— Very large, extra fine Pine flavout, and a good beater

One of the finest in cultivation.
THE Lady.— .All the fruit of a good equal size without thinning;

Immense cropper for forcing, as we proved last pring ; flavour

highlv perfumed,
BRITISH QUrtEN, PRINCE ARTHUR, KEEN'S SEEDLING.
CRIMSON QUEEN", SIR CHARLES NAPIER.

Prices—Established in large 32 pots for forcing, from 75s. to 100s.
per 100. Strong layers in 00 pots, from 25s. to 50s. per 100. Strong
runners from 5s. to 21s. per 100. A large collection of other vaneties,
strong, well-rooted runners, 6s. per 100.

J011N& CB4RLES Leg, Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establish-
Hl-ent, Hammersmith, London, W.

Tlie Autumn Catalogue of

HLAURENTIUS' Horticultural Establishment,
• Leipzig, contiiining BULBS and TUBEROUS-ROOTED
PLANTS, VARIEGATED and COLOURED-LEAVED PLANTS,
Prices for the Trade, &c. ; also a SELECT LIST of NOVELTIES
and Rare PLANTS; is now ready, and may be had gratis and
post free on application to
Messrs. Betham & Blackith, Cos's Quay, Lower Thames St., London.

JOHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE

^ of SELECTED ROSES is now ready and will be forwarded
on application.

J; C- respectfully direct;! attention to the following LIST of
FIRST PRIZES which have been awarded to him at the prioclpal
Rose Sliows of the present year, proving beyond a doubt that the
soil and climate of his Nurseries are unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Roses.

Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
Juno 19.— 24 Vai-ieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester.
June 19.— 36 Varieties Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
Jun©25.— 24Varietlea, Cut Roses, one ti-uss each, FIRST PRIZE

Crystal Palace.
June 29.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington.
July 2.-72 varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.

July 4,5.— 72Varietie8, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRXXE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Hereford.

July 9.— 72 Vaneties, Cut Roses, ono truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Rugby.

July 12.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

The New Sensation in Bedding-out.

JACKMAN'S HARDY HYBRID CLEMATISES.
AwAHnED Eleven Fkist-class Certificates, and One Special

MESSRS. GEORGE JACKWAN and SON are
desirous of drawing the attention of those who Intend usinc
their HARDY and HYBRID CLEMATISES for a PERMANENT
BEDDING PLANT, tliat the present time is most favourable for
planting them to secure good vigorous growtn and flower next
8Ummt;i-,

See Editorial remarks in Oardeiurs' OJironicU^ August 17 ■— " The
new Sensation in Beddmg." Also in August 31, 1867, in which "J. F "
(Cllvedeu). endorses the former statement, and adds, toat Mtssrs
G. J. & Son have m their several varieties "the very colour" of
which our summer flower gardens are in a great measure deficient.

, „. V.iiioties that flower together in May and June :—
CLEMATIS AZUREA GRANDIFLORA, violet, stamens deep
„ STANDISni, beautiftil violet blue. Ipui-ple.

„ FORTUNEl, fine large double white.

Besides several other good old summer sorts.
„^ ^,, ™,4J^*'""^'^ v.irieties, Qower from July to October :—
CLEMATIS JACKMANNI (G. J. & So/), large, Intense violet
purple, rugosd and veiny,
RUBRO-VIOLACEA (G. J. & Son), maroon, shaded
reddish violet.
„ RUBELLA (G. J. & SoN). rich velvety claret [new)

„ PRINCE OF WALES (6. J. & Son), deep violet purple

with red bars, (new), f *' 1

■^so a large Stock of other autumnal kinds.
An En^'ajing n-om a Photogi-aph, showing the flowering qualities
oftheir Hybrid Clematises, can be forwarded shortly by enoloslng a
stamped envelope. ' w^vaius

Woking Nursery, Sun-ey

CARTER'S DUTCH BULBS.

JAMES CARTEB & CO.'S

AUTUMN SUPPLEMENT

GARDENER'S AND FARMER'S VADE MECUM,

Containing OEIGINAL ARTICLES on the CULTURE of BULBS and SPRING GARDENING, also a LIST
of VEGETABLE SEEDS for AUIUMN SOWING, is NOW READY and will be forwarded immediately on
receipt of 12 Stamps (Gratis to Customers), on application to

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 & 238, HIGH HOLBORN,

LONDON, W.C.

NEW PLANT. -DALECHAMPIA ROEZLIANA ROSEA.

MR. WILLIAM BULL

WTT T T A ,r A?*^^^' P^^ Majesty.
ILLIAM EAKNES has much pleasure in

.nl«„,nr5°7"??'S>'', ""'""' l""r'"' prepared to send out the above
l?K AZALEA on Slid after Vednesday, October 23, at the
followms pnec-21s. each. A very few e.-itra strong plantj at 42s!
each, with the iisual allowance to the Trade ; whore thfee plants Ire
ordered at oue time foiu- will be (liven eo piam-a dio

It was exhibited before the floral Committee of the Royal Horti-
cultural hociety on .Tune 14, 1860, where It was awarded a Krst-class
Certlfloate for its groat beauty in its markings, shaj.e, and corour!
when the lollowii.g remarks wore made upon it, which apparred in
the Gardmen Olirmaicle, June 16, 1866 :— " A beautiful Ayilna miu
Uln^ fti„cti with K-i.,.,. ,.„r( Ki,,...! „.j " J ^^'t. .^H^V"' Azalea, I osy

lilac, edged with whiti*, and blotched, and

spotted in the upper petals

with crimson, called Her Majesty, from MiC K«bses of Camber'wnir^
On June 23, 1866, the following remarks appelred^ril'elle
Paper:-" We have Irom time to time referred to the sportoe
character of the Indian Azalea, and called attention to the fait that
some of our best varieties have had their origin in a freak of Nature
4 .'.h V" ? "' their sportiveness was shown the other day at
South Kei.sington. Mr. William Bahnm theie exhibited a variety
of Azalea which he pm-poscs to designate Her Majesty It is wo
believe, a sport from Madame Miellez, or some of the forms close v
allied to ihat fine old sort; and in quality, therefore, as well as n
name, takes the very highest lank. The Dowers are of the ful
average size, and of excellent form and substance, and the colour is
ft soft iilac-tinted blush, white at the margin, denselv spotted with
crimson in the upper part, and marked with variable stripes or
sometimes broadish bars of deep rosy purple. Its high nualitv as
regards the flower Itself, and this novelty ol marking, mlf make it
an acquisition in any collection of these showy plants "

A "'S'' ^'^sa^o, of this fine Azalea is given in the January number
of the "Florist and Pomologist. u<uuui

A remittance must accompimy all orders from unknown corre.
spondonts. Camden Nursery, Oamberwell, London, S.

WILL COMMENCE

SENDING OUT THIS BEAUTIFUL WINTER FLOWERING PLANT,

On and after the 14tli inst.

It blooms very freely, even on plants a few inches high ; and produces its flowers nearly throughout the year,
but especially so dxxring the winter. Individually the flowers are extremely handsome and last a long time in beauty,
cwing to the persistent nature of the bracts. Added to these recommendations it is sweet-scented,

JJecidedly the best New Plant of the year.

The large rosy bracts recall those of Bougainvillcea, and will render the plant very acceptable in our stoves, and
useful for purposes of table decoration. The flowei-s are admirably adapted for bouquets,

This attractive plant has been introduced from Vera Cruz, Mexico. It differs from the gi'eat majority of its
congeners, in its erect (not climbing) stem.

The leaves are 5 to 9 inches long, undivided ; 1 to 3 inches wide at the widest portion ; are very shortly stalked j
subcordate, obovate, or spoon-shaped ; tapering towards the base ; acuminate at the apex, and smooth, or nearly so
on both surfaces. The peduncles are slender, thread-like, angular, slightly downy stalks, 2 to 3 inches Iod^ ; they
bear at the top two small ovate bracts, placed at the base of two large, broadly egg-shaped, acuminate, denticulate^
rosy-pink floral leaves. Within these two latter ai-e other smaller bracts, placed around and among the male and
female flowers ; some of them thick and club-shaped, and bearing at the top a fringe of short, yellow, waxy-looking
threads, which give a singular appearance to the biossoma.

At the Koyal Horticultural Society's Show of New and Bare Plants, held last May, Mr. W. B. received for
Dalechampia roezliana rosea the Fii'st' Prize (Silver Floral Medal), as "the best New Plant shown for the first
time in flower."

This Plant has also received Tii-st-class Certificates from the Floral Committee of the Eoyal Horticultural
Society, at the Great Horticultural Exhibition held at Bury St. Edmund's, the National Horticultural Fxhibition
at Manchester; indeed, wherever exhibited It has received the highest Award that could be made.

JPrice Two Guineas each.

iThe following NEW I*LANTS, having' been successfully propagated,

Are now offered at the reduced prices annexed : —

BERTOLONIA ]itABGAE.ITACEA, 216., reduced from 63s.
CIBOTI0M PRINCEPS. 10s. 6d., reduced from 2ls.
CISSUS ARGENTEA. 10s. Gd., reduced fVoiU 21s.
DICHROSTACHYS PLATYCARPA, 10s. Gd., reduced from 15s,
ERANTHEMUM IGNEUM, lus. Ort., reduced from 31s. Gd,
GAULTHERIA PUNCTATA, 7s. Gd., reduced from 10s. 6(j.
GLEICHENIA SPELUNC^ 6s., reduced from 10s. Gd.
GYMNOSTACHIUM PEAROEI, 5.S., reduced from 7s. Qd.
MARANTA HEGRELLEANA, 31s. 6d., reduced from 63s.

MUSS.ffi:NDA LITTEOLA, 7s. Gd., reduced fi-om Ifis.
MUSA VITTATA, 31s. (id., reduced fiom 42s.
PHILODENDROX HINDENIANUM, 21s., reduced from 63s.
PTERIS FLAUELLATA ASCENSlOlS'lS. 2Io., reduced from 63?.
RHODODENDRON fHIBAUDIENSE, 7s oti., reduced from 10s. B»
BAMYDA NOlilLIS, 31s. (id., reiuot^d from G3s.
TERMINALIA ELEGANS, 42«., reduced from 105s.
tJROSPATHA SL'LENDENS, ICs. Gd., reduced from 21s.
SPEOTABILIS, 10s. 6a., reduced from 21«.

For descriptions of the above, >oide Mr. "W. BULL'S CATALOGUE of NEW and RARE PLANTS.

ESTABLISHMENT FOIt NEW AliTD KARE PLANTS, KING'S ROAD CHELSEA,

LONDON, S.W.

October 5, 18C7.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1019

PELARGONIUir EBOR (Golti or Bronze Zonal).—
Tills is a varioty wlilcli wo Oftii witli cnnlidenoe reconimond tn
allGroweraof this po|iul;ir clfissol'Phmtf. It ih a Seedling wlilcli Ibr
two joRva hu3 been Kroivn find exhibited in our Nursery, and has
recoivod the unqiiiilifiod approbntioa ot all who have noon it. the
conBtitiition Is vigorous, whilst, the ha^it Is remarkably closj autl
compai:t. The ienves are of good aize and substnoce, evon, and of a
flno rounded outline. The yollowish-^'uld disc ts bounded b? a
broad regular zone of deoo uhocolnte-brouzo, with a good outer od^o,
rendering it mosS effective aa a BoddinK Variety ; whilst ns a I'lant
for Houae Cultivatioa It is distinguished for the clearnoas of its
markings and excellent hahit. Good Plants now ready, ais. each.
Jas. Bacriiousic &. Sun, Vork Nurseries.

New Plants, 1867.

SrEClAL OfFEK to tub TliADf, Flill OCTOBKH OKLV.

HCANNELL will send tlie following-, in strong
• distinct kinds, on the receipt of a Po.-it Office Order
for 10s. :—

12 FUCHSIAS, includinf! TRICOLOR and FICTaRATA ;
4 LOBRHAS, Including PUMILA ELEQANS ; 2 best ALTER-
NANTnKRAS; 3 CULEUS, including VIETCHll ; 4 TRO-
P..EOLUMS, G PETUNIAS, 2 GOLDEN FKATHERS, i POA
TRIVIALIa ARGENTEA, and 2 AGERATUMS.
Fuchsia Nursery, Woolwich,

New Weeping Elms.

Woodlands Ndrskkv, BlAatisFiELD, neaii Ucsfield, StJsaEX.

WM. WOOD AND SON have muoh pleasure in
recommending the undernamed magnificent WEEPING
ELMS, being varieties of Ulmua suberosa, wnich have been raised
from Seed in their Nurseries, and have elicited the admiration of
several of the leading Nurserymoi -ind Amateurs.

The cracefuUy weeping branches of these two new Elms nre thickly
covered with a cortt-like excrescence, presenting a very interesting
and novel appearance, entirely distinct from all other varieties in
cultivation.

ULMUS SUBEROSA PENDULA Bs.

„ MICROPHYLLA .. 55.

Usual discount allowed to the Trade.

WKLLINGTOP^IA GIUANTEA. — A Gentleman
ba''liig more aneciniens of this noble tree than he requires,
wishes to DISPOSE OF SOME ; thuy are all Seedlings, and aa portect
In furm a.s possible, ranging from 6 to 8 leet high, and 4 to 6 feet
throuL'h. Thoy will move safely, having been regularly transplanted,
and will carry large balls ot eaitu. For particulars and to view.
Address, A. A,, Gardeners' V/u-onicle Office. W.C.

1X01*3.8

J AND K. THTfJE, ^'ouiiside Nursery, Glasgow, heg
• to at:vte that they are prepared to offer a very superior Stock
of the abnve at the following prices : —

In S-inch pots, 10iiich.-s high, and bushy, 7s. Cd. each.
In 7-iiicl-, pots, 10 inches high, 42s. per dozen.
In 6-incti pots, 8 inchea high, 30s. per dozen.
The above are nearly all well set with bloom-buds.
In 4-inch pots, 7 inches hich, ISs. per dozen

Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowasli.

WILLIAM BAKKON axo SONS PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CONJFER.E, HARDY
JAPANESE PLANTS, and EVERGREEN and DECIDUOUS
SHRUBS for the AUTUMN of I8G7 is now ready, and mny be had
poet Ireeon application. Tiieir Stock this year is unuauallvflue.

Elvaston Nurs-iries are only 3 mi'Htes' walk from the Borrowash
Station on the iJoiby and Nuttni,u;li;Lni Hallway.

Richmond Nurseries, Ridimond, Surrey.

GAND W. STKELK beg to call tbe attention of the
• Trade in general to their valuable and very extensive Stock
of CONIFEROUS and other EVERGREENS, particularly Striped
and Gre^n Hollies, in whicn they abound; and also to their
DWAKF-TRAINEO, STANDARD, anu SPIRAL FRUIT TREES,
which are of first-rate Quality, consisting of Apricots, Peaches,
Nectarines, Apples, Peavs, Plums, Cherries, &c., which are second
to none in the Trade. An inspection by Travellers this Autumn is
respectfully solicited.

Forest Trees, Fruit Trees. Evergreens, Plants for
Game Covers, Conifers, Roses. &c.

FRANCIS AND AKTHUK DICKSON and SONS
invite the attention of Planters to their very large stock of the
above, which in extent and variety is not excelled by any Nursery
In the Kingdom. Tueir Nurseries, which are very bleak and exposed.
extend over some lot) Acres, and their Plants are well known to be
unusualb hardy, aa woU as in the most perfect health and condition
in evory respect ; and are found to thrive admirably when removed to
otherparts of the country. PRICED CATALOGUES post free upon
application. EsttmHtes and Special Prices for hir^e quantities.

The " Upton " Nuri^eries, ana " Old " Established Seed Warehouse,
106, Eastgite Street, Chester.

Fruit Trees and Fruit" Tree~Stocks7Ro3es, and other
Nursery Stock.

GEORGE GRAY and SON begs b-ave to offer to th
Trade, MUSSEL and other PLUM STOCKS; also CRABS,
APPLES, and PEAKS, all very clean and strong, two and three years
transplanted. A few thousands of MANETTl ROaE STOCKS,
DWARF HYBRID PERPETUAL and TEA ROSES, very strong, of
all tbe leading and approved kinds, new and old ; also strong MOSS,
CABBAGE, PROVENCE. CHINA, and other ROSES, on own roots,
twice transplanted. They also offer several thousands of Dwarf
Trained and Maiden FRUIT TREES; also one ye-ir cut-backs of
APPLKS, APRICOTS. PEACHES, NECTARINES, PEARS,
PLUMS, and CHERRIES (the trained trees are very strong and
handsome), and of all the most approved sorts, new and old ;
RHODOD ENDRONS, two years' graftsot tbe leading kinds ; EVER-
GREENS, and other kinds of Nursery Stock. Prices of all, which are
very moderate, may be had on application.
^ Nurseries, Brox, Chertsey, Surrey.

Northampton Nurseries.

JOHN PERKINS, Sen., begs to call the attention of
Noblemen, Gentlemen, and others engaged in Planting, to his
large stock of the following :— 1,000,000 BLACK THORNS, for Covert
Planting, li to 2 feet, 21 to 3 feet ; 2,000,OUO LARCH FIRS, 3 to 4 ft.,
4 to 6 feet; l.UOO.OOD SPRUCE FIRS, 1^ to 2 feet, 2j to 3 feet, 3 to
4 feet; 2,1.00,000 WHITE THORN QUICK, 2 and 3 years trans-
planted; also large quantities of

Birch, 3 to 4 feet
Berberis Dulcia, 2 to 3 feet
Cedrus Deodara, 6t'j Oll,.,GtoSft.
Green Box, I4 to 2 feet
Evergreen Privet, 2 to 3 feet
Hornbeam, 3 to 4 feet

Elms, English. 6 to 8 ft., 8 to 10 ft.
Elms, Huntingdon,6toS, 8 to 10ft.
Chestnuts, Spanish, 2 to 3 feet
Portugal Laurel, li to 2 ft, 2 to 3 ft.
Pinua austriaca, 2 to 3 feet
Sycamore, 3 to 4 feet

J. P.'s stock ofall kinds of FRUIT, FOREST and ORNAMENTAL

TREES, fl:c., is very extensive, and this season remarkably fine, and
In excellent condition for removal, liaving been freuuentlv trans-
planted. DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES sent post free
on application to 52, Market Square, Northampton.

CHAKLliS NOBLE begs to
large clearance must be made,
to ask fur prices) : —
Alder and Birch. 2 to 0 feet.
Cnestnut, Horse and Spanish,

1 -iu 3 fi.-et.
Elm l»3cotch). 2 to 4 feet.
Larch, 'Spruce and Scotch, 2 to

4 feet.
Oakj and Ttnrna, 1 to 3 feet,
Popl.rs, of soru, 4 to 8 feet.
Abies Dougl ibli, c to 7 feet,
Thujopsis oorealiB, 1 to 7 feet.
Thuja LoDbii, 2 to 4 feot.
Retlnispora ericoldea, 1 to 2 feet.
„ squarrosa, 1 toot.

„ obtu-a, 1 to 3 feet.

„ jusifera, 1 to 3 feet.

Cnpreaans Lawsonii, 2 to 6 feet.

I, „ erecta, 2 to C ft.

Dwarf Roses, best kinds.
Dwarf and Pyramidal Pears.

PEACHES, NECTARINES,
&c. ; dwarf bushes for Potting.
RHODODENDRONS, fur cover planting, all heights and sizes.
„ finest named kinds.

Charles Noble, Sunntngdale, Bagshot, Surrey.

oti'er the following (a
and purchasers are invited

Dwarf and Pyramidal Cherrieg.
Thuja americana, 1 to 3 foet.
Dentzia crenata fl. pi., 1 to 4 feet.
Spirans, in best kinds, 3 to 4 feet.
Erica hei bacea, Qne.

,, ol sorts.
Cotoneastor Simraondsii, 2 to 3 ft.
Ligustrum ovalifoliuni, 1 to 3 ft.
Berberis JLiponica Darwinnii.

„ dulcia. &c.
Sweet Gall, Sweet Briar, 1 to 3 ft.
Pampas Grass.
A r undo conspicua.
Vinca eleg:intlssima.
Russian Violets.
Ivies.^reeu and variegated.
Manetti stocks.
Pear and Mussel stocks.
Grape Vines, a lino selection.
APRICOTS, APPLES, PEARS,

To Noblemen and Gentlemen about to Plant.
rOHN IIAUKISON begato inform liis I'ulronH tbut in

fJ CunKetiuonoo of ono ol' his Nuraerlos being required for building,
he la SELLING OFF this portion of hla STOCK at vury reduced
IiricoH. A largo ouuitltv of v^ry Hi.londUl specnnons of COMFERiE,
EVEllGREKN SHRUBS, and FRUITTREES; many hundreds of
CEDRUS DKODARA, 0 Lo 12 fout high and noarlv as much through ;
WKLLINGTONIAGIOANTEA, 4 to 7 loot ; AMIES DoUOLASIl,
CRVPTUMKRIA JAPONlCA. AHAUCARIA IMBRICATA,
THUJA AUREA. THUJA LAWSONU, THUJA LoUIJll, andT,
GIGANTKA, THUJOPSIS BOREALIS, i'lNUS EXCELSA, and
PINUSNOBILTS. &c. Many hundreds of tlio above in splendid
Bpocimon< and frequently romovod, muHt hhortly be cleared olf the
ground. Several thovisandaot flue PORTUGAL LAURELS, YEWS,
CANADIAN PINES, AUCUBAS, JUNIPERS, CEDARS, Sco.
HOLLIES of various sorts. In line specimens. Also a vurv large
Stock of STANDARD. DWARF, and PYRAMID APPLES,
I'EARS, CHERRY, and PLUM TREES.

Address, North of England Rose Nur.9ory, Darlington.

CUCUMBER "DICKSON'S FAVOURITE" or
ALL THE YEAR ROUND.

We can confidently recommend this as one of the bfist Winter
Cucumbers grown, while it is second to none for general purposes.
In Winter it grows about one foot long, and in Summer from
Ifi to 18 inches, in of deep green colour, very handsome, celicate in
fl;ivour, and prirticnlarly tender, criap and juicy. It ts very prolific,
showing two to three fruit at every joint, and furnishes a continual
supply of handsome Cucumbers during tbe Winter, Spring, and
Summer months. Per packet Is. Cd. and 2s. 6d., post free.

Francis & Autudr Dickson & Sons, The " Old " Established Seed
Warehouse, 100, Eastgato Street, Chester.

To Farmers, Gardeners, and Others.

EXCELLENT CABBAGE PLANTS (Stocks not to be
surpassed), can be supplied in any quantity, as follows ;—
TRUE DWARF NONPAREIL (the earliest and beat). 2s 6t!, per 1000
TRUE ENFIELD MARKET (extra fine variety), 28. Orf. per 1000
TRUE ROKINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD, 2s. GU per lOOO
TRUE RED DUTCH (for Pickling), 6s. per 1000

A remittance or reference to accompany all orders.
Fredk.. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower, Bignleswade, Bedfordshire.

Seed Fotatos.

HANb F. SHARPE are now offering MYATT'S
• EARLY PROLIFIC KIDNEY, RIVERS* ROYAL ASH-
LEAF, WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY, DAI NTREE"S EARLIEST
EARLY OXFORD, EARLY FORTi'-FOLD, and many other Eaily
and Late varieties grown from their own selected stocks. The
Prices are moderate, and the quality excellent. PRICED LISTS
may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

Q.RASS SEEDS for

^^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the

finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the moat
suitable Grasses for Peiiuanent Pastui'e.

J". C. Wheeler & Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agi'icuJtural Society.

F>EIGATR SILVER SAND, best quality, l'2s. per tou,
\J at Swan Place ; delivered four miles, or to anyLondon Wharf or
Railway, 16.-.'. per ton, or Is. Gd. per bushel. (Sack's at cost price, or
on hire.) KENTISH and HAMPSHIRE PEATS. YELLOW LOAM,
LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM MOSS, & COCOA FIBRE REFUSE.
^J. Kenkard, Swan Place. Old Kent Road, London, S.E.

r^OCOA-NUT KEFUSE

^^ Is becoming scarce, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
16s., 20 for 30s., 60 for 66s., 100
for £6.

Fourpenoe allowed for each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 403.

Postage Stamps or Post-offloo
Order, payable to J. Bahsham &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

GI S H U R S T
COMPOUND.
Used by many of the leading

Gardeners since 1859, against
Red Spider, MOdew, Thrips,
Green Fly, and other Blight,
in solutions of from 1 to
2 ounces to the gallon of soft
water, and of from 4 to 16 ounces
as a Winter Dressing for Vines
and Fruit Trees. Has outlived
many preparations intended to
aupei-sede it.

Sold Retail by Seedsmen, in
boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. 6ti.

Red

Spider

Magni-
fied.

Wholesale by

PRICE'S PATENT

CANDLE COMPANY

(LimitkdI.

H

COUNCIL.
The Right Hon. W. Cowper.M.P.
Thomas Hughes, Esq., M.P.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.
James Beal. Esq.
Edward Vansittart Neale, Esq.
F. Pennington, Esq. (Treasurer).
E. Owen Greening, Esq.
(Managing Director).

29, Parliament Street, London.
4, Warren Street, Manchester.

SUPPLIKS its Members
with IMPLEMENTS and
MACHINES b\ the best Makers,
and with Unadultemted SEEDS,
MANURES, and Manufactured
CATTLE FOOD, at Wholesale Cost Price, upon the Co-operative
system. Explanatory Circulars post free, or on personal application
at tue OfBcea of the Association.

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Armlfc Works, Gieenfield, near Manchester.
TANNERS, CURRIEHS.& MANUFACTURERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.
Price Lists sent free by post.
Warehouse; til, Mark Lane, LondoDj E.G.

Mr. H. Ferrabee, Agent.

OOPER'S ETRUSCAN HYACINTH VASES.

To be had of moht Seedsinen In the Kingdom, Wholesale
and Hotall of
IlooPBn & Co., Seed Morchiints, Covont Garden, London, W.C.

HYACINTH GLASSKS. in great variety, from 4«. per
dozen ; CROCUS GLASSES. HYACINTH IRISHES, &o„ at
The Garden Repository, 33, Jaiwes Street, Covent Garden. W.C.
N.B. The Trade HuppUed.

Tvp'8 Registered Hyacinth Glasses.

Hol,K WlloLKBALB DEror,

QLAUDET, HOUGHTON,

AND SON,

FERN CASE MANUFACTURERS,

and HORTICULTURAL GLASS

DEPOT,

81), High Holborn, W.C.

Price Lists fVee on application.

I ARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great

variety of patterns and materials, tbe plainer eorts being

, especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as

■ they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little

room, and once put down incur no further labour

and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, con-

seqnently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VAbES, FOUNTAINS, &c., In Arti-
ficial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. St G- RofiHi-a. Manufacturei-8, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfnars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kiugsland Road, Klngsland, N.E.

Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied,

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corridors, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable aa
Stone, in blue, red, and bufi" colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designa
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Briths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of gieat durability, Dutch and Adamantine Cilhkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Dniin Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. Si G. RosntB, at their premises aa above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — 14s. per Too, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
tor delivery within three mdes. and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. & G. Kosher. — Aduresses see above.

N.B. Oiders promptly executed by Railway.

W^

ARNEB'S SILICATE of IRON PAINT.

— The peculiarities and advantages of this
Paint are that it will stand extreme Heat and Damp,
and is not affected by Acid, Sei Water, Sulphuretted
Hydro;ien, or Ammonia. It is equally well adapted
for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement, Every Shade of
Colour ground to order. Tne Creamy White and
Bright Stone will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of the
fumes of Gases. It has no araeU, and there is an entire absence
of deleterious efiect.

WARNER-S ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION I3 suitable for
Felt Roofing, and is a Cheap Coating for Iron Work, and preserves
Wood in India from the ravages of the White Ant. Price Is. 3d.
per gallon.

17, Laurence Pountney Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.G.

pARSON'S ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,

Ky Patronised by the Nobility and Gentry, is extensively used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and Is proved, after a test
of 70 years, to surpass any other Paint. It is especiallv applicable
to Iron. Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo, and is the only Paint that will
effectually resist the rays of the sun upon Conser . atories, Green-
houses, lYames, &c. Is twice as dur.ible as genuine Wliite Lead, so
simple in application that any person can use it. per cwt

WHITE, LIGHT STONE, BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 308.

LEAD, CHOCOLATE, RED, PURPLE, BROWN, andBLACK 26s.

BRIGHT GREEN. DEEP GREEN, and BLUE 42s.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for tbe ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, &c.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Ports

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post free.

Walter Carson & Sons,

La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.G.

Cadtion. — All Caaks should bear the Trade Mark. No Agents.

OU Faint no longer Necessary.

^j^ w^^^v^t^w-s^-^^^Sj

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substituie for oil paint on a'l out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It ts used In the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundi'ods of the nobility and gentrv, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
ipplicatlon.

From Richard Hemuino, Esq., Bordesley Parle, WarcestersJUre.

"Gentlemen,— I have great pleasure in stating that I highly
approve of your Black Varnish, as a substitute for paint for farm
buildings, barn doors, gates, and especially when the wood has been
previously painted in Lhe usual way a few years before ; in this par-
ticular case it leaves a very nice glazed surface, than which nothing
could be botttr. The same observation also applies to ironwork ot
every description, such as irou hurdles, He. The Wrought-iron
Barrow with apparatus for heating gas tar has been found most
usefXil, and so great a convenience do" I consider it that I sh.all beg
you to send me another, as well as a cask of the Black Varnish, for
the use of the property which I have in Warwickshire. Please to
send the whole by the same conveyance as before."

Sold m casks of about 30 gallons each, at la. 6d. per gallon, at tbe
Manufactory, or Is. 8d. per gallon paid to any Station in tbe kingdom.

Apply to Hill & Smith, Brierly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
o2, Cmiuon Street West, E.C., fVom whom only it can be obtained.

1020

THE GARDEKERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[OCTOBEE 5, 1867.

Dutch and Cape Bulbs.

BUTLER, Mcculloch A^'D CO. have received their
usual consignment of the above, and beg to offer the following
carefully assorted collections,

rOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION.
No. 1 I No. 2 I No. 3 I No. 4 I No. 6 I No. 6

IjOs. I 60s. I 40s. I 25s. I 21s. 1 IQs.Cd.

FOR FLOWER GARDEN AND CONSEKVATORV COMBINED.

No. 13 I No. 14 j No. 15 I No. 16 I No. 17 No. 18

105s. I 62s.6(2. I 42s. | 21s. | 16s. | lOs.Gd.

CATAX.OGUES containing details o( above Collection sent free,

and Post-paid Orders amounting to 21s. sent, carriage paid, on

receipt of Post-Office Order.— Established upwards of a century.

Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulbs, Sec.

ROBERT PARKER be^s to announce that hia NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of New, Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and btove
Plants, Azalea indica, Fruit Trees, Gr.ipe Vines, RhododendronB,
Roses, Sweet Violets, &c. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, Cyclamens, Gladioli,
Hyacinths, Lihuuis. Narcissus, TulipB, and other Bulbs, is now
published and will be forwarded to applicants.
^ Exotic Nursery, Tooling, Surrey, S.

Hyacinths, Hyacinths.

DREGHORN AND AITKEN, Kilmarnock, N.B., beg
to intimate that their CATALOGUE of HYACIWTHS and
other BULBS is now Published, and will be forwaided Post Free to
any Address. It contains valuable Descriptive and Cultural Notes,
and will be found a useful guide to Purchasers.

PRIZE HYACINTaS,— D. & A.'s PRIZE DOZEN for 15.*. The
best v:ilue m the Trade — viz,, Macaulay, Ornament de la Nature,
Von Schiller, Grandeur a Merville. Lord Wellington (double). Alba
maxima, Mont Blanc, Queen of the Netherlands, Baron Von Thuyll,
Charles Dickens, Grand Ltlas. and Prince Albert.

ROMAN HYACINTHS.—Fine Bulbs of these beautiful early-
flowering Hyacinths. 3s. Gd. per dozen. Free by Post or Rail.

STEPHEN BROWN'S

O ILLUSTRATED BULB CATA-
LOGUE, descriptive, with cultural
instructions, free by post for six stamps,
and may be deducted by new purchasers
sending orders.

S. B.'s several importationsof FOREIGN
BULBS this season have been received in
fine condition.

The choicest GLADIOLI in 200
varieties ; also 70 varieties of superb
LILIES, together with a very extensive
Collection of DUTCH, CAPE, and other
BULBS.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of
New and Select HERBACEOUS and
ALPINE PLANTS, just published, sent
free.

Seed and Nurseir Establishment,
Sudbury, Suffolk.

DUTCH AND OTHER BULBOUS ROOTS.

B. S. WILLIAMS

HAS RECEIVED HIS FIRST IMPORTATIONS IN EXCELLENT CONDITION, AND RESPECTFULLY

SOLICITS EARLY ORDERS.

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE forwarded free on appUcation.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS carefully put up to suit Gardens of various sizes.

The CHOICEST HYACINTHS for Pots or Glasses, 24*., I85., 125., 9s.y 8s., and 6s. per doi^

HYACINTHS for Bedding-, assorted, in colours, 3*. 6d. per doz.

All Moots of the first quality only.

B. S. WILLIAMS,
VICTORIA AND PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

Hyacintlis for Exhibition.

MESSRS. SUTTON'S
COLLECTIONS include the
varieties so much admired at the spring
shows, and they are now prepared to receive
orders lor the same at the following prices : —

The Choicest 100 Sorts, £4 4s., carriage free

The Choicest 60 Sorts, £2 2s.,

The Choicest 25 Sorts, £1 Is., „

The Choicest 12 Sorts, £0 128.

Cheaper Roots, Cs. to Os. per dozen.
HYACINTHS for Beds and Open Borders,
3s. per dozen, 21s. per 100, carriage free.

ScTTON & Sons, Importers, Reading. Berks.

ALL the FIRST PRIZES for HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c.,

AWAKDED TO

WM. PAUL'S COLLECTIONS

IN MARCH LAST,

At the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL and ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S SPRING SHOWS.

FIRST IMPORTATION JUST ARRIVED IN EXCELLENT CONDITION.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE FREE BT POST ON APPLICATION.

1^" Early Orders respectfully solicited.

PAUL'S NURSERIES AND SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

NEW PLANTS,

TO BE SENT OUT ON AND AFTER OCTOBER U.

E. G. HENDERSON & SON

RESPECTFULLY CALL ATTENTION TO THE FOLLOWING NOVELTIES :—

KEW CRIMSON NOSEGAY PELARGONiaM

NEW BEDDING FUCHSIA, GOLDEN FLEECE

NEW DOUBLE PELARGONIUM, PRINCE OF NOVF.t.TIES

NEW STRIPED-FLOWERED PELARGONIUM, AURANTIA

STRIATA
NEW ZONAL PELARGONIUM, MAGENTA CHRISTINE
NEW DOUBLE -FLOWERED ZONAL. PELARGONIUM,

TRIUMPH

NEW FORCING PINK, PLATO

NEW TREE or SHRUBBY-HABITED PINK, ROSEofENGLAND
NEW STOVE SHRUB, DALECHAMPIA ROEZLIANA ROSEA
NEW DOUBLE-FLOWERED AMARYLLIS, ALBERTI PLENA

Carter's Dutch Bulbs.

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioners of Public
Worlis and other Government
Departments, the Royal Gardens,
Kew, &c., &c., Ac. 1

Seedsmen to H.l.M. the Em-
peror of the French, the Crystal
Palace Company, the Apri-Hor-
ticujtural Society of Inaia, &c.,
&c., &c.

CARTEE'S GUINEA BOX of DUTCH FLOWER
ROOTS, contains 12 choice named Hyacinths, 12 mixed
Hyacinths for borders, 60 Yellow Crocus, 60 Blue Crocus, 4 Polyanthus
Narcissus, 12 Double White Narcissus, 12 Pheasant's Eye Narcissus
12 Double Dattbdils. 24 finest mixed Ranunculus, 24 finest mixed
Anemones, VI choice mixed Single Tulips, 12 choice mixed Double
l^illps, 4 Garden Lilies, 60 Snowdrops, 1;! finest mixed Spanish Ins,
12 Campernelle Jonquils.

The above forwarded without delay on receipt of Post Office
Order for 21s, Box and packing included. PRICE LISTS gratis
and post free on application to

CAaTER's Great London Seed ■Warehouse, 237 & 238, High. Holbom
London, W.C.

Dutch

Cl^OYDov

Flower Roots,

A KCHIBALD HENDER-

-t\~ SON" begs to announce that
he has received a Iwrge Consignment
of Dutch and.other Roots, carefully
selected from the most celebrated
growers.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED
CATALOGUES are now ready, con-
taining practical directions for their
successful cultivation on all the
various aysteniR now adopted.

Also a CHOICE and SELECT
LIST of VEGETABLE aad HARDY
FLOWER SEEDS for Autumn
Sowing. Catalogues gratis and post
free upon application,

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath
Surrey, and at the Etiat Surrey Seed
Warehouse, College Grounds, North
End, Croydon.

Full descriptions of the above Select Plants are given in

E. G. HENDERSON & SON'S NEW BULB CATALOGUE,

wMch, on application, is forwarded Post Free.
1^ The Trade will receive a BESCEIPTirE LIST in a few days hence.

THE WELLINGTON NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, LONDON, N.W.

SUTTON'S

CHOICE COLLECTIONS OF BULBS

FOR BLOOMING DURING WINTER AND SPRING.

Carriage Free.

No. 1. Sutton's Collection of Bulbs for Open Ground, 42s.

24 Fine Mixed Border HTACINTHS
12 „ „ POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS
60 Border NARCISSUS, of sorts
12 Large CAMPERNELLE JONQUILS
100 Flue Mixed Double RANUNCULUS
100 Scarlet Turban RANUNCULUS
26 Fine Mixed Double ANEMONES
26 Fine Mixed Single ANEMONES

Contains —

son Fine CROCUS, in sorta

100 SNOWDROPS
60 Winter ACONITES
12 Fine Mixed GLADIOLUS
S6 DUG VAN THOL TULIPS
12 Mixed Single Early TULIPS
12 Double Yellow TULIPS
12 Fine Mixed PARROT TUWFS

12 GESNERIANA TULIPS

60 Fine Mixed TULIPS

12 Choice Englisb IRIS

12 „ Spaniih IBIS
0 LILIES, of iorts
8 FERRARIA PAVONIA „„„„„„
0 ALSTROiMERlA VAN HOUTTE

12 DOG'S TOOTH VIOLETS

No. 2. CoUectioE of all the same kinds in reduced quantities, 2U.
No. 3. A Small and Choice Collection, selected from the above, 10s. 6

No. 4. Sutton's Collection of Bulbs for Flower Pots and Glasses, 423.

Extra Fine New Tulips.

GEORGE LIGHTBOUY, Falkirk, will LET OUT
several of the Splendid Seedlings raised by Richard Hoadly.
Esq., of Stapleford, near Cambridge, at very moderate prices. These
flowers have been successfully exhibited at the Principal Sliows in the
Kingdom, and are warranted the finest Tulips now extant. A
description of them, by Shirley Hibberd, Esq.. F.H.S., was published
in the " G;irdeners' Magazine " for 22d June. A list of names and
prices supplied on application

24 Fine HYACINTHS, by name

12 Miniature HYACINTHS, by name

12 POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS, by name

12 Large Double JONQUILS

12 Single Sweet-scented JONQUILS

12 „ VAN THOL TULIPS

Contains —

60 Early TULIP.S, 10 eorta, by name
12 SCILLA PR7EC0X

8 PERSIAN IRIS

6 PEACOCK IRIS
100 Fine CROCUS, by name
12 Choice iXIAS

6 „ SPARAXIS

6 ACHIMENES

6 FERRARIA PAVONIA

0 LACHENALIA TRICOLOR

1 CYCLAMEN PERSICUM

1 JACOBEA LILY ..nrrM

1 LILIUM LANCIFOUUM ALBUM^

No. 6. Collection of the same sorts in smaller quantities, 21».

No. 6. A Small and Choice Assortment, 10s. &d.

N.B. A)ty Article above specified, if not reqmred, will be excluded, and additional quantities of others included,

according to the tvish of the purchaser.

For further particulars see " SUTTON'S AUTUMN CATALOGUE," gratis and post free on tppUcation.
SUTTON, JLND SONSj IMPORTERS, READING, BERKS.

OCTOBEE 5, 1867.1

THE GARPFNraS' GIIRONTCLE AND ACRlCUITimAr, GAZETTE.

1021

New Zealand Nursery. St. Alban's. Herts.
X WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING PELARGONIUM

t) • EXCE[.SIOR. DOW ready colour of Indian Yellow ; nne
truss, and habit, of Lord P^xlmerston. Price 6s. each ; 3Cs. por doz
to the Trade

MISS WATSON, ready Anp:u«t 25; MRS. DI.X, May 1 The Two
have received 1(1 First-olft.sR Certlflcates and Extra Prize Money.

Fine New TABLE APPLE, .ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN. Ripe In
April. PlautareadyinNovenibor. G.s, each ; 3(!.s. per doz to the Trade.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

Choice Trloolorod Geraniums.

JELCOMBK AND SON hex to oU'er the following, in
• well rooted Plants :—

Each — n. d.
LADY CULLtTM .. ..71!
LUCY ORIKVK, .. . . 10 0
EDWINIAFITZPATRICK 6 0
SOPHIA DUMARESQUK IQ «
BEAUTY of QUESTWICK 2 n
NEATNESS 1

Each— .s. rf.

COUNTESS 1 II

ITALIA UNITA .. ..10
MRS. BENYON .. ..10
SUNSET. 6,*. perdoz., Sfls. por 100
MRS. POLLOCK, OS. por dozen,
36s. per 100

Nursery and Seed Establishment, Romsey, Hants.

s

UPERB VARIEGATED PELARGONIUMS.

EDWINIA FITZPATRICK
GENERAL LONQ.STREET
THE COUNTESS
BICOLOR SPLENDENS
GLOWWORM
QUEEN'S FAVOURITE

SOPHIA DUMARESQUE

BEAUTY of OULTON

ITALIA UNITA

MRS. LONGFIELD

LUNA

BEAUTY of GUESTWIOK

The abOTe, 2Is. Remittance requested.
Casbok & Son, Gravel Walk Nursery, Peterborough.

V

ARIEGATED PELARGONIUMS.

SOPHIA DnMARE.SQUE

MRS. BENYON

GOLDFINCH

LUNA

BEAUTY of OULTON

NEATNE.SS

ITALIA UNITA

COUNTESS

ELEGANS

THE FAIRY

PRINCKSS ALEXANDRA

BICOLOR SPLENDENS

Tho aboTo forwarded on receipt of Post Office order for 21s.
Altiied Frter, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1867.

The havoc and consequent vexation occa-
sioned by the frost of last winter will no
doubt influence many who are about to plant
this autumn, and will induce them to ask the
question — What shall we plant 'f

If Conifers be planted, what security is there
that the choicer kinds will not, sooner or later,
succumb to our treacherous climate ? Again,
although no one would deny the beauty of some
of the trees of this family, yet it must be
acknowledged that in other cases, after a time,
the trees assume a scraggy, naked aspect, very
much the reverse of ornamental. This is the
case with many of the Pinus tribe. Even Pinus
insignis is apt to get bare and unsightly as it
grows older, a fact which will compensate some
for the loss of what in the young state is a
noble tree.

We have not the remotest wish to depreciate
the Conifers ; many of them are so splendid in
their growth that it would be the merest affec-
tation to protend to underrate them. Should any
lover of this family wish to increase his fondness
for them, let him visit Dropmore and see the
Douglas Fir, towering up to a height of nearly
100 feet — let him see the elegant glaucous Cedar
of Lebanon, the fine Araucarias, the stately Picea
nobilis, and all the host of interesting specimens
which have been tended so carefully by Mr.
Feost. But, however suitable Conifers may be
for certain localities and certain conditions, it is
equally sure that they are not fitted for other
places, or it may be that the taste and fancy of
the intending planter do not tend toward theu-
cultivation. Under such circumstances recourse
must bo had to Deciduous Trees, and we are a
little surprised at the comparative neglect into
which they have fallen of late years.

Ornamental trees of this description are for
the most part perfectly hardy, and the choice
they offer to the planter is most varied. A land-
scape gardener, or, indeed, any one with the
slightest taste, ■will know how to group and
where to place them. But without particular
reference to landscape effect, when trees are
planted for shelter, or to hide an unsightly
object or what not, is it not remarkable that the
run should be so much upon certain trees, to the
almost entire exclusion of others equally suit-
able ? Why should we see so constantly common
Limes, common Horse Chestnuts, &c., to the
exclusion of other equally useful trees ?

At this season how gorgeous are some of the
leaves in tlieir robes of death ! What a golden
glow there is on the VirgiUa lutea, what a ruddy
bronze tint lights up the leaves of the Crus
galli and other Thorns, rendering them as
iridescent in the sunlight as so many films of
copper. Then there are the Maples and the
Liquidambar with their splendid scarlet tints,
and the Pavias and Gleditschias steeped in golden
hues. These are the waning tints of autumn, it
may be said; there is an ample selection of
variegated-leaved trees whose particolored hues

are more permanent ; such are the Acer Negundo
varicgata, not to speak of tho many new
Japanese Maples which aro hardly known out-
of-doors yet, but for which great future
popularity may bo predicted. There are the
variegated Elms, blotched with silver and golden
tints, there are the purple-leaved Beeches and
Filberts, the white-leaved Poplars, the Elooagnus,
the curious Pyrus salicifolia. In this section
there are also some novelties which, when
more widely known, will be in great demand :
such are tho golden-leaved Elm and the golden
Alder, both of Belgian origin, as well as
the golden Oak, all quite different from
anything of the kind grown previously m
this country ; their leaves aro not merely speckled
with gold, but are of one unbroken golden tint,
which when lit up by the sun is radiant indeed.
Among variegated Elms, too, we may mention a
small-leaved form raised by the Messrs. Lee, and
which we believe is not yet " let out," but which
is a little gem in its way.

Is the general form and habit of the tree an
object ? There are the Planes, the Gleditschias,
the cut-leaved Alder, the Beeches, the Alnus
cordata, tho weeping Elms, the Poplars, the
Limes, and scores of other."!, many of them
almost as beautiful when their branches aro
bare and seen against a clear sky as when
clothed with foliage. Is the planter "curious"
in his tastes ? There is abundance of material
to gratify his whim among deciduous trees. There
are Fern-leaved Beeches and Limes, and jagged
Birches ; Laburnums, some with slashed, others
with oddly crumpled leaves; there are Elms
with similarly crisped foliage, not to mention
curly-leaved Willows, and many similar freaks.

In addition to their foliage, many of this class
of trees are most valuable for their flowers in
early spring, or for their brightly-coloured fruit
at a later season. With winter gradually steal-
ing upon us, we can still remember the delicate
purplish tinge of the Elm blossoms against the
blue sky — we can look forward with equal
pleasure to the brilliant catkins of the Poplars
and Willows, the rounded yellow masses of
bloom of the Norway and other Maples, the
white sheets of blossom that cover the Amelan-
chier and the Medlar, the profusion of white or
pink flowers that bedeck the Thorns. And as for
the fruits, who can look without admiration at
tho glowing berries of the Mountain Ash and
other species of Pyrus, or at those of the many
garden forms of Cratregus ? Whose eyes are not
gladdened with the sight of the Berberis laden
with [its coral pendauts ? We have taken our
illustrations quite indiscriminately when writing,
but we trust that we may succeed in drawing
increased attention to a class of trees possessing
as much, if not more, variety and interest than
any other, and which are the more valuable as
contrasting so well with the more sombre tints
and comparatively monotonous forms of ever-
green trees and shrubs.

AxTHOTJGH much has been written on Pehning
THE Vine, we are not aware that special refer-
ence has been made to any specific time for
performing that operation, or to any advantages
to be derived therefrom. Of course it wUl be
admitted on all hands, that Vines should not be
pruned until the wood of the current year is
quite ripe, and the leaves have fallen, for so long
as they hold on it is believed they are doing
some good to the plant, or in other words are
supplying nutriment to it. Thomson, in his
recent treatise, says nothing about the time to
prune, but treats it as a foregone conclusion ;
and though some gardeners may venture to
prune before the leaf has fallen, as a matter of
convenience, we question if they do not almost
invariably consider they are, to some extent,
doing wrong. The function of the leaf, how-
ever, is a very intricate matter, and whether
after it begins to assume the " sere and
yellow " form, it continues to minister to the
material fabric of the plant, is a question open to
debate, if not to doubt.

Thirty years ago, a friend of ours, one of the best
gardeners in England, used at this season — the
end of September — to divest his Vines of lateral
branches, and to cut the leading shoots back to
within one leaf of the bunch. At the same time
the branches were loosened from the training
wires and allowed to hang down as far as the
weight of the bunch would depress them — our
friend always contending that the buds at the
base of the branch swelled or plumped up more
in consequence, and that to allow the sap to
spread through a lot of lateral branches was a

waste of tho vital force of tho plant. Looking at
the matter from a physiological point of view, we
could never see any force in this reasoning. The
Huid of a plant contains little if any life invigorat-
ing nutriment until it has passed through tho If-af,
and has there, under tho influence of light, been
converted into true sap. Tho upward flow may
bo considered lil'o, but it is tho backward move-
ment— tho return of orgauisabio matter — that
gives substance to tho plant. Reasoning thus,
wo could see no o,dvantage in denuding a plant of
its laterals, further than promoting a free circula-
tion of air — an important point indeed in keeping
Grapes in tho winter season ; and hence we came to
look upon it as one of those "practical" expe-
dients which science could not sanction. The
practice had passed from our mind, like many
other foregone conclusions, until a short time
back, when in conversation on Grape cultui'e
with an experienced grower, he put tho very
pertinent question: "What difference do you
think there would be in the colouring of the
Grapes upon two Vines in the same house ; one
piiiued say in September, before the leaves had
fallen, and the other pruned at Christmas ? "
Wo naturally said there would be no difference,
and were astonished to find that repeated experi-
ments, reversing the Vines for the experiment,
had proved that ihose pruned in September
while the leaves were on, would have the Grapes
coloured 13 to 20 days earlier than other Vines
pruned in November. A fact so interesting was
too important to bo " hid under a bushel," and
hence it is our privilege to make it known. The
experiment has been tried for years upon Vines
that yield a supply of fruit from June until
January, and whether in early or late houses,
with the same result.

Our informant was forced to this practice by
the prevailing rule, want of space ; for having a
large conservatory to supply with blooming
plants through the winter, he has been obliged to
avail himself of his Vineries to store his Salvias,
Azaleas, &c., for the winter supply. Before he
pruned early, the falling leaves were a perpetual
nuisance, and not only the leaves, but insects
also. Where Vines and plants are necessarily
grown together, it is a difficult matter to keep
the former clear of insects, such as thrip and red
spider ; and when the leaves fall among the plants
it is equally impossible to keep the plants clean.
Forced to this extremity, early pruning was
resorted to, and that with the most complete and
satisfactory result. Now our friend prunes,
cleans, and dresses his Vines, and washes and
lime-whites his houses before the greenhouse
plants are put in for the winter ; and thus
managed they not only look much cleaner, but
it is fair to infer they are almost, if not quite,
free from insect pests. At this season the
preceding facts are worth knowing, for as most
gardeners are obliged to use their Vineries as
plant stores, it is important to know that the
Vines may be pruned with their leaves on, not
only without injury to the succeeding crop, but
with decided advantage.

Of the physiological question involved in the
practice it is difficult to speak with certainty.
It assuredly does not square with preconceived
notions of the returning sap being the only
organiser of the substance of the plant, but it
seems rather to point to the fact that the upward
flow has the power to mature the bud and induce
a precocious growth in the spring, more than the
returning sap of the matured and fully organised
growth. We can quite understand the action of
the upward current upon the stored organisable
matter when excited into action by the light and
heat of a returning season of growth ; but this
autumnal action is not quite so explicable. We
hope, however, that someof our observant readers
will put the facts we have set forth to the test of
experiment, so that in the multitude of counsel
the wisdom of the practice may be fully realised.
If it answers for Grapes to ripen in June, the
practice will be equally important for Grapes to
ripen in January, and perhaps more so, as it is
always more difficult to get Vines to break early,
than at theii' natural season for growth. 1'.

We are requested to announce that the next

Examination of the Eotal Horticultural
Society will commence on Tuesday, December 17th,
and not on December 31st, as previously intimated.
This examination is open to all youns gardeners who
may desire to present themselves, the only condition
being the recommendation of a Fellow of the Societ.v,
or of the director of a public garden. We exhort all
young gardeners who are ambitious to distinguish
themselves in their profession to enter the lists. The
thought and effort brought into play in preparing for
an examination, form an excellent discipline, and can-

1022

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 5, 1867.

not fail to benefit those who have energy enough to
engage in such an exercise.

The ease of stealing a cutting of Pelaego-

NITJM Lady Cullpm, to which we alluded at p. 996,
has. we are informed, been decided by the conviction
of the offender, Alfeed Fishee, notwithstanding the
efforts of his solicitor to make out a case of mistaiien
identity. The sentence was a fine of hi., making, with
expenses, a total of 6?. 4!., or two months' imprison-
ment with hard labour. It is to be hoped that this
conviction may have a salutary influence on those who
find it hard to repress their pilfering proclivities when
they attend a flower show. The matter has not been
taken up before it was needed, for at the great show at
Bury, last July, a plant of Lucy Grieve and a cutting
of Senior Wrangler were stolen from the tents. The
Bury Horticultural Society has prosecuted in the
present case.

We alluded some time ago to certain cases of

Vaeiegation induced by inoculation, and sug-
gested that the growers of Variegated Zonal Pelargo-
niums should look to this as a means of procuring
some very choice things in that way. The idea which
thus presented itself has been in some degree realised.
In the nurseries of Messrs. Ballanttne & Son, Dal-
keith, observes a northern contemporary, " there is
now to be seen a variegated Geranium raised in the
following manner:— A strong upright sport of that old
green-leaved favourite, Glendinning's seedling scarlet
Geranium, was grafted two or three months .since with
that popular quadricolnr, Mrs. Pollock, which 'took'
somewhat imperfectly, but lived for five or si.x weeks,
when a bud presenting an appearance of variegation
was observed to protrude from the old stem at from
5 to 6 inches under the graft. The partly adhering
Mrs. Pollock was then removed, so as to encourage
the growth of the young shoot, which is now grow-
ing freely, and may be described as a ttrst-class
hicolor, or white and green -leaved Geranium."

Those interested in Grape growing will be

pleased to hear that a photogeaph has been
taken of Mr. Fowlee's 17-pound bunch of White
Nice Gbape, which was exhibited at Glasgow on
the 11th of last month (see p. 978). The shape and
general appearance of the bunch are well shown in
the photograph, copies of which may be had from
Mr. Beown, Portland Street, Kilmarnock.

The introduction of Tye's Glasses for

the CULTHEE of the Hyacinth in tvatee, has
resulted not only in the improved form of the vases
for cultural purposes, but has stimulated manufac-
turers to make use of tasteful designs and improved
material, which were formerly defective. Messrs.
Claudet and Houghton have submitted to us a
large number of their single and triple glasses, the
designs on some of which are particularly elegant,
so that the vases, whether in use or not, are well
adapted to adorn a drawing-room or boudoir.

We learn from our Paris Correspondent that

what is probably the finest Exhibition of Haedy
Peuits ever held has just been opened at the Expo-
sition. The quantity of fruit shown, too, is enor-
mous, and the quality superb. The large pavilion
in the centre of the reserved garden, the Palm
house, and other large glass houses, are quite filled
with maqnificent fruit. The exhibition of fruit
lately held in connection with the Pomological Con-
gress of France was quite small compared with this,
which may safely be pronounced to be the most suc-
cessful show of all in connection with the Exposition,
and is quite a credit to French cultivators of hardy
fruits. Our correspondent will have more to say
about this exhibition next week.

■ Dr. Bkown, who till recently held the office of

Colonial Botanist at the Cape of Good Hope, having
during his tenure of that office collected a large amount
of information on the natural products and physical
conditions of the Cape of Good Hope, proposes to
publish a series of treatises, embracing —

I. The Hydrology of Southern Africa, in which the desic-
cation of South Africa from pre-Adamic times to the present
day is traced by indications supplied by geological formations,
by the physical geography or general contour of the country,
and by arborescent productions in the interior, with results
confirmatory of the opinion that the appropriate remedies are
irrigation, arboriculture, and an improved forest economy.

II. The Water .Supply of South Africa, its sources, its
quantity, the modes of irrigation required in different circum-
stances, the facilities for the adoption of these in ditferent
districts, and the difficulties, physical and other, in the way of
works of extensive irrigation being carried out at the Cape,
and the means of accomplishing those which are at command.

III. The Forests .and Forest Lands of Southern Africa,
with details of the extent and contents of the different forests
of the Colony of the Cape, of Kafflrland, of Natal, and of the
regions beyond to the mouth of the Zambesi, and a correspond-
inj/ latitude on the west coast, with the intermediate districts.

IV. South African Trees and Arborescent Shrubs, with the
natural history, botanic characters, .and economic uses of those
enumerated in a list of upwards of 450 names in the English,
Dutch, K.afBr, Bechuana, Damara, and Hottentot langu.ages,
with botanic synonyms, appended to " Report of Colonial
Botanist for 1866."

V. Forest Economy of the Cape Colony ; and forest economy
of Britain, British North America, Honduras, Australia,
Ceylon, India, Fr<ance, Germany, Russia, and Sweden, sug-
gestive of an-angements for the conservation, utilization, and
extension by plantation of the forests of the Cape.

VI. South African Arboriculture, with details of what has
been done, and what may be done, in planting trees in the
Colony with a view to securing thereby ornamentation,
moisture, shelter, fuel, or timber.

VII. Physiology of arhorescent vegetation illustrative of the
probaijle e'Sect of subsoil ploughing, draining, fencing, trans-
planting, pruning, and thinning plantations of trees at
the Cape. , , „ ,,^ , ,,

VIII. Trees Cultivated or Recommended for Culture at the
Cape, with notices of the natural history, characteristics, and
uses of each.

IX. The Agricultur.al Cap.abilities of the Colony, and mea-
sures adapted to the development of these,

X. The Herbage and Grasses of the Cape, with notices of

the economic uses to which many may bo applied, forming a
manual for inexperienced students of the flora of the Capa.

XI. The Ferns of the Cape.

XII. The Sea Weeds of the Cape.

New Plants.

GooDYEEA (Geobohis) maceantha, Maxim, in G-a/r-
tenfiora, 1867, 36, t. 533, fig. 2.

Nana, caule glabro brevissimo approximatim folioao, vaginis
foliorum amplis in petiolum augustatis, foliis ovatis acutia
reticulatim pictis spicam 2 — 3 floram brevissimam fulcien-
tibus, bracteis elongate linoaribus acuminatis ovarium super-
antibus perigoniisque plusquam polliearibus pilosis, sepalis
petalisque linearibus, labello basi leviter saccato intusque
piloso lineari-acuminato, stigmate basi margine 4-dentato
cincto.

Hab. in Japonia mer-idionali, unde cultam habeat in urbe Yedo,
nee non in archipelago Koreano, ubi raram invenit b.
Oldham.

To the above technical particulars from the Garfen-
Jloravie add the following popular account and figure
of this very pretty little plant, borrowed from the
Florist and Pomologist : —

" If not quite equal in beauty of colour and marking
to the Ansectochils of our hothouses we have at least
in this pretty Japanese plant one which is suggestive
of those rare hothouse gems, and one which has enough
of intrinsic beauty to make it a welcome addition to
our collections. It has been introduced from Japan in
a living state to the St. Petersburgh Botanic Garden
by M. Maximowicz, and the same, or a very similar
plant, was brought to this country by Mr. J. G. Veitch
on his return from Japan.

" The plant is a dwarf herb, with short stems, a,nd
approximate leaves, narrowing into the petiole, which

is dilated, so as to sheath the stem by its base. The
form of the leaves is ovate, acute, the margin being of
a clear pale yellow, and the central part barred with
bright green reticulations on a deep olive-green ground.
The flowers are upwards of an inch long, of a pale
pink colour, hairy on the outside, with linear erect
sepals and petals, and a lip of the same form, but
shorter and recurved. It is related to the Georchis
biflora of Lindley, and M. Maximowicz regards it as
forming with that plant, a very natural section of the
genus Goodyera.

"For garden purposes it will be very welcome,
because, with much of the beauty of the Anasctochils,
it is far more manageable than they. Indeed, M. Regel
states that it succeeds well in a cool house if placed in
a light situation, protected from the influence of the
sun by means of shading. In Japan it is only met
with in cultivation, and M. Regel suspects that this
and another species, G. velutina, something in the way
of G. discolor, both come from the southern islands of
Japan. Their free growth, easy culture, and nicely
marked leaves render them both desirable for general
cultivation. It is recommended that they should be
grown in flat pots, planted in freshly gathered sphag-
num, mixed with a little loamy earth and sand, and
kept rather elevated above the edge of the pot."

GARDEN WALLS.
The appeal of "Una Moenia" (see p. 602) has not
met with that response which I think the subject
demands. In my opinion the question is not whether
we shall do away with walls and replace them with
glass structures, but whether garden walls may not be
built on an improved principle, or whether glass
cannot be profitably introduced in combination with
walls. The best manner of constructing either a wall
or a house ought always to receive the best attention of
gardeners, and I was disappointed when this subject
was brought before us, to find that instead of provoking
a discussion of the point, it was elbowed out of your
columns altogether, by protests, and matter having
little or no relation to garden walls. Granted that
walls will never be done away with, the question arises,
and is well worth considering— Is a wall for the growth
of fruit best built hollow or solid? Hollow walls, i.e.,
walls having no filling but bound together, say every
3 feet, by solid work, known as 9-inch work, would
have advantages over a solid one, and would be as
cheap as one of that description. HoUqw walls could

he kept warmer in spring than solid ones, and equally
oool in summer. Ventilators in the shape of loose
bricks at the foot could be made to regulate that. The
reservoir of warm air contained within those walls
would be equally advantageous in the case of east and
west as north and south walls. I think if hollow walls
were adopted we should hear less than we do of the
failure of crops on wall trees through spring frosts.
Every gardener knows that in bright frosty weather
bricks retain warmth in their outer surface for hours
after the sun has left them ; if, therefore, the inner
surface could also be warmed, which I believe would
be the case in hollow walls, the advantages of such
structures would be apparent.

Then as regards coping, instead of heavy tiling or
slate, why not use glass ? In the case of hollow walls,
I would recommend slate to be put on first, flat, one
every 6 feet being movable so as to be taken aside in
summer, in order to give free action to the air. Glass
copings could easily be constructed to allow a Vine
to grow under them. These copings could also be
extended to ward off hail and heavy rains. Fancy,
I lb. of Grapes to every foot of wall enclosing 3 acres !
This, however, need not be confined to the imagina-
tion, for doubtless they must be seen, handled, and,
better still, eaten and enjoyed. This would be making
a wall what " Una Moenia"thinksitought to be, "almost
itself a fruit garden." But perhaps your correspondent
would like more glass introduced so as not to have, for
instance, all his Peaches ripe in the same month : this
I believe might be effected by a better method than
that now generally used— at least by one less costly.
One way would be, instead of having a house, have a
wall built with 9 inch work, with supports built
18 inches by 3 feet, at intervals of 20 feet, and sashes
adapted to fit those places between the supports.
Thus, where the trees would be, would be a
contrivance less costly than a house, and one
which would answer the same purpose. Access to
the trees could be had by means of a sliding sash
or a door. The earliest compartment could be
heated artificially, the second would come on
without that attention, and the next might be
exposed altogether. This would he in reality a
succession of fruit cases equal to a run of houses.
The roof of these cases of course should he used as
a ventilator, and slides should be introduced at
the bottom of the sashes for admitting fresh air.
Sashes on Sir Joseph Faxton's principle would
perhaps answer the purpose of enclosing the com-
partments in question as well as any that could be
devised. These cases need not he confined to the
Peach wall ; Cherries and Plums could be forwarded
by them. .

These contrivances could, moreover, be used in
mid-winter for stowing away diflerent things
where they would be dry, preparatory to forcing
them. Green fly and other insects could easily
be destroyed in the cases just named, and also
in the hollow walls, by fumigation. As to aspect,
I believe that all gardeners would prefer " a slight
inclination towards the morning sun" for either
Peach walls or houses. Indeed the rays of the
rising sun are so valuable in gradually thawing
frozen leaves or blossoms, for the want of which
many crops have been destroyed by the sun
suddenly coming on them after he has attained
some hours' strength, that I should decidedly
" go in " for east two or three points. These are a few
suggestions which I should certainly carry out if
desired to erect a new garden wall on a principle of
my own ; and for many reasons which I hope are
apparent, n the description I have just given, I
believe that the result would prove more effectual and
less costly than either common walls or houses. B. M.,
Enys, Fenryn.

RIVAL SYSTEMS OF GRAPE GROWING.

As my name has been brought prominently forward
in one of your leading articles (see p. 973) respecting
the rival systems of Grape growing, perhaps you will
kindly allow me space to make a few remarks on the
subject. Whether the advocates of the progressive
system have the best of the argument or not, is a
mere matter of opinion, and time will try this better
than by jumping at too hasty conclusions. Had the
progressive system been such a panacea for all the ills
that Vines are heir too, it would have been more
generally tried before this, and not left to be revived
in a nurseryman's catalogue. But no doubt these
spasmodic episodes in fruit culture will crop up now
and then, and do good by making the opini9ns of
experienced gardeners known to younger men in the
profession, as well as to amateurs. That legitimate
Grape growing can only be attained by the progressive
plan, 1 beg leave to doubt. It is certainly the
most natural to the plant ; and to gardeners and
amateurs who do not know how to prune the Vine
properly, or to add to its wants in confined borders,
it may be the most successful system. For market
gardening purposes, where a quantity of fruit is
wanted at a particular season, it may likewise be found
to answer the best, particularly where broad borders of
a good natural soil can be secured.

That young Vines on the restrictive system only
produce large bunches when they are extending, and
fail to do so after the plethoric condition has set in,
only holds good where they are mism.anaged as to
pruning and borders. It is well known that all kinds
of fruit trees, as well as Vines, always produce the
largest fruit when they are youug. That Vines may-
be kept fruitful for a lengthened number of years, and
show fine bunches and berries under the restrictive
system, I have proved with the largest collection of
Grapes in any one place in the kingdom. But this is
not done by pruning them like Hop poles, but by
euoouraging healthy foliage, and vigorous young wood.

OCTOBEE 5, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1023

by judioious pruning, and by attention to the wants of
their roots. 1 nover hesitate to chop olF two or tlireo
feet width of soil from an exhausted border, wlietlier
inside or out, and to till up with turfy soil from the top
of a limestone roek, mixed with a few bones. It is
better, perhaps, to fork the roots out, whou it can bo
done, than to oiiop all away, but in either way now
vigour is given to the Vines, .and the soil can bo renewed
again after the lapse of a few years.

1 believe that Mr. Fowler is on the right track with
his aijrated borders, and that the highest point of excel-
lence will be attained in the cultivation of Grapes
when this mode becomes more general.

You say " that a fully developed tree of any kind,
with the free action of root and branch, will produce
finer fruit than another of the same variety suH'ering
from the maiming of its roots or branches." Now, I
can show at the present time, growing in a small jiot, a
bush of Cox's Pomona Apple, with eight fruit on it;
one of those Apples girths It inches, and all the fruit
are far larger and more highly coloured than any of
the same sort on the walls, or borders, on fully developed
treea. The pot that contains this bush is only U
inohes wide, and about the same in depth, and three
crops have been taken since ihe tree was potted, the
only addition of soil being a little topdres.sing. All my
Louise Bonne, licurrc Ciairgeau, and other Pears are
larger and more highly coloured this year, where
restricted in pots, than those more fully developed in
the borders.

Whether the large Vines at Clumber have always
been grown on the restrictive system I know not, but
this I do know, that for the la.st 30 years there has been
one to a rafter, and they have never failed in producing
good crops. This year Mr. Tegg had some Frontig-
nans, and other Grapes, as good in colour and flavour,
from the old Vines, as any in the country, at least as
far as exhibited. These Vines must now be between
00 and 100 years old, if planted at the time when the
hothouses were built.

Another subject has lately been mooted in your
columns, namely, the judging of Grapes, and some
spirited correspondence has already appeared. I
believe that few gardeners would like to see their
bunches of Grapes mauled about and tasted by the
judges, neither do 1 think it is requisite, for all good
judges of Grapes can tell at a glance the best as to
growth and finish of the different varieties. When
there is a great equality in the size of the bunches
and berries, then by all means let the best flavoured
and highest coloured samples carry the day. The
judges of Grapes at the Horticultural Society, Crystal
Palace, and Regent's Park shows, generally give satis-
faction, but I should be chary of sending Grapes to
many of the country shows unless I knew who the
judges were to be.

I have sent you a berry of the Black Tripoli variety
of Hamburgh Grape, which you will find girths nearly
6 inches round, and I have no doubt that Mr. Cannell
would be delighted to see it, as it is grown on the
extending system. Some of the other round berries on
the same bunch have a girth of 4^ inches. William
Tiller;/, TFelbeck. [The berry sent was a " monster,"
composed of two berries fused together, and therefore
not a fair sample as to size. Eds.]

SLUGS.

Anno Domini 1867 seems likely to figure in horti-
cultural and agricultural history as the year of slugs.
Mr. Mechi has written to the 7V?«e.? about them, but
still they come. Gardeners have not such arepute for
grumbling as farmers; perhaps it is because they have
less time for it, or we should have had more written
complaints even than have yet appeared concerning the
ravages of these slimy creatures amongst plants.
Certain is it that they have devoted to their destruc-
tion this year much valuable time, which they would
gladly have employed in other ways.

It has occurred to me that, before the last slug of the
season is crushed under foot or dropped into the jar
of salt and water, it might be interesting to some of
your readers to know something of the species of slugs
which are particularly injurious to gardens, and I
therefore propose to give a few remarks about them,
without going further into their specific diiferences than
is requisite to enable any one, who has not previously
paid any scientific attention to them, readily to put a
name upon the particular sort, whose improprieties of
conduct he may wish to speak or write about.

The gardener's worst enemy is the common field
slug (Limax agrestis). It is one of the smallest of our
English slugs, and is certainly the most slimy. AVhen
walking it is from 1 to 2 inches long, and barely ^ of an
inch thick. When touched it contracts into a slimy
oval lump J of an inch long by half that thickness, and
if turned over two or three times upon the ground is
liable to be lost, from the particles of earth which adhere
to its sticky exudation rendering it difficult to distin-
guish. Its colour varies from creamy brown to grey.

The next to which I shall refer (which in some
localities is quite as numerous as the preceding) is
Ariou hortensis. This is the smallest of all the garden
slugs, rarely exceeding an inch in length. It may
readily be known by its deep black colour, while closer
examination ;wiU reveal that it is marked longitudi-
nally with indistinct streaks. By many this is erro-
neously supposed to be the young of that large black
slug (Arion ater) which is so commonly seen on the
Grass by the sides of roads and lanes after a shower.
As this latter is not often of less size than .3 inches long,
and is frequently found as long as 5 inches, it is im-
possible to confound the two species.

In the gardens around London may be found slugs
about 2 inches long, of a chocolate-brown colour, so
like the earth upon which they are generally seen
crawling, that it requires a tutored eye to detect them.
This is the keeled slug (Limax carinatus), so named

from a slender ridge or keel, which runs down tho middle
of the back to the tail. This keel is so clearly defined,
and of such a distinct amber colour, that it is conunonly
observed before the outline of the animal is recognised
upon the ground. I wish to do justice to all, even
in tho-slug world, and I, therefore, wilhngly record that
the keeled slug is not nearly such a" bull in a china shop "
as either liimax agrestis or Arion hortensis amongst
growing plants. Hooks record that tho large Arion
ater is very destructive amongst Cabbages. It may be
so, but it ha.s not fallen to my lot to see it; I have
often seen its very little brother (Arion hortensis)
swarming upon Cabbage plants ; and 1 also know that
the larger species is more fond of dead animal mattor,
crushed snails and worms, and garbage of all kinds, than
of any living plant. I believe of Arion ater, that which
I am sure of with Limax carinatus, namely, that it
greatly prefers dead to living vegetable matter, and that
if it can find plenty of dead leaves and fallen tlowers
upon the ground, it will rarely bo tbund climbing a
growing plant. Where tho keeled slug occurs, it is
usually very plentiful. In a small garden, about
40 feet square, on a clay soil on the south side of
London, there were destroyed during the first week
of last month more than 200 of this species, twice that
number of Limax agrestis, and about 41) of Arion
hortensis. Children s eyes assisted materially in
bringing about this great slaughter; their powers of
observation as collectors of natural history objects are
greater than many of their seniors are aw.are of ; and
when human eyes are within 3 feet of the ground
without risk of lumbago— bad luck to the slugs !

I have recorded two dire pests to the horticul-
turist: I have also referred to two slimy creatures
of doubtful character; there remains but one other
garden slug to notice, and that is Testacella haliotidea.
This curious creature feeds solely upon eartih-worms,
and need therefore never be destroyed. It is usually
from 2 to 3 inches long, Hattish, of a dull yellow colour,
and has a small ear-shaped shell near the tail.

Perhaps some may express surprise at learning that
there are so few kinds of slugs troublesome to gardeners,
and may wish to know what other species have been
found in tho British islands. A very few words will
suffice to give this information. There is a black slug
(Oncidium celticum) found on rocks washed by the
sea-waves in a small bay in Cornwall. There is a
beautifully spotted slug (Geomalacus maoulosns) found
only near the margins of a lake in the south-west of
Ireland. There is a local sea-shore species (Limax
gagates) found in Ireland, and at South Shields. There
is a species occurring in woods, but not often seen
(Limax arborum), which has the singular habit of
letting itself down from a branch by a slimy thread,
up which it can crawl again at pleasure. There are
also two species (Limax brunneusand Limax tenellus),
recorded as having been found in Northumberland,
but both are rarities. Gardeners in the south of
England evidently need not be under any anxiety
about either of these kinds.

There remain but two more British species, and
then all are told. These, like the black beetle and
the cricket, are essentially domestic, frequenting
cellars, vaults, and damp places, and feeding upon any
decaying animal or vegetable matter. I have often
found them in places where the only visible means of,
subsistence was the mildew on the damp walls, and yet
they looked as sleek and fat as prize pigs. One is the
yellow slug (Limax flavus), the other is Limax
maximus, the largest of all our native species. These
two species vary from 4 to 6 inches long, the yellow
one rarely exceeding 5 inches. Limax maximus is
grey or dull black, indistinctly spotted and striped
with black ; Limax flavus is yellowish, and the end of
the tail is keeled. Should either of these species be
found in sheds or outhouses, their lives may be spared,
for there is nothing that I can bring against them
as a horticultural crime.

I have now pa.ssed briefly in review all the known
British slugs, and hope I have succeeded in enabling
any one to determine for himself which are the injurious
species, and which are not. JF. T.

VINE CULTURE AT GARSTON.— No. II.

Houses and their Management. — The first
thought that would probably pass through the mind
of a person of business habits, after he had fairly
rated the relative positions of the blue sky for a
canopy and a genial fruit-maturing clime, as against
the enormous cost incurred in throwing over a trans-
parent artificial covering, and providing means for
developing heat to ensure success, would be,— Does
all this sort of thing pay, or is it simply a great experi-
ment that will some day prove the folly of the specu-
lator ? Mr. Meredith's energies may be severely
taxed, but his resources in furnishing marketable com-
modity one way and another in the matter of Vines
seem to be unbounded. Like Mr. Mechi's farming on
the " high pressure " principle, or the thrifty trades-
man with his savings, the more he deposits towards
the perfecting of his Vineyard, the more is realisable
in time of need.

The Vineyard at Garston may be an experiment, but
it is the grandest experiment in Grape growing and
Vine propagation in modern times, offering to all those
that come within its influence much to think over and
speculate upon. It possesses nothing of exterior adorn-
ment to commend itself to any one's consideration. It
might be pooh-poohed on that score without a dissen-
tient voice. As might be done with the best of places,
the captious might nibble at, if not pick a few little
holes, in the surface, and rnflle the temper of those more
immediately interested, which would serve no practical
end. It is simply a great business establishment, which
has grown out of all ordinary proportions through the
exigencies of the day, and the continued success which
has smiled upon the proprietor as a cultivator of Grapes.

The houses, which are all, with one or two exoep-
ticina, of span-roolV'd form, are very much varied as to
their internal capiniity. We have here an opportunity of
judging between the merits of a low span, a lofty span, an
intermediate span, as well as of houses of a variety of
length, glazed in various ways, and standing at different
exposures. These are all matters of iirst-rate import-
ance, albeit some would be inclined to skip over such
things or look upon ihem askance, enjoining us to
believe that, given a house of any size with Vine«
planted in a good border, tho issue would not be
greatly dissimilar. No practised cultivator who care-
fully notes causes and effects would subscribe to a doc-
trine thus taken I'orgranted ; we mighljust as soon expect
a mathematical master to accept an undefined problem.
I)oul)tless for general purposes variations in size need
cause no uneasiness to the amateur or any one else, in
growing good enough crops of Grapes, but it is some-
thing gained to know where these fine hammered
Hamburghs, perfection a.s to colour and other points
of e.xcollonce, grew. Those that we saw, and tho best
that have ever been cut, in point of finish, at Garston,
came out of low span-roofed houses, where a man of
Mr. Meredith's size could scarcely walk comfortably
with a Scotch cap on his head. The rafters are joined
together, forming the two principal limbs of the
letter A, and tho borders, both inside and out, so cover
the perpendiculars, that a novice would not know there
were such things at all. The Vines are planted about
18 inches apart, and carry fruit to the ground, of which
I shall speak by-and-by. The pipes with hot water
run along the surface at equal distances, and carry
very heavy coatings of sulphur. In the house to which
I refer, which was about 46 feet long and 16 feet wide,
I picked up a wrinkle "anent" colouring, which
shall bo divulged when I come to speak of varieties.

To show how tho progress of time and business
exigencies afl'ect the individual, feeling his way for
what is really wanted, Mr. Meredith built, soma
10 years ago, four houses, as nearly as possible 50 feet
long. A year or two afterwards we find him extending
to 65 feet, then to 100 feet, then to 127 feet by 17 feet, and
another one, of the same length, and 4 feet wider. These
of themselves are capable of doing much ; but when we
look to another pair, each 144 feet by 26 feet, built two
or three years ago, and the last and greatest one of last
year, measuring 202 feet longby4U feet broad, and about
20 feet high, and at the same time take cognisance of
the numerous establishments throughout the country
where they grow Grape Vines for planting, and Grapes
for the market, wo must either be astonished at the
prosperity of this country, or else at once say that
the thing is beginning to be overdone.

The lofty houses have a substantiality about them
which is commendable. Their very plainness is
suggestive of neatness, and their parts are so admirably
fitted, that we are forced to admit that we have the
practical horticulturist, and the practical engineer
combined. Light and ventilation can be had in
abundance ; the first because there is a minimum
obstruction of opaque materials, the second because
there are sufficient inlets and exits, and these, too,
in the proper places. The whole materials are
so knit together that artificial heat can be econo-
mised. The great object in the erection of all structures
is, that the maximum of the light of day .should be
attainable when required, and that ventilation when it
takes place should be so provided for as to correct the
sudden alternations of cold and heat less or more
present in our variable climate. No better plan can
be hit upon than Mr. Meredith's, of having his venti-
lating space below opposite the hot-water pipes, and
his outlet at the hood-like coronet which surmounts
some of the principal buildings. The circulation of the
air takes something like a systematic movement in an
artificial atmos]ihere of this kind ; whereas if the roof
be " broken " and ventilating space introduced along
its slopes, the whole action is of a disturbing tendency,
and creates unpleasant draughts, which every human
being at all careful of his health endeavours, in rooms
and in other places, carefully to avoid.

Not contented with the ordinary methods of build-
ing and setting spans east and west, and north and
south, and the oldest of all style, that of the lean-to set
against the sunny side of a north wall, Mr. Meredith is
attempting to do with Vines what Mr. Batemau is
doing, and impressing upon others to do, in the growing
the cool Orchids from the Andes, and the Cordilleras of
tropical America, namely, growing them on the shady
side of a north w,all. " The man is mad," some may
involuntarily and tacitly exclaim on reading this.
Friend, believe me, there's method in his madness, for
in a house of this kind he kept Black Alicante in con-
dition fit for table till the second week of May, and
according to our present rating of late keepers he might
have kept Lady Downes' under similar treatment till
the first week of June. The moflics operandi was this:
— Some pot Vines had been grown and forced into one
of the many little service houses which are detailed for
" doing " all the little things which large establishments
find forced upon them to meet all demands. These
were well coloured, and in the language of the garden
fit enough for use by the first week of July,
having been started in January. By way of experi-
ment he transferred some of the plants into
his north house, and was rewarded by being able to
keep them 10 mouths after the fruit was ripe. What
he may be able to do with the permanent Vines which
are running up this house and looking fully as well as
any in the vast establishment, time will alone tell.
For six months in the year the plants never see the
sun, and the fruit at no time at its period of matura-
tion can ever be under the influence of its rays. Mr.
Meredith avers that the fruit he has finished m that
house keeps better, colours better, and is quite as highly
flavoured as any other samples under the best exposure,
giving it as a reason that the saccharine matter is not
so severely pumped out, and that the colouring process

1024

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE Am AGFIICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 5, 1867.

is more gradual. How it might be with Hamburghs,
which are more difficult to colour than either Black
Alicante or Lady Downes', remains yet to be proved.
As if to make the matter more inexplicable, opaque
glass has been introduced, such as is used for plate-
glass windows, but in an unfinished and unpolished
state, a quantity of that having been in the market at the
time the house was building, at a cheap rate. The
slope of the roof is very flat, and it reaches to the top
of the wall, which gives it fully as Rood an exposure to
the sun unless when low in the horizon. It struck me
at the time when I was told how the pot Vines had
been so successfully retarded that such a house would
be more useful for retarding fruit after it was ripened,
than for both ripening and retarding it. The thick
glass and the long panes, with a minimum of interstices,
IS so good a covering that fire-heat is reduced to a low
proportion. That, together with the comfortable way
in which the borders are arranged and the roots con-
served, goes far, depend upon it, to induce the healthful
action of the Vines, and their promising fruitful
exuberance. ^.— [In p. 901, col. h, line 30, for " houses
filled," read "turfs piled." It may be added that Mr.
Meredith's Grapes are reported to be very fine this
season, and that he has something magnificent in the
way of Muscats. Eds.]

BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

(Continued from p. 99f.)

In Section!) (Biology), Mr. W. Stephen Mitcheh
read portions of the report of the committee appointed
to investigate the Leaf JBeds of the Lower Bagshot
Series in the Sampshire Basin. He pointed out that
there was a better chance of determining the remains
from these beds than those from many others. They
were more perfect in themselves, and many of them
had very characteristic forms. The forms he adduced
(which he admitted were the best) were several
specimens nearly approaching Cussonia natalensis, in
its leaf, and separately a fruit very like that of
Cussonia paniculata ; also, fruits like Dalbergia rufa,
and leaves also of Dalbergia ; leaves in shape and
venation, like Dryandra foliata, but larger; Sabals
from Corfe ; and Saxites. He laid stress on the fact
that we know the age of the beds from stratigraphical
evidence, not depending on botanical details.

Mr. W. Bkown read a paper on the Claims of
Arboriculture a^ a Science, from which we take the
following: — After advocating the proper recognition of
Arboriculture as a distinct science, on the ground of
the aid its elucidation would afford to the practical
forester, and those influences, good or bad, which trees
are found to possess over soil and climate, the paper
continued — The area of Great Britain is about
.57,000,000 acres, of which it is estimated 2,ri00,000, or
1.22 part, are under a crop of wood, of all kinds and
ages ; or, more particularly, the whole surface may be
divided into five grand divisions, thus : —

Corn crops 9, .300,000 acres.

Green crops 3.500,000 ,,

Grass 15,800,000 ,,

Wood 2,000,000 ,,

Uncultivated 25,800,000 ,,

iv7,000,000 „
There is, then, in our island one acre in every
22 covered by trees, or only one-third less than what is
under green crops. To every 11 acres of cultivated
land there is one of wood, and 1 to every 16 of unculti-
vated. Without its timber Britain — and more
especially other countries less favourably situated as
regards latitude and sea influences — would, it may be
safely said, never have attained its present eminence,
either politically or agriculturallv. The gross land
rental of Britain is about 53,000,000?., or 18s. 6d.
per acre overhead — but SOs. when confined to the
cultivated ; and as a wood crop is found to return as
much, on an average, as arable, we find the annual
■value thereof to be no less than 2,500,000/.— a financial
fact to tell in favour of the object of this paper.
While trees regulate a climate, it is also a fact that
injudicious clearings, or over planting, respectively
cause aridity and humidity. The want of a due propor-
tion of country under a tree crop, is certain to cause
irregularity of temperature, violent storms, and dryness.
On the other hand, a country may be over-clothed
with wood, so as to bring about just the opposite
efl'ects, which, besides their more immediate results,
are well known as generators of disease. Upon the
ground of these few facts, then, it is evident that a
climate may be made, or at le.ast regulated, by man to
suit different crops and districts. As illustrative of
the efl'ects of trees on the health of the population,
I would refer to the districts of Grantown and
Abernethy, in Strathspey, which before 1856 were
covered with some 15,000 acres of almost continuously
close masses of plantation and natural forest. After
1856, and to this date, a regular system of thinnings
and clearings have taken place. The population of
these districts in 1861 was 5871, and the extent
embraced is some 90,000 acres ; thus showing 1 acre of
wood to every 6 of other crops or waste land, being
double the average of the kingdom. Some still say
that nature is the best forester in the sense of thinning
or regulating the number of trees on the ground, but
neither in this nor in the extent with which we are
provided with them naturally does it suit, as we have
seen, to allow things to have their own way. Tet we
are to take advantage of the fact of nature's bounty,
and to say that the great importance of arboriculture
is more manifest from the early care which she takes
in covering the surface of the countries with trees. It
may be safely said that civilisation cannot advance
without trees, and that those must be tlie most civilised
people who cultivate them on scientific principles.

The Peesident ( Mr. Busk) considered the cultivation
of arboriculture in two lights — flrst, as a means of pro-
curing timber ; and, secondly, as a means of obtaining

a supply of water. Referring to the scarcity of this
necessary of life at the Book of Gibraltar, he said that
the cause was entirely owing to the denuded state of
the rock. By the planting of trees the precipitation of
moisture would be greatly increased, and the present
want of water considerably lessened. He contrasted
the condition of France and Spain in respect to
arboriculture, and attributed much of the intellectual
and social superiority of the former over the latter to
the cultivation of the science of tree culture.

A communication on PoUeniferous Ovules in the
Sose, by Dr. Masters, was read. Eeference to the
formation of perfectly-formed pollen within the ovules
of Rosa arvensis, and of the occurrence of fibrous cells,
such as are usually met with in the anthers, in the
interior of perfectly formed ovules, has already been
made in our columns, p. 757. The present communi-
cation supplied the details of this extraordinary phe-
nomenon, and was preceded by an account of ovular
malformations in general.

A paper on the Destruction of Plantations at
Drumlanrig by a species of Vole was read by Dr.
Geieeson :— The ravages of one or more species of
Arvicola or Vole in the plantations of Drumlanrig, in
Dumfriesshire, have been for years increasing. As far
as I can learn, such was not specially noticed until
about the year 1852. Since then the destruction
might be represented by high figures. It would seem
that the voles have migratory habits, at times appear-
ing in vast numbers in plantations where they had not
been previously noticed, and which they almost
completely destroy. The destruction is principally
among the young Oaks and Ash. A ring of bark is
gnawed from the tree close to the root, where it is
covered with the Grass or Moss. The effect of this
ring of bark being removed is the destruction of the
tree. Plantations are liable to be so injured until they
are of more than 12 years standing. Should there be
any trees of Holly, their bark is almost whoUy removed,
even that of the small branches. Larch and Pines,
as far as I know of late years, have not been
attacked, but I have heard of Larch plantations being
much injured by what I presume to have been a vole.
It is in the winter months that the destruction chiefly
takes place, especially when the ground is covered
with snow. I do not know of any like injury having
been noticed in other localities in the south of Scot-
land, although it is recorded as having occurred in
times past in other places, as in the New Forest. In
the examination of hundreds of voles, obtained from
the Drumlanrig plantations, I distinguish two species.
The one corresponds to the Arvicola pratensis, the
other to the Arvicola agrestis. The former bears but a
small proportion in number to the latter, not, I think,
above one to twenty. There is probably another species
of small vole to be met with in moorland districts, but
which is not associated with the destruction of planta-
tions. The only method that has been tried for the
destruction of the voles is tbnt of digging pits wider at
the bottom thsin at the mouth, into which many fall,
and are there killed, or allowed to die. The numbers
thus destroyed have, however, no sensible eSect in
lessening the swarms. There can be little or no doubt
that the enormous increase of voles is owing mainly to
the relentless extirpation of rapacious birds, and espe-
cially of the weasels, who are the natural police of the
forests, to maintain a balance of power, and prevent the
usurpation of any one class. While Nature gave
unlimited fertility to the rodentia, she bounded their
destructive increase by the carnivora, and it is not wise
for man , for the sake of his amusement, to disturb that
order. Nature will not suffer him with impunity to
sacrifice her offspring for game. Judgment will be
upon him, the forests become blighted, the land over-
run with vermin, until he repent of the injury that he
has done to the hawks, the owls, and the weasels.

A paper on Life : its Nature and Origin, by Mr. P.
Melville, was read. In criticising the "development"
theory, Mr. Melville remarked — Animals and men
may develop and grow till they reach the maximum of
their constitutional capacity. Beyond that they go
not. Have we not seen the matured species universally
remaining stationary ? In this sense the development
theory is true, viz., that life in all its phenomenal
forms rises by an unbroken evolution of natural causes
from a microscopic germ to a complex organism ; but
that germ contains the nature of the species, and can
grow only into the organism of that species. The true
nature or vital form adjusts its environment to itself,
as well as becomes adjusted to it. Herbert Spencer
and his school, however, try to evade the force of this
by the theory of " heredity." Spencer holds that the
intelligence of an infant is no higher than that of a dog
— that, in fact, intelligence is the same in man ana
brute, and that what is requisite to raise the brute to
the human level is the accumulation of experience
hereditarily organised into nervous tendencies. Here
I join issue with him. Many animals surpass man in
perfection of the senses, and we can prove geologically
that the brutes have a longer pedigree than man.
Why, then, have the brutes not more intelligence than
man ? It is answered that language makes the
difference ; and Huxley argues tliat two delicate
nerves in the tongue are the foundation of all man's
pre-eminence above the beasts. If that is the fact, the
brute should be able to learn the language of signs as
well as the dumb man, which we know is not the
case. Then it is argued that men are the progeny of
primoBval brutes, and hence inherit through every
ancestral species all the organic experience or neredity
of the primal reptiles, saurians, apes, " missing links,"
and all. Thus man's pedigree is made the longest, and he
has attained better nerves in his tongue, and hence
languages, reason, and pre-eminence. But even Spencer
admits that this may ever remain a mere hypothesis,
with many improbabilities on its side. If so, and no
tribes of monkeys ever become " developed " into
humanity, the hypothesis is worthless, and is indeed

utterly refuted. If man sprang from the ape he may
do so again ; but even our opponents despair of this,
and do not try it by cultivating and humanising the
noblest tribes of apes. All facts seem to confirm the
opinion that species are never transmuted.

Home Correspondence.

Grape Judging. — When Grapes are grown for orna-
ment only — when colour, size of bunch and berry con-
stitute the chief characteristics for which they are
grown— then it will be time to judge them by that
standard. But so long as they are grown to be eaten,
then let us, in the name of common sense, have flavour
as the leading quality. Let me not be misunderstood :
for while I consider flavour the aim and end of good
Grape growing, I would in no instance give a premier
prize to Grapes that were badly grown or badly coloured.
Green Muscats or Frontignans are as reprehensible as
red Hamburghs or Alicantes; neither are properly
grown, and therefore are not entitled to be premiated.
What was it at Manchester that prevented Mr. Mere-
dith from taking full honours but the want of flavour?
When we first saw the fruit we were astonished at the
award of equal prizes to the Hamburghs, but directly
we tasted the fruit we could see that Mr. M.'s
had a first prize for growth, his Grapes wanting
a fortnight to ripen them, and his rival's for full
maturity. The ghost which Mr. M. has raised about
the mutilation of bunches by tasting, may soon be laid.
No gardener worthy of being appointed a judge would
mutilate a bunch or disfigure it in the slightest manner,
but, on the contrary, he would with a penknife or pair
of scissors take out the two or three berries necessary
for tasting, without any person knowing that they had
been removed at all. For years, at Chiswick,
Regent Street, and the Park, I had regular oppor-
tunities of seeing or assisting the judges at their duties,
and I can safely aver that I never saw either of the
gentlemen named by Mr. Meredith, or other persons
equally eminent — Fleming, Spencer, Ingram, &c.,
judge Grapes without tasting them. As for Mr.
Glendinning, I have judged with him scores of
times, and he always tasted— in fact, there is
no other certain way of ascertaining whether
Grapes are ripe and fit for table— conditions
required by most prize schedules. I could at the
present moment cut fine handsome bunches of the
Muscat Hamburgh perfect for the kind in bunch, berry,
and bloom, but sour enough to turn a schoolboy's
teeth, and so they will be for a fortnight or three weeks
to come ; yet in point of style, if to be judged by the
eye, I question if Mr. Meredith, with all his resources,
could surpass them. To give a prize for such Grapes
would be simply madness, and yet I would defy either
I Mr. Meredith or Mr. Penny to detect their want of
maturity without tasting them. Need we any other
proof of the absurdity of the proposition which seeks
to judge Grapes without tasting them ? A. P. W.
[Much of the difference of opinion which it is evident
exists, as to the value of " colour " and " fiavour," arises,
we doubt not, from this fact, which some of our corres-
pondents seem to ignore, that Grapes are fully coloured
long before they are ripe enough to be eaten. Red
Hamburghs, that have hung their full time, may be
better tasted than black ones cut too soon, but they are
not better examples of Grape-growing, nor can we admit
that they should be placed before the others in judging
them. We are sceptical as to the existence of well-
swelled, well-coloured, well-bloomed Grapes (Ham-
burghs are generally understood in this discussion)
that would be deficient in flavour if they hung their
proper time. Practically, in judging it is a small
matter to taste the few samples which are perfect in
other points, and thus flavour maybe allowed to carry the
award ; but to give prizes to badly-coloured, i. e., de-
fective Grapes, over good samples, grown to their
natural colour, would be subversive of good gardening.
Red Hamburghs maybe eatable, but they are not models
for imitation. Then again, there are many sorts of
Hamburghs, and, speaking generally, their quality is
in inverse proportion to their size. AH this has to be
considered in judging. We do not object to eliminating
the coarse tasteless sorts, such as Dutch Hamburghs,
but let us have perfection in all points in those which
carry off the prizes, and let not good taste and justice
be violated by selecting what is obviously defective, to
be crowned with au award. Eds.]

Cucumbers.— One of your correspondents complained
(see p. 903) of having been supplied by a London seed
firm with a spurious variety of Rollisson's Telegraph.
I procured a packet of Telegraph, also, from a London
house. I sent for Rollisson's Telegraph, and got in
place of it a vile substitution. When my plants fruited
they produced a variety which some call a Ridge
Cucumber. The house in which I grew my plants has
a division in it ; in one part I had the true stock of
Rollisson's 'Telegraph; in the other I had both the true
variety and some of that supplied from a London firm ;
the former (Rollisson's) proved all that could be
desired, first-class in every respect ; the latter, though
grown side by side, turned out to be, as has just been
mentioned, worthless. Both varieties had the same
treatment in every respect. At first I considered my
having been supplied with so bad a sort, an accident,
but since reading in your columns the just complaints
that have been made about spurious sorts having
been sent out for the true kind, I take a different
view of the matter ; in fact I have heard in one
instance of a gardener having received a packet
labelled Telegraph, with as many seeds in it as
would have supplied a dozen large establishments,
and they turned out to be a mixture of Carter's

Champion and Ridge Cucumber. /. W. Early in

May we had soma Cucumber seeds placed in our
hands ; they were a portion of a packet that had
been sold by a London firm, and were asserted to be
Rollisson's Telegraph. They were sown at the same

OCTOBKE 5, 1867.]

THE TrAl^DENET^S' nm^nXTrT.E and Ani^TOTTT-TTinAT, r,,A7KTTE.

1025

time, and under similar conditions, as some from our
own stock. Tlio result of the trials wa.s that the
variety which was sold hy the London house proved to
be a very inferior kind. We forward you a fruit of
our Telegraph, which is, however, scarcely a fair
sample, as it has been grown in a pot, and ui)on the
same plant from wliich it has been cut are several con-
siderably larger fruit ripening off for seed. We also
send you a specimen of the produce of the seed sold hy
the London house ; it, too, has been grown in a pot,
both kinds having the same treatment ; the latter had
two fruits upon the plant, the best of whic"h we have
forwarded to you. When wo proved that a spurious
kind had been sent o\it for our Telegraph, we caused
advertisements to be inserted in your Paper, and also
in other horticultural journals, intim.ating that
purchasers should bo cautious where they procured
seed of Telegraph, as we were convinced from our
trials that if they were supplied with the same stock,
of which we forward you a sample, they would
certainly fail in producing Cucumbers in winter. We
may mention that we have not had a single complaint
from persons who have been supplied with our printed
and sealed packets, but that, on the contrary, every one
who grows the true stock of Telegraph speaks of it in
the highest terms as being a lirst-class variety for
general purposes. W. RoUisson Sc Sons, Toothfj. [The
fruit of the true Telegraph which accompanied this
communication measured 213 inches in length, and
7 inches in circumference, while the length of the
spurious fruit was scarcely a foot; in short, compared
with the true Telegraph it is a mere Gherkin, and its
rate of growth is reported to be much slower than that
of Hollisson's Telegraph. Eds.]

Araiicaria tinbrlcala, at Ct'aigs. — In the various
reports that have from time to time appeared in your
columns about the size of some of the Pines and orna-
mental trees of modern introduction, X am not aware
that any notice of the Pinetum, at Craigs, near
Montrose, has ever appeared. The gardener there,
Mr. Muirden, is a retiring, unobtrusive man, but
thoroughly up in all branches of his business, and has
certainly managed his Conifers so as to make them per-
fect pictures of health and beauty. On the present occa-
sion I wish particularly to notice one of his Araucarias.
From my notes taken on the spot, this tree was
planted in 1S.3S, and cost 16/. Its circumference now
at the ground is 5 feet 6 inches ; at 4 feet from the
ground it measures 3 feet 4 inches. Its height is
30 feet, and the spread of its branches from one
extremity to the [other is 25 feet 6 inches. It is one of
the most uniform and perfect plants I ever saw —
clothed with branches to the very ground, and all of a
beautiful green. R. O. Ross, M.A.

Late Peas. — Many have written to you about Early
Peas ; why should not a dish of Green Peas, if good, be
equally valuable in October as in May ? I have sent
you a small sample of Ne Plus Ultra, which my
employer says are very good indeed. Of the variety just
named, which is a good summer and autumn bearer,
I sowed four rows 22 yards in length on the 26th of
June, between rows of early Kidney Potatos. They
stood about 6 feet from row to row, and both crops
have done well. I began to pick on the 12th of
September, and I pinched off the points of the haulm
next day ; afterwards a lad having a pair of steps and
pruning shears reduced it to about 7 feet in height.
The result has been a good crop of Peas, and if the
present favourable weather lasts we may gather a good
dish almost every day until the close of the present
month. Jas. Bowriitg, Gr. to J. C. Colquhoun, Esq.,
ChartweU, Westerham, Kent. [An excellent sample
for this season of the year, quite free from mildew,
from which late Peas often suffer. Eds.]

Ec/ieveria metatlica. — I am pleased to see (p. 952) that
Mr. Earley speaks highly of this plant for decorative
purposes, as here it has been one of the most attractive
plants which I have had this season. Its bright
metallic tinged leaves, and singular appearance of
growth, must at all times be looked upon with pleasure,
either in the flower garden, or in the conservatory.
Many who have visited Osberton this season have
expressed astonishment at seeing it thrive so luxu-
riantly so farth north ; somes of the leaves measure
10 inches in length and 8^ inches in breadth. I also
found this species of Echeveria in fine condition last
week at Thoresby, where it flowers freely. It occu-
pies two small beds which have a very striking appear-
ance. B. glauca has also done well with me this
season. Mdward Bennett, Osberton, Worhsop.

Allamanda Hendersoni. — While acting as a judge at
an exhibition a few weeks ago, this plant, together
with A. Schottii, was exhibited in a collection of stove
and greenhouse plants. The difference between the
two was strikingly apparent ; indeed, the superiority of
A. Hendersoni, compared with its excellent congener,
could not fail to strike even the most careless observer.

Bruce Findlay, Botanic Gardens, Manchester.

I see (p. lOui) that Mr. Bull has again written to
you about Allamanda Hendersoni, and its distinctness
from A. Schottii ; and supposing Mr. Bull's description
to be correct, A. Hendersoni would be an acquisition,
bui, unfortunately for myself, who gave 31*. Qd. for
it, _ I cannot see the slightest differenee in any one
point between it and A. Schottii. I have two specimens
of A. Hendersoni and three of A. Schottii, all growing
in one house and receiving the same treatment.
These plants have been seen during the past season by
numbers of plant growers, who are all of my opinion
as regards A. Hendersoni. A gentleman who flowered
it last year authorised me to ofl'er two guineas at any of
the London shows to the exhibitor who should show
the two best plants, one of Hendersoni and one
of Schottii, the prize to be awarded if, in the judges'
opinion, the two kinds were distinct v.arieties. This
was made known in your columns at the time, and
may I ask Mr. Bull why he did not settle the matter
by.oompt'tiug for the prize in question? I do think

that it is a hardship that I should be led by a cata-
logued description to purchase a plant at a high price,
and after growing it into a specimen to flud that there
is really no dilforcnco between it, and one of which 1
have plenty of sfoc^k. John Sterens, Gardener, Mahvrn

Hall, Suli/iiill. 1 have grown both A. Hendersoni and

A. Siliiillii side by side for nioro than eighteen months
botli bi'iiig uiiiler the same treatment. A. Hendersoni 1
purchased from Mr. Bull, at the end of February, iat'i6.
1 bloomed it in Juno tho same year, and exhibited it
in August with more than eighty expandeil blooms on
it, and it gained a lirst prize. Being so full of bloom it
was the admiration of all who saw it. I have invited
many gardeners in this neighbourhood to inspect it, and
all agree with me that I lure is a marked dill'erence
between the two plants, llendcr.soni blooms earlier and
more freely than Si-hollii, and hxs larger flowers than
tho.se of that; kind: the colour, too, is deeper, and the
habit more compact than that of Schottii. I have been
much plea-sed indeed with the growth of Hendersoni.
Thomas Chartesworth, West Bridge, Leicester.

Hardihood of Cetifaurea argentea and C. candidis-
sima.—i have some slight nroof that certain of the
Centaureas, and especially the kinds just named, are
nearly, if not quite hardy. As, however, I am not
thoroughly convinced of the fact, perhaps some of your
readers who may have left plants out in the open border
during the winter, or who may have otherwise tested
their hardihood, will favour us with a record of their
experience in regard to the matter. My Colons beds
have been frozen down since the 25th ult. It may
therefore be a matter of some interest to many of us to
receive confirmatory evidence, or otherwise, concerning
these very valuable decorative plants. William Earley,
Digswell, Welwi/n, Herts.

The Vines at Chalsworth, as planted hy the laie
Sir Joseph Paxton. — I am glad to see that a very
useful discussion has been taking place in your columns,
by some of our first practical men, on the best system
of growing Grapes, and in some of the remarks made
last week (Sept. 21) I see that my name is incidentally
mentioned in connection with the planting of the
Vines at Chatsworth nearly 40 years ago. Without
entering particularly into the merits of either system
advocated by the various writers, I shall confine my
remarks to the principal point of inquiry, in which my
name has become mixed. When Sir Joseph (then Mr.)
Paxton first came toChatsworth, in 1818, from the Horti-
cultural Society's Gardens at Chiswick, the Vines
here were in a very poor condition. The garden, as
many are aware, is nearly on a level with the river
Derwent, which is periodically subject to heavy floods,
arising from the many tributary mountain streams.
In consequence, the Vine borders (not being much
raised, but in other respects probably well made)
were all water-logged, and the Vines not only grew
badly, but were so over-run with mealy-bug that a
good bunch of fruit fit for table could scarcely be
procured. The woodwork of the Vineries was heavy,
and the glazing had large overlaps, so that com-
paratively little light entered the Vineries ; in fact
the garden altogether was by no means calculated to
inspire in a young man in his first situation, much hope
for the future, unless it underwent an entire revolution.
To a man of Mr. Paxton's indomitable spirit these
apparent discouragements only helped to spur him on,
and furnish him with a stimulus for exertion to
overcome them. When the crops of Grapes were
gathered and the wood ripened, the sashes were taken
from the houses, and during the cold rainy autumn
and winter weather, we took out the glass {Mr. Paxton
himself assisting), and had the sash bars lightened, and
the whole reglazed with better glass, and making
smaller laps. Two new houses were built to this range
of Vineries, the borders of all these houses were re-
made, and a set of new Vines planted one under each
rafter, with the intention of removing every other
Vine, and making one Vine fill two or three rafters.
The following year an entire new range was built,
and planted in a similar manner. Some one had
praised the system of inarching two or three Vines
into one, so as to secure two sets of roots to one Vine ;
but eventually on talking the matter over it was
abandoned, and in a few cases the Vines thatwere planted
with the intention of occupying the houses permanently
were extended so as to occupy two or three rafters
each, many of which still continue. The crops on
these extended Vines have ever been exceedingly good,
both in quantity, quality, and colour. S. Mereman,
Chatsworth, and 7, Pall Mall East, London.

Show of Variegated Belargoniums. — I observe the
suggestion for another show of Tricolors, &c., next
season, and agree, to a certain extent, that good notice
should be given that all may prepare; but if the
arrangements are made in too great a hurry, there is a
risk that continued modifications of the schedule will
be made. I would therefore recommend that all
suggestions be sent to Mr. Moore before a given date
— say the end of October— and that two persons (one
amateur and one florist, or grower for sale) should be
named to act with him in preparing the scheme.

Charles Turner, The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

July or August has been named for the show of next
year, but I would suggest that it be held as early in the
former month as possible, before London begins to thin
of its sight-seeing company. The plants may be had in
capital condition by the beginning of July. B.

Currant Trees losing their Leaves. — Can you tell me
the cause of red and white Currant trees losing their
leaves in July ? Mine here always do so as the fruit
ripens. They wither gradually, just as they should in
autumn. It does not seem seriously to hurt the
bushes ; at least they live and bear the next year,
though rather scrubby in size and appearance. They
are j ust as bad against a north wall. The soil is a nice
Turnip loam, rather light, with a gravelly subsoil,
varying in depth from 1 to 3 feet ; the deeper soil is
also heavier, but the same thing happens there. It is a

capital soil for most garden produce. The climate is that
of the extreme south of Ireland. A sort of Currant
between rod and white holds on best, i. e., later thiiu
the others. The mischief is, the Currants do not ripen
thoroughly, and one ciuinot keep them late, when they
are so useful ; and no doubt the crop of next year
does sufl'er in quantity. I saw the same thing this
year in a garden in .Somerset. The gardener said it was
a now tiling there in tho past 10 years, and was never
so in that garden wlien he knew it as a boy, and they
used to kee|i ( Uirranls till near Christmas. He thought
it was a disease. His soil is heavy lias clay, and ha.s
been a garden for a century. i\linc was only made
12 or 1.5 years ago, and the trouble began at once.
W. B. J. [We are not acquainted with any disease
likely to produce the effect you mention, but should
rather bo inclined to attribute it to the effect of soil
and chinate. It is not an unusual thing for red and
white Currants to lose their foliage early, iiarticularly
if the soil be very light and hungry, or very cold and
stiir. In your case we should imagine that a remedy
would be found iu liberal dressings of good manure,
one dressing to be pricked in during this or the next
month, and then in Maya coating of the same, 3 inches
in thickness, applied all over the surface of the soil. C]

Tropreoluin speciosum. — This is one of the prettiest
of Tropjeolums, and is a hardy perennial. It makes a
handsome climber for covering logs in Ferneries, as it
likes a partly shaded situation. In the Fernery here
it covers yards in extent, climbing up shrubs 5 feet
high, and up the tall Ferns, producing at the same
time abundance of scarlet flowers, which are the
admiration of all who see them. It grows freely in a
mixture of leaf mould and loam or peat, and it may be
readily increased either by means of roots or seeds.
Win. Singthe, the Gardens, Elm-ham Hall, Norfolk.

Tomatos. — At a recent horticultural show in the
north, where I was one of the judges, collections of
vegetables were set up for competition, several of
which contained Tomatos. Were we justified in
awarding the prize to a collection which included
Tomatos? I must own that I am scarcely satisfied
with the reply given to a correspondent in yours of the
21st ult. (p. itSO), in which you class Tomatos with
baking Apples and Pears, and I should be glad to have
the opinion of some of your able correspondents on
this question, viz., Is the Tomato a vegetable ? T. IT.
[Though unquestionably a fruit, yet being used fir
culinary purposes only, the Tomato is admissible in a
collection of vegetables, equally with Peas,^ Beans, or
Cucumbers, which are all fruits iu the strict sense of
the word. Eds.]

Soctetfcg.

Royal Horticoltural, October 1. — Floral Committee. —
From the Society's Garden came a collection of beautifully
flowered small plants of Odontoglossum grande, for which a
Special Certificate was awarded. Among them were one or
two large blossomed and highly coloured varieties. It may
be mentioned that this Odontoglot is pre-eminently a cool
Orchid, and that as such it ia well worth the attention of
amateur cultivators. Dendrobium cumulatum was furnished
on this occasion by Messrs, Veitch, who received a Second-class
Certificate for it. It produces drooping spikes of white
flowers, flushed with lilac, and when better established will
probably be a showy and interesting species, the more so
on account of its free-flowering habit. Mr. Bull contributed a
fine group of plants, in which were several examples of
Clematis Jackmanni and rubella, ranging from 18 to 20 inches
in height, and loaded with large showy blossoms; Ptycho-
sperma regalis, a handsome Palm, with leaves which when
young have a coppery tinge on the upper surface, and are
ribbed with red on the lower side ; Peristeria elata, or Dove
plant ; Zamia villosa, a graceful species ; Dracteua Cooperi, with
finely coloured foliage ; the robust-looking Lastrea floridana
from .Tapan, which was awarded a First-class Certificate ; and
Aspidistra elatior angustifolia variegata, with narrow leaves
striped with cream colour. This latter also received a First-clasa
Certificate. Messrs. Carter &, Co. received a Special Certificate
for three plants of Phaltenopsis aniabilis in fine bloom : and
the same firm also sent a semi-double nearly white flowered
Lilium auratum. Mr. Parsons, Danesbury, Welwyn. furnished
Gymnogramma peruviana laciniata, a variety of Silver Peru
with fronds much cut and densely powdered. It received a
First-classCertificate. A similar award was made to Mr. Stevens,
Ealing, for Variegated Zonal Pelargonium Achievement, a kind
with smooth leaves having a broad bright crimson and black
zone on a yellow ground. From Mr. Crump came two seedling
Pansies, respectively named Lord Lyons and Lily Wbite, but
not of sufficient merit to gain an award ; and from Markhani
SpofEorth, Esq., Porchester Terrace, Bayswater, shoots of
Jasminum officinale foliis aureis, a gold-varie^ated Jasmine, to
which attention has been directed iu former reports. Mr.
M'DoutraU, Greenock, sent cut specimens of a white Zonal
Pelargonium called Kate Bell, which is stated to be free-
flowering, and of dwarf habit, but it was not in good condition.
Mr. Tillery, gr. to the Duke of Portland, at Welbeck, exhi-
bited a collection of seedling Gladioli, of which some account
will be found in another column. Mr. Standish, Royal Nur-
series, Ascot, likewise sent a collection ; and First-class Certi-
cates were awarded to Lady Alice Hill, Lord Kenlis, and
William Mcnzies, all kinds which are noticed elsewhere
(see p. 1027). Messrs. E. G. Henderson exhibited some finely
flowered Standard Veronicas, from among which V. purpurea
violacea was selected to receive a First-clasa Certificate. It
is apparently a robust free-growing kind, and has stout
(•pikes of flowers of a beautiful violet-purple colour. The other
Veronicas exhibited by the same firm were Madame Bouchar-
lat, Azurea superba, Delfossiana, and meldensis. A Special
Certificate was likewise awarded to Messrs. E. G. Henderson for
a collection of Lantanas, of which Ne Plus Ultra, Alba lutea
grandirtora, Julius Csesar, and Madame Dufoy, appeared the
best. Tho same firm also sent a dwarf variety of Lobelia
named Queen Victoria, and examples of Echeveria glauca,
Sempervivum californicum and S. calcaratum, together with
Princess of Wales, Duke of Edinburgh, and Edward George
Henderson Pelargoniums, of the Gold and Bronze section. A
few seedling DahlLas were produced. A First-class Certiiicate
was awarded to Mr. C. Turner, of Slough, for \ edette a
purplish rose flower of considerable merit. Mr. Tui-ner also
had Autocrat, Prince Leopold, Guardsman, Yellow Perfection
(one bloom only of the two last mentioned), and Master
Johnny and Billy Button, both Fancy kmds. From Mr.
Legge, Edmonton, came President and Sultan. Some fine
blooms of dwarf African Marigolds, of large size and well
coloured, wore shown by Mr. Richard Dean, Ealing The
plants grow from 11 inches to 2 feet in height, and
produce fine blooms for exhibition. Mr. Green, gr,

to

1026

THE (lARBENEKS' CHBONICLE ANT) AGHTCULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 5, 1867.

W. Wilson Saimdera, Esq., had a Special Certificate for
a group of plants, most of which were more interesting
than beautiful. Among them vfere Vanda recurva,
Sarcauthus tricolor, BiUbergia sp., Bahia; a new Tillandsia,
also from Bahia ; Oncidium abortivura ; a species of Solanum,
from Peru ; a Mexican species of Myanthus, with greeni'ih-
white, brown, and purplish flowers ; a Dorstenia from Rio
Janeiro, with silvery variegation on the leaves ; and a new
terrestrial Orchid fiom Bahia, having leaves with a pale green
gi-ound colour, spotted and mottled with brownish purple. To
this a First-class Certificate was awarded. From Mr. Cripps,
Tunbridge Wells, came a beautiful collection of Clematises.
First-class Certificates were awarded to Star of India,
violet purple, striped with rosy purple ; Marie Lefebvi-e, very
large, delicate Freuch white, striped with deep lilac ; Madame
Van Houtte, very large, pure white ; and Sensation, also a large,
pale blue. Mr. Cripps likewise exhibited Cupressus Lawsoniana
flava, a variety with a golden tinge, for which he received a
First-class Certificate ; Cupressus Lawsoniana nivea, varie-
gated with white ; and Jasminum nudifi orum aureum, of which
some of the leaves were altogether yellow, and others yellow
variously oiised with green. Mr. Walkling, Lewisham, exhi-
bited Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums : Mr. J. J. Chater,
Gonville Nurseries, Cambridge, a collection of Scarlet and
other Zonal varieties ; and there were also several neatly grown
plants of the best Zonai and Nosegay Pelargoniuma from the
Society's Gardens.

, Fruit Coramittte. — In the class set apart for the best three
dishes of Bessert Apples, Mr. Hughes, gr. to the Rev. G.
Kemp, was Ist with large examples of the Ribston Pippin,
Cox's Orange Pippin, and Lewis's incomparable. Mr. Whiting,
The Deepdene, Borking, w:i8 ild with Ribston Pippin, Cox's
Orange Pippin, and a kind the name of which was unknown.
A 3d prize was awarded to Mr. Ruffett, gr. to Viscountess
Palmerston, Brockett Hall, for Cox's Pomona, Cellini, and
Ribston Pippin. J. Garland, Esq., Tumham Green, and
Mr. Lynn, gr. to Lord Boston, Hcdsor, also exhibited
in this class. For the best three dishes of Dessert Pears
a 1st prize was awarded to Mr. Whiting for good fruit i
of Louise Bonne of Jersey, Beurru d'Amanlis, and GratioU. ;
Mr. Neale, gr. to R. A. Cart^vright, Esq., Edgcott Gardens,
Banbury, sent Williams' Bon Chretien, Thompson's, and
Marie Louise, but the two last were not ripe enough
to merit an award. A Special Certificate was awarded
to Mr. Garland, for unusually large and fine examples of
Blenheim Pipjain, and for Damelow's Seedling, known in the
markets as the Wellington, which, though not so remarkable
as the preceding in point of size, was still very fine. A Special
Certificate was likewise given to Mr. Ruffett for two Pines,
one a handsome Blood Pino, and the other a Providence,
beautifully grown and ripened, and weighing 10 lb. Mr.
Green, gr. to W. Wilson Saunders, Esq., sent a fine specimen of
Glory of the West, a large Kitchen Apple, Froni Mr. A. Bean,
Maybush, Southa-mpton, came a collection of Apples and
Pears, including among others good samples of Scarlet
Admirable, Herefordshire Pearmain, Hawthornden, Golden
Noble, Blenheim Pippin, and Lemon Pippin, the last
very fine ; and Beurrti Clairgeau Pears, to which the
same remark applies. Mr. Plester, Elsenham Hall Gardens,
sent an Apple under the name of old " Essex Golden Pippin,"
which appeai'ed to be the Ingestre Yellow ; likewise Queen
Anne's Pocket Melon, and a cross-bred from it, larger in size,
but not equal to it in ornamental appearance. Queen Anne's
Pocket Melon was also shown by Mr. Marwell, gr. to the Earl
of Gainsborough, who had also Exton Green-fleshed Melon,
which, though not perfectly ripe, proved of good flavom-.
Messrs. Veitch exhibited a Tomato which was considered
distinct, and provisionally named Veitch's ProUfic ; but there
is now every reason to believe it to be a form of the Pear-
formed variety. The only other subjects worthy of note
were i?remier runner Bean, shown by Mr. R, Bean, Ealing,
which grows from 4^ to 5 feet high, and produces an abun-
dance of pods I'esembling those of a large-podded dwarf
Kidney Bean ; and from Mr. R. Headly, Stapleford, a small
seedling Kidney Potato, which, on being cooked, proved very
mealy and good-flavoured.

' QUEKBTT Microscopical Club : Sept. 27. — This, the monthly
meeting, was held at University College, Mr. Arthur E.
Durham, president, in the chair. Mr. Slade read a paper on
"Snails' Teeth," in which he described those organs of Mol-
lubca known as the tongue, or palate, consisting of a long and
narrow strip of memVirane on which are arranged, in various
patterns, successive series of strong reciu-ved teeth, by the
rasping action of which the animal is enabled to obtain its
food. By this means the carnivorous mollusca bore through
the shells of the animals on which they prey. Tho number,
arrangement, and shape of these teeth afford to naturalists a
means of determining species. Dr. Maddox exhibited a col-
lection of beautifully executed micro-photographs of deep sea
soundings, many of the objects being magnified 3000 times.

Notices of 35oo6s.

Lois de la Nomenclature Hotaniqne. Par M. Alph.
De Candolle. Geneva. Georg. 18(37. Sto, pp. CO.
( Williams & Norgate). " Laws of Botanical Nomen-
clature " &c.
It is satisfactory to see that discussion upon a subject of
so inuchimportanoetoboth botanists and horticulturists
will not be allowed to drop before some useful results
have been obtained, the organising Committee of the
International Congress at Paris having revived it by
requesting the author of the pamphlet before us to
draw up a code of laws as a basis, and we may now
fairly hope for something approaching uniformity in
naming spontaneous and cultivated plants. The want of a
regular and systematic nomenclature of plants, especially
with regard to those introduced by nurserymen and
amateurs, and varieties and hybrids of garden origin,
has long been felt, and various propositions have been
made by scientific men at the different international
meetings to overcome this difEiculty ; but no definite
plan or set of rules has previously been submitted to
consideration. The learned author gladly complied with
the reijuest of the Committee, he informs us— having
from his youth devoted considerable attention to syste-
matic botany, and being therefore better prepared for
the task, perhaps, than many others ; the result has been
a code of laws, consisting of some 68 articles, following
which is a commentary on the principal questions,
where the arguments advanced by several noted men
for and against some of the latest innovations are given
in full, and impartiaUy criticised and rejected or
retained as the author deemed fit.

That the author has exhibited a praiseworMiy discri-
mination generally in the selection and forming of
his rules is no more than might have been expected
from one who has all his life been intimately connected
with systematic botany, and has ever been active in
the cause of scientific progress ; but, although great

judgment and discernment have been brought to bear
upon the work, and great care has evidently been taken
to provide for all contingencies, we cannot say that he
has been successful in every case, nor can we accept
the whole of the laws here laid down. For instance, we
object to giving names to " sub-species," " varieties,"
" sub-varieties," " variations," and " sub-variations,"
whatever they may be, and to blendings of any combi-
nation of these forms of a spontaneous species.
Neither can vve admit in practice of so many grada-
tions of a species. In calling them sub-species, &c., an
intermediate state is admitted, we presume, to exist.
Why, therefore, name any but the more striking
forms ? Even that is inconvenient, except for culti-
vated plants, when the intermediate form turns up.
With regard to cultivated plants, the same rule is to be
observed for the " sub-species," * varieties," and " sub-
varieties," but inferior varieties, seedlings, sports, &c.,
must not receive Latin names. By this we under-
stand that M. De Candolle deprecates the employment
of Latin names for varieties artificially produced or
originating in gardens, and we strongly urge upon
florists and others the desirability of compliance in this
respect, for a variety or hybrid is not always evident as
such, and great loss of time to the botanist results in
searching for the supposed description of a plant
bearing a Latin name. We fear, however, that a long
time will elapse before botanists and horticulturists
will join to effect this greatly needed reform in the
vegetable kingdom.

No directions are given to guide nurserymen and
others in the publication of their introductions, but
catalogue names, unless accompanied by a description,
may, according^ to Article 4fl, be ignored ; and even
when the name is adopted, the time of publication dates
from the published description : so they will do well to
send their plants to some weU-known botanist. We
are glad to see that he does not defend the course
adopted by E. Brown, of modifying specific and generic
characters, and substituting his own name for that of
the original describer, such as has been lately pursued
by M.Mueller in his monograph of the "Euphorbiacea;,"
published in the last volume of the " Prodromus."
Indeed, he seems to have arrived at the conclusion that
if carried out it would lead to chaos ; for, as he justly
observes, anyone restricting or extending the character
of a species or genus would be entitled to append his
own name, to the exclusion of the person who had
modified it, and the next comer likewise ; so that at the
end of the chapter we should have the same genus or
species differently constituted, and more or less com-
prehensive in its character, according to individual
views, by half-a-dozen different authors, and in au Index
Botanicus it would be necessary to cite them all
separately. The evil might extend even fui-ther than
this ; for one botanist might exclude all the .species of
a certain genus adopted by another, and his species
again might be rejected by a third. The same with
regard to species. Different assemblages of the varia^
tions of one species might receive the name intended
for the whole or last, as the case might be, according
to the fancy of any person anxious to see his name
in print, thereby causing unutterable confusion
We cordially unite, too, with the author in condemn-
ing the whole of the proposals _ put forward, and
supported by many eminent botanists, for conserving
the name of the original describer of a species, when it
is necessary to transport it to another genus, cfcc. All
the schemes proposed to this end are exceedingly
clumsy, and the old plan of quoting the name of the
author who placed it in the genus, after the species,
really gives all the information required in using the
name. This plan has, moreover, almost invariably
been adhered to by systematists in this country. We
will now give some of the articles chiefly relating to
cultivated plants.

" Art. 12. The fertilisation of one species by another
creates a hybrid ; that of one modification or sub-
division of a species with another modification of the
same species, a mongrel or blending {mixtiis)."

This reminds us that some of the following words
are very loosely applied by gardeners in this country^
bastard, mongrel, blending, cross, hybrid, mule,
sport, &,c.

" AJt. 13 (in part). Hybrids are arranged under the
genus after one of the species from which it originated,
with the sign * placed before the generic name.

" Art. l-l. Modifications of cultivated species should
be traced to their wild progenitors where possible.
The most important of these modifications are referred
to sub-species, and when constant from seed they are
termed races (proles). Modifications of a second order
are called varieties, and, if constant from seeds, are
termed sub-races (sul-proles)."

The less important modifications, comparable to the
sub-varieties, vai'iations, and sub-variations of spon-
taneous species, are designated according to their
origin, when it is known, in the following manner : —
1. Seedling {satus)^ a form derived from seed ; 2,
blending {mixtu^), proceeding from cross fertilisation in
a species ; 3, sport (lustis), when derived froru a shoot,
tubercle, or other organ, and propagated by division._ ■

"Art. 30. Hybrids of undoubted origin are desig-
nated by the name of the genus, to which is added a
combination of the names of its two progenitors, the
name of the mother plant being placed first with the
termination i or o, that of the species which furnished
the pollen following with a hyphen between them,
thus— Amaryllis vittato-reginaD. Hybrids of unknown
parentage are named in the same manner as species,
and are" distinguished from them by the absence of a
number, and by the sign* iireoeding the generic name,
thus—* Salix capreola, Kern.

" Art. 37. Names of sub-species and varieties are
formed in the same way as those of species, and added
to them in their order of relative value."

Blendings of doubtful origin are named in the same
manner.

"Art. 38. Sub-varieties, variations, and sub-varia-
tions of spontaneous species may receive names
analagous to the preceding, or simply numbers or
letters to facilitate their classification.

"Art. 30. Blendings of undoubted origin are
designated by a combination of the two names of such
species, varieties, sub-varieties, &c., which gave the
births, ohsei'ving the same rule as in the case of hybrids.

"Art. 40. Seedlings, blendings, and sports whose
origin is obscure, receive fancy names in the vulgar
tongue, as different as possible from the Latin names
of species and varieties. When a sub-species or variety
can be traced back to its species, it is indicated by a
succession of names, thus — Pelargonium zonale Mrs
Pollock."

In conclusion, we extract some interesting statistics
on the proportionate increase'.of generic synonymes, and
also of new genera and species, as well as one or two
more rules with regard to names and authorities.

In the four first volumes of the " Prodromus," pub-
lished from 1824—1830, the proportion of genera
retained to synonyms is about 100—56.

In Hooker and Bentham's " Genera Plantarum,"
Parts 1 and 2, published 1862-65, and containing nearly
the same families, there are 100 genera admitted to
117 synonymes, showing that the number of generic
synonymes has doubled in 36 years.

The foregoing remarks and the following table,
demonstrate that genera are becoming better known,
and that we are approaching the period when all will
be told. The figures show a regular decrease in the
proportion of new genera, and slight increase in the
proportion of new species : —

1

Genera.

Species.

Volumes of the
/'Prodromus."

■i

1

is

1^

8495
8308
7832

u

VIII.. IX., X. ..
XI., XII., XIII.
XIV., XV., XVI.

1844-45
I847J2
1857-86

840
602
476

130
05
35

15.4
10.7
7.3

1636
1783
1864

19.1
21.4
23.t

Total . .

1918

230

24,636

5283

The following rules deserve to be strictly observed :—
Never change the name or alter the orthography of
name after it is once published, unless there is some
very glaring error. Keep to the rule, with a few evident
exceptions, as in the case of D . C. for the author of
this paper, of (juoting the proper contraction of authors'
names, viz., the flrstsy liable and first consonant or two
of the second as Hook., &o., for Hooker ; this has
sometimes been abbreviated to Hkr, which the author
humorously shows might answer to no fewer than
2209 different names.

Catalogues Beceived. — The following have
recently come to hand ;— Of Bulb Lists — T'Umorin-
Andrieicx et Cie.'s Catalogue \des Ogiions a Fleurs
I'laides Biilheuses et Frai^iers ; IS. O. Henderson Sf
Sun's Catalogue of Bulbs; W. MolUsson Sr Son's
Catalogue of Dutch Sulbs; T. Sampson's Catalogue
of Flower Boots; J. Carter Jf '^o.'s Vade-Mecum :
Part IV., Dutch and Cape Bulbs ; Hooper Sc Co.'s
Autumn Catalogue of Flowering Bulbs; C. Turner's
Catalogue of Bulbous Flower Roots; J. Kelletfs
Catalogue of Dutch and otlitr Flowering Bulbs ;
B. J. Fdioards' Autumn Catalogue of New and Choice
Ki/acintJis ; Barr 4* Sugden's Autumnal List of Choice
Bulbs ; Butler 4' McCullocfi's Autumn Catalogue of
Dutch and Cape Bulbs; W. Wood Sc Son's Dutch
Flower Roots. Of Rose Lists we have— JF". Paul's
Rose Catalogue for 1867-8; /. Cranston's Catalogue of
Selected Roses; Paul (Jt Son's Rose Catalogue for
1867-8; W. Wood ^ Son's Descriptive Catalogue of
Roses. Of General Lists we have— S. Parker's
Catalogue of Stove, Ch-eenhouse, and Hardy Plants
and Bulbs ; W. Wood 4' Son's General Catalogue of
Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, <.\'e ; W. Barron 4' Son,'s
Selfi;t Catalogue of Ornamental Plants; Ambroiie
Verschaffelfs Prix Courajit pour I'Automne, 1867, et
Print emps, 1868 ; Aug. Nap. Baumann et fM Catalogue
General.

dFlorists' iFlotoers.

I IMAGINE that the last of the Seedling Dahlias of
the season were seen at the meeting of the Floral
Committee on October 1st. It is getting late for them,
and though frost may not come to out them off, the
cold weather affects their perfect development. Vedette
was finely shown by Mr. Turner on this occasion, the
flowers being much larger than when last seen. The
centre of the flower is remarkably full and high, the
petal finely rounded, the outUne excellent, but yet with
somewhat of a thin substance as shown. The green
scales which could be seen amid the florets in the
centre of the flowei-s wiU, no doubt, disappear with
cultivation. Perhaps it would be best to describe
the prevailing hue of this flower as being of a pur-
plish rose, as in its best state the purple is more
manifest than the rose. The two Fancies, Master
Johnny and BiUy Button, were again shown, the
former deficient in the centre, and the last still
small in size. There appears to be stuff enough
in the last out of which to buUd up a good flower.
Autocrat (Turner) is a somewhat novel form of a
crimson Dahlia, having a band of bright rosy crimson
up the miii.'.L i.f the florets, which are feathered with
dark. This peculiar marking seems to disappear as the
flowers age; and the specimens shown were a little
deficient in the centres also. Prince Leopold (Turner)
is a rose-coloured flower slightly suffused w ith purple,
the centre of a pale colour, which does not add to its
attractiveness. It appeared to be in indifi'erent con-
dition. Guardsman (Turner), of which only one blooin
was shown, is of a rich crimson hue, but not of the

OCTOBEE 5, 1867.J

THE GARDHNERS- CHRONICLE AND ACRl CULTURAL (UZETTE.

1027

best quality. Sultaa and President, botla from Mr.
H. LeRge, are eiinison flowers, the latter not so good
8S wlieu last .seen ; the former is a shaded llower, poor
as shown.

Mr. Rawlinjjs' Dahlia White Bodder was asiani
shown on this occasion, and received the hislicst
award. On the last oocasion the idaut shown was one
that had been grown in a similar maTiner to these
planted for show purposes. On this occasion the plant
produced was much dwarfer in growth— about 30 to
24 inches— and the flowers were very freely produced,
and of a pure white colour, without beini; so open in
the centre as is generally seen in the case of Alba flori-
bunda nana. It is a good acquisition for bedding
purjjoses.

Some cut blooms of a white bedding Pclargoninra,
named K:il.' IJclI, were sent by Jlr. J. McDougall, gr.,
Balibutha, (jlieenock, N.B. It partakes somethmg of
the character of Madame Vauchcr, but is purer in
colour. It is said to bed well, grows very dwarf, and
blooms freely. Seedling Pansy Lily White, from Mr.
Crump, Dursley, was represented by some cut flowers.
It looks as if it would make a good bedding kind; the
flowers are stout, circular, and it has a large dark
l>urple blotch.

Seedling Gladioli were shown both by Mr. Standisb,
Ascot, and Mr. W. Tillery, Welbeck. Of the
choicer kinds, William Menzies, rosy carmine,
mth faint flakes of white, the throat pencilled with
purplish crimson, and forming a close and efl'ective
spike, having Hi expanded flowers at one time; Lady
Alice Hill, a novel looking flower, having a pale ground
marked and leathered with bright deep li[ac, the tliroat
stained with rosy violet ; and Lord Kenlis, bright
orange red, witlx conspicuous lemon throat, and a light
stripe up each segment of the flower — a fine and
attr;ictiveexhibitioQvariety,wereall from Mr. Standisb.
Besides these there was a large collection of named
kinds, among whioli Dr. Hogg, Prime Minister, Car-
minata. The Colonel, J. W. Lane, Our Little Lucy,
Blair Athole, Sir James Clark, lo, Mrs. Siddons, and
Aurora, all of Mr. Standish's own raising, were very
attractive, and may be taken as a fine lot of exhibition
flowers. One of Mr. TiUery's flowers, a pale buH'kind,
with a pencilled throat, came before the Committee,
but it was thought to he no improvement on existing
kinds, thousih a bold and showy flower. Mr. Tillery
explained that his Gladioli were not sent as examples of
show flowers or fine spikes, but merely to indicate
how this gorgeous autumn flower can be made to bloom
iu two years from sowing the seed, and \vhat a variety
of colours can be had among seedling varieties.
The seeds of the flowers sent were saved in the fine
autumn of 1805, and sown in the open border in
April, ISiJB. On lifting them in October, the largest
bulbs were not much bigger than Marrow Peas.
They were again planted in April, 18G7, in a rich light
soil in the open border, and the flowers sent had been
cut from them. From -100 to 500 were now in flower, and
many hundreds were showing flower that would not
open this season. Some seeds from the best show
flowers were sown at the same time in boxes, and started
in a Peach house, and grown in these boxes duing the
summer of 18(50. They were planted out the same as
the others this year, but had not flowered, showing
that the best and quickest way of raising Gladioli from
seed is to sow ibem in the open air. It is astonishing
what a small bulb will flower in two years from sowing
the seed, and the very best spikes come from middling-
sized bulbs. 21. B.

that country. In some districts it is extremely difficult
to keep them out of the hives; and when they once
obtain a good footing, their ravages are very great.
Even in our country, if combs are left exposed, or the
hives allowed to remain in a neglected and dirty con-
dition, the wax-moth will establish itself, and commit
great damage.

In artifical comb-making the German bee-masters
have taken precedence, in point of time, of both tho
English and tho Americans. 6'. Sevan Fox.

Obituary.

Tki- Lai-e Mr. J. Murdillii-'rai/.—'Ur. John MaoGil-
livray, lat« naturalist of II.M.S. Rattlesnake, died at
Sydney on the Oth of June. lie had just returned
from !Ui expedition to the liichmond lliver, and was
preparing to leave for the islands of tho South Pacific,
when his career of usefulness was out short by death.
John MacGillivray was the eldest son of the late
William MacGiUivray, llegius Professor of Natural
History, Marischal College, Aberdeen. He was
intended for the medical jirofession, and had all but
completed bis studies wlieu Lord Derby ort'ered him
the appointment of naturalist on board II.M.S. Fly,
which was about to make tlie voyage round the world.
On his return to Kngland he was appointed naturalist
to H.M.S. Eattlesnalce, employed ou the Government
survey, and recorded the results of a three years' crui.se
in two interesting volumes, which were favourably
received \>y the public and the leading literary journals
of the day. His next appointment brought him to
Sydney in 18.50, and the rest of his life was devoted to
scientific investigations into the natural history of
Australia and the neighbouring islands. He spent
nearly five years among the savage inhabitants of the
South Sea Islands, where he had many strange adven-
tures and hair-breadth escapes. He had a wonderful
power of gaining the confidence and adapting himself
to the manners of the cannibal tribes among whom he
lived. Constant exposure and hardship gradually
undermined his vigorous constitution, and super-
induced the disease which brought his active life to a
close. AtkeiKEuiii.

Miscellaneous.

■Wax oe Bee-Comb. Peopolis oe Bee-Glue.—
Vi':\.x is a natural secretion, and is produced in a similar
manner to that in which tallow is produced. If bees are
fed on honey or any liquid sweet, they will secrete wax ;
and as jiure white waxwill be produced when bees are fed
on the darkest of sugar or syrup, as v>hen they are fed on
imre honey. During the comb-building season small
Slides of wax maybe seen issuing from between the rings
nl the abdomen of the worker bee. The drones never
sei-rete wax. Fifteen or twenty pounds of food are
required to secrete 1 lb. of comb; hence old comb is
valuable to give the bees, when it is not full of worms
or mould. Clean pieces of comb, placed in the honey-
box, will often induce the bees to enter and go to work,
when they otherwise would not. An attempt is being
made to produce artificial comb by several American
lii'O-keepers, who are sanguine that it can be perfected.
1 n many instances it would be of ^reat advantage.
ij,\' many wax is often confounded with bee-glue, but
lliin'e is a wide difference. Wax, as already observed,
is a natural production of the bee, while bee-glue is
^Mini or resin that exudes from dilferent trees, and is
ii-cd for stopping up cracks or any joints in a hive that
would admit air or the miller. It is found on the
i'ino. Hemlock, Cedar, Fir, Balm of Gilead and Cherry
1 rces. The bee gathers it, and carries it in the same
way as it does pollen or bee-bread. {Canada Fanner.)

h has been asserted th.at browm sugar, when con-
sumed by the bees, is more conducive to the secretion
<->!' wax, consequently to the formation of combs, than
white sugar. It might be well to institute a course of
experiments on this ])oint; which, if correct, might be
ol' importance in our bee-feeding operations. For
ordinary feeding— that is, when it is intended that the
bees shall store up the food for future consumption —
I prefer using loaf sugar to brown, believing it to be
much more likely to remain unfermeuted in the cells
during a long winter. In combs which had been
sfaled up at the time the syrup was supplied, I have
often found it as good and pure in March as when
givqn in October. In the above extract from our
American contemporary, by worms the writer of course
alludes to the larvae of the Tinea melloncUa, or was-
molh, called also in America " the miller." Those
frequently prove to be a fearful pest iu tho apiary iu

IrritahilUi; of Plants. — We have undertaken, in the
course of this year, a number of experiments ou the
irritability of plants, which show that the faculty
which some of them, and especially the Sensitive
Plant, possess of executing movements which appear
voluntary, may be suspended by many agents, such as
ether, chloroform, carbonic oxide, and spirit of
turpentine, all of which are known to act upon the i
nervous system of animals. Amongst these experi- !
ments one appears to us of sufficient interest to deserve '
the attention of the Academy of Science ; it relates to
the action of the electric current on the Mimosa
pudica (Sensitive Plant). We selected four plants
perfectly developed, and so sensitive that the slightest
contact, such as the friction of a fly's wing, caused
their leaves to shut up, and the petioles (leafstalks) to
droop along their stems. Placing the pots containing
these plants on an insulating stand, we attached to the
two ends of their stems a small copper wire, in order
to pass through them the cm rent from a single
Bunseu's cell. After a few seconds, when the plants
reopened their leaves, and erected their petioles, we
caused the current to traverse them ; but the leaves
did not fold up, tho petioles did not fall, and the plants
seemed insensible to the electric action. We then ;
varied the experiment, and instead of employing the
direct current of the battery, we used an induced
current obtained by the aid of a very small
RubiukorfTs coil. The results were then quite
different. Scarcely had the current commenced
when the leaflets began to fold together, and the leaf-
stalks drooped down along the stems. These movements
were quickly propagated froni one end to the other of
the plants. According to this experiment the plants
are sensible to electric disturbances, and behave under
such conditions like animals. We then wished to see
whether the application of the electricity for a longer
or shorter time would give rise to any special pheno-
mena, and we exposed tliree of the plants to electric
action for varying periods. The first plant received the
current from the Ruhmkorfl' coil for five minutes, and
was then left to itself. For more than a quarter of an
hour it remained in a state of prostration, but gradually
its leaflets re-opened, the leal-stems lifted themselves
up, and in about an hour it reassumed its natural
appearance, and seemed none the worse for the shocks
it had received. A second plant was similarly treated
for 10 minutes, and then left alone. The state of pros-
tration in this case lasted for an hour, and it was not
till the expiration of that time that the leaflets began
to open, and the leaf-stalks to rise, and these move-
ments seemed to be accomplished with greater difficulty
than in the preceding case. The plant was evidently
fatigued, and did not fully recover for two hours and a
half. The third plant was electrified for 25 minutes and
then left to itself In this case we waited in vain for its
restoration— the prolonged electric action had destroyed
its irritability, and even its life, for the next day we
found it withered, and blackened, as if struck by light-
ning. The fourth plant wa« reserved for an experi-
ment, which proves that electric disturbance acts upon
]dauts as it does upon animals, it is known that mau,^
and other animals, exposed to the ana.'Stlietic action of
ether, become insensible to induction currents, even
when strong. We desired to ascertain if _ it was the
same with iihe sensitive plant. With this object in
view wo placed a plant under a bell-glass with two
openings, through which two copper wires could
convey the electric current to it. A few drops of ether
were sprinkled in the glass, and in a short time the
plant experienced the anesthetic action of that sub-

stance, for when shaken it did not clo.se its leaves, or
manifest any sensibility. In this state we passed the
induction current through it, but it gave no sign of
sensitiveness. Tho p^^tiolos remained straight, and the
leaflets continued open. These fresh experiments came
in aid of others which have been made on tho same
subject, and supply an argument in favour of those
who consider the movements observed in these plants
to bo produced by the operation of organs analogous to
those which animals possess. M. JilonUeau^ in Coniptes
Meadua.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Aquahiums, especially those containing the Victoria
Lilu, Ni/mphiTfis, &c., will now need every attention,
with the view of prolonging the flowering season.
Gradually advance the temperature until a moderate
artificial maximum heat has been attained. This will
admit of the possibility of giving a plentiful supply of
air in fine sunny weather. It is quite needless to refer
again to the subject of .shading in connection with these
plants, as shading material should have been entirely re-
moved beforethis time. Where sundry pendent or creep-
ing plants are grown around the sides of the tank, they
should also be so reduced as to admit all the light
possible. Where these plants are annually removed after
their active season of flowering is past— a very desirable
mode of treatment — it may be possible to so reduce the
amount of water when a cleansing of the tank takes
place, as to give the mounds in which the plants grow
a soaking of good liquid manure. This is best done by
fixing some sort of tube, as a lar^e drain pipe for
example, firmly upon the surface ot the monnd^ and
then filling it with the liquid, so as to allow it, by
means of a pointed stick or some such implement,
gradually to soak down into the soil without in any
way directly influencing the clear water in the tank.
I do not advise this however where no annual removal
of the soil takes place, as if left dormant throughout
the winter it has a tendency to make the mould sour.
The time is fast approaching wdien the utmost inge-
nuity will be necessary in order to devise means for the
proper storing away, during the coming winter, of
many valuable plants which we hope to retain until
next summer, and those who possess the least amount
of glass, or other efficient substitute, will be much the
most taxed in this wise. It is not those who pos.sess
Vineries, Peach, and Fig-houses to whom we wish to
address this word in season. They can " store away "
their old specimen vase plants, ornameutal-foliaged
plants, &c., with little tax upon their wits. Not so the
amateur possessing more limited means. As regards
bedding plants, I have before stated that some of the
more tender, less easily wintered sorts, such a3
Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums (Mrs. Pollock, &o.,
for example), can be stored away more safely and in less
room, taken up whole as they are, than by putting
cuttings of them in now. Unless under favourable cir-
cumstances, such cuttings are very liable to damp off,
even the very wounds upon the old plants, made in
procuring them, tend to hasten a similar decay in
regard to them also. Surmising that the greatest pos-
sible amount of " stuff" has to be housed safely over
the winter, with but limited means at command, it
will be better to set apart the most favourable site for
the best of the hard-wooded plants. This will admit
of a little more crowding for the time being. For the
variegated sections, of whatever sort, choose the driest
situation. All such plants, especially those which have
to be potted up out of the open borders, should be
placed in a free open soil, which is not likely to be too
retentive of moisture. Silver sand, or, what is better
for such a purpose, coarse road-drift, from which the
softer dusty matter has been removed, where any such
exists, should be used abundantly, potting firmly after
having well crocked the pots. Such semi-tuberous things
as Ca^nnas, Herbaceous Lobelias^ &c., may be placed
away under the stage, or iu any dry corner where not
more than O'of frost can possibly reach them, buriedin dry
mould. Scarlet Pelargoniums may be stored away in
larger numbers, as old plants, than it is possible to do
with cuttings. A good supply of these latter is also
attainable from them in the spring. Choose the lesser,
neatest plants for this purpose, lay them aside for a few
hours until the foliage begins to flag, when it will be
well to take off all the grosser leaves, except about
three at the several points: remove them with
a knife, and in such a manner that a small portion of
the leaf-stalk remains attached to the stem, which will
induce them to fall off without causing a wound. Do
not cut or break any shoots, as this gives them a ten-
dency to decay. Having cut in the larger roots, fix, as
many together as you reasonably can in any store pots
at hand, crock well, and use such a compost as that
recommended above. With but little water, occa-
sionally turning them round in order that all sides
may receive an equal amount of light, they will thus
keep well in any out-of-the-way corner, and prove
efficient stock when the early spring arrives. One
other thing I would remark, and that is, in arranging
a house necessarily composed of such motley and
various subjects always endeavour to keep the various
sorts together. The dissimilar treatment which they
severally require demands that this should be done.
Should fine weather continue, viz., a dry hazelly
October— the gardeners' boon !— use the damper more
freely to keep such fires, as are needed in moderation at
night, in check diving the day, and use these combined
advantages to have every bit of growth made by the
inmates of stoves and other intermediato houses during
the past summer dry, hard, and well ripened. No
plants, bear in mind, need this more than Cape Heaths ;
treat them, therefore, to a constant supply of fresh
moderately dried air at this season, and give sufficient
root moisture to ensure a healthy action of the roots

102S

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE §, 1867.

without the risk of undue top-excitement. AU Poin-
settias should have been potted before this time, if
fine large bracts are to be expected ; any which now
need it must be placed in one size larger pots only, and
be plunged in bottom-heat at once ; as with plants
generally, they also require the pots to be well furnished
with roots before the flowers commence forming. Give
all such subjects plentiful sprinklings overhead with
clear tepid water.

FOBCINO HOUSES.
^ Do not omit to adopt the necessary means, con-
tinually to keep all Vineries, having Grapes yet hanging,
as dry as possible. Lessen the bulk of air afforded at
night materially as the external night temperature
decreases ; this will obviate too large a condensation of
vapour, and its consequent settling in dewy particles
upon all internal objects, caused by the antagonism of
the two distinct temperatures, £. e., the inner and outer.
In houses where Grapes have not yet finished the
ripening process it will be best to keep a slight warmth
in the pipes or flues during the day, with abundance of
air upon all warm sunny occasions, and a constantly
moderated supply at others. Attend well to Pines
showing, or about to show^ flower. Remove all such to
the most favourable position at command, and as soon
asthey show flower, keep the atmosphere rather drier,
with rather more warmth than before, combined with
air, until they are well set. October is not at all a
favourable month for flowering any kind of Pine,
especially the Queen, hence the need of even greater
attention in regard to this variety than perhaps any
other. Good warm linings will now become absolutely
necessary around all Cucumber and Melon pits or
frames not otherwise heated artificially^ if a constant
supply of fruit of the former is required, or well-
ripened ones of the latter. At all times when a good
maximum heat has been thus attainable, water the
Cucumbers more freely at the root. Give old plants an
occasional supply of liquid manure. Generally speak-
ing. Melons have no further need of water at this
season, unless it be some that are growing freely, and
that are intended to come in late.

HARDY FRUIT GARDES".

A-S «oon as all the fruit upon Peach and Nectarine
trees has been picked, and this will have been done
yery generally at this date, excepting it may be perhaps
a few of the later October varieties, it will be well to go
carefully over each free, and remove therefrom all the
more prominent shoots which have borne fruit this
season. Just remove the parts which have leaves
upon them only, as the chief object in view is to afford
all the light and air possible to the young shoots
of the current season's formation, in order duly to
harden and therefore well ripen the wood and
the buds thereon. As I have before inti-
mated, where many grossly-formed leaves exist
it will be well to cut them in two. This operation
has a tendency to cause fruit or flowering buds
to form at their base, in lieu of wood buds only. Stop
allstrong-growing shoots which have formed upon Fruit
trees of every sort after this date. Doing so will tend
in some manner to induce fruitfulness in the ensuing
season. Do not omit to remove, without further delay,
all old canes from Raspberry plantations. The old
fruit-producing wood has no further purpose to fulfil,
and the removal of it will admit air and light into and
amongst the young canes. Fig trees, and especially
any which are growing too robustly, should also have
some of the larger ^ leaves and unnecessary shoots
thinned out for a similar reason. Continue to rub
off all young Pigs which continue to show and which
are too forward to stand through the winter,
with the view of ripening next season. This it
is not likely any will do if they have assumed
any size beyond such as renders them just discernible
in their first stage, or such as are about the size of a
pin's head. Removing these now will cause others to
follow at their base, in the axils of the same leaves, and
be the means of insuring a plentiful crop hereafter. Go
over all Pears which in a general way ripen from late
in December onward. Should any part pretty freely-
bearing past directions in view— gather a part, if a
superabundant crop of any sort exists, forthwith ; or
if a middling one only, it will be better to secure the
whole. Later varieties must remain upon the trees
for some time longer.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

Incessant vigilance will now be needed in the out-
door flower garden. Many subjects which we treat in
every way as "hardy" enough for summer decoration
must now be taken up, and oared for in a different
way, if we intend to winter them successfully for a
future display. We have even now experienced a
forerunner of what is to follow, and must not risk too
much. It takes all the means at command to properly
house many subjects ; to wait, therefore, till the life is
nearly frozen out of them before we take them up is
but adding to our difficulties. Secure forthwith a
suflicient stock of Coleus, Heliotrope, &c., and do not
be caught napping with zonal and other even more
tender Peargoniums, the whole stock of which it may
be intended to pot up. Cuttings of Calceolarias may
now be put in. Choose strong healthy shoots, having
no symptom of disease about them ; should auy exist
upon any of the stock, either place them thickly in
33-sized pots, or dibble them in rows sufficiently wide
apart into a cool pit or frame, where proper protection
can be afforded them against any severe frosts. Do not
make the cuttings too long, but cut them neatly into
young growing wood. When made do not allow them
to flag, but by shading, &o., induce them to root freely
without too great a tax on their latent energies.
KITCHEN GARDEN.

No more favourable weather can be desired than the
present for ripening crops, hardening wood, &c. Should
it last, therefore, take advantage thereof to thoroughly

destroy all weeds before we experience a return to
damp sunless weather. Finish housing the Potato
crop with all possible despatch. As there are too
general symptoms of disease amongst them, it will be
better not to finish pitting them— i. e., placing the
mounds of earth over them— until it is proven whether
they are likely to keep well in the aggregate or not, after
being stored away in confined spaces. I advise,therefore,
that while they are properly protected by the aid of
straw, or other coverings, it will be besc to leave them
in that way, in order that a periodical examination of
them may take place ; when, should any bad symptoms
show themselves, they may with greater certainty, and
with a less amount of trouble, be again carefully
picked over before definitely clamping them for winter
protection. Carrots should also be taken up now.
I find these keep much better pitted out in the open
ground than when stored away in cool, damp, confined
bins. Here they are not nearly so likely to rot ; and
they keep to the end much fresher. Make the neces-
sary preparations for protecting Lettuces and Fndive,
should sharp weather set in early; which the slight,
but early foretaste we have experienced justifies us in
thinking it may do. W. E.

HINTS FOR AMATEURS.
The duties which the month of October brings with
it are not perhaps so pleasurable as those of the
summer months ; nevertheless they must be attended
to, or the time will come when we shall wish we had
not been so indolent. The evenings are now so short
that those whose avocations occupy them elsewhere all
day can only work in their garden in the early morning,
and as the heavy dews and slight frosts occur, garden-
ing is wet, chilly work for the amateur's fingers, parti-
cularly before he has had his breakfast. Milk, with a
dash of rum in it, is not a bad foundation to begin the
day's work upon, but for keeping out cold there is
nothing like coffee, if the engine drivers in the north
are to be believed.

The effects of frost upon tender plants must now
receive consideration. The mercury will soon be down
to 32^ of Fahrenheit, which is zero of the Centigrade
thermometer, and our Dahlias and Heliotropes will
record the fact with their blackened leaves. It should
be remembered, however, that tender plants are not so
much injured by extremes of temperature as by sudden
changes, and that m.any a plant will survive a severely
cold night if protected from the sun's rays during the
following day. Careful screening after a November
frost will often preserve to us till nearly Christmas,
plants of whose beauty we should othermse have been
at once deprived.

There are many plants usually taken up in the
autumn and kept in pots in frames, which might just
as easily be preserved where they have passed the
summer. Take for example Fuchsias, or Lobelias, or
Dahlias. Procure some pieces of sheet zinc, from 2 to
3 feet long, and 5 or 6 inches wide ; bend back about
half an inch at each end, so that, when the piece is
curled round into a circle, one end shall catch into the
other end. Having thus encircled a plant, push tlie
ring of zinc about an inch into the ground, which will
keep it in its place. Then fill up the ring all round
the plant with fine cinders, not dust or ashes, but
finely-sifted cinders. This will keep the frost away
from the roots of the plant, and will effectually preserve

! many things that would otherwise be occupying room
in the greenhouse or frame which is probably much
needed for more tender things. These rings keep the

{ cinders from rolling or blowing about, and confine
them to the roots of the plant which they are required
to protect. In the spring, when no more severe
weather is expected, the rings may be lifted, unhooked,
and laid away flat until wanted again next autumn. The
cinders also, bein"freefrom ashes,are easily clearedaway.
Those whose soil is light and sandy might use glass
rings. They can be had of various sizes, both round
and oval, at the glass shade shops, for a penny a-piece.
Glass shades are usually made tall, and pieces are cut
off the lower part to reduce them to the required
height ; these pieces are generally broken up, unless
the dealers have an order to save them, which they
will always do for the small amount named, provided
you will call from time to time and take them away,
so that they do not accumulate and fill up their shop.
Of course you would tell them only to save such as are
at least 4 inches deep.

It is only a very pretty face that will stand having
the hair drawn back by the root, as curls are more
generally suitable, and much more natural ; and as
with the fair sex, so with plants^nature's arrange-
ments produce more genuine admiration than auy
which art can efl'ect. Sulphate of this and bypo-
sulphite of that, may be all very well, but for
general use there is nothing better than well-rotted
leaves, if you want strong healthy plants with
plenty of flowers upon them. And now is the time to
collect them. Never go for a walk without a basket, and
never come home with it empty. If a wood is within
reach, you may generally find in or near it a ditch con-
taining more dead leaves than you can carry home at
once ; scrape away the dry leaves, and you will very
probably find under them sonie of last year's leaves
rotten and changed to a blackish colour. This is the
most useful manure you can have, therefore get as
much of it as possible; you cannot have too much of
it, as what you do not wantto put by for potting should
go upon your borders and beds for the winter, and be
dug in next spring.

Disbudding Chrysanthemums is one of the cold-
fingered occupations of the present month. By dis-
budding is meant the removing with a sharp-pointed
knife, or fine pair of scissors, all the buds upon each
branch, excepting the terminal one ; the effect of this

proceeding is that the individual blooms are allowed
to expand without being crowded or distorted by any
other blooms, and thus become larger and more

regularly shaped. It is a fldgetty job, requiring a
quick eye and a steady hand ; but the result is well
worth the trouble.

Nearly all kinds of fibrous-rooted hardy perennials
may now be divided and replanted, where they are
getting too large for their places. It looks as if these
line old-fashioned things were really coming into
favour again, when we see 30,000 herbaceous plants
advertised by one nurseryman as being ready for
delivery in pots. And they, of all others, are most
particularly amateurs' plants ; for they produce the
greatest effect with the smallest labour and trouble.
Campanulas, Rockets, Asters, Scarlet Lychnis, Wall-
flowers, Rose Campion, Solidago, Monk's-hood, Colum-
bines, Polyanthus, Primroses, Hepaticas, Heartsease,
Violets, Thrifts, Chamomile, Feverfew, Sweet Williams,
Carnations, Pinks, Saxifrages, Lilies (white, red,
orange and yellow). Iris of all colours. Foxgloves,
Antirrhinums, Valerian, Hollyhocks, Christmas Roses,
Crocus, both vernal and autumnal, Lilies of the Valley,
Snowdrops, Fritillarias, Cyclamens, winter Aconite,
Colchicums, Fair Maid of Prance — surely this is a
list of hardy plants long enough to satisfy any one that
beauty of arrangemenfi may be secured and pleasure
derived, without the aid of frames or greenhouses,
boiler makers, or coal merchants. W. T.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
For the Week ending Oct. 2, 18G7,as observed at the Horticultural Gardens.

BiHOMBTBR.

Teuperature,

Sept.

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

Wind

■^

Max.

Min.

Melt.

Min.

Mean

I ioot'2. feet
deep. 1 deep.

Thura. 26
Friday 27
Satur. 28
Sunday 29
Mon. 30
Tues. i
Wed. 2

28
•
1
2
3
4
5

30.410

30.298
30.29S
30.162
30.090
30.381
30.070

30 241

30.3SI
30.2J1
30.167
30.131
29.835
30.290
29.980

08
64
66
63

67
60
59

63.8

33
44
47
46
36
32
30

38.3

50.0
5i.O
56.5
54.3
51.5
46.0
44,5

57
57
58

56
66

S7
56
56
57
57
56
56

56.4

S.E.
S.W.
S.W.
S.W.
S.W.
N.
S.W.

.00
.01)
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00

Average .

30 155

51.0

66 8

0.0 0

Sept. 26
- 27

-Foggy ; very ftne
—Slightly overcast

overcast.

hoar frost early a.

u. ; clear and line.

— 28— Fine ; cloudy; cle:ir and tine at night.

— 29 -Overcast; eloudy ; clear and fine.

— 30— ulear ; cloudy ; clear and very line.
Oct. 1 -Clear and tine throuj;hout.

— 2— Overcast; cloudy and boisterous ; clear, frosty.
Mean temperature of the week , 3 7-10 deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Oct. 12, 1837.

Sunday .
Mon.

Tuoa. .
Wed. .
Thui-s. .
Friday .

Satur. .

62.1 I
63.9 I
61.8

60 8
617
619 I

59.2 ■

No. Of
Years in
which it
Rained .

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

0,78 iu.
0,58
0 63
0.79

o.es

0.34
1.00

Prevailing Winds.

The highest temperature during the abovtj period occurred on the
9th, 1861— therm. 77 deg. ; and tiie lowest on the llth, IsliO-thciui.
25 deg.

Notices to Correspondents,

Carnations and Picotees : W W C. These are both garden
varieties of Dianthus Caryophyllus. In this country
Carnations are grouped into bizarres, Sakes, and Picotees.
In Prance the grouping is different. Our Picotees would be
placed with the " ceiUets de fantaisie;" while flakes and
bizarres would be included among " oeillets flaQiands." The
Sweet William belongs to Dianthus barbatus, as also does
Dianthus oculatus marginatus of the German catalogues.
Hence, the seeds you wei'e supplied with in Frankfort were
not those of the Picotee or Carnation. " Picotten," " Rand-
Picotten," and "Bizarden," are the general German
equivalents for our Carnations and Picotees, but we are not
certain as to their precise application to our varieties.

Damsons : A R. The production on a Damson is not a Fungus,
but the egg of some Hemerobia. We have received a similar
production from Bombay. Corda published it as a Fungus
under the name of Crateromyces. M J B.

Gladioli : Messrs. Youell tt Co. Your specimens of Brenchley-
eusis are truly magnificent ; large both iu spike and flower,
and highly effective.

Gloxinia : J Coates. Tour seedling is no acquisition. There
are many better sorts in cultivation.

Insects : JJeooniensis. We can only guess that your caterpillar
may be that of tiphins elpenor, the elephant hawk moth.
We know no caterpillar provided with a retractile proboscis,
— / H. See last week's " Answers to Correspondents." The
insect within the Vine leaf galls proves to be a very singular
species aUied to Coccus, and not a gall midge. As the eggs
are being hatched, the affected leaves should be picked off
and burnt. W.

Labourers at Kew : D F. We are informed that the regula-
tions as to dismissal and rate of payment of garden
labourers at this establishment are the same as are in force
iu the parks. As to the sick list, the rule used to be to pay
full wages, doctor's attendance, aud medicine for an
unlimited period. Under these circumstances it was found
that the estimates for this item were doubled annually ; a
change was therefore made, and the practice now is to give
half pay for 14 days. The effect of this was to reduce the
sick money at once 75 per cent !

N.YME3 OF Fruits ; E C. Very small and much bruised ; most
probably a small specimen of Walburton Admirable. — W T.
Myatt's George IV.

Na-mes of New Zealand Plants: //r.Bwill find the names
he is in search of in the Appendix to Hooker's '' Handbook
of the New Zealand Flora."

Names of Plants: / W B. 1, Pteris tremula ; 2, Athyi-ium
Filix-fueDiinacrispum ; 3, Sclaginella llartensii ; 4, Oystopteris
atomaria. — / C, Shadicdl. Cornelian Cherry, Cornus
mascula. Wome people like them — we don't. — Lord Egerton
of T. Houlletia Brock Ichurstiana. J it' B. 1. Cupressua
Lawsoniana ; % Apple stock.

Peach House : E F. As the roots cannot run out in front, on
account of the obstruction you mention, there can be no
necessity for arching the front wall. The drainage can be
effected by sloping the bottom of the border down to a drain
with proper outfall at the lowest part. The trellis may be >
from 12 to 15 inches from the glass.

Shrubs and Trees foe the Sea-side : A B C. IIippoph»
rhamnoides, the Sea Buckthorn, will suit your conditions.
Evergreen Oak, Pinaster, Austrian Pine, Ontario Poplar,
Sycamore, Tamarisk, and Atriplex Halimus, are ull usfiful.
VVe can answer for all these doing well along the South coast.

CoMMDNicATiONS RECEIVED. — M. de Joughe. — F. T.— A. M.— ■
T. Simpson.

OCTOBHK 6, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GA^^ETTE.

1029

■pOTAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.

EDUCATIONAL PRIZES.
APRIL. 1806.

Fork ov Appi-ication for Candidatis.
■?/ To bo returned flUed up on or before
February 29, 1803.

Naiuo of tlio CAudldate at full leogth . . . . |

Dftto of his Birth }

Branch of Business followed by his family ,. j

Buiinoss intended to bo followed by himself . . }

Residonco of Pftvents or Gunrdinna |

The Names of the ScUooIb iit which tho Oandi-^

date littg been eductitod, stating the number oi{_

years spent at ench ; accompanied by CortI- 1

flcates of general Education J

The Candidate has to state whether he will be i

examined in Land Survoymg, or in Mochanica ^

as applied to Agriculture, or in both subjects. . )
He must likewise state in wiilch of the following^

optional subjects ho desires to be examined,

VIZ.:— Botany

Geology

Veterinary Science

Copiea of the above Form may be obtained on application to

n. Hall Dark, Secretary.

12. Hanover Square. London, W.

H" IGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

The NEXT EXVMINATIONS for the SOCIETY'S CERTIFI-
CATE and DIPLOMA will bo held in MARCH, ISGS, in the Society's
Chambers. No. 3, George IV. Bridge.

Candidates for the Certificate must bo IS years of age ; those for
the Diploma must be 21,

Candidates for the Certificate must bo acquainted with Farm
Accounts, Mensuration, and Surveying, and must possess a good
knowledge of Practical Agrioulture, and a general acquaintance with
the elements of Botany, Chomistry, and Natutal History.

Candidates for the Diploma must have previously obtained the
Certificate, anfl must po.ssess a thorough knowledge of the theory
and practice of Agriculture ; of Mechanicsand Mensuration ; of the
Physiology and treatment of domesticated Animals; and of the
applications of Botany, Chemistry, and Natural History to
Agriculture.

Further information in reference to the Examinations to bo had
on application to the Secretary of the Society, at No. 3, George IV.
Bridge. Edinburgh. F. N. Menzies, Secretary,

HE LANDS IMPROVE ME N T ~C 0 M FAN Y^

Incorporated by Special Act of Parliament in 1?53,
To Landownkks. trk Clergv, Estate Aqents, Sl'rveyobb, &o.. ii»

England and Wales, and in Scotland.
The Company aavances money, unlimited in amount, for the
following works of Agricultural Improvement, the whole outlay and
expenses in all cases oeing liquidated by n rent-charge for 2.t years.

1. Drainage, Irrigation, and Warpin^^, Embanking, Inclosing,

Clearing, Ueclamatiou, Planting, for any benehcial purpose.
Engines or Machinery for Drainai^e or Irrigation.

2. Farm Roads, Tramways and Railroads for agricultural or farming

purposes.

3. Jetties or Landing places on the sea-coaab oron the banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Erection of Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other

Buildings required for Farm purposes, and the improvement
of and additions to Fanu Houses and other buddings for
Farm purposes.

Landowners assessed under the provisions of any Act of Pariia-
ment. Pioyal Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
general works of Drainage or other improvements, may borrow their
proportionate share of the cost, and charge the same with the
oxiienses on the lands improved.

The Company will also negotiate the R.'int- charges obtained by
Landowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 1864, in respect of
their Subscription of Shares in a Railway or Canal Company.

No investigation of title is required, and the Company being of a
strictly fnancial character, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to Granville R. Rvder, Esq., Managing Director, 3, ParHa-
ment Stroot. London, S.W,

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING iJ'OWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY aud ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA, CREVECCEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
JoBK Eailt & Son. 113, Mount Street, London. W.

COLONY of NATAL.

IMMIGUATION and FREEHOLD LAND GRANTH.
GRANTS of GOVERNMKNT LAMJ arti ^iVon to Mon laniliur
with Fiirnilng oponitious, aud poasosslng sulllclont iiioans tu tum
their Ijanii to account.

Applications for Airther Information to bo made to Dr. Mann, tho
Special Agent of the Natal Govornmout, at tho Natal Immigration
Office, If., Buckingham Street, Strand, Loudon, W.C.

LAWKS' WHKAT MANUKE for AUlUMN
SOWING.— A supply of the above Manure is now ready for
delivery, at J. B. Laweb' Factories, Ueptford and Barking Creeks.
Price £S per ton. Two to three cwt. per acre to be harrowed into
the laud before the seed is sown. It can be obtained of Mr. Lawes,
or through any of his appointed Agents ; also
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE .. £G G 0 per ton.
SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME .. .. £5 6 0 per ton.

Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO direct from the Importers, and

all Chemical Manures of value.
AMERICAN aod other CAKES at market prices.
Address John Bennet Lawes, Offices, 1, Adelaide Place, London
Bridge, E.C. ; 22, Eden tiuay, Dublin ; & Market Square, Shrewsbury.

rp H£ LONDON MAN U KE cT)MPAN Y

jL (Established 1840).

Have DOW ready for delivery m di-y flne condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Land*
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMO.nIA, FISHERY
SALT, Ac. E. Pdrser. Secretary.

Officea. 116, Fenchurch Street, E.C.

CJMITIIFIELD CLUB FAT CATTLE SHOW.—

O The ANNUAL SHOW of FAT CATaMJC. SUI'ii^n'-rnM'
PIGS, will ho held at tho AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINOION,
on MONDAY afternoon, Doceinbor U, and Four followmg Days.

Intending Exhibitors aro rociuGstod to apply for Certlflcato Forma
by tho reforence letters as under.
CATfLE.— Form A. For an OX or STKER (In any Class).
„ H. For a Ci>W or IIKIKEU (in iiny CiaHs).
„ C, For a HE AST in K\t ri Slouk.
SHEEP „ U. For a PEN of :i WKIMl Kits (lu any CImh).

*, E. For a SINGLE SH KKl' Mi Kxira Stock.
PIGS .. y. For a PEN ol.T PIGS (in any Class).

,, 0. For a SINGLE PIG in Extra Stock.
ENTRIES for LIVE STOCK CliOSE NOVEMBER 1.
Prizo Ll-itfl, Forms of Cortlllcates, and all Information, may be
obtained on application to Mr. Dat id Pollen, Assistant Secretary,
at the Office 01 the Honorary Secretary, coruor of Hulf-Moon Street,
Piccadilly, London, VV.

N B. All commuuicatlona respecting tho Show must be addressed
to the Assistant Secretary, as above, and ihould bear outside tho
words "SmitUfleld Show."

Wheat 'f^^S^^ Sowing.

DOWN'S FARMER'S FRIEND, for Preventing the
Smut in Wheat, and the Ravages of the Slug, Grub, and
Wireworm. A 'M. packet is aufflcienc for Six Bushels of Seed Wheat,
which can be dressed and fit to sow in a quarter of an hour.

Testimonials from the largest Wheat Growers in the Kingdom,
bearing testimony to its great power and efficacy, may bo had of
AgentB, who are appointed for every district.

Full directions for use are given with each packet.
Prepared at the Manufactory, Woburn, Beds.
Caotion.— To guard against fraudulent imitation and consequent
disappointment, see that the signature of Henkt Down is on the label.
Agents in every Town throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland,

that will (,'o through all sorts of harvest work— as you
can so easily alter your proeeedin^^n in n field, and turn
off the corn oiiher tu one side or tho other as may auiti
yourconveiiioni;o,or aohanHo in tho wind, or tho naturo
of the ground as to .slopes," kc.

It is worth whilo pointing out to roadors in
districts where macliiuos aro not yet in general
use, that wherever tho requisite patience, tact,
and porsovoranco liave been exorcised, evon tho
past extremely unfavourablo condition of tho
corn crops has been no hindrance to their use,
Mr. Lawrknck, on tho Cotywoldn (p. 8(JM), with,
his homely hands, unaccustomed till very recently
to tho use of machinery upon the farm at all,
unites his oxperionco to that of Mr. Hunter in
tho Ijothians ; and at length tho ordinary oxpo-
rienoe of the practical farmer tallies with that of
tho judgo in tho show-yard and tho trial ground,
in declaring that tho reaper is a perfectly satis-
factory farm implemont, not more dependent on
circumstances for its efficiency than any other
long-established tool — the plough, the cultivator,
or the threshing machine.

Eiit ^grtcttWural <5a?ette.

SATURDAY, OVTOHKH o, 1867.

An extremely interesting letter has appeared
in tho North British Agriculturist this -week from
Mr. IIuNTEE, of Thurston, near Dunbar, in
which that gentleman describes his experience
of the reaping machine during tho past
harvest. It appears that in the Lothiaus
generally, whero reapers have been in common
use for years, hand reaping has again been very
generally preferred. Tho crops have been so strawy
and so twisted that many, concluding that their
machines could not do the work, never tried
them, while others gave up the trial after a single
day's attempt, in the belief that manual
labour, if not cheaper, must this year bo very
much more efficient. There has in conse-
quence been a very unusual demand for harvest-
men ; and wages have been very high. It appears
from Mr. Hunter's experience that a little more
perseverance would have succeeded in the
Lothians, as it has in isolated farms all
over the country ; and that laid and twisted
crops present no more insuperable diffi-
culties to tho machine than they do to
the sickle. For, now that the corn has been
cleared, the appearance of the stubbles on East
Lothian farms is said to prove that the crops
reaped by hand have been at least as unsatis-
factorily cleared as those which have been cut by
the reaping machine; so that, as our contem-
porary declares, " with a certain amount of
ingenuity and perseverance in the guiding of
the machines towards the laid grain— changing
the dii'ection to suit the lie of the crop — a very
considerable extent of corn which was cut by the
hook would have been reaped by machines at a
less cost, and the work would have been more
efficiently executed."

Mr. Hunter says that he has diiring the past
harvest had no fewer than six reaping machines
in con.stant work " cutting all tho crops that were
not on too steep ground for the machines ; and,
in spite of the extraordinarily strong and heavy
laid and twisted crops, with hardly any stoppages.
The number of acres thus cut is about 380.
Some of tho fields, he says, bothered him a good
deal by warping the spindles of the web-rollers,
but they were soon repaired and at work again.
Not one of the machines was near the black-
smith's shop from the time they commenced
until they finished. The Eev. Mr. Bell was
present when tho work was proceeding in the
last field, a very hiUy one, and the crop very
much laid and twisted. By the Ordnance Map
the lower part of that field is marked as 500 feet
above the level of the sea, aud the top of it at
about 650 feet. This will give an idea of the
nature of tho ground ; yet during the four hours
that Mr. Bell was in the field he never saw a
single stoppage.

Mr. Hunter adds : —

"I cannot understand why the farmers could not
use their machines this year as well as any other,
unless it is that the machines (other than Bell's)
were not fit to get through tho heavy crops without
breakages, or that the deliverers on the manuals were
unable to put the sheaves off. My machines have this
year enabled me to cut down all my crop with my owu
hands without payinp; the entravagant wages of 28s. or
30i. per week with food— with the exception of
a few extra hands this week at 12j,— the same as I pay
to my regularly engaged farm servants hired for the
harvest as well as the usual farm work at a certain fixed
wage at the hiring time in February ; and I still slick
to liELL as the only machine that has yet come out

We understand that at the close of the salo in
Windsor Park on Wednesday week, to which
reference is made below, the recent American
importations of Diu/iesa and Ojeford Shorthorns
will be offered by Mr. Strafford. There are
in all nine animals just out of quarantine at
Southampton, which will be transported to tho
Shaw farm as soon as the necessary licenses
have been obtained — three of the former
tribe and six of the latter. The 3d and
12Tn Dukes of Geneva, and tho 7th Duchess
of Geueva are all descended from Duchess 66,
the 700 guinea cow bought for Messrs. Beoar
& MoRRLS at the Tortworth Sale. The
4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th Maids of Oxford, tho
Countess of Oxford, and the 8th Lady of Oxford,
are all descended from Oxford bth by the cele-
brated Duke of Northumberland, bought at
the Kirkleavington Salo. We hope next week
to give a fuller account of these cattle, and of
their position in the great tribes to which they
belong. It cannot be doubted that their appear-
ance at the sale on October 15 will greatly add
to the attractions there ofl'ered.

The Rev. Henht Moule has just received

from tho Indian Government a gratifying and sub-
stantial recognition of the value of his system of dry
earth sewage. The following is an extract from a letter
addressed to him from the India Office in London,
datedSept. 25th,1867:— "I am directed by Sir Stafford
Nortiicote to forward for your information copies of
reports which have now been received from the
Government of India, on the successful and general
} adoption of your dry earth sewage system in India. In
consideration of the very satisfactory character of these
reports, and on the recommendation of the Government
of India, the Secretary of State for India in Council
has much pleasure in authorizing the payment to you
of the sum of five hundred pounds."

The "non-contagious disorder," as Professor

Bkown described it, among the cattle of a Cheshire
farm, which had been pronounced cattle plague by the
local veterinary authority, has since been made the
subject of examination by Professor Gamgee, who
declares the disease to be a " malignant catarrhal fever,
once described by a Continental authority as glanders
in the ox." The history of the attack sufficiently
disproves the idea of its being the true cattle plague ;
only six cows, out of a herd of ."iO, having died during
six week, and at pretty regular intervals during that
time, whereas animals "succumb rapidly and in masses
to that disease whenever they are congregated together."

During the three weeks ending the 28th Sept.,

no case of cattle nlague has been reported from any
part of England," Wales, or Scotland. The total
number of cattle reiiorted to have been attacked in
Great Britain since the commencement of the plague
is 278,y27, and 50,911 healthy cattle have been slaugh-
tered to prevent the spread of the disease.

• Mr. Strafford announces for sale, on Wed-
nesday, October 10, a portion of the Shorthorn herd
bred at the Phince Consort's Shaw Parnijin Windsor
Home Park. The catalogue includes 42 cows, heifers,
and heifer calves, and U bulls and bull calves. First-
class Warlaby bulls, as British Prince (1-1,197),
Prince Alfred (1,'?,494), Fitz Clarence (U,5S2),
and Lord Hopewell (18,239), have for many years
been used, and the cows to which tbey have been put
were collected by purchase at several of the most
important sales of the past 12 years, including those
of Sir C. Knightley, Mr. Mahjoeibanks, &c.
Mr. Morton, in his book on the Prince Consort's
Farm, thus describes the herd :— Since 1855 pure
Booth bulls have been used. Prince Alfred
(successful at the North Lincolnshire Show m 1859,
and hired in succession by the Prince Consort, the
Emperor of the French, and Lady Pigot), Fitz-
Clarence, and now Lord Hopewell, have been
used . over the whole herd, which is thus rapidly
acquiring a common family character. The Pedigree
herd are chiellv descended from the following
cows;— ^to (1853), by Earl of Dublin (10,178),

1030

THE GABBENERS' CHEONlCLE AND AGRICtJL'rtlRAL GAZETTE.

[OOTOBEB 5, 1867.

bred by Sir C. Kniohtlt, and bought at the Fawsley
sale for 100 guineas; Eachel (ISaO), bred by the
PeinoeConsokt, by Goldsmith (10,277), dam 2(faicA-
less by PiTZHAEDINGE (m7^)— Narcissus (1851), br«d
,by Mr. Teottee, of Bishop Sliddleham, by 3d Duke
oeYokk (10,106), dam Noma by Buke op ilicUMOND
(799G), bought at the Heudou sale for 72 guineas—
Cold Cream (1851), another Fawsley cow, also got by
Eael oeDublin (10,178), and purchasedfor lOOguineas
at Sir C. Knightly's sA&—Oraceful (1852), bred by
Mr. Maejorib.inks— S»-ace?ei;, Salhj,tmA others, bred
by the Peince Consoet. Sally was the 2d prize cow
at the Paris International Show, 1855. The cows first
named have all been good breeders; Oraeeful and
Sachel, Alix and Cold Cream had each had six calves
at the date when Mr. Moeton wrote. And we find,
on looking at the catalogue, that there are six descend-
ants of Sachel, eight of AIIt, four ot Narcissus, and ten
of Cold Cream for sale next Wednesday week. We add
the following note relating to the two cows which con-
tribute most largely to this sale. Both Cold Cream
and Alix were by the Eael of Dublin, a bull descended
from Princess, by Napiee (6283), and through the
former from Beltedeke (1706)— and thus on both
sides from herds in which the present pampering
system of treating Shorthorns was carefully avoided.
It is perhaps in consequence of this that the cows
descended from him have possessed remarkable milking
properties. Mr. Adkins' herd, sold in 1861, at Milcote,
mcluded a number of his descendants, and the dairy
quality of the herd there, as well as the excellence in
this respect of many of the Fawsley cows, is to be
attributed to the influence of this bull. The late Earl
DuciE, who was the principal owner, after the Kirk-
leavington sale, of the Duchess tribe of Shorthorns,
wanted much to procure a cross of the Eael of
Dublin for the Duchesses on account of his proved
influence on the milking properties of his descendants.
We hope that at the ensuing sale the special value in
this respect of his descendants may be realised.

■ A printed correspondence has been pretty

widely distributed, in which Mr. Baily Denton calls
attention to the way in which the Jury system has
failed of its purpose and intention at the Paris Exhi-
bition. It appears that Mr. Denton had prepared
and sent for exhibition a series of plans and drawings
illustrating the advance made by Great Britain in
cottages and farm buildings — entering them in
Classes 03 and 7i respectively— and that, no notice of
any kind having appeared of them in any pub-
lished report of these Classes, pains were taken
to ascertain whether any examination of them had been
made. This resulted in the discovery that after tlae
ruling authorities had excluded the farm buildings
from Class 74, for which they were specially entered,
and the examples of rural labourers' cottages from
Class 93, both exhibits were nominally transferred to
the Architectural Class, though actually placed in the
Machinery Department; and so, being put altogether
out of place, had been acknowledged by no Class and been
entirely overlooked. Mr. Donaldson, who reported
on the Architectural Class, says that he apprehends as
his report did not extend to them " the drawings showing
the construction and arrangement of farm buildings
tvill be reviewed in another Class, very possibly 7-1."
Mr. Geegoey, Juror for another Class, states that
Mr. Denton's exhibit was brought to the notice of
the Jury of Class 65, and by them considered as not
properly belonging to that Class, a communication to
that efleot having been made to the Impeiaal Commis-
sion, with a request that the exhibit might be brought
to the notice of the proper Jury. And thus it appears
that the drawings were bandied from one Jury to
another, and finally lost sight of altogether ; so that the
prizes have in this case been awarded without any
examination of an exhibit showing the progress made
in late years in the cottages of the English farm
labourer, and the homesteads of the English farmer.
Mr. Denton adds :— " Employing many hundred
labourers in land improvements, I could not fail to
take an interest in their homes; and having carefully
studied the dwellings of the rural poor in Italy,
Germany, Switzerland, France, Belgium, and Holland.
I can state, with some confidence, that the comfort
now given to the agricultural poor in England is
superior to that of any of the countries I have
named."

Mr. Bakeh's anti-incrnstator was Teforred to

in our report of the implements exhibited in the Agri-
cultural Hall last December. It was then said to act
by setting up a particular electrical condition— using for
that purpose dilferences of temperature inside the
boiler itself— by which a cake, if already formed
inside the boiler, becomes detached, and by which
■such deposits are hindered for the future.
A recent Number of EHgineering describes
this " magnetic incrustatorj" and gives drawings of it
as made by Messrs. Kitsou & Co., of Leeds. It con-
sists of a brass casting having inserted in it radially a
number of steel magnets sharply pointed at the outer
end, so fixed in the boiler that it is fully exposed to the
current of issuing steam on its way to the steam-chest.
The battery is supported by an insulating stud, and
connected with some distant point by a stout copper
wire.

"Rejecting the manner in which the anti-incrus-
tator acts in removing the scale from a boiler we shall
not say much here, and, in fact, no thoroughly satis-
factory explanation of its action has yet been advanced.
In fact, doubts have from time to time been expressed
whether it produced any electric current at all ; but
recent experiments made by Messrs. Kitson at their
works show decisively that an electric current does
•exist when the apparatus is in use."

But whatever doubts may be expressed as to the
manner in which the anti-inorustator prevents the
formation of scale and effects its removal, if already

formed, there can be no doubt that it does do these
things. There are now some hundreds of the anti-
incrustators at work both in this coimtry and in
America, and they have given excellent results, scale
already formed being caused to fall off in fragments, and
the impurities of the water being deposited as a soft
mud easily removable by the process of blowing off.

HARVESTING IN WET WEATHER.

In your admirable leading article upon " Harvest-
ing," in last week's AgriculUiral Gazelle, there are
two or three points upon which I should like to offer
a few words of explanation. Ton inquire, "What
forbids the fitting-up of an old shed as a drying
chamber ? " I reply, nothing could be easier, cheaper,
and more efficient — with this additional advantage,
that a shed so fitted would (when not in use for drying
purposes) make the most perfect form of granary that
could possibly be devised, as it would be proof against
vermin and damp, and afford a thoroughly diffused
ventilation, by means of the tubes, into the very centre
of the heap of grain ; moreover, should the corn thus
stored show any after sign of dampness, a small stove
placed at the lower inlet would diffuse through it a
slow stream of warm air, so as completely to preserve
it from must or mouldiness. I pointed this out to
several practical farmers at the time of our experi-
ments, and they willingly acknowledged the great
advantages of such an arrangement. The size of shed
which I should recommend would be 12 or 14 feet
wide by 24 feet long. This, with my present sized fan,
driven (as it may easily be done) at three times the
velocity, will enable a farmer to clear 8 or 10 acres in a
working day of 12 hours ; or if he chooses to divide
his men into two gangs, and keep the engine going
night and day, he could, of course, clear his fields
twice as fast. The opinion of practical men here is,
that the threshing should be carried on simultaneously
with the drying, because in that way the cost of power
for drying is practically nothing, and the additional
consumption of fuel would certainly not exceed
Is. per quarter.

Taking a 4-quarter yield per acre as an average,
10 acres will give 40 quarters, which is probably about
the usual work of an ordinary threshing machine;
hence, a shed of the size named would just keep
the threshing apparatus regularly supplied. With
regard to this certain and rapid mode of dealing with a
crop, I would remark that it is very important, when
a harvest is belated, to have some means of clearing
the fields, so as to enable a farmer to get his ploughs
to5 work before the early frosts set in ; and a little
additional expense or labour will be well rewarded by
the better tillage for the succeeding crop.

Touching any injiu'y to the fire-bars and tubes, from
the great draught, I do not think it need be feared,
because we have a perfect control over the amount of
draught, by means of a valve on the chimney-stalk,
which enables us to reduce the volume of air drawn
through the furnace by supplying air direct into the
smoke box. As to the injury to the grain for bread-
making, or the destruction of its germinating power
by heat, I have found that the general air of the
chamber, after contact with the wet sheaves, never
exceeds 140', which is 20° below that which the French
experimentalists pronounced to be destructive of
fertility, and 72° below that which was said to be
injurious to the quality of the flour. But acting upon
the doubt thus suggested, I will have some of this
dried Wheat sown, and another portion groixnd into
flour and made into bread, and report the results to
you as soon as obtained.

My apology for trespassing so much upon your time
must be that this is a question in which the whole
community are more or less, directly or indirectly,
interested. William A. Oibbs, OillweU Park, Seward-
slone, Woodford, N.E.

P.S.— The cost for apparatus will be very incon-
siderable and small ; as it is, it need not fall upon the
farmer at all, because the possessors of travelling
engines will find it greatly to their interest to purchase
and hire out this additional machine, in order to
obtain more work for their men and engines. At
present they are wholly unoccupied during the two or
three months of harvest.

WHAT IS GOOD SEED WHEAT?

I SEE in your impression of 7th of September,
page 935, a letter from your correspondent " C." on the
best AVheat for seed, and this letter has reference to a
very important one on the same subject in your impres-
sion of 24th of August, page 885, from another
correspondent, who signs himself " B." I need
scarcely remark that this impinges upon the vexed
questions of thick and thin sowing, of high and low
farming, of tillering, and the ticklish questions of late
and early sowing — in short, on all the questions of
climate, of chemistry, and of botany that affect
wheaten life from the time that the seed leaves the
granary until the produce is again safely housed.

If we take the common Wall Barley (Hordeum
murinum), which is reckoned by botanists a British
weed, at all events it is perfectly at home with us, it
produces perfect seeds which grow freely, and hence we
imd our waysides in the southern counties well
supplied with Wall Barley of the normal type. It
neitlier mends with us, nor gets worse; when dried it
is an exceedingly beautiful specimen, quite a
Bantam among Barleys, boldly showing its graceful
beard, like the best of its ^ family. The greatest
grumbler could not say that this plant is not grown to
perfection, although its small seeds can do nothing for
us in ^he way of malt or meal ; so that notwithstanding
its beauty, &C.3 it has no value whatever in the eye of the
agriculturist. In the cereals we must have the plants
I to corn well, and unless they produce weight of meal

they have not reached the standard they must be
judged by. It is not the normal type that the farmer
wants, neither is it the perfect type that he is looking
out for ; it is something more than perfect that he has
fixed on as the goal to be gained, and the whole gist of
the argument goes to show that " B." and " C." both
agree that weight of grain is everything, and if weighed
and found wanting against the grain from which it
sprung, it is not praiseworthy. An extra quantity of
starch in seed Wheat is no niark of perfection,
although it will afford the infant plant a good
cotyledon to commence with ; at the best it
is but a small sack, and would very soon
be emptied unless supplemented by exterior
supplies ; it is therefore to the descending and
ascending axes, the radicle and plumule, that we must
look to foster the brairded grain, and not to the seed
alone. I have now before me a picked sample of fair
average Wheat, well grown, perfect seeds, and it takes
720 of them to make an ounce, and yet it is on this
two-thirds of a grain of starch that all the doctrines
are founded of change of seed, soil, climate, &c. And
when I state that 30 seeds weigh only 20 grains, it is
clear that even an extraordinary weight of starch in
the seed can exert only a small influence on the crop
of Wheat ; but upon that debatable ground, the collar
of the plant, there comes to be enacted a pro and con
trial. It is from the collar that the radicle descends to
suck supplies from the bosom of mother earth ; and it
is from the collar, that the blade rises upward to salute
the sunbeam and green itself with what it can gather
from the air we breathe ; and it is from the collar that
the plant propagates itself laterally by adventitious
buds that come to be virtually arms or branches,
bearing fruit under the name of tillering. AVhen a
healthy seed takes root down^vard in a fertile field
and finds plenty to live on, it sends a message
to the collar " all right below," and the ascending axis
in like manner gives in its report of " a bracing air and
plenty of room (thin sowing) above ;" the collar then
decides that the latent buds must be pushed to extend
the business all round, and thus we have some five or
six stems producing Wheat from a single seed, which
would not have been the case had the blade been
crowded above ground or the radicle starved below.
Whatever ingredient the W^i^^t plant was short of in
the land where it grew last, it imprinted that loss upon
its progeny ; hence when we see the " field " changed,
the young plant will seize greedily the chemical
it had so long been craving for, and grow rapidly,
and it is in this way that the change of seed generally
tells best.

In order to show the clumsy way that our Wheat
fields have to be cropped (and for very weighty reasons
they have to be done so) I will show the number of
AVheat plants necessary to crop an acre of high class
Wheat land, giving the plants all the space they need
to come to perfection without giving them any space
to spare. Ten square chains is an acre, and
a field 10 chains long and one chain in width will
exactly contain 100,000 square links, so that if we allow
each plant a space equal to one square link, or
9 X 9 = 81 square inches, the acre will j ust hold
100,000 plants at the equivalent distances of say
12 inches apart from row to row, and about 6| inches
from plant to plant in the row, and if the Wheat will
only tiller, as above stated, no one will say that I have
not cropped the ground heavily. Here then we have
the astounding facts that by actual weight and measure
81b. 10 oz. of Wheat will plant an acre, so that a
bushel of 56 lb. weight would seed more than 6 acres
of laud, and therefore the man that sows 3 bushels of
Wheat to the acre of land gives 19^ times as much as
I have reckoned ; here, consequently, it is evident that
this subject wants to be ventilated pretty freely. The
gluttonswinethatwemustcall prize pigs, having asmuch
lard on their bones as they can weU carry at a very slow
walking pace into their pens inthe show-yard are indeed
fat pigs, but a very long way behind being perfect
pigs; the bare idea of hunting su3h a boar would be
madness, and, as for breeding purposes, such greasy
gluttons are in no condition for that. Pigs are selected
upon the principle of " which will pay best," hence we
find the breeders active, agile, and lively, and as nearly
as can be perfect pigs, whilst the pigs with a tendency
to fatten are the farmer's favourites; and it is not
worth while stopping to inquire if that " tendency " is
a healthy one or not, since pigs are unsaleable unless
they are fat. Now it is notorious that certain Whea-ts
have " tendencies," some to weight of grain, others to
fineness, some to hardiness, to quick growth, to strength
of straw, against stormy situations, ciivi mullis aliis ;
but I mean to assert, that the fatted grain, like the
fatted pig, is by no means better as a breeder by being
starched so heavily.

Whoever has watched plant life closely must have
seen, by the tendril of the cUmbing plant feeling its
way all round as well as overhead for a peg to hang
its burden on, something very much like forethought ;
and so it is with supply and demand in the
Wheat seed extending itself by tillering, especially
when time is given it to work underground, it will fill
up its measure of some 30, some 60, and some an
100- fold; but it is to the fine, healthy, development oi
the collar that we must look for the welfare of the
crop, for the blade may be destroyed, and the stalk
eaten down by sheep to the stumps, and yet the plant
may sufl'er nothing eventually, as long as the collar is
safe. The collar is Hterally the turning point of the
plant : below the coUar all is colourless, above the collar
all is green : the underground organs are only calculated
to work in the dark and in the cold, whereas those
above ground are clearly lovers of light and heat.
Whoever, therefore, would consult the economy of
AA^heat growing, must have an eye to the collar.
Arguments addressed to that point, will always be
answered promptly and surely. It is worth while to
settle the distances not only of one collar from another,

October 5, 1867.]

THE rTAT]r>ENET^S' riTT^ONTriE ANT) AOT^TrFT.TTfRAT, OAZKTTK

1031

but of every collar from the surface, so that this point
should not be either bare of earth or burieil ; and
nothing can be done with thin seeding until these
matters are settled : for if three bushels of Wheat per
acre are sown broadcast, and one bushel is taken by the
rooks, &C; or left uncovered, and another bushel gets
covered too deeply, we have our best lioi)es anchored
on the other bushel for a cm)), and if that bushel pets
safely earthed wo see from the above calculation that
not one seed need to tiller, as there will be six or seven
stalks to every sijuaro link. No one need waste a word in
condemniu:,' i'uiiierfrrl. seeds, for the radicle and pluuinle
must uecessiirily sulfcr along with the more consiji-
cuous thousli less important cotyledon; yet the seed
prized for its valuable and bulky starch is not thereby^
necessarily better for breeding purposes than seed of
the normal size and weight, for although good seed bo
essential iu order to sceuro a good crop, the best seed
can only act from the starting post and run a little way
along the course, for when the adult plant is able to
feed on coarse fare, the starch that started it can
scarcely be said to influence the crop any more.
Yet there is one way in which the heavy
seed would alfect the future crop, and that is
that, weight for weight, or bulk for bulk, the large
seed would make the sowing about one-third or even
one-half thinner than if the land were sowed with tail
corn ; the largo seed would therefore be stronger to
start with, and having more room to grow would
develop a better blade, and eventually bring better
corn tluiu small or olfal seed could bring : still the
normal size of seed will ever he the practical man's
mainstay. "Where corn is too thinly seeded you
cannot transplant to fill up the gaps, even where the
rows would freely admit of the work being done ; it
does not behave well under the planting trowel, but
nothing can be easier than to regulate the crop where
the supply is redundant. The culture of AVheat
cannot be solved as one would solve a question of
simple proportion, and say if the seed sowed weighed
m lb. to tlie bushel, the grain reaped should weigh
64 lb. also. Of what avail would flue seed be to the
plant when the temperature above its collar was
ruinously below the Wheat-producing minimum ? and
the same might be said of want of moisture under-
ground producing disease, as rust or mildew, on the leaf.
Moreover, where the land is poor, an acre will require
S bushels of seed AVheat to crop it, whereas the rich
land will not only corn heavily but there will be a saving
of 11 i>ecks and odd of seed Wheat upon every acre.
AJe.r. Forsiith.

UNCOLOURED CHEESE.

Thk farming interests of Ayrshire have in no small
degree been forwarded by its Agricultural Association.
The dairy farmer has been greatly beneflted by its
introducing a better system of making cheese. With
this view it doiiuted some time ago some intelligent
gentlemen to go into England, and report on the best
method of malting Cheddar cheese. In their able
report valuable directions are given on the subject.
The H,ardings were invited from Somersetshire to
perambulate the county, and exhibit in all the cheese
districts of Ayrshire their method of making Cheddar
cheese. With great liberality, the same Association
has thrown open to all the south-western counties of
Scotland its cheese prizes at its annual cheese exhibition
at Kilmarnock ; and by instituting every year a cheese
exhibition with handsome premiums, and a cheese fair
at Kilmarnock, a great progress has been made iu im-
proving the produce of the dairy.

Though great progress, no doubt, is annually made
in the Cheddar system of cheese-making, much more
skill might be attained if the practice of colouring was
abandoned. The public taste, in a most unaccountable
way, has been trained to buy no other than a coloured
cheese. With a view to alter this public vitiated taste,
the Ayrshire Agricultural Association has most laud-
ably offered, at the ensuing cheese exhibition at Kil-
marnock, prizes for uncoloured Cheddar cheese. To
these I am hap])y to contribute a small sum to aid the
Association to carry out its plan, and I hope good will
arise from our united endeavours to introduce un-
coloured Cheddar cheese, and that the public will be
gradually trained to prefer it to the coloured.

There are several advantages from not colouring
cheese. Among these may be stated : —

1. An uncoloured cheese will ripen sooner, and be
fit for use. Some years ago, the late George Wil-
hraham, M.P., of Cheshire, an enlightened and public-
spirited country gentleman, suspecting that the
colouring of cheese with annntto and other vegetable
substances had a deleterious effect on it, offered a large
sum of money to any one who would chemically inves-
tigate the subject, and write an essay on it. Mr.
George Whitby composed an able one on the subject.
It was published by Ridgway, bookseller, Piccadilly,
London, in 18-11. Mr. Whitby, ai page 29, states
"that it is his opinion that most red and scarlet vege-
table substances are astringents : and that all matters
possessing this property, if mixed with the mUk, wiU
tend more or less to interrupt the formation of curd,
and that it will interrupt one or more of the processes
or changes which all cheese must pass through before
it ripens, particularly as its action on the curd will
counteract, condense, and harden, by that natural
attraction between gluten, gelatine, and tannin, the
principle of the astriugency." If such be the case, and
of which it seems certain, what a great loss must it be
to the dairy farmer colouring his cheese with aunatto
or any other vegetable colouring substance. The
reed, or rennet, when added to the coloured milk, will
not throw down all the curd ; and where much cheese
is made, what a great loss of weight must be expe-
rienced. Mr. Titley, of Bath, one of the most exten-
sive dealers in cheese in the west of England, and well
acquainted with all the details of Cheddar cheese-

making, informed mo long ago how injurious it was to
colour cheese, it prevents the cheese ripening for a
long time for the market. The sooner the bluoyuionld
appears in the cheese, the .sooner it ripens, and is fit to
come to lahlo. An uncoloured (Jhcddar quickly ripens,
and the blue-nmuld iiiiiiriirs in it.

2. No inlcUigrul, ihiiry Ihnner, either of Cheshire or
Somersetshire, has nn his table coloured cheese. They
always prefer one unrnloured, as richer and higher in
flavour. Had the Clii'ddiir cheeses that obtained the
prizes at Kilmarnock exhibition been uncoloured, they
would have been much richer in taste and higher in
flavour.

3. Ills (Hirions (o remark that no country except Great
Britain colnurs clu-ese. The only uncoloured cheese
is the Stillou, whiili is one of the best fl.ivoured and
richest cheeses. We find no coloured cheese in
Holland ; none in Switzerland, where Gruyere is
made ; none in Lomhardy, the country of the Parmesan ;
nor in France, which produces the delicious liochfort
cheese. The American cheese, which is now imported
in such vast quantities into this country, is uncoloured,
and is yearly improving in its quality. It greatly
behoves our dairy farmers to do all they can to improve
their Cheddar, and to prevent it being lowered in value
in the market by the superiority of the American.
And as it is ascertained that colouring cheese affects
its quality and richness, surely this ought to be a chief
reason to abandon it, and bring into the market the
best made Cheddar uncoloured, to cope with that
which comes from America. Sir J. Stuart Menteith, of
Mansfield, in " Ayrshire Express."

Notes on Butteb.
Tho foUowiug BU»gestiuns in regard to tlie making of fresh
and Halted buttor aro, by permLssion, e-Ktra^ted from a Bmall
pamplilet prepared some time ago by Sir James Stuart
jAIeiiteith, of MaiiBfield, Bart, chiefly for private issue amongst
his own tenantry : —

I. Di'iry. — Above all things, have everything in it sweet and
clean ; the floor wcU washed, plenty of air admitted, and no
meat or anything put in the dairy having a bad smell.

II. VnixU to Keep MUk ia.—Oi whatever sort they are, of
glass, earthenware, or of metal, let them be kept clean, by
being well washed with water having a little soda in it ; and
then being properly scalded with hot water, so that no particle
of the old milk be left in them before the new milk is put into
them.

III. Crtii(/i.— Let the cream in summer stand not more than
two days before it is churued.

IV. Chum. — Keep the chum particvdarly sweet and clean.
Before putting into it the cream to be chui-ned, let it be weU
scalded with warm water, and afterwards wash it well with
cold watAir, and then put in the cream. Churn for 20 minutes,
taking care to turn the chum steadily. Take out when the
butter is come all the buttormUk, and then put into the churn
cold water. The butter is now fit to take out of the churn.

V. BittUr. — Take the butter which is taken out of the chum,
and wash it again and again with fresh spring water, till no
buttermilk comes of it; and the proof of this is that the
water comes off the butter clear, and with no milkiness. If
the least buttermilk be left in the butter, it will give it a
rancid, unpleasant taste. In -working up the butter, about
4 oz. of the best salt ought to be given to every 10 lb. of
butter. The chief reason why the butter in New Cumnock
parish, and in the greatest part of Scotland, is often badly
flavom-ed, is that the buttermilk is not earefuHy washed out
of it.

VI. WijUer Suited Butter.— To prepare butter for winter's
use, the following mixture of salt will be found to make good
salted butter, from which all its buttermilk has been pre-
viously most carefully washed out of it;— Soz. of best salt,
4 oz. of saltpetre, 4 oz. of the best white loaf sugar. All these
ingredients to bo well pounded down, and thoroughly mixed
together.

To every poimd of fresh butter, take of this mixture 1 oz.,
and work it well into the butter.

REAPING MACHINES.

[The following is a report of a paper on the subject by the
Rev. Patrick Bell, read before the British Association for
the Promotion of Science at tho recent meeting .at Dundee.]
In the outset of his paper, Mr. Bell gave an account
of the reaping machine in the various forms through
which it had gone down to the jiresent day. Noticingthe
two sickles from Egypt in the British Museum, he said
that they were much like our own reaping hooks, with
smooth-cutting edges ; and after remarking that from
the earliest times down to our own day there had been
little if any alteration made upon the reaping-hook
since its invention, Mr. Bell described the ani-ani, a
rude implement used in Japan for cutting corn, which
was inferior to the reaping-hook in point of execution,
though the principle for cutting was that of scissors,
the same as in the reaping machine. The heads of the
grain only were cut olf by the ani-ani. He then
noticed the earliest real machines constructed for
reaping, describing the principle adopted in each
machine. He said that no fewer than 30 contrivances
had been attempted to construct an efficient reaping
machine upon the principle of a circular cutter, though
he was not sure that any of them ever reached maturity.
Coming down to 1853, he said that in that year no
fewer than 30 patents were taken out in this country
for reaping machines. In America, from the beginning
of this century to the end of 1851, no fewer than
98 contrivances were patented at Washington, embody-
ing, like those in this country, almost every con-
ceivable principle. The reaper which bore his (Mr.
Bell's) name was invented in 182B, and used in the
field in 1827, and had been in successful operation
every season since. The most successful American
reapers were upon his principle, and were patented at
Washington in 18.'i3-3-l, seven or eight years after his
invention was known to the world, so that his neigh-
bours in the Far West had ample time to make up their
minds whether they would think for themselves, or
quietly take a hint from a brother. Mr. Bell con-
cduded his paper with the following account of the
dilhculties he experienced in completing his own
invention :—

Before I finally conclude, it may be expected of me
to state in a few sentences the rise and progress of the
re,aping machine known by my name. From my earliest

years I had a Hking and turn lor tlu' study and practice
of mechanics. I am tiie son nt a lanner, and waji accus-
tomed from my early yonlh l(j witness all the opera-
tions of tho farm ]ierfornied, and in most of them X
engaged with niy own hanils. I was not a Presbyterian
minister during tlie time in which I invented the
reaping machine, as is currently stated, but an alnmnua
of one of our national universities— the University of
St. Andrew's. A farmer's son, in my days at least,
although an academic, would not have beeniiUowed to
study imdisturbed in his saiicfum, and was liable, espe-
cially in tho harvest season, to be summoned to wield
the fork or some other implement of toil. At a verv
early period of my life I was most painfully struck witu
tile very severe nature of the toil to which the harvest
workers were subjected — a toil made doubly oppressive
sometimes by tho heat of the weather, and always by
the very awkward position in which they were obliged
to stoo)i when engaged in their work.^ It may sound
as an empty sentimentalism, but it is, nevertheless,
true, that a desire to mitigate such excessive toil led
me to inquire whether there might not he a possibility
of transferring part of it at least to beams of wood and
bars of iron, supplemented by the bones and sinews of
the horse. Sure I am that I had no intention of
taking the people's bread from them ; and had I been
so taunted I believe that even then I could have de-
monstrated that the multiplication and employment
of ra-ichinery in agricultural work immediately jiro-
motes the increase of the people's bread, and does not
ultimately tend to diminish the means of the people to
obtain that bread.

For years I had thought of the matter, and had
diligently searched for some principle ; and, taking up
one after another, I duly weighed the possibilities of
their application to the object in view, and abandoned
them all as worthless. One evening after tea, while
walking in my father's garden, my eyes caught a pair
of gardener's shears sticking in the hedge. I seized
them by the bandies, which protruded, and I pro-
ceeded to snap at the twigs of the Thorns. My mind
was full of mechanics at the time, and many honrs
were spent in my workshop; and contemplating the
shears attentively, I insensibly said to myself, "Here
is a principle, and is there any reason why it should
not he applied to the cutting down of the corn ?" Not
altogether satisfied with my performance on the hedge,
I brushed through it, with the shears in my hand, to a
field of young Oats adjoining, and commenced cutting
them right and left. It was well that no neighbouring
gossip saw me at the unwonted employment, else the
rumour might have been readily circulated that the
poor student had gone crazed. For weeks and for
months, by night and by day, those shears were
uppermost in my thoughts, and I searched anxiously
and indefatigably for the mode in which they should
be employed^ Plan after plan presented itself to me,
and were put upon paper. The merits of each, and
the likelihood of its success, were carefully scrutinised
and pondered, and eventually I fixed upon the plan
now successfuly in operation. This took place in the
summer of 1837. The next step was to construct a
model, and to ascertain how thoughts would look
when transferred to steel and iron. This was done,
and it was during the process of making the little
wooden frame and my puny cutters, that the idea of a
sloping canvas for conveying the cut corn to the side
occurred to me. My first idea was to place the canvas
level with the ground, and it wa-s merely because that
it was more conveniently situated in the model, and
pleased the eye better, that the angular position was
adopted, so th.at in reality the position and the angle
of the canvas were more matters of accident than the
residt of consideration. Were the truth always known,
I believe that much more important improvements in
mechanical science would be found to have a similar
origin.

Having finished my model, and speculated as
accurately and deeply as I was able upon the
possibilities and probabilities of the actual results I
determined to have a machine constructed upon the
large scale. For this purpose I had to pass out of my
character of inventor into that of engineer and work-
man. The plan I took was this. After making my
calculations as to size, &c., I joined a quantity of rough
sticks together and called them a frame. Then I made
cutters of wood of every part that required to be made
of iron and steel. I sent these piece by piece as I
required them to the blacksmith, with the instructions
to make a thing of iron as like the wooden ones sent as
possible. When I got a few of the pieces from the
smith I finished them with the file, and secured each to
its iiroper place. I remember the cutters gave me a
world of trouble and vexation. When they came into
my hands they were in a very rude .state, and required
much filing, grinding, and fitting. By dint of patient
application I got the whole into a sufficiently per-
fect state, as I thought, for trial. It may amuse
you, perhaps, if I give you some account of tbe
first field I cut. That you may understand this,
imagine an empty outhouse, rather long and nar-
row, having in one end a Wright's bench, and in the
other a rude-looking piece of mechanism, an embryo
reaping machine. For my subsequent operations 1
chose a quiet day, that is a day where they were few
people about the place. On that day an eavesdropper
might have seen rae busily but stealthily engaged in
conveying earth in a common wheel-barrow into the
workshop. When the place between the bench and
the rude but ambitious candidate for the honours of
the harvest field was covered to the depth of sonne
G inches, I proceeded to compress the loose mould with
my feet. I next went to an old stack that happened
to be in the barnyard, and drawing a sheaf of Oats out
of it, and carrying it into the workshop, I planted it
stalk by stalk at about the same thickness which I knew
it would have grown iu the field. This done, I shut
and barred the door, and then going behind the

1032

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEK 5, 1867.

machine I pushed it forward with all my might
through my planted Oats. As soon as I tecovered my
breath, I anxiously examined how the work had been
done. I found that it had been all very well cut, but
it was lying higgledy-piggledy, in such a mess as would
have utterly disgraced me in the harvest field. Upon
the whole, however, I was not discouraged, but rather
encouraged by this first experiment. The cutting was
perfect, and that was the great point I then aimedat.

Although by this experiment I had proved my new
invention (!b be a cutting machine, it certainly little
deserved to be dignified with the name of reaping
machine, and yet it was a reaping machine I had set
my heart upon constructing. Had I at this stage been
content to summon a man with a rake to do the work
of wheels and pinions, ray machine was complete ; and,
had I been contented with a combination, I would
have saved myself a host of trouble, and what to me at
the time was no small expenditure of money. My
workshop was again speedily cleared of earth and loam,
and made ready for the jack-plane and piles. I pro-
ceeded forthwith to put the canvas in order. One
might naturally suppose that this would be an easy
matter, but I did not find it so. After the rollers
were put in position, the wheels for driving them
adjusted, and the canvas stretched and fixed upon the
rollers the proper tightness, I conceived in my
simplicity that the work was done, and my object
secured. The result was otherwise; for, on pushing
the machine forward only the length of the house, I
found that it twisted, and would have been torn to
pieces if it had proceeded many yards forward. I pro-
ceeded now to make grooves at the rollers, in which I
placed a small rope. To these ropes, one at the top
and the other at the bottom of the rollers, I sewed the
canvas, expecting that the ropes and canvas would
move together in uniformity, and that my object would
thus be obtained ; but, upon trial, I was a second time
disappointed. The ropes, from inequality in the grooves,
moved irregularly, and the canvas became twisted as
before. For a time I was non-plussed^ and dispirited,
but, plucking up courage, and ruminating over mecha-
nical appliances, I thought of the pitched chains.
Having made some 6 inches of such a chain out of a
piece of old iron hoop, I sent the same as a pattern to
the blacksmith, with an order to make for me so many
feet of chain like the model sent. Having received the
chains, and put them in their places, the canvas was
speedily attached, and the machine was prepared
to meet the third trial of its construction which had
now been made. The wheelbarrow was again in requi-
sition, and another visit made to the old stack in the
barnyard, and the process of dibbling another sheaf
gone through. The door was again shut, and, palpitat-
ing with expectation, I pushed the machine forward.
To my unspeakable satisfaction the Oats were not only
nicely cut, but were lying almost unanimously by the
side of the machine in one even continuous row, as I
had confidently expected. You may smile, but I now
complimented myself sensibly, I think, on my success,
being convinced that I had converted the implemeni:
from a cutting to a reaping-machine. All this took
place in 182S. Until the crops were ripe nothing more
could be done. ^ I was in high excitement and hope,
and I waited impatiently for the ripening of the
grain. In the meantime I revolved in my mind
with anxious and provident hope, everything that
was likely to happen when the actual trial in the open
field .should come to be made. I was fearful that there
should happen to me what had happened to many an
experimenter before who performs his experiments to
a wish in the laboratory or workshop, but who utterly
fails when he actually adjourns to the actual domain of
nature or of art. I had observed in my experiment
upon the pigmy and artificial field in the worshop that
■while the Oats upon the whole came to the canvas, and
were regularly removed to its side, nevertheless some
seeds straggled away capriciously in different and
adverse directions. And yet I could not forget that in
the workshop all was calm, and that I had the elements
greatly under my own control, but that in the open
field the blowing wind might multiply the capricious
stragglers and fan the flame of disunion, and damage
the success of the operation. It was an anti-
cipation of this kind that induced me to think of
the reel or collector. Having plenty of time
before harvest, I constructed this part of the
implement, and laid it past to be used or not
as the emergencies of the field might require.
The period now approached that was to decide the
merits of the machine. That night I will never forget.
Before the corn was perfectly ripe (I had not patience
to wait for that) a younger brother of mine and I
resolved to have a quiet and unobserved start by our-
selves. That could not be got while the sun was in
the heavens, nor for a considerable time after he was
set ; and, accordingly, about 11 o'clock at night, in a
dark autumn evening, when every man, woman, and
child were in their beds, the machine was quietly
taken from its quarters^ and the good horse Jock was
yoked to it, and we trio wended our way through a
field of lea to one of standing Wheat beyond it— my
brother and I the meanwhile speaking to one another
in whispers. We reached our destination, and the
machine was put in position right in the end of a ridge.
My duty was to look ahead, and my brother's to guide
the horse. I gave the word of command to go on, and
on the implement went; taut it had not proceeded
above 5 or 6 yards when I called upon my brother to
stop. Upon examining the work we found it
far from satisfactory. The Wheat was well
enough cut, but it was lying in a bundle
before the machine. For a moment we were both
downcast; but, recollecting myself, I had yet great
hope, and said so, the whole of the machine not being
used, the reel or collector having been left behind. I
ran across the field and brought the reel and every-
thing connected with it upon my shoulders, and

adjusted it as well as the darkness of the night would
permit, and we were soon ready for a second start. Taking
our positions respectively as before, the machine moved
forward, and now all was right. The Wheat was lying
by the side of the machine as prettily as any that has
been ever cut by it since. After this we merely took it
back again to the end of the ridge, and made a cut
with the open edge to ascertain how the swaths would
lie upon the stubble, with which being well pleased,
we, after some pardonable congratulations, moved the
machine hack to its old quarters as quickly aud quietly
as possible. I have extracted from the paper published
in the " Quarterly Journal of Agriculture," which I
wrote at the time for that periodical, these remarks so
far as relating to myself. The paper in full will be
found in the number of January, 1854. I consider it
unnecessary to follow out the history farther, as the
implement is now well known, and may be seen in
operation in most parts of the country every harvest.

Professor W. Pairbairn, LL.D., Vice-President, said tlie
Section was mucli indebted to Mr. Bell for bringing forward
tlie reaping machine of wbicfi he was the original inventor in
this or any other country. He (Professor F.) had been engaged
at the P.aris Exhibition to report on reaping machines, i'or
this purpose he proceeded to a large farm where there were
15 or 16 machines to be experimented upon. One machine in
particular, which was the best, was by an American, and he
had not seen much difference betwixt it and that of Mr. Bell.
Certain modifications had, however, taken place during a
long series of years. So far as this country is concerned,
Professor Fairbairn was of opinion that Section G. of the
British Association should engage themselves very much with
inventions connected with agriculture. It was most impor-
tant, considering the weather which prevails in this country,
that the agricultarists should have machinery that could cut
down crops in a very limited period of time. Ho for one was
very much pleased with Mr. Bell's description, and moved
that he be thanked for it.

The President congratulated the Section upon Mr. Bell's
paper having been brought forward, and moved for thanks to
that gentleman, which were cordially given.

POLLUTION OF RITERS.

Pollutions caused by sewage, and by trades and
manufactures, ought, in our opinion, to he prevented
at the cost of the communities and persons causing
such pollutions. At Croydon, at Soutli Norwood, and
at some other towns it has been forbidden by injunc-
tions from the local authorities to pass down sewage
into running waters below a defined standard of purity;
and the result has been, after the failure of all other
systems, a clarification of such sewage by irrigation,
which not only proves successful for the purpose
desired, namely, to prevent river pollution, but in its
operation is a source of profit to the ratepayers. How-
ever that may be, the question of profit or loss in
abating nuisances and in preventing either undue
pollution of the atmosphere, running waters, or the
sea shore, by town and house sewage, or by working
mines and carrying on trades and manufactures, ought
not too closely to be taken into account, as in some
cases restrictive measures rigidly enforced would
result in profit, whilst in others there might be a
small loss, if that can be fairly called loss which is
more than compensated by gain to the community.
Towns can as well afford to pay for the means and
appliances necessary to render sewage innocuous to
running waters, as they can to pay for the sewers and
drains which are necessary to their sanitary well-doing.
We have explained in this report that abuse and pollu-
tions of running waters are of wide extent, aud affect
entire watersheds, so that it may be inferred that any
useful remedy must be capable of being applied as
widely as the pollutions extend. Some districts are
notoriously more polluted than others, as, for instance,
those which we have just visited, where the great
woollen and worsted trades are established. There the
abuses and pollutions of running waters have become
almost intolerable ; and even trade is seriously injured
in consequence.

The long catalogue of pollutions and of floodings
as set forth in the evidence, and in the appendix
to this report, indicates the extent to wdiich such
abuses may further grow if left uncontrolled.
Every witness we examined admitted the existence of
many great evils, and remedial measures are in the
evidence over and over again suggested— the reiterated
stipulations being that such measures shall be as general
as the trades affected by them, and their enforcement
shall be by Government authority. A stronger power
than has hitherto been available must be brought to
bear if the present abuse and pollution of streams is to
be arrested, and Government supervision and inspec-
tion must enforce and strengthen the aid of local
autihorities. As previously mentioned, there is plenty
of land in the Aire and Calder district suitable for
sewage irrigation, and we have no experience of any
town or locality where the application of that system
would be impracticable. Should there be any place so
exceptionally situated that the benefit of this system
could not be secured by reasonable outlay, then the
entire sewage should be treated by mechanical deposi-
tion, aided by any available chemical process, so that
no portion of solid matter in suspension should pass
into the streams, aud that the efliuent waters should be
as free from organic impurity as the best known
method can make it. -ill refuse from dye-works,
mills, factories, tanneries, breweries, malt-houses,
slaughter-houses, and the like should he prevented from
being cast into the running waters. No ashes, cinders,
slag, waste, earth, mud from canals or reservoirs, road
scrappings, broken pottery and utensils, bricks and
building rubbish, or any other solid calculated to
impede the flow of water, raise the bed of the stream,
or cause impurity, should be permitted to be cast on,
or so to be disposed on the banks of a river as to be
carried in by its waters. No matter that has been
used in washing, scouring, milling, fulling, &c., wool
or woollen goods should be allowed to pass into any
running stream until all oil, grease, suspended matter.

and dirt have been removed from it. Water containing
colouring matter from dyeings should be clarified, with
or without chemical aid, by ordinary subsidence, by
filtration through ashes or sand, or by mechanical
filtration, as Needham's process, before being allowed
to flow into any running water or river; or water from
coal workings, which is highly objectionable to manu-
factures if passed direct into running waters, may be
greatly improved by mechanical deposition, and should
be so treated. We do not consider it desirable to
define the exact modes of treating dye waters and
other waste products of manufactures, solid and fluid,
as the modes of operation . vary at different places.
The cheapest aud best mode of one place might not
in any way be equally applicable at others ; but the
prohibition against the practice of casting in solids
may at once be general without any exception. Sewage
irrigation is always practicable. Where it can be
appUed fresh to the land there is least nuisance and
least cost to the ratepayers; where the solids are
extracted by mechanical deposit there is pecuniary loss
on the operation, and running streams receiving the
effluent water are still polluted, the pollution being
greater as the volume in the stream is relatively small.
No arrangements for treating sewage are satisfactory,
except its direct application to laud for agricultural
uses. It is for the interest of manufacturers, as well
as of riparian owners and the community at large, that
a preventive law should be equitably but rigidly
applied. For such legislation the successful operation
of Lord Derby's Act, which has abolished the nuisance
from alkali works, affords a fitting and encouraging
precedent. We have shown in this report how, with
advantage to all parties, the main elements of river
obstruction and pollution in the West Riding of
Yorkshire may be eliminated. It will he our
duty to inquire in districts specially affected by
other trades, or by mining, whether there exist
any obstacles, which we do not at present anticipate,
to such a general system of river conservancy for the
country at large as suggest itself as most desirable for
local application to the valleys of the Aire and Calder.
Our experience of the weakness inherent in unaided
and uncontrolled local authorities' as at present con-
stituted, convinces us that a central board appointed
by a State department is necessary to the efficient pro-
tection of running waters. Economy in the working
of a central board for the conservancy of rivers might
probably be obtained by enabling it to avail itself of
such parts as may be apiilicable of^ the existing system
of Government inspection — as of factories, mines,
alkali works, fisheries, land drainage, &e. In respect of
submitting this suggestion, the establishment of central
authority, we would guard ourselves against being sup-
posed to ignore the sentiment which exists throughout
the country in favour of local representative bodies,
withpower to levyand control such rates as maybe sanc-
tioned, and to perform all necessary works within their
respective neighbourhoods. Essential to the well work-
ing of our plan would be the parcelling of rivers' basins
into conservancy districts, or areas and sub areas, large
in agricultural districts, where the duties would be light,
by grouping together several river catchment basins,
and smaller in manufacturing and mining districts,
where river pollutions and obstructions are more
general and numerous, and where the operation of
local boards and their officers would be more frequently
required. As we are now, in obedience to your
Majesty's commission, about to visit rivers specially
polluted by other manufactures and by mines, we
respectfully reserve the absolute recommendation
which would appear to be in this place due from us,
partly in deference to the expressed objection on the
part of West Riding manufacturers to any legislation
which should not also be enforced upon tho textile
trade of other districts, and partly in the hope and
expectation that by postponement of final judgment
to experience of other pollutions and localities, our
recommendation will be more valuable and more
capable of general application to the improvement of
the rivers of England. Third Beport of S. M. Siver
Commissioners.

CONSULAR REPORTS OF 'THE HARVEST.

At this time of the year, when every one is interested
in the result of the home harvest, now mostly gathered
in, there are many who also like to know the latest
information of the agricultural produce abroad, and it
is from the reports furnished by the liritish Consuls to
the home government that this information is best
derived. In the reports just issued, the following
extracts relating to the harvests of the past year
appear ;—

Memel.— The harvest of 1866 in all kinds of corn and
grain throughout thi-i district was good. Notwith-
standing the disadvantages of a long aud severe winter,
under which the cultivation of the land and the growth
of its produce must naturally be retarded, agricultural
undertakings generally prosper in the province of
Prussia. Neany all kinds of corn and grain which are
known in the north of Europe are cultivated in this
province, aud the warm summer weather ripens them
in so short a time that the harvest takes place but
little later than in the west of Germany. The harvest
for winter corn usually commences in the middle of
July in the more northern districts ; the harvest of the
summer corn follows immediately after that of the
winter corn ; and it is only for Barley, which is generally
sown in May, that the harvest takes place so late as the
endof August and the beginning of September. The chief
article grown in the province is Wheat, next to this Rye ;
Barley, Oats, and Pulse, are also grown in considerable
quantities. In the district of Memel, Rye (winter
corn)is chieflygrown, and all otherarticlesof agricultural IT
produce are scarcely to be seen. Although during the
last 50 years much has been done for the cultivation of
land iu this district, which, like others in the proviuca

OCTODEB 5, 1867. J

THE GARDENET^S' OMONICLE ANT) AGKTCULTTmAL GAZETTE.

1033

of Prussia, suffered so severely from the repeated
hostile invasions in the beginning of the present cen-
tury, the Landed i)roprietor3 are, for the greater part,
without suffK!icnt capital forextending their farms and
industrial establishments. Agricultural machinery is
hardly known in these parts ; and some of the means
used in farming remind one of those adopted in other
countries centuries ago, but which have long since been
abandoned.

Koordislan.—'We read that in this place the splendid
harvest of la.st year reduced Wheat to 13.?. 5}d.
per quarter against U. in 1865 ; and Barley to 6j, Rid.
against lis. lOJrf. I am led to believe that the crops
for this year promise to be equally fine. In view of
these facts jiriccs are nominal, sales being very heavy.
The tithes have, of course, risen, but, owing to the
above circumstances, not in the same proportion —
sales being very limited in all the kaimakamliks com-
posing the vilaiet of Erzeroom. The amount for
which they were farmed was 139,000/., making the
whole value of last year's yield, at the lowest estimate,
1,300,000/. Taking one quarter of this sum as the value
of fruit, vegetables,' Grass, Clover, and grain other
than Wheat and Barley, and two-thirds and one-third
of the remainder for that of the two latter, and the
price of the former at l.lt. 5jrf. the quarter of 130 lb.,
and of the latter fi.v. 0(/. the quarter of 376 lb., the above
sum of 1,300,000/. will give about 637,000 somars,
or 1,029,.300 quarters of Wheat; 637,000 somars, or
1,050,000 quarters of Barley; and 573,375 somars, or
927,000 quarters of other grains, as the entire produce
of the vilaiet. Tho greater part of these products are
confined to three of the eight kamakamliks. viz., those
of Erzeroom, Moo.sli, and Van, their collective produce
being nearly two-thirds that of the other five. As in
contrast to the large plains in the three named, the
others are mostly mountainous districts unfavourable
to such productions. The proportion of Wheat and
Barley grown in the Van kaimakamlik also is small
when compared with hardier strains, the greater part of
the former consumed there beuig imported from Persia
and Mosul. Agriculture seems more profitable in the
Kharput plain and Kuzaa than in most other places.
The district contains 21,000 houses, and a population
at the lowest estimate of 126,000 souls, producing
among them 101,250 quarters of Wheat, and 42,900 of
Barley, besides double the latter amount of rice and
other useful grains. The dense and increasing popu-
lation occasioned a steady demand, requiring extended
cultivation which is sustained and encouraged by the
nearly uniform rates consequently prevailing, except-
ing, of course, when the crops, from unforeseen causes,
fail entirely. The tithes in the Kharput Kuzaa are,
as an exception, always taken in kind direct by the
Government officers, without the intermediate process
of farming, so ruinous to the State and onerous
to the fellah. This plan, independent of the
good results obtaining under such a system,
in comparison with general usage elsewhere, is another
cause for the steady scale of prices ; as in years of
scarcity the Government magazines are opened, and
parts of the contents retailed at r, lower rate than the
ruling one, thus securing a doub'e advantage — keeping
down exorbitant prices, and clearing the stores of much
that would otherwise be damaged. But, on the other
hand, an impolitic practice prevails of forcing the
public bakers to buy corn for their trade from Govern-
ment magazines only, a custom obtaining from a similar
wish to get rid of old stocks by degrees. For the
last two years, although the crops have failed, corn
imported from Siwass has been sold for 1/. 14s. ihd., for
best AYheat, the quarter, against 2/. 2*. -ihd. the same
measure in Diarbeke, only -36 hours off. The general
average of chifts or farms employ 12 oxen and 20 souls,
among whom are eight able-bodied labourers, the rest
being boys, women, and young children. AH however,
excepting infants, contribute to the general labour
required to till it, collect the harvest, and other inci-
dental matters. The system of farming pursued is to
divide the chift into four equal portions, of which every
year one is sowii with Wheat, another with Barley,
and the third with different other seeds and Cotton,
the fourth portion remaining fallow till its turn comes
in the ensuing year. The landlord provides seed, and
constructs the rude mud cottages for the fellahs at
his own expense ; the latter, labour, implements, oxen,
and everything else. The proceeds, after deducting the
seed, or its price, and the Government tithe, is shared
equally between the two. As to the prospect of the
harvest of the present year, we read that the seasonable
and heavy rains that fell during autumn, winter, and
spring, have given such impulse to agriculture that, if
the district is spared from locusts— which, unfortunately,
however, tlirive in rainy mild seasons— the harvest this
year will exceed a five years' supply. The rains that
have done so much good here, have, in the low lands
about Mosul and Baghdad, destroyed most of the
crops, the Tigris having swollen to an unwonted
extent, sweeping all before it in its flood. As there is
water carriase by raft the whole way to those towns, it
is probable the Diarbekr farmers will reap large profits
from exports of their grain that will naturally take
place. But the masses of locusts that have already
appeared excite natural alarm. Government has done
nothing to check their development beyond going
through the childish farce of sprinkling a few drops of
reputed holy water, from the Mehlevi Mosque at
Iconium, in the threatened localities.

Dunkirk, France. — Under the head of agriculture it
i.s said that the results were in general favourable to
the agriculturists of this district, and have compensated
for the lossfas in 1865, when there was a very poor crop
of Wheat, and a total failure of Flax, and throughout
France disastrously low prices. The return of Wheat
varied from 24 to 35 hectolitres per hectare. The
various foreign Wheat recently introduced preserve
their superiority in regard to yield, but do not succeed
in light soil. Although the Flax crop was below that

of an average year, the cultivation ha-s been remune-
rated by the high prices obtained. Pasture lands have
benefited by tho wet weather, and Grass was abundant.
Tho price of butter rises yearly. The produce is of
great consequence in the district, a farm of 30 hectares
having from seven to nine in Grass. In ordinary
years cows are turned out to Gra.ss from the end of
April to tho end of October. The average amount of
butter obtained from each cow is valued at aboutO/.
It is to bo regretted that pasture lands are being
annually ploughed up, because, although more
lucrative, it tends to di,scourago the breeding of cattle.

lirindisi, //«?y.— Consul Grant reports— The Wheat
crop of the year 1866 was a very poor one, and as oven
an average crop in this district is barely suflicient for
its wants, considerable quantities ofAVheat and flc)iir
had to bo imported in the latter part of the year. The
harvest prospects of the present year have been very
brilliant till quite lately, when night dews began to
cause considerable damage to the corn and the Olives.
Notwithstanding this, however, there is every reason
to hope that the harvest will be a fair one.

I'enice. — Tho harvests in the Venetian provinces,
both of Wheat and Indian Corn, were again good in
quality, and sufficiently abundant, so that no iraporta-
tionsof foreign growth were necessary; notwithstanding
which, prices were maintained too high to encourage
exportations to England. Opportunities, however, of
low freights per steamer caused some shipments of
Wheat to be made in the early part of the year and in
the autumn, amounting to about 22,000 quarters ;
about 2500 quarters of Oats were also shipped. Prices
of Wheat ranged from 4k. to 55s. per quarter free on
board, and of Indian Corn from 32*. to 35s. per quarter
free on board.

Pomcrania, Prussia. — The yield of agricultural pro-
duce in Pomerania, in 1806, though on the whole more
abundant than in 1865, was in many instances scanty.
The Potato disease prevailed to a considerable extent
in most districts, and the crop was in consequence
deficient, both as to quantity and quality. Wheat,
hay, and tobacco were above a " normal crop," and hay
not only abundant, hut also of an excellent quality;
but Rye, Barley, and Rape considerably below the
decennial average.

JB(^a,— The crops of cereals of all kinds in this
district proved more abundant than was expected in
the early ]>art of the season. The average price of
Wheat during the year was 40s. lOd. ; of Rye, 25s. 7d. ■
of Barley, 24s. &d. ; and of Oats, 16s. 2d. per imperial
quarter.

Wiborn, Russia. — After the gloomy picture which I
had to draw in my last report of the great calamity
brought about by the failure of crops in the last pre-
ceding four years, it is no small gratification for me to
state that the harvest of last year has, comparatively
speaking, been abundant. The yield of Rye, Oats, and
Barley (other kinds of corn are not grown here, at least
not to an extent worth mentioning) has even exceeded
an ordinary average return ; and in this district, and
other parts of the Grand Duchy, several cargoes of Oats
only wait for the re-opening of the navigation to be
exported to England ; also of Rye and Barley, I under-
stand, a few shipments are made ready for exportation
to Sweden. Potatoes of good quality were also abun-
dant, at low prices ; and of wholesome fodder there has
been no want.

Gotfenburg, Siveden. — Up to the middle of the month
of August the prospects of the harvest were most pro-
mising, but from that time the weather set in wet,
and continued, with little interruption, to the end of
September; so that, with exception of winter seed. Hay,
and Clover, which were gathered early, the crops in
this district suffered generally. W^inter Rye and Wheat
were housed before the rain set in, and yielded from
eight to tenfold, or a full average. Spring Rye and
Wheat, under average. Barley and Oats suffered in
quality from the heavy and constant rain ; but being
rank in growth, the yield in quantity was from six to
sevenfold, or nearly an average crop. Peas, Beans, Tares :
much injured by wet, and gave an under average yield
of five to sixfold. Potatos : a very bad crop, of
not more than three to fivefold, and generally diseased.
Hay: The crop was abundant and well got in, and
fully sufficient for the wants of the province.

Tripoli.— T\\e Wheat crops were so limited that, in
order to prevent a scarcity and rise in prices, which
would have caused great distress amongst the population
of this country, the local government prohibited the
exportation of Wheat. Barley having been much more
abundant, its exportation was left free ; but as great
quantities were shipped for the Regency of Tunis,
where a famine prevailed, a monetary scarcity ensued,
which, however, soon disappeared, in consequence of
the supplies that arrived from the eastern parts of this
province and from Malta. Barley being the principal
staple of food in this country, the prices of all articles
are more affected by the failure or the reserve of the
Barley crops than by that of any other. The cultiva-
tion of Potatos, which was introduced only a few
years back, has been very successful, and is yearly on
the increase. John H. Jackson.

THE WEIGHT OF CORN.
Ms. A. S. Wilson read the following paper before
the meeting of the British Association at Dundee : —
The corn trade of this country is in a state of great
confusion. In one place corn is sold by the quarter ;
in another it is sold by some unit of weight,
and in another by some other unit. These units have
generally a reference to the weight per bushel. It
seems very desirable that a uniform practice should be
established throughout the whole kingdom, so that the
quotations of prices might become easily intelligible.
Except for liquids, the quarter is probably the most
indefinite unit in existence. Two quarters of Oats may
differ from each other to the extent of 10 lb., or 20 lb.,

or 40 lb., or 80 lb., or 150 lb. The bushel is a legal
measure; but there is no legal or uniform wayof filling it.
No two meters will put the same weight into it. Haif-
a-bushel measure, except of particles perfectly fluid, is
only half-a-bushei of corn by an unknown and con-
stantly varying method of filling. Neither is a peck
tho fourth part of a bushel of corn, if both measures
are filled in the same way. The reason why it has
hitherto seemed desirable to combine measurement
with weight in exchanging corn is the assumption that
the weight per bushel is an index of the quality of
value. In other words, that the heavier the grain is
per bushel, it contains proportionally (the proportion
unascertained) the more meal. This is one of the
bases of tho com trade. If it is true, it is of suflicient
importance to warrant a very strenuous endeavour to
devise a uniform mode of filling the bushel. The
method which, after various trials, the writer has
adopted is, to place a flat-bottomed perforated filler
one-fourth of an inch above tho rim of the bushel or
measure, and to stir the com through the holes, thus
filling the measure equally all over, constantly from
the same height, and without enclosing masses of air.
In general, this method increases the weight above the
ordinary basket-filling from three to eight pounds.
With certain sorts of Oats approaching the Canadian
type, successive trials yield very uniform results. But
with all rough Oats approaching the Tartarian type,
the weight generally increases at every successive trial
with the same sample. Indeed, to increase the weight
of many sorts of Oats per bushel, nothing more is
necessary than to give the sample to be weighed a good
smart whisk in a corn basket. This friction will rub
off a great many of the asperities, and permit the seeds
to flow more easily into a compact mass. The weight
per bushel will thus increase, while the absolute weight
diminishes. Again, the weight of Oats per bushel, in
all sorts which liave awns or long rough hulls, depends,
to a considerable extent, on the instrument by which
the Oats have been threshed. If threshed by the flail,
the awns and sharp points will be less broken and
hummelled than if threshed by machinery. Whatever
hummels the grain most will produce the heaviest
bushel, while, of course, extremely little variation will
have taken place in the dynamical relation of the kernel
and hull. Again, Oats which are smooth, well closed,
and sharp at the ends, flow closely together, and leave
much less space unoccupied than Oats which may be
better filled and the glumes somewhat open at the
upper end. So that the smoother Oat will give the
heavier bushel. From these considerations a suspicion
arises that the weight per bushel is no true test of the
comparative value of Oats. Mr. Wilson then read a
tabulated statement of six pairs of experiments, and
then continued — In the first pair, black Tartarian and
Sheriff, which are different sorts of home Oats, the
weights per bushel are nearly equal; while the weight
of meal per cwt. varies nearly 7* lb. In the second
pair (both Potato), which are the same sort of home
Oats, the weights of meal are nearly equal, the advan-
tage being in favour of the sample which weighs least
by 5t lb. The third pair, both sandy, are also samples
of the same sort of home Oats. No. 85, weighing 45 lb.
per bushel, contains 86V lb. of meal, while No. 69,
weighing 47J lb., contains 83J lb. The fourth pair
(various and Tam Finlay) compares home with foreign
Oats. Both samples are nearly of the same weight per
bushel, while the one contains more meal than the
other to the amount of 7^ lb. per cwt. of grain. In the
fifth pair (both various) both samples are foreign. The
sample from Sweden weighs 43 lb., and contains 76 lb.
of meal per cwt., while that from Archangel weighs
40J lb., and contains 81| lb. of meal per cwt. The
sixth pair (Canadian and Darthonia) are both home
Oats. In weight per bushel, the Canadian stands at
one extreme of the Oats scale, and the Darthonia, or
bristle-pointed, at the other. The smooth compact
Canadian, with a hull like plaster lath, contrived to
slide into the bushel to a weight of nearly 54 lb., but
gives no more than 77 lb. of kernels to the cwt., while
its less accommodating opposite (though deprived of its
awns) sticks out its bristles, and demands elbow room
in the bushel, and so will permit no more weight there
than 341" lb. But it far surpasses its rival in the only
point which is commercially and agriculturally impor-
tant—namely, the ratio of kernels to hulls. The
qualities are the quotients of the weights of kernels
divided by the bushel weight; but the absolute
qualities, which are really important, are simply
represented by the weight of kernels, the weight per
bushel being evidently a thing of no permanent mean-
ing or importance whatever. It appears, therefore, to
the writer that a uniform corn trade should be based
on a uniform unit of weight, the quality or comparative
value to be tested in the manner adopted in these
experiments, and that the bushel should be wholly set
aside.

A short discussion followed, in which it was shown
that there was no uniformity in the principle of ascer-
taining the weight and value of Oats. Heavy grain
was not always the most valuable, the husks being
sometimes heavier than the grain. Mr. Wilson stated
that he would publish the method by which ha
wrought as soon as he had it completed.

Home Correspondence.

Cows' Milk.—\ thank you for noticing (p. 1013) my
inquiry. The lime began to be put into the water
some time about the latter end of July, and it may be
three or four weeks since the fault in the cream and
butter, and in the skimmed milk, became apparent.
But since my communication to you of the 17th inst.
I have learnt that the man who milks the cows has
been in the habit of shifting the milk, of the first cow
milked, out of the tin pail (for convenience) into a
wooden pail painted inside. This pail was bought
ready painted last April, and has not been painted

1034

THE GARDENEES' OERONICLE AKD AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 5, 1867.

since. Of course I have ordered both of these prac-
tices to be discontinued, and since my letter to you we
have been able to use the cream and butter. I should,
however, say, that my man says he used this pail from
the beginning, and when no fault was apparent in tbe
milk; and my dairywoman has told me this morning
that she thought there was a slight smell in one of the
pans, but that it went off in scalding the milli (she
makes the butter in the Devonshire way). An Old
Subscriber.

Farm Accounts. — All systems of farm accounts that
I have seen appear to me to be too complicated and
elaborate for the use of most farmers, being more suit-
able for those who keep educated bailiffs, or for those
who are practised accountants and are fond of accounts.
I have used for several years a plan of accounts
founded on the same system as "Letts' Household
Expenses," which is very simple, and I think efficient, i
I take the liberty of sending you a copy of one page,
■which I hope may prove useful. If you would mention
the plan even in your next Paper, perhaps some
publisher might be induced to adopt it, or if not,
the necessary lines can easily bo ruled in any book.
The accounts should be balanced monthly. Edward
Hochin, Powihill Vicarage, Bade.— In addition to the
columns I use, it would be well to have a small column
between the date and the description for the folio in
the ledger and the mark when posted.

moving of coru-stooks, the admission of air, the prompt
and quick cartage whenever a chance occurs, stacking
in small and narrow stacks, with layers of thorns or
otherwise for ventilation, long rows of slacks, 6 or 7 feet
in width and 10 to 12 feet in height, are far better than
depending upon heated air from a farmer's steam engine.
I am far from finding fault with Mr. Gibbs (hailiog
every attempt to benefit the farmer with pleasure), I
merely doubt the utility of his invention. 0. F.

Steam Cultivation. — I have looked Mr. Greig's
article on Steam Cultivation over again, and iind
another point needing some notice of mine. He
says : — " The cost of steam cultivation has hitherto
been greatly increased by the excessive breakages that
have occurred to the machinery. These have arisen
from two causes, namely, for the want of men pro-
perly educated to the work, and thedeftoient construc-
tion of the machinery at first employed. . . . These diffi-
culties are now, however, altogether overcome." These
'' excessive breakages" have been entirely with the
Fowler tackle, for I have never heard of such a thing
from the use of the Woolstou tackle, and with that
tackle " sufficiently educated men " have on all occa-
sions been readily found amongst the regular farm
labourers. It is nothing but the Fowler tackle, that
needs mechanics to work it. Then he talks of " defi-
cient construction." Why, the Woolston tackle is
constructed now as it always has been, upon simple and

1867.
Aug. 1.

Description.

Cash in hand

Paid Waokly, Calf

Paid Rev. Mr. Carnsene, Tithe

Paid Metters, two weeks, at
14s. = 28s. ; Ware, do., at
10s. = 20s

Paid Thorn, two weeks, at
lis. = 22s. ; Brock, do., at
10s. = 20s

Cash of Guhbins, Ram

Cash of Squire, Wheat

Paid W. Sbephard, three Cows,
warranted sound

Paid Chubb, 1 ton Bran

Piiid Hopper, Taxes . .

Cash of S. Box (butcher) on
account

8 0

2 0

£ s. d.
1 in 0

4 10 0

Manure,

Seeds, and

Artificial

Food.

£ s. d.

Rent,

Rates,

Tithes,

andTaxes.

£ s. d.
4 'o 4

Trades-
men's
Bills.

1 10 0

4 0 4

Cash
Received.

M s. d.
25 11 3

0 0
S 0

67 19 .1
49 2 4

18 16 11

Mr. Oibbs' Sheaf-drying Apparatus. — Tour able
editorial article of this week gives an interesting
account of Mr. Gibbs' invention for drying corn in a
wet harvest season. Tbere appears to be ingenuity and
simplicity in the scheme, and no doubt it might answer
occasionally providing our farmsteads were fitted up
with all the necessary appliances. But only fancy
tenants applying to their landlords to fit up these
drying rooms upon a scale suited to the size of their
various farms, which for the most part are already
poorly provided with the most requisite and useful
adjuncts of farm premises. No doubt streams of hot
air would speedily desiccate wet sheaves, but look at
the time and trouble, the labour and cost. Why, it
would swallow up a large portion of the crop. There
are the drying rooms, with all the necessary pipes,
tubes, &c. Then the steam engine, the fire fittings, the
fans to keep up the heat, with all other requisites for
adjusting correctly and pouring on the stream of heated
air. Then the loading, unloading, tying and fixing
firmly the sheaves upon each pipe or tube through
which the steam has to be driven. Then comes the
taking off, the reloading, and conveyance to the stack,
to which it is useless to convey it unless well dried. It
is said to take 15 minutes to dry a damp sheaf. How
long to dry one thoroughly wetted ? Now it is no
slight job to place these sheaves properly upon the
upright ends of these organ-like pipes, and if they are
not rightly done they will not dry truly. This
operation must take up much time; and then oomes
the breaking of sheaf bands, the shaking out and
scattering of the loose corn and straw, all making
woful waste. Again, look at the time consumed
in all these operations. Fancy one of the writer's
crops this very harvest — a 15-acre field of Wheat. It
contained five large stacks, averaging 5 yards in width,
8 yards in length, and 6 yards in height, well thronm
over in the stacking, and roof additional. Had it
been in small sheaves proper for the organ pipes, and
dried in rooms as proposed, it would have taken about
20 days to dry this one little field-crop. ^ But the appa ■
ratus must be in proportion to the size of the farm.
Well, take this 1.5 acres as an extra crop, and take off
a great per centage, for the drying must extend over
several days, so that it would appear almost impossible
to provide means for such speedy drying as to make
the plan a feasible one. To me the scheme appears
impracticable, and I trust and hope that very few
persons will put themselves to the expense of trying it.
Better to have an Australian reaper, which tears off
the ears and leaves the straw for another operation.
These ears are fhrown into a sheet, from l^hence it
might go to the kiln, and there be dried— the straw to
be subsequently gathered ; or it could be possible to
thresh damp AVheat and kiln-dry it ; but to dry such
immense quantities of straw appears superfluous and
impracticable. Of course Wheat high-dried by the
kiln is useless for seed, and not good for the miller.
Would it not be best to devise some plan for drying
the sheaves in the stack ? It is no uncommon practice
to leave air passages through ricks and stacks. Could
not heated air be driven through these openings with-
out danger ? It is seldom, however, that farmers are
driven to sueh extremities. The incessant continuous

sound mechanical principles ; and its durability is
proved by the hundreds of sets at work. It was the
Fowler tackle that was deficiently constructed. We are
nowtold that" these diflicultiesarealtogetherovercome."
This is a repetition of an old tale. At the Chester
meeting John Fowler, jun., told us that his tackle had
" attained a state of perfection that left no improve-
ment to be desired." At the next meeting at Warwick
he writes thus : " The machines sent out last year . . .
were all thoroughly efficient . . . but as the improve-
ments since made were then in contemplation . . .
J. Fowler, however, feels confident that the apparatus
has now assumed a shape which eminently unites
lightness, cheapness, efficiency, and simplicity, and he
can confidently recommend it as a standard machine."
Each successive year has brought its tale of " eminently
perfect," yet at last we are told of the "excessive
breakages " of this very tackle. After such facts as
these, can we believe that " these difiiculties are now,
however, altogether overcome ? " I shall not say a word,
but will leave your readers to draw their own conclu-
sion from the facts before them. The Woolston tackle
has stood the test of time, if Fowler's cannot. William
Smith. Woolston, JHetchlei/ Station, Bitclcs, October 3.
Concrete for Cottages. — At the i)rescnt time, when
so much is being said and done with respect to better-
ing the position of the labouring class— both as regards
wages, as we learn from the Eey. E. Girdlestone's letter
in your impression of the 14th inst., and also improved
dwellings, — might I suggest that I feel certain some
information in your columns on the subject of erecting
cottages of concrete would be of great interest to your
readers, with some account of the present most
approved methods of dealing with the concrete in
cottage-building, and directions how to proceed to set
builders in the country who understand the use of it.
I feel sure that any information any of your readers
could give would help many landed proprietors who
are anxious to improve the condition of the labourers'
cottages on their estates, but who cannot afford to do
all they desire. The French seem to have advanced
considerably in the manufacture and use of this
substance, and are using it in blocks of great size
against the sea ; and in many places where so much of
the material exists on the spot, or to be had for little
more than the fetching, it should serve very consider-
ably to lessen the expense of cottage building. C. F. F.

Foreign Correspondence.

Paris, Sept. 27. — Some and Foreign Agriculture. —
One idea " dominates the construction," as the French
would say, of agricultural instruments, and that is
the ever progressing one of replacing wood by iron.
Thanks to the advance thus made, the instruments
gain in solidity and durability, whilst their price is
comparatively lower. The specimens of agricultural
machinery in the Champ de Mars itself are of course
very limited. The mere plans and designs of which
these chiefly consist present no real interest save as
matter of general study. Such, however, is not the
case with the instruments. By the way, there is a
complete collection of the latter on the scale of one-
fourth. Nothing could be better made ; they are con-

structed with mathematical exactitude; not a bolt or
screw is loose, and though insufficient to allow one to
form an absolute judgment in any given case, they
may be of service in directing the preliminary
choice ; but, after all, it is the practical test, with
instruments of a practical size, that must decide the
agriculturist.

The plough is, of course, the principal instrument in
the agricultural department of the Exposition, The
French plough differs entirely from the English
plough. The former has not only to receive the soil
and turn it over, but to pulverise it; while the latter,
in the share of work allotted to it, roerely cuts the
band of earth and turns it over without crushing it.
To which plough should the preference be given ?
The answer is, to one or the other, according to the
purpose one wishes to attain, and agreeably to the soil
to be cultivated. On the ground where the crop
springs up rapidly, especially in Normandy, the English
plough works wonders ; in the greater nurnber of the
other French provinces the preference is given to the
national instrument. In France, the plough performs
nearly all the labour in the preparation of the soil ;
simple harrow completes the work.

In the Palace may be seen a regular forest plough,
from Moulin. The instrument appears perfectly
formed to aid the natural replenishment in what the
French term" the regenerative cutting" of forest
trees. The improved French Vine ploughs possess an
immense importance. The Belgian and Italian ploughs
come near to the French type, whilst Prussian and
Austrian ploughs strongly resemble our English forms.
The harrows, scarifiers, extirpators, hoes, and rollers of
the French, constructed in recent years, greatly
resemble those of Coleman & Morton, of Chelmsford,
Howard, of Bedford, Ransome & Sims, of Ipswich, and
others of our great manufacturers. Ploughing by
steam is represented at Billancourt by Frenchmen as
well as Englishmen. The drills occupy a great space,
but there is little new to be signalised. All, however,
merit study, for certain varieties of farms will be found
to possess generally some special merit in reference^ to
the description of culture and the kind of soil to which
they are applied.

The mowers and reapers are extremely numerous.
If the mechanical hay-turner and horse-rake have come
into use in France, the same cannot be said of the
mowers and reapers, which in England are as common
as the plough. I have counted in the park and its
annexes, as well as at Billancourt, six mowers and
reapers differing in system. These instruments are as
well made in France as in England; but negligent
cultivation and a bad preparation of the soil must
account for their extremely limited use. In the
American department, the mower and reaper of Mr.
Wood, and the modified one of Mr. M'Cormick, recom-
mend themselves to use.

The fixed and movea'ole steam engines applicable to
agriculture are distributed in the Palace, the annexes,
and at Billancourt. The steam locomotives of_ Great
Britain, constructed for farm use, excite admiration
for their strength and finish : a remark also applying
to the machinery which sets in movement the threshing
machines. One fact is evident, tha,t French artisans
can largely supply the wants of native agriculturists ;
and the extent to which the partitioning of land has
been carried out in France is not favourable to exten-
sive orders for improved machinery. I must notice
particularly a powerful thresher of Parisian make,
constructed on the latest American systetn. French
farmers appear to be of the opinion that English thresh-
ing machinery, as well as French, has undergone little
improvement since 18(51. Of miscellaneous agricul-
tural instruments worthy of notice may be mentioned
a Cotton cleaner from Algeria, a Maize shelling
machine from Toulouse, and a portable steam sawing
machine for clearing forests.

A large number of rural undertakings and agricul-
tural establishments in Fiance are represented by plans
and drawings. The Dutch, however, have set out in a
separate building the absolute model of a Dutch farm,
and a stable for 3-1 milch cows. The building is entirely
of wood, and is capable of being easily taken to pieces
and transported elsewhere.

As to the vicinal railways to be constructed, one
immediate effect must be the increase of rural salaries,
which in France, as, indeed, throughout the continen^
are miserably low. The inspiriting effect of advanced
wages in elevating an agricultural people is well known.
The passion of the peasantry of Prance is to own soil
and cultivate it for themselves ; failing this, they are
disposed to emigrate, seeking elsewhere to realise what
to them is a first necessity. The population of central
France partakes little of the enterprising spirit of
other portions of the country. Its communities are
comparatively isolated through the want not merely of
vicinal railroads but navigable rivers ; and to natural
causes unfavourable to development are to be added
others historical and political. The projected vicinal
railways will, it is calculated, transport produce at a
fourth of the present price, and stimulate production by
producing larger markets.

The papers read of late before the Agricultural
Societies of France have largely referred to the means
of more fully developing the riches of the soil, or, in
other words, the national agricultural wealth ; and the
restriction of Vine growing, and the giving a prefer-
ence to cereals, is admitted in many quarters. There
can be little doubt that Vine growing tends to ener-
vate a people, keeping, as it does, the greater portion
of the population engaged in it in a state of periodic
idleness. Wine, indeed, is an essential article of trade,
and a considerable portion of the wealth of France is
drawn from it ; but its consumption might be less ivith
advantage to the people, and the returns would be far
larger from the sowing of grain. When the contem-
plated vicinal railways are completed, a change will
probably come over France in this respect.

OCTOBBB 6, 1867.]

THE GARDENEES' CIIEONICLE ANT) AGrvTCllLTURAL (JAZETTE.

1035

A "Chemical Industrial Dictionary,"* recently
published in Paris by Messrs. Delagrave and Co., sets
forth comparative means of agriculture carried on in
different countries in a way well fitted to challenge
attention, togetlierwith a history of the progress of the
soienco; its principles are very fully detailed. The
value of the work is much enhanced by its ample
analytical tables. The instructions are at once
succinct and practical, and important information may
be found in it as to dealing with soil with reforenco to
crops in all conceivable I'ircumstances.

Another serviceable work that has made its appear-
ance is entitled " Prairies Artifici6lles."t The author
is the well known J. Isodore Pierre, Professor of
Chemistry at Caen, and ho has here undertaken, and
very successfully, to point out the causes of tlie
lessening of the products of artificially prepared soils,
and the means of preventing their degeneration. The
work should be studied and used as a manual of refer-
ence not only in France but England, for though the
conditions of agriculture are different in the two
countries, the principles to be acted on are the same
for both. A considerable space is necessarily devoted
to the fertilising manures and the various ingredients
composing them. The author urges on BVench agricul-
turists the adoption of wholly different manures
to those to which they are habituated, and supports
his advocacy by incontrovertible chemical facts, which
the experience of English farmers will sustain. The
necessity of good drainage and of rotatory crops does
not escape attention.

Among olher works that have appeared is one on
the culture of tho Cactus, with its principal species
and varieties, by T. P. Palmer, published by the
Central Library of Agriculture ; and another by the
same house on the Culture of the Artichoke and the
distillation of alcohol from that plant, to which I
shall draw attention in a future letter. C.

Cheshire: Cheese-maiing. — At the meeting of this
Society Mr. Baebouk, the President, spoke of the
splendid show of cheese they had had.

Mr. Davie-s, of Mere Old Hall, said they had wit-
nessed that day a very successful show, and a most
o.xtraordinary e.'ihibition of cheese. He was delighted
to see that Cheshire was getting up again.

Mr. Wakbukton, one of the judges, said they were
very much pleased with the articles shown for compe-
tition, but more especially the cheese. But farmers of
Cheshire must, he thought, be careful how they went
to work. The farmers in this county were of a different
class of people, and more mixed than in those large
American dairies, where nothing else was done but
oheese-making. If they thought of establishing a factory
it would be much better to go to work gradually, and
on a small scale. He was glad to find that Cheshire
had secured the Champion Prize of the day.

Mr. Harding said the Cheddar system was a very
good one, but he dared say it would produce no better
cheese than the Cheshire system. He was satisfied
from his own experience that they were very much
behind what they should be in cheese-making. They
managed their arable lands with science, energy, and
application, using all the mechanical power within
I heir grasp. He wished he could say the same
iitiiiiit the cheese-making districts. Go wherever he
Hi>uld, he found very great disparagement in the
IHuductions of the cheese-maker. They had had a
very good show of cheese— perhaps some of the finest
lliat could be obtained anywhere in England. But on
tho other hand, some of thecheese produced must have
Ii Lti manufactured by some who knew nothing at all
:ilii)ut cheese-making. So that whilst some of the
cheeses were an honour to any country or county,
others were an equal disgrace. He disputed the
assertion that cheese could be only made in certain
counties, .and said no man had had more experience
in the matter than he had. and he had come to the
conclusion that good cheese could be made any where-
in fact, it did not matter where. He repeated that no
man had had greater experience th.an ne, and, there-
fore, he was prepared to show what he had stated w.as
correct. He had made cheese in Scotland, and
various parts of England. In Scotland they adopted
the Cheddar system, which he had the honour of
introducing there, and they made just as good cheese
as in Cheshire and Somersetshire. He complained
that the farmers in England had not proper accommo-
iliiliou afforded them by their landlords for cheese-

, making. The landlords had not done what they ought
to have done. If they visited farm houses, and old

' fanu houses especially, they would find dairies that
had been constructed without the slightest attention
or regard to science. If they had not proper accom-
moiiation for cheese-making they should not do it, for
ilio best oheesa-makers were sometimes baffled because
tlioy had not got a good place in which to make the
'■lioese.

i\Ir. AsTON" (Brassey Green) said when he entered
a^ a competitor of cheese in the Society he was not
-.inguine about taking any prize, and would have
returned home quite satisfied if he had not been
aivarded one. They must not think, however, that
Iji cause he had been successful he entertained the
li'ition that his cheese was superior to some which had
boon classed among the unsuccessful of that day.
Cases had been known where unsuccessful competitors

* " Pictionn.aire de Chiraie Induatrielle. " Par MJt.
nurroswil et Girard, ave3 la Collaboration de M. de Luca, et
'li ^ Professenrs do Cbomistea et industrials. Paris :
n';t,it,n'avo <fe Co,, 78, Ruo des Ecolos.

t " Pr-airies ArtifiLielles ; Cuuses de Diminution do lours
Produits ; Etudes sur les Moyena des Prcvenir leur Degene-
rcscence." Par J. Isodore Pierre. Prize aw.arded to this
Treatise by the Agricultural Society of Orleans. Paris :
Delagrav© &: Co., Rne des Ecoles.

had sold their dairies for a higher price than those who
were successful. In order to be a suocessful com-
petitor a great deal depended upon the cheese selected
being ripe for market at tho time of exhibition, and
not what they would bo in weeks or months to come.
This a]ipoarccl, lunvevor, to bo a matter with wliich the
judges had not to do. They should bow to their
decision, although at times it might bo iidvorse to their
own private opinions. Ho hail felt great interest in
that part of the show with which ho stood so closely
identified — namely, tho dairy department. Considering
tho heavy losses they sustained about a year and a-half
ago in horned cattle, ho considered they had had a
most excellent show of cheese, and that if Cheshire had
not entirely recovered, she bade fair to regain her
former renown as a cheese-making county. He
was gUid to see that there were exhibitors of cheese
from other counties, so that Chester had been fairly
and thoroughly tested. He had no doubt the gentlenian
who had beena competitor was celebrated for making
primo Cheddar, or he would not have shown up on
that occasion. If the first prize had been awarded him
they would have freely given him the honour; but the
fact of Cheshire, under existing circumstances, carrying
away the champion prize, ought in the estimation of
all impartial judges to enhance it. He had no desire to
boast, but ho had no hesitation in saying that they
could compete with any cheese-making county in
England. It might bo that there was equally as good
cheese made in other counties, but they ought to give
" honour to whom honour is due." All they wished
for was a fair field, justice awarded, and thoy would
then be satisfied. He did not exactly agree with one
or two of the remarks made by Mr. Harding. He
scarcely thought that one uniform system of cheese-
making would do for all counties alike. He was dis-
posed to think that the mode of manufacture of this
article of diet should vary according to the description
of the soil and the quality of the herbage. He had for
some years entertained a high opinion of Cheddar
cheese. They appeared to have a most excellent way
of manufacturiug it in some parts of Somerset; but
from what had transpired that day it did not appear to
be superior to that of Cheshire. He thought it possible
for a skilful person to make a good cheese upon every
description of soil ; but prime dairies appeared to be
manufactured with greater ease and facility upon some
farms as compared with others.

mel)telo0t

Tlie Quarterhj Journal of Science. No. XVI. October,

1867. J. Churchill & Son, New Burlington Street.
The number just published contains interesting
papers on " Creation by Law," on International
Exhibitious, on the Luminosity of the Sea, and on
our Field Clubs, with chronicles for the quarter
of various arts and sciences, and a good and prompt
report of the Proceedings of the British Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science and of the
Social Science Association. The work is one especially
for the country resident, who has not the same oppor-
tunities as others of making himself acquainted with
the progress of knowlege and invention ; and there is
for our owu readers a special section on the agricul-
tural proceedings of the past quarter, which we extract,
as follows : —

"The cattle plague has not yet entirely left us.
During the past quarter several cases have occurred on
farms lying eastward of London, to which the infection
may have been brought by the imported stock which
is landed at Thames Haven and taken into the
Metropolitan Market by a railway passing through
the district which has sufl'ered. And thus it is, in all
probability, that the disease has at length reached the
farm and large herd of cows near Barking, belonging to
the iletropolitan Sewage Company, to whose proceed-
ings reference has more than once been made in this
Chronicle. There were 238 cows on this farm early in
August, feeding on the sewage-grown grass which is
there cultivated. Of these li became diseased, and
were killed and buried, and 115 were condemned to be
slaughtered, as having been infected by contact with
diseased animals. There then remained 111, in two
sheds detached from the homestead, and these have
remained healthy. They had been fed on the same
food as the others, and being surrounded by the
meadows irrigated by the sewage water, were not only
thereby more easily and completely isolated from the
other stock, but were at the same time more liable to
any injurious influence which the sewage may be
capable of exerting. It is satisfactory to learn from
this experience, that neither on the food nor on the
treatment of these cows can the losses by the_ cattle
plague be changed, that sewage-grown grass is per-
fectly wholesome food, and that the cattle plague is, as
it has always been supposed to be, simply the result of
an imported poison, the special produce of the disease
itself. Of the quantity as well as quality of the produce
which sewage-water raises even on poor land, the
experience of the Barking farm is satisfactorily con-
clusive. Flax, Mangel Wurzel, Potatos, Cabbages,
and Grass have been grown luxuriantly on it; and
dressings of the young Wheat plant in spring and early
summer have shown what immense bulk of straw can
be thus ensured— from which, in suitable seasons, no
doubt increased yield of grain must follow. Of the
Italian Bye-grass thus produced a record has been kept,
and on many acres upwards of 50 tons per acre had
been obtained from five cuttings by the middle of
August. It seems certain that the produce of sewage
applications, under all ordinary circumstances, must be
sullioient to return a satisfactory profit after the
deduction of expenses.

" Professor Anderson has lately delivered at Glasgow
an interesting lecture on recent laboratory results, in
which he called attention to the state of the guano

trade, the superphosphate manufacture, the quality of
oil-cakes, and of drinking water— all of them iinportiint
agricultural subjects. He informs us that the guano
on some of the Chiucha Islands is already exhausted,
and that recent imports are of inferior quality —
containing considerably more water and couHilerably
loss ammonia than the (lualities which have hitherto
been common — a dilfcreuco cajjable of correction
only by the artificial addition of at least liO shil-
lings-worth of sulphate of aninionia to the ton
— ' and to this extent tho price of the guano
is practically enhanced by this diminution oi' its
quality.' Of recently manufactured superpliosphates
Professor Anderson reports an improvement. They
are indeed no longer manufactured from bones, but
the process by which tho mineral phosphates are con-
verted is more completely carried out, and new sup-
plies, of excellent quality, are from time to time
discovered. Thus it has been lately met with in nests
in a particular kind of (Ujlomito in the valley of the
Lahn, a tributary of the Rhine. Tho miniis of Staffel
yielded last year 2500 tons of a quality containing 55 to
()5 per cent, of phosphates. It is here in a now and
unexpected geological formation, and there can bs
little doubt that by an extended search many similar
deposits will be found.

" During the past year Professor Anderson has found
Bran, Grass seeds, Carob Beans, French nutcake, and
other adulterations in oil-cakes of British manufacture.
And we are informed of the offer in the market of
inferior mixtures containing mustard and other small
seed, with the avowed purpose of ' reducing high
quality Linseed.' A dealer in cakes, we are told, has
sold at 111. a ton an article, which he stated was of tho
highest quality, under the name of the ' Simon Pure."
It was found on analysis to contain Bran, and since
then he has supplied his customers with the real
Simon Pure at HI. 10s., ' so that in commerce a.s well
as in comedy there are a real and counterfeit Simon
Pure.' * Professor Anderson touched, lastly, on the
character of the drinking water given to cattle. He
has lately examined the water from wells on several
farms, and has found them to contain nitrates
obviously derived from the infiltration of animal
matters. The presence of such matters is injurious to
human beings, and is in all probability also mis-
chievous to the live stock of the farm.

" One of the more remarkable features of the annual
showof the English Agricultural Society at Bury last
July, was the illustration given of the economical appli-
cation of steam-power to light-land cultivation. By
means of two engines, one at either end of the culti-
vated field, two tools are worked at once ; and when
the widest tools were used— Fowler drags a 13-tine
cultivator which takes a width of four yards at once —
the cultivation was accomplished at the rate of 50 acres
in a day. It seems plain that on light-land farms a,s
well as clays, whenever the area has been properly laid
out for steam cultivation, there need in future be no
more horse-power provided and kept throughout the
year than will suffice for the harvesting and marketing
of the crops ; in fact, for all the work of carriage.
With Fowler's or with Howard's double engines, each
with double drum working two tools simultaneously,
there is no reason why a square of 20 acres, or even
more, of land which had been ploughed by steam-power
before winter, should not be grubbed or cultivated, and
receive a thorough harrowing all at once in a single day
in spring, or why a thorough fallowing after a winter's
frost upon the autumn tillage of stiff clays should not
be thus accomplished almost at a blow.

"The hot and variable weather, accompanied by
thunderstorms, of the current season has been greatly
against the dead-meat orade ; and some easy preserva-
tive of quality is under such circumstances greatly
needed. Jlessrs. Medlock and Bailey have patented
the use of their solution of bisulphite of lime for this
purpose. Two quarts of this solution, one pint of
common salt, and four gallons of water, constitute the
wash, by which it is said that a joint of meat may be
preserved fresh in the hottest weather. A dip night
and morning into such a mixture will keep meat sweei
for any length of time : and when afterwards dipped in
cold water for a few minutes and then dried thoroughly
with a cloth it is ready for cooking, unaltered in any
detectable way from the day it was slaughtered. Such
are the assertions of the patentees; and they are
sutfioiently striking to deserve examination.

" 'Ihe weather of the past spring and summer has
proved on the whole better for succulent growth than
for the formation and ripening of seed, and the reports
of the grain harvest are not satisfactory. More than
half the reports of the Wheat crop supplied to the
Agricultural Gazette declare it to be under average,
and that is a larger proportion than was similarly
returned last year, when the crop was undoubtedly an
inferior one. The crops of spring-sown Oats and
Barley, and especially of Beans, are believed, on the
other hand, to be generally good."

mt Doultra ITaiD.

ProfitahlePoiilfri/ (Continued from p. 1013).— When
all the chickens have gone into the coops, we remove
all the left food, and sweep the place out clean, then
with a watering-pot with a small rose, we slightly
sprinkle the floor with water; shortly .after we
dredge the same with quicklime, which decomposes
all effluvium; we then take either cut Wheat straw
or Wheat chaff, and cover the floor, which amuses the

• For the guidance of aniilysts and of our rik'nculturel
readers, we may mention that the following substances are
used for the adulteration of Lin.seed-cakc : Wheat bran ground
Rice-husks, inferior ftipe-c.ike, inferior Groimdnut cake
Niger c^ike. damaged Cotton cake, cake made from damaged
Liiseed. Dodder cake, Sessame cike, Indian com meal, Locust
Beans Sx. ; but the worst and most valueless substance used
is ground Rico-husks, known as "shudes.

1036

THE GAEDENEES' CHKONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[OCTOBEE 5, 1867.

chickens to scratch and pick about, providing suHioient
exercise to keep them in health ; this should be done
every night, as the chickens begin to feed early in the
morning, when they find a fresh and invigorating meal
ready for them. There is not a suHloiently large Grass
plot in our yard for green food for them, but I provide
mown Grass, Lettuce-leaves, or any waste greens we
may have instead ; and every three or four days give
them some sweet raw meat, cut in shreds, as by keep-
ing them up we prevent their obtaining worms and
insects. Their natural mode of life should be our
guide in all these provisions. In proof of our recom-
mendations of warmth and light for chickens, I may
mention that in February, when carrying on our
experiments in artificial incubation, we had a hen
with a brood of eight chickens in a coop, by the side of
our stove ; we soon saw that what the chickens cared
for was heat ; for if they were sufficiently warm they
■would not go under the hen. In six weeks the hen
would take no more notice of them, but wanted to lay
again. The chickens did not seem at any loss without
her ; they had not been out of doors, nor did they
want to go, as the air was cold, and in 14 weeks from
the hatch, viz., six with the hen and eight with arti-
ficial warmth, by our stove, the chickens weighed upon
an average a pound and a half each, and were at that
time worth 6j. a couple. Thus these chickens were as
good in the cold months as they could be, brought up
m any of the finer seasons of the year. In six weeks
after this hen left her chickens she had another brood
of 10 chickens ; in August she sat again, and by
rearing the chickens by the artificial means, on the
13th October she wanted to sit again. We feed all our
fowls twice a day, first when we let them out in the
morning, then about 3 o'clock in the afternoon. When
fatting poultry for the table, especially young ones, we
have had most praise for those that have been well fed
while allowed to run about. If we put them up to
fatten, we find the best plan is to put up from six to
12 in a place made with wooden pales about tlae size of
a common pigstye, with little light, sufficiently open
to admit a free current of air in each pen ; we feed them
with Barley paste, giving them plenty of clean water,
and fine gravel for digestion. We feed them for about a
fortnight, and if they do not gain flesh in that space of
time, we do not consider them healthy ; but we prefer
those, as already stated, who are, with plenty of Barley,
allowed their liberty until they are fit for the table.
We find our eggs best for hatching chickens from,
when allowing 10 hens to one cock in summer, when
the fowls have a good run; but when in a confined
yard five hens to one cock is better. On eggs laid in
cold and snowy weather there will be a loss if used for
incubation ; for instance, I once had under hens
70 eggs laid in such weather, and only eight chickens
were hatched. At the same time I had 20 eggs in my
hatching apparatus, laid under similar circumstances,
which produced only two chickens. We have no rule
to ascertain how long a hen will continue to lay eggs
fit for hatching without the attendance of a cock. In
December, 1852, I had a Shanghai cock and hen, she
had laid four eggs, and on that day the cock was
accidentally killed; I kept the hen up, and allowed her
to lay six more eggs, which she did in as mauy days.
I then put a true Dorking cock with her. She then
laid 10 more eggs in 11 days. The first 10 eggs were
set under another hen, from which I had nine true
Shanghai chickens. The other 10 eggs (which we
marked as they were laid) were sat on by the Shanghai
hen, and produced nine chickens— five of them were
half-bred Dorking with 10 toes. The hen's chickens
were half-bred by the Dorking cock after he was with
her five days. Land Steward.

French Experience. — In the year 1866 we
imported 438,878,880 foreign eggs, chiefly from
France ; for the French are superior to us in
poultry-breeding. This is the fact which is shak-
ing the seats of the authorities, and seems likely
to produce a revolution in the hen-houses. The
French undersell us in our own markets, although they
have to pay for sea carriage ; they send us 6,000,000
eggs a week. Their poultry is better on the table than
ours, and very much cheaper. Something must be
done, or a dynasty may be changed and a new govern-
ment set up. The British poultry-eater cannot under-
stand why he cannot be as well and cheaply supplied
by English hens as by French. He says there must be
something wrong somewhere. Feeling this fact in the
nerves of his purse, he is not consoled by being told
that British poultry surpasses French in gorgeous
plumage, and carries off the prizes at competitions.
Caring little or naught for niceties about combs, beaks,
hackles, wattles, saddles, and flufi', vulture-hocks or
five toes ; his standard of excellence is his palate and
the size of the eggs he empties with his spoon, or of
the] helps he can give from his knife and fork. The
excellence of the prize-shows and the pictures of Mr.
Harrison Weir, he readily grants, have proved the
possession of points of beauty, which the unobservant
have never seen, by cocks, hens, ducks, geese,
turkeys, and guinea-fowls; but his tests are con-
tained in the sum of relief which the prices
of his poulterer can give him from the extortions
of his butcher. Penoillings, spanglings, frizzles, silky
or sickle feathers are, of course, worthy of note in an
artistic point of view; but it is curious' to remark that
these things have for years absorbed the attention of
English fanciers, while Frenchmen have devoted them-
selves to the production of eggs and flesh. Here is a
matter in which Englishmen have won prizes while
Frenchmen made profits. Students of the French in
France do not come back saying of all things, how
much better they manage those things in France, but
they observe more superiorities than stay-at-home
folks will believe in ; and as for this one, it is unde-
niable. In poultry, the English seek show and the
French reality. Horticultural shows produce large
fruits deficient in flavour, and Gallinooultural com-

petitions breed picturesque fowls with small breasts.
The editor of "The Poultry Book" says the great
superiority of French poultry for the table and the
greater cheapness of French eggs make it desirable to
ascertain what the conditions are which enable our
neighbours to surpass us. When this inquiry arose,
and curiosity was excited on the subject, a clever
Frenchman sent a paragragh to the newspapers to ex-
plain the mystery and show the English now fortunes
might be made. M. de Sora and his establishment were
described, to the astonishment and delight of poultry-
breeders of every clime. The ancient race of De Sora
had lost all except a dilapidated castle and a small
home-farm ; and the last De Sora thought anxiously
how he might restore the fallen fortunes of his family.
At last he found out how to make the hen-house
rebuild the castle ! He made his hens lay every day,
by feeding them on horseflesh. He had proved, by
physiological experiments, that if hens do not lay
every day in winter, it is only because they do not then
get their meat-diet of worms and insects. Fed with
horseflesh, their natural fertility returns. The dis-
covery was a valuable one ; and pilgrims, full of faith,
left America and Australia, and wandered over France,
crying "De Sora, De Sora," as the Saracen mother of
St. Thomas a Beckett cried " Gilbert, Gilbert." Here
was, no doubt, the lost secret embodied in the fable of
the goose which laid the golden eggs. Journalists of
well-earned authority in the poultry world explained
the theory of the process. M. de Sora began with 300
fowls, and soon had 300,000, with a proper propor-
tion of cocks. Immense sausage-machines turned
23 horses a day into barrels of mincemeat. The
ingenious De Sora turned every part of the
horse to account, selling heads, hoofs and skins
at a profit, and manufacturing the marrow into
perfumed pomade and lip-salve. Thus the mince-
meat cost him " much less than nothing." Kept in
store-rooms of a temperature just above the freezing-
point, the meat never spoils. Salt and pepper are
beneficial additions. Four years of life having been
accorded to each fowl, it is fattened and sent to
market ; and of course the fowls sent can be counted
only by thousands a-year. Commenting on these
brilliant results, an eminent writer in a London
journal asked, " Why the spoilt meat of London was
not sent to the poultry-yard?" There are still to be
found believers in the discovery of M. de Sora ; and
for anght known to the contrary among the visitors to
the Paris Exhibition there may have been practical
poultry-keepers who have tried to find the locality of
his establishment. A poultry-farm said to realise
40,000/. a year of clear profit is worth seeing. Mr.
Geyelin, the manager, and two directors of the
National Poultry Company having been sent to study
the celebrated horse-flesh henery, Mr. Geyelinpublished
a report of the results of their researches. A search
within a radius of 40 miles of Paris was made in vain.
At the Garden of Plants and the Society of Acclimata-
tion nothing was known of any such establishment.
But at last it was heard of. An official of the
Acclimatation Society in Boulogne Wood stated, in
writing, that he had been informed of a henery with
12,000 fowls, at Mouy, near Beauvais. Jlr. Geyelin
immediately telegraphed to Beauvais, requesting
De Sora to say wheth-^r or not he had an extensive
henery. The answer returned was — " Not known."
A letter which was despatched, with the same question,
to the same address was neither answered nor returned.
And then the indomitable Mr. Geyelin went to Mouy,
and found and saw a great henery. No M. de Sora
had ever been heard of in the neighbourhood of Mouy,
but a M. Manoury lived at Mouy, rearing about 5000
fowls a year, of pure breeds, and neither supplying
the markets of Paris nor feeding them on horse-
flesh ! AthencBum.

Farm Memoranda.

Dairy Faem, in Chestek County, Pennsyl-
V.4NI.V. — Butter Increased by Liberal Feeding. —
Eokeby began farming four years ago, having about
100 acres of cleared land, for which he purchased
12 cows and two heifers. He engaged a farmer, who
continued in charge two years, and made 1432 lbs.
butter the first and 1500 lbs. the second year.

This was principally from pasture alone, no pro-
vision having been made, by growing early Rye, Corn
for fodder, or any other green food, to keep up a
plentiful supply, either early or late in the season,
when pasture is short, and it is so indispensable, in
order to keep up the condition of the cows and their
milk.

The third year the proprietor undertook the manage-
ment himself, and made 2878 lbs. butter, and during
the fourth year, ending April 1, 1867, he made 4055 lias.,
haviui^ increased his stock from 14 up to 20 head-
five ot the latter heifers with their first calves. He
says : —

Now, I suppose it will be asked by what manage-
ment the butter was increased from 1432 lbs. to
4055 lbs. There was but little change in the stock,
almost all of the original cows having been retained,
and the increase being but three cows and three
heifers ; but the increase in the butter was from twice
and a half to three times the quantity. The diflerence
in the management was this : my original farmer kept
the cows only, as I have before stated, on the pasture ;
the farm then had nothing grown expressly to fodder
or soil them with, which was and is now the custom
with many farmers in our country ; neither was there
any meal fed, except it might be to a cow that had
calved early in the spring, before the pasture was suf-
ficient to turn out upon ; also, the cows were permitted
to remain out, exposed to cold, wet storms (when they
should have been stabled and kept warm and dry),
thus early in the season checking the flow of milk,
which is afterwards difficult to restore.

Early in the season the young Grass, when cows are
first turned out to pasture, is watery, and tends tq^
piake the cows scour very much ; and although it will
in that state increase the flow of milk, and also the
quantity of butter, yet it will be at the expense of the
condition of the cow, reducing her in flesh, and telling
upon her during the whole season. At this time I con-
sider it important that a cow should be fed with ship
stuff or bran and cob meal, mixed night and morning.
This not only assists in preventing scouring, but by
keeping up the condition of the stock, increases the
quantity of the butter to a very coniderable extent.
My opinion is, that meal fed at this time pays better,
certainly as well as at any other time during the
season, not excepting midwinter.

I am well satisfied that the condition of the cow, in
order to obtain from her a full yield, or one that will
be profitable, must at all times be well looked to. She
must be well wintered and fed, so that when she comes
out of the barn-yard in the spring, after having calved,
she is in good flesh, showing her keep and the care
taken of her, and not like what is too much the custom
of the country, viz., dry cows, wintered on straw, and
no shelter except the lee side of a barn-yard until the
calf is dropped, when it is too late for the poor-in-flesh
cow to yield her full capacity.

A cow should at all times, when milking, be fully
supplied with meal ; not stimulated to excess, however,
for that would certainly produce reaction afterwards :
but she must have a full and plentiful supply at all
times of good food and water. For that purpose I have
grown early Eye to begin with in the early season
before the Grass is sufficient to turn out on ; then after
harvest, during the dry weather, when tlie pasturage
becomes short, Hungarian Grass, to be followed with
corn sowed in drills for fodder, which cut morning and
evening, and fed to the stock whilst milking, fills them
twice a day, and, with the pasture, makes up all that is
required. During the last season, whilst it was
necessary to soil with Hungarian Grass and corn for
fodder, we have also fed two quarts of ship stuS' each
night and morning, as we feel satisfied that, although
the Hungarian Grass and green corn will keep up the
yield of milk, yet they will not alone make as much
butter as a full supply of pasture or the natural
Grasses.

I look upon a cow as similar to a steam boiler ; no
matter hovv good they may be, unless the boiler is well
supplied with water and good fuel, also well attended
to, the supply of steam will be short, or it will be in
proportion to the fuel and attention. So also with the
cow ; no matter how good she may be, if she is not well
and plentifully fed and cared for, her product will be
shortened.

Another very important matter with cows is that
they should be protected from storms and bad weather.
They should be fed and kept under shelter when the
nights are wet and inclement ; this more particularly
in the early season, when the cow is fresh and in full
milk ; one exposure to a cold, wet night has frequently
reduced milk one-half. Also in the fall, when the
nights become frosty, never let them remain out ; be
particular to stable them ; and in the morning never
turn them out on the pasture until the frost is melted
off by the sun, as nothing, perhaps, dries a cow or
reduces her milk more than eating Grass with the
frost on it. To many of these requirements the
generality of farmers pay no attention whatever. In
the early season, as soon as there is any pastui'e what-
ever the cow is turned out of the barn-yard, to ea,t
what she may find, and to remain day and night until
the winter comes ; there is also nothing grown or fed
to eke out the scanty supply of pasturage that almost
invariably occurs at some time in each season. Practical
Farmer, U.S.

Obituary.

The Late Mr. Wallace Fi/fe.— We very deeply regret
to announce the death of Mr. W. Wallace Fyfe, for
many years a well known agricultural writer. Editor of
the Nottinghamshire Oiiardian, and frequent contri-
Ijutor to our own columns and those of other agri-
cultural periodicals.

Death of Mr. Edward Pope. — We regret to announce
the death of Mr. Edward Pope, of Great Toller, Dorset, a
leading English agriculturist, and member of Council of
the Eoyal Agricultural Society. The following refer-
ence to bis agricultural career is taken from the Dorset
Count!/ Chronicle:— ~We know that in all things example
is more effectual than precept, and Mr. Pope was more
of a performer than a preacher. The altered conditions
upon which agricultural operations are now carried
on, compared with what was the fashion, say thirty
years ago, are too palpable to need recapitulation, and
in this matter he was truly a pioneer. He was the first
to introduce in these parts the pure Southdown into
his flock, for which purpose he purchased a ram from
the late Mr. Ellman at what was then considered a
fabulous price. But the success which followed this
step fully proved its wisdom, for eager competitors soon
flocked to his annual sales as Mapperton. This example
must be credited with no slight effect in the change
that ensued in many flocks upon our Dorsetshire downs,
and the stimulus given to sheep farming generally in
this county. But it was perhaps in the maintenance
of a pure breed of Devon cattle that Mr. Pope
attained the highest eminence, his name for many years
standing in successful competition with thefirst breeders
in the country, both at the national and the district I
exhibitions. These were his peculiar pride, and their
undoubted purity and perfect symmetry established a
reputation which has outlived a fleeting popularity,
though he had for some years ceased to enter the lists
for honours which might often afterwards have been
his. As a cultivator of the land his spirit and ability
were early recognised by the award of prizes in compe-
tition against the whole county at a time when much

October 5, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

1037

less attention was given to root crops than at present
and few gentlemen could boast of such a noble array of
trophies for these iieacoful and honourable achieve-
ments. Though, as we have intimated, ho had in this
ii'spect latterly retired into private life, and appeared
to bo more bent upon improving the pretty little
estate which he inherited at Great Toller, he was
always ready to come forward at the call of duty, and,
\iliether as a judge at the great shows, or as an active
member of the Royal Agricultural Society and the
Smithlield Club, we may venture to say he will be very
much missed, his business habits and sound judgment
rcudoriug his assistance of the utmost value.

Notices to Correspondents.

uu:uLTCiiAL Imports dubinq Eight Months, 18GG iL 1867

R.

Articles.

I, Ariictea Free of S^ty.
Animals, living — Oxen, Bulla,

Cowa

and
No.

. . cwt,
or .1.1 animal

tons

Calves

Slicep .and Lambs

Swino and Hogs
Ashes, pearl and pot
iJi'ues burnt or not,

charcoal . .
I'lax and Tow or Codilla of FUx —

From Russia cwt.

Holland ,

Belgium . ,

Other Countries

Guano, from West Co.o-st of Africa, tons

United States

Peru

Bolivia

British West India Islands .. ,,

Other Countries . . . . ,,

Hemp .and Tow or Codilla of Hemp.

From Russia cwt.

Venetia

lUyria, Croatia, and Dalmatia

British India

Philippine Islands

Other Countries

China Grass

Jute and substances of the nature of

Hemp . .

Hides, uutanned— Dry — From British

India .. .. .. .. ,,

Other Countries ., .. ,,

Wet — From Argentine Confedera
tion and Uruguay

Brazil .. .. .. ,,

Australia.. ,,

Other Countries ,

Tanned, Tawed, CuiTied, or Dressed

(except Russia) . . . . lb.

Hops . . . . . . . . cwt.

Oil Seed Cakes tons

Potatos cwt.

Provisions — Bacon £ind Hams . . „

Beef, salt . . .. ,,

Pork, salt ,

Butter .. ..

Cheese

Eggs No.

Lard . . . . . , . . cwt.
Rice, not in the husk
Saltpetre . .

Cubic Nitre
Seeds— Cotton tons

Clover . . . . . . . . cwt.

Flaxseed and Linseed . . qrs.

Rape „

Tallow— From Russia . . . . cwt.

Australia . . . . . . . . „

South America . . .. .. ,,

Other Countries

Wool, Sheep and Lambs' — From

Europe lb.

British Possessions in South Africa , ,

British India ,

Australia

Other Countries .. .. ,,

Alpaca and the Llama Tribe ,,

Yeast, dried cwt.

II. Articles Subject to Duty.
Com— Wheat— From Russia .. ,,

Denmark ,,

Prussia ,

Schleswig, Holstein, & Lauenburg „

Mecklenburg „

Hanse Tovms ,,

France .. .. .. .. ,,

Turkey and Wallachia & Moldavia „

JEgypt „

United States „

British North America . . „

Other Countries . . . . „

Barley ,

Oats

Peas „

Beans ,

Indian Com, or Maize ., .. ,,
Wheatmeal and Flour — From Hanse

Towns

France

United States . .
British North America
Other Countries
Indian Com Meal . .

Quantities Imported,

1860.

122,603
19,851

5>)0,649
47,0V6
65,640

55,281

823
40,248
tl3,00'
6a,884
680
1,411
70,232

"2,353
10,600

340,89:

■■ 171,014

22,079
28,312
43,
1,246

1,215,065

02,901
52,019

205,821
70,989
06,022

120,017

6,033,342

30,5!

80,073
416,020
621,119
148,36;
141,162
671,510
400,610
326,331.840
217,076
631,764
130,539
633,610

79,292
178,810
666,703
232,225
179,542

17,042
202,710
127,365

20,705,702
11,619,449
12,388,168
97,047,069
13,925,859
1,892,885
75,358

4,610,396

3.54,108

2,898,506

141,078

545,365

620,378

3,306,024

329,738

11,769

345,750

8,789

2,358,398

4,782,925

6,117,740

892,032

382,659

10,509,656

181,232

3,078,740

193,051

16,818
168,807

10,274

101,430
17,184

377,534
26,898
42,944

55,593

574,183
63,024
119,775
103,714
2,425
2,182
89,350
4,967
1,092
6,925

175,423

( 79,075

1 32,662

5,436

59,620

39,520

584

1,003,606

111,801
87,676

162,317
54,200
46,976
66,017

4,913,699

.32,517

75,165

778,948

327,352

120,232

106,918

708,835

462,820

301,711,080

142,010

609,341

105,836

724,256

81,293

92,888

541,802

331,607

69,427

16,592

162,552

89,291

11,380,301
18,562,086
8,323,640
115,220,496
17,178,894
1,6.50,111
73,134

8,045,857

343,483

4,474,338

92,692

574,605

485,241

631,976

1,694,306

422,203

1,738,945

3,132

2,624,669

3,948,361

6,612,608

1,131,344

1,230,982

6,530,092

281,362
1,071,394
208,704
23,83S
682,234
4,193

Mustard Seed : Constant Subscriber. Beat it out on a dry
day with a flail, on a board laid in the middle of a sheet, in
the field where it is grown.

Natal : ,Su6. We can but repeat the advice already given. In
a^ long-established colony the wants of colonists have long
since been considered by tradesmen on the spot. You had
tetter take out nothing with you but things of personal or
domestic need, about which there can be no doubt. Money
will buy on the spot whatever agricultural implements and
seeds are necessary.

Oilcake : B R A. There are machines for breaking oilcake, by
which it is reduced partly to small fragments and partly to
powder. It is generally put in the troughs after they have
been cleaned out from the previous meiil— chaff or Turnips.
We have also given cake broken and mouldered down in

I Water, thrown over mixed hay and straw chaff, to cattle
sod iheep. Give from 2 to 4 or 6 lb. of cake to oxen or
Jf| oows, and from i to 1 lb. daily for sheep.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWOETH, & CO.,

At the Triennial Trials of THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETV OK ENGLAND, held at Bury
St. Edmund's, July, 18C7, received the following Awards : —

For Single Cylinder Portable Steam Engine, THE

For Double Cylinder Portable Steam Engine, THE

For Horizontal Cylinder Fixed Engine, THE

For Double Blast Finishing Threshing Machine,

Also THE SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDAL, for Adjusting Blocks for Machines.

The duty performed by all C, S. & Co.'s Engines on this occasion considerably exceeded that of atiy ntliert,
and has never been equaUcd at any 0/ the trials of the Society. C, B. & Co. refer with pleasure to the fact that
the duty of their "COMMERCIAL" or SINGLJi VALVE ENGINE, at Chester, so long ago as 1858, was not
equalled by any "ordinary" Engine at Uury.

FIRST

PRIZE

OF

£25.

FIRST

PRIZE

OF

£25.

FIRST

PRIZE

OF

£20.

THE

PRIZE

OF

£15.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, and CO., LINCOLN ; and 78, LOMBARD ST., LONDON.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATENT SELF-SHARPENING CYLINDER CUTTERS.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease
than any other Lawn Mower e-xtant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS have proved to be the best, and have carried off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Every Machine is warranted to'give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally.

T. GREEN AND SON have to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has been
unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can be made from
their Stock both in London and Leeds.

<^- rLLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and
64 and 65, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOR HEATING CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE

RESIDENCES, ETC., WITH

TRUSS'S PATENT "UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE AND
LEAKLESS PIPE-JOINTS.

T. S. TKUSS

Begs to state that the immense number of APPARATUS annually Designed and Erected by him in all parts of
the kingdom, and for the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHISVVICK,
with unrivalled satisfaction, is a guarantee for skill of design, superior materials, and good workmanship : while the
great advantages obtained by his IMPROVED SYSTEM cannot be over-estimated, consisting of perfectly tight
joints with neatness of appearance ; EFFECTS A SAVING OF 25 PER CENl'. on cost of Apparatus erected
compared with other systems; facility for extensions, alterations or removals without injury to Pipes or Joints ;
can be erected by any Gardener; an ordinary size Apparatus erected in one day, and PERFECTNESS of
DESIGN SUPPLIED, INSDRING NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle Boiler,
delivered to any Railway Station in England, and Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 25 miles off
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large works.

TWO FOUR-INCH PIPES ALONG ONE SIDE AND ONE END OP HOUSE.

Size of House.
50 feet by 15 feet
75 feet by 15 feet
100 feet by 16 feet

Bath and Gas "Work erected in town or country. The Trade Supplied.
horticultural Buildings of every description from 1«. 6rf. per foot superficialj inclusive of Brickwork.

size of House.

Apparatus Complete.

Erection.

20 feet by 10 feet

£9 0 0

£2 0 0

30 feet by 12 feet

U 15 0

2 10 0

40 feet bv 15 feet

15 0 0

2 15 0

saratus Complete.

Erection.

£17 10 0

£3 0 0

20 0 0

3 0 0

26 0 0

3 6 0

Price Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on application to

T. S. TRUSS, C.E., CoNsuLTiNO Horticultural Engineer, &o., Sole Manupaotureb,

FRIAR STREET, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.

Observe — The City Offices are now Semoved to the Mmufaetory, friar Street,

1038

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ATsT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 5, 1867.

HOTHOtrSES for the MILLION,
CHEAP, PORTABLE, and EASILY FIXED.
SPAN-ROOFS (over 16 feet long), glnzed ami painted three coivts,
■with complete ventilation all over roof, necessjiry water cutters and
ironwork, exclusive of ends, put on Rail in London, Glodcester,
Coventry, Ulvekstone, Paisley, or Aberdeen; 10 to 10 feet wide
ijiside, at IGs. to 24s. per foot run. Illustrated Circulars, with definite
prices and sizes, free on acplicafion to
Herkman &. Morton, 7. Fall Mall E^st, London, S.W.

HOT-WATEK APPAKATas, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the materials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, &c.. delivered to any Station.
Estimates on application.
J. Jones & Sons, 0, iJankside, Southwark, London, S.E.

By Royal Letters Paieut.

G SHREWSBURY'S NUNi^ARKlL GAS BOILER.
. No. 1, for 30 feet ; No. 2. for 00 feet ; No. 3 for 200 feet of Pipe.
A HOT-WATER APPARATUS, corapleto. to Heat a Small Conser-
vatory, for 2id. per day, for 65s.— G-. SnaEWaBoitY, Lower Norwood, S.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Ikon Merchant,
• 31, Banlside, London, S.E.
HOT WATER PIPES, trura StocK. per yard :— 2-inch, U. lid ;
S-inch, Is. 9d. : and 4-inch, 2a. 3(1. BENDS, fVom Stock, Is. 6rf., 2s. M.,
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s., and Us. eacti. Other
Connexions at equally low pncea, and all goods of first-class manu-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day. _^.^_

Heating by Hot Water.

HOT-WATER PIPES, at Wholesale Prices, witli
Elbows, Syphons, Tee-Pipes, and every other connection ;
Wrought and C;ist-Iron Boilers, Saddle, Conical, Cylinder, Tubdlar.
and Elliptic, from 24s. each. Improved Boilers and Iron Stands to
use without brickwork, 603. each. Valves from lOs. Gd. eacb. Patent
Valves, Improved Furnace Doors, Furnace Bars, Supply Cisterns,
and Castings of every description In stock, at

Mr. Lynch White's Iron Wharf, Upper Ground Street, BlackMars
Bridge, Loudon, S. Price List on application^

c

OTTAll AND COMPANY,

Conservatory and Hothouse Builders, &c..
Ironworks, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS. .

24 30 inches long, lit". ' .^|]
65s. 92s. 6d. each. I'TH— ^- — i

45s.

HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch,

la. Gd. 2s. Id. 2s. M. per yard.
Materials suppiied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM &. Co.,

Iron Works,

2, Winsley Street.

(opposite the Pantheon),

Oxford Street, London. W.

COIL casR

HOT WATcn APPARATUS

CRiNSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS lor
HORTICULTURE.
"Dry Glazing without Putty."
" Glaaa without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by the Rnyal II..rt'.cultuval Society, South
Kensiiiyton.

JAMES WATTS anti CO., Hothouse Builders and
Hot-water Apparatos Man DFAOTC HERS, 353, Old Kent Road, S.E.
TWO HUNDRED CUCUMBER and MELON BOXES and
LIGHTS, !.iidfrom400 to 600 LIGHTS lor PITS of all SIZES kept in
STOCK, Glazed and Painted complete, ready for immediate use.
Packid and st-nt to all parts of the kingdcm. Public and Private
Buildings, Warehouses, &c., heated on the most approved scientific
and economical principles. Keferences to the Nobility, Gentry and
Trade in most of the Counties in England.

Clieap Greeniiouse Stoves.

DEANE AND CO.'S Patent VENTILATING and
SUSPENSION STOVES lire slmnlc, fihe-ip, and efficient ; have
been largely adopted and approved; will burn many hours without
attention, and at a small cosit for fuel. Prices of Suspension Stoves,
20s., 30s., 383., and upwards. Ventilating Stoves. 60s., COs., 70s., DOs.
HOT-WATER APPARATUS for Consei-vatories, Greenhouses,
Hothouses, Forcing Pits, &c., erected and fitted up complete.
D eaNe & Co., 46, King William Street, London Bridge, E.C.
Established a.d. 1700.

s

AW*S TIFFA

For samplos and prices apply to
J. SUAw & Co., 29, Oxford Street, Manchester.

N T.

Russia Mats.

TAMES T. ANDliRSON'S PRICE LIST of

O ARCHANGEL and other MATS Ib now ready, and may be
had post-free on application. They are the best and clieapest ofTered.
James T. Anderson, 7, Commercial Street, Shoreditch, London, N.E.

Great Flower Show, Manchester, June, 1867.

FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE TO

THE PATENT TER^EINAL SADDLE BOILER,
with following note : —
"The Judges consider this one of the most powerful and u-seful
Boilers for general pui'poscs.'*

Qardenera'' Magasinc.—'^ This Boiler possesees the rare merit of
sucking all the heat from the fire, so that it furnishes a maximum of
power for a minimum of outlay in respect of fuel."— S. H.

TJie Gardener. — "Of Boilers, by far tlie b^st, according to our
judgment, was the Terminal Saddle."— IF. Thomson.

Journal of SorticuUure.—"T. Jones's Termmal Boiler was con-
sidered by the judges the best of all exhibited on this occasion." —
J. fFills.

J, IitELAKD, Edward Street. Broughton Lane, Manchester.

The Only Stove without a Hue.

NASH AND JOYCE'S PATENT, for
AIRING. DRYING, and WARMING HALLS,
SHOPcJ. ROOMS, &c., a new especial Stove for Con-
servatories, Gieennouses, Fruit- Ripening, &c. : to Burn
without re-lighting all winter by filling with tbel every
12 hours. Temperature, any desreo required, without
var^'iiig. Piice from 12s. 6d. to G guineas.

MINCING and .SAUSAGE FILLING and MASTI-
CATING MACHINES of the best mikers, lO.-;. Gd.

The COTTAGK KNIFE CLEANER is the only rapid

Cleaner and Polisher of Knives at a moderate price,

3s. Gd. to 10s. Gd. Prospectus post paid.

/f^^ CHEAP FIRES.— The Radiating Fire Balls save half

ii/ ^ tho usual consumption of fuel. One Shilling packet of

F ur, red hot itrthe fire every day, lasts all Winter.

S NASii, Ironmonger, 253, Oxford Street, W.C. ; Linster Terrace,
P L swatcr ; and Stove Dcpiit., 119, Newgate Street, London, E.C.

^^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

COW FITTINGS.

Plans and Estimates face on application. De Lilptue Book fUlly
illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
Jaues CsANbTON. AJchltect, Birmingham.

Works : Highgate Street, Bli-mingham.
Hbnrt J. Gro^ttaoe, Manager, 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

r^iij^a

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements In the Ventilation, Construction, and
Apnlication of WKOUGHT-IBON ti Horticultunil Buildiniis.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutmlize atmospheric conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE JilEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and ricimess of colour,

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IKON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arrangement.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailini^ result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maxtmuiii degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are speciidly aiTanged and heated upon an
improved svsteni.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secme
the gi'owth of flrst.-class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES ar3
eminentlv superior for all early work,

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete llood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty.

Those Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent.
and from the complete adjustment of their constructional parts will
vie most favourably with wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Dennis & A. Schubt, Horticultm-al Buildera and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

Then advai ta^es are — Fort<^bJ t> not l?i\t i t roinvtbe at
pleasure, no Woodwork oi Partitions to impede \ entilntion or b oed
Vermin, Hay Pjick dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent ovor-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Pi-ice of Fittings per Cow, 553.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co,, Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W,, where the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
III Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

■pOR SALE, a Complete SET of HOWARD'S STEAM

d? CULTIVATING TACKLE; a BARN PART PORTABLE
THRESHING MACHINE, by Hornsby; and a PAIR of 4-feet
MILL STONES, with Gearing complete.

Apply to Mr. Joseph Noakes. Medway Ironworks, Rochester; or
Mr. E. NoAE.Es, Lamberhurst. Kent.

JAMES PHILLIPS AKD CO.
beg to submit their prices as foUowa ;—
GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSES,
As supplied by them to Mr. Rivers, to the Royal Horticultural Society,
and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentlemen of the United
Kingdom.

Each Bos contains 100 feet. The prices only apply to the sizes stated.
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 16.

16 oz. to the foot. "'' "~

Fourth quality . . . . 16s. Od, . .

Third ditto 17s, Od. . .

Seconds 18s, 6d. ,.

English 20s, Od. .,

The above pricea include the boxes, which ai-e not returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes. 16-oz., in 100 feet boxes, boxes Included.

These prices only apply to the sizes stated.

, 19s. Gd.
. 22s. Gd.
, 2Cs. Od.
. 27s. Od.

11 by

12 „

13 „

14 ^,
18 „
IG „
16 „

9

12 by 9

13 by 9

10

13 „ 10

14 „ 10

11

14 „ 11

n

16 „ 12

15 „ 11

12

19 „ 12

16 „ 12

IS

17 „ 13

20 ,. 12

14

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

ir „ 14

IS „ 14

20 „ 14

14 by 9
16 „ 10

4ths.

3rds.

16 a

SndB.

16 to 17 oz. to tho foot.

SMAtL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feet Bo.\es.
6 by 4 6i by 4* 7 by 6 7i by 6) 1 .^ m

8 by 6 Si byes 9 by 7 9i by 7) / " '■»•"»■
10 by 8 lOj by 81 . . 13s. 6*.

B0Ke3 2s. each, returnable at full price.
London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT RODQH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S JAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all Bizes,
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, aiid
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillips & Co., 180, Bishopsgate Street Without. E.C.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLINGTOK and CO.,
87, Bisbopsg.ite Street Without, London. E.C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Majesty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivers, and the leading Horti-
culturists of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

In. in.
20 by 12 ,
20 by 13
20 by 14
20 by 16
20 by 16-'

(■15 oz.

PerlOOfeet.^

(21 oz.

4ths.
lis 3d

3rds.
16s M

2nd9.
18s 6(J

20a Od
2Csiti:

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 feet,
in. In. |in. In.jln. in.lin. in. 1 4tlis. i 3ds. I 2nd6. 1
lill%\ 7iS li\ 8ib| e,| Idl 'n}\^^s3,\l3s,d\l^0d\lBs0d

Per 100 feet.

10 by 8 12 by 9 |12J by 1011141 by lOi '
101by8!I2(by 9113 by 10 15 ' "

11 byO 13 by 9 131 by 101 13
Hi by 91 12 by 10 1 14 by 10 ' ' "

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

1141 by ion
15 by 10 I

13 by 11 f

14 by 11 J

in. In.lin. in.
151 by lOi 14 by 12
IG by 10 I14i by 12i
Hi bvlli 15 by 12

TMPROVED TiLVi'K V.VRNISH, an excellent

i Substitute for Oil Paint, for Coating and Preserving all kinds of
Iron and Wood Fencing, Gates Roolinii. and every description of
out-door Wood or Stonework, Steam Boilers, Pipes, Tanks, Carts,
Waggon.s Earra Implements, &c.

It is an excellent substitute for Oil Paint, and is not ono-flfth the
cost 1 It requires no mixing, and can be applied in a cold state by
any ordinary "laoourer.

This Varnish is now used in the Royal Botanic Garden, Regent's
Park, and by a great number of the nobility and gentry in the
United Kingdom.

Sold in ca-sks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. 3d. per gallon ; or in
casks from 10 to 20 gallons each, at Is. 5d. per gallon (casks included).
Carriage paid to any railway station in Great Britain. Extra strong
Iron-bouDd Varnish Brubhes, 5s. per pair.

Th6 following Ss from Mr. Stephen BlaokallbR, Agiicultural
Engineer, Steyning, Sussex.

" Dear Sir,— I am very glad the Improved Black Varnish was
introduced to me. I have used it both on Wood and Iron, and I
must say that I am rttally astonished at its efficiency, particularly on
Iron-work. 1 intend never to be without it, and shall recommend
its use to all my friends. Please forward mo another cask, together
with SIX bi-ushes. Yours truly, , S. Blackalleb."

Chariton Pain, 10, Richard's Villas, Lavender Grove, Dalston.
London, N.E. (from whom it can only be had), Manufacturer of
Continuous Iron and Wire Fencing, Hurdles, Gates, Tree Guards,
Garden Ai-cbes,Ro3arie8,Nettinff, and every deecrlption of Wire Work.

in.

in.

14s 3d

ISiHd

ISaQd

20e03

22 by 12 22 by 16
17 bv 13 24 by 16 "1

23 by 13 20 by 17
byll 15ibvl2i IS by 14 22 by 17 I

15i by 111 Ifi by 12 22 by 14 24 by 17 )
16 byll 16ibyl2i 24 bv 14 20 by 18
21 byll 17 by 12 22 by 15 22 by 18
13 by 12 IS by 12 24 by 16 24 by 18 )

The above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; ifa quantity of ftny
other Size be required, a Special Price wdl be given.

SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 0 feet super.

4ths.

3dB.

2Qds. I Beat

15 oz.

4ths quality, per 300 feet case, 3Ss.
3ds „ „ 4Ss.

2d8 „ „ 62s.

Best „ j, 923.

21 oz.
4ths quality, per 200 feetw

Best

I, 38s.

4Ss.

963.

SHEET GL&SS is hiadfl only in the following Bubatances, 16oz.,
21 oz.. 26 oe., 32 oz., 36 oz., and 42 oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8th In., 3- 10th In., l-4th in., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &c.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. percwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, re-iists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pui-e river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 36.?. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure '
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and si.'c gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 34s. per cvrt.
Anti-corrosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron. Iron Bridges,
Conserviitories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon.

Per cwt.— s. d.
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, Sd. to Md. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.
to i\d. per lb.
RAW UMBER, Hd. to
Gd. per lb. [per lb.
„ BURKT do.. Gd. to 9rf.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to GO 0
BLACK PAIl!fT, 24s. to 3G 0
RED PAINT . . 28s. to 36 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon.— s. d.
LINSEED OIL .. ..3 4
BOILED OIL .. ..3 9

TURPENTINE .. ..3 0
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to 9s. per cwt.
FineOAKVARNlSH,10s.tol2 0
,, CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. 108. to 12 0

„ COPAL 10 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE .. 10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought ortftltettin
exchange.

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

li OCTOBBE 6, 1867-1

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1039

Caution to Gardeners —When you asic for

SAYNOK AND COOKK'S WAKRANTKU PRIZE
PRUNING act BUUDING KNIV1.S, seo tli;it you get them.
Observe the mark Savnor, also tho corporate mark Odtaih
Warrantku. witlioiit which none luo cemiliio.

S & C ruLTot having lo caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, hi corisoqiioncu of an hnltiition, of commob
aualTty havmfi been boIU lor the gonuino one, and which has oaiiHud
many complalnta to be made to thom of Knives which wore not ol
their muke all of which are warrauted both by Sellers aud Makers.

S. it C.'a Pruning and iJuddlug Knivoa aro the best aud the
cheauest in the market.

Paxton Works, Shofflold. EntabliBbed upwiirda of 1 25 yeiira.

_ _^,^ ^ _^^ ^_- ^

• Sd.gallon SWING WATER
BARROW. Pnoe 46s. Carriage paid
to tho principal Stations.

Til is is tlie best and choapusi
article of tlie kind yet introiiuccd
It can bu used with or witliout a i'ony
Two Tubs can be had with one Car
riaKu, and a Spreader if reiiuired.

Testimonials c.iu bo famished irom
all parts of tiio fiiuntry.

Pow«ifUl GARDEN ENGINE for
tlio nhovo, prure 4.'j.'i.

liunrnved WATER and LIQUID
MANURE CARTti.

Illustrated Catalogue, with all par
tlculais, sent free on application to
W. S. BoL'LTOtf, Rose Lano Iron and Wire Works, Norwich.

w.

Iron Cisterns.

FRRABY AND CO. havins; Itiid down extensive and
• Improved Macldnery In their now range of buildings, Ida
WHARr, DtrTKimn, aro now prc|)!Modto supply WROUUUT-IRON
TANKS. GALVANISED, or TAINTED, of superior quality, at
redUGoU prices, and at vor y short notice.

LISTS OF TANKS

ON APPLICATION.

i Co.

TORN

O liRASS

IviliilLed, FiLzray U'o

■ks, EustOD lliKid. London.

^v A 11 IV E u A N J) SOW

liRASS and RET>L FOITNDKIIS to HER MiJESTS",

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

8, Crescent. Cripple.i?at.c, London. E.G.

s.

„ „_, I I No. 35.

PORTABLE PDMP.S ili«L- us-

for '^'^'^'^ W^I'I' PAST IRON

"" PUMPS, for Steam, CASr-lRON

LIQUID MANURES. Horse, Ol- Hand Power. PUMPS.

Drawings and Prices for any description of Hydraulic Machinery

sent upon appliciition.

M

K. JOHN BIRCH, Architect

(Author of tho Society of Arts' Prize Cottages),
l(i. iJeruifort Bui"ldings, Strand, W.C.

EA. PUlti, Ornamental Kock "Worker.
• FERNERIES of all kinds, internal and external, artistically
designed and executed.

21, Grove Terrace, Grove Road. St. John's Wood, N.W.

"DARXS PLAWTEJJ, OLD OAUDENS liEWOVATKD
X and made Fruitful, or New Ones made.

GLASS-HOUSES BUILT and HEATED, as best suited for
Growing any particulir class of Plants or Fruits, by

RoBKRT BuLLKtT, N ui-ser>Tnan, Ac, Tninmere Park, Birkenhead.

JOHN GlBbOJN, JuN,, bt'gs lo announce tlaat he is
prepared to Furnish FLANS and ESTIMATES for LATIN G
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to can? out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Addi-ess Mr. Jonw Giuson, lun., Surrey Lane. Battersea, S.W.

C:^KOUGh; K. iMORKlS (of the Finn of Photheroe
A & Morris) unrl^rtakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE*
BOLD LANDKD E.STATES, Leasehold and Reversionary Property
of o?ery description, Farming and Market Garden Produce, House-
hold Furniture, Stock in Trade, &c.
Auction and Estate Aeency Office. The Limes. Leytonstone, Essex.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.
TX7"ILLIAAI DKAN, li:i\in^^ detiTiuined on rusiding in
W London again, offL-rs I'nr SALE, wiLh immediate possession,
ihe NURSKRY ai SHIPLEY, consisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked,
md with DwoUing House, &c., is held on Lease; also the SEED
iHOP.in BRADFORD (the only one in tho town), which is well
Itted up, and whore there isagood business doing in Fancy Articles,
A well as Seeds. Cut Flowers, Flowering Phmts, &c. The Nm-sery
s 2} miles fi'om the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
jear'8 business is equivalent to tho purchase money required, and
nil be a great bargain to the purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
iunlty for a hirge house in tho South to establish a Branch Bueine.ss
HHiere, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may bo very
ffiueil Increased. For particulars apply to

William Dkan, Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

To Capitalists.
A LUCRATIVE liUSINi-.^S .ditld be carrietl on by

/\. oxboslng for SALE DKl iiRATi VK I'LANT.S, il la Fran<;alae,
as PA1.MS and ottior KOLIAGI'; PLANTS, whmli may now bi)
bought a Bargain. I'ur pirttcularH and Imw to rnaiuiK) a Depot,
X. Y. '/. , tho M\na.;kii. c^iro uf Mr;;, l),;,'irn, IlLgli Strout, E|>[>ing.

WAiNTKU lu llliU'J, ,JU to lOU AUKKS ot LANO,
near London, and near a Camil or Railway, to improve and
oaltlvate in (hirdeii order. Tho Advertiser is prepared Lo Invent
£,2[i por Acru (if working capital, on satisfiiotory Tenure, such an a
long LojiHo, or with Covouauts Heourlng payment for uuuxhauatud
iniprovomoiita.

AddroHB A., Poit-offics, Staponhlll, near Burton -on-Tront^

To Market Gardeners andl)tlierB.

FOtlRTKKN AOltKS of M AUKKT GARDEN
GRoriND to Ll-yr, with CUOr.S, SHEI'S. an<l (X)TTAGE.
KiiHt-rate Land ; low llniit ; ttireu iiiilea from London Brid;.e.
Apply to .1. L , Mr. I\urnan,4, Russoll Struct, Covoiit Garden, W.C.

1710R DISPOSAL, a Fii^t'^chiss NURSKUY and Si:i'EU
L. BUSINESS; or tho present Proprietor would accoi't of a

WORKING PARTNl-iR with a Capital of not less than £1600.
Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Huiiit & Son, 0, Leudeubalt Street^

London. EC,

To Market Gardeners, Nurserymen. &c.
'PO BE SULO. liy I'liv.it.- UMntr.u-i, uImmiI -JlH) ACRES

X of very suporior OARDKN GRUUND, all Frouhoid. nituate lu
tho County ol Bocllurdahiru, iibuiit throe miles from Biggleswade
Station, Great Northoni Railway. The Land is divided into Lota to
suit the convonionce of purchasers.* For particulars apply to
TuouAu FouNTAiNK, EsQ., Duntou Lodge, A»bwelt, Baldock.

Salcg 6b Auction,

SALE THIS DAY AND MONDAY, AT IIALF-PAST 12 O'CLOCK,

First-class Dutch Bulbs, for present Planting.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SliLL liy AlJCTtOiN, at
hi.s Groat Rooui.s :is, King Stroot, Covont Garden, W.C.
on SATURDAY and MONDAY. October 5 nnri 7, at half-past
la o'clock precisely each day, 1000 Lots nf DOUBLE and SINGLE
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CitOCUS. SNOWDROPS, NARCISSUS,
JONQUILS, LILIES, RANUNCULUS, i:u., just arrived from
Holland, and lotted to unit private Buyers.

On vitni' thu MiiMiiiig nf Sale, and Catalogue'' had.

First-class Bulbs from Holland.

MR. J. C. SIEVENS \viil Sl'jLL by AUCTION, at
his Gro;it Rooms, ."8, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, October U, at half-past 12 o'Clojk preciselv, 600 Lota
of DUTCII BULBS, just ariived in capital condition, and in collec'
tions to suit Private Buyers and the Trade.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Dutch Bulbs.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms. 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY and MONDAY, O.tober 12 and 14. at half-past
12 o'clock preclsi;ly, each day, 1000 Lots of BULBS from several
well-known Farms in Holland.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

The Days of Sale altered to Tuesday, the 8th,
and Wednesday, the 9th inst.

Extremely Valuahle Oitcnins. Stove, GuEEsnotSE. avd Out-
door Plants, Valdablk Ekkction of Gnl:E^HO^SE, ViNEitr, and
Fruituouse, Clalouton.

MR. BRANCH ^Yill SELL by AUCTION, on
TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY NEST, the 8th and 9th inst.,
at 12 o'clock each day, on the Premises, Devonshire Road, Ciaughton,
Cheshire, a large and beautiful Collection of valuable ORCHIDS,
STOVE and GREENHOUSE PLANTS, FERNS, ORNAMENTAL
and FOLIAGE PLANTS, ROSES, DWARF {FRUIT TREES,
AZALEAS, CAMELLIAS, DlCDDlNG PLANTS, &c. ; also a large
GREENHOUSE and VINERY, about 70 feet long by L'C feet wide,
with Bailer and Hot-water Pipes, erected at a great cost in the very
best manner, and fully fitted with all the requisites for such uur-
poses as they are used for -, and an ORCHARD or FRUIT-HOUSE,
4c., the property of a Gentleman changing his residence.

To be viewed one day previous to the Sale, when Catalogues can
bo ha'J on tho Promises, or at Mr. Brancu's Office, in Hanover
Street, Liverpool.

Important Annual Sale of Nursery Stock.

To Noblemen. Gentlemen, NoRSEaTMEN, and Otuers.

MESS as. J. TAYLOR and CO. have bten favoured
with instructions from Mr. B. Whitdam to CATALOGUE
and SELL bv AUCTION, at his Nurserv, Reddish, near Stockport,
on WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY. October 0 and 10. commencing
each dav nt 11 o'Clock a.m.. a portion of his VALUABLE and
EXTENSIVE NUHSERV STOCK, comprisinz a large quantity of
Choice Greenhouse Plants. Fruit. Forest, and Ornamental Trees and
Shrubs, including about 10,000 Roses, in and out of pots ; Camellias,
wiill set with btids ; Erlois, Epacris, Azaleas, 20,000 extra strong
bushy Rhododendrons, mostly hybrids ; a large quantity of Fruit
Trees of all sorts, true to name ; 250.000 extra strong five and six
years old Transplanted Quicks, Larch, Spruae, Austrian Piney,
Poplars, extra strong Alders, extra strong Privet, five and six years
old; and many other sorts too numerous to mention, all of which
have been grown with the greatest care and attention. These
Nurseries rank amongst the largest in the North of England, and as
the stock comprises the most choice descriptions, the auctioneers
have great ploisure in calling the attention of the trade and of
private gentlemen to it, believing it to bo in the finest condition, the
whole having been regularly transplanted, and well protected from
the late se-ere winter.

Catalogues, and any further information may be obtained from
Mr. B. Whituam, at the Nurseries, Reddish, and at the Offices of the
Auctioneers, 17, Cross Street, Manchester, and Bank Chambers
Great Undcriiank. Sti.iekpnrt.

Very Valuable Freehold Nursery and Garden Land,

with Dwklling lluisK ANj> Premises, at Evnsham, near Oxford.

MR. LONG will SliiLL by AUCTION, at the Swan
Inn, Eynsham, on FRIDAY, October 11, at 4 o'Clock, under
such conditions a.s will be then produced (bv order of the Trustee of
the Will of the late Mr. Jos. Day, deceased) about 5 ACRES of
rich FREEHOLD LAND, now cultivated us II NURSERY GARDEN,
situate at Eynsham, near to the Oxford and Witney Turnpike Road,
within a short distiince of the Railway Station, and about 5 miles
from Oxford Market, late the property of Mr. Jos. Day, deceased,
Nutseryman and Market Gardener; together with a convenient
Brick-built DWELLING HOUSE and Offices thereon. There is a
well-selected stock of prolific Fruit and other trees, and an abundant
supply of good water. This would be a desirable property for a
Nursery 0;irdener. Mr. Day occupied the property suci essfully for
many years, and tho neiglibourhood would fully warrant a practical
man securing a good bubiness.

To view tne property, and for further particulars, apply to Mr.
RoHT. Febrev, Eynsham ; or the Auctioneer, Bridge Street, Witney,
Oxon.

Nursery Stock— Mill Hill Nursery, Hendon.

About a mile from Mill Hill Station on tlie Edgware and Highgate
Railw.iy, and one hour's ride from (Jamden Town by Mill Hill
Omnibiis.

MESSRS. HUMBERT and COX are favoured with
instructions from the Executors of the late Mr. James Wricrht,
to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Mill Hill Nursery,
Hendon, on THURSDAY, October 24, at 12 for 1 o'Clock, the whole
of the NURSERY STOCK, comprising lOOO Thuja Lobbii,
100 ThujopsiB Boreali, 1000 Aucuba laponica, 1000 l,aurustmus,
1000 English Yews, 200 Laurels, 500 Portugal Laurels, 1000 Cupressus
Lawsonlaua. 600 Abies Dougiassii, 600 Philtyrea. 600 Scotch Fir,
f-OO Pinus excelsa, 600 Standard Roses (named), 600 Dwarf Roses,
500 Thuja gigantea, 600 Limes, Chestnuts, Birch, Acacias, Mountain
Abb, English Oak and Elm, &c.

May be viewed two days prior to the Sale. Cataloijues may bo had
on the Premises ; at the principal Inns at Hendon ; the Essex Arms
and Clarendon Arms Hotels, Green Man, and Leatbersellere' Arms.
Watford; the Red Lion, Elstreet and Barnot; Abercorn Arms and
Vine Inns. Stanmore: Three Crowns, Bushey Heath; Bell Inn,
Bushey : Swan and Bell Inns, Rickmausworth ; and [free by post) of
Messrs. Huubert & Cox, Land Agents, Auctioneers, and Surveyors,
Little Nascot, Watford, Herts ; and 88, St. James' Street, London, S.W.

MESSRS. PROTHKROE and MORRIS'S
PRELIMINARY NOTICE of FORTHCOMING SALES.

Iliuiii.y lui'oiiTANT Tu Niiiu.KMKN, Okntlkmkn, Nuiisehvmkn, Maukkt
(}ariii;ni<;Hh. ano I'diii.iu Cuui-anikn kngaged in Pi-antino.

PECKHAM, QUEEN'S ROAD NURSKRY, October 2!) : —

Veryci-Mij.aetEVKItOltKEN and CONIFKROUS SHRUBS, and
other NURSERV .STin.'K; choice GREENHOUSE PLANTS.

TOTTKNHAM, M11)DLKSE.\. II ALIO FARM NURSKKY,
Nnvuiiiborl :— A Culloetinu f.f < »RN AMENTA L I'RKKS, EVEIi.
GltKION. CUNIKKR,]':, imd FLOWERING SHRUBS, ROSES,
FRUIT TRKES, HARl>V CLlMBiCllS, ;;c.

WANDSWOKTH ROAD, LAVENDER HILL NURSERY, Nov. 4:
— .Smiiio th'iuNandtt of lino AUCUBAS, 1 to 4 ieet ; CHINESE
ARBiJR-VlT-4-;, ENGLISH YEWS, and other fine EVER-
OREKNK, STANDARD and DWARF FRUIT TREES, lie.
Iinpoitiint tu liio Tiado.

IvTNGSTtJN. SURiiEY— Claronco Street and Park Roid, about
fnurdayn' Halo, Novoiutujr 6, 0. 7, and 8 :— Excellent NURSERY
STOCK, VIZ. : EVKRGREl-JN, CONIKEU^E. and DECIUUOUS
SH KUBS, ranging all sizes and in gnuit variety, all prepared for
removal ; STANDARD aud DWaKF ROSES, itc.

GODALMING, SURREY, NuVomUor 11, and following days, by order
uf Mr. Churles Baiki-ir, at Godalmiiig NurMory.— The whole of tho
choice GREENHOUSE PLANTS, newly erected GRliEN-
IlOUSES, i'lTS, and other Effects; alao at Terrace Oardonw,
Shady Hampers, within live minutes' walk of tho Godnlmlng Rull-
way Station, tho whole of tho valuable PYRAMIDAL FRUIT
TUEES in a full bearing state, all carefully prepared for
roniuvnl; EVERGREEN and CONIKER.E SHRUBS, BOX-
EDGING, &c. Any person securing a Lease of tlie aforotfald
PrcmlMos will have the option of purchasing what they chooso at
the S/ile, presenting an excellent opportunity to small capltallBts
desirous of cinharklng in the Nursery business.

EDMONTON, MIDDLESEX,— LANGHEDQE NURSERY. Novem-
ber 13 and 14;— SALE of a large quantity of FRUIT TREES.
Imporiant to Market Gardontrs and others. EVERGREEN,
CONIFER/E, and DECIDUOUS SHRUBS of all sizes;
STANDARD ROSES, ORNAMENTAL and FOREST TREES,
&c.

WOKING, SURREY'.— About nine days' Sale, commencing Nov. 18,
without reserve, in consequence of the death of Mr. Robert
Donald :— About 160 Acres of NURSERY STOCK, including an
unmual large quantity of EVERGREEN, CONJFER-'E, and
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS, ORNAMENTAL, FRUIT, & FOREST
TKEES. Tho Stock is particularly worthy the attention ol the
Traile.

CITY AUCrriON ROOMS, 38 & 39, Gracdchurch Street.— WEEKLY
SALES of only flrst-elass DUTCH BULBS, STANDARD
ROSES. AMERICAN PLANTS, &e.

Particulars will appear in future Advertisements.
American Nurseries, Leyt'-mstuiie. — Oct. .'>.

Sale of Very Fine Dutch Bulbs, Handsome Standard
Roses, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL
by AUCTION, at 3si and 39, Giacechurch Street, E.C., on
TUESDAY, October 16. at 1 o'Clock precisely, a First-ciass Collec-
tion of DUTCH BULBS, including choice named Hyacinths, Tulips,
Crocus, Narcissus, Snowdrops. &c. ; a splendid assortment of
STANDARD, DWARF, and CLIMBING ROSES, comprismg the
fiiiost varieties in cultivation; Hardy AMERICAN PLANTS, viz.,
Ghent and other Azaleas, Hybrid Rhododendrons, Kalmias,
Andromedas, with a variety of Hardy Climljers, &c.

On View tho Morning of Sale. Catalogues had at the Rooms as
above, and of the Auctiunecrs, American Nurseries, Leytonstone.N.E.

Strawberry Hill Nursery, Tunbridge Wells.

Clearance Sale of Valuable Nurserv Sroct.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS have received
instructions from Mr. Edwin Hollanby to SELL by
AUCTION, on tho Premises, Sti-awberry Hill Nursery, Tunbridge
Wells, on WEDNESDAY, October 10. and three following days, at
11 o'clock each day, without Reserve (the Lease having expired, aud
the land being immediately required for bui ding purposes), the
valuable NUKSERY STOCK, includiLg a very extensive and choice
Collection of Evergreen, Conifers), and Deciduous Surubw, comprising
1800 Portugal Laiirels, 4000 Common Laurels, 2500 Spruce Firs,
10 to G fjet ; 1100 American Arbor-vitro, 800 Laurustinus, 200 Green
Hollies, 4 to 10 feet ; fino Aucubas, Box, Oval-leaved and Evergreen
Privet, some remarkably handsome Cedrus Deodara, 4 to 20 feet;
splendid Araucaria imbricata, 2 to 16 feet ; Wellingtonia gigantea,
10 to 12 feet ; Thuja aurea (very compact), 2 to 4 feet ; ciipressus
Lawsoniana, Iri^ih .Junipers, Thuja Warreapu, T. Lobbii, T, gigantea.
Thujopsis borealis, Juniperus chinensis, Deutzia ; 1000 Standard and
Dwarf Roses ; also Oiunmental and Forest Trees, consisting of
Standard-worked Thorns, Weeping Ash, Elms, Spanish Chestnuts,
Oaks, Mountain Asli, Beech, Limts, Sycamores, Laburnums, Acacias,
Chestnuts, Standard Walnuts, 3500 Rhododendrons, together with
some flue Cimellias and Azalea mdlca, 2 to 6 feet, beautifully
furnished with bloom buds, &c.

May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the
premises, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, American Nurderies
Leytonstone, N.E.

Clearance Sale.

Acton Vale Ndrsery, Uxbridoe Road, Middlesex.

MESSRS. PROTHEUOE and MORRIS are instructed
by Mr. F. Hopgood, Sen , to SELL by AUCTION on the
premises, as above, on MONDAY. October 21, and Three following
D.iys, at 11 o'clock each day, without reserve, the Lease having
expired, the whole of the valuable NURSERY STOCK, consisting
of a large assortment of Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs, Oma-
mentitl Fruit and Forest Trees, viz., 600 Thuja aurea. 400 Chinese
Arbor-yitio, 200 Yews, 300 Cupressus Lawsoniana and Thujopsis bo-
realis, 300 Spruce Fir.s, 600 bushy Laurustinus, well set with bloom,
1000 Euonymus, GOO Aucubas, 1000 Common Laurels, 1000 Box, 300
PhiilyreTS, 200 Green Hollies, 2000 Privet, Ribes, Guelder Roses, Ac,
Hardy Climbers, sorts, in pots ; 400 worked Thorns, 200 Almonds, 400
bushv-headed Planes. 1000 fine Limes, 2000 Poplars, 300 Laburnums,
300 Weeping Ash, Elm, and Willows ; 2000 Standard and Dwarf
trained and untr.ained. Apples, Peai-s, Plums, Cherries, Peache-*, Nec-
tarines, and Apricots ; lODu fine Standard Damsons, 800 Gooseberries
and Cm-iants, 200 strong Vines in pots, &c. ; 10,000 handsome Stand-
ard Dwarf and Climbing Roses, 500 Ivies in pots, Coo yards Box
Edging, 2000 strong Seakale, Asparagus, &c.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the premises ;
at the Beaumont Arms, Shepherd's Bush Green ; and of the
Auctioneers and Valuers, Le>toLi8tone, N.E.

Important Sale of Choice Specimen Conifers,
and other Shrubs.

To Noblemen, Gentlemen, Landscape Gardeners, and Otbers.

MESSRS. BKNTLEY and HILL be? to announce
their instructions from Mr. R. H. Vertegans. to SELL by
AUCTION, on MONDAY, October 14. and following days, in con-
sequence of the conteriipliited extensive alterations at the Promenade
Gardens, Great Malvern, a Portion of the valuable Stock growing
thereon, consisting of the choicest selectiona of CONlKERvE,
EVEKGREEN and FLOWERING SHRUBS, RObES, FRUIT
TREES, Ac, all ol which have baen recently transplanted, and are
in the finest possible condition for romovil.

Cata'ogues may be obtained one week previous to the Sale of Mr
R. H. Vertkgans, Malvern ; and Chad Valley Nurssriiis, Edgbaston
Birmingham ; or of the Auctioneers, Worcester and Pershore.

The Prince Consort's Shaw Farm, Windsor
Home Park.

Important Sale of .Suortodrned Cattle, &c.

MR. STRAFFORD has the honour to announce that
he has received instructions to ofler for SALE by AUCTION,
without reserve, on WEDNESDAY'. October 16 next, at the P'lnce
Consort's Shaw Farm, Windsor Park, a choice selection of SHORT-
HORNED CATTLE, comprising upwards of oO HEAD of BULLS,
COWS, and HEIFERS. Amongst them will be found some fine
specimens of the Fawsley Blood, including several descendants of the
celebrated Cows " Alix" and " Cold Cream." Fi^s^clas3 Bulls fi-om
Warlaby have been used for a number of years, viz.. Prince Alfred
(13,4LI4), British Prince (14,1!17), Fitz-Clarence (14,552) and Lord
Hopewell (18,23!)). Also will be offered three entire YEARLING
CLYDESDALE COLTS, U Fat BULLOCKS, 100 Fat SHEEP, and
a few Choice PIGS, of the Prince Consort's celebrated Windsor Breed.
Catalogues, with Pedigrees, may be had on application to Mr.
Stratford, 13, Euston Square. London, N.W. ; or of Mr. Tait, at the
Prince OonBoi-t'a Shaw Farm, Windsor.

1040

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEB 5, 1867.

WINTER APPROACHES !!!

AND THE FOLLOWING ABE A DOZEN REASONS WHY

WEEKS'S IMPEOYED UPKIGHT TUBULAK BOILEE

MAT JUSTLY BE STYLED THE

"LION" OF THE SEASON FOR HEATING BY HOT WATER.

1. AT ONE ESTABLISHMENT IT HAS FOE SEVERAL TEARS MOST EFFICIENTLY DISCHARGED THE DUTIES OF TWENTY-TTVO ORDINARY

BOILERS, AT A SAVING OF £175 PEE ANNUM IN FUEL AND LABOUR, HENCE ITS ECONOMY.

2. IT ABOLISHES ALL NIGHT LABOUR.

3. IT REQUIRES MUCH LESS GENERAL ATTENTION THAN OTHERS.

4. IT IS THE MOST EFFICIENT, AND WILL CONSUME EVERT INFERIOR DESCRIPTION

OF FUEL.

5. IT IS THE MOST CLEAN, BEING FED FROM THE TOP AND NOT FROM THE FURNACE

DOORS.

e. IT IS THE MOST POWERFUL (see Reason 12).

7. IT IS THE MOST EASILY MANAGED, BEING SELF-REGULATING.

8. IT HAS BORNE THE MOST NUMEROUS AND CRITICAL TESTS, AND HAS BEEN

PRONOUNCED BY MOST COMPETENT JUDGES AS THE BEST.

9. IT IS THE PARENT OF THE TUBULAR BOILER PRINCIPLE OF HEATING BY HOT "WATER.

10. IT HAS BEEN LONGEST IN VOGUE, AND EVINCED ITS CAPABILITIES IN MANY

HUNDREDS OF INSTANCES.

11. IT IS ENTIRELY OF CAST IRON, AND THEREFORE THE MOST DURABLE.

12. IT HAS ACHIEVED THE MOST GIGANTIC OPERATIONS ON RECORD TO WHICH NO OTHER BOILER CAN LAY CLAIM, THE LARGEST

APPARATUS CONSISTING OF UPWARDS OF FOUR MILES OF PIPING.

THE MANY FLATTERING TESTIMONIALS RECEIVED ARE TOO NUMEROUS FOE INSERTION.

J. WEEKS AND COMPANY respectfully announce that, aided by their extensive Plant of Steam-power Machinery, they are able to execute every description of

CONSERVATORY, ORCHARD HOUSE, FORCING HOUSE, PIT, &c.,

in the beat manner, and Yentilate the same upon their improved principle of Machinery by one movement.

CATALOGUES, DRAWINGS, AND ESTIMATES FREE ON APPLICATION.

J, WEEKS AND COMPANY,
HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS AND HOT-WATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURERS,
KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

Edltori.lCommunic.tlon..ho«ia be .ddrBMedto-The Editor-' Ad,ettl..mmtsa»dB,>;ta«.I^^^ JiKH SUrx..w., at the

Printed bv Jmra »£att«.wi, «t tbe OBoe of Me»ri. B»iiibo«t. E»un. 4. Co.. Lombard Street. Precinct of WJitarrura, utj oi lanoon.io me ^a,. o. :.u
OfBoe. No.«I,WeUliigton Street, ParUb of St.P«lll'i,Ooyeot Gardeii,ln the •aldCoiuitT.-i»xiJ«Ml, October S,1887.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

\

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. H.~I867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, OCTOBER 12.

I Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, Gd.

INDEX.

Agi-icuUutL' iind liiiiJ luvvs ..

Anxcyi'iH ladii'ii

AiiiitiiUa

Ik-fs

HookMiotki'd. . 1043c lOMo,

llritiNli Afisucintlon

ruiiipaiiutiis

CiiitiM-'i (Mn'si's.) sped fnmiB

cnttli- plftKUc lOM e-

V< iitaurciH

Coiixr".'HS, Frrach Porao-
loKk'nl

CrtK'Uitca

Diihlliiit, pIiiniDK

Exhibition arranffcments ..

KImi, vnrii'Katcd

Farm, Irl«li

Piu-iuing, American

Frost %,.

Fun^-j, iMiriiKltlc

Onnii.pri.'csof

Griipc juiiKiiitf

HarvctitliiK,...lt)M b.lOM a,

Kentin;;, pipe tlues for

LtUKl liiws

Loqiiiit

Muiuu-c, nrtiflcinl

Ncctiiviiio, Victoria

Nurserymen's representa-
tives

11)^1 c

1051 b

1051 a

UWO n

1047 b

1049 b

10.il 6

10.llt c

1049 t>

104G a

lOJO b

1049 a

1015 a

1049 R

1060 b

10i4 6

1048 a

1045 b

1059 b

IMti b

1U59 a

1049 b

1034 c

1046 c

1059 b

1047 «

i049 a

Tulm-nut meal

Tea mildew

rolargonluniH.bcdcllnK zonal

— show of ditto

FhRlienopslda

Pines at Aioherfleld

Pine uf Table Mountiiln ....

— Fun^l

Pipe (luPB for heating

Plants, new

— eoaat

— hardihood of bcddini^..

riantfnK

Pol.vantiius, singular

Polytconum cuspldatum ....
Pomoloulcnl Congrciw,

French

Poultfv

Sea-skle plants

SewaKC Kingston

Rhorthorns, sale of

.Silk womi, new

Society, Wnlslmm Agrlcul-

tuvnl

VIqcu, miniature

— at Chatsworth

Viola lutea

1051 c
lOllJ <t
104S c
1049 b
104Fi a
104H b
10414 c
1045 h
104t) b
1IU5 c
1049 b
1049 c
1018 b

1045 V

1048 c

1046 n
lOtiO <■

1049 6
lOfiO a
1053 b

1018 c

1059 e

1019 c
1048 b
1048 c
10^8 b
lOlS a
1053 c

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON, W.
NOTICE.-A MEETING of the FRUIT and FLORAL COM-
MITTEES will ba held on TUESDAY NEXT, October 15, at 11 for
hiilf-pcist preoisoly. GENERAL MEETING at Thrco.

BUTTON'S COMPLETE COLLECTIO>JS of

O FLOWER ROOTS.

For particulars see paye 1020 of last Week's Paper.
Sptto:* k Sos9, Ke.iding, Berks.

LUium auratum.
;'UTTON AND SOWS can supply fine BULBS of this

5 beautiful Flowering Plant at from Ss. to 15s. each.
Royal Berks Seed Establishment. Roading.

S^

SUTTON'S GUINEA COLLECTTON
of KOLCODS FLOWER ROOTS, for Pots and GlnasOH. or
Open Uroiincl CultlTittiop. carriage free.

The Successful CuUlratlon of Hyacinths.— See
UTTON'S AUTU.MN CATALOGUE for 1867,

which may bo had gratis and post free on application.
Sutton & Sons, Koading, Berks.

OIJSON'S CATALOGUE of DUTCH BULRS,

PELARGONIUMS, CINERARIAS. Ac, la now ready, and
may bo forwarded post free.

Woodlandi Nursory. liilcworth. W.

Winter and Sprlni? Flowering Bulbs and Plants.

BARR AND SUUDEN'S FLORAL GUIDE may be
had fi-ee. It contalna much valuable Information.
For particulars see large Advertisement, page 1044.

Bull) Catalogue.

BUTLER, McCULLOClI, ani> CO.'S CATALOGUE
of Choice DUTCH and CAPE UULBS Is now ready. Sent
treo and post paid. — Eiitablluhcd upwards of a Century.
South Row, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

ULBS and PLA'NTS for the "SPRING GARDEN.—
'\)ESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUE of the above free on
application.

Wm. IIoopbr, Nurseryman, New Wandsworth, S.W,

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON beg to say that their
DESCRIPI'IVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c., is now ready, and can be had post ft-ee
on application. Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

w

Calceolaria, Aurea florlbunda,.
ANTED. 10,000 CUTTINGS of the above.

Apply to Mr. Harrinotov, Nursery, Kingsland, N.E.

IBONIA FLORIBUNDA. — One of the most

beautlftil winter blooming Greenhouse or Conservatory Plants
grown, blooming profusely from November to April.
Strong Plants, Is. eiich ; 8s. per dozen.
Fredkriok Martin, Nurseryman, &c.. North Bridge, Hull.

JOHN KELLETT befjs to announce that his NEW
(PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of DUTCH FLOWER
ROOTS, SPECIMEN AZALEAS, ROSES, EPiPHTLLUMS, &c..
Is now reach?, &nd can bo had post free on application.

Wellington Nursery, Hoaton Chapel, Stockport.

DutcU Bulbs and other Flower Roots.

CHARLES TURNER'S CATALOGUE of the above
is now ready, a Copy of which may be had on application.
The Rootu have arrived In splendid condition, and early Orders
are respectfully solicited.

The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Spring Flowers.

WM. PAUL'S CATALOGUE may be had on
ntipllctitlon, ftree by post,
LECTURE on the ITYACINTH, &c., delivered before the Royal
Horticultural Society, price GU.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

WEBR'S FIRST ^NEW" GIANT POLYANTHUS,
Florist Flower, and GIANT COWSLIP SEEDS; also Plants
of all the varieties, with double PRIMROSES ot different colours ;
AURICULAS, both Single and Double, with every sort of Early
Spring Flowers. LIST on application.— Mr. Webb, Calcot, Reading.

To Gardeners, Seedsmen, £cc.

HENLEY, BROTHERS, Merchants, Holbeach, have
still on hand a quantity of SNOWDROPS, which they beg to
offer. Samples and price on application.

Azaleas, best sorts, with buds.

FAND A. SMITH have to oft'er to the Trade a large
• clean stock of the above — every Plant a specimen. Price,
moderate, on application.
The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

New Trlcolored Geraniums.

FAND A. SMITE'S extensive Collection of these
• beautiful Variegated Golden and Silver^edged varieties are
now in flne colour, and may bo seen every day except Sunday.
The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

OBSON'S D"EC"0 R ATFvE ' PELARGONIUM

MAGNET. Strong plants, l&s. each.
DoDsoN St Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W.

DutclL Roots.

JOHN AND CHARLES LEE will be happv to forward
their CATALOGUE for 18G7 of newly-lmported "HrACINTHS
and other Roots, post free on application.

Royal Vlneyurd Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
London, W.

Gravo Vines

WM. PAUL has his usual stock of first-rate VINES,
both FruUliiK and Planting Canes. All the best sorts at
moderate prices.

Paul's Nursorlos, Waltham Croes, N.

Vines for Early Forcing.

FAND A. SMITH have strong FKUITING CANES
• ot the above. Prices, with LIST of VARIETIES, on
application. The Nurseries, Dulwich, S,

Vines.

HLANE AND SON solicit an inspection of their
• stock of VINES : 'JOOO Crines to chooso from, strong and well
ripened. They have been awarded the First Prize for Vinos In pots
at all the leadlni< Exhibitions. CATALOGUES free on application.
The Nursorlos, Great Berkhanipstead, Herts,

Vines.

B S. WILLIAMS Jiaa now on hand a very large and
• fine Stock of FRmTING and PLANTING CANES of all the
best varieties. An inspection is invited.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

Fines and Vines.

PINES (QUEENS), in all f-izes, from Suckers to
Fruiting Plants, very strong 'and healthy, from a stock that
never had scale ; also about lo II AMBUIIGH VINES, extra strong,
in 13-lnch pots, for fruiting. (Ineiy ripened and short pointed.
M. Rociiford, Miirltot (.i.ir<loiier, Pago Green, Tottenham, N.

Dutch and Other Flower Roots.

JAMES DICKSON and SONS have received, in
excellent condition, a large Importation from the most eminent
jrrowers. PRICED DESCRIPTIVE LIST post free on application.
102, Eastgate Street, and " Newton" Nurseries, Chester.

Pines (Queens).

TO BE DISPOSED OF, 94 Superior FRUITING and
SUCCESSION PLANTS, clean and healthy. The property
of a deceased gentleman. For further particulars apply to
Mr, R. Staslev, 21, Holly Grovo, Balham, Surrey, S.

Pines. '

To BE DISPOSED OF, in consequence of the glass
being required for other plants, GO stout clean FRUITING
PLANTS ol the best sorts, and ."iK good SUCCESSIONS of the same,
Apply to FttAvcis R. KiNonoas. Richmond. S,W.

Standard Apples.

WOOD AND INGRAM offer to the Trade and others
20,000 splendid STANDARD APPLES, with 5 to 6 feet
stems and magnificent heads. Price on application.
The Nurseries, Huntmgdon.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RicnARD Smitq, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

D

FORCING GERANIUMS.— MRS. LEWIS LOYU,
SPOTTED ALMA, and MRS. BRADSHAW (Jicasos).—
Good Planta of tbeso unequalled Forcing Ueraniuma, Is. 6d. each, or
168. por dozen.

T. jAOaBotr & Son, Nurseries, Kingston, S.W.

ONAL PELARGONIUMS. — SUNSET, ITALIA

UNITA, MR. BARRE. NE PLUS ULTRA, GLOIRE DE
NANCY, MRS. POLLOCK, GLOWWORM, SCEPTRE D'OR,
MADLLE. MARIE VAN HOUTTE, GARLAND, COUNTESS
OF WARWICK, and AMT HOGO. The 12 for 8«. Apply to
^ WiLLiiM CogKs, Old Nurseries, Donington. near Spalding.

FOR SALE, a Collection of STOVE and GREEN-
HOUSE PLANTS ; Have been eiblblted the last two jears at
the Regent's Park, Crystal Palace, and other places. Sold tbrougli
death of owner. Apply to

Mr. CoLts, The Gardens, Beckenham Place, S.E.

Special Notice.— Dutch Bulbs.

MR. STEVENS' SALES of HYACINTHS, TULIPS,
CROCUSES, and other BULBS, Juat imported from Holland,
take place etory WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and frequently
on MONDAY, at the Rooms, 3«, King Street, Covent Garden,
London, W.C.

Notice.— Fruits, Flowers, Bulbs.

BEFoaE PORCUABIIfO, PLEA&K BEND FOB

DILLISTONE AND CO.'S LITTLE LISTS,
post ft'ee to all applicants. |

Address, Dillistone & Co., Nurserymen, Ac, Stunner, near i
Halstend, Essex. |

New Rose Catalogues for 1867 and 1868. '

Catalooces or Trheb, Sordus, Frcit Trees, & Bulboos Hoots. I

WM. WOOD AND SON will be happy to forward
Copies of above, gratia and post free.
Address, Woodlands Nursery. Maresfield, near Uckfield, Sussex.

To the Trade.

MARECHAL NIEL ROSE, from own roots, in pota, i
by the 100 or 1000, at £6 per 100.
O. Baker & Son, American Nursery, Bagshot.

PRINCESS of WALES STRAWBERRY.—
This fine variety is now proved to be the beat early variety
ever produced, either for ForcinR or for general Early Crop. See
Gardeners' Ohronicle of May 12, 1806, p. 437. Good Plants can now
be supplied Irom the true stock, at 55. per lOO, from the raiser.
B. W. Knioht, Nurserj-raan, Battle, Sussex.

w

EBB'S PRIZE COB FILBERTS, and other PRIZE

COB NUTS and FIL BERTS. LIST of these varieties from
Mr. Wedq, Cilcot, Reading.

A

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By Jonx Chanbton, King's Acre Nurseries
near Hereford. Frao by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

New Roses for 1867-1868.

TnUGENEVERDIER, lih aine, Nurseryman, 3, Rue
IJ Dunols, Paris, Is now publishing his CATALOGUE of the
above, which will comprise 09 New Varieties for 1807-1805. Tliis
CATALOGUE to bo obtained gratia, either direct from him, or of
his Agents, Betbam & BLAciim, Coi's Quay, Lower Thames Street,
London, E^O

*' rpHE ROSES of MR. PAUL • • * are things to
-L see once and dream ot for ever."— Athenfrum, June, 1807.
Wm. Padl begs to announce that his CATALOGUE of ROSES is
now ready, and will be forwarded fi-ee on application.

EIGHTEEN PRIZES have been awarded to him for Rosea this
year at the principal London Flower Shows.

Fafl's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

Now Ready,

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of FRUITS
for 1807. free.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of a (ew SELECT ROSES
for 1867. By Thos. Rivers. Free by post.
Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth.

To the Trade.

FIFTY-THOUSAND LAUREL (COMMON)
l-yr. Cuttmgs, fine. Price on appUcition.
DiLLisTONE & WooDTuoBFE. Munro NurseiT, Sible Hedlngham, Essex

Ti*epf? 51 Tid ^Ip Tit^

JAMES DICKSON and SONS beg' to draw attention
to their large and excellent stock of Hardy and regularly
Transplanted TREES and PLANTS, which are found to thrive well
in the most exposed situations. PRICED LISTS on application.

Old Established Nursery and Seed Business, " Newton * Nurseries,
Chester.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom, London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

JAMES CARTER and CO.

SsED Fabmrrs, Mbbchants, and Ncrsertmkn,
237 4 238, High Holbom, London. W.C.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Merohants. 7, Borough Market, and Braintree, Essex.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SIIARPE beg to announce to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1867 Growih, is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambs,

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited,
CoRir, Seed, Manure, and Oiloaee Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 186L'. for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

H

Notice.
LANE AND SON be«; to inform their Patrons and

Friends that their CATALOGUES are now ready, viz. :—
No. I. ROSE I No. 3. FRUIT

No. 2. TREE and SHRUB | No. 4. AZALEA

And may be had post IVee on application.
The Nurseries, Great Berkhanipstead, Herta.

To the Trade.

DICKSON'S " FIKST and BEST " EARLY PEA.
New Seed can now be supplied.
Lowest price per quarter on application,
Francis & Arthur Diceson & Sons, 100, Eastgate Street, Chester.

WA NTE D; Tiv'e TW HYATT'S PROLIFIC
KIDNEY POTATOS. true ; Two Tons FORTYFOLDS do -
Two Tons OLD ASHLEAF, do. Lowest cash price.

Address B, A., <-iarde.ners' Chronicle Office, W.C.

To Nurserymen.

WANTED for planting this autumn a considerable
quantity of W E L L I N OTO N I AS. DEODARAS,
AUSTRIACAS. CYPRESSES, and other Evergreens.

Address, stating age, size, and ilowest price per score, to X. X.,
Housekeeper, 1, Great Winchester Street Buildings, London, E.C.

FOR SALE, several fine "WELLINGTONTASi
DEODARS, CEDARS OF LEBANON, IRISH YEWS,
ARAUCARIAS, ftc. A rare opportunity for any Gentleman about
to plant, as the above planta will mnke a show at once. The soil being
very adbeiive, any quantity of bale may be secured. Apply to
William Milward, Chesterford Park, Saffron Walden.

Gladioli

EUGENE VERDIER, fila aine, Nurseryman, 3, Rue
Dunols, Paris, is now publishing hla CATALOGUE of
NOVELTIES (Seed from M. Souchet), and also of hia own splendid
Collection of the above. CATALOGtJES to be had gratis, cither
direct from him, or ot his agents, Bctham & Blachtb, Cox's
Quay, Lower Thames Street, London, E.G.

MUSHROOM SPAWN of the best possible quality,
5*. per bushel. Sample Brick sent on application. Xb6
Trade supplied.
Jobs Kellf.tt. Wellington Nursery^enton Chapel, Stockport.

AS P A R aTj U S "S E"LUJ . — TlaTf "a Ton of this year's crop,
and three or four Cwt. of last year's, on SALE. What is unsold
at the end ofthe month will be offered bv Public Auction in Liverpool
Apply at Aapamgus Garden, Formby, Liverpool.

3-yr, old, per 100,
Terms ca.sh.

A SPARAGUS ROOTS,
-Tl. 2-yr. old. por 100, is, 'od.

Richard Waleeb, Seed Grower and Market Gai-dener.
wade, Beds.

'2s. Qd.\
Biggles-

To Noblemen, Gentlemen, Gardeners, and the Trade.
^EAKAIL for Forcing, magnificent roots, now readr.
O Per KO, lO.*. Terms cash.

Richard Walr.er. Market Gardener and Seed Grower, Biggie.''*
wade, Beds.

Yello'W Globe and Long Yellow Mangel.

MR. S. A. DAlNTuER, of Fen Drayton, St. Ives,
Hunts, has several varieties of the above named Seed for Sale
grown from large selected Bulbs.
Samples and Price on application.

PAMPAS GRASS SPIKES WANTED.

HoopEH & Co., Covent Garden, London, W.C.

New Grass Seeds for Exportation.

SUTTON AND SONS, having received their supply of
NEW GRASS SEEDS of the present Season's Growth in flne
condition, will be happy to forward lowest price per ton or cwt. od
application. All Seods perfoctiv packed and delivered free to shlp'S
side at any English Port. CATALOGUES gratis and post free
1 SnTTON A Sons, Royal Berkatiire Seed Establishmeut, Reading.

1042

THE GARDENERS' CHEONTCLE A^^I) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OOTOBEB 12, 1867.

s

UPEKB VAEIEGATED PELAEGONIUMS.

SOPHIA DnMARESQUE

BEAUTY of (IDLTON

ITALIA UNITA

MRS. LONGFIELD

LUNA

iJEAUTl' of GUESTWICK

EDWINIA FITZPATRICK
GISNURAO LONQSTREET
THE COUNTESS
BICOLOK, SPLESDENS
GLOWWORM
QUEEN'S FAVOURITE

The above, 2ls. Remittance requested.
Casdon & SoM, Gravel Walk Noi'sery, PefcerDorougb.

V

AEIEGATED PELAKGONIXTMS.

SOPHIA DUMARESQUE

MRS. BENTON

GOLDFINCH

LUNA

BEAUTY orOULTON

NEATNE.SS

ITALIA UNITA

COUNTESS

ELEGANS

THE FAIRY

PRINCKSS ALEXANDRA

BICOLOR SPLENDENS

Tke .ibove forwarded on receipt of Post Office order for 21s.
Alfred Fkver, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgesllire.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.

J WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING PELAKGONirM
• EXCELSIOR, now ready colour of Indian Yellow ; fine
truss, and habit of Lord P,ilmerston. Price 68. each ; 36s. per doz.
to the Trade

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1. The Tivo
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.

Fine New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe in
April. Plants readvin November. 5s. each ; 36s. per doz. to the Trade.
^ I^ESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

STEPHEN BROWN'S splendid EARLY GLADIOLI.
—An extra Prize was awarded to S. B. at the Bury Show of the
London Horticultural Society for a Collection of this beautiful
section of the Gladiolus. Planted early in pots, they will flower in
May by keeplou: them in cool pits or frames, and brought into the
greenhouse when about to flower.

Fine selections, per dozen varieties. 5.?., 10s., and 15s.
For descriptions and culture, see Bulb Catalogue.
GLADIOLUS COLVILLII, the earliest, and useful for borders.
Is. per dozen ; 7s, per 100.
» „ RUBRUM, 2s.*er dozen; 12s. per 100.

» „ ROSEUM, Is. erf. per dozen ; 10s. per 100.

„ ,, FULGENS, a splendid new variety, most

intense crimson scarlet and elegant form, 2s. 6d. each.
Also an extensive Collection of the RAMOSUS and GANDA-
VENSIS Sections (see CATALOGUES), and an immense Stock of
other BULBS.

Seed and Nursery Establishment, Sudbury, Suffolk.

F

New Tricolored Geraniums.

AND A. S.MITH are now able to supply strong
vigorous Plauts of clie undermentioned Bne varieties :—

ANTAGONIST

ARIKL,

DAWN

DEFIANCE

ENSIGN

GEM

GRANDIS

IMPERATRICE EUGENIE

L'EMPEttEQR

LOUI«A SMITH

MEMNON

METEOR

MONARCH

PRINCE of WALES

PRINCESS of WALES

QUKEN VICTORIA

QUEEN of the EAIRIES

UNIQUE

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST of the abova, with Prices, may be liad on
application. The Nuraerief,, DuJwich, S.

Extra Fine New Tulips.

GEORGE LIGHTBODY, Falkirk, ivill LET OUT
several of the Splendid Seedlings raised by Richard Headly,
Esq., of Stapleford, near Ciimbridge, at very modei-ate prices. These
flowers havu been successfully exhibited at the Principal Showsin the
Kingdom, and are warranted the finest Tulips now extant. A
description of them, by Shirley Hibberd, Esq., E.H.S.,was published
in tho "Girdeners' Magazine*' for 22d June. A list of names and
prices supplied tm application

Dutch Bullaa and other Flower Eoots.

THOMAS SAMPSON, The Preston Koad Nurseries,
and Hounistone, Teovil, Somerset, begs to announce tbat he
has imported a large assortment of tho above, in excellent condition,
and is now ready to supply orders at tne lowest prices. See
CATALOGUE, free on application.

Strong GRAPE VINES, from Eyes.— All the leading varieties, at
unequaUed low prices.

Carter's Dutclj Bulbs.

|^£W FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

12 Select New FUCHSIAS of 1867 for 68.

12 Select New ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1867 for 12s.

12 Finest ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1S65— 1860 for 4s.

12 Select New CHRYSANTHEMUMS of 1867 for Bs.

12 Select New VERBENAS of 1867 for 4s.

12 Select New PETUNIAS of 18C7 for 6s.

12 Select New PHLOXES of 1SG7 for 1)*-.

6 Varieties of AUCUBAS, 3 Male, .1 Female, for 21s

3 VaricLies of New Japan OSMANTHUS, quite hardy, 6s:

13 Fine Varieties of Japan EUONYMUS. very fine, 6s.
12 Fme Varietits Perpetunl ROSES. Dwarls, forOs.

12 Fine Varieties of VARIEGATED ZONAL GERANIUMS, 12s
GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, the best double, Is. each.
COLEUS VETTCHII, Is. Ct?. I PANICUM VARIEGATUM,

GIBSONII. Is. 2s. Gd.

^,„".^ « LAMONTII, Is. BRUGMANSIA KNIGHSII,

FICUS COOPERI, 2s.6(i. | is. 6ri.

ATALOGUEof NEW and CHOICE- PLANTS sent on application.

B. W, Knight. Nursei-yman, Battle, Susses.

Report.

*' /:j.LADIOLT.— TOUELL and CO.— Tom* Spikes of

VJ BRENCHLEYENSIS. though perhaps scarcely so large as
those you sent last yeai-, tire Magnificent, and fully entitle this
deservedly favourite variety to hold a foremost place against all
competitors."— Fide Qardmtrs' Chronicle^ Auynst 31. 1867, p. 90S.
Samples and prit-es miy be had post lr«Q on application
For prices of AZALEAS, CAMELLIAS, GREENHOUSE
PLANTS, VIOLETS, &c., see Garikiiers' ChromcU, Sept. 7, p. 022.
Royal Nurseries, Gro it Yarmouth.

Gladioli.

EUGENE YERDIEK, fils aiue, Nurseryman,
3, Rue Dunois Paris, has the honour to inform his numerous
I'riendR and tbose interested that he la now publishing his
CATALOGUE of the above, which will contain all the New
Varieties obtained by M. Souchet.

He is happy to be enabled to announce tbat M. Souchel's Collec-
tion and hia own carriad off all the First and Second Prizes at the
Exposition UiilverseUe of Paris as well as beiuK the admiration of
ail visitors.

This Catalogue can bo had gratia, either direct from hmi, or of his
Agents, BfcTUAM & BLAoaETn, Co.'i's Quay, Lower Tijames Street.
London, E.C.

The New Sensation In Bedding Out.

JACKMAN'S BARDY HYBRID CLEMATISES,
awarded Eleven First-class Certificates, and One Special.
Messrs, Geo. Jackman and Son are desirous of drawing the
attention of those who intend raising thou- Hardy Clematises for a
Permanent Bedding Plant, that the present time is most favourable
or planting.

OPIKIONS OF THE PRESS.

(Jan/eners* C7iro»(c/e, Aug. 17:~"The new sensation in bedding "
Also, Aucust 31, "J. F." (Cliveden) adds, "that Messrs. G. J. & Son
have in theirsoveral varieties the veiy colom' of which our summer
gardens are in a great measure deficient." " Country Life," Aug. 16 :—
•'Clematis Jackmairai is a most useful bedding kind if pegged down-
used as such, a perfect carpet of flower, so to speak, is soon formed "
Tlie Field, Sept. 28:— They will be of the highest value as purple-
beddirig plauts, our present colours in this way being poor indeed
compared to these."

An engraving, from a photograph, showing the flowering qualities.
and Circular of Prices, will be forwarded gratis on apylicatioo.
Woking Nursery, Surrey.

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioners of Public
Works and other Government
Departments, the Royal Gardens,
Kew, &c,, &c., &c.

Seedsmen to H.l.M. the Em-
peror of the French, the Crystal
PiUace Company, the Agri-Hur-
ticultural Socitty of India, &c.,

&c., &c.

pARTER'S GUINEA BOX of DUTCH FLOWER

V>' ROOTS, contains 12 choice named Hyacinths, 12 mixed
Hyacintbs for borders, 50 Yellow Crocus, 50 Blue Crocus, 4 Polyanthus
Narcissus, 12 Double White Narcissus, 12 Pheasant's Eye Narcissus,
12 Double Daffodils. 2'1 fi.nost mixed Ranunculus, 24 finest mixed
Anemones, 12 cboice mixed Single Tulips, 12 choice mixed Double
Tulips, 4 Garden Lilies, 60 Snowdrops, li finest mixed Spanish li'is,
lU Campernelle Jonquils.

The above forwarded without delay on receipt of Post Office
Order for L'ls. Box and packing included. ^J'RICE LISTS gratis
and post free on application to

Carter's Groat London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom,
Londcn, W.C.

Winter Flowering Plants.

FREDERICK PEKKlNShas for SALEtte following
CARNATIONS, ROSES, &c, which are strong healthy Plants,
well sut with Buds, and suitable for Conservatory or Greenhouse
dacovrttlon :—

TREE CARNATIONS.

GLOIRE DE LYON, Scarlet Fkke. 1 Flowering plants witfe buds, in

LA GRENADIER, bright Scarlet. / 4S-si zed pots, 16s. per dozen.

Theso two varieties of Perpetual Carna*it)ns open freely In the

dull months of winter, which makes them invaluable for cut

flowers.

POINSEfriA PULCHERRIMA. —Flowering plants, in 48-si2ed

pots, 13s. per dozen.
JASMiNUM GRANDIFLORUM.— On own roots, flower the best,

fullofbuis, 24s per dizen.
BEGONIA SANDERSIANA. — Bright crimson; will flower all
winter ; iSs. per dozen.

TEA ROSES ON OWN ROOTS.
ADAM.— Stronff plants, IS'*, per dozen.
CAROLINE. — Strong plants, 12s. per dozen.

MARECHAL NiEL.— True ; on own roots, 12 to IS inches high. In
60-sizBd pots, 12s. per dozen. Ditto, ditto, large plants with
buds, Ss. 6d. to Ss. eacn.
GLOIRE DE 80RDEADX, 12s. per dozen.
GLOIRE DE DIJON, l>s. par dozen
MRS. BOSANQUKT, China, 12s. per dozen.

The usual discount to tbe Tra&e.
Frederick Pebsins, Seed Wai-ehouse, Regent Street, Leamington. .

Brltlsli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varietiea, 36 pages,
Including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,

No, 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

EDWARD TAYLOR, Nurseryman, Malton, Yorkshire,
offers as under :— '
TROP^OLUM TRICOLORUM, 9s. per dozen.
TRITONIA A UREA, Is. Od, per dozen.
DOUBLE TODRNESOL TULIPS, 10s. Gd. per 100
DOUBLE REX RUBRORUM TULIPS, 10s. 6d. per 100.
AUBRETIA PURPUREA VARIEGATA, fine Silver-edged PI mt,

for Winter Gardening, Cs. per dozen ; 30s. per 100.
DOUBLE YELLOW ROSE TULIPS, 6s. per 100.
GIANT ASPARAGUS ROOTS, 2.yr., Is. 3d. per 100; 10s. per 1000
GIANT ASPARAGUS ROOTS, 3-yr., 2s. per 100; ITs. Gd. per 1000
STRONG ASPARAGUS PLANTS for FORCING. Price on

application.

_ ElvastOD Nurseries, Borrowasli.

TXriLLlA M B A RRON and SON'S PRICE D
VV DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CONIFERS, HARDY

JAPANESE PLANTS, and EVERGREEN and DECIDUOUS
SHRUBS for tlie AUTUMN of 1867 is now ready, and mny be had
post free on application. Their Stock this year is unusually fine.

Elvaston Nui-seriea are only 3 miuutes' walk from the Borrowaah
Station on the Derby and Nottingham Railway.

QTRONG STANDARD and DWARF-TKAINED

O APPLES and PEARS.

Fine transplanted LARCH FIR, li to 6 feet

Bushy LAURUSTIlNUS, LAURELS, and BOX TREES

CHINESE ARBOR. VIT^, 5 to 6 feet, fine Pyramids

A choice collection of CONIFER.^

A large assortment of STANUARD and DWARF PERPETUAL,

and strong DWARF CHINA or MONTHLY ROSES, and a

general NURSERY STOCK.
All the above are well rooted, and will remove with safety. Prices
on apphcation to

Charles BonoEsa, The Nurseries, London Road, Cheltenham.

Richmond Nurseries, Eichiuond, Surrey.

TO NOBLEMEN and UENTLEMfilN making large
PLANTATIONS, or PLANTING ORCHARDS oi- WALLS
with FRUIT TREES, and requiring quantities of superior Coniferous
and other Evergreens, Ornamental Flowering Trees, Shrubs, ic, or
Dwarf-trained, Standard, or Spiral Fruit Trees. Speciiil prices will
be given on application to

G- & W. Steele, of the above Nurseries.

Fruit Trees.— Tlie finest Collection in England.

J SCOTT, Merriott Nurseries, Somerset, begs to
• solicit his Friends and the Public to inspect his immense
Stock, consisting of 700 sorts of APPLES, fiO do. APRICOTS, I'^O do.
CHERRIES, 150 do. PEACHES and NECTARINES. 900 do. PEARS,
and 150 do. PLUMS, in all manner of tr-dning, well root-pruned
and c^refblly transplanted; CURRANTS, FILBERTS, GOuSE-
BERRIES, &c. ; making together about 1500 sorts of FRUIT
TREES, which for health and beauty cannot be smpassed.
CATALOGUES on application.

Bicbmond Nurseries, Bicliniond, Surrey.

GAND W. STEELE beg to call the attention of the
• Ti-ade in general to their valuable and very extensive Stock
of CONIFEROUS and otber EVERGREENS, pai-ticidarly Striped
and Green Hollies, iu which they abound; and also to their
DWARF-TRAINED, STANDARD, ana SPIRAL FRUIT TREES,
which are of first-rate quality, consisting of Auricots, Peaches,
Nectarines, Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, &c., wbLi;h are second
to none in the Trade. An inspection by TraveUera this Autumn la
respectfully solicited.

T"^0 LARGE PLANTERS and the TRADE —
Fine HORSE CHESTNUTS, 6, 7, 8, and 10 feet high.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, extra line, 2, 3, and 4 feet.
ACER NEGUNDO VARIEGATA. from 3 to 4 ft., Pyramids.
HEMLOCK SPRUCE. 4 to 5 fe«t, fine.
BOX TREES, 2i to 3 feet. | PRIVET, 3 to 4 ffeet.
SIBERIAN and AMERICAN ARBOR-VIT^, 3 to 8 feet.
Special offers on application to
A. Godwin & Son. Asnb lurne, Derbyshire.

Northampton Nurseries.

JOHN PERKINS, Sen., begs to call the attention of
Noblemen, Gentlemen, and others ennaKed in Planting, to his
lai-ge stock of the following:— 1,000,000 BLACK THORNS, for Covert
Planting. 11 to 2 feet, 21 to 3 feet ; 2,OU0,OjU LARCH FIRS, 3 to 4 ft.,
4to6f6Bt; 1,000,000 SPRUCE FIBS.li to 2 feet, 2) to 3 feet, 3 to
4 feet; 2,tj00,000 WHITE THORN QUICK, 2 and 3 years trans-
planted; also large quantities of
Birch, 3 to 4 feet
Berberis Dulcis, 2 to 3 feet
Cedrus Deodara,5to61t.,6to8ft.
Green Box, IJ to 2 feet
Evergreen Privet, 2 to 3 feet
Hornbeam, 3 to 4 feet (

J. P.'s stock of all kinds of FRUIT, FOREST and ORNAMENTAL
TREES, &c., IS very extensive, and this season remarkably fine, and
in excellent condition for removal. hT-vmg been frequentiv trans-
planted. DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES sent post free
on application to 52, Market Square, Northampton.

Elms, English. 0 to S ft., S to 10 ft.
Elms, Huntingdou.O to 8, 8 to 10ft.
Chestnuts, Spanish, 2 to 3 feet
Portugal Laurel, 1 J to 2 ft, 2 to 3 ft.
Pinus austriaca, 2 to 3 feet
Sycamore, 3 to 4 feet

PAUL & .SON, The Old Nueseeies, Cheshunt, N.,

(One mile from the Cheshunt Station, Great Eastern Railway,)

BEG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THEIR

NEW PRICED DESCRIPTIVE ROSE CATALOGUE

IS NOW READT, AND WILL BE SENT FREE ON APPLICATION.

Azalea, Her Majesty.

WILLIAM BARNES has much pleasure in
announcing that he will be prepared to send out the above
splendid AZALEA on and after Wednesday, October 23, at the
following price— 21s. each. A vei-y few extra strong plants at 42s
each, with the usual allowance to the Trade ; where tliree plants are
ordered at one time four wnl be given.

It was exhibited before the Floral Committee of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society on June 14, 186G, where it was awarded a First-class
Certificate for its great beauty m its markings, shape, and colour
When the following remarks wore m^ide upou it, which appeared in
tbe Gardeners' Ohrouicle, June 10, 1866 :— " A beautiful Azalea rosy
lilac, edged with white, and blotched. and spotted in tlieupperpetils
With crimson, called Her Mfije-ty, from Mr, Baknks, of Camberwell "

On June 23, 1806, tlie fullowing remarks appeared in the sam'e
Paper:— "We have IVom time to time referred to the sportive
character of tho Indian Azalea, and called attention to the fact that
some of our beat viiritties have had their origin in a freak of Nathre
A fresh instance of their sportivuness was shown the other day at
South Kei.sington. Mr. William Barnes theie exhibited a variety
of Azalea which he pui-posos to designate Her Mnjestv. It is we
believe, a stiort from Madame Miellez, or some of the forms closely
allied to that fine old sort; and in quality, therefore, as well as in
name, takes t6e very highest rank. The flowers are of the full
average size, and of excellent form and substance, and the colour is
a soft hlac-tmted blush, white at the margin, densely spotted with
crimson in the upper part, and marked with variable sti-ipes or
sometimes broadish bars of deep rosvpm-ple. Its high quality as
regards the flower Itself, and this novelty ol marking, will make it
an acquisition in any collection of these showy plants.

A faithful Figure of this fine Azalea is given in the January number
of the "Florist and Pomologist."

A remittance must accompany all orders from unknown corre.
spondauta. Camden Nursery, Camberwell, London, S.

The Prices will be found very reasonable, and PAUL and SON invite an inspection of the quality and
quantity of their Stock.

FORTY-FIVE FIRST PRIZES, gained by them at the Horticultural, Botanic, Crystal Palace, Manchester,
Leeds, Tork, Clifton, and Birmingham Shows, are a guarantee of the extent and success of their culture. •

Besides EOSES, their culture includes —

FRUIT TREES, in carefully Trained and Cordon Trees, 30,000 Standards, and a large extent of root-pruned Pyramids.

Also TINES, unsurpassed in the Trade, and FIGS.

EVKRGREENS, of large aud small sizes, including 40,000 LAURELS, 2 to 8 feet.

DECIDUOUS TREES, of ordinary size, and large for direct effect, and selected for ornamental foliage and form.

AMERICAN PLANTS of all varieties, at their New Amexican Ntirseries, High Beech.

CONIFERS. — Large quantities of the leading kinds for ornamental plantations.

GENERAL PRICES FOR FOREST AND FRUIT TREES.

STANDARD and HALF STANDAED EOSES, ISs. to SOs. per dozen.
DWAKFS and DWARF STANDARD EOSES, 12s. to 18s. per dozen.
NEW EOSES of 1867.— Dwarfs, SOs. to 36s. per dozen.

FKUIT TREES, per dozen. j

APPLES.— Standards, 18s. ; Pyramids, 18s. to 24s. ; Dwarf- trained, SOs. ; Cordons, 18s.

PEAES, PLUMS, and CHERRIES.— Standards, 24s. ; Pyramids, 24s. to 42s. ; Dwarf-trained, 42s.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS.— Dwarf-trained, 60s. ; Standard Trained, 84s.

Prices per hundred for Orchard planting on application.

1^" IVueks from Cheshunt direct through the Systems oj the Great Eastern and (h-eat Northern Mailwaj/s,

PRICED DESCEIPTITE LISTS POST FREE.

OCTOBEE 12, 1S67.]

THE GARDENET^S' CMONICLE ANT) AOTITCni/rU-nAL GAZETTE.

1043

Forest Trees, Friut Trees, Evergreens, Plants for
Game Covers, Conifers, Roses, &c.

FRANCIS AND ARTHUR iJlCKSOff and SONS
invito tlio attention of Plunters to their very largo stock of tbo
above, wliloh in extent and variety \a not escullod by any Nursery
in the KloKdoin. Ttieir Nursorioa, which are very btoiik and o\pusoif.
extend ovor Momo 1.50 Acres, and their TlantH lu'e well known to bo
unuHitiilly linrdy, as well as In tlio nioHt perfect boaltb und coadltloQ
in evory rospoct ; and are found to thrlvo admirably wbon removod to
othorpitrts of the uoiintry. PRICED UATALOaUES post free upon
applicatinn. Katlmatea and Spoulal Prices for largo quantltlea.

Tlie " Upton " Nuraorl03, and " Old " EstabllsUod Sood WareUouao,
lOU, lOautgatB Street, Chester.

Immediate Clearance of Surplus Stock.

TlUiKK HUNDRED THOUSAND NATIVE SCOTCH
KIHS, 2-yr. Seedling, and 1-yr. Trauaplantod, at 8a. per lOOU:
also about 300.000 LAUCJl. various sizes, up to 4 foot (Special
otlers on application.) Terms cash. Fur particulars apply to
Josr.ni RoiiaiiiN & Sov,
Nuraeryinen & Seedsmen, Bank Foot, Hexham, Northumberland,

Tlie Dorset Nurseries, Blandford and Blandford
St. Mary.

FREDERICK GILL and CO., Nurserymp-n, Seeds-
MitN, and FboniSTs, beg to Invito the attention of Oentlomen
who intend Planting, to ttieir large and vigorous STOCK of
FOREST, FRUIT, and (.UlNAMiLNTAL TREES, SHRUBS,
RtJSF,S, &e., extending over ninny acro.i. and not to be surpassed.

Tlioir ROSES on MANETTI STOCKS, of tlie cboicoat Varlotioa
and superior ^rowtli, merit oapoclal moution.

Planting Season. -Walton Nursery, Liverpool.

To I'LANTtiis oi^ PfiiLic on pBivATi: Pauks, Ckmeteries, I'leasure
Uroitnds, or Woods and Forjbts.

WSKIRVING be^a to announce that his STOCK of
• TREES anil SHRUBS ia this Season very extensive and
well grown, and that he is now prepared to execute orders to any
amount for Trees and Shrubs of all sizes, at moderate prices.
W. S. considers the presaiit month ono of the best for trans-

Elantlng Evergreen Trees or Slirubs, and solicits Planters to inspect
Is Slock, which consists of many thousand.^ of the Holly, of the
most choice varieties of the Gold and Silver Variegated kinds, and
of the largo brnad-leaved Holly (tlio (biest of ail Evergreen Trees),
hundrocls-of which are of huge sizo and lino specimens forgiviuii
Immediate effiict. with thousands and tona of tnousaads of smaller
Blzos, f'lr general planting.

Also an immense Stock of all other cultivated Trees and Shrubs,
either for Villa, Park, or Forest planting, and of Fruit Trees for
Gardens or larfze Orctiardr

REIGATE SILVKU SAND, bmt qudity, 12s. yrr ton,
at .Swan Place ; delivered four miles, or to any Loudon Wharf or
Railway, Kw, per ton, or !-■<. ilr/, por bushel, (SackH at cost price, or
on biro.) KENTISH and HAMPSHIRE PEATS, YELLOW LOAM,
LEA1-' MOULD. SPHAGNUM MUSS. & COCOA FIBRE RKEUSE.
J. Kknnauu, Swan I'lace, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.

poCOA-NOT REFUSE

^-^ Id bocomlng soaroe, the
old reBorves wiU soon bo gone.
Now BOld in bags, 1 for 28., 10 for
lOtf., 20 for 30«., 60 for 00s., 100
for £0.

Fourpanco allowed tor each
bag returned canlago-pald.

A Railway Truck -load (not in
bags), 40s.

Poatago Stamps or Tost-offlce
Order, payable to J. Barsham A
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

APPLEBY'S GENUINE "tobacco PAPER,
in 2 lb. and 4 lb. packets.
Price on application to Henhv Aitleuy, Foreman to Messrs. Ivery
& Sou, Dorking, Surrey.

Horticultural Olass Warehouse.
rn U 0 M A S M 1 L L I N (i T 0 N and CO.,

-I- HT, BlMhopsgato Street Without, London, E.C.

NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE OLASS as supplied to Hor
Malosty, tlio Nobility, (Jontry, Mr. Rivers, and the loading Hortl^
culturiHtB of the United Klng<lom.

In. In.
20 by 12
20 by i;t
iO liy H

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.
I 4tha.

•2(1 by 16 I

10 by 8 [12 by 0
lot by t^l 12^ by H

11 byi) lii by 0
Hi byyjll2 by 10

HhM

lifsOd

22H2dma0d

Best.

200 Od

26s oa

ria (

For 100 foot .^ —

(.21 0/,.
:!Oby 10-'

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 16 02., por XOO feet.
In. In.'m. in. [In. In. (in. In. I 4thB. i Sda, [ 2nda. I
0 by 4 7 by 5 8 by tJ 1) by 7 1 - - - 1 - - - J I

C*by4j| 7* by 6t| 8* by Ojl Oi by 7iS \
I'or 100 foot.
121 b;10|lMt byion

13 by 10 116 ' ■" '
iSiby lOi 13

14 by 10 In

^v} loot.

i by lOi ) j
by 10 (I
byll f
by 11 }

138 3d

14« 6d\l78 3(J 19« Oii

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 foot.

TOBACCO TISSUE for Fumi-utin- Greenhouses.
Will Destroy Thrip, Red Spider, Green and Black Fly, and
Mealy Bug ; and burns without, the assistance of blowing, and Is
entirely freo from paper or rag. Price 3«. Orf. per lb., carriage froe.
A reduction in price for large quantities.

To be had of Messra. Robliits & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers,
112, St. John Street, Clerkenwell, E.G., of whom copies of Testi-
monials may be obtained ; and of all Seodanien and Nurserymen.

WINTER-DRESS ALL FRUIT TREES with
GISHURST COMPOUND.
Copy of a Letter from Mr. RiVF.na, Nurseries, SawbridgeworCk, Serfs
22d October, 1801.
"I must tell you what I beard to-day ft-om a very clever gentleman
farmer, Anthony Bubb. Esq.. of Witcorabo Court. Gloucester He
has a wall to which Peach Trooa are trained. Wo!!, last autumn
they were in a wretched blighted state. As a desperate remdiiy ho
unnailed thom all, early last February, and gave all but one a
thorough painting with Gishurst Compound, lib. to the gallon of
water; his trees, all but the one, commenced to grow favourably in

N.B. Fifty acres of Walton Nursery being required for Villa ' spring, and are now pictures of health. The tree not painted i-i

Building, the Stock ihtreon must bo c"lear<;d as suon as possible,
therofore very moilcjate prii'cs will be accepted.— October, 18C7.

CHARLES NOBLE begs to offer the following (a
largo clearance mxist bo made, and purchasers are invited
to ask for prices) ;—
Alder and Birch, 2 to 6 feet.
Chestnut, Horse and Spanish,

1 to 3 feet.
Elm (Scotch), 2 to 4 feet.
Larch, Spruce and Scotch, 2 to

4 feet.
Oaka and Thorns, 1 to 3 feet.
Popl-irs, of sorts, 4 to 8 feet.
Abies Dougl isit. 6 to 7 feet.
Thujopsis horeabs, 1 to 7 feet.
Thiya Lobbii, 2 to 4 feet.
Retinispora ericoides, 1 to 2 feet.
„ squarrosa. 1 foot.

„ obtu-a, 1 to 3 foot.

„ jusifera, I to 3 feet.

Cupressus Lawsonii, 2 to 6 feet.

„ „ orecta, 2 to" 6 ft.

Dwarf Ro.=es, best kinds.
Dwarf and Pyramidal Pears.

Dwarf and Pyramidal Cherries.

Thuja aiiiericana, 1 to 3 feet.

Dentzia cienata fl. pi., I to4 feet.

Spirans, in best kinds, 3 to 4 feet.

Erica herbacea, fine.
„ of sorts.

Cotoneaster Simmondsii, 2 to 3 ft.

Ligustrum ovalifolium, 1 to 3 ft.

Borboris japonlca Darwinnii.
„ dulcis. &c.

Sweet Qnll, Sweet Briar, 1 to 3 ft.
I Pampas Grass.

Arundo conspicua.
I Vinca cleg.intissima.
I Russian Violets.

Ivies, green and variegated.
I Hanetti stocks.
[ Pear and Mussel stocks.

Grape Vines, a fine selection.
APRICOTS, APPLES, PEARS,

PEACHES, NECPAaiNES,
&c. : dwarf bushes for Potting.

RHODODENDRONS, for cover planting, all heights and sizes,
,, finest named kinds.
Charles Noble, Sunningdale, B.igshot, Surrey.

Seed Potatos.

HAND F. SHARPE are now offering MTATT'S
• EARLY PROLIFIC KIDNEY, RIVERS' ROYAL ASH.
LEAF, WKBB-S IMPERIAL KIDNEV.DAINTREE'S EARLIEST
H-ARLY OXFORD, EARLY FORTY-FOLD, and many other Early
and Late varieties grown from their o^iti selected stocks. The
Prices are moderate, and the quality excellent. PRICED LISTS
may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

half-dead blighted state. He used the same dressing to his Apple
Trees ; it killed the woolly Aphis entirely, and has made his trees
clean and vigorous in their growth. He intends to puint his Wall
Trees annually, and tolls all his friends to do the same. 1 shall
certainly sei-ve all my young Peach Trees against mv walls in the
same manner. The Compound is, I believe, more efficicious than
the usual oflensive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and it does
not blacken the shoots on the walls."

For Orchard-house Trees, 4 ozs. to the gallon will bo found a good
strength ; when used stronger some buds on weaklv trees may be
injured,

GISHURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nursei^men and
Seedsmen, in boxes. Is., 3s., and 10s. Qd. each.

Wholesale by Price's Patent Candle Company, Limited
Belmont, Vauxhall, London, S.

Gishurst Compound has more recent testimonials to its efficacy
but none more conclusive than the above, which has been published
before.

pAST-IRON HAND-GLASS FRAMES (loose tops).—

yy Prices : 14-inch, is. ; IS-inch, 5^. 9d, ; 20-inch, 6s. Gd. ; 22-iDch

78. Gd. ; 24-incb, Rs. Gd. each. Twelve or more delivered free to any

Station in England on receipt of Post OCBce order.

Catalogues on application.

J. Jones & Sons, 0, Bankside, London, S.E.

4tbB.

UsM

Sds.

16s Qd

2ndH.

188 Od

Best

•JOiOd

In. in. in. in. In. In. In.
16i by lOJ 14 by 12 22 by 12 22 by 10
10 by 10 14ibyl2i 17 by 13 24 by lO"!
iUbvllilS by 12 23 by 13 20 by 17
16 byll |16ibyI2i 18 by 14 22 by 17 I
151 by 11 i 1 10 by 12 22 by 14 21 by 17 )
10 by 11 luii by 121 24 by 14 20 by 18 [
21 byll 17 by 12 22 by 16 22 by 18
13 by 12 1 18 by 12 I 24 by 16 24 by IS J

The above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.

SHEET GLASS.

In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 0 to 9 feet super.

IS oz, 21 oz.

4tha quality, per 200 feet case, 3ga.

4thaquality,per 300 feet case, S^t.
3d3 „ „ 48«.

2d3 „ „ 028.

Best „ „ 92a.

3ds „ " „ ' 48».

2d8 „ „ flO».

Best „ „ 00».

SHEET GLASS is made only in the following substances, 16 oz.,
2102.. 20 oz., 32 oz., 36 oz., ani 42 oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8th in.. 3-16th in., l-4th in., and 3-8tii in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Gla&ses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &c.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.
STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per cHt. Tills Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is froo from the glo.'isy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water,

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 363. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and sis gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint,

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 34«. per cwt.
Anti-coiTosion Paint is extensively tLsed for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick. Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto, 4s. per gallon.

HYACINTH GLASSES, in everv variety of shape
and colour ; SUPPORTS, DISHES, CROCUS GLASSES. &c
The Garden Repository, 32, James Street, Covent Garden. W.C,
N.B. A liberal discount to the Trade.

CUCUMBER "DICKSON'S FAVOURITE" or
ALL THE YEAR ROUND.

We can confidently recommend this as ono of the best Winter
Cucumbers grown, while it is second to none for general purposes.
In Winter It grows about one foot long, and in Summer from
16 to 18 inches, is of deep green crdom', very handsome, delicate in
flavour, and p^irticularly tender, crisp and juicy. It is very prolific,
showing' two to three fruit at every joint, and furnishes a continual
supply of handsome Cucumbers during the Winter, Spi-ing and
Summer months. Per packet Is. Gd. and 2s. fief., post free.

Fhakcis & Artudr Dicttsox & Sons, The "Old'" Established Seed
Warehouse, 10i3, Eastgate Street, Chester.

ASPARAGUS PLANTS.— For SALE, about 200,000
strong 2-yr. old ASPARAGUS PLANTS, at Is. Qd. per 100 :
10«. per 1000. Also about 50,000 extra strong 3-yr. old do., at 2s per
100; 15s. per 1000. A few thousand APPLE STOCKS, 4 to 6 feet
large enouj^h for working, 5s. per loo ; 40s. per 1000. NEW
4-lb. SACKS, Is. 6c/. each. Remittances to accompany all orders
The usual allowance to the Trade.

CHRisT.y,s QuiNCEY, Scodsman, &c., Peterborough.
N.B. This Advertisement will not be repeated.

Biggleswade Market Gardens, Beds!
T31CHARD WALKER can supply the following

CABBAGE PLANTS, the finest

ppiy

t in England :—

per 1000.
ROBINSON'S
, quantity.
Terms cash.

__ To Farmers, Gardeners, and Others.

TfiSCELLENT CABBAGE PLANTS (Stocks not to be
-LJ surpas.sed), can be supplied in any quantity, as'follows ■—

TD^f ^ v^H*^?" ^'*-^^'^^\^^^^ '^^« ^^^■'*^«'^ '^"d best). 2s. 0./. per 1000
TRUE ENFIELD MARKKT (extra fine vanety), 28. 6d. per 1000
TRUE ROHINSON'.S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD. 2s. orperlOOO
TRUE RED DUTCH (for Pickling), 5s. per 1000
I A remittance or reference to accompany all orders

Fredk. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower. Big^^leswade, Bedfordshire,

(^raTs seeds f^

^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See •' WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES." which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the moat
suitable Grasses for Peimanent Pasture

J. C. Wheeler & Son,

Gloucoster,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agricultural Society.

Tye's Registered Hyacinth Glasses.

Sole Wbolesale Depot,

HOUGHTON,

AND SON,

FERN CASE MANUFACTURERS,

riLAUDET,

and HORTICULTURAL GLASS

DEPOT,

SO, High Holboro, W.C.

Per cwt. — s. d.
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECOKDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
QROUND PATENT DRT-
ERS. 3rf. to 4id. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.
to i\d. per lb.
RAW UMBER. 4jti. to
Gd, per lb. [per lb.

„ BURKt do., Gd. to 9rf.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

2Ss. to 60 0
BLACK PAINT, Us. to 30 0
RED PAINT .. 28s. to 30 0

Per gallon. — s. d.
LIN.SEED OIL .. ..3 4
BOILED OIL .. .. 3 II

TURPENTINE .. ..3 0
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to Hi. per cwt.
FineOAK VARNISH,10».tol2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. 10^. to 12 0

., COPAL 10 u

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE ..10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN .. 12 0
GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken In
exchange.

The aboTO are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

s

HAW'S TIFFA

For samples and prices apply to
J. Sbiw a Co., 29, Oxford Street, Manchester.

Price Lists free on application.

IT"

Y.

A LARGE QUANTITY of RUSSIAN MATS for SALE.

-ii- Apply to J. C. SiMONDs, Oil Mills, Boston.

AR6E GREENHOUSE for SALE.

I May be had a bargain.

Apply at 28, Bolton Street, Piccadilly, W.

rj.ARDEN BORDER £DGIX(;

m

1 II,LS, in great

variety of patterns and mator:;il-. tlu.- nl^iner sorts being
,„j, especially suited for KITCUiiN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, con-
sequently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c.. In Arti-
ficial Stone, of great durability, and In great
variety of design.

F. & G, RosHtR, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Biackfriara, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W, ; Klngsland Road, Kingaland, N.E,

nn?l?Ji°°'*°'^-^S0ntsfor FOX LEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List freo by post. The Trade supplied.

/^RNAMENTAL PAYING TILES for Conservaforiee,

Vy Halts, CoiTidors, Balconies, iic, as cheap and duiable as
Stone, m blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TE.SSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, Slc. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bncks of gieat durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosma, at their premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses— 14s. per Ton, or Is, 3d. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
Jor delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work, F. & G. RosBEa. — Addresses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

Glass for Garden Purposes

JAMES PHILLIPS and
beg to submit their REDUCED PRICES as foUows:—

PROPAGATINQ

Each.— 8,

2 Inches in diameter . . 0

3 „ „ .. 0

C 0.

1 2
1 4
1 6

12 inches in diameter

13

14

Ifi „ ,,

I« n

17 „

18 II „

19 ., „

20 ,. „

10 .> ..

11 ••

HTACINTH and FLOWER DISHES.

6 inches diameter . . . . Is. Od. | 9 inches diameter . . .,10

12 inches diameter .. .. 2s. 6d.

Hyacinth Dishes are intended to contain a number of Roots

Bedded in and covered with Moss, instead of the common Hyacinth

Glass.

LACTOMETERS, for Testing the Quality of Milk.

. Qd. I Six Tubes
With Stands complete.

Os.Qd.

WITH
OPEN TOPS.

Four Tubes

l^Inchea

T J . Painted and Glazed with 16-oz. Sheet Glass.
PLATE ^^^^ HABTLErs IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH

oHSml^P ^?^' Geiiiine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,

■^nr?^.™?^™"°'^ colours, ground ready for use.
plf^^^S A"^r.SPSGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes.
ISi JI^JrW.^vf-^TENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at. the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillips & Co., 180. Bishopsgate Street Without. EC.

George Hall, late Manager to the late Saynors' Firm.

He was for 30 Years in their Employ.

GEO. HALL AND SON'S Celebrated PRUNING and
BUDDING KNIVES, SCISSORS, &?. . may be obtained from the
most respectable Nurservinen and Seed Merchants in the kingdom,
also America, France, Germany, Holland, Prussia, Ru.ssia, &c.

N.B. — We only malio one quality, the best that can be manu-
factured, the same as the late Savnohs always made during the
lifetime, with all the latest improvomets.

Caution. — None are genuine unless marked "Geo. Hall & Sox.
Other marks would cause disappointment, as these blades are
tempered by a process known only^to the Makers.

Engravings of Patterns, with Price Lists gratis, on application
Horticultural Cutlery Works, Sheffield,

104i

THE GA](DEN1RS' CilKONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 12, 1867.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulbs. &c.

ROBERT PARKER bega to announce that his NEW
eATALOGUE. containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of New, Rare, and beautiful Greenliouse, Hardy and btove
Plants, Azalea indica, Fruit Trees, Grape Vinos, Rhododendrons,
Roses, Sweet Violets, &c. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, Cycliiinens,G-ladioli,
Hyacinths, Liliums, Narcissus, Tulips, and other Bulbs, is now
published and will be forwarded to npplicantB.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

Dutch Bulbs for Exhibition.

J SCOTT has received his annual supply of DUTCH
• FLOWER ROOTS from Holland; extra fltie'in quality and
true to name.

12 very choice exhibition HYACINTHS, 10s.

1:2 extra choice ,, „ 12a.

Other very fine sorts, 6^. and 8s. per dozen.

A complete list of the above sent free on application to

J, Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Dutch and Cape Bulbs.

T>UTLER, Mcculloch AND CO. have received their

-1_) usual consignment of the above, and beg to ofTer the following
carefully assorted collections.

FOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION.
No. I I No. 2 I No. 3 I No. 4 | No. 6 | No. 6

100s.

50s.

163.

lOs.Qd.

FOR FLOWER GARDEN DECORATION.
I No. 8 i No. 9 I No. 10 I No.U I

IjOs. I COS. 1 405. I 25s. 1 21s. | 108.6d,

FOR FLOWER GARDEN AND CONSERVATORY COMBINED.

No. 13 I No. 14 j No. 15 [ No. 16 I No. 17 | No. 18

105s. I y2s.6rf. | 42s. | 2Is. ' ISs. | lOs.dd.

CATALOGUES containing details ot above Collection sent free,

and Post-paid Orders amounting to 21s. sent, caiTiago paid, on

receipt of Post-Offlce Order.— Established upwards of a century,

Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

M

Hyacinths for Exhibition.
ESSRS. SUTTON'S

COLLECTIONS include the
varieties so much admired at the spring
sliows, and they are now prepared to receive
orders for the same at the following prices :—

The Choicest 100 Sorts, £4 4s., carriage free
The Choicest 50 Sorts, £2 2s., „

The Choicest 25 Sorts, £1 Is., „

The Choicest 12 Sorts, £0 128.

Cheaper Roots, Cs. to 9s. per dozen.

HYACINTHS for Beds and Open Borders,
3s. per dozen, 21s. per 100, carriage free.

SoTTON 4 Sons, Importers, Readine. Berks.

STEPHEN BROWN'S
ILLUSTRATED BULB CATA-
LOGUE, descriptive, with cultural
instructions, free by post for six stamps,
and may be deducted by new purchasers
sending orders.

S. B.'s several importatlonsof FOREIGN
BULBS this season have been received In
flae condition.

Tho choicest GLADIOLI In 200
varieties ; also 70 varieties of superb
LILIES, together with a very extensive
Collection of DUTCH, CAPE, and other
BULBS.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of
New and Select HERBACEOUS and
ALPINE PLANTS, just published, sent
free.

Seed and Nuraei-y Establishment,
Sudbury, Suflolk.

Dutch

Flower Roots,

A RCHIBALD HENDER-

-TX SON begs to announce that
he has received a Inrge Consignment
of Dutch and other Roots, carefully
selected from the most celebrated
crowers.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED
CATALOGUES are now ready, con-
taining practical directions for their
successful cultivation on all the
various systems now adopted.

Also a CHOICE and SELECT
LIST of VEGETABLE aad HARDY
FLOWER SEEDS for Autumn
Sowing. Catalogues gratis and post
free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath,
SuiTey, and at the East Surrey Seed
Warehouse, College Grounds, North
End, Croydon.

Hyacinths, Hyacinths.

"P^REGHORN AND AITKEN, Kilmarnock, N.B.,

beg

JLJ to intimate that their CATALOGUE of HYACII^THS and
other BULBS is now Published, and will be forwaided Post Free to
any Address. It contains valuable Descriptive and Cultural Notes,
and will be found a useful guide to Purchasers.

PRIZE HYACINTHS.— D. & A.'s PRIZE DOZEN for 16s. The
beat value in the Trade— viz., Macaulay, Ornament de la Nature,
Von Schiller, Grandeur a Merville, Lord Wellington (double). Alba
maxima, Mont Blanc, Queen of the Netherlands, Baron Von Thuyll,
Charles Dicltens, Grand Lilas, and Prince Albert.

ROMAN HYACINTHS.— Fine Bulbs of these beautiful early-
flowering Hyacinths, 3s. 6d. per dozen. Free by Post or Rail.

CARTER'S DUTCH BULBS.

JAMES CAETER & CO.'S

AUTUMN SUPPLEMENT

GARDENER'S AND FAEMER'S YADE MECUM,

Containing ORIGINAL ARTICLES on the CULTURE of BULBS and SPRING GARDENING, also a LIST
of VEGETABLE SEEDS for AUTUMN SOWING, is NOW READY and will be forwarded immediately on
receipt of 12 Stamps (Gratis to Customers), on application to

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 & 238, HIGH HOLBOEN,

LONDON, W.C.

ALL the FIRST PRIZES for HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c.,

AWARDED TO

WM. PAUL'S COLLECTIONS

IN MARCH LAST,
At the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL and ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S SPRING SHOWS.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE FREE BY POST ON APPLICATION.
PAUL'S NURSERIES AND SEED WAREHOUSE, WALTHAM CROSS, LONDON, N.

DUTCH AND OTHER BULBOUS ROOTS.

B. S. WILLIAMS

HAS RECEIVED HIS FIRST IMPOETATIONS IN EXCELLENT CONDITION, AND RESPECTFULLY

SOLICITS EARLY ORDERS.

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIYE CATALOGUE forwarded free on application.

COLLECTIONS of BULBS carefully put up to suit Gardens of various sizes.

Tho CHOICEST HYACINTHS for Pots or Glasses, 24s., 18s., 12s., 9s., 8s., and 6s. per doz.

HYACINTHS for Bedding, assorted, in colours, 3s. 6d. per doz.

All Roots of the first quality only.

B. S. WILLIAMS,
VICTORU AKD PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOW AY, LONDON, N.

NEW PLANTS,

TO BE SENT OUT ON AND AFTER OCTOBER 14.

E. G. HENDEESON & SON

RESPECTFULLY CALL ATTENTION TO THE FOLLOWING NOVELTIES :—

NEW BEDDING FUCHSIA, GOLDEN FLEECE

NEW DOUBLE PELARGONIUM, PRINCE OF NOVELTIES

NEW STRIPED-FLOWERED PELARGONIUM, AURANTIA

STRIATA
NEW ZONAL PELARGONIUM, MAGENTA CHRISTINE
NEW DOUBLE-FLOWERED ZONAL PELARGONIUM.

TRIUMPH

NEW CRIMSON NOSEGAY PELARGONIUM

NEW HYBRID FRAGRANT-LEAVED PELARGONIUM,

GRANDIS ODORATA
HEW FORCING PINK, PLATO

NEW TREE or SHRUBBY-HABITED PINK, ROSEofENGLAND
NEW STOVE SHRUB, DALEOHAMPIA ROEZLIANA ROSEA
NEW DOUBLE-FLOWERED AMARYLLIS, ALBERTI PLENA

Full descriptions of the above Select Plants are given in

E. G. HENDERSON & SON'S NEW BULB CATALOGUE,

which, on application, is forwarded Post Free.
1^ The Trade tvill receive a DESCRIPTIVE LIST in a few days hence.

THE WELLINGTON NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, LONDON, N.W.

WINTER AND SPRING FLOWERING BULBS AND PLANTS.

BAKE & SUGDEN,

The Metropolitan Seed, Bulb, and Plant Warehouse, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

BAER & SUGDEN'S PLOEAL GUIDE

CONTAINS MUCH VALUABLE INFORMATION. AND CAN BE HAD FREE ON APPLICATION.

COLLECTIONSof BULBS for Winter and Spring Bloom- I COLLECTIONS of BULBS for Spring Blooming Out- I COLLECTIONS of PLANTS for Spring Blooming,
ing In-doors, 10s. 6^;., 21s., 42.s., 63s., 84s., and lOos. I doors, 10s. 6d., 21s., 42s., 63s., 84s., and I05s. | 12s. 6(?., 25s., 60s., and lOSs.

HYACINTHS, 3s. to 12s. per dozen

POLYANTHUS NARCISSTTS, 3s. to 6s. per dozen

GARDEN NARCISSUS, 3s. 6rf. to 10s. Gd. per 100

TULIPS. 4s. to 20s. per 100 | SNOWDROPS, 2s. (id per 100

CROCUS, Is. Cd. to 4s. per 100* | IRIS, Ss. Gd. to 10s. 6d per 100

GLADIOLI, tlie verv bost kinds raorts

IXIAS, SPARAXIS, TRITON IAS, anri BABIANAS, tho finest

LILIES, finest kinds

LILIUM AURATUM, the Golden-rayed Lily of Japan, 2s. (id.,5s. 6d.,

6s. 6d., Js. 6d., and 10s. 6d. each
RAN UNCD LUS, 2s. Gd. to 5s. 6d. per 100

ANEMONES 4e. to 7s. Gd. per 100 I AMARYLLIS, 6d. to 63». each
AMARYLLIS, unbloomed aeedlingB, from yarietles the finest in

cultivation, 425. per dozen

CYCLAMEN PERSICUM, exceedingly fine Tarietiea, lOi. Od.,
15s., 21s.. and 25s. per dozen >

CYCLAMEN EUROP.«UM, quite hardy and very ttagrantjifl
3s, Qd. per dozen, 2Is. per 100 J

LILT of the VALLEY, nne Imported clumps to bloom in winter,j|
15s. to 218. per dozen [to 26«.l

SPIREA JAPONICA, fine lmport«d clumps to bloom In spring, IBa.f

Sundry Bulbs. — Under this heading in the ^^ Ouidij" are described many rare and beautiful Bulbotts Flants.

BARR AND SUGDEN, 12, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.

October 12, 1867.]

THE GAKDENKKS' CIIKONICLE AND AGRICULTUliAL (iA/ETTl

1045

TO UN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE

O of SELECTED ROSES Is now ready and will be forwurded
oQ ftppllcfttion,

J. C. rospoctfullv directs attontlon to the following LIST of
JTIRST PHIZES wnlch linvo boon nwHrded to him at tho principal
RnBO Shows of the preaent yofir, proflnR hoyond a doubt that tho
fioil and oUmate of his Nuraerlos are unrlralled for tho Cultivation
of Roses.

RotrI Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
Juno 19.— 24 Varieties, Cut Itoaoa, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

CiroD coster.
Juno 10.— 30 Varieties, Cut Rones, throe trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
Juno 26.— 24 Varieties, Cut Rosoh, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cryatrtl Palace.
Juno 20.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, ono truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington.
July 2.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, ono truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Blrnil ogham.

July 4. 6.— 72 Varieties, Cut Rosea, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

;i4Vanetle8, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Ileroford.

July 9.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, tliroo trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Rugby.

July 13.— 72 Varieties, Cut Rosea, ono truss each. FIRST PRIZE

Nurnerios, King's Aero, near Hereford.

~ Boses, Koses, Roses.

PLANTS of all the FINEST VARIETIES in
CDLTIVATION will this Autumn bo in magniflceut order
In the Castle Strkiit Norskrics, SAi.tHiiuiir.

Tho fVost of MAy 24 destroyed all tlio blooming buds; tho con-
sequences are that tho Plants hare produced the moat rigorous
growth.

Amuieur Rose Growers may Inauro tho finest Plants that can
poaalblv bo produced, true to name. CATALOGUES on application.

VIXBS, from Eyes, tho Quest In England, 10s. Qd. oaeh, ia October
next. JoDN Ketkes, Castle Street, Salisbury.

N

1868.
ATIONAL ARTS EXHIBITION at LEEDS.

Patbons : —

HiR Most Gracious MAJrsTT Toe Queen,

H.R.H. TiiK PniwrE or Wales.

H.R.H. TiiK DuER or Camiiridgb,

Tnn BurEnOR or tiik French,

Tub Kino ok Uollamd, &,v.

DurinK the above,

THE LEEDS HORTICOLTURAL SOCIETY

will hold their

ANNUAL GREAT FLORAL FETE, viz.,

on WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, and FRIDAY, Juno 10, 11, and 12.

The Prizes will be considerably Increased.

Schedules ready in January, and forwarded on application.

Jaues Birdeck, Secretaiy.

THE GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT
INSTITUTION.

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that an ADDITION of TWO
PENSIONERS on the Fimds of this Institution will take place In
JANUARY NEXT.

All Persons desir lus of becoming CANDIDATES are required to
send In their Petitions with Testimonials, &c., to tho Committee, on
orbeforo tho lUh Norember next, after which time they will not
bo received.

Preference will be given to those Persons who may have boon
Subf^cribers for 15 years and urwards ; but should thire not be any
of that class, then the Petitions of those who may not have been
Subscribers will be considered

Printed Forms may also be had upon application to the Secretary.
By Order of tho Committee. E. R. Cutler, Sec.

14, Tavistock Row, London.- October 9, 18fi7.

€iit (BttrtretteriS'Ciironicle.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 12, 1867.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING T\'EEK,

f Royal Ilorticulturnl (Fruit and Floral
TrMOlT, Oct. 15< Committccsl. lit South Kenain^tin .. 11 ».«,
( Ditto (General Mcpting) .. " .. .. 3 p.m.

The time is now rapidly approacluBg when the
arrangements for nest year's Exhebitions must
be considered and determined on ; and it may
therefore be well to gather up some of the expe-
rience of the past season, with a view to profit
by it. The most important points to be con-
sidered, we take to be those relating to duration,
to staging, and to variety.

As to the duration of flower shows, there is an
evident disinclination on the part of many exhi-
bitors to fall in with the plan of extending them
over three or four days, and the Orchid growers
are altogether rebellious. The exhibitors say, and
very truly, that their expenses are multiplied ;
they also affirm that their plants are damaged by
being kept so long under canvas, which to a
certain extent may be also true, though expe-
rience has shown that in the ma,jority of cases
the damage is not very serious ; while the Orchid
growers say that without heated tents or glass-
liouses they will not venture to exhibit their
plants at these extended shows, and considering
the value of some of them, it is quite reasonable
that their owners should bo chary of exposing
them to injury of whatever kind. On the other
side, experience has shown that the old state of
things, two or three single day exhibitions under
the auspices of each of the great Societies, are
no longer possible. The shows fall so quickly ia
succession that tho public become wearied with
them, and will not, or at least do not, come to
them in sufficient numbers to make them pay.
This may be a very vulgar consideration, but it
is a vital one to the corporate bodies more imme-
diately concerned in providing the funds, and
hence the policy of the Societies very naturally
tends towards reducing the number, and extend-
ing the duration of their shows. The Royal
Horticultural has tried the experiment, though
hitherto with but partial success; the Crystal
Palace Company has at least reduced the number
of its great shows ; and if the Royal Botanic has
not yet followed in the same track it does not
appear that its financial position under the pre-

sent r^jri'mc can be tho reason for its not having
made the change. On the other hand tho
Oroat laternational of 1866, Manchester, Biu-y,
and Dundee may all bo referred to as instances
of financial success, arising directly from tho
application of tho extension principle to tlio
duration of these flower show.i.

What course, then, should bo adopted in refur-
onoo to this most important (juestion ? It is
clearly a matter mutually concerning iSocictios
and exhibitors. The Societies cannot continue
to hold shows and pay prize money, unless tho
shows are themselves remunerative ; nor can tho
exhibitors hope to obtain the due reward of their
skill and enterprise unless, on tho othor hand,
exhibitions are managed by some responsible
body, occupying such a position in respect to tho
fashionable world — yes, we must write fashion-
able— that the upper ton thousand may iiilo it
to be tho right thing to give countenance to such
meetings by their presence. When however
success is rendered probable by this kind of
patronage, then the extension of time to another
day or two is tolerablj- ctirtain to draw in another
and another stratum of society, and thus ulti-
mately to secure a profitable result to the
enterprise. It is true that in our climate we
always run the risk of having even the best laid
plans disarranged by unpropitious weather, but
at least the chances of total failure from this
cause are reduced, when tho number of days is
increased. The upshot of all this 'is, that the
Societies should meet the exhibitors, and the
exhibitors should meet the Societies fairly, to their
mutual support and benefit. We may honestly
counsel the Societies to arrange terms which will
be faii-ly remunerative to the exhibitors, as well
as to take all possible precautions for the safety
of theii' valuable specimens ; and we may with
equal sincerity advise the exhibitors that they
on their part should by theii- heartj' support and
good-will make up such a show as may not fail
to attract a numerous company, and to facilitate
as far as in tfiem lies the arrangements for
extending the time during which the shows may
be open to the public. To a limited extent
mutual arrangements might bo made for
removing, after the first day, any choice plant
liable to suffer injury, and for replacing it by
something equally attractive, while avowedly
tender subjects could be accommodated in a glazed
house. Indeeed, we may here repeat what we
have before expressed, namely, that none of our
Societies will, in our opinion, have a perfect
exhibition building, until one of due proportions,
neither too largo, nor too small, is provided, having
a ridge-and-fu:TOW glass roof, to be shaded with
tiffany or other drapery, and having the more
exposed side or sides glazed, and the other
sides shut in more or less closely, as may be
found necessary at the time, with canvas or some
such slight screen.

What the fair remuneration we have hinted at
should be, would be best settled by consultation
between the parties more immediately concerned ;
but we may remark that, in our opinion, it would
be preferable, as a principle, not so much to
augment the amount of the prize-money to meet
the extension of time, as to make a definite
allowance for expenses, according to scale — at a
higher rate perhaps for prize collections — to all
who furnish subjects sufficiently important. We
must reserve the other points, to which we
referred at the outset, for future consideration.

The tABASITIC Fungi, which induce disease
in plants, are happily introduced into this
country but very rarely ; a circumstance of
the more importance, as exotic parasites some-
times attack with peculiar vinilence the plants
of the natural order to which they are
especially addicted— a circumstance of which a
curious instance is aS'orded, in tho difficulty of
culture of Hollyhocks in Australia from the
invasion of a Puccinia, though thej' seem to be
quite free from such attacks in Europe.

Pines have in this country been subject for
many years to the attacks of Pei'idennium Pini ;
but it is only recently that Peridermium elatinum
has been observed in England, though it is so well-
known in Germany as the enemy of the Silver Fir,
where branches are transformed by it in a manner
so peculiar (of which we gave an illustration some
j'ears since in this Journal), that the branches
attacked are known under the popular name of
Witches' besoms(Hexen-besen). Atpresentthishas
been, we believe, confined to tho South of England,
and we have just received from Torquay a quan-
tity of shoots of Picea cephalonica, which are
affected with Peridermium columnare. This does

not modify the branclios, or deform tho loaves, as
is tho caso with P. olatinum, but it still appears
to alfect their health, and prematurely cxh lUst
their vitality. It has been observed for the Inst
Ihreo years, and appears to bo confined to a single
species of Picea, not oxtonding to neighbouring
Oonifors of other genera. (Jur corrcspomlent
iiatui-ally asks im a remedy, but though it is
always satisfactory to know exactly tho strength
of the enemy against which wo have to contend,
this does not always ensure victory, and wo can
give no hope of eradicating so subtle a foe. Tho
mycelium penetrates deeply into the tissues, and
we know of no chemical which, taken up by tho
roots, could destroy the Fungus, without injuring
the tissues of the plant on which it preys. Should
it seem inclined to spread, the only precautionary
matter .we can suggest is to cut off tho affected
branches, and burn them. We do not, however,
expect that it will spread. AVe should be glad
to know whether any species of Picea has been
introduced from tho German nurseries.

AVe can speak more hopefully of another pest,
which has been forwarded to us by Mr. Shortt,
on the leaves of Sarcoglottis picta, a Trinidad
Orchid of the division Spirantheso : because,
as ho informs us, it is easily killed by dusting
both sides of the leaves with .sulphur. This
appears to bo Trichobasis Orchidum, though
more scattered over the frond than is usual in
European specimens of that rare species. As this
yields to sulphur, it is to be hoped that the
Uredo which is so destnictive to Ferns, may be
kept under by a similar treatment. M. J. B.

It is intended to resume forthwith the publica-
tion of the IcoNES PLiNTABUM, under the editonship
of Dr. HooKEK. The plates will be numbered in
continuation of the former series, commencinR with
No. 1001, and will be devoted to the illustration of
"new and rare plants selected from the Kew herbaria."
The first part is, we believe, on the eve of publication,
and contains 25 lithographed plates by Mr. Fitch,
with descriptions. We shall revert to these plates, so
useful to working botanists, on another occasion, and
shall now only express our regret that the Government
has not long ago taken this matter into its own hands.
The illustration of tho rich treasures at Kew, whether
in the herbaria, or museums, or in the gardens, should
hardly be left exclusively to private enterprise, the less
so as these collections are the property of the public.

■ From Mr. W. B. Jeffries, of Ipswich, we

have received a curious Polyanthds, in which the
truss is surmounted by a plant in miniature, forming,
as it were, a " crown " above the ordinary flower-stalks,
just as the crown of the Pine-apple surmounts the
fruit. Though familiar with a similar occurrence in
many other plants, we do not recollect ever to have
seen a parallel instance in the Polyanthus.

We are informed that a new journal wil

shortly be issued under the editorship of Mr.
Andrew Murray, and which will be entitled the

JODENAL OF Te.IVEL AND NATURAL HlSTOItY. A

very general feeling of regret has been eiipressed as to
the discontinuance of the " Natural History Review,"
owing to the insufiicient support that naturalists alone,
from their paucity of numbers, could give. It has been
thought that by appealing to a wider circle, a greater
measure of success might be obtained, and with this
view the projectors of the new publication propose to
omit anatomy and physiology from their programme,
as these sciences are already represented in the
"Journal of Anatomy and Physiology," and to substi-
tute for these, general travels and geography, which
"are so closely connected with natural history, that
they can scarcely be called foreign elements. Isolated
notices of objects of natural history constantly occur in
voyages and travels, and the want of some book of
reference, recording such notices, is often felt by the
naturalist. It is intended that the journal now pro-
jected should become such a record. In addition to the
topics already indicated, the contents will consist of
extracts from the scientific correspondence of
naturalists and travellers in foreign parts ; miscel-
laneous information ; and notices of the proceedings of
the principal natural history societies in London."
We heartily wish success to the new journal, as its
subjects comprise so many matters of interest to horti-
culturists, and plant lovers.

New Plants.

DALEA MutisiI, Kunlh, Mini. 161, t. 47.

DC. Frod. ii., 247.

Erecta pubescens, folioli."! 4—6 jugis ellipticis subtus ramulis-

que glanduloso-punctatis et villosis, spicis cylindraceis

pedunculatis densia, bracteis ovatis in setam longfe productia

flore longioribus. DC.

This elegant plant, which promises to be a very
desirable greenhouse shrub, has been recently intro-
duced from the Cordilleras of South America by
Mr. Bull, whose collector describes it as of good habit,
and flowering freely at a height of from G inches to
2i or .I feet. The plant is of erect and somewhat slender
growtht very much resembling in its general aspect
some of the smaller-growing Indigoferas. Its reddish-
brown stems branch freely, and are clothed with
imparipinnate leaves, which iu the specimens before us,
both wild and cultivated, consist of 8—10 pairs of
I elliptic oblong obtuse leaflets, which are pubescent on
I the lower surface, and marked with transparent glan-

1046

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE,

[OCTOBEE 12, 18 (7.

(lular dots. The flowers grow in dense cylindrical
heads, which are about an inch and a half long, and are
crowded with blossoms of a deep blue colour. As a
greenhouse shrub, the graceful habit and foliage, and the
very desirable colour of the flowers of this species_ of
i)ale^, give promise that it may prove an acquisition
to our collections, which it certainly will be if it realises
the description given of it, in regard to its free flowering
habit. It is moreover not unlikely to prove a useful
subject for planting against a conservative wall, or per-
haps for occupying a place in the choice shubbery
border or the mi.xed flower garden during the summer,
and is certainly well worth a trial in these positions.

We may add a caution to those who are not familiar
mth garden botany, not to confound this papilionaceous
shrub, with the florists' Dahlia, which belongs to the
composite family. M.

THE POMOLOGICAL CONGRESS OF
FRANCE.
The great meeting of French Pomologists and
Exhibition of Fruit, referred to previously (p. 997),
was held this year in Paris, under the auspices,
and in the house, of the Societe Imperiale et
Centrale d'Horticulture de France, 84, Rue de
Grenelle, St. Germain. This is the twelfth meetuig of
the Society, and commenced on the 19th of September.
The Society was established for the purpose of drawing
up correct descriptions of fruits, of correcting their
nomenclature generally, and of recommendmg the
varieties considered most worthy of cultivation. In
this, its professed objects, the Society has still much
to do ; but composed as it is of the best pomologists
of France, and in a country where fruits generally
attain much perfection, its labours cannot fail to be
other than of the greatest importance to fruit growers.
No doubttheresult of its delibevatiuns will soon be made
public. As to descriptions, it must be borne in mmd
that French fruits, as compared with those of English
growth, show a great ditference. Pears and Apples
especially being generally much larger, and always
much more highly coloured, when grown in the sunny
South, than we are accustomed to see them ; more-
over, much attention is paid to the cultivation of the
Pear in France. As to the recommendation of varieties
most worthy of cultivation, we may in England derive
some benefit therefrom, although not wUhout excep-
tion. We may be tolerably sure that those varieties
which are bad in France, will be ten times worse
in this country. It is, however, in the correction of
the embarrassing synonymy of fruits that we may
hope to derive the greatest benefit from the labours of
such a body, much needless expense, annoyance, and
trouble being incurred by the confusion which at
present exists.

The Exhibition of Fruit also opened on the 19th ult.
It was unlike any of our exhibitions— the great nursery-
men, proprietors, and fruit growers in France sending
specimens of all their varieties of fruits for exhibition,
solely for scientific purposes, no prizes being offered.
The Society, however, bestows medals for very
meritorious exhibitions. Why cannot we in England
get up a great meeting of this sort, having for its
object some higher motive than that of obtain-
ing a prize of a few paltry pounds? The fruit
was displayed in a large hall, the arrangement remind-
ing one very much of the great fruit shows which were
held, some few years since, in AVillis's Rooms and
St. James's Hall, the centre of the hall being filled
with seven large tables, some 50 or 60 feet in length
and 8 or 10 feet in breadth, on which the fruits were
arran"ed in dishes. At the entrance, at the further
end of the hall, and in some small rooms adjoining,
were likewise numbers of smaller tables filled with
fruit. Most of the fruits were legibly named, great
care appearing to have been taken iu this respect. It
seemed strange, however, to see how little prominence
was given to the name of the exhibitors, it being
almost impossible to find out by whom some of the fruits
were shown, even from the oflicials in attendance.

Pears occupied tho lion's share of space, upwards of 2000
dishes of them being exhibited. The principal eidubitors
were Messieurs Jamln et Durand, Pi!piniMistes, Bourg la
Reine ; Messieurs Croux ot flls, Horticulteurs, Sceaux, Seine ;
Messie\irs Baltet frtrcs, P<?pini6ristes, Troyes ; Slessioui-s
Beville Combe, Tours ; M. Lelandais, p6ro, PiSpimSiiste, Caen ;
Baron Pbillibert Menilmontant, La Socii?te d'Horticulture de
Melun et Fontainbleau ; La Social Coulommiers, La SocietiS
d'Horticulture de Metz ; M. Gr«goire NeUs, Pomologist,
Jodoigne, Belgium, &c. The finest specimens consisted, for
the most part, of sorts with which we are tolerably familiar in
England. Duchesso d'AngoulSme, tho leading Pear of Fi-ance,
was to be found in every collection, frequently of enormous
size Messieurs Jamiu et Durand exhibited a variety of this
beautifully striped with yellow, called Duchesse d'Aiigoul6me
panache. Our Flemish Beauty was frequently exhibited, and
very beautiful it was ; it is known in Prance as Fondante du
Bois— in one collection it was called BeurrI Spence. a name
about which there has been a great amount of confusion.
Easter BeuiT« was exhibited as lloyenmS d'hiver— the French
name for this rariety ; BeurriS Bosc as Beurri d'Apremout ;
Beurr^ Ranee as Bon Chretien de Ranee, also as Bon Chriltien
d'hiver : about this name, however, there appears to be sad
confusion, the French pomologists maintaining that it is
perfectly distinct from Beurr^ Ranee, though, judging from the
specimens exhibited, with one or two exceptions, it is without
doubt identical. In one or two instances tho name Bon
Chrftien d'hiver was applied to a Pear exactly the same as
Bon Chr.5tien d'Auch. Very fine examples of Glou Mor?eau
were exhibited under the name of Beurris d'Aremberg, the
French name for this variety, our Beurre d'Aremberg being
there called Orpheline d'Bngbein ; Beurri d'Hardenpont is .also
another synonym of this variety, and the name it is known by
in Belgium. Beurr^ Diel was called Beurr.5 Magniftque ;
Vicar of Winkfteld was the Cur«. Grosse Calebasse was exhi-
bited under a multitude of synonyms, viz., Calebasse Monstre,
Calebasse Royale, Calebasse Tougard, Calebasse Carafon, and
Van Maram ; the specimens in one collection under this last
name were immensely long and crooked. Ufedalo s ht,
Germain, the monster " quart pot " Pear which we are .accus-
tomed to see in Covent G.arden Market, was here exhibited
under the name of Belle Angevine. Cerneau d Aut6mne
appeared to be the same as ourStyrian. The exceUent stew-

ing Pear Gilogil was frequently exhibited, spelt in all manner
of w.ays, as Gill 6 Gill, Gille Aigulle, &o. Araonust other Pe.ars
particularly noticeable were fine examples of Louise Bonne
d'Avranches (Louise Bonne of Jersey) .and the striped
v.ariety of the same exhibited by Messieurs Jamin et
Durand, which is very prettily striped with rosy red and
yellow, and weU worth introducing to our gardens.
Napolt^on, or as it is called in France, Bon ChriStien Napol<5on,
was exhibited with bright rosy red cheeks, a colour which
we in England would scarcely bcUeve it could ever attain, it
being here .alw.ays so decidedly green. Belle et Bonne, a very
handsome looking Pear, but of no value, was exhibited as
Belle sans Pepins, in allusion to its want of seeds ; also as
Belle de Bruxelles. Of other very fine and handsome varieties
may be mentioned BeuiTt5 Clairgeau, Thompson's, Colmar
d'Aremberg, Beurr^ Superfin, Jalousie de Fontenay, very fine ;
General Todtleben, DoyenniS du Cornice, very fine, and a host
of others too numerous to mention. Conspicuous by its
absence, or nearly so, it being only represented by some two
or three scrubby dishes, was our favourite, our first and best
English Pear, M.arie Louise, without which no collection of
-Pears in England is complete. One can scarcely understand
why this variety is not more cultivated in France.

Apples occupied the next largest space, and though they
were not so well represented as the Pears, there were stUl
upwards of 1200 dishes exhibited. M. F. Maudult, Pepini6riste,
of Roucy ; Messieurs Baltet, Jamin et Durand, and Croux et
fils, exhibited the largest collections. The varieties mostly
consisted of our best English sorts, rather more highly
coloured than we usually see them. Reinettc du Canada was
in general very large and fine : this is the staple Apple of
France, taking the .same rank there as the Blenheim Orange
does in England— a variety, by the way, which does not find
much favour in France, there not being a'single specimen of
it exhibited. Reinette Grosse d'Angleterre, in one or two
collections, resembled it, and Mervilion d'Espagne in another,
but neither were ex.actly the same. Calville Blanche was
frequently exhibited, and very fine it was ; this is a most
excellent Apple, either for dessert or culinary purposes, and
much .attention is paid in France to the cultivation of this
particular variety, it will not succeed in this country,
excepting in a warm situation, against a south wall, or in an
orchard-houses. It is worthy of the best situ.ations in Paris, for
in the spring season Calville Blanche Apples fetch a fabulous
price, as much as 2fr. and 3 fr. being paid for a single fruit.
Belle Dubois was immensely large and fine; it is a kitchen
Apple, very similar to our Gloria Mundi. Reinette de Caux
was large and handsome, regular in outline. Reine des
Reinettes was very handsome, resembling our King of the
Pippins or Golden Reinette. Calville de St. Sauveur .and
MtSnagBre, two kitchen varieties, were likewise veiy fine.

Peaches, it being somewhat late in the season, were not so
well represented. M. Chevaher, of Montreuil, exhibited a
very handsome seedling in the style of the Bellegarde. It
was named Belle ImpiSratrice ; the fruits were large and
bandsomo, excellent in tlavoiu', the flesh parting freely from |
the stone ; it ripens somewhat later than the Barrington, .and I
will prove a welcome addition to our stock of late Peaches. On
one of the fruits w.a3 a very pretty and coiTect tr.acing of an
imperial crown, which must have been pricked mto the skin
while it was yet veiy young and tender. The celebrated Peach
cultivator. Monsieur le P^re, of Montreuil, exhibited several
varieties, the best of which were Cbevreuse tardive, and Bon
Ouvrier ; also the Stanwiek Nectarine, which was cracked in
the s.ame manner as it is with us. The name was spelt
Stanswight.

Strawberries were contributed by M. F. Gloede, of Beau-
vais : and amongst them was a small dish of Ananas perpe-
tuelles (Perpetual Pine), which is a rather small fruit, conical,
deep scarlet, and firm fleshed. Judging by the fruits sent, it
seemed a poor trashy thing : but although not first-rate in
itself, it is a perpetual bearing variety, and is a break in tho
right direction, as it may prove the ba.sis of a grand race of
perpetual-bearing Strawberries. Belle Bordelaise, a Hautbois
Strawberry, was very fine : this is an excellent variety, as
likewise is a variety of the Alpine, named Guillon sans filets,
somewh.at more pointed than the common variety. These
Alpine Strawberries are very largely cidtivatcd .ibout Pjiris,
.and are to be had in the rentmn-anls nearly all the year round.
Grapes were not largely nor well represented, with
the exception of those sent by our countryman,
Mr. Knight, of Pontchartrain, whose examples of
Frankenthal, Chasselas de Napoleon, Gros Guillaume,
Lady Downes', &c., were exceedingly fine,— by far the
finest Grapes I have ever seen grown in France.
He exhibited portions of the stems of his Vines,
trained on the spur system, with the bunches hanging
on them, and very excellent examples they were ; the
wood strong, clean, and beautifully ripened. _ It was
an excellent way of showing how the Vine is culti-
vated in this country— an example which the French
gardeners would do well to imitate, their style of
cultivation, and the results obtained, being wretchedly
poor in comparison. All honour, then, to Mr.
Knight for the spirited way iu which he continues
to uphold the standard of British viticulture
amid difficulties of no ordinary kind. It has always
been surprising to me to see the little interest and care
that is taken in the cultivation of the Vine, in France,
for dessert, and that in a country where Vines grow
so freely, and Grapes are so much eaten. It is almost
impossible out of the millions of tons grown, to get a
single respectable bunch. It is also surprising that
they should so much admire and lavish such praises
on the petite Chasselas, entirely ignoring the merits of
the large and beautiful Muscat of Alexandria, while
they bestow so much care in the cultivation of, and
are so proud of, their large Peaches and huge Pears
and Apples. A. F. -B.

ON JUDGING GRAPES.
How Peactical Men Leaen to Judge Gsapes.
If any one were to ask an experienced Grape
grower about the prospects of a crop of Grapes when
the leaves had just fallen, and the buds upon the
ripened wood were all he could see, he would no
doubt be able to give, even at that early date, a very
fair estimate of the future crop. A little further on,
when the buds had begun to swell, he would see the
future bunches taking their shapes, and could
accurately reckon their number and size, although
they had not as yet any greater dimensions than the
size of one's thumb nail. In the culture of Grapes it
may truly be said that the "wine comes direct from
the wood," and there is no after current; so that
unless the buds indicate a fine crop it never can be
realised. When the leaves begin to expand, and the
flower buds and tendrils shoot out, the crop is counted,
and the experienced eye judges, as in true logic, that

that which has almost invariably acted in the same
manner may be taken as a general rule, and concludes
that the buuches will be large or small, fine or stunted,
according to the evidence before it. When the Vine
flowers, and gives out strongly the peculiar Mignonette
flavour, it is a happy omen, and augurs well for the set.
and for the stoning of the berry. The size and
strength of the foliage give further promise, favourable
or otherwise, for the experienced eye to judge of the
crop. When a single bunch ot Grapes is exhibited
for competition, it should be accompanied by the leaf
out of whose bosom it has sprung, for the green shade
of its parent will make the best garnish that can
adorn it, and the judges will have, in the fineness of
the foliage presented, an excellent clue to the flavour
of the Grape. For such is the faithful and trust-
worthy character of all the works of Nature (or, if you
please, of God), that every promise duly made iu
indoor Grape culture, is also duly fulfilled.
As regards the bloom upon the berry of the
Grape, it seems a gratuitous and elegant gift,
a heaping of the measure of goodness of Him who
" giveth liberally and upbraideth not." It is not of the
same category as the mildews and moulds of decay, but
is of the nature of a healthy ornament, like the human
hair, and referable to the same source, namely, an
emanation from the uncreated beauty accompanying a
valuable gift. Therefore in judging of the flavour of
Grapes by their beauty, we may truly say withDryden,
" Think but well of Him, and half your work is done."

When the prize Grape grower is expecting a spirited
competition he either himself goes the round of the
neighbouring gardens, or sends his right-hand man to
reconnoitre, and so accurately can these men measure
in their mind's eye (and carry the measure home) all
the opposition bunches, that even the journeyman
gardener, gazing intently upon all the points of interest,
has become unwittingly an excellent judge, and that
before, the judgment day, for he has seldom been
deceived as to the garden to which the gold medal of
the Society would go, if he could only get a glimpse
of the Grapes in any stage of their growth. No
person should be trusted to judge Grapes who
could not tell by sight the flavour of good Grapes,
without tasting them. Those who hold the opposite
doctrine, and think that no mortal could tell, remind
me of that splendid tale so beautifully told by
Daniel, where the King asked his wise men to tell him
the dream which he himself had forgotten ; and we call
easily imagine the consternation of what we may call
the "Artful Dodgers," when they had to own that
" such secrets were only known to the gods, whose
conversation was not with men." From what has been
elicited in your columns it is evident that this subject
was ripe for discussion. If a houseful of Hamburgh
Grapes grown to perfection and well ripened, could be
found without flavour, they would deserve a first-class
prize as the greatest horticultural curiosity of the day.

The ancients considered the Vine as one of the
greatest gifts the gods had given them ; and whoever
is spared to see the development of cheap glass
applied to Grape growing in these islands, may yet
have cause to be grateful for the generous juice.
There is no better way of forwarding the good work of
Grape-growing than by keeping the subject on the
carpet, and occasionally brushing the dust away from
its surroundings. The greatest cause of the want of
flavour is to be found in the fruit being exhibited before
it is ripe. At the first Manchester Bxhibitiou of this
year, the Grapes that I saw were fit enough for exhi-
bition, but not fit to be eaten ; and it is but right to
state that at most of the early shows exhibitors are
rather prone to this failing. I have, indeed, seldom seen
the Muscat of Alexandria exhibited properly ripened,
although it is constantly shown ; it takes an unusual
quantity of light and heat, and has to hang long on the
Vines after it has fully grown. I may remark here,
that for two months after this Grape is ripe and eatable,
it keeps improving, and hence it is that this Grape is so
unprofitable. Any one can grow Muscats, but ripening
them to their full flavour, is a costly and tedious pro-
cess, for the foliage must be preserved, and it has many
enemies where the atmosphere is necessarily warm and
dry. From all that I have stated, it is easily seen that
Grapes can be soundly judged and compared with one
another at various stages of ripeness, and therefore at
various stages of flavour, but the man who can judge
Vines when budding, and when in flower and the fruit
when colouring, can have no difliculty with ripe Grapes.
It mustnot, however, be forgotten that Hamburgh Grapes
are black and beautiful long before they are ripe, so that
one bunch may be black and sweet and richly flavoured,
and another black and comparatively tart— not being
ripe. This lesson of ripening by the means of the
foliage is best learnt from the Gooseberry bush ; when
the caterpillar has taken the foliage the fruit is worth-
less, for without foliage flavour is not to be got ; and if
Grapes were to be judged chiefly by their flavour, we
had better go the whole length, and judge them
by the wine they would yield. But then the real
aristocratic use of high class Grapes is quite as
much to adorn the table, as to be an eatable part
of the dinner, and it is this point which fixes their
character. Such Granes are saleable at, say, from 300
to 500 per cent, above the price of ordinary Grapes.
When they are ripe enough to pass this ordeal,
they are fit for exhibition anywhere; and the judges
know well that a London fruit salesman would never
allow that class of fruit to be tasted or even touched,
and therefore the exhibitor has good reason to expect
that his beautiful Grapes will get the benefit of the
doubt, if there be any, as to their flavour, at the hands
of the judges. But what most concerns Grape-growers
is to have clearly pointed out the immense importance
of first getting fine foliage, and then preserving it
healthy till the fruit is fully ripened, when the flavour
will be secured. If the foliage is forwarded, the
flavour will not lag behind, any more than in the

OCTOBBB 13, 1867.1

THE GARDI'NKHS' CIIHONICLE j\ND AGIUCHI.TURAL (M/KITR

1047

case of liiitli'i's hero, Uiulibras, whoso quaint reason
for usinK only one spur wus that when ho spurred one
side of his horse, tho other never hunt! I)acl<. If Mr.
Barnes was able to convert Eed Hamburgh Vines of
Ion((-standins into IJIack ones, I have no doubt of
gettliig ilavour to well-grown Grajies by the same

praotical means. The late IJuke of remarked to

his guests that he liked to be able to say, " These

are the produce of my own garden." I mention this
because one of your corre-spondents seems to insinuate
that bought Grapes are not altogether respectable,
and that they would necessarily ho carried to market
half ripe, &o. ; but another correspondent naively
hints that tho best things somehow or other do And
their way to London, and a few visits to Covent
Garden Market at an early hour of tho morning, would
take tho conceit out of many a craok grower from
tho country. It is tho nation's storehouse for fruit,
and when the choicest articles are wanted at untimely
seasons, you get supplied from this garden. The
deathbed is cheered by Strawberries in the depth of
winter at fabulous prices by tho muice, from this
market; and hothouse Grapes all the year round are
gathered there, to cheer the happy homos of Plugland.
Uut, after all, I offer no apology in favour of its
respectability^ for I have in my 'recollection a long
article in " Chambers's Journal " about this word, the
author of which paper, alter he had run over every
article in the whole gamut of dress and adornment,
could only settle one item, and that was the umbrella :
and of this appendage he sagely said, that to be respeot-
able all tho world was agreed that the umbrella must
not be cotton— fr</o, to be resi)ectabl6 in the horticul-
tural way, your Grapes must be the produce of your
own garden. And in judgiug of their merit, it will be
like bringing a written recommendation along with
them, if a leaf be attached, so that a practical man
may see its condition. This test ought to be added as
a now point by which to .judge Grapes, for thsre is
none more trustworthy, and it does not in the least
damage tho Vine to cut a little wood and a leaf, with
the bunch.

Very few, indeed, have had the necessary training to
know the Ilavour of Grapes. The sharp sweetness of
the Pine-apple would be quite crabbed for Grapes •
the sweet, watery taste of the Melon would lack the
vinous aavour of the fruit of the Vine. I recollect a
French clergyman tasting some Muscat of Alexandria
Grapes that had hung till late upon the Vines, and he
was glad to confess that he had never tasted such
Grapes before, yet he had been reared in the south of
the " Grand Nation " where wine and Grapes were
not given by way of dainty, but every day—
" Ladlefuls o' gospel kail, and runt o' grnco.
Nac gi'eu by way o' dainty, but ilka diiy."—Bvrnf.

During my long and somewhat eventful life, I have
tasted Grapes, green in tarts, and ripe for table service,
of pretty nearly all the leading sorts in cultivation,
that I might know how to choose the good, &c. ; but
there remains vividly impressed upon my mind one
sample of White Muscats grown at Oakhill, East
Barnet, in the palmy days of that prize fruit-growing
garden. To prevent good Grapes from being wasted,
the fine golden berries came to the undignified use of
being " baked in a pie," and when the pie was opened,
it so gratified the taste and smell that it acted like
laughing gas, gladdening the partaker all over his
countenance. In heathen antiquity the food of the
gods was called ambrosia, and Muscat pie must, I
think, be ambrosial ; for although I have seen feastings
for Eoyalty, with all done that money could do, in the
way of fruit, I have never seen these highly-ripened
Muscats surpassed, for they were ripened under very
extraordinary circumstances which could but rarely
happen, and they were heavenly. Aleir. Torsi/tk.

prisoners. This princely fruit may, I think, with care
bo had in perfection during tho whole of October; it is
very remarkable for keeping several days in a good
fruit house after being gathered."

It is always interesting to hear of tho welfare of
one's children, and so I have ventured to copy part of
my friend's loiter. I raised the Victoria Nectarine
from a stone of tho Violetto IIMivo Nectarine, tho
blossom of wliic^h had been fertilised with pollen from
(lowers of the Htauwick Nectarine. When its first
fruits were exhibited to the Fruit Committee at South
Kensington, with some of the Albert Nectarine, raised
tho same year, it was very amusing to see tho furor
which the Victoria created, while the Albert, which
had a most distinct and very remarkable vinous Ilavour,
was passed over. Tho peculiar rich aroma of tho
Victoria — the blending of intense sweetness with some
flavour quite indescribable — had satisfied the committee,
it was like olleriug very excellent mock turtle after
green fat.

The- Victoria Nectarine will not ripen kindly against
walls north of the Trent, unless in some warm sheltered
nooks, such as may be found on the oast coast nf Stsot-
land. In the warmer counties of England it succeeds
perfectly against walls, ripening slowly, aud, owing to
its thick skin, it may be suffered to remain on the tree
for some days after ripening. Tios. Rivers.

THE VICTORIA NECTABINE.
I YESTERDAY (October 1) gathered some fruit of this
kind from a south wall. I never remember to have eaten
any fruit so delicious : they were not so luxuriously
sweet as those grown under glass, but they have, with
their rich flavour, a piquancy most grateful. A friend,
living near Southampton, writes to me as follows, in two
cornmunications:— "In 18(>t I had a maiden plant,
which, in a pit, has produced its first fruit, now (Sept.
25) just ripening. In June, ISii.'i, I inserted three buds
in the upper wood of another Nectarine tree ; they all
took, and last year (ISGii) made very rapid growth. This
year the young wood was covered with well-set embryo
fruit, of which I left 40, every fruit swollen : not one
was lost in stoning; they reached an immense size, and
of the .32, gathered up to this date (September 25)
every one has possessed the most exquisite flavour. I
hope to keep the remainder on the t,ree till Michaelmas.
In reply to your note ofthe2oth, inquiring respect-
ing the aspect and position of my tree, I have to add
that I budded the Victoria .just alluded to on an
ordinary Nectarine tree on tlie wall of my orchard-
house, which is 1.30 feet long, and without artificial
heat, the Victoria Nectarine occupying the east end,
and taking the afternoon sun ; and this probably gave
me so long a succession of fine ripe fruit during the
whole of September, which were placed in muslin bags
to protect them from the flies, which do not on the
whole attack them freely, for, like the Stanwick, they
have a thick skin. Every one of my 40 obtained its
full size, and every one was fit for the Queen's table.
They commenced to ripen early in September, and I
amused myself by gathering one or two at a time, and
sending them to my friends, and very grand and
delicious they were thought to be. They were as
large as good-sized Royal George Peaches, very high
coloured and beautiful, and one of my friends declared
they were the most perfect productions he ever looked
on. I must add one word more : the last of my
Victorias in swelling so filled the muslin baps that they
were obliged to be torn asunder to liberate the

BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

(Continued from p. 1024.)

Ik Section D (Biology), in addition to the papers
previously noticed, Mr. Hiekn read a paper on
The Occurrence of Aster safif/nus, in Wicl-en Fen. —
'\Viek?n Fen, about 10 miles from Cambridge, is a
large, wild, uncultivated tract of peat, overlying a basin
of gault, producing sedge, and cut up with ditches.
On August 23d last, the writer found growing in an
apparently wild state on the fen several plants which
he reisers to Willdenow's Aster salignus. This species
is nearly the only one, out of about 7() closely allied
Astei*s, which is a native of Europe, while the rest are
American. It grows wild in Germany and Denmark,
in many places by the banks of rivers, and therefore
might probably occur in Britain in such a locality as
AVicken Fen. It is not a plant in ordinary cultivation,
and could not, therefore, easily escape from a garden.
Specimens from Wicken have the habit of a wild plant.
A living specimen has been placed in the Cambridge
Botanical Garden.

Dr. Dickson, of Dublin, exhibited a Peculiar
Leaf, in which much interest was taken. Its
peculiarity was that the blade, instead of being simply
expanded as in the ordinary way, was separated into
two leaves, which were united to, each other back to
back. The leaf had also a very peculiar stalk.

Mr. W. CiKRUTHEBS read a paper on British Fossil
Cijcadece. — After describing the structure and peculi-
arities of living Cyeads, he referred to the history of
our knowledge of fossil species. Two genera had been
described— Clathraria by Mantell, from the Wealden,
and Cycadoidea by Buckland, from the Purbeck.
Clathraria has a simple or bifurcated stem, with the
internal structure of Cycas ; its lozenge-shaped scars
are alternately large and small, as in the recent genus,
showing the close relationship of the recent and fossil
genus; and this is further established by the fruits
which have been found in the same beds, and which
agree generally with those of Cycas. Four species have
been found — three from the south of England, and one
by the late Hugh Miller, at Brora, in Scotland. A
cylindrical stem, having the general appearance of
Clathraria, but with uniform scars on the stems, and
seeds in terminal cones, was named by the author
Yatesia, after a member of the Association who had first
drawn his attention to fossils, and who had rendered
him great help in his researches. A single species of
this genus occurs in England, and three have been
found in France. Buckland's genus Cycadoidea has
bulbiform trunks, with small branches, which difl'er
from the bulbils of recent Cyeads in that they are
permanently attached to the tree. In addition to
the three species already known, was one which had
been found by Mr. Charles Peach, at Helmsdale, and
which the author dedicated to that distinguished
naturalist; and a fifth species had been obtained from
the Polton Sands. The most remarkable form described,
was one to which the name Bennettites, was given by
the author after his colleague, whose advice and
assistance in this, as in every other work in which he
had been engaged, had been of more value than he
could express. Two species were described, both from
deposits in the Isle of Wight. One had been exhibited
and shortly described by Robert Brown. The genus
was characterised by having an elliptical bulbiform stem,
and a single woody cylinder from which the vascular
tissue for each leaf separates en masse, as in the stem
of Ferns, but passes outwards through the cortical
cellular layer. The structure of the fruit was minutely
described. It was borne on short branches ; the seeds
were supported on the ends of branched vascular
bundles, which the author considered analogous to the
altered leaves of the genus Cycas, but wanting the
cellular tissue which fonns the blade of the leaf. The
various genera thus represent the two sub-tribes of
recent Cyeads, while Bennettites shows a structure
which, while it approaches nearer to Cycas, yet is suf-
ficiently different to form a distinct tribe, of equal value
with the other two.

Mr. A. R. Wall.\ce made a communication on
Birds' Nests and Plumage, or the relation between
sexual differences of colour and the mode of nidifica-
tion in birds. — Underl.ving the various strucfiiial
peculiarities of birds' nests there is a functional
difl'erence, which enables us to divide them into two
classes, the first comprising all those nests in whi(di
the sitting bird is either fully ex;)0sed to yiew, or but
imperfectly concealed by the situation of the nest

among foliage, &c. ; the second, in which the nest is
either completely roofed in, or is placed in a dark hole
or cavity, so that the eggs and young, as well as the
sitting bird, are eflcclually hidden. Our tlirushos,
warblers, and finches as well as all raptorial birds and
pigeons, and the chatterers and tanagers of tho tropics,
aro examples of the former stylo of nest; while the
kingfishers, which build underground ; Ihoiiarrots and
woodpeckers, which bnilil in holes of trees ; the
I3teridn8 of America, which build hanging covered
nests ; and our own wren, which makes a domed nest,
are examples of the latter mode of nidification. Turn-
ing now to the colours and markings of birds, we siiall
find that, from this point ol' view also, we can divide
them into gnmiis, which aro probably functional, since
the division depends, not upon the colour or mark of
the whole species, but on the difference or identity of
colour in the two sexes. The striking difl'erence of
colour in the se.xes of many birds has attracted much
attention, hut has not hitherto been brought under
any general law. In some groups, as the toucans for
example, although the colours are very varied and very
brilliant, they sufl'er no diminution in the female,
which is always equ.ally adorned with her mate. In
the majority of birds this is not the case, but the
female is almost alwa.vs less brilliant than the male;
and in many cases, a.s in the gorgeous chatterers and
Paradise birds, the hen bird is so dull and dusky in
colour that it can rarely be recognised as belonging to
the same species. Now, I believe I have discovered a
casual connection between these two groups of facts,
for with but very few exceptions I find that, when-
ever both sexes are of bright, gay, or conspicuous
colours, the nest is of the second class, or such as to
conceal the sitting bird ; while, whenever there is a
striking contrast of colours, the male being gay or con-
spicuous, the female dull and obscure, the nest is open,
and the sitting bird fully exposed to view. The follow-
ing are the chief facts on which this generalization is
founded : — The entire families of kingfishers, motmots,
and Bucconina;, or American barbels, build their nests
in holes deep in the earth. They are almost all gaily
coloured or at least conspicuous birds, and in every
case the female is either of exactly the same colour and
markings as the male, or when diS'erontis scarcely less
conspicuous. The Capitonidce, the toucans, the
plantaineaters, the hoopoes, the trogons, the wood-
peckers, and the parrots, all build their nests in holes
of trees, and in all these birds (comprising 500 or 600
species), which are almost universally gay-coloured or
conspicuous, the females are either coloured exactly
like the maJes, or, when different, are little less con-
spicuous. The Eurylffimidre, another group of
strikingly handsome ea.stern birds, make a covered
nest, and there is no distinction of sexes whatever.
The beautiful little group of Paridte or tits differ
from most of their allies in always building a nest in
which the female is concealed, for while some of the
species build a roofed nest, others place it in a hole.
The genera, Sitta, Sittella, and Clinjacteris, either
build their nests in holes, or conceal them carefully
among twigs and _dense foliage. They are all pretty
and conspicuous "birds, and the males are always
either coloured like the females, or even sometimes
more gaily. The fine metallic starlings of the East
(Eulabes and Calornis) have the sexes exactly alike,
and the former builds its nest in holes, while the latter
forms a roofed hanging nest. The ground-cuckoos
(Centropus) are showy birds, which build a domed
nest, and the females are not different from the males.
The Icteridje, or hangnests of America, are almost all
showy birds, generall.v adorned with bright red or
yellow patches on their glossy black plumage. They
all build roofed or purse-shaped nests, generally pensile,
and in all the females are as gay as their mates. These
facts strikingly contrast with the number of birds of
showy plumage which build open nests, for in almost
every case the female birds are totally devoid of the gay
plumage of their partners. The superb blue and
crimson chatterers, the exquisitely vsried tanagers, the
gay little manakins, with tii-ir orange, blue, scarlet, or
white heads, have all feinik s of the dullest brown, or
olive-green tints, generally without a vestige of colour
over their whole bodies. Hundreds of species of
tropical flycatchers, shrikes, thrushes, and warblers are
exceedingly handsome birds, adorned with the most
brilliant hues, but they build open nests, and in every
case the females are much less conspicuous than the
males, been esiiecially deficient in those bright patches
of colour on the head and uirper parts which would
render them visible while sitting on their eggs, and in
a Large proportion of instances being of uniform earthy
brown or olive-green tints best adapted for conceal-
ment. We learn from these curious facts that, in
harmony w'ith innumerable facts of a similar nature
among insects, the female bird being exposed to danger
during the important epoch of incubation, and it being
of the highest necessity for the preservation of the
species that she should be protected during that epoch,
all gay colours which would betray her presence to
carnivorous bird.s, beasts, or reptiles are denied her,
except in those cases when the structure or situation
of the nest itself effectually hides her; then, as if
plainly to teach us the reason of this difference, we
find female birds adorned with all the gorgeous hues
which, in other eases, are confined to the male sex.
A most striking proof that this is the true ex]iLanatiou
of these phenomena is found in some very curious and
anomalous facts in the natural history of birds. There
are a few cases in which the male birds either chiefly
or wholly perform the duties of sitting on the egas ;
and when this is the case, and the bird is sufficiently
defenceless to need protection, the usual external
characters of the sexes is also reversed, and the female
becomes the larger and the finer-coloured bird. The
sooty phalarope, the dotterel, and the small Indian
quails of the genus Turnix, are examples. The origin
of this curious and unexpected connection between the

1048

THE GAIUJEKEKS' CHKONIOLE AW AGRICUETUEAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 12, 1867.

mode of a bird's nesting, and tlie colour of the female
plumage, will be differently explained according as we
adopt the theory of "special creations" of every
slightly varied form, instinct, or habit, or believe that
these are all due to the action of the laws of variation
and hereditary transmission, and the cumulative effect
of " natural selection " or survival of the fittest. It
appears to me that the views of Mr. Darwin best
enable us to understand these facts, and that they well
illustrate how large a part the need of protection has
played in producing many of the most striking

feouliarities and anomalies in the animal kingdom,
t is true there are some exceptions to the law here
laid down, but they are few in number, and can
generally be explained by the peculiar habits of the
species. On any theory of evolution or development
of the forms of life, we must admit that the present con-
dition of nature is the resultant of all past conditions.
The long-continued actions and reactions of all known
and unknown causes, must have been intricate in the
highest degree, and their effects must be proportionately
complex. Anomalies and exceptions must therefore
be expected to occur, for how can we explain all the
phenomena of nature so long as we know only an
infinitesimal fraction of its past history ? Yet there are
existing facts in nature which enable us to trace some
of the more important influences which have been
mainly instrumental in modifying and remoulding the
forms and colours and habits of all living things.

Home Correspondence.

I Peas. — From this year's crop of early
Peas I saved some seed that was sown on the 30fch of
July. The kind was supplied to me, in the first
instance, by one of our leading nurserymen, as Daniel
O'Rourke, but 1 found it so much mixed that the
whole did not come to maturity at the same time. I
therefore, in the produce obtained, separated two of
the varieties therein, a larger and smaller sort, of
which samples are enclosed, marked Nos. 1 and 2.
These were sown apart, on the same day, and from
the former I have been gathering for the last week
Peas nearly as numerous and fine as those from
the previous crop. The other (No. 2) is upwards of a
foot taller, and now only coming into pod. Can j;ou
tell me, from the appearance of the samples, which
of the two sorts is the true Daniel O'Rourke?
It strikes me that No. 1 is identically the same as
Pirst Crop. Both Nos. 1 and 2 are growing, even at
this late period of the year, in a most luxuriant state,
entirely free from mildew or blight. This arises no
doubt from the rows having been constantly well
syringed all over, on the evening of every dry day.
from the time they came up, so tha,t the soil remained
always moist, and the vegetation did not suffer in the
least from extreme heat or drought, which circum-
stance I take to be the main cause of mildew, because,
I have other Peas still in a bearing state, sown in June,
not so treated, that are sadly affected with it. The
same observation applies to my Hoses, for those that
were kept regularly watered are now growing and
blooming splendidly, whereas others, in consequence
of that omission, are covered with mildew or unhealthy
blackened foliage. I should like to know if others of
your readers have given the "water cure" a trial on
their late sown Peas in the same copious manner, and
how it has answered with them ? A mere sprinkling
will not suffice, they require to be thoroughly soaked
during the dry season, but, at the same time the
drainage must be perfect, because, as every one knows,
stagnant moisture is destructive to all plants. Amateur.
[No. 1 is Dillistone's Early or First Crop ; No. 2,
gangster's No. 1 or Daniel O'Rourke. Eds.]

PhalcBnopsids (see p. 932).— The formation of a
young plant on a Phalseuopsis cannot by any means be
considered rare, though perhaps the occurrence happens
as seldom with P. Sohillenana as with any, which
is singular enough, considering the magnificent speci-
mens of it now in the country. The most prolific I
think is P. rosea ; but P. Luddemanniana I imagine will
eventually prove itself to be even more free than it. I
have a plant of P. Luddemanniana on which a young
plant formed at the end of a spike last autumn. The
offset soon threw out roots, and established itself The
old plantgrewall the winter,making leavesll inches long
and 4 inches broad, and at the same time threw up four
flower spikes, the longest attaining a length of 26
Inches. The plant was exhibited at the National
Exhibition in June last, with eight very large and finely-
coloured blooms on it, and since then it has formed
three more at the extremity of the spikes. The old
plant has continued growing all the time, and is now
making the twelfth leaf. I have a plant of P. Lowii,
which has made a leaf this summer 4 inches long,
and now it has thrown up a spike 12 inches long,
with two laterals, each bearing two fiowers.

W. Swan, Gardener to T. Jones, Manchester. ■

I have under my charge a plant of P. Sehilleriana,
which has produced two breaks, and another is formed
with five leaves on the base of the old plant. The
productive mother had 46 flowers in great beauty
during the time when the second break was forming.
The plant taken off last May has seven leaves, the
longest being 8i inches. I may mention that I have
seen at Park Hill, Streatham, P. amabilis, P. grandi-
flora, and P. rosea, with several young plants on their
flower stems. John Preston, Gardener, The Ryelands,
Norwood.

Frost. — I had intended, some weeks ago, to have given
you the results of last season's frosts on my shrubs.
My garden is bounded on the eastern side by the River
Thames, and on the night of January 4—5 this year,
the thermometer marked zero on the scale of Fahren-
heit. Most hardy Roses escaped, both standards and
others on their own roots, but Bourbons were killed
to the snow line; this was the case with a white and
yellow Banksia, but Fortune's Banksia braved the

frost. Escallonia, killed to the ground, partially
recovered, but probably will eventually die. Ceanothus,
though much cut, recovered full vigour; Cupressus
macrocarpa, quite killed; Lambertiana, close by it,
untouched ; Bay, Arbutus, Laurustinus, killed to the
ground. On the whole, I suffered less than most of
my neighbours, which I attribute to the dryness of
my soil —chalky gravel. I desire to call attention to
this point, that persons may make trustworthy observa-
tions—I mean observations with reliable instruments,
recorded at the time— during the coming winter. It
is frequently said, and at the beginning of the year a
good deal was written in your pages asserting, not
proving, that the cold was greater in the valleys
and by watersides than on the hills, because
the damage done to plants in such localities
is generally greater. It may occasionally be the
case, because so many circumstances conspire
to produce what we call climate ; but it will be found,
I believe, that the tendency of water is always to miti-
gate the extremes of temperature. If the valley as a
rule is not warmer than the hill, will any one explain
to me why we may often see the hill tops covered with
snow while the vale is free ; or why the corn is 10 days
or a fortnight later in ripening on the hills 400 feet
above me than, I will not say in the valley, but in the
open plains to the northward of them ? To conclude
with the most recent instance in favour of what I have
been advancing. On Oct. 4 I called on a friend who
lives on the hills above me, and I found none of his
flowers holding up their heads but some beds of Tom
Thumb Pelargonium ; they had been all nipped by that
morning's frost. I had a frost, too, upon the Grass ;
but all my flowers, even Nasturtiums and Heliotrope,
within 100 feet of the river, were unhurt. J. S.,

Streatleij Vicarage. ■ In reply to your inquiry

respecting the effect of the cold winter upon Coniferse
in this neighbourhood, I am happy to say that, as far
as I am aware, there has not been the smallest damage
done to them for several miles around me. I am seven
miles west of Taunton. Some trees of Pinus insignis
at Mr. Perkins', The Grange, Kingston, about seven
miles N.W. from here, have been slightly frost-bitten
on the exposed side, but none of them killed. My own
had grown 9 feet in two years, but have escaped all
injury, and made long shoots. I am sorry to say that
the flne Bentharaia at Tetton has been killed this year ;
the return of winter inMarch,and the frost on theDerby
day, have done much more harm hereabouts than the
cold in January, and gave the Benthamia its death-blow.
A very large Bay tree, 30 feet high, at Milverton, has
been pinched, but not severely, hmaller shrubs of the
same m that parish have not been hurt. The Laurus-
tinus, as elsewhere, have been the greatest sufferers : but
I do not believe that any of them have been killed.
Quercus Ilex has escaped altogether, and so has the
common Furze bush. S. C. A. Prior, Halse Souse,
Taunton.

Pine-apples at Archerfield. — In speaking of Archer-
field recently (see p. 999), I forgot to give you an
interesting quotation from Mr. Thomson's fruit n9te
book, concerning an experiment which he made with
Pines. It was undertaken with a view to test the
value of large or small pots for Pines. Eighteen plants
were shifted into 15-inoh, and 18 into 11-inch pots. The
following are the results :—

From 1^-inch Pots.
I Smooth Cayenne weighed

lb. oz.

each
weighed

1
1

1
1
1

1

1 .. -

1 Cliarlotte Rothschild ,,

1 „ M

III ll'incli Pots.
1 Smooth Cayenne weighed
1 „ „ ..

1 >. .. I.

„ ,, each

9 1
8 0
8 .3

8 12

8 11

7 10

2 „ „ ,, til

1 ,, weighed .. .. .. . . 6 12

1 „ „ „ 6 10

1 „ „ „ C 8

2 ,, „ each 6 7

"Although," says Mr. Thomson, " the lo-inch pots show
the greatest weights, I do not consider anything was
gained by the larger pot, as those plants put into the
largest pots were at the time of shifting the finest
plants, and those from which I should have looked for
the finest fruit. Out of the 3C, seven fruit were under
6 lb,, and only one fruit under 5 lb. They were cut in
the dead of the year, from the end of October to the
end of January, 1866. In the smallest sized pots there
are some wonderful fruit this year just swelling off
from plants potted as rootless suckers in August, 1866,
that will ripen at Christmas." Viator.

Planting.— It planters will follow the advice given
by you last week (see p. 1021) there will be little dis-
appointment. My advice also is to those who have
room to plant extensively, plant of all sorts, both
Conifers and deciduous trees. Some sorts will surely
succeed, even in the most unfavourable localities. I
have introduced to a considerable extent, in my woods
and pleasure grounds, most of the new deciduous
varieties. They are indeed well worth cultivation. In
particular at this season, and after the long, hot, dry
summer and autumn, the beauty of foliage in its dying
state is very great. Shannon, Castle Martyr,
Ireland. , .,,

The Vines at Chafsmorth.— Allow me to correct a
httle mistake which I find in the Gardeners' Chronicle
of Ootober 5 (p. 1025). Tour correspondent, Mr.
liereman, while noticing the alterations that were
made to raise and improve the Vine borders at Chats-
worth nearly 40 years ago by Sir Joseph (then Mr.)
Paxton, observes that " he came to Chatsworth in
1818 from the Horticultural Society's gardens at

Chiswick," whereas these gardens were not formed
until 1822, and Mr. Paxton was not employed in them
until November, 1823. Under the direction of the late
Dr. Lindley, who was then Secretary for the garden,
Mr. Paxton assisted to arrange and plant most of the
beautiful specimens of trees which now adorn the
arboretum, and had the superintendence of this depart-
ment until he was appointed to the gardens at Chats-
worth, in 1826, by the late Duke of Devonshire.
W. B. B.

Viola lutea. — This plant has qualities adapted for
bedding purposes which, when known, will render it as
popular and as much sought after as its lovely com-
peer the Viola cornuta. On a recent visit to Hunt-
royde I was very much struck with the charming effect
produced by these two Violas, planted in a border side
by side. V. lutea is perfectly hardy, of a very compact
habit, and produces its beautiful canary-coloured
flowers throughout the season (rain or sunshine) in the
greatest profusion. To those who are not the fortunate
possessors of this plant, my advice is, get it and propa-
gate it as soon as you can. Mr." Wills informed me
that the border in which his plants were blooming so
freely, had been well manured : this is a matter that
will require attention, as neither of these Violas will
bloom so freely in poor soil as they will do in good rich
material. It is a pleasing fact to note, that three of
our most effective bedding plants are quite hardy, viz.,
Dactylis glomerata variegata, Viola cornuta andV.lutea.
Bruce Findlay, Botatiic Gardens, Manchester.

The Silver Pine of Table Mountain {Leucadendron
argenteutn, syn. Protea argentea). — In your impression
of the 29th of June (see p. 685), you inserted
a short communication from me, respecting the so-
called " Silver Pine " of Table Mountain. I find, from
a conversation which I have had within the last few
days with a gentleman recently returned from the
Cape, that the last paragraph of the quotation given in
the article under notice requires a slight correction.
It is there stated that " this tree seems of little use, and
has only its beauty to recommend it ;" I am told that
the bark of the tree is used in tanning, and the trunk
furnishes excellent firewood. I ask you to insert this,
because I am of opinion that all good and useful
qualities possessed by any plant should be duly
recorded. 5,

The Loquat (Friobotrr/a Japonica, Lindley, syn.
Mespilus japonica, Thunberg). — Although this tree
was introduced some 80 years ago, it is very rarely to
be found in collections of exotic fruits in this country.
Yet it produces an agreeable fruit about the size of a
Gooseberry, of a fine yellow colour, and, according to
the late Sir Joseph Banks, as good as the Mango. To
ripen it with flavour it requires the temperature of a
stove, coming, with such treatment, into use in March.
I know of one tree which has been growing in a con-
servatory for many years, and has a stem of consider-
able thickness ; but though it has frequently produced
its deliciously sweet-scented flowers, it has never
matured its fruit, the temperature of the house not
being sufliciently high to effect that result. It may be
grafted on either species of the genus, or on the Haw-
thorn. At the Cape I find the tree is cultivated, and
the fruit is there much esteemed. S.

Polygonum cuspidatum.— This is not mentioned in
Paxton's Botanical Dictionary, but it deserves to be more
generally known than it is. For many years I never saw
it anywhere except at Kew and in my own garden,
both of which have to thank the late Dr. Royle for it.
He brought it from Northern India, and I think he
said it occurred also in China. It grows as a bush to
the height of 8 feet. In the summer its foliage is
pleasing, though peculiar from the singular shape of
the leaves, and its delicate clusters of white flowers in
August are very pretty. It is a capital perennial for a
mixed border. W. T.

Anagyris indica.— Some 20 years ago I saw a plant
of this species growing out of doors, trained against a
south wall, at Streatham, where in the month of May
it was producing clusters of yellow blooms, in form
resembling bunches of Wistaria, I sent a bloom of it
to the late Dr. Lindley, who kindly named it for me.
There is a balcony in Norland Square, Netting Hill,
where Wistaria (Glycine) sinensis and Laburnum have
been intertwined all over it, with good effect when in
bloom ; but I have often thought that a much more
elegant and graceful combination would result from
training Glycine and Anagyris indica together. It has
never been my good fortune to see another specimen of
the latter plant, no do I remember to have seen it
referred to in any catalogue. Can any of your corre-
spondents give any information about it? TF.T. [What
our correspondent refers to is the shrub now called
Piptanthus nepalensis, which is much less frequently
seen than its merits deserve, though it requires the
shelter of a wall. Eds.]

Variegated Zonals for Bedding.— G&n any of your
correspondents inform me which of the "Tricolor"
Geraniums would surpass Mrs. Pollock for a bed
15 yards from the nearest point of view ? W. JE.

Neio Silkworm (see p. 1001).— The following addi-
tional notes upon the manufacture of silkworm gut,
from the Liquidambar feeding worm, may prove
interesting. Mr. Consul Swinhoe says that the cocoons
which were brought to him were attached to the twigs
of the tree, and that at the time he received them
(July 10) nearly all the worms had finished spinning.
On the 27th of June some, full grown, were taken to
him for the purpose of showing him the method of
drawing out the gut, but^ as he was engaged at the
time, attention was not given to the subject till tho
following day, when the basket was opened and one
worm found dead : the others, the natives declared, were
past the time, and no longer of use. He, however,
proceeded to show the process of drawing out the gut.
For this purpose he had a cud of strong vinegar and
another ot water ; he took one of the Uve worms in tis
fingers, and broke it in one of the hinder joints of the

OCTOBEH 12, 1867.]

THE GAUDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

1049

body, from which he extracted a thiokish, white,
thread-like substance : this was steeped in the vinegar
for a second or two, and then shaken about in the
fresh water. It seems that great care is required not
to allow it to be in the vinegar too long, as it turns it
yellow. The (jut was next fixed at one end and drawn
gradually out into lengths. Care is necessary to select
the larvae before becoming too old, as in those which
were experimented upon in Mr. Swinhoe's presence
(the native declared to be too old) the gut cracked and
broke, and had lost its ductility. Some of the worms
were fast spinning cocoons. It seems that at the
season— near the end of June—" boys are sot to watch
under the trees for the worms to descend, lowering
themselves on their own threads. They do not come
down until they are ready to spin. As soon as a worm
descends it is at once caught, broken, and the silk gut
there and then extracted, steeped in vinegar, washed, and
drawn out. The boys are always provided with vinegar
and water during the capture, as the operation brooks
of no delay. If the worms are kept at all the gut is
useless, and will not draw. Each gut, if properly
managed, will draw out to 20 or 30 feet. The gut is
dried m a shady place, and is then rolled up and con-
sidered ready for use." The use of vinegar in {preparing
the gut agrees with the mode of preparing it in Spain.
J, R. Jackton.

Pinning Dahlia Blooms. — As a grower and admirer
of Dahlias I am glad to see that attention has at length
been called to a practice which for some years has been
gaining ground among Dahlia competitors, viz., that of

pinning on" the under petals of blooms intended for
competition. I have always been certain that it only
required to be known that such a thin^ was done, to
call forth, as it has now done, and as it most justly
deserves, an unqualified and unanimous denunciation.
It certainly is a despicable and dishonest practice, and
the sooner some plan is devised which shall etfeotually
put a stop to it the better, A correspondent asks (see
p. 970) " Is the practice right, or is it wrong ? " Surely
there can only be one answer to the question, seeing
that it is dishonesty and deceit to pass off for a bond
Jlde Dahlia what is little other than a "basket" one.
Were every show-stand which contained a pinned up
Dahlia bloom to have a disqualifying card pinned to it,
in my opinion there would soon be an end of
pinning. M. P.

Variegated Elms.—V your correspondent Mr. Hally
(p. 952) will visit the garden of the Royal Horticul-
tural Society at Chiswick, he will find in the wilder-
ness walk at least two variegated Elms on their own
roots, and moreover one of them has sent up an
abundance of suckers, the leaves on which are as fully
variegated as those on the parent stem. M. S.

New Grapes.— Isi, Muscat Champion : A fine look-
ing Grape, possessing a tolerable Muscat flavour, with
large bunches and berries ; I am under an impression
that this Grape will not come into general favour, as it
is more liable to be of a brown than a black, rarely
colouring up to the stalk. 2d, Eoyal Ascot : This is a
great bearer, with thick skin and hard flesh, bunches
medium sized ; it is not so early as the Black Ham-
burgh, and in my opinion not so good. Much has been
said about its keeping qualities, but this has yet to be
proved, as no fruit of this Grape has yet been seen in
February or March. 3d, Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat :
This, in my opinion, is the best Grape of the year:
bunches large, well formed, berries medium sized, well
set on stout rigid stalks, fine Muscat flavour, and it has
proved itself to be an excellent late Grape ; one great
recommendation is that it requires little artificial heat.
4th, Madresfield Court Black Grape : This is likely to
take a first-class place where good Grapes are grown ;
it has fine bunches, large berries, strong Muscat
flavour, vigorous constitution ; perhaps the leathery
skin may be an objection. There is yet another Grape
in the country which has not yet put in an appearance
for public favour, but which probably will do so next
year; it is of Australian origin, remarkablylargeinbunch
and berry, a fine black, and said to be well flavoured.
The Mammoth would not be a bad name for it. Sbor.
^^ Nurserymen and their Sepresentatives.— Lei me not
rush into print" without taking heed of the conse-
quences. I would not say one word against the
nurserymen as a body, for their respectability is
undoubted, and from many of them I have received
the utmost civility while conducting the business of
my employers ; but a circumstance has occurred which
my duty to the class to which I belong leads me to bring
under public notice. Nearly ten years ago I was
engaged where I now am. Some two months after a
London traveller called, and was told by me that I was
not a buyer ; that I was not in want of anything. He
said he had been in the habit of supplying my prede-
cessor to the extent of from £70 to £200 for plants in one
account, and that it would be hard for him to lose this
through me. " Would it be of any use to see the gen-
tleman himself ? " My reply was that I hadnothing to do
with that ; but that I did not intend to purchase any
more Orchids till I had another house to put them in
as we were too full already. Time rolled on ; the
traveller became himself a dealer, and transacted
business on his own account. His representatives (I
write in the plural, for they have been many) made
calls upon me, and sometimes received an order for a
few plants, and at othar times went without. About
three weeks ago another of his representatives called,
and on making himself known, was by me invited into
a room in my house, paid the account due, and was
informed again that I did not require anything at this
tune ; that the plants had not answered my expectations,
they having been so small and imperfect that it had
taken all the summer to make plants of them. This
was nearly the extent of my conversation. Judge my I
surprise when, a few days after, I received a letter from
the principal, telling me that I had ab used his "represen-
talive," and that he was about to bring my conduct j
under the notice of my employer, who, he was sure, '

would not tolerate such conduct in any of his servants ,
but conveying a hint that an apology might stop pro-
ceedings. To this I replied, that his threats and his
favours were alike to me— I caredfor and wanted neither.
This brought from him in return a repetition of the
throat ; and so the matter rests. Now, sir, this is a
system of pushing business new in its way; but one
calculated to work upon country gardeners not always
prepared, with strength of mind, or position in business
matters, to resist the annoyance. A Gentlemen' ■■< Gar-
dener. [Is not this a matter whicli should bo settled
II out of court" by the parties concerned? The anxiety
"to do business" does not usually manifest itself in
incivility. Eds.]

Pipe Flues.— I have a brick pit here, heated with
9 inch socket earthenware pipes, whicli answer the
purpose perfectly. The cost of fuel to keep it at a
forcing heat is very small, the attention is no more
than what would be required for a hot-water apparatus,
and it does not need any hole dug in which to set a
boiler, the whole being but U feet below the surface of
the ground. The pit contains six lights. It is divided
in two^ and is 21 feet long, and 7 feet wide. The
height in front is 2J feet, and that of the back 6 feet.
Inside is a brick pit 4 feet wide and 3 feet 6 inches
high, with space in front for the pipes for top heat, set
on bricks, to keep the damp from aflecting the draught.
The other row of pipes is under the mould at the back
of the inside pit, with a walk behind 2 feet in width.
In this pit have been grown good Cucumbers and
other plants. J. R.

Coast Plants.— I have a house and grounds on the
south coast, close to the sea, and as you may suppose,
there is great diflSculty in obtaining shelter from the
wind, which I may say is almost constantly blowing.
I have had a number of roots piled up as a screen,
which would have the desired eflTect, but that we do
not know what plants to put in. The roots face the
south, and are very much exposed to the force of the
wind. Will you mention what plants you think would
succeed. A. B. C. [The following will perhaps succeed
with you, viz. : — Cupressus maorooarpa and Lawsoniana,
Yews, Hollies, Box, Laurustinus, Phillyrea.s, Arbutus,
Black Austrian Pines, Maples, and common Alder ;
Hypericum calycinum, Yincas, Gum-cistus, Cineraria
maritima Tamarix, Lilacs, Antirrhinums, Delphi-
niums, Wallflowers, Helianthemums, Pinks, and
Carnations. Eds.]

Campanula Barrelieri.—l wonder this handsome and
free-blooming species is not oftener seen than it is.
Its profuseness of bloom is something remarkable,
while its duration extends over a considerable time.
It is an excellent kind for greenhouse decoration
during summer, as the plants hang down from the
pots, and are literally covered with bloom. It has also
bloomed capitally in pots out-of-doors. I mean to try
a bed of it next summer. I have a woolly-leaved
species or variety also, almost identical in every other
respect with the above. S. D.

Zonal Pelargoniums. — I quite approve of Mr.
Groom's suggestions with regard to a show of Zonal
Pelargoniums. I also highly approve of the mode of
classification which he has proposed to adopt. And I
will willingly withdraw my own proposal (see p. 803)
in favour of that of Mr. Groom, concerning which I
will only suggest a slight addition to the number of
classes. It appears to me that it may not be quite
advisable to exclude seedling or yearling plants alto-
gether, as it is quite possible that the ensuing season
may develop forms and varieties quite distinct from,
and even in advance of, all that has preceded them ;
and it is certainly a pity to refuse the public the
earliest opportunity of seeing them. I therefore
beg to suggest the adding of two classes to the 14 which
Mr. Groom has proposed, so that the schedule, if
adopted, would consist of 16 classes. The two I propose
to add would be as follows :—
Class 15.— SIl Seedling or Yearling Pelargoniums, aeedling
plants, not from cuttings, viz., two Golden Variegated
Zonals, two Silver Variegated Zonals, and two Bronze
Zonals.
01a«s 16. —Three do., do., do., viz., one Oolden Varie-
gated Zonal, one Silver Variegated Zonal, and one
Bronze Zonal.
The entrance fee to be the same as for the correspond-
ing classes, and the same rules to apply with regard to
the size of pots. In your parenthesis in Mr. Groom's
letter you say that it has been decided that in
future three plants of each sort shall be required.
I regret to sa,y that I see considerable objections to
this hasty decision, inasmuch as intending exhibitors
do not all reside at what may be called an easy distance
from South Kensington ; and supposing Mr. Groom's
schedule, or one similar, agreed to and adopted ; and
suppose, also, a distant grower desirous of exhibiting
in classes 1, 4, 7, and 12 ; this would necessitate the
transmission of no fewer than 72 plants— a somewhat
serious consideration. So I will beg to propose, as an
amendment, that they be shown in pairs. This will
raduce the number of plants required by one-third,
and two specimens would represent each variety just
as well as three. P. Grieve, Cidford.

Hardihood of Centaureai (see p. 1035). — Last year I
had two beds of Centaurea argentea, and in November
when the beds were relieved of their other blackened
and despairing occupants, the Centaureas looked so
little damaged that I determined to try a bed through-
out the winter without any protection. The bed in
question was situated only a few yards from a thermo-
meter which several nights during the winter indi-
cated 29' of frost, yet not a single plant was destroyed,
and indeed they are now by far the best plants I have.
When I say that they have had no protection, I mean no
artificial assistance, for this was rendered unnecessary,
as Nature had provided a substitute in the clouds of
leaves which fell from the many and beautiful Beech
trees that so thickly stud the park which surrounds the
gardens, and these in their passing flight were
detained by the long and flexible leaves of the

Centaurea, until every cavity Was closely filled up with
them These leaves were allowed to remain just as
they fell until the spring, when everything wa.s cleared
away, and, although every leaf of the Centaureas was
rotten, the crowns and side buds were quite fresh and
plump, so that early in April thoy wore agnin fine
bu.shy plants, althoutsh, strange to sav, as green as
Cabbages. I had occasion to transplant them early in
June, which they evidently onjoyoil, and I have no
hesitation in saving that they produced the largest and
best powdered leaves I ever saw grown in the open air so
much so that I intend this winter to leave all my plants
again at the mercy of Nature's kind protection, except
those which I require for pot culture. I may just
add, that the best companion for the Centaurea that I
have found is Achyranthes Verschaffoltii, notwith-
standing all that has been written both as regards its
merits and demerits, for with me it has always proved
a decided success in the north, where Coleus and
Amarauthus melanoholious have proved complete

failures. R. Westcott, The Gardens, Raby Caslk.

Centaurea candidissima (ragusiua) has frequently
been left out here all winter ; and though it does not
live over our severest winters, it has stood 10° and 15°
of frost without being killed. Continued damp appears
to be as fatal to it as cold, and I feel confident that the
generally damp climate and soilof Hertfordshire would
kill it without frost. Even if it stood over the winter,
however, I do not think much would be gained, because
old plants which I have known to stand the winter
never make such graceful and beautiful specimens as
those grown from single crowns. Old plants have a
much greater tendency to throw up flower-stems, and
do not make nearly such fine foliage as young plants
planted every year. I may state that it frequently
damps off very much, even in wet summer and autumn
weather, when planted on the level : and to obviate this
I generally elevate the plants a little by sticking large
drain tiles or bottomless pots into the border, leaving
them 9 to 10 inches above ground ; and in these the
Centaureas are planted in April. Managed thus they
never suffer from damp, and the beauty and elegant
habit of the plants are set ofl' to great advantage.
During this unprecedented cold and wet season, in some
instances they have been elevated in 15-inch pots, and
the latter have been entirely hidden from view by the
leaves hanging over the sides, meeting together with a
surrounding band of Iresine Herbstii, a combination
which has been much admired. This is in a sort of
chain fashion, and the whole is. while I write (Oct. 8), in
great beauty. These Centaureas when planted were
bushyyoung plants, in 6-inch pots, and weresurrounded
in the pots in May with blue Lobelia. They are now more
than 30 inches across. Plants of that size we never save,
unless for the purpose of propagation in spring. Young
plants are always considered more beautiful in symmetry

and foliage. D. Thomson, Archerfield Gardens. •

C. candidissima is so far hardy that it withstood the
severity of the winter of 1861-65, at this place, in the
open border. On reference to our register of the
temperature, I find that our lowest record was 13',
showing 20' of frost on the nights of February 14 and
15, 1365, v.'ith a slight covering of snow at the time.
Last winter I kept a few in a cold pit, and they were
frozen as hard as stone in the pots. Part of these died,
but not all : those that lived are still growing in the
borders here. I find this Centaurea to be a very
difficult plant to keep alive when taken up, as with us
it refuses to root again when re-potted ; so I now plunge
it, pot and all, in its summer station, and so far the
practice seems to answer well. William Denning,
Gardener, Bolton Sail, near Bedale,

Miniature Vines in Pots.— "When at Birkenhead
Horticultural Show the other day I saw several pots of
Black and White Grapes exhibited, from 1 foot to
1 foot 6 inches in height, with two or more bunches of
fruit on each. The grower of them is Mr. Wm.
Henderson, Gr. to the Hon. L. Harman, Newcastle,
Ballymahon, Ireland. The cuttings were taken from
old plants in February, and planted in 4-inoh and
6-inch pots, and the Grapes were ripe for table in the
following February,— a great acquisition to dinner-
table decoration, being both useful and orna-
mental. Z.

Comparative Hardiness of Bedding Plants. — If your
correspondents would send notes, something similar to
those upon the fruit crops, on the above subject, much
valuable information might be collected. Several things
would be needful to render such facts valuable for
scientific and practical purposes, e. g., the latitude,
longitude, and altitude of the place ; its mean tempera-
ture, and the amount of cold which injured or
destroyed the plants. If the readings of the thermo-
meter, the prevailing wind, and the rainfall could be
added for each day and week, such facts might, when
multiplied and generalised, furnish the key to the
solution of some strange problems in plant
life in their relation to the weather. But I
cannot enter into the matter at present, my object being
simply to state at what time, and by what temperature,
certain plants have suffered here, and how the others
look after such a cold bath of freezing ice— it could
hardly be called snow, although the great flaky masses
froze as they fell— on the morning of the 4th. This,
although the thermometer was 1° below freezing,
seemed to injure nothing except Dahlias. On the 5th,
with 2' of frost, Perilla was the most injured of all
our bedding plants, Coleus next, and Iresine less than
either. On the 6th the thermometer sank to .3° below
freezing, and the additional degree killed the Iresine
nearly to the ground. Since then we have
had several ground frosts of about i' or 1', but
they have left everything else uninjured, with the
exception of Golden Chain, which has proved itself the
most tender Pelargonium in the garden. Probably
Spread Eagle is the next most sensitive to cold. Mrs.
Pollock, Italia Unita, &c., have neither lost colour nor
suffered in any way ; even Mangles' Variegated is ai

1050

THE GARDEKEES' CiffiONICLE AM) AGBlCtTLTimAL GAZETTE.

[OCIOBBE 12, 1867.

delicately beautiful as before, and Stella, Christine,
Boule de Feu, Improved Frogmore, and other old
stagers, are as fresh and beautiful as ever. Some Iresine
ill baskets and vases, from 2 to 6 feet from the grouud,
an] fully exposed, have not a leaf touched, and the whole
of tha vases are as perfect as at auy period of the
season, I will watch and carefully note when the
otiaer plants are injured. One fact is very striking.
Iresine, that would not bear, with the most careful
hardening off, i° of frost in May, has now borne 3' or
i' with perfect impunity. D. T. F.

Notices of l^oofes.

Oemra Plaiitarum ad exemplaria Imprhiiis in herbariis
Eewensibiis sereata deHnlta; aucionbtis G. Ben-
tham et J. D. Hooker. Vol. i., pars 3. London :
Reeve & Co.; Williams & Norgate. Royal 8vo.
Pp. 319. (Generaof Plants, &c,)
On former occasions we have noticed the issue of two
parts of this most important systematic work, and we
have alluded to the plan which the authors have
followed in its preparation. "We have now to announce
the issue of a third instalment, completing the first
volume— a volume comprising, with the supplements
and indices, over a thousand pages, and including the
whole of the Polypetalous orders. To the contents of
the preceding parts it is unnecessary again to refer
The orders now treated of, are very varied as to rela-
tive importance, and numerical constitution, thus,
while the Turneracese occupy scarcely two pages, the
Umbellifera; require 70 pages for their enumeration.

In this place no detailed criticism as to the consti-
tution of, or as to the alterations or limitations proposed
iDy the authors in, the several genera can be entered into,
a few general remarks being all that our space, or our
scope, will allow us to make. Tne Melastomacete, a
group of tropical plants nearly allied to the Myrtles, are
here classed according to ascheme originallypropounded
by Signor Triana, a scheme dependent in great degree
upon the anthers, which, as most readers will be aware,
present great pecuUarities in this family. Horticul-
turally this group is one of considerable importance as
comprising many important plants : some, such as
Pleroma, Medinilla, Osbeckia, and others, valued for
their flowers, which are among the most brilliant of
all ; others, prized for the boldness or the singularity
of their foliage, as Cyanophyllum Sphserogyne, Ber-
tolonia, &o. The order I/ythrariese, as here con-
stituted, is somewhat of a refuge for the destitute, or
for certain genera that have no very clearly marked
resting place ; and it requires the exercise of some
botanical faith to assent to the close approximation of
the Pomegranate (Punioa), with such plants asCuphea
and Lagerstroemia.

Amongst the Onagrads, many genera interesting to
horticulturists are included, such as Fuchsia, Oiaothera,
Clarkia, &o, Loasese comprise Mentzelia, with which
Bartonia is incorporated, and other genera, as remark-
able in appearance as in morphological structure. Of
the very interesting group of Passiflorete we can say
but little, save that Carica Papaya and its congeners
find a very suitable home, side by side with Passion-
flowers, from which they differ in matters of compara-
tively little importance.

Cucurbitacese constitute a large and important group,
horticulturally speaking, and one in which the public
in general will take an interest so long as Melons and
Cucnrabers are in vogue. Begoniaceffl are evidently
closely allied to them, and it is a great relief to find
that the U genera proposed by Klotsoh to be separated
from Begonia, are relegated by our authors back to the
source whence they came.

Caotese are horticulturally well known— too well
known it would seem, if that be not paradoxical ; at
least our authors raise an oft-repeated ory, and we
believe with perfect justice, that the species of this
group are " ab hortulanis inordinate multiplicatie ; "
but then, on the other hand, it must be remembered
that few of this race of plants are preserved in herbaria
or museums, so that it is quite possible that some
forms have really never come under the eye of
systematio botanists. Ficoidese naturally follow on the
heels of Cactere.

The Umbellifene, which come next, are in many
respeotsthedespairandopprobiumofbotanists— so easily
recognisable as an order, so difficult to break up into
well-defined subdivisions. The plan adopted in this
volume is founded mainly on the nature of the
inflorescence, the position of the oil channels, or vitta;,
and the form of the fruit. As might have been antici-
pated, a general revision like the present has led to the
extinction of numerous genera, either in.sufiicieiitly
described, or referrible to older genera. The common
Parsley (herein referred to Caruni) received a separate
generic name at the hands of De Candolle when he
received specimens of it from the West Indies ! and
this is by no means a solitary instance of the fabrica-
tion of genera in this important order, upon insuflicient
grounds. That still much is to be learnt concerning
these plants may be judged from a circumstance that
has come under our notice, unimportant in itself,
perhaps, but of value taken in conjunction with other
circumstances, and specially so as indicating that
botanists have still much to look for among
these plants. We allude to the presence in many
Umbelliferffi of a distinct intramarginal vein in the
leaves ; the secondary veins seem to run, in these
cases, into the sinuses on the margin of the divided or
lobed leaves, and then to follow the course of the
margin of the leaf. We have failed to find up to this
time any reference to this peculiarity, which certainly
exists in many UmbeUifers, as pointed out to us by Mr.
John Gorham, whose researches on this point are
we believe shortly to be made public.

Of the remaining orders treated of, the Araliaoeaa
contain the Ivies, the Panax, and other plants valued

in gardens- while theCornaoese include theAucuba,and,
what would hardly have been surmised, the Garrya.
Benthamia we see is referred to Cornus, from which in
truth it scarcely differs. , ,, ■

In addition to the orders we have named there is a
supplement, including the characteristics of those
genera which have been published since the issue of
the preceding portions of the volume ; so that as far as
the particular orders treated of are concerned, the
supplement in question is booked up to the time
present, a circumstance the value of which is enhanced
by a comprehensive index to the whole volume. We
could have wished that our authors had thought it
expedient to have rendered the nomenclature of the
orders a little more uniform. The use of the terniinal
syllables "acese" is now so general, and so convenient,
that we regret that more use is not made of it in this
place. Cactaceai or Lythraoeas would in our opinion
have been preferable to Cactea; or Lythrariese, which
rather lead to the inference that the groups so-called
are tribes or sections, than separate orders.

Our running commentary has extended to such
length that we must forbear further remark— else
there are many points of structure, the interpretation of
which, by our authors, as it seems to us, is open to con-
siderable doubt. But looking at the work as it is
intended, mainly in a systematio point of view, it is
impossible to estimate too highly the boon which is
herein conferred on all botanists. So much is this
appreciated by all classes concerned in any way with
botany, that we believe if such a vote could be taken,
it would run in favour of the issuing of an injunction
forbidding the authors of this volume from following
any other pursuit or occupation till they had completed
this work— an injunction the more necessary when we
remember that five years have been occupied in the
preparation of the first volume only, and at this rate
of progress ten more, at the very least, will be required
to complete it. ^_

dFlorigts' J^lotocig.

I KNOW of no flower that graces the out-door garden
which is so thoroughly acceptable at its particular
season of blooming, as the Crocus. Reared amid the
raging of the " elemental war " that follows on winter 3
supremacy, they presently come forth

"Like stars, to tell us Spring ia born,"
studding that material firmament,— earth.

The immense number of Crocus bulbs imported
every year from Holland — a sum-total so vast as to
appear almost incredible, proves how much is appre-
ciated the valuable service rendered by this humble
little floral ministrant in its own good time. Nothing
else but the Crocus can make such an acceptable and
charming display in the early spring— a display the
more appreciable, as there is then but little in the way
of flower to come into competition with it. Somewhat
restricted though the variations of colour are, still
there is enoush of variety to enable them to be
grouped together very prettily and elfectively— enough
when so arranged to produce such a mass of blended
colour, as to relieve it of the charge of sameness
sometimes brought against the Crocus as an ornament
of the flower garden. Especially can that free-blooming
and showy kind, the Cloth of Gold, be largely used in
this way, as it is one of the most free-blouming of all,
as well as one of the earliest to flower, A few purple
and white varieties appropriately grouped will impart
considerable relief to so much golden hue of colour,
and create a display unparalleled as a mass of colouring
at any other season of the year.

During the autumn of 1863 I endeavoured to obtain
as many as I possibly could, of the so-called varieties of
Crocus that are annually imported from Holland, and
was enabled to plant a good-sized piece of ground with
the collection I succeeded in getting together, I had
white, striped, blue, purple, violet, lilac, yello\v, and
edged flowers, and at the time of planting I could not
help remarking, on carefully comparing the oorms, the
one with the other, how much diversity of shape and
size prevailed, even in relation to this simple flower.
As I had not less than 12 bulbs of any one kind, I was
enabled to work out the task of comparison somewhat
satisfactorily to myself at least, both by taking note of
the shape of the bulbs, and afterwards by com-
paring the flowers when in bloom. Of diversities
in the habit and style of growth of the difiTerent
varieties but little that is really reliable can be said.
The early-flowering Cloth of Gold, the common yellow,
and the Versicolor, are peculiar in this respect ; the
other varieties must be classed together, excepting,
perhaps, that though the style of foliage may be much
the same, the largest bulbs invariably produce the
strongest leaves. The earliest to bloom are the
yellows; the earliest of these two— for there are but
two distinct varieties of yellow spring-flowering
Crocuses— is the Cloth of Gold. It is very dwarf-
growing, and blooms freely. The common yellow is a
little later, grows taller and stronger, and produces
more flowers than any other variety. It is remarkably
free in blooming, and as a rule should be allowed
plenty of room, as the bulbs branch out in a remark-
able degree. The Giant Yellow, the large, and also the
new Golden Yellow,are but larger bulbs of this variety.
It is imported generally in two sizes, and where extra-
sized roots are added, they are christened and priced
accordingly. One named Sulphureus was sent to me
as being something very fine. There was a suspicious
identity with the common yellow noticeable about the
roots, and it proved to be nothing more than this.
Crocus sulphureus proper is, I believe, an autumnal
flowering kind.

The old Crocus versicolor, or Cloth of Silver Crocus
—for any original difference between them appears to
: be entirely lost— is a dwarf-growing and very free-
blooming kind, and does well for massing. The flowers
are white, with purple stripes, but they are neither so

large nor so stout as those of the newer striped varieties
The Scotch Crocus, so called, now rarely met with, is
a striped variety imported from Holland under that
name. The bulbs are very peculiar, being hard and
smooth, and unlike any other spring-flowering kind.
After these it would be difficult to assign correctly
the order of flowering. Speaking generally, I found
this season that the striped varieties were the earliest to
bloom, then the blue class, and lastly the white class.
Another cultivator may have obtained a result exactly
the reverse.

Of the striped varieties, I found that Bride of
Lammermoor, La Majesteuse, and Sir Walter Scott
were three of the finest, of much the same build
and growth. Bride of Lammermoor being the
darkest, and Sir Walter Scott the boldest in the
colour of the stripe. Of the darker striped kinds,
Albion was the boldest and the showiest ; the
flowers were large, and of a globular shape, and they
were heavily flaked and striped with violet : it was
also distinct and good. Florence Nightingale was a
large and bold light striped variety. Ida Pfeiffer, a
lovely flower of good form, delicately striped with rosy
lilac, very fine ; and Madame Mina, a very pretty and
free-blooming pale violet-striped flower, of good form.
Princess Alexandra, Argus, Comtesse de Moruy,
Parnassus, Blfrida, and "Albertine, are more than
summed up in the sorts described — they are not even
required to exist as varieties. Rhea Sylvia is a medium
sized, pale, striped flower, hut very pretty. Duke of
Cumberland, deep lilac, with stripes of a darker shade,
and edged with white, is a somewhat curious and novel
flower, which could be classed both with the blue and
the striped varieties, and yet belongs exclusively to
neither. Perhaps it would be best to class it with the
edged flowers. I had two forms of Argus, one a very
pale striped flower of medium size ; the other, a heavy
violet striped flower, with more colour in it than could
be seen in Albion, though otherwise not differing
materially from it, nor yet quite so large. Lastly,
Maria, La Sylphide, Miss Priestly, Geant des Batailles,
Baron Chasse, Duchess of Sutherland, Napoleon,
Leviathan and Philades, are sorts that can be obtained
to suit the fancy ofthe importer, to whom names are an
object, but they are scarcely required for any other
purpose than to impart obesity to a catalogue.

The white flowers necessarily admit of even less
variation. The most beautiful variety I have ever
seen, and one that cannot be too highly commended
for its superb quality, was named Goldfinder. The
flowers were very large, globular, and pure in colour,
and had rich dark orange stamens. Caroline Chisholm
and Mrs. Beecher Stowe are undoubtedly the same,
everything alike— bulb, flower, style of growth, time of
blooming, &c. It is a dwarf-growing free-blooming
kind, very useful for pots. Grand Conquerant is one
of the most novel white flowers I have yet met with ;
pure white, edged with citron, and extremely pretty,
as well as free blooming. Mont Blanc has large and
bold pure white flowers, and though classed with the
white varieties, the insides of the blooms are faintly
pencilled with lilac. It is a robust-growing kind,
useful for outdoor work. To these add Mammoth, a
large white flower, changing to cream ; and Calypso,
another creamy white, and Queen Victoria, and the
list of white kinds is complete. A reserve list can be
formed of the following varieties:— Mathilde, Grand
Vainqueur, Porpus, Isabella, Marie Antoinette, and
Bride of Abydos.

Of edged flowers— a -very small division— the variety
called Duke of Cumberland, previously described
can be regarded as one ; the old Ne Plus Ultra, violet
with white edge, a large and fine and showy flowei'j is
another ; and Lord Wellington, deep violet, edged with
white, a small but pretty flower, complete the list of
kinds I have seen. I find Ne Plus Ultra to be very
effective out of doors, and it has the additional recom-
mendation of being very cheap.

Lastly comes that somewhat numerous group
consisting of the blue and purple varieties. Among these
there are some beautiful kinds, large in size and deep
in colour in regard to the blooms, and having a glossy
silken appearance. I find the darkest coloured of the
whole group— I don't mean simply the darkest on first
expanding, but the darkest throughout the blooming
period— to be a variety with a rather small bulb,
named Sir John Franklin. It is of a rich dark glossy
purple, and it did remarkably well with me out of
doors. David Rizzio, often termed the darkest blue, is
paler in the colour than the foregoing ; Prince Albert,
paler still, and yet both are fine and bold flowers.
Prince of Wales I found to be identical in every
respect with Prince Albert, Vulcan, a very large pale
violet flower, I found to be the same as Othello, in spite
of the anachronism and confusion of nomenclature.
Lilaceus superbus is a somewhat distinct kind, with a
broad flake of a lilac tint up each petal. These are all
the distinct shades of blue, so-called, I could possibly
light upon, and I therefore add a supplementary list of
the following kinds which came under my notice, pre-
mising that they are well represented by the foregoing:
—Baron von Brunnow, Brunei, Lamplighter, General
Pelissier, Charles Dickens, Jupiter. Von Schiller, Sir
R. Peel, Loveliness, and La Simplicite.

I am compelled at the same time to admit that,
though amongst these reserve lists of the several divi-
sions of colour there were many points of resemblance,
yet from a close and daily inspection one seemed to be
able to detect, more or less in each, some small and
distinct traits of character either in the size or shape or
in the purity or depth of the colour of the flowers, in the
height they grew, in the time of their flowering, and
even in the form, the colour, and the greater or less
prominence of the stamens. 1 thought I noticed also
perceptible differences in the size and height and colour
of the foliage, in flowers of the same colour, though
these diversities of foliage were not so apparent as
those of the flowers— the which, however, are scarcely

OCTOBEIi li, 1867.J

THE GAUDKNKUS' OIlUUNlChE AND AGKICULTUML GAZETTE,

lOol

reliable, as c^onditinus of soil or situation may modily
any conclusions that wore arrived at. I am also led
to iidmit lliiit wo ought not hastily to oharKo tho IJutch
Srowers with sending us professedly new varieties that
are really repetitions of what we already possess. I am
dispo.sed to think they select their seedlings with con-
siderable care, and for some novelty or distinctness
possessed by them. There will be an inevitable same-
ness, even when couplod witli the largest ((uanlum of
novelty, but then those now kinds are rarely priced at
anything like an extnbitant rate, as it would appear it
is the invariable rule to obtain them in bulk before they
are sent out.

Those wdio are desirous to plant the Crocus for the
purpose of jiroducing spring effect, should make a
selection of a few distmct kinds. With a larger
selection may come want of uniformity in the
growth of tho plant to a serious degree, as well
as in time of flowering, and these adverse qualities
might possibly impair the elleot sought to be
secured. Quo.

Che flpfarp.

Bee-Feedino.— The past season, in many districts,
has been so exceedingly bad, that I am not surprised
to find from various reports which I have had sent me,
that, with many bee-keepers, most liberal bee-feeding
is neceessary to render their stocks safe for the coming
winter. In reply to some of these, I am induced to
offer the following hints, though at the risk of repeat-
ing what has already been written on this subject both
by myself and others.

In my early career as a bee-keeper, I used to imagine
that hives could not be too profusely fed, whether well
supplied with natural stores or not. Then, the nasty
mess which I used for the purpose was composed of
beer and brown sugar, given in most inconvenient
feeding pans. Subsequent experience taught me two
things, viz., that beer is not a good ingredient to be
used for bee-food ; and that too much food stored in
tlie combs of a hive is absolutely injurious to its
ultimate prosperity. The reason for the latter is that
if in the spring the greater portion of the central
combs are filled with sealed food, the queen has not
proper space for e.^tending her egg-laying, consequently j
the stock suffers in population. The beer-food became, [
frequently, so nasty by fermentation, that the bees i
could not or would not remove it from the cells.

But of late years, I have discovered that a much '
smaller quantity of stored food than has usually been
considered necessary, will suffice to carry a hive '
through the winter. Sometime before the year 1860,
I instituted a course of e.xperiments to endeavour
to fiud out what is about the quantity usually con-
sumed in the winter by a strong stock of bees. I
frequently weighed hives in September and again in
the following March, and_ found that the food con-
sumed during all that period varied in weight from
4ilb. to 7;lb. ; therefore I concluded that if I found
at the autumnal weighing the stock to contain from
8 lb. to 10 lb. above the weight of bees and comb.s, it was
quite unueeessary to feed in autumn. at all. This
course I have since then adopted, and have proved it
to answer remarkably well. But I take care to visit
my hives in spring, and then supply them with limited
quantities of food. This limited spring-feeding
(luickens the energies of the bees, and promotes breed-
ing, thereby conducing to the attainment of a large
gopulation ready to take advantage of any early honey
_ arvest. Nevertheless, I do not neglect copious feeding
in autumn if the hives really require it. If very
deficient in stores, but with ample supply of combs,
I give each stock from 10 lb. to 15 lb. of sugar syrup in
the course of a few days, getting the affair over as soon
as possible. The greater part of this is stored and
sealed ; some of the food being used by the bees for
the secretion of the necessary wax.

It is well to give the food to the bees extended over
as short a period of time as possible : 1st, because less
excitement is kept up both among the bees of the
stock being fed, and of those of the other hives in the
apiary ; 2d, because less is wasted by the bees, and less
converted by them into wax, or required for feeding
brood in consequence of protracted feeding exciting
the queen to deposit eggs.

Let the requisite food be supplied quickly, and if
possible only at night, removing the feeding parapher-
nalia in the morning. If fed during the day time, I
believe a great deal is wasted by bees which have tilled
themselves flying out of the hive, and voiding it. I
have never found hives fed during the day to increase
in weight so much with the same amount given as if
done only at night. Day feeding also attracts hosts of
would-be robbers ; a constant succession of mortal
combats is kept up the entire time, which must result
in a serious loss of valuable bee-life. Every bee at
this period of the year is of more value
than two in summer. The bees living now are mostly
what will survive the winter, and serve to start the
colony in spring for renewed prosperity in the
summer.

No time should be lost in feeding all hives that may
require help. No better recipe can be followed than
that I have before given : — To C lb. of loaf sugar add by
weight -1 lb. of water ; boil for about five minutes.
This may, if it bo preferred, have about 2 lb. of
strained honey stirred into it while warm. It must be
cold when supplied to the bees.

The best feeder is the pickle or preserve bottle, with
not too wide a neck. Fill, tie open muslin or fine
cap-net over the moulh ; lay a piece of perforated zinc
oyer the hole iu the top, invert the bottle over the
zmc; with cloths, or some kind of casing, cover all up
securely, so as to prevent any bees obtaiuing access to
the tO]) of the hive, and leave for the night,
removing all appliances for feeding early the next
morniui. iS. Sevan Fox.

Garden Memoranda.

MES.SRS. Carteii i. (!o.'.s Seed Fabms.— Strikingly
beautiful as these are iu the season, owing to the large
breadths of brilliant colours which such annuals as
tho Scarlet Flax, I'or example, grown in quantities,
n(M!ess;ir-ily present, we never recollect to have scon
I'liem in better condition or gayer than they were
this year. 'J'o tho Tropicolums, or Nasturtiums, as
they aro called, this rein.ark is, as a matter of course,
especially applicable, for they alone clothe acres of
ground in glowing scarlet. Among them a new chmb-
ing, or rather trailing sorL called (jlory, was most
conspicuous, owing to the dazzling elfect of its vivid
scarlet blossoms; while in the Tom Thumb cla3.s. King
of Tom Thumbs stood in the first rank. T. compactum
coccineum, orange scarlet, is also very dwarf and good.
Nearly every shade of colour is to be seen among them,
one hivs even a bluish tinge; Beauty is a prettily spotted
kind, and Pearl a creamy white. Bright orange or
yellow sorts might also be found in abundance. T. com-
pactum luteum is a dwarf and good sort for beds ; the
blossoms are bright yellow, with a small blotch of a
darker colour iu the centre.

The interest which always pertains to annuals, and
certain other kinds of plants raised from seeds sown every
spring, renders it a matter of regret that they are not
grown to a greater extent than they are, for the general
decoration of the flower garden. The Perilla nankin-
ensis is too well known to need remark, and so is the
Amaranthus melancholicus ruber ; the latter is highly
interesting from the time when it is planted out, until
it is destroyed by the frost about this season of the
year. It is, however, somewhat tender in its early stages,
and should seldom be planted out before the 1st of June.
Lobelia Erinus speciosa is perhaps the most useful
annual which we have for flower garden decoration,
colour and habit being everything that could be desired;
some recommend it to be grown from and increased by
means of cuttings, but this is unnecessary, as it comes
perfectly true from seed, and the plants are more
healthy and not so apt to die off in patches
as when they are grown from cuttings. The
double-flowered Sanvitalia procumbens promises
to be a useful bedding plant; it grows to the same
height and is of the same habit as the old S. procum-
bens, but the flowers are larger, beautifully double, and
are produced in great abundance. It continues in
flower all the season. Viola cornuta, when seen in
quantity as it is here, reminds one, on looking at it at a
little distance off, of the blue waters of the Mediter-
ranean. It certainly deserves all that has been said in
itspraise. We mention it here amongthe annuals, asit
can be successfully grown from seed ; but it can also be
increased by means of cuttings, or divisions, and it is
perfectly hardy. Tagetes signata pumila must be pro-
nounced to be a very ornamental annual ; indeed, in
many gardens it has taken the jilace of the Calceolaria.
It does not come into flower quite so early as might be
desired, but its foliage is so delicate and beautiful that it
is very ornamental from the time when it is planted
out ; and there are few bedding plants which continue
to flower to a later period. It has but one fault, and
that is a tendency to irregularity with regard to height,
which, notwithstanding the greatest care in selecting
the seeds from the most promising plants, it is difficult
to entirely rectify ; notwithstanding this, however, it
must still be considered a most valuable bedding plant.
The diU'erent varieties of Phlox Drummondi are well-
known aud api)reciated as bedding plants ; they are
very hardy, and frequently continue in flower after
most of the occupants of the garden are either killed or
disfigured by the early winter's frosts. Among Ever-
lastings, of which there are here great numbers,
Helicnrysum atrosanguineum nanum is a beautiful
variety, with deep crimson double flowers, which con-
tinue in beauty duringthewholeseason. It isexceedingly
well adapted for the back row of a ribbon border ; it
grows about IS inches or 2 feet high, and produces its
flowers in great abundance, and being everlasting they
are much in request for winter decoration ; as a
bedding plant it is worthy of a place in most gardens.
Salvia patens, treated as an annual on light soil, with a
little care in removing decayed flower stalks, &o.,
makes an exceedingly beautiful bed, and the colour is
quite a desideratum in the flower garden. On heavy
soil it is apt to become somewhat coarse, and it is best
adapted for a rather large bed.

The above might all be introduced into modern
flower gardens with advantage. Neither of the follow-
ing are eligible as bedding plants, although one of them
has been recommended for that purpose, viz.. Lobelia
Snowflake, which is merely a white variety of the old
Lobelia ramosa, and which is very pretty in its way,
but it is not at all adapted for the purposes of bedding
out in the flower garden. The other is the so-ca'led
New Scarlet Sweet Pea Invincible, a really beautiful
variety, which appears to have the property of con-
tinuing longer in flower than others, and it is equally
fragrant. It is really a very desirable ornamental Pea,
which is sure to become a favourite when its merits
have become more fully established.

Marigolds are grown, both at Dedham and St. Osyth,
veryexteusively,andalthoughtheobjectinbothplaces,as
with other plantSj is simply to produce seed, and nospecial
mode of cultivation is adopted to bring the flowers to a
large size, both the lemon-coloured and orange African
are very large and showy, having heads not less than
4 inches in diameter. The orange variety is very rich
in colour, and both would prove very effective in large
borders where tall plants are grown ; while for places
in which such arenotadmissible, the miniature French
kinds arc well adapted, being very compact, and seldom
exceeding U or 7 inches in height. One, the Miniature
Orange, bears heads IJ inch across, and is very free-
flowering ; but still more showy are the dw'arf gold-
striped varieties, which produce a profusion of rich
browniah crimsou flower-heads striped aud edged with

golden yellow, and measuring, when well grown,
about 2.{ inches in diameter.

Among the integripetala varieties of Clarkia there
is a showy one called carnea, of a deep flesh colour ; a
line double white ; a dwarf variety called Tom Thumb,
with large rose-coloured petals ;"and marginata, deep
rose with a light edge. Conspicuous among Godctias
was The Bride, which is still one of the finest kinds ; tho
blossoms aro largo, of a very delicate rose colour,
:qjpr(iachiiig to white, and deep red at tho base of the
p.laN, |i>riiiing a ring of that colour round the centre
of the llijw(!r. Godetia roseo-alba, pale rose, blotched
in each petal with crimson, is also a beautiful kind.
Messrs. Carter have, however, a variety which is a
great improvement on the kind just named. Godetia
re|)tans alba is very dwarf and pretty for trailing over
rock work.

Lupines and Larkspurs have been very fine this
year, as have likewi.se been Indian Pinks and Petunias.
Among the latter, those known as Bunnett's hybridsr,
which are striped and variously marked with rich
purplish violet, are of great excellence. There is also
a variety called Petunia viridicincta, with purple
blooms narrowly edged with green. Of Brachycome
iberidifolia, or Swan River Bai.sy, thero have been
charming masses, both of the blue aud the wliit^
varieties, and of the two mixed, an association which
most people admire. Another Swan River plant, the
Acroelinium rosenm, of which there are both rose-
coloured and white varieties, is also deservedly a great
favourite. Nemophilas, which are amongst the
prettiest, and for almost all purposes the most popular
of annuals, aro grown by the acre, and when the
bloom is over they are gathered into cocks, like hay, by
the sides of the roads, along which, and in other parts of
the seed farms, they extend in belts for miles. Other
sorts of annuals, such as Calliopsis of various kinds,
are also extensively grown, and when seen in large
masses, as they are here, are very effective. Of annual
Chrjsanthemums, the New Double Golden is free-
blooming, dwarf, and very double; while amongst
those exhibiting several colours in the same flower,
Burridgii, white, crimson, yellow, and dark brown in
concentric circles, is most beautiful. Some of the
flowers measure 2J inches in diameter.

Saponaria ealabrica and its white variety are grown
here by the acre, and when seen in full bloom are
extremely pretty, owiug to the close and level surface
they present to the eye. There is also a variety with
rose-coloured flowers having a narrow white margin.
The white-flowered variety of Silene pendula is also
pretty, as is Nemesia versicolor compacta, whir:h
IS densely covered with bluish lilac, rose, and white
flowers, and being very compact, is excellent for
pot-culture.

Viscarias form fine masses ; one of the most
remarkable is that called oculata Dunnettii ; another,
coeli-rosa nana, is a fine, dwarf, rose-coloured
sort, very even in height ; but niore beautiful than
either is the novel Viscaria cardinalis, with brilliant
crimson flowers produced in profusion. This
forms quite a rival to the Scarlet Flax. At
St. Osyth, many of the annuals mentioned above,
as well as other flowers already noticed, are also grown
in quantity. There are considerable breadths of
hybrid Asters, which have been very fine this year ;
and Salpiglossis in alternate beds, double Zinnias,
Carnations, Pansies, Auricula-eyed Sweet Williams,
and Antirrhinums. The splendid scarlet Linum
grandifiorum is also grown in profusion here; it is
sown without previously steeping the seeds, and comes
up very well. Among very dwarf annuals must be
cjassed the white and lilac-flowered varieties of Nyete-
rinia selaginoides, which are two of the prettiest
of half-hardy annuals. We likewise noticed
several hybrid Leptosiphons, which, being very dwarf
and free-flowering, are well adapted for rockwork and
edgings. Among Clarkias here is a pure white
C. elegans, also a showy double rose-coloured variety
of C. integrijietala. Of Eschscholtzias, E. aurantiaca is
of a uniform deep orange from the base to the top of the
petals ; and there are likewise an orange-striped sort,
and varieties of E. crocea and californica, in which the
petals are lapped over on the inside and toothed.
Rhodanthe Manglesii, of which there is a variety with
larger flowers than the ordinary form, and the white-
flowered R. maculata alba, together with the charming
dwarf lilac Abronia umbellata, are all grown here
in quantity. Here, too, are several varieties of
Troprcolum, including one, Lillie Schmidt, with fine
scarlet flowers, and a Tom Thumb variety of pyramidal
habit. Among other subjects are about 2 acres of
Gladiolus, which have been unusually showy this
season.

Vegetables for seed are grown extensively at all the
farms; but more especially at Jupe's Hill and St.
Osyth. Among Peas the Peabody, a very in-olific
variety, little more than a foot high, covers 5 acres ;
Dwarf Waterloo, a late branching Marrow, not exceed-
ing li foot high, a like extent ; and Maclean's Little
Gem, a very early wrinkled Marrow, a still greater
area. Of Myatt's Improved Parsley there are 3 acres,
and Pine-apple Beet, Carter's Champion, Maule's Late
White, Snow's Winter White, and other kinds of
Broccoli are cultivated by the acre. Maclean's Premier
Pea occupies between 3 and 4 acres, and though not
more than 2 feet high, on some plants we counted as
many as 40 well-filled pods. It is a rather late sort, of
excellent flavour. Imperial Wonder Pea, a tall late
wrinkled Marrow, is also extensively grown, as well as
Laxton's Prolific Longpod, Torksbire Hero, Kent
Rival, and Carter's Leviathan, the last a new late Pea
to be sent out next season. Carter's Champion Runners,
judgipg from the specimens we saw, are of a very
prolific race. Of Large York Cabbage, tlie^e is a piece
of about 8 acres, and a like extent of Imperial Oxheart ;
of Little Pixie 2 acres; of -Asparagus for roots 2 acres,
aud simUar areas are devoted to Marjoram, Thyme, and

1052

THE GAUDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTUKAL GAZETTE.

[October 12, 1867.

otlier herbs. Musselburgli and Ayton Castle Leeks,
Ooious, Carrots, Eat's-tail and other Radishes, Celery,
Sims' Mammoth and Keyes' New Early Prolific
Tomatos also fill large quarters, besides which there are
frames full of Lynch's Star of the West, aud other
Cucumbers for seed.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing weeJc.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Do not fail gradually to reduce both heat and mois-
ture in all Orchid-houses. To continue to stimulate
these plants too greatly, will be to cause the prema-
ture formation of young growths at the base of the
pseudobulbs grown during the current season, and
hence, instead of aiding them to ripen off into a resting
season, divert the sap into a fresh channel of prema-
ture activity^ and so derange the whole order of things.
When sufficient convenience exists, it will be well to
make a strict division of those plants which yet require
a little further growth for the purpose of finishing the
"whole formation of any lateral breaks, and others
which, having finished growing, should go to rest. Set
one house or division wholly apart, therefore, for these
two distinct requirements. Those which have finished
growing, and which now are likely to require no more
atmospheric humidity, will be found among Cattleyas,
Ccelogynes, Dendrobiums, Lselias, Lycastes, Oncidiums,
Sobralias, Ansellias, &c. Once this arrangement has
been concluded, cease syringing or otherwise slop-
ping water about in any way. Give air plentifully
■with proper judgment, and only just sufficient root
moisture to properly aid the already formed growths
duly to swell off. The other division, or that containing
those subjects which need a little more growing, I
need scarcely repeat, must also have the necessary
stimuli reduced materially in proper gradation, with the
view of bringing about, at no distant date, a similar
decided resting period. It may be well to refer at this
time to a few such plants as Phalsenopsids, Saccola-
biums, Aerides, and others which have not quite
finished growing, with the view of advising those who
grow them in mixed collections, or under other adverse
circumstances, not to allow any to cease growing while
just the tip of a young leaf only is discernible in the
point of any growing shoots. To allow them to become
stationary at such a stage will tend materially to expose
them to unnecessary danger, as they rot oflf readily
should the least drip or water in any form find a
lodgment upon them. Admit air freely into all plant
structures upon fine sunny days, with a corresponding
decrease of artificial heat and humidity, taking care
not to start any into making a fresh growth. Few
irregularities injure stove or other hard - wooded
plants more than starting them into growth at an
unseasonable period. A due study of these and similar
points will enhance materially the success attending
their culture. I repeat, do not allow any plants to
stand out wholly exposed longer than this. Cold wet
weather injures them quite as much as a moderate
amount of frost does. Chri/sanfhemums will now require
supporting with stakes of some sort. Tie them out
neatly, affording, where practicable, a stick to each
main stem. Do not cut the supports off to suit the
shoots according to their present length, but allow
them to stand up a foot higher than the branches,
As the flower-stalks grow these will be handy to
attach them to. Large plants growing out in the
open ground, if it is desirable to lift them into pots
hereafter, should have all the roots cut in two all
around, at a distance from the plant, corresponding
with what the diameter of the pot, into which it is
intended eventually to place them, may be. Give
manure water abundantly when once the flower buds
have shown. Give Cape Pelargoniums abundance of
air, placing them in an open, light, and sunny situa-
tion, thus to afford them every opportunity of making
a fine strong start preparatory for winter. Be very
particular in watering Torenias, Sonerilas, Peperomias,
iStc, after this date, so as not to make the balls too wet ;
the Sonerilas will only need just sufficient moisture to
keep them from drying quite up. Some of the earlier
Caladiums, which begin to show the yellow leaf, should
be placed with the pots upon their sides in a cool
situation where the foliage can ripen gradually off, and
the tubers go to rest.

FORCING HOUSES.
Those who wish to keep Grapes hanging as fresh and
plump as possible to the longest possible period, must
take care not to afford them too much heat, as an
excess of this, no matter how dry the structure may
be, or how favourably treated otherwise, is sure to
cause them to shrivel more or less prematurely. Give
only just such warmth to the pipes or flues as will
ensure suflicient buoyancy to any humidity which may
arise in the house as to enable it to make its escape.
Independently of the ill eflects caused by actual heat, a
too warm atmosphere, even in the driest house,
will cause a correspondingly excessive evaporation,
and consequent condensation, which will be found
each morning to have settled upon the berries to their
no small injury. Where Vines intended for early
forcing have not yet been pruned, this operation should
now be performed without further delay. Scrub the
pots well, aud surface dress them with a good rich
compost before introducing them into the proper
structure. In inducing them to break, an operation
which should be performed very gradually, a starting
minimum heat of 63' to 57' will have to be maintained.
Peach and Nectarine trees intended for _ early work
may also be pruned back into young fruiting wood as
soon as possible. Strong sappy shoots, it is well
understood, are ill-formed for fruiting, and should
therefore be carefully removed with the least possible
injury to the wood which remains. Where a
suocessional number of houses exists, it is sometimes

better to place the one which was second last
season first this. Should such be the case, it will
be necessary to proceed in a like manner with
the preliminary arrangements. When the trees
are denuded of their superfluous wood, &c., well
wash them over with a wash formed of one part soft
soap, one of sulphur, and two of cow manure; if with
a little tobacco-water all the better. Apply this with
a stiff painter's brush, and well work it into every
crack and cranny thoroughly to destroy any insects or
their eggs which may be lurking or are deposited
therein. I have before stated that all internal surfaces
should be well washed over with a wash formed of
fresh slacked lime, with a little sulphur intermixed,
except any paint work, which should be avoided, as the
lime quickly destroys all such surfaces when rubbed
on in this state.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN'.

Continue the ingathering of Apples and Pears as
they severally become sufficiently ripened for the pur-
pose ; the early frost we have already experienced
prompts that we should be as speedy about it as possible
this season. I have before stated that some sorts of
Apples must be left later than others under any
circumstances, and as the Nonpareil or the Old
Nonpareil is a sort very much grown, it may be well
to say the same regarding this variety. As a thorough
good keeping Apple, it should be left out as long as
possible, without actual injury by frost. Some of the
late Plums which have a tendency to keep well may be
induced to extend their season of usefulness by being
picked when perfectly dry, and after laying in the
sun a day or two be packed away where no air
can penetrate to them. Some varieties of Impera-
trice improve much in flavour by being laid in
a warm sunny_ situation for a_ week after they are
fit for gathering, which, as is well known, they
are not until the skin has become pretty well
shrivelled. Be particular to allow all fruit
as much room 'as possible for the first month
or so after it is gathered. Give also abundance
of light and air for a like period. Continue as I have
before advised to gather fruit where a suflicient crop of
any given sort exists, at intervals, that they may ripen
successively, at intervals apart, and not all at once.
Keep Filberls, &c., from the air in some material in
which a constant latent moisture can be maintained.
In places where much planting is to be done, it will be
well to see about preparing the border, by trenching,
&c., and making choice also of the necessary trees
to occupy the vacant spaces. Always have these
borders a foot or two above the level of the walk and
sloping down thereto at an angle of about 55'. Do not
now omit to remove, without further delay, all old
canes from Maspherri/ plantations. The old fruit-pro-
ducing wood has no further purpose to fulfil, and the
removal of it will admit air into_ and amongst the
young canes. Fig trees, and especially any which are
growing too robustly, should also have some of the
larger leaves and unnecessary shoots thinned out for a
similar reason.

HARDY FLOWER GARDES'.

Take up aud transplant Crocuses, Snowdrops, Dutch
Narcissus, &c., if they were not taken up and dried in
the earlier summer months. Proceed with potting up
out of the outer borders all valuable plants requiring
shelter during the winter. As soon as the foliage upon
Dahlias has been destroyed by frost, cut the plant
down to within a foot of the ground, and choose a dry
opportunity to take them up, when they should be first
well dried and then stored away beyond reach of frost
until the spring. Let all young plantations of Pinks he
gone over, pressing each plant which the worms may
have loosened firmly into the bed, &c. Such Picotees,
Carnations, &e., as may have been placed in small pots
must not be kept too close, as they have an aversion to
a damp atmosphere. Place all cuttings in pots under
some sort of protection both from frost and from
excessive rains.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Continue to hoe at this season whilst any weeds
remain. Pick all the larger and most forward leaves
off early plantations of Winter Spinach ; this will
check any too great a tendency which it may have to
become " winter proud." Remove the surface growth
from Asparagus as soon as it has ripened off to a
yellow tint, and well stir the surface once with the
hoe, to admit air freely into it. Another sprinkling
of salt will aid in destroying any insects which other-
wise may choose to harbour about the beds during
winter. Make a final plantation of Cauliflowers under
hand-lights, or some similar protection against the
severer frosts of winter. Keep late Carrots free from
weeds, and stir the soil frequently amongst late
sowings of Turnips, &c. The leaves upon Horseradish
must be removed, and the surface be cleaned and raked
over in order to give all, as soon as signs of decay show
themselves, a neat appearance. TF. JE.

STATE OP THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK. NEAR LONDON.
For the Week endingOct. 9, 1867. as observed at the Horticultural Qarilens.

Thurs. 3

Friday 4

Satur. 6

Sunday 6

Mou. 7

Tucs. 8

Wed. 9

Average^ .

Out. 3-

10 129.612

11 129.675

12 (29.828

-1-

29.828
29..512
29.009
29.567

;29 876 29.629

T^UPERM'OHB.

Max. Min. Jlcan

51.1

30.0

1 foot'2 feet
deep, deep

63.3

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Oct. 19, 1867.

-Fine ; tine, with white clouds ; clear.

— line, but cold and dry ; overcnst at night.

—Clear ; quite cloudless ; fine : clear aud frosty.

— Foagy ; rain ; overcast Qt night.

—Rain showers ; clear and frosty ; overcast.

-Clear ; masses of white clouds ; clear and frosty.

-Hoar frost early a.m. ; rain ; heavy rain at nisht.

temperature of the week, 10 7-10 deg. below the average.

0 A
S °

Eh

No. Of
Years in
which it
Kaiiied.

Greatest
Quantitv
of Haiu

Prevailing Winds.

October.

2
2

2

~
3
2

4
6
2
7
5
4
3

c4«

-~

6 1

7 3

1 fo 8
9 8 6

U 6 7
5 11 8
3 12 ID
3 8 U
2 19

^
K

Sunday .,13
Mon. ..U
Tues. ..15
Wed. ..16
Thurs. ..17
Friday ..18
Sntur. ..19

60.8 42.0
60.0 40.6

58.6 40.4

58.7 t 40.1
5B.e 41.0
60 5 41.3
69.5 40,0

51.4

50 3
49.t>
49 4

49.3
60.9
49.7

21
19

20
17
18
20
21

0 33 in.

0.50

104

0.58

0.31

0.85

Ofil

4

9
8

\
3

Tlie highest temperature during the above period cccunod on the
lltli, 1861 -therm. 80 deg. ; and tlie lowest on the 15th, 18C0 -tlierm.

21 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Chard : Artichoke will feel obliged by some of our corre
spondents stating what i.s meant by this term, which is
applied to some product of the Artichoke by M'lutosh, in
the "Prartieal Gardener." He writes— "Artichokes, in
order to produce Chard, should, as soou as the piincipal
crop is gathered, have their leaves cut over about six inches
above the ground, and their stems cut as close to it aa pos-
sible. It is to be observed, that, to produce Chard, the
plants will be destroyed," &c. What, therefore, is " Chard ? "

Diseased Grapes : R D B. The second batch of diseased
Grapes was forwarded to " M. J. B." in Ireland. On reference
to the letter of Sept. 3, he finds, since bis return to England,
that the leaves are stated to be quite healthy. As nothing
was said about the leaves which accompanied the berries,
he thouEcht it possible th.it the discoloured leaf might
belong to the berries. It is now stated that the disease com-
mences at the apex, and if so, some similar cases have been
transmitted before. Discoloration undoubtedly often occura
long before the Grapes ripen, and in such casesvarious forma
of decay arise. " R. D. B." must make allowance for the
difficulty of answering questions about disease from
Hpeciracns transmitted by post, without any oppor-
tunity of examining the trees themselves. As far as
possible, such answers are founded on practical as well as
scientific observ.itions. ''M. J. B." is, however, obliged for
a very interesting letter. M J B.

Evergreens: A Z. For a winter garden of evergreens to be
kept low, select of Hollies two or three with leaves of different
form and colour ; Aucubas, green and variegated ;
Osmanthus Aquifolius, Cotoneaster Simmonsii, and the
silver variegated Euouymus radicans.

Gardeners' Examinations; £'//'will find the programme of
subjects for the examinations of the Royal Horticultural
Society in o\ir No. for May 11th (No. 19, 1867).

Insects : Vitis. Thanks for the Vine leaves. The disease la
undescribed. We are preparing an article on it. JF.

Names of Fkuits : H W C. 1, Old Nonpareil ; 2, Kiuii of the
Pippins; 3, Pinner Seedling; 4, Sam Youus:; 5, Golden
Rcinette ; 6, Redstreak.— £ G. 1, Crimson Queening; 2,
Kentish Fill - basket ; 3, not known ; 4, Blenheim Orange
Apples. Pears: 5, Bcurr^ Diel ; G, BeurriS de Capiaumont;
7, quite rotten and smashed.— 5 A //. Next V7eek.— 5 B.

1, Hughes's Golden Pippin : 2, Golden Pearm.iin.

Names of Plants : / O'G. Your Fungus is Clavaria vermi-
cul:ita. M J B. — G Allen. Erysimum cheiranthoides. —
G (Bath)- Rhus glabra (a North American sp.).— P C.
Phytolacca octandra.— // // ir. 1, Senecio Jacobaea ; 2,
Veronica Andersoni ; 3, Begonia — crushed and not deter-
minable ; 4, Cytisus canariensis. — T M S. Smashed, and
indeterminable. — J W B. Can you favour us with another
specimen of what we named the other day (see p. 1028)
Cuprcssus Lawsoniaua? — A D B. 1, Warscewiczella discolor ;

2, Oncidium pubes ; 3, next week. — IV Thompson. Statico
pectinata.— .iV B. Sempervivum villosum. — A Z does not
furnish sufficient means for discovering the name of his
plant.

Pan-Anglican Synod : A Garden labourer writes as follows,
verbatim et literatim :'~^' You will very much oblige a few
garden labourers who are weekly readers of your paper. If
you would inform them the meaning of the article headed
'The Pan-Anglican Synod,' not hearing until lately such a
word as Pan-Anglican, we are at a Inss for a explanation all
the information we get by refering to Walker's pronouncing
Dictionary is that Pan was a God amongst the heathen
deities. I hope you will pity our ignorance but we live in a
parish that has no Church, or clergyman and only a few
Ignorant people who no body cares to instruct." We suspect
*'A Garden Labourer "Is not the only one who wonders
" what it all means." We can only enlighten our corres-
pondent as to the word Pan, which in this case has the
same signification as the word "all." Cricketers speak of
"All England." The ecclesiastics who have recently niet at
Lambeth speak of all those bishops who adhere to the
principles and practice of the Church of England as " Pan-
Anglicans." We fear much the word Pan here cannot be
taken in the sense of Catholic — i. e., universal ; it is but a
soiTy substitute for that most comprehensive term.

Pbuninq Vines: If'iltshire. Our coirespondent " P" distinctly
states, on the faith of repeated trials, that Vines may be
advantageously pruned now, while the leaves are on them.
We refer you again to his remarks at p. 1021.

Rawling's Dwarf White Bedding Dahlia. — In our report
of the Floral Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society
(see p. 1025) we inadvertently omitted to state that this new
bedding Dahlia was awarded a First-class Certificate, a
mark of distinction which it well deseri'es.

Roses : HEW. Your specimens, though smashed to pieces
when they arrived, evidently indicate traces of milde'v, for
which the only cure is sulphur. Apply it to the leavea
when wet by means of an ordinary dredger.

Strawberries : R, Matines. Many thanks. Your photograph,
shows the variety in question to be of good size, conical in
shape, and to have somewhat prominent seeds.

Sweet Sultan : H' Thompson. A very fine variety, and quite
distinct in colour from any we have previously seen.
Instead of the pale purple of the ordinary kind, this is of a
deep rich port wine colour, rather paler in the centre when
the flower heads are fully blown. It is quite an acquisition
amongst ornamental annuals.

Sun Heat: Sun Dial. You do not furnish data sufBciently
explicit to enable us to answer your question. You say,
"take a side of a greenhouse — put on an angle of 10 to
12 inches." Will you have the kindness to explain what ia
meant by this f It contains nothing from which the slope
or inclination of the plane of glass can be inferred.il

Vine Mildew : A G. We have examined your Grape leaves, .
and find them covered with Oidium. The mildew occurs
frequently on the healthiest Vines, and is not dependent on
any appreciable circumstances. It is in spring, when it first
makes ita appeax'ance, that sulphur should be applied, and
aa often as its presence is ascertained aftewards. M J B.

VioLET.g : B M R. The white spots on your Violet leaves are
very common, and occur on many other herbaceous plants,
as, for example, on the Dead Nettle, and common Mallow.
They are either caused by some Fungus, or eventually
become the seat of one, belonging to the genus Depazea.
Their occurrence probably depends on some climatic condi-
tions which cannot be modified by cultivation.

Commonications Received. — D. Buchanan.— A. Pettigrew. —
E. W. Jackson.— West Indian (thanks).— Alph. De C— J. S,
_>V". B.— W. B. H.— A. F. B.— D. T. F.

October 12. 1867.]

THE GAl^DENEKS* CMONICLE AND ArTKICIILTURAL GAZETTE.

1053

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Incorporated by Special Act of Parliamont In 1863.

To LANDOWNKRa. TIIK CliCROV, ESTITI AoENTfl, SunVEYOIU, Ac, IM

England and Wales, and in ScoTLiND.
The Company aavances money, uiilimlt.od In amount, for the
following works of AKrtcuU.iiraI linnrovtiniont, the wh.)le outlay and
expenses in all oason being liquidated by a rent-charge for 25 yoari.
1. Drainage, Irrigation, aud Warping, Enabanklng, Inoloaing,
Clearing, Itetlamation, Planting, for any b«nofl«lal purpose,
Enginca or Machinery for Drainage or Irrigation.
S. Farm Roads, Tramwaysand ItailroadsforaKrioultvirai or farming
purposes,

3. Jotcios or Landing places on the tea-eoast or on tlie banlcs of

navigable rivers or lakus.

4. The Erection ot Farm Huuioa, Labourors' Cottagou, and other

Buildings rot^uired for Farm purposes, and the lmpror«ment
of and additions to Farm Houses and other butMliigii for
li'arm purposes.

Landowners assessed under the provisions of any Act of PArlla-
ment, Uoyal Clmrtor, or Commission in respect of any public or
general worits of Drainage or other ImproYomonts, may borrow then"
proportionate stiare of the cost, and cUargo the same with the
exiienses on the lands Improved.

The Company will also negotiate the Uftnt-chareei obtained by
Landowners under the Iniprovoment ofLand Act, 1864, in respect of
their Subscription of Sliares In a Railway or Canal Coinpanv.

No investigation of title Is required, and the Company boing of a
strictly Pnanclal character, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the Oovorn-
mont Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to Ohanvillb R. i;tD«a,Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street. London, S.W.

niHE GENERAL LANU DRAINAUE and
JL IMPROVEMENT COMPANY. Offices. 22. Whitehall Place.
Under this Company's Act Tenants for Life, Trustees, Mortgagees,
Guardianf., Committees of Incomnetent Persona, Bononcial Lohsoos,
Corporations (Eocleaiastlcal or Municipal), Incunibonts, Charitable
Trustees, ic., may effect the following Land Improvements, and
charge the outlay and expenses on the estate improved, by way of
rentcharge, to bo paid by half-yearly instalments, viz. ;—

1. All works of Drainage, Irrigation, Warping, and Enibanltment.

2. The Erection of Faraihouses, Cottages for Agricultural
Labourers, and all kinds of Farm iiulldlngs.

3. The Construction of Roads.

4. The Grubbing and Cle;irlng of old Woodlands, Enclosing,
Fencing, and Reclaiming Laud.

The owners of Estates, not entailed, who may bo desirous to avoid
the expense or Inconvenience of a Legal Mortg-age, may also charge
tneir Estates with an Outlay in Improvements under the simple and
iuexDonsive process of the Company s Act.

The Term of Years for the Rentcharge la fixed by the Landowner,
BO as to adapt the amount of Annual Paymout to the circumstanceH
of the Tenants.

No Investigation of Title being required, and the Charge not being
affected by Eucumbmnces, no Legal Expenses are incuned

The Arrane:ements for Effecting Improvements are threefold —

No. 1. The WorliS may be Designed and Executed entirely by the
Landowner"!) Agent, and the Company employed only to supply the
Loan and conduct the matter through all the official Foniis for
Charging the Outlay ou the Estate.

ISO. 2. The Comimny will supply Plana, Speciflcations, and Esti-
mates for any Improvements to be eiecuked by the Landovnier'a
Agent as under No. 1. In each of these cases the Landowner wQl be
solely under the control of the Enclosure Commissioners.

No. 3. The Company will uudertaiie the entire responsibility of the
Improvements, prepare the Plans, execute the Worits, and finally
charge on the Estate the actual amount expended, with their Com-
mission thereon, approved by the Enclosure Commiasioners.

Landowners may thus obtain what assistance they require from
the Company, and no more, in effectiLg the objects in view.

Worlcs of Drainage and other ImprovemenCa are also executed on
Commission for Landowners, who merely require the skill and
experience of the Company's ufflcors and a Staff m constant practice.

Applications to be addressed to Horace Brou, t&e Secretary, at
the Office of the Comuany, 22, Wlntcball Place, London. S.W.

i^^WLKR'S^ PATENT STEAM PLOUUH and
' CULTIVATOR may be SEEN aL WORK 1q every Agricultural
County In England.

For particulars apply to Jouh Fowlkr ft Co., 71, Comhlll, London,
E.C. ; and Steam Plough Works, Leeda, _

FOR SALE, a Complete SET of HOWARD'S STEAM
CULTIVATING TACKLE; a BARN PART PORTABLE
THRESHING MACHINE, by Hornsby; and A PAIR of 4-feet
MILL STONES, with Gearing complete.

Apply to Mr. joHEPu N0AK.K8, Medway Ironworks, Rocheatar ; or
Mr. E, Noakes, Lamberhurst, Kent.

IRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal
Agncultura! Society).
SHEEP, 3a. bd. ; CATTLE. 4s. 2d. ; OX, 61. lid.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St. Pancras Iron Work Company, Old St. Pancras Road, London, N.W.

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Armit Works, Gieenfleld, near Manchester.
TANNERS. CURRIERS,* MANUFACTURERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.
Price Lists sent free by post.
Warehoujio: til, Marie Lane, London, E.C.

Mr. H. Ferrabke, Agent.

WS. B 0 U L T O N ' S
• 36-gallon SWING WATER
BARROW. Price 46*. Carriage paid
to the principal Stations.

This is the best and cheapest
article of the kind yet introduced
It can be used with or without a Pony
Two Tubs can be hud with one Car
riage, and a Spreader if required.

Testimonials can be furnished irom
all parts of the country.

Powerful GARDEN ENGINE for
the above, price iSs.

Improved WATER and LIQUID
MANURE CARTS.

Illustrated Catalogue, with all par
tlculars, sent free ou application to
W. S. BooLTOW, Rose Lane Ironand Wire Works, Norwich,

Iron Cisterns.

FBRABY AND Co. havin;? laid down extensive and
• Improved Machinery in their new range of buildings, Ida
Wharf, Deptkord, are now prepared to supply WROUOIIT-IRON
TANKS. GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior quality, at
reduced prices, and at very short notice.

^

LISTS OF TANKS

ON APPLICATION.

y. Braby & Co.. Limited, Fitzroy Wock-^, Eustou Roiid, London.

■_ Caution to Gardeners.— WHen yon asu for

QAYNOR AND COOKE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
O PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark Saynor, also the corporate mark Obtaim
Warrantbd. without which none are genuine.

S. k C. regret having to caution Gardeners and others, but are
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, haTing been sold for the genuine one, and which has caused
many complaints to be made to them of Knives which were not ol
tneir make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'a Pruning and Budding Knives are tbe oest and the
cheapest In the market.

Paxton Works, Sheffield. Established upwarda of 126 years.

L AWES' WHEAT MANURE for AUTUMN
SOWING.— A supply of the abovo Manure Is now roady for
delivery, at J. B. Laweh" Factories, Deptford and Barking Creekn.
Price £« per ton. Two to three owt. per acre to bo harrowed Into
tho laud bofoio the Hijod la sown. It can bo obtained of Mr. Lawfh,
or througii any of his appointed Agents ; also

LAWKS' PATKNT TUHNU" MANURE .. £.<\ « 0 per ton.
SUPEKPllOSt'lIATlO of LIME .. .. £^ '> U pur ton.

Genuine PKKUVIAN GUANO direct from the Im[>orLora, and

all Chemical Manures of valuo.
AMtlKICAN aud other CAKlOS at m.irket pricoa.
Address Jou5 Bcnnkt Lawki, OIBcja, 1, Adehldo Place, L'>ndnn
Bridge, E.C. ;'i2, Eden Qu^iy. Dublin; t Miirkct Square, Shrewsbury.

''IT WE lTTnIj on manure c o m pTn Y

X (EsTABLISilKDlSlO)

Have now roady for delivery in dry fine condition,
CORN MANURE, lor Spring Uao
DISSOLVED BONKS, fbr Drossmg Fa.sturo Lands
SUPEltPllOSl'HATKSofLIME
PREPARI'^D OUANO
MANUKL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Oonuine PERUVIAN OUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY

Offluea. 110, Fenchurch Street, E.C.

E. PuRSBB. Sooreuiry.

Wheat

Sowing.

DOWN'S FARMER'S FKIEND, for Prevunting tlie
Smut in Wheat, and tho Riv.igos of the Slug, Grub, and
Wireworm. A Hd. packet is sufflciont for Six Bushels of Seed Wheat,
which can bo dressed and (it to sow in a qunrter of an hour,

Testimonials from the largest Wheat Growers in tho Kingdom,
bearing testimony to Its groat power and eflUciicy, may be had of
Agents, who are appointed for every district.

Full directions for use are given with each packet.
Prepared at the Manufactory, Woburn, Beds.
Caution. — To guard against fraudulent imitation and consequent
disappointment, see that the signature of Hlnrv Down is on the label.
Agents in every Town throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland.

THE BIRMINOHAM CATTLE and POULTRY
SHOW, 1807.
The NINETEENTH GRKAT ANNUAL EXHIBITION of FAT
CATTLE, SHEEP, PIUS. DOMESTIC POULTRY. CORN.
ROOTS, andlMPLKMKNTS. will beheidio B1NGLP:Y HALL, on
SATURDAY. MONDAY. TUESOAY, WEDNESDAY, and
THURSDAY, November 30, and December 2. 3, 4. and C, when
PRIZES to the amount of £210D will be awarded in thu following
Divisions, viz. ; —
FAT CATTLE .. £812 15 0 I BREEDING PIGS .. £76 10 0
FAT SHEEP .. 314 fi 0 ROUTS and CORN .. G7 4 0
FAT PIGS .. .. 69 6 0 1 POULTRV A PIGEONS 755 9 0
Prize Lists, Certificates of Entry, and every Information may be
obtained from the Socretiry.

The ENTRIES CLOSE on FRIDAY, November 1.

JouK B. Lytuall, Secretary.
_Offlco3. 3fl, Now Street, Birmingham. ^_^_^_____^_^___

QMLTHFiKLO CLUli FAT CATTLE SHOW.—
O The ANNUAL SIIuW of FAT CATTLE, SHEEP, and
PIGS, will be held at tho AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON,
on MoN DAY afternoon, December 9. and Four following Daya.

Intending Ex.hib.t'r3 are requested to apply for Certihcate Forms
by the reference letters as under.
CATTLE.— Form A. For an OX or STEER (in any Class).
„ B. For a COW or HEIFER (in any C.assJ.
,, C. For a BEAST in Eitr^ Stock.
6HEKP. „ U. For a PEN ofS WETHERS (in any Class]

,, E. For a SINGLE SHEEP lu Eitra Stock.
PIGS. „ F. For a PEN of 3 PIGS (in any Class).

„ G. For a SINGLE PIG in Extra Stock.
ENTRIES for LIVE STOCK CLOSE NOVEMBER 1.
PrlEQ Lists, Forms of Certiflcrites, aud all Information, may be
obtained on application to Mr. Datid Pollin, Assistant Secretary,
at the Office of the Honorary Secretary, corner of Half-Moon Street,
Piucaililly, London, W.

N.B. All communications respecting the Show must be addressed
to the Assistant Secretary, as above, and should boar outalde the
words "Smit lift eld Show."

Eht Agricultural (Sa?ette.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 12, 1867.

We are fortunate in being able to present our
readers with a full report of Mr. Wren
HosKYNs' admirable Paper on the Land Laws of
England, which was last week read at Bii-ming-
ham before the Midland Farmers' Club. The
subject is one on tho many relations of which
Mr. HosKYNS has been long a powerful writer and
an urgent speaker ; and never, we think, has it
received happier illustration, or more suggestive
treatment, than in the address which appears in
the following pages.

The Duchess and Oxford cattle to be sold Aext
Wednesday at the Shaw Farm, Windsor, are
descended respectively from Duchess both and
Oxford 5th, sold at the Kirkleavington sale — the
one to the late E^rl DuciE and the other to
Mr. L. G. Morris, of the United States. Duchess
both then realised 105 guineas, and Oxford dth
fetched 71 guineas. The daughter of the former
was bought by Messrs. Becar and Morris at the
Tortworth sale for 700 guineas, and taken across
the Atlantic, whither Oxford 5th had preceded
her. Oxford 20th, a daughter of Oxford 5th, was
purchased along with Duchess list (out of
Duchess 66th), from Mr. Thorne and Colonel
Morris, by Mr. Sheldon, and from them are
descended the cattle now imported.

"Oxford 20th," we quote from an American
Paper, " was for a long time barren, but fortu-
nately at length bred four heifers, all of whom
have turned out as fruitful as the veriest scrub
cow of the streets. She is a light roan, with
strongly marked Bates' characteristics — a great
cow, broad back, hips, aud loins, horns too long
and stout to suit tlie taste of those who fancy
the more delicate ones of most Shorthorn cows,
but really better, for the Bates' cow seldom
loses her horns. All her offspring have plenty
of size and substance at maturity, and in general
appearance resemble, as she does herself, her

dam, Oxford 5th, by Duke of Northumberland
(1940). The most noteworthy of tho descendants
from Oxford 20th is ith Maid of Oxford, by
Imperial Oxford, colour red, a model head
and eyes, short fmo nock, ami tho best brisket,
crops, loin, aud ribs of any of tlio young stoclc
here, and withal of good quality, and a look of
breeding to which words cannot do justice."

■This^y* Maid of Oxford— is the oldest of the
heifers to be offered at the sale next Wednesday.

" By the side of Oxford '20th," the American
writer proceeds, " stands Oxford by Romeo.
They are both in robust health — 12 and 13
respectively, which puts them past much hope
of farther breeding. The latter is a red roan,
large in size but short of limb, broad aud deep
in body, a good milker. We have known her
10 years, and never saw her otherwise than in
good show condition. In fact, we have believed
for a long time that this cross of RoilEO has
given the best results of any alien blood ever put
into Bates stock. It did not disturb the high-
bred Bates current, but only imparted more
volume and vigour. Two living calves attest
the judgment of Colonel Morris in breeding
this cow, viz., Oem of Oxford by 2d Grand
Duke (12,961), and the bull OxpoiId Lad."*

Ge7n of Oxford, who is the dam of Countess of
Oxford, one of the heifers for sale at Windsor, is
described as being a rich red roan, now in the
full development ofeowhood — "heavy and full in
body, broad back, hips, and rumps ; when
iu show order, with perfect heart and crops
— brisket wide, deep, and prominent, with
a neat head and very short legs — as grand
a boast as is her dam. Qem is a trifle
short-bodied, perhaps, but with this goes consti-
tion, feeding capacity, and, in this cow, good
milking." She has been a regular breeder, and
her daughter. Countess of Oxford, now to be sold,
is by the 7th Duke of Airdrie. The other
Oxford heifers are descended, three from
daughters of Oxford 20th, and one from another
grand-daughter of Oxford 5th, the original Kii-k-
leavington cow. In her case, that of 8lh Lady of
Oxford, there is through the sire, the 6th Duke
OF Thorndaie, what the writer in the Farmer
calls " the splendid addition of Grand Turk's
Warlaby blood, while the whole of her dam's
pedigree is of Bates materials without admix-
ture. Countess of Oxford, and -ith, 5th, 6th,
and 7th Maids of Oxford, are all of virtually pure
Kirkleavington blood, although each has a dash
of something el^e thi'ough one or more of the sii'es
in her pedigree. Countess of Oxford, and oth Maid
and 1th Maid of Oxford, are all by 7th Duke
OF Airdrie (Bates, with a fraction of Booth
through his great grandsire, 2d Duke opAthol),
while ith and Gth Maids of Oxford are by Impe-
RiAi, Oxford, a son of Duke of Geneva, from
Oem of Oxford by 2d Grand Duke."

Theremaining heifer isthe7iA Duchessof Geneva,
by 3d Lord Oxford, one of an earlier impor-
tation fi'om America, got by 2d Grand Duke —
12,961— (dam, Oxford \3th), a pure Bates buU;
her dam is the 3d Duchess of Geneva, by Oxford
Lad, whose dam is Romeo's Oxford, referred to
above. So that here, to the extent of one-six-
teenth in the heifer to be sold next Wednesday,
we have the admixture of the blood of Romeo (a
bull of the Marquis of Exeter's breeding) with
the pure Duchess blood.

In the 3d Duke of Geneva, one of the two
bulls to be offered at the Windsor sale, we have
in still smaller proportion the same admix-
ture, which, according to the American writer,
has not diluted the high-bred Bates current, but
only imparted more volume and vigour.

We cannot doubt that these descendants of two
of the most celebrated families of the Shorthorn
breed, to be offered for sale by Mr. Strafford
next week, will command the same high prices
which their cousins the Grand Duchesses realised
at Aylesford in the spring.

How much the value of wool still guides that
of the animal which supplies it, appears plainly
enough notwithstanding exceptional maxima,
from a comparison of the prices which have
ruled this year at autumnal ram sales with
those of 1866. When Bajcewell undertook the
improvement of the Leicester sheep, his attention
was directed almost exclusively to its carcase —
to the placing and the thickening of the flesh
upon the choicest joints — and to the quickening
of the fattening process ; so that now the food
which a well bred sheep consumes is converted

* The number of this bull in the forthcoming volume of the
Herd Book is 24,713.

1054

THE GARDENERS' CHRONlCi.E AND AGRlClTLTtRAT; GA?;ET1'E. [Ociqbeb la. ise?.

ijito mutton four or five times as fast as it was a
century ago. The wool tlius became a leas
important consideration than it used to he :
the sheep was formerly not ripe tiU three or four
years old, and three or four fleeces were obtained
for every carcase ; but Bakbwell ripened it at
14 months, after it has borne hut one. That
fleece has of late been so much more valuable,
however, than it was, that it has latterly regained
somewhat of its former influence on the value of
the animal; and the close-grained quality of
Southdown mutton has not sufficed to hinder
the depreciation due to its scanty, short- woolled
coat ; nor has the coarser character of the flesh
of Cotswolds and of Lincolns prevented an extra-
ordinaiy rise in prices, due to their long and
heavy fleece.

When wool was worth half-a-crown a pound,
and especially when certain wools became
available as substitutes for that of the Alpaca m
the manufacture of what are called Lustre goods,
no wonder that those breeds which yield a fleece
of 10 or 12 lb. weight, and wool remarkable for
its bright and lustrous character, acquired the
highest reputation and commanded the highest
prices in the market. And now that such wools
have gone back to 16 and 18 pence per lb. no
wonder that prices have this year very seriously
receded.

The Lincoln breed has exhibited this contrast
more seriously than any other, j ust because its wool
commanded the very highest price last year. So
heavy are Lincoln fleeces that in one instance,
as Mr. 3. A. Clakke told them at the
Eoyal Agricultm-al College, 2.57 weighed
117 tods, and in another 2829 fleeces
weighed 1100 tods, or from 11 to 124 lb. per
fleece ; and so fine and bright is the wool, that
20 lb. of it worked up with cotton suffices to give
the necessary lustre to 12 pieces of "Alpaca"
goods, each 42 yards in length ! Certainly the
owners of the best flocks have had reason to
cotigiatulate themselves on the reputation they
had thus acquired. And thus it was that last
year Ml-. T. KliiKnAM sold 80 shearling rams for
an average price of 161. 14s. a piece ; 26 2-shear
sheep at 14?. 9s. each; and 44 3-shear
gheep at 26/. apiece. One of these
old sheep realised 100 guineas, having the
previous year been let for 135?., and, as a
shearling the year before, for no less than 160?.
To name two other ram sales of last autumn : —
Mr. DkYY sold 135 shearlings «t 12?. 9s. ed.
each, and Mr. Chaplin 40 at 15?. 6s. This year
we do not hear of such enormous prices. Mr.
KiRKHAM, of Warkby, has indeed realised 12?.
apiece, and Mr. T. Casswell, of Pointon, sold
50 for no less than 15?. 10s. each: but at Peter-
borough Pair the demand was far beneath the
supply, although there were only 582 sheep on
the ground, against 867 in 1865.

Turning to the Cotswold breed, standing next
upon the scale for length and lustrous character
of fleece, we find hardly such a reduction as
the above at recent sales. Notwithstanding the
lower value of Cotswold wool, prices have been
geilerally well maintained. There is probably
lio breed which owes less to mere push and
praise. Hardly ever represented at our annual
shows as it ought to be, its merits in its own
particular locality are the sole and safe founda-
tion of its reputation ; and the prices com-
manded by the large numbers sold each autumn
on particular farms in Oxfordshire and Glouces-
tei'shire, as well as at sales by auction at our
fairs, are the true and trustworthy indications of
genuine and intrinsic worth.

Last year Mr. W. Lane, of Broadfield, North-
leach, sold 54 shearUng rams, averaging 26?. 18s.
each — the highest prices being respectively 210,
126, 122, and 100 guineas. Mr. Gakne sold
51, at nearly 18?., the highest price being
120 guineas. Mr. Fletcher's 50 fetched 15?. 5s.
apiece, the highest price being 63 guineas.

This year, although no such excessive prices
have been given for individual animals, yet
many of the flocks have realised quite their usual
average. Thus Mr. W. Laue has sold 50 shear-
ling rams at 31?. 19s. M. each, the highest price
being 127?. ; Mr. 0. Barton, of Pyfield, reaUsed
nearly 15?. for his 50 ; Mr. Fletcher's 50 fetched
14?. 15s. 9c?. each; and Mr. E. Garne offered
52 sheep, four of which were only let for the
season, and the whole realised 1286?., or nearly
26?, apiece. The Cotswold men may be con-
gratulated on holding their OWn, notwithstanding
lower prices ; and on presenting, in this respect,

If we now look at recent sales of Shropshire
sheep, we shall find that prices have not been so
well maintained. In this breed the fleece is not
of that comparative importance that it is in
Cotswolds and in Lincolns. Nevertheless the
smaller price of wool amounts to a depreciation
of 68. or 8s. a head over a flock; and that
must aft'ect their value in the market.

Last year Mr. Horlby made 13 guineas
apiece of 40 shearling rams ; Mr. 0. E. Keelinq
made 16 guineas of 30 ; apd Mr. Crane 19?. 5s.
apiece of 36. This year Mr. Keeling's sheep
sold for 13?. 5s. apiece; Mr. HoRLEY made
hardly so much; Mr. S. Byrd made 15?. 8s.
apiece of his,— the highest price realised for any
one, and the highest price, they say, that any
single sheep has ever made in Shropshire, being
86 guineas.

Going north to Kelso, we find at the great
sales of Leicester sheep which have just con-
cluded there, that prices have hardly been so
high as they were last autumn. Lord PoL-
warth's 20 averaged 25?. 13s., or 1?. 8s. less
than it was last year. Mr. Torrance sold
40 for 7?. 16s. apiece ; last year the average
was 9?. 4s. 7(?. Miss Stark sold 34 for 22?. 14s.
each from a flock which last year averaged
25?. 15s.

Notwithstanding, however, the general depre-
ciation when compared with last year's prices,
the sums that are given for the best blood are

Hungarian Grass is we do not know, but the corn
referred to is no doubt Maize, a plant of which the
value for supplying green forage during its early growth
requires to be ascertained amongst ourselves. Any-
how the advice which Hoeebv gives, applies with
equal force on both sides of the Atlantic. " Tlie cow
should be fed and kept under shelter when the nights
are wet and inclement ; this more particularly in the
early season, when she is fresh and in full tnilk ; one
exposure to a cold wet night has frequently reduced
the milk one-half. Also in the fall, when the nights
become frosty, never let them remain out ; be particular
to .stable them ; and in the morning never turn them
out on the pasture until the frost is melted off by the
sun, as nothing, perhaps, dries a cow or reduces her
milk more than eating Grass with the frost onjt. To
many of these requirements the generality of farmers
pay no attention whatever. In the early season, as
soon as there is any pasture whatever, the cow is
turned out of the barn-yard, to eat what she may find,
and to remain day and night until the winter comes :
there is also nothing grown or fed to eke out the scanty
supply of pasturage that almost invariably ooours at
some time in each season."

A correspondence has lately been proceeding in

some of the agricultural journals iibout Mr. Jovce's
pias and Palm-nut meal. It apiiears that Mr. Joyce,
of'Waterford Co., who is a well-known and successful
breeder of Berkshire pigs, has fed them lately to a great
extent on the Palm-nut meal— that he has suffered
great losses among them— and that he attributes the
disaster to the use of the food he has been giving.
This idea is disputed by "An Essex Agriculturist," by
Mr. J. Coleman, and by the J3«?>?in Farmers' Gazette.
The "Essex Agriculturist " says :— " I have used Palm-
nut meal for the past five years, and know many who
have used it much more extensively. I am now

enough to reward and to command the efforts of giving it to a herd of nearly 100 pigs; they are
°- ■ Even Cheviots thriving and doing well on it— m fact, 1 know ot no

the ablest skiU and judgment,
and other mountain sheep realise great prices.
At the biennial sale of Mr. Brydon's ramS:
" Craigpatrick," a splendid 4-year-old ram
made 186 guineas, the highest price, we presume

food that produces such good results. For bullocks I
have used it largely, with equal benefit. It is quite
possible that Palm-nut meal, given without discretion,
might produce injurious consequences; but let Mr.
Joyce turn his horses all night into his granarj;

for shearlings. Certainly, therefore, there is no
lack of enterprise or stimulus to effort in this
particular branch of agricultuiul improvement.
We have not seen a report of many sales
of Oxfordshire Downs, Mr. Treadwell, of
Whichendon, Buckinghamshire, however, made
an average of 14?. for 37 sheep the other day,
many of them fetching 20 guineas each, which
is quite as high an average price as the breed
generally commands.

Mk. L,\wes' letter on the harvest experience at ' Smith's meal contains 20 per cent., is certainly not

Rothamsted this year is a striking corroboration of all purgative in its nature, and therefore superior in feed-
we have written this summer on the general crop of the , ing properties to linseed-oil ; but neither is it binding,
country. The threshing machine is almost everywhere I as proved bv the instance given above." The BiMin
disappointing expectation. 'We know of instances . Farmers' Qazette adds—" We believe that some manu-
where the promise of 5 quarters, as it had been read | faoturers do not take care to remove the outer black

uigs upon .---_-

Its introduction, some seven or eight years
since, using it largely at the present time, and haviiig
been intimately connected with its sale, I can state
that in the whole of my experience I am not aware of
a single instance in which pigs were injured from eat-
ing the meal. Further than this : some three years
since, Mr. F. J. Chablion, of Hill Fields, liewdley,
fed a number of porkers on nothing but Palm-nut
meal and water. They did exceedingly well, and
showed no sign of constipation. Now if the meal was
good, I cannot believe (because it is contrary to all my
experience) that it could be the cause of constifiation
and paralysis. The fatty matter, of which Messrs,

when the corn was stacked, is resulting in a perform-
ance of only three ; and the quality of the corn is
inferior, too. A "Practical Farmer," writing to the

coloured shell of the nut, but grind all up together, and
in this case it may have an injurious tendency; but
that well prepared Palm-nut meal has not, we

Mark Lane E.vpress,s-ii.ys:— 'In two threshings on the j position to prove, having used some of it during the
writer's farm, one of 49 quarters heads left 71 quarters p^gt season in feeding our cows, several purely-bred

tails ; the other 29S quarters heads leaving 4| quarters
tails; and this is only a sample of the district yields.
The weight will average from 16 stones to 17stones 10 lb.
per sack of 4 bushels ; and this, more or less, is the
character of the threshings throughout the country."

" Hokebt," of Chester county, Pennsylvania— a

Philadelphia merchant, who seems to be a sort of
American Mr. Mechi, began farming four years ago,
and has already increased the produce of 100 acres of
cleared land from 1500 lb. to 4000 lb. of butter per
annum. This has been effected to some extent by an
increase in the number of cows, and therefore we
may infer by an improved cultivation of the land;
but it has resulted chiefly from a better manage-
ment in the cowhouse. " I look upon a cow," he says,
"as similar to a steam boiler; no matter how good it
may be, unless the boiler is well supplied with water
and good fuel, also well attended to, the supply of
steam will be short, or it will be in proportion to the
fuel and attention. So also with the cow ; no matter
how good she may be, if she is not well and plentifully
fed and cared for, her product will be shortened."
Accordingly he gives his cattle "ship stuff," as he
calls it, that is, meal and cake and bran early in the
season, when they are first put on the young watery
Grass. He winters them generously, so that when
coming out of the farm-yard after calving they
are in good flesh — and he grows forage of
various kinds with which to supplement deficient
pastures in times of drought and difficulty.
" For that purpose," he says, '■ I have grown early Rye
to begin with in the early season, before the Grass is
sutficient to turn out on ; then after harvest, during
the dry weather, when the pasturage becomes short,
Hungarian Grass, to bo followed with corn sowed in
drills for fodder, which, cut morning and evening, and
fed to the stock whilst milking, fills them twice a-day,
and, with the pasture, makes up all that is required.
During the last season, whilst it was necessary to sou
with Hungarian Grass and corn for fodder, we have
also fed two quarts of ship stuff each night and morn-
ing', as we feel satisfied that, although the Hungarian
will keep up the yield of milk

Berkshire pigs, fowl, and dogs, and no ill consequences
arose from its use. On the contrary, the improvement
in condition from the use of Palm-nut meal was
strikingly remarkable. The cow's milk improved in
richness, and the pigs, fowl, and dogs got speedily fat;
but they were not wholly fed on it, as they got also
Potatos and vegetables mixed with it." The evidence
is sullioiently strong to throw great doubt on^ the
impression made on Mr. JoycE that he has suffered
from the use of Palm-nut meal— or that, properly
administered, it is anything but a very useful and
nourishing food.

woi- uiiuBo, nuu. uii L/io=.ou""s, .-..,.- — r— -> Gr.ass and green corn um necij up uiio j .o,u v.. '";.";(
<<, most favourable contrast to their LiiiC0lnshir6| yettliey will not alone make as much butter as _ajull

X'iyals,

Uupply of pasture ot the natural Grasses,

What

THE LAND LAWS OF ENGLAND IN THEIR
INFLUENCE ON AGRICULTURE.

[The following paper was read by C. Wren Hoskyns, Esq., on
Thursday eveiiiug, Oct. 3, before the Midland Farmers'
Club, Birmingham.]
Not very long before I received the invitation
which brings me here to-day, I met with an article in
a provincial publication giving a humorous account of
a Housekeeper who is represented complaining to his
Butcher of the high price of meat. The Butcher replies
by referring him to the Farmer he was in the habit of
buying of, declaring that the price of the living animal
hardly left a profit on the killing. On carrying his
complaint to the quarter indicated, the Farmer assures
him that he should be very glad if stock could be
fattened and sold any cheaper, but, as matters stood,
all its profit to him was the manure it left behind :
that he kept and fattened all the stock he had accom-
modation for, and if the Housekeeper desired further
information, it might throw some light perhaps on the
matter if he would apply at once to the Landlord.
Accordingly he determined to do so ; and very much
surprised the Landlord was at finding the subject
brought to him : he did not know, hci said, how his
Tenants were to fatten more stock, at least without
an outlay of capital which they would hardly like to
make for themselves, and which it was impossible for
him to euconutef. What he did for one he must do
for all, and circumstanced as he was this would not
answer his purpose. If the complainant wished to
know why, perhaps he would like to talk to the family
Solicitor, who luiijht possibly be able to throw some

OCXOBEE 12, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CimoNlGLE AND AGRlCULTtlRAL GAZETTE.

1055

light upon the mutter. Uudetorroil by this further
rel'erenoe, the Huusolcoeper perBeveros, — auuepts and
acts uport tlie su^s^ostiou ; and thou comes :t myste-
rious couversation, which euds with au allusion to the
House ol' Commons, as the ultimate aud only real
authority upua tho various points to which the
cjlloquy lias led.

The humour of the story is of course wound up to
its elima.\ iu the ridicuIous-.we»i;7iff idea that a gentle-
man's complaint of his butcher's high prices should
find no staud-point till it gets, step by step to some-
thing very like a petition to Parliament.

I have brielly stated to you this somewhat whimsical
sketch, because it happens to have been tho lirst
popular intimation I have met with, of the relation
expressed in the title of the I'aper to which I am

foiug tu ask your attentiou— On the Land Laws of
laglaad in their Influence upon Agriculture.

But what are these Laws P I should imagine
that scarcely any one who has not had what is called a
legal education can form any adef|uate idea of tlie im-
mensity of the subject, involved iu that short phrase—
' tho Land Laws,' Almost evor since this country has
had a historical existence— even during the days of
our Saxon forefathers— long before tho growth of what
is called t^eudalism, the laws and customs relating to
Land were so stringent that the Feudal system can
barely be said to have more than ri vetted, not forged, the
fetters that have made land the favourite victim of
legislation, as long as legislation itself has existed.* I
will uot take up your tiuie even with a sketch of this
history ; but it is absolutely necessary to refer to it,
^ust to show how land camo to be the exception that it
IS to the laws applying to every other kind of property.

You can readily uuder^tand that in the long past ages
called * feudal,' Land formed almost the only shape in
which property existed. Commerce and Manufactures
are tho younger children of National history, and as
they rose to wealth aud importauce they obtained laws
for themselves adapted to the stature and intelligence of
the periods at which they rose to corporate existence
and maturity. Laws are to a nation very like what
habits are to au individual : it is easier to make a new
one than to break, or alter an old one: and thus we
must uot be surprised to lind the modern.Trade interests
of Society clothing themselves with the legal habili-
ments of advancement and intelligence, while Land
was still struggling in the fetters— perhaps I ought (for
my metaphor) to say rather the swaddliug-clothes of a
system which, while always carefully and exclusively
deseribiug it as real property, deprived it of that which
is recognised as the best test of proprietary right— the
power of alienation.

To modern eyes Buying and Selling are so natural as
to be almost inseparable from the idea of possession :
but to the eye ot Feudalism land was a thing peculiarly
aud essentially inalienable. Ownership, in the modern
sense of the word, existed nowhere, except in the chief
of the nation, the ' Sovereign Lord,' or King. All below
him, in their degree, were vassals, or as we should say
Tenants, holding their estates very much in the
same sort of way as in our days an olUcer holds his
regiment. As each died his male successor took his
place as a matter of course. If his child was a female
the land almost reverted to the Crown, or Suzerain, by
the undisputed right he claimed to give her hand in
marriage to whomsoever he thought fit of his Com-
mauders or Favorites.

It was a system that suited the time, because it was
a necessity of the time. No such thing existed then
as a standing Army— nor even a Navy— these were
the creations of a much later date : the defence of the
Country lay in the Land. The holders of it were
Tenants to the King, and the Rent they owed and paid
was to follow him to the Field. A good instance in
illustration of this occurred when the Earl Warenne
was summoned by the Chief .lusticiary of England to
show his Title to certain Lands over which he claimed
seignioralty. He entered the Hall of Justice, silently
unbuckled his sword, aud laid it ou the table. And
it seems too that he gained his cause.

But concurrently with the reign of Feudalism and
following close upon it, there grew up the practice, in
order to avoid Forfeitures, of a sort of secret ownership
by which nominal possessors held land in Trust for the
persons actually aud beneficially entitled to it, and
when this was formally abolished by Statute the
ingenuity of the Church (which absorbed all the
scholarship and ingenuity of that age) supplemented
it by a mode of Conveyance to Uses as they were called :
and this produced at length a system so complicate and
abstruse that it required, and to this day retiuires,
no small amount of learning to master it. And as
law books have in this country outlived the Revo-
lution, the Euglish simplicity of dealiug and transfer
which applies to every other species of property not
blessed with the privilege of so ancient a pedigree,
finds an exception the moment you touch upon what
the lawyers are pleased to call Real Property; and
the law which regulates its descent remains pretty
much whiit it was six centuries ago. This exceptional
law, which can-ies the inheritance of land to the eldest
male, to the exclusion of females, and of all younger
children, is known as the Law of Primogeniture,
and constitutes one of the Laud Laws which we shall
discuss to-day.

But the simple severity of this ancient law rarely
comes into ijlay ; by reason that landowners have now
the power (which did not exist iu the feudal days we
have been speaking of,) to make Wills and family
Settleineuts, by which the naked operation of the law
of primogeniture is modified, but at the same time
much extended. The law did no more than carry the
laud to the next male heir, in a continuous line of
living successors: it did uot attempt to make per-

• See Kemble's ' Saions iu EugUnd,'

poluities, nor to bind tho rights of unborn generations.
This remained to bo accomplished by tho now almost
universal practice of family soltlomcnl and Entail.

Iu most European couuti'ics, iu America, and in
our Colonies, the lu'actice is allowed of coufei'ring
estates in laud for life to ;uiy number of persons in
succossiou who are all living at the time the Sottlo-
inont is made. But iu this couutry tho Law goes
further, and allows a jiresout owner to bind the next
generation not only alter he is dead, but after the
death of the longest liver of those named iu his deed of
settlement, aud that for ono-and-twenly years. " It
may be stated generally," says Mr. Kay, "that these
laws enable an oivner of land by his Scltlomeut or Will
so to aU'eut his estate that it cannot i)ossibly be sold, in
many ca,ses for about oil, iu some for CO, 7D, or even
100 years after the making of the Settlement or Will."
Thus a man can declare what shall happen to an
estate in Laud, during the whole life of an infant just
born, and for 21 years after the birth of that iufaut's
Infant! This power is comniouly known as the law
of Entail, and forms the second of those land laws of
which I am to speak to you.

But there is a Third law, as powerful iu its olfecls
as either of those two which I have named, iu its
practical operation upon Land. It is this, that
whereas if I offer to soil you a Horse, or a Carriage,
or a House full of costly F^urniture, or a diamond
Necklace worth a fortune, n;iy tho Koh-i-Noor itself,
you have only to determine whether you will give the
sum asked, and the payment of it concludes the trans-
action, and you may sell it tu somebody else to-morrow,
if you like. (Observe this last point, for one of tho
raciest elements of value in most kinds of property is
the power of ready conversion, aud one of the greatest
blessings to the community the ease and facility
of transmission from hand to hand.) But if it
happen to be a bit of Land, worth less perhaps than
the smallest brilliant iu that necklace, or the
furniture of a single room of that House, it at
once becomes your business, aud necessiti/, to
assume that I am trying to sell what is not my own,
and to oblige me to prove my ' title' to it— not merely
of to-day, or this week, or the mouth past, but to
show the history and pedigree of that bit of land for
GO years back, aud all the births and deaths and
marriages in any way connected with it, for a period
that may thus extend over a couple of generations.
This is known to lawyers and their clients under the
playful title of 'conveyancing practice,' which governs
more powerfully than any Act of Parliament the
transfer of Land ; aud this forms the Third of the Laud
Laws of which I have to speak .

There are some other laws connected with the land
to which I shall have to refer, such as the law relatiug
to the Settlements of the Poor, the law of Fixtures,
and that vestige of the old Norman Forest-laws which
has descended to our day, under the title of Game
laws : but the three which I have named first are
those to which I shall chiefly confine myself; namely,
the law of primogeniture, the law of Entail, and the
practice of conveyancers iu the transfer of land.

I am not going to discuss those laws in their political
aspect. With that I have nothing to do here. Neither
are we directly concerned with their Social oonse-
queuces, nor yet their Moral effects, however important
these may be, interpenetrating as in truth they do the
whole structure of Euglish life aud society. My object
is simply aud solely to endeavour to trace their effects,
both separately and jointly, upon Agriculture.

And having stated to you what I mean by the land
laws, it is also necessary that I should detiue what I
mean by the word Agriculture. By Agriculture I do
not mean the interests of Landlords; neither do I
mean the iuterests of Tenant-farmers ; nor even the
interests of Labourers ; nor yet of Implement Manu-
facturers, nor of any other existing class. By Agri-
culture, I mean Agricullure, and nothing else ; the
CaUivation of the Soil for the production of food
for mankind, and other animals : and my single and
simple object is to endeavour to ascertain and point
out how that is affected by the laws prevailing in this
country, which directly and indirectly govern the
ownership, the cultivation, the disposition, the descent,
and the transfer of land.

First then with regard to what is called the Law
of Primogeniture. It is hardly possible to afford a true
picture of this law except by the light and outline of
contrast.

If a foreigner writin" of England were describing
the mode in which the Law disposes of the property of
an Intestate, he would speak of it as excellent almost
above the reach of praise or criticism. " On the death
of any person without a Will," he would say, " the
Law divides his wealth equally amongst all his chil-
dren, with a proportion to his Widow if living, and
the children of a deceased child, with an equity aud
ii'ipartiality that seem to approach the perfection of
wisdom and justice. But" — and then comes the
grand exception — " if any portion of his property, or
the whole of it, happen to consist of Land— then the
whole scene changes — then the whole shall go to the
eldest male child, to the exclusion of all the other
children, male and famale ; and in default of sons to
his nearest male relative."

Here then are two totally opposite principles of dis-
tribution and descent ot property, and that too in a
couutry the most commercial in tho world:— where
land_ can, like everything else, pass under the
auctioneer's hammer in exchange for money, and
money be converted into land, not indeed as quickly,
but) as surely as any other commodity or form of
capital. It is hardly possible to convey an idea of the
everlasting stream, I. should say whirlpool, ofLitigation
that has ibeen occasioned in our Courts of Law and
Equity by this unnatural wabble of two systems so
diametrically opposed to each other, yet operating i

simultaneou.sly in the same country. It furnishes the
keyncjto, the underlying cause that long rendered our
(Jcnirt of Chancery a scandal not to this country only,
1ml ;ilinost to the civiliseil world. The disputes
between the lleir-at-law aud the Personal Representa-
tive, the respective chamiMuns of tho two interests—
tho two couUicting systems — if recounted, would
surpass belief.

We are told, however, or wore told by those who do
not know what goes on in the Law Courts, that ns a
matter of inheritance and descent, tho Lam of in-imo-
geuilure very rarely comes into action ; because in fact
landowners substitute it by the system of family
settlement and entail;— in fact make their own
primogeniture; so that the lam might bo abrogated
to-morrow, yet tho custom would exist unaffected, and
the landed property of the country remain as at
present.* It is singular that this argument should
be used by the defenders of the law as a rea.son for
retaining it. Looking at the ovil conflict of two
opposing laws of jpuccession, it would furnish, accord-
ing to their own statement, the most cogent as well as
satisfactory ground for its abolition. But on the other
hand, there can be no good reason why any man should
not devise or settle his landed estate ou his eldest sou
even to the exclusion of all his other children (if his
fortune allow of it) : but there is very good reason why
the Law should not speak in two voices, nor make a
capricious exception to its own even-handed justice and
policy, in order to supplement his omission, nor set up
au impossible distinction that has baffled the learning of
the most acute lawyers as much as it has the com-
mon out-o'-door sense of practice and experience.
Individuals may act as they please : it is consistent
with the best policy aud freedom to allow them to do
so : but it it the duty of the Law to be both consistent
with itself, and a Rule of Right. " No human laws,"
says the great Judge Blackstone, "are of auy validity
if contrary to the Law of Nature ; and such of them as
are valid derive all their force and all their authority,
mediately or immediately from this original."

It is most important to keep in mind this distinction
between the Law, and the Custom of primogeniture:
because it is quite possible and consistent for one who
is an advocate aud admirer of primogeniture as a
national or social custom, to disapprove entirely of
its existence as a Law operating for a particuhir class
and species of property, conflicting with the existence
of another and more general Rule of the Realm that
applies to property of every other kind whatsoever.

And now, as to its agricultural effects. I need hardly
point out its tendency and acknowledged effect in
preventing the distribution of land amongst the com-
munity, and amassing it into large estates. However
rarely the law, as a rule of inheritance, may operate, —
that is, however seldom a landed estate may escape
accidentally from family entail, and drop by intestacy
or disputed claim into the course of legal distribution,
yet whenever it does happen, the law adjudicates it to
au individual, and restores it, so to speak, to that
primogenitary circle which is continually and every
day growing smaller and their estates larger. The
eflect of this is noticed very strikingly in Lord
Macaulay's History. Writing of this country a century
and a half ago, he speaks of the independent land-
owning yeomanry as '' an eminently manly and true-
hearted race. These small proprietors," he says, " who
cultivated their own fields, aud enjoyed a modest com-
petence, without affecting to have scutcheons and
crests, or aspiring to sit on the bench of justice, then
formed a much more important part of the nation than
at present. If we may trust the best statistical writers
of that age, not less than 100,000 proprietors, who with
their families made up more than a seventh of the
whole population, derived their subsistence from small
freehold estates. * * * It was computed that the
number of persons who occupied their own land was
fir greater than of those who farmed the land of others."
" Great," he adds, " has been the change in the rural
life of England." Great indeed ! t Such has been the
rapid concentration of land in fewer hands that the
computation of the number of landowners in the
kingdom at the present time, scarcely exceeds the
number Macaulay mentions as representing even at
that period the small proprietors alone.

That this decrease I should rather say extinction, of
the valuable class of yeomen, and aggregation of land
into larger masses, and fewer hands, has been accom-
panied by an immense increase of the system of Tenant
Farming, it is unnecessary to point out. To the preseut
generation the farm-tenancy of another man's land is
so completely the rule, and ownership the exception,
that it is quite like going out of practical life to the
statement of some abstract principle to remind them
that what they see exists only factitiously ; and that
in every couutry the original and natural condition
of laud is that it should be occupied by the person who
owns it; and that few generations have passed since
this was in fact the state of things in England.
As landed estates grew more extensive, this of course
became impracticable. It has often been attempted,
but no one has ever yet succeeded, in becoming the
great merchant or factor of his own vast acreage.
Nature itself operates against it, and compels its
distribution into separate farms to be held and culti-
vated at least on a smaller scale than that. But the
larger the estate the greater becomes the inevitable
inducement for making large farms : the expense
of a multiplicity of homesteads, with the requisite
outbuildings, is by the resort to large farms greatly
reduced, and a kind of wholesale economy is obtained
by the use of implements which reduce the expense of
cultivation and conversion at every stage to their most

' See tho Debate on Mr. Locke King's BUI on the intestate
Succession to Land.

t It was reckoned by Dr. Bekc that there were not mW*
than 200,000 owners of land In England, and iu Irelaiid BOOff
only,

1056

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEB 12, 1867.

economical rate. To one who can look back eight-and-
tweuty years to the first Implement Exhibition of the
Eoyal Agricultural Society of England at Oxford, it is
most striking to observe how invention and manufacture
have been stimulated to follow the track of enlarged
holdings, and the extensive scale of farming that lias
grown up in this country. "Whatever the demand,
there will always be a supply, and the magnitude as
well as perfection of our farm-implements and
machinery have become the wonder of Europe. All this
has helped to disguise a growing fact of deep signifi-
cance to the community : while to many persons it has
come to appear as if Agriculture will have reached its
perfection, its Golden Age, when the whole country
consists of large Tenant-held Farms under large Land-
owners.

But there is a considerable class of thinkers, on the
other hand, including amongstthemalmostevery distin-
guished writer on political economy (the science of the
distribution of national wealth), from Adam Smith to
our own time, who are of opinion that God made the
earth for all, and not for a few ; and who hold that the
true question is, not how the land can be cultivated on
the largest scale at the most economical rate, but how
it can be made to produce the greatest returns by the
protitable employment of the greatest number.

These are two very different propositions ; and if our
land laws tend, as they do unquestionably, to the
extirpation of small independent estates, and the
continual aggregation of land into large territories, and
these again to the holding of large farming acreages,
the question between these two propositions is
one which must in the course of things force
itself upon the attention of legislators and the
Public. If the process were stationary this might
not be : but what was going on when Adam Smith
and again when Lord Macaulay wrote, still is
going on under our eyes indeed the dispossession
of smaller proprietors has been so successful that the
whole question of the occupation of land is narrowed
down to the comparison between small and large
farms; and the advantage which modern imple-
ments and machinery have given to the larger holdings
has almost put out of view the far more important
comparison between Tenancy itself, and Proprietorship.
" Give a man," says Arthur Young, " the secure pos-
session of a bleak rock, and he will turn it into a
garden ; give him a nine years' lease of a garden, and
he will turn it into a desert. The Magic of property
turns sand to gold." This of Arthur Young's may be
rather a strong statement of the case, but it is sufficient
that it asserts a true principle. The outlay in capital
and labour that a man will make upon that which is
his own, and will descend to his family after him,
is essentially different in kind as well as in degree to
the farming treatment, taken at its very best, of land
belonging to another. In no country in the world has
Tenant-farming reached a higher point (I wish I could
say standard) of excellence than in England ; in no
country, I think, it may with equal truth be said, has
the relation between Landlord and Tenant afforded
nobler instances of the most daring confidence between
man and man, and that for successive generations.
But not the less for that is it true that Tenant-farming,
or ' How to make the most out of another man's land,'
stands on a footing so intrinsically different, as respects
the varied forms of permanent investment in the soil,
which are lavished by the absolute owner of it, that
the two things are hardly susceptible of fair com-
parison. The one is a business, that may be anywhere,
the other is a life, that is always at home : the one is a
time-bargain, to get money out of, the other is a deposit
bank to put money into. Let a man lay out whatever
he may upon another man's land, it is only with the
view of getting it back again as soon as he can. The
difference of the object affects insensibly the very
nature of the crops and the course of cropping. The
large-field practice almost compels an amount of cereal
produce, which looking at the home demand for meat,
and the portability of corn from every country of the
world, with its wonderful adaptation to almost every
climate, renders the price of Wheat (in the average of
years) an almost hopeless competition ; while the home-
cry for beef and mutton can hardly be said com-
mercially to command a proper supply.* To give an
extreme instance : the absolute proprietor will spend
more money and employ more labourers in the plant-
ing half an acre of fruit trees, than a leasehold tenant
would thmk himself justified in doing upon the
wheat crop of a 30-acre field. Compare the two cases ;
compare them not with a view to the mere economy of
the particular outlay, but with an eye to the employ-
ment of labour, and investment of capital in the soil
over the whole face of England.

The resort to machinery instead of hand labour on
large Farms is commonly taken for granted as being in
analogy with the same thing in manufactures. This is
a mistake. In manufactures the substitution of
machinery for hand labour has so enormously multi-
plied production, as to employ a far greater number
of hands in the details of the millwork : and here the
power of production is practically illimitable. No such
result obtains in agriculture. The most enthusiastic
admirer of the steam plough, useful as it is as an
auxiliary to o'ay cultivation, does not pretend that it
can rival the action or the produce of the Spude, which
skilfully handled exceeds the results of the best laid
furrow that Ransome or Howard, or even Smith or
Fowler can accomplish. The much greater quantity of
small products, such as eggs, butter, milk, cheese, honey,

* "It is beyond contradiction," s.iys Mr. Cliffe Leslie (in a
recent article in " Praser "), " that the products best suited to
the soil and climate of England are those which small farming
produces best." "The farm produce for which Eugland is
best suited," requires, Mr. Caird states, "an immensity of
labour." " English agriculture," says Mr. Thornton, "would
be exceedingly benefited by the application to It of at least
double the actual quantity of labour ; " and England is fitted
1}y Nature to support an liiamense rural population iu comfort.

vegetables, fruit, &o., which are obtained from a given
quantity of land cultivated by the smaller class of pro-
prietor, formed quite a characteristic feature of the
ancient agricultural system of England. These have
almost disappeared with the modern system. The
importation of foreign eggs in the last year amounted
to the prodigious number of nearly 500 millions. The
value at the English Market price paid to the Foreigner
for this one element of neglected home produce is from
one and a-half to two millions sterling.

What is the conclusion? Does this look as if it
ever was intended that the earth should be capitalized
into vast aggregations, that shall drive the small pro-
prietor, or the small cultivator out of the land? I
think not : I think that a great but unconscious experi-
ment has been going on sufficiently long to warrant the
assertion that it is not within the laws of Nature that
the earth should come under the wholesale grasp of
capitalization. The very structure of the soil— apart
from all questions of its variety — is a problem in
itself so special, so unique, so responsive to the modest
and simple machinery of want, and the patient toil
that eats bread in the sweat of its face, that it would
seem as if a silent but imperative appeal against
aggregation lies in the very bosom of the ground, lies
in the crumbling fall of every spadeful in the garden or
the allotment field— rivalling as they do in comparative
produce the quadruple steam-laid furrow-slice that
attracts the gaze of nundreds and thousands at our
Agricultural Shows.

It so happens, however, that in England the smaller
forms of proprietorship are rendered so impracticable
by causes I shall presently refer to, that no fair com-
parison can be made between proprietary and
tenant cultivation. In Belgium, in Switzerland,
Holland, Italy, in France, Sweden, and Denmark, no
such laws exist. In all these countries (except the
two last) I have myself personally witnessed the
results of a landed proprietary enjoyed by all classes,
not only as it affects themselves but also in its
influence upon the labourer. " The English agricultural
system stands surrounded not merely by countries,
but by continents which rest on the principle of the
diffusion of landed property. The Continent, America,
and Australia, proclaim, with hardly a dissentient
voice, that in Agriculture at all events the opposition
of Labour and Capital need not exist. It would be
wise to do all in our power to prevent this schism
extending from manufactures to agriculture, by uniting
as far as possible instead of separating the masses
from the soil, by the aggregation of land in the hands
of a few." *

I need not point out to you how the conditions of
labour influence the conduct and even character of the
labourer, of the man himself. The kind of hopeless,
brainless drudgery that drags along through the day in
the work of a hired Farm, and with the too probable
prospect of being turned adrift for the Winter, is as
unlike the active intelligent work of one who enjoys
a partner-like interest with the actual owner, as
the movement of the hunter or the racehorse is to
that of the jaded poster or the dray.

You cannot separate these things from one another.
Whatever tends to divorce the soil from its proprietor,
or even to widen the generous relation that unites
them, will cast its shadow upon the condition of the
labourer as surely as an intervening object will cut
off the sunshine from the ground. The way in which
men will spend money upon that which is their own,
is to the Labourer a sort of special providence ; how-
ever doubtful the return to the proprietors, he at least
is employed and benefited. One man's folly is another
man's thrift. And the converse is equally true : the
shrewd and keen calculation, how the most can be taken
at the least cost from the ground, is for him the arith-
metic of starvation.

Looking at the landed wealth of England, and the
justly admired scale and character of its farming, the
condition of the Labourer in Agriculture, compared
with other countries, presents one of the most
startling paradoxes that can meet the eye or the mind.
The philanthropist asks, why it is that when every
other class in society can be well housed, with a
return of 7i per cent., the building of cottages for
Labourers is, "through some obscure cause" as he
wonderingly words it, found unprofitable? There is an
occult relation between things that seem far apart to
the eye, that shows itself in symptomatic disease at the
most unexpected points, indicating a screw loose up
near the very life-spring far away from the place
visibly affected. Can we seriously wonder that
building Labourers' Cottages does not pay in a
country, however rich, where the whole agricultural
system is based upon Tenancy instead of ownership,
and the interspace between Property and Labour
is occupied by a vicarial system, the very essential con-
ditions of which are the obtaining a profit that will
Eay the rent with something left to live upon,
y the greatest returns consistent with the least
expenditure in labour?

The building speculator stands aghast at a problem
that utterly bafiies his means of comprehension, seeing
that the meanest hovels and cellars in our towns are
crowded and over rented, while our agricultural
villages either remain stationary in the condition of
50 years ago, or become daily, more and more deserted :
that Trade is ever pushing out its suburban shoots and
suckers in the shape of new streets of cottage rows in
the outskirtsof manufacturing Towns, while agriculture
is making appeals to sheer patriotism and liberality to
provide a place where the labourer may lay his head.

But out of the hundreds who would readily acknow-
ledge and lament over this cruel reproach, this blot
upon our national escutcheon, how many are there who
could be made to understand that it is as direct a
result of our national system of land-necrresatton and

* Newman on the Land Laws.

vicarial culture of the soil as it is possible for effect to
follow cause ? The American planter of the Southern
States housed and fed and looked after his Slave,
because it was his direct and imperative interest to do
so. Whose business is it to do the like for the English
agricultural labourer ? Not that of his Employer, the
rent-paying Tenant, because the land is his only to
farm, not to build cottages or plant gardens on : not
the rent-receiving Owner's, because between him and
the labourer there is, to use a well-known law term, no
' privity of contract,' the relation being broken by
the intervening link of an employer who, be he ever so
kind a master, has even less local tie with the hands he
employs than with the fields they work upon. And if
this be the case in England, what must he that of
Ireland in this respect, where our law of primogeni-
ture equally prevails, but where the proprietor is com-
monlyan absentee? Undoubtedly " it should be regarded
as part of the indirect interest of the landowner to build
Cottages, viewing the accommodation of the labourer
in the light of a part of the general improvement of
his Estate."* But we are speaking, not of what should
be, but what is : and the misfortune is, that indirect
interests are always and necessarily postponed to those
which are direct and immediate, and the repairs of a
large estate are in this category, while Cottage building
is in that. And it is only lately that one of the worst
of our land laws, the local Settlement of the Poor, has
ceased (if it have ceased) to furnish a motive for the
pulling down instead of building up dwellings for the
labourer.

"The housing of the labourer suffered a marked
deterioration between '51 and '61. In 821 English
Parishes, according to the last Census, a decrease of
houses was accompanied by an increase of population.
The demolition of cottages has perhaps ceased with
Parish chargeability, but there is nothing in the Union
CJhargeability Act which undoes the mischief that has
been done."t

But there exists a cause which I do believe has done
more than any other to prevent the amelioration of
this law in England, and to keep up what almost
amounts to a national prejudice on the subject. It is
the Napoleonic law of Subdivision existing in the
neighbouring country of France. If in England the
remnant of a feudal institution has saddled us with a
law which iu.cidontally favours aggregation, in
France there is a diametrically opposite law, which
was purposely framed in order to compel its subdivision.
So few people will give themselves the trouble to
examine this subject patiently, that you rarely hear
the word Primogeniture mentioned without some
hasty deprecation of the French Law of Morcellement ;
as if the existence of one bad law was an excuse for an
opposite law almost equally bad. The Truth lies in the
middle : the Land should be free : the Law has no
business to do either one or the other. Land has its
own inherent laws, like every other form in which pro-
perty exists ; and those are the only wholesome laws by
which it can be governed. The aid attempted to be
given b^ legislation to the concentration, or to the
subdivision, of land, distorts the true economical move
ment, and disguises the irresistible working of a
natural law by which Land would be found to grow
into large estates and into small, like other large and
small fortunes. We have proved this in the case of
the Usury Laws, the Sumptuary Laws, the laws once
directed against Forestallers and Begrators, the law of
Evidence, the Tariff or Customs Laws, and many
others that have been in turn abolished, after being
each vaunted as the Palladium of England, and we
have only the same experience to prove in the case of
the law which interferes exceptionally with the intes-
tate succession of Land. Against primogeniture
itself as a family practice and custom there can
be no objection whatever. The freedom of land
requires that every one should be allowed to dispose ol
its succession in what manner he pleases, subject only
to the intere3ts of Future Generations. And this bringa
me to the second head of my discourse, namely, the
■ subject of family settlement or Entail.

The law of Settlement is described in the following
words by a recent well known writer (Mr. Kay) :—
" This law enables an owner of land to grant by deed
or leave by will different interests in his land to a
number of persons, and so to arrange the succession to
it, that no person shall be able to part with any portion
of it until some one who was an infant at the time of
making the settlement has grown up, married, and had
a son, and until that son has attained the age of
21 years, and not even then, unless all those who have
any prior interest in the land are dead orjoininthe
sale." Supposing a Father, a year after his son's
marriage, and on the birth of a child, to make a settle-
ment giving a life estate to his son, and to his grandson
just born, with remainder to that grandson's child ; it
is obvious that the property is tied up in life estates
for upwards of 40, more probably 60 or 70 years.
(It was stated in evidence before Mr. Pusey's Com-
mittee of the House of Commons on Agricultural
Customs, that this system of entail embraced upwards
of two-thirds of the land in this kingdom.) But is the
land set free at the end of this distant period ? Not
at all. As each successor comes of age, the same
process is repeated, the existing generation always
considerately tying up the hands of the next, in
perpetual succession. By this system (as Mr. Newman
remarks) " the land is wrested from the control of the
State, to be placed under the still more interested
control of the Family." In other words, the land-
owning families of England make their own primo-
geniture ; and as long as the ball is kept flying the Law
never steps in at all, except indeed by the tacit per-
mission it supplies to tie up the hands of the unborn
by the force of that little phrase " and twenty-one years
afterwards." This is the fetter upon the hands of the

• Lord Leigh's admii-able letter to the Ti/ues, ' t Caird.

OCTOBEE 1-2, 1S67.]

THE GArvDENERS' CHRONICLE AND ACRICULTURAE GAZKTTK

1057

unborn which exists in no other civilised country in
the world except in Russia, and still, I suppose, in part
of Austria. In America it has been long abolished, in
all our vast colonial empire it has been shaken ofT as
utterly impracticable, in India the attempt to impose
it led to some of our cruellest troubles. What it does,
and has done, in Ireland wo do not enquire hero. Our
concern is solely with its cd'ects upon the cultivation
of the land.

Now, if Aericulturo was a thing that stood still, as
indeed for a long time it did, makinp; no new demands
either upon the owner or the Tenant, to keep up with
the improvements of the day, and if landowners under
entail nad only one son apiece in perpetuity, and no
daughters, no widows to leave, or jointresses to pro-
Tide for, no annuitants,'or rentcharge owners, or in-
herited mortgages, or law and management expenses—
if, in fact, the word 'inheritance' had only a credit and
no debtor side— then I can conceive nothing more
effectively prudential than this system of each genera-
tion treating the next as a perpetual child, and putting
him into a perpetuity of leading-strings, intended, not
always successlully, to prevent him Irom doing any
harm, but very efficient to prevent him doing any good.

Land is a thing which from its own inherent nature
— not half-studied or understood — is ever demanding
at the hands of the occupier, and the owner, fresh in-
vestment. In the long run it will give nothing for
nothing. It is a faithful and rigid tell-tale of the
character of its cultivator, and not less of the circum-
stances under which he is placed, and by which his acts
are inevitably governed ; and if the fields show a
picture of the tenant, the Buildings will probably
afford an equally photographic portrait of the owner.
But the responsibility does not rest here. Every
advancement in a{^ricultural knowledge and practice
makes it more pressmg and compulsory. The increased
energy and activity thrown upon the tenant to keep
up with the demands of the time, oblige him of
necessity to look to the proprietor for an aiding
hand towards the necessary improvements required,
before his own capital can be beneficially invested.
The obligation thus thrown upon the owner to assume,
in effect, the position of a moneyed capitalist, increases
with every improvement that is discovered. Drainage,
Irrigation, Enclosure, "Warping, Roads, Cottages, Fixed
Steam-power, the erection of buildings for a larger head
of stock — all the improvements in fact of whicli land is
susceptible, and which the advance of science enforces,
have to be met, and this by hands tied by an ancient
system of entail to an emasculated form of ownership,
not amounting in a large proportion of cases to anything
better than an annuity of half the nominal rental — this
subject to all the ordinary expenses of repairs and
management, and the accidental or occasional losses
necessarily incident to land. The existing proprietor
may be the father of a large family all unprovided for
except the eldest, upon whom the entail devolves. His
Tenant goes to him and says : '■ Sir, the outlay of a
couple of thousand pounds upon my farm I will gladly
pay you 10 per cent, for : it will improve your property
far beyond that." What is the answer ? " Sir, my
estate furnishes me with Income, not Capital. I have
no money to spend in buying annuities ; for such in
effect is your proposal, which bids me, for the sake of
10 per cent, to myself for life, add to the fortune of my
best provided child at the expense of those whicla are
penniless."

Or again, he may be the mere tenant forlife in tail
without issue, of a property passing at his death into
remote hands : or he may be a young proprietor j ust
come into possession of an estate burdened with join-
tures, mortgages, and the unpaid portions of younger
brothers and sisters charged upon the property. Such
and similar cases form the majority : absolute inde-
pendent ownership is the rarest of all.

These impediments, brought to a climax by the
discovery and necessity of Drainage, led to the
Loan of two millions sterling of the public money in 18 14
to the Landowners of England and Scotland, and ulti-
mately to the various Drainage Acts and the establish-
ment of Land Improvement Companies of which that
Act was the forerunner. The first Loan was due to
the accident of a surplus in the public Revenue, and the
employment of it in so unusual and irregular (though
undoubtedly useful) a manner proved the existence
of ail acknowledged difficulty, which the Act in
question and all that have succeeded it, endeavoured
to palliate but not to cure. The 'Private Money
Drainage Act,' passed three years afterwards, was a
still more important recognition of the anomalies I
have described. Setting aside the last named Act, the
others, down to the Act of Mr. Childers of last year,
operate in this way.

I By their action the Public is invited to lend their
money to the owners of land to prevent the land from
coming into the market, and afford to the public the
opjjortunity of employing it themselves. This is a
somewhat cumbrous mechanism, a very roundabout
way of affording to the soil the investment that it
wants, by introducing a new interest, a fresh incum-
brancer in the shape of a rentcharge owner who takes
precedence of all others. To use the words of Mr.
Newman: "First the owner is not the cultivator * » *
the proprietary interest is broken into the hierarchical
trio of Landlord, Tenant, and Labourer, separated from
each other by a social and economical interval which
checks the rise of the labourer to the place of
tenant, and that of tenant to the place of pro-
prietor." Then, when the requisite capital is still not
lorthcoming to carry out the necessary improvements,
a kind of Fourth Interest is superadded, who becomes
a sleeping partner in the shape of the owner of an
annuity charged upon the land, and paid by the
Tenant to the pocket of a stranger.

It is surely obvious that the owner of an estate

larger than he is himself able to improve, would be

■ advised rather to part with a portion of it than to

enter into deeper obligations, with an acreage already
overgrown, by making fresh investments of borrowed
money, which besides the payment of interest will
soon bo found to involve further liabilities, which all
who know anything of the charges upon land know to
be self-generating. The most serious objection to this
system (wliich after all has failed to secure the proper
drainage of the highest-rented county in England) is,
that it indirectly subsidises the narrowing circle of
family outail, as against inirchasers, and prevents the
apitlication of free capital to the soil, which it should
be the object of the State to encourage ; and the burthen
of mere ostensible ownership increases: the effect of
which is easily seen by comparing the spirited outlay
and improvement carried out on estates held in fee or
newly purchased, with those which have been tied to
the hands of nominal owners burdened with a
lengthened chain of incumbrances, It would be diilicult
to find among the various forms of inherited penury
one in which the secret suffering is more frequent
than within that very class whose unborn interests the
efforts of family pride, aided by the law of entail, so
jealously attempt to guard. In spite of it all, we
know that estates do become worm-eaten, let them
be coated by no matter how many skins of parchment ;
and it is equally evident that men can grow rich and
" leave an inheritance to their children's children,"
wlao entered life without the shelter of an entail, and
passed through it without the go-cart of a family settle-
ment. The shortening of the power of entail to the
ordinary European standard ; of lives existing at the
time of making the settlement: accompanied by a
power of sale to the extent of the incumbrances, by
the Trustees of the Settlement, would, far better
than Drainage Loans, set free the hands of many a
landowner to the improvement of his Estate, in
spirited conjunction with his own tenantry ; would
open the land market to new blood and free capital,
and prevent many a catastrophe which our present
system of entail has no power whatever to prevent,
but great power to precipitate.

And now I come to the third and last head of our
subject, the conveyancing practice on the Transfer of
Land. I hardly know whether we are even right in
classing this among the land Laws ; for really upon
this point our quarrel is not so much with the Law as
with a certain section of the lawyers. It was believed
by Lord Brougham and the other Law Reformers of
1832 that they had broken the neck of the difficulty as
to the transfer of Land, when they passed an Act by
which it was decreed that 20 years' possession should
give anabsoluteand indefeasible title to it. But 20years
IS a long time now, in the days of Express Trains and
Ocean Telegraphs : yet this seemed then an immense
step in advance, over the ancient length of title which
ran— I beg your pardon — crawled, over three or four
times twenty. But alas ! the Reformers of '33 only
" scotched the snake, not killed it ! " for they left
' exceptions.' There were five excepted cases which the
Statute of Limitations (as it is called) did not shut out of
claim. Their names were ' Infancy,' ' Duress,' ' Beyond
Seas,' ' Lunacy,' and ' Ventre sa Mere.' To translate this
into plain English : By Laio, by Act of Parliament,
SO years' undisputed possession did, and does, give a
title to land ; but, not if the adverse claimant was
under age, in prison, beyond seas, mad, or unborn, who
might rise up against you, after you had paid your
money, sat down on your estate and thought you had
been at home for 19 years and 11 months. " Who
would run such a risk ? " asked your Conveyancer.
So the statute became waste paper, and the Con-
veyancers had their way, and have had to this day, in
spite even of Lord Brougham in that day, and Lord
Cairns and Lord Westbury in this day, and a whole
Bench of Law Lords and distinguished Lawyers
between then and now who have given all their mind
and influence to the emancipation of land from this
childish thraldom, that a Vendor willing to sell and
a Purchaser willing to buy, cannot complete their
bargain — because the Conveyancer won't let them.

What is the hindrance ? The hindrance is shortly
this : that the dealings with land being secret,
especially— for obvious reasons— those dealings which
mean borrowing money upon all sorts of charges
affecting the land— it was impossible to know how the
title might have been tampered with, and how far the
ostensible possessors had no more of real ownership
than you would have to a horse that happened to be in
your stable after you had sold it, and received the
value of it. AVhat was the remedy? Of course a
public Registration of Title, accompanied by a National
Map (on the G-inch scale that has been used for Ireland
and Scotland, but for some inscrutable reason has
never yet been applied to England itself). Such
a register and such a Map does exist in many of^ the
most civilised States of Europe; and the sale and
purchase of land in any quantity, large or small, has in
Belgium, Switzerland, and in Germany been reduced
to a simplicity as perfect, to use Mr. Laing's
expression, as that of "a yard of cloth, in a draper's
shop." I need not describe to you what it is in this
country. All the ability of Lord Westbury was
required in order to carry a mere permissive Act for
the Registration of Title, which has hitherto
proved little better than a nullity. Practically the
difficulty remains the same: and if this applies to
large purchases of land, what must it be to small,
where the expense of making a title, if encountered,
would in a multitude of cases exceed the value of the
land ? Look at the fact in a commercial point of view.
Imagine an investment offered to you, in which it
would take nearly all the money to pay the Broker !
Yet such is very nearly the condition which appertains
to land in small quantities. That class in Society whose
capital would enable them to buy land on this scale is
virtually excluded from it : not merely from the diffi-
culty and expense of title, but because even when

bought the same system of legal trammels follows the
possession of it. If the law expenses on a largo estate
are troublesome, on a small one they are overwhelming ;
if the inexperienced buyer has parted with too much
of his capital in the purchase, and requires to borrow
upon it in order to improve it, then begins a course of
self-consumption, if I may so call it, which soon brings
cultivation to its worst form, that of needy farming ;
and the opponent of small properties points with
ridicule to the instance which yet, properly
understood, is only one example of the Law eating
up land by beginning at the small end :
for the same applies to all, being only borno
with more endurance upon the larger estates, in pro-
portion as they are larger, just as a disease that would
kill an infant or an aged person is survived by one in
the vigour of life, by sheer surplusage of strength. But
this should not, and need not be. Money borrowed
within certain limits by a small proprietor to improve
his means of cultivation is as much within the rules
of prudent business as that taken up by a merchant
on Bills of Lading or Dock Warrants ; it is not the
loan (if properly applied) but the parchment that
renders the transaction ruinous. The merchant would
be ruined, the Export and Import Trade of the country
would be stifled, could not possibly be carried on, if the
money it employs were saddled with the same con-
ditions. It is hardly possible to calculate the loss to
the soil of money that is prevented from investment in
it by this suicidal tyranny of Parchment. Millions of
acres that are incapable of paying Rent are neverthe-
less capable of improvement and of cultivation at first
hand, if capital were as free to invest in land as in
Trade and Commerce. We all know, who know any-
thing of agriculture, how much capital the soil
will swallow even in ordinary cultivation to repro-
duce with interest. It is the first and most natural of
Savings-banks, to the small as well as to the large
capitalist : it is endowed with an equal aptitude to
both : it belongs to the spade as well as to the plough.
" To increase the facility of its transfer niust ever be
the great end of the lawgiver in all his plans for
amending this great branch of jurisprudence." So
thought Blackstone : so thought Locke. " Experience,"
says the learned Commentator, " shows that property
best answers the purposes of civil life when its transfer
and circulation are free and unencumbered." To be
driven to risk our national earnings and accumulations
in any other channel till this one is exhausted is the
widest and most penetrating form of national impolicy,
reaching to almost every individual, for who is there
that does not love a bit of .land, and spend freely of his
gains upon that which he can call his own. The law
can make no crueller divorcethan when it interferes to
separate between Man and "the Earth which was
made for all," first by denying a free, speedy, and cheap
mode of transfer, in small and in largo quantities, and
secondly by the incessant recurrence of costly forms
which our system involves, pressing at every turn and
transaction upon the owners of the soil. To fully
develop and expose the extent to which our conflicting
institution of ' legal ' and ' equitable ' estates, our prolix
conveyances and redundant law terms operate as a
charge upon the land, an impediment to its exchange,
a reduction of its value, a drain upon the resources of
the owner, and thus a secret injury to the Tenant
and the Labourer, would be to write the severest satire
upon a Legislature in which the land is reputed to
have some voice and influence, it would be possible to
pronounce. One might imagine that a House so com-
posed would easily supply all necessary aid to the
improved value of Land by free circulation, would
enforce registration of deeds, limit the period over
which proof of title must go back to at least half the
existing if not to a shorter period, and bring within
some bounds the intricacies and obscurities which
legal cobwebs have collected around the subject.
Parliament after Parliament has taken up the matter,
and feebly shrunk from the labour almost at the
threshold, as if it was under some special inapti-
tude for dealing with a landed topic. Perhaps it is
idle to look to those who habitually permit the mutila-
tion of their own proprietary interest in the soil, for
any emancipation of it from the trammels that beset
and stifle its circulating freedom and value. Nor
would this be to be wondered at, for all History pro-
claims that distribution is a safer and healthier source
of value than monopoly, and the consequent incapa-
bility of any one class in any state for the task of
wholesome and effective legislation for their own true
welfare ; and all the moral experience of life attests
that individual and special interests never flourish
more successfully than when it is subordinated to the
wants of all.

To sura up in as few words as possible all that I have
adventured to say upon our Land Laws,— What, then,
are the suggestions that I would make, regarding them
solely in their influence on agricultural development ?
The change that we require is but little, but that little
underlies and interpenetrates the whole Economy of
Agriculture as a national business, and is concerned
with every acre uncultivated or half-cultivated by the
operation of legal trammels. First, as to Primogeni-
ture : What I should ask is simply that the custom
should be let alone. It is strong enough to take care
of itself The Law has no right to pander to it or
interfere with it, or against it. In the distribution of
the property of Intestates, the Law has only to be con-
sistent with itself It makes no exception amongst all
the other various forms of property now far too many
to enumerate ; it should make no exception of this.
By doing so, it violates its own simplicity and im-
partiality, and wounds its own justice.

Secondly, as to the law of Settlement and Entail.
Here, too, the change required is small : but most dis-
tinctive and significant. It is to give the utmost latitude
,to the will of the owner, consistent with the rights of

1058 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[October 12, 1867.

the generations yet unborn. That is, to allow any and
every kind of estate and interest in land to be carved
and divided by the owner arnonRst any number of
lives in being, however young, at the time of making
the Deed or Will: and there to terminate; where
Nature itself seems to proclaim that the voice and will
of each generation should and must end, — with its own
existence and enjoyment of the earth.

Thirdly, as to the Sale and Transfer of Laud,
the question still remains, to ivhom are we to look
to give ^ us the openness of the land market,
the proprietary freedom which the true interests not
of one agricultural class alone but which every class
connected with the soil, from the labourer to the Duke,
say rather which agriculture itself in its fullest and
freest national and natural development, requires ?

Despairing of any more congenial or intrinsic solution
of the question, which all appeared so much to wish
but no one to be able to accomplish, I once, in a letter
published in the Times, proposed to cut the Gordian
knot by introducing the principle of Insurance for
the security of Titles : that Buyer and Seller should
take the matter into their own hands, and an
Insurance, composed of some of the chief Land-
owners of the country, should secure the contract
by a corporate seal strong enough and permanent
enough to outlast the Statutary period of Limitation,
and all the exceptions it allowed. Whoever has had
the misfortune to upset a beehive will be best able to
form an idea of the buzzing that ensued. Fond of
ease and a quiet life, I desisted. But perhaps the busy
bees have improved the_ shining hours since then,
and learnt that conveyancing may prove none the worse
profession for dealing in a free commodity.

However that may be, my inability to offer any
other solution of the difficulty suggests to me that
my present task is near its close. Perhaps how-
ever it may suggest itself that the story of the gentle-
man and his Butcher was not a mere allegory
after all : for in whatever degree our Land Laws
tend towards a narrow monopoly of the soil, or para-
lyse and enfeeble the hand that owns it, or militate
against security of tenure in those who occupy and farm
it, or depress, dishearten, and demoralise the cl?.ss that
cultivate it, they tend to diminish the productiveness
of agriculture, and to give adverse proof of the intimate
connection that exists between the Food Supply of
the people and the Freedom of Land.

HARVEST OF 1867.

A WET autumn, a very severe winter, a spring with
alternations of extreme heat with cold and wet, and a
summer with occasional violent storms of wind and
rain, which laid the growing corn as flat as if a roller
had been passed over it, are uot the conditions of
season from which we might expect a productive
harvest to follow. I was, therefore, somewhat suprised,
on reading the reports of your correspondents, to find
that, as the result of extensive observation, they were
led to speak in sanguine terms of the corn crops of
1867. Fortunately the weather .just before and during
harvest was, over a very considerable area, upon the whole,
fine and dry— indeed, in every respect the reverse of
that of last year. Otherwise we should, probably, have
had the worst crops ever grown in England ; and, even
with the more favourable ripening and harvest weather
of the present season, I fear that the corn crops of the
country are greatly deficient in quantity, though
generally stored in good condition, and of more than
average, if not even of good, quality.

With regard to the Wheat crop, it is to be hoped
that, from some exceptional cause, the results I am
about to record may not represent the yield of the
country in general. At the same time I must confess
that careful observation for many years p.ast has shown
that the produce of my experimental field affords a
pretty correct indication of the productiveness of the
harvest over, at any rate, the more southern parts of
the country.

The soil is of fair average quality, is naturally "well-
drained by resting upon chalk, and has also, for nearly
20 years, been drained artifloially. Wheat has now
been grown on this land for 34 years in succession.
During the whole of this period (and for some years
previously) the 'unmanured" portion has been
entirely without manure. The " farm-yard manure"
plot has had 14 tons per acre applied every year. Where
"artificial manure" had been employed there were
some changes during the earlier years ; hut the same
manure has now been applied on the respective plots
for 16 years. Hence, in order that the results m.ay be
strictly comparable, there are given by the side of those
of the present year (and of the four immediately pre-
ceding years) the average annual produce on the same
plots for the 15 years preceding the present— that is,
for 1852 to 1866 inclusive. The whole of the results from
1814 to 1863 inclusive will, however, be found recorded
in the " Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of
England" for ISfrl.

As the preparation of the land, the quantity of seed
sown, the time of sowing, and every other operation is
each year the same for all the plots, the difference of
result between plot and plot in the .same year is due to
the difference in the manuring; and, as the operations
are also conducted as far as possible in the same way
from year to year, the variation in the produce of one
year compared with another should represent the
variation of climatic conditions or season. As, however,
the last five crops show a progressively declining yield,
it may, perhaps, be supposed that the land is becoming
unfit for the growth of Wheat, or that in its present
condition the manures employed can no longer produce
the same efTects as formerly. But a reference to the
produce of previous years shows that from 1860 to
1863 there was a progressively increasing yield from
year to year ; while the extraordinary crop of 1863, the
20th of the successive growth of Wheat, was the largest

obtained during the whole 24 years. We have thus
had a series of years of progressively increasing as well
as a series of progressively decreasing produce, and it
is to be hoped that the present season may prove to he
the last of the recent declining series.

The following table shows the produce of Wheat on
the selected plots (the same as those referred to in
former years) in 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, and 1867, and
also the average produce per annum for the 15 years,
1852 to 1866 :—

Harvests.

1

s

How manured each
year.

!

i

r-t

CO

III

Bualiels of Dressed Com per Acre.

Unmanured

n-t

^U

Farm-yard manured . .

44

40

Artifici.il m.auure

.'■3S

4.1?

Ditto

f,r,i

i%

Ditl;o

55j

511

Weight per Bushel of Dressed Cora, lb.

Unmanured
P.arin-y.ard manure
Artificial manure
Ditto
Ditto

62. r
63.1
62.C
6J.3
62.1

15i
3.5i
36,}
38}
36i

ffr.S
S9.8
69.1
58.6
S7.S

Thus, on every plot, the produce of 1867 is not only
inferior to that of any one of the four preceding years,
but it is also very inferior to the average of the pre-
ceding 15 years. The produce without manure is
unusually low (indeed, lower than in any year of the
24 excepting 1853), indicating that the season was
specially unfavourable for the crop on lands out of con-
dition. The plot manured with 14 tons of farmyard
manure per acre each year (the crop of which is pro-
bably less affected by variations of seasons than that of
any other) gives 1 quarter less Wheat per acre than on
the average of the previous 15 years. Plot 8, which
may be said to represent extremely high farming, also
gives 1 quarter less per acre than the average of the
15 years, and more than 3 quarters less than was
obtained by exactly the same manure in 1863.

The quality of the grain, as shown by the weight per
bushel, is much more satisfactory, heiug above the
average in every case excepting where there was no
manure employed. It may be mentioned that on none
of the plots was there any deficiency of plant. The
straw was, upon the whole, abundant, and amounted
on Plot 9 to 44 cwt. per acre, a quantity which, on the
average of seasons, would be accompanied with about
one-third more corn than was actually obtained, and
in favourable seasons even much more.

In addition to the evidence afforded by the above
experimental results it may be stated that, under the
ordinary management of my farm, three fields in very
high condition have respectively given this year
36V, .35, and 32 bushels of Wheat per acre, while tiiree
last year ( 1866 ) gave 40, 42, and 40 bushels, and four the
year before (1865) gave respectively 38, 48, 48, and
51 bushels. There is here again, therefore, very consi-
derable falling off.

The conclusion I draw is that the Wheat crop of
1367 is decidedly inferior to that of 1866. I estimated
the crop of last year to be 10 or 12 per cent, below an
average, and I fear the present crop cannot be estimated
to be less than 20 per cent, below an average. Further,
this time last year there was a very large quantity of old
corn in the hands of the farmers, while at the present
time there is very little of last year's crop in the country.
J. B. Larves, Rothamsted, Herts, Oct. 2 (in '' Times ").

The Wheat Chop of 1807.

Under the above heading Mr. Lawes published in
your issue of the 5th inst. his annual statement of the
yield of his experimental Wheat plots. The statement
ii interesting, inasmuch as it gives the results annually
obtained from the impracticable mode of consecutive
Wheat cropping, but as furnishing sound data for
estimating the general Wheat harvest it must be
received with caution. Indeed, I consider that the
annual produce of a cotter's garilen, and the yield of a
solitary Apple tree would more accurately indicate
the productiveness of market-gardens and the general
yield of cider fruit than does the yield of Mr. Lawes'
tiny plots indicate the general yield of Wheat produce.

The influence of season varies so much on different
soils— a dry season being favourable to strong deep
soils, and a rainy season being favourable to early light
soils- that as a general rule the yield of any one farm
with a soil of uniform character (excepting a medium
loam) will frequently represent the very reverse of the
general yield of the country. Mr. Lawes' experi-
mental soil is, no doubt, peculiar, having artificial as
well as good natural drainage, but as it is a strong loam
incumbent on clay, its productiveness, I apprehend,
will be adversely influenced by cold wet seasons. Apart
from soils, rust, smut, or storms attack and fall on one
district and leave another untouched, so that the yield
of even a large district is no reliable datum upon which
to base a general estimate.

Mr. Lawes, though professing to write solely on the
Wheat crop, speaks of the "corn crops" being greatly
deficient in quantity, and thus, like several writers on
the harvest of this year, confounding the Wheat with
the corn harvest, as if a slight deficiency of the Wheat
crop were synonymous with a non-productive harvest.

Wheat, as constituting the chief bread food produce
in England, is doubtless the most important cereal ;
but (lie native produce of Bailey, which is not only
the Grape of Great Britain, but also furnishes to the
peasantry in the north of England and throughout
Scotland' a large proportion of bread food, and Oats,
taken together always exceed the Wheat crop in value.

The following table shows the respective values of
the cereals grown in England and Scotland last year.
The acreage is taken from the published statistics, and
the prices are those for the 12 months ending

Michaelmas, 1867, taken from Mr. M'Cabe's tables pub-
lished in the Times of Friday last, and the number of
bushels is the estimated average yield per acre in
ordinary seasons : —

Wheat
Bai-ley
Oats

Acreage.

.a<l

3,397,161
2,245,708
2,771,640

-Ai

Total
Quarters.

11,890,063J

10,105,686

14,5:l,157J

3. a

d.
61 7J
40 7J
25 7

Total
Value.

36,566,351
j- 39,151,056

Taking the same acreage for the corn crops for this
year, and estimating Wiieat at 10 per cent, below
average. Barley 10 per cent, over, and Oats 20 per cent,
over average, the excess of the cereal yield in England
and Scotland over average will he 2,781,793 qrs.

I believe that this estimate wifl prove to be far under
instead of overstated, and that, therefore, the harvest
of 1807 may be termed a productive harvest.

Taking every circumstance into account— the ranid
depletion of the granaries before the reaping of the
present crops, the gloomy prospects at the opening of
harvest, and the high and increasing prices of every
description of gram — never, perhaps, were there
stronger reasons than this year for a nation's gratitude
for the harvest results. An AgricuUvrist.

[The above letter appeared in the Times of Oct. 10.
The writer forgets, when asserting the probabilities of
the case against Rothamsted, that there is now a long
history attaching to Mr. Lawes' experimental plots,
and that, as a matter of fact, the general harvest of the
country has agreed from year to year i u a remarkable
way with the indications afforded by Mr. Lawes*
experience.]

ALLEGED OUTBREAK OP CATTLE PLAGUE
IN CHESHIRE.

[The Chester Chronicle gives the following account of this
outbreak : — ]

Since our last issue other cattle have been attacked
with the " new non-coutagious disease/' and notwith-
standing the statement of Professor Brown that the
symptoms were not those of cattle plague, some
alarmists have caused a report to be very widely circu-
lated and generally believecl, that the disease which
has broken out at Hartford is nothing more or less
than a re-appearance of that dreadful scourge, from
which this county suffered so much last year. We are
glad to be in a position, through the kindness and
courtesy of the chief constable of the county, to place
before our readers the report of Professor Gamgee,
which must remove any doubts which may have
existed. The learned Professor visited the larm of
Mr. Joseph Holland on the 21st inst., at the request of
Captain Smith, the chief constable of the county, and
after making a most careful and minute examination,
he has pronounced the disease not to be cattle pla^e,
but a malifinant or anthracoid catarrhal fever, we
append the Professor's report hi extenso ;—
Recent Condition of the Stock.

Havintj been shown eightuen milch cows in a field, I
observed atl in apparent health, having fed freely, and being
then, without a single exception, in the act of ivirninatiou.
They were driven into the sheds and separately examined.
The visible mucous membranes were sound and unabraded.
The seventh cow referred to in the subjoined Kst of tempera-
tures had an (edematous swelling between the branches of tho
lower jaw, and the mucous membrane of the mouth was of
an uniforjn pinkish colour, the redness being sligbtly greater
than in health. The pulso wa.s 80 per minute, and tempera-
ture Ui3° Fahrenheit. In other respects this animal appeared
healthy, and had evidently caton as heartily as the rest.

The temperatures of the 18 cows were as follow ;

No. 1. ..

. . 101.3

„ 2. ..

. . 102.2

„ 3. ..

.. 101

„ 4. ..

. . 101.3

„ 5. ..

.. 101.2

„ 6. ..

. . 102.1

„ 7. ..

.. 103

„ 8. ..

.. 101.8

„ 0.

.. 102

No. 10.

„ 11.

„ 12.

„ 13.

„ 14.

y, 15.

„ 16.

„ 17.

„ 18.

101.8

102.1

102.2

102

102

102,3

101.9

lOl.r

101.4

I afterwards saw another cow, her calf, and eighb yearlings, in
a separate field. All these were in the enjoyment of perfect
health.

State of Organs of a Cow Killed on the 18th inst.

On Wednesday, the 18th inst., a cow which had shown
symptoms of illness on the Uth, and had been treated with
purgatives, setons, and salines, was killed. The head, organa
of g'encration, portion of lung, stomachs, portions of small
intestines, and the rectura, spleen, and one kidney, had been
preserved for my inspection in a sack, buried under some
loose earth. All these p.irts were in good condition, so as to
enable rae to make a satisfactory examination, the result of
which was as follows : —

ffen<?.— Cranium smashed in by the blow given in felling the
animal. Horns dropt off at the same time. Eyes of a deep red
colour— the right one opaque, as in cases of acute ophthalmia ;
a dense yellow purulent discharge tricklinf; dovm the face
from the inner corner of each eye. Muzzle denuded of
epithelium. Nostiil of a deep red colour, studded with
purulent discharge and detached portions of epithehuni. The
mucous lining of the nose was in parts ecchymosed and
abraded. On depressing the lower lip I observed the cuticlo
more or less detached, and the same condition existed on the
gums, hard and soft palate, and root of tongue. Portions oi
the detached cuticle were lying wrinkled on the membrane, as
if having formed the walls of di.'^tinct vesicles, but generally
over the palate the cuticle was cracked, of a yellowish colour,
adherent to deeply reddened portions of mucous membrane;
and no one could be blamed for confounding this appearance
with that which, to the naked eye, seems identical in the case
of cattle plague. The mucous membrane at the back of the
mouth, in the pharynx, larynx, and trachea, wa-^ of a deep red
hue. with yellow flakes of discharged epithehum and pus
studding its surface. The general aspect of these parts was
quite similar to what may often be witnessed in Rinderpest.

PorliQits of iurtf/.— HeaHhy.

.?(()(iif'('/(,'i. — Only a portion of the rumen had been preserved,
and the mucous membrane of this was heiilthy. The second
and third stomachs were healthy, and the fourth stomach the
seat of diffused redness. The mucous membi-ane was not
abraded. The epithelium was intacb and the pylorus sound.

October 12, 18G7.]

THE r.AT^nFATT^S' rTTT^OXTfLE AND AOT^TnUTTlT^AL OAZETTR

1059

Small- Intfulinr ond 7fc''((nH,— The portion of «miiU tnto«tlno
preaerved was dooply rcddcnod in patches from extravasation
of blood in tlio Hubstanuo anil bonoatli tho nincoiis nionibrane,
and this condition was still more marked and general in the
rectum.

SpUtn. — Tho spleen was somewhat onlai'ged, studdetl with
dark blood spots, and its substance was of a dark rod colour.

Kidnfi/. — Tho organ appeared quite healthy, but was ileeom-
posed, so as not to offer nn opportunity ^or a satisfactory
inspection.

Orfiaiu nf Gfmration. — Healthy. V.agiua slightly reddened.
Pregu.oiit horn of uterus eoutJiining a small fietus .somewhat
deeply reddened. The other horu healtiiy.
History Of the Outbreak.

Mr. Uollaud's stock consistod, at tho beginning of August,
of 23 cows and nine calves or yearlings. Twelve of the cows
had had Uiudorpest in 1866. No fresh animals liad been pin--
chased since last December. A. cow died after calving in the
spring of this year, and this death was attributed to the high
condition of the animal at tho period of parturition. Until
recently tho stock had grazed throughout ttie year on very old

Sermanent pasture. The land is stiff, retentive clay, and lui.
rained. The season has been unusually fine and warm —
more favotn-ablo for harvesting than any in Mr. Holland's
recollection. All tho cattle were healthy until the I'ith of
August, when a cow was supposed to be suffering from jjleuro-
pneuraonia. Sho died on the 17th. This animal w.a3 the fii*st
seixed with cattle plague, about Oood Friday, in 166G. Five
other cases have occurred, including tho animal now sick.
Tho dates of the whole rim .as follow : —

1. Cow, sickened August 12th, died August 17th.

2. Calf, „ „ 23rd, „ „ 23th.

3. Cow, „ Sept. 3rd, „ Sept. 7tb.

4. Cow, „ „ 6th, killed „ 0th.

5. Cow, „ „ 14th, „ „ 18th.
0. Cow, „ „ 2lst, .alitro.

Professor Brown prescribed ch.ange of pasture, the daily use
of salines, and rock s.alt to be placed about the fields where
the cattle were gnixing. Ho did not observe .any elevation of
temperature on the 11th lust, in the cow which was seen to bo
ill on the 14th ; and it is importaot to remark that in the
event of tho ono at present ill being affected with the same
disease .as that which has attacked the rest, the rate of pro-
gress of the malady is maintained unaltered since the change
of diet and tho use of medicines.

Symptoms Reported.

Cough ; suspended secretion of milk : intense Iicat of
mouth, nose, ears and horns ; profuse discharge from eyes
and nose ; tendency in two cases to become blind in one eyo ;
erosion and desquamation of membranes of nose and mouth,
but never of the v.agina ; in two cases there w.os diarrhoea, in
one the f.-oces were tinged with blood, in the other eases the
.anim.ols have been costive ; the calf was seen ill in the morn-
ing, .and died the same day. In all cases there was a complete
absence of the moaning and grunting so common in cattle
plague and pleuropneumonia. In answer to a question I
asked asked as to whether the horns of the animals had been
loosened, I was told by Mr. Holland that when the last cow
was knocked down one of the horns dropped off, and whilst ]
they were dragging the cow on a grate to the side of the grave,

average I purposely avoided two, vthere the crops
wore e.Kcoplioiia.lly li(,'lil ; ray object being to ascer-
tain what qiiaiititios [ should usually have to
ileal with. iNiiw 111? shetivos dried at tho nlo of
(it sheaves in 1.") minutes demonstrates to any ono who
will take tho trouble to work out a very easy calcula-
tion that a l.'i-acre field in our locality may be cleared
and dried in 30 hours, instead of 20 days ; ex. gr. .—
64 in 15 minutes=256 per hour, 256X30=7680
15ftcre8x41>7»heavoi8= 745.1

Ilataneo in favour of drying . . 125
But " O. r." has another awful " fancy," from which I
would fain relievo his mind, "Only fancy," he says,
" tenants applying to their landlords to fit up the.se
drying rooms, &c." Horrible presumption ! One can
picture tlio abject humiliation that would follow from
the stern refusal, and the expressive pantomime of a
tightly-buttoned breeches pocket ; but, happily, the
cost, however insignificant compared with tho saving
of a valuable crop, need not bo borne by either land-
lord or tenant. There exists through the whole
country a large class of shrewd, enterprising, and
intelligent men, owners of travelling engines, who will
find that by an expenditure of 50^ or COi. tiiey can add
to their portable machinery an apparatus that will
give frequent profitable employment to both steam
engine and threshing machine through the two or
three months during which they now lie idle and
unused ; these men \vill not be slow to avail themselves
of this additional power, and hire it out to the farmers
of their respective districts. " Ah ! but," still mourns
the irrepressible " 0. F." " look at the woeful waste !
and then the loading and unloading, and tying and
firmly fixing the sheaves on the pipes through which
the steam has to be driven; theu comes the taking off,
re-loading, breaking of sheaf-bands, &c., itc." I reply,
that there need be no woeful waste if a barn sheet iri at
hand ; that the sheaves want no tying nor fixing on the
pipes; that the sheaf-bands do not break, and that one
man is able to fork on 6 1 sheaves in six minutes. And
I further beg to observe, that it is hot dry air, and not
"steam," which is driven through the pipes. I have
now only one more objection to dispose of, and one
more question to answer. " 0. F." infers that the
sheaves were small. Upon what ground he bases this
inference I cannot tell ; but it is certainly incorrect.
They were of the size usual in this district, and taken
from the field of a neighbouring farmer, who had
assuredly not bestowed any special pains upon either
their size or regularity. He then infers that they
were only "damp," and inquires

_,, , . ., , _ how long it would

the'othor horn'shook off, and he considers the horns really fell i take to dry them if thoroughly wetted." I can
off r.ather than were knocked off. In previous ca.^csiileera- truly assure him that they Were not only

tion of the fourth stomach and parts of the intestines is
reported to have existed.

CO.VCLUSIONS.

From the foregoing facts and statements I am warranted in
stating : —

1. That au examination of any isolated case of the disease
prevailing at Green Bank, without reference to the history of
the outbreak, might readily lead to grave suspicions being
entertained that it was rc.Uly cattle plague.

2. That the malady presents all the symptoms and post
mortem appearances I have repeatedly seen in past years in
cases of malignant catarrhal fever, once described by a conti-
nental authonty as gl.anders in the ox.

3. The disease is one of the forms of anthrax or anthracoid
affections common in this and other countries, sometimes
assuming, as in Siberia, the destructive character of a true
plague, but never spreading widely by contagion. In this
country especially, such diseases are of a distinct local or
enzootic type, and often occur on a single field and not on
those adjoining it. Such outbreaks usually occur during hot
weather, and on undrained lands.

4. Were there any doubt as to the nature of the disease at
Green Bank, the history of the outbreak is quite enough to
dispel the idea of its being Rinderpest. Animals only suffer
oijce in their lives from cattle pl.igue. They succumb rapidly
and in masses to that disease whenever they are congregated
together. At Green Bank tho herd was iu the first instance
divided in two portions. One calf as well as the cow had died,
.and whilst the malady appeared on the 11th August, 26
animals are still alive and well 41 days after the first case.
Inever examined a herd, thermometer in hand, under such
circumstances without nbtaiuing unmistakeable evidence of a
number of animals ixiing simiilt-aneously affected if the disease
was Rinderpest. John Gamgee,

Principal of the Albert Veterinary College.
Since Professor Gamgee visited Green 13ank, llr.
James Storrar, veterinary surgeon, of Chester, has
made daily examinations of sick and healthy animals
in the herd, and whilst his observations satisfactorily
prove that it is possible to modify the progress of the
disease by proper remedies, only one case seems
effectually to be held in check.

Home Correspondence.

harvesting in Wet Weather. — I trust that "O. F."
will have had a few of his alarms allayed by a letter of
mine, which appeared in the same number of the
Gazette as his own ; but some of the conclusions to
which he has very rapidly jumped are so astounding
and, if true, would be so damaging, that you will
perhaps kindly allow me to enter a protest against
them. "O. F.," with a pardonable exultation iu the
goodness of his crops, bids us "fancy" a 1.5-acre field of
his, which this .season yielded five stacks of such-and-
such a size; and then, having excited our imaginations
by this pleasing picture, he takes us, by a " leap in the
dark," (possibly through some occult calculation,
peculiar to himself,) to the conclusion, that because
there are five stacks it would take 20 daj^s to dry them.
Now, sir, in matters of agriculture I think most prac-
tical men prefer facts, however humble, to " fancies,"
however exuberant ; and the few humble facts which
I have been able to glean on this subject of quantity
are simply these ; — I had an acre of land measured on
each of three difierent farms in this district, and the
sheaves upon these several acres counted. The average
thus obtained gave 497 sheaves per acre; and

thoroughly wetted, but completely saturated, so
that the water ran in streams from the cart
in wlnich they stood. Now these things were not
done iu a comer. If your objective correspondent wiil
take the trouble to refer back to your own excellent
leader on the subject, or to the " Scientific Review"
for October, or tbe Morning Post of the 5th inst., he
will see that besides being carried on in the presence of
several gentlemen of high standing and great scientific
knowledge, the results were tested and approved by
shrewd, practical farmers, some of them farming their
1000 acres each, men not u.sually given to look indul-
gently on novelties. I trust " 0. F." will not be
oHended, if I have not been able wholly to conceal the
aiuusemeut I felt at some of his objections ; I would
fain shake hands with him at parting, and as he has
aptly christened the air tubes " organ pipes," let me
conclude with no worse wish than that he may find
the advantage next harvest of playing on this " organ"
a tune that will amply pay the piper. William A.
Oibbs, Oillwell Park, Essex.

Average Prices of Grain for tJie I'sa;-.— Following
the course pursued by my predecessor, the late Mr.
Willich, I take the opportunity at this season, being
the close of the farmers' year, to send you, for the
information of your agricultural readers, and more
especially for those who have adopted the system of
corn rents, based on the average price of Wheat, Barley
and Oats, a statement of the average prices, founded
on the returns as published weekly in the London
Gazette : — Average prices for the year ending
Michaelmas, 1867 :— >. <l.

Wheat, per imperial quarter . . , . , . 61 72

Barley ,, „ 40 7J

Oats ,, ,, 25 7

The highest and lowest prices for the same period were

well-known official restrictions on the grocers' sale of
chicory and colVeo, but it seems to mo that any intelli-
gent farmer has tlio matter very much in his own
hands, lie cannot be expected to be an analytical
chemist, or even in many canes to feel sure he under-
stands analyses sullicicntly to iirotcct himself from
imposition, for analyses (so called) are sometimes cir-
culated that are not merely untrue, but even impossi-
ble on chemical grotuids, and printed in a form intended
to deceive. But if farmers, who buy artificial manure,
more especially those who buy it largely, would be at
the little trouble and expense of sending a fair avera(;e
sample of the delivered bulk to some competent
chemist for analysis and valuation, they would,
I think, often find themselves well repaid'; and it
this practice were to become at all general
for a few years, the necessity for it would soon die
away. Manufacturers who could not stand tho test
would be gradually driven out of the market, or have
to mend their ways. Tho protection now required by
the farmer is not, I think, so much against actual
flagrant adulteratioti, though that is not extinct, as
against inferior qualities of honest manufacture, so far
as they go, but not so good as represented. A farmer
wants some dependable guarantee that he gets wliat he
bargains for when he makes his imrchase, and most
respectable manufacturers would be quite willing to
give an analysis with their manures.^ Mr. Panton has
alluded to another of the peculiarities of the manure
trade. It is largely in the hands of local agents, who
may be very respectable men but cannot be expected
to know much of the article they sell. They often
represent very distant manufacturers, who must be
paid for the heavy carriage on the manure from the
place of manufacture to the farmer. The article has
also to bear the agents' commission and expenses,
which are often heavj;. The carriage for great distances
on artificial manures is so heavy in proportion to their
value that it always seems to me unnatural to buy
them from any considerable distance, and I have not
unfrequently had to suggest to inteiided customers out
of my own district, tliat in attempting to supply them
I should be at a disadvantage as compared with a local
manufacturer, provided he has the same facilities for
manufacturing, and is willing to work for the same
profit. If it were more general among farmers to deal
directly with respectable and responsible manufac-
turerers that they know in their own neighbourhood,
whoso character is at stake in the quality they send
out, they would save themselves a good many
expenses attendant on the sale of manures through
agents and others, and I have no doubt they would in
the long run be better served. Henrg Richardson,
York. October 2.

Highest.

«. '/.

Lowest.

). d.

Wheat, Aug. 20

.. 68 4

Wheat, Oct. 2 . .

.. 61 5

Barley, Dee. 11

.. 40 2

Barley, July 18

.. 34 9

Oats, Aug. 20 . .

. . 29 7

Oats, Oct. 29 . .

.. 22 10

It may be interesting to show the fluctuation in the
average price of Wheat which has taken place during
the last 10 years

s. d. I

1858 46 10

1859 43 6

1860 49 9

1861 54 9

1862 58 3 I

1863 ..

.. 46 8

1864 ..

.. 40 9

1865 ..

.. 40 3

1806 ..

.. 46 10

1867 .,

.. 61 78

Charles M'Cabe, Secretary/ Universitg Life Assurance
Societji, 21, Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, Oct. 2.

Artificial Manure. — As an old-established artificial
manure manufacturer I have been interested in reading,
in a recent issue, your extracts from Mr. Panton's
paper on Artificial Manures, read at the Ardoch
Fanners' Club. I regret to have to admit that the low
quality of many of the artificial manures largely sold
over the country is but too true, and that he does not
complain without cause, and that farmers are often
heavy sufl'erers by " useless," or at any rate very
inferior manures, widely advertised, and recommended
and sold to them by travellers and agents, who have of
course their profit or commission to get in addition to the
manufacturer. For my. own part I should have no
objection to a system of Government supervision, such

selecting the farms from which to obtain this | as Mr. Panton suggests, and which he illustrates by the

Soctetits;.

North Waisham: The Cattle Plague.— At the
annual meeting of this Society, Mr. Sewell Eeid said :
— " I think it must have been within the knowledge of
a great number of farmers here present that for some
years past there has been a growing scarcity of store
cattle. I believe that scarcity has arisen from two
very contradictory causes— the first was the low price
of corn, which compelled a great many farmers to sell
their cattle before they otherwise intended to do, antl
the other the high price of Wheat, which caused a
great number of young stock to be what I call
permanently grazed. Then we had the cattle plague,
with those serious losses, amounting, as you are aware
were recorded, to .300,000; and after that came a
certain amount of panic, and all the hindrances that
have been placed in the way of breeding and moving
of cattle ever since. Now I think tbe time has fully
arrived when those hindrances and restrictions ought
to be removed from our home trade. I think that the
Privy Council have treated us agriculturists of Great
Britain, especially the agriculturists of England, in a
mannerin which we ought not to be treated. If we had
brouglit the cattle plague into tbis kingdom ; if it had
been through us that our herds had been devastated,
then I could have understood why these most trouble-
some and liampering restrictions are still retained. But
the Privy Council seems to do anything and everything
but the right, simple, and only plain thing, and that
is, after having got rid of the cattle plague from this
kingdom, endeavour to keep it out. And now, gentle-
men, you are aware of some of the means that the
Privy Council have taken to prevent the importation
of the disease. A short time ago they ordered that all
foreign stock should undergo a quarantine of 12 hours
before they were examined. If you could, by any
possibility, detect the cattle plague by such a quaran-
tine I think it was good, but now it comes to pass that
instead of that quarantine being enforced it depended
entirely upon the will and whim of the inspector.
The next thing was that all the foreign stock, on
landing, should be branded on the hoof. Now, did
any one ever hear such a ridiculous thing in the
world ? First of all, it is a very tiresome operation to
brand cattle on the hoof, whilst the first time the
animal put his foot into the mud the brand is oblite-
rated. Then they have no less than .300 policemen
who are stationed round the outskirts of London
to prevent foreign cattle being sent iuto the
country. Why iu the world did they not slaughter
cattle iu the ports ? Why do not they go about it
at once ? My hon. colleague says he did not wish to
say anything disrespectful or harsh of the Govern-
ment. I say that having given this promise and made
an engagement by the House of Commons, the least we
can say is they have been very tardy. There is Thames
Haven, CO miles from London, from whence cattle are
conveyed through the rich grazing districts of Essex,
Why are they not prevented from being landed there?
Why are not some steps taken to define the ports and
points at which cattle shall be slaughtered ? And why
IS not there some intimation given to the vast Corpo-

1060

THE (UEDENERS' CHRONIOLE AND AGUI CULTURAL GAZETTE,

[OCTOIEE 13, 1867.

ration of London that it is the opinion they should
proceed very speedily to the erection on the river side
of a luarlfet for all foreign stock ? "We shall never be
safe from this cattle plague until we have slaughtering
at the ports ; and with regard to store stock, we want
a vigorous quarantine. Then people say, " Oh, of
course, that is the way of you farmers ; you are pro-
tectionists ; you want to prohibit the importation of
store cattle by this quarantine." I will ask any
Norfolk farmer whether it would not be the best thing
possible to have store stock cheap? But wo would
rather have store stock dear and have it healthy ; and,
therefore, I am quite sure that in Norfolk you would
rather go without any more foreign store cattle unless
they are properly quarantined.

On the Disposal of the Sewage of Kingston and
Surbiton. Plan proposed by Charles Slagg (Asso-
ciate of the Institution of Civil Engineers), Sep-
tember 23, 18G7.
A printed copy of Mr. Siagg's report has been sent to
us, with a request for the exnression of an opinion on
the method of irrigation proposed. The plan appears
to us to be, in its main features, admirably adapted to
the circumstances of the place. The whole of the
drainage of Kingston and Surbiton— 100,000 cubic
feet per diem— will be delivered in one sewer at
Teddington Lock. There the fall of the river will
be used, through turbines, to supply the power by
which this quantity, or double this quantity, shall
be pumped on to adjoining land, where it is to
be converted into Grass and other crops, and thus
cleaned before returning to the river. Up to this
stage the plan seems perfect, but Mr. Slagg pro-
poses to adopt Mr. Bovill's plan, or rather that of
Mr. "Wilkins, for the distribution of the sewage below
the surface of the ground. The water is to be delivered
in underground pipes, and find its way through lines
of these laid 4 yards apart and 1 foot deep. In this
way it is believed that the whole interval will be
fertilised, and that all risk of nuisance will be avoided.
It is quite possible that the risk of nuisance may be
diminished in this way ; for, wonderful as is the power
of the soil at once to deal with the tilth of foul water
when it is in a sufficiently diluted state— so that the
contents of the receiving tank, which smell most
offensively, are almost at once made innocuous by dis-
tribution over the land— yet there are occasions,
as we have found in the case of London sewage, which
therefore will also probably arise with that ol
towns, when the sewage comes in a particularly offen.
sivo condition, and when its use in surface irrigation
does not immecUatelij purify it. This has happened
once or twice in the course of 12 months in our own
experience ; and a plan which should deal successfully
with this exceptional misfortune, to whichithc ordinary
method of irrigation seems liable, may to that extent
be prononnced the better of the two. Mr. Bovill's
plan, however, ought nowhere to be tried upon an
extensive scale until it has been tested over a small
extent,— for however effectual it may be for the abate-
ment of a nuisance, unless it is an economical method
of converting sewage into plants, it must fail of its
intended purpose. The late Mr. AVilkius, of Reading,
strongly advocated the underground feeding of plants,
and had a plot near the Great "Western Railway Station
where he used to gr '"'"' ♦!...■«""..

as this is, unless I had been prcparod to recommend at the
8.11210 time a better method of irrigation than that of surface
irrigation. To irrigate tho surface of land so near the town,
and so near the vilhage of Ham, might possibly be obnoxious.
" I propose to convey tho sewage under the soU in pipes,
which I will call reverse drain pipes, laid .at about 12 feet
ap.art, .and at 1 foot or less beneath the surface. The cultivator
of the land will direct the exact depth .at which they should
be laid. These pipes would be formed of half-round tiles,
covered with tiles. The edges of the h.alf-round tiles would
bo serrated. Through these serrations the liquid sewage
would flow to the roots of the crops. Alongside the tiles the
trench would be filled in with gravel (of which the subsoil
consists), so ,as to keep back the soil. These serrations in tho
edges of the tiles would be about an inch in width .and depth.
The action would be that the liquid sewage escaping from
these tiles all .along their length would be soaked up by the
soil and held for the vegetation to feed upon by the roots, tho
mere w.ater surplus sinking into the gravel subsoil.

"The land coloured on the plan is very dry, and the surface
lies at a height of from 12 to 20 feet above tho water level.
The soil being dry, with a subsoil of dry gravel 12 to 20 feet
thick above the water level, will be much improved by
moisture being conveyed to it underneath, .allowing it to
absorb just as much as it wants without saturating it by
surface irrigation. There .are many objections to surface
irrigation. I think this plan of conveying the sewage beneath
the soil will do away with all of them, .and moreover will
increase the fertility of a dry soil very much. My own opinion
is that this will be the way of utilising the sewage of towns in
general, but not wishing you to rely solely on my opinion,
I have communieated with Dr. John Stenhousc, l-'.R.S., an
eminent chemist who has studied the subject of town sewage,
and with Mr. Meehi, both of whom approve the plan. It is to
be expected that of a new way of doing anything opmions
■will differ, and so they do of this, but the objections, so far as
I have heard them stated, will fall when the plan is more fully
explained. It is said that the ' perforations ' will be choked
with solid sewage. Now if pipes with smaU perforations were
employed, the holes might become choked, but I propose to
use tiles of such a form as to prevent this. I propose tho tiles
to be half round, laid with the back downwards. In this
channel the liquid sew,age, carrying with it some sohd matter
in suspension, would flow slowly alon^, and escape by
serrations of an inch or so in -nidth and height in the edges of
the tile. The covers would be flat tile— say an inch thick Tho
solid matter in suspension would be deposited in the lower
part of the tile until it becomes, say, half full.

" The quantity of solid matter in sewage m,ay bo taken at
about one-thousanth part of the whole sewage and rainfall.
Two-thirds of this would bo retained in the reservoir by the
strainers I have described. There would therefore be one part
of insoluble matter m 3000 of sewage to be pumped to the
laud in suspension in the liquid. If the tiles are 4 inches
wide and Laid at a distance of 12 feet apart, they would
become half-full in three years ; but they might go four years
without inconvenience. Whenever the accumulation takes
place so as to h.alf fill the tiles, or a little more, a plough (to
be made for tho purpose) will bo run .along the lines of pipes,
and they will be turned out on the land. As fast as they are

V „«,„- ! turned out they will be emptied .and relaid in the trench, and

01 Oiner \ ^^^ ^^-^^^ matter may be ploughed into the land with the soil.

Tho pipes will then be ready for another three or four years

irrigation. ,

"The expense of doing this will, it is submitted, bo
abunnantlyrepaidby the value of the sewage deposit turned out.
" In the meantime tho greater p,art of tho value of the
sewage will have been had in the liquid form, and taken up
by the vegetation. Chemists who have studied this subject
say that three-fourths of the fertilising ingredients of the
sewage arc in solution in the liquid.

" The essence of the sewaao having been thus conveyed to
the roots of the crops will, it is believed, increase their growth
very much, .and perm,anently improve the value of the Land
while the .sewage will have beeomo purified, and nothing but
water wiU sink far into the ground. Chemists are agi'ecd that
the earth is itself best purifier of foul water,

"No exhalation from thi sewage can take place, as is the
case with surface inigation in hot weather, and the volatile
matter of the sewage will be retained in tho soil. These under-

. - , . - I -round ch.annels, when not running full of sewago, will convey

ow enormous vegetablesin tnis waj ^ i >^ ^^ ^^^ soil-a very desinable thing to be done.

" It is better to use sewage in this way in the immediate
ighbourhood of towns than to take it .away at great cost.

He delivered liquid manure underground by means of i

nines in this way, but, finding that the manure once neignoouruoou ui tuvvua „u.n. u„ ...,^,. — j — o---

buried wasted he was driven to the need of concreting By these me.ans land may be irrigated close to .any town or
t"floo""m1;iiidt his 2 feet of soil lay, thus turning I P^--i'j--r llS:Et^:ir^So^ThSe°' Sai? l^^Z^l

the land into a tank, which was kept more or less full
ef fertilising stuff. But what would become of manure
delivered below the soil in this way, when that lies, as
Mr. Slagg informs us, on 10 or 20 feet oi gravel. "Why,
it would fall through the subsoil just as it would
through air, and the 12-feet intervals would never know
its neighbourhood.

Mr. Bovill's plan, which is originally the same as
that of Mr. "V^'^ilkins, would not deliver muddy water
at all outside the pipes by which he proposes to carry
it— for they would choke almost immediately ; but
even if it did, this water on escaping from them would
either fall through a porous subsoil, or, if in im-
pervious land, it would find its way upwards
through the moved soil to the surface, and there it
vpould either pond or flow according as that was flat
or sloped. Mr. Slagg says, indeed, that there is only
1 part of suspended matter in 3000 of the Kingston
sewage, and that his 4-inch pipes would hold all this
unchoked for four years to come, and then they
could lie ploughed out, cleaned, and relaid. But it is
absurd to suppose that the water would deposit its
sediment evenly throughout; it would choke in
the first faulty point in any pipe, and that pipe would
become unserviceable throughout its length in a single
month by its weakness in one place.

"We have been superintending the distribution of
sewage over a light soil on gravel during the last two
years, and the hollowness of the land is our great
difficulty in the way of an economical management of
the stuff. Our beds were made with slope enough in
part to overcome this tendency at once to sink and
disappears, so that some at least of the water is made to
reach the plants at the lower edge of each bed ; and
in the case of Grass, fortunately the surface becomes
so matted over with the growth of fibrous root, which
makes it somewhat more impervious, that the economy
of the process improves with the lapse of time. But
what would he our chance of feeding a plant 6 feet off
the water, if that were delivered 12 inches below the
surface on the top of a bed of gravel ? We believe it
might as well be poured to waste at once.
The following is Mr. Siagg's statement of his plan :—
" I could hardly have ventured to recommend the local
application of sewage, as I have done, to land so near the town

iand upon which to use the sewage, so as not to be a nuisance ?
Tho only requirement is that the subsoil be porous, and the
surface lie at some feet above tho water level. If land other-
wise suitable be not naturally porous, it can be made so
for tho 6ew.agc application by draining at a good depth,

"We have no wish to condemn a novelty untried ; but
we strongly recommend to the Kingston Board of
Health, that if they are disposed to adopt this plan,
they should try it on a single acre in th(5 first place.
But let the sewage be delivered on the land at led-
din^ton sufficiently diluted and of uniform strength,
and we believe they may adopt the plan of surface
irrigation without hesitation.

Farm Memoranda.

Thi! Heath Pakm,— A few miles in a southerly
direction from the thriving town of Atby, on the pro-
perty of his Grace the Duke of Leinster, lies the Heath
Farm, now celebrated in more respects than one, as we
shall presently see, but more especially as the spot
where Scotch'fanning nearly 35 years ago had its first
advent into the district, „ , , , ., x

The Heath Farm had been all but a sterile waste,
within the bounds of which it may be jocularly said,
no "Scotchman, black -crow, or Newcastle grindmg-
stone " had ever either found a resting-place or any-
thing to do ! This the Duke resolved to change, and
that from being in a state of sterility and unproduc-
tiveness, the Heath Farm should become the cradle of
alternate husbandry, or, in other words of the niost
improved system of agriculture m the district. But
how was this to be inaugurated ? Who was t« be the
successful cultivator and pioneer ? How was Ceres to
be wooed and won ? As we have seen, the Duke had
neither the book nor theory of Darwin to guide his
choice; but yet, nevertheless, how unerring was the
instinct of His Grace in selecting one of the oldest
formations, or rather upheavals of Britain, froni which
to import an improver to the modern limestone deposit,
of which the Heath Farm is a portion ; and from the
trap or granite formation of " Oannie Aberdeen came
the man who was destined to -make the sterile wilder-
ness a fruitful field, and its agricultural productions to
luxuriate and blossom as the rose I

After a time the strangest stories began to float about
the neighbourhood as to the doings and on-goings of
the " farran " steward. There was a rumour that two
ploughs had been seen at work together upon " The
Heath," to each of which no less than four horses (some
said six) had been attached, and that it was not
" Christian " ploughing, but " quarrying begorra," that
was going on. Jim Grady and Barney Cummins, who
risked their lives" as ploughmen, became celebrated in
more respects than one. At chapels and at wakes and
" berrins" their rehearsals of the "mortial" work it
was to hold their ploughs, and save themselves from
being buried under the " tremindous" furrows they ■
were "turnin' up against the sky !" were listened to :
with breathless attention and respect ; and when they !
told of the "rooks "that every minute "rowled and
tundered out, bedad, and amost aiqual to tons m
weight," the astonishment of everyone who heard them
almost knew no bounds. Then, as the spring advanced,
and summer was at hand, with the cheering cirol of
the lark above, and the note of the cuckcoo in the
grove, when there came a rumour— could it possibly be
true ?— that the growing of the " ould honoured Pyato "
was to be given up, and some said 30, others 40,
acres of Turnips wore to be sown on the Heath
instead, where ne'er a Turnip had been sown before.
There would be a "morti.al pison to the baste that
ate them," all agreed. But when the Turnips grew and
swelled to aldermanlike proportions, and specimens
were sent to Dublin to the Eoyal Society Show, and
returned with " goold medals and ribbons galore,' tho
wonder of the neighbours was too great for utterance ;
and when another May came round, and the stall-fed
bullocks one after another "rowled" out upon the
road, on their way to Smithfield, the people looked,
and rubbed their eyes, and looked again to see the
" monstrous bastes, as big amost, the everyone of them,
as Paddy Brian's cabin on the commons, which held
every night, both aisy and comfortable, himself, herself,
aud sevin childher, the pig, the ass, the three geese,
and 11 goslins, besides all the delf and chayney were .
left him by his grandmother !" And when the culti-
vation of the " farrener " extended, and fields of yellow
corn waved where formerly the " tranyeen ' and the
Irish Furze held sway, it was emphatically alleged on
every hand that "Mister Tim O'Hologhan at the
Lodge, with the best land in yer country," had been
beaten by " the Duke's Scotchman," and that Tim s
"growin' av Pyatos without manure, and VVhate
after that, and Oats after Whate, and thin the finest
av Grass and meadow without the sowing av eer Grass
seed or Clover in life, wasn't the aiquals, or next to
near, the craps growin' upon the ould heath. The
labourers around, too, began to feel the benefits of
constant employment, and their hearts to wai'm
to the genial stranger who gave it to them._ 'ihe
wares came "mighty convanient av a Saturday night;
and in the famine years, when they unfortunately
came, the families of those employed upon the Heath
farm" passed through the dreadful ordeal ahnost
unscathed. And, as time wore on, and the Heath
labourer became used to little comforts— as his consti-
tution improved by better feeding, and his nimd and
intellect correspondingly enlarged— he began, in more
respects than one, to have a dim perception that for
his class a better day was about to dawn, and that
another way of living than in a miserable clay-built
cabin and semi-starvation upon Potatos and butter-
milk, to breakfast, dinner, and supper alike, ultimately
awaited him. In the first instance, however, with the
ruin of the Potato, came the destruction of the poor
man's pig and the poor man's fowl— often his only
friends. There was no refuse for either in the yallow
male ■" and neither did Paddy himself nor his wife and
"childher" ever take kindly to the "yallow boock
Even " the lad," which was the next stage in Paddy s
onward eating progress, although admitted to be an
improvement, especially when garnished with a lew
Cabbages or other " trimmings," has never gone down
so kindly as the smell of the live pig of the oulden ■
time, and the thought of the " Pyatos" growing and
swelling in the neighbouring field. Paddy,, in fact, is
still di=satisfied. He is in the transition period equally
with his betters, and does not know of it. If he could,
without increasing his exertions, come at wages which
would give him the means of having " tay" and white
bread-and-butter for breakfast, dinner, and supper,
with now and again, and in short pretty regularly, a
rasher of bacon, to keep the other " refreshment com-
pany there would be less cause for grumbling with his
lot This is his ambiiion.— Leinster Express.

m)t PouUra ¥arB.

Do Farm Poultrg Paij .'-The Field of the 27th July,
in reviewing my remarks on this question, says;—

" Knowing, as we do, the value of poultry . as
destroyers of injurious insects, we hail Mr. Mechi as
an important ally in proclaiming their uses to the
Farmer, although we cannot but perceive that he has
rather evaded the question with which he starts. It is
quite true that the price of poultry is double that ot
beef but the selling price is only an element in the
calculation of profit. We require to know what is the
relative cost of the food requisite to produce a pound ot
beef and a pound of fowl. If the latter costs, as we
shrewdly suspect it does, more than double the cost ot
the former, then poultry will not pay as well as beet.
Mr. Mechi does not solve this question.

Before I proceed to answer this question, I must
ask two others:— , _ . , xn s »

1st. "Will any live stock (pigs, sheep, or cattle) pay ■.
market price for their food ?

2d Is there any and what reason why a pound or
fowl'flesh, live weight, should cost more in food than a
pound of beef or mutton ?

I answer unmistakeably, " No," and " None. . The
profit from stock feeding must be looked for in the

OCTOBEB 12 18C7.]

THE GARDENERS' CI1R0NTCI,E ANT) AdPJCni.TllK'Ar, GAZETTE

lOGl

manure as a means of enriching the soil and enabling
it to produce abundant crops.

This is no question of doubt or speculation. We
have extensive and undeniable experiments and proofs
on the subject, and, among many others, most
voluminous, valuable, and exact, well-recorded results
and facts detailed by Mr. Lawes in the various
"Journals of the Royal Agricultural Society," and
which are worthy of the study of those who are
interested in the production of moat.

At present I am not aware of any analysis of
poultry as compared with other flesh, but I have no
reason to suppose that its elements are dilferent, or
that it can reijuire any more food to produce 1 lb. live
weight than either beef, mutton, or pork ; and we are
(luite sure that poultry obtain much of their food from
insects, waste kernels, &c., which gives theiu, so far, a
considerable advantage over cattle, sheep, and pigs.
In Mr. Lawes' experiments, recorded in the " Journal
of the Royal Agricultural Society of England," vol. xxiii.,
p. 206, we see that in sheep fed on hay alone (cut into
chalf) it required -1339 lb. of hay chaQ' to produce
100 lb. increase live weight (about 05 lb. net of mutton ) .
or nearly 2 tons of hay, worth at market price probably
9i., to produce in mutton, 55 lbs, at 8i/., 1^. 10*. Sd. !
Sheep fed upon hay and Beans consumed 30 per cent.,
or ono-lil'th of their gross live weight weekly ; that is,
more than 10 times their live weight in a year of
G3 weeks. Now I doubt whether poultry could over bo
more ungrateful and more unremunorative than this.

In several other cases fully recorded in the Society's
Journal the fact came out that lots of 40 sheep each,
fed for six months with hay. Linseed cako and roots
(Swedes), only paid for the hay and cake, and left
nothing lor 50 tons of Swedes consumed by each lot of
40 sheep, although the market price of those Swedes
would be 15s. per ton, or 37'. 10*. for the 50 tons.
Nothing was left for casualties, shelter, attendance, or
interest of capital. All we gain by feeding cattle,
sheep, and pigs is their manure, and for that we have
to pay dearly. The manure from our poultry is of a
very valuable quality.

As to rearing, is there no risk and expense in feeding
our cattle and sheep preparatory to and during their
multiplication ? The same remark applies in degree
to bullocks as to sheep. Mr. J. C. Morton showed
that over four years' period of meat-making the
bullocks, sheep, and pigs, after paying for the cake,
hay, &c., they had consumed (the latter, I suspect, at
feeding price), only left 3s. id. per ton for the roots
and green crops they had consumed. So, in other
words, it required 450 tons of Mangel, Swedes, and
green crops to produce 1 ton net of butcher's meat,
worth, at present prices, 7irf. per lb., or 74?. 5s. per ton.
The value of Mangel and Swedes is generally from
12s. to 20s. per ton, and of green crops quite as much.

It is remarkable that in all our best works on
poultry, including that one in Morton's "Encyclopredia
of Agriculture," no mention is made of cost of food in
relation to weightand value of poultry — the very testing
point of profit. Perhaps some of your correspondents
will favom* us with their facts and results.

I am of opinion that, altbough live stock do not pay
directly, they are essential to the well-being of the
farm as providers of the best and cheapest manure.
Poultry not only provide manure but benefit the farm
in other ways, by economising every waste grain and
seed, and particularly in the destruction of insects and
slugs. Plies that torment the stock have no chance
with them, if within reach. I now see them searching
for insect food 500 yards from my homestead.

At the present cheap season for poultry they realise
9rf. a lb., live weight — exactly double the price of beef or
mutton, which bring 4Jrf. per lb., live weight. I would
recommend every one interested in the feeding of stock
or poultry to read Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert's
admirable summary of all their experiments in feeding
in vol. ixi., p. 438, of the " Journal of the Royal Agri-
cultural Society of England." They say :— " For prac-
tical purposes it may be assumed that sheep, when fed
iberally upon good fattening food, composed of a
moderate proportion of cake or corn, a little hay or
straw chalf, together with roots or other succulent
food, will yield, over a considerable period of time,
1 part increase in live weight for 9 parts of the dry
substance of such mixed food." As the dry substance
of corn or cako is worth Hd. per lb., and of hay and roots
more than Jci. per lb., and as the price of beef and
mutton, live weight, is only i^d. per lb. (5s. per stone
net), it is quite clear that, under the most favourable
circumstances (if the question of manure is not con-
sidered), there must be a heavy loss in feeding live
stock. Not so with poultry, for their price, live weight,
is over i)d. per lb. as an average, wholesale. I have just
received a return from the wholesale market giving
lOrf. per lb., live weight. It will never do in business
matters to " shrewdly suspect" when we have means of
arriving at a practical conclusion.

My bailiff agrees with me in concluding that poultry
consume, according to their weight, on the same scale
as other flesh-forming animals; and they never do better
than when they have free range and access to Grass or
roots, which they consume abundantly, together with
insects, seeds of weeds, and grain. I need hardly say
that the quality of their food has a most material
influence on the quality of their flesh and eggs.
Poorly fed fowls give very inferior eggs, just as cows
on poor pastures yield sky-blue milk and little cream.
/. J. Mechi, Tiptree Hall, Oct., 1867.

Notices to Correspondents.

Desiccated Milk : Cut: Desiccated milk la made at 8heep-
coto Farm, Harrow, Middlesex. A little refined sugar is
added to fresh cows' milk, wliich la tlien carefully evaporated
until it becomes solid ; the soUdified milk is then ground to
powder, dried, and bottled for use. About five ounces of
the powder dissolved in hot water will reproduce a quart of
fresh milk.

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Horticultural Buildings of every description from It. 6d. per foot superficial, inclusive of Brickwork.

Price Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on application to

T. S. TRUSS, C.E,, CoNsuLTiNo Horticultural Engineer, &c., Sole Manufaciukbb,

FRIAR STREET, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.

Observe — TM City OJues are now Removed to the Manufactory, Friar Street,

Size of Houso.

Apparatus Complete.

Erection.

20 feet by 10 feet

£9 0 0

£2 0 0

30 feet by 12 feet

11 15 0

2 10 0

40 feet by 15 feet

15 0 0

2 15 0

paratua Complete.

ErecttOQ.

£17 10 0

£3 0 0

20 0 0

3 0 0

26 0 0

3 5 0

1062

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE IND AGRTCITLTIIEAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 13, 1867.

I

MCKENZIE'S SHEEP-FOLDING FENCE,
VirsHS SHEEP NEIS and HURDLES.
Vide Roport of The Tiines, August 31. 1807.
"Tho low-price J Sbeop Feoce of this Firm is of great merit com-
pared with Net ; bema .stronger, more portable, not liable to injury
from Hares and Rabbits, and not capable of ODtaugllog headstrong
members of the tlock,"

Price per lineal jard, GJd. (lasts five years), delivered at any Port
in-direct communication with Ireland.

Thomas McKehzie & Sons, 34, Dawson Street, Dublin ; and
Camdan Quay, Cork. (Orders executed from the Factory at Cork.)

r^OTTAM'S PATENT POKTABLE UNITED

cow riTTiyns.

Their advaiuat;es aro — Portability, not FLtturcK, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
vermin. Hay Rack diapansed with as unnecessary, increasod width
and depth of Feeding aVougbs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow. 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsloy Street
(opposite tho Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., wliere the
above are exhibited, togethor with several important Improvements
in Stable Fittings jiL-it secured by Patent.

JOHN WARNEE and SONS,
BRASS and RKLL FOUNDERS to TIER MiJESTf,
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.
8, Cresccu'"., Cripplfigate, Lnndori, E.G.

OARDLV LVGINl,^
WATER Jl VI 1 OW S

"^ f RYSTAL

PALACE
laC EN'OISES.

No. 42.

PORTABLE PUMPS

for
LIQUID MANURES.

Drawings and Prices for any description of Hydraulic Machinery
BOnt upon application.

DEEP WELL

PUMPS, for St-am,

Horse, or Hand Power.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mr. ghat begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to hia

NEW OVAL TXJBtTLAR BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of i'uel, doing its work with
one-thu'd less the amount requii'ed by any other.

Bxtract from Mepoi-t in Garbeners' Chronicle of International Exhibition, May 24, 1862, page 476.

"The uprighc form of Boiler Is usually made on a circular plan,
but the oval form given to Mr. Gray's variety of it is said to be
preferable in consequence of its bringinp the tubes in closer contact
with the Are. The usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram

rather than a square, it seems feasible that the Boilers on the oval
plan should bring the tubes more completely within range of the
burning fuel ; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,
is no doubt an improvement,''^

1^* They are made of all sizesj which^ with prices^ may he had on application.

JAMES GKAY, HORTICULTTJUAL WORKS,
DAJ^VERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

GUMMING & EDMONDS'

PATENT TUBULAR ARCHED SADDLE BOILER.

AWARDED

THE ONLY

FIRST-CLASS
CERTIFICATE

HOT-WATER
DOILEES

SHOW

OF THE

ROYAL

HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETY,

at BURY ST.

EDMUND'S,

July 16, 1S67.

We have received numerous and tiatteriug Tehlimoniuls of the eiEcieucy of this Boiler, and in a report of the.
Directors of the Royal Horticultural Society, April, 1867, it is specially mentioned as *' working very e^ciently, and '
maintainiiig the heat at store temperature with a very small consumption of fuel"

We heg to draw attention to our superior designed CONSERVATORIES and HOTHOUSES of every descrip-
tjou, and especially to our

NEW ORCHARD, STRAWBERRY, AND PLANT HOUSES,

which are "very cheap," and "ventilated" on a principle very much approved by all practical judges.

Having lately made considerable additions and alterations to oui' STEAM-POWER MACHINERY, we ai'e now
enabled to execute orders in the shortest possible time.

GARDEN BOXES, PIT LIfiHTS, &c., at the lowest prices.
MANSIONS, CHURCHES, PQBLIC BUILDINGS, WAREHOUSES, SCHOOLS, &o., HEATED by HOT
WATER in the most efficient manner.

1^" Designs and Estimates Free on applieation,

GUMMING ANT) EDMONDS,

CONSEBVATOEY ARCHITECTS, HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, AND HOT-WATER BNGINEBHa,

LILLIE BRIDGE, RICHMOND ROAD, FULHAM, LONDON, S.W.,

Adjoining the West Brompton Station on the West London Railway.

S. OWENS & CO.

(Late CLINTON anb OWENS),
MANUFACTURERS OF

PUMPS and HYDRAULIC MACHINERY,

WHITEFRIARS STREET, LONDON, E.G.

37.

THE LANDSCAPE SKETCH shows in adipl ition of THE IMPROVED HYDRAULIC RAM. This is a simple
Self-actirg Machine, suited for raisiug a Supply of W ater for Ufao in Public and Piivato Establislimentp. Its adoption is not confined to
positions as shown, but it is suited for any situition wheie a Fall can be obtained from a Stream, Brook, or Spring.

S. OWENS AND CO. haTe fixed a great m-auv in various parts of the coiintry for raisiug from COO to 6000 or more Gallons per day t
elevations vai'ying from 30 to 300 feet, and forcing'tbrough Main Pipes 50 yards to several miles in longth.

No. 37. IMPROVED TREBLE BARREL PUMPS, with HORSE GEARING for Raising Water from DEEP

WELLS, for tho supply of MANSIONS and PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

No. 28ff. DOUBLE BARREL PUMPS for HAND-POWER for similar purposes.

S. CWENS jiND CO, Manuff.cture and Erect every description of Engineer's Work required in Public or Private Establichments, such as
PUMPS for any puijose on the largest or smallest scale, STEAM ENGINES, Tf ATER WHEELS, TURBINES, WARMING and DRYING
APPARATUS, BATHS, GAS WORKS and FITTINGS. Estimates furnished from Flans or on inspection of position.

^S" Illustrated Catalogues Free on application.

October 13, 1867.J

THE GAI^DENl-TvS' CTHRONTCT.E ANT) AGPJCTIT.TTOAI. GAZETTE.

1063

E.

T. ARCHER'S "FRIG I D 0 M 0.'

i» Pfttronised by lior M!u«Hty the Queon, the Duke of Nortli-
umborlnmi lor Syon IIouso. bin Grace the Uuke of Dovonaiilro for
Chlswlck (imdoiis. Professor Lliidloy for the Uortlcultunil Socloty.
and Sir .luaeph I'axton lor tUe Crystal Palace, Royiil ZuoloKical
Society, &o.

niOTKCTION from tlie SCORCHING KAYS of the SUN.

"KRIUI 1X)M0" NETTINQ. White or Brown, made of prcpined

Hair nml Wnol, .1 perfect non-conductor o( hoitt or cold, Kcouing a

fixed tonipcriituro where It la applied. It Is adapted for nil lluitl-

cultural and Flonciiltunil purposes, for Preserving Fruits and

I'lowern from tho Scorching Ktys of the Sun, from Wind, from

Attacks of Insects, aad from Moraing Frosts. To bo had In any

required lengths.

" FUIGI DOMO •■ NETTING, 2 vards wide, Is. Od. per yard ruD.

"FltlUI UOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide U. Otl. per yard run.

Pour yards wide 3«. Orf. poi- yard.

An Improved make, 2 ynrda wide . . Is. Od. per yard.
An Improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s. Bd. per yard i-un.
Klisua Thomas AncnBii, Whole and Solo Manufacturer, 7, Groat
Tiinlty Lano, Cnunon Street, City, lO.C, and of all Nuiserymou and
Seodsmon throughout the KUigdora.

" It t.s much clieuper than Mats as a covering."

OU Paint no longer Necessary.

"^^^im

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheajier. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mlxmg or thinning, and Is u.^ed cold. It is used in the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of tho nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Suits will forward on
application.

From IlmiT. Kaikks, Esq., East Dale, near Brough, Yorkshire.

"I have used your Black Varnish for park palings and consider It
to be the most durable and best thmg of the kina 1 have ever seen,
1 think it might be applied with still greater advantage to iron
fencing instead of paint, aud it is my intention so to employ it in
future."

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at la. 6d. per gallon, at the
Man'ofactory, or Is. Sd. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to HiLi, Sc SuiTB, Brlerly Uill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22. Cannon Street West, E.C., from whom only it can be obtaiuod

CA K S 0 i\ ' S .nrr 1 - C O RTl"(rsTO N PAIN T,
Patronised by the Nnbilitv and Gentry, is extensively used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and 13 proved, after a test
of 70 years, to surpass any other Paint. It is e.speciaHv applic:ible
to Iron. Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo, and is the only Faint that will
effectually resist the rays of the sun upon Conservatories, Green-
houses, IVames, &c. Is twice a.s durable as geouine White Lead, so
simple in application that any person can use it. Pm- g^t

WHITE, LIGHT STONE, BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 30s.

LEAD,CHOCOLATE,RED, PURPLE, BROWN, andBLACK 2(«,-.

BRIGHT GREEN. DEEP GREEN, and BLUE 42s.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES. BRUSHES, &c.

3 cwt. Free to ail Stations in England and Wales, and most Ports

of Ireland and Scotluod. Patterns and Testimonials sent post free.

Walter Carson Jc Sons,

La Belle Sauvage Tard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.

Caction.— AU Casks should bear the Trade Mark. No Agents.

''ARNEK'S SILICATE of IHON'PAINf;

-The peculiarities and advantages of this
Paint are that it will stand extreme Heat and Damp,
and is not affected by Acid, Se.i Water, Sulphuretted
Hydrojien, or Ammonia. It is ei|ually welt adapted
for Iron, Wood, Brick, or Cement. Every Shade of
Colour ground to order. Tue Creamy White and
Bright Stnne will retain the soft delicate shades, regardless of the
fumes of Gases. It has no smell, and there is an entire absence
of deleterious eflect.

WARNER'S ANTITERMITE COMPOSITION is suitable for
Felt Rooting, and is a Cheap Cuating for Iron Work, and preserves
Wood in India from the ravages of the White Ant. Price Is. 3d.
per gallon.

17, Laurence Pountney Lane, Cannon Street, London, E.C.

The Gardener's Watch.

PATENT LKVEK WATCH in
Engine-turned Silver Case, with all the
latoHt l[nprovementa, )uwol1ud, seconds hand
strong, and calculated ("or hard wear, il. 11.t. (id.
The same Watch In Hunting Casus, C>l. Tls.
STRONG SILVER ALBERT and GUARD
CHAINS.

Tlio above being Miumfacturod ou the I'ro-
lulses, are with cunlldonco reeoiniiiended and
warranted for correct noiformanco.
IllustratiMl Pamphiet, and all partlculdrs gratis, on application to
GoLD.swtTiis' Alliance (Limitkd), 11 ^ 12, Gornhlll, London, B.C.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING lOWLS, of purest breed, in any
nuinberH.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, huge, hardy, and good breeders.
AVLKSllURY and ROUEN DUCKS

Impurtod HKLCIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA roUTRA, CRKVECQiUU, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
fur uuustaiit layers.

Priced Lists and Eatlmfttos on applioaMon.
John B*ilv & Sun. 113. Mount Strout, London. W.

JOHN GlilbON, JuN., bugs to nnnounce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to ManslouH and Villa or otlior
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Addruss Mr. Jomn Gijisun. pin., Surrey Lane, Uattorsoa, S.W.

0:t EOllGt: F. MORKIS (of tlie Firm of Phothehoe
M &M011HI8I undertakes SALES and VALUATIONS of FREE-
HOLD LANDED ESTATES, Leasehold and Reversionary Property
of every description, Farming and Market Garden Produce, House-
hold Furniture, Stock In Trade, Ac.
Auction and Estate Agency Office, Tho Limes, Leytonstone, Essex .

WANTED to RENT. TWO or IHREE ACHES of
LAND suitable for a NU RSERT, within 15 miles of London,
near a Railwav Station. Address, with full particulars,

Mr. Jamks Ilott, ICs, Southwark Bridge Road, S.E.

WANTED to HIRE, 50 to 100 ACRES of LAND,
near London, and near a CaU'U or Railway, to improve and
cultivate in Garden order. The Advertiser is prepared to invest
£120 per Acre of working capital, on satisfactory Tenure, such as a
long Lease, or with Covenants securing payment for unexhausted
improvements.

Address A., Post-offlca, Stapenhill, near Burtoa-on- Trent.

FOR DISPOSAL, It First-class NUliSERY and SEED
BUSINESS; or tho present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to £., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadenhall Street,
London. EC.

W^

Manure Manufactory to be Disposed of, tn full Trade,

TiJK PlUirHlETuR WISIllNU TO ReTIKK nN AfioirNT OK IlI. HkALTU

TO liK LET, foru Term, a M \NIJKE MANUFACTORY,
replete with every Convenience for Carrying on a Lucrative and
Extensive Trade, including Steam Engine, Carr's Disintegrator,
Mixing MaelMoe. Bone Mill, &c Transit to all parts by Water and
Rail adjacent to the Works. The Manure manufactured baa given
universal satisfaction, and there is agood aud safe Conn jctiou, which
can be considerably extended.

For particulars apply to Tnos. 11. WonnuAX. Agricultural
Merchant, Town Hall Cli;uiilior,s, Boruugli, Loiidon, S.E.

MESSRS. PItOTHRROE and MORRIS'S
PRELIMINARY NOTICE of FORTHCOMING SALES.
Highly Imi-obtantto Nohlkmen, Gkntlkhkn, Nuhskuvmkn, Mabim
., . r.vM^',""^.'*.'^"'^- ^^" ''""'-'0 CdMl'ANlKS KNOAOKll IN I'l-ANTINO.

BATTERSEA. SURREY. October :>8 1-

L'I'm^J'x.'.'H".''^ 'I'RKKS. &c. i ftlHo FIVE HORSES, CARTS,

SI RlN(i VANS ' ' ■ ■■— -
PECKIIAM.

, atirl Sundry ElfuctK.
, (^UKKN'S Ru.XD NURSERY,

October 2il : —

Very comi.act KVKH<i KEEN and CONIFEROUS SHRUBS, and
other NURSERY STtJCK ; choieu GREENHOUSE I'LANTS
BLACKWATER, SURKEV. FRIMLEY PARK NURSERl^^ near

w?MrJ'^T;'i>'LV.?AV.,^^.^"'?'^''.,^'' *'y '^'■'''>'" •'' ^l'"- "ol^or. tho
NUR-SERY STOCK. Including iiju n-ual axHort-mont

TOTTENHAM. MIDDLKSEX. HALE FARM NURSERY
November 1 :— A ColloutluLi oi ORNAMENTAL I'REhS EVER-
GREEN, CONIEKR.K, and FLOWERING SHRUBS.'ROSES
FRUIT TREES. HARDY CMMHKRS /c i^^'^c-o,

WANDSW<)RTH ROAD. UA\ KNDEH llll>L NURSERY Nov 4-
—Some thouHands -jI lii.o AI.TIIHAS, l to lleet : CHINESE
ARBOR-VIT/E, ENciMSli V KWS, aud other line EVEIU
GREENS, STANDARD and DWARF FRUIT TREES, &c
lmj)ortant t'l tho Trade.

KINGSTON, SURREY.— Clarence Street and Park Road, about
four davb' Sale, November 6, 0, 7, and 8:— Excellent NURSERY
STOCK. VIZ. : EVERGREEN, CONIFER.E, and DECIDUOUS
SHRUBS, ranging all sizes and In gieiit variety, all itreiKired for
removal; STANDARD and DWaRF ROSES, iic.

GODALM ING, SURREY, Novonibur 11, and following days, by order
of Mr. Charles Ilarkor, at Godalming Nursery.— The whole of tho
choice GREENHOUSE PLANTS, newly erected GREEN-
HOUSES, PIT.S, niid other Effects; also at Terrace Oardoun,
Shady Hangers, within livumlnutea" walk of tho Godalmlng Rail-
way Station, the whole of tho valuable PYRAMIDAL FRUIT
TREES in a full bL^anng state, all carefully preiiHred for
removal; EVERGREEN and CONIFERvE SHRUBS. BOX-
EDGING, kc. Any person securing a Lease of the aforesaid
Premises will have the option of purchasing what they choose at
the Sale, presenting an excellent opportunity to Hmall capitalists
desnous of embarking in the Nursery business.

EDMONTON, MIDDLESEX.— LANGHEDGE NURSERY. Novem-
ber 13 and H:— SALE of a largo quantity of FRUIT TREES.
Imporiant to Market Gardeners and others. EVERGREEN,
CONIFERS, and DECIDUOUS SHRUBS of all sizes;
STANDARD ROSES, ORNAMENTAL and FOREST TREES,

&.C.

WOKING, SURREY'.—About nine d.ays' Sale, commencing Nov. 18,
without reserve, in consequence of the death of Mr. Robert
Donald :— About 160 Acres of NURSERY STOCK, Including an
unusual large quaniity of EVERGREEN, CONIFERiE, and
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS, ORNAMENTAL, FRUIT, & FOREST
TREES. Tho Stock is particularly worthy the attention ot the
TradO-

CITY AUCTION ROOMS, 38 & 39, Gracechurch Sfreot.-WEEKLY
SALES of only first-class DUTCH BULBS, STANDARD
ROSES, AMERICAN PLANTS. &c.

Particulars will appear in futuro Advertisements.
American Nurseries, Leytonstone. — Oct. I'J,

Sale of Very Fine Dutch Bulbs. Handsome Standard
Roses, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL
by AUCTION, at 38 and 39, Gracechurch Street. E.G., ou
TUESDAY, Oi-titber 15. at 1 o'clock precisely, a First-class Collec-
tion of DUTCH BULBS, including choice named Hyacinths, Tulips,
Crocus, Narcissus, Snowdrops, &c. ; a splendid assortment of
STANDARD, DWARF, and CLIMBING ROSES, coiuprising tho
firiest varieties in c^ltivaton; Hardy AMERICAN PLANTS, viz.,
Ghent and other Azaleas, Hybrid Rhododendrons, Kalmias,
Andromodna, with a variety of Hardy Climbers, &c.

On View the Morning of Sale. Catalogues had at the Rooms as
above, and of the Auctioneers, American Nuraeries, Lejtonstone.N.K.

To Market Gardeners and Others.

TO BE Ulbi'OSEO OE, tin' (»LD LICENSED
PUBLIC HOUSE, known as the STAPENHILL GARDENS,
with Three Cottaees, Glass Houses, and Pits, Stabling, Cowsheds, [ AUCTION," on'the pVemisesrstrawbeiVy 'nTrfN'ursery. Tunb"idee
and other Outbuildings, togetlier w.tn, 10. Acres .^^ Grass, Garden | Wells, ou \VEpNESD.\Y. October Hi, and three following days?!?

Strawberry Hill Nursery, Tunbridge WeUs.

CLtAUANUE Hale of Valuabll Nithseuv Srocn,.

MESSRS. PKOTHEROE and MORRIS have received
instructions from Mr. Edwin HoUanby to SELL b?

Land, and Pleasure Gr-ounds The Chief place of resort for'Tea and 110' CloTk ^ach

Picnic Parties.^ The Glass Houses_ are well stocked with choice | the land being immediately required for building purposes) the

valuable NUliSERY STOCK, includlLg a very extensive and choice

Plants. The Garden is well cropped and contains a number of
choice Ornamental Shrubs, Fruit, and other Trees, Vegetables, &c.
The above is held on Lease, 7j years of wliich are unexpired.
Apply to W. De Villk, St.punhall Garden-i, Burtou-on-Trent.

BEDSTEADS, BATHS, and LAMPS.— "WILLIAM S.
BUETON I1.18 Twelve Largo Sliow Rooms devoted esclusivetv to
the separate display of Lamps, Baths, and Metallic Bedsteads. 'The
stock of each is at once tho Urgest, newest, and most varied over
submitted to the public, and marked at prices proportiouata with
those that have tended to make his Establishment the most
distinguished in this coimtry.

Bedsteads, from 125. Sd. to £20 03. each.

Shower Baths, from 8s. Od. to £6 Os. each.

Lamps (Moderateiirl, from . . 6s. 0(i. to £7 7s. each.

(All other kinds at the same rate.)
Pure Colza Oil Za. 'Jd. per gallon.

WILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING
IRONMONGER, by appointment to H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, sends a Catalogue gi'atis and post paid. It contains upwards
of 600 Illustrations of his unnvalled Stock of

STERLING SILVER and ELECTRO-PLATE

NICKEL SILVER, and

BRITANNIA METAL GOODS,

DISH COVERS, HOT-WATER DISHES

STOVES and FENDERS,

MARBLE CHIMNEY PIECES,
■ KITCHEN RANGES,

LAMPS, GASELIERS,

TEA TRAYS,

URNS and KETTLES,

TABLE COTLERY,

CLOCKS aud CANDELABRA,

BATHS and TOILET WARE,

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS,

BEDDING and BED HANGING.S,

BKIl-ROOM CABINET FORNITURE,

TUR.Maiy GOOD.S, iic.
With List ot Pi ici-ft, and Plans of tlic Twenty large Show Rooms, at
39, Oxford Street, W. ; 1. 1a, 2. 3, & 4, Newman Street; 4, 5, &
6, Perry's Place aud 1, Newman Yard. London,

E

Breakfast,
PPS'S COCO

INVIGORATING AND GRATEFUL.

Bauce.— Lea Sc Fenins'

WORCESTEKSHIKE SAUC E.—
This delicious Condiment, pronounced by Connoisseurs
"THE ONLY GOOD SAUCE," is prepared solely by Lea & Pkbeins.
The public are respectfully cautioned against worthless imitations,
and should see that Lea k Psmmtm' Names are ou Wrapper, Label,
Bottle and Stopper. Ask for Lea & Perkins* Saoce.

*,* Sold Wholesale and for Export by the Proprietors, Worcester ;
Messrs. Crosse & Blaokwell ; Messrs. Babolat & Sohi, London, &o.,
luid by Qroceri and Oilmen univerually.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLIAM I)EAN, having determined on residing in
London again, offwra for SALE, with immediate possession,
the NURSKHY at SHIPLEY, consisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive GVass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked,
and with Dwelling House, &c., is held on Lease; also the SEED
SHOP, in BKADFOllO (the only one in the town), which is well
fitted up, and where there is a good business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds, Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, &,c. The Nursery
is 2i miles from the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to the purchase money required, and
will be a groat barg.ain to the purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
tunity for a Large hou.se in the South to establish a Brmch Business
here, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
mucn increased. For particulars apply to

William Dean, Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

^altsi fig Auction.

SALE THIS DAT AND MONDAY, AT HALF-PAST 12 O'CLOCK.

Dutch Bulbs.

MR. J. C. STEVENS ^vi\\ SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 3B, King Street, Coveut Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY and MONDAY, O,;tobor 12 aud 14, at half-past
12 o'clock precisely, each day, lOUO Lots of BULBS from several
well-known Farais in Holland.
On view the Morning of Sale, aud Catalogues bad.

Imported OrcMds.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W C,
on THURSDAY, October 17, at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely. Choice
Imported ORCHIDS, including a bos of South American ORCHIDS
received from a private Gentleman, consisting of SOPHRONITIS
GRANDIFLORA, L^LLA RUPESTRIS, ONCIDIUM CRISPUM,
LEPTOTES BICOLOR, ODONTOGLOSSUM CORONARIUM,
ODONTOGLOSSUM KRAMERI from Central America, quite
new. Also an importation of new and rare ORCHIDS, just arrived
from the Vulcan of Chirique, among which are the fine EPI DEN-
DRUM BRASSAVOLA, EPIDEN'DRUM PRISMATOCARPUM :
a new and very distinct ODONTOGLOSSUM, SELENIPEDIUM
CAUDATUM KOSEUM ; ACINETA SELLA-TURCICiE, &c., &o.
and 20 lot-i ot fine imported PLANTS of the true CATTLEYA,
AMETIiVSToGLOSSA.

Ou view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Collection of Everiireen, Conifera;, and Deciduous Slirub;', comprising
1800 Portugal Laurels, 40U0 Common Laurels, 2500 Spruce Fira,
10 to 6 feet ; 1100 American Arbor-vitsi, Suo Laurustftius, 200 Green
Hollies. 4 to 10 feet ; fine Aucubas, Box, Oval-leaved and Evergreen
Privet, some remarkably handsome Cedrus Deodara, 4 to 20 feet ;
splendid Araucaria imbricata, 2 to 16 feet ; Wellingtonia Rigantea,
10 to 12 feet ; Thuja anrea (very compact), 2 to 4 feet ; Uupressus
Lawsoniaiia, Irish Jumpers, Thuja Warreana, T. Lobbii T. gigantea,
Thujopsis borealis, Jumperus chinenais, Deutzia ; 1000 Standard and
Dwarf Ruses ; also Orunmental and Forest Trees, consisting of
Standard- worked Thorns, Weeping Ash, Elms, Spanish Chestnuts,
Oaks, Mountain Ash, Beech, Limes, Sycamores. Laburnums, Acacias,
Chestnuts, Standard Walnuts, 3500 Rhododendrons, together with
some fine Cimellias and Azalea Indica, 2 to 6 feet, beautifully
furnished with biooui buds, &c.
May be viewed any day prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the

Eremises, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, American Nurseries
eytonstoue. N.E.

Clearance Sale.

AcTON Vale Nursery, Usbhidci; Road, Middlesex.

MESSRS. PROTHEUOE and MORRIS are instructed
by Mr. F. Hopgood^ Sen., to SELL by AUCTION on the
Eremises, as above, on MONDAY'. October 21, and Three following
'ays, at 11 o'Clock each day, without reserve, the Lease having
expired, the whole of the valuable NURSERY STOCK, consisting
of a large assortment of Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs, Orna-
mental Fruit and Forest Trees, viz GOO Thuja aurea, 400 Chinese
Arbor-yilfe, 200 Yews, 300 Cupressus Lawsoniana and Thujopsis bo-
realis, 300 Spruce Fira, 500 bushy Laurustmus, well set with bloom,
lOOO Euonymus, COO Aucubas, 1000 Common Laurels, 1000 Box, 300
Phlllyreis, 2u0 Green Hollies, 2000 Privet, Ribes, Guelder Roses, &c..
Hardy Climbers, sorts, in pots ; 400 worked Thorns, 200 Almonds, 400
busby-headed Planes, 1000 fine Limes, 2000 Poplars, 300 Laburnums,
300 Weeping Asb, Elm, and Willows ; 2000 Standard and Dwarf
trained and untrained, Apples, Pears, Plums, CbeiTies, Peaches, Nec-
tarines, and Apricots ; loou fiue St;indard Damsons, 8oO Gooseberries
and Curi-ants, 2u0 strong Vines in pots, Sic. ; 10,000 handsome Stand-
ard Dwarf and Climbing Roses, 600 Ivies in pots, 6u0 yards Box
Edging, 2U00 strong Seakale, Asparagus, &c.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. CatalOKuea had on the premises ;
at the Beaumont Arms, Shepherd's Bush Green ; and of the
Auctioneers aud Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E,

Ilursery Stock— Mill Hill Nursery, Hendon.

About a mile from Mill Hill Station on the Edgware and Highgate
KailW'iy, aud one hour's ride from Camden Town by Mill Hill
Oumibus.

MESSRS. HUMBERT and COX are favoured with
instructions from tho Executors of the late Mr. James Wricht,
to SELL by AUCTION, on tbe Premises, Mill Hill Nursery,
Hendon, on THURSDAY, October 24, at 12 for 1 o'Clock. the whole
of the NURSERY' STOCK, comprising lOoO Thuja Lobbii,
100 Thujopsis Boreali, loOO Aucuba japonica, 1000 Laurustmus,
1000 Enylibh Y'ews, 200 Laiu-els, 600 Portugal Laurels, 1000 Cupressus
Lawsoniana, Oo Abies Douglaasii, 500 Phillyrea, 600 Scotch Fir,
too Pinus excelaa, 600 Standard Roses (named), 600 Dwarf Roses,
600 Thuja gigantea, 600 Limes, Chestnuts, Birch, Acacias, Moimtain
Asb, English Oak and Elm, &c.

May be viewed two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had
on the PremlBes ; at the principal Inns at Hendon ; tho Essex Arms
and Clarendon Arms Hotels, Green Man. and Leathersellers' Arms,
Watford; the Red Lion, Elstreet and Barnet; Abercorn Arms and
Vine Inns, Staiiinore: Three Crowns, Bushey Heath; Bell Inn,
Bushey : Swan aud Bell Inns, Bickmansworth ; and (free by post) of
Messrs. Huuuert & Cox, Land Agents. Auctioneers, and Surveyors,
Little Na«cot, Watford, Herts ; aud 88, St. James' Street, London, S.W.

Important Sale of First-class Shortliorns.

MR. STRAEEUKU baa great satisfaction in anuouncinff
for SALE byPUULlC COMPETITION, on WEDNESDAY,
October 1(5, at IV/Clock precisely (along with the SHORTHORNS
Ironi the Royal Fium.s), the valuable SUORTHORNED CATTLE
rueontiy exported by James O. Sheldon, Esq , of Geneva, Ntw Yurk,
U.S.A. They consist of two Bulls and one Heifer of tne far-famed
"Duchi'ss" tribe, viz. Third Duke of Geneva, Twelfth Duke of
Tliomdale, and Seventh Duchess of Geneva; also six Heifers of the
very celebrated " Oxlord " family; the whole are descended from
tho Cows bought at the Kirkleavinjiton Sale, These animals are well
worth the aitention of Breeders of first-chiss stock. By permission
they will be offered at the Prince Consort's Shaw Farm, Windsor
Homo Park.

Catalogues with Pedigrees may be had on application to Mr
SrRAFFoitn, l.'J, Euatoii Squ:u'o, Loudon. ^^_^_

Important Sale of Choice Specimen Conifers,
and other Shrubs.

To NoBLEMtN, Gentlemln, Landscape Gardeners, akd Othebs.

MESSRS. BENTLEY and HILL beg to announce
their instiTictions from Mr. R. H. Vertegans. to SELL by
AUCTION, on MONDAY, October 14, and following days, In con-
sei.jneiii.eof the contemplated extensive alterations at the Promenade
Garden .. Great Malvern, a Portion of the valuable Stock growing
thereon eonsistinc of the choicest selections of CONIFERS,
EVERGREEN and FLOWERING SHRUBS, ROSES, FRUIT
TREES, &c., all ol which have been recently transplanted, and are
in the finest possible condition for remov;il.

Catalogue.^ may be obtained one week previous to tho S,ale of Mr.
R H. Veiiteqans, Malvern; and Chad Valley Nurseries, Edgbaston,
Birmingham ; or of the Auctioneers, Worcester and Perahore.

1064

THE GAEBENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 12, 1867.

WINTER APPROACHES !!!

AND THE FOLLOWING ARE A DOZEN REASONS WHY

WEEKS'S IMPEOYED UPEIGHT TUBULAE BOILEE

MAY JUSTLY BE STYLED THE

"LION" OF THE SEASON FOR HEATING BY HOT WATER.

1. AT ONE ESTABLISHMENT IT HAS FOR SEVEEAL YEARS MOST EEFICIENTLY DISCHARGED THE DUTIES OF TWENTY-TWO ORDINARY

BOILERS, AT A SATING OF £175 PER ANNUM IN FUEL AND LABOUR, HENCE ITS ECONOMY.

2. IT ABOLISHES ALL NIGHT LABOUR.

3. IT REQUIRES MUCH LESS GENERAL ATTENTION THAN OTHERS.

4. IT IS THE MOST EFFICIENT, AND WILL CONSUME EVERY INFERIOR DESCRIPTION

OF FDEL.

5. IT IS THE CLEANEST, BEING FED FROM THE TOP AND NOT FROM THE FURNACE

DOORS.

6. IT IS THE MOST POWERFUL (ace Reason 12).

7. IT IS THE MOST EASILY MANAGED, BEING SELF-REGULATING.

8. IT HAS BORNE THE MOST NUMEROUS AND CRITICAL TESTS, AND HAS BEEN

PRONOUNCED BY MOST COMPETENT JUDGES AS THE BEST.

9. IT IS THE PAHENT OP THE TUBULAR BOILER PRINCIPLE OP HEATING BY HOT WATER.

10. IT HAS BEEN LONGEST IN 70GUE, AND EVINCED ITS CAPABILITIES IN MANY
HUNDREDS OP INSTANCES. . •

11. IT IS ENTIRELY OP CAST IRON, AND THEREFORE THE MOST DURABLE.

12. IT HAS ACHIEVED THE MOST GIGANTIC OPERATIONS ON RECORD TO WHICH NO OTHER BOILER CAN LAY CLAIM, THE LARGEST

APPARATUS CONSISTING OF UPWARDS OF FOUR MILES OF PIPING.

THE MANY FLATTERING TESTIMONIALS RECEIVED ARE TOO NUMEROUS FOR INSERTION.

^. *WEEES AND COMPACT respectfully announce that, aided by their extensive Plant of Steam-power Machinery, they are able to execute every description of

CONSERVATORY, ORCHARD HOUSE, FORCING HOUSE, PIT, &c.,

in the best manner, and Ventilate the same upon their improTed principle of Machinery by one moTement.

CATALOGUES, DRAWINGS, AND ESTIMATES FREE ON APPLICATION.

J. WEEKS AND COMPANY,

HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS AND HOT-WATER APPARATUS MANUFACTURERS,

KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

Editorial Coamunicatlons ehoold be addressed to " The Editor ; " AdTertUomenta and Easiness liCtters to " The Publisher," at the Ofllce. 41, WelUngton Street, Covent Garden, London. W.C.

Printed hy Jt«M Mitthiwh, at the Office of Mepsrs. Bradbort, £vA.Ka, St Co., Lombard Street. Precloct of WhlteftUra, City of London, in tha Co. of Widdleaer, and Fubllshed by the said James Mitthsws, at thfl
Offloe, No. «,W&Uinffton Street, Parjflh of 8t.Fati!'B,CoTent Garden. In the said Conntr.—SkTijaDAT, October 13, 1M7. ■' ^

4hE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 42.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, OCTOBER 19,

(Price Fivepence.
(Stami'Ed Edition, Gd,

INDKX.

Agriculture, FreiiuU

— Irish

Alluiltos. test for

Aloe, American

Appk's, largo

Mtia

BinU, nilgmtovy

Holler oxplosiuiis

DoohH nntli'cd

British Associntlon

Ciikc, llar.loii's

Ctimollliks, Iuiri.liiics8 of

Cftttlc, fort-Inn

— Soutlidown Rnd Polled

Clubbing

CollCKc, Albert S'eterlnnry ..

CuH-fl, I'OttugCl'S

Diitiirna

Di{>liiil(>nltis, soctlliiiK

Farming, Cambridgeshire ..
Fimt

fPriiit 8ho>v, I'aris

Groi)!', Uoviil Ascot .. lUli!) c-

— juiitrlijg

G niss 6poni;o

Labinir co-opcrntlon

Labourers, millt for _

Labourers' rcwartla.'.

Lund improvcmcDt

Loquiit ,

Lucit'ui'3

Mcdil.Mv

Mftlivcn's (Mr.) nui-scrics ..

Milk for Inuoiirci-a ^...

Un Inn , Nitni'hani ,

Palm -nut meal

1031 a

1082 c

lu'ij <t

1073 c

11171 a

1075 ft

1074 b

107a b

1075 a

1071 <■

1077 b

1074 a

1078 a

10IJ5 n

1071 6

1083 b

1030 b

1073 6

1070 a

lOftt a

1073 a

1072 fl

-1074 6

107J a

1076 fl

1078 b

1081 a

1078 6

1085 b

1073 c

1078 c

1080 e

1075 c

1081 n

1073 b

1078 6

Paris, letter from

Pdasillom i;,'liutca

Poach. Inrye

Peas, late

Pelargoniums, bedding zonal

PiKS

Pine growing

Pinus Ilrntlmmianu

Piptniitluts ncpatensis

Pljmts.ciossing

— old favourite

Plant nomenclature

— pi-otectors

Potato growing

— crops ..................

Poultry

Roses

Seeds, transmission of

SewaEC

Sbeei) disease

Shorthorns, royal herd of—

1077 r-
Society, Royal Horticultui'al

— Jlraxted Agricultunil .,

— Lisnnskea Agrlcultuml

— Highelere Agricultural

Stable management

Thompson testimonial

Thorn , Christ's

Trees, hardy omamentai ....

Truffles

Vines, autumn pruning —

1071 a-

Wasps

Wheat, seed

1072 a

1070 a
1074 c
1074 b

1071 e
107'J a
1074 i
1074 n

1073 <■
10C9 a
1070 <i

1074 b
lOfill c

1070 b
1079 c
lOSO c
1081 a

1071 b
lOGy b

1078 n

1079 c

108j n
1074 c

1081 c

1082 e

1083 a
1030 b
1070 a
1073 c

1072 c
1069 c

To Nurserymen and Seedsmen.— Notice.

THE G.VUDICNEKS' YEAR BOOK, AUEANACK,
and DIRECTOIU' for ISOS. by Robert Hogg, LL.D , F L S ,
will bo PublUhcd on DECEMBERS. Any alteratious in the style
and address of Firms are requested to be sent forthwith to the Editor,
ao that the Qocos^iary corrections may bo made In the Directory
por;iun.
" Jouroal of Horticulture " Office, 171, Fleet Street, London, E.G.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 233, High Holborn, London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

JAMES CARTER and GO.

Sbed Farmhiis, Merchants, and Nubsehymen,

-237 Jc 23S, Higli Holborn, London. W.C.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.
[AMES FAIRUEAD and tsUX, Seed Growers and

MERcnAXTs, 7, Bnroufih Market, and Braintree, Essex.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPK beg to announce to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
ISfiT Orowih, is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambs.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, BOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
Cosx, Seed, Manure, and Oilcase Merchavtb,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.G. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1802. for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

>AMPAS GRASS SPIKES "WANTED.

Hoopfr & Co., Govent Garden, London, W.C.

New Grass Seeds for Exportation.

SUTTON AND SONS, having received their supply of
NEW GRASS SEEDS of the present Season's Growth In fine
condition, will be happy to forward lowest price per ton or cwt. on
application. All Seeds perfectly packed and delivered free to ship'a
side at any English Port. CATALOGUES gratis and post free
Sdttoh a Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Readini;.

To the Trade.

DICKSON'S " FIRST and BEST " EARLY PEA.
Now Seed can now be supplied.
Lowest price per quarter on application.
Francis & Arthur Dicrsdn 4 Sons, lOG, Ea.stgate Street, Chester.

MUSHROOM SPAWN of ihe best possible quality,
6s. per bushel. Sample Brick sent on application. The
Trade supplied,
JoBN Kkllett, Wellington Nursery, Heaton Chapel, Stockport.

ASPARAGUS SEED.— Half a Ton of this year's crop,
and three or four Cwt. of last year's, on SALE, '^hat is unsold
at the end of the month will be offered by Public Auction in Liverpool.
Apply at Asp.iragus Garden, Formby, Liverpool.

ASPARAGUS ROOTS, 3-yr. old, per 100, 2*. Qd.;
2-yr. old, per 100, Is. 6d. Terras cash.
RicuAnn Walker, Seed Grower and Market Gardener, Biggles-
wade, Beda,

To Noblemen, Gentlemen, Gardeners, and the Trade.

SEA KAIL for Forcing', magnificent roots, now ready.
Per 100. 10.t. Terms cash.
RicnARD Walrer, Market Gardener and Seed Grower, Biggles-
wade, Beds.

Yellow Globe and Long Yellow Mangel.

MR. S. A. DAINTKEE, of Feu Drayton, St. Ives,
Hunts, bas several varieties of the above named Seed for Sale
grown from large selected Bulbs.
^ Samples and Price on application.

Seakail for Forcing.

POTTER AND FERRIGE, "The Nurseries," Sutton,
Surrey, S., have 30,000 extra-flno I'lants for disposal ; ROSES in
ftotsfor forcing, stroni; p'-^nt^: 'strong VINES for fraiting or plant-
ng; Fem-leavL'd ainl nthur I'KIMULAS. Prices on application.

Biggleswade Market Gardens, Beds.

RICHARD WALKER can supply the following
CABBAGE PLANTS, the finest in England:—
RED, from the finest stock in the country, 4s. per 1000.
EAST HAM. ENFIELD MARKET, NONPvVRElL, ROBINSON'S

CHAMPION, warranted true, 2s. per 1000, in any quantity.
LETTUCE PLANTS, (id. per 100. Terms cash.

WANTED, Large YEW (EUROPvEA), Large AUCUBA
JAPONICA, and Strong WHITE CURRANTS that will
bear. Send price and size to

C, YocHo, Balham Hill Nursery, London, S.

BUTTONS' FLOWER ROOTS.

O See p. loss of (his Week's Paper.

SUTTONS* E.VmillTlON HYACINTHS.
Soo p. HiM.i of tills Week's I'aper.

Before Purchasing Flower Roots, send for

J SCOTT'S CATAEoiillK of HUI.llS, VASES, nnd
• GARDEN KKtjUl.slTKS. |i,iibi :uu' t.'xtra fine.
J. Scott, The Sued Stores, Vouvil, Sumorsot.

Winter and Spring Flowering Bulbs and Plants.

BARR AND SUUDEN'S FLORAL GUIDE may be
had f^eo. It contains much valuable information.
For particulars see large Advertisement, p.ago 1014.

Bulb Catalogue.

BUTLER, Mcculloch, and co.'s catalogue
of Choice DUTCH and CAPE BULBS is now ready. Sent
free and post paid.— Established upwards of a Century.
South Row, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON be^ to say that their
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, &c., is now ready, and can bo had post free
on application. Highgate Nurseries, London, N,

Special Notice.— Plants and Bulbs.

MR, STEVENS' SALKS nt DUlCIt iJULliS. FRUIT
TREKS, ROSES, and HARDY .SHRUBS, t;iko place every
WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and fmiuently on MONDAY,
at the Rooms, 38, King Street, Covoiit Gardeo, London, W.C.
CATALOGUES on application.

Notice.— Fruits, Flowers, Bulbs.

Before PuaciiASino, please send for

DILLlSTOiNJi AND UO.'S LITTLE LISTS,
post free to all applicants.
Address, Dillistone Ic Co., Nurserymen, &c., Stunner, near
Halstcad, Essex.

TO the IRADE. — The immensely increasing demand
among the Tmde all over the Globe for our CALCEOLARIA,
CINERARIA. PRIMULA, PELARGONIUM, BALSAM, and
INTERMEDIATE STOCK, proves beyond a doubt that they are all
they profess to bo, of unequalled quality, and worthy of general
cultivation. TRADE LISTS free.

DoHgos & Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W.

D

OBSON'S DECORATIVE PBLAEGONIUM

MAGNET. .Strong plants, 16s. each.
DoasoN A BoN9, Woodlands Nursery, Islewortli, W,

DOBSON'S CATALOGUE of DUTCH BULBS,
PELARGONIUMS, CINERARIAS, So., la now ready, nnd
may bo forwarded post free.

Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W.

CHARLES TURNER'S CATALOGUE for the pre.=ent
season is now ready, contalninn DESCRIPTIVE LISTS of
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, CONIFERiE, TREES, SHRUBS, So.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Rosea.
/■tHARLES TURNER'S stock of STANDARDS and

y~J DWARFS Is very fine, and now ready for sending out. The
best kinds only are cultivated at

The Royal Nurserie.g, Slough.

Fruit Trees

CHARLES TURNER'S stock of the above 13
remarkably fine this season, and in great variety. PYRA-
MIDAL PEARS and DWARF-TRAINED TREES, such aa are
seldom seen. The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Foster and Hovie's New Pelargoniums.

CHARLES TURNER is now prepared to execute
Orders for the above, which obtained so many Certificates
during the past season, and were much commanded by the Press.

A CATALOGUE, comprising the best old kinds, is now ready,
alsoof AURICULAS, CARNATIONS, PICOTEES, and PINKS.
Tne Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Vines.

HLANE AND SON solicit an inspection of their
• stock of VINES : 2000 Canea to choose from, strong and well
ripened. They have been awarded the First Prize lor Vines in pots
at all the leading Exhibitions. CATALOGUES free on application.
The Nurseries, Great Berkhampatead, Herts.

Vines.

BS. WILLIAMS has now on hand a very large and
• flne stock of FRUITING and PLANTING CANES of all tho

best varieties. An inspection Is Invited.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

JOHN KELLCTT begs to announce that his NEW
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of DUTCH FLOWER
ROOTS, SPECIMEN AZALEAS, ROSES, EFIPHYLLUMS, &c.,
is now ready, and can be had post free on application,

Wellington Nursery, Heaton Chapel, Stockport.

Fines.

To BE DISPOSED OF, in consequence of the glass
being required for other plants, 60 stout clean FRUITING
PLANTS o( the best sorts, and 30 good SUCCESSIONS of the same.
Apply to Fran'cih R. KiNonORM, Richmond, S.W.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

REACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES.

PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RiOBARn Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester,

Standard Apples.

WOOD AND INGRAM offer to the Trade and others
20000 splendid STANDARD APPLES, with 6 to 6 feet
stems and magnificent heads. Price on application.

The Nurseries, Huntingdon^

PRINCESS of WALES STRAWBERRY.—
This flne variety Is now proved to be the best early variety
ever produced, either for Forcing or for general Early Crop. See
Qardaieru' Chronicle of May 12, 1866, p. 437. Good Plants can now
be supplied from the true stock, at 5s. per lUO, from the raiser.
B. W. Knioiit, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

URRANT PLAN T'S~l-yeara' growth.— The large
RED GRAPE and NETTLE-LEAF WHITE, at 10s. per 100,
cash on the ground, or a Post OfBce order payable at Hounslow,
T. MiLTOw. Lampton, near Hounslow, W.

w

EBB'S PRIZK COB EILB1?:HTS, and other PRIZE
COB NUTS and FILIJERTS. LIST of these varieties from
Mr. Wkhb, Calcot, Reading.

*' rpHE ROSES of MR. PAUL * • • aro thin'^s to
X 800 oncoand dream of for ever."— /K/teiiicKiH, J'line, 180?.
W«. Paul begs to announce that hlw CATALOGUE of ROSES Ih
now ready, and will be forwarded i^oo on application.

KIGHTKKM PRIZKS havo been awiirdwd to hlin fnr Roios thlfi
year at tho principul London Flower Show.i.
Paol's "

iL'a Nurseries, Walthani Cross, London, N.

Roses.

PAUL AND SON propose to be;;iri early next week to
executo Roho Orders. Early orders are solicited to Insure
particularlj; desired varieties. Their NEW CATALOGUE post froo
on application.

Tho Old Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John CnANSTo>f, King's Aero Nurseries
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

M

To the Trade.
ARLCIIAL NIEE lIOSI';, iVom own roofs, in pots,

by tho Kin «( lUDii, :it j;r> per lUO.
G. Barkk a Sun, AiijiTicaii Nursery, Bagshot.

New Rose Catalogues for 1867 and 1868.

Cataloouks of Treks, Sintuns, Fruit Trees, & Bulbous Roots.

WM. WOOD AND SON will be happy to forward
Copies of above, grati.'i and post free.
Address, Woodl.ands Nursery.^arewfield, near UckGeld, Sussex.

New Roses for 1867-1868. ^^

EUGENE VEUDIER, tils nine, i\uRSERYM,\N, 3, Rue
Dunois, Paris, is now publtsliinf,' his CATALOGUE of the
above, which will comprise CD New Varieties tor 1807-1^63. This
CATALOGUE to bo obtained gratis, either direct from him, or of
his Agents, Bethasi & Blackitu, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames Streec,
London, E.G.

Manetti Stocks.

HUSSET AND SON beg to oiler a quantity of verv
fine Cuttings of tho above, ready for planting, at Is. 'C(/. per lOo,
10s. per 1000. Mile End Nur,?ery, Eaton, Norwich.

Dwarf Hybrid Perpetual Roses.

USSEY AND SUN beg to offer the above, consisting
of all the leading varieties, at 40s. per 100.
Mile End Nursery, Eaton, Norwich.

H

IN ANSWER to CORRESPONDENTS, 1 beg to state
the New PELARGONIUMS will be DISTRIBUTED NEXT
SPRING. The particulars of each will be advertised very shortly.
^ JonN Mann, The Nurseries, Brentwood.

Lilium auratum.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply fine BULBS of this
beautiful Flowering Plant at from 5s. to los. each.
Royal Uerks Seed Establishment, Readmg.

To Gardeners. Seedsmen, &c.

HENLEY, BROTHERS, Merchants, Holbeach, have
still on hand a quantity of SNOWDROPS, which they beg to
offer. Samples and price on application.

CALCEOLARIA (Herbaceous), of choice strain, nice
plants, in single pots, 'lis. per 100 ; 12.?. Qd. for 50, and Is. per doz.
H. & R. Stirzaker, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

CAMELLIA STOCKS.— Strong Plants, in single pots,
fit for immediate working, ZOs. per 100; and extra strong,
selected, 35s. per 100.
W. H. RooEns, Red Lodge Nursery, Southampton,

WEBB'S NEW GIANT POLYANTHUS,
Florist Flower, and GIANT COWSLIP SEEDS; also Plants
of all the varieties, with double PRIMROSES ot different colours ;
AURICULAS, both Single and Double, with every sort of Early
Spring Flowers. LIST on application.— Mr. Webb, Calcot, Reading.

Gladioli.

EUGENE VERDIER, til.? aine, Nursertm.an, .3, Rue
Dunois, Paris, is now publishing bis CATALOGUE of
NOVELTIES (Seed from M. Sonchet), and also of his own splendid
Gollectiou of the above. CATALOGUES to be had gratis, either
direct from him, or ol his agents, Bf.thau & Blackito, Cox'3
Quay, Lower Thames Street, London, E.G.

Rhododendrons,

As Exhibited at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park.

JOHN WATKRER, the Exhibitor at the above Gardens,
haa pleasure in announcing that his CATALOGUE of the above
popular Plants is now published, and will be forwarded to all
applicants. It faithfully describes all the varieties considered
worthy of cultivation. It contains likewise a selection of HARDY
CONIFERS, with heights and price,?.

The American Nnroery, Bagshot, Surrey.

Wholesale Catalogue.

GEORGE JACKMAN and SON'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of HARDY NURSERY
STOCK for 1807 and SPRING. 18(i8, can be had free on application.
WokiDg Nursery, Surrey.

A

Now Ready,

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of FRUITS

for 1867, free.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of a tew SELECT ROSES

for 1807. By Tnos. Rivers. Free by post.

Nurseries, Sawbridge worth.

To the Trade.

FIFTY-THOUSAND LAUREL (COMMON)*
l-yr. Cuttings, fine. Price on application.
DiLLisTOXE & WooiiTHORPE, Munio Nurserv, Sible Hedingham, Esses

Red Lodge Nursery, Southampton.

WH. ROGERS beg,s to call attention to this
• extensive Nursery, which offers unlimited supplies of
FRUIT, FOREST, and ORNAMENTAL TREES. SHRUBS, and
AMERICAN PLANTS of every .size and desciiption.
CATALOGUES and every information may be had on application.

AZALEA INDICA.— Good healthy blooming Plants,
40 of the choicest varieties. Including Stella, Carnation, Flag of
Truce, and Mdlle. Verschaffelt, for 40.'*., or less quantities 12s. per
dozen; also other good namod varieties, healthy blooming Plants,
at 93. per dozen.

II. k R. Stirzakfr, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

ALOES.— A tine pair of VAItlEGATED ALOES for
SALE, placed in new Wonden Boxes. 2 feet 6 inches square,
painted green. The AInes nre 4 feet high, handsome and healthy.
They aro now tno Inrgo lor tho greonh'-.use, which obliges tho owner
to part with them.

RoDEBT Mercer, Gardener, Orpington, Kent.

1066

THE GAEDENERS* CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUIUL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 19, 1867.

Britisli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SBt can now send, post free for sis postage
stn,Tnps, Part I. (British Ferua and their vfiriotiea, 3G pages,
includinE prices of Hardy Ksotlo Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRITTIVE CATALOGUE of ERPriSH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway,

STEPHEN BKOWN'S splendid EARLY GLADIOLI.
—An extra Prize was awarded to S. B. at the Bury Show of the
London Horticultural Society for a Collection of this beautiful
section of the Gladiolits. Planted early in pots, thoy will flower in
May by keepinc; thera in cool pits or frames, and brought Into the
gi'eenhouse when about to flower.

Fine selections, per dozen varieties, 53., 10s., and 15s.
For descriptions and culture, see Bulb Catalogue.
GLADIOLUS COLVILLII, the earliest, and useful or borders,
le. per dozen ; 7s. per 100.
„ „ RUB RUM, 2s. T>er dozen ; 12s. per 100.

' „ ROSEUM, Is. fld. per dozen ; 10s. per 100.

„ „ FULGENS, a splenrUd new variety, most

intense crimson scarlet and elegant form, 23. 6d. each.
Also an extensive Collection of the RAMOSUS and GANDA-
VENSIS Sections {see CATALOGUES), and an immense Stock: of
other BULBS. ^ ^ „

Seed and Nursery Establishment, Sudbury, Suffolk.

GladioU.

EUGENE VERDIER, fils aine, Nurseryman,
3, Rue Dunois Paris, has the honour to inform his numerous
Friends and those interested that ho is now publishing his
CATALOGUE of the above, which mil contain all the New
Varieties obtained by M. Souchet.

He is happv to be enabled to announce that M. Souchet s Collec-
tion and his own carried off all the First and Second Prizes at the
Exposition Uuiverselle of Paris as well as being the admiration of
all visitors. , .

This Catalogue can be had gratis, either direct from hini, or of ms
Agents, Bethau & BLacKEin, Cos's Quay, Lower Thames Street,
London, E.C.

TUHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE
fj of SELECTED ROSES is now ready and will be forwarded
on application.

J. C. respectfully directs attention to the following LIST of
FIRST PRIZES which have been awarded to him at the principal
Rose Shows of the present year, proving beyond a doubt that the
soil and climate of his Nurseries are unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Roses.

Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
June 19.— 2i Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester.
JuQG 19.— 30 Varieties, Cut Roses, three truases each, FIRST PRIZE

1 Clifton.

June 25.— 24 Varietie.s, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Crystal Palace.
June 29.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Roval Horticultural Socioty, South Kensington.
July 2.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, " FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham .

July4,5.— 72Varietic3, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

:i4 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Hereford.

July 9.— 72 Varieties. Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Rugby.

July 12.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one ti-usg each, FIRST PRIZE

KurseripK, King's Acre, near Hereford.

PAUL AND SON, the Old Iviivjeiies, Chesliimt, can
confidently invite attention to their stock of ROSES for the
present season, of sever.al of the leading Vijrieties, as MARECHAL
NIEL, ALFRED CQLOMB, PRINCESS MARY OF CAM-
BRIDGE, &c. Tliey believ-e they hold as large a quantity as any
house in the kingdom, both as Stand^nds and Ow.vfs ; and their
plants are strong, healthy, and clear in stem, head, and root. They
venture to quoto their Libt of FIl^ST PRIZES gained this season :—

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
March 19.— Col!ei;tion of Roses in ' June 26.— 18 vars. New Roses.

Pots. ' 1 '12 Blooms, New Roses,

Aprillii.— ColfectionofCntRoses. [ __ one vanety.

June 4 to 6. — CKt^ses in Puts.

0 New Roses in Pots.
Collection of ' Cut

Juno 2G. — 43 vars. Roses, tjjrqe
Blooms each.

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY,

12 vars. Tea anfl Noi-
sette.

Collection of Moss
Roses.

24 Roses in Pots,

April 27.-24 vars. Cut Roses.

Collection of Cut Rosea.
■Collection of Cut Roses.
20 Roses In Pots.

May 2
June 19.-

March 23— Collection of piit

Roses.
April 13.— Collection of CutRoses.
April 27.-3 New Roseg in Pots.

PETERBOROUGH SHOW.
July 27.-30 Cut Roses. [July 27.-12 Tea apd Noisette

- .? . ■'^ 2^4 Ciit (loses. I Roses.

CRYSTAL PALACE EXHIBITIONS.

June 29.— Collection of Tea and
Noisette Roses.
Collcci ion of Cut Roses.
Collection of Roses in
Pots,
gppt. 10.-36 Cut Roses.

May 25.-12 Roses in Pots,

Collection of Cut Roses,
June 29.— 20 New Roses in fots.
48 Varieties Cut Roses.

3 Blooms each.
Collection of New Cut
Roses.

' 24 Cut RoseB.

MANCHESTER SHOW.
June 7 to 15.-16 Roses in Pots. 1 June 7 to 15.— G Roses in Pots.

LEEDS SHOW.

June 13 and 14.— 48 Cut Roses. I June 13 and 14.-24 Varieties Cut

36 Cut Roses. | Ro^eSi three Blooms each,

YORK FLORAL FETE.

June 10.— 48 Cut Roses. 1 30 Cut Roses. [ 24 Cut Rosos

CLIFTON SHOW.

Juno 25,— 4S Vaiieties Cut Roses, I Juno 25.— Collection of Tea and

3 blooms each. Noisette Roses.

I 12 New Roses.

BIRMINGHAM ROSE SHOW.

July 4 & 6.— G New Roses " Alfred 1 July .—IS Tea and Noisette

Colomb." 1 Rost;a.

For Lawn and Clover Planting.

BERBERIS DARWINII.— Too much cannot be said
of this fine evergreen species. lb is hardy, and the profusion
of its orange coloured blossoms, together with tho quantity of
bon-ies which it bears (of which pheasants are very fond), render it
one of the most attractive and desirable plants for lawn as well as
cover planting ever introduced.

2-Yr. Seedlings, per 1001), 30s.

9 in. to 12 in., per 100, 10s. I 18 in. to 2 ft., per 100. 353.

12 in. to 18 in., per 100, 185. | 2 ft. to 2* ft., per doz., 9s.

COTONEASTER SIMMONDSII. — This is a beautiful hardy

evergreen shrub, with glossy dark green leaves, and bearing a large

quantity of scarlet berries, which ripen later than the Berberis

Darwinii, and will hang all winter.

12 in. to IS in., per 100, 15s. | 2 fb. to 3 ft., per 100, 30s.
WiLLiAH Barron & Son, Elvaston Nurseries, noar Derby.

Large Evergreens, Specimen Conifers, &c,

WATERER AND GODFREY bej^ to submit the
following List to the notice of intending planters : —
TEWS, ENGLISH, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12. and 15 feet high
„ IRISH, 0, 7, 8, and 10 feet high
„ GOLDEN, 6, 6, to 9 feet
„ STANDARD GOLDEN, 20 years worked

„ ELEGANTISSIMA, 10 and 15 years old
„ „ DO VASTON or WEEPING, fine heads, lOandlSyears old
We have altogether thousands of these different Yeres of the
large sizes. Everv plant has been recently removed.
HOLLIES, COMMON GREEN, 6, 7, S, 10, 12, and 15 feet high, and
as much in circumference — hundreds
„ LAURIFOLIA and SCOTTICA, G, 7, 8, and 10 feet, and wide

in proportion
„ WATE R ER'S. the hardiest of all variegated Hollies, 4 and 5 feet

by 10 and 12 feet in circumference
„ THE QUEEN, or best gold striped, the handsomest of all
variegated Hollies

We have hundreds of these beautiful plants, 4, 5, and 7 feet
high and wide
„ STANDARD, WATERER'S, and GOLDEN, with fine heads,

15 and 20 Tears worked
S^ We have some tiiousands of the ordinai-y kinds of Variegated
Hollies. 4, 6, G, and 7 feet high. Every plant has been removed
withiTs. 12 months.

CEDRUS DEODARA. some thousands, G, 7, 8, and 10 feet high
„ ATLANTICA, and Cedars of Lebanon, moved in April,

4, 5, 6, and 8 feet
,. RED VIRGINIANS, 6, G, and 7 feet
CHINESE JUNIPER, one of the handsomest and hardiest of all
evergreens — thousands of beautiful plants, 4, 6, G, 7, and
8 feet high ; some magnificent plants, 10, 12, and 15 feet high,
12 to 20 feet in cii'cumference
THUJA AURSA, 3, 4, and 5 feet high, 7to 20foet in circumference
„ GIGANTEA, 10, 12, and 15 feet high, very handsome
„ LOBBIl, splendid plants, 7, 8, to 10 feet high, and 12 and 15 feet
round — hundreds
CUPPvESSUS LAWSONIANA. the finest stock— many thousands,

6, 7. 8, 10, to 15 feet high, and as much in circumference
THUJOPSIS BOREALIS, 4, 5, 8, and 10 feet high, 7 to 12 feet in

circumference — hundreds
PORTUGAL LAUREL, 4 and 5 feet high, 7 and 8 feet round
BOX, Green and Variegated, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 feet— thousands
PICEA NOBILIS, splendid plants, moved in spring, 4, 5, 0, and 8 feet
„ NORDMANNIANA, 4, 5, 0, 8, 10, and 15 feet high [high

None of our Nobilis or N?rdmanmanj,s are grafted plants.
„ M AGN IFIC A or NOBILIS ROBUST A, the finest stock in tho

trade, all seedlings, 2 to 4 feet high
„ LASICARPA, hundreds of plants, 4, 5, G, and 7 feet high, all
ABIES DOUGLASSII, 5, 6, 7. and 8 feet [seedlings

„ ORIENTALIS, 4, 5, G. 7, to 10 and 12 feet ; 7 to 20 feet in r-ir^
cumfereBce ; most beautiful plants
PINUS CEMERA, 6, 7, to 9 feet
„ PINSAPO, 3, 4, 5. and G feet

„ „ Sonio very fine plants, 10 to 20 feet high, 15 and 25 feet
in circumference
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, a large number, all removed
recently, 4, 5, 6, and 10 feet high, and 12 and 15 feet in
circumference
RHODODENDRONS. — Wehave 40 acres of land in one piece filled
almost exclusively with Rhododendroiis. A tooro healthy
and beautiiul stock cannot be desired.
STANDARD RHODODENDRONS.— Some of the finest plants to
be found in any nursery, many are 20 to 40 yeai's old
C^ The large Standard and other Rhododendrons planted last
spring in Rotten Row, Hyde Park, wore supplied by Waterer
ti Godfrey.

We do not quote prices, wo presume pm'chasers of such large
plants will adopt the much wiser, and always more satisfactory
course, of seeing and judging for themselves.

We solicit an inspection and invite comparison with any other
similar nursery stock in the kingdom.

The Knap Hill Nursery is upwards of 150 acres in extent, and con-
tains an enormous and very superior stock of the ordinary sized
EVERGREENS, DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL TREES, £ic.

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE will be forwarded
free on aijplication to

Waterer k GooFREV, Enap Hill Nui'scry, Woking, Surrey.
The Nursery is readily reached by Train, 40 minutes from Waterloo
to Woking. Conveyances are always to be had at the Station.

Frogmore Early Bigarreau Cherry,

CHARLES TURNER has p:reat pleasure in offering
the above valuable NEW CHERRY. The following extracts
will be a sufficient guarantee of its excellence : —

From the Gardeners' Oironicle, July 1, 18G5.

" Fruit of a Seedling Cherry of excellent flavour, called the Frog-
more Early Bigarreau, was f hown by Mr. Ingram, on anorth-east wall ;
it was as early as the May Duke, and said to be a heavy cropper."

A First-class Certificate was awarded by the Emit Committee of
the Royal Horticultural Socioty.

It was esbibited at the Royal Botanic Society in July of the
present year, and awai-ded a Certificate. The report from the
Qardeners' Clironicle of July G is as follows :— "A branch of a Cherry
called Frogmore Early Bigarreau, loaded with ripe fruit, was shown
by Mr. Turner, of Sibugh. The fruit of this new variety is of good
size, thin skinned, tender, and well flavoured, and being at least
three weeks earlier than tho common Bigarreau, cannot fail to be
favourite."

From the " Journal of Horticulture," July 11, 18G7.

" Mr. Turner exhibited a branch of Frogmore Early Bigari'oau
Cherry, loaded with fruit; of this excellent variety,' which is ripe
three weeks before the Bigarreau, a figm-e and description will be
found m our ninth volume.

From the " Florist and Pomologist."

" By the time these pages are in the hands of our readers, tho
Frogmore Early Bigarreau Cherry will bo at its highest excellence,
perfectly ripe, and waning towards its end. before any of the other
Biganeaus have yet made their appearance. It was raised by Mr.
Ingram, at the Royal Gardens at Frogmore.

" Unlike the class to which it properly belongs, it has a
tender melting flesh ; in every respect it is a Bigarreau in
habit, leaf, and appearance of the fruit, and must be classified
along with these varieties; but as if to set at nought all
human arrangements, it persists in having a delicious melting
fleoh, instead of one that is hard and crackling. The fniic
is large, obtusely heart-shaped, with a very shallow sutiive. Skiii
with a brilliant red cheetc, dotted with minute yellow points, and of
a rem.arkably pale almost pure white where shaded — so susceptible
Is it of shade, that the point of a leaf or the shadow ol a twig would
be pho;ogi-aphed on this brilliant red. Stnlk 2 inches long, with a
very email receptacle, and set in a shallow and narrow cavity. FlesU
very delicate and translucent, perfectly tender, melting, and very
juicy, with a rich sweet flavour; stone sniall. The tree is a great
bearer, clusters of a dozen and half to two dozen large handsome
CheiTies being produced on a small spray ; and the fruit ripens in the
middle of June."

Stroxg Plants now Ready.
STANDARDS, PYRAMIDS, and DWARF-TRAINED,10.?.eci. each.

MAIDENS Is.Qd. „

A Coloured Drawing by Andrews will be sent on receipt of 13 Stamps.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough. '

Tlie New Sensation in Bedding-out.

JACKMAN'S HARDY HYBRID CLEMATISES.
Awarded Eleven First-class Certii'icates, and One Special.

MESSRS. GEORGE 3ACKMAN and SON are
desirous of drawing the attention of those who Intend using
their HARDY and HYBRID CLEMATISES for a PERMANENT
BEDDING PLANT, that the present time is most favourable for
planting them to secure good vigorous gi'owth and flower next
sjimToer,

See Editorial remarks in Gardeners' ChronicU, August 17 :— " The
new Sensation in Beddmg." Also in August 31, 1867, iu which " J. F."
(Cliveden), endorses the former statement, and adds, tbat Messrs.
G. J. & Son have in their several varieties "the very colour" of
which our summer flower gardens are In a great measure deficient,

Varieiies that flower together in May .and June : —
CLEMATIS AZUREA GKANU1FL0R.\, violet, stamens deep
„ STANDISFil, beautiful violet blue. ' [purple.

„ FORTUNEI, fine large double white.

Besides several other good old summer sorts.
Autumn varieties, flower from .7uly to October : —
CLEMATIS JACKMANNI (G. J. & Son), large, intenge violet
' ' ' " purple, rugose and veiny.

Rai3R0-VIOLACEA (G. J. & Son), maroon, shaded
reddish violet.
„ RUBELLA (G. J. Sl Son), rich velvety claret (new).

„ PRINCE OF WALES (G. J. & Son), deep violot purple,

with red bars, (new).
Also a large Stock of other autumnal kinds.
An Engraving from a Photogi-aph, showing the flowering qualities
of their Hybrid Clemiitises, can be forwarded shortly by enoloslng a
stamped envelope.

Woking Nm-sery, Surrey.

G

Weston Nursery, "V^eston-super-Mare.
EO. JAMES beffs to offer the following:

1,000 MAIDEN APPLES, 30s. per 100.
600 MAIDEN PEARS, 30^. per 100.
10,000 APPLE STOCKS (good), 20s. per 1000.
20,000 APPLE STOCKS, 10s. per 1000.
1,000 CHINESE ARBOR-VITiE, 2 to 3 feet, 30s. per 100.

600 LAURUSTINUS (good), 25s per 100.
1,000 STANDARD ROSES, 7os. per 100.

SAMPLES and CATALOGUES on application.

Forest Trees, Fruit Trees, Evergreens, Plants for
Game Covers, Conifers, Roses, &c.

FRANCIS AND ARTHUR DICKSON and SONS
invite the attention of Planters to their very large stock of tho
above, which in extent and v.inety is not escelled by any Nursery
in the Kingdom. Their Nurseries, which are very ble:»k and exposed,
extend over some 150 Acres, and their Plants are well known to be
unusually hardy, as well as in the most perfect health and condition
in every respect ; and are found to thrive admirably when removed to
otherparts of the country. PRICED CATALOGUES post free upon
application. Estimates and Special Prices for targe quanfities.

The "Upton" Nurseries, and "Old" Established Seed Warehouse,
106. Eastgate Street, Chester, '

Tlie Dorset Nurseries, Blandford and piandford
St. Mary.

FREDERICK GILL and (JO., NuESERTJiEy, SeedS:
MEN, and Florists, beg to invite the attention of Gentlemen
who intend Planting, to their large and vigorous STOCK of
FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRQBS,
RUSES, &c., extending over many acres, and not to be surpassed.

Their ROSES onMANETTI STOCKS, of the choicest Varieties
and superior growth, merit especial mention.

Northampton Nurseries.

JOHN PERKINS," Sen., begs to call the attention of
Noblemen, Gentlemen, and others ent^atted in Planting, to his
large stock of the following :— 1,000,000 BLACK THORNS, for Covert
Planting. H to 2 feet, 2i to 3 feet ; 2,000,OJO LARCP FIRS, 3 to 4 ft.,
4 to ti feet ; 1,000,000 SPRUCE FIRS, U to 2 feet, 2j to 3 feet, 3 to
4 feet ; 2,u00,000 WHITE THORN QUICK, 2 and 3 years trani
planted ; also large quantities of

A VAN GEERT, Nurseryman, Ghent, Belg:ium begs
• respectfully to offer the following Plants, of which he
possesses a good stock, at very reasonable prices i—
loo HARDY RHODODENDRONS, in fine named varieties^ £3.
100 ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA, flowering roots, £1 Is.
100 HERBACEOUS CHINESE PEONIES, in fine vars., £2 10s.

25 TREE PEONIES, diderent varieties, £2 10s.
100 ABIES P1N3AP0, fine plants, well rooted, 1 foot high, £4.
100 .. NORDMANNIANA, 3-yr. seedlings, £3 10s.
100 THUJA ERICOIDES, small, very pretty variety, £2.
100 THUJA AUREA, 25s. to £2 10s.

160 CHAMiECYPARIS SPH^ROIDEA pOLIlS AUREIS. fiufl
plants, £3.

60 THUJA ELEGANTISSIMA. 2-yr. grafted, £2.
100 WIDDRINGTONIA ERICOIDES, £1 6s.

50 CUPRES3US LAWSONIANA ARGENTEA tWAiEBER), £2.

25 „ „ GRACILIS, £l. ^ ■

25 „ „ STRICTA, £1.

50 PINUS INSIGNIS, strong plants, £2.

60 GINKGO BILOBA, strong, £2.

CO MAGNOLIA GRANDIFi^ORA, fine plants, ^ftS lOs.

50 „ TRIPETALA, fine plants, £1 5s. " '

25 FABIaNA IMBRICATA, fine. £1,

50 ILEX, of sorts, £2 10s. 100 HEDERA, of sprts, £1.

60 BERBERIS, of sorts, 16s. 100 CONIFERS, of sorts, £2.

100 fine STANDARD PERPJiTUAL ROSES, £5.
100 COMMON MOSS ROSES, £2.

25 STANDARDS of ACER LEOPOLDII, £2 10s.

12 ARUNDO DONAX VARIEQATA, £1.
100 LILIUM LANCirOLIUM RUBRDM, very strong, £3.
loO INDIAN AZALEAS, small, with buds, £3.
lOp „ „ larger, £4 to £6.

nib CAMELLIAS, fine sorts, without buds, £i.
100 GLADIOLQS GANDAVENSIS, different varieties, £4.
100 GLOXINIAS, in varieties, £2.
0 AGAVE SCHIDIGERA, fine strong plants, £5.
C „ COCCINEA, £1 10s.

6 XALAPENSIS, £1 10s.

12 „ AMERICANA, 21s. to £2.

12 , „ VARIEGATA, 21s. to £2,

12 LATANIA BORBONICA, £1.

12 CORYPHA ADSTRALIS, fine plants, £3.

12 CHAM^ROPS HUMILIS, £1.
6 „ „ fine plants, £3 to £5.

12 DICTYOGLOSSUM CRINITUM, £1 6s.

25 LOMARIA GIBBA, £1.

60 GYMNOGRAMME WETEN HALLIANA, £1 10s.

25 ALSOPHILA EXCELSA, £1.

26 WOODWARDIA ORIENTALIS, £1,
20 TROPICAL ORCHIDS, £3.

60 NEW PERPETUAL PINE-APPLE STRAWBERRY plants, £1.
6 RHODODENDRON AUGUSTE VAN GEERT, the largost

bouquet of the hardy vf^rieties, strong plants, £l 10s.
When a large quantity of the above articles are ordered, the
carriage will be paid to London. References required from unknown
Correspondents.

Agents : Messrs. R, Silbebrad & Son, 6, Harp Lsme, London, of
whom NEW GENERAL CATALOGUES may bo obtained on
application.

Birch, 3 to 4 feet
Berberis Dulcis, 2 to 3 feet
Cedrus Deodara,5to6ft.,6to8ft.
Green Bos. li to 2 feet
Evergreen Privet, 2 to 3 fept
Hornbeam, 3 to 4 feet

Elms. English. 0 to 8 ft. , 8 to 10 It.
Elms, Huntingdon.O to 8, 8 to 10ft.
Chestnuts, Spanish, 2 to 3 feet
Portugal Laurel. IJ to 2 ft, 2 to 3 ft.
Pinus austriaca, 2 to 3 feet
Sycamore, 3 to 4 feet

J. P.'s stock ofall kinds of FRUIT, FOREST and ORNAMENTAL
TREES, &c., is very extensive, and this season remarkably fine, and
in excellent condition for removal, hiving been frequently trans-
planted. DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES sent post free
on application to 52, Market Sijuare, Northampton.

CHARLES NOBLE begs to offer the following ^a
large clearance mu,st be Inade, and purchasers are invited
to ask for prices :—

Alder and Birch, 2 to 6 feet.

Chestnut, Horse and Spanish,
1 to 3 feet.

Elm (Scotch), 2 to 4 feet.

Larch, Spruce and Scotch, 2 to
4 feet.

Oaks and Thorns, 1 to 3 feet.

Poplars, of sorts, 4 to 8 feet.

Abies Doughisli, 6 to 7 feet,

Thuiopsis borealis, 1 to 7 feet,

Thvya Lobbii, 2 to 4 feet,

Rettnispora ericoides, 1 to 2 feet.
„ squarrosa, 1 foot,

,, obtusa, 1 to 3 foet.

,, jusifera, 1 to S feet.

Cupressus Lawsoniana, 2 to 6 ft.
„ ' „ erecta, 2 to G ft.

Dwarf Roses, best kinds.

Dwarf and Pyramidal Pears.

Dwarf and Pyramidal Cherries,
Thuja americana, 1 to 3 feet.
Deutzia crenatafl, pi., 1 to 4 feet.
Spii'ieas, in best kinds, 3 to 4 ft.
Erica herbacea, fine.

„ ot sorts.
Cotoneaster Simmondsii, 2 to 3fb.
Ligustrum oviilifolium, 1 to 3 ft.
Berberis japonica Darwinnii.'

„ dulcis, &c.
Sweet Gall, Svyeet Briar, 1 to 3 ft.
Pampas Grass.
Arundo conspicua,
Vinca elcgantissima.
Russian Violets.
Ivies, green and variegated,
M an etti stocks.
Pear and Mussel stocks.
Grape Vines, a fine selection.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, APPLES, PEARS,
&c. ; dwarf bushes for Pottinfi.

'RHODODENDRONS, for cover planting, all heights and sizes.
,, finest named kinds.
Cdarles Noble, Sunningdale, Bagshot, Surroy. ^

Planting Season. -Walton Nursery, LiverpooL

To Planters OF Puklic oh Private Par&s, CEiiErERiES, PleaSOES

GbOUSDS, OB VVoODS and I'Vr.hSTS.

WSKIKYJNG begs to announce that liis STOCK of
• TREES and SHRUBS is this Season very extensive and
well groivn, and that he is now prepared to execute orders to tiny
amount for Trees and Shrubs of all sizes, at moderate prices.

W. S. considers the preseiit month one of the best for trans*
planting Evergreen Trees or Shrabs, and solicits Phmters to iospeot
his Stock, which consists of many thousands of the Holly, of tno
most choice varieties of the Gold and Silver Variegated kinds, ana
of the large broad-leaved Holly {the finest of all Evergreen Trees),
hundreds of which are of large size and fine specimens for glVtoB
immediate eflect, with thousands and tens of thou^fmds of sipaller
sizes, for general planting. .

Also an immense Stock of all other cultivated Trees and Shruoa,
either for Villa, Park, or Forest planting, and of Fruit Trees for
Gardens or large Orchards. , ^ _,,.

N.B. Fifty acres of Walton Nursery being required for VUia
Building, the Stock thereon must be cleared as soon as possible,
therefore very moderate prices will be accepted. — October. ISCr.

OCTOBEE 19, 1807.J

THE GA?cDENET?S' CmONTCLE ANT) j\Gl?TrUlTTTr.AE GAZETTE.

1067

Cheap Sale of Excellent Nursery Stock.

W JACKSON AND CD., NxiKSEK\MEN iind Seep
• Meiiciiants, liodalo, yorkshlro, hven to Inform PluiitorB
thnt in conNeqiietico of ft portion of thoir Ntirsorleg boina ruqulred
for Sofd Growing pui'po.ioB, thoy tire SKLLING OFF tlio STUCK
nt very nindernte prices. Tho severe frosts of Inst Wiuter, S't dOHtruc-
the to Niirneries in sonio locnlitiea, did no hijurv hero : iind the
whole of tlio CONIFKHS, OKNAMKNTAL TR^ES, SIIRURS,
FRUIT and FORKST TKKIOS are in flno condition, tho Lar.:hts
particulnrlv 80, having nod;inmned leaders. Letters addrciBedrisaljovo
will be attended to imnu'.liiUolv, Transplanted SCOTCH Fill, f.«. ;
SIIA'KR FIR. Ins. ; i!L.\CK TIIOUN, U>s. ; HAZEL, Ifis. ; HALM
of GILKAD, ^O.f. ; ASPaMAGUS, K).«. per lOOd.

Extensive and well-grown Nursery Stock.

JSCoTT, Mrrriott Nurseries, Somerset, has to oifer
■ FORKST TRKIOS in larpo mnnbars, flnolv routed and in
perfect himltli. ORNAMKNTAL TFIKP:S und 8HR.TTBS of all sizes
In qniintity, beautifully grown and regularly transplJintod.

Intendlim Planters wuuld do well to visit these fine Nurseries,
which have hcon estahlis-hed lijo years, and are by far the largest in
Somerset. CATALOGUKS on application.

TO LARGE PLANTERS and the TRADE-
Fino HORSE CHESTNUTS, 0, 7, 8, and 10 feet high.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, extra fine, 2. 3, and 4 feet.
ACER NEGUN DO VARIEOATA. (Vom 3 to 4 ft.. Pyramids.
HEMLOCK SPRUCE. 4 to 5 feet. fine.
BOX TREES, 2i to 3 feet. | PHIVET. ."! to 4 feet.
SIBERIAN and AMERICAN" AKBOR-VITiE, 3 to 8 foot.
Special offers on application to
A. Godwin & ,Sori. A8hbi:iurne, Oerbysbire,

TTT-ELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA.-A Gentleman

' f having more tpocimons of thi.s noble Tree than he requires,
wishes to DISPOSE of SOME ; thev are all Seedlings, and as perfect
in form as possible, ranging from S to 8 foot hiwh, and 4 to fi leot
throufih. They will move safely, having been regularly transplanted,
and will carry large balls of earth. For particulars and to view,
Address A. A., UurdeTiers' Chronicle Office, W.C.

E

To Persons Engaged in Planting.

MKSSRS. WOOD AND SONS, 172, aid Kent Road,
beg to (.ffer the fnilnwinc TREES and SIIP.UBS at very low
rices, in oousequcnce of Lease ootngnearlv out:— A large quantity of
.ilacs, bushy, un to 7 feet; Evergreen Privets, to 5 leet ; Filberts,
Althw.T frutex. Bladder Senna, Guelder Roses, lic, &o. Also a
large quantity of AuouUis, Euonymus japonieus, a few Variegated
and Gn-on Hollies, &c., &c. Somo large size Forest Trees of sorts.
Standard Almonds and Thonis. Also fine Standard Mulberry Trees,
up to bearing sizes; Standard Pears; Standard and Dw.irf-t rained
Plums, &c., &c. The above Trees and Shmbs beioE mostly of large
size would suit anyone planting for immediate effect, for Parks, &c.

EP A C R I S . — Strong' blooming plants, 24 named
varieties for 24s., or 12 for 12*.
MONOOHGETUM SERICEUM MULTIFLORA and EN.SIFERUM.
—Extra strong, flowering plants, 123. per doz. ; second size,
good tlowerini: plants, 9s. per doz. ; smaller flowering, Gs. per doz.
PRIMrL.V SINENSIS,— Good strain, strong flowering plants, 4.t. doz.
GARDENIA RADICANS or CAPE JASMINE. — Good healthy

plants, set with flower buds, 12s. per doz. or 1«. Crf. each.
JASMINUM LIGUSTRIFOLIUM.— Good healthy plants, to bloom,
a«. nor doz. or U. each.
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of "STOVE, GREEN-
HOUSE, and other Plants, free (in application.

H. & R. STiiiz.vKKti, Skerton Nurseries. Lancaster.

To Suburban and otber Extensive Planters.

POKSFORD AND SON have much pleasure iu oftering
{with special advantages) well-grown and thoroughly hoalthv
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, prominently the follomng:-!
Fruit Trees for every purpose, in fine condition ; Roses, Ornamental
Trees, Evergreen and Deciduous Shruba for general furnishing.
particularly Aucabas. Arbnr-vitae. Ligustnim, Thuja (various).
Variegated Hollies, &c,, specially to the Trade; fine Standard
Mulberries, Limes, extra strong ; Standard Apples and Plums,
Dwarf-trained Apricots, Planes, Poplars, &c. ; Azalea indica, choice
sorts, extra size. Cheap.

Nursenes : Loughborouich Park, Brixton, S.
Seed and Plant Department: Brixton Place.

_ The Nurseries, Barnet, Herts.

pHARLES CORN WELL begs to call the attention of
KJ Gentlemen and others engaged in Planting to his large STOCK
of the following, which are offered at a low price, the ground being
required for other purposes :—CEDRUS DEODARA, 4 to 12 feet;
Araucaria imbricata, 2 to 6 feet ; Arbor-vitM. American, 6 to 8 leet ;
Cedars, Red and White, 4 feet ; Ci-yptomeria japonica, 4 to 8 feet;
Cuprcssus Lawsoniaua. 2 to 6 feet ; Cupressus aempervirens, 3 to
6 feet ; Junipers, ot sorts, 3 to 5 feet ; Taxodium sempervirens, 6 to
10 feet; Irish Yews, Cfeet; Thuja gigantea, 4 lo 6 feet ; Thujopsis
boro'ilis, 4 to 7 feet ; Thuja Lobbii, 4 to Gfeet; Thuja aurea, 2 to
J U '^'^'llagtooia gigantea. 4 to G feet ; Pinus cembra, 5 to 8 feet ;
and Pinus exoels^i. 8 feet. The above have been kept constantly
removed, so that thoy are all perfect specimens. Also all other
mds of Evergreen and Flowering Shrubs of all sorts and sizes-
Standard Ornamental Trees, Fruit Trees of all descriptions. Standard
and Dwarf Hoses of the leading kinds.

G Extra Fine New Tulips.

EORGE LlGHTBOUT, Falkirk, will LET OUT
several of the Splendid Seedlings raised by Richard Headly,
l.sq., of btapleford, near Ciimbridge.atvery moderate prices. These
flowers have been successfully exhibited at tho Principal Shows in the
Kingdom, and are warranted the finest Tulips now extant. A
description of them, by Shirley Hibberd, Esq., P;H.S.,was published
m the "Giirdeners' Magazine" for 22d June. A list of names and
prices supplied on application

TO GENTLEMEN, GARDENERS, and OTHERS.—
Highest Prices given for CAMELLIA BLOOMS, and all
PPAoH^'^'S^ l{ ^^1 ^'LOWERS; also GRAPES, PINES, and
rlLACELb. Stamp for reply.
A. J., 9. Moreton Terrace, Pimlico, S.W,

HSeed Potatos.
AND F. SHAHPE are now offering MYATT'S

T TT .i:; ,fr^S&>' Z^'-V^^^ KIDNEY, RIVERS' ROYAL ASH-

i'^-'HOWt^^^^l?^P'^'^^-^LJ^"J-'^l^^'.DAINTREE'SEAHLlE.ST,
:, i^RLl OXFORD, EARLY FORTY-FOLD, and many other Early

wia Late varieties grown from their own selected stocks. The
• Prices are moderate, and the quality excellent. PRICED LISTS

niLij bo had on application.

Seed Growing Eiitablisbment, Wisbech.

~ Seed Potatos.

fl^ AND J RUMLEY have to ollt-r a large quantity of
V ^ • the following sorts, in excellent condition, at moderate
rnucs, which may be had ou application ;—

ROYAL ASH-LEAF KIDNEY (Rivers').

MYATl-S PROLIFIC KIDNEY.

MONA'S PRIDE (Tiue).

KING of the POTATOS (True).

PRINCE of WALES KIDNEY.

MARTIN'S GOLDEN GLOBE, &c.
The Nurseries. Newtou-le-Willows, near Bedale, Y'orkshire.

c

tUGUMBER "DICKSON'S FAVOURITE

' ALL THE YEAR ROUND.

■^ e can confidently recommend this as one of the bpst Winter

I umbers gruwn, while it is second to none for general purposes
\\ inter it gruws about one foot long, and in Summer from

• ' IS inches, is cf deep green colt)vu,-, very handsome, teliciite in
iir, and particularly tender, crisp and juicy. It is very prolific
■ li^ two to three fruit at every joint, and furnishes a continual
!y of handaome Cucumbers during tho Winter, Spring and
inner mouths. Per packet Is, ed. and 2s. 6d., post free.

I iiA.scis &, AnTuunDnjasoN & Sons, The " Old'' Established Seed

tiehouac, luG, Eastgate Street, Chester.

E^^^^To Farmers, Gardeners, and Others.
\CELLENT CABBAGE PLANTS (Stocks not to be
• fi, „ surpassed), can be supplie J in any quantity, aa'.foUows :—
' ^n^;, DWARF NONPAREIL (the eariiest and beat), 26.0tl.p^ WOO
n-y:y,h ENFIELD MARKET (extra fine variety), 2s. Crf. per 1009
lH]h Jt<^fliNSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEiU), 25. 6(/. per 1000
riLUK RED DUTCH (for Pickling), 6s. per 1000

A remittance or reference to accom.pany all ordara
t KEoji. OniL, Seed Merchant and Grower, Biggleswade, Bedfordshire.

SUTTON AND SONS have tho honour of announcing
- that at the recent Meotiua of tho Royal South Bucks Agrlciil
tural Society tho followlnji PRIZES were awarded to their
Customers, viz. :— Tho " Prince Consurt'B Twenty Guinea Cup," for
the best general Root Crops, to Mr. Ily. Caiitrell, "f BajUs Court
Farm. These Crops included SUrrONS' CHAMPION SWKJDE,
and their IMPROVED YELLOW OLOIJE MANGEL.

The Fu'St I'nzo for Pulled Roots of Mangel Wurze!, to Ed. Evans,
Esq , of Bovony Court, for SUTTONS* NEW YELLOW INTER-
MEDIATE.

The Fii-ftt for Turnips, to Mr. Stephen Pullon, for SDTTONS'
IMPERIAL GREEN ROUND. Tho I'lrst Prize for Swedes, to
Mr. Stephen Pullen. for SUTTONS' CHAMPION.

lloyal Uerktihiro Seed Estabilshment, Koaiiing.

SUTTON AND SONS have the honour of announcing
that at the rocsont Meeting of the Royal East Berks Agri-
cultural Association, tho following PRIZES wore awarded to their
custnmorH, viz. :— "Tho Prince Consort's Twenty Guinoa Cup," for
the best cultivation of Root Crops goueralty, to J. H. Clarko, Esq.,
Altwnnd llou&e. Maidenhead, whoso crops included SUTTONS'
IMPERIAL GREEN GLOBE TURNIP, ORRY .STONE TURNIP,
and NEW YELLOW INTERMEDIATE MANGEL; the Second
Prize, value £11), given by the Association upon the same tenna as
the Prince Consort's Cup, to Mr. J, T, Milln, ol Cookham.

A Prize of £6, given by Colonel Loyd Lindsay, M.P.. for tho best
Five Acres of Swede, to Mr. Garraway, Ruscoinbe, with SUTTONS'
CHAMPION.

Two Prizes, given by Robert Palmer, Esq., for the two best jdeces,
Three Acres each, oi MANGEL WURZEL. — First Prize, £3, to
Robert Palmer, Esq., Holmes Park, Sonnlng ; Second Prize, £2, to
J. H. Clarke, Esq., Altwood House.

Prizes for Culled Ronts, ofl'ered by Messrs. .Sutton,— Tho best

25 Mangel Wurzel, to J. H. Cl.irke. Esq., with NEW YELLOW

INTERMEDL\TE MANGEL; best 26 Turnip.s. to J. H. Clarke,

Esq., with SUTTONS' IMPERIAL GREEN GLOBE TURNIP.

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

New Seeds for the Colonies.

Skuds Dihect frou tiic GaowKBS ark the
Most Suitable fob Ejpoutation, and

TUI:: IimT MEANS OF Ptll^V£tJTINa t)lS-
AProlNTMENT,

MESSliS. SUTTON solicit the
favour of Orders from those about to
send ortakeout SEEDS to the COLONIES,
and submit the following from among many
Tebtimouials recently recelvedi as t>> tho
oaEATLV SUPERIOR quality of their Seeds to
those usually exported from this country, as
well as to the very; eflScient manner in which
their export packing is carried out :—
July Si, from A. N. Ella, Esq., (^iiecnstown.
Cape of (Jood Hope.
" I may mention that the case refen-ed to
was m splendid order, looking as fresh after
three months' sea and six weeks land carriage as if only yesterday
packed."'

From Hccn Romsav, Esq., Sliariyhae, China, May 5, 1S60.

" The box of seeds and roots has arrived, and nothing has given

me greater pleasure for along time than the excellence of these seeds."

From Mr. Z. W. Wells, Ncio Plymouth, New Zealand, May 7, 18GG.

"The Grass and other seeds sent by the Shelbume to me, have

come safe to hand. I have tried samples of the Grass seeds, and am

happy to inform you that they have come up quite to my satisfaction."

From Mr. Jas. Dale, Orannc, Xew South Wales, September 20. 18G6.

"1 h.ave the pleasure to inform you that your seeds have given

great satisfaction, and I now send you a larger order."

All Seeds properly packed and delivered free to ship's side. Special
Quotations given for large quantities. A liberal allowance made to
Shippers. Sdtion & Suns, Seed Growei-s, Reading.

pEASS SEEDS for

^^ PERMAJS'ENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
c«j-efally selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See *' WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. Wheeler & Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agilcultural Society.

/^OCOA-NUT REFUSE

^-^ ia becoming boaroe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2a., 10 for
IGs., 20 for 30fl., 50 for 663., 100
for £6.

Fourpence allowed tor each
beg returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck -load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-office
Order, payable to J. Babsham &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

A PPLEBY'S GENUINE TOBACCO PAPER,

XjL in 2 lb. and 4 lb. packets.

Price on application to Henry Applebv, Foreman to Messrs. Ivery
& Son, Dorking, Surrey.

TOBACCO TISSUE for Fumigating Greenhouses.
Will Destroy Thrip, Red Spider, Green and Black Fly, and
Mealy Bug ; and bums without the assistance of blowing, and is
entirely free from paper or rag. Price 3t(. Gi/. pec lb., carriage free.
A reduction in price for large quantities.

To be had of Messrs. Rubkrts & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers,
112, St. John Street, Clerkenwell, E.G., of whom copies of Testi-
monials may be obtained ; and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

WINTER-DRESS ALL KKUIT TREES with
GISHURST COMPOUND.
Copy of a Letter from Mr. Rivers, A''K»-senes, Sawhr'ulgeworth, Herts,
22d October^ 1861.

" I must tell you what I heard to-day from a very clever gentleman
farmer, Anthony Bubb, Esq.. of Witcombe Court, Gloucester. He
has a %vall to which Peach Tre«s are trained. SVell, last autunm
they were in a wretched blighted state. As a desperate remedy he
unuailed them all, early last February, and gave all but one a
thorough painting with Gishurst Compound, lib. to the gallon of
water ; his trcLS, all but the one, commenced to grow fttvourably in
spring, and are now pictiiie» of health. The tree not painted is in a
half-dead blighted state. He used the same dressing to his Apple
Trees [ it killed the woolly Aphis entirely, and has made his trees
clean and vigorous in their growth. He intends to p^iint his Wall
Trees annually, and tells all his friends to do the same. I shall
certainly serve all my young Peach Trees against my walls in the
same manner. The Compound is, I believe, more efficacious than
the usual oflensive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and it does
not blacken the shoots on tho walls."

For Orchard-hoiise Trees, 4 oza. to the gallon will be found a good
strength ; when used stronger some buds on weakly trees may be
injured.

GISHURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nuwerymen and
Seedsmen, in boxes. Is., 3s., and lOs. 6d. each.

Wb'jit^ale by Price's Patent Candle Companv, Limixed,
Belmont, Vauxhall, London, S.

Gishurst Compound has more recent testimonials to its efiicacy.
but nona mora coDclusive tbau the abore, which has been published
before.

H

TACINTH CiI,ASSES. in every variety of shape

anJ colour ; SDITORTS, DISHES, CROCUS GLASSES, to.
The Giirdou Repository, .Ti, James Rtrout, Covent Gardon. W.C.
N.B. A 111), ■rill illTOOuiit to tlio Trudo.

_Tve^a Eeglstered HyaclntH Glaeses.

BOLK WU0LKBA1.K DxroT,

/^LAUDET, HOUGHTON,

Alio SON.

FERN CASE MANUFACTUREIUI,

and HORTICULTURAL GLASS

DEruT,

88, High Uolbom. W.C.

Frico LiHtn freo on applioatton.

ALAKGE QUANTITY of KUSSiAN MATS ft., SALE.
Apply to J. C. SiMONDs, Oil Mills, ItoHton.

0 0.

TAMES PHILLIPS aku

t9 beg to submit their prices as follows :— .

GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSES,
Ajb supplied by them to Mr. Rivers, to the Royal Horticultural Society,
and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Qentlemon of the United
Kingdom,

Each Box contains 100 feet. The prices only apply to the slzesstated.
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by IB.

10 oz. to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth quality . . .. IBa.Od 19*. Qd.

Third ditto 17«. Od 228. 6d.

Seconds ISs. 6d. 28s. Od.

English 20s. 0(i 276. Od.

The above prices Include the boxes, which are not returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes. lG«oz., in luO feet boxes, boxes Included.

These prices only apply to the sizes stated.

Uby 0

12 by 0

13 by 9

12 „ 10

IK „ 10

14 „ 10

13 „ 11

14 „ 11

14 ., 12

IS „ 12

16 „ 11

18 „ 12

19 „ 12

10 „ 12

16 „ 13

ir „ 13

20 „ 12

10 „ H

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

17 „ 14

18 „ 14

20 „ 14

14 by 0

15 „ 10

}'

4ths.

a.

3rds.
■. d.
16 6

SadB.

f. a.

n 0

16 to 17 oz. to the foot.

12s. ed,
13s. gd.

SMALL SHEET .SQUAREa
In 100 feet Boxes.
6 by 4 61 by 4} 7 by 6 74 by 6| >
8 by 6 8) by 6J 8 by 7 9i by 7J /
10 by 8 10) by 8|
Boxes 2». each, returnable at full price.
London Agents for HARTLET'S IMPROVED PATENT ROOGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all Bizet,
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATEj CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAJMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at tbe lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillips a Co.. 180, Blshopsgate Street Without. E.C.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLING TON and CO.,
87, Bishopsgite Street Without, London, E.C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Majesty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivera, and the leading HorU-
culturists of the United Kingdom,

ORCHABD HOUSE SIZES.

In. Id.
20 by 12

OJ ii\

by 13/ fl5 oz.

by 14 VPer 100 feot.^

by isl 1 21 oz.

by 16.*

4th3.

Srds. 2nda.

I
16s6(2,lSs6d

BeK.
20<0<i
26s M

SMAT.T. SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 feet.

in. in. .in. in. |in. in. |in.
6 by 4 7 by 6 8 by 6
6iby4|| 7Jby 6)1 8| by 6||

Per 100 feet.

9 by 7'l
9tby 71/

4ths. I 3ds. I 2nd8. i Beit.
Il2s 3d 139 3ii 16> Od 18t Od

10 by 8
lOi by Si

11 by 9
llj by 9)

13 by 0
12( by 9i
13 by 9
12 by 10

12i by lOi

13 by 10
13! by 101

14 by 10

LARGE SHEET SIJUARES, X5 oz., per 100 feet

in. In. in. in. i m. in.
16i by lOJ 14 by 12 I 22 by 12
16 by 10 |14ibyl2i 17 by 13
14ibvllil6 by 12 23 by 13

15 by 11 !l6i by 12i '" " ""
151 by Hi 1 16 by 12

16 by 11 ilOi by 12i
21 by 11 17 by 12
13 by 12 13 by 12

18 by 14
22 by 14
24 by 14
22 by 15
24 by 16

14ii3d

154 ed

lSs6d

201 Od

22 by 16
24 by 161
20 by 17
22 by 17
24 by 17 )
20 by 18
22 by 18
24 by 18]
The above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Pnce will be given.

SHEET GLASS.

4th9.

3ds.

2nds.

Beat

Id Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from Q to 9 feet super.

15 oz.

4thB quality, per 300 feet cafie, 38s.
3da „ „ 48s.

2ds „ .. 62s.

92s.

21 oz.

4ths quality, per 200 feet case, S8s.
3d8 „ „ 48,.

2ds „ „ 663.

Best „ „ 66s.

SHEET GLASS is made only in the following aubstances, 15 oz.,
21 oz.. 26 oz.. 32 oz., 36 oz., an'i42oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8tb in., 3.16th iu,, l'4th in., and 3-3th in. substiinces.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass .Shades. Striking Glasses, &c., &c
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNI.SHES, So.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearaDoa
of Oil Paint, resembliiig a stone sm-face, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 36s. per cwt. One bundnedweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallo'us of Linseed Oil, wiU cover as much aa
one hundredweight and a half of Whito Lead and six g.4llon9 of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 3i>. per cwt.
Anti-corrosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Don, lion Bridges,
Cousorvatoi'ios, Greenhouses, &o., and is easily laid ouby itny ordinary
workman. Prepared Od for ditto 4s. per gallon.

Per cwt s. d.

GENUINE WHITE LEAD 33 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, 3(/. to 4i(i. uer lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.
to ad. per lb.
RAW UMBER, 4id. to
6d. per lb. [per lb.
,, BURNT do., 6d. to Sd.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to 00 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 30 0
RED PAINT . . 28s. to 30 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon.— s. d.

LINSEED OIL

BOILED OIL .. .. a »

TURPENTINE .. ..3 0
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to 0.^. per cwt.
FlneOAKVARN13H,10s.tl>I2 0
,. CARRIAGE do., 125. to U 0
PAPER do. 10s. to 12 0

,, COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE .. 10 0

„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PEPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken In.
exchange-

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked,
sts of any of the above on appUoation,

1068

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[OCTOBEB 19, 1867.

Carter's Dutch Bulfts.

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioners of Public
Works and other Government
Departments, the Royal Gardens,
Kew, &c., Sc, &c.

Seedsmen to H.l.Sr. the Em-
peror of the French, the Crystal
Palace Company, the Agri-Hor-
ticultural Socltty of India, &c.,
&c., &c.

pARTER'S GUINEA BOX of DUTCH FLOWER

V-^ ROOTS contains 12 choice named Hyacinths, 12 mixed
Hyacinths for borders, 50 Yellow Crocus, 50 Blue Crocus, 4 Polyanthus
Narcissus, 12 Double White Narcissus, 12 Pheasant's Eye Narcissus,
12 Double Daffodils, 2i finest mixed Ranunculus, 24 finest mixed
Anemones, 12 choice mixed Single Tulips, 12 choice mixed Double
Tulips, 4 Garden Lilies, oO Snowdrops, 12 finest mixed Spanish Ins,
12 Camperneile Jonquils.

The above forwarded without delay on receipt of Post Office
Order for 21s7 Box and packing Included. PRICE LISTS gratis
and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn,
Londcn, W.C.

HOOPER AND CO.'S TWO-GUINEA COLLECTION
of BULBS, for In and Out-door Culture, sent Carriage free,
contains : —

18 choice named Hyacinths, C named Double Tulips, 12 named
Single do., 3 Polyanthus Nfircissus, 6 Single Sweet Jonquil^, 6 Double
do., 26 named (txtra fine) Crocus, 0 Isias, 2 Lilium lancifolium,
3 OxaJis, 9 Border Hyacintlis, 12 Double mixed Tulips, 12 Single do.,
18 Border Narcissus, 100 Blue Crocus, 100 Yellow do., 50 White do.,
fiO Striped do,, 26 Ranunculus (mixed), 12 Scarlet Turban do.,
6 Golden do., 6 Black do., 12 Single Anemones, 12 Double do.,
3 English Iris, 6 Spanish do., 100 Snowdrops, 3 Feather Hyacinths,
2 Tiger Lilies. Half the quantities, 21s,
HoorEn & Co., Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulbs, &;c.

ROBERT PARKER begs to announce that his NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of New, Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and btove
Plants, Azalea indica. Fruit Trees. Grape Vines, Rhododendrons,
Hoses, Sweet Violets, &c. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, Cyclamens, Gladioli,
Hyacinths, Lilmms, Narcis.sus, Tulips, and other Bulbs, is now
published and will be forwarded to applicants.
Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S. ^^

Y

AKIEGATED

PELARGONIUMS.

SOPHIA DUMARESQUE

MRS. BENYON

GOLDFINCH

LUNA

BEAaTYofOHLTOJ)

NEATNESS

ITALIA UNITA

COUNTESS

ELEGANS

THE FAIRY

PICTDRATA

BICOLOR SPLENDENS

The abovo forwarded on receipb of Post Office order for 21g.
If any of the above kinda are not required, others of equal value
can be substituted.

Alfred Frteb, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

s

UPEEB VAEIEGATED PELARGONIUMS.

SOPHIA DUMARESQUE
BEAUTY of OULTON
ITALIA UNITA
MRS. LONGFIELD
LUNA

BEAUTY of GUESTWICK
The above, 2is.

EDWINIA FITZPATRICK
GENERAL LONGSTREET
THE COUNTESS
BICOLOR SPLENDENS
GLOWWORM
(JUEEN'S FAVOURITE
Remittance requested.

Casbom&Son, Gravel Walli Nui-sery, Peterborough.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.

J WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING PELARGONIUM
• EXCELSIOR, now ready colour of Indian Yellow ; fine
truss, and habit of Lord Palmerston. Price 5s. each ; 3Gs. per doz.
to the Trade,

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1. The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.

Fine Now TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe In

April. Plants readyin November. 5s. each; 303. per doz, to the Trade.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

N-

E"W" FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

12 Select New FLTCHSIAS of 18(J7 for 6s.

12 Select New ZONAL GERANIUMS of ISCT forl2s.

12 Finest ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1865— 1866 for 4».

12 Select New CHRYSANTHEMUMS of ISCT for 5jt.

12 Select New VERBENAS of 1S67 for 4s.

12 Select New PETUNIAS of 1S07 for 6s.

12 Select New PHLOXES of 1867 for 9s.

6 Varieties of AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.

3 Varieties of New Japan OSMANTHUS, quite hardy, 5s.
12 Fine Varieties of Japan EUONYMUS, very flue, Gs.
12 Fine Varietits Perpetual ROSES, Dwarfs, for 6s.
12 Fine Varieties of VARIEGATED ZONAL GERANIUMS, 12s,
GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCi', the best d.juble, Is. each.

COLEUS VEITCHII, Is. Gd.

GIBSONII, Is.

LAMONTII, Is.
FICUS COOPERI, 2s.6d.

PANICUM VARIEGATUM,

2s. Gd.
BRUGMAN3IA KNIGHTII,

Is. Gd.

CATALOGUEof NEW and CHOICE PLANTS sent on applicatloD.
B. W. Knioht, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

Azalea, Her Majesty.

WILLIAM BARNES has much pleasure in
announcing that he will be prepared to send out the above
splendid AZALEA on and after Wednesday, October 23, at the
following price — 2ls. each. A very few extra strong plants at 425.
each, with the usual allowance to tha Trade ; where three plants are
ordered at one time four will be given.

It was exhibited before the Floral Committee of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society on June 14, 1300, where it was awarded a First-class
Certificate for its great beauty in its markings, shape, and colour,
when the following remarks wore made upon it, which appeared in
the Gardeners' ChronicUy June 16, 1866 :— '* A beautiful Azalea, rosy
lilac, edged with white, and blotched, and spotted in the upper petals
with crimson, called Her Majesty, from Mr. Barnes, of Camberwell.'

On Juno 23, 1866, the following remarks appeared in the same
Paper;— "We have from time to time referred to the sportive
character of the Indian Azalea, and called attention to the fact that
some of our best varieties have had their origin in a freak of Nature.
A fresh Instance of their sportiveness was shown the other day at
South Kensington, Mr. William Barnes there exhibited a variety
of Azalea which he purposes to designate Her Majesty. It is, wo
believe, a sport from Madame Miellez, or some of the forms closely
allied to LUat fine old sort; and in quality, therefore, aa well as in
name, takes the very highest lank. The ilowers are of the ftill
average size, and of excellent form and substance, and the colour is
R soft lilac-tmted blush, white at the margin, densely spotted with
crimson ia the upper part, and marked witli variable stripes, or
sometimes broadisU bars of di^ep rosy pm-plo. Its high quality as
regards the flower itself, and this novelty of marking, will make it
an acQuisition in any collection o.f those showy plants.

A faithful Figure of this fine Azalea is given in the January number
of the "Florist and Pomologist."

A remittance must accompany all orders from unknown corro.
spondents. Camden Nmscry, Camberwell, London, S.

STEPHEN BROWN'S
ILLUSTRATED BULB CATA-
LOGUE, descriptive, with cultural
instructions, free by post for sis stamps,
and may be deducted by new puixhasers
sending orders.
S. B.'s several importatlonsof FOREIGN
BULBS this season have been received in
fine condition.

The choicest GLADIOLI in 200
varieties ; also 70 varieties of superb
LILIES, together with a very extensive
Collection of DUTCH, CAPE, and other
BULBS.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of
New and Select HERBACEOUS and
ALPINE PLANTS, just published, sent
free.

Seed and Nursery Establishment,
Sudbury, Suffolk,

Dutch and Cape Bulbs.

BUTLER, Mcculloch AND CO. have received their
usual consignment of the above, and beg to offer the following
careftilly assorted collections.

FOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION.
No. 1 I No. 2 I No. 3 I No. 4 I No. 5 I No. G

100s. I 60s. I 25s. I 21s. I 15s. | lOs.Gd.

FOR FLOWER GARDEN DECORATION.
No. r I No. 8 [ No. 9 No. 10 I No.ll I No. 12

IjOs. I 60s. I 40s. I 25s. | 21s. ] lOs.Od.

FOR FLOWER GARDEN AND CONSERVATORY COMBINED.
No. 13 I No. 14 I No. 15 I No. 16 I No. 17 I No. 18

105s.

52s. Otl.

42s.

21s.

15s.

10s. Gd.

CATALOGUES containing details of above Collection sent free,
and Post-paid Orders amounting to 21s. sent, carriage paid, on
receipt of Post-Offlce Order. — Established upwards of a century.
Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

NEW PLANTS,

TO BE SENT OUT ON AND AFTER OCTOBEK 14.

E. G. HENDERSON & SON

EESPECTFULLT CALL ATTENTION TO THE FOLLOWING NOVELTIES :

NEW JJEDDING FUCHSIA, GOLDEN FLEECE

NEW DOUBLE PELARGONIUM, PRINCE OF NOVELTIES

NEW STRIPED-FLOWERED PELARGONIUM, AURANTIA

STRIATA
NEW ZONAL PELARGONIUM, MAGENTA CHRISTINE
NEW DODBLE-FLOWERED ZONAL PELARGONIUM,

TRIUMPH

NEW CRIMSON NOSEGAY PELARGONIUM

NEW HYBRID FRAGRANT-LEAVED PELARGONIUM,

GRANDIS ODORATA
NEW FORCING PINK, PLATO

NEW TREE or SHRUBBY-HABITED PINK, EOSEotENGLAND
NEW .STOVE SHRUB, DALECHAMPIA ROEZLIANA ROSEA
NEW DOUBLE-FLOWERED AMARYLLIS, ALBERTI PLENA

Full descriptions of the above Select Plants are given in

E. G. HENDERSON & SON'S NEW BULB CATALOGUE,

wMchj on application, is forwarded Post Free,
1^ The Trade will receive a BBSCSIPTirE LIST in a few days heme.

THE WELLINGTON NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S W^OOD, LONDON, N.W.

DUTCH AND OTHER BULBOUS ROOTS.

B. S. WILLIAMS

HAS RECEIVED Hia FIRST IMPORTATIONS IN EXCELLENT CONDITION, AND RESPECTFULLY

SOLICITS EARLT ORDERS.

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE forwarded free on application.
COLLECTIONS of BULBS carefully put up to suit Gardens of various sizes.

The CHOICEST HYACINTHS for Pots or Glasses, lis., 18«., 12s., 9s., 8s., and 6». per doz.

HYACINTHS for Bedding, assorted, in colours, 3s. &d. per doz.

All Roots of the first quality only.

B. S. WILLIAMS,
VICTORIA AMD PARADISE NURSERIES, UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N.

TO NOBLEMEN, GENTLEMEN, AND THE TRADE.

WILLIAM BAEKON & SON,

LANDSCAPE GARDENERS AND NURSERYMEN,

BEG TO OFFER THE FOLLOWING, ALL FIRST-RATE AND VERY CHEAP.

PRICES ON APFLIGATION.

I

ABIES CANADENSIS, 18 in. to41l.
„ DOUQLA.SII, lit. to6ft.
„ MENZIESI, IS in. to 6 rt.
CEDRUS ATLANTICA, 3-jra. seedlinsa,
2-yrs. transplanted
ATLANTICA, lit. to 3ft.
DEODARA, 1ft. toSft.
CKYPTOMERIA JAPONICA, 1ft. to 6tl.
LOBBII, 1 ft. to 6 ft.
ELEGANS, Gin. to 4 ft.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, 0 in. to Oft.
„ LAMBERTIANA, 1 ft. to 2\ ft.
„ MACROUARPA, 1ft. toSH't.
,. NUTKAENSIS, 1ft. toCll.
JUNIPERUS CHINENSIS, 2ft. to 6ft.
PICEA MAGNIFICA, 1ft. to 4ft.

PICEA NOBILIS, Oin. toOft.

„ NORDMANISIANA, Oin. to 6 ft.

„ PARSONSI, 18in. toOft.

„ PINSAPO, 1ft. toOft.
PINUS AUSTRIAC A, 6 in. to 6 ft.

„ CEMBRA, 6 in. to 7 ft.

„ CONTOKTA. 1ft. toeft.

., INSIGNIS, 2 ft. to 5 ft.

„ LARICIO, 9 in. to 8 ft.

„ PONDEROSA. 1ft. toOft.
RETINISPORA ERICOIDES, 6 in. to 2 ft.

„ OBTUSA, 6 in. to Oft.

„ PISIFERA, 8 in. to Gft.
THUJA QIGANTEA, Itt. to 6ft.

„ MENZIESII, 1ft. to6ft.

,. PYRAMIDALIS, 18in. to3ft. *

THUJA SIBEBICA, 15 ia. to 3 ft.
THUJOPSIS DOLABRATA, 6in. to2St.
WELLINGTONIA QIGANTEA, 1ft. toOft.
BERBERIS DARWINII, 9in to2ft.
COTONEASTE H, SIMMUNDSII, 9 in. to 4 ft.
DEUTZIA CRENATA, fl.-pl., Oln. to 3ft.
MAHONIA AQUIFOLIA, 91n. to IS in.

„ JAPONICA, 6 in. to 3ft.
COMMON YEWS, 1ft. to 6ft.
GOLDEN YEWS, 1ft. to 8 ft.

„ HOLLIES, 1ft. to 4 ft.
EUONYMUS JAPONICUS VABIEGATA
AUREA, Oin. to 12 in.

„ RADICANS FOLIIS VARIEGATIS,
6in. to 12 in.

In addition to the above, W. B. & Son hold one of the finest General Stocks m the Mid and^Counties, compiling
a large assortment of RARE CONIFERS, JAPANESE PLANTS, EVERGREEN and DECIDUOUS iKtUB
and SHRUBS for Lawn and Cover Planting; ROSES, RHODODENDRONS, FRUIT TREES, &c.,
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of which will he forwarded post free on application.

William Bashon begs to infoi-m those who may wish for his advice on LANDSCAPE GARDENING or the
MANAGEMENT of TREES, that he now devotes the greater portion of his tune to this department ol the business.
Having had great experience aa a Landscape Gardener, both in public and private works, he can mth oonhdenoe
undeitake the Laying-out and Planting of Grounds to any extent.

Trees from 50 feet high downwards removed by BARRON'S TRANSPLANTING MACHINES. Prices, for sale
or Mre, on upplication.

ELVASTON NURSERIES, near DERBY.

OcTonEH irt, 1867.]

TnT^ nATlDENET^R* riTPOMCLT; ANT) Am?TOTIT.Tin!AT. HAZETTK.

10G9

New Trlcolored Geraniums.

FAND A. SiMrni'6 extensive Collection of these
• beautiful Viiriegated GoMon and Silver-udped varieties tiro
now in Que colour, and may bo aoen any day except Sunday.
The Nuraorlca, Dulwioli, S.

Azaleas, best sorts, with buds.
IJl AND A, SMITH h.ive to olVer to the 'I'riule a lai-ffc;
_I • clean stock of tho above— every Plant a speclnion. I'rico,
moderate, on application.

The Nurseries, Dnlwicli, S.

New Trlcolored Geraniums.

171 AND A. SMITH ;nv imw ahle to supply stioii^^
' • viporous Plants (iis ailvfrLi^eil \>\ tliein on Octubor 121.
A DESCRIPTIVE LIST, ivitti prices, may bo liad on application.
Tho Nursorleti, Dulwioli. S.

Vines for Early Forcing.
171 AND A. SMITH have strong: FKUITING CANES

X* • ot the above. Prices, with LIST of VARIETIES, on
application. The Nurseries, Dulwlch, S.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

WM. PAUL he;^i to announce thiit he hns the
foliowinR COLLECTIONS of TKKES and FLANT.'S imw
reofiy for dolivory, which ho can confidently recommend for quality
and price : —

ROSES.— 100,000 Plants, Standards, Dwavi Standards,
nnd Dwarfs.
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE free on application.

TREES and SHRUBS.— Large quantities of the popular
Nursery Plants, of all sizes, Rond and cheap.
A choice variety of PICTORIAL TREES, his collection of nhlch
was the only ona which rocoived a Prize at tho Interuiitioual
Exhibition of 1800.

AMERICAN PLANTS. — Rhododendrons, Azaleas,
Kalmias, Ile.aths, &c., in variety, from tho commonest to the

choicest.

FRUIT TREES. — Apples, Pears, Cheri-io3, Plums,
Figs, Peaches, Noctarinos. Apricots, 4o., 4c. ; Standards.
Dmirfs. and Pyramids, trained and u'ltralnoi. A large stock of
hand^iome irees, many in a fruiting state.

RAPE VINES. -All the best sorts, both Planting

and Fruiting Canes.

G

)ELARGONIUMS.— Beaton's and other Zonal kinds,
Gold, Bronze, and Silver variegated, a fine collection.

HYACINTHS, TULIPS, and other BULBS.— All the
First Frizes lor Hyacinths and Tulips were awarded to his
Collection at the London Flower Siiows last eprinfc. Cheap
Hyacinths, Tulips, &c., f'^r spring gardening by tho 100 or 1000.
Choicer kinds for pot culture and gla.s6es good and che:ip.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOG QES of any or all of the
above free by post.

Eixt ©artrfn^riS'Cftronfcle.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 19, 1867.

In the current number of the " American
Agriculturist," is a letter signed " A. G.," which
■we may safety attribute to " AsA Gray," relat-
ing to the Effects of Cros.sino on plants. It
runs as follows : — ■" As to where the mixing of
varieties is shown, I would first ask, why should
it bo in the seed rather than in the seed vessel or
fruit ? Of course we expect the mixture to be
shown in the oflFspriug, that is in the next gene-
ration, the principle being that tho offspring
inherits from both parents. But the seed is not
tho offspring ; it only contains the offspring in
an embryo state. If the alien pollen may impress
some peculiarity on the coats of a seed — which
are parts of the mother plant— why not upon the
seed vessel as well ? So much for the likelihood
of the case. It appears to bo well settled that
the coats of Beans are thus affected. It is
generally supposed that the fruits or seed vessels
of Melons and Squashes are similarly affected.
Careful observation and experiment Ought to
determine the question.

' ' Now, in the case of certain plants of the
Squash family (Cucurbitaccfo), Naudin found,
if I remember correctly, that alien pollen, which
would not act on the ovules so as to cause an
embryo to be produced at all, would yet cause
the fruit to set and grow apparently to fuU size,
though not a seed matured within. Does not
this prove that tho pollen may somehow act on
the ovary or pistil, as well as on the contained
ovules ?"

The question raised in this letter of the
estimable American Professor is one of no little
consequence to the cross breeder and hybridizer,
and it is one on which we should gladly hear the
opinions of raisers of seedlings, whether hybrids
or mere crosses. That the poUeu does exert
an influence on the pistQ, even when no effects
are produced on the contained ovules, is obvious
enough. We have ourselves, in following some
experiments in cross-breeding this season, noticed
that the stigma becomes changed — withered,
almost immediately after contact with the pollen,
even if no perfect seeds be produced. This fact
has long been known to practical gardeners, and
it is of itself sufficient to show that an effect is
produced on the stigma by the pollen ; and if on
the stigma, why not on the other portions of the
ovary ? We have before us as we write, a curious
variety of Epilobium hirsutum, upon which we
have been experimenting. Some ten or a dozen
blossoms have been touched with pollen from

an ordinary ])lant of tho same species, tho other
blossoms have been left to thomsclvos, ami as tho
flowers in question contain no perfect stamens
but only loaves where tho pollen-bearing organ.s
should bo, of course no self-fertilization could
ensue. The stigmas and styles of tho Howcrs
that have boon touched with pollen aro all
withered, though no seeds have been produced,
or aro now likely to be formed, while in the
flowers that have boon left to themselves the
stigmas retain tlieir freshness.

Every ono is of course aware of the ordinary
effects produced on tho ovary after contact with
tho pollen — tho question raised by Professor A.
Gray is rather as to the differences, if any, that
aro observable when tho pollen from another
;pecie3 or variety is used, as in hybridizing or
cross-breeding, to fertilize tho ovary. Are the
effects produced on the ovary, in such cases,
different from those which result when the
flower is fertilized in tho ordinary way 'f If
differences have been observed in the seed pro-
duced by cross-fertilization, it seems natural to
suppose that corresponding differences exist in
the ovary : and this is the point to which atten-
tion should be directed.

The case is complicated by tho fact that the
ovary will swell — the fruit will set, in some
cases without any contact with pollen at all,
though of course no embryo is produced. This
happens now and then in Pears, in tho Papaw,
and in other dioecious plants under cultivation;
hence the mere swelling of the ovary and appa-
rent ripening of the fruit are by no means
always to be considered as absolutely dependent
on the action of the pollen on the stigma. The
structural conformation of the fruit must also be
taken into consideration ; where the fruit — using
that word in its popular sense — is formed, as in
the Fig, or the Pear, or Apple, mainly from the
dilated and expanded flower stalk, its forma-
tion can have but an indirect relation to the
action of the pollen on the stigma. In such
cases tho changes in the actual pistil are com-
paratively slight ; the great alterations take
place in organs outside the pistil, and on which
the pollen can possibly have no dii'ect effect. In
these instances then, cross-fertilization could have
no effect different from what would occur under
ordinary circumstances.

Majty circumstances concur to render Central
Asia a district of more than ordinary interest
at this time, to our statesmen and to geographers.
It is not for us to enlarge upon the political
aspects of the country, and as for its plants, with
which we aro more particularly concerned, we
must know a great deal more of them before we
can venture to say much about them. In the
meantime it is satisfactory to see that practical
measures aro at any rate suggested, with the
view of opening up this little known land, and
of facilitating uitercom-se with it by increasing
its productiveness. At present the caravans, by
means of which the Russian and Indian trade is
camedon, are compelled to caiTy with them '\Vheat
sirfficient for a month's consumption, a quantity
representing so many camels, on whosebacks mer-
chandise might more profitably find a place were
it possible to secui'e food en route. Hence the
importance of a suggestion lately made by Lieut.
POGSON to the Agricultural and Horticultural
Society of India, that the Quinoa (Chenopodium
Quinoa) should be introduced from Peru into the
highlands and alpine plateaux of Tibet, where,
owing to the height of the locality and conse-
quent coldness of the climate, neither Wheat
nor Barley can be grown. The plant has been
cultivated on the slopes of the Andes at great
elevations, in Chili and Peru, from time imme-
morial, for tho sake of its seeds, which contain
a very nutritious farina, unfortunately, however,
mixed with a bitter principle, which is removed
but with difBculty, and which renders it un-
palateable to Eui'opeans.

In Chili several varieties are cultivated, differ-
ing principally in the colour of the seeds, those
most in use being the black and the white
seeded varieties, of which the latter is preferred.

We perceive that Lieut. PoGSON refers to the
sweet and bitter varieties, but so far as we are
aware there is little difference in the flavour of
the several kinds. The plant is not unknown in
this country, and on the Continent the leaves of
the winter variety have been used as spinach
during dry hot summers when ordinary spinach
could not be procured, but the seeds of this white
kind are as bitter as those of darker hue. Be
this as it may, it is not uuUkely that there are
some varieties in which the objectionable ingre

dinnt exists in smaller proportion than in others,
.■uid the sugg.'stion unquestionably deserves the
earnest considoiatiiin of tho authorities. The
plan suggested feu- importing tho seed from P.iru
may sujiply a hint f'oi' the transmission of other
seeds fo or from India, for which reason we
a]ipend it.

" Tlio seed should bo ]i;ioked in a tin case, in the
centre of which a perforated tin cylinder, .•) inclie.'s in
diameter and 12 inches in height, pliould be (irmly
.soldered. Three inches of the upjier jiart of the
cylinder should remain intact, tlio romainiriK 9
inches boins perforated. Haoh perforation to be l-12th
of an inch in diameter, and Jrd of an inch distant from
its neighbour. Tho cylinder to be provided willi a cap
or cover. The cylinder, after bcin;; soldered in its place,
is to be tlu'ee-quarters filled "vvitli bits of very coarsely
pounded charcoal, from tho size of a Pea and below the
size of a marble. The cover is then to bo put on. The
box being now ready, the unhuskcd Quinoa seed is to
bo put into it gradually and gently pressed down — the
operation being repeated till the bo.\ is filled, when it
should 1)0 soldered down, packed in wood, and shi])ped
witliout delay direct to India.

" The object of placing the tin cylinder charged with
charcoal in tlio centre of tho tin case has i<> be
cvplaincd. Any moisture existing in tho seed husks,
or seed stalks, when given off, wouldatoncopassthrough
the perforations of the cylinder, and be absorbed by the
charcoal. The upper portion of the cylinder being
empty and closed, would always contain in a condensed
or compressed state any vapour produced by heat
during the voyage, and the seeds being kept cool and
dry in the husk would reach in a perfect state of pre-
servation. Care should be taken that the box of wood
within which the tin case is placed, is well and strongly
made. Por convenience of transit in India, each tin
case should be of the following size, viz. : length,
•3 feet ; width, 15 inches ; depth, 124 inches. This, when
placed in the packing-case, would give a convenient-
sized box or package, two of which could be easily
carried by a mule."

■ • We have received from M. Alphonse De

Candolle the following communication relative to
the Nomenclature of Plants :— " Tho writer of the
notice of ray pamphlet on the 'Lois de la Nomen-
clature Botanique ' (see p. 1020), approves of most of
the points proposed for adoption, and only objects to
certain matters relating to the grouping of cultivated
varieties, &c., on which I shall exiilain myself more
at length hereafter ; at present I confine myself to the
expression of a wish that the readers of the Gardeners'
Chroniele will wait until the text adopted by the
International Botanical Congress at Paris is published.
An English edition of this, translated from the French
by M. Weudell, will shortly be issued by Messrs.
LovELL Reeve and Co., London. The little work
noticed in the Chroniele was merely a proposed scheme
submitted to a committee of the Paris Congress in
August last, and which was subsequently discussed
article by article in the presence of more than 200
botanists and horticulturists of all nations. Many of
the articles were changed for the better, and therefore
I would wish judgment to be deferred till after the
adopted text has been published. This revised edition,
based on the decisions of the Congress, will be issued
in November next, in French, German, and English.
A more extended commentary will accompany it than
was appended to the original (provisional) edition."
M. Weddell, who has undertaken to translate it into
English, was one of the coiumittee of reference to
whom M. De Candolle's paper was first submitted,
and from that accomplished botanist we may be assured
of an accurate translation of this important document.
We refrain from further comment until the publication
of the English edition above alluded to.

A. M. EorssEiU recently affirmed that he

could ensure the Pkoduction of Truffles by sowing
acorns from an Oak on whose roots Truffles grow.
The principle upon which this culture depends, says
M. Rousseau, is the faculty that certain Oaks have
of producing Truffles, and of transmitting that pro-
perty from one tree to another by hereditary trans-
mission. What nonsense ! our readers may exclaim.
Some of our neighbours across the Channel, however,
did not look upon the matter in this light, and M.
Rousseau has this year established a Truffle ground in
the reserved garden at the Paris Exhibition. Not
long since, says the " Horticulteur Francais," a com-
mittee was appointed to investigate these Truflle
grounds. Failing Truffle dogs or Truffle pigs, a gar-
dener was set to work to dig at the roots of the young
Oaks raised by M. Rousseau. Sure enough, there were
the Truffles, and M. Rousseau's triumph seemed com-
plete, and would have been so but for sundry sceptics
who, from a sort of appearance in the ground whence the
Truffles were removed, indicativeoftheuseof a "dibber,"
were led to place the Trirffles in water and wash off the
blackish soil of the Champ de Mars, when, adhering to
the precious Fungus, was seen a yellow mould ; proving,
says our contemporary', that these Truffles, found in
the Champ de Mars, at the foot of the Oaks, had passed
their early life beneath the skies of Perigord. M. Rous-
seau, it appears, has received a gold medal for his
Truffles, and sells the Acorns of his Truffle Oaks, which
are also quoted in the catalogues of some of the Paris
seedsmen.

The productiveness of the Royal Ascot

Grape, to which we alluded early in the season, proves
to be something wonderful. After every successive
stopping fresh bunches are developed on the young
shoots put forth, so that were it jiracticable a fourth
crODOfthis year might now bo swelling ofl' on Vines
which have "been planted less than two years. The
regular crop has for some time been cut, but numerous

1070

THE GARPENEES' CEEONTCLE AND AGEICIILTIIRAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 19, 1867.

bunches of a second crop, left to test the frnitfulness
of the variety, are now ripening, while there are others
with the berries as large as Peas, and others, asjain,
from recent stoppings, younger still. So prolilic is it,
that the young plants just struck from scarcely-ripened
buds are in almost every case showing clusters which
promise to grow on and perfect themselves during the
winter or early spring. It seems impossible to repress
the bearing propensities of this Grape, and this
peculiarity, if sustained, coupled with its size and fine
quality, will serve to mark it out as a grand acquisition
for Grape-growers.

We would again call the attention of horticul-
turists to the Thompson Testimonial. In this age
of testimonials we fear that some of the more deserving
run the risk of being comparatively ill-supported
from the number of demands that are made. The
Thompson Testimonial, however, should receive the
warmest support of all classes^ of horticulturists, for
there is not a man w^ho is more deserving a
substantial mark of resjject and esteem than
EOBERT Thompson. His life-long devotion to his
art— his services to horticultural knowledge, which
really are incalculable— his modest and amiable
disposition, are so many reasons, and of the most
urgent character, why the Testimonial proposed to
be raised for his benefit, should be of the heartiest and
most general description. There is not a gardener in
the TTnited Kingdom who in some way or other is not
indebted to Mr. Thompson, but it is as we under-
stand, and we say it with pain, precisely that class — we
speak not so much as to the amount given, but as to
the members— who are the tardiest in coming forward
to support the dignity of their calling by the expres-
sion of their sympathy for one who has done so much
for them.

We have received from Mr. "W. Dean, of Shipley,

some blooms of a charming nevv Dipladenia, raised
between D. splendens and D. amabilis. The flowers,
apparently somewhat shrunk when they reached us,
were fully 4 inches in diameter, and of a charmingly
delicate rose pink, deeper in the throat and towards
the edges, and becoming paler towards the centre of
the lobes. The leaves are oblong acuminate, and downy
on both surfaces, but of a deep glossy green above, with
a somewhat rugose appearance from the numerous
depressed veins. It is the result of a cross between
D. splendens and D, amabilis, the flower partaking
of the splendens type, but haying more colour in it,
while the foliage shows a decided cross between the
two. We are informed that the plant is a much freer
bloomer than even D. amabilis, itself the freest amongst
the Dipladenias already known. The pleasant delicate
colour of this valuable novelty suggests for it the name
of Dipladenia amcena.

over to this country by Mr. Cross, with several dried
specimens in the Kew Herbarium, and specially with
some furnished by that indefatigable traveller. Spruce.
That gentleman, in a note to his No. 6144, considers
the plant in question to be distinct from P. glauca in
the absence of glands, but the glands evidently furnish
no reliable mark of distinction, inasmuch as even on
Spruce's own specimens some leaves have two glands,
while others have none. Mr. Spruce seems to have
given his plant the provisional name of P. macrophylla,
but from an examination of the numerous specimens
in the Herbarium, we believe that Humboldt and
Bonpland's name has precedence. Mr. Cross describes
it as growing in tropical situations exposed to the sun,
but mostly in damp, shady forests. He describes the
plant as bearing beautifully smooth dark green leaves,
from 2 to 3 feet in length, and which assume a drooping
or weeping habit, so that at a short distance the plant
looks almost exactly like a green umbrella stuck in the
ground. Some of the plants were only a foot high,
although in the damp forest some plants are occasion-
ally seen " drawn up " to a height of 10 or 13 feet. The
flowers are similar to those of a Passiflora, but rather
larger, the filamentous portion is white, the centre
orange. The fruit, continues Mr. Cross, is oval, about
the size of a pigeon's egg, of a very pale yellow colour,
but covered from its earliest stage with a beautiful
glaucous bloom.

The discrepancies in the measurements given by
various authors are slight and immOtterial, and are
readily accounted for by the differences of locality and
elevation in which the plant grows. It forms a welcome
addition to our garden flora, not only from its singula-
rity amongst others of its race, but for its fine glaucous
foliage. M. T. M.

New Plants.

Passifioea (Sect. Asteophea) glauca.
Humboldt and Bonplancl.
Arbor eieelsa, Magnolije tripetalje liabitu cortico Ifevi, ex
viridi cinereo : rauii altoroi, terctes, p.<itenti3simi ; folia
indivisa, inagua, tcniiissinia, supra viridia, costa media
infcrue glandulosa, glandulia plurirais solitaiiis in veuanim
dxillis inferioi-ibus ; petiolus vix uncialis interne suleatus.
Stipnlie dua3 lineares ad basim singuli petioli opposita;.
Flores pauci, albi, suaveolentes, pedunculati, pednnculo
dichotomo f oliis _ multoties breviores bracteolato. Calyx
inferne ovatus, limbo patente decemfido, laciniis omnibus
oblongig, 3ub-a»qu.alibus, petaloideis ; corona (ucotariura,
Linn.) triplex multipartita : exterior major ladiata, fila-
menti3 prime teretibus postea ad f.alcis modum arcuatis,
ibique flavi-g compo-sita ; altei-re duf© interiores brevissimai,
lamellis erassiusculia. Stamina, pistillum et fructus ut in
reliquis speeiebua liujiisce generis, Cyrrhus ntillus. H.ttB.,
Fla7it<s ^qidnoctiaUs, tab. 22.

Tree Passion-flowers, with erect, rigid stems, and no
tendrils, seem at first sight somewhat paradoxical,
nevertheless the difference is merely in habit, so that
the name Astrophea, once proposed as a generic desig-
nation, is now made use of to indicate a section only—
a section containing but two or three species. The
Species whose technical description is above given, is a
tree varying in height from 3 or 4, to 20 feet and
upwards, having much the appearance of Magnolia
tripetala. The leaves are obovate oblong, acute, entire
arcuately venose, smooth, light green above, glaucous or
whitish on the under surface, varying considerably in
size, in some cases attaining to a length of no less than
2 feet. Two or more glands are often to be seen near
the base of the leaf on the under side along the sides of
the midrib ; but in number they are variable, and some-
t imes th( y are entirely wanting. The leaf-stalks are from
1 to 2 mches long, cyfindrical, compressed, very slightly
channelled on the upper surface. The stipules are
small, linear, and deciduous. The flowers, of which
we have seen only di-ied specimens, are white, disposed
in axillary clusters. The perianth forms a tube below,
somewhat after the fashion of a Tacsonia, and is divided
above into ten equal oblong-obtuse spreading divisions
five of which are external to the other five. The corona
is in three rows, the outer series of numerous, some-
what club-shaped, three-sided or three-winged seg-
ments, white below, yellow above, and about half the
length of the segments of the perianth, or a little
longer; the other two series are much .';horter, c.ylin-
drical and filiform. The stamens are coherent below ;
the anthers are oval. The ovary is ovoid, glabrous,
surmounted by three thick styles, terminated by largei
flat, undulate stigmas. Tlie fruit is a berry, 1 to 2 inclTes
in length, coriaceous in texture, and brownish yellow
in colour in the dry state. The tree is a native of the
mountainous districts of New Granada and neighbour-
ing regions, extending to a height of 20110 metres (over
GOOO feet) above the sea, and is therefore likely to succeed
in a cool greenhouse in this country.

Our description of the Passion-flower has been drawn
up from a comparison of living specimens now in the
hands of Mr. Bull, King's Eoad, Chelsea, and brought

SIR WILLIAM THOMSON ON PLANT
PROTECTORS.
Dew, clouds, and winds, according to the observations

of Sir AVilliam at the British Association at Dundee (see

p. 998) are the three great conservators of plant life.

Withhold any or all of these, and plants must be

injured, perhaps destroyed, by cold. In reference to

clouds, this may be accepted without dispute. One of

their most important secondary functions is to check

and arrest the passage of terrestrial heat and return it

again to the earth : without these, both vegetable and

animal life would be in danger of being alternately

roasted alive, and frozen through. Clouds come in to

mediate between heat and cold, and spread abroad

their thick curtains to shield all life from the extremes

of either. They are endowed with power enough to

break the strongest sunbeam, and are woven fine

enough to arrest and bend back upon its source the

most subtile ray of obscure heat that darts stealthily

and speedily away from the earth. No beam is power-
ful enough to pierce through their thick, although

apparently flimsy substance, none are so subtile as to

steal through. Each side of every cloud becomes not

only a heat breaker but a heat reflector, and the

temperature of day and night, and the climate of

our world, are largely controlled by this compound

action of both their sides. In summer they mode-
rate the heat of the sun— in winter they husband

the warmth of the earth. Thus observation and expe-
rience abundantly confirm the assertions of science,

when it claims protective functions for the oversha-
dowing ministry of the clouds. But the same concurrent

testimony is not so emphatic in reference to wind. It

is indeed doubtful whether experience will sanction

wind being accepted as a proteetive agency at all.

Objection might possibly be made at the outset to the

acceptance of wind as a separate entity. It certainly is

not so in the sense in which clouds and dew are such.

Both of these may be affirmed to be water in abnormal

conditions ; whereas wind is simply unchanged air in

motion. Plants are also said to be exposed to,

rather than protected by, the wind. It expends its

force apparently to destroy, not to preserve, them. But

it is evident that Sir William Thomson is not adverting

to the mechanical force, but to the mixing and warming
power of the wind. Before accepting wind as a
protective agent, we must inquire into its character
and state. It may be either warmer or colder than the
plant ; in the former case it would protect, in the latter
expose it. Warm wind warms, cold wind chills plants,
and the idea that mere motion alone, or wind, without
reference to the temperature of the air around, will
protect plants from the inroads of cold, cannot be
sustained by experience. It may, doubtless does, check
the energy of radiation by rapidly changing the relation
of the molecules of the air in relation to each other,
but a plant may be blasted and frozen by a sweeping
onslaught of arctic wind, ^ as well as by the powerful
radiation of a still, clear air. Hence, in biting March
weather, tender fruits on walls often suffer more from
the: rude sweep of the blast, than from calm night
frosts. Instead of these being any protection, they
become the most formidable foe of the cultivator, and
it needs all his wisdom to protect plants from their
chilling, blighting, killing force.

Taking a sweep wide as the universe, the man of
science may be right. Winds, like clouds, wage war
with the extremes of either heat or cold. They blow
on for ever towards an impracticable uniformity of
temperature ; but on the limited scale with which
gardeners have to deal with winds in this country, they
cannot be safely received as protective agencies, as they
blow with equal impartiality and apparent good will,
either hot or cold upon plants — at one moment a warm
breeze, fanning them into new life; the next, a cold
one, freezing their life blood into the coldness of death.
The next protectiveagent adverted to by Sir William
is dew. It is important to note the grounds upon
which he claims it as such. After alluding to the cir-
cumstances most favourable to the production of dew.
Sir William proceeds to say " that the office of each I latter plants escape, while in the former

blade of Grass, when there are no clouds and no wind,
is to collect the air touching it, condense vapour from
that air, and so take heat from part of the heat around
it. Thus we have a source of heat taken from the air
several feet above its surface." This does not seem quite
in accordance with experience. Objection might also be
taken to the mode of illustrating the phenomena of
dew. The Grass, for instance, is not an active but a
passive agent in^ securing its deposition. Its energy as
a radiant being in excess of that of the air, it becomes
actually colder than the surrounding atmosphere. As the
air impinges on its surface, it is lowered to the tempera-
ture of the Grass, and hence the liberation and deposi-
tion of the vapour in the form of dew. The cooled air
could carry it no further, and left its burden perforce
on the spot that robbed it of its heat— its water-carry-
ing power. But the amount of heat absorbed by the
plant during the transformation of the vapour into
water must be infinitely small, and its stay with
the plant of briefest duration ; else the first
covering of dew would be the last, which is
far from being the case. The process and conditions
just described must be repeated at every fresh deposit,
and it seems a misapplication of terms to call that
agent a protection (against cold), while the condition
of its presence from first to last is that the plant so
protected shall be colder than the surrounding air. As
for the source of heat, taken from several feet above
the surface, it is such that the energy of radiation is
greatest and the deposition of dew most copious within
a few inches of ths surface, while the temperature of
the air at from 2 to 9 feet above the ground ranges
from 5° to 10' higher than it does at those pointis where
the protective force of the dew is most felt.

Sir William proceeds : " It was sometimes remarked
that flowers were frosted in hollows, but that close at
hand, and on the summit of little hillocks, they escaped
damage." There can be no doubt of the truth of this.
The valuable returns of the fruit crops recently given
in the Gardeners^ CJirorticJe, would, if analysed in
relation to the altitude of the places reported on,
abundantly confirm this. Perhaps it has never received
a more trying illustration than during the persistent
frosts of last May. The fact itself being accepted, let
us carefully note Sir William's elucidation of its
cause. " The explanation was clear when they took
into account the principles developed by Wells. The
air in the hollows remained unchanged, and unless
there was moisture enough to provide dew as long as
the severe condition of weather lasted, and to keep the
dew point from going down too low, injurious effects
would follow. The plants, in short, got dry, drying
the air around them, and if that air was not changed
very much for the better, then they were destroyed by
frost. This, however, rarely happened." Two ques-
tions arise here : 1st, Is this explanation intelligible?
and 2dly, Is it in accordance with observed facts
and general experience ? I regret to answer the first
question in the negative. The explanation refers us to
the principles developed by VFells. But the case
required clearly sub.stantiated facts. I find no facts in
Wells' Essay that will bear out the sentences about the
air in hollows, &c. Wells, at p. 55 of the latest edition
of his Essay, refers indeed to the formation of dew as a
means of increasing warmth. But he alludes to the fact
that heat is liberated by the precipitation of water;
not that it can be husbanded by the protecting force
of the water itself suspended in the air. According to
Dr. Wells, the heavier the dew, the warmer the atmo-
sphere, in consequence of the reduction of its aqueous
vapour to the state of water. Sir William appears to
assert that the more vapour in the air, the warmer it
will be, and the more efficient as a protection to plants.
It is obvious that both authorities cannot be right, and
just possible that neither of them are. But whati com-
plain of here is thatascientific writer should make vague
appeals to the developed principles of Wells in support
of a theory of which Wells never dreamed, and which
many.parts of his work appear to practical men flatly
to contradict.

Sir W. Thomson's "change for the better," for
plants in hollows in danger of losing their life from frost,
is a thicker envelope of a water-charged atmosphere.
Dr. Wells' protecting heat comes from draj^ing down
this water out of the air, and condensing it into dew
upon the leaves of plants. If I have misunderstood
either writer, I invite correction and discussion.
Puller information is much needed on this sub-
ject. This leads me to inquire if either of the
above explanations are in accordance with observed
facts, and recorded experience. Sir William Thomson
concluded his remarks by stating that this ■ — that
is, I presume, the destruction of plants in hollows by
frosts — rarely happens" On the contraryj it con-
stantly and invariably happens. The fact is, on Sir
William's— or, rather, Tyndall's theory, it ought not
to happen. But it does so all the same, and therefore
practical men, who are keenly alive to and constantly
suffering from these powerful facts, cannot accept
theories, however brilliant, until they are made to
fit in with the facts. Professors may make mistakes
in their experiments, but there can be no
mistake as to the facts, when the cruel monster death
sweeps along every plant-filled hollow with his keen-
bladed Iscythe, leaving on his ruined tracks a whole
army of prostrate victims; while on every raised
hillock on either side, the plants defy his power, and
escape his death-freighted stroke. These facts must be
explained before we accept or believe in the gentle
ministrations of dew as a protection from frost.
As a single matter of demonstrated truth, it exer-
cises no such functions in sufficient force to ensure
the safety of plants. Wherever it falls thickest, the
frost exerts its most destructive energy. Most dew is
necessarily deposited where and when the air is most
heavily laden with aqueous vapour. More of this vapour
is found in valleys than on hills or knolls. On the

they ara'

OCTOBEH 19, 1SC7.1

THE GARDENERS' OirPiONTCEE AND AnRTCUfJUllAL GAZETTE

ion

destroyed ; consequently neither the vapour nor the
dew prcitccts tln'Tii from dc;ith, ami wo are justified in
inferring that tlio greater dryness of the air over the
elevated spots ensures the safely of the ))Iants in these
positions. This muuh at least may be said to be proved,
that neither the aqueous vapour of the atmosphere, nor
the same vapour condensed into water, nor the heal-
liberated during the transformation of the one into the
otiier, saves plants from destruction when all three are
present in full volume, and most active force ; whereas
when all tliese are reduced to a minimum volume or
activity plants escape. (See my articles on moist and
dry air, with editorial comments, in the Oardencrs'
Chronicle of March 23d and ?M\\ of this year.)

I still believe that the true explanation of the
destructive energy of ground frost in valleys is not to
bo found in the absorbent or interceptive power of
aqueous vapour for or against the power of radiant
heat, but to the extraordinary energy of water in all
its states as a radiant. My remedy for it is, not more
dew, but less water, and in this I believe I am
sustained by every experienced gardener. If we are
wrong, we invitescicntilionion to setusright;but they
must begin by grappling with, and end by mastering,
our facts ; no other course can, or ought to, change
our convictions. D. T. Fis/i, F.E.S.S.

AUTUMN PRUNING THE VINE.

Tnu pruning and management of the Vine opens up
an interesting field for discussion, and while perusing
the excellent remarks at p. 1021, I was forcibly
reminded of an article on the subject that appeared
in the first number of "Loudon's Gardeners' Magazine,"
42 years ago. It was coinmnnicated by Mr. Richard
Anthony Salisbury, well-known at tliat time as an
eminent botanist and ardent promoter of liorticulture ;
indeed, he wa^ one of the founders of the Horticultural
Society, and in 1809, on obtaining its charter of incor-
poration, he was appointed honorary secretary, and for
several years took an active part in the management of
itsaffairs. As many readers of the Gardeners' Chronicle
may not have seen the article ahove referred to, which
relates to the season for pruning the Vine out-of-
doors, I subjoin the following extracts from it for their
information ; —

" A very large brick building (at Chapel AUerton, in
Yorkshire) was covered entirely with a single Vine of
the Miller's Grape, and as it was ornamental to the
building, it was pruned and trained yearly,at no trifling
expense, tboiigli it veiy seldom ripened 20 bunches out
of from inno to 2000, which it annually bore.

*'' A Scots nobleman, who often visited tbe place, one
alituran made the following remark :— ' When I was a
.voting lad I remember eating ripe Grapes from a Vine
in the open air near Stirling Castle, wdiich was brought
to ripen half its crop in most summers, and a whole
crop in warm summer.s, by the following treatment.
On the 20th of September prune the Vine as you
would in the month of December, taking off all the
leaves and Grapes, rijie or unripe, and shortening all
the branches to one, two, or three eyes at most. The
following spring it will push its buds a few days before
any neighbouring Vines pruned in winter. Train it
carefully all summer as if you were certain it would
ripen its crop of fruit. Pursue the same system
annually, pruning the tree always between the 20th
and SOtli of September, and in the course of seven
years you will be rewarded for your patience and
expense, with half a ripe crop in most summers,
and a whole ripe crop in warm summers.' This
mode of treatment was immediately begun in his lord-
ship's presence, and in five years afterwards some
excellent wine was made from the Grapes."

To any person who wishes to pursue this mode of
liastening tlie mat\irity of Grapes, north of Stanlford,
in Lincolnshire, Mr. Salisbury recommends the culti-
vation of the Miller's or Burgundy Grape exclusively ;
as he has found it unaS'ected by smart frost, when the
shoots of the Muscadine and Sweetwater were injured,
and this he considers to be owing to the very thick
wool on the young shoots.

I never heard of any one treating the Vine in the
manner described by the " Scots nobleman." I rather
think the latter was considered to be a myth, and
that the communication was liased on a statement in
Dr. Hales' " Vegetable Staticks " (Vol. I., p. 373), where
it is mentioned that, " Mr. Parker, a curious gentle-
man, of Che'spa, has found that by pruning his Vines,
and pulling all the leaves from them in September, as
soon as the fruit was off, they have borne greater
plenty of Grapes than other Vines."

On this sul>iect there will, doubtlesss, be various
opinions; but I think the majority of readers will
highly appreciate the excellent practical details which
have been so well stated in your leading article of
October 5. For my own part I consider the fittest
time for pruning the Vine to be, as soon as circum-
stances may permlt,after the crop has been fully matured,
and the young wood thoroughly ripened. The leaves
will then have performed their oirice. and no apprecial)le
injury will be occasioned by their removal. The end
of September, or early in October, is preferable to
a later period of the autumn or winter for performing
the operation, and the effect will be a more vigorous
growth the following season. This probably explains
ill some measure the c.tusc of the very remarkable
influence which early and late pruning are stated to
exercise on the colouring of tbe fruit. B.

WASPS.

Tou published, some little time ago, a letter
requesting some oi^ your readers to assist me in procur-
ing a specimen of the nest of Vespa arboroa. That
letter has brought me some kind communications on
the subject, but not the nest, wdiich I am still in search
of. As the subject has attracted the attention of some

of your readers, perhaps you will allow mo a little space
to cxjilain more clearly what I, witli every other
naturalist who studies wasps, really do want.

Tliorc aru seven species of liritisli social wasps,
including the hornet. Throe of thcso arc tree wasps,
distitmuished by having tho scapo of the autennaj
yellow ill front, in both tho sexes. Three are ground
wasps, in which tho scape of tlie antennrc is yellow in
front, in the male only. The species are readily dis-
tinguished by tho forms of the markings on tho face,
and on tho dorsal aspect of the first two rings of the
abdomenj as shown in the following diagram :—

[t

u^ny V. bi'itannica.

Troc-Wasiis . . -«

•

Cqj^ V. sylvcstrls.

[x'/

|S^ V.avboro..;

r A

[ »^ V. gcrmanica.

Ground- Wasps ■

^

Mm v. vulgaiis.

4.

f^ V.r„f,,.

As to their nests : —

1. I', i/ermanica, tbe large common wasp, builds in
the ground ; the case of her nest is made in shelly
patches, and is of a grey and white colour.

2. P. vuffjaris, the small common wasp, also builds
in the ground; her nest being formed likewise in
shelly patches, but of a pretty fawn colour, and of a
very brittle nature.

3. f ' riifa is an earlier wasp than the others ; her
nest is of a dull grey, and is built in rings, not in
patches. The name of "anchor-faced wasp" has been
unfortunately applied to this, as well as to the preced-
ing species.

Of the tree wasps :^

1. 7'. sylvestris builds in the ground, or under eaves,
or anywhere ; her nest is formed in layers. Every bee-
keeper has a word for, or against, her. She is the
owner of the very pretty bell-nests, which have gained
for her the name of Vespa campanaria.

3. V, hrifannica, norivegica, or boreali-s, builds also
in layers, which are less regular than those of the pre-
ceding specie.s, and generally prefers low bushes.

3. V. nrhorea—h the blank I wish to fill up. This
wasp is found in Gloucestershire and in Savoy. It
was first discovered by Jlr. P. Smith, of tho British
Museum, among some Firs, on a ridge about four miles
north of Wakefield, in Yorkshire. The promise of a
reward for a nest of this species, circulated in that
neighbourhood, has as yet failed to procure me a
specimen to engrave for a work on wasps which I hope
shortly to have the pleasure of publishing. If this
note shall prove the means of enabling me to complete
my series of drawings, I shall feel thankful. Edward
L. Ormerod^ M.D., Brighton.

NOTES ON THE ART OF GROWING ROSES
OUT-OF-DOORS.

(CoHt ill lied fmai ji. 97.3.)

Section VII. Oii Plantimj Dwarf Hoses icorked on
the Manettl.—J)ws.x{ Roses on the JManetti stock should
have the junction of the stock and scion buried to the
depth of at least an inch. If the stem of the plant is
long, so that this cannot be done in the usual way, it is
a good plan to lay the plant in sideways, so that tho
object sought is obtained without burying the roots too
deeply. Dwarf plants in pots maybe turned out into
the open border at any time during the summer. By
this means they become established, and make some
growth before the winter sets in.

Section VIII. On the Treatment of the Plants during
the Winter and lEarlij Sprinrj. — Perpetual Roses
require no attention during the winter. Tea Roses
require to be protected from severe frosts, or they will
be killed. It is not that the temperature of the air
itself is often low enough to destroy the plant, but by
radiating away its heat against a (dear winter sky it
becomes cooled many degrees lower than the air. Our
aim, then, is to prevent this radiation, and the slightest
covering to intercept it is suRicicnt. A piece ol matting
will act in this way, though it can haveno effect in keep-
ing the air on one side of it warmer than on the other.

In budding it is best to place the bud at the side of
the branch and not on the upper part, because in the
latter case it would radiate towards the sky, and become
much more cooled than when it radiates laterally
against terrestrial objects.

To protect your Teas, then^ tie the branches together
into a compact head ; then tie some fern leaves, or fir
branches, or gorse, or whatever similar material you
have at hand, so as to conceal the branches from sight ;
when that is accomplished they are safe. Less than
five minutes sufHces to protect a plant thus. It is for
want of this precaution that so few gardens contain Tea
Roses. Dwarf plants may have a few branches of fir
or gorse stuck into the ground, so a« to shade them,
and some long manure placed over their roots.
Noisette Roses require to be treated as Teas. If
against a wall, they should be covered with matting.

Dormant buds of tender Roses are much less liable
to suffer from frost than full-grown plants. ^ Hence it
is a wise plan to bud a few plants of all choice tender
sorts year by year. It is also a good precaution in this
case not to cut back the wild growth of the stocks until
the spring, because it has a beneficial effect in protect-
ing the inserted buds. Buds encouraged to run out
during the summer are peculiarly liable to be killed by
frost.

In February or March the Rose borders should be
forked over, but not suHiciontly deeply to disturb the
roots. Afterwards such plants as have not been freshly
sot in well manured beds, should have a good soaking
with liquid manure.

Section IX. On J'rnnini/.—ThK best time for pruning
Ro.5cs is tho early spring. About I lie middle of March
suits well for the Perpetuals, and tho latter part of that
montli for Tea Roses and Noisettes. You must how-
ever be somewhat guided by tho forwardness of tho
season and the weather.

Perpetual Roses are best pruned closo. leaving au
inch or two inches of last year's wood. Those wnioll
grow strongly should not bo cut quite so close as tho
weaker growers. Take care to have the last eye in a
position where the future branch will be well placed
lor the general symmetry of tlio tree ; and do not leave
the head of the plant too crowded. Dwarfs on the
Manetti should not be primed so closely as standards.
The Tea Roses should be uncovered as soon as danger
of frost is over, and, when pruned, should not be cut
quite so closely as tho Perpetuals.

Noisettes, like all climbing Roses, rejuire a few of
tho shoots of last year left nearly of their full length,
and distributed evenly upon the wall, and all the rest
cut out. They will throw out side branches from
these, and bear their blossoms upon them.* The
principles which guide you in pruning Roses for tho
wall are equally applicable to pillar Roses.

Section X. On Budding the Briar. — It is not neces-
sary to say much upon the mode of budding, as it is
described in every treatise on gardening, and requires
figures to illustrate it. The best way is to see it done
once or twice. But much depends upon a few niceties
in the operation.

First, of the time of budding Rcses : — It may be done
from the end of May to the end of September; but
the best months are July, August, and the beginning
of September. It will be found that about the
middle of the summer the shoots of the Briar cease to
grow, and the bark refuses to rise. Then, after a
shower, they start into growth again. That is the best
time of all for budding.

If the buds are inserted early in the summer, the
branches are apt to lireak off where the cross-cut has
been made. It will, therefore, be necessary after
budding to support tbe brant'h with a stake, or by
tying it to a neighbouring stock. If the extreme end
is pinched off it will also prevent its becoming unduly
heavy.

When budding provide yourself with an old kid glove
for the right hand, cut the tips off the first and second
fingers. It will give you confidence. Obtain some
"budding cotton;" it is a very thick, soft, darning
cotton, and much better than bast or worsted. Cut
the skein into quarters, and wrap it up in a thread
paper. Take a cutting off the Rose you wish to pro-
pagate, cut off all the leaves, so that only a portion of
the foot-stalk of each, free from thorns, is left. Select a
bud wdiich is slightl^v prominent, but has not begun
to be developed, cut it out with a scooping action of a
sharp budding knife, so that the bud is near the base of
the shield of bark which you have separated, which
should be in all not much over half an inch long;
remove the wood from the bark with the thimib nail
and the knife, or with the nail alone.

The shield of bark containing the bud being thus
prepared, place it between your lips. Next select a
shoot near the top of the stock, and make a cross out
extending about half-way round the shoot, and about
three quarters of an inch distant from the stem. A
longitudinal cut must next be made below this,
extending about half an inch towards the stem.
These cuts should reach j ust through the bark, and
should he made on the side, not on the upper part, of
the shoot.

Raise the corners of the bark and slip in the bud.
Push it home, and cut off the bark to fit the cross cut.
Bind it in firmly with a piece of cotton, making its
turns touch one another. The bud itself must not be
covered by it. If the weather is hot and dry, a Cab-
bage-leaf put on the top of the stock, to shade it for a
few days, is a wise precaution.

Thus insert two or three buds into your stock, on
contiguous branches. Affix a label, with the name of
the sort and the date of budding, and remove the
bandage in three weeks time.

When the shoot from which you have to take your
buds is very small, say for example not larger than a
thick darning needle, it is best not to attempt to remove
the wood from out the shield. Slice the shield off thin,
and insert it just as it is. Often you cannot get buds of
Tea Roses in any other condition.

The same plan is preferable with the buds which
grow near the tip of a branch, where the wood is still
unripe.

BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

{Continued from 'p. 1043.)
Among the papers read in Section D (Biology) was
the following, on The Relations of Lichen. Growth to the
Health and Value of Trees and their Products, by Dr.
Lauder Lindsay. There is, it would appear, a
radical difference of opinion between lichenologists on
the one hand, and arboriculturists on the other, as to
the effect on the value of the timber and bark of the trees
on which it occurs, of Lichen growth. Lichenologists
have been in the habit of describing Lichens as deriving
their nourishment wholly from the air. as non-
parasitic, and as making use of trees simply as bases
of support. Some, especially of the earlier, writers
not only deny any possible harm, but demonstrate a
considerable amount of actual good, in so far as

» Th3 Bankslin Rose i-equivos a peculiar treatment. It
Wossomsou the small spray formed during the second year's
gi-owth of the branch, and unless a suflicienoy of this he left on
the tree, not a blossom will be seen.

1072

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OOTOBEK 19, 18C7.

Lichens attract moisture to the trees on "which they
occur, and thus assist in their nourishment and
growl h. All "practical men," on the other hand —
all those who are concerned with the cultivation of
timber, bark, or fruit trees— without theorising on the
subject, are unanimous in describing Lichens as detri-
mental to growth, and as depreciative of value. Mr.
Anderson, of the Kinnoul Nurseries, Perth, states
that trees or shrubs coated with Lichens are
"immediately discarded as unsaleable;" while Mr.
Bell, factor on the Kinfauns estate, (jives a similar
assurance as to the diminshed value of Oak-bark when
infested by Lichens, Mr. Gorrie, one of the most
experienced and discriminating arboriculturists in
Scotland, Mr. Moore, of the Sydney Botanic Gardens,
New South "Wales, and other practical authorities,
whose opinions carry great weight oa such a question,
have borne similar testimony. My inference from this
testimony is that they regard Lichens as true parasites,
living, in great measure at least, at the expense of the
bark on which they occur— interfering with its healthy
action and growth. While regarding Lichen-growth,
however, as, in a certain sense, or in some measure, a
cause of unhealthiness or disease in the trees which it
affects, they also admit that, in a certain other sense,
it is a result of unhealthiness or disease. The evidence
appears uniform that Lichen-growth should never
occur in forests or nurseries which are the subject of
proper care, where the trees or shrubs are properly
thinned, where the condition of healthy growths are
sedulously provided. Not only so, but I am assured
that the disease of Lichen-growth, when it occurs, can
be removed or dissipated by removal of the tree which
it affects to more favourable conditions of development.
Mr. Moore, of Sydney, tells me he has seen Lichen-
growth disappear from a tree simply by transferring
the latter to a richer soil or more favourable locality,
or by supplying it with proper manure.

It is inconceivable that there should be such unani-
mity of opinion among arboriculturists, devoid of bias
or theory, and e-xpressing only the results of repeated
observation in very different quarters of the world,
without the existence of some good ground for their
assertions. My impression is that arboriculturists are
right to a greater extent than are the lichenologists, and
that Lichens must be regarded as, in some measure at
least, parasitic, drawing the constituents of their
thallus from the objects on which they grow. I pointed
out in 1356, in my preliminary work on " British
Lichens" (p. 50), that the fdamentous Lic^hens belong-
ing to such genera as Usuea, Eamalina, Evernia, and
Parmelia, which coat with shaggy, flowing masses
Oak, Fir, and other trees, and whose growth is the
main_ subject of dispute between lichenologists and
arboriculturists, contain such bases as silica and
aljimina, lime, potash, and soda, magnesia, man-
ganese, and iron, in combination or not with carbonic,
sulphuric, hydrochloric, phosphoric, or other acids.
The most of these inorganic constituents could not
have been derived from the atmosphere ; and, indeed,
we are forced to the conclusiou that, as in the case of
higher plants, they are derived from the surfaces of
substances on which the Lichens containing them
grow. This conclusion is further supported by the
recorded facts that chemists have detected iron in
greatest amount in species affecting ferruginous soils,
and silica in those growing on quartzose rocks or
their debris. I am not, however, pre'pared to con-
tribute any new facts towards the settlement of this
interesting question, or of the other equally interesting,
but less practical and economically important, ques-
tions which naturally suggest themselves for conside-
ration in connection therewith. My purpose is rather
to call attention to the paucity and unsatisfactory
character of the facts or opinions" that have hitherto
been been recorded, and to invite the record of facts,
as contradistinguished from mere opinions, bearing
upon the following points more especially :— 1. TVhat
are the precise grounds on which the assertion
is founded that Lichen growth is detrimental to
timber and other trees? 2. In what way does such
growth injuriously affect the timber, bark, fruit, or
foliage of such trees ? 3. How far is Lichen growth a
cause of unhealthy or diseased develojjment in the
trees on which it occurs ? 1. How far is it a result
of sucli development ? 5. To what extent do Lichens
draw their constituents, organic and inorganic, from
the atmosphere ? 6. To what extent from their bases
of support— the bodies on which they grow ?

LETTERS PROM PAEIS.-No. XXIV.
The Geeat Peuit Show.
_ &s you have already published at some length an
. .ccount of the display of fruits at the Pomological
Congress (see p. 1U4G) it will not be necessarv on this
occasion to enter into great detail as to the "kinds of
fruits now on view at the exhibition. Suffice it to say
that the collection, comprising as it does the fruit
shown at the Congress, is an exceedingly large one
The houses and covered way devoted to fruit through-
out the season are now at last, as full as they can hold,
while others of greater size are equally occupied. Thus
the showily decorated pavilion in the centre of the
garden has been cleared, furnished with benches, and
now contains about 500 feet run of bench, accommo-
dating six rows of Pears and Apples as thickly placed
as they can stand ; and sometimes, in addition, heavy
baskets of magnificent Pears arranged along at the
back. Here are placed the large collections of
Baltet of Troyes, and Croux of Sceaux, large
fruit-tree supplying nurserymen, as well as of several
Horticultural Societies, the whole being well
arranged, each kind neatly named by having
a small label pasted on it. In many cases, however,
the names of the exhibitors are not given. To
describe individual fruits or dishes of fruit would
merely he to give a string of adjectives filling many

columns, for not a few of the exhibitors show
several hundred kinds of Pears, and the marvel is
that, with few exceptions, they are of superb quality.
It is not only the extent but the character of the
display that astonishes the English visitor, as house
after house and stage after stage of fruit, is seen.
Even in the pavilion there is enough of fruit to make
a fine show, and the same applies to the Palm-house,
where M. Audr^ Leroy, of Angers, occupies nearly a
fourth of the space with many hundred varieties
of Pears and Apples in fine condition. Jamin
and Durand, Cochet, Deseine, and most of the
great fruit-growing nurserymen, exhibit enormous
collections. It is not only by the size of the very
large kinds, like Uvedale's St. Germain, that we
are surprised — imported specimens of these have
often been seen as large at London fruit shows—
but by the generally increased size, and greater depth
and beauty of colour, of the smaller and medium-sized
varieties. This Pear question is in a curious state at
present,some contending that it is the climate of France
which gives the French superiority in hardy fruits ;
others, like the "London Market Gardener" in the
Times, that French Pears are " coarse, granular, and
insipid ! " One contends that it is the heat of the sun
that makes French Pears " hard " ; anotherj that it is
the same heat that gives them their superiority. I can
state from experience that the flavour of French Pears
is in every way equal to their appearance, and that it is
absurd to endeavour to prove that our climate is
better suited for the culture of this magnificent fruit.
If, according to some, we have the finest climate for the
Pear, how is it that we do not grow it as cheaply and
well as the French ? How is it that Covent Garden is
obliged to buy so largely from them ? How is it that
really good Pears are only obtainable by the wealthier
classes in London ? The truth is, that we are as far
behind the French in the culture of the Pear, as we
are before them in that of the Pelargonium and green-
house^ or stove plants ; we have already learnt much
from 'them, and have much more to learn. Their
climate I believe to he finer for the fruit than
ours, but that fact is simply a reason why we
should pay the more attention to the wants of
the trees. To suppose that because the climate
here is better, the French may leave the trees "to
Nature" more than we do, or take less trouble
with them, would be a great mistake, and one likely
enough to be incurred by persons who have not visited
this country. The French attend much more to their
trees in every way than we do. tTheir most usual mode
of training is the pyramidal form, which we have
adopted from them so extensively. They use the Quince
as a stock to a considerable extent, hut they are aware
that though very valuable upon humid soils, it is
worthless upon vast areas exactly suited to the
wants of the Pear grown on the Pear stock. It is
certainly an inestimable boon to have a choice of
stocks, which we may adapt to the two different sets of
circumstances ; but it strikes me that the advantage is
more for the private or amateur grower than the fruit-
buying public. For it, we ought I think, to have more
" special culture," and in the case of the Pear cultivate
it to a large extent on the Pear stock in soils suited to
its wants ; and there are many thousand acres now
devoted to less lucrative crops that would suit it to a
nicety. What I mean will be best understood by a
reference to the Peaches at Montreuil. There by grow-
ing very extensively, and paying special attention to
the Peach, they are enabled to supply good Peaches to
every restaurant in Paris ; and I am certain that a
similar system adopted in England would make good
fruit familiar to the middle and working classes in our
large towns, and render us less dependent on the Con-
tinent than we are at present. I may here state that
the variety of cordon forms, and many fancy methods
of training, are not in general favour with the good
French fruit grower. They have been so much
advocated by some writers in England, that I
came here with the impression that they were
everywhere to be seen: no such thing. The only
cordon that I have seen give a really good result
is the simple horizontal before alluded to by me.
This simjile horizontal cordon might be adopted in
both large and small English, Irish, and Scotch gardens
with the best results. It is, I think, very much more
certain of success and of giving satisfaction than the
small bush Apples on the same stock— the Paradise.
The Pear is grown also as a horizontal cordon, and I
have seen it fertile in that way ; hut recent visits to
French fruit gardens have convinced me that the Pear
as a simple cordon is not to be recommended. On the
other hand, what I have said of the horizontal cordon
is confirmed. A border covered with lines of these,
rather close together, will eventually prove a most
useful feature in the good English fruit garden, no
matter what our present opinion about the matter may
he. With the Pear as a pyramid, (on the Quince
in small gardens, and, where the soil and climate are
suitable, on the Pear stock for general cultivation,) and
with simple useful forms on walls, like those under Mr.
Powell's care in the Royal gardens at Frogmore (where
by the way the Quince is in no favour), we might,
generally speaking, be pretty safe for crops of good
garden fruit. For the supply of the people who now
usually get their fruit bad and dear, an improved
system of orcharding, and increased facilities of carriage
is the great want. To " plant orchards " of cordons
with the hope of benefiting anybody but the nursery-
men who sell them, would be absurdity itself.
The simple, and so to speak, natural forms that take
care of themselves to a great extent, are the ones best
suited both for England and France.

To return to the exhibition : the Apples, though not
nearly so numerous as regards the number of varieties
as the Pears, are wonderfully fine and handsome— many
of the very besthavingbeen gathered fromthehorizontal
cordon that I advocate. Altogether five structures are

devoted to the exhibition of Pears and A])ples alone,
and some miscellaneous matters which I have no
space to mention. The long covered way devoted to
Roses, vegetables, and fruits all the season, is now
nearly filled with Grapes, mostly those kinds grown
for wine, and in which we have little or no interest.
The cultivation of the Vine indoors is not at all
understood by the French gardener. By far the
best Grapes in the Exposition are shown by Mr.
Knight, of Pontchartraiu, who displays in fine condi-
tion many of the best known English kinds, and with
them splendid specimens of the Chasselas Napoleon — a
Grape noble in bunch and berry, which ought to he
procured and grown by all good Grape growers in
England. A rod of the Vine is shown, thickly
suspeiiding its beautiful well-shaped bunches, and
equally disposed clear yellow, oval berries, as big as
those of a Muscat. There are not many Pines shown,
but of these some are very good, though not better, if
so good, as the fine ones which may be often seen in
the window of the great purveyor of fish, fruit, &c., in
the Palais Eoyal. It is too lale for French Peaches to
be shown in good condition, though one or two large
dishes of fine fruit were sent by growers from
Montreuil. I have before spoken of two handsome
specimens of perfectly trained Peach trees in the
garden ; but during the past few weeks another
specimen has been added, which deserves mention here.
It is the finest and most perfectly trained Peach tree
I have ever seen, perfectly furnished with capital, well
ripened wood, and in all respects perfect. To show
this tree the exhibitor has had to sacrifice it — the
branches of one side being cut off near their union
with the stem to save space in conveyance, and placed
again in position when the tree was placed in the
garden, the other and exactly corresponding side being
left intact. The branches of this start from the erect
stem in an exactly opposite manner, and after running
their allotted distance, horizontally, ascend straight to
the top of the wall, each upper branch shortening or
course. The lower and all-enclosing line of branches
is about 60 feet long, the tree 12 feet high, and a model
in every respect. Its peculiarity, as compared with
our best specimens, is that the wood is as good, as fertile,
and as strong at the base of the long branches as at the
top, indeed stronger. It seemed better and thicker the
nearer it grew to the base of the branch, the thick
central stem being clothed with young shoots to its
very base, so that the tree was a masterpiece. This tree
is 11 years of age, and has for about four years been at
about its present size,

This may be the proper place to mention that I have
lately seen a method of training Pears, which is
very simple, and I think, well worthy of extensive use.
It consists merely of trees with an erect central stem,
giving off two pairs of branches oppositely ; these
branches ascend obliquely, and the trees being planted
rather close, the branches cross and support each
other. They are in fact self-supporting espaliers, the
branches being tied together with willow twigs. This
thing I have seen in good working order, and
believe it to be worth a dozen of the simple cordon
system for Pears, because the tree is allowed something
more than a chance for a contorted development, and
there is no expense for supports ; the ugly appearance
too often presented by the rough supports frequently
used for such is also prevented. They will form capital
things for running along the backs of borders, &c., and
may he employed in many ways. I may add, that
there are many exhibitions of hardy fruit about here
now. The display six days every week in the central
market is enormous, and very fine. Great quantities of
finel though not selected fruit are sent in small
shallow baskets, which merely afford a base on which
to pile up a lot of about 25 large fruits. They are then
covered with long straw, and tied snugly and safely
with twine over it, just in the way the French pack
their oysters. This may seem a trifling point, but it is
a really important one ; for everything which facilitates
the cheap and quick transit of fruit, or even of the
empty baskets which have conveyed fruit, is a gain to
the fruit-buying public. Being very shallow and of an
oval shape these baskets may be sent back, if desired,
in very small space, and cost a mere trifle in the
beginning. Twenty-five good Pears in these may be
bought for from 2 francs to 2h francs. Of course there
are many other ways of sending, and many other prices
for selling, the choicest fruit ; but I merely mention
this because it seems a convenient way for the middle
and working classes of fruit-buyers in to\vns. W. S.

HARDY ORNAMENTAL TREES,— No. VIII.
Beeey-beaeing Teees, Etc.

Beeet-bearing trees are so beautiful in autumn
and winter that one would expect to find them more
extensively planted than is customary. The Pyrus
Aucuparia (Mountain Ash) is perhaps one of the most
attractive of these, but there are many others equally
interesting to the close observer. First of the Ever-
green kinds.

Arbutus Unedo (the common Arbutus). — Height
15 feet. This fine evergreen thrives best on a light loamy
or peaty soil, and requires a sheltered situation when
planted north of London. Berries red.

Aucuha japonica. — Height 4 to 6 feet. Perhaps the
greatest acquisition that has been made to hardy ever-
greens of late years is the many new and beautiful
verieties of Aucuha. Of berry-bearing kinds the best
are A. japonica, A. j. foliis aureis, A. himalaica, A.
macrophyUa, A. ^icia, A. lonfiifolia, A. viridis, and
A. latimaculata. Berries bright red, larger than those
of the Hawthorn, produced in clusters, and remaining
on the tree throughout winter and spring.

Berberis Aqiiifolium.—'Rcighi 5 feet. A first-class
evergreen, growing anywhere ; the yellow^ flowers, dark
green leaves, and purple berries are alike beautiful.

Berberis _Do!rH'»iu.— Height 6 feet. A neat and

OoTOfiBE 19. 186?.]

THE OABDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRTCULTtlRAL GAZETTE.

1073

handsome evDrgreeu ; leaves dark green, flowers deep
orani^e, berries purple.

CotoneasfermKrop/ii/lta—JieijOltl feet. A beautiful,
dense dwarf evergreen, suitable for beds, ed^in^^.-f. ana
low walls, and thriving in common soil. C. buxifoUa
is a similar kind, but larger in all its parts. Berries rod.

CratiBi/us Pi/racanlha. —Heiaht 8 (eet. A beautiful
■wall plant, laden in winter witu clusters of scarlet or
orange-coloured berries.

Ilex AqnifoUtim (the common Holly). — Height 20 to
30 feet. The commim Holly is too familiar to need
description ; among the numerous varieties there are,
however, some which seldom produce berries. The
best selection from the berry-bearing point of view are—
I, Aqulfollum, Atiuifolium peiuUtla, fnicitt aurantiaco,
fructu luteo, hi/brida, platyphylla, nigrescens, scurtica,
Mendersonii, llodyinsii, senesceiis, Jlammea, angitsti-
foUa, hicolor, aureo-marginata, obscura, alho-plcta,
albo-marglnata, balearica^ and maderense, lierries,
red, yellow, and orange.

QauUheria jjrocMmieM.— Height G inches. A pretty
dwarf shrub, requiring peat; flowers white, berries red.

Gauttheria Shalloii. — Height 2 feet. A handsome
dwarf shrub, requiring peat; flowers white tinged with
pink, berries purple.

Madera (the Ivy). — There are among climbing and
tree Ivies, varieties which produce berries : ol the
climbing kinds the best are — H. aureo-maaulata,
maryinata argentea, marginata canescens, albo-lutes-
cens. Helix foliis rtMre/*, and catiariensis ; of the tree
kinds I recommend — arborescens, baccata lutea, eanari-
ensis arborexceiix, Jlelix arborescens, S. a. foliis aui'eis,
and liu'ijneriana arborescens ; berries, yellow or purple.

Pernettija speciosa. — Height li foot. A beautiful
dwarf evergreen, thriving best in light loam or peat;
flowers white, berries red. P. mucronata and P.
anguslifolia are also desirable berry-bearing kinds, of
similar but somewhat larger growth.

S/cimmia ^'a;io»ica.— Height li foot. A pretty
dwarf evergreen ; berries red. S. oblata is also a very
handsome kind.

Vucciniuin Fitis Jt/aas.— Height 1 foot. A pretty
dwarf evergreen, thriving best in peat ; flowers pale
pink, berries red, the latter remaining on the plant
throughout the winter.

Of Deciduous berry-bearing trees the most remark-
able are : —

Berberis vulgaris (the common Berberry).— Height
10 to 15 feet. A useful shrub, growing freely in the
commonest soils, equally valuable for its bright yellow
flowers, and coral-like berries. JB. v. foliis purpureis is
also a very desirable kind ; the flowers and berries
similar to the last, the leaves of a rich purple in early
spring and summer.

Cotoneaster frigida. — Height 15 feet. In .sheltered
situations this shrub is often sub-evergreen, and is
plentifully adorned with clusters of bright red berries
throughout the autumn and winter.

Crataegus (the Hawthorn.) — Height 10 to 20 feet.
There are many varieties of Crataegus which are
interesting and valuable on account of their berries.
C Oxyaeantha aurea, C. Aronia (berries yellow),
C. coccinea maxima, and C. Layii (berries red), are
perhaps four of the most desirable.

Ligustrum vidgare (the Privet). — Height 10 feet.
There are two varieties of this plant, one with black,
and another with yellowish berries, both pretty in
hedges, and in various situations where not too pro-
minent. L. sempermrens (the evergreen Privet), is
also a handsome variety.

Pyrus Aucuparia (the Mountain Ash). — Height 20 to
30 feet. Here, as with the Privet, there are two
desirable kinds; the red and yellow-berried. Both
are handsome, the former more particularly so. They
are among the best of fast-growing medium-sized trees,
and thrive well near London, and in large towns
generally.

Pyrus Malus prunifolia (the Siberian Crab). — Height
15 to 20 feet. This tree is equally beautiful in flower
and in fruit. P, M. asfracanica, or Transparent Crab,
is also well worthy of cultivation for the beauty of its
fruit. I have also received recently some varieties of
Russian Apples, the fruit of which produces a fine
eflect on the trees.

Suonymus europceus (the Spindle tree). — Height
10 to 20 feet. This pretty shrub, which abounds in
the hedge-rows in many parts of England, produces
an abundance of bright orange, rose-marpned fruit in
autumn, at which season it is very beautiful. There is
also a white fruited variety, but this is not of great
merit.

Symphoricarpos racemosus (the Snowberry). —
Height 5 to 6 feet. Of shrubs bearing white berries
this is the most showy, and it is so free and hardy
that, like the Euonymus, it thrives everywhere.

Nearly allied (from the pictorial point of view) to
berry-bearing trees are trees with bark of various
colours, and such are very interesting in winter, when
denuded of their leaves. Of white-barked trees,
Acer striatum, Beiula alba, Hippophae rhamnoides,
and Populus argentea are the best. Cornus alba has
red, Salix vitellina and Fraxinus excelsa aurea yellow,
and Salix purpurea purple bark. William Paul,
Waltham Cross, N.

Home Correspondence.

Cold on Bills and in Valleys.—" J. S." (p. 1018)
calls special attention to this subject. It is one of the
greatest importance to cultivators, and therefore can-
not be too frequently discussed. The time is also
opportune for reopening the question upon which a
good deal was not only asserted but proved by the
records of the frost, as well as by the veritable state-
ments that appeared in the Chronicle last winter and
spring. The doings of the frost among bedding plants
give swifter testimony than its influence upon trees,
and are equally deserving of record. There can be no

difllculty in accepting your correspondent's facts.
Vegetation is earlier on plains and in valleys, than on
hills, and it escapes destruction from frost for a
longer period by the sides of rivers than when
no river is near. Now, what can bo the reason of this,
unless "the tendency of water is always to mitigate
the extremes of temperature, and the valley, as a rule,
is wanner than the hill ?" Both these reasons may also
be accepted as correct, with important exceptions. No
one ha^ more emphatically claimed water as a
husbandor, carrier, and regulator of heat than myself
At pages 2'.>;J and 322 of the Gardeners^ Chronicle for
last March these views are emphatically propounded.
The character of water as a warming agent is there
established on the surest grounds. At p. 322 it is
stated, " that at night the land, especially if covered by
vegetation, cools much fiister than the water. No
sooner does the land become coldest than the water
wafts its boat over it, and thus tempers the nightly
cold. In winter, again, everybody of water above the
freezing point becomes a source of heat, and softens
the rigour of winter.'* I submit that this transference
of heat from the river to the land is the solo cause
why "J. S.'s" Heliotropes, Nasturtiums, and other
plants growing within 100 feet of the Thames, escaped ;
while his neighbour's plants, higher up and beyond
the local influence of this body of warm water,
were frozen through by the greater cold. No
one disputes that every groat body of unfrozen
water is a source of heat. The question is whether in
valleys, where no such source is present in suflicient
quantity to be able to make a sensible exchange with
the colder earth, plants suffer less or more from
frosts than they do on open plains or hills of moderate
elevations— of, say, from 100 to 400 feet in height. It will
be obvious to every one that it is necessary to place
some limit to the altitude, for owing to the greater
rarity of the atmosphere in elevated regions it is well
known that in ascending we are everywhere hemmed
in by the frost or snow line. Therefore such moun-
tains are necessarily colder than the valleys. They are
less thickly clad by the encirclingair,and, independent of
the vexed question of aqueous vapour, all freely admit
that thin air provides a swifter, freer passage for the
heat of the earth than thick air. It is like Che differ-
ence between a lightly laden express, and a heavily-
weighted cumbersome luggage train. The friction of
the one upon the rails is almost imperceptible, that of
the other is a heavy drag on its progress. The high
mountain air is the express, the valley air is the
luggage train ; and in the different elevations we have
illustrations of every variety of speed between the two.
It is also quite possible that under altered conditions
the relative speed of the different trains might be
exchanged. Not that the luggage and express
would be likely to exchange paces, but it is
no uncommon thing for a passenger train to
attain to the speed of an express, or for the
luggage to go faster than the passenger trains. Now,
I believe something like this happens in the case
before us. Doubtless, as a rule, valleys have a higher
temperature than either open plains or hills of any or
all heights. That is not disputed. They preserve
their heat well. It moves slowly forth from beyond
their encompassing and intensifying sides. But at
times all this is by some means reversed. On clear frosty
nights the temperature of every deep valley destitute
of a body of water is lower than the temperature of its
elevated sides, or the plateaux of moderate elevations
beyond it. And it is to this fact, and the reasons for
it, that I would respectfully direct the attention of
practical men. First of all, is any one prepared to deny
the fact H Then let us hear him. Next, how is the
fact to be accounted for ? Is there less or more aqueous
vapour in the atmosphere of the valley than in that on
the hill or plain. If less, this is what no one has
suspected. If more, how then, according to the newest
science, does the heat get out or the cold in ? Practical
men still cling to the belief that the excess of moisture
in the air of valleys, and the extraordinary energy of
aqueous vapour as a radiator of heat, is the cause of all
the extra mischief that is there wrought by the frost.
D. T. F., Oct. 14.

Daturas.— 1 send you a photograph of my bed of
Daturas. Except Roses, I find nothing so well repay
the trouble of cultivation. Those represented in the
photograph were planted out in May; they were
unprotected on the first night of the May frosts, and
on the second had only a net doubled thrown over
them. I syringe their leaves constantly, and give
plenty of water and liquid manure two or three times
a week. They had hundreds of flowers open at once.
The tallest is over eight feet high. I get two displays
of flowers yearly from the single ones, but the double,
with less flowers at a time, is m constant bloom during
the summer. They are now housed for the winter. 1
take them up with as much earth as I can, which in
my soil is not much, place them on a narrow border
behind the stage of the greenhouse, and cover their
roots with leaf-mould, and keep leaves and roots well
moistened. They lose part of their leaves and die back
a little, but easily recover in spring. I send you the
photograph, hoping that you will help me to induce
others to procure for themselves the treat that I
annually enjoy. I have often thought what a noble
sight would be afforded by a row of them in front of
the Orangery at Hampton Court, where they could
manage them in winter so much better than I can.
Portsdown. [The plants represented were most
abundantly bloomed, and deserve all that our corre-
spondent has said of them. The Datura when well
grown, is a truly regal plant for the flower garden, and
we are surprised it is not oftener met with in a well-
flowered condition. Eds.]

Nuneham Park Onion.— I purchased in the spring of
this year a packet (a pinch) of this Onion from a most
reliable source for 2s. &d., and half an ounce of the
well-known "White Spanish for 2d., in order to give the

Nuneham a fair trial against this variety, with which
it has been frer|iieutly compared. Both were sown on
a drill, the one following the other, on a piece of well
prepared and richly manured ground, and of course
obtained equal care in their after culture. During the
season they were seen liy at least a dozen competent
judges, all of whom failed to discover any matorial
difference between thorn, except that the White
Spanish was fully the larger of the two; and now that
they are lifted, I can safely allirm that if there is any
advantage in size the White Spanish has it. C. [The
Nuneham Park is doubtless, as has been often assorted,
merely a well selected "stock " of the White Spanish.
Eds.]

Christ's Thorn {Paliurus aculeatus).—! shall bo
thankful to any of your correspondents, who will
inform me whether this tree has proved hardy as far
north as Huntingdon, Bugby^ or Ludlow. I would
plant one in the churcliyard if its hardiness in such
latitude wore established; but Loudon only instances
its growth at Syou, Chelsea, Chiswick. and Oxford; and
I cannot find in the pages of your Journal any notice
of the way in which it has been affected by the frost
in any of the severe winters. Diss.

American Aloe. — I enclose you a photogra])h of an
American Aloe (Agave americana), which is in full
flower here at present on a terrace, with rockery in
front, about 200 yards from the sea. It was planted
ib years ago, in the spring of 18S2, and it began throw-
ing up its flower-stalk in May last. This has now
attained the height of 28i feet, and is about 2 feet
3 inches in (urcumference. Its floral branohlets
number 41. The colour of the flowers is bright yellow,
and as there are several suckers at the base now in
flower, on stems about 2 feet higi], tho whole has a very
handsome appearance. The Agave virgiuica flowered
here in 13lj2_, and A. Metus in 1863 ; the latter was about
8 feet in height, and ripened a large quantity of good
seeds. Agave lurida flowered in 1831, with a flower
stalk 20 feet 2 inches in height, but it ripened no seeds,
and was not so striking as the americana. Peter
McNeil, Or. to Earl of Ilchester, Abbotsbury Castle.
[The last time we saw the first-mentioned Agave in
bloom was in the year 18ii8, in the garden of the Star
and Garter Hotel, at Hichmond. It also flowered
beautifully a few years ago in the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Regent's Park. Eds.]

Vine Pruning. — " Early prune, early grow," if not
a proverb, is a common saying among the Vine growers
in the South of France. It was not without surprise,
therefore, that I read in a recent number of your paper
(see p. 1012), that the effect of early pruning the Vine
was still a secret in England, and that there was a
difficulty in reconciling it with the received theory of
"the function of leaves." If the facts stated by your
correspondent be really facts (as I have no doubt they
are), the sooner our theory is made to agree with them
the better ; and I may perhaps be permitted to show
that the French proverb is well founded, and that
there is nothing in it inconsistent with what we
believe to be the function of leaves. I must observe,
in the flrst place, that the question of pruning involves
something more than the removal of mere leaves. In
cutting off a branch, you remove along with the
leaves a number of sap-absorbing buds ; the single bud
then left upon the reduced branch will thenceforth
monopolise nearly the whole sap, of which it formerly
received only a small share. If the branch were not
removed, it is certain that the lowest bud, from which
you expect the fruit, would be very late in pushing,
if it pushed at all. It is the removal of the brano-h
which induces the bud to start; and the earlier that
is done the earlier will the bud be developed. The
policy of early pruning is a different affair, which it
is not necessary to discuss. In France, where there
are spring frosts, it is not much approved ; and in this
country, where the roots of Vines are outside the
house, I should think it better to retard than to advance
the buds, which are in a different climate. But I am
only An Amateur.

The Loquat, Eriobotrya japonica (see p. lOlS). —
I think that failures with this fruit must be attributed
to our murky sky and damp atmosphere, especially as
it is inclined to flower late in the season. If it could
be induced to flower early, or even in August, there
might be a chance of getting it to set its fruit. Some
20 years ago a large luxuriant plant of it occupied the
back wall of a (Damellia-house in the Glasnevin Botanic
Gardens ; I recollect trying my " prentice hand " on it
in the shape of ringing some of its branches, but
without success ; for I have been informed that it
never flowered. In the autumn of 1360, however,
when I had the charge of a large collection of plants in
the United States, a neglected pot-bound plant of it
flowered whilst under the shade of a huge Apple tree. I
removed it to a conservatory, where, though surrounded
by a miscellaneous collection of plants, and though the
house was kept at merely greenhouse temperature, it
set and ripened its fruit. It occurred to me at the
time that it would never do so in England, for the mouth
of October must have been somewhat advanced before
the operation of setting was complete. J. E, Dublin
Fine Loquats, as large as bantam's eggs, are imported
fromthe Western l3les,andsoldinCovent Garden. Eds.]

Piptanthus nepalensis.—l agree with your remark
(see p. 1048) that the Piptanthus nepalensis is
much less frequently seen than its merits deserve,
but the further observation that "it requires the
shelter of a waU," is quite contrary to my experience.
I have several plants growing m my grounds in the
open border, and though in the meridian of Durham,
growing vigorously and flowering well at their usual
season, the spring. " W. T." would I think, be dis-
appointed " in the elegant and graceful combinations
which he expects from training the Piptanthus or
Ana^yris, and the Wistaria together. The former,
iustoad of producing its flowers in pendent racemes like
the Wistaria and the Laburttum, produces them oa

1074

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AMD AGBICITLTURAL GAZETTE. [Ociobeb i9, i867.

rigid spikes like tliose of the Lupine, the yellow flower-
ing kind of which plant its blossoms resemble. Derwetit.

Hardiness of the single Med Camellia. — In the month
of June, 1886, 1 planted a single Red Camellia against a
wall in the flower garden — a good plant, nearly 4 feet
bigli. Up to this time it had been in-doors, growing
mostly under Vines, going through the hottest times
with them, when want of space often drives things not
much cared about into places not over congenial to
their existence, so that its previous treatment was any-
thing but calculated to fit it for the terrible frost of tlie
2d of January last. Among many other things this
Camellia was pronounced to be dead, but as there was
a chance of its "coming from the root" it was not
pulled up. Not only the bark seemed as if it had been
boiled, but the wood itself when cut was quite brown,
and appeared dead. Early in June, I examined
the plant, in order to see if there was any appearance
oftheexpectedgrowthfrom the bottom, when I was very
muchsurpiised to find that the supposed dead tree had
come to life again: numerous small red buds were
pushing ail over the plant, even one of the terminal
buds of the top was bursting. In ashort time the bark
in places began to peel oli', but under it young wood
was forming, something in the way in which it does
where bark has been broken off a healthy tree in spring,
and then covered over with the usual mixture of clay,
cow-dung, &c. During the past summer part of this
youna wood has died, but still sufficient is left to form
a medium all up and in places round the stem. It also
began soon to throw up several shoots from the bottom,
and these are now (October 5) 10 inches long.
Although it withstood the rigoui-s of the past winter
uukilled, during the summer it has been unfortunate,
for an over-officious khile, unknown to me, cut ofl' its
upper half. There are numbers of short shoots and
leaves upon the part remaining, but they do not look
so liealthy as the leaves and shoots from the bottom ;
and the probability is, that it will yet die down to those
shoots, as Pear trees on the walls here, from the effects
of the frost on tlie memorable Christmas eve of 1860,
continued to die, branch by branch, up to the summer
of 186i. To all appearance the single Red Camellia is
as hardy as the common Furze, which was killed to
the ground in this neighbourhood, even when partially
covered with snow, which I should consider a better
protection than the wall against which the Camellia is
growing. D. Buchanan, Dyrham Park.

Large Lord Siiffleld Apple. — A friend of mine has
just brought me a fruit of this variety which weighs
14 oz., and measures 13 inches in girth in the middle;
it was grown on a small plant four years old, and has
been planted in its present position about two years ;
the situation in which it grew is very high and
exposed, and upon a cold clayey soil. Is not this an
unusual size ? Fijrus, North Stafford.

Pinm Benthamiaiia. — Your correspondent. Dr.
Prior (see p. 1018) says that the cold on the Derby day
gave the death blow to the fine Pinus Benthamiana at
Tetten, but if the plant had been carefully examined I
fear that its death would have been found to have
arisen from other causes than frost. Was it grafted ?
We have lost many tine " worked" plants from canker
at the union of the graft with the stock, after they
have grown well for years, A few plants of P.
Benthamiana in the north of Yorkshire with-
stood the vvinter of 1880 and 1861, when the thermo-
meter fell to 13' below zero, and last winter it stood
when the mercury was below zero without having a leaf
browned. Two younger plants also withstood lait
winter without injury. For the north it is the best of all
long. leaved Pines. William Culverwell, Thorpe Perrom.
[Dr. Prior's remark refers to Benthamia IVagtfera, now
Cornus lapitata, not to Pinus Benthamiana. Eds]

Grape Judging.— 'Vheve is one essential in this dis-
cussion, on which all appear to agree, and that is, ihat
a definite set of rules by an authorised body should be
framed for the guidance of Grape judges. During the
present irregular state of matters cau it surprise us
that judges, while acting merely under ths dictation
of chance, should be constantly disagreeing among
themselves ? How frequently, too, do we find amateurs
appointed to adjudicate on Grapes — gentlemen who
unfortunately possess little information on the sub-
ject, and who only cultivate for their amusement a
few Sweetwater Grapes in a greenhouse, and who can
scarcely distinguish the difference between a Black
Hamburgh and a West's St. Peter's. The question
then may be asked. Is the reputation of exhibitors safe
in the keeping of judges of this description i" Equity,
I think, demands that only such judges shall be
appointed as have made Grape growing a special
study, and who fully understand the quality of Grapes.
One section of your correspondents contends that
badly or indiH'erently coloured Grapes are the best
flavoured, and that therefore they should be ticketed
No. 1. Surely this is a mistake, which ought to
meet with prompt rejection by every intelligent
gardener. Badly coloured Grapes are little better than
sugar and water manufactured under a system of
mismanagement. The following receipt, which I offer
gratuitously, will produce the much coveted result : —
Be careful to secure imperfectly ripened wood, increase
the temperature considerably when the berries begin
to colour. Confine the air of the Vinery as much as
possible, and maintain as much moisture in the house
as will effectually check perspiration. Give the roots
as much or more water than they can absorb, so that
the Vine may always contain a greater amount of
liquid than the leaves cau elaborate. In short, do all
that imagination can suggest to disarrange the
functions of the Vine, and the process will be
complete ! Under such a system of management
Nature must be tortured, and vitality sufllciently
weakened, to enable us to produce highly-flavoured
Grapes ! The mere statement, that red or badly
coloured Hamburghs are better than samples
thoroughly ripened and oarrying a, deep bloom, is in

itself so absurd that sensible people reject the asser-
tion. Why should the advocates of red colour call
upon us to commit so great an act of barbarity as to
deprive black Grapes of their inherent and natural
properties? As far as I have seen, no instructions will
enable us to overcome difliculties in regard to judging
so fully as the rules laid down by Mr. Meredith (see
p. 935). Under particular circumstances instances
may occur in which Grape- tasting may be a necessity,
but such cases rarely happen. As a rule, the practice
is deceptive, owing to the fact that those little asperities
on the tongue, called papillie, form the terminations of
the nerves to which flavour is acceptable, and by
means of a constant repetition of the same thing, the
sense of distinction is so greatly reduced as scarcely to
be of any service. Nothing would so much lessen the
labour of judges, or contribute more to an equal distri-
bution of justice, as the classification of Grapes into
different sections : their value could then be estimated by
means of the eye. Alexander Cramh, Tortioorth Court.

Pine Orowing.—The Pine, I think, ought to have a
little attention as well as the Grape. I have a Pine
stove under my care, from which I am able to out
more than i cwt. of Pines annually, the fruit weighing
from under 21b, to more than 5 lb. each. I have
no succession plants growing elsewhere, consequently
I have to grow and fruit my Pines in one stove.
I fruit mostly the suckers on the old stools. The
stove is 31 feet long and 15 feet 6 inches wide.
The pit in which the Pines are growing is 26 feet
6 inches long, and 6 feet 6 inches wide ; the bottom
heat is kept up by means of hot-water pipes;
there is a foot-path on two sides and one end, with
shelves all round for stove plants. I am able likewise,
each season, to get two crops of Melons from pots set
on the front curb. I believe it quite possible to supply
any moderate-sized family with Pines, from a single
stove, without succession pits. Although I have cut
more than 1'20 lb. weight of Pines since October, 1865,
there is at this time 19 fruit swelling oS', also a fine stock
of fruiting plants for next season. W- T., Manchester.
[We shall be happy to afi'ord our correspomleut an op-
portunity of explaining his mode of treatment. Eds.J

Old Favourites (see p. 976).— With a little reflection
I think that " Erica " might discover the reason why
such and such plants are not now so frequently seen at
exhibitions as they were some years ago. At the time
he mentions, our London shows commenced about the
first week in May, whereas now the first exhibition
generally takes place in the last week of that month, a
circumstance which necessitates the maintenance of a
much lower temperature for greenhouse plants than
used to be required for them. Consequently such
subjects as Leschenaultia biloba and formosa, Gom-
pholobium polymorphum, Boronia pinnata, &c.,
that will not withstand a continuous low temperature,
do not succeed so well now as they used to do. "Erica"
complains that nothing will now do that will not grow
" a yard in a year," and laments the absence of Clero-
dendrons, plants which the merest tyro can grow i feet
from a cutting within the 12 months. I suppose he is
equally sorry at not now seeing such plants as Coleo-
nemsis, Correas, Tropaiolums, Vincas, Diliwynias,
Mirbeiias, &c., shown in quantity as heretofore. At
the time your correspondent names. Azaleas were not
grown half so well as they are now, when such
plants as Acrophyllum venosum, Franciscoas, Heda-
roinas, &c., take the place of Ericas — favourites,
which, with the exception of lieschenaultias, are collec-
tively much quicker growers, far less etfective, and do
not require a fourth of the skill in cultivition as those
which have supplanted tiiem. Verily, between those
who grumble at the absence of old favourites, and
those who are equally disappointed that each year does
not furnish a totally different class of plants for the
exhibition table, plant growers are in a dilemma.
After all it is easy to find fault ; but if those who
grumble would give their signature instead of shelter-
ing under a nom de plume, we should then be able to
form some estimate as to what their opinions were
worth. Thos. Baines, Summerjield, Bowdon.

New Grapes.— What "Ebor" says (see p. 1049) about
the Royal Ascot Grape is certainly incorrect ; in proof
of which it was awarded a First-class Certificate at Bury
St. Edmund's, and at a full committee of fruit growers
at South Kensington its excellencies, and the justice of
the award were confirmed unanimously. As to its
being a winter Grape, "Ebor" will soon hear or see
something about that. Jno. Standish, Royal Nursery,
Ascot, BerJcs. [The Royal Ascot is admitted by all
who are well acquainted with it, to be a Grape possessing
most valuable qualities (see p. 1069). Eds.J

5»-&.— To-day (Oct. 16th), though so late in the
season, the Hiriindine family of birds are all busy on
the wing here (North Wilts). The swifts are soaring
very high in the air ; the swallows and martens are
flying low, and do not seem to be making preparations
for departure. /. K., Wilts.

Late Peas.— Enclosed are pods of Dillistone's Early
Pea gathered from a crop produced by this year's seed.
You will see that they are a good sample, and the
crop in general could not be a better one. We have
always considered Dillistone's Early to be a first-class
Pea for the last crop. Dillistone and Woodthorpe, Sible
Hedingham, JSssex. [The sample sent is in every way
satisfactory. Eds.]

Clubbing in Vegetables.— Can any of your readers
assist me in the following case :— I have charge of a
kitchen garden which has to furnish a large family
with vegetables, but clubbing is so prevalent, that
Cabbages, Broccoli, and Brussels Sprouts die outright.
The club where the roots should be, is in most instances
as large as a cricket ball. The ground is a stiff loam.
I have tried soot, lime, and guano water, but all have
hitherto been of no avail. F. S., Chertsey. [Wood
ashes dropped into tlie holes along with the plants
when put out might be used with good elfect. They
should also be liberally iuoorporfited with the soil of

the seed bed, as well as strewed plentifully over your
garden ground generally. Eds.]

Large Salway Peac/i.-l send for your inspection a
Sal way Peach, which is the largest that I have ever
before seen. It was grown on a tree 4j feet high in a
9-inch pot, in one of my Orchard-houses. The same
tree also bore three other fruit, one of which, dropped
prematurely, promised to have been even larger than
that now sent. I have gathered at least 20 dozen fruit
of this variety this autumn from trees in pots, and
each of the fruits has averaged from 11 to 12 inches in
circumference. Richard Smith, Worcester. [The
Peach in question measured 13J inches in circum-
ference, and weighed a little over 19 oz. It had a
beautiful appearance, its yellow skin having more red
in it than usual. As regards flavour, we had no oppor-
tunity of judging. Eds.]

Variegated Zonals for Bedding.—"^. E." asks
(p. 1048) which of the " Tricolor " Pelargoniums would
surpass Mrs. Pollock for a bed 15 yards from the
nearest point of view. I have no hesit.ation in saying
that Miss Watson will prove a much more effective
plant in every respect than Mrs. Pollock. Seen from
the distance it is grand. I have been growing what
I consider to be eight of the finest Tricolor Pelargoniums
which have been raised during the last few years, and
Miss Watson for brilliancy of colouring is superior to
them all, the leaves being so clear outside the zone,
while from its good constitution it is a valuable acqui-
sition for bedding. On the 4th September I received
a plant of Miss Watson ill a thumb pot ; the leaves are
now growing over the sides of a 48-pot. A. Donald^
son, Gr. to Lord Chesham, Latimers, Oct. 15. 1 pre-
sume your correspondent means '' Tricolors " already
in the trade. If so, Lady CuUum and Lucy Grieve are
both better than Mrs. Pollock, being much brighter,
either near at hand or afar off. -Lucy Grieve is not,
however, such a good grower, but Lady CuUum grows
even more freely than Mrs. Pollock, if that is possible.
D. T. F.

Royal Hohticulttjbal: Oct. 15.— Floral Comndttee.—Ur .B\x\l
contributed on this occasion an interestinst collection of plants,
among whicli the following received First-class Certiticates,
viz., Encephfilartoslanuginosa(Hort.), agracefuMooklngswecies
with long, slender, downy stems, on which the narrow leaves
are arranged in a somewhat pectinate form ; Aacuba japonica
mascula marmorata, a mottled variety, bearing considerable
resemblance to the ordinary Aucuba, but having tlie colours
more intense and therefore better contrasted ; A. japonica
foemina grandis, a noble variety, with large, broad, green glossy
foliage ; Polystichum angulare cristato-gracile, a slender-grow-
ing sort, with slightly crested fronds ; Athyrium Filix-fcemina
pulchen'imum, a small neat-growing variety ; and Lastrea
Filix-mas crispa gi-acilis, a kind with compact short stiff
fronds. One or two other vaiieties of Ferns were also
furnished by Mr. Bull, who sent, moreover, examples
of the pretty Trichiniuia Mauglesii, and other plants. From
Mr, Anderson, gr. toT. Dawson, Esq., Meadow Bank, Glasgow,
came some finely -flowered cut Orchids. Mr. Bowie, gr,,
Chillingham Castle, received a First-class Certificate for a new
Lobelia, named Little Gom, a compact-growing kind, with
white blossoms, broadly edged \yith blue. From Mr, Watson,
St. Alban's, came basketfulls of young plants of his Variegated
Zonal Pelargoniums Miss Watsonaud Mrs Dix, which, although
said to be only struck some 10 weeks ago, quite covered the
surface of the pots in which they were growing with finely-
coloured foliage. They were exhibited in order to show tho
inherent constitutional vigour by which these two now well-
known varieties are distiufJuisUed. Ealing Rival, a charming
new Variegated Zonal, came from Mr. Stevens, who received a
First-class Certificate for it. Other Variegated Zonal Pelar-
gouiums were fm-nished by Mr. Aldred, Kilburn, and Mr.
Walsh, Hillingdon. A collection of Orchids was shown from,
the Society's garden, among which w;is a remarkably well-
grown and beautifully-flowered plant of Odontoglossumgrande,
to which a Special Certificate was awarded. Paintings of
fruits and Pelargonium leaves, executed by Miss Fothergill,
Somerset House, Old Shirley, Southampton, were shown by
that lady, who deservedly received mu-jh praise for their
beauty and general faithfulness. Mr. McRonald, Nurseryman,
Chichester, contributed ripe fruit ot Passiflora coerulea New-
mani, a useful hardy Passion-flower, the beautiful bluo
blossoms of which are -succeeded by handsome orange fruity
each as large as a pullet's egg. Messrs. F. & A, Smith had a
collection of variegated Zonal Pelargoniums.

Fruit CommUtee. — On this occasion Mr. Ward, gr. to T. V.
Miller, Esq., Bishop Stortford, sent three handsome Smooth
Cayenne Pines, weighing respectively 10^, 10, and Oj lb.
They were awarded a Special Certificate. Mr. Whiting, The
Deepdene, Dorkmg, exhibited fruit of Croft Castle Pear,
British Queen, Windsor, and BeurrtS Hardy, all excellent in
flavour. Heniy Webb, Esq , Redstone Manor, Rcdhill, fur-
nished specimens of several varieties of Pears, to show the
effect of tho past season on the ripening of the fruit :
some of which were cankered, and others much cracked.
Mr. Wells, of Southend, Essex, sent Black Hamburgh Grapes,
grown in his patent ground Vineries, which were equal in
size to what are usually grown in ordinary Vineries, but m
colour they were a little deficient. He also sent bunches of
Muscat of Alexandria, grown in the same structures, but they
were not up to the mart in regard to flavoui-. The Committee
awarded these Grapes a Special Certificate. Mr. Bye, gr. to
R. Arkwright, Esq., Hampton Court, Leominster, sent a
Seedling Nut; Messrs. Downie, Laird, & Laing, a Seedling
Kitchen Apple, raised at North Berwick House, East Lothian ;
and Mr. Aldred, Kilbrrn, a Seedling Apple, called Aldred's
Seedling, which was, however, not considered distinct from
existing kinds. Mr. Penfold, gr. to J. Cockle, Esq., M.D.,
West Moulsey, furnished fruit of a White-spiue Cucumber.
Mr. Colbourne, gr. to J. Blyth, Esq., Woolhampton, had a
dish of Salway Peaches, large and handsome, and of pretty
good flavour ; they had been grown under glass. Mr. Rivers.of
Sawbridgeworth, sent fruit of a seedling Peach. He said,
"I send two Pavies, the sort a seedlint,^ ndsed from that
favourite late Peach (with the Americans), tho Heath Cling-
stone, which it resembles. Downing calls the Heath 'the
most superb and delicious of all the Clingstones.' In ISO'S the
sort now sent was a mass of syrup. This season has not been
warm enough ; still, the flavour is remarkable from the perfect
absence of the prussic acid smack. These white Pavies may
bo kept the greater part of November on the trees and in the
fruit-room, and are very ornamental for the dessert." The
Committee was, however, of opinion that the fruit is not cal-
culated to ripen sufliciently in this climate. Tho Rev. George
Kemp brought a dish of Dunmore Plums, which had hung
on the tree till they shrivelled, and the flavour was sweet
and excellent. Mr. Kemp stated that he had the fruit in the
dessert i» December. From the g^vdee of the Society came »

OCTOBEE 19, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CIIRONIOLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1075

collection; of Tomatos, as well na 'nilt of the Peai^ahaped
Service, and of the Gros Colman Giapo. Mr. William Funl, of
Waltbam Cross, exhibituci au interefltiufjr collection of coiTcctly
named Apples lunl Pears. Mr. IJye cuntnljuted some fine
spcciioouft uf White Spanish Oiiiun ; and Mr. Lidgavd, of
Hammur.sniitb. received a Special Cerlifieate for a very
mcriti>iii>ii3 Lxliil-ilion of Cclory. It consisted of Uowar's
NortlitinilidlmJ l'h:.mpion, Colo's Rupcrb Red, Widl's
InvineiMo, ami Maneli.jKtcr Solid Red. Mr. Lirlsarfi also
received a Special Certiftcato for fine examples of OniMiis,
consisting' of Danvers, New Venetian, Giant Tripuli, and tliat
called Nunehiiui Park. Mr. Rivers oxbibited examples* "f the
stocks used for dwarfinj? tlio growth of the Apple tree,
Thoy were:—" No. 1. Tbu French l')i>ncin, on which Apples
grow very well, but it docs imt keep up (»'. e., swell) wilh a
vifforniis-gniwintf sort. No. 2. The Broad-leaved Paradise, an
English stock, raised here (Sawbridgu worth) from seed. This
sort roots freely at the suifiice, Bwolls with tho graft, and
makes healtliy productive trees. No. 3. The Nonsucb Para-
dise, an English stock, raised her-) from (it is supposed) tho
Nonsuch Apple. Like No. 2, it roots freely at tho surface,
swells with the graft, and forms healtby pro'.hictivo ireus. It
retains its leaves, and Rrows freely till late in aiitumn. It
strikes freely from cuttings, and is found to bo a distinct and
valuable stock."

Notice? of aSoofts.

MLtcellanies : hehi<j a Collection of Memoirs and

Assays on Scientific and Literanj Subjects, i\'*c. By

Charles Daubeny, M.U., F.R.S. 2 vols., 8vo.

Oxford : Parker & Co.
The memoirs collected together in these volumes have
beeu published at various times within the last
30 j'ears. Most of them were originally issued in
various scientific and literary periodicals, but some
were made public in the form of separate pamphlets or
as addresses to public bodies. Some also have been
printed from time to time in our own columns.
Professor Daubeny has classed them under four heads,
as follows : — 1, E.xperimeuial Essays on the growth of
plants ; 2, Geological Memoirs, relating specially to
volcanic phenomena, mineral springs, &c., on which our
author is the highest authority in this country ;
3, various essays on scientific subjects ; and i, similar
memoirs on literary subjects.

Favoured by the circumstances of his position as
Professor of Chemistry, Botany, and Eural Economy
in the University of O.tford for many years, and still
holding the two last named appointments. Professor
Daubeny has throughout his distinguished career been
the energetic and consistent advocate of measures cal-
culated to widen the influence, and enhance the value
of the university of which he is a member. The recog-
nition of the natural and physical sciences as a
branch of education worthy of forming part of the
university curriculum, tho establishment of a well
appointed museum and laboratory in Oxford, are
matters for which the university and the public in
general have in very great degree to thank Dr.
Daubeny. His liberal and enlarged notions, honever,
"Would probably not have been so successful as they
have been, had they not been etliciently supplemented
by the numerous series of practical researches, espe-
cially in chemical matters bearing on vegetable
physiology and agriculture, the record of which may
be found in the volumes before us.

These works supply an illustration of the value of
establishing, in connection with a botanic garden, a
laboratory and an experimental garden such as we
have from time to time advocated. Such an establish-
ment, thanks in great measure to the munificence of
the present and of former Professors of Botany,
Oxford has had, and the reader has but to glance
down the table of contents of these volumes to see
what has been the result.

The number of observers in this country, who devote
themselves to the chemical history of plants, and to
the physical phenomena presented by these organisms,
is comparatively small, mainly, we believe, from the
want of facilities, such as we have alluded to, and yet it
must not be forgotten that Dr. Stephen Hales, whose
wiitings are still referred to as standard authority, was
hut a country parson in the reign of Charles the
Second, and his apparatus would probably excite a
smile could it now be seen.

It is not necessary to enter at any length into the
subject-matter of ihe volumes now before us. Many
of the facts recorded have taken their place in the text
hooks and manuals as part of the science of the day,
while some have become so incorporated with it, that
the history of their origin is, says Dr. Daubeny, in
danger of being forgotten. In this fear, however, we
do not share. Even in the case specially alluded to by
'the Professor, viz., the discovery of the fact that the
luminous rays of the spectrum exert the most powerful
action on the living plant, as measured by the quantity
of oxygen gas given off, while the chemical and calorific
rays are inert, there is hardly a text book in which
full credit is not given to Dr. Daubeny. His experi-
ments have been extended and confirmed by Draper,
Gladstone, Sachs, and others, and were commented on
in Professor De Candolle's address to the Botanical
Congress of London in 1866.

Other memoirs relating to the germination of seeds,
the emission of ozone, the functions of roots, the rota-
tion of crops, the mineral phosphates of Spain, as well
as those on geological, literary, and other subjects,
we can only thus allude to ; but .we may express our
opinion that Dr. Daubeny has rendered an additional
service to science by reprinting these essays, while the
general reader can hardly fail to admire the elegant
classical style in which the less technical papers are
written.

Anleitung zum Plan-ZeicJinen nach der Lenns^schen

Methode, ^0. Bearbeitet von G. Burmester,

Brunswick: Viehweg & Son, 1867. 8vo, pp. 29.

with 10 plates. (Guide to Plan Drawing, &c.)

Such a help for the self-instructing young gardeners of

this country has long been looked for, but has not yet

been supplied, la Germany, too, the author tells

us, bulky and expensive volumes only, inaccessible to
the class most in want of a.s.sistance, were to bo had ;
and liaving a largo number of pupils to instruct ho was
at loss for a simple, cunciso. and c^hcap manurd, where-
with to guide them iu tho ccmtiiiuiition of their studies
at home. The little book before us is well calculated
to attain the ohjoct in view, being unusually brief and
inlelligiblo for a German production.

Instructions arc given for every stage of plan draw-
ing, from the cutting of a goose quill to tho complete
coloured design, but the practical directions for laying
out a garden are too ineagr(> tn bo of much service
The method hero taught is calleil Ijcnnd's, but how ii
differs from that generally pursued it would bodilliimlt
to say, unless it be that tho figures employed to distin-
guish the different trees and shrubs *' were suggested
by Nature," and are easily recognised in a well-executed
design. To represent single trees or chimps of trees and
shrubs, a series of counected bows is made use of, more
or less flat and obtuse, or elongated and obtuse, or
acute, according to the general outline of the subject
intended. We liope to see something of the same .sort
done for English gardeners soon, for it is really deplo-
rable how few of them have any idea of the subject,
still fewer being capable of drawing a decent plan ;
but it is not entirely their own fault, because the books
are beyond their means.

^6e glpfarg.

Bee-Feedino. — I have a few remarks to make on
this subject, in addition to what I wrote last week.
Again let me advise that all feeding should be got over
as quickly as possible. The administration of small
quantities at intervals of a day or two, sustained
during several weeks, is very injurious ; a constant
state of excitement being kept up. Excitement is
necessarily accompanied with great waste. Bees con-
sume the food, which, instead of being stored and sealed
in the cells, is employed as fuel to supply the heat
given off from their bodies, and the consequent extra
nutriment required.

A friend informed me, at the time he instituted the
experiment, of the results of feeding in driblets, and in
larger quantities. A stock selected was suspended to a
Salter's balance, and tho weight accurately noted.
The bees were then treated with very small quantities
at a time, extending over a period of many days, until
exactly 16 oz. of food had been supplied. The hive
then had increased in weight only 1 oz. It was now
given 16 oz. of the same food, at one dose. This was
all carried down by the following morning, and the
hive exhibited an increase of exactly 15 oz. The expe-
riment was repeated more than once with the same
result.

A gentleman near me, who has become a bee
keeper this summer, told me with great self-satisfac-
tion that he had given his hive plenty of food, good
honey, which he had placed in a saucer before the
porch, and kept constantly renewed for several weeks.
I strongly advised him against this injudicious mode
of proceeding, and promised to go out to put him in a
better way. When I did so, the first object that met
my eye was the saucer of honey standing close before
the entrance. As might be supposed, the bees were in
great excitement, and engaged in carrying on a suc-
cession of petty fights with would-be invaders, among
whom I recognised in considerable force, either my
own, or another gentleman's Ligurians. Removing
the saucer, I examined the interior of the hive ; find-
ing, as I expected, but a very limited amount of stored
food ; the bees by no means very numerous, having
doubtless been continually suffering diminution, owing
to the long-continued guerilla warfare. According to
my directions a pickle bottle was fitted up as a feeder,
and a copious supply given on the top— the entrance
of the hive being contracted, to enable the bees the
better to defend their castle.

A ffew years ago I had a hive tenanted by a swarm
on theSOthof May. The box was suspended to a Salter's
balance ; the weight then registered being exactly 20 lb.
They were fed nearly every day up to June 10th
without any increase in weight, much being required
for the combs, which were being rapidly built. On
this date a second swarm was united to it, thereby
increasing the weight to 22j lb. Pood being still
supplied, the register stood as under— all the mai'kings
being of gross weights :—

in elongating, filling and sealing the cells. I need
hardly say that the season had been a very wretched
one for bees and honey. The following year tho same
stock gave me a splendid super of LI lb. weight: never-
theless I would not recommend such cojiious supplies
being administered to any colony, nor is it advisable
to continue it for so protracted a ;ieriod. S. Bevan Fox.

Shason of 1867.— A gentleman in the south of
Devon, usually a very succe.fsful bee-keeper, gives a
very unfavourable report of tlie honey harvest iu his
neighbourhood. Ho says:— "I liavo not h;id one
swarm this year. I have only one super partly filled,
aiu! that has been bred in very considerably. Never, ia
all my experience, have I h id so miserable a seiison.
Those terrible years, 1800 and 1862, were cxi:ell6nt
compared to the suinnicr just jiassed by. A bee-
keeper near me has IS or 20 stocks; but bo has not
taken one super, and has had only two or three late
swarms.

" My single stock of Egyptians is still alive, thnugli
the queen has turned out to he a thorough drone-
breeder, and nothing else. But sui-h drones as they
were,— perfect beauties. These Egyptian bees are
the mo4 aggravating creatures I ever saw." South
Hams, Devon.

From some other districts we have very similar com-
plaints as to the honey harvest, and the paucity of
swarms during the late season. We should be glad if
some others of our correspondents would favour us
with the benefit of their experience, as it is useful and
interesting to be able to compare notes.

June

10.

Wei

11

Pert

u.

Do.

July

3.

Do.

7

Do.

,,

10.

Do.

,,

13.

Do.

,,

14.

Do.

lb.

oz.

.. 22

4

24

2.1

e

0

27

0

. 30

0

31

R

32

8

33

12

lb.

02

July 19. Not fed )

32

0

„ 26. Do. ..

31

a

„ 27. Do. ..

32

8

„ 30. Fed .. (.

32

0

Aug. 3. Do. .. )

33

8

Not fed till Aug. 22

Aug. 22

31

0

Fed tm Sept. 30

Sept. 30

40

0

On the 23d of August feeding was carried on more
liberally. On examining the combs late in Sep-
tember, I found most of them well filled with sealed
brood, and larva) in all stages. On the 30th of
September, when the hive turned the scale at 10 lb.,
all feeding was discontinued. Fifteen days after it
exhibited a loss of 6 lb. 8 oz., the index standing at
34 lb. 8 oz. This decrease must have been in con-
sequence of the demands made upon the stores by the
large quantity of growing larvee. Two months after-
wards, on the 4th of December, the hive had lost only
1 lb. more. I believe that over 50 lb. of food was given
at the two periods of time over which the feeding was
extended, vet on the loth of October the stock weighed
only 11 ; lb. more tlian it did on being first peopled on
May 30th. , , ^ ,

About 20 lb. had beeu supplied up to the 17th July,
when, on inspection, I found the box nearly full of
combs, but with little stored food. The second more
extensive feeding amounted to about 30 lb., and was
chiefly employed in rearing a great quantity of brood,

Garden Memoranda.

Me. Thomas Methven's Nuhseries, Bdis-
BnRGH.— The principal nursery ground of this esta-
blishment is situated in Leith AValk, abroad promenade
between the cities of Edinburgh and Leith. It is
rather a choice spot of ground, at a level considerably
lower than that of the road, and is consequently seen
to advantage. The seed warehouses and offices confront
the road, and form a centre block to the strip of ground
which leads to the nursery proper. Oneitherside of the
walkarespacious borders, which were wont to be devoted
to purely bedding cut plants. Since there has beeu
some disposition manifested to look more to per-
manent decorative objects, the tide in this nursery has
turned more to Conil'eric, to some of the ornamental
Yews, to Hollies, of which there is much variety in
point of form and colour, and to Aucubas and such like
things, which, when arranged in lines, in souietbinglike
order, present a picture very pleasing to look at from
either extremity, and also compel a more formal notice
iu passing down the border. Along with these occur
such things as Picea Nordmanniaua, P. nobilis, and
others of a similar caste, which are often enough named
in describing places under " Garden Memoranda,"
and are singularly appropriate. Planted as they are
somewhat systematically, the lifting them away for
"nursery orders," even in consider ible numbers, does
not mar the " general effect." Although these are all
beautiful, there is a grace imparted by the introduction
of numerous Weepiug Willows, Ashes, and Elms, and
sui;h other habited plants, which are highly desirable
for all places where effective combination is studied.

At the end of these borders stands the block of houses
built for plant stock requiring that sort of accom-
modation. Pelargoniums seem here, as everywhere, to
be a leading feature, and there is much demand for
everything new and good. The advantage of keeping
plants near the glass is apparent at once, from the
shrubby, viridescent appearance they bear. Soft-wooded
plants especially seem to claim immediate contiguity
with their artificial covering, and an abundant supply of
light. These houses are very light— not in make, but
in reference to the diffusion of the important element
in plant growth— having the strong astragals placed
about 15 inches apart. Besides this, such houses have
elegance to recommend them, and our great amateur
growers would do well to study this carefully before
looking so much to grand exteriors,and lofty but obscure
buildings, which have the merit of keeping plants
pining out a miserable existence. Another advantage
which is appreciated here and practicable everywhere,
is that of having houses of two different temperaiurps,
only divided from one another by a glass partition. We
seethe use of it palpably here for young stock that are
potted off from the cutting pots, encouraged for a time
in heat, and transferred at next shift to " harden off"
into the cooler department. In soft-wooded stock,
especially where multiplication is in the first place an
object, and where " tidy," good, fresh specimens are iu
request (as they always are), such an arrangement, when
well worked, suggests itself to every practical mind.
In the hard-wooded department are some excellent
Heaths of all the leading sorts; Epacrises equiliy
numerous; Camellias in various sizes; and Azaleas
and New Holland plants, each having house accommo-
dation to themselves.

Vines in pots are vastly on the increase. Time was
when there were not tens reared for the hundreds now
grown in the Edinburgh nurseries, and yet there is
now far less of a residue at the end of the season.
This speaks more forcibly than anything else of
the immense impetus that has beeu given to the
trade in "Vines in recent years. Every one appears
to be able to grow Vines from eyes well now-a-days, so
that the purchaser may fruit them the foUmying
year. This was not always the case, but by skilful
practice we are now able to get the plants iu a con-
dition from which a maximum result can be obtained.
Another " wrinkle," this time from Mr. Methven, vras
placed at our disposal. Instead of wintering the plants
against the face of a wall, or some other convenient
place a large wooden shed is erected, and when th»
wood of the vearlings is thoroughly ripened, and rest 13
an object in the annual routine, the plants are all set la

1076

THE (lAB^ENEHS' CHRONlOtE AND AGi^TCTTT,TtJRAL GAZETTE, Ociobee id, ise?,]

" apple-pie order " in this shed. The wisdom of the
practice is apparent. Neither root nor stem are exposed
to sudden changes, and above all the icy grasp of
inclement frost is warded off, and the baneful effects
that follow in those plants which are e-xposed to " all
weathers" is prevented. No distorted cells, nor
frozen-up vessels, no infringement of plant physiology,
which no amount of after-doctoring can ever make up
for, need be feared with a provision of this kind ;
but the plants when called upon to grow, will push
away strong and vigorous.

The forest tree department of the nursery is not
very large, but what is cultivated is done well. The
quarters of ground all over this strath are unusually
fertile, and with artificial ingredients in the shape
of manures, both farmyard and artificial, a vast
amount of vigour is induced There are some 32 acres
in the nurseries we are writing about, and every
available spot seems clad with saleable stock.

In the Stanwell Nurseries, a little nearer the bed of
the Firth, is the famous Rhododendron ground. In ;
this department particularly Mr. Methven has long
taken a deep interest, and has always kept up a position
in the van of his compeers. His stock of this valuable
shrub is as varied as it is large, and the beauty of all is
that the plants are in the best possible condition. We
need not weary with details of varieties, but there is bed
after bed of them in specially prepared quarters, each
quarter protected with abeech hedge. Nothing can pos-
sibly be more gorgeous than these in the blooming season.
There are about 600 different varieties, including many
seedlings, which are arranged in the " show ground,"
and have rather extra allowance provided for them.
The natural tilth here seems to be all that could be
wanted for successful culture, but in the division to
which we allude, there are several hundred cartloads of |
peat introduced, which imparts a colour to the foliage
that no loam of any colour can ever induce. Along |
with this, is given an annual top-dressing of farmyard
manure, which no one need feel alarmed to introduce ,
among a group of Ehododendrons. i

Here we met with gigantic Rhubarb, growing by
the water-courses which thread their way uncovered,
from the city drainage, through this ground to the river.
A better plan could not be devised, nor one more in
accordance with the " drouthy " habit of the plant.
Plantations are made on either side of these courses on
the brink of the water-run, and as the roots grow so is
the nourishment provided. The young plant has good
tilth to induce root propagation, and when it increases
in growth it comes in contact with more stimulating
ingredients. In this way, and in many ways, such
valuable material can be utilised without interfering
with the olfactory nerves of a growing population. Of
course the drainage is conveyed in covered drains until
it reaches the fields, and is utilised afterwards. J. A.

Miscellaneous.

Test for Alkalies.— A. new and highly sensitive
reagent for alkalies and alkaline earths has recently
been discovered by Professor Bbttger in the leaves of
Coleus Verschaffeltii. The reagent is prepared by
digesting the fully developed leaves of this plant in
alcohol, and impregnating slips of Swedish filter paper
with the solution obtained. This test paper is of a
beautiful red colour, which becomes green under the
influence of an alkali or alkaline earth. It is not
affected by free carbonic acid, so that it may be used
for detecting traces of carbonate of lime in water.

Orass Sponge. — A natural product called Grass
Sponge, and found in profusion on the coral reefs of
the Bahamas and coasts of Mexico and Florida, has
lately come into use in America. It is said to make
a much better stuffing for beds, chairs, &c., than any
kind of hair.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Thunbergia fragrans, which is perhaps one of the
most beautiful of winter-flowering stove plants, will, if
properly treated, be very gay now, and will continue to
flower onward through some of the duller winter
months. It is to be regretted that flowers of such
matchless whiteness have not that " fragrance " which
the name would lead us to believe they possessed ; for
though they are reported to have that great merit in
plenitude in theirnativecouutry,Icanuot butregard the
term here as a misnomer. This I took occasion to protest
against when I introduced it a year or two ago. These
remarks specially apply to the variety with wider and
much thicker leaves than the narrovv-foliaged variety
originally introduced. AmarylUds, Tydeas, Begonias^
Nematanthus, Justiciar, and similar plants, will now
become valuable in the way of aflbrding a supply of
flowering plants through the earlier autumn months,
and should therefore receive every encouragement
possible by being placed in warm open sunny positions,
care being taken not to water them overhead, or other-
wise to moisten them at this season. Where sufficient
stock exists, some such subjects as the following maj
have their flowering period materially prolonged by
introducing them in small quantities at various inter-
vals through the earlier winter mouths into an advance
of temperature compared with that in which the
general stock is placed, viz., Zijgopetalums, J£tiphorhia
jacquiiiijlora, I'JiaJus, J)endrohiuiii chrysanthwn.
J'entas, &c., which generally thrive well in mixed
stoves; whilst a few Ci/clameiis of the Persian breed,
MonochtEt^tms, Oleas, Daphnes, Citrus, &c., might be
made extremely useful in greenhouses. Let us not,
morever, overlook Indian Azaleas, which, however,
may be classed under the general term of forcing
plants, a few of which, according to the
more prominent reciuirements of iudiviaual places,
should be introduced at any time. It wiU be

understood, however, that plants forced very early are
not nearly so likely to produce an abundant display of
flowers, as others started in three or four weeks' time,
and with the well-ripened tint of autumn well
impressed upon them. Let me here remind those who
are anxious to have a good display of forced flowers
throughout the winter, that besides /oi'oerf Bulbs gene-
rally. Azaleas, Bhododendrons, and similar plants,
there are a few unique subjects which ought not to be
ovei-looked. I refer to the exeedingly free blooming
Japan Cherrij (Cerasus japonica flore-pleno alba),
small plants of which forced are objects of great beauty.
Hoteia japonica, which bears pyramidal masses of
white Spirea-like inflorescence, is another useful addi-
tion. To flower it— forced in small pots— well-grown
clumps, prepared in a manner similar to what conti-
nental Lilies of the Valley are, must be procured.
Deutzia crenatajlore-pleno ; some half-dozen varieties
of the Double-Jlowered Peach; Weigela rosea variegata,
Magnolia Lenne, &c., are all equally desirable, and
should be procured if possible, together with the
Variegated Solomon's Seal, which is one of the best
forcing plants with which I am acquainted ; as is also
the new Double crimson Thorn, specimens of which
have been exhibited so freely during the past season.
Chrijsanthemums cannot well be overdone with liquid
manure now, as the season in which they are about to
flower has arrived. Do not omit to sprinkle them
frequently overhead, where this is compatible with the
requirements of other plants which necessarily remain
in any house along with them. This practice constantly
pursued, added to a constant supply of water to the
root, aflbrds certain security of having a beautifully
green foliage, down to the very base, without which the
best grown specimens fail fully to display the whole
beauty of which they are capable.

FOKOING HOUSES.
Do not longer delaj^ covering with suitable material
all Vine borders which are fuUj^ exposed to rains.
Eemove any laterals, or leaves which show symptoms
of ripening, and which throw too great a shade over
hanging Grapes, or which are likely to unduly impede
a free circulation of air. Be particular not to slop
water about in any unnecessary quantities, in watering
any "bedding stuff," or other plants which may be
placed in Vineries to winter. Once a crop has been
used from any Vinery, .set to work immediately with
the view of giving it the necessary cleansing out.
Should the canes be fairly ripened, cut away all loose
hanging laterals without reserve, and remove ripened
foliage freely, as "the Vines are benefited thereby."
This practice seems reasonable, as any super-
abundant sap— or I may ^ say any that the plant
may be in possession of— is as a matter of course
equally distributed throughout every bud of which the
Vine is possessed. We afford the fruiting plant a suf-
flciency of wood to properly develop as many leaves
as possible, compatible with the limited amount of
space each has to occupy, for the double purpose of
duly elaborating the sap, to carry the crop to perfec-
tion, and of imbuing it with vigour properly to form
and ripen wood for the wants of the following year.
When the crop, therefore, has ripened off, and good
wood has been laid in store, the leaves, ripening to
decay, perform their office languidly ; it is therefore
highly feasible that to ripen and plump up the whole
of the minor buds at the extremity of each lateral and
sub-lateral, is to rob the main rod of some portion of
its vigour, and hence the principal buds of their full-
ness. By all means the main thing to study in
connection therewith is the following fact. _ See that
the Vines are going to rest beyond a possibility of
pushing any of the buds upon the laterals shortened.
This will be readily known by the ripened state of the
wood, and by the foliage advancing to decay. Give air
freely when once the house has been put in order,
even to the admission of a few degrees of frost, should
that be possible without injuring any migratory
subjects stored therein for the winter. It is possible
that the wood in some late Peach-houses, being over
robust, ripens too slowly. Should this be so in any
instance, it will be well to keep a slight amount of
warmthin the heating apparatus. Give abundanceof air
therewith upon all sides during the day, but only at the
apex of the house at night. To allow the air to
enter, surcharged as it is this season with moisture,
at the front, would be to damp all the foliage. Do not
delay longer the planting out in their proper winter
quarters all Cucumber plants intended for winter
fruiting. A good maximum bottom-heat of 95' should
be maintained, with from 75° to 80° as the tempera-
ture of the house, added to abundance of air upon all
favourable occasions.

HARDY FRUIT GARDES'.
Get all Strawbernj Plants grown in pots, and
intended for forcing, under some form of shelter ; and
properly secure the roots from the possibility of being
frozen. ' Keeping this in view, they should be plunged
in a good depth of cinder ashes, old tan, leaves, or
similar material, in any frame where some sort of
upper protection can be afforded, should the weather
eventually set in very severe. Allow free exposure to
theouterair,wlienoncetheyare properly secured in their
winter quarters. The only exception necessary will
be at any time when excessive or long-continued rain
sets in ; the shelter of the lights or so wiU then be of
some benefit to them.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN'.
As soon as the beds have been emptied of their
suiumer-bloomiug plants they should be forked over
and again planted with plants for early spring flower-
ing. The Porget-me-Nots (Mi/osotis), whether blue
or white, make charming beds when blooming en masse
in the early spring. These should now be planted
about 4 inches from plant to plant. Silene pendula
and S. pendula alba are equally useful, and, if the
plants are strong, the former will be sufficiently high

to form a centre to the beds of blue Porget-me-Not.
The blue and yellow Cliveden Pansies, the latter of
which is in greatest request, as it contrasts best with the
blue and pink just alluded to, might also be planted
now. Nor must the elegant little Saponaria calahrica
and its white-flowered variety, with Collinsia
grandijlora, C. seraa, and C iscoior, be overlooked; the
former of these forms the most compact of all flowering
plants for edgings — ^™iw, in several varieties,
equalling it as a foliage plant. I have before directed
that new seed of Collinsia verna be procured and
sown at once. This is the most striking of all spring-
flowering annuals, and should be slightly protected in
winter. It is to be regretted that old seed will not
germinate with any show of success. Wallflowers
might now be removed into beds. They will flower
freely in the spring, and form excellent centres for
large beds.

KITCHEM GARDEN.
Let me repeat that all root crops should be taken up
with as little delay as possible. Be very careful in
drawing Beet not to break any of the roots, and do not
in any way injure the crown in the process of removing
the leaves. The least injury in this wise will cause
them to lose their colour, and to become insipid when
cooked. These, like Carrots, keep best pitted in the
open ground. Parsnips should never be taken up
until wanted for cooking; they become hard aud
stringy if long out of the ground. W. JS.

STATE OF THE WEATHEK AT CHISWICK. NEAR LONDON,
For the Week ending Oct, 16, 1867. aa observed atthe Horticultural Gardens.

^

Tejipeeitdre.

Wind

October.

BiaousTEn.

Of the Air.

Of tbe Earth

'%

^<j

Max.

Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

1 foot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thurs. 10
Friday 11
Satur. 12
Suuday 13
Mon. li
Tues. 15
Wed. 16

13
U
15
O
17
18
19

30.098
30.179
29.831
29.591
29.760
29.750
29.83i

29.670
29.924
29.753
29.513
29.629
29.7.0
29.783

55
53
47
53
55
58
61

26
38
33
38
45
47
45

40.5
45.5
40.0
45.5
50.0
52.5
51.5

51

51
51
51
51
51
50

51
51
51
51
51
51
52

N.
S.W.
N.E.
N W.

S.

S.

S.

.00
.15
02
05
.01
.20
.00

Averatre

29 863 29.715

55.0

38,3 1 46.9

50 8 1 51.1

0.46

Oft. 10-Cloudj- and damp ; tine ; clear and frosty.

— ll-Foggy; rain; heavy rain at ni^-ht.

— 12 - FoKKJ throuffliout ; cold at ni^ht.

— 13— Low fog ; dull and cloudy ; fo2s.v «t ni^ht.

— li-Foggy ; cloudy and fine ; clear and tine.

— 15— Cloudy and damp ; fine ; heavy rain in evening ; clear.
16— Cloudy and damp i flue; overc;ist at niijht.

Mean temperature of the week , 4 deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER, AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Oct. 2G, 1867.

-sjp:'

Sunday

Mon,

Tues.

Wed. ,

Thui-3.

Friday ,

Satur.

.20 59.1 I

.21! 58.3

.32 58.9

.23 582

.24: 56.2

.25: 58 0

.26 55.5

No. of
Years in
which it
llained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Kaia

Prevailing Winds.

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
22d 1863-therm. 69 deg.; and tbe lowest ou the 23d, 1859— therm.
17 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Gyunooeasima : / C Mundell. A very haudsome sport,
Gymnogi-amraa peruvLaua argyrophylla cristata. Whether
it be the result of a cross between G. peruviana and
G. Wetenhalliana we cannot say ; the genus is notoriously
sportive.

Names of Fruits: S R H. Pears: 1, BeurnS Diel ; 2, Grosse
Calebasse. Apples : 3, Golden Reinette ; 4, Scarlet Pear-
main. -.4 G. 1, Hacon's Incomparable ; 2, Marie Louise; 3,
Louise Bonne (of Jersey) : 4, Comte de Laray ; 5, Urbaniste ;
6, Nouveau Poiteau : 7, Beurre Diel ; S, White Doyenne.—^ B.
1, Easter Bergamot ; 2, Brown Beurrfi ; 3, Brown Beurr^ ;
4, Glou Morceau; 5, Old Colmar; 6, small and worthless.
Apples: 1, Ribston Pippin; 2, Syke House Russet ; 3,
Ravelston Pippin ; 4, not known ; 5, perhaps Ortley ; 6,
Borsdorffer.

Names of Plants : Miss Eliza. 1, Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum ; 2, Polypodium Uryopteris ; 3, Asplenium lucidura.
—J Cox. Pedicularis palustris.— (rS/((irpe. 1, a curious form
of Polystichum angulare. not sufficiently developed ; 2, 3,
and 4, different states of Polystichum acuieatum lobatum. —
P C. 1, Alyssum saxatile ; 2, Solidago, insufficient for
determination ; 3, Cyatopteris fragilis dentata.— i^iiij;-
/(einiiia. Lastrea Filis-mas paleacea.— / -B. 1, not fertile—
the specimens look like sterile fronds of Davallia (or Acro-
phorus) cha?rophylloides ; 2, Blechnum occidentale minor ;
y, Pteris longifolia.— IK ti- S. Selagmella cassia, and Sedum
Sieboldii.— 7 D. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.— .4 D B. Dioscorea,
nearD. marginata.— £ 5. Polygonum tomentosum, var.— .
ABC. Browallia demissa?

Paris Pojioloqical Congress. —In our account of this meethig
at p. 104G one or two misprints occur. Messrs. Reville
Combe should be " Messrs. Rouille Courbe ; " Roncy should
be " Rouen ; " Cernau d'Automne should be "Certeau
d'Automne."

Variegated Elm: J B writes-" If Mr. J. Hally (p. 1000)
wishes to have a rooted sucker of the Variegated Elm, I can
send him one, from a tree that has been cut down last
winter.

Variegated Laurel: T Neil. Your Laurel is very finely
marked, and is well worth perpetuating. As to its distinct-
ness, we cannot speak positively without an opportunity for
comparison, which just now we do not possess.

Vines; SB. It is always somewhat difficult to gi-ow Grapes
and plants together in the same house ; to do the one well,
the others must needs suffer. We have, however, seen very
good Grapes and plants too grown in this manner. When
your Vines are in bl03som, make the house conformable to
then- wants; and in the autumn, when the wood and fruit
are ripening, keep up a good brisk bracing atmosphere, by
admitting plenty of au-, and applying a little fire-heat in
cold, dull weather. We have seen very good Grapes grow;i
in a house with a northern aspect, on which the son never
shone. Mildew is most prevalent in cold stagnant atmo-
spheres, and shanking is caused through cold and badly-
drained borders, over-cropped, or unhealthy Vines. See
that you keep o»it of the border the roots of the Elm trees.

Trees for Avenues : Anon. Elm, Lime, Ailantus, Sycamore,
Sophora japonica, Cedar of Lebanon, Deodar, Austrian Fir.
Walnut, Black Walnut, Horse and Spanish Chestnuts, and
Oak, where there is good space, are all good trees for
aveuues,

OCTOBEB 19, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1077

T

H£ LONDON MANURE COMPANY

(Established 1840)
Have now readv for delivery m dry line oondltton,
CORN MANQRE, fur Spring Usa
DISSOLVED BDNES, for UrosKing Pasture LanUa
SUPElU'llOSeHATESof LIME
PKEPAK.ED GUANO
MANGEL iiuil POTATO MANQUES.
Alao Goumua PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Waroliouae; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY

SALT. &o.
Ulllooa, 116, Jfepohuroh Street, E.C.

E. PoBSKu, SecroUiry.

L AWES' WHEAT MANURE for AUiUMN
SOWING.— A supply of tbo abovo M;inuro U now ro.idy for
delivery, at J. li. L\wks' Fiictorios, UoptforU and Barking CroL-krt.
Price £'i por ton. Two to throe cwt. por acre to bo b:irnnvod into
the land befuro the sood is sown, it c.t.u bo obtaiuod of Mr, L.iwes,
or through any of hj,s appoiuted Agenta ; also
LAWES' I'ATKNT TURMIP MANURE .. £6 0 0 por ton.
SUPERPMOSl'IIATE of LIME .. .. £5 6 0 pur ton.

Gouuino PERUVIAN GUANO direct from the Importors, and

all Chemical Mmiuros of value,
AMERICAN and other CAKES at market pricoa.
Address John Bknnet Lawes, Offlcas, I, Adelaide Place, London
Bridge, E.C. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; & Markat Square, Shrewsbury.

D

Wheat yfe^^^ Sowing.

OWN'S FARMER'S FRIEND, for Pievcntins? the

Sinut In Wlieat, and the Uivagos of the blu^, Orvib, and
Wlro»vorm. A Qd. packet Is sufflciont for Six Bushels of Seed Wheat,
which can be dressed and (It to sow in a quarter of an hour.

Testimonials from the largest Wheat Growers in tbo Kingdom,
bearing testimony to Its great power and effloAoy, m^y be had of
Agents, who are appointed for every district.

Full directions for use are given with each packet.

Prepared at the Manufactory, Woburn, Beds.

Caution. — To gunrd agninst fraudulent Imitation and consequent

(llsappomtmont, seethat tUeslgoatureof IIenhv Down la on the label.

Agents in every Town throughout England, -Scotland, and Ireland,

JTlOWLEK'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
? CULTIVATOR may bo SEEN at WORK ia every Agricultural
County tu England.

For partlcui;irM auply to Jont* Fowler & Co., 71, Comhlll, London,
E.C. ; and Steam Plough Works, Leeds.

FOR SALE. aConipK'to SET of HOWARD'S STEAif
CULTIVATING TACKLE; a BARN PART PORTABLE
THRESIUNU MACHINE, by Hornsby ; and a PAIR of 4-feet
MILL STON ES. with Gearing complete.

Apply to Mr. Joskfu NoAKts, Medway Ironworks, Rochester; or
Mr. £. NoA&Ks, Lamberhurst, Kent,

IRON HUKDLES (Silver Medal of the Koyal
Agricultural Sociotv).
SHEEP, .^s. 64. : CATTLE, 4s. '/d. ; OX, 6.i. lid.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.
St. Pancras Iron Work Company. Old St. Paneraa Road, London, N.W.

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Armit Works, Gieenfleld, nenr Manchester.
TANNERS. CURRIERS, & MANUFACTURERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.
Price Lists sent free by post.
Warehouse: ai, Mark Lane. London, E.C.

Mr. H, Febrabee, Agent.

Iron Cisterns.

FCRABY AND CO. having l;iid down extensive and
• Improved Machhiery in their new range of buildings, Ida
Wbarf, Deptvord, are now prepared to supply WROUGHT-IRON
TANKS, GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior quality, at
reduced prices, and at veiy short notice.

.JIil.

LISTS OF TANKS

ON APPLICATION.

V. Brauy & Co., Limited, Fitzroy Works, Euston Road, London.

CARSON'S ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,
Patronised by the Nobility and Q-entry, is extensively used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and is proved, after a test
of 70 years, to surpass any other Paint. It is especiallv applicable
to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo, and is the only Paint that will
effectually resist the rays of the sun upon Conser>atories, Green-
houses, I^ames, &c. Is twice as durable as genuine White Lead, so
simple in application that any person can use it. Per cwt

WHITE, LIGHT STONE. BATQ, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 305.

LEAD, CHOCOLATE, RED, PURPLE, BROWN, and BLACK 26s.

BRIGHT GREEN, DEEP GREEN, and BLUE 42s.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, &c.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Ports

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post IVee.

Walter Carson & Sons,

La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.

Caotiok.— All Casks should boar the Trade Mark. No Agents.

OOLONY of NATAL.

yj IMMIGRATION and FREEHOLD LAND GRANTS.

GRANTS of GOVKRNMKNT LAND aro given to Men fainlllnr
with Fanning operations, ami posseHslng sulllcieut moans to turn
their Land to accnunt.

Applications for further Infnrmatlon to bo made to Dr. Mann, tho
Special Agent of the Naial Uovermnent, at tho Natal Immigration
omce, Ifj, lluckinghani Street, Strand, Loudon, W.C^ ^___

rpilK BIRMINGHAM CATTLE tiud POULTRY

-L SHOW. I«(t7.

Th.' NINKI'h'.ENTH ORIC.VI' ANNUAL EXHIBITION of FAT
CATrLK, SlllOKP, PIUS. DoMlOSnC POULTRV. CORN,
ROOTS, an.l IMl'LEMKNTS. will lie hold in MINGLKV HALL, on
SATURDAY. MONDAY. TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, and
THURSDAY, November 31), and December 2, 3, 4, and fi, when
PRIZHS to the amount of £2lLHj will be awarded In tho following
Divisions, viz. : —
FAT CATTLE ..£812 15 0 1 BREEDING PIGS .. £7(Ml) 0
FAT SHEEP .. 311 f> 0 ROOTS and CORN .. 07 4 0
FAT PIGS .... 69 6 0 1 POULTRY & PIGEONS 7S5 i) 0
Prize Lists, CortlQcatos of Entry, and every information may bo
obtained from the Secretary.

Tho ENTRIES CLOSE on FRIDAY, November 1.

JoHH B. LiTiiALL, Secretary,
Offices, 30, Now Street, Birmingham.

QMITHFIELD CLUB FAT CATTLE SHOW.—

O The ANNUAL SHOW of FAT CATTLE. SHEEP, and
PIGS, will be held at tho AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON,
on MONDAY afternoun, December U, and Four following Days.

Intending Exhib.tors are requested to apply for Certlllcato Forma
by the reference letters as under.
CATTLE.— Form A. For an OX or STEER (In any Class).
„ B. For a COW or HEIFEll (in iiny Ciasa).
„ C. For a BEAST in Extri SLock.
SHEEP. „ l>. For a PEN of 3 WETHERS(inany Class).

„ E. For aSINGLESHEEl'in Extra Stock.
PIGS. ,, F. For a PEN of 3 PIGS (in any Class).

„ G. For a SINGLE PIG in Extra Stock.
ENTRIES for LIVE STOCK CLOSE NOVEMBER 1.
Prize Lists, Forms of Ceritlicitea, and all information, may be
obtained on application to Mr. David Puluen, Assistant Secretary,
at the OIBce or the Honorary Secretary, corner of H'ilf-Moon Street,
Piccadilly, London, W,

N.iJ, All communications respecting the Show must be addressed
to the Asslst.ant Secretary, as above, and should bear outside the
words "Smlthflold Show."

Ciie ^gricttltural (Bajette.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 19, 1867.

^t/v'Wrt*-.;i^t*i»^h^— 22d

HILL AiTO SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preservlug Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is (id
excellent substitute for oii paint on alj out-door work, and is fuilj
two-thirds choapor. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
nundreda of the nobility and gentry, (torn whom the most ilattering
testimonials have been received, wnich Hill & Smith will forward oh
application.

From Major Rt. Bell, Sandhos, Norlhumberlartd.

" 1 have much pleasure in saying I have known your Black Varnish
to be used for some time by friends of mine, and they all speak
highly of it, which Las induced rae to get the quantity 1 have from
you. That 1 have used looks rem.arkably well."

Sold in casks of about 3U gallons each, at Is. 6d. per gallon, at the
Manufactory, or Is. SH. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Hill & Smith, Brieriy Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.C., from whom only It can be obtained.

Four analyses of a Patent Cake have been
lately published by Mr. C. "W. Hamilton, of
Hamwood, Ireland. They are by Doctors
Anderson, Apjohn, Caiieeon, and Voelcker
respectively. Imperfect manufacture or uneven
mixture of the ingredients employed may
account for such ditlerences of composition as
the samples submitted for analysis appear to
have exhibited ; but the extreme variety of
opinion expressed by the several authorities to
whom the subject was submitted, certainly
cannot be accounted for in that way.

It appears from the letter on the subject in
the Farmer that Mr. Hamilton, at the last
December show in the Agricultural Hall,
Islington, found that a great number of the
prize-takers, both for cattle and sheep, had used
Hardon's patent cake, and expressed approval
of it. He therefore sent over a couple of tons
for trial against tho Linseed cake which he was
in the habit of buying, and with the analysis of
which, as well as its feeding quality, he had
every reason to be satisfied. The experiment
was fairly tried, and a very decided superiority
attributed to Hardon's cake, the prices paid
having been equal. A doubt, however, having
arisen as to the relative money value of the two
feeding stuffs, he sent a sample of each to the
secretary of the Royal Agricultui'al Society of
Ireland, in order to have them examined and
reported on by Dr. Apjohn. His report was : —

"Mixed Cake, No. I (this was Hakdon',s).

Water 18.50

Oil .. 4.20

Sugar 2.60

Dextrine .. .. .. 6.42

Gum, starch, fibi-e, &c. . . .. .. .. .. .. 4.5.88

Flesh-forming constituents, including 2.52 of nitrogen 15.75

Ash 8.75

100

Phosphoric acid of ash . . .. .. 2.05

" Linseed Cake, No. 2.

Water 11.20

Oil 15.10

Flesh-forming constituents, including 4.2 of nitrogen. . 26.25

Sugar, starch, gum, fibre, &c. . . . . . . . . 41

Ashi 6.45

100

Phosphoric acid of ash .. .. .. .. .. 2.24

To these figures Dr. Apjohn added the
following note ; — "In casting the eye over the
above results, it wiU be seen that the Linseed
cake is much more valuable as a feeding mate-
rial than the mixed cake, No. 1 ; in fact, if the
relative values bo calculated from the percentage
of oil and flesh-forming materials existing in
each, it will be found that such values are to each
other very nearly in the ratio of 5 to 2."

This was a rather startling conclusion in the
ears of one who had ascertained by actual expe-
rience that this cake in actual feeding value was
equal if not superior to the best Linseed.

Accordingly Mr. Hamilton sent a piece of the
same cake to Di. Cameron, -who recognised the

material as tho same which ho had previously
analysed for tho manufacturer. lie found very
much loss water in it than had boon found by
Dr. Al'Joii.N, from which wo may suppose that
tho material had dried in Mr. IIjV.milton'8
keeping; but tliou the oil, too, had diminished,
whereas tho sugar had very largely increased ;
so that we aro bound to conclude that diiroront
modes of analysis wore employed. Tho oil doter-
minod by Dr. Cameron's method was only
:i.'2!) i)or cent. ; tho sugar amounted to 10.11 por
cent. ; and that gentleman speaks of tho cako
analysed as being the best specimen of ai liflcialfood
ho has ever examined. " It is extremely rich in
easily digestible nutritive substances, possesses
an extremely pleasant flavoui-, and will bo
relished by horses, o-xen, sheep, and pigs." He
can strongly recommend its use as a supple-
mental food, and those who use it will have, in
his opinion, every reason to be satisfied with tho
results, Mr. Hamilton naturally enough thinks
that in the ditference between 12/. and 51,,
assigned as the value of the feeding stuff by two
such eminent chemists as Drs. Cameron and
Apjohn, he has a prima facie case for inquiry
into the grounds upon which such estimates are
made.

Probably no better umpire could be chosen in
such a contest of opinion than Dr. Voelcker ;
and he reports upon the two cakes which had
been examined as follows : —

" No. i (the Linseed) is a seuuine and pure Linseed
cako, worth at present I'rom HI. 10s. to 12/. per ton.

" No. 2 is a mixed feeding cake, containing nothing
which is injurious to cattle, and possessing high fatten-
ing properties. 1 have no doubt that ?\o. 3 would be
much liked by cattle and sheep, and fatten them well.
Probably No. 2 cannot be sold at a profit at much less
than 11/. 15s. to 12/. per ton."

In answer to further inquiry as to the modes
employed by scientific men in estimating tho
value of foods. Dr. Voelcker says that the com-
position of food, though an important feature in
estimating its value, is not the only one, and
hence no correct estimate of the value of feeding
stuffs can be given solely on the strength of an
analysis.

Linseed cakes and mixed feeding cakes, he says,
may be used, according to the skill and judg-
ment of the feeder, either with great advantage
or even occasional loss in money ; clearly showing
that the economical value of all food depends
much on the right use being made of it. In
his opinion, a mixed cake is better adapted for
quickly fattening animals than Linseed cake.
For young animals, on the other hand, he prefers
Linseed cake, or, generally speaking, food rich
in nitrogenous matter.

It thus appears, what every thinking farmer
must aU'oady know, that the profit arising from
the management of fatting sheep and cattle
depends not only on tho quality of their food,
but upon its fitness to their individual consti-
tution, and upon a variety of other cii'cumstances
independent of the feeding altogether. And a
long course of experiment is needed before the
relative values of two rival foods can be fairly
ascertained.

Ma. Str.4.fford's sales of Shorthorns at and
near Windsor on Wednesday last deserve a
record here. The market value of ordinary
pedigree stock may be gathered from them to be
nearly as high as ever it has been. We believe
that the average price of well-bred Shorthorns
of all ages, gathered from a list of all the
auction sales of the last 20 years, stands
at not much more than 301. a-head. But
this includes the enormous prices given for pure
Kirklevingtou and pure Warlaby blood. Here —
in the case of a selection from the Eoyal herd,
which owes, wo may add, hardly any of its value
to any Bates' admixture, and only some of its
value to crosses of Booth bulls — the average
over 53 of all ages has been upwards of 40/. The
two families to which this high average was
mainly due, are those of the cows Alix
and Culd Cream, bought in 1856 at the
Fawsley sale. 'The former cow has since
then had 2 1 descendants in the Eoyal herd, and the
latter 36, many of which have been sold^ and
others remain at the Prince Consort's Shaw
Farm. Eighteen of them reached an average
price of 60/. 6s. id. last Wednesday. Among
them was Cowslip, a 3-year-old cow, bought by
Ml-. Bulteel for 136/. 10s. ; Princess Alice,
a 2-year old, bought by Mr. Lenet for 126/.;
and Dewdrop, a yearUng, bought by Mr.
M'Intosh for 105/. All these are descendants
of Culd Cream, with crosses in some cases of
Warlaby and in others of Kirklevingtoa bulls,

107 8

THE GARDMFRS' CFIEONICI.E AND ACTEICtlLTUEAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE l9, 1867.

and they stand quite m the higher rank of
Shorthorn prices.

After the sale at the Shaw Farm the large
company, which this valuable stock and the
beautiful weather had together assembled, ad-
journed to Windsor to witness the disposal of the
nine imported Duchess and Oxford cattle, to
which reference was made last week. Of these,
one, the younger Duchess bull, was withdrawn
afier ISO guineas had been bid for him. He
had caught cold on his journey, and had been
greatly pulled down and disiigui-ed by his illness
and had better not have been offered at all. The
others, however, made ample amends for the
disappointment in this one case. The 3d Duke of
Geneva, a 2-y6ar-old roan of beautiful quality,
was bought by Mr. D. M'Intosh, of Romford,
for o.iO guineas. The 1th Duchess of Geneva, a
white yearling heifer of great substance, beautiful
hair and character, was bought by Mr. F. Leney,
of Wateringbury, for 700 guineas. The -ith Maid
of Oxford, red, 2-year-old, fetched 300 guineas,
bought by the same purchaser. Mr. Downing,
of Staffordshire., gave 200 guineas for the bth
Maid of Oxford, another 2-year-old heifer.
Colonel KINGSOOTE was the purchaser of the
Countess of Oxford, for 250 guineas. Colonel
TowNLET bought the Qth Maid, and the 8th
Lady of Oxford, roan and white yearlings, for
400 and 450 guine.as respectively; and Mr. P.
Leney gave 260 guineas for the 1th Maid of
Oxford, another yearling. The whole eight
fetched 3265?. lO.s., or iOHl. 3s. 9d. apiece. And
Mr. Steafj?oe,d may be congratulated on closing
the season as he began it, with unquestionable
proof of the extraordinary value which on both
sides of the Atlantic is attached to pui-e Kirk-
levington blood.

Messhs.Peael and Gooch, medical men of Eton

and Windsor, and members of their respective local
Boards of Health, have addressed a letter to members
of the local Boards of towns upon the Thames, in which
they especially urge the advantages of the system of
separatinj]; the rainfall from the drainage — so that a
sewage uniform in quality and quantity has to be
dealt with, and all the arrangemeiits, whether of
sewers, outfalls, pumps, or irrigated land, escape
the difficulty and the cost of having to be made
upon a scale suited to occasional enormous maxima.
The daily quantity is virtually constant, and not
100 fold during some few hours in the year what
it is at other times. When sewage has to be
pumped, the power and machinery required are thus
known, and may be exactly provided; whereas, if the
rainfall comes in to swell the amount, both sewers and
pumping apparatus must be provided adequate to
meet the contingency ; so that not only is the first cost
enormously greater, but the unfitness to the work
ordinarily to be done makes that work costly and
Inefficient. The separ.ation system, say Messrs. Pe.vel
and Gooch, " is now associated with the name of Mr.
Menzies, deputy surveyor of Windsor Porest and
parks. Other gentlemen have, we believe, formerly
advocated this plan, but Mr. Menzies was the first to
bring it to a practical conclusion." We presume the
reference here is to the arrangement planned and
carried out by him at the Broadmoor Asylum, of which
the following account is given : — " The area of the roofs,
as ascertained, was 2^ acres ; the area of the site of the
building about 17 acres ; the population varying from
600 to 800, but arrangements made for an increase to
1000. Here we found the rain-water off the roofs all
saved for washing purposes ; the surface water dis-
charged into the nearest ditch, and all the foul drainage
conducted by itself, filtered, and applied to about 15
acres of land for utilisation. The contrast presented
by this garden to the surrounding heathy and barren
district was most striking, and certainly most encour-
aging. The man whoattended to the irrigation told us he
had not had a day's illness since he had been so occupied.
What struck us most was, the extreme regularity and
economy of the system : one man attending to the whole
process. We visited the point where the drainage is
ultimately discharged into a brook, and took some of
the water as it passed from the drain ; this to the
taste, smell, and sight was not to be distinguished from
ordinary spring water." Ou this the question natu-
rally arises—" If this system is applicable to Broad-
moor, where is the line to be drawn between that place
and a town ? At what amount of population does it
cease to apply? The whole plan hi>s been three
years in operation there, and we have the pub-
lished testimony of the chairman of the council
that nothing could be more satisfactory. We
have constantly heard it stated that this sepa-
ration system would be attended with mu"h
greater expense than the others, but we have some
reason to doubt this, and wish it to be fairly answer^ 1
and considered from first to last. We have ascer-
tained, on the best authority, that the drainage of the
new cavalry barracks at Windsor was all planned and
estimated on the old system of putting rainfall and
sewage together. At the suggestion of Mr. Menzies,
the royal engineer in charge considered the propriety
of applying the separation system, and the work was
carried out on that plan. The total cost of this was
found to be actually less than that at which the other
system had been estimated. This arose from several
small drains being required, instead of a smaller
quantity of much larger ones," Is not the filtration.

spoken of as a part of the Broadmoor plan, a difficulty
in the way of any simple and wholesale treatment of
the drainage of a great town on Mr. Menzies' system ?
And may not the greater strength of pure sewage be
sometimes another difficulty interfering with the plan
of using it in irrigation — as the abatement of a
nuisance ? We have known pure town sewage, especially
on a Monday morning, when there has been less waste
of water during the previous 24 hours than during any
other day of the week, come so strong and so ofl'ensive,
that the land has failed either to cleanse it or
deodorise it in the usual time. There are advantages
in the agricultural use of sewage connected with a
moderate degree of dilution beyond the ordinary, or
at least beyond the occasional minimum, supply of
household water ; and this easier disinfection by its
use in irrigation is one of them.

An Order in Council was published last Satur-
day, relating to the landing of foreign cattle in the
port of London. It names Thames Haven, Odams'
Wharf, and the Victoria Docks as the only places at
which cattle brought from foreign places may be landed.
The order prescribes that the cattle landed at Thames
Haven shall be removed from there only by the London,
Tilbury, and Southend Railway to Forest Gate, near
Stratford, thence by the Great Eastern Bailway to the
metropolis. Those landed at Odams' Wharf are to be
taken along a siding of the North Woolwich Railway,
which is part of the Great Eastern Bailway, to the
Barking Road Station, thence by the Great Eastern
Railway to the metropolis ; and those landed at the
Victoria Docks must be taken along sidings running
direct on to the North Woolwich Railway, which is
part of the Great Eastern Railway, to the Barking
Road Station, thence by the Great Eastern Railway to
tlie metropolis. They are to be brought along the said
railways without stopping, and to be discharged from
the trucks in which they have been conveyed, at a
station or place within 1000 yards of the Metropolitan
Cattle Market at Islington, and to be driven imme-
diately to such market or to the lairs belonging to it.
This order takes effect from and immediately after the
4th day of November, 1887.

Mr. Heeepath, the chemist, reports that from

3 oz. of the Palm-nut meal, sent to him by Mr. Joyce,
whose pigs had died while being fed on it, he had
extracted only a very few and small spangles of copper,
and a trace only of^ lead ; they were in far too small a
quantity to kill. The copper was, no doubt, obtained
from the brass kettles which the Africans boil their
Palm-nuts in to obtain the oil. " If the lead had
amounted to the hundredth part of a grain," he says,
" Ishould have thought it possible that death could be
produced by it. The symptoms are exactly those of
lead, and it would be well for you to examine whether
that metal could have been introduced in another
material. Does the water stand in a cistern, or pass
through a pipe of that metal ? What do you mix with
the meal ? The meal itself does not injure, but is very
fattening, from the oil stdl remaining in it."

The Journal of the Society of Arts calls

attention to the monthly report of the engineer to
the Association in Manchester for the prevention of
steam-boiler explosions. It appears that during the
past month 273 visits of inspection have been made,
and 624 boilers examined, 392 externally, six internally,
11 in the flues, and 215 entirely, while in addition four
have been tested by hydr.aulic pressure. In these
boilers 170 defects have been discovered, six of those
being dangerous. A high number of " entire "
examinations is still maintained, as many as 215
boilers, out of the 624 inspected during the past month,
having been examined " entirely," that is to say,
internally as well as in the flues. It is on these
" entire " examinations^that the Association relies more
especially for the prevention of explosions, and there-
fore attaches considerable importance to their
increasingly high number. This is greatly due to the
working of the guarantee system, which makes an
annual "entire" examination of every boiler an
essential condition of granting the guarantee. The
defects met with, however, during the month were of
an ordinary character, and do not present any features
of sufficient interest to merit detail reference. Agri-
cultural steam engines ought always to be placed on
the books of any such Association whenever oppor-
tunity offers. A professional examination, periodical
and " entire," is the only security against accident.

That portion of the prize list of the Lincolnshire

Agricultural Society, which offers rewards to labourers
in husbandry, extends over almost the whole scale
between the extremes of merit and demerit in the con-
ditions which it prescribes. It offers handsome
sums of money (upwards of 1002. in all) in 17 classes ;
and among them are sums of HI., and 3/., and 21. to the
driver of a steam-engine used for agriculturiil purposes,
who has lived in that capacity, in the service of a
farmer or bis successor, or on the same farm, not less
than two consecutive years, who shall show the greatest
skill, care, and competence in the management of a
steam-engine, awarded to— Hansel Vessey. Holton-le-
Moor, in the service of T. J. Dixon, Esq. ; Edward
Foster, IIolton-le-Moor, in the service of T. J. Dixon,
Esq. ; and George Towle, South Kelsey, in the service of
G. B. Skipworth, Esq. Also various sums, from &l. to
2;., to the shepherd who has reared the greatest propor-
tionate number of lambs, from not less than 400, 200,
and 100 ewes and gimmers, belonging to the same
person or partners. Nothing can be better than
prizes of this kind, unless, mdeed, it be in cases
where the conditions of rivalry can be prescribed or
made uniform, and the award is made upon the spot
by judges of the skill or ability displayed in the
different sections of farm work illustr.ated. In addition
to these, however, we have prizes oflered to the fore-
man, shepherd, waggoner, blacksmith, carpenter, female

servant, who has been for the greatest number of years
in the employ of the same family or their successors
on the same farm. This may perhaps be regarded as a
matter for reward, and distinction or not without much
reason for the difference of opinion, according to the
habit or prejudice of the thinker; but surely to offer
rewards to those who have brought up the largest
family without parish relief is not the proper
business of an association of farmers and of ratepayers.
The following nevertheless are the terms in which the
announcement under this head is made in the printed
report :— To the labourer in husbandry who has brought
up and placed out the greatest number of children
without having ever received parochial relief, the total
number of his children to be taken into consideration,
1st, 71 to William Elsom, Tathwell, 13 children
brought up, 10 placed out; 2d, il. to Robert Brock-
some, Theddlethorpe, 12 children brought up, 10 placed
out ; 3d, 22. to Robert Mower, Covenham, St. Mary,

11 children brought up, 10 placed out !

The risks arising from reckless use of lucifers

are forcibly put by Mr. Alpeed Bell, the secretary
of the Suffolk Alliance Assurance Office. He says in
the Suffolk Chronicle, that already since harvest, in the
eastern division of the county alone, his company has
paid upwards of lOOOZ. for crops and other property
destroyed through the neglect of children who are
allowed to get possession of lucifers, and have wilfully
set fire to the stacks and premises of those who find work
and food for their parents. Five instances are described,
the details of which can be easily verified ; but they all
bear the same general character. " The insurer sends
in his claim, gets his money, and forgets all about the
cause of the fire. The police look serious and know-
ing; the lad is taken before the magistrates, trem-
blingly owns his guilt, the father scolds, the mother
weeps. The worthy magistrates whisper and confer ;
' What is to be done with lads of four and five, and
even seven and ten years of age ? ' The Assizes take
it up ; a presentment as drawn up by a highly respected
M.P., is made, and receives from the Lord Chief
Justice the consideration which it fully deserves, and
is probably, in due course, forwarded to the Secretary
for the Home Department. Meanwhile, the insurance
companies, who are practically trustees for the public,
lose their savings. Spite of statistics and nice compu-
tations, the managers are at a loss to apportion a fair
premium to each class of insurer, and the cause of all
the mischief is the small stick tinned with sulphur,
and dignified by us with, the name ' Tucifer,' the son of
the morning; and this ' light carrier' has already this
year consumed more corn than a hundred hungry
labourers could provide for their families' yearly con-
sumption ! Is there no remedy for this? I3 thers no
law which could reach the parents, and punish them
for allowing their children to be armed with these
dangerous playthings — more dangerous as to annual
results than all the gunpowder which is stored in the
arsenals of Europe ; so long, at least, as the ' armed
peace' continues?" Mr. Bell urges that the matter
should be brought under the attention of the Legisla-
ture. "A small tax on lucifers would have acted
most beneflciiilly in reducing the large number and
serious character of fires which are recorded in the late
parliamentary inquiry, and would especially have pre-
served for consumption by hungry mouths the
thousands of quarters of Wheat which are annually
consumed by fire. The amount of farming stock
annually assured in the United Kingdom is under
80,000,0002. in value. For the protection from fire of
that property the fire offices receive, perhaps, 200,0002.
If the ratio of fires from lucifers, which has obtained
within the last three months in the experience of this
office only, were continued, it would be impossible for
the insurance companies, on existing terms, to cover
farming stock which is subject to be thus destroyed.
They would require two or three times the above-
named income; and, therefore, the premium would
have to be raised proportionately, or they would be
compelled to close their doors against all insurances for
the protection from fire of farming stock and
buildings,"

— - At the late meeting of the Newbury Farmers'
Club, Professor Gamgee told bis hearers that whereas
the annual losses in sheep are 5 per cent, of their
number, or 1,000,000 head a year, throughout the
country generally, his information from the county of
Berks alone demonstrates that the flocks of that county
are annually more than decimated. Returns from

12 farms in 18S3 proved that the lowest loss on any
farm was 3.6 per cent., and that on six of these farms
the losses suffered were as follow — 10,8 per cent, per
annum, 14.6 ditto, 16.8 ditto, 17.6 ditto, 22.2 ditto, 29,5
ditto. Now it appears that in Berkshire there are
337,316 sheep, and if the average mortality on 12 farms,
extended over 5891 animals, can be relied on, no less
than 35,000 sheep are destroyed by disease in a single
year in that one county. The list of diseases reported
from which these losses have been ovving is significant.
They include canker, chilled, choked, consumption,
decline, evil, diseased joints, debility, weakness, dropsy,
water on the heart, gathering in the head, lambing,
heaving, warping, casting lambs, bad udder, stoppage,
diarrhoea, scour, inward scour, injury on the back,
ricketty in back, gathering on back, giddy, rotten,
bio wed. Of these, scab in sheep alone does as ranch
silent mischief and costs this country more in one year
than even the cattle plague did iu 12 months." If the
members of that Club, and the farmers generally of
Berkshire and Hampshire, would undertake for a
single year to sacrifice 6d. per head on their flocks.
Professor Gamgee would engage that such a mass of
information should be collected and elaborated as to
diminish our losses by disease forthwith to a most
remarkable extent, and at the same time confer a last-
ing benefit on the whole land. A million sheep saved
would almost supply the whole of Loudon with

OCTOBEB 13, 1867.]

THE OAl^BENET^S' OHRONTCLK AND AfiT^TCTJT/rTrRAT, GAZETTE.

1079

mutton for six months. It would lower tlio pri(;o of
me;vt at least from Id. to 2d. por lb., and such i'educl,ion
implies tlie .saving of a largo number of human lives
per annum. ^__^^__^_^

THE BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF
riGS.

Too little attention is generally paid by farmers to
their pi(;s; they are left proLly much to take euru of
themselves, ami are often kept solely for tho purpose of
consuming refuse which would otherwise be waslcil.
The cost of incrcasiiiL' a stock of pigs is very trilling,
as Ihcy multiply rapidly, and may, with good mauage-
luent, be mauitained cheaply iu store condition. It
is, however, on dairy farms where the greatest number
may bo profitably kept, more )iarticularly on those
that have a considerable ijroportion of arable land.
During the cheese-making months the whey will
provide food, and when that runs short stubbing comes
in to hell), and after stubbing the root harvest.

On a dairy farm, with no plough laud, the farmer
will bo obliged to buy food for his pigs during the
winter months.

There are three ways of disposing of pigs ; they may
either be sold as stores, when weaned or later, or tliev
may he fed and sold either as porkers or bacon pigs.
In choosing between these several plans the farmer will
be influenced by the locality he lives in, and the
distance from good markets.

A very good sale may he obtained for stores in the
neighbourhood of large towns, or in mining districts ;
but. even under the most advantageous circumstances,
it will sometimes bo found impossible to sell all the
stores to advantage, and then recourse must be had to
feeding them. I believe it will prove most profitable
to I'ombine two of the above plans.

When the farmer has determined upon the method
ho intends to adopt in the disposal of bis pigs, he will
next have to fix upon the kind best suited to his pur-
pose. Care should be taken not to run counter to the
prejudices of a district, and of would-be purchasers. In
some counties a very strong prejudice exists against
black pigs, whilst iu others they are preferred.

It is not my intention to enter into a discussion of
the relative merits of the diirercnt kinds. Sulhce it to
say that the small and large whites, the Berkshires,
tlie Essex, and the Suffolk pigs are the most important.
When it is intended to sell pigs as stores at an early
aae, the large white breed will be found to answer the
best I these grow very rapidly, and are ready for sale at
a much earlier age than their smaller brethren. For
pork feeding I should recommend either the small
white Essex, or Suffolk, as these kinds get fat very
readily, and, when put upon good food at an early age,
do not grow, as a large pig would, instead of laying on
flesh. The black Berkshire is perhaps the hardiest, and
the Essex pig the most delicate. Por bacon and
general purposes no pig can be most desirable than the
jBerkshire, and between them and a medium-sized
white pig will the choice rest.

Neither very fat b.acou nor pork sells well and
therefore, as hair denotes lean flesh, attention must be
paid to this point. It should be long and silky, and
{here should be plenty of it.

I now come to treat of breeding pigs. The period of
gestation in the pig is 10 weeks; some old sows will go
rather longer, but this maybe taken as the rule. If
young sows be well done, they will be lit to take the
boar when eight months old, and will thus bring their
first litter at a year old. If allowed to run much longer,
especially if liiglily fed, a dilfieulty is experienced iu
getting theiii to breed. The time of putting all sdws
to the boar should depend somewhat upon the season;
thus it will be a wiser policy to run the risk of a young
sow turniug than to allow her to bring her first litter
during the coldest time of the year. It will not answer
to keep sows four or five years to breed from, except in
particular cases.

Boars should he kept by themselves in as quiet a
place as possible, and always treated gently, or they are
apt to become savage. Savage boars are awkward
customers, and great difliculty is often experi-
enced in getting sows away from them. Neither
boars nor sows should be fed too highly; they will
never be so successful as breeders if they are. Good
store condition should be aimed at, and what that is
every pig-keeper either knows or ought to know.

Before farrowing the sows should be fed better than
they have been, in order to stimulate the secretion of
milk ; indeed, during the whole 10 weeks they should,
if possible, be kept gradually improving iu condition.
They should have exercise ; this they will take them-
selves if they have plenty of range.

Poor BOWS will often produce the most healthy, and
sometimes the largest jiigs, Ijut in nine cases out of ten
the milk supply runs short, and then many deaths may
be expected. Fat sows are equally objectionable ; their

§igs are generally weakly, and they are certain to
_ estroy some by lying on them. At the time of farrow-
ing the sow must be separated from her companions,
and placed in a proper house for the purpose, fitted up
with a rail round to prevent her from crushing her
young ones against the walls.

A small quantity of cut straw chaff should only be
allowed as bedding : long straw is particularly objec-
tionable for this purpose, as the little pigs become
entangled in it before they are strong, and then thesow
if she moves about much, is almost certain to kill some
by treading or lying on them. Some people recom-
mend the removal of the little pigs as they are born,
' and have a hamper placed in one corner of the house
! to hold them until the sow has done farrowing, when
I they are all returned to her. This plan is, however,
! only to be recommended iu the case of very fat .sows,
when they are a long time in farrowing. As a rule, the
less the altciidaut interferes the better. I would not,
Uowever, have all sows left to theaxselves ; iu oasts of

mal-presentation, a little help maybe judiciously given.
For a few days after pigging the sow should not have
forcing food; if she appears to bo quite right at the
end of that time, she I'an tlicn bo treated well. Notliing
will produce more milk than a little skim-milk given
warm. A great deal of the after succciss of tho pigs
doijcnds upon how they arc treated at this stage.

At about a Ibrtnight old tho little pigs slioulil begin
to eat on their own account, and a small trough,
hurdled olT so that the mother cannot get at it, must
bo provided for their use. Skim-milk with a small
quantity of flour in it will bo most readily taken to,
and they will soon begin to feed freely. In tho ca.se of
pigs which are to be forced for exhibition, they may he
induced to drink a little milk when a few days old ;
after tumbling into the trough a few times they will
soon learn to drink. In the case of ordinary rearing,
however, it will hardly nay to feed them so young.
It must be remembered tuat more than half tho breed
of a pig goes iu at its mouth. On no account should
young pigs be allowed to depend entirely upon their
mother's milk until weaning time. If they have been
freely led— and it will pay to feed all young animals
well— they will not go back when weaned, a great
desideratum, as every one must know how long it
takes for any animal to overcome the effects of being
pinched wdien young. I would urge upon all pig
breeders very strmigly tho advantage of having their
pigs castrated before being weaned, care being taken
that they have nothing given them for two meals
beforehand. There will bo fewer losses by adopting
this plan than by allowing them to get to a
greater age.

Pigs may bo weaned from seven to ten weeks old :
this will depend upon the season and their general
condition. The better they have been done, the sooner
may they be weaned : and for some time after they
should be fed liberally.

No reason has yet been assigned why in some cases
little pigs lose their tails, and in others do not. The
blame cannot be laid on the weather, as they fall oft" at
all seasons ; indeed, it is still a complete mystery to pig
breeders.

No animal will take so kindly to the young of
another as a sow, and in some instances it will be found
very convenient to give one sow the whole two litters to
bring up. The only danger incurred is, that the sow
from whom the pigs are taken may suffer from her
milk ; but with care and proper attention, no bad
results need follow. Even young gilts will take to the
young of another.

Some attention must be paid to the time at which
the sows are to farrow. If allowed to farrow too late
in the autumn, the pigs will not thrive so well during
the ensuing cold weather as they would do if older.
Pigs suffer very much from cold. "When possible, no
sows should farrow later than the middle of October ;
they will then bring another litter in April. The best
months are September and March, and the pig breeder
should try and arrange so as to have his general stock
horn during those months. The September pigs will
be a good size and strong liefore winter sets in, and will
be able to stand the cold ; and the March ones will be
born at a time when there is no reasonable prospect of
their growth being retarded by inclement weather;
besides which, on a dairy farm, they will be just old
enough to commence their ravages on the whey
cistern by the time the supply becomes plentiful. On
most farms it will be found very troublesome to provide
warm s"nelter for sows and pigs during very cold
weather, and for this reason alone winter pigs should
be avoided if possible.

All store pigs should have r.ange, either in large
yards or in Grass fields. Sows will do well in a Grass
field with a shed attached, and will re(iuire no food
whatever except Grass for many months in the year.
A little corn or a few roots can be given them when
the Grass runs short. The great objection to allowing
pigs the range of a Grass field is that, unless very care-
fully rung, they root up the turf; and some pigs (more
especially old sows) have a supreme contempt for all
fences, and are dithcult to keep in any field, unless it
be veiT strongly and closely enclosed.

As I said before, pigs are kept sometimes merely as
general scavengers, to consume all the refuse food
which would otherwise be wasted, and not for the
immediate profit that they bring. This is a mistake,
as, with careful management, pigs may be made to pay
very well. They make very valuable manure — a point
that ought not to be lost sight of.

Store pigs can be kept very cheaply, and will do well
on food that no other animal ke|)t by the farmer will
eat. I have kept sows and stores in good condition on
the bulbs of Turnips picked up after fatting tegs, and
they will thrive on Turnip tops, which sheep will
not touch. I must not be supposed by any means to
advocate a starving system; nothing can pay worse
than to feed any animal badly. I am only attempting
to show how ehea|)ly store pigs may be kept. Fat sows
will not be found profitable, neither will very poor
ones ; a happy medium should be aimed at.

I would strongly advocate tho use of cooked food for
all pigs ; and, in case the farmer have not accommoda-
tion lor cooking, that all meal be thoroughly soaked
bel'ore being given. For this purpose the food should
bo mixed one day before another. When roots are
plentiful, they will prove capital food for fattening pigs,
mixed with meal, and boiled together to a pulp. The
use of roots should not be continued to the end of the
feeding eime, or the meat will not be as firm as it
should be.

Before entering upon the subject of the feeding of pigs
upon whey, I would say that I do not hold with the plan
ol giving it alone to any kind of pig. It is apt to produce
scour, the good properties of the whey being counter-
acted by its laxative tendency. Any one in the habit of
seeing pigs fed solely ou whey, and the places they live in,
must have been struck by the waste. Some kind of

meal should be placed in tlie whey cistern, and the
more astringent this meal is in its properties tho
better. Tho meal will sink to the bottom, and become
thoroughly soaked, and tho feeder will be enabled to
ladle as mncdi up as he requires to mix with the whey.
I have used foi- many years Messrs. A. M. Smith
and Co.'s Palm-nut meal for this )mrpose, and have
found it to answer admirably. It is a.stringeut iu its
properties, and very feeding at the price. With the
addition of a little meal, it is wonderful how much
better tho pigs will thrive. I am convinced that it is
one of the most profitable ways in which a farmer can
use artificial food. When it is his intention to make
his pigs into pork, it will bo doubly ii,seful, as they
should never bo allowed to get low in condition.

The number of store pigs that may Ik.' kept upon the
whey I'roin a given number of i^ows will depend upon
tho kind of cheese made, the nature of the land, and
whether or no it be skimmed for whey butter before
being given. AVhere cheese is carelessly made the
whey will be found the most valuable as pig Iboi), and
vice oersd. On my own farm I have been enabled to
keep from 80 to 100 store pigs on the whey of tU cows,
supplemented with 2 cwt. of Palm-nut meal per week.
I may say that I make Cheddar cheese, and also a
quantity of whey butter. In case the farmer dcterniinea
upon selling his pigs out as stores, his course is very
simple; he has nothing to do but keep them in good
growing condition, and sell them when the supply of
food runs short. When it is bis intention to feed for
bacon, he will do wisely to keep his autumn farrows
(iu case he breeds tho ])igs he feeds) well during the
winter and spring months, and they will be fit for the
knife in Se]jtember or October. The same will hold
good in case the pigs are brought in. The spring
farrows will also require good food, and will be ready
to kill later in the season. Thus the earliest pigs will
be killed when 13 or 13 mouths old, and the spring
ones from 8 to 11. Bacon is now cured at all seasons
of the year in large towns, and is often out up and sold
within a month after.

About one bacon pig to a cow may be kept, and
the whey supplemented liy whatever kind of meal can
be bought the cheapest. Nut meal is the most valuable
feeding stuff that can be used, then Indian Corn meal,
and lastly, Barley meal. "When home-grown Barley is
only 'is. a qr. dearer than foreign, it will answer better.
In the case of a mixed arable and Grass farm, the tail
and damaged corn will be used for this purpose.

When possible, especially on mixed husbandry farms,
it will be found more profitable to breed the pigs than
to buy them; the farmer by this means will secure
both profits, that of rearing and also that of feeding.
The want of proper accommodation will often be
fatal to the carrying out of this plan, as without it no
one must attempt to keep a number of breeding sows.

And now I come to the subject of porkers. When
within reasonable distance, say 100 miles of London, it
will be found the wisest policy to kill the porkers at
home, and to send them there to be sold. It is not
always possible to sell a large number at home, and a
better price will always be secured if the pigs are not
made too fat or large. From GO lb. to 70 lb., perhaps,
will be found the most selling weight, and perhaps
on the whole the most profitable.

The pigs should be packed in hampers with no cloths,
and not backsetted. The liiostconvenient-sized hampers
are those which will hold four pigs packed on their
backs, the two upper ones being placed between the
legs of those under them. If the i'armer have, or can
rig up, a slaughter house on his own premises, I would
advise him by all means to kill the pigs at home. A
butcher will always be found to do this for Crf. a piece,
the insides are worth from 1.?. 6^^ to 2s. each, and a
ready sale will be had for them among the labourers on
the farm.

Pigs intended for pork should be fed well from the
time they leave the sow, and they ought, if moderately
well done, to be fit for the knife when from four to five
months old. Large pork will be found to sell better iu
the country than in London.

I would warn anyone desirous of driving a flourish-
ing pork trade from using any condiment, such as
Fenugreek and Aniseed, with the meal he feeds his pigs
upon. These things will taiut the meat and give it a
most peculiar taste.

In conclusion I would recommend a plan I havo
adopted with much snccess— viz., that of giving the
pig feeder, as part of his wages, a certain sum for every
pig he rears to weaning time. This will be found not
only to render him extra careful of the little pigs when
born, but also to make it his interest, as well as his
master's, to keep his sows in a fit state to breed large
litters. The best servants are apt to overfeed their
favourites, but they will soon give the practice up when
they perceive that it is not to their advantage to do so.
T. S. A., in the " Field."

Home Correspondence.

Potato Qrou<mg.—A.\mni 15 or 16 years ago I sent
you a curious story of two Carrots, one a White
Belgian and the other a Ked Altringham variety,
grown in the same spot, which had crossed each
other in their progress, and in doing so united,
each reversing its colour, and taking this charac-
teristic from its neighbour. Thus the red Carrot at
its junction or union with the white took the white
colour at bottom, and retained its red and green at
top ; the white at the same time performing the same
interchange in all respects. On makingthis singular rtis-
covery I asked the worthy owner to give me the uniteit
plants, with the view of ascertaining what might result
from seeds obtained from each of the united specimens
This he politely declined to do, saying he would send
them as they were, throiinh his son, a medical student
in Trinity College, Dublin, to obtain the opinion ot
the then Professor of Botany there, and I have heard

1080

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 19, 1867.

nothing more of it since. I mention this matter now
with the view of eliciting more information on the
matter, if anything farther is known or left on record,
either in Trinity College itself, or hy or with the
talented Curator of Trinity College Botanic Gardens,
Mr. John Bean. Taming to the subject of this
letter. On taking up a crop of Potatos in the
experimental grounds here last week, I discoyered
what appears to me another strange metamorphic
phenomenon. Amongst a select lot of Potato seedlings,
raised in part hy myself and in part by my learned
colleague, Dr. Moore, I discoyered one, or rather a
collection in one tuber, of a strange nature. The tuber
producing the curiously coloured group was, when
planted, very like what was formerly called in Ireland
the Scotch Apple, a rather coarse, waxy variety, very
productive in weight but deficient in starch. At an
early or even medium period of the year these were
much used for pig and cattle feeding, but later in the
year used as human food. This Potato, with the others
which grew out of it and on it, weighed, when
taken up, 3| lb. The first formed tuber, that
out of which the others have grown, resembled
the parent, being in colour between a dull white
and a purplish red. On it there are placed six others,
one marked like the original seedling or his grand
parent; 1, red with very little white; 2, a bright
red ; 3, a white with an occasional tinge of purple ; 4, a
dark red ; 5, a deep red with an occasional spot of
cream colour ; 6, a pure white ; and 7, the j)arent itself,
which includes the group. I should remark that No. 7
had got the disease, and the others, as if by an effort of
Nature toescapeit, have grown from the eyes on the sound
parts. To arrest the disease I placed the group in a dry
place, but the dry root is setting in in the original tuber
as the wet rot, so called, disappears. — "When I took charge
of my department here, aljout two years ago, I had
very little manure at command, and no means of getting
it, except at a heavy first cost. On looking round
I discovered a good deal of rubbish of various sorts,
the sweepings and cleanings. I found also lying unused
a considerable quantity of gas lime, and with them I
made up a compost, and after a little time tried on it
a series of experiments with various seeds, and I found
the Potato stood foremost, for it not only survived but
grew luxuriantly where some of the others grew but
poorly. By repeated turning and exposure of fresh
surfaces to the action of the atmosphere till the time
of sowing and planting came round in spring, I had
the compost so purified as to be fit to apply to any
ordinary crops, many of which it produced most
luxuriantly, but none with a more salutary etfect than
the Potato, which grew on it quite free from the disease
which had attacked all the Potato crops in the
locality grown on rich nitrogenous manure. Resolved
to put the gas lime to a more severe test in preventing
the Potato disease, I planted some sets about the
middle of June last, merely covering first with a little
soil, and then with what I had of the fresh gas lime,
spread and left exposed to the action of the attno-
sphere until the crop required earthing, which
was done in the usual way, covering up the
lime as the work proceeded. The crop grew
well, and bade fair to equal those planted early and
more highly manured. All increased in luxuriance
except the very early ones, which were matured when
the first changes in the atmosphere foretold, to me at
least, the near approaches of the dreaded malady ; and
surely it did come later in the year with its wonted
virulence. To assist in arresting its progress, I buried
the stalks. Whether the protection thus afforded con-
sisted in checking the descent of the sap, and with it
the seeds of the disease, as it evidently checked the
farther growth of the tubers — or whether by this
operation, which rendered the raised and narrowed
crowns of the ridges capable of casting off the rains, as
they fell into the furrows— or, agam, whether the
sinking the furrow spaces deeper than the site of
the Potatos on the ridges protected them by rendering
the site dry, singly or all combined, the means by
which the tubers were protected against the further
progress of the disease I know not. But this much I
know, that amongst the many other means I have from
time to time adopted for such preservation, in none
have I been so successful in either open fields or
enclosed gardens. J^dward Carroll, Albert Training
Institution, Qlasnevin, Dublin, Oct. 7. P.S. I should,
perhaps, have remarked, that if the group of Potatos 1
have attempted to describe and myself survive so long,
I will plant them all separately with the view of seeing
if like will produce like, and the majority so unlike
the parent stock upon which they have so singularly
sprung. JS. C.

What is Good Seed Wheat I — Mr. Forsyth appears
to me to imagine that the office of the grain of
Wheat extends no farther than the mere production of
the plumule and seminal roots, and then ceases, by its
composition, to exercise any influence on the future
stem of the plant, or the coronal roots, by which it is
to be supported, and whose efficacy it in turn helps to
sustain. Let me, however, ask. Why do we ever seek
to change our seed Wheats when grown to the highest
perfection with which we are acquainted — that is,
weighing 65 lb. to C6i lb. per bushel — and get the same
variety, weighing not rnore than 62 lb. to 64 lb. per
bushel, produced on a different soil and influenced hy'fi
diSerent climate daring its growth, with the view of
arresting that degeneracy which we know to
result from sowing those fine plethoric Wheats in the
same soil, no matter how economically and scientifically
our rotation of cropping may be in practice ? Again,
Why do we get from another locality Barley weighing
64 to 56 lb. per bushel, and discard our own by selling
it to the maltster at a less price, though weighing fully
68 lb. per bushel, than we give for the imported ?
I could put the same question, certain of receiving
the same reply, in flie case of the Oats. I will even go
farther, and ask, Ti'hy do we sell our grain of the

maximum weights, and next year its produce, though
of diminished weight per bushel, in preference to
sowing our own superior grain of the same variety for
the miller's and maltster's purposes ? Is it not because
our grain so discarded for seed-sowing purposes is poor in
nitrogen compared with its products in starch or carbon-
aceous compounds ? Some scientific men tell us so ;
will Mr. Forsyth prove to us that these philosophers are
unworthy of credence ? Again, why do we sell out
our fine mealy Potatos at il. to 6^. a ton, and buy the
" red bog " Scotch waxy Potatos at 8^. to 9/. a ton, to
replace them as seed, as we term it, but for the same
reason? But why go to Scotland or anywhere else
for " red bog " Potatos, when we have millions of acres
of "red bogs" worse than wasted in Ireland, capable
of producing us seed equally good, did our people get
due encouragement to reclaim and cultivate them ?
But I feel I am now treading on forbidden ground,
and pull up and draw back, lest I should, if I persevere
in this line, get both you and myself into one of those
boggy quagmires from which we could not very easily
extricate ourselves. In conclusion, permit me _ to
assure Mr. Forsyth and all else concerned that nothing
can be farther from my wish than to treat his letter
with anything but becoming respect, my sole object
being, not so much to get information for myself as for
others, who on this side the Channel seek for it in
your valuable pages. Fingal, October 9.

Stable Management. — 1. The stable should be venti-
lated in such a manner as to secure a constant cir-
culation of fresh air, without exposing the horse to a
draught. 2. The stable should also be well lighted,
because light is essential to health, also to preserve
sight, darkness being sure to produce blindness.
3. Horses should not be allowed to stand on their
litter during the day, as the vapours from it are very
injurious to the lungs and eyes. 4. Horses should
always be allowed to eat their food without being
disturbed. Neither horse nor stable should be cleaned
during such time, as horses are easily fretted whilst
eating their corn, and when this is the case they will
bolt their Oats. 5. In summer it is desirable to stop
the soles of their feet with a mixture of sweet-oil,
mutton suet, and Stockholm tar, so as to keep them
cool and moist. 6. In winter a horse should not be
tied up outside to have his feet washed in cold water ;
this should be done in the stable, and the feet and legs
rubbed dry. 7. Always give a horse moderate exercise
every day, but never allow him to feed until at least
20 minutes after. T. P. Oostling, Diss.

Produce of Cottagers' Cows in Benoickshire.—l
need scarcely mention that the amount of dairy
produce depends largely on the qualifications of the
mdividual cows, and the best cow on this place is a
pure Ayrshire. It is also to be noted that last
summer, being very dry, was the worst year for Grass
that we have had for a long time. The hind has
Grass, and some 4 tons Swedes and straw for his cow's
keep, or 71. in lieu thereof Five of my people (house-
holders) at present have cows, and two take money. I
have eight yearly men-servants and three families of
cotters, who have house, garden, Potatos, and day's
wages for seven women and boys, but no cows. The
seven hind's families furnish only five women workers.
It has often happened that the hinds furnished niore
workers, and the cotters fewer. There are besides
some 20 children too young for work, and eight wives.
The cows give S7 to 30 imperial pints of milk a day
from April to September, and then fall off as the
Grass fails. Of this the family uses two or three pints,
and the rest is creamed. The cream produces 5 to 8 lb.
of butter per week for sale, besides i lb. used by
family. The family sups from 8 to 15 pints of
skim milk, a little is used for cakes and
for the pig, and the rest is made into cheese.
In two instances, good managers, with good cows, have
sold 120 lb. skim-milk cheese at -id. during the season.
I am sorry the information is so incomplete, but it is
all I can get. The above mentioned good managers
can, I believe, sell above 12/. worth of dairy produce,
besides keeping their young families. Against that
sum must be set risk and yearly deterioration of the
cow ; but then there is the calf, which may bring 21.,
if a good one, sold at nine days old. J. T., Dunse.

The Old Fanner and Agent, and Mr. Mechi's Reports.
— It will be recollected that 1 parted company with
you at the White Horse, Ipswich, after I had passed
through the county of Essex, on a journey I was
making into Norfolk. Before I left home for this
journey I had determined to stop some time near the
renewed Tiptree Hall, and there learn what were the
opinions of Mr. Mechi's farming neighbours on his
farming and his annual reports ; for this purpose
I took my fare from Bishopsgate Street Station, so as
to be at one of the nearest towns to Tiptree on a
market day, and there to mix myself up as much as I
could with the farmers in the market, and also at some
of the inns at which the chief of them dined. AU
this I had done more successfully than I could have
expected, by obtaining much of the information I was
in search after. Two things I was very anxious to
learn, namely, what was the condition of Mr. Mechi's
land when he himself first became the proprietor of it,
namely, whether it formed a part of an uncultivated
barren heath, as we at a distance had been led to
believe it did, or whether it had undergone any kind
of cultivation ; and whether the land was now producing,
from Mr. Mechi's novel style of farming it, those
marvellous— I might almost add miraculous— crops,
the annual reports of which, as kinds of Encyclical
missiles, Mr. Mechi sends forth to the public, and,
I may say, to the whole world. With reference to
what was the condition of Mr. Mechi's estate
before he came into possession of it, I have had
proofs supplied to me of all I was before informed of,
and of which I caused an account to be published
on the 14th ult., namely, that the farm had been
an enclosed farm for at least 200 years, and in

my opinion for a much longer time. My informant,
to whose information I before referred, writes that a
deed of an estate adjoining Tiptree Hall farm, describes
land as abutting on the land of Tiptree Hall, and this
deed bears date 180 years back. Hence there is a real
proof that the farm existed as a farm at that time, and
that the dwelling-house and homestead were then
known as Tiptree Hall. I decide, therefore, that for
near, or quite, or more than 200 years Mr. Mechi's
farm has formed no part of an uncultivated heath.
My respectable informant furthermore states that the
farmer who occupied the farm for full 40 years before
Mr. Mechi, was well known to him; and further,
he adds, that the farm is, and long has been, nearly
surrounded by other farms, in the fields of which, having
only hedges between them and Mr. Mechi's, he has
known as fine crops grown as any produced by Mr.
Mechi. It is true that Mr. Mechi has made more culti-
vatable land, by grubbing up old and worthless hedge-
rows and the 200-year old Pollard trees with which
those hedges were then nearly full. It is true Mr. Mechi
has done this, and we give him all credit for it ; and it
is true also that he has drained his Alder Ear, and
gained somewhat more land for the plough on that
account; but my informant believes, that were Mr.
Mechi's land now offered for sale it would not fetch
more per acre than would any of the lands by which it
is surrounded, notwithstanding the enormous sums
that have been expended upon it. It is true there is
a Tiptree Heath, and it has the general characteristics
of all other heaths ; but this has nothing whatever to
do with Tiptree Hall estate. But Mr. Mechi thinks,
because I (copying from Sir John Herschel) am
opposed to the ruthless draining of wells and springs
and ponds advocated by Mr. Mechi — and because I
condemn the denuding of farms and landscapes
of every stick of timber, as Mr. Mechi has his
farm— he considers I am against laud draining
altogether, and in favour of hedge-row Pollards, and
even timber trees in their wrong places ; but no such
thing. My own land is every part of it thoroughly
; drained, and I have not a tree growing in any of my
■ hedges which divide my fields. But Mr. Mechi
I says that "the 'Old Farmer' advises going back
to shallow ploughed lands of the original occupation."
Here again he is wrong, for in this, at least, I
am far before him, as I learned at the market
table I have referred to, for it appears he has n^t a
steam plough on his farm, nor even a steam engine,
j except one enclosed in a kind of mausoleum en-
veloped in a shroud — which is kept rather to throw
pestiferous liquids into the atmosphere, mixing
with the clouds, than for any practical purpose in
the cultivation of his lands — whilst I have an
engine performing all the chief work of my farm,
which I order into every field of my farm in its turn,
where, by ploughing and cross-ploughing, and going
deeper and deeper in the soil every time I use it, I
i produce crops which to see would excite envy in the
breast of Mr. Mechi. As good wine needs no bush,
so the crops I produce by my steam cultivation require
no puffing. Should Mr. Mechi follow my plan — bring
his steam engine out, and send it into his fields with
ploughs, rollers, scarifiers, clod-crushers, harrows, drills,
&c.— he would set an example worth his neighbours'
following ; and no puffing oflof his crops would then be
required. I may say, indeed, that my Wheats, as far as
I have threshed them, are yielding considerably more
than Mr. Mechi's do, and at least the value of the rent
of my land more. And yet I have had much better
Wheat crops than I have this year ; but then, as I have
said, I do not keep my steam engine at home shut up
in my barn merely to work a steam squirt with, as the
friend referred to informs me Mr. Mechi's labourers
designate a kind of steam-propelled watering-pot he
has ; but, as I have said, I send my engine into my
fields, and make it work. I will say, therefore, to my new
acquaintances in Essex, as I shall not probably address
them again— square your fields, and use the steam-
plough, going deeper and deeper with it every time
you set it to work, and you will then lay the founda-
tion, with other necessary adjuncts, of never-failing
crops, though even then, of course, they will not be
always equally alike, but nevertheless always good and
satisfactory. An Old Farmer and Agent. [We must
observe that our correspondent ends, after all, with
something very like the advice which Mr. Mechi is
himself almost always offering. Ed.]

The Potato Crops. — Much speculation and very
great interest is now excited relative to the real position
of the Potato crop at the present juncture. The
reports vary considerably, but the balance is sadly against
the crop. From trustworthy sources of a private
character we learn that the crops in Scotland are in a
most unsatisfactorj; state. The disease has been for
several weeks maliing sad havoc amongst them; all
lands and soils are alike affected to a great extent,
although unequally. In some districts the heavy land
crops are the best ; in others, the light soils have the
advantage — both are greatly injured ; in some cases the
entire crop is destroyed. In the northern counties the
disease is less virulent, but the crop is a meagre one.
The breadth planted is large, but the general testimony
is that the total produce of this year for the whole of
Scotland will not exceed a moiety of the past year, and
the bulk of these of inferior quality. In Ireland the
crop is not made prominent this year, and we are still
without positive information as to the condition of the
Potato crop in most of the principal producing districts.
What we do hear is not of the precisely unf^avourable
character which this crop bears both in Scotland and
this country. The disease is not so prevalent, nor so
severe, but the produce is not excessive. The quantity
usually planted make it a very important crop in that
country and relatively to the United Kingdom. In
the past seven years the acreage planted has been as
follows, respectively: —1861, 1,133,504 acres; 1862,
1,018,112 acres; 1863, 1,023,620 acres; 1864, 1,039,282

OCTOBEB 19. 1867.1

THE GARDENKKS' CllKONlCLl'l AW) AGKlCUI/nmAL GAZETTE.

1081

acres ; 1^05, 1,000,200 acres ; 1866, 1,050,419 acres ; 1867,
1,001,5-15 acres. The total returns which were taken
for the past year of the United Kingdom gives
1.382,525 acres, showinf! the comparatively small quan-
tity grown in Great Britain compared with the growth
of Ireland, i. e., amounting only to about one-third
the number of acres; so that in the abseni'o
of agricultural statistics for this country, 1 will
take the last year's general statistics, i. e., giving
in round numbers about 330,000 acres as the number
of acres grown in the United Kingdom, against
1,001,545 acres grown in Ireland. This shows the
immense importance of the Irish Potato crop, and
taking the average as given of the last 10 years, the
produce would amount to about 4i tons per acre, or in
gross amount 4,500,000 tons, which may be taken as the
produce of this year, a very considerable portion of
which will undoubtedly find its way to the English
market if the present prices are upheld. The crop in
this country, /. e., England and Wales, is no doubt
(taking it as a whole) a bad one. In many districts
the disease has all but destroyed the crop, in others it
has made sad havoc. In the Lincolnshire marshes,
and in some districts of the Cambridgeshire fens, the
crops are much affected with disease, but the crops are
so abundant that large breadths have been sold as they
grow to realise from 20/. to 28?. per acre. The quality
is very line. The better crops average about 5 tons per
acre of ware ; few crops will average so low as 3 tons,
which for many past years has been a general average.
In Kent the disease is not very virulent, but the crop
is a short one. In the "West of England much injury
is experienced from disease. In Yorkshire the crops
vary much, but the reports are unfavourable; good
open loams, well managed, have produced excellent,
well grown crops— most other soils have suffered greatly
in their produce. The tremendous but partial floods
of rain in June actually destroyed some crops, and
seriously injured others. The present season for taking
up and preventing further inroads of the disease is all
that can be wished, and will tend to allay and suppress
the unusual e.xcitement which the Potato trade is now
undergoing. The high price of "Wheat, and consequent
demand for its best substitute, the Potato, must cause j
prices to rule very high, but the quantity to be brought |
out will ultimately be large, and constitute our chief
safeguard against famine prices. I am a rather large ,
grower of Potatos. but I caunot for interested purposes
join in the cry of Wo\!, wolf." I believe the crop will
turn out better than our large baud of speculators
would lead us to believe. These men are driving up ,
the market too strenuously. O. F. j

Mill: for Labourers in Ches/iire.— Some j'ears ago it
occurred to me that the condition of the labourer
would be much improved by allotting to him a suffi-
cient quantity of land to enable him to keep a cow for
a supply of milk, &c,, to his family, for although in a
dairy district, the farmers having an aversion to selling
their milk in small quantities, a supply from them
could not be depended upon. After introducing the
system, it appeared to answer so well that it soon
became general in this part of the county, most of the
landowners being favourable to the scheme, and it
certainly has had the effect of adding great comfort to
many a" labourer's family, but there is one caution
required, which is, not to allow a man to have more
land than is absolutely necessary for the maintenance
of a cow during the whole year— from 1 J acre to 2 acres,
according to the quality of the land, being generally
considered sufficient for the purpose ; if more is allowed
he may be induced to till a portion of it and grow
corn, defeating thereby the object intended, and by
this extra labour at home be the means of its inter-
fering with his daily work upon the farm, and
frequently putting his employer to inconvenience.
There is also another plan sometimes adopted by land-
owners : it is to let the poor have pasturage for their
cows at 3.5. or 4s. per week each, and, if required, a
certain portion of mowing Grass for the winter
monihs. Of course when these advantages are not to
be had, the families of the poor fare badly in com-
parison with the former. IF. F.

Foreign Correspondence.

Feench Aqeicultuke : Paris, October, 1867.— The
vintage has terminated in the south of Fi'ance, and is
nearly .over in the central and south-west provinces.
The aggregate product will be behind that even of
ordinary years, some of the farmers' vintages being the
sole exception in the general falling off of the yield.
An augmentation in the price of wme would not in
itself be necessarily proportionate to the deficiency,
but cold and rains have induced a certain species of
immaturity in the Grape, injurious to flavour, taste,
and conservation. The better class of wines have
accordingly risen in price, and to an extent that will
certainly be appreciable in England.

In the comparison of French and English wines
made from fruit other thari the Grape, the preference
as to superiority must be given to the French manu-
facture. "With really superior fruits we make worse
wines. It may be that hereafter this department of
English industry will receive more attention, and that
with this attention the quality will advance. There
are two principal modes of preparing wine from fruits,
the one by fermentation pure and simple, the other by
the addition of eau-de-vie and of sugar. The first pro-
cedure gives the veritable wine. As to the latter, the
simple fermentation is allowed to proceed with a
greater portion of the fruit, the remainder only being
mixed in the first instance witli eau-de-vie and sugar,
and when the fermentation is comi)lete, mixed with
the residue of the liquor to give it flavour and body.
All parts of the fruit are ordinarily submitted to fer-
mentation. The white and red wines of Burgundy are
in high request for colouring and giving flavour to
Gooseberry, Apple, Cherry, Peach, and other wines.

The most serviceable work to consult as to their fabri-
cation is the " Eucycloiicdic-Roret."*

Maize has not hitherto been credited with any extra-
ordinary medical qualities, but iu a memoir drawn up
by members of the lioyal Academy of Bordeaux it is
remarked that since the culture of the Maize, has been
introduced into Ga.seoyne, and the inhabitants have
made it their principal nourishment, they have been
free from all apoplectic and eiiileptic affections, the latter
having ]iroviously been very common. Close analytic
observers declare that the use of Maize has a happy
effect on the toiii|icrainpnt. The one thing certain is,
that Maize has IiikIi sustLiining qualities. The Indians
of America when engaged iu the chase, in war, or on
long journeys, are known to make use of a particular
kind of farina obtained from Maize, and to nave sub-
sisted on this for months together without any other
aliment. By the way, the American display of Maize
at the Exhibition is excellent ; and the little enter-
prising colony of Natal sends most creditable specimens.

A city Vineyard was in olden time no rarity in
Paris, and even now, in many of its retired quarters,
may he caught glimpses of arbours and walks troUised
by the "\^ine, and bearing heavy clusters of Grapes.
Ingenuity has frequently exhausted itself in seeking to
provide in a limited space the widest possible area
for the growth of the plant, consistent with the access
of air and light. Iu the course of the merciless demo-
litions proceeding in Paris for the construction of
boulevards and streets, some exquisite traces of what
maybe termed soiiiviiirs of rural life are brought to
light. The last week has witnessed a whole street
adorned on either sido with miniature Vineyards, the
pride of their artisan owners, swept away. The rural
taste of the Parisians is testified to by balconies
crowded wil4i flowers, and by the flowering and trailing
plants which relieve the ordinary demure aspect of
their enclosed courts.

llorticulturc has always been popular in France, the
sale of flowers and plants being the subject of a widely
extended trade. The flower pavilion of the Central Hall
or market, recently erected in Paris, presents a most
imposing appearance. It is singularly light and airy,
covered by an immense zinc roof, supported by iron
columns. The upper part of the arcades and small
skylights of the roof are closed by rough glass shutters.
The stalls, arranged on either side of its central avenue
in tiers, are four yards square. In the other flower
markets, five in number, the flower-sellers and their
wares are only protected by light moveable structures.
Eomance has done much with the flower-girls of Paris,
making them the heroes of endless adventures ; they
haunt every place of public resort, obtaining their
supplies from these markets, and their aggregate daily
sales must be enormous.

The trade in fruit is very active at the present time,
not merely with England but mth Sweden, Norway,
and Ilussia. The French pride themselves in producing
Apples and Pears of enormous size, and, as a rule, these
geuerally prove the best. The external trade in Pears,
Prunes, and Cherries has changed its direction; a large
and active commerce is carried on in these articles
with England, Sweden, Norway, and even Russia.

It has been no less strikingly than truly observed
that the nineteenth century belongs to agriculture.
The-improvement of this great department of industry
engages more attention than all others combined. In
fact it is only in very modem times that agriculture
has asserted its position as a science, less and less being
left to mere chance. The French chemists, Dumas,
Payen, and Boussingault, have laboured much to this
end, applying themselves especially to the means of
increasing the nutritive power of the several soils
according to their original constituent qualities and
the crops to be raised. Their experimental researches
together with those of other savants and of practical
agriculturists, will be found admirably summed up in
the C/iimie Applique'e a V Agriculture, by M. F. Mala-
guti.t

Strange as it may sound, the mass of French agri-
culturists are only beginning to understand the value
and importance of guano, France having imported but
25,000 tons iu the past year, against 150,000 tons
absorbed by England iu the same time. A large mass
of agriculturists in France appear by their practice to
incline to the belief that machines will do everything,
oblivious of the necessity of new supplies of extraneous
elements, such as phosphorus and potash, for the
renewal of the soil. Vast tracts of land in Vendee,
Bretagne, Sologne, and Gascoigne, now uncultivated,
might be redeemed for the culture of cereals, and with
great profit, by means of fossil phosphates, of which
France possesses an abundant supply. Vast depositories
of the bones of animals of former ages, in a state of
concretion, extend in a belted zone from the Pas de
Calais to the maritime Alps. At present, indeed, the
chief artificial application to land by French agricul-
turists consists of the phosphate fossils of men and
animals.

It is surprising to learn that one of the chief
objections expressed against the use of English
ploughs in France— an objection, the utterance of
which shows how far the slightest prejudice will go —
is their length, this involving, it is assumed, a diffi-
culty in turning them. Le Memorial Agricole in its
last number gives expression to this objection, remark-
ing in reference to the plough of a well-known maker :
"It has the advantage of tracing easily rectilineal
furrows, and of dressing regularly the bands of earth
which it turns over, but we reproach it with rendering
very difficult by its length the change of direction at
the end of each furrow. This feature renders its
employment undesirable on lands abutting on ditches
or on fields bordered by others that have been sown.
On great reaches of land, however, the length facilitates
the rectilineal advance." "With lands cut up as they

* Limonadier : Paris, A. Roret, Libraire Editeur, 12, Rue
Hautefeuille. + Paris : Charles Delagrave & Co.

are iu Franco, the sale of English ploughs must con.,
tiniio to bo .somewh.at limited. The small farmer,
generally speaking, needs an instrument which, how-
ever faulty in construction, he can repair himself.
Lowness of price is with him, too, not the least
desideratum.

The races of French sheep have, for a series of years,
tended rapidly to improve, a result due in part to the
superior quality of the food with which the sheep have
been led and to cro.ssings with Merinos. The improve-
mciii h:is b(^on both in the character of the wool and in
the meat. Mutton may bo said io iiold the same place
in Franco that beef does in lOiiglaiid, and is less inferior
to our own than is French beef, which for the most
part is singularly coarse. The production of^ fine wool
together with good moat have come to bo regarded
as physiologically incompatible, and sheep farmers
consider their interest chiefly to lie in producing the
latter. Accordingly the French manufacturer trusts
mainly for his supplies to the English and colonial
wool sales of London. The opinion of competent
French judges on the means of further improving the
French races of sheep is that it is indispensable to infuse
more fully the blood of English races. The price of
meat tends to rise, that of wool to fall, and this
decides for farmers the question as to the priority of
attention to be given to one or the other of the
two objects of production to be held in view.

The production of the salts of potash, the feldspath of
the Germans, so powerful an agent in the regeneration
of the soil, is extremely limited in France, the dearness
of the article restricting the demand ; but it h.is been
suggested by an eminent chemist that it might be
supplied cheaply and in large quantities for purposes of
agriculture by distillation from saline lakes and sea
water. Already at Carmague M. de Merle has a manu-
factory of the kind. The water is received in basins
acres in extent, and the sulphate of soda and chloride
of potassium are extracted separately. At the Exhi-
bition, the Parisian chemists are especially forward in
the display of salts of potassium. It is a remarkable
fact that none of the guano of Peru figures at the
Exhibition, notwithstanding it constitutes a leading
article in the commerce of that country, no less than
14,000,000 tons having been extracted from the guano
islands of the Pacific during the past 23 years.

The deficiency of the present year's harvest in
France occasioning a rise in the price of bread, which
has evideritly not attained its maximum, and is a cause
of increasing discontent among the ouvriers of Paris,
is certain to lead to the sowing of an increased breadth
of land. More confidence can always be entertained
in a cereal than in a fruit crop, and thus we may come
to see some of the larger vineyards encroached upon by
"Wheat and Rye. The tax of 2 francs on every sack
of Flour brought into Paris is felt to be very onerous,
and a strong belief prevails that the present high rate
of Flour is not justified by the actual deficiency of the
Wheat crop, but is due to combiuations among the
merchants of grain. The Parisians believe that if they
had representative municipal institutions, such com-
binations could be set aside, but they are mistaken.

Societies.

Great Be.ixted : Oct. 10,— At the third annual
meeting of this Society, Mr, Ducane, M.P.. in intro-
ducing other speakers, said : I am happy to think that
there is nobody in this room who does riot understand
the merits of ploughing and other agricultural occu-
pations as well or better than I do ; and, finally, for
me to attempt to teach farmers how to farm in the
presence of such eminent agriculturists as my friends
Mr. Mechi and Mr. "William Fairhead, would be an
act of presumption on my part almost as great as if,
because accident has made me a Lord of the Admiralty,
I were to think myself capable of taking command of
the Channel fleet in a gale of wind.

Mr. Mechi, in proposing " the Visitors," said as this
was an agricultural meeting he sunnosed he might say
a word or two about agriculture. "We had all a right to
our own opinions, and if these opinions were honest,
however much he who expressed them differed from
those around him, it was only right that they should
he expressed with a view to their consideration, and to
their being rebutted if they were not sound and correct.
He himself had an opinion that the greatest misfor-
tune that could happen to agriculture was to be
satisfied with thiugs as they are— and it was rather
unfortunate for him ,in some respects that he was dis-
satisfied with things as they are, because it brought
him into collision with others who thought differently,
but whom he respected very much. Although they
had present to-night a great many who where
extremely successfiil in agriculture, he was bound to
say, at the same time, that, looking at agriculture
generally, it was open to immense improvement, and
that they must all of them be prepared to give up
many of their old customs and prejudices to meet the
requirements of this intelligent and progressive age.
It was the same with agriculture as with locomotion ;
if, 30 years ago, we had been told that we must give up
the famous old four-horse coaches and spend 500
millions of money on a new mode of conveyance, the
person who had had the boldness to say it would at
that time have been declared to be insane ; but it had,
nevertheless, come to pass, and we now travelled at
SO miles an hour instead of 8 or 9. This rapid means
of communication with our fellow creatures was fast
removing the prejudices of agriculturists ; and the
Royal Society, with its itineratin); exhibitions every
year, was bringing each county it visited to see that it
was mistaken in the hitherto entertained idea that its
agriculture was perfect. He was very discontented
with Essex agriculture in one particular respect, and,
as an honest man, he was bound to state it. He saw
many present who farmed a certain soil very common

1082

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONKJLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 19, 1867.

in parts of Essei, balled liy tlienl " loam," but *hioh
was in reality a tile earth of a very adhesive and
plastic quality. The opinion of these gentlemfiu, and
that opinion had been very much to their own iu'ury,
was that it was of no use underdraiuincc the soil, while
the fact was, that if there was oue soil that required
draining more than another it was this. If he could
transfer the farmers of Essex into other parts of the
kingdom further north, and they were there to express
the opinion they did here, as to the uselessness of
draining this particular soil, they would really be
looked upon as not understanding their business. His
own experience of this kind of draining for M years was
a complete refutation to the opinions expressed by his
friends who thought differently, that drainage was not
wanted ou this kind of soil, because water would not
go to the drains. Having stated the result of an
examination he had made of the floor of a drain made
24 years ago upon his own farm at Tiptree,
he said he would ventui-e to suggest to those
gentlemen who differed from him, that they should
experimentalise upon their farms, and report the
result to this Society. He thought they were bound
to do that, and if they found that they had previously
been in error to come here and honestly admit it.

There was another point for the consideration of
landlords and tenants, and, after all, not a very costly
feature, viz., the giving up of open farmyards, and the
adoption of covered sheds and paved floors. He had no
hesitation in saying that if landlords would build very
inexpensive sheds with paved floors, the farmer paying
a moderate percentage upon the outlay, it would do
away with dung-heaps, the goodness of the manure
would be preserved, and the result would be, crops so
astounding that once a shed of this kind was built
another would soon be asked for. Having reiterated
his old opinion that sufficient capital was not put into
the working of the land, and that if it were done it
would prove more than equally remunerative to the
farmer, he addressed himself to the question of ma-
nuring. There were very many, he said, who had had a
great affection for Peruvian guano, and he had no
doubt the sum paid every year for that manure by those
present represented a very large sum. This year he had
tried comparative results between the value of Peruvian
guano and the fish caught on our coast, putting on the
same money value ; he had tested the two on Barley,
Oats, and IMangel, and he was bound to say that in
every case there was a large advantage both in quality
and quantity in favour of fish over guano. It was
really surprising. He could not tell them to a fraction,
but he believed the advantage of the one over the
other was fully a quarter in the quantity of Barley
and from 2s. to os. in quality. If he was told that sprats
could not be obtained, he would remind them that last
year 10,000 bushels were sold at Rowhedge alone, within
a week, for the purpose of manure. He himself pur-
chased his .)ust before last Christmas, at Sf^. or 9d.
a bushel, and those who did not live so near the coast
could have the fish brought by rail for a small sum per
ton. Speaking of the necessity of keeping a consider-
able quantity of stock upon a farm as the true secret of
maximum crops, he said he could assure them without
any desire to praise his own, that what portion of his
Wheat crop he had threshed averaeed 5 quarters an
acre, his Barley (grown after TTheat) averaged
6 quarters an acre. He had threshed 190 quarters of
"Wheat and still had a good stackyard. He had threshed
the previous day 10 acres of Barley which yielded
60 quarters. A very great loss had been occasioned
this year, and they must all admit it, by sowing too
thickly, which with the seasons we had had caused
the crops to fall too early, and the consequence had
been certainly a diminution of the yield.

Mr. Mechi then went on to say that he wished to
allude to the intercourse that should exist between
town and country. The time was when there
was a very jealous and nasty feeling exhibited by his
agricultural friends towards raanufrictures and com-
merce ; but he believed that this had died away, or was
rapidly dying away. He had, however, been surprised
to hear what was the annual consumption in one single
house in London of the products of agriculture. In the
Bow Churchyard establishment alone of Messrs. Cope- 1
stake and Moore, lace manufacturers, the foUoiving was
the annual con.sumption : — 170,000 lb. of meat, 45,000
4-lb. loaves of bread, 14,000 lb. of butter, 10,000 lb. of
cheese, 3.500 lb. of coffee, 1000 lb. of tea, C3 tons of
Potatos, 7 tons of loaf sugar, 5 tons of raw ditto,
22,000 gallons of beer, 3300 gallons of milk, 700 lb. of
mustard, &c. If they had mutton for dinner they con-
sumed more than ten sheep in a day ; if beef, a bullock ;
and they feed between 700 and 800 persons a day. Mr.
Mechi concluded by remarking that it ought to be the
object of the landlord and tenant so to improve the
productive qualities of the land as to render less demand
upon foreign countries for grain than there was at
present. There could be no doubt that it was a
disgrace to us, as a nation, that our production was so
small per aore.^ What ho wanted to impress upon his
agricultural friends was, to look at things not with an
eye of prejudice, and before condemning anything to
try it on a moderate scale on their own land. When
they visited his farm he asked them to come not with
.itn intention to find fault, but with a view to compare
results, and to see whether what they saw justified the
statements he (Mr. Mechi) made.

The Eev. C. B. Leigh, in proposing " the health of
the Chairman," which he did in eulogistic terms,
referred to the question of the adoption of the High-
way Act for the whole county, to be brought forward
at the Quarter Sessions next Tuesday. He avowed
himself at present as a determined opponent of the
sjdoption of that Act. He did not for a moment pretend
to say that the roads in every parish through which he
travelled were such as he could wish them to be ; he
admitted that he sometimes came in contact with ruts
that shattered the springs of his carriage, and that in

some places manurb heaps were placed objectionably
near the centre of the road — all these things he strongly
condemned. He was for the maintenance and good
repair of the roads, but he believed that could be
accomplished without the adoption of this Act. He
believed the law, as it stands, was quite sufficient to
accomplish all the wished-for results, and until he was
convinced to the contrary he should not be an
advocate for the change. If any remedy was needed,
he believed it could easily be effected by summoning
one or two surveyors of parishes before the magistrates.
In the parish in which he resided he did not believe
that anyone could find fault with the roads, and yet,
for the last 20 years, the highway rate had been under
2d. in the pound on the present assessment. By the
adoption of the Highway Act he believed they would
more than double the rates; and he did not see why a
parish which had good roads should have to pay an
increased rate because their neighbours kept their
highways badly.
Mr. Moss proposed " the Judges."
Mr. C. Hall returned thanks, and entered into the
merits of the several competitions. With regard to
the speech of Mr. Mechi, he said he was a much older
agriculturist than that gentleman, and he ventured to
differ very materially from him. He (Mr. Hall) had
land all tenacious loam, part of which he had drained,
and he defied Mr. Mechi to point out any difference in
the two portions, whether in the crop produced or the
appearance of the land itself. His own opinion was
that this kind of land would, whether drained or not,
hold a certain amount of water before it would run off
or find its way below, and, he believed, in this theory
he had almost made a convert of Mr. Carter. [Mr.
Caetee : With some reservations.] Good draining,
however, on land that required it, he believed to be the
beginning of good farming. Mr. Hall, as himself a
surveyor, expressed himself decidedly opposed to the
adoption of the Highway Act.

Mr. DncANE : With regard to draining, he said he
had come to the conclusion that both Mr. Mechi and
Mr. Hall were right " with," as Mr. Carter remarked
" some reservations. The fact was, that he held to
the opinion he had before now expressed, that no
uniform depth of draining would suit all soils, and to
that opinion he meant to stick. He had listened to
the results of the threshing of Sir. Mechi's crops, and
he confessed he had not exactly been favoured with
similar returns of his own harvest. He only hoped
that there was a good time coming, and that when his
tenants tbi-eshed out their grain they would find their
results to be equal to Mr. Mechi's. He had also
listened with very great interest to, and at the first
blush with something of astonishment at, Mr. Mechi's
returns of the manner in which one firm profited the
agricultural interest, and he confessed he thought, for
the moment, that they had got back to the days of a
gentleman whose exploits were very familiar to all
childi'en—

" Robin the Bobbin, the Big-Bellied Ben,
^^ho ato more meat than four .score men ;
lie ate a. cow, lie ate a ealf,
He ato a butcher and a Iialf,
He ate the church, he ate the steeple.
He ate the priest and all the people ;"

but on closer inspection of his hon. friend's figures he
found that there was nothing very extraordinary in
the consumption of food compared with the number
fed ; and the idea struck him that if another year the
officers of this Society were to draw up the statistics of
their feed that evening, and show how much they
profited the farmers of the district thereby, he should
be obliged, as owner of the house, to build a new room
for the accommodation of the additional number of
gentlemen that would attend. With regard to the
proposed attenipt to subject this county to the pro-
visions of the Highway Act, he said he had expressed
his opinion on this subject about sis months ago, when
the subject was then brought forward at the Quarter
Session. He should go to the Quarter Sessions next
Tuesday perfectly unprejudiced, and prepared to listen
fairly to all the arguments that might be adduced, but
he must confess that unless he heard something of an
entirely novel character, he saw no reason whatever for
altering the vote he gave on the previous occasion-
decidedly against the adoption of the Act. He agreed
with much that fell from Mr. Leigh, but without fol-
lowing him minutely through the question, he might
say that he thought this was a ratapayers' question
altogether— and one upon which the opinion of the
majority of the ratepayers ought by some means fairly
to be arrived at. He had no doiibt there were some dis-
tricts where the application of the High way Act might be
beneficial, but at the same time he was certain they
would increase the expenditure rather than diminish
it. His own idea was this — if any district applying to
the Quarter Sessions for a provisional order were in
the possession of a clear large majority of the ratepayers
in favour of such an order, he should himself hesitate
to oppose it ; but he did not believe that to be the
case: on the contrary, if they were to poll the county
throughout they would find an enormous majority of
the ratepayers — he was not speaking of the tenant
farmers only, but of the clergy and small shopkeepers
—against the adoption of the Act. His own way of
looking at the question was that the matter was one
to be decided by the voice of the ratepayers. He
confessed that he thought magistrates ought to be
rather careful in measures of this kind in setting them-
selves against the voice of the ratepayers, because, after
all, the magistrates were at the present moment the
representatives of the ratepayers, and entrusted with
a control over the county expenditure ; and they had
heard of such things as county financial boards, and
he must say that if, in defiance of the voice of the large
majority of the ratepayers, they thrust these things
upon them, they would have a cry for more direct
representation and a more direct control over the

county e.xpenditur6 than they had at the present time
He thought the subject was one very fitting to be
discussed by a Chamber of Agriculture. Esses; Gazette.

LisNASKEA. — At a recent Agricultural Meeting
here, the Earl of Eene made a number of practical
remarks :—

1. On Irish Butter. — I am sorry to say that Irish
butter does not hold the same command of the English
markets as it used to do. We have now to compete
with the butter from Holland and from France. The
Dutch farmers have large dairies, and can ruake up a
tub of butter from one milking, and, therefore, it is all
of the same colour. That comes over to England, and
is preferred to ours. There was not much butter at
our show to-day, but it is an extraordinary thing that
there was one tub, said to belong to a woman who had
only a single cow, of really first-rate quality. She said
she had been making that butter since the month of
May. If we could all get our butter made up like that
we should do very welt I have heard, however, that
it will not do to make butter by piecemeal. The
French butter, though not so good as ours, is very
clean. They have white tubs, and they put cotton
dipped in salt into the firkin, and when the butter
comes out it is free from salt and impurities of all
kinds. It is also complained that too much salt is put
into Irish butter. Mr. Powler of Manchester, says : —
" The foreign butters are preferred to the Irish butter,
because they are so fresh. All the foreign butter
brought to England is sold within 10 days of being
churned. Poreign butters are scrupulously clean,
while Irish butter contains hair and dirt of various
kinds, as well as too much salt and brine, principally
that from the South of Ireland, and. much tod
frequently in that from the North. The chief fault of
the Irish farmers is the practice of ' holding ' which,
prevails. They ' hold ' their butter for two or three
months at a tiuie ; and I have actually kno^vn it ' held'
for a year for the purpose of getting the highest priced
of the season. The butter thus deteriorates, and
becomes stale and rancid. English consumers are not
fond of stale rancid butter, and prefer Prench, which is
quite fresh. The dairies should be kept quite clean,
and the milk vessels thoronghly^ scalded. The milk
should be passed through fine sieves, and the churn
kept quite clean. Many farmers keep their milk till it
is stale, but it should be churned when quite fresh.
The butter should be sold the week it is churned. _ I
would recommend instead of firkins, small white pails,
with slip lids, to contain about 50 lb. or 60 lb. of butter.
I would particularly recommend perfect cleanliness in
the handling and putting up of the biltter. If these few
suggestions were fully carried out, Irish butter would
be prel^erred to any, it would command higher prices,
and find a ready sale in all the English markets. The
north of England markets are equal to those of London
in these respects. Till quite lately, Irish butter always
met with a preference, but the faults slated caused it
to lose ground, and now French and German butter
commands a better sale." I do wish we could get all
friends and neighbours to take more paius with thd
butter than at present, or we shall lose our prestige;
and French butter will drive us out of the market
altogether.

2. Fla.r Ctiltiire. — Another matter to which I wish
to refer is that of Flax. It is a produce which we have
always cultivated in this country, but we do not take
sufficient pains with it. The Belgian Flax, therefore,
always gets higher prices, though in it^ielf it is not
better Flax ; and the case is very similar to that of the
Irish butter. It is as good, if not better, than the
foreign Flax, though not so cai-efully cultivated. Mill-
owners can tell you the manner in which the Flax is
brought to them. Unless the Flax is well handled it
goes to nothing when it is sent to the mill. I see by
the Government returns that in this province therd
are 783 acres of Flax more than wo had last year.
Now, this is all very well ; but altogether in Irehvud,
there is a decrease of 10,809 acres. lu Fermanagh and
this county there is an increase ; but I would caution
you to take good care that you do not cultivate too
much of it, because that is the great thing for you to
consider. You should not put it into any field under
five or six years at least. I believe the decrease is the
simple result of an over-cultivation of Flax. Farmers
have put it in much too often. There are districts
where the land is quite black from continual cropping.
Dont't try to "Flax" too often, for it is the worst thing
you could possibly do.

3. Wecrfs.— Another matter to which I am anxious
to draw your attention is the neglect of weeds. I saw
more weeds here in one day than during an entire
journey from Holyhead to^ London. It is extra-
ordinary to see the weeds in this country. I have
frequently brought the subject before my tenants, and
told them that the weeds take up as much suction from
the ground as the crop itself. I have heard that the
seeds from one Thistle will grow 30,000 or 40,000 more,
and by not destroying them you do incalculable harm.
In Scotland there is a law by which you can serve a
notice upon your neighbour, and compel him, under
a penalty of 51., to remove the weeds from his land.
We have no law of the kind, but we ought to have, for
it would be very beneficial. The weeds, being indi-
genous, take more nourishment out of the ground than
the crops, and thus cause a serious loss.

4. Arjricidiural Labourers. — I believe that upon an
occasion of this kind, two years ago, I brought the same
matter before you. I do think that we ought to take
better care of our agricultur.al labourers. We know
they are scarce, and are becoming more so every year.
Without a sufficient number of labourers your cattid
would perish, and your crops he destroyed. We ought
to take much better care of them than we do. I am
going to give a premium next year for the best house

I sijccially constructed for an agricultural labourer, and

I I hope there will be a good deal of competition. This

OCTOBEE 19, 1867.]

THE GAEDENT'^IiS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1083

is a want wo ought to attend to. If you have gooi]
houses you will set good hibourers ; but if you havo bad
houses, you will only got itKlillorent labourer.s to live
in tUeni. The last matter I shall refer to Is that of
machinery. We all know how indispensable labour-
saving machinery has become, though at iiresent it
is so oxpensivo that ib has not yet met with general
adoption. I exhibited to-day a reaping and mowing
machine, to show yon their working. They are both
good instruments, and ^vero made by the best firms, Ijut
unfortunately they are very dear, costing 20/. eanb.
But there are other and cheaper machines, for saving
labour, which you should procure, and by-aud-by
those will probably become much cheaper.

UiQHCLERE, iZ<7»/.!.— At the annual meeting of this
Association the following remarks were made by Tjord
C.lRNAUVON. Ho said :— Agriculture has changed
much during the last 20 years. It probably has to
undergo many more changes, and in fact to keep pace
with the development, the expansion, and change
which accompany every other department of trade. It
ia not raereiy that different branches of trade are
undergoing change, but, as you all well know, the
persons engaged in those difl'erent branches are chang-
ing etjually. I do not mean that they are merely
ohanguig in sympathy, opinion, and feeling, but also in
all tlio visible and material externals, so to speak, of
their everyday life. If any of us look back to the state
of things which existed some 20 years since, we must
necessarily observe that in agriculture, at all events,
men are better clothed, better housed, and better fed
than they were in former years. They have more of
the comforts, more of the luxuries of life, and in some
cases I may say they havo more of those refinements
which are after all good and wholesome refinements,
and which tend to make human lifahappier and better
on the wdiole. They havo more of these comforts
now, and I wish to God that they had in many cases
still more. I also observe that almost in every part of
England the agricultural labourers are now in the
receipt of larger wages than they were in former years.
I have myself only just returned from the north of
England, and I find that in many of the midland
counties, especially in the one with which I am myself
connected by family ties of property, the ordinary
wages of the common labourer are not less than IG5.
and I7s. a week, while a good and first-rate labourer
receives from 19s. to 2,0s. a week. I do not deny that
there may be difliculties in dealing with this altered
state ^ of circumstances. It is, in fact, a period of
transition through which we are all passing, but I
believe, for my own part, that these difiiculties will be
generally found attended by certain compensations-
compensations which perhaps do not appear at the
moment, but which will develop themselves as time
goes on. Of one thing I am convinced, that it is our
policy— the landlords .and the tenants being in the
same boat— that whatever these difficulties of a transi-
tion period may be, we must look them in the face,
accepting the circumstances of the time in which we
live, and, as far as possible, endeavouring to make them
our own. We may do a great deal by that improved
system of husbandry, of which there are so many able
and excellent representatives here present, and I believe
that they will themselves be the first to say that there
is yet a great deal more to do and to be done.

Improved Machinerij. — In the same way it is quite
possible that there m.ay be a very large increase of
machinery before many years have gone by that will
be applicable to agriculture. Happily the prejudices
which existed in former years on the part of the
labourers to the use of machinery have disappeared.
They have now hegun to find that machinery in no
way interferes with the true scope and sphere of their
labours. Travelling, as I have been lately, through
the^ Lothians in Scotland, it was hardly possible to
avoid being struck with the chimney 'which every
single farmhouse throughout that great agricultural
country possesses. We see there an enormous develop-
ment of agriculture, and a development accompanied
Dy_ almost all the mechanical appliances which art and
science can suggest. Hut whatever machinery may do
for us, this is to be remembered, that we shall still need
labour. Labour we must have; labour, I believe, we
shall have ; but we can only get good labour eventually
by paying for it.

Improved Cottages.— On the other hand, the land-
lords must be prepared to look another difficulty in the
face which belongs to them especially, and that is, ihey
must be prepared as far as they can to provide good
cottages. Everybody here present knows that providing
good cottages is not as easy a matter as it sounds.
What constitutes a good cottage it would take me a
long time to explain. We wane not merely a good
poron, not merely good windows, good doors, a con-
venient arrangement of the oul-of-door premises and
offices of the cottage, hut we want a great deal of con-
sideration in laying it out, and a great many points
have to be taken into account. But I do say this, that
the main object of importance inside the cottage when
you are building afresh is to provide three bedrooms
for the use of the cottagers. Of course, on a very large
property there must be some cottages small and some
large, but whenever you havo to house an ordinary-
sized family, the three bedrooms are really indispens-
able as a matter of decency. That is the great pro-
vision which I think a cottage requires inside.
Outside, I should say, the most important consideration
IS that of a good-sized garden. But there is also another
question closely connected with that of gardens. I
mean the question of allotments. I know that there is
a feeling that an allotment is an inducement to a
labourer to neglect his own proper work with his
employer ; that it draws that man's labour from the
service of his employer and diverts it to himself. Now
1 do not think so, or that it need be the case. I believe
this— that the interest which the man feels in the soil

is so useful in attaching him to the parish, and in
giving him an interest in the parish, that tho employer
(irial).)ur in the long run will find himself fully com-
pensated. I incline myself, where it is possible, to the
idan of idacing these allotnioiits by ones, twos, or threes
together as close as may bo to the labourer's cottage. 1
think that that is not only kind to tho labourer, bu(
that in the long run it will he found wise and profit-
able. He has the opportunity thus of employing uiion
this ground^ which is witliin easy roach, every odd
moiiiont which ho has at his disiio.sal. I believe that
tho personal interest which a man ha.s in a plot of
ground he can cultivate with advantage and profit to
liimself, will outweigh all tho speculations as to feelings
of emulation and rivalry which idiilosophers over
indulged in. At present wo see great tracts of land in
the possession of a few individuals. There is no one
to blame for this. It is the inevitable result of the
wealth which has grown uii around particular indivi-
duals. But as far as they can, both landlord and
tenant ought to give every facility to deserving
labourers and cottagers in a country district to put
themselves in a position as nearly as possible analogous
to that which they might possess if they were them-
selves the owners of little patches of land.

AlUERT Veteetnaky Colleqe : Queen's Road,
Bai/.i'i'ater. — The following is an abridgment of the
introductory lecture by I'rofessor John Gamgee, on
the reopening of the College for the Winter Session :—
The third International Veterinary Congress has just
been held in Zurich. They considered the important
subject of veterinary education and the organisation of
the veterinary art by tho state. It was resolved that
the preparatory studies for all desiring to enter a
veterinary college should be tho same as those required
by the schools of medicine ; that a period of not less
than three years should be devoted to college study by
our students; and that, wdiilst there are no objections
to a connection between veterinary colleges and the
public universities of a country, it is indispensable that
every veterinary school should have a proper staff of
duly qualified veterinary professors. On the other
hand, the veterinary profession demands that there
should be some law for the protection of the duly quali-
fied practitioners and tho public from the quacks
falsely assuming titles they have ho right to. The
world believes far more in specifics than brains, and
the man who in his ignorance boldly asserts he can
cure all things, sells his physio and lives. The
other, who disci irainates and confesses his igno-
rance, or advises with discretion, is not esteemed
and cannot live. Forget not the years 1885, 1836.
The men who could cure cattle plague made money ;
the doctors who vaccinated to prevent cattle plague
made money ; 7^. ^^d. each was paid for tubes of
spurious vaccine ; and 5^. for the privilege of getting
a child with a fine pock on its arm. All this w.as
after the advice had been published that both drugs
and vaccination were useless, and that nothing but
isolaiion, slaughter, and disinfection could save the
farmer's stock. To my cost I know that the
search for knowledge and dissemination of truth not
only met no reward, but entailed on some the penal-
ties of premature wisdom. In denouncing our pro-
fession, and myself in particular, the Times said, on
the 5t!i October, 1805 : — " Professor Gamgee has to
complain that his profession is denounced as ' ignorant
and inadequate for the occasion.' The truth is, as one of
tho other (medical) lecturers observed, that the doctors
are looked up to because they have done good work,
because they have diminished the fatality of our human
diseases, and are daily at least endeavouring to acquire
new vietories;over Nature. The veterinary surgeon, on
the contrary, has fallen into disrepute, because, by his
own confession, he is absolutely useless in the presence
of disease, and because, assuming himself unable to
cure it, he would resort to the most reckless measures
to avoid its contagion." Further on in the same
article the sound observations are made that nothing
could be eflectually done in the way of preventing
contagion unless the disease could be detected earlier
than that at which it was then capable of recognition.

On the 8th of October I had the lionour of addres-
sing the Health Department of the Social Science
Association at Sheffield on the origin and preven-
tion of the cattle plague. On that occasion I pub-
lished the fact, that by noting the temperature of
anim.alsit was possible to detect an attack of cattleplague
two days earlier than by the most minute observation
of any other symptom ; and, referring to the observa.-
tions in the Times, I ventured to remark that we could
not confess ignorance regarding the disease then ravag-
ing our herds, and that the ignorance had existed on
the ]>art of those who had done all they could to weaken
our influence in the eyes of the world. In conclusion
I said—" Turn to the histories of typhus and yellow
fever, of human smiall pox and cholera, and tell us
what lias been done by curative means. The doctors
who have gained victories over Nature have gained no
victories over these maladies but by the adoption of
preventive measures. Animals can be dealt with difi'er-
ently to men, and a hundred outbreaks of cattle plague
might be quoted to prove that to kill is to save the lives
of thousands and tens of thousands. To spare the
knife implies propagating and perpetuating the malady."
For this advice I was rewarded by another leader in
the Times, the opening paragraph of which ran as
follows :— " Professor Gamgee, like the cattle plague
itself, is irrepressible. As is tlie case, according to his
own account, with animals attacked with that disease,
he is wholly insensible to curative measures. We
havo ' exhibited,' to use medical language, various
remedies for the delusion vvitli which this gentleman is
possessed, but it has been to no purpose wliatever."
What happened with reference to the Rinderpest is of
daily occurrence in the intercourse between true and
false veterinary practitioners and the general puhlic.

Wo do not object to any one attempting to cure
diseases, but whoever tri^ads on tho confines of the
qualified veterinarian sliould bo dealt with as the
quacks in medicine who are not permitted to docoive
the unwary by aOixing titles to their names which
have not been earned by an essential course of study.

We are doubtless to blame in many respects. Vears
ago when I said we were certainly deficient in numbers,
tho..*o afraid of competition declared the profession
overstocked. When a now Veterinary College \yas
formed, the jirofession slumbered, whilst for many
mouths one ol the most influential agricultural associO"
tions ill the world attempted to extinguish it. When
some attempted to improve veterinary literature, and
extend the curriculum of study in our schools, there
was no cordial support, but rather tho most unconquer-
ablo aversion to any innovation. \V^hat was done
were realities, though tho fruits borne are yet far from
ripe. We want good men of all kinds in our ranks,
and when our kid-gloved moinbers denounce the forge
and its votaries let them think of Velpeau and Jlichael
Faraday. We cannot do without the best from all
ranks, and I can point out at least two Scotchmen who
were farm servants on entering this College, and who I
believe at present to be tho most scientific men in our
profession. I shall be delighted to see such men tested
as to their knowledge of English, Latin, French,
history, geography, arithmetic, geometry, and mathe-
matics; but let an independent board do this any time
between six and 13 months before they are made to
appear before examiners for a veterinary degree. What
I would, and, indeed, intend to suggest is, that the
Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, the university
of our profession, should undertake such examinations,
not before young men enter this or any other college,
but simply 13 months before they are admitted to any
special scientific examination. Then let it be provided
tli.at they shall be examined in the fundamental
sciences of anatomy, physiology, natural philosoiihy,
chemistry, and botany. Another year should elapse,
and a thorough practical examination passed, at which
their knowledge of pathology, pathological anatomy,
veterinary jurisprudence, and sanitary police, hygiene
and the art of farriery, should be tested in a complete
and efi'eotual manner. Instead of students entering
now being ready for their single hour's vioa voce
examination in April, 1809, I would simply register the
commencement of their studies now, and cause them
to pass a preliminary examination at any time they
chose ; but if they wished to pass their first scientific
examination in April, 1809, 1 would cause theni to bo
examined in writing and orally on the subjects of
general education not later than the 1st of October,
1868. If they passed this and their first special exami-
nation in April, 1869, they might go on with a view to
complete their education by the month of April, 1870
—that is to say, in two j'cars and a half after being
first registered in the books of the Royal College of
Veterinary Surgeons. It is my intention, at an early
meeting of the Council of the Royal College of Veteri-
nary Surgeons to pave tho way for the due considera-
tion of such a scheme ; and no one will rejoice more
than I shall at the inauguration of a system of pre-
liminary examination, which w-ill not close our gates
to the bright young countryman who in a year can
make up many of the deficienoies of his early training.
So much the better for the gentleman who comes
prepared from the first ; but let it be remembered that
whilst the man straight from a good school may have a
good start, it is not ray intention he should becomea
veterinary surgeon without soiling his fingers. It is
the custom now to decry any connection with the
forge. A veterinarian who knows less of a horse's foot
than an experienced blacksmith is unworthy of the
name ; and like the engineer who can use his lathe
and hand hammer for the instruction of his men,
I would not allow a man to become a veterinarian
who could not make, fit, and apply a good shoe.

Our people ask for meat, and there is no meat. Star-
vation and death stare us iu the face in this very
metropolis ; and it is not the physician, it is not the
unlimited bounty of our charitable people who can
arrest this. It is a small band of able and zealous
veterinarians. I astonished the people of Berkshire
the other day by telling thein that they lost 35,000
sheep annually in that single county. That the mor-
tality from indigenous disease varied from .3.6 to 39.5
per cent., and that there would be no difficulty in pre-
venting 50 per cent, of that loss. But, gentlemen, who
is there to pay for the investigation of sheep diseases ?
Can the young veterinarian amuse and instruct himself
as a volunteer in the sheepfold ! I am afraid the pangs of
hunger would soonquiethisenthusiasm. But letuscome
close home to the citizen. In this metropolis there is
always a mortality amongst horses, which would startle
you as much as the sheep statistics of Berkshire. If you
inquire at the knackers' you will find that glanders, a
loathsome disease which annually destroys some human
beings, is far from uncommon. Ten per cent, is no
unusual loss on larM establishments. Onr metro-
politan railways could tell us a tale if they would ; and
I should like to know why we ought not to know what
animals die of ? AVhy have we not some plan by which
the knowledge which dies with the horses in the
slaughterer's yard should be made available for the
public good and the education of the future veteri-
narian ? It is a question of expense. A few hundreds
a year would secure an able pathologist, a good and
useful inspector for each of our knacker's yards, and
although you may fancy this would be dirty work, it
would have the effect of jmrifying our stables and
teaching us much of comparative pathology; in fact,
advancing the science of medicine, and clearing the
scales ofl'the eyes of innocent politicians. I cannot
resist calling your attention to the fact that a
clever attempt is being made to place a certain
section of our profession under the control
of others than members of their own body. An

, 10S4

TflE GARDENERS' CHROKICLE A^'D AGTIICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[October 19, 1867.

agitation has been kept up for a charter to be granted
to a new examining body from Scotland. Apart from
the fact that this would interfere with the privile;^e of
the body corjjorate, which includes every duly qualified
veterinarian in the three kingdoms, it has not occurred
to the few professors and practitioners who are ni.ade a
cat's-paw in this business that it is proposed to form a
council for the regulation of such new body in
Scotland, in which they are immeasurably out-
numbered by peers, town councillors, and medical men.
Would the lawyers or the medical men of Scotland
sanction the creation of an authority over them, an
authority not calculated to feel and to think as thcrn-
selves ? Have they not learnt already that the disposi-
tion is growing to supersede us on the most trivial
pretence? Do they forget the Koyal Commission
appointed to consider the cattle plague, in which our
profession had one vole against 11 ?

Farm Memoranda.

Chatteris, Isle or Ely : Oct. 9.— We have just
concluded a most laborious harvest. Our Wheat and
Oat crops were unusually heavy, and were laid and
twisted fearfully. The summer was ungenial and
unpropitious, which occasioned the Wheats to ripen
unkindly. Blight and mildew prevailed to a serious
extent, and reduced the yield of the crop probably
1| quarter per acre, and the weight of the grain 2
to 4 lb. per bushel. Oats, which bear the cold and
storms better, ripened more kindly, and produced
a very heavy crop. Barley on cold stiff lands was by
far the lightest crop we grew. Peas were a full crop of
straw, and were full of corn. Beans were exceedingly
promising, but a blight came over them in August,
which made them ripen prematurely, and which we
fear will influence the yield prejudicially. We were
very fairly supplied with labour, but the crops being
so bad to cut, made work pass ofl' very slowly, which
resulted in the men asking high wages, and the masters
being compelled to pay them. Fortunately we met
with no serious interruptions from adverse weather.
The brilliant weather of August and the continued
dry weather at the latter end of harvest, were very
beneficial, and we were enabled to get the corn into
the stack in fine threshing condition with very few
exceptions. Our growth was 554 acres, which occu-
pied exactly seven weeks in harvesting. We have
threshed both Wheat and Oats ; the former yields as
well as we expected when we stacked it, but much
worse than appearances indicated a few weeks before.
The latter yield well ; they are not heavy in quality,
but more than an average quantity. As to the
other crops, we have not tested them, and conse-
quently have only appearances to guide us in
estimating their produce. The present excited and
advancing state of the markets pretty clearly
reveals the fact that the yield of Wheat is generally
deficient. With a deficiency of new and exhausted
stocks of old we cannot have low prices, we may have
very high ones. Our Coleseeds and root crops are
generally good, and will afford an abundance of sheep-
feeding. Both lean and fat sheep are lower in price ;
lambs can be bought at prices to which for several
years we have been strangers, and the tendency is to
increase depression. In consequence of the cattle
plague, sheep have been extensively bred, and the
country has become overstocked ; and the wool trade,
being so depressed, tends to increase the heaviness of
the trade. We have to go to Ireland chiefly for cattle.
Complaints of lung disease have reached us, but we
trust, after the heavy losses sustained by the cattle
plague, we may be spared anything serious from the
next worst disease to which our herds are liable.
Winter keeping of all kinds will be abundant, but
•whether either cattle or sheep will aflford good profits
for consuming it, is very doubtful. Pigs arc animals one
fears to name. The high price of all feeding stuffs for
the last 12 months has made pig-feeding the most
unprofitable part of the farmer's business, until at
length he abandons it in despair, and would almost
give his pigs away rather than buy food to fatten them.
Hence the price of store hogs is almost nominal.
Happy the man who has no pigs ! A. S. R.

The TiH-A-f.y.— The young of the turkey in this
country are amongst the tenderest of birds, although
in their natural forests they are capable of enduring a
Canadian winter of six months' duration, in which
state they are larger and more beautiful than in their
state of domestic captivity.

We have kept the Norfolk, the Cambridge, the
American, and the white breeds, but we find the black
Norfolk the best ; the Cambridge next, the American
third, and the white Turkey the worst. We princi-
pally keep the black Norfolk now for profit, and the
white merely as an ornamental bird.

In rearing our young turkeys we were very
unsuccessful until we had our rearing-house built, but
since then have found it comparatively easy. When
the air is cold they will sit and cry, rejecting food, but
when a proper temperature is provided, they soon
become contented, and eat their food with a zest. We
give them the same food as the young chickens,
keeping them a little warmer, and give them as many
Onion "tops, chopped up, or young Onions, as we can
spare ; milk curds they are also fond of ; they are very
tender if exposed to damp or cold, until they acquire
that red colour natural to the head. After that all
they require is plenty of food and good range of
ground. They are fond of ranging in the park for
Bents, Grass, Clover, or Acorns ; we also take them to
the stubble fields, and give them Barley when they
come homo. We find the best time to hatch them is
in May, and with good feeding till Christmas have
cock birds weighing 171b. each, and hen birds 10 lb.

each and upwards. We do not take our turkeys up to
cram them with food to fatten them. They are fed
with Barley paste, and were allowed to range the park
and fields until we wanted to kill them. We do not
find second broods pay, having been unsuccessful with
them in six cases out of seven ; the successful ones
were in July, 1819; then one turkey hatched 14 birds,
and brought them up. If we cannot get a second
brood by this time (July), it will pay better if the
turkey sits on guinea fowls' or hens' eggs. We find
her a good mother. We have six hens to one cock as
our stock.

We do not confine the hens while laying their eggs,
but allow them to choose the situation, which is
generally under a shrub or tree ; we watch them and
take out the eggs, without leaving a nest egg, which,
although done, they will not forsake to make another
nest. When they want to sit, we give them their eggs
at our home or rearing house, on the ground or floor,
with a little loose hay under a coop to make their nest
with. They do better making their own nest upon
the ground, with plenty of room, than with any nest
we could provide. We turn up the coop sufhciently
every morning to allow each to come off to feed, to
prevent any danger of breaking the eggs, then return
the coop to its place, leaving the slide open for each to
return, which if they fail in good time to do, which is
about 15 minutes in cold weather, we send them on.
We take them ofl" to feed if they will not come off
without, as sometimes we find they will not leave the
nest for days.

We give each from 13 to 15 eggs to sit upon, which
require a month to hatch. When first hatched we
allow them to remain with the mother for 24 hours
before we move them, unless they hatch very slowly,
in which case we take some away and wrap them in
flannel, placing them before a fire for warmth to prevent
the mother from squeezing them while sitting on the
remaining unhatched eggs, but take tbem back to her
as soon as we think it safe. We then take away all the
empty egg shells, that the sharp edges might not hurt
the birds in their nest.

We have stated that the young ones are very
susceptible of cold while under the age of four or five
months, and should they take cold during that time
are liable to disease in the head which will cause it to
swell to an unusual size, and acquires an appearance of
solution of gum water, which in some changes to a
thick curd of a yellow colour; at this stage of the
disease their eyes are often closed, and the nostrils
stopped up, and, rejecting all food, they mope in a
corner to die by suffocation. We have found mercury or
sheep ointment a good remedy for this disease, by apply-
ing it across the top of the head and under the throat. A
small piece about half the size of a pea is suflicient for
one turkey, we then keep them warm and dry about a
week, and apply it twice in that time, if the first does
not seem to cure; but we have frequently found the
first dressing cure in tUe space of three or four days
when the weather is fine. In August, IS 19, when three
months old, our flock of young turkeys were in a heavy
shower of rain, which brought on this disease, and
in a month's time thereafter one was in the extreme
state described ; seeing that all the birds were getting
worse, notwithstanding having applied all the usual
remedies recommended as well as my own, I took as
a last resource a sharp-pointed penknife, and cut
through the skin close to the top of the bird's beak :
I then gently pressed out all the secreted matter, and
washed the 'head well with warm water and a small
quantity of sulphuric acid As soon as this operation
was performed, 1 put the bird on the ground, with
some food, which it immediately began to peck up,
and seemed to get much relief, yet it ultimately died.
I had 20 others diseased in a similar manner, but
by applying the same remedy every one recovered and
did well. But this needs caution and experience,
as by opening the skin before the virulence is
insufficiently ripe state the head will become festered
a second time and be longer in getting well, while
by allowing it to come to too great a head you cut off
any chance of saving them ; but this is only used after
the ointment fails. I have cut more than 100 afflicted
with this disease, and have only lost one, whereas
formerly we suffered considerable loss from the same
disease in summer time if it was wet weather.

The turkey is fond of roosting upon trees, and
requires care in bringing home for safety, which should
be attended to early in the afternoon. We have
brought up a oat in our poultry yard, which we find
very useful in keeping sparrows and other small
birds from eating the chickens' food, as she will
kill any small birds that come within her reach, but
we have never known her to destroy one head of
poultry. She will even allow the chickens to pick her
victuals from her mouth while she is eating ; and once
this year, when we had put 80 young turkeys on the
hearth before the fire for warmth, she gathered them
in a brood for three quarters of an hour, and she gene-
rally sleeps in the rearing house at night to keep mice
from the corn, &c., and chickens' food. Land Steward.

French Experience. — Mr. Geyelin learned some
things in France. He saw turkeys hatching chickens.
A hen finds a dozen chickens quite as many as
she can bring up ; but a turkey can hatch and
protect a couple of dozen. Mr. Geyelin found large
numbers of turkeys— on some farms as many as a
hundred— busy hatching chickens. Some of them
spend as many as six mouths in the year at this employ-
ment ; and all the while they are rearing pullets they
are fattening themselves. Pullets and turkeys, two
kinds of birds by one process, are thus prepared for the
market. Moreover, by this process the frugal French
reserve the hens for the more profitable pursuit of
laying eggs. The hens, instead of leading about their
chickens and capons, have, like other French mothers,
substitutes, who discharge their nursing duties for

them. Turkeys are said to be the best protectors of
chickens and capons. After considering the De Sora
hoax, and recalling to mind many a similar one, suc-
cessively invented and propagated by our clever neigh-
bours, the account which Mr. Geyelin gives of the ruse
by which the turkeys are beguiled into the functions of
foster-mothers for chickens, must be received as a
hearsay which has been believed by Mr. Geyelin :—

" When a turkey has been hatcTiing for some months, and
shows a disposition to leave off, a glassful of wine is given lier
in the evening, and a number of chickens are substituted for
the eggs. On waking in the morning, she kindly takes to
them, and leads tbem about, strutting amidst a troop of 70 to
100 chickens with the dignity of a drum-major. When, how-
ever, a troop leader is required that has not been hatching,
such as a caiion or a turkey, then it is usual to pluck some of
their feathers from the breasts, and to give them a glass of
wine, and whilst in a state of inebriation to place some
chickens under them. On getting sober the next moi-niug,
they feel that some sudden change has come over tbem, and
as the denuded part is kept warm by the chickens, they also
take kindly to them."

The poultry-competitions of the French differ from, or
rather contrast with the poultry-shows of the English ;
for the French do not exhibit their specimens until
the feathers have been stripped 02", and the fowls pre-
pared for the table. The ideal of English excellence
is in the feathers, and of French in the flesh. In
December, 18i>4, there was an exhibition of poultry
prepared for the table at Paris. 500 competitors
exhibited in the Palace of Industry nearly 3000 speci-
mens, all ready for the pot or the spit. Four speci-
mens lay together on sloping tables covered with blue
paper, each lot being separated from the other by
partitions of wood painted red. The specimens were
grouped into flve divisions— the Houdan, La Flfeche,
La Bresse of Burgundy, Crevecoeur of Normandy, and
a miscellaneous group. Pour La Bresse pullets won
for their exhibitor the grand prize of 1000 francs and a
gold medal. La Bresse fowls are remarkable for
the smallness of their bones and the plumi>-
ness of their flesh. They are very artistically prepared
for the market. There were at the exhibition
GOO specimens of La Bresse fowls, about 150 specimens
of La Fleche, and 200 Crevecceurs. Some of the geese
were gigantic. During the show, the judges
and exhibitors dined upon La Bresse and
Crevecoeur fowls. Questions were discussed, not about
pencillings and spanglings, but about the loss of weight
in drawing and roasting, preparing for the cook, or in
cooking for the table. The loss per cent, was as
follows : T,5, n,.p,5qf, Hnndan. CrSveccenr.

. 17.58
. 28.42
. 49.95

Houdan.

.. 20.32 .,

.. 28.83 ..

44.32 . .

La Bresse.
In preparing for the cook 20.95 . .
In cooking .. . . 40.68 . .

Total loss per ceat. .. 52.51 ..

No experiments of similar exactitude are on record
respecting British fowls, and the "Standard of
Excellence" prescribes no such tests of the relative
merits of breeds. Prizes for superior merits on the
table have not vet been given at any British shows.
La Bresse, like our farmyard fowls, seem to have been
formed by a mixture of races. They are of any or of
all colours. Their shape and size resemble the grey
Dorking. They are fed on buckwheat and maize.
The district of La Bresse lies on the banks of the
Sa6ne, aud its fame as a poultry country dates from
the end of the eighteenth centry, when the culture of
maize for pigs and poultry became general. La Bresse
pullets only three months old can be fattened
for the table. The offspring of young cocks fatten
best. A hen may lay 160 eggs in a year and hatch
two or three broods. A chicken two months old
weighs 21b., a poularde five months old weighs 61b.,
and a capon at six months may weigh Sib. or 10 lb.
Crevecceurs, the rivals of La Bresse fowls for the
table, are said to bo too delicate in constitution for
the climate of Great Britain. The La Fleche breed
are strange birds to look at. La Fleche cocks have
a metallic black plumage, an upright carriage,
large watchful eyes, long red hanging wattles,
red faces, and red, branching, antler-like combs.
They have something weird and hobgoblin-like about
them. La Fleche hens, only less formidable in appear-
ance than the cocks, are prolific layers of tremendous
eggs. The eggs are not so fertile as they are large.
The appearance of this breed is so wild from their black
feathers, red wattles, red faces and red combs, that they
might have been made in memory of les bonnets ranges
of La Terreur. Houdans resemble Dorkings. They
have the artificial fifth toe, which, indisposing the old
Dorkings to exercise and making the young ones lift
their feet very high, prevents their becoming thin,
tough and wiry from running about. By the way, this
excrescent toe, long deemed a very cunning application
of a principle in physiological science, is now gene-
rally condemned. It is said to be a cause of the
disease called bumble-foot, and probably the fat
gained by enforced indolence is lost in cooking.
The names of the French breeds seem to be truly
derived from the places in which they flourish. The
Spanish breed, also, is found in Spain and on the
shores of the IVlediterranean. But this appropriateness
seems to be the exception, and not the rule, in refer-
ence to the names of breeds of poultry. For Cochin
China fowls were unknown in that country until
introduced by the English, Polands are not known
in Poland. Spangled Hamburghs are said to be
certainly an English breed. There are no Brahmas
on the banks of the Brahmapootra. The gaiae
breed is more than any other, characteristically
English, and the editor of the "Poultry Book'
calls it indigenous. Perhaiis the attention given to
feathers rather than flesh of late years, and the culture
of pluckiness in the game breed in the times of our
cook-fighting forefathers, may have not a little to do
with the present inferiority of our poultry for the
table. There are British game-cocks whose genea-
logies can be carried back in stud-books for at least a
hundred years. The cock-fight was a Darwinian

OCTOBEB 19, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CTTRONrCLE AND AfiRTCTILTUnAL GAZETTE.

1085

struggle for lifo wliich selected the strouj^est to be the
sires of the breed. Many fanciers thinlc the game
cocic the perfection of galliuacoous beauty ; perhaps
just as there are servant girls who think the soldier's
the finest manly form. Cock-fighting having become
illegal, the game or English breed has survived the
purpose for which it was bred ; but it is still a fine
breed for gentlemen witli largo estates, where the fowls
can have e.Ktensivo runs. And this breed can be used
to protect more timid breeds. When a yard is infested
by cats which carry olf the chickens, a game hen with
steel spurs, and having a brood of her own, can give
lessons in honesty to tlie boldest grimalkins. " The
Poultry IJook" and "Tbo Poultry Keeper" aro both
valuable books; "The Poultry Book" may be best
adapted for exhibitors, and "The Poultry Keeper" for
families. Alhemcum.

BlCB AM Pood : Cm: Two lb. of Rice aro ne.irly equal in vjiluo
to a qn.firtor of a pock of IJarlcy, but when awellod by
boiling aro more than double its bulk. Tbe seeds of tho
Sunflower aro good for poultry. Buckwheat is cxccllcut
food for poultry.

Miscellaneous.

Sale of Ike Roijal Herd— On Wednesday last Jlr.
Strafford sold by auction at the Prince Consort's Shaw
Farm, in the tlome Park, Windsor, a portion of the
Shorthorn herd, which, commenced during the late
Prince Consort's life, has now increased beyond tho
powers of the farm on which, under Mr. T.ait's manage-
ment, they have been kept. A selection, including
many descendants of AlLv and Cold Cream, cows
bought at tlie Pawsley sale for 100 guineas each, was
disposed of on Wednesday last at a very satisfactory
price. The following is tho list : —

No.

N.amcs.

Purchasers.

Price.

Cows AN'D Heifers.

.e s. d.

1

Rosewood

Mr. Adwick . .

37 16 0

■>

Anemone

Mr. Adcock . .

54 12 0

H

llachel . .

Jlr. Woodward

32 11 0

4

Mr. Lans

Mr. W. Nicholson, M.P.

42 0 0

.T

.Vancy

42 0 0

11

llosele.af

Dr. Hurman ..

31 10 0-

7

Mr. Bultoel . .

75 12 0

8

Cowslip

Mr. Bulteel . .

136 10 0

»

I'carl

Mr. Mann

32 11 0

10 vVnnie

Earl of Aylesford

73 10 0

11 iWalurMaid

Mr. BlackwoU . .

42 0 0

.Mr. Mitchell . .

42 0 0

in

Clara 2d

Mr. Mitchell ..

26 5 0

U

Princess Alice . .

Mr. F. Leney . .

126 0 0

l.'i

Mr. Nicholson . .

.34 13 0

Hi

Empress

Mr. Alison

27 6 0

17

Butterfly

Mr. Dickers . .

25 4 0

IS

Pride of Windsor

Mr. GUboy

36 15 0

19

Ada

Earl of Aylesford

52 11 0

'.ill

Dora

Mr. Walter . .

31 10 0

21

Prosperity

Mr. Walter

33 12 0

22

Princess Charlotte

Mr. Fowler

60 3 0

23

Florence

Mr. Mitchell . .

30 9 0

24

Plum Blossom . ,

Mr. Alison

. 26 5 0

•15

Mr. J. BIyth . .

35 14 0

26

Edith

Mr. GUby

32 11 0

27

Dewdrop

Mr. Mcintosh . .

105 0 0

2H

Emmeline

Mr. Prosser

26 5 0

29

Blossom

Mr. Gilby

31 10 0

SO

Cherry Blossom

Rev. C. Marshall

63 0 0

31

Princess M.iry . .

Mr. Oilby

25 4 0

32

Cold Cream 2d . .

Mr. Fisher

52 10 0

.IS

Narcissus 2d . .

Mr. J. Blythe . .

25 4 0

,14

Favourite

Comtesse de Morella

23 2 0

.15

Re^na

Mr. Woodward

31 10 0

36

Crocus

Mr. C. Hall . .

18 18 0

.17

Mr. C. Hall . .

23 2 0

S8

Princess Chi-istian

Mr. Wise

45 3 0

39

Ringlet

Mr. J. Blyth . .

41 2 0

40

Peerless

Mr. H. Gorringe

16 16 0

41

Duchess of Cambridge

Rev. C. Marshall

52 11 0

42

Abbess . .

Bulls.

Mr. Canning . .

36 15 0

1

PRircE Albert

Mr. Webb

31 10 0

2

Rajah

Mr. C. HaU . .

32 11 0

3

Prince Arthur

Mr. M. Druce ..

31 10 0

4

Prince William

Mr. J. Walter . .

32 11 0

a

NlMROD

-^—

23 2 0

R

Fo.t

Mr. Hutt

. .

7

Albion

Earl of Aylesford

45 3 0

«

Pioneer

Mr. Gardiner . .

27 6 0

9

QOVERNOR

Mr. Mitchell . .

11 11 0

10

Prince Christian

Mr. Cary

11 n 0

11 1 Charlie

Mr. Friend

24 3 0

Total. j Average.

42 Cows and ITeifers

1850 2 0

44 1 0

11 Bulls and Calves

283 10 0

25 15 G

Total-53 head

2133 12 0

40 5 3

Southdowns and Norfollc Foiled Cattle. — At the
recent sale of Lord Sondes' stock at Elmham Park,
Sir Willoughby Jones said: — Lord Sondes remarked
that he should not advocate the merits of either South-
downs or polls, but I do not feel myself tongue-tied in
this respect ; and, therefore, I will venture a word or
two, first about Southdowns, and afterwards about
polls. As to Southdown sheep, I would say, if I were
allowed to make a comparison between the Southdown
sheep and the half-bred sheep, they, as nearly as possible,
as we should say in mathematics, have the same ratio
to each other as a Swede Turnip has to a white Turnip.
No doubt in a white Turnip you get very early maturity
and very white flesh, and in the half-bred sheep you
get also very early maturity and very white mutton ;
but, as we know the quality of the white Turnip is not
first-rate, and cannot bear comparison with that of the
Swede, no more can the quality of our big white
half-bred bear any comparison with that of the
Southdown. But the half-bred has had a very unfair
advantage over the Southdown of late years, owing to
our interests compelling the breeders of sheep to prefer
our backs to our stomachs, and to look at the wool
rather than the mutton. There is no ill-wind that

does not blow somebody good, and there is no doubt
tlio little depression that now exists in the long-wool
trade will have tho effect of stimulating Southdown
breeding, because if wo do not get such a very long
price for our wool it will bo worth our wdiilo to look a
little closer at tho mutton. We all know foreigners are
very anxious to buy Southdown sheep, and it was to a
certain dogroo, a matter of curiosity to me why it
should be so. When I was .at tho Paris Exhibition
tho other day I asked a well-known restaurateur— a,
very good reslaurateui — what was the relative price in
the Paris market of the different joints of mutton. I
asked, " What is tho priinejoint ?" He said, "Tho prime
joint, beyond all comparison, is tho neck." Tasked," What
IS tho next joint 'i*" .and he said, "Tho loin." I said,
"What is your lowest-priced joint? " lie said, "The
leg;" adding that when the leg of mutton was priced at
(i((. per lb. tho neck was priced at from Is-, to U. 2d. per
lb. I said, " You ;ire clearing my sight very much, you
are throwing a new vista open to me." The fact is, the
small cutlet and the large cutlet — that is to say, the
neck and tho loin — require very little fuel to cook
them, whereas the leg of mutton requires a great deal
of fuel. On the continent of Europe fuel is very dear,
and, therefore, the joints vary in price according to the
value of fuel ; consequently you will find there necks
and loins dear and legs cheap. This was a revelation
to me. The result is, and there is no doubt about it,
that Southdowns will always command a good price on
the Continent; and the more we can develop what the
butchers call " the scrag," and the more we can keep
up the necks of our sheei\ the greater price will they
fetch in tho Paris market and throughout the continent
of Europe. One cannot travel without getting
" wrinkles," and I felt I had got one when I found out
that fact. Another merit in the Southdown flock I
must for a moment alludo to, and it is this ; For a
certain period in the year the ewe flock on every farm
is the Cinderella in the family, living on a bit of browse-
land, where tliere is nothing to eat, only varied by an
occasional walk along the dusty road, where it is sup-
posed to pick up a gieat deal, and where the quantity
is hardly compensated by the quality; and, if yon are
the possessor of a half-bred flock, the animals have a
most deplorable look. They ultimately become a sort
of "bag of bones," and they are really anything lut
creditable for any one to look at. Xow, if you have a
flock of Southdowns, it does not matter how bare the
browse-land may be, or how much you may walk them
about the roads, the animals have always the same
round, well-to-do aspect, so that you have the advan-
tage of a flock that can live upon almost nothing and
always look handsome; and if they happen, by any
ooritingency, to be killed, they are always good for food.
I would say one word to the breeders of polls. I will
entreat them, whatever they do, not to cross the breed
any more. We have got a very nice animal bred from
polled bulls, and we must trust to care and feeding, to
a carelu! selection of the proper points in the male
animal that is put to the female— the regular way to
improve all your breeds. Do not try to get rich in a
hurry. If you try to make it into a Devon without horns,
or a Shorthorn without horns, by mixing it with either
of those breeds, you will spoil both, without making
what you hope — a more valuable animal. I will ask
any breeder of the red Norfolk polls, who has any really
good stock, to go to the trouble, as far as he can, of
sending them to our shows. I would also ask him to
register the birth of promising calves, and to make
notes of the names and of the pedigree of every animal
he exhibits. If this is attended to by all the breeders
of polls, in the course of a few years we shall have the
necessary statistics, which would enable any industrious
gentleman, who might choose to undertake it, to draw
up a herd-book. It will be simply iiufiossible to have
a herd-book if you have not the statistics of a certain
number of ancestors to start with. By adopting this
plan, we shall ultimately be able to trace a great and
well-known breed to the patriarchs of the Elmham
herd. If people will do that, then the red polled breed
will become what Lord Sondes considers it will become
— a very valuable product of the county.

Searching for the Cause. — lu a Madder-growing
district near Avignon, in France, it was found that the
crops were deteriorating and becoming unproductive ;
that the crops were less luxuriant than
not previously, but that they contained less of the
colouring principle for which they were cultivated.
Various attempts were made to remedy the evil by
using different manures, but without success. That
was groping in the dark. At last some one said the
deterioration in brilliancy of colouring is probably due
to the exhaustion of some element in the soil ; let us
first find out what are the necessary ingredients for the
successful growth of Madder, and then ascertain by
analysis whether our soil contains them. They did so
— they .analysed the soil of other districts in which the
best Madder was grown— they analysed their own, and
found that it was deficient in lime. The lime was
supplied, and the Madder crops resumed their former
richness in colouring matter. This was an instance of
.an inquiry made with knowledge, and on a preconceived
hypothesis. The Farmer.

Notices to Correspondents.

Bread : Coi'mpondeiti. Tho quantity of water in bread varies
according to the specimen of the flour. Dr. Smith states
that 101b. of flour will produce 13; lb. to 141b. of bread;
and he hius found .some flour wliich yielded 20 lb. and 20^ lb.
of bread for 14 lb. of flour.

Cow Cabbages ; JVC. " V/hen well hearted the outer leaves
may be stripped off, and the Cabbages stored for a month
with safety in dry, weU thatched pits in the field." So 3.ay3
Mr. Rayubird, the writer on them in the "Cyclopaadia of
Agiiculture."

Mutton: S. In a Southdown ciircase of 11 stones, the leg
will weigh 11 lbs. ; the loin, 9 to 11 lbs., according as the
kidney and fat are or are not left out ; the shoulder and
neck about 9 Iba. each ; and the breast atiout M lbs.

^OTTAM'S

c

PATENT PORTABLE UNITEU

CUW iTfTINGS.

Tliiilr ail viin till!'- s hio— X'ortribUity, not Fixtures, removable at
ploiiHuro, no Woodwork uv Piirtitiona to Impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack Uisponeed with as unnecessary, increased ^dth
and depth of Feeding Troughs Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and Impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of J-ittlnga per Cow. S6((.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Wmaley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford ytroet, London, W,, where tho
above aro exhibited, together with several Important Improvemunta
in Stable Fittlnps just aecured by Patent.

0 II N WARNER and SONS,

BRASS and BKLt> FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTY",

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

8, Crescent, Cripplegato. London, E.G.

OARDK.N I'.M.iM --
WATER BAIinOWS,

PORTABLE PUMPS

for
LIQUID MANURES.

No 35.

DEEP WELL PAOTTRnisr

PUMPS, for Steam, CAST-IRON
Horse, or Hand Power. PUMPS,

Drawings and Prices for any description of Hydraulic Machinery
sent upon application.

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great
variety of patterns and materials, tbe plainer sorts being
especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down iacur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, con-
sequently bemg much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., In Arti-
flcial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. & Q. RosHER, Manufacturera, Upper Ground
Street, Bluckfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Cnelsoa. S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingaland, N.E.

Solo London Agents for FOXLEVS PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corridors, Bfilconios, &c., as cheap and dvu-able as
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designa
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Reil and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtamed of F. &. G. Roshlr, at their premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, bp^t (luality), at the above
addresses— 14s. per Ton, or U. 3(i. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
lor delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, l.*. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F, & G, RosuER. — Addresses see above.

N,B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

TMPROVED BLACK VARNISH, an excellent
i Substitute for Oil Paint, for Coating and Preserving all kinds of
Iron and Wood Fencing, Gates, Rooflng, and every description of
out-door Wood or Stonework, Steam Boilers, Pipes, Tanks, Carts,
Waggons, Farm Implements, &c.

It is an excellent substitute for Oil Paint, and is not one-flfth the
cost I It requires no niix,ing, and can be applied in a cold state by
any ordinary labourer.

This Varnish is now used in the Royal Botanic Garden, Regent's
Park, and by a great number of tho nobility and gentry in the
United Kingdom.

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. 3d. per gallon ; or m
casks from 10 to '.iO gallons each, at Is. 5'»". per gallon (casks included).
Carriage paid to any railway station in Great Britain. Extra strong
Iron-bound Varnish Brushes, 3s. per pair.

From CoxwKLL Rogers, Esq.
"Dowdeswell Court, near Cheltenham, Oct. 4, 1867.

"Sir,— Your Varnish for Wuod work, but more especially for
Iron Railings, is everything I couM wish. I use it upon Bam Doors
and upon ray Lodge Gates, and it lasts longer than Paint, and any
of my men can put it on as well as my cirpenter."

Charlton Pain, 10, Richard's Villas, Lavender Grove, Datston,
London, N.E. (from whom it can only be had).

1086

THE GAP.BENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTmUL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 19, 1867.

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION,
CHEAP, PORTABLE, and EASILY FIXED.
SPAN-ROOFS (over 15 feet long), glazed and painted three coats.
with complete veutilation all over roof, necessary water cpitters ana
ironivork, exclusive of ends, put on Rail in London, Gloucester,
Coventry, Ulveustone, Paisley, or Aberdeen; 10 to 16 feet wide
insicie, at IGs. to 24s. per foot run. Illustrated Circulars, with definite
prices anU sizes, free on application to

Heremak & Morton, 7, Pall Mall East, London, S.W.

Cheap Greenliouse Stoves.

DEANE AND CO.'S Patent VENTILATING and
SUSPENSION STOVES are ainiiile, chc;ip, and efficient ; hnve
been lavjiely .-idopted and approved; will burn many Lours without
attention, and at a small cost fur fuel. Prices of Suapdnsiou Stoves,
20s., 305., S8s., and upwards. Ventilating Stove.s, 50s., 60s., 70s,, 90s.
HOT-WATER APPARATUS for Conservatories, Greenhouses,
Hothouses, Forcing Pits, &c., erected and fitted up complete.

Deane Si. Co., iG, Kine William Street, London Bridge, E.C.
Established 4.0. I70U.

c

OTTAM AND COMPANY,

Conservatory and Hothodse Builders, Sec,
Iro^ Works, 2, Winsley Street, OsLford Street, Lont^on, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

24 30 inches long.
45s. 65s. 92s. Gd. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. Gd. 2s. Id. 2s. Od. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete toPlan, on application to
COTTASt lie Co.,
Iron Works,
2, WiD.sley Str«et.
(opposite the Pantheon),
Oxford Street, Lonrlmi, W.

i^g)

HOT WATEH APPARATUS

Eot-v/a.ter ABpa^'aUis.

not WJITER tl»E

°©Sa'

RCOUCIMC Pieces

coikQYPHOHi

wsra

KS-t^

J JUNES AND SUNS have the largest Stock of II OT-
• WATER PIPES and CONNECTIONS, with WROUGHT and
CAST-IRON SADDLE, CANNON, and CYLINDER BOILERS,
PORTABLE liOI LERS, &c., and they will bo happy to forward Prices
for same cither at tho Wharf in London, or delivered free to any
Station or Shipping Port in tho United Kingdom.
J. Jones & Sons, Iron RJercliants, G, Banksido, Southwark, London.
%* Hot-witfor Apparatus erected comploto.

Greenliauses—Heatiiig Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL A^S^AIIDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Construction and
Application of WROUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildings

p?SnT.^^F^'^.>X^'^^.^?^?'-^^'^N P^^^E MED.VL CONSER-
VATORIES are ot the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmospheric conduction

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed VO0&, aro a complete
arrancement. >":.-.- v t^ v «

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailing result. ^ j j

h^^i^a'^Jt Tfnn?^?^^^;^^*^" W^^ MEDAL GERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degi-ee of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially aiTanged and heated upon an
Improved system.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON FRIZE MEDAL PINERIES
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to securo
the Ri-owth of fii-st-classfrmt. ■

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES ara
eminently superior for all early work. ^ ^^

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above F.itent Houses can be ghaed vrith or without putty

These Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent
and from the complete ad)»istment of their constructional parts mli
vie most favourably with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete nmB«s of
Houses in Woptl or Iron.

Illustrated Ciitaloguos on ajjplicatiou to tho Patentees,
,„T. H. P. Dennis & A. Sohuby, Hortlcultui-al Buildera and Hot-
Water Engmeers, Chelmsfor^..

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
' ' ' HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Glazing without Putty."

" Glass without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moring Lights."

Highly Commended by the- Royal 11 urti cultural Society, South

Kensington.

Plans and Estimates free on application. Descriptive Boot fully
illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
Tames Cranston, Architect, Blrmmgham.

Works : Hlghgate Street, Binuingham.
Henry J. Gro^taqe, Manager, 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

By Royal Letters Patent.

G SHREWSBURY'S NONPAREIL GAS BOILER.
• No. 1, for 30 feet ; No. 2, for 90 feet ; No. 3 for 200 feet of Pipe
A HOT-WATER APPARATUS, oompletu, to Heat a Small Conser-
vatory, for 2id, per day, for 65s. — G. Shrewsbury, Lower Norwood, S.

The New Furnace Bar

(Warriner's Patent).

THIS BAR is particularly adapted to ETRES for
VINERIES, GREENHOUSES, Ac, and all FURNACES
woiked on the principle of slow combustion. The saving of Fuel
effected is very great; nearly all the Smoke ia consumed if care be
taken and the nre can be so regulated that any temperature
Issued cin be kept up for at least 13 houi-s without stoking or
futher trouble Any Bricklayer can set up these Bars without
(li mgmg much of tho brickwork. They are in use in many Oon-

rvitones and give the highest satisfaction. Testimonials will bo
t v iriled on application to the Proprietors,

i he Vi,nt latmg Furnace Bar Company, Limited, 9, Mincine Lane.
1 idon EC

specimens of these Bars may bo seen in the Eastern Arcade of the
H rticulturat Gardens. South Kensington.

The Only Stove without a Flue.

NASI! AND JOYCE'S PATENT, for
AIRING. DRYING, and WARMING HALLS,
SHOPS, ROOMS, &G., a new especi.Tl Stove for Con-
"servatories, Greenhouses, Fruit- Ripening, &c, : to Burn
without re-lighting all winter by hlling with fuel every
I'hom's. Temperature, any degree required, without
varying. Price from 12.s. Gd. to 0 guineas.

MINCING and SAUSAGE FILLING and MASTI-
CATING MACHINES of the best makers, IDs. 6rf.

The COTTAGK KNIFE CLEANER is the only rapid
Qoaner and Polisher of Knives at a moderate price.
3i ijti. to 10s. Gd. Prospectus post paid.

CHEAP FIRES— The Radiating Fire Balls save hal?
the usual consumption of fuel. One Shilling packet of
Four, red hot in the fire every day, lasts all Wintei-.

S. Nash, Ironmonger, 253. Oxford Street, W.C. ; Linster Terrace,
Eayswater ; and Stove Depat, 110, Newgate Street, London, B.C.

i-^

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED "WITH PATENT SELF-SHAEPENING CYLINDER GUTTERS.

They are the simplest in constniction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked -with far greater ease
than any other La^vn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS have proved to be the best, and have can-ied off every Prize that baa
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superioi-ity, 40,000 have been Bold since the year 18.5Q.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Every M^cly^e is "warranted to give entu-e satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally,

T. GREEN AND SON ham to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWEBS this Season has been
unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can be made from
th^ir Stock both in London and Leeds.

^- ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and

54 and 55, BLACKFRIAES ROAD, LONDON, S.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOR HEATING CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE

RESIDENCES, ETC., WITH

TKUSS'Si PATENT -UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE AND
LEAKLESS PIPE-JOINTS.

T. S. TKUSS

Begs to state that the immense number of APPARATUS annually Designed and Erected by him in all parts of
the kingdom, and for the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHISWICK,
■\Wth unrivalled satisfaction, is a guarantee for skill of design, superior materials, and good worlvmansMp ; while the
great advantages obtained by his IMPROVED SYSTEM cannot be over-estimated, consisting of perfectly tight
joints with neatness of appearance; EFFECTS A SAVING OP 25 PER CENT, on cost of Apparatus erected,
compared with other systems; facility lor extensions, alterations or removals without injury to Pipes or Joints ;
can be erected by any Gardener; an ordiniu'v size Apparatus erected in one dav, and PERFECTNESS of
DESIGN SUPPLIED, INSURING NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle Boiler,
delivered to any Railway Station in England, anl Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 25 miles oli'
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large woi'ks.

TWO FOUR-INCH PIPES ALONG ONE SIDE AND ONE END OP HOUSE.

Size of Hou^a.
50 feet by 15 feet
75 feet by 15 feet
100 feet by 15 feet

Bath and Gas Wort erected in town qr country. The Trade Supplied.
Sorticultural Ifidlding^ of every d^scjijitioafimii Is. 6d. per fboi svpei^ficml, i/mlusitie- of Brioktuofi:.

Pijice L^ts, Plans, .and Estimates forw;u'ded on application to
S. TRUSS, C.E., CoifsuLTiNG HoKTicnLiUKAi, Engineek, &c., Sole Manufaoiturbr,
FRIAR STREET, BLACKFRIAES ROAD, LONDON, S.K.
^ Xlte City, Offices are nom Removed to the Manufactory, Friar Street.

Size of House.

Apparatus Complete.

Erection.

20 feet by 10 feet

£9 0 0

£2 0 0

30 feet by 12 feet

11 15 0

2 10 0

40 feet by 16 feet

15 0. 0

2 15 0

Appiu-atua Complete.

Erection.

. £17 10 0

£3 0 0

20 0 0

3 0 0

26 0 0

a 5 0

OCTOBBE 19, 1867.]

THE GAUDENERS* CHRONICLE ANB AGBTCULTTIBAL GAZETTE.

1087

HOT-WATER ArrARATUS, of every description,
flxci conipluto in any part of tho country, or the matoiiala,
viz., Boilers, Pipes, Ac. dclivoiod to any Station.
Katlniatos on application.
J. Josfs & Sons. C>. liimUsi.lo, 8cmtliwark, London, S.E.

Iron Greenhouses Cheaper than Wood.

BEARD'S PATRNT NON-CONDUCTING
MKTALLIC GL/VSS HOUSES.
M.Miiiflicturoa by Sandkrs, Fki;wer, & Co., Bury St. Edmmura.

No. 2, CLAS3 A.
S., F., & Co. beg to acknuwlodKo tUo largo number of orders
rocolvod for rho above liiKhly approved Hoxises; and refer lor Prices,
&c,, tn tliL'ir lar^o Advortisomont of Octobev S. in this Papov.

ATiliiS wTxrs an'h CO., Hotuouse Buii.DF.tta luul

HoT-WATKii .\rrAii\Tus Mancfactuueus, 363, Old Kent Kmid, S,E.
TWO IIUNDKKD CUCUMniCfl and JIEI.OX liOXES and
LIGHTS, iindfroni 400 U- &lili M til ITS lor PITS of all SI/KSkopt in
STOCK, Glazed and Paintt-d complete, raiidy for iininodiato iiso.
PncUfd and B-nt to all parts of tbo kingdLm. Public and Piivate
Buddings, Warolionsea. &c., heated on tho most approved sciontUlc
and aconouilc.al prluclplos. Keforencos to the Nobility, Gentry and
Trade in most of llio Count'os In England.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31. Banl side, London, S.E.

nOTWATKU PIPKS. Iiuni Stocic. per yard :— 2-lnch, U. lid ;
Mnuh, Is. M. ; and 4-inoh. ■_'.•(. 3'/. BENDS, from Stock. Ik. 0(/., 'Js. f«i.,
and at. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., 13s.. and Us. eacti. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of flrst-class nianu-
fiictiu-6. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually ftttended to
the same day.

Heating by Hot Water.

HOT-WATEU PIPES, at Wholesale Prices, with
Elbows, Svphons, Tce-Pipcs, and every other connection ;
WrouKbt and Cast-Iron Boilers, Saddle, Conicid. Cylinder, TuncLAa.
and Klliptlc, from 24.'(. ouch. Imnrovod Boileni and Irun Stands to
use withuiit lu-ickwork, CO^'. each. V-dves from 10s, Gd. eaob. Patent
ValvcH. Improved Furnaee Doors, Furnace Bars, Supply Cisterns,
and Ciistiiiga of evorv descnution in stock, at

Mr. LvM^ii WiitTii's Iron WImrf, Upper Ground Street, Blackfriars
Bridge, LDiidon, S, Price List on application.

O^ITe S0LD7^tieai),~ari IRON DOME CONSl=^
VATOllY, u3 feet 8 inches long, 9 feet 4 Inches wide. Would
make an excellent Peach House or Covered Way. And alt other
descriptions of Horticultural Buildings to be seen at

J. Lewis's Horticultural Works, Stamford Hill, Jllddlesex.

F

OR SALE, THREE SECOND-HAND GREEN-
HOUSES, various sizes.
Apply to Mr. nAaai.vaTON, Nursery, Kingsland, N.E.

/^AST-IRON K^U^D-GLASS FRAJiES (loose tops).—

V^ Prices: 14-inch, 4s. ; IS-inch, r>s. iid. ; 20-iuch, 6s. Gd. ; 22-inch,

7s. Gtl. ; 24-incb, §s. Gd. each. Twelve or more delivered free to any

Station in England on receipt of Post Office order.

Catalogues on application.

J. Jones & Sons, 6, Bankside, London, S.E.

Total

THE PERFECT SUBSTITUTE for SILVER.—
The REAL NICKEL SILVEU, introduced more than 30 years
ago by William S. Bcrtos, when PLATED by the patent process of
Messrs. Elkington & Co., is beyond all comparison the very best
article, no.'ct to sterling silver, that can be employed as such, either
usefull V or ornamentally, aa by no pgssible test can it be distinguisUed
from real silver.

A small useful set, guan^nUed of first quality for nmah ftnd
durability, as follows ;■ ~ ~ ~

12 Table Forks
12 Table Spoona . .
12 Dessert Forks . .
12 Dessert Spoona . .
12 Tea Spoons

6 Egg Spoons, gt. bowls. ,

2 Sauce Ladles

1 Gravy Spoon

2 Salt Spoons, gt, bowls. .
1 MusUu-d Spoon, gt. bwl.
1 Pair of Sugar Tongs . .
1 Pair of Fist Carvers . .
1 Butter Knife

1 Soup Ladle
1 Sugar Sifter

Fiddle or
Old Silver
Pattera.

Bead
Pattern.

Thread
Pattei-n.

King's or

Shell and

Thread.

£. s. d.

£ s. <).

£ .. (J.

f s. d.

1 13 0

2 0 0

2 4 0

2 10 0

I 13 0

2 0 0

2 4 0

2 10 0

1 4 0
1 i 0

110 0

1 12 0

1 15 0

1 10 0

1 12 0

1 15 0

0 1(5 0

1 0 0

12 0

15 0

0 10 0

0 12 0

0 12 0

0 13 0

0 C 0

0 S 0

0 8 0

0 9 0

0 6 0

0 9 0

0 10 0

0 11 0

0 3 4

0 4 0

0 4 0

0 4 0

0 18

0 2 0

0 2 0

0 2 3

0 2 6

Q 3 S

0 3 (j

0 4 d

1 4 0

1 10 0

110 0

1 10 0

0 2 0

0 4 0

0 6 6

0 6 0

0 10 0

0 12 0

0 10 0

0 17 0

0 3 3

0 4 6

0 4 0

0 6 0

9 19 9

ety at the

12 9 0

same pric

13 9 G

as. An oa

14 n 3
; chest to

and coffee sets, dish covers and coi-ner dishes, cruet and liqueur
frames, &c,, at proportionate prices. All kinds of roplating done by
the patent process.

CUTLERY, Warranted. — The most varied f^ssortment
of TABLE CUTLERY in the world, all warranted, is on sale
at WILLIAM S. BURTON'S, at prTces that are remunerative only
because of the largeness of the sales.

lyory ^aiifil^s.

Si-inch Ivory handles

Sj-inch fine ivory balance handles . .

4-inch ivory balance handles . .

4-inch fine ivoiT handles

4-inch finest Albican ivory handles ..

Ditto, with silver ferules

Ditto, carved handles, silver ferules

Nickel electro-silver handles ..

Silver bandies, of any pattern

Table

Dessert

Knives

Knives

per

per

Dozen.

Dozen.

s. d.

s. d.

13 0

10 6

18 0

14 0

21 0

16 0

28 0

21 0

34 0

27 0

42 0

35 0

5S 0

45 0

25 0

19 0

84 0

54 0

11 0

8 6

23 0

17 0

18 0

15 6

12 6

9 6

Carvers

s. d.

5 9

5 9

8 0

12 0

13 0
IS 6

7 6

21 0

Bone and Honi Handles — Knives and
Forks per dozen.

White bone handles

Ditto, balance handles

Bl.tck horn rimmed shoulders
Ditto, very strong riveted handles

The largest stock in existence of Plated Dessert Knives and Forks,
and of the New plated Fi.sh-e.ating Knives and Forks and Carvers.
Iliufetrated Catalogues sent per post, free.

WILLIASI S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING
IRONMONGER, by appointment to H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, sends a Catalogue gi-atis and post p.aid. It contains upwards
Of 601) Illustrations of bis unnvalled Stock of

,STE[;i.INO SILVER and ELECTRO-PLATE

NH-KK1, SIIA'KR, and

Bi;lTANMA MKTAL GOODS,

DISII LUVEllS, HOT-WATER DISHES

STOVES and FENDER.S,

MARBLE CHIMNEY PIECES,

KITCHEN RANGES,

LAMP.S, GASELIERS,

TEA TRAYS,

URNS and KETTLES,

TABLE CUTLERY,

CLOCKS and CANDELABRA,

iiATIIS and TOILET WARE,

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS,

BEDDING and BED HANGINGS,

BED-ROOM CABINET FURNITURE,

TURNKUY GOODS, &c.,
With List of Prices, and I'Jans of the Twenty large Show Rooms, at
39, Oxford Struot, W. ; 1. 1a, 2. 3, fit 4, Newman Street j 4, 6, 4
fl, Perry's Place and 1, Newman Yard, London.

MOULE'S PATENT EARTH CLOSETS and
URINALS. Perfect mibstltuto for Water Clo.setn. Avoiding
all bad »mellB ; nppllciihle to any uxiHtlu^ ClosetB, and admirably
ad;iptod lor Bed-rooiii», HoMpltalH, iinrnicks, &c.

On view and iii operation at tlm Ofllco of Modlk's Patent Earth
Closet Company, Limited, 'Jil, Bod font .Street, Cove lit <lardeii,
London, W, C, where Prosiiectuscs may be had on applioatlon.
T. M, Evans, Mitnii^ur.
MoBsrs. Oiiiui.kht6j(k, 31, Duke Street, Westminster, Engineers.

Tho Rev. Henry Moulo has just received from tho Indian Oovern-
nioiit a uratifyiutf imrl HiibHtimtial recognition of tlio valuo of IiIh
systoin of dry o.arth How:ii;o. 'J'lio ftillowing la an extract fi'itm a lett.or
addroSHOd to liim ftmn tlio India OIHco in Loudon, dated Sept. 2fitb.
ISO":— " I am direotrd bv Sir Stallnid Nortlicote to forward for yoUr
information coploH nf Reports which have now been received fimii
tho Govornmi'nt of India, on I ho uuccoshIuI and general adoption of
your dry oarLli sowiigo s.VMtom In India. In consideration of tho VL-ry
satisfactory character of tbcHe Reports, and on tho recommendation
nf the Government of India, the Secretary of State for India In
Council has much pleasuj'o lu uuthoribing the paymetit to you of the
sum of £500 "

F

OR the BEST LIQUID MANURE CART,
IMPROVED ROLLER and CLOD CRUSHER,

\ppli t

George Hall, late Manager to the late Saynors' Firm.

Me was fdk So Ykars in tueir Emi'lot,

GEO. HALL AND SON'S Celebrated PRUNING and
BUDDING KNIVES, SCISSORS,&c.. may beobtained from the
most respectable Nurserymen and Seed Merchants in tlie kingdom,
also America, France. Germany, Holland, Prussia, Russia, &c.

N.B.— We only malce one quality, tho best that can bo manu-
factured, tbo same as the late Savnors always made during their
lifetime, with all the latest improvemets.

Cadtion.— None are genuine unless marked "Geo. Hall & Sox."
Other marks would cause disappointment, as tlicse blades are
tempered by a process kuo^vn only to the Makers

Engravings of Patterns, with Price Lists gratis, on applipatlOQ.
Horticultural Cutlery Works, Sheffield.

T

HAW'S TIFFaH

For sapaples and prices apply to
J, Shaw V. Co., 29. Oxford Street, Manchester.

¥.

BT. ARCHER'S "FKIGI D 0 M O."—
• P.itronised by her Majesty the Queen, the Duke ot'North-
umberland for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of DevonsDire for
Chiswick G.-ivdenp, professor Lindloy for the Horticultural Society.
and Sir Joseph Faxton for the' Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological
Society, &c.

PROTECTION from tlie SCORCHING RAYS of the SUN.
*' FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepf\i-cd
Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor of he.it or cold, keei)iiig a
fixed temperature where it is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-
cultural and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and
Flowers from the Scorching R'lys of the Sun, from Wind, from
Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any
required lengths.
" FRIGI DOMO '■ NETTING, 2 yards wide, Is. Gd. per yard run.
"FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.
Two yards wide , ; . . . , '..Is. 9(i. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. 6d. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. 9d. per yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s. Sri. per yard run.
Elisha Thomas Archer, Whole and Sole Manulacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C, and of all Niuserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the' Kingdom.

" It is much cneaper than Mats as a covering."

Farm Poultry,

GRET DORKING I- OWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbei'3.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeder^.
AYLESBURY ai.d ROUEN DUCKS.

Impoited BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTflA, CREVECOiUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Pnced Lists and Estimates on application.
John Baily ffi Son. 113, Mount Street, London, W.

ALDERNEY BULL.— FOR SALp, a pure-bred, splf-
coloured ALDERNEY BULL CALF, of the hisbest quality,
Calved February 1. — Apply to Ep\VARD Tulett, Mr. Simpson's,
Farm Buildings, Wray Park, Reigate, Surrey.'

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., begs to announce tkat he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and lESTIJVIATES for LAYll^G
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. Joun Gibson, lup., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would accent of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £16()0.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadenhull Street,
London, E.C.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLIAM DEAN, having determined on residing in
London again, offers for SaXe, with immediate possession,
the NURSERY at SHIPLEY, consisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery welt stocked,
and with Dwelling House, file, is held on Lease; also the SEED
SHOP, in BRADFORD (the only one in the town), which is well
fitted up, and whore there isagood business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Secfis, Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, 4c. The Nursery
is 2i miles from the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
yeay'a business is equivalent to the purchase money required, and
will be a f;roat bargain to the purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
tunity lor a large house in the South to establish a Branch Business
here, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
mucu increased. For "particulars apply to

WiLLuu Dean, Biadford NHf^ery, SJiipley, Torkjshire.

.SALE THIS DAY AND MONDAY, AT HALF-PAST 12 O'CLUCK.

Di}tc4 Bulbf, Hardy Sliruljs, Frujt Trees, &c.

Mil. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Gre.1t Room.s, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.O.,
THIS DAY and MONDAY, October 19 and 21, at half-past 12o'Clook
precisely each day, KIOI) lots of choice HYACINTHS, TULIPS,
CROCUSES, NA(iClSSUS, LI1,IES, and other Bulbs, jukt arrircd
from Holland ; and im assortment of Hardy Trees Jvnd Shrubs, con-
.sisting of LAURELS. ARGOR-VIT^, CUPRESSUS LAWSO-
NIANA, ARAUCARIA IMliRlCATA, KESTISH COBNOT.S,
DVVAKFPLUMS, DEUTZIAS, ACHIMENES, HONEY.SUCKLES.
PlilELlAS, RUSTIC SEATS, STOOLS, VASES, BASKETS, Sc.
On view the Morning of pale, nnc^ Catalogue^ had.

MESSRS. PROTnEROE and MORRIS'S
PKELIMINARV NOTICE of FORTHCOMINO SALES.
lliaill.V iMP.lllTANT TO Nom.KlIKV, GjiNTLEMKN, N cnSKRYM EN, MaBKKT

„ .r,,;.,^'*'"'^''''^' *^" ''i'i>i-i'' Companies enoaoei) in Planting.

ISATTKHSK.V, SIUIUKV. KING STREET, October 28 ;-

Saluc.l lari/0 I'KIUT I'RKKS, Ac; Hovoral CAHT.S. HORSES,

B,..,^ '.'ii' yi)^; I'l'l'lvS. MANURE, a.id Sundiv Effects.

PECKllAM, (JUEEWS IKI.M) NU ItSICllV. October ;j ■_

Very compact EVEllfiKEKN and r( 1,\ I IKROUS SlIRUB.S.and
other NURSERY STOCK; cluilciw;!! I';I';N HOUSE PLANTS

RLACKWATER, SURUEV. KlUMLKV PAUK NURSERY,
Oia'.bor .'fl.— SaloolKcTn'inl .MIIisj.:RV STOCK

WANDSWORTH ROAO, I.AVUNIiKlt HILL NURSERY, Nov. 4:
—Some th..aiai]da of lino AUCUIi.VS, 1 to •! Icot ; OHINESB
ARISOR-VIT.E, KNCLlSll 1 EWS, 'and other (ino EVEI^
GREKNS, STANDARD and DWARF FRUIT TREES, &0.
Important to the Trade.

KINOSTON, SURKEY.—Clarenco Street and r.ark Road, about
f i.ir d^vH Sale. Novomher 6, 0. 7, and 8 :-Excellent NURSERY
Sroi'K.nz, : |.,\ I.ROREEN,CONIFl.;i!OUK,aridDECIUUOnS
sllKllHs, laiiKin;' all sizes and In L'roat variety, all prepared for
rcm..i:d; ST.\M)\l'.OandDWARF ROSE.S.ic.

OODAl.MINO.suilRI'lY, Nnvouibcr ll,aiid follo;viiiy days, by Order

of Mr. Charles Parker, at Godalnnn;; Nursery Tho whole of tho

choice GKICENHOUSE PLANTS, newly erected GREEN-
IIOUSKS, PIT.-^, and otiier ElTeits ; also "at Terrace Gardens,
Shady llantiei's, within live minutes' walk of the GodalmluK Rail-
way Station, tho whole of tho yiduabie PYRAMIDAL FRUIT
TREES tn a full bearing state, ail carefully prepared for
removal ; EVERGREEN and CONIFEROUS SHRUBS. BOX-
EDGING, &c. Any person securing a L&aso of tho aforesaid
Pr'iniiBCS will have the option of purchaain;,' what they choose at
the Sale, presenting an excellent opportunity to small capitalists
desirous of embarking in the Nurscrv business.

EDMONTON, MIDDLESEX.— LANGHKDGE NURSERY, Novem-
ber 13 and 14:— SALE of a largo quantity of FRUIT TREES.
Important tn Mariict Gardeners .and others. EVERGREEN,
CONIFEROUS, and DECIDUOUS SHRUBS of all sizes;
STANDARD ROSE.S, ORNAMENTAL and FOREST TREES,
4c.

WOKING, SURREY'.— About nine days' Sale, commencinij Nov. 18,
without reserve, in consequence of the d.'atli nf Mr. Robert
Donald :— About 160 Acres of NURSERY STUCK, iti<-loding an
unusual larae quantity of EVERGREEN, CON I FEKoU.S, and
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS, ORNAMENTAD, FRUIT, 4 FOREST
TREliS. 'The Stock is particularly wwrthy tho attention ol the
Trade.

CITY AUCTION ROOMS, 38 & 3;l, Qtacechurch Street.- WEEKLY
SALES of only first-class DUTCH BULBS, STANDARD
EOSES, AMERICAN PLANTS, Sc.

Particulars wilt appear in future Advertisements.

American Nurseries, Leytonstone. — Oct. 19.

Clearance Sale.

Acton Vale Ncrsekt, UxuRinon Road, Midolesex.

MESSKS. rUOTHKUOE and MORKIS are instructed
by Mr. F. Ilopgood, Sen., to SELL by AUCTION on the
piemises, as above, on MONDAY, October kl, and Three following
Dtvs, at 11 o'clock each day, without reserve, the Lease having
expired, tho whole of the v.aluable NURSERY STOCK, consistirg
of a large assortment of Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs, Orna-
mental Fruit and Forest Trees, viz., 600 Thuja aurea, 400 Chinese
Arbor-Vil33, 200 Yews, 300 Cupressus Lawsoniana and Thujopsis bo-
realis, SOU Spruce Firs, 500 bushy Inurustmus, well set with bloom,
1000 Euonvmus, Coy Aucubas, lOOO Common Laurels, 100(1 Box, 300
Phillyreis, 200 Green Hollies, 2000 Privet, Ribes, Guelder Roses, Ac,
Hardy Climbers, sorts, in pots ; 400 worked Thorns, 200 Almonds, 400
bushv-headed Planes, 1000 fine Limes, 2000 Poplars, 300 Labumums,
30i> Weeping Ash, Elm, and Willows; 20C0 Standard and Dwarf
trained and untrained, Apples, Peai*s, Plums, Cherries, Peaches, Nec-
tarines, and Apricots ; lOOtj fine Standard Damsons, Suo Coosebeniea
and Currants, 200 strong Vines in pots, Slc. ; 10,0U0 handsome Stand-
ard Dwarf and Climbing Roses, 500 Ivies in pots, COO yards Box
Edging, 2000 strong Seak.ale, Asparagus, Jfcc.

Hay be viewed prior to the Solo. Catalotiues had on tl^Q premises ;
at the Beaumont Arms, S|iephefd's Btish Gre^u : and of tliq
Auctioneers aud Valuers, Leytoiislone, N.E. ' ' '

Sale of Very Fine Dutch Bulbs, Handsome Standard
Roses, &c-

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL
by AUCTION, at 38 and 39, Gracechurch Street, E.G., on
FRIDAY, October 25, at 1 o'clock precisely, a First-class Collection
of DUTCH BULBS, mcluding fine named Hy-icinths, Tulips. Crocus,
Narcissus, Snowdrops, Anemones, Ranunculus, &c. ; !:\ selection of
choice named show Tulips from a celebrj^ted grower ; a splendid
assortment ot handsome STANDARD, DWART, aud CLIMOING
ROSES, of tho best varieties in cultivation ; Selected ATVIERIOAN
PLANTS, viz., Ghent and other Azalej^s, Hybrid Rhtidpi^eudrons,
Kalmias, Androniedas, &c., with a vaiiety of Hardy Climbers, Rustic
B;tskcts, Vases, &c.

On View the Morning of Sale. Catalogues had at the Rooms as
above, aud of the Auctioueers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

Tottenham, Middlesex.

MESSRS. rROTHEKOE and MORRIS have received
instructions from Mr. Thos. Ware, to SELL by AUCTION,
op the Premises, Hall Farm Nursery, adjoining the Tottenham
Railway Station, on the Great E istern line, on FRIDAY, November 1,
at II o'clock, the thriving NURSERY STOCK:, including Evergreen,
Coniferous, aud Deciduous Shrubs ; Ornamental, Forest, and Fruit
Trees; Standard, Dwarf, aud Climbing Roses; ilanetti Stocks,
2000 Red and Black Curiants, &c.

May be Viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the premises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

M

Nursery Stock— Mill Hill Niirsery, Hendon.

About a mile from Mill Hill Station on the Edgware and Highgate
Railway, and one hour's ride from Camden Town by Mill Hill
Omnibus.

ESSllS. HUMBERT and COX are favoured with

instructions from tbe Executors of the late Mr. James Wrieht,
to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Mill Hill Nursery,
Hendon, on THURSDAY, Oetober 24, at 12 for 1 o'clock, tbe Whole
of the NURSERY STOCK, comprising 1000 Thuja Lobbil,
100 Thujopsis Eoreali, 1000 Aucuba japonica, 1000 Laurustmus,
lOOO English Yews,' 200 Laurels, 500 Portugal Laurels, 1000 Cupressus
Lawsoniana, 00 Abies Douglassii, 500 Phlllyrea, 500 Scotch Fir,
fiOO Pinua excelsa, 600 Standard Roses (named), 500 Dwarf Roses,
500 Thuja gigantea. 500 Limes, Chestnuts, Birch, Acacias, Mountain
Ash, English Ojik and Elm, &c.

May be viewed two days prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had
on tbe Premises ; at the principal Inns at Hen-lon ; the Essex Arms
and Clarendon Aims Hotels, Green Man, and Leathersellers' Arms,
Watford; the Red Lion, Elstreet .and Barnet; Abercorn Arms and
Vme Inns, Stanmore ; Three Crowns, Bushey Heath ; Bell Imi,
Bushey : Swau and Bell Inns, R;ckmansworth ; and {free by post) of
Messrs. Husibkkt t Cox, Land Agents, Auctioneers, and Surveyors,
Little Nascot. Watford, Hurts ; and S.S, St. James' Street, London, S.W.

To Wholesale Druggists and Others.

Vahjab(-e Croi- ok Liquorice, 41 Mitciiau, Surrey.

MESSRS. BLAKE will SELL hy AUC'VION, on the
land as iioder. on TUESDAY, October 20. at 2 for 3 o'Clock,
in two lots, the CROP of LIQUORICE. 0 and 3 years' growth, now
growing on about ^ acres, in Pudding Field, opposite the Raveosbury
Mils, near the Mitcliam Railway .Station.

OatiUogues will be for^'arded pn application to the Auctioneers
21, High Street, Croydon, Sui-rey, S. "

Silver Hill Farm, Radbourne, near Derby.

JAMES TURNER, Auctioneer and Vall'ER, respect-
fully announces to the Public that ho is again honoured with
instructions from E. S. Chandos-Pole, Esq.. to SELL by PUBLIC
AUC'i'ION, upon the Silver Hill Farm, on THURSDAY, October 31,
the SURPLUS LIVE FARMING STOCK, consisting of 10 barren
Cows, 3 Bulls, 60 Steers and Stirks. 3 workmg Horses, 250 Sheep, and
8 Pigs. Paticulars in a tntm-e Paper.

Dalbury Lees, Derby, Oct. 9.

To Make Room for Herbaceous Plants, &c.,

TS. W'ARE, Hult' I'Vnn >Juis<'VT, Tolti-nhnm,
• Middlesex has given Mes.si.s. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
instructions to SELL by AUCTION, on tbe Premises, on FRIDAY,
November 1. at 11 fur 12 o'Cleck, a quantity of ORNAMENTAL
TREES. silRUBS. CONIFER.E, ROSJ^S. FRUITS, FOREST
TREES. &c. Catalogues on, application.

1088

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 19, 1867.

SUTTONS'

COMPLETE

COLLECTIONS of DUTCH FLOWER ROOT

FOK

BLOOMING DURING WINTER AND SPRING.

ALL GOODS CARRIAGE FREE, EXCEPT VERY SMALL PARCELS
FIVE PER CENT. DISCOUNT ALLOWED EOS CASK PAYMENTS.

No. 1.-SUTT0NS'

COMPLETE COLLECTION FOR OPEN GROUND,

Price 42s., Carriage Free, contains : —

24 Flno Mixed BORDEK HYACINTHS
12 Finn Mixed POLYANTHaS NAUOISSUS
50 BORDER NARCISStTS. of sorts
12 Lnrge OAMPERNELLE JONQUILS
100 Fine Mixed DonBLE RANUNCULUS
100 SCARLET TURBAN RANONCOLUB

25 DUC VAN THOL TULIPS
12 Mixed SINGLE EARLY do.
12 DOUBLE YELLOW do.
12 Fine iHised PARROT do.
50 Fine Mixed SINGLE LATE do.
12 REX RUBRORUM TULIPS

12 CliolcB ENGLISH IRIS'

25 Fine Mixed DOUBLE ANEMONES

25 Fine Mixed SINGLE do.
300 Fine CROCUS, in sorts
100 SNOWDROPS

60 Winter ACONITES

12 Fine Mi.xed GLADIOLUS
12 Clioioe SPANISH IRIS

G LILIES, of sorts

6 FERRARIA PAFOSIA

C ALSTRCEMERIA VAN HOUTTE
12 DOG'S TOOTH VIOLET.^

No. 2.-SUTT0NS' COMPLETE COLLECTION FOR OPEN GROUND,

Price 21s., Carriage Free, contains : —

12 Fine Mixed BORDEK HYACINTHS
6 Fine Mixed POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS

25 BORDER NARCISSUS, of sorts
6 Large CAMPERNELLK JONQUILS

60 Fine Mixed DOUBLE RANUNCULUS

60 SCARLET TDilBAN RANUNCULUS

12 Fine Mixed DOUBLE ANEMONES
Vi Fine Mixed SINGLE do.
150 i-nno CROCUS, in sorts
60 DOUBLE SNOWDROPS
25 Winter ACONITES
6 Fine Mixed GLADIOLUS

12 DOUBLE DUC VAN THOL TULIPS

6 Mixed SINGLE EARLY do.

6 Mixed DOUBLE do.

C Mixed PARROT do.
25 Mixed SINGLE LATE do.

6 REX KUBRORUM do.

C Choice Mixed ENGLISH IRIS

6 Clioice Mixed SPANISH do

3 LILIES, of sorts

3 FICRHARIA PAVONIA

3 ALSTRCEMERIA VAN IIOUTl'E

0 DUG'S TOOTH VIOLET

No. 3.-SUTT0NS' COMPLETE COLLECTION FOR OPEN GROUND,

Price 10s. 6d., contains : —

6 Fine Mixed BORDER HYACINTHS

3 Fine Mixed POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS

12 Fine Mixed BORDER NARCISSU.S
3 Large OAMPERNELLE JONQUILS

26 Fine Mixed DOUBLE RANUNCULUS

25 SCARLET TURBAN RANUNCULUS
C Fine Mixed DOUBLE ANEMONES
6 Fine Mixed SINGLE do.
100 Fine Mixed CROCUS
25 DOUBLE SNOWDROPS

12 Winter ACONITES

3 Fine Mixed GLADIOLUS
12 DOUBLE DUC VAN THOL TULIPS

6 Fine Mixed SINGLE EARLY do.
12 Fine Mixed SINGLE LATE do.

6 Fine Mixed IRIS
2 LILIES, of sorts

1 CROWN IMPERIAL

2 Mixed ALSTRCEMERIAS

3 Mixed FRITTILARIAS

No. 4.-SUTTONS' COMPLETE COLLECTION FOR POTS AND GLASSES,

Price 42s., Carriage Free, contains : —

24 Fine HYACINTHS, by name
12 Miniature HYACINTHS, do.
12 POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS, do.
12 Large DOUBLE JONQUILS
12 SINGLE .SWEET-SCENTED do.

12 SINGLE DUC VAN THOL TULIPS
12 Choice IXIAS

0 Choice SPARAXIS

G ACHIMENES

0 FERRARLA PAVONIA

60 EARLY TULIPS, 10 sorts, byname
12 SCILLA PR/ECOX
6 PERSIAN IRIS
6 PEACOCK do.
100 Fine CROCUS, by name

6 LACHENALIA TRICOLOR

1 CYCLAMEN PBRSICUM

1 JACOBEA LILY

1 LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM ALBUM

1 .. „ RUBRUM

No. 5.-SUTT0NS' COMPLETE COLLECTION FOR POTS AND GLASSES,

12

Fine HYACINTHS, by name
_ Miniature HYACINTHS, do.
6 POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS, do,
6 Large DOUBLE JONQUILS
6 SINGLE SWEET-SCENTED do.

Price 21s., Carriage Free, contains : —

0 SINGLE DUC VAN THOL TULIPS | 60 Fine CROCUS, byname

^S IA?V^ o'i'inf.V^ °°"''' "'' "^"^ « Fine mixed IXIAS

U OUlLLA PRj-itUOJi. 1 .. TT . J r-r. . T, . i^Tr,

3 PERSIAN IRIS ' 3 Fine imxed SPARAXIS

3 PEACOCK. IBIS ' 3 Fine mixed ACHIMENES

3 FERRARIA PAVONIA

3 LACHENALIA TRICOLOR

I JACOBEA LILY

1 LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM

No. 6.-SUTTONS' COMPLETE COLLECTION FOR POTS AND GLASSES,

Price 10s. 6cl., contains : —

Fine HYACINTHS, by name
S Miniature HYACINTHS, do.
3 POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS, do.

3 Large DOUBLE JONQUILS

3 SINGLE SWEET-SCENTED do.

3 SINGLE DUC VAN THOL TULIPS

12 EARLY TULIPS, 4 sorts, by name
3 SCILLA PRECOX
3 PERSIAN IRIS

26 Fine CROCUS, by name
3 Fine mixed IXIAS
1 LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM
3 LACHENALIA TRICOLOR

Any Article alove specified, if not required, will be excluded, and additional quantities of others included, according to the wish of the purchaser.

SUTTONS' CHOICE HYACINTHS FOR EXHIBITION, as supplied to HER MAJESTY'S GARDENS, WINDSOR,

SELECTED BY MESSRS. SUTTON FROM THEIR VERY FINE COLLECTION.

100 In 100 very choice sorts £4401 60 In 50 very choice sorts £2201 25 in 25 very choice sorts £1101 12 in 12 choice sorts £0 9 0

100 In 60 very choice sorts 3 10 0 | 50 in 25 very choice sorts 1 15 0 j 12 In 12 e-xtra flue sorts \ 012 0ll2inl2 good sorts 0 6 0

Mixed Hyacinths for Beds or Open Borders, any Colour, I Hyacinths, in distinct Colours, for Massing or Ribbon Gardening,
3s. per dozen; Sis. per 100. | 4s. per dozen; 30s. per 100.

For Prices and pai'ticulars of flneat TULIPS, ANEMONES, EiNUNCULITS, IRIS, NARCISSUS, GLADIOLUS, and other BOLBOUS ROOTS, see

SUTTONS' AUTUMN CATALOGUE,

GRATIS AND POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

InLfji IS T.T. S- ""'? ?u ixldreMedto " The Editor ;" Advcrtlsoments and Biiiiness Letters to '■ The Publlaher," at the Ofaoe. 41, WelUn-gton Street, Covcnt Garden London. W.c. « _. „. ., n,.

nmii^n .?'wiiH»»X"oS.'"'.''.J' ^v' ^SS".;' Messrs. BRiD.cjai,B»Ai«3.S Co., Lombard .street, Prreinct of VVhltefriaii, City of London, la Iha Co. of Middlesex, and PuljUshed by the said Jjais Mattbbws, tt the .
omee, No.41,WolllngtOTStreet,Pari8hof St.Paul'o,Oovelit Qarden,lnVtiesaldCountr.-Siiiiiu>»V, Octoher 19,1867. -'

//

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 43.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, OCTOBER 26.

/Price Fivepence.

(Stami'ed Edition, iSd.

INDEX.

AKi'i^ulturc, Guernsey

AKi-icultural Soc. Journnl . ,

Hep?

Boilers, lioilk'ultunU

Books notiiTd

British Assoc iation

Caliitlium , bulb- bearing

Ciimcllilk culture

Cattk'plaKuc BtAtistica

— triimo. Irish

CeU-ry, Houloy's

Chtimliers of AKncultura

Colli lu liidh and low places .

Coin drying

Crocuses

Pnhliu blooms. pinniUK ....

Dairy farm, American

Dentition

EKvpt, pardener for

Exnibitiuns, great liortlcul-

turni ,

Tarmtra' Clubs 1102n-

Froat

Fi'uit ftroffing, Prencli and

English

Qan-ya in fruit

Oi apes, large

— judping

— eraekinif

— preserving

Oum trees, Australian

Tlai'vcst

Hyacinth );lasses

Labour, feaialc Held

1108 c

1101 b
1099 b

1094 (1

1107 a

1095 h
11197 b
10!l(j a

1102 a

1108 b
1094 b
1105 c

1097 a

1103 c

1099 a

1098 b

1108 a

1109 <i
1094 c

1093 a

llllfi c

1097 n

1094 c
1Q94 b

1098 c

1097 c

1098 b

1096 b

1100 a
11C5 c
1094 c
1105 C

Land laws, IriBli HOI t

Leaf fall 1094 I

Lime, caustic IIOH .

Mangel cake 1103 t

Milk 1105 I

Mushroom poisoning 1094 I

Oilcake 1103 <

Onion, Nunehara 1097 t

Peiir, the China 1095 i

Pears, heavy 1094 I

Peas. late 1099 <

I'elar^coniums, seedling 1U97 i

— variegat^?d zonal 1098 l

Potato disease 1094 J

Poultry 1107 I

Pruning, stem 1098 i

Koota, harvesting 1106 i

Sewage 1105 (

Shorthorn sales 1108 I

Shrubland Park 1099 i

Smithtleld Club 1102(1

Steam culture, French 1103 c

Stock. foreign 1102 1

Swifts 1098 <

Teeth in reference to age.... 1109 e

Thompson testimonial 1098 <

Toraatos 1098 .

Trade memorandum 1099 c

Vines, old 1093 1

— atChitsworth 1097 (

Vine sports 1094 *

Violas 1097 <

Wheat, seed 1102 i

— liraefor 1104 (i

TflE GARDENERS' ROYAL BENEVOLENT
INSTITUTION.

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that an .tVDDITION of TWO
PENSIONERS on the Funds of thia Institution will take place in
JANUARY NEXT.

All P.n^ons (lesiDua of becoiuine CANDIDATES are required to
send in tbeir Petltious, with Taatimonials, ifec, to the Committee, on
or before the lltli November next, after which time they will not
be received.

Preference will be given to those Persons who may have been
3ubscribor& for 16 years and upwards ; but should there not bo any
of that class, then the Petitions of those who may not have beeu
Subscribers will be considered.

Primed Forms may be had upon application to the Secretary.
By Order of the Committee. E, R. Cutler, Sec.

14, Tavistock Row, London, — October 9, 1S07-

IF THUS. TOWNSEND, who formerly kept a Nursery
at Canonbury Orange, Islington, or any one who may be
acquainted with him, will coiumunicate to MicaA.EL Couerford,
44, Urill Row, Somera Town, they will HEAR of SOMETHINO to
tboir ADViVNTAGE.

UTTONS' FLOWER ROOTS.

See p. 1093 of this Week's Paper.
SUTTONS" EXHIBITION HYACINTHS.

See p. 1002 of this Week's Paper.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON beg to say that their
DESCRIPTIVE CyVTALOGDE of CHOICE HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, Ac, is now ready, and can be had post free
on application. Highgate Nurseries, London, N,

Bulb Catalogne.

BUTLER, McCULLUCH, and CO.'S CATALOGUE
of Choice DUTCH and CAPE BULBS ia now ready. Sanb
free and post paid. — Established upwards of a Century.
South Row, Coveiit G:irdon Market. W.C.

Winter and Spring Flowering Bulbs and Plants.

BARR AND SUUDEN'S FLORAL GUIDE may be
had free. It contains much valuable information.
For particulars i-ee large Advertisement, page 1090.

Before Purchasing Flower Roots, send for

SCUTT'S CA'l'ALUGUE of IJULBS, VASES, and
• GARDEN REQULSITE-J. Bulbs are extra fine.

J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

JOHN KELLETT begs to announce that his NEW
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of DUTCH FLOWER
ROOTS, SPECIMEN AZALEAS, ROSES, EPIPHYLLUMS, &c.,
Is now ready, Jind can be had post free on application.

Wellington Nursery, Hoaton Chapei, Stockport.

Hyacintlis, Tulips, Crocuses, &c.

BS. "WILI.IA^IS has ;i tine Collection of the above.
• PRICED CATALUGUE post free on application.
HYACINTHS for Glasses or Pots, Gn., 8s., and 10s. per dozen.
Victoria and Paradise Nursery, Upper Holloway, London, N.

Vines.

B S.WILLIAMS has now on hand a very large and
. fine stock of FRUITING and PLANTING CAtJES of all the
best varieties. An inspection la invited.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway. London, N.

Vines.

HLANE AND SON solicit an inspection of their
• stock of VINES : 2000 Canes to choose from, strong and well
ripened. They have been awarded the First Prize for Vines in pots
at all the leading Exhibitions. CATALOGUES free on application.
The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts,

Pines.

TO RE DISPOSED OF, in consequence of the glass
being required for other plants, CO stout clean FRUITING
PLANTS ol the best sorts, and 30 good SUCCESSIONS of the same.
Apply to Francis R. Kinououk, Richmond, S.W.

CURRANT PLANTS, 4-vear3' gro\vth.— The large
RED GRAPE and NETTLE-LEAF WHITE, at lOs. per 100,
cash on the ground, or a Post Office order payable at Hounslow.

T. MiTTow. Lampton, near Houiislow, W.

THE beat STRAWBERRY, the PRESIDENT.—
Free grower, abundant bearer, fruit very rich flavoured,
handsome, and bears carrying and keeping well. Plants, 7tf. Qd. per
100 ; smaller do., 30*. per 10(M).

Also tho true old PINE, extra fine flavour, 10s. per 100.
Messrs. WnENcii & Co., London Bridge, E.G.

PRINCESS of WALES STRAWBEBKT.—
This fine variety is now proved to be the best early variety
ever produced, either for Forcing or for general Early Crop. See
Gardeners' Chronicle of May 12, 1806, p. 437. Good Plants can now
be supplied from the true stock, at Ss. per 100, from the raiser.
U. W. Knight, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

^^FB' S"^ P RTZ E" CoTF ILBEKTS, and other PRIZE
COB NUTS and FILBERTS. LIST of these varieties from
Mr. WtuB. Calcot, Reading.

w

Orchard-house Trees FnUtlng In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PL /MS. PEARS, APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
RtoBABD SuiTH, NurBeryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester,

Standard Apples.

WOOD AND IXLiKAM oflln- to the Trade and others
20,000 iplendid STANDARD APPLES, with 6 to 6 feet
Btemi ana magniUcenl heads. Price on application.
Tho Nurseries, Huntingdon.

A

Now Ready,

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of FRUITS

for 1867, free.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of a tew SELECT ROSES
for 1807. By Tnos. RiVERi. Free by post.

Nurseries. Sawbridgeworth.

RICHARD SMITH'S FRUIT LIST contains a sketch
of the various forms of Trees, with directions for Cultivation,
Soil, Drainage, Manure, Pruning, Lifting, Cropping, Treatment
under Glass ; also their synonymes, qualitv, size, form, skin, colour,
flesh, flavour, use, growth, duration, season, price, &c. Free by
post for three stamp.i.

RiouARD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

F

To Noblemen's Ageuts. Land Owners. &c.

INK STOCK of FOREST TREES, &c., for Orna-
mental Enclosures. Prices very reasonable.
Joseph Treuble & Sons, Penrith, Cumberland.

Specimen Chinese Arbor-ylt£e.

HUSSEY AND SON, having a large Stock of very fine
bushy plants of tho above, from 41 to 6 feet high, beg to offer
them at 2s. each, or '20». per dozen.

Mile End Nursery, Eaton, Norwich.

THIRTY THOUSAND AMERICAN ARBOR-VIT-S,
from 3 to C feet, very suitable for Hedges.
Wm. Wood &. Son, Woodlands Nursery, Mares&eld, near Uckfleld,
Sussex.

Special Notice.— Plants and Bulbs.
PR. STEVENS' SALES of DUTCH BULBS, FRUIT

1.VX TREES, ROSES, and HARDY SHRUBS, take place every
WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and frequently on MONDAY,

M^

at the Rooms, i

, KiuK Street, Covoiit Garden, London, W.C.
CATALOGUES on application.

Notice.— Fruits, Flowers, Bulbs.

BeFOKE PUBUHASI.VG, PLEISE SEND FOR

DILLISTONE AND CO.'S LITTLE LISTS,
post free to all applicants.
Address, Dillibtone & Co., Nurserymen, &c.. Stunner, near
Halstead, Essex.

To Gardeners, Seedsmen, &o.
ENLEY, BROTHERS, Merchants, Holbeach, have

still on hand a quantity of SNOWDROPS, which they beg to
Samples and price on application.

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND fine Transplanted
COMMON LAURELS, from IJ to 3 feet.
Wu. Wood & Soif, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld,
Sussex.

LIBONIA FLORIBUNDA.— One of the most beautiful
winter blooming Greenhouse or Conservatory Plants grown,
blooming profusely from November to April. Strong Plants
Is. each ; 8s. per dozen.

Fhedlricr Martin, Nurseryman, &c.. North Bridge, Hull.

AZALEA INDICA.— Good healthy blooming Plants,
40 of the choicest varieties, including Stella, Carnation, Flag of
Truce, and Mdllo. VerscUafi'elt, for 403.. or less quantities 12s. per
dozen ; also other good named varieties, healthy blooming Plants,
at 9s, per dozen,

H. & R, Stirzakbr, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

ELMS for AVENUE and PARK PLANTING.— Fine
well rooted Trees of HUNTINGDON and HERTFORDSHIRE
ELMS, 10 to 12 and 12 to 14 feet ; and HERTFORDSHIRE, 14 to
16 feet, at a very cheap rate, according to quantity required. For

> k Inorau, Nurseries, Huntingdon.

H

W

ANTED, BEECH MAST.— Send price, per buahel,
to G, Frost, Nurseryman, Bampton, Devon.

THE QUEKN. A 1. — By permission Charles Noble
has had the honour of Exhibiting his NEW WHITE
RHODODENDRON before Her Majesty tbe Queen, at the Royal
Gardens, Windsor ; he has authority to state that Her Majesty was
graciouBly pleased to approve of, and recognise the name given in
honour of Herself, as being really " THE QUEEN " amongst
Rhododendrons.
Fnce21s.,3lB. Qd., 423., Q3s.,Sis., & 105». each. Standards, 105a. each.

Gladioli.

EUGENE TERDIER, fils aine, Nurseryman. 3, Rue
Dunois, Paris, l.s now publishing his CATALOGUE of
NOVELTIES (Seed from M. SoucheM, iind also of his own splendid
Collection of tho above. CATALOGUES to be had gratis, either
direct from hirn, or ol his agentu, Bictuau & Blackitb, Cox'a
Quay, Lower Thames Street, London, E.C.

To Malce Room for Herbaceous Plants. &c..

TS. WARE, Hale Farm Nursery, lottenham,
• Middlesex, has given Messrs. PROTHEROE and MORRIS
instructions to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, on FRIDAY,
November 1, at U for 12 o' Clock, a quantity of ORNAMENTAL
TREES. SHRUBS, CONIFERS, ROSES, FRUITS, FOREST
TREES, &c. Catalogues on application^^

Llllum auratum.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply fiae BULBS of this
beautiful Flowering Plant at from bs. to loa. each.
Koyut Berks Seed Establlshmont, Readmg.

CALCEOLARIA (Herbaceous), of choice strain, nice
plants. In single pots, 21s. per 100 ; 12s. 6(i. for 50, and Is. per doz.
II. & R. Stikzaker, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

EBB'S NE W GIANT POLYANTHUS,

Florist Flower, and GIANT COWSLIP SEEDS; also Plants

of all tho varieties, with double PRIMROSES ot different colours ;

AURICULAS, both SIhrIo and Double, with every sort of Early

Spring tlowers. LIST uii iLpi-Ucatiua.— Mr. Wkbu, Calcot, Reading.

Wholesale Catalogue.

GEORGE JACKMAN am) SUN'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of HARDY NURSERY
STOCK for 1807 and SPRING, 1808, can bo had free on application.

Woking Nursery, Surrey.

Manetti Stocks.

HUSSEY AND SON h^s to otibr a quantity of very
fine Cuttings of the above, rciuJy for planting, at Is, Bd. per 100,
lOjj. per 1000. Mile Eml Nur.^ory, Eaton, Norwich.

New Rose Catalogues for 1867 and 1868.

Catalouukb op TittLs, Snuuiis, Fuuit Trkes, & Bulhous Roots.

WM. WOOD AND SON will be happy to forward
Copies of above, gratis rind post free.
Address, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld, Sussex.

To the Trade.

MARECHAL NIEL ROSK, liom own roots, in pots,
by the lOo or Ioku, at £5 per 100.
G, Baker t StiN, American Nursery, Bagshot.

r^ULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the RUSE.
V_V Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Niu'sories
near Hereford, Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps,

•' npHE ROSliiS of MR. PAUL * * * are things to
J- see once and dream of for ever." — Athenctum, June, 1867.
Wm. Padl begs to announce that his CATALOGUE of HOSES is
now re;idy, and will be forwarded free on application.

EIGHTEEN PRIZES have been awarded to him for Roses thi
year at the principal London Flower Shows,

Papl's Nurseries, Waltnam Cross, London, N.

New Roses for 1867-1868.

EUGENE VERDIER, fils aiue, Nurseryman, 3, Rue
Dunois, Paris, is now publishing his CATALOGUE of the
above, which will comprise 69 New Vaiieties for 1867-18G3. This
CATALOGUE to bo obtained gratis, either direct from him, or of
his Agents, Betuasi & Bi.aok.ith, Cox'a Quay, Lower Thames Street,
London, E.C.

POA TRIVIALIS ARGENTEA ELEGANS.— Several
dozen bunches of this very pretty Silver-leaved Grass, at Os.
per dozen ; each bunch will separate into several plants.

Charles SuiLLiNO, Hill Nursery, Winchfleid, Hants.

New Grass Seeds for Exportation.

SUTTON AND SUNS, having received their supply of
NEW GRASS SEEDS of the present Season's Growth In fine
condition, will be happy to turward lowest price per ton or cwt. on
application. All Seeds perfectly packed and delivered free to ship's
aitla at any English Port. CATALOGUES gratis and post free
ScTTON & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom, London_^

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

AMES CARTER and CO.

Seed Farufrs, Merchants, and Ndrsertuen,

237 & :J3s, High Holbora, London. W.C.

WANTED, a quantity of HEATHS, in or coming in
bloom, good bedding stuff, in 48-pota ; also all kinds of CUT
FLOWERS WANTED regularly through the winter.
West London Flower and Seed Establishment, 9, Queen's Road, W.

THE CZAR VIOLET is NOW in BLOOM, and will
continue flowering through the winter. Strong plants, 8s. per
dozen ; also new seed, 2». Qd. and 68. per packet.

RASPBERRY CANES :— Fastolff, Fillbasket, and Early Thimble,
48. per 100; may be had for pre-paid orders from

Mr. John CnAHAa, Cranfo.d, Ilounslow, W.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

I AMES FAIRHHAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Merchants, 7, Bor3u,!<li ilarket, and Braintree, Essex. ^^

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARL'E bi'>c to announce to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ol HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1867 Growth, is now ready and may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Camba,

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
Corn, Seed, Manure, and Oiloake MIerohants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1862. for " Excellent Seed Corn and Seeds."

MUSHROOM SPAWN of the beat possible quality,
6s, per bushel. Sample Brick sent on appUcation. The
Trade supplied,
John Kellett, Wellington Nursery, Heaton Chapel, Stockport,

~ "to^the Trade.
ICKSON'S "FIRvST and BEST" EAitLT PEA.

B'

New Seed can now be supplied.

Lowest price per quarter on application.

Francis & Arthur Dickson & Sons, IOG, Eastgate Street, Chester.

SPARAGUS^T60TS,~3-yr. old, ^ler 100, 2s. 6d. ;

2-yr. old, per 100, Is.'Od. Terms cash.
Richard Walser, Seed Grower and Market Gardener, Biggles-
wade, Beds. .

To^oblemen, Gentlemen, Gardeners, and the Trade.

SEAKAIL for Forcing, magnificent roots, now ready.
Per 100, lOs. Terms cash.
Richard Walter, Market Gardener and Seed Grower, Biggles-
wade, Beds.

YeUow Globe and Long Yellow Mangel.

MR. S. A. DAINTKEE, of Fen Drayton, St. Ives,
Hunts, has several varieties of the above named Seed for Sale
grown from large selected Bulbs.

Samples and Price on application,

BecK's SeedUng Pelargoniums.
Q GLENDINNING ani. SONS are now offering; for
VI • the first time the 12 beautiful, new, and distinct PELARGO-
NIUMS raised by Mr. Wiggins, Gr. to W. Beck., Esq., of Islewortb,
which were awarded numerous Certificates at the various Metro-
politan Snows.

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LIST may be had on application.
Chlswlck Nurseries, London, W.

Seakail for Forcing. . ,, „ ,,

POTTER AND FERRIGE, "The Nurseries, ^Sutton,
Surrey, S., have 30,000 extra-fine Plfiidfi for disposal . RObliS m
pots for forcing strong plants ; strong' VINKS for fruiting or plant-
ing; Fern-leaved and other PUnir LAS. I'ncea on application.

Biggleswade Market Gardens, Beds. .

RICHARD WALKElt c-an supply the following
CABBAGE PLANTS, the finest in England :-
T}VTi fi-rii,i tiic tlni'Rt stoL'k in the country, 4s, per muu,
EAST HA»l ENfIeLD MAKKET, NONPAliElL.'^ROBINSON'S

CHAMFION wiiiTiintBd true, 2a. per 1000, !n jny quantity.
LETTUCE PLANTS, M. per 100. Terms oash.

1090

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLE iND AGKICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OcTOBEB 26, 1867.

Forest Trees, Fruit Trees, Evergreens, Plants for
Game Covers, Conifers, Roses, Sec.

FRANCIS AND ARTHUR DICKSON and SONS
invite the attention of Planters to their very largo stock of the
above, which in extent and variety is not excelled by any Nm'sery
in the Kingdom. Tbeir Nurseries, which are very ble:ik and exposed,
extend over some 150 Acres, and their Plants are well known to be
tmusually hardy, as well as in the most perfect health and condition
In every respect ; and are found to thrive admirably when removed to
other parts of the country. PRICED CATALOGUES post free upon
application. Estimates and Special Prices for large quantities.

The " Upton " Nurseries, and •' Old " Established Seed Warehouse,
108, Eastgate Street, Chester. _^

To Suburban and other Extensive Planters.

PONSFORD A^D SON have nnu-h pleasure in offering
(with special advantages) well-grown ai^d thoroughly healthy
GENERAL NURSERS" STOCK, prominently the following:—
Fruit Trees for every purpose, in fine condition ; Roses, Ornamental
Trees, Evergreen and Diciduous Shrubs for general furnishing.
particularly Aucubas, Arbor-vitoe. Ligustrum, Thuja (various),
Variegated Hollies, &c., specially to the Trade ; fine Standard
Mulberries, Limes, extra strong; Standard Apples and Plums,
Dwarf-trained Apricots, Planes, Poplar-s, &c. ; Azalea mdica, choice
sorts, extra size, Cheap,

Nurseries : Loughborough Park, Brixton, S.

Beed and Plant Department: Brixton Place.

Planting Season.-Walton Nursery, Liverpool.

To Planters OF Puhhc or Pjiivate PAitas. Cemeteries, Pxeasuhe
Gkou.nds, ob Woods and FoitESTS.

WSKIRVING bes^a to armounce that his STOOK of
• TREES and SHRUBS is this Season very extensive and
well grown, and that he is now prepared to execute orders to any
amount for Trees and Shrubs of all sizes, at moderate prices.
W S considers the present month one of the best for trans-

Elan'ting Evergreen Trees or Shrubs, and solicits Planters to inspect
is Stock which consists of many thousands of the Holly, of the
most choice varieties of the Gold and Silver Variegated kinds, and
of the large broad-leaved Holly (the finest of all Evergreen Trees),
hundreds of which are of large size and fine specimens for givmg
immediate effect, with thousands and tens of thousands of smu-Uer
sizes, for general planting.

Also an immense Stock of all other cultivated Trees and Shmbs,
either for Villa, Park, or Forest planting, and of Fruit Trees for
Gardens or large Orchards.

N.B. Fifty acres of Walton Nursery being required for Villa
Building, the Stock thereon must be cleared as soon as possible,
therefore very modeiate prices will be accepted. — October, 18G7.

A VAN GEERT, Nurseryman, Ghent, Belo:iura, begs
• respectfully to offer the following Plants, of which he
possesses a good stock, at very reasonable prices :—
100 HARDY RHODODENDRONS, In fine named varieties, £3.
100 ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA, flowering roots, £1 1,5.
100 HERBACEOUS CHINESE PEONIES, in fine vars., £2 lOa.

•^5 TREE PEONIES, difleri;nt varieties, £2 10s.
100 ABIES PINSAPO, fine plants, well rooted, 1 foot high, £4.
100 .. NORDMANNIANA, 3-yr. seedlings, £3 10s.
100 THUJ A ERICOIDES, small, very pretty variety, £2.
100 THUJA AUREA. 26s. to £2 10s.

ICO CHAM^^CYFARIS SPH^ROIDEA FOLIIS AUREIS. fine
plants, £3.

50 THUJA ELEGANTISSIMA. 2-yr. grafted, £2.
100 WIDDRINGTONIA ERICOIDES. £1 5s.

60 CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA ARGENTEA (Wateeee), £2.

25 „ ,, GRACILIS, £1.

25 ,, „ STRICTA, £1.

50 PTNUS IN?:^IQNIS, strong plants, £2.

50 GINKGO BILOBA, strong, £2.

60 MAGNOLIA GRANDIFbORA, fine plants, £3 10s.

60 „ TRIPETALA. fine planl-s, £1 5s.

25 FABIANA IMBRICATA, fine, £1.

50 ILEX, of sorts, £2 10s. , I 100 HEDERA, of sorts. £1.

60 BERBERIS, of sorts, 16s. | 100 CONIFERS, of sorts, £2.
100 fine STANDARD PERPETUAL ROSES, £5.
100 COMMON MOSS ROSES, £2.

25 STANDARDS of ACER LEOPOLDIL £2 10s.

12 ARDNDO DONAX VARIEGATA. £1.
100 LIHUM LANCIFOLIUM RU BRUM, very strong, £3.
100 INDIAN AZALEAS, small, with buds, £3.
100 „ „ larger, £4 to £0.

100 CAMELLIAS, fine sorts, without buds, £1.
100 GLADIOLUS GANDAVENSIS, different vai'ietios, £4.
100 GLOXINIAS, in varieties, £2.
6 AGAVE SCHIDIQERA, fine strong plants, £6.
8 „ COCCINEA. £1 10s.

6 „ XALAPENSIS, £1 10s.

12 „ AMERICANA, 21s. to £2.

12 „ „ VARIEGATA, 21s. to £2.

12 LATANIA P.ORBONICA, £L

12 CORYPHA AUSTRALIS, fine plants, £3.

12 CHAM^EROPS HUMILIS, £1.
G „ „ fine plants, £3 to £5.

12 DICTYOGLOSSUM CRINITUM, £1 5s.

25 LOMARIA GIBBA, £1.

60 GYMNOGRAMME "WETENHALLIANA, £1 10a. .

25 ALSOPHILA EXCELSA, £1.

25 WOODWARDIA ORIENTALIS, £1.

20 TROPICAL ORCHIDS. £3.

60 NEW PERPETUAL PINE-APPLE STRAWBERRY plants, £L
0 RHODODENDRON AUGUSTS VAN GEERT, the largest

bouquet of the hardy varieties, strong plants, £1 10s.
When a large quantity of the above articles are ordered, the
carriage will be paid to London.. References required firom unknown
Correspondents.

Agents: Messrs. R. Silberrah & Son, 6, Harp Lane, London, of
whom NEW GENERAL CATALOGUES may be obtained on
application.

MAURICE TODNG'S NEW CATALOGUE of NEW
HARDT PLANTS, JAPANESE NOVELTIES, NEW
AUCOBAS ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS. EVER-
GREENS, CONIFER/E, RHODODENDRONS, FOREST TREES,,
Ac, may be liad on application.

DESIGNS. PLANS, and ESTIMATES PREPARED
for LAYINQ-OUT NEW GROgNDS, IMPROVING PARK
SCENERY, PLANTATIONS, Sc.

FOREST TREES PLANTED by the Acre, and
Guaranteed.

Convenient railway accommodation to all parts of llie country.

Milford Nurseries, near Godalming. Sui'rey.

G

Weston Nursery, Weston-super-Mare.

EO. JAMES begs to offer the following:

1,000 MAIDEN APPLES, 303. per 100.

600 MAIDEN PEARS, 30s. per 100.
10,000 APPLE STOCES (good), 20s. per 1000.
20,000 APPLE STOCKS, 10s. per 1000.
1,000 CHINESE ARBOR-VIT^, 2 to 3 feet, 30s. per 100.

500 LADRU.STINUS lnood), 26s per 100.
1,000 STANDARD ROSES, 76s. per 100.

SAMPLES and CATALOGUES on application.

T

0 LARGE PLANTERS and the TRADE.-

Fine HORSE CHESTNUTS, 6, 7, 8, and 10 feet high.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, e.^tra fine, 2, 3, and 4 feet.
ACER NEGUNDO VARIEGATA, from 3 to 4 ft., Pyramida.
HEMLOCK SPRUCE. 4 to 5 feet, fine.
BOX TREES, 2i to 3 feet. | PRIVET. 3 to 4 feet,
SIBERIAN and AMERICAN ARBOR-VIT^, 3 to 8 feet.
Special offers on application to
A. Godwin & Son, Astibuurne. Derbyshire.

Northampton Nurseries.

JOHN PERKINS, Sen., begs to call the attention of
Noblemen, Gentlemen, and others ent^ai^ed in Planting, to his
large stocii. of the following:— 1,000,000 BLACK THORNS, for Covert
Planting, U to 2 feet, 2i to 3 feet ; 2,000,OuO LARCH FIRS, 3 to 4 ft.,
4 too feet; 1,000.000 SPRUCE FIRS. IJ to 2 feet, 2j to 3 feet, 3 to
4 feet; 2,000,000 WHITE THORN QUICK, 2 and 3 years trans-
planted; also large <iuantible3 of

Woodlands Nursery. Maresfleld, near UcUfieM,

Sussex.

WM. WOOD AND SON have a very extensive stock
to ofter of the following, viz. :—
Scarlet HORSE CHESTNUTS, Standards, G to 10 feet [1000

CATALPA SYRING-EFOLIA l THUJA AUREA, by the 100 or
LABURNUMS, yellowand purple 1 Strong ASPARAGUS Plants
LARCH, SPRUCE, and SCOTCH FIRS

PINUS AUSTRIACA [and other Forest 'Trees

ASH, BIRCH, WILLOW, HORNBEAM, OAKS, SYCAMORE,

CATALOGUES and Samples may be had on application.

Araucaria imbricata, and Welllngtonia gigantea.

SoRPLUs Stock on Land to be Cleared fob Bdildinq Fdkposes.

WSKIRVING, "Walton Nursery, Liverpool, bega to
• offer a few thousands of the above healthy well-grown
plants, with good roots; the Araucarias ranging from 3 to 5 feet,
and the Weltingtoniaa from 2 to 4 feet hieh.

Prices may be obtained on application, and special agreements
made foi- large quantities^

Birch, 3 to 4 feet
Berberis Dulcis, 2 to 3 feet
Cedrus Ueodam, 6 to G ft. , 6 to 8 it.
Green Bos, li to 2 feet
Evergreen Pi-ivet, 2 to 3 feet
Hornbeam, 3 to 4 feet

Elms, English. 6 to 8 it., 8 to 10 ft.
Elms, Huntingdon, 0 to 8, 8 to 10ft.
Chestnuts, Spanish, 2 to 3 feet
Portugal Laurel, li to 2 ft, 2 to 3 ft.
Pinus austriaca, 2 to 3 feet
Sycamore, 3 to 4 feet

J. P.'sstooliofall kinds of FRUIT, FOREST and ORNAMEN-TAL
TREES, &c., is very extensive, and this season remarkably flne, and
in excellent condition for removal. hi,ving been frequently trans-
planted. DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES sent post free
un application to 52, Market Square, Northampton.

For Lawn and Clover Planting.

T3ERBERIS DARWINII.— Too much cannot be said
l^ of this Qne evergreen species. It is hardy, and the profusion
of its orange coloured blossoms, together with the quantity of
berries which it beai-s (of which pheasants are very fond), render it
one of the most attractive und desirable plants for lawn as well as
cover planting ever introduced.

2-Tr. Seedlings, per 1000, 30s.

0 in. to 12 in., per 100, 10s. I 18 in. to 2 ft., per 100. 353.

12 in. to 18 in., per 100, 18s. | 2 ft. to 2i ft., per doz., 9s.

COTONEASTER SIMMONDSII. — This is a beautiful hardy

evergreen shrub, with glossy dark green leaves, and bearing a large

qoantity of scarlet berries, which ripen later than the Berberis

DaiTvinii, and will hang all winter.

12 in. to 18 In., per 100. 15s. | 2 ft. to 3 ft., per 100, 30.".
WiLLiAit Barron & Son, Elvaston Nurseries, near Derby.

The Dorset Nurseries, Blandford and Blandford

St. Marv.

FREDERICK GILL and CO., Nurserymen, Seeds-
men, and Florists, beg to inrite the attention of Gentlemen
who intend Planting, to their large and vigorous STOCK of
FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS,
ROSES, &c.. extending over many Acres, and not to be surpassed.

Their ROSES on MANETTI STOCKS, of the choicest varieties
and superior growth, merit especial mention.

Copy of a Lettei- received j'rom the Rev. F. Radcltfff.
To the PROPniETORs of the Dorset Nurseries.
"Sirs,— I was much pleased to-day with the review of yom' fine
Nursery Stock. Your Manetti Roses are the best propagated of any
that I have ever purchased. At a little distance few can discern
whether they are on alien stocks or on their own roots. They are
usually budded far too high to prosper. — Yours truly,

" W. F. Radcltffe."

PAUL & SON, The Old Nueseries, Cheshunt, N,

(One mile fi'om the Cheshunt Station, Great Eastern Railway,)

BEG TO ANNOTJNCE THAT THEIR

NEW PRICED DESCRIPTIVE ROSE CATALOGUE

IS NOW READY, AND WILL BE SENT FREE ON APPLICATION.

The Prices -will be found very reasonable, and PAUL and SON invite an inspection of the quality fiuU
quantity of their Stocli.

FOETT-FIVE FIRST PRIZES, gained by them at the Horticultural, Botanic, Crystal Palace, Manchester,
Leeds, York, Clifton, and BirmiDghara Shows, are a guarantee of the extent -and success of their culture.

Besides HOSES, their culture includes —

FRUIT TREES, in carefully Trained and Cordon Trees, 30,000 Standards, and a large extent of root^pruned PjTamids.

Also VINES, unsurpassed in the Trade, and PIGS.

EVKEGREENS, of large and small sizes, including 40,000 LAURELS, 2 to 8 feet.

DECIDUOUS TREES, of ordinary size, and large for direct effect, anil selected for ornamental foUaseiand form,

AMERICAN PLANTS of aU varieties, at their New American Nurseries, High Beceh.

CONIFER.^. — Large quantities of the leading kinds for ornamental plantations.

GENERAL PRICES FOR ROSE AND FRUIT TREES.

STANDARD and HALF STANDARD ROSES, 18s. to 30s. per dozen.
DWARFS and DWARF STANDARD ROSES, 12s. to 18s. per dozen.
NEW ROSES of 1867.— Dwarfs, 30s. to 36s. per dozen.

PRXriT TREES, per dozen.

APPLES.— Standards, 18s. ; Pyramids, 18s. to 2is. ; Dwarf-trained, 30s. ; Cordons, ISs.

PEARS, PLUMS, and CHERR'IES.— Standards, 24s. ; Pyramids, 24s. to 42s. ; Dwarf-trained, 42s.

PEACHES, NECTAfilNES, and APRICOTS.— Dwarf-trained, 60s. ; Standard Trained, 84s.

Prices per hundred for Orchard planting on application.

^^ Trucks from Cheshunt direct through the Systems of the Q-reat Eastern wild Great 'Jforthern Jiailwa/ys,

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE LISTS POST FREE.

BAER & SUGDEN,

The Metropolitan Seed, Bulb, and Plant Warehouse, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

eOXLEGTIONS of BULBS Carriarfe Paid 21s. and upwards.

PAXTONIAN COLLECTIONS of EASILY CULTIVATED BULBS,

COVENT

GARDEN COLLECTION'S,

Best adapted for Spring Gardening Out-of-Doors.

For Winter and Spring Blooming In-Boors.

Fine Collections.

ExtraFine ■ CoLLEcrrioNS.

Fine Collections.

EXTBA Fine. doLLECTIOKS.

A.

B.

C.

D. -E.

'F.

G.

B. I.

E. :

L. M.

N. ! .0.

.P.

Q. E.

■S. T.

u.

X .3. £ 3.

£ s.£ B.

5. d.'£ s. £ 3.

£ s. £ 3.

s. «1.

S, s.

£ s.

£ B.

£ a. E. d.

£ s.

£ s.

£ 3. £ 3.

:4>4

3 3

2 2 11

10 6

4 4

3 3 1 10

15 6

4 4

3 3

•i i

1 1

10 6

* t>

-4-4

a i«[i 10

IB 6

HYACINTHS, named varieties
POLYANTHtIS NARCISSUS

00
30

ilO
20

80

■12

20
•10

10

60
30

40
'20

SO

'W

HYACINTHS, Tariom

100

75

60

25

1-2 ■:

12

10

6

,12
6

POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS

30

20

20

12

0

3

TULIPS, named varieties
JONQUILS, sweet scQuted

150

100

70

12

160

to

OKDINARY NARCISSUS ..

100

M

CO

30

15

100

75

50

30

15

40

30

20

6

40

300

200

300

200

160

100

50

IXIAS, named

H

"

600

300

200

300

20O

100

60

SPARAXIS, named

84

24

200

100

76

60

20

200

100

75

60

20

TRITO.NIAS, named

24

P-ANUNCULU.S, various

200

100

75

60

25

soo

100

75

60

25 (B.ABIANAS, u.amed

"

60
60

SNOWDROPS

300

200

150

100

60

300

200

150

100

60 SEEDLING CROCUS

200

60

CROWN IMPERIALS

9

9

c ■

9

9

0

.. 1 SNOWDROPS, largo

200

SCILLA SIBIRICA

25

20

15

25

20

16

.. 1 SCTLI.A SIBIRICA

-50

^iO .

CLIVEDEN" COIiUECTION of SPRING ELOWEBINO PLANTS, £5.

PANSIES, 50 do. flowering CLIVEDEN JBLUE PANSIES, 60 do. rich PURPLE PANSIES, 60 beantiful i
1, 100 rich BLUE FORGET-ME-NOT, and 100 PINK SILENE. Half of the above quantity, 503. ; Quarter, 25s. ;

For particulars of the best SPBIKa FLOWEIUNa BULBS and PLANTS, refer to our GUIDE to "WINTER and SPJRINa GARDENING, publiehed last September.

fiO benutifol large PERPETUAL YELLOW P.aNSlES, 50 do. flowering CLIVEDEN JBLUE PANSIES 60 do. rich PURPLE PANSIES, 60 beantiful mixed POLYANTHUS, 100 large ptire WHITE
CLIVEDEN DAISIES, 100 do. PINK DAISIES, 100 rich BLUE FORGET-ME-NOT, and 100 PINK SILENE. Half of the above quantity, 503. ; Quarter, 25s. ; Eighth, 12a. 6d.

October 26, 18C7.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRTCUl/rURAL GAZETTE.

1091

MAGNIFICENT DWARF-TRAINED

FRUIT TREES,
By tho Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand.
APPLES. PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES, NECTA-
RINES, and APRICOTS.
Alflo StandJird. waU-tfolnod, fruit bearing, PEACHES and

NECTARINES.
PYRAMIDAL PEARS on the Quince Stock in a ftuit-boaiing
state; an.l PYRAMIDAL PEARS, on tho Poar Stook, extra
atroDK ftud well grown,
Wm. Wyon & Son have many acres of tho above ufimod, wliich for
bealtli and vigour are iinito iinsurpassetl in tho trade. The Trees
havo boon most oaiofully trained, and are really examples of suc-
ceasl'iil cultivation.
Adtlruas. WooUl^ind.s Xursorv, Marosflold, near Ucklleld, Su.smox.

rpF

Dumfries Railway Station Nursery.
IHOMAS KKNNKDY and CO., NuusruvMEN and
X Skki.smcn, Diiinfi-K'H. li:ivo thin NU!inon a vfry ha^o and smifrior
Ktock of FORKST, KIJIIIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES. DECI-
DUOUS and EVEKiiRKEN SHRUBS. &c.. which they are soiling
at oxtrouioly moderiUo prices. Tho TREES and SHRUBS being
of all ages and &izt-s, uro iiarticiilarly well euitod for extensive plant-
ing or icir giving minie*liato elfect Inthe formation and improving of
Oruanioutal Parks, Pleasure Grounds, &c.

Prices on applic;ition. Special offers made to large purchasers.

■•b* Duinft'los is most convonlontlv hltuatodfor tho speedy trans-
mlsNlon fif goods to all parts of the United Kingdom.

Laurels.

FOR SALE, scvcimI 'I'housands of well-srown and
thriving LAUREL PLANTS, fiom 2 to 3 feot high ; delivered
at the Tisbury Station, on tho London and South-VVostom Railway,
In quantities of not less than 1000. at 30.s\ per luoo. Either a rospect-
ablo reference or tho money will bo required before sanding the
Laurels off. Post Ofttce Orders to be made payable at the Tiabury
Poyt Olllco. j\pp!y to

Mr, John J^KKtav, Old Wardour Csistle. near Salisbury, Wilts.

To Noblemen, Engineers, Contractors, and Others.

TEN 1\III. LIONS of THORN (iUICKS lor SALE.
1 year Seo<iling^^, I.-j. per IfMiO.
2 years, I to 2 feet, strong, 4s, per 1000.

2 years transplant) d, suitable for railway lencmg, 4s. Gd. p. 1000.

3 years do., well rooted and strong, os. per 1000.
Do., 1)1 aolected, very strong, fi-om Gs. to 8s. per lOOO,
LARCH, 3 to 4 loot, I2s. per 1000.

GREEN HOLLIES, 2 feet. twio6 transplanted, Ws. per 100.
Apply to John Buck, Hawthorn House, Melbourne, near Derby.

B

A R G A I N

to the

TRADE.

100,1)00 2 to 3 feet THORN QUICKS, will beaold a bargain.
.WO.OOO 2-year Seedlings, fine, small ones selected out, 3.s. Grf. p. 1000.
800,0110 Seedlincs, at 1.*. iH. by the 100,000. is. 3d. rcr 1000.
10,1)00 tr.insptanted BERBKRIS DARWINIl, 2 years old, strong,

0,t. 6d. per 100, or .Ws. per 1000.
50,000 transplanted MAHONIA AQUIFOLIA, 2 years old and

selected, 12,t- Gd per 1000 : 10.000, 10s. per 1000.
C0,000 bedded MANETTt STOCKS, good rooted plants, 25s. per
moo ; selected, 30.t.
A LIST of other NURSERf «TOCK sent on application.

Andhew Or. Dalv, Nui-seryman, Newry, Ireland.

To Railway and EncloEure Planters.

S ROBINSON, of Shaw House. Melhourne, near Derby,
-. . has several millions <.f BEDDING and TRANSPLANTED
(JUICKS to dispone of. suitable for the above purposes, from 2, 3, 4,
and 5 years old. Price, from 4s. Gd. to 20s. per lOOU ; well rooted and
flt for planting out.

S. R. has also for sale some fine Bushy SPRUCE, 3 to 4 feet;
HOLLIES. REECH, and LARCH, 4 to 5 feet ; and other kmds of
FOREST TREES.

Mr. RonrnsoN wishes to inform his customors that lie has a floe
stock of his CHAMPION OX CABBAGE PLANTS for spring use.

N.B. Satisfactory references required previous to orders beiLg
executed.

New Fruits, &;c.

TnE NE'W YOKKSIIIRK COCKPIT APPLE.-
This Lroo formn a lino pyramid j tho fruit Is largo, and a good
Apple for the kltohen. STANDARDS, 30.'-. per dozen.
Now Pine-apple llavourod Debnert GOOSEBEURY. ZGs. por dozen.
Two other New kuids, groat bearers, 24.'*. and 30«. por duzon.
ASPARAGUS Plants, l(i«. ; SEAKALE Plants, 40^. pur 1000.
fiOO.OOO utrnng transplanted QUICKWOOD, Cheap.
Full iiaiticulfirs on uupllcation to Ww. Jackson & Co., Nm-aory and
Seed Mt-rohants, Bedulo, Yorkshire.

QTRONG STANDARD and DWABF-TRAINED

O APPLES and PEARS.

Fino transplanted LARCH KIR, li to 0 foot

Hnabv LAURUSTINUS. LAURELS, and Hli.\ TREES

CHINESE ARUOR-ViT.1';, f. to It feet, lino Pyramids

A cliolco coUootion of UONIFER^O

A largo nasorr.ymnt of STANDARD and DWAUF PERPETUAL,

and strong DWARF CHINA or JMONI'IILV RO>ES, and a

general NURSERY STUCK.
All the above are well rooted, and ^vlll remove with safety, l^lcaa
on appllaitlon to

Charles Bdhokss, The Nurseries, London Road, Cheltenham.

c

Frogmore Early Bigarreau Cherry.

IIARLES TURNER ha^ ffreiit ph-asuro in oftering
tho above vaiual.lc NEW CHERRY. The following extracts
will be a aufflclont guaiantoe of its excellence : —

From tho Oardeners' Cltrouicle, July 1, 18(15.

" Eiuit of a Scodling Cherry of excellent flavour, called the Trog-
more Early Bigarreau, was > bown by Mr. Ingram, on a nortli-oasb waif;
it was as early as tho May Duke, and said to bo a heavy cropper,"

A FIrst-cIass Certificate was awarded by the Fruit Committee of
the Royal Horticultural Society.

It was oNhibitud at the Royal Botanic Socluty in July of the
present year, aiid awarded a Certjflcate. Tho repoit from tho
Oatikners' Chrtmiclc of July 6 is as fellows:— "A braucli of a Cherry
called Frogmoro Early Bigarreau, loaded with ripe fruit, was shown
by Mr. Tihnrr, of Slough. The fruit of this new variety Is of good
sizo, thin sidnned, tender, and well flavoured, and being at least
three weeks earlier than the common Bigarreau, cannot fail to be
Q favourite."

From tho " Journal of Horticulture," July 1 1. 1807.

"Mr. TuHNKR exhibited a branch of Frogmore Early Biganoau
Cherry, loaded with fruit ; of this excellent variety, which is ripe
throe weeks before the Bigai-reau, a flgm'e and description will be
found in our ninth volume,"

From the *' Florist and Pomologist."

"By tho time the^e pages are in the hands of our readers, the
Frogmoro Early Bigarreau Cherry will beat its highest escellence,
perleetly ripe, and waning towards its end, before any of the other
Bigarieaus have yet made thulr appearance. It was raised by Mr.
Ingram, at the Royal Gardens at Fiogniore,

" Unlii.o the class to which it properly belongs, it has a
tender melting flesh ; in every respecc it is a Bigarreau in
habit, leaf, and appearance of the fruit, and must be classifled
along with these varieties ; but as if to stt at nought all
human arrangements, it persists in having a delicious melting
flftah, instead ot one that Is hard and crackling, The frait
ia targe, obtusely heart-shaped, witb a very shallow suture. Skin
with a brilliant red cheek, dotted with minute yellow points, and of
a remarkably pale almost pure white where shaded — so susceptible
is it of shade, that the point of a leaf or the shadow of a twig would
be photographed on this brilliant red. Stalk 2 imhes long, with a
very small receptacle, .and set in a thallow and narrow cavity. Flesh
very delicate and transluceut, perfectly tender, meltuig, and very
iulcv, with a rich sweet flavour; stone small. The tree is a great
"bearer, clusters of a dozen and half to two dozen lar^ie handsome
Cherries being produced on a small spray ; and the fruit ripens in the
middle of June,"

Strong Flams now Readt.
STANDARDS, PYRAMIDS, and DWARF-TRAINED, 10s. Oti. each.

MAIDENS 1s.Gd. „

AColcured Drawing by Asdrlws will be sent on receipt of 13 Stamps.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

w

Large Evergreens, Specimen Conifers, &;c.

WATERER AND GODFREY beg to submit the
followlne List to tJio notice of intending planters :—
YEWS, ENGLISH. 6, G. 7, 8, 10. 12, and 15 feet high
„ IRISH. G, 7, 8, and 10 feet high
„ nOLDEN, 5, a. tn 9 feet
„ STANDARD GOLPEN, 20 years worked

.. ELEGANTISSIMA, lOandlSyearsold
„ „ DOVASTON or WEEPING, line heads, 10 and 15 years old
We have altogether thousands of these different Yews of the
large sizes. Everv plant has been recently removed.
HOLLIES, COMMON GREEN, 0. 7. S. 10. 12, and 16 feet high, and
as much m circumference — hundreds
., LACRIFOLIA and SCOTTICA, 0, 7, 8, and 10 feet, and wide

in proportion
„ WATERER'S. tho hardiest of all variegated Hollies, 4 and 5 feet

by 10 and 12 feet in circumference
„ THE QUEEN, or best gold striped, the handsomest of all
variegated Hollies

We have hundreds of these beautiful plants, 4, 5, and 7 feec
hiKh and wide
„ STANDARD, WATERER'S, and GOLDEN, with flne heads,

15 and 20 j ears worked
fl^* We have some thousands of the ordinary kmds of Variegated
Hollies. 4, 6, 6, and 7 feet high. Every plant has been removed
within 12 months.

CEDRUS DEODARA. some thousands, 0. 7, 8, and 10 feet high
„ ATLANTICA, and Cedars of Lebanon, moved in April,

4, 5. 6, and 8 feet
.. RED VIRGINIANS. 6,0, and 7 feet
CHINESE JUNIPER, one of the handsomest and hardiest of all
evergreens — thousands of beautiful plants, 4, 5, 6, 7, and
8 feet hiRh : some magnificent plants, 10, 12, and 15 feet high,
12 to 20 feet in circumference
THUJA AUREA, 3, 4, and 6 feet high, 7to 20 feet in circumference
„ UIGANTEA, 10, 12, and 15 feet hijjh, very handsome
„ LOBBI 1, splendid plants, 7, 8, to 10 feet high, and 12 and 15 feet
round — hundreds
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, the finest stock— many thousands,

6. 7. 8, 10, to V) feet high, and as much in circumjference
THUJOrsiS BOREALIS, 4, 6 8, and 10 feet high, 7 to 12 feet in

circumference — hundreds
PORTUGAL LAUREL. 4 and 5 feet high, 7 and 8 feet round
BOX, Green and Vai-iegated, 4, 6, 0, 7, and 8 feet — thousands
PICE A NOBILIS, splendid plants, moved m spring, 4. 6,6, and 8 feet
„ NORDMANNIANA. 4. 6, G. 8, 10, and 15 feet high [high

None of our Nobilis or Nordmannian.is are grafted plai.ts.
„ M AQN IFIC A or NOBILIS ROBUSTA, the finest stock in the

trafle. all seedlings, 2 to 4 fett high
,, LASIOCARPA, hundreds of plants, 4, 6, C, and 7 feet high, all
ABIES DOUGLASSII, 5. 6, 7. and 8 feet [seedlings

„ ORIENTALIS. 4, 6, C. 7. tolO and l2fewt; 7 to 20 feet in cir-
cumference ; most beautiful plants
PINUS CEMBRA, 0, 7. to 9 feet
„ PINSAl'O, 3. 4, 5. and C feet

., ,, Some very flno plants. 10 to 20 feet high, 15 and 25 feet
in circumference
WELLINGTOtilA GIGANTEA, a large number, all removed
recently, 4, 6, 0, and 10 feet high, and 12 and 15 feet in
circumference
RHODODENDRONS. — Wehave 40 acres of land in one piece filled
almost Exclusively with Rhododendrons. A more healthy
and beautii'ul stock cannot be desired,
STANDARD RHODODENDRONS.— Some of the finest plants to
be found in any nursery, many are 20 to 40 years old
C^ The large Standard and other Rhododendrons planted last
spring in Rotten Row, Hyde Park, were supplied by Watereh

& QriDPREY.

We do not quote prices, we presume purchasers of such large
plants will adopt the much ivlser, and always more satisfactory
course, of seeing and judging for themselves.

We solicit an inspection and invite comparison with any other
similar nursery stock in the kingdom.

The Kniip Hill Nursor>' is upwards of IfiO acres in extent, and con-
tains an enormous and very supprior stock of the ordinary sized
EVERGREENS, DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL TREES. &c.

A PRICED and DESCRIFPIVE CATALOGUE will be forwarded
free on application to

WATERER& GoDFREy, Knap Hill Nm-sery, Woking, Surrey,

The Nursery is readily reached by Train, 40 minutes from Waterloo
to Woking, Conveyances are always to be had at the Station,

Fruit Trees.— The finest Collection In England.

J SCOTT, Merriott Nurseries, Somerset, begs to
• solicit his Friends and the Public to inspect his immense
Stock, consisting of 700 sorts of APPLES. 50 do. APRICOTS. 120 do.
CHERRIES. UjOdo. PEACHES and NECTARINES. OOOdo. PEARS
and 160 do. PLUMS, in all manner of tr.iining, well root-pruned
and cnrefuBy transplanted ; CURRANTS, FILBERTS, GOOSE-
BERRIES, &c. ; making together about 1500 sorts of FRUIT
TREES, whioh for health and beauty cannot be siu-passed.

CATALOGUES on appllcatmn.

pOCOA-NUT REFUSE

^-^ is becoming soaror, the
old roHerven will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2a,, 10 for
lfl»., 20 for 30a., 60 for (J6«., 100
for £«.

Fourpenco allowed lor each
bag returned caniagc-pald.

A Railway Truok.load (not In
bags), 40a.

Postage Stamps or P^ 'lllco
Order, payable to J. Bar.-, vm l6
Co., Klngston-on-Thamos. S.W.

INTER-DRESS ALL FRUIT TREES with

GISHURST COMPOUND.

Copy of a Letter /rom M.r. Rivers, Nurseries, Savyhriiigtworth, nerty^

ltd October, 1801,

" I must tell you what I hoard to-day from a very clever gentleman
farmer. Anthony Huhb, Esq., of Witcombe Court. Oloucestiir. Ho
has a wall to which Peach Trees are trained. Well, last autuma
thoy were in a wrotchcd blighted state, iXs a desperate reniady ho
unnailed them all, early laat February, and gave all but ono a
thorough painting with Giahurst Compound, 1 lb. to the gnllnn of
water; his tret s, all but tho one. commenced to grow favourably in
spring, and are riow pictures of health. The tree not painted in in a
half-dead Olightod state. He used the same dressing to his Applo
Trees ; It killed the woolly Aphis entirely, and has made his trees
clean and vigorous in their growth. He Intends to paint hla Wall
Trees annually, and tells all his friends to do tho same. 1 ahull
certainly serve all my young Peach Trees against my walls in the
same manner. The Compound is, I believe, more efflcacious than
the usual offensive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and it dooa
not blacken the shoots on the walls."

For Orchard-house Trees, 4 ozs. to the gallon will be found a good
strength ; when used stronger some buds on weakly trees may be
injured.

GISHURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nurserymen and
Seedsmen, iu boxes. Is., 3,'),, and lOs, Qd. each.

Wholesale by Price's Patent Ca.>-dlk Compamv, L[mited,
Belmont, Vauxhall, London, S.

Gisburst Compound has more recent teetimoni-als to its efficacy,
but none more conclusive than tho above, which haabeen published
before.

To Landscape Gardeners and Others.

SANDSTONE, peculiarly adapted for Rockwork,
supplied at i's. per Ton, in Lets of Four Tons and upwards,
carriage paid to Bricklayers' Arras Station.
Address Mr. Willcocks, 239, Queen's Road, Dalston, London, N.E

T. ARCHER'S **F RIGI DOM 0."—

• Patronised by her Majesty the Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of Devonshire Ibr
Chiawick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
and Sir Joseph Paxton for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological
Society, &c.

PROTECTION from the SCORCHING RATS of the SUN.

" FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepaied

Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor oi he it or cold, }:eji>iri(;' a

fixed temperature where it is applied. It Is adapted for all Hoiti-

cuHural and Ploricultural purposes, for Preserving Fiuits and

Flowers from the Scorcliing Rays of the Sun, trom Wind, from

Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To bo had in any

required lengths.

" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING, 2 yards wide. Is. Gd. per yard run.

"FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide Is. 9ii. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. 6d. per yard.

An improved make, 2 ynrda wide . . Is, 9d. per yard.
An imtiroved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s, 8d. per yard run.
Elisoa TnoMAS Archer, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7. l raat
Trinity Lano, Cannon Street^ City, E.C., and of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen throughout tlie Kingdom.

" It is much cneapor than Mats as a covering."

FOR SALE, the property of a Gentleman discontinuing
their growth, some FRUITING and SUCCESSION PINE
PLANTS, they are examples of gooa cultivation, clean and vigorous.
Also some specimou INDIAN AZALEAS, of leading kinds; flne
pyramidal plants, 3 to 5 feet high, fit for exhibition in ISGS; also
some flne bi.lf specimen ditto. And some flne GLOXINIAS,
CALADIUMS. BEGONIAS, STOVE FERNS, &c., &c.

They are growing within a mile of Kingston Market Phice.
For particulars or cards to riaw, apply to H. McMillan, Nursery-
m in, St, James's Road, Kingston-on-Thames.

Tansley Nurseries, near Matlock, Derbyshire.

JOSEPH SMITH, Sen., invites Planters and the
Trade to inspect his Nursery of SO Acres of high land. The soil
is of a fibrous nature, and the Plants take up with excellent roots,
such as to ensure the best success in their removal.

The Nurserv contains maijy Hundred Thousands of RHODODEN'-
DRONS. COMMON and PORTUGAL LAURELS, BOX, BROOMS,
BERBERIS, HOLLIES. PRIVETS, YEWS. &c. THE FOREST
TREES are very extensive, of all the leading kinds; there are
15 Acres of LARCHES, of different sizes, and all others iu propor-
tion. Prices moderate, which can be had on applcation as above.

'-lOTTAM'S

PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

COW FITTINGS.

WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA.— A Gentlemiin
having more specimens of this noble Tree than he requires,
wishes to DISPOSE of SOME ; they are all Seedlings, and as perfect
in form as possible, ranging from 5 to 8 feet high, and i to 6 Jeet
through. They will move safely, having been regularly transplanted,
and will carry large balls ' f earth. For particulars and to view.
Address A. A,, Gardemis' C/ironicle Offlce, W,C.

Bedford and Kettering Road Nurseries,
Nortliampton.

FREDERICK PERKLNS btgs respectfully to offer the
following, in con.^equenco of the Lea.^e of a part of his
Nui-sery Grounds having expired, and the land being required for
other purposes. The whole of the Stock is in eiicellent condition,
and will be sold at prices to effect a clearance. Parties engaged in
any kind of Planting are respectfully invited to inspect the Stock.
In addition to the following there are many thousands of Evergreens
and Ornamental Trees and Flowering Shrubs of various sizes, from
2 to 0 feet .—

500,000 LARCH FIR, U to 2 a.. 2 to 3 ft.. 3 to 4 ft.. 4 to 5 ft., 5 to G ft.
600.000 2-year Transplanted WHITETHORN, orQUICK.
200,000 ASH, U to :; feet, 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, 4 to 5 feet.

50,000 Green Holly.
20,000 Laurels, from H to 4 feet.
50,000 Hornbeam, 3 to 4 feet.
50,000 English Oak, li to 2 feet,
2 to 3 feet, and 3 to 1 It.

100,000 Evergreen Privet.
50,000 Berberis Aquifolia.
20,000 English Tews.
60,000 Hazel, 3 to 4 feet,
6,0(JO Copper Beech, 3 to 4 feet,

and 4 to 0 feet. i

Also a large quantity of Alder, Birch, Beech, Elm, Limes, Poplars,
Spanisn and Horse Chestnuts, Sycamores, Sweet Briars, &c. Up-
wards of Two Millions of l-vear extra fine Quick,

10,000 Standard, Pyramid, Dwarf-trained, and Maiden Apples,
Pears, Plums, Cherries, Damsons. Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots,
Priced List of the above free on application to

Seed Warehouse, No. 2, Gold Street, Northampton.

TOBACCO TISSUE for Fumigating Greenhouses.
Will Destroy Thrip, Red Spider, Green and Black Fly, and

Mealy Bug ; and burns without the assistance of blowing, and is
entirely free from paper or rag. Price 3s. Od. per lb., carriage free.
A reduction in price for large quantities.

To be had of Messrs. Rooi:rt3 & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers,
112, St. John Street. Clerkenwell, E.G., of whom copies of Testi-
monials may be obtained ; and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

Their advantages are — Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
vermin. Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging, CleanW. durable, and impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of Fitting per Cow. 56s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co^ Iron Worlts, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several, important Improvements
In Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

.s^^w^^^atV-^i^^^^^S

HTLL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish Is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is ruiiy
two-thirds cheaper. It may be appUed by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is »sed m tno
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the scats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill * Smith will forward ou
application.

From the Right Hon. Lord Greenocb:, Tfood End, Tlnrsk.

"Lord Greenock has seen the Patent Black Varaish made by
Messrs. Hfll & Smith, applied with success, and lias heard it highly
recommended by friends who have tested it extensively.

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons e^h, at Is. Gd per f^^<'X^},};^
Manufactory, or Is. ^'i. per «allon paid to any Station In the kmgdom.

Apply to Hill .% SM.rr.. Bnerly Hill Iron Works. near Dud ey and
22, Ctmnon Street West, E.C., from whom only it can be obtained.

1092

THE GAEDENEBS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 26, 1867.

BUTTONS'

COMPLETE

COLLECTIONS of DUTCH FLOWER ROOTS

FOR

BLOOMING DURING WINTER AND SPRING.

ALL GOODS CARRIAGE FREE, EXCEPT VERY SMALL PARCELS.

FIVE PER CENT. DISCOUNT ALLOWED FOR CASS PAYMENTS.

No. 1.-SUTT0NS' COMPLETE COLLECTION FOR OPEN GROUND,

24 Fine Mlmd BORDER HYACINTHS
12 Fine Mixed POLYANTHUS NARCISSDS
50 BORDER NARCISSDS, of aortg
12 Large CAMPERNELLE JONQUILS
100 Fine Mixed DOUBLE RANUNCULUS
lOS SCARLET TURBAN RANUNCULUS

Price 42s., Carriage Free, contains : —

25 DUG VAN THOL TULIPS
12 Mixed SINGLE EARLY do.
12 DOUBLE YELLOW do.
12 Fine iVIised PARROT do.
50 Fine Mixed SI MOLE LATE do.
12 REX RUBRORUM TULIPS

12 Cliolce ENGLISH IRIS

25 Fine Mixed DOUBLE ANEiaONES

25 Fine Mixed SINGLE do.
300 Fine CROCUS, in sorts
100 SNOWDROPS

50 Winter ACONITES

12 Fins Mixed GLADIOLUS
12 Clioice SPANISH IRIS

6 LILIES, of sorts

6 FERRABIA PAVOMIA

6 ALSTRtEMERIA VAN HOUTTE
12 DOG'S TOOTH VIOLETS

No. 2.-SUTTONS' COMPLETE COLLECTION FOR OPEN GROUND,

12 Fine Mixed BORDER HYACINTHS
6 Fine Mixed POLYANTHUS NAltCISSUS

25 BORDER NARCISSUS, of sorn
0 L-uge CAMPERNELLE JONQUILS

50 Fine Mixed DOUBLE RANUNCULUS

60 SCARLET TUllBAN RANUNCULUS

Price 21s., Carriage Free, contains : —

12 Fine Mixed DOUBLE ANEMONES
12 Fine Mixed SINGLE do.
150 line CROCUS, in sorts
50 DOUBLE SSOWDROPS
25 Winter ACONITES
0 Fine Mixed GLADIOLUS

12 DOUBLE DUC VAN THOL TULIPS

0 Mixed SINGLE EARLY do.

0 Mixed DOUBLE do.

« Mixed PARROT do.
25 Mixed SINGLE LATE do.

6 REX RUBRORUM do.

6 Choice Mixed ENBLISB IRiS

6 Ctioice Mixed SPANISH do.

3 LILIES, of sorts

3 FERItARIA PAVONIA

3 ALSTKCEMERIA VAN HOUTTE

0 DOG'S TOOTH VIOLET

No. 3.-SUTT0NS' COMPLETE COLLECTION FOR OPEN GROUND,

6 Fine Mixed BORDER HYACINTHS

3 Fine Mixed POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS

12 Fine Mixed BORDER NARCISSUS
3 Large CAMPERNELLE JONQUILS

25 Fine Mixed DOUBLE RANUNCULUS

Price 10s. 6d., contains :-

25 SCARLET TURBAN RANUNCULUS
0 Fine Mixed DOUBLE ANEUONES
0 Fine Mixed SINGLE do,
100 Fine Mixed CROCUS
25 DOUBLE SNOWDROPS

12 Winter ACONITES

3 Fine Mixed GLADIOLUS
12 DOUBLE DUC VAN THOL TULIPS

6 Fine Mixed SINGLE EARLY do.
12 Fine Mixed SINGLE LATE do.

6 Fine Mixed IRIS
2 LILIES, of sorts

1 CROWN IMPERIAL

2 Mixed ALSTR0EMERIA3

3 Mixed FRITTILARIAS

No. 4.-SUTT0NS' COMPLETE COLLECTION FOR POTS AND GLASSES,

24 Fine HYACINTHS, by name
12 Miniature HYACINTHS, do.
12 POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS, do.
12 Large DOUBLE JONQUILS
12 SINGLE SWEET-SCKNTED do.

Price 42s., Carriage Free, contains: —

12 SINGLE DUC VAN THOL TULIPS
12 Choice IXIAS

0 Choice SPARAXIS

C ACHIMENES

0 FERRARIA PAVONIA

50 EARLY" TULIPS, 10 sorts, bj name
12 SCILLA PR.ECOX
0 PERSIAN IRIS
6 PEACOCK do.
100 Fine CROCUS, by name

C LACHENALIA TRICOLOR

1 CYCLAMEN PERSICUM

1 JACOBEA LILY

1 LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM ALBUM

1 „ „ RUB RUM

No. 5.-SUTT0NS'

COMPLETE COLLECTION FOR POTS AND GLASSES,

Price 21s., Carriage Free, contains: —

12 Fine HYACINTHS, by name
0 Miniature HY'ACINTHS. do.
6 POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS, do.
6 Large DOUBLE JONQUILS
6 SINGLE SWEET-SCENTED do.

6 SINGLE DUC VAN THOL TULIPS
25 EARLY TULIPS, 5 sorts, by name
0 SCILLA PBzECOX
3 PERSIAN IRIS
3 PEACOCK. IRIS

60 Fine CROCUS, by name
6 Fine mixed IXIAS
3 Fine mixed SPARAXIS
3 Fine mixed ACHIMENES

3 FERRARIA PAVONIA

3 LACHENALLA TRICOLOR

1 JACOBEA LILY

1 LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM

No. 6.-SUTTONS' COMPLETE COLLECTION FOR POTS AND GLASSES,

Price 10s. 6d., contains : —

6 Fine HYACINTHS, by name
3 Miniature HYACINTHS, do.
3 POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS, do.

3 Large DOUBLE JONQUILS

3 SINGLE SWEET-SCENTED do.

3 SINGLE DUC VAN THOL TULIPS

12 EARLY TULIPS, 4 sorts, by name
3 SCILLA PRECOX
3 PERSIAN IRIS

26 Fine CROCUS, by name
3 Fine mixed IXIAS
1 LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM
3 LACHENALIA TRICOLOR

■ Amj Article atme specified, if not required, will be excluded, and additional qimntities of others included, according to the wish of t/is purchaser.

SUTTONS' CHOICE HYACINTHS for EXHIBITION, as supplied to HER MAJESTY'S GARDENS, WINDSOR,

SELECTED BY MESSRS, SUTTON FROM THEIR VERY FINE COLLECTION.

100 In 100 Tery choice sorts
100 In 60 very clioice sorts

, . £4 4 0 I 60 in 60 very choice sorts £2 2 0 I 23 in 25 very choice sorts £1 1 0 t 12 in 12 choice sorts

. . 3 10 0 I 50 in 25 Tery choice sorts 1 15 0 | 12 in 12 extra fine sorts 0 12 0 1 12 in 12 good sorts

,£090
,060

Mixed Hyacinths for Beds or Open Borders, any Colour, I Hyacinths, in distinct Colours, for Massing or Bibbon Gardening,
3s. per dozen; 2l6. per 100. | 4s. per dozen; 30s. per 100.

For Prices and particulars of fiaest TOLIPS, ANEMONKS, BANaNCULUS, IRIS, NARCISSUS, GLABIOLXfS, and other BULBOUS BOOTS, see

SUTTONS' AUTUMN CATALOGUE,

GRATIS AND POST FREE ON APPLICATION.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

OOTOBEE 2f>, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS' CTTRONICLE AND AGRTCULTTIRAT. GAZETTE.

1093

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban'a, Herts.

J WATSON'S boimtirul BEDDING PELAUGONIUM
• EXCELSIOR, DOW ready ; colour of (ndlan Yellow ; fine
truss, and habit of Lord Palmerston. Prlco fi.i. each ; SOS. per doz.
to the Trade.

MISS WATSON, ready Aufniat 26 ; MRS. DIX, May 1. The Two
have roocivoci 10 Flr-st-clans Cortlftcatos and Extra Prize Money.

Fine Now TAIILE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN. Ripe in
April. Plants roadvin November, 6.4. each ; 36.i. per doz, to the Trade.
UESdRIPTIVE LIST sent on appflcatlon.

V

ARIBGATED PELAUGONIUM 8.

ITALIA nNlTA
COUNTESS
ELEOANS
THE FAIRY
PICTURATA
mCOLOR SPLENDENS
The above forwarded on receipt of Post Office order for 21,1.
If any of tho above kinds are not required, others of equal value
can bo substituted.

ALraED FarzR, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

SOPHIA DUMARESqUE

MRS. BENYON

GOLDFINCn

LUNA

BEAUTY of OULTON

NEATNESS

'UPEEB VAKIEGATED PELARGONIUMS.

SOPniA DUMARESQUE

BEAUTY of OULTON

ITALIA UNITA

MRS. LONOFIELD

LUNA

BEAUTY of OUESTWICK

EDWINIA FITZPATRICK
OENKRAI, Ll.lNOSTREET
THE COUNTE.SS
lilCOLOR SPLENDENS
GLOWWORM
QUEEN'S FAVOURITE

The above. 2U. Remittance rcquoated,
Cabdow & Son, Gravel Walk Nursery, PutertiorougU.

T^EW FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c,

12 Select New FUCHSIAS of Ism for 6.t.
12 Select Now ZONAL OERANIUMS of 18C7 for 12s.
12 Finest ZONAL GERANIUMS of l.fo,^— 1»(10 for 4s.
12 Select Now CIIRVSANTIIE.MUM.S of 1867 for 6«.
12 .Select NowVEUUENAS of 1S07 for 4.s.
12 Select New PETUNIAS of 18117 for Cs.
12 Select New PHLO.VKS of 1.807 for 9,<.
6 Varieties of AUCUHAS, .1 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.
3 Varieties of N ow Japan OSMANTUUS, quite hardy, 5s.
12 Fine Varieties of Japan EUONVMU,S. very flne, Os.
12 Fine Varieties Perpetual ROSES, Dwarfs, for 6s.
12 Fine Vaiietles of VARIEGATED ZONAL GERANIUMS, 12s
GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, the best double. Is. each.
COLEU.S VEITCml, Is. 6d. I PANICUM VARIEQATUM,
„ GIBSONII, Is. 2s. 6<i.

LAMONTII, Is. BRUGMANSIA KNIGHTII,

FICLIS COOPERI, 2.S. 6«. I Is. 6d.

CATALOGUEof NEW and CHOICE PLANTS sent on application.
B. W. KNionr, Nureeryraao, Battle, Sussex.

8Cft0 (5artr^neriS'©firmticle.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 26, 1867.

If, as wo maintain, it is necessary that our
Gkeat HoRTicuLTUR^Ui EXHIBITIONS should be
curtailed in number, and lengthened in duration,
it is equally essential that they should be varied in
character, so as to aflford fresh features of interest,
instead of presenting that stereotyped aspect
■which has well nigh worked their ruin. Variety
must be thrown into them ; and this variety must
be of a twofold character, that is to say, it must
be made apparent both in the materials used,
and in the mode in which they are arranged.

When we say that the materials of our flower
shows must be varied, we do not mean that their
constituents must be changed in toto, but rather
that new features must be added to the best of
the old ones, in a sufficient ratio to keep up their
interest. The reason, or at least one reason, for
the greater interest formerly excited by exhibi-
tions of flowers, may be traced, we think, to this
very cause, though doubtless another cause has
been, tho manifest improvement in general culti-
vation which has gradually resulted in the high
■state of perfection to which plants are now brought.
At first there was no such general perfection either
in the mixed or the special subjects which formed
the main features of our shows. Orchids alone
perhaps were better in those days than in these,
and that not so much because the growers cannot
now produce them, as that they are not spirited
enough to exhibit them. Pelargoniums in those
days were but sorry objects compared with what
we have since witnessed, and the advance made
towards higher perfection of cultivation furnished
of itself the needful change — they were better
grown, and therefore did not prove to the visiters
the same old familiar objects. Pot Eoses, those
choicest gems of our flower shows, once did not
exist, but they were asked for and were produced,
and thus a new feature of the highest value was
added. Azaleas have not always been what we
have seen them of late years, when the mon-
strous size and blaze of beauty they presented
have created the chief sensation. And then looking
to the future, the Zonal Pelargonium, hitherto
generally brought out as an unattractive show
plant, is doubtless the coming flower, the more
perfect growth and blooming of which will afford a
new feature tho full beauty of which we have
not yet realised — a new pleasure awaiting us in
a not distant future.

These changes have been gradual, but they have
been real and palpable, and we cannot doubt but
that much of the popular esteem which has in
the past been lavished upon flower shows, and
which has latterly been less enthusiastic than of
yore, may be traceable to this source. Nor can
we doubt that, if popularity is to be revived, the
element of variety must play an important part
in the revival. Fortunately horticulture has

not reached its climax; gardeners have still now
plants to conquer, and old ones which thoy can
further improve. Already of materials being
worked up to their hands, but of which tho full
olfoct as exhibition plants has not been realised,
wo may mention tho Variegated Zonal Pelar-
gonium, hardy trees of ornamental foliage,
hardy flowering shrubs, JloUios, and othor ovor-
groon shrubs ; Agaves, Anthuriums, Lilies, and
tho varieties of Zonal Pelargoniums cultivated
for tho s.ako of their flowers ; to say nothing of
new races of old flowers brought about by now
off'orts at cross-breeding, such as are going on at
tho present moment with the Pelargonium in
many places, and which might be successfully pro-
secuted with such showy subjects as Calceolarias
and Fuchsias, cither by the introduction of now
blood into the cultivated races, or by a new start
altogether. Hero are materials enough to occupy
the exhibitor for the next few years, and with
these, and such as these, added to the gems of our
present exhibitions, from Ixoras and Sarracenias,
to Cyclamens and Alpine Auriculas, there need be
no fear of sustaining the interest of the fashion-
able crowds who patronise flower shows. But, we
repeat, now elements must be worked into the
picture, if this public interest is to bo maintained.
And not alone new elements ; the scene itself
must bo recast. Baize-covered tables must give
way to turf banks or some improvement on
them, straight lines must be replaced by graceful
curves, and a level surface must be moulded to an
undulating one which will permit of the objects
being viewed from difi'erent elevations, as well as
from different standpoints. Already at Bury,
where some degree of formality was inevitable
from the form of the tents, a great improvement
was efl'ected by the almost general adoption of
the plan, first we believe resorted to by McEwen
at Chiswick, of setting the plants on the ground,
so that the eye might rest on their leaves and
flowers, instead of their bare stems and props. Of
all the exhibition arrangements we have yet seen,
tho Eegent's Park tent is the nearest .approach
to perfection. Here we have green banks,
curved lines, and an undulating surface, condi-
tions which may be infinitely varied, and wath
the best possible results. We have also a roof
not too low, so as to cut off all distant view, nor
too elevated, so as to dwarf the plants ; but we
have only a canvas roof, which, though pleasant
enough in fair weather, is equally wretched when
the weather is foul. This is its drawback. The
Crystal Palace has been extolled as a place for
exhibitions, but its only merit for this purpose is
the ample space it affords under cover. The great
" mast " tent of the Eoyal Horticultural Society
has also been highly and unduly praised,
but the dwarfing effect of its lofty
canvas roof is fatal to the appearance of the
plants, while its formal arrangements never can
produce the same beautiful pictures which
irregular lines would present. This leads us to
remark that if any further attempt to make a
grand show in that tent is contemplated, three
things should be done with it, — a floating
screen of the lightest possible material should be
suspended from the roof, so as to cut off half its
height ; the hollow centre should be entirely
filled up ; and the surface should bo then broken
up into hill and vale, with winding pathways,
after the fashion of the International Tent. No
fitting place for exhibition will however be found
until, as we have already said, a sufficiently capa-
cious building, with ridge and furrow glass roof, be
provided, a portion of it enclosed and heated,
and the surface laid out in the manner indicated.
Arising out of our remarks in reference to
such a building, a week or two since, we may
state that it has been suggested, that if the
principal exhibitors and growers of plants around
the metropolis, as well as the patrons of gar-
dening in general, were invited to contribute a
limited subscription, of perhaps 5?. each, a build-
ing might be provided in which, with proper
light, shelter, and warmth, it might be possible
at all times to exhibit the choicest plants without
the slightest risk of injury either from cold or
from the necessai'y prolongation of the shows.
We can only say that if such a scheme, which
has as yet only been faintly shadowed forth, can
be realised — and it does not appear so very chi-
merical after all — it will be the very best thing
that can happen for the improvement of our
metropolitan shows.

There is something particularly impressive
about a fine old tree, and the same may be said
with equal truthfulness of a fine Old Vine.
When such an object is seen the imagination

busies itself in the endeavour to realise the tons
upon tons of luscious berries under which the
toiidrilled branches have groaned, until it gets
lost in the mazes of mental statistics.

A good deal has of lato been said about monster
Vines, some writers eulogising, and others dis-
paraging them ; but whether, as has boon assorted,
largo old Vines are tho moro profitablo or not,
tho feelings of admiration to which they give rise,
when they are seen teeming with their grateful
burden, cannot be repressed.

Some few days sinco we found ourselves face
to face ill succession with two of the British
lions of tho Vino family, viz., that at Cumber-
land Lodge, and that at Silwood Park, tho one
within, the othor in tho immediate neighbourhood
of, Windsor Park. The former of these grand
old Vines was planted about the beginning of
the present century, and is consequoutly some-
thing over 60 years old. It occupies a house
which, with successive enlargements, is now
138 foot long by 17 feet wide, -with a 20 feet
rafter. Tho stem, which is within the house,
girths about 2 feet 4 inches, and at the base is
short and twisted, dividing near the ground into
several unequal-sized branches, which are carried
up and trained irregularly over the area of the
roof, so that it covers a superficies of upwards of
300 square yards. The roots are known to extend
over a considerable space of lightly cropped
kitchen-garden ground in front of the Vinery, and
are, indeed, supposed to run in adjacent pasture-
land for something like 150 yards from the tree.
The crop on this noblo Vine, this season, consists
of 2000 bunches, the produce having been
reduced to that number, and the Vine is in a
good vigorous condition, the leaves being
healthy, and the bunches and berries of moderate
size, though the latter are not quite so well coloured
this year as we have formerly seen them — a
result which, judging from what has appeared
at the exhibitions, is this season a vei'y common
failing. This Vine, with its enormous crop, is
a marvellous sight, well worthy of a visit. It
seems well cared for, the house having been
enlarged to admit of its extension, and tho roots
being assiduously preserved from injuiy by the
non-cropping of the adjacent garden ground, in
which they are known to find pasturage.

The Vine at Silwood is a descendant of that
at Cumberland Lodge, having been raised from
a cutting taken from it, as nearly as we could
ascertain, about 50 j'ears ago. It is consider-
ably smaller than its parent, the house which it
fills being only 123 feet long by 12 feet wide;
but it is a much handsomer tree, and is probably
the handsomest Vine to be found in this country.
Its stem rises near the front wall about the
centre of the house, and goes straight up to the
roof with a nearly equal girth of 2 feet 41 inches,
being a trifle larger than that of its parent, and
from thence its main branches are distributed lon-
gitudinally over the roof area, which extends to a
superficies of about 1 90 square yards. One cannot
but feel regret that so remarkable a Vine as this
should suffer from neglect, but such is the case.
Tho house is far too cramped for it, and requires
widening if not lengthening to a considerable
extent ; but what is worse than all, its roots are
uncared for, tho ground in front of the Vinery
being nothing but flat kitchen-garden ground,
constantly cropped, and blocked up far too much
with Filberts and other worthless bushes, and
denied the judicious feeding which a top-dressing
of manure would supply, and which aU such
monster Vines require from time to time in order
to keep up their stamina. The consequence is, that
the young shoots are little thicker than straws,
the leaves are deficient in vigour, and the
bunches are for the most part miserably puny.
There are, indeed, said to have been 2000 of
them, but judging from the picture at Cumber-
land Lodge, this could scarcely have been the
case, unless indeed their diminutive size rendered
them deceptive. They were, however, of good
quality, and better coloured than those of the
parent tree ; and there can be no doubt that
with liberal and careful treatment the Vine
might be restored to its former vigour, and to
more than its antecedent beauty. What is
required is to widen the house, which is much
too narrow for its length, to clear the ground in
front of the house of its present worth-
less encumbrances, and then to bestow _ a
liberal top-dressing of manui'e and rich
compost to feed the hungry and exhausted
roots. It is, we had almost said, a disgrace that
so remarkable a Vine should be treated with such
indifference, when a moderate and judicious ex-
penditure would make it the grandest Vine, as we

1091

THE GAEBENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE,

[OOTOBEE 26, 1867.

ventui'e to say it is ali-eady tlie handsomest large
Vine in the country. Both these Vines are of
the true old Black Hamburgh, the best of all
the Hamburghs as regards the quality of its
fruit.

What may be done by judicious feeding may
be seen at no great distance from Silwood. At
the Mount, Sunniughill, is a small Vinery, in a
situation where the soil is a poor sand with
gravel beneath, but where the Vines — also Black
Hamburghs — having good drainage, from the
garden being on a hill, and having their vigour
sustained from being fed with plenty of good
wholesome manure, bear fine healthy foliage,
firm rods, and handsome clusters of well swelled
berries of excellent quality. These, it is true,
were grown on the restrictive system, but their
success is mainly attributable to the perfect
drainage of the site, combined with the judicious
feeding of the roots.

A further hint in Vine culture may be gleaned
from another garden in the same neighbourhood.
Here, attaching to the leaves the importance
which is due to them, and desii'ous to encourage
a large development of leaf surface, the Vines
whose rods were confined to a rather short rafter
had been continued onwards and trained down the
back wall, which was thus covered with leaves,
while other leaf branches had been led away from
the base of the rods, and trained over the sui'faoe
of the inside border. With such leaf-feeding,
we were not sui'prised to learn, on the evidence
of no less an authority in Gi'ape growing than
Mr. Stabdish, that the fruit borne by these
Vines was the best which had this year been
produced in the neighbourhood.

The question is often asked. Which is the
best kind of Boiler for Horticultural purposes ?
We must admit the difficulty of giving a satis-
factory answer to the inquiry. So large is the
number of boilers, so great the variety in their
form, while each is brought forward by its
inventor or manufacturer with such excellent
testimonials, that if implicit confidence could be
placed in the various statements, the pui'chaser
could scarcely go wrong by taking any one of
them. But it too often happens that the pro-
mise is not home out by the performance. Some
boilers which are said to require no attendance
at night, nevertheless do require a groat deal of
attendance ; others which are stated to effect a
great saving in fuel, very often miscarry in their
mission. The advocate of cast ii'on affirms that
that is the best material, because it is the most
durable ; on the other hand the constnictor of
wrought iron points out the many advantages
which it possesses over cast iron, one of the
most potent being that it is not liable to crack
or, to use a common term, " split," and that it
will heat much quicker.

Then as to form, there is quite as great
a diversity of opinion. One maker advocates
the upright tubular, jointed boiler. Another
condemns the joints, and points to the
great advantage of having the whole boiler
m one casting, A third departs from the
original form, and makes one of an oval shape,
the fortunate designer claiming for it a superiority
over all others for quickness of action and
economy of fuel. A fourth bends his tubes
into the form of a saddle, and boasts for it the
power of maintaining a stove temperature
with a very small consumption of fuel.

Then comes the saddle-boiler, either of wrought
or of cast iron, with its multipUcity of improve-
ments. There is also the " cannon " and the
conical boiler, as well as boilers of many other
shapes; and each one sent out with the same
kind of flattering testimonials as a candidate for
public favour-.

Amongst such an accumulation of good things
how is it possible, for a person not overburdened
with practical knowledge, to decide which is the
best boiler for his use. In his bewilderment
he looks around to try and find some dis-
interested person who can tender him the advice
he needs ; naturally enough he turns to Kew
Gardens. There, in a Government establishment,
the pride of Englishmen at home and abi-oad,
and' with the most valuable collection of plants
in the world, he will surely get the informa-
tion he needs ; but alas ! the able Curator of
that establishment confesses that he cannot assist
the enquirer by pointing to any examples of
superior heating in the Iloyal Gardens at Kew.
So unsatisfactory, indeed, is the present system
in use in the Palm stove considered, that it is,
we believe, in serious contemplation to revise
the whole heating apparatus of the edifice in I

question. If this be so, we trust that the Govern-
ment will not allow any petty parsimony, any ill-
judged economy, or anyundue partiality for this or
that plan, to interfere with the proper maintenance
of so noble a collection. It stands to reason
that the apparatus which is suitable in a small
establishment, may not necessarily be so effective
when used on a larger scale. But in any case,
we take it, the main points to be considered are
economy of fuel, amount of surface exposed to
the fire, excellence of material and workman-
ship, and simplicity of construction. These
requisites, it is quite conceivable, may be attained
in boilers of very different patterns, and we
should gladly receive from our correspondents
unprejudiced reports on the operation of the
boilers they are in the habit of using. Saoh
reports would not indeed have the value that a
thorough "competitive examination" of the
various boilers made by competent and im-
partial judges would have, but failing such a
test, honest individual experience will be of no
little importance.

LiST year about this time "we took occasion to

speak of the Pall of the Leaf, and we referred to the
explanation given by Von Mohl and others as to the
cause of this phenomenon, aocordinp! to which the
removal of the leaf is due to the formation of a layer or
layers of entirely new and active cells between and
amongst the older and effete ones, thus ultimately
causing the detachment of living from dead tissue.
Since then we have endeavoured to ascertain the
determining causes of the formation of these new cells,
but hitherto with little success. It seems clear to us,
however, that when leaves fall from drought or from
other accidental causes these peculiar cells are not
formed ; they appear only, so far as we have observed,
j ust before the leaf naturally falls in autumn. Their
resemblance in form and function to what pathologists
call " exudation cells," such as are met with in healing
ulcers, and "healthy granulations," is sufficiently
striking. The "line of demircatiou,"

the last to die. We give the story as we find it, but in
the interests no less of the public and of science we
hope the matter will be thoroughly investigated.
From the above statement it is by no means clear that
me Fungi had anything to do with the disaster— the
[length of time that elapsed between the time when
they were eaten, and the occurrence of any symptoms,
would make it seem as if some other poisonous agent
had been taken subsequently.

At a recent meeting of the Soci^te Imperiale

:et Centrale d'Horticulture of Paris a letter was read
Ifrom M. Bkieeee, of Saint Hilaire de Biez (Vend<Se),
describing a curious Spokt in the Vine. It was stated
that an old Vine (Chasselas Dor^). cultivated on a
trellis in the locality just mentioned, had given off at
different times, sornetimes from one or other end of its
long trunk, sometimes from the centre, a shoot, the
leaves of which were like those of the Vigne de
Virginie. Eyes raised from this shoot produced Vines
of the last-mentioned kind. This year a stUI more
singular appearance has been presented: at about a
third of the way up the stem, on the same " courson, "
two shoots have been formed nearly opposite one
another, one of these has the characters of the original
stock (Chasselas Dore), while the other has those of the
Vigne de Virginie.

It may be worth recording as an instance of the

influence which Hobticultuee, as carried out IN
England, exercises on Foeeign Potentates who
witness it, that the Vicerot of Egypt when recently
here, was so struck with the plants and flowers which
he saw cultivated, that he has commissioned Mk,
Bull to send him out a thoroughly proficient flower
gardener— one capable of carrying out floriculture in
a similar manner to the style adopted in this country.
As i.s generally known, the Viceeoy already has an
English gardener, but the one now referred to goes
exclusively for the cultivation of flowers : a new and
entirely separate appointment, brought about; by the
Vicehov's last visit to this country.

-; — Besides the improvement in form and material
which are found in Tye's Hyacinth glasses, and to
which we adverted a week or two since, the growers of
Hyacinths in living rooms have a further opportunity
of consulting their taste, presented by Hoopee's
Eteuscan 11\-acinth Vases, a form of vessel resemb-

, ... „ surgeon , . ..

would call it, between dead tissue about to be cast off; hng Tye's glasses in general form, but presenting the
and living healthy structures, is thus verv similar to j more sobar hues of pottery ware — a dull Venetian red,

the line of cells that cause the shedding of the leaf.

— ;— The prevalence of the Potato Disease this sea- !
son, iu certain localities, shows that we need still to be
on the alert in battling with so fatal an enemy. For this
reason we may commend ^ to the notice of those who
have been sufferers by this insidious m.alady, or who '
may desire to take steps to protect themselves against >
serious damage in the future, a little treatise by Mr. '

unobtrusively decorated with figures in bfick. These
vases, which at first were porous, and therefore objection-
able, are now glazed inside, so that when the glazing is
thoroughly done the evaporation and staining of the
surface which used to occur, are both prevented. As
less gaudy than the colour of the glasses, wo have no
doubt these vases will recommend themselves to many
persons of taste as being more suitable for the purpose
of holding flowering bulbs than those which in their

jENNiNGs,of&hipston.on-Stour,m which he desoribesa colours or decorations almost, if not quite, ecliiise the

remedy — rather perhaps a means of prevention— which
with him, at least, has never failed, and is the result of
several years of experiment. " When the tubers
approach maturity is the time that the murrain makes
its appearance, and this is the most critical time for the
crop. The leaves mu^t be examined every day closely,
and as soon as one spot of the murrain is discovered on ,
a leaf, then is the time to act with promptness if you i
wish to save your crop." What has to be done is
explained in the little brochure, which may be had for
a few pence (7rf.), sent in postage stamps.

We have been supplied with samples of a very

fine new Celeet, called Hooley''s Conqueror,
selected by Mr. S. Hooley', a mechanic, of Notting-
ham, who has, we are informed, taken the first prize
with it at each of five shows last year, against 129

flowers they are meant to contain. These vases are
made iu various shapes, and iu different colours, but
doubtless the dwarf shape and dull red colour will be
found most generally useful.

rij^^lS"' %f tzi"::'. t^^jj'tt^ : ^.^j?!\^kjh-^^^ *- F?'^^y- '^4 p-*

FRENCH AND ENGLISH FEUIT GEOAVING.

Theee are some remarks on this subject by " W. E."
in your last number which may convey ideas to your
readers not quite correct, and which are not in
accordance with my experience (which is not little) of
fruit culture here and on the Continent,

First, with regard to Fears. Our English climate,
in five seasons out of seven, when unassisted, is not so
favourable to the growth of Pears as that of France;
but assisted by walls, and the skill of our gardeners, it
is quite equal, and, in the case of some Pears, superior,

competitors. The largest pair exhibited weighed
11 lb, 2 oz. This variety has been obtained by careful
selection for some years past. It has remarkably broad
leaves, and is of vigorous growth, plants left for seed
rising to the height of 6 ft., and being stout in pro-
portion, the base of some of the stems being as thick
as a man's arm. The prize Celery shown about
Nottingham, is, we are informed, not earthed up, but
is blanclied by being tied up in brown paper, which is
renewed every week, or as often as may be necessary ;
hence it is not so delicate in flavour as Celery which is
properly earthed. This new variety seems in every
respect first-rate.

It is stated in the public journals that four

Chaumontel Peaks have lately been exhibited in
Jersey, weighing together 96^ oz., the heaviest of the
four weighed 30V oz., tlie lightest 19J oz. Three of
them are stated to have grown from one eye. The Pears
were grown in the grounds of Mr. G, H, Hoeman,
H.M.'s Solicitor-General for the Island of Jersey.

In the " Journal of Horticulture " Mr. Leo

Gkindon states that there is at present in the gardens
of Mr. FiNZELL, of Clevedon, near Bristol, a Female
plant of Gaeeya elliptica, covered with racemes of
ripe fruit. Can any correspondent furnish us with an
analogous instance ?

. A terrible calamity, said to be the result of

eating Poisonous Musheoojis, is recorded in the
Moniteur of October 10. It appears that a gentleman,
having, as is said, a knowledge of Fungi, collected
several which, he supposed, were edible (the species
are not mentioned ), and he and his family partook of
them and found them excellent. It was on the fourth
day only that any ill-effect was perceived, and then
the wife was attacked with symptoms of irritant
poisoning and soon died, as did also her eldest sou, a
lad of 14 years of age. Two infants at the breast — the
one a chdd of the lady, the other a nurse child, also died
—having imbibed the poison with the milk. The
father, the unhappy cause of these misfortunes, was

eason in France has been cool and showery, and very
favourable to the ripening of early Pears. If your
correspondent had visited France 10 or IB times
in the last 30 years he would, in hot, dry seasons,
have found the early autumn Pears very' inferior.
As to the question— How is it that we do not get
Pears as cheaply as the French ? " I may reply
that the French climate, without any assistanosi
will give health and fertility to Pear trees in the
majority of the departments of France, while iu
England there are but few largo Pear gardens yet
formed after a right method, and but few sites with
soil and climate favourable to their extensive cultures
but I have in my mind a plantation of 3000 pyramidal,
trees on Quince stocks of the Louise Bonne of Jersey,
the trees from 5 to 20 };ears old, all pruned
closely in summer, and occupying less than one acre
of ground, which cannot be matched in France.
These trees have borne large quantities of^ fruit of such-
superior quality as to displace iu Covent Garden
Market those of the same kind from France and Jersey.
" W. E." is mistaken when he writes, " We are as far
behind the French in the culture of the Pear as we
are before them in the culture of the Pelargonium," &o.
There are thousands of gardens in England and Ireland,
in which Pear trees are cultivated with as much and
sometimes even with more skill and care than in
France, not only as horizontal cordons against walls
but as pyramids and low bushes, a form so admirable
in windy districts. In many gardens near Dublin, near
Limerick— a very favourable Pear site — and in hun-
dreds of gardens in Ireland, " W. E." may find pyra-
midal Pear trees most successfully cultivated. As to
England, every county south of the Trent abounds
with gardens in which they are carefully pruned and-
trained, and not "left to Nature," as stated iu p. 1072.
When your correspondent makes a more extended gar-
dening tour in France and Belgium he will see more of
cordon training than he appears to have done at present
His favourite mode of single horizontal cordon training:
for Apple trees on Paradise stocks is to be recommended

October 2n, 1867.1

THE GARMNEl^S' CnRONICLE AW AGmCHmVMl OAZETTE.

1095

for edgings to small kitchen gardens, and for no others.
In my experience oftlicm I find they hear very fine fruit,
and ate easily kept in order by incessant smnmor
piuohins of their yoinig shoots ; but I have been
troubled with red spider, and some trees grafted on an
inferior kind of Paradi.so Apple have been so suljject
to canker as to make sad gaps in an edging : this may
be obviated by care in the selection of stocks, Tlie
wire, liidden as it is, is apt to give one what foxhuuters
call an 'ugly purl" with one's nose among the
Cabbages, something after the manner that wire fences
serve the lovers of the chase, but that is a small objection ,
which is soon got over.

As to a garden covered with "lines of these
wires being preferable to the bush culture of Apple
trees on Paradise stocks," I have very recently
seen a plantation of bush Apple trees, the trees
planted C foot apart, and 13 years old ; they have
been pruned in summer with but little care, and
yet they have borne such abundant crops of fine fruit,
as to have paid five times for the value of the ground
they stand on. The I'ear as a double horizontal
cordon, /. c, two branches thus, T, close to the ground,
and supported by a wire like that used for the single
cordon Apple tree, bears the finest of fruit, and is
easily protected from frost by strewing dry hay over
the branches when the trees are in bloom. I have not
seen this system in France. I cannot understand the
words used by "W. R.," "simple cordon," as distin-
guished from the horizoutal cordon ; does he mean the
upright cordon — " cordon verticnle " .''

There is no "absurdity" in planting orchards with
cordons. An old farmer in Sussex, many years ago,
found that his standard Apple trees shaded his ground
too much ; ho therefore formed an orchard of cordon
Apple trees, on Crab stocks, cutting the trees close to
the ground, and training up from each stump five or
seven branches at regular distances, and making each
branch a cordon by pinching in the young shoots in
summer. He declares, after many years' experience,
that he thus gains more than treble the produce from
the same area of soil his standards are on, as the trees
are planted thickly.

After recommending different modes of training,
' W. R." says : " The simple, and so to speak natural.

rranoo. The truth is, that first-class gardens and gar-
deners aro things sni i/encris^ and not to be found to
any extent out of Or'cat Britain. As to the market
fruit gardens of France and ]ingland, those of the
former are what we should call "peddling:" they have
climate and soil, but seem to lack energy and capital.
l'laceanKngli.shnKirkctgardcncrintheclimato-(avuurcd
parts of France, and ho would plant 3001) or fiOOO trees
of a sort^ if popular, and fill all the comcatable markets
with theu' produce ; the F'ronchmau will perhaps plant
300 trees, manage them carefully, and he satisfied with
his small profits. A FriUl Cullivalor and Traveller.

BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

(Ctintinned/riiiu p. 1072.)
In Section E (Geography and Ethnology), Mr. J.
CR4WFUED, F.R.S., read a paper on The Minratlon of
Siifinr JProdunnii Plants. The first saccharine matter
used by man was honey; it must have composed a
large part of the food of the first men, as it still does of
all savages, and it is found in all countries from the
equator almost to the arctic and antarctic circles.
Among the plants yielding the most abundant and
easily accessible supply of saccharine matter, are the
Palms, and most probably they afforded one of the
earliest sources of sugar wherever Palms abounded.
It is only necessary to boil down the sap of any Palm
previously to its undergoing fermentation, which it does
rapidly, in order to obtain a concrete impure mass of
sugar. Although the sugar obtained from Palms be
equally capable of refining as that obtained from the
Cane, the jn-oduoe of the latter is the main source of
the sugar of commerce. The Sugar-cane is the Sac-
charum oflicinarura of botanists, one of a genus of
many species of tall Grasses. Like most of the cereals,
the Sugar-cane has not been traced to its wild state.
In its cultivated state it has been found in many
independent places, often remote from each other^ and
bearing independent names, Its geographical limits
are nearly the same as those of Cotton— that is, extend-
ing from the equator to about the thirtieth degree of
latitude. Like Cotton, its culture bad been pushed up
but even with less success, for

to the fortieth degree,

.. . ... , ^ , the Cane t.akes a year to arrive at maturity, and is

forms that take care of themselves to a great extent, I therefore liable to be cut off by severe frosts. The pro-

are the ones best suited both for England and France
As this may, however, mislead some of your readers
I feel that t ought to make known the fact that Pear
trees on Quince stocks, whether in the gardens of
amateurs or market gardeners, should be pruned once
or twice during the summer, or they will destroy
themselves by over-productiveness.

Had your contributor paid a visit to M. Grin,
of Chartres (not a long journey from Paris), he
would have seen Peach trees perfectly unique
and beautiful in their training, and managed
solely by leaf-pinching ; there i.s no " laying in "
of shoots, as with those at Montreuil, but every
branch is a perpetual and perfect cordon. As regards
the cordoti oblique, or diagonal cordon, which does not
seem in favour wilih " W. R." and his friends, it is now
some 15 or 20 years since I used to hear the French
hammering away with their nimble tongues for and
against the system, which, as usual with all modes of
culture, is very nice and useful under certain circum-
stances : for instance, single diagonal Peach and
Apricot trees traiued against the back wall of an
orchard house give a great variety of sorts in a small
space ; against our walls in the open air they
would be a folly. In the last number of the
" Bulletin du Cercle Professoral," for October,
published at Ghent, is an account of a visit by the
Society to the fruit gardens of Madame Jleester, and
the report is highly eulogistic of all they saw. Among
other things they say, " Les Pechers en cordons
obliques sont tons, sans exception, sains, vigoureux, et
regulierement fertiles. lis sont ages de plus de dix
ans, et jusqu'ii present rieu n'indique chez eux, les
inoouvenieuts que les adversaires systematiques de cette
forme ont predits pour son avenir et sa duree." This
report is from a .sound English-like Belgian committee,
and is far more worthy of attention than the incessant
verbosity one too often hears at a French congress.

I ought to add that diagonal single cordons (trained
to a wire fence 5 feet high, formed with four strained
wires) of Pears, Plums, Apples, and Cherries, planted
10 inches apart, are very nioe things for small gardens.
The objection to the oblique-trained cordons, with
four shoots of Pears, tied with Willows, as described
by " AV. R.," is, that in England they cannot be so
easily protected from spring frosts as the double
cordons, near the ground; the usual horizontally-
trained espaliers, with their branches interlaced, will
be found more eligible, and they can be planted very
near to each other, so as to economise space equal to
the oblique trees, which would give much trouble to
the cultivator by the Willow twigs rotting, and the
branches, from having no firm support, would soon be
deranged and broken by our Channel winds. The
method is a sort of amiable dodge, calculated to attract
the attention of young cultivators.

I have often been struck with the extraordinary
fact, that with all the skill and vast advantages of sites
and soils in France, no such Pears are produced as we
receive from Jersey and Guernsey. The cultivators
there seem to be quiet and unassuming, neithershowing
nor writing about extraordinarv modes of pruning and
training ; yet not a Pear in France is ever produced
equal to their Chaumontels. This seems to tell us
that climate often baflles the skill of the cultivator,
and that a good climate is the grand essential— soil can
be formed, climate not.

And now with regard to fruit growing in France and
England. I have seen much of both countries, and I
believe that more perfect fruit gardens can be found in
the comparatively small space of an English county,
tiian in any two of the enormous departments of

cesses of^ refining sugar are certainly of foreign intro-
duction in India; and this could be readily believed
from the state of the arts among the Hindus. As to
China, the cultivation of the Cane and the manu-
facture both of clayed and crystalised sugar were of an
antiquity beyond all record ; and for this he had the
highest authority — that of Sir John Davis. For
economic purposes there were other plants which
yielded sugar, but not so profitably as Palms a.nd the
Sugar-cane. The IJeet was largely cultivated with this
view, especially in France. In North America, also, a
species of Maple yielded a considerable supply of sugar.
It seemed strange to the author that the ingenious
Greeks and luxurious Romans should have contented
themselves with honey, and never have fallen into the
art of manufacturing a solid sugar from indigenous
plants yielding a sweet sap. They were well acquainted
with the Beet and the Carrot, and, of course, with the
Grape, all of which would, by an easy process, have
yielded a solid sugar. As savages they had invented
the more difficult art of kindling a fire, and as bar-
barians, the yet more difficult arts of making malleable
iron, and reducing the ores of copper and silver, but
the art of extracting sugar from their own plants never
occurred to them.

In Section F (Economic Science), Mr. Chaeles
C. Maxwell read an interesting paper on The Con-
fectionery and Marmalade Trade of Dundee, which,
he said, although unimportant when compared with
the Flaxandspiiiniug, wasyet of suflicient magnitude to
bo entitled to rank as a distinctive branch of local
industry. From a very small beginning it has reached
its present proportions, and now furnishes constant
employment to about -100 persons, requires expensive
and peculiar machinery for its adequate development,
and produces in large quantities articles of consump-
tion which are perhaps as wideiy known and appre-
ciated as Dundee canvas and carpets. Probably the
best known product of this trade is Orange Marma-
lade, concerning which Mr. Maxwell said :— " It is
between 00 and 70 years (that is, about the beginning
of the present century) since Dundee marmalade was
first manufactured as an article of commerce, by the
late Mr. James Keillor, and then merely to supply the
local and district demand. Gradually, however, the
area of its sale extended, not only throughout Scot-
land, but into England and Ireland, until now, when it
may be said that the whole British Isles, a considerable
portion of the Continent, and even our most distant
colonies, are supplied with it. To give an idea of the
extent of this trade I may state that the quantity of
marmalade made in Dundee at the present time
amounts to above 1000 tons annually, for the production
of which more than 3000 chests of the finest bitter
Oranges are used. These are imported from Seville, as
it has been found that the Oranges grown in and
around that city jiossess a peculiar and agreeable
aroma, which renders them better adapted for the
purpose than those of any other district either in Si)ain
or Italy. Whon.the marmalade is prepared, a sufficient
quantity of sugar is added to preserve it thoroughly,
without in any degree impairing the flavour. It has
already been stated that about 400 persons are directly
emuloyed at the Dundee confectionery works, and it
may be added that occupation is furnished to many
more in connection with them. For example, one of
the Newcastle Potteries is to a large extent employed
in turning out the well-known printed jars for marma-
lade. Of these there are about one and a-half millions
required every year, costing upwards of GSOOi. The
marmalade season, as it may be called— that is, the
period duringwhioh all that is required of this preserve

for the year's supply must be made— usually continues
.about four month.s, — viz, from the beginning of
Dccfiinber to tlio end of March. Before leaving this
part of tbo subjeof;, I may sfriite, on the authority of a
learned Doctor, a inember of this Association, tliat the
word Marmalade is supposed to bo derived from an
Indian fruit not unliko the Orange, called the yKgle
jMarnielos, or Indian Bael, from which at one period
a similar conserve seems to have been made, liosides
orange marmalade, other preserves from fruit are
extensively manufactured in Dundee — considerable
quantities of fruit being grown in the neiglibourhood,
although far from suflicient to supply the demand.
The manufacture of confections is also carried on hero
on a very b,rge scale, and embraces an inuneiiso variety
of lozenges, comfits, candied peels, &c., to supiily the
constantly iucroa.sing demand both for the home and
colonial markets. 1 may state that in most of the
processes connected with the production of these, care-
fully constructed steam machinery is now successfully
emiiloyed, and the result is a degree of finish, quality,
aiul cheapness which hand labour could never have
attained. The quantity of sugar, chiefly refined, used
for the confections, marmalade, and preserves made in
Dundee it would be diflicult to estimate, but it pro-
liably amounts to 2000 tons annually. The trade is still
extending, and that extension is, no doubt, chiefly due
to the fact that the goods in question are distinguished
not only by purity of material,but by care and finish in
the manufacture.' It is but justice to add, and I do so
most willingly, that these characteristics are not con-
fined to the confectionery of Dundee, but will be found
to prevail, I believe, in all the larger establishments of
the kind throughout Scotland. It may be a.sked
whether this is a healthful occupation to the persons
engaged in it ? and that question can, I think, be con-
fidently answered in the affirmative. It has been
ascertained that working among sugar and fruit is not
injurious to health, but the reverse, especially when
care is taken that the temperature in the work-rooms
is duly equalised, and cleanliness and ventilation con-
stantly attended to."

In Section G (Mec'aanioal Science), Mr. John
Halliday read a paper on The Heating of Hothouses,
from which we extract the following :-;-As sparks fly
upward when the current of heated air is strong to lift
them, the heating of the lower stratum of air alone, for
the eUective distribution of heat throughout the build-
ing, has been considered sufficient ; but until the roof
is heated, hothouse warming, for every purpose, will
not have arrived at that perfection it is capable of
being brought to. The object of heating the roof is,
that the temperature may be more equalised. Tlie
method to be adopted for heating the roof, and cover-
ing it with a layer of warm air, might either be by
steam or hot water for houses already in use ; and for
those which it might be considered desirable to treat in
that way, a small piping, from a i to i an inch
diameter, might be attached to the rafters or girders,
and heated by steam. For hothouses in progress, the
framework should consist of tubular cast-iron piping,
which might be heated with steam or hot water,
[Rather costly work this. Eds.]

THE CHINA PEAR.

The Pear even in England is generally understood ,
to be a tardy bearing tree, and the old couplet-
He tfiat plants pears,
Pfauts fur bis heirs,
is an expression of this popular belief; nor is the
character entirely undeserved, as with the exception of
a few varieties, 10, 12, or even a greater number of
years will oftentimes elapse after the trees are planted
ere they bear fruit. Such being the case even where it
has been long acolimatised, people are naturally back-
ward in planting it here, under new and untried con-
ditions.

But my object just now is not to point out how we
shall succeed with European and American varieties
(experiments upon which are going on), but to endea-
vour to direct public atte ition to the China Pear.

This variety appears to have been in the neighbour-
ing colony of New South Wales for many years. Being
struck with the name, as probably denoting that it had
been received from China, and knowinghow thoroughly
all fruits of Chinese origin appreciate our climate, I
procured a tree, and as it was late in the season,
temporarily planted it between two rows of Grape
Vines, on the brow of a schistose slope devoted to
Grapes. After remaining there two years it commenced
to bear, and has borne regularly and freely ever since ;
requiring generally a little thinning of the crop, as it
has a tendency to overbear.

It has had no doctoring and very little attention,
except taking out the leading, branch to open the
interior of the tree, that it might bear on the inside as
well as on the outside of the branches. It is grafted on
the common Pear stock of the nurseries— has never
been root-pruned nor lifted, and occupies a space of
about 6 feet by 6 feet, or i square yards of ground.
The wood is a dark grey, sprinkled with white dots,
robust, long-jointed, of upright habit, and producing a
profusion of fruit-spurs. .

Unlike other Pear.s, cuttings readily root, especially
if shaded and watered during a dry hot spring, and 1
feel convinced that it will play an important part both
as stock and medium for grafting and double grafting
other Pears that are shy fruit-producers on the common
stock. I have not yet proved its perfect adaptability to
the Quince, but am experimenting with some of the
best Flemish and French Pears on the rooted China
cuttings. The Marie Louise shows a, stocky sturdy
robustness on this stock that is suggestive of a hopetuf

This last season a severe thunderstorm most effectu-
ally thinned the fruit on the above mentioned tree,
besides mutilating the branches to some extent ; yet it

1096

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 26, 18«r.

ripened 50 large fruit, many of which weighed 16 or
17 ounces, a result which is not to he despised from 4 or
5 square yards of ground.

The fruit, when ripe, varies in shape, the hreadth
being sometimes as great as tlie length." It has a warm
yellowish ground, dotted all over with russet ; a good-
looking and very fragrant fruit. Its flesh is crisp,
ruioy, and sweet, the skin having something of a musky
Pine-apple flavour, and as a cooking fruit ; baked,
stewed, or in pies, it is unsurpassed by any other Pear,
its flesh when cooked having nothing like lumpiness or
grittiness about it— in fact, leaving nothing to be
desired. I have not said anything about its keeping
qualities, as it has not been tested fully— the kitchen
demand is so much greater than the supply. But I
kept three or four in the summer of 1865-66 for six
weeks on a shelf in an ordinary room, and the inference
IS that if they had been put away in a dry cellar, or
some cool, dry, dark place, they would have been pre-
served much longer. Fruchis, in " Queenslander,"
AustraJian Paper.

CAMELLIA CULTURE.— No. V.

{Continual fyoJii p. 601.)

Hendersoni. — This variety partakes much of the
character of Saccoi nova, producing flowers equally
large r^nd of fine quality. If it differs at all, it is in
colour, the deep rosy tint of Saccoi nova being scarcely
so prominent. It originated in the once famous
gardens of Woodhall in Lanarkshire, and has kept a
distinguished place for nearly half a century. Its habit
is dense, and clothed as it is with fine glistening
foliage, it is always, when well grown, an object of
attraction.

Ladij Belhaven is a flower of great substance, having
large shell-like petals that imbricate in the true
ranunculus form. It is a little deficient, however,
towards the centre, which mars an otherwise very
attractive appearance. Colour deep crimson. The
plant is a vigorous grower, and when of half speci-
men size, it flowers freely ; in a young state it is some-
what shy, which is apt to militate against its general
cultivation. Growers and collectors, who have proved
it, will find it a useful individual in a large collection ;
and when in its best style it is a desirable flower — much
better than many of the novelties that find their way
into commerce.

Loioii is a plant of good average habit, rather shy
than otherwise, until a few years good cultivation
infuses a vigour into its system which is not so easily
checked. When so managed it yields a copious show of
blossom buds, and comes in about the beginning of the
spring months. It yields flowers of full average size,
of a rosy shade, with a well defined white band down
the centre of the petals. It is fully imbricated, although
not possessing the depth of some of the standard sorts,
and is upon the whole of good formation.

Jeffersoni. — This is one of the smaller-leaved sorts,
something in habit and size of foliage after the
character of Candidissima; but although, so to speak,
diminutive in foliage, it grows away freely, and in time
makes a good specimen. Like most plants of its kind,
it is very constant in producing quantities of blossom
buds, and it is often necessary to disbud on that
account, sometimes five and si.x embryo buds making
their appearance at the apex of each shoot. "When
thinning is necessary, it ought to be proceeded with in
pood time, so that ample j ustice may be served out to the

select few." Moreover, if an operation of this kind
be attended with ill success, it is far more likely to
occur when the buds are of nearly full size, than when
in their embryo state. The flowers are of scarlet
crimson, with a rather undefined band of white down
the centre of each petal. Although the flowers when
fully expanded are small, their colour and form are
very attractive.

Jenny Lind.—ThAS is of more recent introduction
than some others in the motley group of 10 varieties
which I deem it desirable to recommend where variety,
constitution, and effectiveness is desired. It has proved
a most desirable sort, of rather hardy growing habit.
The flowers are exquisite, having a purity and a con-
stancy which render them popular. The ground colour
is white, with streaks of rosy pink distributed over its
surface. ^ In point of size it is fully up to the average,
and it is more than an average flower in build, form,
and substance. To all who have not added this to their
collections, I would say, buy it the first opportunity.

Marie Therise. —'i'ins plant possesses one of the best
of constitutions. It yields leaves of large size, thickly
set, and exhibits a freeness of branching which serves
to distinguish it as a plant of good habit. In addition
to this it yields a profusion of buds, and may always be
counted on as a sure bloomer. This variety does not
at all present any wayward tendency to interfere with
the order of expansion, which not a few of her fair
companions, such as the dignified Countess of Orkney,
or her fickle sister the Countess of Ellesmere, often
do. Marie is one of the white grounds, mottled all
over the surface with pink, and is fully imbricated.
Trom a florist's point of view it might be considered
rather rough in outline, the extremities of the petals
not being so purely geometrical as in the stately
and beautiful Contessa Lavinia Maggi; but it is a
flower of noble proportions, and will always be admired
in a mixed collection.

Mathotiana. — This plant is of truly wayward habit,
and refuses when in a young state to show its blossoms^
imless starved or in some way checked. Grown, how-
ever, for some years, and liberally dealt with as to heat
and moisture, it succeeds unexceptionally. It is far
from being constant, and although it will sometimes
yield a crop of flowers that will astonish and delight
all who come within the circle of its influence, it
occasionally produces them positively ugly. At best
the petals are somewhat pointed, and startling as it is
to the general onlooker it fails to command that

instinctive sympathy which ever reigns dominant
within the circle of Flora's council chamber. It can
be grown to a larger size than any fully imbricated
flower in cultivation, nearly equalling in size the double-
flowered reticulata, and its deep glowing crimson
colour elevates it to a position of prominence in any
mixed collection.

Jii'njote.— Possessed as this variety is of one of the
best of habits, and adorned with singularly perfect
flowers, somewhat under the average size, it does seem
strange that it is not more genei'ally cultivated. Its
dense bushy habit at once points it out to the prac-
tical eye as a plant of slow growth, and more apt to
suffer under maltreatment than many of its fellows,
for it is wonderful the amount of fatigue and hardship
that Camellias, as a race, can be subjected to with
impunity. When at all in condition it is one of the
freest of the free in producing flower-buds, which
seldom fail to yield perfect blossoms. The colour of the
flower is of a deep ruby, with the centre a little paler.
It yields blooms of great depth of petal, as closely
packed together as a ranunculus, and the flower as a
whole is quite as perfect in its way. This is one of the
sorts that has to be attended to in season, in the way of
disbudding.

Firzio is a plant of moderately vigorous habit, rather
inclining to " run away " without a proportionate
complement of laterals. In order, therefore, to correct
its growing movements the " knife " must be systemati-
cally applied, which for a time disturbs the formation
of buds, and the consequent produce of flowers. It is
one of the " sporting characters," which can have no
pretension to constancy, now appearing dressed in one
colour, and a few days after entirely changing its
complexion, as a fresh flower expands upon the plant.
Some come nearly pure white, others of a soft rosy
shade, and others again of an intermediate cast, as if
the flowers and their opposite colours had undergone
a process of interfusion, and come forth irregularly
mottled and barred. It cannot be depended upon as
constant in point of imbrication, many of the samples
coming irregular and confused, and often yielding
buds which refuse to conform to a proper order of
expansion. With these drawbacks, it is not a variety
that any one cultivating a select number should fix
upon, but in a general group it is not a bad sort,
although occasionally not trustworthy. J. A.

PRESERVING GRAPES THROUGH THE
WINTER AND SPRING.

The preservation of Grapes over the winter with the
least amount of trouble is one of the most important
of all matters to the British Grape grower. Every
gardener, young or old, knows to his cost what a task
it is to keep Grapes hanging all the winter after they
are ripe, especially in places where there are a good
many houses devoted to Vines. The latest books on
the Vine give directions for regulating the houses, so as
to preserve the Grapes on the Vine after they are
ripe, and every calendar of operations tells how to
rnanage them in that respect, though I fear the
directions are not always intelligible. The trouble of
regulating the atmosphere, the expense for fire heat,
and the necessity of keeping the house almost entirely
devoted to the Grapes, must render any improvement
very acceptable, and I think I have a decided one to
describe. Several times during the spring I noticed
Grapes hanging from branches the ends of which were
inserted in vases of water — Grapes which the exhibitors
described as having been for a long time so preserved
in a fresh state. From such few specimens I did not
derive suflficient confidence in the method to speak
with certainty of its merits, but having visited a good
many gardens recently, just as many of the Grapes
were ripe, I find that the thing is accepted as a great
boon by some of the best gardeners in France, and their
system of keeping Grapes has been altered accordingly.

The best example I have seen was in the gardens of
Ferri^res, the magnificent country seat of Baron
Rothschild. Here they have constructed, in addi-
tion to very fine and well-filled fruit rooms, a Grape
room, which is fiUed with stands, thickly hung
from top to bottom with all kinds of Grapes —
those for present consumption as well as those for use
six months hence. M. Bergman, the head gardener,
was cutting down all his Grapes after a harvest-like
fashion, and would in a few weeks, as soon as the latest
houses were ripe, have his many and well-managed
Vineries to do as he pleased with, ripen the wood,
prune and clean the Vines, or utilise the cleared space
of the houses for any purpose that might be con-
venient, not fearing as we do to spill a drop of water or
make any other use of the house. The Grapes are cut
with a portion of the stem attached, which latter
is inserted in a narrow-necked and small bottle con-
taining water, and these little bottles are fixed firmly
along, so that the bunches hang about clear of each
other. In the first instance are erected two uprights,
pretty strong, and each supported on three legs.
Then from one to the other of these, on both sides, and
in an alternate manner, are nailed sets of strong laths,
two for each line of bottles. These laths are kept an
inch a.nd a-half or so apart by a bit of wood at each
end : in the inner one there are incisions made, into
which the bottom of each little bottle fits, and then the
outer lath has a concave incision into which the
side of the bottle fits, so that, caught in the inner
and leaning firmly on the outer lath, it holds the stem
and stout bunch quite firmly. I thus particularise
it from having seen other ways of doing the same thing
less neat and simple than this. Walking space was
left between each wall of Grapes, for si.x or seven rows
were arranged one above another on both sides of each
support.

Charcoal is mixed with water, allowed to stand for
some time, and then the water is strained off to
fill the bottles. But there can be no doubt that

to put a pinch of animal charcoal in each bottle would
prove a better plan of guarding the water from any im-
purity from the slight deposit of organic matter that
might be expected ; at least, it does not seem very
clear how the charcoal put into the water before the
Vine-stem, can have much effect in keeping it pure.
However, that is not an important matter, and it is
certain that a pinch of animal charcoal, which is very
cheap, will keep the water quite sweet. That once
settled, all there is to do is to add a little water, in case
evaporation should cause that in the bottles to fall
below the bases of the shoots. Of course it will be
understood in a moment that with one-tenth the
amount of expense and trouble that is now necessary
in large Grape-growing places, we may preserve in a
Grape room like this conditions infinitely better calcu-
lated for the preservation of the fruit tban the atmo-
sphere of any Vinery can possibly be. We may keep
the fruit dark, preserve the necessary amount of
dryness in the atmosphere, keep up a temperature
constantly equal — all of which are essential to the
well-being of fruits, and none of which can possibly be
attained in the house in which the Grapes are grown.
It would, of course, be wise, in aiTanging a room of the
sort, to have hollow walls and other contrivances to
attain the conditions under which fruit is known to
keep best. I do not know that this method is practised
anywhere in England, Mr. Thomson tells us that
he cut about 50 bunches of Lady Downes' in February
with the branch attached, and sharpening that,
inserted them into the side of a Mangel Wurzel, laid
on a shelf in the fruit room, and that m that way they
kept perfectly fresh till April. Speechley speaks of
having kept Grapes in water, changing it every \i
days ; but it seems nobody with us has taken the
precaution of keeping the little water required
pure. M. Charmeaux, the great Grape grower of
Thomery, .was, I believe, the first to try it extensively.
Now as we grow by far the best and largest quantity of
hothouse Grapes of any country, I need scarcely say
this method, if sound, as I have little reason to doubt,
will prove of far more use to us than to the French. I
am told by experienced gardeners here, who have
adopted the system, that they keep the fruit as long
this way as upon the Vine, with fewer mouldy berries,
and almost without trouble, and it is not likely that a
man would cut down half-a-dozen houses of fine
Grapes at the beginning of October, unless he had
proved it to be as I have stated.

The advantage of having all the stock of Grapes
safely housed jind away from the attacks of vermin and
other interlopers, is another of many advantages pre-
sented by this plan, which I now leave in your readers'
hands for trial, confident that it will prove a great boon
to the Grape grower, and tend to make that fruit—
every day growing in popularity — a great deal mora
enjoyable and obtainable in the winter and early spring
months. For if it be a process requiring much care in
large well conducted gardens, how much more difficult
must it be for the large class of amateurs and small
gardeners to preserve their fruit in good condition ? In
places where the stock of Grapes is not sufficient to
require a special room for their keeping, part of the
fruit room might be adopted, or even a dry cellar or
store room. W. JR. [This plan has been previously
mentioned, in our volume for 1866, p. 126. Eds,]

ON STEM-PRUNING TREES AND SHRUBS.

Mt attention has been directed to the effects of
stem-pruning on various species of Conifers, also on
evergreen shrubs and trees, now growing in the
numerous plant establishments throughout the
country, and on this subject I beg to offer the follow-
ing observations.

One of the chief features which engaged my attention
was the comparative scantiness of old and fine-
stemmed specimens of Cedars of Lebanon, Yews,
HoUies, Evergreen Oaks, Cork trees, &c., notwith-
standing the length of time these species have been
introduced into Britain. Judging from the numbers
annually planted all over the country, it is surprising
to see so few in a tree-forming state ; and this, I should
say, arises chiefly from their being kept for a long time
in a compact or evergreen shrub condition, instead of
being stem-pruned at certain stages of the growth, in
order to work them into a tree form. When these
shrub-formed trees are first planted they are generally
put into positions where they are allowed to grow freely;
and there is no doubt that for 18 or 20 years, or even
more, they have a good effect as shrubs, forming, as
they dOj large, round, or upright bushes ; and the
parties in charge feeling quite content with them in
their shrub condition, they are allowed to remain so.
Numerous instances of Cedars, Tews, Hollies, &c.,
come under my notice, and to these I shall first confine
my observations, and conclude with some remarks on
the more recently introduced Coniferffi. Of the kinds
just mentioned, some have been stem-pruned in conse-
quence of their standing near a path, or approximating
to some favourite shrub or tree, and soon afterwards
they begin to assume an upward or tree tendency.

With reference to the Cedar of Lebanon, I have seen
shrub-formed plants 10 feet high and 43 feet in
circumference of branches, healthy and vigorous to
the lowermost tier, which proceed from the stem about
1 foot up. One specimen in question has its top or
leading shoots very much dwarfed and thin, while a
plant of a similar age which had been stem-pruned,
from its proximity to a walk, is now 20 feet in height,
with a thriving healthy top.

Numerous instances of Yews come daily under my
notice, varying from 10 to 40 years of age. In all stages
of their growth, if left to themselves, they form large
round or upright bushes, and are often very picturesque
and suitable for the positions they occupy. If it
should be the wish of parties to convert any of their
duplicate shrubs into trees, particularly those with

OCTOBEE 215, 1867.]

-THE GAT^DEN1<T?S' CTTRnNTCLT; J\^^D AnrjCFLTTn^AL OAZCTTR

109T

single stems, and standing in positions wlioro thoy can
be allowed to sjiroad tlioir tops, it may lie douo liy
pruning up tlio stems, say for 5 or G foot, and not-
withstanding that tho i)lants operated on may bo 10 or
40 years of age, thoy can eiusily be brought thus into a
tree shape, pointing at tho same time all the lower
branches left, so a.s to induce a more vigorous upright
tendency in tho leading shoots. Old plants so treated
will take a much longer time to form trees than iilants
put under training from a young state. Some young
jilants growing in good soil, although 10 years old, after
being regularly stem-pruned, are now S feet high. The
Yew is naturally of a slow growth, and tho did'orence
with regard to height between the stem-pruned and
those untouched, is not so great as might be expe(!led ;
unpruned plants 30 years old are 15 feet liigli, while
stem-pruned plants of tho same ago. after being
operated on for 11 years, are not more tlian 18 feet in
height. Few evergreen plants bear cutting better than
the Yew. It is therefore capable of being fashioned
into many shapes ; but for the Grass lawn, the semi-
pyramidal shrub, and stem-pruned with a somewhat
pyramidalhead,arei)erha|tsthe mostpleasing. Of course,
where Yews are planted lor tree purposes, such branch-
pruning from an early stage is absolutely necessary.

Old or large tree-shaped specimens of Hollies are
rarely to be seen ; this arises from their being con-
sidered and treated as evergreen shrubs. Where met
with in gardens, such specimens have been early stem-
pruned from their standing near walks, as must have
been the case with tho fine old variegated tree Uollies
on the old terrace kitchen-garden at Inverleitli. Sni;h
trees generally have compact and somewhat rounded
beads, while most of the old unpruned specimens are
wide-spreading, having loose branches leaning on the
ground. Specimens of Holly intended for tree-culture
should be operated on when young in order to give
them a set for after-growth.

The Evergreen Oak is another example of an ever-
green tree rarely seen of tree growth, although
numerous specimens are annually procured and planted
for evergreen shrub purposes. Specimens of Evergreen
Oaks about -10 years of age are very abundant. Some
stem-pruned trees known to me are now 3,5 feet high,
having line-shaped tops, while the unbranched or
shrub-formed specimens of the same age average about
14 feet in height, and upwards of 10 feet in circum-
ference of branches. During the ever-memorable
winter of 18fi0-fil the deaths amongst the Evergreen
Oaks were mostly confined to the hemispherical shrubs,
probably owing to their stems and branches being
more tender from being excluded from a free circulation
of air, as it was in the bark that the Evergreen Oak
showed the first symptoms of injury. The stemmed
ones suffered comparatively little, the bark being rough
from exposure. If it should be intended to form
Evergreen Oaks into trees, stem-pruning must be early
commenced ; and few trees are more pleasing in tho
landscape than a well-balanced Evergreen Oak.

The Cork tree is also rarely seen of a large size, and
stands an ordinarily severe winter better in a tree form
than it does in the shajie of an evergreen shrub. The
Cork tree which died of old age at Belleville, Trinity,
near Edinburgh, some years ago, was about 45 feet
high, with a line branching stem 6 feet in circum-
ference. This tree must have stood many a severe
blast, and was in a dwindling condition for some years
before it died.

As a plea for stem-pruning, what would many of the
ornamental deciduous trees, such as Turkey Oaks,
Birches, Beeches, Elms, and numerous others now
growing in our reserved shrubberies, have been without
it, during the early stages of their growth? With
some stem-pruned trees of various heights the branches
frequently droop in a graceful manner to the ground.
J. M^Nab, in the " Gardener"

Home Correspondence.

Cold ill High and Low Places.— There are two com-
munications bearing on this subject in your last
Number on which I will venture a few brief remarks.
Mr. Fish objects to Sir W. Thomson classing wind
amongst protecting causes from frost, and makes some
very just observations on this head, but they are
hardly to the point ; for what Sir William meant, I
have no doubt, was simply this :— That as the loss of
heat by radiation is exces.sive only in still air, the pre-
valence of a very slight wind is sullicient to moderate
the loss of heat, and in a multitude of cases preserves the
air on the warmer side of freezing point. This is again
in part the explanation why " flowers are frosted in
hollows," and "on the summit of little hillocks escape
damage." In tho depth of the hollows sheltered from
the wind radiation proceeds unchecked, and probably
the thermometer would show a difference of 5° to 10 '.
But there is also another cause to account for this, and
this is an answer to " D. T. F.'s" inquiry ( 1073 a). In
certain spots, owing to the configuration of the ground,
the cold air, as it is formed on the heights, being heavier
than the warmer air in the hollows, slides down hill
and displaces this, which may, under favouring circum-
stances, even change places with it, and so raise the
temperature of the higher level. This may sometimes
be noticed in a degree suHioient to be quite sensible
without the aid of instruments in the evenings at
the end of summer and beginning of autumn — in
perfectly calm air. But here again appearances are
often fallacious, and the marked coolness of valleys
is often attributable to the fact of their being
meadow-land with moist soil, on which both radia-
tion and evaporation are doing their utmost to
lower tbe temperature. But this seems an invariable
rule in the operations of Nature— that when a cause
seems on the point of creating an effect that would be
intolerable, some counteracting cause interposes to
modify the conditions, and in no department of Nature
is this more noticeable than in those phenomena which

are the subject matter of meteorology. So when the
meadow has so far cooled tho air above it that it will
hold no more water, tho vapnur exhaled by it bcconios
its own protection, and stops tho further loss of heat.
Tho point I have contended for is this: that the
damage done by frost in valleys and watersides is no
measure of tho cold. Tho nature of tho soil, and its
condition at the time, /. c, with what crop it is covered,
and whether it is wet or dry, are ouestions wliich
much more regulate tho power of frost on tender
vegetation than tho alwolntn degree of cold, and upon
the whole it will bo fuund that tho presence of
moisture hasatendencytomili^iittTxtreniesorteiiipcra-
tnre; so that, however cold it may have been with the
presence of moisture, it would without it have

been still colder. J. S., Slrrntley J^icararte.

The remarks of Mr. Fish, with reference to Sir William
Thomson's observations on Plant Protectors (see
pp. 1070-1), are so full of pratitical good sense, that I
am induced to incur the charge of "scientific hore-sy,"
by asserting that Wells' "Theory of Dew" (founded
on Prevosts "Theory of E.tchanges") is not true.
I shall now merely state wdiat does take place on clear,
calm nights. It is well known that during the day the
temperature of the atmosphere diminishes as the
distance from the earth increa.ses; after the influence
ot the sun has declined, however, a change begins to
take place, especially remarkable in clear, calm
weather. The cold air from the higher regions
descends, while the warmer air ascends from the
surface of the earth. At a certain stage of this process
there is a tendency to uniformity of temperature in
ascending to some height above the surface, a fact which
Mr. Glaisher, through some of his balloon ascents, has
already made known. With a clear sky, when no
wind disturbs the process, and there are no clouds to
act as a screen, the gaseous vapour which exists in the
chilled air begins to be deposited, and the " latent
heat " given out by this condensed vapour warms the
air, in which it had descended, which in consequence
ascends, carrying its acquired heat upwards ; this con-
densed vapour will at first wet the Grass, and after
some time will appear as " dew." Thus Wells writes
(see p. C of Cassella's edition) : " I have frequently felt
Grass moist in dry weather several hours before sun-
set; on the other hand I have scarcely ever
known dew upon Grass to exhibit visible drops
before the sun was very near the horizon," &c.
This process goes on (not merely at the surface end)
even where there is no substance to receive the con-
densed vapour, and the necessary result is " an increase
of temperature in ascending."^ When we reflect that
a cubic foot of air, replete with moisture (to adopt
Wells' expression), at about 5C' Fahrenheit, and
falling in temperature to 50', must give out 1 grain of
water, the latent heat of which is suflicient to raise
the temperature of a cubic foot of air about 8°, we see
an evident rera causa for the phenomena observed ;
and the view to which I am here directing attention is
quite in harmony witli Mr. Glaisher's experience in his
nocturnal balloon ascents. Thus in the Reports of the
British Association (Nottingham, 1S6G), p. 373, you
may read as follows : — " At night, with a clear sky, the
temperature increases with increase of elevation ; at
night, with a cloudy sky, there was a small increase of
temperature as the height increased " (little dew was
found). * * * " It would seem that after radiation is
set in, the heat passes upwards .till arrested where the
air is saturated with vapour, when a heat greater by
6° was experienced after sunset than at the same eleva-
tion before sunset." The method of experimenting
adopted by Wells, viz., weighing wool exposed in a
clear calm night, although ingenious, is totally inade-
quate to detect the secrets of Nature in this instance.
The deposition of one-sixteenth of a grain of moisture
would have warmed a cubic foot of air about half a
degree ; what an amount of heat then must have been
previously given to the air by the dew deposited on the
Grass all around ! The true method of investigating
this subject is to use a series of " differential thermo-
meters " (Leslie's invention) at various heights ; both
the bulbs to be covered with calico, one wet the other
dry. It is obvious that the zero point of each instru-
ment will indicate the commencement of the process,
for there can be no cold, from evaporation, when the
air is at the dew point. Should you desire it, I shall
in a future communication prove the fallacy of Pre-
vost's theory, by the adoption of which, as true, Wells
was betrayed into advocating an erroneous theory of
dew. H. IT. a. rWe shall gladly insert your com-
munication on this subject if "condensed." Eds.]

Bulb-learinij Shoots of Caladiiim.— Can you give me
any information as to the nature of the peculiar growth
from the tuber of a seedling Caladium, which I enclose
for your inspection ? It looks like an Orobanohe in its
habit of growth, absence of leaves, &c. F. [The shoot
in question is brown and leafless, but bears numbers of
small ovate tubers or bulbils arranged in clusters. Each
bulbil is covered with numerous overlapping scales, the
latter terminating in a long tail-like point, hooked at
the extremity, so that the little bulb resembles closely
a burr. Tliis formation is the common state of Remu-
satia vivipara or Caladium viviparura, the flowers and
seeds of which are rarely produced, propagation being
effected by the little bulbs as in the case of a Tiger
Lily. Ed3.]

Vines at CJmtsmorth.—l am obliged to " W. B. B."
(see p. 1048) for his correction ; the mistake had by
some mishap found its way into my communication of
Oct. 13. Mr. Paxton was employed in the Horticul-
tural Society's Garden at Chiswick from 1833 to 1830,
and in connection with Dr. (then Mr.) Lindley, he
assisted in arranging and planting the arboretum under
the direction of Mr. Sabine and Mr. Munro. When
the late Duke of Devonshire was about to go as ambas-
sador to Russia, to be present at the coronation of the
Emperor Nicholas, he engaged Mr. Paxton to be his
gardener, and he came to Chatsworth in May, 1836,

whilst his Grace remained in Itussia, and shortly after
his arrival he began to make some of his improvements,
which wore aflorwards carri(!d out to such perfec-
tion. Sir .losejili was ever an advocate of a moderate
cxleiision .systeiii in Vine culture, fouror six rods lieing
often allowed to one root in tho houses devoted entirely
to Vines; but when light was required (or other plants
growing beneath, he kept his rods entirely to tho
raftors, allowing one spur and ono sucaxssion rod to
each rafter, in the .same manner as, after lung expe-
rience, I have recommended in my little Handbook on
fruit iMillure. Samiu-l /liremaii. 7, J'all Mall Kant.

I'/olas, Jlfaiive t^iiri'ii and liiten. — I must confess
that until the other dny I was ono of those who had
never run wild about Viola cornuta ; 1 have not seen it
go right through the suiuuicr, like any otiier truly
valuable bedding plant, lieantiful enough in tho
.spring — tolerable in the early summer— it has invaria-
bly seemed weedy or seedy in the autumn. Such was
my experience until a few days since, when a basket of
Mauve Queen arrived from Mr. Wills, ol^ Huntroydo
Park. The plants were one mass of bloom. I gatlhered
a whole vaseful of them for my employer's table, and I
have no hesitation in admitting, that if this can be
maintained in such a state of iiealth and bloom as
these plants were, throughout the summer, no plant
can be more welcome or valuable for bedding purposes.
They have brought me over to the side of the Violas al;
last, and I have divided and planted in accordance with
the instructions of Mr. AVills, and will try them by the
thousand next summer. I have also to thank Mr.
AVills for tho Viola lutea, a perfect gem of the dwarf
old-fashioned type, invaluable for a dwarf yellow bed,
or edgings. It is a bright yellow, of the most compact
habit, and seems even to flower more freely than
JIauvo Queen, which, if identical with cornuta,
as some auirm, has the great merit of flowering much
more freely than I have ever seen cornuta. JD. T. Fish.
Seedlinr; Pelargoninms. — I enclose some leaves of a
new class of Pelargoniums raised by Mr. Wills. They
are cro.sses between the Ivy-leaved varieties and the
common Zonals ; some of them also seem to have
tricolor blood in their veins, and Mr. \\\\U liojtos soon
to_ supply us with both silver and golden tricolors of
this type. They will prove invaluable for small beds,
edgings, hanging baskets, &c. Tliese new types of
Ivy-leaved varieties are also distinguished, some of
them, by great size, and all by great substance.
The accompanying bronze-leaved varieties will prove
invaluable for bedding purposes as well as for
house decoration. The colours are, however, brightest
out-of-doors, and when used for conservatory purposes
the plants should not be kept in for more than two or
three weeks at a time. Two or three sets should be
provided, so as to have one lot constantly iu the full
sunlight ready to be introduced the momeut the colours
begin to fade. I estimate the enclosed in the following
order :— Empress Eugenie, Her IMajesty, Admiration,
Perilla, Arthur H. Wills, and Princess Alice. Attrac-
tion, Jlrs. Fetch, and Diamond are also most beautiful
varieties. Therecan be no question that for distinctness
and distant effect most of tliese eclipse the best
tricolors. D. T. F. \ From what we have seen of these
varieties on various occasions, we consider Her
Majesty as the best amongst them. Empress Eugcinie
is very much larger than appears from the leaf sent,
and has always been shown coarse and cupped. Somt
of the Ivy-leaved sorts indicate a true cross ; we shall
look out with much interest for their flowers. Eds.]

Qrape Judging. — Some exhibition schedules state
that "all fruit must be ripe and fit for table." When this
condition is not expressed, it is generally understood, by
all men whoarequalified to judge, and rarely is an award
made to unripe fruit. I think also that all schedules
ought to state that "all fruit should have its natural
colour." Were this done, we should not see so often as
we do now green Muscats, red Hamburghs, &o. All
other fruits as well as Grapes should exhibit their
natural colour. If this were done, and the Grapes
properly classed, there could be no difllculty in judging
them by the four cardinal points of quality enume-
rated by Mr. Meredith (see p. y25), namely, colour and
bloom, size of berry, compactness of bunch, and size
of bunch. Those who undervalue colour as a sign of
quality, confine their objection to black Grapes; no
one, as far as I have seen, has ventured to assert that
colour in Muscats is not a sign of quality and flavour.
AVho ever saw a dish of Muscat Grapes of a fine amber
hue (their natural colour when ripe), that was sour or
unpalatable ? And if they are large in the berry
compact and large in the bunch, are they any the
worse for it? Has your correspondent " Vitis
vinifera" — who altogether ignores bloom, and who sets
down colour so low, that for all practical purposes we
must consider he all but ignores it also— ever seen
Muscats that W'ere wanting in colour, equal in quality
and flavour to Muscats that were of a fine amber hue ?
If he has, ;it is more than I have. The majority of
the Muscats which onesees at exhibitions are greenish
and unripe. Such Grapes cannot have the flavour that
fine amber-coloured Muscats have. Then surely colour
in JIuscats— and they form the bulk of white Grapes
at exhibitions— is a certain sign of flavour and quality.
And so it is of all other white Grapes— the better the
colour the better the flavour. With regard to black
varieties, I will confine mv remarks to one kind,
namely, the common Black Hamburgh. All Grapes have
a flavour peculiar to themselves. The lilack Prince,Lady
Downes' Seedling, and Barbarossa [Gros Guillaurae]
have all difl'erent flavours, which are unlike that of the
Hamburghs. I never yet saw well coloured Ham-
burgh Grapes with a fine bloom that were ripe and fit
tor table, and to which I would award a prize, that
were sour and unpalatable. It is true that at most
exhibitions there arc plenty of Hamburgh Grapes of
jet black colour and with a fine bloom, that are sour.
And why ? Because they are unripe, and not fit for
table. When only a fair crop is left on Vines in good

1098

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRlCtJLTUML GAZETTE.

[OcTOBEE 26; 1867.

condition, which receive proper attention, the Grapes
will set a jet black colour, and hare a fine fjloom weeks
before they are ripe and fit for table. Practical men
who are fit to j udge Grapes will at once distinguish
Grapes that are ripe, from those that are not, without
tasting them. I quite agree with your correspondents
that there is no necessity whatever for tasting Grapes
to know their flavour. Men who adopt that practice
are not qualified to judge Grapes, and no exhibitor of
first-class fruit would place the slightest ooufidence in
the judgment of such men. I have some considerable
e.^perience myself both as an exhibitor, and as a judge,
and I have always noticed that the worst judges were
the greatest tasters of fruit. In the standard laid down
by Vitis vinifera" (see p. 853), he gives flavour,
6 marks ; guality of flesh, fineness of texture, 2 ;
colour, 2 ; size of bunch, 1 ; shape of bunch, 1 ; iu all
13 marks. Beally this is very fanciful. It may theo-
retically look well, but let us apply it practically and
see how it will work. Let us suppose that " Vitis" and
another person are appointed judges at one of our
great exhibitions, where Grapes are shown in quan-
tity. Every exhibitor when leaving Eome has
some idea that his Grapes will obtain a prize.
As " Vitis " ignores bloom as altogether useless, and
only gives two marks for colour, he cannot tell by any
other test except tasting what the flavour, the quality
of flesh, and the fineness of texture of all these dishes of
Grapesare— byno means an easy task if a right judgment
is to be arrived at, notwithstanding " Vitis' " sweeping
assertion (see p. 919) " that it is doubtful if a hundred
dishes have ever competed together ; and if they had,
the tasting test would speedily reduce them to half a
dozen, and among them the sensitive palate would be
quite as likely to detect flavour as the discursive eye
to assess the relative value of endless shades of varying
colours." "With .all due deference to " Vitis vinifera,"
I do not think the tasting test would " so speedily
reduce them to half a dozen," if there be an honest
desire to arrive at a just judgment. The common
standard of colour, bloom, &o., would, however,
speedily reduce them to half a dozen. Then, suppose
Grapes possessing flavour, and wanting colour, are
awarded the prize, every other exhibitor will feel
himself wronged, for most people think their own
production the best. Has Vitis" never heard
disappointed exhibitors say, " My Grapes are the best
in the Show, the bunches are large, the berries fine,
and the flavour first-rate, but colour is rather
deficient"? I have oftentimes heard such remarks,
and should " Vitis' " fancy standard be acted on it
would lead to general dissatisfaction ; indeed, I don't
know anything more likely to injure fruit exhibitions
than his standard. When Grapes are judged by the
common standard of colour, bloom, size of berry, com-
pactness and size of buncli, properly qualified judges
will in a few minutes reduce the number to three or
four dishes, and they will in an equally short time
decide which is the best dish, and such decisions

fenerally give perfect satisfaction to all exhibitors.
!ut we are told that Grapes are grown to be eaten.
"What a wonderful discovery ! I presume every genera-
tion of mon which has preceded us, back to the days of
Adam, were as well aware of that as we are. Besides
being grown to be eaten. Grapes are also grown to be
made_ into wine ; and I would strongly recommend
" Vitis vinifera " to convert his badly coloured Grapes
into that beverage, and not attempt to set up a standard
by which he may get a prize for such evidences of bad
management. Flowers are placed on the dinner table
for ornament, and not to be eaten ; and Grapes, though
placed on the dinner table to be eaten, are also put
there to adorn it, and when fine and large with well
coloured berries they are sure to be admired. There
are few who would not prefer to see placed on the
dinner table, a dish of Muscats of a fine amber colour,
with large berries, in preference to a dish of wizened
Frontignans. I consider Mr. Forsyth's test (see p. 902)
to be a very good one, viz., " that the value of a thing
is just as much as it will bring." It is the best samples
of grain that realise the highest prices in Mark Lane,
and so it is the best fruit of all kinds that fetch the
highest price in Covent Garden. The Grapes that are
bought in the market just named, find their way to the
tables of the wealthy, who prefer to pay a high price
for finely coloured fruit, to having it badly coloured at a
low price. And they are right, notwithstanding the
remarks of " Vitis vinifera." There are plenty of badly
coloured Grapes grown, without setting up a standard
for them at exhibitions. Let a house of Vines bear an
excessively heavy crop— no care or attention will colour
and finish it oil properly. Let the same Vine carry a
fair crop, and the Grapes will then be everything that
is required as regards colour, bloom, and flavour, and
though probably not half the weight of the heavy
crop, will be worth more money in the market.
Besides, the Vines will be in a condition to bear fine
Grapes another season, which would not be the case
after bearing an excessively heavy crop. Surely your
correspondent "Vitis vinifera" must know that the
Syrian and White Nice are not what ho calls
"gardeners' Grapes," nor are they "exhibitors' Grapes,"
for no two kinds are less grown or seldomer exhibited
than these two varieties. If your correspondent
knows anything about gardeners or Grape-growing, he
must know that if there be any Grapes that can be
called gardeners' Grapes or exhibitors' Grapes, the
Muscat of Alexandria and the common Black
Hamburgh are the sorts, for they are grown by
gardeners iu general, and most generally exhibited;
and to take them for all in all, for general purposes
I do not know two better kinds. I repeat this, that

Grapes that have their natural colour and bloom will
also have flavour, if they are ripe and fit for table.

This is not disputed in the case of Muscats and other
white Grapes. It is only black varieties that are said
to be wanting in flavour. And why ? Because jet black
Grapes with a fine bloom are very often brought to exhi-

bition in an unripe state, and quite unfit for eating. M.

Said, Slourtoii, TorHshire. -Allow me to congratulate

you, Messrs. Editors, on your putting the Grape
judging question (see p. 1031) on its proper footing.
There is not the shadow of a doubt that all Ked Ham-
burghs, or badly coloured Grapes of any kind, are not
examples of good culture, and ought not to get awards
in preference to well coloured Grapes of the same
varieties, if even not quite ripe, lied Hamburghs,
when quite ripe, are very saccharine, but they lack the
rich vinous flavour of deep black coloured Hamburghs.
The Black Bamascus, when well grown and ripened,
has the richest and most highly vinous aroma of all
black Grapes, and never comes badly coloured, like
Hamburghs. As regards white Grapes, of any kind,
there can he no diflioulty, for the colour will always tell
those which are the best flavoured. Your correspondent
"A. P. W." (see p. 1031) has likewise made some
sensible remarks, and from the plentitude of his know-
ledge on Grape growing and judging, he has doubtless
in his own opinion settled the matter. As it is, Mr.
Meredith must keep the fear of these grand
bunches of Muscat Hamburghs before his eyes, in case
they might appear at some of the forthcoming exhibi-
tions against his own. Thoth.

Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums. — I think every one
»vas both surprised and pleased who had the pleasure
of seeing the late exhibition of Variegated Zonal
Pelargoniums at South Kensington. The efl'ect, when
a large number of these plants is brought together, is
ciuite charming; but I am anxious to know what the
interested parties who propose reuevviug the display
another season, are going to do for us flower-gardeners.
There is upon the whole, as yet, very little variety. All
those exhibited had been grown under protection, and
no test or prize was ofiered for trying their effectiveness
in my department. So fully am I convinced of this
being necessary, that I venture to say, that after a trial
outside, one half of the varieties exhibited would not
be heard of again. There is too great an amount of
high breeding in one class, and too little in the other.
The white and yellow circle surrounding some of the
most beautiful leaves, would pale before a hot sun, after
a shower, and the bronze and yeUow would become
black and green from luxuriant growth. I should
therefore be pleased to hear of something being
arranged in order to settle the question for us, and
help us to get sorts outside that would be as effective
as they now are when exhibited in pots. Even Mrs.
Pollock through the past season has not put on a garb
suitable for the dress circle, black and green predomi-
nating over the brighter colours. There is a great deal
to be doue yet before we shall get much decided assist-
ance from this class of plants ; but the sooner it is tried
the better, and the more likely are we to succeed. A
Mower Gardener.

Nuneham Park Onion (p. 1073). — I see that one of
your correspondents had a packet of this Onion seed,
also White Spanish, and the result has been very
different from what he expected. It would be of little
use for me to defend my Onion while you hold the
opinion you do, but if you or your correspondent will
call at Nuneham I think I may safely say that you will
go away with a changed opinion from that which you
now hold about the Onion iu question. James Stemarf,
Nuneham Park Gardens. [We judge from those
samples that have come under our own eyes. Eds.]

Pinning Dahlia' Blooms. — I really cannot exactly
agree with your correspondent " M. P.'' (see p. 1019)
as to the magnitude of the ofience of pinning Dahlia
bloom.s, neither caul see any "deceit "or "dishonesty"
in the matter, as the blooms were no doubt " bond fide"
when the exhibitor left home, and what " M. P." means
by " basket" blooms I cannot imagine. I can only say
that if your correspondent w.as going to a show, and
intended to put up two stands of 21 blooms, and his
Dahlia box only held 50 blooms, he would be terribly
annoyed on his arrival at the sliow to find, perhaps,
half his best blooms with the guard petals all falling
out. Now what would "M. P." do ? Why he would do
as I u.sed to do 30 years ago, "pin them;" but he
should do it so that even the cannie Scotchmen who
judged your unfortunate correspondent's flowers (see
p. 976), would not discover it. I never looked upon
the practice in the light of either "deceit" of "dis-
honesty," as the artifice could not be observed,
nor were the blooms in any way disfimred by
the process adopted, which was as follows : — I
procured the finest hair wire, cut ifc in lengths, and
doubled it in the shape of a lady's hair-pin. I could
generally get wire to match the colours of the flowers :
line pin wire for white or light blooms, brass wire for
yellow, and so on. But Dahlia growers have very
great advantages now compared with what we had
30 years ago : they may now cut their blooms the samo
morning, and go 50 miles or more to the show, and
arrive in good time ; whereas in my time, to get to the
Surrey Gardens or Salthill Shows, both famous Dahlia
exhibition places at that time, we had to cut the
blooms the morning before the Show, and then travel
all night on the outside of a coach, and the blooms got
terribly shaken. At those Shows there was something
to see, probably 20 stands of 50 or 43 blooms, and 30 of
21 blooms ; the judges had something to do compared
with what they have got now, as it has been a rare
thing to see even a dozen stands of 21 blooms at some
of the best shows which I have attended this season.
J. K., Wilts.

Grapes Cracking. — ^We have got a Vine of Josling's
St. Alban's (Chasselas Musque) and one of the White
Tokay, but they are both cracked very badly. Can
you tell me the reason ? I should be glad to do
anything to prevent it for the future. Wiltshire.
[Chasselas Musque, the variety you mention, is always
liable to crack. It is, perhaps, the richest-flavoured
Grape iu cultivation, and were it not for this fault,
which it seems impossible entirely to overcome, it
would be much more extensively cultivated than it is.

Cracking is caused through an excess of fluid — a
swelling of the flesh, as it were, without a correspond-
ing relaxation of the skin. In the case of Gooseberries
and Plums this may be particularly noticed after a
sudden deluge of rain, by which the whole crop
is frequently destroyed. The cause of cracking being
therefore excess of moisture, the remedy suggests
itself: keep the roots and atmosphere of the house
drier, and perhaps a little warmer than you have been
doing. The taking of a rather heavy crop has also
been found to reduce the proportion of ci'acked berries
considerably. When this variety is cultivated in pots
it seldom cracks, the plants in pots being generally
heavily cropped, and the roots drier than can well be
the condition of those of planted-out Vines. With
respect to the White Tokay, the case is different;
there is no natural liability to crack in that variety ;
its having done so must therefore be owing to too
much moisture received in some way or other when
the fruit was ripening. B.'\

roH!a/os.— The following notes, taken at a later date,
supply some additional particulars to those printed at
p. 903. The Large Red Italian, of Barr & Sugden, or
Orangefield,of Williams, the earliest of the large-fruited
sorts, is very dwarf and prolific, the fruits very large,,
broad, red, and deeply corrugated, or ribbed ; an
excellent variety, and one of the best in the collections.
Keijes' Harlt/ Prolifie, of Carter, is a tall-growing
variety, with the divisions of the leaves larger and fewer
iu number, and also of a lighter colour than iu the
other sorts; the fruit medium-sized, roundish, pale
red, but slightly corrugated, somewhat later than the
Oraugefield, but very productive, and altogether a
first-class variety The Grosse rouge hi'ttive, of Vil-
morin, is later than the Oraugefield. The fruits are
large, broad, corrugated, red; it is very prolific, and
vigorous; the leaves pale green. The Great Mammoth^
of Barr & Sugden, or Large Red, of Thorburn, has
smaller and more finely-cut leaves, with the fruits very
similar to those of Grosse rouge hative. The Large
Red, of Veitch, is synonymous with Powell's
Prolific. The fruits are medium-sized, roundish, and
slightly corrugated, and the plants very prolific.
The Nem Giant, of Barr & Sugden, is a very large and
coarse late variety, the fruits red, very deeply corru-
gated, and irregular; the plant robust, and not very
prolific. The Tilden, of Thorburn, or Red Valencia
Cluster, is a strong growing variety, which appears to
be very highly esteemed in America. The fruits are
large, full, roundish, slightly corrugated near to the
stalk only, of a deep red colour, and the leaves are deep
green ; it is rather late, and not so prolific as others,
but very excellent. The Fiji Island, or Lester's
Perfected, of Thorburn, is very similar in all its
characters to the Tilden, excepting that its fruits aro
of a decided crimson, quite a distinct colour among
Tomatos. The fruits are large and very fine, both of
this and of the preceding variet.v. A. F. B.

Late Peas. — I am now gathering from Veitch's Per-
fection nearly every day. They are still as green as in
Jnne, and full of flower. I shall continue gathering
from them until the frost stops me. I consider
Veitch's Perfection to be one of the best of our late Peas.
S. Hepburn, Scaresbrlck Halt Gardens, Onnskirk.

Swifts. — Your correspondent " J. K.," in his com-
munication dated the 15th iust. (see p. 1074), says,
" Swifts are flying high in the air." I think this is a
mistake. Swifts, with the exception of a straggler or
two, always leave this country about the middle of
August. Three or four pairs auniially nest under the
roof of my house, and although the weather was very
hot at the time, they all left on the night of the 12th of
August. Several other pairs breed in different parts of
the tonm, but I have not seen a single individual since
the above-mentioned date. A few swallows .and martins
still remain. Hennj Doubledaij, Fpping, October 31.

Fruit Growing in Jerseij.—t forward you a bunch of
the Gros Colman Grape grown here, mentioned at
p. 971. It is, I think, a good late Grape, ami always
commands attention on account of its large berries,
but the flavour is inferior to that of the Black Ham-
burgh. I also forward a Beurre Clairgeau Pear. Fif-
teen of these Pears grew this season on one small tree,
and together weighed 21:^ lb. James Pond, The
Vineries, Jersey. [A handsome-looking Grape for those
wdio prefer size to flavour. One of the berries measured
nearly 4 inches in circumference. The Pear was a
splendid specimen, weighing 1 lb. 13 oz. Eds.]

The Thompson Testimonial. — " Honour to whom
honour is due," has passed into a proverb. It is
especially applicable to this case. AVithin the whole
range of practical horticulture it would be difficult to
point to a man more worthy of honour, alike for what
he is, for what he has done, and his mode of doing it,
than Mr. Robert Thompson. Honour should also be
rendered by those from whom it is due. Mr. Thompson,
above most others, is the man whom gardenex's should
delight to honoui". He is one of ourselves ; he ha^
worked with and for us; he has extended our know-
ledge, lightened our labours, and rendered our success
more easy and certain. His writings have instructed
us ah ; the example of his bu.sy life has stimulated
many, and enabled not a ^Qyi to achieve their
present measure of success. His life appears to have
been more of a seed-time for others than a reaping
time for himself He has filled us all more or less with
his good things, and we must not send this testimonial
empty away. The least we can do is to acknowledge
our obligations iu kind words, and, now we have the
privilege, in loving gifts, however small. To do less
than this will reflect upon om-selves. and more is not
needed. I feel as if severely reproving my class by
urging such an obvious pleasure upon them. Unless
we can rise spontaneously to the cheerful discharge of
such duties, there is something radically wrong with
either our hearts or heads, or both. While mani-
festing such utter indifference to the just
claims of each other, it is hopeless to expect

October 26, I8fi7.]

tm rrAT?T)ENET^fi' CTTRONTnT,?, ANT) ArTl?Tnm,TTTT)Ar, OAZETTM

1099

that the great public will trouble itself one iota
whether we rise or fall. The evils of trades' unions
are just now in the mouth of every ono, from the
Premier downwards, but I have often resrotted tliiit
gardeners, while shunnin;; the faults of such societies,
should not be able to pick out and use foi' their own
credit and advantase some of their virtues. The
esprit dii corps en^^endered by such in.stitutions would
carry a testimonial like this triumphantly throns;h
without the least trouble. Our utter isolation has
always been our weakness— often threatened our ruin.
It is the author of our poverty, and the shadow on nur
escutcheon. In ca.ses like this the only mode that
would he likely to overcome the inertia induced by
our isolation is by a personal application to each
individual through a central or local committee. I am
not aware whether this course has already been taken.
If not, I do not yet despair of a creditable sum bein},'
raised. My experience in connection with the izuiiran-
tee and special prize funds at our sreal show in ,1 nly,
destroyed my faith in general appeals. Aillniiifjli these
proposals were kept prominently before the public for
months, in no sin{;le instance was money either
promised or given wiUiont a special, direct, personal,
application. Gardeners especially seemed to expect
this. It was not a little provoking, although amusing,
to receive in several instances letters from them, after
subscriptions for gardeners' cups had been solicited
for weeks through the press, complaining that they had
not been a.sked to subscribe ! And then a letter had
to go, humbly soliciting a subscription, and a second to
acknowledge the same. Of course this mode is trouble-
some and expensive; but at least 10 per cent, of such
applications would bring money, and our credit
might in this way be preserved, and the object

?ained. This was the course adopted at the great
nternational Show, and the recent success of Sir
Robert Peel's personal application on behalf of the
Gardeners' Benevolent Institution is a further proof
of its adaptability to gardeners, and of its success
in overcoming the difficulties incident to their
isolation. It might be worth trying on this occasion.
It is important that what is done should be done
(luickly. Time hastens, and our friend has grown grey
in our service. And I know not, to use the words of
Bulwer Lytton, why we should delay our tokens of
respect to those who deserve them until the hearts
that our sympathy could have gladdened, have ceased to
beat. As men cannot read the epitaiihs inscribed upon
the marble that covers them, so the tombs that we
erect to virtue often only prove our repentance, that
we neglected it when with us. Nothing like this must
happen in this instance. Large sums are not needed
Dor expected from gardeners. The promptitude of the
gift, and the measure of grateful love accompanying
it, will render it doubly precious. Let each, therefore,
hasten to subscribe at once, and send with each sum
words of so sweet breath composed as will make it seem
more rich. In th>>s honouring Mr. Thompson we can
but honour ourselves, and speedily accomplish a good
and praiseworthy object. D. T. Fish, F.S.H.S.

TRADE MEMORANDUM.

"C\TJTTON," who lives in the neighiiourhood of
Strood, Kent, wishes to warn his fellow nurserymen
against a person representing himself to be a traveller
for a large nursery establishment, and who, it seems,
has neglected to pay for goods supplied to him as well
as to leave his present address, as he is no longer to be
found at his former abode at Kensington.

Ceocuses.— Having grown the Crocus extensively
for 20 years or more, and having tried a great many of
Its species and varieties, I am disposed to make a'few
observations on the article by " Quo " (see p. 1050). I
have never seen an autumn flowering yellow Crocus,
but of spring ones I have had C. susianus, which is the
earliest, and the petals of which open very wide and
recurve ; C. stellaris, which is a much handsomer kind
and early ; C. sulphurous, a small plain yellow, and of
which there are several varieties, one nearly white ; and
C.concolor, a cream coloured kind, rather largerthau the
varieties of C. sulphurous, but with the peculiar root of
the yellows. For associating in garden decoration with
the blues and whites, the large yellow is decidedly
the best, for although C. stellaris is a very handsome
kind it comes out too soon, but the time of flowering of
the yellow is much more affected by climate than the
blues aud whites ; it comes into flower here with the
later varieties of these, but in warmer situations is con-
siderably before them; from this I should judge it was
a native of a warmer climate than C. vernus, which I
suppose is the same as is found on the Swiss mountains,
flowering close up to the snow. Some of the varieties of
C. versicolor are very beautiful, but they here require
more care than C. vernus, and, if not removed, dwindle
away and die out, and they also often lose the fine dark
pencilling on their outside. This dwindling away is also
the case with sulphureus and its varieties. I have
found one year's trial too short to judge of the
qualities of the varieties of C. vernus, aud deter-
mine their relative merits; in addition to shape
and substance, as well as size, there is a fault
often found in the purples by the more or
less frequency of discoloured patches, which quite
spoils the flower. David Uizzio is, with me. very
subject to this, so much so as not to be worth a place;
in some varieties the flowers will come crumpled to a
great extent, and these are not worth keeping.
Another defect is that of the leaves appearing above
the flowers too soon after they have expanded, and
this is the most objectionable with lij^tit varieties.
Mrs. Beecher Stowe is subject to this delect, which is
perhaps chiefly oooasiomed fey the flower-stalks not

being long enough ; otherwise it is as fine a white as
any with which T am acquainted. I find Abydos the
most efl'ective. though not a pui'e white, having a few
stripes inside, but it stands well up, flowers
freely, and lasts well. 1 have not had all
the kinds n.amcd, or at least under the names
mentioned, and some which I have had, do
not agree with " Quo's " characters. My Argus is a
small Mower, and appears to be the same as the old
leucorhynehus or Pheasant's Feather, being grey
outside, with a white tip, and dark triangular blotch
below it. Albion was very different, and had narrow
lietals, so I discarded it, and Prince Albert or Prince of
Wales arc very inferior to ono I got under the name of
Miracle, which is the finest-shaped purple I know,
and very large, flowering freely, and generally clear of
blotches, and but seldom crumpled. I set them
within 3 or .3 inches of the Box on my beds, each bed
having the same variety all round, and find they will
flower well in such a position for fixe or six years, and
are not so liable to be dug up as in other situations ; I
prefer setting them nearly six inches deep, and they are
thus in less danger of being eaten by mice. Wni,
Bactchouse, Walsingham, hi/ I)arlin(/ton.

^f)c ^pfarp.

LECTtTKE ON "TilE IIoNEY Bee."— On Wednesday
evening, October Ifi, S. B. Fox, Esq., of this city
(Exeter), delivered a highly interesting lecture on
" The Honey Bee " to tho members of the Literary
Society. Mr. Fox's lecture was illustrated by upwards
of 20 beautifully executed diagrams, some of which
were drawn by Mr. G. Townsend, artist. A picture of
bee flowers was beautifully executed. The habits of
the bee were dilated upon at considerable length, and
there was an exhibition in the lecture room of hives
and boxes, an observatory hive with its inmates, and
numerous specimens of filled glass supers, together
with other matters relating to bee economy. We have
not space to give a lengthened report of this excellent
lecture. Notwithstanding the stormy weather the
audience was very numerous, and at the conclusion a
hearty vote of thanks was given to I\Ic. Fox for his
excellent, able, and instructive lecture. — From the
Western Times.

The observatory hive alluded to above was designed
by Mr. Fox, and made purposely for exhibition at this
lecture. It is constructed to take six of the bars which
fit the frames of his ordinary boxes. The length is
about 41 inches by 17 inches in depth, inside measure.
It takes six combs in two rows of throe each, made to
fit so closely together as to appear, when in position,
almost as one comb. The hive is fitted with two glass
side.s, each formedof one sheet of glass, and wooden outer
shutters. The i^rocess of stocking the hives with combs
and bees from a frame hive, not in any way previously
prepared for the purpose, occupied less than 20 min utcs,
no attempt at hurrying the operation being made.
This was done a few days previously to the lecture, the
bees having had time to secure the combs and repair
damages.

During the evening of the exhibition, the bees,
though exposed to a strong artificial light, were toler-
ably quiet and composed ; the queen, a handsome
hybrid Ligurian, showing otf to great advantage. The
bees and combs can, when desired, be transferred back
to their proper quarters and intended winter residence
in the space of .about five minutes. The hive is equally
well adapted for being tenanted with a new swarm, as
with combs from an established stock.

Among the diagrams exhibited there were diagrams
of comb with a group of royal cells ; a picture of a
nest of the common humble bee (Bombus terrestris),
and the ovarium of the queen bee; all exquisitely
painted. Many of the other diagrams were also worthy
of lengthened inspection.

Mr. Fox demonstrated the mode of management
peculiar to the improved frame-hives, and the various
ways of carrying out the principle of artificial swarm-
ing. Reporter.

Garden Memoranda.

Shrttbland Paek, the fine seat of Rear-Admiral
Sir George N. Broke Middleton, Bart., C.B., &o., is
situated in the po,rish of Barbaiu, in SuflTolk, about five
miles from Ipswich. It is readily reached from Ipswich
by the Norwich Road, or from either the Needham
Market or Claydon Stations on the Great Eastern
Railway. The mansion is a fine specimen of the
Italian style, and was greatly extended and improved
some 16 years ago by Sir Charles Barry. Its position is
most commanding, and its beauty and grandeur are
familiar to all travellers on the Great Eastern Railway
or the roads between Ipswich and Norwich and Bury
St. Edmund's. The house occupies a bold eminence
on the southern side of an extensive richly wooded
deer park, and overlooks the rich fertile valley of the
river Gipping. This small river expands into the
Orwell at Ipswich, to which town it is thought to have
given its name (often spelt Gipswich in the olden
time). It then assumes the character of a broad
navigable river, rolling past some of the loveliest
scenery in England, includmg the fine seats of AYolver-
stone, Orwell Park, and Broke Hall— the last the old
family seat of the Broke family, now owned by the
proprietor of Shrubland— until, finally, it discharges its
waters into the German Ocean at Harwich.

Shrubland is approached in three direotions, and the
lodges, which are of the highest excellence, sustain the
dignity^ and grandeur which the house and the
tower in the wood, with its flag fluttering in the
breeze, never fail to inspire. The Ipswich ean'iage-
road IS about three-quarters of a mile long, the
Coddingham 1 mile, and the Norwich or Needham
Market Ij mile. The latter is the one chosen by the
late Prince Consort on his vist to the late Sir Wm.

and Lady Middleton at Shrubland, and as it ia the
plea.santest and (he longest it will bo the ono chosen on
this occa.sion. It sweeps along, by tho easiest possible
gradients, through a most interesting wood of Oak,
Beech, Spruce, Scotch Firs, &c., while hero and there,
and almost everywhere, choice siieciinen Conifers look
out and u]) in cosy places. Among these were noticed
Abies Morinda, Picea Pinsapo, aiidPiiius macrocarfia.
Part of this fine wood is planted in the mixed stvie;
other portions of it are grouiied. Masses of Scotch Firs,
planted on bold moumls, have a. fine effect. Hut tlio
grandest trees seen hero were a gi'uu|) of extraordinary
line black Spruce, sablo-toned, arboreal monarchs, that
have few, if any, equals. At times the trees, as in the
case of these Spruces ap|iroach dose to the road ; in
other places they recede several yards ; but along almost
the entire distance a broad fringe of more or less depth,
varying from a few feet to a hundred or more, of flower-
ing trees and shrubs, lightens up and dresses tho
carriage way. These consist of Lilacs, Laburnums,
Hypericums, Thorns, &c. Box, Yews, Laurels, and
other sbrulis, are also largely introduced for summer
variety and winter clothing. Here also acres of tho
common Brake rear their grand fronds from under-
neath, or even climb far up among the branches of the
o'ershadowing trees. Few combinations could bo more
effective than heavy ranks of sturdy, gaunt, bare stems
of aged Scotch F'irs, upspringing from tho feathery
fretwork of this magniHcent Fern- a fine example of
strength supported by elegance. Proceeding onwards,
the road sweeps and undulates, revealing lovely glades
and tempting dells on either side until the extremity
of the wood and tho highest ground are reached
together. Just here a wide clearance on the right
reveals Shrubland, standing boldly out among its rich
embroidery of living green. The house is supported
on the garden side by a fine hanging wood enriched
with masses of shrubs. At the base of this wood a
broad green glade sweeps along the entire length of the
gardens, and crosses part of the park, climbing up a
series of about 20 steps to this point of the carriage road.
These wide massive steps are embellished with vases,
and are evideutly erected for effect from the gacdeus.
On each side of the glade a row of Arbor-vita; is
planted, and in the centre a fountain is seen, near its
point of entrance to the gardens. On the right-hand
side of this glade glimpses of the g.ardens and pleasure-
grounds peep forth. Tiie stand-point here is about tie
same level as the house, which is probably about half a
mile distant. A valley lies between ; therefore the site
of the main gardens, with all their varied features of
interest, is looked down upon. Only cnougli of them
is seen, however, to excite au intense desire for a closrr
inspection, and to create an impression of quiet
grandeur and comprehensive magnificence. Tho first
peep, then, has answered its purpose, and we hurry
through the gate into the park. The ground here is
more uneven, some splendid views of tho surrounding
vale are opened up, the home farm and dairy are
noticed on the left, the groups of large Thorns, boles
of splendid Oa.ks, and extraordinary masses of Sweet
Chestnut are noted and admired, and the house itself
stands before us. Before entering the gardens, one
word about the carriage road. The road makes no break
at the house, hut passes in a straight line, and becomes
the Ipswich carriage road as soon as it has passed. A
large sweep of gravel reaches from the front door on to
the road. The Coddingham road joins the Norwich
one on the left before the house is reached, and the
stable road diverges from it opposite the house. It
will readily be seen that Shrubland is thus approached
from the side — a simple, convenient arrangement,
without any attempt at efl'ect, although the carriage
front is distinguished by beauty and grandeur. The
stables abut on to the kitchen gardens, a few hundred
yards from the house, and are skilfully planted out from
both house and gardens.

Having arrived at Shrubland with the view of
describing it to your readers, one feels the difliculty
of doing it full justice. It is so extensive, so justly
famous, possessing so much semi-olassical horticultural
interest, through its late proprietors, and their great
gardener, the late Donald Beaton, that one seems over-
awed by the genius of the dead, while endeavouring to
pour the full flood of descriptive and delineative light
on the living present. ShrubLand may be described as
the embodiment of the artistic life of the late Sir
William and Lady Middleton. Gardening with them
was not simply a pastime, but a passion, and every
extension of beauty was simply the soUdifieatioa of a
new passion or taste into concrete form. They were
poets, and wrote their verses in a mosaic of flowers on
these grounds. They were great artists, and they
painted on the broad canvas of nature, and left as their
legacy to posterity that masterpiece of their genius —
Shrubland.

Though, I believe, no landscape g,ardener was ever
employed here, yet in the formation of the garden the
designing skill of the proprietors was ably seconded
by the skilful executive hands of a number of most
able practical gardeners. Mr. Beaton, I iielieve. suc-
ceeded Mr. Smith, the raiser of Smith's or Shrubland
Scarlet Pelargonium. It is impossible to say how much
the gardens were indebted to Mr. Beaton. He ex]iended
upon them his full strength, through the bestyears of his
life, and made the pkce and himself au honoured name
throughout the kingdom. .Soon after, or about the time
of his retirement. Sir Chas. Barry was called in to design
improvements in the house — and with hiin originated
the chief architectural embellishments of the gardens.
Mr. Davidson, Mr. Beaton's successor, carried through
the work of forming several distinct new flower
gardens, with great ability. He was succeeded by Mes,sr8.
Foggo and Taylor. On the death of the latter, Mi*.
Blair succeeded to the command at Shrubland, and it
is highest praise to say that he has not only maintained
but extended its j list reputation. The best way to see any
large garden with pleasui'e or profit is to walli tlirouga

1100

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRlCULTtJRAL GAZETTE

[OOTOBEE 26, 1867.

it at least twice; first, to note its seneral features, and
then to admire its particular excellencies. Shrubland
will be best treated in this dual fashion. F.

{To be coniimtcd.)

Miscellaneous.

Australian Chini IVees.— The marvellous height of
some of the Australian, and especially Victorian,
trees has become the suhject of closer investigation,
since of late, particularly through the miners' tracks,
easier access has been gained to the back gullies of
our mountain system. Some astouuding data, sup-
ported by actual measurements, are now on record.
The highest tree previously known was a Kauri-
Euoalvptus (Eucalyptus colossea), measured by Mr.
Pemb'erton Walcott, in one of the delightful glens of
the Warren Eiver of Western Australia, where it rises
to approximately 400 feet high. In the hollow trunk
of this kauri, three riders, with an additional pack-
horse, could enter and turn in it without dismounting.
On the desire of the writer of these pages, Mr. 1).
Boyle measured a fallen tree of Eucalyptus amygda-
lina in the deep recesses of Dandenong, and obtained
for it the length of 420 feet, with proportions of width
iodicated in a design of monumental structure placed
in the exhibition : while Mr. G. Klem took the
measurement of a Eucalyptus on the Black Spur,
10 miles distant from Healesville, 430 feet high. Mr.
B. B. Heyne obtained at Dandenong as measurement of
heights of a tree of Eucalyptus amygdalina— Length of
stem from the base to the first branch, 205 feet;
diameter of the stem at the first branch, 4 feet ; length
of stem from first branch to where its top portion was
broken off, 70 feet ; diameter of the stem where broken
off, 3 feet ; total length of stem up to place of fracture,
365 feat ; girth of stem 3 feet from the surface, 41 feet.
A still thicker tree measured, 3 feet from the base, 63
feet in circumference. Mr. George W. Bobinson ascer-
tained, in the back ranges of Berwick, the circum-
ference of a tree of Eucalyptus amygdalina to be 81 feet,
at a distance of 4 feet from the ground, and supposes
this Bucalypt towards the sources of the Yarra and
Latrobe Rivers to attain a height of half-a-thousand
feot. The same gentleman found Fagus Cunningham!
to gain a height of 200 feet, and a circumference of 23
feet. Nor is it at all likely that in these isolated
inquiries chance has led to the really highest trees,
which the most secluded and least accessible spots may
still conceal. Professor Mueller in " Seemann's Journal
of Boiamj."

Garden Operations.

(jpbr tlie ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Orcliid-hoitses generally, no matter what the heat
maintained within individual compartments may be,
must, if future success is to be anticipated, have the
temperature reduced to a proper winter range forth-
with. The maximum degree of heat for some time
to come should not in any case, with a suitable dry
atmosphere, exceed 65°, and must be reached by a
temperate and a properly studied downward gradation.
Of course, whilst an excess of moisture remains within
the house, whether as regards the balls of the plants
or otherwise, a relatively high temperature must be
continued, to insure a free and healthy evaporation.
Those requiringtheleastamountof heat shouldhave the
lower extreme seldom below 55'. But with this a
studied dry temperature must be maintained, with
air in moderation upon all favourable occasions.
Plants of other kinds that are approaching a flowering
state, must in consequence receive that amount of
attention of which they are so deserving. Among
these may be classed the useful, but much neglected,
old Gesnera longijlora, Sussell/a jttncea, tlie many
beautiful varieties oiMpiphyllum truncatum, Amanjllis
aulica (which will be flowering freely at this time),
formosissima (Sprelrelia), &c., together with a host of
others, which space will not allow me to enumerate.
Nor must the Forcing-pit be overlooked. The first
requirement here is a thorough good cleansing of its
every part, whitewashing, paint scrubbing, and if no
hot water tank exists, filling with proper fermenting
materials any sunken pit which it may contain. Be
particular thus early to insure the best possible system
of ventilation, compatible with the form of the
structure ; as a free supply of air, efficiently difl'used
throughout the house, is one of the chief points
in successful forcing. I will assume, upon the
strength of past suggestions, that the necessary
Bulbs are to hand, potted, and placed under cinder
ashes, cocoa-nut refuse, or the like. The only real
attention which they will now need, therefore, will be
in reference to the amount of moisture which they
have received by means of superficial rains draining
down_ upon them. Examine one or two of the pots
containing these occasionally, therefore, and should
they appear likely to become too much soddened, or,
indeed, too wet to insnre healthy rooting, some loose
coveringmust be placed oyer them forthwith, removing
it upon any dry days which ensue, in order to aid in
drying them as quickly as possible.

FOECING HOUSES.
Do not exceed a day temperature of from 56' to 60',
with at night an average one of 51° in late Vineries.
Start a little warmth in the heating apparatus early in
the morning, which should be allowed to subside
wholly by one o'clock in the afternoon. Pot vines
about being started for the purposes of forcing must
receive every assistance possible, in order to enable
them, with the limited amount of root room at com-
raand, to fruit well. Much assistance might therefore
be afl'orded them, if proper means be found, to give the
pots, and hence the roots, a maximum of from 80° to
85° of bottom heat. Nothing is better for this purpose

than sweetly fermented materials, whether in part, or
as a whole. Plunged in such a heat the roots have a
good chance of starting before any great demand exists
above, and hence they are better prepared to bring the
whole to a successful issue. Syringe the canes fre-
quentlj', but do not allow the temperature to exceed—
excepting through the direct influence of sun heat
—an average of 57' for some little time to come.
As regards Pineries, with a reduced temperature,
somewhat in conformity with the amount of sun-
light which we possess, see that too much mois-
ture does not exist in the atmosphere with any,
and especially young, successions. Use the
syringe only occasionally, and then early in the day,
but merely when it is anticipated that suflicient
warmth will be afforded by the sun to cause a thorough
evaporation of all the moisture thus expended. Pine
pits, heated principally by external linings, should now
have a covering of mats placed on at nightfall, removing
them at daybreak the following morning. A little air
should be given at the back, or upper parts of a few
lights upon all proper occasions, and especially when
the lights are thus matted over. And here I may refer
to a matter of some importance, which perhaps concerns
]?ine pits more than other form of glass structure,
and that is, the question of " fresh air." Modern
houses in which large squares of glass are used, are far
more air-tight than old many-squared forms could be ;
therefore it must he conceded that they need a greater
supply of air, in a general way, than old-fashioned glass
houses, a fact worth attention. Place all fruiting plants
intended for early forcing under some sort of shelter
from superficial rains forthwith — drying the soil con-
tained in the ball being an absolute necessity, if the
roots are to start freely when the plant is presently
introduced into a warmer temperature.
HiRDT FBUIT GARDEN.
While repeating my suggestion, that advantage
should be taken of fine autumnal weather to proceed
with all Fruit Tree planting, let me now add a short
list of good varieties of fruit, which I give in order of
fruiting, rather than any merit one variety has in
excess of another. Pears, which are best grafted upon
Quince stocks, commence with the earlier Williams'
Bon Chretien, September; Marie Louise, October,
November; Winter Nelis, November to February;
Josephine de Malines, November to February ; Beurre
llance, February to May. Apples, cooking and dessert,
both in one : Blenheim Orange, November to Feb-
ruary ; Dutch Mignonne, December to April ; Ribston
Pippin, November to March ; London Pippin, from
February, through March and April; Reinette du
Canada will keep till May. They are all procurable,
trained in different forms, at from U. to 2s. 6d. each.
Apricots : Moor Park, dwarf-trained tree, 3s. Gd. to 55.
Cherries ; Elton, July, August ; Black Tartarian, ripe
about the same time, or a little before, according to
position, does well upon a north wall; Florence,
August. All these may be had for some Is. 6d. or
2s. 6d. Nectarines : EIruge, Violette Hitive, and
Pitmastou Orange (yellow-fleshed), August and Sep-
tember, 3s. Cd, to 6s. Peaches : l^iolette Hltive, Royal
George, Noblesse, Bellegarde, and Late Admirable;
price same as Nectarines. Plums; Early Favourite,
July; Drap d'Or, August; Angelina Burdett, Sep-
tember ; Coe's Late Red, October to November. The
above are " table " varieties. The foUowingare useful for
"cooking," and in some instances for both, viz., July,
Greengage ; Orleans, August ; Coe's Golden Drop, Sep-
tember ; Mitchelson's, October, November ; price from
Is. 6d. to 7s. 6rf., according to form, &c. I have already
given instructions as to preparation of borders. Give as
much new soil (maiden loam from a pasture is best) as
is practicable, mixing therewith about a fifth of its
quantity of good sound manure. Of course, if little
fresh soil only can be afforded, more of this latter will
be needed to make up for it. This, and securing the
necessary trees will suffice for this week : I hope to
revert to the subject of actual planting next week.
HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.
Proceed with the necessary cleaning and re-arranging
of beds, &o., for winter and early spring display, upon
every fine and favourable occasion. Remove any vases
under shelter which are not in themselves ornaments
suflicient to be attractive without the aid of plants.
Be cautious not to mow— either with the scythe or
machine— Grass sward when the frost is upon it, or
on days when such may be anticipated at night ; as
neglect in this wise may end in disfigurement through
a greater part of the winter. Plant the necessary
bulbs in all open borders at the earliest possible
moment — the soil being sufficiently dry— finishing all
such operations before the ground is likely to become
saturated with moisture. Keep the besom constantly
at work, not to allow decayed leaves too long a
lodgment upon walks, and thus secure to the whole a
neat and tidy appearance.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Be prepared with sufficient material for covering any
crop needing protection from frost, when such arrives
in its severity. Fern, which ought now to be collected,
is one of the best materials for the purpose. W, F.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHlSWICK, NEAR LONDON,
For the Week endingOct. 23, 1867. as observed atthe Horticultural Gardens.

October.

i^

TEMPERjlTOafi.

■Wind

BA.ROMSTER.

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

1

Pi

Max. Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

1 foot 2 feet
deep. deep.

Thurs. 17
Friday 18
Satur. 19
Sunday 20
Mon. 21
Tues. 22
Wed. 23

20
21

22

i

25
26

29.705
29.719

29.679
29.968
30.010
30.177
30.014

29.686
29.665
29.648
29.812
30.101
30.128
29.859

62
61

58
60
58
62
57

41
36
32
30
31
50
45

51.5

48.5
45,0
45.0
44.5
56.0
51.0

50
50
50
54
53
53
53

52
52

52
53
53
53
53

S.

s.w.

s.w.

s.

3AV.
S.
S.E.

.04
.08
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00

Average

129.905

29.813

59.7

37.3 ! 48.7

51.8

51.1

0.13

Oct. 17

-Clear ; fine ; m:isses of white clouds

rain;

Clear.

-Clear'; clear and fine ; rain ; clear at nijiht,
19-Overcast; fine; overcast; lowfop; clear.
20— Foggy ; very heiTy dew ; clear and TCry flue ; clear.
21-Overcast ; cloudy; overcast at night.
22— Overcast; cloudy; fine; clear at ni^ht.
23-Overcast and damp; clear and very fine; bright sun;
overcast.
Mean temperature of the week , 1 dee. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Nov. 2, 1867.

Sunday ,
Mon .
Tues. .
Wed. .
Thurs. .
Friday .
Satiir. ■

55.0 I
51.5
63.7
55 0 I

53 7 '

54 0
64.3

II

No. of
Tears in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Itaiu

Prevailing Winds.

si

2

7

_r

3 1

7

8

if

7

47,0

26

0 92 in.

fi

45.3

25

1.03

4; 7

a -

7

i:j

;i

19

0 63

4 N

4 1

5

16

I

0.98

3 H

41 :^

fi

14

V

46.9

21

0.88

H 5

6 4

2

14

H 4

45.9

24

0.68

3' 2

6 3 4

9 u a

46,0

19

0.01 1 1 4' (! 3 2 16 3

6

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
2d. 1857— therm. 64 deg. i and the lowest on the 1st, 1866-therm.

22deg. .

Notices to Correspondents,

Adiantum Capillus-Vent:ris : G H. As a matter of fact, this
Fern is an exotic as well as a native, and as a consequence
the exotic forms would be admissible in a class of Exotic
Ferns at an exhibition. The large form sometimes called
Moritzianum may be instanced ; this is not British, and
is fairly classed amongst exotics. Such nice distinctions
are better avoided where possible, as they very frequently
give rise to disputes. Of course a British plant of Adiantum
could not be accounted exotic.
AucLiBAS : R H. Plants in flower, or nearly so, now nro not
likely to bloom again in spring. The growth must have
been made and matured very early. The pollen from the
male plant now in bloom, if collected and kept dry, may bo
effectually used when the other cornea into blossom.
BARBEiiuy Berries: W Henderson. We know of no ready
means of preventing the shrivelling of the berries on twigs
of the Barberry and the Snowberry, cut from the bushes,
except they could be dipped while quite plump in some
transparent glaze. Have any of our readers tiled such a plan 2
Books: J D. There is no work in English that will exactly
suit your requirements ; but Loudon's " Encyclopierlia of
Plants," and Lindley and Moore's "Treasury of Botany"
may be useful to you.— i^o)'«maH. We have never seen the
book about which you inquire. Cuthill's small treatise on
Market Gardening may be recommended.
DouciN Stock : S. This is a variuty of the Paradise stock,
much more vigorous than it, but still not so free in England
as the English Paradise.
Fuchsias: ]FBull. The varieties are pretty and nicely varied.
That called Innocence, with white tube and sepals, and
carmine corolla tinted with violet, seems an improvement
on the light-coloured kinds which are genemlly seen ;
and Marksman is a double scarlet and pui-ple, with a
peculiarly dumpy- shaped flower. — H Cannell. The blooms
sent were remarkably fine, some of them magnificent,
especially the dark flowers. The white-tubed sorts are now
most in need of improvement. The beautiful varieties with
white corollas seem to be ignored in this selection, which is
somewhat surprising, as they admit yet of much improve-
ment, which careful breeding, such as has evidently been
bestowed upon those with purple corolla.s, would not fail
to effect.
Italian Gardening: AB will feel obliged by some of mir
correspondents informing him whether or not there is a
handbook on Italian gardening, with designs for flower
beds in that stj'le, or in the Dutch stiff st^le?
Lily of the Valley : H D. Transplant in moderate-sized
patches into rich loamy soil in a shady situation. The
deficiency of flowers arisespartly from exhaustion and over-
crowding, and partly from exposui-e. They may be planted
at any time in open weather during the winter.
Microscopes: A Tounq Gardener. We cannot advise you to
purchase a microscope at the cost you mention. Such an
instrument would be a mere toy, and a costly one. For
three guineas a good working instrument may be procured ;
but we advise you to become thoroughly experienced in
using a good pocket lens, which may be had for a few
shillings, and which will be more useful to you at first than
any compound microscope.
MB. Methven's Nursery.— Sir. Methven writes to say that
instead of "the forest tree department not being very
large" (see p. 10V6J, "next to the Messrs. Lawson, he is the
largest forest tree grower in Scotland, having 65 acres of
ground covered with trees of all sizes.'' J A.
Names of Fruits: H, Lodge, Bamirood. Apple.s : 1, Early
Nonpareil; 2, Scarlet Crofton; 3, Golden Noble; 4, King of
the Pippins ; 5, Court of Wick. Pears : 11, Ganscl's
Bero-amot ; 12, Glou Morceau ; 13, Chaumontel ; 14, Gansel'a
Bergamot; 16, Easter Beurr<5.— i) W, Dciimarh Hill. 1,
Eyewood : 2, Glou Morceau ; 3, Northern Greening ; 4,
Dumelow's Seedling.
Names of Plants : / C, ShadweU. 1, Cyi'tomium falcatum ;
2, Doodia media.— G P, C/d.^'lehurst. Probably Promenrea
Rollissoni— that is, if it comes from Brazil. Pei'.sons who
want their Orchids named should give habit and habitat. —
J) Frost. The Crested Fern is not a Cystopteris, but a
seedling of some of the varieties of Lady Fern.— if Bull.
Gaillardia aristata, a large-flowered vaiiety, similar to others
in cultivation.— S«i-?J-H«it:e. Your Fungus is a young PhaUus
fcetidus in the egg state. M J B.
Palm Nut Meal: Anon. Probably this consists of the

gi-ound nu''S of the African Oil Palm, Elceis guineensis.
Pear Fun'gus : W. Your Pear leaves are infested with a
Fimgus, Rcestelia cancellata. Collect all the infected
leaves and bum them. M J B.
Pelargonium Trusses: S W Jackson, Bedale. Your truss,
5 inches in diameter and about 14i inches in circumference,
must be a good one ; but we think we have Been some
equally large in the neighbourhood of London.
RiciNus sanguinea : Orlando. The Castor Oil plant not being
an annual, but a small tree, may be kept through the
winter if placed in a house sufficiently warm. In an
ordinary greenhouse it would be liable to damp, but it
ought to survive in a dry, warm greenhouse. In a stove it
will grow on without giving the least trouble. Sensitive
plants are also of a shrubby character, and may be kept
throvigh the winter, but as a rule they grow more vigorously
when i-aised from seeds every year, and treated as annuals.
Vine-Growing at Garston : Amateur, Leeds. You will fiud,
the remarks on this subject to which you allude at p. 511 of
our Number for June 3, 186.5.
Violets : No Name. The Violets are gouty with a parasitio

Fungus Polycystis VioliB. M J B.
Walks: If P will find full instructions for making walks of
various materials, in Nos, 50 and 51 of our hist year's volume.
See also an article headed "Grog," in No. 42 of the samo
volume. Asphalte walks, as they are called, made with coal
tar, would suit the conditions mentioned, if the colour is
not objectionable.
Communications Received: W. Smythe.— A. B. — Poor Coun-
tryman — G. M.— B.~G. Lee. — J. Jackson.— Ignoramus.—
EucUd.— J. H. Mason.— J. P.— Ariel.— J. J.~W. R.

[ OCTOBEH 20, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' ClIRONK^LE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1101

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Inconwrated by Spoclal Act of Parliament to 18S3.
To LAKDOffWEns, Tiic Clkroy, Estatk Aoknts.Surtkvors, &o., IK

Knolano and Wales, and in Scotland.
The Company anvancafi money, unlimited In amount, for the
following works of AHrioultuml Iiiiprovuniunt, the whole outlay and
©xpenBCs in all coses ooing liquidated by a rent-charge for 2o years.

1. Dminage, IrrlRatlon, and Wai-pint^, Embanttlne;, luolosinjj:,

Cloaring, Iteclamation, PlantinK, for any bonoQclal purpose,
Knglnus or Machinery for Draluanu or Irrigation.

2. Farm UoadH, TramwayHaud UallroadsforaKi-loultural or farming

purposes,

3. Jetties or LanfUng places on the sea-coaab or on the banks of

navigable rivors or lakci.

4. The Eroution of Kami Houses, Labourers' CottagGH, and other

Jiulldings required for Farm purpoaea, and the Imiiniveiuout

of and additions to Farm Bouaoa and other buddiiiga for

I'arin purpoMCS.

Landownora assesHOd under the provisions of any Act of I'^rlla-

ment, Uoval Cliarter, or Commission la respect of any public or

Ronoral works of Drainage or other Improvements, may borrow their

proportionate slnire of tlio cost, ana charge the aame with the

oxi'cnsos on the lands improved.

The Company will also negotiate the Uant-charees obtained by
Lnndtiwnors nn.lor tl^ Iniproveiuont of Land Act, 18G1, in ruspoct of
their SuliJicnptioii of Shuros ui a Iljiilway or Canal Companv.

No liiVk^'tlgiition of title Ib reqmrod, and the Company being of a
BtrK:tlv Piianclal tdiamcter, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the Ooveru-
ment Knclosuro Comnilsslooera

Apply to GitANviLLK R. Rtnr-a, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
nieat Street, London. S.W.

TJ^OWLKR'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH find

-T CULTIVATOR may be SEEN at WORK la every A'^ricultural
County in England.

For piirtlculars apply to JnnN Kowlkr & Co., 71, Cornhlll, London,
E.C. ; and Steam Plough Works, Leeds.

rp II E T A N N E 13 ^I . K A T U E H U 0 M i* A N Y .

J. Armlt WnrkH, Cieontlelil, nuiir Mmich'sstor.

T.VNNERS. CIIRRlKltS.at M ANUFACTU RKRS of IMl'ltOVED

TANNED LEATHER DltlVlNU STRAPS fur MACillNEUY.

PRIME STRAP and SOI,E HUTTS.

I'rioo Lists sent free by post.

Warehouse: »1, Murk Lane, London. E.C.

Mr. H. FKanAnEE, ARont.

ir^

THE GENERAL LAND DRAINAGE and
IMPROVEMENT COMPANY. Offlcoa. 22. Whitehall Place.
Under this Company's Act Tenants for Life, aVustees, Mortgagees,
Guardians, Committees of Incoionotent Pei-sons, Bouenolal Loh.seos,
Corporations (Ecclosiastical or Municipal), Incumbents, ChariUihlo
TrUHteos, Ac, may effect the following Land Improvements, and
charge the outlay and expenses on the estate improved, by way of
rontcharge, to be paid by Lalf-yearly instalments, viz. :—
J. AH works of Urjimago, Irrigation, Warping, and Embankment.

2. The Erection of Piuuihouses, Cottages for Agricultural
Labourers, and all kinds of Farm Buildings.

3. The Construction of Roads.

4. The Grubbing and Clearing of old Woodlands, Enclosing,
Fencing, and Reclaiming Land.

The ownei-s of Estates, not entailed, who may be desirous to avoid
the expense or ingonvonionce of a Legal Mortgage, may also charge
their Estates with an Outlay in ImurovementM under the simple and
Inexpensive process of theComp;iny a Act.

The Term of Years for the Rent-charge is Qsed by the Landowner,
BO as to adapt the amount of Annual Paymeat to the circumstances
of the Tenants.

No Investigation of Title being required, and the Charge not being
affected by Encurabrances, no Legal Expenses are incurred

The AiTangoments for Effecting Improvements are threefold —

No. 1. The Works may be Designed and Executed entirely by the
Landowner's Agent, and the Company employed only to supply the
Loan and contluct the matter through all the otflcial Forms for
Charging the Outlay on the Estate.

J^o. 2. The Comp.any will supply Plan-s, Specifications, and Eati-
matcs for any Improvemonts to bo executed by the Landowner's
Agent as under No. 1. In each of these cases the Landowner will bo
Bolely under the control of the Enclosure Commissioners.

No. 3. The Company will undertake the entire responsibility of the
Improvements, prepare the I'lans, execute the Works, and finally
charge on the Estate the actual amount expended, with their Com-
mission thereon, approved by the Enclosure Coramissionevs,

X^andowners may thus obtain what assistance they require from
the Company, and no more, in elfecting the objects in view.

Works of Drainage and other Improvements are also executed on
Coramisaion for Landowners, who merely require the skill and
experience of the Company's ufflcors and a Staff in constant practice.

Applications to be adarcssod to Uouack BttoiiK, the Secretary, at
the Office of the Comuany, 22, Wi'itehall Place, Loudon. S.W,

YAL AGIUCULtU llAL BENJSVOLKNT

INSTITUTION.

/'(i/roi(— TIkh Majhstv tub (Jukkn.

I'lVniiti^ilt—llttf OiiAri: TIIK DOKK Of R[OII«OND.

For the RELIEF of DECAYED FARMERS, tlieir WIDOWS

and ORPHAN DAUOHTEKS; and for tno MAINTENANCE and

EDUCATION of their ORPHAN CHILDREN.

Ai.I.OWAM-'J: TH Pt:NM[UNKB3,

Murrled .. £10 per annum | Mi.!e .. £21 per annum
Widow and Umiuirriod Ori>Iian Daughters .. £20 per annum

Orphan Children admitted IVom 7 to 10 years of ago, and wholly
maintained and elucited until the ago of 11 yeard in the case of
Boys, and 111 years In the case of Girls.

Olio Hundred ai.d Five Pensioners have already b-!cn placed on
the bitoka of the InstiUition ; and In adilition to the nmnbcr of
Pensioners to bo admitted at the next Election, the Council have
decided to Elect Ten Orphan Children.

Forms of Applicati'm for Pensioners and Children, and every
information, tn be o'lLained of the Secretary, by whom Donations
and Suhsciiptimis will bo thankfully received.

f>.% Charing Ctois, Lnndon, S.W. Cuaiiles Siiaw, Sccretiuy.

T^

L AWES' WHEAT MANURE for AUTUMN
SOWING.— A supply of the above Manure ia now ready for
delivery, at J. B. Lawks* Factories, Deptford and Barking Creeks.
I'fice £S per ton. Two to three cwt. per acre to be harrowed into
the land before the seed is sown. It can be obtained of Mr. Lawes,
or througli any of Ids appointed Agents ; also
LAWE.S' PATEN I' TURNIP MANURE .. £6 G 0 per ton.
SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME .. ..£550 pur ton.
Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO direct from the Importers, and

all Cliemlciil Manures of value.
AMERICAN and other CAKES at market pricos.
Address Jous Bennet Lawes, Offices, 1, Adelaide Place, London
Bridge, E.C. ; 2J, Eden Quay, Dublin ; & Market Square, Shrewsbury.

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(Establisbed 1840)
HaTB now ready for delivery in di7 fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED QUA SO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY
SALT, 4c. E. PousEH, Secretary,

omcee, 116, Fenchurch Street, E.C.

HE NATIO.VAL DOG SHOW at BIRMINGHAM.
The EIGHTH GREAT ANNUAL EXHIBITION will bo
held in the CURZON EXHIBiriON HALL. BIRMINGHAM.
on MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, and THURSDAY,
the 2d, 3ii, 4th, and .0th of Decemlior next.

Prize Lists and Regulations mtiy bo obtained from the Secretary,
Mr. G. UfKcri, 41, Temple Row, Birmingham.

PRIZES amounting to EIGHT HUNDRED POUNDS will bo
awarded. The ENTRIES CLOSE on FRIDAY NEXT, Nov. 1.

THE BIRMINGHAM CATTLE and POULTRY
SHOW. 1307.
Tlie NINETEENTH GREAT ANNUAL EXHIBITION of FAT
CATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS. DOMESTIC POULTRY. CORN.
ROOTS, and IMPLEMENTS, will beheld in BINGLEY HALL, on
SATURDAY. MONDAY. TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, and
THURSDAY, November 30, and December 2, 3, 4. and 5, when
PRIZES to the amount of £2100 will be awarded in the following
Divisions, viz. ; —
FAT CATTLE .. £312 15 0 I BREEDING FIGS ., £7(5 10 0
PAT SHEEP .. 314 5 0 ROOTS and CORfJ .. 67 4 0
FAT PIGS .. .. 69 5 0 1 POULTRY & PIGEONS 755 9 0
Prize Lists, Certificates of Entry, and every iuformition may bo
obtained from the Secret iry.

The ENTRIES CLOSE on FRID.\Y, November 1.

JouN ti. Lttiiall, Secretary.
Offljos, 30, New Street, Birmingham.

s

MITHFIELU CLUB FAT CATl'LE SHOW.-

PIGS, wi;l be beldatthe AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON,
oil MONDAY afternoon, December 9, and Four following Days.

Intending Exhib.tord are requested to apply for Certiflcate Forms
by the reference letters as under.
CATTLE.— Form A. F.ir an OX or STEER (in any Class).
„ B. For a COW or HEIFER (in any C.a.ss).
.. C. For a BEAST in Extr v Stock.

D. For a PEN of 3 WETHERS [in any Class).

E. For a SINGLE SHEEP in Exrra Stock.

F. For a PEN of 3 PIGS (in any Class).

G. For a SINGLE PIG in Extra Stock.
ENTRIES for LIVE STOCK CLOSE NOVEMBER 1.

Prize Lists, Forms of Certificites, and all information, may be
obtained on application to Mr. David Pollen, Assistant Secretary,
at the Office of the Honorary Secretary, corner of H ilf-Moon Street,
Piccadilly, London. VV.

N.B. All communications respecting the Show must be addressed
to tlie Assistant Secretary, as above, and should bear outside the
words " Smitblield Show."

SHEEP.
PIGS.

Efte ^grtcttltural (Bk}HU.

SATURDAY, OCTOBER 26, 1867.

Loolc to your Grass Lands, &c.

KsTAnLISHKD 1S20.

MESSRS. JARRD T. HUNT and SONS beg to
inform their numerous Agricultural Friends and Cu-stomers,
that they have now on hand, in the finest condition, their usual
Autumn Stock of

AMMONIACAL CORN MANURE,
which has, for several years, given such general satisfaction.
They have also always on hand, ready for immediate delivery,
the largest stock of CRUSHED BONES of any firm in the United
Kingdom, viz. :_lni-inch BONES; i-inch BONES ; PULVERIZED
BONES for Gr:is3 Lands ; prepared BONES for Grape Vmes and
Hops; Mso BLOOD MANURE, SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME,
PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA, direct from the
Docks.

Prices and other particulars of the above, at their Works, Lambeth
Wharf, London, S, ; Bow Bridge Works, Stratford, E._; and Down-
ham Market, Norfolk.

N. B.— Responsible Persona as AGENTS WANTED in districts not
yet represented.

Wheat

Sowing.

D

OWN'S FARMER'S FRIEND, for Preventing the

— Smut in Wheat, and the Ravages of the Slug, Grub, and
Wireworm. A Orf, packet is sufficient for Six Bushels of Seed Wheat,
which can bo dressed and fit to sow in a quarter of an hour.

Testimonials from the largest Wheat Growers iu the Kinfidom,
bearing testimony to its great power and efficacy, may be had of
Agents, who are appointed for every district.

Full directions for use are given with each packet.
Prepared at the Manufactory, Wobum, Beds.

Cadtioh.— To guard against fraudulent imit.ation and consequent
disappointment, see that the signature of IlEHRir Down is on the label

Agents in evc;ry T.iivn t(iroui;lMut England, Scotland, and Ireland.

George Hall, late Manager to the late Saynors' Firm.

He was fhk 'M Vt-.Aits i\ their Empldy

GEO. HALL AM) SON'S Celubrated PRnNING and
nUDDlNG KNIVES, SCISSORS.ic, may beobtiiiued from tlie
most resiicctublo NuraeryTiieu hnd Seed Merchants in the kmgdom,
also America, Franco. Germany, Holland, Prussia, Russia, &c.

N.B — We only make one quality, tile beat tbat can be manu-
fiictiircd, the same as the late S.wnors always made during their
lifetime, with all the latest improvoinets.

Caution.— None are genuine unless marked " Geo. Hall i .Son."
O her marks would cause disappuiutment, as these blades are
to nuered by a process known onlv to tho Makers

Jingravings of Patterns, with Price Lists gratis, on application.
Uortlcultuntl Cutlery Worki, Sheffield.

The volume of the Euglish Agricultural
Society's Journal for 1807 is distinguished mainly
by tho valuable collection of facts on recent
steam cultivation which appeared in its first
Part. Tho remainder of the volume just issued,
though containing a variety of interesting papers,
is not remarkable for the striking merit of any
of them. Mr. C^vdle'8 account of the agri-
culture of Worcestershire is a meagre and appa-
rentl}' an imperfect report : and tho paper on
Town Sewage which follows it, though containing
a full and elaborate discussion of the existing
publications on the subject, does not relate the
experience of the current year, which is even
more important than any that has gone before.
On the other hand, Mr. LlTT's Prize Essay on
Certain Diseases of Sheep is a model of simple,
modest style, and a full and explicit account of
its subject; and Dr. Voeloker's papers on Root
Crop Experiments and on Anthyllis, are, as
usual, full of trustworthy information. There
are two papers on Poultry — one a Prize Essay,
by Mrs. Somerville ; the other on Feeding
Turkeys and Geese for London, byW. H. Dixon.
Professor WrLSON's Blue-book on the Danish
Exhibition furnishes the material of a useful
picture of Danish agriculture. There is an
elaborate accoiuit of experiments ou the Potato
crop, extending over no fewer than 129 trial
plots, by Mr. G. Maw, member of the Royal
Agricultural College. Mr. G. Murray gives a
capital account of the improved value of Scottish
sheep. Mr. Herbert contributes his usual
statistical account of the live stock and dead
meat for consumption in the metropolis. The
Reports of the Bury Show-yard, and those of the
past season's Discussions in tho Society's rooms,
complete the volume.

Coufining ourselves to tho Bury Show-yard

ropoi'ts, wo havo first a collection of short
sentences, occupying six very readable pages,
by tlio senior and retiring steward of the imple-
mt^nt departmont, in which tho experience of tho
(ilKco during a term of tlireo years is loft on
record for tho hulp and guidauco of successors,
lirimming ovor with humour, full of practical
suggestion, and evidently inspired by tho
heartiest good will. Lord Catiicaut character-
istically concludes this preliminary statement as
follows : —

" My t.isk is finished ; only I would add two or
three sentence.^, not by wiiy of empty compliment, but
to e.tpi'es.s a hearty feeling. For our sreat Society my
wi*h is, may it ever be said ' Age cannot wither her,
nor custom stale her infinite variety.' Of tho honorary
directory, need I say, I concur in the general feeling-
one of unqualiliod respect. The judKes, they who bear
the heat and burden of the day, their disinterested
labours command our appreciation and deserve our
thanks. I can see an eminent engineer judge, rain on
one side, fire on the other, yet all day wearing an
expression of pleasant humour, as though reflecting on
' Sian born unto trouble as the sparks fly upward.' To
my friendly colleagues, one and all, I am indebted for
many agreeable and profitable hours : may I say, and
trust the feeling is mutual, should old acquaintance
be forgot? I do think a great charm of our meetings
is, that they so tend to blend the sympathies of those
whose best interests are really identical."

Then follows Mr. Coleman's general account of
the Implement Yard, in which the special reports
of tho several judges are presented to tho reader
in a useful and well-written setting, which helps
to maintain the continuity of the story, and its
relation to tho implement show as a whole. Not-
withstanding tho largo quantity of useful infor-
mation which is hero conveyed, it would bo easy
to pick out points on which questions, hard, wo
think, to answer, might be asked. For example :
IIow is it that only 100 out of 400 marks of
merit given to a thre.shing machine, are allotted
to perfection in tho act of threshing — so
that positively a machine receiving only 50
of them — /. c, as ordinary readers might
read it, taking out only 50 jier cent, of
the corn — might, by its superiority in .shaking
and cleaning what corn it did get out, beat
another which threshed perfectly but did not
clean its corn so well ? And, in fact, something
liko an error of this kind appears to havo been
committed. The threshing machine taking tho
first prize in a very heavy competition, earned
only 90 of its 100 marks for threshing, but
seems to havo been perfect in all other respects.
The second-prize machine was perfect as a
thresher, but lost 20 for not perfectly freeing its
chaff from seeds ! The first-prize implement left
some of its corn in the straw, but beat another
machine because it left some seeds of weeds in
its chaff ! The second-prize implement left none
of its corn in the straw — did not leave any
anywhere else that wo can see ; its straw, threshed
perfectly, was clean shaken (it got full marks
there) — the cavings, too, were free of coi'n — the
chaff was free of corn — but then the chaff was not
itself well cleaned ! Twenty marks, it appears,
are allotted for tho chaff being well cleaned from
cavings, and 20 other marks for the chaff being
kept free from seeds ; and so Messrs.
Clayton & Siiitttleworth, who seem to htive
thought the corn more deserving of their atten-
tion than the chaff, were placed second ; and
Messrs. Holmes, who by their threshing machine
won only 90 per cent, of the marks allotted
for perfection in tho act of threshing, were placed
first. Tho award needs further explanation, and
we do not agree with the judges when they say
that the tables from which we have quoted " suf-
ficiently explain their reasons for the decision."

Another point deserves especial notice : — One
of tho most elaborate investigations carried on at
Bury under the most competent superintendence
— ono of the most important, too, in the interests
of English agriculture of any which the Society
directs — was that of the steam engines, fixed and
portable, which competed for the prizes triennially
offered in that class. Of this class the engineer-
ing papers of the week in which the Society's
show was held contained elaborate and full
reports. Of the same class the Society's own
Journal, published three months' after date, an-
nounces merely that '* the judges' report has not
yet been received (Oct. 3)." It is plain that many
of our best authorities as judges, both in the
implement and live-stock yards, find the literary
work attaching to their office infinitely more
irksome and laborious than any other. And so
glaring an illustration as this, combined with
the extremely meagre and imperfect reports from
the j udges of the various classes of live stock —
which Mr. Randell has had enough to do to

1102

THE GATJBMF'RS' CHKONICLE AND AGRlCtlLTnRAL GAZETTE.

[OcTOfiEfi 26, 1867.

piece together in the very well written account
he has given of his department — must prove to the
OouncU. the need of some other arrangement for
the benefit of those who cannot be present in the
yard to judge for themselves. It would con-
tribute to improvement here if the second part
of the year's volume were always published in
August, so as to enforce an immediate discharge
of the reporter's duty, for that alone would
ensure the work being better done.

And it is also desirable that as many compe-
tent reporters be in attendance on tho judges as
shall ensure at once an accurate record of aE
that is seen and done during the week, and a
prompt and well written justification of every
decision that is arrived at. There is no reason
why such a report and justification should not
appear in the yard itself, with the prize sheet,
the very day after the trials : and how much more
valuable and instructive that prize sheet would
then be to both implement makers and their
customers every one must admit.

Lord Cathoaet says that ' ' the agricultural
and engineering press is able, and 'by evil
report and good report ' when construed together
much may be learned." Perhaps his lordship is
right, if by including ' evil report ' he contends
that any report is better than none at all. Any
how we believe that from the members of the
agricultural and engineering press men may be
selected perfectly able to draw up fuUer,
prompter, and better reports than, as a general
rule, are now supplied by the Society to those of
its members who, unable to attend the annual
meeting, would be glad to have the best substi-
tute as soon as possible for the advantages of
personal inspection which they have lost.

Eeadees may like to be reminded that

November 1st is the last day on which the Honorary
Secretary of the Smithfield Club can receive entries of
live stock for the cominj; Show. Application, therefore,
should at once be made for the necessary forms at his
office, corner of Half Moon Street, Piccadilly, W.

A Council Meeting of the Central Chamber

will be held at the Salisbury Hotel, Fleet Street, at
11 A.M., on Tuesday, Novemljer otli, ISO/, to consider
the injury to the home cattle trade, caused by tho
operation of the Order in Council of August 20th, 1.SG7,
and the impolicy of admitting forciRn animals into
the same market with home-l)red animals, and pro-
posed legislation thereupon ; also to consider what
steps shall be taken by the Chamber with regard to
the Malt Tax.

During the six weeks ending the 19th Octoher,

no case of cattle plague has been reported from any
part of England, Wales, or Scotland. The total
number of cattle reported to have been attacked in
Great Britain since the commencement of the plague
is 278,927 ; and 50,011 healthy cattle have been slaugh-
tered to prevent the spread of the disease.

. Mr. Evan Davies, of Wenlock, at a recent

meeting of the Wenlock Farmers' Club, claimed as
among the results of the establishment of that Club
many of the agricultural improvements of the locality
during the previous twenty years. The increase of
forage for wintering stock— the cultivation and storing
of the root crops — the growing and harvesting of hay —
the economising and better application of straw— the
most economical mode of feeding the stock — the
economising of labour, both manual and horse- all
these subjects had been discussed. As a result
especially of the last-named discussion, Mr. Davies
now can say : — " Even on our strongest clay farms the
two-horse plough prevails, and the improvement in
other farm implements followed in rapid succession.
With these improved appliances and willing minds on
the part of our farmers, coupled with the assistance of
the landlords in draining, &o., the improvement in the
management and cultivation of the arable land made
most rapid progress, and ill a short time became all
that could be desired. Instead of bare fallows,
magnificent root crops covered the district, in some
instances reaching 40 tons of Swedes to the acre.
These being all well and systematically stored, made
stock -keepers almost independent of the pitiless pelting
of the storm in the winter months. But this large
increase of winter forage suggested and necessitated
the increase and improvement of live stock ; aiid these
questions occupied the attention of our Club, and in
no part of our proceedings were our discussions fraught
with more signal success. The young cattle stock,
instead of being sent away in the winter to enrich
other farms, are now cared for at home ; and whereas,
heretofore, the .steers were sold at thi"ee-years-old, in
store condition, at prices varying from 121. to 151.
each, they are now fattened by the breeder, and sold,
a little over twc-years-old, at prices varying from
201. to 251. each, some of our crack farmers
considerably exceeding the latter sum. But in no
description of stock has the improvement been more
satisfactory than in that of sheep. Shearlings that
were formerly sold out of this district in October, at
from 20.?. to 30*. each, to be fattened by farmers in the
more favoured part of the county, are now fattened at
home for the London and Manchester markets,
realising in May and June 21. to 3?. each. And this
fact is not to be wondered at, when our list of members
i| referred to. .First _and foremost in this line stands
the venerated' Saji Meike, to whose skill and perse-

verance Shropshire is indebted for its world-wide fame
for sheep. The breeder and owner of "Buckskin"
and " Patentee " was, during his lifetime, a constant
attendant at our meetings, with Hesht Smith,
Thomas Hokton, and others whose n.ames have ever
been conspicuous in the prize list at all agricultural
shows ; and the committee of the Wenlock Farmers'
Club take credit to themselves for having succeeded in
collecting such men around them, who were ever ready
to impart to our members the information necessary
to ensure the improvement and good management of
their flocks. These questions having been discussed,
and the objects of the discussions fully realised, the
increased value and quantity of stock required increased
care and appliances. Consequently the Club took up
the question of enlarged and improved farmsteads, and
—to their honour be it spoken — the landlords were not
slack in complying with the result of our discussions.
Assuredly, in no part of the county did the improve-
ments in the home of the farmer and his stock make
more rapid strides than in the Club district, and that,
too, long before the necessity for these things was
acknowledged by others. The next object of the Club
was to inquire into the condition of the agricultural
labourer. The cottages then in existence were very few
and of miserable construction, and an earnest appeal was
made to the landlords on this question, and not made in
vain. All these questions of domestic policy having been
disposed of, matters of higher import were attended to.
A prize of 101. was given for the best essay on tenant-
right, a question then much agitating the minds of
agriculturists, and our prize essay is a standard work
with all those who wish to pursue this subject.
101. was then offered for the best farm agreement, but
this was not so successful as the former ; still the dis-
cussions which took place on the questions without
doubt tended to greater liberality in farm covenants.
Our discussions on the equalisation of weights and
measures called forth some complimentary corre-
spondence from the then chairman of quarter sessions ;
and such was the position of the Club that the com-
mittee were on several occasions solicited to send some
of our membei-s to give evidence before commjttees of
the House of Commons on questions of agriculture.
Suffice it to say that, in addition to the discussions of
our own members, several eminent gentlemen have
honoured our proceedings by reading papers before us
— Nesbit, Voelcker, Newham, Whitmore, Mechi,
Coleman. These and several others brought before
our members their mature knowledge upon questions
which, had it not been for the Wenlock Farmers'
Club, in all probability would not have been heard of
by tlie generality of the farmers in our isolated district ;
but which, like the silent leaven in the meal, ha-s
worked changes amongst us which, but for the means
used, must have been a work of considerable time, if
ever accomplished." Assuredly this is the picture of a
most useful career. And Mr. Evan Davies may be
congratulated on the valuable services which, through
the institution which he helped to found, have been
rendered to his county.

Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., reports to the Lord

President of the Council a resolution .adopted by the
Cattle Plague Association of Norfolk, of which he is
President: — " Tliat this Association having laboured
with great diligence and much success to carry out the
various orders of the Privy Council, observe with
much concern that the assurances given on the part of
her Majesty's Government that all foreign stock
should be slaughtered within certain defined parts of
the port of debarcation, have only been partially
carried into ett'ect, and they would respectfully urge
the great importance of immediately confining foreign
stock imported into the metropolis to a river-side
market, which, in the opinion of this Association,
would enable the present restrictive regulations upon
the movement of home cattle to be entirely abolished."
Mr, Kead informs the Duke of Maelbokough that
more than two months ago Lord Robert Montagu,
in answer to a question put to him in the House of
Commons, promised that the licence for landing
foreign stock at Thames Haven should be cancelled.
The Harwich and Southampton Orders were revoked
on the 19th of August. Why does Thames Haven
still remain open ? — A correspondence ensued with
Dr. Williams, of the Veterinary Department, and
was closed with the following letter from Mr. Read :—

"Oct. IP, iscr.

" Sir, — It .tppears from your letter of ycsterd.iy's dute that
foreign slieeiJ can be landed at any port in Gre.it Britain.
Inspection Is no safeguard against cattle plague or small pox,
and, except in those parts where foreign stock are regularly
landed, is a complete farce. In "very many small sea-ports
there is no veterinary surveyor within miles of the town. It
does seem monstrous th.at the Privy Council should persist in
maintaining .all the restrictions upon home cattle, so that no
farmer can move his stock from one end of his farm to the
other without a licence, and yet allow foreign sheep to be
imported anywhere, and be driven through tho whole coimtry.
Your own veterinary inspectors tell us that sheep are the
subjects of cattle pLague, and all agree that they can be .and
have been the means of spreading it, even if they don't take
it. Foreign sheep certainly have often brought us small pox, and
they .are very seldom free from scab. This Order is, however, only
another illustration of the way in which the Privy Council
defends the herds .and aocks of Gi-eat Bribxin from foreign
diseases, and fully iUusti-ates their favourite policy of pro-
viding cheap food for the people ! " Yoiu-s, &c.,

"Dr. Willi.am3." "Clare Sewell Read."

THE PROPER SEEDING OF WHEAT.

I NOW redeem ray promise to show the modus
operandi by which I cultivated my land, so as in
17 years to have in one field 14 crops of Wheat, one of
Barley, and a crop of Clover. The seed for the Wheat
crops varied from l a peck to 2 pecks an acre, but
mostly the last quantity, or 2 pecks; that for the Barley
was 2 pecks, and for the Clover crop comparatively
small, but I cannot tell exactly how much an acre.

The Wheat crops averaged for the 14 years of Wheat

44. bushels an acre, and one year (1847) the crop was
55 bushels an acre ; and I had in that year in another
field a crop of Barley, 63 bushels an acre. Should my
readers be sceptical about these statements, I inform
them that I always got as many witnesses as I could
to see my seed put into the ground, and also to see the
crops threshed and measured ; and I inform them that
after iny heaviest crop of Wheat was threshed, as it
was by machinery, and measured, several sceptical
farmers came and saw the corn in sacks, and employed
a land-measurer also to measure the land for them.
On the largest crop of Barley I had, a wager was
depending, and hence both the parties were present
when the crop was measured ; it wanted but one
bushel of being 8 quarters an acre, and the corn was so
fine that the maltster who bought it said it was the best
Barley he had ever seen, and in consequence he should
not malt it but send it to his son, who was a farmer,
for seed, and he gave the highest market price for it.
I will also add that my Wheat was always of the best
quality and sold at the highest market price ; and I
state this emphatically,_because old-fashioned farmers
have a notion that thin-seeded corn always produces
coarse-grained crops. From my experience such is
not the case when the land is in a high state of cultiva-
tion, so as to keep the plants continually on tho
growth ; the land should be free from stagnant
water, otherwise, from causes I will explain hereafter,
very thinly seeded corn is apt to produce thin and
troughy grain and mildewed crops, and especially when
the land is not well drained.

It is to avoid such evils as these that I pubhsh
my mode, and I do so the more willingly and
carefully because two clergymen have written to
me on the subject in reference to cultivating their
glebes. To begin, then. Exactly 30 years back,
I took in my parish of a very old man a little
land to hold until a nephew of his came of age,
which would be in 17 years. The laud was
naturally good corn land, but it was very
foul, full of Couch-gr,ass and other weeds. The fields
(two only in number) were surrounded by high and
broad earth mounds, called hedges, and on these gresv
very many old Pollard trees, bushes, and all kinds of
rubbish; both the fields also were naturally wet, but
one more so than the other. Such was the state of
my small farm at Michaelmas, 1837, when I became the
tenant of it.

What then was my modus operandi ? My friends,
listen, and I will inform you. I set to in earnest
grubbing up the hedges and the old Pollard trees, and
cleaning out and deepening the ditches, and carting all
the earth from the ditches and the hedges to make
heaps at the bottom of the lields, where tliey lay with
an admixture of chalk and salt, being frequently turned
over for the first year, and some so lay for two years.
But besides all this I sunk some drains where the land
was wettest, but as drain pipes were not then come
into use, at least not in this part of the countrj', I used
picked stones and shingles from the seashore in lieu —
covering them over with the brambles and bushes out
up on purpose, which I got from the grubbed up hedge-
rows; and I will just here observe, that the drains so
made work now as well as they did when first made,
though I afterwards .added to them other drains made
with drain pipes, increasing the size of these as they
were laid from the top to the bottom of the fields—
those at the top being about 1-inch bore, and as they
approached the bottom about four times that capacity
This, I have no doubt, is the proper way of making
drains — namely, to gradually increase the size of pipes
from the top to the bottom of the field to be drained,
or the accumulation of the drain water, as it descends
the pipes, will, as I have often observed, burst the
pipes, which have not suflficient capacity for getting
rid of the water as it descends, and thus by over-flood-
ing the land do much more harm than good. To avoid
this, therefore, I increased the capacity of the pipes, as
I have said, as the drains descended from the top to the
bottom of my fields; and I earnestly advise all my
friends to do the same, and especially \yhere the land
contains much stagnant water. Whilst thus pro-
ceeding I did not neglect the cultivation of my land,
but, on the contrary, I ploughed it during the first
autumn and following spring and summer 11 times,
going as deep as I possibly could ; and I kept the roll,
scarifier, and harrows going between the ploughings
all the time, getting out the Couch-grass and pul-
verising the soil ready to receive the 2 pecks of seed
per acre, which I put in in the following autumn ; and
as perhaps my readers will like to know wh.at shifts I
was put to, and what oppositions I met with in niy
attempts to put in so small a quantity of seed, I will
here give them a brief narrative of them. First, I
engaged one of my labouring parishioners to dibble
in my seed grain by grain in rows 12 inches asunder,
and to be 9 inches in the rows from seed to seed,
.Such was my agreement, but the man on commencing,
instead of dropping one seed or two at the most at a
time, dropped on an average six or eight or more; and
so, on discovering that, I called him to account for
having broken his bargain, which was to drop but one
seed at a time. On which the man turned restive, so
much so that I determined to stop his proceeding, and
I said to him, " Woolege," which was his name, " you
shall give up dibbling Wheat for me, but as I want
some Broad Beans to be planted, you shall dibble
them:" and so away we went to the bottom of the
field, where was the plot intended for the Beans, and
the man commenced dibbling and dropping into tho
holes single Beans. I said, " Why do you not drop in
six or eight or more into each hole ? " when the fellow
became saucy again ; he had never heard of such %
thing as dropping six or eight .Beans, nor, indeed,
had I. I wanted to show to him that it was not mord
absurd to drop six or eight or more Broad Beans in a
.hole than it.was to dron so many seeds of Wheat or
Barley or Oats in a hole, but I failed to succeed.

OCTOBEE 26, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE AND AGRICtlLTimAT. GAZETTE.

1103

and so I dismissed my man altogether. On that I
applied to a lUniicr, wlio put in seed corn with his
drill at so iiiiioU an acre, and I a^ked him if with his
drill ho could put in so little seed as just half a husliol
an acre, and he replied that he could ; so ho brought
his drill to my field and set to work. I at once
saw that he was putting the seed in ,at the rate of four
times the quantity I had agreed he should, and so I
stopped him from proceeding ; he and his men liegan
to e.\hibit their tempers as my dibbler had dime,
but as the drill was in the lield, I determined to
persevere, and so I took and kneaded some clay, and
with it lilled up all the cups of the drill. This being
done I made a small indention into tho clay of each
cup with my finger, and then took out half tho coulters
of tho drill, so as to make six rows only instead of 11 at
a sweep, wdiich the drill had made before, and in this
way I set the drill going again. But now another
difficulty arose, my seed all stuck to tho wet clay in the
cups, and so drilled no seed at all. As I never go through
the farce of wetting my seed and then drying it again
with lime, as the custom is, to prevent smut, my seed
all stuck to tho wet clay, and then the laugh was
against me again ; but to remedy this, some lime being
at hand, I mi.xed some of it with the seed, and that
being done the cups took up and dropped the seeds
just a-s 1 had wished them to do; and thus, by
making a little nioro alteration in the indentions
of the clay in the cup, exactly two peeks of seed
per acre wero drilled, and this came up a full plant,
.and, the land lieing in fine tilth, tho crop, by my
assisting it by horse and hand hoeing, became very flue
and luxuriant. The same farmer who drilled the lield
threshed tho croii with his machine whilst it was in
tho field, and it afterwards was dressed and measured
also in the field : the yield was upwards of six
quarters an acre. That farmer has left my parish now
for several years, nor have I seen him for some length
of time, but his name is Barber ; he resides in or near
Colchester, and doubtless would confirm all I have
stated he did for me, and the quantity of my seed, and
the yield of my crop, were he applied to. After that,
on finding the difiicnlty of getting my seed drilled, I
invented and made a drill for myself, which puts in
seed by seed just as much as I please — from three or
four quarts an acre to so many bushels, were I insane
enough to use so much.

I fear I have now trespassed upon your space too
much, but I may another week write to you again.

In conclusion, I will a.sk those of my readers, and
especially my clerical ones, why I should have used
more seed for given quantities of land than I use? —
my crops being always good, some it is true better than
others (I never had a bad crop), and further, my
land, after 11 years of successive cropping with Wheat,
was in better condition by far than it was when I first
became the tenant of it, as w.os proved by the
admirable crop of Barley, and then the largest crop of
Glover I ever saw grow, which followed the Wheat.
And another thing, I think, should not be lost
sight of, namely, at tlie end of my lease (as I in former
letters have stated) the land, though copyhold, was sold
for full 1-201. an acre, full double the price that any land
has been sold for in my parish before that time or since,
so high was the estimation of the land raised by the
system I adopted for the cultivation of it. But I warn
my clerical brethren, who have applied to me for my
modus operandi, not to expect the like success unless
like me they not only superintend every operation on
their lauds themselves, but lend a hand in it also. For
example, they must not say to their men, cultivate the
lands in such a manner, hut they must see the work
done. They must not only say their lands shall be
oultiv.ated to such a depth, but they must follow the
plough rule in hand, and measure the depths,
and that not once in a way, but often enough to
make themselves sure that the depths have been
regularly obtained. Nor must they scud their men
into their fields and tell them to put in so much seed
only— say, for example, two pecks an acre, — but they
must superintend the whole seeding, or three or four
times or more will be put in than was ordered, or in
some places three or four times more will be
put in than in others. But perhaps my friends
will say they have not time for all this ; but if such be
their excuse, I reply, get up two or three hours sooner
in the morning, and then they will have enough and
some to spare. Qeo. Wll/cins, The JParsonage, Oct. 10.

P.S. In my next I will show why thin-seeded cereals
are sometimes much injured by mildew; I will also
show why Bean and Pea croiis are so often greatly
injured or ruined as they are, and how these evils may
be prevented by cultivation.

STEAM PLOUGniNG IN FRANCE.

Veey much more in its full bearing than a mere
nloughiug match is the event we have to describe at
Evry-sur-Seine. It must be thoroughly understood
that the trials which have just taken place are a result
emanating from, but in no way a part of, the Paris
Exhibition ; they are, indeed, the first independent
ell'ort of their own, by French farmers and proprietors,
to substitute a higher and more intellectual combina-
nation and intercourse of the cultivators of the soil of
France amongst themselves, and to foster periodic
gatherings and discussions.

M. Lecouteur, the editor of the Journal d' Agricul-
ture Pratique, organised a steam trial altogether inde-
pendent of the Imperial Commissioners and of Govern-
ment control.

Mr. Fowler and M. Lecouteur were brought into
personal communication, and M. DecanviUe, the occu-
pier of a very extensive farm (not less than 1000 acres)
at Petit-Bourg, near Corbeil, offered tlie land for the
public trials, and entered into an arrangement with
Mr. Fowler to plough for so much an acre the whole of
his arable land in the interval which would elapse

between tho date of engagement and the ploughing
trials. This contract the steam-plough maker has
performed. Tho whole apparatus was moved by road,
steaming all tho way, without assistance from hor.ses
over any jiart, and on arrival at the farm of Potit-
liniirg ojierations woro immediately proceeded witli,
and 201) acres ploughed witli perfect success. A portion
of M. Dfcanville's land was loft untouched for the
public cxhiliilions on tlui I'.llli and iiMi inst. [Sept.], of
which \vc h:tvo now to give :m iu'rooiit.

'I'lic li.'lil ;ill(ilt(^d by M. Itcciuivillr for the .steam trial
operations was a largo one of certainly not less than
80 ai!res, and of very fine soil for the purpose. This
was divided into two suitable portions, of which tho
largest and farthest away from the refreshment booth
was in possession of Mr. Fowler ; tho smallest nearest
to it was disposed of to Mr. Howard.

Mr. Fowler luul two 10-borse power traction engines
stationed one on each side of the field. He first worked
with his small balanced cultivator; then with his live-
furrow plough to a dci>th of 11 inches over a total
width oflandolo feet; after this followed hislargo turning
cultivator, taking a grand breadth of full 5 yards ; then
his magnificent eight-furrow plough referred to above,
ploughing 8 inches deep its light loose course of ridges
and lurrows along a breadth of 7 feet, and upturning
its 2 acres an hour with ease. How the crowd watched
and followed up at a good smart step this wonderful
work ! How quietly but earnestly the sober ejacula-
tions of admiration dropped I'roin the Frenctmen's
lips ! Tliey felt and admitted the Englishman was
doing unrivalled execution ; and the look forward to
the gigantic stride that France must soon begin to take,
impressed with gravity every face. The men thero
were men of thought, men of experience in their own
national systems ; and never, perhaps, has a more com-
pact assemblage of business-like and scientific farmers
been gathered together, even at our own prominent
meetings in England. But when the splendid harrow
took the field and paced its 400 yard across, sweeping
its 30 feet in breadth at a rate of more than six miles
an hour [!] the scene became indeed exciting ; and the
name of Fowler attained to highest renown in France.
His success was surpassing.

Mr. Howard brought his cultivator and four-furrow
plough. His ploughman is one of the best in England,
and marvellously straight tr.acks did he make. The
Howard system of working is by a single engine
stationed at one side of the field, having a double cap-
stan with rever.se motions for the separate parts, by
means of which a single chain is worked round the
horizontal drums of four anchors placed at each corner
of the land to be tilled. The plough or implement is
attached to this rope, and after each furrow is com-
pleted, the two foremost anchors are lifted and setback
for the next furrow ; the steam engine being reversed
at each operation. The two foremost anchors arc thus
liegged e{iaally back and back as guides for the ruling
of the tillage. The plough is not a balanced one, like
Mr. Fowler's, but each set of breasts is lifted in and
out by means of a powerful spring on arrival at the
end of every furrow.

Besides the steam ploughing, the French committee
organised a very complete exhibition of horse and
bullock ploughs at work. Another large field on
M. Decauville's property of about 10 acres of heavy
land was devoted to ploughs specially constructed for
deep ploughing; and another of similar extent was
reserved for ploughs suited for light land and ordinary
]nirposes. In the former we noticed some very large
turn-wrist ploughs on the Brabant and Vallerand
principles, iu which the ploughs are constructed with
two breasts one above tho other, and so arranged that
the ploughman on arriving at the end of his furrow,
which, say for example has been made with the breast
turning the furrow to the right hand, then by merely
operating a lever, lowers the left breast into the
ground, and continues his work in the same groove.
Many of these ploughs turned up the soil to a depth of
15 to IB inches, but they required great power, and
several had teams of six and eight pairs of oxeu each,
every two pairs being accompanied by a driver. Even
these strong teams appeared to find the labour quite as
much as they could accomplish. This very deep
ploughing is confined chiefly to the cultivation of
Beetroot for the manufacture of sugar ; and we cannot
but feel convinced that if our eminent agricultural
machinists would direct their attention to this branch
of culture, they could design a class of ploughs which
would enable the same amount of work to he performed
by the application of, at most, one-half of the present
amount of bullock power.

On the second field, devoted to general purpose
ploughs, several French makers had representative
implements; but the work performed was very
inferior, and such as would not have been tolerated
on an English farm. Messrs. Bausome and Sims
were the only English exhibitors at this meeting, and
they put into operation one of their champion ploughs ;
another adapted for turning over the soil and huckling
it up in the same way as the Grignon and Dombar
French ploughs ; and, thirdly, one of their new turn-
wrist (Gold Medal) ploughs. This last attracted very
great attention from the F>ench farmers, who found
the mechanism more simple and the draught much
lighter than that of the comparable class of ploughs
manufactured in France. The two former ploughs
were worked by French ploughmen, who unreservedly
declared they wero the best implements they ever
handled.

Thus has begun and ended probably what will be the
most memorable incident in the existence of the
Exposition Universelle of 1807. This meeting is the
first real and promising attempt of the French culti-
vators to act for themselves in the advance of their
imijortanl art and industry ; it is an event portentous
of future advantages, for from this foundation there
will doubtless arise a far more powerful and united;

institution, giving far greater unity and practicability
of results than ever would bo obtained from tho
numerous roncoiirs rei/iunaux hold annually in each
deimrtment. Tlie results of these small gatherings are
but unsatisfactory at host; whilst they are wanting
entirely in that essential feature of scientific develop-
ment, concentration of ideas, of intelligence. The
dotormination has already been arrived at to form an
independent institution, on the type of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England : to hold, in the same
niaunor, its yearly meetings in the various most
iiu|iorlant towns of the chief agricultural districts.
Wo can only on our side tho Chaunel wish this spirited
committee all success in their excellent movement, and
sincerely hope to see so desirable an emulation
thoroughly aroused, and in the fullest activity.
Abridged from tlie " Standard.^'

MANGEL-CAKE v. OIL-CAKE.

The time allotted by me for ascertaining the relative
values of the above feeding materials has expired. The
two lots of sheep were weighed for the last time this
morning, having been on their respective kinds of food
for 20 weeks. I now proceed to give, as I promised, a
detailed analysis of the various months' feeding, and
tho respective weights gained by each sheep, during
each month.

The two lots of sheep of five each were put up on
May 25. They are crossbred wethers from the same
Ilock, and received daily an equal weight of oil-cake
and jirepared Mangel, and have been for tho last
10 weeks on a 3-aoro piece of aftermath, divided in
two by hurdles.

Monthly Gain'.

Weight of Shcop

when put up.
May aa.

^

rt

■A

Present

g

t
^

60

t.

^'

Weight.

Oil-cako Fed.

^

CQ

o

1

134

.3

14

8

S

15

179

2

119

14

16

9

i

17

179

3

119

11

12

11

7

13

173

4

118

4

2(1

9

6

14

170

5

113

C

21

6

4

12

164

603

38

83

45

25

71

865

Oiaginol weight

•

•

603

Total gain

262

MoNTULV Gain,

Weight of Sheep

when put up.

%',

rn

Present

3

1-5

1

1

O

Weight.

Maugel Cake.

1

Via

5

M

21

6

8

180

^

12S

5

1.-,

13

7

10

180

:t

117

9

15

12

8

10

171

4

11.3

9

13

TS

5

12

170

5

109

10

14

9

9

8

159

OO.'i

38

71

34

48

. 869

Origiual weij^'bt

603

Total gain

260

This 266 lb. of live weight gained, or about 20 stone
of dead meat, has been made from food, manufactured
from 3 tons 3 cwt. of raw Mangel, and li acres of
aftei math ; 20 stone of mutton at 5s. per stone=5?. ;
v.aluing the aftermath at 1?., this leaves a balance of
■1/. for 3 tons 3 cwt. of Mangel, and would thus make
an ordinary crop of Mangel of 32 tons worth iOl.
per acre, less il. the cost of manufacture. Now let us
look to the oil-cake account.

2G2 lb. of live weight, or not quite 20 stone of
mutton, has been made by 7 cwt. 3 qrs. and 14 lb. of
oilcake, at 11/. 5s. per ton; cost of cake 4/. 9$., and
aftermath 1/., total 5/. 9s. ; value of mutton hi., showing
a positive loss of 9s. Verily the oil-cake maker seems
to get the best of it.

The issue raised by this trial is not merely the
narrow one of placing on the market another material
for feeding stock ; it has a broader significance, a
more distinctive bearing on our national wealth and
happiness. It means, if it means anything, prosperity
to tho farmer, meat for the working man. We may
have oilcake and all other feeding materials in abun-
dance, and yet meat dear; because, so long as the
farmer has to put his hand in his pocket to purchase
feeding materials which do not give an adequate return
—so long, in short, as the profit of feeding goes into
the pocket of the oilcake maker and the merchant
rather than into his own, so long will the farmer
manufacture so much meat only as will insure the
fertility of his land for the production of grain. He
prefers turning his attention to that article in which
he finds a competition in every quarter of the globe,
rather than the other, where he necessarily meets a
more limited competition. He will do what every
other sensible man of business does— produce that
most abundantly which pays the best.

I want to see the farm producing abundantly its own
feeding material; to see the profit accruing from
feeding circulate in its own proper channel ; to see the
production of meat more profitable than the growth ot
grain. I am informed by those who have long prac-
tised it that Mangel Wurzel may advantageously be
grown for a long succession of years on the same

Now'30 acres of land selected near the homestead for
the convenience of carting on manure, and of can-ymg
off the roots to the drying-house, producing an ordinary
crop of 33 tons of Maugel to the acre (Messrs. Sutton
put it 50 per cent, higher), will produce 120 of Mangel-
cako, equal in feeding value to 120 of oil-cake, and as
oil-cake ordinarily in the winter averages at least III.

1104

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [October, 26, im.

per ton (last year 12?. 6s.), the produce of these 30
acres assumes the extraordinary amount of 1320^., less
the cost of manufacture. This item in my trial last
spring, carried on under most adverse circumstances,
cost me 2/j)er ton ; this year I hope to do it for less
than 1^. Here, then, we have the means of feeding to
a profit. How much further the process of drying our
root crops may advantageously be carried I leave to
experience to decide. I may mention that Mr. Norton,
engineer, of Manchester, and 38, Belle Sauvage Yard,
Lud"ate Hill, London, is about to produce a machine
for that purpose that will be portable.

This enormous profit on an article of home produce
must, by the invariable laws of trade, divide itself
between producer and consumer. More meat will be
produced, to be absorbed by a larger area of consump-
tion. The supply of meat will continue to increasCj so
long as its production will pay better than any other
produce. The grower will find his benefit in a larger
trade, the consumer in a reduction of price ; giving one
more practical illustration of the great laws of political
economy, that cheap production and large consumption
are beneficial alike to producer and consumer. ^

One word in conclusion. More meat implies more
stock, more stock more corn per acre. Hut/li Smith,
Great Madkam, Herts, Oct. 12.

[The above letter was sent to us too late for publica-
tion last week.]

LIME FOE WHEAT.
As lime, in its natural form of chalk or liniestone,
is now within easy reach of almost every farming dis-
trict, and as it requires but little labour to assure a
great effect, it may be said to stand in the class of cheap
manures or fertilisers. This abundance, and its
common use for ages, may have caused its qualities and
application to receive an excess of attention in modern

times. But, be this as it may, some amateur and pro- j inducin" this disease.

The conclusions we may now come to are clear. On
all light land which is deficient in vegetable substances
the application of lime for Wheat is wrong. Dusting
the surface for slugs is altogether apart from this
question of fertilisation. If this light land ha-s been
down to Rye-grass, lime would most assuredly be
injurious to the crop of Wheat to follow. If, too, this
Eye-grass had been fed with sheep, it would be all the
more so ; for the ammonia and uric acid contained in
the droppings of animals are powerful solvents of vege-
tation, even when it may be in the crude form of the
matured roots of previous crops of corn. The chemical
and physiological character of the roots of Eye-grass
are, besides, nearly allied to Wheat or cereal crops.
There is nothing acrid in them which would be better
neutralised by the action of a caustic substance like
lime. On the contrary, the digestible part of the
remains of Eye-grass which is left for the Wheat to
feed on is so readily assimilable by the Wheat plant,
that to make it more readily digestible by this solvent,
lime, would be to do that by art which the Wheat
plant would do far better for itself. This is
J ust the case, and the theory of the cause, where the
Professor observed that Wheat matured earlier when
limed. The food of the Wheat had, as we may term
it, been cooked. The result generally in similar cases
is, that Wheat matures before the proper season ; the
further result is, the straw begins to decay at some part
while it is yet alive. This is generally at the root,
when the first wind that blows snaps the frail part
between earth and air, the final result being what is
termed a " root-fallen " crop, and its accompanying
defects— a short yield of inferior quality. Early matu-
rity or ripening before the due season, when this does
not arise from a maggot in the stem, is the cause for
root-falling in nine cases out of ten. Lime, by the
way it makes the food consisting in the preparatory
crop more readily digestible, is a powerful agent in

fessional lecturers and contemporaneous writers, who
have evidently more enthusiasm and good intention
than practical knowledge, have so pushed their theory
of liming, and its effect on soils, that many farmers
have been persuaded out of their more sound experi-
ence, and now place too much faith in lime. The
great value of lime, when judiciously applied, is not
questioned in the least, but some have undoubtedly
been led to believe that lime may be applied
advantageously, that is profitably, in ordinary dressings
and at frequent intervals, to almost every kind of soil,
and for almost every kind of crop.

This remark follows naturally on what we have
recently seen in various parts of this country, and in
the Midland Counties particularly, of the preparations
which have been, and are now being, made for the next
crop of Wheat. Lime has been used alike for light and
heavy land, after fallow and after "seeds." This
cannot be consi

Nature or the rules of art ; nor is_ it in harmony with
the conclusions of the best scientific writers.

The matter, however, is really in a very small
compass, and practical men may accurately apply the
sound data we have to their variable fields, and the
equally variable preparatory crops of them.

In the " Cyclopedia of Agriculture," under the
heading " Lime " (p. 225), we find this sentence : —
" The liming of new soils is, according to this view,
merely a mode of converting the useless vegetable
matter (composed of roots, fibres, and stems in every
form of natural decay) into active manure in the soil
itself."

Again (p. 263) :— " In Scotland, the effect of an appli-
cation of lime on the Barley crop, estiecially on soft
Boils, is to cause a large increase of striw, so that not
unfrequently the first crop, after liming, produces an
inferior sample of grain. It is also remarkable that
the awns are more difficult to detach when grown on a
field just newly limed." Regarding Wheat, on the
same page it is said ; — " Wheat is also benefited by the
use of lime, still, it must be confessed, not to the same
degree as Barley or Turnips. We have seen a remark
by an able Professor that Wheat comes sooner to
maturity on land newly limed than when it is not.
But this is quite contrary to our experience, whicli is,
that all corn crops, in a moderately moist climate, are
retarded in their ripening from 10 to 14 days by a
recent application of lime. The grain is also coarser,
but the yield is greater. "

In these extracts there is ample to guide any
practical man in the use of lime for Wheat, although
there is a difference of opinion between an " able
Professor" and the author of the article, whose
signature is "J. H." Both, however, were right.
According to modern experience the ripening of a crop
would be retarded by the use of lime under certain
conditions. This is when there was a superabundance
of easily digestible vegetable substances, when food for
the Wheat would therefore be abundant, and, there-
fore, when the yield of both straw and corn would be
increased by the use of lime. A rich old pasture, for
example, a fen or moor soil, firm enough to grow
Wheat, and where there had been an excess of root
growing, are the conditions where the experience of
"J. H." would, in an ordinary season, be confirmed.
On old cultivated land, however, where the pristine
deposits of decayed vegetation had heen_ exhausted by
com cropping; on all land which is poor from
deficiency of vegetable deposit by the growth and decay
of the refuse of green crops, as on land which is too
light or dry, or too tenacious for that rapid spread of
roots which admits of this deposit becoming great
during the ordinary courses of modern close farming ;
and on land where " seeds "—Eye-grass, White Clover,
and Trefoil — have to bo substituted for Eed Clover ;
here the maturity of Wheat would be facilitated by
the use of lime : but the probability is, the quantity of
both straw and corn would not be increased, and the
quality of both would, in ordinary seasons, be most
certainly deteriorated.

Stirring such land as has grown Peas, Beans, or
white Turnips, and thereby exposing the roots of these
crops— the food of the following crop of Wheat— to
atmospheric action has the same effect ; they become
unduly oxidised, carbonic acid is more readily formed,
the solution containing them in a decomposed form is
more readily assimilable by the Wheat plants, as indi-
cated by rapid growth in the autumn or early spring,
whereby the stock of food becomes exhausted in May
at the very time when the feeding and the digestive
powers of the crop are at their largest stage of develop^-
ment. It must be a very exceptional piece of " sour "
or tenacious heavy land, if pulling or chopping the
annuals off with a hoe would not, on the above grounds,
be far better for the Wheat than any kind of stirring
or cultivation. On the same ground, one furrow,
J „ ,. ^ „ ,.„ rolling down close, sowing the seed, rolling again
sr fallow and alter seeds. ihis perhaps, and then harrowing up, is agreeable both
stent either with the indications ol ,vith practice and the teachings of science.

Where lime may be used, consistently with the
above views, is where there is an excess of Clover root
and indications of a previous large deposit or accumu-
lation of vegetation or its remains. On pure Eed
Clover, after a heavy crop, lime may be occasionally
freely used ; but this is when there has been a humid
and wet season, and it was previously known that the
soil was likely to produce a rank or dark-coloured
foliage. But then it would have been better to have
limed for the Clover. ! When Eye-grass has been grown,
the only exceptional instance where liming may be
judiciously practised is where there is clear evidence of
rankness or sourness. Semi-aquatic plants, as Gye or
King-cup, or Butter-cup, tmd other plants of a similar
nature, will point this out ; where these grow vigorously
—lime. On drier soils Sorrel is a good indicator ; lime
will kill Sorrel by starving it, making the food that
would otherwise be lelt for it to feed on digestible to and
assimilable by cultivated plants. In all these cases,
however, it would have been better to have limed for
the preparatory crop, that the substances which are
now unsuitable for the Wheat might have been con-
verted iato wholesome food in the organs of the
cultivated crop.

When fine Eed Clover land has, from some unavoid-
able cause, to be ploughed late in the season, a good
sprinkling of lime would be serviceable, but this should
be applied immediately after the plough, that the acrid
acid, which this root contains, might be neutralised in
the bed for receiving the seed. Turnips will not plant
immediately after a crop of Vetches. The cause is the
same, as also is the remedy. Powdered chalk would
act in a similar way, but not so rapidly. It is not
because Eed Clover land gets more solid by laying a
month after ploughing that it is more likely to admit
of a full plant of Wheat, but it is because the seed-bed-
to-be has had the roots of the Clover and the juices
ttiey have voided exposed to the air and undergone a
given amount of oxidation.
Wheat, like Barley, or any other cereal, will

plant better in a loose mouldy bed than elsewhere.
The after-growth in such a case is not the point here
in question. Wheat grows better as a rule, however,
after Red Clover— because the roots of that plant are
larger and less soluble than other preparatory plants,
and, therefore, because the Wheat crop has a store of
food remaining well up into May and June. This is a
chemical and not a mechanical question. Wbeat will
plant well if sown at once after a clean AVIute Clover
root has been ploughed : after Eed Clover, even if equally
clean, it will not, as a rule, do so.

This data affords further signs for liming with dis-
cretion. When there is no doubt about the Wheat
planting — apart from any mechanical or insect con-
siderations— there liming would injure the crop.
When there is a doubt— chemically considered — about
a plant, there a light dressing may be well applied :
but the heavy dressing here really required for the
good of cultivated crops generally should be left over
till the crop following the Wheat. Q.

THE LAND LAWS OF lEELAND.

At the eleventh annual meeting of the National Association
for the Promotion of Soci.al Science, at Belfast, the Presi-
dent for the year, Lord Dufferin, thus referred to the land
laws in his opening address ; — ]

PoK long years past the conduct and character of the
lauded proprietors of Ireland have been the subject of
severe and continuous criticism. A great number of
persons, whose motives I do not wish to question, have
been doing their very best to persuade the tenantry
themselves, and the public at large, that the agricul-
turists of the south of Ireland are the victims of
unjust laws, and of methods of procedure unknown in
the sister kingdom ; that by a system of wholesale
evictions, and the unremitting consolidation of farms,
the occupying population of the country has been
driven across tUe Atlantic, while their desolated hold-
ings have become the pasturage of cattle aud of sheep j
and that all the discontent and disloyalty which prevail
throughout the country have been created by these
circumstances. Into the facts by which these monstrous
assumptions are refuted I will not now enter. I will
simply note, in passing, that the laws which regulate
the relation of landlord and tenant in Munster and
Connaught are practically identical with those which
exist in Scotland, in Eugland, and in the north of
Ireland ; that the ofiioial returns of the annual nvimber
of Irish evictions show that tenants are rarely dispos-
sessed except for non-payment of rent, and that pro-
bably the annual rate of evictions does not much
exceed one to every 10,000 acres of the occupied land ;
that the alleged extravagant consolidation of farms is an
absurd myth, as proved by the simple fact that during
the 12 years I'rom 1850 to 1862 the number of holdings
increased instead of diminishing : that the emigration
from the country consists almost entirely of labourers,
mechanics, tradesmen, and the younger sons of
framers ; that conversion of arable into pasturage is a
process which the tenants themselves have inaugurated,
with a view to the high price of cattle; and that with
respect to the disloyalty and disaffection prevailing in
Ireland, it has become a patent fact that there have
been fewer Fenians detected in the ranks of the farmers
of Ireland than in any other class of the population, and
that it is from amongst the urban and village population
of Ireland, and of Great Britain, the insurrectionary
impulse has proceeded. But though this much may
fairly be contended for, in opposition to the popular
view of what is called the laud question, there still
remains the undoubted fact that tlie agriculture of
Ireland is not in a satisfactory condition. ^ The
principal reason of this is the want of skill, of
capital, of enterprise, and industry amongst the agri-
cultural class, aggravated by a traditional hankering
alter a bit of land in the minds of those who are not
in a position to cultivate it with advantage. Of course
it will be urged by others that the one and only reason
is the insecurity of tenure. I am by no means indis-
posed to deny that insecurity of tenure may be an
appreciable cause of inferior cultivation in parts of
Ireland ; but if one fact is more patent in Ireland than
another, it is this, that, as a general rule, there is no
perceptible difference in the condition of uuleased
lands aud those on which, whether in consequence of
the existence of leases, or from other causes, the plea
of insecurity of tenure cannot be pretended, and that
the most hopeless areas are generally those held
by their occupants in perpetuity at a low rent.
Some more universal causes, such as those which
I have suggested, must be discovered therefore to
account for the general condition of the agriculture of
the country.

Admitting, however, an indisposition to grant leases
on the part of some landlords to be one of the palpable
blots in our agricultural system, an inquiry into the
best mode of obliterating it will be well worthy of
your attention. Of course the most obvious way to
induce a landlord to grant a lease would be for the
tenantry to refuse to cultivate their farms without one ;
but it is alleged that the competition for land is so
intense in Ireland, and other methods of earning a
livelihood so scanty, that it is impossible for a tenant
to stand out for such a condition. Though there is
some justice in this argument, it has been pushed
beyond its legitimate limit.

I believe there are very few estates on which,
if the tenants really evinced a desire for equitable
leases, and were themselves in a position to enter
into a contract, leases would be refused ; but most
of the tenantry are unfortunately either indiU'erent
to leases altogether, or would only be satisfied with
leases of such a character as would be tantamount to
obtaining the fee-simple of the land. The next best
method of overcoming a landlord's hesitation to grant
a lease would be for the tenant to make it his interest
to do so. But bitter experience has taught the land-
lords that too often the granting of a lease is destruc-
tive to the tenant, to the land, aud to himself, and that
the conditions of the contract prove altogether one-sided,
hopelessly restricting his own freedom, while the tenant
is able to escape from all his obligations. Time will not
permit me to explain how this comes to pass, but all
the practical agriculturists who are present very well
know that such is the fact. Let us brieUy examine,
then, how those who have undertaken to solve this
kind of dead lock have proposed to deal with the difli-
culty. They may be divided into two categories-
thoughtful aud responsible statesmen like Mr. Bright,
Mr. Mill, Mr. Chichester Fortescue, and others who
have exercised their ingenuity in suggesting remedies
that are compatible with the maintenance of those
rights of property which are the basis of civilisation,
and less practical and more ambitious experimentalists,
whose simple remedy is to take the land away from its
present oivners and make a present of it to the lucky
iiidiviiliials who may happen to be iu possession of it
at whatever moment their projected Act of ParUament
may pass.

OCTOBEB 26, ISCi;.]

THE GARDENERS' CIinONIOLE AND AriRTCULTURAL GAZETTE.

1105

The chief suRROstion made by the foraicr class of
persons appears to be the creation in Ireland, with the
assistance of Parliament, of an extensive body of small
landowners who shall themselves cultivate the fields
they own ; in fact, a peasant proprietary. Such was the
proposal made by Mr. Bright, and such I take to bo
the meaning of the paragraph in which Mr. Mill refers
to the subject in his recent letter to the National
Association of Dublin. Now, there can be no doubt
that the e.xistence of a large class of sturdy yeomen in
Ireland would be an enormous advantage to the
country. Nor would there be any insuperable dilli-
culties to their introduction. Every year a very large
area of landed property passes through tho market,
and if Governnieut supplied tho money for its
purchase it might easily be colonised with tho
aesoription of agriculturist required. But even
supposing the original difficulty as to where the
purchase money of these small properties, and the
capital necessary for their cultivation, is to come
from, were got over— how will you bo able to guard
against your yoomeu or his descendant eventually
turning into a petty landlord, and jjlaying pretty
much the same part in the social economy of the
country that the middleman did 30 years ago ? For
after all, what was the middleman but an ordinary
Irish farmer paying a fi.ved quit-rent, such as Mr. Mill
describes, for a term of years that might fairly be
expected to outlast his own and his son's life, and
which, therefore, in some measure aiiproachnd in value
to a perpetuity ? Again, \vc must ctmsidor a little
whether there might not be danger of tho land thus
handed over to the cultiv.ation of these small farmers
eventually deteriorating, through bad cultivation, into
a state of complete exhaustion. As long as land is
rented there exists some one whose interest it is to see
it done justice to, but if it is owned by the occupier you
have nothing to depend upon but his self-control and
foresight for escape from such a state of things as
existed before the Potato failure. I am afraid the
land^ agents in Ireland will tell you that these
qualities are hardly sufficiently developed to afford
a satisfactory guarantee upon the subject, and^ it is
more than probable if the country were again to
be split up into five and eight-acre farms, that we
should inevitably lapse into a system of Potato
culture, which, even as it is, is far too extensively

{>ractised. Of course the opposite opinion may be
egitimately maintained, and as no proof is possible we
have nothing but a balance of probabilities to decide
between ; but it is a very significant fact that 31. de
Lavergne, a strong advocate for peasant proprietors and
small farms, and probably the highest and most
impartial authority that could be cited, has pronounced,
in a work especially devoted to the agriculture of this
country, a strong opinion against the establishment of
a peasant proprietary. There is one other alternative
which I have not yet seen suggested, but which has
occasionally occurred to me, and that is, not the
creation of peasant proprietors, but the acquisition by
Government of large areas of landed projterty at present
under pasture, and the settlement upon them of what
I would call " crown tenants," who should hold their
land on something approaching to the "ryotwar"
tenure of India, though under a stricter coutrol as to
its cultivation than is there found necessary. Such a
method of proceeding would be, however, very alien to
the principles on which Government is conducted in
Europe, and though, perhaps, calculated to improve
the physical status of the people, would tend, inde-
pendently of other objectionable consequences, to
undermitfe their manliness and self-reliance.

With regard to the various schemes for the intro-
duction into Ireland of compulsory leases at rents
fixed by Parliament, I do not propose to trouble you.
They are advocated, I have no doubt, with the
most benevolent intentions, but I ditfer so completely
from their authors, not only as to the first principles
of political economy, but as to the very meaning of the
terms right and wrong, justice and injustice, liberty and
tyranny, that we have no common ground for discussion
between us. "What arguments can I use to a gentle-
man who calmly asserts that after a man has invested
the savings of a lifetime in the purchase, at its compe-
tition price, of a portion of landed property in the
Encumbered Estates Court, on the security of a Parlia-
mentary title, it will be competent for the Legislature
to turn round on him the day after and say : It is true
you have purchased this property at its market value
with the intention of putting it to its most remune-
rative uses, but we now intend to restrict your interest
in it to that of a rent-charge. You must immediately
lease it out, at a rent which a valuator of our own shall
fix, to aU the tenants who happen to be in occupation
of it at the present moment, without reference to
their solvency or skill, for your own, your son's, and it
may prove your grandson's lifetime, though, mind you,
the tenants in whose favour we create this novel
interest shall have the right to sell it, under your nose,
to the highest bidder who may choose to beggar him-
self and you by buying it. Of course I may be told
that the purchasers of property under the Estates
Court are a small minority, and that they are
in an exceptional category as compared with
the landed proprietors of Ireland. In the first
place, as to the matter of fact, it is probable that
more than one-third of the present landholders of
Ireland are recent purchasers of estates under these
very conditions ; and, in the second, the very conten-
tion that a difference exists in the inviolability of a
title derived from this source and that which rests on
prescription, or ordinary deeds of sale, is sufficient to
show the impossibility of arguing with those who
support it. Unfortunately, however, the unreasonable-
ness of the.se views does not render their agitation the
less mischievous. The one thing which the country
stands in need of is capital, and the sense of insecurity
engendered by such proceedings is incompatible with

tho investment of capital. The difference in tho rate of
interest between a first charge on an Irish jiroperty
and that on a landed estate in England is gradually
rising to more than one per cent.— that is to say, the
Irish peonle (for the loss ultimately falls upon the
nation at largo) pay for tho folly of a knot of agitators
a unique tax of several millions a year. But not only
is capital not being invested, capital is actually being
withdrawn from tho country. Liko any other person
engaged in business, tho landed proprietor is often com-
poljcd to develop the resources of his estate with the
assistance of borrowed money ; but within tho last few
months 1 know, from tru.slworthy information, that a
tendency has been shown on the part of those who
hold mortgages on Irish property to call them in ; nay,
more, even in the neighbourhood of somo of our
uorthoru towns, gentlemen who wore on tho point of
investing the fortunes they had made in trade in the
purchase of property in their native land have been
deterred from doing so by tho unsatisfactory condition
of the country, and, as a consequence, will enrich an
English neighbourhood with tho wealth they would
willingly have distributed among their fellow-country-
men.

It would be to insult your intelligence were I to
waste words in developing tho mouo in which all
classes of the community are affected by the increase
of price in the value of money, and this outward drain
of our sloivly-accumulaling wealth. All the vital
energies of the country are moro or less arrested by
these and similar infiuences. Fenianisra and agitation
(for the one is the offspring of the other) have alike
combined to paralyse tho retail trade of the towns and
villages in one half of the island, to demoralise the
industry of a large portion of the agricultural classes,
to discourage the enterorise of our southern manu-
facturers, and to cripple the landed proprietors in their
schemes for the improvement of the country ; while
Irish patriotism itself, tho crown and flower of the
national character, has become the synonym of what-
ever is extravagant and impracticable.

Home Correspondence.

Utilization of Town Sewage, — In your complete and,
to us, satisfactory summary of our circular addressed to
local boards, two objections to the system which we
ventured to advocate appear to have presented them-
selves to your mind. We must confess that wo our-
selves thought that, on those two points, the separation
plan was particularly to be recommended. 1st. Regard-
ing the practicability of filtering the sewage of a great
town, it must be remembered that the sewage will
always be fixed in quantity, and will be free from sand
and all impedimenta of that nature, thus avoiding all
I danger of choking the filters ; besides, the system of
upward filtration would be adopted, so that the solid
matter would always be deposited at the bottom of the
tanks. 2nd. As to the sewage being too concentrated
on tho ilonday morning, that certainly could be easily
regulated by a proper system of flushing. It does not
appear to us that under the present systems of drainage
there is any advantage in that resjiect, as you can never
guarantee a proper supply of rainfall on the Sunday to
dilute the Monday's sewage. Since issuing our circular
we have read a report on the drainage of Reading, by
Mr. Lawson. We were glad to find that he has adopted
some of Mr. Menzies' principles, viz., the separation of
the sewage from the rainfall, and the system of upward
filtration (vide pp. 7 and 11 of Report). He proposes
to use all the present drains in the town, togetiier with
some additional ones, for the rainfall alone— about 1.3
miles in all — and to construct a fresh system of drains
for the sewage proper; the rainfall from the courts and
vards alone to be admitted into these. B. Pearl, T. W.
Oooch, Windsor, Oct. 2-1, 1807.

Milk for Cottagers. — You are aware that inthe south-
eastern counties of Scotland the universal practice is to
have the whole of the ploughmen.'shepherds, and other
labourers required throughout the year resident upon
eacli farm ; and accordingly that a set of cottages, in
numbers proportioned to the requirements of each
farm, form invariably a part of our farm buildings.
These regular farm labourers resident upon each farm
areengaged for a year,from Whitsundayto Whitsunday.
Hitherto they have received only a small proportion of
their wages in money, and the remainder in kind, con-
sisting of certain fixed quantities and kinds of grain,
the keep of a cow throughout the year, a portion of
land planted with Potatos, and the use of a cottage
with small garden rent free. This practice is now of
long standing, and has undoubtedly worked well, both
for employers and labourers. The cow's keep consists
of pasturage in summer, and about 3 tons of Turnips,
with straw sulficient for fodder and litter in winter.
The cows are housed in a byre forming part of the
farm buildings, but appropriated to the use of the
hinds' cows. As a rule, the cow is the property of the
hind ; and it is always for the interest of all concerned
when it is so, although occasionally when a hind is
unable to purchase a cow, the employer supplies him
with the use of one, and in such cases retains the new-
born calf as interest for his outlay and risk. Of course
the money-value to the hind of a cow's keep varies
exceedingly, and is influenced by a variety of circum-
stances. Much depends on his skill or good fortune in
making a successful purchase of a cow, much on the
quality of the pasture, and very much on his wife's
skill in managing the cow and her dairy produce.
The cow is necessarily liable to such accidents as abor-
tion or barrenness, and she may sicken and die. The
latter calamity is often provided against and mitigated
by the system of mutual assurance. The hinds of a
convenient district form themselves into cow clubs,
which they organise and manage for themselves with
much success. After allowing for all contingencies,
the money value of the cow keep is usually estimated
at from 51. to 7'.i according to the locality of the farm

and quality of the pasturage. When all conditions are
favourable it is worth considerably moro in actual
money ; but apart from this it does not admit of
question that our farm servants and their families
benefit exceedingly by the constant use of milk, as an
important part of their dietary. To children in par-
ticular an adequate supply of good milk is of such
consequence, that nothing else can compensate for tho
want of it. With us milk occupies very much the place
that beer does in many parts of England, and in my
opinion is both cheaper to the farmer and better for the
labourer. Mr. Mechi has recentlv infornieil us that his
annual expenditure for boor to his labourers amounts
to2j. 4c;. per acre, while a Lincolnshire farmer nuts it at
from Us. to 5.5. per aiTO. Estimating the cost or keeping
servants' cows at a fair rate, I think that the outlay for
milk under our system will not exceed 2s. per acre, and
that a further sum of firf. per acre will cover our
expenditure for beer, which is little used except in
harvest time. If tho two systems which I have thus
incidentally contrasted be tried by their results,
physical, moral, and social, 1 think you will agree with
me in the opinion that milk is better than beer.
J. Wilson, Edinglon Main.^, Aijtoun, Bertvickskire.
[The above letter was addressed some time ago to
a member of the Food Committee of the Society
of Arts.]

The iZarDfs^— Through your exertions in obtaining
reports of our harvest prospects from various parts of
the Kingdom, both jiroducers and consumers were
early apprised of the fact that those prospects were
not such as some few writers represented them to be,
whose favoured letters obtained a place in the columns
of the Times, although their information appeared to
rest solely upon an occasional glance through the
windows of tne railway carriages whilst being rapidly
whirled from place to place. Bad as the prospects
appeared to be when you obtained the opinions of such
a numerous body of practical and well-known
agriculturists, yet I feel were those opinions to be
expressed now, they would give a much more gloomy
statement. I am free to confess that when I had the
pleasure of answering your q^ueries my ideas were fully
cent, per cent, more for "W heat than it is likely to
yield ; and I hear of similar disappointment in every
direction. Men whose daily occupation it is to thresh
for hire state that where they used to thresh from 200
to 250 bushels per day, they now obtain from 100 to
130, and rarely reach 150 bushels. Besides this great
deficiency in yield, the quality is very inferior. It is
quite the exception to see a really plump good sample
of corn, and tho spring-planted Wheats, of which we
usually grow a groat quantity in this neighbourhood, are
infinitely worse than the autumn-planted, if we except
those planted in April, which I think will prove the
best yield and sample I this year grew. The cause of
this great deficiency I attribute to the severe frost we
had on the 28th of June. The autumn-planted Wheats
were then in full bloom, the spring planted were just
coming in ear, whilst the Aprils were not so advanced,
and thus they escaped. If the opinions which I
frequently hear and often read are correct, and of
which I have no doubt, viz., that the Wheat crop of
this year is 30 per cent, below an average, the position •
of this great bread-consuming nation is a most serious
one. The calamity with our corn crop far exceeds that
of the past two years from cattle plague. The official
returns of the acreage of Wheat grown in England,
Wales, and Scotland, in 1866, was 3,385,394, and taking
the estimated average growth at 24 bushels per acre, it
will appear that there is a deficiency of 21,374,832
bushels, of a present money value, 9,749,928i. In order
to obtain food for the nation, that sum in excess of
former years will have to be sent abroad, for the
English farmers have no old stocks to fall back upon.
The corn dealers, tho millers, the merchants, are pretty
well in the same position. All looked forward to the
promising crops, a good harvest, and lower prices, but
alas ! their hopes, like our Wheats, are blighted, and I
fear many millions in excess of the sum I quoted will
be required to be sent to enrich the foreign producer,
whilst the English farmer will have to pay increased
wages and increased tithes, if not increased rents, in
consequence of this great national disaster. T. Duck-
ham, JBaysham Court, Ross, Oct. 15.

Soctetieg.

Norfolk Chambee of Agriculture: Tlie

Employment of Women and Children in Agriculture.—
At a recent meeting of the Norfolk Chamber of Agri-
culture, held for the purpose of resuming the discussion
on this subject, there was a large attendance.

The President (Mr. Clare Sewell Head, M.P.)
said that the Committee of the Association were
desirous of adopting certain resolutions in answer
to the very able statement made by Mr. Fraser, the
Assistant Commissioner, at the last meeting of the
Chamber ; but they found it impossible, in two or three
small resolutions, to embrace all the topics, and they
had, therefore, drawn up a report, which he would call
upon the Secretary to read.

Mr. C. R. GiLMAN, the Secretary, then read the
following report : —

" The Norfolk Chamber of Agriculture (having heard the
nature of this inquiry fully and ably expLiined by tho Com-
missioner) record in the following statement the conclusions
at which they havo arrived. They would preface these
observations by saying that they have entirely excluded from
their consideration the gang system as practised in some parts
of Norfolk. They cordi.ally approve of the Agricultural Gangs'
Act of last Session, and believe that it will be found sufBcient
to cure what is certainly an exceptional, but still a great, and
fjerh.ip3 the chief, evil in the employment of women and
children in agriculture. Fiirm work on which women and
children are usually employed is certainly healthy, and is by
no means excessive or laborious. With the exception of h,ay
.and corn harvests, and in the case of small boys keeping birds
or herding stock, the time women and young children are
employed on a farm does not exceed eight hours a day. The

1106

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICT.E AND ACtRIGTTLTTTRAL GAZETTE,

[OCTOBEE 26, 1867.

Cliam'Jcr, tlierefore. considers- any restriction of the hours of
labour quite unnecessaiy. and tbat there is not tbo slig:htest
cause for limiting the acricultural operations on which women
and children should be employed. The amount and quality of
education in the rural districts of Norfolk have greatly
lACreased during the last 20 years. There is now, for the must
part, a. school in every parish, in which the children of the
agricultural labourers can be educated at the trifling- cost of
one penny a week. But still there are many small parishes
without schools, and in the sparsely -populated i^ai-ts of the
country there is, and must ever be, the difficulty of placiug
Bchool-housea within a reasonable distance of many cottages.
Norfolk, however, has good cause to complain of the small
encouragement and support her schools receive from Govern-
ment, as only 147 out of 757 parishes receive any portion of
the Educational Grant. Notwithstanding, however, the Ki'eat
increase of schools, the moral and social improvement of the
labouring population has not been such as the friends of
education hoped and had a right to expect. No doubt children
— especially boys -arc taken from school much too young;
but the lack of sufficient cottago accommodation, and the
absence of parental authority iu'the homes of the labourers,
have done much to destroy any good effects of such improved
education. This Chamber would offer no objection to an Act
iwohibiting the employment of any child in agriculture under
nine years of age ; but, if such restriction is imposed, means
must be taken that the child should attend school, and not be
kept at home in idleness. It has been stated that children are
but of little use upon a farm till they are 11 or 12 years old.
It is certainly during the summer months that the laboiu- of
■women and children in any numbers is chiefly needed, and
without such labour it would be difficult, if not impossible,
for the Norfolk farmer to cultivate his land in a neat and
husband-Hke manner. It is during this busy portion of the
year that the niral schools are now shut up, and the teachers
take their holidays. As the successful performance of almost
all farm-work depends on the seasons and the weather, it is
expedient, in a national point of view, that every facility
should be given to the farmer to employ all the labour at his
command during the busy seasons of the year. Therefore, if
any legislation is attempted, certain dispensing powers should
be granted during the summer and autumn months. Should
attendance at school be insisted upon after the boy has com -
menced labour, school on alternate days or weeks would
render the boy almost useless to the farmer. He had much
better attend the school for a certain number of consecutive
days during the leisure part of the year. As the restrictions
on the employment of juvenile labour wiU fall heavily upon
the parent, and, in the case of large young families, with
crushing severity, it will be far more than ever necessary that
good schools should be provided. Compulsory education in
the mildest form will most probably lead to an education rate,
and this Chamber protests most earnestly against such a rate
being levied exclusively upon the real propei-ty of the king-
dom. In conclusion, this Chamber would express its opinion
that any further restriction on the employment of women and
children in agiiculture, and any regulations respecting the
education of the childi-en of the labouring classes, is not
required, and should they be attempted must utterly fail to
produce any good result until reasonable and sufficient cottage
accommodatinn is provided."

The Pre-sident said the Council had requested bim to move
the adoption of this report. He was sure that all who had the
adv.in;tago of hearing the statement of :\Ir. Fr.xscr, aidhad read
the speeches which he made at the different union meetings,
must have felt that more reasonable and more truly Christian
addresses were scarcely ever made by any person. Mr. Fraser
first of all told them that they could no long'cr expect to bo
exempt from the legislative interference which had already
taken place in regard to all industries with the exception of
that of the farmer, and that even in regard to agriculture the
thin end of the wedge was introduced last year by the passing
of the Agricultural Gangs Act. He explained to them .some
of the principles on which tho.se Acts were passed. He told
them the, maiu principles of the Factory Extension Act and
the Workshop Act, but he did not tell them one little cii-cum-
stance, namely— that in one of those bills it was stated that
no woman or child should be employed after two o'clock on
Saturday afternoon. He (the Chairman) stated that, by way
of illustrating how Parliament seemed inclined to deal with
these matters. It had been said to him in the House by one
or two gentlemen who were large employers of labour," that
legislative interference woidd very much interfere with the
proper performance of their business, and he asked them why
they did not oppose the Bill? Why, they said, it would look
as thou'^i they were interested parties, and that it would not
do for the friends of the people to do anything to restrict the
people's leisure. Then they were told that the Factory Acts
were based upon physical, moral, and educational principles.
In regard to the physiail principle as applied to agriculture,
they had said, and said very justly, that the employment in
■which women and clnldren were engaged was certainly light,
and that the hours duiing which they were employed were
short. Tliereforo they could dismiss that part of the question.

Then as to the moral principle, if they applied it to
agriculture, and excluded the gang system as they had
piupoeely done, he did not thmk there was quite so much in
it as the majority of people in towns, and especially in
London, seemed to imagine. It would be very right, ifagii-
cultural gangs continued, that the sexes should be separated ;
but as to a total separation of sexes in all farm work, he
thought they would join with him in. saying that that was
impossible. They could not have men carting Barley in one
held and women raking in the other, nor could they
think of having women in one field heaping hay, and
men in another field cocking it. His opinion was that it was
rather at play, not at work, where the evils arose.
Supposing the sexes were separated whilst working upon the
farm, how could they stop them from assembling together
during the dinner hour ? How could they prevent them njix-
ing as they went home from work ? They knew very well that
if they went into a village street they would seegi-eat girls and
boys " larking " together at nine or ten o'clock at night ■ and
in all probabiUty some of those boys and girls slept in the very
same room. All ideas of decency which the farmei's might
entertain could not by any possibility have tho same effect
upon the people who were herded together in this manner as
they would upon themselves. Well, then, as to the employ-
ment of women and children in agriculture, he must say there
had been a gi-oat deal of what he might call sentimental
twaddle on the subject. It had been said that it was repug-
uant to the refinement and delicacy of females to bo employed
in agriculture. They knew very well that the refinement and
delicacy of their daii-ymaids would not allow them to milk •
and, he dare say, in a few years they would tell them that
dressing a fowl and dj-essing a hare were so extremely dis-
gusting that a man must be employed to superintend those
operations. The women that were engaged in agriculture
■were sometimes the objects of pity and sometimes of reproba-
tion. Their dress often did not pass without comment. He
knew a lady who was asked the other day what she thought
of the dress of agricultural female labourers as common in the
■west of Norfolk, and she replied in tho fashionable and
vigorous language of the present day, " It is awfully disgust-
ing," What was it tbat these women wore? A pair of strong-
laced high-lows, good woollen gaiters, with (he had no doubt)
suitable continuations, and skirts which, instead of bcing^lS
inches on the ground, were, perhaps, 18 inches off the gronnd.

He did not mean to say that this was an elegant, or by any
means a becoming dre&s, but he was sure that it was useful
and he believed that if they were.to sec the same women on ;
Sunday, they would find them with their parasols, veils, and
crinoline, and all the adornments which were supposed to be
the ti'ue index of the refinement and ci'vilisation of English
females, FHeld-labour, he thuught, had been unduly blamed.
It was not field-labour, he thought, but the persons who were
employed upon it, that did harm. Wlieu a gentleman got up
and told them tbat when a poor girl went to work she
was contaminated and spoiled, he contended that in all pro-
bability she was contaminated and spoiled before she got
there. It was not the nature of the work. They might just
as well say that gaols made people bad, and that workhouses
made them poor. He contended that if there was a
girl who at school was more troublesome than the rest, or
more independent, or more thoroughly good-for-nothing, she
was the girl who would go to farm- work. As to the case of
older women he did not think that that observation apphed.
If a married woman was the mother of ever so small a family,
and that family was young, she would be very much the best
at home ; but they must remember that there were a great
number of women who had very little employment in their
homes, and that field labour was to them healthy and by no
means objectionable. He could tell them of an instance on
his own farm. There happened to be two women living in a
double cottage ; one of them had formerly been a dairy
servant, and accustomed to a good deal of hard work. She
could not find up a sufficient quantity of in-door work, and
the consequence was that she got fat and out of health. The
other woman had only one child, and the child having died,
she was seized with a melancholy turn of mind. These
women said to him, "What shall we do?" and he recom-
mended them to go out to field labour, which they did. They
had contmucd working in the fields ever since, and were
perfectly well, and were now two most respectable women,
and he was sure that the 45. per week which they took home
was a most pleasant addition to their husbands' 12s. Then as
to the age of girls. He had always found that a girl of 11 or
12 was just as strong as a boy of the same age. It was
proposed that no girl should go to work until .she was 15 or
16 ye;irs old ; but as was stated in that room a fortnight ago
by the Rev. P. Gurdon, that was the very age at which the
girl required the greatest protection. He was of opinion
that there could be no good neat farming without
the assistance of juvenile or female labour. He had
travelled in many pai'ts. he had lived in Wales
and different counties in England, and he had also
been in Scotland, and could say that he had never seen a well-
cultivated farm in his life but that some women or children
had been employed upon it ; and if they went to Scotland
they would be perfectly astonished to find in that ever -forward
and advancing countiy, where agi^icnlture had always been
considered in its greatest perfection, tbat women were there
employed in very much larger numbers than in England : for
they performed almost the whole of the field-work upon the
f:irms. They were certain fiddling operations of husbandry,
such as picking stones and Couch-grass, singling Turnips, and
weeding Barley or the drills of com after the horse-hne had
gone through, which could not be said to be laborious, to which
the children with their nimble hands and fingers very soon
became adapted, and he did not think that that was the
sort of employment in which they could expect men to be
engaged.

Then they came to the last subject, the educational prin-
ciple. They had said in the report that they should have
no objection whatever to limit the age of children employed in
agriculture to nine years. Some people might differ from them
and say ten, and some would go so far as to say twelve. He was
sure that unless boys went to work when they were young,
they would not in nine cases out of ten make good labourers.
The Assistant Commissioner was good enough to say, " Surely
a boy's muscles at twelve are not more rigid than they are
at <nine." They might not be : but he (the Chairman) '
had always found this to he the case, that if a boy j
did not go to work until he was eleven or twelve years old, I
in all probabiUty he would be so stupid and so utterly !
unsuited to the labour at which he was set, and he would
be so disgusted to find that younger boys -were better
labourers than he was, that unless he was a superior lad he ■
would get into a shuffling sort of a way which he would never
get out of. If the employment of agricult\u-al children w.as
continuous, then they might fix a higher limit than nine
years, but it was not so. There were certain seasons in the '
year when women and children were employed, and must be
employed, on the farm ; and there were some months when
the farmers could very readily dispense with a gj-eat portion
of them. They must remember that these restrictions, if they
were imposed, would fall veiy heavily upon the parents of
children. He believed that, as farmers, they would hardly
feel them at all, though perhaps it might incur a certain
amount of trouble to know th.at the child had a certificate
showing that he had an-ivcd at the prescribed age ; or they
might get into some muddle if they employed a man to hoe
Tui-nips, and if that man were to have one of his children
picking after him who was below thp prescribed age, and did
not come up to the conditions requued by the Legislature A
policeman might summon a farmer for employing this child, !
about whom he knew nothing, upon his farm ; and difficulties, j
of course, would aiase in this way. He must, however, say, in
vindication of the farmers, that they were not oppo.sed to
education. They wished their labourers to be educated ; and
he could assert without fear of contradiction, all other things
being equal, that the educated man was certainly tbo best ',
labourer. Nor did he think the charge brought against the
guardians of Norfolk was altogether right as to their not
encouraging education. The expense for educating a boy I
was one penny per week—really so trifling that it did not '
often enter into tho c;ilculation of the guardians— but he was '
acquainted with three different unions, and he could say }
that in all of them the guardians encouraged out-door educa- \
tion of pauper children all in their power. It was frequently '
the case, as had been stated by the Rev. P. Gurdon, that the
scbpol bill was brought in by the relieving officer, and cheer-
fully allowed by the guardians. The invariable question put
in these cases was, "Is the child properly brought up ? does
he go to school?" If. he went to school, and was properly
brought up, they would allow the fullest relief in their power.
With regard to the fortunate man -the bailiff who could not
read, about whom some remarks were made at the last
meeting— he thought the observations must be taken in a sort
of general sense. They knew what were the sort of bailiffs
that a farmer had now-a-days. He either had some fine
young gentleman who would not work, or he got some broken-
down farmer who could not manage his own business. There-
fore the man who wanted a good farm bailiff— a thoroughly
good working man— said he would rather have one who could
not read, because he would then be able and wiUiug to work.
With regard to the schooling after the child went to work, he
contended that alternate half -days, alternate days, or alternate
weeksfortheemploymentofchildreninagrieulturewoud render
the child utterly useless to the farmer. It must be something
like so many hours in the year; and it was to night-schools
and Sunday-schools that they would have to look for keeping
up the education of the agricultural labourer. He was sure
that the farmers owed a deep debt of giatitude to the clergy
and gently v?ho undertook the management of such schools.
A diffarent. class ; of teacherswere required for night-schools
than those who were employed in day-schools. A man might

be a very good national-school teacher ; but he would not bo
ablo to properly manage a lot of great boys and young men:
therefore it was very necessary that schoolmasters should be
jabsolved from the duty of night-schools, and that some other
.person should step in his place. But he did consider that
|night-schools had accomplished a great amount of good, and
|that they ought to receive more encouragement from Govem-
jraent. He, for one, thought that compidsory education was ■
not needed. He quite agreed with Mr. England in saying
jthat the gi-eat evil — the lack of education— was in a great
;measure curing itself. If they had compulsory education, ,
'they must veiy soon have an educational rate ; and then, as a
matter of course, they would undo all the voluntary efforts
that had done so much good : but he did maintain that, as the
country as well as the towns paid taxation to the imperial
revenue, so it was the duty of the Government to take care
that the educational votes should no longer go to the towns
and great villjiges only, but that they in the country should
receive their fair and just proportion. He had stated his
views upon the subject, though he did not mean to say that he
had stated all that he could ; but he had answered some of the
chief statements that had been made ; and he hoped that the
report which he had now the pleasure of proposing wouldbe,
generally supported by the Chamber.

Farmers' Clubs.

BaLLTKAHON : Oct 7— The harvesting of Moot
Crops.~Mr. A. C. KiNGsxONE read a paper on this
subject, from which we make some extracts :—

(1). Potatos if left loug exposed to the sua, even to
the light or to the air, lose their flavour as food; the
side exposed to the light becomes green ; a slight frost
will destroy them; if damp is allowed to reach them
for a length of them, when heaped together, they will
rot. They should, when fully matured, be taken out
of the ground in dry weather, and not stored till
perfectly dry ; they should be stored in a dry place,
closely covered, excluded from the air— one of the
best coverings is ordinary dry earth. One evidence of
their being mature is when the tubers freely come off,
as you moderately shake a handful of freshly dug up
stalks. About the beginning of October the Potatos
should be taken out of the ground and secured. This
may be done by the spade or graip, or plough without its
coulter.

When ploughing Potatos out of drills, the coulter
is removed, and instead of the mould-board, a con-
trivance, made like the hand, with its fingers extended
fi'om each other, is attached to the plough. This
Potato raiser is made by Howard for his ploughs; also,
I presume, by other implement makers. As the
Potatos are dug or ploughed out, remove all diseased
tubers, to be used at once in feeding pigs, poultry, &c.
The sound tubers may then be picked up, sorting them
in difl'erent sizes, to be kept separate for use as may be
required. Every Potato, even the smaUest, should be
gathered, with the object of removing a weed from the
succeeding crop. The Potatos, as gathered in baskets
or cleaves, may be carried or carted to the store heaps
or Potato pits. Some say that the sound Potatos will
be much tlie better of lying in the field for a day or
two after being raised, to dry them thoroughly before
being stored ; but they must be covered at night vnih.
straw.

Potatos may be stored in various ways. Choo.^e a
convenient situation ; the ground dry of itself, to
absorb the rain as fast as it falls, or as much inclined
as to allow surface water to run away quickly. la
cold, northerly aspects select a situation sheltered from
the north wind, and have the direction of the pits
north and south, to place both their sides within
reach of the sun's rays in winter. When the soil is
naturally dry the site of the pit may be dug out of the
solid ground a spade depth ; but unless the soil is as
dry as sand or gravel, the Potatos should be piled upon
the natural surface of the ground made smooth. _ Here
let the Potatos be emptied from the cart, and piled by
hand in a long heap; its breadth about 7h feet, ite
height not exceeeding 2\, Cover the Potatos with a
thick coat of dry, clean straw, not drawn straw, but
mixed as it is after being tlireshed, or dry Potato stalks
may be used, free from any green weeds ; then dig up
eaTth in the form of a trench all round the pit, the
inner edge of the trench being cut as far from the pile
of Potatos as |will be the thickness of both tho straw
and the earth to be put on it, which may bo about
1 foot. ' The first spadeful is laid upon the lower edge
of the straw along the heap, the earth being chopped
fine and beaten down with the spade, to render it as
impervious to cold as possible; and the drier it is, the
less effect will frost have upon it, and penetrate into it
the less distance.

If 12 inches be allowed for the thickness of the straw,
and earth, the height of the finished pit will be 3^ feet,
and the breadth 9|-. The trench all round should be
cleared of earth, and an open cut made from its lowest
side. Openings may be left along the ridge of the pit
as ventilators for the heat aud moisture. The openings
may be left at intervals through upright bundles of
drawn straw before the earth is thrown up and beaten
do^m near the ridge. This is only wanting for about a
fortnight after pitting. After the heat subsides all
apertures should be well stopped. It is said that
Potatos from unripe tubers are both vigorous and more
early than such as are raised from tubers perfectly
ripe. Therefore, Potatos intended for seed may be
taken up a fortnight or three weeks before being fully
ripe. When taken up, all ill-shaped, small, bruised, or
diseased tubers should be laid aside, and the best dried
in the sun and carefully stored until wanted for
cutting. The vegetation of Potatos stored for seed
begins some years in spring earlier than usual. The
first buds being rubbed on, all the first bud's early
growth is strength wasted, and loss to the future
plant. Cannot much of this loss be avoided? May
not the Potatos be examined early in February, and
occasionally afterwards, and when indications of vege-
tation are observed, then move the Potatos to a cooler
situation, and keep them thinly spread, and, if possiMei
cut and plant them so that the first' bud shall spring

OCTOBEn 2fl, 18Gr.]

THE GAIIDENEIJS' ClIKONIOLE AND AGKIGUETUIIAE GAZETTE.

1107

from tlio sets, not Ijefore, but after, they have been
planted.

(2). Mangel Wurzel not beins able to withstand
frost, the crop should be entirely cleared from the held
before it makes its appearance. When standins in
the ground, protected by its broad leaves, it may stand
a frost, if not severe, but a very slight frost will damage
any roots lying uncovered ; tlierefore, it is ^vell to
cover any roots that are pulled and left out for the
night. The tops may be twisted oil' by hand ; rather
leave some of the leaf on than injure the crown in any
way. The drier the weather is the better for storing
the crop; the roots will not be injured by a little
earth adbering to them. When about to be used, the
earth and .small roots should be removed. The best
way of pulling them is to have two drills i)ulled by
one worker, and the adjoining two by another, the
roots placed in the hollow intermediate Ijctween the
four drills, the leaves thrown in heaps in the same
hollow between the roots. The leaves thus treated are
clean, and tit for food for stock, which they are not
when thrown on the land and trampled ; besides, the
loaves are at hand to cover any roots that may not be
carted off in the evening ; if not required for food, the
leaves may be scattered over the ground. Stripping
off the under leaves of Mangel in summer and early
autumn, as sometimes is done for cows or pigs, lessons
the weight of the roots. Mangel is not safe to give to
cattle until it has boon some time out of the ground;
it becomes more valuable for feeding when longer out
of the ground — about spring— than earlier in the
season. Mangel is, perhap.s, the longest keeping root
we have in cultivation. Mangels may be stored like
Potato.s, with a thicker covering, leaving the top
uncovered for a lime, to act as a ventilator.

(3). Carrots and Ftir.snips may be taken up and
stored in dry weather, when the leaves change colour,
at the end of October or early in November, before
winter frost appears. They may be taken up with a
tUree-pronged fork, any adhering earth removed, the
tops cut off or wrenched off, avoiding injury to the
crown. Separate the roots in sizes, the smaller for
earlier use, and store them in alternate layers of dry
sand in a dry outhouse, or in narrow heaps or ricks
about 3 leet wide, made like those for Potatos or
Mangels, building the crowns of the roots outwards.
AVhen being jilaced in store, the roots should be
perfectly dry; thus well secured. Carrots and Parsnips
will keep sound all winter for use as may be required.

As Parsnips arc not injured by frost, but, on the
contrary, are rendered sweeter, they need not be taken
up, e.tcept as required for use, or until the ground in
which they grow is required for tillage. For table use
they are better taken up fresh and fresh. In February
or March, however, any remaining should be taken up;
otherwise they will vegetate. Preserved in sand, they
will continue good until the end of April.

In October the leaves of Parsnips, as they begin to
change colour, may be cut otT and given dry to the
cows, and also to o.xen and horses. It is important to
see that they be dry, as when moist from rain or dew
they are apt to inflame the udder. If given moderately
— a good armful to each cow— they will impart as much
richness to the milk as the Parsnip itself; but do not
let any decayed leaves be given to the milch cows.
The Parsnip deserves notice on account of its fattening
properties, as well as the good milk it yields. When
given to cows with a little hay in winter, the butter is
of fine colour and excellent flavour. Parsnips are
excellent for fattening cattle or pigs. For them they
should be used raw, never washed, as washed Parsnips
are found to surfeit both pigs and cattle, and boiling it
makes the bacon flabby. Parsnips are said to fatten a
begin si.v weeks, especially if sour milk is given with
them. When boiled. Parsnips will fatten poultry.

(1). Dry weather should be chosen for the pulling of
Turnips, not merely for the sake of keeping the
Turnips clean, but also for the sake of the laud, which
ought not to be cut up and poached by the horses and
carts, Turnips may be stored safely in triangular
heaps, or ricks, from 6 to 10 feet wide at the "base,
tapering gradually to the top ; the outer roots carefully
built with the crowns outside. Frozen Turnips are
injurious to cattle, they should be steeped in cold
water to remove the frost; but having them stored
and protected in time is less expense. The earth
upon unwashed Turnips is injurious to cattle, it
scours them, and keeps them loose in the bowels;
they fatten faster with clean Turnips. Turnips
gathered in fro.st should not be stored, but used at
once. Turnip-tops are sometimes given to cattle, but
it is an injurious practice, producing looseness of the
bowels and loss of condition, from which the cattle take
some part of the winter to recover. Better spre-ad the
tops equally over the ground on which they grew ; let
them become withered, and plough them down ; they
make some return to tbe ground.

The Turnips should be given on fresh pastures
for ihe first month. Before the end of October the
sheep should be netted on the Turnip land. They will
improve more than double in September if they obtain
a good supply of Turnips in a Clover or other good
field than what they will do in November with the
same full quantity of both.

Traclice with Science. A Series of Aoricitltural

Pajiers. Vol. I. Longmans.
A second has been added to the first series of
papers from the Eoyal Agricultural College; and the
whole appears as Vol. I. of '' Practice with Science."
The title very fairly describes the contents of the
book; there are useful lectures and essays here by
practical men as well as by scientific men, and even
some of the separate papers might very well have
the title of the whole collection as an appropriate

individual motto. Take Mr. Russell's lecture on
rotation of crops for example, which is one of the most
important of the second .s'eries of papers here collected
The subject is discussed — first, in relation^ to the.
]iractii'nl ccinHjmy of tlio farm ; secondly, in rela-
tion with the physiological nature of the dill'orout
jilauts, whiidi rouil'rs some pl.ants more exhaustivo of
the soil tlini oilirrs; and tliirdly, iu relation to tho
chemical and jiliyscal constitution of soils, which
renders them better adapted for certain plants than for
others. Both Science and Practice arc drawn u])on.
This, at any rate, is the plan of the lecture, which,
however, while elaborate and complete even to
redundancy under tho first head, is less satisfactory,
little more, indeed, than suggestive, under the other
two. Mr. llussell's essay is, however, a very interesting
contribution to the collection.

'We are very glad indeed to find that Professor
Wrightsou is engaged on a seriesof experiments on tbe
capillary action of soils— a subject which greatly needs
investigation, and when thoroughly understood is
certain to throw great light on the theory and action
of land drainage. The various soils examined were
placed in tubes, which stood in water. In 20 minutes
the sand tube had dravvn up the water 9 inches, and in
20 minutes 15 inches; in 1-32 days only 23 inches. In
the corresponding times the clay tubes had drawn up the
water 1.1 inches, 5.1" inches, and 35^ inches respectively.
The soils of closest texture, acting more slowly, had
yet, when time was given to them, brought about the
greatest lift ; clays and loams beating coarse granules,
whether of sand or any other mineral. The experi-
ments are no doubt being continued, and we shall
ultimately have some definite light thrown by them on
the still vexed quastion of deep or shallow drainage.

Professor Church contributes the following short
report on a second series of "Wheat experunents,
in the years 180.5 and 13G3— made to ascertain the ger-
minating power and growth of heavy and light seeds
respectively: —

" The results were slightly in favour of the light
seeds in their early stages of development; but, as in
former trials, the yield of corn was slightly greater from
the heavy seeds. When translucent seeds were com-
pared with o])aque the same results v.'ere obtained.
The former seeds, which are heavier than the latter,
yielded a slightly greater iuorease, but fewer of them
arrived at maturity. In these experiments, Hallett's
new Pedigree Wheat was used — a white rough-chalfed
variety. All the seeds selected were as perfect as
possible, and on this account the results were much
less conspicuous than where the whole sample of
dressed seed-corn was separated into two parts, light
and heavy, in the way described on p. 108 of these
memoirs. The results this year with the Wheat
already mentioned are very striking. Iu the following
table the results of growing heavy and light seed under
the same conditions as to sowing, cultivation, &c., are
given in a condensed form : —

Kind of Scod.

1. Heavy, top-dressed

2. Do. not top-dressed.

3. Light, to]t drc.s.scd

4. Uo. not top-dressed .

?£

■sis-

^.-1

^A^

.Sb

m

i;

Hi

^it

T»

Ml

21).

01.9

.567

18.95

62.6

.270

9.(12

02.3

.288

8.7(i

62.-5

37.
34.4
33.4
30.4

" Thus we see that the heavy seed, top-dressed,
yielded 3.6 bushels per acre more than the light seed
similarly top-dressed ; while the heavy seed, not top-
dressed, yielded -1 bushels more than the light seed not
top-dressed. Valuing this increase at 5s. per bushel,
we have in the first case a gain of 18s. per acre, and in
the second case a gain of 20s. In the experiments of
ISiJS-lSSl, the gain similarly calculated amounted to
ju,st 13s. per acre; this was tho average of four
varieties of Wheat. But, in accordance with our
expectations, the gain is greater in our latter experi-
ments, in which the heavy seed was grown against the
light seed, instead of against ordinary seed, as in the
experiments of 13fl3-18Gl."

A collection of papers by the same author, descrip-
tive of laboratory results, is well deserving of perusal.
So is a good and practical paper on the hydraulic
ram by the Principal. Mr. Robert Smith, of Exmoor,
contributes a short account of his experience in the
early sowing of Wheat, which is, however, less instruc-
tive than it would have been had the experiments been
on a larger scale, and had the results been given
per acre.

mt i^oultrj! ¥arli(.

The Guinea Fowl. — The Pintado, or Guinea fowl, is
partially known in a domestic state all over Europe,
but is most common on the Jlediterranean coasts.
Africa appears to be its native country, and it was
probably introduced into this country from Guinea.
It is not only quite hardy, but we find this fowl very
profitable to rear, and consider if the mode of rearing
it were better known it ivould be more kept than it is.
The first week in June is soon enough to begin setting
common fowls on Guinea fowls' eggs. They come
off in July, when plenty of ant eggs can be found for
their food. One of our Guinea hens laid 180 eggs from
April to October iu 1851. Of course we feed them
well. We never allow them to sit on their own eggs,
but prefer giving them to a turkey, which will bring
them up as cautiously as any hen, in fact better. We
would recommend turkeys who lose their first brood
to be set on the guinea fowls' eggs to rear them. A
turkey can sit on from 20 to 2.1 eggs, whilst a common
hen only upon 15 eggs. They do not like confinement,
and if near a good park or Grass fields where they can

range, will liud more than half tho food they require.
The best way wo find to render them tame is to feed
them in one particular place, and at one siieoiflo timei
of the d.ty, when tlioy will not fiil to coine to tha
aoousteraed spot. They are fond of roosting iu trees,
if you are not particular iu gettiug theui homo to roosli
early in tho evening ; but as wo are careful of ours in,
thi.s respect, we can drive tljom hom'j at an early hour
as easily as a flock of shee|). They cannot be put up
to fatten, but must bo allowed a good range, with
jdonty of food. We can generally sell them iu Fiibruary
for 5.5. a couple, and they are as easy to keep as chickens.
To rear Guinea fowls, however, a good sitting hen
or turkey takes 28 to 20 days to hati;h, and as soon
as they are hatched they will run about and be very wild,
like a partridge. AVe place the hen and brood under
a coop, with a lift similar to that used by keepers in
roaring young pheasants, and are careful tliat there are
no ajiertures through which they can get out, for in
that case they would get to a stack of wood, or some-
thing; of that sort, from which it would be very
awkward to get them out again before they starved.
Therefore we keep them very close within this coop
for ten days, and give them plenty of ant eggs in the
left compartment of the coop, and if we can procure
suflicient they will require no other food; indeed they
will not do well without thorn. Any one who can rear
pheasants or partridges may rear Guinea fowls, as they
seem to require the same treatment at first. Lmid
Sleioard.

I\)ultrii Management.~-Yh& age of poultry should
never exceed three years (except it is wished to keep
an individual for the sake of breed), after this a»e they
rarely lay from the moulting season to late m the
following spring, consequently it is folly to keep an
unprofitable animal when one in profit would consume
no more food. The plan I pursue and recommend is to
part with all poultry after the third autumn laying,
and to put in their place the previous spring chickens,
by which is meant chickens hatched through the
months of March, April, and May ; birds of January
and February hatching are apt to have their feet
swollen by the cold of some situations, which is
unsightly : and besides this being ready for market in
May they are too valuable to be kept for stock when
birds of less market value but equally good for laying
can bo had. The March pullets will begin to lay in
September, and the others will succeed them in rota-
tion of hatching ; to these in November will be added
the hens rising two years old, and about January, if
favourable weather, the hens rising three years old
will begin to lay. By attending to age a succession
of laying hens will be had through the whole
year. The next particular to be attended to is
diet. With poultry as with other animals variety has
its charms, and greatly promotes both fattening and
laying. Poultry confined to a yard should have given
to them food as similar as possible and as various as
that they w'ould feed on if allowed to roam at large ;
they require vegetables, seeds, insects, gravel, ashes, or
dry mould as much as corn of different sorts, to keep
them in health, and plenty of clean water: rain water
is the best. If a feed of corn is given the first thing in
the morning, let this be followed at 11 a m. by a feed
of Barley-meal mixed with boiled Potatos or Parsnips,
or both, to this pieces of fat meat chopped may be
added ; the fowls will fill themselves to repletion.
About 3 P.M. a little com may be thrown them, soon
afterwards they will prepare for roosting. Fowls
prefer meal to corn, and I have observed that those
birds that had rolled crams of Barley and Oatmeal
required feeding only twice a-day, feeding to satisfy
each time, and resting nearly the whole of the interval :
by feeding with meal made into a stiff dough or crams
with milk or liquor of boiled meat, more eggs and
larger and fatter fowls will be obtained than by corn-
feeding— of giving peppercorns to poultry I have no
knowledge, neither do I think any benefit will attend
it. J. S.

Spanish Poultry. — A correspondent says : — "I
obtained some years ago four eggs of a remarkably large
size (for hen eggs), averaging over 3 oz. each, from a
friend, who got his fowls from a correspondent in the
wine trade at Cadiz or Xeres, and from these I obtained
a cock and two hens, very large and heavy, high, not
from length of leg but depth of body as well, silver
spangled in colour, with muffs to the jaws only, not to
the head as the Polish— on the head is a small comb,
drooping to one side, with silver ears. W^hen young
they are very odd-looking and bare of feathers, being
first covered with a soft down, which is slowly
succeeded by feathers, during which process the bare
skin of the backs is seen during a week or two. Some
of last year's chickens are perfectly black, and like the
old Spanish breed, though there was no possibility of
mixture of breeds : and this has happened in my
friend's poultry-yard also, though we keep no other
breed, nor do we intend to do so, as we find them
superior to all others. They are equally good as layers
and as table fowls — the young cocks of last year
averaging 4 lb. weight, three months old, and of very
white flesh, though never crammed or forced in feeding.
Some of the eggs of the 2-year-old hens weigh 4 oz.
wanting 2 drachms; and they maybe called, with some
proprietj', 'ever-laying,' as they have never shown any
disposition to hatch, which obliges us to procure
common hens for that purpose. As it may be satis-
factory to state how they are fed and treated, I shall
do so as briefly as I can :— When my horses are fed in
the morning, they get their share of white Oats ; at
2 or 3 o'clock, when let out of their enclosure after lay-
ing, they get some screenings of Wheat, thus varying
the grain, which I think of much importance, par-
ticularly as to flavour of the eggs ; and in the evening,
before retiring to roost, they get the boiled Potatos and
skins left after kitchen use. Their houses are regu- .
larly cleaned out twice a-week, perches, ic, scraped
cleanly, and there is a thorough ventilation through

1108

THE OARPENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCIOBEE 26, 1867.

the houses by the open doors and latticed small windows.
Green food, of some kind or other, such as Cabbages,
Tetches, Clover, &c., is regularly given two or three
times a-week, and a boiled ox liver is thrown to them
(whole) weekly, which, in a few days, is picked to
shreds. Water and a large wooden bowl of gravel, and
another of coal-ashes, are left in their way, without
which I do not think they could be in such vigorc
health as they always are."

Farm Memoranda.

A Maetland Dairy Faem, Baltimore.— While
the sale of milk is believed to be remunerative under
the management we are to describe, I must add that
the custom of diluting milk is so universal that the
honest man is, as it were, driven out of all connection
with a dishonest traffic. Mr. Winans, for example,
disposes of his milk, of course, to retail dealers, and he
has never sold to them at less than .30 cents per
gallon. They can buy of others at 25 cents, but have
preferred to pay him his price because they could
water a pure article more than one that was already
somewhat diluted. No responsibility for their acts
can rest on his shoulders, it is true ; but when any
pursuit is carried on, at least partially for mental and
physical recreation, one likes to avoid all connection,
however remote, with anything that is not open and
above-board. Tnis unsavoury reputation does adhere
to the trade in milk ; and to that reason, in all likeli-
hood, we may ascribe the fact that it is so often in the
hands of a class of dealers in very low position, botii
morally and pecuniarily.

I said that though rendered somewhat familiar, by
correspondence, with what Mr. Winans had done,
I did not realise it as I have come to do by
personal examination for a few days past Let me
illustrate by a few figures I am permitted to copy
from his books :—
Sal''.3 of Mill- by Mr. Winans for one Tear to May J.tt, 1867.
"' '' ^ ' Month of Dols. c.

November, 1806 . . 3,176 45
December ,, .. .3,104 60
January, 1867 . . 3,086 26
Februai-y „ , . 3,020 78
March ,, .. 3,373 08

April ,, . . 3,709 81

Month of

Dols. c.

May, 1866

3,421 45

Juue ,,

3,585 93

J"iy „

3,558 91

Aug. „

2,371 03

Sept. „

2,194 75

Oct. „

3,047 56

Total sales of milk for 12 months

Sales of cows and calves for same period

Purchase of cows and heifers, same time

Dols. 37,630 71
.. 11,986 08

Dols. 49,616 79
.. 9,098 66

Dols. 40,518 13

It is only since the 1st of May (and therefore not
included in the foregoing statement) that Mr. Winans
has begun to reduce his stock, and the sales given only
include the usual surplus of the year. Jloreovor,
although no count or inventory was taken of the two
dates referred to, it is estimated that the number of
cattle on hand was 15 or 20 greater May 1st, 1867, than
May 1st, 1866. Their value is to be added to the above
•figures, as is also that of 100 tons hay sold at 38 dollars
per ton (3800 dollars), and about 220 tons estimated
now on hand ; so that it is easy to see that the
aggregate production of the year may be safely put
down at 50,000 dollars. The cost of feed (mainly bran
or shorts and Indian Corn), and that of labour on the
farm and in the stables and dairy, are of course to be
deducted. If we add the value of the manure pro-
duced, and charge it over to the cost price of the farm,
it will somewhat increase the latter, and so much
enlarge the yearly profit. Indeed the present value of
the 700 acres may be fairly rated at 200 dollars per
acre, and this is just about what has been invested— say
50,000 dollars in the cost of land, 67,000 dollars in
manures and fertilisers, purchased and produced,
including transportation and labour, 20,000 dollars in
buildings, and 3000 dollars in fencing. These are
round numbers, but will serve the purpose of illus-
trating the scale on which the operation has been
conducted.

On visiting the two farms we found them in excellent
condition. The standing Grass crop, though backward
(mowing begun May 20th, in 1866), bids fair to exceed
that of last year. And as to last year's crop, I can only
say that it filled 45 barns, rated at 40 tons each, being
an aggregate of 1800 tons— the largest hay crop I
remember to have seen on record cut by an individual
in a single year ! The estimate can be tested in this
way : 300 head of cattle and 30 horses were fed on hay
all the year round, and 320 tons were sold or left over
—which would account for an average consumption of
less than 25 lb. hay per head per day. Now, as to the
surface on which this crop is grown : The two farms
together have about 760 acres, of which there is one
considerable patch that is still wet and not in order,
leaving, with other deductions, less than 700 acres to
mow— probably not over 650— so that the crop, at the
lowest figures, was over 2i tons to the acre. So much
for liberal manuring !

This year three more bams are to be put up, and it
is hoped that the crop will be nearly or quite 2000 tons

The stables are in the city, and contain stalls for
220 cows. The number of cows actually milked has
varied from 180 to 200 for two years past, while nearly
100 more are kept at the farm, to draw upon as circum-
stances require. The average yield of milk per cow per
day, when tested, has been about 2 and l-lOfch gallons ;
but no record has been kept showing the average
number of days in the year which each cow has been
milked. It may be computed, from the facts that are
satisfactorily ascertained, however, to he very nearly
315 days ; and upon this basis we shall make an
average yearly yield of 2637 quarts per cow, which, for
an establishment of such extent, I need not say, is
exceedingly large. Most of these calculations, I should
add, are my own, from the data furnished by Mr.
Wmans' books ; and they are not made up with any

other view than to get at the exact facts of the case.
Many of the cows very much exceeded the average ;
and I copy the following from the records of a number
which attracted my attention as we passed through the
stalls.

Averai^e Daily Yield of several Cows, from a Jlecoi-d kepi of the

Amount they gave, at Intervals of about Three times per Month,

in Quarts and Hundredths.

No. 30, cow fresh M.ay 8, 1866, to May 10, 1867 .... 11.37

No. 147, cow fresh June 27, 1866, to May 11, 1867 .... 11.49

No. 191, cow fresh April 20, 1866, to May 4,1867 12.22

No. 101, cow fresh Nov. 21, 1866, to May 1,1867 10.96

No. 215, cow fresh Nov. 28, 1866, to May 9,1867 1.3.85

No. 122, cow fresh Dec. 17, 1865, to May 2,1867 .... 12.65
These six cows had thus averaged a fraction over
12 quarts each per day, for periods varying from about
live months in the last (No. 122) up to two days over a
full year in the first (No. 30). Of the fresher cows
I might add a list of 16, which dropped their calves at
intervals during January and February, and up to
March 13, which have averaged over 16 quarts of milk
daily to each cow. A third list might include 14 heifers,
with their first calves, which have now been in milk
from one to six months, and have averaged 13 quarts
per day each. American Country Gentleman,

Miscellaneous.

Sales of SJwrtkorns.— The herd of the Duke of
Montrose, and the largest portion of the herd of
Viscount Strathallan, were sold by Mr. Carr, at Mr.
Dewar's farm, King's Park, near Stirling. The sale
was opened with the Duke of Montrose's cows and
heifers, for which there was a good competition. Eose-
dale, the best cow in the herd, was purchased by the
Duke of Montrose, at Lady Pigot's sale, for 217 guineas.
In the herd of cows belonging to Viscount Strathallan,
Violante obtained the highest price, 91 guineas. Sir
William Stirling-Maxwell being in this case the buyer.
The highest price paid for a bull was Scottish Chief,
belonging to the Duke of Montrose, which fetched
67 guineas. The sale was the greatest which has ever
occurred in Scotland. Excepting Rosedale and a few
others, the most of the animals will remain in Scot-
land, a oircumstance which shows how much the
Shorthorn stock is appreciated on that side of the
Border. The following is the list of the Duke of
Montrose's herd : —

Cows AND HEIFERrf.

La Valliere, roan, 12-year-old ; got by Gainford 5th (12,913),
dam (Farewell) by Royal Buck (10,750)— 41 guineas; Mr. Fox,
of St. Bees.

New Year's Morn, white, 10-year-old : got by Baltic (12,431),
dam (Lady Marguerite) by Master Charlie (13,312)— SOguineas ;
Sir W. StirUng-Maxwell, of Keir.

Rosedale, roan, 6-yc.ar-old ; got by Valasco (15,443), dam
(Rosy) by Master Belleville (11,795)— 235 guineas ; Mr. Beattio,
of Montreal.

Flower Girl, roan, 6-vear-old ; got by Baron Killorby (19,280),
dam (Flora) by Victor Emmanuel (15, 460) -100 guiueas : Sir W.
StirlingMaxwcll, of Keif.

Rosy Morn, red roan, Sycar-old ; got by Victor Royal
(21,028), d,am (New Year's Morn) by Baltic (12,431)- 01 guineas ;
Duke of Richmond.

Baroness Killerby, roan, 4-year-oId ; got by Biiron Killerby
(19,280), dam (Flavia) by Baron Warlaby (781.3) -78 guineas ;
Mr. "WUite, of Little Clinterty, Blackburn, Aberdeenshire.

Early Sawn, ro.an, 2-ye.ar-old : got by Fashion (21.724), dam
(New Year's Mom) by Baltic (12,431)— 58 guineas ; Mr. Turn-
bnll, of Huntingtowcr.

Ba.llet Girl, roan, 2-ycar old ; got by Fashion (21,724), d.ara
(Flower Girl) by Baron Killerby (19,280) -58 guineas; Mr
Turnbull.

h'rincess, red, 2-ye.ar-old ; got by Fashion (21,724) dam (Ija
Va]li&re)by G<ainford 5th (12,913)— 50 guineas : Mr. Turnbull.

Pride of the Mor7iin{r, roan, 1-year-old : got by Scottish Chief
(22,849), dam (Rosy Morn)by Victor Royal(2I, 028)— 75 guineas-
Sir W. S. MaxweU.

Highland Girl, roan, l-ycar-old : got by Scottish Chief
(22,849), dam (Flower Girl) by Baron Killerby (19,280)— 56
guineas ; Mr. Balfour, of Bnlbirnio.

Lady Booth, roan, 1-year-old : got by B.aron Booth (21,212),
d.am (La VjiUifere) by Gainford 5th (12,913)— 42 guineiis; Mr'.
Storer, of Hellidon, Daventry.

Bay Sprino, roan, calf ; got by Scottish Chief (22,949), dam
(Early Dawn) by F.ashion (21,724)— 31 guineas ; Mr. Scott, of
Brotherton, Kincardine.

French Lady, roan, calf ; got by Scottish Chief (22,849), dam
(La Vallifere) by Gainford 5th (12,913)— 23 guineas ; Mr. Fox of
St. Bees.

BULL-S.

Scottish Chief (22.849), red, 3-year-old ; got by Ravenspur
(20,268), dam (La ValliSre) by Gainford 5th (12,913)-67 guineas;
Duke of Richmond.

Rose Hill, roan, 2-year-old ; got by Fashion (21,724), dam
(Rosedale) by Valasco (15,443)-40 guineas; Mr. Stirling, of
Cockermouth.

Northern Light, ro.an, yearling; got by Scottish Chief
(22,849), dam (New Year's Morn) by Baltic (12, 431) -42 guineas ;
Mr. Balfour, of Whittingham.

Scotch Rose, red, yearling; got by Scottish Chief (22,849),
dam (Rosedale) by V.al,asco (15,443)— 51 guineas ; Mr. Cruick-
shanks, of Sittyton.

Clansman, roan, calf ; got by Scottish Chief (22,849), dam
(Rosy Mom)by Victor Royal (21, 028)— 32 guineas; Mr, Forman,
of Windymains, Upperkeith,

Jacobite, roan, calf ; got by Scottish Chief (22,849), d.am
(Flower Girl) by Baron Killerby (19,280)— 30 giiineas; Mr.
Charles Tenant, of Buchlyrie,

Average of cows (14) . . . . £70 4 0
Average of bulls (6) . . . . 55 0 0
Total average 62 18 0

Irish Cattle Trafflc—AhnMock "trucked" at West-
port at 8.30 P.M. arrives in Dublin about 11 a.m. on the
following morning; in a couple of hours it is shipped
for Liverpool, and on its arrival there is sent by rail-
way a considerable distance inland ; and during all this
time remains unfed and unwatered. Such a mode of
conducting_ business is as demonstrably wasteful as it is
obviously immoral. A cattle salesman stafid before
the Committee of llie House of Commons that the
animals are so ill-treated in loading on the railway
trucks, and are kept so long standing in them, that he
prefers walking his cattle 70 or 80 miles. A wholesale
butcher stated, "they sometimes get dreadfully
bruised," and that " a beast badly bruised may lose
Bl. or it. in value." Another ■witness adds that " the
Irish cattle are very wild, and the men who drive

them very wild, and that they do not use ordinary
care," Is it not natural to suppose that such a system
must tend to generate fever and contagion amongst the
cattle, or at least make them less fit for the purposes
of man ? I believe I do not exaggerate when I say
that scenes of shocking cruelty are constantly wit-
nessed at the shipment of cattle at the North Wall,
Dublin. Dr. Moffat, of Queen's Collepe, Oahvaij.

Ouernsey Affricullure. — Mr. T. Butler, of Bally-
carron, thus referred to it at a recent agricultural
meeting in Ireland:— "I attended the show of the
Eoyal Agricultural Society of Guernsey last Novem-
ber, and acted as one of the judges, and although this
union is seven times larger than Guernsey, I assure
.you they had a capital show. I found out that my
fellow judge, who holds a seven-acre farm, was quite a
big man in his way ; for, taking the farms in Guernsey
one with another, they average only four Irish acres
each. In the next place, I found that the farming in
the island, though it is done by the very smallest of
small farmers, is yet some of the best and most profit-
able farming in the whole world. I found that these
small farmers enter into the occupation of their three
or four acres of land often at the almost incredible rent
of S^. the Irish acre, and yet that their profits gradually
enable them to redeem or buy out the rent, an option
which is allowed to them by their land laws, and to pay
the owner 20 years' purchase upon this enormous
rental. I think we can learn much from the example
of Guernsey. It is a good deal to learn from it, in the
first place, that which Lord Dufferin and the Fenians
both agree in denying— that a dense agricultural popu-
lation can exist in comfort under the British Crown.
In the Channel Islands we find a ready solution to
some other problems and controversies that vex us
much in Ireland. We are often told here that the
small farmers must get eaten up by their larger rivals
— that ' the peaceful operation of economic laws ' has
done for them-^that they cannot stand any longer
before the mowing machines and threshing and win-
nowing machines, which, it seems to be thought, must'
perform their natural offices by Irish men and women,
as well as by Irish corn and chaff and hay. But how is
it in the Channel Islands ? Why, the consolidation of
farms is a phrase unknown there. The tendency is
rather to subdivide, and the smallest farms pay the
highest rent. I visited one farmer who had recently
come into occupation of a second farm, and he told me
he had parted with it because he could not give to it that
close attention which would enable him^ to realise so
good a profit as he obtained by letting it to a small
farmer. So you see different institutions in the
Channel Islands lead to a different working of
economic laws. But I cannot enter further into the
causes of this difference without trenching upon
ground that is forbidden here. All I shall say is this :
if there is any one here who will go to inquire into the
condition of agriculture and of the people in the
Channel Islands, I care not what may be his politics, I
am sure there is one character in which he will not
return, and that is, as the determined opponent of all
improvement of our land laws."

Caustic lime made from magnesian limestone is very
generally disliked by farmers. It retains its caustic
properties for a much longer time than the common
lime, and instead of only using them upon the decaying
vegetable matter of the year in which it is applied,
continues to exercise them upon the living crops, both
in that and subsec^uent years. It is, therefore, a serious
objection to any lime that it contains magnesia in any
quantity, and yet upon hypothesis applicable to special
circumstances it has been used successfully. It occurred
to some one that as peat soil, from its redundance of
vegetable matter, ordinarily requires along time, and
the application of lime for successive years, for its con-
version into ordinary earth, the superior caustic pro-
perties of lime from magnesian limestone might he
applied with advantage to reduce it more rapidly into
the required state. The experiment has been tried,
and the hypothesis proved well-grounded. The Farmer.
On Sri/ing Corn in SAeaura.- Heading a periodical
of date Edinburgh, 1st September, 1832, 1 was struck
with the following extract from the " New Monthly
Magazine" of that period, referring to the stupid out-
cry made then against steam conveyance by railroads.
The writer says—" Farmers, who are the most timid of
God's people, and about the most short-sighted, cry
out that horses would cease to be wanted!" "The
general produce of the country will be greatly increased
by the easy conveyance of appropriate manures, and all
those heaps of articles, of which it is often remarked
they[are not worth carriage, will suddenly rise into great
value. Treasures will start up under the feet of some
men." But, alas ! the British farmers for a genera-
tion past have made little or no efforts to appropriate
the fertilising refuse of our cities and towns, as our
polluted streams testify. It may be that our farmers
do not want to increase the fertility of mother earth,
seeing the helpless mode they have got of securing the
produce as it is during a wet season. The following
extract from the same journal (although it may have
been published many times during the last 35 years) is
well worth the attention of both landlord and farmer :—
"Mr. Stephens, of Edinburgh, communicates to the
Journal of Agriculture — ' 'The simplest method of
securing the crop after cutting it down from being
damaged by standing longinstooks on the ground, is that
universally practised by the agriculturist in the woody
parts of Sweden and Norway and which never fails in ||
completely protecting at least nine-tenths of the grain I
from growing in the sheaf, as well as the straw from j|
any serious injury. In those districts every farmer
provides as many sades stor, corn stakes (that is,
stakes for drying the grain on), as will be necessary for
the quantity of his growing crop. They are generally
made of young white Pine, 8 feet long, about li inch
diameter at top and 4 inches at the bottom. The
upper end is pointed, to allow the sheaf to pass easily

OCTOBEE 26, 1867.] '

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AKT) An?vTCULTUEAL GAZETTE

1109

down over it, and the lower end is likewise pointed, to
facilitate its boinj; fixed in the ground. When a field
of Rrain is ready for the sickle, the stakes are couvoyod
to the spot, and the reapers proceed with the work ;
the stakes are pnt np in rows behind them, in the
same manner and at the same distance from each
other as is common in stookiuR the crop. A man,
with the assistance of an iron crane or spit, will set
up 500 of these in a day. The next operation is to
put the sheaves on the stakes. This is performed
by raising the first sheaf up to the top of the
stake and passing it, with the root end down-
wards, to the ground, the stake being kept as nearly
as possible in the middle of the sheaf The sheaf
then stands perpendicular and round the stakes.
The second sheaf is fixed on the stake in an inclined
position, with the grain end sloi)ing a little downwards,
the stake passing through the sheaf at the band in a
transverse manner, and in that position it is pressed
down to the first slieaf, and thus forms a covering to it.
Alt the other sheaves are threaded on the stake in a
similar way as the last sheaf put on, keeping Ihcm all
one above another, with the root-ends facing tlio
south-west to receive as much of the sunshine as
possible, on account of the greater quantity of Grassy
substance they contain at the end. As each sheaf thus
acts as a complete covering to the one beneath it, and
as there is only one that can touch the ground, rain
cannot at any time penetrate through them, and it is
very rare that any single heads of grain on a stake are
injured. I have witnessed these operations performed
with as much expedition as actually attends the
common way of setting the crop in the field in stocks.
The number of sheaves put upon each stake is generally
15 or 16. The advantages arising from the above simplo
manner of protecting the crop are many, exclusive
of the consideration of the grain and straw being
preserved in a wholesome slate. The farmer by it
IS enabled to commence reaping early in the morn-
ing while the dew is yet on the grain. Partial rainy
weather does not prevent his operations ; he can
employ all his people in cutting down the crop before
carrying home any part of it, and when he does com-
mence carrying it home not the least particle is shaken
out, for, instead of throwing a single sheaf into the
con. cart or waggon at a time (by which much grain
is frequently lost), the stake with the whole of its
contents is taken up, put into the cart, and carried to
the corn-yard. When the crop is all carried home
the stakes are collected and laid aside to be similarly
applied the succeeding year, and when carefully kept
during the period they are in use they will last 20 or
30 years. I have known many farmers residing on the
plains of Sweden, where wood is extremely scarce, who,
rather than he without such preservatives of their
crop, choose to purchase them at a dear rate and
transport 30 or 40 miles to their possessions. Indeed,
the practice of staking the grain is there so general
and so beneficial that the number of stakes used is
often taken notice of when a lot of land is offered for
sale.' " The above method of securing the crop during a
wet season is so well adapted for our variable climate,
and being cheap, simple, and efficient, it must be the
stupid adherence to old habits that hinders our farmers
from adopting such a mode. I believe in some parts
of Aberdeenshire it is adopted during wet seasons with
success, though many projects made of late induce me
to think that a lesson might be taken from Norwegian
and Swedish farming. J. Kerr, Oalashiels, in " Inver-
ness Courier."

Notices to Correspondents.

*," Ouo or two questions must remain unanswered for a week.
Milk : MA X. Keep out light and you keep out heat in

great measure. Cold water is, of course, the main agent ;

but a dark cellar will help you.
Teeth as Indicating Age : Cor. The following tables are

taken from Professor Bimond's report on this subject in tho

" Journal of the English Agricultural Society " ;—

DENTITION OF THE OX.

GRATIS OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION", Class IX., No. 2119.

Mb. gray bega to call thu attention of tho Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardcnere, &c., to his

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Extract from Report in Gardeners' Chronicle oJ International Exhibition, May 24, 1862, page 47G.

"Tito uprlKhc form of Bollor la iiHuiilly niftdo on a circular plnn,
but the ovtti form Rlvon to Mr. QitAv's vivrloty of It Is oald to bo
profurablo In oonBoqueDoo of Its brlngiuR tbo tubes In cloaor contact
with tho Are. The usual form of a fUrnace being a paralluloRnira

rather than a Htiuare, It seoma foouiblo that tho HollorH on the oval
i)lan should bring tho tubOH nioro coinplotoly withtn range of the
burning f\iel ; and thU being so, tho change, though a alight one,
in no doubt au Improvomout.'*^

f^* T}uy are made of all sites ^ which^ with prices., may be had on application,

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DAN VERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

GUMMING & EDMONDS'

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EDMUND'S,

July 16, 1867.

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CONSERVATORY ARCHITECTS, HORTICULTURAL BUILDERS, AND HOT-WATER ENGINEERS,

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Adjoining the West Bromptou Station on the West London Railway.

Table of Early Average.

The Breed and other Causes

favouring Development.

Yeara. Months.

1 9 Two permanent

Incisors.

2 ;i Four do.

2 9 Six do.

3 3 Eight do.

Tahlt of Late Average

The Breed and other Causes

retarding Develop oient.

Yeai's. Months.
2 3 Two permanent

Incisors.

2 9 Four do.

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3 9 Eight do.

DENTITION OF THE SHEEP.

Table of Sarly Dentition,

YoATS. Months.
1 0 Central pair of

temporary In-
cisors re-
placed by per-
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1 6 Second pair do.

2 S Third pair do.

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Table of Late Dentition,

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Two permanent

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1110

THE GARDENEES' CffRONICLE AND AGRICULTTJML GAZETTE.

[OcTOBEE 26, 1867.

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3s. 6d. to 10s. Gd. Prospectus post paid.

CHEAP FIRES.— The Radiating Fire Balls save half
the usual consumption of fuel. One Shilling packet of
Four, red hot in the fire every day, lasts all Winter.

S. Nash, Ironmonger, 253, Oxford Streut, W.C. ; Linstcr TerracQ,
Bayswator ; and Stove Dcp6t, 119, Newgate Street, London, E.C.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

111*

jm

By Royal Letters Patent.

GSHBEWSHaRY'S NONPAREIL GAS BOILER.
. Size to Heat 30 feet of Pipe, 38s.

"His Nonpareil Gas Boiler is an itvention of which we can speak
in terms of unqualified approval." — From tlie Ironmongera' journal,
June 29, 1S67. G. Sbrewsdury, Lower Norwood, S.

A^[ES WATTS AND CO., Hothouse Builders and

Hot-water Apparatus Man UFACTCHEKS, 353, Old Kent Road, S.E.
TWO HUNDRED CUCUMBER and MELON BOXES and
LIGHTS, and from 400 to 500 LIGHTS for PITS of all SIZES kept in
STOCK, Glazed and Painted complete, ready for immodinte use.
Packed and sunt to all parts of the kingdcm. Public aud Private
Buildings, Warehouses, &c., heated on the m^'st Jipproved scientific
and economical principles. Keferenccs to the Nobility, Gentry and
Trade in most of the Counties in England,

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every destription.
fixed complete in any part of tho country, or the materials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, ic. delivered to any Station.
Estimates on application.
J. .Tojfp^ A Sos-n. B. Banksirie, Southwark. London. S.E.

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED foi
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Construction, and
Apnlication of WROUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buitdint;s.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER-
VATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSES perfectly neutralize atmosDhoric conduction.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and ricliuess of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
aiTangoment.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivera), induce perfect symmetry and
unfailmg result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
maximum degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are speoijiJly arranged aud heated upon an
improved system.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES,
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secui'u
the gi'owth (if flrst-cla-sa fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FORCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for tdl early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL STRfAW-
BERRr HOUSES admit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Housea can he glazed with or mthout putty.

These Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Patent,
and from the complete adjustment of their constructional parts will
vie most fnvoumbly with Wood Structures in point of cost.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses In Wood or Iron.

Illustrated Caialoguos on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Dennis & A. Soboby, Horticultm'al Builders nnd Hot-
Water Engineers, Cholmbford.

W Heating by HOt Water.

J. 'HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31, Banl Side, London. S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, irom Stocit, per yard :— 2-inch, Is. lid. ;
£-inch,l3.3tZ.; and 4-inch, 23. 3d. BENDS, from Stock, Is. 65., 28. fid.,
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, 10s., I3s.,and 14s. each. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and aU goods of Srst-class manu-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

Heating by Hot Water.

HOT-WATER PIPES, at Wholesale Prices, witK
Elbows, Syphons, Toe-Pipes, and every other connection ;
Wrought and Cost-Iron Boilers, Saddle, Conical, Cylinder, ToaOLAB,
and Elliptic, from 24s. each. Improved Boilers and Iron Stands to
use without brickwork, GOa. each. Vulves from 10s. 6rf. each. Patent
Valves, Improved Furnace Doors, Furnace Bars, Supply Cisterns,
and Casttnga of every description in stock, at

Mr. Ltncu White's Iron Wharf, Lpper Ground Street, Blackfrlars
■ Bridge, London, S. Price List on application.

jp 0 T T A M A'ND C 0 M p. A '-N X,

\~^ CoNSERVATOttT and HoTHcusE Bdildbhs/Ssc.,

Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, Lcmdop, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.
20 24 30 inches long.
45s. 65s. 92s. Gd. each,
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. Gd. 2s. Id. 2s. fld. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
: plete to Plan, on application to
CoTTAsi & Co.,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street.
(opposite the Pantheon),
Oxford Street, London, W, hot watcs apparatus

RANSTON'S PATENT BUILDIN&S tor

HORTICULTDRE.

" Dry Glazing without Putty."

" Glass without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Lights."

Highly Coramendad by t.^e Royal HortlcifituKiIr-SoQicty, 'South

Eciisiutituii.

c

T JONi<,S AND bONS biLve the largest Stock of II OT-
O • WATER PIPES and CONNECTIONS, mLh WROUGHT and
CAST-IRON SADDLE, aV^NON, and CYLINDER BOILERS,
PORTABLE BOILERS, Sc, and they will be happy to forward Prices
for same either at tho Whiirf in London, or delivered free to any
Station or Sliipping Port in tho United Kingdom.

J. Jones & Sons, Iron Merchants, C, Banksido, Southwark, London.
*„" Hot-water Apparatus erected complete.

ria s and E&t mates f ee on appl cat on Desoriptlva"BDOirfiltly
111 s t d post fr e for ^0 stamps from the A thor aud Patentee
Jaues Gr.4NST0N, Ai-chitect, Blrmmgham.

Works: Hlghgate Street, Binuiogbani.
Ueskx J. QaoBTAOK, M.auager, 1, Tonaple Row West,, miminKham.

OONSERVATORIES, ORCHABD HOUSES, &c.

;{\ BY STEAM-POWER MACHINERY, OF BEST MATERIALS, AND AT LOWEST PRICES.

EYJjilY DESCKIPTION OP EORTICtlLTUEAL BUILDING DESIGNED, HEATED,
AND VENTILATED IN THE MOST EFFICIENT MANNER.

,,,„„„. r,„„.,Trs (LONDON, GLODCESTEE, COVENTRY,
'^'^^^^'^^^"^^^''•IDLVEKSTON-E, -PAISLEY, and ABERDEEN.

'■^HJ''

^.^VN,W^/-JJ^'

■* jXStevh wetjyj, ^ -—

li

The atove represents a Range about 90 feet long ; Conservatory in centre, 20 feet square ; and Span-n of Wings, 32 feet long, on Sir Joseph Paxton's Patent Principle,
."forming Orohard-House, Vinery, &c. This system of building Span-roofs has been extended to form largo WINTER GARDENS, covering an immense area, at a low cost;
the produce of which, in a few years time, would almost, if not entirely, repay the original cost. *

Gentlemen about to form New Gardens fan be adraed the best method of arranging these Glass Roofs for all Horticultm-al purposes, and as Boundaries in place of Walla,
ccmbining elegance with utility. As already so erected by us, they are economical substitutes for walls, ensuring the production of much hu-ger and better crops of fruit.
ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS of the PATENT ROOFS free on application. REFERENCES can be given to work executed in all parts of the Kingdom.

ESTIMATES given for ORNAMENTAL CONSERVATORIES to Architect's Plans and Speei6oations; also for HEATING APPAE.1T[JS for all purposes, and. to«Dj-
estent, fixed complete anywhere in the United Kingdom.

^I^' Besif/ns prepared to suU^d^erentiStpIeSieJ Mansions, or to particular dimemions, withmugh'Skstehss.

HEREMAN and MORTON, 7, PALL MALL EAST, LONDON, S.W.

October 26, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CRRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL (iAZETTE.

nil

The New Furnace Bar

(WAURIStlt's TaTENt).

rpIIIS ]h\n is piirti(,ul:irlv aduptod to FTUES for
X VINERIKH, GKEENHOUSKS, 4c., and all FUUNACKS
worlCQii on tbe piliiolplo of slow ooiiiltiuttion. The Baviuic of Fiml
uirvoted 18 very Rroafc; noarly all the Snioko is conyumod If oaro bo
talcon, mid the flro can be so repulated that any tompBraturu
doslrod can bo kept up for at leiist 1'2 hours without ntokinK or
flirthor tri>ublo. Any Brlyklayor oan eot up tbe^o H:uh wltbniit
deraii^'InK much nf tlio brlcliivork. Thoy aro !u uho in many (Jon -
BorvatoriuH. and kIvo tlio hiKhoht satunictlon. Toatlnionlals will bo
fcrwardod on applloatlun to tho Proprlotora,

Tlio Vontilutnig l-'iirnaco Bar Company, Limited, 0, Mincing Lano,
London, ifl.C.

Speolinens uf thotto Bars may be soon In the Eaatern Aroode of tbo
Hoptloultural Gardons, South Koii.sinKtnn,

Greenhouse.

WANTED to PUIICIIASE, a GREENHOUSE or
CDNM'illVATOKY. It must bo of modora diameter and
in Koml condition.

rartioulavs of niko, prioo, Slc, to A. Z., Abbott, Darton, & Co.,
AdvortiBoniont UontiaoLors, 203, Strand, W.C.

JOHN WARNER and SONS,
URASS and HELL FOUNDEKS to HER MAJKSTV,

nyriuAULic engineers.

8, UreBcon*, Cripp.'u^a" 0, L ith!;):'. E.G.

No. 43.

No 35.

PORTABLE rUMPS

fr PUM^IfSam. CAST-IRON

LICiUlD MANURES. Horse, or Hand Power. PUiMPS.

Drawings and Prloo3 for any description of Hydraulic Macliiueiy
seut upon application.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., bega to announce that he ia
prepared to Fm-uish PLANS and IcSTlMATfiS for LAYING
OCT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENb and to carry out tho same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. Joan Qipso.v. tun., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DOKKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and Rood breeders
AYLKSBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA. CREVECLEUR, and LA FLECHi: FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
Jons Bailt & Son. 113, Mount Street, London. W,

w

AKTED on LEASE, GARDENS ^vith VINEKIES

&c. , and some few ACRES of good LAND.
Apply to A. B., Mr. G. Tibbey, Covent Garden Market, W.C.

Market Garden Ground.

LEASE of 18^ AGUES, 12 yeai-s unexpired, 10 Acres
stocked with FRUIT TREES, to be SOLD, about 13 miles
from London.

Apply to Mr. Edw. Baekr, Feltham Middlesex.

FOK DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply bv letter to E., Messrs. Hui-st & Son, 6, Leadenttail Street,
London, L C.

O BH DISPOSED OF, on account of a death, a
SMALL NURSERY, with immediate possession. Stock to be
taken at Valuat.on. Good Jobbing Business attached,

J. H.. 18, Dalaucey Street, C:iiudt;n Town, N.W.

rpO BE DISPOSED OF, and may be entered upon
J_ iramedLately, in a flrst-rato business town, an old-established
small N UR3ERY, well stocked with Frait Trees, Evergreens, Roses,
and ornamental Shrubs, Slc ; Greenhouses and Pits, and othtr
requisites ; brick walls stocked with about 400 Standard and Dwarf
Fruit Trees. The soil rich loam; there is every facility for laying
on an extensive trade. The Advertiser resides in the town, and
will render every assistance to the purchaser.

For further parUcular.s apply to G. E. W., Gaj-deners' Chronicle
Office, W.C.

To Gardeners and Others.

TO BE LET, a FIRST-CLASS FRUITERER'S and
GREENGROCER'S, with U-Drse, Cart, and Harness, and every-
thing complete. A good Family Connection in an improving
neighbourhood, with a good Jobbing Gardening attached. Siitis-
taciory reasons for ieavii.g, .iVll &t iioo.

Apply, 2, Shaftesbury Terrace, Hornsey Riee Middlesex, N.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLIAM DEAN, having determined on residing- in
London again, offers for SALE, with immediate possession
the NURSERY at Slill'LEY, coo-sisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked,
and with Dwelling House, Stc, is held on Lease; also the SEED
bllOP, in BRADFORD (the only one in the town), which is well
fitted up, and whore there isagood business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well .13 Seeds. Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, &c. The Nursery
1b 2} mites tVom tho Shop, on a prmctpal road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to tho pm-ohaae money required, and
will bo a great bargain to the purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
tunity ior a large house in the South to establish a Branch Business
hcie, aa a j^ood healthy Trade is already done, which may be very
much Increased. For i>]U'tlculars apply to

William Dlah, Smilocd Nursery, Sbipley, Yorkahire.

Sales bj) ^xittton*

Dutch Buibs.
C. STEVENS wiil SELL by AUCTION, at

is Groat Rooms, 3M, KioK Street, Covent Garden, W.C,
on MONDAY, Ootobur 28. at half-past 12 o'clock procltoly. 8(10 Loin
fif FirHt-clatis BULU8, just arrived from well-known Farnis in
Holland. On View tbo Morning of Halo, and Catalogues had.

M'L

Roses, Shrubs, Fruit Trees, Bulbs, &c.

]\/rR. J. C. .STKVKNS will SKLL hy AUCTION, at

ly L Ids Groat Ruonm. IIH, King Struot, Covent Garden, W.C,
on WKDNESIlAV, tlct..Iiur :iO. iit half-piist I*-' o'clock proclsoly,
I'Jiiii .srarnlnrd mid Mw.n'f KosKS fn.in Kraiico ; a lltio nsHortii.oiit
of ilanlv TKEKSaiiil SIIIIHHS. KKUIT TKKK.S. CoNlFKHS, &o.
And a lar^o impL>rtaUoii ol IIVACINTUS. TULIP.S, GLADIOLI
ILILIES, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, and other BulDs, just arrive
roni Holland.

On view tho Morning of Sale, and Catalogue') had.

To Wholesale Druggists and Others.

VaLUAIILB Canl' OF LmiJOUItE, AT Mitl'ham, Suiiakv.

A/TESSliS. BLAKE will SELL by AUCTION, on tho

ItX land aa tinder, on TU ICSOAY, October 21t, at 2 for 3 o'clock,
in two lots, tho CROP of LU^UORICE, 5 and 3 years' growth, now
growing on about 2 acres, in Pudding FloIU, opposite tho Itaveiiabury
Mth, near tho Mitoham Railway Station.

Ciitaloguos will bo forwarded on application to tho Auctioneers
21, High Streut, Croydon, Surrey, S.

At 1

Valuable Nursery Stock,

E LATK Mr, Da^'s NL'R-SEKy, AT EvUSHASI, MIDWAY IIETWEEM

Witney and Oxford,

MR. LONG will SELL by AUCTION, on the
Premises, at the Nursery Gardens in Eynsham, on TUESDAY
and WEDNESDAY, October 20 and .to, comraoncing each day
at 11 o'clock, in convenient lots, and by order of the Trustee under
the Will of the late Mr, Josoph Day, deceased. Nurseryman and
Markt't Gardener (without reserve)— about 30,000 Laurels, 10,0UU
LauruBtinus, 2U(iO Y<iivr Trees (various), 2000 Evergreen Oak, KKiO
Apple, Pear. Plum, and Cherry Trees, f.OO Portugal Laurel, 6000
English and Turkey Oaks. Gooseberries, Currants, and Raspberries,
3000 Auouba juponica, 2U00 dwarf Berberis, 3000 Tree Box. 2000 yanls
of Box Edging, Evergreen Privet, Elm, Hornbeam, Chestnut, and
Acacia Trees, 6U0 Common Holly, lOOO Si^ruce Fir, Italian Poplar,
Sweet Briars, and Broom ; Filbert, Walnut, Standard Apricot,
Fig, and other WALL FRUIT TREES; also a variety of other
Choice Stock, which will be sold for ready money, and to be cleared
on or before December 23.

Catalogues can be had at tlio Nursery Lodge in Evnshani, and of
the Auctioneer, vVitncy, who will forward the same by post on
application.

Important Sale of Ayrshire Cattle, &c.

The Sii,vi;r Hill Faku, Derby.

MR. TURNER win SELL on ihe Pnniises. on
OCTOBER 31, at 11 o'Ciock preciselv, upwards nf 70 Head
"f BULLS, COWS, YEARLING HEIFER.'^, STEERS, and
CALVES; also three Working HORSES, £60 Cioss-bred SHEEP, in
Fat and Store condiuou ; and eight choice PIGS, of both the hirge
and small breeds.

Critalogucs may be had of Mr. Davie, on the Farm; or Mr.
ToKNEn, Dalbury Lees, Derby. Luncheon at 10 o'Ciock.

To Florists, Orchid Growers, Amateur Gardeners,
and Others.

MESSRS. CRAWTER and DEATH will SELL by
AUCTION, on SATURDAY, Nov. 2, at 1 o'Ciock, at the
Assembly Ronui, Kiig's Head Inn,Eii(ield, by direction of W.Mai-shall,
A. Short, and J. Skilbeck, Esqs., a Choice Collection of STOVE and
GREENHOUSE PLANTS, comprising fine specimens of rare
Orcliids, Foliage Plants. Ferns, Az:ileas, Came!lias ; largo hand-
somely grown Specimen Pelargoniums, well adapted for exhibition,
Rhododendrons, Stophanotis, Cacti of sorts, Epacris, Caladiums,
tHeandi-Ts, and various other plants. All well worthy the attention
of gentlemen wishing to obtain specimens of fii-st-class Plants.

May be Viewed on the Morning of Sale and Catalogues obtained at
tbe T'lace of Sale, and of tho Auctioneers, Enflulrl, Middlesex, tnd
Cheshunt, Herts.

MESSRS. PROTHRllOE and MORRIS'S
PRELIMINARY NOTICE of FOKTHCOMINO HALEIi.
Hioiii.v Im-ouTAiiTro Nohi.kukk, Oii»TLKUt», Nuiutiivutv, Mabkit

OAIllii:NfctlH. AND PuilLIO C'dUPAWIKM BKOAUKD IN PkAMTINa.

""'.'.'^'-.'i?""'' g"l"'BV. Noveuiboi- II, 12, au.l i;i, hy nrdov of
Mr. Olmrloa B/jrkor, at aortaliiili.K Nuraory.-Tho wholo of tlio
?l',°,'i';!i,.a"K ';i'>.""",«'"' PI'ANTS, nowlj o.octu.l (illRBN.
, , . . ' ^'^■■"t »"m otlier ElloctH ; alHo lit Torrane Oiirduuc,
.Slmdy IlMiKorH, within llvo i.iliiUte»' milk of tho OodaimliiK Rail.
S>^,.TH"?"' "'?, ;T'"''" '>'■""> »"l"'>blo Pi-RAMIUAL FRUIT
IRHK.s, 1" ," ,>'! , .limirlng Btnto, all oiirolully pro|>iiro<i for

??;',',';;'; ;."^'"'"'"''"* ""' ooniferou.s snRufe, box.

EU.VIONTON, Ml DULE.SK.X-LANIIIIEDOK NURSERY, Noiom.
lior l.'l iilid M;— SALIOnf n. Iili-^-u ,|iiiiritit,v <,f FRUIT TRFiEH
Eyj.UtGREKN C0NIFiau.US.\u,l DElVdIH^
all hizos ; STAN UARD RO.SES, UlLNAMKNTAL and FOREST
TREKS, &c.

WOXCING, SURREY,— About nine days' Salo, commencing Nov 18,
without resorvo, in consequimco of tho doalh of Mr Robert
Donald :— About 160 AorcB of NURSERY STOCK, Including
an unuauallv largo qimntitv of EVKRGREEN. CONIFEROUS
and DECinuoUS SHRUB.S, ORNAMENtAl. FRUIT and
FOREST TREE.S. Tlio Stock Is particularly worthy the atten-
tion ol the Trade.

TWICKENHAM, November '.:fl. hy order of Mr. Lali,g._The usual
assortment of NURSERY STOCK. & v u.

NEW HAMPTON NURSERY, November 15 and 10, by order of
Mr. R. Lay. —1000 ENGLISH FAN YEWS, remarkubly hand-
Home ■ and a laigo variety of other EVERGREEN and
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS; friiOd floe STANDARD and DWARF
APPLES, and other FRUIT TREES

CITY AUCTION ROOMS, 38 k 3'.i, Gracechurch Street.-WEEKLY
SALES of only flijit-olaas BULBS, STANDARD ROSES.
AMERICAN PLANTS, kc.

i'articiilais will apjio^ir in future Advortisonicnts.

^Ainrriciiii \ll^^^el■io.s. Leyt-nst<.nL-, N.E.

Clearance Sale, King Street, Battersea, S.W.

MESSKS. FKUTHEKOl'.: and MORRIS will SELL
by AUCTION, on tho Premises, as above, on MONDAY',
October 28, at 12 o'Ciock, by order of Mr. Ambrose, a quantity of vury
" PLES, PEAR.S, PLUMS, and

large Standard and Half-Standard APPLES, ___ .,

CHERRIES; very large trained Cherries, Plums, Apricot

Peara ;

■^iM.uE.m,i ij.j , .VI J jUiit,u uiiiiiiwu t.,ui.-iii<?», jTiuiuH, .ivpriuuiB, roam ;
strong fruiting Vines, Cob Nuts, Currants, and Gooseberries, Rasp-
berries, Slc; large Lilacs, Dwarf Ruses, Seakail, Asparagus; also
2 Tumbril Carts, 3 Light Spiing Carts, Soring Van, a useful Cob and
2 Cut Ilorsop, Harnoss, Chaff Machine, Barrows, and numerous
other cffoctM.

May be Viewed, and Catalogues had on the premises, and of the
Auctionoei-s and Valuers, Loytonstone, N.E.

• Peckb^iTi

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and 'MORRIS are instructed
by Messrs Dashwood & Co. to SELL by AUCTION, on the
Pninist-s. Queen's Road, Pcckham, Surrey, on TUESDAY, Oct. 20,
at U o'clock ]irt:cis<.]y, SOO iemark;ibly fine CHINESE and
AMERICAN ARBOR-VIT^E, 3 to G feet; CUPRE.SSUS LAW.SO-
NIANA, 3 to 0 ft. ; WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA ; CUPRESSUS
sorts ; Tnujas ; GOU Common Laurels, " 3 feet bushv ;" 200 Euonynms,
Aucuhas. Hollies, Yow.-^ ; 500 Privet, Lilacs, Splrrea, Forsytbia ;
-too Dwarf and Climbing Roses; very handsome Standard and Hal:.
stand;ivd Roses, by name; f 00 Sweet Briars, Selected fRUIT
TREES, Red and Block Currants, Gooseberries, Raspberries ■
Stools of Rhubarb, veiy strong ; VINES in pots, Manetti Stocks ;
also 500 Stove and Gretnhouse Ft-rns and Lycopods, 100 Gardenia
florida, 100i> Stove and Greenhouse PUnts, Mushroom Spawn, &c. Sec.
Maybe Viewed prior to Sale. Cataloguts had on the Premises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valueis, Le}tonstone, N.E.

Extensive Sale of Nursery Stock at Edengrove
Nursery, Cupar Fife.
ryinERE will ho SOLD by PUBLIC ROUP, on
J- MONDAY, Novembiir 4, at half-past 12 o'Ciock, in consequence
of the near expirv of the Lease, tho WHOLE STOCK in EDEN-
GROVE NURSERY, consisting of—

400,00(1 I-yr. Seedling Larch,
2(I0,0IK) 2-yr. do.

64,(ino 2-vr. Transplanted Larch.
SOn.nijO 1-yr. Seedling Scots Fir.
50.000 2-yr. do.

20,000 1-jr. Transplanted Scots

Fir.
100,000 3-yr. Seedling Spruce.
65,000 Transplanted Spruce.
15.000 3-jr. Seedling and Trans-
planted Silver Fir.
30,000 1-yr. Seedling Finns Aus-
triaca.

30,000 Transplanted Plnus Aub-

200,000 2-yr. Seedling Elm.
fl.OOO Transplanted do.

40,000 2-yr. Secdhng Ash.
100,000 2-yr. Seedling Oak.

10,000 2-vr. Turkey Oak.

10,000 Transplanted Oak.

30,000 TVanspIaiited Thorns.

10,000 Transplanted Aldor.

10,000 Transplanted HoUie?.
2,000 Limes, from 2 to 7 feet.

15,000 American Arbor- vitas.

Together with large quantities of Rhododendrons, Irish Yews, and
Junipers, Bays and Portugal Laurels, Fear, Apple, and Cherry
Stocks, &,c.

Catalogues to be bad on application to -Messrs^ Cbarlbs & J. K.
Welch, Writers, Cupar Fife.

VT th

Important Sale of Nursery Stock

AT HkUKNUAM RlihKRV, NoaFOLK, NKAIt BcNGAV, SuFPOLK.

EO. iJURRANT has received instructions from
the Executors of tho late Mr. R. B. Rivcham to SELL UN-
RESERVEDLY by AUCTION, onTUt:SDAY, November 5, all tho
choice and highly-prized STANDARD and DWARF ROSES,
HOLLYHOCKS. PHLOXES, ic, for the superior esoellence of
which the late Mr. Bircham had for many -years been Justly cele-
brated, viz: — 1100 Standard Roses, 10,000 Dwarf Roses, 2100
Hollyhocks, 1000 Phluxcs, Pampas Gras«, 30(500 Manetti Stocks:
APPLE, PEAR, and PLUM TREES, the whole of which are named;
together with all the Fropagattug and Forcing Houses, complete as
built, consisting of a Lean-to Ciicumber House, 77 feet by 8 feet ; a
Span-roof Cucumber House, 40 feet by 12 feet C inches ; one ditto,
40 feet by 10 feet 0 inches ;a Propagating House, 61 feet by 11 feet ;
also H Pit Lights, H various Frames and Lights, 44 Hand Lights,
Frigi Doino Coverings, Garden Netting, F umgiators. Syringes,
Watering-pots, and utensils in trade.

The Auotioneer begs to call the attention of Nurserymen and
Amateurs to this Sale of the entire Stock of Hedenham Rosery.
The late Mr. Birohaiu having obtained nianv prizes and much cele-
brity for the excellence of his Roses and Hollyhocks, is a guarantee
of the superior quality of the plants now in the Nursery,

Catalogues, price 3d. each, may be had seven days before tbe Sale

Fiimley Park Nursery, Blacbwater.

MESSKS. I'ROTHEROK and JlOlUUS wiil SELL
by AUCTION, on the Premises, Frimley Park Nursory,
BIrtckwater, Surrey, about 2 miles from Blackwater Station, on
THURSDAY, October 31, at 12 o'Ciock precisely, a portion of the
viduable NURSERY STOCK, including tho usual assortnunt of
Evergreen, Coniferous, and Deciduous Shrubs, OrnamentaJ Forest
and Fruit Ti-ees, Standard and Dwarf Roses, Ac.

May be Viewed prior to tho Sale. Catalogues had on the premisep,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Loytonstone, N.E.

Tottenham, Middlesex, N.

MESSRS. rROrHEROJi: and morris have received
instructioii.s from i\lr. Thos. Ware, to SELL by AUCTION,
ou the Promises, Halo Farm Nursery, adjoining the Tottenham
Railway Station, on the Great Eastern Line, on FRIDAY,
November 1, at 11 o'Ciock, the thriving NURSERY STOCK, includ-
ing a liirgo variety of flue EvorKroon and Deciduous Shrubs, Coniferre,
Ornamental Forest and Fruit Trees, Standard, Dwarf, and Climbing
Roses ; Manetti Stocks, 2O00 Red and Black Currants, &u.

May be Viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the prtJinises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

Sale of Very Fine Dutch Bulbs. Handsome Standard

Roses, <S5C.

Messrs. prothkrok and jlorris wiii sell
by AUCTION, at 33 and 39, Gracechureh Street, E.C., on
SATURDAY, Nov. 2. at 1 ..'Olotk precisely, a First-class Collection
of DUTCH BULBS, including fine named Hy?.c;nths, Tulips, Crocus,
Narcissus, Snowdrops, Anemones, Ranunculus, &c. ; a solettion of
choice nnmed show Tulips from a celebrated grower ; a splendid
assortment oi handsome STANDARD, DWAHF, and CLIMbING
ROSES, of the best varieties in cultivation ; Selected AMERICAN
PLANTS, viz., Ghent and other Azalea?", Hybrid Rhododendrons,
Kalmias, Aodroniedas, &c., with a variety of Hardy Climbers, Rustic
BaskoLs, Va8efi,:&c.

On View the Morning of S;de. Catalogues had at the Rooms as
above, and of tbe Auctioneers and Valuers, Loytonstone, N.E.

Wandsworth Road.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL
by AUCTION, on the Premises, Lavender Road Nursery,
Wandsworth Road, on MONDAY, November 4, at 11 o'Ciock pre-
cisely, by order of Mr. Surraan, the ground being required for build-
ing purposc-s, the valuable NURSERY STOCK, comprising a largo
quantity of fine Evergreen, Coniferous, and Deciduous Shrubs,
OiTiamental Forest and Fruit Trees, including 500 Aucuba,
2500 Laurustinus, 1100 Green and Variegated Hollies, 1 to 6 feet ;
500 English Yews, 2000 Common I^aurels, 1 to 4 feet ; Berb-rls, Green
Box, Portugal Laurel.';, 7U0 Chinese Arbor-vit;e, 2 to 6 feet; Wey-
mouth Pines, I'inus e.totlsa, oOO Spruce, Scotch and Larch Firs,
Thujas (sorts), Rutmisporn, Araucaria, &c. ; Limes, Planes, Mountain
Ash, Chestnuts, Acacia.s, Labui-nums, Weeping Willows, Cupper
Beech, &.C. ; Standard and Dwarf Apples. Pears, Plums, Cherries,
Dwnrl-trained Poaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Wplnute, Filberts, .Sec. ;
Standard and Dwarf Roses, 500 Irish Ivies, in Pots; Virginian
Cieepers, &c.

Alay be vievired prior to tho S-ale. Catalogues had on the Premises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leyton^toue, N.E.

upon tho premises ; of Messrs. Nu.\n & Hobday, St. Augustine's Nurseries, Kingston, Surrey, on TUESDAY, November 5, and three
Nursery, Norwich ; of the Auctioneer, St. Peter's Hall, Bungay ; and ' following days, at 11 for 12 o'clock precisely each day (a portion of

Kingston, Surrey.

MESSRS. PROTlIEltOK AND MoRRlS have ree.-ivcd
instructions from M(&sr^. Jackson & Son, to SELL by
AUCTION, on the Promises, Clarence Street and Park Road
Nurseries, Kingston, Surrey, on TUESDAY, November 5, and three

at his Otflce, Mr. R. R. Cann's, Harleton,

The Property may bo viewed three days' prior to, and on the
Morning of the Auction, till 10 o'Ciock, at which time, to a minute,
the Sale will coninience, in consequence of the great number
of Lots.

Notice.— Eaton Nursery, near Norwich.

To NoULEMEN, GeSTLKUEN, AND OtBEHS, ABODT TO PlANT. — IMPORTANT

Sale of FoBEbT Thkes, Eveuureicns, Deoibuocs Shbuus, &c.

MESSRS. BUTCUER have received instructions from
Mr. J. W, Ewing (in consequence of his being about to devote
more land to the cultivation of fruit trees) to SELL by AUCTION
on WEDNESDAY, November Cth, and following days, on tho pre-
misLS at Eaton, near Norwich, a large quantity of Strong, Healihy,
and well-grown FOREST TREES DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. EVER-
GREENS, &c., Ac, comprising about 150,000 Larch, SOOO Scotch,
70,000 Spruce, 30,000 Ash, 10,000 Common Laurel, 2ii,000 Privet,
30.001) Hazel, 1800 Arbnr-vita3. '2000 Stjtndard and Dwarf Roses, &.C.,
bL'Stdes a great quantity of large treus.

Catalogues muy be obtained at No. 0, Exchange Street, Norwich ;
at the Nurstries, Eaton and Criiiglefiold ; or at Messrs. jBctoher's,
Theatre Street, Norwich, and posted free on application.

tho Land being required to be cleared for Building purposes), tho
thriving and well-cultivated NURSERY STOCK, comprising fine
Ornamental Evergreen, Coniferous, and Deciduous Shrubs, varying all
sizes, and including specimens of symmetrical beauty, the whole of
which have been constantly transplanted, and are now in excellent
condition for removal, comprising 1100 Tree-Box, 2 to 8 feet;
400 Portugal Laurels, 2 to 3 loot ; OOOO Common Laurels, 2 to 4 feet ;
4O0 Berbena (sons). 3000 Green and Variegated Hollies, 1100 Broad-
leaved Privet, 2 to 4 feet ; 30l> Laurustinus. 1400 Chinese Arbor-vitio.
2 to 7 fett; 800 Thuja Lobbii, 3 to 8 feet; 700 Thujas (sorts).
300 English Yews, 50O Irish Yews, 200 Variegated lews, 1200
Uupresius Lawsoniana, 3 to 7 feet ; 800 Oupressus (sorts), 5T00 Spruce
Firs, 1 to 8 foot ; 200 Wellingtonia gigantea, 3 to 5 feet ; Red Cedars,
Cedars of Lebanon, 1000 Rhododendrons (sortg). Hardy Azakas,
Kalmtas, Hardy Heaths, Double Doutzias, &c. ; Standard Thorns,
8000 Hazel, 4000 Bircli, 3000 Chestnuts, 12.000 Strong Quicks, &c.
Also, about 4000 handsome Standani. Dwarf, and Pynimidal Trained
and Untrained Fruit Trees (various), majiy of which have been
loaded with Fruitj this season ; 2000 GoosebeiTies and Currants, with
some large Double Camellias, 8 to 10 feet ; 300 Azalea indica, -2 to
4 feet ; juni 40 largo Rhododendron aureum (varietieb).

May bo Viewed prior to tlio Sale. Catalogues may be had on the
Premises, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonttone, N.E.

1112

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[OCTOBEE 26, 1867.

Roses, Koses. Koses.

PLANTS of all the FINEST VARIETIES in
CULTIVATION will this Autumn bo ia magnlflcent order
In tho Castle Street Nurseries, Salisbury.

The frost of May 24 destroyed all the blooming buds ; the con-
sequences are that the Plants have produced the mosb vigorous
growth.

Amateur Rose Growers may insure the finest Plants that can
pOBSlblv be produced, true to name. CATALOGUES on application,

VINfeS, from Eyes, the finest in England, 10s. 6d. each, m October
next. JoHK Ketsks, Castle Street, Salisbury.

T OHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE

O of SELECTED ROSES is now ready and will bo forwarded
on applicition,

J. C. rospectfuUy directs attention to die following LIST of
FIRST PRIZES which have been awarded to him at the principal
Rose Shows of the present year, proving beyond a doubt that the
EoU and climate of his Nurseries are unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Roses.

Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
June 19.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester.
June 10.— 36 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses eacb, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
June 26.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss eacb, FIRST PRIZE

Crystal Palace.
June 29.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss oach, FIRST PRIZE

Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensiagton.
July 2.-72 Vai-ioties, Cut Roses, ono truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.
July 4, 5.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE
24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses oach, FIRST PRIZE
Hereford.
July 9 —72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE
24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses oach, FIRST PRIZE
Rugby.
July 12,— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE
Nurseries, King's Aero, near Hereford.

EP A C R I S . — Strong: blooming plants, 24 named
varioties for 24s., or 12 for 12s.
MONOCHCETUM SERICEUM MULTIFLORA and ENSIFERUM.

Extra strong, fiowering plants, 12s. per doz. ; second size,

good Howerine planti, 9», per doz. ; smaller flowering, Cs. per doz.
PRIMULA SINENSIS.— Good strain, strong flowering plants, 4s. doz.
GARDENIA RADICANS or CAPE JASMINE. — Good healthy

plants, set with flower buds, 12s. per doz. or Is. Qd. each.
JASMINUM LIGUSTRIFOLIUM.— Good healthy plants, to bloom,
9s. Dor doz. or Is. each.
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of STOVE, GREEN-
HODSE, and other Plants, free on application.

H. & R. Stirzaker, Steerton Nurseri ea, Lancaster.

Gladioli.

EUGENE VERDIER, fils aine, NuRSERy>L\.N,
3, Rue Dunois Paris, has the honour to inform his numerous
Friends and those interested that he is now publishing his
CATALOGUE of the above, which will contain all the New
Varieties obtained by M. Souchet.

He is happy to be enabloil to announce that M. Souchefs Collec-
tion and his own carried otT all the First and Second Prizes at the
Es.position Universolle of Paris as well as being the admiration of
all visitors.

This Catalogue can be had gratis, either direct from him, or of his
Agents, Betham & Blacketh, Cox*8 Quay, Lower Thames Street,
London, E.C.

STEPHEN BROWN'S splendid EARLY GLADIOLI.
— An extra Prize was awarded to S. B. at the Bury Show of the
Londou Horticultural Society for a Collection of this beautiful
section of the Gladiolus. Planted early in pots, they will flower in
May by keeping them in cool pits or frames, and brought into the
greenhouse when about to flower.

Fine selections, per dozen varieties, 6s.. 10s., and 163.
For descriptions and culture, see Bulb Catalogue.
GLADIOLUS COLVILLII, the earliest, and useful or borders,
Is. per dozen; 7s. per 100.
„ „ RUBRUM, 2s. per dozen; 12s. per 100.

„ „ ROSEUM. la. 6d. per dozen ; 10s. per 100.

„ „ FULGENS, a splendid new variety, most

Intense crimson scarlet and elegant form, 2s. Gd. each.
Also an extensive Collection of the RAMOSUS and GANDA-
VENSIS Sections (see CATALOGUES), and an immense Stock of
other BULBS.

Seed and Nursery Establishment, Sudbury, Suff'olk.

Carter's Dutcli Bulbs.

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioners of Public
Works and other Government
Departments, the Royal Gardens,
Kew, kc, &c., &,c.

Seedsmen to H.I.M. the Em-
ueror of the French, the Cry.stal
Palace Company, the Agi-i-IIor-
ticulturat Socitty of India, &c.,
kc, &c.

CARTER'S GUINEA BOX of DUTCH FLOWER
ROOTS contains 12 choice named Hyacinths, 12 mixed
Hyacinths for borders, 50 Yellow Crocus, 50 Blue Crocus, 4 Polyanthus
Narcissus, 12 Double WhitB Narcissus, 12 Pheasant's Eye Narcissus.
12 Double Daffodils. 24 finest mixed Ranunculus, 24 finest mixed
Anemones, 12 choice mixed Single Tulips, 12 choice mixed Double
Tulips, 4 Garden Lilies, 50 Snowdrops, 12 finest mixed Spanish Ins,
12 Campernelle Jonquils.

The above forwarded without delay on receipt of Post Orflce
Order for 21s. Box and packing included. PRICE LISTS gratis
and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 &. 238, High Holbom,
Londcn. W.C.

CP.OYDo^

Dutcli nower Roots,

ARCHIBALD HENDER-
SON begs to announce that
be has received a largo Consignment
of Dutch and other Roots, carefully
selected from the most celebrated
growers.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED
CATALOGUES are now ready, con-
taining practical directions for their
successful cultivation on all the
various systems now adopted.

Also a CHOICE and SELECT
LIST of VEGETABLE aad HARDY
FLOWER SEEDS for Autumn
Sowing. Catalogues gratis and post
free upon application.

Sion Nm-sery, Thornton Heath,
Surrey, and at the E ist Surrey Seed
Warehouse, College Grounds, North
End, Croydon.

Rhododendrons,

As ExniniTED at the Royal Botanio Gardens, Regent's Park.
JOHN WATERER, the Exhibitor at the aboye Gardens,
tf has pleasure in announcing that his CATALOGUE of the above
popular Plants is now published, and will be forwarded to all
applicants. It faithfully describes all the varieties considered
worthy of cultivation. Ic contains likewise a selection of HARDY
CONIFERS, with heights and prices.

The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

THE QUEEN.-Thi3 RHODODENDRON has now
proved itself A I amongst fiOO named kinds. Fine plants are
now ready as under:— 21s,, 31s. 6d,, 423., C3s., Sis., 106s. each.
Standards 105s. each, fine straight stems. See copy of letter below,

"Dear Sir, — The Queen has now bloomed with me wonderfully
well considerini? the season, and in comparison with other sorts,
which (though I lost none) had their blooms much deteriorated by
the severe spring. As you asked me to give my opinion of her, I beg
to say that I consider her Flowers first-rate as to form, substance,
and truss, and the Foliage faultless. She possesses a * beauty of her
own' which fairly entitles her to rank with the very best — in fact, I
see no fault in her, for a difference in colour or marking Is
assm'Cdly no defect. She is far beyond Ingramii and Lidy (5odiva in
my mind, as well as perfectly distinct from both. The Queen is
A 1 so far as I know, and can, I think, scarcely be surpassed.
"June 13, 1867." " H. H. Glesville."

This quotation is from a gentleman who has purchased every
named Rhododendron ofl'ered in commerce ; his Collection now
amounts to above 800.

Britisli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 3fl pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Dutcli and Cape Bulbs.

BUTLER, McCULLOCHand CO. have received their
usual consignment of the above, and beg to ofl'er the following
carefully a.ssorted collections.

FOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION.
No. 2 1 No. 3 I No. 4 I No. 5 I No. G

Extra Fine New Tulips.

GEORGE LIGHTBODY, Falkirk, will LET OUT
several of the Splendid Seedlings raised by Richard Headly,
Esq., of Stapleford, near Cambridge, at very moderate prices. These
flowers have been successfully exhibited at the Principal Shows in the
Kingdom, and are warranted the finest Tulips now extant. A
description of them, by Shirley Hibberd, Esq., F.H.S., was published
in the "Gardeners' Magazine*' for 22d June. A list of names and
prices supplied on application

No. 1
100s.

FOR FLOWER GARDEN AND CONSERVATORY COMBINED.
No. 13 I No. 14 No. 16 I No. 10 I No. 17 I No. 18

60s. I 25s. I 21s. 1 168. I lOs.M,
FOR FLOWER GARDEN DECORATION,
I No. 8 I No. 9 I No. 10 | No. 11

106s.

b'2sM.

42s.

21s.

15s.

10s. G(2.

CATALOGTXES containing details of above Collection sent free,
and Post-paid Orders amounting to 21s. sent, cavrl;ige paid, on
receipt of Poat-OfBce Order.— Established upwards of a contuiT.
Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulbs. &e.

ROBERT PARKER begs to announce that his NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of New. Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and Stove
Plants, Azalea indica. Fruit Ti'ees, Grape Vines, Rhododendrons,
Roses, Sweet Violets, &c. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, Cyclamens, Gladioli,
Hyacinths, Liliums, Narcissus, Tulips, and other Bulbs, is now
published and will be forwarded to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, 5.

The New Sensation In Bedding Out.

JACKMAN'S HARDY HYBRID CLEMATISES,
awarded Eleven First-class Certificates, and One Special.
Messrs. Geo. Jackuam and Son are desirous of drawing tho
attention of those who intend using their Hardy Clematises for a
Permanent Bedding Plant, that the present time ia most favourable
Jor planting.

Opinions of the Press,
Qardenera' Chronicle, Aug. 17 :— " The now sensation in bedding."
Also, August 31, "J. F." (Cliveden) adds, "that Messrs. G. J. & Son
have in their several varieties the very colour of which our summer
gardens are in a great measure deficient." " Country Life," Aug. 16 :—
■" Clematis Jackmanni is a most useful bedding kind if pegged down;
used as such, a perfect carpet of flower, so to speak, is soon formed."
The Fiekl, Sept. 28:— They will ba of the highest value as purple
bedding plants, our present colours in this way being poor indeed
■compared to these."

An engraving, from a photograph, showing the flowering qualities,
^and Circular of Prices, will be forwarded gratia on application.
Woking Nursery, Surrey.

Azalea, Her Majesty.

WILLIAM BARNES has much pleasure in
announcing that he will be prepared to send out the above
^splendid AZALEA on and alter Wednesday, October 23, at the
following price— 21s. each. A very few extra strong plants at 42s.
«ach, with the usual allowance to the Trade ; where three plants are
(ordered at one time four will be given.

It was exhibited before the Floral Committee of the Royal Hortl-
tcultural Society on June 14, 186G, where it was awarded a First-class
<!ertiftcate for its groat beauty in its markings, shape, and colour,
iwhen the following remarks were made upon it, which appeared in
ithe OardeTiers' Chronicle, Juno 16, ISGO :— " A beautiful Azalea, rosy
ililac, edged with white, and blotched, and spotted in the upperpetals
Twith crimson, called Her Majesty, from Mr. Barnes, of Camberwell.'
On June 23, 18G0, the following remarks appeared in the same
iPaper:— *'W6 have from time to time referred to tho sportive
■character of the Indian Azalea, and called attention to the fact that
some of our best varieties have had their origin in a freak of Nature.
A fresh instance of their ^ortiveness was shown the other day at
South Kensington. Mr. William Barnes there exhibited a variety
of Azalea which he purposes to designate Her Majesty. It is, we
believe, a sport from Madame Miellez, or somo of tho forms closely
allied to that line old sort; and in quality, therefore, as well as in
name, takes the very highest lank. The flowers are of the full
average size, and of excellent form and substance, and the colour is
a soft lilac-tln ted blush, white at the margin, densely spotted with
crimson in the upper part, and marked with variable stripes, or
sometimes broadish bars of deep rosy purple. Its high quality as
regards the flower Itself, and this novelty ot marking, will make it
an aoQuisition in any collection of these showy plants,

A faithful Figure of this fine Azalea ia given in the January number
«f the "Florist and Pomologist."

A remittance must accompany all orders from unknown corre-
iipond«nta. Camden Nursery, Camberwell, London, S.

HOOPER AND CO.'S TWO-GUINEA COLLECTION
of BULBS, for In and Out-door Culture, sent Carriage free,
contains ; —

18 choice named Hyacinths, G named Double Tulips, 12 named
Single do., 3 Polyanthus Niircissus, 6 Single Sweet Jonquil^, 6 Double
do., 25 named (estra fine) Crocus, C Ixlas, 2 Lilimn Imcifolium,

5 Oxslis, 9 Border Hyacinths, 12 Double mixed Tulips, 12 Single do.,
18 Border Narcissus, 100 Blue Crocus, 100 Yellow do,, 50 White do.,
60 Striped do., 25 Ranunculus (mixed), 12 Scarlet Turban do.,

6 Golden do., G Black do., 12 Single Anemones, 12 Double do.,
3 English Iris, 6 Spanish do., 100 Snowdrops, 3 Feather Hyacinths,
2 Tiger Lilies. Half the quantities, 2ls.

HoorEtt & Co., Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

To norists, Seedsmen, and Nurserymen.

PVALK, 9, Queen Street, Mint Pavement, Tower
• Hill, begs to announce that he has still a Inru'o quantity of
HYACINTHS. TCLIPS NARCISSUS, LILIUMS, GLADI-
OLUS, and other Dutch Flower Roots in stock.

They may be depended upon as of the flnest quality, and any order
will be forwarded at a moderate price, free, and delivered at the
shortest notice.

New Seeds for tlie Colonies.

Seeds Direct from the Growers abe the
Most Suitable for Exportation, and

THE BEST MEANS OF PrEVENTINO DIS-
APPOINTMENT.

MESSRS. SUTTON soUcit the
favour of Orders from those about to
send or take out SEEDS to the COLONIES,
and submit the following from among many
Testimonials recently received, as to the
GREATLY SUPERIOR quality of their Seeds to
those usually exported from this country, as
well as to the very efficient manner in which
their export packing is carried out :—
July 9,/rom A. N. Ella, Esq., Qiieenstuicn,
Cape of Good Hope.
" I may mention that the case refeired to
was in splendid order, looking as fresh afttr
three months' sea and six weeks' land carriage as if only yesterday
packed."

From HcGU Romsay, Esq , Shanghae, China, May 5, 1866.
The box of seeds and roots has arrived, and nothing has given
me greater pleasure for a long time than the excellence of these seeds."
From Mr. Z. W. Wells, A'ew Plymouth, New Zealand, May 1, 18GC.
"The Gr;ias and other seeds sent by the Shelburne to me, have
come safe to hand. I have tried samples of the Grass seeds, and am
happy to inform you that they have come up quite to my satisfaction."
From Mr. Jas. Dale, Orange, New South Wales, Septembei^ 20. 1S60.
"I have tho pleasure to inlbrm you that your seeds have given
great satisfaction, and 1 now send you a larger order."

All Seeds properly packed and delivered free to ship's aide. Special
auotations given for large quantities. A liberal allofvance made to
Shippers. Sutton &, Sons, Seed Growers, Reading,

/:j.RASS SEEDS for

^-^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the

flnest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
Bcientiflo system.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which contains Illustra-
tions and Desci-iptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Paatore,

J. C. Wheeler & Son,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agricultural Society.

H.

W

Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.
M. PAUL beg;3 to announce that he lias the
. . following COLLECTIONS of TREES and PLANTS now
ready for delivery, which he can confidently recommend for quality
and price :—

"pOSES.-

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE~CATAL0(3UE free on application.

-100,000 Plants, Standards, Dwarf Standards,
and Dwarfs.

TEEES and SHRUBS.— Large quantities of tKe popular
Nursery Plants, of all sizes, pood and cheap.
A choice variety of PICTORIAL TREES, his collection of which
was tho only one whioh received a Prize at tho International
Exhibition of 1S6G.

AMERICAN PLANTS. — Rhododendrons, Azaleas,
Kalmias, Heaths, &c., in variety, from the commonest to the
choicest.

FRUIT TREES. — Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums,
Figs, Peaches, Nectarines. Apricots, &c., &c. ; Standards,
Dwarfs, and Pyramids, trained and untrained. A large stock of
handsome trees, many in a fruiting state.

GRAPE VINES.— All the best sorts, both Planting
and Fruiting Canes.

PELARGONIUMS.— Beaton's and other Zonal kinds,
Gold, Bronze, and Silver variegated, a fine collection.

HYACINTHS. TULIPS, and other BULBS.— All the
First Prizes tor Hyacinths and Tulips were awarded to his
Collection at the London Flower Shows last spring. Cheap
Hyacinths, Tulips, &c., for spring gardening by the 100 or 1000.
Clioicer kinds for pot culture and glasses good and cheap.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of any or all of the
above free by post.

Seed Potatos.
AND F. SHARPE are now oflFering MTATT'S

-.^. EARLY PROLIFIC KIDNEY, RIVERS' ROYAL ASH-
LEAF, WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY, DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
EARLY OXFORD, EARLY FORTY-FOLD, and many other Early"
and Late varieties grown from thoir ovra selected stocks. The
Prices are moderate, and the quality excellent. PRICED LISTS
niay be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

UCUMBER "DICKSON'S FAVOURITE" or

ALL THE YEAR ROUND.
Wo can confidently recommend this as one of the best Winter
Cucumbers grown, while it is second to none for general purposes.
In Winter it grows about one foot long, and in Summer from
15 to 18 inches, is of deep green coloui-, very handsome, celicito in
fliivour, and particularly tender, crisp and juicy. It is very prolific,
showing two to three fruit at every joint, and furnishes a continual
supply of handsome Cucumbers during the Winter, Spring, and
Summer months. Per packet Is. Gd. and 2s. Gd.. post free.

Francis & AnrnoR Diorson & Sons, The "Old'' Established Seed
Warehouse, lOG, Eastgate Street, Chester.

To Farmers, Gardeners, and Others,

EXCELLENT CABBAGE PLANTS (Stocks not to be
surpassed), can be suppliei in any quantity, as.follows : —
TRUE DWARF NONPAREIL {the earliest and best),2s.0rf. per 1000
TRUE ENFIELD MARKET (extra fine variety), 2s. Orf. per 1009
TRUE ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD, 2s. Gd. per 1000
TRUE RED DUTCH (for Pickling), 6s. per 1000

A remittance or reference to accompany all orders.
Fredk. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower. Biggleswade, Bedfordshire.

New Hybrid Wheat.

KING EICHAED'S WHEAT was obtained by
crossing SHIRREFFS BEARDED WHITE with POLLEN
from Talavera. On examining this Wheat at the comrnencemont of
harvest in this trying season, growing in East Lotnian upon nine
diSerent farms, varying in soil and situation, the straw was invariably
found to be the tallest, the stoutest, and the most golden-coloured
of all the varieties growing contiguous.

Small Samples of the Grain, which is particularly fine, will be
forwarded to intending purchasers if desired. The Subscriber's own
growth is offered at 9bs. per quarter, and the growth of other parties
will tluctuate with current prices, delivered on the North British
Railway. Terms Cash. PATRICK SHIRREFF.

Haddington, October 18.

Editorial Communications should he addressed to '■ The Editor,
Advertisements and Business Letten to '■ The Publisher," at the i
Oftlce,41, WellingtonStreet, Covent Garden. London. W.C.

Printed by .Iames Matthews, at the Office of Messrs Bf.4DD(;ftV,EVAWs,
& Co . Lombard Street, Precinct of W hitefriars, City of Loadon, in the .
Co. of Middlesex., and Pubhslied by the said Jamcs MArmfiWS at the
Office, No. 41. Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden,
in the said County.— Satobdaj, October 26, 1867.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

. No. 44.— 1867.] :

A rfewspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 2.

/Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, Gd.

11 J 1 a

mi b

. ii;i:i n
IVM c.

,U2;i

Apiculture, Chambers oJ. . .

Apples, Iturr

31aiikin(; Assocliition,

Fnrniers'

BeddLns plants

Bees

Boilors

Ifoiilis noticed

Cnrtntlic acid

Cattle, Channel Island .,..,

Ciittle fftirs ,

Chnmhers of Agriculture. . ,

ClicniKt's advice .■,

Chiist'ti Thorn

Co npi'ialii)n ,".

Corn, iirkesof

Clop slut istics

Cymbidiumeburneum

Dairy maiiagfraent,.,

DoK «liow ,.,,; .,.

Farm, Aberdeenshire, !„,,-,

— Aineriean'...!

Fanni'rs' Clubs

Farming, prolltable

Field work nnd children ,,,

Florists' Btundards

Food 11^7 e

— imported 1132 c

^Fruits. French and Euglish . 11*20 b

Orajie growing 1122 a

. Uili c
. 1133 1
. Wm b
. UT2 a
ll-iO c

U-2H <i
112({ a
1117 c

Orapejadging ;..- 1118 I

— — liom6 1121 c

Horse shoes ■.,,.:..... 1139 n

Leiisinp land ■... ITJIt b

Leaves, decorative ". ,, 112i n

Midlines, agricultural 1130 a

Manf-el-cake II TO a

Mcchi'stMr.) reports 1130 b

/'N'cttiirine, Victoria 1121 *,

*' -M^-ries, Scotch 1121 fc

liard cordons .........4... 1121

ell, --alway

Peas, lute

Pel«rKOniuniH,beddin;g. ..

— v.iricgated zonal 11*20 c

— show of do ;...;.. ll'l'i a

Plants, new ' ■...:.... 1118 6

Potato sets 11-J9 6

Poultry ..^ ;....... 1132 a

Selauinellns 112() a

Slirwliland Park- 1123 a

sUiiiiitr testimonial -,.-..,... 1118 a

yui'icty, Newcastle Agricyl- -

tural . .: , ',. 1130 b

Stem pruning .:'..... 111!) ft

stockseiiing,:.:...... nao c

Trees, ornamental .,,....... 1121 b

Tree bark, slitting'.., ■ 1121 c

Tiujflps... ...'..■ ; 1118 o

Wheat culture 1125 c

■•■••'■• JJol^^s. Before Purchasing Flower Roots, send for.

■;: 1122 fl T- SCOTT'S CATALOGUE of BULBS, VASES, and

inl;. :... U22 6 O • GARDEN REQUISITES. Bulbs are extra fino.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
• ■ SOUTH KENSINGTON,' W.
NOTICE.-A MEETING of tho FRUIT and FLORAL COM-
MITTEES will bo held on TUESDAY NEXT, November 5, at 11 for
half-p;i3t preciaoly. GENERAL MEETING at Three.

To Nurserymen and Seedsmen.— Notice.

THE GARDENEKS' YKAR BOOK, ALMANACK,
and DIRECTORY for ISiiS, by RoutRT Hogq, LL.D., F.L.S.,
will bo Piiblisbod on DECEMBER 2. Any alterations m the style
and addresB of Firms are requested to be sent forthwith to the Editor,
so that the neceaaary corrections may bo made in the Directory
jJortion.
"Journal of Horticulture" OBQce, 171, Fleet Street. London, E.G.

EVERY GARUEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Cahter's New Seod W.irehouso, 1'37 & 238, Higli Holborn. London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.

JAMES CAR TE R a n- d C 0.

Sbkd Farmkrs, Merchantb, and Ndrsertmen,

237 & 23s, High Holborn, London, W.C.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

JAMES rAlKKKAU and SON, "Seed Growers and
Merchantm, 7, Bi}rougU Market, and Braintree, Essex.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND E. SHAHPE bef? to announce to the Trade
, • .that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
18G7 Growth ."ia now ready and may be bad on application.
_j Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambs.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND company; Limited.
CoRM, Seed, Mandre, and Oiloake Mehchantb,
Address, Sa, Seod Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851
for Wheat ; 1862, lor " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

To the Trade. •

DICKSON'S "FIRST and BEST '.'. EARLY PEA.
New Seod can now be supplied; * '
Lowest price per quarter on application.
Francis & Artqur Dickson & Sons, log. Eastgate Street, Chester

MUSHROOM SPAWN of the best possible quality,
53. per bushel. Sample Brick sent on application. The
Trade supplied,
John Kellett, Wellington Nursery, Heaton Chapel, Stockport.

ONE TON of ASPARAGUS SEED on SALE.—
Entire Crop of 1807, at 3d. per lb. ; do. of 1866, at 2\d. per lb. ;
per cwt., at 4d. per lb. ; per quarter, at 8d. per lb. ; lesser quantities,
Is. per lb.— Asparagus Garden, Forroby, Liverpool.

ASPARAGUS ROOTS, 3-yr, old, per 100, 2s. 6d.;
2-yr. old, per 100, Is.'Cd, Terms cash.
Richard Walker, Seed Grower and Market Gardener, Biggles-
wade, Beds.

To Noblemen, Gentlemen, Gardeners, and tlie Trade.

SEAKAIL for Forcing, magnificent roots, now ready.
Per 100, 10.9. Terms cash.
Richard Walker, Market Gardener and Seed Grower. Bieeles-
wade, Beds.

R_Biggleswade Market Gardens, Beds.
ICHAUD WALKER can supply the following
CABBAGE PLANTS, the finest in fengland :—
RED, from the finest stock in the country, is. per 1000.
EAST HAM ENFIELD MARKET, NONPAREIL, ROBINSON'S

CHAMPION, warranted true, 2s. per 1000, in any quantity.
LETTUCE PLANTS, Cd. per IW). Terms cash.

POA TRIVIALIS "ARGENTEA ELEGANS.-Several
dozen bunches of this very pretty Silver-leaved Grass, at 6s.
per dozen ; each bunch will separate into several plants.

Charles Shilling. Hill Nursery, Winchfield, Hants.

S New Grass Seeds for Exportation.

UTTON AND SONS, having received their supply of
NEW GRASS SEEDS of the present Season's Growth in fine
condition, will bo happy to forw.ird lowest price per ton or cwt oq
application. All Seeds perfectly packed and delivered free to ship's
Bide at any English Port. CATALOGUES gratis and post free
SoTTOw & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

The Beat Variegated Zonal Pelargonium,

COUNTESS OF CRAVEN.

S PERKINS AND SONS are now Booking Orders for
• the above splendid variety, to which was awarded a Fir^t Prize
as the best not in Commerce at the late Show at South Kensington ;
at the same time tho Floral Committee awarded it a First-class
Certlflcato. Plants in May next, 21s. each.

Park Nursery, Coventry.

ELMS fur AVENUK and PARK PLANTING.— Fine
«r .-^''" rooted Trees of HUNTINGDON and HERTFORDSHIRE
ELMS, 10 to 12 and 12 to 14 feet ; and HERTFORDSHIRE, 14 to
16 'eet, at a very cheap rate, according to quantity required. For

Bulb CataloETue.

BUTLER, McCULLOCH, and GO'S CATALOGUE
of Choice DUTCH and CAPE BULBS is now ready. Sent
free and post paid. — Established upwards of a Century.
South Ruw, Cuvunt G;irden Market, W.C.

Winter and Spring Flowering Bulbs and Plants.

BARR AND SUGDEN'S FLOKAL GUIDE may be
had free. It contains much valuable Information.
~-, For particulars soo large Advertisement, page 1000.

REQUISITES,
. Scott, Tlio Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

B

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocuses, &c.

S. WILLIAMS bus a line Collection of tho aboTe.

PRICKD CATALOGUE post froo on appliciltlon.

HYACINTHS for ({I.13S03 or Pots, Os,, Ss., and lOs. per dozen.

Victoria and I'aradlso Nursery, Upper HoHoway, London, N.

W~" M. CUTRUSH ANlTSON beg to say tliat thl^r
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE 'HTACINTHS,
TULIP.S, CROCUSES, Ac., is now ready, and can be had post free
on application. Hiyhgate Nurseries, London, N.

To Gardeners, Seedsmen, &c,

HENLEY, BROTHEIW, Merchants, Holbeach, have
Btlll on hand a quantity of SNOWDROPS, which they beg to
offer. Samples and price on application.

Special Notice.— Plants and Bulbs.

MR. STliVENS' S.4LES of DUICH BULBS, FRUIT
TREE.S, ROSES, and HARDY SHRUBS, take place every
WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and frequently on MONDAY,
at the Rooms, 38, King Street, Coveut G.arden, London, W.C.
CATALOGUES on application.

s

s,

The Best Twelve Hyacinths Imported by
UTTON AND SON

for Twelve Shillings.
SuTTOM & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

MIXED" HYACINTHS, for Beds or Open Borders,
all coloiu's, of varioug shades, 2ls. per 100 (carriage free), or
3s. per dozep.

SoirON & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Finest Dutch CrocuBes and Early Tulips.

BUTTONS' DESCRIPTIVE LIST is now ready, and
will bo forwarded gratis and post free on application.
Sutton & Soks, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading,

Notice.— Fruits, Flowers, Bulbs.

BEroRE PDRcnAsma, please send fob

DILLISTONE AND UO.'S LITTLE LISTS,
post ft-oe to all applicants.
Address, Dillistonk & Co., Nurserymen, &c.. Stunner, near
Halstead. Essex

Roses.

PAUL AND SON beg to soUcit Early Orders for ROSES
this season, to ensure Good Plants of particular kinds. The
Stock Is large and tho Plants fine. Verr reasonably-priced
CATALOGUE post free.

The " Old '• Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

To the Trade.

TV/TARECHAL NIEL ROSK, from own roots, in pots,
' *" by the 100 or 1000, at £6 per 100.

O. Baser tt Son, American Nursery, Bagshot.

i.VX

WM. KNIGHT otters the splendid YELLOW HOSE,
MARECHAL NIEL,— Largo 'plants, about 3 feet high, well
ripened wood, in s-inch pots, suitable for forcing, from &r. to 6,s.
eacli, or 60s per dozen.
GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES free on application.
Jloral Nursery, Hailsham, Sussex.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the KO&i;..
Second Edition. By John Cbanstow, King's Acre Nxirserles,
near Hereford, Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

*' rriHE R0SE8 of MR. PAUL * • * are things to
J- see once and dream of for ever."— A tjienteum, June, 18G7.
Wu, Padl begs to announce that his CATALOGUE of ROSES is
now ready, and will be forwarded free on apphcation.

EIGHTEEN PRIZES have been awarded to him for Roses this
year at the principal London Flower Shows.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

Wholesale Catalo^e.

GEORGE JACKMAN and SOJS'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of HARDY NURSERY
STOCK for 1807 and SPRING, 18ti8, can be had free on application.

Woking Nursery, Surrey.

CALCEOLARIA (Herijaceous), of choice strain, nice
plants, in single pots, 2la, per 100; 123. 6d. for 60, and 4s.p0rdoz.
H. & R, STiiiZAttEn, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

Lilium auratum.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply fine BULBS of this
beautiful Flowering Plant at from 5s. to 16s. each.
Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

WEBB'S NEW GIANT POLYANTHUS,
Florist Flower, and GIANT COWSLIP SEEDS; also Plants
of all the varieties, with double PRIMROSES of different colours ;
AURICULAS, both Single and Double, with every sort of Early
Spring Flowers. LIST on application.— Mr. Webb, Calcot, Reading.

BeclE's Seedling Pelargoniums.

SGLENDIWNING ani> SONS are now offering for
• the first time the 12 beautiful, new, and distinct PELARGO-
NIUMS raised by Mr. Wiggins, Gr. to W. Beck, Esq., of Islewortb,
which were awarded numerous Certificates at tho various Metro-
politan Snows.

DESCRIPTIVE PRICED LIST may be had on application.
Chiawick Nurseries, London, W.

THE CZAR VIOLET is NOW in BLOOM, and will
continue flowering through the winter. Strong plants, 8«. per
dozen ; also new seod, 2s. fld, and ba, per packet.

RASPBERRY CANES :— Faatolff, Fillbasket, and Early Thimble,
48. per 100; may be had for pre-paid orders from

Mr. John Grabau, Cranford, Hounalow, W.

price, 4c,, apply to
W(

oon & Ingram, Nurseries, Huntingdon.

VIOLETS NOW in FULL BLOOM, and in first-rate
condition for planting out. A large stock of all kinds of
Violet Roots. The GIANT, bearing a finer bloom and a more
beautiful perfume than any ol its kind, now in perfection. Roots of
this fine now sort (which flowers from October to April), of at least
24 inches in circumference, at I2s. per doz. Sample Bloom of Giant
and List of Prices sent on receipt of stamp for postage.

John Stedmam, Violet Grower, Thornton Heath, Surrey, S.

of

Vines.

PAUL AND SON have very fine CANES of FRUITING
PLANTS, close-jointed and well-ripened, 7*; Qd each
PLANTING CANES, not so strong, 3,s, Gd. to 5s each o
HAMURURGHS, MUSCATS, and the leading varieties
The "Old" Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

vine 8. "

HLANE AND SON solicit an inspection of their
• stock of VINES : 2000 Canes to choose from, strong and well
ripened. Thev have been awarded the First Prize for Vines in pots
at all tho leading Exhibitions. CATALOGUES free on application.
The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

Vines,

BS. WILLIAMS has now on hand a very large and
• fine stock of FRUITING and PLANTING CANES of all tho
best varieties. An Inspection is invited.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London, N.

Vines.

J MEREDITH will have {^reat pleasure in forwardinff
. his PRICED LIST of VINES on application. He has the
largest stock in England. An inspection is invited.

The Vineyard, Garston, near Liverpool.

QTRONG and EXTRA STRONG FRUITING VINES,

O unusually fine and well ripened. All the leading kinds, for
fruiting In pots and for planting out.
James Dicksom & Sons, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

Pines.

TO BE DISPOSED OF, in consequence of the glass ■
being required for other plants, GO stout clean FRUITING
PLANTS ol the best sorts, and 30 good SUCCE-SSIONS of the same
Apply to FKAncis R. Kinghorv. Richmond, S.W.

Standard Apples.

WOOD AND INGRAM offer to the Trade and others
20,000 eplendid STANDARD APPLES, with 6 to 6 feet
stems and magnificent heads. Price on application.
The Nurseries, Huntingdon.

CURRANT PLANTS, 4-vears' ^ro^rth.— The large
RED GRAPE and NETTLE-'LEAF WHITE, at 10s. per IW)
cash on the ground, or a Post Office order payable .at Hounslow.
T. MiTTON. Lampton, near Hounslow, W.

PRINCESS of WALES STRAWBERRY.-
Thia fine variety is now proved to be the best early variety
ever produced, either for Forcing or for general Eariy Crop. See
Oanleiiers' Chronicle of May 12, 1800, p. 437. Good Plants can now
be supplied Irom tho true stock, at 5s. per 100, from the raiser.
B. W. Kwight, NuraerjTQan, Battle, Sussex.

WEBB'S PRIZE COB FILBEKTS, and otlier PRIZE
COB NUTS .and FILBERTS. LI.ST of these varieties from
Mr. Webb. Calcot, Reading.

. Orchard-house Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,

X PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and PIGS.

RioHARD Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

UTANDAUD APPLES, PEARS, and PLUMS, &c . &c

iJ See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
TnoM.\s WAaNKR, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

APPLES, cherries; NECTARINES, S^

M\- PEACHES, kc. Dwarf and Dwarf-trained; Houghton Castle
CURRANTS, ic, ic. See CATALOGUES. Wholesaleor Retail.
TiiouAS WafiNer, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

SCARLET CHESTNDfs; STANDARD ELMS.
THORNS, and POPLARS, SEEDLING QUICK, 4c «tc
See CATALOGUE.?. Wholesiile or Retail.
TaoMAS Warner, Leicester Abljey Nm-series.

ARBOR-VIT^S, ARBUTUS, AUCUBAS,
YEWS, &c., &o.
See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

BOX,

Fruit Trees.

HLANE AND SON beir to call attention to their
• extensive stock of FRUIT TREES of every description,
which Is very fine and healthy, at moderate prices

CATALOGUES free on application.
The Nurseries. Great Berkhamstead, Herts.

Now Ready,
\ DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of FRUITS

"i. for 18G7, free.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of a few SELECT ROSES
for 18C7. By Tnos. Rivers. Free by post.
^ Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth,

RICHARD SMITH'S FRUIT LIST contains a sketcli
of the various forms of Trees, with directions for Cultivation,
Soil, Drainage, Manuie, Prmiing, Lifting, Cropping, Treatment
under Glass; also their aynonymes, qualitv, size, form, skin, colour,
flesh, flavour, use, growth, duration, season, price, Sec. Free by
post for three at.ampa.

RiCQARD Smith, Nurseiyman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Large Evergreens and Forest Trees.

MESSKS. PAMPLIN and SON have a large quantity
of the above, and offer them at low prices, part of their
Grounds being required for building purposes.

The Nurseries, Lea Bridge Road, Leyton ; and Wood Street,
Walthamstow, Essex, N.E.

AZALEA INDICA.— Good healthy blooming Plants,
40 of the choicest varieties, including Stella, Carnation, Flag of
Truce, and Mdlle. Verscbaffelt, for 403., or less quantities 12s. per
dozen ; also other good named varieties, healthy blooming Plants,
at 9a. per dozen. Trade price on application.
H. & R. ST1RZAK.ER, Skerton Nurseries. Lancaster.

THIRTY THOUSAND AMERICAN ARBOR-VITJS,
from 3 to C feet, very suitable for Hedges.
Wu. Wood & Sow, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfleld,
Sussex.

NE HUNDRED THOUSAND tine Transplanted
COMMON LAURELS, from li to 3 feet.
Wu, Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfleld,
Sussex.

Brltisb Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 30 pages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of hi.s NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

1114

THE GAEDENEES' CERONICLE MD AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[November 2, 1867

;'i^*"'"- " "-L'_—

Dutch and Gape Bulbs.

BUTLER, JtcCUl.L.OCH AND CO. have received their
usual consignment of the above, and beg to oEFer the following
oareftilly assorted collections.

FOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION.
No. 1 1 No. 2 I No. 3 1 No. i I No. 5 I No. G

100s.

s.M.

FOR FLOWER GARDEN DECORATION.

I No. 8 I No. 9 I No. 10 I No. 11 I

FOR FLOWER GARDEN AND CONSERVATORY COMBINED.

No. I? I No. 14 j No. 16 ] No. 16 1 No. ir [ No. 18

105s. I 52s.Gd. I 42s. | 21s. | 15s. | lOs.Gd.
CATALOGUES containing details of above Collection sent free,
and Post-paid Orders amoanting to 21s. sent, carriiige paid, on
receipt of Post-Of&ce Order. — Established upwards of a century.

Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

Extensive and well-grown Nursery Stock.

J SCOTT, Werriott Nui'series, Somerset, has to offer
• FOREST TREES in large numbers, finely rooted and in
perfect health. ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS of all sizes
in qufintity, beautifully grown and regularly transplanted.

Intending Planters would do well to visit thesa fine Nurseries,
which have been established 150 years, and are by fai' the largest in
Somerset. CATALOGUES on application.

LOUIS YAN HOUTTE'S CATALOGUE, No. 121,
will be published on the I5tli November noxt, and will ba
sent, per post, to ail his customers.

Azalea Indica

Camellias

Rhododendrons

Ghent Azaleas, hardy

Azalea Van Houttei flore-pleno,

hardy {sea " Flore des Serres,"

xiii., 13)
Magnolias and other American

Plants
Magnolia Lennoi {seo " Flore,"

xvl., 150}

Contents ; —

Trees and Shrubs

Conifers

Roses

Herbaceous Plants, Select Col-
lection of

Fruit Trees, Belgian and other

Gladiolus gandavensls [sorts

Gesnerapeous Rhii^omes and
Tubers

Caladiums, &c., in dry Tubers,
&c., &c.

Lours Van Hodite's goods, baskets, bundles, cases, crates,
hampers, Sc, are sent free to Edinburgh, Goole, Grangemouth,
Grimsby, Harwich, Hull, Liverpool, London, Middlesbro'-on-Tees,
andNewcastle-on-Tyne;but, per contra, 5a. per parcel will he charged
in the account. From the above seaports the goods are sent with
great care to the various railways by Louis Van Houtte's Agents.

*' FLORE DES SERRES," XVI., Nos. 11 and 12, will appear at
the end of this month.

Each Volume of the *► FLORE DES SERRES " may be had
separately for 30s., and the Sixteen Volumes complete (the entire
collection) for £22 10s. This work contains more than 1700 highly
finished Coloured Plates, and numerous Woodcuts.

Ghent, Belgium.— Nov. 2.

Asalea, Her Majesty.

WILLIAM BARNES has much pleasure in
announcing that he will be prepared to send out the above
splendid AZALEA on and after Wednesday, October 23, at the
following price — 21s. osch. A very few extra strong plants at 42s.
each, with the usual allowance to thB Trade ; where three plants are
ordered at one time four will be given.

It was exhibited before the Floral Committco of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society on June 14, 1866, where it was awarded a first-class
Certificate for its great beauty in its markings, shape, and colour,
when the following remarks wore made upon it, which appeared in
the Gardeners' Chronicle, June 16, 186G :— " A beautiful Azalea, rosy
lilac, edged with white, and blotched, and spotted in tbe upper petals
with crimson, called Her Majesty, from Mr. Bar(,'E3, of Caqiberwell.'

On June 23, 1866, the following remarks appeared in the same
Paper: — "We have from timo to time referred to tho sportive
character of the Indian Ajjalea, and called attention to the fact that
some of our best vai"ieties have had their origin in a freak of Nature.
A fresh Instance of their sportiveness was shown the other day at
South Ken.sington- Mr. William Barnes there exhibited a variety
of Azalea which he pufposos to designate Her Majesty. It is, we
believe, a sport from Madame Mieliez, or soma of the forms closely
allied to that fine old. sort; and in quality, therefore, as well as in
name, takes the very highest lank. The flowers are of tho full
average size, and of excellent form and sub.stanco, and tho colour is
nsoft hiac-tinted blu&h, white at the niargin, densely spotted with
crimson in the upper part, and marked with variable stripes, or
sometimes hroadish bars of diaep rosy pui-ple. Its high quality ii3
regards the flower Itself, and this novelty of marking, will make it
an acquisition in any collectiuu of those showy plants.

A faithful Figure of this fine j^zalea is given inthe Januarynumbor
of the "-Florist and Pomologist."

A remittance must accompany all orders from unknown corre.
spondonts. Camden Nm-sery, Caraberwell, London, S.

A VAN GEERT, Ntjrsekyt^ian, Ghent, Belgium, bega
• respectfully to offer the following Plants, of which be
possesses a good stock, at very reasonable prices : —

00 HARDY RHODODENDRONS, in fine named varieties, £3.
100 ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA, flowering roots, £1 Is.
100 HERBACEOUS CHINESE P.EOJJIES, in fine vars., £2 105.

25 TREE P.EONIES, diflerent varieties, £2 10s.
100 ABIES PINSAPO, fine plants, well rooted, 1 foot high, £4.
100 .. NORDMANNIANA, 3-yr. seedlings, £3 10k.
100 THUJA ERICOIDES, small, very pretty variety, £2.
100 THUJA AUREA, 25s. to £2 lOs.

100 CHAM^CYPARIS SPH-EROIDEA FOLIIS AUREIS, fine
plants, £3.

60 THUJA ELEGANTISSIMA, 2.yr. grafted, £2.
100 WIDDRINGTONIA ERICOIDES, £1 5s.

60 CUPKES3US LAWSONIANA ARGENTEA (Wateber). £2.

2S „ „ GRACILIS, £1.

25 „ „ STRICTA, £1.

61) PINUfa INSIGNIS, strong plants, £2.

50 GINKGO BILOBA, strong, £2.

60 MAGNOLIA GRANDIFlORA, fine plants, £3 10s.

50 „ TRIPETALA, fine plants, £1 5s.

25 FABIaNA IMBRICATA, fine, £1.

60 ILEX, of sorts, £2 10s. I 100 HEDERA, of sorts, £t.

60 BERBERIS, of sorts, 15s. 100 CONIFERS, of sorts. £2.

100 fine STANDARD PERPETUAL ROSES, £5.
100 COMMON MOSS ROSES, £2.

25 STANDARDS of ACER LEOPOLDII, £2 10s.
12 ARUNDO DONAX VARIEGATA, £1

100 LILIDM LANCIFOLIUM RUBRUM, very strong, £3.
100 INDIAN AZALEAa, small, with buds, £3.
100 ,, „ larger, £4 to £6.

100 CAMELLIAS, fine sorts, without buds, £4
100 GLADIOLUS GANDAVENSIS, different varieties. £4.
100 GLOXINIAS, in varieties. £2.
6 AGAVE SCHIDIGERA, flue strong plants, £5.
6 „ COCCINEA, £1 10s.

6 „ XALAPENSIS, £1 10s.
12 „ AMERICANA, 21s. to £2.

12 „ „ VARIEGATA. 2Is. to £2.

12 LATANIA BORBONICA, £1.
12 CORYPHA AUSTRALIS, dne plants, £3.
12 CHAMJEKOPS HUMILIS, £1.
6 ,, t, fine plants, £3 to £5.

12 DICTYOGLOSSUM CRINITUM, £1 5s.

26 LUMARIA GIBBA, £1.

60 GYMNOGRAMME WETEN HALLIANA, £1 10s.
25 ALSOPHILA EXCELSA. £1.
25 WOODWAUDIA ORIENTALIS, £1.
20 TROPICAL ORCHIDS, £3.

60 NEW PERPETUAL PINE-AFPLE STRAWBERRY plants, £1.
6 RHODODENDRON AUGUSTE VAN GEERT, tho largest

bouquet of the hardy varieties, strong plants, £1 lOs.
When a large quantity of the above articles are ordered, the
carriage wjH bo paid to London. References ruquired from unknown
Cbrreapondents.

Agents : Messi-s. R. Silberrad & Son, 6, Harp Lane, London, of
whom NEW GENERAL CATALOGUES may be obtained on
application.

M

Hyaclntlis for Exhibition.

ESSES. SUTTON S'

COLLECTIONS include the

varieties so much admired at the spring
shows, and they are now prepared to receive
orders for the same at the following prices ;—

The Choicest 100 Sorts, £4 4s., carriage free
The Ciioicest 50 Sorts, £2 2s., „

TheClioicest 25 Sorts, £1 Is., „

The Choicest 12 Sorts, £0 r2s.

Cheaper Roots, Cs. to Os, per dozen.

HYACINTHS for Bods and Open Borders,
3s. per dozen, 21s. per 100, carriage free.

Sutton & Sons, Importers, Reading. Berks.

STjTTONS' unrivalled COLLECTIONS of BULBOUS
FLOWER ROOTS, for Blooming during tbe Winter and Spring.
These are every year becoming more popularly cvdtivatei, and the
HYACINTHS, ANEMONES, TULIPS, &c.. which we imported last
season from the celebrated Dutch Florists. Messrs. de Boom, Veen,
Byvoet, and others, having been so generally admired, wa have
imported from the same parties, and still more extensively.
SUTTONS' COLLECTIONS of HARDY FLOWER ROOTS tor
OPEN GROUND.
No. 1. A large and Choice Collection of ANEMONES,
HYACINTHS, CROCUSES. TULIPS. RA-
. NUNCULI. NARCISSI, SNOWDROPS, IRISES, £ s. d.

GLADIOLI, &c 2 2 0

No. 2. Ditto ditto, consisting of all the same kinds, in

Reduced Quantities ., ., 110

No, 3. A Small and Choice ditto 0 10 C

SORTS for FLOWER POTS and GLASSES.
No. 4. A splendid Collection of HYACINTHS, JONQUILS,
NARCISSI, EARLY TULIPS, new large

CROCUSES, &c ;.220

No. 5. The saine in Reduced Quantities 1 I 0

No. 6. A Small and Choice Assortment 0 10 6

SUTTONS' DESCRIPTIVE AUTUMN CATALOGUE is now
ready, and may be had gratis and post free on application.

All Gouds sent Carriage Free except small parcels, and 5 per cei^t.
allowed for Cash Payments.

SoTTON & Sons, Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading,

Carter's Dutch Bulbs.

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioners of Public
Works and other Government
Departments, the Royal Gardens,
Keiv, &c.,&c., 4c.

Seedsmen to H.I.M. the Em-
peror of tho French, the Crystal
Palace Company, the Agri-Hor-
ticultural Society of India, &c,,
&c,, &c.

pARTER'S GUINEA BOX of DUTCH ELO'\VER

V^ ROOTS contains 12 choice named Hyacinths, 12 mixed
Hyacinthsforborders, 50 Yellow Crocus, 50 Blue Crocus, 4 Polyanthus
Narcissus, 12 Double White Narcissus, 12 Pheasant's Eye Narcissus,
12 Double Daffodils, 24 finest mixed Ranunculus, 24 finest mixed
Anemones, 13 choice mixed Single Tulips, 12 choice mixed Double
Tulips, 4 Garden Lilies, 50 Snowdrops, 12 finest mixed Spanish Iris,
12 Campernelle Jonquils.

The above forwarded without delay on receipt of Post Ofllco
Order for 21s. Bos and packing included. PRICE LISTS gratis
and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbora,
London. W.C.

me SHOW ana fancy PELARGONIUMS.

12 Fine young Plants, all named, one each, l2s.

24 Do. do. do. do. 20s.

50 Do. do, do. do. 403.

100 Do. do. do. . . •75s.

12 CAMELLIAS, full of flower-buds 30s.

12 AZALEAS, do. do., n»d fine beads, 24s.

H. Mat was awarded the First Prize for all the Pelargoniums at tlio

Manchester International Show and the Leeds Floral Ffite during

the past summer, and also at the Great Yorkshire Gala, York, for

many years in succession, and same kinds wilt be included inthe above.

Henry May, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Yorkshire,

NEW GOLDEN-LEAVED BEDDING PLANT,

FUCHSIA ^'GOLDEN FLEECE."

AWARDED A. FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE BY THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
*' A perfect gem for (iecorative purpoaes ; the intense goldqn colour of-the foliage Teryoffactive,"— 7o1^rna! of Horticulture.

This very beautiful and effective plant is adapted for all decorative purposes in beds, or ribbon rows, and by its
free, yet densely compact growth, equally suited for front or second rows ; its slightly decurved branches retuiuing a
dwarf habit, from 6 to 9 inches, as required, throughout the seascn. The early summer leaf-tint is an uniquc4y rich
bronze yellow, changing to a pure gold in midsumiuer and autumn. In general effect it is Icsb formal and more
equal in growth than the "Golden Feather" (Pyrethrum), and superior in effect to the whole self Uqld-leaved
section of Geraniums. Out of 40 plants in one row, there was no perceptible difference in height and effect tlirough
the summer, and increased in the richness of its colour until October,

The Plants now offered are the only hatch adapted for spring stock.

Price, 7s. 6d. each,

E. G. HENDERSON and SON, WELLINGTON NTJKSEIIY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, N.W.

■ -, Ji ,,,T)'-)i','im',.J!JJH.'. Br. ■/*■'. -J 1.II.U.

LEE'S GIANT OEACH (SPINACH).

THIS NEW AMD VALUABLE VARIETY OF ORACI?

POSSESSES IMMENSE PRODUCTIVE POWERS,

COMBINED WITH A DELICIOUS PIQUANT FLAVOUR, QUITE DISTINCT FROM ALL OTHER VARIETIES,
EENPIRDSG IT A GREAT ACQUISITION AS A SUMMER SPINACH OF THE HIGHEST CLASS.

The plant is of rapid and vigoroua growth, and attains a height of 6 or 7 feet, with numerous branches ; yielding
a constant supply of large dark green leaves throughout the summer months.

The Fruit Committee of the Koyal Horticultural Society awai'ded a FIEST-CLASS CERTIFICATE to
LEE'S GIANT OKACH, after partaking of a dish of this most useful vegetable, cooked especially for theij- judgment.

JOHN AND CHABLES LEE have much pleasure in introducing this productive vegetable, which they intend to
send out in January next. gg^j^^ Packets, Is. each.

FEIC£ TO TEB TMABE ON APPLICATION.

ROYAL VINEYARD NURSERY and SEED ESTABLISHMENT, HAMMERSMITH, W.

AMBEOISE VEESCHAFFELT, NUBSEEYMAN,

(PUBLISHER OF THE "ILLUSTRATION HORTICOLE)," GHENT, BELGIUM,

BEGS TO OFPEK THE i'QLLO'WING NOVET,TIES : —

aa fine as the Taesonia Van Volxemi : see figure in the

CALADIUM LEOPOLUI.— One of the finest, ~s. Gd.
TACSONIA BUCHANANI. — A splendid cUmber ;

" Illustration Horticole ; " 7s. &d,
VKIESEA GLaZIOUANA.— A splendid Bromeliaceous plant, svhich obtained at the Universal Exhibition in Paiis tha

First Prize for the best new Plant, and of which a specimen was exhibited by Miss Zoe de Knyfl', under the name

of Chevaliera. This really splendid ornamental plant is figured in the " Illustration Horticole. ' Fme plants, ±1.
AZALEA INDICA FRANCOIS DEVOS (A. Vebschapfelt).— This is one of my best seedlings. Flowers very

double, deep red, with black spots. See figure in " Illustration Horticole." Fine plants, full of buds, lis.
RUODODENDKON OENATISSIMDM (A. Veksohatfelt) — See the '^ Illustiation Horticoie." This is the best

seedling raised ; colour whitish, rose in the centre ; the edges are coloured with rose violet, and the centee is

marked with fine golden spots. It is one of the most distinct varieties, and is quite hardy. Good plants, Uf.. >

do. with buds, £1,

THE GENERAL CATALOGUE, No, 81,

CAN BB OBTAINED FREE OF

MESSES. R. SILBEEEAD and SON, 6, HARP LANE, GREAT TOWER STREET, LONDON, E.G.

NovEMBEB 2, 1837. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1116

HENRY MAY boga to offer the
undoinamofi :—
ENOLItiU YEWS. 2ft,, verybueby(onoDtranspl8nted),3a. peidoz-.

16s. per lOU ; do., 2^ to 3 ft., buBhy, ao., lis. por do?., -108. per ItiO ;

IK13H do., 4 to 6 ft., do , la. 6d. ©och, las. per doz.
rORTUOAL LAUItKLy, 2 ft., busliy, do., 4(t. per doz., 20j. per 100 ;

do., 21 til 3 ft., busby, do.. 8^ per doz., fiOi. por 100
CUPUlitJSUS LAWSONIANA, a a., bushy, do;, Ga. por doz.,

■Ms.
WELLI

.S-. por 100 : do.. 3 to 4 ft., bushy, do., 12s. por doz.
LIN'GTONIA aiGANTE^, 2 11.. busbv, do., V2s.
)., 3 ft., tiushy, do., ISs. per doz. ; do., 4 ft., bushy, dc

por doz.
o., 36«. por

don'. ; do.', 6 ft.," imahy. do.", CO.s. per doz!
ABHOU-VIT.'E (AMERICAN), 4 to 5 it., bushy, do., Os. per doz ,

fiO.'J. poi- 100
I'lNUH AUSTRIAOA, 2 a., bushy, do.. 4«. per doz., 20s. per 100 ;

do.. ;i ft., busily, do., Os. por doz., S0«, per 100 ; do. EXCELSA,

4 to ft ft., Imahv, do., !&*. per doz.
ENGLlSil Sl'RCCE FIR, 3 (l., siuglo phinted (perfect spoclmmis},

ijs. por ill)/.., ;)"■;. por 100
nORSK t'llKSTNUT, S ft, do., fluo, fis. per dOZ., 30^. por 100
ENOLI.SII K.LM ((iijiltod), ,S ft,, do., do., Qs. per doz., 303. lior 100
LIMES, s ft., do., do., 12s. per doz.
AILANTIU'.S GLANDULOSA (for Silkworm Culture), 21 ft.,

li. por doz., 108. por 100
STANDARD ArPLKS,

ES, II it. stems, fine beads, Kood, lOs, por doz.,

70i. pur 100 ; do. VICTORIA PLUaiS, pood, 15s. por doz.
FiDeimiiiod LANOASDIRE GOOSEBERRIES, 2s. por doz. ; 124.

CDltRANT.S, WHITE, BLACIC, apd RED, flue, 13. 6J, por doz.;

8.t. j'or loo.
Fineuamod HYBRID-PERPETUAL ROSES, al Gs., 9s., and 12.«.

Rer doz.
tho above are flue m'own stuff, and well ropipvqd, apd wul
plant safely.

riESRY May's CATALOGUES can be bad on application, which
cotitiuu all the most popular EVERGREENS. SHRUBS, *c.
Hkwby May, The Hope Nurseries, Bodalo, Yorkshu-e.

MAURICE YOUNG'S NliW CATALOGUE of NEW
HARDY PLANTS, JAPANESE NOVELTIES, NSW
AUCUBAS, ORNAMENTAL TRESS and SHRUBS, EVER-
GREENS, CONIFER.E. RHODODENDRONS, FOREST TREES,
&c., may be had on application.

DESIGNS. PLANS, and ESTIMATES PREPARED
for LAYING-OUT NEW GltODNDS, IMPROVING PARK
SCENERY, PLANTATIONS, &q.

CREST TREES PLANTED by the Acre, and

Guaranteed.

F

Convenient railway accommodation to all parts of thp country.
Milford Nurseries, near Godalmiag, Siiprey.

B

A R G A I N S to the T R 4 D E.

100,000 2 to 3 feet THORN QUICKS, will be aold a bargain.
600,000 2-yeav Seedlings, fine, small ones selected out, 3.*. Cd. p. 1000.
80O.Ol>O Seedlincs, at l.«. M. by tho 100,000. U. 3d. per 1000.
10,000 transplanted BEllBERIS DARWINll, 2 years old, strong,

Gs. 6d. period, or 60.i. per 1000.
50,000 transplanted MAHONIA AQUIFOLIA, 2 years old and

.selected, V2s. dd. per lOuO; lO.OOO, lOs. per lOOO.
60,000 beddoi MANETTl STOCKS, good rooted plants, 2m. per
1000; selected. 30a-,
A LIST of other NURSERY STOCK sent on applicjition.

Andrew G. Daly. Nurseryman, Newry. Ireland.

PAUL ANii SON beg to offer the undernoted frequeptlv-
removod and well-formed TREES, SHRUBS, and NUftSjElly
STOCK, which they have grown in large quintity -. —
AHBOR-VIT.E, AMERICAN, CHINESE, and WARE'S, 3 to 8 feat.
AUCUBA JAPONIC A, 1 to 3 feet.
BOX. COMMON and VARIEGATED, 1 to 3 feet.
RED CEDARS, 3 to 4 to 8 feet.

HOLLIES. VARIEGATED and GREEN, 3 to G feet.
LAURELS, COM MON, very biiahy and moviug well, 2 to 3 leet, 3 to

4 feet. f> to G feet. G to 8 feet.
YEWS. COMMON, or trained flat, 3 to G feet.
DWARF DECIDUOUS SHRUBS, in 100 varieties.
RHODODENDRON PONTlCUM. 2 to 4 feet.

RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, choicest named kindg, 2 to 3 eet.
KALMIAS, HARDY HEATHS, AZALEAS, &c.
LIMES, COMMON and RED TWIGGED, 6 to 12 feet.
PLANES POPLARS, AC^NAS. tor Lonlon planting.
DECIDUOUS TREES in gi'eat variety of foliage and growth, G to

IP feet.

Tho •' Old " Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

Hanover Nursery, By^ Lane, FecKli^iA^ 9,E.

MA. IV'EKY begs tu invito an inspection, from those
. cngaj,'eain rirmtiii^'. of a selection of EVERGREENS and
SHRUBS that will remove well, being all lifted at proper seaaooB to
secure removal, consisting of —

Aucuba japonica, very handsome.

Hox, of sorts, very bushy, 2i to
3 feet.

Cedrus deodara, 4 to 6 feet.

Thuja aurea. These are Tery
handsome specimens.

Thi^a chinensis, 4 to 6 feet.
„ Lobbii, 3i to 5 feet.
„ Weariana, 2i to 3 feet.

Cupressus Lawaonlana, very hand-
some, 3i to 6 feet.

Euonymus, green ; very bushy,
3 feet.

Wellingtonia gigantca.

Ligusti-um japonicum.

„ ovalifolium, 3 to 6 ft.

Launistinus, very bushy.

Holly, green, 1 to 2 feet.

Thujopsis boreahs, 3 to 4 feet.
Also a selection of HARDY CLIMBERS, including Vari^ftted

and other choice kinds of Ivies in Pots, at reasonable prices.

Garrya elliptica, in pots.
Laurels, common, very bushy.

Portugal, „
Lilacs, 4 to 7 feet.
Yews, English, 3 to 4 feet.
Yews, IriBii, very handsome, 6 to

7 feet.
PbiUyrea, 3 to 4 feet.
Yucca gloriosa, very handsome

specimens, 3 to 4 feet.
Ivies, Irish. These are very fine,

being prown in large pots for

immediate covering, 7 to S feet.
Mulberry, very fine, 6 to 6 feet

stems, with fine heads.
Standard Fruit Trees of all kinds.
Dwarf-trained ditto.
Black and Hed Currants, fine

bearing trees.

To Planters.

WOOD AND INGRAM beg to offer the following
NURSERY STOCK, all of which is well-grown and flnely-
rootcd stufi :—

ACACIA, COMMON, 10 to 12 feet.
ALDER, 3 to 4, fl to fi, and C to 7 feet

ASH. li to 2, 2 to 3, and ,'{ to 4 feet | BIRCH, 5 to 6, and 6 to 7 feet
CHESTNUT, HORSE, l-vear seedling, 7 to 8, and 8 to 9 feet
ELM, NARKOW-LEAVED ENGLISHi from seed, l-year sfledling,
3 to 4, and 4 to 6 feet
„ HUNTINGDON, 4 to fi, 5,to 6, C to 7, 7 to 8. and 8 to in feet
FIR, SPRUCE. 1 to li. li to 2, 2 to 2i, 21 to 3, 3to 4, and 4 to 6 feet

,, WHITE and BLACK AMERICAN, 3 to 4, 4 to 6, and6to61eet
MAPLE, 2 years seeiiliiiRs, and 2 to 3 feet
POPLAR. BLACK ITALIAN, S to 10, and 10 to 12 feet
,, LOMHARUY, 4 to 5, r, to 0, and 8 to 10 feet
,, ONTARIO or AMERICAN. 5 to G, 6 to 8, and 12 to 10 feet
SYCAMOKE, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 6, 6 to fi. and 7 to 8 feet
ARBOR-VIT.*;, AMERICAN and SIBERIAN, 1 to IJ, li to 2, 2 to
2), 21 to 3, 3 to 3i, and 3i to 4 feet ■ '^

„ LObBU, ver)' fine bushes, specimens, 4J to 5, 5 to 6, 6 to 7,
7 to 8, and s to ll feet
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 1 toll, li to 2,2 to 2i, and 2i to 3 feet
CEDAR, RED VIRGINIAN. 3 to 4, 4 to e. and 5 to G fpet
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, splendid tipecimens, 3i to 4, 4 to 5,

and 6 to 0 feet
_y, MACROCARPA, 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, and 5 to 6 feet
JUNIPER, ENGLISH, 31 tu 4, and i to 5 feet

I4AUREL, COMMON, 1 to 11, li to 2, 2 to 21, 21 to 3, and 4 to 5 feet
,, PORTUGAL, 1 toll, li to 2,2 to 2i, 21 to 3, 3 to 31, and 3i to 4ft.
LILAC, various kmds, fi to G, and C to 8 feet
PLANE, OCCIDENTAL, 4 to 6, 5 to 0, G to V, 7 to 8, S to 10, and

10tol2ieut
_ „ ORIKNTAL, 10 to 12. and 12 to 14 feet

YEW, COMMON, U to 2, 2 to 21, 21 to 3, 3 to 31,31 to 4, and 4 to 41 ft.
Prices, which are very moderate, accordmg to the quantity taken,
lent free on application to The Nurseries, Huntingdon.

N. B. w. & I.'s new NURSERY CATALOGUE l3 now ready.

Araucarl^ imbrlcata, and WelUnfftonla glgantea.

Suiirj-UH StDiK liN LaMI to up CuKARfJ) FOa BL■JLDI^fi PoarnBEs.

WSKIRVING, Walton Nursery, Liverpoul, begs to
• offer a few tliourianda of tho above healthy wall-grown
plants, with good roots; the Amucarias ranging from 3 to 5 feet,
and tho Wulliugtoiiliiu from 2 to 4 foot hleb.

Prices may bo obtained on application, and special agreenionts
uiado for largo quantities. "

M'

New Seeas for the Colonies.

Sehr? Dirkct Know tde OnowKits ail)c the
Most Suitable roii Expoutatidn, and
TllK IlKST HKANS or Pu^VtCiTlNU DlH-
AITOINTMKNT,

ESSRS. SUTTON solicit the

lavour (if Orders from tboso about to
fiend ortako out SEEDS to tho COLONIES,
and aubmlt tho follo.ving from among many
Toitiuioniftla recently received, as to tho
OKKATLY BurtRioB QUallty of tbair Seeds to
those usually oxportod from this country.as
well as to the vory offlcient manner in which
their export packing is carried out :—
Jlili/ %/ron\ A. N. Ella, Esq., Qiu-eiistownf
Cape 0/ Good Hope.
■' I may mention ihat tho case rofened to
was in splendid order, looking as fVesh after
three months' sea and six weeks' land carriage as if only yeatorday
packed."

From Uuan Rowsat, Esq., SltaJii/fian, Cliitut, May 5, 18CC.

" Tho box of seeds and roots has arrived, and nothing has given

megreater pleasure for a iopg time than the excellence of these seeds."

From Mr. Z. W. Wklls, New Plymouth, New Zealand, May 7, 13GC.

"Tho Grass and other seeds sent by the Shelbume to me, have

come safe to hand. I have tried samples of the Grass seeds, and am

happy to inform you that they have come ui) quite to my satisfaction,"

From Mr. Jas. Dalk, Orqn^je, New Houth Wales, September 20, 18GC.

"1 have the pleasure to inform you that your seeds have given

great satisfaction, and I no^y send you a larger order."

All Seeds properly packed and delivered free to ship's side. Special
Quotations given for large quantities. A liberal allowance mad© to
Shippers. Sutton & Suns, Seed Growei-s, Reading.

Suttons' Ringleader, or First-crop Pea.

CHARLES SUAUl'E aj^d CO., Seed Merchants.
Sleaford. having a very large Stock of the above, are enabled
to offer it on very liberal terms to the Trade. Price and sample will
be sent on application.

C. S. & Co.'s Stock has been grown from Seed direct from the
original raiser of this Pea.

The best Pea for Market Gardeners Is

SUTTONS' IMPKOVED EAKLT CHAMPION.—
It Is only three days later than SUTTONS' RINGLEADER
(the forwardest known), and a week earlier thap Daniel O'Rourke or
Sangster's No, 1. It is very prolific, with fine long and wall filled
poda, thus making It a peculiarly desirable sort for early picking.
Lowest price per bushel or quarter may be had on application.
Sutton & Sonb, Seed Growers, Reading,

To Farmers, Gardeners, and Others.

EXCELLENT CABBAGE PLANTS (Stocks not to be
surpassed), can be supplied in any quantity, a^follows: —
TRUE DWARF NONPAREIL (the earliest and best).2s.Gd. per 1000
TRUE ENFIELD MARKET (extra fine varietv), 2s. 6d. per 1000
TRUE ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD, 25. 6d. per 1000
TRUE RED DUTCH (for Pickling), 6s. per 1000

A remittance or reference to accompany all orderg.
Fredk. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower. Biggleswade, Bedfordshire,

Seed Fotatos.

HAND f. SHAUPE are now offering MTATT'S
• EARLY PROLIFIC KIDNEY, RIVERS' ROYAL ASH-
LEAF, WEBBS IMPERIALKIDNEY, DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
EARLY OXFORD, EARLY FORTY-FOLD, and many other Eariy
and Lato varieties grown from their own selected stocks. Th0
prices are moderate, and the qijality excellent. PRICED LISTS
piay bp liad on applicitlon.
Seed Qroffing Establishment, Wisbech.

CUCUMBER "DICKSON'S FAVOURITE" or
ALL THE YEAR ROUND.

We con confidently recommend this as one of the best Winter
Cucumbers grown, while it is second to none for general purposes.
lu Winter it grows about one foot long, and in Summer from
16 to 18 inches, is of deep green colour, very handsome, c'elicite m
flavour, and particularly tender, crisp and juicy. It is very prolific.
Showing two to three iruit at every joint, and furnishes a contmnal
?dRI>ly of handsome Cucumbers during the ^\' inter. Spring, and
Suriinier months. Per packet Is. Gd. and 2s. Cd-, post free.

FrabcisS; AaxnoR DicRso.v & Sons, The "Old Established Seed
T^^WPbouse, 100, Eastgate Street, Chester.

TeXe^aph Cucumber.

ROLLISSONS' TELE-
GRAPH CUCUMBER, the
best Winter and Early Spring
variety in cultivation.

See Gardeners* Chronicle,

January 12, 1867.
See Gardeners* Chronicle,

March IG, 1867.
See Gardeners' Chronicle,

August 31, I867.
See Gardtners' Chronicle,
October 12, 1867.
The above, in printed sealed
packets, 23. (kt. each. Prices to the
Trade on application to

William Rollisson & Sons,
The Nurseries, Tooting, London, 3.

pOCOA-NUT REFUSE

^^ la becoming aoAJtoe, the
old reserves will soon bo gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2t., U) for
Ifla,, 20 fpr 30a., 60 for 068., 100
lor £0.
^ Fourpence allowed tor oaob
t* b&g rotumod carrl^gc-jjai^.

A Railway Tr^ck-loi^ |not ii}
bagfi), 40#.

Poiitago Stamps or Post<offlcQ
Order, payable to J. Har.sha« *
Co., KtnKEton.on-ThamQa. S.W.

T?IliUOUS PEAT of tir4-chis3 quulitv lor Orchids,
J-^ IIoutliH, American Planta, and all potting purprises. niay be
obtained by application to Mr. Tuomas Jt-s.-ior, Farningham Wood,
near Farningham Station, Kent. It is dispatched by the London,
Chatham, and Dover Railway in trucks of 10 yards, to rao.st Stations
in the Kingdom, or fetched in carts from tho wood. It Is exteuKlvely
used and appreciated in tho prmclpal Nurseries, and in the Royal
parks and Giirdons, Price C». per cubic yard, at Farningham Station.

TOBACCO TISSUE for Fumigating 0reeuhougeB.
Will Destroy Thrip, Red Spider, Green and Black Fly, and
Mealy Bug ; and burns without the assistance of blowing, and is
entirely free from paper or rag. Price 3s. Od. por lb., carriage free.
A reduction In price for large quantities.

To be had of Messrs. Roherts & Sons, Tobacco Manufiicturers,
11'.', St. John Street. Clorkenwell, E.G., of whom copies of Testi-
monials may be obtained ; and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

WINTER-DRliSS ALL FRUIT TREES with
GISHURST COMPOUND.
Copy 0/ a Letter from Mr. Rivers, Nurseries, Sawbridgcworth, Herl«,
22d October, ISGl.

" I must tell you what I heard to-day from a very clever gentleman
farmer, Anthony Bubb, Esq., of Witcombe Coiirt. Gloucester. He
has a wall to which Peach Trees are trained. Well, last autumn
they were In a m-otcbcd blighted state. As a des|>erato rernsdy ho
unnailed them all, early ItLSt February, and ga»o all but one a
thorough painting with Gishurst Compound, lib. to the gallon of
water ; his trees, all but tho one, commenced to giow favourably in
spring, and are now pictures of health. The tree not painted is in a
half-dead blighted state. He used the s;ime dressing to hia Apple
Trees ; it killed the woolly Aphis entirely, and has made his trees
clean and vigorous In their growth. He intends to paint his Wall
Trees annually, and tells all his friends to do the same. I shall
certainly sorve%U my young Peach Trees against my walls in tho
same manner. The Compound is, I believe, more efflcaclous than
the usual offensive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and it does
not blacken the shoots on the walls."

For Oichard-house Trees, 4 ozs. to the gallon will be foijnd a good
strength ; when used stronger some buda on weakly trees may be
injured,

GISHURST COMPOUND ie sold Retail by NursgiTmen and
Seedsmen, in boxes. Is., 'is., and IO5. Gd. each.

Wholesale by Phice's Patent CANDtE Coufant, Limited,
Belmont, Vauxnall, London, S.

Qishurst Compound has more recent testimonials to its offlcacy,
but none more conclusive than the above, which has been published
before.

Caution to Gardeners.— Wlien you ask fpr

SAYNOR AND COOTvE'S WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you ect tlicnj.
Observe the mark SAYNOR, also the Corporate Maik, Obtaj^
Warranted, without which none are genuine.

S. fit C. regret haviug to caution uardeners and others, but arp
compelled to do so, in consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and ffhicb has caused
many complaints to be mode to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES are the best and
tho cheapest in the market.

Paxtun Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 125 years.

r:j.RASS SEEDS for

^-^ PERMANENT PASTtTRE, of tlie
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
soientific system.

See •' WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which coptains Illustra-
tions apd Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. Wheeler & SoK,

Gloucester,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire

Agricultural Sooiety.

New Hybrid Wleat.

KING RICHARD'S WHEAT was obtained by
crossing SHIRREFF'S BEARDED WHITE with POLLEN
from Talavora. On examining this Wheat at tho commencement of
harvest In this trying season, growing in East Lothian upon nine
different farms, varying In soil and situation, the straw was invariably
found to be the tallest, the stoutest, and the most golden-coloured
of all tho varieties grovring contiguous.

Small Samples of the Grain, which is particularly fine, will be
forwarded to intending purchasers if desired. The Subscriber's own
growth is offered at 05s. per quarter, and the growth of other parties
will fluctuate with current prices, delivered on tho North British
Railway. Terms Cash. PATRICK SHIRREFF.

Haddington, October 18.

r^OTTAM'S LATENT PORTAULE UI^ITi&U

COW FITTINGS.

Their advantages are— Portability, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Pi-ice of Fittings per Cow. 5os.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
{opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., where the
above are exbibited, together with several important Improvements
In Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
exceUent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is luliy
two-thirds cheaper. It may be apphed by an ordmary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is a^ed cold. It is used I Q tue
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattermg
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will foi-ward on
application. „

Fr-jm J. A. Taylor, Esq., Strensham Court.

*' In answer to your inquiries. 1 bei? to mlorm you I find your iilack
Varnish an exceUent substitute for oil p.iint upon iron and wooa
out of doors, and have found the iron Barrow with apparatus
essential in applying tho Varnish to lines of fencmg. I can strongly
recommend the Black Varnish for all out-door work as superior to
anything 1 have yet used for the purpose, and it can be applied with
great economy by caretul labourers.'

Sold m casks of about 30 gallona each, at Is 6d. per gallon, at the
Manufactory, or Is. Bd. per gallon paid to any Station In the kingdom.

Apply to Hill & Smith, Briefly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22, (^nnon Street West, E.G., from whom only it can be obtained.

1116

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [novembee, 2, i867.

Khododendrons,

As Exhibited at the Botal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Paiih.

JOHN "WATERER, the Exhibitor at the above Gardens,
baa pleasure in anBOunciDg that hia CATALOGUE of the above
popular Plants ia now published, and will be forwarded to nil
applicants. It faithfully desci-ibea all the varieties considered
worthy of cultivatiou. It contains likewise a selection of HAUDY
CONIFERS, with heights and prices.

The American Nursery, Bagsbot, Surrey. -

THE QUEEN. A 1. — By permission Chahles Noble
has had the honour of Exhibiting his NEW WHITE
RHODODENDRON before Her Majesty the Queen, at the Royal
Gardens, Windsor; he has authority to state that Ilor Majesty was
graciously pleased to approve of, and recognise the name given in
honour of Herself, as being really "THE QUEEN" amongst
Rhododendrons.
Price 213., 31s. 6d.,42a.,635., 8is., & lQ6.t. each. Standards, 1053. each.

Khododendrons, 8sc. ~~

JAMES SMITH, Darley Bale Nurseries, near
Matlock, offers tne following :—
150,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, beautiful healthy plants,

9 to 15 inches, 15s. per 100 ; £6 10s. per 1000
160,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, Qoe bushy plants, 1 to
U foot. 20s. per lOO; £9 10a. per 1000
60,000 RHODODENiDRON PONTICUM, fine plants, IJ to 2 feet,

26s. per 100 ; £12 per 1000
10,000 RHODODENDRON WHITE MAXIMUM, 1 to li foot,

6s. per dozen : 30s. per 100
20 000 RHODODENDRON HIRSUTUM, the Dwarf Alpine Rhodo-
dendron.—Nice httleplants, 3s. per dozen ; 15s. per 100
10,000 RHODODENDRON HYBRIDUM, 1 to IJ foot, bushy plants,

5s. per dozen ; SOs^er 100
5,000 AZALEA P0NTICUR5, the sweet Azalea.— Beautiful busby
plants, 12 to IS inches, lutJstlj in bloom bud, 3s, per dozen;
20s. per 100. Ditto, 15 to 24 ins., 6s. per dozen ; 30s. per 100
60 000 HARDY HEATHS, in about 20 varieties,— Good plants, in
' fine health, 33. to 4s. per dozen ; IO5. to 15s. per 100. Also

about 20 varieties at 6s. to 7s. per dozen
12 000 DOUBLE WHIN, GORSE, or FURZE, nice plants, well
' rooted, 2s. 6d, per dozen ; 12s. per 100. Also, in pots, at

4s. per dozen ; 20s. per 100
30,000 COTONEASTER MICROPHTLLA, 6 to 12 inches, 2s. Gd.
per doz. ; 12s. per 300, li to 2 feet, 3s. per doz. ; 15s. per 100
20,000 ARBOR-VIT^, AMERICAN, beautilul plants, with floe
roots, li to 2 feet, 2s. per dozen ; 12s. per 100. 2 to 3 feet,
2s. per dozen ; 16s. per 100. 2} to 3 feet, 2s. 6d. per dozen ;
18s. per 100. 3 to 4 feet, 3s. per dozen ; 2O3. per 100. 4 to
6 feet, 6s. per dozen ; 6 to 6 feet, 12s. per dozen
5,000 PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet, beautiful plants, thrice

transplanted, fine roots, 4s. per dozen ; 20s. per 100
40,000 EVERGREEN PRIVET, 2 to 3 feet, fine plants for Hedges

or Game Covert, 2s. Cd. per 100 ; 22a. per lOOO
10,000 IRISH IVT, nice plants, 2s. per dozen ; 8s, per 100
900,000 LARCH, transplanted, fine healthy plants, not the least
injured by Irost or any disease, li to 2 feet, 14s, per 1000 ;
2 to 3 feet, 16s, per 1000; 3 to 4 feet, 18s. per 1000; 4 to
5 feet, 19s. per 1000
All the above will be delivered free at Matlock Bridge, or Darley
Stations, on the Midland Railway.

A CATALOGUE of GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, including
Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs, named Rhododendrons, &c., sent
free by post. The Trade supplied. Apply to

Jaues Suite, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock.

Report-

" f^ LADIOLT.— TOUELL and CO.— Tour Spikes of

Vjr BRENCHLEYENSIS, though perhaps scarcely so large as
those you sent last year, are Maonificest, and fully entitle this
deservedly favourite variety to hold a foremost place against all
competitors."— Fid^ Gardeners' Chronicle, August 31, 1867, p. 90S.
Samples and prices may be had post free on application.
For prices of AZALEAS, CAMELLIAS, GREENHOUSE
PLANI^, VIOLETS, &c., nQo Gardeners' Chroniele, Sept. 7, p. 022.
Royal Nurseries. Great Yarmouth,

The New Sensation in Bedding Out.

JACKMAN'S HARDY HYliRID CLEMATISES,
awarded Eleven First-class Certificates, and One Special.
Messrs. Geo. Jackman and Son are desirous of drawing the
attention of those who intend using their Hardy Clematises for a
Permanent Bedding Plant, that the present time is most favourable
lor planting.

Opinions of the Phksb.
Oardenera' ClironicU, Aiig. 11 •—" The new sensation In bedding,"
Also, August 31, "J. F. (Cliveden) adds, "that Messrs. G. J. & Son
have in their several varieties the very colour of which our summer
gardens are in a great measure deficient." "Country Life," Aug. 15:—
•' Clematis Jackmanni is a most useful bedding kind if pegged down;
used as such, a perfect carpet of flower, so to speak, ia soou formed."
The Field, Sept. 28: — They will be of the highest value as purple
bedding plants, our present colours in this way being poor indeed
compared to these."

An engraving, from a photogi-aph, showing the flowering qualities,
and Circular of Prices, will be forwarded gratis on application,
Woking Nursery, Surrey.

New Zealand Nursery. St. Alban's. Herts.

J "WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING PELARGONIUM
• EXCELSIOR, now ready; colour of Indian Yellow; flue
truss, and habit of Lord Palmerston. Price 5s. each ; 363. per doz.
to the Trade.

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1. The Two
have received 10 Firat-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.

Pipe New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe In

April Plants ready in November. 6s. each ; 3Cs. per doz. to the Trade.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

V

AEIEGATED

PELAKGOHIUMS.

ITALIA UNITA
COUNTESS
ELEGANS
THE FAIRY
PICTCRATA
BICOLOR SPLENDBNS
The above forwarded on recelDfc of Po3t Office order for 2I3.
If any of the above kinds are not required, others of equal value
can be substituted.

Alfred Frtkh, Nurseries, Chatteris, CambrldgesTiire.

SOPHIA DtfMARBSIiUE

MRS. BENTON

GOLDFINCH

LDNA

BEAUTY of OULTON

NEATNESS

T

KICOLOE ZONAL GERANIUMS.

The 12 for 21s.

ITALIA ONITA

WAVERLEY

CRYSTAL PALACE GEM

TWILIGHT

GOLD PHEASANT

GLOWWORM

BURNING BUSH

RAIN BOW

SUNSET

BICOLOR SPLENDENS

SILVER STAR

SOPHIA DUMARESQUE

Or the following dozen for 21s. : —

CINDERELLA

SILVER STAR

PEINE D'OR

ROSETTA

SDLPHURIA MARGINATA

ARGUS

MRS. POLLOCK, 30s. and 40s.

per 100
ITALIA UNITA, iS per 100
VIRGIN QUEEN, 40a. per 100

LADY CALLUM
COUNTESS
EASTERN BEAUTY
GOLDEN NUGGET
VARIEGATED LITTLE DAVID
ST. CLAIR

JANE, 40s. per 100

FLOWER of SPRING, 408. p. 100

SUNSET. £5 ner 100

MISS KINGSBURY, 60s. per 100

GOLDEN ZONAL, BED of GOLD.— Nothing can equal this for
bedding purposes, tlie colour being 60 glaring and quite distinct
at a great distance. Two for 10s. 6rf.

GOLDEN ZONAL, USHER'S GEM.— This in an immense fine flat
leaf, 7 inches across, bronze zone, and excellent in colour. This
makes a splendid bed, and quite distinct from the above. Two
for 10s. ed.

Mahtih & Soy, 7, Market Place, Hull.

N^

EW FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

12 Select New FUCHSIAS of 1807 for 6s.

12 Select New ZONAL GEKANIUMS of 1867 forl2s.

12 Finest ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1865—1866 for 4s.

12 Select New CHRYSANTHEMUMS of 1867 for 5j.

12 Select New VERBENAS of 1867 for 4s.

12 Select New PETUNIAS of 1867 for 63.

12 Select New PHLOXES of I8O7 for Os.

6 Varieties of AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.

3 Varieties of New Japan OSMANTHUS, quite hardy, 53.
12 Fine Varieties of Japan EUONYMDS, very fine, 63.
12 FineVaneties Perpetual ROSES, Dwarfs, for 63.
12 Fine Varieties of VARIEGATED ZONAL GERANIUMS, 12s
GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, the best double. Is. each.

COLEUS VEITCHII, U. 6d.

GIBSONII, 15.

LAMONTII, Is.
FICaS COOPERI, 23. 6d.

PANICUM VARIEGATUM,

2s. Qd.
ERDGMANSIA KNIGHTII,

Is. Gd.

CATALOGUE of NEW and CHOICE PLANTS sent on appUcatlon.
B. W. Knight, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussei,

EARLY FLOWERING PLANTS for SPRING
GARDENING.
ALYSSUM SAXATILE CO MP ACTA, yellow, 4s. p. doz. ; 25s. p. 100
ANEMONE NEMOROSA PLENO, white, 3s. per doz. ; I5s. per 100
ARABIS ALBIDA, white, 3s. per doz. ; ISs. per 100.

„ LUCIDA VARIEGATA, beautiful foliage, 6s. p. doz. ; 40s. p. 100
AUBRETIA PURPUREA, lilac purple, 4s. per doz. ; 263. per 100.

„ GR^CA, blue, 6s, per dozen ; 403. par 100

BULBOCODIUM NARCISSIFLORUM, yellow, 4s. per dozen;

303. per 100
DORONlCUM CAUCASICUM, yellow, 4s. per doz. ; 26s. per
EPIMEDIUM PINNATUM ELEGANS, yellow, 6«. per ■

403. per 100
EPIMEDIUM RUBRUM, red, 6s. per dozen ; 403. par 100

„ GRANDIFLOROM, white, Os. per dozen ; 40s. per 100

IBERIS SEMPERVIRENS, white, 3s. per dozen ; 20s. per 100
IRIS PUMILLA, deep purple, 6s. per dozen ; 30s. per 100
POA TRIVIALIS ARGENTEA ELEGANS, wlilte edge leaf,

beautiful, 4s. per dozen ; 20s. per 100
OROBUS VERNUS, purple and red, 4s. per dozen ; 25s. per 100.
A large Collection of SPRING BLOOMING PLANTS, see Catalogue.
Henry Mat, The Hope Nurseries, Bedalo, Yorkshire.

per dozen;

GREENHOUSE FERNS. — The foUowing 20 fine
named FERNS, in 4-lnch Pots, for 15s., or Is., each, viz.,
Asplonium eburneum, Asplenium alternana, Nephrodium moUe,
var. polydlctyon, Lastrse^ glabella, Lastrjo.i erytbroaora, Lastnea
pinnata, Laatrrea podophylla, Leptogramma rupestris, Leptogramma
aaplenioides, Lygodium scandens, Pelloaa geranifolia, Blechnum
cartilaeineum, Diplazium polypodioides, Doodia dives, Doodia
linearis, Microleptis strigosa, Cyrtomium falcatum, Anemodictyon
Phyllitides, Scolopendrum Krebsii, Cyatopteris bulbifera.

Henry Mat, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Yorkshire.

AMARANTHUS ELEGANTISSIMUS.— Thisbeautiful
AMARANTH is a great acquisition for Bedding purposes as
well as for Pot culture. It is also very effective in Ribbon Borders,
The habit is dwarf and compact, and a brlllidnt effect is produced
by the intensely deep scarlet of the base of the leaves and the rich I
bronze purple of their terminal half. Price, la. 6d. per packet,

JohV & Charles Leb, Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Esta- i
bliahment, Hammersmith, London, W.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch BiUbs, &c.

ROBERT PARKER begs to announce that hia NEW
CiTALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of New, Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and Stove
Plants, Azalea indica. Fruit Trees, Gr.^pe Vines, Rhododendrons,
Roses, Sweet Violets, &c. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, Cyclamens, Gladioli,
Hyacinths, Liliums. Narcissus, Tullpa, and other Bulbs, ia now
published and will be forwarded to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Sun-ey, S.

EP A C R I S . — Strong blooming plants, 24 named
varietieB for 24s., or 12 for 12s.
MONOCHCETUM SERICEUM MULTIFLORAand ENSIFERDM.
— Eitra strong, flowering plants, 12s. per doz. ; second size,
good flowerinp plants, 9s, per doz. ; smaller flowering, Cs. per doz.
PRIMULA SINENSIS.— Goodstraln,strongfliOWei-ing plants, 4s. doz.
JASMINUM LI GUSTRIFOLIUM.— Strong plants, 9s. per doz.
CINERARIAS.— In 4i-inch Pots, blooming plants, named aorta,

8s. per doz.
CHRYSANTHEMUMS.— Blooming planta, new of 18CG, 9s. per doz.
ROSES, out of Pots, H.P., BOURBON, and TEAS.— In 50 choice
varieties, 263., 25 for 13s. 6d., and 12 for 7s. Gd.
Trade price on application.
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of STOVE, GREEN-
HOUSE, and other Plants, free on application.

H. & R. Stikzakeb, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

ELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA.— A Gentleman
having more specimens of this noble Tree than he requires,
wishes to DISPOSE of SOME ; they are all Seedlings, and aa perfect
in form aa possible, ranging from 5 to 8 feet high, and 4 to 6 leet
through. They will move safely, having been regularly transplanted,
and will carry large balls of earth. For particulars and to view,
Address A. A., Gardeners' Chronicle OfBco, W.C.

To ifurserymeii and Others.

NURSERYMEN are requested to send their CATA-
LOGUES, with reduced prices of TREES, SHRUBS, EVER-
GREENS, and Hardy Plants, suitable for Plantation of large Parks,
to the OflBce of Works, Sefton Park, Smithdown Road, Liverpool, in
order to assist in the selection of suitable Trees for the Site.
By Order. AsoBe & Hornblower, Architects of Sefton Park.

T OHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE
tf of SELECTED ROSES is now ready and will be forwarded
on application.

J, C. respectfully directs attention to the following LIST of
FIRST PRIZES which have been awarded to him at the principal
Rose Shows of the present year, proving beyond a doubt that the
soil and climate of his Nurseries are unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Roses,

Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
June 19.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester.
June 19.— 36 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
June 26.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Crystal Palace.
June 29.-72 Varieties, Out Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington.
July 2.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.

July 4, 6.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three truasea each, FIRST PRIZE

Hereford.

July 9.-72 Varieties. Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Rugby.

July 12.— 72 Varieties, Cut Rosea, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

MADEESFIELD COUET BLACK MUSCAT GEAPE

■WAS EAISED BY ME. COX, AT MADEESFIELD CODET, GEEAT MALTEEN, FEOM

BLACK ALICANT, crossed by MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA.

THE EARL OF BEAUCHAMP

KINDLT COKDESOENDED TO HONOnR IT WITH THE ABOVE DESIGNATION, AFTER PBONOUNOINQ IT TO BE

THE FINEST FLAVOURED AND MOST LUSCIOUS GRAPE

HIS LORDSHIP HAD EVER TASTED.

Mr. Cox may -well be proud of having produced a Grape so far superior to all other known varieties, and possesBing qualities so ardently desired by all Cultivators of thffi
Queen of Fruits. The Pruit Committee of tlie iloyal Horticultural Society duly honoured the MADEESFIELD COUUT BLiCK MUSCAT with a First-class Certificate on th«
20th of August last, when every Member of the Committee pronounced the highest encomiums in its favour. i

_ MADEESFIELD COUET BLACK MUSCAT GEAPE resembles Alicant somewhat in the bunch, in the berry, and in colour ; but ia superior to that fine variety, inasmuelt '
as it is a free setter, and possesses the most intense Muscat flavour, combined with extraordinary lusciousness. As a late Grape it is especially valuable. Mr. Cox having proved
that it will hang for months after ripening without shrivelling.

To confirm the high opinion foi-med of this fine Grape by the Eoyal Horticultural Society's Committee, Mr. Cox sent specimens to many of the most distinguished Grape
Growers in England, and the following Extracts from the Letters of those Gentlemen establish its character on the highest authority :—

*' Sir,— I hare the honour to return you the thanks of the Fruit and Vegetable Committee of the
Royal Horticultural Society for your exhibition of Seedling Grape 'Madresfield Court Black.' The
Committee considered it of great excellence, and awarded it a Fikst-class Certificate. I am much
talien with it, and intend noticing it in the Gardener^ Ohronicle"~A. F. Barron, August 22, 1867.

" Dear Sir,— I consider it a most escellont Grape in everv way, and if It will hang well it will be
doubly valuable. You may consider yourself fortunate."— W. Hill, Keele Hall Gardens.

" Dear Sir,— I am exceedingly obliged for the berries of your new Grape. You are a fortunate
man. If the constitution of the Vine be good it solves the problem of whether we are to have a highly
flavoured Black Muscat Grape for late work."— Z. Stevens, Trentham Gardens.

" My Dear Sir,— I am obliged for the sample of Grapes. I am well pleased with the berriea, both
as regards fiavoiu- and colour;" — J. Mekedith, Garston.

" Mt Dear Sir,— Allow me to congratulate you on your success in raising such a dellcioualy
flavoured Grape. It Is fully as good as you represented it to be last year. Tho berries are of a peculiar
long oval, finely coloured, much the form of a good Damson, and ot tho most delicious flavour. It is
sweeter than Muscat Hamburgh, and with quite as mgh a Muscat flavour ; flesh ample, melting, with
a thinner skin and smaller seed stones. I had with me Mr. Freeman, Gr, to Lady Cotton Shepherd,
who said it was quite equal to Muscat of Alexandria."— W. Moohe, Alton Towers.

*' Dear Sir,- Thanks for the Grapes. I consider it a flrst-rate variety. From the parentage 1
should say it is a good keeper. The flavour Is certainly first-rate."- James Taplin, Chatsioorlh Gardens.

*' Dear Sir, — Mr. Ingram, his Son, and the Foreman of each DepaiiimeQt, tasted your Grace, and
you will be pleased to learn that each and all pronounced it first-class in eveiy respect. Mr. Ingram
said it was the Kino of Gbapeb."— Charles Tdrnih, Slough.

JOHN AND CHAELES LEE have secured the ENTIEE STOCK of this MAGNIFICENT NEW GEAPE, which cannot fail to become a universal favourite ; and they can
assure their Patrons and the Public generally that they have satisfied themselves by ocular proof during the last two years that the constitution of the MADEESFIELD COUKT
BLACK MUSCAT is good and vigorous ; that it is an excellent setter and a good cropper ; and that its keeping qualities are everything that can be desired.

Mr. Cox will exhibit it abundantly in 1868, to give the Public an opportunity of judging of its merits for themselves, and Messrs. LEE confidently hope to send it
out in the Autumn of 1868.

ROYAL VINEYAED NURSERY and SEED ESTABLISHMENT, HAMMERSMITH, LONDON, W.

NOVEMBEB 2, 18f)7.J

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAE GAZETTE.

1117

MEMOKIAL to the LATE G. U. SKINNER,
F.L.S., F.R.H.S., &c,— Mr. Seinner's services to Science gone-
rally, (ind to botiiny in particular, haviug been ao consldorable as to
olatni some pomianont acknowlertument, It has been detorminod by
his Friends tu oroct a DRINKING FOUNTAIN in the Hoval ilortl.
oultural Gardens as a tribute to his momory. In aid of this the
following Contributions havo been already promised, and others are
earnestly solicited.

Koyal Horticultural

Society £10

Mr. J. Biitoman . . 10

Proprietors of Oardeners'

Crn'Onicle . . . . 6
Mr. A. Turner (the late) 5
Bishop of Winchostor .. 5
Mr. StovonM .. ..6
Mr. Ruskln . . . . 6
Lord EHorton of Tatton 6
Mr. Oiiwsou . . . . 6
Lord Loiidosborougli . . 6
Mr.Veitch 10

Messrs. J. G. & H. Voltoh £6

Mr. O. W. Brownlow .. 2

Major Trevor Clarice . . 2

Mr. Brandroth Qlbba .. 3

Mr. Wentworth Bullor. . 6

Messrs. Backhouse . . I

Mr. Mendel . . . . 10

Mr. O. Salvia .. .. fi

Mr. Day 5

Mr. Johnson . . . . 5

Mr. Knowles .. ., 1

Mr. Wilson Saunders .. 6

Dr. Mastera . . . . 1

SubscriptlonB may now bo paid to J. Wilsoi* Saonderb, Iltllflold
House, Roinate. Treasurer. Additional names to be sent to Ofirdrnera'
Chronicle OBico. Jas. Batemaw, Hon. See.

UNITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT and
PROVIDENT SOCIETY.
Tnisfecs.
WnilnrnManihall. Esq.,Enflold. | F. G. WUkins, Esq.. Loyton.

CommUtee,
Mr. J. George, Gardener to Miss Nicholson, St.^ra^ord Hill.
Mr. J. Wlieeler, Gardener to J. Phllpot, Esq., Stamford HUl.
Mr, J. W. Hoed. Gardener, Streathnm.
Mr. George Plddington, Gardener, Upper Clapton.
Mr. R. II. B.ird,at Messrs. E.G. UendersonJfc Son's, St. John's Wood.
Mr. James Kettle, Gardener to Sarauol Morley, Esq., Stamford Hill.
Mr. G. Wheeler, Onrdeuer to Sir F. H. Goldsmid, Bart., M.P.,

St. John's Lodge, Regent's Park.
Mr. William Wilson, Gr. to W. Mai-shall. Esq., Clay HUl, Enfield.
Mr. Frank Mouland, The Gardens, St. John's Lodge, Regent's Park.
Mr. G. Baker, Gardener to A. Bassott, Esq., Ciapham Common.
Mr. 0. Rhodes, Nurseryman, Sydenham Park.

Treasurer— Ur. R. P. Glendinmng, Chlswick Nuriery,

Turn ham Green,

Secretary— Sir. William Heale. 14, George Terrace, Brook Street,

Upper Clapton, N.E.,

To whom all communications should be addressed.

LIFE MEMBERS.
(A. Donation of £10 10s. constitutes a Life Member.)
William Mai-shall, Esq. ! F. G. Wilkms, Esq.

James Brand, Esq. I Samuel Morley, Esq.

Amount of Benevolent Fund, Jan. 11, 13G7, JE462 55. Sd.

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 1867.

TOEBDAT, Nov.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

c Roj-al Horticultural (Fruit and Floral

Committees), lit South Kensington ..11 A.M.
Ditto tGeneral Meeting) 3 p.m.

To develop most that kind of vegetation
wbiich best suits his climate and soil, should
be the aim of every good gardener. It is
indeed in our opinion the most important con-
sideration for him, especially in the planting or
laying out of a place, and hardly less so as regards
its fleeting summer decoration. It is of moment
in every branch of open air gardening, whether
it be vegetable, fruit, or flower grovring. Bearing
this in mind, we think it may not be uninterest-
ing to our readers to give some general impres-
sions on the subject of flower qakdens, the
result of a recent extended trip. The first
thing which struck us *wa3 the great success
that has attended the sub-tropical move-
ment during this very cold and bad season. It
is true that some things have sufi'ered much
more than usual, but on the other hand some
have proved that it is possible to enjoy in even
the worst of our summers, many fine-leaved plants
in the open air. The Dracaenas with coloured
leaves, and not a few other tender things, suffered
very much at Battersea, but they, even during
the best of our summers, hardly move ; while
Wigandia, the Caunas, Polymnia, Verbesina,
&c., seem quite regardless of the adverse
season, though smaller than is usually the case.
At Cliveden tine-leaved plants also looked very
well, and we were quite surprised at the lustrous
beauty of Begonia Leopoldi and others, in a
warm, shady, and moist place. This is the more
remarkable when it is considered that at Paris
this season the Begonias suffered so much from
cold in its commencement, that they were
quite denuded of leaves during the gi'eater
part of the summer. But Mr. Fleming places
most of his subtropical plants in recesses
along a winding walk, well overhung with great
trees. In such positions the plants are, of
course, perfectly sheltered, and the vegetation
suits the position to a nicety. By making each bed
to differ from the rest, a great deal of interest is
presented along this walk ; and the arrangement
is altogether worthy of attention, as the principle
may be applied with the best results in many
places, not only with foliage but with bedding
plants. It is worthy of special note that the spring
gardening, so beautifully and extensively carried
out at Cliveden, does not in the least interfere
with an excellent display of summer bedding.

A noticeable point at Cliveden at all times, is
the simplicity and cheapness of much of the
material used. Thus, this year one of the most
charming combinations was that afforded by a bed
of Nepeta Mussinii, with a sprinkling of Mari-
golds through it. The effect of this was of

tho most attractive description, while the ma-
terials aro as cheap as cheap can bo, roquiiing
no protection, or expense of any kind in their pro-
sorvatioii. Thoro aro other noticeable points upon
which space alone prevents us from enlarging.

Huntroydo Park brings us to the capabilities
of tho several new Violets or Pansios. We have
rarely seen anything more beautiful than both
V. cornuta and V. lutoa, as soon there. V. lutoa
will, we believe, prove the most valuable plant
of tho two. Mr. Wills had a wide band of it in
front of a lino of V. cornuta, and nothing could
bo more beautiful than the effect thus brought out.
As to tho groat value of V. cornuta in many
parts of the country, there can be no doubt
whatever ; while in not a fow places its appear-
ance quite justifies the complaints that are often
made against it. In aU wet soils and districts it
wiU be found to thrive, and even in dry ones,
if tho soU be deep and rich, it often does well. A
rather liberal digging in of rotten manure before
planting is a great aid towards its perfect culture.
It is better in every case to put out young plants
fi'om cuttings, as they grow fresher and bloom
longer. At Huutroj-do there was also a capital
opportunity of judging of the excellent qualities
of the Bronzo and Gold-leaved Pelargoniums
when planted out and grown into large plants.
Such varieties as Her Majesty, Arthur H.
Wills, and others, seem to promise much as
bedders, and are very effective when planted out.
Here among many other novelties was a little
yellow-leaved Pelargonium with the flowers of
Christine — in fact, it is to be named Little Golden
Ohi'istine. A young plant here, the result of a
cross between an Ivy-leaved and Variegated
Zonal Pelargonium, promised to be good, and it
will probably lead to a distinct race. To the above
notice of V. cornuta we desire to add, that at
Osberton several beds of an equal mixture of it
and Beaton's Variegated Nosegay Pelargonium,
afl'orded one of tho most charming combinations
of coloui- we have ever seen.

Wo have had considerable opportunities of
observing the condition of such richly coloured
foliage plants as Coleus, throughout the country.
They often afford beautiful results, and are of
great importance to the flower gardener. The
Coleus is capable of being much more extensively
used than has been generally supposed. It is tnie
that it does no good at Archorfield, but the opinion
that it is of little use north of London will not
hold good, as nothing could be finer than its
rich colour and splendid effect at Shrubland and
thereabouts, and also in Nottinghamshire. It is
so much superior to all other things in this way,
that it should got a fair trial from many flower
gardeners who live further north than it is
generally used. The Amaranthus is capable of
a wider use, being able to withstand a greater
degree of cold. It is a glorious plant, for
mixtures especially, and should be made
use of more or less in every flower garden.
The fact that it occasionally becomes a little
shabby late in autumn should not militate
against its use, for this comes very late, if at all.
The Iresine may be grown further north than
any of them with success, but somehow it is a
failure in not a few places this year, where it has
hitherto been much liked. Thus at Osberton it
was very poor indeed, although it had been twice
planted, but at Archerfield it was good, and
about London in some places very good in
autumn. It should never, under any circum-
stances, be grown where a good summer display is
a consideration — in places visited chiefly during
the autumn it may be much used with tho best
result. The fact that Bakeett's Beet affords an
effective substitute for some of these plants is
encouraging to those who Eve too far north to
allow of their successful cultivation. It should be
particularly borne in mind that however much
Iresine may be improved by being kept slightly
in tho shade, that is ttie true way to take much
of the beauty of colour out of the Coleus, which
delights in the full sun. The variety of Coleus
with a yellow margin is worth growing wherever
the other succeeds.

Some things that do well in the south cannot
be grown in the north, and others that do grow
look poorly. It is therefore a pleasure to name
a few that do equally well everywhere. Of these,
one of the cheapest and most useful is the
variegated Alyssum, which seems happy in all
sorts of positions and places, and is most useful
to the tasteful flower gardener either for
ribbons or mixtm'es. It looks as well
in Hyde Park, as at Drumlanrig, and ought,
therefore, to be "everybody's plant." The

DactyUs, too, is of universal utility, flourishing
as well at St. John's Wood as on tho shores of
tho l''irth of Porth, and, when tastefully used,
giving a most desirable effect. It should be
noted that there aro two forms of this plant in
cultivation, ono apt to bo greenish and of a
rather low and horizontal-growing habit, tho
other beautifully variegated and erect-growing,
the tips of the leaves hanging gracefully over.
The Gazania, too, does ej)loudidly in tho
north, southerner as it is. Indeed, we have not
seen it so fine about Loudon as we have at
Drumlanrig, and in other places in Scotland. It
is, however, universally useful in these isles. Wo
shall return to a consideration of other intorostg
ing and important phases of flower gardenin-
horoafter. R.

The discussions that have been carried on of
late in our columns on the question of Jxjdoino
AT ExHlblTlONS lead to the inquiry, whether or
no in very many horticultuial products, notably
in what are called florists' flowers, much too arbi-
trary a Standaed has not been set up. We aro
well aware that this is a delicate subjecttohandle ;
it becomes in some people's opinion almost an
infringement on the liberty of the subject to
protest against the " standard of perfection,"
while to say one word against the recognised
' ' properties " is to run the risk of being considered
an ignorant heretic. There are certain points,
however, upon which the veriest stickler for
the standard and the most heterodox opponent
of tho florists' charter may, and we should
hope do," perfectly agree, and among them
we may enumerate certainly these points ; firstly,,
that a standard of some kind is abso-
lutely necessary, upon which point, as all are
agreed, no discussion is needed ; and in the
second place, that every individual has a free,
full, and unconditional right to think, feel, and
do as ho likes in regard to this matter, be
he right or wrong in the eyes of others.
With these points as a basis, let us look a little
closer into the nature of the standard, and see
how and why its edicts often are, or at least
appear to be, so in-ational and so arbitrary.

It being admitted that some contiivance of the
kind is required, in order to avoid confusion,
the next questions that arise are as to whether
the contrivance in question is the best that can
be had, whether it is based on right principles,
and whether it is not a mistake to enforce its
application as rigidly as is commonly the case.

When an attempt was made, on the ground of
convenience, to introduce phonetic spelling,
scholars of all degrees protested against the
innovation — and why ? Not because they were
not fully alive to the inconvenience of the system
of spelling in general use, but because they
thought that the adoption of the new plan would
be productive of evils of greater magnitude
than those which it was sought to remedy.
Had the new system been introduced, all
trace of the origin, all vestiges of the
meaning primarily assigned to the word, and of
the adaptations and changes it had undergone,
would have been lost. The word, instead of being
as it were a living organism, would have become
a dead symbol — a token, intrinsically of little
or no value, and whose use would be restricted
within the narrowest limits, instead of a coin
having a determinate value in all places and
capable of being made use of under many and
varied circumstances. Just so in the
case of flowers : set up a standard, the
main features of which are the same
for all, and you gradually lose the indi-
viduality of separate ilowers. The natural shape,
the disposition of the colours, the intensity of
the odour, are not so many arbitrary, meaning-
less attributes, but they have a definite purpose ;
they were not created simply to gratify_ our
senses, but to fulfil some useful purpose either
to the flower itself, or (as all living beings
aro so wonderfully interconnected one with
another) to some other member of God's creation.
A flower, then, is not to be looked.'on merely as a
piece of ornamentation. Those who look upon
it in no other aspect than this, miss the
greatest part of its beauty— they miss the keenest
enjoyment it is capable of giving. There is a
history written for our learning in every blossom ;
it is not merely external beauty that should be
admired, but it is the marvellous adaptation
of structure and form to particular ends, and
in conformity with particular circumstances.
Were it otherwise, a piece of coloured paper
would give well nigh as much pleasuie as a
flower. Do we not run the risk, in enforo-

1118

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTIJEAL GAZETTE lnovbmbeb 2, isey.

ihg too strictly certain points, of marring
the consistency and harmony that reign in floral
structure, of obliterating its history,^ of deadening
our own pei'ceptions to the tales it has to tell,
and of blinding our eyes to half its beauty ?
^We take it, the main object of the code
now in use is to maintain the excellence
and secure the "improvement" of any
plant, flower, or fruit which comes under the
gardener's hands. The aim, speaking in general
terms, is to secure increased vigour of constitu-
tion, greater hardihood, greaterfreedom of bloom-
ing, or flowers with better " properties ;" in other
words, flowers in which the form, the symmetry,
the colour, the size, the substance, and
the relative position of the several portions
are nearer to the adopted standard than
in the native ' ' unimproved " condition. Now all
this is legitimate enough : a flower of good
form, of bright pure colours, or if not a " self '
taving the coloui-s well contrasted,
of firm texture, and with a height-
ened perfume, is no doubt very
often as great an improvement upon
the raw material as the sharp non-
commissioned officer is upon the
mere recruit ; the mistake, as it
appears to us, is in the rigid mar-
tinet-like application of the same
set of " properties," or nearly so,
to widely different flowers. To
pursue our metaphor, the practice
IS about as reasonable as it would ^
be to put the seamen of her
Maiesty's navy into the same
uniform as that worn by their
military brethren, or to submit each
alike to the same drUl. This is
too large a subject to be treated of
at this time; but without enter-
ibg at present into details, we may
lay it down as a principle to be
followed in floriculture — Improve
the flower as much as possible,
but let it not be made a malform-
ation by altering its natural pro-
portion and symmetry ; let not the
form which is natural in one case
be imposed upon another flower
which is naturally shaped after a
different pattern, else a " monster"
will be the result, interesting
perhaps as a scientiflc phenome-
non, but false in taste, and repulsive
to the educated eye. What Pope
said of landscape gardening applies,
with the change of a word, to the
"improvement" of a flower — " Con-
sult the genius of the flower in
all." M._S^

Theee is a very prevalent notion

that TETjrFLES will not grow except
under Beech trees. This is far from
being a fact in this country, as they
occur frequently under Oaks and Hazel,
and we have seen them extremely abun-
dant under young Firs; the essential
tooint being! rather the presence of cal-
careous matter in the soilj than the
iieighbourhdod of any particular tree.
i)he common mode of pre])aring Truflle
grounds in Poitou, by sowing Acorns in
an enclosed spot on the downs, and the
success attending the practice, probably
sug!?ested to Monsieur BoussEAtr the
notion of sowing Acorns from trees
under which Truffles had been found (p. 1069).
Supposing everything to be fair, it would not be
-Very surprising to find TruiBes where the Acorns had
been sown, as they occur in the Forest of Fontaine-
bieau, though it should be observed that in the
Poitou Truffle grounds no produce is expected till the
young Oaks are about seven years old. Though every

Shysiologioal consideration is against the suggestion of
I. EotTSSEATT, it might be worth while on some of our
southern downs to try the Poitou method. Truffles
occur in Sussex in woods on the downs south-east of
Petersfield, and it is very possible that the Poitou plan
might answer, though the Poitou Truffle is of a different
species from that which commonly appears in Covent
Garden market, the former being Tuber melano-
sporum, the latter Tuber Eestivum. The wild
animal which would be likely to be injurious is the
squirrel, and as this cannot be fenced out, it would not
be necessary to make so rigid an enclosure as where
wild or tame pigs might be likely to obtain entrance.
Some good may possibly come out of what is clearly a
■ canard," if the suggestion is carried out. At any rate
we would caution our readers against the purchase of
any of the Truffle acorns. M. J. IB.

Those who were fortunate enough to have come

in contact with the late George Uke Skinned, and
could appreciate liis enthusiasm for horticulture and
botany, as well as his many excellent qualities, will be
pleased to know that the proposal to erect a memokial

to him in the grounds Of the Boyal Horticultural
Society at South Kensington is received with favour.
Subscriptions should be sent to Mr. WILSON
Saundees, Hillfield House, Beigate.

New Plants.

CTP BIPEDIUM STONEI, var. PLATTTJENIirM, Schb. f.
Fetalis lato ligul.atis obtuse aciitis.
"rtTien Cypripedium Stonei made its appearance id
1862 we Were all in full admiration of its beauty. It
would have been a solecism to believe a more shoWy
Cypripedium could be introduced. We have at hand i
letter of Sir WiUiam Hooker, who speaks in the highest
terms of it ; and yet—fuif Ilium ! But it is said that
it is always a consolation to be beaten by one's nearest
relations, and thus old C. Stonei may be glad to be
beaten by a wonderful variety of itself, bearing the
petals in the shape of these of Cypripedium Lowii
itself, but hanging down and beautifully spotted. If
some one should suggest its being a mule between the
old Lowii and the new Stonei, we would beg him to
leave the question opeii, since we have no means

whatever of elucidating the question. We know of but
a single plant in Europe, in the hands of J. Day, Esq.,
at High Cross, Tottenham. S. O. Bchb.fil-

GRAPE JUDGING.

Eye oe Palate, or Eye and Palate ?

Why, both of course. And this is just where the
eye jurors go astray. They contend for a verdict from
one sense only, we consult at least two, and in cases of
perfumed fruits three. For this reason alone, the
tasting judges have the best chance of correctly
determining quality. They have always two, often
three judges, to the others' one. And these judges have
a decided advantage over the others, inasmuch as the
proof of the fruit is not in the seeing, but in the eating
of it. One fact .stated by you, at p. 1024, adverted to
by other correspondents, and well-known by all Grape
growers, confirms this beyond all doubt. To the eye
many Grapes are perfect a month or six weeks before
they are ripe. No more colour is laid on after this period ;
on the contrary some of it seems occasionally to be
removed— Hamburghs especially have frequently a
denser bloom, and are of a more jet black in this
unripe state than after they are perfectly matured.
Hence eye judgment may favour unripe fruit and
prefer it to ripe, but the palate would at once come
in to the aid of the eye and settle the point correctly\

But tasting is objected to upon two grounds — first.

that it is a new mode of judging Grapes ; and, secondlj',
that it would disfigure them, or ruin and destroy
their beauty and value. Let us look at these objections
and measure their force. Tasting a new mode of
judging ? What, in the natae of common sense, then,
IS the old ihode ? Tasting, as a means of determining
and assessing the value of fruit, is at least as old as
Adam. It has been persistently followed by all his
posterity, and it is the only standard accepted by the
whole host of fruit consumers at the present day. New
indeed; new to whom?— to fruit judges? certainly not,
aS the hundreds of berries consumed by them Can
testify— to consumers ? why, they recognise no other
standard of value. The mere fact of asserting, as has
recently been done in your columns, that Grapes ate
not tasted when judged at our great shows, has created
a sort of panic amOng both growers and consumers,
and a feeling of utter distrust in the prize system as
affording a true test of merit. Whatever may or may
not have been done at the London shows, there is no
doubt whatever that the general rule through the
United Kingdom is, and always has been, to taste
Grapes before awardingthem prizes. I believe, with your
correspondent " W. V. A.," that the common sense
ihbde of seeking assistance from the
palate, as a realiser of quality, has also
been the general practice in the metro-
polis. Therefore such a mode of judg-
ment is the old mode, while a judgment
resting upon sight whoUy is a dangerous
innovation, uncertain and deceptive in
practice, opposed to experience, and at
variance with common sense. The
second objection, that the bunch must
be injured, soiled, and rendered unsale-
able or uneatable by tasting it, is—
well, one woijld say, utterly childish,
only it has been urged by so many
good growers ; and each of them must
know that their objection is entirely
destitute of weight. There is no judge
of any talent but could extract or
remove a sufficient number of berries
for the purpose without injuring in the
slightest degree the symmetry, sodmg
the cleanliness, or tarnishing the colour
of the bunch. A weaker objection was
never urged against a necessary and
rational practice than the outcry against
touching a berry with the view of
testing its quahty. Even if the bunches
were injured, this ought not to
influence the mode of judging by
tasting, by a single hair's breadth.
The fruit is sent there to have its
inerits tested ; it comes to contend
with others for the prize. The object
of the societies that offer the prizes
is not simply that a certain number of
Grapes should be staged for a few
hours and then be removed ih a per-
fect condition, with a card attached
that will double their price in Covent:
Garden Market, but to see to it that;
the Grapes of the highest excellence i
are awarded the prizes. Therefore the'
first duty, of such societies is, to test
for merit by every available means.
Often in the case of other fruits the
tests applied may render the specimens i
exhibited all but worthless for sale.
And although this is not the case with
Grapes, I contend that if it were, this
might prove a reason for not competing,
but none against the application of thb
necessary tests for the discernment of
quality. Those who object in toto to
tasting may still exhibit, but not com-
pete. Their large Grapes would then
be admired without the risk 'of a berry
being tasted, and they could place the
extra price that their unmutilated
bunches would command, against the
prizes that they might lose, by their
jealous care over their G rapes. Certain
it is, that unless Grape-sliowing is ti)
degenerate into a mere farce, the Grapes
must be tasted. One of your corres-

Eondents allows that new varieties might be tasted,
let me thank him for the concession, and inquire
whether the old sorts are alike good, from all places, in
all seasons, even if they liave the same colour ? Every
One knows they are not, and hence the necessity of
subjecting all to the same ordeal, old and new. It oah
be done without injury to the Grapes ; it always has or
ought to have been done, and therefore neither involves
an innovation nor a mutilation.

It is rather discouraging in this matter to observe
the number of great authorities against one. But it is
instructive to note that while these are to a man
either growers or exhibitor.?, the fruit consuming pubhb
and the authority of the Press is in favour of tasting.
In the Agrindtural fftrierte recently (p. 1036), occurred
the following passage on fowls, from an impartial
source— the AthencBitm. It is so apposite to this
discussion that you will allow me to quote it. Thb
writer says that the " French poultry are cheaper thaii
ours. The British eater cannot understand why, and
feels there must be something wrong somewhere.
Feeling this fact in the nerves of his purse, he is not
consoled by being told that British poultry surpasses
French in gorgeous plumage, and carries ofl' the prizes
at competitions. Caring little or naught for niceties
about combs, beaks, hackles, wattles, saddles, and fluff,
vulture hocks, or five toes, his standard of excellence
is his palate, and the size of the egg he empties with
his spoon, or of the helps he can give with his knife
and fork. . . . Peuoillings, spanghngs, frizzles, silky

NOVEMBEE 2, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' ClIROiNIGLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1119

or sicklo feathers are, of course, worthy of note in an
ttrtistio point of view ; but it is curious to rpinark that
these thiuf^-s havo for years absorbed tho attention of
English fanciers, while Frenchmen havo devotcil them-
selves to the ])ro(luction of eg!?* and flesh, ilcrc is a
matter in which Englishmen have won prizes wliilc
Frenchmen have made prolits. In noultry tho lOnglish
seek show and the French reality. Horticultural
shows produce largo fruits deficient iu flavour (such is
tho verdict of tho Alhenitttm), and Gallinocultnral
coiupotitious breed ijicturesQiio fowls with small
breasts." Change the word French for exhibitor
and tho word English into consumer, and you
havo in this extract tho position of our growers
and eaters of fruits. Instead of abolishing
tho tasting test, tho public are desirous of
its extension to vegetables. A gentleman passing
through a largo show-tent a row weeks since
exclaimed, when examining tho prize Potatos,
— But what about their quality ? " And added,
"Had I been a judgo I should have insisted upon a
cooked sample of each before the award was made."
Doubtless " J. P." would have ridiculed such a mode
of testing horticultural skill, although certainly that
skill is more iiatent iu tho quality than tho size or
form of a Potato. But it is beyond my purpose hero to
advocate tho tasting of all vegetables. Tt might
be almost as impracticable and absurd, as some of the
reasoning that has appeared against tho tasting of
Grapes. Because these are to bo tasted, ono writer
infers that a steak should also be cut out of a live
prizo bullock. It is not by such over.strained
analogies that a reasonable practice can be abolished.
Public opinion has, however, modified the jioints of
merit in even prizo bullocks. At one time prize
breeders laid on tallow for the candle-makers ; now,
at the demand of the public, they manufacture beef for
the tlesh eaters. On the same principle we demand
that the merits of the palate rather than the desires of
the eye should bo studied in the matter of fruits.

Another analogy of " J. F.'s " is equally unfortunate.
He compares black Damsons with red, and sneaks of
the depreciation in price caused by the i-eduess in
fruits sold by tho \)eck or bushel in the public streets.
Granting that it is just possible " J, F." may have
seen red Damsons, although I have not, I doubt if this
injures their sale. My comparison, however, ^vas
between black Damsons and other rlums, and the
point was to show that .gold, green, and red excelled
the black in flavour. I must also add that gardener's
Grapes are still grown, and have no hesitation in
classing the Dutch Hamburgh, Syrian, and Trebbiano
in this category. Worse than this : if colour, size, and
form alone are to decide merit, then gardeners that
grow exhibitors' Grapes will carry off all the prizes, and
quality will be ignored. With such rules even Muscats
cannot be pronounced equal to well finished Syrians.

I pass on to notice one more fallacy of the eye
judgers. They begin by denying that red Grapes have
any llavonr, and conclude with asserting that if the
taste is consulted, the red will carry oS' the prize from
the black. Both statements cannot be true, and tho
choice of either places the eye feeders on tho horns of a
dilemma, ftom which there is no escape. Old esta-
blished rules, the nature of our constitution, and
common sense, alike demand that in determining the )
quality of fruits we should use all the powers with j
Which Nature has endowed us for this express purpose. !
Eeference should be made to the eye, the nose, and
the palate in fruits that appeal to all three : to the eye
and the palate in those that appeal to these two only.
I'o ignore either sense, but especially the one most
immediately concerned— the taste— is unphilosophical
in principle,and necessarily unsatisfactory and mislead-
ing in practice. Therefore the question is, not colour,
size, or form versus the want of all or either of these,
nor the palate versus the eye, but palate and eye both
i^e'rsus the eye only ; and surely the verdict of the two
together is more likely to be right than that of the eye
alone. I have no desire to ignore either, but am only
careful that the eye, which cannot taste fruit, should
not be gratified at the expense of the palate which can.

Mr. Cramb's receipt (see p. 1071) for the manu-
facture of Red Grapes shows that he has never met
with a good example of them. There have been, and
are, imperfectly-coloured Grapes as perfect in every
other respect, with the single exception of colour [still
imperfect], as the very blackest. There are more
however, such as Mr, Cramb describes, bags of water
and sugar. There is no danger of these last being
placed first at any show. Mr. Cramb's appeal to the
iierves of taste is amusing. Perhaps he will enlighten
us whether the eye sees without nerves, or if the
nerves of vision are larger than those small papilloe or
asperities he is so careful not to overtax, that have
their home and resting-place upon the tongue. If it
comes to a matter of measurement between diSerent-
sized nerves the tasters must certainly have it, for
their paiiilla; aro cables compared with the minute
ramifications of the optic nerves, to which the eye
judgers so confidently appeal.

While admiring Mr. Forsyth's practical and literary
lore, and admitting the great interest and value
of his remarks, it must be added that they have but a
remote bearing on the subject of the present dispute.
So far as they do bear upon it they are not very con-
clusive. For while in one part of his paper he states
that not only masters, but foremen and journeymen
can judge of the quality of Grapes in alt stages from
the wood upwards, he concludes by averring that very
few have had the necessary training to know the flavour
of Grapes. It is singular, too, that while ignoring the

Salate, ne furnishes no other data by which any one can
istinguishripefrom unripe fruit, both equally black and
Well giown. His appeal to Daniel and the King is equally
unfortunate. The " Artful Dodgers " for once spoke
truth and common sense together, when they admitted
that the power of recalling and interpreting a totally

forgotten dream, was a work for gods and not men.
r>aTii(d, without Divine help, would have lieou equally
holplcss to unsolvo such a riddle. Does our good Iriend
infer that tho eye ju<igi'S are to expect such iiispit-a-
tiou a.s was vourlisafcd lo Daniel? If not, it is dilli-
ciiit to SCO how liis argument can bo strengthened by
the appeal to such a case. If any class of judges
deserve to ho designated " Artful Dodgers," it is those
that profess to do what tho wiso men wore too wise to
attcmiit- give a deoision upon an important matter in
nttor ignorance of tho facts. Leaps in the dark are
uoiv becoming common : the Ueforiu Bill has been
called ono— tho Abyssinian Expedition another?; but
that of judging the quality of (;irapos without any
appeal to the very sense with which tho Almighty has
endowed us for this especial purpose, is the last and
greatest leap in tho dark of all. In the interests of
producers and consumers alike, aud for my own honour,
I demand that such haphazard guesswork be no longer
sanctioned by any of our groat societies.

The foregoing, written several weeks since, answers
most of tho points raised by Mr. Saul. He, like the
rest of the eye judges, admits that unripe Grapes are
largely exhibited, but strangely enough forbids the
application of the only test that can prove whether
they are ripe or not. I'he eye alono would, docs often,
pronounce unripe Grapes more perfect l.han ripe, and
coarse Grapes, su(;h as those I have indicated, better
than fine, and henco the absolute necessity of ajipeal-
ing to the palato for its verdict upon ripeness and
quality if a just judgment is to bo given. VUis
vittifera.

[ VVhat We Want as jifize Grapes, and what wo should
get at table, are prrfevt examples of their kind, and
deficiency of colour is as much an imperfection as
deficiency of flavour. We say again that " red "
Black Hamburghs may be eatable, they may even be
very good, but even then they are not the right models
for the cultivator to imitate. Hence any formula for
judging which would bring them to the front is faulty.
It is to give prominence to first-class articles that we
hold exhibitions, thus aflording a stimulus to culti-
vators; and first-class cultivation, as regards Grapes,
demands that both flavour and colour, as well as every
other " point " of merit, should be developed in the
highest state of perfection. Thus we do not allow that
Grapes badly coloured, such as rod Hamburghs
undoubtedly aro, are model specimens of horticul-
ture, fit to carry off prizes at all. We hold that they
are altogether out of court, as being imperfect produc-
tions. And this being so, it is evident that many
exhibitions may be drawn out of competition without
need of ta.sting, for badly swelled as well as badly
coloured Grapes should be set aside, while there
are more perfect examples to come into corajietition
Tasting would be thus reduced to a minimum, hut
here most certainly it ought to come in, and be
allowed its full weight, as practically, we venture to
say, it is at most, if not at all, exhibitions. Eds.]

ON STEM-PRUNING TREES AND SHRUBS.

{Conchuledfmmp. 109V.)

Looking at the numerous additions recently made
to our evergreen vegetation iu the shape of Coniferous
trees and shrubs, it is time to consider what is to be
done with some of them. Are they to go on as shrubs,
or are they to be trained so as to induce a tree growth ?
Of the recently introduced species of Conifers, the one
which bids fair in time to become one of our best
evergreen avenue trees is the Cedrus atlantica; but
the way specimens of this tree are generally treated
certainly gives little hope of their ever being turned to
a practical account, possessing as they do every branch
made since the.y were first planted, — all very healthy
and wide-spreading it is true, but with heads compara-
tively dwarfed, and frequently five or six leaders all
vicing With each other. With such plants as the
Atlantic Cedar, a process of side-branch pruning a few
years after planting would be advisable, in ordei- to
induce a more healthy and vigorous top growth.
A few years aftefwards the loWer branches can
be removed altomther, in order to give the plants
a tree shape, which will be preferable to the large
healthy branching bushes which have become very
prevalent throughout our lawns— and deservedly so,
as it has proved itself to be one of the hardiest of
the recently introduced Conifers. The Atlantic Cedar
stands pruning and cutting well, provided it is done
during the autumn months j and if so treated, we may
have it vieing in time with the fine old Cedar of
Lebanon, for it has naturally a much freer habit of
growth than the latter, and bids fair to become a very
handsome evergreen tree if properly attended to for
this purpose.

Cupressus Lawsoniana is another hardy evergreen
shrub which beat's .stem-pruning well. At the present
time most of the Lawsoniana plants throughout the
country are in a shrub-growing condition ; and as they
are now very numerous in evety collection, individuals
may be induced, if only by way of experiment, to
stelM-prnne a few of them, patticnlarly those standing
on Grass. If so treated there will be no tiause to
regret it, as the upward growths produced will be
found to be considerably more than when left in the
shrub-growing condition, where they are very apt to
throw out a quantity of upright shoots from the lower
part of their steins, which weakens the top very much.
The tree appearance of the C. Lawsoniana contrasts
well with the other natural-growing plants of the same
species, and the flowers, which are exceedingly beauti-
ful, are more freely produced on the pendent; branches
of the tree-shaped jdants. The Cupressus Lawsoniana
in its natural condition grows to a tree upwards of
100 feet iu height, and from its hardiness in this
country the stem-pruned specimens will form an
interesting addition to the list of ornamental evergreen
trees. Like most of the other Conifers mentioned, it

will .stand pruning best during tho early aulumn
months.

_ The system hero adopted and recommended for the
(/'cdrus athuilica and (.'ujire.ssus Lawsoniana is cquully
applicaliin to many of tlio other recently introduced
Coniferous trees. 'J'ho Deodar stands stem-pruning
well ; tho excessive growth which many of these plants
take on at the bottom is very apt to cause tho leaders
to beoomo weak, which is not an uncommon occur-
rence with plants in, 12, or 1,5 feet in height. If
Deodars aro stem-pruned when 0 or « feet high, and
the lower branches slightly jiointed, fresh vigour will
Ijc thrown into the leudcis. Stem-prmied Deodars
standing on Grass have rather a pleasing appearance
when their feathery-poiutcd branches aro seen droop-
ing round the upriglit barn portion of stem, whioh
ought uot to exceed 18 inches, and like the C. Law-
soniana, they form a nice contrast on the (Jra.ss laWn
to the ordinary shrub-fbrmed specimens. Plants of
tho Taxodiuiu sempervirens, which were stem-pruned
about 11 years ago, are now working into line-shaped
and healthy trees, forming a contrast with the unpruned
plants of the same age, although 30 years old.

In stem-pruning Wellingtonia giganteii, those speci-
mens should be selected that are getting somewhat
loose in their habit. Tho branches cut off should be
removed .{ to } an inch from the stem, according to the
size of the plants operated on. The smaller the jilants,
the closer tho cuts can bo made. The cut surfaces of
all Coniferous and other jilants should always be
smoothed over and darkened with clay.

Numorous other Ccmifers bear tho knife well, and
many are wonderfully imjiroved by a free use of it,
particularly those species ndiicli assume in certain soils
and situati(ms a somewhat spreading habit, or rather
where the preponderance of aide shoots has a tendency
to make short and weak leailers, as often happens with
Picea Nordmanniana, Picea cepbalonica, P. Pinsapo,
and others. The two latter species are particularly
prone to a dwarfing condition when growing in soils
not exactly suited to their constitution, 'fhey make
rapid progress in all limestone districts ; while oh
saudy or light soils the dwarfing habitoccurs, and there
pruning (both stem and branch) is essential to secure
an upright growth. The Picea Nordmanniana stands
branch-pruning well, and it is frequently necessary to
do so in order to induce an upright tendency. This
operation should bo done while the jilants are young,
say 12 or 14 inches high, but, like most of the other
long-leaved Piceas, it ought not to be stem-pruned.

Numerous other plants may he enumerated, but
enough has been said to induce a series of experiments
being performed on plants where duplicates exist.

A general notion seems to have taken possession of
the minds of many of our Conifer cultivators, that it is
unsafe aud imprudent to pruue or cut any species of
the Fir tribe. Such a notion ought to be dis|ielled, as
many species of Coniferous plants, as I have attempted
to show, will bear pruning as well as most other trees
and shrubs, taking care that it is done at a time when
the sap is up, and not too late to subject the cut
extremities to severe frost. For this end I always
perform these operations during the months of August,
September, October, and November, and I have never
seen auyspecies of Conifer injured when jiruned during
these months.

Many of our amateur cultivators are impressed with
the idea that. Coniferous trees never being pruned in
their normal condition, it is injudicious to do so when
cultivated ; but in a state of nature such plants are
much more subjected to a process of pruniug than they
can ever be in cultivation, growing as they generally
do in extensive forest groups, where their proximity to
each other destroys all the lower branches. It is this
natural process of jiruning which causes them to rise
the more rapidly into a ttee condition, unless in cases
where a few may be seen in isolated groups, particu-
larly where open ground prevails along the outsides of
some of these extensive native forests.

These remarks are the result of my experience in
Scotland. They may not be new to some of our southern
neighbours ; still in many puts of England the hints
here given are sometimes required, and therefore
worthy of a trial. It is to be hoped that the results
obtained may from time to time be communicated, as
in milder climates some of the species of Conifers here
recorded grow more freely than they do in Scotland ;
branch and stem priming may therefore be found less
safe than in our more northern climate. J. M'Nab, in
the " Gardener."

BURR APPLES.

A GENTLEMAN living near Narberth, South Wales,
has recently sent me a collection of fruit of this curious
race of Apples, which, as far as I can learn, are totally
unknown to the pomological world— the Burr Knot
being the only kind that has been noticed. They are
all of tho same nature as that variety, forming " burrs^"
on their shoots, and striking from cuttings; they are like
it also in growing slowly, and bearing profusely. T. S.

1. JRedsfreah Summer Burr. — Growth vigorous, roots
exceedingly fibrous, like a brush or mop ; fruit above
the middle size, yellow, thickly covered with red
streaks ; an excellent cooking Apple and very tolerable
eating Apple, keeping from August to Christmas. An
abundant and constant bearer.

2. Winter Pippin 5!(r)-.— Growth vigorous, fruit
small and well formed, dark green colour; a tolerable
eating Apple, a good kitchen Apple, and keeps till
April.

.3. Green Winter Burr.— A. kitchen Apple, above
middle size, and keeps from end of September to
.Tanuary.

1. Bed Winter Bwrr.— Growth moderate, malting a
small tree ; fruit rather above middle size in a good
vear, well formed and handsome, of a dark red colour;
an excellent eating Apple, and good cooking Apple,

1120

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[NOVEMBEE 2, 1867.

and keeps till April. The best Apple of the lot, and
will bear comparison with any; the tree bears well,
and is extraordinarily full of callosities.

5. Waingron Burr (No. 1). — Tree moderate in
growth ; the fruit has a peculiar tart high flavour, and
is liked by some when eaten fresh from the tree, but
shrivels and becomes worthless in aweek after gathering.
This, like all the others, has numerous burrs or callo-
sities on the branches; it roots freely, and makes a
good stock for several kinds of Apples.

6. Waingron Burr {No. 3).— Fruit striped like a
Strawberry, and handsome, but worth little.

7. Sard Tfinter Burr. — Growth moderately vigorous;
fruit small, conical, and hard ; worthless as an Apple,
but makes an excellent stock for other Apples.
N.B. A man in this neighbourhood has an Apple and
Jargonelle Pear growing on a stock of this togetner. I
have twice seen the Jargonelle fruiting well, and the
Apple growing beside it.

8. Dark Bed or Black Burr.— Gvowth. small, fruit
small and worthless ; might answer as a stock, but 1
have not tried it.

9. WTiite Bloom Burr.— Growth moderate, fruit
middle-sized, and rather handsome, with a white
bloom like a Peach. A good cooking Apple ; keeps a
few months. The tree is an extraordinary slow grower
for two or three years after cuttings are inserted.

10. Yellmo Summer Burr.— Growth moderate, fruit
scarcely middle-sized, tart and sweet at the same time.
Eipe in the end of August, and melts iii cooking like a
Codlin; must be used soon after gathering.

THE CULTIVATED SELAGINELLAS.

(Continued from p. 950.)
Gboup 4. Caulescentes. Habit of growth tree-like,
i. e. the stem erect, without any branches from the
lower third or half, but copiously branched above.

22. S. erythropns, Spring, Monog. p. 156. A. Braun, Hevis.
No. 19. Lycopodium erythropus, Mart. le. PI. Sel. Crypt.
p. 39, t. 20, fig. 3. S. umbrosa, Hort. ;— Froud 6 inches to
mox'e than a foot high : the stem below the branches half as
long, bright red ; the pinnse copious, bipinnate, both pinnx
and the pmnules imbricated : the general outline of the frond
deltoid, the ultimate divisions au eighth of an inch broad : the
larger leaves very close, oblong-lanceolate, slightly falcate,
the point acuminate, the upper side more dilated and rounded
than the lower one, the edge ciliated : the sm.aller leaves ovate-
acuminate, convergent ; the spikes slender, tetragonous.

A common species in tropical America, ranging
from Guatemala southward to Chili. It is easily
distinguished from all the others except hsematodes by
its bright red stem, and as compared with this last is a
smaller, neater plant, with narrower divisions and
closer leaves, having the margin ciliated. S. umbrosa is
the common garden name, one that has no book
authority to support it.

23. S. ha;iRO.tode.% Spi-ing, Monog. 2, p. 156. Lycopodium
hsematodes, Kunze, Linnsea, 1, p. 9. S. filiciua, Spring,
Monog. 2, p. 189 ; A. Braun, Revla. No. 22. S. diclirous and
Karsteniana, Hort. : — Frond 1 — 2 feet high, the stem below
the branches half as long, bright red : the pinnte copious,
bipinnate, both pinnai and pinnules imbricated ; the general
outline of the frond deltoid; the ultimate divisions 2^—3
3 lines broad ; the larger leaves close, oblong-acuminate, sub-
falcate, a quarter of an inch long, two lines broad, very much
dilated on the upper side and rounded at the base, finely
toothed, but not at all ciliated ; the smaller ones ovate-
acuminate, convergent ; the spikes slender, tetragonous.

A native of the west side of tropical America, from
Venezuela southward to Peru. Very striking from its
ample frondj and bright scarlet stem. Not liable to be
confused with any other except the preceding, and
easily to be recognised from that by the characters
stated. Spring in his Monograph has described it
twice, once as S. ha^matodes and again as S. filicina,
but the former name must have preference, on account
of having been previously given to it by Kunze.

24. S. Bramiii, Baker. S. pubescens, A. Braun, Revis.
No. 24, non Spring. S. Vogelii, Mett. Fil. Hort. Lips., non
Sprin)^: — Fi-ond 1^—2 feet high; the stem firm, slender,
strammeous, flexuose, the branches reaching three quarters of
the way down, the lower ones distant, spreading, bipinnate, the
rachises pubescent, tlie ultimate divisions two lines broad ; the
larger leaves witli a space between them, much decurved
when dry, spreading at right angles, oblong, obtuse, entire,
the midrib inconspicuous : the smaller ones ovate-acuminate,
adprcssed to the axis : the spikes slender, tetragonous.

A native of China, and a very distinct species, clearly
marked by its woody, stramineous, flexuose stem,
pubescent branches, and leaves in shape very different
from those of any other species. The S. pubescens of
Spring (Lycopodium pubescens of "Wallioh) is S.
fulorata. It is often called L. Willdenovii in gardens,
but as I have shown ah-eady, the plant to which that
name belongs of right, is quite different. The only
wild specimens I have seen were gathered in the
west of China by Captain Blakiston. As it is in want
of a name, I have designated it after the author of
the excellent paper to which I have already referred,
who, under the name of pubescens, describes it in the
fullest detail with thorough accuracy.

25. S./ulcrata, Spring, Monog. 2, p. 171. Lycopodium ful-
cratum, Hamilton in Don, Prod. Fl. Nep. p. 17. H. pubescens.
Spring, Monog. 2, p. 175. Lycopodium pubescens. Wall, Cat.
No. 123. S. Pervillei, Spring, Monog. 2, p. 1G9. S. Vogelii,
Spring, Monog. 2, p. 170. S. africana, A. Braun, Revis.
No. 23 : — Frond 1—2 feet high, the stem below the branches
about half as long, firm, almost woody, slender, glossy : the
general outline of the frond deltoid, the lower pinnje not
imbricated, deltoid, the lower pinnules with forked or sub-
pinnate segments ; the branches conspicuously downy, the
ultimate divisions 2— 2^ lines broad ; the larger leaves close,
linear-oblong, slightly falcate, sub-acute, the upper side
broader and more dilated at the base than the lower one. the
edge entire, not at all ciliated : the smaller leaves obliquely
ovate, convergent ; the spikes slender, tetragonous.

A native of tropical Asia and Africa. I cannot
separate from one another four of Spring's species—
fulcrata, pubescens, Vogelii and Pervillei, and of these
the first is the oldest specific name. The plant may be
known from all the others except the preceding, by its
distinctly pubescent branches, and from Braunii it

differs totally in leaves and general habit. The main
stem and branches are more slender and woody than
usual, the latter being uniformly erecto-patent. The
general colour is a rather dull green, with sometimes a
tinge of red. The leaves are unusually tender in
texture, and the edges curl up readily when the plant
is at all dry.

26. S. vitictifosa, Klotzsch, Linnsea, 18, p. 524 : Spring,
Monog. 2, p. 186 : A. Braun, Eevis. No. 18 ;— Frond 8 inches
to a foot high, the branches reacliing two-thirds of the way
down, and the stem beneath them with dimorphous leaves
extending down nearly to the base ; branches erecto-patent,
close, with numerous short, simple, or forked branchlets ;
ultimate divisions two lines broad ; the larger leaves close,
oblong-lanceolate, falcate, pointed, tlie upper side only a little
broader than the lower, the edge ciliated : the smaller leaves
ovate-cuspidate, adpressed to the rachis ; the spikes slender,
tetragonous.

A native of Columbia. This and the next are the
only two of this group that have the main stem, below
where the branches begin, distinctly dimorphously
leafy like the branches. In the typical Caulescentes the
leaves of the main stem are adpressed to it, distant
from one another, and nearly uniform. In this the
colour of the upper surface is deep green, that of the
lower pale and glossy, and the plant shows a consider-
able tendency to curl up when dry. The midrib is
very indistinct. J. O. B.

FRENCH AND ENGLISH PEUIT GEOWING.

In replying to " A Fruit Cultivator and Traveller"
(see p. 1094), I shall take his statements and objections
in detail, and thus give your readers a full opportunity
of j udging whether or not I have conveyed to them ideas
that are not correct."

He begins by telling us that the French climate is,
as a rule, superior to ours for the Pear. I said so
emphatically in the letter which he has written
to correct. But then he says that assisted by walls, it
is " quite equal ;" there I nearly agree with him : and I
shall have, in due time, one or two important conclu-
sions to draw from the fact, merely adding now that
the French build and cover more garden walls than we
do, who want them most. In reply to my question.
How is it that we do not get Pears as cheaply
as the French ? he in the first instance tells us
that the French climate without any assistance will
give health and fertility to Pear trees. In this ho is
wrong. I repeat, to cultivate Pears with success over a
great part of France— around Paris for example— it is
necessary to take as much care of them as we do
in England. Then he says distinctly that there
are " in England but few large Pear gardens yet formed
after a right method," while a little further on he
writes — "there are thousands of gardens in England and
Ireland in which Pear trees are cultivated with as
much and sometimes with even more skill and care
than in France," a statement which may require
further explanation. He adds that many Irish
gardens contain good Pear trees. Surely he cannot
mean this as a reply to my question ! I know the
gardens of Ireland well, and in many parts, and may
safely say that a good Pear is a thing hardly ever
tasted by the working or lower middle classes in Ire-
land, while in France there is scarcely anybody who
has not that privilege or luxury now and then.
Observe, however, that I do not deny that here and
there we cultivate Pears well, but is this enough?
Why in Prance poor householders, who do their own
bit of gardening in their working hours, have
their splendid Pears now gradually coming to
maturity, whereas many British families with good
gardens and gardeners find it difficult to get a supply.
I know many fine Pear gardens in England, but I
want to see the fruit made an easily procurable commo-
dity throughout the land : and that it certainly is not at
present. There is only one answer to my question —
we are behind the French, and shall have to pull up !
I protested against the error that affirms French Pears
to be " hard," " inferior," &c. ; he, while not disputing
this, attributes their fine flavour and condition this year
to the cool and showery weather which prevailed in
France during the past summer. This is directly the
opposite of the truth, as every French fruit grower
will tell you, and I subjoin the opinion of a well-known
one, a distinguished member of the Horticultural
Society of France, M. E. Jamain, of the great fruit-tree
sui)plying firm of Jamain and Durand, Bourg-la-
Reiue :— La quality des fruits est bien meilleure en
Prance dans les annees chaudes que dans les ann&s
pluvieuses et froides. 1867peut-etre considerie comme
assez abandonte, mais la saveur des Poires en general,
laisse it desirer."

He says that the low horizontal cordons I so strongly
recommend are suited " for small gardens and for no
others," the wire " tripping one over into the Cabbages,"
&c. Well, if this cordon be no better developed
than to be invisible, the less we have to do with it the
better, but where it is thickly and regularly set with
a stubby spray of fruit-buds, and a dense crop of noble
fruit, as I have seen it at Ferri^res, at Chartres, and at
many otler places, then it becomes a thing which
catches the eye for its beauty and utility. If I were
making a garden to-morrow as large as Frogmore, I
would run a line of wire round every plot of it at 1 foot
from the ground, and on that train the best kind of
-ipples, believing this cordon to be much better, more
useful, and more easily managed than either the bush
or pyramid on the same stock ! The following are my
reasons for this assertion. It may be placed round the
squares of a kitchen or fruit garden, so as to act as an
edging, and thus in numbers of gardens it may be
adopted to an extent sufficient to supply the fruit-room
with splendid Apples without devoting a special quarter
to them, or, in fact, losing any space thereby. The wood,
leaves, and fruit are more fullyexposed to the sun than in
the case of either pyramid or bush, or any othermethod of
growing Apples away from walls— au advantage for all

parts of England, but especially so to cold, northern,
and elevated parts. The form is so definite and so
simple, that anybody may attend to it, and direct the
energies of the little trees to a perfect end, with much
less trouble than is requisite to form a presentable
pyramid or bush. It does not, like other forms,
shade anything, not even so much so as a low-
growing vegetable, for beneath the very line of cordons
you may have some slight crop. They are less trouble
to support than either pyramid or bush, always under
the eye, for thinning, stopping, &o: easy of protection
if that be desired, very cheap in the first instance-
that great fruit-grower M. A. Leroy, of Angers, mark-
ing them at id. each in his catalogue — and therefore
this is the best of all known modes of obtaining first-class
garden Apples. I shall describe exactly how to arrange
this cordon, and also a very imijortant modification of
it, in au article (illustrated), which I hope to write, on
the best and simplest forms of French fruit trees, and
such of their ways as seem worthy of adoption with
us. In that I shall give reasons why the planting of
orchards of cordons is unnecessary and even absurd.

My critic, who has visited France " 15 times during the
past 30 years," sagely remarks that when I have travelled
more, I shall know more about cordon training than I
do now, and then a little further on speaks highly of
the Pear as a double horizontal cordon, adding that
he has "not seen this system in France." A few
days ago, while in the neighbourhood of Sceaux, I saw
bundles of this very pattern preparing for package to
England, and there are specimens of it to be seen in the
neighbourhood of Paris more than 20 years old ! Mr.
Elvers says in his book that this double lateral
cordon " is a great improvement on the French
single cordon," speaking of training the Apple in
that way ; but it has been known to exist in France for
50 years, and I can adduce proof of this if necessary.
I am requested to explain what I mean by the
word " simple cordon " — well, the horizontal cordons,
with either a simple stem, or one branching in opposite
directions, as distinguished from the oblique, erect, and
other cordons, especially those planted very closely
together against walls and trellises, and which he
thinks " nice," but which I hope to show are only to be
recommended in special cases. He next points out
that " If I had been to M. Grin, of Chartres, I should
have seen Peach trees perfectly unique and beautiful
in their training, every branch being a perpetual
and perfect cordon," &c. I have been to M. Grin,
have seen his garden and his trees, and when I assure
your readers that there is not one cordon in his garden
at all, nor one single tree of any kind that could be
called "unique and beautiful" in its training, they
will understand with what justice and truth I have
been blamed for simply endeavouring to find out and
convey to my countrymen, those points of French
horticulture which they may adopt with advantage.
M. Grin is the worthy author of an interesting mode of
pruning by leaf-pinching, one which is certain to lead
to some good results, but he has no tree in his garden
that could for a moment be compared, either for
beauty or profusion of fruitful well-ripened wood,
to one turned out by such men as Carrelet,
Lepere, or Chevalier, of Montreuil; he does not
nail in, and that alone is a reason why I do
not specially recommend his method to your readers,
for we want the shoot close to the wall in England :
and I have seen trees on his method with the wood
growing out straight from the wall, so that if in
England it would have no chance of ripening. But, in
addition to that, the Secretary of the Committee
appointed to investigate his method— a Committee that
has visited his garden many times— told me that M.
Grin had as yet not brought his system to any definite
stand-point, and thatas a system it was in its present
state entirely unworthy of being named as being good
or better than the most successful one pursued by the
best Peach cultivators near Paris. M. Grin's trees
are trained in the palmetto form, and when I asked
him what form of tree he preferred for the Peach, he
said the handsomest, the best, and that which forms a
fine tree with the greatest facility, is the form known
as palmette verrier, of which I hope to give you an
illustration. The best cordons trained on M. Grin's
method are much nearer Paris than Chartres — of them
in due time. The remaining statements in my critic's
letter I will deal with next week. W. B.

Home Correspondence.

Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums. — I really cannot
allow " A Flower Gardener's " remarks upon the late
exhibition of Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums at South
Kensington to pass unnoticed. In the first place he
states that all those exhibited on that occasion had
been grown under protection, whereas the fact is, the
two varieties that we exhibited, viz., Queen Victoria
and Countess of Craven (to both of which in their
respective classes a 1st prize was awarded), had been
fully exp jsed to wind and weather ; they were in 8-inoh
pots, standing on an old Cucumber bed, and the roots
ran through into the manure ; but the lights were off
night and day, and we have had some of the heaviest
storms of rain this summer that have visited this part
of the country for some years. After the very heavy
storm on the morning of August 20, the plants looked
clearer and iDetter than they did before. I am at a loss
to know how plants are to be grown in order that they
may be exhibited at a given place, if such treatment as
I have just described is not a test of their being able to
stand both hot sun and heavy rain. Arthur Perhiiis,

Park Nursery, Coventri/. What your correspondent,

" A Flower Gardener," says (see p. 1098) concerning j
the exhibitions of these plants may be tolerably
correct. We have too many sorts and too little
variety; and very many of the so-called varieties will,
when subjected to the ordeal of open-air cultivation,
be no more heard of. Exhibitions of these plants in

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1121

pots must necessarily exemplify the favourable circum-
stances brouRlit to bear upon the specimens exhibited,
or the skill of the cultivator, quite as much, or more so,
than they do the real merits of the particular varieties
shown. But how is this to be remedied ? We cannot
send entire flower beds to South Kensington. If,
however, the Royal Horticultural Society really
takes an interest in the matter, it should devote
a suitable piece of ground to the exhibition of such
masses, aud should invite the various raisers of these
plants to entrust specimens of their choicest novelties
to it for the seasou, the Society giving assurance of
their being taken every possible care of. Intending
exhibitors should send, say two plants of each sort
that they wish to show, to South Kensington, by the
beginning of June, together with an order to give to
all a fair start and no favour; and the plants ought to
be all autumn or spring struck cuttings, growing in
pots, say 3 inches or 3i inches in diameter.
All should be planted together at the same time, as
nearly as possible, and in all respects grown under the
same circumstances. Of course Golden Variegated
Zonals would compete with Golden Variegated
Zonals, Silver do. do. with Silver do. do.,
and Bronze Zonals with Bronze Zonals. About
the middle or end of July competent judges could
be appointed to decide on their merits as bedding
or ornamental plants, and to assign the prizes that the
Society might feel inclined to award. The plants,
which up to this time would of course have numbers
attached to them, might now have the name aflixed to
them by which their owners wished them to be known,
together with the name of the exhibitor if thought
desirable ; and the plants might all be allowed to remain
until, say the last week in August, when they ought to
be carefully packed and returned to their owners in
their entirety. This would give the public ample
time to inspect and to mature their own opinion
as to the merits of the various varieties exhibited,
and the names would, as it were, be confirmed
by the Royal Horticultural Society. Consequently,
when the various sorts came to be distributed, under,
of course, their proper names, the admirers of these
plants would know how to make their selection ; and
the watching of their progress during the summer
months could not fail to be a source of great interest to
all that are in any way interested in the matter. P. O.
[This should be done at Chiswick. Eds.]

Boilers.— la reply to your invitation (see p. 1094) I
beg to give you my experience of the several boilers in
use here. First in order of merit stands Burbidge'i
corrugated, heating efficiently 1000 feet of 4-inch pipe,
in stoves, Cucumber houses, and forcing pits. One of
these boilers likewise heats our fine large conservatory,
and is very little trouble, as the fire can be regulated to
the greatest nicety, by the damper and very excellent
ash pit, and furnace doors with which it is fitted.
Any one accustomed to stoke for these boilers, fitted
with the patent Sylvester doors, may so bank up
the fires as to leave them with safety for six or eight
hours, and secure a very even, uniform temperature.
The merit of these, and indeed of all good boilers, con-
sists in the larger amount of heating surface exposed to
the direct action of the fire, and the way the caloric is
made to travel over the surface of the boiler before it
can escape up the shaft. Next in order of merit here,
stands the tubular, heating two large Vineries, con-
taining 600 feet of l-inch pipe, but as we burn coal in
this I am doubtful whether it works at its full power,
as it becomes very much fouled by the smoke.
When this boiler was first set, and the tubes clean, I
thought it a very powerful one ; and I am, therefore, of
opinion that coke alone should be used in all tubular
boilers. One great defect in them is, that the heat gets
away by the shaft too quickly, instead of being turned
to account about the boiler. I may add, that I liked
the appearance of the tubular saddle boiler shown by
Cummmg, and examined at the Bury Show, and feel
sure it will be found a very powerful and economical
boiler, especially if it can be set free from the above
defect. We have likewise in use here a small
Munroe's cannon, and this I consider a very good
boiler, as there is a larger amount of surface
exposed to the fire, before the latter can get away to
the shaft, and it can be set in places where deep
stokeholes are impracticable. The worst form of
boiler we have here is the old conical. This I found
a very slow coach till I had it reset, by carrying a
spiral flue three times round the outside of it, and the
draught through the middle stopped. This has
made it heat much more rapidly, aud has lessened
the consumption of fuel at least one-third. To sum
up : the best boiler, in my opinion, is the one that
exposes the largest amount of surface to the direct
action of the fire, and that can be so set as to retain
the greatest amount of the fire-heat about the whole
surface before it passes to waste up the shaft.
Before closing, allow me to say a word about stoking,
as I am convinced that much fuel is wasted by young
gardeners from a want of thought, or of knowledge in
the care of fires. They invariably keep out the dampers,
and the ashpit door wide open, and drive the heat
rapidly into the flues to waste. Instead of this the
draught should be shut off , to keep every particle of heat
about the boiler, and to keep the combustion slow
and regular. J. Skeppard, Or. to J. Berners, lEsq.,
Woolverstone Parle.

Orchard Cordon Trees. — My attention has recently
been called to the above mode of training trees by the
remarks of your correspondents, one calling it an
" absurdity," the other telling the world that it is not
only feasible, but to be recommended. I know not
which is the wiser man of the two, but I feel I can do
no injury to anyone if I say in afew words how orchard
cordon trees may be formed, either in orchards under
Grass, in which case you must keep out the cows, or
in orchards in which the ground is cultivated. The
proper kinds of trees to plant are Apples on Crab stocks,

and Pears on Pear stocks. The trees should be dwarf,
one, two, or three years old, and planted either fi feet
apart in the rows, and the same distance from row to
row, or 6 feet apart in the rows, and 8 feet apart row
from row, the latter to bo preferred if snace is of no
consequence ; in the latter case, 1 acre will hold about
800 trees. The ground should be prepared after the
directions given in all the gardening book.s, and tho
trees when planted, and 10 or 12 inches cut off the ends
of their shoots, should remain one season untouchcil
by the hand of the pruncr. The following season early in
February they should be cut down to stumps, i. e., each
shoot reduced to about Ij or 2 inches. Early in Juno
the crowd of young shoots which will to a certainty
make their appearance must be thinned, leaving some
five or seven their full length, and as nearly as possible
at equal distances from each other. Each of these shoots
is to bo a cordon, it must therefore, the first season, have
its top pinched off to some 3 feet in height, and the
second and following seasons have its side-shoots
pinched in, after the usual mode of cordon-training.
It is good practice to tie the shoots to stakes for the
first and second seasons, so that each may take a proper
direction at equal distances. The beauty of orchards
formed by cordons and the profit derived from them
will make them pleasing " absurdities." I should add
that each cordon branch may be sufiered to attain a
height of 12, 15, or even 20 feet. I have recently read
in some of the French periodicals, of a new and econo-
mical mode of training espalier Apples and Pears
having two branches, on each side of the tree,
to be trained obliquely and fastened to the branches
from a tree planted rather closely to it, the branches
to cross each other, and he fastened together
by Willow twigs, so that a row of oblique espalier
trees planted about 6 feet apart would form a self-
supporting hedge net-work-like. The idea is very
ingenious, and in a still small French garden,
where stormy winds do not blow, it may be practicable.
In English gardens this mode of training would soon
be fatal to an Apple tree, and injurious to the health of
our Pear trees. Every hedge cultivator or observer
knows that when two branches cross each other they
are easily moved by the wind, having no support they
therefore fret and chafe each other, till they are, as it
were, worn to the bone. Well, such must be the fate
of branches of trees crossing each other without any
firm support ; they would, of course, chafe each other,
and then would come canker and all its attendant evils.
I wrote to one of my French correspondents, pointing
this out to him, if he carried out the practice in Nor-
mandy, or any of the provinces open to the Atlantic
breezes. I believe he thinks me absurd, and I know
that he considers the Willow-twig oblique espaliers
likely to be of great benefit to the pomological world.
In that opinion we shall continue to differ, as I know
from long experience how liable the branches of trees
are to be injured when in contact by crossing each
other. The sorts of Apples and Pears adapted for the
orchard cordon training are those of upright, vigorous
growth, not liable to canker, as it is awkward after a
few years to have a cordon branch die, and a
symmetrical tree spoilt. The following kinds of
Apple may be selected :— Court of Wick, Cox's Orange
Pippin, Cox's Pomona, Forge Apple, Lord Suffield,
Lord Burleigh, Duke of Devonshire, Dutch Mignonne,
King of the I?ippins, Northern Spy, Reinette Van
Mons, Stamford Pippin, and many others. The follow-
ing kinds of Pears are of a hardy, vigorous, upright
growth, and are likely to form healthy orchard
cordons :— Beurr^ Hardy, Baronne de Mello, Beurr6
Superfin, Beurre Leon le Clerc, British Queen, Dana's
Hovey, Doyenn^ du Comice, Conseiller a la Cour,
Duchesse d'Orleans. Durandeau, Beurre Clairgeau,
Huyshe's Victoria, Marie Louise d'Uccle, Summer
Beurr6 d'Aremberg, and Williams' Bon Chretien.
Many other varieties equally hardy may be selected ;
I have given the above as being tolerably well known.
Thoi. Rivers, Bunkos Milt, Sawbridgeworth.

Scotch Nurseries. — At page 1100 we read: — "Mr.
Methven writes to say that next to the Messrs. Lawson
he is the largest forest-tree grower in Scotland, having
65 acres of ground covered with trees of all sizes." We
beg to say that this is a mistake, as his grounds, to our
certain knowledge, are neither the second nor the third
largest in Scotland. We ourselves have under cultiva-
tion considerably more than he, as has also a neighbour
of ours in this county. How many more nurserymen
there are in Scotland who may be in a position to take
exception to Mr. Methven's statement we know not,
but no doubt they will speak for themselves. Thomas
Kennedy Sc Co., Dumfries, Oct. 29.

Christ's Thorn. — I beg to inform " Diss " (see
p. 10"3) that Paliurus aculeatus, growing in the open
ground as far north as Cumberland, was to the best of
my recollection uninjured during the severe winter of

1837 and 1838. J. M. 1 have a plant of Paliurus

aculeatus, from 4 to 5 feet high, growing here, that
stands the winter well. Henri/ Hepburn, Scaresbrick
Hall Gardens, Ormskirk,

Hardy Ornamental Trees. — Many visitors, while
rambling round the charming environs of Wiesbaden,
will remember the Trauer Eiche (weeping Oak). It is
of considerable size and age, and of a decidedly
pendulous character. They may also have remarked
in the Kursaal Gardens there, perpendicular Oaks of
great height, resembling Lombardy Poplars, for which
at a distance I mistook them. Have any of your
readers met with these two varieties in this country p
and if so, can they inform me where they may be
procured ? Such novelties, especially weeping trees
of difierent kinds, are very ornamental, and are more
frequently made use of in shrubberies of gardens and
parks abroad than with us. They form.when taste-
fully arranged, an agreeable contrast with trees of
ordinary shape and of variously-tinted foliage, such as
have lately been described in some interesting papers
in your columns. Writing from the neighbourhood of

Liverpool, I look forward hoiiefully to a beautiful
assortment of trees being freely introduced in the
proposed now parks there. /. A. T, Aiuhurth. [Tho
trees mentioned by our correspondent cau he obtained
from any of the largo nursery establishments in this
country. Eds.]

Tirloria Nectarine.— Mr. Rivers may well he proud
of this Nectarine. I gathered, as late as tho Uli of
October, fine and delioiiius s|)(:ciinena of it from a tree
ag;iinsta south wall. 'I'lio lluvour was most exquisite.
The fruit, however, was not so largo as that of his
" I'ine-applo Nectarine" hard by, which for size and
beauty might vie with almost any Peach. It is
luscious beyond description. Another invaluable gift
of his, the Princess of Wales Peach, has gladdened us
in October with fruit, not pale, and dry, and hard (like
all other late Peaches), but crimson, and gushing, and
most delicious. Also among first Peaches his Early
York is pre-eminent. I ripen it here on standards,
year after year, and prefer it to most of the wall-fruit.
He tells me that he has now some that will beat it—
a fact which I will believe when I see them. If the
Early York had glands, and were one size larger, no
improvement could be desired. S. D. B., Teddington.

Slittiny the Bark of Trees. — I have seen it stated
that when a young tree does not grow freely it is a
good plan to cut slits down the hark — cutting quite
through the bark, but not cutting any out ; and that
the same practice is also good for the stock of a grafted
tree that is smaller below the graft than above it. ^ I
have a Planera acuminata that was planted in its
present exposed situation about two years ago, and
which has only made weak shoots since then (see
p. 855 of your volume for this year). I have also a
grafted plant of Acer colchicum rubrum which is
smaller below the graft than above it, and with a knob
at the graft. What time of the year should you
recommend the bark to be cut? C. P. [Early in the
season, but not when the tree would bleed from the
cuts ; therefore not whilst the sap is flowing, but when
the leaves have expanded. i| ]

The Judgment of Grapes before the Shows. — Con-
siderable surprise and disappointment have often been
expressed at the limited number of Grapes exhibited
at the metropolitan and other great shows. Considering
the numbers grown throughout the country, the quan-
tity staged is very limited. Mr. Forsyth tells us the
reason, at p. 1046. It seems a prehminary judgment
takes place at home. Exhibitors, either personally or
through their subordinates, manage to get a peep at
their neighbours' Grapes, and if they are better— that
is, larger and blacker than their own — they proceed no
further in the matter, but keep their own Grapes at
home. Such, it seems, is the general practice. It
suggests several inquiries. The first is. Can such a
course promote the interests of exhibitors ? A prior

?uestion might be asked here. Is it reputable to them ?
think not. There is something underhand and
scarcely honourable about the practice. Therefore on
this ground alone it might be condemned as damaging
to exhibitors. But looking at it in another light, such
hurried judgments are very apt to be mistaken : as a
matter of well known fact they often are. It is no
uncommon thing to hear the remark on a show
day: "Well, if I had known that the Duke's
Grapes were no better than these, I should have
had the prize: I have much better at home," &c.
The practice also exhibits the exhibitor in the
most egotistical light. He places his own opinion
or that of his men above that of the best judges the
country can command, and often suffers loss, alike of
the prize and the respect of his friends — and richly
deserves all he suffers, too— in consequence of this
inordinate development of self conceit. The second
inquiry suggested by this preliminary judgment is,
whether such a course of procedure is generous to our
neighbours? I think not. It reduces the merit
attaching to the prize to the lowest possible standard.
In racing, no credit is attached to a suuple walk over
the course. The same principle holds with prizes at
our shows. The value of the prize rises in proportion
with the number and ability of our competitors in the
same class for the same honours. If I carry off a prize
from 100 competitors, the credit is 10 times as great as
if I only defeated 10. Now every exhibitor should be
influenced by two motives. iThe first is, to win himself
if possible. It is not necessary to enforce this ; it is
strong enough in us all. The next motive, however, is
not |so common, but it is equally important, aud even
more creditable; it consists in adding to as much
as possible, and thus virtually sharing in, the honour
of others that may defeat us. This is the highest
side of the exhibitor's nature. It relieves him
from the trammels of mere selfishness. It ennobles
his character, and gives a grand scope for his
generous impulses in thus doing justice^ to _ his
higher nature. He becomes generous to his neigh-
bour, who has honourably vanquished him in the
strife. Such feelings, while they do credit to the head
and heart of some successful exhibitors, bring their own
immediate remedy. They extract the sting of defeat. In
fact, to such minds there is nothing galling in another's
success ; they rejoice in it almost as if it were their
own. To such noble men home judgments, prompted
only by the fear of defeat, would savour of meanness
and cowardice. Let us do our best, and then honour
(and the more of it the better), to whom honour is due;
let the best Grape only win, and we are content.
Finally, let us note the efl'ect of these home judgments
upon societies and the advancement of horticulture.
Every creditable bunch of Grapes or dish of fruits thus
kept at home is a dead loss to the one, and a heavy
drag to the other. Fruit is the most attractive feature
of our shows. Scarcely ever has it been seen to reach
to its legitimate dimensions, in comparison with other
departments; and it never will if these home judg-
ments, with all their meannesses aud littlenesses are to
be present. Our own interests and neighbour's

1122

THE GABDWERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRlCtlLTDEAE GiZETTE. [Kotombee % mt.

honour, the prosperitj; of the societies that support or
encourage us, and the interests of horticulture, protest
against such seliish and mistalien practice ; and I know
exhibitors too well to believe that they will have to
protest in vain. An SxhiUtor.

Sahoaii Peach. — That must have been a very fine
Salway Peach of Mr. Smith's (see p. 1074) ; I should
therefore be glad to know the diameter and depth of
the head of the tree from which it was gathered, and
how many more fruit there were upon it. We
thought we were growing Salways pretty well^ here,
but the large.5t girth attained in that variety in our
case is 10.3 inches, the weight corresponding, being
about half a pound (7| oz.), the tree bearing the fruit in
question having 15 more upon it. The average
diameter of its head is about 3 feet ; pot 15 inches.
Trees carrying two and two-and-a-half dozen have
fruit correspondingly smaller. The lateness of tbe
season at which the vSalway comes in constitutes it a
valuable fruit, extending as it does the Peach season at
least a month beyond the usual time. The last of the
Late Admirable has been gathered over a week ago,
while there appears a probability of our having Salways
for the next fortnight or three weeks. B., Oct. 23.

Late Peas.— I send you a small sample ofNe Plus
TJltra Pea, which has proved itself to be a first-class late
variety, both in quality and quantity. I have picked
from the above crop, 92 yards m length; ever since the
12th of September. I believe that stirring in guano
between the rows has given them their healthy appear-
ance. J. Bowrina, Chartwell, Westerham, Kent. [Your
Peas, though somewhat uneven in the pod, as regards
size, are a fine sample, considering the season. — Eds.]

Cymhidhim ehirneum.—A. plant of what was bought
at one of Stevens' sales under tbe above name, is now
flowering at Knypersley, and proves to be nothing but
C. Mastersii. This is tbe third time that I have bought
(stt a higli rate) tbe latter under the name of the former,
and as the vendor's name was not given— and no
wonder— in either case, of course I have no redress.
The only remedy for this infamous practice of selling
worthless plants under the name of good onps, lies
with the public ; they ought never to bid for plants
where the name of the vendor does not appear in tjie
catalogue. If they do, they run a very great risk
indeed of throwing their money away. J. S.

Gardening at the Present Day. — Tou have lately
been hitting us rather hard, Messrs. Editors, for not
maintaining the reputation which we bad for good
gardening in former days, therefore I, as one of the
" craft," desire to protest against the justness of your
remarks ; and I would respectfully say, that we are as
able as ever we were to do our duty with credit to our-
selves. All we want is fair treatment, a fair field, and
no favours. The Grapes which I now send you form
no exceptional case as regards what we modern gar-
deners can do, neither do I consider them perfection ;
but I am under the firm conviction that their flavour
would not be the less rich if the colour had chanced to
be a little blacker. Black Samhro'. [Tour Grapes are
excellent, both as regards size of bunch and berry.
True, they might have been blacker ; but in your case
■we do not know if that would have improved their
flavour, which is rich and good. Eps.]

Autumn Leaves. — Wishing to produce something out
of the common way in table decoration, the other day
the idea ooourred to me of using " dead leaves " in lieu
of flowers, and the result was so successful that I
am induced to give you a short description of
the arrangement. The flat part of a Dobson's
Dinner Vase was filled with moistened sand,
and round the glass stem was twined a slender
branch of Lonicera aureo-reticulata, whose pretty
green and yellow leaves droop downwards. The outer
edge was formed of a fringe of hardy Perns;; next to
them a few leaves of Mrs. Pollock, l<'lower of the Day,
or Lady Plymouth Geraniums, their light tints con-
trasting with the brilliant orange and scarlet of the
Sumach Ilhus, large and smaU. Almost black are the
curled Perilla leaves, and quite white the tender sprays
of Variegated Balm ; the fashionable brown comes from
off yon tail Poplar tree that is slowly dying ; and the
Virginian Creeper produces tbe newer shade the
French call " Bismarck en col^e." A stifi" Hart's-
tongue supplies the verdant greenj and light fronds of
Maiden-hair add gracefulness to the group; stiff and
straight are the branches of green and white Periwinkle ;
the Amaranthus yields a melancholy red, while in the
striped Iresine is seen the colour of Bordeaux wine ;
but between these two the ragged Cineraria maritima
looks light and downy. Then a few of the sere yellowed
leaves of Labmmum, all speckled as they are, a branch
of snowy Gnaphalium near the spray of purple Beech,
the shaded Liquidambar imberbe, and the pure crim-
son of the long narrow Cockscomb leaf, need only the
shiny Ice plant, a dark olive Camellia or Myrtle leaf,
with a spike or two of Juniper and Mountain Heather
to complete as bright a cluster as ever was lights
illumined, though not one flower or berry rises from
out our autumn bouquet. And so we find that e'en in
withering leaves " a thing of beauty is a joy for ever ;"
and in arranging them remember that, at all seasons,—
"It ia pleasant to note all plants, from the Rush to the

spreading Cedar;
From the giant king of Palms to the Lichen that 8taineth its

stem."
Ariel.

Variegated Pelargonium Sh,oie.—l am of opinion
thatMayor June are equally as suitable as the mouth of
July for exhibiting Variegated Pelarfjoniums, and
propose that a show be held on the occasion of that of
the lioyal Horticultural Society, either in May or
J^ufle ; and as it may not be quite convenient for some
growers to enter the earlier competition, a, second
show may be held in July. The great consideration is
the means for providing the funds necessary to carry
out the programme, which involves the providing of
above 60J. for each show, I am ■grilling to render

material help in a pecuniary sense, provided say sij or
eight others contribute. This, if agreed to, will
materially simplify the arrangements, otherwise there
i(vill be a necessity of cutting ofl' the largest column of
prizes offered : —

I. Varieties -not in, commerce. Three plants of each. Open to
amateurs and nurserymen.

Golden 1 variety, 20s., 15s., lOs., 5s.

8 „ 30s., 20s., 10s.

Gold and Bronze Zonal ..1 „ 20s., 15a., 10s., 6s.

. . g „ 3Qs., 20s., 10s,

„ ,. 6 „ 40?., 305., 20s.

Silver-edged .. ..1 ,-, 10.!., «s.

Silver variegated . . . . 1 „ 20s., 15s., 10s., 5s.

. . 3 „ 80s., 20s., 10s,

Golden variegated . . . . 1 „ 20s., 15s., 10s., Ss.

.. 3 „ 30s., 20s., 10s.

" . . . . 0 „ 40j., 30s., 205.

Golden or Silver variegated 12 „ 60s., 40s., 20j.

II. Varieties in commerce. One plant of each, in pots not to

exceed, 8 inches. A;nateurs only.

Golden 3 varieties, 20s., 15s., 10s., 5s.

Gold and Bronze Zonal .. '3 ,, ' 20s., 15s., lOs., 55.

„ .. ., 6 ,, iOs., 30s., 20s.

Silver variegated .. ,. 3 „ 20s., iSs., 10s., 5s,

„ .. .. 8 „ 40s., 30s., 20s. ■

Golden variegated .. ..3 „ 20s., 15s., 10s., 5s.

„ . . . . 6 „ 40s., 30s., 20s.

3 Golden, 3 Gold and Bronze
Zonal, 3 Silver variegated,
and 3 Golden variegated 12 ,, 60s., 40s., 20 J.

III. The same as Section II., but for nurserymen only.

The above liberal scale of prizes can only be offered in
case of a spirited response from the now numerous
growers. It is proposed to make a general entrance
fee of 2s. Qd. in each class, and presuming there will be
an average of 12 entries in each, the proceeds will
materially aid the prize fund ; aid also may be reason-
ably expected from most of the principal growers ; and
doubtless the Eoyal Horticultural Society will lend a
generous assistance towardsprovidingthe remainder. As
to size of pot, I am not favourable to limiting the size in
Section 1, but object to go below a 6-inoh pot ; if any-
one prefers showing in a less size there can be no
objection to it, and if plants are produced as fine as
the others in tbe smaller pots, the greater merit will lie
with plants so produced. The primary object in this
section is to evolve merit in the individual variety
rather than size of plant ; still a good plant is desirable,
that its habit of growth may be as plainly seen as the
colours of its foliage. In Sections 2 and 3 the object is
to encourage skill in cultivation. Specimen plants are
looked for, and 8-iuch pots may with propriety be
allowed, as this size is by no means too large in which
to produce a well developed plant. Tbe scale of prizes
may be thought too liberal by some, and by others
insufficient. I have, however, endeavoured to encourage
all classes, without prejudice to any, and should this or
any similar plan be adopted, I would suggest that tbe
entries be made one month before each exhibition.
This will give time for proper arrangements. As the
season for a settlement of this question is far advanced,
it would be well to endeavour to arrange the matter at
the next Committee meeting. F. T. Smith, DuJwich.
[The making of arrangements for these special exhibi-
tions does not, we believe, come within the duties of the
Floral Committee, as Mr. Smith seems^ to suppose.
They are got up by the growers who are directly inter-
ested, and then held, by permission, at the Society's
meetings. As, however, this special show would be best
held at the time of one or other of the Society's shows,
it may be a consideration how far it may be advisable
to ask the Society to throw the amount of prize money
it would give in its own schedule for this race of plants,
into the common fund, and then to take the whole
management of the special show, the special schedule
being arranged between the Society and the subscribers.
The Floral Committee might recommend this course
to the Council if it is thought desirable. We question
the desirability of holding two of these special meetings
next year. The public will tire of them if they are too
often repeated. Eds.]

dFlorists' 4Floto0rg.

The value of the ordinary form of the zonal as well as
of the plain-leaved Bedding Peiaegoniuiis for
autumn and winter decoration within doors has been
well illustrated at the Gardens of the Eoyal Horticul-
tural Society at Chiswick. In one of the houses may be
seen a lot of these Pelargoniums in excellent bloom,
moreover they have been flowering all through the
summer. They have been grown under glass entirely,
and there iseveryappearanceof their remaining iuflower
for a considerable time to come. The plants betray no
symptoms of becoming drawn, as, though only part
opoupauts of the house, yet the other plants grouped
with them are of such a nature that air can be given
as fully Ejnd freely as possible. The plants retain, what
they have possessed from the first, a free and healthy
development, and they yield a profusion of flowers
without any attendant disadvantajje of weather to
tarnish their beauty or rob them of their attractive-
ness. The simple rules by which the plants are
managed appear to be, that they are growing in
moderately sized pots, and that they are kept growing
freely. A little attention is required to keep the plants
free from decaying leaves and trusses of bloom, and an
invaluable decorative agency is secured at a season
when it is more especially welcome.

Now while there is no period of the year when there
is such a void of flowering stufl" within doors, even in
the largest establishments, as prevails from September
to February, there is at the same time scarcely to be
found a more useful and acceptable means of supplying
this than that found in the ordinary bedding Pelar-
goniums. What more effective masses of colour or
intermingling of sh^d?S oini be obtained just now?
Thanks to persistent, tiybridisation, variation of colour
is yearly widening as well as deepening. And as
regards tluise who charge against the Zonal Pelar-

gonium a monotonous saineness of hue, it can now be
safely pleaded that the variation of hue and shade is
co-existent with the multiplication of varieties of the
plant. Perhaps after all it is by no means a disad-
vantage thi^t in the Zonal Pelargonium there should
be a preponderance of bright hues of colour, as these
will be found most attractive for the purpose to which
(t is now advocated they should be devoted. The act
of housing the hard-wooded plants for protection
during the winter months in mixed houses furnishes a
large surface of foliage of a somewhat sombre cast ; it
therefore requires something warm and telling in
point of colour to light up the comparatively dingy
iurroundings, supplemented by a murky atmosphere
without; and it is certain that the dull autumn
weather seems to add by contrast an increased
brilliancy to the bright colours employed.

Hitherto tbe advocates of the Zonal Pelargonium
for decorative purposes during the autumn and winter
have contended that the plants so employed should
be young plants annually raised for the purpose,
rooted by the beginning of '.September, shifted into
S-inch pots by November, allowed to rest till the end
of March, receiving meanwhile an abundance of air,
and just as much water as will serve to keep the
foliage healthy. Then a shift at the beginning of
April into a large pot ; the " pinching off the extreme
points to cause the production of side shoots," to be
again operated on in a similar manner about the
middle of June ; and then by a process of tying out the
branches, " the cultivator is enabled to lay the founda-
tion of a large plant." "Then a further shift into "a pot
8-inches in diameter, as one of the objects to be
obtained, is abundance of flower resulting from confined
roots." IJntil the middle of September every flower
stem should be removed as soon as it appears, and the
neglect of this precaution, it is said, will reduce the
strength of the plant. At no period must the plants
be exposed, but be kept constantly under glass, and
shaded from strong sunshine.

This certainly appears to be a somewhat lengthy and
cumbrous process necessitating to some extent a special
act of propagation, together with a frame and house
devoted specially to their culture; while it throws
even the commeudement of the blooming season on
nearly to the verge of the coming winter.

Now, Mr. Barron has effectually demonstrated at
Chiswick that it is a very easy matter to extend the
blooming season; for the very plants now crowded
with trusses of bloom were in June last rendering the
same important service for the especial benefit of the
Floral Committee in another house. There is, there-
fore, no break in the continuity of bloom, while there
is vigour enough in the plants to carry them on pro-
ducing flowers till the beginning of February, the
earliest time at which they will fail to produce flowers.
By this time spring-flowering bulbs and many other
plants, as Ericas, Epacrises, Deutzias, &c., will be in a
forward position to take their place. If they are then
cut down, the soil shaken from the roots, and the roots
pruned, then re-potted, and placed by in a frame, they
can be made very useful in the following summer, if a
dearth of " stuff" requires that they should be kept over.

The following kinds were particularly noticeable
among the group of plants at Chiswick : — Crimson :
Waltham Seedling; Le Grand, a very fine Nosegay
variety ; and Christian Deegen, dark scarlet crimson —
a very fine kind. Scarlet : La Zouave, very bright and
rich ; Persian, a fine shade of pale orange scarlet ;
Inquisition, very bright scarlet, arich andstriking hue,
flowers large and bold ; and Garibaldi, another very
bright scarlet. Orange : Volcano, a bright shade of
deep orange ; and Acme tChater), glowing orange
salmon. Cherry, cerise, and salmon: Eebecca, cherry,
fine trusses of bloom ; Violet Hill Nosegay, an excellent
dwarf-growing and free-blooming variety ; Endeavour,
cerise ; Excellent (Smith's), rosy salmon, a very valuable
decorative plant ; and Mrs. Longman, rosy cerise. Rose
and pink; WiltshireLass,rosypink; Eve, pink; and the
still useful Eose Rendatler. Flowers with carmine
and salmon centres : Loveliness, salmon, carmine
centre; and Lady Parker, carmine centre. Whi^e:
White Perfection and Emile Vaucher.

Tbe whole of the plants were in 32 or 4S-sized pots
and Mr. Barron finds it to be essential to their doing
well that the atmosphere should be kept dry, so as to
prevent any damp from settling_ on the leaves and
flowers. In fine weather the admission of the external
air, with a little fire heat in damp dull weather, will be
found to regulate the atmosphere, and adjust it to the
requirements of the plants.

A plant of Mr. Chafer's very distinct Pelargonium
Annulus, one of the zonal kinds, was particularly
noticeable from the peculiar marking as well as the
formation of the leaves. They are of a bright deep
green, remarkably rounded, though serrated at the
edges, and having a circular bronzy zone, distinctly
traced on the leaf, but yet unusually narrow. It
flowers very sparingly, but the peculiarity of the
foliage makes it useful as a decorative plant. E. D. [11;
is very like an old sort which we have heard called
Crystal Palace Nosegay— also a shy bloomer. Eds.]

LISUJUIAN Bees.— The clever German Bee-master,
the Baion von Berlepsch, states " that he had never
known a queen of the current year to lead off a swarm."

The following facts prove that a gueen of the current
year does sometimes lead off a virgin or maiden swarm,
but it is a rare occurence, and I never heard of a
second swarm of English or common black bees sending
out two virgin swarms. In itfay, 1806, 1 sent a stock
of Ligurian bees to a clergyman in Essex, and it threw
off three swarms, the flrst swarm sent out only one
virgin swarm, but the second swarm wiljh the queen of
the current year, sent out two virgin sv^arow. ?o tws
one stock last year increased ta seven.

i

November 8, 1867.]

TJIV, OAT^MNEl^S' OTTT?0>ITrT,E ANT) AOT^TrriTTmAT, GAZETTE.

1123

Another stock of LiKurian bees despatched at the
same time to the neighbourhood of Liverpool, also
increased to seven ; but in this case the old stock sent
out four swarms and tho first swarm sent out two
virgin swarms. The old stock after throwing oil'
four swarms got so crowded again with bees, that they
hung out in a large cluster; and it was thought thoy
would swarm again, to prevent which a large super was
put on the hive which they nearly tilled with combs and
honey.

Before the introduction of the Ligurian bees into
England, such an increase as two stocks of bees to
increase to 14 in ono year, all with natural swarming,
was never heard of. Win. Carr.

CovEBiNO Wooden Hives.— Having commenced
bee-keeping with two stocks in wooden bo.xes, I am
told that they will not do well in them, being too cold
for bees in winter. Will wrapping tho boxes up in
cloths be of any use in protecting the bees from tho
cold ? Not^ice.

[Provided your boxes are secured from any accession
of outer wet, and that their inmates are populous and
Bufliciently supplied with stores for winter consump-
tion, you need be under no apprehension as regards the
unsuitability of the material of which the hives are
made as a winter habitation for bees.

On no account swathe your boxes with cloths; they
frequently become and remain damp, doing more harm
than good.

Internal moisture is more to be dreaded than outer
cold. A good plan for preventing injury from this
cause is to remove tho wooden top or orown^board, and
substitute for it a thick mat made of twisted straw,
which may be retained in place by four slips of wood,
fastened down bjf screws.

In a large apiary, composed of hives of both wood
and straw, we have for many years had occasion to
yemark that the stocks whicli have passed the winter
in the best condition, and have been most populous
and forward in the spring, have been almost invariably
domiciled in wooden hives.]

Bees in L.incashiee.— I thought it might interest
and comfort some of your readers to know that in this
district bees have done wretchedly this past sea-son.
from what I have seen and heard, I should say that
most of the honey that has been collected, and that is
far less than an average quantity, is discoloured, and
has a bitter taste. Hardly any stocks have swarmed to
my knowledge. JJ. Binns.

Garden Memoranda.

ShsUBLAND Park {continued from p. 1100).—
Stepping then into tho garden through the side gate
near the conservatory, the first impression is one of
admiration of the prospect. The valley of the Gipping
affords a most satisfying panorama of quiet beauty, and
the foreground is quite in character with the distant
scenery. A charming lawn slopes gracefully away from
the parapet wall that sustains the terrace. Passing the
noble conservatory on the right, and across the grand
terrace that forms a second base to the mansion, we
come to the architectural balcony garden on the
left. It consists of four massive beds on each side of a
broad centre walk, and simple forms of turf, embroi-
dered round with white bands of sparkling silver sand,
heavily ornamented with urn - shaped ornaments,
massive stone baskets, &c. It is bounded by a highly
ornamental retaining wall towards the side of the hang-
ing wood, which is pierced in the centre by a massive
architectural arch leading to a magnificent flight of
100 or more stone steps, that land the visitor on the
panel garden that looks enchantingly brilliant at their
base. The scene from here is truly magnificent. The
steps themselves are of regal grandeur, the panel
garden the richest imaginable. It is bounded by a
highly ornamental retaining wall, pierced by an arch in
the centre, similar to the one at the top of the steps.
By one of those rapid transitions for which the late
Lady Middleton was famous, undressed Nature, in the
term of a rough wooded scene, creeps right up to
the base of this highly artistic wall. A deep, artifi-
cial dell, just through the arch in the retaining
wall of the panel garden, is spanned by a rustic stone
bridge. Beyond this broad sweeps of green turf, only
interrupted by masses of evergreens and mixed beds of
herbaceous and semi-tropical plants, reach down to the
bottom of the valley, that is here occupied with a belt of
wood. This wood is from one-half to three-quarters of a
mile distant from the balcony garden, and about 200 feet
below it. In front of the belt of wood a lake was formed
last year, that has a fine effect from the top of the stone
steps, and helps to satisfy the craving that the rich
scenery leaves unsatisfied — that for more water. This
lake and the moving line of the Gipping scarcely adds
coolness enough to the brilliant colouring and rich
verdure that compose thebroadfeaturesof the landscape.
Returning to the noble terrace overlooking the
balcony garden, and passing along in a line with the
front of the mansion, the Sweet Chestnut-tree walk is
reached. Here there are the sloping lawns on the left,
with a strip of lawn and the park on the right, and the
finest Sweet Chestnuts in England. There are nine of
these m.agnifieent weather-beaten trees, each supposed
to have battled with the elements for a thousand years,
and, although deeply scarred with the weather-br.ands
of many a storm, they look as if they might contend
with all comers for as many more centuries to come.
Their size and form proclaim their hoar antiquity, and
inspire one with a feeling of respect, akin to reverence
and awe. One of the largest measures 42 feet in circum-
ference, and several of the other boles are nearly as
large. This walk terminates in a seat at the extremity
of the upper lawn, and looks up a fine dell in the deer
park, almost entirely planted with Sweet Chestnuts of
great size. It was stated, that while these generally

ripen enormous quantities of fine fruit, those on
tlie lawn never bring any to maturity. Passing
down, at the extremity of the lawn we arrive at a
lower level, and reach a straight gravel walk, boumled
on the left by a hill of roughly-formed natural-looking
scenery, composed of common shrubs and coarse herba-
ceous plants, growing wild amid a groundwork of roots,
stones, and stumps of trees, and on the right by a
ribbon border planted in the Vandyke stylo ton
rows deep. Both sides of the walk have features
of beauty, but the violence of the contrast is extreme,
and perhaps too forcible for tho satisfaction of
the ordinary run of men. Leaving here, tho French
garden is reached — a very pretty design, laid out on
gravel with Box and silver sand, and prettily fillod-in
bedding plants. This little gem is surrounded with
a high hedge of English Laurel. The design, cha-ste
and elegant, was copied from the scrollwork embellish-
ing an ancient book-cover. Near here a diagonal
Grass walk leads to the centre of tho Panel garden.
This garden, as its name imports, is sunk between
2 and 8 feet below tho surrounding surface. It forms
part of a semicircle, bounded on the circular extremity
by Grass and gravel and the retaining wall already
noticed from the top of the steps, and on the other two
sides by diagonal Grass walks stretching across with
lines of beds on each side. One of these Grass paths
is the long one first observed from the steps on the
carriage road that forms one side of the whole series
of gardens ; the other is a short one by which the
Panel garden is reached, terminating at one end with
a seat under a tree, and at the other in a seat forming
the extremity of the retaining wall. Both centre in a
fine fountain, that adds much to the architectural
effect of the Panel garden. Looking up from here
towards the spot on the carriage road that affords the
first glimpse of Shrubland, the steps at that point seem
a mistake. They should either lead up to a house or
tower in the distance, or give place to a bank of turf.
Turning round to view the mansion, the noble flight of
steps connecting the balcony with the Panel garden
stand out in all their bold magnificence. They are
12 feet wide, with four rests 21 feet wide, the whole
furnished with massive balustrading. Within 20 steps
of the bottom they diverge to the right and left
with an elegant curve presenting a bold front of wall
to the Panel garden. A small cave is scooped out
of the centre of this wall, which is furnished with
Ferns, with water dripping among them. Just beyond
the steps on each side — that is, on a line with
the projecting rests— the wall is carried up on
the ground level. On this wall two or three vases,
large enough for their position, are placed in the spaces
between each rest. These are filled with brilliant
masses of the old Tom Thumb Scarlet Pelargonium,
the best of them all for such purposes. It is impossible
to exaggerate the rich effect of these masses of scarlet
in contrast with the white stone and the heavy masses
of shrubs, chiefly Box, that are planted to clothe the
sides of the steps. These shrubs are mainly kept down
to the base of the balustrading, but a curious effect is
produced by allowing some Arbor-vitfes, &c., to
tower up here and there among the Box ; and against
each rest the Box is carried through at a higher level,
as high as the top of the balustrading at the point,
until it joins the untrained trees and shrubs that
constitute the hanging hill on either side. Near the
base of the steps on either side a unique and pleasing
effect is produced by a curious bed, formed of lines of
Tew, about 18 inches high, and as much through,
interwreathed in a singular manner, and enclosing
scrolls of turf, silver-sand, and flowers. But the most
striking feature consists of a large double-headed
serpent, laying lazily across the back of each bed,
formed of variegated Box, twisted over, among, in, and
through the Yew. Box and Tew alike are in the
highest health, and these architectural beds, with
reptiles scaling their shrub-built walls, add an element
of the grotesque to complete the grandeur of these
fine stairs.

Hurrying through the archway on the opposite
side of the Panel garden, across a rustic bridge
that spans a walk running along an artificial dell
that has bold mounds on either side tempting one
strongly to a botanical exploration in search of lost
or forgotten herbaceous plants, an open lawn studded
with clumps of shrubs stretches away in all directions.
Proceeding nearly in a straight line to have a look at
the lake, it is found to be formed of asphalte, and great
difliculty is experienced in keeping it watertight, from
the effect of heat and cold, causing it to contract and
expand^ and thus to crack its sides.

Bearmg to the left, through a series of beds of mixed
herbaceous and sub-tropical plants and Pelargoniums,
the Moss summer-house is seen in the distance. This
consists of a long tent-like building, open in front and at
the ends, covered with Virginian creeper, which at this
early season (the 20th of September) is a perfect fiame
of scarlet, and one of the richest sights imaginable
from many points of tho grounds. A very fine bed of
Cannas and Caladiums, and another of tall Fuchsias
were growing here, and at once attracted attention
from their health and great beauty. Leaving this and
passing along the side of the Rosary, we next arrive at
the Poplar garden and the conservative wall. The
Poplar garden consists of two tall Poplar trees with a
high vase between them, and a large bed on either side
planted in lines of colours. Passing round the back of
the conservative wall, and turning to the ri^ht at the
end, we are led into the Fountain garden. This is a large
circle cut into four quarters by gravel walks, each
quarter being divided into about 30 beds bynarrow strips
of turf reaching from the centre to the circum-
1 ference, and divided in the middle by a row of circles.
A small circle is also placed at the further extremity of
the diverging lines of turf, where the surrounding
ground admifi of them. This garden is a perfect blaze
of bloom, and is one of the richest scenes in this paradise

of varied beauty. It is bounded on one side by
the long green glade so often adverted to and on the
other by the conservative wall. This wall used to be
heated, and the plants protected on each side bj^ lights
and shutters in winter. Close by, and within sight of
this, is the Chinese garden, with its large hanging
ba.skets suspended on poles, its quaint groundwork of
tiles, .scrolled beds of box and silver sand filled mostly
with sweet-scented Pelargoniums, siicli as Shrubland
Pet, &c., and embellished with Irish .lunipers. Pass-
ing forward among shrubs and trees, a mass of Yew, of
octagon form, having a bold vase on each side, is
reached. Each of these vases forms the centre of a
walk that converges on the respective points. The
other ends of these walks have all their special objects
as termini— one a tree, another a raised bed of flowers,
a third a vista, and so on. Neither of the walks are
long, and they are of course all straight, and the whole
thing is a surprise and a pleasini; change. One of
these walks leads to the Maze, whii;h was ono of the
latest works of Mr. Beaton at Shrubland. Stepping on
to the green glade at its furthest extremity by tlie park
gate, and returning a few yards, the Dial garden is seen
on the left and the Swiss Cottage on tho right. The
Dial garden is sunk below the glade, and is very pretty.
It used to be wholly devoted to verbenas, but is planted
this season with Linum grandiflorum, Stella Pelar-
gonium, Purple King Verbena, Tropicolum Brilliant,
Cerastium tomentosum, and others. A level platform,
reaching from the end of the Dial garden and extending
pa.st the Chinese to the Fountain garden, is devoted to
scrollwork of Box on gravel and silver sand, with some
tiny fiower beds. This, like the Dial garden, is sunk
below the level of the green glade, and forms its left-
hand boundary as far as the scrollwork extends. The
Fountain garden then comes in, succeeded by lawn and
shrubs, until the Panel garden is reached.

A great part of the space on the opposite, or wood
side of the green glade is occupied by a sloping
bank of different coloured Dahlias, five or six rows
deep, each whole row being of one colour. At other
points between the Swiss Cottage and the grand steps,
not so lighted up with flowers, the shrubs sweep down
to the glade. Several walks are carried through this
wooded bank, and one diverges right and left from the
first rest on the stone steps. But it is impossible to
explore either of those at present ; so, returning to the
Swiss Cottage, and noting tho cottager's garden iu
front, we pass at once into miniature mountain
scenery — clothed with Ferns and furnished here and
there with water. The rapid transition and quiet
repose at this point are charming. The rooks are
hardly bold enough to represent Swiss scenery ; but it
must be borne in mind that there is no stone except
flint in Suffolk, and that most of the blocks here are
artificial. With the one exception of insufficient
massiveness, the scene is perfect. The dell is spanned
by a rustic wooden bridge, and erratic narrow passes
lead in various directions to nowhere in particular.
Emerging from these a neat summer-house is reached,
with what appears to be a looking-glass, or massive
mirror, suspended in a large frame opposite the
entrance. It puzzles one at first to tell whether the
exquisite scene revealed is the reflection of a work of
art, or a glimpse of the most charming natural scenery.
On nearer approach it is found that the frame is
destitute of glass, and that the charming picture is one
of the richest imaginable views across the surrounding

fardens, and far away over the rich valley towards
feedham Market. A straight walk leads from this up
to the boundary walk that skirts the park, back to our
starting point by the conservatory gate. Another fine
gravel walk proceeds along the top of the wooded hill
on to the Balcony garden. A velvety sloping lawn, with
a few Thorns and other trees and shrubs, stretches
away on a charming rise, until it meets the base of the
different terraces and Balcony walls. F.
(To be Continued.)

Garden Operations.

(For the ensuing weelc.)
PLANT HOUSES.

We are now entering "the dull November month,"
and upon one of the most adverse periods of our, at
the best, not over feUcitous climate. The main con-
siderations, therefore, as regards pits, frames, green-
houses, &c., ought to be how to best reduce the volvune
of dense humidity with which their atmosphere is
continually surcharged; and whilst a minimum tem-
perature of 50° only is maintained, how to keep them
as dry as possible. To open lights or sashes, even
with a not too cold outer atmosphere, when this
latter is teeming with moisture, under the im-
pression of giving increased freshness to plants,
kept necessarily at a low temperature in order not to
excite them, is, to say the least of it, multiplying the
very evils with which we have to contend. Reliable
hygrometers ought to be used both out and indoors ;
and when the outer atmosphere is found to contain an
equal amount of, or more moisture than that inside,
the structure should be immediately closed against its
entry, and vice versa. A little air may sometimes be
given at the apex, or highest ventilators, even on
certain doubtful occasions ; but with proper wartiith
outside, should it be seen that there is an inclination
to dryness, if ever so httle, give abundance of air, as it
may he concluded that a somewhat rarihed and
absorbent atmosphere exists.

FORCING HOUSES.

Those who are now employed in preparing early
Vineries for forcing, should not overlook the great
advantage attending bottom-heat in connection with
all such operations. Out-door borders should inva-
riably receive assistance in this way, by simply
placing thereon sufficient fermenting material ;
which with proper attention in the shape of an

1124

THE GARBENEHS' CHRONICLE AND AGEICtJLTUKAL GAZETTE

[NOVBMBEH 2, 1867.

occasional stirring over, and a slight renewal by
adding fresh litter, &o., might be made to retain
a nice even temperature. Besides, by absorbing
superficial moisture, this protection may be made
to act in a two-fold manner. As regards Pines, some
amount of discrimination will be necessary in order to
distinguish between the requirements of bright sunny
and of dull dark days. The thermometer should not rise
above from 54' to 58' in pits, &c., containing the suc-
cession stock when the latter kind of weather prevails,
with a range up to a maximum of about 85' in the
fruiting structures. Examine the test sticks in all pits
recently renovated with fresh tan frequently, in order
to see that the heat is not too high. Push Pines
showing fruit prominently forward, and use every
advantage at command, with the view of producing a
successful issue ; but do not hurry others, which show
for the next three weeks or a month, but by using
moderate warmth, only, try to carry them into the
first weeks in the new year, when, with a larger
amount of solar light, better success in ripening might
fairly be anticipated. Get together at the earliest
moment possible a goodly heap of leaves— Ook, Sweet
Chestnut, and the like, are the best, being most
durable. Mix .some with stable litter, thoroughly to
ferment together for the purpose of sweetening them.
These will shortly be required for the purpose of forcing
Rhuharh, SeahaJe, &c. Surface dress Fmit trees in
pots generally ; and should any need it, this will be a
convenient time to pot, or shift them into larger-sized
pots. These remarks apply especially to Figs, Cherries,
&o. It is not advisable to fresh pot the former of
these, however, unless growth is a desideratum. A
surface dressing alone will insure a good supply of
fruit.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

Intending planters in this department, having pre-
pared the borders, procured the necessary fruit trees,
iStc, had better proceed with planting at the earliest
moment possible after their arrival. First prune the
roots carefully with a keen-edged knife, removing
about a third of all the largei*, grosser ones, any which
might have been injured beyond recovery in digging
them up, &c. Elevate the soil upon the exact position
where the tree is to be planted, raound-like,say to about
12 inches higher than the surrounding ground, after
having first well trodden the space surroundmg it
5 or 6 feet in diameter, for the purpose of obviating
any undue sinking thereof at a later date, and when the
tree has begun to establish itself. If the tree operated
upon, whatever its form may be, is being planted
in the open ground, it will be better to drive a
stake firmly down through this mound first. To this
the tree should be firmly tied when planted. Spread
the roots — even to the minutest fibre— out evenly all
around upon this mound, at an angle of about 50',
sprinkling in finely pulverised soil between every rootlet
separately ; finish off firmly with about 6 inches of
soil above all. In tying the tree to the stake, always
attach the tying material to the latter first, at a height
of 2 or 3 inches below where it is intended it should
be tied to the tree. So doing will obviate what gar-
deners sometimes call " hanging the roots," a condition
caused, as will be readily seen, by the sinking of the
soil with the roots therein, whilst the main stem is
held suspended to the stake. In planting trees against
walls, &c., proceed in precisely the same manner.
Bring the observations just made to bear upon
each in fastening it to the wall; and, what is
likely to prove of some importance hereafter, do not
plant any too close to the wall, whether " standards " or
*' dwarfs," but afford each ample room to swell and fill
out properly at the base, for once a tree has its sides
compressed against so hard a substance, and especially
its base, an interference with its proper development,
free circulation of sap, &c., occurs, beyond dispute.
Besides which, imagine the heat, in such a position,
which this has to endure, in broiling summer days. To
do these young trees justice, then, in this wise, they
should each and all be quite 6 inches from the wall,
where the base emerges from the soil. I am aware
that this might appear an excessive distance, taking
the size of the small stocks when planted only into
consideration. Not so, however, when, havin™ attained
to a fruiting size, it doubles in diameter what its simple
circumference scarcely now measures. I have not yet
made any remark concerning the branches. These may
be left as they are until a later date. If the weather
is dry^ at planting time it will be well to water the roots
well, in order to settle the soil around them without
delay.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.
■" Fansies, if strong and well rooted, should be planted
out not later than the ensuing week, provided the
weather is moderately open. It will not be advisable
to remove them, however, after this date. The Clive-
den, or spring flowering sorts, bedded out, should they
be strong or are likely, by having been drawn up in the
cutting beds— being long or lanky— to receive injury in
windy weather, had better be pegged down firmly
forthwith. They will quickly turn their heads up and
continue flowering freely. Proceed with TiiUp planting
as the weather proves favourable. Eemove any
Gladioli from the open borders into a dry open
situation, where the bulbs can ripen off freely.
KITCHEN GARDEN.

I have little to add this week to past directions, as
in all neatly kept gardens it must be superfluous to
speak of removing all decaying vegetable matter with
despatch— dead leaves from Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels
Sprouts, &c. — all these harbour insects, mildew, and
retain moisture, to the impediment of a free circula-
tion of air, so necessary to harden all such things, in
order to enable them to resist the severity of hard
frosts. Do not cut the tops off Brussels Sprouts, if it
is^ neccessary that they should stand well through the
■JFJnter. Manure, trench, or dig any vacant ground, as

soon as time can be spared from constant sweeping and
raking operations, for that purpose. Cut away the
older growth upon plantations of Chamomile without
further delay ; freshen over the surface of the soil,
and tread the plants firmly all over afterwards. This
will induce them to root more freely. W. F.

HINTS FOR AMATEURS.

Amongst November's duties, transplanting occu-
pies an important place ; and as some appear to imagine
that this is a simple matter, consisting merely of
pulling up a plant, cramming it into a hole prepared
for it, shovelling in the loose earth, and stamping upon
it, we purpose making a few remarks upon the subject.

Transplanting is a combination of two distinct opera-
tions, and as much depends upon the manner in which
the plant is dug up, as upon the way in which it is
re-planted. The taking-up or digging-up of plants
deserves more thought, care, and consideration than is
generally given to it by amateurs ; it is too commonly
the case that they care little how it comes up, so long
as they get it up quickly and without trouble ; to " get
it up " is their only thought, no matter how ; " never
mind about a few broken roots, but get it up." Now
of the two operations, this is really the more impor-
tant and the more diflicult one ; for if a plant be care-
fully dug-up, it is not very likely to be badly planted,
while the most careful planting in the world
will never make up for in-uries inflicted in
digging it up. By injuries we mean boughs or
roots broken off, or strained, or bruised. If the
plant he large or its branches brittle, it is desirable to
tie it up into the smallest compass before beginning to
move the earth ; by so doing it becomes more manage-
able and less liable to injury both in digging it up and
in removing it to its intended destination. Having
thus secured its branches, the next care must be for its
roots.^ The object must be to save all the roots, and
especially the rootlets, for they are really the most
important parts, and upon the care with which they
are preserved from injury depends, more than upon
anything else, the future well-being of the plant. Now,
the mode of the growth of roots is very various, and
nothing but experience will enable any one, unac-
quainted with the plant, to tell what kind of roots it
will probably have. Some plants have tuberous roots,
like Dahlias and Potatos, and these are found close
under or near to the main stem of the plant ; you need
never dig far away for them. Other plants have long
straggling roots, with the rootlets ohiefly near the
end of the roots, and these require more care in digging
up than any others. With such plants you should
begin to dig down some distance off, and care-
fully dig up towards the plant until you come up to
the ends of its roots, and having thus found and
relieved the extremities all round the plant, the earth
near the stem may be last loosened, and the plant then
removed. If you do not know what kind of roots a
plant may have, it will always be most prudent to begin
digging at some distance away from the stem.

In order to be able to re-plant properly, you must
know how the roots grow naturally ; and as this can
only be learnt during the process of digging up, here is
another reason for that process being carried on with
care and consideration. The depth at which the roots
are found below the surface should be esnecially
remarked. How often have we observed Ferns planted,
ay, even by professed gardeners, in a manner in which
it is impossible for the poor things to grow at all,
treated as if they were young Cabbages, or pricked out
like young Lettuces, having all their roots squeezed
together, and put down into a round hole some
6 inches deep, with their crowns an inch or two below
the surface of the earth, their gracefully arching fronds
having no alternative left them but to stand bolt
upright ! It seems almost incredible that any one who
had ever seen a Fern growing healthily, and had taken
it up, could have failed to note that the crown is
always found above the surface of the earth, and that
the roots always lie upon or just beneath the surface,
and extend for some distance away from the crown.
The roots of such a plant must inevitably rot if put
deep into a hole, and the same thing will happen to its
crown if smothered beneath a layer of soil ; in short, a
Fern so treated is not planted, but buried, and as little
likely to live as a man in the water would be who had
only the point of his nose or the tips of his toes above
the surface.

It is a matter of great importance that attention be
paid to the drainage of ground to which plants are
about to be moved, for nothing but aquatics will grow
in stagnant water or wet mud. Having secured good
drainage, the nature of the soil below that in which
the plant is to grow must be looked to; where strong
shoots and luxuriant growth are wanted this subsoil
should be deeply trenched, but where dwarf growth
is required, or flowers and fruit rather than foliage are
desired, then it is better to abstain from digging up
the subsoil.

The soil in which the plant is to be grown should
be that in which it is observed to flourish best ; and if
that is not to be had, the ingenuity of the grower is
then called into action to make up, out of the soils at
his command, a mixture that imitates the natural soil
as closely as possible.

And now as to re-planting. Having made a hole
larger and deeper than the ball," fill it nearly half
full of the prepared soil, and press it down firmly,
leaving it rather higher in the middle than at the
sides; then place the plant upon this elevated part,
and spread out its roots carefully in all directions,
taking care that they do not overlap one another.
Next drive in a stake, to which fasten the plant so that
it cannot move, and then carefully shake some soil
over the roots to the depth of two or three inches ; a
free use of the watering-pot will settle it down amongst
the roots, after which the hole may be filled up and
the earth pressed or beaten down.

No matter how thoroughly this is done, the ground
is sure to sink after a time ; it is therefore expedient
to finish off newly-moved soil rather higher than the
surrounding surface, which thus ultimately becomes
uniform. Otherwise it would be necessary afterwards
to fill up with more soil the sunken part, and as this
would involve the burying of the roots under a greater
depth of earth than was at first intended, it is very
important that this sinking should be provided for, by
planting high at first.

Having thus stated generally the chief points to be
borne in mind in transplanting, I will conclude by
noticing two things commonly done which should be
especially avoided. First, avoid shaking the plant
while the earth is being filled in ; the end which this
objectionable plan is intended to attain, that of making
the earth settle down between the roots, is far better
secured by soaking it with a watering-pot, without any
injury to the young roots, which are sure to be bruised,
if not broken, by the least rough treatment. Secondly,
avoid stamping the earth down with your heel ; tread
it fairly with a flat foot, and with the whole weight of
your body when enough soil has been put above the
roots to protect them from crushing, but do not use
your heel. W. T.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICTK, NEAR LONDON,
For the Week ending Oct. 30, 1867, as observed at the Horticultural Gardens.

ii

Baboubteb.

TeUP£E&.TO&E.

Wind

the Air.

Of the Earth

a

3

Max.] MiD.

Max.

MIn.

Mcau

1 foot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thura. 24
Friday 25
Satur. 2ti
Sunday 27
Mon. 2S
Tues. 29
Wed. 30

27
28
29

?

2
3

29.912

30.130
30,082
29.502
29.924
29.999
29.982

29.785

30.0S5
29.938
29.351
29.7G2
29.738
29.874

61

62
C2

li

55
54

41
34
45

29
30
47
47

51.0
43.0
53.5
40.0
42.5
51.0
50.5

55
55
51
52
51
51
51

53
53
53
62
51
51
51

S.E.
E.

s.

N.W.
N.W.

s.w.

.00
.00
,00
.17
.02
.01
.06

Average .

i29ft6il 29.936

57.1

39.0

48.0

62.7

62.0

0.28

25— Overcast ; fine ; cloudy and tine,

— 26— Clear ; low fog ; clear and fine ; clear.

— 27 -Overcast ; boisterous ; very heavy rain ; clear and cold.

— 28-Clear, hoar frost ; clear and fine ; clear and frosty.

— 29— Rain ; cloudy and boisterous ; cloudy ; overcast.

— 30-Overcast and damp ; overcast ; rain at night.

Mean temperature of the week ,1 8-10 deg, above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Nov. 9,1867.

<J-1^

Sunday ,

Mon. .. 4| 52.0 I 3G.6

Tues. ..6 53.1 37.9

Wed. .. (i, 628 I 37.6

Thuis. .. 7' 52 I , 37.3

Friday .. 8' 51 1 34.8

Satur. .. 9 50.6 33.6

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

0 82 in.

0,44

0 69

0.76

1.02

0,58

0.40

Prevailing Winds.

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
5th, 1853, and 6th, 1834-therm. 63 deg. ; and the lowest on the 9th,,
lS64-therm. 17 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Adi.\.ntum Ghiesbreohtii. — The Etlitora would be obliged to
any correspondent who may have the true A. Ghiosbreghtii
in cultivation if he would forward them a frond showing its
usual character.

Carnations and Pinks : Fuchs. The florists' Carnation is a
variety of the Dianthus Caryophyllus, while the Pink is a
variety of D. plumarlua, perhaps crossed by some other
species. The Picotee is another variety of D. Caryophyllus,
and is therefore closely related to the Carnation, and but
distantly to the Pink. The Carnation has its colours
arranged longitudinally in stripes, the Picotee transversely
as an edging to the petals. Is this the information you seek?

Fuchsias : Leonard Fucks. Much depends on the present
condition of the plants. If they are so young as to be still
growing, you must rest them moderately by keeping them
rather dry, and then about the beginning of February turn
out, root prune, branch prune, and start iu a moist heat.
You should get Mr. Cannell's Catalogue, for which ha
charges a few pence ; it contains most trustworthy instruc-
tions on this subject. If the plants have the wood ripened,
dry them off more thoroughly now.

Insects: C N S. The caterpillar found feeding on Dendrobium
nobile is that of one of the Noctuidie, belonging to the
genus Graphiphora, of which we are not able to determine
the species in the larva state.

Names of Fruits: / D. Pears: 1, Chaumontelle ; 3 and 4,
Knight's Monarch ; 6 and 7, Beurr^ Diel ; 9 and 14, Berga-
motte Cadette ; 11, Ne Plus Meuris ; others indeterminable.
— C Langdon. Apple, Mfero de Manage. — Carter tfr Co. Apple,
Blenheim Orange.— i>ii'ro5(. Grape, Raisin deCalabre. — Jones,
Ickworlh. Your Pear is one of the old musky, very gritty,
turpentine-flavoured French Pears, not worth growing, for
nobody would care to eat the fruit. — W C. We believe your
Grape is the Dutch Hamburgh.

Names of Plants: M D. Opuntia microdasys, — M M P. 1,
Alyssum incanum ; 2 and 5, Quercus Ilex ; 3, Arbutus
Unedo ; 4, Cupressus Lawsoniana.

Notice to Quit : A. J. You do not give sufficient data for us
to answer your questions. We imagine the reply to your
first question must depend on the terms of your agreement,
or lease. 2. It is usual that the notice to quit should expire
at the same period as that on which the tenancy commenced.
In any case you should consult your sohcitor.

Peach : / C. Your seedling Peach is not first-rate in this
season, but deserves trial in a better one.

Pelargonium : G J) B. In the leaf sent the green is almost
obliterated by the spreading of the colouring matter of the
zone over nearly the entire surface. We have seen one or
two others similar to yours. They will probably be useful
as breeders, for a Pelargonium with finely-coloured deep
chocoLate or maroon leaves would be a welcome substitute
for some of the dark-foliaged plants now used for bedding—
as useful in its way as the golden-leaved sorts.

Spot in Obchids : J B. A great deal appeared in this joui-nal
in 1865 respecting the spot in Orchids. No remedy or mode
of treatment, however, has yet been discovered which will
cure or prevent its attacks. It occurs fi-equently on Orchids
in their native countries, and therefore is not solely the result
of cultivation. Almost every Orchid grower has suffered more
or less, and its appearance cannot be considered as a proof
of want of skiU in the cultivator. M J B.

Sfn Heat: Sun Dial. Nest week.

Erratum. — In p. 1025, col. c, for Lastrea floridana read Lastrea
lacera.

Communications Received. — W. Thomson. — J. Wills. — E. G.
— D. Thomson.— H. H. Q.— J. M. M.— G. B.-J. E,—
Amateur.— W, R.— J, P.— J. A. T.— J. T.

SNOTKMBEB 2, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1125

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Incorporated by Spocial Act of Parliament in 1853.

To JjlKDOWNKaS, THE ClEROT, EsTlTE AoENTS, SonTXTORt, Ac, III

Knqland and Walks, and in Scotland.
The Compnny navances money. uDlimited In amount, for the
following works of Agricultural Improvomoiit. the whole outlay ami
expenses in all cases being liquidated by a rent-charge for 2;» yoara.
1. Drainage, Irrigation, and Warpinj^, Embanking, Inctoiing,
CluariiiR, Heolamiition, Planting, for any bonollciai purpose,
EnKlncH or Machmery for Drainage or Irrigation.
1. Farm Uoada, Tramways and Railroads for agricultural or fnimlng
piirpoaos,

3. JetLiuH or Landing places on the noa-coRit or on the banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Erection of Farm Ilouaoa, Labourers' Cottagos, and other

Bulltlinga requlrod lor Farm purposes, and the Imjirovomont
of and additions to Farm [lousei and other buildlnga for
Farm purpoaoH,

Landowners asaossed under tho provisions of any Act of P.*rlla>
nient, Koyal Charter, or Cominiaslon hi respect of any public or
(general worka of Drainage or other improTemonts, may borrow thoir
proportlonuto share of the cost, and ohargo tho same with tho
exponaoa un the lands Improved.

The tiornpany will alKO negotiato tho Kant-charEos obtained by
Landowners under th(p Improvement of Land Act, 1864, In respect of
their Subscription of Shmoa In a Railway or Caaal Uonipanr.

No invtfstlgation of title iu required, and th« Company being of a
■trlctly I'nanclal character, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the Govern-
mout Enclosure Commlasioners

Apply to auANTiLLc R. RtDKB,Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street. London. S.W.

c

OLONY of NATAL.

IMMIGRATION and FREEHOLD LAND GRANTS.

GRANTS of UOVKKNMKNT LAND are given to Men familiar
with Fiirming operationH. iiud po3aes.sing suflRclont moans to turn
their Land to account.

Applications for further Information to bo made to Dr. Mann, tho
Special Agent of tho Natal Qovornmont, at the Natal Immigration
Offlco, Ui, Huckingliam Street, Strand, London, W,C.

UYAL AGIUCULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.

EDUCATIONAL PB1ZK3.

rnHE LONDON MANURE COMPANY

JL (Estadlished ISIO)

Have now ready for delivery in dry fine condition,
CORN MANQKE, for Spring Uae
DISSOLVED HONES, for Dressing Pasture Landi
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse ; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY
SALT. to. E. PoE3£B, Secreury.
OMcea. 116. Fegohurch Street, E.G.

M^

Look to your Grass Lands, ficc.

Established 1820.

fESSRS. JAEED T. HUNT and SONS beg to

inform their numerous Agricultural Friends and Customora,

that they have now on hand, in the finest conditlou, their usual
Autumn Stock of

AMMONIACAL CORN MANURE,
which has, for several years, given such general satisfaction.

They have also always on hand, ready for immediate delivery,
the largest stock of CRUSHED BONES of any Ilrm in tho United
Kingdom, viz. :— In 4-inch BONES; i-lnch BONES ; PULVERIZED
BONES for Grass Lands ; prepared BONES for Grape Vines and
Hops; also BLOOD MANtJRE, SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME,
PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA, direct from toe
Docks.

Prices and other particulars of the above, at their Works, Lambeth
Whai'f, London, S. ; Bow Bridge Woriis, Stratford, E. ; and Down-
ham Market, Norfolk.

N. B.— Responsible Persons as AGENTS WANTED in districts not
yet represented.

APRIL, 1800.

^j Fork or ApfLiciTion vor Camdidatkb.

bo returned filled up on or before
February W. 1868.

Name of the Candldato at full length
Date of his Birth

Branch of Business followed by hli family

Duilnesfl intended to bo followed by himself

Residence of Parents or Guardians . .
The Names of tho Schools at which the Candi-
date has been educated, stating the number < '
years spent at e,ach ; accompanied by Cert
flcates of general Education
The Candidate has to state whether he will be")
examined in Land Surveying, or in Mechanics >■
as applied to Agriculture, or In both subjects. . )
He must likewise state in which of the following')
optional subjects he desires to be examined, [

Tir, : — Botany

Geology

Veterinary Science,.
Copies of the above Form may be obtained on appHcatton to
H. Hall Darx, Secretary.
12, Hanover Square, London, W.

odi--)
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I be)
nIcB >■
ts..)
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ned, I

R°

YAL

LA W ES' W il y AT MANURE for AU I'UMN
SOWING. — A supply of the above Manure is now ready for
delivery, at J. B. Lvwts' Factories, Deptford and Barking Cieeka.
Price £6 per ton. Two to three cwt. per acre to bo harrowed into
the land before the seed is sowu. It can be obtained of Mr. Lawes,
i)T througli any of his appointed Agents ; also
LAWES" PATENT TURSIP MANURE .. £S 6 0 per ton.
SUPEKPHOSPHATE of LIME .. .. £5 6 0 per ton.

Genuine PEHUVIAN GUANO direct from the Importers, and

all Chemical Manures of value.
AMEKICAN and other CAKES at market prices.
Address John Bennet Lawes, Offices, I.Adelaide Place, London
Bridge, E.G. ; '22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; & Market Square, Shrewsbury.

Wlieat

Sowing.

DOWN'S FARMER'S FRIEND, for Preventing the
Smut in Wheat, and the R^vagQ3 of tho Slug, Grub, and
Wireworm. A 9ti. packet Is sufficient for Six Bushels of Seed Wheat,
which can be dressed and fit to sow in a quarter of an hour.

Testimonials from the largest Wheat Growers in tho Kingdom,
bearing testimony to its great power and efficacy, may be had of
Agents, who are appointed for every district.

Full directions for use are given with each packet.

Prepared at tho Manufactory, Woburn, Beds.

Cadtion.— To guard against fraudulent imitation and consequent

disappointment, see that the signature of Henrt Down is on the label,

Agents in every Town throughout Engl-^nd, Scotland, and Ireland.

COUNCIU
The Right Hon. W. Cowper, M.P.
Thomas Hughes, Esq., M.P.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P,
James Beal, Esq.
Edward Vansittart Neale, Esq.
F. Pennington, Esq. (Treasurer).
E. Owen Greening, Esq.
(Managing Director).

29, Parliament Street, London.
4, WaiTon Street, Manchester.

SUPPLIES its Members
with IMPLEMENTS and
MACHINES by the best Makers,
and with Unadultemted SEEDS,
MANURES, and Manufactured
CATTLE FOOD, at Wholesale Cost Price, upon the Co-operative
uystem. Explanatory Circulars post free, or on personal application
at the Offices of the Association.

AGRICULTURAL BENEVOLENT

INSTITUTION.
Patron— Kza Majestt the Qoebx.
President — His Grace the Duke op RicnifOND.
For tho RELIEF of DECAYED FARMERS, their WIDOWS
and ORPHAN DAUGHTERS; and fnr ttie MAINTENANCE and
EDUCATION of their OltPHAN CHILDREN.
Allowance to Pensioners.
Married .. £40 per annum I Male .. £2ti per annum
Widow and Unmarried Orphan Daughters . . £20 per annum
Orphan Children admitted from 7 to 10 years of age, and wholly
maintained and educated until tho age of 14 years iu the case of
Boya, and 10 years in the case of Girls.

One Hundred and Five Pensioners have already bsen placed on
the books of the Institution; and in addition to the number of
Pensioners to be admitted at the next Election, the Council have
decided to Elect Ten Orphan Children.

Forms of Application for Pensioners and Children, and oTery
information, to be obtained of the Secretary, by whom Donations
and Subscriptions will be thank*'ully received.
35, Charing Cross, London, S.W. Charles Shaw, Secretary.

Iron Cisterns.

FBRABY AND CO. having laid down extensive and
• Improved Machinery in their new range of buildings, Ida
Wbarf, Dkptkord, are now prepared to supply WROUGHT-IRON
TANKS, GALVANISED, or FAINTED, " . . .

reduced prices, and at very short notice.

of superior quality, at

LISTS OF TANKS

ON APPLICATION.

y. Bhabt & Cu., Limited, t'ltzroy Worlts, Eubtou Huiid, LiODdon.

George HaU, late Manager to tlie late Saynors' Firm.

He was for 30 Vlars in their Eufloy.

GEO. HALL AND SON'S Celebrated PRUNING and
BUDDING KNIVES, SCISSORS, &c.. may be obtained from tho
most reapectablo Nurserymen mid Seed Merchants in the icmgdom,
also America, France. Gormanv, Holland, Prussia, Russia, &c.

N.B We only make one quality, the best that can be manu-

foctured, tho same as the late Savnors always made during their
Ufetiine. with all the latest improvements.

Cadtio!*. — None are gonuina unless marked " Geo. Hall & Son."
Other marks would cause disappointment, as these blades are
tempered by a process known only to the Makers.

Engravings of Patterns, with Price Lists gratis, on application.
Hortloultural Cutlery Works, Sheffield.

farmer, very great supervision is necessary, and
the operations of each Company can therefore
only be carried on in a limited area, and thus there
cannot over bo any very largo Company. Such Aaso-
ciations could only bo local, and therefore must be
got up bylocallandownors and bankors.and London
men of business could take no part in such affairs.
Judging from his lottor, our correspondont is
probably unacquainted with the operation of the
existing Lands Improvement Companies. They
advance money for every species of pei-manent
agricultural improvement at very low rates of
interest, and take repayment by instalments
riingiiig over 25 years. That is to say, for an
annuity, or total annual payment of about G| to
7 per cent, upon the money borrowed, payable
during 2,) years, tho borrower gets his improve-
ment effected, and is free from further charge.

Wk last year endeavoured to show how iu
ordinary farming each field and each crop
may be made the subject of experiment, not
necessarily by trying all sorts of new devices
but by acting iu accordance with surrounding
circumstances and by carefully registering
results. Thus in our own practice we genei-ally
ascertain the germinating power of any seed to
bo sown ; we regulate the quantity to be used
according to circumstances : we enter the day
on which it is sown, its time of germinating,
time of flowering, time of harvesting : observe
upon any diseases, or otherwise, from which it
might have suffered ; and, finally, tabulate the
resulting crop from three points of view — firstly,
by an estimate in the field — secondly, in the
case of corn, by an estimate in the rick, com-
bining the results of size of rick and quantity of
land — and, lastly, by actual measurement, in the
corn account. In dealing with this matter
last year we took occasion to show its bearing
with respect to the Barley crop, and we now
commence an extension of our plan for 1867,
by adding Wheat and roots to tho crops to be
discussed. We now therefore direct attention to
our Wheat crop of 1867.

Our Wheat for this year was confined to two
fields, one of 24 acres of rich sandy loam, slightly
mixed with stonebrash of the inferior oolite ;
the other of 15 acres of a light sandy loam, on
the sands of the inferior ooUte ; the first on a
Clover-lea, the second after Rape.

The larger field was sovni on the 3d and
4th October, the smaller on the 13th and 15th of
the same month. This is unusually early for the
southern parts of the West of England, and con-
sequently it did not escape comments at market.
By most we were told that we should repent it,
, though some remarked that if it were a
A CORRESPONDENT proposes for the benefit of ! hot dry summer we should be right : however, it
farmers a Financial or Banking Association, which j turned out just the reverse of all this, and still
should lend money for farming expenditure and
more permanent agricultural improvements on

such security as tenant-farmers can oUer. The
Association which he desires to form would be

analogous to what is known on the Continent

as a " Credit Agricole," many of which exist in

different countries abroad. Few of them are very

successful ; many of them are jobbed atrociously ;

but the majority, which enjoy a moderate success,

and which may be taken as the type of what the

system at its best may be expected to do, are got

up by enterprising and patriotic landowners,

with the assistance of a few bankers; and no

doubt in many cases are productive of very great

individual benefit, and perhaps in the course of

years may effect improvements on a scale suffi-
ciently large to be observable on the general face

of the countiy. But at best they only do expen-
sively what our Land Improvement Companies

do cheaply, that is to say, they lend money to

the farmer or occupier of the land upon the

security of his growing crops and live and dead

stock — to effect improvements which ought to be

charged to the land, and paid for over a long

term of years. They of course require payment

from the farmer over a short term of years, and

this is very onerous to him. And as, necessarily

with such securities, they frequently make bad

debts, they are compelled to charge pretty high

rates. Thus it is not a very good business, either

for the lenders of the money, or the borrowers.
In this country— wherever, indeed, landowners

refuse to join as co-security, fancying, perhaps,

that they have been created simply for the purpose

of spending, for their personal amusement and

gratification, the rents which are paid in through

the industry of their tenants — we do not think

that it would be possible to get up any such

Association, for, owing to the ephemeral nature of

Eixt ^sricttltural (Bu^tttt*

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Nov. 4— London Farmers' Club, Salisbury Hotel— 6 p. K
'-C'entinl Chamber of Agriculture, at SaliEbury
Hotel— 11 A.u.
Wednesday, — 6— Royal AgricultunU Society of England— Noon.

MONDAT,

Tuesday,

we were not wrong ; but as this sowing was
full a month earlier than that of most of our
neighbours, it became a matter of interest to
watch the results, some of which are given in the
following —

Table or Wheat Crop for 186T.

Oct. 3
„ 4

Conservative Wheat

Mixed white and red

Wlieat

1.3 Nursery Wlieat
IslDitto ..
15] Ditto, small

S2"iS.,

■j CoDimenced
> reaping on
) July 24

1 Commenced
\ reaping on
j August 8

Our seeding is thinner than that usually
employed in the district ; and it is indeed more so
than would at first sight appear, for it is now our
custom to sow well-developed plump seed, and
as this is swollen by the dressing of salt and
slaked lime, it perhaps reduces our average of
seed to about six pecks per acre.

The salt and lime we consider of little or no
value as a remedy for smut, but it certainly
prevents such ravages with small birds as
undressed seed would be subject to, and good
seed scarcely needs dressing with sulphate of
copper: but this matter forms a subject for expe-
riments now preparing.

We prefer good plump seed, because we have
found from experience that it produces a more
robust plant ; nor is this at all the subject for
wonder that some would have us to suppose, for
the starch in the grain is to the young Wheat
plant what a good breast of milk is to the animal.

The 2 acres near the middle of the sowing
of the 1 5th October, consisted of the smaller grains

, „^ „ J. sifted from the main sample, and the crop was

the security which alone can be offered by a [ remarkable for very uniformly small ears, and

1126

THE (lARBENEHS' CimONlCLE AND Arx-RTClTLTlTBAL GAZETTE, [Notembee 2, iser.

certainly a loss in proiiioe. Now this result we
consider to be mainly due to the smaUness of the
seeds, though we quite admit that the compara-
tive thickness of the sowing had much to do
with the matter.

As our crops progressed they were remarkahly
free &om hlight, but soon after the ears had
shot it was evident that a great abatement was
to be made from the promised yield, as so many
of the lower flower bunches gave evidence of
abortion hy turning yellow. Harvest was com-
menced by the process called " Hewing" _ in
Dorset, "Bagging" in the midland counties;
and here again we excited the surprise and
not over complimentary comments of our
neighbours. "Our friend B, must be mad
for cutting his corn so green," was said by all ;
but we are happy to state that the earliest cut is
by far the best sample, and we know will yield
the best price, and taking all things into cou-
eideration it wiU, we think, fill up the measure
even better than that out dead ripe, which some
was, from the lack of hands. So much indeed do
we think it important that Wheat should be out
earlier than is usually done, and when deemed
ready that it should be cut off hand, as tolead
to the conclusion that a reaping machine is of
the first consequence; and we conclude from
observations of our own crop, that when cut the
moment it is ready it usually stands up better
than it does when dead ripe, for as soon as the eax
begins to ripen the roots begin to decay, and it
■win often happen that much "Wheat becomes
laid, as it did this season, from root loosening,
wind and rain; and such laid corn was here
blackened in the straw, and the grain became
shi-iveUed and light. This year there was much
Wheat in this district, which the machine would
have cut well when green, which had to abide the
catastrophes indicated until it could not weU be
done by the reaper, and from the paucity of
labour was left uncut so long that it became
greatly injured.

The experiments and observations upon our
Wheat crop of 1S67, lead to the following con-
clusions : —

1st. That earlier sowing than usual is of
advantage in perfecting the constitution of the
young Wheat plant before the rigours of winter
set in, thus producing a green winter-tiUered
blade, instead of a single-stemmed, spindled,
yellow one.

2d. That weU-developed plump seed supplies
more infantile pabulum, is surer of germination,
and tillers better than small and weak seed, and
the produce is not so likely to be blighted.

3d. That though with this the ears may not be
80 many in number as in the case of poorer seed
and thicker sowing, yet they will be longer and
the grain stouter, not being the offspring of little
people in crowded dwelhngs.

4th. The harvest after such practice is much
earlier, and, in our case, a fortnight before most
in our district.

These, then, seem to us to be reasons not only
for watching results, but for noting them, as
memory is proverbially fickle. With us the
lesson has induced early sowing for the next
crop, most of our Wheat being already sown,
whilst around us the ground had in too many
cases only just commenced to be broken up.

A WEITEE in the Times specifies the following

points as being embraced by the renewed inquiry now
in course of prosecution as to the employment of
children in agriculture :—

t» 1. Whether it would bo desirable, and, if desirahle, whether
it would not be possible to fix upon some age below which it
would be penal to employ children in .agriculture ?

2. Whether it might not be possible to make some provisions
to secure the attendance of children for a certain number of
years of their life at school ?

3. Whether it might not bo possible to do without the
labour of young unmarried girls on the hand ; or whether, if
they .are employed on the land, their employment ought not
to be put under regulations similar to those which have
already been passed (or the conti-ol of agricultural gangs ?

4. What are the real causes which h.ave been at work to
prevent the beneficial results which 25 ye.irs ago it was gene-
rally expected would follow from the improvement in educa-
tion which was then contemplated, and which has since been
carried into effect ?

5. Whether the provision of cottages is adequate to the
accommodation of those who have to labour on the land 1

6. Whether the midtiphcation of beerhouses has not been
one cause preventing the favourable results that might have
been hoped to be produced by schools ?
The Commissioners do not question the da«irahleness
of securing the attendance at school of the children of
those employed in agriculture— they simply question
the possibility of securing it. Children, he says, are
not generally wanted for out-door work in winter, and
it is obvious that it would be a most merciful act that
should prevent the exposure of the little creatures
during severe and inclement weather. He therefore
proposes that no children under the age of 12 be
employed in out-door agricultural work between

November 1 and March 1, and he would make it penal
to employ any such children on or after any such
March 1 unless in possession of a certificate of school
attendance for 120 days or 240 half days during the
preceding 12 months, or half that number of days or
half days during the preceding six months. Ho would
further make it penal to employ in agriculture any
child under the age of nine years, unless in poEsession
of a certificate of school attendance for 180 days or
360 half days during the preceding 12 months. He
urges, in reference to the third point named above, that
if we desire to go to the root of those moral evils which
degrade our present race of labourers, we should
altogether exclude young girls from agricultural labour,
from " tenting " cattle in the lanes, and from going out
with threshing machines. " The evidence already given
on this subject should satisfy any man that it is hope-
less to expect a race of chaste, domestic, and loveable
wives to grow up from girls who have been exposed to
the demoralising associations and who have taken up
the gipsy habits of outdoor labour, who have lost the
gait, the complexion, and the manners of their sex."
Thelatter part of the thirdquestion he answers bysaying
that it would be impossible to regulate the employment
of young girls, working singly or in small numbers, on
the principles to be carried out in the case of gangs, or on
any other system. We must either exclude them alto-
getheror leave them to theoperationof the rule proposed
for school attendance in the case of boys. Even thiswould
be a great improvement upon the present state of things,
for vast numbers of these girls now attend no school at
all. " The fifth question which the Commissioners pro-
pose must, in the vast majority of cases, be met with a
negative. As a rule, cottages in the agricultural
districts are insufficient in number, miserably deficient
in sleeping accommodation, and, very commonly,
unprovided even with the simplest arrangements for
health and decency." To the sixth inquiry he appre-
hends the reply will be almost unanimous. There
can scarcely be a question as to the demoralising effects
produced by the multiplication of beerhouses. They
exhaust the little balance of wage which, after pay-
ment for the necessaries of life, should provide the id.
or id. per week for each child's schooling. They
multiply temptation in the way of those who have been
ill trained to contend with temptation. They madden
or stupefy bv the wretched and poisonous liquor they
dispense. They lower the tone of thought and feeling
of those who frequent them, and of the whole neigh-
bourhood in which they exist. They are frequent
places for the reception of stolen goods, and the haunts
of poachers and thieves and of the most depraved of the
female sex. There ought to be some check upon the
multiplication of these houses corresponding with that
which regulates what are called the old licenses. They
ought, when established, to be under more stringent
supervision, and liable to summary repression. The
liquor they sell ought not to be mixed with poisonous
drugs— an adulteration which is very general, and of
which the poor labourer is the victim, to the frequent
loss of self-respect, of health, of reason, and of life itself.
As a contrast to Mr. Tuknek's reiterated esti-
mate of a past good harvest we quote the opinion of
Mr. EoBEET Matson, of Wingham, who has for^ 50
years or more been a trustworthy agricultural authority :
— " With one-third under an average crop of Wheat,
one-third less breadth of Potatos, and one-third less
in crop, at last what an alarming position is this
dependent England placed in ! "

Mr. Bailey Denton called attention some

weeks ago to the safe and profitable employment of
capital which agricultural improvements ofler; and
Sir Haeet Veenet, Bart., thus illustrates the con-
nection with this subject of leasing land to the tenant
of it for a term of years :—

"At the late agricultural meeting at Buckingham I sug-
gested the necessity of le.ases. It was replied to mo that a
yearly tenant under a landlord in whom he has confidence
wants no better or safer tenure, and does not require a lease.
Some one added that ho did not wish to see the Scotch system
introduced of farms put up to auction at the end of the term,
nor do I. I should deeply regret to see any such change
introduced into England. The tie between a tenant and his
landlord, under whose family his .ancestors have hved for
generations (which was the case with many then present m
the h.all) is one most precious and gratifying to both sides ;
but such a tenant need not fear that, because he has a lease,
his farm will be put up to the highest bidder at the end of it.
" A landlord wishes that capital should be expended on his
land by the tenant. The tenant would be glad to have it to
spend. He can well make 10 per cent, out of money boirowed
up to a certain limit, and the capitiilist will be s.itisfled with
3 or 4 or even less, if he has perfectly good security. How-
ever just the confidence which the tenant has in bis landlord,
it will not induce tbo capibdist to lend his money. For that
three conditions are indispensable. The capitalist must be
confident of the trustworthy character of the boi-rowor ; of his
capacity as a farmer ; imd of the tenure of his farm for a
certain period. The fulfilment of all three is to be desu-cd .as
beneficial to the community at large.

" One otherrequirement is necess.ary m order to carry out the
svstem which I advocate. The farmer who takes the lease
and borrows the money must have confidence in himsett it
requires both self-confidence and courage in a man living in a
neighbourhood where farms are let from year to year to
undertake to p.iy a rent annually for many years to come. It
is a new system to him. His predecessors h.ave done well
under a diSerent one, and he does not much like binding
himself to such an eng.agemcnt. Let us not underv,aliie the
unwillingness of any man to change a system under which ho
has prosSered, and one, too, which could not have endured
without mutual trust and good understandmg between himse f
and his Landlord. But no other mode is proposed by which
the tenant, who has not himself the command of capital can
obtain as much of it as he requiies in order to make his hand
produce as largely as it ought, and obtain the many incidental
advantages which .accompany good agriculture. The land
made nTore productive becomes, at the same time, more
hoalthv If the soil is wet, .ague and rheumatism disappcai,
or arc greatly mitigated, when it is drained. The crop is im-
proved in qiwlity as -woU as increased in quantity-more
labour is required— good labour ia better paid. The farmer
with a better crop can better afford to pay it. The laboiorer
can pay for a. betUr cottage, wear better clothes, obtam for his

family the medical attendance that he prefers, and give hia
children better education. The maker of agricultural imple-
ments sells more of them, and they require skilled labour to
manage them, which itself is an education. The farmer pur-
chases more manure, and takes more care of that made on his
own f.arm. There is more food for man and beast produced to
feed London and other large towns. Such are among the
advantages which will be found to result from letting land on
lease, and which wiJl compensate for the annoyance and
inconvenience of making the change from yearly tenancy to a
ten.ancy for a term of years."

At the late meeting of the British Association in

Dundee, a paper on the war between capital and labour,
by our correspondent, Mr. Pateick Matthew, of
Gourdie Hill, which was accepted for the section of
Economics and Statistics, while admitting that com-
bination among working men is necessary to regulate
the number of hours of labour, to see that workshops
and factories are in a high degree wholesome, clean,
well-ventilated, and for any other sanitary require-
ment, argued that it is the interest of working men
that wages-combination should cease both among
employers and employed. Entire freedom in trade, in
the price of the products of labour, and in labour
itself, as necessary concomitants, are universally
advantageous. Competition is the great and universal
law of Nature, which retains every organism in the
realms of wild Nature in the highest perfection of
being that ithas reached; and were competition removed
from man he would soon sink back to the savage
state, or lower, or disappear from the earth. A uniform
wage, taking away all desire to improve or excel, would
soon bring British working men to fall behind those of
other countries, and British manufactures would
disappear. The more that capitalists prosper, the
more competition there will be for labour, and wages
will rise higher, far higher, than combination can, for
any length ' of time, obtain. Nevertheless, it appears
that there are better means of regulating labour than
by the system of employer and employed. Co-opera-
tion in manufactures by working men of small capital
is succeeding. The system of our whalers— of all the
working men having a small share of the profits— is
perhaps the best possible system ; a marriage between
capital and management on the one side with workers
on the other."

COUNTRY MILK AND COW MANAGEMENT.

That there is a growing demand for country milk
may be taken for granted, and that this demand extends
from most of our large towns may also he conceded.
And if this has been true of the past, when the
sewage of our large towns was allowed to flow into our
rivers, and when the artificial manuring and cropping
of land and the indoor management of milch cows were
only in a state of infancy, so to speak, it is more than
probable that for the future, the reverse of these con-
ditions being the general rule— the sewage of towns
being applied to land, the use of artificial manures
being everywhere common, and the indoor feeding of
cows better understood— the population of towns being
at the same time greatly increased, while the expense
and risk of keeping milch cows in towns free from
disease multiply— the demand for,aud supply of country
millj; will increase more rapidly than it is now doing.
At all events, the subject just now is ripe for discussion,
both as to its past economy and future prospects.

Of the past the less said the better, perhaps, as to the
general rule ; the vast majority of town dairies, from
which towns have chiefly obtained their daily supplies
of milk, having been of a very low, discreditable cha-
racter, in reference to the health of milch cows, and
the wholesomeness of their milk as compared with the
rich milk and healthy cows of some country dairies ;
and much of this applies to those country dairies which
have hitherto sent their daily supplies of milk to town.

Is it not certain, for example, that milch cows in
some of our crack commercial dairies, both in town
and country, have their milk-giving powers stimulated
and pushed to an extreme injurious to the normal
quality of their milk— so much so that it cannot be
preserved over from one meal to another, but must in
the summer time be used immediately, the distance to
which country milk can he sent to town being thus
limited to a minimum ? And is it not notorious that
robust cows fresh from the country, kept la some of
the worst sheds of the metropolis, yield, so long as they
retain their health, richer milk than what comes from
these same commercial exceptions where the cows are
apparently kept comfortable and everything trim and
clean to a proverb ? ■, x ,. t.x.

A visit to the two weekly cattle markets of the
metropolis, and to the lairs of cow jobbers, enables us
to trace cows that have gone to the shambles, and
others that have been transposed from one dairy stock
to another, with the various reasons why. Hitherto
the trade has been a hard driven one, and the frequent
outbreaks of cattle plague and other contagious diseases
does not mitigate it in this respect. Into such details,
however, it is not our intention to go at present, the
questions that more immediately call for discussion
having reference to future progress rather than past
practice, viz.. Why is it that the milk of cows fed on
stimulating milk-producing food will not keep during
the heat of summer so long as the milk of cows
otherwise fed? Wliy is it that milk cannot be
conveyed from greater distances by railway ? Cannot
improvements be adopted so as to obviate suon
disadvantages and losses for the future— m reference
both to the quality and commercial value of the nidk,
and to the health and prolonged usefulness of milch

COWS "* .

The solution of the first of these questions hinges
partly upon the constitutional health of milch coyiS,
partly upon the quaUty of feeding materials and mode
of dieting, and partly upon the times of milking and
subsequent management of the mdk. In practice,
questions of this kind generally have then: opposua

NOTEHPEE 3, 1867.]

THE GABT)ENETIS' CimONICEE AND Ar,ElCTTT;TtmAT, GAZETTE.

1127

extremes. Thus, although itwould to a certain extent bo
superfluous to propose to any dairyman in the British
capital the Itceping of some of our native and improvort
breeds of cows that give rich millt, but only a small
quantity of it, yet we are approhonsivo the oi)]Kisiti'
extreme has been too commonly fallen into ol' bic(;cliii^-
and keeping dairy cows havint^ certain coiisiitutioiiid
weak points about them, but whic^h nevertheless can be
stimulated by a peculiar dietary to give a sujjer-
abundant flow of milk — milk, too, that will in many
oases bear the test of the lactometer, and even of an
ordinary chemical analysis, but which, notwithstanding,
is defective in some of its elementary properties. AVo
allude to that class of skin-and-bone great milkers of
various breeds, but chiefly of the Shorthorn, against
which a person runs no small risk of bringing a sliower
of milk p:iils about his ears should he say a single
word to their disparagement. Facts, however, are plain
spoken ; and we aver, tho sooner the advocates of skin-
and-bone great milkers listen to the fauts of tho case at
issue the better for them, as their present position is
an extreme which will not bear a detailed close
investigation.

An example will best illustrate the force of the
argument thus raised. For this purpose we shall
assume that the cows are fed on the forced herbage of
sewago farming, or of water meadows, or of Tares and
other crops grown in luxuriant abundance by artificial
manures, or that they are fed on brewers' grains, &e.,
according to the old and still common practice. Now
it is a well known fact to chemists and physiologists
that in each of these examples there is much crude
matter in the dietary of milk cows, less or more of
which is liable to pass along to the udder with the
secretion^ of milk. It may be so small and so finely
blended in the mass as not to be perceptible to the
organs of taste and smell, but its presence and chemical
action in tho milk are not one whit less certain on that
account, but the contrary, for the more minutely the
crude matter is sub-divided and mixed in the milk
the more certain is its present and ultimate effects.
At first its action may by such means be rendered more
incipient, especially in cold weather, but, practically
spealting, this rather means one sort of chemical action
for cold weather, and another for hot weather— a
diversity amply verified by experience. In short, such
crude matter has a tendency either to enter into com-
bination with some one or more of the elementary pro-
perties of the milk, or else to break up existing
affinities, as when milk becomes sour and so on.

Again, much of the feeding materials now given to
milch cows, as oilcake, &c., contain medicinal properties
often injurious to certain constitutions. Such medi-
rcinal properties are different from the crude matters
referred to in the preceding paragraph, and therefore
require to be carefully distinguished therefrom in any
practical and scientific investigation of the subject ; as
experiments with individual animals, and even with
whole dairy stocks, form no general rule, for each
example must be judged by its own facts or merits.

We now come to the question, do these skin-and-
bone great milkers pass in their milk more of those
crude matters and of those medicinal properties than
animals of a more healthy and robust constitution
which only give an average flow of milk in some
e.xamples, and a small quantity of rich milk in others ?
And to this question an affirmative answer must
obviously be given, for their dietary being the same as
to quality they by consuming more of it take into the
system a greater quantity of such abnormal substances
which they pass in greater proportion in their milk.
The fact that they are worse nurses than the others
where both have to bring up calves at their feet, in a
great measure proves this. It even proves something
more, for it shows that the dietetic value of a small
quantity ofrichmilkis greater than the large quantity
of inferior quality. And what is true of nursing calves
ia equally true of nursing children, and even of supply-
ing milk to the tea and coffee of grown-up people.
Such then being the facts of the case, it is therefore
difficult to say at what conclusion a future and more
intelligent race may arrive, relative to the com-
mercial value of milk. ^ Looking forward from the
position of the present time it may safely be affirmed
that the milk of these skin-and-bone great milkers, on
which calves won't thrive, will not go much longer
down with a thinking public, or even the milk of
healthy cows fed on unwholesome food.

That the quality of the milk is affected by the
quality of the food consumed by milch cows is admitted
on all hands, so that it would be wasting time and
place to enter upon its discussion as a question pei- se.
It is, however, otherwise, when we compare one
dietary with another, as the feedin" materials of town
cows with those consumed in tlie country. The
almost exclusive feeding on brewers' grains, at one
time a common practice in towns where grains were
plentiful and cheap, has been found to be objectionable,
and is now fast being given up ; so is the exclusive
feeding on sewage Grasses and other forced productions
of the soil, at one time the common rule of dietary in
the country or in towns, as Edinburgh and Leith,
where a supply of seivage Grasses has always been at
command in the summer season. On the other hand,
the proposition of a mixed dietary is such a broad and
comprehensive one that no definite rule of action has
been yet laid down for carrying it out into practice,
almost every dairyman following; some peculiar plan of
his own, more under the guidance of the price of
feeding materials in the market, or what he grows
upon his farm, than the physiological requirements of
his milch cows. This general rule of guidance is far
from being sound, but to this point we shall return
under the last division of our subject— future progress.

How far the times of milking and the management
of milk affects its quality is the next topic for noiice
The delivery of milk in towns twice a day, for break-
fast in the morning and tea in the afternoon, has led to

the general practice of milking cows only twice a day,
the first milking being at an early hour in the
niorning, .so as to let tho dairyman out upon his walk
between (i and 7, and the second milking for delivery
between ;> and t o'clock in the afternoon, and this old
I own practice regulates tlio hours at which niilk from
the country must arrive in town for delivery to
consumers.

There are many growing objections, so to speak, to
this old town iiractii*. whii^li has also become common
in perhaps tho majoriiy of counties. Tho chief of these
is, that when cow.s are fed on a succulent stimulating
food, such as is now being given, they are greatly
burdened with an unnatural quantity of milk in the
udder, much to the injury of their own health and the
quality of tho milk. Cows, for e.xample, that have been
milked hotwcen noon and .'i o'clock in the afternoon
secrete afterwards a large flow of milk in tho udder,
which ought to bo withdrawn beforo bed-time, other-
wise the short period of rest allotted them is inter-
rupted, and not refreshing, as it might be, while tho
retaining of the milk for six to eight hours in the
udder— ;inoro especially in the heat of summer, when
such milk subjects cows to a feverish state of the body
over night, after it has been secreted— is greatly against
its quality, rendering its conveyance to town from a
distance in the country impracticable. VVere any
dairyman to keep his milk six hours in heated
bladders or Tartar skins for this length of time, every
finger in the kingdom would point him out as a mad-
man, and yet tho keeping of it in a cow's udder is some
degrees worse, when the manner it affects the health of
the poor animal is taken into serious consideration.
No doubt the temperature of the animal economy is
too high for certain chemical changes taking place
in the udder, but it is highly favourable to others,
more especially when crude matter is present in the
milk ; consequently certain affinities are broken up
before the milk is withdrawn in the morning: while
the equilibrium of chemical forces in other elements,
or in the elements generally, becomes unstable, so that
the moment the milk comes in contact with the atmo-
sphere, lactic fermentation and other changes immedi-
ately commence before it has left the dairy. If it has
to be sent to town, it is useless before it gets that
length. If it is town milk it curdles in the tea not
unfrequently in the morning, and by mid-day poor
people's cats turn up their noses at it. Children who
dare not say nay, may use it with bread, but they take
a dislike to milk, and ever afterwards look upon it with
an unfriendly eye. Again, udders in which milk has
been kept for this length of time overnight should be
well washed and rinsed out before any fresh milk is
allowed to flow in for the afternoon's supply, otherwise
the upshot may soon be told. The udders are not so
cleaned out, hence the consequences, and conclusion.

With regard to the second interrogatory, relative to
the conveyance of milk by railway, we have known
small quantities of milk in bottles for children come
up to the capital from Scotland fresh — what remained
of it— and as fit for using with tea .and coffee as when
put into the bottles. How is it, then, that dairymen
in London tell us six or seven miles is the limit that
milk can be safely conve5;ed by railway, and with much
risk and loss even at this short distance as compared
with milk produced in town ? It is beyond the bounds
of reason to account for such differences, for there
cannot be a doubt that the dairymen alluded to_ all
spoke from experience. The solution of the question,
however, becomes plain the moment we enter
upon the examination of the facts of the case
in practice, for the unwholesome milk from
one or two skin-and bone great milkers is mixed
with the milk of the others, setting it on fire,
so to speak, while the milking twice a day, with the
consequences attending it noticed above, is the
universal rule. The conclusion, therefore, at which
town dairymen arrive relative to the short distances
thej; can procure milk from the country, is not sur-
prising. Indeed, the contrary would be so; such, how-
ever, does not invalidate the other fact, or in any way
affect the argument which it involves relative to the
supplying of children with fresh milk, per railway, on
long journeys.

The last interrogatory has reference to the obviating
of the losses thus sustained, both as to the quality of
the milk and health of cows ; and there cannot be a
doubt that much improvement lies in the foreground
in both these respects. True, there are as yet a
thousand prejudices amongst the lower classes in towns
that stand in thfe way of the town dairyman relative to
the dietetic and commercial nature of milk, a very
little drop over the halfpennyworth measure
making up for all shortcomings as to quality.
The extent to which this shortsightedness ^ is
carried is very remarkable, but it is fast becoming
otherwise with the upper classes in towns. Hence
the growing demand of this class for quality in
preference to quantity, and for rich country milk in
preference to the produce of town cows ; and as poor
people are said to " ape their betters," there is every
jirospect of such demand being greatly increased for
the future. The real cause of progress, therefore, lies
in the country. As to skin-and-bone milkers, the
sooner they are turned out of the herd the better,
only healthy robust stock, of the finest constitution,
being bred for dairy purposes. As to an improved
dietary, two rival plans are in the field ; some arguing
that succulent herbage, such as sewage Grasses, the
produce of water meadows, and the like, should
undergo an incipient state of fermentation along with
some dry produce, so as to change crude matters,
&c., analogous to what takes place in the heating of
the hay stack ; others arguing that the mixture of
certain condimental substances will counteract the
effects of crude matter and medicinal properties
injurious to cows. The former of these plans appears
to have the balance in its favour ; and with regard to

the question. How often milch cows highly fed should
he milked every 2t hours? that has long been a con-
troversy, and therefore wo cannot in a concludinp!
paragraph enter ujion the merits of opijosito argu-
ments. We may add, however, that calves suck their
dams often, which is in favour of frequent milkinga.
W.B.

FOOD FOR THE PEOPLE.

Tnis is a question which presents itself at this time
with peculiar force to the consideration of all thinking
persons. The chief articles of food are now selling at
jirices which render it dillicult for working people to
obtain a sufficiency for the maintenanne of their
families, and great apprehension has been and still is
felt as to whether those prices will advance or recede.

I shall be gratified if you can make room for a few
remarks which I should like to make on this imjiortant
subject. It will be convenient to me and, as I think,
more satisfactory to your readers, if the subject be
dealt with in three divisions— namely (1) Potatos, (2)
butchers' meat, (.■!) bread.

Potalox. — There was more than the usual extent of
land planted last season with this useful root, and
almost everywhere the crop was abundant. The
earlier sorts showed a deal of disease, and caused
anxiety for the safety of the later kind.s, on which our
winter supply depends. For a long time this late crop
in the great Potato-growing districts had no bad
symptoms, but early in last month the whole crop
seemed to have been smitten by the pestilence, and in
nearly every case which has come under my notice,
over a great extent of country, the crop has largely
suffered. In many instances one-half of the produce
has been thrown aside as unfit for human food, and
not unfrequently the proportion of bad ones has been
greater even than one-half. This will prove a serious
loss to the community, and we have no other root or
grain that can fully make good that loss.

Jin/cJier's meat, under which term I include beef,
mutton, and bacon. — During the last year the reduction
in the price of those articles has been considerable— at
any r.ate, the price received by the farmer has been
much less. It may be doubted if the retail purchaser
has fairly participated in this reduction, but in some
measure, at least, he has that point under his own
control— he can choose his own market.

It used to be considered dangerous to go to the shops
of butchers who did not slaughter their own cattle, but
that is entirely changed now. Many butchers in
London have cattle and sheep slaughtered in the
country and the carcases sent up to them by rail ; and
many of those arc as fine and as well-fed animals as can
be found anywhere.

Again, when fat cattle were first imported from
foreign countries, great coarse animals were brought :
but a great change has been effected in this branch of
the trade ; men of skill and capital have undertaken
the business, and conduct it in a way to insure success.
I recently had an opportunity of leisurely examining
two cargoes of imported cattle, one from France, the
other from Spain. There was very little difference in
the looks, size, or condition of those animals — they
were nearly all red or dun in colour ; they were very
even in size, weighing from 5 cwt. to G cwt. each ; and
they were as good beef as any butcher could wish to
put upon his stall. Some of those animals were pur-
chased by the butchers at the port where they were
landed; the remainder were slaughtered and forwarded
to London.

Sheep have fallen greatly in value. Lambs generally
are down 10.?. each as compared with last year's prices,
and all other sheep have lowered in nearly the same
proportion, from 7<l. to 7id. per lb. being now the full
price of the best sheep we produce.

The abundant supply of Grass which we have had
this summer has put holding stock into good healthy
condition ; and the valuable crops of Swedes and other
Turnips now on the ground make it reasonable to
conclude that beef and mutton, even of our own
feeding, will be plentiful throughout the year.

Pigs have for some time been the worst-paying
animals on a farm, young ones being scarcely saleable
at any price ; and bacon, though offered much below
what was charged for other meat, could hardly be
turned into money. The breeding of pigs has, there-
fore, entirely ceased in many places, and by-and-by
prices will advance.

Bread.— This article is justly called the staff of life,
and we naturally think about it with deep interest.
During the past few weeks we have seen an extraordi-
nary advance in the price of Wheat, which has alarmed
some people, and perplexed a great many more. Let us
calmly examine our position in this matter.

The wheat crop of 18US, if it had all been secured
good, was about an average one, but it was not so
secured. -When writing to the Times on that crop
I stated it to be my deliberate opinion that one-tenth
of the entire Wheat crop of England had been so
injured by continued wet weather as to be wholly unfit
for human food. I have never heard any one dispute
that estimate, and it is my belief that it was under
rather than above the actual loss. In consequence of
the deplorable condition of that Wheat crop— chiefly
in the northern counties— Wheat had largely to be
brought from the south or from foreign stocks, at first
to supply the people with bread, and afterwards to
grind with the best of the local Wheat. Prices neces-
sarily advanced, and farmers were induced to thresh
and deliver freely. Thus, when the last harvest came
we had no old Wheat in the north, and there was
scarcely any left in the hands of the southern farmers.
" There are more church steeples than corn stacks in
my county," was the remark of an observant southern
landowner.

Suddenly a great outcry was raised that the present
harvest was certain to be a deficient one ; France, too,

1128

THE GARDENEUS' OMONICLE AND AGMCULTUKAL GAZETTE.

[Novembee 2, 1867.

had discovered tbat she had a short crop, and a com-
mission to buy, which cannot have been much less than
two millions sterling, was sent into our markets. Thus
an unusual competition was at once entered upon— our
millers had no stocks in hand; they must have as
much Wheat as would enable them to supply the wants
of their customers ; and the buyers from France
secured all they could lay their hands upon, regardless
of cost. This year they did not go to country markets,
they operated in Mark Lane ; and every market in the
kingdom advanced the price of Wheat, not because of
a deficiency or of the bad condition of the Wheat
offered, but because of the excitement shown in Mark
Lane. Under such circumstances ought we to wonder
at the rapid advance in prices ?

But France has been supplied ; the alarm about the
deficiency of our own crops has greatly subsided,
merchants dare not lay up Wheat at "80s. per quarter,
and we shall now, I firmly believe, see the prices gra-
dually recede to what it ought to be— viz., from 56s. to
64f. per quarter.

There is now a perfect fleet of ships on their way to
this country with Wheat; indeed, no person at all
conversant with business can doubt that at our present
prices every country in the world— not even excepting
France— could and would send us Wheat. But lam
persuaded that America alone could send us every
bushel of Wheat which we shall this year require.

There is no doubt that in many places in England
the crop of Wheat is light and the yield deficient, but
this is not generally the case, and, excepting that I find
there was more injury done to lodged Wheat in
Cambridgeshire and some other of the earlier counties
than I imagined, I endorse every word I wrote in the
Times on the general crops of 1867. It is true that
Wheat in the south is not so full and firm as I have
seen it ; but as I write I have by me many excellent
samples ; one grown near Lynn is a bold red Wheat,
weighing 65i lb. per bushel. But the specimen I like
best is a white Wheat grown on a farm on the estate of
his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, weighing
64J lb. per bushel. It is thin in the skin, the grains
are beautifully even, and it is altogether as good a
sample as I would wish to see.

I stated in my former letter that I believed the
northern Wheat would this year bear a favourable
comparison with that of the south— and so it has
proved. Our northern Wheat generally is an excellent
sample. It has all been got in sound ; and, more than
that, the whole crop is dry enough to grind now.

It is my firm belief that the whole crop of English
Wheat is this year wortli more by several millions
sterling than was the crop of last year. Instead,
therefore, of desponding about our supply of Wheat, I
think we ought heartily to thank God for the crop He
has given us, and for allowing us to secure it all so
well. H. J. Turner, Michmond, Yorkshire, Oct. 22, in
the "Times."

ON THE ESSENTIALS TO PEOPITABLE
FARMING.

The following address was delivered by Mr. John
Geet, to a meeting of the Hexham Farmers' Club, in
January, 1863, and has just been republished : —

"Every one knows how great has been the change in
the practice of agriculture during the present century.
Previous to that it was a dull routine, leaving all to
the land, as the nurse of plants, not knowing that
different plants required different nourishment, and
that land IS only the medium through which that must
be administered. Science must be called to aid in dis-
covering what it is. When the mere produce of the
farmyard was found insufficient to maintain the
fertility of the soil, under more frequent cropping,
other kinds of manure were sought for, and resorted to.
The first application of the kind was bones in different
shapes, which were found to yield the quickest return
when dissolved in acid, which fits them at once to be
assimilated by plants. Phosphates were found to be
efficacious for roots. Then guano was discovered,
which has ever since been imported in increasing
quantities, added to many manufactured manures.
One source of manurial wealth is still neglected, in
the waste of sewage, which Dr. Liebig reminds us
must eventually tend to the diminished fertility
of the country, so great a portion of its pro-
duce being consumed in large towns, and
never restored to the soil. It follows, of course,
that the qualifications essentia! to a successful
farmer are now much increased, and different
from what they were formerly. More education,
intelligence, and knowledge are required to keep up
with the progress of scientific agriculture. The subject
proposed for our present discussion is ' The Essentials
to Profitable Farming,' under which head may be
enumerated capital, judgment, intelligence, probity,
and good moral conduct, on each of which I shall
endeavourtomake a few remarks. First, Capital— Arock
on which many make shipwreck at the outset, leading
themselves to work afterwards in shoals and difficulties.
The man who engages in a larger concern than he has
capita! to do justice to is always at the mercy of the
times, if they prove unfavourable, to bring him to a
standstill; is compelled to dispose of his produce in
low itiarkets, and unable to take advantage of a good
bargain if it comes in his way. The capital required to
stock and enter upon a farm differs according to the
customs which prevail in different parts of the country.
It is usual in these parts to allow six months to pass
after a rent becomes due before it is collected, which
gives a considerable advantasje to the tenant in regard
of capital, as he can often realise some produce from the
land in aid of his funds in hand. The amount of cipital
required for entering upon a farm has often been stated
at a certain sum, but that cannot be applied to farms
indiscriminately, so much depends on the quality of the
land, as 100 acres of very good laud will require as

much stock as 200 acres of an inferior quality. Much
depends also on the proportions which may be in old
pasture and in tillage. But it may be safe to say
allowing for such diversities, that the capital needful
for entering upon a farm of mixed cultivation and
stock, with safety, varies from 5Z. to SI. an acre. In
another way of reckoning, it may be considered that a
farmer should have at command four times the rent
which he engages to pay. It hardly needs remark that
all such calculations must be made to meet particular
circumstances, and must therefore be liable to great
variation. In countries where ' tenant's rights ' are
in force, and take the place of leases, where tenants are
left to build, enclose, and drain at their own cost,
looking for re-payment from their successor, in case of
a change, the tenant's investment becomes so great on
the premises that it is no easy matter for a new tenant
to encounter such an undertaking. Hence, long occu-
pations by the same family are found to exist in con-
nection with the annual tenure, and necessarily with
lower rents, giving to that system, in the opinions of
some people, a preference over the custom of letting
land or leases of reasonable length ; and of all perma-
nent works, such as building,fencing, draining, and road
making, being done by the owners, so as to leave
the farmer's capital to be employed solely in the
legitimate object of stocking and cultivating the land.
Then, as to judgment, the first and most important
subject on which a farmer's judgment can be exercised
is in selecting a farm suited to his means ; next, in
making a just estimate of its worth; and then in
deciding upon the most judicious and profitable course
of management to which it should be subjected.
Another point on which it is essential for a farmer to
exercise judgment is in selecting the kinds of live stock
which are most suited to the quality of his land, its
produce, and climate. Having made up his mind on
this point, judgment is still called into constant exercise,
in bringing his animals to the greatest perfection, and
selling them to the greatest advantage. There is no ope-
ration on a farm, nor any animal or implement by which
it is effected, that is nota subject forthe exercise of sound
judgment, the absence of which may greatly detract
from its profitable occupation. There is another sub-
ject on which it is of infinite importance to exercise
good judgment, and that is, so to arrange the cultivation
of a farm as to cause it to maintain the greatest quantity
of live stock. To pretend to grow Wheat to profit, on
inferior soils and in high situations, in this country,
which must come into competition with the produce of
the finest Wheat-growing districts in other parts of the
world, is manifestly absurd. Wheat can be conveyed
by sea and by rail, at a small cost as compared to its
value, and without injury; but it is not so with live
stock. In that we can suffer little from foreign com-
petition ; and, happily for us, we have soil and climate
most favourable for its production, and a never-failing
market at home for all the beef, mutton, and wool that
we can supply. The result of our last harvest, and the
relative prices of corn and butcher's meat at this time,
tend -strongly to confirm this view of the matter, which
I have endeavoured, on former occasions, to impress
upon you. It is difficult to uprootold prejudices ; and
time was, before the freedom of trade and the facilities
of intercourse existed, which we now enjoy, that it was
in some measure true what an old farmer in this part
told me nearly .30 years ago, 'that nothing was worth
growing but AVheat.' Now, I believe, except in the
most favourable situations, it pays, on an average of
seasons, the least, and is the most precarious of all our
crops ; while the consumption of meat continues to
increase, and had it not been for the dreadful calamity
under which so large a section of the operative
classes of our country are now suffering [the cotton
famine] it is reasonable to suppose that the price
of butchers' meat would have ruled still higher than
it does at present. No doubt exists in my mind,
that a large portion of the inferior land in this
country would yield the greatest profit, by restricting
the growth of corn, and curtailing the expense of culti-
vation, to that point which is necessary for the main-
tenance of live stock, making that our primary object,
and the growth of corn crops subservient to it, except
in situations most favoured by soil and climate. I do
not say that all lands of inferior quality should be laid
off to permanent pasture : on the contrary, I believe
that a rotation of tillage, with an interval of three
years' Grass, is more profitable, and that the freshness
which is recovered by that rest in pasture is most
favourable to the growth of those root crops which are
indispensable to the keeping of stock during the winter.
What I recommend is, to curtail the area of tillage as
much as is consistent with the production of winter
food for stock, and to deal with that reduced area so
liberally, by draining, good cultivation, and manure, as
to obtain from it as much as is got from the larger
surface at a greater expense. Even the heavy soils of
our districts may, by draining and deeper cultivation,
be made available for sheep pasture, which I need not
tell you practical farmers is the best and most profit-
able stock you can rear, whether as regards the return
they yield in flesh and wool, their greater exemp-
tion from disease, and the benefit derived from their
manure, which is richer in quality and more equally
distributed over the land than that of horned cattle.
It does not come within the object of this address to
compare the advantages of different rotations of
cropping for different soils, I only refer to it as a
subject on which sound judgment must be exercised,
or much labour may be lost, and many advantages
sacrificed ; but as a general maxim, I believe it to be
prudent to cultivate chiefly that kind of grain which
the land has a tendency to grow in the greatest
abundance ; for if it should not be the most suitable
for market, the coarsest grain can always be employed,
by bruising or steaming it, for feeding stock, and
seldom fails to be profitable, especially if mixed with a
portion of Thorley's or Campbell's condiments. The

next point which I have named in the list of essentials
to profitable farming is industry. That, you may say,and
say truly, is essential to success in every calling, but in
none that I know of are persevering industry and
constant vigilance so indispensable as in farming. The
manufacturer, in any line, employs a certain kind
of machinery, and works upoii certain substances
which admit of little variation. As he leaves his work
at night, he resumes it in the morning. Not so the
farmer. He works in an ever-varying climate, the
changes of which affect the soil, or the produce on
which he operates, and the performance of the
implements in use. A fall of rain while he sleeps
makes the operation he was engaged in to-day injurious
on the morrow. New arrangements must be made,
and other employment resorted to, and it depends on
his capacity and activity whether they be suitable and
profitable or otherwise. Such circumstances naturally
stimulate to industrious and active habits ; and such,
in general, are characteristic of the farmer. Tet
among them you do not find men, as in all situations
of life, of various temperaments and dispositions;
some pushing and energetic, others indolent
and indifferent. And it is curious to remark how
everything about a farm bears the impression
of the occupier's peculiar temperament. On
one farm you will find operations going on
systematically and energetically, the master present
among his workpeople, or, if absent, well aware by the
amount of work performed how things have gone on
in his absence. On that farm you are likely to find
stock of a right kind and in good keeping, and roads,
fences, and gates in good order. On another, you pro-
bably find horses in plough or cart, standing behind a
hedge, and the people en-oying a quiet gossip beside
them. Ask for their master, and they will tell you
that he would likely he found in the house. And there
you find him, with his feet on the fender, and a pipe in
his mouth, or, if a warmer season invites, on a seat out-
side, indulging in the sun. Go through his farm, and
you find the roadsides flourishing with Docks and
Thistles, shedding their seed for the good of his neigh-
bours; the hedges full of gaps, stuffed with dead
Thorns that kill the living ones ; and gates which you
must lift off the crooks, or shift a pile of stones from,
to obtain a passage through. I speak from experience
in such matters, and have no wish to draw an
exaggerated picture. Is it fair, then, to abuse farming
as a bad occupation, because such an one does not
thrive in it, or to accuse a landlord of being
rapacious and tyrannical because he would like to
remove such a tenant, and to put his property into
other hands ? I now come to speak of intelligence as
an essential for profitable farming. No doubt much
and useful intelligence may arise from good natural
abilities and acute observation. These, even without
the advantage of early instruction, have, in some
instances, been the pioneers to great distinction and
success ; but did we ever hear of a Watt or a Stephen-
son who, having struggled through difficulties, and
attained great eminence, did not lament the impedi-
ments they had to encounter, from the want of early
education ? The time has gone by with too many of
us to profit by the improved education which the
present state of society requires and affords ; but allow
me to remind such of you as have the responsibility of
being parents, of the duty incumbent upon you, to
educate your families so as to fit them for taking a
respectable position in life. It is the best patrimony
which you can bestow upon them. A liberal and
judicious course of education is the foundation of future
acquirement ; it opens up the sources of knowledge,
and gives vigour and opportunity of expansion to any
peculiar tendency of intellect which the mind is disposed
to. Without it no man need expect to keep pace
with the onward movement of society, or to make
his way in arts, manufactures, or even agriculture — to
which some knowledge of chemistry and the natural
sciences are indispensable. I have heard with great
satisfaction of the distinguished places which two
youths, who were lately pupils with my near neigh-
bour, Mr. Lee, have taken in the late examination at
the College of Cirencester ; and I congratulate our late
secretary on the success of his pupils, which reflects
credit upon himself. Although we cannot but look
with admiration on the brilliant examples which for-
tuitous education has at times produced from the
lowest walks of life ; or the philosophic depths of
licslie, and the poetic heights and stupendous learning
of the ever-lamented Leyden, yet it is far more for the
purpose of improving and instructing the great masses
of the people that we ought to prize and encourage a
popular education. I need hardly ask you, in the last
place, whether that education should be limited to the
mere business of scholastic acquirements, or if it
should not also be directed to a higher and holier aim
—to imbue the youthful mind with those sentiments of
morality and virtue which it ought to be our especial
desire to see as the characteristics of an improving age.
I have ventured to place probity among the essentials
for profitable farming, and, I may say, for success in
any line of life. Point to the unfortunate man who is
known to be capable of practising falsehood, fraud, or
deceit — the man who will show a better sample of
grain from his pocket than he has in his sack— who
will not scruple to use a defective measure if he thinks
he can escape detection — or to pass off an animal on a
purchaser which is lame or diseased— and need you ask
if such an one can long be successful — if he can bo
respected by others, or happy in himself? Many com-
plaints and disputes are heard of in our day between
masters and their farm servants, and doubtless the
latter have many faults. We hear of cases of diso-
bedience, drunkenness, and dishonesty; but are ihe
faults all on their side ? Are the masters always found
to be actuated by a spirit of justice and mercy? Are
they inclined to visit these faults with forbearance and
forgiveness, with a view of reforming them, or with

NOVEMDEB 2, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CRRONTCLE AND AGRICITLTTOAL GAZETTE.

1129

Boverity ami imnishment ? To effect a general reform,
each one should begin by reforming himself. Do we
keep habitnally in niiuil that, though God has aji-
pointed us to iliireront stations in life, giving to each
his duties, one to direct and another to servo, yet that,
in His sight, ive are all brethren ? Do we consider it
to be a part of our social duly to look to their domestic
accommodation and comforts— to the moral training
and religious instruction of their children— to do what
we can to elevate them in principle and feeling— in
short, to purify and make more healthy the whole
moral atmosiihero in which we live— to impress upon
all the obligations imposed upon us here, and the
responsibility which we must give account for
hereafter? _^^_____^^_

THE HORSE SHOE.

Or all the unnatural and barbarous devices to which
civilisation resorts in the case of those animals that
serve man, the iron horse-shoe seems the most
extraordinary. The reason why our words sound
astonishing is because nobody really does " come to
consider it." For centuries we have all gone on
nailing a rigid jilate of metal to the hoofs of our beasts
of burden, until people are startled by hearing anybody
question the propriety of the practice. The village
bbcksmith, with the horse's foot in his leathern lap,
rasping, irariiig, and searing the crust; trimming the
frog, and setting the hot shoe ; driving long nails into
the hoof, drawing and clenching them, and finishing
all oh'with a touch of the big file, is among the most
regular of sights. It seems as natural that all this
should be done as that the shoemaker should try the
tape and fit the sliding-rule to some pretty little
feminine foot which stands in need of Balmorals or
Hessians. Yet when we come to look at the hoof of a
horse, the iron ring of the smithy is surely a brutal
and a bungling affair. First of all, the driving of the
nails constantly leads to the "pricking" of sotne
valuable or useful animal, and occasionally lames it for
life. Even if the farrier never makes such a mistake,
the stubs tear and weaken the structure of the hoof,
especially when they are of the "shelly" kind; and
they play mischief with its proper symmetry and
growth. So far as natural fitness goes, we might as
well arm human toe-nails with metal rims rivetted
through the substance, as put all this carpentry and
metallurgic work upon that horny nail which we call
'■ the hoof." But the evil only begins here. Unless
the iron shoe bo carefully placed, the level of the
horse's limb is destroyed, and nature is thrown
out of gear. That is especially the case ^yith
cart-horses, which are shod with high-heeled abomina-
tions that cause all kinds of anguish and lameness.
Then the jar and weight, as well as the hardness and
coldness of the metal are bad qualities, tending to
damage the foot and to give the horse pain ; and when
the animal " over-reaches," the iron toe indicts much
more serious bruises and wounds on the front legs
than the natural hoof would leave. But the worst
effect of all is that the beautiful provision of nature in
the substance of the horse's foot, to qualify him for his
service to us, is utterly destroyed. When subjected
to pressure, the hoof of those animals which have
cloven feel opens visibly, so as to take the contact with
the ground lightly, and to give a broader basis. The
single ungula of the horse, or ass, or mule would act in
the same manner if it were not fettered in a rigid ring
of iron. "We believe that this violation of natural
arrangements causes more [alls, and sends more
valuable animals to the knackers, than any other
cause ; for the elasticity of the equine foot is necessary
to a sure step, and the thick bar of metal kills the

be enough to condeuui it. It was a fiushion once to
"dock" the tails of hunters— that is to cut througli
tb(^ ligaments of the tail, besides clipping the hair
With similar barbarism and ignorance, the ears o
certain dogs are clipped, and the tails of lambs and
littlo puppies ;u-e bitten or cut. Fashion ought not to
bo heard :i-'iiiii-l llie project of relieving horses from
thecrui'llv nl :in .mlr:i-c'ous custom; and, indeed, we
think that all wlio have to do with the " noble animal"
—except, perhaps, the blacksmiths— would gladly
accept any plan that jiromised to banish so much
torture from our stables, and make the horse go more
perfectly.

Is there, then, any other way as good, and also more
in conformity with the e.\(piisite intentions which
nature displays in the horse's foot ? Wo believe that
a dozen might be found. One is exhibited this year at
Paris— an iron shoe in segments, which, if it can bo
securely fixed, would at least admit of any amount of
expansion. Another— also to be ;seen in the Parisian
E.xhibition— embraces the hoof in a hinged cirque just
above the bottom, wearing away as the foot wears, and
keeping a strong but mobile protection round the wall.
Our correspondent " Jledicus" recently described an
iron shoe with four naiLs, which he says retains its
place well ; and we quite agree with him that nothing
too complicated or expensive can have any chance of
thrusting the present article out of universal use.
But we think " C. P." came nearer to the truth when
he urged that the great point is to protect the toe of
the foot ; and ho appears to believe, as wo do, that
with a toe-piece of metal, well fastened and fitted, so
as to let the hoof grow, the greatly increased growth of
the natural surface might suffice to withstand the
efl'ects of ordinary work, such as that wdiich a hack has
to perform. AVo join with " C. P.," too, in asking why
iron should be the only thing conceivable for employ-
ment ? Solid gutta-percha, ebonite, and simple caout-
chouc are substances which suggest themselves for
experiment, and which could, if necessary, bo renewed
much oftcner than metal, and at less cost. Of course,
for town traffic the protection must be stouter ; but
let it be remembered that the sole, heel, and frog of a
horse's foot are made by nature to accommodate
themselves to great wear and tear, and that it is our
unnatural clamp of chilly iron which deforms them.
Those parts of a cart-horse— if the toe were defended,
and if they were left to grow thick and natural-
would stand a good deal more than is thought:
witness the feet of all the heavy wild animals which
are ungulatcd. "We hope that the subject will be
intelligently and earnestly considered. We believe
that the best of our dumb servitors could be relieved
from a dreadful amount of pain, and that the horse
might thus be made more useful, safe, and perfect.
Daily Telegraph.

degeneracy, as vii^orous and as prolific, as they were at
first. This iiractico, it will bo seen, is merely anticipat-
ing the farmer's business, when ho goes every year to
' boggy ground,' or to the ' hills,' in search of seed-roots,
and is proceeding on exactly the same principle; for in
nciiher case have the Potatos attained a perfect degree
of ripeness, but are, on this account, the better fitted
to make good seed, because they are found to produce
more healthy and vigorous plants than those which
have been fully ripened in good land, and amoue
which, if used for seed, failures are likely to ensue.
Fit'ld Culture of the Potato, by Solanum, 18.35.

" Those who derive advantage from growing Potatos
for the early market, take up their tubers intended for
seed at a very early season, when the tubers are well
formed, but while the stalks are cjuite green ; long
experience has proved to them, that if they allowed the
tubers to attain a perfect state of ripeness, the plants
produced the following year would be curled : they
(the tubers) would abound in farina, probably, but
would be proportionately deficient in that mucilaginous
matter, which appears to suckle as it were, the germ,
till, having formed its own roots, it becomes enabled (o
seek its own food, independently of the parent tuber-
analogous to that beautiful provision of Nature, for
the sustenance of the young of animals— the milk of the
dam, which supports them till they are able to seek
for, or inako use of, and to digest, grosser aliment."—
Idem.

" We think that the experience of last year and this,
in regard to tho state of the Potato crop, is strikingly
corroborative of the theory of weakness in the Potato
as being the primary cause of the failure ; for observe
the results : the under-ripened seed raised in the bad
season of 18 H produced a crop without failure in 1812
in the alleged unfavourable circumstances of heat and
drought; while the over-ripened seed raised in the
very fine season of 1812 has caused extensive failure in
18 J3,in the alleged favourable circumstances of moisture
and coolness. "\Vhat should be the practice indicated by
these results, hut that unripened seed should be planted
in all cases ; and, to prevent its becoming over-ripened
iu any season, let tho Potatos intended for seed be
raised before they become ripe." — Quarterly Journal of
Agriculture, July, 1813.

" It was necessary to consider the substances which
Potatos contained ; which were— starch, albumen, and
saline matter. It was the result of a great number of
chemical examinations, that Potatos which contained
the greatest quantity of starch were the most likely to
kixV— Professor Johnston's Lecture, August, 1843.

THE BEST POTATOS FOR SEED.
The following extracts are taken from various agri-
cultural essays. They appear to be confirmatory of the
views entertained by " Fingal " in the last Oatelte.
The " failure " herein referred to, it may be needful to
explain, was that of the seed roots iu 18-33. Recurring
to the doctrine from which " Fingal's " remarks and
tho remarks of others have sprung— namely, the
doctrine that degeneracy ensues in the vegetable and
animal world when perfection is attained— it is one
which demands much study and research, with careful
observation and long practical experience in the field
and fold, to arrive at a sound conclusion before the pen
is taken up in the matter. This, I submit, should be
the rule, but I am afraid it is the exception ; people

__ __.^_. . ____ __ don't Hke to find their old practices assailed, and

special quality, and cramps the hoof-wall out of its when they do, are apt to rush into print to defend

natural spread and strength. them, the defence of course weakening their cause if it

Next is the cruel pain which must he frequently is not a good one. And_so of scientific men, their pro

inQicted by the time-honoured barbarity ; and, what-
ever other faults our " worthy but stupid " population
possesses, it is not insensible to the feelings of " that
noble animal, the horse." Imagine what the torture
of ti^ht boots would be if they were nailed to the
agonised toes, and fixed there till the torment wore
itself out. Of course, if a horse which presents no
visible injury is seen to limp, the owner is a brute if
he does not have the shoes shifted ; but a horse may
sufler a long while from a bad fit at the blacksmith's
without showing signs of suffering. England has been
called the " Paradise of horses ; " but if Swift's
Houhynnyms could again talk with Lemuel Gulliver
about the agonies inflicted upon our draught and
saddle cattle by the shoe and the bit, we should hear a
difierent epithet. However, one reform at a time, in
the horsy world especially, is as much as can be
attempted, and we shall not now speak of the pain
inflicted by some of the bridles now in use. To return
to the much-sufl'ering hoof, it is a portion of the aniinal
organisation exactly contrived for its function by its
rapid growth. If you shut up goats in a Grass field or
close soft place, their hoofs grow so long as to be
deformed. Canaries in a cage must have their toe-nails
trimmed for want of the natural friction upon the
sand and stones, which would keep them to the proper
length- The horse's foot, in a state of nature, such as
it may be seen on the Pampas of South America, the
plains of Thibet, or the scrubs and gullies of Australia,
IS always neat, shapely, and in good order, kept at its
right size by the friction of use and the free increase of
the wall. Of course, our metalled roads and granite
paving stones would soon knock an undefended foot
to pieces ; nobody doubts that, and there must be
protection of some sort. But the natural increment
is checked by the cold, hard iron ; what grows in spite
of it the smith pares and rasps away, often very
unskilfully. Often, too, he does permanent damage by
the way in which he burns the shoe into its place
upon the new surface. So far as that cruel and
irrational practice exists, such representations should

fessional motto is — " Ready, aye ready : " they can
soon prove to you that the best Wheat in the scales is
the best Wheat for seed, and that the best Potatos for
the table must be the tjest to plant in the field. Science
and the " gift of the gab" against any two, reminding
one of the story told of the late Rev. Dr. Whately,
Archbishop of Dublin, who upon a certain occasion in
a company q[ saoans wanted to know how it was that
white sheep ate more Grass than black sheep ? Where-
upon several scientific men then present undertook
to explain the phenomenon on scientific principles,
when the Doctor suddenly stopped them, saying,
" Don't trouble yourselves, gentlemen— white sheep
eat more Grass than black sheep because there are
more of them!" So far the pen, now for the
scissors. C.

"Choice of Seerf.—' Watery,' 'soapy,' soft,' un-
ripened,' are here synonymous terms ; and the Potatos
to which they are applicable, if otherwise uninjured,
are the best for seed, for they are found to produce the
strongest plants. Potatos late planted, or dug before
they are fully ripe, therefore, or those which have
grown in poor land, or on a moory or mountain
situation, are to be preferred. Those, on the contrary,
which have grown iu good land, and in a favourable
situation, are fully ripened, and arrived at all the per-
fection of which they are capable, and contain the
greatest quantity of farina, must be rejected for seed,
because they produce weakly plants. Potatos which
contain the least farina or starch are the best for seed ;
and when a farmer happens to have a favourite but
scarce variety, he can, by acting on this principle,
always preserve his seed pure without changing it or
requiring to do so. To effect this, the plan— and it is a
simple one— is, merely to dig those Potatos intended
for seed before they are fully ripe, and while the tops
continue green. In this way they will never ' run out,'
as it is termed; and by adopting this plan, I have
grown the same sorts of Potatos, on soil of the same
quality, on this farm, for the last eight years ; and they
have continued, and are likely to continue, as free from

Home Correspondence.

Chambers of Agriculture and their Discussions.—
The most popular and perhaps most important of the
discussions at the present tune is upon the employ-
ment of women and children in agriculture, and the
education of children employed in agriculture. The two
subjects are generally taken together in the discussions,
and rightly so, as they are so intimately connected.
There never was a time when it was more requisite
that these questions should be fully discussed and ven-
tilated. They are full of interest. Great commisera-
tion and fearful apprehensions are entertained by the
general public relative to the wrongs and hardships of
this class of the community, which these discussions
may allay. I trust it will be so, and that the question
will be taken up in Parliament in that fair and dis-
passionate way it deserves. No one will assert that
the state of the agricultural population of this country
is in that highly satisfactory state which the general
aspect of the country would justify, but for the sake of
quieting some of the many complaints I would assert
that in no country in the world are they so well fed, well
clothed, and so well taken care of, as in our
highly favoured land. I do not say this to prevent
any laudable attempt to improve their condition-
that I hail with the greatest pleasure; but
I deprecate the unjust outcry against the
agricultural interest as the authors and abettors of
an acknowledged evil. The great thing is to tide over
these intricate matters without inflicting great hard-
ships upon the poor labourer, and great inconvenience
and injury upon the employer. I do not hesitate to
assert that in many districts it will be impossible to
carry out the existing courses of profitable farni
management if women and girls are to be debarred
from field labour. Take large agricultural parishes
with a scanty labouring population— the alluvialsoils
and rich fens of Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, Hun-
tingdonshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, &c., for instance. How
are the many thousands of acres of Potatos, Carrots,
Mangels, Swedes, Turnips, &c., to be put in in their
season, and harvested in their harvest season without
such aid ? It is with the greatest difliculty it is now
accomplished, although every man, woman, and child
is fully employed; and then not without severe loss
occasionally from early frosts. It is true the growth ot
some of these perishable root-crops may be given up ;
but what a loss to the public, and the labouring popu-
lation in particular : besides, these districts constitute
the very soils upon which they can be best cultivated,
and leads to a large expenditure in labour. How, I
ask, is another of the fine schemes afloat to be carried
out in these districts-;, e., not to allow the mmng ot
the sexes in field labour ? It is proposed to get over
this diificulty in part by licensing gang-masters and
mistresses, but then they must not work in the sanae
field-the hay-field and Potato setting and Potato
packing, for instance. Verily, these matters require
disoussion-they point to the ridiculous. Mix they
will, either at home or in field. As an old employer
I challenge the iu(iuiry,as to more wickedness being
originated in the field than at home or rather the
village street, after work is done. The educational
part of the question is very important, and although
I hate compulsion as detracting from the independence

1130

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEE 2, 18C7.

of a BritoD, yet it may be got over with advantase to
botli tlie employer and labourer in the end. Lads
under nine years of age and girls under 10 or 11 years,
are of but little service in field-labour. If fully
employed at an earlier age it stops tbese growth and
healthy development. Till they attain their respective
ages provide every inducement wliereby they may
obtain to a fair degree of education. They will thus
obtain schooling and discipline, a better and stronger
growth, so as to be of more value when employed, and
ultimately without much loss to the parent, as they will
afterwards receive wages proportionate to their capa-
bilities. This partial schooling could bo supplemented
in the winter months when work is scarcely to be had.
Lads at nine years of age can be taught to road tolerably
well, write legibly, and conquer the four first rules in
ai-ithmetio; which attainments, aided during the winter
months, and probably in night-schools, might suffice as
to elementary knowledge, leaving the industry to do
the rest. The schoolmaster should give to each pupil a
certificate on quitting school, setting forth the degree
of his attainments. 0. F.

Dressing and JBloming Machines. — We all know the
value of the dressing machine, but the blower, with its
powerful blast, is less often used. It is only when we
do use it that we find how many imperfect kernels
and seeds of particular weeds have failed to be
extracted or separated from the corn by the dressing
machine. This was illustrated to-day when we were
blowing white Peas that had passsed through two
dressing machines, and would, in nine cases out
of ten, have been considered clean enough for sowing,
although there was still among them an abundant
supply of heavy seeds of weeds that the dressing-
maohme blast was not strong enough to remove.
I quite believe that, as a rule, we are much too
negligent in this matter, and that we actually sow our
weeds, and, of course, are punished by a crop of
them. The blower also gives evidence of the
large number of imperfect grains which, if merely
taken after the dressing machine, would be part of our
seed, and would thus produce feeble or imperfect
plants. We should do with seed as we do with
animals, choose the most perfect parents, if we are to
derive the most favourable result. I know, at this
moment, of farmers who, because corn is dear, are
sowing refuse grain, as a matter of economy ! Against
this I now enter my protest. J. J. Mechi, Oct., 1867.

Mangel CaJce. — The account given by your corres-
pondent, Mr. Hu.gli Smith, of the use of Mangel-cake
V. Linseed-cake, is interesting, and points strongly to
the advantage of giving succulent food free from the
large amount of water usually contained. I cannot
however coincide with the writer in the inferences he
seeks to establish, and I fear his deductions are calcu-
lated to mislead and to do more harm than good. It
appears the experiment was carried on for 20 weeks on
two lots of sheep, five in each lot, during which time
each sheep was allowed, in addition to Grass ad libitum,
about IJ lb. of Mangel-cake per day, and the same
quantity of Linseed-cake. The experiment would
have been more complete if an equivalent quantity of
Mangel in a natural state, about 10 lb., or, better still,
4 lb. of Mangel and half a pound of cake, had been
given to a third lot of sheep, as during the summer
months they might have produced equally favourable
results as the Mangel-cake. Be that as it may, it
appears that the sheep made a fair average, jiaying
about Is. per week each. The quantity of cake (about
In: lb. per day) was, however, excessive, and too much of
suchahighlynitrogenousfoodtobeprofitablyassimilatod
by the anirnals. And as the sheep made equal progress
when furnished with food containing only one-third
the albumenous food as compared with that of the
oilcake, it shows that two-thirds of the latter was in
excess, although it greatly enriched the manure.
I'rom one-third to one-lialf the cost of the cake is
usually assigned as the increased value-of the manure
arising from it. In the present case, as two-thirds
were given in excess, it cannot he reckoned at less than
one-half, or 21. 4s. dd., as compared with 10*. — the
manuring value of the refuse of the Mangel-cake, thus
reducing the balance-sheet by the difference, \l. 14s. Gd.,
and, per se, the value of the Mangel in a natural state,
or, rather, in the state it is found after a winter's
storing, to lis. per ton— a fair value, but not much
above that really assigned to it. The writer, by his
deductions, first seeks to show that Linseed-cake is not
worth its cost, and that it, therefore, should be supple-
mented by other cheaper food to be raised on the farm,
and then he s^eks to establish the value of this
selfsame food by estimating it an equivalent value to
the cake which he has .iust condemned. This is
scarcely logical, any more than his general con-
clusions that the consumers of meat are to
benefit to the extent of one-half by the cheaper
food, which is to be caused by the increased production
which, in its turn, is to be produced by using only
the natural products of the soil, and abstaining from
the use of oilcake, which, perhaps more than any-
thing else, has enriched the value of manure and the
crops following its application. This certainly savours
strongly of the argiimentuni ad ahsurdum. It may
possibly in certain cases be desirable to convert watery
roots into dry food ; but as it is well known that a
Grass is more nutritious than Mangels or Swedes, it
is questionable whether a ton of Mangel, hay, or cake
is more nutritious than a ton of well-made Sainfoin
or Clover hay, with which we think it may be properly
compared. It will, however, be necessary considerably
to reduce the cost of making this Mangel-cake, if the
practice is to be followed advantageously : and it should
be remembered that the expense of making Linseed-cake
is nothing to the consumer; it is paid for by the
increased value of the oil pressed out, which not only in-
fluences the shape and condition of the cake, but enables
it to be sold some 20 per cent, less than the cost of the
seed from which it is jpade. The profit is of course

regulated by circumstances, and controlled by the
immense competition to which the trade is subjected
in this and other oountries.^ In conclusion, whilst
thanking Mr. Smith for his interesting experiments,
I trust he will not be offended at my free, and I
hope fair, criticism of the rather Utopian conclusions
he seeks to establish. W. C. S. iST.B.— It is rather
curious to observe the extraordinary fluctuation in the
progress made by each lot of sheep— in some months
trebling that of others ; and it is also noteworthy that
the oilcake-fed sheep made one-third more progress
than those on Mangel during the last month of the
experiment, when probably the weather became
cooler.

Mr. Mechi's Reports. — I observe that "An Old I'armer
and Agent" has again written to you on Mr. Mechi's
reports, and having warned his new aoquaiutauces in
Essex, that it is not probable he will again address
them, before leaving us perhaps he will inform us why
he did not go to Tiptree Hall and see for himself, ere
he accused Mr. Mechi in public print of untruthful-
ness ? Time cannot be his excuse, for he says, " Before
I left home for this journey, I was determined to stop
some time near the renowned Tiptree Hall ;" for what ?
To see and form his own judgment on the spot ? No ;
but flinging " the lie direct " on the gossip and hearsay
of " a market town near Tiptree, and the inns at which
the chief of them dine." He also says in his first letter,
" I am sorry to do so, but I never had placed any con-
fidence in Mr. Mechi's marvellous reports," &c ; yet, in
his second, he sends forth to the world the following
still more marvellous report — " I produce crops which,
to see, would excite envy in the breast of Mr. Mechi.
As good wine needs no bush, so the crops I produce by
my steam cultivation require no puffing. I Inay say,
indeed, that my Wheats, as far as I have threshed
them, are yielding considerably more than Mr. Mechi's
do, and at least the value of the rent of my laud more.
And yet I have had much better Wheat crops than I
have this year." Now Mr. Mechi states he is threshing
rather more than 5 quarters per acre; are we to assutne
"An Old I'armer" gets six this year? (remember, he
has had much better Wheat crops). Mr. Mechi's
reports being so marvellous^ that he cannot place atiy
confidence in them, will he inform us farmers and the
public why we are to believe him in this most marvellous
statement of his (I will quote his own words — "I mi.ght
almost add miraculous") crops? I have one more
question to ask : Will he be good enough to obtain
from his "respectable informant" who are the occu-
piers of the farms nearly surrounding Tiptree Hall,
"in the fields of which, having only hedges between
them and Mr. Mechi, he has known as fine crops grow
as any produced by Mr. Mechi ? " West Indian.

Newcastie: Cattle Fairs and Marlceis. — At a
recent meeting of the Council of the North of England
Chamber of Agriculture Mr. Titomas Lawson, Long-
hurst Grange, read a paper on " Fairs and Markets " : —
Fairs and markets are places of common resort, where
producers and consumers meet for the purpose of trade,
and as the object of all tr.ade is conducted on the
principle of mutual advantage, it will be readily
admitted that the general benefit will be best promoted
by the production in abundance of the necessities of
life, and at the lowest possible cost. The correct
market value of any article must include every cost of
production, and as all costs of every description are in
the end charged on the article and paid by the con-
sumers, they are often more interested than any other class
in every item that either directly or indirectly increases
the market value. In unproductive seasons, land-
owners obtain their rents, and occupiers, as a body,
may obtain the whole costs of production by an
enhanced price on the lessened quantity and quality,
but on the consumers the whole burden falls of actually
bearing such a calamity. A free importation of such
necessaries from other countries allows consumers to
1)0 less dependent on the home supply in unproductive
seasons, so that the utmost that can be done is to spread
any deficiency of production so generally over the world
as to lessen the local pressure, for the general body of
consumers must still bear the higher price that is
caused by any deficiency of quantity or quality of such
productions. True economy in a nation consists in
the adoption of such measures as will least iucrease
the cost of an article to a consumer, and more par-
ticularly between the producer and the consumer.
The waste of home stock, by the introduction of foreign
diseases, has been estimated by Professor Gamgee at
about e,000,000?. per year for some years past, and
whether that estimate be too high or too low, all know
that the loss so caused has been enormous ; and
although, in the first instance, much of such loss may
have been borne by the onmers of home stock, yet
every farthing of it must have come out of the pockets
of the consumer; and the cattle-plague waste, and the
costs incurred by the necessary or the unnecessary
restrictions in transferring and marketing stock, has
all fallen on the consumers, and must continue to be
borne by them so long as such costs exist. The quan-
tity and quality of meat that imported animals contain
is greatest when they first enter our ports— all extra
travelling will deteriorate both quantity and quality,
and add costs which can only be met by charging an
extra price on the meat to the consumer.
There cannot be any real ground on which to
found the hypocritical cant that to market and
slaughter foreign animals at our ports would lessen the
food of the people. Such flimsy economists may be
reasonably challenged to show that imported stock
improves in either weight or quality by travelling to
inland towns, ere they put forth such absurd assump-
tions. Every principle of true economy shows that
imported stock will yield the best and greatest quan-
tity of food by being slaughtered at our ports, and such

an arrangement would not only best effect the great
purpose of supply, but would avoid exposing our home
stock to any foreign infectious disease. Ports at which
foreign stock is debarked will always be more or less
under suspicion of disease, and all markets and fairs
for home stock should be held at such a distance from
such ports as maybe deemed a secure barrier against
any infection of disease^ and they should all possess
the additional precaution of an inspector. The object
of all fairs and markets being to effect a transfer of
such stock as one person has in excess to another
person who is in want of such stock, it follows that
such marts should be held where such transfers can be
effected at the least possible oost^ that is consistent
with an open e-xposition of the animals for sale. The
distance should be of easy access by highways and
railways, both for stock reaching the market place and
for allowing of their retnoval to their future destina-
tion ; and it is most essential that all markets be of
easy access to sellers and buyers ; and to attain this
object, it is desirable to hold such markets at
places accessible by railroad, and, if possible, at
centres where railways intersect each other. The
holding of fairs or markets annually, weekly,^ or
otherwise, should be regulated by the reasonable like-
lihood of producing so large an exhibition of stock as
to ensure a sufficiently numerous attendance of pur-
chasers, and thereby induce a healthy competition.
An auction sale is a useful branch of a stock market :
it gives a vitality to business, by its open record of
current rate of value, and thereby quickens conclusions
between sellers and buyers in the other departments
of a market. The time for holding a fair or market
should be on a specified day of the week, and should
be fixed so as not to incommode other local markets,
but so as all may mutually aid each other. Small
markets or fairs are a waste, as they are so unsteady as
to increase the cost of marketing beyond the local
advantages they possess. All fat markets should be
provided with cattle lairs and slaughter-houses, the
use of which to be voluntary, and not compulsory.
The best economy is generally to slaughter animals
where they are to be retailed, but as much injury is
sustained by carcases, in the process of cooling, being
exposed to deleterious gases, slaughter-houses free from
such exposure shoidd be provided at the market place
for those who would be benefited by them. The
heavy death rate of Newcastle must be susceptible of
an intelligent explanation. It excites both surprise
and anxiety ; and it is not improbable but that an
inquiry, as to why meat slaughtered and exposed for
sale in certain towns is subject to so much more
rapid putrefaction than in the country, would
explain the cause. The present interruption of
fairs and markets is a most suitable time
for the consideration of what places and periods
are most suitable for holding the local fairs and
markets of this locality. The approaches to Newcastle,
to Morpeth, to Hexham, and to Bellinghara, all offer
convenient access for market jiurposes ; but as local
residents are best able to judge .accurately what is
most necessary for their own locality, the best mode of
dealing with the subject would be by the member of
this Chamber, in'eaoh union, considering an dreporting
at what places in their respective unions it would be
desirable to hold markets, and on what day of the
week, and at what periods, would be most suitable for
such purposes. Mr. Lawson concluded by moving
that a request be sent to each council member to hold
a meeting of the members of his union, and consider
the question of what fairs and markets it would be
desirable to hold in such union, and report to the
Chamber.

Mr. John Angus, AThitefield, seconded the resolu-
tion. He perfectly agreed with the estimate of
Professor Gamgee, as given by Mr. Lawson. He had
very great doubts wdiether the consumers in this
country received much or any advantage from the
importation of foreign stock. The lung disease and the
foot-and-mouth disease, as well as the cattle plague,
had been brought here by foreign cattle, and he might
state that, although they had been subject to great
inconvenience by the regulations, the precautions
taken by the Government in regard to the cattle
plague had very nearly cleared away the foot-and-
mouth disease and the lung diseases. He had no wish
to limit the importation of foreign stock, but they
should be kept from amongst the English cattle.

The resolution was agreed to.

Patters' Clubs.

Kelso : Oct. 4.— Best Mode of Selling Stoc7c.— At
the usual monthly meeting of this Club, Mr. Sholto
Douglas, Biddletonhill, introduced a discussion of
this subject by the following remarks ;— Prices of stock
have been, and are likely to be, low, and we must
endeavour to dispose of it to the best advantage. In
seeking how to do this, one thing mu.st strike the
attention — viz., that in most cases there is a consider-
able discrepancy between the price which the grower
receives and that which the consumer pays, and that,
too, without any necessary expense being incurred;
and, of course, the diSerence which ought to go into
the farmer's pocket finds its way in anotner direction
— viz., towards those gentlemen who find their profit
in running between those who are too anxious to sell
and those who are anxious to buy. I say, gentlemen,
that the nearer the producer and the consumer are
brought the better. When this is impossible, as I am
sorry to think is too often the case, then a dealer oi:
middleman becomes necessary. This class is divided,
like all others, into gentlemen and rogues ; and we
must encourage the honest dealer when we cannot
get a direct customer. . The question, then, seems to
me to be capable of being put thus :— " Where are we
to find the best customers ?"

(1) I trust that every man will regret with me that

NOTEMBEE 2, 1867.]

THE GA'RPENEI^S' nil^OXirTE AKT) j^OT^TCTTTTFRAT, O^ZETTE.

1131

the Inverness eystom is not in force in this district,
■Viz tlmt the buyers and sellers meet without showiuj;
the' stock, and there make the bargain, dcpmHliiiK on
the known character of the stock, alid lu the sellers
representations concerning it. I am ac(iuinntc(i with
Ode firm eqiially well known and trusted m this dis-
trict who do business in this way ; but the sjihere ol
their operations is limited, and other buyers seem
inclined to work in rather the opposite manner.

(3) The ne.xt best plan is to sell at home, lour
stock is shown to the best advantage, and both buyer
ahd seller are free from the excitement atleu<laut m a
Jiublic market. For my own part, I hardly over
nlissed a chance of selling at home, and very seldom
have I had occasion to regret it. But one has not
always a buyer to come and purchase one s stock at
home, or there may be a difference as to the value ;
then the question is where to take them— fair or sale.
As I said before, it makes little difference, provided
oni3 is sure of a good customer.

(3) And in favour of the sale by auction, I may say
that it prevents iu a great measure a certain system,
which operates alike against the seller .and the honest
buyer. I allude to gangs going round a fair, first one
coming and then another, and so keeping the good
buyer at bay -, in a bad market I have seen this very
siiocessful by having agents to carry bad repoits of
■wtiat is done in the fair, or, as I have seen, by making
a flash sale with the aid of an accomplice, they succeed
in tiring out the seller, and in carrying out their own
nefarious purpose, thereby not only robbing their
immediate victim, but giving a bad character to the
whole market. At a sale, on the other hand, the fair
buyer has a chance of obtaining what he wants at a
reasonable price ; but as few people think of beginning
a thing at its value, the exposer has a chance of seeing
his stock sold for less than he expects, or, if set up at
its value, of not getting a bid at all. Here is the great
difference between the two systems.

(4) In the case of the fairs a man has the selling of
his stock in his own hands ; he can sell it, keep it, or
do anything except give it away, which in the case of
the sale he is sometimes obliged to do. Let me here
descend from generals to particulars. AVays and
fashions will alter considerably before I send fat cattle
to a sale, for I am sure that at times the combination
(what I believe is called the knock-out) is quite irre-
sistible, and if there is a good man there, he is allowed
to supply himself, and the gang get the rest at their
own price. In fact, I do not approve of exposing
beasts in a public market or sale where there is any
chance of their coming back again : they should either
be sold at home or consigned to some dista,nt mart.
Eams, again, especially in a district like this, where
so many are raised, are best sold by auction, as there
every man has a chance of pleasing himself, and of
dipping into his favourite blood. With regard to
wool, very little is to be said on either side, except
that 'it is a cumbrous thing to keep, and that if sent
to the sale it lies at the broker's risk and the con-
signer's disposal. Besides there is always jjrompt pay-
ment, which, in addition to instant delivery being
taken, is a state of matters which everybody cannot
congratulate themselves on. Still, if a man can make
a bargain at home on favourable terms, it is far better.
The general remarks I made before refer to lean stock,
which was the kind I find in my view, when I pro-
posed this subject ; and that it must come to one
method or the other alone, as an alternative to private
sales, is pretty evident. Because, when a fair and a
sale happen on the same day (as Pennymuir fair and
Hawick sale do this month), the question arises, where
will buyers go? for they cannot be at both. It is
hardly a fair comparison. But assuming the character
of the stock to be the same, I am afraid that the
buyer will prefer the sale, because there he gets a clear
field and no favour. I think that when the best stock
and the best buyers of a district are brought to a ring
that there is more chance of the knights of the rig and
the knock-out being set at defiance, and consequently
the better chance of the seller and the good buyer
(the rest being always the ultimate customer) meeting
in equal terms. Should the matter strike any one in
any other light, or if any of my views should seem
erroneous, I beg to hear it. As I have said, I like
neither plan, and cannot therefore have indulged in
any special pleading on either side ; and all I hope is
that the country may adopt the best way.

Mr. MUNRO siiitl that ho thouglit the Inverness system
wouldnotdoin that part of the country. They mi(;ht sell then-
draft ewes by the character of the stock and the f.arm, but he
thought th.at it was far better dealers haying a look ,at the
stock they were purchasing. The remark of fVIr. Douglas was
correct when he stated that at fails a comp.any of individuals
often annoyed the scUcr of stock, by appearing to act
separately when they were .acting conjointly. For his own
part ho would prefer Belling in a public market, .and if he
were to do ao all the year through he would be in pocket. He
believed the full prico of stock could be got at auction 3,ales
when there was a dem.and ; but when there was not, it
generally happened that e.xposers got less than the value of
the animals. Ho would prefer selling in a public m.arket
When it was convenient, and when that was not attainable, .at
the farm steading. With reg,ard to wool, he would decidedly
prefer the auction s.alcs if the wool brokers did not take such
a high commission. His reason for this was that none of them
knew very well how to sell wool, and, in that case, submitting
it to public competition was the best method.

Mr. PcnVES, Linton bura foot, said his practice was to sell at
home if he possibly could in the first place, and if he thought
he was not getting the value for his animals he took them to
the market at Kelso. He goncr.ally either sold or sent them
away to Newc.a.stle or Edinburgh, because he believed it wais
just a week lost to take them homo .again, for fat cattle never
fed well after a long drive, and it deteriorated them in quality
very much. Ho would, therefore, advise a sale if possible
when driven to a market. He believed there was nothing
like an auction s.ile for tups ; private siiles would not do. For
cue man fancying a particular animal in your lot privately,
you h.ad 10 or 12 .at a sale, and hence the decided advantage of
the one method over the other. With reference to the selling
of hia wool ho would remark that he gcner.aUy sold at the
wool fairs. He generally took note of the prices current in

London and ICdinburgh, and how his nclKhbours wcro soiling
their wool, and then determined upon what he woidd ask.

The U11.V111MAN thought that every farmer ought to know
tho value of liis own stock, and if he got a fair offer at homo
lo accept it. If, however, tho offer was not up to tho value ho
had set upon his cattlo, ho should bring thoin to a public
market, and if ho had not confidence in his own Judgment, let
him ask his neighbour, and iu a market like Ivelso you will
rarely leavo without making a bargain. However, if you
cannot dispose of your stock, he would ndvi.sc them not to
take them homo. Take theiu to tho laifc markets— to Edin-
burgh or Newcastle— for in all his experience ho had observed
that when you h.ad cattle of good quality at those markets you
could always sell. lie was no believer in auction markots, an.l
would net advise cattle to bo sold at them.

The Journal of A<iriciillHr». October, 18ti7.
IBO, I'lcet Street.

Tho current number contains tho last portion of Mr.
E wart's practical and trustworthy papers on the
rcrmanent Improvement of Estates. Wo commend
the whole series— which has appeai-ed in successive
numbers of this monthly journal — to the attention of
tho.«e who agree with Sir Harry Verney and Mr.
Bailey Benton as to the need and profitableness of outlay
on this class of land improvements, to which reference
is made in another column. Poor Wallace Fyfe's last
words ou an agricultural subject form another article
in this number — this is a republication of one of his
lectures oh manuring land, before tho Royal Agri-
cultural College; a short paper, which might have
been the leading article of a weekly farming news-
paper, discusses some of the evils which still encumber
the relation of master and servant in agriculture— the
gang system and the bothy system, with education for
their remedy ; a translation of Count Zichy's report
on the Agricultural Products at Paris, a review of
Mr. Carr's book on the Booth herds, an article on
silkworm culture, and the Farmer's Note-book, make
up the Part, which is quite equal in general and
professional interest to its predecessors.

We take an extract from the paper on Agricultural
Labour, in which the author speaks df Ode and
anof her of the evils which characterise it.

" The disease is in the blood. It is inherent to dur
system of agricultural cultivation. It arises from the
call for special kinds of labour, and, we fear, can only
be remedied by such a change in our agricultural
system as will reduce the demand for these kinds of
labour, or by such a change in the condition of the
labouring classes as will still further diminish the
supply, and thereby compel the adoption of some other
plan. Improvements in machinery may do something
towards diminishing the amount of labour required to
carry on farming operations upon the present system ;
but there must always remain many operations which
cannot be performed by machinery, and therefore we
cannot look to that source for any great relief.

"Education is the other means which may, and
doubtless will, most seriously modify the present
condition of the agricultural labour market, ahd
through it the system of cultivation.

" To ignorance is due many of the evils of the present
state of affairs. Ignoraflce and want of thought,
although not synonymous, are inseparable. Want of
consideration for others, of course, accompanies it;
hence flows carelessness for their children, carelessness
for the interests of their employers, carelessness for
their own welfare both in this and the next world,
carelessness for everything but the immediate sensual
gratification of the moment. The ignorance of the
agricultural population affects their employers inj uri-
ously in more ways than this. It lays them open to
the machinations of the designing, and agricultural
strikes threaten to be another evil arising from the
same cause.

" Education will remove many of these evils, but it
will not directly thereby affect the course of cultiva-
tion. It is indirectly that it will do this. The effect
of education is to expand the mind, enlarge the powers,
and extend the ambition of those who receive it. An
educated hind will find that he can make more in
some other way and in some other business than by
ploughing, and he will cease to be a ploughman. As
parents acquiire .iuster ideas of their duties to their
children, they will be more chary of exposing them to
the hardships and contamination of field labour, and
the general consequence will be a diminished supply of
agricultural labour. It is already too small for the
present system, and of course any reduction in its
amount must bring the farmer to what we set out
with— a fresh calculation of the treatment of his farm,
and a modification of his system of husbandry to the
diminished number of hands.

"The result, we think, must be twofold— the
diminution of labour and capital on large spaces on
the one hand, and the concentration of labour and
capital upon small spaces on the other hand. In other
words, the cultivation of England will become divided
into feeding of stock and what we may call market-
farming, meaning thereby a system of forced cropping
analogous to market-gardening. The latter is already
creeping in ; the Mechi system, the sewage system, are
phases of it. The other has been longer in operation,
and is extending rapidly; the greater part of Scotland
and much of England is already devoted to feeding
stock." ... ■

Farm Memoranda.

AN Aberdeenshiee F.iEM.— HarVL-; t operations
have been sadly retarded by wet weather for some time
back, and very little has been got into the stackyard.
In many places a good deal of Oats is yet uncut, which
is anything but a pleasing operation, it being badly
laid and twisted by contrary winds and the snow storm
of the 4th and 6th inst., and it is almost impossible to
make anything like a neat job of it now.

Reaping machines have been at work at many places
in the county, and would seem to bo finding more
favour with tho canny Abcrdonians, after having had
ample proof of their working jiowcrs in almost every
stale in wliich a croji i;an bo ; and as at the public trials
they gave great satisfaction to juilges and oii-lookers.
we have no doubt but tho dill'crent makers will
have a good many orders on their lists for ISiiS.

Turnips are not up to expeclation as a crop in
general. Tho summer, being cold and wet, with little
sunshine, was uufavourable for their growth, but
should tho month of November keep open and gonial,
they will yet make up to something like an average
crop.

The Potato crop is much damaged by disease— more
so th-an in any year since IHKl. Few, however, are
grown in Aberdeenshire but for home u.so.

Live stock are mostly tied up or put under cover
over night, and put to tlio fields during the day.
Many farmers have been giving their feeding stock
Clover hay along with their Turnips, as damp straw
and wet Turnips are apt to derange their stomach.

Sheep fanners have now begun to put their flocks to
the low pastures for the winter, but the steady cry is
the low prico ; and indeed there is some room for
complaint, for with low prices for beef and mutton,
and the harvest still at the mercy of the elements, the
farmer has anything but a cheering prospect before
him. T.

FfiEDERioK Co.,Maktiand, U.S.— One of the best
farms I saw is that of Mr. Jacob Walker, 200 acres,
held at a rent of MOO dols. (about 20i;.), Twenty-
five bushels of corn to the aero was thought a fair
crop when he beg.an, but now his average yield is nearly
double that quantity. Ou about 60 acres of Wheat he
averaged 20 bushels per acre last year and the year
before, with not a very favourable season in either case.
He cuts about two and a-half tons to the acre of Clover
and Timothy, and has about 30 acres of very excellent
pasture along a little stream which runs through his
farm. His system is to manure the Clover ley — turn-
ing it over in November, and applying the manure in
spring on the surface. A crop of corn is then taken,
followed by Wheat sown in the autumn ; and he
regards the manure as beneficial for this latter crop,
rather than as making the corn much better than
would otherwise be expected. A half peck per acre of
Timothy seed.is drilled in with the Whe;it, and Clover
sown the next spring at the rate of a bushel to 6 acres.
This makes a rotation of throe years, with one-third
the land manured each year. He has about 30 milch
cows, and perhaps 20 head of other cattle, including
steers, dry cows, etc., and in feeding, intends to keep
them all in good order, so as to be ready for market
whenever it becomes desirable to send any to the
butcher. He buys also about 100 sheep for feeding,
along from June to September, which are sold fat the
coming spring. Those he had last year averaged about
120 lb. per head when purchased, and 150 lb. at the
time of sale. He thus feeds all the corn and Oats he

Mr. Walker approves of turning stock upon growing
Wheat. He puts on heavy stock in autumn, and
sheep through the winter, whenever the ground is not
covered with snow, keeping them on, frequently, as
late as the first of JIay. A field that we saw which
had been thus depastured by 100 sheep a good part of
last winter and spring was promising well, except for
looking a little bare about the gate. In winter the
milk from the farm is sent in to Baltimore, but in
summer only the cream. The mode of winter feeding
adopted is to cut all the hay and corn [Maize] fodder,
both for horses and cattle, and mix with corn meal, or
with Oats and corn ground together. The mixture is
Wet up with scalding water in a trough made for the
purpose, and stands covered with a cai-pet or canvass
for several hours, by which time a slight fermentation
ensues, answering much the same end as would be done
by cooking. Thus the noon feed is prepared imme-
diately after the morning feed is distributed, and stands
until dinner time, and so on. Corn fodder, cured and
housed with the same care as hay, Mr. AValker thinks
better than anything else he can cut up in this way.
Taking the average number of cows in milk throughout
the year, he thus obtains an average yield of 2 g.allons
of milk per head per day, the year round. Gypsum is
found to have an excellent effect on the pasture, which
has been much improved by its application, so that it
carries 10 head of cattle on the 30 acres, a good part of
the season, though they get a feed of mown Grass occa-
sionally in addition.

Burning Lime.— in driving southwards from Frede-
rick, we made a brief call at the farm of Mr. C. K.
Thomas, 3V miles from the city— an excellent tract of
about 300 a'cres. Here they were burning lime in open
stacks. The dimensions of the stack we saw were
13 by 27 feet on the ground. Trenches are first dug
crosswise, 3 or 4 feet apart, and a foot or 18 inches in
depth and width. Flat stones are put over these
trenches, and then a layer of wood, requiring three
lengths transverselv to cover the whole space allotted.
Then follow alternate layers of limestone and soft coal
—the lower layers of limestone broken up m pieces of
from the size of an egg to 1 or .''i inches across, while
the upper ones grow larger as the heap advances. Ihe
coal is distributed evenly over the stone, of sufiicient
depth fairly to cover it, and thicker along the outside
than toward the middle. In a stack of this size from
1600 to ISOO bushels lime can be burned. It is carried
up to 7 feet in height, and when completed the outside
is banked up completely over with 18 .inches of earth,
supported on the sides by boards and rails The trenches
underneath are then extended far enough out from the
stack to admit of kindling, and when fairly go'ng, the
process will pretty much take care of itselt The
calculation of coal required is IS bushels to 2o cubio
feet of stone, and a ton of coal vnll make lOU bushels

1132

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[NOVEMBEB 2, 1867.

of lime. These stacks or kilns are often made directly
in the field where the lime is to be used, and the whole
cost, including quarrying, fuel, attendance, &c., may
now be reckoned at about 10 cents per bushel. In
spreading the lime, the field is chequered off in 21-feet
squares ; a half bushel put upon each of these squares
is equivalent to SO bushels per acre, and is put in a
little pile, where it stands until slacked, and is then
scattered evenly over the ground.

The Tobacco Cro^.— Another visit was at a farm of
280 acres, rented by Mr. Warfield, on the slate forma-
tion. The principal point of interest here was to
investigate the facilities afforded on such land for the
culture of Tobacco, of which a considerable quantity is
raised, judpng from the hogsheads awaiting freightage
at the stations on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad.
Mr. W. has sold the product of 4 acres for nearly
1200 dollars. On new laud it is often grown without
manuring; on old soils it receives a dressing of stable
manure, and 150 to 200 lb. of superphosphate of lime
per acre in the hill. The plants are set out 3 feet apart
each way, or, on old land, 2\ feet ; and the .subsequent
culture consists of working with the plough and after-
wards with the hoe, very much as with Potatos or
Cabbage. The Tobacco is cut from August 15 to
September 20, and hung up in the houses built for the
purpose, seven to nine plants being strung on a stick,
run through a split in the stalk, say 8 inches apart,
and put up on beams supporting the ends of the stick.
It is cured by "firing" — that is, by the heat of a
common wood stove in the house, kept up for two
days and nights. Then it remains until there is
leisure to take it down and strip the leaves from the
stalks, after cool weather has fairly set in. The leaves,
assorted in different qualities, which are judged by
appearance and colour, are fastened in bunches of a
dozen or so, by neatly twisting one around the stems
of the others, and are then again hung up for a while
to "qualify." This completes the curing process;
they are now taken down, and laid regularly in large
piles to settle and become compact. Albany Country
Gentleman.

m^t Uoultrg ¥aiU.

The Wild Duck may be reared for shooting, for the
table, and for ornament. Before we commenced rear-
ing it, the gamekeeper had it under his charge, and it
received no more attention than the other game
entrusted to him ; and, left to find its own food, which
it had often to seek for at a distance from home, it was
consequently so much exposed to the sportsman's aim
that with us it was becoming scarce. Wo had not
sufiicient for ornament for our lakes, and of course
none for shooting or the table. We have a fine piece of
water for them, but had considerable trouble before we
found out the best way to manage them, with the proper
food, when young. Our best success has been
found in allowing them to lay their eggs
where they choose, but we take them away and
use them till the three first weeks in April.
From the last week in April till the end of May we
take their eggs to be hatched by our farm-yard hens.
This we do for the following reasons, — we do not leave
the early eggs with the duck, to prevent her from
setting, so we get double quantities of eggs, and we do
not set any hens before May, because when they are
hatched earlier the water is too cold, subjecting the
young broods to cramp, which kills them. The best
time for them to take the water, we have found, is at
the end of June. AVhen first hatched we put them in
a coop, with a gamekeeper lift, and covered at the top
with wire. As they are very wild, they require different
treatment from the tame duck ; but if you feed them
with plenty of worms, cut up, they will be as easily
reared. With a sufficient quantity of worms they will
require no other food for the first month ; in fact, with-
out worms they will not feed. We then give them
stiff Barley-paste in a small garden pan, with a little
water to dabble in, which nutriment we find suits them
best after we can get them to other food than worms.
It is remarkable that within a month these little
creatures seem quite to undergo a change, for at first
they will run anywhere to avoid observation, like the
Guinea fowl, but afterwards, when they hear your
footstep they will run out of the coop, with one eye
turned up and outstretched neck, while on tiptoe they
look out with eagerness for their accustomed meal of
chopped worms. After they are about a month old,
we take the hen and brood of ducks under a coop,
boarded at the back, with open spars in front, to within
SO yards of the pond, placing it with the back, or
boarded side, towards the water, that the hen may not
see the ducks take to the water, and lift the
openings for the young brood to get to their element
by instinct, which they geueraUy do in a day or two.
From this period we give them nothing but the
Barley-paste, as they find worms in a sufficient quan-
tity themselves. While here we give the hen Barley,
and as soon as they can eat the same, and do
without the hen we allow her to go ; entering the
young ducks in our book as worth a shilling each.
When they are about three months old, then we make
a place for them close to the water to resort to, of
hazel or basket work, like a crate or laying pen,
covering the top with straw as a thatch, and to this
we drive them home every night, feeding them with
Barley. We pull the three first quill feathers from
under one wing to prevent their flying into the com
fields, where tney might be shot ; whereas, by con-
fining them to our own water, they may be shot if
required while whirring over it on the wing, as the
wing will have new feathers by the month of October.
Sometimes we have 130 together for ornament and
sport. We feed them regularly, otherwise they will
not remain on the premises. They will not breed like
the tame duck (with one drake to several ducks), but
Only in pairs. We once shot too many mallards, and

few of the ducks during the next season bred. Some
of our ducks hatch and bring up their broods of their
own accord, but they generally drag their brood about
the ditches, until from want of food or proper care
many of them are lost, unless, indeed, when she hatches
very late in the season. The rat is fonder of the
yoiing wild duck than any other of our poultry. The
pike will destroy them, and we lost 30 in one day by
these fish when they were a month old. As to the
colour of the duck, we consider the darkest the best ;
the plumage of the drake gets Tery like the duck at
the close of the season, i. e. summer. La^id Steivard.

Four Oolden Bules : (1) Shelter. — Fowls should
always be kept in a dry, warm sheltered situation — a
southerly aspect is to be preferred — for they benefit
greatly by " warms in the sun," as well as requiring
protection from its scorching rays, and a shed for rainy
weather. The roosting-house and laying-house, if
separate, should communicate, that early layers may
have early access to the nests, and also communicate
with the storm-shed for the fowls to run in in security
if they should leave their roosts early in the morning.
The nests should be numerous, either in boxes or
baskets, not too deep but roomy, some situated high
some low, and as independent of each other as
possible ; each supplied with sweet, short, and soft
straw, and a small nest-egg or two of chalk, the
size of a pigeon's egg. If the nests be too deep they
break the eggs in jumping in and out, and if the
nests are not roomy setting hens have no room to turn
easily, and consequently break the eggs by not being
able to get to them softly. They then eat the broken
eggs, which gives them the habit of doing so at other
times. They should roost warm at night and of easy
access. The more lightsome the house the better for
promoting dry air and a free circulation. The feeding-
places should be under cover, and as far as possible
removed from the nests, that the hens which happen
to be laying at the time, or which may be setting, may
not be disturbed and enticed off their nest and eggs at
improper times. 2. CleayiUness. — Fowls being cleanly
by nature, thrive when regularly attended, but degene-
rate and sicken if neglected. In an artificial state of
existence, they require to be supplied by art with what
in nature they would obtain for themselves. For this
purpose they should have a regular supply, in
some convenient part of their shed, of sifted
cinders daily to roll in and cleanse themselves, and
which should be often changed. This precaution
will keep them entirely free from vermin of any
description. 3. Oreen i^ooA— This being quite as
necessary for health as corn, to supply this require-
ment of Nature they should have daily a good supply
of (sweet and fresh) green vegetables. Cabbage,
Lettuce, and Endive are the best — Turnip-tops and
Watercresses — but on no account any sour plants,
which scour them, as do Spinach, the cuttings from
Grass-plats, and most sorts of garden seeds, as their
instinct does not serve them to chose the wholesome
from the noxious weeds. Green food with fowls is an
astringent, the very reverse of what vegetables are with
us. This fact will not appear so surprising, when it is
recollected that on» takes them raw, and the other
cooked. 4. A plentiful supply of clean water, '\w Az\\y
well-cleansed vessels, and wholesome food. Frequent
changes, and mi.xtures of Corn, improve the appetite.
Barley is decidedly their staple food in this country ;
Indian corn, or sometimes Rice, mixed for a change.
Oats occasionally, but in too large quantity are apt to
scour. Occasionally Buckwheat and Hempseed, as a
stimulant, mixed with the Barley for a change, are
very beneficial, particularly whilst moulting. One
meal may be composed of boiled or steamed Potatos,
well mashed up whilst hot, with a portion of Barley-
meal, or Oatmeal for a change, but which must be
allowed to remain till cold. Feed twice a day at least,
or three times if not too fattening; morning early,
befors the usual hour for laying, if possible ; at noon,
the noontide meal may be the Potatos as above
directed, and before sunset— not later than 4 o'clock—
that they may go to roost by daylight, or they will go
without their food. Eegularity greatly tends to health,
and disturbance of any sort is very hurtful. Eice,
occasionally boiled in a cloth, greatly increases its bulk,
and they are very fond of it. I cannot »ay from my
own experience that beneficial effects are produced by
giving them much flesh, raw or boiled. But fat, as
advised in books, produces scourings ; spiced or salted
meats, and kitchen stuffs, are certainly pernicious to
their stomachs. A Former Correspondent.

To Fatten Poultry. — The following will be found a
quick and excellent food for fattening chickens. Set
rice over the fire, with skimmed milk; let it boil till
the rice is quite swelled out, then add a teaspoonful of
sugar. Feed them three times a-day in common pans,
giving them only as much as will quite fill them at
once. Let the pans bo washed and set in spring water,
that no sourness may be conveyed to the fowls, as that
prevents them from fattening. Give then clean water,
or the milk of rice to drink. By this method, the flesh
will have a clear whiteness, which no other food gives;
and when it is considered how far a pound of Eice will
go, and how much time is saved by this mode, it will be
found to be cheap. It is said that a portion of animal
mixed with vegetable food causes poultry to thrive
rapidly, but they should be confined to a vegetable diet
some time beforel they are killed. A quantity of
charcoal, broken in small pieces, and placed within
reach of the poultry, increases their appetite, and
promotes digestion.

Gapes : A H. The seat of the disease is in the windpipe, and
is occasioned by .a number of small worms adhering to the
sides, and increasing until they cause suffocation. A coiTe-
spondent speaking of this disease says; — " I myself h.ave
had considerable experience, having, for four or five years
previous to last year (when I gave up keeping fowls), lost
about 150 ehickens per annum by it. I have tried putting
the feather down the trachea, salt, brandy and salt, and

many other, said to be effectual, remedies, but with no
success : indeed, the very few cases that recovered I con-
sider to have done so more from natural causes than from
any remedy applied. A relation of mine tells me he has
met with tolenable success by fumigating them with tobacco
until they were nearly dead, but this remedy seems to be
nearly as bad as the disease ; -and is at all events a very
hazardous one. The only remedy I ever found to be effective
was, to have chickens as early as possible ; for, I remarked,
I always reared all my chickens hatched in March and
beginning of April, but after th.at lost four out of five.
Although at first no one could have finer or stronger
chickens until they began to feather, when the gapes
appeared, and they lingered on, sometimes for four or five
weeks, until death put an end to their sufferings. They
were of the game breed, and had an escellent situation, it
being high dry sandy soil with plenty of fresh water, a
large wood with Grass paddocks, and farmyard to run in.

Miscellaneous.

Mr. Dauncey's Serd of Channel Island Cattle. — This
famous herd, which has been in the possession of Mr.
Dauncey, of Horwood, for more than 40 years, was
recently submitted to public competition by Messrs.
Dudley and Son, of Wmslow. The fame of the col-
lection attracted a large assemblage of purchasers and
connoisseurs from all parts of the kingdom. Probably
a more pure bred and beautiful herd is not to be found,
as the owner, by careful breeding and rigidly excluding
every animal that possessed the slightest blemish, has
brought them to a state of almost perfection. The
following is a detailed list of the animals, and the
prices they realised. The sale amounted to 3912?. ;—

Cows.
Busy — Mr. Famborough 24 gs,
Viola — Captain Baum-
garten . . . . 26

Labes— Col. Spicer .. 28
The Bat- Mr. Moore . . 50
Brooch— Rev. H. T. de

Salis 33

Midnight- Mr. Moore . . 35
Bl,amey — Mr. J. Bel-
grove.. .. -.12
Dazzle— Captain Baum-

gartcu . . . . 36

Ethel— Mr. Gurney . . 28
Pride— Captain Baum-

garten . . . . 30
B.antor— Mr. P. Hart . . 33
nn,a— Ml-. P. Rose . . 154
Dream — Lord Cheslutm 45
Cravat— Mr. Gurney .. 24
Halo— Lord Cheshara .. 50
Rita— Mr. Higgins . . 49
Morning— Col. Pratt . . 17
Butterfly — Col. Spicer.. 50
Elk— Mr. T. H. Barnes 51
Bosh — Sir H. Verney . . 43
Dora— Mr. Hubb.ard . . 23
Goss^^mcr— Mr. Bassett 23
Winifred- Mr.E.Courage 35
Dagmar — Capt. Pilgrim 55
Parade— Duke of Graf-
ton 50

Vanity— Mr. Wilson .. 44

Hostago — Mr. Courage 48
Crane — Lord Chesham 60
Pimpernel — Mr. Wilson 48
Lotion — DukeofGrafton 50
Dizzy— Col. Spicer . . 40
Riddle— Mr. Pearse .. 62
Glass— Sir H. Verney., 40
Primrose— Sir H.Vemey 47
Level— Col. Spicer . . 59
Elfin— Mr. Game . . 69

Harmony— Mr.B.akcweU 36
Vuten— Mr. J. Pully . . 80
Bl'aid— Mr. Courage . . 44
Prance— Mr. Coleman. . 62
Bustle— Mr. Coleman . . 71
Grief — Mr. Bauncey . . 39
Gossip— Mr. Coleman . . 40
Bedlam — Mr. D.auncey 29
Tattle— Mr. Coleman . . 63
Masquci-ade — Duke of

Bedford .. ..51
Landscape— Mr. Game 100
Crab— Mr. Duncan . . 50
Dread— D. of Bedford . . 57
Day Star— Capt. Pilgrim 61
The Ban— Mr. W. A. Gil-
bey 81

P.ansy — Mr. Moore . . 34
Violin— Mr. Bakewell.. SO
Croquet-CoL Spicer .. 38
Hyacinth— Mr. Pearse. . 58
Cura(;oii— Mr. Gilbey ., 60

In-calf Heifers.

In-calf Heifer— Mr, GU-

bey 55]

Ditto — Mr. Coleman . . 51
Ditto ditto . . . . 56

Ditto— Duke of Bedford 35

Heifers (Out with Young Bull).
Heifer — Major Thursley 27g3. I Heifer— Mr. Pully
Ditto— Lord Chesham.. 51 Ditto— Mr. Bassett

Ditto-Mi-. WUson . . 48 I

Calves

Pair of Calves- Mr. Gil
40 gs,
41

In-calf Heifer— Mr. Day 51 gs.
Ditto— Lord Chesham , . 60
Ditto— Hev. C. Selby-
Lowndes . . . . 62

56 gs,
28

Pair of Calves— Mr. B.as-

sett . .
Ditto— Mr. Wilson
Ditto — Lord Chesham . . 50
Ditto ditto .. 51
Ditto — Duke of Bod-
ford 43

Ditto— Duke of Grafton 38

bey 30g8.

Ditto — Mr. Duncan
Ditto— Mr. Game .. 29
Ditto— Mr. Morris . . 25
Steer- Mr. Wilson . . 29
Heifer, barren — Mr.
Kingsley . . , . 20
Bulls.

Young BuU — Mr. Colo-
man OOgs,

Bull Calf— Col. Spicer.

20

Dolpliin— Mr. Dauncey 20gs.
Vampire— Capt. Baum-

garten . . . . 31
Rioter— Ditto .. ..31
Field.

The National Exhibition of I)ogs.~T]ie Exhibition
of Sporting and other Dogs at Birmingham will, as
usual, be held in the same week as the Cattle and
Poultry Show there. Some few changes have been
made in the prize list for this year ; we may mention
especially that the classes for puppies have been with-
drawn. Tlie premiums for this, the eighth, show are
very liberal in amount, and the 82 classes afford the
opportunity for exhibiting dogs of every breed. As our
readers are aware, the show has attained a high
degree of popularity, and appears, indeed, to become
more and more attractive every year. It has always
been admirably conducted, and Curzon Hall is in every
respect most suitable for an exhibition of this kind.

Imported Food. — You ask why mutton cannot be
obtained from Australia as well as beef, I put that
question to Mr, Tindal and other gentlemen ; and the
answer was, " Good mutton cannot be sent at present
from Australia, because it does not exist there." The
sheep is at present cultivated in Australia merely for
its wool and tallow. You are aware that in this
country the grand problem for the modern sheep
farmer is to combine in one animal the two qualities of
good meat and good wool. Hitherto in Australia there
has been no market for mutton ; and consequently no
good mutton is produced there ; but let us buy and eat
up all the good beet that Australia can send to us, and
Australia will soon learn to produce and send to us
mutton of corresponding quality. If the Chancellor of
the Exchequer's advice to cross the black-faced ewe
with the Cotswold ram be followed in Australia, the
Australians may have an animal whose fleece
and meat are both valuable, and not, as now,
an animal with a valuable fleece, but no
carcase, and no capacity for making into mutton.

NOVEMBEE 2, 1867.1

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1133

The difliciilty wliieh at present prevents our receiving
good mutton from Australia is applicable both to beef
and mutton from South America. Messrs. Longman have
published a small volume " On the Agriculture of the
States of the Rio do la Plata," which I advise your
correspondents to read. It demonstrates the necessity
of great improvements in the cultivation of land, and
the management of slock in those States, before they
can hope to send us such meat as oven the poorer
classes of Englishmen can eat. Mr. Marry Cli^sttr in
the " Times."

Carbolic Aeid.—ln agriculture our firm has stimu-
lated tlie employment of carbolic acid for the cure
of certain diseases very common to slieep— scab, for
example. The method of treatment customary in
similar eases was very imperfect as well as dangerous,
whilst with carbolic acid this malady is cured, and
without danger to the animal, by dipping it for a
minute, often only for some secondSj in water contain-
ing a small quantity of carbolic acid. Por this purpose
pure acid would be too expensive, and is not used, nor
concentrated acid, which ignorant men who have the
care of sheep would not know how to use, but by the
help of soap an emulsion is made. After having shorn
the sheep it is dipped in this mi.xture ; a single
immersion in a bath containing jV of it is sufficient
to efl'ect a cure. After scab, the foot-rot is one of the
worst and most frequent complaints. Carbolic acid is
also for that an efficacious remedy. For this a mixture
is made of the acid and an adherent and greasy sub-
stance, capable of forming a plaster, which can bo made
to adhere to the animal's foot for two or three days,
preventing the contact of the air, allowing time for the
application to produce its efl'ect. But if the flock be
numerous, it would take a long time to dress the four
feet of each animal one after another ; so, to make it
more easy, a shallow tray is made of stone, a sort of
trough : this is filled with the medicated mixture, and
the sheep are made to pass through it ; their feet are
thus impregnated with the required substance. Per-
mit me also to state that cattle cease to bo annoyed
with flies, &o., if washed with this solution, or a weak
solution of carbolic acid. Professor C. Calvert, in
the "Journal of the Society of Arts."

The Advice of the Chemist.— A. gentleman in Ork-
ney, who had a farm almost entirely composed' of very
sandy soil, consulted a chemist as to the manures
which he should employ to improve it. The chemist
looked over the property, and replied that much could
not be done by manure ; that there was no proper soil
to soak it up and retain it to be given out in future
years ; consequently any manure that might be given
would only be of use during the year in which it was
applied. But he had observed a rotton trap-rock on
one part of the property, and he recommended that a
quantity of it should be carted and spread over a
part of the sandy soil, in order to unite with it and
form a more retentive soil. The owner took his
advice, and carted the rotten rock and spread it thinly
and sparingly entirely over a large field. Next year
the chemist returned, and the owner attacked him ; he
had followed his advice, had spent a good deal of
money in doing it, and without apparent benefit. The
chemist went to see it, and replied that it had been
done so sparingly that no effect could be expected, and
that, by making the experiment over the whole of the
field, he had left no means of estimating whether he
had improved it or not ; for although the crop was no
better than usual, it might have been worse had the
rock not been applied. He therefore recommended
another trial on a small scale on a part of a field, so that
its efl'ect might be contrasted with the produce of the
ground where it had not been applied. The owner
agreed to try this ; and when the chemist returned, he
found that it had been applied in plenty in a small
corner of the field with astonishing results, the crop on
that corner being stronger and more luxuriant than on
any other part of the field. So far all was satisfactory ;
hut in another respect, and that the most important,
and one which the farmer has always to keep in view
in conducting his experiments, it was not so satis-
factory. The proprietor found that he could make the
soil good, but that the expense of doing so might prove
as great as the increased value, and so the experiment
stopped. The Farmer.

IRON GREENHOUSES CHEAPER THAN WOOD.

BEARD'S PATENT NON-CONDUCTING METALLIC GLASS-HOUSES

MANUFACTURED BY

SANDERS, FREWEB, & CO.,

VICTORIA WORKS, BURY ST. EDMUND'S.

Notices to Correspondents.

Pranoos pabularia : W Somnei: It is au umbelliferous
plant ; a native of the Himalayan Mountains, which, has
been introduced Into this country, but is not suited to our
climate. It has the reputation of being- valuable as a forage
plant in its own country, but any hope of its correcting the
tendency to rot in sheep is altogether illusive. Land di*ain-
age is the only cure for that.

Prices of Corn: Statistics—

Wheat.

Barley.

Oats.

Quarter,

Quarter.

Quarter.

I860 ..

53s. 3((.

86s. 7c!.

24s. 5ci.

1861 ,.

35s. 4<l.

36j. \d.

235. 9rf.

1862 . .

S5.. Sd.

35s. Irf.

22s. ^d.

1863 ..

Us. id.

33s. 11(2.

21s. 2i;.

1864 ..

40j. 2d.

29s. llif.

20». Irf.

18C5 . .

41s. lOi.

29». 9rf.

21s. lOd.

1806 ..

49s. lid.

37s. bd.

24s. Vrf.

—See " Statist!

cal Abstract f

jr 15 Tears."

186?. Spottis-

woode & Co. Price 8rf.

Sheep-feeding ; A Subscriher at Wr€x}ut7)i says that having
lost his stock of cattle through the rinderpest, and now
sheep farming, he should feel greatly obliged to any of our
correspondents for any information through this Paper as
to the best kind of racks and troughs for sheep-feedang in
winter in the field.

Sundries : Ignotui. A 6-horse power moveable ateam engine
costs about 180^, and will consume about 5 or 6 cwt. of coals
in 10 hours— coating from 6rf to Is. per cwt. A cart-horse
may cost 30^ to 40/., and will cost lOs. to 12s. a week to
keep him. An ordinary threshing machine, fit for the
6-hQrS9 power engine, will cost 100!.

No. 2. Class A.

The FIRST and only PRIZE was awarded to SANDERS, FREWEE, and CO., for BEARD'S PATENT
SYSTEM of GLAZING and VENTILATING, at the Eoyal Horticultural Congress, South Kensington, 1866.

Also the FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE at the Gr-ind National Horticultur.tl Show held in Manchister,
June, 1867.

Also THREE FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATES at the Royal Horlicultur.il Show, held at Bury St. Edmund's,
July, 1867, viz. :-

1. The FIRST PRIZE for the BEST SYSTEM of VENTILATION.

2. The FIRST PRIZE for the BEST SYSTEM of GLAZING WITHOUT PUTTY.

3. The FIRST PRIZE for the BEST IRON FLOWER STAND with SLATE TOP.

SANDERS, FREWER, and CO., in calling special attention to the introduction of their New Improved
Strong, Cheap, and Duivible BEARD'S PATENT HOUSES, Class A, suitable for Florists, Market Gardeners, and
for Vineries, Pine Pits, Orchard, Plant, and Greenhouses, Sec, &c., believe the prices at which they are offered will
entirely supersede the use of perishable Wood Houses. They are manufactured particularly easy for erecting— any
handy workman, practical, or amateur gardener, may build the house when once seen, the entire framework being
made of wrought iron to templates, and glazed with 26 oz. Sheet-glass, and painted with two coats of
magnetic paint.

The foUowiag Prices include PATENT TOP VENTILATORS, as shown in Class A, with GALV.ANISED
IRON WATER TROUGHS, delivered at the Bury St. Edmund's Railway Station, but do not include carpfalera'
or hrioklayers* work, or fixing the houses.

Class A. LEAN-TO, WITH TWO ENDS, ONE DOOR.

No. 1 .

;:3 :
1, * •

„ 5 .
„ 6 .
,. 7 .

Width.

Height at Baek.

Price with 26 oz. Sheet-glass.

5 ft. Sin.

7 ft. 3 in.

9 ft. Sin.
lift. 3 in.
13 ft. Sin.
15 ft. Sin.
17 ft. Sin.

7 ft. Sin.

8 ft. 6 in.

9 ft. 9 in.
lift. Oin.

12 ft. 4 in.

13 ft. 6 in.

14 ft. 10 in.

14s. per foot run. Is. id. per superficial foot.

IBs. „ „ „

21s.

25s.

30s. „ „ „

35s. „ „ „

40s. „ „ 1.

The aboye Prices are for Houses over 20 feet long, at Is. id. per superficial foot ; all sizes under 20 feet must

be subject to special arr;mgement.

SPAN ROOF HOUSES of Class A will also be Is. id. per superficial foot, viz. : —

No. 1 Span, 10ft. 6 in. wide, 7ft. Sin. high 28s. per foot run.

No. 2 Span, 14 ft. 6 in. wide, 8 ft. 6 in. high 36s. per foot run.

If the Glass Front is made to open with PATENT VENTILATION, 2s. Gd. per foot run extra will be charged.

THE NEW PRIZE WROUGHT-IRON FLOWER STANDS

With Slate Tops, 24 inches wide and 20 inches high, will be
3s. 6d. per foot run.

IMPrlOVED WROUGHT IRON SHELVING FOR GREENHOUSES

With Slate Tops, 12 inches wide, and Brackets,
Is. 6d. per foot run.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES with full particulars, wUl be sent for 12 postage stamps, by applying to

SANDERS, FREWER, and CO.,

VICTORIA WORKS, BURY ST. EDMUND'S,

1134

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEE 2, 1807.

CARSON'S ANTI-COEROSION PAINT,
Patronised by the Nobihtv and Gentry, is extensively used
for all kinds of ODT-DOOR "WORK, and is proved, after a test
of 70 years, to surpass any other P;iint, It is especiallv applicable
to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo, and is the only Paint that will
cffectuaUy resist the rays of the sun upon Conservatories, Greeii-
houses, lYames, &c. la twice as durable as genuine White Lead, so
simple in application that any person can use it, Per cwt.

WHITE, LIGHT STONE, BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 30».

LEAD, CHOCOLATE, RED, PURPLE, BROWN, and BLACK 26s.

BRIGHT GREEN, DEE? GREEN, and BLUE 42s.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, kc.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Porta

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post free.

Walter CAiisorj & Sows,

La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.

Caotion. — All Casks should bear the Trade Mark. No Agents.

'MPEOYED BLACK YARNISH, for Coating

- and Preserving all kinds of Iron and Wood Fencing, Gates,

RoolJng. and every description

of out-door Wood or Stone
Work, Carts, Waggons, Farm
Implements, &c.

It is an excellent substitute
for Oil Paint, and is not one-
fifth the cost 1 It requires no
mixing, and can be applied in
g^- a cold state by any ordinary
1 labourer.

This Varnish is now used in
the Royal Botanic Garden,
Regent's Park, and by a great
number of the Nobility and Gentry in the United Kingdom.

Sold in casks of about 30 gallons each, at Is. 3d. per gallon ; or in
casks from 10 to 20 gallons each, at Is. 5a. per gallon (casks included).
Carriage paid to anv railway station in Great Bntam. Extra strong
Iron-bound Viirnisli Brushes, 5s. per pair.

Charlton Pain, 10, Richard's Villas, Lavender Grove, Dalston,
London, N.E. (from whom it can only be had).

The most flattering Testimonials forwarded on applicatioq.

GREENING AND COMPANY (Limited),
Manufacturers of Iron Gates. Fences. Palisades, Espaliers,
Hurdles, Tree Guards, Garden Seats. Verandahs, Vases, Fountains,
Tomb Railings, Stable Fittings, Garden Rollers, Poultry Houses,
Emigrants" Houses, Bridges, Com Rick Stands, &c. ; also of Wire
Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Movable Fences fi.ir
Railway"?, Parks, Farms, GardenF, Game Preserves, Poultry Courts,
SheepWalks, &c. ; also of WireNetting, Plant Guards and Protectors,
Garden Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea and Plant
Trainers. Pheasantries, Hen Coops, and Garden Lounges,

General Priced Catalogue, in royal 8vo. 72 pages and Wrapper, with
33 Illustrations (together with Supplement of Testimonials from the
leading Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom to the
quality of Greenin-g & Co.'s Manxifactures), forwarded ftee on receipt
of two stamps to defray postage.

Gheenikc & Company (Limited), Victoria Iron and Wire Works.

Offices :— 1, Albert Square, Manchester.

^0R the- BEST LiaUID MANURE CART

IMPROVED ROLLER and CLOD CRUSHER,

Apply to 1. James, Tivull Wurks, Cheltenham.

OHN WAKNEK and SONS,

BRASS and BELL FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTF,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, Crescent, Cripplegate, London, E.C.

POETABLE PUMPS
for

No. 36.

DEKP WELL
PUMPS, for Steam,
LIQUID MANURES. Horse, or Hand Power.
Dramngs and Prices for any description of HyjirauliQ Machinery
Bent upon application.

CAST-IRON
PUMPS.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, & CO.,

At the Triennial Trials of THE EOYAL AGEICULTDEAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND, hpld at Bury
St. Edmund's, July, 18G7, received tlie following Awards ; —

For Single Cylinder Portable Steam Engine, The FIRST PRIZE of £25.
For Double Cylinder Portable Steam Engine, Tlie FIRST PRIZE of £25.
For Horizontal Cylinder Fixed Engine, The FIRST PRIZE of £20.

For Double Blast Finishing Threshing Machine, The PRIZE of £15.

The SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDAL, for Adjusting Blocks for Machines.
Also PARIS EXHIBITION (1867) GOLD MEDAL.

The duty performed by all C, S. & Co.'s Engines at Bury, considerably exceeded that of any others,
and has never been equalled at ant of the trials of the Society. 6., S. & Co. refer with pleasure to the fact that
the duty of their "COMIIEKCIAL" or SINGLE VALVE ENGINE, at Chester, so long ago as 1858, was not
equalled by any "ordinary" Engine at Bury.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLE WORTH, and CO., LINCOLN ; and 78, LOMBARD ST., LONDON.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.

FITTED WITH PATENT SELF-SHAEPENING CTLINDEE CUTTEES.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease
than any other Lawn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MO WEES have proved to be the best, and have carried off every Prize that haa
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Every Machine is waiTanted to give entii'e satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally,

T, GEEEN AND SON liare to stale that the demand for their LAWN MOWEES this Season has ifen
unprecedented, tchich is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can ie made from
their Stock both in London and Leeds.

tm" ILLUSTEATED PEICE LISTS FEEE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and
54 and 55, BLACKFEIAES EOAD, LONDON, S.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOE HEATING CONSERVATOEIES, HOTHOUSES, CHUECHES, PUBUO BPILDINGS, PKIVATE

RESIDENCES, ETC., WITH

TRUSS'S PATENT UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE AND
LEAKLESS PIPE-JOINTS.

T. S. TRUSS

Begs to state that the immense number of APPARATUS annually Designed and Erected by him in all parts of
the kingdom, and for the EOYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and C^ISWICK,
with unrivalled satisfaction, is a guarantee for skill of design, superior materials, and good workmanship ; while the
great advantages obtained by his IMPROVED SYSTEM cannot be over-estimated, consisting of perfectly tight
joints with neatness of appoai-ance ; EFFECTS A SAVING OF 25 PER CENT, on cost of Apparatus erected
compared with other systems; facility for extensions, alterations or removals without injury to Pipes or Joints ;
can be ei-ected by any Gardener; an ordinarv size Apparatus erected in one dav, and PERFECTNESS of
DESIGN SUPPLIED,- INSURING NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle Boiler,
delivered to any Railway Station in England, anl Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 25 miles pa
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large works.

TWO

Size of House.

20 feet by 10 feet

30 feet by 12 feet

10 feet by 15 feet

FOUR-INCH PIPES

Apparatus Complete.

£9 0 0

11 15 0

15 0 0

ALONG ONE SIDE AND ONE END OF HOUSE.

Erection.

£2 0 0

2 10 0

2 15 0

Size of House.
60 feet by 15 feet
75 feet by 15 feet
100 feet by 15 feet

Apparatus Complete.
,. £17 10 0
20 0 0
2G 0 0

EroctiOD.
£3 0 0

Bath and Gas Work erected in town or counti-y. The Trade Supplied,
horticultural Buildings of every description from \s. Qd. per foot superjicial, inclusive of Brickwork.

Price Lists, Plans, and Estimate^ forwarded on application to
T. S. TRUSS, C.E., CONSTTLTINQ HORTlOULTUaAIj EnGINBEE,, &0,, SoiiB MANWACTlfBSB,

FRIAR STREET, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.
Observe — The City Offices are now Semoved to the Manufactory, Friar Street.

NOVEMBEH 2, 1867.]

TnE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE ANT) AflRTCULTURAL GAZETTE.

1135

ET. ARCHER'S "FUIGI D 0 M 0."—
• Patronised by hor l^rUeaty tho Quoon, the DukoofNorth-
mnberUnd for Syon Houm. hia Oraoo tlw Uuke of Duvonaiiire Inr
Clilswlck Uanlons, Prafossof Lindloy for Lho liortlcultunU hooioty,
ftitd Sir JoBQpli Pftxton for tlio Ciystiil Palac©, Royiil Zoological
Sgcioty. •be.

PROTECTION from the COLD WINDS and MOIININO FROSTS.

'■ FRKil DOMO" NETTINO, Wlilto or Hrowii, nmdo of prepiired

Halt ana Woul, a pavlect nou-coodivutor ol lioit or cold, koeplng a

flxod tonipoi'ii'l'iii'o wliora il la applied. It Is aditjitud for all Hortl-

cuitiiral and Floricultunil purposes, fur Prosorving Frmta and

yiowori from tho Scorching Rivs of tho Sun, troni Wind, from

Attackfl of Insoots. and from Morning Froata. To bo had In any

roquii-ad lanRthB.

" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING, 2 yards wide, Is. Gd. par yard run.

"FIUQI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yftrds wida Is. 9'^- V&r ynra run.

Four yards wido 8s. Gii. por yard.

An Improved niako. 2 yards wide . . Is. Oti- Per yard.
Aji liuprovod make, 3 yards wido . . 23. 8'i. por yard run.
Elibiia Thomas AiionKn, Whole and Solo Manulacturor, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C., and of all Nutsorymuu and
Seodsnion throuRhont the Kingdom.

*' It Is much cnaapor than Mats as a covormg.

0 u.

JA fil K S P H I L I. 1 r S A N K
beg to submit tbolr prices oa follows :—
GLASS for ORCHARD IIOUSI^S,
A* supplied liy them to Mr. Rivers, to the Royal Horticultural Society,
and to most of tho Nobility, Clergy, and Goutlomeu of the Uuitod
Kiugdotn.

Each Box contains 100 feet. Tho pricos only apply to thoBizesstatod.
S.piares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 15,
IG 07.. to tho loot.

Fourth quality .. .. Us. Qd

Tlilrd ditto Us.O'l

Seconds lUs.Od

KuKlish 2tt.t. Orf.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., boga to announce thai he is

*f prepared to FurniBh PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GltOUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
ResidaucoH, or for tho FORMATION of PaULIO PARKS or
OvVRDIONS and to curry out the aauio by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Giuson, |un., Surruy Lanu, Uattornua, S.W.

aioz.

Ills. U.
22s. 0((.
2tid. OJ.

ivHKi"'-" ^"■'•'■" 27s. OU.

Tho above pricos include tho boxes, which aro not voturualilo-
nORTICULTURAI^ GLASS.
Stock sizes, IC.oz., In 100 feet boxes, boxes Included.
Those pricos only apply to tMo sizes stated.

Uby

la „
i:i„
14 .,
18 „
If! „

!)

12 by 9

13 by »

1(1

IS „ 10

14 „ 10

11

14 „ XI

V>.

15 „ 12

15 ., 11

1"

10 „ 12

10 „ 12

1.1

17 ., 13

20 ,. 12

14

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

17 „ 14

18 „ 14

20 ,. 14

14 by 9
16 „ 10

4th8.
1 s. d.

Us 0

3rd8.
s. tl.
16 0

10 to 17 QZ. to tlje foot.

12.''. Od.
13s. 6d.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feet Boxes.
C by 4 Ci by 41 7 by 5 71 by fij >
8 by 6 8| byoa 9 by 7 0) l>y TJ J
10 by 8 lOtby^i
Boxes 2s. each retm-nable at full price.
London Agents for HARTLBrs IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, groimd ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes,
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, HOLLED PLATE. CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOlJRED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at. the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates torwiuded on application to
Jauks Phillips* Co., ISO, Bishopsgate Street Without. EC.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

TH 0 ]V[ A S M I J. I. 1 NMJ 'J' 0 N and CO.,
87, Bishopsp'Ue Street Without, London, E.G.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS na supplied to Her
Majesty, tho Nobility, Geuliy, Mr. Rivers, and the leading Ilurti-
oulturists of the United Kingdom.

/DRCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

Farm Poultry. ^ ^ , .

GREY DORKING I'OWLS, of purest breed, in any
nnmbcra.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, tho lavgOBt and niont productive

breed ki " -
Improved N

AYLEHHURy and ROUKN DUCKS.
Importod RELGIAN HARK R A If HITS, for slzo and early niiiturltj;.
BRAHMA-POUTRA. CREVECa':UR, and LA FLECUE FOWLS,
for constant layoM.

Prlcod Lists and Estimates on application.
____ John MAn^,Y ^_S?Ji' "^- Mount Wtro-t, Loudon. W. _

Ij^UK Tribl^OSAL, a First,-cl;iss rsUKSKKY ami tiVAil)
' BUSINESS; or tho present Proprietor would accoiit of n
WORKING PAIITN ER with ft Capital Of not less than £1600.
Appiv bv lottor to E., Moasrfl. Uiirat JE Soh, 0, LoadeuUall Street,

Loudoii. Ec. ^_^__^^^__— .

fliO ltK"I)lSl'01SKU OF, oil iidvixntagcous terms, and
X iiviv bo entered upon imniodiatoly, an OLD ESTAItLlSHED

N URM';HV, oli^lbly situatud, adioining a largo and mi[j<prtant town,
.suiTouiidod by an excellent netKlihourhood, and having every taoillty
for c-irrviiii; on nn oxtuiisive tniMlnoHH. — Address,

G. 11.. Mr. Ciopur, Seeil Merchant, 15'.!, Fleet Street, London, E^
qTo UK LKi\"a'S\lAU.^ijTtSKUY and 'SEKD

JL SHOP, situated at North Bow, near Victoria i'aiU. —Three
Oieonhouses, Pits, and Franies, and a good Seven-roomed Dwelling
House; rent all let otf; I7 years* Lease. Coining in lur the wholo,
about i-JDii. Apply to , , , t.

.Iamks May, sil, I'shcr Road, North Bow, London, E.

MESSRS. PROTHRROE and MORRIS'S
PRELIMINARY NOTICE of FOUTHCOMINO SALES.

IIjailLT ImPOHTANTTO NoriLHMKN, OrNTLf.MEII, NuilBKBVlltN, MARKET

GAitnENi^ns, AND PuuLie CoMrAKies RNOAoen in Piantino.

WOKING, SURREY.— About nlno days' Sale, commencing Nov. 18,
without ro^orvo, in cmsutiuonce of tho death of Mr. Robert
Donald:— About lf.O Aces of NUH8ERY STOCK, Inclnrimjl
an imuHiially laruouiiriT.lltvor EVERGREEN, CONIKEROUb,
and UECIhDOUS SlIRUliS, ORNAMENTAL. FOREST, and
rRUIT TREES. Tno Stock in parllcul.irly worthy the atlen-
tion ol tho Trade.

FULWELL, Novombor '2H. by orrtor of Mr. Lning,— Tho u^ual aseort-
rneiit of NURSERV STOCK, conMlHtlng of nomo valuable
fipeclmona for oll'ectivo pnrpoaen.

CITY AUCTMON ROOMS, 3a i 31). Oracachurch Street.— WEKKLY
RALES of only (Irst-clasa BULBS, STANDARD E0SE3,
AMERICAN PLANTS, &o.

Particulars will appear In future AdvortUoments.
American NurBcriea. Lcytonhtone, N.E.

To Market Gardeners, Fruit Growers, Nurserymon,
and Others.

TO Rl-) LET, on thi! Estate of the Eiirl of E8?ex, at.
Watford, Herts, with Imroediato Possession, 27 ACRES of very
Fertile ARAHL^E LAND, iymg high, sloping to tho south-east, woll
secured from tlie north, and abutting' on tho Turnpike Road, within
about a mile of tliruu Railway Stations and the Town of Wattord,
and adn.ir.ibly adapted for Garden Culture, together with
a large quantity of sewerage and an unlimited supply of Water, a
lO-HoirtO Power Stationary Pumping Engine and Pumps, and a Cottage,
all In good working order, and, if recjuirod, about 25 Acres of Low-
lying Meadow Land, on rich Alluvial Soil.

For Terms and Card to View apply to Messrs. HpsinERT & Cos,
83, St. James's Street, London, W. ; and Watlord, Herts^

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLIAM UEAN, having' determiuod on residing in
London again, otfens for SALE, with inimodiato possession,
the NURSICRY a& SHIPLEY, consiatiug of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Houses, the whole, with the Nursery well stocked,
and with Dwelling House, &c., is held on Lease; also the SEED
SHOP, ill BRADFORD (t-he only one in the town), which is well
fitted up, and where there isagood business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds, Cut Flowers, FlowcrinR Plants, &c. Tho Nursery
is 2i miles iVjm the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to tho purchase money roijuired. aud
will bi3 a grent bargain to the purchaser. It is an cxcellout oppor-
tunity for a large house in the South to establish a Branch Busmess
here, as a good healthy Trade is already done, which may bo very
much inci'uased. For partlcnjlars apply to

William Deah, I^sadford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

Wandsworth Road.

MESSRS. PROTHEUOK and MOURLS will SELL
by AUCTION, on tlio PiernlHCH, Lavender Road Nuritery,
Wandsworth Road, on MONDAY, November 1, at 11 o'ClooK pre-
cisely, by order of Mr. Surman, tho ground being roc|ii1red for build-
ing purposes, tho valuable NURSEUY STOCK, coiiiprihiog a largo
nuantlty of flno Evergreen, Conllerous, and Declduovia Shrubs,
Omamuutal Forest and Fruit Trees, Including fioO Aucuba,
l,j(JO LaurmstinUM, lum Green and Variegated llollloa, 1 to 0 fcot ;
/■)U0 English Yews, 2000 Common Laurels, 1 to 4 foot ; Bcrberls, Green
Box Portugal Laurolp, 700 Cblneso Arhor-vitaj, 2 to (i feet; Wey-
mouth Pines, Pinua oxctlsa, 500 Spruco, Scotch and Larch Flm,
Tliuias (sort-f), Retinlspora, Araucaria, &c. : Limow, Phipcs, Mountain
Ash, Chestnuts, Acacias, Laburnums, weeping Willows, Copj)or
Beech, &c. ; Standurd and Dwarf Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries,
Uwarf-trained Peflchcs, Nectarines, Apricots, Wnlnntit, Filberts, ic. ;
Standard and Dwarf Roses, 600 Irish Ivies, in Pots; Virginian
Crcupers, &c. ....«,

May be viewed prior to tho Sale. Catalogues had on tho PrcinlscB,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Loytynhtouo, N.E.

In. In,
20 by 12

ay uy i^ ^

20 by 13 / ( 15 oz.

20 by 14 VPer 100 feet<

20 by 16 I 1 21 oz.

20bvlfl-'

iJths.

3rds. I 2nds.
16s Gd: IBs Gd

Best.

20bylfl-'

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, lf> oz., per 100 feet.

In. in. :iu. In-lin. in. [in. in.
8 by 4 7 by G H by 0 9 by 7 1
ejbyiil 7iby 6i| 8i by Oil 9i by 7U
I'cr 1(H) feet.

I Itlis, I .lids. I 2iid.s. ; Best.
12s 3(i 13fi 3(i 10a Od I8s Od

^aUg 6j5 Auction*

Bulbs from Holland, Fruit Trees, Hardy SlirubB, &c.
IX'I li. J. C. S'l'liVBNS will SliLL by AUCTION !it his

iVX Great Kooras, 38, King Strnet, Covcnt Gardeu, W.C., on
MONDAY. November 4, at half-past VI o'clock precisely, first-claas
BULBS from HOLLAND, in lots to suit private buyers and the
TiaOo • Pjrauiidal and Dwart FRUIT TREES, and U ARDY TREES
and SUIiUBS,

Uii view the iMoming of Sale, and Catalogues bad.

10 by 8 112 by 9
10|by8i 12i by iij

11 by 9 hi by 9
lU by 91 13 by 10

I2ibylOill41hy ion I
13 by 10 15 by 10 [
13t by 101 13 by 11 (
U by 10 1 14 by U J I

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 16 08., per 100 feet.

In. in. in. in.
161 by Wl 14 by 12
10 by 10 Ujby 121
141bvll|15 by 12

16 by 11
151 by lit
16 byU
21 by 11
13 by 12

151 by 121
ir, by 12
101 by 121
ir by 12
18 by 12

22 by 12

17 by 13

23 by 13

18 by 14
22 by 14

24 by 14
22 by 15
14 by 16

4tll8.

3ds.

lSii6<i

2nds.

mod

Od

22 by 10
24 by 10
20 by 17
22 by 17
24 by 17
20 by IS
22 by 18
24 by 13
The above Prices are only for tho Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size bo required, a Special Price will be given.
SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 9 feet super.
16 oz. 21 oz.

4thB quality, por 300 feet case, 338. 4th8 quality, per 200 feet case, 3.8?.
ads ,, „ 48s. 3ds „ „ 4Ss.

Sdi , I, 02s. 2d3 „ „ CCS.

Best „ „ 92s. Best „ „ 96s.

SHEET QL.4SS is made only in the following substances, 16 oz.,
Sloz.. 20 oz., 32 oz., 30 oz., and 42 oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
1.8th in., 3-lOth in., l-4th in., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLA'TE GLASS lor "Windows and Silvered for Looliing
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &c.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.
STUCCO PAINT, 248. per cwt. This Paint .adheres firmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is flee from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

"WHITE ZINC PAINT, 30s. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallo'ns of Linseed Ull, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of Whito Lead and six gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 34s. per cwt.
Anti-corrosion Paint is extensively Vised for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Biick, Stone, Cornpo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Cfcnservfttories, Greenhouses, ic, and is easily laid on by any ordiniuy
workm.an. Prepared Oil for ditto 4s. per gajlop.

Standard Roses, Camellias. Dutcli Bulbs, Fruit Trees,
Hardy Shrulis. so,

MR. J. C. STliVEiNS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covont Gai-don, W.C,
(in WEDNESDAY, November 6, at lialf-uast 12 o'clock precisely,
700 first-class Standaril ROSES, CONIFBRS, LAURELS, HOLLIES,
Pyramidal and Dw.irf FRUIT TREES; and an importation, just
arrived from Holland, of DOUBLE and SINGLE HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, NARCISSUS, GLADIOLI. LILIES, &o.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Per cwt. — n, d.
OEKUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
8R0UND PATENT DRY-
ERS, 3d. to 4irf. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCIIRE. 3d.
to 41d. per lb.
RAW UMBER, 4J<i. to
6d. per lb. [per lb.
„ BURNT do., 6c(. to 9(1.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to 60 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 30 0
BPD PAINI . . 28«. to 30 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Imported Orchids.

MB. J. C. STEVENS w-ill SELL by AUCTION, at
liis Great Rooms, 38. King Street, Covent Garden, W.C,
on THURSDAY, November 7, at hall-past 12 o'Clock precisely.
Imported ORCHIDS from Brazil and Pera, including fino healthy
Plants ot LiELIA PURPUR4TA, CATTLEYA ACLANDI*,
CAITLEYA LEOPOLDll, CYPRIPEDIUM CAUDATUM.
ODONTOGLOSSUM KRAIIERI, anew EPIDENDRUM, and two
new ANGULOAS.

On view Morning of S.alo, and Catalogues had^

Eoaos, Shrubs, Fruit Trees, Dutch Bulbs, &o.

Mil. J. C. STEVEInS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38. King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY, November 9, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely, an
Assortment of HARDY TREES and SHRUBS, Pyramidal and
Dwarf FRUIT TREES, Standard and Dwarf ROSES, and a large
quantity of HYACINTHS. TULIPS, NARCISSUS, CROCUSES,
LILIES, GLADIOLI, &c., just .arrived from Holland.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Kingston, Surrey.

MESSRS. PROTIIEROE and MORRIS h.ive received
instructions from Messrs. Jackson & Son, to SELL by
AUCTION, on tho Premises, Clarence Street and Park Road
Nurseries, Kingston, Surrey, on TUESDAY', Novembers, and Uirco
following days, at 11 for 12 o'clock precisely each day (a portion of
the Land being required to be cleared for Building purposes), tho
thriving and well-cultiv.ated NURStCRY SIOCK, coinimsuif; fine
Ornanidntal Evergreen, Coniferous, and Deciduous Shrubs, varying all
sizes, and including specimens of symmetrical beauty, tho wliole ol
which havt, been consUantly transplanted, and aro noiv in excellent
comlition for removal, comprising 1100 Tree-Box, 2 to 8 feet;
400 Portugal Laurels, 2 to 3 feet ; 0000 Common Laurels, 2 to 4 feet ;
400 Berberis (sorts), 3000 Green and Variegated Hollies, IIUO Brojid-
loaved Privet, 2 to 4 feet ; 300 Laurustinus, 1400 Chinese Arbor-vita).
2 to 7 feet; 300 Tiiiija Lobbii, 3 to 8 feet; 700 Thii,ias (sorts),
300 English Yews, 500 Irish 'Yeift, 200 Variegated Yews, 120O
Cupre^^us Lawsoniana, 3 to 7 feet ; 800 Cupressus (sorts), 6700 Spruce
Firs, 1 to 8 feet ; 200 Welliiigtonia gigantea, 3 to 5 feet ; Rod Ccdais,
Cedars of Lebanon. 1000 Khododendroiis (sorts). Hardy Azal-.as,
Kalmlas, Hardy Heitlis, Double Deutzi.as, &c. ; Standard Thorns,
8000 Hazel, 41100 Biich, 3000 Chestnuts, 12,009 Strong Quicks, £c.
Also, about 4O0O handsome Standard, Dwaif, and Pyr.ininial Trauica
and Untrained Fruit Trees (various), many of which hajfe been
loaded with Frmt this season ; 2000 Gooseberries and Currants, with
.some large Double Camellias, 8 to 10 feet ; 300 Azalea indica, 2 to
4 feet ; ami 40 large llhododendr,>n aurcum (varieties).

May be Viewed prior to the Sale, Catalogues may be had on the
Prcm'ises, and of the Auctioneers .and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

lyfESSRS.

Sale of Very Fine Dutch Bulbs, Handsome Stand^jrd
Boses, &c.
PROTHEROE and MORRIS ^vilI SELL

by AUCTION, at 38 and 39, Gracechurcll Street. E.C.. on
THURSDAY, Nov. 7, at 1 o'clock precisely, a First-class Collection
of DUTCH BULBS, including fine named Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus,
Narcissus. Snowdrops, Anemones, Ranunculus, &c. ; a siilondid
assortment ol STANDARD, DWARF, and CLIMBING ROSES,
of the be^t varieties in cultivation ; .Selected AMERICAN PLAN I S,
viz., Ghent and other Azaleas, Hybrid Rhododendrons, Kalniias,
Androuiedas, some Hardy Climbers, &c.

On View tho Morning of Sale. Catalogues had at tho rooms as
above, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

^ESSRS.

Extensive Sale of Nursery Stock at Edengrove
Nursery, Cupar Fife.

THERE will be SOLD by rUBLIG ROUP, on
MONDAY, November 4, at half-past 12 o'Clodi, In consequence
of tho near expiry of tlie Lease, the WHOLE SXOCK in EDEN-
GROVE NURSEKV, consiat'lag of—

400,yu(J l-yr. SeedliDg Larch.
200,000 2-yr. do.

54,000 2-yr. Transplanted Larch.
200,000 l-yr. Seedling Scots Fii".
60,000 2-yr. do,

20,000 l-yr, Tranaplunted Scots

Fir.
100,000 S-yr. Seedling Spruce.
05,000 Transplanted Spruce.
16.000 3-jr. Seedling wnd Trans-
planted Silver Fir.
30,000 l-yr. Seodlmg Finus Aus-
triaca.

30,000 Transplanted Pinus Aus-

triaca.
200,000 2-yr. Seedling Elja.
(i.QOO Transplanted do.
40,000 2-yr. Seedling Ash.
10t),oOU 2-jr. Seedling Oak.
10.000 2-vr. Turtey Oak.
10,000 Transplanted Oak.
30,000 Transplanted Thorns.
10,000 Transplanted Alder,
10,000 Transplanted Hollies.
2,000 Limes, Irom 2 to 7 feet.
16,000 American Artor-vitBe.

Per gallon.

LINSEEU OIL .. ..3 4

BOILED OIL .. ..3 9

TURPENTINE .. ..3 0
LINSEED OIL PCTTY,

Bs. to Vs. per cwt.

Fine OAK VARNlSn,105.tol2 0

,, CARRIACIE do., 12s. to 14 0

„ PAPER do. 10s. to Ifl 0

„ COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE ..10 0

„ BLACK JAPAN .. 12 0
GLA^ilEK'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES

OLD LEAD Bought or taken In
exchange.

The above are Net, for Cash, apd as such capnot hq boo(ced.
Lists of any of the above on appUcation.

Together with large quantities of Rhododendrons, Irish Yews, and
Junipers, Bays and Portugal Laurels, Pear, Apple, and Cbpn-y
Stocks, &c. ,, ^ .. T T»
Catalogues to be had on application to Messrs. Charlpss J. K,
Welch, Writers, Cupar Fife. _^^^_

Notice.— Eaton Nursery, near Norwich.

To Noblemen, Gentlemen, and Otheks, auout to Plant.— Impobtawt
Sale of Forest Trees, Evergreens, Deciduous Suhubs, &c.

ESSKS. BUTCHEtt have received instructions from

M^^'

J. W. Ewlng (in consequence of his being about to devote
e cultivation of Iruit trees! to SELL by AUCTION
November 6th, and following days, on the pre-
mises at Eaton, near Norwich, a large quantity of Stronp, Healthy,
and well-grown FOREST TREES, DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. EVEk-
GREENS, &c., ftc, comprising about 160,000 Larcb, SOOO Scott;h,
"0,000 Spruce, 30,000 Astj, 10,000 Common Laurel, 2h,000 Privet,
30,000 Hazel, 1800 Arbor-vitte, 2000 Standard and Dwarf Rosea, &c.,
besides a great quantity of large trees.

Catalogues may be obtained at No. 9, Exchange Street, Norwich ;
at the Nurfivncs, Eaton and Cringlefleld ; or at Messrs. Bctcher's,
Theatre btreet, Norwich, and posted free on application.

Godalmlng, Surrey.

PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL

by AUCTION, on the Premises, Godalming Nursery, and at

Terrace Gardens, Shady Hangers, GoialuiiiiK, Surrey, within five
minutes' walk of the Godalniing Station on the London and South-
western Raihvav, on MONDAY, November 11, and two following
days, at 11 for 12" o'clock each day, by order of Mr. Charles J. Barker,
without reserve (unless previously di.sposod of in one lot by Valuation
or Private Contract), ihe WHOLE of the thriving NURSERY
STOCK, including a valuable as.sortraent of CONIFEROUS, EVER-
GREEN, and DECIDUOUS SHRUBS, compijaiug Timja aurea,
Lobbii, Wai-roana, onentalis, compacta (1 to 5 fett), ^^ ellingtoma
cigantei, Piuea (sorts), Juniperus, Silver, Balm of Gilead, Spruce
and other Firs, Araucaria, Cryptomeria. Cupressus Lawsoniana,
Thuiopsis borealis, Green and Variegated Box. Common and Portugal
Laurels, Hollies. Arbutus, Berberis, &c. Aiso soma remarkably fine
full-bearing FRUIT TREES, abundantly loaded with Fruit ttiis
Season, viz., Apples, Pears, Plums of tbe most approved kinds,
t)uince, and Medlars; Currants, Gooseberries, Weeping W il.ows,
I'nrple Beech, and other Ornamental Trees ; Standard Walnuts,
Roses, Box Edging, ftc. . p -n v,i„

Tbe Stock of tbe Godalmmg Nursery wiU consist of Double
Camellias, Azalea indica, and Other Greenhouse Plants. A fine
collection of Ferns, including Seedlings of vsilue. Seven Nuwly-
Erected Greenbouses, Pits, Hot-water Piping, Boilers, Shop Fixtures
and numerous other Ett'ects. , , . »u

May be Viewed prior to tflo Sale. Catalogues may be had on the
premises, and of the Auctioneers imd Valners, Leytonstone, N.E.

M

Edmonton.

EBSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are instructed

l,y Mr C VYoolvon to SELL by AUCTION, on WEDNBSOAT
.-LDcl TUUUbDAY. JJovembev 13 ana 14. at 11 for 12o"Clock precisely,
on tho i'reiuiseg, LangUedgo Nursery. Edmonton, within 10 minutes
walU ol Park Station on tljo Great Eastern Railway, tlie valuable
NUKSEllY STOCK, consisting of WuO standard. Pyramidal, and
Uwarf-ttained Apples, 40U0 Pears, 2500 Plums, Cherries, Peaches,
Nectarines, and Apricots, 1000 Walnuts, Currants, ^c. Also a lino
assortment 01 EVSKGRBEN, CONIFEUOUS, and DECIDUOUS
SHRUbS, including 1000 fine Weliiugtonius, 8000 Chinese ArUor-vltaj
(0 inclios to 7 toot), SOOO Thuja auroa, Sibinca, Lobbu, and oth/" i
loOO Cuprossus Lawsoniana (1 to 7 feet), 1000 lews {i to 0 feet),
1000 coiiip[ict-grown Green Hollies {oval-leaved) .and Comjnop privet,
Portugal and Common Laurels, Aucubas, Lilacs, &c. Likewise a
collection of Ornamental and Forest Trees, 1000 Linies, IMO Syca-
mores, lOOO Poplars, 500 Thorns, 1000 Standard and Dwarf Rm»? "'
the best varieties, 30,000 Quicks, .and a quantity ot Climbing Plants.

May bo Viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues hadon the piemises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuera, Leytonstone, N.IS.

^Pl!

New Hampton, Middlesex.
ESSRS. BROTHEROE and MORRIS yiU SELL

bv AUCTION on the i'remises. The Nursery, New
ilamptot nt; tho Tiic°feuham Station »n,VTo'vembe?'r'rt
walk from tho rulwell Station, on iHlDAl, N,"™""?^' '°',"
n o-Clock. by order ot Mr. Richard Lay, l'»" "I-'JYk?'' fi to 0 fee f
FAN YEWS (J to 10 icet), looo ORJiijJ; ft?,VM%S'M,^|TRS
CnraESE AUBOR-VIT.E, PORTUGAL LAUKELi^,L10USTR^^^

UVALIFULIUM, CHESTNUTS, LIME.S ^r^^.f,*'; Sf;' r isFS
assortment otfme STANDARD li'd HALIJ-sl ANDAt.^^^
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS, and about 6000 '''M'.O'fd and Dwart
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, fine Dwail-trained PEACHtb antt

'""'lav'be^-fewed t?ior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the premises,
and of tbe Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.l..

1136

THE CtAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND

JULTURAL GAZETTE

[November 3, 1867.

ROSES. — Extra fine Standards at ISs. per dozen ;
Dwarfg, extra fine, at from 9s. to 12s. per dozen; Now Sorts
of 1807, Rt 24s. per dozen ; Dwarfs, establisbed in pots for forcing,
at from 18s. to 24.«. per dozen.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST on application.
KicHAitD Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

FIFTY ACRES well stocked with FRUIT TREES
to select from.— APPLES, PEARS. PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, in every form desirea
for fruiting.

See RiouARD Smitd's FRUIT LIST, free bv post for 3 stamps.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester^ ^^__

FOR THE OPEN, GROUND.—
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and CHERRIES, fine healthy
Pyramids, very ornamental and productive; Strongly recommended
for large and small gardens.

See RicHAKD Smith's FRUIT LIST, post froo for 3 stamps.

Rrcn\RD Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester. *•

ESPALIER and "WALL-TRAINED TREES
in any quantity.— APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS. CHERRIES,
PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, fin^J strong trees of
perfect form.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, fiee by post for 3 stamps,

Richard Smith, Nurseryman. Worcester.

A CROP of FRUIT the FIRST SEASON.-
Bearing Pyi-amids and Bushes in pots for orchard houses.
PEACHES. NECTARINES, APRICOTS, APPLES, PEARS,
PLUMS, and CHERRIES. Extra strong VINES and FIGS In
fruiting condition for forcine;.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stamps.

Richard Smith, Nurseryinad, Worcester.

MAGNIFICENT DWAP.F-TRAINED

FRUIT TREES,
By the Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand.
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES, NECTA-
RINES, and APRICOTS.
Also Standard, wall-trained, fruit bearing, PEACHES and

NECTARINES.
PYRAMIDAL PEARS on the Quince Stock In a fruit-bearing
atuto; and PYRAMIDAL PEARS, on the Pear Stock, extra
strong and wall grown.
Wm. Wood & Son have many acres of the above named, which for
heilth and vigour are quite unsurpassed in the trade. The Trees
have been most carefully trained, and are really ex-implcs of suc-
cessful cultivation.
Address, Woodlands Nursery, Marcsfiold, near OckBcld, Sussex.

Weston Nursery, Weston-super-Mare.

GEO. JAMES be^s to offer the following:
1,000 MAIDEN APPLES, 30s. perlOO.

600 MAIDRN PEARS, 30s. per 100.
10.000 APPLE STOCKS (good), 20s. per 1000.
20,000 APPLE STOCKS, 10.s. per 1000.
1,000 CHINESE ARBOR-VIT^. 2 to 3 feet, 30s. per 100.

600 LAURUSTINUS(iiOOd), 25s per 100.
1,OUO STANDARD ROSES, V^s. per 100.
SAMPLES and CATALOGUES on application.

FOR SALE, the property of a Gentleman discontinuing;
their growth, some FRUITING and SUCCESSION PINE
PLANTS, they are examples of gooa cuitivntlon, clean and vigorous.
Also some spocimen INDIAN AZALEAS, of leading kinds; flno
pyramidal plants, 3 to 6 feet high, fit for exhibition in 1808 ; also
some fine hnlf specimen ditto. And some floe GLOXINIAS,
CALADIUM.S, BEGONIAS, STOVE FERNS, &c.. &c.

They are growmg within a mile of Kingston Market Place.
For particulars or cards to view, apply to H. McMillan, Nursery-
min, St. James's Road, Kingston-on-Thames.

ORCHAKD-HOUSE TREES
in Pots.
APPLES, Pyramids [Bushes

APRICOTS, Standards, Half- Standards, Pyramids, Cordons, and
CHERRIES. Pyramids I FIGS, Kushos with clear stems

MULBERRIES, Pyramids and Half-Standards
ORANGES, Dessert kinds, Bushes, and Low Standards
PEACHES and NECTARINES, Standards, Low Standards. Pyra-
PEARS, Pyramids [mids, and Bushes

PLUMS, Pyramids and Bushea

The above aro all full of blossom buds, and capable of bearing good
crops next season.

A CATALOGQE of sorts sent free by post.
Carriage of packages paid to London.
Tnos. Rivers & Son. Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth.

Patronised by Her Majesty the Queen,

And His Royal Highness the Prince of Wa

Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

WM . PAUL begs to announce that he has the
following COLLECTIONS of TREES and PLANTS now
ready for delivery, which he can confidently recommend for quality
and price :—

ROSES.— 100,000 Plants, standards, Dwarf Standards,
and Dwarfs.
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE free on application.

TREES and SHRUBS.— Largre quantities of tKe popular
Nursery Plants, of all sizes, pood and cheap.
A choice variety of PICTORIAL TREES, hia collection of which
was the only one which received a Prize at the International
Exhibition of 1866.

AMERICAN PLANTS. — Rhododendrons, Azaleas,
Kalraias, Heaths, &c., in variety, from the commonest to the
choicest.

FRUIT TREES. — Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums,
Figs, Peaches, Nectarines. Apricots, &c., &c. ; Standards,
Dwarfs, and Pyramids, trained and untrained. A large stock of
handsome trees, many in a fruiting state.

GRAPE VINES.— All the best sorts, both Planting
and Fruiting Canes.

PELARGONIUMS.— Beaton's and other Zonal kinds,
Gold, Bronze, and Silver variegated, a fine collection.

HYACINTHS, TULIPS, and other BULBS.- All the
First Prizes for Hyacinths and Tulips were awarded to his
Collection at the London Flower Sliows last spring. Cheap
Hyacinths, Tulips, &c., for spring gardening by the 100 or 1000.
Choicer kinds for pot culture and glasses good and cheap.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGDES of any or all of the
above free by post.

TO LARGE PLANTERS and the TRADE —

Fine HORSE CHESTNUTS, G, 7, 8, and 10 feet hifith.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, extra fine, 2, 3, and 4 feet.
ACER NEGUNDO VARIEGATA. from 3 to 4 ft.. Pyramids.
HEMLOCK SPRUCE. 4 to 5 feet. fine.
BOX TREES, 2i to 3 feet. | PRIVET, 3 to 4 feet.
SIBERIAN and AMERICAN ARBOR- VIT^, 3 to 8 feet.
Special offers on application to
A. Godwin & Son. Ashbourne, Derbyshire.

QEEDLING FOKEST TKEES.—

O 1 and 2-yr. SeedUng LARCH.

1 and 2-yr. Seedling SCOTCH FIR.
2-yr. Seedling PINUS LARICIO.
2-yr. Seedling PINUS AUt^TRIACA NIGRA.
Particularly fioe. For Samples (with prices — f. o. b. at Wartorford
—which will be most moderate),

Apply to D. H. HiGciNs, The Nuraenes, Clonmel, Ireland.

Q

UICKWOOD

A N »

LARCH.

lOoTOOO QUICKWOOD, 2 to 3 ft., very strong and well rooted, at 15s.

per 1000.
100,000 LARCH, 4 to 5 ft., twice transplantel, good leads, and fine,

at 30.S. por 1000.
100,000 LARCH, 25 to 3 ft. ditto, at 18s. per 1000.

100,000 LARCH, 2fl. ditto, at 15s. per 1000.

The above are grown thinly on the ground and not drawn, but fine,
stout, well-rooted stuff, that will stand by themselves. All other
Nursery Stock very fine and hardy.

Address, Henry May, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Yorkshire.

For Lawn and Cover Planting.

BERBERIS DARWINIL— Too much cannot be said
of this fine evergreen species. It is hardy, and the profusion
of its orange coloured blossoms, together with the quantity of
berries which it bears {of which pheasimts are very fond), render it
one of the most attractive and desirable plants for lawn as well as
cover planting ever introduced.

2-Yr. Seedlings, per 100% 30s.

0 In. to 12 in., per 100, 10s. I 18 in. to 2 ft., per 100. 36s.

12 in. to 18 in., per 100, 18a. i 2 ft. to 2i ft., per doz., 9s.

COTONEASTER SIMMONDSII. — This is a beautiful hardy

evergreen shrub, with glossy dark green loaves, and bearing a large

quantity of scarlet berries, which ripen later than the Berberis

Darwintl, and will hang all winter.

12 in. to 18 in., per 100. 15*.-. 1 2 ft. to 3 ft., per 100, 305.
William Barron & Son, Elvaston Nurseries, near Derby.

w,

HANDSCOMB, Aspley, Woburn,
has the following for Sale :■

Ueds,

THE SEEDLING APPLE, LORD BURGHLEY,
was awarded a Firat-claas Certificate by the Royal Horticultural
Society, March 21, 1805.

The opinion of the Fruit Committee of the above Society, also
testimonials from Messrs. Rivers. Lee, Pearson, and other eminent
Fruit Growers, may be had on application to

J. House, Eastgate Nursery, Peterborough.
Fine Trees, 3s. Gd. and 6s each.
CATALOGUES on application, post free.

Frogmore Early Bigarreau Cheriy.

CHARLES TURNER has fjreat pleasure in offering
the above valuable NEW CHERRY. The following extracts
will be a sufficient guarantee of its excellence : —

I'rom the Gardeners' Glironicle, July 1, 1835.
"Fruit of a Seedling Cherry of excellent flavour, called the Frog-
more Early Bigarreau, was shown by Mr. Ingram, on anorth-oast wall ;
it was as early as the May Duke, and said to be a heavy cropper "

A Firat-class Certificate was awarded by the Fruit Committee of
the Royal Horticultural Society,

It was exhibited at the Royal Botanic Society In July of the
present year, and awarded a Certificate. The report from the
Gardeners' Chronicle of July 6 is aa follows :~" A branch of a Cherry
called Frogmore Early Bigarreau, loaded with ripe fruit, was shown
by Mr. Turner, of Slough. The fruit of this new variety is of good
size, thin skinned, tender, and well fiavoured, and being at least
three weeks earlier than the common Bigarreau, cannot fall to be
a favourite."

From the *' Journal of Horticulture," Jul/ 11, 18G7
"Mr. Turner exhibited a branch of Frogmore Early Blgan-eau
Cherry, loaded with fruit ; of this excellent variety, which is ripe
three weeks before the Bigarreau, a figure and des'cnption will be
found m our ninth volume.

From the " Florist and Pomologist."
" By the time these pages are in the hands of our readers, the
Frogmore Early Bigarreau Cherry will be at its highest excellence,
perfectly ripe, and waning towards its end, before any of the other
Eigarreaus have yet made their appeai-ance. It was raised by Mr
Ingram, at the Royal Gardens at Frogmore.

" Unlike the class to which it properly belongs, it has a
tender melting flesh ; in every respect it is a Bigarreau in
habit, leaf, and appearance of the fruit, and must be classifled
along with these varieties ; but as i f to set at nought all
human arrangements, It persists in having a delicious melting
flesh, Instead of one that Is hard and crackling. The fruit
is large, obtusely heart-shaped, with a very shallow suture. Skin
with a brilliant red cheek, dotted with minute yellow points, and of
a remarkably pale almost pure white where shaded — so susceptible
Is it of shade, that the point of a leaf or the shadow ot a twig would
be phoiographed on this brilliant red. Stalk 2 inches long, with a
very small receptacle, and set in a shallow and narrow cavity. Flesh
very delicate and translucent, perfectly tender, melting, and very
juicy, with a rich sweet flavour; stone smail. The tree is a great
Dearer, clusters of a dozen and half to two dozen large handsome
Cherries being produced on a small spray ; and the fruit ripens In the
middle of June."

Strono Plants now Rkadt.
STANDARDS, PYRAMIDS, and DWARF-TRAINED.lOs.Cd. each.

MAIDENS 7s. 6t(. „

AColoured Drawing by Andrews will be sent on receipt of 13 Stamps.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

20,000 Laurels, 2 to 3 feet
4,000 Berberis Aquifolia, 2 feet
5.000 Spruce Fir. 2 to 6 feet
1.000 Oaks, 4 feet

16,000 Larch, 3 to 5 feet
2,000 Scotch. 2) to 3 feet
8,000 Strong Blackthorn
2,000 Horse Chestnuts. 2 feet
2,000 Birch, 3 to 6 feet
6.000 Ash, 3 to 5 feet
6,000 Hazel, 3 feet
1,000 Hornbeam, 2i to 3 feet
1,000 Oval-leaved Privets,3to4ft.

10,000 do., li to 2 feet

20.000 Evergreen Privet, Ij to 2ft.

10,000 Asparagus Plants, 2-yrs.

1,000 Standard Roses

1,000 Dwarf Roses, of all the
best sorts

2,000 Tree Box, 2 feet

5,000 Beech, 4 to 5 feet

2,000 Black Poplar, 8 to 10 feet
600 Laurustinus, 2 feet
100 Savins, 3 feet

3,000 Dutch Elm, 10 to 12 feet
600 Sweet Briars, 4 feet
100 Mountain Ash, 8 feet
100 Double Scarlet Thorn, 6 to

4,000 2-yr. Evergreen Oaks [8 ft.
100 White Lil.T.c, 7 to 10 feet

PAUL AND SON heg specially to call the attention of
ORCHARD PLANTERS to their very floe
STANDARDS of APPLES, PEARS, and CHERRIES,
of the 1 eading kinds, furnishable by the dozen or 100.
FRUITING PYRAMIDS of APPLES. PEARS, PLUMS, and
CHERRIES in like quantity. PRICED LISTS of the above
on application to
The "Old" Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

Northampton Nurseries.

JOHN PERKINS, Sen., begs to call the attention of
Noblemen, Gentlemen, and others eni^aRed in Planting, to his
large stock of the following :— 1,000,000 BLACK THORNS, for Covert
Planting. 1* to 2 feet, 2i to 3 feet ; 2,000,000 LARCH FIRS, 3 to 4 ft.,
4 to 6 feet ; 1,000,000 SPRUCE FIRS, 1* to 2 feet, 2i to 3 feet, 3 to
4 feet; 2,000,000 WHITE THORN QUICK, 2 and 3 years trans-
planted ; also large quantities of

Birch, 3 to 4 feet
Berberis Dulcls, 2 to 3 feet
Cedrus Deodara, 6 to 6 ft., 6 to 8 ft,
Green Box, U to 2 feet
Evergreen Pi'ivet, 2 to 3 feet
Uornbeam, 3 to 4 feet

Elms. English. C to 8 ft., 8 to 10 ft.
Elms, Huntingdon,6 to 8, 8 to 10ft.
Chestnuts, Spanish, 2 to 3 feet
Portugal Laurel, IJ to 2 ft, 2 to 3 ft.
Plnus austriaca, 2 to 3 feet
Sycamore, 3 to 4 feet
J. P.'s stock of all kinds of FRUIT, FOREST and ORNAMENTAL
TREES, &c., is very extensive, and this season remarkably fine, and
in excellent coudition for removal, having been frequently trans-
planted. DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALOGUES sent post free
on application to 62, Market Square, Northampton.

Forest Trees, Fruit Trees, Evergreens, Plants for
Game Covers, Conifers, Roses, &c.

FRANCIS AND ARTHUR DICKSON and SONS
invite the attention of Planters to their very large stock of the
above, which in extent and variety is not excelled by any Nursery
in the Kingdom. Tlieir Nurseries, which are very bleak and exposed,
extend over some 160 Acres, and their Plants are well known to be
unusually hardy, as well as in the most perfect health and condition
in every respect ; and are found to thrive admirably when removed to
other parts of the country. PRICED CATALOGUES post free upon
application. Estimates and Special Prices for large quantities.

The "Upton" Nurserifis, and "Old" Established Seed Warehouse,
106, Eastgate Street, Chester.

Fruit Trees.

JLE CORNU, Nurseryman, Seedsman, and Florist,
• begs to inform his Friends and the Public that he has this
season to offer an immense quantity of beautiful and woU-growa
Fruit Trees, all of the beat leading varieties, such as APPLES.
APRICOTS, PEACHES, NECTARINES, PEARS, PLUMS, and
CHERRY TREES, as Dwarf, Trained, and Standards, 4 to 0 feet
stems. CATALOGUE on application.

High View Nurseries, Mont a I'Abbii, St. Helier's, Jersey.

Jj^OREST, ORNAMENTAL, and FRUIT TREES.—

-L Thirty Acres of these, young, healthy, transplanted, of all
sorts and sizes, at very moderate prices. The Nurseries are very
exposed on the West Coxst ; the Plants very hardy, and succeed well
in the highest and most exposed situations. Parties stating the
Sorts, Sizes, and Quantities required, will have special quotations.

YEWS, ENGLISH, some thousands of extra strong welt-rooted
and furnished, 3, 4, 5, and C feet. Price on application.
H. & R. Stirzaker, Kkerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

Now is tue Proper Time to Plant Hardy Herbaceous
Plants.

HENRY MAY offers the under-named large collection.
It contains all the best CAMPANULAS, GERANIUMS
(liardy), EPIMEDIUMS, ACONITUMS, PHLOXES, DELPHI-
NIUMS, IRIS, and upwards of "CJ different varieties of SAXI-
FRAGA and SKDUM, with a host of others.

A Collection of 100 named varieties 263.

A Collection of 200 named varieties 40s.

A Collection of 600 named varieties 80«.

Hekky May, The Hope Nm-series, Bedale, Yorksh ire.

To Noblemen, Engineers, Contractors, and Others.

rriEN MILLIONS of THORN QUICKS for SALE.

JL 1 year Seeillings, Is. per 1000.

2 years, I to 2 feet, strong, 45. per 1000.

2 years transplanted, suitable for railway fencing, 43. 6d. p, 1000.

3 years do., well rooted and strong, 5s. per 1000.
Do., all selected, very strong, from 65. to Bit. per 1000
LARCH, 3 to 4 feet, I2s. per 1000,

GREEN HOLLIES, 2 feet, twice transplanted, 10s. yer 100
Apply to Joux BpcK, Hawthorn House, Melbom-ne, near Derby-

Laurels.

FOR SALE, several Thousands of well-gi-own and
thriving LAUREL PLANTS, from 2 to 3 feet high; delivered
at the Tisbury Station, on the London and South- Western R.iUway,
in quantities of not less than 1000, at 30s. per 1000. Either a respect-
able reference or the money will be required before sending the
Lam-els off. Post Office Orders to be made payable at the Tisburv
PostOfllce. Apply to

Mr. Jonx Jkfflrv, Old Wardour Castle, near Salisbury, Wilts.

Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near UcUfleld,

Sussex.

WM. "WOOD AND SON have a very extensive stock
to offer of the following, viz. :— *
Scarlet HORSE CHESTNUTS, Standards, 0 to 10 feet tlOOO

CATALPA SYRINGiEFOLlA | THUJA AUREA, by the 100 or
LABURNUMS, yellowand purple Strong ASPARAGUS Plants
LARCH, SPRUCE, and SCOTCH FIRS

PINUS AUSTRIACA [and other Forest Trees

ASH, BIRCH, WILLOW, HORNBEAM, OAKS, SYCAMORE,

CATALOGUES and Samples may be had on application.

To Suburban and other Extensive Planters. _

PONSFORD AND SON have much pleasure in offering
(with special advantages) well-grown and thoroughly healthy
GENERAL NURSERV STOCK, prominently the followiog:—
Fruit Trees for every purpose, in fine condition ; Roses, Ornamental
Trees, Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs for general furnishing,
particularly Aucubas, Arbor-vitaa, Ligustrum, Thuja (various).
Variegated Hollies, &c., specially to the Trade; flOe Standard
Mulberries, Limes, extra strong ; Standard Apples and Plums,
Dwarf-trained Apricots, Planes, Poplars, &o. ; Azalea indica, choice
sorts, extra size. Cheap.

Nursoriea : Loughborough Park, Brixton, S.
Seed and Plant Department : Brixton Place.

To Railway and Enclosure Planters.

SEOBINSON, of Shaw House, Melbourne, near Derby,
• has several million of BEDDING and TRANSPLANTED
QUICKS to dispose of, suitable for the above purposes, from 2, 3, 4,
and 5 years old. Price, fi'om4s. Grf. to 20s. per lOOCl ; well rooted and
fit for planting out. '

S. R. has also for sale some fine Bushy SPRUCE, 3 to 4 feet;
HOLLIES, BEECH, and LARCH, 4 to 6 feet ; and other kmds of
FOREST TREES.

Mr. Robinson wishes to inform his customers that he has a fine
stock of his CHAMPION OX CABBAGE PLANTS for spring use.

N.B. Satisfactory references required previous to orders being
executed.

Bedford and Kettering Road Nurseries,
Northampton.

FREDERICK PERKINS begs respectfully to offer the
following, in consequence of the Lease of a part of his
Nursery Qrounos having expired, and the land being required for
other purposes. The whole of the Stock is in excellent condition,
and will be sold at prices to effect a clearance. Parties engaged in
any kind of Flantina: are respectfully invited to inspect the Stock.
In addition to the following there are many thousands of Evergreens
and Ornamental Trees and Flowering Shrubs of various sizes, firom
2 to 6 feet:—

500,000 LARCH FIR, li to 2 ft., 2 to 3 ft,, 3 to 4 ft., 4 to 5 ft., 5 to C ft.
600.000 2-year Transplanted WHITETHORN, or QUICK.
200,000 ASH, li to 2 feet, 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, 4 to 6 feet.

60,000 Green Holly.
20,000 Laurels, from li to 4 feet.
60,000 Hornbeam, 3 to 4 feet.
60,000 English Oak, li to 2 feet,
2 to 3 feet, and 3 to 4 ft.

100,000 Evergreen Privet.
60,000 Berberis Aqulfolla.
20,000 English Yews,
60,000 Hazel, 3 to 4 feet.
6,000 Copper Beech, 3 to 4 feet,

and 4 to 6 feet.

Also a large quantity of Alder, Birch, Beeoh, Elm, Limes, Poplars,
Spanisn and Horse Chestnuts, Sycamores, Sweet Briars, Sic. Up-
wards of Two Millions of 1-year extra fine Quick.

10,000 standard. Pyramid, Dwarf-trained, and Maiden Apples.
Pears, Plums, Cherries, Damsons. Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots,
Pi'iced List of the aljove free on application to

Seed Warehouse, No. 2, Gold Street, Northampton.

Dumfries Railway Station Nursery.

THOilAS KENNEDY and CO., Nurserymen and
Seedsmen, Dumfries, have this season a very large and superior
stock of FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES, DECI-
DUOUS and EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &c., which they are selling
at extremely moderate prices. The TREES and SHRUBS being
of all ages and sizes, are particularly well suited for extensive plant-
ing or lor giving Immediate effect In the formation and improving of
Ornamental Parks, Pleasure Grounds, &c.

Prices on application. Special offers made to large purchasers.

■*#* Dumfries IS most conveniently situated for the speedy trans*
mission of goods to all parts of the United Kingdom.

The Dorset Nurseries, Blandford and Blandford

St. Mary.

FBEDERICK GILL and CO., Nurserymen, Seeds-
men, and Florists, beg to Invite the attention of Gentlemen
who intend Planting, to their large and vigorous STOCK of
FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS,
ROSES, &c., extending over many Acres, and not to be surpassed.

Their ROSES on MANETTI STOCKS, of the choicest varieties
and superior growth, merit especial mention.

Copy of a Letter received /torn the Rev. F. RAncLVFFE,
To the Proprietoes o/ the Dorset Nurseries.
*'SiHs, — I was much pleased to-day with the review of yom" fine
Nursery Stock. Your Manetti Rosea are the best propagated ot any
that I have ever purchased. At a little distance few can discern
whether they are on alien stocks or on their own roots. They are
usually budded far too high to prosper, — Yours truly,

"W. F, Radcltffe.."

Editorial Communications should be addressed to '■ The Editor."
Advertiaemeuts and Business Letters to " The Publisher," at the
Offlcp,41, Wellinijton Street, Covent Garden, London. W.C.

Printed by James MiTTHEWs, at the Office of Messrs BH\DinjnT, Evans,
&Co , Lumbard Street, Precinct of Whitefriars, City of London, in the
Co. oTMiddleaex, and Published by the said James Matthews at the
Offlce,No.41. Wellington Street. Parish of St. Paul's, (Jovent Garden,
ia the said County.— Satdrdav, Novamber 2, 1867.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 45.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 9.

(Price Fivepence.
(STAurED Edition, Gd.

INDEX.

Airi'lculture, Chiimber ol . . . .

AriNtnluoliln (ioldlcuna

Bui-cli Iroc disease

BCiK

Soilei-s

Itoiik!! noticed

Bury show profits

CHttlu roturm

— pluKUO UW a

Oiiiniherdf Axnculture ,..,

ChiisfhTlmrn

Clii'jrsiiitlifinunia, Temple .,

Crnprotums

C\icumbiT j udclnft

DnhliiiN, piDTiiiiff

Eduratiun, linrticuUural,...
Kpldciidi um crubesceas , . . .

Fnnii, llorwickshlre

FnnH'TH' CliibH ,

Florists' stiiiidurds

Fruits, Frcni-h aud En^tlsli.

OnipeJudniHK

Oriiss or iinible?

liHboureiti' bonetlt suctctles-
lU'J c-

Liiurels, vnrii'gnted ,

Lnw relutinK tosccd

Lennotiii Lcouiirus ,,. ,

Maii^el-oiikc

Mocbi.Mr

114.! a
1147 c
lUKA

1147 a
1 142 b

1150 e

1151 a
1150 a
114ti c

1148 a
1150 c
1146 a
1U<! 6
1141 <;
114(i a
1157 a
1155 n
1110 n
1144 b

1144 a
1154 c

HAS a

1145 c
1150 c
Uiti a
1154 b
1154 e

NutseripB, Scotch

Obituary

Uniun, Nuneham

Painters, modern

Paris exliibitloa

Peas, late

PelnreoniuDis, Messrs.

Snuth'9

Pelargonium show

Plants, new

— and BOils

Plant portraits

I'rimrost's, Major Clarke's .,

Shorthorns

SboHs, Siitui-day

Society, Koyal Horticultural

— lloyal Agricultural.. ..

Steam ptuui^hing

Strawberry, The Lady T.

birds

Bun heat

Swifts

Tacsonia fruit

Thennometcrs

Trade Memonmda

Tree painters

Vines at Garston

Vine Rraftiug

Vine-root disease

ZLxania aquatica

114(1 c
IMS a
1145 <-

1141 b

1149 h
lUG b

1147 b
lUti b
1143 a

1145 c

1142 t
1147 c

1150 c
1115 c

1147 a
1154 t
1150 !>

1140 a

1148 c

1146 b

1145 c
1142 b

1146 e

1141 b

1145 a
1U5 t

1142 b

1146 b

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY GARDENS, Regent's
P.irk.— Tlio FIU.ST EXIIIBITIOX of PLANTS and
FLOWKRri ID the Oardons of the Sooiety next season will take
phico on WEDNESDAY, May 20, 18(iS. By onler.

J. De C. Sowerdy, Secretary.

THE ASSOCIATION of SURREY NURSERYMEN.
Temporary Offices, Ervat Brixton, S.
A Deputation froni tue above Association having visite'i Holland,
Intend VISITING the ENGLISH DUTCH BULB DEALERS not
at pi'9seiit connected with tlio above Society, during the next few
weeks. A letter stating the object of the Association wilt be lor-
warded by the Hon. Secretary, Cuables Yocno, Balham Hill
Nursery. Hurrgy. S.

Open to All England.

THE STOKE iSEWINGrON CEkYSANTHEMUM
SOCIETY.

Prttu/^H^— SniRLEY HlHBEHD. EsQ,, F.R.H.S.

The TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL EXH!BITK)N of the above
Society will be held in the School Rooms, opposite Abnev Parlt
Cemetery, Stoke Newington, ou THURSDAY and FR'lDAY',
jTovomber 14 and 15. Admission— First day, Is. ; Second day, 6(i.
W. T. Howe, Hon. Sec.

I, Down's park Road, Shacklewell, N.E.

Chry s antu e mum s .

ADAM FORSYTH be-s tu iiifonu his Friends and the
Public that his large COLLECTION of SPECIMEN and other
CHRY'SANTHEMUMS are NUW in FLOWER, and may be seen
pvory day {Sunday excepted).

bruuswick Nursery, Stoke Newington, London, N,

Exhibition of Chxysantliemums.

JOHN SALTER'S COLLECTION of these beautiful
FLOWERS is NOW COMING INTO BLOOM. The Winter
Garden contains more than 2000 plants, many of which are perfectly
new, both in colour and form, and are now exhibited for the first time.
The Gardens are open every day except Sunday ; admittance free.

Versailles Nursery, William Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith, W.,
near the Kensington Hallway Station.

s

The Best Twelve Hyacinths Imported by

U X T 0 N AND SONS,

for Twelve ShUllngs.
SuTTotf A Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

M

IXED HYACINTHS.for Beds or Open Borders,
all colom-s, of various ihadoa, 2U. per 100 (carriage free), or

3». per dozen

SurroN d[ Sofis, Royal Berkshire Reed Establishment, Readlnir,

s

Finest Dutch Crocuses and Early Tulips.
UTTONS' DESCRIPTIVE LIST is now ready, and
will be forwarded Rratls and post free on application.
SpTTiiK fi Sons, Itoval Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

Winter and Spring Flowering Bulbs and Plants.

BARR AND SUODEN'S FLORAL GUIDE may be
had free. It contains much valuable information.
For particulars Bee large Advertisement, page 1090.

Before Purchasing Flower Roots, send for

SCOTT'S CATALOGUE of BULBS, VASES, and
• GARDEN REQUISITES. Bulbs are extra floe.

J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocuses, &c.

BS. "WILLIAMS hii3 a tine Collection of the above.
• PRICtlD CATALOGUE post free on application.
HYACINTHS for Glasses or Pots, 6s., 8s., and lOs. per dozen.
Victoria and Paradise Nursery, Upper HoUoway, London, N.

AT.^Hfl'BUSH ^AND SON beg to say that "their
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, 4c., Is now ready, and can be had post free
on application. Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

Bulb Catalogue.

BUTLER, McCULLUCH, and CO.'S CATALOGUE
of Clioioe DUTCH and CAPE BULBS is now ready. Sent
free and post paid. — Establislied upwards ot a Century.
Soutli Row, Covent Garden Miirliet, W.C.

Notice.— Fruits, Flowers, Bulbs.

Before porobasino, please send for

DILLISTONE AND CO.'S LITTLE LISTS,
post fVee to all applicants.
Address, DtLLiSTONE & Co., Nurserymen, &c., Sturmer, near
Halstead. Essex

Special Notice.— Plants and Bulbs.

MR. STEVENS' SALES ot DUICH BULBS. FRUIT
TREES, ROSES, and HARDY SHRUBS, take place every
WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and frequently on SlONDAY,
at the Rooms, 33, Kinp Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.
^^^^ CATALOGUES on application.

To Gardeners, Seedsmen, &c.

HENLEY, BROTHERS. Mkroh,\nts, Holbeach, have
still on hand a quantity of SNOWDROPS, which they beg to
oflFer. Samples and price on application.

Surplus Stock of Bulbs.

DOUBLE SNOWDROPS, fine sample, 15*. per 1000;
also a targe quantity of DOUBLE and SINGLE VAN THOL,
TURNESOL, and YELLOW POTTEBAKKER TULIPS and other
Roots, at very low prices. LISTS on application.

Hy. Clabas k Sons, 39, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

SUPERB LILIES, in 70 finest varieties.
Selections. Cut., 9s., 12s., ISs., and 24s. per dozen.
Stephbh BnowN, Seed and Nm'sery Establishment. Sudbury, Suffolk.

To Nurserymen and Seedsmen. -Notice.

THE GARDENERS' YEAR BOOK. ALMANAC,
and DlRECl'ORY for 1868, by Robert Hooo, LL.D., F.L.S.,
will be Publit.hed on DECEMBER 2 Any alterations in the style
«nd address of Firms are requested to be sent forthwith to the Editor,
so .that tho neces&ary corrections may be made in the Directory
portion.
" Journal of Horticulture " Office, 171. Fleet Street, London, E.C.

To the Trade.

MARECHAL NIEL ROSK, from own roots, in pots,
by the 100 or 1000, at £5 per luO.
O. Baekr t Son, American Nursery, Bagshot.

CALCEOLARIA (Herbaceous), of choice strain, nice
plants. In single pota. 21a. per 100 : li^. 6d. for 50, and 4s. per doz.
H. & R. Stikzakeb, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

True Variegated Gynerlum argentemn.

AMBROISE VERSCHAFFELT, Nurseryman, Ghent,
Belgium, begs to offer fine and well-establiBhed plants of the
True Variegated GVNERIUM ARGENTEUM. at the following low
prices :— Good plants, di. each ; £1 10*. for 0 ; £2 15s. for 19.

WM. KNKiHT otters tbe splendid YELLOW ROSE,
MARECHAL NIEL.— Large plants, about 3 feet high, well
ripened wood, in S-inch pots, suitable for forcing, from 6ir. to Gs.
each, or flOs per dozen.
.GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES free on application.
Floral Nursery, Hailsham, Sussex.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

*' rpHE ROSES of MR. PAUL * • * are things to
X see once and dream ot tor eyev."~ A thenceum, June, 1807.
W«. Paul begs to announce that his CATALOGUE of ROSES Is
now ready, and will be forwarded free on application.

EIGHTEEN PRIZES have been awarded to him for Roses this
fear at tbe pilnolpal London Flower Shows.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltbara Cross, London, N.

PAUL AND SON'S ROSES.
See Timee, Atheacvum, jincj other leading Journals' reports of
the Rose Shows.

Very reasonably PRICED CATALOGUES, free by post.
Tho " Old " Nurseries, Chesbunt, N.

Daphne cneorum.

HUSSEY AND SON beg to offer fine plants of the
above charming Border Plant at Qs. per dozen ; also strong
Cuttings of M/VNETl'l STOCKS at Is. 6d. per 100, lOs. per 1000.
Mile End Nursery, Eaton, Norwicli.

LUlum auratum.
JUTTON AND SONS can supply fine BULBS of this
J beautiful Flowering Plant at from 5s. to ISs. each.

Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

Wbolesale Catalogue.

GEORGE JACKMAN and SON'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of HARDY NURSERY
STOCK for 1867 and SPRING, 1808, can be had free on application.

Wokmg Nursery, Surrey.

w

ANTED, good plants of URAG^NATERMINALIS,
fit for Table Decoration. State quantity and lowest price.
A. R-, Qaf/ienera' Chnmicle Office, W.C.

vToietsTln good condition.

AJOHNSTUN has a huge quantity ot NEAPOLITAN
• and TREE VIOLETS, m 48-pots, well set with Bloom, at
I (to. per dozen.— Tan ner'a End Nursery, Edmonton, N,

Blclunond Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey.

IF YOU WANT tine large bushy LAURELS, not
injured by last winter's frost, apply to G. & W. Steele, of the
above Nurseries.

WEBB'S NEW GIANT POLYANTHUS,
Florist Flower, and GIANT COWSLIP SEEDS; also Plants
of all the varieties, with double PRIMROSES of different colours;
AURICULAS, both Single and Double, with every sort of Early
Spring Mowera. LIST on application. — Mr. Webu, Calcot, Reading.

EVERY GARDEN REttUlSlTE
kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom. London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.

Seed Farhers, Merchants, and Ndrsertxeh,
237 A 238, High Holborn, London. W.C.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

I AMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Merobamts. 7, Borough Market, and Bralntree, Essex.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE bee; to announce to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1867 Growth, is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wlsbecb. Cambs.

ONE TON of ASPARAGUS SEED on SALE.—
Entire Crop of 1867, at 3d. per lb. ; do. of 1868, at 2\d. per lb. ;
per cwt., at 4d. per lb. ; per quarter, at 8d. per lb, -, lesser quantities,
l5. per lb.— fAsparagns Garden, Formby, Liverpool.

ASPARAGUS ROOTS, 3^yr. old, per 100, 2s. 6rf.
2-yr. old, per 100, \t. td. Terms cash,
RicH4RD Waleeb, Seed Grower and Market Gardener, Biggies
wade, Bods. ___^

To Noblemen, Gentlemen, Gardeners, and the Trade.

OEAKALE for Forcing, magnificent roots, now ready.
O Per 100, lOi-. Terms cash.

Richard Walker, Market Gardener and Seed Grower, Biggles-
wade, Beds.

To the Trade.

DICKSON'S "FIRST and BEST" EARLY PEA.
New Seed can now be uuppUed. .
Lowest price per quarter on application. .
Francis ft ARTnoa Dickson & Sons, 106, Eahtgate Street, Chester.

MUSHROOM SPAWN of the best possible quality,
5*. per bushel. Sample Brick sent on application. Tbe
Trade supplied,
^yH^ KtLLETT, Wellington Nursery, Heaton Chapel, Stockport.

Vines.

HLANE AND SON solicit an inspection of their
• stock of VINES: 2000 Canes to chooso from, strong and woll
ripened. Thoy have been awarded the First Prize for Vines In pots
at all tho leading Exhibitions. CATALOGUES free on application.
Tbe Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

Vines.

BS. WILLIAMS has now on hand a very large and
• fine stock of FRUITING and PLANTING CANES of all tho
best varieties. An Inspection U Invitod.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries. Upper nollow,ay, London, N.

QTRONG and EXTRA STRONG FRUITING VINES,

O unusually fine and well ripened. All the loading kinds, for

fruiting m pols and for planting out.

James Dickson Sl Sons, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

Vines.

J MEREDITH will have great pleasure in forwarding
• his PRICED LI.ST of VINES on application. Ho has tho
largest stock in England. An inspection is invited.
Tbe Vineyard, Garston, near Liverpool.

F

IVE HUNDRED GRAPE VINES, from Eyes.

Prices on application.
Peed, Eppra Nursery, Brixton, S.

MADRESFIELD COURT BLACK MUSCAT GRAPE,
See largo Advertisement in No. 44, November 2, 1807.
John k Charles Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery, Himmersmlth,
London, W.

WEBB'S PRIZE COB FILBERTS, and other PRIZE
COB NUTS and FILBERTS. LIST of these varieties from

Mr. WtuD, Ciilcot, Reading.

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting in Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHKKRIES,
PLUMS. PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RionARD Smith. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

BEARING PYRAMID APPLES and PEARS —
160 APPLE, and lOO PEAR TREES, fine Pvr.iraid3, alt
different kinds, 6 to 10 feet high, and from 8 to 10 years' growtn, all
in a highly fructiferous state, having been removed every two or
three years, to be SOLD for 7s. Gd. each, or the lot for £62 10«.
Wood & Inqrau, Nurseries, Huntingdon.

For Orchard Planting.

PAUL AND SON have to otier some thousands of fine-
headed STANDARD TREESof the leading kinds of APPLES,
PEARS, &c. Prices per 100 or per 10 lO on application.
The " Old" Nurseries, Cbeshunt, N.

Fruit Trees.

HLANE AND SON beg to call attention to their
• extensive stock of FRUIT TREES ol every description,
which is very fine and healthy, at moderate prices.

CATALOGUES free on application.
Tbe Nurseries, Great Berkhamstead, Herts.

STANDARD APPLES, PEARS, and PLUMS, &c., &c.

O See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

Thouas Wahneh, Leicester Abbey Nursaries.

APPLES, CHERRIES, NECTARINES. and
PEACHES, &c., Dwarf and Dwarf-trained; Houghton Castle
CURRANTS. &c., Ac. See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Ketiil.
TnoMAS WafvNek, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

SCARLKT CHESTNUTS, STANDARD ELMS,
THORNS, and POPLARS, SEEDLING QUICK, &c., &c.
See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nui-series.

ARBOR-VIT^S, AKBUTUS, AUCUBAS, BOX,
Y'EWS, Ac, &c.
See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
Thomas Warner. Leicester Abbey Nurseries,

THIRTY THOUSAND AMERICAN ARBOR-VIT^,
from 3 to G feet, very suitable for Hedges.
Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfleld,
Sussex.

ONE HONORED THOUSAND tine Transplanted
COMMON LAURELS, from IJ to 3 feet.
Wm. Wood ft Son, Wojdlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfiold,
Sussex,

UOR SALK, TWO very large Plants of YUCCA
X* PARMENTIERI. Diameter at base, 11 Inches. Price
£G0 the pair. Apply to
R, Grinstead, Gardener, Enclos .St. Bertin, St. Oraer, France.

TO LARGE BUYERS we make SPECIAi. OFFERS
for NURSERY STuCK. One Million EVERGREEN FIRS,
five varieties. Accounts due in July, or 5 per cent. less if paid
within three months.

Joseph Tremble ft Sons, Penrith.

ELMS for AVENUE aud PARC PLANTING.— Fine
well rooted Trees of HUNTINGDON and HERTFORDSHIRE
ELMS, 10 to 12 and 12 to 14 feet ; and HERTFORDSHIRE, 14 to
16 feet, at a very cheap rate, according to quantity required. For
price, ftc, apply to Wood & Ingram, Nurseries, Hunting'ton.

F"~"1FTY "ACRES well ^stocked " with""FR"UIT^rREES
to select from.— APPLES. PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, in every form desired
for fruiting.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, free by pobt for 3 stamps.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

FOK THE OPEN GROUND.—
APPLES, PEAKS, PLUMS, and CQEREIES, Bno healthy
Pyramids, very ornamental and productive. Strongly recommended
for large and small gardens.

See KicHAKD JiMixn's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stamps.

RicnABD Smitu. N'm-serymnn. Worcester.

ESPALIER and WALL-TRAINED TREKS
in any quantity.-APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHES. NECTARINES, aud APRICOTS, Sna strong trees ot
perfect form. „ „ .

See RiciiiEo Sjiiin's FRUIT LIST, free by post for 3 stamps.

RiouABD Smitu, Nurseryman, Worcester.

CROP of F il¥lT the FlRrtT SEASON.—

Boaring Pyramids and BusHes in pots for orchard l.ouaos.
PEACHES, 'nectarines, APUICOfs, APPLES PEARS.
PLUMS, and CHERRIES. Extra strong VINE^ and FIGS in
fruiting condltluli for forcmii. , „ .

sSe Ricuirn SsiiTu's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stamps,
RrcnARD Smith, Nurseryman, WorQester.

1138

THE GARBENEHS' CHRONICLE AND AGRlCULTtJEAL GAZETTE. [Notembbb 9. ise?.

Balsam Seed,

FAND A. SMITH are now executing Orders for their
• unrivalleti Strain of the above, in collections of Nine Varletiea
at 2s. 6rf., and Mixed Packets at 9s. and Is. each. The quality this
season is unusually good, Earjy Ordera respectfully solicited.
Terms to the Trade on application.

The Nm-series, Dulwich, S.

Camellias and Azaleas -English Grown.

AND A. SMITH bep; to announce they have a fine
• Collection of the above, well set with Buds. Trices, moderate,
on application. The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

Fruiting and Planting Vines from Eyes.
AND A. SMITH can supply Strong, Well-ripened

CANES of above. Prices and Lists on application.
The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

F

F

MAGNIFICENT DWAKF-TKAINED

FRUIT TREES,
By the Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand.
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES, NECTA-
RINES, and APRICOTS. [NECTARINES.
Also Standard, wall-trained, fruit bearing, PEACHES and
PYRAMIDAL PEARS on the Quince Stock, in a fruit-bearing
state ; and PYRAMIDAL PEARS, on the Pear Stock, extra
strong and well grown.
Wm. Wood & Son have many acres of the above named, which for
health and vigour are quite unsurpassed in the trade. Tbe Trees
have been moat carefully trained, and are really examples of suc-
cessful cultivation.
Address, Woodlands Nursery, Mares6eld, near Uckfleld, Sussex.

G

Weston Nursery, Weston-super-Mare.
EO. JAMES be^s to offer the following :

1,000 MAIDEN APPLES, 30s. per 100.
600 MAIDEN PEARS, 30s. per 100.
10,000 APPLE STOCKS {good}, 20s. per 1000.
20,000 APPLE STOCKS, 10s. per 1000.
1,000 CHINESE ARBOR- VIT-E. 2 to 3 feet, 303. per 100.

600 LAURUSTINUS (yood), 25s per 100.
1,000 STANDARD ROSES, 75s. per 100.

SAMPLES and CATALOGUES on application.

1 FOREST, ORNAMENTAL, and EKUXT TREES.—
Thirty Acres of these, young, healthy, transplanted, oF all
Borts and sizes, at very moderate prices. The Nurseries are very
exposed on the West Coast ; the Plants very hardy, and succeed well
in the highest and most exposed situations. Parties stating the
Sorts, Sizes, and Quantities required, will have special quotations.

TEWS, ENGLISH, some thousands of extra strong well-rooted
and furnished, 3, 4, 6, and 6 feet. Price on application.

H. & R. Stirzaker, ykerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

To LAKGE PLANTEKS and the TEADE-
Fine HORSE CHESTNUTS, 6, 7, 8, and 10 feet high.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, extra line, 2. 3, and 4 feet.
ACER NEGUNDO VARIEGATA, from 3 to 4 ft.. Pyramids.
HEMLOCK SPRUCE. 4 to 6 feet, lino.
BOX TREES, 21 to 3 feet. | PRIVET, 3 to 4 feet.
SIBERIAN and AMERICAN ARBOR-VITjE, 3 to 8 feet.
Special offers on application to
A. Godwin & Son, Ashhuurne, Derbyshire.

Larch, &c.

LARCH, 1 to 2 feet, lOs. ; li to 2h feet, 12s. 6d. ;
Ij to 3 feet, 16s. ; 2i to 4 feet, 17s. M. ; 3 to 4i feet, 20s. ; 31 to
6 feet, 25s. ; OAK, Ij to 2i feet, 15s. per 1000.

LIST of other TREES on application ; special quotations for large
quantities. Apply, with reference, to
[James Eiddell, Steward, Park Attwood, Bewdlcy, Worcestershire.

To Railway and Enclosure Planters.

SEOBINSON, of Shaw House, Melbourne, near Derby,
• has several mUlion of BEDDING and TRANSPLANTED
QUICKS to dispose of, suitable for the above purposes, from 2, 3, 4,
and 6 years old. Price, from 4s. Crf. to 20s. per 1000 ; well rooted and
fit for planting out.

S. R. has also for sale some fine Bushy SPRUCE, 3 to 4 feet :
HOLLIES, BEECH, and LARCH, 4 to 5 feet ; and other kmds of
FOREST TREES.

Mr. Robinson wishes to inform his customers that he has a flue
stock of his CHAMPION OX CABBAGE PLANTS for soring use.

N.B. Satisfactory references required previous to orders being
executed.

HE N E Y MAY begs to offer the
undernaraeii : —
ENGLISH TEWS, 2 ft., very bushy (often transplanted), 3ft. per doZ.,

15s. per 100 ; do., 2i to 3 ft., bushy, dO., 6s. per doz., ids. per 100 ;

IRISH do., 4 to 6 ft., do , is. 6rf. each, ISs. per doz.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 ft., bushy, do., 4s. per doz., 20a. per 100 ;

do., 2i to 3 ft., bushy, do., 8s per doz., SOs. per 100
CUPRKSSUS LAWSdNIANA, 2 ft., bushy, do,, Os. per doz.,

40s. per 100 : do., 3 to 4 ft., bushy, do., 12s. per doz.
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, 2 ft., bushy, do., 12s. per doz. ;

do., 3 ft., bushy, do., ISs. per doz. ; do,, 4 ft., bushy, do., 3Qs. per

doz. ; do., 6 ft,, bushy, do,, 60s, per doz.
ARBOR-VITiE (AMERICAN), 4 to 5 It., buahy, do., fl^. p6r doz ,

6i>8. per 100
PINUS AUSTRIACA, 2 ft., bushy, do.. 48. per dOZ., 205. per 100 ;

do., 3 ft., bushy, do., 6s. per doz., 30s. per 100 ; do. EXCBLSA,

4 to 6 ft,, bushy, do., 18s. per doz.
ENGLISH SPRUCE FIR. 3 ft., single planted (perfect specimens),

63. per doz., 30s. per 100
HORSE CHESTNUT, 8 ft., do., fine, 6s. per doz., 30s. per lOO
ENGLISH ELM (Grafted), 8 ft., do., do., 6s. per doz., SOs. per 100
LIMES, 8 ft., do., do.. Vis. per doz.
AILANTHUS GLANDTJLOSA (for SUkworm Culture), 2J ft.,

2s. per doz., 10s. per 100
STANDARD APPLES, 6 ft. stems, fine heads, good, 10s. per doz.,

70s. per 100 ; do. VICTORIA PLUMS, good, I&r. per doz.
Fine named LANCASHIRE GOOSEBERRIES, 2s. per doz.: 12s

per 100.
CURRANTS, WHITE, BLACK:, and RED, fine. Is. Gd. per doz ;

as. per 100. [per doz.

Fine named HYHRID-PERPETUAL ROSES, at Gs., 9s., and 12s.
All the above are fine grown stuff, and well removed, and will
plant safely.

Henry May's CATALOGUES can be had on application, which
concain all the most popular EVERGREENS, SHRUBS, &c.
Hekrv May, The Hope Nurseries, Bodale, Yorkshire.

To Planters.

TTTOOD AND INGKAM beg to

offer the following;
s well-grown and flnely-

VV NURSERY STOCK, aU of which
rooted stuff : —
ACACIA, COMMON, 10 to 12 feet.
ALDER, 3 to 4, 5 to 6, and 6 to 7 feet

ASH, li to 2, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet | BIRCH, 5 to 6. and 6 to 7 feet
CHESTNUT, HORSE, 1-vear seedling, 7 to 8, and 8 to 9 feet
ELM, NARROW-LEAVED ENGLISH, from seed, 1-year seedlinR
3 to 4, and 4 to 5 feet
,, HUNTINGDON, 4 to 5, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, and 8 to 10 feet
FIR, SPRUCE, 1 to li, n to 2, 2 to 2i. 2* to 3, 3to 4, and 4 to 6 fdef

„ WHITE and BLACK AMERICAN, 3 to 4, 4 to 6, andStoBteet
MAPLE, 2 years sesolings. and 2 to 3 foet
POPLAR, BLACK ITALIAN, 8 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet
„ LOMHARDY, 4 to 6, 6 to G, and S to 10 feet
,, ONTARIO or AMERICAN, 5 to 6, 6 to 8. and 12 to 16 feet
SYCAaiOKE, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, 5 to 6. and 7 to 8 feet
ARBOR-VIT^, AMERICAN and SIBERIAN, 1 to li, IJto 2 2 to
2f, 2i to 3, 3 to 31, !ind 3i to 4 feet
,, L06BII, very fine bushes, specimens, 4^ to 5, 6 to C 8 to 7
7 to 8, and 8 to 9 feet
AUCUHA JaPONICA. 1 to 1}, IJ to 2, 2 to 2i, and 2* to 3 feet
CEDAil, RED VIRGINIAN, 3 to 4, 4 to 6, and 6 to 6 feet
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, spleLdid specimens, Si to 4, 4 to 5,
and 6 to 6 feet
J, MACROCARPA, 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, and 5 to G feet
JUNIPER, ENGLISH, 3\ to 4, and 4 to 6 feet

LAUREL, COMMON, 1 to IJ, IJ to 2, 2 to 2i, 2i to 3, and 4 to 5 feet
., PORTUGAL, 1 to Ij, 14 to 2, 2 to '2\, 2i to 3, 3 to 3^, and Si to 4 ft,
LILAC, various kinds, 6 to 6, and 6 to 8 feet

PLANE, OCCIDENTAL, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, 8 to 10, and
10 to 12 leet
,, ORIENTAL, 10 to 12, and 12 to 14 feet
YEW, COMMON,lito2, 2to2i, 2ito3. 3to3i,3Jto4,and4to4ift.
Prices, which are very moderate, according to the quantity taken,
sent ft-ee on application to The Nurseries, Huntingdoe.

N. B. W. Stl.'B new NURSERY CATALOGUE 1b now ready.

NEW GOLDEN -LEAVED BEDDING PLANT,

FUCHSIA "GOLDEN FLEECE."

AWARDED A FIRST-CLiSS CBETIPICATE BY THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT OF LONDON.
"A perfect gem for decorative pilrposes ; tlie intense golden colour of the foliage very effective."— /oitrnai of Horticulture.

THs veiy beautiful and effective plant is adapted for all decorative purposes in beds, or ribbon rows, and by its
free, yet densely compact growth, equally suited for front or second rows ; its slightly decurved branches retaining a
dwarf habit, from 6 to 9 inches, as required, throughout the season. The early summer leaf-tint is an uniquely rich
bronze yellow, changing to a pure gold in midsummer and autumn. In general effect it is less formal and more
equal in prowth than the "Golden Feather" (Pyrethrum), and superior in effect to the whole self Gold-leaved
section of Geraniums. Out of 40 plants in one row, there was no perceptible difference in height and effect through
the summer, and increased in the richness of its colour until October.

T/te I'lanis now offered are the only hatch adapted for spring stock*

Price, 7s. 6d. each..

£. Q. HEl]?DERSON and SON, WELLINGTON NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, N.W.

B. S. WILLIAMS^

NOTED CHOICE STRAIN of VEGETABLE SEEDS for SEASON 1868,

IN SEALED PACEETS.

The Orang-efield Dt7arf Prolific Tomato.

After four ycirs' careful trial it has boon proved to be undoubtedly
the finest Tomato we possess.

Dksc RIFT ION.— Very dwarf, but stroilB in habit ; never shows any
sign of being stunted or diseased ; bearing a greater quantity of fruit
than has ever been seen on a Tomato. Is well adapted for indoor
culture in those parts where {through the humidity of the climate)
Toraatos rarely come to perfection out of doors. It will stand
forcing without drawing, and any amount of culture will not destroy
its productiveness. This variety when grown m pots make really
beautiful decorative plants for the conserv.itory. Extract of report
of theTiial of Tomatos grown aii Chiswick, 18G7:— " ThoOrangetield
is the earliest of the large fruited sorts, it Is very dwarf and prolific,
bearing fine fruit within 6 inches of the ground. The fruits are very
large, red, cjrrugated, or ribbed. It ts an excellent variety, and one
of the best in the collection."

Price Is. Qd. per packet.
"Williams' Matchless Red Celery.

This variety still maintains its reputation. It Is now universally
grown and everywhere approved of. New Seed, saved fi-om the
original stock. p^.-^^ ^^^ ^^^ p^^^^^

Digswell Prize Endive.

A Green Curled varietv, very much superior to the old *' Green
Curled."

Wlierever this valuable Endive has been grown it has given the
greitest satisfaction. It is invaluable for its hardiuood and good
hearting qualities. It is advised that plants for oiitdoor wmter use
be dibbled out in a light border early In Soptember, tbe crowns an
Inch below the surface, with light earth pressed to thorn. Seed from
original stock. p,.-^^ j^^ ^^^ p.^^j,^.t.

"Williams' Alexandi*a Broceoli.

This excellent kind has now proved itself the best white and tho
hardiest of the many varieties In esistehce. A Special Certificate
was awarded to this Broccoli by tlie Royal Horticultural Society,
May, 18G7. The Committee considered it of first-class excellenoe,
and worthy of every recommendation. If sown at the end of April
it will ba ready for use the first week in May of the following year.

Price 2s. 6^. per Packet.
iialvern Hall Melon,

Scarlet flesh ; a valuable variety. This kind has been proved by
the aide of 30 of the best to be the earliest to ripen and the freest In
setting its fruit. The following description of It, by Mr. Kdlington,
Head Gardener to the Earl of Strafford, Wrotham Park, in the
Scottish Qardeiier, conveys a very just idea of its properties. He
wiites :— " I have no hesitation in asserting that the above Melon ia
second to none in cultivation ; I might even go a Step further, and
not err in placing it first on the list of scarlet-fleshod kinds. Gam,
grown in the same house and subjected exactly to the same treat-
ment, bore no comparison in any one point. The Malvern Hall ia
most deliciou-fly flivoured, remarkably thin skiuned, a very frea
setter, and early. These properties, in my judgment, cooBtitute a
first-class Melon. The Malvern Hall is nicely ribbed and moderate
in size : those I grew this season averaged 2i lbs. — a size I consider
amply large enough for ordinary desserts. Those who have not
grown the Malvern Hall I recommend to do so, and those who have
will, I think, agree with my remarks."

Price Is. (

per Packet.

Prices to the Trade on applicdiion.

B. S. WILLIAMS-, VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERY, UPPER HOLLO WAY, N.

AMBEOISE VEKSCHAFFELT, NUESERYMAN,

(PUBLISHER OF THE "ILLUSTRATION HORTICOLE)," GHENT, BELGIUM,

BEOS TO OTTER THE FOLLOWING NOVELTIES : —

CALADHTM LEOPOLUI.— One of the finest, 7s. 61^.

TACSONIA BUCHANAUI. — A splendid climber; as fine as the Tacsonia Van Volxemi : see figure in the

"Illustration Horticole;" 7s. 6d,
VHIESEA GLAZIOFANA. — A splendid Broraeliaceous plant, which obtained at the Universal Exhibition in Paris the

First Prize for the best new Plant, and of which a specimen was exhibited by Miss Zee de Knyff, under the name

of Chevaliera. This really splendid ornamental plant is figured in the "Illustration Horticole." Fine plants, £1.
AZALEA INDICA FRANCOIS DEVOS (A. Vebschaffelt).— This is one of my best seedlings. Flowers very

double, deep red, with black spots. See figure in " Illustration Horticole." Fine plants, full of buds, 128.
RHODODENDRON OSNATISSIMUM (A.. Verschaffelt) ^See the " Illustration Horticole." This is my best

seedling raised ; colour whitish, rose in the centre ; the edges are coloured with rose violet, alid the cehtte ia

marked with fine golden spots. It is one of the most distinct varieties, and ia quite kardy. Good plants, 12s. ;

do. with buds, £1. _

THE GENERAL CATALOGUE, No. 81,

CAN BE OBTAINED FREE OF

MESSES. E. SILBEEEAD and SON, 5, HAEP LANE, GREAT TOWEE STEEEf, LONDON, B.C.

LEE'S GIANT ORACH (SPINACH).

THIfg VALtTABLK VARIETY OF ORACH

POSSESSES IMMENSE PRODUCTIVE POWERS,

COlIBINKD WITH A DELICIOU,? PIQUAjJT FLAVOUR, QUITE DISTINCT PROM ALL OTHER VARIETIES,
RENDERING IT A GREAT ACQUISITION AS A SUMMER SPINACH OP THE HIGHEST CLASS.

The plant is of rapid and vigorous growth, and attains a height of 6 or 7 feet, -with numerous branches ; yielding
a constant supply of large dark green leaves throughout the summer months.

The Fruit Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society awarded a FIEST-CLASS CERTIFICAT^te to
LEE'S GIANT ORACH, after partaking of a dish of this most useful vegetable, cooked especially for their judgment.

JOHN AND CHARLES LEE have much pleasure in introducing this productive vegetable, which they intend to
send out in January next. Sealed Packets, Is. each.

fHIGll TO THS TRADE ON APPLIOATION.

ROYAL VlNEYAto NURSERY and SEED ESTABLISHMENT, HAMMERSMITH, W.

NOVEMDEB 9, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGliTCUl/niRAl. GAZETTE.

1139

ACORNS (ENGLISH).— Fine sound seed, price upon
nppltcfttlou. LAUREL (COMMON), l-yr. cuttings, extra flue,
prlootipon ftppllcfttton.

TRADK CATALOGUE of FRQITS. HERDACKOU3 PLANTS,
HOSES, Ac, froo upon ftppliciitioii.

A fow biishol3 of IIORSE CHKSTNUTS aluo to Bpare.
DiLLisroNE & WooDTii'JuPK, Mutiro Nui-801-y, Siblo Ilodiughani,
Esstix.

Araucarla Imbrlcata. aud Welilngtonla gigantea.

SiiitPLvs Stock on Land to bk Cleared fok Builhino PunrHHEa.

WSKIRVTNG, Walton Nursery, Liverpool, bpgs to
• olTor ft fow thousands of the above healthy well-grown
plants, witli good roots ; the Amucarias ranging from 3 to 5 foet,
and the WoUlugtontas from 2 to 4 foot hieh.

Prici's m.'iy bo obtained on application, and special agroomonta
made for hirpe quiiutltios.

To Suburban ana other Extensive Planters.

PONSFOllI) AND SON have much ploiisuvo in ollering
(with appcial advantagi-n) woU-grown and thoroughly healthy
GKNEKAL NURSERV STOCK, prominently the fullowing:—
Fruit Trues for every purpose. In (lue condition ; Rosea, Ornamental
Trees, Evergreen' and Deoidiimia Shrub,^ for general furnishing,
particularly Aucubas, Arbor-vitnj, LIgustrum, Thuja (various).
Variegated Flollies, &c., Bpeoially to the Trade; fine Standard
Midberrios, Limes, extra stronu ; Standard Apples and Plums,
Dwarf- trained Apricots, Pianos, PoplavB, &c. ; Azalea hidlca, choice
sorts, extra size, Cheap.

Nurseries ; Loughborough Park, Brixton, S.
Seed and Plant Department : Hrlxton PInco.

Wonersli Nursery, near Guildford, Surrey.

W VIRGO AND SON hi'i^ to :nini)uncn that tlicir
• .stock of TREKS and HURUIIS of the undermentl<nmd
klndHlH tills season very extensive and woll-grown, sainplcs, prices,
and Catalogues of which can he obtained on application :■

1011.00(1 lliizul, 3 to 6 foot
f.O.ooi) Scotoh Fir. 1 to 2 foet
fill.uud Lttruli Kir. 2 to 3 foot
fiO.'UHl Sprucd Fir, 2 to 4 feet
f.o.ood llirch, 3 to -l foot
fiu.uoo Siifuiish Chestnut, 2

3 foet
:tO,ono Alder, 3 to 1 foot
6U,UU0 Ash, 2 to 3 foet
20,000 Sycamore, 3 to 4 foet

600,000 Quick, transplanted, IJ to

2 feet
60,000 Green IIolly,trauspianted,

]( to 2 feet
60,000 Crab Stocks, etruiig and

clean
Common and I'orttigal Liurol
Boiburls aipiUolta
Arbor-vltiu

And other various Shrubs.

btock of strong .STANDARD APPLES, PEARS and
PLUMS, aud DWARF-TRAINED do.

IC W 0 0 D

AND

L A R C H.

lOOToOO yUICKWOOD, 2 to 3 ft., very Bcroug and well rooted, at 15*.

ppr 1000.
100,000 lAroH, 4 to n ft., twlcu transplanted, good leads, and tine,

at 30« per 1000.
100,000 LAROH, 2ii to 3 ft. ditto, at IR-v. per 1000.

100.000 LARCH, 2 ft. ditto, at 15«. por 1000.

The above are grown thinly on the ground and not drawn, but floe,
stout, well-routed stuff, that will stand by tUemaelves. All other
Nursery Stock very fine and hardy.

Address, nt-Nav Mat, The Hope Nin'senes, Bedale, Yorkshire,

Dumfries Railway Station Nursery.

THOMAS ICRNNEDY and CO., Nurserymen and
SEKOsMKif, Dumfries, have this soasnn a very large and superior
stock of FORRST, FliUIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES, DECI-
DUOUS and EVERGREEN SIIRUB-S. &c., which thoy aro selling
at extremely moderate prices. Tho TREES and SHRUBS being
of all ages and sizes, are particularly well suited for oxtensivs plant-
ing or for giving immediate ofTfct In tho formation and improving of
Ornamental Parks, Pleasure Grounds, &c.

Prices on application. Special offers made to large purchasers.

'',• Dumfries 18 mnst conveniently situated for the speedy trans-
mission of g.iods to all parts of the Urjited Kingdom.

Northampton Nurseries.

TOTIN PERKINS, Si;n.. b<-s tu cM the attention of

fj Noblonien, GontloiuoTi, and otlmrs oiii<;ii;(!d in Planting, to his
large stock of the following i—l,{HI0.000 HLAOK THORNS, for Covert
Pliiutlng, H to 2 feut. 2^ to 3 foot ; 2,0U0,OUU LARCH FIRS, 3 to 4 ft.,
4 til (J foot; 1,000,000 SPRUCE KIRS. 14 to 2 feet, 2) to 3 foet, 3 to
4 foot; 2,000,000 WHITE THORN QUICK. 2 and 3 years trans-
planted ; also largo quantities of

Birch, 3 to 4 feet
Berberis dulcia, 2 to 3 foot
Codrus deodara, 6 to 0 tl., 0 to 8 It.
Groon Box, li to 2 foet
Evergreen Privet, 2 to 3 foet
Uornoeam, 3 to 4 fuot

Elms, English.O toert..8toloa.
ElRis, Hutitlugdou.OtoS, 8 toioa.
Chestnuts, Spanish, 2 to 3 foot
Portugal Laurel, 1} to 2 ft, 2 to 3ffc.
Pinus austriaoa, 2 to 3 foot
Syoamore, 3 to 4 foot

J. P.'sstockofall kinds of FRUIT, FOREST and ORNAMENTAL
TREES, &c., is very extensive, and this season remarkably duo, and
in excellent condition for removal, h^ving been frouuuntlv trans-
planted. DESCRIPTIVE PRICED CATALi>GUES sent post free
ou application to fiL'. Mark<_-t S'luaro, N.irMiainpton.

Large Evergreens and Forest Trees.

MESSRS. PAftU'LlN and SON huve a large quantity
of the following, nnd offer them at low prices, part of their
Grounds being required for building purposes :—

LOUIS VAN HOUTTE'S CATALOGUE, No. 121,
will bo published on tho 15th November next, and wUI be
sent, per post, to all his customers.

Contents :—

Azalea Indica

Camolhas

Rhododendrons

Ghent Azaleas, hardy

Azalea Vau Jlonttei flore-pleno,

hardy (see " Flore des Serres,"

xiil, 13)
Magnolias and othor American

Plants
Magnolia Lennoi (seo " Floro,"

XVI., 160)

Louis Van Hocttk's goods.

Trees and Shrubs

Conifers

Roses

Herbaceous Plants, Select Col-
lection of

Fruit Trees, Belgian and other

Gladiolus gandavonsis [sorts

Gesneraoeoua Rhizomes and
Tubers

Cal.adlums, &c., in dry Tubers,
&,c., &c.

Cedar ot Lebanon, 10 to 20 foot
Cedrus deodara, 0 to 16 feet
Aucuba japonica, 2 to 0 feet
Portugal Laurels, 2 to G feet
Chinese Arbor-vUie, 6 to 12 leet
American „ 6 to 10 feet
Thuja aurea, 1 to 4 feet
Groon Box, 1 to 0 foot
Striped ditto, 2 to 4 feet
Evergreen Oak, 7 to 10 feot
Yew, Conmion, 4 to 10 fact
Irish Yew, 3 to 5 feot
Laurel, 2 to 6 feet
Araucarla imbrlcata, 10 feet
Green Hollies, I to 12 feet
Weymouth Fir, 3 to 6 feet
Spruce ditto, 2 to 4 feet
Biroh, 14 feet

The Nurseries, Lea Bridge Road, Leyton
Walthamstow, Essex, N.E,

Hanover Nursery ,~Ryeli.ane,~Peckiiamrs.E.

lY/r A. IVERY beg.s to invite an inspection, from those
1tX» engaged in Planting, of a selection of EVERGREENS and

SHRUBS tliat will remove well, being alt lifted at proper saasons to

secure removal, consisting of —

Black Italian Pot'lar, 20 feet
Balsam ditto, 10 to 15 feet
Lonibardy ditto, 20 feet
Horse Chestnut, 10 to 16 foot
Spanish Chestnut, 10 leet
Limes, 10 to 15 leet
Walnuts, 10 to 16 feet
Ash, 10 to 20 feot
Elm. 10 to 16fecb
Acacia, 10 feet
Mountain Ash. 10 feet
Turkey Oak, 10 to 12 feet
Sycamore. 10 to 14 feet
Weeping Willow, 10 to 15 feet
Lilac, Common, 8 feet
Persian ditto, 6 feet
Yellow Azalea. 3 feet
Frivot ovalifolia, 8 feet

and Wood Street,

baskets, bundles, cases, crates,
liampei-s, &c., are sent free to Edinburgh, Guole, Grangemouth, 1
Grimsby, Harwich, Hull, Liverpool, London, Middlosbro'-on-Tees, '
and Newcastlo-on-Tyne ; but, per contrn, 5s. per parcel will be charged
In tho nccount. From the above seaports the t'oods are sent with
great care to the various r.ailwavs by Locis Van IJouTTii's Agents.

" FLORE DES SERRES," XVI., Nos. 11 and 12, will appear at
the end of this month.

Esch Volume of the "FLORE DES SERRES" may be had

separately fir .'iOs., and the Sixteen Volumes complete (the entire

colleotluti) for £22 10s. This work contiins more than 1700 highly

finished Coloured Plates, and numerous Woodcuts.

Ghent, Belgium.— Kov. 2.

Aucuba japonica, very handsome.

Box, of sorts, very bushy, 2i to
3 feet.

Cedrus deodara, 4 to 5 feet.

Thuja aurea. These are very
handsome specimens.

Thuja cbinensis, 4 to 6 feot.
„ Lobbii, 3i to 5 feet.
„ We.ariana, 2i to 3 feet.

Cupressus L.awsomana, very hand-
some, 3) to 13 feet.

Euonymus, green ; very bushy,
3 feet.

Wellingtonia gigantea.

Ligustrum japonicum.

„ ovalifolium. 3 to 5 ft.

Laurustinus, very bushy.

Hollv, green, 1 to 2 foet.

Tliujopsis borealis, 3 to 4 feet.

Garrya elliptica. in pots.
Laurels, common, very bushy.

Portugal, „
Lilacs, 4 to 7 feet.
Yews, English, 3 to 4 feet.
Tews. Irish, very handsome, 6 to

7 feet.
Phillyrea. 3 to 4 feet.
Yucca gloriosa, very handsome

specimens, 3 to 4 leet.
Ivies, Irish. These are vorv fine,

being grown in large puts for

immediate covering. " to 8 feet.
Mulberry, very fine, 6 to 0 foot

stems, with fine heads.
Standard Fruit Trees of all kinds.
Dwarf-trained ditto.
Black and Red Currant?, fine
bearin? trees.

Also a selection of HARDY CLIMBERS, including Variegated
aud other choice kinds of Ivies in Pots, at reasonable prices.

COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS.

CONSUL G. W. SCHILLER, HAMBURGH,

IS INCLINED TO

PART WITH HIS SPLENDID COLLECTION OF ORCHIDS NEXT SPRING,

UEING THE LARGEST IN EUROPE, AND OFFERING AN EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITY OF
BUYING FINE LARGE PLANTS AT A MODERATE PRICE.

MR..

For particulars, apply to the Owner,
CONSUL G. W, SCHILLER, HAMBURGH.

Forest Trees, Fruit Trees, Evergreens, Plants for
Game Covers, Conifers, Rosea. &c.

FRANCIS AND ARTlIUll DICKSON and SONS
Invito tlio attention of Planters to their very largo stock of tho
above, wldcli In extent and variety lu not excelled by any Nursery
in tho Kingdom. Tliolr NuriorloH, which are very bleak and oxposod.
extend ovor some 160 Acrus. and their Plants aro well known to be
unusually hardy, as well as in tho mont perfect health and condition
in every rospoct ; and are found to tlirlvo admirably when removed to
other parts of the country. PRICED CATALOOUEH post froo Upon
application. Estimates and Spoolal Prices for largo quantities,

The " Upton" Nurrtcrlos, and "tUd" Established Seed Ware house
lofl, EnAtgdto Street, Chester.

Mulberry Tre^s^

MESSRS. WOOD AND SO.\S, NuKSEUVMRN, 172, Old
Kent Road, S.E., bug to iururm Gentl'-mon and tho Trade
that thoy have a largo quantity of tlio abovu Trees— Irultlng, hand-
some, and woll-rooturl Trees. Pricoa en application. Also a large
quantity of DECIDUOUS SHRUBS and FOREST TREES of largo
sizes, very cheap.

SE B D L 1 N G FORKS T
1 and J-s-r. SeedlliiK LAKCII.

T 11 E E S.-

1 ftud '^yr. SeodlitiK MCUTCH FIH.
2-yr. Seoilling PINUS LARICIO.
li-yr. .Soodling PINUM AUVfillACA NIGRA.
Pfirticuliirly Hdg. Por Sanu'lO'S (with prlcea — f. o. b. at Warterford
— which will f)U most moderate),

Appiy to D. II. H1001N8, Tho Nursenea, Cloninel, Ireland.

B

A R G A I N f3 to the T K A D E.

100,000 2 to 3 feot THORN QUICKS, will bo sold a bargain.
500,000 2-yoar Seedlings, fine, small ones BOlected out, 3». M. p. lOOO,
800,000 Soodllncs, at Is. GU. by the 100.000, Is. 3d. per lOOO.
10,000 transplanted BERBERIS DARWINIl, 2 years old, atrong,

6s. hi. por 100. or 508. per lOOO.
50,000 transplanted MAIIONIA AQUIFOLIA, 2 years old and

selected, l2s. tid. per lOoo : 10,000, IQs. per 1000.
60,000 bedded MANETTI STOCKS, good rooted plants, 26,i. per
1000; selected. 3(Ik.
A LIST of other NURSERY STOCK sent on application.
Anorew G. Dalv, Nurseryman, Newry, Ireland.

Tansley Nurseries, near Matlock, Derbyshire.
JOSEPH S.MI'I'H, M-.v., invifi-^ I'l uiI.ts nnd the

0 Trade to inspect his Nursery- of fiO Acrc.-f of biL'li land. The Boil
Is of a fibrou.4 nature, and tho Plants take up witU excellent roots,
such as to ensure the best success in their removal.

The Nursery contains many Hundred Thousands of RHODODEN-
DRONS, COMMOrJ and PORTUGAL LAURELS, BOX. BROOMS,
BERBERIS, HOLLIES, PRIVETS, YEWS. &c. THE FOREST
TREES are very extensive, of all the leading kinds; there aro
15 Acres of LARCHES, of ditlerent sizes, and ail others in propor-
tion. Prices moderate, which can be had on appl cation as above.

MR. FRKDEIUUK ADOLl'HUS UAAOL, Jumor,
Ni'RsEnvuAN, SkEPSMAN, and Florist. Erfurt, Prussia,
respectfully begs to announce that his NEW TRADE SEED LIST
for 1807-08, containing all the leading kinds of Flower, Tree, and
Vegetable Seeds and Novelties of this senson, will bo sent out by tho
end of this month, and may bo hnd post free on application to his
Agents, Messrs. Bktuaji Sl, Blackitu, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames
Street. London. All orders will meet immediate and most careful
attention.

Lists of STOVE. GREENHOUSE, and HERBACEOUS PLANTS,
also of SUCCULENTS, are nowj;eady.— Erfurt, November. 1807.

The Dorset Nurseries, Blandford and Blandford

St. Mary.

FREDERICK GILL and UO., Nuuseuymen, Seeds-
men, and Flouists, bog to invito the attontion of Gentlemen
who inteiid Planting, to their l.nrge and vigorous STOCK of
FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS,
ROSES, &c., extending over many Acres, and not to be surpassed.

Their ROSES on MANETTI STOCKS, of the choicest varieties
and superior growth, merit especial mention.

Copif of a, Letter received from the Rev. F. RAncLTFFE.
To the Pkoprietohs of I he Dokskt NoasERiiis.
"Sros, — I was much phrased to-day with the review of your fine
Nursery Stock. Your Manetti Roses are the best propagated ol any
that I have ever purchased. At a little distance few can discern
whether they aro on alien stocks or ou their own roots. They are
usually budded f.ir too high to prosper, — Yours truly,

" W. F. 1

. Radolyffb.''

Bedford and Kettering Road Nurseries,
Northampton.

FREDERICK PERKINS begs respectfully to olTer Ihe
following, in consequence of the Lease of a part of his
Nursery Grounds having expired, and the land being required for
other purposes. The whole of the Stock is In excellent condition,
and will be sold at prices to effect a clearance. Parties engag^ed in
any kind of Planting aro respectfully invited to inspect the Stock.
In addition to the following there are many thousands of Evergreens
and Ornamental Trees and Flowering Shrubs of various sizes, from
2 to 6 feet ;—

600,0110 LARCHFiR, lito2ft., 2to3ft.,3to4ft.,4to6ft.,6to6ft.
500.000 2-year Transplanted WHITETHORN, or QUICK.
200,000 ASH, U to 2 feet, 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, 4 to 6 feet.

60,000 Green Holly.
20,000 Laurels, from U to 4 feet
60,000 Hornbeam, 3 to 4 feet.
60,000 English Oak, IJ to 2 feet,

2 to 3 feot, and 3 to 4 ft.

100,000 Evergreen Privet.
60,000 Berberis aquifoHa,
20,000 English Yews.
50,000 Hazel, 3 to 4 feet.
6,000 Copper Beech, 3 to 4 feet,

and 4 to 6 feet. '

Also a large quantity of Alder, Birch, Beech, Elm, Limes, Poplars,
Spanisn and Ilorse Chestnuts, Sycamores, Sweet Briars, &c. Up-
wards of Two Millions of l-year extra flne Quick.

10,000 Standard. Pyramid, Dwarf-trained, and Maiden Appleti.
Pears, Plums, Cherries, Damsons. Peaches, Nectarines, and Apricots.
Pnced List of the above free on application to

Seed Warehouse, No. 2, Gold Street, Northampton.

BARE & SUGDEN,

The Metropolitan Seed, Bulb, and Plant Warehouse, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

COLLECTIONS of BULBS, Carriage I'aid, 2l8. dml upwards.

PAXTONIAN COLLECTIONS of EASILY CULTIVATED BTJLBS,

COVENT

GARDEN COLLECTIONS,

Best adapted for Spring Gardening Out-of-Doors.

Eor Winter and Spring Blooming In-Doors.

Fine Collections.

Extra Fine Collections.

Fine Collections.

Extra Fine Collections.

A.

B.

C.

t>.

S.

F.

e. a.

I. s.

L.

M.

N,

0,

E.

0..

R.

s.

T.

U.

£ E.

4 i

£ s.
3 3

£ s.
2 2

£ s.
1 1

s. a.
10 6

£ B.
65

£ s. £ s.
4 4 2 16

£ s. s. d.
1 10 16 6

HTACINTHS, named varieties
POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS

£ s.
4 4

£ s.
3 3

£ 3.
2 2

£ s.
1 1

a. d.
10 6

£ B.
6 6

£ B.
4 4

£ B.
3 3

£ s.
1 10

B. d.
16 6

10
e

HrACINTHS. vaiions

100

75

50

25

12 100

75

60

?5

12

30

20

12

10

20

12

10

POLTANTHDS NARCISSUS

30

20

12

0

3 30

20

12

0

3

IMl

100

70

30

100

70

30

12

OKDINARY NARCISSUS ..

100

75

60

30

16 100

76

60

30

16

JONQUILS, sweot scented ..

40

.10

20

12

0

40

30

20

12

6

TULIP5, various

300

200

160

100

60 1 .100

200

160

100

60

IXIAS. named

2t

12

9

6

12

9

0

CROCUS, various

600

300

200

100

60 , iiuO

300

200

100

60

SPAKAXIS, named

24

12

9

6

24

12

9

C

ANEMONKS, various

RANUNCULbs, various .. ..

200

100

76

50

20

200

100

76

60

20

TRITONIAS, named

24

12

9

6

24

12

9

6

200

100

76

50

26

200

100

75

50

• 36

BABIAN AS. named

24

12

0

24

12

9

e

SNOWDltOPS

300

200

160

100

60

300

200

160

100

60

SEEDLING CROCUS

200

160

100

60

200

150

100

60

60

CROWN IMPERIALS

9

8

6

9

0

6

SNOWDROPS, larce

200

200

100

100

50

50

SCILLA SIBIRICA

25

20

16

.. ' 25

20

16

SCILLA SIBIRICA

60

30

20

12

6

61)

30

20

12

6

CLIVEDEN COLLECTION of SPRING FLOWERING PLANTS, £5.

m .SJJJ'Sl"'"' ''"■?° PERPETUAL YELLOW PANSIES, 60 do. ftowering CLIVEDEN BLUE PANSIES. 60 do. rlcli PURPLE PANSIES, 50 beautiful mixed POLYANTHUS, 100 laife pure WHITE
CLIVEDEN DAISIES, 100 do. PINK DAISIES, 100 ricli BLUE FORGET-ME-NOT, and 100 PINK SILENE. Half of tho above quantity, 50s. ; Quarter, 26s. ; Eiglitb, 12». Oti.

For paiticulars of the best SPKING FLOWEEING BULBS and PLANTS, refer to our GUIDE to WINTER and SPRING GARDENING, ijubUshed last September.

1140

THE GAEBMEES' CHRONICLE AKD AGKlCULTtJKAL GAZETTE.

[NOTEMBEE 9, 1867.

FINE SHOW" and FANCY PELARGONIUMS.
12 Fine young P.aiita, ftU'named, one each, I'ls.
24 Oo. do. do. do. 20s.

50 Do. do. do. do. 40s.

100 Do. do. do. . . 75s.

12 CAMELLIAS, full of flower-buds 30a.

12 AZALEAS, do. do., and fine heads, 24s.
H. Mat was awarded the First Prize for all tho Polargoniums at the
Manchester Intematioiial Show and the Leeds Floral FOte during
the past summer, and also at the Great Yorkshire Gala, York, fur
many years in succession, and same kinds will be included in the above.
Henbt May, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Yorkshire.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban'a, Herts.

J WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING PELAllGONIUM
• EXCELSIOR, now ready ; colour of (ndian Yellow ; fine
truss, and habit of Lord Falmerston. Price 6s. each ; 3G,'{, per doz.
to the Trade

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1- The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.

Fine New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe In

April. Plants readyin November. 5s. each; 30s. per doz. to the Trade.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

AEIEGATED PELARGONIUMS.

V

SOPHIA DUMARESQUE

MRS. BENYON

GOLDFINCH

LUNA

HP:AUTYofOULTON

NEATNESS

ITALIA UNITA

COUNTESS

ELEGANS

THE FAIRY

PICT UR ATA

BI COLOR SF LEND ENS

The above forwarded on recomt of Post OfBce order for 21s.
If any of the above kinds are not requii-ed, others of equal value
Clin be substituted. ...

ALFffED Fbyer, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

Beet's Seedling Pelargoniums.

SGLENDINNING anp SONS are now offering: for
• the first time the 12 beautiful, new, and distinct PELARGO-
NIUMS r.aised by Mr. Wiggios, Or to W. Beck, Esq., of Isleworth,
which were awarded numerous Certificates at the various Metro-
politan Snows,

DliSCRIPTIVE PRICED LIST may be had on application.
Chiswick Nurseries, London, W,

Beautiful Spotted Pelargonium Grand Arab.

CHARLES KIMBERLEY is now prepared to send out
the above in strong healthy plants, ab 10s. 6d. each. See
G-irdeiiers" Chronicle, June 22, 18C7 : Floral Committee, South
Kensington -.— " Mr. Kimherley, of Stoke, near Coventry, had some
plants of a good-looking Pelargonium, named Grand Arab,
Jiaving light lower petals, with a medium dark spot on each floret,
lit up witSi fiery rose ; dark top petals, margined with flery rose, and
pd'cd with pale pink; flowers smooth and of good shape, and free
b ooming." Stoke Nursury, near Covertry.

C KIMBERLEY, Stoke Nursery, near Coventry, can
• supply the following new PELARGONIUMS, strong
henlthy plants, at 30s. per dozen

M

Hyacinths for Exhibition.
ESSRS. SUTTON S'

COLLECTIONS include the
varieties so much admired at the spring
shows, and they are now prepared to receive
orders for tho same at the following prices : —

The Choicest 100 Sorts, £4 4s., carriage free

The Choicest 50 Sorts, £2 2s., „

The Choicest 26 Sorts, £1 Is., „

The Choicest 12 Sorts, £0 12*.

Cheaper Roots, 6s, to Os. per dozen.

HYACINTHS for Beds and Open Borders,
3s. per dozen, 21s. per 100, carriage free.

Sutton & SoKS, Importers, Reading. Berks.

SUTTONS' unrivalled COLLECTIONS of BULBOUS
FLOWER ROOTS, for Blooming during the Winter and Spring.
These are every rear becoming more popularly cultivated, and the
HYACINTHS, ANEMONES, TULIPS, &c., which we imported hist
season from the celebrated Dutch Florists, Messrs. de Boom, Veen,
Byvoet, and others, having been so senerally admired, we have
imported from the same parties, and atill more extensively.
SUTTONS' COLLECTIONS of HARDY FLOWER ROOTS tor
OPEN GROUND.
No. 1. A large and Choice Collection of ANEMONES,
HYACINTHS, CkOCUSES. TULIPS. RA-
KUNCULI, NARCISSI, SNOWDROPS, IRISES, £ s. d.

GLADIOLI, &c 220

No. 2. Ditto ditto, consisting of all the same kinds, in

Reduced Quantitiea 110

No. 3. A Small and Choice ditto 0 10

SORTS for FLOWER POTS and GLASSES.
No. 4. A splendid Collection of HYACINTHS, JONQUILS,
NARCISSI, EARLY TULIPS, new largo

CROCUSES, &c 2 2 0

No. 5. The same in Reduced Quantities 110

No. 0. A Small and Choice Assortment 0 10 8

SUTTONS' DESCRIPTIVE AUTUMN CATALOGUE is now
ready, and may be had gratis and post free on applicatiou.

All Goods sent Carriage Free except small parcels, and 5 per cent,
al owed for Cash Payments,

Sutton it Sons, Royal Berks Seed Establlahment, Reading.

ALKUED (HoYLt)
ARCHBISHOP (Foster)
BEAUTY of WINDSOR (Foster)
BE'IROTHED (Foster)
BRILLIANT (Hoyle)
CONGRESS (HovLE)
ECLAIR (Hoyle)
ECLIPSE (Fostrr)
FAVOURITE (HoTLE)
FREDERICK the GREAT

(Foster)
GOLD BUTTON (Hoyle)

INUOO (Hoyle)

INTEUNATIONAL (Hoyle)
KING of FLOWERS (Foster)
LORD LYON (Hoyle)
MILTON (Foster)
MONGINI (HoYLfc')
ORIENTAL (Hoyle)
PERFECTION (Foster)
PERI (Foster)

QUKEN of BEAUTIES (Foster)
RUSTIC (Hoylk[
.SHAKESPEARE (Foster)
TURBAN (Hoyle)
UNISON (Foster)

N

EW FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

12 Select New FHCHSIAS of 18C7 for Cs.

12 Select New ZONAL QEKANIUMS of 1887 for 12«.

12 Finest ZONAL GKRANIDMS of 18G5— 1800 for 4».

12 Select New CHRYSANTHEMUMS of 1807 for 6s.

12 Select New VERBENAS of 1807 for 4s.

12 Select New PETUNIAS of 1807 for 03.

12 Select New PHLOXES of 1867 for 9s.

0 Viirietles of AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.

3 Viirieciea of New Japan OSMANTHUS. quite hardy, 5s.
12 Fine Varieties of Japan EUONYMUS, very fine, Os.
12 Fine Varieties Perpetual ROSES, Dwarfs, forCs.
12 Fine Varieties of VARIEGATED ZONAL GERANIUMS, 12s
GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, the best double. Is. each.

OOLEUS VEITCHII,

GIBSONII, IS.
LAMONTII, l!

FICUS COOPERI, ■is.M.

6ii.

PANICUM VARIEGATUM,

■If. U.
BRUQMANSIA KNIGHTII,

Is. Od.

CATALOGUEof NEW and CHOICE PLANTS sent on application.
B. W. KjfioHT, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

MAURICE YOUNG'S JNEW CATALOGUE of NEW
HARDY PLANTS, JAPANESE NOVELTIES, NEW
AUCUBAS, ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS, EVER-
GREENS, CONIFERS, RHODODENDRONS, FOREST TREES,
&c,, may be had od application.

DESIGNS, PLANS, and ESTIMATES PREPARED
for LAYING-OUT NEW GROUNDS, IMPROVING PARK
SCENERY, PLANTATIONS, 4c.

F

OREST TREES PLANTED by the Acre, and

Guaranteed.

Convenient railway accommodation to all parts of the country.
Milford Nurseries, near Godalmlng, Smrey.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

WM . PAUL bpf;;^; to announce that he has the
following COLLECTIONS of TREES and PLANTS now
ready for deliveiy, wliicli lie can confliently recommend for quality
and price :—

ROSES.— 100,000 Plants, Standards, Dwarf Standards,
and Dwarfs.
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE free on application.

TREES and SHRUBS.— Large quantities of the popular
Nursery Plants, of all sizes, cood and cheap.
A choice variety of PICTORIAL TREES, hia collection of which
was the only one which received a Prize at the International
Exhibition ofiseo.

AMERICAN PLANTS. —Jlhododendrong, Azaleas,
Kalmias, Heaths, &c., in variety, from the commonest to the
choicest.

FRUIT TREES. — Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums,
Figs, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Ac, &c. ; Standards,
Dwarfs, and Pyramids, trained and uatralned. A large stock of
handsome trees, many in a fruiting state.

RAPE VINES.— All the best sorts, both Planting

and Fruiting Canes.

PELARGONIUMS.— Beaton's and other Zonal kinds,
Gold, Bronze, and Silver variegated, a floe collection.

G

HYACINTHS, TULIPS, and other BULBS.— All the
First Prizes for Hyacinths and Tulips were awarded to his
Collection at the London Flower Shows last epruig. Cheap
Hyacinths, Tulips, &c., for spring gardening by the 100 or luOO.
Choicer kinds for pot culture and glasses good and choip.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of any or all of the
above lice by post.

Dutcli Flower Roots.

ARCHIBALD HENDER-
SON begs to announce that
he has received a hirge Consignment
of Dutch and other Roots, carefully
selected from the most celebrated
growers.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED
CATALOGUES are now rendy, con.
taimng practical directions for their
successful cultivation on all the
various systems now adopted.

Also a CHOICE and SELECT
LIST of VEGETABLE aad HARDY
FLOWER, SEEDS for Autumn
Sowing. Catalogues gratis and post
free upon application.

Slon Nursery, Thornton Heath,
Surrey, and at the Eist Surrey Seed
Warehousp, College Grounds, North
End, Croydon.

Carter's Dutch Bulbs.

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioners of Public
Works and other Government
Departments, the Royal Gardens,
Kew, &c., &o., &c.

Seedsmen to H.I.M. the Em-
peror of the French, the Crystal
Palace Company, the Agri-Hor-
ticultural Society of India, &c.
&c., &c.

CARTER'S GUINEA BOX of DUTCH FLOWER
ROOTS contains 12 choice named Hyacinths, 12 mixed
Hyacinths for borders, 60 Yellow Crocus, 60 Blue Crocus, 4 Polyanthus
Narcissus, 12 Double White Narcissus, 12 Pheasant's Eye Narciisus.
12 Double Daffodils, 24 finest mixed Ranunculus, 24 Quest misea
Anemones, 12 choice mixed Single Tulips, 12 choice mixed Double
Tulips, 4 Garden Lilies, £0 Snowdrops, 12 finest mixed Spanish Iris,
12 Carapernelle Jonquils.

The above forwarded without delay on receipt of Post Office
Order for 21s. Box and packing included. PRICE LISTS giatis
and post free on application to

Carter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holboin,
London. W.C.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutcli Bulbs, &c.

ROBERT PARKER begs to announce that his NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of New, Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and Stove
Plants, Azalea indica. Fruit Trees, Grape Vines, Rhododendrons,
Roses, Sweet Violets, ic, ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, C>'clamens, Gladioli,
Hyacinths, Lilmms, Narcissus, Tulips, and other Bulbs, is now
published and will be forwarded to applicants.

Exotic Nurnery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

Dutch and Cape Bulbs.

BUTLER, McCULLOCa AND CO. have received their
usual consignment of tho above, aud beg to offer the following
carefully assorted collections.

FOR CONSERVATORY DECORATION.
No. 1 i No. 2 I No. 3 I No. 4 I No. 6 I No. 0

I 60s. I 25s. I 2l5. I 16s. |
FOR FLOWER GARDEN DECORATION.

10s. 6d.

I OR FLOWER GARDEN AND CONSERVATORY COMBINED.
No. 13 I No. 14 I No. 15 I No. 16 I No. 17 I No. 18

105s.

62s.6d.

42«.

21s.

l&s.

10s. 6d.

CATALOGUES containing details ot above Collection sent free,
and Post-paid Orders amounting to 21*. sent, carriage paid, on
receipt of Post-Offlce Order.— Established upwards of a century.
Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

WooOlauds Nursery, Maresfleld, near UcKfield,
Sussex.

WM. WOOD AND SON have a very extensive stock
to ofler of the following, viz, :—
Scarlet HORSE CHESTNUTS, Standards, 6 to 10 feet [1000

CATALPA SYKING-EFOLIA I THUJA AUREA, by the 100 or
LABURNUMS, yellow and purplel Strong ASPARAGUS Plants
LARCH, SPRUCE, and SCOTCH FIRS

PINUS AUSTRIACA [and other Forest Trees

ASH, BIRCH, WILLOW, HORNBEAM, OAKS, SYCAMORE,

CATALOGUES and Samples may be had on application.

Boses. Boses, Roses.

PLANTS of all the FINEST VARIETIES in
CULTIVATION will this Autumn be in magnificent order
In the Castle Street Nurseries, Salisbury.

The frost of May 24 destroyed all the blooming buds; the oon-
aequcnccs are that the Plants have produced the most vigorous
growth.

Amateur Rose Growers may Insure the finest Plants that can
posslblv be produced, true to name. CATALOGUES on application,

VIN£s, from Eyes, the finest in England, 10s. 6rf. each, in October
next. John Keynes, Castle Street, Salisbury.

TOHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE
O of SELECTED ROSES la now ready aud will be forwarded
on application.

J. C. respectfuUv directs attention to the following LIST of
FIRST PRIZES which have been awarded to him at the principal
Rose Shows of the present year, proving beyond a doubt that the
soil and climate of his Nurseries are unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Roses.

Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London,
ifime 19.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester.
June 19.— 30 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
June 25.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss eacb, FIRST PRIZE

Crystal Palace.
June 28.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington.
July 2.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, ono truiis each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.
July 4, 5.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE
24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three truase.s each, FIRST PRIZE
Hereford.
July 9 —72 Varieties. Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE
24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE
Rugby.
July 12.— T2 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE
Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

GREENHOUSE FERNS. — The following- 20 fine
named FERNS, in 4-inch Pots, for ISs., or Is., each, viz.,
Aaplenlum eburneum, Asplenium alternans, Nephrodium molle,
var. polydictyon, Lastiiex glabolla, Lastr£e.i erytbrosora, L'istrie.v
pinnata, Lastrasa podophylla, Leptogramma rupestris, Leptogramma
asplenioides, Lygodium scandens. Pelhea geranifolia, Blechnum
cartilacineum, Diplazium polypodioidus, Doodia dives, Doodia
linearis, Microleptis strigosa, Cyrcoraium falcatum, Auemodictyon
Phyllitldes. Scolopendnim Krebsii, Cystopteris bulbifera.

Heney M.tY, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale. Yorksbire.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 3G piiges,
Includintr prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern R.-iilway.

Vines.

JOSEPH "WESTLET is now prepared to send out
well-ripened CANES for fruitinjr, in pots, of BLACK HAM-
BURGH, S-feet rods, 7s. Gd. each; MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA,
10-feet lods, lOs. Cd. each; extra strong planting CANES of the
above. 3s. 6d. each.

GERANIUMS.

Per dozen.— s.
L'ELEGANTE .. ..35

SUNSET 24

ITALIA UNITA .. ..24

REBECCA 12

MRS. POLLOCK

Per dozen.—*, d
LA GRANDE .. ..CO
TRANSCENDANT ..3 0

SHOW PELARGONIUM. 0 0
GOLDEN FLEECE ..3 0

FLOWER of SPRING ..30

SOPHIA DUMiRESQUE. 10s. Cd. each. •
ALTERNANTHERA, four sorts, 4.r per dozen.
CLSCUS DISCOLOR, Cs. per doz. | HALF SPECIMEN, lOs.GJ. e.ich.
Also collection of 200 varieties of Viu-iegatod ZONAL GERA-
NIUMS from Its. per 100.

Special prices given for quantities on application.
Address, Josepu Wistley, P'loral Nurseries, Blisworth, near
Northampton.

AMARANTHUS ELEGANTlbSlM US.— This beautiful
AMARANTH is a great acquisition for Bedding purposes aa
well as for Pot culture. It is also very effective in Ribbon Bordera.
The habit is dwarf and compact, and a brillimt effect is produced
by the intensely deep scarlet of the base of the leaves and the rich
bronze purple of their terminal half. Price, Is. Gd. per packet.

John & Charlkb Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Esta-
blishment, Hammersmith, London, "W.

AZALEA INDICA.— Good healthy blooming Plants,
40 of the choicest varieties, including Stella, Carnation, Flag of
Truce, and Mdme. Verschaffelt, fur 40s., or less quantities 12s. per
dozen ; also other good named varieties, healthy blooming Plants,
at 9s. per dozen. Trade price on application.

H. & R. STiRZAtEB, Skerton Nurseries. Lancaster.

Azalea, Her Majesty.

WILLIAM RARNES has much pleasure in
announcing that he will be prepared to send out the above
splendid AZALEA on and after Wednesday, October 23, at the
following price— 21s. each. A very few extra strong plants at 42s.
each, with the usual allowance to the Trade ; where three plants are
ordered at one time four will be given.

It was exhibited before the Floral Committee of tbe Royal Horti-
cultural Society on June 14, 1866, where it was awarded a First-class
Certificate for its great beauty in its markings, shape, and colour,
when the following remarks wore made upon it, which appeared in
the Gardeners' Chronicle, June 10, 1860 :— " A beautiful Azalea, rosy
Ulac, edged with white, and blotched, and spotted in the upper petals
with crimson, called Her Majesty, from Mr. Barnes, of CamberwoU.'

On June 'Ja, 1866, the following remarks aijpeared in the same
Paper: — "We have from time to time ruferred to tho sportive
character of the Indian Azalea, and called attention to the fact that
some of our beat varieties have bad their origin in a freak of Nature.
A fresh instance of their sportivenesa was shown tho other day at
South Kensington. Mr. William Barnes theie exhibited a variety
of Aaalea which he pm-poses to designate Her Majesty. It is, we
believe, a sport from Madame Miellez, or some of the forms closely
allied to that flue old sort; and in quality, therefore, as well as in
name, takes the very highest rank. The flowers are of the full
average size, and of excellent form and substance, and the colour is
a soft lilac-tinted bluth, white at the margin, densely spotted with
crimson in the upper part, and marked with variable stripes, or
sometimes broadish bars of deep rosy purple. Its high quality as
regards the flower itself, and this novelty ol marking, will make It
an ucQUiaition in any collection of these showy plants,

A taithful Figure of this fine Azalea is given in the January numbor
of the •* Florist and Pomologist."

A remittance must accompany all orders from unknown corre.
tpondents. Camden Nursery, Camberwell, London, S.

The New Sensation in Bedding Out.

JACKMAN'S HARUY HYBRID CLEMATISES,
awarded Eleven First-class Certificates, and One Special.
Messrs. Geo. Jack.mak and Son are desirous of drawing tho
attention of those who intend using their Hardy Clematises for a
Permanent Bedding Plant, that the present time is most favourable
tor planting.

QpiNIONa OF THE PrESS.

Gardeners' Chronicle, Aug. 17 :— *' The new sensation in bedding."
Also, August 31, "J. F." (Cliveden) adds, "that Messrs. G. J. 4 Son
have in their several varieties the very colour of which our summer
gardens are in a great measure deficient." "Country Life," Aug. 16:—
•'Clematis Jackmannl is a most useful bedding kind if pegged down;
used as such, a perfect carpet of fiower, so to speak, is soon formed.
The Field, Sept. 28:— They will be of the highest value as purple
bedding plants, our present colours In this way being poor indeed
compared to these."

"The Florist and Pomologist," November, 1807:— " There is no
flner flowering plant for lawn decoration, no more gorgeous subject

for garden avenues, not even excepting pillar Roses while the

glorious mass of rich violet purple fmnishes quite a new sensation
iu bedding out."

An engraving, from a photograph, showing tbe flowering qualities,
and Circular of Prices, will be forwarded gratia on application.
Woking Nursery, Siurey.

November 9, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS* CnRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1141

RICHARD SMITH'S FRUIT LIST contains a sketch
<-\f tho vArioiis firms of Trcen, with illrections for Cultivfitlon,
Soil, Driinano. Mruiuio, rruuint', LiftiiiK, Cropping, Trontmont
iintlor Glifls ; also tiiolr synonyinofl, quullty, oize, fomi. skin, colniir.
flosh, flavour, uso, growtli, duralion, soisoii, pnco, Ac. Froo Ij
post for tliroo stamps.

RiciiAKD Smith, Nuraorj'man and Sood Morchaiit, Worcester.

STRONG STANDARD and DWARF-TRAINED
APPLRS Find PEARS.
FIno transplanted LARCH FIR, IJ to 6 feet
buahy LAURUSTINUS, LAURELS, and BOX TREES
CHINESE AaBORVlT/K, 6 to 6 foot, flno Pyramids
A chnlco collootlon of CONlFER.I':

A larco assonmont of STANOAUD and DWARF PERPETUAL,
and strong DWARF CHINA or MONTHLY ROSES, and a
conoral NURSERY STOCK.
AH tho above aio woll rootod, and will removo with safety. Prices
on application to

Charles BunaFss, Tho Nurseries, London Road, Cheltenham.

Fruit Trees.

JLF CORNU, NuRSKUYMAN, Sf,edsm\n, and Florist,
• bogs to inform his Frlonds and the Public thnt ho has thl.^
Benson to offer an immotiso quantity of beautiful and well-erown
Fruit. Trees, all of the bent loading varieties, such as APPLES,
APRICOTS. PEACHES. NECTARINES, PEARS, PLUMS, nnii
CHERRY TREES, an Dwarf. Trained, and Standards, 4 to 0 ftot
Bteras. CATALOGUE on application.

High View Nurseries, Mont a l'Abb6, St. Hellor's, Jersey.

^R CHARD-HOUSE TREES

iQ Pots.

APPLES, Pyramids [Bushes

APRICOTS, Stanilards, Half-StandTrda, Pyramids, Cordons, and
CHERRIES. Pyramids I FIQS, Bushes with clear stoms

MULBERRIES, Pvnimidsand Half-Standards
ORANGES, Dessert klndii. Bushes, and Low Standards
PEACHES and NECTARINES, Standards, Low Standards. Pyro-
PEARS, PyramUI-s [mids, and Bushes

PLUMS, PjTamidfl and Bushes

Tlie above are all full of blossom buds, and capable of bearing good
crops next season. •
A CATALOGUE of sorts sent Ireo by post.
Carringe of pucknges paid to London.
Titos. Rivers & Son, Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth.

Fruit Trees.— The finest Collection in England.

T SCOTT, ]\[piTiott Niirsorics, Somerset, be^s to
• Eoltclb his Friends and tho Public to inspect his immense
Stoc.V, con.-iistlngofTOn sorts of APPLES. .W do. APRICOTS. I'JO do.
CHERRIES. ISOdo. PEACHES and NECTARINES, 900do. PEARS,
and 160 do. PLUMS, in all manner of trjiinine, well root-pmned
and cTefallv tran.splantod ; CURRANTS, FILBERTS, GOOSE-
BERRIES, Ac. ; making together about 1500 sorts of FRUIT
TREES, which for health and beauty cannot be surpassed.

CATALOGUES on application. _^_______

PRINCESS of WALES STRAWBERRY.—
This fine variety Is now proved to bo the best early variety
ever produced, either for Forcing or for general Early Crop. See
dardencrs' Chronide of M.ay 12, isnr., p. 437. Good Plants can now
be supplied trom the true stock, at 5.t. per Ico. from tho raiser.
B. W. Knicht, Nurservman, Battle, Sussex.

Royal Ascot Grape.

TSTANDISH h:is nuu-h pleasure in now offering th'm
■ magniflcent GRAPE to the Public. He did not intend .lend-
ing it out till next June, but from his experience of its extraordinary
qualities find constitution, and tho nianv persons who are pressing
him for plants of it, he is induced to offer it at once. J. S. has a
large number of plants rair.ed from eyes this season, but not grown as
strong as they would have been, only beciuse they weio intended to
be cut hnck and crown next season. The plants are in 32-pot.s, and
periectiv ripe, and if planted out during this or next month, and
irrown, all would be fine strong ripo Cane.s lit to s^tart next nutumn
for nn early crop. A very remai liable characteristic of this Vine la
its being whnt may be termed a perpetunl bearer. It never lorms a
lateral but this shows one or more bunches of fruit. The con
stitution ot the plant is so vigorous that it bears bard forcing during
the winter montns better than any other Vine ; and it was uninjured
by being repeatedly subjected to a night temperature of 55 degrees
while m flower and setting. A house here was planted with very
smnll weak plants of this Vine in November, ISGo ; these bore a large
crop, which was ripe in May last ; since then the Vines have mado
several attempts at making fresh growth, and each young shoot
showed one or more bunches. The few bunches which were left of
those which showed in Juno are as black as jet,.and (air sized berrie.^
and tliis despite I he house having been treated with aview of ripening
the wood. There are also several bunches which were shown upon
growths made in August, and the berries of these are swelling, not-
withstanding the cold trentment to which they have been subjected.
A house here was planted last May with very small weak pl:ints
from 48-pot9. These have shown fruit upon the laterals, and the
bunches which were left are now colouring, and will be ripe early in
Jnnuarv, J. S. haa no hesitation in saying that with inside borders,
Ac, this Grape cnn, with comparative ease, be had ripe and fresh
every month in the vear. As to the quality of this Grape, it was
shown at the Roval Horticultural Society's Exhibition at Bury St
Edmund's, and awarded a First-class Certificate, and ag.ain at South
Kensington, before a full Committee of the Royal Horticultural
Society, when the decision of the Committee at Bury St, Edmund's
was unanimously confirmed, and the Grape pronounced to be one of
great excellence. J. S. h^s no hesitation in saying that this Grape
i s the larcest, the blackest, and the best flavoured black ever offered.
Price, £2 2s. each. Royal Nurhery, Ascot.

Rhododendrons.

As F,xniiiiTKD IT TUB Rtiv\L ItoTAHio Qahdbns, Rcobnt's Pahk.

1 OHN WATKRIiit, tlio Exiiibitor at the above Gaidciie,
'} has ploa.suro In announcing that his CATALOGUE of tho abnvo
piM>iiI:ir Plants in n.nv puUllsliod. and will bo forwarded to all
applicantH, It f.ilthfully dcsiTlbos all tho VJirlutlcH conMdoiud
worthy of cultivation. It cnntidnn likowlao ti soIocLlon of IIAUUr
CONIFERS, with heights and prices.

Tho American Nurpory, Banshot. Surrey. _^

The Queen.

THIS RHODODENDRON has now proved itaelf A 1
amongst ^00 naiiiod kinds. Fine plants are now ready as
under :— 21fl,, tils, firt., 42«., 03j<., 91.'., 1055. each. Standards lOM.
each, fine stralglit atoms. Soo copv of letter bolow.

"Dear Sir,— The Queen has now bloomed with mo wonderfully
woll coDsldorlug tho season, and In comparison with other sorts,
which (though I lost none) had their blooms much dotorlonitod by
the severe spring. As you askod mo to give my opinion of hor, I beg
to say that I consider hur Flowors flrst-rato as to form, substance,
and truw, and tho Foliage faultless. She possoasos a ' beauty of her
own' which fairly entitles her to rank with tho vi-ry best— In fact, I
see no fiinlt In her, for a difference in colour or marking U
assuredly no defect. .She in far bovond Ingramii and Lady Godiva In
my mind, as woll as perfectly distinct from both. The Queen Is
A I so far as I know, and can, I think, scarcely bo surpassed.

"Juno U, lSfi7." " H. II. GLE^VILLK."

This quotation is n-om a gentleman who has purchaHed every

named Rhoilodondron offorod in commerce; bis Collection now

amounts to above SOO.

Now la the Proper Time to Plant Hardy Herhaceoua
Plants.

HENRY MAY offers tlie under-namrd large rolleetion.
It contains all the best CAMPANULAS, GERANIUMS
(hardv), EPIMEDIUMS. ACONITUMS. PHLOXES. DELPIil-
NIURIS, IRIS, aii'l upwards of 00 differeut varieties of SAXI-
FRAOA and SKDUM, with a host of others.

A Collection of 100 named varieties 25s.

A Collection of 1*00 named varieties 40«.

A Collection of 600 named varietl* s 80*.

Hkurt Mat, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale. Yorkshire.

NITED HORTICULTURAL BENEFIT and

PROVIDENT SOCIETY.
T}-ustees.
William Marshall, Esq., EnQold. | F. G. Wilkins, Esq., Loyton.

Commit/ ee.
Mr, J. George, Gardener to Miss Nictiolson, Stamford Hill.
Mr. J. Wheeler, Gardener to J. Philpot, Esq., Stamford Hill.
Mr. ,T. W. Reed. Gardener, Streathnm.
Mr. Qeorgo Plddington, Gardener, Upper Clapton.
Mr. R H. Bard, at Messrs. E G. Henderson & Son's, St. John's Wood.
Mr. James Kettle, Gardener to Samuel Morley, Esq.. Stamford Hill.
Mr. G. Wheeler, Gnrdener to Sir F. H. Goldsmid, Bart., M.P.,

St. John's Lodge, Regent's Park.
Mr. William Wilson, Gr. to W. Marshall. Esq., Clay Hill, Enfield.
Mr. Frank Mouland, The Gardens. St. John's Lodge, Regent's Park.
Mr. G. Baker, Gardener to A. Bassett, Esq., Clapham Common.
Mr, O. Rhodes, Nurseryman, Sydenham Park,

rrCfi.sur(T— Mr. R. P. Glendinning, Cbiswick Nursery,

Turnhara Greeu.

Secretanf—iir. William Heale. 14, George Tcixace, Brook Street,

Upi'er Clapton, N.E.,

To whom all communications should be addressed.

LIFE MEMBERS.
(A Donation of £10 10*. constitutes a Life Member.)
\Villlam Marshall, Esq. I F. G. Wilkins, Esq.

James Brand, Esq. t Samuel Morley, Esq.

Amount of Benevolent Fund, Jan. 14, 18G7, £462 as. 3d.

Eht (5artiencrg'®iitontcle.

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 1867.

Frogmore Early Bigarreau Cherry,

CHAET.ES TURNER has ereat pleasure in offering
the above valuable NEW CHERRY. The following extracts
will be a fiufflcieht iniarantee of its excellence :^

Prom the Girileners' Chronicle, July I, 18fl5.

" Fruit of a Seedling Cherry of e:(ce!lent flavour, called the Frog-
more Early Bigarreau, waa.hownhy Mr. Ingram, on a north-east wall ;
it was ns early as the May Duke, and said to be a heavy cropper."

A Firsl-class Certificate was awarded by the Fiaiit Committee of
the Royal Horticultural Society.

It was exhibited at tho Royal Botanic Society in July of the
present year, and .awarded a Certificate. The report from the
Gardeners' Chronicle of July 6 is as follows:— "A branch of a Cherry
called Frogmore Early Bigarreau, loaded with ripe fruit, was shown
by Mr. Turner, of Slough. The fruit of this new variety is nf good
size, thin skinned, tender, and woll flavoured, and being at least
three weeks earlier than the common Bigarreau, cannot fail to be
a favourite."

From the " Journal of Horticulture," July U, 1807.

" Mr. Turner exhibited a branch of Frogmore Early Bigarreau
Cherry, loaded with fruit ; of this excellent variety, which Is ripe
three weeks before the Bigiirreau, a Cguro and description will be
found in our ninth volume."

From the " Florist and Pomologlst."

"By the time these pages are in the hands of our readers, the
Frogmore Early Bigarreau Clierry will be at its highest excellence,

Serfectly ripe, and waning towards its end, before any of the other
ligart eaus have yvt made thtir appearance. It was raised by Mr.
Ingram, at the Royal Gardens at Frogmore.

"Unlike the class to which it properly belongs, it has a
tender meltii'g flesh ; in every respect it !s a Bigarreau in
habit, leaf, and appearance of the fruit, and must bo classiBed
along with these varieties ; but as if to set at nought all
human arrangements, it persists in having a delicious melting
flesh, instead ol one that is hard and crackling. The fniit
is large, obtusely heart-shaped, with a very shallow suture. Skin
with a brilliant red ciieek, dotted with minute yellow points, and of
aremarliably pale .almot.t pure white where shaded— so susceptible
is it of shade, that the point of a leaf or the shadow ot a twig would
be photographed on this brilliant red. Stalk 2 inches long, with a
very umafl receptacle, and set in a shallow and narrow cavity. Flesh
very delicate and translucei.t, perfectly tender, melting, and very
jiiicv, with a rich sweet flavour ; stone small. The tree is a great
bearer, clusters of a dtizen and half to two dozen large handsome
Cherries being produced on a small spray ; and the fniit ripens in the
middle of June."

Strong Plants now Reaot-
STANDARDS, PTRAMIDS, and DWARF-TRAINED, lOs.M. each.

MAIDENS 7j.6<1. „

AColourdd Drawing by Andrews will be sent on receipt of 13 Stamps.
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

No small thanks are due to certain of our
modern painters, as -well as to some of their
critics, for the improvement that has taken place
in the representation' of Plants, Trees and
Flowers in the landscape pictures of the present
day. Thanks to thisimprovement, the public begins
to see that Salvator Eosa, -with all his genius,
could not or did not draw a tree, and that (J.\spar
PoussiN succeeded no better ; moreover, it will
no longer tolerate " brown trees," and has learnt
to reject, as a proper study for such an object, the
old convention.al model of a wig on a pole. But
while we thankfully acknowledge the progress
that has been made, wo must, like Oliver Twist,
still cry out for more. Whatever originality an
artist may possess, or affect to possess, we venture
to question his right to take liberties with
Nature, however desirable such liberties may
seem to him in a conventional or artistic
point of view. Thus we have seen within a
recent period American trees introduced into
classic scones, wood nymphs dancing amid groves
of horse chestnuts, water nymphs disporting
among Plantains and Bamboos, Ophelia weaving
her garland with flowers which she must have
procured from a greenhouse, aquatic plants
represented as growing on dry land, lowland
plants shown in a flourishing condition on the
mountain's side— not to mention other forms of
vegetation, which surely never could have had
any existence save on the canvas of the artist.
We may be woU startled at anachronisms and
solecisms such as these, which violate all that we
know with reference to the history or the distri-
bution of plants.

In pre-Adamite subjects an artist may to some
extent be allowed to run riot in the Vegetable
as in the Animal Kingdom, and to represent
Calamites, Palms, and Conifers as well as
megatheria, mastodons, and bears in the same
picture, but, in subjects of later date, concerning
which wo are better informed, however artistic,
it is hardly admissible to ignore the proper
geographical station, or distribution of plants,
or animals.

Among the various sciences of which a land-
scape artist should at least have a smattering.
Botany, at any rate, claims a foremost place. It

isjustaswell that some of tho brothers of the
brush should learn that Figs do not, under
nrdinitry circumstances, grow upon Thistles, and
it is equally dusirahhi that tlioy should know
that many plants, perhaps most oifoctively intro-
duced in their pictures, are yet placed in localities
whero no di.sciplo of LiNN-EUS or lIuMliOLDT
would over expect to find them.

Art critics need a gontlo romlndor of this kind ■
.as much or more than tho painters, whose works
thoy criticise. Some of the oddest and most
serious blunders that we call to mind at tho
present time have boon committed respectively
by one of tho greatest and most eloquent of
critics, and by ono of our foremost painters of
that school whoso boast it is to copy Nature
accurately and faithfully. Even botanical
draughtsmen are not always free from errors,
any more than are their critics: " hm annum est
crrare," but really it is almost a superhuman
blunder to attach a saw-toothed, net-veined
leaf to the spike of an Orchis ; and yet this hai
been done. There is another point in which,
however, German botanical artists err more
frequently than our own, and that i3_ in
the profusion of useless detail introduced into
their plates. Analyses and dissections are most
desirable for the botanist and lover of plants, but
surely it is not generally necessary to have half
a dozen views of the same organ taken from as
many points of the compass. This redundancy
of illustration, no doubt, is ono result of the
facility with which the artist handles his brush
or his pencil; and if that facile power were
exercised more usefully, there would be no ground
of complaint. Another reason for this profusion
of comparatively worthless detail arises, no doubt,
sometimes, from the ignorance of the artist as to
what is really required for botanical purposes,
just as tho eccentricities of the landscape painter,
to which we have above referred, arise from too
superficial an acquaintance with botany in
general, and botanical geography in particular.
In either case the remedy is obvious.

Up to this time the arrangements made in this
country with reference to the Education of
YonNO Gardeners havo had reference, mainly,
to their examination in various subjects, by
examiners appointed by the Society of Arts, and
the Eoyal Horticultural Society. The results of
this scheme, so far as can be judged up to this
time, are likely to be satisfactory so far as they
go ; but it is obvious that as matters are at
present arranged, the young men from certain
large establishments, such as the Gardens at
Chiswick or at Kew, have an immense advantage
over their less fortunate brethren in the pro-
vinces. No doubt a j'oung man who is desirous
of learning, and who is placed under a con-
scientious and intelligent head gardener in tho
country, may qualify himself to take a high place
in the examinations held in Iiondoii, and
thus hereafter secure to himself the advan-
tages which a certificate of merit so obtained
will sooner or later put in his way.
On the other hand, how comparatively few
upper gardeners are there, who will take tho
pains, and devoto tho time requisite, to give their
subordinates that thorough technical education
which the circumstances of the times demand
from those of the rising generation of gardeners
desirous of advancing themselves in their busi-
ness. No doubt the routine of garden opera-
tions can be, under existing circumstances,
thoroughly well-learnt in any large garden that
is directed, as most of them are, by accomplished
practitioners ; but it must be admitted that,
beyond a familiarity with certain practical
details, but few opportunities are given to the
young gardeners to advance beyond the existing
state of knowledge. Speaking in general terms,
and without reference to individuals, it may be
stated that there is at present nothing in the
training of young gardeners that is likely
to make them one jot better gardeners
than their predecessors. The idtimate result
of this must bo that, on the whole, the gardening
art in this country wdl remain stationary as
regards the practice of the majority of its votaries :
any progress that is mado, will be due to the
comparatively few, who from special gifts, or from
the possession of exceptional advantages, are
enabled to advance beyond the point reached
by their forefathers. Fortunately there have
always been such " bright particular stars," and
no doubt the future will not be deficient in this
respect, but surely that forms no valid reason
why strenuous effort should not be made to
improve the rank and file.

1142

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE iND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOTEMBEE 9, 1867.

With these viewa, we shoiild like to see intro
duced into this country something like the same
system as is in operation in Belgium and France,
where young gardeners have the chance not
only of seeing the practice of the best gardeners,
but of hearing the reasons why and where-
fore such practice is adopted. They have
the advantage of hearing, from the mouths
of the most expert practitioners, the history
of their experience, the record of their success
or their failure, an explanation of the courses
they follow, and a statement of their reasons
for so doing. To this is added instruction in the
elements of botany, of meteorology, and of other
sciences bearing upon the practice of gardening.
It must not be supposed that this system of
instruction is confined to the large towns : quite
the contrary, especially in Belgium ; while in
France a commission has recently been given to
some of the most able gardeners to travel through
the provinces, and hold classes for the practical
instruction of }'oung gardeners. It must be re-
membered that these are not mere lectures, to
which the pupil may pay but a listless attention,
but they are practical demonstrations, supple-
mented by full information as to the " reason
why." We can see no overwhelming difficulties iu
the way of establishing something of the kind here.
The beginning should be made at such places at
Chiswick, Kew, Edinburi^h, or Glasnevin, and
subsequently efforts of a similar character might
be made in the provinces. We are aware that
something of the kind has been done iu past
years at Chiswick, and something is still
done at Kew, but nothing has been attempted in
the systematic way that is followed in Belgium
and France. As an illustration, we cite two cases
recently commented on by the French horti-
cultural press — one a practical demonstration,
pruning-knife in hand, made by M. Charles
Bamet, to a number of pupils at the exhibition
at Billancourt ; the other a more elaborate
scheme of horticultural education, about to be
carried out by M. Citbbne, head gardener of
the Botanic Garden of Clermont Ferrand,
Auvergne. Subjoined is the scheme that has
been sanctioned for adoption, as printed in the
Revue Hm-ticole. It is obvious that the examina-
tion scheme at present acted on, in this country,
is only partial in its utility ; it requires to be
supplemented by some scheme of practical
education on the same principle in the main as
that followed by our continental neighbours.

The following are the details of the programme

of HoETicuLTUKAL EDUCATION at the IBotanio
Garden of Clermont Ferrand, above alluded to : —

PkOGRAMME of the iNSTKUCmON GIVEN TO PaPILS AND

GARDEN Apprentices.

Instruction given between I and 2 P.M., or between .5 and G
(p.m.), according to the season.

Monilaif, — Reading and writing the scientific names of
plants.

Tuesday. — Arboriculture and cultivation in genei-al ; classi-
fication of soils.

irerfnesrfay.— Vegetable physiology; composition of air and
water.

TViuj-arfa?/.— Arithmetic applied to land surveying.

Friday. — Elements of practical geometiy, .and foianation of
plans for gardens.

5a(itrc?ay.— Propagation of plants from seeds, gr.afts, .and
cuttings.

Sunday. — Form.ation of "corbeilles " and "bouquets."
Programiie of Practical Demonstrations.

In addition to the daily work of the giuden, practical
demonstrations are given between 9 and 10 in the morning, as
nearly as m.ay be, as follows : —

Monday. — Management of lawns, mowing, removal of weeds
rolling, &c.

Tuesday. — Formation of walks, and banks of turf.

Wednesday.— Vse of garden tools.

Tftwi'stZai/.— Reading, and placing labels to the plants in the
botanical school.

J^'ritifti/.— Keeping of beds and shrubberies ; pruning.

Saturday. — Cleaning, and gener.al inspection of tools.

We should not ba doins .justice to the above pro-
gramme unless we added that the above " scheme has
been prepared bj' the head gardener, Ci terse ;
examined and approved by the Director of the Garden,"
Henei Lecoq ; .and examined and authorised by us,
Mayor of the Town, Officer of the Legion of Honour,
&o., the Mayor Ph. M^ge." Were such a subscription
deemed necessary to a scheme of the kind in Ensland,
we should at once hesitate as to its practical working'
but in France everything must be " en regie."

■ In our Notices to Correspondents, Sept. 21,

1S67, there is a record of a very curious affection in
Beech trees. It is remarked that it is probably due
to some insect, and that a close inspection of this year's
wood a little later in the year, might probably lead to a
discovery of the cause. Singularly enough a day or
two before the publication of the note, on driving
from Kingstown harbour, we observed every IJeeoh
tree affected with a similar disease, which of course
gave us an opportunity of examining the matter more
closely. We were at once struck with the number of
dead terminal shools, while the other parts of the trees
were perfectly healthy. These shoots were iu different
stages of decay ; in most the leaves were quite dead,
whde iu some they were only just beginning to wither!

was the little close rings which marked the point
of attachment of the bud scales from whence the
shoot proceeded. In most cases the evil was of
the growth of the current year ; but occasionally it
was due to some affection of the previous year, the
branch being strongly constricted at the point affected.
On making a vertical section through the closely set
rings, we iound a number of cavities leading to an
external orifice, after the manner of the extremely
common blisters on Pear leaves,_ the base of some of
the cavities being filled with a shining red mass, which
seemed to be of insect origin. It was, however, clear,
that if the disease is due to an insect the attack is
made at a much earlier period, and probably in the
spring, the concentric furrows being well calculated for
the reception of minute eggs or insects during winter.
We have examined these furrows in healthy Beech
trees since our return, but we can find nothing to
throw further light on the matter, which
must therefore be left for future investiga-
tion at a more favourable time of year. This
disease was not the only one which we had an oppor-
tunity of studying, on the first day of our arrival in
Ireland. We have several times had some curious
galls on the under side of Vine leaves submitted to us,
which have from time to time been noticed iu this
Journal, but they always arrived in such a wretched
condition, from being crushed in the post, that we
could never arrive at any certain opinion concerning
their nature. Multitudes, however, of the galls in
question, in every stage of development, caught our
attention immediately, and a moment was sufficient
to show that they were due to an insect, as indeed
Mr. Dunn, the very intelligent gardener at Powers-
court, pointed out to us on calling his attention to
them. AVe presume that these are the same kind of
galls on which we are promised precise informa-
tion, and we content ourselves therefore with
giving only such a description of the galls them-
selves, made on the spot from fresh specimens,
as will serve for identification. On the upper side of
the leaf are little dimples like eyelet holes, the border
of which is puckered, and the extreme edge fringed
with short white hairs. On the under side, corres-
ponding with the dimples, are convex excrescences
(sometimes 60 on a leaf), consisting of a number of
cylindrical lobes, each of which is generally terminated
by a bristle. On opening them carefully a soft buff
coccus-like insect is found, surrounded by shining,
slightly subfusiform eggs, and a number of young ones
of an elongated form moving about with great rapidity,
after the manner of the red spider, when free. They
attack the young leaves only, and never after they are
fully grown. The health of the plants did not seem to
be at all affected. M. J. B.

elliptic, sub-globose, or irregular in outline, with one or
two transverse dissepiments, so as very closely to
resemble the spores of some mould of the genus
Dactylium ; and they were the more deceptive, because,
accidentally perhaps, the tubercles contain some evident
fungus threads. A few, however, had a crucial mark
upon them, which made it probable that they were
starch granules. The compound solution of chloride
of zinc and iodide of potassium turned them of a pale
yellow brown, but the moment a simple solution of
iodine was applied all became of a most intense blue,
showing that they were really starch grauiiles, and not
the spores of a mould. Their analogy therefoi-e to the
tubercles on the roots of LeguminosEC became at once
evident, and the bodies were clearly so many little
magazines of nutriment. It is difiicult to imagine
what condition could induce so curious a change in the
Vine roots. It would be well to strike some cuttings
under different circumstances, and to ascertain under
what conditions the tubercles are produced. The
matter is well worth a closer attention, and we would
request " J. H." to send cuttings to Mr. Baeeom",
at Chiswick, that experiments may be made there. A
notice of the tuber-like bodies in question will be found
among Answers to Correspondents. M. J. B.

The Messrs. Bueeow, of Malvern, have

submitted for our inspection one of their new Self-
Registering MiNiJiu.M Thermometers. It is a
" spirit instrument,'^ graduated on the stem, and
mounted on a white porcelain slab. It possesses the
qualities of great neatness of appearance, easy legibility,
and apparently is not very liable to get out of order.
Its accuracy is guaranteed by a certificate of verifica-
tion from the Kew Observatory. When we add that
the price is little more than half that usually asked for
similar instruments, we have said as much as can be
said in favour of a new thermometer.

We learn from the Bury Post, that at a meeting,

held on Saturday last, of the guarantors of the BuEY
Show it was announced that a cheque for 200^,, being
the stipulated share of the nrofits of that undertaking,
had been received from the Royal Horticultural Society.
Of this sum it was resolved that 352. should be presented
to Mr. Clay and to Mr. Fish, respectively, for their
great exertions in bringing the Show to a successful
issue— Mr. Clay intimating his intention to invest the
amount voted to him, and to offer the interest as an
annual prize at one of the shows of the Society. The
surplus, it was agreed, should at a subsequent meeting be
handed over to the Bury Horticultural Society, and
kept as a separate fund, "so that it might be a perpetual
memorial of the visit of the Royal Horticultural Society
to the town," unless any of the guarantors should claim
his share of the amount, in which case it was humour-
ously suggested that a subscription should be got up to
photograph the claimant.

A good-sized volume might easily be written on

the diseases to which Vines are subject, for they seem
to be multitudinous. Every month appears to yield
something new in this direction, and we have now
before us a very singular, and, as it would seem,
a hitherto unobserved affection. We say affection,
because the health of the plant has not hitherto
suffered, though the condition of the roots is very
abnormal. Our correspondent "J. H.", who has
forwarded specimens, compares it to the clubbing of
Cauliflowers, but we should rather compare it with
the tuberiform bodies which grow on the roots of Beans
and many other leguminous plants, and which contain
a reservoir of nutriment of which the plants can .avail
themselves when needful. There is also some resem-
blauee, though on a small scale, to the curious trans-
formation of the tissue ioto pectic acid, in the affection
known in the United States under the name of
Tuckaho. On a first glance we thought it probable
that we should find the tubercles infested with some
species of Vibrio, like that with which the roots of
Melons are sometimes distorted, but there is nothing
of the kind. A vertical section shows that the greater
part consists of granular matter enclosed in cells,
which give the tissues a white mealy appearance.
When submitted to the microscope, a quantity
of loose granules, often about a thousandth part
of an inch in diameter, but by no means of equal

--- -, „ „ „ -_ .size, are scattered through the water on the object

On close inspection it appeared that the seat of evil | glass. These granules are transparent, smooth, sub-

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Begonia boliviensis.— jBo*. Mag., t. 5657. Bego-
niaceffi. A most remarkable looking species, of which a
figure has been published by us at p. 5-li. It is a
tuberous-rooted cool-stove perennial, with fleshy,
branching, stems, narrow, oblique, oblong-lanceolate,
acumin.ate, inciso-serrated leaves, and bright cinnabar-
coloured flowers, having the parts lanceolate iu form,
and pointing forward, the males 2 inches long, the
females about half that size. Native c^f Bolivia.
Flowered by Messrs. Veitch & Sons.

Begonia Claekei.— .Boi. Mag., t. 5675. Begoniaoeas.
A very handsome warm greenhouse species, having a
purple caulescent and puberulous stem,, obliquely
rouudish-cordate obtusely-lobed leaves, and large deep
rose-coloured flowers, growing on axillary branched
peduncles. It is related to B. Veitchii, and is said to have
come from Peru ; a similar plant has been found on
the Bolivian Andes. Flowered by Major Trevor
Clarke.

Bletia Shebeattiana.— JBoi;. Mag., t. 5646. Orchi-
dacea!. One of the prettiest of this pretty family of
terrestrial Orchids, having the habit of B. verecuuda,
with depressed pseudobulbs, 3—4 plicate leaves, and
a spike of about a dozen largo rich rosy-purple flowers,
the lip of which is of a deeper purple in front, and
marked with white and yellow down the centre ; the
petals are very broad, twice the breadth of the sepals.
It requires a stove. Native of New Grenada. Flowered
by Mr. Bateman.

Ccelogtne humilis.— 5o?, Mag., t. 5674. Orchi-
dacete. This pretty little Alpine Orchid, which is some-
times called Pleione humilis, forms a tuft of pseudo-
bulbs which resemble little bottle flasks, and has white
faintly rose-tinted flowers, with a fringed and crested
lip, boldly striped with rich crimson. The leaves pre-
cede the flowers. Found on the mountains of India at
7 — 8000 feet elevation. Flowered at Kew.

(JYMBIDIUM Huttoni. — Bot. Mag., t. 5676.
Orchidacea). A remarkably distinct-looking stove
epiphyte, having elongated pseudobulbs, and producing
a pair of coriaceous nerveless leaves. The flowers are
rather large, iu drooping radical racemes, and have the
sepals and lip thickly marked with transverse choco-
late-coloured bars on a whitish ground, and the petals
wholly of a deep chocolate colour. Externally the
flowers are of a dull palish brown. Native of Java.
Flowered by Messrs. Veitch & Sons, and named after
their collector, Mr. H. Hutton (son of Mr. Hutton,
gardener to Lord Houghton), who, after 13 mouths'
residence in Java, fell a victim to his enthusiasm. The
funereal colours of the flower render this a fitting
memorial plant.

Bpidendrdm cnejiidophoeum.— .Boi. Mag., t.
5656. Orchidaceee, A very remarkable terrestrial
Orchid, long since discovered by the late Mr. Skinner,
but not introduced tdl 1884. It produces tufts of leafy
stems 4—6 feet high, having dark green lorate leaves,
and bears at the top a nodding many-flowered
raceme of showy flowers, which, pale-coloured outside,
are yellowish within, and nearly covered by motley
markings of rich red-brown, the lip being of a creamy
white tinted with rose, three-lobed, with the middle
lobe deeply cleft. Native of Guatemala, at an eleva-
tion of 7000 feet, and requiring cool treatment.
Flowered by Sir P. de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart.

Deaba violacea.— JSoi. ilfasr., t.5650. Cruciferse. A
very ornamental dwarf sub-shrubby perennial, with
short, obovate-oblong hoary leaves, and sub-corymbose
heads of deep violet purple flowers as large as those of
Aubrietia purpurea. It grows on loose rocks at an
elevation of 13 — 15,000 feet in the Quitensian Andes.
Flowered by Isaac Anderson-Henry, Esq.

Gloxinia hypooyktifloea.— _So<. .Mn.!/., t. 5655.
Gesneracea3. A pretty stove perennial, which has
received the garden name of Hypocyrta brevicalyx, and
which is somewhat anomalous in structure, not fitting
exactly to any established genus. It is dwarf, witli
cordate-ovate, bluntish leaves, which are of a velvety
emerald green, traversed by silvery ribs ; and has
nearly globose gibbous velvety-pubescent flowers, an
inch long, with the mouth of very small lobes, and
nearly closed ; they are of a bright orange red above,
yellow beneath. Native of Ecuador. Flowered by
Messrs. Veitch & Sons.

LiliumLeichtlinii.— ijoi. Mag.,t.5<>7Z. Liliaoeie,
A charming hardy bulb, with slender graceful stems
from 2—3 feet high, clothed with alternafie linear
lance-shaped leaves, and solitary nodding flowerB,
4 inches across, of a pale golden yellow, thickly marked
with purple spots; the perianth segments are revolute.

NOVBMBJBE 9, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL' GAZETTE.

1143

with two keolod pubeaooafc ridges in tlio aepalme
divisions, which in the petalino sei?ments become
dilated into irregularly-toothed crests. Native of
Ja,p»a. Flowered by Messrs. Veitoh & Sons.

Stemonacantiids Peakcei.— Bo/. Mag., t. 5618.
Acantbacote. A freo-bloomioi! and ornamental stove
uuder-shrub, of erect habit, with four-cornered stems,
largo hmceolato oblong, acuminata leaves, and short

I a.tillary panicles of bright red flowers, with a long
compressed tubcgrailiiiiHy widening npward8,an oblique
niouth, and a spromliiiK limb. Native of Bolivia.

I Flowered in Marcli last, by Messrs. Veitch & Sons.

New Plants.

AEISTOtoCHlA G0LDIE.1NA, Jlook. fil. Trans. Linn.
Soc, vol. XXV. p. 185, t. xjy.

Qlaberrima, folils ovato vel trian|?i;!ari cordatis basi profunde
•xaculptis, acuminatis ; floribus niaximis, perianthii refracti
utriculo elonjrato avibclavatn, liiubo infundibulifuruii cam-
pamilato, ore ampliato truncato obtuse trilobo lobia ca\idato
acuminatie, staojinibua ad 24, cohimnw lobis ad 12
bicruribu9.

TM regder will at oRoe be reminded on seeing the

woodcut of this superb Arjstolochia of that one men-
tioned by Humboldt" whose blossoms, measuring 4 feet
in circumference, the Indian children sportively draw
on their heads as caps." The present species, rivalling
in size, and similar in habit to tbe South American
kind, is a native of Western equatorial Africa, having
been gathered in forests near the mouth of the old
Calabar lliver, by Rev. "\V. C. Thomson. It has also
been found by the Bishop of Sierra Leone, by Barter,
ajidby Mann, the last-named collector having met with

the plant in the island of Fernando Po From the
account in theLiunean Society's Transaction.^ we hnd
that this gigantic-flowered Anstolochia is a climbing
shrub, nome 20 feet in height, with cordate and auriculate
acuminate leaves, on long stalks. The flower is bent
into two unequal portions, the lowerportion, surmount-
ing the ovary about 8 inches m length, somewhat
cylindrical, terminating in a cUib-shaped curved knob.
The upper portion, commencing from this kuoO, is
about a foot long, funnel-shaped, ribbed, dilated above

U44

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEE 9, 1867.

into a somewhat tliree-lobed limb. The stamens are
2i in number, a very unusual occurrence in the genus,
as they are generally restricted to five or six. The
stigmas, moreover, are two-cleft, each subdivision
terminating in a small glandular knob, to which there
is, according to Dr. Hooker, nothing analogous in the
other species of the genus. The colour of the flower is
violet, more or less variegated with yellow and red
purple, and the odour is said to resemble that of
decaying Fungi. Flowers of this remarkable plant
have been produced for the first time in Britain in the
Botanic Garden, Glasgow, under the care of Mr.
Peter Clarke, the very able Curator of that establish-
ment. A coloured figure, half the size of nature, is
given in the " Botanical Magazine " for this month,
and we shall publish next week some further observa-
tions respecting this extraordinary flower which have
been furnished us by Mr. Clarke. M. T. M.

Cattleta exoniensis (St/brid).
Sepalis ligulatis acuminatis, tepalis cuncato oblongis, aaticc
attenuatis apiculatis, elegantissime plicatis, labello basi
cordato, obtusangiilo, rhombeo, circa column.am convoluto,
antice crenuUto, lateribus undulato crispulo. — Itelia
exonieiisU, Veitch.

This is one of the most beautiful Cattleyoids that
can be seen. Both sepals and petals are tinted with
a delicate blush hue. The Up has a deep orange
base, the e_dges lying over the column are white,
while the anterior part is of the richest and warmest
purple. There are two purplish veins in the central
part of the base and disc of the lip, and the large
anterior part is painted with dark lines. It may be
added that the Up has the shining appearance of velvet.
This is one of the beautiful seedlings of Mr.
Dominy in the famous Veitchian nursery; perhaps
it is the finest of all. We are indebted for flowers both
to Messrs. Veitch and to Mr. Day. ff. O. Hchb. fil.
[A finely flowered specimen of this charming hybrid
was shown at South Kensington, on Tuesday last, by
Messrs. Veitch & Sons. Eds.]

GEAPE JUDGING.

Hating started the discussion on this subject, I
have read all that has been written on it with much
interest, and I have been not a little amused at the
tone assumed by some of the writers who differ from
me, as to the importance of flavour in the Black
Hamburgh Grape, for this was the one to which I
made special reference when I suggested a set of
points by which something like justice might be done
to all the qualities which a bunch of first-class Grapes
should possess. One would think that I, and those who
take the view I do, had given a preference to red
coloured Hamburghs withont bloom, over black
coloured ones with perfect bloom, than whiidi nothing
can be more absurd, as must be evident to all who put
a correct construction on what I wrote. Four points
out often were given to colour and bloom.

Those who seem to dread that their Grapes should
be tasted, try to ward off this calamity by refusing to
have their bunches "mutilated." They are surely not
in earnest. Do they for a moment suppose that
two or three men well accustomed to handle Grapes
with care, could not pick a couple or three berries
from the least exposed part of a bunch of Grapes
without mutilating it ? I have done so a score
of times, and it would require the most minute
scrutiny to detect that I had done so. To be
consistent, the advocates of the non-tasting system of
judging Black Hamburgh Grapes should either main-
tain that high flavour is always present when colour
and bloom are there, or that flavour is of no importance
as a quality in a bunch of Grapes. When they do
this they will be perfectly consistent, but not till then.
Wm. Thomson, Dalkeith Pai-k.

Those who have watched the progress of the contro-
versy which has taken place on this subject cannot fail
to have noticed that while clever and experienced
Grape-growers appear to disagree as regards the
relationship which, as a rule, colour holds to flavour
—in Black Hamburgh Grapes in particular— all are
agreed that some standard rules for Grape-judging
should be set up by some competent and recognised
authority. Considering the high position of some of the
men who difler in their estimate of colour as a correct
indication, in all cases, of flavour, it may be deemed
due to the opinions of these respective parties
that, before framing a set of rules, their opinions
and experience should be brought to some practical
test, for certainly flavour, with whatever colour
it may be combined, is of first-rate importance.
My principal object at present is to suggest that the
Fruit Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society—
as the powers that be " in such matters— should take
the subject in hand, and invite growers to send samples
of Black Hamburgh Grapes in particular to their
meetings in 1868, extending from May to October.
The, best flavoured might be rewarded with
Certificates; at all events a careful record should be
made of the shades of colour in which good flavour
was most frequently found, and vice versA. Of course
all experienced Grape-growers need not be told that
Grapes have not attained their proper flavour immedi-
ately they are fully coloured, and where flavour is the
point of merit will not be likely to send unripe Grapes
to the meetings any more than to their employers'
dessert. It strikes me that this plan would be more
likely to bring about a settlement of this bone of
contention, than the course pursued by eminent
growers of ridiculing and setting aside as
nonsense the views of their compeers. AVhile I have
taken the liberty of making the foregoing suggestions,
perhaps I may be allowed to observe, regarding the
question of colour versus flavour, as it has been rather
illogically termed, that I do not think it necessary to
lead Vines into such an abyss of bad management and

torture as that prescribed by your correspondent Mr.
Cramb (see p. 1074). Such a prescription will not only
produce brown coloured Grapes but everything else
that is bad. Few who know anything about Grapes
will dispute this. At the same time, many Grape
growers who revel in the antipodes of such a state of
things as that depicted by Mr. Cramb, are sometimes
sorely puzzled as to the reasons why certain Vines
produce Grapes much better coloured and bloomed in
some particular seasons than they do in others. . The
most skilful are thus sometimes bafUed in producing
high colour, while the crop in all other respects may be
first rate. I, however, do not consider colouring a
crop of Grapes to be a matter of chance any more than
any other point of culture. And it would soothe the
spirit of many bitter controversialists were they to
reflect that everything is not adjusted to our limited
perceptions. The want of colour and finish, in some
instances puzzles the most successful cultivators of
Grapes often more than any other point connected with
their culture. I do not know whether it has occurred
to others, but from myown experience and observation I
am disposed to believe that the want of high colour in
Black Hambughs most frequently occurs in the case of
crops which are ripened in the hottest months of the
year. Crops ripened slowly in March, April, and
October, are less likely to be brown than Grapes
ripened in the heat of summer. And holding this
opinion is the reason why I have suggested that the
Committee should investigate the question during an
extended period of the year. I have known the same
grower ripen Grapes to a jet black in February and
March, and fail to do so in the heat of summer. More
than this, let any one take a house of Black Hamburghs
which are to ripen say in August, grow one half of the
vine with two or three leaves of a lateral to each bud,
so as to effectually shade the fruit, and remove all the
laterals entirely from the other half, allowing a brisk
blaze of light about the Grapes, and in nine cases out
of ten with this one stroke of management one half
the Grapes will be much blacker than the other.
Doubtless it has often been observed that bunches
hanging down at the front wall of the house near the
heating apparatus, not in a shaded position as a rule,
colour to a deeper hue than those exposed to more
light. Now, not only will the flavour of the Grapes
grown in different degrees of shade be different, but
the flesh is firmer in the one case than in the other.
And here the knotty point crops up, what is the real
Black Hamburgh flavour? This I would rather
waive, but will be most happy to contribute my mite
by way of assisting to settle the question as suggested.
That the matter of light and shade can be made to play
an important part in ripening and colouring Grapes I
have particularly watched and tested ; and by modi-
fying and regulating the agency of light I have, as a
rule, started Muscat of Alexandria in March, and
ripened them to the most perfect Hamburgh colour in
August, while by dense shading they never arrive at
this desired stage at all. D. Thomson, Archerfield.

FRENCH AND ENGLISH FRUIT GROWING
Having, I hope, effectually disposed of the opening
statement of the travelled cultivator (see p. 1120), I noiy
proceed to consider the remainder, noting, however,
in the first place, my impression that "A Fruit Cul-
tivator and Traveller" and Mr. T. Rivers must surely
be one and the same person.

To come at once to our broad point of difference —
which nation cultivates the Pear the best?— I have
first to ask what is the test of success in this matter ?
Why, the price and prevalence of fruit, of course.
What does it matter whether or not we have the gardens
or the trees, if we have not the fruit ? I have seen this
year Pears sold at Fontainebleau— a populous town,
witli plenty of rentiers to buy fruit— at one-fourth
the price which I should have to pay for them in
London. I have bought Pears in the central market of
Paris for half the money I have given for the
same kind in Covent Garden, while at 60 miles
or so from Paris, I have had a good large Duchesse
d'AngouI^me for a couple of sous ; but lest there should
be any doubt upon this point I will quote from an
impartial and reliable source. In the last number of
The Gardener, a correspondent, who has lived for the
past five years in France, and who also knows well, and
has lived long in, the best English and Scotch gardens,
writes as follows : " In scanning over an Edinburgh paper
the other day my eye caught an advertisement thus :
' Duchesse d'Angouleme Pears, Brf. per lb.' At a small
town, within 20 minutes' walk of where I am writing,
the same refreshing Pear was selling a week ago at
4i francs the 100, or 501b. weight. Beurr^ d'Amanlis a
month ago was selling at 2s. the 100." I could quote
more inthesame direction, but this is perhaps sufficient.
Now, allowing for all the differences of climate that
are possible, I submit that this is a state of things which
ought not to exist ; and if these papers will have done
no other good than to call attention to it, they cannot be
said to have been furnished in vain. The above is written
of a neighbourhood within very easy reach of Paris, and
one in which Pears must be pruned and grown with
skill and care. A full knowledge of our inferiority in
this respect of Pears is likely to be of use, as we must
know we want the remedy, before we seek for it, and
therefore it is with much pleasure that I refer to the ripe
opinions of Mr. Rivers on this subject. I have not
now his writings at hand to find the many passages
confirming my views, but anybody may see them for
themselves who will read either his books or contribu-
tions to horticultural papers. In the " fruit garden," for
instance, he tells us how he "always admired" the
Continental trees, but then it was only by " repeated
visits to foreign gardens that his prejudice was dispelled."
The Pear trees, however, in the Jardiu des Plantes
convinced him at last, " that our neighbours excel us
in the management of fruit trees." Pu stating that a

form of training which permitted of a somewhat free
and natural development was more agreeable to the
Pear than confining it to a single rod or cordon, my
critic very unfairly makes me say that the trees want
no pruning, and thereupon feels bound to make known
again the valuable fact that " Pears should be pruned."
But his pruning advice is so very sweeping and even
shearing in its character, that Iquote the following,from
a thoroughly good French botanist and horticulturist
(M. Verlot) :—" All the varieties offruit trees must not
be treated alike. Of the Pear, for example, there are
varieties which required to be pruned ' energetically,'
others which do best with pruning much less severe,
and, lastly, there are several which require no pruning.
Therefore it is ' stupide ' to advise the same treatment
for all the varieties of a species."

Your correspondent meets my statement, that it
would be unwise and even absurd to plant orchards of
cordons, by telling us about " an old farmer in Sussex,"
who formed an orchard of cordons by training " seven
branches from each stump." Now, this is not a cordon,
nor has it anything to do with a cordon. A " cordon "
is simply a fruit tree confined to a single stem — the
only deviation being " la. forme en cordon horizontal
bilateral"— the name for the " bush" which my critic
has not seen in France, but which has existed there
for half a century. If we go beyond this, we must call
every wall-tree a cordon. I notice that Mr. Rivers
gives us a more detailed account of this seven-branches-
from-a-stump variety last week (see p. 1121). This is
simply a modification of a form seen in many gardens.
I must protest against this way of discussing the
subject, as by following it we cannot possibly arrive
at a useful conclusion. What I spoke of, however,
as unfit for orchard culture was the true cordon on the
Paradise, trained at within a foot of the ground— his
cordons go as high as 20 feet, branch in the way you
often see them in private gardens, and are worked on
the Crab or Pear stock ! Those trees would partake of
none of the advantages that I claim for the kind of
cordon which I have described ; they are so tall that
it would be impossible to preserve them in the cordon
form conveniently, while thev would of course have
none of the advantages of early bearing that trees on
the Paradise have. How get at such things, to thin the
fruit or trim the shoots ? If people with well-managed
orchards of standard trees find it requires all their
attention to make them pay, what, may I ask, would
become of them with such things as these to attend to,
their staking, their training, &c. ? For, observe, that
which makes it worth our while to have the low
horizontal cordon, the fine fruit, does not obtain in this
case ; the fruit would be no better than that on a good
standard tree. By planting the little cordons I have so
strongly advised, or any modification of the same plan,
you may attain a certain and valuable result with but
very little risk. By planting them against the lower
parts of walls, in many cases unoccupied, we may ripen
Apples like the Calville Blanche, which surely would
be a great gain ; but I doubt much if a single advan-
tage can be detected by any practical man in the method
recommended by Mr. Rivers, while it is much more
diflicult of management than the simple low cordon
which affords such a capital result.

His objection to the palmettes en treille, which
I recommended, is that they cannot be protected from
frost. Does not the same apply to every pyramid
or standard, or other exposed tree? It is no ob-
jection at all; and as for the Willow twigs rotting,
that is an old failing, not impossible to remedy.

Tour correspondent's last paragraph is devoted to
prove that there are more " perfect fruit gardens "in
an English county than in any two of the " enormous
departments of France." I am pretty well acquainted
with British gardens, and I willingly grant them
every merit but that of being "more perfect" fruit
producers than the French. From the nature of thte
disposition of property in the two countries, there are
a great many more places in England where gardeners
are kept, and much more money spent upon the garden
than in France ; but in France the people, the million,
are acquainted with fruit culture to a far greater
extent than with us ; and which is the most important
I need not say. One of my favourite ways of judging
of a "perfect fruit garden" is by the fruit room, and
I must, in justice to French gardeners, say that before
I came to France I never knew what it was to see
a perfect fruit room, solely devoted to Pears ; or what
it was to have a good stock of what Mr. Rivers may
well call a " luxury " in his books, but which is enjoyed
by all in France. Therefore I must still conclude
that we are far behind the French, on the whole,
in the culture of this grand fruit, and that the fact
of our having a number of large gardens scattered
over the country does not appear to alter matters much.
We are behind, and must pull up, if we are to see
the day when English markets will be independent of
the French for a supply of hardy fruit, which England
is able to produce.

TheFrench send enormous quantities of Pears to Lon-
don— one salesman of Covent Garden, who has recently
obliged me by showing me his books, selling, wholesale
of course, from 60Z. to lOOZ. worth of fruits and vege-
tables from one importer alone each market day.
I also hear of another importer who annually brings to
our markets 10,000?. worth of Pears. Allow for every
difference, or supposed difference, of climate, and ask
yourself if this should be so. We know that in many
parts of Britain the Pear grows beautifully, — why not
get our Pears from such places instead of going to
France for them ? And it is not only the Pear that we
buy from the French in this way, but the Apple. Few
will say that the French have a better climate for that,
and yet go into Covent Garden in winter, and you will
find their fine Apples selling at an enormous price;
but let us hope thac will not long continue to be the
case, for those very Apples may be grown along the
lower and naked parts of our walls to an extent sufii-

NOTEMBES 9, 1867.

THE GARDENERS' OTTRONTOLE AN!) AGRTCITLTtmAL GAZETTE.

1145

oient for all our wants. We have merely to plant the
little cordon there : it may be trained aloni? in many
spots too low for the Tomato. I hope I shall not come
in for any additional censure for making known this
particular excellent use for my favourite horizontal
cordon, — one which is as sure to become popular
amongst us, as it is simple to adopt. }K ii.

VINE CULTURE AT GARSTON.— No. III.

SOETS, AND How THEY AKE GBOWN.— " Tell US of

something else than mere varieties, for the sound of
the names of the most popular are continually rinsing
in our ears, so often nave they been advertised in
essays, and as articles of conunerce," may be something
like an embodiment of the feelings of thousands of per-
sons interested in pomology in general, and Vine culture
in particular. Stop a little, readers, till I deftue my
position^ and then criticise. In speaking of sorts it is
not my intention to get up a mere catalogue of names,
but to comment upon such varieties as are more
or less noteworthy. To do so satisfactorily and
protitably it will be necessary not only to speak of
results as indicated by the clusters or bunches that
bang from the Vines, but to estimate causes, partly
from what may be gathered from the communicative
roll of the great grower's doings, and partly from
personal observation of collateral bearings.

]?irst, then, as to the Black Hamburgn— the chief of
the clan for vigorous stamina, and general usefulness.
It will not be disputed that if our preconceived notions
of a perfectly finished Grape, are to be received as a
standard of perfection, Garston has periodically pro-
duced, for the last five years at least consecutively,
the most perfect samples of this variety ever seen.*
How does this follow ? Is it to be attributed to the
particular soil employed, or to the management after-
wards? At Castle Kennedy, and at Garston, there
seem to be such uniformity of success that I have over-
heard some of our great fruit-growers remarking, in to-
iidem verbis, " Change the men to different situations
and soils, and it will be otherwise with them — very
much like ourselves." Without being prepared to
endorse the sentiment— and however perplexing it
may appear, it must be admitted that instances of
that kind sometimes happen — at Garston it must be
told that there are no such facilities as deer
parks and pastures laid down for ages, to make a raid
upon, and put the best face on possible after-
wards : the very opposite. The compost to which
we have already referred at length, is of the
simplest kind, and if we are to lay stress upon results
we must look more to management. The Hamburghs
that were ripe, and ripening, were as jet black as ever,
when we saw them, and the house in which they were
growing, which is one of the earliest, was in all respects
such as any man might justly feel proud to show his
fellow man. The crop was large, the bunches medium
sized, some of the larger ones, judging by the eye,
about 3i lb., and not a speck or spot to mar or destroy
the appearance of a single bunch in a full cropped
house. In a word, the leaves and fruit were unexcep-
tionable, and an enthusiast could have stood a whole
hour and admired them. Now comes the deduction :
the roots were completely under control, and the
borders were kept in the dry order. The external
border was more heavily thatched with straw, than
most of the hovels of artizans, where this kind of
covering is employed in lieu of slates or tiles, and
boarded to boot with shutters, that the rain might be
thrown off the more effectually. The external air,
before it could find its way to the bottom, had to
pass through the straw, which impeded its motion
considerably, and when it did find ingress, it had
to confront the hot-water pipes. By the simplest
artificial contrivance, the scale of gradation be-
tween the outer and inner atmosphere was as
nice as possibly could be conceived. The importance
of recognising and providing for this can well be under-
stood by all those who are engaged in early forcing.
But an important point remains to be disposed of. The
atmosphere of the house was unusually pleasant to the
senses, although it was briskly charged with artificial
heat. It seemed to me more like the growing atmo-
sphere of an East Indian plant-house, which is very
unusual with houses of Grapes at the point of finishing
or ripening. " You say you keep your outer and inner
borders on the dry order at the time of ripening, how
comes it that the inner one looks so wet ? " " Examine
it," was the reply, " and you will find it as I describe.
I only cause the surface to be slightly moistened daily,
and hence the results." " I see it all," said I ; " the
sulphur coating and the air distribution is common
enough, being in general practice, but the little bit of
judicious attention to atmospheric wants is not only a

flood antidote against spider, and favourable to the pro-
onged conservation of the leaves, but certainly serves in
some measure to create bloom." " Don't mention that,"
says my mentor, " in your notes." "Ah, I shall be like the
lady in the interesting ceremony at the altar, ' I will.'"
I have been thus explicit in my remarks on the
Hamburgh, knowing the great interest that ha« all
along been evinced in the endeavour to ferret out
Mr. Meredith's practice.
One other remark may be made under this head

' Flavour, albeit, does not .ilwaya accompany colour, and it
has been suggested as a matter of fairness and justice that
M:iuiple3 put up in competitive trial should be tasted. No great
burdship this, forsooth. The wonder is why so many, even
Mr. Meredith himself, are exclaiming against it. If Mr.
Meredith and others wlio grow moderately sized bunches, and
finish them well, show their samples in a proper state of
maturation, they have nothing to fear. A jury capable of
putting avaluation upon the various eligible points— flavour, of
course, one of the most prominent — would probably in 19 cases
out uf 2D have confirmed the awirds given to the splendidly
finished Hamburghs from Uarstuo, in London, Edinburgh,
and ou the Continent. A proper formula might be the means
of eliminating coarsely-grained, gi-ossly-growu, mere heavy-
weighted fruit, to which no one would demur.

before proceeding further, and it is to the effect
that the general crop of bunches throughout the
Hamburgh houses that have been for a length of time
planted are not large individually, the larger shows
being in all cases on younger plants. There are two
important lessons to be deduced from this— the one
that if the Vine is to be cultivated to the utmost
extent of its capabilities, the root -feeding medium
must not be circumscribed; and in order to take a
corresponding advantage, or in pruiier words to have a
balance or equilibrium niaintainod and rocinrocated, its
branches must not be unduly crlpi)led vvitu the knife.
If a young Vine, under wise culture, bears a first-rate
return for the first six years of its existence— that is,
so long as the extending system of border materials and
of stem and branches is going on— who will say that it
is impossible (none can say it is illogical) to keej) on
with equal success by the same simple process of
addition? The other lesson referred to is, that Mr.
Meredith's plan is clearly a catering for quality. How
often do we see, and how unwise it is, large crops of
fruit allowed to pull through to the colouring point,
and then a large proportion of the berries, not to speak
of colour at all, shank off, owing to the sheer exhaustion
of the plant. The Garston Vineries are, however, by
no means under-cropped; the oldest planted of them
carry good crops, and that successfully too, up to the
time of cutting.

Muscats were full of promise, the earliest house
particularly. The house referred to is of the same
form and size as the Hamburgh house, and the manage-
ment and preparation for cultivation were in all
respects the same. Great stress waslaid uponearlyforcing
^starting, as was theicase with this house, in the begin-
ning of the year to secure both flavour and colour.
Mr. Fowler, of Castle Kennedy, used to say he was
never afraid of bringing up the colour of his Muscats
by being early at work, and keeping the borders dry
and warm. Mr. D.Thomson, Archerfield, got up the colour
of some bunches in a certain Alexandria Muscat Vine
so perfectly, accompanied with flavour so exquisite, from
a plant whose roots had found their way into some hot
and dry corner, that everybody who saw them took
them to be from a new and most valuable variety,
which was to be sent out under the designation of the
Archerfield Muscat. On testing it, however, Mr.
Thomson declined to do so, as it proved itself fairly
enough under common treatment. These otter
practical proofs which no one ought to disregard.
The Canon Hall, in another house devoted to Muscats
alone, with similar treatment, refused to set satisfac-
torily, notwithstanding artificial impregnation or
dusting— showing its wayward inclinations here as
everywhere else. Tokay, Chasselas Musque, Duchess
of Buccleuch, and some others, were more or less dis-
persed through the large house in question. The
Tokay seems to be a favourite with Mr. Meredith.
From the samples growing one can understand that he
means to do it full justice, as he reckons it rather an
abused Grape, capable of more usefulness. He insists
that it should be thoroughly ripened, and kept, before
hasty opinions are expressed upon it.

The Barbarossa [Gros Guillaume] is another of his
favourites. Its late-keeping qualities have been recog-
nised, but the fickleness of it as a fruit-producer
has almost consigned it to oblivion. Singular enough,
I saw it fruiting as freely as the Hamburgh, and
on remarking upon it my friend said, "Keep the
roots inside." The border where this sort was
growing was entirely inside, and the gross habit
which the plant generally assumes, was corrected. The
roots were warped together, and it was some of the
most headstrong of them that had permeated the solid
brick wall. There is no good rule without an excep-
tion, and if it is necessary in most instances to provide
relays of good food and accommodation for Hamburghs
and Muscats, this variety, to yield a return, must be
very differently dealt with.

Of Alicantes and Lady Downes' there are a numerous
company, all doing well. They are distributed through
various houses, but the grand show of them is in the
north-aspect house, where their roots have already
monopolised the inside borders, and from the prepara-
tions that were being made to extend their dominion I
was enabled to see them bristling with vigour, the
very gourmands of anything palatable that came in
their way. The grower's success with a house of this
kind during a former season, makes him very sanguine
of its continuance ; and as late-hanging Grapes, and the
roots which support them, have not been the worst
strings to his bow, one can well understand how largely
his interests are committed to the schemes which his
busy brain suggests, and his indomitable will carries
through. In connection with late-keeping Grapes, it
may be mentioned that Mr. Meredith was making pre-

Sarations for the reception of Mrs. Pince's Black
Inscat by clearing out a general service house, and
adapting it, as a landlord would do, for a tenant who
was likely to pay him a good rent.

Other varieties, differing from the above, that take
conspicuous place, were Child of Hale, a very large
growing variety, heavily shouldered, and made up of
large round berries ; and Gromier du Cantal, a grizzly
variety, like the Frontignan, of the same colour, having
larger bunches and berries, and possessed, I under-
stand, of an agreeable flavour. All the Prontignans
are placed fairly under trial ; so is Black Prince, which
is yet worthy of culture, and several other seedlings
and comparatively searce-grown sorts of which it
would be premature to speak. The whole of them at
first are treated entirely to inside borders, and in the
cases where the modern span roofs form the coverings
there is a sunk path separating the borders, so that the
roots may not become entangled, and in the case of
mixed planting, the stronger living at the expense of
the weaker. The reader will easily understand the
value Mr. Meredith attaches to covered borders, and
his anxiety, when it becomes a necessity to extend

beyond the Umits of the house, to provide against all
contingencies of climate, and offer the same attention
and care to the roots outside, as he does to the plant
and the fruit inside. A.

Home Correspondence.

Saturday Shows. — Cannot you help us with your
powerful aid to induce the Council of the lloyal
Horticultural Society to hold their spring 8hovv.s on
Saturdays? It is, comparatively, a leisure day with us
all ; and as the Royal liotanic Society at present hold
their spring shows on that day, there could be no
reasonable objection ou the part of exhibitors to the
change suggested, which I have no doubt would be a
financial benefit to the Society. F. U. S. ['There are
objootlons to Saturday, and there are advantages attend-
ing the selection of that day. We could never recom-
mend that the great shows should be held on Saturdays
— that question has long been settled in the negative ;
but for the minor shows the objection becoinos less
important ; and if one society finds it i>ossiblo and
advantageous to adopt the Saturday for these, the other
should be able to do the same. Eus.]

Tacsonia mollissima, — Would you kindly say
whether the fruit of this Tacsonia is eatable or not ; if
eatable, how is it used ? W. C, Brechin. [ We do not
think it would be worth eating. Eds.]

Variegation. — A correspondent has recently (p. 107G)
enquired about a variegated Laurel. Such a sport is by
no means uncommon, inproof of which I send a leaf or
two, given from a spray, which was taken from an old
plant two years ago, and as you will see it retains the
variegation quite perfectly, and forms a very lively shrub
in contrast to the common green form. It appears
that we have only to look for variegation, and we shall
be pretty certain to find it, in almost every garden
plant. We have it in Onions, Turnips, Carrots, Parsley,
and fine in Celery, as you will see from the leaves sent. I
have also found it in many wild plants, in Pansies,
Daisies, and dwarf Phlox. A good deal of this may,
no doubt, arise from the poor sandy nature of the soil.
It is frequent in bedding Pelargoniums, more particu-
larly in the old Commander-in-Chief, and Cerise
Unique. J. F. [The Laurel is finely marked, and
must be very attractive grown amongst green shrubs.
The Celery is also well-marked, being edged with
sulphur, and mottled on the green parts with a lighter
greyish tint. Eds.]

Nuneham Park Onion. — I fear that your correspon-
dent (see p. 1073) obtained a wrong sort of seed for the
Nuneham Park. I have grown it myself this summer,
and have been very successful with it. I procured
a half-crown packet of the seed of it from Messrs.
Cutbush in January last, and sowed it at once in a box,
keeping it in a cool Vinery, and in March I had it
transplanted on a piece of ground prepared for its
reception, in which the plants grew rapidly ; and when
the bulbs were stored a great part of them weighed
li lb. per bulb. As regards mildness of flavour, I find
it to surpass in this respect any Onion that I have
grown. T. Carlton, The Gardens, Ashtead Park.

The Muscat Hamburgh Vine. — About three years
ago there appeared in your columns a letter from
Mr. Thomson, of Dalkeith Park, in which he reported
the result of an experiment he had made in grafting
this Vine upon the Black Hamburgh. According to a
memorandum which I made at the time, the fruit was
said to be " much improved by the cross, the bunches
finer, berries rounder and larger, rivalling in quality
the Muscat of Alexandria, and ripening at the same
time and under the same treatment as the Black
Hamburgh." It may interest some of your readers to
know that I have repeated Mr. Thomson's experi-
ment, with results not very different. The fruit ripens
in a cool house, but I doubt whether, upon the whole,
it is improved. The bunches are, perhaps, better
shaped, the berries are rounder (if that be an improve-
ment), and the colour is of a rich and uniform
purple black, without any intermixture of pale
berries. Upon measuring ten berries of each kind, I
found the aggregate length of the grafted fruit to be
9.09 inches; breadth, 8.22 inches; the ungrafted
8.78 inches by 7.51. With respect to the flavour, it
strikes me that in the grafted tree the Muscat taste is
very much attenuated, and is barely perceptible. But
upon this point an accident has brought out a curious
fact. The bunch first examined was cut from about
Cinches above the graft; it had little or no Muscat
taste, but the Muscat taste was at once detected in a
bunch cut from 3 feet higher up the branch. Such
was the unanimous verdict of a healthy gardener, a
discriminating cook, and two young ladies, as well as
of myself. This is an instance in which the scion is
notably affected by the stock. If the form of the
berries is changed from oval to nearly round, why may
not the taste be equally affected ? An Amateur,
Clapham Park.

Plants and the Soils on which they G-row. — Under
this heading were published in 18S5 some remarks on
the botany and geology of Swanage. I now send
you a few jottings on the plants and rocks of another
portion of the same district. From Swanage to Rings-
stead Bay, comprehending 18 miles or thereabouts of
coast, there is a littoral cliff of Purbeck oolite, Portland
sand and stone, Kimmeridge clay, Wealden, greensand,
chalk, passing downwards from chalk again through
greensand and Portland beds to the Kimmeridge clay.
The sections of chalk, Wealden, and Purbeck beds are
numerous. A very common chalk flower is Campanula
glomerata, starved and small. The fetid Iris is plentiful
wherever the upper greensand merges into gault, both
towardsLulworth and also atSwanage. AboutLulworth
I was amazed at the giant stature of the Teazle, plants
of my own height were not unusual. They thrive as
well on the Kimmeridge clay as on the chalk, but
better on both than on greensand. The Purbeck beds
and Portland beds are in many places quite clothed with,

1146

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONIOLE AND AGEICtJLTIJEAL GAZETTE

[NoYembbb 9, 1867.

Golden Samphire, which is even more plentiful than
the common edible samphire. Wild celery is plentiful
in some of the Wealden cliffs, theolays of which appeared
to suit it well, and these same clays bore good crops
of Rushes of more than one species, which I did not
determine, and hadsmall swamps full of Typha, I thought
T.minor. About Swanase, to wardsTiUy whim, especially,
I found the Sea^fern, Asplenium marinum, fairly
common and fairly grown ; but about Lulworth, in the
same formation, I did not see one plant, the reason of
which I could not make out. On chalk in the beautiful
underoliff below AVhite Nose and at Arishmel, I found
the large white Poppy with a purple spot, which I had
not seen since I culled it with Ed. i'orbes on one of
our old botanical rambles to Cobham. In this same
undercliff the Wood Sage was very abundant^we met
several hovellers with large handiula of it, which they
said they made tea with. I learned that it was a
cooling drink, but although suffering much irritation
from a minute acarus (which a fellow sufferer^ not
inaptly likened in size and colour to a small grain of
Cayenne pepper) I did not feel inclined to try the
effects of this rustical tea in my own person. /. W. S.

Leonotu Zeonurus {the Lion's .Ear). — This very
hateresting and very showy labiate plant is one
rarely or never seen in beauty in England or
the colder pai'ts of France either, so far as I have
observed, but I have lately seen in the Jardin des
Plantes a bush of it in full bloom. It was a
plant that had been kept in the Orangery, with the
numerous other greenhouse things, for years, and was
only left out all the winter for the first time during the
past winter. It has stood the wretched season bravely,
and, indeed, was most vigorously furnished with
blooming branches. The trial is worth making in
England, and certainly it would do as well in some
parts of the south as in the cold and changeable climate
of Paris. V.

A Curious Fact in Natural History . — I happened
recently to pay a visit to my friend Mr. H. Doubleday,
of Epping, who is a most observant naturalist, as well
as a clever Strawberry grower. In gossiping about
Strawberries, he narrated the following anecdote : — He
had this season a very large crop of Strawberries, and
blackbirds and thrushes, tempted by it, came in large
numbers to his garden, to the Strawberry feast.
Among other kinds. The Lady Strawberry produced
abundantly, so that the ground was strewn with the
fruit of this rather new variety; the curious fact is,
that although the birds diligently sought for and carried
off every straggling berry left on the plants of the other
kinds, they allowed those of The Lady to lie and rot
on the ground, and did not touch them ; it might have
been their pale colour, but a delicate colour did not
prevent them stealing other pale kinds of Strawberries.
I am therefore induced to impute it to a higher
instinct— perhaps respect for The Lady ; who knows ?
or it is just possible that the Epping birds are not birds
of taste, although birds of song. Fragaria.

Judging Cucumbers. — Now that the number and
value of marks in judging Grapes is under considera-
tion, perhaps it may be opportune to plead for a higher
value being placed upon weight than is usually given
to it in awarding prizes to Cuoumbers. I take it that
the greater weight must always indicate an absence of
seeds, or perhaps rather a smaller proportion of the
watery pulp, amongst which the seeds are found ;inshort,
the heavier the Cucumber, the greater the proportion
of the tlesh to the pulp. Now, as the flesh is the part
which determines the quality of the sort, whether eaten
raw or cooked, it follows that, of two kinds with similar
flavour, that which carries most flesh must necessarily
be the best. Judges are not in the habit of tasting
Cucumbers at exhibitions, and therefore visitors have
no opportunity of seeing the comparative fleshiness or
seediness of the sorts shown, but the weight would
determine this point for any one accustomed to handle
Cucumbers. I have been led to make these observa-
tions by the receipt of one, grown for me by a friend
who remembered that I had highly praised some of
that sort which he sent me last year. It is, as
I was informed, called Crawshay's Favourite, and it is
the crispest, juiciest, and highest flavoured Cucumber
of my acquaintance. This particular fruit was grown
on a trellis in a pot in a Pine-house ; its length,
23 inches ; its smallest circumference, 7 inches; its cir-
cumference generally, 8 inches ; and its weight (after
being cut 14 hours) was 21b. i;iioz. Upon slicing it
there was not a seed to be found ; in fact, it was all
flesh, and perfect in quality and flavour. Is not this
the form that a Cucumber ought to have ? If so, why
are first prizes usually awarded to long, thin specimens,
hardly bigger round than one's thumb ? W. T.

Spidendrum eruhescens, — A specimen of this plant is
now flowering freely at Biddulph Grange. The flowers
are of a beautiful colour, but not nearly so large as
those of the figure in the " Orchidacese of Mexico and
Guatemala," and which were most carefully copied by
Miss Drake, without any exaggeration whatever, from
a wild specimen formerly in my possession. No doubt
there are many varieties of this species, some of which,
as in the case of E. vitellinum, are twice as large as
others. J. B.

The Florists' Standard. — As the author of " Glenny's
Properties of Flowers and Plants," I may he permitted
to olfer a few observations on one of your leading articles
of Saturday last (p. 1117), signed " M. S.," which, with-
out containing a single poini; of controversy, condemns
the so-called standard of perfection. I am prepared to
defend every property that I have described, because
I have, so far as I was able, founded them all on
prinoiplea which have been admitted to be sound;
and if you, or any of your correspondents, will select
one subject capable of raising a discussion, and I cannot
prove that I am right, I will with great pleasure
openly admit my deficiency, and subscribe to the
improvement, for I am much more anxious to have
our standard perfect, than I am to uphold my notions

of perfection, but I cannot deal with undefined
objections. It must be remembered that many old
florists and some writers condemned " the properties
of flowers," ridiculed the idea of circular Pansies and
Cinerarias because " they were unnatural," and there
were other flowers liable to the same objections ; but
having combatted those objections and convinced the
public, the writers who had condemned the standard
turned round, copied the work, and published the
stolen matter as original ; I need not mention names,
but the attempt to rob me of the credit of originating
what they first condemned, and afterwards stole, was
not very honourable. However, I am very desirous
that any one who can dispute the soundness of my
requirements for a perfect flower, will be good enough
to select any one of the subjects which I have
described, and tell us all freely the particular con-
ditions, the propriety of which he disputes. I will
discuss the matter without prejudice, and if I do not
succeed in proving I am right, I will accord him all
the merit of improving the standard. Dealing in
" generals," where every sentence contains a distinct
dogma, which is right or wrong, is not the way to
enlighten us. There are certain things that may
depend on taste, but I have in all cases left
those open. Gecyrge Olenny. [If Mr. Glenny will
please to read the article to which he refers
again, he will find that the writer's objections to the
standard are by no means undefined. Eds.1

I'imiing Dahlia Blooms. — If the blooms are pinned
as your correspondent " J. K." directs, I can readily
believe that they will not be in any way disfigured, so
long as the pins remain unobserved ; but at the same
time, I maintain that the practice is anything but
creditable to an exhibitor. Thirty years ago, " J. K."
might possibly have deceived the judges at the
Surrey Gardens or Salthill shows, by pinning with
wire to match the flowers, but not at the present day,
when none but legitimate modes of dressing blooms for
exhibition are countenanced. If pinning is allowed at all,
let it be only during the process of travelling. I ought
to mention that the word in my last communication
on this subject (see p. 1049), which you have rendered
" basket," ought to have beeu " buskit " the Scotch
form of " busked," the past tense of the verb to " busk,"
meaniug to prepare, to dress. M. P., Fit^lrrane Gardens^
Duitfermline.

Boilers (see p. 1121).— The best boiler that has come
under my notice is one which I have here. It is a
double conical, and heats with the greatest ease our
large conservatory. Vineries, Orchard-house, forcing-
house, plant stove, and greenhouse, as well as a four-
light pit, in all about 1700 feet of pipe, of which the
greater part is 4-inoh pipe ; the combustion is so slow
and perfect, that during the most severe weather I can
bank the fire up, and leave it with the greatest con-
fidence for 12 hours, in the certainty that a uniform
temperature will be kept up. All this summer the fire
has been made up on Saturday night, and not touched
again until Monday morning. In fact, it is a most
economical boiler, in which the heat is so utilised that
I can bear my hand in the soot-door directly under the
damper in the main shaft. G. Balderstone, Gardener
to J. Muggeridge, Fsq., the Dell, Tunbridge Wells.

Swifts. — The last pair of these birds which I saw
here this season was on the 19th of October. Martins
and swallows were here on house-tops in great numbers
on the 23d of that month, on which date they left, and
I did not observe one afterwards. J. K., Wilts.

Late Peas. — I enclose a small sample of Prince of
Wales Pea, which I consider to be a first-rate second
early and late bearer. I sowed one row 50 yards in
length on the 27th of June ; I gathered from it on the
12th of October ; and if the present favourable weather
lasts we may gather a dish twice a week till the end of
the present month. W. Barhani, Gr. to J. W. Dixon,
Esq., Hillsbro' Hall, Sheffield. [A good sample, per-
fectly free from mildew. Eds.]

Zizania aqualica. — Has any one succeeded in raising
plants from the seed of this, kindly distributed by Pro-
fessor Babington last spring ? I am very sorry to
find that it has proved quite a failure here. A liberal
supply of the seed was received on May 24, and on the
very same day (a memorable day, by the by, to those
who revere the name of Linnsous) those seeds were
carefully sown, and placed under a variety of circum-
stance as regards treatment, yet all being submerged,
some in pots and pans, in the open aquarium, and some
benea,th gla.ss ; not one of the seeds, however, germi-
nated. This must be j ust the country where its
successful introduction might be attended with bene-
ficial results, and I should very much like to meet with
some opportunity to give it a further trial. The late
Mr. Anderson, of the Chelsea Botanic Garden, culti-
vated the Zizania for some years, but if I rightly
remember he found great difficulty with the sparrows,
as they devoured the seeds before they became fully
ripe. The seeds, which were received from Cambridge
in May last, did not look very promising certainly,
being exceedingly light and chafly. About 40 years
ago, I remember to have seen in the hands of my
worthy father-in-law (the late Mr. Hunneman) a con-
signment of the imported seed, and he had received
them in a glass bottle, in water. I remember this as
perhaps affording a suggestion for a better medium of
transmission and introduction than keeping the seeds
so long a time in a dry state. W. P., Merionetltshire.
[Many recent importations have failed ; indeed, we have
not heard of one which has been successful. Eds.]

Variegated Zonal Pelargonium Show. — I am pleased
to find my suggestions (see p. 1001), proposing another
show of Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums to be held at
South Kensington in July next, have been favourably
received and responded to ; but I cannot fall in with
Mr. F. T. Smith's views (p. 1122), that the month of
May or June is the most suitable time for such an
exhibition. I cannot otler a better proof that July is
decidedly the best month to see the full development

of colouring in these charming plants, than to refer to
the productions sent to the Bury Show on the 16th of
July last. It is, moreover, my opinion, that exhibitors
and the public who patronise these exhibitions would
be far better satisfied with one grand show, than with
two partially successful ones, the second being chiefly
a repetition of the first. I do not think prizes should
be offered for varieties already in commerce, as visitors
are becoming tired of seeing the same plants so many
times. Scarcely a metropolitan horticultural show has
been held during the last two years, but an overplus of
these have been exhibited. Covent Garden market
would certainly be the most appropriate place to make
them popular. The principal object of these special
shows is supposed to be that of giving admirers of this
class of plants an opportunity to witness novelties, and
the advanced skill of the various raisers, and to make
selections of plants they consider of sterling merit.
I agree with Mr. Grieve that two plants of each sort
are sufficient^ and certainly more convenient for
distant exhibitors; I also approve of the two extra
classes, 15 and 16, providing for yearling or seedling
plants. I respectfully solicit the attention of the
Boyal Horticulttu'al Society to the subject,_that the
schedule may be at once completed, giving intending
exhibitors time to grow and prepare their plants. I
would also suggest that a subscription list be opened
early, inviting all who are interested in Variegated
Zonal Pelargoniums to support the same, that exhi-
bitors may be compensated with liberal awards in the
shape of Silver Cups, Gold Medals, or money prizes,
that the exhibition itself may be successful in its
results. Wm. Groom, Ipswich. [Probably the Horti-
cultural Society will take up the matter, but if so the
show cannot very well be held later than June, within
the London season. If it can be arranged to hold the
show late in the mouth, two or three weeks can make
but little difference to the plants, and it would surely
be more advantageous every way that the plants should
be seen by the larger numbers likely to attend a June
show, than by the limited numbers who would visit
a July show. As these Pelargonium shows have
originated with the growers themselves, as a means of
increasing the popularity of their plants, and their con-
tinuance is still suggested by them, those who wish to
see them repeated should at once intimate the amount
of their subscriptions, so that the names of subscribers
may be known, as well as the amount to be distributed,
when the time comes for a conference. AVe are autho-
rised to state that Mr. Moore is willing to receive
any such communications, and to forward themto the
proper quarter. The sooner they are sent in the
better. Eds.]

Christ's Thorn— Paliurus aeuleatus (see p. 1121).—
Plants at King's Chff, raised from seed gathered at
Eome, many years ago, stood through the winters of
1861 and 1865, and are now in perfect health though

they suffered slightly from frost. M. J. B. 1 should

imagine that your correspondent " Diss " has con-
founded two different species ('f plants. The Paliurus
aeuleatus of Lamarck is a shrub never reaching more
than 6 feet in height ; but the Zizyphus spina-Christi
of Linneus is a tree attaining the height of 30 feet.
The former is a native of the south of France, being
extensively used near Montpellier, as a hedge for
enclosing Vineyards, for which purpose the abundance
of thorny prickles with which it is covered renders
it peculiarly applicable. The true Christ's Thorn
or Zizyphus spina-Christi, is a native of the eastern
parts of Barbary, and is stated to grow near Biskra, in
AJgeria, by Munby, in his " Catalogus Plantarum
Algeria." If Loudon has seen either of these trees
growing in the open air in any part of England, it must
have been in very exceptional circumstances. As to
their growing in the latitude of Huntingdon, the
experiment (even if trees could be procured) would

probably prove a total failure. Tourist. Our plant

of Paliurus aeuleatus is a remarkably fine old specimen,
but not quite so vigorous as it was before the winter of
1860-61, when it was much injured; and I do not
remember having seen either flowers or fruit upon it
since that date. There can be no doubt about its being
the true plant, which is synonymous with Zizyphus
Paliurus, WiUd. The plant stands in a S.E. angle,
formed by the Danby Gateway and the garden wall,
and its dimensions are: Height, 185 feet; stems
(for it has two). No. 1, at 1 foot from the ground,
1 foot 4 inches circumference; at 4 feet from the
ground, 1 foot 6 inches circumference. This is not a
straight stem, and increases in bulk as stated. No 2,
at 1 foot, 1 foot 2 inches; at 4 feet, 1 foot 1 inch circum-
ference. Spread of branches from angle, 13 feet. We
do not know tne age of our plant, but it was a large,
old specimen when my father was appointed here
in 1813. W. S. Baxter, Botanic Garden, Oxford. [The
O.xford plant is certainly true to name. Eds.]

Scotch Nurseries (see p. 1121). — Mr. Methven, in
correcting you as to the extent of his nursery ground
(p. 1100), has doubtless inadvertently fallen into an
error in stating that " next to the Messrs. LawsoUj
he is the largest forest-tree grower in Scotland," as our
nurseries extend over 75 acres, being thus 10 acres
larger than those of Mr. Methven. Didksovs Sc Co.,
1, Waterloo Place, Fdinburgh.

TRADE MEMORANDA.

Some swindlers [sundry humbugs, as the American
Press has it], one or two together, are going about to
nurserymen, selecting about 80i. worth of shrubs, trees,
&c., in my name, as if for a new garden. They take
with them some few, and arrange that I shall send a
van for the remainder in a few days. The whole is an
impudent swindle, and I think it well to put nursery-
men on their guard. No doubt mine is not the onlj'
name so made use of. G. F. Harris, The Parle, Harrow.

A person signing himself D. B. Cradock,

194, King's Road, Chelsea, has, we are informed.

NOVEMBEB y, 1867.J

TTr1^ fl^T^T^TlNl^llR' rttlUWin,!] AKT) AnTUrTTTTUT^At OAZEm.

1147

obtained statnps from a gardener, seeking a situation
by means of advertisement tlmt ajipeared in our columns,
under the protehiro that lae was " Agent to tlie
Oardeners' Chroniclr." We need scarcely say that no
such person is authorised by us to act as agent. A
similar trick has been successfully carried out by one
W. 15. Dear, Horticultural A^ciit, &c., 18, Ifork Head,
King's Cross, London, who refers to Messrs. Carter &
Co. as his referees. Those genlleinfeli repudiate all
actiuaiutance with Mr. W. B. Dear.

Societies.

RovAi. HoRTiniiLTUBAL : I^uv. b.— Floral Committee..— ^Qfim-H.
Vcitch showed on this occ:ision a charroing collection of
lloworliig plants, cousistiug cbictly of Orchids, among which
wore thu beautiful Vaiida cceiulea, various Cattloyab, among
which wore aomo unusually beautiful varieties, the ovcr-
flowcring Lycasto Skinuori, l)cndrubium bigibbum, and
others. In this coUeotion were moreover Cattleya maxima
and Ija^lia praistana, two lovely species, to which Hrst-claSH
Oortificntcs wore awarded. Dracitsua Macleayii, a beautiful pUut
with deep grconish olivaceous or bronzy leaves, also received a
similar mark of liiatiuction, as did Aphclandra lloezlii, a pro-
mising species with brilliant orauge-scarlet blossoms and
broad silvery twisted foliage. From the s;imc firm also came
beautiful yellow blossomed UrccoUna aurea, and other plants
to which a Special Certificate was awarded. Messrs. F. & A.
Smith, Dulwich, cxJiibited a collection of IVicolor Zonal Pelar-
goniums, in order to show their use for autumnal decoration,
and to prove that tho colour iji the foliage is as bright now iis
during the summer mouths. A Special Certificate was awarded
them. A Fij-st-class Certificate was also given for a deep
crimson scarlet Tropa^olum sent by Messrs, Smith, and called
Mrs, Troadwell, Messrs. Osborn, of Fulhara, had a Special
Certifieate fur a plant of Gentiana Fortune!, a tall, bionuial
kind, with bright light blue flowers, which, however,
owing to the dullness of the weather, did not open freely.
Acanthus montaiius was also shown by the same firm, Mr.
Miieintosh, Hammersmith, coutiibuted AbutUou vexillariuni.
Mr. Hurt, gr. to H, B. Mildmay, Esq,, Sevenoaks, showed a
\Vell-tlowcied specimen of Vanda cceruica, for which a Special
Certificate was awarded. Mr. Curd, gr. to M. G. Thoyts, Esq.,
Readuig, had a v;iricgated-leaved Russian Violet. A box con-
taining two plants of double white and two double purple
Bromptou Stocks which arrived lato in the day from Mr. D.
Thomson, jVrcherfield, received and well deserved tho admira-
tion uf all present. They were magnificent specimens. A
plant of Aralia Sioboldi, in flower, was shovm from the
Society's Garden.

Frii.it CyHt»ii((et'.^— Interesting collections of Apples and
Pears were contributed to this meeting ; but it was remarked
that as a nale their full flavour bad not been att^ained this
year. For the best three dishes of dessert Apples Mr. Curd
was 1st, with large and fine examples of Ribston Pippin,
Blenheim Pippin, and Roy:il Pearmain. Mi'- Whiting, The
Dcepdeuc, was 2d, with beautiful fiuit of Adams' Pe;irmain,
Ribston Pippin, and Co.x's Orange Pippin. Among other
varieties shown were Rosemary Russet, Sam Young, Fearn's
Pippin, MargU, Nonpareil, Autumn Pearm,ain, and others.
Prizes were likewise offered for Knight's Monarch Pe;ir, but
were withheld, the best dish coming from the Society's
garden at Chiswick, and the fruit from other exhibitors not
being sufficiently ripe to merit an award. In the class for
the best dish of Huyshe's Prince of Wales there was no
exhibition ; and in that for Huyshe's Victoria only a
^d prize was awarded, that being taken by Mr, Hughes, gi-. to
the Rev, George Kemp, Kevenoaks. In the Class for the best
dish of any variety of Pear other than those already named,
there were no fewer than 29 entries. The 1st prize was
awarded to Mr. Garland, gi-. to Sir T. Dyke Aclaud, Bart.,
Killerton, for very fine fruit of Doyenne du Cornice. Mr.
Ruffett, gr, to Viscountess Palmerston, Brockett Hall, was 2d
with iUexandre Lambre, From Mr, Turner, Slough ; Mr.
Beach, gr. to C. J. Herries, Esq. ; Mr. Whiting, Mr. Curd,
Mr. WUkie, Mr. Cox, Mr. Usman, Mr, Neale, Messrs. Ivery &
Son, and others, came good examples of Beurr^ Bosc, Van
Mens Leon le Clerc, Seckle, 'Thompson's, ConseUler ?l la Couf,
Napoleon, Chaumontel, Duehesse d'Angoulgme, Marie Louise,
Gansel's Seckel, &c. Beurr^Clairgeau, kirgeand finely-coloured,
came from Mr. Cox, of Redleaf. Beurre Diel was the variety
most numerously shown, and several of the dishes of it con-
tained large, handsome, and excelleiit specimens. From the
Society's garden c^aiue a basket of Pears, containing good
specimens of Beurr^ Diel, Passe Colmar, Forelle, Winter NeUs,
Broom Park, Glou Morceau, and others ; whilst Mr. Collins,
gr: to Major R. Trevor Clarke, Welton Place, Daventry, sent
two remarkably large specimens of Hacon's Incomparable
Pear, which, with two fine examples of Hawthornden Apple,
grown by Mr. Enticott, gr, to Lady Fulford, Axminster, were
produced after the Committee meeting was over. Mr. Hill,
gr. to R. Sneyd, Esq., Keele Hall, sent Keele Hall Beurre
Pear, but not in a satisfactory condition for judgment.
Three Queen Pine-apples, excellent both as regards size and
ripeness, were shown by Mr. Perkins, gr, to C. Kyser, Esq.,
Stanmore ; and from Mr. Drewitt, gr. to Mrs, Cubitt, came
Denbies Green-fleshed Melon ; Mr, Curd sent Conqueror of
Europe and Golden Perfection Melons, and a dish of White
Currants.

General. Meetbif!. — Major Trevor Clarke in the chair. Five
new Fellows were elected and one Society affiliai;ed,
The Chairman directed attention to a Pelargonium, the
result of a cross between one of the quercifoUum section
called White Unique, which was first brought into notice by
Mr. Beaton, and Rollisson's Unique, as showing how great an
improvement may bo effected even by a first cross. Major
Clarke added, that he wished to bring the rough-leaved
quercifoUum varieties into notice, as they might be much
improved. One of theu- good qualities waS their remarkable
fitness for button -hole decoration,

ilr. Murray directed attention to a piece of a Lime tree
which had been brought by Mr. Reeves, interesting from the
rharks which it exhibited, and with which the greater portion
of the tree it was taken from, was covered. They appeared,
however, to be merely the sliiuy marks of snails. Mr. Reeves
having stated that two-thirds of the tree was in a similar con-
dition. Major Clarke said he agreed with Mr. Murray as
to the cause, and urged members to bring to the Society's
meetings anything that appeared to be abnormal, as such
specimens frequently proved of much interest in a scientific
point of view.

lu regard to the circuinMuriptiou and definition of
species, tho author avows hiniseli' to be a follower of
the late Professor Mottenius, than whom lew have
shown themselves more intimately acquainted with
the group of jilauts to which this book is devoted; luid
enriehed as tho work i.s by criiieal observations-
resulting from an examination of a Very lar;?e number
of auth(!nti(! siteeimons— it cannot fail to be a most
valuable contribuiitm to our systematic knowledge nf
the liigher Cryptogams. 'iMio utility which would be
stamped upon auy book having the range of the present
volume, ii' at all creditably worked out, is in this case
greatly augmGntcd by the evident caro and industry
which has been brought to bear in its preparation, and
l)y tlio allcniion which has been paid to tho varied
forms wliirii inimy of tho species assume—a feature In
which it creditably compares with some other of our
standard bonks ctn iVrns.

In glancing rapidly over its contents, it will, doubt-
less, be cliielly interesting to English readers to note
the views which Dr. Milde entertains with reference to
our indigenous species. Commencing with the group
Hymenophylle;e, we find him adojjting the name of
Trichomanes sjieciosum for our Ivillarney l^Vrn, of
Hymenophyllum unilaterale for Wilson's Film-rern,
and Blechnum Spicaut, instead of B. boreale. Under
Polypodium vulgaro ho notices 10 varieties, including
in the tenth both eambricum and semilacerum, in
which he is certainly in error, the one being a
constantly barren, the other a constantlj^ fertile variety,
difleriug in structure. Tlie genus Athyrium is adopted,
and our I'olypodium alpestre, with its variety llexile,
is included therein. Under Aspleniumfoutanuni comes
a variety major, represented by A, Halleri, but to this
is joined as synonymous the Asplenium ref'ractum, a
plant which, though obscure as to its history, is at
least perfectly distinct from either Halleri or fon-
tanum. The genus Phegopteris is admitted to full rank
and made to embrace our Polypodia — I>ryopteris,
Kobertianumj and_ Phegopteris, while it also includes
the Madeiran species drepauum and totta frequently
referred to other genera. Under Aspidium are ranged
as sub-genera the three important groups of Polysti-
chum, Nephrodium, and Lastrea, the species aculeatum
and angulare of the former group being brought
together as sub-species under the name of Aspidium
aculeatum, and several varieties of each of them
noticed ; whilst Aspidium spinulosum of the latter
group is made to embrace both the genuine plant, and
dilatatum, with tlieir several variations. Aspidium
remotum, of the Lasirea group, found within the last
few years in Great l3ritain, is admitted to take rank
as a distinct plant, though the author evidently favours
the notion that it may be a hybrid between l"'ilix-mas
and spinulosum ; at any rate it is not swamped in Pllix-
mas as some would have us believe it should be, aloug
with several others, as elongatum and canariense,
which are here also treated as genuine species.
Aspidium remulum again, our erstwhile Lastrea
foenisecii, is kept distinct, as no doubt it is, for besides
its dilferences of structure, it emits a strong and
pleasant odour which is altogether unknown in the
allied plants. Cystopteris Diekieana is not classed
imder fragilis, as it usually has been with us, but under
C. alpina, from which it, however, seems to differ
materially in its spores, which are shghtly and in-
distinctly warted, and not at all muriculate. Finally,
our two British Woodsias are included as differing
forpis, under the common name of W. hyperborea.

These indications are sutlieient to show the tendency
of Dr. Milde's labours. Tlie more general student will
find matter equally betokening research and study on the
part of the author; and equally suggestive of thought,
and callinf^ for the exercise of a just discrimination on
the part of^ the reader. In the monographical portion
of the work, the genus Osmuuda is reduced to 6,
Botrychium to 10, and Ei^uisetum to 25 species, of
many of which several varieties are described. The latter
genus had been already more fully dealt with by the
author in the '62d volume of the Nova Acta, in a mono-
graph illustrated by ^5 plates. Altogether, the present
work must be regarded as a thoroughly practical, and
most valuable contribution to the literature of Ferns ;
and if we cannot in all cases adopt the conclusions of
the author^ he has given us abundant reason to respect
them.

Troljaioluiu Mrs, Treadwell, a description of which
was furnished a short time ago, was nroduced by
Messrs. ymith at tliis meeting, from under glass, and
certainly not in such good condition as when seen out
of doors at Dulwich, Jt is remarkably free blooming,
and the tlowers stand out well from the plant.

Major Trevor Clarke's pretty Primroses promise to
become a very useful agent in spring decoration. The
llowers produced on Tuesday last were some of the
lirsi tho plants have produced, and they were under-
sized as well. Some of the blooms had stout woU-
rouncUid segments, and were as smooth on the edges as
a lino Polyanthus. Raisfd from a cross between the
common yellow hedge Primrose, and a form of the
same slightly coloured, they have developed into a
striking variation, and tho superior cultivation they
have received lias induced the plants to throw up
irregular umbels of Uuwers, instead of the ordinary
form of a single-stalked llower. Mr. Barron has a
number of plants of Major Trevor Clarke's seedlings
growing at Chiswick, so that an opportunity will be
afforded to any one interested in these flowers to
examine them when in bloom in the spring. It
should be said that already double llowers are being
formed, and they promise to make a very attractive
addition to tho present forms Of the Double Primrose.
M.D.

€fit ^pi&xis*

Not(fC3 of 3eoo6s.

Filices Suropts et Atlantidis, As'kb Mlnoris el Sibirite.

Auctore Dr. J, Milde. Lipsia; : A. Felix. 8vo,

pp. 311. (Williams <t Norgate.)
This new work of l)r. JliUle's cnn tains, first, an account
of the Ferns, Bquisetums, Lycopods, aod Rhizocarps
of Europe, Madeira, the Canaries, Azores, and Cape de
Verd Islands, ol' Alijicrs, Asia Minor, aud Siberia;
aijd secondly, a brio!' and gerteral monographical notice
of the genera Osmuuda, Botrychium, aud Equiaetum.

That the Vakiegated Zonal Pelaeoonium can
be turned to valuable account at this season of the
year, was illustrated in some measure by Messrs.
F. & A. Smith at the meeting of the Floral Committee,
on the 6th inst. These gentlemen furnished a small
_roup of Variegated Felargoniums, that for brightness
aud distinctness of appearance really put into the
shade the fine Lycastes that were furnished by Messrs.
Veitch & Sons, though for individual beauty the
Lycastes would get much the best of it. There were
plants of the following Variegated^onals: — L'Empereur,
Wonderful, Louisa Smitli, Achievement, and Sultan
(a very bright-looking and finely-marked variety, with
a robust habit;, all golden-edged kinds; and two
fine silver-edged varieties— Imperatrice Eugenie and
Queen Victoria. These plants were in 48 aud 32-sized
pots, and had been grown in a house appropriated
wholly to them, in an average temperature of about 55'.
The foliage is occasionally cleaned by a slight syringing
on a dry day, which soon gets rid of what dust settles
on the leaves. Perhaps nothing could be more charming
at this .season of the year than a house of these Pelar-
goniums, for to be done effectively tliey should occupy
a structure devoted specially to their culture. They
are hardly fitted for a uii.xed house during the winter
months, if it be necessary to keep the atmosphere at
all damp; and probably this may be urged as an Objec-
tion to their adaptability fbr decorative purposes
I through the Winter.

The Honey Season here in SoniH AVales, though
a poor one, has perhaps been somewhat better than
that in the south of England, of which you gave
us an account. I managed to get from 15 lb. to IG lb;
each id the supers of two Stewarton hives, and from a
third, vvhere the bees refused to work in a super the
commencetaent of July, I got a full top body box,
atlbrding 2U lb. of run honey. This hive, however,
required some feeding afterwards. From three straw
vats I obtained a swarm each by driving, which were;
excepting the last, sufficiently provisioned for winter
The last swarm 1 had to feed up with 7 lb. or 8 lb. of
sugar and honey to bring it to weight.

Natural swarms came very late indeed this year.
Except in a sheltered locality or two no hives swarmed
till July, and I could form but one artificial swarm
before that month. July was our only honey month.

I have this year the same complaint to make about
the difficulty of getting supers finished on the top of a
pile of Stewarton's, that I made last. The bees give
over working in the super when it is about two-thirds
or three-quarters finished, and work in the nadirs
instead. That the system of nadiring does encourage
breeding, and gets up a strong population, appears tO
be true enough; but then the additional force is
employed in a comparatively profitless direction. The
stocks, too, must be thoroughly strong, or the centre of
the nadir becomes filled with drone comb ; and there-
fore it appears to me unfit to leave as a part of the
hive. I intend trying another season ; but doubt that
the Stewarton system is suited for obtaining good
supers in this part of the country. It appears to me,
too, that supers from a Stewarton hive, managed any-
where according to the orthodox system, for which
directions have been given in your pages, would always
be later finished than those from hives not nadired
previous to supering.

Forming artificial swarms by driving saves a large
amount of time and attention, and also of possible loss ;
but it has one disadvantage, that the swarm must (in
the transposing system, at all events), be located in the
old locality. This, iu peopling a box-hive with a'
swarni from a vat, is often an inconvenience. What do
you consider the least troublesome way of getting over
it ? A. B.

[You seem to have been more forttmate than many
in various districts, in your honey harvest, and in the
multiplication of your stocks by natural or artificial
swarming.

If, as we imagine, your district is tisually rather a
late one a-s to the period of the chief honey harvest, it
would appear to us that the Stewarton arrangemeht 6f
hives, aud system of managing the same, ought to
ausvver well ; as by it you would have your hives filled
with strong populations ready to take the utmost
possible advantage of an abundant, though short-
enduring, honey harvest. We think it is hardly fair to
decide upon the merits of this mode of management
from your experience of the past two seasons. Last
year the chief period of rapid honey secretion was of
limited duration, ending abruptly early in July ;
besides which you had barely become initiated into
the mysteries (if any) of the Stewarton method : while
this year the whole season has been one of such an
anomalous character, that it is hardly to be wondered
at if full success has not attended your manipu-
lations.

We should remove the drone-combs from the nadirs,
substituting small pieces of worker-comb, or whole, or
portions of artificial waxen impressed sheets, prior to
again using the boxes. AVe can quite imagine that
the supers generally will be obtained later in the
season under this system, than by the more commonly
employed methbds.

We merely throw out the foregoing hints and obser-
vations for consideration. AVe have no particular
knowledge of, or admiration for, the working ol the
Stewarton method, but we cannot close our eyes to
the fact, that in one part at least of Britain the hive
and its management prove eminently successful, and
we have sfeen no valid reasons advanced why they
should not answer equally well elsewhere.

With regard to the difficulty you suggest as to the
pertoanent position of the artificial swarm, the otily
way iu which, as it appears to us, it could be met,
would be to confine the swarm for 13 or 21 hours in a
darkened room, after which it might be located any-
where. WhJ not the following? Having driven out

1148

THE OARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDHAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEB 9, 1867.

the bees, place the swarm for a few minutes on the old
stand, the majority of the outlying bees will soon join
their companions. Seize the opportunity, and when
at their greatest quietness, which usually lasts only a
few minutes, shut up the hive and remove it. Then
let the stock, which is shifted for the purpose of giving
a sufiicient population to the driven one, be placed on
the old stand of the latter. The few bees that may be
still out, will be either received among a gradually
decreasing population, or they will be killed, but the
loss would not be very great.

Another plan is to drive out nearly all the bees ;
place the swarm for a few minutes out on the old
stand, then confine and remove till night, at once
returning the original stock to its position, when any
outlying stragglers will gladly enter it, and help to rear
the brood, soon converting the comparatively tenant-
less hive into a populous colony.]

Garden Memoranda.

Chrysanthemums in the Temple Gaedens.—
Every year, about this time, as sure as the recurrence
of the Lord Mayor's " show-day," have these gardens
been " lit up " for the last quarter of a century with
gaily-blossomed Chrysanthemums. True, at first, there
■was some scarcity of varieties, but these have annually
increased until now their name is legion. Even during
the present season some excellent new kinds, of which
more particular notice will be taken hereafter, have been
added to the collections in both gardens. Mr. Broome's
best border is at present in about as good condition as
ever we remember to have seen it. Among others
which it contains, the following are particularly worthy
of notice, viz. : — White Globe, large and fine; White
and Yellow Beverley ; White and Tellow Formosum ;
Jardin des Plantes, a brilliant yellow ; Gloria Mundi,
also a good yellow; Cherub, golden amber; Little
Harry, nearly the same colour ; White and Tellow
Hermine; St. Patrick, ruby red; Dr. Sharpe, a bright
crimson ; Eaust, crimson purple, a promising kind ;
General Slade, red ; Prince Alfred, rosy crimson ;
Prince of Wales, dark purple ; EiHeman, ruby ; Here-
ward, purple ; Ranunculus, purple maroon ; Lady
Harding, rose; White Queen; Sparkler, a charming
little flower, red with gold tips ; Venus, lilac peach ;
Mrs. G. Bundle, a pure white new flower, compact and
in every way excellent ; Mr. Gladstone, dark chestnut ;
and Bernard Palissy, orange.

Mr. Broome's beds on the lawn are also good. They
are filled chiefly with the different varieties of Cedo
NuUi, among which may now be found white, lilac,
brown, and yellow-coloured sorts. These, when com-
bined, have the advantage of coming all into bloom at
the same time, a condition which adds much to their
value as bedding-plants.

Mr. Dale's best flowers, like those of Mr. Broome,
are under cover. The most beautiful among them are
Sparkler, gold, tipped reddish brown ; White Globe ;
Jardin des Plantes ; Antonelli ; Hetty Barker, pinkish
lilac ; Lady Slade ; the old bright reddish brown
coloured Orlando ; Mrs. George Bundle ; Vesta, N il
Desperandum, Pleur de Marie, and Prince of Ane-
mones, the last a fine pink sort. His beds this year are
also good. The contents of two large circular ones are
especially worthy of notice. In thecentre of No. 1 is
Gerbe d'Or,yellow; then come bands of Aurora Borealis,
orange ; Mr. Murray, crimson ; Miss Talfourd, white ;
La Lilliputien, reddish brown; and Canrobert,
yellow. No. 3 contains, in addition to the varieties
just named, Salamon and Duruflet. The best self-
coloured beds consist of Salamon, a bright crimson
sore very suitable for masses ; Comte Achille Vigier,
though a very old sort, is also beautiful, its blos-
soms having a bright red centre surrounded by a
broad well-defined margin of yellowish buif. Another
bed contains Aurora Borealis, edged with Canrobert.
In borders we noticed a pretty little crimson Pomoon
called Florence, which is very attractive.

In both gardens the flowers of most varieties will be
about at their best next week, when they will be weU
worth inspecting.

Obituary.

We have to record with regret the death of Me.
James Cuthiil, the well-known Strawberry, Cucum-
ber, and Mushroom grower, which took place on the
5th inst, at Denmark Hill, Camberwell, in the 02d year
of his age. Mr. Cuthiil has been a frequent contri-
butor to the columns of this Paper, in the pages of
which may be found numerous contributions from
him ; among the latter the most important are perhaps
those on "Market Gardening round London," which
were afterwards republished m a separate form for his
benefit. He was also the author of various other
pamphlets on diflerent subjects belonging to practical
horticulture, in which he may be said to have been an
enthusiast, and to which his death must be regarded as
a loss, which will, moreover, be deeply felt by a large
circle of private friends.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing weelc.)
PLANT HOUSES.

Amongst flowering plants, the lovely Luculias will
shortly unfold their fragrant cymose inflorescence,
and meanwhile are worthy of every attention likely to
aid them in the production of fine large heads of bloom ;
should any side-shoots— and there are generally two-
push up grossly, and in a manner likely to overtop the
flowers, orinterfere with their easy and proper expansion,
remove them at once. Give the surface of the foliage a
good syringing, and the roots a soaking with well
diluted manure-water before the flowers expand,
which they will do with advantage under such atten-

tion. Sedj/chiums, which have flowered well, now
need a season of rest ; lay them upon their sides, there-
fore, until the ball, containing the fleshy tuberous
rhizome, has become pretty well dried; this will cause
the late growth to ripen off, when it may be wholly
removed, and the plant be afforded a period of rest.
Lantanas, rV«ta5,&c.,whichhavealsofinished flowering,
should be replaced in a warm corner of a stove, or inter-
mediate house, after having first had the balls reduced,
and having been placed into a free open compost in
much smaller pots. Prune them well back at the
same time, and do not water them too freely for a time.
Camellias, where they have set buds too freely, had
better have a little disbudding, which may be done
without further delay. The quaint but useful Maty-
ceriums will now be forming fresh growths.
P. alcicorne I have previously recommended as a good
greenhouse plant. Water them, therefore, rather
more freely in consequence, in order to insure the
formation of fine fronds.

FORCING HOUSES.
It would, perhaps, be difficult to refer to a less
propitious season in which to ripen Grapes produced
upon ill-made or worn-out and other Vine borders
of obsolete formation, than the past summer. I
think it well, therefore, to advert specially to the
subject. Where Vines have shown the defect of
shanking to a great degree, it will be advisable to
test the borders thoroughly in order to arrive at a
correct knowledge of their defects. In three cases out
of four, old Vine borders are wanting in regard to
proper drainage. Depend upon it, with questionable
success during the past season staring one in the face,
and the consequent depreciation of the vigour of the
Vines, added to the chances of success next season, that
without using an effort forthwith to resuscitate the
border, and hence the roots, cultivators cannot hold
themselves entirely blameless should a repetition of
mischief occur. There is notthat dangerin "fingering"
the roots which many apprehend attends the operation.
Choose a fine interval, clean neat tools, and, with an
abundance of material close at hand, enter thoroughly
upon the job. Secure soil — good yellow loam of fibrous
and free texture, yet possessing sufficient stamina in
itself to give it moderate consistency, adding thereto
nearly a third of its own bulk of old mortar rubbish,
broken bones, charcoal, and well-decomposed manure.
Remove the surface soil carefully near the base of the
Vine, and having bared the root at this point, follow it
carefully until the whole of its ramifications are laid
open to the eye, when it will be readilyseen, j udging from
the state in which the roots are, how best to proceed.
If these are moderately healthy, appearing deficient in
vigour only, and the soil at the root line is not too wet
or poverty-stricken, simply renew the soil to some
depth, elevating the roots a little when replaced
therein. Otherwise, if the fault lie in part or wholly in
the border, especially if the latter is in want of better
drainage, the roots must be carefully studied for the
purpose of ascertaining the best mode of procedure.
If very old, the inference is that they will have become
so elongated that the ultimate fibrils of the roots
— the feeding spongioles proper — are congregated
mostly at the extreme front of the border. Hence a
difficulty occurs. Prune them slightly back,
if possible ; place a draining medium below, as

1 shall presently advise, or in any other efficient manner
which suggests itself Imbed the whole length of the
roots in fresh soil, finishing all off neatly, and proceed
as advised hereafter, to induce fresh rootlets to form
" nearer home." When a moderate supply of young
roots is found near the base of the Vine, or. indeed
upon the upper half of the Vine border, viz., nearest
the house, under similar circumstances to the above, it
will be far better, with care, to sever the roots in two.
Afterwards remove the whole of the front half of the
border to a goodly depth ; place a proper drainage at
the bottom, and refill with fresh compost, treading the
whole firmly as you proceed. The necessary drainage,
which I have referred to, might be formed, and it is
not convenient to make but a temporary one under
the circumstances, as follows :— Go far enough down, if
possible, to insure a natural fall of moisture through
the subsoil into an open stratum beneath the border.
This might be done by making four or five holes, some

2 feet in diameter, and at suitable intervals apart, down
into the same, only; which, when filled up with
rough-edged stones, or rubble, to a certain height,
might there become interlinked with a horizontally
laid drain of the same material, the whole being
not unlike the figure formed by these letters, TTTT
If no natural drainage can be obtained in any of the
lower strata, it will be well to lay a row or two of large
drain-pipes, well encased in rubble j with a proper
fall into a dumb well or, better still, into a free-
flowing drain. Positions, circumstances, &c., so vary
in different places that I trust the above remarks may
l3e made applicable to any requiring assistance in this
wise. I therefore leave the subject for the present.

HARDY FLOWER GARDES.
Plant Tulips at the earliest opportunity, choosing a
dry period for the operation. Attend carefully to
-Auriculas, always bearing in mind the fact that damp
is even more injurious than a slight amount of frost.
Allow decay in no form whatever to remain near them,
and by occasionally stirring ihe surface soil keep it
fresh, without however allowing too large a quantity
of loose soil to remain around their base, as this tends
also to absorb and retain an excess of moisture ; keep
the drainage free from particles of soil by an occasional
examination of it. Rough prune and nail any Creepers,
Moses, ka., growing against walls, fortbetwofold purpose
of neatness, and to have them ready to be duly protected
should sharp weather set in at a later date. Look
through Herbaceous borders, and make note of any
plants which, dying down now, may require parting or
otherwise, Place leaf-mould over choice roots or

around the base of plants for protection against hard
weather, and be prepared in detail for such, m the case
of Alstrcemerias, Liliums, Cyclamens, of the C. hederi-
folium, europeeum, coum, vernum, and other hardy
species, and varieties grown in sheltered corners out
of doors. Pot the ripened bulbs of Lilium auratum,
and place them in any dry place, even if in such a
position where a few degrees of frost can reach them it
matters not. They like peat, leaf-mould, and sand.
Secure them from slugs, which are very partial indeed
to them.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Where Seahale is needed early it will be advisable
to take up a few of the best ripened crowns, and by
placing them in a warmth of 85° or 90' plunged in soil,
and kept quite dark to forward them for use, before
those forced in the open ground are ready. The Mush-
room house will be found a convenient place for
this purpose. Remove the decayed leaves from
plantations of Seakale as soon as they are suffi-
ciently ripened off to part freely, and, as pre-
viously advised, get the necessary leaves raked to
place over them when they have become moderately
hardened by exposure. As stated before, Letttice
and lEndive for immediate use will need the protection
of a frame or similar contrivance. Make the final
sowing of Eddishes upon a nice sunny aspect, and do
not omit to sow the requisite Small Salading. W. ^.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONUON,
For the Week endingNov. 6, 1SB7, as observed at the Horticultural Gardens,

October

and
November.

Thurs. I

Friday

Satur.

Sunday

Mon.

Tues.

Wed.

Average

I >30.469

■ 130.485

130.190

29.877
29.837
30.227
30.396
30.219
30.222
30.336

30.247 30,159

T&UPEK&TDaE.

Max. MLn. Mean

53.B i .30.4 ' 42.0

1 foot 2 feet
deep. deep.

rr

Oct. 31 -Overcast and mild ; cloudy and fine ; overcast.
Nov. 1 -Overcast; fine; clear at night.

— 2 -Clear; bright sunshine ; claa r and frosty.

— 3 -Hcivyfog i clear; overcast at night.

— 4 -Overcast and cold ; overcast ; flne, overcast.

— 5— Clearaod tiiie : raasaes of white clouds; clear and frosty.

— 6 -Foggy ; hoar frost ; cloudy ; clear and froaty at night.
Mean temperature of the wceb, 3 5-10 deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE "WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, endins Nov. 16, IftflT,

No. of
Years in
which it
llained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Kain

Prevailing WmOs.

November.

2;

1
3
4
2
6
3
6

6
6
5
9
5
6
3

c4

4
7
9
5

\

5

2
1
3

2
C

1

9 11

7 9

3 8

4 11
611

i

2
6
7
6
G
7
6

5^

S5

Sunday ,.10
Mon. ..U
Tues. ..12
Wed. ..13
Thui-3. ..14
Friday ..15
Satur. ..16

50.4 1 34.1

50.5 31.3
50.5 ' 34,0
500 35.5
48.4 33.6
48 9 31.8
49.0 33,0

42.3
424
42 2
42,8
41.0
41. S
41.0

23
15
17
21
19
19
14

0.67 in.

1.02

0 50

1.16

1.2*

0.34

034

3
3
2
4
5
2
2

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
I2th, 1841— therm. 63 deg. ; and tbe lowest on the 15th, 1848— therm.
18 deg. ^

Notices to Correspondents,

Apple Tree. There is no fungus about the root. Both bark
and wood have been gnawed by some animal, which has
been almost as indefatigable as a beaver, some of the large
roots being completely gnawed through, while others are
half eaten. We have never seen a similar case before. MJ B.

A.VEKUES: H C. You may plant Pinus austriaca and Quercus
Ilex alternately for an avenue not more than 10 feet apart.
Stop the branches of those intended to be cut down or
thiuned, before they meet ; so that they may remain longer
and afford protection to the others. Trench the pits 2.J feet
deep, and in summer water freely four or five times. Trees to
succeed must be assisted in such a soil and situation as yours.

Ficus CooPERi : J H W. The fruit of this is, we believe,
uneatable ; it is certainly not palatable.

Insects: I H. We have microscopically examined the small
irregular shaped swellings on the rootlets of your young
Vines, without having been able to detect any trace of
insects within the woody gall-Uke secretion ; although we
have found in the outer crevices of one of them several
minute yellow eggs, like those of the Aphis which caused
the swellings on the leaves. W.

Names OF Fruit : Piiimpton. Apple, lIo\la.zidbu.ry.~ J F£lgge.
Apples : the following were correctly named, viz, , Hawthorn-
den, Cockpit, Citrlisle Codlin, Keswick Codlin, Yorkshire
Greeniucr, Lemon Pippin, Green Leadington, aud Flowery
Town ; Mank's Codlin is Hawthomden, Magnum Bonum is
Egg or White Paradise ; one fruit, with crimson blushed
cheek and acid flesh, is Hawthomden ; others unknown. —
J Stephention, Leigh Bill. Your seedling Pear is the
Urbaniste, reproduced from seed, a very excellent variety.

Names of Plants : A B. Your Fungus was much crushed in
the post. It is apparently Agaricus lentus. It is, however,
scarcely possible to make out species in so difficult a genua
as Agaricus from specimens sent by post, unless they are
carefully packed with dry soft paper in a box which will
not give way to stamping. M J B.

Passcflora quadbangularis : H M. The fruits of this are
eatable, but scarcely w orth eating in this country.

Sun Heat : Sun Dial. To know the amount of heat that may
be obtained from the sun's rays by glass placed in an
upright position, as compared ^ith that placed sloping, is a
problem which admits of an infinite number of solutions,
for it does not even yet admit of a definite answer till the
conditions of the inquiry are more particularly defined. It
depends on the slope at which the glass may be placed with
reference to the direction of the sun's rays ; for when these
impinge perpendicularly on the surface of glass they are
almost all transmitted ; on the contrary, when they come in
a very slanting direction more than half the rays glance off
without their heat being transmitted through the ^lass. In
an inclined direction a sheet of glass may be placed so as to
transmit all the rays, or so as to reflect a portion ; but in
the upright position all the rays cannot be received, because '
they must fall more or less obliquely on any upright plane
of glass, and a portion must always be reflected. To make
the most of the sun's rays, it is certain wo must employ
glass in a sloping position, and by so doing we could have
enough heat transmitted for growing tropical plants, if

we could but economise it.
Communications Received.— J. F. Brandon.— H. V.-
E. T.— J. Barnes-D. T. Fish.— D. Lumsden.
J. Walker— Dr. Bcuth.— J. F.

-H. L,—

feNotEMBBB 9, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AM) AGBICITT JURAL GAZETTE.

1149

THE ROYAL BERKSHIRE ROOT SHOW
will take plaoo at
READING, NOVEMBER 30, ISfi?.
PRIZES In VALUE ot more tlinii TWENTY GUINEAS will be
awiirded to tlio best Hiioclmcns of MANGEL WUKZKL, SWEUES,
KOHL KABI, TURNIPS, &o. For further partlouliira apply to
Sutton & SoNa, Reading.
N.B, No cbargo for entry.

New Grass Seeds for Exportation.

SUTTON AND SONS, luiving received their supply of
NEW GllASS SEEDS of tlio present Soiiaon'a Growth In flno
condition, will bo happy to forward lowest price per ton or cwt. on
application. All Sooda porfoctlv packed and delivered free to ship's
iide at any English Port. CAl^ALOGUES gmtia and post free
Sutton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed EutablisUmeut, Keaiiiuif.

~ "{^ RASS SEEDS for

^^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the

finest quality, at moderate prlcea,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See ■' WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES." which contains Illuatra*
tions and Ueacriptiooa of the moit
suitable Grasaoa for Permanent Faxture.

J. C. Whiklkr ft SoK,

Gloucester,

Seedamen to the OloucesterBhira
Agi-icultural Society.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT. WAWTREE, BOWLING,
AWD COMPANY, Limited.
CoKM, Skkd, Manure, and Oiluakc Mkrobants,
Addresti, S9, Seed Market, Marie Lane, E.G. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; ia02. lor "Excelliut Seed Com and Seeds."

Biggleswade Market Gardens, Beds.

RlCHAltl) WALKER can supply the following
CABBAGE PLANTS, tlie finest in England:—
RED. from the finest stock in the country, 4s. per 1000.
BAST HAM. ENFIELD MARKET, NONPAREIL, ROBINSON'S

CHAMPION, wiirrantod true, 2a. per lOOO, !u any quantity.
LETTUCE PLANTS, 6d. per 100. Terms cash.

To Farmers, Gardeners, and OtUers.

EXCELLENT CABBAGE PLANTS (Stocks not to be
surpassed), can be supplied In any quantity, as.foUows: —
TRUE DWARF NONPAREIL (the earliest and beat). 28.6d. per 1000
TRUE ENFIELD MARKET (extra fine Tariety), 2ji. OtI. perlOOO
TRUE ROBINSON'S CHAMPION DRUMHEAD, 2s. Cd. per 1000
TRUE RED DUTCH (for Pickling), 5s. per lUOO

A remittance or reference to accompany all orders.
Fbedk. Gee, Seed Merchant and Grower. Biggleswade, Bedfordshire.

Seed Fotatos.

HAND P, SHARPS are now offering MTATT'S
• EARLY PROLIFIC KIDNEY. RIVERS' ROYAL ASH-
LEAF, WEBB'S IMPERlALKtONEY. DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
tARLY OXFORD. EARLY FORTY-FOLD, and many other Early
and Late varieties grown from their own selected stocks. The
Prices are moderate, and the quality excellent. PRICED LISTS
may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

CUCUMBER "DICKSON'S FAVOURITE" or
ALL THE YEAR ROUND.
We can confidently recommend this as one of the best Winter
Cucumbers grown, while it is second to none for general purposes.
In Winter it grows about one foot long, and in Summer from
15 to IS inches, is of deep green colom-, very handsome, delicate in
flavour, and particularly tender, crisp and juicy. It is very prolific,
sbowing two to three fruit at every joint, and furnishes a continual
supply of handsome Cucumbers during the \V inter. Spring, and
Summer months. Per packet la. 6d. and 2s. M., pobt free.

Feancis & Ahthur Diceson & Sons, The " Old Established Seed
Warehouse, 100, Eastgato Street, Chester.

Telegraph Cucumber.

ROLLTSSONS' TELE-
GRAPH CUCUMBER, the
best Winter and Early Spring
variety in cultivation.

See Qardeners' Chronicle,

January 12, 1867.
See Qardeners' Ctiroiiicle,

March 16, 1867. ■
See Oardentrs* Chronicle,

August 31. 18C7.
See dardenera,' Chronicle,
October 12, 1807.
The above. In printed sealed
packets, '2s. 6d. each. Prices to the
Trade on application to

WtLLIAU RoLLISSON & SoNS,

The Nurseries, Tooting, London, S,

EARLY FLOWERING PLAtJTS for SPRING
GARDENING.
ALYSSUM SAXATILE COMPACTA. yellow, 45. p. doz. : 25«. p. 100
ANEMONE NEMOROSA PLENO, white. 3s. per doz. ; IS*, per 100
ARABIS ALBIDA. white. 3s. per doz, ; 158. per 100.

,, LUCIDA VARIEGATA, beautiful foliage. 6s. p. doz. ; iOs. p. 100
AUBRETIA PUHPUREA, lilac purple. 4jt. per doz. ; 25». per 100.

GRjECA, blue, Ck. per dozen ; 40s. per 100
BULBOCODIUM NARCISSIFLORUM, yellow, 43. per dozen-

30s. per 100
DORONICUM CAUCASICUM. yellow. As. per doz. ; 2Bs. per 100
EPIMEDiUM PINNATUM ELEGANS. yellow, 6t. per dozen

4i)s. per 100
EPIMEDIUM RUBRUM, red, fia. per dozen ; 40*. par 100

GRANDIFLORUM, white, 6.t. per dozen: 40«. per 100
IBERIS SEMPERVIRENS, white, 3s. per dozen ; 203. per 100
IRIS PUMILL.X. deep purple, fe. per dozen ; 30«. per 100
POA TRIVIALIS ARGENTEA ELEGANS, white edge leaf,

beautiful, 4s. per dozen ; 20s. per 100
OROBUS VERNUS, purple and red, 4j. per dozen ; 25s per 100
A large Collection of SPRING BLOOMING PLANTS, see Catalogue
Hewby Mat, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Y'orkshire.

WTieat

Sowing.

DOWN'S FARMER'S FRIEXD, for Preventing the
Smut in Wheat, and the Ravages of the Slu^, Grub, and
Wireworm. A 9(i. pacltet is sufficient forSii Bushels of Seed Wheat,
which can be dressed and fit to sow in a quarter of an hour.

Testimonials from the largest Wheat Growers in the Kingdom,
bearing testimony to Its great power and efficacy, may bo had of
Agents, who are appointed for every district.

Full directions for use are given with each packet.

Prepared at the Manufactory, Wobum, Beds.

Caution. — To guard against fraudulent imitation and consequent

disappointment, see that the signature of Hknbt Down is on the labeL

jLgeaii in every Town throughout Eoglaud, Sootlmad, and IrslAnd,

THE BIRMINGHAM CATTLE and POULTRY
SHOW._Tho NINETEENTH GREAT ANNHAL EXIIIItl-
TION of FAT CATTLE. SHEEP. PIGS. DOMKSriC POULTRY,
CORN, ROOTS anil IMPLEMENTS, will be huld In lUNGLKY
HALL on SATURDAY. MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY,
and THURSDAY, November 30, and December 2, 3, 4. and 6, 1807.

The Eshlbltors and the Public will bo admitted to Bingley Hall to
witness the Judging of the Cattle, .Sheep. Pigs, Roots, and Corn, on
.SATUunAV, November 3i)th, ut Nuie o'clock a.m., upon payment of
10». each. There will bo no AdmUalon to the Poultry Department
until after the Judtilne is completed.

The PRIVATE VIEW will t-vko place on MONDAY, the 2d of
December Admis-sion to Non-Subacrlbors, until ¥iva o'clock, 5s. ;
after that hour. Is.

The Exhibition will also bo open on TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
and THURSDAY. Admission. U.

For Special Railway Arrangements, see the Adverttsementd and
Bills of the several CoinpanleH. John U. Lytiiall, Secretary,

Offices, Stephenson Chambers, 30, New Street, Birmingham.

ROYAL AGRICULT URAL BENEVOLENT
INSTITUTION.
Patron — Hbh MAJtarv tiik Quuin.
President— U\a Ghacc tiik Dukt uv Richmond.
For the RELIEF of DKCAYED FARMERS, their WIDOWS
and ORPHAN DAUGHTERS; and fir ttio MAINTENANCE and
EDUCATION of their ORPHAN CHILDREN.

AlLOWANCIJ to pENaiONKRS.

Married . . £40 per aimiim | Male . . £26 per annum
Widow and Unmarried Orphan Daughters .. £20 per annum

Orphan Children admitted from 7 to 10 years of age, and wholly
maintained and educated until the age of 14 years in the case of
Boys, and IG years in the ca-so of Girls.

One Hundred and Five Ponsioners have already b^on placed on
the books of the Institution; and in addition to the number of
Pensioners to bo admitted at the next Election, tlie Council have
decided to Elect Ton Orphan Children.

Forms of Application for Pensioners and Children, and every
information, to be obtained of the Secretary, by whom Donations
and Subscriptions will be thank^illy received.

65. Charing Cross, London, S.W. Cuaklxs Sqaw, Secretary.

Eht ^ffticttltural <5ajette<

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 1867.

TuE gi-eat International Exhibition in the
Ohamp do Mars is closed ; and already, doubtless,
the galleries and outbuildings in which agricul-
tural implements and agricultural produce have
been exhibited, are being stripped — and engines
and machines over which thousands of wondering
eyes have wandered dming the past summer are
being packed off to foreign purchasers or to
English warehouses. The agricultural depart-
ment is the one which has benefited the least by
that elaborate and well devised scheme of
arrangment which has made it so easy for the
visitor to direct and to confine his studies,
whether to any given class of subjects exhibited
by a variety of nations, or to all the several
classes in which any one nation has displayed its
prowess and its skill. Agricultural machinery,
though in a few instances exhibited within the
Bunding, and then coming under that rule of
distribution there which has furnished so satis-
factory a clue to the searcher amidst its multi-
farious contents, has generally been shown
outside in sheds and buildings scattered pro-
miscuously amidst the many detached erections
of every kind with which the Park has been
crowded ; and it was to one and another of these
that any one desiring to compare this particular
class as it appears to-day with what was shown
in it in 1862 had to direct his attention.

The long gallery in which our own implement
makers displayed their wares has been again, as
it was five years ago, unquestionably in the fore-
most rank. Certain specific manufactures and
contrivances excepted — the Beet-root sugar
manufacture for one example, paper making from
■wood for another, some contrivances for drying
grain, &c., for others— all of them only inciden-
tally of agricultural importance — there can be
no doubt of the easy supremacy of our machine
making for agicultural purposes in all the
particulars of quality and economy of material
with reference to the needed strength in every
part, finish of workmanship, and fitness of the
contrivance and design to the purposes con-
templated.

Tillage implements, culminating in the several
rival forms of steam plough — machines for
sowing, mowing, reaping — carts and waggons,
threshing machinery and portable engines — all
are best in the British section of the class. It
is however cordially admitted, that the reapers
and mowers of the United States take equal rank
with those of English makers ; and that in them
we have in many cases to confess that advantage
derived from copying foreign models for our-
selves which we see that French and many other
manufacturers have derived from the copy of
what originated with us.

Of course, also, we do not insist that our
English implements in the hands of foreign
cultivators would do the work of tillage or even
perhaps of carriage, of harvesting, or preparing
for market, so well as their own less perfect
tools, as we, nethertheless, believe them to bo.
The race is won by the jockey as well
as by the horse ; and we do not suppose that
the short- breasted abrupt French plough, or even
the clumsy French waggon, with its front wheels

pretty much in the position of^lie'fore-steeraga
of our drills, would at once be advantageously
displaced by English implements. Novortholoss
it 19 plain that the foremost French and other
foreign manufacturers are gradually adopting
English guidance in the improvements of their
tillage implements, as they have already done in
the manufacture of portable steam-engines and
threshing machines. That we are still, never-
theless, a long way ahead of our disciples— as
much so as wo were at the last groat Inter-
national Show, where wo were at homo — has, wo
think, been made apparent at Paris, whore we
have been only visitors.

Among the more interesting items of the agri-
cultural exhibition in the Champ do Mars,
however, there are one or two to which there was
nothing whatever corresponding in the liriciah
section. We refer to the Dutch Dairy homo-
stead and the J^rench Farm-yard. The former
with its dwelling apartments for summer and for
winter — its working-rooms properly furnished
with all necessary dairy arrangements and
machineiy ; its cow-house, calves' stage, piggery,
and stable — contained a number of particulars
deserving English attention. The dairy imple-
ments need not be copied, nor perhaps the
arrangements either for holding the cow's head
or tying up her tail ; the width (length) of lair,
too, allotted for the cow indicates a smaller
animal than our own Shorthorns ; but the small
ti'oughs, a mere indent in the floor, which serve
as feeding places on each side of a roomy gang-
way between two rows, point to a lesson of
feeding in small quantities, fresh and fresh, which
is important ; and the size and depth of the
gutter behind for the reception of manure, is
another important thing, indicating tho need of
attending carefully to the preservation of other
valuable produce of the cow besides her milk.

The French Farm-yard, too, with its barn and
dwelling-house, its circular cow-house, with
14_ cows tied to a common circular trough, and
thence radiating out to a greater interval, where
there is ordinarily a risk of treading on one
another or on the calves, with a central store or
stage for provender, and all under a cheap
circular roof; the shed for sheep, 12 yards long
and about 4 deep, sufficient for three dozen
merino sheep ; the poultry-house on wheels,
furnished with laying boxes and roosting poles,
capable of being carried from field to field, and
thus, as the placard told us, helping the work of
destroying grubs in the fallows, as well as of
picking up waste corn in the stubbles ; all these
items possessed considerable interest for English
eyes — though very probably, amid the almost
interminable collection of what possessed more
general interest, comparatively few Enghsh eyes
may have looked upon them.

The farm-yards and farm-houses with their
inhabitants, quadruped and biped, are being
transplanted, doubtless now with implements
and machinery equally out of place, for use, to
more proper homes ; and we now can only hope
that the lessons, sown so wonderfully broadcast
as theirs this year have been, carried through the
eye and mind to a thousand homes and farms all
over the civilised world, may ultimately bear
some of the fruit to be expected from such
useful seed.

The important subject of Benefit Societies
FOR Country Labourers was admirably
introduced for discussion, last Monday, by Mr.
C. Howard, before the London Farmers' Club.
His paper, which well deserves perusal, is given
in another page. It is valuable as containing
not only the facts and arguments built on them,
belonging to Mr. How^uiD's personal experience
in Bedfordshire — but the opinions and the testi-
mony of many correspondents all over the country
known to him for their interest in the condition
of the labouring class. Nothing very note-
worthy was elicited dui'ing the discussion which
followed the lecture. The general effect of
it was to call upon the landowners and
farmers of the several localities to take
increased interest in the prosperity of the local
institutions ; to condemn as wasteful the
practice of holding their periodical meetings for
the receipt of funds at public-houses ; to insist
upon the monthly or periodical payments being
sufficient, according to trustworthy life-tables,
for the payments, in case of sickness, which are
guaranteed to subscribing members ; and to
advocate large societies, including the agricul-
tural populations of, at least, Umons or Petty-
Sessional districts, rather than small parish clubs.

The debate, if such it can be called, vaa

1150

T*HE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE aND AGRiCTJLftjfeAE GAZEtTE.

[NovBitBEi ^, isS?.

eiiHvened by a speeoli froin Mr. S. SlDifEY,
in which he declared, notwithstanding soinewhat
vigorous contradiction, how extremely unsatis-
factory is the plight of the agrioultui-al labourer
— ^working for ms employer as long as he can,
and then sujjposed, as the appropriate and
natural thing, to end his SLAja as a pauper.
Mr. OoNaREVjB, of Uugby, had disputed the
statement of one of Mr. Hol7AaD's cotrespon
dents, that Boards of Gruafdians ate not wiUinj^
to give relief to men who are receiving pay from
clubs when that pay is inadequate. On the
contrary, he declared that, so far as the law
allowed them, Boards of Giiatdiaus are invariably
disposed to stretch a point in favour of a man
■who has had the forethought and self-denial
during previous years to subscribe as inember of
a benefit cliib. Mr. Sidney's criticism was
based upon this eOiitest of opinion, in which both
sides assumed that pauperism is the natural
termination to a life of agricultural labour. It is
a notorious fact, as he contended, that men earning
agi'icultural wages do, as a nils, come at the end to
be dependent on the rsites ; and he urged strongly
that the payments riiade by the inember of a
benefit club while he was still in his prime,
should be more than enough to give him ' ' whole
pay" during so many weeks of any illness he
might suffer, and "half pay," and "quarter
pay," during successive terms — -ceasing altogether
towards the end of the year, and recommencing
"full pay " in a sdcond year, if the incapability
should remain, but terminating altogether at a
certain age. Better let the Institution be made
self-supporting throughout the life of the mSniber
— sufficient payment being required from him
when strong and well to secm-e a full and
adequate provision, not only during sickness,
but during old age ; and a sufficiently strict
administration being provided to ensure that no
one should declare himself upon the list of
recipients without real necessity.

The importance of a sufficient paynient being
requii'ed froni members was very urgently insisted
on by more thai! one speaker; and the import-
ance of such societies having the guarantee not
only of a sufficiently large body of subscribing
members, but also of a body sufficiently
numerous and interested of honorary mem-
bers, was pointed out. The practice of
holding meetings for business at public-
houses was condemned by every one as a useless
waste of funds. It is very much more. We
remember in the rules of a number of small
public-house clubs collected many years ago in
Gloucestershire, that there was invariably one
which forbade members during a business sitting
"fighting, or stripping to fight," the fine
being half-a-crown. And (as a discoui'agemeht
to drunkenness) a snialler fine of 3eZ. was levied
on any of the stewards of the meeting who should
be unable to distribute the beer without spilling
it ! Imagine a Committee inaugurating a new
club, and foreseeing the need of such rules under
the circumstances to which, by meeting at a
public-house, they were subjecting themselves !
To hold Stich meetings at such places, it is
plain, is not only wasteful but degrading.

On Tuesday last the Council of the OenTeal
Chamber oi? Agkiculturb held their usual
meeting. Twenty or thirty gentlemen, presided
over by Mr. 0. S. Read, M.P., met to consider
the interests of agricultrire in relation to Orders
in Council aboilt the cattle plague, and in f ela-
tion to the abolition of the Malt-tax. These
were the two subjects which had been remitted
to them ; and, after full discussion, courses of
actirin were resolved on with regard to each.
Taking the gentlemen present, either indi-
vidually or collectively, it might not perhaps be
considered a very influential gathering ; and any
resolution they might adopt would not, it might
be supposed, be calculated to exert much influ-
ence on the conduct of Government, or on the
condition of affairs. But yom' estimate on this
point wo^dd have been materiaUy altered haid
you heard each speaker in succession declare
himself, as most of them did, deputed by
meetings previously held in the various country
distriftts from which they came. " We had a
large and unanimous meeting Oil Salturday at
Banbui-y, the centre of an extensive grazing
district, and I am instructed to represent the
views of the agrioulttira;! body there." It
was in this style tb^t most of the speeches
opened ; afld m this way the Loioestershiro
Ohambe* of A^ricuHure, the Norfolk, Midland
OeitttieSj StiiiloriSshirS, Northern Oouaties,

t)evon arid Cornwall, Swindon, Hereford, Wor-
cestershire, and many other Chambers, had
representatives present or had sent the reso-
lutions which they had adopted.

It is plain that though 20 men may count for
little by themselves, yet, representing as the
Central Chamber now does a constituency of
7000 of the leading farmers and landowners of
the country, who through their local Chambers
send up to it what are virtually unanimous
opinions and demands, its representations to the
Government, backed as they will be by the
attendance of the county members of the several
localities on its deputations to the Minister,
must be listened to with respect, and cannot but
materially influence decisions. And its plan of
submitting each subject to full local discussion
before resolutions on it are urged through the
central mouthpiece on the Government, is the
best possible for obtaining a deliberate and iritel-
ligent decision on the points at issue.

On the present occasion it was argued by
Mr. Harris and Mr. Wilson, of Leicestershire ;
by Mr. Brawn and Mr. Masfen, of Stafford-
shire ; by Mr. Duokham, of Herefordshii-e ;
Mr. Osborne, and others, that it would be for
the interest of the English meat-consumer, as
well as for that of the English producer, if all
Foreign Stock were slaughtered at the point of
debarcation. The country is fuller of healthy
cattle at this moment, after every possible
hindrance has been put to foreign importation
for a couple of years, than ever it was before.
It is to this hindi'ance and jealous supervision of
imported Stock that our present freedom from
pleuro-pneunionia and foot-and-mouth disease,
iu which the meat consumer is as much
concerned as any one, can alone be attri-
buted. And it is evident that if ever free
importation of Foreign Stock shall again be
permitted, and foreign diseases accordingly gain
their former ascendancy, consumers will suffer
quite as much as producers.

The resolution ultimately adopted did not,
however, go the length of advising that aU Stock
should be slaughtered on being landed, but that
whereas the supply of wholesome meat in this
country has been diminished by the introduction
of cattle plague and other infectious diseases, no
sufficient security against such visitations will be
found unto, all imported Fat Stock are slaughtered
at waterside markets at the ports of landing, and
until similar regulations to those now in opera-
tion for Foreign Store Stock are enforced for the
importation of Sheep.

We may add here that resolutions to the same
eflect were adopted on Wednesday last, at a
meeting of the Smithfield Club, viz. — That all
Foreign Fat Stock be slaughtered at the place of
landing ; and. That Sheep be included in the
present quarantine regulations for Store Stock.

A deputation from the Chamber will wait on
the Home Secretary this month, to urge their
resolution on the attention of Government. And
that no time should be lost is plain, from the
announcement made that many of the Orders in
Council, relative to the enforcement of quaran-
tine upon imported Stock, are about to be
cancelled.

On the subject of the Malt-tax, to which
attention was subsequently directed, it ■^as in
the meantime remitted to the local Chambers to
recommend gentlemen from whom witnesses
may be chosen to give evidence before the Select
Committee of the House of Commons.

The Chamber is at a future meeting to discuss
the education of the agricultural laboiu'er and
the working of the Highway Act — both of them
subjects on which action will probably be taken
during the ensuing Session of Parliament.

The " Journal of the Society of Arts " states

that the French experiments in steam • ploughini;,
referred to at p. 1103 as having lately taken place at
Petit-Bourg, under the auspices of an independent
committee of agriculturists, were all the more important
from the fact that they were not competitive, that there
were no prizes given, and that every operation was
watched, reported, and commented on by competent
judges and witnesses; it wa? a practical exposition of
tacts before an experienced audience. M. CTaETHitiD,
who discusses the subject in the pages of the " Journal
d' Agriculture," objects to the conclusion that had been
drawn by others, that the problem of steam ploughing
was solved in the case of large farms and soils not
encumbered with stones, but not in other oases. He
expresses his conviction of the admirable working of
both FOwlBr's and HowaEd's systems, and adds, after
lour years' expei'ience of the latter, that " for all super-
ficial operations, and in all soils free from stones and
dilficulties, ploughs, extirpators, and other implements
drawn by animals, give a piore economical if not a
more Mguliir result ttaa the Steani fitOTi^li. wHto

the depth exceeds about 10 inches, which would
require the use of four horses at least, when the soil is
dry and hard, in stony land in which the course of the
implements is impeded, the steam plough is more
economical, more etfective, and more regular than
implements drawn by animals, and the economy
increases in geometrical ratio with the difficulties to be
overcome." Now, as middling-sized and small farms
are cultivated to a greater depth, says M. Gtteveaud,
than large ones (and herein lies the secret of their
trops), the former have more to gain from steam
cultivation than the latter. It is true, he adds, that
each small farmer could not afford to purchase a steam
|)lough, but by uniting together they may obtain a
machine which costs nothing while idle, whereas
horses are doing nothing half the year, and eat every
day. M. GxiE yeatjd is further of opinion that the speed
attempted with steam ploughs is too great; they
generally try to achieve a yard per second, which is too
fajiid in stony ground, and causes shocks and irregu-
larity in the work, while if the speed be reduced and
the width and depth of the furrow increased, there is a
positive gain both in regularity and economy. He
recommends a speed of about 20 inches per second, and
Says he has found it most effective. " I must add," he
says, " in favour of steam cultivation, that whereas the
practical value of traction by animals decreases with
the difficulties to be surmounted and the number of
animals required, that of a steam plough, on the coji-
trary, increases with the difficulties to be overcome."
Conclusions thus derived from long study and practical
experience, says the "Journal of the Society of Arts,"
cannot fail to be valuable, if only in inducing serious
consideration of the subject to which they refer. But
we may add that a longer practical experience of steam
ploughing exists in this than in any other country, and
we believe that if the mere question of cost is to rule a
decision, the most striking economy has been realised
on large farms of light and shallow soil where full sway
has been given to the speed which M. GuEYEAtri)"
deprecates.

• ■ We are informed by a circular from the Statis-
tical Department of the Board of Trade, that the aggre-
gate Agricultural Eeturns for Great Britain in 1S87
have j ust been made up, and under corn crops of all kinds
there were iu .England and Wales 7,9-11,578 acres, against
7,921,214 acres returned in 1866; and in Scotland
1,367,012 acres, against 1,366,540 acres in 1366. The
land under Wheat is returned for England and Wales
at 3,255 917 acres, against 3,975,293 acres in 1866 ;
and for Scotland at 115,118 acres, against 110,101 acres
in lS6fi. The number of cattle is returned for England
and Wales as 4,017.790, against 3,848,435 in 18G6 ; and
for Scotland as 979,1/0 against 937,401 iu 1866.
Sheep are returfied foir England and Wales to the
number of 32,097,286 against 16,793,204 in 1866 ; and
for Scotland to the number of 6,893,603 against
5,255,077 in 1866. The large increase ih the number
of sheep returned in 1867, as compared with the
previous year, is to be accounted for by the fact that
the returns in 1866 were made for the purpose of the
cattle plague inquiry at a date preceding the lambing
season in sotrie parts of Great Britain.

■ It is announced that the following special

awards have lieen made to English and American
firms who took part in the great Agricultural Exhibi-
tion at the Island of Billancourt :— 1st grand prize,
Messrs. Eansome & Sims, of Ipswich; 2d, Messrs.
J. &F. HowAED, of Bedford; 3d, Mr. M'Coemick ;
4th, Mr. C. R. Maekham, for the successful introduc-
tion of the cultivation of Quinine into British India.
Second-class prizes, consisting of a Gold Medal and an
olj'et d'art, have been awarded to Messrs. Waltee
Wood & Co., Messrs. Smtth & Sons, of Peasenhall ;
and Messrs. Gaeeett & Sons, of Leiston. English
subjects not being permitted to receive foreign decora-
tions, a Special Silver Medal has been awarded to Mr.
John Head, one of the partners of Messrs. RansoME
ct Sims, who are the only English manufacturers thus
honoured- at Billancourt.

A case of some importance to the seed trade

and to farmers is reported in the North British Agri-
culturist of Wednesday last, in which 117^. damages
against the seedsman were awarded to the plaintiff by
the Sheriff's Court of Cupar, on account of seed
purchased as that of Aberdeenshire Yellow Turnip
turning out to be a softer and less hardy kind, so that
the crop perished under the frost of January last,
whereby loss to that amount resulted to the farmer.

SHORTHORN INTELLIGENCE.

We hear from Canada of the safe arrival of

Eosedale, the 6-year-old cow, bred by Lady Pigot, and
purchased at the Duke of Montrose's sale in August
for 235 gWneas. The Hon. David Christie of Ottawa,
Canada, writes : " Rosedale reached Montreal iiii
safety. She calved on the passage, all well. She was
purchased by Mr. Beattie for Mr. Cochrane, Lower
Canada, who lives some 400 miles from here. She was
shown at our Kingston Show, and took a 1st prize."
Mr. Christie further announces the safe arrival
of a 200 guinea purchase he made of Mr. Carr,
of Stackhouse, a bull calf. Knight of St.
Geoege. He says, " Beyond the loss of flesh he has
not suffered by the voyage. I like the calf very much,
and have great expectations from him. He seems to
promise to be very much such a bull as AVindsoe
was." Knight of St. GEoege is from a Windsor
cow (Windsor's Queen), and by Peince of THE
Realm, both sire and dam being of the famous £liss
tribe, novy the leading family at Warlaby. The
Knight is half brother to " Windsoe Fitz-Wind-
SOK," also bred by Hr. Carr, and sold to Mi'. Willes,
of Carperby, and whose resemblance to his paternal and
maternal grandsire; Windsoe, is also tery renmrkable.
^UseSUli'iiietdittti^fi ffiove is thtfSdestrib&d ii Mr. e*f r's

NoVBMBEll 9, 1867.]

THE GARDENEHS' OHKONKlLE AND AGRlCtlLTtJRAL GAZETTE.

il6i

book on the Booth herds. He is referring to the pnze-
takers in Liidy Pigot's herd, and says :— " To enume-
rate all these prize-takers would be impossible and
superfluous, but one we must mention— iioserfti/e— a
name which nuist last as long :is Shorthorn records
may onilure; Rosedale, perhaps tho most beautiful
heifer England bad ever seen in lier show-yards since
the time when Queen of the May elerfrilifd Uionij and
whose many victories recalled tho nieninry ol tho

£roud triumphs of Necklace and of Bracelet,
lesoended from a celebrated Booth cow of Mr. May-
nard's, and herself a daughter of VeIa.sco, to whom
her dam, Rosey, was in calf when translerred from
Stackhouse to iirancbes Park, this lovely heifer was
wliolly liooth, with tho exception that one-eighth of
her blood was derived I'mui tlic ucvcr-beateu prize bull
Belleville. All her victories were won before she had
completed the ago of two years and a half; while
nothing can show more positively the strength and
stamina of the Booth cattle than the circumstance
that Eo.iedale, now the property of the Duke of Mon-
trose, notwithstanding all her training, has since bred
with the greatest regularity; while her dam, Rosey,
the properly of Mr. Storer, of Hellidon, though no\V
between It "and 1.') years old, continues to give birth
annually to a living calf, and after her last mdkcd well
for eight months, the hist live of which she was again in
calf." Bosedale vim bought by the Duke of Montrose
at Lady Pigot's sale for 217 guineas (see p. IIOS).

We see in the latest Catalogue of the Sittyton

Shorthorns, among the young bulls coming in for use
in that lierd is Sioxru Rose (25,099), a son of Rose-
dale, by Scottish Chief (32,819).

It is an extraordinary illustration of the value

of the pure Duchess blood that Captain Gunter's young
bulls leave him, as calves, for ,'10(1 guineas apiece, as fast
as he can breed them. The Wetherby herd are reported
to be doing remarkably well in every way— all the
animals breeding, and the young things more promising
than ever. Within the past few weeks two bull calves
have been sold at the price just named — and there is
but one now remaining unsold, 5th Dukeof Whabfe-
DALE, out of Dnchess S6th — he was calved la-st February.
The two bull calves sold are " 2d Dukb of Colling-
HAM " by " 3d Duke of Wharfedale, from Duchess
81," the cow for which 1000 guineas was offered by Mr.
Belts. This calf wa.s bought by Mr. Rich, of Didmar-
ton, Gloucestershire. The other wa-s sold last week to
Mr. Robarts, of Lillingstone Dayrell, Buckingham,
calved 29th June last, and is named " DuKE of ThE-
gunteb" (after an estate belonging to Captain Gunter).
He is rich roan, and is by 3d Dcke of Wharfedale
from " Dnchess 93."

THE GOLDEN SHORTHORNS.
" Eight out of tho nine shorthorns of Ensrlish blood, which
• Our American Cousins ' and Mr. Strafford have just sold back
to us in a Windsor hotel, averaged nearly 410i. a-picce."
Mvy/iing Paper.

Mr. Strafford raised his time-glass,

And Thornton held the pen,
When to a Windsor coffee-room
Flocked scores of Shorthorn meii.

They crowded round the table.

They fairly blocked the door ;—
He stood Champagne did Sheldon,

Of Geneva, Illinois.

They talked of 0.>:for J heifers,

Duchess bulla, and bow the States
Had como into the market

With another " Bit of Bates."
Their expression is so solemn,

And so earnest is their tone.
That nought would seem worth living for

But " lied and White and Roan,"

All ready for the contest,

I view a dauntless three —
The Macintosh from Essex,

A canny chief is he.
There's Leney from the hop yards ;

'Twill be strange if he knocks under.
When once the chords are wakened .

Of thfit Kentish "Son of Thunder."

The Talleyr.and of " triuners "

Is their 'cute but modest foe,
Him whom the Gods call " CitlsTiaw,"

And men on e.arth call " Joe."

He loves them " points all over,"

With bright dew on the nose ;
And in his heart of hearts is *rifc,

"A touch ofjiarmpton Rose/'

And sure, it well might puzzle

" The Gentleman in Biack,"
When the three nod on " by twenties,"

To know which you should back.
And sure, the laws of N.ature

Must have burst each jlncient bound,
When a yearling heifer fetches

More than seven hundred pound !
Bulls bring their weight in bullion,

And I guess we'U he.ar of more.
Arriving from the pastures

Of Geneva, Illinois.

320 to 250 yards, and shed Q, upon the by-road lead-
ing up to tho farm, had originally been placed there
for use as a (luaranline shod, in which animals freshly
inirchased might pass some time before being drafted
into tho other sheds.

Pundi.

THE CATTLE PLAGUE.

To THE El'ITOR OF THE "AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE."

Sir, — I have great pleasure in acceding to your
request to send you a full account of the mode of
treatment by which I consider that I arrested the
spread of the rinderpest at the Lodge Farm, near
Barking. And for the benefit of those of your readers
who do not know anything of the particulars of the
outbreak, I will precede my description of the treat-
ment by a short account of the outbreak itself.

Fqotpatb

\

[ Sbed

Road

Sbed

J'^

Road

Shed I F

G r Sied

100 yards

After the second outbreak of rinderpest in tlie
London dairies, which took place in the spring of the
present year, and which was traced just a^ clearly as
the original outbreak to importation from abroad, the
disease gradually spread eastwards out of the metro-
politan district, and the Lodge Farm had been in a
"declared" district for some considerable time; the
effect being that with a standard stock of 300 cows we
were unable to move any fat cow oui of the place alive,
and in order to obtain something approaching to their
real value, we were tempted to admit the butcher on
the premises to select his cows and kill them, and take
them away when it suited his convenience.

Of course it is hardly ever possible in such a case to
be able to find any one fact or circumstance which
affords positive and conclusive proof of the particular
route by which the intangible seeds of infection are
brought, and at that time not only was there a great
deal of rinderpest, both acknowledged and unacknow-
ledged, raging in and about London and its suburbs,
but there were also many cases of foreign cattle exhi-
bited in the metropolitan market suffering under
decided and often, I am assured, even advanced
symptoms of rinderpest, and it would have been
almost impossible for a butcher frequenting the
market to have avoided bringing away the infection in
some form or another, even if he had never, either
wittingly or unwittingly, purchased and slaughtered
animals infected by rinderpest, or in which the
symptoms had actually developed into disease. But
there can be little doubt that the probabilities are
strongly in favour of a butcher in the habit of
purchasing stock on the east side of London, and
frequenting the metropolitan market, having during
those weeks slaughtered perhaps several animals, at all
events infected, if not diseased, and in such a case the
poleaxe especially would retain the infection, even did
the man's clothes happen to be what a butcher's clothes
never are— namely, clean. It may therefore be almost
taken for granted that the butchers who came upon
the farm were carrying about with them the seeds of
infection wherever they went ; and the mode in which
the disease showed itself upon the farm, though not
conclusive evidence that the infection was brought by
the butchers, is yet most perfectly in accordance with
this theory.

Sheds A and C (in the positions relatively to B
indicated by the letters in the plan) contained 11 and
0 stalls respectively. Into these sheds the fat cows were
gradually drafted, and it was these sheds that the
butchers frequented, although they could not help
passing shed B of 51 stalls, which was placed, as will be
seen by reference to the plan, halfway between the two,

Where disease is not suspected, and when there is a
difl'erence of at most only a tew hours, it is very
difficult to be quite sure which cattle first show the
symptoms of disease. In the present case there is no
doubt whatever that the disease showed itself from the

By the accompanying plan it will be seen that there ■ first in sheds A and C, and as far as I have been able,
were at the Lodge Farm seven sheds for cattle, and by many close cross-e.xaminations of the men in
these sheds were lettered as I have lettered them upon charge, to ascertain, the contagion showed itself in
■tfae plan. Sheds A, B, and C, were at the homestead those two sheds, a few hours at all events before
itself'. Sheds D, E, and F, scattered at intervals of symptoms of illness were detected in shed B. But no

doubt among so large a niuuber of cows as were then
in shed B symptoms ol^ disease might have been over-
looked for some hours, and the disease may really and
truly have broken out simultaneously in all three
sheds; but even were this so, it would bo no proof
that the butchers had not been the distributors of the
disease. If it had been possible to prove that the
disease appeared first in only A and C, then the ease
would have been so clear, and the circumstantial
evidence so strong, as hardly to admit of a doubt : but
I confess that the evidence is uevertliclcss so strong
that I for my part entertain no doubt that the butchers
brought the disease.

Tlio first symptoms of illness were detected on Friday,
the 2(llh of July, in A, B, and C. 'The next appear-
ance of the disease was in shed G, on Sunday evening,
the 28lh of July. Tho next attack was seen in shed
F, in two cows, which were at once moved out and
taken down to shed G. By this time several of the
cows first attacked were very ill, and a veterinary
surgeon had been called in, but he, as well as everybody
on the farm, was misled by the similarity of the
symptoms to a very strange and somewhat unaccount-
able attack which the cows in shed A had laboiired
under some six weeks previously. On that occasion,
however, instead of the cows gradually showing sym-
toms of disea.se one after the other, they were all taken
ill at once, or very nearly so, and the purging and
other symptoms were much more violent, but the cows
recovered in 18 hours and remained perfectly well.
Still, the similarity of the symptoms was so great that
no one suspected for a moment, on the second ocoa-
siom the presence of cattle plague. The first cow died
on Tuesday, the 30th of July, in shed C. The second
cow died the fbllowing day in shed G, and this cow was
one of tho two cows moved out from shed F, and was
the most rapid case of all, only 36 hours elapsing
between tlie detection of the attack and death.

The veterinary surgeon had by this time advised us
to send for the butcher and have several of the cows
killed, because he confessed himself unable to fathom
the mystery which then appeared to surround the
disease; and from that time forward cows were being
killed coutinuously.

The manner in which the cows were taken ill
successively, the similarity and violence of the
symptoms, the assurance of the veterinary surgeon
that the disease was not the rinderpest,
and the concurrence in that opinion by the stock-
keeper and every man best alMe to judge, induced me
to imagine that it might be poison, either administered
unintentionally or intentionally in the food, and so
strongly did all the facts of the case appear to point in
that direction that on Wednesday, July 31, 1 had the
inside of one of the most diseased cows packed up in
two large tins and sent to the Royal Veterinary College
for analysis. But the whole aspect of the affair was
now so serious that Professor Brown, of the Veterinary
Department of the Privy Council, was called in on the
1st of August. He examined a large number of the
cows, especially in sheds A and C, where the worst
eases were- He then proceeded to a field where one of
the two cows was being buried, and made a post mortem
examination, and he told us that although it might be
just possible that the disease was not the rinderpest,
yet that he had very little expectation to the contrary,
and he was then kind enough to give us what was
really quite a dissertation on cattle plague. He
explained, as far as science bad been able to discover it,
tlie action of the disease, pointing out at the same"
time the reasons of the very great difficulty which
must attend any attempt to cure it. In the post mortem
examination he showed us that the third stomach
appeared to have lost its power of grinding the food,
that the food lay very much as it had been swallowed,
that tlie intestines were in places very much inflamed.
He said that such symptoms might occasionally he
found arising from other causes, but that in true
rinderpest the food lying in the third stomach for
several days together undigested began to putrefy, and
that the putrefaction of the food produced inflam-
mation of the intestines and a sort of putrefaction of
the mucous membrane of the animal; hence the sicken-
ing and revolting stench, hence also the ulcers which
appeared in later stages of the disease in the animals'
mouths ; and he said that he had on the present occasion
detected every symptom of rinderpest except this la,st
one, that certain cows in sheds A and C were so ill that
if the disease was rinderpest they could not fail to
exhibit ulceration of the mouth on the following day,
and that, although that again was not in itself, and by
itself, a certain and never-failing sign of the rinderpest,
yet that the concurrence of all the symptoms already
apparent, together with the ulcerat,ion of the mouth,
would not be susceptible of explanation upon any other
theory whatever. I'hat in fact there was no single and
never-failing test for rinderpest, its presence could only
be detected by the concurrence of known symptoms,
aiii/ of which might be produced by difl'erent maladies,
and several of which, perhaps, might be detected in
the same animal, arising from a totally difl'erent cause,
but all of which together could never exist except in
a case of genuine rinderpest.

The following day, viz., the 2d of August, when he-
returned to the farm, he found, as he dreaded, tliat the
last remaining chance had gone, and that ulceration in
the mouth had set in, in the case of several of the cows.
He, therefore, unhesitatingly pronouned it genuine
rinderpest, and sent for the inspector. The inspector
agreed with him at once, and indeed there was then no
room for any doubt, and the dreary work of slaught-
ering and grave-digging commenced.

I may here briefly recapitulate what the symptoms
of rinderpest are. First, rise in internal temperature—
andthissymptommaybedetectedtwo oreven threedays
before any other, and in the case of cows it is very easy
of detection. The next symptom, in the case of cows.

1162

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOTEMBEB 9, 1867.

is sudden and complete stoppage of the secretion of
milk, and, in the case of both cows and oxen, loss of
appetite, loss of the power of chewing the cud, running
at the eyes and mouth, generally a slight cough, great
heaving at the sides and disinclination or even inability
to stand, with a staggering drunken appearance when
standing ; laying out the head when lying down and
resting the chin on the manger or on the ground, with
a great appearance of distress, pain, and uneasiness ;
drooping and flopping of the ears, violent purging with
brownish evacuation, degenerating into a bloody
mucous discharge, disgusting stench of the breath and
evacuations, unnaturally inflamed appearance, m cows,
of the vagina with a sort of chocolate and pink streaks ;
exceeding weakness, slowness, and irregularity of the
pulse ; external cold, varied by alternations of warmth
and even heat; lastly, ulceration of the mouth and
throat, and throughout a steadily increasing difficulty
in breathing.

This is the genuine rinderpest, and a most terrible
disease to witness. The stench of the animals is most
sickening and loathsome, and their melancholy, hope-
less, dejected appearance, in many cases accompanied
by a low moaning, is a most painful and distressing
sight, and one which I sincerely trust I may never see
again ; and the silent and stealthy manner in which
the disease makes its ravages, proceeding onward from
stall to stall and shed to sned, neither slackening nor
hastening its pace, but always gaining ground, seems
to clothe it with a malignant individuality, which I
can well believe must often paralyse the action of the

the action of this contagious poison after it had once
begun to operate upon the system, and from the very
great difficulty which unfortunately exists in operating
on the third stomach of bovine animals, as they cannot
be made to vomit, and as no injection will pass
upwards beyond the fourth stomach, it seemed to me
somewhat doubtful whether, when the disease had
once set in, the animal could be cured solely by carbolic
acid, as, even if that agent neutralised the poison of the
rinderpest, and stopped the further development of the
infection in the system of the animal, the latter might
nevertheless die from some diseased action set up in
its system by some secondary cause. No doubt Mr.
Crookes' experiments on Mr. Button's farm by the
injection of carbolic acid into the blood of the animals
were most remarkable, and it is possible that in the great
majority of cases such an operation, if skilfully per-
formed, with a quantity of carbolic acid exactly suited
to the strength or weakness of the animal's constitu-
tion, might have complete success ; but I conceive that
these experiments of Mr. Crookes by injection are not
by themselves quite conclusive, and I confess I was a
little nervous about performing so delicate an operation.
Moreover, for several days I could not procure a suf-
ficent supply of even tolerably pure carbolic acid, such
is the shameless system of adulteration practised by
the majority of our chemists, who in this particular
only follow what has, I fear, now become the common
rule among British manufacturers and shopkeepers.

Not being able then at first to procure enough
carbolic acid for the whole of the sheds, or indeed any-

uau well ueiieve uiuau uiucu paiaijoc uud a^uiuu vi uuo i uai uuin, autii iwi uuc tmuic ui uuc ou^.uo, \ji iuu^qv^ auj-

ignorant and superstitious ; for although, whatever ! thing else except quicklime, I resolved to concentrate

may be my sins of ignorance I cannot plead guilty to
much superstition, yet I felt, in the efibrts which I
subsequently made to arrest the progress of the disease,
as if I were struggling hand to hand with a personal
principle of evil ; and the hourly report of beast after
beast being stricken down by this mysterious
malady, and the continual slaughter of the animals.

my energies upon the two sheds lettered E and F, and
to take them into my especial and sole charge. In
addition to quicklime inside and outside of those sheds,
I placed a belt of quicklime of about 20 feet in width,
3 or 4 inches deep, across each of the roads leading to
the sheds and removed from their doors some 30 or
40 feet. I also placed similar belts, but rather wider, at

and digging of graves by night as well as by day, were the entrance gateways leading from the principal farm

indeed almost enough to deprive one of action, and
make one give up the combat as too unequal.

I felt it necessary, however, to make an exertion and
shake oS' such feelings of despondency, and by at once j
commencing a course of vigorous action to rekindle
hopes of effecting some good both in my own mind and
among the men. I therefore sent off every available
horse and cart for lime, and sent to all the chemists I •
could think of for chloride of lime and carbolic acid, !
and then I set to work to check as far as possible the
further re-infection of the different sheds; for, as Prof
Brown truly said, since the disease had actually been
raging for a week before it was recognised, the infec- j
tion must have existed on the farm for more than a
fortnight; and as during all this time no extra precau-
tions of any kind had been taken, all the sheds must
have already been thoroughly infected ; and so convinced
was he of this, and so many disappointments in
attempts to save stock had he been witness to, that he

road, and I suffered no one on any pretence whatever
to pass inwards over the second belt of lime, and the
men in the sheds were only suflered to pass outwards
when they carried out and deposited the milk which
was afterwards fetched away, or when they went out
to carry in their food, which had been previously
deposited outside those belts ; the Grass for the cows
being brought by hired horses and carts, which were
kept when not in work at the extremity of the farm
farthest from the homestead. I also used in the sheds
as much chloride of lime as I could procure, some 6 or
7 cwt. in all.

Among the great number of other cases of real and
supposed cures of rinderpest, of which he had more
or less knowledge. Prof. Brown told me of a case of
20 cattle imported from abroad with symptoms of
rinderpest, the importer of which, averse to the poleaxe,
attempted to cure them, and did so by simply feeding
them upon nothing but liquid food, and that in moderate

repeatedly said that in his opinion nothing in the world i quantities. Out of 20, he saved no less than 13. This,
could possibly save a single beast on the whole farm, too, the Commissioners state, was the only useful part
Nevertheless, remembering my family motto, Spes of Mr. Worms' treatment, and in view of the com-
tamen hifracfa, I thought that while there was life j plete suspension of the functions of the third stomach,
there was hope, and determined to do more than any- 1 it appeared to be logical and sound, as, at all events, if
body had ever done before. Where one man had used , adopted before the disease had actually manifested
a hundredweight of quicklime I determined to use a j itself, it is quite clear that the great secondary cause of
ton, and where one man had used a pint of carbolic death, namely, putrefaction of the food in the third
acid I resolved to expend a gallon, so that if by the ! stomach, would be removed, and therefore the animal
employment of any known disinfectant or antiseptic ' could not die in the same manner as it would otherwise

agents the course of the disease could by any possibility
be checked, it should be ; and of course one of the first
steps to such a desirable result was to prevent what I
have termed the re-infection of the sheds, for to deal
with the undeveloped germs of the disease in infected,
but not actually diseased, animals would clearly be
much facilitated if there were no fresh seeds of infec-
tion continually being brought into the sheds.

The first thing therefore that I did was to make use
of all the means at my immediate disposal, and the
only substance I had at hand to deal with in any large
quantity was lime. This I slaked in small pyramids
in the centres of the sheds. 1 also laid trains of it out-
side the sheds underneath the ventilators, and then
slaked it. This I have no doubt, especially in those
sheds where there was as yet no actual diseased animals,
was very benefical. I also smothered the roadways and
paths at different points in layers of quicklime, 3 or
4 inches deep, selecting places where ditches or palings
or other obstructions on either side would compel
every vehicle and foot-passenger, or dog or other living
thing, to pass through the bed of lime, and having done
what I could for the moment, I then withdrew for
some hours, and deeply studied and pondered over
Mr. Crookes' invaluable pamphlet. It so happened
that by the merest accident I had some knowledge
of the nature and properties of carbolic acid,
and was not altogether surprised at the great
confidence which Mr. Crookes put in its powers,
or at the great results which he achieved. I would
strongly recommend any of your readers who may wish
really to understand the question, and to arrive at
some faint idea of the principles of infection, to study,
as I did, this pamphlet ; for I think I have never met
with any treatise in any language so carefully and
impartially written, or with any series of experiments
so ably and successfully conducted, and I think that,
having done so, your readers will agree with me that
there is little doubt, especially after the result of the
experiment with the healthy ox placed in a small shed
on Mr. Daniel's farm, in actual contact with a succes-
sion of diseased animals which were allowed to die in
the shed, that Mr. Crookes has proved carbolic acid to
be as nearly an absolute and complete specific against
the infection of the rinderpest — and, I have little doubt,
of all other organic poisons and infections — as it is
possible to imagine any chemical agent can be. How-
ever, from what Prof. Brown had explained to me of

do in the ordinary course of rinderpest.

Whether this treatment of a purely liquid diet could
have much eflect after the disease had actually mani-
fested itself, is another question, and perhaps may
depend in some degree upon what it would be very
difficult to determine, namely, the precise stage at
which this stagnation of the third stomach sets in.
Whatever might be the advantages to be derived from
this system, I determined that, in the absence of suffi-
cient carbolic acid, the stock in sheds E and F
should receive its benefit, and I therefore for some
two days deprived them of all solid food ; and as
Prof. Brown explained to me that, in the high state of
internal fever induced by rinderpest, the action of the
system upon ordinary gruel, containing the grit of the
meal of which it was made, would be to absorb the
moisture and leave a hard cake or ball of dry meal in
the stomach, I had all the gruel that I made (and I had
several people doing nothing for several days but
making gruel) strained through fine muslin, and the
meal that I used was from Linseed and Barley. Prof
Brown also suggested, and I believe it was a most
valuable suggestion, the addition of an ounce of
sulphite or hyposulphite of soda to each portion of
gruel, to stimulate the action of the glands and of the
cud -chewing apparatus ; and in order to keep up their
strength and in desperation at the non-arrival of a
sufficient supply of carbolic acid, I gave the animals
each day for the first three days a couple of quarts of
beer with a large dose of quinine or salicine dissolved
in it. I also gave them at a different time of day 50 drops
of the homceopathic tincture of arsenic. But the
quinine and arsenic I looked upon as merely a sort of
fancy stopgaps pending the arrival of pure carbolic
acid. This I was first able to procure in limited quan-
tities (pints and half pints, which among 111 cows were
mere drops) by emptying divers chemists' shoos in
London of the solid white carbolic acid manufaotured
by F. C. Calvert & Co., of Manchester, and this is
certainly the purest carbolic acid known in commerce,
and it is the only carbolic acid which I should care to
take or to administer to any other human being
internally, but then it is very expensive, and for
cattle it IS unnecessarily refined.

Prof Brown had informed me that a practically
though not chemically pure carbolic acid was manu-
factured by Messrs. Low & Son, and sold at the mode-
rate price of 3^. 6d. a gallon ; and I had at once tele-
graphed for a cask of this, with directions that it should

be forwarded, regardless of expense, by the most rapid
route, and by passenger train, marked " urgent,"
"immediate," and so forth. The Messrs, Low de-
spatched it most promptly, but owing to that invari-
able railway mismanagement for which England has
now become so celebrated and pre-eminent, the cask
remained four days in Loudon before it was forwarded
to Barking. When it arrived I felt comparatively easy
in my mind, but until it did arrive, and while I was
emptying one chemist's shop after another of their
wretched stores of weak black adulterated stulfatSj.
a gallon and upwards, and still unable to procure any
quantity at all commensurate with the necessities of
the case, I was, as may be imagined, in no very com-
fortable frame of mind.

To return, however, to the progress of the disease.
Matters continued in the state 'which I have
described until the 14th of August. The cows in sheds
A, B, C, and G, continued to manifest one after the
other symptoms of the disease, and were being killed as
rapidly as the butchers could perform their work,
some of them being buried as unfit for human food,
others being sent up to town by the inspector as
healthy meat, to be sold for the benefit of the county.
On the morning of Wednesday, the 14th August, I
was nearly driven to depair by finding that one cow
in shed E was stricken down, and getting the news
simultaneously that six cows were attacked in shed D.
The cow in shed E was exceedingly ill. She was lying
down, apparently unable to get up, with her chin on
the manger, ears flopping, eyes and nose discharging,
sides heaving, great appearance of distress and dejec-
tion, as well as pain and suffering, pulse feeble and
irregular, body cold ; her milk had completely stopped,
she had lost her appetite and power of chewing the
cud, and purging had already set in, the evacuations
having the same colour and consistency as in the
other cases, and both evacuations and breath having
the same unmistakable and offensive stench, the vagina
also presenting the same appearance of inflammation
and discoloration. She was about the middle of one
division of the shed, with cows almost touching her on
each side, and I confess when I found her so ill I began
to think that there was no chance of saving any of
them. For some few minutes I could do nothing but
watch her with dismay. However, I felt that if any
of the other cows were to be saved at all I must
take some very prompt and very strong measures. As I
have already stated, I had got supplies of carbolic acid
from a great number of different chemist's shops, and
although all that I had been able to purchase, with the
exception of that manufactured by Calvert & Co., of
Manchester, had been more or less impure and
adulterated, yet there were diflferent degrees of impurity,
and the last supply that I had been using had been
unusually weak and of a strong black colour ; what I
then had at hand was of the same black colour, and I
imagined that it would be probably of about the same
strength, but in this I was mistaken. With all
its bad colour and want of refining it was
in reality not much weaker than that of
Low. Being ignorant of this I used it as though it
had been as weak as the former supply, and I believe
that it was this mistake on my part which in a great
measure enabled me in that particular case to stay the
plague. It was so discoloured that I did not venture
to use it internally, but I soused not only the sick
cow but all those ne.xt to her with a solution of this
black stuff in the proportion of 8 or 10 of water to 1
of acid, perhaps even stronger, for I was both hurried
and desperate. I dashed it f^rom buckets right over
the animal's backs, from the tails onwards towards the
horns and over the back of the head, so that their hides
were saturated, and dripping down in every direction.
So strong was the solution, and so liberal the dose, that
some of the animals were burned very severely, and
show the marks strongly still, but it is worthy of
remark, that the sick cow, although she received much
heavier sousings than the others, was not burned except
in one place, and that only slightly. She may have
had an accidentally thick hide, but it looks as if the
poison, being so much stronger and more active in her
system than in the others, had absorbed and neutralised
the antidote. Previous to doing this to the sick cow,
which was of course the first one which I operated
upon, I had her forced to stand up, aud she was so ill
that this was no easy matter, and it took a great deal
of kicking and punching to get her upon her legs, and
then she staggered about as if she was drunk, but at
the first sousing with carbolic acid she shivered
violently, and from that moment her eye brightened,
aud she appeared better. This sousing I repeated
three times, and, after flooding the place with carbolic
acid, and squirting it with a fine garden syringe against
the walls and roof, and all through the atmosphere
of the shed, I had the sick cow, who was then able to
walk, though with diflioulty, driven down to shed G.
This shed had been emptied 36 hours before, and I had
had it then carefully shut, all the crevices being stuffed
with hay, when it was thoroughly fumigated with
sulphur, the doors and ventilators remaining shut. I
then continued scouring out shed E, and destroying
all possible seeds of infection. Every cow's tail (and
this operation I had commenced some days pre-
viously) was dipped into a bucket of carbolic acid
and water. Their heads and noses were dabbed over
with it, also their sides and flanks. All the manure
and litter from the sick cow's stall, as well as
from the adjoining ones, was taken out at once
and the floor thoroughly cleansed and saturated with
carbolic acid, and on the suggestion of Prof. Brown
I had four days previously commenced the use of saw-
dust saturated with carbolic acid, one or two shovelfuls
of which were placed every day underneath the cows'
head. This operation was also repeated in each stalK
and the cows were then drenched with gruel and
sulphite of soda.

NOVEMBEB 9, ISW.]

THE GARDENERS' CnRONK^LE AND AfiRICULTUrvAl, (iAZETTR

1153

Fortunately the cask of carbolic acid from Low &
Sons, of Manchester, now arrived, and I at onco
had a dose of three teaspoonsful in a drenchinj^-bottlo
of water administered to the sick cow.

I then went to examine the six cows reported to be
ill in shed D. I found the report was only too correct ;
the symptoms were unmistakable ; for although it may
often bo cxceertinp;Iy dillicult for even the most expe-
rienced surgeon to decide whether or not one isolated
case on a farm is or is not cattle plague, yet when the
plague is ragin}!! on a farm, the eye becomes so accus-
tomed to the symptoms, and, I might add also, the nose
to the stench, that it is impossible to make a mistake ;
and in this I think most persons who have had much
experience of the disease will bear rae out.

My first impulse, and I regret now exceedingly that
I had not obeyed it, was at once Jio drive down those
six animals to the homestead among those which were
being slaughtered, and then to follow the course which
I had followed in shed E ; but I lyas deterred by a
dread of offending the 'Mocal authority" (a weakness
I now confess with shame), and I therefore determined
to wait until the Inspector arrived. The Inspector
came an hour or two aftenvards, and he was
unwilling to admit that the symptoms were real cattle
plague. One cow in this shed had been choked a few
days before by careless drenching ,and he thought that
these six were suffering merely from the same care-
lessness ; and as, according to his interpretation of the
Orders in Council, the recognition of rinderpest in
these six would have necessitated the slaughter of all
the cows it\ the shed, he was perhaps only doing his
duty to the county by postponing giving a decided
opinion. In the afternoon, however, when Prof.
Brown arrived, they both visited the shed, and the
symptoms by that time had become so much worse
and unmistakable, that the shed was ordered to be
emptied, and orders were given to drive the cows down
to the homestead and kill them as rapidly as possible.

This annoyed me exceedingly; for, lirst, it was a
proof that I was right when I had in tiie morning pro-
nounced the cases to be rinderpest, and therefore that
the six cows attacked ought to have been isolated at
once; secondly, the carbolic acid from Manchester
having by this time arrived, in what was practically an
unlimited quantity, I felt that the means at my com-
mand were now equal to the emergency, and that I
could have saved, if not the six diseased cows, at all
events all of the others. This shed, moreover, hap-
pened to contain the two finest cows upon the farm
—both of them very large animals, perfect pictures in
their way. One, a fine aristocratic looking animal,
with regular and prettily turned horns, roan head,
white body, back as straifjht as if it had been levelled
with a spirit level, splendid " bag," perfectly " put on,"
with legs of unusual fineness for a Shorthorn. The
other, a still larger cow, of extraordinary depth and
great size, spotted red, with rather curiously curled
horns, one pointing up, the other down, and an
impatient eye. The notion that all these cows were
being taken away to be killed while as yet quite
healthy, and when I felt I had the means of saving
them in my possession, so irritated me, that at
length I resolved that the two cows above described
should not be killed. This resolution I imparted
to some of the people on the farm, whose names I
will suppress, in case Policeman X should still be
instructed to vindicate the majesty of the law. I need
not say that my resolution was well received, and that
I was ably assisted in my efforts. An opportunity was
made to offer itself the following morning for conveying
the inspector to the railway just in time to catch a
train to London, that he might proceed by it to make
his report to the Privy Council. I accompanied him
on other business, and we had a great deal of agreeable
and instructive conversation on our journey. During
his absence the very active, but perhaps over- suspicions
police officer in charge of the farm was put upon a
wrong scent, His suspicious nature was played upon.
In otner words he was gammoned, and while he was
very active in one direction my able assistants were
very active in another, and the result was that the two
cows were transferred to shed G.

But now I must go back a little and explain their
movements since the time that they had been driven
out of shed D. They were driven into the homestead,
galloping about as fresh and spirited as possible through
tlae blood of the slaughtered animals and the evacua-
tions of diseased animals in all stages, and they were
first shut up in shed B, in which some of the worst
cases of plague had occurred, and in which, despite
my efforts to the contrary, there was at that time
a strong smell of the disease, and from there they
were transferred on some pretext or other to shed
C, so as to be more handy, and this shed had been
literally saturated with infection. Meanwhile I took
out two scraggy animals from shed F, and placed them
beside the sick cow from E in G, pretending that I
was a little doubtful about them, but refusing to allow
the inspector to examine them, for fear of his carrying
the infection to them, and these animals were
exchanged for the two infected ones, whose lives
I determined to save, in order that the number of
animals at the homestead might be the same. Before
I took these last two animals out of shed F and placed
them in shed G, Prof. Brown and the inspector
visited the sick cow that I had already placed there.
They found her internal temperature to be consider-
ably raised, and shook their heads, saying that she was
sure to die. The two cows from D I treated in the
same way as the sick one from E, except that instead
of giving them three teaspoonsful of carbolic acid at a
time, I only gave them two. I deprived all three
animals of solid food, giving them beer and gruel as
their only food, and carbolic acid and sulphite of soda
as their only medicine. Their tails were constantly
dipped in carbolic acid, and their heads and faces
daboed over with it. The floor was continually

cleansed and sluiced with carbolic acid, and the walls,
outside and inside, as well as the roof, were continually
syringed with carbolic acid. At the end of two days
I permitted the two cows from D to receive a little
Grass, and gradually to resume a Grass diet, leaving
off the gruel and beer, but continuing the carbolic acid
and sulphite of soda. The sick cow I kept on liquid
food for 10 days, varying the gruel with Turnip and
hay tea. After she had been 31 hours in G it was.
however, quite clear that the disease was completely
checked; and she had indeed mended steadily from
the time that I soused her with carbolic acid in shed K.

I have now no further case to report. All the
companions of those two cows from shed D were
slaughtered, and none of the other cows in either E or
F manifested any signs of the disease. They resumed
their ordinary diet of Grass, and the only treatment
was an ounce of sulphite of soda a-day, gradually
diminished to every second day until stopped at the
end of a fortnight. But the same attention was paid
to scrupulous cleanliness and incessant washings and
syringings with carbolic acid, in particular the tails
being dipped in it, and heads and faces being dabbed
with it regularly three times a day, besides once or
twice at odd times if the weather was close, or if from
any cause the ventilation did not seem good. This
attention to cleanliness and this lavish use of carbolic
acid was kept up until the expiration of the official
2S days, wlicn the inspector returned, and went
through the sheds and gave an othcial certificate that
the whole of the premises were free from infection,
and all the cows, including the cow attacked in shed
E, and the two smuggled out from shed D, were
healthy. I may add, that these three cows are not only
healthy at this moment, but that they are in rather
better condition than any of the other cows.

I ought to mention that on one occasion, while
sheds A, B, C, and G, were still occupied by diseased
animals and full of infection, a very strong violent
wind set in, and blew straight from G down upon E,
so strongly and so directly, that standing outside
shed E I could smell the cows at shed G. I thereupon
kindled an immense fire with a quantity of large
baker's faggots and half a ton of coal at a short distance
from shed E, in the direction of shed G, and upon this
I every now and then threw a little sulphur; hardly,
however, had I got this fire in full operation, when the
wind began to change and rapidly veered round, and
blew with the same violence in a straight line from the
homestead— the head centre of infection. Thereupon
I lit a second fire, the same as the first, and as the
wind lasted for some 36 hours with greater or less
strength, and with repeated fluctuations from the one
infected quarter to the other, I kept up these fires and
had them alternately stirred up and supplied with
sulphur. I may mention also, that before the arrival
of the carbolic acid from Manchester, I supplemented
the small quantities that I was able to procure by a
strongly disinfectant paint, containing a considerable

Eercentage of carbolic acid, and a small stock of which
appened to have been sent to the farm after the
false alarm of rinderpest which had frightened us six
weeks before the real attack. With this paint I painted
patches of the boarding of the sheds near the cows'
faces, putting it on verj; thickly, and letting it drop
about ; and with this paint I also painted patches of
the paling round the bull's shed, and this for the first
week was all the treatment that I was able to give the
animal. After that, however, I gave him a few doses
of carbolic acid, and had him externally syringed and
washed with carbolic acid. His immunity from disease
was highly satisfactory, inasmuch as though he was
not in actual contact with disease, and although his
shed was to a certain extent screened from the direct
action of the wind blowing over the rest of the home-
stead, by the walls and roof of the other buildings, he
being outside the homestead, yet ho was only at a
distance of some 20 yards from the spot where most of
the animals were buried. He was, however, on what
was generally the windward side.

The result, then, may be summed up as follows :—
Of the 5S cows in shed F, and 53 in shed E, that I took
the entire charge of and treated as described, I did
not lose one, but sacrificed two of the 5S to the poleaxe
in order to smuggle out the two from shed D, leaving
109 of those that I originally took charge of, and two
which had been condemned to death, which had been
in actual contact with diseased animals in every stage
of the disease, in no less than three infected, and
highly infected sheds, viz., D, B, and C, and which
were even placed beside a diseased animal in a shed
which had only been emptied of diseased animals
suffering from the most virulent type of the disease for
a couple of days, and had only been disinfected for
36 hours. These two animals bring up ray total to the
original 111 of which I took charge, and to these
must be added the bull, saved partly from being
in a comparatively advantageous situation, and partly
from being surrounded by a paling dabbed over with
patches of a disinfectant paint containing carbolic acid,
but chiefly by the internal doses and ex ternal washings
of carbolic acid. Of the remainder of the stock the
rinderpest killed 1-1 cows* and 2 calves, and the poleaxe
set in motion by the Orders iu Council killed 111 cows.

I have now finished ray story, and so far as I am
aware there is no inaccuracy in any of the statements
made with regard to the occurrences which took place
at the farm. Where I have ventured to touch upon
scientific ground I have also done my best to be as
accurate as a layman can be in speaking of professional
matters, and I thought that it would be much more
satisfactory to vour readers to receive my own narra-

' These wcro not all allowed actually to die ; the sufferings of
some were cut short, but they were all buried, and were all in
so advanced a stage of the disease thut it would have been
hopeless to attempt to save their lives.

tivo of what took place, and an account in my own
words, from my own recollections, of I'rof. Brown's
explanation of the nature and action of the rinder-
pest, than to be told that I had first submitted it to
him for correction. Had I done so, ho might have
been open to the charge of having made his theories
to fit my treatment, alter the latter had been successful,
whereas my treatment was based upon his theories, and
upon the experiments of Mr, Crookcs. It will be seen
that I have discovered nothing, and done nothing
which was in itself new; and yet that the results of
my treatment were, so far as I know, quite unprece-
dented, and the explanation of this is, I am inclined to
think, two-folii. First, any non-professional man who
carefully studies the reports to the Cattle Plague Com-
missioners from the various scientific gentlemen to
whom they delegated different brancnes of their
inquiry will, I think, agree with me that, as a rule,
those gentlemen concentrated their attention too
much, as it was perhaps only natural they should, upon
their own special department, and to some extent lost
sight of the great end and object of the Commission,
namely, to cure the disease ; and it did not seem, so
far as I can discover, to have been the duty of any one
man continually to make comparisons between the
different observations being taken for special objects,
and the various theories being formed, in different
parts of the country, and from such compari-
sons to carry on a fresh series of experiments with
a wider and more general object. The effect, as
it appears to me, was to collect a vast amount
of most accurate and valuable information, more
copious and more accurate than probably now
exists in any other country, without giving the public
any practical result, for the poleaxe is no new discovery,
and it is impo.'jsible to believe that no more intelligent
cure could have been devised by the collective science
of so many eminent men, if there had been somewhat
more of a system in their researches. And if there had
been one central medical authority, whose duty it had
been to follow out every clue that was obtained by any
of the " specialists," surely the experiments of Mr.
Crookes would not have been allowed to remain where
they did, but would have been followed up until such
decided results had been obtained that carbolic acid
would have taken the place of the poleaxe. And had
such experiments been perseveringly carried out the
combined treatment which I adopted could hardly have
failed to suggest itself.

But there may also be another reason why no prac-
tical fruits came from the protracted and searcuing
investigations of the Commission, and that is, that by
the time that all the information which they published
had been collected and classified the cattle plague had
very greatly diminished, was still rapidly diminishing,
and very shortly afterwards was killed out. Therefore
there were no longer so many opportunities, nor was
there the same urgent necessity for endeavouring to
extract a practical result from the knowledge gained.
S'ow, however, that we are in the possession of all the
mass of information published by the Commis-
sion, and that we see how that information
was turned to practical account at Lodge Farm, surely
it is time to abolish the polea.xe. That instrument
has done its work, and done it very well. Without it
the losses to the British farmer would have been very
greatly increased. But do not let us fall into any
error with regard to it. It is, at best, only an avowal,
and a very frank one, of ignorance. It may have been,
for a time, the best cure for the rinderpest, because the
only one at our disposal, but it cannot be the true cure
for the rinderpest, or any other disease. This I have
always felt very strongly, and I have also felt the
fullest confidence that no contagious or infections
disease, whether in man or beast, can ever be incurable,
that is positively incurable. As long as it is unknown,
or little known, it may, and perhaps must be, compara-
tively incurable, but with the vast and constantly
increasing number of chemical agents at our disposal,
the curing of a contagious or infectious disease can
only be a question of time, patience, and experiment,
and I confess, from the results of Mr. Crookes' experi-
ments, and my own experience, with carbolic acid, I
am inclined to think that that agent, when pure, would
prove, when combined with other active and rational
treatment, if not a specific, at least very beneficial, in
the case of all infectious and contagious disorders,
whether in man or beast. But this is perhaps a little
beside the mark. What I am anxious now to suggest is,
the substitution of carbolic acid for the poleaxe, and I
would strongly urge that every Government inspector
be furnished with a large supply of reasonably pure
carbolic acid, and that wnenever he is summoned to a
case of rinderpest, or suspected rinderpest, he should
at once take with him his whole stock of this invalu-
able agent, and send off for a fresh supply ; for we
must remember, that in attempting to stay so dire a
scourge as the rinderpest, we must proportion our
means to the end in view.

It is of no use to play with a few drops of carbolic
acid, it must be used by the gallon, everything must
be covered with it, including both men and beasts.
And in my judgment the cattle, if grazing on pastures,
should at once be shut up in sheds, as they can be kept
much more thoroughly and continuously disinfected
in a shed than in a field.

But it is not sufficient that the inspector should
pay a visit, say in the morning, and order the shed to
be disinfected, the animals to be drenched, &c., and
then go off upon his ordinary business. First, there
is a positive and very great danger in the practice,
inasmuch as he mav carry the infection to other fanus ;
secondly, he will generally have to do with men labour-
ing under excitement and consequently confused, and
with a class of mind which is often very inexact, and
with men who in their daily work are seldom required
to be very exact, and who are accustomed to use such
phrases as "that will do very well," as an excuse to

1154

THE GARDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEE 9, 1867.

themselves or others for inaccurate work. Conse-
quently, the inspector should see that every corner of
the sheds is thoroughly disinfected, that every animal
is well washed with the acid, and that every animal
receives its proper doses, and no more, and also that
the liquid diet is persevered in for a sufficient time,
and during that time scrupulously adhered to. In
short, the inspector should, as I did, abandon himself
to his work and stick to it until he has completed the
cure, otherwise the men will break through the liquid
diet, because " they did not think that just a little bit
of hay would do much harm." They will allow the
evacuations to remain vmdisinfected, because "they
intended to do it when they finished soniethinf; else."
They will allow the animals to remain unsprinkled
because " they thought they would not disturb them
just yet." Visitors will be allowed to come straight
from the animals most highly diseased and perhaps
dead among those animals which are being treated,
"because they just wanted to see so and so, and were
oiily going to stay a few minutes," and so on. But let
the inspector arrive with his carbolic acid, sulphur,
sulphite of soda, and appliances for straining gi'uel,
proclaim a state of siege, and make himself dictator ;
and if he does this, and acts with sufficient energy and
violence — so to say— disappointment can no longer
follow attempts to cure the cattle plague, and as the
quantities of carbolic acid used should be large, so
should the use of sulphur for fumigation where possible,
and quicklime for smothering the roadways and paths,
be lavish. It is of no use to sprinkle once in a way a
few shovelfuls of quicklime, it must be used by the
ton, and renewed when necessary. It was to the violence
with which I attacked the disease, and the unsparing
hand with which I used the lime, sulphur, and carbolic
acid, that the great success of my treatment was owing.
As one of the men expressed it, the rinderpest " hadn't
a chance," and that was exactly what I was determined
not to give it. Had I simply followed the liquid diet
treatment, combined with the sulphite of soda, and
carbolic acid internally, and in moderate and usual
quantities externally, I entertain little doubt that I
should have saved the greater number of the cows, but
I also believe that I should have lost many, and that
most of them would have been seriously ill ; whereas
by adding to these the fumigations with sulphur when-
ever practicable, deluging with carbolic acid in unusual
quantities everything which was or had been near any
of the animals, perpetually syringing the slieds, and
washing the animals with it, and surrounding all the
sheds, and smothering all the roads and paths with
quicklime, the rinderpest, as the man said, literally
" hadn't a chance." Yet the cost of the chemical agents
thus used in practically unlimited quantities, and the
use of which, in diminishing quantities, I kept up for
28 days, only amounts to an insignificant percentage of
the loss on each animal cured by the poleaxe and sold
to the butchei at the lowest price of the day, '" sinking
the offal."

Surely, then, the time has come for abolishing a
system which avowedly, and according to its own most
(earnest supporters, could only bo a temporary stopgap
remedy, pending the discovery of a proper and logical
system of treatment. The report of the Commissioners,
dated May, 186(3, in which they so strongly urge the use
of the poleaxe, is before me as I write; and I confess
that I am not a little astonished to find that instead of
attempting, from all the experiments made, and all the
kpowledge acquired in different parts of the country
by their own agents, to construct a consistent and
logical system of treatment from the isolated facts and
partial successes thus placed before them, they discuss
each case and each fact, and each partial success in an
isolated, detached, and fragmentary manner, as if they
had no other results to compare with it. As I have
already said, liquid diet by itself, or sulphite of soda
by itself, or sulphur fumigation by itself, or carbolic
acid internally by itself, or externally by itself, or
chloride of lime by itself, or quicklime by itself,
would probably only have produced a partial
result ; but where the one treatment does not
in any way interfere with the other, what so
simple, and I may say so obvious, as to combine
different agencies ? Of course it requires some
Jittle concentration of thought to systemise, organise,
aod carry out such a treatment, but after all there is
no great difficulty. The truth is, I presume, that as I
said when I first made public the results of my
experience, with me it was a necessity to cure the
cattle plague— a practical matter of business which I
felt I had to do : so I did it. Whereas, with the Com-
jnissioners it was a scientific inquiry which they
pursued in a critical, I may say hypercritical spirit,
thinking, nothow they were to save the lives of certain
individual animalsofwhichthey had charge, buthow they
were to classify and analyse the statistics and evidence
laid before them. In addition to this disadvantageous
point of departure, they doubtless laboured under the
disadvantages which attend any body of men acting
collectively, whether it be the Board of Admiralty or
the Board of the Brighton Railway.

It seems to me that an inquiry of this nature is
essentially one to be conducted by a single individual,
and not by a Commission ; and that in the nature of
things it is almost impossible that a Commission can, in
such'matters, ever arrive at any practical result at all.
They direct certain inquiries to be made in certain
directions, and when they have got the answers to
those inquiries they set to work to classify the inlbrma-
tion, and write a precis and critique of the evidence
submitted to them. But this is not the way to cure a
disease.

The Commissioners admit partial success from the
experiments in the injection of carbolic acid by
Mr. Crookes ; but add that " the results were not
decisive." They admit 73 per cent, of recoveries,
at Edinburgh, among cattle fed on " mashed

food," and confess that if this result could be depended
upon, "the cattle plague would lose its terrors;"
but they add that "the number of cases" (95) ' is
far too small to serve as a basis of calculation." In
this remark, however, most people will, I think, disa-
gree with them. They further admit that Mr. Crookes'
experiments in the use of disinfectants were " careful
and searching," and " the general result . . .
certainly very encouraging;" and add that "no one can
peruse the account of what has been done without
saying that a fair case has been made out for a large
and systematic trial of those measures. They must,
however, be fairly tried ; they must be used with per-
severance and energy; not grudgingly and insufficiently,
as has sometimes been the case, but with the deter-
mination to keep the disinfectant in the presence of
the poison everywhere and constantly, so that every
particle of virus may be, without fail, subjected to its
action." Exactly so. Then perhaps I may be pardoned
the inquiry — Why, in the name of common sense, did
these men, with these results before them, andholding
these opinions, and with practically unlimited means
at their command, not display the " perseverance and
energy" which they recommend to others? and why
do they then go on to stultify their own statements by
insisting so strongly upon the slaughter of all infected
aiiimals ? With unlimited means at their disposal,
with the weekly report of some thousands of cattle
attacked by the disease, costing the country weekly
tens of thousands of pounds, and annually millions,
why did these Commissioners, to whom the country had
entrusted the conduct of so important an inquiry, and
whose dicta Parliament was willing to accept— why
did they not follow up the clue that they thus confess
they had obtained to the end placed before them,
namely, a cure for the plague ? Why did thejr not,
"perseveringly and energetically," conduct a series of
experiments in different parts of the country; some
with liquid or "mashed" food alone; some with the
injection of carbolic acid alone; some with carbolic
acid administered by the mouth, and in copious wash-
ings ; some by a combination of two of these, and some,
again, by a combination of all three ? This would have
been "persevering and energetic." I ask, therefore,
why the Commissioners did not follow their own
recommendations? And I think the public have a
right to receive an answer to so important a question.

Here it may not be amiss to ask another question,
and that iSjWuo wrote the report of the Commissioners,
and ivho drafted the formal resolutions in favour of
slaughtering, which stultified their former recommenda-
tionsof"perseveriugand energetic" useof corl>olic acid?
Of course such men as Lord Spencer, Lord Cranborne,
and Mr. Lowe, however useful they might be in taking
a general supervision of the conduct of the inquiry, did
not, with their own hands, write the report; and I
think the public, who paid for it, have a right to know
who it was that did write the reiiort ; and the public,
who have smarted for it, have a right to know who it
was that drafted the resolutions in favour of slaughter.
I confess that after reading Mr. Crookes' exhaustive
treatise, and after my own exijerieuce with carbolic
acid, and liquid food, and quicklime and sulphur fumi-
gations, and " perseverance and energy," I have read
the report of the Commissioners with absolute amaze-
ment. In speaking of the " mashed food" diet, they
truly say, that if the' recoveries from such a system
were always to be in the ratio of 73 per cent, "the
cattle plague would lose its terrors." Surely, then, it
was their simple and obvious duty to endeavour, by
that " perseverance and energy" which they vaguely
recommend to others, to deprive the plague of its
terrors, and not to increase those terrors by their
resolutions in favour of slaughtering. Holding the
opinions to which he confesses, one is tempted to
believe that the writer of the report wished, for some
purpose of bis own, to increase the terrors of the cattle
plague.

Perhaps I maj; be allowed here to call attention to
the very insufficient measures enforiied against rail-
road and steamboat proprietors with regard to
cleansing their waggons and vessels. There is no obli-
gation to use carbolic acid, although this is admitted
by the Commissioners to be the most powerful disin-
fectant known. Why is this? Why should not every
railway cattle truck be saturated with carbolic acid?
Yet what is the use of attending to this, or to any
other precautioUj unless the cattle steamers are kept
thoroughly and rigidly disinfected by the same agent ?

In conclusion, I will only add that when the cattle
plague is next imported I sincerely trust that it will bo
arrested and cured by the treatment above detailed, and
not by the poleaxe.

I am, your obedient servant,

W. Hope, Parsloes, Ba/rHny.

Home Correspondence.

Mangel Cake. — As a well-wisher for the success of
Mr. Hugh Smith's Mangel-cake, or concentrated
Mangel food, allow me space to say a few words in
reference to " W. C. S.'s " strictures upon it in the last
number of your Journal. No doubt it would be very
desirable to test its value as a feeding stuff, side by side
with Mangel in its raw state, but the practical diffi-
culties of such a trial make this no easy matter.
" W. C. S." unconsciously, I think, admits this when
he says—'' The experiment would have been more
complete if an equivalent quantity of Mangel, in a
natural state, about 10 lb., or better still 41b. of Mangel
and i lb. of cake, had been given to a third lot of
sheep." Clearly this would have been no real testing
of the respective values of the two foods, but though
there are these radical difficulties in the way
of a direct testing of the two ; indirectly this testing has
been made times without number, and it is to this
point I wish to direct the attention of those who may
chance to read this P»per. " Lots of 40 sheep each,

fed for six months with hay. Linseed-cake, and roots
(Swedes), only paid for the hay and cake, and left
nothing for 50 tons of Swedes consumed by each lot of
40 sheep," is the experience of Mr. Lawes, as recorded
in the Eoyal Agricultural Society's Journal (I am
quoting now a quotation made from that Journal by
Mr. Meohi, in a letter of his to your Paper published
the 12th of last month, not having the Society's Journal
by me), and with this experience of Mr. Lawes agrees
that of most producers of mutton ; but turn now to
Mr. Hugh Smith's plan of giving roots deprived of the
water contained in them, and we find him making
from 3 tons 3 owt. of raw Mangels and Ij acre of poor
aftermath, 266 lb. of live weight, or 20 stones of dead
meat. How much of this the Ij acre of aftermath
made, I leave your readers to say. X T. Z-

Brass or Arable ? — We have often asked oursslyea
this question, and have most decidedly given the verdict
in favour of arable in our soil and climate. It is, in
fact, a question of soil and climate. Nature points out
to us where Grass thrives naturally. On such soils
as ours (yellow plastic clay full of iron and without
lime or chalk), and a dry cereal climate, the natural
Grasses are of the worst quality. The addition of cal-
careous matter improves them, but this costs about
51. jjer acre. By sowing choice Grass seeds and Clovers
at intervals, and by heavy folding or feeding with
fattening sheep, we manage to make about 14 acres
pretty good for accommodating our stock. On soils
so difficult for Grass we can, by our manure or guano,
produce an average of 5 qrs. of Wheat and 2 tons of
straw ; and in a choice season 6 to 7 qrs. of Wheat, and
2i tons straw, 6 to 7 of Beans, and 10 to 12 qrs. of
Black Oats. As the great bulk of all kinds of our
straw, particularly Bean and Pea straw, is finely
chaffed and consumed, we are very independent of
hay, although we have at this moment 44 bullocks and
180 sheep on 170 acres, and a very moderate breadth
of roots and Cabbage. If all our farm were in Grass,
it would hardly be enough for this stock, and yet we
grow nearly or quite 600 qrs. of corn annually. Accord-
ing to our best recent authority (iVIi'. Caird, p. 521),
we have in England alone (omitting Wales, Scotland,
Ireland, and Middlesex), 13,000,000 of acres of Grass
(not used for the growth of corn), and only 14,000,000
of acres arable. Judging from my own experience on
this farm (and of course on similarly situate lands in
England) the growth of pasture instead of core indicts
a heavy loss on the country. PoorGrass land requires
a minimum of capital, and produces a minimum of
food for the people. Neither does it employ much
labour, nor so mwy implements as arable land. I
broke up a small area of unprofitable Grass, pared and
burned it, and have for many years drawn from it
heavy crops of corn, pulse, and roots. The difference
in expense of management is more than compensated
by the increased value of such crops; and especially
such a year as this, where I have 5 qrs. of Wheat,
6 of Barley, 9 of Oats, and 5 to 6 of Beans. At present
high prices poor Grass land is completely distanced.
Our great weakness in arable land is not using the
straw as food, by which its value would be tripled as
compared with throwing it down in cartloads as great
mops for the rainfall, and water from untroughed
roofs. Farmers often express surprise at how loan
find food for so much stock, but when they see 100 to
150 bushels of fine out straw chaff (Wheat, Beans,
Oats, or Barley, mixed with Bran, malt combs, cake,
Linseed, Beau meal, and condimental food) consumed
by the stock daily, they cease to be surprised, and
many go and do likewise. This is the way to feed and
employ the British people, and to find use for our yearly
increasing capital. The pastural system (except under
certain circumstances) is no longer adapted to the
welfare and requirements of our crowded and meat-
consuming population. Although I grow COO qrs. of
com annually, I still make much more meat than is
usually produced from Grass farms equal to mine in
extent, on which no corn is grown. J. J. Mechi.

Mr. Mechi and Jii-s Reports. — [We are unable to find
room for a long reply by " An Old Farmer and Land
Agent," to the strictures of a " West Indian," on a
subject which has been discussed enough ; but we may
say that he re-asserts and explains his statement that
other engagements interferred with his personal visit
to the farm (which, however, he had seen in years
gone by), and that thus he had to be satisfied with the
testimony of others. He also re-asserts that Tiptree
farm, though near Tiptree Heath, never had formed
part of that Heath. He rediscusses the probabilities
of an estimate of corn and root crops made in August
being anything near the truth. He declines to inquire
(for publication) the names of the neighbouring
tenants, on the ground that a professional man never iji
such a case would publish names. Finally, he adds :— ■
As Mr. Mechi produces these extraordinary crops from,
as he writes, unusually small quantities of seed, would
it notaddtohis reputation, orpreserveitfrom suspicion,
were he to call in others, and not his labourersand farm
bailiff only as witnesses both of his seeding and of hjs
measuring his crops ? For, as the farmers said at tifi
market table, no one sees the seeding and the measur-
ing except his own paid people, and they exclaim
against both when not in his presence.]

SoctetteiS*

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL OF ENGLAND.
Monthly Council: Wednesdai/, Novemher 6.—
Present : the Duke of Eichmond, K.G., President, in
the Chair ; Lord Berners, Lord Chesham, Lord Trede-
gar, Lord Walsingham, Major-General the Hon. A. ^•
Hood, Mr. Acland, M.P. ; Mr. Bowly, Mr. Cantrell,
Col. Challoner, Mr. Druce, Mr. Braudreth Gihbs,
Mr. Hassall, Mr. Holland, M.P. ; Mr. Hornsby, Jfr.
Hoskyns, Mr. Jonas, Col. Jiingscote, M.P. ; Jjtr.
Milward, Mr. Rigden, Mr. Read, M.P. ; Mr. Robert

NOVEMBEE 9, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS' CTffiONrCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1156

Smith, Mr. Thompson, Mr. Torr, Mr. Frere, 'Professor
Simouds and Dr. voelcker.

The followinR New Members were elected :—
Bennett, John, Mountfield, Hurst Green, Sussex.
Borthwick, WiUi,-vm, Monkwray, Whiteh.avon, CumborLind.
BotteriU, John, Epplewortb, Cottingh.am, Hull. Yurkehiro.
Nash, Heni-y Fleetwood, Upton Lea, Slough, Bucks.
Oaatler, Jonah, White's Farm, Alfold, Horsham, .Sussex.
Towerson, John, Whitehaven, Cumberland.
■Strhitloy, Henry Edward, Lock's Farm, Wokingham, IJerka.

Finances.— Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood,
ohairmao, presented the report, from which it appeared
that the Secretary's receipts, during the past tlireo
months, had been duly examined by the Committee,
and by Messrs. Quilter, Hall, & Co., the Society's
accountants, and found correct. The balance in the
hands of the bankers on the 31st October was
1616^. 3s. 'M. The quarterly statement of .subscriptions
and arrears to the .'illth September and the quarterly
cash account were laid on the table. The arrears
amounted to 2127/. The Committee regret that such
a large amount of arrears is still due to the Society.
This is partly occasioned by members joining at the
annual meetings. Your Committee propose that a
new foroi of letter be sent to each defaulter, specially
oalling attention to his respective liability ; or otherwise
it will be necessary to adopt more stringent measures
to enforce payment.

Journal.— Mr. Thompson, chairman, reported that
it had been represented to the Committee that it would
be desirable to have a list of Members published in the
next number of the Journal. The Committee were of
opinion that in the present state of the Society's
finances it would not be desirable to incur the expense
of publishing a list of Members at present. This report
was adopted.

Ageicultueal Education.— Mr. Holland, M.P.,
stated that it was determined to report a list of the
Examiners at the next meeting of the Council in
December.

Leicesteb Meeting.— Colonel Challoner reported
that an application had been made by local societies to
enable their members to make entries for local prizes
■without payment of the extra fee charged to non-
members of this Society, and that it was resolved that
exhibitors for local prizes will have free entrance to
the Show as exhibitors for the Boyal Society's prizes.
Fees for entry of Stock have never been reduced to
other local societies, and it is not considered expedient
thai the rule should be relaxed. The Society's Sur-
veyor should be instructed to stake out the outer
boundaries of the Show-yard, iu order that the local
authorities may proceed with the levelling, &o. The
date of opening of the Leicester Meeting was lixed for
Thursday the Kith July, 18158.

This report was adopted.

Lord Chesham having moved that the Show of Live
Stock at future meetings shall commence on Thursday
(the Judges making their awards on that day), on the
ground that Stock from a distance, with the servants
in charge, are kept away from home two Sundays, the
motion was seconded by Mr. Milward, and carried
unanimously.

Mr. Milward having called the attention of the
Council to the veterinary examination of horses in the
Show-yard, moved that the home examination be dis-
pensed with ; which was seconded by Mr. Torr, and
carried by 11 ayes to 4 noes. Mr. Milward then moved
that the condition on the Prize Sheet should run in
the following terms :— " There shall be an examination
hy the Society's veterinary inspector of all horses
selected by the Judges for prizes, or reserve or com-
mendation." The motion was supported by Lord
Chesham, Mr. Torr, and Mr. Read, M.P., and carried.

The Council decided that the General Meeting of
the Society should be 'held on Wednesday, the 11th
December, at noon.

Farmers' Clubs.

London : Nov. i.—Bea^t Societies.— On this even-
ing Mr. C. Howard opened the winter session of the
Club with a paper on the above subject. After a refer-
ence to the subject of combinations generally among
labourers and to one form of them in trades unions, Mr.
HOWAKD said : It is sometimes difficult for those
■who are well-to-do in the world, and who feel certain
that " their bread shall be given them and their water
sure," to form an estimate of the feeling with which the
man who gets his bread " by the sweat of his brow "
views the prospect of old age. The fear, " when the
keepers of the house begin to tremble, and the strong
men shall bow themslves," that the slender means of
subsistence shall be replaced by want, is a bitterness
which is difficult for those who live in comfort to
understand. In former days the more far-seeing of the
labouring classes, looking forward with hor»or to the
evening of life, when they would have to rely on the
workhouse, or, in other words, public charity, led them
to make provision for the necessities of old age : hence
the origin of benefit societies. It is highly creditable
to the working classes to find, from a recent return,
that one out of every nine of the population is a
member of such a society. In France the proportion
is one in 76, and in Belgium one in 66. No record,
as far as I am aware, exists of the foundation of the
first of these societies. The first Act of Parliament,
however, relating to friendly societies was passed
in the year 1793. Since that time about 36,000 have
had their rules enrolled and certified, more than 13,000
of which have since been dissolved or broken up.
Besides these, it is estim.ated that there are some
hundred thousand "Brummagem,orsharing-out Clubs,"
as they are termed, which are not recognised by the
Kegistrar-General. It is in these where the greatest
mismanagement and fraud have prevailed. They
appear to be established for the good of the publican,
who is in most cases chief manager. Their doings have
been very properly exposed in an excellent paper in the

"Leisure Hour" of March last, by the Eev. I. T.
Stratton, of Ditton llectory, Maidstone, who takes
great interest in friendly .societies, and to whom I am
indebted for some valuable information. The object
of this paper is to suggest methods, and to invite dis-
cussion as to the best means of placing benefit societies
for our rural districts upon the soundest and most
advantageous footing. It is now nearly three years
since I first promised the Club to introduce tho subject
on the card for this evening. The sudden appearance,
however, of the cattle plague among our herds led
tho Committee to request mo to substitute for it a
paper upon that all-a!)S(jrbnig topic. In my own village
wehaveafrienill.vsiirii'ly, which has been established for
manyyears.andwhich hitherto has held its ground. But,
like many other similar institutions, although managed
far better than the majority of such societies, symp-
toms of decay, which might have been foreseen at its
formation, already begin to appear. To remedy the
defects of friendly societies, and to gain information
upon clubs generally, I corresponded with some
GO gentlemen connected with agriculture in various
parts of tho country. I put to them the following
questions :— 1. Havo you any benefit clubs to which
your men do or may belong ? 2. How long established '?
3. What arc the weekly or other payments? 4. What
advantages do they offer to the members? R. Have
they been iu pecuniary difficulties. 6. What is their
present financial position ? 7. Where are the meetings
held? 8. Can you suggest any improvement in the
principle or mode of management ? The correspon-
dence which ensued would be far too voluminous to
give in this paper. . . , t

I will therefore give you some extracts which 1
deem to be valuable. Mr. G. Battams, of Carlton,
Beds, writes :— " In tho parishes in which I have
occupied land, most of the labourers were members of
benefit clubs. One club got into pecuniary difficulties,
arising from the members spending 20 per cent, of
their subscriptions at the monthly meeting in beer,
and this brings me to the only suggestion that I can
make, that benefit club meetings should not be at
public-houses. I do not wish to deprive a poor man
of his beer or his holiday, and I hope ere long he
will get more of both, when he ceases to labour for
the payment of the malt-tax." Mr. W. Pike, of
Castle Thorpe. Bucks, writes :— " I am sorry to say
the club meetings are held at public-houses. I cannot
help thinking there are too many clubs—' Unity is
strength. A mistake is made in taking too young
members. So soon as a lad can earn Us. per week, he
goes into a club, and, after paying in for 12 months,
many of them in case of slight illness go on the club,
and get 8s. per week. I think if they were allowed to
pay M. per month for two years before they derived
any benefit, they would get in the clubs much easier,
and would not be so likely to impose on them. But
what I should like to see is, that all clubs should be on
the same footing as the life assurances, remove them
from the public-houses, and not let them have 3(i. to
pay for a pint of beer for every shilling they pay to the
club, one (penny of which goes to Government in the
shape of malt-tax." Mr. H. Fookes, of Whitchurch,
Dorset, writes :— " Our club works well, and we find
most of our best labourers are iu friendly societies : it
gives them an independence, and they do not come to
their parishes for relief" Mr. J. A. Piggot, of
Beckingham Hall, Essex, writes : " I send you the
rules and report of the 'Essex Provident Society,'
which is a first-rate institution ; it allows the agricul-
tural labourer Ss. 3rf. per week on payment of Is. per
month, and the tradesman or mechanic up to 18s., but
no person is allowed to enter in a class above his
earnings. I cannot say anything in praise of the
smaller clubs of this district'; they are all, except one,
kept in public-houses, and pay Is. 6d. per month,
Gd. of which is spent at the monthly meeting."

Mr. H. Butt, of Bredon, Gloucestershire, writes:
"Many benefit clubs have from time to time been
established in our towns and villages, but are not so
numerous as formerly, many having ' come to grief
from bad management or dishonesty on the part of
some of the officials, consequently the confidence of
the working men has been much weakened, and some
declare ' they will never again join any club.' Some
four years ago a club was established at Beckford, a
village near here, and many working men joined it,
but two years since it received a heavy blow by the
absconding of the secretary with, it was said, part of
the funds. I enclose a letter from Dr. E. S. Martin,
our village surgeon, who has taken much interest in
clubs for many years, and whose remarks and sug-
gestions are entitled to serious consideration. I also
enclose a characteristic letter from ' John Bassett,'
our district postman, who, as you will see, approves of
clubs, but blames boards of guardians for refusing
relief to men in distress, because they have pay out of
a club, while as he thinks these are the very persons
who ought to be relieved and encouraged. Now, as a
guardian of many years' standing, I fear there is some
ground for Bassett's complaint, and I entirely agree
with his conclusions. As a proof of the value of clubs
and the comfort they afford to members in cases of
illness or accident, I may mention two cases which
came under my own observation some time since in my
own parish. Two labourers had each a baud injured
by agricultural machinery in the same week ; one had
been for some years a member of the Tewkesbury Club,
and immediately on being disabled got his lOs. per week
and the free services of the club surgeon. The other
man had been less provident and had never joined any
club, consequently he at once became chargeable to the
Union, and, being a single m,an, got 2s. 6i?. per week,
and the assistance of the Union surgeon." Dr. R. S.
Martin, of Kemerton, in his letter referred to by Mr.
Butt, states that clubs have not done well here as a
rule. 'There has been gross mismanagement, and the
want of a sustained interest in them by their own

immediate supporters. The accounts have been badly
kept, badly audited, and the money often badly
invested. No club or business of any kind could
succeed under the management I have seen. I feel
confident benefit clubs would succeed if the rules and
tables and book-keeping, published by Mr. Tidd PratL
in 18C0, were faithfully carried out by efficient and
energetic officers ; if they were not hold at publio
houses ; if members entered young, under 20 years of
age ; if the gentry, and especially the large employers
of labour, took sufficient interest in the subject, not
only to subscribe to the fund, but also to see lor them-
selves from time to time that the business was being
proiierly conducted."

The following is the letter of John Bassett, the
pcstman alluded to by Mr, Butt; I give it because
I think it worthy the attention of I'oor-law
guardians. IIo writes :— " Sick clubs are very good
things; they keep men and their families olf the
parish ; but I think one thing is not right, and that is,
after a man has paid into a club for 20 or 30 years, and
never received any benefit from it nor relief from his
parish, and when he is obliged to give up work and goes
to the club for his allowance, it does very well when he
gets full pay ; but when he comes to half-pay, which is
after he has been on the box for six months, it is not so
well for him. But that is not tho worst, for when a
man has been on tho box for nine months he only gets
quarter-pay, amounting to 2s, Gd. or 3s, per week ; it is
then the parish ought to help him, but they refuse to
do so, I think, after a man has done as I have said,
the parish ought to be proud to help him. After a man
has done his best it is hard to be half-starved. Vi hat is
2s. Gd. or 3s. in a house to find everything for a man,
and perhaps a wife and family, to live on ? then is the
time when more is wanting, and for the parish to help.'
I am bound to say that I think that the conduct of
guardians as related by John Bassett is exceptional;
my experience is, that men in clubs have always been
liberally treated. Mr. Morris, of Maisemore Court,
Gloucestershire : " I am glad to find the Farmers' Club
is about to take into consideration the management oi
friendly societies. I think it is a subject well worth
the attention of farmers. We have an Odd Fellows
club in this parish, to which many of ray labourers
belong. I havo joined it myself as a regular member
(not honorary), and, therefore, take part in the manage-
ment. I think, if farmers generally would join clubs
in the same manner, and take their share of the
management, we should see them iu a more prosperous
condition, and made truly benefit societies. As it now
is, many, I may say most, of the clubs are started more
for the benefit of a public-house than its members."

Thenext letter is from Mr. Henry Humphreys, of Beau
Manor, Leicestershire, giving an account of a club based
upon principles very different to the generality of clubs.
He says : " I would especially direct your attention to
the Beau Manor and AVoodhouse Provident Benefit
Society. It was enrolled in 18.58, and combines the
principles of savings' bank and benefit society. It
receives monthly any amount greater, but not less, than
Zd. from any member, irrespective of age, and allows at
the rate of five per cent, interest on sums not exceeding
50Z. ; above 501., four per cent. This is a decided advan-
tage over benefit clubs generally, where the monthly
payments of a member, who has never troubled the
club for sick pay, go to the general fund for ever.
Compared with others, as a benefit club, it possesses
greater advantages. There are four classes in which
members are entered by certificates from the medical
officers, according to bodily strength. This classifi-
cation directs the sick allowance the member is to
receive, of which an equ-al amount weekly will be drawn
from his own deposit. The society provides this sum
so long as the depositor's own funds can hold out an
equal sum. There are 131 depositing members of all
classes, from two years and upwards ; 700?. are invested,
250?. of which belong to the club. It is supported by
a few honorary members. No sick pay is allowed to
any member underthirteen years of age." Mr. Charles
Newman, of Hayes, Middlesex^ writes : I have tor
50 years taken a great interest m benefit societies, and
have witnessed their beneficial efiect in securing for
labourers an independence from parochial relief.
When guardian, I always endeavoured to obtain for
applicants, being members of clubs, some relief by way
of encouragement ; I regret that this is not the general
feeling. I have long been of opinion that it would be
an excellent system, if parishes were empowered to
advance parochial benefit societies a certain sum
annually, according to the number of members. This
would benefit them much better than the reluctant
subscriptions of honorary members." Mr. C. S.
Bead, M.P., of Honingham, Norfolk, writes : That
the meetings should not be held at public-houses, and
that farmers and others of the middle classes should
become honorary members, take an interest in tlie
clubs, and see that they are based on sound principles.
Mr. T. Hawkins, of Bentley Hall, Sufl'olk, writes : 1
herewith send you the rules, &c,, of our Sandfora
Hundred Benefit Club, which has worked exceedingly
well, and is yearly increasing in numbers. Many ot
the local clubs have become insolvent, arising from baa
management and spending part of the funds m drinlc
at monthly meetings. The prosperity of these societies
depends very much upon the medical certificates to
prevent fraud, as there will always be some continue on
the sick list after they got well, particularly men who are
rather too old to earn full wages and don t like to take
less. I find there is an increasing inclination amongst
the members to go on the club if they are onlys ightly
indisposed-such as a pain in the stomach, which a
little medicine would put right in a few hours ; and
notwithstanding they can call on the club for half a
week's pay, they invariably take a week. It any o my
men are absent, and I hear they are not vastly well, I
am sure not to have them for a week; and 'f remon-
strated with for calling upon the club upon such slight

1156

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Novembee 9, ise?.

occasions, they tell me ' it is their rights ! ' I think it
bad policy to allow a boy of 15, whose wages do not
exceed Is. a day, to insure on a 30*. table until he can
earn that sum weekly. He ought to begin at 8s. for
three years, and then allowed to enter the 10.?. table at
the same rate as if he began at 15 years. The young
men rarely come on the club, but 10s. per week has
kent several 6s. lads on weeks after they get well ! I
believe we shall shortly have 1000 insuring members ;
but I am sorry to say our honorary members do not
increase as fast as the old ones drop off." The next
letter is from Mr. Herman Biddell, of Playford, Suffolk.
I regret I cannot give you the whole of it. He says :
—"We have many so-called benefit societies in this
neighbourhood. They are styled ' clubs ' among the
labourers. There are two sorts : the first is under the
management of the clergy and gentry of the neighbour-
hood. I enclose you the rules of one ; it is called ' The
East Suffolk Haud-in-hand Benefit Society and Sick-
ness Club.' Such a club as this has no meetings except
for business, and that only for the committee of
management. I have, however, before me a copy of
the rules of one of the common labourers' clubs in this
locality. It goes under the title of " The Society of
Brotherly Love," and a more prolific source of evil
does not exist— the malt-tax excepted ! It is only a
fair sample of perhaps 10 others of a like nature within
the radius of six miles. They are established, so it is
to be supposed at least, for the mutual help of one
another in time of sickness and an allowance to widows
or other relatives after death. They are, in truth,
however, the creation of the more active minds in the
lower orders, who have a predilection for drink and
beer-house society. The monthly subscription is Is. 6d.,
3d. of which goes for drink at the monthly meeting
and 3d, for the annual feast, the remaining Is, being
put to the regular fund. It does not matter whether
the member goes or not, he must pay the Is. Gd. a
month; and supposing there are 30 memlDers in the
society and only five attend the meeting, these five must
take the 30 threepences out iu drink ! Men have been
known to stop and drink till they are belples,s, rather
than leave the " liquor" on the publican's table. These
societies are under no control but of the members,
and are under no obligation to each other
than as they are bound by the articles they
agree upon themselves, and it has frequently
occurred, when there has been considerable funds
in hand, and one member has what looks like a case
requiring long-continued relief, the others have agreed
to break up the club and divide the funds. I have a
man in ray employ to whom, after many years subscrib-
ing, such a case happened." Jlr. T, AV. Outhwaite, of
Goldsboro', Yorkshire, writes ; " I send you rules of
our club ; we find it answers very well for our labour-
ing men. We have only two old men, that were two
old to enter when the society was formed, who are
receiving relief from the Union. After a man has once
had relief from the Union his pride vanishes, and he
cares little how soon he makes application again."

The last letters I shall trouble you with are from two
gentlemen who have lately closed useful careers; I
allude to Mr. Charles Stokes, of Kingston, an old and
respected member of this Club, and the well-known
Eev. S. Smith, vicar of Lois Weedon, with whom some
members of this Club a few years ago spent a very
pleasant day to inspect his " triple row " plan of grow-
ing Wheat. Mr. Stokes wrote : " I am glad to hear
the subject of benefit societies is to be brought forward
for discussion at the Farmers' Club, and I sincerely
hope great good will result from it. Under the new
Poor-law it is absolutely necessary able-bodied men
should have some fund provided in case of accident or
sickness, and in this district the best effects have been
produced by making the men feel independent of parish
relief; and this principle shouldi be encouraged by
the support all those who are placed in a
situation of life who, by their pecuniary support
and example, can afford to do it. The best
effect is produced by the farmers and other classes
dining with them at their anniversary meetings, by
this means making them much more respectable and
orderly, and uniting all classes in a bond of union and
good feeling which is most desirable. Benefit clubs do
not receive the support from the middle and upper
classes they ought to do." The Rev. S, Smith wrote :
"I am delighted to reply to your inquiries upon a
subject which has occupied my close attention for many
years. The grand point with reference to farm
labourers is to make them self-reliant, and only to help
those (as a rule) who will help themselves. In 1850
we had no club, and all the clubs about us were
breaking up from misdirection and mismanagement.
I studied the subject well, and then went to Mr.
Neison, paid him (most willingly) U. for his advice,
and got him to draw up rules which, humanly speaking,
would make a new society safe. In the^papers and
rules I send you, you will see that they have made us
safe and successful, and I have no reason to wish for
any change."

I trust I have not wearied you with these letters;
but as the subject is likely very shortly to command
more attention, I considered them too valuable
to^ be omitted. I think many of them contain
evidence which will be valuable to all who are desirous
of bringing about a better state of things in their
respective neighbourhoods. It will be seen that my
correspondents are unanimous and very strong in
their condemnation of club meetings being held
at public-houses. Mr. Tidd Pratt, who has kindly
sent me his last report, and who would have been
here this evening but for official engagements, con-
firms this view in his remarks upon parochial
friendly societies. He says that he found in Hereford-
shire, since 1793, the number of societies enrolled and
certified were 136, of this number 123 were held at
public-houses and 13 at schools or private rooms. Of

those held at public-houses no less than 42 had broken
up, but of those held at schools or private rooms only
one had been dissolved. Some also of my correspon-
dents consider that there are far too many small clubs ;
doubtless this is a great drawback to their success. I
find in our small county, and I believe it is only a
sample of the rest, that there are 260 clubs, or nearly
two to a parish. Others condemn, and rightly too, the
" sharing-out clubs " previously alluded to. Since the
establishment by Mr. Gladstone of the Post Office
Savings' Bank, which appears to work so well, it has
occurred to some that this agency might be employed
in the management of friendly societies. It is not
generally known that an Act has recently come into
operation by which two branches of the friendly society
are engrafted upon the Post Office, whereby persons
can insure tbeir lives for sums payable at death and
also for annuities. It may perhaps be interesting to
some to know that there are now open some 3507 postal
banks, and that during the past year there were
received 1,525,871 deposits, amounting to 4,100,657^., the
average amount of each deposit being 2/. 17s. Sd. The
cost of management amounted to nearly 7d. for each
transaction, while that of the olden Savings' Banks
amounted to from lOrf. to Is. At the end of 1S66 a sum
of 8,256,968Z. was standing to the credit of the Post
Office Savings' Banks iu the books of the
National Debt Commissioners, and in cash in the
hands of the Postmaster-General, to meet a liability
of 8,121, 175i, leaving an excess of assets amounting
to 135,793Z., after providing for the liabilities, and
exclusive of the dividends, to be received five days after
the close of the account. As this matter is so closely
connected with my subject, I thought it well to notice
it, considering it a good opportunity of drawing the
attention of our agricultural population to such a safe
and useful depository for their savings.

The Rev. J. Y. Stratton advocates tbe Post-office
agency for friendly societies in a cleverly-written article
in " All the Year Round" of April, 1866. The matter is
so well put, that I give you a few extracts. He says:
" Ten years ago it would have been thought prepos-
terous to talk of a Post-ofHce Friendly Society. The
notion of a Post-office Savings' Bank, entertained by a
few, was an ideal as unpractical among |)ractical men
as a Post-office Friendly Society is at this moment —
indeed, more so, for we have in the Post-ollice rnado
some steps in tbe direction of the friendly society.
They have been just those steps for which the rural
classes, and, indeed, the industrial classes, care the
least ; but will, it is fair to anticipate, be found of great
importance before many years elapse. But the poor
man's sheet-anchor, maintenance during illness, coupled
with a sum at death, is not yet permitted to secure him
in the storms of this life by its hold on the Post-otlice.
Such permission might, and, it will not be difficult to
show, ought, if beneficial legislation is persisted in, to
be given. Farm-labourers should have the oppor-
tunity afforded them of investing their club payments
in securing sums during sickness, payable weekly
for a term of mouths, of about three-fourths of
their ordinary wages when they are able to work.
We may safely leave it to his own option to insure
as much as he likes in the way of burial-money and
anniiity, both these last classes being already ofiered to
the public — and not, I fear, meeting with the atten-
tion they deserve— by means of the Post-office. Now,
every country postmaster knows the common run of
farm labourers' earnings in his neighbourhood, and
would thus assist the authorities to fix the maximum
sickness provision given at his office. To this I add
ihat, from knowledge of agency management in a large
friendly society, the ordinary village postmaster will
soon make a most efficient and trustworthy agent.
The advantages of such a system of friendly societies
throughout the country it would seem difficult to
overrate. Every able-bodied farm labourer would
slowly but surely discover that, if he pleased, he might
go to the nearest post-ollice instead of the nearest
public-bouse, and, at a somewhat less cost in money,
obtain a better provision than the combined resources
of the sharing-out club and poor-rates put together
can give him." Mr. Stratton is sanguine as to the success
of the measure, and has for some time past pressed
it upon the attention of the Post-office authorities.
It is thought that if some pressure is used, the Govern-
ment will be disposed to undertake the other branch
of a friendly society, vi;^., the sickness pay. But
whether the Government will adopt the suggestion
remains to be seen. The success, however, of the Post-
office Banks speaks volumes in favour of a trial.

Just as I had finished my paper on Saturday I took
up the Saturday Revieto. The first article which
attracted my notice was upon friendly societies. I was
glad to find this influential journal had devoted a
portion of its space to this subject, and, in an article
written in its usual forcible style, which is worthy
your perusal, had laid bare the evils of the present
system, and advocated the more general adoption of
the post-office arrangement.

In all probability there will shortly be some
legislation upon friendly societies, for on the 17th
of August last the Earl of Lichfield laid on the
table of the House of Lords a Bill to amend the
laws relating to the same, and on the lOtli the following
order was made by the House, and to which Mr. Tidd
Pratt has lately called public attention :— " Ordered by
the Lords Spiritual and Temporal iu Parliament
assembled, that there be laid before this House
' Returns from the ' trustees or. secretary of every
Friendly Society legally established in England, Scot-
land, and Ireland, having paid collectors or agents, of
the names, residences, title, busines.s, or occupation of
the patrons, presidents, trustees, committee, directors,
collectors, and agents of every such society on January
1, 1867, with the name of the place at which, by the
rules, such society is established, ahd the places at
whicn the several collectors and agents reside, together

with the salaries, allowances, and emoluments of each
paid officer, collector, and agent for the year ending
December 31, 1868, with the number of members of
each such society and the amount of the funds on
January 1, 1867, and also the amount of contributions
received and the expenses of management under dis-
tinct heads, in the year ending December 31, 1866.'—
Ordered to be laid before the House. " It appears that
under the last Act there was no legal obligation for
the rates of such societies to be certified by an actuary :
there can be no doubt that the want of this has
been the cause of failure of hundreds of clubs.
Lord Lichfield proposes to amend this. In the
discussion in the House of Lords it was stated that
the Registrar-General could not satisfy himself of
the soundness of 20 out of 25,000 societies. If such be
the case, legislation will not be commenced too soon.

The permanent success of a friendly society (upon the
principle that the many can help the few) depends
upon the number of its members. If a society be tew
in numbers, it is clear that when a large proportion
have to throw themselves upon the funds, as is
invariably the case when the members become advanced
in life, the failure of that club is inevitable ; especially
so it is when the sickness pay is out of proportion to
the monthly payments. Those present who happen to
be members of boards of guardians can bear testimony
to the many pitiable cases which come before them, of
men who have subscribed for 30 and even 40 years to a
club, and after all the club has failed, and in their time
of need have had to throw themselves upon parish
bounty. From a recent return I find that there are
nearly 4000 paupers in Union Workhouses who have
been members of friendly societies which have besn
dissolved or broken up. I confess, after giving the
subject some consideration, that I shall prefer to see the
Government grapple with the question of friendly
societies, either by the Post-office or some other
agency. Until, however, such is the case, and
as it may be years about, I incline to the prin-
ciple of County or District Associations, such as
I shall shortly allude to. I would suggest Union Asso-
ciations, but I know how unpopular anything whi'jU
might be thought to appertain to the Poor-law
is among the labouring classes; at the same time
sucli an arrangement would perhaps be convenient.
For my own county, however, being a small one, I
would propose one society divided into districts corre-
sponding with the Petty-Sessional divisions. By an
organisatiion of this kind, or a union of surrounding or
adjoining parishes, with owners and occupiers as
honorary members taking an interest in the manage-
ment of the affairs of such societies, not only would
the permanent success of such institutions be ensured,
but that kindly feeling alluded to in the opening of my
paper would ensue from .inch co-operation.

Another advantage of farmers uniting in the
management of the friendly societies would probably
be found in remeding an evil bitterly and perhaps
justly complained of by many of our poor : I allude to
the neglect to which their sick are subjected by the
club doctor. I am aware their stipend is often very
small, but on this account I cannot excuse their short-
comings ; they know their salary : and they have no
right (nor is it honest) to undertake the duties unles
they intend efficiently to discharge them. I would,
however, advocate a more liberal payment, by which
the poor might reasonably expect greater attention,
and by which the funds of the club would be conserved.
This would be accomplished by the unionof the separate
parish clubs into district or county clubs. A medical
appointment to a single village club, with an emolu-
ment attaching to it of some 10/. or ial. a year, is not
of great moment to a man who has acquired a
fair practice ; but should the appointment combine
a larger area, with an emolument of 10 times the
amount, this income would be a matter of far greater
importance, and, as I think, would ensure a more
complete fulfilment of tbe duties. It would also lead
to a more rapid cure of real cases, and the speedy,
exposure of sham invalids. I \rill relate a circumstance
bearing upon the latter point which came under my
immediate notice some few years ago. A labouring
man had been often ailing, and a constant recipient for
some years of the club's funds, much to the annoyance
of many of his brother members. At length a member
of his family waited upon the club doctor, and informed
him that many of the members were dissatisfied with
the treatment of this relative— a complaint wdiich
naturally aroused his anger, and, being a plain, out-
spoken man, he said, "I tell you what, if the members
of the club think as I do about your relative, they think
he can do some work." It was marvellous what an effect
this had, for, upon inquiry being made a few days after,
his wife replied that he was a good deal better — " the
doctor had changed his medicine," and that he would
be out to work in a day or two; and sure enough he
was. This is a prescription I would commend to the
attention of club doctors. From the rules and reports
of various clubs which have been kindly sent me by
gentlemen throughout tbe country, to whom I here
tender my best thanks, I find those to be the most
prosperous whereawhole district or county is embraced.
I would name a few as worthy of the attention of those
who feel interested in such matters ; and in order
that those who desire further information upon
these societies may know where to apply for it,
I have given, in an appendix to this paper, a list
of those whose rules I deem worthy of being adoped
by other districts. I also give the name and address of
the secretary, as I wish to avoid the necessity of
answering letters from, perhaps, a number of corre-
spondents who might write to me for information :
1st. The Essex Provident Society, which has upwards
of 9000 members, and a capital of more than 70,000i,
with its honorary members and committees for every
district of the county. 2d. The Hampshire Friendly
Society, which has upwards of 3000 members, and a

NOVEMBEE 9, 18C7.]

TITE GAl^Dl'.NKT^R' ClIliONTCLK AND Afi?vTCULTlIRAL GAZETTE.

1157

capital of some 35,000^., with honorary members and
committees as in Essex. There are also prosperous
societies in the counties of Herel'ord, Salop, Wilts,
and Rutland. That of Wilts has been under tbe
fostering care of Mr. Sothoron-Estcoiirt, who has, both
in and out of rarliameiit, taken a deep interest in
friendly societies. For a local or parish club, the one
established by our lamented friend, the Itov. S. Smith,
of Lois Weeuon, appears to be as well managed, and on
as sound a footing, as any that have come under my
notice. In the last communication I had from Mr.
Smith, in his usual happy stylo he said, speaking of
his club, " It really works so well and easily, and
•without noise, that the machinery scarcely requires
oiling." The principle and rules of the Beau Manor
Club are worthy of great cousideration. It was only
established in 1858 ; yet with only 130 members, it
holds securities in stock for 700/. Tlie rules were drawn
up by the incumbent, who is well known lor his great
ability in such matters. I must now leave the matter
in your hands, trusting we may have a good discussion,
atid that this Club may be the means of securing a
better management of friendly societies throughout the
rural districts. That happy result will, I am convinced,
bo mainly brought about by the iucreased help and
more hearty co-operation of those who own and occupy
the land. Such services will be a blessing to that
portion of our population which is instrumental in
raising the necessary supply of our d.iily bread, and is
so well described, as

" Tbe sinews of Old England,

Tbe bulwarks (if the suil.
Uow mueh we owe each manly hand

Tbus fearless of its toil.
Oh, he who loves the harvest free

Will sing where'er be roams-
God bless the English peasantry.

And grant them happy homes."

Kame of Socieii/.
Essex Provident Society
Hants Friendly Soeiety

Appendix.

Name 0/ Secrelari/ and Atjtlre!>s-
Mr. Jniius M.ark, CheUneford.
Mr. J. H. Todd, Solicitor,
Winchester.

■{'

„ „ , , . „ . J, c ■ i. I Mr. Edwin Day, 9, Bye Street,
Herefordshire FncndlySoeiety .j Hereford.

n, , . TT . jT o . i t Mr. Henry Bev.an, St. Mary
Shropshire I nendly Society. . j gj^^^.^^ Shrewsbury.

Wiltshire Friendly Society .. Mr. F. V. HoUoway, Devizes.
Rutlandshire Friendly Society Mr. Alfred Frisby, Cottesmore.
T . «, , T7 . .1, ' o ■ 4. ( Mr. H. Jones, Lois Weedon,
Lois Weedon Friendly Society j Xowcester,

T, ,, 1 Tir ji. I The Secretary. Beau Manor,

Be,™ Manor and Woodhouse . . | Loughborough.

Farm Memoranda.

Meese OF Beewickshibe ; Oct. 26.— It is three
weeks since the close of harvest, with the exception of
Beans still a-field. Commencing with rainy weather,
it turned out one of the very finest of seasons for making
the most of an unsatisfactory crop. The entire crop was
carted without the excuse of a single dewy morning for
thatching ; indeed, those who were first done had to
wait a few days until the wind fell. The bulk ol straw
is quite one-half more than last year ; but the yield
will be far short. A stack of our best "\Theat, selected
(at carting) expressly for seed, seems to indicate scarce
3 quarters per acre of poor stuff; but the rejected acres,
amounting to half the break^ produce nothing but a
little swine's meat. We certainly never knew anything
like it, and it promised so well in spring. No wonder
that it sells so dear. Spring corn is perhaps a trifle
dearer than last year, but will bring in nothing like
last year's money. Barley is high coloured, but dry,
and not unsuitable for the maltster; and the
quantity of light corn is great. Oats are enor-
mously bulky, and a stack yields wonderfully little,
but of fine quality. Early in the month Turnips
were like to be cut up altogether, by cold, hard,
north winds; however, a mild, showery fortnight has
freshened the shaws, and bulbs are now visible among
the last brairded fields, which have stood the drought
better than earlier ones. These frosty nights, however,
may soon check growth. At present our Swedes alone
are good. White Turnips are so small that we cannot
afford to remove the tops before giving to cattle ; and
hoggs have hay and corn to prevent scouring and
death, if possible. A lot of sheep, purchased in spring
to consume the crop yet ungrown, are sent off to a
better land, in the hope that mutton will rise to 6rf.
a pound by-and-by.

Never did we see Potatos look more luxuriant than
in July ; but the shaws died off suddenly before harvest,
and the produce is small and diseased. Regents give
just 1 ton per acre ; Rocks and Reds much better — say
naif a crop. Our hinds have about 25 cwt. on their
lots; but a place is mentioned where they have but
5ewt. This tells heavily against children and pigs.
J. T.

Notices to Correspondents.

Land Steward. The Editor of this Journal can eontldcntly
recommend to any one contemplating estate improvement,
whether agricultural, horticultural, landscape gardening,
building, &e., a man capable of carrying out such operations.

Latino Down a Chalk Soil : jr. It will not do to let Grass
come of itself in old Samfoin in order to good pasture. If you
want to grow the right sort of plants you must sow tbe right
sorts of seed, and you cannot do better than procure .and
read Mr. Sutton's paper on laying down Grass, which you will
get by sending to his address at Reading. We shouM get tbe
mnd well fallowed, and folded heavily with sheep during
winter ; then in spring put tbe cultivator through it, and
BOW Grass seeds in March, with a light crop of either Oats or
Barley, about one bushel of seed per acre, which you may
either cut green in June or let ripen, as you please. Tbe
seeds for a comparativelv light calcareous soil should be —
Foxtail, 5 lb. ; Timothy, *2 lb. ; Hard Fescue, 21b. : Meadow
Fescue, 31b.; Perennial Rye-grass, 101b.; ItaUan Rye-
grass, 5 lb. ; Catstail, 1 lb. : Rough-stalked meadow Grass,
21b. : Hop Trefoil, 1 lb. ; White Clover, 31b. ; Red Clover,
4 lb. ; and Sainfoin about 5 or 6 lb. per acre.

F — 3 £1 J^

« 5 (0 «' 2. c
"■ « ^ e; ^ '^'

S

& 61 Dp

•0 B^ p. a ^ K S

g'SS-"g= = B

Hz B,§?.

S O ,^ BJ 5

" s
s <

r r

'%<

0 < P c "^ B

- -c a s S " -3 S

o'S-'S.Wg;

o

f

tn

o

^

O

H
H

d
xn

tei

Ul

w

TO

H

<o

b
W

L'X^5

'^?

/y\i

3 ■? 5 ?= S"

=• 5 s'

Ul

Look to your Grass Lands, &c.

EsTAIILtSIIKD 11^30.

MESSES. JARED T. HUNT ANn SONS beg to
inloiT)) thoir imii)urou.s A^rlcultiirul Krionds and CustomorH,
tlint they liiivo now on bund, id tho flnoKt ooiiUltlon, tholr uaufil
Autuiun Stock of

AMMONIACAL CORN MANUKK,
wlilch lias, for bovunvl yuura, };lvoii uiiuli Kui'f^eal HatiHfactloD.
Tlicy havo also always «jii hand, rondy for Immodiato dollvory.
tho luryuat stook of UltUSIlKD BoNKS of any lirni in thu United
KluKdtnn viz. :— lui-luohHuNKH; J-liich BUNKS; FULVKRI/ED
liONES for (iiasH Landa ; i)ropared BONES lor (Jrapo Viuch and
HonH; also BLOUU MANURK, HUPERI'lIOSFllATE of LIME.
PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SOUA, direct from tlio
Dock&.

Prtceu and othor particulars of tho abovo, at thoir Works, Lambotb
Wharf, London, S. ; Bow Brldgo Worku, Stratford, E. ; and Dowu-
bani Market, Norfolk.

N, B.—Rosponalblo Poraons as AGENTS WANTED In dlstrlctfl not
yet roproacnted.

LAWKS' WHEAT MANURE for AUi'UMN
SOWING.— A Bupply of the abovo Manure 1h now ready for
doUvory, at J. B. Lawkji' FactorloH, Deptforci and Barking Croeka.
Priuo £8 per ton. Twu to throe cwt. per acio to bo harrowed Into
thu laud before tho auod is sown. It can bo obtained of Mr. Lawku,
)r tliroujjh any of his appointed Agenta ; alau
LAWKS- PATENT TURNIP MANURE .. £11 C 0 per ton.
SUPERPllUSI'llATE of LIME .. .. £6 5 0 pur ton.

Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO direct from tho Importere, and

ail Chemical Manures of value.
AMERICAN and other CAKES at market prices.
Address John Bknnkt Lawes, OfRcoa, 1, Adelaide Place, London
Brldgo, E.C. ; 22, Edon Quay, Dublin ; & Market Si|uare, Shrowabury.

q^TEE L0NT>0JS aTaN U KE COMJfANY

X (EsTABLlSnED 1840)

Have now ready for delivery m diy flne condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Uae
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUAtIO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
es Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMO.NIA, FISHERY
SALT, &c. E. PoRSKa, Secrelury.

omcea. U6, Fenchurch Street, E.C.

of the Koyal

..^..^^t.oo. «^. , v.o.xxx.^. ,o. .«. , OX. 5«. Urf.

List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.

St. Pancraslron Work Company, Old St. Pancraa Road, London, N.W

r HON HURDLES (Silver Medal

L Ayncultural Society).

SHEEP, 3/1. hd. ; CATTLE, '

MCKENZIE'S SHEEP-FOLDING FENCE,
versus SHEEP NETS and HURDLES.
Vide Report of Tht Times, August 31, 1807.
"Tho low-priced Sheep Fence of thia Firm is of great merit com-
pared with Not ; bemif atronger, more porlablo. not liable to injury
from Hares and Rabbita, and not capable of entanglmg he.idstrong
mombera of the tlock."

Price per lineal yard, G\d. (lasts five years), delivered at any Port
in direct communication with irel.and.

TnouAS McKekzie k Sons, 34, Dawson Street, Dublin ; and
Canidan Quay, Cork. (Orders executed from the Factory at Cork.)

NURSERY FIRE GUARDS, to keep your Children
from the Fire.

'y^ifti; _ --.^-^

ilMilllllllllilUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
PM!!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiljiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiil ijili illilljlii

ijiHiiiin;!

mil

mil iiiiiiiiii 11

'iiii^'i

FIRE GUARDS, AVIARIES, and all kinds of WIRE WORK.

Manufacturer:

R. HoLLiDAT, 2a, Portobello Terrace, Notting Hill Gate, London, W.

T. ARCHER'S **F RIGI DOM 0."—

• Patronised by her Majesty the Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindlay for the Horticultural Society,
and Sir Joaeph Paston for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological
Society, &c.

PROTECTION from the COLD WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.
*' FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepared
Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor ot heat or cold, keeping a
fixed temperature whore it is applied. It Is adapted for all Horti-
cultural and Floricultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and
llowerd from the Scorching Rays of the Sun, from Wind, from
Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any
required lengths.
" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING, 2 yards wide. Is. 6d. per yard run.
"FRIQl DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide la. 9<i. per yard run.

Four yards wide 35. 6rf. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. 9d. per yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s. &d. per yard run.
Elisha Thomas Archer, Whole and Sole Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all Nuiserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It IB much cneaper than Mats as a covering."

GARDEN BOEDER EDGING TILES, in great
variety of patterns and materials, the plainer sorts being
«»=,-r.:T7-^r.™i-^ especially suited for ElITCHEN GARDENS, as
^r^^** they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
ff/ room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, con-
sequently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., in Arti-
ficial Stone, of great durability, and In great
variety of design.

F. & G. RosHtn, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingaland, N.E

Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied.

Ornamental paving tiles for conservatories,
Halls, Corridors, Balconies, Ac, as cheap and durable as
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs. _, , _. j ■

Also TEbSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above. „ , , , j

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walla of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of groat durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. &, Q. Rosher, at their premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses— 14«. per Ton, or l3. 3d per Bushel ; 23. per Ton extra
lor delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 T.ms. U per Ton less. „ , ■ /-, ..

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or GrottS
Work. F. &. G. Rose ER.— Addresses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

Il58

THE (lAKBENERS' CHRONICLE AND ACTMCULTtJRAL GAZETTE.

[NOVBMBEE 9, 1867.

George Hall, late Manager to the late Saynors' Firm.

He was for 30 Ykars in tqeir Employ.

GEO. HALL ANn SON'S Celebrated PEUNING and
BUDDING KNIVES, SCISSORS, fee. nmy be obtained from th e
most respectable Nurserymen imrt Seed Merchants in the kingdom,
also America, France, Germany, Holland, Prussia, Russia, &c,

N.B. — We only mako one quality, the best that can ba manu-
factured, the same as the late Savnors al^rays made during their
llfetmie, with all the latest improvements.

Cadtion.— None are genuine unless marked "Geo. Hall & Sort."
Other marks would cause disappointment, as these bladea are
tempered by a process known onlv to tlie Makers.

Engravings of Patterns, with Price Lists gi'atis, on application.
Horticultural Cutlery Works, Sheffield.

GREENING AND COMPANY (Limited),
Manufacturers of Iron Gates. Fences, Palisades, Espaliers,
Hurdles, Tree Guards, G.orden Seats, Verandahs, Vases, Fountains,
Tomb Railings, Stable Fittings, Garden Rollers, Poultry Houses,
Emigrants' Houses, Bridges, Com Rick Stands, &c. ; also of Wire
Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Movable Fences for
Railwfliys, Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Courts,
Sheep Walks, &c. ; also of Wire Netting, Plant Guards and Protectors,
Garden Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea and Plant
Trainers, Pheasantries, Hen Coops, and Garden Lounges.

Catalogues (together with Supplement of Testimouials from the
leading Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom to the
quality of Greening & Co.'s Manufactures), forwarded post free.

Gbeenihg & Company (Limited). Victoria Iron and Wire Works.
^ Offices :— 1, Albert Square, Mapchester,

iron cisterns.

FBRABY AND Co. having; laid down extensive and
• Improved Machinery in their new range of buildings, Ida
Wharf, Deptford, are now prepared to supply WROUGHT-IRON
TANpS, GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior quality, at
reduced prices, and at very shoi t noi.ice.

LISTS OF TANKS

ON APPLICATION.

d

¥. BnABY & Co., Limited, i'ituroy WorlvH, KiHtoii Itoiid, Loiidoi

c

^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UKITEU

COW FITTINGS

Their advantages die— Port ibility, not liivLiuch, removable al
pleasuie, no Woodwork oi Partitions to impede Voutilation or bleed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as nnnecetisaiy, increased wndth
and depth of Feeding Tioughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winslev Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Osfora Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
In Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

OHN WARNER and SONS,

BRASS and BELL FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTS".

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS,

8, Crescent, Cripplogate, London. E.G.

PORTABLE PUMPS

LIQUID MANURES.
Drawings and Prices for
sent upon application.

No. 3fi.

DEEP WELL rAQTTRnw

PUMPS, for Steam, CAST-IRON
Hoi-se, or Hand Power. PUMPS,

any description of Hydraulic Machinery

NEW IMPROVED PREMIUM WIRE NETTING.

AWARDED FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE BY THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

AT BUET ST. EDMXJND'S, JULY 16.

J. B. BROWN AND CO. having introduced Improved Macliinery into theii' London Workshopa for manu-
facturing "Wire Nettiiig, ai'e now prepared to execute orders to any extent at the shortest notice. The Netting
is of very superior quality, best formed mesh, well twisted, and Galvanised after made in a superior manner.

GREAT IMl'KOVEMENT,

WITH

REDUCED PRICES,
February, 1866.

AND

GALVANIZED

AFTER MADE.

PRICES PEE LINEAL YARD, 24 INCHES HIGH.

Size of
Mesh.

21 inch
2 inch
1| inch
Ih inch

Mostly Maed for

Light. No. 19.

Japanned. | Galvanized. Japanned. Galvanized.

Hares, Dogs, Poultry . . ' 2f (?.

Game or Poultry Netting 3\d.

SmaU Rabbits, Hares, &c. 3'ld.

Smallest Rabbits . . . . 4:id.

3J<?.
Sid.
i^d.
5kd.

Medium. No. 18.

3id.
3|<f.
i^d.
5M.

4,'id.
ihd.
bid.
&ld.

strong. No. 17.

Extra Strong. No. IC.

Japanned.

id.

i\d.

6d.

m.

Galvanized. Japanned.

~lu. 6d^ "

bid. 6U.

^d. 6R

M. 8rf.

Galvanized.

6J<f. ~
Id.
8d.
lOd.

Quantities of 100 yards or upwards delivered free at all Railway Stations. All Netting -warranted to give satisfaction.

J. B. BROWN AND CO. Offices : 90, CANNON STREET, CITY, LONDON, E.G.

WAREHOUSE and MANUFACTORY— 148, UPPER THAMES STREET, E.C.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATENT SELF-SHARPENING CYLINDER CUTTERS.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater eas e
than any other Lawn Mower e.^tant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS have proved to be the best, and have carried off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Every Machine is wan-anted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally.
T. GREEN AND SON /inve to state that ilte demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has been
unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can be made from
their Stock both in London and Leeds.

^- ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and

64 and 65, BLACEFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOB HEATING CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE

RESIDENCES, ETC., WITH

TRUSS'S PATENT UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE AND -

LEAKLESS PIPE-JOINTS.

T. S. TRUSS

Begs to state that the iinmense number of APPARATUS annually Designed and Erected by him in all parts of
the Idngdom, and for the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHISWICK,
with iinrivalled satisfaction, is a guarantee for skill of design, superior materials, and good workmanship ; while the
great advantages obtained by his IMPROVED SYSTEM cannot be over-estimated, consisting of perfectly tight
joints with neatness of appearance ; EFFECTS A SAVING- OF 25 PER CENT, on cost of Apparatus erected
compared with other systems; facility lor extensions, alterations or removals without injury to Pipes or Joints ;
can be erected by any Gardener; an ordinary size Apparatus erected in one day, and PERFECTNESS of
DESIGN SUPPLIED, INSURING NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle BoUer,
delivered to aoy Railway Station in England, and Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 25 miles off
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large Works.

TWO FOUR-INCH PIPES ALONG ONE SIDE AND OIv

Size of House. Appar.itus Complete. Erection. Size of House,

20 feet by 10 feet . . £900 ..£200 50 feet by 15 feet

30 feet by 12 feet ,. 11 15 0 .. 2 10 0 75 feet by 15 feet

40 feet by 15 feet . . 15 0 0 . . 2 15 0 100 feet by 15 feet

Bath and Gas Work erected in town or country. The Trade Supplied.
Horticultural Buildings of every description from Is. Qd. per foot superficial, inclusive of Brickwork.

Price Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on application to

T. S. TRUSS, C.E., Consulting Horticultueax Engineer, &c.. Sole MANnFAcruREK,

FBIAR STREET, BLACKERIAHS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.

Observe — Tfie City Offices are now Memoved to the Manufactory, Friar Street,

ND OF HOUSE.

Apparatus Complete.

. £17 10 0
20 0 0
26 0 0

Erection.

£3 0 0

3 0 0

3 5 8

November 9, 1867..1

THE GAllDKNEliS' CIIRONIOLK AND AiililOULTURAI. GAZETTR

1169

H

TACINTH GLASSES, in evcvv variety of shape

and colour ; SUI'PORTS, DISHES, CROCUS at,ASSES. Sc.
The Garden Re|ioaitory, 32, Jiunt's Street, Covont Oftrdon, W.C.

A liberal dlacouut, to the Trade.

CO.,

ReiM,
N.k

rpHOMAS iUILLINGTON and

J. lurOnTKRS, DfALEUS, and MANUKACTURKItS OP GlaSS.

87, lilHhopsgate Street Without, London, K,U.
PRESENT PRICES of nYAClNTII GLASSES,

A.— SOa. per K1-0B3. B.— 6'Jjs. per gross. C— JUri. ptiv giosi.
3s. per dozou. Os. por dozen. 4s. por dozen.
The abovo nro made In Oreen, Klue, I'uce, Anibor, and White.
Opnl, l8. por dozon extra. ^

R

U S T I C B

TIES n\ACl
TERN CASES

n T

11 V A

NTU

GLASSES.

and

AQUARIA

S E S.

^-C*

CLAUDE r, HOUGHTON, and
89, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.
Price List freo on application.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Irou Work, Wood, or Stoue. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and ia fully
fiffo-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinal? labourer,
requires no mixing or thinninR, and is used cold. It ia used in the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and Kontry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
appli ration.

J^rom OuA9. E. B. Suedlfy, Esq., TOe Grange, near Boxlon.

" 1 have much pleasure in giving you a reply to your inquiries about
the Black Viu'nish I have had from vou for tlie last two years. It has
.inswered my expectations ftilly, ancl as far as I am able to jud^'c, it
is the best material for preserving iron fencing, gates, and other wood
work exposed to tueair ; and I can with safety recommend it as the
best and cheapest article that is yet out. Wishing you every success. '

Sold m casks of about 3ii galious eacn, at la. bU. por palioii, a.t the
Manufactory, or Is. Sd. per gallon paid to any Station in the tinedom.

Apply to Hill & Smite. Briefly Hill iron Works, near Dudley, and
22. Cannon Street West. E.C., from whom only it can bo obtained

7W}0A-KUT KEFUSE

^-^ is becoming soaroe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in biigs, 1 for 2s., 10 for
IGs., 20 for 303., 50 for 66b., ZOO
for £6.

Fourpence allowed tor each
bag retm-ned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck -load (not In
bags), 405.

Postage Stamps or Post-office
Order, payable to J. Barsham A
Co., Kingston-on-Thames. S.W.

BARNSLKY LOCAL BOARD of HE ALT [T.
OE.S1GN KOIl ORKENHOUSE.
The Local Board nro dowlroun f)f erecting a GroenhoiirtO In iho
Locke I'ltrk. to bo con^tructud of iron and GlasH, Uiduding proper
Wunnlng Apparatus, at ft cost not oxcooding I'iSO. The Hoard will
give n PREMIUM of £fi for tho BEST DKSIGN, If accepted. The
Design muHt fHpuolallyombraco ample room for tho prosorvatlon or
llc<ldlng out PlaiitH during tho winter monthd.

Ptans and KMtlmatuH are to bo sent to mo, imder cover, endorsod
"Tender for Groouliouflo," on or before MuNlJAY, Docoinbor 2,

By Oidor, Wu. II. Feaoock, Clork to tlio Hoard.

Barnsloy. Nov. f., iaC7.

M

PARKS VLANTEl), OLD GAltDKNS llENOVATEU
and made Fruitful, or Now GnoH made,
GLASS-IIOU.SKa BUILT and HEATKU, us be.st suited for
Growing any particular class of PlaiitH or KrullH, by
RonKitT BuLLKN, Nurseryman, Ac, Tranmcro Park, Birkenhead.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., bege to announce that he ia
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Kesidencu.>i, or for the FORMATKJN of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwlBo.
Addros.s Mr. John Giubon, luu., Surrey Lane, Battorsoa, S.W.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING J-OWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TUUKETS, large, hardy, and good breedora.
AYLESBURY and ROUKN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA, CREVECCEUR, and LA FLECUE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on application.
JouN Bailt & Son. 113. Mount Street, London. W.

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINESS; or tfie present Proprietor would accoiit of n
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1500.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, C, Leadenhall Street,
Loudou, EC.

Eemprow, Aldenbam, Herts.

TO BE LET, a FARM of 126 Acres, with the Shooting;,
and a Gentleman's SMALL HOUSE, situated within
10 minutes' walk of the New Station on the Midland Railway at
Radlet, Herts, and with immediate possession.

For terms and cards to view, apply to Messrs. Hcmdert i: Cox,
Land Agents and SuiTeyors, 8S, St. James's Street, S.W., and
Watford. Herts.

To Market Gardeners, Fruit Growers, Nurserymen,

and Others.
rilO Bl'] LET, on tliu Estate of tho Eaii of Essex, at
i. Watford, Herts, with Immediate Possession, 27 ACRES of very
Fertile ARABLE LAND, lying high, sloping to the south-east, well
secured from the north, and abutting on the Turnpike Road, within
about a mile of three Railway Stations and the Town of Watford,
and adniir.ibly adapted for Garden Culture» together with
a largo quantity of sewerage and an unliraiied supply of Water, a
lO-Hoise Power Stationary I'umping Engine and Pumps, and a Cottage,
all In good working order, and, if required, about 25 Acres of Low-
lying lleadow Land, on rich Alluvial Soil.

For Terms and Card to View apply lo 'Mfssrs. Humbert & Cox,
SS, St, James's Street, London, W. ; and WaLloid, Herts.

Nursery and Seed Business for Sale.

WILLIAM DEAN, having determined on residing- in
London again, offei-s for SALE, with immediate possession,
the NURSl'jRY at SHIPLEY, consisting of Four Acres, with
13 extensive Glass Houses, tho whole, with tho Nursery wuU stocked,
and with Dwelling House, &c., is hold on Lease; also the SEED
SHOP, iu BRADFORD (the only one iu tho town), which is well
fitted up, and where thero isagood business doing in Fancy Articles,
as well as Seeds, Cut Flowers, Flowering Plants, Ac. The Nursery
is 2i milea IV'jm the Shop, on a principal road to Bradford. A half
year's business is equivalent to the pmcbiise money required, and
will be a great bargain to tho purchaser. It is an excellent oppor-
tunitv tor a large house in the South to estiiblisli a Branch Business
here," as a good healthy Tiado is already doue, which may be very
mucb increased. For particulars apply to

William DEiH, Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Torkshiro.

To Gardeners, Nurserymen, and Amateurs.

TO BE SOLD, a great quantity of TOBACCO JUICE,
in 8-gallon Tins and l2-gallon Casks, at Is. 3(1. per gallon.
Apply to RooERT BuLLEN, Victoria Nursery, Tranmere Park,
Birkenhead.

TOBACCO TISSUE for Fumigating Greenhouses.
Will Destroy Tbrip, Red Spider, Green and Black Fly, and
Mealy Bug ; and burns without the assistance of blowing, and is
entirely free from paper or rag, Price 3s. Gd. per lb., carriage free.
A reduction in price for large quantities.

To be had of Messrs. Roberts & Sons, Tobacco Manul:icturen3,
112, St. John Street, Cierkenwell, E.G., of whom copies of Testi-
monials may be obtained ; and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

WINTER-DRESS ALL FRUIT TREES with
GISHURST COMPOUND.
Copy of a Letter from fS.r.'RivEii.s, Nurseries, Sawbridgeioorth, Hert/t,
22d October, 1801.

"I must tell you what I heaid to-day from a very clever gentleman
farmer, Anthony Bubb. Esq.. of Witcombe Court. Gloucester. He
has a wall to which Peach Trees are trained. Well, last autumn
they were in a wretched blighted state. As a desperate remsdy he
unnailed them all, early last February, and g.ave all but one a
thorough painting with Gishurst Compound, lib. to the gallon of
water ; his trees, all but the one, commenced to grow favourably in
spring, and are now pictures of health. The tree not painted is in a
half-dead blighted slate. Ho used the same dressing to his Apple
Trees ; it kiJlod the woolly Aphis entirely, and has made his trees
clean and vigorous In their growth. He intends to p:iint his W.iU
Trees annujilly, and tolls all his friends to do the same. I shall
certainly serve all my young Peach Trees against my walls in the
same manner. The Compound is, I believe, more efBcacious than
the usual offensive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and it does
not blacken the shoots on the walls."

For Orchard-house Trees, 4 ozs. to the gallon will be found a good
strength ; when used stronger some buds on weakly trees may be
Injured,

GISHURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nuraerymen and
Seedsmen, in boxes. Is., 3s,, and lUs. 6rf, each.

Wholesale by Price's Patent Candle Comi*ast, LiMiTEft,
Belmont, Vauxhall, London, S,

Gishurst Compound has more recent testimonials to Its eflBcacy,
but none more conclusive than the abo?e, which baa been publiiihed
before.

^alcs fig tuition.

SALE THIS DAY. AT HALF-PAST 12 O'CLOCK.

Roses, Shrubs, Fruit Trees, Dutcli Bulbs, &c.

n/lR, J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at

LVA his Great Rooms, 33, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
SATURDAY, November 0, at balf-paat 12 o'clock precisely, an
Assortment of HARDY' TREES and SHRUBS, Pyrami-;al and
Dwarf FRUIT TREES, Standard and Dwarf ROSES, and a brgo
quantity of HY'ACINTHS, TULIPS, NARCISSUS, CROCUSES,
LILIES, GLADIOLI, &c., just arrived from Holland.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Bulbs from Holland.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION at his
Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Coveut Garden, W.C, on
MONDAY', November 11, at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, a first-class
Collection of HY'ACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES, NARCISSUS,
GLADIOLI, LILIUMS. and other BULBS, just anivcd from
Holland.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Imported Orchids.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SEEL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C,
on TUESDAY, November 12. at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely, an
Importation of rare ORCHIDS, just received from New Grenada,
consisting of—

Odontoglossum ramossimum, the

finest of the whole tribe.
Odontoglossum nasvium.

Pescatorea.

Odontoglossum triumphans.

„ cristatum.

Oncidium cucuUaium, the large-
lipped variety.

Also growing pl.ints of the following fine species ;-

Cypripedium caudatum roseum.
Cycnoches ventricosum var. ma-

cranthiira.
Oncidium s^rratum, and others.

Mesospinidium sanguiueum.
Trichopllla crispa,
Warscewiczella margin.ita. [Ac.
Zygopetalum rostratum majus.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Consignment of Plants and Bulbs from Holland.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Booms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C, on
WEDNESDAY, November 13, at half-past 12 o'Clock, precisolv, a
consignment from Holland ot Choice STANDARD, WEEPING,
and DWARF ROSES, Specimen Conifers, Variegated Hollies,
Standard, Pyramid, and named Fruit Trees. Laurels, Aucubas. ana
a variety of HARDY TREES and SHRUBS; also a consignment
of fiist-class DUTCH BULBS, consisting ot Double and Single
Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocuses, Narcissus, Lilies, Gladioli, and other
Bulbs just arrived Irom Holland.

On view the Jlornlng of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Coningsby Nurseries.

iMrOBTANT Sale of Forest Trees, Surubs, Slc.

MR. ^Y. POGSON will SELL hv AUCTION, by
direction of Mr. William Moor, on TUEJSDAY', November 12
at 12 o'clock, in the Nurseries Coniugsbv, in the occupation of
Mr. Wilham Cooper, about 600,000 FOREST TREES, SHRUBS.
&c,,comprisingOAK, ASH. ELM, LARCH. SPRUCE, and .SCOTCH
FIR TREES, FRUIT TREES of every description, EVERGREENS,
&c,, and a quantity of ENFIELD CABBAGE PLANTS.

Coningsby ia one mile from Tatterahall Station, Great Northern
Railway, Lincolnshire Line,

ESSRS. PROTHEROE \sn MORRIS'S

rilELlMINARY NOTICE of FORTHCOMING SALES.
Hioiilv Imtuiitant TO NoiiLEUKs, Gentlkukn, and Otjikild enoaord

IN PlANTimi.

FULWELL, November '20. bv order of Mr. Lalng.— Tho iwual asMOrt-
mont of NURSERY ftT(JCK, oonnlHtinK of ROmo valuable
Hpcclinons for olfoctlvo purposos.

BIRKENHKAD. near Liverpool, on WEDNICSDAY, Docombor 4,
nu.l IWIlowIng riav, by order of Mr. Win, HendorHon, OXTON
HILL NURSERY, tho valuable NUUSKRY STOCK, comprising
Evurnrooii, Coniforou.s, and Deciduous ShrubH, Oriiamcutal and
Forest Trees, Ac.

CITY AUCTION ROOMS, 38 ti 3X Gracechurch Stroet.— WEEKLY
SALES of only flrst-clasa DUTCH BULBS, STANDARD
ROSES, AMERICAN PLANTS, flto.

Particulars will appear in future AdvertlsemontH.
Ameilcan Nurseries, Loytonntono, N.E.

Godalming, Surrey.

iMPonTANT Clkauawdf Sale op Valuahlk Ndbbkry Stock,

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS have received
institiotlons from Mr. Charles J. Barker, to SELL by
AUCTION, on tho ProiiilBos, Godalming Nursery, and at Terrace
Gardens, Shady Hangor, Godaliiilng, Surrey, on MONDAY',
November !1, and two following days at 11 o'Clock each day, the
WHOLE of tho thriving NURSERY STOCK, including a valuable
assortment of CONIFEROUS. EVERGREEN, and DECIDUOUS
SHRUB.S of all sizes, many of which are handtiomo specimens for
effective purposes; a large quantity ol remarkably fine full-
bearing FRUIT TREES, mostly Pyramidal trained, viz , Apples.
Poars, PjuniH, and Cherries of the best varieties by name, Quinco
and Medlars, the whole of which have been propi.rly prepared for
removal; Onmmental Trees, various; Standard and Dwarf Roses;
Currants, Gooseberries, Ac. ; a fine collection of Greeiihouso Plants,
choice Ferns, Ac. ; with Four newly-erected Greenhouses, PR."!, Hot-
water Piping, Boilers, Bricks, the Erection of Rustic Saloon, "0 feet
long by 13 feet 0 Inches wide, and other Effects.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on the
premises, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstono, N.E.

Edmonton, Middlesex.

Important Salk ok Valdaule Nursebv Stock.

MESSKS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are instructed
by Mr Charies Woolven to SELL by AUCTION, on tho
Premises, Langhedge Nursery, Edmonton, within 10 niiniitcs' walk
ot the Park Station on the Ureat Eastern Line, on WEDNESDAY
and THURSDAY, November 13 and 14, at 11 o'Clock each day,
a portion of the ground bomg immediately required for other
purposes, the valuable NURSERY STOCK, including a large
quantity of clean-grown FRUIT TREES, viz.. Standard, Pyramidal,
and Dwarf-tiained Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Peaches, Nectar-
ines, and Apricots ; JOOO Walnuts, Currants, kc. ; a fioo assortment
or EVERGREEN, CONIFEROUS, and DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.
ranging all sizes, including specimens for eflecLive pui'pnses : ORNA-
MENTAL and FOREST TREES; 1000 STANDARD and DWARF
ROSES, of the best varieties ; 30,000 QUICK ; HARDY CLIMBERS,
in pots, &c.

May he Viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had on tho premises,
and of tho Auctioneers and Valuers, Loytonstone, N.E,

New Hampton, Middlesex.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS are directed
by Mr. R. Lay to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, New
Hampton Nursery, near the Twickenham Station, and within five
minutes' walk of the Fulwell Station, on the Thames Valley Railway,
on FaiDAY, November 15, and following day. at 11 o'Clock each
day. 1000 ENGLISH FAN YEWS, remarkably handsome. 4 to 10 ft. ;
1000 GREBN HOLLIES, 1 to G feet; 800 CHINESE ARBOR-VIT^,
3 to 5 feet; busby PORTUGAL and COMMON LAURELS, &c. : a
large quantity of ORNAMENTAL TREF3 and DECIDUOUS
SHRUBS; 0000 Standard and Dwarf FRUIT TREES, viz., Apples,
Pears, Plums, Cherries, Peaches, Nectarines, &c.

May bo Viewed prior to tho Sale. Catalogues had on the premises,
and of the Auctioneers and Valueis. Loytonstone, N.E.

Sale of Very Fine Dutcli Bulbs, Handsome Standard
Roses, &c.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL
by AUCTION, at 38 and 39, Gracechurch Street, E.G., on
SATURDAY", Nov. 1(3, at 1 o'Clock precisely, a First-class Collection
of DUTCH BULBS, including fine named Hyacinths, Tulips
Crocuses, Narcissi, Snowdrops, Axiemoncs, Riimmculi, Sc. ; a splendid
assortment ot STANDARD, DWAUF. and CLIMrtING ROSES,
of tho best varieties m cultiv.ation ; Selected AMERICAN PLANTS,
viz., Ghent and othor Azalea-*, Hybrid Rhododendrons, Kalmias,
Aodroinedas, some Hardy Climbers, &c.

On View the Morning of Sale. Catalogues had at the rooms as
above, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

Clearance Sale.— Woking, Surrey.

MESSRS, PROTHEROE and MORRIS have received
instructions to SELL by AUCTION, on the Premises, Gold-
worth Nurseries, Woking, Surrey, on MONDAY', November 18, and
following days, at 11 o'Clock each day, without reserve, in conse-
quence of the death of Mr. Robert DonalJ, the WHOLE of the
extensive and valuable NURSERY" STOCK, in a fine state of cultiva-
tion comprisingasplondidvarietyofCONIFEROUS, EVERGREEN,
and DECIDUOUS SHRU liS of remarkably bealihy growth, including
10 OlH) Thujas (sorts), 10,000 Cupressus Lawsoniana, 10,000 Retinispora
(sorts) 6000 Juniperus, 4000 Thujoiisis borealis, 2000 Wellingtonia
gigantea 2000 Abies (sorts). 2000 Picea (sorts), 40,000 Sprxice, Scotch
and Silver Firs. 50,0{)0 Larch, Araucarias, Cedrus (sorts), 200,000
Common Laurels, 5000 Portugal Laurels, GOOO Arbutus (very flue),
lO.OOJ Berberis (sorts), 4000 Tree Box, 20,0(10 Privet, 2000 Laurustinus,
7000 Variegated, English, and other Yews; 20,000 Green and
Variegated Hollies. 1000 Magnolias (sorts), Spirseas, Weigelas,
(^alycanthus, Deutzias, Guelder Rose, Lygustrum japonicum, &c. ;
Fruit Ornamental, and Forest Trees, viz., thousands of Standard,
Dwarf, and Pyramidal Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Poaches.
Nectarines, and Apricots ; Currants, Gooseberries, Filberts, Walnuts,
Figs Mulberries, Mealars, &c. ; Sycamores, Limes, Maples, Poplars,
Chestnuts, Willows. Ash, Birch. Hazel, and Spanish Chestnuts :
choice American Plants, consisting of 2000 Rhododendrons ot the
best named varieties, hardy Ghent Azaleas, Sedums, Azalea amrena^
hardy Heaths, a large quantity of Climbers (of sorts), fine Standard
and Dwarf Roses (the best kinds), Manetti stocks, 200,000 strong
Quick. &c.

May bo Viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had {Gd. each,
returnable to purchasers) on the premises, and of the Auctioneera
and Valuers. American Nurseries, Leytonstone, N.E,

M^

Hereford.— To Gentlemen, Nurserymen, & Planters,

Important Sale of Nunsiiiiv Stock, in coNstquENCE of Expiration
OF LEASt, at Barrs' Ooort Ndrseries.

K. 0. SHELLARD is instrucU-d by Mr. Q. Duvison

^ to SELL by AUCTION, at the White Cross and Darrs' Court

Nurseries Hereford, on MONDAY, November 23, and five f.illowing
days a large portion of the weli-known STOCK on these Premises,
coinprislnK 10,000 strong Standard Cider Apple and Crab Stocks;
3000 Specimen Conifers, 4 to 9 feet high, including fine grown plants
of Wellingtonia, Deodara, Thujopsis, Cupressus, Thuja, Juniperus,
Abies, Araucarta, andPinus; 600 Common Yeirs, 6 ti 6 feet high;
200 Irish Yews, 6 to 7 feet ; 2000 Avenue Trees, consisting of Chest-
nut, Lime, Elm, Birch, Hornbeam, Beech, Turkey Oak. Plane Sc,
9 to 14 feet high ; 500 large Laurustinus, 2) feet through ; 600 Finus
inslRnis, 4 to 6 feet high; 600 Cupressus macrooarpa 6 to T feet ;
1000 largo Finns auslriaca, 4 to 6 feet ; 12,000 Common Laurels, 2 to
4> feet -2000 Spmce Firs grown for Christmas Trees, 3 to 4j leet :
500 Ae4r neguSdo variegata, 3 to 0 feet; 1000 Laree Portugal
Laurels, 2 to 4) feet ; 160 splendid Thuji aurea 2* <-°„V««' •, "^ ["f"
Quantity of Bos, Privet, Ay, Lilac, Acer, Purjile Beech, Ailonthua
'^„lin Trftp Poolar Judas Tree. F owonng rhorna, &o. 300,000
StroEg Tra'nspSiied Harthim Quick, 2i to 3i feet high ; 203^0
? vears Seedling Onick • 250,000 Twico Transplanted Larch, 3 to 6
£n™60%oTnle Trans'planted Larch, U to 2 feet : 200 OOO Ash 2 to
5 feet- 70 000 Oak, li to 2 feet ; 60,000 Spanish Chestnuts, 1) to 2
^4- 30 000 Spmce and Scotch hv, 1) to 4 feet. In Pots:-.A large
QUintty of Primula sinensis, new Violets, Euonymus, new Anoubas,
3nd MarJclial Niel Rose on own roots. All the above Plants nna
Tree" are in the finest possible condition for immediate removal,
well crown and constantly transplanted. u .. j .

On vTew at the Nnraerlos at any time. Catalogues may be had at
th. Auctioneer's Office, at Messrs. Minibr, Nash, i Njsn, Channgd
Crost London ; or of okoRo. Dati.o», White Cross Home, Hereford.

1160

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEE, 9, 1867.

HEATING BY HOT WATER.

It is now geuerally admitted that BUILDINGS of any kind can be more eTectually "WARMED by HOT WATER than by any other means; but aa so much
depends on the way in which the Apparatus Is fixed, it is of the greatest importance that it be done by experienced Men.

J. JONES & SONS

HAVE EVERY FACILITY FOR

EXECUTING WORK IN THE BEST MANNER

AT A MODERATE COST, AND HAVING THE

LARGEST STOCK IN THE KINGDOM OF BOILERS, PIPES, ETC.,

THEY CAN COMPLETE WORK WITHOUT DELAY.

Their great experience in HOT WATER HEATING enables them in all cases to supply an APPAEATDS best suited to the purpose for which it is intended, and they will
be happy to send to any part of the Country at a moderate charge, to take particulars of work, and prepare Plans, &c., or on receipt of particulars per post, they
will forwai-d Estimates free of charge.

J. JOXES AND SON'S haring been so extensively patronised for many years by the Nobility, Clergy, Gentry, and others, are enabled to give references to work
done in nearly every part of the Kingdom.

J. JONES & SONS

ARE PREPARED TO ESTIMATE FOR WARMING, TO ANY EXTENT-

CHURCHES
CHAPELS
SCHOOLS
LECTURE HALLS
BANKS

PUBLIC OFFICES

WAREHOUSES

FACTORIES

GREENHOUSES

CONSERVATORIES

VINERIES
HOTHOUSES
FORCING PITS
PINE STOVES
PEACH HOUSES

OECHAED HOUSES
HALLS and PASSAGES
PICTURE GALLERIES
MUSIC ROOMS
BILLIARD ROOMS

BATHS

DRYING CLOSET
COACH HOUSES
HARNESS ROOMS

J. JONES AND SONS' APPAEATUS is simple in construction, moderate in cost, and economical in working.

It is equally available for the AMATEUR'S GREENHOUSE, or the longest range of FORCING HOUSES ; for the smallest Chapel or the largest Church ; for
Private Offices, or those of Public Companies.

It is admirably adapted for DWELLING HOUSES, as coils of pipes can be placed in any part, for warming the various rooms. One or more Baths may be
heated from the same Roller, and a constant supply of hot water obtained in any part of the house.

For 'WAREHOUSES and WORKSHOPS this system of Heating is unsurpassed as, unlike Stoves and Hot Air Flues, the circulation of Hot Water in Pipes is
perfectly safe, and the Management of Apparatus can be left to any ordinary workman.

J. JONES & SONS

HAVE LATELY

FIXED THEIR HOT WATER APPARATUS IN OR NEAR THE FOLLOWING

AND THE WORiaNG OF THE SAME HAS IN ALL CASES GIVEN THE GREATEST SATISFACTION.

Abbey Wood

Abergavenny

Abingdon

Addlestone

Aldershot

Alton

Ascot

Ash

Atherstone

Aylesbury

Balhum

Banbury

Barnes

Bath

Battle

Beckenham

Beccles

Bedford

BeshUl

Bickley

Bii-mingham

Bishop Stortford

Blaclcneath

Blandford

Blisworth

Bournemouth

Boxmoor

Bracknell

Brentford

Bridgend

Bridgenorth

Brighton

Bristol

Broads tairs

Bromley

Broxboume

Buckingham

Burton

Bury St. Edmund's

Cambiidge

Canterbury

Famworth

Lutterworth

Cardiff

Faversham

Lymington

Carshalton

Finchley

Lynn
Maid BE head

Caterham

Gloucester

Cheltenham

Glynde

Malvern

Chepstow

Godalming

Manchester

Chertsey

Godstone

Mario w

Chester

Gom shall

Middleton

Cirencester

Grantham

Minster

Congleton

Gravesend

Nantwich

Cookham

Guildford

Newbury

Coventry

Hailsham

Newhaven

Cowes

Hammersmith

Ne^vnham

Crawley

Hampton

Newmarket

Croydon
Culham

Hauwoilh

Newport
Northampton

Harrogate

Darlington

Haslemere

Northwich

Dartford

Hastings

Norwich

Datchet

Hatfield

Nottingham

Deal

Hayward's Heath

Oswestry

Derby

Hereford

Oxford

DingTvall

Hertford

Paris

Diss

Hitchin

Pembroke

Dorchester

Horsham

Petersfield

Dorking

Hull

Pinner

Dover

Huntingdon

Poole

Downham

Inverness

Potter's Bar

Dublin

Kettering

Ramsgate

Eastbourne

Kingston

Reading

East Grinstead

Knaresboro'

Reigate

Edenbridge

Leamington

Richmond

Edmonton

Leeds

Rickmans worth

Elgin

Lewes

Ringwood

^^l .

Leytoustone

Ross

Enfield

Limerick

Rugby

Epsom

Liphook

Rushton

Erith

Liss

Ryde

Exeter

Liverpool

Sevenoaks

Farnborough

Ludlow

Sliiffhal

Farnham

Lutou

Shrewsbury

PLACES;

Solihull

Southampton

St. Alban's

St. Asaph

Stafford

Stamford

Stanstead

Stone

Stonehouse

Stroud

Sunninghill

Swansea

Teddington

TeigmnoutU

Thame

Thetford

Tongham

Torquay

Tunbridge

Tunbridge Wells

TwickerQiam

Uckfield

TJxbridge

Tirginia Water

Wallingford

Waltham

Walton

Warlingham

Wariington

Watford

Wellingborough

Welwyn

Weybridge

Weymouth

Wimborne

Windsor

Wolverhampton

Worcester

Wisbeach

York

J. JONES AND SONS,
IRON MERCHANTS and HORTICULTURAL ENGINEERS, 6, BANKSIDE, SOUTHWARK, LONDON, S.E.

pEi*l?T;M°°SrH"^°''at ?li?ScTo^f ^IP Jr^/ S^ll°I;^ Advertisements aad Basiaess Letters to " The PabUsher," at the Oflce. 41. WeUlngfja Street. Covent Garden. London, W.C.
^^^■.^oAl!yf^Xli^,^onS^ri:t:'A!^off^^^^^ WJi t.fdars, City ot Londoa.ia the^. of Mlddlesex.and PubUshed by the s,

Bald Jau£3 Matthews, at tbe

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

/ ■ AND

'' AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 46.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 16.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, Gd.

INDEX.

Apples. "White Cnlvillc

— InrRc

Appir pumlor

Arlstoloi'liiii Goldionna

HotldinK plant liouscs

BecB

Blnelcy Hnll oxbibitiou ....

Hooks QOticcO

Cattlp movi-mcnt

ChPi-si?

ChriHfB Thorn

Cocoa-nut ut Syon

ConifiTfl, Rtom-pniillnE

Cordon pruiiirifc

Diihlins, piiiniiiK

Dmiilfc ll'i-.l f^te

rami, \orkKhii-(>

FaruK^rs' Clubs

— wants

Field liiboiir

Florist's Btiindnrd

Oaidcninv, French and

English llGli b-

OrapL'9. Krcdlin^

Gi-appjiidRiiiR

JiiniDloa Hotiiuii' Garden..,.
Kpw horbariiniinsaistiLnts .,
Labourer, tlold

llf.9 (1
110!) <
1174 (
llfifl I
1174 .

llf.7 I
11G9 fl
116H c
llli.^ <

\\m I
ll7n t

1178 n
1173 <
1167 <

11(>.^ c
llliS c
1173 <■

Lnwn weeds

Mechi'B (Mr.) reports

Unions

I'aris exhibition

I'oars.neplcctod

Fe)art;oniurns, bedding

Plant nomenelaturc

I'nultry 1176 6-

Purdon tOKtimonial

Itofiea

Sa!tbuni-by-the-8Ca

Sclitrnc, M

SpM'anc, vftiupof

Sheep breeding......

— trough

Rhortboms

Shrublnnd Park

Smithfleld Club

Society, Stoke Newington..

— Quekett

— Highland Agricultural

— Ayrshire Agricultural .

Spider and wasp

Thorn, Chrisfa

Tn\de memorandum

"Wheat, germinatioii of

— liirie for

Zizania aquatiea

1172 <■
1177 b

lies n
im r

11GB 0

1165 r
1163 a

-1181 0
117J 6

1166 n
U6S c
11(!5 r
1175 e
1177 r

1177 b

1174 c
117« o
117M b
116!) a
11G9 n

1178 b
1178 c
1172 fl

1168 n

1169 a

1175 b
1177 n
1168 b

ChrysantHemums.

ADAM FORSYTH be^a to inform his Friends and the
Public that his large COLLECTION of SPSCIMEN and other
CHaySANTflEMUMS are NOW lu FLOWER, and may be seen
every day (Sunday excepted).

bruiiswick NurtMjry. Stoko NewinRton, London, N.

Exhibition of Chrysanthemums.

JOHN SALTKU'8 COLLECTION of these beautiful
FLOWERS is NOW in BLOOM. The Winter Garden contains
upwards of 2(iOil plants, nuiny of which are perfectly new, both in
colour and form, and are now e.xhlbited for the first time. The
Gar<iens are open evorv day except Sunday; admittance free,

Versailles Nursery. William Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith, W.,
near Kensington Hallway 8t;i:;ion.

To Nurserymen and Seedsmen.— Notice.

THE GAKDKNEUS' YEAll BOOK, ALMANAC,
and DIRECTORY for IfilJS, by RontaT Hooo, LL.D., F.L.S.,
will be Publihhod on DECEMBER 2. Any alterations in the stylo
and address of Firms are requested to be sent forthwith to the Editor,
so that the necessary corrections may be made In the Directory
porLion.
"Journal of Uorticultiuro" Office, 171, Fleet Street, London, E.C.

N

EW GOLDEN -LEAVEU FUCHSIA, GOLDEN

FLE?:CE. See Oanhnern' Chronicle, Nov. 9.
Wellington Nursery, St. John's Wood, London, N.W.

^HALlClKUiM MINUS (best substitute for Adiautum).

_ — Plants of the above offered from 6,v. to 9s. per dozen, by
RoDKUT M. Staiik., York Ruud, Trinity. Edinburgh.— Nov, 16.

Paul and Son's Double Crimson Thorn.

PAUL AND SiiN beg to otter Strong STANDARDS
and PYRAMIDS— these last 0 feet high, branched from foot^at
&s. each. 5l)s. per dozen ; MAIDEN DWARFS, 2s. Gd. each. It is a
new hardy plant of rare merit.

The "Old" Nurseries, Cbeshnnt, N,

RICHARD SMITH'S FRUIT LIST contains a sketch
of the various forms of Trees, with directions for Cultivation,
Soil, Drainage, Manure, Prmiing, Lifting, Cropping, Treatment
under Glass ; also their aynonymes, quality, size, form, akin, colour,
flesh, flavour, use, growth, duration, season, price, ic. Free by
post for three stamps.

RicsAKD Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

WANTED, 1000 transplanted ENGLISH OAKS,
4 to 6 feet ; Itmo transplanted SPANISH CHESTNUTS,
4 to 5 feet. Also.i quantityof extra strong ASPARAGUS for Forcing.
Apply to Robert F. Darby, Florist, &c,, Cirencester,

WANTED, RHODODENDRON NOBLIEANDM,
well budded ; also 60 to 100 DENYER'S VICTORIA PLUM,
Standards ior Orchard, with good stems and heads, — Addre3s,'statlng
lowest price, F. L., Oardeiiers' Chronicle Oflice, W.C,

FOR 8 ALE or EXCHANGE, fine rooted
2-yr. Seedling QUERCUS ILEX.
Fine l-yr. APPLE STOCKS | Fine 1-yr. and 2-yr. transplanted do.
Do. 3-yr. TURKEY OAKS, fine roots, 1 to 3 feet.
PRIVET BERRIES.
Robert H. Puyntkr, Nurseryman, Taunton.

EVERY GAKDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, Higll Holborn, London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.

Seed Farmers, MERCHANTa, and NcRaERTMEK,
237 4 238, High Holbora, London. W.C.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

JAMES FAIRHHAU and BUN, Seed Growers and
Mehorants, 7, Borou),'li Market, and Bralritree, Essex.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

AND F. SHARPE beg to announce to the Trade
that their SPECIAL LIST ol HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1867 Orowtb, is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establlshm<jnt, Wisbecb. Cambs.

H

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
Corn, Seed, Mandre, and Oilcake Mebohants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
tor Wheat ; 1^62, for " Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

F

OR SALE, a quantity of SANGSTER'S PEAS, No. 1.

For Price, &c., apply to
Mr. James Morhis, Little Waldeu, Saffron Walden.

SEED on SALE.—

Entire Crop ot 1807, at 3(/. per lb, ; do. of 186C. at 2id. per lb. ;

per cvrt., at 4d, per lb. ; per quarter, at Hd. per lb. ; lesser quantities.

QNE TUN of ASPARAGUS

per c^ . , ^ ,

Is. per lb. — AsparuRUs Garden, Fonnby, Liverpool.

IVf USHROOAISPAWN ot the" best" possible" quality,
-LIA 5s. por buahei. Sample Brick Bent on application, ""
Irrulo buppliud.

JuuN KtLLETT, Wellington Nursery, Heaton Chapel, Stockport.

The

Vines.

BB. "WILLIAMS haa now on hand a very large and
• aneStock of FRUITINO and PLANTING CAVBSofalltho
boat varieties. An inspection is invited.

Victoria and Paradise Nurdorios, Upper Holloway, London, N.

' Vines.

J MEREDITH will have great pleasure in forwarding
• his PRICED LIST of VINES on application. He has the
largest stocic in England. An inspection Is Invited.

The Vinevard, Oaraton, near LlverpooL

Vines."

HLANE AND SON solicit an inspection of their
• stock of VINES : 2000 Canes to choose from, strong and wall
ripened. They have been awarded the First Prize for Vines in pots
at all the leading Exhibitions. CATALOGUES free on application.
The Nursorics, Groat BorkliumpstBad, Herts.

F

IVE HUNDRED GRAPE VINES, from

Prices on application.
J. Pked, Elfra Nursery, Brixton, S.

QTRONG and EXTRA STRONG FRUITING VINES,

O unusually fine and well ripened. All the leading kinds, for
fruiting m pots and for planting out.

Jamks Dickson & Sons. Newton Nurseries, Chester.

"^ ~~ New Grape.

MADRESFIELD COURT iiLACK MUSCAT GRAPE.
See large Advertisement In No. 44, November 2. 18GT.
John & Charles Lec, Royal Vineyard Nursery, Hammersmith,
London, W,

w

EBB'S PRIZE COB FILBEKTS, and other PRIZE
COB NUTS .ind FILBERTS. LIST of these varieties from
Mr. Wfiib, Calcot, Reading.

For Orchard Planting.

PAUL ANi> SON havr to ort'tT some thousands of fine-
beaded STANDARD TREES of the leading kinds of APPLES.
PEARS, &c. Prices per HKI or per 10.0 on application.
The " Old" Nurseries, Uheshunt, N.

Fruit Trees.

HLANE AND SON be? to call attention to their
• extensive stock of FRUIT TREES of every description,
which Is very flue and healthy, at raoder.ite prices.

CATALOGUES free on application.
The Nurseries, Great Berkhanistead, Herts.

Orchard-liouse Trees Fruiting in Pots.
REACHES. NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,

PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
RtoBARD Smith. Nuraer^Tnan and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

Standard Apples.

WOOD AND IN(7KAM (iir.T to the Trade and others
20,000 splendid .STANDARD APPLES, with 6to 6 feet stems
and magniflcent heads. Price on application.

The Nurseries, Huntingdon.

QTANDARD APPLKS, PEARS, and PLUMS, &c., &c.

O See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or RetalL

Thomas Warnek, Leicester Abbey Nnrsarles.

APPLES, CHERRIES, NECTARINES. and
PEACHES, &c,. Dwarf and Dwarf-trained; Houghton Castle
CURRANTS. &c., Ac. See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or KetaiL
TaoMAS Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries,

CARLKT CHESTNUTS, STANDARD ELMS,

THORNS, and POPLARS, SEEDLING QUICK, &c., &c.
See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
Tbouab Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

S'

ARBOR-VIT^S, ARBUTUS, AUCUBAS, BOX,
TEWS, &c„ Ac.
See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
Thouas Warner. Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

THIRTY THOUSAND AMERICAN ARBOR-VITiE,
from 3 to a feet, very suitable for Hedges.
Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfield,
Sussex.

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND tine Transplanted
COMMON LAURELS, from IJ to 3 feet.
Wm. Wood ft Sow, Woodlands Nursery, Marestield, near Uckfield,
Sussex.

EIGHT HUNDRED THOUSAND fine transplanted
LARCH,
100,000 BIRCH, 3 to 4i feet. Special prices.
Messrs. Themhlk, The Nurseries, Penrith,

AUCUBAa.— About 150 tiue plants, from 3 to 4 feet
high, clearance of building ground, to be SOLD in one Lot or
in small quantities. Apply to

T. Weliioubn, 43, King Henry's Road, Adelaide Road, N.W.

Wholesale Catalogue.

GEORGE JACKMAN and SON'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of HARDY NURSERY
STOCK for 1867 and SPRING. I8il8, can be had free on application.
Woking Nursery, Surrey.

Richmond Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey.

IF YOU WANT tine large bushy LAURELS, not
injured by last winter's IVost, apply to G. & W, Steele, of the
above Nurseries.

ACoRNS — For SALE, a qimntity of fresh, firm, and
solid ACORNS (QUERCUS COCCINEA).
Address Mr. Habtikr, 12, Water Street. Blackfriars, E.C.

IfOR SALK, TWO very large Plants of YUCCA
PARMENTIERI. Diameter at base, 11 inches. Price
£60 the pair. Apply to
R, Grinstead, Gardener. Enclos St. Bertin, St. Omer, France.

LASTRiEA F1LL\.-MAS, var. CRlSfA-GRAClLlS,—
This new aod undeniably prettiest of all the Dwarf male
FERNS, mav now be had, at ^s. per plant, iVom John Clare, Gardener,
Newburi^h. Fifeshlre Many other rare sorts. Trade supplied.

True Variegated Gynerium argenteum.

AMBRUISE VEKSCHAFFELT, Nurseryman, Ghent,
Belgium, begs to offer fine and well-established plants of the
True Variegated GYNERIUM ARGENTEUM, at the following low
prices : — Good plants, 65. each ; £1 IO3, for 6 ; £2 15a. for 12.

Larch, Spruce, &c.

LARCH, extra strong, 4 to 6 feet, 2U. per 1000.
SPRUCE, 2 to 3 fuct, 10s. per 100 ; 3 to 4 feet, 20,*, per 100 ;
4 to 6 feet, 32*. per lOO.

QUICKS. SCOTCH FIRS, and CONIFERS, of all sizes, &c.
llf.Mtv MiNi-iiiN, Tlic Nurhcrie.i, Hook Norton, Oxon.

Winter and Spring Flowering Bulbs and Plants.

BARR AND SUG1)I':N'S FLORAL GUIDE may be
had irL-13. It coiit^iiiis niucli viilnihlo information.
For piirticulartt ;-oo lariio AdvcrtiseniL-nt, page 1090.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Urocuses, &c.

BS. WILLIAMS lias a tine CoUectiuu of tho above.
• PRICKD CATALOGUE post free on application.
HYAClNTIiri for OIuhsos or Pots, 6^., 88., and 10s. per dozen.
Victoria and Paradise Nursery, Upper Holloway, London, N.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON beg to say that tlieir
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE "HYACINTHS.
TULIPS, CROCUSES, Ac, in nuw ruady, and cm be had post free

on application. lIlKhgiito NurMerics, London, N.

Finest Dutch Crocuses and Early Tulips.

SUTTONS' DESCRIPTIVE LIST is now ready, and
will bo forwarded gratis and post free on application.
Sdtton & Sons, Royal iJorkHlilre Seed Establishment. Reading.

Llllum auratum.

SUTTON AND SOiNS can supply tine BULBS of this
beautiful Flowering Plant at from 68, to 16.?. each.
Royal liurks Seed Kstablishiiient, Reading.

Before Purchasing Flower Roots, send for
SCUTT'S CAlALOaUE of BULBS, VASES, and
a GARDEN RP^QUISITES. Bulbs are extra fine.

J, .ScuTT, The .Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

Notice.— Fruits, Flowers, Bulbs.

Bekore purchasi^o, please st:ND for

DILLISTONE AND CO.'S LITTLE LISTS,
post free to all applicants.
Address, Dillistone Sl Co., Nurriorymen, &c., Sturmer, near
Halste.td. Essex

Special Notice.— Plants and Bulbs.

MR. STEVENS' SALES ot DUICH BULBS. FRUIT
TREES, ROSES, and HARDY SHRUBS, take place every
WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and frequently on MONDAV,
at the Rooms, 38, King Street.. Coveut G.^ideii. London, W.C.
CATALOGUES on application.

To Gardeners. Seedsmen, &c.

HENLEY, BROTHERS. Mkkchants, Holbeaeh, have
still on hand a quantity of SNOWDROPS, which they beg to
offer. Samples and price on application.

Surplus Stock of Bulbs.

DOUBLE SNOWDROl'S, tine sample, 15,?. per 1000;
also a large quantity of DOUBLE and SINGLE VAN THOL,
TURNESOL, and YELLOW POTTEBAKKER TULIPS and other
Roots, at very low prices. LISTS on application.

Hv. Clarke k Sons, 30, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

SUPERB LILIES, in 70 finest varieties.
Selections. 6«., 9,s., 12«,, 18s., and 24,s. per dozen.
SiEPaEN Brown, Seed and Nursery Establishment, Sudbury, Suffolk.

CALCEOLARIA (Herijaceoua), of choiee strain, nice
plants, in single pots, 21a. per 100; I'^i. Gd. for 50, and 4s, per doz.
li. Sl R, STiRZAK.E[t, .Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

DOUBLE WHITE PRIMULA.— A tew dozen of the
above WANTED,
State price to Jaffa & Co., Bury Nursery, Edmonton, N.

JAMES CHAWFORbV High"B"eech, Essex, begs to offer
a fine stock, both for size and quihty, offirst -class RHODODEN
DRONS and AZALEAS ; al.so a fine Stock of ROSES, on their own
roots; with lOOtt GARDENIAS of diflerent sorts and sizes, all of
which will be Sold Cheap. ^^

New Pelargoniums.

CHARLES TURNER is prepared to execute orders
lor the beautiful new varieties raised by Foster and Hoyle.
A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may be had on application.

Tho Royal Nur-series, Slough,

Pelargoniums for the Million.

JAMES HOLDER, having an immense stock of the
above, begs to offer (strong plants, in large CO-pots) 50 distinct
sorts for 30s.; 25 sorts for 20.s. ; or 12 sorts for 16s., hamper and
package included. Crown Nursery, Reading.

W~ E B B' S ^" E "W~G"I A N T^POLYaNTHUS";
Florist Flower, and GIANT COWSLIP SEKDS; also Plants

of all the varieties, with double PRIMROSES ol different colours;
AURICULAS, both Single and Double, with every sort of Early
Sprlug Flowers, LIST on applicati'in,— Mr. Webb, Caloot, Reading.

Pa,uslGS
"\^''ILL1AM DEAN'S C.l I'ALOGTJE of these now

VV ready, and includes some Novelties, Prices very low, espe-
eially per 100, to the Trade.

Mixed PANSIES for borders, strong plants, 16s, per 100.
Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

R""~~M.^ STARK, York Road, Trinity, Edmhurgh. is
• now prepared to send, on application, his YEARLY LIST of
NEW, RARE, or SHOWY PLANTS, containing some interesting
novelties,

A CATALOGUE of select ALPINE and HERBACEOUS
PLANTS, HARDY FERNS, Ac, is also ready,— Nov. 15.

PAUL AND SON'S ROSES.—

See Times, Alheufpum, and other leading Journals' reports of
the Rose Shows.

Very reasonably PRICED CATALOGUES, free by post.
The " Old " Nurseries, Cheshimt, N.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

To the Trade.

MARECHAL NIEL ROSK, from own roots, in pots,
by the 100 or 1000, at £5 per 100,
G. Baker & Son, American Nursery, Bagshot.

** rT^HE KUSbS of MR. PAUL * * - are things lo
X. see once and dream offer Qvev."^ Atfuiueitm.June, I867.

Wm. Paul begs to announce that his CATALOGUE of ROSES is
now ready, and will be forwardud free on applicition.

EIGHTEEN PRIZES have been awarded to him for Roses this
year at the principal London Flower Sbowi.

B prr
Pa

cl's Nurseries, Waltuam Cross, London, N.

WM. KNIGHT otters the splendid YELLOW ROSE,
MARECHAL NIEL,— Imrge plants, about 3 feet high, well
ripened wood, in 8-inch pots, suitable for forcing, from 5s. 10 6«.
each, or60i' par dozon,
GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES free on application.
Horal Nursery. Hallsbam, Sussex.

1162

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. lNotbmbee le. ise?.

The Dorset Nurseries, Blandford and Blandford

St. Mary.

FREDERICK GILL and (JO., Nurserymen, Seeds-
MBif, and Florists, beg to invite tUe attention of Gontlemen
who intend Planting, to their lavge and viRorons STOCK of
FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES. SHROBS,
ROSES, &c.. extending over many Acres, and not to be surpiissed.

Their ROSES on MANETTI STOCKS, of the choicest varieties
and superior growth, merit especial mention.

Copy of a Letter received jYo in the Rev. F. Radclvite,
To the Propribtohs oj the Dorset NtjR95RiEa.
"Sins, — I was much pleased to-day wifih the review of your flne
Nursery Stock. Your Manetti Roses are the best propagated of any
that I have ever purchased. At a little distance few can discern
whether they are on alien stocks or on their own roots. They are
usually budded far too high to prosper,— Yours truly,

" W. F. Kadclvpfe."

Dumfries Railway Station Nursery.

THOMAS KENNEDY and CO., Nuhserymen and
Seedsmen, Dumfries, have this season a very larce and superior
stock of FOREST, FKOIT. and ORNAMENTAL TREES, DECI-
DUOUS and EVERGREEN SHRUBS. &c., which they are selling
at extremely moderate prices. The TREES and SHRUBS buing
of all ages and sizes, ure particularly well bUitod for extensive plant-
ing or for giving immediate effect in the formation and improvmg of
Ornamental Parks, Pleasure Grounds, &c.

Prices on application. Special offers made to large purchasers.

''»* Dumfries IS most conveniently situated for the speedy trans-
mission of gnods to all parts of the United Kingdom.

Hollies, Yews Evergreen, Privets, &c.

W "WRIGHT, East Rettord, Notts, begs to offer
• IRISH YEWS, fine specimens, 6 to 10 ft,, at 4s., 5s., and
7s fid each, 36s. per doz. PRIVETS, 9 to 12 mches, 6s. per 1000;
U to 18 inches, Ss. per 1000 ; 2 to 2i ft, ISs. per 1000. HOLLIES,
fine plants, removed last year. 1 to U ft., 10s. per 100 ; U to 2 ft.,
12s Od. per 100 : 2 to 3 ft., bushy, 35s. per 100. DAHOON HOLLIES,
2* to 3i ft., 15s. per doz. : 3 to 4 ft. ditto MADERENSIS. 15s. per doz.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, 4 to 6 ft., 2s. 6d. each, 20s. per doz.
LARCH, twice transplanted, 2 to 3 ft., 4 to 5^tt., 12s. Gii., 15s.. 30.s-. per
1000. POPLARS, 10 to 12 tt. ,12s. per 100. WRIGHT'S IMPROVED
RED GROVE CELERY SEED, Is. per packet, 12 p_ackets for 8s
Terms cash, or references from unknown correspondents.

FIFTY ACRES well stocked -with PllCIT TREES
to select from.-APELBS. PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES
PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, in every lorm deaireo

°' See RioBABD SuiTs's FRUIT LIST, free by post tor 3 stamps.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

OR THE OPEN GROUND. -

APPLES, PEARS. PLUMS, and CHERRIES, fine health!
Pyramids, very ornamental and productive. Strongly recommended
for large and small gardens. „ „ .

See Riou«r,D Smith's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stamps.

RrcnARD Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

TTISPALIER and WALL-TKAINED TltEES

"j in anv quantity.— APPLES, PEARS. PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHES.' NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, line strong trees ol
perfect form.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, free by post for 3 stamps.
RicHAKD Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

A CROP of FRUIT the FIRST 8EAS0N.-

I\. Bearing Pyramids and Bushes in pots for orchard houses.
PEACHES. NECTARINES, APRICOTS, APPLES, PEARS,
PLUMS, and CHERRIES. Estra strong VINES and FIGS In
fruiting condition for forcing. I

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stamps.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

JLE CORNU, Nurseryman, Seedsma.n, and Florist,
• begs to inform his Friends and the Public that he has this
season to offer an immense quantity of beautiful and well-grown
Fruit Trees, all of the best leading varieties, such as APPLES,
APRICOTS, PEACHES, NECTARINES, PEARS, PLUMS, and
CHERRY TREES, as Dwarf, Trained, and Standards, 4 to 6 feet
atoms. CATALOGUE on application.

High View Nurseries, Mont a I'Abbe, St. Helier's, Jersey.

To tlie Trade.
/I "WALKER, Humberstoni' Nursery, Leicester, has to
■VJT, Dispose of, in excellent condition, AMERICAN ARBOR-
VIT.^, bushy, 2 to 3 ft. bigh, 30s. per 100 ; COTONEASTER MICRO-

PHTLLA, 4s. per doz. ; TREE BOX, Ortcn and Variegated, 2 to
3ft., 20s. perlOO; MOUNTAIN ASH, 10 ft., is. per doz,; HORN-
BEAM, 8 to 10 ft., 46'. perdoz. ;CHESTNUTS, 4 to8f-t,,4s. per coz. ;
8 ft. upwards. 6s. per doz.; SCARLET CHESTNUTS, 5 ft. stems,
strong, 12s. per doz. ; WALNUTS, C ft. stems, estra strong heads,
18s. per doz. ; APPLES, bushy, for immediate bearing, .-63 per 1(10 ;
DWARF APPLES, 1-yr., cut back. 30s. per 100; STANDARD
PEARS, 75s. per 100 ; MANETTI STOCKS, 30s. per 1000 ; PRIVET,
strong, 20s. per lUOO ; ROSES, best named varieties. 7fis. per lUO ;
RiED CQRRANTS, 6s. per 100; POT VINES, in soits, 18s. per doz.

Flantiug Season.

DICKSONS AND CU., NURSKRYMEN, SEEDSMEN, and
Florists, 1, Waterloo Place, Edinburgh, have this season a fine
healthy stock of all kinds of FOREST TREES, which have been
grown on exposed ground and thin in the lines, comprising LARCH
(Native and Tyroleso), 1, 2, and 3-yr., transplanted ; SCOTCH FIR,
from true native sseed, 2 and 3-yr., twice transplanted; SPRUCE,
2, 3. and i-yr., twice transplanted; OAK, 2 to 3 ft. and 3 to 4ft.,
estra fine; ASH. 2 to 3 ft. and 4 ft., extra; SPANISH CHESTNUT,
3 to 4 ft, very fine; ELM, 3 to 4 ft.; ALDER. 2 to 3 ft. and 4ft.,
strong ; LIMES, of alt sizes, from 3 to 12 ft, ; POPLARS and
WILLOWS, of all sizes; EVERGREEN PRIVET, extra strong;
THORNS and BEECH for hedges, and all kinds of plants suitable
for cover for game. ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS,
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, GREENHOUSE and STOVE PLANTS
and FERNS in great variety.

PRICED CATALOGUES free on application.

Extensive and well-grown Nursery Stock.

J SCOTT, Merriott Nurseries, Somerset, has to offer
• FOREST TREES m large numbers, finely routed and in
perfect health. ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS of ill sizes
in quantity, beautifully grown and regularly transplanted.

intending Planters would do well to visit these flne Nurseries,
which have been established IGO years, and are by far the lurgest in
Somerset. CATALOGUES on application.

FOREST, ORNAMEi^TAL, and FRUIT TREES.—
Thirty Acres of these, young, healthy, traoaplAuted. of all

sorts and sizes, at very moderate prices. The Nui'.sarl&s ure very
exposed on the West Coast ; the Plants very hardy, and succeed well
in the higtest -and most exposed sitnattona. Parties stating the
Sorts. Sizes, and Quantities required, will have special quotations,

YEWS, ENGLISH, some thousands of extra strong well-rooted
and furnished, 3, 4. 6, and 6 feet. Price on application.

H. & R. SrinzARER, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster.

Profitable Game Covert.

PLANT your GAME PRESERVKS with the BITTER
WILLOW. Neither Hares nor Rabbits will destroy them ;
require no care nor protection; grow quickly, and vfUl torm a good
Cover in one season. The produce is commercially orofitable, and
always finds a ready Market. Phce of Cuttings, selected, 20s. per
1000, cash. Apply to

WiL SoALiNo, Willow Merchant, Basford, Notts.

LOMARIA CYCAD^FOLIA, be;iutiiul Tree Fern for
cold Greenhouse.—Fine stems, about IJ to 2 ft, high, price £4.
Carriage paid to the United Kingdom.

To be had of Asibkoise Vkbschaffelt, Ghent, Belgium ; or of his
Agents, Messrs. R. SiLBEaaAD & Son, 5, Harp Lane, Great Tower
Street, London, E.C,

Lomarla Cycadsefolla.

A YAW GEERT, Nur-sekyman, Ghent. Belgium, has
• much pleasure in offering fine plants of this splendid Tree
Fern (just arrived, in good condition), 18 inches high, at £5 each,

A. V. G. will be prepared early next Spring to send out nice young
plants of CYBOTIUM PRINCEPS at 36s. per dozen, ordei-s for
wMch are now being booked.

Agents : Messrs. R. Silberbad & Son, 5, Harp Lane. Great Tower
Street. London, E.G., of whom GENERAL CATALOGUES may be
obtadoed on application.

T

HREE MILLION strong 4-yr. transplanted QUICE.

1,000,000 good 2-yr. transplanted OUIC-K,

2,000,000 superior Seedling QUICK.

100.000 good strong LARCH, -1 to 6 faet.

100,000 good strong LARCH, 2 to 4 feet.

For samples and prices apply to

John Hemslbv. High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

SEEDLING FOREST TREE S.—
1 and 2-vr. Seedling LARCH.
1 and 2-yr. Seedling SCOTCH FIR.
2-yr. Seedling PINUS UiVRlClO.
2-vr. Seedling PINUS AUoTRIACA NIG-RA.
Particularly fine. For Samples (with prices— f. o. b. at Warterford
— which will be most moderate),

Apply to D. H. HmoiNS, The Nurseries, Clonmel, Ireland. ^

T" "0 LARGE PLANTERS and the TRADE,-
Fine HORSE CHESTNUTS. 6. 7, S, and 10 feet high.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, extra fine. 2. 3, and 4 feet.
ACER NEGUNDO VARIEGATA, from 3 to 4 ft., Pyramids.
HEMLOCK SPRUCE. 4 to 5 feet, flne.
BOX TREES, 21 to 3 feet. | PRIVET, 3 to 4 feet.
SIBERIAN and AMERICAN ARBOR-VIT^, 3 to 8 feet.
Special offers on application to
A. Godwin & Son. .iVshbuurne. Derbyshire^ ^__

To Gentlemen, Nurserymen, and Planters.

DEL^PINE'S NEW GENEK.VL CATALOGUE oi
FRUIT and ORNAMENTAL TREES has just been published.
D.Et.iiPiM:, Sen., begs to call the attention, of Planters to his large
stook of the following : —
STANDARD, PYRAMID, and DWARF FRUIT TREES and

FRUITING SHRUBS.
FOREST and ORNAMP}N-TAL FLOWERING and BEARING

TREES. CONIFER.^, EVERGREENS, and SHRUBS,
AMERICAN PLANTS and ROSES.

Young Plants or Seedlings of all sorts for Nurseries, Hed^jes, and
extensive Plantations.

Proprietor of one of tho most extensive Nurseries in thin part oJ
France (called, with reixson, Le Jardin de la France), M. Delepine
is able to furnish very hardy, robust, and strong Stocks of the above.
CATALOGUE and'Pnces may be obtained post free on application
to Deliipine aiuC'j Nui'seryman, Route Neuve de Saumur, ft, Angew,
Prance.

N6W C alatliiim s

CHARLES YERDIER, Fils, Nurseryman, 12, Rue
Dumeril, Paris, is happy to announce that he row offers the
splendid varieties of NEW CALADIUMS obtained by Mr. Bleu, and
tor whith that gentleman received a Gold Medal at the Pai'is Universal
Exhibition, viz. ;—

A

FENNESSY and SON, Waterford, beg to offer

the following :—

Caladium Adolph Adam . 10
„ Alfred Bleu .. ..10
„ Alcide Michaus ,. 10

„ Auber 12

„ Aug. Riviere . . .. 12
,, Beethoven .. .,10
„ Boieldieu .. .. 8
.. De Candolle . . . . 8
Devinct .. .. IG

Caladium Dr. Boiaduval . .
„ Dr. Lindtey ..
„ Ed. Andr6 . .
„ E. G. Henderson . .

„ Hnl6Ky

„ Imp6ratri06 Eug6nie
„ Louis Poirier

., Mars

Reine Victoria

Large Evergreens, Specimen Conifers, Bcc.

WATERER AND G ODE KEY b<- to .submit tiie
following List to the notice of intending planters :—
YEWS, ENGLISH, 5, 0. 7, S, 10. 12, and 16 foet high
„ IRISH, G, 7, 8, and 10 feet high
„ GOLDEN, 6, G. to 9 feet
„ STANDARD GOLDEN, 20 years worked

„ ELEGANTISSIMA, 10 and 15 years old
„ „ DOVASTON or WEEPING, fine he.ads, lOand KJyears old
We havealtogetiier thomjands of thi;ae di fferont Yows of the
large sizes. Every plant has boon receutly removed.
JOLLIES, COMMON GREEN, G, 7. 8, 10, 12, and 15 foet high, and
as much m circumference — hundreds
„ LAURIFOLIA and SCOTTICA, p. 7, 8, aud 10 feet, and wide

in proportion
„ WATERER'S, the hardiest of all variegated Hollies, 4 and Sfaet

by 10 and 12 feet in cironmference
„ THE QUEEN, or best gold striped, the handsomest of all
variegated Hollies

We have hundreds of theao beautiful plants, 4, 5, and 7 fset
high and wide
„ STANDARD, WATEEER'S, and GOLDEN, with fine heads,

15 and 20 J ears worked
O^ We have some thousands of the ordinary kinds of Variagated
Hollies, 4, 6, 6, and 7 feet high. Every plant has baen removed
withiR 12 months.

CEDRUS DEODARA, some thousands, 6, 7, «. and 10 feet high
„ ATLANTICA, and Cedars of Lebanon, moved in As>ril,

4, 5, G, anu S feet
,, RED VIRGINIANS. 5, 6, and 7 feet
CHINESE JUNIPER, one of the liandsomeat and hardiest of all
evergreens— thousands of beautiful plants. 4, 6, C. 7, and
S feet high ; some magnificent plants, 10, 12, and 15 foet high,
12 to 20 feet in circumference
TH 0 JA AURKA, 3, 4, and 5 foet high, 7 to SOfeet in circmnference
„ GIGANTEA, 10, 12, and 15 feet high, very handsome
„ LOBBIl, splendid plants, 7, 8. to 10 feet high, and 12 and 16 feot
L'ound — hundreds
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA. the finest stock—many thousands,

6, 7. 8, 10, to 16 feet high, and as much in circumfereuoe
THUJOPSIS BOREALIS, 4, 6 8, and 10 feet high, 7 to 12 feet in

circumference — hundreds
PORTUGAL LAUREL, 4 and 6 feet high, 7 and 8 feat round
BOX. Green and Variegated, 4, 5, G, 7, and 8 feet — thousands
PICEA NOBILIS, splendid plants, moved m spring. 4, 5, 6, and 8 feet
„ NORDMANNIANA, 4, 5, C. ?, 10, ai^d 16 toet high [bigh

None of om' Nobilis or NordraanniauAS are graft,ed pUi^ts.
„ MAGN IFIC A or NOBILIS ROBUSTA,' the finest stotk in the

trade, all seedlings, i to 4 feet high
„ LASIOCARPA, hundreds of plants, 4, 5, 0, and 7 feet high, all
ABIES DOUGLASSII, 6, 6, 7. and 3 feet [saealings

„ ORIENTALIS, 4, 5^ 6. 7, to 10 and 12 feet ; 7 to 20 feet in fclr-
cumferonce ; most beautiful plants
PINUS CEMBRA, G, 7, to 9 feet
„ PINSAPO, 3, 4, 5. and G feet

„ „ Some very flne plants, 10 to 20 feot high, 15 and 25 feot
in ciroumferqnce
WELLINQTONIA GIGANTEA, a large number, all removod
recently, 4, 6, 6, and 10 feet high, and 12 aud 15 feot in
cii'cumference
RHODODENDRONS. — Wehave 40 acres of land in one piecefllled
almost fcxolusiveiy with Rhododendrons. A more health;
and beautiful stook cannot be desired.
STANDARD RHODODENDRONS.— Some of the finest plants to
be found in any nursery, many are 20 to 40 years old
i;^* The large Standard and other Rhodoilendrons planted last
spring in Rotten Row, Hyde Park, wero supplied by Watebek

& Go U FRET.

We do not quote ipriccs, we presume pm-chasere of suoh largi.
plants will adopt the much wiser, and always more satjjirfaotor>
course, of seeing and judging for themselves.

We aolJcit an inspection and invite comparison with any othej
similar nursery stock in the kingdom.

The Knip Hill Nursery is upwards of 150 acres in extent, and con-
tains an enormous and very superior stock of the ordmary sizec
EVERGREENS. DECIDUOUS ORNAMtCNTAL TREES. S:c.

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE will be forwju-ded
tree on applioasion to

WATEaFR & Godfrey, Knap Rill Nursorj, Wokuig, Surrey.

aibo Nm-scry is readily reached by Train, 40 minutes lro:ii Waterloo
to Wokiug. Cunveyanoes are always to be had at the Station.

1-yr. Thorn Quick
2-yr. Thorn Quick
1-yr. Oak

Per aoQO.-

Per 1000.-

a-yr. Oak

2-yr. Tuckpy Oa^k, ftoe
1-yr. Horse Chestnut, fine. .

A LIST of the aboTO may baliad either direct from Mr. Vebpl^h,
! or of his Agents, Messrs. R. SiLneaa-vD & Som, 5, Harp Lane, Qraa1
Tower Street, London, 'E.G. ^^^__^^^_

Also Laurustinus, Laurels, Aucubas, rtc.

TRADE LIST on apuUcation.

A Ifiw cwt of CRESTED JJOGSTAIL and other Natural QrasBes-

w*

Woodlands Nursery. Maresfield, near Ucsfield,

Sussex.
M. WOOD AND SON have a very extensive fitock

to ofler of the following, viz. :—
Scarlet HORSE CHESTNUTS, Standards, G to 10 feet [1000

CATALPA STRING.«F0L1A 1 THUJA AUREA, by the 100 or
LABURNUMS, yeilowand purple | Strong ASPARAGUS Plants
LARCH, SPRUCE, and SCOTCH Fias

PINUS AUSTRIACA [and other Forest Trees

ASH, BIRCH, WILLOW, HORNBEAM, OAKS, SYCAMORE,

CATALOGUES and Samples may be had on application.

Larch, &c.

LARCH, n to 3 feet, 16s. ; 2^ to 4 feet, 17s. 6rf. ;
3 to 4i ft., 20^. ; 3i to G ft,. 26s. ; OAK. H to 2i ft., 153. per lOQO.
LIST of other TREES on application ; spL-cial quotations tor large
quantities. Applv, with reference, to
James Riddell, Steward, Park Attwood, Bewdley, Worcestershire.

New Seeds for the Colonies.

SliEnS DiRKCT FROM TUE GbOWERS ARE TUE

Most Suitabi,k ifOa Exportation, xnt
THE uest iteiNS of Pkkventino Dr^

APPOIKTUEST.

AJ'ESSRS. SUTTON solicit tt.

XVX favour of Orders from those about tt
send ortako out SEEDS to the COLONIES
a:nd submit the following from among man;
Testimonials recently received, as to the
greatly superior quality of their Seeds t(
those usually exported from this. country,^
well as to'the very efllciont manner ihT^hici
their export packing is carried but :—
July %/roni A. N. Eu.a, Esq., Queenatown
Cape of Uuod Bope.
" I may mention chat the oiij|o referred t'
was in splendid order, looking as fresh afte
three months" aea and sU weeks' land carriage as if only yepterd^-
pacted."

From Hugh BouaAT, Esq., Shanghae, OJUna, May 5, 18G6.
" The box of seeds and roots has arrived, and nothing has givei
me greater pleasure focalong time than the excellence of these.aaeda.
^, . , , , , ..1.1 ^rom Mr. 2. W. Wells, A'eitf Plymouth, New Zealand, May 7, 186fi.

AZALEA LNUiCA. — Good healthy blooming Rlauts, j "The Grass and other seeds sent by the Shelburne to me, bav
40 of the choicest varieties, incluoing Stella, Carnation, Flag of coma safe to hand. I have tried samples of the Grass seeds, .and an
Truce, and Mdme. Versohaffolt. for 40s., or loss quantities 12s, per , hftppy to inform you that they have come up quite to oiy aatiafactton.
dozen ; also other good named varieties, healthy blooming Plants, | pyom Mr. Jas Dai.e, Orange, NewSauth Wales, September 20, 186C.
at ds. per duzen. Trade prioe on application. \ xi have the pleasure to infoim you that your seeds have giver

H. & R. Stirzaser, Skerton Nurseries, Lancaster. great satiafaotion, and 1 now send you a larger order."

All Seeds properly paoked and delivered free to ship's side. Specia

To Railway and Enclosure Planters.

r^ t.aJJ'Q^?*' f ?1 "^ P '''''^M IhnnT^ m^^^^^ Bmhv uuoUtTonTg^ven for' l^^gTq^ntities. A liberal aUoWanee made U

Q ROBINSON, of bhuw Houst:, Alelbourue. noar i>eiby, gi,ippers Suttos & Sunk, Seed Growei-s, Reading.

O. has several million ..f BEDDING and TRANSPLANTED i — ^^i^ — — ^

QUICKS to "dispose of7suitabie for the above pm-poses. ti-om 2, 3, 4, I New Grass Seeds for Exportation,

and 5 years old. Price, from 4^. Gti. to 20s. per 1000 ; well rooted and ] quTTON AND SONS, hawing received their supply ^

O NEW GRASS SEEDS of the present Season's Groivth in flof
condition, will be happy to forward lowest price per ton or cwt._ or
application. AU Seeds perfectly packed and delivered free to ship -
sKle at any English Port. CATALOGUES graUa and post free
Sdtton & Sons, Royal B.erkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

years
fit for planting out. „„„, . „ ^ . ^ .

S. R. has also for sale some flne Bushy SPRUCE, 3 to 4 feet ;
HOLLIES, BEECH, and LARCH, 4 to 5 feet ; and other kmds ol
FOREST TREES. ^ . ^ ,,

Mr Robinson wishes to inform his custorae,r3 that he has a nne
stock of his CHAMPION OX CABBAGE PLANTS for spiing use.

N.B. Satisfactory references required previous to orders peiug

executed. ^^_^.^^^_„^ - ■

the

HENRY MAY begs to offer
undernamed :—
ENGLISH YEWS, 2 ft., verj' busby (often transplanted). 3s. per doz.,

15s per 100 ; do., 2i to 3 ft., bushv, uo., Os. per duz., 408. per lUO ;

IRISH do., 4 to 6 ft., do , Is. Cd. each, 15s. per doz.
PORTQGAL LAURELS, 2 ft., bushy, do., 4s. per doz., 20a, per 100 ;

do., 21 to 3 ft.., bushy, do.. 8s per doz., 60^. per 100
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, 2 ft,, bushy, do., Gs. per doz,,

40s per 100 : do.. 3 to 4 ft., bushy, do.. 12s. per doz.
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, 2 ft., bushy, do.. 12i-. por doz. ;

do., 3 ft.. Dufihy, QO.. ISs. per doz. ; do., 4 ft., bushy, do., 3Gs. per

doz. ; do.. 5 ft., bushy, do., 00s. per doz.
ARBOR-VIT^ (AMERICAN). 4 to 5 It., bushy, do.. Os. per doz ,

60a- per 100
PINUS AUSTRIACA, 2 ft., bushy, do.. 4s. per ooz., 20s. per 100;

do.. 3 ft., bushy, do., Os. per doz., 30s. per 100 ; do. EXOELSA,

4 to 5 ft., bushy, do., ISs. per doz.
ENGLISH SPRUCE EIR, 3 ft., single planted .(perfttot specimens),

ijs. per doz,, 30s. per loo
HORSE CHESTNUT, 8 ft., do., fine, 6«. per doz., 30s. per 100
ENGLISH ELM (Grafted), 8 ft., do,, do., 6s. per doz., 30s. per 100
LIMES, S ft., do., do., l&i. per doz.
AILANTHUS GLANDULOSA (for Silkworm Gu.ture), 2i ft.,

2s. per doz., 10s. per 100
STANDARD APPLES, G ft. stems, fine heads, good, 10s. per doz.,

70s per lOO ; do. VICTORIA PLUMS, good, 15s. per doz.
Finenamed LANCASHIRE GOOSEBERRIES, 2s. per doz.; 12s.,

CURRANTS, WHITE, BLACK, and RED, flne, is. 6d. per doz.;

8s tier 100 [p^^ 'i'*^.

Fine named liYBRID-PERPETUAL ROSES, at Os., Os., ,and 12«.

All the above are fine growu stuff, itnd well removed, and wm

plant safely. . , ,. .. v, l

HtNRV May's CATALOGUES can bo had on ^ppucatiqn, whi'-h

contain all the most popular EVERGREENS, SHRUBS, &c.

Henry May, The Hope Nurseries, Bodalo, Yorkshire.

Git ASS
- 1

•SEEDS f«i

PERMANENT PASTURE, of th<
finest quality, at moderate prloap<
oarefully selecttid on a, new, natural, anc^
SQientiflc systom.

See " WHEELER'S BOOK 4n
GRASSES." which contains Illustr&i
tiona and Desoriptiona of the mosti
smtable Qrasaes for Permanent Paatow.

J. C. Wbbeler & Sow,
Gloucester,
SeedBmen to the GJouceafershlre
Agi'icultural Society.

LEE'S 6IANT OKACH (3PINACH).-Thi3 newwj
valuable yarietj of Oracli possesses immonse PJoducW
powers, combined «!tb la dcUuious piquant flavour, quite diBlM
(rom all other varieties, rendering it a great.Boquiaitlon as a bummei
Spinach of the blgbest class. ..„ „„ „ i,oiirhtia

^he plant is of rapid and vigorous Browtb. and attains a holgmiq
C or 7 feet, with numerous branches ; yielding a constant suppn c
large dark green leaves thronghoui the suinmor months.

The Fruit Comimtl»e of the Rojal Hortloultmal Sooiety award
a First-class Cert.floate to Lm's G;ai,t Oraoh, jrfter P'rtakinff M ajdla
of Ibis most useful vecetable, cooked especially for tbeir judzmei^.

.uL & CfliFLES £« have much pleasure m u.troducinK W
productive veifetnble, which they Intend to scud out in January nest
Sealed nacketa Is. each. Price to the Trade on application.
) RolWfnejlid Nureery and Seed Establishment. Hammerimlth.W

NOVEMBEB 16, 1867.1

THE OAT^DENEKS' CITPvONTCLE AND AGT^TCUITURAL GAZETTE.

1163

The best Podded, Hardiest, and EarUest Pea.

P0\N'11';k'S stock of EAKLY I'KAS wUl lie
found Nocfiitl to iioni!. It wns oatiikreii In tlio fields bore
8''ftui'toTi) on tlio L'Uli or Mity lust in cniivntity; luid tliu Ifristol,
ntb, and Tminton Markets were supplied In coubldemhlo quiiii-
tlties by PoYoTEii's Cuhtouiera from the astli of Rlay, until Seoond
E'lrly Teas oiuiio in. Price modornto. Trado teroiB on appMcu'lon,
S/^ono genuine without Poynthu's Label.

RoBKiiT H. PovNTKH, Soud MercUaiit, Taunton.

Seed Potatos.

HAND F. SIIAIU'P: lire uuw offcrinfr ISIYATT'S
• EAllLY rilOI.IFlC KIDNEY, RtVKRS- UOVAL ASH-
LF^\F,WKnit'SIMrKUIAL KIDNEY, UAINTRKE'SKARLIEST,
bARLYuXKUKD, EARLY FORTY-FOLU, aiid many other Ear^y
and Late varlotios gro\ni tram thvir owii selected stocks. Th,a
Prices are miHionito, aud the quality oxoellont. PRICED LISTB
may bo had on :ti>pllcatl(tQ.

Sued Llrowlug Establiatunent, Wlebeob.

REIGATK SILVER SAND, b.st qiuility, V2s. per ton.
at Swan Place; delivered lour mlloa, or to any London Wharf oi
Railwiiy. I(U, por ton, or Is. (5'/, piT Imshol. (Sacka at coat price, oi
onliircl KENTISH arid HAMI'SIIIKK PEATS. YELLOW LOAM.
LEAF Mould. HPllAUNUM MoSS, & COCOA FIBRE REFUSE.

J, Kknnard, Swan Place, Old Kent Koiid, London, S.!*!.
Ij'IIUHOUS PKAT of tiist-oliiHs .luulity for Orchidfl"
r llo(itIi8, American PlantH, and all potting punKiseH. may In
oblaiiuut by application to Mr. TiioMAii .Tushui', Farnlughani Wooi!,
near Kitrnlngbaiti Station, Kent. It In illHpatiched by the London,
ChiitUam, and Dover Riiilway in truckw of 1(1 yards, to itiost Statlon^
I In the KUiK'loui, or fetched In carts fmni tlic wood. It Is extonnlvol^
used and upproilatud in the principal Nursorlea, and In the Royal
Ptu^ and tiardons. Price 6j«. per oubio yard, at FarnlnKham Station

^ - JMOCOA^NUT ^KKFusi

Biggleswade Market Gardens, Beds.

RlCIIAliU WALKKR cim supply tlie fallowing
CAnBAOE PLANTS, the finest in "Enftland;—
i:i'U>, from the lUiest stock in the country, 4*i. per 1000.
EAST HAM, ENFIELD MARKET, NONPARBIL, ROHINSON'S

CHAMi'lON, Warranted true. 2s. per lOOli, in any nuautlty.
IrETTtJOE PLANTS, fid.ppr 100. Terms cash.

New and Choice Seeds.

MESSRS. EDMUND THILIP DIXON anj> SON,
i>7, Quoen Street, FluH, Yorkshire, bog to pfl'or the following
exueUent Si ouks of Seeds :—
DIXON'S MAMMOTH WHITE CELERY, Is. per packet. The

beat Wliltu Col'.'ry in cultiv ition.
BROWN'S INCOMPARABLE BROCCOI^I, Is. per packet. Very

Hue larfw hi^ads.
mXoN'S UIIAMI'ION GREEN COS LETTUCE, Is. per packet.

Very larue, ^ouiettnies welj^hing Iflib,
WARD'S NEW NETTED SCARLRT-FLBHHKD MELON, Is. Cd.

Csr packet.
VKRN HALL SCAULET-FLESHED MELON. Is. perpucket.
DIXON'S VOllKSHIUF. HERO PEA, 2«. per quart. The beat

DwarfWrmklud Mrtin.i^:
WHEELERS TDM TllCMB LETTUCE, Is. per packet. A very

exct^lleiit Bniall Caliliaj-e variety.
ELLETfcON'S TRUE MAMMOTH BROCCOLI, Is. 6d. per packet.

From the urigtnal stock.
MEREDITH'S NEW HYBRID GREEN-FLESHED MELON, Is.

per packet.
Extra choice PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBRIATA, 2s. 6d. perpckt.

Tlie Yorkshire Sped Establishment, 57. Que n Street, Hull.

Telegraph Cucumher.

ROLLISSONS' TELE-
GRAPH CUCUMBER, the
best Winter and Early Spring
variety in cultivation.

See Gardeners' Chronicle,

JaimMry Ti, ISO?.
ii^e Qm-ilen&rn^ Chrmiiole,

March 10, 1867.
See Gtirdeiiers' CJiroi.icl^,

August 31, 18(17.
See (■i.ardeners' CJi/rojdele,
October 12, 1807.
The above, in printed sealed
packets. 2s. (hi. each. Pricesto the
Trade on application to

William Rollisson & Sons,
The Nurseries, Tooting, ^lOndon, S,

y^

1b becoming soabok, tbi

old roservea will soon be gone
Now sold In bags, 1 for 2.v., 10 foi
Ifl.t., 20 for TO«., 60 for flfla., im
for £0.

Fourpence allowed (or oaoi'
bag returned oarriago-paid.

A Railway Tnick.load (not 11
bags), 403.

Postage Stamps or Pofit-offlcf
Order, payable to J. Babsham 4
Co.. Kingston- on-TbamoB. S.W.

w

''pOBACCO T1SSU15 fpr Fumigating Greenhouses.

X Will Destroy Tbrip, Red Spider, Green and Black Fly, and
Mealy Bug ; and bums without the assistiuice of blowing, and is

entirely free from paper or rag. Price ;js. (Id. per ib., carriage free,
A reduction in ]*pice for large quantities.

To be had of Messrs. BoaKUia & Sons, Tobacco Manufacture i'h,
U2, St. John Street, Clorkeuwell, K.C, of whom copies of Tcsti-
monial.s may be obtained ; and of all St'cdsmon y-ud Nurserymon.

1NTKK-DRKSS~ALL FRUIT TREES" wi^

GL^nURST COMPOUND.

Copy o/a Letter from Mr. Rivers, Numerles, Sawbridgewoi'th, Herts,

22d OcUiher. ISfil.

" I must tell you what I heard tn-day from a very clever gentleman
farmer, Anthony Bubb, Esq., of Wttcombe Court, Glouceater, He
has a wall to which Peach Tre«s are trained. Well, last autumn
they were in a wretched blighted state. As a desperate remedy ho
unnailed them all, early last February, and cave all but one a
thorough painting with Giahurst Compound, lib. to the gallon of
water ; his trets, all bat the one, commenced to grow favourably in
spring, and are now pictures of health. The tree not painted is in a
half-dead blighted state. He used the same dressing to bis Apple
Trees ; it killed the woolly Aphis entirely, and has made his trees
oleau and vigorous in their growth. He intends to paint his Wall
Trees annually, and tslls all his friends to do the same, I shall
certamly serve all my young Peach Trees against my walls in the
same manner. The Compound is, I believe, more efflcaciou,s than
the usual offensive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and it does
not blacken the shoots on the walls,"

For (.) re hard-house Trees, 4 ozs. to the gallon will be found a good
strength ; wlien uf^ed stronger some buds on weakly trees may be
injured,

GISHURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by NuraeiTmen and
S^ed^uion, in boxes, Is., 3s., and 10s. M. each.

I'^holesale by Price's "Patent Candle Company, Limited,
Belmont, Vauxhall, London, S.

Gishurst Compound has Diore recent testimonials to its offlcacy.
but none more conclusive than the above, which has been published
before.

TRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal

X. A^noultvir.al Society).

SHEEP, 3fi. 5rf. ; CATTLE, 4«. 2d. ; OX, 6.^. lid.

List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.

St- Pancras Iron Work, Company, Old St. Pancras Road,_London, N. W.

B. S. WILLIAMS'

NOTED CHOICE STRAIN of VEGETABLE SEEDS for SEASON 1868,

IN SEALED PACKETS.

The Orangefield Dwarf Prolific Tomato.

After four yeirs" careful trial it has been provedtobeui.doubtedly
the finest Tomato we possess.

Descriptios. — Very dwarf, but sfcron^ in habit ; never shows any
sign of being stunted or diseased ; bearmg a greater quantity of fruit
than has ever been seen on a Tomato. Is well adapted for indoor
culture in those parts where (through the humidity of the climate)
Tomatos rarely come to perfection out of doors. It will stana
forcing without drawing, and any amount of culture will not destroy
its productiveness. This variety when grown in pots make really
beautiful decorative plants for the conservatory. Extract of report
of the Trial of Tomatos grown at Chiswick, lSfi7:— " ThoOrangcfleld
is the earliest of the large fruited Rorts, it is very dwarf and prolific,
bearing fine fruit within 6 inches of the ground. The fruits are very
large, red, cjrmgnted, or ribbed. IC is an excellent variety, and one
of the beat in the collection."

Price \s. Gd. per packet.
"Williams' Matchless Red Celery.

This variety still maintains its reputation. It is now universally
(trown and everywhere approved of. New Seed, saved from the
original stock. p^,,^^ ^^ p^^ p^^^^^_

Digswell Prize !Endive.

A Green Curled variety, very much superior to the old *' Green
Curled."

Wherever this valuable Endive has been grown it has given the
greatest satisfaction. It is invaluable for its barditiood and good
hearting qualities. It is advised that plants for outdoor winteruse
be dibbled out in a light border early in September, the crowns an
Inch below the surface, with light earth pressed to them. Seed from
original stock.

Williams* Alexandra Broccoli.

This excellent kind has now proved itself the best white and the
hardiest of the many varieties in existence. A Special Certificate
93 awarded to this Broccoli by the Royal Horticultural Society,
May, 1807. The Committee considered it of first-class excellence,
and worthy of every recommendation. If sown at the end of April
it will be ready for use the first week in May of the following year.

Price 2s. Qd. per Packet.
Malvern Hall Melon.

Scarlet flesh ; a valuable variety. This kind has been proved by
the side of 30 of the best to be the earliest to ripen and the freest In
setting its fruit. The following description of it, by Mr. Edlington,
Head Gardener to the Earl of Strafford, Wrotham Park, In the
Scottish (ianiener, conveys a very Just idea of its properties. He
wi'ites : — " I liave no hesitation in asserting that the above Melon is
aeoond to none in cultivation; I might even go a step further, and
not err in placing it first on the list of scarlet-fleshed kinds. Gem,
grown in the same house and subjected exactly to the same treat-
I raent, bore no comparison in any one point. The Malvern Hall is
most deU<;iou8ly flavoured, remarkably thin skjimed, a very free
setter, and early. These properties, in my judgment, constitute a
firBt-cla'^8 Melon. The Malvern Hall is nicely ribbed and moderate
in size : those I grew this season averaged 2) lbs.— a size I consider
apiply large enough for ordinary dcHserts. Those who h;ive not
grown the Malvern Hall 1 recommouil to do so, and those who have
will, I think, agree with my remarks."

Price Is. per Packo.t.

Price Is. 6d. per Packet.

Prices to the Trade on application.

VIOLA LUTEA (Yellow-flowered Violet).

B. S. WILLIAMS has much pleasure in being en.ibled to oftev CHOICE and selected Seed of the above
beautiful plant. Habit dwarf yet vigorous, foliage dark glossy green, flowers bright yellow, which are produced in
great prolusion ;dl through the early Spring, Summer, and Autumn months. The plant does not grow more than
J inches high ; it is perfectly hardy, therefore well adapted tor small beds, edgings, or marginal lines. It is without
doubt the best yellow-llowered bedding plant in cultivation. It was spoken very highly of in the leading article of
t::e Gardtncrs' Chrotiide, November 2.

Mr. Fish, in his remarks about Violas (^Gardeners' Chronicle, October 26), states that Viola lutea is ,a perfect
gem, and IS invaluable for a dwarf yellow bed or edgings. It is a bright yellow, of the mo-t compact habit, and
seems to flower more freely than V. cornuta.

Price Is., Is. 6d., and 2s. 6d. per packet.

VIOLA PURPLE aUEEN, true stock, 6rf, and Is. per i VIOLA MAUVE QUEEN, true stock,
picket. ' I p„,.i;rt.

H

YACINTE GLASSES, in cverv vnriety of shape

and colour; KUi'POUTS. DISHES, cUOCllH gIaSSEH. 4c.
The Garden aypoHitory, 'S^, Jnipum Street, Ct.wnt Gnrflau, W.C.
N.li. A liberal discount to tUO Tratiu.

and Is.

per

T

1 HO MAS MILLINGTON AND

lurnRTHiis, Dkai,eiih, and MANi'FAcTDiirw Or Glam,

sr. itlsliopBguto Sti-oet Wttboat, London, K.C.
PIIPHKNT PKICES of nYAClNTH OI.ASSES.

CO.,

A.— :iii,s, pijrgroHS, U.— tl^^- per groas.
litt. per dozen. Us. per dozen.

Tlio above are made in Green, llhio,
be hod in Oi}al, Is. pur dozen extra.

C — l^n. per gross.
■U. uer dozen,
'uce. and Amber. B can

R

U S T I C BULB VASES.

TYE'S HYACmrH GLASSES.
FERN CASES ana AtJUARIA.

s

CLAUDE T, HOUGHTON, akd SON.

89, HIGH UOLBOEN, W.C.

Fhce List troe oq applicatioD.

HAW'S TIFFAN

For samples and prices apply to
J. Shaw & Co.. 29, Oxford Street. Manchester.

RUSSIA MATS, SEED-BA6S, TWINES.— Price List
forwarded on application to Jamks T. Andehson, Manufacturer
of SACKS SEED BAGS ROPES, TWINES, HORSE CLOTHS,
TARPAULlWS, &c. ; and Importer of every description of RUSSIA
MATS, 7, Commercial Street. Shoreditch, London, close to the
Great Eastern Railway Terminus.

E"^'t. ARCH E R'S "FRIG I DOM 0.**—
• Patronised by her Majesty the Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of Devonstiire for
QiiBwick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Hoitlcultural Society,
and Sir Joseph Paxton for the Crystal Palace, Royid Zoological
Society, &c.

PROTECTION from the COLD WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.
" FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepared
Hair and Wool, a perfect non-condnctor of heat or cold, keeping a
fixed temperature where it is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-
cultural and Floncultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and
I'lowers from the Scorching Rays of the Sun, from Wind, fi'om
Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To be ha4 In any-
required lengths.
" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING, 2 yards wide, Is. Gd. per yard run.
" FR.IGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide ls.9d. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. Od. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. M. per yard.
An improved make, 3 y.ards wide . . 2.*. 8d. per yard nm.
Elisha Thomas ARcriEB, Whole and Sole ManulUoturer, 7, Great
Tjinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all Nuiaerymeu and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It is much cneaper than Mats as a covering."

/^ARSON'S ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,

V_/' Patronised by the Nobility and Gentry, is eitensivoly used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and is proved, after a test
of 70 years, to surpass any other Paint. It is especially applicable
to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Oompo, and is the only Paint that will
effectually resist the rays of the sun upon Conservatories, Green-
houses, Frames, &c. Is twice as durable as genuine White Lead, so
simple in application that any person can use it. per cwt

WHITE, LIGHT STONE, BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS SOs.

LEAD, CHOCOLATE, RED, PURPLE, BROWN, and BLACK 26s.

BRIGHT GREEN, DEEP GREEN, and BLtTE 42s.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORfiOSION.

OILS, TURPENTINE. VARNISHES, BRUSHES. Ac.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Ports

of Irelajid and Scotland. Pattoms and Testimonials sent post ft^e.

Walter Carson & Sons,

La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.

Caution.— All Casks should bear the Ti-ade Mark. No Ageata.

B. S. WILLIAMS, VICTORIA and PARADISE NURSERY, UPPER HOLLO WAY, N.

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great
variety of patterns and materials, the plainer florta being
especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incm- no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, con-
sequently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOITNTAINS, Ac, In Arti-
ficial Stone, of great durability, and In greirfi,
variety of design.

F. & G. RosHCR, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingsland Road. Kingsland, N.E

Sole London Agents for FOXLETS PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corridors, Balconies. Ac, as cheap and durable as
Stono, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched deslgna
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Daules, Lardera,

Kitchen Ranges, Bath.s, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. & G. Roshlr, at their premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3(1 per Bushel ; &. per Ton extra
tor delivery within throe mile.s, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockorles or GiottO
Work. F. & G. RoauKK. — Addresses see above,

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

1164

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEE 16, 1867.

Tlie Queen, A 1— By permission,

CHARLES NOBLK has had the honour of Exhibiting
his NEW WHITE KHODODENDRON before Her Majesty
the Queen, at the Royal Gardens, Windsor; lie has authority to
state that Her M^ijesty was graciously pleased to approvo of, and
rocognlsa the name given in honour of Herself, as being really
"THE QUEEN" amongst Rhododendrons.
Price 218., 3ls. 6(f.,42s.,(j3,s.,8ts., k lu6s. each. Standards, 105s. each.

Rhododendrons.

As Exhibited at the Royal Botanic Gaudeks, Regent's Park,

JOHN WATKRER, the Exhibitor at the above Gardens,
has pleasure in announcing that his CATALOGUE of the above
popular Plants is now published, and will ba forwarded to all
applicants. It faithfully describes all the varieties considered
worthy of cultivation. It contains likewise a seleclioo of HARDY
CONIFERS, with heights and prices.

The Americau Nursery, BaRshot, Surrey.

Bliododendrons, Ssc.

JAMES SMITH, Darley U^ile Nurseries, near
Matlock, offers the following : —
160,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, beautiful healthy plants,

fl to 15 inches, Lis. per 100 ; £C lO.s. per 1000
160,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM. fine bushy plants, 1 to

U foot. 20*. per loO; £9 lOa. per 10l)0
50,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, fine plants, li to 2 feet,

26s. per 100 ; £12 per 1000
10,000 RHODODENDRON WHITE MAXIMUM, 1 to H foot,

5s. per dozen : 30s. per 100
20,000 RHODODENDRON HIRSUTUM. the Dwarf Alpine Rhodo-
dendron.— Nice little plants, 3s. per doicen : 15s. per 100
10,000 RHODODENDRON HYBRIDUM, 1 to IJ foot, bushy plants,

5s. per dozen : 30s. per lOU
5,000 AZALEA PONTICUM, the Bweet Azalea.— Beautiful bushy

plants, 12 to 18 inches, mostly in bloom bud, 3s. per dozen;

20s. per lOD. Ditto, 15 to 24 ins., 5s. per dozen ; 30s. per 100
60,000 HARDY HEATHS, in about 20 varieties.— Good plants, in

fine health, 3s, to 4s. per dozen ; lOs. to Ifis. per 100. Also

about 20 varieties at 5s. to 7s. per dozen
12,000 DOUBLE WHIN, GORSE, or FURZE, nice plants, well

rooted, 2s. Gd. per dozen ; 12s. per 100. Also, In pots, at

4s, per dozen ; 20s. per 100
30,000 COTONEASTER MICROPHYLLA, 6 to 12 inches, 2s. 6'!,

per doz. ; 12s. per 100. l* to 2 feet, 3s. per doz. ; 15s. per 100
20,000 ARBORVIT^, AMERICAN, beautiful plants, with fine

roots, li to 2 feet, 2s. per dozen ; 12s. per 100. 2 to 3 feet,

2s. per dozen ; 15s. per 100. 2^ to 3 feet, 2.1. Qd. per dozen ;

]8s. per 100. 3 to 4 feet, 3s. per dozen ; 20s. per 100. 4 to

6 feet, 6s, per dozen ; 5 to 6 feet, 12s. per dozen
5,000 PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet, beautiful plants, thrice

tran3pl;inted, fine roots, 4s. per dozen ; lOs. per 100
40,000 EVERGREEN PRIVET, 2 to 3 feet, fine plants for Hedges

or Game Covert, 2s. Cd. per 100 ; 22.t. per 1000
10,000 IRISH IVY, nice plants, 2s. per dozen ; 8,-;, ptr 100
9UU.O0O LARCH, transplanted, fi[ie becilthy plants, not the least

injured by Jrost or any disease, IJ to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000 ;

2 to 3 feet, 16s. per lUOO ; 3 to 4 feet, 18s. perlOOO; 4 to

r> feet, 19s. per lOOO
All the abuve will be delivered free at Matlock Bridge, or Darley
Stations, on the Midl;ind Railway.

A CATALOGUE of GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, including
Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs, named Rhododendrons, &c., sent
free by post. The Trade supplied. Apply to

James Smith, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock.

Now Is tne Proper Time to Plant Hardy Herbaceous

Plants.

HENRY MAT offers the under-named large collection.
It contains all the best CAMPANULAS, GERANIUMS
(bardy), EPIMEDIUMS, ACONITUMS, PHLOXES, DELPHI-
NIUMS, IRIS, and upwards of (jij diflorent varieties of SAXI-
FRAGA and SKDUM, with a host of others.

A Collection of 100 named v.arieties 25s.

A Collection of 200 named varieties 40s.

A Collection of 500 named Varieties 80s.

Henbt Mat, The Hope Nurseries, Bodale, Yorkshire.

lOLA CORNUTA (Wilk'" true "^variety).— We beg

to state that in June last we secured the entire stock of Seed

of the true vanetv of "MAUVE QUEEN" VIOLA CORNUTA

from the raiser. The Seed is now being delivered to us In beautiful

condition.

Price to the Trade on application. Orders will be CKecuted In
atrlct rotation as received.

DI0K.30N3 & BaowN.iSeed Merchant3,'43 and 45, Corporation Street,
Manchester.

The following Houses have already ordered supplies

Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading
,, Beck, Henderson, & CQiid,

London
„ Peter Lawson & Son, Edin-
burgh
„ W. Drummondfe Son, Dublin

and Siirting
, Hooper & Co., London
„ Nulling & Sons, London
^ „ Fraser, Goad, & Ratford,
London
„ A. Henderson & Co., London
„ C. Platz & Son, Erfurt

Messrs. J, C. Wheeler & Son,
Gloucester
„ Butler, M'CulIoch, & Co.,

London
„ Geo. Morrison & Son, Elgin
„ Au.Htin &. M'Aslan, Glasgow
„ Smith & Simons, Glasgow
,, Thomas Imrie & Sons, Ayr
Mr. Ernest Senary, Erftirt
Mr. Robert Cooper, London
Mr. F. A. Haago, jun., Erfurt
Mr. William Deans, Jedburgh
Mr. Thos. Pierpoint, Warrington

The New Sensation in Bedding Out. ^

JACKMAN'S HARDY HYUIUU CLEMATISES,
awarded Eleven First-class Certificates, and One Special.

Messrs. Geo. Jacrman and Son are desirous of drawing the
attention of those who inteod using their Hardy Clematises for a
Permanent Bedding Plant, that the present time Is most favourable
lor planting.

OpivtONs OF THE Press.

Gardeners' Clironicle, Aug. 17 :~" The new sensation In bedding."
Also, August 31, "J. F." (Cliveden) adds, "that Messra. G. J. & Sow
have in their several varieties the very colour of which our summer
gardens are in a great measure deficient." " Country Life," Aug. 15 ;—
" Clematis Jackniannl is a most useful bedding kind if pegged down ;
used as such, a perfect carpet of flower, so to apeak. Is soon formed "
The Field, Sept. 28;— They will be of the highest value as purple
bedding plants, our present colours in this way being poor indeed
compared to these."

"The Florist and Pomologist," November, 18G7;— "There is no
finer fiowering plant for lawn decoration, no more gorgeous subject

for garden avenues, not even excepting pillar Roses while the

glorious mass of rich violet purple furnishes quite a new sensation
in bedding out."

An engraving, from a photograph, showing the flowering qualities, '
and Circular ol Prices, will be forwarded giacls on application.
Woking Nursery, Surrey.

LOUIS VAN HOUTTE'S CATALOGUE, No. 121,
will be published on the 15th November next, and will be
sent, per post, to all his customers.

Contests : —

Azalea Indioa

Camotlias

Rhododendrons

Ghent Azaleas, hardy

Azalea Van Houttei flore-pleno,

hardy (see " Flore des tierres,"

sill., 13)
Magnolia.s and other American

Plants
Magnolia Lennei (sea " Flore,"

xvl, 159)

Louis Van Hodtte's goods, . w..««j

taampei-s, &c., are sent free to Edinburgh, Goole, GrauKemouth
Grimsby, Harwich, Hull, Liverpool, London, Middlesbro'-on-Toes)
anoNewcastle-OQ-Tyne; but, per contra, 5s. per parcel will be chargea
In the account. From the above seaports the goods are sent with
great care to the various railways by Locis Van Houttk's Agents

"FLORE DKS SERRES," XVl,, Noa. 11 and 12, will appear at
the end of this mouth.

Each Volume of the "FLORE DES SERRES" may be had

separately for 30s,, and the Sixteen Volumes complete (the entire

coileciloul for £-i-i 10s. This work contnius more than 1700 highly

flnlihed Coloured Plates, and numerous Woodcuts.

Ghent, Belgium.— Nov. 2.

Trees and Shiiibs

Conifers

Roses

Herouceous Plants, Select Col-
lection of

Fruit Trees, Belgian and other

Gladiolus gandavensis [sorts

GesoeraceouB Rhizomes and
Tubers

Caladiums, &c.. In dry Tubers.
&c.. &c.

baskets, buDdles, cases, crates.

THE EARLIEST PEA KNOWN

BUTTONS' KINGLEADER.

After another year's careful trial in our Sample Grounds, we can
confidently affirm that THIS IS STILL THE MOST FORWARD PEA
IN CULTIVATION. It has been alleped that this Pea is identical with
Dillistone's, BUT "WE UNHESITATINGLY RE-ASSERT THAT NO
PEA IS IDENTICAL WITH, NOR SO FORWARD AS, RINGLEADER.
except Carter's First Crop, which was sent out at the same time as the
Ringleader, and which subsequently proved to be identical with it. The
numerous trials made in private gardens confirm our statement ; and
Mr. Shirley Hibherd's report on the trial of Peas at Stoke Newington (which
will he found below), proves beyond a doubt that Ringleader is not only the
earliest Pea in cultivation, but that it is also perfectly distinct from all others.

The following are selected from a large number of Letters received
to the same eflect :—

From Mr. Charles Turner, Slough.— June 12, 1867.

" We gathered a good dish of Suttons' Ringleader on the 28th May.
These were so^vn and grown in the open ground, without any protec-
tion. Sis rows of Daniel O'Rourke were sown at the same time,
from which our first gathering was on the 8th June. Ringleader has
also the advantage of being dwarfer ; and I do not hesitate to pro-
nounce it the best early Pea that has been grown here. No other
Pea has been gathered about here at the date mentioned,"

From Mr. A, Maxiu, Or., Purley Park, Beading.— June 12, 1867.

" Your Ringleader Pea deserves all its fame. I sowed the first lot
on the 2d of February, and gathered on the 4th June. I could have
gathered fuur days earlier had I wished, from well-filled pods. I also
made another sowing on the 22d February, by the siae of your
valuable Champion Pea, and I gathered from Ringleader June
the loth ; the Champion will be about six days after, all sown on a
south border. I must say great praise is due to you for bringing out
such a di.stinct early Pea as the Ringleader."

Extract from Vie Report on Peas arovm by Shirley Hirherd, Esq.,
reprinted/rom the " Oardeners' Weekly Magazine," July 28, 1866.
*' SuTTONs' Ringleader.— In 1866 the sample was true throughout,
the growth quite regular, wiry, the leaves a light green and small as
compared with Dillistone's Early, or Sangster'a No. 1. or, in other
words, it is decidedly less leafy than either of those varieties. The
pods are regular in outline, with a neat beak, and are produced both
in pairs and singly. One of its distinguishing characters is, that it
produces pods Irom top to bottom in a v^ry uniform manner,
whereas Dillistone's Early produces them chlefiy at the top. These
pods come to perfection all at once, and the haulm dies immediately
afterwards, so that once In bearing it is soon over. There can be no
doubt that this is a distinct and valuable variety, the earliest in
cultivation, and as good for the table aa any in the section to which
it belongs. Height, 2 feet 9 Inches. In 1865 and 180ti, Dillistone's
Early and Suttons' Ringleader stood side by aide, aud the first was
conspicuous for its comparatively robust habit and superior luafiness
— for, in fact, a certain luxuriousness of appearaacs altogether
wanting in Ringleader. These two Peas are as distinct as Oranges are
from Lemons, or as Sangster's No. 1 is distinct from Bishop's Loagpod."

As the Stock is limited compared with the increasing demand^ early Orders are requested^ to prevent disappointment,
SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

ROYAL VINEYARD PEACH.

This remarkable PEACH is of very robust habit, and is a most prolific bearer. It is bo hardy, that in I860 it
bore a heavj'^ crop of large fruit

AS AN ORCHARD STANDARD,

several branches having each home from four to five fruit, weighing ten ounces a-piece. It is a free-stone of most
luscious flavour, with a superabundance of juice, and is just sufficiently piquant to render it highly refreshing. The
time of ripening is about a week earlier than the Barrington Peach.

JOHN AND CHAELES LEE have much pleasure in introducing this extraordinary Peach, which was
exhibited at Mr. Webber's, in Covent Garden Market, in 1865, and was much admired and inquired after at the time.

Dwarf Maiden Trees are now ready, price lOs. 6d. each.

ROYAL VINEYARD NURSERY and SEED ESTABLISHMENT, HAMMERSMITH,

LONDON, W.

NEW DOUBLE-FLOWERED ZONAL GERANIUM "TRIUMPH."

E. G. HENDEKSON & SON

RESPECTFULLY OFFER

THEIR FIRST PLANTS OF THIS SPLENDID VARIETY,

"WHICH SURPASSES ALL OTHERS YET OFFERED IN THE GROUP.

It is an improvement upon Gloire de Nancy in growth, and greatly in advance of it by its immense trusses
of double rosette-like flowers of a brilliant orange- scarlet.

Having purchased a great extent of the raiser's stock, E. G. H. & Son are now prepared to furnish well-
established plants. It received a Special Certiticate at the Exposition Universelle, in Paris, 1867, and by thus
possessing all the desired excellencies of its section in growth and bloom combined, commends itself as a real acquisi-
tion to every collection of beraniums, and for conser\'aiory decoration generally.

NEW DOUBLE PELARGONITTMS " PRINCE of NOVELTIES."

The most unique and beautiful double-flowered variety yet ofiered, now sending out by E. G. Henderson & Son".
The individual blossoms are 1^ inch wide, of a brilliant carmine-tinted crimsoD, admirably adapted for dreas
bouquets, and for pot culture,

E. G. HENDERSON and SON, WELLINGTON NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, N.W.

AMBKOISE VERSCHAFFELT, NURSERYMAN,

(PUBLISHER OF THE "ILLUSTRATION HORTICOLE)," GHENT, BELGIUM,

BEGS TO OFFER THE FOLLOWING NOVELTIES ; —

the Tacsonia Van Volxemi : see figure in the

CALADIUM LEOPOLDL— One of the finest, 7«. ^d.
TACSONIA BUCHANANL — A splendid cUmber ; aa fine

" Illustration Horticole ; " 7s. Gd.
YRIESEA GLA2I0UANA. — A splendid Bromeliaceous plant, which obtained at the Universal Exhibition in Paris the

First Prize for the best new riant, and of which a specimen was exhibited by Miss Zoe de Knytf, under the name

of Chevaliera. This reaUy splendid ornamental plant is figured in the "Illustration Horticole." Fine plants, £1.
AZALEA INDICA FRANCOIS DEVOS (A. Veeschaffblt).— This is one of my best seedlings. Flowers very

double, deep red, with black spots. See figure in " Illustration Horticole." Fine plants, full of buds, 12*.
RHODODENDRON ORNATISSIMUM (A. Verschaffelt) — See the "Illustration Horticole." This is my best

seedling raised ; colour whitish, rose in the centre ; the edges are coloured with rose violet, and the centre is

marked with fine golden spots. It is one of the most distinct varieties, and is quite hardy. Good plants, I2s. ;

do. with buds, £1.

THE GENERAL CATALOGUE, No. 81,

CAN BE OBTAINED FREE OP

MESSRS. R. SILBERRAD and SON, 6, HARP LANE, GREAT TOWER STREET, LONDON, E.G.

NOVBMBBB 16, 1867.]

THE GAI^DENET^S' CMONTCLE AND AGHTCUTTUT^Ar. OAZETTK

1165

GREENHOUSE
;

FERNS. — The following 20 fine

" Darned FERNS, in 4-Inch Potn, for 168., or Is., eaob, viz,,
ABpleiiiimi oburnoum, Asplonluni ulternnns, Nephrodium mollo,
Tar polytllctvnn, Laatraoa glubelln, Lofltrroa orythroBorii, Lastrioa
pinnatft. Lastnoa podophylla, Luptogranima nipestrls. Loptogramma
asplenioirtea, Lygodluni scandoiiB, Pelltea geranlfoUa. Bloohnuiu
cartllatliioum, Uipliizluni polvpodloidoa. Doodla dives, Doodla
UneariB, MiuroloptisatrigoBa, Cyrlomlum faloatum, Aneniodlotyon
Phyliitldeg. Scolopondruni hrebsil, CystopteriB bulblfera. ^

flK>BT Mav, Tbo Ilupe Nuraerlen, Bedale. Yorkshire.

"~ Brltlsli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six poatapre
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 3rt pf\HOB,
InoludlnK pncos of Hardy Exotic Fema) of hU NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,

FooVa Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sldoup Station of New
North Kent Ltni '" " """' """ ""

M

D Of South Eiustern Rjlilwfty^ ^

ATTIUCK Y()ONG'S NiTw^CAfALOOnK of NEW

DY PLANTS. JAPANESE NOVELTIES, NEW
AUCUBAS, OUNAMENTAL TREES »nd SIIKUBS. EVER-
OKEBNS, CONlFER.iE. RHODODENDRONS, FOREST TREES,
Ac, may bo had on applloatlOD.

DESIGNS. PLANS, and ESTIMATES PREPARED
for LAYINO.OUT NEW QRODNDS, IMPROVING PARK
SCENERY, PLANTATIONS, 4o.

F

OREST TREES

PLANTED
Quamnteed.

by the Acre, nnd

Convonlent railway aocotnmodatlou to all parta of tho couutry.
Milford Nursorlca, near Godalming. Surrey.

Paul's Nuraeriea, Waltham Cross, N.

WM 1' A U L lii'Ks to iiiinoiini'i' th:it ho hna the
following COLLECTIONS of TREES and PLANTS now
ready for dollvory, which ho can conlldeuLly recommend for quality
and prloo : —

T) OSES.— 100,000 PUmt3, Standards, Dwarf Standards,
Jl\i and Dwarfa.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATAiOGUE fToo on application.

TREES and SHRUBS.— Large quantities of the popular
Nursery Plants, of .^11 sizes, pood and cheap.
A choice variety of PICTORIAL TREES, his collection of which
WDB the only one which received a Prize at the International
Exhibition of 16C6.

AMERICAN PLANTS. — Rhododendrons, Azaleas,
Kalmias, Heatha, Ac, In variety, from the commonest to the
choicest. ^

FRUIT TREES. — Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums,
Figs, Peaches, Nectarines. Apricots, &c., &c. ; Standards,
Dwarfs, and Pyramids, trained and untrahied. A largo stock of
handsome trees, many in a fruiting state.

RAPE VINES.— All the best sorts, both Planting
and Fruiting Canes.

zabatun," " macrophillum," "Australasia,"
" flamulea," " brackybotrya," " palustrurn."
We are bound to say, however, that nothing in
the way of mis-spelling that we have over met
with in any nursery or seed catalogue, rivals the
eccentric orthography of an auctioneer's list that
has boon recently forwarded to uo, and from
which we extract, without alteration, the first
dozen names, merely stating that they are
neither bettor nor worse than the two or three
hundred that follow : — Euphaba Spliddrul,
Bougadvilla Blabra, Hayeidrum Coronorum,
Deddroburm Nobile, Musa Cavendisha, Aba-
madda Cathastica, Dendrobum (Noble) Nobile,
Hoya Carnosa, Dopladonia Crassiodorda, Ala-
manda Henderaui, Iloya Caronla Variegata,
Oueydium VUissimum. We are not aware who
has the credit (?) of this extraordinary illustra-
tion, whether auctioneer or plant grower, but for
" messcellanious " (s/c) blunders it would bo diffi-
cult to find the equal of this particular catalogue.
Not uiifrequoutly confusion arises from the
citation of a plant under two diiferent names
without tho fact being stated, or from giving the
wi'ong country, or merely local habitats, for
species with a wide range of distribution.
Adherence to no particular system of nomencla-
ture, and tho indiscriminate use of capitals for
specific names are fui-ther sources of error. The
first of these evils, it is true, rarely occurs. But

that of his successor, Mr. Faikdairn, is now
bearing a couple of Nuts, being its second crop of
fruit. Those nuts are of much finer growth
than tho first, and appear to have now reached
nearly their full size, and to have commenced the
ripening process. Tho largest of them measures
18 inches in circumference and about 12 inches in
length, from the foot-stalk to the apex, having
attained this size in It months. A young fruit,
with which we wore favoured by Mr. Faikdairn,
showed the usual U-partod perianth and a
one-colled ovary with a single seed. This seed
was perfectly solid, without any trace of central
cavity, and of course without any milk — where
the milk comes from, then, is not dotorminablo
in fruits of tho small sizo that wo examined. The
plant, which has formed a stem of (i feet high,
supporting a noble crest of its graceful plumose
loaves, is also flowering frcoly at the present
moment, but its beauty, if not its health, will
bo soon impaired, unless the house is raised to
give it head room. We cannot, however, doubt
that so interesting and valuable a plant wiU.
be amply cared for by its present noble pro-
prietor, under whose auspices we may hope to
see Syon again taking a prominent position
amongst the gardens of the metropolis.

G

PELARGONIUMS.— Beaton's and other Zonal kinds,
Gold, Bronze, and Silver variegated, a fine collection.

YACINTHS, TULIPS, and other BULBS.— All the

H

■ — - The Testimonial to Mr. Pindlay, to which
we alluded some time since (p. 782), has now been
presented to that gentleman, and consists of a Silver
the second, which is of more importance, is con- j Salver, aud a Purse of 210^.
spicuous in a deservedly popular and useful | . — - The following anecdote' is related in a recent
catalogue, where we find Carthamus tinctorius, , number of ihe Reme Borticole, concerning Acguste
•n„T,„., cit,-oT„^r,;„m Tmnnfinns (^lanfliilip-fira ScH(ENE, gardener at Monceaux, and at the Palais
Datui-a Stramonium, impatiens glanauUgeia, ^.^b^^ Schosnb, who has recently died, was it

&c., as British plants; whUe Ohiiia is stated to | ^^g^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^f ^^^^j^j.^ Qj^„Qj,r5,,ut withal was so sound
be the native country of Disemma coccmea, ' ^t heart, that he did not fail to make friends of those
Texas of Sutherlandia frutescens, India ofLage- with whom he came in contact. In spite of all the dynas-
naria natalensis, &c. To look for uniformity of tic changes, ScH(ENE still remained head-gardener at
nomenclature in seed and plant catalogues, would • Monceau.'c . He was greatly addicted to smoking and
uuiuoin.i»i.u.iu »u r „ i?„ '„i,„ „(., preserved bis pipe, no matter what master he served.

be to expect too much, masmuch as the works of , }^^^^^ Philippe even permitted him to smoke in bis
our scientific men are more at variance in tius ' presence, the permission having been granted from this
respect than in any other ; but ancient and circumstance :— One day Schcene was smoking^ as
obsolete names should be expelled, especially in ; usual, when the King passed by and saw him. The
cases where plants have been referred to the | gardener hasti^ly removed his pipe from his mouth and
™lL„l„r.^nr when the latter have been so ' ^I'PPed '* uph-^^J.eeve, whic^ caught a ight in couse-

wrong genera, or when the latter have been so

ITJ'^i 'roa"Jn°'SweT''s,To';ria"r°.prr°'' .^Set modified by general consent as not to admit them , ^^^^l^^ , t s,^^^^\ j know tot lou smoke con.

sequence. The King remarking this, is reported to

Collection at the London Flower Shows L^iat spring.
Hyacinths, Tulips, &c,. for spring gardening by tho 100 or 1000.
Choicer kinds for pot culture and glasses good and cheap.

PRICED DESCRLPTIVE CATALOGUES of any or all of tbo
above free by post. ^

HE ASSOCIATION of SURREY NURSERYMEN.

Temporary Offices, East Brixton, S.
A Deputation ftoni the above Association having visited Holland,
intend VISITING the ENGLISH DDTCH BULB DEALERS not
at present connected with the above Society, during the next few
weeks. A letter i-tatlng the object of the Association will be for-
warded by the Hon. Secretary, CuARLiis Yodno, Balham Hill
Nursery. Surrey, S.

be given.

Much might also bo done to render catalogues

more intelligible to the general public, who do

not understand why two or more names are given

to one object, by taking some authority for the

larger groups, as Ferns and Conifers, &o., many

species of which are offered under no less than

^ .o^K - « half-a-dozen different names. If some established

i^fl0 ®atll0tlCtiSdltOniClr. : authority were foUowed for Conifers or Ferns,

iJTnffnA V KrnvwATnwii in isfiv ^o"^ instance, instead of picking up the names at

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER lb, 1867. i jj^zard from a dozen difi'erent sources, much

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. confusiou would bo avoidcd. It is all very well

TaoKBDAS, Nov. 21— Llnnean sp

any longer, aud their more modern names should ' stantlyTl do not wish to deprive you of your enjoy
be substituted, or, if preferred, both might { ment : replace your pipe, and in future retain it in my

In looking through some of the numerous
Catalogues sent to " ' , „ ,. ,

presence." After this', ivhenever the King made bis
appearance, Schiene removed his pipe to make the
necessary salutation, but resumed it immediately, and
continued smoking while walking with the King.

AVe regret to learn that the Botanic Garden at

Jamaica, so long under the able superintendence of
Mr. Wilson, is to be given up ; for what reason we
are not at present aware.

. A paragraph relating to the health of the

Assistants in the Kew Hekbaeidm has lately been
going the round of the Press. It originated, we believe,
in the " Journal of Botany," and was copied thence
into various journals, including the "Lancet" aud
other medical papers. In the course of its travels the

too, to give the authorities with the names when : original statement underwent some curious alterations
there is no doubt of their correctness, but some- , and additions ; from having been expressly intended to
, ■ J T. ,• ,. times the same name has been differently applied 1 allude to the assistants in the Herbarium ,only, it

us, foreign and Bnghsh, j b^^^ff^rent botanists, and after aU their correct- ! became extended so as to include .the .^p/o.,.^ m the
but especially the latter, we are struck with the i j^^^^ ^^^^ depend upon their correct appUcation
frequency of orthographical errors, and, m some ; ^ ^^^ plants.

instances, with the total disregard of agreement
injgender of the generic and specific names ; the
species of the same genus being in some extreme
cases pretty equally attributed to the three
genders. Of course there are several laudable
exceptions, where errors are few and far between,
and where every precaution has evidently been
taken to render the hsts as perfect and useful as
possible ; but these, unfortunately, are easily
counted. We call attention to this state of things,
and entreat nurserymen, for their own credit, and
for the sake of the numerous gardeners and
others who consult their lists, nine-tenths of
whom have no other guide, and naturally depend
upon them without once doubting their accuracy,
to have them properly revised by some compe-
tent person. It must not be supposed that we
have selected the catalogues of small provincial
establishments, and founded a general accusation
on their demerits, for indeed some of these must
be ranked amongst the best, while not a few of
those just alluded to emanate from extensive
and well-known firms.

In many cases, doubtless, errors have been
copied year after year, and others have gradually
crept in. The almost universal mis-spelling of
some names may be partially attributed to the
fact of men in a small way of business having
compiled Ironi the productions of their more
pretentious colleagues. The following are
illustrations of the deviations from correct
orthography met with in generic and specific
aames : — " Lysimarchia," " MedineUa," "Tri-
gidia," " Ccmbretium," " Tomentilla," " Lardi-

A specific name should only commence with a
capital letter when it is named after a person,
or has been elsewhere used as a substantive
appellation, but this rule is generally ignored ;
and nurserymen often use capitals for those
species which they wish to appear conspicuously,
and omit them where they should be given.
Many foreign catalogues bear traces of the
alterations in orthography, &c., proposed by
M. Lemaire, the learned editor of the
lUudration Hcrrticole, who has long carried on a
crusade against the ' ' barbarisms " of plant nomen

Gardens generally, causing medical editors and sanitary
reformers, to shake their heads gravely, and suggest the
necessity for inquiry. From our own knowledge of the
facts of the case :is regards the Herbarium, we are
enabled to state that it is very questionable whether
the ill-health of the officials alluded to was in any way
connected with the duties they had to undertake in the
Herbarium. 'Two, unfortunately, succumbed to consti-
tutional ailments; of these one at least was seriously ill
before he entered upon his duties, the other died in
India, while a third was " tomahawked" in Australia.

The financial results of the Dundee Floral

Fete have recently been made public. The fete was
undertaken by the Dundee Horticultural Society, and,
as we reported at the time, was very successful as a
gathering of horticultural productions. It appears
that the sum of 805/. 18s. was taken at the gates, and

clature. In most cases, however, we should i^at after paying all expenses a balance of 2121. IDs.
prefer to retainthe names as they left their authors' I remains in the hands of the Society. The schedule
hands, provided the errors were not too gross

We will only advert to one more point, and
that is, the growing tendency to give Latin
names to mere garden varieties and hybrids : a
practice which, in our opinion, cannot be too
strongly condemned.

The history of the Flowering and Fruiting
(for the first time, we believe, in Europe), of the
DwAEF Cocoa-nut Palm, in the gardens at Syon
House, has been already written in our previous
volumes. In 1862 (see our volume for that year,
p. 189, where a figure is given), it first blossomed ;
in 1863 (p. 1129), it first fruited; and in 1864
(p. 625), the English-grown fruit made its first
appearance at a public exhibition. We are
happy to record that at the present time the
same plant, in which tho vigorous and fertile
development induced under Mr. Smith's manage-
ment, has been so successfully maintained under

of prizes did not materially differ from the one
adopted last year at Nottingham, except in the addi-
tion of 15 extra British Fern prizes for varieties, a
sum of 15i. being devoted to them, and these brought
together no less than HOO British Ferns, as many as
19 competitors exhibiting, in the class of six Soolo-
pendriums. Great praise is due to the managers of the
Society for the spirit with which the exhibition was
carried out.

There is as much room for improvement in the

ornamentation of many of our places of sea-side resort
as there is in the metropolis, or inland towns in general.
We are glad, therefore, of the opportunity of calling
attention to the Ornamental Gakden now in pro-
gress of formation at Saltbukn-by-thb-Sea, under
the direction of Mr. Newton. The existence of
a natural glen, about a mile in length through
which arivulet, or bourne.flows into thesea, offered great
facilities for ornamentation, and these have been taken
advantage of in the shape of woodland walks, which
traverse it in all directions, flower gardens, shady
alcoves furnished with Ferneries aud fountains,
waterfalls, croquet grounds, bowling greens, and

1166

TTTE GARDENEES' CMONIOLE AND AGEICULTTmAL GAZETTE.

[NOTElIBEE 16, 1867.

mazes. From the gardener's lodge, which is beauti-
fully situated at the eastern end of the glen, the visitor
oan return to the town by the rosary or high walk,
the entire length of which is enriched with standard
Eose trees, forming a perfect forest of Boses of every
hue. It is to be dfesired that others of our watering-
places may follow the example of this promising young
beginner on the Yorkshire coast.

NOTES ON THE ART OF GROWING ROSES
OUT-OF-DOORS.

(Gontimiedfroni 2). 1071.)
Section XI. Treatment of the Stock after it is
iudded. — The object now in view is to obtain a strong
head in the following summer from the two or three
buds inserted. Bear in mind, then, that the parts of
the plant will be in proportion to each other, and that
if it commences its growth in the spring with a large
root, and robust stem it will form a full-sized head ;
but if the root is small, and the stem puny, the head
■will be of like character. Hence your present object is
to encourage the general growth of the plant : and the
course naturally pointed out to you is to allow it to
grow freely until the cold of approaching winter causes
all growth to cease. Do not, then, cut off a single
.branch until November ; neither shorten the branches
that have been budded. This recommendation is
opposed to the ordinary practice of unskilled gardeners.
They like to see an immediate result to their labours,
and to force the buds into growth at once. But this is
on every account a bad plan. Let the buds lie dormant
until the spring. The wild and untidy growth which
your stocks nlake during the autumn will be full of
promise of a set of iine plants in the ensuing summer.
As soon as they have shed their leaves in November,
you may trim them up. Cut off close and clean every
branch that is not budded, and leave two or three eyes
beyond the inserted bud on those that are. And now
you can do nothing, except to watch the buds swelling,
until March. If you save the branches you have cut
off, you will find a use for them in the spring.

Section XII. On Budding the Manetti Stock.—
In August the cuttings will be well rooted and may be
budded. In this case you follow a different plan,
inserting the bud, not in the shoots of the currenl;
year, but in the old wood of the stem. Scrape away
the earth of the ridge, and level it round as many
stocks as you intend for immediate use. Clean the
stems with a piece of rag, or an old toothbrush, and
insert one bud in each close to the surface of the
ground. By the method recommended you will obtain
short-stemmed plants ; and, when you have to remove
them, the junction of the scion with the stock can be
conveniently buried.

In October or November you may cut off all the
branches fVom tbe stock, and use them for making a
fresh set of cuttings. Hence you will not require to
keep any old plants for this purpose.

Section XIII. Care of Neiul //-budded Plants in
the Spring. — Unless the newly-budded plants are
carefully tended in the spring, all hitherto done
is little better than labour lost. In the first place
they should be tied up to good stakes with' tar-
twine. In the next place take the shoots, which
it has been already advised should be saved when
the stocks were trimmed in November, select
those which are straight, and strip off the thorns. Cut
them into lengths of from 2! to 3 feet, and tie them
firmly by their ends on to the tops of the budded stocks.
They are to be used to tie the young shoots to when
they have begun to grow. If this is not done, you
will be certain to have a majority of them blown off by
any rough wind that may occur.

All over the stock wild buds will now begin to push.
Remove all below the insertions, but not those beyond.
These may be allowed to grow a little, pinching them
baok until the inserted buds have grown to the extent
of an inch or more ; then the buds beyond may be
quite cut off. From this time every slioot from the
stock should be removed as soon as it is discovered.
When the buds have grown to the length of a couple of
inches or so, you may pinch the ends off some of them.
This will cause the plants to make bushy heads, and their
flowers will not be borne in such crowded clusters as
if they are not so treated ; but they will flower a
fortnight or three weeks later. Some gardeners, when
t*o buds have pushed, pinch the lower one, leavmg the
other untouched.

There 'is a point of some importance to be attained
in forming healthy standards ; it is tO get the bark to
heal over the top of the stem. Unless this is secured
the plants become unhealthy and die. This may be
accomplished in the early summer, before the stock is
budded, by waiting until a vigorous shoot has grown from
an upper bud, and then slicing off the top of the stem
in a sloping direction, so that the upper part of the
slope is level with the upper side of the shoot ; then
smear a little paint upon the freshly cut surface. If a
bud succeeds in this shoot, the object in view is happily
accomplished. But if this plan is not pursued, or the
bud in that shoot does not grow, then the top of the
stem of the stock must be cut off in a similar way in
the succeeding spring, in May, after the scion has made
good growth, and the cut must be smeared over as
before with paint, or some such material.

The same general principles which apply to the
plants budded on the Briar, will hold for those upon
the Mauetti stock. With them, however, there will
be no shoots from the stock below the bud. After the
bud has grown a few weeks the stock may be cut clean
off an inch or two above the bud.

In the months of June and July your labours will
be crowned with the reward of beautiful flowers, and
you will be surprised that the tiny buds you delicately
handled a year ago, can have formed such full and
comely plants in so short a time. Such is the reward
of patience, and the result of dormant buds.

Section XIV. The ^ Flowering Season.
general, especially during their first summer, form a
larger number of flower-buds upon each branch than
they can bring to perfection. Three blossoms are as
many as a single shoot can be expected to open well ;
but m general two will be enough. It is therefore a
good plan to pinch off all the buds, except two or three
upon each shoot. In looking over the shoots you will
often observe a bud which has been injured, or which
is mis-shapen, or cracked, or which does not seem to
be folded evenly. Pick such an one off, and then the
sap will be concentrated upon the next, and you will
obtain larger and more perfect flowers. It is a very
important point to be able to foresee the event of
unopened flower-buds, whether they are likely to make
good blossoms, and how long they are likely to be
unfolding. Much observation is requisite to gain expe-
rience on these points.

It is very important also to become acquainted with
the peculiarities of different sorts of Boses. Some are
very shy and tardy in opening their flowers. These
are usually those which have a large number of petals,
so that their flowers are very " full." A smaller number
of buds should in this case be left upon each shoot.

Some very full Roses will scarcely ever open their
flowers in the summer, but yet will do so in the
autumn. When this is a known habit with a Rose, it
is well to cut off all the first set of flower buds, and ^
two or three eyes below, and the plant then makes a side :
fresh set of shoots, and throws finer and more numerous metie.

and I also entirely discard those wires with
their supports, and screwing-up posts, as things
belonging to the dark ages. The double lateral cordon,
or tbe smgle even for that matter, may be trained
without the lateral wire, and simply by means of a
piece of iron wire, either painted or galvanised, the
siz^of a reed, or say about half an inch in cirouffl'-
ferenco. This should be made into a crook at the
upper end and pointed at the lower, and 20 inches in
lengthj for double or single cordons. This, when thrust
into tne ground to 12 inches deep, and the crook
brought over the lateral stem of the cordon, firmly
supports it; the supports may be from 21 to 3 feet
apart, and as these trees require no tying to them,
they are less trouble than strained wires. When
" W. R." asserts that lateral cordons are " less trouble
to support (I presume he means to prune) than either
pyramid or bush," he makes the assertion on insufficient
grounds.

Respecting the introduction of lateral cordons,
"W. R." should read the English gardening books
from the time of Evelyn to the end of the last century
if he desires to learn something about cordon and even
pyramid training. "W. R." should have seen at
Chartres M. Grin's pet tree as figured in his
book, " Le Pincement des Feuilles," incorrectly
given under the name of palmefie ; it is in truth
a 12-brauched lateral cordon, six branches on each
this the French cultivators call the pal-
The true Palm-leaved shape is what we

blossoms in the autumn. j call fan-shaped, and the French eventail. M. Grin

After the flower buds are fully formed and begin to ; smiles at the frivolities of modern French trainers,
swell, a watering with liquid manure will add A friend, a fluent French scholar, who was with him
greatly to the beauty of the blossoms, and will likewise ! last June, wrote me as follows ;— " Grin pooh-poohed
give vigour to the plants to send up a fresh set of the single lateral cordons ; you would have laughed
shoots and flower buds for the autumn. As a general ' had you seen this clever old man walking past them at
rule, two applications will be found sufficient, viz., ' Chartres, and saying—' Oh, that ! well— but have
that recommended in early spring after the beds are them double at least.' M. Grin has some very fine
forked, and this one before the flowers open. Particu- diagonal cordons in the public garden, of which he is

lar circumstances of soil or season may however
suggest a more frequent application of the stimulus.

The genuine lover of Roses will not be content to
see them in his garden, but will wish to have them on
his table in water. Let him not spare to cut. And in

curator." This is my reply to the assertion of
W. R." that " there is not one cordon in his garden
at all." It is quite plain that " W. R." did not see all
he might have seen at Cliartres. Reverting to the
summer pinching of M. Grin, and the nice figure in

cutting Roses, take a sufficient number of leaves with his book, it is odd to find a clergyman in Yorkshire

the truss to set off the bloom. Forbid, however, that managing his Peach trees on the same principle, and

they be picked or broken from the trees. Beware, too, training them after the same pattern which he has

of a blunt knife. If such be used, it often happens, done for many years, but with an improvement so

especially with Tea Roses, that the whole branch is remarkable, yet so simple, as to put all other cordon

broken off. Garden scissors are the best implements systems to the blush. 1 am not at liberty to divulge

for gathering the flowers. An Amateur.
(To he Continued.)

FRENCH AND ENGLISH FRUIT GARDENING.

his name, except to any prudent practical cultivator.

And now I have much pleasure in making known to
your readers a method of training trees for edgings far
preferable to the single or double lateral cordons of
" W. R. :" for this reason, that with the same care and

I, AN old, hard-headed " Cultivator and Traveller," i trouble it will give double the produce, on the same
am inclined to look at things through a dim glass, space of ground. Eureka ! I ought to have a patent,
while " W. R." sees them through a glass clear and My new Apple tree edging is neither more
with a slight magnifying power. We are, perhaps, like , nor less than a lateral cordon, with four branches
steel and flint, and if we do not strike too hard, we may instead of two, and is formed by taking a trained Apple
emit a few genial sparks. I may perhaps be permitted \ tree on the English Paradise stock, with two shoots on
to go through " W. R.'s" article (p. 1120) seriatim, but each side, the lower tier 8 inches from the ground,
not invidiously. He seems to jog along with me kept in their places by two iron rods, 20 inches long,
pretty well in the first few sentences, but then comes with the crook as above, and the upper tier 8 inches
one astounding assertion — "I repeat, to cultivate from the lower one, kept in their places by crooked
Pears with success over a great part of France, it is ] iron rods 28 inches long. The trees, which if on English
necessary to take as much care of them as we do in Paradise stocks, inured to our moist climate, may be
England ! " It is true he qualifies this by saying planted from 8 to 10 feet apart, will soon form a fine

around Paris." Now although, politically, Paris
France, in Pear culture it is not. If he travelled— and
observed as he travelled— the south-western depart-
ments, he would have seen Pear trees growing and
producing fruit such as is rarely seen near Paris,
except against walls.

" W. R." has ingeniously twisted my expression
wherein I refer to large Pear gardens. I meant market
Pear gardens. The explanation respecting Ireland may
soon be obtained by an introduction to some of the
clever amateurs near Dublin, also in the county of
Wexford, and in the south and south-west. I find, on
referring to the article I am discussing, that I have
omitted to refer to that astounding assertion that " the
French build and cover more garden walls than we do,
who want them most." In reply to this,I fearlessly assert
that there are more walled gardens, and greater lineal
extent of walls, in the counties of Middlesex and Hert-
fordshire, than in any five departments of France, and
if I say in all France I shall not be wide of the mark.
" W. R." has seen those long walls at TUomery, and
those so numerous at Montreuil and Argenteuil ; but
they are not France. If he had travelled through those
dreary departments where chateaux are few and far
between, or in the south, he would find the wall-world
very bare. While we have our present climate, the
finer kinds of Pears which grow and bear so freely in
Prance, are not likely to be common to our " poor
hou.seholders," and it is to be regretted that in the
northern counties, with the most dense populations,
they will not even ripen — how then can we, to use
slang, "pull up." I know M. Jamin very well,
and I have a high respect for him, but I
know also that a hot dry climate ruins the quality of
Pears, and I repeat my assertion, which " ^V . R." has
twisted, that " early Pears in France in hot seasons
are very inferior." I have seen Doyenne d'Ete ripen
so rapidly as to be dry and mealy, and the Jargonelle —
which from our walls is one of the most delicious
Pears known — is inferior in France and but lightly
esteemed ;it is thesame with Beurr^d'Amanlis,whicnhas
been so iine this season, Colmar d'Ete, and some others.
I do not write from hearsay, but from experience.

There is no doubt about the single lateral cordon
being pretty and useful for small gardens. " W. R."
■' believes" it to be preferable to bushes or pyramids
for Apples. Has he tried them? I have before
■iaid that these edgings are nice things when well
managed, but I prefer the double or two-branched
lateral cordon, as looking- more artistic and neater,

hedge some 16 inches in height, and will be found far
more eligible for kitchen garden edgings than any
mode mentioned by " W. li.," the double crop being a
grand coup. I have all the lateral cordons, single, double,
and quadruple, vmder my own care, so that I do not
write from hearsay, or merely from looking at trees,
but from practice— long practice. In that! think I
diff'er from " W. R." to a great extent.

The method of making orchard cordon trees
is well known in America, where such trees are
called " wine glass trees," owing to five or seven
branches being trained up as nearly as possible in a
circular form ; it is a modification of the old imperfect
system of vase training, so " there is nothing new under
the sun,"— except, I hope, my quadruple lateral cordons
and their supports. I now conclude by sating that
" W. R." has done some good by calling the attention
of practical men more forcibly to some modes of
training that have been well described in English
books, but which are not so well known as they should
be; and I beg respectfully to remind him also of some
mistakes in his accounts of French walls for trees;
secondly, in his account of the trees at Chartres, undef
the care of M. Grin; and thirdly, in his not quoting
me correctly about the ripening of early Pears.

Since writing the above I have read the article by
" W. R.," in which he not too modestly asserts the
expression of his hope that he has " effectually disposed
of the statement," &c., and I feel compelled to make a few
further remarks. It will, I think, be seen that I have
drawn attention to the inaccuracies he has fallen into,,
and that I have vindicated that host of amateur
gardeners, clergymen, and educated gentlemen, who
practise fruit culture with such intelligence and enthUr
siasm as is rarely to be met with out of this country.
I happen to be a sort of "head centre" of amateurs ;-
to know some scores of clergymen whose fruit gardens
would make most of those on the Continent hide their
diminished heads. We are indeed becoming a nation ,
of gardeners, instead of "a nation of shopkeepers," as
Napoleon the First once designated us. To judfes
correctly in this matter we have only to turn to our
gardening periodicals, so superior to any published in
France, and all supported by the voluntary contribu-
tions of amateurs.

(1). With regard to the price of Pears, is there any- ,
thing extraordinary in their being cheap in a country
where they are grown without skill, and merely owe
their cheaipness to the favourablecUmate in which they

NOTSMnEH Ifi, 18R7.1

THE GARDENERS' CHIKWIOEE ANT) AGTIKIUETTHIAT; (iAZllTTR

1167

grow ? Do we award any pmis-e to the cnltivatnrs of
green Pens in Lislmn or AlKoriii, because tlipy supply
us with them in Mnroli ?

(3). Mr. Rivers, wliom ho quotes, did {as it seems
from his writings), some 20 or .30 years a^n, much
admire the IVar cnllnre in France— qnaliried in one
of his artit^les by the reinai-k that altiiouKh the l*ear
trees in tlie iTardin des I'Inntes were perfect as regards
the training, they seldom or never bore fruit ; and M.
Jamin, sen., remarked that the trees whieh Ire trained
most artistii'ally, were etinally barren. ThinRsh.avesinTO
then cliangod in France, and more so in this country.

(3). What English author has ever given directions to
prune all kinds of Pears alike, say, for instance, Beurre
d'Amanlis, and Winter Nelis? M. Verlot can surely
not imagine such a thing.

(4). A cordon is any kind of fruit tree, the branch or
branches of which are formed into ropes of fruit buds
by pinching the young shoots in summer. You may
have five or ten or more branches; all our wall Pear
trees in our best gardens are cordons ; it is a distinct
mode of training from the fiin-shaped, in which
young shoots are annually laid in to replace otliers
removed by the pruner. As to the cortlou being
a tree with one bramdi, that is simply the state-
ment of an error. The simple or single-stemmed
lateral cordon, which is a young tree bent down,
and fastened to a wire, seems to be the pet tree
of "TV. R," with whiidi he would make gridirons of
our gardens, and also make them hazardous to the
noses of hnrticnUurists. Now, as I take it, this kind
of tree is merely rudimentary, resembling a young
rustic when he makes his first appearance at school —
there is something in him, but it is not developed :
after a few years he comes out, clever and smart. So
it is with the single cordon trained to a single wire:
it is a rustic — the double or quadruple cordon trees
trained with iron crooks are educated, and lit to go into
the tree world. The thing is, as usual, the English
improvement of a rough original.

(5.) Can " W. R." point out seven-branched orchard
cordon Apple trees in many gardens, and has he ascer-
tained if they require staking after the first two
seasons ? I have not. As to his bold assertion that
the fruit on such trees is not finer than that from
standard trees, I must again use the '' little crooked
thing tliat asks questions ;" has he seen such trees
bearmg fruit ? I doubt not the a/nswer will be. No.

(0.) Theplintiug of double or sin^de cordon Appte
trees at the foot of a wall is ingenious, barring the
wires, which cannot be strained near the wall ;
it is analogous to the recommendation of Mr.
Rivers, who somewhere advises the training of Vines
on tiles on the ground at the foot of walls, and if
required, protecting them with a lean-to frame of glass
— the half of a ground Vinery. It is a great comfort
not to require these tiresome wires ; the iron rod, with
a crook, which I have described, will keep any cordon,
whether single, double, or quadruple, in its plaie : these
rods should be only | inch m circumference, instead of
1 inch. " W. R." has of course seen them in his
journeys in the neighbourhood of Paris. The advan-
tage, " which cannot be detected in the method recom-
mended by Mr. Rivers," (I suppose " W. R." means
orchard cordons.) is, that in an orchard, large and pro-
ductive ti-ees may he formed entirely distinct from the
little garden trees. As to bush trees, they have been
cultivated in England and France, afler a fashiofn, for
upwards of a century.

(7.) The ob,iection to the oblique cordon trees (the
term " palmette " is incorrect) is, not so much that
they cannot be protected from frost, but the crossing
of the branches, when moved with the wind, fraying
each other, and bringing on canker; besides that, from
their having no solid support, the branches loaded with
fruit break the twigs, and give endless trouble. I am
vain enough to think that I should at once have seen
this, and at once have condemned the system, instead
of saying, as " W. R." has done, " it is likely to come
into general use."

And now having " effeotlially disposed of" all and
everything advanced by " W. R.," I am tempted to
give an opinion on the rural practices of France. It
is well known that the French rentier, with an income
of say 1000 francs, would rather be in a large town or
city, where he could go to the theatre in the evening,
or play at dominoes all the morning at the cafe, than
attend to his garden. As a rule, the culture of the
earth is not in ftivour with Frenchmen. I am a great
admirer of the ingenuity and intellectuality of the
French as a nation ; their artistic manipulation in
manufactui'es is marvellous, but they haw no taste for
mother earth, and are in agriculture and horticulture
many decades in arrear of us. If any one doubts this, as
to agriculture, let him ride through France with that
charming book, " Arthur Young's Travels," taking his
note'-book in hand, and then compare the advance of
agriculture in France, since ITSO, with that of our own
coiintry; the contrast will seem marvellous. Ouradvance
in the scien<:e of horticulture hasbeeu in nearly an equal
ratio. It is quite true that the French gardeners have
originated many fantasies in training, some two or
tliree of which may be adopted in this country, and
probably improved : they have also originated some 30
or 40 modes of grafting, all of which, except the two or
three modes in general use here and everywhere, are
mere fantasies: With respect t?o our advance in fruit
culture, the world has never seen it equalled. Where
can such Grapes be seen as at Dalkeith, Castie Kennedy,
ArcherfieM, Garston, and 600 otherplaces in Great Bri-
tain ? — the four I have named having a climate to which
th.4t of the coldest parts of France is a paradise ; yet
they do not or cannot grow fine forced Grapes in
Prance, and all Paris must wait till August, or
September, in short, frir the Royal Muscadine," before

* M. Diicaisne declared recently to a friend that tbitt sort
w>ia the only Grape worth eating ; one envies him hip boyi.sh

ta«te.

they can have from Thomery a reasonable Grape feast.
So apparently ineflloient are Frencli cultivators in the
higher walks of horticulture that Baron Rothschild
employs an English gardener, who Iiok shovyn such
G rapes a.s have surprised the Parisian publii; ; and,
rthat is still more remarkable in showing tho inapti-
tiudo in French gardeners is, that if tho Emperor or
;my other greali personage wishes for a very ohoicc
dessert in March, April, or Ma,y, the Peatdies, Qraiics,
i^n., are all sent from Covcnt Garden.

I have of late years been much struck with some-
thing in French horticulture that seems, to use the
<ilegaut word employed by M. Verlot, "stupido."
French gardeners and nurserymen without end come
to this country, yet in all tho north of France, a climate
illmost as unfavourable as our own, no Vineries, no
Poacherics, no Orclnrd-houses, no ground Vineries, in
short, none f»f 11i<^ iimenioiis slriii^tiirt-s so oommon in
England to guard against the elU'Cts of untoward
weather, are to be seen in France, except very rarely.
In their magnificent climate in LaPguedoc and
Provence they might, with but slight assistance to
n'l>el frost in winter, cultivate the finest of dessert
Oranges ; they might also, with the assistance of glass,
send ahund:ini'e of Grapes to Paris in July and August.
M. \' print's term must, I fear, be applied to many
Frencli cultivators with too much justice; it is, I
believe, a national feeling, if they cannot invent, they
will not adopt or improve.

I enclose a figure of one of M. Grin's trees,
which it seems he did not show to " W. R." It will
seem strange to your readers that this system of
cordon Peach training on walls has been practised
for some years, as 1 have before stated, by a
clergyman in Y''orkshire, who never saw or even
rend about the system. He has, however, made an
improvement in the culture of cordon trees of great
value, and which I hope he will one day give to the
world. By a cordon wall tree I mean a tree with
branches formed into cordons by pinching, and not
requiring any shoots to be laid in, as it is called by
gardeners. The Yorkshire Peach trees have succeeded
admirably, giving abundant crops. [How does this
differ from espalier training, or the old horizontal mode
of trainiug Pears •■ Eds.]

Before I conclude I feel bound to mention our
British gardeners. AVliat an army of talent we could
muster ! One would like to see it in array before an
equal number of FVench gardeners— not to fight, but
to reason together. As I have now " etltctually
disposed of" and exhausted our subject, I beg to
subscribe myself, Thos. Sivers, the " Frnil ddtieator
and TrnveUer."

STEM PRUNING OF CONIFERS.

As a rule, don't do it in pleasure grounds. One
great and charming distinction between trees in a park
and trees in a pleasure ground, is that while the latter
should kiss the turf, the former should— must in fact,
be pruned up to, or beyond the browsing line. If our
object be to convert our Conifers into timber, Mr.
M'Nab's instructions would be the likeliest mode of
producing it. But beauty rather than utility being
our aim, each .specimen or group should rise from the
turf, or feather down to the ground. This
feature is, in fact, the chief charm of such trees
iu gardens. In the forest or even the park,
natural or artificial pruning might be tolerated
or advocated. In each of these the main con-
sideration is size or symmetry of bole. This imparts
the idea of strength to resist danger, or bulk of valuable
timber. But in a garden the ideas of safety from
attack, and symmetry of form, should be developed.
It is one of the chief beauties of such trees to recline
upon the turf, and rise up perfect fbrmed cones from
the ground. Even the common Spruce becomes one
of our finest trees when its lower limbs have justice.
And nothing can exceed the beauty of Abies Dou^lasii
and Taxodium sempervirens, with their lower limbs
laying iqion the turf, and their heads piercing up 30 or
50 feet into the air.

I do not find that the extension of the lower branches
of Conifers interferes with the growth of their leaders.
The vertical position of the latter seems to insure a
full flow of sap into them, as it is well known that the
sap flows much more vigorously in an upright than in
a horizontial direction. Several of the Piceas, however,
such as Pinsapo, cephalonica, and Nordmanniana,
may require occasional branch pruning, as at times
some of these threaten to rival the leaders. Such
branches may be shortened back with positive
benefit to the tree, and this is all the
pruning that ought to be given io Conifers in
gardens or pleasure grounds. Where they are grown
for timber, of course, it is quite different. Then all
branches and side shoots must be made subservient to
the enlargement of the bole. But whether this
enlargement will be forwarded or hindered by the
removal of the branches from the stems, is still a
disputed point among arboriculturists. D. T. Fish,
F.S.B.S.

ARISTOLOCHIA GOLDIEANA.

[We have received from Mr. Peter Clarke the follow-
ing details as to the culture of the wonderful Aris-
tolochia, figured by us at p. 1143. Eds.]

In the month of F'ebruary or early in March, I
repot by shaking ofi' all the old ball, and potting again
in a fresh mixture of two parts turfy loam, one of
leaf-mould and one of sharp sand, watering the tuber
but sparingly fur the period of three weeks or a month
thereafter ; but so soon as a shoot is formed of 6 or
S inches in length, water is given more liberally
and continued until the shoots and leaves are matured
— towards the latter end of August or beginning of
September. Very soon thereafter the leaves assume

a yellowish tinge, portions of the softer shoots damping
off, and the whole stem dying back to within three of
four inchos of tho surface of the pot, by which time
water is entirely withheld, as it is also during winter.

Tho temperature of the pit in which I brought tho
present jilant into bloom ranjied from 05 to 70\ with ar
slight hittoni heat. The size of pot is 20 inches in
diameter ; it was placed within 3 feet of the sloping sasb
of a span-roofed pit;, and the plant trained along a
horizontal wire. It inches from the glass, where it
bloomed in .Inly last. When fully expanded, which
took place on tho 8th of that month, the length from
tho base of the tube to tho apex of the bloomj
measuring along and underueath the curvature, wa»
2(i inches, while across the open bloom it attained'
II inches.

Tlie Rov. Hugh Goldie, of Old Calabar, who is at
present in this (^ountrj', and who first discovered
it, and in honour of whom the plant has been
named by Dr. Hooker, w rites— " I am glad to hear that
your flowering of the Aristolochia was a success. I
saw it first in 1867. The plant was growing in a dry
situation, and surrounded with bush. There was but
one bloom on tho plant— the only one I ever saw till
you showed me the one in your hothouse. When Mr.
Thomson came to occupy the mission station at
Ikunito, on my leaving for Creek Town, seeing that
he bad a taste for botany, and was searching after
plants, [ told him of the strange flower I had found,
and of its locality. Mr. Thomson found another plant
at Old Town, about 3i miles further down the river,
which ho dug up, giving part of the roots to me, and
planting part himself. My tubers shot forth and
prospered for a time, but eventually died away^
producing no flowers. I understand from Mr. Thom>-
son his roots did the same, so that we have not
succeeded in securing any, nor do I know of a single
plant in Calabar, and should infer that it is scarce. It
was Mr. Thomson who sent you the flower you
received." I will add, in conclusion, that I have had
much valuable and interesting information in reference
to this plant, as well as many others, from my friend
the Rev. Mr. Thomson, whose superior knowledge of
plants in general, and whose skill iu their transmission
to this country, from time to time, has placed many
public and private institutions under much obligation
to him. Peter Clarke, Eoyal Sotanic Garden,
Glasgow, Aug, "ith, 1,%7.

Home Covrespottdence.

The Florist's Stanrlarcl— The fact that the rnleS
laid down by Mr. Glenny are generally accepted
by profes.sional and amateur florists, is a suflicient
proof that they are appreciated by that body of
plant lovers; and as imitation is said to be the
sincerest flattery, so Mr. Glenny may feel consoled tor
the felonious appropriation of his ideas : a compliment
which, by the way, he does not appear to appreciate.
In the article to which Mr. Glenny alludes, I was paf-
ticularly careful to accord to others the perfect right
and liberty to think and do as they please in tJhis
matter, at the same time that I claim a similar rif(ht
for myself. " De gnstihus non est (Hspvtandum.'' Mr.
Glenny and the appropriators of his ideas look upon
flowers in so very different an aspect fixjm that in
which I view them, that the.v would be as uncon-
vinced by any argument of mine, as I should
be by any reasoning of theirs. To them a cir-
cular Pan,sy is the correct thing, to me it is simply
an abnormal formation, or, I would rather say, an
unusual one. I say unusual, because itdoe^uow and
then happen (very rarely) that the Pansy, like other
Violets, assumes a circular outline ; but what happens
in sncli a case ? Does such a flower present the rest of
the " properties " which Mr. Cilenny desires to see in
a good Pansy, as to the features or the colour of the
several petals r" Certainly not ; the petals in such flowers
become nearly as uniform in colour as in size and
form, the whole interior of tho mechanism of the
flower becomes changed at the same time that its outer
apparel is altered. The life history of the bloom is
changed too, and no doubt Jlr. Darwin would tell Us
that the number of perfect seeds produced, perhaps
even the kinds of insects that visit the'flower, are difi
ferent from what they would be under ordinary cir-
cumstances. These changes, then, have a meaning ;
they are consistent one with another. But in the
florists' circular Pansy, a change of form is
sought and obtained, but one which is only con-
sistent with an arbitrary, conventional standard, such
as Mr. Glenny or Mr. Anybody else may choose to set
up, as his ideal of perfection. I willingly admit that
regularity of edge, freedom from notching, substance of
petal, intensity of colouring, are "properties" of great
importance in the Pansy, and rational enough ; but
in spite of the gi'eat authority of Mr. Glenny
I am still of opinion, either that the normal
form of any given flower should not be departed from,
or that if it be considered desirable to alter the form,
such alteration should be made in conformitj' with
other structural changes, of which the majority of
florists take no heed whatever. A florist's Pansy, under
the present conventional rules, is nearly as ridiculous
as a mermaid or a centaur. Circular Pansies may
be pretty, mermaids may be enchanting, and cen-
taurs imposing, but for all that, they are outrages
against harmony and consistency of form. Still, if Mr.
Glenny sets up a standard for himself— well and good.
Let those adopt it who care to do so. There
is room for all of us : and I, for my part;
will join ill the tribute of thanks to Mr. Glenny,
because although some of his notions as to what con-
stitutes floral beauty may be very difi'erent from mine,
1 can nevertheless appi-eci;ite the services he has
rendered to floriculture, and the impetus which his
zeal has given to the improvement (in many points) of
our common favourites ; I at least shall not be

1168

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEB 16, 1867.

looked on by that gentleman as a wilful plagiarist.
M. S.

The Onion Controversy/. — I am unwilling to once
more raise the question of the assumed distinctness of
the Nuneham Park Onion, but only for the purpose
of saying that last spring I supplied to Mr. James
Stewart, the gardener at Nuneham Park, seeds of the
very finest stocks of White Spanish, Brown Spanish,
Danvers Yellow, and other leading Onions, to grow
against his Nuneham Park variety. The seed of the
White Spanish Onion came from one of the first Onion
growers in Bedfordshire, and was supplied to me by
Messrs. Beck, Henderson, & Child, of Upper Thames
Street. The samples were sown side by side on a piece
of ground occupying a good position in the kitchen
garden. At the end of August I e.tamined the result
of the trial, and found that the Nuneham Park exceeded
in size by fully oae-fourth of the bulb any other kind,
while to the greater size were added corresponding
weight, and particularly depth of the bulb. I exhi-
bited a few bulbs of the Nuneham Park Onion at the
Show of the Ealing Horticultural Society, some of
which measured 17 inches in circumference. What-
ever the variety may be, Messrs. Cutbush & Son
certainly hold the stock of a superb Onion, which to
its excellent cropping qualities adds that other im-
portant qualification of being an admirable keeper.
Richard Dean, Ealing. In reply to your corre-
spondent (see p. 1145) I beg to state, that the seed
which I tried against the White Spanish was a sealed
packet, obtained direct from Messrs. Cutbush & Son.
In my previous communication I did not depreciate
the size of the Onion, but I merely alleged that it was
identical with the White Spanish, which might, indeed,
be viewed as the finer stock of the two. C.

Houses for Bedding-out Plants. — I should be obliged
if any of your correspondents who are versed in such
matters will give information as to the best and most
economical manner of putting up forcing houses for
bedding-out plants, suitable for nursery purposes. A
Subscriber.

Paliurus aeuleaiiis. — I sowed some seeds of this here
in 1856, which I gathered two years before from a
hedge in Northern Italy, between Rovigo and Bologna,
and I have now six plants in good condition. The
highest is 7 feet 8 inches high, and they produce
abundance of flowers and seed every year. The seed,
however, so far seems bad. They grow in an exposed
situation, with a southern aspect, on a heavy soil, with-
out any wall or other protection. The situation is on
Bathwick Hill, about 400 feet above the sea-level.
W. B., Bath.

Cordon pruning. — In a recent letter, written by
"W.E,.," he speaks, perhaps rather hastily, of some
" absurdities," called cordons. Now, as there is no reason
given for the nickname, its applicability may be fairly
questioned by one who at least has had practical expe-
rience of the cultivation of these little trees, experience
which has cost some years to gain, and which is not
founded upon knowledge obtained by acursory inspection
of the productions of some French nostrum-mongers.
Three years since, struck with the fertility of some
very juvenile Pear trees, I caused to bo potted into
8-inch pots some 200 one-year-old dwarf Pears on the
Quince stock, little unpromising Aaron's-rod-looking
switches, of 2 to 3 feet high ; they were untouched by
the pruning knile, and indeed there was nothing to
prune. The pots were then plunged in some light
compost, and left until the tender mercies of the spring
brought out the dormant buds, which, to use a technical
phrase, broke all up the stem. When the shoots had
made a growth of five leaves they were pinched back to
a third leaf, and by the end of the first year the un-
promising looking plantlets had thickened into sturdy
little trees, fairly set with bloora. In the spring of 1866,
still in their original pots, the _ " absurdities " were
crowded into a glass shed during the treacherous
months of April and May, and when all danger of frost
had passed were removed into their summer quarters,
i. e., plunged as before. As they were now— the second
year — important fruit-bearing trees, they were placed
2 feet apart, so that the small area of 100 feet by 8 feet
would hold 200 trees ; and the little " absurdities "
actually ripened from six to eight fruit each — fine fruit,
such as an old, respectable tree would be proud to
yield. Pinching having been carried on as rigorously as
in the previous year, no shoot being allowed more
than five leaves for the first pinching and three
for the next, the trees had by the autumn grown 5 and
6 feet high, and were columns of fruit buds, close,
compact, and sturdy. They had now increased
so much that a slight change of pot became neces-
sary, and they were changed from 8-inch pots
to 10-inch pots. As every gardener will know, this
would not induce a great amount of labour. In
the spring of this year the trees bloomed gloriously,
and were pillars of flowers, hiding the stem;
after setting, the fruits were of course thinned, and
each tree allowed to bear from a dozen to 18, which I
am glad to inform " W. R." have been remarkably
good, the fruits on the average weighing from 10 to
16 ounces each : not a bad return in three years —
200 trees giving 300 dozens of fruit, the
trees also being now larger and more fruitful.
Now it appears to me that few of the
marvellous systems described by " W. R." excel my
"absurdities," either in productiveness, orin simplicity
of management. I do not write from hearsay evidence
gathered more or less empirically, but I give the
result of actual practice. Perhaps however the
fluent pen of " W. R." will tell me that my practice
is absurd. If I gather the fruits I shall be content to
think it so. It appears to me that fruit-tree training
cannot be too simple, although any ingenious gardener
may multiply forms indefinitely, the variations being
indeed endless ; but all opinions as to training should
be received with great caution, and those who advance
them should at least have three years' experience.

There are few forms of training so well adapted for
small gardens as pyramid and bush trees ; for produc-
tiveness and beauty a well trained pyramid is supreme,
very little skill is required to perfect it. For open and
windy places the bush is invaluable. Fortunately these
simple forms are so well known in En-jland that they
can afford to be lightly spoken of by " W. R.," and will
probably survive his disparagement; anyhow I hope
they will not writhe under it. Apropos of M. Jamin,
I had the pleasure some years since of showing him
some hundreds of cordon Peaches — upright trees, not
diagonal or horizontal. M. Jamin, far from calling
these trees " absurdities," was pleased to say, " Ah,
Monsieur! j'ai ete decor^ par I'Bmpereur pour mon
travail, mais je n'ai rien fait comme (^." Vespa.

Zizania aquatica (see p. 1146).— I am sorry to learn
that this has not germinated from the seeds sent by
me to " W. P.," and I fear that similar failure has
happened elsewhere. In our botanic garden a few
seeds have produced plants in a tub, with several
inches of water covering them. These have flowered,
but not, as far as I know, ripened their seeds. As the
plant is said to be annual, there is reason to fear that
we shall again lose it. It is also monosoious, and so
may at first require to be artificially fertilised,
which we have neglected to do. C. C. Babington.— —
The only place in which I ever saw Zizania aquatica
really in a healthy though not vigorous state was in
the garden of the late Mr. Borrer, of Henfield, in a little
crowded basin, where that beautiful Arad, Orontium
aquaticum, and many other interesting aquatics, used
to flourish side by side. I brought home some seeds
and tried them in various ways. In the open water
they did but little good, and soon perished among a
rich crop of British weeds : however, in large pans of
water, with deep, rich mud at the bottom, I suc-
ceeded in keeping the plant for a couple of years, but
although it once fruited perfectly, it never became
vigorous. It would certainly be desirable to transmit
seeds of this plant from one place to another in
water. J^ertumnus.

Calville Blanche Apple, and the Cordon system. — In-
terested by what your Paris correspondent has recently
written respecting this and other matters, I strolled
into Covent Garden last Saturday evening, in search
of a Calville Blanche — that excellent Apple which Mr.
Rivers has told us it took him so many years to think
as the French do—" that it is the best Apple in the
world when cooked," — but which he eventually con-
fessed to be as superior to a " Norfolk Beefing as a Pine
is to an Orleans Plum ! " I only saw some moderately
good specimens of it — the best ones are not over yet, I
think— and j udge of my surprise when I found that even
now they are Is. 6d. a-piece ! A fruiterer showed me one
which he confessed was not his best, and when I asked
him if he would take a shilling a-piece for such as that,
he said " certainly not." The samples shown me were
only third-rate specimens of their kind. If I am not
mistaken, you will find that this same Apple will
realise as much as half-a-crown a-piece by and by. It
is a first-rate dessert Apple, and is also very popular
with French cooks, so much so that to supply them
some grow it in pots under glass. That, worked on the
true Paradise stock of the French, and trained along
in the shape of a simple cordon at the bottom of our
garden-walls, will doubtless produce splendid fruit.
TF. P. S.

Orape Judging. — At p. 1119 you observe that
deficiency of colour is as much an imperfection as
deficiency in flavour. Say one half as much, and I
shall agree with you. Flavour is certainly the chief
merit in everything that is grown to be eaten. Colour,
size, and form, may each have one mark, provided
always that flavour has two. To place the chief merit
of fruit on a level merely with those of quite secondary
importance, does not seem reasonable. I observe a
mistake or two in my last letter in the page above
alluded to : the words French and English should be
transposed ; and further down, " merits" of the palate
should be rendered " wants " of the palate. Vitis
vinifera.

French Gardening. — I have been much interested
in reading the contributions of your Paris corre-
spondent, particularly those relating to the French
methods [of plant culture, their modes of decora-
tion, both indoors and out; their forcing of
common shrubs so successfully ; their culture of
fine-foliaged plants for flower garden decoration ; their
fine Asparagus, Lettuce, Endive, and other salads;
their Peach, Pear, and Apple training and manage-
ment, particularly that relating to the cordon system.
These and many other matters have interested
me so much, that it has really appeared
to me that we have something yet to learn.
With this conviction, on clearing up the great business
matters of the season, although I had previously been
inFrance, and seen something of French gardening, I
went over again to have a good examination of some
of their first-class establishments, including fruit col-
lections, and plant and flower treatment; and I was
greatly interested by what I saw, and gratified with
the civihty and attention which I everywhere
received — the readiness with which information
was given and questions answered ; and, in truth, I
found that in many respects I had still much to
learn. As your intelligent correspondent has been
in France so long, searching over such an extent
for information, giving us his experience, and still
promising us more particulars on the single Apple
cordon, and some other matters, it would be superfluous
for me to attempt further explanation. I can, how-
ever, by ocular demonstration, fully endorse the facts
stated by him. More particularly do I agree with
him, that the dwarf, or low one-line cordon for
Apples, such as I saw at Versailles, Ferrieres, and
other places in such perfection, and so much more
ornamental as an edging to a fruit or kitchen garden
than Box or other slug-harbouring edgings, must in

time, when seen to perfection, become a fact in general
practice, for usefulness as well as ornamentation.
The winter Grape-keeping or preserving at Ferrieres,
described by your correspondent, is also so simple and
so good, that it is really the best in practice I over
saw or heard of. Ferrieres, moreover, is one of the
best kept and cultivated places throughout, in every
department, which I have seen. Though an old culti-
vator, and one who has gone over what I considered the
best methodsof culture,in some cases more than 15 times,
I find,as I have often donebefore, thatlhavenot yetgot
to the foundation of simple facts, but have remained
in ignorance, till ray mind's eye has received a simple
hint, sometimes really very suddenly In nothing
has this been so strikingly exemplified as in the simple
prolific method in which the French produce Mush-
rooms in such quantities, of the very best quality. Of
this your correspondent has also spoken, and we may
hear more about it in future. I have had for above 40
years, in full practice the whole year round, a very
simple method of producing Mushrooms of the first
quality, in great abundance, but I am now of opinion
that the culture of this useful esculent may still be
rendered more simple. Ja^nes Barnes, Bicton.

What Qttalities should a Bedding Pelargonium
Possess .'—It has been asserted that the round-leaved
Tricolor Pelargoniums are valueless as bedding plants,
an assertion which experience proves to be unfounded.
Miss Watson and Northern Star are specially referred
to ; hut in this case a whole class is condemned because
one round-leaved kind happens to bear foliage but
little thicker than tissue paper. The opinion of the
members of the Floral Committee, and of at least thirty
other judges at the principal horticultural shows in the
country, points the other way. Only recently a First-
class Certificate was awarded to Ealing Rival, a round-
leaved variety, with finely-coloured foliage, well worthy
the honour conferred upon it. Carter's Prince of
Wales is also of the same class, and is undoubtedly a
fine plant, if it will retain its constitutional vigour
after propagation, which I have no hesitation in saying
Miss Watson has done. As a proof of this, I have
beautiful, well-coloured plants, taken from the parent
plant on the 3d of An gust last. As a further proof of
its suflicient hardiness for bedding purposes, I may say
that the plants which were exhibited' at Kensington and
the Regent's Park, to which First-class Certificates
were awarded, were grown outside, plunged in their
pots. The most brilliant plants I have ever had of this
variety were planted out in the open, and grew as
freely as a Tom Thumb. Men of ability and standing
in practical horticulture can testify to this. It is a
great mistake to condemn the round-leaved varieties,
as it is well known among practical men that the
round-leaved sorts, generally speaking, are the most
hardy, and are soughi; after on that account. As to the
particular class to which Miss Watson belongs, it is an
undeniable fact, which may be proved any day at St.
Alban's, that as bedding plants they are effective and
beautiful at a distance, where other classes are value-
less from being a mass of confusion. John Watson,
St. Alban^s.

Fruit ffraiojny.^ Whatever may be the result of the
discussion going on in your columns, " W. R." deserves
credit for bringing before us a great defect. I am not
going into the subject of training, or its results, nor
that of the difierence of climate. The French have as
much of that to contend with as us ; but have we not
of late years been running too much after every new
Continental variety, without questioning its hardiness ?
Our only anxiety has been to get large, fine-looking
fruit, to the neglect of our old-fashioned, hardier sorts.
I maintain that if the fashionable test of tasting were
applied to Pears, the new and larger varieties would
have to give way ; besides, for table purposes, the small
Pears are the most convenient, if not the most showy ;
and even as standards, I have heard of fine crops ripening
in the north this season. For the purposes of the market-
gardeners, to benefit whom, appears to be the end this
discussion has in view, we may take the Hessle Pear,
a variety no one knows how old. If this were brought
to market or to table when gathered, its place might as
well be supplied by so many pieces of wood ; but if
kept till properly ripened, there is more real Pear-
flavour in one of these fruits, small as they are, than in
many of our new varieties, weighing pounds, one half
of which never ripen, and the other half, either from
high breeding, or tender constitution, or soil, or perhaps
all these taken together, proves most frequently to be
so gritty as not to be fit for table. My object in these
remarks is simply a desire to ascertain from interested
parties crossing Pears, whether something could,
not be gained by keeping hardiness in view. If such ^
all but totally neglected old varieties of Pears as Croft
Castle, Knight's Monarch, Thompson's, Swan's Egg,
Seckel, Suffolk Thorn, Winter Nelis, &o., &o., were
more encouraged for orchard planting, we might find
the markets with a better supply of _ Pears, not by any
means good-looking, but, to my taste, infinitely superior,
as regards the property of a rich, melting, perfumed
Pear-liavour, to most of the sorts now obtainable.
Any one who possesses orchard trees of any good old
variety, would be conferring a boon upon the public by
giving us a little notice of them and their habits, as
regards bearing properties. /. F.

Pinning Dahlia Blooms. — Tour readers may possibly
conjecture that the signature "J. K., Wiltshire" (see
p. 1098) may represent my initials ; however I beg to
say that such is not the case, and at the same time I
may add that the practice is quite new to me. I con-
fess, however, that it is clever ; and I cannot conceive
how I, a very old Dahlia-grower, who fancied myself
up to every manceuvre, even to the now exploded
system of inserting false eyes, could have been so long
blind. I declare, however, that until I saw the account
of pinning a Dahlia, the practice had never so much as
struck me. I have, through a long career, avoided all
trickery in exhibiting, or else I have done it so cleverly

November 16, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAr, GAZETTE.

1169

&3 never to have been found out. That I leave to your
readers to decide. I am now too old to begin. And
should I ever judge Dahlias again, I promise all
"pinners" that their labour and ingenuity in that
respect shall be lost. I will, however, tell them of a
far more effective and legitimate way of keeping the

f)etals firm. There are only a few sorts that in travel-
ing are apt to shed their petals. Let all such flowers
be placed in the box without water, and thoy will
neither receive injury, nor shed their petals. Perhaps
a knowledge of this may deter pinners from their clever
contrivance, which I cannot consider fair. People talk
about "dressing" Dahlias, I hold that the form of
the flower now-a-days completely obviates that objec-
tion. In nine cases out of ten you iniure the flower
now by attempting to touch a petal. Every year adds
to this class ol blooms ; and very soon even that which
is no trick must naturally be avoided. John Keijnes,
Salisburi/, Wiltshire.

TRADE MEMORANDUM.
Caution to Advertisers. — We must put gardeners
seeking situations on their guard against persons calling
themselves " gardeners andf horticultural agents," and
who, for the small consideration of 5s. in postage
stamps, undertake to introduce gardeners to situations.
We have before us, as we write, letters sent to two
different gardeners, couched in the same terms, written
in the same handwriting, on the same description of
paper, but the signatures and addresses are different.
This double-faced worthy refers to several respectable
firms, whose names, however, he does not know how to
spell.

Socfetieg.

Stoke Newinoton Chrv.4ANTKGMum : Nov. 14 and 15.—
Notwithstiiudiiiff the unasually late season at which Chrysan-
themums have tlowered this year, the display on this occasion
was about equal to that of former years. Cut blooms were
abundant, and plants in pots were plentiful, but on the whole
scarcely sufficiently advanced in bloom. In the class of six
plants Mr. Forsyth was 1st with Alma, Lady Harding, Goldeii
Ciu'istine, Annie Salter, Dr, Sharpe, and Vesta, all well-
managed plants. Mr. George was 2d with Vesta, Prince of
Wales, St. George, a sport from Golden Ilermine, and others.
In the clas3 of 6 Pompons Mr. Butcher was 1st with the
■white, lilac, and golden varieties of Cedo NuUi, Bijou de I'Horti-
culture, Helena, and Andromeda, all well grown and flowered,
Mr. Forsyth, who was 2d, had Whit« Trevenna, Canrobert,
and Codo NuUi in excellent condition. In the class of 3
Pompons in 8-inch pota, Jlr. Butcher showed good examples
of Andromeda, Codo Nulli, and Salamon. Mr. Forsyth had a
good White Trevenna. Six pyramidal Porapons came from
Mr. Butcher, who had the different kinds of Cedo NuUi,
Salamon, and Andromeda. From Mr. Forsyth came six
standard Pompous. Among them were Lilac and Golden Cedo
Nulli, Calliope, and Andromeda, in beautiful condition.

In the Class of 24 Out Blooms, Mr. Slade, Kingsland, was
Ist Avith Aurcum muUiflorum, Dr. Brock, Golden Beverley,
Jardin des Plantes, Gloria Muudi, and Luteum formosum,
yellows; White Globe, Mrs. G. Ruudle, Beverley, and For-
mosum, whites. Among other coloured sorts were, moreover.
Prince of Wales, largo and fine ; Lady Harding, beautifully
incurved ; King of Denmark, Rev. J. Dix, Duchess of Wel-
lington, Lord Ranela^h, General Bainbrigge, General Slade,
Prince Alfred, very hne ; Orange Perfection, Cherub, and
others, all in excellent condition. From Mr. James, who was
2d, came, among others, good blooms of Nil Desporandum.
White Globe, Beverley, Venus, Prince Alfred, Rev. J. Dix, and
Golden Beverley. Mr. Berry, gr. to the Earl of Leven and Mel-
ville, also showed good blooms in this class. In the Class of
12 blooms the last-named exhibitor was 1st with Empress of
India (large and beautiful). Queen of England, Lady Slade,
Prince of Wales, Lady Harding, and Nil Desperandum ; ail
excellent. Messrs. James and Slade also showed in this class.
From Mr. Heard, De Beauvoir Town, came good blooms, con-
spicuous among which were White Globe, Beverley, Prince
Alfred, Sir Stafford Gary, Lady Harding, Rifleman, and John
Salter. Mr. Howe, Shacklewell, furnished Beverley, White
Glolje, Prince of Wales, Mrs. George Rundle, St. Patrick, Jar-
din des Plantes, and John Salter. Mr. Drain, De Beauvoir
Town, alsp showed some good blooms, especially of Dr. Brock,
Mrs. Rundle, and Novelty. In the Class of 6 Cut Blooms Mr.
Wheldal, Holloway, was 1st with Beauty, large and fine, blush ;
also in beautiful condition, Golden Beverley, Prince of Wales,
Mrs. Rundle, Pio Nono, and Her Majesty. Mr. Moxham,
Clapton, who was 2d, had fine examples of St. Patrick, Jardin
des Plantes, Lady Harding, Beverley, and Prince Alfred. From
Mr. Heard, also, came six good blooms. Stands of six blooms,
in excellent condition, were likewise shown by Mr. Shields,
Stamford Hill ; Mr. Crute, Holloway ; and Mr. Smith, Hag-
geraton.

Among Anemone-flowered varieties, which were shown by
Messrs. James, Howe, and Snare, were good examples of
Queen of Anemones, Florence Nightingale. Madame Gudereau,
Fleur de Marie, George Sand, Gluck. Prince of Anemones,
Marguerite d'Anjou, Mr. Astie, Madame Sentir, Regulus,
Antonius, Madame Montels, Firefly, Perle, Rose Marguerite,
and Sidonie.

Extra prizes offered by Mr. Salter for blooms of Countess of
Warwick were carried off by Mr. Heale, Clapton, and Mr.
James ; and those for Lady Talfourd by the Last-named
exhibitor and Mr. Snare. Mr. Forsyth's prizes for Mrs. George
Rundle were won by Mr. Wheldal and Mr. Moxham. The
awards for the best four plants shown by young specimen
growers were won by Mr. Drain and Mr. Shields, the former
of whom had well-managed examples of Christine and its
varieties and Lord Ranelagh.

Among Seedlings, a First-class Certificate was awarded to
Mr. Wyuess for Princess Beatrice, a beautifully-incurved
flower, intermediate In colour between Lady Harding and
Prince Alfred ; and Mr. Forsyth had a similar award for Mrs.
Sharpe, a lilac-tinged, rose-coloured flower, large and fine.

Among Miscellaneous subjects was a fine collection of Chry-
santhemums and other plants from Messrs. E. G. Henderson,
to whom a Special Certificate was awarded ; and Mr. Ware,
Nurseryman, Tottenham, had also various Sedums and other
plants. Fi-om Mr. Shirley Hibberd came a collection of Ivies,
and to Mr. Forsyth was awarded a 1st prize for a group of
both large flowered and Pompon Chrysanthemums, which
served to decorate, with much effect, one end of the show-
room.

QuEKETT MiCROScoi'iuAL Club.— A monthly meeting of this
Club was held at University College on the evening of
October 25, the President in the Chuir. Mr. S. J, Mclutyre
read a paper on " Chelifers," in which he gave some interest-
ing facta with regard to the haunts, habits, and mode of
capture of these curious animals, resembling minute scorpions,
and having the backward and aldgway motions of craba. Of

the 54 known spoi-ies eight are British, and are chiefly found
under the bark of trees and in houses, amongst old jiapora,
fic, often rondoring good service by feeding on the msects
which are usually so dcBtriictive in old libraries. Several
living spocimons were oxhihitod under the microscopes,
whoro tboir activity in the pursuit of thoir proy was con-
spicuous, A paper by Mr. 0. Niculson, M.A., on "Object
Glasses for the Microscope," was read. Nino members wore
eloctod.

Notices of IJoofeg.

Plmi/n; TiiineiiiKv, ijr. ^'c Opus x.wii. tabulis exor-
natum, Tlieodori Kotschy et Johannis Peyritsch,
consociatis studiis, elaboratum. Vienna, 18G7.
Typis C. Gerold iilii. Large folio, tab. 27.
The work, of which the above is the abridged title, is
one not a little remarkable in all ways, as our readers
may judge from the following particulars, gleaned from
the work itself. In 18(11 two Dutch ladies, having
twice previously visited Egypt, undertook, in company
with a third lady of the same nation, a journey into
Central Africa, with a view of investigating its natural
productions, and specially of inquiring into the con-
dition of the Ethiopians. Attended by a small escort
they ascended an aiUuent of the Nile, called the Sobat,
till thSir progress was arrested by the rocks which
impeded the navigation of the river. In these straits
the escort feared to land, but Mademoiselle Tinne,
mounting a horse, did not hesitate to present herself
to the natives. They, struck with her courage and
benevolent aspect, supposed her to be the daughter of
the Sultan, come among them to redress their wrong.s,
and Madlle. Tinne narrowly escaped being proclaimed
Queen, Pursuing their journey, the travellers were
attacked with fevcfj and had to return to Chartum,
where they fell in with two German naturalists, M. de
Heughlin and Dr. Steudner. In company with these
gentlemen, the three ladies retraced their steps as far
as the lake of No, lat. 9° N., long. 28° E., and then
went westward up the river Bahr-el-Ghasal as far as
the Lake Req, beyond which place it was necessary
that the journey should be continued by land. This
change in the mode of travelling necessitated certain
alterations, and proved the beginning of sad troubles ;
one of the German naturalists fell a victim to fever, while
a fewmonths afterwards Madame Tinne died also. This
grievous loss was soon followed by that of a second lady
si ster to MadameTinne, so that of the three ladies, Madlle.
Tinne alone returned to Europe. Such, in brief, is the
sad history of this extraordinary voyage. The work
before us is devoted to a record of the journey, an
account of the vegetation and of the physical features
of the country passed through. The vegetation of the
Bahr-Ghasal district was comparatively little known
until the collections of Madlle. Tinne and M. Heughlin
served to make its treasures more accessible to
botanists, and showed that its flora is distinct from that
of the other affluents of the Nile, having much affinity
with that of the west coast of Africa, while some of the
plants seem peculiar to this particular district. On the
whole the flora seems to have much in common with
that of the more fertile portions of Abyssinia
recently alluded to in our columns. Among the
many interesting plants we may notice the
Ambadj, Herminiera Elaphroxylon. This is a tree
whose trunk is .? — 1 inches in diameter, and 12—20
feet in height, and the roots of which, by their inter-
lacement, form floating islands, and offer serious
obstacles to the navigation of the small streams. It is
stated that the conical trunks of this tree are sent up
from the numerous horizontally spreading roots, which
ramify in all directions beneath the surface of the
water, during five years, at the expiration of which
period, and for another five years, the trunks gradually
perish and a new growth begins. The Ambadj, if this
statement be correct, thus undergoes a process of
periodical increase and decrease. Another plant to
which we may allude is the Tinnea aethiopica, first
seen in England at the International Horticul-
tural Exhibition in 1866, and since figured in the
" Botanical Magazine." Quite new to botany and to
gardens, this genus has been appropriately dedicated
to the adventurous travellers by whom it was first
gathered.

From specimens gathered in this expedition, the
history of the Butter-tree of Mungo Park has been
greatly elucidated. First called Bassia Parkii and now
known as Butyrospermum Parkii, this tree, like many
other Sapotaceoe, furnishes caoutchouc, which the
natives obtain by cutting the branches. A milky
juice exudes from the branches, which dries into a
transparent yellowish, readily inflammable resin, insol-
uble in water. The negroes make use of this resin to
smear on the ends of their arrow-shafts, so that when
the iron barb is fixed into the shaft the latter is pre-
vented from splitting. The fruits have a yellow
edible flesh, enclosing one or two seeds like Chestnuts.
These seeds, bruised and submitted to pressure in cold
water, yield a large quantity of oil, which solidifies at
20° Reaumur (IT F.), into a butter-like mass.

Thus much for the contents of this work. It remains
for us now to speak of the way in which it has been got
up. As far as the strictly botanical portion is concerned,
this volume has had the advantage of being entrusted
to the care of the late Dr. Kotschy, eminent as a
botanist, an accomplished artist, and himself well
known as a traveller in Africa ; with him was asso-
ciated Dr. Peyritsch, also known in connection with
African botany, and who since the death of his colleague
has superintended the botanical portion of this volume.
The lithographic plates, from drawings ofDr. Kotschy's,
are splendid specimens of their kind, while the typo-
graphy is a superb sample of that art which is carried
to such perfection in Vienna. Throughout, the work
is written in Latin and in French in parallel columns.
Altogether we have here a sumptuous record of a
remarkable journey, and a noble tribute of affection paid
•io ' Uc memory of their deceased relatives, by Alexandriaa

and John A. Tinne. One thing, and one only, is lack-
ing, and that is a maii of the route traversed. Such
a map was published in the Transactions of the Historic
Societyof Lancashire and Cheshire, vol. xvi. (Liverpool,
185-1), and might well have been reproduced in this
volume.

€1)6 apfarfl.

Honey IIakvest in Yokkshiee.— I have kept
bees for 10 or \'i years in this part of Yorkshire, and
the honey harvest this year, is 1 think, rather above
the average than otherwise. During that time I have
certainly known three or four years much worse than
the present one. At the same time there are some
peculiarities about it which are worthy of note. It is a
very general remark about here that the summer honey
is unusually dark; mine certainly was so, having a pecu-
liar dingy kind of bottle-green hue. It is by no means
bad in quality, with rather a rich flavour, but not one
that I could trace to any particular kind of flower. My
own impression is that it is largely made i'rom honey
dew, of which there was a very extraordinary quantity
this year, and which lasted for some weeks. The crop
of moor honey has, I believe, been unusually abundant
and fine in quality this year. Most of your readers
will probably be aware of the common practice of this
country to take the whole or greater part of the honey
from the hives at the beginning of August, and send
them up to the moors for the bees to refill them.
Mine came back filled with beautiful deep golden
coloured jelly, so stiff that it will not run out of the
comb when cut, which is the peculiar characteristic of
moor honey, and which I prefer far above any other
honey, though to some the strong taste of heather is
disagreeable. As far as I can recollect I never saw a
finer flower on the moors than there was this year, and
the weather was wonderfully fine for four or five weeks
after the plants came into flower. C. W. Stricklaiu/,
Mildenley.

Bee-notes.— I have been a bee keeper for several
years ; I use common straw hives, made large, with a
flat top, and have been generally very successful with
them. I kill no bees in taking the honey, nor do I n^-
anything to stupefy them, hut drive them from the
hives I wish to take, into the wicker hives. By >o
doing, the bees swarm very early and finely. One hive
in the past season swarmed four times within 14 days,
leaving the old hive still a good one. They have cnl-
lected a fair quantity of honey this season, but that
taken from the supers in July was dark, and not good.

They were conveyed to the moors early in August,
and when brought back some of the hives weighed from
4 to 5 stones. This honey was generally good, but the
combs contained a quantity of bee-bread, so that it was
difficult to get pure comb and honey. Otherwise,
bees have done badly in this neighbourhood,
where kept by cottagers, and not well cared for. A
working blacksmith living about two miles from this
place, came to me lamenting that he had kept six hives
over the winter, and none of them had swarmed, nor
was there any fit to take. I advised him to feed his
bees, and explained to him how he should do it. He
laughed at me and said—" I's sure youtak a varry great
deal of trouble with your bees." He also continued,
" If I have hives that have no food for winter, I lap
them up in dry straw, and bury them in the ground
like a Potato pie, and let them remain until April."
He informed me that the last two hives he treated in
that way did better than those that stood in the usual
way with plenty of food, while one of them was the
best he ever saw. What will Mr. Bevan Fox say to
this treatment ? William Calvenvell, Thorpe PerroM.

[We have forwarded your note to Mr. Fox, who has
sent us the following reply : —

" I like straw hives to be of large size. The large
hives have, in my neighbourhood, as far as I have seen,
done the best this season.

" In uniting bees, I generally prefer to drive out
both stocks into one empty hive ; the two families are
equally subdued by the driving, and less likely to
fight.

" The burying hives during the winter is a custom of
very old standing. Some American and German bee-
keepers adopt the plan on an extensive scale.
Mr. Langstroth, in his admirable work, gives
descriptions of various methods. One of these,
practised by a very successful German apiarian,
the Rev. Mr. Soholtz, is described in his own words at
great length : — A plot of ground having been levelled,
a pit of 3 feet square, by the same in depth, is dug out ;
this is for a ventilating chamber. Four trenches
are then dug, radiating to the! outside. In these
lead pipes are laid, for the purpose of conveying
air into the interior. The area is then to be
covered with pieces of 4-inoh scantling, on which the
hives are to rest. The hives, which are well-ventilated,
are built up in a pyramidal form in any number, say up
to 60 colonies ; a funnel, made of four pieces of wood,
8 inches square by 30 inches in length, covered with a
movable cap. is let down in the centre, communicating
with the air-chamber : thus thorough ventilation is
insured. The hives are so built that there is a space of
some inches left between each. Boards are then laid
on the hives, and on and against them is piled a thick
layer of rushes or old dry straw, forming a regular and
dense coating from ba.se to apex. This coating is in
turn to be covered with a layer of earth 5 or 6 inches
thick, leaving the central chimney or shaft open at
the top,

" When severe frosts occur, an additional coating of
leaves or other suitable material must be given. When
finished, a good sprinkling of water should be thrown
over the outside to be allowed to freeze. There are many
other minor directions given, which I have not space to
i^nlarge upon. It must be remembered that Mr. Scholtz,
the inventor of the foregoing plan, lives in Lower

1170

THE aiRDENERS' CHEONTCLE AKD AGHICtlLTtlML GAZETTE. [Novbmbeb le, ise?.

Silesia, where the cold in winter ia intense,
and of long duration. He goes on to say
that he has ascertained that bees preserved
in clumps iu the manner described, consume
scarcely one-half of the quantity of honey
required by such as are wintered in the
open air. Colonies placed in the clump on
the 13th of November, 1857, remained un-
disturbed until the 29th of March iu 1858,
and were perfectly sound and healthy when
opened. The earth under the outer mantle
or covering was still fro3en, and had to be
removed with a hoe. Louf! confinement had
not injured the bees in the least degree, and
they had consumed proportionally little
honey.

"It is doubtful whether the system of
burying bees would answer, in the long
run, in our comparatively mild climate.
There are so many daj's, even in mid-
winter, in which our bees are glad to
leave their hives, and in which, if confined,
they become much excited from the internal
temperature, that I am inclined to think
we cannot do better than leave them on
their accustomed stands.

" Mr. Langstroth gives directions for other
methods of wintering bees. They are to
be shut up in a dark room or cellar ; venti -
lation is to be afforded by the removal of
the tops or crown-boards. This prevents
the condensation and accumulation of
moisture from the breath of the bees.

"Other authors have recommended tying
up the hives in coarse, open-textured cloth,
and suspending them from hooks in the
ceiling of some cool, darkened room.
Various other plans have been recom-
mended, all tending to the same end."]

Garden Memoranda.

ShkublaND PaEK (continued from
p. 1123^. — Eeturning from this hurried,
and consequently imperfect general survey,
one naturally pauses and attempts to gather
up into one dazzling focus all that has been
seen. Some things are best looked at
from a distance, and in this cursory
- manner ; others are most enjoyable close
at hand. A garden will bear looking at
from either standpoint. In this respect a
garden appears a striking contrast to cloud
or mountain scenery. These, as Ruskin,
I believe, has eloquently pointed out, can
only be enjoyed at a distance. But how
widely diSerent is the case of a garden !
Exquisite at a distance, it is still more
lovely when near. It invites and rewards
the closest companionship. ^ Beautiful as a
whole, it is equally exquisite in each of its
component parts.

From the broad lights and shadows
of the picture it is necessary to proceed
to examine the minuter points of the
artist in his filling up, if we would
form a true estimate of the beauty of
his workmanship or the power of bis
genius. A garden should be judged by
the same rules, and therefore it will be well
to note the special and particular ex-
cellencies that go to constitute the general
beauty of this most pleasing whole.

One of the roost novel and striking things
at Shrublaud, in the way of details, is the
use of silver sand as a decorative object.
Many of the beds throughout the whole
series of gardens are illuminated— the word
is not too strong — with its cleanly brilliance.
Lines of it running between Box, or sur-
rounding Grass, or terming a base for spiral
trees or vases, or patches of it contrasted
with red gravel, forming the base of Box
scrollwork — always and everywhere it has
a charming effect.* The supply is unliijiited,
as it forms part of the subsoil at Shrubland,
and in any garden where it can be pro-
cured it should be introduced, as it imparts
a new character, and provides a fresh
pleasure of the most satisfying kind; in
one word, it seems to flash a silver lustre
over the grace and virtue of cleanliness.
Another feature is the distinctness and
variety of the different parts. In no part
has the artist of this fine picture repeated
herself; some of the contrasts may be con-
sidered too violent, but the abruptness of
the change serves at least to intensify the
sense of variety. Large as the gardens are
it is impossible to say of any two parts,
"another of the same." Certainly there
are two ribbon borders, but one is on a
dead level, the other on a hanging bank;
one is, say here, the other a quarter of a
mile off ; one is of the usual ch^acter, the

* The scrollwork is a capital illustration of its
power in bringing out to tlie full the green of
the Box and the red of the gi-avel. Continuous
lines of dazzling white meander through between
lines, or encompass masses of solid Bos, as these
either delineate the thinnest curves, or enlarge
into broad forms, as in many of the curve's,
marked H, in Figure 1. The few bedding pLihts
introduced here are quite of secondary import,
and might be dispensed with, as the object is
siniijly to illustrate the charm of exquisite lines,
and this charm is much enhanced by the strong
contrasts between the red, white, and green.

S-. -^

other is composed wholly of Dahlias — the
former is planted in vandyked lines, the
latter in straight ones. And a similar dis-
tinctness pervades each changing scene. By
the use of living and dead screens or irregular
distribution of shrubs and trees, but little
or any of the different gardens are seen
from the same spot. The scenery unfolds
its fresh beauties as one walks along, neither
revealing too much at once, nor satiating
by monotony. Hence large as the gardens
are, the interest does not Hag, the attention
never wearies ; the eye cannot be cloyed
with beauty while it is thus refreshed by
variety.

A third feature is the broad mass of
green that separates and entirely divides
the upper lawn and Balcony garden from
the whole series of gardens, bounded by
the long green Grass glade that skirts the
base of the sbrub-fllled hanging wood. The
eye rests upon this from the terraces of the
mansion, and when fatigued with admiring
the brilliant series of gardens from beiow,
it seeks repose on the same impenetrable
bank. I have already adverted to the use of
this green as a relief to the glare of the stone
steps ; and amidst so much intense colouring
of flowers it is impossible to exaggerate its
value in an artistic point of view. Not
that there is any lack of green among or
contiguous to the flowers. Shrubs, trees,
and spiral-shaped Junipers abound, but
these rather challenge admiration as deco-
rative objects than induce that repose which
the tired eye requires. This is found to
perfection by looking on the luxuriant
foliage of the hanging wood. On this green
it can indeed " rest and be thankful."

A fourth detail is the use that is made of
stonework and vases for gardenesque effect,
as distinct from their floral uses. Some oi'
them are urn-shaped, having no place for
plants; others, such as the fine handsome
ones in the Balcony garden, are flat, open-
topped stone baskets, not furnished; an(J
niany more of the more common patterns
are scattered about, planted and unplanted.
These, with the beauty of the different
walls, the richness of the balustrading, and
the massiveness of the copings, already
noticed, give a sculpturesque character to
the scene that adds dignity, grandeur, and
the idea of value and costliness to the whole,
such as is rarely met with. Seldom or nevgr
has dead stone done more, or better, J^P
exhibit the beauty of living flowers than at
Shrubland. Another detail is the use of
floral scroll patterns, or borders of flowers,
under or near the eye, as enwreathments to
the base of the terrace and balcony walls.
It lightens up the stone with a gleam of
beauty, and links the masonry and the turf
together into a skilfully graduated and
pleasing whole. The liberal use of sand
combined with the flowers is a most liappy
compromise between the two arts of gar-
dening and architect,ure, harmonising with
both while not strictly belonging to either.
Under the balcony, where the wall is higher,
the flowei-s take the form of a continuous
border of Pelargoniums broken at regular
intervals by patches of HoUyhooks of four
in each patch. These are naturally archi-
tectural plants, and admirably adapted tor
such positions. Another point illustrated
at Shrubland is the use of flowers as a
summer dressing for the front of shrubberies
or hedges.

The hrst thing seen as one enters the gate
near the -Conservatory is a high wall .of
Shrubland Scarlet Pelargonium, covering to
a height of 6 or C feet the surface of a Yew
hedge. The eff'ect is gorgeous and grand iu
the extreme. This flaming wall is comppseij.
of, I thmk, three rows of plants, of difler.ent
heights, packed closely together, and has
been repeated at Shrublana for many con-
secutive seasons. The other two ribbon
borders, it will be remembered, also serve a
similar purpose— that of illuminating with
floral lamps shrubberies and woods; only
in their case the walls are broad horizontal
ones, in this vertical — the latter being the
most striking, because the most novel.

The following was the actual groupipg of
some of the most important gardens during
the past summer : —

Balcony Garden. — This consists of four
large beds on each side of a centre walk
adorned with standard Portugal Laurgls,
in brick and cement imitation tubs (fixtures,
to resemble Orange trees) ; vases, scroll-
work, &o. (see figure 2). Two of the beds
on each side are planted alike, making four
of one character and four of another, the
opposite corners corresponding : 1, 1, 1, 1, a
good sized centre of Punch, then three rows
of Cerise Unique, followed with four rows
of Golden Chain, and edged with a broad
band of Baron Hugel Pelargonium. 2, 2, 2, 2 :
centre the same as No". 1 ; then Tom Thumb
Pelargonium, foUowed by a mass of Mangles'
Variegated do., and edged with the dark
ivy-leaved do. Kne Humea elegans are
also placed at regular intervals on the turf,
and the end beds running across at the out-
side of the other four, are a combination

NovEMBEE 10, 1867. THE GART)KNF,nS' (ITTRONTCTJ, AND A(iTl[OTTLTimAL GAZETTE.

1171

1172

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOTEMBEE 16, 1867.

of turf and white sand, with ornamental empty vases
or baskets, and Irish Junipers. The whole design is
altered in winter. They are then laid down in Grass
with lines and circles of sand, and rearranged in circles
or different shaped patterns composed of broken bricks,
slate, &c., painted over to give them greater brilliance
from the windows. F.

{To be Continued.)

Miscellaneous.

Seedling Grapes. — Having for the last 10 years been
trying experiments in the crossing and rearing of
Grapes from seed, I have had some singular produc-
tions, many indifferent, some encouraging, and others
highly successful ; but some which have fruited for the
first time this season have exhibited what I consider a
singular phenomenon in the colouring of their fruit.
Thinking it might be interesting to your readers who
may not have tried similar experiments, I have penned
these few remarks. My chief object being to get some
new and improved varieties, combining as many good
properties as possible, I selected for breeding from —
Snow's Black Muscat Hamburgh, as being one of our
most esteemed Grapes for flavour, &c. ; Lady Downes',
which is not surpassed for blackness of colour and long
keeping ; and the Champion Muscat, originally raised
by me, the parents of which were the Champion
Hamburgh and the large Canon Hall Muscat. This,
which is now being sent out, is a very superior Grape
for flavour, size of berry, strength of foot stalks, &c. ;
and if any fault whatever can be assigned to it, it is
want of colour, as it does not come a jet black, it being
only red, or what is called foxy or grizzly coloured.
This Grape, having so many first-rate qualities, but
lacking a deep black, I crossed with the Snow's Black
Muscat Hamburgh, with the view to perfect it in
colour : but, singular to say, in the produce from this
operation I have got an identical Champion Muscat
in shape as well as size of berry, and every other
property, only the colour is a deep yellow, and it
ripens 10 days or a fortnight earlier than the common
Black Hamburgh, when grown in the same house. I
fancy it will be a rival to the Muscat of Alexandria. A
year or two ago, Mr. Thomson, of Dalkeith, raised a
white or golden coloured Hamburgh from seed of the
common Hamburgh, and, if I remember, it was
without crossing. I could scarcely credit this at first,
but now I can thoroughly corroborate it from practical
experience, for I have got from Snow's Black Muscat
Hamburgh, an identical white, and a yellowish shaded
one, exactly the same in flavour and shape ; and again,
from the Black Lady Downes', crossed with a White
Muscat, I have got a yellowish green Grape, in appear-
ance the same as the Muscat of Alexandria, only a
little more like a rifle ball in shape of berries ; the flesh
firm, like the Muscat, and flavour about the same ; —
that IS, three light coloured Grapes originated from
dark parents. A fourth, a seedling from Lady Downes
crossed with Snow's Black Muscat Hamburgh: the
result from this last is a largish or rather oval berry,
similar in size to the seed-bearing parent, Lady Downes',
only a white, or, more strictly speaking, a greenish-
yellow shaded Grape, with a great portion of the flavour
of the male parent. Singular to say, I never before had
so many come so decidedly different in colour. No
doubt some of these dark kinds have originated from
light coloured varieties, or such a quantity of light
coloured seedlings would not have been produced.
W. Melville^ in " Farmer." [Similar observations have
been made by Mr. Standish. Eds.]

Spider and Wasp. — Last autumn the writer wit-
nessed a curious combat between a large spider, of the
species called in Suffolk the " death's-head " spider, and
a fine wasp. The wasp had become entangled in the
spider's web, who very cautiously, gradually, and most
warily approached its victim, and not without reason,
as the sequel shows ; for no sooner had the insects
closed in mortal combat, than they both fell dead to the
ground at the same instant. The sting of the wasp
must have entered the body of the spider at the precise
moment the latter gave the fatal bite. People't
Magazine,

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
I HAVE SO frequently recommended caution in
regard to the use of the watering-pot at this dull
season, when we have just sufficient artificial heat to
suit the requirements of individual structures, that it
may seem needless again to revert thus early to the
subject. Act, however, now, in a manner the very
reverse of what is needed in summer, when the air is dry,
often to an extreme degree, and when much moisture is
needed ; now it is overladen with humidity, too much
of which at this time of year, I need scarcely say, is
injurious to plants. Where Conservatories exist, as
well as Oreenhouses, Ac, it will now be necessary to
bringallone's strength tobearupon furnishingthem well
with flowering plants. For this purpose the conser-
vatory should be kept a few degrees warmer than what
is requisite for greenhouses generally. From 55° to 57°
vrill be ample warmth for most subjects when in bloom
if draughts are studiously avoided. Be particular in
regard to Ericas and Fpacrises in blossom; water
them with extreme,'caution,and keep them in the coolest
and most airy part of the house. Look well after the
former, in order to make sure that mildew has not
attacked them. Flowers of sulphur, well distributed
amongst the branches and foliage, is an easy and
effectual remedy for that pest. Examine all plants
lifted from borders. Remove decayed leaves, &c. ;
freshen the surface of the soil, and keep all scrupu-
lously clean and neat, in order to insure healthy
growth. Introduce to a forcing temperature all
Azaleas, Bulbs, Lilies, or Sardy Shrubs, &o., that are

required to be early in bloom. Endeavour to start at
a minimum temperature of 58°, raising it gradually to
85", with actual sun-warmth. Syringe the plants
frequently, and endeavour to maintain an agreeable
amount of humidity in the air. Do not commence
exciting the roots by means of manure-water until
some progress in the way of actual growth has been
made.

FORCIMG HOUSES.
Maintain a studied uniformity between the amount
of heat and solar light in Fineries. Give as much air
as possible to all grown in pits heated chiefly by means
of fermenting materials. Slightly increase the moisture
allowed in compartments allotted to fruiting plants,
swelling out, &c. ; from others, which are ripening,
withhold water, and remove them to the most sunny
and dry position possible. Pot Vines intended to be
forced at a later period should now be laid upon their
sides, in such a position that superficial rains cannot
find its way to the roots. Abundance of some protecting
material must be placed around them for the purpose
of keeping them free from injury by frost, should
such occur. Do not omit the necessary pruning of
these and other subjects which are shortly to be placed
in heat, in order that due time may be afforded the
wound to so heal over as to avert all chances of bleed-
ing. Vines which were started about the middle of
October will soon be showing : syringe them, therefore,
twice daily. Maintain an average day temperature of
some 78°, with a good maximum advance under actual
sunshine, accompanied with a moderate supply of air
upon all such occasions. The night temperature
should not exceed 62\ a slight amount of air being of
inestimable benefit upon ali proper occasions, if it can
be given without too great an advance of artificial
heat. Maintain a temperate warmth in all Vineries,
the produce of which will be wanted about the
beginning of May ; 55° will be ample for some
time to cotne, giving sufficient air to moderate it
down to this at all times when it is anticipated
the sun has a tendency to cause too great an advance.
Continue to make fresh Mushroom beds for a succes-
sional supply as soon as due quantities of the proper
materials for forming individual beds can be got
together. Introduce Seakale in like manner, to insure
a proper successional supply for the table.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.
This is the proper time to make and plant cuttings
of the several varieties of Gooseberries and Currants.
Strong young shoots of the current season's growth,
with a portion of older wood taken off therewith, and
cut to form a neat heel to each, if dibbled in some few
inches apart, in good rich soil, will root freely, and
form strong plants during the ensuing summer. Much
time will be saved by purchasing strong plants of desir-
able sorts forthwith. Of Gooseberries the following are
excellent varieties, viz., Whitesmith and Yellow
Sulphur, which are early kinds ; Whipper-in, Crown
Bob, Green Gage, and Glorious, second early sorts';
Champagne, Independent, Large Late Green, and
Warrington, late good preserving varieties, &c.
Amongst Currants, select Black Naples, Bed Raby
Castle, and White Grape. Such bush fruits generally
delight in good old pasture turf, well chopped up, and
applied to the roots quite green. They also have a
peculiar affection for chalk in proper quantity, say an
eighth part as compared with the bulk of soil with
which it has to be mixed. Bush fruit should not be
pruned until the early spring months have arrived, a
practice which diminishes the injury caused to the
flowering spray by birds. Newly-planted Fruit Trees,
of whatever sorts, should now have a surface
dressing of well-decayed manure placed over the roots
for the purpose of protecting them from severe frosts
when such arrive. This will be found a good time for
taking up and Hoot Pruning any trees which have
become ' wood proud." Remove the soil from around
the roots with the utmost care, in order not to injure
any of the smaller more fibrous rootlets, and prune
back to about half their length all strong, main, or
sappy roots. Be careful in doing so, however, to leave
a clean wound, devoid of anything in the shape
of jagged edges. When this operation is performed
replant immediately. Spread the smaller, more useful
roots evenly out all around, making them do duty for
the grosser ones in every way possible.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.
Where the past excellent weather for planting out-
door Bulbs has not been taken advantage of, it is
advisable to get all such in without further delay.
Panunculuses should be also planted soon. It will be
well, therefore, to look over the dried roots : remove
any symptoms of decay therefrom, and otherwise
prepare them for planting. Lawns will now need
especial attention. Roll them well over occasionally,
and by every other means keep them free from worm
casts, which are troublesome at this season. Where
these are numerous, upon large pieces of sward, the
readiest way of removing them is to run a wooden
roller over the Grass, when the casts will all adhere to
it. The roller for this purpose might be made much
wider than iron ones, which are more cumbersome.
Secure by the aid of stakes, lic, any freshly planted
trees or shrubs, &c., in anticipation of winds, from
which, however, we have been tolerably free as yet this
season. '

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Look through the stock of Shallots and Garlic, and
should any be sprouting plant them forthwith in the
open ground. It is waste to throw them away— a too
common practice. They thrive well planted at this
season, and form good bulbs next summer. Do not
plant them too deeply; they should, in fact, not be
buried wholly from sight. Celery, in a general way,
will now require a good earthing up, which will serve
as a protection from frost. In earthing up those rows

which are not intended for use yet, do not press the
soil too closely together upon either side at the top of
the mounds, but afford as much air as possible, which
will_ materially increase its keeping capabilities. The
earlier batch of Seakale intended to be forced in the
open ground should now have the necessary pots placed
over the crowns, afterwards to be covered with leaves, or
a slight quantity of fermenting material. Begin with
a minimum heat of 55°, increasing it gradually to a
good warmth. No air must by any means be admitted
after forcing has been begun. W. F.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
FortheWeekendinBNov.l3,1867.a3obsRrvedattheHorticultiiralGardena.

1^

Babombteh.

TfiMPERATDBE.

Wind

November.

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

.9

Max. Min.

Max.

Min.

McaD

1 foot'2 feet
deep. deep.

Thurs. 7
Friday 8
Satur. 9
Sunday 10
Mon. 11
Tues. 12
Wed. 13

11
12
13
U
15
O
17

30.49i 30.471
30.516 30.493
30.518 30.49'>
30-471 1 30.3a5
30.309 30.1H0
30.277 30.084
30.007 1 29.652

52
64
49
51
41
44
50

24

28
37
30
26
36
28

38.0
41.0

43.0
40.5
33.5
40.0

38.0

47
46
4S
48
47
47
48

48

w.

w.
w.

N.E.
W.

NE.
W.

.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00

Average .

30,370 30.281

48.7

29.5

39.1

47.3

471

0.00

Nov. 7— Heavy fog; very clear, with bright sun; low fog; clear and
frosty.

— 8— Low fog ; hoar frost ; very clear ; clear and frosty.

— 9— FoRgyi overcast.; densely overcast.

— 10— Overcast ; overcast and damp ; overcast ; mild.

— 11— Overcast; very mild ; heavy fog; foqgy atnisht.

— 12— Overcast and damp ; foggy; overcast at night.

— 13— Oveicast ; mild ; ov ercast and damp ; clear and frosty.
Mean temperature of the week, 3 6-10 deg, below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Nov. 23, 1867.

Tues.
Wed. ,
Thurs. ,
Friday ,
Satur.

.19 48.9

.20 49.0

.21 49.7

.221 49.2

.23 47.5

33.0
34.1
34.5
3fi.4
34.3
34.fi

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

0 38 in

0.56

0 87

0.35

0.(4

0.80

0.95

Prevailing Winds.

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
20th, 1863— therm. 61 deg. ; and the lowest on the 25d, 1858-therm.

9 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Alocasias : Amateur. Theae and the other plants named may
be grown in good turfy peat, mixed with aaud, used rough,
and with a little loam added as the plants get large ; the
pots, of course, well drained. Keep through the winter in a
moderate stove temperature, not too dry— 6l)° by night, aud
from 70° to 75° by day, and shift after the turn of the year,
increasing the temperature 3' or 10° or more by day, as the
plants progress. The Alocasias propagate by division or by
cuttings of the root-stock, the Cyanophyllum by cuttings or
eyes with the leaf attached. They all require while growing
a thoroughly moist genial atmosphere. If, as you say, they
are in a bad state, they should be started in a close pit or
frame with bottom heat.

Apples : 0 H. The largest sort grown in this country is
Gloria Mundi, which sometimes weighs as much as 1^ lb.
Mfere de Menage and Blenheim Orange also grow very large.
Your Turnip Cabbage is doubtless Kohl Rabi,

Grapes : H 7\ Without more particulars as to the treatment
which your Vines have been receiving, it is impossible for
us to assist yod. Possibly there is a scarcity of good foliage,
without which your Grapes will never colour well ; or your
Vines may be in bad health from being in bad soil. Have
they done well previously?

Names of Fruits : 1' S M. Poars : 1, quite rotten ; 2, Passe
Colmar ; 3, Beurre de Capiaumont ; 4, Seckel. — Alfred. The
large Pear is Duchesse d'AngouIdme, the small one Beurrfi
de Capiaumont. — G Dairies. Apples; 1, unknown, much
bruised ; 2, HoUandbury. — Old Sub. All we can say is that,
judging by the leaf sent, your Vine is a black variety— most
probably St. Peter's. Cannot you send a few berries?—
RFC. Pear : Passe Colmar (very gritty).

Names of Plants : F B. 1, Oncidium Barkerii; 2, Oncidium
refiexum.— .ff M R. Epidendrum aloides. — R T C. The true
SelagineUa denticulata of Linnaeus. — W Cooper. Apparently
Euonymus europEBUs.— y. Phygellus capensis. — J (r. Pedi-
cularis palustris. — A B L. 1, Cupressus Lawsoniana ; 2,
ditto ; 3, Thuja orientalis, abnormal specimen ; 4, Cupressus
thyoides (Chamiecyparis sphairoidea).— IF" D. l, Crypto-
meria japonica ; 2. Thuja occidentalis ; 3, Juniperus
chincnsis ; 4, Juniperus virginiana,— .^my. 1, Bletia Tanker-
villiae ; 2, Platycerium alcicome ; 3, Sanseviera zeylanica.—
W B. 1, Pteris serrulata ; 2, Adiantum macrophyllum ; 3,
Asplenium cicutarium; 4, Adiantum cuneatnm. — Amateur.
Jasminum officinale, and some variety of Magnolia
grandiflora, — W. Pkillipt. 1, La.strea dilatata; 2, Seedling
of Lastrea Filix-mas ; 3, Polypodium Dryopteris ; 4 and 5,
Lastrea Filis-mas incisa, the latter a remarkably good
example of the variety.

Orchard Houses : / IF. The south is the best aspect for all
sorts of fruit houses. In your case, however, we would not
hesitate to erect an orchard house on the west aspect, it
being the most sheltered.

Scotch Nurseries. —We have received from various Scotch
nurserymen statements relative to the amount of land
which their nurseries comprise, and also a letter from Mr.
Methven, in which he states that his former statement in
reference to the acreage of his nurseries was incorrectly
rendered at p. 1100. We can insert no more upon this
subject.

Weeds on Grass Lawns : Mary. The Prunella vulgaris, with
which your lawn is infested, is one of the most troublesome
of weeds, and at the same time one of the most difficult
to eradicate. We are unacquainted with any chemical
preparation which would destroy it and leave the Grass
uninjured. We are ourselves about to try the effect of a
strong dose of quicklime, which failing, we know of only
two remedies— the first, handpicking, but as Prunellas are
considerably worse than Daisies to get out, it will be found,
as you say, a very slow and expensive process ; the other
remedy is equally expensive, but far more satisfactory— it
is to pare off and remove all the parts infected, and to
substitute fresh turves from a locality which is free from
the nuisance complained about. We must observe, however,
that we have never found the Prunella obtrude itself so
much into notice as to become unpleasant to the eye until
the end of the summer of the present year, so that it may
possibly be only a partial nuisance, we shall therefore try
the hme, but not resort to extreme meiisures for another
season. C.

Communications Received.— E. H. C— T. Baines.— J. Miller.
— W. B. G. — S. R. H.— W. H. F.— J, Bamea.— J. F.—
Anthyllis,

NbVteMBEE 16, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1173

COLONY of NATAL.

IMMIGRATION and FREEHOLD LAND GRANTS.
GRANTS of GOVERNMENT LAND are Rlvon to Mtin familiar
irith Farniinp oporiitions, aud poaseaslng suPHolont mfiauB to turn
their Land to account.

Applications for further information to be made to Dr. Mawn, tb«
Special Acent of tho Natal Governmont, at the Natal ImmlKratlon
Office, 16, Wuckingham Htreot. Strand, London, W.U.

THifi LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Incon'oratod by Spucial Act of FarllaiaoDt In 1853.
To Landownkrs. tue Clkrqy, Estate AoENTS.SuitVKVOHa, ftc, IK

Enoland and Wales, and in Scotland.
The Company navancos money, unlimited In amount, for tho
following works of AKricnltural Improvement, the wholo outlay and
expenaea in all cases being ll<iuidated by a rent-charge fur 2r> yoarr
1. Drainage, Irrigation, and Warping, Erabanltlnc, Inclosing,
Clearing, Reclanmtmn, Planting, for any bene(\clal purpose,
Enginoa or Mdchlnory for Drainai^e or Irrigation.
S. Farm Koiids, Tiamwaya and Railroads for agricultural or farming
purposes.

3. Jetties or Landing places on the soa-cooat or on the banka of

navigable rivers or laketi.

4, Tbo Erection ot Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other

Hulldlngs required for Farm purposes, and the Impn^venient
of and additions to Farm Houaea and other building* for
i'arm purposes.

Landowners assessed under the provisions of any Act of i'arlia-
ment. Royal Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
Reneral works of Drainage or other ImprovementB, may borrow their
proportionate share of the cost, and charge the same with the
expenses on the lands Improved.

The Company will also negotiate the Rant-charees obtained by
I^andowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 1801. In respect of
their Subscription of Shai-es m a Railway or Canal Company.

No investigation of title is required, and the Company being of a
Btrictly Pnancial character, do not Interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the Qovorn-
ment Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to Granville R. Rvder, Esq.. Manacing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street. Loudon. S.W.

LAWES"' WHEAT MANURE for AUl'UMN
SOWING.— A supply of the above Manure Is now ready for
delivery, at J. B. Lawes' Factories, Deptford and Barking Creeks.
Price £8 per ton. Two to three cwt. per acre to be harrowed into
the land before the seed is sown. It can be obtained of Mr. Lawes,
or through any of liis appointed Agents ; also
LAWES" PATENT TURSIP MANURE .. £6 6 0 per ton.
SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME .. .. £5 6 0 per ton.

Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO direct from the Importers, and

all Chemical Manures of value.
AMERICAN aud other CAKES at market prices.
Address JoBN Bennkt Lawes, Offices, I.Adelaide Place, London
Bridge, E.G. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; & Market Square, Shrewsbury.

HE LONDON MANURE COMPAiTY

(Established 1840)
Have now ready for delivery in dry fine condition,
CORN MAN URE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genmne PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERX
SALT, tc. E. PoRSEfl, Secretary.
Offices, 116, Fenchuroh Street, E.G.

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Armlt Works. Otoonfluld, near Mancliostor.
TANNERS, CIIURlERS.A MANUKACTURERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP an.i SOLE BUTTS.
Price LiHtH Hont froo bv po.st.
Warehouflo; 81, Mark Lane, London, E.G.

Mr. U. FEnRAOBE, Agent.

Look to your Grass Lands, &c.

Established 1S'20.

MESSRS. JARED T. HUNT and SONS be? to
Inform their numerous Agricultural Friends and Customers,
that they have now on hand, in the finest condition, their unual
Autumn Stock of

AlfMONlACAL CORN MANURE,
which has, for several years, given such general satisfaction.
They have also always on hand, ready for immediate delivery,
the larcest stock of CRUSHED BONES of any lirm in the United
Kingdom, viz. :-In 4-inch BONES; i-inch BONES; PULVERIZED
BONES for Grass Land.s ; prepared BONES for Grape Vinos and
Hops; also BLOOD MANURE, SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME,
PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA, du-ect from the
Dock.s.

Prices and other particulars of tlie above, at their Works, Lambeth
Wharf, London, S. ; Bow Bridge Works, Stratford, E. ; and Down-
bam Market, Norfolk.

N.B.— Responsible Persons aa AGENTS WANTED in districts not
yet represented,

IPOWLEK'S PATENT STEAM I'LOUUH and
' CULTIVATOR may be SEEN at WORK In every Agricultural
County in England.

For particulars apply to Joqn Fowleb & Co., 71, Comhill, London,
E.G. : and Steam Plough Works. Leeds.

CAST IRON HAND-GLASS FRAMES (loose tops).—
Prices: 14-inch, is. ; 18-iDCh, Ss. 9d. ; 20-inch, 6s. 6d. ; 22-inch,
7s. G(l. ; 24-inch, 8s. iid. each. Twelve or more delivered free to any
Station in England on receipt of Post Office order.
Catalogues on application.
J. Jones & Sons, 6, Bankside, London, S.E. __^

iron Glatems.

FBRABY AND CO. having laid down extensive and
• Improved Machinery in their new range of buildings, Ida
Wbarf, Deptford, are now prepared to supply WROUQHT-IRON
TANKS. GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior quality, at
reduced prices, and at vory short notice.

LISTS OF TANKS

ON APPLICATION.

v. Bbaby & Co., Limited, Fitzroy Works, Eustou Road, London.

C

■lOTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITEU
COW FITTINGS.

GREENING AND COMPANY (I.imitei.),
Manufacturers of Iron Gates, Fences, Palisades, EspallorH,
Hurdles, Tree Guards, Garden Seats. Verandahs, Vilsos, Fountains,
Tomb RalllnKS. Stable Fittings, Garden Rollers, Poultry IIousos,
Emlyranta" Ilouses. UridROs, Corn Rick Stands Ac. ; also of Wire
Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Movable Fences for
Railways, Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Courts,
Sheep Walks, &c. ; also of Wire Netting. Plant Guards and Protectors,
Garden Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea and Plant
Trainers. Phea.santrlos, lien Coops, and Garden Lounges,

Catalogues (together with Supplement of Testimonials from the
leading Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom to the
quality of Grcenino & Co.'h Manulactures), forwarded post free.

Orkkninq & Company (Limited). Victoria Iron and Wire Works.

Offices ;— 1, Albert Square, Manchester.

0 H N W A R N^~K ' ~A~N D SONS,

BRASS and BELL FOUNDERS to TIER MAJESTV,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

8, Crescent, Crlpplegate, London. E.C.

R

OYAL AGRICULTURAL BENEVOLENT

INSTITUTION.
Patrnn — llr.R Majkbtt tiik Quken.
PrMidcn'— IIiH tinnrr. tfik DvKr. of Rn nMOwD.
For the RELIEF of l)KC/\VKI) FARMERS, ^holr WIDOWS
and ORPHAN OAlJGiri'HItS ; and for tiio MAINTENANCE and
EDUCATION of tholr ORPHAN CHILDREN.
Allowance to Pr,NniupiKnt.
Married .. £40 per annum | Male .. £2rt per annum
Widow and Unmarried Orphan Daughters .. XM per annum
Orphan Children admitted from 7 to ID years of ago, antl wholly
maintained and educated until the ago of 14 years in the case of
Hoys, and 10 years In the cium of Girls.

()no Hundred and Five Ponsloneni have already been placed on
the books of the Institution ; and In addition to the n-iintior of
Pensioners to be admitted at the next Election, the Council havo
decided to Elect Ten Orphan Children,

Forms of Application for Pen«lonor« and Chil<lren, and every
inf'innatlon, to be obtained of tlio Secretary, by whom Donationt
and Subscriptions will bo thankfully received,
fi.'.. Charing Cross, London, S.W. GiiAaLcn Siiaw, Sooretary.

Their advantages are— l'Mi-L:Uiil:ty, not Fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or I'artitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensod with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow. 66«.

Prospeciusea free of Cottam & Co., Iron Worts, 2, Winflley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxfora Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several Important ImprovementB
la titabl«FlttinsaJust iecured by Patent.

No. 42.

No 35.

PORTABLE PUMPS

•O"^ PUMPS, for Steam, CAST-IRON

LIQUID MANURES. Horse, or Hand Power. PUMPS.

Drawings and Prices for any description of Hydraulic Machinery
sent upon application.

OU Paint no longer Necessary*

HILL AND SMITH'S PATiUNT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish Is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is ^illy
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixmg or thinning, and is uaed cold. It is used la the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have t>een received, which Hill & StuTS will forward on
application.

From Richard Hehuino, Esq., Bordesley Park, Worcestershire,

"Gentlemen, — I have great pleasure in stating that I highly
approve of your Black Varnish, as a substitute for paint for farm
buildings, barn doors, gates, and especially when the wood has been
previously pamted in the usual way a few years before ; in this par-
ticular case it leaves a very nice glazed surface, than which nothing
could be better. The same observation also applies to ironwork ol
every descriotion, such as iron hurdles, &c. The Wrought-iron
Barrow with apparatus for heating gas tar haa been found moat
useful, and so great a convenience do I consider it that 1 shall beg
you to send me another, aa well as a cask of the Black Varnish, for
the use of the I'roperty which I have in Warwickshire. Please to
send the whole by the same conveyance as before."

Sold in caslca of about 3U gallons eivon, at la. ad. per gallon, at th«
Manufactory, or la. 84. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to TIillA Smith, Brlerly Hill Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.C, from whom onlv it can be obtained

Wheat

Sowing.

D

OWN'S FARMER'S FRIEND, for Preventing the
Smut in Wheat, and the Ravages of the Slug, Grub, and
Wireworm. A 9rf. packet is sufficient forSix Bushels of Seed Wheat,
which can be dressed and fit to sow in a quarter of an hour-
Testimonials from the largest Wheat Growers in the Kingdom,
bearing testimony to its great power and efficacy, may be had of
Agents, who are appointed for every district.

Full directions for use aro given with each packet.
Prepared at the Manufactory, Wobum, Beds.
Caction. — To guard against fraudulent imitation and conaequent
disappointment, see that the signature of Henbv Down is on the label.
Agents in every Town throughout £:oglaDd,|Sootland, and Ireland.

THE ROYAL BERKSHIRE ROOT SHOW
will take place at
READING, NOVEMBER 30. IRfl?.
PRIZES In VALUE ol more than TWENTY GUINEAS will bo
awarded to the beat specimens of MANGEL WURZEL, SWEDES,
KOHL RABI, TURNIPS, Ac, For further particulars apply to
Sutton It Sons, Heading.
N.B. No charge for entry.

DOG SHOW at BIKMINUHAM.— The EIGHTH
GREAT ANNUAL EXIII BITION will bo held In CURZON
HALL, on MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, and THURS-
DAY, December iid, 3d, 4Lh. and 6th, the days of the Cattle and
Poultry Show. For Special Itjiilway Arrangements, see the Adver-
tisements and Bills of the several Companies.

THE B I R M I N G H A M ' C A T T L E ~aiS"POULTRT
SHOW.—Tho NINETEENTH GREAT ANNUAL EXHIBI-
TION of FAT CATTLE, SHEEP. PIGS, DOMESTIC POULTRY.
CORN, ROOTS and IMPLEMENTS, will be held in BINGLEY
HALL on SATURDAY. MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
and THURSDAY, November 30, and December 2, 3, 4. and 6 1867.

The Exhibitors and the Public will be admitted to Blngley Hall to
witness the Judging of the Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Roots, and Corn, on
Saturdat, November 30th, at Nine o'Clock a.m., upon payment of
10ft. each. There will bo no Adniiusion to the Poultry Department
until after the Judging is completed.

Tbo PRIVATE VIEW will take place on MONDAY, the 2d of
December Admission to Non-Subscribera, until Five o'clock, 5s. ;
alter that hour, la.

The Exhibition will also be open on TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
and THURSDAY. Admission, la.

For Special Railway Arrangomenta, see the Advertisements and
Bills of the several Companies. Joiiw B. Lvthall, Secretary.

Offices, Stephenson Chambers, 39, New Street, Birmingham.

EUt ^grtcttltural (BK^tttt.

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 1867.

Compassionate friends of the proletariaa
will, perhaps, thank us for a gentle
caution : — You have helped us to pass a whole-
some and much-needed measure for the suppres-
sion of amoral nuisance in agricultural field gangs
(though, by the way, the licensing of gang-masters
is already extending the gang system in the
Eastern Counties) ; but in proceeding to improve
the manners of private individuals, whether lads
and lasses, grown men and women, or beings of
an intermediate type called "young persons,"
be careful lest you make legislation ridiculous.
Country girls, hard-handed from the hoe and
fork, or ruddy from the churn and milk bucket —
lasses that will feed a bevy of rough calves in a
shed, or wash down a brick fore-court with a
besom — may be somewhat too buxom for
fastidious town taste. We doubt, however, if
they can be made delicate and ladylike by the
powers of an Act of Parliament. Times have
changed, so that it is not refined now for our
girls to .tend flocks, as the daughters of Jethro
did when the learned young Moses was polite
to them in the wilderness, or as Eachel did
when " she came with her father's sheep, for she
kept them," and Jacob found her there in the
field, and "kissed" her; and few rustic young
ladies now make themselves as useful out-of-
doors as Eebekah did when she watered the
camels for Abraham's steward, who thereupon
approved her as a bride for his young lord, and
gave her the bracelet by the well. But you can-
not persuade the husbandmen of England that
field employments are indecorous and unseemly
for " young women under 18." The Scotch
women, who spend most of their lifetime in farm-
work, are, at the least, as moral and as well-
trained as are our straw-plat makers or
village lace-makers, who are crowded together
indoors. It is not the sort of labour that makes
the great difference in character between people
in one locality and people in another. If there
is any virtue in honest labour over enforced
idleness, girls busy should be less open to the
temptations of vice than girls lounging about their
village, or killing time in their homes. And if you
prohibit the young folks from earning their bread
on the farms, the effect will be simply mischievous
and destructive of morality, unless you, at the
same time, substitute for outdoor work some
new occupation that you think to be more
feminine and graceful. But the spinning-wheels
were all burned or worm-eaten long ago ; plain
needlework has plenty of professors ; every
species of female handicraft for ruial yillagea

1174

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICTILTURAE GAZETTE,

[NOVEMBEB 16, 1867.

seems to be practised quite as far as it will pay ;
women have tried their hands at every indoor
engagement, unless, indeed, it be the art of
chimney- sweeping; and, in fact, banishing young
women from the former's employ is equivalent
to saying, " Give up your income of 4s. to 6.s. a
week for the chance of becoming in a life of idle-
ness more ' domesticated ' and more respectful
in your behaviour to your superiors." You do
not like young women fo work in the fields at all ;
and the matrons, you say, had much better be
keeping tidy houses and mothering their families
at home. But, if the robust exercfses of the
hay-iield, if weeding and gathering of crops,
if short-day service in the food-house and corn-
barn be condemned as unfeminine and deleterious
to mind or body, surely your Act of Parliament
ought to expel from the factories those thousands
of pallid-cheeked, bent- shouldered girls and
women who live and work in an oily atmosphere
of 75° to 85° temperature between six o'clock in
the morning and six at night, to the utter degra-
dation of household management, cookery,
training of children, and all that a wife and
mother should gloiy in. Picking root-weeda
into a basket, or gathering up Pdtatos along a
fresh-turned furrow may be dirty work for a
female ; but how much better off would she be
in rubbing nasty-smelling japan trays with the
palms of her )iands, or polishing small steel
goods with a muddy compound of emery-powder;
and how aboijt tjiose little lasses that we have
seen with their mouths all day full of gunj-labels,
which they stick upon cottoji-reels ?

Then, if you must cpnseut to let young women
toil in the healthy open air, you would Jike to
enforce a separation of the sexes, so that males
and fepaales shall not labour at one time in the
same enclosui'e. Of course this applies only to
boys and girls over the age of aboiit 13 years;
because they do, of then- own accord, keep to
themselves before that period. As to unavoid-
able indecencies in the fields, our hands ai-e, at
least, as well-behaved as the Parisians on their
boulevards. But legislation of Ujis aoi't will
oifly be absurd, unless you can manage to
prevent the two parties meotipg on differejit
sides of a fence or a gate, and unless you prevent
their overtaking one another on tlfe road home.
And when you get them safely housed in their
respective cottages, you must shut and lock all
the doors ; for injinitely less harm to morals
is done while our hands are buckling-to at
their fielij-work than when they are running
loose in the villages after darji. And suppose
an Act were passed, would not the agricultural
world soon talk of reprisals ? If pien ^nd
women, boys a^d girls, are not to work witbin
a certain number of yards of each other, let the
principle be carried through : no lads shall
" doff" throstle- frames which lasses superintend ;
no young women shall "rove" in the same
apartment in which m.en are "carding;" nay,
the scullerymaid shall certainly not scrub and
wash in the sajne kitchen with a man cook ; and
it is doubtful wjiether morality should sanction
the lady's maid apd parlour maid hying in the
same servants' hall with the butler and valet.

Impudent giils and coarse women do abound in
the rural districts — and we have the impression
that females just as low may be discovered in
large towns ; but legislators wbo fancy tjiat
industry degrades them, and that " chUdrefi of
nature " must of necessity be more gross than
the depjzens of alleys and shops, ought to kpow
very well tbat the evil lies deeper ; and. these
philanthropists C(juld tell us if they chose that
the corruption of the daughters of farm labourers
and rural artisans comes, not so much from
familiarities in the fields or ip close-quartered
cottages as from the shameful gaUg,ntries of those
in a class above them- Youi- improving Act of
Parliament will have a gi'eat deal to do after it
has forbidden our country lasses taking part in
pleasant pastoral occupations, or " gleaning
after the young inen and sitting down with the
reapers," as faithful Etjth did.

Our c?.ution to social reformers must not be
understood as an objectiori against every sug-
gested change. Ejistic ignorance is bad enough.
P^iLLis may be rosy-cheeked and Corybon
fond of his " pipe ; ' ' but they do spell shockingly,
and \yhat is vulgar in tjrem by no means extends
to " fractions." And we believe that all farmers,
excepting the very old-fasbjoned and short-
sjghf,ed, Tyili hs-jl V^th satisfaction a good Bill
cal,culated to deal g,ei;isiply and practical!}' with
tlie e(JuGatj.o» of tbe rjide youngsters. Two
0^ 4^,9 "vissistast jC,oWBJJ§sipiisr§ " appointed

to report on the subject, the Hon. E.
SlAOTopE and the Eev. J. FeA-SEB, are
making inquiries in the Eastern Counties ;
and j udging from the tone of the speeches at the
Norfolk Chamber of Agriculture, at the Lin-
colnshire Chamber, at a farmers' meeting at Long
Sutton, and elsewhere, agriculturists are prepared
for a limit of age below which no child shall be
employed ; we are anxious to secure a more
thorough eleraentary teaching for boys and guis
engaged " part time " in agricultui'e ; but we are
not just now willing to upset all the existing
volunteer agencies that are doing so much good,
to make way for a bran new system, rigid, com-
pulsory, andheavy on the rate-payers. In some
localities night-schools might be made more
useful ; elsewhere the alternate day plan might
answer ; more generally, the winter-school
method would be approved. But a uniform, cut-
and-dried organisation cannot possibly suit the
very varied conditions of field labour arising from
peculiarities in the husbandry of differept dis-
tricts. And we have learned from Mr. Stanhope
that no single scheme is intended to be forced
upon us : the proposed Act will comprise five or
six different plans of schooling, and any district
can adopt whichever it pleases. Moreover, any
locality is to have the liberty of employing
"part-time" children, not only in certain pre-
scribed months, but whenever weeds, corn,
Potatos, &c., really wantthepr.

Is there not a good deal of make-believe in
prescribing a certain number of hours' attend-
ance at school during a year, unless this
requirement be followed up by some pui'er
incentive to dUigent learning P If a boy " under
nine " must not earn money by bodily toil, and
if a school and a master are provided, he will
undoubtedly be found " in wisdom's ways,"
from the mere self-interest of parents or the
looking after of philanthropic individuals in
the vicinity. But both this time of schooling,
and the hours that may be imposed by law after
the lad is nine years old, will very likely be badly
spent unless there be offered some motive for his
making progress. Why not, therefore, adopt
Mr. Gladstone's ides, of a simple educational
test, say a certaip degree of proficiency in ' ' the
three E's ; " and let ^.ll scholastic obligation
cease when an Inspector declares this result to
have been attained, no matter what the age of
the child may be ? Here all classes together
would be interested in making the schools as
efficient as possible — the farmer, because he
wants the field hands ; the boys and girls,
because they want to be earning money ; the
parents, because they want an increase of their
poor income ; and the ratepayers or supporters
of the schools, because they want to turn out
scholars with the least expenditure of time and
money. In fact, the principle brings in the
merits of piece-work over the spiritless drudgery
of day-work.

Legislation upon female and juvenile field-
labour is certainly coming : let the agricultural
world be in readiness to make the best of it.
/. .^4. C. [Let our reader's tirrn to page 1179, and
see the remarks of Mr. Glake Sewelj, Eead,
M.P., upon this subject.]

(owing to the subsequent ravages of the rinderpest)
such stock could be received ; but considering the
uncertainty which has existed throughout the past year
as to the possible reappearance of the scourge, and the
precautionary measures which the Privy Council, with
a view to its prevention, might feel called upon tp
adopt, it is much larger than could have been expected.
The figures, as to sheep, do not disclose any important
variation ; but the pig classes have a total of 81 against
63 last year, apd 71 in 1865. In roots and corn, also,
there is a considerable increase. A still larger augmen-
tation has taken place iu the poultry department, and
the oollectiou of pigeons will not only be the largest,
but in all probability the finest which has yet been
brought together, either iu Eirminghaln or elsewhere.

1863.

1864.

1865.

1666.

1867..

Cattle ..

163

161

135

116

122

Sheep

82

104

90

87

82

Piss

8.^

91

71

63

81

Roots

124

109

110

68

76

Corn

57

60

45

36

45

Poultry . .

1,606

1,677

1,675

1,898

2,107

Pigeons . .

2T5

290

331

400

Total

2,309

2,482

2,457

2,668

3,078

The following, taken from the correspondence

of the Duiliii Farmers' (iazette, is a curious illustration
of the difficulties and costs put in the way of the move-
ment of Eoglish stock, of which we hear nothing in
the case of foreign animals. The writer says : — " I
brought two Cheviot rams over by the steamboat froni
Glasgow last week, and was charged 3s. Gd. for carbolip
acid to dip them in. On inquiry I was told that half a
gallon had been used. Will you tell me the price of
carbolic acid per gallon, and what quantity is required,
or proper to use, in dipping ? The sheep cost —

Freight Os. Oci.

Charge at Glasgow 0 6

Sligo .. ..0 4

Dipping 3 6

10 4
At the present price of sheep such an expense makes
importation to any extent prohibitory. It appears that
a bill of x^articulars is to be seut to the odice of the
veterinary department at the Castle, and, very properly,
that the matter is to be investigated.

We are informed that the paragraph in this

page last week which announced tbe award of certain
prizes to English and other agricultural exhibitors at
Billancourt, may piislead th.e reader — that the grand
prize which has been awarded to Messrs. Ransome,
Messrs. Howaed, Mr. McCoemick, and Mr. Maek-
HAM, is the same in every case — and that these gen-
tlemen stand, not 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th, but on a perfectly
equal footing, in the front rank. The special silveir
medal alluded to as having been awarded to Mr. Head,
in lieu of a decoration, has been well earned by that
gentleman. He is the only English manufacturer of
agricultural machinery who has resided in Paris
throughout the Exhibition, and he has rendered con-
siderable service to the jury and executive, as well as to
bis brother manufacturers from Engl^iUd.

We are glad to record the presentation of

an appropriate testimonial of gratitude and respect
to Mr. Edwaed Puedon, who had acted with great
energy apd propiptitude as Hoporary Secretary to the
Mansion House (Dublin) Cattle Plague Committee,
and also to the committee appointed by the Govern-
ment for the purpose of advising them as to the best
jneasures for preventing the introduction of the
rinderpest into Ireland. It is attributed to the prompt
actioo of these committees apd of the Government that
Ireland was happily saved from an evil, the extent of
which might have overwhelmed the couptry with ruin.
Mr. PuKpoN devoted a very large portion of his time
to the discharge of the otlicial duties which devolved
upon hipi in connection with both of these important
omces, and in many other ways aided, it is believed, in
averting the threatened disaster from Irish shores. It
appears to have been generally felt by those interested
in the preservation of tlie live stock of that country
that his services demanded some substantial recog-
nition. A committee was formed for the purpose of
realising these wishes; and, after due deliberation,
they decided on presenting Mr. PuEDON with one of
Howakd's piagnificent steam ploughs and accessory
steam tackled The presentation accordingly took place
last week, to the satisfaction of the large number
of distinguished persons who were present, and to the
high gratiflcs.tiop doubtless of Mr. PujipON, who has so
well earned so high a distinction.

We learn froip th,e Midland, Pqtfpties Iferali

that the entries for the forthcoming exhihitjon in
pingley Hall have now closed, with tlie results set
forth in the following Table. The number of c?.ttle is
rathw smaller than in 1365, the last occasion on which

SHOETHOENS.

It will be remembered by those who were present
at the sale of the Royal herd, in Windsor Park, last
month, that Frincess Alice, a descendant of one of the
Pawsley cows, whose produce gave such high character
to the sale, was jjurchased by Mr. P. Leney^ of
Wateringbury, Kent. It was announced at the time,
that though put to the bull (Peince WiLtiAii;
24,S68) so long ajo as January 30th, it was feared
that she was not iri calf— indeed she had been actually
served by one of the American bulls duriug the previous
week— and but for the doubt thus put upon her breeding,
she would certainly have commanded an even larger
price than the 120 guineas which were given for her.
VVe now learn that she has just calved ! The following
bulletin, properly authenticated by the signatures
of two medical men, was last Thursd?ky issued in
Eoyal style ! —

'■ Orpines, Wateringbury, liov. 7. — Princess Alicevras safely
delivered of a white Princess at 11.30 a.ki., this day. Both
the mother and daughter are doing well."

The owner of the cow is to be congratulated on a
very agreeable surprise. The produce of Alix and
Coldcream, from the latter of which she is descended,
Jiave proved extremely valuable in Royal hands ; and
the owners of any of the family certainly possess the
power of breedin'g very valuable stock. Fawsley "
has long been one of the best " brands" or trade-marks
known to Shorthorn breeders, and Sir C. Knightley's
name, wherever it can be quoted, bids fair to have
increasing influence on the value of pure-bred stock.

The following notice of another Kentish herd

(Red Hill, near Edenbridge) which has been growing
HP during the last few years, in the hands of Mr. G.
Murton Trac.v, describes two families which possess
in a remarkable degree the special merit to which we
are alluding. It is entirely descended, at least mater-
nally, from two cows, Cleopatra '2d and Stceeihearl Hd,
J)oth bred by Mr. Adkins, of Milcote, whose well-
jcnown partiaUty for the blood of " FaVoeite," and
persistent adherence to purity of descent, conferred
such eclat upon his sale in the spring of ISSO.

Cleopatra 2d, white, like her su'e the renowned
Eakl 01' DuBLiK, who was descended on both sides
from the famous cow Princess by Favoeite, inherited
through her dam Maude by Standish, a strain of
Bat,es' Dpj;;e of iN'oKyfl^MBEKLAND, through her
grandam Lqdi/ Tqiie by BEtLEHOPHON the blood of
Belvedeke, through her srreat graudam lied Jiose by
ALPEE3IA5" the bl?o4 of BEpyEpEKE again, thrPWP
Watebloo, siire of Belvedeke, the blood of Brincess

November 16, 1807.]

THE GARDENERS' CIIRONK^LE AND AGRlCDLTtJRAt GAZETTE.

i)?«

by F.vvoEiTE on botU sides. She showed in her frame
iiiuch ol' the uhiiraeter of her sire, and possessed to the
lull the milkinj! qualities I'or which tlio lOiUL oi'
III ulin's slock was so remarkable. Cleopatra iJ,
wlnle at Hod Hill, produced halt' a dozen calves iu si.\
f successive years, of which but two were females, and
tlicu succumbed to milk fever. One of those females,
Cleopatra 'id, by The Baron, tlie first pure Shori-
liorn over bred at Jied Hill, and now 12 years old, is
still fresh, and doins; good service ; though her iiartialily
foi- 'uales is yet strouf^or than that of her dam, she
ii;ivin« yielded but one female among eight calves.
Ilrr appearance is very well shown iu the portrait,
11. ;IS7, vol. .xiii. of the llerd Boole.

Sifeethearl M, also white, like her ^randsire, was by
li.wmiEAii (a sou of the Eakl of Dublin), whose
dam tilella inherited four direct crosses of the noted
Favourite. She is descended in the female line from
the famous cow iS>/jiA by Slit AV'alter, bred by Mr.
Aibutbuot (afterwards the property in succession
ol' Sir Charles Kuightley and Earl Spencer;,
and thence back thiouah a line of CoUing's
blood. She is considered a finely formed cow, was
I calved in 1853, and is now, at U years of age,
vigorous and fertile; having produced twin calves
, during the present year (18G7), and being considerably
advanced iu calf again. She possesses good milkiug
qualities, and has proved an excellent breeder. Since
lirr arrival at Hud Hill iu 18110 she has produced nine
r;ilves, including three pairs of twins. All hermatured
l'i<>:.ieny share her fertility; even Sweetheart Mlh, twin
cumpauiou of a bull calf, proving no exception. The
number of her descendants now at Bed Hill, is
tueuty-oue.

X portrait of ofie of her elder daughters, Sweetheart
Ihc lyth, appears iu vol. xvi. of the Jlerd Book. Of
the Icmales in the herd, si.x are by The Baron, of
whom also a portrait appears in tlie Herd Book, vol. xi.,
p. 215. A bull likewise, descended irom Si/lph, by Sir
\Valteii, and member of a family from which many
superior animals have sprung, and for which great
prizes have been obtained; his dam, Bon-bon, by
i_n;oNTES, having been also the dam of Bonut/ Lass,
« bicU realised 315/., aud grandam of Bon-bon iil,
■2b'2l. lOs., at the sale of Mr. ChaloQer,Moyaalty, in 1860.

The Baron hiiuself was a prize bull, having been a
winter at the lioyal Bublin Show in 1854, aud taken
tin: lirst prizes at the Eoyal Northern Society's
meeting at Aberdeen iu 1855, for the best two-year-old
bull, and I'or the best of all ages. He was already
iri.redited with the reputation of being a very suecess-
liil sire when procured from Messrs. Cruickshank in
isi'il, with an especial view to reuniting these two
iMiiuches of the Si/lph tribe. The result did not
disuiipoint, but unfortunately THE Baeon contracted
I chill during the prevalence of easterly winds iu the
^iuuig of 1804, which put a stop to his career of
iiMluiuess at 11 years old. More recently Count
1,1 INSTER, by JDUKE OF I/EINSTEK (17,734), dam
^tccet/teart lit/i, has been partially used and become the
sire of three heifers.

To Duke of Albemarle also are recorded three
heifers. He was a son of Cleopatra M, by The
MAEjQnis (20,%1), a grandson ol Douglas (12,714),
who was by the Duchess bull Duke of Glo'stek.
But the bull most freely used of late is The Coesaie
(25,2yi), by Baeon of Kathcool (21,233), dam
Cleopatra id. Baron of Kathcool was by The
Baron, dam Sweetheart id. The Corsair thus
unites in himself the blood of The Baeon, of Sweet-
heart id, aud Cleopatra id. None of the animals have
ever been prepared for the show-yard, the object
having been simply to keep them in thriving condition,
and thus maintain their fertility.

This is, we think, a picture of excellent management.
Aa ideal has been kept constantly in view. And there
has been a steady persistence in the use of consistent
means, so that the Charmer character has been pre-
served and even strengthened, while a sufficiency of
new blood has been occasionally introduced.

— Mr. Adkius, of Milcote, whose herd, including
several of the celebrated Charmer tribe, is, we learn, to
be disposed of next year, yvill be gratitied at learning
how well his stock have prospered in the hands of so
good a disciple as he has iu Mr. Tracy. In his own
hands, descended from cows of the same blood, which
either remained in his bauds at the date of his former
sale, or have been purchased back from buyers there,

lonsiderable number of the Charmer tribe will be
offered with other families in the spring. We shall
hereafter refer iu detail to the constitution of the herd.
It has grown, into considerable dimensions during the
past sLx years, notwithstanding some recent disappoint-
ments iu the non-breeding of purchased cows. But,
notwithstanding these accidental mislortunes— which
ire, after all, only incidents attending every one's
experience of any length of time as a breeder — the
lierd has beeu all along iu a robust and healthy state,
ind is at present breeding regularly and well.

• Several important purchasers have been lately

made by Mr. Cheney, of Gaddesby Hall, Leicestershire,

from the herd at Holly Bank, near Burton. Among

"them is Liberty, a cow descended from Mr. Bates'

■Fletcher family. Her dam, bred by Mr. Willoughby

Wood, at Holly Bank, was thus of pure Bates blood.

Uersire is descended from the Certainty tribe, once

iu.-.sed with a Booth bull, and then with one half

Hates and half Booth. This infusion of Booth

V blood is declared to have imparted more substance

than was possessed by some of her maternal ancestors,

wilihout detracting from their Bates style. Another is

Krfe/iVy 3rf, a neat and level, but not large cow, by a

hall-liooth sire, and a Mason grandsire, from the noble

Bates cow iidlde, which, like the former, belonged to

the Fletcher family. She was once the property of

Mr. Kobinson, of Burton-on-Trent, for whom she won

uumerous prices, A third is a choice heifer, Coni-

memoralion 2rf, of pure Bates blood. She is of a
beautifully mixed roan colour, with hair and touch such
as are fimnd in this blood iu jierfcction. She is served
by the pure Bates bull Karl of Glo'steh, rei:ontly
purchased by Mr. Atherton from Mr. Dugdalc.

ON THE GERMINATING OF WHEAT.

My readers will recollect that some three or four
years since a respectable aud learned Professor and I
had somoivhat of a discussion on this subject, in which
our opinions clashed very much. The Professor
having stated that from experiments ho had made
there was a vastditforcoco in dllfereut kinds of Wheat
iu their powers of gcnninating— so vast, that whilst a
very few seemed to be tit for seed from their germi-
nating freely, the greater number were entirely unlit,
as of some kinds about one-half only haxl the power to
grow; and of other kinds only about two-thirds could
grow, and of one kind (the Burwell kind) he stated
that only 18 seeds out of 100 had grown. This state-
ment greatly astonished me, as I had been in the
habit, during a rather protracted life, of sowing very
small quantities of seed for my crops, and of all kinds
of Wheat, aud sometimes no more than a peck of seed
an acre ; aud yet with me the seed never failed to
grow; but all of it came up, and grew on until harvest,
and I had always lino crops. Aud hence I replied to
the learned Professor's statements that if they were
correct, my crops by some means or other must have
been produced by magic or without seed. But never-
theless I every year sowed my seed, aud I had always
a full plant, and frequently from 1 peck an acre; but
never in my life did I sow more than 2 pecks an acre.
I had a friend also that did the same ; and the late Mr.
Piper, of Colne Eugaine, Essex, never sowed more
than a peck an acre, and as he was a corn dealer as
well, he delighted in using various kinds of Wheat,
and in Lis hands his crops were marvellous ; all were
good ; and whatever kinds he sowed they grew, oue
kind equally as another. But still the learned Professor
adhered to his hrst tabulated statements, aud of course
I and my friends, as we saw all the seed we sowed
regularly germinate and grow, and come to fine yield-
ing crops, as obstinately adhered to what was daily
before our eyes. We said — " Here our crops are, and
if the small quantities of seed we put into the ground
did not grow, where did our crops come from ? If an
enemy had sown our lands he would have sown Tares
and not Wheat, aud as to our friends, we know that
they had such a correct opinion of us, that they would
not, even in kindness, attempt to amend what we did,
even by sowing more or better seed in our lands than
we ourselves had sown." We therefore adhered to
what we had asserted, that our superior crops all
sprung from the seed we put in to produce them, aud
consequently that all our seed, almost every grain
must have grown ; aud moreover we constantly varied
our kinds of seed, and one year I got from a largo corn
dealer the sweepings of all his granaries, and yet the
result was the same — all the kinds grew.

But at length our coniroversy died away by a kind
of natural death, each, I believe, retaining the opinions
on which wo commenced, our worthy and learned
opponent adhering to his— on the defectiveness of the
germinating principle in various kinds of Wheat, and
we, as we saw all kinds nearly germinating alike,
adhered to ours ; and so the matter ended.

But immediately, to enable me to bring the matter
to a positive certainty, I prepared and set off a plot of
ground at the front of my house for the purpose of
diboliug in it all the kinds of Wheat I could procure,
and among them I took care to have the Burwell
Wheat and other kinds which our learned opponent
stated were so defective in vital principle ; yet all of
them grew equally alike. And every year since I have
gone through the same kind of experiments with
various kinds of Wheat, and always with the same
results— all grew equally alike. This year, at the
present time, my plot may be seen at the front of my
house, with my various kinds of Wheat all equally
up to full 3 or 4 inches high, and among them are some
of the Burwell kind, put in with my own hands, seed
by seed, 12 inches asuuder every way, and I cannot see
that even a seed failed to grow; and yet the seeds were
not picked at all, but dropped exactly as they were
taken from a sample prepared for selling by, which I
obtained from a merchant. Therefore, from practical
experiences of myself aud others, aud from my
carefully-made experiments, I can pronounce that one
kind of Wheat germinates as freely as another, and
that where a deficiency of vitality exists it is as likely
to bo in oue kind as iu another. But it is quite certain
that all kiuds are so liable, and I will here give an
example of oue kind which has the reputation of
germinating very freely. Last year a parishioner of
mine drilled a large field with Rough Chaff Wheat at
just 2 bushels of seed an acre, aud from an accident a
part of the field was drilled twice of the same kind of
seed, making the quantity of seed in that part
4 bushels an acre. I being an out-and-out thin-seeder,
the owner of the field invited me to go and see it, as
the 4 bushels an acre seeded had alone a sufficiency of
plants ujion it for a crop, and he asked me if he should
plough up the other part seeded with 2 bushels an acre,
when I persuaded bun not to do so. But it would
have beeu better had he done so, for up to harvest the
crop so seeded was very bad — as the owner said,
scarcely worth cutting, aud which I saw was the case.

Now, the adjoining field to that was seeded with
Rough Chafl' Wheat also, and with 2 bushels an
acre, and that went down very early as flat nearly as if
it had been rolled, so that, as the owner acknowledged,
the oversecding was the cause of this disaster. How
then was this ? The cause was clear, namely, that in
oue field the seed all germiuated ; but iu the other only
a small portion of it did so, though the kinds of Wheat
were both the same Kough Chaff, but the seed of each

was obtained from different places, and grown on
different farms.

I will hero therefore beg iiermission to repeat what I
some years before caused to be published: that it was
always my custom to prove the vitality of my seed
before I used it by wetting some with pure water and
then layiug it on a plate on llannel, and over the flannel
laying another jiiece, both being damped, ami then
putting the jilato iu a warm room ; and if the seed
was good of any kind, all of it would germinate, but if
otherwi.se, whatever the kind was, it would only in
part germinate ; and in this way I acted as well as
putting the seed into the ground in the experiments 1
have above described. The owner ol the above fields,
who farms largely, was so surprised at the results that
he asked Mr. Mechi and others to account for them,
but ho informed me that no one seemed able to do so.
But as I have stated in a former letter, I will write
purposely to explain why failures of the kind occur.

Iu the article now under review, at page 112(3, the
writer recommends the cutting of Wheat whilst it is
" green," to which I now beg to call his and my readers'
attention. Some years' back, whilst ou a visit to ray
friend, Mr. Meohi's, the cutting of corn before it
was ripe, or whilst " green," was discussed by several
superior gentlemen farmers, Mr. H. Davis (a gentleman
of no mean authority) being oue ; and by all the cutting
whilst green was condemned. But the year before this
last a farmer cut a part of a field of Wheat whilst
rather green, and then was persuaded by a neighbour to
stop. The farmer afterwards cut the remainder
when the grain was ripe, aud on comparing the
two samples, it was clearly visible that the
ripe samples were the plumper grain, and the
farmer estimated his loss by cutting green at full a
quarter of Wheat an acre. This last year also
another farmer commenced cutting his crops as soon as
they went down, and he has said he had no doubt but
he lost money by so doing. But as I like to put every-
thing to a lair trial 1 asked the former of these two
farmers to bring me a certain number of each sample
of Wheat of that which was cut green and of that which
was cut when ripe, aud on putting 200 of each into
opposite scales, the ripe seeds were considerably the
heaver, aud they were certainly the plumper and
larger, and hence it was proved that fewer ripe
grains of Wheat will fill any measure of capacity
than of grain from Wheat reaped whilst it is green ;
but should any one doubt this, I ask him to go
through the same proofs that I did. The cutting of
corn unripe may, for anything I know, be in favour
of the miller, as more of it in number of grains goes
into the bushel ; but for the same reason it is most
certainly a loss to the grower.

I have already trespassed, I fear, too far, Mr. Editor,
on your columns, suould you think the foregoing
worthy a place in them; but I must go on a little
further, if you please. The worthy writer has added a
table of his Wheat crop for 1867. It is rather curious
that whilst we boast of the vast strides agriculture has
made of late years, that I have hanging up in my study
a description and a plate of Wheat-sowing, and the old
" boke," printed iu 1727, from which they were copied,
is on my table, and in which only oue peck of seed more
is recommended, aud stated to be used, than our
friend's table shows that he used for 1867 ; and, if I
understand what our friend means by sacks— that is,
three bushels iu a sack, the yield at the former period,
150 years back, was rather the larger. But if our
friend's five crops from so much seeij be only 9, 9<,
8, 8, and 6 sacks an acre, whether the sack was 3 or 4
bushels, farming in his neighbourhood must, I fear, be
a losing business. Geo. Wilkins, Wix Parsonage, Nov.T ,

THE PRACTICAL VALUE OF SEWAGE.

This point will be illustrated by reference both to
the results of direct experiment, and to the judgment
of practical men, who have utilised sewage with a view
to profit.

The Eughij Experiments.— M, Rugby two fields of
meadow-land were experimented upon ; in each one
plot was left without sewage, one received sewa ;e at
the rate of 3000 tons, oue at the rate of 6000 tons and
one at the rate of UUUO tons per acre per annum. The
experiments were so conducted through three con-
secutive seasons, and the foUo^ying table summarises
the results obtained.

Quantities of Sewage applied, and of Green Grass
obtained, per acre per annum, in experiments made
AT RtJoBY. Seasons 1801, 1862, and 186.S.

Seasons.

Hot 1.

Plot 2.
3000 Tons

Plot 3.
6O0O Tons
Sewage.

Plot 4.
9000 Tons
Sewage.

Qrasa obtained. — Five-Acre Fiel4.

1861
1662
1863

Average .

ts. ct. qr. lb.
9 5 3 5
8 3 1 m
4 18 3 13

ts.ct.qr.lb.lts.ct.qr.lb.lt3.et.qr.lt).
14 16 3 ejsr 1 0 10 32 16 3 8
27 IS 0 18 34 10 0 19 32
22 5 0 II 34 18 1 27 37 0

7 ? 1 a 21 13 } 12 32 3 1 « 34 2 1 }2

Ten-Acre Field.

1861 ..
186-2 ..
1863 ..

8 16 0 15
16 10 0 25
8 0 3 lil

15 16 3 2

27 11 g 20
25 5 1 8

22 15 2 12
32 2 1 14
30 11 2 li

26 13 3 12
3l 12 1 20
34 19 £ 21

Average . .

11 3 0 10

22 17 3 1

28 9 3 13

31 1 3 18

Averages ;— The TJf^,ee years and botii Fields.
1361, 2, and 3 I 9 0 0 24J22 5 2 7|30 6 2 eIsS 12 0 15

The 6-acre field was much flatter than the other ;
its soil aud subsoil were much more porous. The
mechanical and chemical examination of samples, taken
to the depth of 0 inches, showed its sod to be much
more stony, to retain much less water under equal

1176

THE UAEDENEES' CHEONIGLE AND AGRlCULTtlRAL GAZETTE.

[NOVBMBEE 16, 1867.

external conditions, to contain much less organic
matter, much less nitrogen, much less clay, and much
more sand than that of the 10-aore field. It was, in
fact, decidedly inferior in natural quality, and yielded,
accordingly, considerably less produce without manure.
Kotwithstanding this, it will be seen that it gave upon
the whole more total produce per acre under the
influence of sewage than did the naturally better soil
of the 10-acre field ; and, it will be shown further on,
that the sewage was in its case both more completely
utilised and more completely purified. Moreover, it
appears that, by the application of sewage, a supply of
green food was obtained much earlier and much later
in the season^ when it has a special value.

Our attention must here be restricted to the general
character of the results obtained, and the practical
conclusions to which they seem to lead.

"With the exception of the cold, wet season of 1862,
the greater the amount of sewage applied the larger
was the produce ; still the increase in produce was not
commensurate with the increase of sewage applied.
To produce a maxium effect from a ^iven amount of
sewage, the doses must be comparatively small; to
produce the largest possible amount of produce per
acre, 30,000, 40,000, 50,000 tons might often be applied
with advantage ; but in that case the sewage would be
very inadequately utilised and purified.

The table leads to the folowing practical suggestion ;

that with an application of about 5000 tons of average

sewage per acre per annum, applied pretty evenly

throughout the year, taking the average of soils and

seasons, an average of about 30 tons of Grass might be

expected. Assuming such a produce, and allowing

41. per acre for rent or natural yield, the Grass, if sold

At lO.s, per ton, would pay per ton of sewage, 0.5d.

„ 123. 6d. „ „ o.7ci.

„ 153. „ „ 0.9d.

This would be the gross return from which the cost
of the application of the sewage, other expenses of
the crop, and the farmer's profit would have to be
deducted, before anything was available as payment to
the town.

In comparison with the result here assumed it may
be observed that in the neighbourhood of Croydon,
■where about 250 acres are laid down for sewage irriga-
tion, and where there are probably more than 6000 tons
of sewage annually available for each acre, from 25 to
30 tons of meadow Grass, selling for from 201. to 25?.,
are obtained per acre per annum ; and after deducting
as before il. for rent, the gross return per ton of sewage
employed is from 0.6d. to O.Sd. With a somewhat
similar application to Italian Rye-grass, 30 to 35 tons,
selling for from 2al. to 301, are obtained, yielding, after
deduction for rent or natural produce, from O.Sd. to Id.
per ton of sewage employed. It will be observed that
in these cases the selling price of the Grass is 16s. or
17s. per ton ; but it is obvious that if sewage were
extensively employed for the production of Grass, its
present price could not be maintained.

A marked effect of liberal sewage irrigation (indeed
of active manures generally) on the mixed herbage of
Grass land, is greatly to develop the Graminaceous
plants, nearly to exclude the Leguminous, to reduce
the prevalence of miscellaneous or weedy plants, but
much to encourage individual species; among the
Grasses the rough meadow Grass, Couch Grass, rough
Cock's-foot, woolly soft Grass, and perennial Rye-Grass
are frequently very prevalent. But, sewaged produce
being generally cut or grazed comparatively young, the
tendency which the great luxuriance of a few very free-
growing Grasses has to give a coarse and stemmy later
?:rowth is not an objection, as in the case of meadows
eft for hay.

The chemical examination of the Grass grown at
Rugby, with and without sewage, showed that at the
usual time of cutting the solid substance was less
in the sewaged Grass than in the unsewaged, and
diminished as the season advanced, or the weather was
ungenial.

The nitrogenous substance was much greater in the
solid matter of the sewaged than of the unsewaged
Grass, also greater as the season advanced, and after
periods of cold and wet.

The indigestible woody fibre bore about an equal
proportion to the solid matter in the sewaged and the
unsewaged produce; this proportion in each case
diminisiied as the season advanced.

It will be seen presently that when used as food, the
fresh unsewaged Grass was more productive of both
meat and milk than the sewaged, but that a given
weight of the solid substance of the sewaged Grass
was more productive than an equal weight of that
unsevvaged.

When the Grass was cut green and given alone to
fattening oxen tied up under cover, the result was
very unsatisfactory; but when oilcake was given in
addition, it did not fall far short of an average result,
for oxen as fed under cover on a good mixed diet.

It should here be mentioned that at Croydon,although
the land there was more liberally irrigated than at
Rugby, much more satisfactory feeding results have
been obtained by fattening stock on the land. The
practice there is to irrigate for three or four days and
nights together, to repeat the treatment two or three
times for each crop, and when the Grass has got a suf-
ficient head, to stop the application and turn the stock
upon the land, where they remain until the Grass is
closely eaten down. They are then removed, the land
is re-irrigated, and so on.

At Rugby, when the Grass (as much as they choose
to eat) was given to milking cows, much better results
were obtained. The unsewaged (jrass was then found
to be more productive of milk and increase (but
especially of milk) than an equal weight of fresh
sewage Grass, but for equal amounts of dry solid sub-
stance the sewaged Grass had the advantage. The
milk from the sewaged Grass was slightly less rich—
eontaiued less casein, butter, sugar, "and total solid

matter, though more mineral matter; when oilcake
wa« given with the Grass, whether sewaged or un-
sewaged, the richness of the milk was notably increased.

The productive quality of the Grass was very
diflferent in diflerent seasons and at different periods
of the same seasons, being very inferior in the wet and
cold season of 1852, and generally towards the close
of each season.

A faithful record of the general results is given in the
following table : —

Results obtained at Rugby, with Cows fkd on Unsewaged
AND Sewaged Grass, in 1861, 1862, and 1863.

Plot 1.
Un-

Plot 2.
3000 Tons
Sewage.

Plot 3.
6000 Tons
Sewage.

Plot 4.
9000 Tons
Sewage.

Time each Acre (with Oilcake, if any) would keep 1 Cow ;^

1861— Grasa(alone)
1862 -Grass (with

oilcake) . .
1863-Graa3 (half
without, half
with oilcake)

Means

Weeks.

19

Weeks.
41

Weeks.
59

Weeks.

Milk from the produce of each Acre (exclusive of Oilcake,^
if any) : —

1861— Gra3s(alone)
1862 -Grass (with

oilcake) . .
1863 -Grass (half
without, half
with oilcake) .

Means

Gallons.
321

Gallons.

571

Gallons.

820

120?
1000

Gallons.
961

Value of Milk from the produce of each Acre (exclusive of
Oilcake,* if any), at 8d. per gallon : —

1861— Grass(alone)
1862— Grass (with

oilcake) . .
1863— Grass (halt
without, half
with oilcake) . .

Means

£ I. d.

10 14 3

£ s. d.
19 0 6

£ I. d.
27 6 11

£ 3. d.
32 0 10

Increased produce of Milk per 1000 tons Sewage applied
(exclusive of Oilcake,* if any) : —

(Jallons.

Gallons.

Gallons.

1861— Grass(alon6)

—

180

178

151

1862 - Grass (with

oilcake) . .

—

74

00

38

1863-Grass (half

without, half

with oilcake) . .

—

154

132

101

Means

-

136

123

97

Increased value of Milk (at 8d. por gallon) per 1000 tons
Sewage applied (exclusive of Oilcake,* if any) :—

1861— Gra'3g(alone)
1862-Gms3 (with

oilcake) . .
1863 -Grass (half
without, half
with oilcake)

Means

_

£ !. d.

5 19 10

£ s. d.
5 18 8

-

2 9 4

2 0 0

_

5 2 7

4 8 1

4 10 7

4 2 3

I. .;.

0 11

3 4

After a careful consideration of all the circumstances
and details, it appears that the following practical con-
clusions may safely be deduced from these experi-
ments : —

1. That by the use of sewage a very great increase
(varying from two to three fold according to the
season) may be obtained in food, milk, or value of the
milk.

2. That a yet larger increase may be anticipated
from the application of sewage systematically over
large tracts of average or sandy land, than was obtained
from these pastures of naturally good feeding quality,
and consequent high natural yield.

It is estimated that with 5000 tons of sewage judici-
ously applied to Itahan Rye-grass or meadow-land
properly laid down to receive it, an average gross
produce of not less, and perhaps more, than 1000 gallons
of milk per acre per annum might be anticipated,
which, at Sd. per gallon, would represent a gross money
return of 33/. 6s. Sd.

Or, to put the result in another way, it required,
according to circumstances, the consumption of
between 5 or 6 tons of Grass for the production of
1 ton of milk ; and if we reckon 6 parts of Grass for
1 of milk, and 30 tons of Grass per acre, this would
give a gross return in value of milk at Sd. per gallon, of
something over 37^. per acre, or of about 25s. per ton,
of Grass consumed. Journal of the English Agricul-
tural Society.

POULTRY REARING AND MANAGEMENT
ON AN ORDINARY FARM.
[The following is Mrs. F. Somerville's Prize Essay on this
subject, published in the "Journal of the English Agri-
cultural Society."]

It is the writer's aim to make this Essay as plain
and as brief as is possible when details are given,
that it may be suitable to the requirements of a
servant, or any one desirous to obtain a practical
knowledge on the management of poultry ; since it is

* The value of the milk. " exclusive of oilcake," is reckoned
by deducting the cost of the cake consumed, less the estimated
value of the manure it yields, from the gross value inclusive
of oilcake ; and the amount of milk, " exclusive of oilcake,"
by deducting from the gross amount of milk with oilcake at the
i-ate of one gallon for every Hd. of deducted value. Such estimates
ai'e, however, obviously only approximations to the truth.

the fruit of long and careful experience, gained by
daily practice, it is not too much to hope that the same
happy results that attended the labours of the writer
may also requite those who may feel disposed to follow
the advice herein laid down. It is intended to point
out the best system with regard to the breeding, rear-
ing, and general management of poultry, more than to
dwell upon and describe minutely the different breeds
of which so many works now treat. There are few
creatures that conduce more to man's comfort than
domestic poultry, whether he be in health or sickness ;'
and, considering how interesting and profitable is the
occupation, it is astonishing how few young people
there are who make poultry their study, or even
bestow upon it the attention it would so well repay.
What a lesson of industry, vigilance, patience, perse-
verance, care, and affection, may be learned from the
parent hen, that " gathereth her chickens under her
wings " !

Geneeal Remaeks.
There is no doubt that poultry may be kept
and managed so as to produce a profit on all farms
where corn and Potatos, or even Swede Turnips
are grown, as the light or inferior grain cannot be
sent to market in a more profitable shape than as
well-fed poultry ; but, like all other farming stock,
it requires constant care and attention ; and if you
expect a full remuneration for your trouble, you
must adopt a good system of management, and see that
it is properly carried out in ail points, from first to
last. I do not think it would pay upon a small farm
to keep a regular paid attendant ; that occupation must
be united with other employment, unless it is managed
as a business, and first-class poultry is bred and kept
for exhibition, so that fancy prices can be obtained.
Any sharp lad can, under proper directions and occa-
sional supervision, look after and feed adult poultry,
but to breed and rear successfully requires some expe-
rience. One would not think of trusting sitting birds
or their young to youth ; they require watching closely
to keep the different broods steadily thriving; any
check at this stage is a wasteful loss of time, and invites
disease, whereas prevention is more important and
more easily attainable than cure. The coops and
sitting-house should be near the homestead, so that the
farmer's wife, daughter, or at all events a confidential
servant, may, without much loss of time, attend to
those two principal points, thus getting a nice change
from the sameness of indoor occupation.

Common Fowls.

Breeding.— Vfhets there is defect, there is com-
monly a cause which may be traced out ; and such ;
is the case with breeding poultry. One of the greatest
hindrances to rearing is unskilful breeding. How |
frequently do we hear of large numbers of the young '
dying without any apparent cause ; but I generally
find on inquiry into such cases that they have
been bred from old birds and without an infusion of
fresh blood in the stock for years ; or that pullets' eggs
have been set ; in which case, should there be chickens,
they are weak and delicate, and seldom attain perfec-
tion. I keep five pure breeds of the common fowls,
viz. : — Grey Dorking, Brahma Pootra, Game, Spanish,
and Moonies, and breed all the year round. For stock
fowls I select the very best birds of the different breeds
and mate them according to age, and with due regard
to consanguinity ; that is, of the same age, if two years
old ; or hens one year old, and cocks two ; or vice versa ;
taking care that they are not too near akin, and that
fresh blood be introduced, on one side at least, every
two years, and never allowing more than five hens to
one cock. My early and late chickens for table pur-
poses are bred from the Grey Dorking hen by a Game
cock, and the Brahma Pootra hen by a Dorking cock,
mated as aforesaid, which two crosses will answer the
most sanguine expectations — the Brahma and Dorking
especially-^and those who do not care to keep a pure
breed or wish to exhibit, cannot, I believe, select more
valuable fowls : they are not to be excelled as parents,
layers, or sitters: their eggs are large, and the birds
very good for the table. I have not the least difficulty
in rearing chickens from any of the above-named
breeds, and feel convinced that success depends upon
the breeding and feeding. I find that the cross-breds
stand the winter months better than the pure breds,
and therefore prefer the former to the latter, because
of the high prices they will command at that season of
the year. The question is often asked. What kind of
fowls will pay the best to keep ? The answer depends
entirely upon the purpose for which they are chiefly
kept. If for laying, I prefer the Moonies, having had
pullets of that breed which have laid for 12 months,
not missing more than two days a week. They are a
good-sized fowl, and are handsome withal j but as table
fowls, I should make choice of the Dorking or Game,
or the cross-breds, before alluded to.

The Matching or Sitting House. — To some persons
it would appear quite absurd to think of setting
hens where they have not been accustomed to lay:
but " where there's a will there's a way." The
sitting-house is really a most important apart-
ment, necessary to insure the successful hatching
of poultry ; for how frequently do we see hens spoil
their eggs by forsaking the nest when they ai'e
allowed to sit where they are hourly interrupted, and
perhaps driven off their nests by other hens wishing to
lay. To prevent all this, a separate apartment is
required for sitting hens. It should be divided into
compartments, of sufficient size to contain a nest for
one hen, and so arranged that the hen can be secured
on the nest by a lattice-door, allowing plenty of air;
or the following plan may be adopted. The nests
(14 inches wide, 14 inches high, and 16 inches from
front to back) may range in two tiers along the lower
part of a house (8 or 10 feet by 6), each nest being
provided with a loose wooden door, reaching within
3 inches of the top, so as to admit of ventilation at ths i

NOVEMBEH 16, 18B7.]

THE GARDENERS' CHIIONICLE AND AORKJUETUUAL (iAZETTl

1177

samo lime that tho heu is secured on the nest;, the
door wlien closed is Btted into a (,'roove at one end and
fastened with a wooden button at the other ; earih
button fastens two doors, and each door is num-
bered with i)aint, the corresponding; number
beinj; painted on the facia of each nost. I
never set less than three hens at one time, and that
number may always bo had broody in tho course of a
week or ten days by leaving a few spoilt e};gs in the
nests where tho hens you wish to set are accustomed
to lay. The broody hens should bo managed thus :—
IJurinR the day make as many nests as you require in
the sitting-house, with clean, soft, bruised straw,
underneath which, during the summer months only,
place a green sod; when evening arrives place the
broody hens thereon, and put under each hen three or
four t-rial eggs (which should be kept for tho purpose
marked with ink), taking care to handle the hens
dexterously, placing one hand underneath the breast,
holding the legs in the other hand, and carrying them
upright : otherwise have a convenient basket for the
purpose. Feed the newly-set hens as usual with the
others, and in all probability at the end of two days
they will have taken to the nests, in which case, when
olT feeding, on the third morning, place tho eggs for
sittinf? under each hen, and label each nest, naming
the kmd of eggs, and date when set. On the evening
of the eighth day after setting take a lighted candle,
and, holding tho eggs up to the light, observe if they
appear quite clear ; if so, they are sterile or addle, for
the eggs containing birds will appear opaque. It may
happen, should there bo many addle eggs, that two of
the hens will sit the remaining eggs of the three; and
one can be again set with fresh eggs as before, and so
on during the year. The sterile eggs should be marked
as trial or nest eggs, or boiled as food for chickens, so
that none need be wasted. As each sitting hen is now
secured upon her nest, as many only at a time as may
be most convenient can be let off to feed, which should ;
be done early every morning inside the sitting-house ;
with closed door, allowing them to remain off the nests
15 or 20 minutes, and takingcare that ea<'li hen returns
to the proper nest. Give water, with grain in its
natural state, but not with soft food. During the
summer months, or dry, windy March, and about a
week previous to hatching, take a little warm water,
and, when the hens are off their nests, sprinkle the
eggs therewith ; this will greatly assist Nature in the,
process of hatching, as the eggs are often very dry in ,
hot weather : this, as a rule, applies to all kinds of
poultry.

Feeding. — It is neither necessary nor desirable to
go into the market for expensive feeding stuff; still,
there are several kinds of food not ^rowu upon the
farm which yet are cheap and useful in the rearing of
young poultry, or putting into condition birds
intended for exhibition. One of the cheapest of these, I
if properly prepared, is rice ; it can be bought at IW.
per lb., or even less : preference should be given to the
small gi'ain, or fine Rice, which should be prepared in ;
the following manner, viz. :— to 6 quarts of boiling
water add 2 lb. of Rice, and let boil for 10 or 15
minutes, according to the size of the grain ; when
sufficiently boiled, pour it into a hair sieve, and when
cold mix with as much Oats or Barley-meal as will,
when stirred lightly round with the hand, give it the
appearance of small, well-dusted pills; each grain being
then separate, it will be very convenient for and is|
greedily devoured by young birds, and being very
digestible, is an invaluable food for them. Another
kind of food for younij birds is prepared by boiling
two or three eggs untd quite hard, afterwards chop
fine, adding two or three handfuls of stale bread-
crumbs; mix well together, so that the one cannot be
eaten without the other. This may be thought
expensive food, but as the consumption by young
birds is at first very small, I always consider a little
extra keep is not thrown away on them ; you are
forcing and growing birds that will repay you for all,
and at no distant date. Another description of
food is Indian and Barley meal, in equal quantities,
slaked with boiling water or milk, and served cold ; it
cannot be surpassed as food for small chickens, and
answers admirably given alternately with the rice and
egg prepared as aforesaid. The youngest chickens I
keep near the house, and feed very sparingly every two
hours throughout the day, giving little or no water, as
I find over-drinking spoils the appetite and brings on
indigestion, which generally terminates in death. As
they grow and become strong they should by degrees
be put upon the same food as adults, and any that
promise to make prize birds are then transported to a
run specially kept for the purpose, to which of course
a little extra feed is carried. The adult poultry I feed
twice a day with light Wheat, Oats, or Barley, given
alternately with boiled Potatos, or Turnips mashed up
with ground Oats or Barley-meal, and I will guarantee
this feed to keep them in good condition and to
produce plenty of eggs. Care should be taken in not
supplying more food than is eaten, otherwise much
may be wasted, as is often the case ; and I think if
profit be looked for more poultry should not be kept
than can be conveniently and well cared for and fed
with the produce of the farm, except, as I have before
mentioned, in reference to young birds or those
intended for exhibition.

Home Correspondence.

Lime for Wheat and other Crops. — I have read with
some interest, but not without some surprise, the
elaborate reasoning o( your correspondent '" G.,'' on
the apjilication of lime for Wheat in a late Aiiricid-
itiral Gazette. " G." says " Turnips will not plant
after a crop of Vetches." Now, some of the best
rough-leaved Turnips I have ever grown, and I have
grown a great many such crops, under very varied cir-
cumstances, were after heavy crops of Vetches. I can

say tho same as regards Swedes and other varieties of
tho Brassica tribes, when transplanted in the ground
from which tho Vetches were just newly removed.
With these facts so strongly impressed on my mind, I
suspect I am equally justified in questioning others of
" G.'s " theories, however plausibly laid down. If I
have read his letter rightly ho argues as if tho nso of
lime in such cases had reference only to the organic
matters in tho soil, as if ignoring the existence of
all inorganic matters of every kind which other scien-
tific men tell us, and of which experience leads us to
believe, that lime acts a salutary part in correcting
the evil effects, besides bringing into action
their latent powers, by chemical agency, together
with tho mechanical action limo is believed
to promote. Now, let mo ask "G.," does not lime
exercise a salutary innuence in counteracting the evil
effects of protoxide of iron when found in excess in
lands rendered totally barren by it, but which when limed
produce tho finest Wheats and other crops ? Again,
does lime take any part in the deltris of our rocks,
containing potash, soda, silica, and several other
inorganic substances, useless until acted ujion by lime ?
Some chemists tell us it does, and that it is the action
of lime which has produced such wonderful effects
in rendering them highly fertile, instead of being, as
they were before its use, all but barren for agricultural
purposes. Ajjain, does not lime play an important
part in our still heavy soils in rendering them porous,
and open to the ameliorating influences of atmospheric
air and rain for the lauds, and in rendering our too
porous soils impervious to the powerfully absorbing
rays of scorching suns and withering north-easterly
winds ? Chemists tell us that limo when properly
applied, and in a fit state for such application, does all
these things. I could multiply such questions to a
greater length, and thus further open the way for your
correspondent setting me right, perhaps from not
having fully understood the meaning of all he wished
to convey for an improvement. In conclusion, I will
point to the undoubted depreciation in the corn crops
of the present day in Ireland, wliero in high farming
the conductors of it use but little lime beyond what is
contained in their stimulating manures, compared
with the crops grown on the same lands time
immemorial by the " low farming " of the old-fashioned
fellows, who used lime abundantly, indeed I may say
in some cases to excess, because of their ignorance of
science. Fingal^ Oct. 28.

Sheep Trough. — A correspondent, in a late Agri-
cnltural Gazette, desires to be informed of a good
description of rack or trough for feeding sheep
in the field. My ^ experience leads me to state
that it is most desirable to combine trough and
rack in one. A sheep trough to be of real service
should possess strength and weight, and these
qualities make it an expensive article. A sheep rack
is either a fragile, rude piece of manufacture, well
adapted to cause waste and loss of fodder, or it is a
cumbersome costly affair, inconvenient to feed from
and almost immovable. AVell, then, as you must
incur a certain outlay if you will have a serviceable
article, I would suggest something after the character
of the drawing I now send. My design ensures two
essential desiderata in open-air feeding, viz., protection
for the food in the trough from weather, and ease in
removing it from place to place. I believe it to be
sufficiently strong for all practical purposes, and so
simple in construction that any hedge carpenter might
put it together ; and, lastly, that by buying the mate-
rial right, the cost of tho trough need not exceed the
sum of 35s., which to those versed in such matters is
not extravagant. /. Lynch Fletcher. [The drawing
represents a sheep-trough and rack, combined, 9 feet
long, IG inches wide in the bottom, with 6 inch splay
sides, topped by 3-inch upright strips (projecting at
both ends as handles, and tied together by cross-iron
ties, about 30 inches from the ends). These strips
carry on each side 11 vertical wooden bars, about 13
inches long, and united by corresponding horizontal
strips at top, which carry tho roof of 18-inch boards,
with hinged flaps in the middle of their length, through
which the rack and trough may be filled. The cost
is to be under 35j. ; the material to be common
Spruce or Larch; inch board lor the two ends, the
bottom, and the sides. One or two pair of wheels as
desired.]

Mr. Mechi and his Crop Reports. — [We have two
letters this week, the one from " An Old Farmer and
Land-agent," and the other from " West Indian ; "
wo must be content with simply describing them, and
then close our columns to a subject which has been
sufliciently discussed. The former says " that he is
satisfied, but without attributing anything wilfully
dishonourable to Mr. Mechi, that he had not grown on
his small occupation an average of 600 quarters of corn,
and 400 tons of roots ; but if ' West Indian ' believes
he has, he is welcome to that belief. Let him prove
that these crops are such as Mr. Mechi (believing the
statement of his people) writes they are, and I and my
friends will thank him. All we want are facts."
" West Indian," referring to a paragraph in p. 1154,
declares that the "Old Farmer's" long letter,
there described, was not wanted. " My question
did not require a long letter of explanation, neither did
I ask him to tell me if Tiptree Farm was part of a
heath or not, nor of the probabilities of estimates;
but had he gone to the farm he might have told us the
difference between his estimates and Mr. Mechi's.
And why talk of professional engagements, when he stated
in a letter he ' determined to stop some time near the
renowned Tiptree Hall ? ' Df) professional engage-
ments shield him or any other man from being asked
why he accuses another man in a public journal of
untruthfulness on the private testimony of others?"
He adds : — " As one of a goodly number who have
returned from the colonies and taken to farming, not
merely as an amusement but to make our rents and as

much more as we can — reading your Agricultural
Gazette, endeavouring to cull from tho accounts there
imblished (by such men as Messrs. Lawes, Mechi, and
many more, and may they increase) tho mode of treating
tho soil, stock, &c., as jiractical men only cau give,
— I say that it deteriorates much from the value
and trustworthiness of such reports if wo find a
correspondent (admitted in almost every impression
of your journal) thus publicly challenged, or I ought
to say accused of untruthfulness in his writing, and
that not on the testimony of tho accu.scr, but of a
third nameless party. ' lie declines to inciuiro for
jiublication, itc.,' but can at tho .same time uso a lot of
private gossip for tho public accusation of a gentleman
to whom the fanning public are much indebted. And
it does not rest here, for if 'An Old I'armer and
Agent's' letters are tho truth, then, I ask, what becomes
of Mr. Mechi's book, ' How to Farm I'rolitably ? '
' Morton's Encyclopicdia ' is now before mo, and at
p. 824, vol. ii., under 'Sewage Manure* (a most per-
plexing question), there is a plan of Tiptree farm, and
an explanatory article written by ' J. J. M.' I read it
as Mr. Mechi ; is that true or not ? What does your
correspondent ' Miles ' think of Mr. Mei:hi's book now?
I will only repeat your own words ; ' We hope it may
bo long before our agricultural periodicals shall
cease to publish Mr. Mechi's thoughts on agriculture,
or our agricultural meetings shall miss his hearty
face and fluent (and, permit me to add, truthful)
tongue.'"]

Sheep Breeding. — When breeding ewes are selected
they should be put on Rape for at least a fortnight
before the tujis are admitted to them. What the
stimulating effects of Rape are on the generating
system of sheep is not well understood, but the result
in all cases is a great increase of lambs; the tups,
either one or two-shear, should be in excellent
condition, 00 or 70 ewes being the number for each
ram. October is generally chosen when the rams,
smeared on the breast, are allowed to run i^ith them.
Each ewe should be numbered and entered in the
shepherd's book ; according as they show marks of
being served, the dates are noted down. When all are
served, the ram should be smeared blue, to distinguish
such ewes as take him a second time. After the
process of gestation has been completed the ewes should,
the first thing in the morning, be turned on a piece of
poor pasture until two or three in the afternoon ; they
should then be drawn on a tolerable good feed for the
night (which greatly prevents them proning to the
ram a second time), for about a fortnight, care being
taken that they should not grow too fat, as this
weakens the lambs, destroys the milking qualities,
and frequently causes inflammation. Sheep go with
young from 20 to 22 weeks. A fortnight before this
period is reached, such ewes as arrive at it should be
removed to a sheltered paddock where a good bite is
preserved, and where huts to shelter themselves and
their young are provided. Another open shed should
be erected for the hardier-grown lambs and their dams,
where some Turnips or Rape could be given. After
this, as the lambs grow strong, the ewes should be
driven daily to a Turnip field and drawn off at night.
As the lambs gain strength the best food for ewes is
Italian Rye-grass, with a bite of green Rye sown for
the purpose. When lambs are a month or five weeks
old they should be castrated ; cool weather should
always be chosen, if possible, for the purpose. Three
persons are required, one to catch the lambs in the
pens and hand them to another, who holds them for
the operator. The holder should keep the lamb high
on his left breast, with the fore and hind legs of each
side grasped firmly in each hand, to prevent it
struggling ; the head should lay back on tne holder's
shoulder, and the bag be fairly exposed. There are
different modes of performing the operation ; the best
is considered to be the making an incision in the bag
overeach testicle, and causing the stone to protrude with
the hand, when it is pulled out with the teeth; but I
have seen them simply cut with the knife and well done,
healing taking place much sooner. The tail should be
docked at the same time. After this operation the
lambs should be kept quiet, not driven or heated by
dogs or men. Sheep-shearing should be commenced
about May, according to the warmth of the weather.
About four or six days before chpping, the sheep
should be thoroughly washed, to free the wool as much
as possible from dirt. The best place for washing is in
a deep pool in a river having a clean gravelly bottom ;
on the bank pens should be set up to hold the sheep to
be handed to the men in the water; two men should
then wash the sheep, hand them to another man
standing higher up : he should then wash the head,
dive the sheep under water, and lead it to the slip or
passage out. Sheep after washing should be kept on a
clean pasture free from clay or banks of earth, which
tarnish the fleeces. "When sheared, the fleeces should
be carefully folded up and stored away until disposed
of. The weaning of lambs should be about July, or
soon after they are noticed to feed ; the ewes should
be moved to a poor pasture out of the hearing of the
lambs, and the poor feed will greatly assist in
reducing their milk. The lambs should be removed to
an old cow pasture or Clover-lea, particular care being
taken that they are not left on land previously
depastured by sheep, from which a young braird is
springing up ; if so, scour is apt to set in and death to
follow, despite all the efforts of the shepherd. /. J.,
Woolverton Fark.

Apple i'MMzce.— This is the refuse from the manu-
facture of cider, and in some counties, like Hereford-
shire, Devonshire, and Somersetshire, this refuse must
often be very large in quantity, and I was not aware of
its having been jiut to any use until lately, when there
appeared in the " Scientific Review " the following
paragraph on the subject; " The waste of Apples and
Pears after the manufacture of cider and perry has
hitherto been, if not a cause of positive inconvenience,

11T8

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND ACRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOTEMBEH 16, 1867.

a material of little or no use, but it has recently been
employed in France in the production of gases for
illumination. A ton of the refUseyields about 2500 cubic
feet of gas, which is perfectly free fl'bm sulphur, and
therefore has no effect on paint or gilding : which
burns without smell, aiid has tm extremely high
illuminating power. The apparatus required for its
production is very simple, consisting merely of a fur-
nace, a still-bead, and an apparatus which serves for a
washer, purifier, and gas-holder. The heat employed
does not exceed 560° Pahr., or about one-sixth of that
necessary for the destructive distillation of coal." This
led me to examine its value, both as food for stock, and,
when burnt, its value as manure. The following are
the results of the examination :—

Composition of dried Apple Pumice, dried at 212* Fahr.

Oil 1,25

Protein, or flesh-forming pnnclplea .. .. .. 11.97

Gum, sugar, starch, and respiratory principles .. 33.14
Fibre 53.64

100.00
Nitrogen 1.92

In the state i first obtained it (about two days from
the press), it contained about 58.30 of water; and,
calculated in that state, its composition is :—

TVater SaSO

Protein components 4.94

Respiratory principles 12.44

Oil .92

I'ibre 22.15

Ash 1.65

100.00

Oompoaition of the Ash. Per cent.

liiBoluble siliceou.s matter . . , . 54.943

SBluble „ ,, .. .. 1.974

Oxide of iron and alumina .. .. 4.227

iime 7.978

Magnesia . . . . a traqa

Potash 11.664

Soda 6.274-

Sulphuric acid l.Sil

Phosphoric ,, 5.479

Carbonic 4.080

Chlorine 829.

Loss 729

100.00
In looking, then, at the composition of the Apple
Pumice in its natural state as it comes from tho press,
we see it contains a fair proportion of respiratory
principles, such as gum and sugar, &o., a small quan-
tity of oil and protein compounds (or flesh-forming
principles), with a large amount of water and fibre.
The former will vary, according to the length of time
the Pumice has been pressed out. I have been in the-
habit of allowing the Pumice to remain about one week
under cover, and then the horses and pigs will eat
nearly the whole of it with great relish, and it forms
an agreeable variety of food for them. The following
Table will show the feeding value of Apple Pumice in
comparison with various roots : —

borne, instead of the land exclusively. He wants the'
community who require rehgious instruction, and not
the Ifind, to pay for it. He wants those who use the
roads to pay for their repair, and not the land. He
wants the community who require guardian.ship and
protection to pay for it, aiid not the land. He wants
every employer ofthepoorto contribute to suirport the
iiged, the indigent, and infirm, and not the land. He
wants to be rid of the Land-tax if other real property is
to go free. He wants to be rid of the Malt-tax, that
enormous incubus upon one of the best products of his
farm. Barley: He wants to grow more Barley, because
Ertglish Barley yields more spirit than that of any
other country. He wants a better price for his inferior
Barley, which the Malt-tax denies him. He wants
efficient protection from the introduction of fbreigti
diseases to his stock. He wants greater attention to
be paid to the cheaper and more extensive importation
of foreign manures, food, &c. He wants a restoration
of lost power to the class to which he belongs. He
wants to be better represented in Parliament than at
present. He wants the agricultural interest to resume
or regain the power it once possessed in Parliament. He
wants the peers and country gentlemen to assert and
uphold the high position and influence they formerly
possessed in Parliament. He wants the farmers of
England to send into the House of Commons a firm
ana independent body of tenant-farmers and others,
pledged to uphold and promote the best interests of the
tenaiitrj' of the kingdom. He wants their annual
products, amounting to nearly 400,000,000^., to be
thought worthy to be more fully represented. 0. F.

Apple

Pumice

in natural

st,atc

Mangels.

S^vodcs.

Water

Flesh-forming substances

Gum, sugar, &c

Fibre

58.30

4.94

12.44

22 15

87.78
1.54
6.10
2.50
.90

None

89.460
1.443
5.932
2 542

Ash

Oil

'1-

.623
None

100.00-

WO.OO

100.000

Seeing that it is the custom where large quantities of
cider are made to burn the Pumice to get rid of it, I
think the above analysis will show it to be a very need-
less waste of a useful article of foodi especially as nearly
all animals will eat it, and do fairly well on it. S. T
Kensington, F.R.A.S., F.C.S., Ilminster.

The Farmers JFaji^s.— Agricultural : He wants to
be well read in every dep.artment of modem agri-
culture ; its improvement in culture, manures, crops.
Grasses, stock-feeding stufls, and management of
horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, &c., and capital and
skill to make the best of his knowledge. He wants full
liberty, as an occupier of land, to cultivate, graze, and
manage it in such a way as to produce the largest and
most profitable return without deteriorating its value. |
He wants activity, energy, and perseverance to procure
the best varieties of grain and pulse for seeding, the
best sorts of seed for his green crops, the best manures
fot- his land, the best stock for fattening, the best for
breeding, the best for labour, the best foods for fattening
and general service. He wants determination to carry
out the best ideas of practice, with correct judgment
atid a liberal, unsparing hand. He wants the hiost inti-
mate knowledge of the condition and capabilities of
every acre under his management. He wants to apply
manures and culture in suflicient abundance to satisfy
every requirement. He wants to grow profitable crops
without stint; if so, his land must know no want of
power, or culture, or fertiUty, or management. He
therefore wants to be rid of all restrictive covenants as
to management except that bis land shall not be dete-
riorated in value, but continue to improve under snch
liberal culture. Social : He wants a good respectable
home, a suitable and convenient farm steading, with
the best modern appliances for housing and care of his
stock, threshing his corn, securing his roots, making
his manure. He wants cottages for his workmen and
convenience for their comfort, gardens for their use and
welfare. Political : He wants relieving from the very
many payments exclusively enforced upon land. He
wants to have the poor rate, the nighway rate,
the county rate, the tithe more equitably distri-
buted over the general community. He wants the
populattion to bear the various- burthens to Be

Highland and Agbicultuhal.— At the monthly
meeting of the directors of this Society, money pre-
miums for the Aberdeen show, 186S. to the amount of
about 1300/., were allocated to the different classes of
stock. In the poultry class, 65 silver and 65 bronze
medals were recommended. At the request of the
Aberdeen district, 50 sovereigns were appropriated as a
special prize for the best thoroughbred entire horse.
The days of the show were suggested to be the 38th,
29th, and 30th July.

Proposed Show at Edinhnfgh in 1869. — A requisition
for a show to be held at Edinburgh in 1869, signed by a
number of members of the Society, w;us submitted to
tlie meeting of the Board on the 9tb of October, when
the directors resolved to recommend to the next general
meeting to comply with the request, and remitted to
the Committee on General Shows to suggest the classes
of stock for which premiums will be afterwards offered.
At the last meeting of the Committee, the classes
were named, and subsequently approved of by the
directors, the list to be submitted to a meeting of
members in the district of the proposed show^ — namely,
the counties of Edinburgh, Haddington, and Lin-
lithgow.

Veterinari/ CoUeye, — The opening of the session
1807-68, on "the 30th of October, by an inaugural
address from Professor Williams, and the induction of
Mr. McBride to the new Chair of Cattle Pathology,
which took place the same day, were reported.

District Shows. — The various reports of local com-
petitions which have taken place during the current
year in almost every county in Scotland in connection
with the Society, were referred to the Committee in
charge of that department ; and, at the same time, to
consider the applications for new grants for ISOS.

Cultivation hij Steam Fonvr. — Copies of queries to
be answered by farmers as to the cultivation of land by
horse power, which have been extensively circulated in
Scotland, were laid on the table. The answers are to
be returned before the 31st of December, and will form
part of the report on steam cultivatiou, which has been
for some time in charge of a special committee of the
Society.

S3IITHFIE1,D Club ; Council Meeting, Kov. 6. —
Present ; Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood, Presi-
dent, in the chair ; the Earl of Hardwick, A''.P. ; Lord
Berners, V.P. ; Lord Walsingham, V.P. ; Lord Trede-
gar, V.P. ; Messrs. Baldwin, Bea,sley, Clayden, Duck-
ham, Joseph Druce, Walter ]?arthing, Brandreth Gibbs
(Hon. Secretary). C. Howard, Hornsby, Milward E.
W. Moore, Painter, Eigden, C. Sewell, Bead, M.P.,
Professor Simmonds, E. Smith Torr, Twitchell.

The minutes of last Council meeting were read and
confirmed.

A memorial, signed by several salesmen, in reference
to the slaughter of animals within the metropolitan
district, was laid befbre the Council. It was deter-
mined not to ask, in favour of the Club Show, any
special relaxation of cattle plague regulations made by
the Privy Council in this respect.
Resolved : —
That the Hon. Secretary be empowered to apply for tho

nece.ssary license for hulding the Show.
That the President and officers be empowered to sign on
behalf of the Council such an undertaking as may be
required by the local authorites guaranteeing that tiie
Orders of Privy Council shall be carried out.
That the almission orders be not furnished to .any
exhibitor until he has signed a guarantee to the Club to
tho like effect, also to hold the Club and its officers
harmless in reg.aixi of any compen.s.ation in the event of
the slaughter of the anim.als in consequence of .any case
of cattle pLauue occurring within the exhibition.
That a Comittee be appointed, consisting of the stew.ards,
JIi., Claydon, Professor Simonds, and'the Hon. Secret-ary,
to make the necessary regulations in respect to cattle
conveyances, the .appointment of an officer to receive
and is.sue the market licenses, ifec.
That the Hon. Secretary apply to the Royal Veterinary
College fer the necessary veterinary staff.

On the motion of Lord Walsingham, seconded by
Mr. DrucBj the President was requested to lay the
following resoluttoBS before th6' Privy Council, as

recommendations from the Council of the Smithfield
Club:-

" That all foreign Fat Stock be slaughtered at the-plfccB of'

landing,"
" That Sheep be excluded in the present quarantine-
regulations for Store Stock."

The Council selected the Judges for the ensuing
Show. Mr. Boberf; Smith was elected a Steward' of
Live Stock for the present Show, in lieu of the late
Mr. Edward Pope. Mr. Joseph Druce was elected a
Steward of Implements in lieu of Mr. Robert Over-
man, who is prevented acting this year in consequence
of ill health.

The Council prepared a house-list of the eight
members whom they proposed for election on the
Council in place of those who will retire by rotation.

The necessary order was given for the Silver Cups to
be presented at this year's Sho-n-.

Letters were read and answers directed to be-
returned.

The following were elected Members of the Club :—
John Headj of Gracechureh Street; C. E. Amos, of
Cedars Road, Clapham Common ; the Marquis of
Exeter, of Burghley House, Stamford.

The best thanks of the meeting were voted to Major-
General the Hon. A. N. Hood, President, for hife aBlb
conduct in the chair.

AyhshirE ; KihnarnocJc Cheese Sholv, October 3.
— It is now 13 years since this show has been established,
and year by year, thanks to the energy of the secre-
taries, the Messrs. M'Murtrie, and to the zeal of the
working committee, it has risen in importance so much
that it is now the largest display of the kind in Europe
—indeed, in the world. In 18fi2 the entries of cheese
amounted to 470: in the following year they rose to
531 ; in 1864 they mounted up to 636 ; in 1865 they had
increased by 11 ; last year they reached 754, and this
year they have made a sudden spring to 1015. AjTsWre
dairies, as a rule, will make from 3 to 5 tons ; and the
dairies in Galloway from 5 to 15 tons annually. It will
probably, therefore, be safe to estimate that the speci-
mens exhibited the other day would give a total of
cheese in the hands of dairymen of about from 2000
to 3000 tons.

The quality of the cheese has been improving
with the increase of the quantity. At the exhi-
bition there were fewer bad or middling cheeses
than have been seen at any former display. There
was not so much improvement manifested in the
Ayrshire lots as in the others, but this is to be
accounted for by the fact that the season was Wet, cold,
and ungeuial, and that in the dairies in this county
they have not the same means of counteracting weather
effects that they have in Galloway. There is now a
strong competition with America in cheese, and our
cousins on the other side of the Atlantic are got so close
up to us that they are almost treading upon our heels,
although they have not so good a climate as We haVe
for producing that which is the poor man's "kitchen "
at all times, and the rich man's after-dinner luxury.
The reason why they are able to compete so success-
fully against us is, that they have much better premises
for the manufacture and the storage of cheese than
Ayrshire farmers have ; and it would be well if land-
lords in Ayrshire would assist their tenants in building
and fitting up structures for cheese-making on more'
scientific principles than the majority of these which
at present exist in the county. In Galloway they have
better appliances, and the consequence is that, with
perhaps little more than equal skill, they always con-
trive to carry away -with them not only the principal
but also the lion's share of the prizes.

As a proof of how proficient our dairymeri have now
become in the manufacture of cheese, it may be
mentioned that this year, in the open sweepstakes for
all competitors throughout the length and breadth of
the united kingdom, a Galloway man— Mr. Cowan-,
Mains of Park, Old Luce; Wigtownshire— carried off
the money, notwithstanding that he had to contend
against a man so famous in the cheese world as
Mr. Harding, whose county, Somersetshire, is noted
for the production of cheese made on the ChcddHT
method. If we mistake not, it was a namesake and a^
relative of his own who instructed the Ayr ahd
Galloway farmers in the system upon which Mt.
Harding was beaten at this show by no fewer than
four Scotch makers, although he had all the advantage
of long experience and a better climate. Indeed there is
now little difference to be observed between the best
of the Scotch and English dairies of Cheddar cheese.-
The first prize Cheddar in the open competition, belongs
ing to sir. Cowan, was acknowledged on all hands tO he
a very excellent example of the kind, possessing nhe-
fiavour, a handsome shape, good texture, and rare
keeping qualities.

'This year two counties were added to the list which
formerly had the right to compete — viz;, Lanark and
Renfrew; the restricted competitions formerly coin-
prisine only Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and
Dumfries. We cannot particulari.s-e all the various
classes into which the exhibition was divided. It is
sufficient to say that the prize cheeses in all the
sections were markedly good, and in all there was a
noticeable improvement, save in those from Ayrshire/
owing to causes which we have already indicated.

The sweet-milk cheese class, where no particular
method was imposed by the regulations of the Society,
was an uncommonly strong one, and the 1st prize
cheese, belonging to Mr. Hannay, Kirkmabreck, was
more than usually ggpd. There were some grand
cheeses in the competition for the prizes for cneese
made after the Dunlop method, but some excellent one*
had to be rejected by the judges, because they partottk
more of the character of the Cheddar.

The number of samples of butter exhibited were ritt
fewer than 330—1-06 more than they were in ISRO. Tho
quality of cured, powdered, and fresh alike waS in tfte

NOVKMHEB 16, 1867.]

THE fi \T^DENE1^S' rm^ONlCIE AKT) AGETniTTTmAr- HAZETTE.

1119

uniiiiimous opinion of tho judges firat-olxss, antl an
advanm upon even tho great excellonce of previous
J^CftrB. Scoh'man.

At tho dinner. Mr. Titiey, Bath, who was one of the
, judges in tho oneese department, made the following
useful and humorous remarks : —

I soo it 1h stjitod in the progiamme that it is piirticulnrly
doBired tbut ono of tiie jndgc9 in each dopartinont Hhinild ffivo
his views of tUc show, and mention any iuiprovuinoiit.s lie may
cnnHider rciiui.sifo. Thia, perhaps, will require from mu a littk-
oiun- Hpu:iknip: than ia usual on the part of persons lioMiii„'
tlir siliiation I now oeenpy. But 1 shall bo as brief as possible,
m.i ILat Itvevtty will be excused when 1 say that there is
ahiMst nothlni,' to find fault with. That which was said lli
niinths a?fo in this place hius homo fruit among tho dairy
fo roers of this and the surrounding eouutioa. Of courso, each
//I iitleman must answer for himself in the matter; hut I
• p ilk purely and entirely my own impressions. It will be
r, , nUected that last year there was a little passage of arms, if
Wi may oall it so, and I expressed a wish that tho cheese
uMiibl not bo quite 80 hard .and touj^h, and that it would lui

I i; mellow. We know that the saoritieo of one thing

invnivos the saeritieo of another. If cheese is siaircdit will
nut lie ripe so soon; and, eompariuff the protfiieo tiiis year
witli that of the corresponding pcnod last year, there is a
).Mi at improvement. The general public, the eousumei-s and
tile pioeitasem being the judges, much more ap[tiove of tho

,1 SI- sii'ti hel'e to-day than that shown hist year. That is

[tiM.-i i.f the satisfaction experienced. If th" proof o' the

(in-l-luif^ l)ts the eating o't. so also is it with cheese, which
I -rnis an import^mt article in the food of the people. .Tust at
111 - present time the papers are full of the subject. The groat
riiiiuilerer of the Press has been thunderintr away at it for a
iiiuiith past; but with all theirivisdom in that great esta-
Mishiiieut in London, which has a square to itself, they say
untiling' about cheese. Coi-n is important, as is also Wheat,
111 i-iuiso bread is the staff of life ; and meat comes next with
its powerful nutritious qualities and properties: but not a
wiTil is said of cheese, one of the most important articles with
w liirh farmers pay their rent. Now, while in Ireland the pig
[i.iys the rent, in Ayrshire, Somerset, Leicester, and Wor-
1 1 stLir, it is the choese that pays tho rent. If the gentlemen
interested will t.ako the trouble to read the two articles by
rmfossor Lyon Pl.ayfair, which thoy will find in the January
,ind February nuinber.s of " Good "Words " for IRG.j, they will
li id the value and importance to the countl-y at large of that
s.irnutiraos despised article — cheese. Yon desire to know
--^uniethink' of the trade at the present time. So far .as my
views gp, I say, do not be disheartened because yovi have had
H time of great prospeiity and high prices and then there
happens to be a cheek. It isin the nature of tliintis.- We can-
not suppose that things will alwa.vs yield the same amount
year after year. There are many causes for this. The piin-
(lipal cause is the high price of gr.ain. As it rises cheese falls,
and as it falls cheese rises in price, beciiuse to a certain extent
eirnismoro necessary as food for the people. Besides, the
high price of cheese recently stimulated the production of
more cheese, it having been the desire of every farmer, seeing
the market up and the prices obtained last year, to throw all
his energies into the bringing of cheese into the market.
Ametieati cheese has touched its lowest fii,'ure, and Xew York
consignees won't send any more here at present prices, so that
there is hope for an increased value in our home-made kanes.
(^ue thing of importance I must say. It is hopeless for Ayr-
shire farmers making inferior cheese. Thel'C is no demand for
skim and half-skitnmed lots. Time Was when it was con-
sumed by poor people, but now it won't be fcikcn even b.v
poorhonscs. My advdce to farmei-s who attempt that species
of manufacture is to give the milk so used to the hogs, aa in
that c:ise they would be far better off in the long run. 'The
fact ife, people will not eat it now.

rkrmers' Clubs.

North WalsHaM : Nov. l.— T/ie Ai/rifiilfilral
JjftboHrer : /tis Edtwation and Voratioij — Mi'. C. S,
Kead, M.P., thus addressed tlie Prizo-takers of the
Tmistead and Happins Agricultural Libourers'
Association: — Instead of talking to you about the
gbod of these societies, and making that the ground-
work of my address, I propose to enlarge upon two
subjects of very great importance, which are in reality
strongly connected now, and will be more so hereafter
— I mean education and wages.

Education.

Education is now permissive — that a man may
or may not educate his children ; but it may be
ooinpulsory hefore very long. All other industries
have been interfered with, and we are told our turn is
to come next. There are the Factory Acts, which have
just been extended to other trades. By these Actsj no
child can be employed under eight ; and from eight to
thirteen the child must spend a portion of its time at
school, if employed at any work. But the heat, dust, and
smell of a factory, and the close confinement, render
most of these employments somewhat unhealthy,
particularly for children. This cannot be said of
farm-work, for there the child has plenty of pure air,
with_ exercise that is not often laborious ; so that the
restrictions which are likely to be imposed will he
directed rather to improving education th.an limiting
the amount of the hours of labour. Any restriction
upon juvenile labour will fall heavily upon the man
with five or six children under twelve years of age;
but as the chief restriction will doubtless refer to the
ImiUy-educated children, I hope the fear of it will act
IIS :ui additional inducement to send your children to
siihuul early and regularly, so that they may read by
I'iglU or nine years old. 1 contend that the present
\\sleiu of education is generally ample, if made the
in ist of; our schools are increasing everywhere (thanks
■|iiii.illy to the clergy), and there is now h.irdly a
1 1 ge district in which there is not a g lod school within
I ' I'll of the agricultural labourer — a school at which
Ills children can be educated at the cost of one penny a
week, though the cost to those who provide it is often
as much a& ninepence and is seldom under sixpence for
each scholar. There is a complaint, and there is good
ground for it, that children are not sent regularly to
school, and that they leave it too young. There is
little excuse for removing a girl from school till she is
eleven or twelve years old : she is seldom wanted for
home domestic duties before that age, and is hardly of
any us^i upon a farm when she is so young. With the
boys it is different— they must bend their backs to
laliour and develop their muscles while they are of

tender years ; they must become accustomed to horses
and stock, and know what farm-work really is. A boy
that can handle a sptid well will more easily learn the
proper use of the spado and the draining-tool ; if ho is
handy with a hoe, that prepiires him afterwards for the
scythe and pitchfork ; while, if ho is skilful with
the turnip-knilo, ho will the more readily loarn
how to handle the axo and the bill-hook, and
even if ho can ride the fore-horse, will more easily
learn to drive horses in tho vv.aggon or at the plough.
I contend if a hoy can read at the ago of nine, th;it is
tho age at which ho should go to field labour; and by
attending Sunday school and night-schools, he can
retain and, if he will try, improvo his education. A
great many stupid things have been said against night-
schools— tiiat the hard-worked boys fall asleep over
their books, and they are too tired, too wet, or too
dirty to attend in tho evening or make any progress
with their studies. 'I'hn total change from tho labour
of the field to the work of the school-room for an hour
or two twice a week during the wintor months— when
the hours of farm work are short and the labour light
—cannot be otherwise than advantageous, and ought
to be pleasant. I believe that night-schools,
when properly managed, have done, and will do,
much good. I have in my young days taught
in them myself; and as to tho over-fatigue of
the lads, why, in the summer, when boys work
hard for 10 liours or more on the farm, you see
them in the evening playing cricket, or some other
game, most heartily, and tho men aie busily
employed in their allotments or gardens. So much for
general education : to my mind it is on the whole
satisfactory, but I wish it could be more practical and
special. Any education no doubt tends to make a
better man, but not necessarily a better labourer. We
must on no account undervalue education. You should
always remember that without it, it is almost impossible
to sensibly better your condition in life ; but we must
not expect too much from it. The childhood of the
labourer is too short, and the struggle to earn his bread
is too keen for him to hope to develop a good general
education. I always say that farmers' sons who leave
school at 11 or 16 had better learn some science that
will be useful on the farm than attempt Latin and
Grefek. Even 'wo of the middle-classes can't afford to
our boys the time which is necessary for a first-rate
education. Take my own case. If, instead of leaving
school very early and learning the practical work of
tho farm, I had been sent to a university and studied
till 1 was 21, I doubtless should have made a better
M.P., and delivered a better speech to you to-day ; but
J question if I should have made so good a farmer.
And I am one of those singular instances in which a
man is promoted to a higher station for no deserts or
even any desire of his own, but simply by the kindness
of his friends and the wish of a large con.stituency.

If anything more than reading, writing, and doing a
sum are attempted in our village schools, I should like
the biggest boys, instead of learning history and geo-
graphy, to be taught the first principles of mechanics —
not the construction of machines, but the proper, and
consequently the easiest, way to use farm tools and
implements. Something of this sort might do good,
for we have few means of instructing boys in the
skilled work of the field. Take, for instance, plough-
ing. In days of yore, the boys lived in the farmhouse,
and were often taught to plough ; but now, I fear that
we seldom attend to the training of our ploughboys,
though we do perhaps encourage awillinglad to handle
a plough in turning over our stubbles and Turnip-land
under "the superintendence of the team-man. It may
be that a smart boy will soon master the art of plough-
ing, and excellent societies like these step in and offer
rewards for such juvenile energy and skill. An ignorant,
plodding lad may by nerscvoranoe also overcome the
difficulties of cutting a straight furrow ; but surely a
little thought and knowledge to assist his eye and
hand will make him master it all the sooner. It
however, more than probable, without the
thought and observation, that lad may for years
only muddle his work, shoving and crowding the
plough about and doing half the work of the horses,
while the other fellow who uses his head will lay a
first-rate furrow though he seems hardly to touch his
plough, and walks behind it as upright as a drill-
serjeant. Again, we see a " bramble " hand-cutting off
a fence, slaving and chopping away, using a hook as if
it were a mattock, while another man will do the
work much better with half the expenditure of strength.
Ohce more, you have some wooden fellow cutting an
imder-drain as crooked as a dog's hind-leg, and heaving
out double the quantity of soil thtit is needed, while
tihe skilled workman cuts the clay an if it were butter,
does not trouble himself to remove a single ounce more
soil than is required, and cuts the drain evenly and
straight. Now, you will say all this requires great
skill, and can only be learned by long experience, and
can never be accomplished without a strong and steady
arm and a keen sharp eye. Granted ; but if a boy
learns something at school that he can carry into the
field, any lesson that will induce him to think over his
work, to make his mind help and save his hands, that
is the sort of education that is more likely to interest
him, and is sure to increa.se his natural intelligence,
and help to make him a skilled labourer.

Wages.
As to the actual wages now paid to the agricultural
I d)ourer, it is certainly increased considerably during
the past 15 or 20 years. As a boy I can remember that
the range of weekly wages never exceeded one-third of
a coomb of Wheat; so that three years ago, instead of
having O.s. or 10.?. a week, you would have been receiving
r,« or Si-., and now, instead of being 12s. aud 1.3s.,
w iges would not in these short days have exceeded ll.s.
And not only are wages raised, but the men are all
employed winter and summer too. There is no differ-

ence now between tho wages of the single and married
men, and you certainly work less hours in the day timn
you did, and I am equally sure thai, much of your
labour is not so severe as formerly. Hut tho rise in tha
rate of weekly wages is much less than tho inoreiise in
the pay of piece-work. I can remember when mowing
hay was is. (W. and 2.s. an acre, a.nd now it is .'is. aud
oven is. Draining, ditching, and booing are fully
30 per cent, dearer, and harvest wiigos, which seldom
were above hi., are now rarely under 0/. And you must
remember that task-work is the only test of cheap
labour. In some counties we hear the pay of the farm-
labourer is Is. (W., aud in others 2.t. M. a day, and yet
wo find that the prii^e of piece-work is about the same.
Roly upon it that where wages are so very cheap,
that besides less work being done, there are some
privileges — beer, cider, house-rent, garden-grouadt
firing, constant employment, Ac, &c. ; while, on
the other hand, high wages arc universally coupled
wilh dear house-rent, inoroasod cost of living,
more work, and longer hours. You know how
many of your neighbours who have migrated to London,
and earn perhaps double your wages, at the end of the
year are no richer than you are, wnile numbers of them
are now returning to their native county, which makes
labourers just at the present time unusually abundant;
On the stoppage of the Millwall and othership-building
yards last year, a large number of ship-wrights and
skilled artizans were thrown suddenly out of work, and
though they had been earning one and two pounds a>.
week, we are told that at the end of a fortnight tho
great majority of them had nothing to live upon. A
year or two ago, when labourers were so scai-ce in the
north .and wages were so high, some gentlemen came
round to Wymondham and took away 12 families that
were very badly employed as weavers there, paid all
their railway expenses and found them with plenty of
suitable work, and yet at the end of 12 months, five out
of those faiuilies returned, the men preferring 12.s. a-
week in Norfolk to the 20s. they had earned in the north
of England. And I once took a young fellow from this
county into Oxfordshire, where he received much
better pay; but he soon returned to Norfolk,
assigning as a reason for his departure, " that he
did not like baker's bread aud could get no light
dumplings!" Pray, don't misunderstand me: I
rejoice in your higher wages, and trust they will increase
more rapidly than they have hitherto done : not that
I wish all should be paid more for doing as little as a
man can in a day, but that the best hands should earn
more, especially at task work. I believe that the
daily w,iges thiit are current in Norfolk are about the
average of the agricultural wages in England. If you
take the weekly wages at 12s., they amount, with extra
earnings at piece-work, to at least 14s. a week, or 36^.
a year ; for the additional pay of harvest alone will be
Is. (id. a week if spread over the 12 months. Now, the
average income of all the working classes, including
artisans and mechanics, is 17s. per \veek])er family, or
HI. a. year. Mind, not 17s. a week for the man, but
his wife's and children's earnings as well ; and there
are very few of you, I apprehend, whose family does
not bring you in 3s. a week, and so raise your income
to the average wages of the working-cla-sses generally.
No doubt a certain amount of day-work must be done
on all farms. It is easiest for both master aud man ;
it requires less thought and judgment, and there is no
bother about measurement; but it has precisely the
same effect of trades' imions with the artizan classes,
for instead of allowing the best and most skilled
labourers to earn 2s. 6d. or 3s. a day, it brings him
down to an average hand, and at the same time elevates
some stupid lout, whom the farmer employs through
charity or necessity, to his level.

We farmers are told that the chief difliculty we
shall have to contend with in future years is the labour
question— that you labourers don't know your own
strength, and when you combine like trades' unionists
you will dictate your own terms to your employers.
Suppose you do; which I don't believe, for you are like
us farmers, and from being scattered over the country,
have not the means to congregate yourselves and formi
associations; but if you did foi-m unions for the protect
tion of the agricultural labourer, I believe you would
find that for common ordinary labour — I mean
strength without skill — you are paid as much as
labourers of a similar class. Compare your wages with
those of the labourers in her Majesty's dockyard, with
tlie labourers about the quays, wharfs, and docks of
our great ports, the bricklayers' labourers all over the
kingdom, the hand-loom weaver, even the ordinary
factory hand, aud the common shoemakers of Norwich
— when you consider the uncertainty of employment,
you will find (aud some of you, no doubt, can confirm
what I say) that fur the same amount of the same kind
of work, you are paid as well by the farmers as you
would be by some other employers of labour. Y'ou
must look for increased earnings to more skill and
dexterity in your calling, and earn more Wiiges by the
care and interest you take in what is confided to your
working and keeping. I have often heard it remarked,
" What has an agricultural labourer to look forward to
when he is sixty? Nothing but the workhouse!"
This I deny. A man's arms may not be so strong and
active at 60 as they were at 30, but by perfecting
himself in the knowledge of all farm work (especially
in the value of piece-work), by noticing tho wants and
habits of stock, by knowing how to manage machinery
•and implements, bv being able to instruct young
iiands and direct them at work— to say nothing of
what trustworthiness and general good conduct are
sure to secure for him— I say a man of 60 can in many
ways bo worth more to a farmer than the strongest,
most active, and most willing of his younger
labourers.

You cannot be too thankful that the labourer is free.
4 week's wages will carry a young man to any part of
England, and a few pounds to America and most of our

1180

THE GAKDENEES' CHRONICLE Am AGRTCITLTUKAT, (GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEE 16, 1867.

colonies. But, remember, the parish is free, and the
farmer also. There is now no necessity for the farmer
to employ a man because he has a large family, or
because he is a stupid worthless fellow that the parish
must support if he is out of work, and, consequently
there is the greater necessity for the labourer to be a
smart active hand ; for if you can find another master
when you please, so is the farmer .iustified in finding a
better labourer where he can. It is a matter of con-
gratulation that the aversion to machinery, which has
been so common, and which at one time produced riot
a.nd bloodshed in this county, has considerably
diminished, and will, I believe, in a few years entirely
die out. Be sure of this, that farm machinery has done
the hardest work, and will always ease the labourers'
excessive toil. What was such hard work as threshing
by the flail, and how could the corn now be threshed if
we had no steam-engines ? England would have been
half-starved this harvest if the farmers had to depend
on manual labour to supply the market with his new
Wheat. And what takes more out of a man than mowing
Grass or corn ? So you ought to look upon the
reaping and mowing machines as your best friends.
For instance, you are now paid as much for
hoeing Turnips after the horse-hoe has done the
chief part of the work, as you formerly received
for doing it all by hand. There is not a sufficient
supply of labour to do all the work, and as machinery
becomes more general, manual labour will become
lighter, though what is left for you will require more
skill and more judgment to perform it. There are
many things in agriculture that machinery never has
and never will do well, and " willing hands and lissome
fingers" will always be needed so long as seed-time
and harvest follow each other. ^ And you should
remember that with all the machinery employed on
the farm, there is no diminution of manual labour on
arable land. On the contrary, I can remember when
the farmer who expended 20j. to 25s. an acre in labour
was considered a good employer ; but now, 30s., 35s.,
and even more, is the common e.^penditure by good
farmers. There must be a limit to the increase of this
expenditure. In some districts, the cost of labour and
the low price of Wheat which has ranged for some
years have made the farmers keep their land in Grass ;
and with us, although we grow good corn and poor
pasturage, if the expenses of working arable land
exceed the value of the crops produced, we shall cease
to grow corn, and it will be imported from abroad.
I don't say this is at all likely. I hope not ; but it is
no idle threat, for already the high-priced labour is
being seriously felt in other trades, notwithstanding
our great capital, cheap coals, and other advantages.
Engines and other iron goods come in from Belgium,
while doors, window-frames, and all the wood-work of
our houses come ready-made from Norway.

Education of Giels.

I beg pardon for having dueltsolong and exclusively
upon the men, as if this society did not recognise or
try to reward female industry. I will for the ])resent
pass by the education of the girls, for girls are kept
longer at school than boys, and so have an opportunity
of becoming better scholars. I am not one of those
who think that education has spoiled our domestic
servants. A girl who can read well and write to her
mother, and to her sweetheart too, ought to make a
better servant than one who can't. But schools have
innocently lent a helping hand to the deterioration of
our domestic servants. Too many mothers send their
children to school simply to get rid of them, and then
think they have done all that is required, and imagine
that the schoolmistress and the parson do what is
needed for the discipline and management of their
children. Nay, more : very many foolish mothers con-
sider the restraint of school so irksome and tiresome,
that it is positively necessary for the health and well-
being of the child that it should run wild all the rest
of the day. This lack of parental authority of course
produces disobedient and undutiful children. AVith
the hoys, the discipline, such as it was, when
they lived in the house of the farmer, is
done away with ; and if an employer chastises
the most obstina,te and wilful of boys, the silly
parents reward him by summoning him before the
magistrates. As so many parents neither correct their
children, nor allow others to keep them in some sort of
order, we can't wonder at the uppishness, the insolence, |
and the lawlessness of some of the young men in our j
agricultural villages ; nor should it create surprise that
girls, when they go to service, cannot bear the restraint i
of a well-ordered household, and prefer the small wage
and freedom of field-labour to the better pay and more
suitable employment of domestic service. In my
station of life, I know that children are brought a
great deal too forward ; and if they were not made so
much of, they would be happier in themselves, and less
of a nuisance to those around them ; but I maintain
that the restraint and discipline — keeping them from
evil company, and from going just where they please,
and doing just what they like — are much more severe
and exacting with us than it is with the lower order.
What father, for instance, in the middle-class of life
would think of allowing his girls of 14 and 15 to run
about the village street at all hours of the night, or
allow his boys of the same age to stay as long as they
liked at the ale-house ? Bely upon it, no great improve-
ment will result from better cottages and better educa-
tion, unless the parents will take some more decided
steps " in keeping their children from wickedness."

I have been somewhat misunderstood as to what I
have said on other occasions about the employment of
young girls in agriculture. If I were a farm labourer,
nothing would give me greater pain than being com-
pelled to send my girls to field-labour. For very much
the same reason, nothing should induce me, if I had
now half-a-dozen sons, and wished them to be rich and

prosperous, to make one of them a farmer. No man

gets so little interest for the money he employs as the
farmer, or is so unfit for other business should he fail
as a farmer ; and as the agricultural labour of women
is of the lowest type, their wages are consequently
very small, and it often spoils them for more delicate
and confined employments. But if I had a son whose
health would not bear the close confinement of an
office, or whose ability would not enable him to stand
a fair chance in the race for wealth, I should not hesi-
tate to put in force the old saying, that " any fool can
make a farmer." And so with a labouring man : if he
has a girl that is not fit foi-, or could not obtain
domestic service or other indoor work, I would rather
have her employed in the field than kept doing nothing,
or worse than nothing, at home. I well remember
an orphan boy who was taken into our house
with the idea of training him for an indoor-servant.
On being well lectured for his stupidity and dulness,
and being told that he would never be fit for anything
but a labourer, the boy replied, "He 'sposed there
must be such people." No doubt, there are many
" such people," girls as well as boys, who have no
ability and no desire to be anything beyond field-
labourers ; and when we consid er the miserable pittance
paid to milliners, dressmakers, and sewing virgins
generally, the difiiculty there is in obtaining suitable in-
door work for very wooden females, I am not surprised
that some of them prefer farm-work — especially when
they contrast the eight hours in the field with the
sixteen that is the usual length of the day with our
domestic servants. I repeat, as there are so very
many women and girls who are fit for nothing better
than the plain and sturdy labour of the field,
it is far preferable that they should work on the
farm than have silly notions put into their heads
that field-labour is not fitted for females ; still less
that they should be kept in idleness or vice at
home. By all means reduce the number of these
females, improve them, enlighten them, educate
them, make them better members of society, and then
you will have no reason to restrict juvenile female
labour in the fields, for the best of all reasons, that
young girls won't go out to such work if they can find
better and more suitable employment. In the mean-
time—till that improvement has taken place — it is
foolish to say that the employment engenders immo-
rality or bad habits, simply because all sorts of women
and girls, who can find nothing better to do, gain an
honest livelihood at such work. But to return to the
education of the girls : even as to them I could wish that
their instruction was more useful and more practical.
Let me illustrate what I mean. You all know that this
year a great Eeform Act has been parsed. Don't
suppose I am going to talk politics, but I wish to place
before you one of the main reasons that was assigned
for bringing in a Reform Bill. Mr. Disraeli said it
was the great advancement and increased intelligence
of the working-classes that rendered it necessary to
extend the franchise ; but he seemed to think that
intelligence was confined chiefly to towns. And he
said the main cause of this progress was " the applica-
tion of science to social life," i. e., applying the useful
knowledge and wonderful discoveries of the great and
clever men to increase the comforts of our homes.

Domestic Education.

But there is a great social duty of our hearths— the
duty of cooking — that has at present received precious
little assistance from science. I am one of those who
think that a kind Providence gives us food, and that
if the Evil One did not send cooks, he certainly has
kept women singularly ignorant of one of the foremost
of domestic duties. AYe hardly know how much of the
happiness of a poor man depends on the preparation of
his food. His capacity for labour, his health, and con-
sequently his comfort and good temper, are mainly
dependent upon it. Generally speaking, the economy
of the farm-kitchen in cooking is much greater than
that of the cottage. Therefore, all things being equal, if
I were a young labourer. I should always make love
not to black eyes or blue, but to a good plain cook —
though it might suit all the better if the plain cook
was a nice-looking girl. I shall be told that there is
plenty of materials in a farm-kitchen to make a good
dinner; but it generally happens that the knowledge
of how to make the most of an abundance will also
furnish the best and readiest means to make the best
use of a little. Knowledge of even the first principles of
cooking IS often entirely absent in a cottage ; and plain
fare, that might be made palatable and digestible
by good management, is too often rendered distasteful
and indigestible, and consequently the hard-earned
wages of the husband are well-nigh wasted. You will
laugh at my ofiering you a cooking receipt, but I
happened many years since to give a few Peas away in
a severe winter for making soup. On going into one
cottage I tasted some that was decidedly nice, and in a
neighbour's, the same sort of soup, that was essentially
nasty. Now, the only difference, I was assured, was
that one was made from snow and the other from hard-
water. No doubt the virtues of soft-water in making
soup are well known to all cooks, but they may not be
to every labourer's wife, and I would remark that I
think we have strong prejudices against soups and
broths, in which the Scotch so much excel, which rnay
possibly arise from our inferior method of preparing
them. But it may be some consolation for you to know
that other counties are still more behindhand in the
mysteries of cottage cookery. I believe that the table
of a poor man in Norfolk is much better supplied, and
at a less cost, than in many parts of England. I look
upon our despised Norfolk dumplings as a great and
glorious institution. Surely a snow-white dumpling,
so light that it almost knocks the lid off the boiler, if
not a " dish to set before a king," is enough, with a
little dripping and a few vegetables, to furnish a hungry
man with a jolly good meal, and is certainly preferable
to the never-ending dinner of bread and cheese that

one sees in the midland counties. Then in those parts
you find a poor woman buying a pound of dry bacon ;
she cuts it into slices, and frizzles it before the fire till
the chief part of the goodness is gone ; while a Norfolk
woman would buy the fresh bacon, chop it up, and put:
it into a good thick crust (if of meal, so much the
better), and instead of having a little mouthful of meat,
produces a thumping big dumpling, enough for her
husband, self, and children. I am glad that the custom
which is general elsewhere — viz., buying baker's bread
—is not common in Norfolk. This may be very well,
in towns ; but if it finds favour in the country, where
firing is to be had and ovens are common, it is really
owing to the desire of housewives to get rid of every
household trouble and all the hard work they can. It
is not because girls go to work in the field that when
they become wives they know nothing about cooking.
In some cottages all the cooking consists in making a
cup of tea and boiling a Potato, and that is generally
spoiled because it isn't boiled with its jacket on. And
this desire to be rid of trouble is by no means confined
to the cottages of the labourer ; for there are many
farm-houses where the washing, baking bread, and
brewing are not done at home. It may be that trades-
men with large establishments can brew and bake better
than cottager's wives. The bread may be whiter and
the beer may be clearer ; but how about the profit and
the nourishment ? I hope to live to see the day when
malt will be almost as cheap as Barley, when every
cottager will brew, not only as he does now, at haysel
and harvest, but all the year round, and drink his mug
of beer with his wife and family, and not go to the
" public " for every drop of beer he needs, where the
stufl' he buys, instead of refreshing and strengthening
him, makes him thirsty and stupid.

Just one word as to the price of flour: it has not
been so dear for many years, and there seems no pros-
pect of its being cheaper — at least, during the winter.
Elour, good sound households, such as you buy, is now,
I suppose, 2s. 9d. per stone, white AVheat is hardly 2s.
per stone. If you buy 2 bushels of AVheat from your
master for, say, 17s. Gd., and take it to the miller, he
will, for the coarse pollard, grind it for you, and you
will have your meal at a little over 2s. 2d. per stone. I
can assure you that meal contains as much, and per-
haps more, nourishment than the finest flour ; and
though you may not like it so well, or find it so
palatable, as there is now such need of the greatest
economy, I would strongly advise your trying it.

Religious Education.
There is one subject that I have hardly touched upon
— it should be the foundation and mainstay of all we
say and all we do. I meau the religion of our
education and the Christianity of our lives. Without
it our learning is useless, and .ill our labour vain.
AYhat I might say upon such high and holy duties
would apply more to me than to you, and equally to
the emjjloyer of labourers as to tlio euijiloyed. The
Almighty Ruler of the world has allotted us our
various stations, and appointed to each of us our work
in life; some to labour with the sweat of their brows, and
others with the sweat of their brains ; but I trust we
are all servants of the great Householder, and all
fellow-labourers in His vineyard. Let us therefore
labour diligently to get our living, and strive earnestly
to do our duty in that station of life in which
Providence has placed us ; and then, when our work,
and toil are ended, we may hope to hear the good
Master himself say to each one of us, " Well done,
good and faithful servant ; enter thou into the joy of
thy Lord."

Farm Memoranda.

The Nokth Riding of Y'"oBKsniKE.— During
the past month the weather has been all that could be
desired for the various operations of the farm. The
bare summer fallows of the Cleveland district have
been seeded in beautiful order, the seed has brairded
well, and is for the season unusually forward. As a,
rule in this district AA^heat is not the first crop grown
after Clover, but this year, influenced, doubtless, by
the high range of price of that grain, a large proportion
of Clover lea is already ploughed and sown with it.
Efforts in many cases have also been made to increase
the acreage of AVheat after roots, and these, seconded:
by the dry favourable weather, have been very success-
ful, so that on the whole an area considerably over au
average has been sown, and under the most favourable
circumstances. Root crops are very good, and great!
progress has been made in securing them for the
winter, and with the great abundance of Grass there is
on the pastures, few have as yet gone into consumption.

Threshing has been going on very freely, and all who
have applied the crucial test of bushel and scale are'
unanimous in the opinion that the yield of Wheat is ai
bad one, and much under an average. There is noti
such an article of equipment as a stock of old AA'heati
in any farmer's yard in the district. J

The Potato crop has been abundant, but very much: I
disease prevalent; in our own case quite one-half bad..*
and we hear of instances even worse. The value of allVl
descriptions of cattle and sheep has during the month i' i
been on the descending scale. Bullocks for winters .
fattening can now be bought at 2O5, a head less than li
they could a month ago. Beef has also been making 1' '
less money, the current rate for prime fat animals is
now about 8s. per stone of 14 lb.

The trade for sheep has been worse than for cattle.
Store sheep, draft ewes, and lambs, have all been diffi-
cult to quit, at a reduction from the prices of last year
of from 10s. to 15s. a head. W. J. M.. Nov. 12.

Wester Ross. — Although showery and pro- i
traded, the harvest now completed has not by anyi
means been a bad one. True, a great deal of rain has
fallen, and the work was much interrupted, but the
rain was invariably followed by cool weather, and]

Inoveiibee 16, 1867.1

THE GARDKNKIiS' OIIRONIOLK j\Nl) ^filtlClM.TinUT, GAZETTE.

1181

gales of wind now and then so strong as to shake out a
good deal of standing grain, so that, on the whole,
the crops in all the earlier districts have been
brought to the stackyard in fair condition. On the
6th September we began to cut 176 acres of Wheat,
Oats, and Barley with eight scythes, and on the
2d 0(!tober we finished the cutting. On tlio
lilth October the whole crop was brought to the
starkyard, 22 days having been occupied with purely
liiirvjst work, on 141 of which we were engaged in
iiitting, and 71 in carting to the stackyard. During
these ili days 176 acres were cut by eight scythenien,
being at the rate of U acres per day to each man.
A larger breadth would have been cut jior day, but
part of the crop was very heavy and nuich laid,
and consequently required more time. In 75 (I'lys
95 stacks were brought to the stackyard. The
whole expense of cutting, gathering, binding, raking,
loading, stacking, and thatching was 1-2/., or about
4.«. iW. per acre. Let it be remembered, however, that
all the half-year servants were oon.stantly engaged in
the work, and that a large share of the cutting, which
is the more expensive i)art of it, was performed by the
ploughmen. Perhaps it is worthy of note, too, that
one of the women, the only one that ocicupied the
place of a man as binder, and who when leading built
folds getting up on each cart and finding her way
from the top of eacli load to the ground as best she
could, was absent from the work on the hist day of
leading ; and, on inquiry, we were informed that on
that morning she had been safely delivered of a child.
It is several years since our stackyards were so well
tilled as they now are, and the yield, we doubt not, will
be satisfactory. Altogether the season appears
unusually auspicious to the north country farmers.
From the lack of sunshine Wheat may not be of so
fine quality as it was the last two years, neither, perhaps
will it yield so well ; but already we hear of a return of
5 quarters per acre off the finer Wheat soils -a yield
equal to that of Mr. Mechi's, and in no way to be
despised. Oats are yielding ranch more abundantly
than last year— approaching, in some cases, 8 quarters
per acre; this, however, is far beyond an average.
Potatos are being lifted, and, although not a heavy crop,
are not much diseased. The high prices now offered
will soon clear the country of them, as they are already
being largely shipped. 'The country is now full of
sheep that have come from the hills to winter, aud are
presently enjoying a run over the newly cleared fields
before being folded on the Turnips. The season has
been too cold for the Turnip crop, which is still
growing, but will scarcely reach an average. Turnips
bid fair to be in good demand before the return of
Grass, as from the limited demand for sheep to the
south there is a larger stock left than usual, and this,
with an inferior crop of Turnips, may raise the price
so high that slieep, under their present depression,
would ill afford to pay it. With a continuation of
present prices the sheep farmer may have to dis-
gorge a little of his previously accumulated wealth.
The Turnips may be eked out with hay, of which we
have an unusual quantity. [We regret to delay the
publication of several paragraphs under this heading.
They will appear next week.]

the birds; the latter takes precedence for size and
quality, the Iloudan is hardier and more plentiful.

Oapes ill Chicteiis. — Wo formerly lostman.v cliic;kens
from the gapes, but have found that keeping them
quite clean, and taking care that the water given to
them should bo fresh, and the saucers scalded daily, is
the best iireventive, when added to shelter from cold
and wet. 'I'hose hatched before August do well with
us, but later llicro is great loss in a damp year. This
autumn there has been a loss of two in five
amongst those hatched the last week in August.
Chopped Onion mixed with the food ol'ton seems to
stop the gapes coming on, when the chickens begin
to droop ; but any remedy only seems to prolong the
illness, and seldom cures it. Our poultry are kept at
the farmyard, at some distance, as when the hens hat(;h
tliey are brought up to the house yard, cooped in the
park or meadow at the back during the morning, and
allowed to run free in the afternoon; but we have
always observed that if young geese or ducks are allowed
the run of the same ground the gapes at once increase,
and if any of the bens bring their broods to remain in
the courtyard in an afternoon, instead of keeping
tlicm on the fresh ground, they are never so healthy.
The further they stray with a careful hen the stronger
the chickens are. We keep coloured Dorkings and black
Spanish fowl. O.S. 0.~ — I have found from experience
of the last few years that 1 scarcely lose any chickens
or turkeys by gapes, if I keep them altogether from water
while young. 1 think "A. B." will find this plan answer.
Certainly I used to lose many, and since I have tried
this plan lose none. I remember some one in your
paper suggesting that the small worms in the trachea
.were the same as those seen in water, and that the eggs
were thus taken into the system. It may be so, but I
have rather thought that chickens while young scour
themselves and get weakened by too much water, if
they can run to it at will. I now, as I said, give none,
and they do not appear to miss it. Of course they
require moist food— custard made of egg boiled in
milk I find the very best for young chickens, turkeys.
&c. lu " Land Steward's " method of rearing wild
ducks, he says, " They will not breed like the tame
duck (with one drake to several ducks), but only in
pairs ; " this is quite correct in the wild state, but
when they are kept in a garden, or tame state, they do
much better two ducks to a mallard : as is also the case
with guinea fowl, which are generally kept in pairs.
In both instances they ramble much less from home,
lay more eggs, and breed better. W. D. F.

ma i^ouUrg Yarn.

TJie approaching Poultry Shoivs {Birmingham). —
Just at this time ot" year the entries of the larger and
more important of the great poultry gatherings are
closed, or are about to close, and great and eager is the
expectation and anxiety of intending competitors. The
prize lists are liberal, consequently the entry will be
be numerous, the rivalry keen. Eagerly is it remem-
bered that " a month or two since So-and-so's birds
looked bad, and we heard he was killing them off."
Anxiously is the quality of the food, the appetite,
appearance, and growth of favourite birds scanned and
chances calculated. Speculation even runs sometimes
so far as to lead one to discuss the shape and raake
of the piece of plate that a liberal committee allows me
to take "in lieu of money prizes." Among the large
shows of the year pre-eminence must be given to Bir-
mingham. This "mother of big shows" issues this
year a prize list of unusual liberality, and if
report be true has a corresponding response. All may
look for a great treat in visiting it. To those who have
hitherto done so with only bovine, ovine, or porcine
proclivities, a very strong temptation will be presented
by the increased numbers of choice birds, and it is
much to be hoped that a step in the right direction
has been made by the Royal Agricultural Society of
England in introducing again the poultry lists. It
may fairly be expected that, having been again taken
into consideration as a portion of the yearly exhibition,
farm poultry will now take its proper status with
our agriculturists generally. To those who wish to
start with good stock the classes at Birmingham offer
unusual facilities, and judicious selection may be
made according to colour, strain, or fancy. Those who
wish to make a start with good breeding stock may
here do so by claiming some of the birds that, although
good, only run up as commended, while those who wish
to grasp success ready to hand, must pay heavj' prices
for birds that are already winners. As birds adapted
for farm poultry, the classes of Dorkings, Brahmas,
Crevecoeur, and Houdan fowls, Norfolk and Cam-
bridge turkeys, Rouen and Aylesbury ducks, will be
especially worthy of notice. AVhere one breed is to be
kept for all purposes, the grey Dorking holds its own
well. Where a hardy quick-growing bird is required,
and the delicacy of the meat is not imperative, the
croBs between the Dorking and Brahma will answer
well When a sequence of egg-producers is required,
the Crevecoeur. Houdan, and La Fleche are invaluable.
In the egg-producing districts of France the Crevecoeur
and its offshoots are the birds depended on. For the
fowl-*'attening districts, the Houdan and La Fleche are

Miscellaneous.

The Agricultural Society's I^ssai/s.~T\xe following
premiums for essays and reports, which are to be sent
in not later than the 1st of Marcli next, have been
offered by the Royal Agricultural Society of England :—

1. Fanniiiij of MttltUesex.— Thirty sovereigns will be given
for the best report on the farming of Middlesex. The leading
geological features and the character of the soil should be
briefly described. Reference should be made to any older
records of the state of agriculture in the county. The hifluence
of the London markets on the managcineiib of both pasture
and ai-able land and garden ground ; the present state of the
dairies ; the enrichment or impoverishment of the soil ; the
extent of land withdrawn from culture by buildings, high-
ways, &c., to be considered.

2. Improveinetit of G7-ass lands. — Twenty sovereigns will be
given for the best essay on the improvement of Grass lauds.

.3. Moors, MountaiiU, and IFos^es. —Twenty sovereigns will
be given for the best essay on the experience of those who are
at work on the edges of cultivation ou moors, mountains, and
wastes.

4. The Dnmcstif Ei:niiomi/ of the A'iricuHv.ral Labourer. —
Fifteen sovereigns will be given for the best essay ou the
domestic economy of the agricultural labourer with refei'ence
to his food and its cooking.

5. Presermlioii of TimU-r. —Tan Bovereigns will be given for
the best essay on the preservation of timber, by painting,
steeping, or other methods.

G. Arable and 6ra.u Lands. — Twenty sovereigns will be
given for the best essay on the comparison between the outlay
aud returns of 100 acres of arable and Grass land respectively.

7. Reiention of Moisture in Arable Lands. — Ten sovereigns
will be given for the best essay on the retention of moisture in
the soil of arable lands in dry climates.

8. Succesxion of Green Crops. — Fifteen sovereigns will be
given for an essay on the best mode of providing a continuous
succession of green crops, including roots, &c.

9. Devon Breed of Cattle. — Twenty-five sovereiens will be
given for a short history of the rise and progress of the Devon
breed of cattle.

10. Leieester Breed of Sheep. — Twenty sovereigns wUl be
given for a short history of the rise and progress of the
Leicester breed of sheep.

11. A/ii/ other AgricvMural Subject. — Ten sovereigns will be
given for an approved essay on any other agricultural subject.

Notices to Correspondents.

Bacon and Pork : A B. At the present prices of pork and
feed, it is hardly possible for pig fatting to pay. Still, a
good deal is doing in that line of business. A mixture of
Maize, Peas, Buckwheat, and Rice, about equal quautities of
each, is about as cheap a food as you can give them.
Barley you can do nothing with ; for, independent of the
price, the quality has not been good euough to bo of much
service. We have been buying Maize and Buckwheat at
about 11, Vs. per ton ; Peas, 91. ; and Rice, 8/., which, with
expenses of grinding, fee, will cost about 9^ per ton in
meal. We have used a Uttle damaged Wheat when we could
get it.

Palm Nut Meal ; C Langridge. Apply to Alex. M. Smith
& Co., Kent Street Mills, Liveriwol. We believe it costs
about 7^ a ton.

Potato Experiments : Conntant Subscriber. They are reported
in the ".Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society," pnb-
hshed by J. Murray, Albemarle Street, W.

Valuation : A Correnpondent asks for the name of the publisher
of the little pamphleton the " Valuation of Hexham Union."
We do not know it, but this request may find it for him.
Bayldon on " Rents and Tihages " (Longmans) may perhaps
serve his purpose, but as a general rule it will be found that
a valuation is just a " shut " at value, aimed with more or
less success and skill, according to the previous experience
of the valuer. He puts a value on this thing, guided simply
by his previous knowledge of the value of such things.

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THE GAEBENEl^S' CHRONICLE AND ACPJCITLTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOTEMBEE 16, 1867.

MOUI.E'S WARMING APPARATUS.— The best mid
most economical system of Warmmg Chxu'chop, SchooU, Hot-
houses, and all large Buildings. Apply to

J. W. GiBDLKSTONE, C.E., 31, Dukc street, Westminster, S.W.

Heating Appaxatus.

JMEREDIT^I L-ontinuos to supply and fix HOT-
• WATER APPARATUS in VINERIES, and every descrintioa
of HOTHOUSES, BUILDINGS, &c.

The Vineyard, Garston, near Liverpool.

CHeap Greenliouse Stoves.

DEANE AND CO.'S Patent VENTILATING ml
SUSPENSION STOVES are simple, cheap, and eCHcleat have
been largely adopted and approved ; will burn many hours w thout
attention, and at a small cost for fuel. Prices of Suspension Stoves
20s., 30,s., 3Ss., and upwards. Ventilating Stoves, 50s,, 00s,, "0;. JOs
HOT-WATER APPARATUS for Conservatories, Greenhoi ses
Hothouses, Forcing Pits, &c., erected and fitted up complete
Deank Si Co., 40, King William Street, London Bridye, E C
Established A.n. 1700.

C

OTTAM AND COMPANY

CONSERVATOKY and HOTBODSE BoiLDERS, &C,,

Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Struct, London, W
SADDLE BOILERS.
24

30 inches long.
45s. 65s. fl2s. 6d. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. Gd. 2s. Id. 2a. fld. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,

2, AVinsley Street.

(opposite the Pantheon),

Oxfor(i Street, London, W.

cotL case

HOT WATCB APPAR

Hot-Water Apparatus.

T JONES AND SONS have the brgest Stock of nOT-
O • WATER PIPES and CONNECTIONS, with WROUGHT and
CAST IRON SADDLE, CANNON, and CYLINDER BOILERS,
PORTABLE BOILERS, &c., and they will be happy to forward Prices
for same either at the Wharf in London, or delivered free to any
Station or Shipping Port in the United Kingdom,

J. Jones & SoKs. Iron Merchant.'!, c, Bankaido, Southwark, London.
\* Hot-water Apparatus erected conipleCe,

Greenhouses— Heatmg Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Construction and
Ap-Dllcatlon of WROUGHT-IftON to Horticultural Biiildlngs

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CONSER
V^ATORIES are of the highest order.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL GREEN-
HOUSKS perfectly neutralize atraosuhei-ic conduction

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL VINERIES
promote vigorous growth and richness of colour.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHID
HOUSES and STOVES, with double-glazed roofs, are a complete
arrank-emcnt.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL ORCHARD
HOUSES (as supplied to Mr. Rivers), induce perfect symmetry and
unfaihng result.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDALGERANIUM
and PLANT HOUSES are thoroughly ventilated, and admit a
masinmm degree of light.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL CUCUMBER
and MELON HOUSES are specially arranged and heated upon an
Improved svstem.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL PINERIES
when heated upon the improved system, are calculated to secure
the Ki'owth of flrst-class fruit.

OUR PATENT PRIZE MEDAL FOUCING HOUSES are
eminently superior for all early work.

OUR PATENT WROUGHT-IRON PRIZE MEDAL STRAW-
BERRY HODSESadmit a complete flood of air and light.

The above Patent Houses can be glazed with or without putty.

These Houses are now protected by three Royal Letters Pntent
and from the coinplote adjustment of their constructional piirts will
vie most favourably with Wood Stmictures in point of coat.

Designs and Estimates prepared for single or complete ranges of
Houses in Wood or Iron.

Ulustrated Catalogues on application to the Patentees,

T. H. P. Denms i A. Scrubs, Hocticultuiul Builders and Hot-
Water Engineers, Chelmsford.

b

RANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for

HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Glazing without Putty."

*' Glass without La^s,"

"Ventilation without Moving iights."

Highly Commended by the Royal Horticultural Society, South

jKonsiiiiitou.

Plans and Estimates fi'ee on application. Descriptive Book full;
illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and PatenteCj
Jlames Cranbton, Architect, Bimimghara.

Works : Highgate Street, Birmingham.

Henbt J. Gnow-TAOE, Manager, 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
flxed complete in any part of the country, or the mateilals,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, 4c.. delivered to any Station.
Estimates on application.
J. JoHEs & Sons, 6, Bankslde, Southwark, London, 5,B.

Heating t>y Hot Water,

HOT-WATEK PIPES, at Wholesale Prices, with
Elbows, Syphons, Tee-Pipes, and every other connection ;
Wrought and Cat.t-Iron Boilers, Saddle, Conical, Cylinder, Tcddlar,
and Elliptic, from 24s. each. Improved Boilers and Iron Stands to
use without brickwork, 60s. each. Valves from 10s. erf. each. Patent
\alve8. Improved Furnace Doors, Furnace Bars, Supply Oistema,
and Castings of every description In stock, at

Mr. Lyncu White's Iron Wharf, Upper Ground Strait, Blackfriara
Lridge, London, S. Price List on application.

TO BE SOLD, Cheap, an IRON DOME CONSER-
VATORY, 52 feet 8 incbes long, 9 feet 4 Inches wide. Would
make an excellent Peach House or Covered Way. And all other
jMcnptions of Horticultural Buildings to be seen at

J. Lewis's Horticultural Works, Stamford Hill, Middlese.'j.

The Only Stove without a Flue.

NASH AND JOYCE'S PATENT, for
AIRING. DRYING, and WARMING HALLS,
SHOPS, ROOMS, &c., a new especiiil Stove for Con-
servatories, Greenhouses, Fruit- Ripening, &c. : to Burn
without re- lighting all winter by filling with fliel every
li hours. Temperature, any degree required, without
varying. Price from XL's. Gd. to 6 guineas.

MINCING and SAUSAGE FILLING and MASTI-
CATING MACHINES of the best milkers, 10s. Gd.

The COTTAGK KN IFE CLEANER is the only rhpid
Clciner and Polisher of Knives at a moderate price.
35 (Srf. to 10s. Gd. Prospectus post paid,

CHEAP FIRES,— The Radiating Fire Bfills save half
the uaual oonsumption of fuel. One Shilling packet of
Four, red hot in the fire every day, lasts all Wiutoi-.

S. Nash, Ironmonger, 253, Oxford Street, W.C. ; Llnster Terrace,
Baysw:iter ; and Stove DepOt, Hi), Newgate Street, London, E.C.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOB,

OK NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, BOLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATENT SELF-SHARPENING CTLINBER CUTHEES.

THOMAS GREEN aijd SONS, SMITHriELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and

54 and 55, BLACKFEIAES EOAD, LONDON, S.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOE HEATING CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE

RESIDENCES, ETC., WITH

TRirSS'S PATENT UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE AND
LEAKLESS PIPE-JOINTS.

T. S. TKUSS

Size of House.

Apparaflus Complote.

Ereotion.

20 feet by 10 feet

£9 0 0

£2 0 0

30 feet hy 12 feet

11 15 0

2 10 0

40 feet by 15 feet

15 0 0

2 15 0

aiu'atiis Complote.

Eractioa.

£17 10 0

£3 0 0

20 0 0

3 0 0

26 0 0

3 5 0

They nre the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can b8 worked witih fax greater ease
than any other Lawn Mower extant.

GEEEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWEHS have proved to he the best, and hare carried off every Prize that has
been given in all caaes of eoniipetition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Every Machine is warranted to give entii-e satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally,

T. GREEN AND SON hiwe to state that tlie demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has been
uM]>reci dented, whieh is a proof of the high estijnation in which they are held. Selections ean be wade from
their Stock both in London and Leeds.

m- ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

„ to state that the iinmense number of APPARATUS annually Designed and El-ected by him in all parts of
the kingdom, and for the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHISVYICK,
with unrivalled satisfaction, is a guarantee fur skill of design, superior materials, and good workmanship ; while the
great advantages obtained by his IMPROVED SYSTEJI cannot be over-estimated, consisting of perfectly tjght
joints with neatness of appearance; EFFECTS A SAVING OF 25 PER CENT, on cost of Apparatus erected
compared with other systems; facility lor extensions, alterations or removals without injury to Pipes or Joints ;
can be erected by any Gardener; an ordiflarv size Apparatus erected in one dav, and PERFECTNESS of
DESIGN SUPPLIED, INSURING NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle Boiler,
delivered to any Railway Station in England, and Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 25 miles oil'
London, railway fai^e for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large Avorks.

TWO FOUR-INCH PIPES ALONG ONE SIDE AND ONE END OF HOUSE.

Size of House.
50 feet by 15 feet
75 feet by 15 feet
100 feet by 15 feet

Bath aad Gas Woiifc erected in to\vn or oountiy. The Trade Supplied.

Sorticvtiiiral Snil^ngs.((f^ef,f/, .fyi^iptimjrom Is. &d. per foot supsTifieii^, indusitie of Britkwork.

Pnioe Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on applioation to

,T. S. TRUSS, C.E., Consulting Hokticultur.il Estgineek, &c., S01.E JUanufaciPRES,-

ERIAR STREET, BLACKFRIAES ROAD, LONDON, S.E.

'Observe — The Oity Offices are now Memoved to the Manufactory, Friar Street.

NOVEJUBE IG, 1857.]

rilE GARDENEES' CllUONlOEE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1183

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION,
CIIEAI:', roUTABLlC. and EASILY FIXKD.
SL'AN -ROOKS (over 16 loot Iodk), glnzed ami paliitod throe cyiits.
with coniploto vgiitllatlon all over rout" necosanry wutur Kuttora imu
Ironwork, uxclusivo of oiids, put on Hall in Lujidon, Qi,iii>ckj.tkii,
COVKNTRV, UlVHUSTuNK, pAlhl-KV, 'iV AnnKtiKr.!*; 10 to 1(1 loct wiilo
iimitf, ut lOi'. t" 1M». por fnot niu. llliLitnitcil Ulvcularu, with ilcjtnUe
price^i auu sIzlvh, I'roe on application to

llERtiMAw & MoHTuN, 7, I'all Mall East, London, S.W.

Heating 1}y Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31. Rani aide, London. H.E.

HOT WATER I'lPEa. Uura HtooK. por yard ;— Wnoh, U. nd ;
3-lnch, Is. Od. ; and4-iiK'ih, 2s. M. HKNDS, from Stock, 1». 0(/.,y.<. flti.,
and 3s. each. THRUTTUi VALVES.lOs.. 13»..iuid lis. oaoh. utboi-
Connexions at ocgvially low priceu, and all (;oouh ul llr»l-cliist< maiui-
^tiu'C. Estimates given, and ordurij by post piiuctiuilly uttouded to
the same day.

JAMES WATTS and CO., Hothoitse Builtjkrs and
Hot-watkh Api*ARATUsiMAjiL'fAOTUiiEiis, .S.I 3, Old Keiit Rond, S.K.
TWO HUNDRED OUCUMHISR ami UICLON IJoXES mid
LIGHTS, und tVom 4U0 to f.Ul) LIUUTS lor PITS ol all .SIZKS kept In
STOCK, Ghixod and Palntwl coniplote, roady for tnmiodinto uso.
Packed and si-iit to all parts of the klnKd'^ii. Public and Private
Buildings, Warehouses, &.C., heated on the ni"st apuroved scioutlUc
and ouonomtoal principles. Keferonccs to the Nubility, (iuntry and
Trailo in ino.st of the Counties in England.

URSERT FIRE GUARDS, to >keep your Childi-cn

from the Fire.

N

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■■lim|l!l|i|l|lU!ll!l!|llll|!l|lj|iUil||||jj|l||l||l!IIIJil^

)»R|i|iiii|!!j!lli||!!!i!i||jj!l|j||j|{j||

EIRE GUAKDS, AVI ARlIvS, and all kinds ol" WU^E WORK.

Manufacturer:
. ElOLLiDAY, '2a, Portobello Terrace, NottiUK Hill Gate, London, W.

THE PERFECT SUBSTITUTE for SILVER.-
The REAL NICKEL SILVER, introduced more than 30 years
ago by W11.1.1AM S. BunroN, when PLATED by the patent process ol
Messrs. Elkinpton & Co., is beyond all conipai-ison the very host
article, next to sterling silver, that can be enipluyed a,s such, eithei
usefully or ornamentally, as by do possible test can it be distinguished
from real silver.
A small useful set, guaranteed of first quality for finish and

Fiddlo or
Old Silvor
Pattern.

Bead
PaMeiH.

Tbread
Pattern.

King's 01

Shell and

Thread.

JE s. i.

£ s. rf.

f I. d.

£ s. rf.

12 Tiible Forks

1 13 0

2 0 0

2 4 0

2 10 0

12 Table Sjjqous . .

1 13 0

2 0 0

2 4 0

2 10 0

12 Dessert Forks . .

110

1 10 0

1 12 0

1 1» 0

12 Dessert Spoons , .

1 4 0

1 10 0

1 12 0

1 15 0

12 Tea Spoons

0 IC 0

10 0

12 0

15 0

fl Egg Spoons, gt. bowls. .
2 Sauce Ladles

» 10 0

0 12 0

0 12 0

0 13 0

0 0 0

0 6 0

0 8 0

0 9 0

1 Gravj Spoon

2 Salt Spoons, gt. bowls..

0 .0 0

0 0 0

0 10 0

0 11 0

0 3 4

0 4 0

0 4 0

0 4 6

1 Mustard Spoon, gt. bwl.

0 18

0 2 0

0 2 6

0 2 3

1 Pair of Sugar Tongs . .
1 Pair of Fish Carvers . .

0 2 0

0 3 6

0 3 6

0 4 0

14 0

1 10 0

1 10 0

1 10 0

1 Butter Knife . .

0 2 6

0 4 0

0 5 0

0 C 0

1 Soup Ladle

0 10 0

0 12 0

0 10 0

0 ir 0

1 Sugar Sifter

0 3 3

0 4 6

0 4 6

0 5 0

Total

9 10 9

12 9 0

13 9 6

u 17 3

contain the above, and a relative number of knives, &c., 21. I5s. Ten
and coffee sets, dish covers and oomer dishes, cruet and liqueu]-
rames, &c., at proportionate prices. All kinds of replating done by
the patent process.

CUTLERY, Warranted. — The most varied assortment
of TABLE CUTLERY in the world, all warranted, is on bale
at WILLIAM S. BURT0N*8, at prices Chat are remunerative onlj
because of the largeness of the sales.

Ivory Handles.

' T.ahle j Dessert
I Knives Knives
I per por

I Dozen. Dozen.

SJ-mch Ivory handles

3^inch fine ivorj' balance handles .
4-inch ivory balance handles . .
4-inch fine Ivory handles
4-iDch finest -African ivory handles .
Ditto, with silver ferules

Ditto, carved handles, silver ferules ,.

Nickel electro-silver handles j 25 0

Silver handles, of any pattern .. .. 84 0

13 6

18 0
21 0

; 65 0

10 6

14 0

10 0

21 0

27 0

36 0

45 0

19 0

^ 0

Carver;

21 0

Bone and Horn Handles — Knivee and
Forks per dozen.

White bone handles 11 0 8 6

Ditto, balance handles 23 0 17 0

Black horn rimmed shoulders . . . . 18 0 16 6

Ditto, very strong riveted handles . , 12 6 9 6 _ _

The largest stock in existence of Plated Dessert Knives .ind Forks,
and of the New plated Fish-eatine Knives and Forks and Carvers.
llluBtrated Catalogue.s sent por poF-t, free.

WILLIAM S. BURTON, &ENEEAL FIIENISHING
IRONMONGER, by appointment to H.R.H. the Prince o
Wales, sends a Catftlogue gratis imd post paid. It contains upwards
of 600 Illustrations of his unrivalled Stock of

STERLING SILVER and ELECTRO-PLATE

NICKEL SILVER, and

BRITANNIA METAL GOODS,

DISH COVERS, HOT-WATER DISHES

STOVES and FENDERS,

MARBLE CHIMNEY PIECES.

KITCHEN RANGES,

LAMP.S, GASELIERS,

TEA TRAYS,

LIKNS and KETTLES,

I'ABLE CUTLERY,

CLOCKS and CANDELABRA,

BATHS and TOILET WARE,

IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS,

BEDDING and BED HANGING^,

BED-ROOM CABINET FURNITURE,

TURNERY GOODS, 4c.,
With List of Prices, .and Plans of the Twenty large Show Rooms, a
39, Oxford Street, W. ; 1. U, 2, 3, & 4, Newman Street ; 4, 6, .
6. Perry's Place and 1, Newman Yard. London.

ROWLANDS' MACASSAR OIL.— This elegant an.
fragrant Oil is universally in high repute for its unparallele<
success m promoting the grtwth, restoring, preserving, improving
and beautifying the Hiuuan Hair. It is patronised by Royalty an-

the Aristocracy of Europe, whilst its introduction uito tUe Nurscr
of Uyy:iU,y, and ti uae uf tho Upper Classes, i-'* a sufflcient proof of'lt
njerlts. Price 'is. Qd., Is., lOs. 6d. (cqajd to four small), and 21.s, pt
boUle. Sold at 20, Hatton Garden, aud by Chemists and Ferfumen
US' Ajkfor " Rowlands' Macasaai Oil."

MTROVED BLACK VARNISH, for Coating

and Preserving all kinds of Iron and Wood I'oiiclng, (latoH,
Ii,uuhng, and uvory description
nf out-door W'njLl '\r Stone
Work, CartH, WaggoiiH, Earnt
Implomuiits, &c.

it Is an excellent substitute
for Oil Paint, and Ih not one-
fifth tho coHt I It ruciuiroK iiu
mixing, and can be applied m
a cold etato by any oidlnavy
labourer.

This Varnish Is now used In
tlio Kuyal Hotanto Oardon,
Rcgont'M Park, and by a great
numhor ofthe NoblUty aiid Qoutry In the United Klngdum.

Sold ill casks ol about .'W gallons each, at U. 3d. per gftilou ; or In
cabks tVoia lu to M gallons each, at U. M. por gallon {isx»U Inciudeii).
Can-iaKo l>ftf'l to any railway station iu (liuat UrlUiln. Extra atr-oug
Irwu-bound Viiniish Bru^hos, r»a. pur pair.

CiiAHLTON Pain, 10, Itloharil'H Vlllim, Lavender Urovo, Dalston,
London, N.K. (from whom It can only bo had).

Tho must llfittoring Testimonials fnrwarded on application.

GAMEKI'IKPEKS' CAPES, GREKNHCtUSK TAR-
PAULINS -waterpuoof CAPES lined with Blue Cloth,
3 feet deep, Js. oarrh ; POLICBMEN'S CAPES, 10«. 18«,, and 22«.
per dozen. Stout TARPAULINS, to cover Pits luid Greenhouses,
made to sizes, id. por squaie font. LONG HARK and KARBIT
NETS, Cart and Waggon TARPAULINS, Second-hand RICK
CLOTUS, &c.— B. RicUAjmaoN, 90, Euaton Road, London.

~ '~ "A^G rTc U L T U RA L an~d

rV HORTICULTURAL PRIZES.

A Pamphlet of Prices, illustrated with 3i)0
Engravings 'jf Cups, Goblets, 'lankards, Sic, will
bo forwarded gratis and post free on application.

Llthogi-aphic Drawings of Silver EpergnL's,
Flower Stands, Ac, have been prepared for tht
use of Coinmitteos aud others requiring
Presentation Plate, and will bo forwarded for
inspectii'D on application to the

U'lLnsMiTna' Allia-nck (Limitkd), Manufactur-
ing ttilvoiMuiih^i, llii 12, Curnhill, Loudon, E.C. ;
opposite tue Hank of En^land^

BreaMast,

C 0 C

■pi P 'P S ' s

INVIGORATING AND GRATEFUL.

L E C T R I C F'FY TS ITll' E.-

SELF-jVDJDSTING CURATIVE and ELECTRIC BELT.
Sufferers from nervous debility, utdigesUon, weakness, kc, can
now cure themselves by the only " Guaranteed Remedy " in Europe,
protected by Her Majeoty's Great Seal.

Fr- e lor One Stamp, by H. James, Esq., Medical Electrician (to
the Lundon Hospitals), Percy House, Bedford Square, London
N.R, — Medicmo and fees superseded.

DR. ROBKRTS'S POOR MAN'S FRIEND and
PILUL-E AN'l ISGROPHUL-'E have been proved, by GO years'
experience, successful in the Cure of Emptions and Wounds of every
description. Sold wholesale by the Proprietors, BtAcn & Bahsicott,
at their Disi-easary, Bridport, ami by the London houses ; and
Retail by all respectable Medicine Vendors in the United Kingdom
and the Colonies, in pots aud boxes. Is. \\d., ^. OiZ., 4ti. \jd„ 11^.,
and 2-ls. each.

DIJNJNEFORD'S FLUID MAGNESIA.-
The best remedy for Acidity of the Stomach, Heartburn,
Headache, Gout, and Indigeslion : and the best mild aperient
for delicate constitutions, especially adapted for Ladies, Children,
and Infants.

DtNNKFoao & Co., 172, Hev Bond Street, Xiondont aud ot
all Chemists throughout the World.

BAUN8LEY LOCAL BOARD of HEALTH
DESIGN FUR GREENHOUSE.
The Local Board are desirous of erecting a Greenhouse in the
Locke Park, to be constructed of Iron and Glass, including proper
Warming Apparatus, at a coat not exceeding £Z.W. Tho Boud wiil
give a PREMIUM of £5 fur the BEST DESIGN, if accepted. The
Design must especially embrace ample room lor the preservation of
Beduing out Plants duruig the winter months. *

Plans and Estimates are to be sent to me, under cover, endorsed
"Tender for Greenhouse," on or before MuN DAY, December 2.
By Order. Wm. H. Peacock, Clerk to the Board.

Barnsley, JNov. 6, 1867.

PARTNER. — An experienced Person may employ aboat
£300 to £600, with advantage, m a New Nm-aery at a fast rising
fashionable watering-place iu the south of England. Eiiipexience
chief reqmsite. — Apply H. D., Messrs. Hurst s. Sou, 0, Leadenhall
Street, London, E.C.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., bega to announce ttint he is
prepared to Furnish PIiANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FOPvMATlON of PUBLIC I'ARKS oi
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John GibsoN, lun., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

Farm Poultry-

GREY DORKING i-OWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and moat productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKETS, large, hardy, and good breadera.
AYLESBURY a^d ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA -POUTR A. CREVECtEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for coQtitant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on apphcation.
John Bailv & Son, 113, Mount Street, London. W.

Eemprow, Aiaenliam, Herts.

TO BE LET, a FARM uf 12t> Acres, with the Shooting,
and a Gentleman's SMALL HOUSE, situated within
10 minutes' walk of the New Station on the Midland Railway at
Radlet, Herts, and with immediate possession.

For itrms and canls to view, apply to Messrs. Hcubert ft Cox,
Land Agents aud Surveyors, 8S, .-it. James's Street, S.W., ana
Watford, Herts.

To Market Gardeners, Fruit Growers, NurseiTmeii,
and Others.

TO BE DISPOSED OF, tin- UNEXPIRED LEASE
of 26 years, and may be entered upon utChristma.s, of a WELL
ESTABLISHED BUSINESS for Cut. Flowers, Plants, Fruit and
Nursery Business, ffic, situated near a large Market Town, sur-
rounded by an excellent ntigli hour Hood, and within 5 minutes' walk
of two Railway St;itluns. Furtliur yarticuhirs on applicalion bj
letter to Z., Ptiat Office, Tbaiuos DiUuu, Suiroy.

pOR DISPOSAL, a Firat-olaas NURSERY and SEED

^. J}H^^^^'^^''' "C tlie prcuont Proprietor would accotit of a
WORKING PARTN KR with tt Capital of aot lens than £1600.

Apply hy letter to K., Mcsmfk. HufHt & Sou, 0, Loadouhu.il Street,
Lotido*. I'l C. T- ■ .

itdviintag^uous termB, and
„,,,„ ,. „ . , - Immodlatoly, an OLD KSTAULlSHED

NURSEKY, eligibly slLuiaod, adjolulng a hitgo andUnpottant town,
surrounded ny an mccellont neighbourhood, and having uvory iiMjlUty
for carryliig on an uxtennlvu bm(liio»H.— Addr'.M,
G. H,, BIT. Cooper, Seed Morcliaut. 162, Fluot Street, London, E.C.

M^O UK DISPO.SKD OK,

-L may be entured upon Immc

Sba\t% Djp Euction.

GonBlffnment of Plants and Bulbs Juat arrived
from HoUand.

MR. J. C. STEVhNS will SELf, l.y AUCTION, at
his Great It-fom-s, 38, King Struct, (Jovont Garden, WC, ou
MONDAY, November IH, at half-pawt vz ii"Clook, precisely a
Consignment from Holland ol CL'iicu STANDARD DWARF and
WEEPING ROSKS, Specimen CoNtKKlls V^irlugatod MnLLIKS
Standard, Pyramid, and Trained FRUl'l TltKEM, kc ■ i.JKo sonii
Ilrst-clasH DUTCH BULBS, couHlstmgol Hj

Narcissus. Lil

, lutliH, Tulips, Crocufles,
w tliu llurning of Sale, and Catalogues hod.

Periodical Sale of Poultry and Pigeons.

MR. J. C. STEVliNS will SELL l.y AUOTJON, at
his Great RouniH, IIB. King Street, Covent Oardon, W C on
TUESDAY, Ncvuuibor lii, at lia.lf-p;ist 12 o'Clock prucli.oly,300 PENS
of fli-at-class POULTRY and PIGEONS, including many Prize Birds,
and many pvoiuiaing Jtiids i.ied this seiwon : alno a few Fonoy
PARRO(iUETS and si. me lUVBBITS.
On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Consignment of Plants from Holland.

MR. J. C- STbVKNS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C ,
on WEDNESDAY, November aj, at half-past 12 o'Clock precifecly,
an importation from Holland of flrst-cbiss trained STANDARD
PYRAMID, and DWARF FKUIT TREES. Specimen Conifera;
Rhododendrons, ILtrdy Sbrubs, Standard and Dw^rf Rnaes, Hollies,
kc. Also some choice HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUSES. NAR-
CISSUS, LILIES, GLADIOLI, &c.
*^" ^'^"' '■^^ Morning of Sale, and Catalogue" had.

Consignment of Bulbs from Holland. '

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SkLL by AUCTION, at
his Groat Rooms, 33, King Street, Covent Garden, W C.,
on THURSDAY, November 21, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely.
600 lots of firit-class BULBS just arrived from Holland, in lots to
suit private buyer.s aud the iVade ; and about 60 lots of HAP^DY
HERBACEOtrS PLANTS, from Surrey.
On view the Morning of Sale, aud Catalogues had.

MESSRS. PROTHKROE and MORRIS'S
PRELIMINARY NOTICE of FORTHCOMLNG SALES.
HiOHLT Important to NouLEaEs, Gentleuln, and Othvrb dnoaokd

IN Pi.antino,
FULWELL, November 20. by order of Mr. Laing.—The usual assort-
ment of NURSERY STOCK, consisting of some valuable
•'jpecimens for etfeutive purposes.
BIRKENHEAD, near Liverpool, on WEf)NESDAY, December \,
and following <lay, by order of Mr. Wm. Henderson, OXTON
HILL NURSERY, the valuable N UKSERY STOCK, comprising
Evergreen, Conilerous, and Deciduous Shrubs, Ornamental and
Forest Trees, &c.
CITY AUCTION ROOMS, 38 & 39. Gtacechurch Street. —WEEKLY
SALES of only flrst-class DUTCH BULBS, STANDARD
ROSES. AMERICAN PLANTS, &c.

Particulars will appear Ln future Advertisements.
American Nuryenes, Lt;yt"ii. stone, N.E.

Clearance Sale.— Woking, Surrey.

MESSRS. PROTHEUOE and MORRIS have received
instructions to SELL by AUCTION, on the Promifleg, Gold-
worth Nurseries, Woking, Surrey, ou MONDAY', November IS, and
following days, at 11 o'Clock each day, without reserve, in conse-
quence of the death of Mr. Robert Donald, the WHOLE uf the
extensive and vaJ.uable NURSERY'' STOCK, in a fine state of cultiva-
tion, comprising a splendid variety ofCONlFEROUS,EVEIi GREEN,
and DECIDUOUS SHRUOS of remarkably healthy growth, includmg
10,000 Thujas (sorta). 10,000 Cupressus Lawsoniana, 10,000 Retmispora
(sorts). 6000 Juniperus, 4000 Thujopais borealis, 2000 Welliugtonia
gigantea, 2000 Abaes (sorts). 2000 Plcea (sorts), 40,000 Spruce, Scotch
and Silver Firs, 50,000 Larch, Ajaucarias, Cedrus (Sorts), 200,000
Common Laui-els, 6000 Portugal Laurels, GOOO Ai-butus (very flue),
10,000 Berberis (sorts), 4000 Tree Box. 20,000 Privet, 20OO LauruBtmus,
7000 Variegated, English, and other Y'ews; 20,000 Green and
Variegated Hollies, lOoO Magnolias (sorts), Splneas, Weigelaa,
Calycanthus, Deutziaa, Guelder Rose, Lygustrum japonicum, &c. ;
Fruit, Ornamental, and Forest Trees, viz.. thousands of Standard,
Dwarf, and Pyramidal Apples, Pears, Plums, "Cherries, Peachis,
Nectarines, and Apricots ; Currants, Gooseberries, Filberts, Walnuts,
Figs, Mulberries, Meolars, &c. ; Sycamores, Limes, Maples, Poplars,
Chestnuts, Willows, Ash, Birch, Ilazbl. and Spanish Oheatuuts ;
choice American EMants, consisting of 2000 Rhododendrons of the
best named varieties, hardy Ghent Azaleas, Sedums, Azalea aimsna,
hardy Heaths, a large quantity of Climbers (of Borte), fine Standard
and Dwarf Roses (the best kinds), Manetti stocks, 200,000 strong
Quick. Ac.

May be Viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues had (lid. each,
returnable to purchasers) on the premises, aud of the Auctioneers
and Valuers. American .surseriea, Laytonhtone, N.E.

Sale of Very Fine Dutch Bulbs, Handsome Standard

Roses. £cc.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL
by AUCTION, at 38 and 39, Gracechurch Street. E.C, on
SATURDAY, Nov. 23. at 1 o'Clock precisely, a First-class Collection
of DUTCH BULB.S, including fine named HjKc.nths, Tulips
Crocuses, Narcissi, Snowdiops, Anemones, Ranunculi, &C. ; a splendid
assoptment ot STANDARD. UWAHF, and CLIMHlNU ROSES,
ofthe best varieties In cultivation ; Selected AMERICAN PLAJ^TS,
viz., Ghent and other Azaleas, Hybrid Rhododendrons, Kalmiaa,
Andromedas, some Hardy Climbers, &c.

On View the Morning of Sale. Catalogues had at the rnoms as
above, and ofthe Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytoustone, N.E,

Onchan Nursery Gardens, Isle of Man.

TO BE LbT, Willi iiumrtlinte pu.^st'seion, in con-
sequence oi the decease of Liie late Proprietor. The Nurserj
comprises abimt 16 Acres, lying in a sheltered situation ; 1ms beei,
established for upwards of 30 yeai-s. aud possesses the advantage o:
being the only Nursery in the Island. The Buildings consist oi
Conservatory (in four compartments). Vinery, Orchard House.
Propagating House, with large Shed adjoining, and every convenienci
for CLirymg on the business. Tliis Eatablisbment would prove a
valuable addition to any English Nursery, us from the mildness d
the climate, many tender Plants and Shrubs stand the winter which.
When young, would be destroyed by the frusta of an English Wintei
and Spring, A portion has been advantageously occupied ns aFruii
Garden, the demand being considerable from tho immber of Visitor-
to the Nursery in tlie Summer season. The Grounds ure well stockeo
with Forest Trees, Evergreens, mid Ornamental Slinibs ; Uhe Honsej-'
witli PI ints, ami liberal levms »IH be made to enable a Tenaiit to
realiaa the Stgck. For particulars apply to

James Spittall, Solicitot", Isle of Man.

Hereford.— To Gentlemen, Nurserymen, & Plantera.

Important Sale of Nuhseht Stock, in conseqdknce of Extibatiom

OF LkASK. at BAEHb* CoCBT NdRSERIES.

MR. 0. SHELLAKD is instructed by Mr. G. Davison*
to S-ELL by AUCTION, at the White Cross and Barrs' Court
NuFseries, Herelord, on; MONDAY, the 26th November, and
five following days (Sale each day to commence .it 11 o'Clock),
a large portion of the well-kuown STOCK on tliese Premises,
comprising 10,000 strong Standard Cider Apple and Crab Stocks;
30Uit Specimen Conifers, 4 to 0 feet high, including fine grown plants
of Wellingtonia, Deodara, Thujopsis, C^prtssys, Thuja, Juniperue,
Abies, Araucaria, and Pmus ; fiOO Common Yews, (> tj 6 feet high j
200 Irish Yews, C to 7 feet ; 2000 Avenue Trees, consisting of Chest-
nut, Lime, Elm, Birch, Hornbeam, Beech, Tuikey Oak. Plane, &c.,
U to 14 feet high ; 500 large Laurufitinus, 2i feet through ; 500 Pinus
lusigum, 4 to 6 feet high ; 600 C^ipressus macrocarpa, 5 to 7 feet ;
1000 large Pinus austriaca, 4 to 6 feet i .2,000 Common Laurels. 2 to
4i feet; 2oOO Spruce Fiis giown for Christmas Trees, 3 to 4i feet ;
SOO Acer negundo variegata. 3 to 6 feet; 1000 Large Portugal
Laurels, 2 to 4} feot ; 160 splendid TtiHJi aure.i, 2i to 4 feet ; a large
quantity of Bos, Privet, Bay, Lilac, Acer, Purple Beech, Ailanthus,
Tulip Tree, Poplar, Judas Tree. Flowering Thorns, he. 300,000
Strong Transplanted Ha>vtborn Quick, 2\ to 3i feet high ; 200,000
2-years Seedling <iuick ; Z60,000 Twice Transplanted Larch, 3 to 6
feet ; 160,000 Once Transplanted Larch. IJ to 2 teet : 2«O,0i>0 Ash. 2 to
6 feet ; 70.000 0;ik, li to 2 feet; 60,000 Spanish Chestnuts, 1§ to 2
feet ; 30.000 Spruce and Scotch Fir, IJ to 4 feet. In Pots ;— A large
quoutliy of Pximula sinensis, new Violets, Euonymus, newAncubas,
audMarCchal Niel Rose on own roots. All the above Plants and
Trees are in the finest possible condition for immediate removal,
well grown, and cou.stantly transplanted.

On view at the Nursei ies at any time. Catalogues may be had at
th* Auctioneei's Office, at Messrs. Minier, Nasu, & Nasu, Charingd
Cross, London ; or of Gboboe Datison, White Cross House. Hereford,

1184

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[November 16, 1867.

THE VICTORIA NECTARINE (Rivers).— This is
not on!y the finest of all Nectarines, but the finest of all fi-uits
of temperftta climates. Bearing Trees, half Standards and Bushes,
3 to 4-yr. old, 5s. to 7s, 64. each.

The ALBKRT NECTARINE (Rivers).— Very large and excellent
to force ; Bearing Trees, half Stanaards, 5s. ; Bushes, 6s. each.

The Trees will be sent from or la pots, and will bear full crops
next season. Carriage paid to London.
Thos. Rivers & Son, Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth,

Patronised by Her Majesty the Queen,

And Hib Ro-

Highness the PRrNCK of Wales.

THE SEEDLING APPLE, LORD EURGHLEY
wasawarded a First-class Certificate by the Royal Hortijultural
Society, March 21, 1865.

The opinion of the Fruit Committee of the above Society, also
testimonials from Messrs. Rivers. Lee, Pearson, and other emineot
Fruit Growers, may be had on application to

J. HoDSB, Eastgate Nursery, Peterborough.
Fine Trees, 3s. 6d. and 5s. each.
CATALOGUES on application, post free.

New Fruits.

CHARLES TURNER has great pleasure in offering
the following valuable New Fruits; —
FROGMOUE EARLY BIGARREAU CHERRY.

The " Florist and Pomologist " thus describes it : — " Tne Frogmore
Early Bigarreau Cherry will be at its highest excellence, perfectly
ripe, and waning towards its end, before any of the other Bigancaus
have yet made their appearance. It wn^ raised by Mr, Ingram, at
ihe Royal Gardens at Frogmore. Unlike the class to which it properly
belongs, it has a tender melting flesh ; in every respect it is a Bigar-
reau m habit, leaf, and appearance of the fniit, and must be classi-
fied along with these varieties ; but as if to set at nought all
human anangeraentg, it persists in having a delicious molting flesh,
instead of one that is hard and crackling. The tree is a great
hearer, clusters of a dozen and half to two dozen large handsome
Cherries being produced on a small spray ; and the fmit ripens in the
middle of June."

Strovg Plants now Ready.
STANDARDS, PYRAMIDS, and DWARFTRAINED.lOa.Gd. each.

MAIDENS 7s. Cd. „

AColoured Drawing by Andrews will be sent on receipt of 13 Stamps.
NEW APPLES.

GIPSY KING.— This Apple Is a Tory distinct variety, very hand-
some in colour and shape, skin covered over with nut-brown russet,
intermixed with red and carmine on the sunny side ; flesli yellowish,
rich and sugary. Highly recommended as a late keeping variety.
Price 5s. each.

ROUNDWAY MAGNUM BONUM.-This is a very large late
variety, an abundant benrer, and of excellent habit. Price 5s. e^ich,

"The Gardeners' Year Book for 1866" thus describes it:—
"This is a flrst-rate culinary Apple, and one that may also be used
In the dessert The fruit is large, roundish ovate, and angular on
the sidf. The skin is lemon yellow, with a few broad broken streaks
of pale crimson on one side. The Besb is yellowish whte, tender,
crisp, very juicy, and with a fine aroma. This was raised by Mr. Jov,
Gardener at Roundway Park, Wilts, and received a FirsL-class Cer-
tificate from the Royal Horticultural Society's Fruit Committee."
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

MAGNIFICENT D W A R F - T R A 1 N E D

FRUIT TREES,
By the Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand.
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS. CHERRIES, PEACHES. NECTA-
RINES, and APRICOTS. [NECTARINES
Also Standard, wall-trained, fmit bearing, PEACHES and
PYRAMIDAL PEARS on the Quince Stock in a fruit-bearing
state ; and PYRAMIDAL PEARS, on the Pear Stock, extra
strong and well grown.
Wu. Wood & Son have many acres of the above named, which for
health and vigour are quite unsurpassed in the trade. The Trees
have been most carefully trained, and arc really examples of suc-
cessful cultivation.
Address, Woodlands Nursery. Maresfield, near Uckfleld, Sassex.

To Suburban ana other Extensive Planters.

POiNSFuRD AND SON have much ploasurL' in offering
(with special advantages) well-grown and thoroughly healthy
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, prominently the following:—
Fruit Trees for every purpose, in fine condition ; Roses, Ornamental
Trees, Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs for general furnishing,
particularly Aucubas, Arbor-vitre. Ligustrum, Thuja (various).
Variegated Hollies, &c., specially to the Trade; fine Standard
Mulberries, Limes, extra strong ; Standard Apples and Phinis,
Dwarf-trained Apricots, Planes, Poplars, &g. ; Azalea Indica, choico
sorts, extra size. Cheap.

Nurseries : Loughborough Park, Brixton, S.
Seed and Plant Department : Brixton Place.

Balsam Seed.

FAND A. SMITH are now executing Orders for their
• unrivalled Strain of the above, in collections of Nine Varieties
at 2.';. fid., and Mixed Packets at 2s, and is. each. The quality this
season la unusually good. Early Orders respectfully solicited.
Terms to the Trade on application.

The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

Camellias and Azaleas -Englisli Grown.

FAND A. SMI IH beg to announce they have a fine
• Collection of the above, well set with Buds. Prices, moderate,
on application. The Nurseries, Dulwicb, S.

Fruiting and Planting Vines from Eyes.

FAND A. SMITH can supply Strong, Well-ripened
• CANES of above. Prices and Lists on application
_^ The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

CHAELES VERDIEK, Fils, Nurseryman, 12, Eue
Dumfenl, Paris, offers this season, for the first time, two NEW
ROSES (his own Seedlings), viz., HYBRID PERPETUAL MADAME
MARIE CI RODDE, price £1; received 2d prize at Paris Universal
Exhibition, 1807. HYBRID PERPETUAL MADAME ADJJLE
HUZARD, price 16e. ; received 3d prize at Paris Universal Exhi-
bition, 181)7.

Ho also ofll'ers 63 other new varieties, the list and prices of which
may be obtained gratis either direct Irum him or of his Agent's,
_ Messrs. R. Silberuad & Son, 5, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street,
'London, E.C.

CATALOGUE of GLADIOLI may likewise be had on application.

JOHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE
of SELECTED ROSES is now ready and will be forwarded
on application.

J. C. respectfully directs attention to the following LIST of
FIRST PRIZES which have beon awarded to him at the principal
Rose Shows of the present year, proving beyond a doubt that the
soil and climate of his Nursones are unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Roses.

Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
June 19.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester.
June 19.— 3C Varieties. Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
June 25.-24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one tiniss each, FIRST PRIZE

Crystal Palace.
June 29,-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington.
July 2.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, ono truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.

July 4, 5.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZl^

Hereford.

July 9.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Rugby.

July 12.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

D

New Decorative Pelargonium.

OBBONS' MAONET.

Extract from Gardeners' Chronicle of May 29, 1867.
•' If it bad been in the province of tlie JudRes to grant a eertiiicate
to a plant that hag an excellent character both for decoratlvo and
marliet purposes, it sliould have been given to Dobsons' Pelargonium
Magnet. A large quantity of small plants, literally covered with
bloom, were grouped together, and a most striking effect they had.
The colour is very bright purplish crimson ; the habit is good, and it
has the appearance of forcing well."

Fine strong Plants 15,s\ each. Trade price on application.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGOES post free.

DoBSOK & Sons, Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W,

To the Trade.

DOBSON AND SONS' TKAUE LIST of extra Choice
ANTIRRHINUM, BALSAM, CALCEOLARIA, CINE.
RARIA, COCKSCOMB, HOLLYHOCK, PELARGONIUM,
PRIMULA, INTERMEDIATE .STOCK, and SWEET WILLIAM,
in sealed packots^ow ready, post free.

Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W.

Beck's Seedling Pelargoniums.

SGLENDIISNING anh SO.VS are now offering for
• the first time the 12 beautiful, new, and distinct PELARGO-
NIUMS raised by Mr. Wiggins, Gr. to W. Beck, Esq., of Isleworth,
which were awarded numerous Certificates at the various Metro-
politan Snows.

DuSCRIPTIVE PRICED LIST may be had on application.
Chiswick Nurseries, London, W.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.
T WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING PELAEGONTOM

O . EXCELSIOR, now ready ; colour of Indian Yellow ; fine
truss, and habit of Lord Palmerston. Price 5.^. each ; 3Gs. per doz.
to the Trade

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1. The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.

Fins Now TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe In
April. Plants readyin November. 5s. each; 30s. per doz. to the 'frade.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

Beautiful Spotted Pelargonium Grand Arab.

CHAKLES KIMBBKLEY is now prepared to send out
the above in strong healthy plants, at 10s. Qd. each. See
Gardeners' Chronicle, June 22, 1867 : Floral Committee, South
Kensington ;— "Mr. Kimberlet, of Stoke, near Coventry, had some
plants of a good-looking Pelargonium, named Grand Arab,
liaving light lower petals, with a medium dark spot on each floret,
lit up witn fiery rose ; dark top petals, margined with fiery rose, and
edged with pale pink ; flowers smooth and of good shape, and free
blooming." Stoke Nursery, near Coventry.

CKIMBERLEY, Stolie Nurserj', near Coventry, can
• supply the following new PELARGONIUMS, strong
healthy plants, at SOs. per dozen :—

ALFRED {Hovi.1!)
ARCHBISHOP IFosTsn]
BEAUTY of WINDSOR (Foster)
BEl'ROTHED (FosTEn)
BRILLIANT (Hoyle)
CONGRESS (Hoyle)
ECLAIR (Hoyle)
ECLIP.-!E (Foster)
FAVOURITE (HuvLE)
FREDERICK the GREAT

(Foster!
GOLD BUTTON (Hoile)

INDOO (HovLE)

INTERNATIONAL (HovleI
KING of FLOWERS (Foster)
LORD LYON (H.iVLE)
MILTON (Foster)
MONGINI (HovL.)
ORIENTAL (HovLK)
PERFECTION (Foster)
PERI (Foster)

QUKE.N of BEAUTIES (Foster)
RUSTIC (HovLE)
SHAKESPEARE (Foster)
TURBAN (Hoyle)
UNISON (Foster)

V

A R I £ G A T E D

PELAKGONIUMS.

SOPHIA DUMARESQUE

MRS. BENYON

GOLDFINCH

LUNA

BEAUTY of OULTON

NEATNESS

ITALIA UNITA

COUNTESS

ELEGANS

THE FAIRY

PICTURATA

BICOLOR SPLENDENS

The above forwarded on receipt of Post Office order for 21s.
If any of the above kinds are not required, others of equal value
can be substituted.

Alfred FavEn, Nursories, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

TjIINE show and FANCY PELARGUNIUMS.
X. 12 Fine young Plants, all named, one each, lUs.

24 Oo. do. do. do. 203.

50 Do. do. do. do. 40s.

"- 100 Do. do. do. . . 7ds.

12 CAMELLIAS, full of flower-buds 308.

12 AZALEAS, do. do., and fine beads, 24s.
H. May wns awarded the First Prize for all the Pelargoniums at the
Manchostor International Show and tlie Leeds Floral FGte during
the past summer, and also at the Great Yorkshire Gala, York, fur
many years m succession, and same kinds will be Included in the above.
Hknrv May, The Hope Nurseries, Gedale, Yorkshire.

Choice Tricolored Geraniums, &c.

JELCOMliE ASD SON beg- to otter the following, in
• well-rooted Plants:—

Each.— s. d. ; Each.— s. rf.

LADY CALLUM .. ..7 6 ITALIA UNITA .. ..10
LUCY GRIEVE .. .. lU G ! MRS. BENYON .. ..10
EDWINIA FITZPATRICK 5 0 SPANISH BEAUTY ..6 0
SOPHIA DUMARESQUE 10 6 MRS. CHARLES BARRY 3 G
SOPHIA CUSACK:.. ..10 6 BEAUTY of OULTON ..2 6
BEAUTY otGUESTWICK 2 6 CANARY BIRD .. ..2 6
QUEEN VICTORIA (Per- SUNSET. S.t. per doz ; 36s. per 100

RiNs) 7 6 MRS. POLLOCK, 66'. per dozen;

COUNTESS 10 30s. per 100

NEW TRICOLOR GERANIUM, LaDY PALMERSTON.— This
beautiful and eff^^ctive variety was awarded a First-class CortiilcJito
by the Wilts Horticultural Society; and it has been seen by many
practical judges, who have pronounced it a great improvement upon
Mrs. Pollock. The leaf has a very broad zone of brilliant red and
black, with yellow margin; flowers scarlet, very large trusses, which
are borne iu great profusion. It is of free habit, and good consti-
tution. Strong plants, 10s. 6ti. each.

New Double-flowering GERANIUMS of this year, viz. ;— Triomphe

de Thumesnil, Capt. ■ I'Hermite, Surpasse, Gloire do Nancy,

Triomphe de Lorraine, at 2s. Gd. each.

Strong plants of SCHIZOSTYLIS COCCINEA, 2s. fid. per dozen.

TRITOMA UVARIA, very flne, 6s. per aozen.

Terras Cash.

Nursery and Seed Establishment, Romsoy, Hants.

N

JiW fUCHSiAS, ZONAL GEKANIUMb, &c.

12 Select New FUCHSIAS of 1S07 for 6s.

12 Select New ZONAL GEKANIDMS of I86T for 12s.

12 Finest ZONAL GERANIDMS of 1865— 1866 for 4».

12 Select New CHRVSANTHEMDMS of 1867 for fa.

12 Select New VERBENAS of 1867 for 4s.

12 Select New PETUNIAS of 1867 for 6s.

12 Select New PHLOXES of 1807 for 9s.

6 Varieties of AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.

3 Varieties of New Japan 0SMANT4US, quite hardy, 5.?.
12 Fine Varieties of Japan EUONYMUS, very flne, fls.
12 Fine Varieties Perpetual ROSES, Dwarfs, for 6.^.
12 Fine Varieties of VARIEGATED ZONAL GERANIDMS, 12s
GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, the best double. Is. each.

COLEDS VEITCHII,

6IBS0N1I, Is.
LAMONTII, Is.

FICUS COOPERI,

PANICDM VARIEGATUM,

2s. ed.

BRUGMANSIA KNIQHTII,
Is. 6(i.

CATALOGUE of NEW and CHOICE PLANTS sent on application.
B. W. Kniqht, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

MB. FKEDEEICK ADOLPflUS HAAGE, Junior,
Ndrseryuan, Seedsman, and Florist, Erfurt, Prussia,
respectfully begs to announce that his NEW TRADE SEED LIST
for 1867-68, containing all the leading kinds of Flower, Tree, and
Vegetable Seeds and Novelties of this season, will be sent out by the
end of this month, and may be had post free on application to his
Agents, Messrs. Betham k Blackith, Cox's Quay, Liower Thames
Street. London. All orders will meet immediate and most careful
attention.

Lists of STOVE, GREENHOUSE, and HERBACEOUS PLANTS,
also of SUCCULENTS, are now ready.— Erftirt, November, 186".

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutcli Biilbs, &c.

ROBlilRT jPAKKER beo;s to announce tbtt his NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of New. Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and btove
Plants, Azalea indica, Fruit Trees, Gripe Vines, Rhododendrons,
Hoses, Sweet Violets, &c. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, Cvclamena, Gladioli,
Hyacinths, Lihuins, Narcissus, Tulips, and other Bulbs, is now
published and will be forwarded to applicants.
Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

STJTTONS' unriTalled COLLECTIONS of BtJLBOTJS
FLOWER ROOTS, for Blooming during the Winter and Spring.
These are every vear becoming more popularly cultivated, and the
HYACINTHS, ANEMONES. TULIPS, &c., which wj imported last
season from the celebrated Dutch Florists, Messrs. de Hoora, Veen,
Byvoet, and others, having been so generally admired, we have
imported from the same parties, and still more extensively.
SUTTONS' COLLECTIONS of HARDY FLOWER ROOTS tor
OPEN GROUND.
No. 1. A large and Choice Collection of ANEMONES,
HYACINTHS, CkOCUSES, TULIPS. RA-
NUNCULL NARCISSI, SNOWDROPS, IRISiiS, £ s. d.

GLADIOLI, &c 220

No. 2. Ditto ditco, consisting of all the same kinds, in

Reduced Quiintities 110

No, 3. A Small and Choice ditto 0 10 (1

SORTS for FLOWER POTS and GLASSES.
No. 4. A splendid CoUection of HYACINTHS, JONQUILS,
NARCISSI, EARLY TULIPS, new large

CROCUSES, &c 2 2 0

No. 5. The same m Reduced Quantities 110

No. 6. A Small and Choice Assortment 0 10 6

SUTTONS" DESCRIPTIVE AUTUMN CATALOGUE is now
rcTdv, and may be had gratis and post free on application.

All Goods sent Carriage Free except small parcels, and 5 per cent.
al owed for Cash Payments.

Sdtton & Sons, Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

Carter's Dutch Bulbs.

Seedsmen to Her Mnjesty's ' Seedsmen to H.l.M. the Em-
Chief Commissioners of Pulilic i peror of tlie French, the Cr.vstal
Works and other Government Palace Company, the Aeri-Hor-
Dcpartments, the Royal Gardens, ticultural Society of India, &c.,
Kew, &c., &c., ic. 1 &c,, &c.

pARTER'S GUINEA BOX of DDTCH ELQ-WER

\J ROOTS contains 12 choice named Hyacinths, 12 mixed
Beddmg Hyacinths, 50 Yellow Crocus, 50 Blue Crocus, nO White
Crocus, 4 Polyanthus Narcissiis, 12 Pheas.ant's Eye Narcissus,
12 Double White Narcissus, 12 Double Diiffodils. 24 finest mixed
Anemones, 24 finest mixed Double Tulips, G Gladiolus Bronchley-
ensis, 60 Snowdrops, 24 finest mixed Ranunculus,

The above forwarded without delay on receipt of Post Office
Order for 2ls. Box and packing included. PRICE LISTS gratis
and post free on application to

Cabter's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, Higli Holborn,
Londcn. W.C.

QUI

K W 0 0 D

A N K

LARCH.

lOoToOO QUICKWOOD, 2 to 3 ft,, very strong and well rooted, at 15s.

per 1000.
100,000 LARCH, 4 to 5 ft., twice transplanted, good leads, and fine,

at 30s- per 1000.
100,ono LARCH, 2,i to 3ft. ditto, at 18s. per 1000.

100,000 LARCH, 2ft. ditto, at 15.f. per 1000.

The above are grown thinly on the ground and not drawn, but fine,
stout, well-rooted stuff, that will stand by themselves. All other
Nursery Stock very flne and hardy.

Address, Heney Mat, The Hope Nurseries, Eedale, Yorkshire.

EARLY FLOWERING PLANTS for SPRING
GARDENING.
ALYSSCM SAXATILE COMPACTA. yellow, 4s. p. doz. ; 25s. p. 100
ANEMONE NEMOROSA PLENO, white, 3s. per doz. ; 16s. per 100
aRABIS ALBIDA, white. 3s. per doz, ; 158. per 100,

,, LUCIDA VARIEGATA, beautiful foliage, Gs. p. doz. ; 40s. p. 100
AUBRETIA PURPUREA, lilac purple, 4s. per doz. ; 25s. per 100.

„ GRjECA, blue, 6s. per dozen ; 40s. per 100

BULBOCODIUM NARCISSIFLORUM, yellow, 4s, per dozen;

SOs. per 100
DORONICUM CAUCASICUM, yellow, 4s. per doz. ; 25s. per 100
EPIMEDIUM PINNATUM ELEGANS, yellow. 6s. por dozen;

40s. per 100
EPIMEDIUM RUBRUM, red, 6s. per dozen ; 40s. por 100

„ GRANDIFLORUM, white, 6s. per dozen ; 40s. per 100

IBERIS SEMPERVIRENS, white, 3s. per dozen ; 208. per lUO
IRIS PUMILLA, deep purple, 6s. per dozen ; 30s. per 100
POA TRIVIALIS ARGENTEA ELEGANS, white edge leaf,

beautiful, 4s. per dozen ; 20s. per 100
OROBUS VERNUS, purple and red, 4s. per dozen ; 25s per 100.
A large Collection of SPRING BLOOMING PLANTS, see Catalogue.
Henry May, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Yorkshire.

Azalea, Her Majesty.

WILLIAM JiAKNE8 hus mucli pleasure in
announcing that he will be prepared to send out the above
splendid AZALEA on and after Wednesday, October 23, at the
following price — 2Is. each. A very few extra strong plants at 42s.
each, with tho usual allowance to the Trade ; where three plants aro
ordered at one time four will be given.

It was exhibited before the Floral Committee of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society on June 14, 1866, where it was awarded a First-class
Certificate for its great beauty in its niarltings, sh;ipe, and colour,
when the following remarks wore made upon it, which appeared in
the Oardeners' Chronicle, June 10, 1860 : — "A beautiful Az:ilea, rosy
lilac, edged with white, and blotched, and spotted in tho upper pet;ds
with crimson, called Her Majesty, from Mr. Baunks, of Caraberwell.'

On June 23, 1806, the following remarks appeared iu the same
Paper:— "We have from time to time referred to tho sportive
character of the Indian Azalea, and called attention to the fact that
some of our best varieties have had their origin in a freak of Nature.
A fresh instance of their sportiveness was shown the other day at
South Kensington. Mr. William Barnes there exhibited a variety
of Azalea which he piu-poses to designate Her Majesty. It is, we
believe, a sport from Madame Miellez. or some of tho forms closely
allied to that fioo old sort; and in quality, therefore, as well as in
name, takes the very highest rank. The Qowers are of the full
average size, and of excellent form and substance, and the colour is
a soft lilac-tmted blush, white at the niargin, densely spotted with
cnuison in the upper part, and marked with variable stripes, or
sometimes broadish bars of deep rosy purple. Its high quality as
regards the flower Itself, and this novelty oi marking, will make It
an acauisition in any collection of these showy plants,

A faithful Figure of this flne Azalea is given inthe Januarynumbar
of the "Florist and Pomologist."

A remittance must accompany all orders from unknown corre-
spondents. Camden Nursery, Camberwell, London, S,

Editorial Communications should be addrcssi>d to '■ The Editor."
Advertisements and Business Letters to '■ The Publisher," at the
Office, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden. London, W.C.

Printed Iw James Matthews, at the Office of MessiB Bradbdry, Evans,
iS Co., Lombard street. Precinct of Whitefriars, Oity of London, in the
Co. of Middlesex, and Published .by the said James Matthews at the
Office, No. 41. Wellington Street, Pai-ish of St. haul's, Coveut Gardenj
in the said County.— Katubday, November 16, 1867.

HE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 47.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 23.

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamted Edition, CJ.

Ari

iiiilturp, Spanish ...,
ii'ultuntl piuapccts..

,. 1198 6
. V2M r
. IIDU a

«(■.■ plant 1IS« "

Ho.iliH notlcod 1105 a

ItiiluiiY unil ttiirdeiKng 1100 6

CuiiiHlia culture 1191 c

liitUi- plague 1197 b

— Btore l'-'02 "

Ceplialotaxua Fortune! 1193 b

Chateau, KclRiau ll'H f>

Clirysftntlieui urns 119.^ b

Chrysanthemum sports 1103 a

Compi'tltioa 1205 n

Cordons 1191 fi-liy.1 b

fanu, OlnuceHterahiro 12";! b

— Aberdecnsliire 1203 b

— Banffshire 1203 c

Farm iniplemcnts at Burr .. 1200 6

_ _ French awarOsto 1201 6

Fanners' Clubs

Field work ,

FIk, Giosse Vorte

Florist's standard

FruitH, little known ....

— select

Oanlencrs' examinations
Gdrilcning, French and

Entrlish U02 6

Grape judginff HW a

Harvester, the Marsh I2i>4 b

lee IIM b

INDEX.

. 1201 b
. 1192 h
. 1193 It

, 1I!)4 '1

Imports 1205 D

Leiisea 119" c

Lichenft on trees 1189 6

ManitclH V. oilcake I'Joi c

Mitchell testimonial 1190 b

Moon, Christmas ViO'i a

Onions 1193 b

(irrhai'dhouBe trees UR3 c

rnrls. letter from 1191 n

Ppar trees, prolific 1193 c

I'eas, preen 1 194 n

riant nomeneliture llOil 6

Fotatos.sced 1201 c

Poultrv 1199 c— 1204 a

Itoot pnlpers 1204 c

Itnsps, Araericnn 1191 a

SelaRinellns 1190 e

Society, Entomological .... 1194 «

— Liverpool llfM 6

Sheep manure TaluatioQ .... 1205 n

Shorthorns 1193 e

Rteam cultivation. ...1202 a-1201 6
Trade memoranda.. ..1189 c— 1194 b

Trees, Lichens on 1189 fc

Turnips, prize 1198 5

Veterinary practice 1199 6

"Water plant-^ 119i> c

Weather at Hury 1193 c

"Wellingtonias, moving 1190 b

Wheat, seed 1201 t

Woul. Austi-fllian 1198 6

Wool trade 1204 i

ROYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S GARDENS, Regent's
Piirk.— The days fixed for the EXHIBITIONS of PLANTS,
FLOWERS, and FRUIT next senson are WEDNESDAYS and
THORSDAYS, May '2? and 28, June 17 and IS, July 1 and 2, 1868.
SPRING FLOWERS dully from March 21 to 28.
AMERICAN PLANTS diiilv from June 1 to 13.
Hy order ot the Council. J. Dk C. Sowkrbt. Secretary.

Vines.

J MEREDITH will have great pleasure in forwarding
• his PRICED LIST of VINES on application. He has the
largest stock in England. An inRpection is invited.

The Vinevard, Garston, near Liverpool^

Vines.

HLANE AND SON solicit an inspection of their
• stock of VINES : 2000 Canes to choose from, strong and well
ripened. They have been awarded the First Prize for Vines in pots
at all the leading Exhibitions. CATALOGUES free on application.
The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

Vines.

BS. WILLIAMS has now on hand a very large and
• fine Stock of FRUITING and PLANTING CANES Of all the
best varieties. An Inspection is invited.

Victoria and Paradise Nurseries, Upper HoUoway, London, N.

LUlum auratum.
ITJTTON AND SONS cnn supply fine BULBS of this

J beautiful Flowering Plant at from 6«, to lf>3. each.

Itoyal Berks Soud Establishment, Readmit ^__

Finest Dutch Crocuses and Early TuUpa.

SUTTONS' DESCRIPTIVE LIST is now ready, and
will be foi-wardod gratis and post free on application.
SoTToM & SoKB, Roval Uorkshlre Seed Establishiueut. Reading.

~ ~ '" To t£e Trade.

CROCUS, SNOWDROPS, named HYACINTHS,
Early TULIPS (Double and Single), 8CILLA SIBXRICA, &c.
Bahr 4 SooDBK, la, King Street, Cuvent Garden. W.C.

Surplus Stock.

FINE DOUBLE SNOWDHOPS, in good condition.
Price to the Trade on application to
Jas. FAinnEAD& Son, Seed Merchants, 7, Borough Market, London.

To Gardeners, Seedsmen, Sue.

HENLEY, BROTHERS, Mi:hoh\nts, Holbeach, have
still on hand a quantity of SNOWDROPS, which they beg to
offer. Samples and price on application,

SU P E RTb" L 1 L I E S,
Selections, 6s., lU,, 12s.. IRs
Stki-iien Brown, Seed and Nursery 1'

in 70 finest varieties.
, and 2i^. per dozen.
.t:il.li.4huieiit,. Sudbury, Suffolk,

B

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocuses, &c.
S. WILLIAMS has a tint- Collection of the above.
PRICED CATALOGUE post free on application.
HYACINTHS for Glasses or Pots, Gs., fis., and lOs. per dozen.
Victoria and Paradise Nursery, Upper HoUoway, London, N.

M7"CUTBUSH~rrND SON "beg' to say that"~thHT
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE "HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, Ac, Is now ready, and can be hart pjst free
on application, Highgate Nurseries. London, N.

New Pelargoniums.

CHARLES TURNEi: is prrpared to execute order!*
lor the beautiful now vartotioH raised by Fo:5tor and Hiylu.
A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may bo had on appiicatiuu.
The Royal Nurwories, Slough.

Pelargoniums for the Million.

JAMES HOLUEll, having an iiiiminsc stock of the
ahovo. begs to oIIlt (.nLrong plants. In lurtie OO-pots) 60 distinct
.sorts for ;!0«. ; li.1 sorts for 2i).s. ; or IL' Hortn lor 16fl., hamper and
package included. Crown Nuroory, Reading,

WEBB'S "NEW GIANT POLYANTHUS,
Ilorist Flower, and GIANT COWSLIP SEKDS; also Plants
of all the varieties, with doubje PRIMROSES ot different colours;
AURICULAS, both Single and Double, with every sort of Early
Spring Flowers. LIST on apv'i'^at'ion— Mr, Wedo, Caliiot, Reading.

WILLIAM DEAN'S CATALOGUE of these, now
ready, includes some Novelties. Prices very low, eepeclilty
per lOO, to the Trade. ,'

Mixed PANSIES for borders, strong plants, 16«. per 100.
Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

' ' ~ Chrysanthemums.

ADAM FORSYTH l.(';;s U, inform hi^; Friends and the
Public that his large CULLI'XTION of SPECIMEN and other
CHRYSANTHEMUMS are NUW iu FLOWER, and may be seen
every day (Sunday excepted).

Brunswick Nursery. Stoke Newingtfin, London, N,

Seed,

Winter and Spring Flowering Bulbs and Plants.

BARR AND SUaDEN'S FLORAL GUIDE may be
had free. It contains much valuable information.
For particulars see large Advertisement, page 1090.

Before Purchasing Flower Roots, send for

J SCOTT'S CATALOGUE of BULBS, VASES, and
• GARDEN REQUISITES. Bulbs are extra fine,

J, Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovtl, Somerset,

Rhododendrons and Laurels.

RHODODENDRON PONTlCUM, all from
10 to 20 inches, bushy, £s 10«. per 1000.
Common LAURELS, 2-vr.. tiar.splauteii.a to 3\ feet, 16s. per 1000 ;
ditto, 1-yr. cuttings, line, IJ to 2i feet, tin. C>'i, per lOUO.

JiiHN Bk.han, Nurseryman. Dclvin, Klllucan, Ireland.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.
AND F. SHARPE bi'g to announce to the Trnde
that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1807 Growth, is now ready ami may bo had on application.
Seed Growing K^.taljli.shiiimit, Wiisbuch. Cambs.

Wholesale Catalogue.
JACKMAN AM> SON'S PRICED and
_ DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of HARDY NURSERY
STOCK for 1867 and SPRING, 1868, can be had free on application.
Woking Nui'sery, Surrey.

Grape Vines.

HUSSEY AND SON beg to otler a large number of
strong planting CANES of the above, at ^h. 6d. each.

Mile End Nm-sery, Eaton, Norwich.

F

IVE

HUNDRED GRAPE VINES, from Eyea.

Prices on application.
J, Peed, Effra Nursery, Brixton, S.

QTRONG and EXTRA STRONG FRUITING VINES,
O unusually floe and well ripened. All the leading kinds, for
fruiting in pots and for planting out.

James Dickson & Sons, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

New Grape.

MADRESFIELD COURT BLACK MUSCAT GRAPE.
See large Advertisement in No. 44, November 2, 1867.
John Sc Charles Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery, Hammersmith,
Lopdog, W. _„__^__

THE ROYAL ASCOT GRAPE ia the greatest wonder
of the age. It can be made to produce fresh Grapes every
month in the year, and is the largest, the blackest, and best
flavoured Black ever offered. Price £2 2,s. each. See Advertisement.
Nov 9. Royal Nurseries, Ascot. __^

PINES. PINES.— WANTED, a few FRUITING and
SUCCESSION PINE PLANTS. Send price and number to
The Steward, Hayes" Place. Bromley. Kent.

EBB'S PRIZE COli FILBEKTS, and other PRIZE
COB NUTS and FILBERTS, - - - - -

Notice.— Fruits, Flowers, Bulbs.

Before pukcuasiho, please send for

ILLISTONE AND CO.'S LITTLE LISTS,

post IVee to all applicants.
Address, Dillistone & Co., Nurserymen, &c.. Stunner, near
Halatead. Essex .

D^

Special Notice.— Plants and Bulbs.

MR. STEVENS' SALES of DUTCH BULBS, FRUIT
TREES, ROSES, and HARDY SHRUBS, take place every
WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and frequently on MONDAY,
at the Rooms, 38, King Street, Coveut Garden, London, W.C.

CATALOGUES on application^

H.

GEORGE
:

LASTR^A FILIX-MAS, var, CRISPA-GRACILIS.—
This new and undeniably prettiest of all the Dwari' male
FERNS, mav now be had. at ."■>». perplant, from John Clark. Gardener,
Newburgh, Fifeshire Many other rare sorts. Trade supplied.

~~ Athyrium Filix-fcemina Frizelli.

HUSSEY AND SON bt.'g to utter veiy strong plants of
the above clifimiing and moat distinct haVdy FERN at la. 6d.
each, or 128. per dozen.

Mile End Nursery, Eaton, Norwich^

TT^ANTED, DOUBLE JfELLOW PRIMROSE,

and
SINGLE WHITE HEPATICA.— State Pnce and Quantity
to L. T. Davis, Ogle's Grove Nursery, Hillsborough, Co. Down.

C"DLTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cbamstok, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

To the Trade.

MARECHAL NIEL ROSE, from own roots, in pots,
by the 100 or 1000, at £6 per 100.
G, Basbr & Sow, American Nursery. Bagahot,

Mr

LIST of these varieties from
Wedb, Calcot, Reading, ___^

For Orchard Planting.

PAUL AND SON have to oifer some thousands of fine-
headed STANDARD TREES of the leading kinds of APPLES,
PEARS, &c. Prices per 100 or per lOOO on application.

The " Old" Nurseries, Chesnunt, 'S.

Fruit Trees.

SON beg to call attention to their

extensive stock of FRUIT TREES of every description,
which is very flne and healthy, at moderate prices,

CATALOGUES free on application.
The Nurseries, Great Berkhamstead, Herts. ^^____

XT LANE AND

Orchard-liouae Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
Richard Smith. Nurser\-nian and Seed Merchant, Worcester,

UXANDARD APPLKS, PEARS, nnd PLTJ.MS, &c., &c,

O See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

Thomas Warner, Leicester ADbey Nur.s8i-ie3.

PPLES^ CHERRIES, NECTARINES","~~"and

PEACHES, &c.. Dwarf and Dwarf-trained ; Houghton Castle
CURRANTS, &c., 4c. See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nursenes.

PAUL AND SON'S ROSES.—

See rimes, Athetueum, and other leading Journals' reports of
the Rose Shows.

Very reasonably PRICED CATALOGUES, free by post.
The " Old " Nurseries, Cbeshunt, N.

0^ E S, 1*. each, best Hybrid Perpetual.

OAK TREES, 3 to 4 feet, 16,*. per 1000.

3-yr, ASPARAGUS, vary good, 10.h. per 1000, for cash, of

A. C. Wilkin, Tiptree, Kelvedon, Sussex,

LOMARIA CYCADtEFOLIA, beautilul Tree Fern for
cold Greenhouse.— Fine stems, about Ij to 2 ft, high, price £4,
I Carriage paid to the United Kingdom.

! To be had of Asiuroise Verschaffelt, Ghent, Belgium ; or nf his
Agents, Messrs, R. Silberbad 4 So.v, 5, Harp Lane, Great Tower
j Street, London, E.C. _

_ - To^ Nurserymen and Others.

ACACIA TREES WANTED.— Well-grown Trees,
IS to 20 feet high.— Apply to Joun S. Pnesii, Esq., Architect,
fi. Carlton Terrace, Oakley Street, London. S.W. ^^ _

T"^IRTY THOUSAND AMERICAN AKBOK-YlT^,
from 3 to C feet, v^ry suitable for Hedges.
Wir. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfleld,

Sussex. ,

NE HUNDRED THOUSAND tine Transplanted
COMMON LAURELS, from IJ to 3 feet.
Wu. Wood ft Som, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckflold,
Sussex.

Richmond Nurseries, Richmond, Surrey.

IF YOU WANT tine large bushy LAURELS, not
injured by last winter's frost, apply to *G, & W. Steele, of tbo
above Nurseries.

o

are things to

see onco ana urtMiu ui lur owi. —dthentBUm.June, 1807. . - i>~,V~c~ V^o ,^,..■ iIwt"

Wm. Paul begs.to announce,that his CATALOGiJe of ROSES Is ; For I nces, s^ee^our LIST. ^^^^ ,. ^^^^^^^^ ^^r^eries, N,

*' rjiHE ROSES of MR. PAUL *

X see once and dream of for ever
Wm. Paul begs to announce that hi
now ready, and will be forwarded free on application.

EIGHTEEN PRIZES have been awarded to him for Roses this
year at the principal London Flower Showsi.

Paul's Nurseries, Walthaiu Cross, London, N. ___^^

LAURELS. PORTUlJAL LAURELS,
ARBOR-VIT^-E, Urge EVERGREENS, for Immediate Efl"ect.

\ / lUMMON

Pail & Son. '

Daphne cneorum.

HUSSEY AND SON beg to offer strong plants of the
above charming Border plant at 69, per dazen ; also strong
MANETTI CUTTINGS, at lOs. per 1000.

Mile End Nursery, Eaton. Norwich.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse. 237 & 238, High Holbom. London,

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.

Seed Farmers, Merchakts, and Ncrsertmek,

237 & 238, High Holbom, London. W,C.

SCARLET CHESTNUTS, STANDARD ELMS,
THORNS, and POPLARS. SEEDLING QUICK, &a.. ic.
See CATALOGUES. Wholesale or Retail,
TaoMAS Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

I AMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Meechants, 7, Borough Market, and Braintree, Essex,

LANE AND SON require a large quantity of

ASPARAGUS, extra strong, from 7 to 8-yr. old. Sample

and price to The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

H.

ARBOR-VIT^S, AKBUTDS, AUCUBAS, BOX,
YEWS, &c., &c.
See CATALOGUES. Wholesale or Retail.
Thomas Warner. Leicester Abbey Nurseries^ ^

fOR SALE, TWO ven' large Plants of YUCCA
PARUENTIERI, Diameter at base, 11 Inches. Price
£60 the pair. Apply to _

R. Ghinbtead, Gardener, Enclos St. Bertin. St. Omer, France.

-po

Tarragon Roots, Cheap. „„ „

HOOPER AND CO. have a quantity to DISPOSE of.
Covent Garden Market, London, W,C.

MUSHROOM SPAWN ot the best possible quality,
Bs. per bushel. Sample Brick sent on application. The
Trade supplied, ,,.,_,.

JoBN Kellxtt, Wellington Nursery, Heaton Chapel. Stockport,

UIX HUNDRED BUSHELS of good MUSHROOM

O SPAWN for SALE at Mr. G. Noyce's, 1, Rose Vine Cottage,
Latymer Road, Netting Hill, W.

N.B, Wholesale and Retail, and for Exportation.

To Noblemen, Gentlemen, and the Trade.

WILLIAM BARRON and SON beg to call the
attention of Planters In general to their ADVERTISEMENT
on page 10G8, in the Gardeners" Oironicli! of October 19, 18C7.
• Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, near Derby,

PLAN'ilNlJ StASON.-
i

I'he Subscribers respeettully
intimate that their PRICED LIST of FOREST TREES, &c ,
la now readv, and may be had on application.

Wm. Urijuhart & Sons, Nui-serymen, Dundee.

LMS for AVENUKlmd "PARK"' PLANTING.— Fine

well rooted Trees of HUNTINGDON and HERTFORDSHIRE

ELMS, 10 to 12 and 12 to 14 feet ; and HERTFORDSHIRE. H to

16 feet, at a very cheap rate, acconitnK to quantity required. For

pnce. ic, apply to Wonn & Inoram, Nurseries. Hnnting-lon.

To Gentlemen, Builders, and Others.

ABOUT 2U0O large Ornamental FOREST TREES,
12 to 84 feet, suitable for immediate Blind or Park Planting,
consisting of ELM, MAPLE, SYCAMORE, PLANE, and BIRCH.
J. W. ToDMAN, Elthara Nursery, S.E.

Larch, Spruce. &c. ,„„„

LARCH, extra strong, 4 to 6 teet, 21*. per 1000.
SPRUCE, 2 to 3 feet, 10«. per 100 ; 3 to 4 feet, 20s. per 100 ;
4 to ij feet, S2a. per 100. „ , „ „.

oUICKS. SCOTCH FIRS, and CONIFERS, of all sizes. &c.

Henry Minchin, The Nurseries. Hook Norton. Ox"n.

To tlie Trade.

A GOOD STOCK of DANIEL O'ROOKE ^PEAS
be had of Wiliiam Clare, Seedsman,
12, Bishopsgate Wltliout.— Nov. 23.

s

EED

POTATOS, — All the finest varieties at very

moderate prices.
H. & F. Sharpb, Wisbech.

Paul and Son's Double crimson xnom.

PAUL AND SON beg to oHer Strong STANUARDS
and PYRAMIDS— these last 6 feet high, branched from foot— at
5s. each. 60s, per dozen ; MAIDEN DWARFS, 25. 6d. each. It is a
new hardy plant of rare ment.

The *' Old " Nursenes. Cheshont. N.

New Double Cnmson Thorn.

WM. PAUL has still a few good FLOWERING
PLANTS, established in Pnts, of Uus first-ciasa new Forcing
Plant price 6s each. First-cla.sH Certificates at International,
Royal Horticultural, and Royal Botanic Societies. It was tUno
forced and eiihibited by him on several occasions la«t spring,
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross. N.

1186

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE, [November 23. iser.

N

TEW and RARE TREES and SHRUBS.

ULMUS ADREA RORSEELST.— This elegant and Rorgeous tree
is one of tbe richest lawn ijems that this nge of novelties has
produced. The foliage is of the richest BRONZED GOLD, which
IS increased in brilliancy by the fullest exposure to the sun.
Price, 10s. 6d., 16s.. to 2ls. eich.

PRUNUS MAHALEB FOLIIS ARGENTEIS MARWNATIS.—
A beautiful silver variegated form of Frunua Mahaleb, rivalling
in effect the elegant Cornus mascula variogata. Price, strong
Standards, 16s. each.

MAGNOLIA LENN:fi.— The flowers of this fine Magnolia are very
large, and of great substance ; colour, rich bright purple. Iliibit
vigorous. Forms a fine mass on lawns. The best of all tho
hybrids Price. 7s. Gd. to 10s. Gd. each.

ROSE COMTESSE DE JAUCO CRT. —This is decidedly the finest
new Unse of 18(57. It is of vigorous growth, erect habit, and
bo-^ ■ s freely. The flowers are large, of a beautiful flesh rose, of
e> : .site form and very double. Price, Dwarfs, 5s.; Stan-
di .l«, 7s. Gd.

ROSE, TEA, MARECHALNIEL.-The largest and most brilliant
of all the yellow Roses. Price— Dwarfs, 2s. Gd. : Standards, 5s.

LILAC, VILLE DE TROYES (BaltGt treres, Troyes, 1S(>71— A
splendid new Lilac, now offered for the first time. The trusses
are very large, and of the deepest purple, and produce a fine
ertect. Vigorous and verv flowering. Price 5s, to 7s. (ifZ. each.

FRAXINITS EXCELSIOR CUCULLATUS (BaltCt freres, Troyes,
18f>7). — This very curinus and very ornamental Ash is now offered
for the flr&t time. It is of vigorous growth, and the peculiar
hooding of the leaves presents a singular and striking aspect.
Price 5s. to 7s. Gd. each.
Sole Agents in Englanii for the two last-iiamed novelties, John and

Charles Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment,

Hammersmith, London, W.

Balsam Seed,

FAND A. SMITH are now executing Orders for their
• unrivalled Strain of the above, in collections of Nine Varieties
at 2s. Gi^, and Mixed Packets at 2s. .ind is. each. The quality this
season is unusually good. Early Orders respectfully solicited.
Terms to the Trade on application.

TheNui-series, Dulwich, S.

Camellias and Azaleas -Englisli Grown.

EAND A. SMITH beg: to announce they have a fine
• Collection of the above, well set with Buds. Prices, moderate,
on application. The Nurseries, Dulwich, S,

F,

Fruiting and Planting Vines from Eyes.
AND A. SMITH ean supply Strong-, Well-ripened
CANES of above. Prices and Lists on application.
The Nurseries, Diilwicli, S.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for sis postage
stamps, Fart I. (British Fema and their varieties, 36 p.ages,
including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastei-n Railway.

Hazel. Larch, Scotch. &c.

J SCOTT, Men-iott Nurseries, Somerset, offer."? to
• Planters Five Acres of Transplanted HAZEL, from 3 to 4. and
4 to 5 ft., very fine; and large breadths of LARCH, SCOTCH, ASH,
OAK. THORN, &c. Extensive Planters supplied at reduced prices.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, YEWS and BOX, large and finely gro™,
to be SOLD, a Bargain. CATALOGUES on application.

ACORNS (ENGLISH), fine sound seed, price upon
application. LAUREL (COMMON), 1-yr. Cuttings, extra fine,
price upon apolication.

TRADE CATALOGUE of FRUITS, HERBACEOUS PLANTS,
ROSES, Sc, free upon application.

A few bushels of HORSE CHESTNUTS also to spare.
DiLLiSTOi'E &. WooDTHORPE, Munto NuTsory, Slble Hedingham, Eases.

New Caladiums.

CHARLES VERDIER, lils, Nurseryman, 12, liue
DumC'ril, Paris, is bsppy to announce that he now ofi'ers the
splendid varieties of NEW CALADIUMS obtained bv Mr. Bleu, and
for which that; gentleman received a Gold M edal at the Paris Uqiversal

Exhibition, viz,
^Caladium Adnlph Adam

„ Alfred Bleu . .

„ Alcide Michaux

„ Auber

„ Aug. Rivifiie . .

,, Beethoven

„ Boieldicu

„ De CandoUe . .

„ Devinck

s. d.
10 0
16 0
10 0
12 0
12 0
10 0
8 0
0
0

Caladtum Dr. Boisduval..
„ Dr. Lindiey ,.
„ Ed. Andrfi ..
„ E. G. Henderson . .

„ Halfcvy

„ IrapC'ratrice Eugenie
„ Louis Poirier

,, Mars

Reine Victoria

12 0

8 0

16 0

10 0

8 0

IG 0

A LIST of the above may be had either direct from Mr. Vehdier,
or uf Ins Agents, Messrs. R. Silberrad & Son, 6, Harp Lane, Great
Toner sr.reet, London, E.G.

Vines.

JOSEPH WESTLET is now prepared to send out
well-ripened CANES for fruitinpr, in pots, of BLACK HAM-
BURGH, S-fe(;t rods, ts.Gd. each; MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA,
iO-feet lods, IGs.Gd. each; extra strong planting CANES of the
above, 35. Gd. each.

GERANIUMS.
Per dozen.
L'ELEGANTE

SUNSET

ITALIA UNITA ..

REBECCA
MRS. POLLOCK

. 24 0

, 24 0

, 12 0

6 0

Per dozen -
LA GRANDE
TRANSCENDANT
SHOW PELARGONIUM.
GOLDEN FLEECE
FLOWER of SPRING ..

SOPHIA DUMARESQUE. 10s. Gd. each.
ALTERNANTHERA, four sorts, 4,-;. per dozen.
CISCUS DISCOLOR, Cs. per doz. | HALF SPECIMEN, lOs.Oti. each.
Also collection of 200 varieties of Variegated ZONAL GERA-
NIUMS trom 15n. per 100.

Special prices given for quantities on application.
Address, Joseph Westley, Floral Nurseries, Bliaworth, near
I^orthampton.

New Fruits.

CHARLES TURNER has great pleasure in offering
the following valuable New Fruits:—
FROGMORE EARLY BIGARREAU CHERRY.

The " Florist and Poniologist" thus describea it :— " The Frogmore
Early Bigarveau Cherry will be at it^i highest excellence, perfectly
ripe, and waning towards its end, before any of the other Bigarreaus
have yet made their iippearance. It waa raised by Mr. Ingram, at
the Royal Ganlens at Frogmore. Unlike the class to which it properly
belongs, it hits 11 tender melting flesh ; in every respect it is a Bigar-
reau in habit, leaf, and iippearance of the fruit, and must be classi-
fied along with these varieties; but as if to set at nought all
human arrangements, it persists in having a delicious melting flesh,
instead ol one that is hard and crackling. The tree is a great
bearer, clusters of a dt^zen and half to two dozen larae handsomL>
Cherries being produced on a small spray ; and the liiiit ripens in thu
middle of June."

Strong Plants now Ready.
STANDARDS, PYRAMIDS, and DWARF-TRAINED, 10s. Gd. each

MAIDENS Is.Gd. ,,

AColoured Drawing by ANnREWs will be sent on receipt of 13 Stamps,
NEW APPLES.

GIPSY KING.—Tliis Apple is a very distinct variety, very hand-
some in colour and shape, skin covered over with nut-brown rassct,
inttriiiixed with red and carmine on thetiunny side; flesh yellowish,
rich and sugary. Highly recommended as a late keeping variety
Price ^s. each.

ROUNDWAY MAGNUM BONUM.— This is a vei? large late
variety, an abundant bearer, and of excellent habit. Price os. e ich,

" The Oaidoners' Year Book for 18G5 " thus describes it :—
"This is a first-rate culinary-Apple, and one thut may also be use
in Ihe dessert Tlie fruit is large, roundish ovate, and angular 01
the side. The skin is lemon yellow, with a few broad broken stroakN
of pale crimson on one side. The Beah is yellowish wh'te, temier,
crisp, VL-ry juicy, and with a flue aroma. This was raised by Mr. Joi ,
Gardener at Ruundway Park, Wilts, and received a First-clasa Ge'r-
fciflcate li-om the Royal Horticultural Society's Fruit Committee."
The Royal Nureeries, Sloiigh,

THE VICTORIA NECTARINE (Rivms).— This is
not only the finest of all Noctarlues, but the finest of all fruits
of t.emperate climates. iJoarlng Trees, half Standards and Bushes,
3 to 4-yr. old, 5s. to 7s. Gd. each, -.-t^

The ALBERT NECTARINE (Rivers).— Very large and excellent
tri force ; Bearing Trees, half Standards, 5s. ; Bushes, 5s. each.

The Trees will be sent from or in pots, and will bear full crops
next season. Carnage paid to London.

Thos. Rivers iSs Son, Nurseries, Sawb ridge worth,

ROTAL VINEYARD PEACH.— This remarkable
Peacli is of very robust habit, and is a most prolific bearer.
It is so harHy, that in 1805 it bore a heavy crop of large fruit us an
ORCHARD STANDARD, several branches having each borne from
four to five fruit, weighing ten ounces a-pieee. It is a free-stone of
most luscious flavour, with a supt2r,tbandance of juice, and is just
sufiiciently piquant to render it highly refreshing. The time of
ripening is about a week earlier than the Barrington Peach.

John & Charles Lke have much pleasure in intro ucing this
extraordinary Peach, which was exhibited at Mr. Webber's, in
Covent Garden Market, in 1?65, and was much admired and inquired
after at the time.

Dwarf Maiden Trees are now ready, price 10s. 6d. each.

Royal Vineyard Nm-sery and Seed Establishment, Hammeismith,
London, W.

QTRONG STANDARD and DWARF-TRAINEB

O APPLES and PEARS.

Fine transplanted LARCH FIR, li to 6 feet

Bushy LAURUSTINUS, LAURELS, and BOX TREES

CHINESE ARBOR VITxE, 5 to C feet, fine Pyramids

A choice collection of CONIFER-^

A large assortment of STANDARD and DWARF PERPETUAL.

and strong DWARF CHINA or MONTHLY ROSES, and a

general NURSERY STOCK.
All the above are well rooted, and will remove with safety. Prices
on application to

Charles Burgess, The Nurseries, London Road, Cheltenham.

MAGNIFICENT D W A R P' - T R A I N E D

FRUIT TREES,
By the Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand.
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES. NECTA-
RINES, and APRICOTS. [NECTARLNES.
Also Standard, wall-traiued, fniit bearing, PEACH ES and
PYRAMIDAL PEARS on the Quince Stock in a fruit-bearing
state ; and PYRAMIDAL PEARS, on the Pear Stock, extra
strong and well grown,
Wii. Wood k Son have many acres of the above named, which for
health and vigour are quite unsurpassed in the trade. The Trees
have been most carefully trained, and are really examples of suc-
cessful cultivation.
Address, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfield, Susses.

RICHARD SMITH'S FRUIT LIST contains a sketch
of the various forms of Trees, with directions for Cultivation,
Soil, Drainage, Manure, Pruning, Lifting, Croppmg, Treatment
under Glass ; also their synonymes, quality, size, form, skin, colour,
flesh, flavour, use, growth, duration, season, price, &c. Free oy
post for three stamps.

Richard Smith, Nurserj'man and Seed Merchant, Worcester,

FIFTY ACRES well stocked with FRUIT TRKES
to select from. — APPLES. PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHKS, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, in every lorm desired
for fruiting.

See RicuAnD Smith's FRUIT LIST, free bv po^t for 3 stamps.
RroQARD Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester,

rriOR THE OPEN GROUND.—

-L^ APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and CHERRIES, fine healthy
Pyramids, very ornamental and productive. Strongly recommended
for large and small gardens.

See RicnAKD Bjiith'^s FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stamps.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

ESPALIER and "WALL-TRAINED TREES
in any quantitv.— APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHES. NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, fine strong trees of
pertect form.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, free by post for 3 stamps.
Richard Smitu, Nurseryman, Worcester.

A CROP of FRUIT the FIRST SEASON.-
Benring Pyramids and Bushes in pots for orchard houses.
PEACHES. NECTARINES, APHICOTS, APPLES, PEARS,
PLUMS, and CHERRIES, Extra strong VINES and FIGS In
ft'uiting condition for forcing.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 fatamps.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

Mulberry Trees.

MESSRS. WOOD AND SONS, Nurserymen, 172, Old
Kent Road, S.E., beg to inform Gentk-men and the Trade
that they have a large quantity of the above Trees— Jruiting, hand-
some, and well-rooted Trees. Prices on application. Also a large
(quantity of DECIDUOUS SHRUBS and FOREST TREES of large
sizes, very cheap.

Fruit Trees.— Tlie finest Collection In England.

J SCOTT, Merriott Nurseries, Somerset, begs to
• solicit his Friends and the Public to inspect his immense
Stock, consisting of 700 sorts of APPLES, 50 do, APRICOTS, lao do.
CHERRIES,160do. PEACHES and NECTARINES. 900 do. PEARS
and 160 do. PLUMS, in all manner of trnining, well root-pi-uned
and cirefully transplanted; CURRANTS, FILBERTS, GOuSE-
BERRIES, &c. ; making together about 1500 sorts of FRUIT
TREES, which for health and beauty cannot be sm-passed.
CATALOGUES on application.

Fruit Trees.

JLE CORNU, Nurseryman, Seedsman, and Florist,
• begs to inform his Friends and the Public tliat he has this
season to offer an immense quantity of beautiful and well-grown
Fruit Trees, all of the best leading varietius, such as APPLES,
APRICOTS, PEACHES, NECTARINES, PEARS, PLUMS, and
CHERRY TREES, as Dwarf, Trained, and Standards, 4 to 6 feet
stems. CATALOGUE on application.

High View Nm-series, Mont a I'Abbfe, St. Heller's, Jersey.

LOISE-CHAUVIERE, Seedsman, Nurseryman, and
Florist, 14. Quai de la Me;iisserie, Paris, begs to inform his
numerous Friends and those iutt-rested, that he cau otfer the most
complete collection of GLADIOLI bulbs, of the finest quality.

All kinds of VEGETABLE and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS are
supplied by this firm, prices of which may be had on application.

Loise-Chaoviehe has been rewarded with the Gold Medal for the
numerous plants whicb he exliibited at the " Univera:il Exhibition,"
amongst which were Gladioli, Dahlias, Gloxinias, Annuals, and
Ornamental plants.

VIOLA CORNUTA (Wills' true variety).— We beg
to state that in June last we secured the ertire stock of Seed
of the true variety of "MAUVE QUEEN" VIOLA CORNUTA
from the raiser. Tbe Seed is now being delivered to us in beautiful
condition. Price to the Trade on application. Orders will be
executed in strict rotation as received.

DicKsoNs & Brown, Seed Merchants, 43 and 45, Corporation Street,
Manchester.

The following Houses have already ordered supplies :—
Messrs. Sutton & Sons, Reading
„ Beck, Henderson, & Child,

London
„ Peter Lawson & Son, Edin-

bm-gh
„ W, Drummond& Son, Dublin

and Stirling
,, Hooper & Co., London
„ Nutiing & Sons, London
., Fraser, Goad, & Ratford,

London
„ A. Henderson & Co., London
„ C. Platz& Son,Erfui-t
„ J. C. Wheeler & Son,

Gl 01.: coster
„ Butler, M-Culioch, fir Co.,

Lomlon
„ Geo. Morrison^ Sou, Elgin

Austin & M'Aslan,
Glasgow
,, Smith k Simons, Glasgow
,, Thomas Imrie & Sons, AjT
„ Hiu^t & Son, London
,, F. & A. Dickson & Sons,

Chester
„ Geo. Gibbs & Co., London
„ Dicksons k I'urabull, Perth
„ RulLissou & Sons, Tooting
,, S. Finney & Co., Newcaa le
„ J, Dobson & Sons, Isleworth
Mr. Ernest Penary, Erfurt
Mr. Robert Cooper, London
Mr. F. A. Haage, jun., Erfui't
Mr. William Deans, Jedburgh
Mr. Thos. Fietpoint,, WaiTington
Mrs. M. L. Pontey, Plymoutli

GREENHOUSE FERNS. — The following 20 fine
named FERNS, in 4-incb Pots, for I5s., or Is., each, viz.,
Asplenluni eburneuni, Asplenium alternans, Nophrodium molle,
Tar. polydictyon, Lastnea glabella, Laatiiea etythrosora, Lastriea
pinoata, Lastraja podophyila, Leptogramma rupeatris, Leptogramma
aaplenioides, Ly^odium scandena, Poll;ea geranifolia, Blechnum
cartilacineum, Dipl.izium polypodioides, Doodia dives, Doodia
linearis, Microleptis strigosa, Cyrtoniium falcatum, Anemodictyon
Phyllitides, Scolopondrum Krebsil, Cystopteris bulbifera.
Henry Mav, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale. Yorkshire.

Lomarla CycadEefolia.

A VAN GEEHT, Nurseryman, Ghent, Belgium, has
■lS^u much plea.iui'o in offering fine plants of this splendid Tree
Fern (just arrived, in good condition). 18 inches high, at £4 each.

A. V. G. will bejjrepared early next Spring to send out nice young
plants of CYBOriUM PRINCEPS at 30s. per dozen, orders for
which are now being booked.

Agents : Messrs. R. Silbehrad & Sonj 5, Harp Lane, Great Tower
Street, London, E.G., of whom GENERAL CATALOGUES may be
obtai- led on application.

To, Gentlemen, Nurserymen, and Planters.

DELEPIiSE'S NHW GENERAL CATALOGUE of
FRUIT and ORNAMENTAL TREES has just been published.
Del^pine, Sen., begs to call the attention of Planters to his large
stock of the following: —
STANDARD, PYRAMID, and DWARF FRUTT TREES and

FRUITING SHRUBS.
FOREST and ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING and BEARING

TREES, CONIFBRiE, EVERGREENS, and SHRUBS.
AMERICAN PLANTS and ROSES.

Young Plants or Seedlings of all sorts for Nurseries, Hedges, and
extensive Plantations.

Proprietor of one of the most extensive Nurseries in thi.-i pwt of
France (called, with reason, Le Jardin de la France), M. Delepink
is able to furnish very hardy, robust, and strong Stocks of the above.
CATALOGUE and Prices may he obtained post free on application
to Del^pine ftiiiC, Nurseryman, Route Neuve de Saumur, & Angers,
France ; or of his London Agents, Messrs. R. SiLBERitAn & Son,
5, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street. E.C.

Dumfries Railway Station Nursery,

rriHOMAS KKNNEDY and CO., Ntjkskrymen and
-L Seepsuen, Dumfries, have this season a very large and superior
stock of FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES, DECI-
DUOUS and EVERGREEN SHRUBS. &c.. which they are selling
at extremely moderate prices. The TREES and SHRUBS being
of all ages and sizes, are particularly well suited for extensive plant-
ing or for giving immediate effect in the formation and improving of
Ornamental Parks. Pleasure Grounds, &c.

Prices on application. Special offers made to large purchasers.

"*#* Dumfries IS m<<st conveniently situated for the speedy trans-
mission of goods to all parts of the United Kingdom.

SPECIMEN FLANrS, for immediate ettect, have been
O annually removed. Standard PORTUGAL LAURELS,
straight stems, beautiful heads; THUJA LOBBII, TAXODIUM
SEMPERVIRENS, PINUS EXCELSA. ABIES DOUGLASSII,
CRYPTOMERIA VIRIDIS, THUJA OCCIDENTALIS, PINUS
CEMBRA, 6, 8. and 10 feet high. 5.s'. to 16s. each ; a great reduction
if taken in quantities. ABIES CANADENSIS, CUPRESSUS
LAWSONIANA, ARBOR-VIT^, RED CEDARS, and PINUS
AUSTRIACA, 3 to 5 feet, 12s. to 30s. per dozen. ROSES, Dwarfs,
65. per doi-.en ; Stanriards, the very best that can be had, 15s. and ISs.
per dozen. W. B. J^fkriks, Nursfrymm, Ipswich.

To Suburban ana otber Extensive Planters.

PONSFOKD AND SON have much pleasui-e in offering
(with special advantages) well-grown and thoroughly healthy
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, prominently the following:—
Fruit Trees for every purpose, in fine condition ; Roses, Ornamental
Trees, Evergreen and Deciduous Shmbs for general furnishing,
particularly Aucubas, Arbor-viUe. Ligustrum, Thuja (various).
Variegated Hollies, &c., specially to the Trade ; fine Standard
Mulberries, Limes, extm strong ; Standard Apples and Plums,
Dwarf-trained Apricots, Planes, Poplai-s, ka. ; Azalea indica, choice
sorts, extra size, Cheap.

Nurseries : Loughborough Park, Brixton, S.

Seed and Plant Department : Brixton Place.

To Railway ana Enclosure Planters.

S ROBINSON, of Shaw House, Melbourne, near Derby,
• has several million of BEDDING and TRANSPLANTED
.QUICKS to dispose of, suitable for the above purposes, from 2, 3, 4,
and 5 years old. Price, from 4s. Gd. to 20s. per 1000 ; well rooted and
fit for planting out.

S. R. has also for sale some fine Bushy SPRUCE, 3 to 4 feet;
HOLLIES, BEECH, and LARCH, 4 to 5 feet ; and other kinds of
FOREST TREES.

Mr. RoBi.NsoN wishes to inform his customers that he has a line
stock of his CHAMPION OX CABBAGE PLANTS for spring use,

N,B, Satisfactory references required previous to orders being
e.Kecuted.

(3c

To the Trade.

^ WALKER, Humberstone Nursery. Leicester, has to
X. DISPOSE of, in excellent condition, AMERICAN AKBOR-
VITjE, bushy, 2 to 3 ft. high, 30a. pei- 100 ; COTONEASTER MICRO-
PHYLLA, 4s. per doz. ; TREE BOX, Green and Variegated, 2 to
3 ft., 20s. per 100 ; MOUNTAIN ASH, 10 ft., 4s. per doz. ; HORN-
BEAM. 8 to 10 ft., 4s. perdoz. ; CHESTNQT.S, 4 to8ft.,4s. per doz. ;
8 ft. upwards, &. per doz. ; SCARLET CHESTNUTS, .5 ft. stems,
strong, 12s. per doz. ; WALNUTS, C ft. stems, extra strong heads.
18s. per doz. ; APPLES, bushy, for immediate bearing, £3 per 100 ;
DWaRF apples, 1-yr., cut batk, 30s. per 100; STANDARD
PEARS, 75s. per 100 ; MANETTI STOCKS, 30s. per 1000 ; PRIVET,
strong, 20,s. per IdOO ; ROSES, best named varieties, 75s. per lOO ;
RED^CURRANTS, Gs. per loU; PUT VINES, in sorts, ISs. p^doz._

Hollies, Yews, Evergreen Privets, Sc.

WAVlUGaX. Kast Ketiord, Notts, hej^s to offer
• IRISH YEWS, flue specimens, G to 10 ft., at 4s., 5s., and
T-s. Gd. each, 30s. per doz. PRIVETS, il to 12 inches, os, per lOoo ;
l:i to 18 inches, 8s, per 1000; 2 to 2i ft., 15s. per 1000. HOLLIES,
flne plants, removed last year, 1 to \\ ft., 10s. per 100 ; li to 2 ft.,
12s. 0(i. per 100; 2 to 3 ft., bushy, 3fis, per 100. DAHOON HOLLIES,
2i to 3i ft., 16s. per doz. ; 3 to 4 ft. ditto MADERENSIS. 15s. per doz.
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, 4 to 6 ft., 2s. U. each, 208. per doz.
LARCH, twice transplanted, 2 to 3 ft.. 4 to 5 It,, 12». Gd., 15s., 30s. per
1000. POPLARS, 10 to 12 11., 12s. per 100. WRIGHT'S IMPROVED
RED GROVE CELERY SEED, Is. per packet, 12 packets for 8s.
Terms cash, or references from unknown correspondents.

HENRY MAY bogs to offer the
undernamen : —
ENGLISH YEWS, 2 ft., very bushy (often tmnsplanted), 3s. per doz.,

I5s. per 100 ; do., 2} to 3 ft., bushv, .10., Gs. i>er doz., 40s. per 100 ;

IRISH do,, 4 to 5 ft., do , Is. Gd. eacii, 16s. per doz.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 ft., bushy, do., 4». per doz., 20s. per 100 ;

do., 2i to 3 ft., bushy, do., 8s per duz., 60s. per 100
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, 2 ft., bushy, do., Gs. per doz.,

40s. per 100 ; do.. 3 to 4 ft., bushv, uo.. 12s. per doz.
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, 2 ft., bushy, do., 123. per doz. ;

do., 3 ft., Oushy, iio., 16s. per doz. ; do., 4 ft., bushy, do., Ws. per

doz. ; do^ n f t , bushy, do., GOs. per doz.
ARtiOR-VIT.rE (AMERICAN), 4 to 5 It., bushy, do., 9s. per doz.,

60s. per 100
PINUS AUSTRIACA, 2 R., bushy, do.. 4s. per doz., 20s. per 100; f

do., 3 ft., bushy, do., Gs. per doz., 30s. per 100 ; do. EXCELSA,

4 to 6 ft., bushy, do., 18s. per doz.
ENGLISH SPRUCE FIR, 3 ft., single planted {perfect specimens),

Cs. per doz., 30s. per 100
HORSE CHESTNUT, 8 ft., do., fine, 6«. per doz., 30s, per 100
ENGLISH ELM (Grnfted), S ft., do., do., 6s. per doz., 30s. per 100
LIMES, 8 ft., do., do., I2s. per doz.
AILANTHUS QLANDULOSA (for Silkworm Culture), 2\ ft.,

2s. per doz., 10s. per 100
STANDARD APPLES, Git. stems, flne heads, good, 10s. per doz.,

70s. per 100 ; do. VICTORIA PLUMS, good, 15s. per doz.
Fine named LANCASHlKB GOOSEBERRIES, 2s. per doz.; 13s.

per 100.
CURRANTS, WHITE, BLACK, and RED, fine, Is. Qd. per doz.;

Ss. per 100. [per doz.

Fine named HYBRID-PERPETUAL ROSES, at Gs., 9s., and 12s,
All the above are flue gro^vn stuff, and well removed, and will
plant safely.

Henry May's CATALOGUES can be had on application, which
contain all tno most popular EVERGREENS. SHRUBS, &c.
Henby May, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Yorkshire,

NOVEMBEB 23, 1867.]

THE GARDENEES^ CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1187

Wow Is the Proper Time to Plant Hardy Herbaceous
Plants.

HENKY MAY oilers tlii' iiii(li-r-namca lurge (.■■ Ueclu.n.
It cDiituhiH nil tho best CAMPANULAS, OKIANUIMH
(hardy), Kl'IMKPI U MS, ACUMTUIMS, PHLOXKS. uKl.l'llI-
NIUMS, IKIS, ami iipwfirds of (io ditTorent varieties of SAXI-
FUAGA uuil SI' UUM, witli a host of others.

A Colloctiou of 100 uivmed varieties 2(^6.

A Colloutlon of lioo naiiiod varieties 40«.

A Colleotlou of fioo iiftiiied viirlotks 81)8.

IIknuv May, The Ilope Niiisurlos, Bodala, Yoikslilrej

Larch, &c.

LARCH, 2i to 4 foot. 17.s-. 6^/. ; 3 to 4;\ feet, 20*. ;
■Ji to G ft., ffts. ; SCOTCH FIR, 1 to 2 feet. 17«. Hd. ; SPKUCE.
1 to U foot. 1;!n, (W, ; OAK. 1^ to -Ji It., ir>s. per lOuU.

LlSTof otlicr TRKKs mi iii-iillrnMoii; epecial quotations for larRO
quimtitius. Ar^ply, witli iLlVrunou, to
Jasiks ItiiiDKi.i., Steward, Park Attwuod, Bewdloy, Worcestersblro.

Forest Trees.

WCROWDEK, NUI18ERYMAN, Homcnstlc, hn.s the
• following to oHer to the Trade at low prices :— -LARCH,
3 to I, and 3 to 6 feet; SCOTCH FIR, U to 21, and 3 to 4 feiit ;
SPRUCE KIR, 1 to li f.'Ot. li to 2 feet. 'J lo 3 feet, and 3 feet, twice
transplanted ; CRAIf STOCKS, ^J to 1 fett, stout; QOICKS, atout,
1, 2, and 3-yr. transptantfd.

Profitable Game Covert.

PLANT vour GAME PRKtSKRVl-S with the BITTER
\V1LIX>\V. NeiLhtr liiiroH nor Rabbits will destroy them;
require no care nor priUectlon ; grow quickly, and will tomi a good
Cover in one season. Tlie i)roduce is commercially profltvble, and
ahvAys tloda a ready Market. Piioe of Cuttings, selected, '208. pur
10(10, ciisli. Apply to

Wu. bcALiNo, "Willow Jlerchant, Basford, Notts.

Green Hollies, 4 to 7 feet.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Clu'stcr, nlibrs s.vcrulThousands
of the above, very handsuiue plants, in excellent condition for
removing ; also an exceedingly laipe stock of extra strong THORNS,
and many Millions of FOREST TREES, including LARCH of all
slzee, SC'OTCII FIR. twice transplanted, IJ to Sleet: SPRUCE,
1 to 3i fuet, thin on tho ground; ASn, 2J to 5 feot i ELM,
3to«foot; SYCAMORE.3toOfoet; OAKS, ALDERS, BIRCH, &c.
PRICED LISTS on application.

JOSEPFI SMITH, JuN., Moor Edge Nurseries, Tnnslev,
near Matlock, have to offer a large and GENERAL NUBSEttY
STOCK, tjdneisting of Forest Trees and Oroameutal Shrubs and
Trees, at very moderate prices.
LARCH, 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, and 4 to 5 feet, 13s. per 1000.
RnODUDENDRON PONTICUM, 8 to 12 inches, flOs. per 1000;
9 to 16 Ins.. 13i'.s-. n. 1000 ; Ito IJ tt., loO.t. p. 1000 ; U to 2 ft., 'JeOs. p. 1000.
PRICED CATALOGUE on application.
Special offers made to large purchasers.

TWO MILLION Seedling and transplanted THORNS
to be SOLD Cheap.
100,000 transplanted BERBERIS DARWINII, ditto.
200.000 transplanted MAHONIA AQUIFOLIA, from 10s. per loOO
to 6s. per 100,
10 Tons ARH-LEAVED KIDNEY POTATOS.
100 Tons SKERRY BLUE POTATOS.
Aniiw. G. Daly, Nowry, Ireland.

MK. FREDERICK AUOLPHUS HAAGE, Junior,
Nl'hskryuan, Siedsman, and FLfRisr, Errmt, Prussia,
respectfully begs to anrjounco that his NEW TRADE SEED LIST
for lSC"-()8, containing all the leading kinds of Flower, Tree, and
Vegetable Seeds and Novelties of this season, wdl be sent out by the
end of this month, and ni.iy be had post free on application to his
Agents, Mt's.srs. Bktham & Blackitu, Cox's Quay, Lower Thames
Street. Loudon. All orders will meet immediate and most careful
attention.

Lists of STOVE, GREENHOUSE, and HERBACEOUS PLANTS,
also of SUCCULENTS, are now ready.— Erftu-t, November, 1S67.

Large Evergreens, Specimen Conifers, &c.

WATERER AND GOOFliEY beg to submit the
following List to the notice of intending planters ; —
YEWS, ENGLISH, 5. 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 16 feet high
„ IRISH, G, 7. 8, and 10 feet high
„ GOLDEN, 5, (i. to 0 feet
„ STANDARD GOLLEN, 20 years worked
„ „ ELEGANTISSIMA, 10 and 16 veaivs old

„ DOVASTON or WEEPING, Qne heads, lOandlSyears old

We have altogether thousands of these di fferent Yews of the

large sizes. Every plant has been recently removed.

HOLLIES, COMMON G REEN, (t. 7, 8, 10, 12, and 16 feet high, and

as much in circumference— hundreds

„ LAURIFOLIA and SCOTTICA, 0, 7, 8, and 10 feet, and wide

inp'"cportion
„ W ATERER'S, the hardiest of all variegated Hollies, 4 and 5 feet

by 10 and 12 feet in circunU'erence
„ THE QUEEN, or best gold striped, the handsomest of all
variegated Hollies

We have hundreds of these beautiful plants, 4, 5, and 7 feet
hieh and wide
„ STANDARD, WATERER'S, and GOLDEN, with flne heads,

16 and 20 years worked
S^ We have some thousands of the ordinary kinds of Variegated
Hollies. 4, 6, 6, and 7 feet high. Every plant has been removed
witbin 12 months.

CEDRUS DEODARA, some thousands, G, 7, 8, and 10 feet high
„ ATLANTICA, and Cedars of Lebanon, moved in April,

4, 5, 6, and 8 feet
„ RED VIRGINIANS. 5, 0. and 7 feet
CHINESE JUNIPER, one of the handsomest and hardiest of all
evergreens—thousands of beautiful plants, 4, 5, 6, 7, and
8 feet high ; some njagniflcent plants, 10, 12, and 16 feet high,
12 to 20 feet in circuiulerence
THUJA AUREA, 3, 4, and 6 feet high, 7to 20feet in circumference
„ OlGANTEA, 10, 12, and 16 feet high, very handsome
„ LOBBIl, splendid plants, 7, 8, to 10 feet high, and 12 and 16 feet
round — hundreds
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, the finest stock— many thousands,

6. 7, 8, 10, to 16 feet high, and as much In circumference
THUJOPSIS EOREALIS, 4, 6, 8, and 10 feet high, 7 to 12 feet in

circumference — hundreds
PORTUGAL LAUREL, 4 and 6 feet high, 7 and S feet round
BOX, Green and Variegated. 4, 5. If, 7, and 8 feet— thousands
PICEA NOBILIS, splendid plants, moved in spring, 4, 6, G, and 8 feet
„ NORDMANNIANA, i, 6, 0, 8, 10, and 16 feet high [high

Noni; of our Nobilts or Nordmannian-.a are grat'ted plants
„ MAGNIFICA or NOBILIS ROBUSTA, the finestatock in the

trade, all seedlings, 2 to 4 leet high
„ LASIOCARPA, hundreds of plants, 4, 5, 6, and 7 feet high, all
ABIES DOUGLASSII, 6, 6, 7, and 8 feet [seedlings

„ ORIENTALIS, 4, 6, 0, 7, tolO and 12feet; 7 to 20 feet in elr-
cumferemce ; most beautiful plants
PINUS CEMBRA, 6, 7, to i) feet
„ PINSAPO, 3, 4, 6. and 0 feet

„ „ Some very flne plants, 10 to 20 feet high, 15 and 25 feet
in circumference
WELLINGTOMA GIGANTEA,
recently, 4, 6,
circUDiference

RHODODENDRON S. — We have 40 acres of land in one piece filled

almost exclusively with Rhododendrons. A more healthy

and beautirul stock cannot be desired.

STANDARD RHODODENDRONS.-Some of the finest plants to

be lound in any nursery, many are 20 lo 40 years old

£^ The large Standard and other Rhododendrons planted last

spring in Rotten Row, Hyde P.ark, were supplied by Waterer

& GODFBEY.

We do not quote prices, we presume pm-chasers of such large
plants will adopt the much wiser, and always more satisfactorj
course, of seeing and judging lor themselves.

We solicit an inspection and invite comparison with any othei
similar nnraeiy stock in tne kingdom.

The Knup Hill Nursery is upwards of 150 acres in extent, and con-
tains an enormous and very superior stock of the ordmary sized
EVERGREENS. DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL TREES, &c

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE will be forwarded
n-ae on application to

Watehkr & Godfrey Knap Hill Nui-sery, Woking, Surrey.

The Nursery Is readily reached by Train, 4u minutes from Waterloo
to Woking. Conveyancei* are always to be had at the Station.

large number, all removed

MAURICE YOUNG'S I\EW CATALOdT E nf NEW
HARDY i'LANI'S, JAPANESE NuVKl.ll i:S, NEW
AUCUHAS, ORNAMENTAL TREKS and SUKUHS. EVER-
GREENS, CONlFElt.K, KIIODODENDRONS, FOREST TREES,
Jtc, may by had ou ajipllcullnn.

DESIGNS. PLANS, :iiid ESTIMATES PREPARED
for LAVIN(1-UUT NHW UROPNUS, IMl'llOVINQ PAIIK
SUKNKliy, I'LANTATIONS, io.

F

OREST TREES

PLANTED

Guaranteed.

by the Acre, uiid

Convenient railway accommodation to all parts of ihe country.

Mllf.ird Nin-HLiricH, iiour(!odiUiiiing, SuiToy.

Paurs Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

WM. PAUL iH'gH to anununce th;Lt ho Una the
following COLLECTIONS of TREES and PLANTS now
ready for delivery, which bo can confldoutly recommend for quality
and price :—

ROSES.— 100,000 Plants, Standards, Dwarf Standards,
and Dwarfs.
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE free on application.

TREES and SHRUBS.— Large quantities of the popular
Nursery Plants, of all eizofl, good and cheap.
A choice variety of PICTORIAL TREES, his collection of which
was tho only one which received a Prize at the International
Exhibition of 1800.

AMERICAN PLANTS. — Rhododendrons, Azaleas,
Kalmias, Ileiiths, 4c., in variety, from the commonest to the
choicest. _^____^^___^-^

FRUIT TREES. — Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums,
Figs, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Ac, &c. ; Standards,
Dwarfs, and Pyramids, trained .md untrained. A large stock of
handsome trees, many in a fruiting state.

RAPE VINES. -All the best sorts, both Planting
.T and Fruiting Canes.

G

PELARGONIUMS.— Beaton's and other Zonal kinds,
Gold, Bronze, and Silver varieg.ated, a flne collection.

HYACINTHS, TULIPS, and other BULBS.— AH the
First Prizes for Hyacinths and Tulips were awarded to hla
Collection at tho London Flower Sliows last spring. Cheap
Hyacinths, Tulips, &c., for spring gardening by the 100 or 1000.
Choicer kinds for pot culture and glasses good and cheap.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of any or all of the
above free by post.

R

f ENNESSY AND SON, Waterford, beg to offe)

the following : —

Per 1000.-
l-yr. Thorn Quick ..
2-yr. Thorn Quick . .
l-yr. Oak

Per 1000.-

2-yr. Oak

2-yr. Turkey Oak, flne
l-yr. Horse Chestnut, fine..

Also Laurustinus, Laurels, Aucuhas, io.

TRADE LIST on apulication.

Alewcwt. of CRESTP:d DOGSTAlLand other Natural Grasses.

O

To Nurserymen, &c.
NE THOUSA.Nli NUUSEUY YARDS of BOX

at 2d.

Ash, 3 to 4 feet

Svcamore, 3 Lo 4 feet

Alder, 3 to 4 feet

Larch, 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 teet

Scotch, G to 9 ins., and 1 to IJ feet

Oak, common. 3 to 4 feet

Maple, 3 to 4 feet

Spruce, 15 to 18 inches

Laurel, Portugal, 12 to 15 inches

Laurel, common, 12 to 16 inches

1-vr. Larch, very fine

1 and 2-yr. Scotch, native

2-yr. Pinus Austriaca

2-jr. Alder

l-yr. Beech

2-yr. Pinus cembra

2-yi-, Oak, conmion

2-yr. Oak, Turkey

2-yr. Hornbeam

2-yr. Laurel, Portugal

The above to offer, strong, well-rooted, and moderate in price,

LiXTLE & Ballanti ne, Nursevymen, Seedsmen, andFlorists, Carlisle.

TRADE LIST now published.

Wonersh Nursery, near Guildford, Surrey.

W VIRGO AND SUN beg to annminre that their
• stock of TREES and SHRUBS of tho undermentioned
kinds is this season very extensive and well-grown, s;imples, prices,
and Catalogues of which can be obtained on application : —

100,000 Hazel, 3 to 6 foet
60,000 Larch Fir. 2 to 3 feet
60,1100 Spruce Fir, 2 to 4 feet
50,000 Birch, 3 to 4 feet 13 ft.
50,000 Spanish Chestnut, 2 to
30,000 Alder, 3 to 4 feet
60,000 Ash, 2 to 3 feet
20,000 Sycamore, 3 to 4 feet

I .500,000 Quick, transplanted, U to
2 feet
50,000 GreenHol]y,transplanted,
li to 2 ft.
Common and Portugal Laurel
Berberis aquifolia
Arbor- ^itie

And other various Shrubs.

A large stock of . strong STANDARD MORELLO CHERRIES,
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, m.d DWARF-TRAINED do.

Large Evergreens and Forest Trees.

MESSRS. PAMPLIN and SON have a lar-e quantity
of the following, and offer them at low prices, part of their
Grounds being required for building purposes ; —
Cedar of Lebanon, 10 to 20 feet Black Italian Por^lar, 20 feet

Cedrus deodara. G to 16 feet
Aucuba japonica, 2 to 6 feet
Portugal Laurels, 2 to 0 feet
Chinese Arbor-vitaj, 6 to 12 feet
American „ 5 to 10 feet
Thuja aurea, 1 to 4 feet
Green Bos, 1 to C feet
Striped ditto, 2 to 4 feet
Evergreen Oak, 7 to 10 feet
Yew, Common, 4 to 10 feet
Irish Yew. 3 to 5 feet
Laurel, 2 to 6 feet
Araucaria imbricata, 10 feet
Green HoUies, 1 to 12 feet
Weymouth Fir, 3 to 6 feet
Spruce ditto, 2 to 4 feet
Birch, 14 feet

The Nurseries, Lea Bridge Road, Leyton
Walthamatow, Essex, N.E.

Balsam ditto, 10 to 15 feet
Lombardy ditto, 20 feet
Horse Chestnut, 10 to 15 feeb
Spanish Chestnut, 10 feet
Limes, 10 to 15 leet
Walnuts. 10 to 15 feet
Ash. 10 to 20 feet
Elm, 10 to 16 feet
Acacia, 10 feet
Mountain Ash, 10 feet
Turkey Oak, 10 to 12 feet
Sycamore. 10 to 14 feet
Weeping Willow, 10 to 15 feet
Lilac, Common, 8 feet
Pei'slan ditto, 6 feet
Yellow Azalea, 3 feet
Privet ovalifolia, 8 feet

and Wood Street,

To Landowners, Nurserymen, &c., In the Neighbour-
hood of Liverpool.
SEFTON PAI;K, LIVERPOOL.- Gentlemen having
full-grown TREES, of the dimensions and species hereafter
mentioned, for SALE, are requested to send a List of the Number,
Size, Kind, Situation, and 1 'istance from Site of Park of such Tree.s;,
addressed to the Arctiiterts, Messrs. Andrc & Hornblower, at their
OflBces, Toxteth Farm, Smithdown Road, Liverpool.
LIST of TREES.

Name.

HORSE CHESTNUT

LIME ,

ASH

DIITO WEEPING .,

ELM

DITTO WEEPING .
O A K, dlflerent sorts .
PLANES.. .. .

MAPLE

NEGUNDO

PAMOLONIA

CATALPA

HtiLLY, various sorts

WILLOW, WEEPING and COMMON..

Poplar, common and lombardy

ASPEiN

AILANTHUS GLANDULOSA '.'
SOPHORA JAPONICA .
SOPHORA JAPONICA PENDULA

Circumference 3 feet
above ground.

Tansley Nurseries, near Matlock, Derbyshire.

JOSKIMI SMITH, !m;n., invitee I'ianteiK and iho
Trade to liihpiul liin NiirMury of hu Acres ol high land. The Hoil
1h of a lllirnuH natuco, iiiid tho ['lantw Uiku up with excellent loots,
such -AH to uiiHuru the Ix-st hiiccohh In their runiovul.

The Nui-Hvjry contiiin« niiUiy Hundred ThoiwHurlH of RHODODEN-
DRONS, COaiMON and PORTUGAL LAURELS, BOX, BROOMS,
ItERBERIH, HOLLIES, PRIVETS. YEWS ko. THE FOREST
TREES aro vurv extoiutlve, of all tlio leading kinds; thuro are
15 Acri'S of LARCHES, of dltfurent sizes, and all (Jtbers In propor-
tlidi. Prices moderate, whioh can bo bad on appl cation iih above.

Q

UICKWOOD

A N 1>

LARCH.

imri'oco QUIOKWOOD, 2 to 3 (I., very KCrong and weU rootod, at ICa.

per 1000.
100.000 LAIK'II, 4 to 5 11., twice transplanted, good loads, and fino,

at .30f(, per 1000.
100,000 LARCH, 21 to 311. ditto, at I8j». per 1000.

100,000 LAUCII, 2rt. ditto, at 16a. per loOO.

Tho abovo are grown thinly on the ground and not dniwn, but flne,
stout, woll-roiitod Htiiff, that will stand by themselves. All other
Nursery Stock vory (Ino and hardy.

AddroMs, Hemiv May, Tho Hope Nurseries, Bedalo, yorkshire.

rpHREE MILLION strong 4-yr. transplanted (iUlCK.
i 1,(1: 0,000 good 2-yr. transplanted (iUICK,
2,0u0,000 huperior Seedling (>U1CK.
100,000 good strong LARoH, 4 to 0 feet,
100,000 good strong LARCH, 2 to 4 feet.
For samples and prices apply to
Jons Heuslby, High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

0 T H E TRADE.

ARBUTUS. TnUJA AUREA, &c.

CUCUMBER KIltKLEES HALL DEFIANCE, true.

„ IIEDSOR WINTER PROLIFIC.

Prices on application.

Tno. BirN\ARu it Sons, Nurseries, Maidstone.

And any other suitable Trees they may have to dispose of.

For Lawn and Covert Planting.

BERBERIS OaRWINIL— Too much cannot be said of
this fine evergreen species. It is hardy, and the prolusion of
Its orange-Coloured blossoms, together with the quantity of berries
which it bears (of which phoasnnts are very fond), render it one of
the moat attractive and desirable plants for lawn as well as covert
pl.intiug ever Introduced.

2-yr. Seedling, per lOOO, 30s. ( 12 inch to 18 inch, per 100, 18s.

U inch to 12 inch, per 100, lo.s-. ] 18 inch to 2 feet, per lOO, 35tf.
2 leet to 'H feet, per dozen, 9s.
COTONEASTER SIMMONDSII.— This is a beautiful hardy ever-
green shrub, with glossy dark green leaves, and bearing a large
quantify of scarlet berries, which ripen later than the Berberis
Parwinii, and will hang all wintor.J

I'J Inch to 18 inch, per loi), lis. | 2 feet to 3 feet, per 100, 30s.
William Baubon & Son, Elvaston Nurseries, near Derby.

Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uctfleld,

Sussex.

WM. WOOD AND SON have a very extensive stock
to fifler of the following, viz. :—
Scarlet HORSE CHESTNUTS, Standards, 6 to 10 feet [1000

CATALPA SYRING.EFOLIA I THUJA AUREA, by the 1 00 or
LABURNUMS, yellowand purple! Strong ASPARAGUS Plants
LARCH, SPRUCE, and SCOTCH FIRS

PINUS AUSTRIACA [and other Forest Trees

ASH, BIRCH, WILLOW, HORNBEAM, OAKS, SYCAMORE,

CATALOGUES and SaniplLS mny be had on application.

The Dorset Nurseries, Blandford and Blandford
St. Mary.

FREDERICK GILL and CO., Nurserymen, Sekds-
MEV, and FL-iiiisxa, beg to invite the attention of Gentlemen
who intend Planting, to their large and vigorous STOCK of
FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS,
ROSES, &c., extending over many Acres, and not to be surpa.ssed.

Their ROSES on MANETTI STOCK.S, of the choicest varieties
and superior growth, merit especial mention.

Copjf of a Letter received from the Rev. F. Radclyffe.
To the Proprietors oJ Ihe Dorset NoasKRrES.
"Sirs, — I was much pleased tn-day with the review of your flne
Nursery Stock. Your Manetti Roses ire the best propagated of any
that I have ever purchased. At a little distance few can discern
T?hether they are on alien stocks or on their own roots. They are
usually budded far too high to prosper.— Yours truly,

"W. F. Radclyffe."

To Planters.

WOOD AND INGRAM beg to offer the following
NURSERY STOCK, aU of which ia well-grown and flnely-
rooted -stuff : —
ACACIA, COMMON. 10 to 12 feet.
ALOEB, 3 to 4, 6 to 0, nnd 6 to 7 feet

ASH, li to 2. 2 to 3, and 3 to 4 feet 1 BIRCH, 5 to 6, and 6 to 7 feet
CHESTNUT, HORSE, l-vear seedling, 7 to 8, and 8 to 0 feet
ELM, NARRoW-LEAVfiD ENGLISH, from seed, 1-year seedling
3 to 4, and 4 to 6 feet
„ HUNTINGDON, 4to5, 6 to fi, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, and 8 to 10 feet
FIR, SPRUCE, 1 to ij, li to 2, 2 to 2i, 2i to 3, 3to 4, and 4 to 5 feet

„ WHITE and BLACK AMERICAN, 3 to 4, 4 to 5. iind5to6ieet
MAPLE, 2 years seeiilings, and 2 to 3 feet
POPLAR, BLACK ITALIAN, 8 to 10, and 10 to 12 feet
„ LOMBARDY, 4 to 5, 5 to 6, and 8 to 10 feet
„ ONTARIO or AMERICAN. 5 to 6, 6 to 8. and 12 to 16 feet
SYCAMORE, 2 to 3, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, 5 to 6. and 7 to S feet
ARBOR-VIT.-E, AMERICAN and SIBERIAN, 1 to IJ, 1\ to 2, 2 to
2*, 2i to 3, 3 to 3i, and 3i to 4 feet
,, LOBBU, vtry flne bushes, specimens, 4J to 5, 5 to 6, 0 to 7.
7 to 8. and S to 0 feet
AUCUBA JAPONICA. 1 to 1§, ^ to 2, 2 to 2i, and 2i to 3 feet
CEDAR, RED VIRGINIAN. 3 to 4, 4 to 5, and 5 to 6 feet
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, splendid speciraene, 3^ to 4. 4 to 6,
and 6 to 6 feet
,, MACROCARPA, 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 4 to 5, and 5 to 6 feet
JUNIPER, ENGLISH, 31 to 4, and 4 to 6 feet

LAUREL, COMMON, 1 to U, U to 2, 2 to 21, 2i to 3, and 4 to 5 feet
., PORTUGAL, 1 to li, li to 2, 2 to 2i, 2i to 3, 3 to 3i, and 3i to 4 ft.
LILAC, various kmds, 6 to 6, and 6 to 8 feet

PLANE, OCCIDENTAL, 4 to 5, 5 to 6, 6 to 7, 7 to 8, 8 to 10, and
10 to 12 leet
., ORIENTAL, 10 to 12, and 12 to 14 feet
YEW, COMMON,li to2, 2to2i, 2i to3. 3to3i,3ito4,and4to41ft.
Prices, which are very moderate, according to the quantity taken,
sent free on application to The Nurseries, Huntingdon.

N. B.— W. & I.'s new NURSERY CATALOGUE ia now ready.

Seed Potatos.

HAND F. SHAKPE are now offering MTATT'S
• EARLY PROLIFIC KIDNEY, RIVERS' ROYAL ASH-
LEAF, WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY, DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
EARLY OXFORD, EARLY FORTV-FOLD, and many other Early
and Late varieties grown from their own selected stocks. The
Prices are moderate, and the quality excellent. PRICED LISTS
may be had on application.

Sued Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

The best Podded, Hardiest, and Earliest Pea.

POiNlEtt'S STOCK of EARLY PEAS will be
found second to none. It was gathered In the fields here
(Taunton) on tho 24th of May last in quantity; and the Bristol,
Bath, and Taunton Markets were supplied in' conaiderable quan-
tities by Pov^TER"s Customers from uie 26th of May, imtil Second
Early Peas came in. Price moderate. Trade terms on application.
None genuine without Poynter's Label.

Robert H. Povnter, Seed Merchant, Taunton.

i^E'S orANT OHACH'(SFlNACH).— This new and

valuable variety of Orach posspsses immense productive

powers, combined with a delicious piquant flavour, quite distinct

from all other varieties, rendering it a great acquisition as a Summer

Spinach of the highest class.

TLe plant is of rapid and vigorous growth, and attains a height of
6 or 7 feet, with numerous branches : yielding a constant supply of
large dark green loaves throughoul tne summer months.

The Fruit Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society awarded
a First-class Certificate to Lee's GiantOracb, after partaklngof a dish
of this mo.st useful vegetable, cooked especially for their judgment.

John & Charles Lke bavo much pleasure in introducing this
productive vegetable, which they Intend to send out in Janu:iry next.
Sealed packets, Is. each. Price to the Trade on application.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establisnment, Hammer8mtth,W.

1188

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEK 23, 1867.

Carter's Dutch BulbB.

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioners of Public
Works and other Government
Departments, the Royal Gardens,
Kew, ic., &c., &c.

Seedsmen to H.l.M. the Em-
peror of the French, the Crystal
Palace Company, the Agri-Hor-
ticultural Society of India, &c.,
&c., &c.

CARTER'S GUINEA. BOX of DDTCH FLOWER
ROOTS contains 12 choice named Hyacinths, 12 mixed
Bedding Hyacinths, 50 Yellow Crocus, 50 Blue Crocus, 50 White
Crocus, 4 Polyanthus Narcissus, 12 Phea-sanfs Eye Narcissus,
12 Double White Narcissus, 12 Double Daffodils. 24 finest mixed
Anemones, 24 finest mixed Double Tulips, 6 Gladiolus Brenehley-
ensis, 60 Snowdrops, 24 finest mixed Ranunculus.

The above forwarded without delay on receipt of Post Office
Order for 2J3. Box and packing included. PRICE LISTS gratia
and post free on application to

Cabtee's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbom,
Londcn, W.C. ^

SUTTONS' unrivalled COLLECTIONS of BULBOUS
FLOWER, ROOTS, for Blooming during the Winter and Spring.
These are every year becoming more popularly cultivated, and the
HYACINTHS, ANEMONES, TULIPS, kc, which we imported last
iieason from the celebrated Dutch Florists, Messrs. de Boom, Veen,
Byvoet, and others, having been so generally admired, we have
imported from the same parties, and still more extensively.
BUTTONS' COLLECTIONS of HARDY FLOWER ROOTS lor
OPEN GROUND.
No. 1. A large and Choice Collection of ANEMONES,
HYACINTHS, CROCUSES. TULIPS, RA-
NUNCULI, NARCISSI, SNOWDROPS, IRISES, £ s. d.

GLADIOLI, &c 220

No. 2. Ditto ditto, consisting of all the same kinds, in

Reduced Quantities 110

No. 3. ASmaltandCtioiceditto 0 10 6

SORTS for FLOWER POTS and GLASSES.
ISx 4. A splendid Collection of HYACINTHS, JONQUILS,
NARCISSI. EARLY TULIPS, new large

CROCUSES, &c 2 2 0

No. 5. The same in Reduced Quantities 110

No. C. A Small and Choice Assortment 0 10 6

SUTTONS' DESCRIPTIVE AUTUMN CATALOGUE is now
ready, and may be had gratis and post free on application.

All Goods sent Carriage Free except small parcels, and 5 per cent,
allowed for Cash Payments.

SuTTOK & Sons, Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

Dutcli

Flower Roots.

ARCHIBALD HENDER-
SON begs to announce that
he has received a lirgo Consignment
of Dutch and other Roots, carefully
selected from the most celebrated
growers.

DESCRIPTIVE and PRICED
CATALOGUES are now ready, con-
taining practical directions for their
successml cultivation on all the
various systems now adopted.

Also a CHOICE and SELECT
LIST of VEGETABLE and HARDY
FLOWER SEEDS for Autumn
Sowing, Catalogues gratia and post
free upon application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath.
Surrey, and at the East Surrey Seed
Warehouse, College Grounds, North
End, Croydon.

J^EW EUCHaiAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

12 Select New FUCHSIAS of 1867 for&t.

12 Select New ZONAL GEKANIUMS of 1867 for 123.

12 Finest ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1865—1866 for Is.

12 Select New CHRYSANTHEMUMS of 1867 for 5a.

12 Select New VERBENAS of 1867 for 4s.

12 Select New PETUNIAS of 18t>7 for 6s.

12 Select New PHLOXES of 18C7 for 9s.

6 Varieties of AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.

3 Variecios of New Japan OSMANTHUS, quite hardy, 63.
12 Fine Varieties of Japan EUONVMUS, very Dne, 6s.
12 Fine Varieties Perpetual ROSES, Dwarfs, for 6s.
12 Fine Varieties of VARIEGATED ZONAL GERANIUMS. 12s
GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, the best double. Is. each.

COLEUS VEITCHII. Is.

GIBSONII, Is.

LAMONTII, Is.
FICaS COOPERI, 2s.6ti.

PANICUM VARIEGATUM,

2s. ed.
BRUQMANSiA KNIGHTII,

Is. Od.

CATALOGUE of NEW and CHOICE PLANTS sent on application.
B. W, Knioht, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

VIOLA LUTEA (Yellow-flowered Violet).

B. S. WILLIAMS

HAS MUCH PLEAStIKE IN BEING ENABLED TO OFFER

CHOICE AND SELECTED SEED of the ABOVE BEAUTIFUL PLANT.

Habit dwarf yet vigorous, foliage dark glossy green, flowers bright yellow, which, are produced in,
great profusion all through the early Spring, Summer, and Autumn months. The plant does not grow more than
5 inches high ; it is perfectly hardy, therefore well adapted for small beds, edgings, or marginal lines. It is without
doubt the best yellow-flowered bedding plant in cultivation. It was spoken very highly of in the leading article of'
tbe Gardeners' Chronicky November 2.

Mr. Fish, in his remarks about Violas {Gardeners* Chronicle^ October 26), states that Viola lutea is a perfect
gem, and is invaluable for a dwarf yellow bed or edgings. It ia a bright yellow, of the most compact habit, and
seems to flower more freely than V. comuta.

Price Is., Is. 6d., and 2s. 6d. per packet.

VIOLA PUBPLE QUEEN, true Block, Qd. and Is. per | VIOLA MAUVE QUEEN, true stock, Qd. and U. per
packet. I packet.

B. S. WILLIAMS, VICTOKIA and PARADISE NURSERY, UPPER HOLLOWAY, N.

NEW DOUBLE-FLOWERED ZONAL GERANIUM "TRIUMPH."

E. G. HENDERSON & 80N

RESPECTFULLY OFFEE

THEIR FIRST PLANTS OF THIS SPLENDID VARIETY

WHICH SURPASSES ALL OTHERS lET OFFERED IN THE GROUP.

It 13 an improvement upon Gloire de Nancy in growth, and greatly in advance of it by its immense trusses
of double rosette-like flowers of a brilliant orange-scarlet.
Having purchased a great extent of the raiser's stock, E. G. H. & Son are now prepared to furnish well-
established plants. It received a Special Certificate at the Exposition Universelle, in Paris, 1867, and by thus
possessing all the desired excellencies of its section in growth and Vloom combined, commends itself aa a real acquisi-
tion to every collection of Geraniums, and for conservatory decoration generally.

NEW DOUBLE PELABGONIXJMS '< PRINCE of NOVELTIES."

The most unique and beautiful double-flowered variety yet ofiered, now sending out by E. G. Hendersok & Son,
The individual blossoms are If inch wide, of a brilliant carmine-tinted crimson, admirably adapted for dres:
bouquets, and for pot culture.

E. G. HENDERSON and SON, WELLINGTON NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, N.W.

AMBKOISE VEESCHAFFELT, NUESEEYMAN,

(PUBLISHER OF THE "ILLUSTRATION HORTICOLE)," GHENT, BELGIUM,

BEOS TO OFFEE THE FOLLOWING NOVELTIES :—

CALADIUM LEOPOLDI.— One of the finest, ?«. Gd.

TACSONIA BUCHANANI. — A splendid climber ; aa fine as the Tacsonia Van Yolxemi : see figure in the

" Illustration Horticole ; " Is. 6a.
VRIESEA GLAZIOUANA.— A splendid Bromeliaceous plant, which obtained at the Universal Exhibition in Paris the

First Prize for the best new Plant, and of which a specimen was exhibited by Miss Zoe de Knyflf, under the name

of Chevaliera. This really splendid ornamental plant is figured in the "Illustration Horticole." Fine plants, £1.
AZALEA INDICA FRANCOIS DEVOS (A. Verschaffelt).— This is one of my best seedlings. Flowers very

double, deep red, with black spots. See figure in " Illustration Horticole." Fine plants, full of buds, 12s.
RHODODENDRON ORNATISSIMUM (A. Verschaffelt) — See the "Illustration Horticole." This is my best

seedling raised ; colour whitish, rose in the centre ; the edges are coloured with rose violet, and the centre is

marked with fine golden spots. It is one of the most distinct varieties, and ia quite hardy. Good plants, 12s. ;

do. with buds, £1.

THE GENERAL CATALOGUE, No. 81,

CAN BE OBTAINED FREE OF

MESSRS. R. SILBERRAD and SON, 5, HARP LANE, GREAT TOWER STREET, LONDON, E.G.

BAEE & SUGDEN,

The Metropolitan Seed, Bulb, and Plant Warehouse, 12, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

COLLECTIONS of BULBS, Carriage Paid, 21s. and upwards.

PAXTONIAN COLLECTIONS of EASILY CTTLTIVATED BULBS,
Best adapted for Spring Gardening Out-of-Doore.

Hyacinths, vaiioua ..
polyanthus narcissus

OKDINART narcissus .

TULIPS, various

CROCUS, various

ANEMONES, various ..
RANUNCULUS, various

SNOWDROPS

CROWN IMPERIALS ..
SCILLA SIBIRICA

Fine Colleotions.

Extra Fine Co

LLEOT

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

r.

a.

H.

L

£ s.

£ s.

£ B.

£ B.

R. d.

£ B.

t. B.

£ s.

£ R.

4 4

100

i -i

2 2

1 1

10 6

6 E

4 4

2 IS

1 10

76

60

26

12

100

75

60

26

12

6

3

30

20

12

6

75

60

SI)

IS

100

76

50

30

160

im

60

300

200

160

100

200

100

60

600

300

200

lOO

100

76

50

20

200

100

76

60

76

60

25

200

100

76

6«

300

200

160

lOO

60

300

200

ISO

100

6

,,

9

9

6

26

20

15

..

26

20

15

s. d.
15 6

COVENT GABDEN COLLECTIONS,
For Wiater and Spring Blooming In-Doors.

FnJE CoLLECnoNB.

Extra Fdte Colleotioi^

L.

U.

N. 0. P.

Q.

B.

s.

T.

u.

T

t. B.

£ B.

£ s. £ s.s. d.

f. B,

£ B.

£ B.

£ B.

=• \ 1

HTAClNTflg, named varieties

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

10 6

6 6

4 4

3 3

1 10

20

15 e.

60

40

30

20

10

60

40

so

'2

POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS

30

20

12

10

e

30

20

12

TULIPS, named varieties

160

100

70

311

12

160

100

70

JONQUILS, sweet scented

V)

30

20

12

6

40

30

IXIAS, named

24

12

9

0

24

12

SPARAXIS, named

24

12

9

6

24

12

9

6

TRITONIAS, named

24

12

9

6

24

12

BABIANAS, named .. .. ...

24

12

9

6

24

12

SEEDLING CROCUS

200

160

100

60

60

200

160

SNOWDROPS, largo

SCILLA WBIRICA

200

lOO

100

50

60

200

100

60

30

20

12

6

60

CLIVEDEN COLLECTION of SPRING FLOWEBING PLANTS, £6.

/^T .5S,?S,'S','.''y 'f^e^ PERPETCAL YELLOW PANSIES, 50 do. flowering CLIVEDEN BLUE PANSIES, 60 do. ricli PURPLE PAltSIBS. 60 beautiful milted POLYANTHUS, 100 large pure WHW*
CLIVEDEN DAISIES, 100 do. PINK DAISIES, 100 rich BLUE FORGET-ME-NOT, and 100 PINK SILENi. Half of tho above quantit J. 50s. ; Quarter, 25s, ; Elghtll, 12a. M.

For particulars of the best SPRING FLOWERING BULBS and PLANTS, refer to our GUIDE to WINTER and SPRING GARDENING, published last September.

November 23, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1189

FINE snow and FANCY PELARGONIUMS.
12 Fine younp Plants, all namod, one each, 12«.
24 Oo. do. do. do. 20s,

fiO Do. do. do. do. 40jf.

100 Do. do. do. . . 76«.

12 CAMELLIAS, full of flowor-buds 30*.

12 AZALEAS, do. do., mid flno boadfl, 2\s.
H. Mat wns awarded the First Prize for all thoPoUrKontiim« at tho
Mancliostor Intornatlonai Show and the Leeds Floral FM,o during
the past feunimor, and also at the Groat Vorkshiro Quia, York, for
many yonrs in succession, and same kinds will be Included In the above.
IIcNBv Mat, The Hope Nuraoriea, Bodtilo, Yorkshire.

BecK's Seedling Pelargoniums.

Q GLENDINNING and SONS are now offorinfr for
0» the first timo the 12 beautiful, new, and diHtinct PELARGO-
NIUMS raised by Mr. Wiggins, Gr. to W. Beck, Eaq,. of Uleworth.
which wore awarded numerous Cortlflcatos at tho farious Metro-
polltan Snows.

DbSCRIPTIVE PRICED LIST may be had on application.
Chlswick Nurseries, London, W.

New Zealand Nursery. St. Alban's, Herts.

J WATSON'S bnmtiful BEDDING PELARGONIUM
• EXCELSIOR, now ready ; colour of Indian Yellow ; fine
tmea, and habit of Lord Palraerston. Price 5s. each ; 30s. per dor.
to tho Trade

MISS WATSON, ready August 2S ; MRS. DIX, May 1. The Two
baTe received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Priro Money.

Fine New TABLK APPLE, ST. ALHAS'S PIPPIN, Ripe In

April. Plants ready In Novembop. 5.^. each ; 30.s. per doz. to tbo Trade.

DESORIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

Xr A iCiH^ GATED P E L A K G O N lU M S .

SOPHIA DUMARES(iUE

MRS. BENYON

GOLDFINCH

LUNA

HKAUTY of OULTON

NEATNESS

ITALIA UNITA
COUNTESS
ELEOANS
THE FAIRY
PICTURATA
BICOLOR SPLENDENS
Tho above forwarded on receipt of Post Offlco order for 21s.
If any of the above kinds are nut required, others uf equal value
OAD bo substituted.

Alfred Fuveo, Nurseries, Chatteris. Cambridgeshire.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutcli Bulbs, Sue.

ROBERT PARKER be^s to itnnounce that his NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priood
Llata of New. Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse. Harrly and Stove
Flantfl, Azalea indica, Fruit Trees. Gr^ipo Vinos. RhodoilendrouH,
Roses, Sweet Violets, Ac. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, CvdamenB, Gladioli,
Hyacinths. Llliums, Narcissus, Tulips, and other Bulbs, ia now
published and will be forwarded to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, .S.

As ExainiTF.n at thp.

Rhododendrons,

NIC OAnncNS, Regent's

JOHN WATKRER, tho Kxhilutor at thti above Gardens,
f ' has pleasure in announcinR that his CATALOGUE of the above
popular Plants is now publltthod. and will ho forwarded to all
applicant!!. It faithfully doncribes all tho VHriottcs considered
worthvff cultivation. It contnlns likewise a selection of HARDY
CONIFERS, with hotRhts and prIcoH.

Tho Amorlc-vii Nnrfpry, Baflshot, Surrey.

Hardy. Scarlet, and otber choice named
Rhododendrons.

WH. ROGERS, Rod L<mI-c iNurscry. Soutliamptnn,
• offtirs tho above in quantity at £10 per 100, or selected In
flno and d;stlnct colours. .10». per dozen. Tho plants are ntiong,
buBhv, i>nd well rooted. The sorts (ahout 200) are magnificent, and
none flnor In cultlvatlf^n. A llmltt-d number (if larger ispcclmons,
full of blooming buds, f,s. each. A detailed CATALOGUK may bo
had on application : ana alaoofaverv fine Collection nf CON 1 FER/1';,
ROSES, and GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, cxtendmg over
60 Acres,

The Queen.

THIS RHODODENDKON Jms now proved itself A 1
amongst fOO namod kinds. Flno plants are now ready as
under:— 2lfl., ^Ih. M., 42,^., 63,^., RXr., 10fi.v each. Standards lOfijf.
each, fine straight stems. See copy of letter bolow.

"Dear Sir,— The Queen has now bloomed with mo wonderfully
well considorinc the season, and In comparison with other sorts,
which (though I lost none) had their blooms much deteriorated by
the severe ntiring. As you asked me to give my opinion of her, I beg
to eay that 1 consider her Flowers first-rate as to form, suh.it.nnce,
and truss, and the Foliage faultless. .She possosKOs a ' beauty of her
own' which fairly entitles her to rank with the vary best— in fact, I
see no fault In her. for a dlffereucQ in colour or marking Is
assuredly no defect. She is far buvond Ingramii and Lidy llodivii in
my mind, as well as perfectly distinct from both. The Queen is
A 1 so far as I know, and can, I think, scarcely he .surpassed.
"June 13, 1807." " H. IL Glesvillh."

This quotation is from a gentleman who Invs purchased every
named Rhododendron offered ia commerce; his Collectloa now
amounts to above 800.

Exhibition of Chrysanthemums.

JOHN SALTER'S CoLLKCTION of these bcmitiful
FLOWERS ia NOW in BLOOM. The Winter Garden cmtams
upwards of 2000 plants, many of which are perfectly new, both iu
colour and form, and are now exhibited for the first timo. The
Gardens are open evorv day except Sunday ; admittance free.

Versailles Nursery. William Street, Vale PUco, Hammeraniltb, W.,
near Kensington Railway Station. ____^

Suttona* Unrivalled CoUectlons of BxUbs.

CARniAOK

Free.

Roses, Koses, Roses.

PLANTS of all the FINEST YARIETIES in
CULTIVATION will this Autumn be In magnificent order,
in the Castle Street NrRSEaitfl, Salisodht.

The frost of May 24 destroyed all the blooming buds; the con-
sequences are that the Plants have produced the most, vigorous
growth.

Amateur Roso Growers may Insure the finest Plants that can
posslhlv be produced, true to name. CATALOGUES on application.

VINES, from Eyes, tho finest In England, 10a. Gd. each, in October
next. John Kevnes, Castle Street, Sal i"! bury.

CHAKLES VERDIER, Kils, NuBSEnvMAX, 12, Rue
Dum6nl, Paris, offers this 3ex.on, fnr the first time, two NEW
ROSES (his own SeedMD(!s|,tiz., HYBRID PERPETUAL MADAME
MARIE CIRODDE, price £1; receiTei 2d prize at Paris UniversM
Evhibitmn, 1867. HYBKID PERPKTUAL MADAME ADSLE
HUZARD, price 16.f. ; received 3d prize at Paris Universal Exhi-
bition, 1807.

Ho hIso offers 63 other new virlctles, tho list and trices of which
may be obtained cratls cither ditoLt (roiii him or of his Agents, .

Messrs. R. SiLitERKAo & Son, 5, Harp Lane, Groat Tower Street, I
London, E.C.

CATALOGUE of GLADIOLI may llkewieo he had on application.

SUTTONS' GUINEA COLLECTION of BULBS for
BLOOMING in POTS and GLASSES.
SUTTONS' GUINEA COLLECTIONS for BEDS and BORDERS
For particulars soo SUTTONS' AUTUMN CATALOGUE, which
may bo bad cratis and post free.

Sutton k Sons, Royal Berks Sood Establishment, Reading.

ment, and ho will find furthor evidence iu many
an o.xpo.sod hcdf,'o by tho soa-sido,

Dut whether tho info.stod plant.s bo exposed to
the freo current of air, or bo stidod in a badly
managed plantiitinn, it is evident in cither case,
that tho conditions are not favourable to health.
Mr. ClFAULE.s MooRK, of Sydney, as (|uotod by
Dr. IilNDSAY, even says that tho removal of tho
Lichen is in somo cases ensured by the trans-
ference of tho infested tree from a poor to a richer
soil, or to a more favourablo locality, (livinp; all
duo weight to those facts, it will be admittiifl that
tho ovidonco is not by any moans conclusive that
the Lichens are tho originators of disease — they
rather lead to the inference that thoso plants aro
so many harpies, ever ready to avail themselves
of tho misfortunes of their follow creatures.

On the other liand, there are certain well-
ascertained facts, whichare very hardto explain on
the theory that these plants are merely harmless
settlers, getting their own living, without inter-
fering with tho hosts that give them shelter.
Foremost among these facts may bo named
their chemical constitution. Chemists tell us
that these Lichens contain substances such as
iron and mangane.se, and earthy and alkaline
salts — sometimes in much larger proportion
than the tree upon which they grow. Now
these aro materials which tho Lichens could
not get from tho atmosphere ; they must
either rob the tree of its juices, or they must
make use of it, as a carrier from tho soil of these
ingredients, which it does not require for itself;
and so tho tree, in some sort, has to do double
work — to provide for itself and for the intruder
settled upon its bark. It is a curious fact, that
the best samples of Cinchona bark aro often tho
most densely covered with Lichens ; so, too, tho
covering of the partially denuded trees with Moss
(not Lichen) has been found by Mr. M.vcIvoR to
increase the proportion of tho quinine and other
alkaloids in the newly-formed bark. If, how-
ever, the bark be penetrated by the mycelium of
Fungi, it is regarded as worthless.

Our valued coadjutor, the Eev. J. M.
Berkeley, although apparently a firm believer
in tho general innocuousness of Lichens, yet
admits that in those cases where they exist on
the loaf, they may do injui'y by bloi'king up the
pores ; some, moreover, Siays this ilistinguished

JOHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE
of SELECTED ROSES is now ready and will bo forwarded
on application.

J. C. respectfullT directs attontion to the following LIST of
FIRST PRIZES which havo been awnrded to him at the principal
Rose Shows of the present year, proving bevond a doubt that tbe
soil and cUmato of his Nurseries are unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Roses.

Roval Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
June 19.— 24 Vaiietles, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Juno 10.— 36 Varieties, Cut Roses, three'tnissea each, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
Juno26.— 21Variotles, Cut Rosts, one truss each. FIRST PRIZE

Cryst..l Palace.

June 29.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss oach, FIRST PRIZE

Roval Horticultural Society, South Kchsliigton.

July 2 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, ou J truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.

July 4, 6.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Hereford.

July 9.— 72 Vaneties, Cut Roses, ono truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Rugby

July la.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

EARLY FLOWERING PLANTS for SPRING
GARDENING.
ALYSSDMSAXATILE COMPACTA, yellow, 4«. p. doz. ; 259. p. 100
ANEMONE NEMOROSA PLENO, white, 3^. per doz. ; 155. per 100
ARABIS ALBIDA, white. 3s. per doz. ; 15s. per lOO.

„ LUCIDA VARIEGATA, beautiful foliage. Gs. p. doz. ; 40fi. p. 100
AUBRETIA PURPUREA, lilac purple, 4s. per doz. ; 265. per 100.

„ GR.£CA, blue, 6s. per doz^n ; 40s. per 100

BULBOCODIUM NARCISSIFLORUM, yellow, 4«. per dozen;

30s. per 100
DORONICUM CAUCASICUM. yeUow, 4^. per doz. ; 253. per 100
EPIMEDIUM PINNATUM ELEGANS, yellow, 8a. per dozen;

40*. per 100
EPIMEDIUM RUBRUM, red, fl.s-. per dozen ; 40k. per 100

GRANDIFLORUM, white, 6,s. per dozen; 40s. per 100
IBERIS SEMPERVIRENS, white, 3s. per dozen ; 20s. per 100
IRIS PDMILLA, deep purple, 6s. per dozen ; 30s. per 100
POA TRIVIALIS ARGENTEA ELEGANS, white edge leaf,

beautiful, 4s. per dozen ; 20s. per lOO
OROBUS VERNUS, purple and red, 4s. per dozen ; 25s per 100.
A large Collection of SPRING BLOOMING PLANTS, see Catalogue.
Henut May, The Hope Nurseries, Beciale, Yorkshire.

Elit a5artreneriS'€ivrontcle.

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 1867.

*

One of the questions raised by that enthu-
siastic student of Lichens, Dr. Lauder Lindsay,
at the late meeting of the British Association,
demands careful attention on the part of foresters

and cultivator.s of fruit trees. The question I |;;;;;istr'" originate after the fashion of many
alluded to IS this,-l8the Gnowra of Liciiens , p^ ; 1,^^^^^^ j]^„t^.^jj, ^^tj^i^,. i^ this country
on TREE.S detrimental or not to their health ? i ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^j. ^^^^^ ^jj^^. Li,,Uens, to
We may premise that under the common name J ^.1^;^,^ j^j^.^ Berkeley refers in the passage just
'■Moss,' both Mosses properly so-caUed and true | ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ f^j^i ^g,, whether in some

Lichens aro frequently meant : an unfortunate i ^^^^^ ^^^ lichens may not originate beneath the
association as not only are the two groups of , ^^^.j.^^^ ^j the bark; at any rate the life history of
plants botanically, perfectly distinct, one from , ^j^^^^ creatures is by no means satisfactorily
the other, but it isalso probable that their effects ^^^^^i^ o^t, and till it is so, the question raised
on the trees that give them support, may also be at the beginning of this article cannot be properly
different. We use the term here m its strict ^^j^^j^ \^ ^-^^ meantime, judging from tho
botanical sense, and caU attention to the subject : f^^t^ before us, we believe the balance of
m the hopes of eliciting from some of our cor- ^^^^^^^^ ig Jq favour of the practical men, and
respondents an expression of their opinions in j^^^ ^^^ physiologists; and we share the

this matter. Botanists and vegetable physio- Q^i^ions of foresters and fruit growers, that
legists almost all look upon the Lichens as mere Lichens are directlv or indirectly detrimental to
epiphytes, as growing as so many Orchids do the trees on which they grow.

upon trees, ttc, but without deriving any oi i —^

their nourishment from the substance on which It is not easy, in all cases, to trace the causes
they grow, and consequently as harmless of the periodical outbursts of Kxaveey. These,
intruders. Foresters and growers of fruit trees, i like some epidemic diseases, visit us in greater
on the other hand, are equally unanimous in or less intensity at uncertain intervals — never
their opinion that the growth of Lichens on trees leaving us wholly free fi'om their ravages, but
is detrimental. And now another question crops I occasionally subjecting us to paroxysms of
up : it may be that the Lichens themselves are ! unwonted intensity. Just now, if we may judge
not directly injurious, but that their growth is from the letters we receive from tho aggrieved
fostered by conditions and circumstances adverse parties, there is prevalent a severe epidemic of this
to the healthy development of the tree, and so j character. It assumes various forms, and presents

The New Sensation In Beading Out.

JACKMAN'S HAKDY HYBRID CLEMATISES,
awarded Eleven First-class Certificates, and One SpeoLal.

Messrs. Geo. Jackman and Son are desirous of drawing the
atteution of those who intend using their Mardy Clematises for a
Permanent Bedding Plant, that the present time is most fayourable
tor planting.

Opinions op toe Press.

Oartieners' Chromctf, Aug. 17 :— " The new sensation in bedding."
Also, Aucust 31, ".I. F." (Cliveden) adds, "that Mes-^rs. Q. J. & Son
have in tlieir several varieties the very colour of which our summer
gardens are in a great measure deficient." " Country Life," Aug. 1.^ -.—
" Clematis Jackmannl Is a most useful bedding kind if pegged down;
used as such, a perfect carpet of fiower, so to apeak, is soon foimed."
The Field, Sept. 2ft :— They will be of the highest value as jnirple
bedding plants, our present colours In this way being poor indeed
compared to these."

"The Florist and Pomologist," November, 1867;— "There is no
finer flowering plant for lawn decoration, no more gorgeous subject

for garden avenues, not even cxcoptmg pillar Roses while the

glorious mass of rich violet purple furnishes quite a new sensation
in bedding out."

An engraving, from a photograph, sbowiug the flowering quallLie.',
and Circular or Prices, will be forwarded gratis on application.
Woking Nursei-y, £uney.

the Lichen is rather the sign or the indication of
an unhealthy condition, than a rera causa of
disease. Many circumstances induce us to
think that the last mentioned opinion is nearer
to the truth than the others.

The Lichens, as a rule, are most abundant in
old, neglected, or decaying plantations. They
are particularly frequent in plantations on
swampy ground : they are more abundant on
old trees, such as Firs or Thorns, than on more
vigorous and healthy plants. Foresters almost
invariably look upon the presence of these
growths as an indication of neglected "thinning, "
as if the development of the plants in question
were fostered by an obstructed current of air, and
by diminished action of light, against which
notion , however, may be put the fact on which
much stress is laid by Dr. Lindsay, that Lichen
growth is, as a rule, most vigorous iu situations
freely exposed to light and air. Any one who
will examine an olcl Thorn bush standing by
itself in a park will bo able to confirm this state-

various phases, according to individual tem-
perament, and in consonance with surrounding
circumstances. At one time the prominent
symptoms of the disorder consist in an eruption
of " private " letters, couched in terms of extra-
vagant hyperbole, and soliciting orders for some
eighth wonder of the world in the plant way.
The patients who suffer most from this form of
the disease are private gentlemen and amateurs,
whose constitutions are not so well able to resist
an insidious attack of this nature as they would
be one of a more patent and obvious character.
Should the disease take strong hold of such a
patient, secondary symptoms are apt to set in,
in the form of an application for a loan. This is
an instance of the epidemic as it attacks the well-
to-tlo, but there is another form of the saiiiedisease
attacking principally those -whose purses aro not so
well filled as are those of the class to which we
have just referred. Indeed, tho malady attacks
those who are looking about for the means ot
subsistence, and who seek them thrnugh the

1190

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICITLTURAL GAZETTE. [Notembee 23, iser.

medium of advertisements. The symptoms in
this case axe analogous to those of the preceding :
elimination (of five shillings' worth of postage
stamps) is the principal characteristic. Ill as
this depletion can be borne by the patient, there
is this advantage about this form of the complaint
— that there are rarely any secondary symptoms ;
the patient recovers from his loss, and is not
subject to a relapse, unless indeed he be more
than ordinarily imprudent. A third modification
of this disease attacks " the trade " principally,
and it presents this peculiarity, that in propor -
tiou as the patient, from his business habits and
general prudence, may be supposed to be on the
alert against the attack, and to take all reason-
able precautions against it — in proportion to
this is the suddenness, we may say the boldness,
of the onset. We transfer from the columns of
" All the Year Roimd " the details of a case of
the kind, merely stating that facts of a similar
nature have of late been more frequently than
usual brought under our own notice. Here is the
extract in question from an article entitled The
" Long" Firm: —

" Not seeing any hitch, and knowing that Long had
the money, Mr. Royston acceded to this proposition,
though not without considerable hesitation. Accord-
ingly, the goods were consigned at the railway station
to a Manchester firm by Long's direction. Mr. Eoyston
asked for his money.

'"Shake hands with me, my dear sir,' said Long;
' you are the best friend I ever met.'

" ' What do you mean ? '

" ' This. My train starts in ten minutes ; you can
send in your account when you please, or you can
draw on me at two mouths if you prefer— or book it,
you know.'

" Eoyston fetched a policeman ; but when Mr. Long
explained that it was a mere matter of debt to he
recovered by the usual process, the constable regretted
he could do nothing,

" ' However,' thought Mr. Euyston, ' I can at least
stop my goods.' But, on going to the traffic manager,
he learnt that goods once consigned to any person
could not be reclaimed, any more than a letter dropped
into the post : the company being tied by law to deliver
them only to the address given.

" Mr. Eoyston took the next train to Manchester,
and there communicated with the police, but without
effect; for the shrubs were consigned to a most

respectable auctioneer, who had no course but to sell

them as ordered, and he had handed over the money

„„ ,, ^, ,. , . „ they realised to Long, before a writ for the amount

One summer afternoon a gentleman alights from could be issued against him. Then he was gone. The

his dog-cart at Mr Eoyston s extensive grounds and sheriff's officer told Mr. Eoyston, 'It's no good suing

gives in his card, Mr. Walter Long, Longsight, Man- ! them Longs, sir; there's always writs out for 'em but

Chester. He has come to look out some shrubs, i they've got nothing to take ' "

^^^IZ^^o&^l^e^^^i^^lj'r^ ^^1.'^'" '"^^ ?f to the symptoms of

him, but defers to Mr. Eoyston's judgment in the ™'^ disea3e._ Its cure is often worse than itself.

selection. About fifty pounds'-worth are chosen, and :' Prevention is far better than any remedial agent. „,tn,nmo„t= „„rf onu • i . • o -j j

promised to be sent off Mr. Long explained that he We act the part of sanitary reformers, and once ' hX^ufot}m\,t}\^.^T^fZZT^^ provided

never ran b s. alwav.s nreferrerl tn ™v ^«,h- lint. on.„;„ „„r n„„+;„„ '' ?® ™' °° ™e same amount of _ work as another and

fully indorse, will suffice to show that education is the
missmg link required to connect theory and practice
and render the study and the cultivation of plants'
mutually serviceable. For, in his words, we have only
to turn over a catalogue, or walk into the first garden
in our way, and inspect the labels, to find evidence in
support of this statement.

He further contends, and we cordially support him,
that an uncultivated mind cannot appreciate the
beauties of nature, and only regards them as saleable
commodities, or as the means of obtaining sustenance.
1 J I'fmfl'er proposes that the various societies
should amalgamate, and that a school should be
founded, with extensive grounds attached, wherein the
apprentices might see and assist in all kinds of
practical operations ; but that their time should not be
wasted in doing work which an uninstruoted labourer
could perform.

Before entering the establishment each pupil should
have received a good plain education, and only such
are to be selected as have evinced something above
average intelligence, an ordinary brain being insufficient
to master the multifarious subjects necessary for a
good gardener to be acquainted with. They should be
carefully taught drawing, botanical geography, classifi-
cation, &c., organic chemistry, &c. Dr. Pomffer
neglects to inform us whether such gardeners would
meet with encouragement in Germany, and adequate
remuneration for the many years devoted to the
acquirement of their knowledge. He mentions,
however, that there is a vulgar prejudice against the
so-called scientific gardener, but we suspect, as in this
country, there is more objection to payment for ability
than to the knowledge itself. Dr. Pomffer admits that
many illiterate men are good cultivators; and we
maintain there is no objection to a man's scientific
attainments and skiU in plan-drawiui

never ran bills, always preferred to pay cash ; but again cry. Caution

having been at great expense about his ' place,' and !

having allowed himself to be persuaded to exceed the I The private friends of Mr. D. Mitchell, under

amount^ he intended expending in shrubs, he sup- , whose supervision the fine new gardens at Hamilton

posed his acceptance at two months would be satis- ' Palace have been formed, have just presented him with

factory ? The candour of his manner disarming a testimonial, or parting gift, on the occasion of his

suspicion, Mr. Eoyston was prevailed upon to part leaving Hamilton to commence business as a nursery-

with his goods on those terms. In two months' time man and seedsman in Edinburgh, as a partner in the firm .Hwiirii^ in,, nnnr„,r^ nm,ron i,„ ,i,„ i-i„,.t, >f i

he discovered himself to be a victim of the 'Long' , of Lamont and Mitchell, of Hanover Street. The Stv and tlTsncfptrj A.-f ^„ +LS wi^^^^

firm, w tiouthnre of i-firiross Tt. .^ wnr^^o t.l,,n „=oioc=, Tir(.spnt,nt,ir.n ,.,in«;rfori ^f , ti',o_„;..„„ ;„ „„.Ki„ „„j „ I gociety auu the bociety ot Arts to those who excel

for the same money. But very few can afford to keep
gentlemen gardeners^ and those who can will experience
no difficulty in obtaining them if they offer suflicient
inducement in the shape of payment.

We should be very glad to see the gardener's
condition ameliorated in many respects, and we can
only recommend young men to take advantage of the
rewards and honours offered by the Horticultural

firm, without hope of redress. It is worse than useless presentation consisted of a time-piece in marble, and a
to sue a man on a bill who has got nothing ; while, as tea and coffee service, with tea tray and salver, and as
no ' false pretences ' had been made, he was not a separate gift a beautifully embroidered " cozie." Mr.
amenable to criminal law, for Mr. Walter Long really i Mitchell has resided nearly eight years at Hamilton,
did live at Longsight, Manchester, and had a ' place' i during which period a new garden has been made,
there, comprising two rooms, and about half-a-crown's extensive ranges of glass-houses erected, and other im-
worth of furniture. provements carried out, or projected, which would have

"Amonthafterthisbillhadbeendishonouredjthesame . placed the gardens at Hamilton Palace among those
gentleman, in the same dog -cart (hired from the neigh- of the first rank. These improvements were un-
bouring town), presented himself once more at Mr. ' fortunately arrested by the death of the late Duke,
Eoyston's place of business. Mr. Eoyston could and have not since been resumed. As a cultivator
hardly believe his eyes ; called him a thief, and a Mr. Mitchell enjoys a well-earned reputation,
swindler, and ordered him off his grounds. • . „„„i- „ r t • *i r • j

' - f> __""_• A most perfect specimen, says the Leicester

:^Ul7 ^'\\rLt^nrrtn'd¥5on\°lnnt^'l ^^-^^>- of yrSyraS SfeTthr^r

a-Sber ^fK '^^^^^s^i:tt'<;?^?u!; i^ ^z^t^^^z^j^s^j^:^^'!^^^-!^

very

am

never to swindle the same man twice.

make, as far as lies

loss I caused you.

sent me ? I sold the

you. (Don't be angry, but listen.) They gave such

satisfaction, that I now have an order to supply

Mammoth Tree of California— has just been success-

Successful candidates cannot fail to obtain better
places than they would if they had remained unknown,
and thus by degrees gardening will assert its
importance to, and become more closely connected
with, botany. TF. S.

another lot at a much better figure, audi thoughrt !?T„'?,lt?I,*''h'^'^r''^^ f"^°'lf ° w t?TT^^ "^
„„„u„'f .q„ i,„tf„„ti,.,„ „„ „j .„'.i , i,._."? j._, such a tree may be inferred from the fact that it was

couldn't do better than come and make an honest deal
with you for them.'

And you think me fool enough to be gulled a
second time !' said Mr. Eoyston.

" ' Nothing of the kind, my dear sir ; I bring the
money with me' (he produced a bundle of notes),
' and I do not wish you to part with your goods till
they are paid for. I am sure you are too good a man
of business to allow any sore feeling at being 'done'
before, to interfere with an opportunity of turning
money now. Besides, we do business honestly at
times. I have a hona fide commission to buy these
trees, and out of my profit I will certainly pay you
something off the acceptance.'

" Mr. Eoyston not seeing how he could lose money
on such terms, was finally persuaded to deal. Shrubs
were selected to the same amount as before— fifty
pounds— packed in his waggon, and started into town ;
the arrangement being that Mr. Long should drive Mr.
Eoyston to his hotel, where he would pay the account.

" Having directed his man not to deliver the goods
at the railway station, but to wait with them outside
the hotel for orders (a precaution which Mr. Long
assented to as quite justified), Mr. Eoyston mounted
the dog-cart, and was driven into town to the hotel by
his customer. Arrived there, Mr. Long called for
brandy-and-water, cigars, and writing materials ; paid
his hotel bill, somewhat ostentatiously displaying his
grid and notes ; and requested Mr. Eoyston to write
him out a receipt for the amount of his account.

" This done, Mr. Long began to count out the money
in payment; but stopped in the middle of his
occupation, as if struck by a sudden thought.

" ' This won't do,' he said, thoughtfully. ' I have
not been a swindler for nothing. If I pay you this
money now, you will pocket it ifor your acceptance,
and then go and tell your man to drive back to your
place again with the shrubs, so that /shall be swindled
this time.'

"Mr, Eoyston disclaimed any idea of the kind,

" ' No doubt, my dear sir, no doubt ; but a man in
my position can't afford to place himself in any one's
hands. Now, you see that I have the money to pay,
and I know that you have the receipt in your pocket.
Tell your man to deliver the goods at the railway
station (goods department), when I will give you the
notes, and you can hand me the receipt. That's fair to
you, and secures me.'

found necessary to remove it with 10 tons of earth
attached to it. In this effort the aid of Mr. Banks,
engineer, of Leicester, was obtained, and by the
assistance of screw-jacks of great power the tree was
fairly placed on the road. It required 10 powerful
horses to draw it, and it was removed to its present
location without any mishap.

■ Adverting to the subject of the correct

Spelling of the Names of Plants (see p, 1165), a
correspondent reminds us that the Royal Horticultural
Society sets a very bad example in this matter at its
shows, and occasionally also in its publications. The
Society, unfortunately, does not stand alone in this
matter— moreover, so far as the shows are concerned,
the labelling of the plants exhibited is generally
effected by the exhibitors themselves. Another
correspondent reminds us of our own shortcomings —
not very frequent, we trust; a third, representing some
"injured Potatoes^" complains of our omission of the
e. In this we believe we are correct, but shall have
more to say by-and-by.

BOTANY AND GAEDENING

How CAN A MOKE INTIM.ITE EeLATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THEM BE BEOUGHT ABOUT?

At the last general meeting of the German horti-
cultural societies, held in July of the present year. Dr.
Pomffer undertook to answer this query, and "in a long
speech (occupying nearly 11 pages in a recent number
of Otto's "Gartenzeitung") he gave the details of
what, in his opinion, should constitute the qualifica-
tions of a first-rate gardener. He strongly insists that
gardening mast not remain behind other professions,
most of which have their special finishing institutions,
wherein pupils are taught all that is necessary of
theory and practice for their several departments.

He then in an able and forcible manner points out
how it is to be effected, but we are bound to say that
his standard is a very high one, and very few— although,
perhaps, as many as would find places— would pass the
severe examination proposed. He reminds us, how-
ever, not to expect proficiency in any but those holding
or competing for the highest posts, any more than we
should require a knowledge of architecture from an
ordinary bricklayer.

A very slight, examination, he says, which we can I

THE CULTIVATED SELAGINELLAS.

(ConiinvM from p. 1120.)
Geoup 4.— Caulescentes.
37, S. Gri^thii, Spring, Mouog. 2, p. 151 ; — Frond a foot or
more high, the branches reaching two-thirds of the way down,
and the stem beneath them with dimorphous leaves extend-
ing down nearly to the base ; branches close or imbricated,
the lower ones deltoid, with copiously pinnate lower branchleta ;
ultimate divisions 2 lines broad ; the larger leaves close, more
than twice as long as broad, sub-falcate, the two sides very
unequal, the upper inuch dilated below and rounded at the
base, the point blunt, the edge not at all ciliated : smaller
leaves obliquely ovate-cuspidate, convergent ; spikes slender,
teti-agonous,

A native of the Malay peninsula and islands. Colour
of the upper surface an average green, the lower side
rather paler. Texture delicate ; the stem not at all
woody, and the leaves soon curling up when dry.
Midrib faint, and not reaching the point. Closely
allied to viticulosa, and best distinguished from it by
the very unequal leaves, with the edge not at all ciliated.

28, 5, Wallichii, Spring, Mouog, 2, p, 143. Lycopodium
Wallichii, Hook, £ Grev. Euum. Pil,, No, 106, L, oau,aliculatum
Sw. and WiUd,, non Linn, L. elegans. Wall, Cat, No. 128. S.
cyatheoides, amboinensis and can.alicalata. Spring olim :—
Frond li — 2 feet high, the stem woody below, the branches
reaching more than half way down, very regularly pinnate,
mth long, close, simple branchlets ; the ultimate divisions a
qu.trter of an inch broad ; the larger leaves imbricated, sub-fal-
cate, about twice as broad as Ion?, the two sides nearly equal,
the edge entire, not at all ciliated, the midrib faint : the
smaller leaves ovate-acuminate, convergent, the spikes slender,
tetragonous,

A native of the East Indies ; the Malay peninsula and
islands, and the Feejee Islands. A very elegant species,
well marked by its regularly pinnated pinnaj, with long,
close, simple branchlets, often each tipped with a spike.
The colour is an average green, with frequently a
tinge of reddish brown.

29, <S. caulescenSy Spring, Monog. 2, p. 158 ; A. Braun,
Eevis, No. IS, L, caulescens, Wall, Cat. No. 137; Hook, & Grev.
Enum, Fil. No. 69, L, fruticulosum, Blume, non Bory.'
L. cii-cinale, Don, Prod, Fl. Nep,, p. 18, an. Linn. ? -Frond
6— 18 inches high, the branches reaching two-thirds of the
way down, imbricated, the lower branchlets pinnate, the
upper ones simple or forked ; the ultimate divisions about
two lines broad.; the larger leaves close, ovate-acuminate, sub-
falcate, the upper side broader .and more rounded at the base
than the lower one, the edge finely denticuljite, not ciliated :
the small leaves ovate-acuminate, convergent; the spikes
slender, tetragonous.

A native of the East Indies, Japan, and China. This ■
is distinguished in the group by the strong tendency
which its branches have to curl together when dry, so
that it forms a connecting Hnk between the Caules-
centes and Eosulatse, It is not so distinctly deltoid in
general outline as erythropus, baematodes, lavigata,
and flabellata. The colour is a bright, shining, light
green, the leaves being moderately rigid and firm in
texture, with a broad midrib reaching from the base
nearly to the apex, with a white line down the centre.
It is very variable in stature, and the Japanese plant
mentioned by Dr. Macnab under the name of S.
japonica, which is often grown in gardens under the
name of involvens, seems to be only a small form of
this spjcies. The true involvens is totally different,,
and belongs to the Eosulatae.
30. 5. Ic8viffata, Baker, nou Spring, Monog. 2, p, 137.

NOVBMBEB 23, 1867.J

T!TE aATIl^FXT'T^^' rTlT^OXTm' A>:i> Ar.MrT'TTTn! \ T (! \7KTTR

H91

Lrconodiuin linvipitnra. Lam. Eno. Suppl. 3, p. 052 (1780).
S poctinala, Si.riiiK, Monog. 2, p. 166. S. Lyallu Spring,
Monog. 2, p. 168 :— Kroud 1—2 feet Uigh, the stem below the
branches about hall as long, firm, almost woody, the general
outline of the frond deltoid : the lower pi nnie much the largest,
with tho pinnules of the lower side considsraljly larger than
those of the upper, the segments forked or subpinnate, the
branches naked ; tho ultimate divisions 2— 2J lines broad ; the
larger leaves with a space between them, ngid, pale green,
obliiiuoly ovate-acuminate, the upper side broader and more
rounded than the lower one, the edge entire and not at all
ciliated : tho smaller ones minute and nearly .adpressod to tho
rachis ; the spikes rigid, with erecto-patent, uniform br.acts and
unusually large macrosiiorangia.

A native of Miuhisasoar. This is tho original Lyco-
liodium Imvigatum of Lamarck, and consequently the
plant to which that name rightfully -belong.*. It is
easily recognisable by its pale green colour and rigid,
falcate, entire, acuminate leaves, with a distinct space
between them. The nerve, though faint, is broad, and
distinctly visible beneath. S.peotinata.Spring.is alarger
and less br.anched form, with broader divisions ; and
S. Lyallii, Spring, a form with more numerous and more
crowded branches and narrower divisions. The macro-
sporangia are the largest of any species with which I
am acquainted. Both these and the bracts are a line
in breadth, and the macM-ospores are chalky pellets a
third of a line in ciroumfereuoe, deeply reticulate-
rugose under a low power of the microscope.

SI. S, ilnlirllala. Spring, Jlonog. 2, p. 174 ; A. Braun, Revis.
No. 21. ' Lycopodiura tlabellatum, Linn. Sp. PI., p. 1508.
L. nnoops, Prcsl, Rol. Ilmnk. 1, p. 90. L. gxiicilo and micro-
Btachyiuu, Dcsv. :— Frond 12—18 inches in height, the stem
below the branches half as long, firm, erect, naked; the
pinnm copious, bipinuatc, both pinnie and pinnules imbri-
cated, the general outline of the frond deltoid, the lower
pinnfe much the largest : the ultimate divisions 2 lines broad ;
the larger leaves close, acute, sub-falaite, dark green, the upper
side slightly dilated and ciliated towards the base : the smaller
ones ovate-acuminate, convergent ; the spikes slender,
totragonous.

A native both of tropical America and Asia, most
resembling S. erythropus, but the stem is not red, and
tho leaves are not so close, and are less ciliated. The
colour is a bright dark green.the texture herbaceous,
and the nerve is quite distinct from the base up to
within a short distance of the point. There are a
considerable number of Caulescent species which
have the stems swollen at intervals, and articulated
at each of these nodes, but none of them are known
in cultivation. J. O. B.

lopment of that is an attempt to do away with nailmi'
or laving in, and by uo means as yet successUil
or likely to suit our climate. ' It wdl not suit
ours either," said a Frencli Peach-grower, who had
often been deputed to visit and report upon the garden
of iVl. Grin— M. K. Jamin. However, there can be no
misconception in this case with regard to the little
horizontal cordon, as shown in tho double lorm in
ligure 1.

break rcgularlv should be a chief object, and this must
be done by judirioiis pirii-hiiig, and by occasionally
cutting ail 'inrisioii lieforc a dormant eye. 1 have seen
those heaiiliiul lilllc trees in lull health and bearing at
three years of ago. I have also seen them traiuea
obliquely against ujiright strained wires, and planted
vci'v closely together ; it was very neatly done, but
dec'idcilly inferior to the methods above described, and,
thercdViro, I will pass these by. Figure 3 shows

uiodilication

LETTERS FROM PARIS.-No. XXV.

Gbapf. Preserving .\nd Apple Gbowikg.
I WENT the other day to see ilr. Rose Charmeaus,
the originator of the method for preserving Grapes, of
which I sent yoi< an account a week or two ago, and
found his Grapes stored for the winter as described;
the method was in full working order, and I was much
pleased to find it even more simple aud effective than
could have been supposed. He began by having a stove
and couple of chimneys, to keep the atmosphere of his
largo Grape-room right ; now he finds the Grapes keep
very much better without this, and simply devotes to
his winter stock a large room in his house, fitting it up
in all parts to accommodate handily the little bottles
before spoken of, ami ladding the iuside of the windows
so as to e.tclude light, aud obviate, as far as possible,
changes of temperature. The Grapes are cut in
October, and preserved in good condition until May,
indeed, they have been shown in May frequently;
and Mr. C. states that he has kept them till August,
and could do so yearly were it necessary. But he
forces the Chasselas extensively, cuts it about the
1st of April, and does not require them to keep such a
very long time as that. The first result of the method
to the village of Thomery, which is almost wholly
occupied with Chasselas culture, was a gain of from
100,000 to 150,000 francs per annum. A
small room in Mr. Charmeaux's house illus-
trated to a nicety the fact that a similar
one in most houses may be made to perfectly
answer the purposes of keeping Grapes. It had in
this case no windows, and scarcely any means of venti-
lation. The house is heated by hot air, but while
there are openings in the floor of the passages aud
rooms generally to admit this, there are none in the
room devoted to Grapes. Thus it is clear that the
ordinary temperature of a well constructed house will
present suitable conditions for the long preservation
of Grapes, in a small room that may he devoted to
that purpose. The system was attractive enough
when it was considered necessary to construct a
room specially to carry it out ; it is much more so
now when it has been proven that not only is it not
necessary to take any special means to warm or venti-
late the structure, but that the Grapes keep very much
better without such being taken.

Next I will attempt to give you a fuller idea of
cordon training, aud particularly of that form which
will yet be found to be suitable for Apple growing -the
horizontal cordon. I may remark that Mr. Rivers'
definition of a cordon is certainly not the French one,
however well it may suit his argument ; neither is it
that of the French professor of fruit culture who
has chiefly originated the system. In France a
man may have several large and distinct forms
of trees, each well-trained branch precisely like the
.stems of the oblique cordons against one of his walls, but
he will apply the name "cordon" to the trees usually
confined to single stems or with slight deviations
from that form, never doing so to the larger and
ampler forms. One of the chief merits claimed for
the system is that you cover the wall much quicker by
planting a large number of trees and confining their
energias to a single stem or so, whereas it is obvious
this claim does not obtain where you have a large
tree. In fact, the laying in or pinching of the .shoots
is the same in both instances, excepting in the as yet
undeveloped pinching of M. Grin, The latest deve^

Pig. 1.

Although in France generally the single cordon, as
shown in figure 3, is the kind used for making an
edging to borders and squares, yel this (fig. l)is equally
or more suitable. It is the form which will iii
the future afford us such capital s]iecimens ol
fine Apples, like Calville Blanche, from tho bot-
toms of walls, &o. If the wall be wired as neatly
and excellently aa neat French fruit growers wire
their walls, it may be tied to the , lowermost
wire; and if not, it may be nailed in, in the oid-
fashioned way. There are in thousands of iritish
gardens bare spots on the lower parts of walls cVc,
where this little rod on the Paradise may be beau-
tifully worked in. It is true that if the wall were as
well covered as it ought to be, there would be no room
for the cordon, but in the majority of gardens there is
sufficient space to do it, and they are so very cheaply
established that it will be worth while to plant them m
such places, even for a comparatively short period,
until the wall is furni.shed. It may also be trained
along the front of forcinghouses pits, &c., and in various
other positions now utterly useless and naked.

I know dozens of very large gardens where a magni-
ficent crop of large and beautiful dessert Apples may
and will yet bo gathered from such surfaces, now bare.
Apart from the profit aud the satisfaction of having
a fruit room stored with such perfect fruit
as may be grown in this way, the flowers
of the little trees will embellish the w.alls in spring,
and their noble fruit in autumn. For all parts of this
fine Apple-growing country it will be a clear gain lor
the production of Apples like Calville Blanche
good both for table and kitchen— in the colder and
northern parts it will prove a great boon. _

I will next turn to the modification of this
method that is suited for the edgings and such
positions. Having described its chief advantages
in the Oardeiiers' Clironide for November 2, I need
not repeat them here. I have had excellent
means of judging of its merits, i. e., comparisou ol
the result' it produces in very many difi'erent places, and
I am of opinion that it will prove the most suc-
cessful of all modes of miniature Apple-growing
ever introduced, and that by its means we may
get our crop of the finest Apples, and have the garden as
free of shade as a Strawberry ground, and from such
places as are now utterly useless, or perhaps a trouble
and expense to clip once or twice a-year. The best height
for them is about 1 foot from the ground : at less, the

fruit

,.,... ^ets soiled with earthy splashings. Figure 2
will point out the usual way of forming the line. They
are usually planted at 6 feet apart, or thereabouts,
but that is too close for good and moist ground.
For very favourable soil 8 or 10 feet will not be found
too much. Provided the 5 or 6 feet run of the
tree be well furnished with spurs, it is much better to
let the point proceed further than to confine its energies.
Sometimes the point of one plant is grafted on to the
bend of another, but that is neither necessary nor
desirable. Many people pinch them in very close,
evidently with a laudable desire to keep them as rope-
like as possible, but I always fourid the best crops and
the highe-st health where the spurs were allowed to
push out a little, say roughly a summer development
of spurs, leaves, &c., of from (i to 0 inches through along
the wire. Pinching may be overdone, and in our climate

Fig. 3.

its excess should be guarded against. They of course
always prune them by summer pinching, and then give
them a final touch in winter or spring. To make them

of the horizontal cordon system,
which is not often met with, but which is largely
adojitcd in the Imperial kitchen giirdon. It is
chiefly suited f'r borders, and for places where
a great number of fine Apples are rciiuired, and
is by no means so good or useful as tho well-managed
low cordon. The superimposed cordons arc better
grafted upon tho Ifcucin stock.

Now comes the very important question of slocks.
Mr. Rivers has emphatically condemned the French
Paradise stock as " too tender for this climate,
unless in very warm and dry soils." Now I respect
his ojiinion as much as that of any other person who
had made a trial of a plant in one place, but there
is good reason to suppose that Mr. Rivers is wrong here.
I have seen the Paradise stock in the hi'-diest health on
a very wet soil this year in England— it having survived,
and in quantity, the very severe frost of the past winter,
which oven killed and injured Apples, when tho ther-
mometer wont considerably below zero. However, the
testimony of one would be as nothing against my infal-
lible critic, with his visits to France during the past 30
years, and therefore I humbly quote two letters now
before me. One is from Prof. Decaisue of the Institute,
probably the highest living authority on Pomology.
The other is from M. A. Leroy, of Angers, the
well-known nurseryman and fruit grower. Mr.
Rivers says ; " The Pomme de Paradis seems
identical with the dwarf Apple of Armenia.
The Professor says, " It is a native tree, and therefore
hardy." It is " too tender for this climate," says Mr.
Rivers ; " it is absolutely certain that it cannot be hurt
by frost" says Professor Becaisne. M. A. Leroy, of
Angers, says, " I employ the Paradise because it is not
over vigorous but very fertile. No other stock is so
suitable to this method. It is hardy enough to resist
the intense cold of the north of France. To this I
add, that it will be found perfectly hardy in all parts
of the British Isles. Place the Quince in the position
of the Paradise, and see what we should arrive at, it led
by one or a dozen isolated trials. Therefore the
best thing that those can do who wish to try the system,
is to plant the same kinds of Apples on tho Eng ish
Paradise" and on the French, taking care that they
are, as far as possible, started under equal ';!'"«".'n-
stauces. In dry poor earth the Doucin, Enghsh
Paradise, or a dwarf Crab would do better, but for this
special purpose there is nothing known equal to the
true Paradise, where the soil is suitable to it, and that
will be found to be the case over the greater portion of
theBritish Isles. The reasons why this system is not
Mlapted for orchard culture, apart from that given in
his writings by Mr. Rivers— i.e., " The Paradise stock
requires the cultivation of a garden" — are as l^ollow:
It is essentially a garden system, with a well-defined
object— i.e., the production of very fine fruit by an
economical method, happily suited to the wants of a
garden from its not shading anything. To make this
clearer, it should be observed that the wants of the fruit-
buying public are twofold, namely, first-class fruit at
a high price, and fruit of moderate quality at a low
one.'" If proper use be made of the system in the
garden we shall be enabled to supply more than the
present wants for the first mentioned, and that by
losing hardly any space. Of course, if orchards were
planted on this principle the whole surface would be
covered, and all the ground lost for other purposes. On
the other hand, the Grass of a well-managed orchard of
standard trees is nearly or quite as useful to the farmer
as that in the open, and the same applies in nearly as
great a degree to the crop of a ploughed one. In the
garden the trees are continually under the eye, and
are very easily attended to; in the orchard a very
considerable item would be required even for summer
treatment : the expense in every way would be great,
while the diflerenee in the result and that afl^^jrded by
a well-managed orchard would by no means justify the
expense. Even the most sanguine would get accus-
tomed to it as a garden system, and know its value and
its cost before '^planting orchards" thus. Therefore
" T. F. R." who wrote to the Times, and, without a single
qualifying word, advised its readers to " plant orchards '
of these cordons at from 2000 to 4000 plants per acre,
did a very mischievous thing, and the Times corre-
spondent, in writing to gently caution the public
against this, and to guard himself from misinterpreta-
tion simply did what was right aud called for. W. E.

P S I must ask your readers to suspend their judg-
ment for a while as regards the " inaccuracies ' which
Mr ThomasRivers has endeavoured to point out. Ishall
not interrupt my papers to refute them, particularly
as I have some more important matters than tn^
cordon system to bring before your readers in my last
letter from Paris. After that I shall be glad to answer
any objections to anything I have slated ol the gar-
dening of this country ; or if I have erred, to be cor-
rected. Lastly, I hope to show that some of the state-
ments of Mr. Rivers are either incorrect^r have no
relation to the subject under discussion. H . M.

CAMELLIA CULTURE.-NO. VI.

(Codtlnned frmn p. 1096.)

Prince Albert. -This is a good growing plant, making
a handsome bush. The flowers are not fully imbri-
cated, but they are of a pleasing carnation stripe, and
as it is desirable to introduce variety in any group, this
need not be discarded in large collections

Queen of Denmark is a rather loose habited variety,

1192

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICTJLTDRAL Gj\ZETTE.

[NOTEMBEK 23, 1867.

and might be called a rampant ungainly ^rovver if not
properly handled. The best mode of dealing with this
sort is to allow it to set up into half-standard form,
and then prune it rather severely. So managed, after
a time it blooms well, and is not at all so
unsishtly in growth a.s it often appears when allowed
to run away at the earlier stages unheeded. The flowers
are of a dullish crimson ground, with a chance band of
white in the petals ; they are only of average size, but the
form of flower and petal is good. It requires one or two
years of probation to justify any one founding an
opinion upon its merits, as if only in "so and so"
condition it yields a poor return of bloom.

llegia is one of the small-leaved quick-growing
section, difi'ering from Wilderi, Miniata, and that type,
as they are small-leaved and slow-growing sorts, and
similar to Candidissima and Jeflersoni in being small-
leaved and quick growing. It can always be depended
upon as a good bud and flower producer, seldom failing
to come true to character ; flowers of a carmine cast of
colour, fully imbricated, and of good form, and if forced
early coming mottled like imbricata when similarly
managed. ^ Early forcing, or rather early bud setting,
and allowing the flowers to expand in the common
temperature of a greenhouse, always induce mottling
less or more in imbricata, regia, and some others of like
sportive character.

Jieticulafa. — With good culture this is an admirable
decorative plant. Although the blooms are after the
character of Chandler's Elegans in being anemone-
centred, the large guard petals are so highly coloured
as to render it strikingly efiective. It is somewhat shy
AS a bloomer, but if planted out in a good border and
the roots allowed to ramify, it is sufficiently free to
Tvell repay its house accommodation. Even
the double variety, of which I will speak in
dealing with novelties, is not so much
better as to justify the expulsion of the
old sort.

Rubens is of good average proportions,
both as a grower and as a bloomer. It
can be depended upon, and comes in in
good style about New Year's Day. The
large rosy-coloured flowers that adorn the
plant are very attractive, and although
it is not first-rate in point of form, it has
its admirers.

Eubini is a medium grower, and main-
tains a reputation for good habit. As a
flower it is less showy than the preceding,
but in point of form it must be reckoned
several points in advance. Its colour is a
sort of dull crimson with a white band
down centre of each petal. As a late-
flowering sort it is most desirable, coming
in and holding out about the same time
as Princess Bacchlocchi, Bealii. and that
valuable late-flowering group.

Sasanqua rosea. — This, one of the original
Chinese brood, is still a very desirable sort
to keep in a large collection. It is of the
most tiny habit of any Camellia in exist-
ence, but when up to specimen size it is
just such a plant as could be tolerated in
specimen groups of miscellaneous plants
with striking effect. Unfortunately it is
not cultivated nearly so much as it might
be, and being rather diminutive in stature,
and in size of flowers, it is apt to be over-
looked among such a vast multitude as is
now under cultivation one way and another.
As a hand-bouquet flower it has no equal,
and if we could only get a white of the
same size and as perfect in formation, it
would create quite a sensation. The flowers
are of a roseate hue, and are nicely imbri-
cated, although the petals are a little
pointed.

Teutonia. — This is among the newer batch, but it
has been a considerable time in commerce, and I
know enough of it to strongly recommend it. It might
have been placed among the 21 (see No. 37, 1866), but
it is not equal to Feastii of the same cast of colour. If
hoivever a 25th were wanted, I would say take Teu-
tonia. Its habit is desirable, and as a flower producer
it cannot be surpassed. The flowers are of fine
formation, fully imbricated to the centre, and each
petal nicely formed. It, too, is one of the sportive
varieties, occasionally producing pure white flowers
finely striped, and again others with numerous pink
lines radiating in all directions from the base of the
petals. It thrives all the better if its growth is finished
in a good tropical temperature; and so treated and
rested in the ordinary way, it will not fail to yield an
abundant crop of bloom.

Tricolor.— ¥oT decorative efl'ect this and Donkelaari
have no equals, — if anything, from the Carnation
striping of the variety in question, it might be said to
carry off the palm. It is not quite so free in point of
growth as the variety with which I have compared it,
and on that account may not flourish equally well in the
hands of amateurs. To all, however, who are desirous
of raising seedlings this is a capital pod-bearer if ferti-
lised with good pollen, and with its showy bizarred
flowers it presents quite a fairy-like appearance in any
conservatory.

Valtevaredo. — This, in point of habit and fine
massive leaves of the most lustrous appearance, is quite
a model sort. It, too, yields flowers of captivating
formation, very much after the style of a JulesMargottin
Eose, but much paler in colour than that favourite
llower. La Majstosa is an improvement upon this in
point of colour, and seems so far to maintain a repu-
tation for fieeness and constancy of bloom. The more,
however, one knows of the ono in question the more is
its beautiful outline appreciated ; it is a Camellia that I
every one ought to grow, and if they do so at all
" respectably," I will vouch for ample repayment in I

the yield and quality of blossoms, and for a most
desirable-looking specimen to admire after the season
of flowering has gone. The colour is a soft shade of
rose with a chance blotch to light up its features ; and
the outline both of flower and petal is nearly all that
could be desired. It always retains its cupped form,
and is more appreciable on that account than those
that reflex their petals too much. A.

NEW OR LITTLE-KNOWN FRUITS.— No. I.
Orosse Verie Fig. — Though not now, this is in every
respect a very excellent Fig. It is but little known in
this country, although the name may be found in
several fruit lists. It is one of the largest, handsomest,
and richest-flavoured Figs in cultivation. It was
awarded a First-class Certificate by the Fruit Com-
mittee of the Royal Horticultural Society, at a meeting
held at South Kensington during the present autumn.

The fruit, which is large, is roundish ovate, or
obovate, inclining to pyriform, slightly ribbed, with a
short thick neck, frequently better defined than in the
figure; the stalk is stout, about half an inch in length.
The skin of the unripe fruit is of a very lively green
colour, smooth and glossy, marked with numerous
small round white dots ; when ripe, the skin changes
to a pale greenish yellow, streaked with russetty brown.
It is very thin, and cracks lengthways as the fruit
ripens. The flesh is of a bright red throughout, thick
and syrupy, and most delicious. The eye is large and
open. The fruit sometimes, when fully grown, from
want of sufficient heat, or from top much moisture,
splits from the eye into two or three pieces, which
curve backwards, thus exposing the bright red interior.

which, contrasted with the deep
charming appearance.

The plant itself is of a stout and robust growth ; the
leaves large, deep green, and moderately lobed. It is a
free-bearing variety, well suited for pot culture,
ripening rather late.

The fruit from which the accompanying sketch was
taken, was grown in a pot, in the collection of the
Royal Horticultural Society at Chiswick. B.

Home Correspondence.

French and Fyiglish Gardening. — Your correspon-
dent " W. R." has doubtless been giving us a " fillip "
in letting us know how much better some gardening
matters are done in France. I beg, however, to slightly
differ from him as to the adaptability or utility of
cordon training for our climate. What is the cordon
but the espalier system, as old as our grandfathers ?
and in my recollection almost every Scotch garden
short of walls could show its cordons by the sides of
the walks. Some of the finer varieties of Pears and
Apples were no doubt grown successfully in favourable
summers on espaliers ; but if the system had been pro-
fitable or advantageous, it would have been more
generally followed than it is now. Single or double
cordons by the sides of walks would be very interest-
ing to look at, and will no doubt be tried by many
gardeners, after the flourishing description given of
them. I however doubt it they ever will be
very profitable, or 'show the fruit like ropes of
Onions clustered on the wires, unless the blos-
soms are protected from spring frosts. Now Pears
and Apples grown in the borders as low pyramid
bushes generally escape, although unprotected by the
foliage covering the blossoms from cutting winds and
frosts in the spring months. The suggestion made by
" W. R." of trying the single or double cordon on the
bottoms of walls for growing the finer varieties of Pears,
I believe will prove of great utility in many gardens

with plenty of walling. This year I had the finest
Beurre Clairgeau Pears that I have ever grown, both
for size and colour, from a young tree trained with two
branches horizontally, and the fruit hanging close to
the ground. These cordons would not disturb the
existing wall trees, for they could be planted between
them, more especially where fan-trained trees were on
the walls above them. I am of the same opinion as
your correspondent "J. F." (see p. 1168), that we
ought to encourage, in the planting of our orchards
and gardens, the hardy and better flavoured Pears
and Apples, instead of the newer Continental sorts
that are raised in a warmer climate than ours.
Many fine flavoured and hardy old varieties,
which are now neglected, if crossed with some of the
newer sorts might yield a race far more valuable in our
orchards and gardens than many of the large French
and Belgian Pears and Apples now planted. I have
lately had specimens of the supposed best flavoured
Pears grown in France and the Channel Islands sent
me, but with the exception of the Louise Bonne and
Chaumontel grown in Jersey, none of them could be
compared in flavour with smaller fruit grown here of
the Marie Louise, Suffolk Thorn, Louise Bonne, from
standards in the borders, and Gansel's Bergamot from
the walls. As to the large specimens of Catillac and Uve-
dale's St. Germain's, which we often see sent from
France to Covent Garden in the winter months, and
sometimes charged at the modest price of half a guinea
each, what is the use of them, except for show ?
Their flavour is not to be compared with a good
Swedish Turnip, and even for stewing they are not equal
to smaller Verulams, Besi d'Heris and Black Pear of
Worcester, of our orchards. To compete successfully
with the French in growing Pears and
Apples to supply the great demand in our
cities and towns in the winter months,
we must follow a better system of cul-
tivation than what now generally prevails.
This^ can only be done by selecting the
hardiest and best-flavoured sorts for par-
ticular soils and localities, and cultivating
them on scientific principles. When new
Orchards are planted to produce fine
fruit for the market the trees must be grown
as bush pyramids or as lateral cordons,
where they can be under the control of the
growers, as to pruning them annually, and
in thinning the fruit where set too thickly.
This only applies to the fine late-keeping
sorts of Pears and Apples, for the great
bulk of the summer and autumn varieties
will pay best by growing them on large
trees, without any attention, as their season
is soon over. By " W. R.'s " description it
seems we have yet much to learn from the
French, especially in Salad-growing and in
the management of Asparagus. Even an
experienced practical man like Mr. Barnes,
of Bicton, seems to have lately picked up
some wrinkles from the present state of
French gardening, of which it is to be
hoped he will give us the benefit in due
time. As to the fine Lettuce, Endive,
and other salad plants grown in the
winter months near Paris, the climate has
no doubt something to do with it, as well
as the universal use of frames and hand-
glasses placed on fermenting materials.
The Dutch were famous at one time for
slightly forcing Lettuces in frames, and
even fruit trees in low pits, by linings of
hot dung applied to their roots. There
is no plant so generally mismanaged in
this country as the Asparagus, for it is
huddled in beds so close that the in-
dividual plants never get large, nor the
crowns strong. The French method of
:reen outside, has a I growing the plants, singly and in rows, and attend-
ing to tying the stems when young to keep the
wind from shaking them, must be a great advantage.
Their system likewise of annually manuring the roots,
and of putting the manure exactly in the place where
it is wanted, must tend to encourage the fine heads
they produce in France in such abundance. I for one,
however, differ from the French and English fashion
of cutting Asparagus with stems nearly as white and
tough as Elm-roots, with only the small tip of sickly
green on the top. If the gourmands in Asparagus eating
think that such " grass " furnishes them with the right
flavour, I think they are mistaken. [Hear! Hear!] I
have seen Asparagus grown in a garden near the sea in
Ayrshire, with heads larger and heavier than any I ever
saw come from France. The plants were grown singly
in rows, and every winter a dressing 6 or 8 inches
thick of fresh sea- weed was covered over the crowns, and
this was covered-in round each plant in the spring
when it was well rotted. The heads, when twisted
off for use, although so large, were nearly all eatable,
and the flavour was something to relish. William

Tiller 1/, Welteck. The controversy which has been

going on in your pages on this subject between
Mr. Rivers and your Paris Letter-writer has doubtless
proved instructive to some of your readers, and more
amusing than useful to others. Doubtless many have
began to regard with something like affectionate
veneration what has been to a large extent the life
work of Mr. Rivers, namely, the advancement of fruit
culture. So ably has be fulfilled his task that modern
inquirers can hardly console themselves with the hope
of dealing with the theme to better purpose. Indeed,
to throw a new contribution into the goodly store
that our venerable author has piled up for many years
past would seem to be rather a difficult task. In the
language of Shakspere, it would appear to Mr. Rivers
to be " painting the Lily." It is to be hoped that such is
not, however, quite the case, but that each generation
may go on to lay another course on the horticultural

NOTEMBEE 33, 1867.1

THK GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1193

wall, and so leave the structure loftier than it was
found. It is not ray oiijoct at present to enter into the
question as to the relative merits of French and
English as cultivators of hardy fruits— indeed, I am
not in a position to do so, but as an entirely dis-
interested learner in this matter I have to offer a few
remarks on what Mr. River.? has written, and to ask if
he will kindly explain or reconcile what appears to me
to be something like inconsistency. In the first place,
1 beg to call Mr. Rivers' attention to a pas.sago
in his preface to his " I'ruit Garden," where he says :—
'* I conclude, like an Englishman, that the foreigners
were ignorant, and very far behind us in the cMilturo of
fruit trees." He then writes : — " It was only after
repeated visits to foreign gardens that this prejudice
was dispelled. ... I felt convinced that our neigh-
bours {speaking of the French) excelled us in the
management of fruit trees adapted to the open borders
of our gardens." Now, so far I have been able to
understand the subject of Mr. R.'s controversy with
your Paris correspondent, it is simply to show that the
Paris Letter-writer, in saying in 1867 what Mr. Rivers
said in 18ilt, is not correct. And with regard to the
horizontal cordons, Mr. Rivers devotes a chapter to
that system of training, and gives an engraving of it,
and shows how, from the radiation of heat from the
earth, it produces very fine fruit. Will Mr. Rivers
kindly explain why he has so much altered his opinion
of the comparative merits of the French and English
fruit cultivators, especially as regards hardy fruits?
J). Thomson.

Thf Floris/'.! Standard.— I feel obliged to your
correspondent " M. S." for his contribution of last
week, because he has fairly answered my challenge,
and taken up a subject which may or may not be
affected by our argument, but if it even leaves us
where we began, the argument is fair, and may set our
genuine florists thinking. A flower of any kind may
. be said to occupy the space indicated by its extreme
points, and if a circle be described from these extremes,
I hold that all indentations are deficiencies. We
florists abhor indentations, and although some flowers
are by Nature— the Pansy in its original state par-
ticularly—formed with marked indentations, nobody
will dispute the fact that our early varieties, in a circle
drawn from their extremes, look very mean. The
florists produced new varieties by wholesale, but the
very best made no approach to wide petals. Novelty
was all they cared for, and size was one of the popular
features; nobody disputed about form. I well con-
sidered the eflect of widening the petals, and as it was
impossible to define the width of these, I saw that
a circle could only be attained by insisting on
increased width. Thus I set down a circular flower
as perfection. At that time the thing appeared to
many to be quite ridiculous, but I knew that the line
must be drawn somewhere, and must be drawn so that
there could be no two interpretations. There were
many who said it was impossible to reach that standard,
but, as I maintained, the nearer a flower approached it
the better. There was an improvement from that
time, and now, although they may not be quite cir-
cular, they come very near to it. There were, however,
other properties insisted on, and one of them upset the
claims of many novelties. I contended that the field,
or ground colour, whether white, yellow, straw-colour,
or cream-colour, should be similar in all the three
lower petals, for many were darker or lighter in the
two sine petals than they were in the lower ones. The
similarity was a property that I successfully defended
in the presence of the late Mr. Thomson, of Iver, who
was then exhibiting a box of novelties, from which I
selected several fine flowers with my requirements, and
condemned others, which had two dififerent shades.
The comparison satisfied the most scrupulous that I
I was right. There were persons who fancied I
was too particular, and that there would be
no varieties, that there would be a great sameness, but
I was very gentle upon all the points which would
cramp the detail. I wanted the top petals to be
similar ; the two side petals alike, but I said nothing
about the eye, nor the size of the field, nor the width of
the border ; the only restriction I made was, that the
rays of the centre should not reach the border. The
splendid specimens of the Pansy which now approach
the standard, are the best answers to those who dis-
pute my notions. I willingly subscribe to the right of
every man to adopt his own standard. All I contend
for is this : — the florists for many years were raising new
varieties of all their flowers without making a single
move towards improvement ; and knowing that they
could accomplish anything, I ventured to lay down
rules, and set up ideal models of perfection, which
have in most flowers been very nearly approached.
lour correspondent is no doubt a botanist, and it
has to be noted that botanists have always been
antagonistic to florists. Dr. Lindley, in his day,
ridiculed them and their productions, condemned the
crossing of breeds, accused them of destroying species,
and called double flowers monsters. This was in the early
shows at the Horticultural rooms, but later in the day
he was obliged to describe and admire, or pretend t<)
admire, the very monsters he had condemned. The
florist has done no more with flowers than farmers and
graziers have done with beef and mutton. They have
turned Pharaoh's lean kine into races of animals,
whose forms and qualities are beyond praise. Neverthe-
less I fully endorse the botanist's right to prefer the
weeds, called natural species, to the monsters which
florists call their flowers. O. Olenny.

Chrysanthemum Sports. — I have forwarded you
flowers of a yellow Chrysanthemum for your inspection.
They are the result of a sport I'rom "Autuuiiia.' Last
year a plant of this sort produced a side shoot with
yellow flowers, I made it into cuttings, and now have
three plants all in full bloom, and every flower is yellow
like those sent. I also inclose a bloom of the parent
plant from which the sport was obtained. It is as

early, as free flowering, and the habit is as good as the
original. T. J., Manchester. [This sporting is of
frequent occurrence, but we have not before heard of
it as having taken iilace in this variety. The yellow
flower rostilliug therefrom is not equal to some of the
other yellows already known. Eds.]

Onions.— Vie have sent you a specimen or two of the
Santa Anna Madeira Onion, for your inspection. They
were grown in this neighbourhood from seed supplied
by us. The largest weighed 18 ounces some time ago.
Many of them weighed lf> ounces each when the crop
was taken up. The specimens sent were grown by a
cottager. Stuart ilj- Mein, Kelso. [Two handsome
Onions, the largest of which measured 1 \ inches in
circumference. Eds.]

Cephatotaxus Fortunei—Horewiih I have sent you
a few fruits of this Cephalotaxus, which were gathered
in the pleasure grounds of Mrs. Tweedy, of Alverton,
Truro. The tree is about !i feet high, and has borne
hundreds of fruit this season, but I do not remember
having seen any of it before. Any readers who are in
possession of the tree will confer a favour on us by
recording the dimensions of their trees, and by stating
whether any of them have produced fruit. J. Mi/rhell,
Gardener, to P. P. Smith, Esq., Tremorvah, Truro.
[We have lately seen a small plant in fruit in the
garden of Sir F. Pollock, Ilatton, Middlesex. Eds.]

Preservation of Ice. — Can you inform ma of the best
way of constructing an ice-house to hold 20 loads of one
ton each ? As economy will be a great consideration
in the matter, the cheapest plan will be thankfully
received by a Poor Countryman. [Opinions dilfer as
to the best method of preserving ice. It appears to me
sufllciently evident that that plan which most efl'uctu-
ally secures ice from all changes of temperature after it
is stored within the place allotted to it, whether above
or below ground, is the best. In some localities but
little diflSculty is found in preserving ice ; in others,
after all possible pains have been taken, the attempt is
often unsuccessful. Local circumstances, therefore,
exercise a certain influence, and must be taken into
account when it becomes necessary to devise a system
for keeping ice. Cellars excavated in the dry compact
sand-beds of the New Red Sandstone are excellent for
keeping ice, because an undeviating low temperature is
natural to them, and they are uninfluenced by external
climatic influences. Whenever opportunities offer of
forming cellars in dry, compact sand, soil or rock, such
excavations, provided with double doors, and all ingress
of air prevented, make excellent ice-houses. As such
circumstances do not generally prevail, other systems
have to be resorted to, and when the situation is low
and damp, and the subsoil porous, or gravelly, cellars
are generally ineffective, and houses built on the
surface and covered with earth, or the more
easily constructed stacks, have to be employed.
The ice stack would probably meet your correspondent's
views, and I will endeavour to explain its construc-
tion, and other particulars connected with it. As a
matter of convenience, and to save the expense of
carting, it is better to build the stack as near the water
which affords the ice as possible; it is advisable also to
form the stack on a sloping piece of ground facing the
north ; the floor of the space enclosed should be firm,
and if draining is thought necessary, the drain pipes
should be filled with sand. A circular stack is perhaps
the best ; its diameter may; be 8, 10, or 12 feet, accord-
ing to the quantity of ice required. It must be
remembered that the greater the quantity of ice stored
the better the chance of its long preservation. A
double row of stakes or posts must be driven into the
ground ; the inner row should be 3 or 4 feet from the
outer ; the intervening spaces between each row must
be wattled, or made up with wood slabs or hurdles,
so that the material to be placed within the stakes
may be kept up. Dry leaves. Fern, sawdust, charcoal
dust, or hay should be tightly rammed between the
stakes, to form a wall impervious to weather. When
the ice is put in, it should be built in the form of a
cone, to assist the thatching. A very thick thateh
must, when the space is filled with ice, be securely fitted
over it, and so arranged that when the ice sinks
the thatch will accompany it. I may remark here,
that it is often owing to ice being loosely and carelessly
thrown together, and not rendered, as it ought to be,
compact and firm by pounding, that it fails to keep
through the summer. The harder the frost and the
greater the thickness of the ice the better it keeps ;
sloppy, half frozen ice cannot be expected to keep for
many months in the best ice-house. An addition may
be made to the ice stack above described, which will
render it much more secure and efficient ; it consists
in the construction over the stack of a light thatched
shed with boarded sides. I am acquainted with an ice-
stack and shed formed in this manner, which is most
satisfactory, and never fails to keep the gentleman who
built it supplied with ice. W. /.]

Cordon Pruning. — I will not presume to interfere
in the discussion between " W. R." and Mr. Rivers,
but when "W. R." shows such a want of
knowledge of the price of Pears in England, a
grower may set him right. The glut of Pears in
Covent Garden this season has been most extra-
ordinary, and hundreds of bushels have rotted for
want of purchasers. Many a time three-fourths of
mine (admitted to be the best sample in the market),
have been brought back unsold, and good fruit has
fetched no more than 3*. per bushel. It is well known
in the market that the Channel Island Pears are far
better than the French ; but for quality neither of
them can equal the best English-grown. That
" W. R." should specify Duchesse d'Angoulfime as a
good fruit, shows that his taste is somewhat uncul-
tured. Under no circumstances can_ that Pear over-
come its gross fault — grit and sponginess of texture.
Before " W, R." can persuade us to make worms of
our trees, he must introduce one radical change in the
laws of temperature ; he must abolish radiation, April

and May fro.sts, in two years out of three, destroy a
great part of the Pear bloom, and the temperature
in a clear niglil is from 1° to R' lower at the
surface of the earth than at 10 feet above it. During
the Ixst three seasons nearly all the fruit on the lower
branches even of standard trees has perished, while the
upper has been safe. Another great defect of the
ground cordon system is that the fruit is covered with
mud by every thunderstorm, unless the ground is
littered, the look of which is hideous. And as to
beauty, which is fairer, a healthy pyramid well
furnished, ri-aring its fruit to the eye-level, or a stubby,
caiikory cordon, just beneath one's shins ? Votema.

Urchard-tioif.se Trees.— I wish to make a few remarks
ujion an invention which I am bringing out for tho
improvement of the irrowth and flavour of orchard-
house fruit. It has been submitted to Mr. Rivers, of
Sawbridgeworth, who has devoted one of his large
orchard-houses to the contrivance. That an orchard-
house is tho most delightful method of growing fruil,
especially by amateurs, is pretty generally admitted. As
a protective agent against our inclement springs it is
perfect. Many of the fruits, however, such as Pears,
Plums, and Apricots, after a time become impatient of
the restraint of the house, and are by common consent
turned out to improve the flavour of their fruit, and if
the more delicate fruits, such as Peaches and Nectarines,
had the same advantage, though less frequently, they
would bo greatly benefited by it. But this constant
changing, to meet the caprices of our variable climate,
woulil entail such an amount of labour and trouble as
greatly to increase the garden expenses, to say nothing
of detracting from the pleasure derived from this
charming method of growing fruit. Having given my
scheme a trial for a whole season, I may now fairly say
that these difliculties have been entirely overcome, and
the results have been most satisfactory. The principle
consists of a line of rails laid in and out of the house,
through large folding-doors al; the end. Trucks are
placed on these rails, containing pans of earth, into
which the pots are set ; the whole can be moved in and
out of the house with the greatest ease by a strong boy.
Having thus the change of climate under command, it
requires only common judgment in the gardener to
take advantage of it, and the saving of labour to him is
very considerable. I am satisfied now that no amount
of air given in the house can 'equal the advantage
which the trees gain by being subject to the free radia-
tion of heat in the open air at night. Every gardener
knows how absolutely necessary night air is to colour
his Grapes, and Vines can scarcely be said to belong to
our natural climate at all. How great, then, must be
the beueftt to much hardier plants to be exposed to the
free breezes of a soft summer's night, and to be watered
by natural dews ? Each of the pans into which the
trees are set is made to revolve on its axis with perfect
ease, so that any side of a tree can be turned to the sun
without the least disturbance of the roots. The trees,
most of which I have had in pots eight or nine years,
were placed on the trucks indiscriminately, the difl'erent
sorts being mixed together ; under these circumstances
they had not the full beuelit they might have had by
each receiving the exact amouut of air most congenial
to its well doing. They will now be separated. Next
the door should be a truck of Pears, then one of Plums,
then of Apricots, then of Peaches, then of Nectarines,
and so forth. Thus the trees requiring most air would
be in the position to receive it longer and oftener, and
the others have as little or as much as desired. If a
house were only large enough to hold two trucks, the
Pears and Plums, &c., would take their "constitu-
tional" very happily together, so likewise the Peaches
and Nectarines. I have illustrated circulars relating
to the invention. JohnFounfaine, Southacre, Brandon.

Weather at Bury St. Edmund's.— Ihevmometer 37',
and snowing. Iresine, in baskets, and Mrs. Pollock, in
vases, still alive and well. D. T. F., Nov. 20.

Prolific Pear Kws.— Last year I informed you of a
Beurre de Capiaumont pyramid Pear tree, growing in
my garden, which had then borne three distinct crops.
Two of these came to perfect maturity, but the third
having been caught by the severe frost of 1st January,
in an imperfect state, was worthless. During the
present year a precisely similar case has occurred in the
samo tree. At tho usual period it blossomed most pro-
fusely, but having been attacked by the frost of 24th
May, nearly all the flowers fell off without setting, so
that the crop produced amounted to only about
two dozen fruits of full size, which were gathered in the
beginning of last month. It blossomed, however, again
in July, and towards the conclusion of last month
yielded upwards of four dozen Pears, also excellent,
but rather smaller in size. In August the tree came a
third time into bloom, and continued flowering up to
the middle of September. The produce of these
blossoms is still hanging in abundance, except
a few that were taken ofl' on the Sth inst.
These are exceedingly small, but notwithstand-
ing, I think the largest of them will ripen. The
rest, of course, will come to nothing ; neverthe-
less, may they not be considered to be, in reality,
a fourth crop? For the last five years in suc-
cession, the same freak of producing more than one
crop has happened in this tree ; and the only way I
can account for it is, that I have constantly kept
pinching the shoots, a few at a time, from June to the
middle of September, so that the spurs formed for
blooming have not all ripened together; .and I .am the
more inclined to entertain that opinion from the cir-
cumstance of three other trees, viz., Louise Bonne,
Duchesse d'Angoul6me, and a summer variety, of which
I do not know the name, similarly treated last year,
having this season yielded two distinct crops, notwith-
standing the first one having been very large— greater
indeed than I ever before found the trees to bear. The
roots of these trees have never been pruned since they
were planted, seven or eight years ago, nor has manure
of any kind been applied to them; but the soil in

1194

THE OAHDENERS' CKRONICLE AND AGElCtlLTURAL GAZETTE, [Notembee 23, ise?.

which they grow was originally composed of
fresh loam and turf, well chopped and mixed, laid on,
fully 3 feet deep, to a surfaue of hard, solid rab, which
has now sunlc to about 2 feet, and' the extremities of
the roots, I find, have not extended far, while the
fibres around the trunks are extremely numerous. I
have also growing in the same soil, under similar
treatment, Williams' Bon Chretien, which last year
produced two crops, but not this; Marie Louise,
Gansel's Bergamot, Beurre Diel, Crassaue, and Chau-
montel, with never more than one crop ; but all, with
one or two exceptions, have borne well, and are very
healthy. They do not receive any protection, and the
fruit is generally of the largest size. Some of the
Duohesse d'Angouleme this yearweighed nearlyaponnd
each, and few of them less than half a pound. _ The
first crop on it this year numbered 125, and weighed
upwards of half a cwt. Amateur, Whitland.

Qrape Jifdging. — I have no doubt wliatever that
Hamburgh Grapes, when thoroughly black, with good
bloom and well-swollen berries, will always be of a
superior flavour to those of a copper colour, or what we
understand as badly-coloured Grapes, provided the sa,me
time elapses from their commencing to colour before
they are eaten. But it often occurs that the most
perfectly-coloured Hamburgh Grapes are shown within
30 days from the time of tbeir commencing to colour.
I well know that at the Regent's Park July Show the
1st prize has been taken by Grapes colouring within
that time— the judges, of course, acting upon a con-
sciousness of the fact that time will give flavour where
good colour is, while they have no proof that colour
can he given where it is not. I think Mr. Thomson,
and those that think with him in this matter of Grape
judging, should think seriously of the injustice their
tasting system would have upon those who exhibited
at the autumn shows such Grapes as Black Alicante,
Barliarossa, or Lady Downes'. The latter takes two
months after being coloured before it has any-
thing like its perfection of flavour ; so that if
flavour is to have the points assigned to it by Mr.
Thomson, those who could ripen them early, if in-
ferior in colour, would be sure toj win the prize. Mr.
Thomson, I think, will not deny that if flavour is
to be recognised to the extent he claims for it, it will
keep many beautifully coloured black Grapes from
being shown; and I am sure he need not do that,
for at the Regent's Park (one of the best annual fruit
shows in the kingdom, and where colour is the ruling
point) not one-tenth of the black Grapes have their
natural colour in combination with that forced and
unnatural size of berry so much desired. I am sure
the tasting system, if truthfully carried out, would
often give the 1st prize to badly coloured Grapes ; it
would teud to remove that mortification to our pride
that we now feel at the mentioned fact of our Grapes
not coming up in colour, and therefore check our efibrts
to colour them better another year ; it would have no
proof to ofler to the exhibitor or the public of the
truthfulness of the judges' decision. E. Sage, Oopsall,
Atherstone.

Qreen Peas. — Having recently seen several articles
in your Paper relative to green Peas of difl'erent
varieties having been sent to table as late as the middle
or end of October, I beg to enclose you a sample of
Veitch's Perfection, from which I have for a long time
been gathering, and a dish of which I sent up to my
employer's table yesterday, November 19, when the
Peas were pronounced to be as tender and sweet as if
the season had been July. I have done nothing in the
way of protecting them. The gardens here have a
northern aspect ; they are pretty far inland, and are
situated near the bottom of the famous Mount Leinster.
Teitoh's Perfection answers all the purposes of a late
Pea, and some of your more southern cultivators might,
in a favourable season, under careful management,
doubtless with it have ducks and green Peas at
Christmas. A. J2., Castle Sorongh, Wexford. [A very
good sample of late Peas. Eds.]

Fruit Growing. — In answer to your correspondent
"J. F." (see p. 1168), I forward you a list of the
varieties of Pears grown here as standards in the open
garden, fully exposed. Some of the trees are very large,
and produce from eight to ten baskets each. The sorts
are : — Beurre de Capiaumont, very hardy, and an
abundant bearer ; Beurre Boso, very fine, and a free
bearer; Marie Louise, also agood bearer as a standard ;
as likewise Glou Morceau ; Porelle is very hardy and
an excellent bearer, as are also Williams' Bon Chretien,
Ne Plus Mem-is, Winter Nells, and Beurr^ d'Arem-
berg : the last is an abundant bearer, but rather small
as a standard. Seckel succeeds well with us ; and Vicar
of Winkfield is an excellent bearer and very useful for
dessert. G. Willers, Cambridge.

open ground, where we have given it the fullest trial.
Cfhromatella and Isabella Gray, the only varieties com-
peting with it, are quite distanced. Both seasons have
been dry here, but its growth and behaviour have been
generally unexceptionable. F. K. Phcenix.

Belgium: Chateau of tlie Comte deBaillet. — This
is approaclied by an avenue in the public road, of Oak
and Beech trees. You enter by a carriage gate and
drive to the house by a road edged in some places by
Horse Chestnuts. The house occupies a quadrangle,
one side of which is pierced by a gateway : the front side
has walls hut half-way up, thus affording space for a
balcony. Behind, and on one side, the ground is
charmingly wooded ; in front, and on the other side, lies
the garden. At some little distance from the house, in
front, is a straight walk bordered on the side remote
from tlae house by a flower bed, extending the length of
the walk. Beyond the flower border is water, and
beyond the water a second garden border, beyond
which is another walk.

Follow the walk on the side of the house, and you
come to a small flower garden and conservatory. The
conservatory contains Grapes, and Ferns, and choice-
leaved plants, but at the present season no flowers,
or if any, verj' few. .The strip of ground close
to the conservatory wall is planted with plants
remarkable for the beauty of their red leaves.
On one side of the garden— the side farthest from the
house — is a wall covered with wall fruit : at the foot of
the wall lies a long bed planted with flowers, among
which may be remarked, conspicuous for beauty, many
plants of the China Aster, or, as they are called in
Belgium, La Reine Marguerite. The garden is cut into
two portions, five long beds being opposite to five similar
ones; among the flowers contained in them may be
remarked Convolvuluses, Geraniums, Stocks, and many
others. Beyond the five straight beds are semicircular
beds with taller plants. The vegetable garden, which
is partially walled, has Peach trees on the walls. This
garden is well stocked with vegetables, and has hot-beds
containing Cucumbers and Melons. A gate from this
garden leads to the stables and gardener's house, near
to which is an ice-house. Ton may regain the high
road, either from the stables or from the wood.
S. D. Ryder, Jun., Chateau d'Flegliem, Senipet, TFeerde,
Belgium.

TRADE MEMORANDUM.

We have received the following letter in reference to
frauds upon nurserymen, from Messrs Wood & Ingram,
of Huntingdon : —

The person alluded to by Mr. Harris (see p. 1146) came hero
the other diiy and described himself as Mr. H.'s gardener. He
ordered for a new garden he was making between 20(l(. and
300/. worth of {?oods, for which a cheque was to be sent the
following day, and nothing got up till after the said cheque
was received. On the foUowing day he succeeded in obtaining
i;. from our 5Ii-. Ingram, on the ground th.at his having been
detained from home a day longer thau he anf icipated had made
him run short of cash. We ne-^:t heard of him from Birming-
ham, where he had passed himself off to Mr. Cole, of the Astun
Nursery, as the son of our Mr. Ingram, which he was the
more easily able to do as he had procured from our clerk a
dozen of our catalogues, to distribute, as he said, amongst
brother gardeners in his vicinity who were about planting.
He had the audacity to give Mr. Cole an order for 161/. worth
of plants in the name of our firm, and to write to Mr. Ingram
as his " Deal- Father," asking him to send a draft for 163/.
instead of 161/., as he had "spent his cash." This, of course,
he showed to the firm, and doubtless obtained the marginal 2/.
His great point seems to be the not requiring .anything to be
got up or sent before the cheque is to hand, and then getting
1/. or -2/. in the ways we have named ; and if he can call on two
or three a day he may live well. We have a warrant out for
him, but hope you will caution the Trade against him."

Foreign Correspondence.

Bloomington Nuksert, McLean Co., III. :
Soses. — These succeed well here in our prairie
alluvium, an indescribable clay-sand, or sand-clay,
which, on some account, we think sometimes, or for
some crops, a trifle clammy or gummy. The Monthly
or tender Roses riot here in the open ground, and the
Hybrid Perpetuals flourish finely. Among most
esteemed Hybrid Perpetual Roses I would name
Couronne des Parterres, Dr. Arual, Duchesse d' Orleans,
General Jacqueminot, General Washington, Geant de
Batailles, Gilbert Slater, Lord Palmerston, Madame
Charles Wood,Madame Knorr,Marquis Bocella, Pffionie,
Pius IX., Prince Albert, Prince Chipetouzikofl', Rivers,
Sydouie, Victor Verdier, Yoland d'Arragon.

Some of the best flowers, as Lord Raglan, Triomphe
de I'Exposition, Charles Lefebvre, Caroline Sanset,
together with many of the dark Roses, are not
" remontant" enough here; Mar^chal Kiel, after
two years' trial, is a perfect success, whether budded
or on its own roots. It is a very free grower and
bloomer, perfect in bud and flower, especially iu the

burgh. Muscats, three dishes of Pears and a aimiLar number
of Apples, and a dish of Dutch Medlars. In other collections
we noticed good dishes of King of the Pippin Apple, which
was almost universally named Cox's Pomona, and most
beautiful Marie Louise Pears, large, clean skinned, and nicely
rusetted.

Collections of dessert Pears were numerous. The best came
from Mr. Sorley and Mr. Reid ; and Mr. Whitfield also showed
good fruit in this class.

Iu the Class of 4 dishes of dessert Pears Mr. Sorley was 1st,
Mri Smith id, and Mr, Lowndes 3d. Among these were fine
fruit of Beurr^ Diel, Hacon-s Incomparable, Marie Louise,
BeuiT6 Bosc, Beurr6 de Ranee, Glou Morceau, Passe Colmar,
DortSe, Chaumontel, Winter Nelis, Duchesse d'Angouleme, and
Easter Beurr6.

The best dish of dessert Pears came from Mr. Reid, who
showed fine fruit of Marie Louise. Mr. Dunbar was 2d, with
Winter Nelis.

In the Class of 4 varieties of dessert Apples, the 1st prize
was awarded to Mr. Smith, and the 2d to Mr. Reid. Among
the sorts shown were Cox's Orange Pippin, Ribston, Blenheim
Orange, and King of Pippins, in which there was invariably
a large amount of fine colour. Court-pendu Plat was also
remarkable for the brilliant red with which it was decorated.
Wc also noticed good fruit of Beachamwell.

The best dish of dessert Apples was furnished by Mr.
WoolLam, who showed Cox's Orange Pippin ; 2d came from
Mr. Turner, who had Ribston. A 3d prize was awarded to a
small rough-looking Ai^ple, named Delaware.

Culinai-y Apples were largely shown. The best collection
of 8 varieties came from Mr. Freeman, the next best from Mr.
Reid, and a 3d lot from Mr. Thomson. Among these were
large and fine fruit of Emperor Alexander, Blenheim, White
Calville, probably from orch.ard-house trees, green, and some-
what rough, but still fair fruit ; Reinette du Canada, Flower
of Kent, Golden Noble, Kentish Filbasket, Cat's-head, and the
dull, red-coloured Mfere de MtSnage.

In the Class of 4 dishes, Mr. Smith was 1st, Mr. Woollam
was 2d, and Mr. Auchterlonie 3d. Conspicuous among these
were dishes of New England Pippin (which is said to succeed
wellinL.incashire), Bedfordshire Foundling, Wareham Russet,
also a valualjle north-country Apple, and others.

The best dish of kitchen Apples came from Mr. Smith, and
the second best from Mr. Thomson. They consisted of kinds
already named.

Chrysanthemums served as a brilliant framework to the
tables of fi-uit which occupied the centre of the Hall, and to
the gay throng with which the H,all was crowded doubtless
seemed the most important feature of the show. In regard to
their cultivation, a visible improvement is perceptible on
former exhibitions of them ; so much indeed is this the
case, that little is now left to be desired, and any of the
collections shown on this occasion might have advan-
tageously competed with those furnished to our London shows.
From Mr. Hignett, gr. to C. Row, Esq., came wonderfully
fine plants of both Pompon and large-flowered sorts,
standards and pyramids, and in nearly all the classes set
apart for amateurs he was first. In the Nurserymen's Class
Mr, Matthews stood in the foremost rank, while Mr. Whitfield
and Mr. Wilson can-ied off 1st prizes in groups of threes and
in collections of Pompons, From Mr. Sljaw came some
good Anemone-blossomed sorts. As regards Pompon varieties
they consisted for the most part of the lilac, white, and golden
varieties of Cedo Nulh, Hel&ne, Duruflet, General C.anrobert,
St. Thais, Mustapha, and a new bright yeUow sort named
Ascaine, which, when better known, will doubtless be a
favourite. Large-flowered sorts consisted chiefly of the
different varieties of Christine, Prince of Wales, Pruice
Alfred, Annie Salter, Beauts du Nord, Rifleman, and other
well-known kinds. Cut blooms were not nearly equal to those
shown about London.

Among miscellaneous subjects were one or two collections
of Fei-ns, Chinese Primulas, standard and pyramidal plants
of Mignonette, various hand bouquets, and sevci-al panfuls of
that charming little bulbous plant the Early Roman Hyacinth,
which is a most useful kind for supplying spikes of deliciously
fragrant pure white blossoms for bouquets.

Li\t:rpool Horticultural: Nov. 20 and 21. —The great
autumn show of fruit and Chrysanthemums held annually
under the auspices of this Society took pUce on Wednesday
and Thursday last, in St. George's Hall : an excellent place for
such exhibitions, and which, when lighted up in tho evening,
are highly attractive. Fruit, though generally smaller than
usual in size, was wonderfully bright in colour, especially the
dessert Apples, a circumstance probably attributable to the
somewhat di-y Septemberwhich wehave this year experienced.

Grapes were ex^cellent, especiaEy a collection from Mr. Mere-
dith, which was however not shown for competition, It con-
sisted of a bunch of Barbarossix lipe ,in May last and still in
perfection, plump and sound ; Gromier du Cantal, of a tine
amber colour ; Black Alicante, large and beautiful ; White
Tokay ; Child of Hale, a magnificent bunch ; Foster's Seed-
ling, Muscat, and Lady Downes', all in such fine condition
that they were the subject of general admiration. I'Vom Mr.
HUl, gr. at Keele HaU, came excellent bunches of Muscat,
in which that i-ich golden hue which this variety should
have when in pei-fection was beautifully exhibited. To
these a Ist pnze was deservedly awarded. From Mr.
Blisset, gr. to H. Phillips, Esq., also came good fruit
of this variety, which was also furnished by Mr. Reid, gr. to
S. P. Hope, Esq., and others. E-Kcellent bunches of Trcbbiano
came from Mr. Kawbone, gr. to C. M. Campbell, Esq., and
Mr. Davies had also fniit of the same variety. Two magni-
ficent bunches of Barbarossa, to which a Ist prize was awarded,
were fm-nished by Mr. Sorley, gr. to Mrs. Zwilchenbart. These
must have been nearly IS inches in length, and the berries
were large, finely-coloured, and covered with a beautifvjl
bloom. The best Black Hamburghs were shown by Mr.
Woolley, gr. to W_ Jackson, Esq., Claughton Manor, Birken-
head. From Mr. Ea.wbone came two fine bunches of Black
Alicante.

Of Pine-apples few were shown, but what were produced
were excellent, both in regard to size and quaUty. From Mr.
Freeman, gr. to the Earl of Derby, came some very fine fruit
of Black Prince and smooth-leaved Cayenne. Mr. Wallis also
showed some good fruit.

Collections of Fruit came from Messrs. Rylance k Ashcroft,
who contributed excellent groups in the Nurserymen's Class.
In that set apart for Amateurs, good collections came from
Air. Woolley, Mr. Forbes, gi'. to J. A. Tinne, Esq., and Mr.
Smith, gr. to H. Littledale, Esq., Liscard, Cheshire. In
these were good Muscat and other Grapes, fine Marie Louise
and Beurr^ Diel Pears, Kaby Castie Currants, still in a good
state of preservation, and other weH-gi'own fruits. From Mr.
Woolley came large and beautiful biinches of Barbarossa
Grapes, also examples of West's St. Peter's and Black Ham-

Entomological {Nov. 4). — Professor Westwood, V.P., in the
chair. Certificates in favour of A. H. Haliday, Esq., and six
other candidates for admission into the Society, were read.
Mr. F. Bond exhibited three new species of Lepidoptera new
to the British lists— 1, Psyche crassiorella of Bruand's Mono-
graph ; 2, Catoptria ravulana of Herrick Shaffer : and ?,, Coccyx
vemana of Knaggs. Mr. McLtichlan exhibited the female of
tho very rare Mantispa notha, the male of which has densely
hairy legs ; Ukewlae several interesting cases of monstrosity,
including a Limnephilus striola, irregularly gynandromor-
phous, and Tenthredo madidus, the entire right half of which
was female and the left half male ; also Tenthredo scutellatus,
with three wings on the right side of the body, the middle
additional wing having its front margin like that of the fore
wing, and the hind part like the inner mai'gin of the hind
wing. Mr. E. Saunders read a revision of the species of
Australian Buprcstida), originally described by the Rev. P. W.
Hope, now preserved in the Oxford Museum. Mr. T. Wood
read a series of observations upon, and exhibited a number of
chrysalides of PapUio Machaon, Pieris Bi-assicie, and P. Rapse,
with the view to show that the variation of colour iu the
different chrysalides depended on their situation, and was
effected with the ultimate object of preservation by assimila-
tion to surrounding objects. Thus, a chrysalis on a wall was
of the ordinary dusty colour, but if amongst or covered by
leaves, it assumed a green tint. He also considered that the
gilt chrysaUdes of the Vanesste, which are freely suspended by
the tail, are thus oniamented as a defence against bii'ds. Mr.
Bond denied the correctness of this observation, and cited an
instance in which he had found three differently-coloured
chrysaUdes of the Orange-tip butterfly upon the common
rocket. A paper by Mr. Hewitsou, containing descriptions of
a number of new species of Butterflies from Nicaragua,
Ecuador, and Quito, was read. Also a monograph on the
genus Thais, by the Rev. D. C. Timius.

i\'oi,. IS.— Professor Westwood, V.P., in the chair. Mr.
F. Bond exhibited a series of specimens of SteiTha sacraria
recently reared from eggs deposited by two females captured
in the middle of August by Mr. Rogers, in the Isle of Wight.
The females were of a pale yellow colour, but the entire
progeny proved to be very daik-coloured, without any of the
rich tints of the true type of the species, thus differing from a
similar series recently reared by Mr. McLachlan. with which,
however, they agreed, both in time and food. It was sug-
gested that the late cold and sunless autumn had probably
effected this result. Mr. Higgins exhibited an extensive series
of diurnal Lepidoptera, from Labuan, i-n splendid condition,
containing several grand new and rare species. Mr. Stanton
exhibited Ebulea Catalaunalis, Uiken in September near
Cheshvmt, hovering like a fly over {a flower-bed. Mr. Tnmen
exhibited a new species of Mantida?, closely resemblmg one of
the Phasmid£e, also a species of Grasshopper which he had
repeatedly met with in South Afi-ica, and of which he had
observed many instances in which pairing took place in tho
pupa state. Also an apparently new species of Papilio from
ui-uguay. Mr. McLachlan communicated a notice of the
capture of the curious little Boreus hyemalis in Moss at
Wickham and Croydon. The Chairman gave an account of the
manufacture of silkworm-gut (used by anglers) by tho Chinese.
Mr. Stainton mentioned the occuirence of larvw of Tinea

NOVEMBEB 23, 1867.]

THE GAEDENEBS' CMONICLE AND A01lirFT,TUEAL (JAZKTTE.

1195

which had buried tbomsolvea to a considerable depth by
burrowing into tho horn of ft Koodoo antelopo from Natal;
and Mr. Trimon stated that he had found litrvm which had
oaten into tho liono of tho skull of the hart-bcest in SouUi
Africa.

5<roticcg of aSoofeS.

The JB'n!7tfriiofs, fhfir St^fflt'iiwith, Chnrchpa, and
Industries ill Snylnud and Ireland. Hy Samuel
Smiles. London : Murray. 8vo., pp. C21.
In an easy, pleasant stylo, Mr. Smiles in the volume
before us conveys a great deal of information respect-
ing those numerous refugees, who at various times
established themselves in this country, in order to
avoid tho persecutions directed against tho Protestants
in the Low Countries, and in France. These deeds of
liorror are matters ol' history, and Mr. Smiles adds
little or nothing to the sura of what wa.s previously
known coucerning them. Kut if, so far a-s the main
facts aro concerned, there is little in this volume that
has not been told before, the reader will nevertheless
be gratified at the abundant details which our author
has strung together to illustrate his theme. It is not until
one .sees in this way how extensive were theimmigrations
after the merciless persecutions of Alva, the treacherous
massacre of St. liartholomew, and the hideous cruelties
that followed the revocation of tho Edict of Nantes,
that the full influence of the settlement of so many
foreigners among us can be appreciated.

Our early kings invited skilled workmen to settle
among us, but from the time of Edward VI. no such
iuvitation was needed, and this country and Holland
became the chief places of refuge for those oppressed
for conscience sake. They fled by hundreds of thou-
sands, crippling the resources of their native land,
impoverishing its funds, and in many cases obliterating
its manufactures. " The paper makers of Angoumois
left their mills; the silk makers of Touraine left their
looms and the tanners their pits; the Vine dressers
and faruiers of Saintonge, Poitou, and La Rocbelle
left their Vineyards, their farms, and their
gardens, and looked out into the wide world sea-
wards for a new home, and a refuge where they might
work and worship in peace." No sooner had they
arrived on our shores than they set resolutely to work
— they were no idlers — they did not care to accept
hospitality or subsidy for due monaent longer than was
absolutely necessary. England received them hospitably,
but amply was she repaid for the assistance she gave.
Settlements of these industrious foreigners were made
in London, in Norwich, in Canterbury, in South-
.ampton, even iu Ireland. Everywhere they took
with them habits of order, of industry, of piety :
new manufactures were established, old ones
revived. In many branches of trade and manuflicture
England was converted from an importing to an
exporting nation. We have not space to do more
than allude to these facts, but we may give an extract
or two from Mr. Smiles' book to show what influence
the Flemish refugees especially bad on gardening.

" Though long before pr.ictised by tbe monks, gurdeuiug
had become ahQu3t .1, lost art in England, and it is said that
Kutherine, Queen of Henry Vlll., unable to obtain a salad for
her dinner in all England, had her table supplied from the
Low Countries '■ i* - Vegetables were formerly so scarce that
they were salted down. Even in the 16th century a Cabbage
from Holland was deemed an acceptable present. Hull then
caiTied on a thriving import trade in Cabbages and Onions.
The rarity of vegetables in the country may ho infen-ed from
the fact that in 1.505 a sum equal to 20.«. was paid at
that port for .six Cabbages and a few Carrots, by the
purveyor for the Clifford family. Hartlib. writing in 1650,
says that an old man then living remembered the first
gardener, who came into Surrey to plant Cabbages and Cauli-
flowers, and to sow Turnips, Carrots, and F.arsnips, and to
grow e.irly Peas— .all of which at that time were great
wonders, we having few or none in England but what came
from Holland or Inlanders. It is also supposed, though it
cannot be exactly ascertained that the Protestant Walloons
introduced the culture of the Hop into Kent, bringing slips of
the plant with them from Artois. The old distich —
' Hops, Reformation. Bays, and Beer,
Came into England all in one year,'
marks the period, about 1524, when the first English Hops
were planted. '* * Regin.ald Scot, the author of the 'Per-
fitte PLatforme of a Hoppe Garden," speaks of the trade of
the Flemminge, i. c. his method of culture and his ostes at
Poppering as a ' profytablc patterne and a ueeessarie instruc-
tion for as manie as shall have to doe therein." Another kind
of crop introduced by tho Flemings at Sandwich was Canary
Grass, which still continues to be grown on the neighbouring
farms, and is indeed almost peculiar to the district. It may
be added that to this day the Sandwich Celery maintains its
reputation. * * * The Cabbage, Carrots, and Celery produced
by the foreigners met with so ready a sale and were so much
in demand in London itself, that a body of gardeners .shortly
removed from Sandwich and settled at Wandsworth, Batter-
sea, and Bermoadsey. where many of the rich garden gromids
first planted by the Flemings continue to this d-\y the most
productive in the neighbourhood of the metropolis.'"

While thus far from slothful in business, they did
not neglect their religious obligations, nor forget the
cause that drove them from their native land. Churches
and schools were established for their use. In London
there were no less than 35 chapels set anart for
them. At Canterbury a portion of the crypt of the
cathedral wa,s placed at the disposal of the earlier
refugees for religious worship ; and after tbe revoca-
tion of tbe edict of Nantes, when the number of
immigrants was greatly increased, a second chapel was
made use of. To this day the French church at Can-
terbury is in existence, the service being conducted
in tbe French language, though but lew or none
remain now of the refugee families who are not far
more English than French. And here is a fact for
those historians and politicians who speak of the
difl'erences of i-ace and of diversities of " nationality " :
a very few generations in, this case have sulCced to
convert Walloons, Flemings, and French into genuine
Englishmen. True, the names remain to give a clue
to the ancestry of their bearers. Thus at Canterbury
may still be found representatives of the families ol i
De la Saux, of Claris, of Miette, Lo Maitre, Bouverie, i

De Laino, Gambler, Lo Fevre, and many others. In
other oases oven the names have so changed that at
first it is dillicult to recognise them in their
ilisguise, thus — J)u la Mer has become Dehnar ;
Momorie, Mummery ; I'lanohe, Plank ; Drouet,
Drewitt ; d'Aeth, Death ; Chapuis, Shoppee ; Do
Monlins, Mullins; &c. Looking through tho list of
names cited by Mr. Smiles it is remarkable iiot
only how many still remain comparatively little
altered, such as Ijohjoit, Fonrdrinior, I'oupart, &c.,
but also how very many of these names aro borne
by men eminent in some department or other.
Take, for instance, such names as ISosanquot, Higaud,
Dollond, lloget, Courtauld, llomilly, Bouverie, Casau-
bon, Chcnovix, Crespigny, Do Moivro, Layard, Marti-
nean, Du Cane, i.e. Du Quesno. In fine, whether it be
in the peerage or in the trades' directory, largo traces
of these Huguenot immigrations may be soen even now,
while the qualities of the original immigrants aro
shown not only by their endurance of suU'cring and
distress, but by the mark which they and their descend-
ants have left in the scientific, the literary, and tho
industrial history of tho country.

iPloristsi' cK^lotoers,

A WALK through any subnrb of the metropolis will
demonstrate the utility and attractiveness of the
Chrysanthemum as a decorative plant for tho out-
door garden, during the autumn and early winter
should frost not intervene too soon or too suddenly.
Along the outskirts of Islington, through Hornsey, and
on to Stoke Nowington, there is to be observed a general
cultivation of the Chrysanthemum in gardens, and very
attractive indeed do some of the suburban villa gardens
look at the present time. Stoke Newingtou may be re-
garded as oneof thestrougholds of the Chrysanthemum,
for a show has been held there annually since 18115,
Chrys,anthemum exhibitions are rare occurrences just
now, but the Stoke Newington Chrysanthemum
Society holds its annual treat, year by year, with
commendable perseverance. A show of Chrysanthe-
mums, pure and simple, is better calculated to bring
out the peculiar features of this popular flower than
when it forms only a portion of a larger exhibition.
As such a show is held at a season of the year when
the days are not only short, but foggy and dark, the
artificial light, necessarily brought into requisition,
really makes a Chrysanthemum show a very attractive
sight, as it heightens the otherwise sober hues of many
of the flowers, though at the same time it gives to some
of them a deceptive appearance.

One of the most beautiful among white flowers is
Mrs. George Rundle, pure white in colour, beautifully
incurved, and very close .and compact.^ The flowers are
small in size, but in regard to the purity of the colour
they are unrivalled. Dr. Sbarpe, a reflexed flower, is aa
excellent addition to the shades of red and crimson, as
it is of a shaded magenta crimson hue, and the flowers
are of good size and of fine quality. These were dis-
tributed by Mr. Forsyth, of Stoke Newington, during
last spring.

The following represent some of the very finest of
the incurved flowers shown at Stoke Newington ; —
Gloria Mundi, bright golden yellow ; Golden Beverley,
golden canary, a sport from tbe white " Beverley," a
very fine incurved show flower ; Eve, sulphur yellow,
becoming almost white ; Formosum luteum, pale yellow,
a very pretty show flower; Golden Dr. Brock, a finely
incurved, bright golden yellow flower ; Jardin des
Plantes,brightgolden orange; andAureummultiflorum,
pure yellow, a capital variety for pot culture. Of
white flowers ; Beverley, creamy white ; Cassandra, a
very beautiful flower, delicately tipped with rose;
Empress of India, a very large but showy flower;
AVhite Formosum, a very useful exhibition variety ;
Novelty, blush white, of fine shape, and great size;
and White Globe. Of crimson or dark flowers:
Fulgidum, a bright shade of dark reddish crimson ;
Prince Alfred, a dull shade of rosy crimson, but a largo
apd full flower; Nil Desperandum, dark red; and
Prince of Wales, rosy violet crimson, a large and
very fine show flower. Tbe hue of orange,
mingled with amber or chestnut, or cinnamon, or red,
pervades a good many of the leading flowers. For
instance, John Salter, reddish cinnamon, paling off to
oriinge in the centre, a large and beautifully incurved
flower ; Hereward, oranj^e purple, having a distinct
silvery tinge when fully incurved, very handsome and
full ; Dr. Brock, reddish orange, a useful show flower;
General Bainbrigge, dark orange amber; General
Slade, red, tipped with orange, a good exhibition
flower; Lord Ranelagh, reddish orange, large and
full; Mr. Brunlees, a large and very fine incurved
flower, Indian, red, tipped with gold; Rev. J. Dix,
orange red, very fine ; Robert James, orange cinnamon,
flowers of good size and full substance ; and Sir StaflTord
Carey, brownish chestnut orange, yet of a very lively
shade, as well as a large and full flower. Rose and
pink and lilac flowers were represented by Josiah
Wedgwood, bright rosy carmine, quite distinct in
colour, aa well as being a large and full incurved flower ;
Hercules, large reddish carmine, a fine flower ; Lady
Carey, rosy lilac, a finely incurved and beautiful show
flower ; Lady Harding, delicate rose, very beautiful ;
Pink Pearl, delicate pink, with a silver shading when
incurved, very floe and striking; Queen of England,
deep blush ; and Venus, lilac peach, a finely incurved
and beautiful show flower.

In showing cut blooms tbe incurved flowers are
used, and when fully developed they form very hand-
some and compact masses of various-coloured florets.
When plants are shown it is usual to select the reftexed
flowers, as not only do the plants themselves appear to
be best adapted for the purpose, but the reflexed flowers
are allowed to develoi) themselves much more freely, and
\vh,';i well grctun and bloomed, something like the
shy.i Pelargoniums, they are lugloly attractive. Some.

of tho leading reflexed flovvers are :— Dr. Sbarpe
(before noticed), a very fine exhibition kind; Vesta,
ivory white; Golden 'Chri.stine, golden buff"; Alma,
ro.sy crimson; Annie Salter, golden yellow; Little
Harry, golden anibor ; Hormionc, blush ; and Golden
Hermione, golden orange. With suitable cultivation
many of these could be grown into show flowers.

The standard and pyramiilal forms of the Pompon
varieties wore specially noticeable. Sorao plants of
tho former, shown by Mr. Forsyth, were well grown
and nicely flowered, hut they had a somewhat formal
apjiearanco in consecpience of being trained to wire
supports. The necessity for these became apparent when
Mr. Forsyth's plants were put into contrast with some
from another exhibitor; those ofthe batter being literally
formless, hence training must be resorted to in order
to ensure symmetrical specimens. The following are
good kinds for i)ot-cnlture : — Andromeda, Ilelene,
the lilac, golden, and white forms of Cedo NuUi (all
three excellent, but the lilac one very pretty indeed) ;
Calliope, Salamon, Bob, still are capital dark kinds,
but very late in blooming; White Trevenna. Astrea,
Duruflet,and Madame Montels are also worth attention.
Tbe standard system of cultivation appears to secure
one desideratum, that of promoting early blooming.

Two very fine new flowers were awarded First-class
Certificates, viz. : — Mrs. Sbarpe, a full and finely
incurved flower, colour rosy lilac, with a light centre,
of flne shape and substance, from Mr. Forsyth ; and
Princess Beatrice, from Mr. Wyness, Buckingham
Palace Ganleus, of a bright pale lilac shade, suffused
with an unusual glow for so sober a hue in the Chry-
santhemum, .and a very fine and full incurved flower.
Mr. George, of Stamford Hill, had a plant of Hermione,
a large-flowering kind, that had broken away into a
reddish bulf coloured flower, darker in colour, and tbe
flowers much fuller and more compact than Golden
Christine, which it most nearly resembles.

The Anemone-flowered forms of both tbe large-
flowering, and the Pompon kinds, are undergoing
an improvement, though they can scarcely cease to be
other than a mere specialty, grown by a few fanciers of
this somewhat mean-looking form of tbe Chrysanthe-
mum. They are like the dull and unattractive forms
of the breeder "Tulips compared with the gorgeous
broken flowers ; only in tbe case of the Chrysanthemum
there is really no promise of the Anemone-flowered
kinds ever overtaking their colleagues of tbe other
classes in point of attractiveness, while the breeder
Tulip may be the forerunner of a premier flower. A
few very fine flowers of tbe Japanese Chrysanthemum
were shown by Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Son — very
large and showy, loose flowers, but certainly improve-
ments on the original varieties introduced by Mr.
Standisb. AVhat they may become is known only to
the future ; and the bybri'diser has no doubt already
made considerable use of them in his own department.

Mr, Salter's fine collection of CHRYSiNTnEMUMS
is now nearly at its prime ; and, although the flowers
are perhaps not so large as usual, they are well formed,
and of bright colour. In about a week's time this
nursery will be specially worth a visit, for Mr. Salter
has succeeded in raising several seedlings from
Japanese varieties, representing every shade of colour
peculiar to this flower. These seedlings are distinct
from any yet seen; tbe florets resemble a mass of
coloured threads, some spotted, some plain-coloured,
which again remind one of very long-legged spiders.
They never can become florists' flowers, but will be
most useful for decorative purposes. Every person
interested in singular freaks of Nature, which are end-
less, shouldsee these curious and interesting productions.
Of ordinary varieties. Little Harry, St. ]?atrick, Mr.
Brunlees, and Golden Beverley are at present in beau-
tiful condition ; as aro also, indeed, most of the exhi-
bition flowers elsewhere mentioned. Among newer
kinds are Dr. Sbarpe; Finga), rosy lilac; and as an
orange and amber-coloured flower. Dr. Lindley is also
very fine. Lady Talfourd, both in and out of doors, is
excellent. Isabella Bott, large, blush ; Prospero, dark
purplish violet; Venus, Mrs. G. Rundle, and Mrs.
Heale, the last a pure white sport from Princess of
Wales, are also fine kinds. Among new sorts yet to
be sent out the best at present in bloom are Lord
Derby, very dark purple ; Princess Beatrice, a variety
exhibited by Mr. Wyness, at Stoke Newington, and
which is to be sent out by Mr. Salter; Golden Orb,
large, canary-coloured ; Baron Beust, finely incurved
chestnut, shaded with yellow ; and Captivation, carmine
shading otl' to white. Sedums, Saxifrages, and other
plants of that description, decorate tbe entrance to this
exhibition; and in another house, as well as out-of-
doors, is the splendidly-coloured Chilian Beet, which
was much admired when exhibited some time ago at
South Kensington. Among other plants Centaurea
maguifica was conspicuous, on account of its large
beautiluUy cut foliage ; and it may be added that of other
ornamental plants Mr. Salter has an excellent collection.

To some of Mr. Adam Forsyth's Chrysanthemums
we have already adverted, but it may be worthy of notice
that his general exhibition of specimen plants is now
in perfection, and is well worth inspection. The show
house, which is 45 feet long and 20 feet wide, is filled
aU round tbe sides with trained plants for exhibi-
tion, among which we noticed Mrs. G. Rundle,
Dr. Sbarpe, a great acquisition to specimen
growers, being of a colour which is much wanted ;
Mrs. Sharp, a finely incurved flower of large size;
Vesta, Alma, Christine, and its golden ; variety ;
Attraction, Annie Salter, Aureum multiflorum,Beaute
du Nord, Lady Harding, and General Bainbrigge.
There is also in the centre of the house a magnificent
bank of flowers kept for furnishing cut blooms, of
which the most conspicuous are Countess of Warwick,
Lady Talfourd, William Edwards, Orange Perfection,
John Salter, White Princess, a flne kind ; Beverley,
and its golden variety ; General Harding, Prince of
Wale% Jardin des Plantes, Prin e Alfred, White

1196

fEt GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGElCULTtJRAL GAZETTE.

[NOTEMBEE 23, 1867.

Globe, Little Harry, Little Pet, Gloria Muudi, Hetty
Barker, a kind like Cassandra; Empress Eugenie, &c.
Contiguous to the show-house is a range of glass-
houses, nearly 300 feet in length, nioelj; furnished with
pyramidal, standard, and bush-trained Pompons,
which have a very pleasing effect. Conspicuous among
these are Antonius, White Trevenua, an excellent
variety ; Rose, ditto ; Prince Kenna, Sidonie, Grace
Darling, Mrs. Dix, and the white, lilac, golden, and
brown varieties of Cedo Nulli ; together with General
Canrobert, Andromeda, Golden Aurore, a line yellow;
Miss Nightingale, Princess Dagmar, and others. There
is also here a good general collection of spring flowering
and other plants, all in good condition.

Eaelt Deones : Paethenogenesis.— Asl wished
to have another clear confirmation of Herr Dzierzon's
wonderful doctrine of Parthenogenesis in the honey
bee (see Gardeners' Chronicle, Nov. 20, 1865), in
September last year I removed a fertile queen out of a
Ligurian stock, and the bees raised three royal cells,
the first of which was hatched out on the 20th of that
month, and the other two royal cells were destroyed.

In January, 1867, 1 found several drone pupa; on the
floor-board, and on the 18th of February I examined
every comb and found drones hatched, and drone
brood in all stages of development in worker cells. I
saw the queen, and found her very active. I removed
the combs containing worker cells and gave them
combs containing only drone cells. I had drones
flying in February and March, and they were of service
to me in the fecundation of the Ligurian queens that I
raised early this spring.

On the 6th of May, having removed this drone-
breeding queen, I sent her to " The Lincolnshire Bee-
keeper,'* and he successfully joined her to a strong
stock of black bees, and all summer she produced only
Ligurian drones, which he wanted for his young black
queens. She is still at the head of the stock, and he is
keeping her to produce Ligurian drones to fertilise his
young queens next year, and they will then produce
ijees three quarters bred Ligurian. It would be very
interesting if he would carry on his experiments
further, and produce almost pure Ligurians from
originally a common black queen.

This is the first drone-breeding queen that has ever
been kept alive so long, producing only drones. He of
course has kept up the strength of the stock by giving
them worker brood combs out of other hives.

Some of your correspondents that have Ligu-
rian bees, and wish to keep them pure, but are sur-
rounded by black bees, will find these drones (hatched
a long time before any black drones appear) are of great
service, but with me this is not of any consequence, as
there are no black bees kept within about four miles
from my apiary. William Carr.

New Bee-Plant.— Let me recommend to your bee-
keeping gardeners Polygonum virginianum as a bee-
plant. It dies down in winter, but springs up again,
and spreads from its roots so as to cover a large space
in a short time ; it is very sweet, and a handsome large-
leaved plant, with tall panicles of white flowers, which
last till the frost kills them. Somerset.

Erratum (p. 1169).— "I kill no bees in taking the
honey, nor do I use anything to stupefy them, but
drive them from the hives I wish to take into the
weaTcer (not wiokee) hives."

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Cape Pelargoniums will now need very careful atten-
tion. A very slight amount of warmth more than is
good for them, too close an atmosphere, or the like,
productive of a weak, ill-matured growth, cannot be too
much guarded against ; for after they have become
drawn at this season, owing to any little discrepancy
in their general treatment, it is not easy to restore
them to vigour. Afford each plant abundance of room,
keep them as near the glass as possible, and give all the
air possible upon all favourable occasions. Plants
intended lor very early flowering may now be got into
their preliminary shape, with the aid of a few stakes,
&c, pinching back all that need it, and giving them a
slight shift when fairly started afterwards into growth,
provided at all times the roots are in want of more
extended space. I have already suggested that they be
potted into a nice free, open, rich, friable maiden loam —
that upon which the upper herbage has -become tho-
roughly decomposed, by laying for a twelvemonth or
so— giving rather less silver sand at each successive
potting than is needed when first started after having
been cut back. I would advise that the earlier batch —
those Iwhich are fairly growing— receive now and then
upon nice, fine sunny days, a slight sprinkling overhead
with water some half-a-dozen degrees warmer than the
temperature of the atmosphere. This invigorates them
much, without inducing any unnecessary growth,
when afforded them with due regard to existing
circumstances. Always endeavour to get the foliage
thoroughly dried before closing the house, therefore
use tepid water, which evaporates more readily
than cold water. It will be well now to
remove the saucers containing water from beneath
potted plants of Disa grandijlora, &c., supplying
them with surface soakings more freq^uently, in place
of the moisture they have been in the habit of
imbibing from below. It will be well, moreover, at
this dull season to keep these in a well-aired place, and
vrith a moderate amount of heat only. See that thrips
do not attack them, or that the tips of the young leaves
do not receive injury in any other way. Give Poin-

settias frequent syringings overhead now, as the
showy floral bracts are about developing themselves ;
give also alternate waterings with weakly-diluted
manure water. I have had "Standen's" manure in
use lately, and though a powerful fertilising agent, it is
very useful in any way in which it may be applied.
It is essentially suited to hard-wooded and other pot
plants, and being inodorous, it does not appear to
'' sour " the soil in the least. Ci/clamens thrive apace
if occasionally watered with it. Cinerarias must not
by any means be allowed to suffer from want of root-
moisture at this season, which they too frequently do —
filled as the pots now are with a mass of gross-feeding
roots, and often placed in the neighbourhood of flues
or pipes. Too much moisture, therefore, cannot well
be given them, when well drained. Give good strong
liquid manure frequently. Be well prepared hence-
forward for sudden severity. All at once a sharp frost
may occur. With flues occasionally just warmed
through, for the purpose of dispelling foul air, Ac,
and fires ready laid, hard weather surely need not take
us unawares.

FORCING HOUSES.

Late Vineries, in which fruit is still hanging, should
not exceed a temperature of 47' or -18' at night, if the
Grapes are to be kept as long as possible, plump and
good. Maintain a low temperature in ail Vineries
where forcing has commenced, until the buds have
fairly started. From 50' to 54° will be ample ; the
former upon cold nights will suHice, as it will obviate
too great a rush of artificial heat. Keep up a nice
gentle temperature upon the surface of the outer
border in cases where the roots are out in such
positions by means of fermenting materials. Syringe
the Vines occasionally only, if a goodly volume
of humidity is constantly maintained by means of
fermenting material placed inside the house. If no
such advantageous circumstances exist, it will be
necessary to damp the canes more frequently,
and by other means to induce a good moist atmo-
sphere. Old Vines, when thus forced early, receive
some assistance by means of moistened hay-bands,
which are generally bound around the lower portion of
the rods neatly. Houses in which the roots of the
Vines are inside, and the borders of which are likely to
be very dry, should have thoroughly good soakings of
water, which should be comparatively warm. It will
be well, therefore, to prepare a heap of thoroughly
decomposed manure of the very best quality, which by
occasionally turning over, will be ready to place
thickly upon the surface of this inside border previous
to giving it another good soaking with water. The useful
properties it possesses will thus be worked out
and driven down into the soil below. Maintain an
average bottom-heat of about 84° at the roots of all
Pines. Be very particular, in watering them, not to
allow the soil to become too wet. Rather allow them
to be somewhat dry constantly, provided the roots are
kept slightly yet healthily active. Cut fruit, it is
pretty generally known, will keep some time at this
season when removed to a cool dry atmosphere. Give
studied attention to all Peach and Nectarine borders,
the trees in which are being forced. See that they do
not stand in need of water. If any buds fall off
accept that circumstance as a proof that something is
likely to be wrong in that direction. Of course the
treatment must be according to past routine. If the
lights have been removed and rain fell upon the border,
it is not nearly so likely to want a good soaking as
others from which the lights have not been removed.
See well to all plants intended to be forced succes-
sionally for a supply of flowers. All freshly-potted
plants should receive valuable assistance from being
plunged in some sort of fermenting material in the
outer air. This will induce fresh rootlets to form, and
prepare them for a better display when wanted.
HAKDY FRUIT GARDEN.

It will be advisable now to loosen the branches of
Peaches and Nectarines from the walls for the purpose
of hardening the wood more thoroughly, &c. Remove
all nails and shreds carefully, and bundle here and
there six or eight shoots severally together, which
may, by means of twine, be fastened so as to hang
loosely to the wall, in order that no risk may be
incurred of injury in windy or snow-drifting weather.
Fasten them firmly, for it will be necessary to allow
them so to remain until the early spring, as the loosen-
ing of them from contact with the wall materially
retards their time of flowering.

HARDT flower GARDEN.

This is a good time for makingcuttings of any variety
of the Rose, which it is necessary to propagate by such
means. Remove from the parent plant any of the
shoots of the current season's growth having a " heel "
at their base, viz., a portion of the older wood from
which the bud originally issued. Make a clean cut at
the base of the cuttings so formed, when they may be
dibbled out in rows in any selected corner, there to
stand until next autumn, by which time they will
have become nice strong plants suitable for removal
into any position where needed. It may be well to
mention that some part of the upper portion of the
shoot should also be removed,— the cutting, in fact,
formed of the firmest wood, need not be more than
10 or 13 inches in length. Neapolitan Violets, which
have now become well hardened by exposure, should
have the lights placed over them.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

It will be well to make a sowing of some early sort
of Peas upon a warm south border, or other not too
exposed situatior. Sow them thickly and moderately
deep, that severe frosts may not injure the roots.
Hence it will be best to draw deep drills, say 7 inches
below the surface. Upon very slight soils tread the
Peas firmly into the alleys after sowing, and so place
the soil back over them that a slightly elevated ridge

may exist immediately upon the side which is most
exposed to the northerly or more eastern side, this
for the purpose of warding off cold cutting winds, &o.,
when the plants are above ground in later severe
weather. Cut off and remove the decayed stalks from
plantations of Jerusalem Artichokes. These having
performed their necessary offices have no further uses,
and hence need removal. Sow Onions, where a demand
for young ones constantly exists, a pan at a time, and
place them in warmth. W. E.

STATE OF THE "W
FortheWeekendingN

EATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAlt LONDON,
V. 20, 1867, Mobserved at the Horticultural Gardens.

u

BxaoMETXR.

TEUFEKJLTOaE.

Wind

November.

Of the Air.

Otthe Earth

■^

s"

Max. Mm.

Mai.

Min.

Mean

Ifoot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thurs. 14
Friday 15
Satur. 16
Sunday 17
Mon. 18
Tues. 19
Wed. 20

18 29.624

19 29.603

20 29.668

21 30.035
ff 30.2(3
23 30.217
21 '30.317

29.537
29,551
29.563
29.778
30.162
30.230
30.298

56
61
48
48
43
49
41

40
41
38
30
39
26
36

48.0
51.5
43.0
39.0

ll.o

37.5
38.5

49
50
48
47
48
46
45

47
48
47
47
47
47
46

S.

S.E.
B.
NE.
N.
."J.W.
N.

.08
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00

Average .

129,966

29.874

49.4

36.1 \ 42.7

46.1

47.0

Nov. 14— Rain ; overcast, showery ; overcast and mild.

— 15— Foggy, very mild ; overcast; fioe. but overcxst.

— 16 -Overcast, boisterous and cold ; boisterous ; clear and cold.

— 17— Overeast and boisterous ; overcast, cold ; cloudy.

— 18 -Overcast, mild ; overcast ; fine, but overcast.

— 19— Overcast and mild ; overcast ; clear and frosty.

— 20 —Clear, hoar frost ; overcast ; overcast and cold.

Mean temperature of the weeli, I 4-10 deg. above the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Nov. 30, 1867.

Sunday ..24

Mon. ..25

Tues. ..26

Wed. ..27

Thurs. ..28

Friday ..23| 48.0 33.9

Batur. ..30 48.0 34.1

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain.

0.61 in.

0.34

0.70

0.88

1.21

0.56

0.30

Prevailing Winds.

The highest temperature during the above period occurred ontho
28th, 1828-therm. 60 deg. ; and the lowest on the 30th, lS56-therm.
14 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Azaleas: ./4»i(i(ewr does not say if lier Azaleas are the hardy
or greenhouse kinds. If the former, the presence of suckers
may indicate that they want a better provision as to soil :
— good fat peat suits them ; if the latter, the suckers are
probably growths from the stocks on which the plants are
worked, and if so, are robbers to be got rid of immediately.

Books: J J Sullivan. "We do not know of an}' book exactly
such a.s you describe, but you will find the information in
Loudon's "Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs," or more
fully iu the same author's '* Arboretum et Fruticetum
Britannicum." Something of the kind you want in a cheap
form may perhaps be found in Plant's " Gardeners'
Dictionary," published by Groombridge.

Commercial Garden: Old Subscriber. Any limitations as to
what you can grow must depend on the words of your
agreement. If you hold the garden, as you say, for
" horticultural and floricultural purposes only," though not
for a nursery, nor for exhibition, you can of course grow
"fruits, flowers, and vegetables" for sale, but not trees,
shrubs, and plants generally. We do not see that you would
be restrained from growing flowers and flowering plants for
market ; but if you have any doubt, it would be your best
course to consult and arrange with your landlord, as the
tenancy is so easily terminable.

ExAsiiNATiON OF GARDENERS : A YoiLug Aspirant writes: —
*' Having embraced the profession of a gardener, I have read
with great interest from time to bime your reports of the
examinations of young gardeners, and should like to present
myself for examination, but I see I must first be examined
by the Society of Arts. Now, I am so ignorant as to know
nothing of this body, and I thought that if you would put a
line or two in your correspondence (if not explaining the
subject, yet such as to direct us where to go for the
information required) you would be benefiting several
gardeners in a similar position to myself, and who, residing
some distance from London, are ignorant of the doings in
the ' great city.' " " Young Aspirant " is not quite correct in
his statement. The Royal Horticultural Society's examina-
tions are open to any young gardeners who obtain a written
recommendation from a Fellow of the Society, from the
director of any public garden, or from the president of any
floral or horticultural association acknowledged by the
Society. It is only the candidates for the diplomas
conferring associateship, or for the annu^ medal, who must
have passed a previous examination by the Society of Arts,
though this previous examination gives to others in certain
cases a claim for expenses. Apply for programmes and
particulars to the Assistant Secretaries of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, South Kensington, W. ; and of the Society
of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, W.C.

French School of Gardening : A Young Cabbage. "We have
no doubt a young man might enter the French establish-
ment alluded to. and practise there for a time with much
advantage. We believe the students are expected to work.
He would perhaps gain as much practical knowledge by
going through a course at Chis\vick. We advise him to try
both, and to avail himself'to the full of the faciHties for
acquiring knowledge which are afforded.

Names of Plants: W Foster. Antholyza lethiopica.— / S.
Salvia campestris. — Hesperus. Lycium afrum (the orange-
coloured flowers) ; the flower of the other specimen was too
bruised to make out. — M. Quercug serrata. — £ J ]V. Only
10 specimens ! and those very poor ones, not in sufficiently
advanced state to be determined ; 4 and 0 are Selaginella
Martensii ; 5, S. Martensii variegata ; and 10, S. uncinata.

Sph.crogvne latifolia: Amateur. This plant should betreated
exactly like Cyanophyllum, alluded to last week. It is increased
by cuttings, and requires to be grown in a hot moist stove
to get finely developed leaves. The Phyllagathis must be
similarly treated, only it is more difficult to manage. It
must be kept well shaded, and while young brought on
under a hand-glass. A sandy, peaty soil of very light open
texture suits it best.

Water Plants: T C. The water plant you mention, judging
from your sketch, might be either Chara, CeratophyUum, or
Myriophyllum, all native plants, found in pools and ditches.
Either these or Anacharis would soon supply you with a
purifying vegetation. The latter is a very rapid grower. If
the temperature is 50° or 60°, the Aponegeton distachyon, a
beautiful flowering aquatic, might also be introduced, and
would succeed if planted deeply. Efts and water snails
would subsist as before, now that the temperature is
lowered.

Communications Received.— J. W.— Injured Potatoes.— R.—
Jaa. Fahey.— P, L, N. F,— P. L. S.

November 23, 1S67.J

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1197

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Incorporated by Spoclal Aob of ParllamonC In 1853.
To Landownkrb. TnECLERciTj Estate Aoentb, SoiiTKroaB, &a, m

Enuland and Wams, and 15 Scotland.
Tho Company ndvancen mntiey, uallmitod tci aiDouot, for the
following workB of Agricultural !ini»rovomont, the wUjIo outlay and
expoiiaoH In all caaesoeing Uquidatod by a rent-charge for 2^ yoar».
1 Dmlnage, Irrigation, and Warping, Embanklnc, Incloiing,
Clearing, Keclamation, Planting, for any benoflclal purpoie,
EhkIhoh or Machinery for DraliiaKO or Irrigation.

2. Farm Ruads, Tramways and lUitlroads for agriouHnral or farming

purpo.ion.

3. Jettiea or Landing places on the oea-coMt or ou the banks of

navigable rivers or lakea.

4. Tho Erection of Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other

Hulldlnga required for Farm purposes, and the Imnroveiuont
of and additions to Farm llouaes and other buildings for
Farm purposes.

Landowners asseaaed under tho proilalonfl of any Act of Parlm-
nient, Royal Charter, or Commission In respect of any public or
Konornl works of Drainage or other improvements, may borro\Y their
proportionate slmro of tho coat, and charge tbe Hamo with tho
exponsea on tho lands improved.

The Company will also negotiate the Unnt-chariroi obtained by
Landowners under the Improvomont of Land Act, 18(H. In respect of
theirSubscription of Shares m a Railway or Canal Conipanf.

No inVwKtlgation of title is required, and the Company being of a
strictly Pnaocial character, do not interfere with the plana and
execution of tho Works, which are controlled only by the Govern-
ment Enclosure Commlsstonors

Apply to Qranvilli R. Ktueb, Esq., ManaglnB Dlrsctor, S, Parlia-
ment yireet, London, S.W.

HK GENERAL C aTnI) DRAINAGE and

IMPROVEMENT COMPANY. Offices. 22. WhitehaU Place.
Under this CorapHuy's Act Tenants for Life, Trustee.^ Mortgagees,
Guardians, Committooa of Incompetent Persons, lienoflclal Loasoofl.
Corporations (Ecclesiastical or Blunlcipal), Incumbents, Charitable
Trustees, 4o., may efloct tho following Land Improvements, and
charge the outlay and oxponsua on the estate improved, by way of
rontehariie, to bo paid by half-yearly instalments, viz, :—

1. All work8 of Dnima'ge, Irrigation, Warping, and Embankment.

2. The Erection of Farmhouses, Cottages lor Agricultural
Labourers, and all kinds of Farm bujldluga.

3. The Constnictlon of Roads.

4. The Grubbing and Clearing of old Woodlands, Enclosing,
Fencing, and Reclaiming Land.

The owners of Estates, not entailed, who may be desirous to avoid
the expense or Inconvenience of a Legal Mortgage, may also charge
tbeir Estates with an Outlay in Improvements under the simple and
inexuensive process of the ConipFiuy s Act.

The Term uf Years for the Rent-chargo is fixed by the Landoivner,
BO as to adapt the amount of Annual Payment to tho circumstances
of the Tenants.

No Investigation of Title being required, and the Charge not bemg
effected bv Encumbrances, no Legal Expenses are incurred.

The Arrangements for Effecting Improvements are threefold —

No. 1. The Works may bo Designed and Executed entirely by the
Landownor'd Agent, and the Company employed oidy to supply the
Loan and coudvict the matter through all the official Forms for
Charging the Outlay on the Estate.

No. U. The Company will supply Plana, Speclflcatlons, and Esti-
mates for any Improvements to be executed by the Landowner's
Agent as under No. 1. In each of these cases the Landowner will be
solely under tho control of the Enclosure Commissioners.

No. 3. The Company will undertake theentiro responsibility of the
Improvements, prepare tho Plans, execute the Works, and finally
charge on the Estate the actual amount expended, with their Com*
mission thereon, approved by the Enclosure Commissioners.

Landowners may thus obtain what assistance they require from
the Company, and no more, in effectiLg the objects in view.

Works of Drainage and other Improvements are also executed on
Commission for Landowners, who merely require the skill and
experience of the Company's Officers and aStalf in constant practice.

Applications to be addi'essed to Horace Bboue, the Secretary, at
the Office of the Company. 22, Whitehall Place. London. S.W.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, UUWLiNG,
AND COMPANY, Limited.
Corn, Seed, Manure, akd Oilcake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, Mart Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
tor Wheat ; 1862. for ''Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

'~ New Grass Seeds for Exportation.

SUTTON AND SONS, having received their supply of
NEW GRASS SEEDS of the present Season's Growth In fine
condition, will be happy to forward lowest price per ton or cwt. on
application. All Seeds perfectly packed and delivered free to ship's
Bide at any English Port. CATALOGUES gratis and postfree
SoTTON & SiiNB. Koyal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

/^ It A S"S SEE D"S for

^^ PERMANENT PASTURE, of the
finest quality, at moderate prices,
carefully selected on a new, natural, and
scientific system.

See "WHEELER'S BOOK on
GRASSES," which containa Illustra-
tions and Descriptions of the most
suitable Grasses for Permanent Pasture.

J. C. Wheeler & Son,

Seedsmen to the Gloucestershire
Agricultural Society.

THE LONl^ON MANURE COMi'ANY
(Ebtablisbed 1840)
Have now ready for delivery m dry flne condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED B(JNES. for Dressing Pasture Landa
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
M Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISHERY
SALT, *c. E. Pdrbeb, Secretary.
Otflcea, 116, Fenchurch Street, E.C.

Look to your Grass Lands, &c.

EsTAULiailED 1820.

MESSRS. JARED T. HUNT and SONS beg to
inform their numerous Agricultural Friends and Customers,
that they have now on hand, in the finest condition, their uaual
Autumn Stock of

AMMONIACAL CORN MANURE,
which has, for several years, given such general satisfaction.
They have also always on hand, ready for immediate delivery,
the largest stock of CRUSHED BUNES of any firm in the United
Kingdom, viz.:— In *-lnch BONES; J-mch BONES ; PULVERIZED
BONES for Grass Lauds ; prepared BONES for Grape Vines and
Hops; also BLOOD Manure, SUPERPHOSPHATE of lime,
PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA, direct from tho
Docks.

Prices and other particulars of the above, at their Works, Lambeth
Whaif, London, S. ; Bow Bridge Works, Stratford, E. ; and Down-
ham Market, Norfolk.

N.B.— Responsible Persons as AGENTS WANTED in districts not
yet represented.

LAWKS' W li t; AT Ai AN a UE for AUiUiUN
SOWING. — A supply of the above Manure Is now ready for
deliveiy, at J, B. Lawes' Factories, Deptford and Barking Creeks.
Prico £8pk;rtun. Two to throe cwt. per acre to be harrowed into
the land before the seed is sown. It can be obtained of Mr, La.wxs,
or through any of his appointed Agents ; also
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE .. £6 « 0 per ton.
SUPEliPHOSPHATE ol LIME .. .. £5 6 0 por ton.

Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO direct from the Importers, and

all Chemical Manures of value.
AMERICAN and other CAKES at market prices.
Address Jons Bennbt Laweb, Offices, 1, Adelaide Place, London
fridge, E.C. ; 2Si, EddQ Quay, Dublin ; It Market Square, Shrewibury,

THE ROYAL BKUKSUIRE ROOT SHOW
will take place at
READING, NOVEMiSKll :iO. 1M7.
PRIZES In VALUE of more than TWENTV GUINEAS will bo
awarded to the boat Mpeclmens of MANGKL WURZEL, S\VEDE.S,
KOHL RAUl, TURNIPS. Ac. Fur further particulars apply to
Sutton & Sons, Reading.
N.IJ. No charge for entry. ^^______

i:>OYAL AGRICULTURAL BENEVOLENT

Xt INSTITUTION.

I'a(rtin—Hita Majcbtt tuk QiiitK-t.

PraiiUut^lliM (.litA(;c tub Doir of Kiuiiuond.

For the RELIKK ol DKCATED FAKMKRS. their WIDOWS

and ORPHAN DAUGUTEUS; and for tne MAINTENANCE and

EDUCATION of their OKPIIAN CIIlLDRExS.

Al.LOWANCK TU PlCtiniOKKItS,

Married . . HQ per aunuiu [ Male . . £2lt per annum
Widow and Unmarried Orphan Daughters .. X'JO per annum

Orphan Children .idiiiittod from 7 to ID years of ago. and wholly
maintained and oluc^ted unti) the ago of 14 years in tho case of
Boys, and 16 yexm In the ca.ie of Girla,

One Hundred and Five Pennionorn bare already b^on placed on
tho books of tho Institution; and in adflition to the number of
Pensioners to be admitted at the noKt Eloction, tho Council have
decided to Elect Ton Orphan Children.

Forms of Application for Pensioners and Children, and ovory
information, to bo obtained of tho Secretary, by whom Donations
and Subscriptions will be thank'ully received.

*6, Charing Cross, Lundon, S.W. CiiAaLCi* Suaw, Secretary.

/CENTRAL CHAMBER of AliRlCULTURE.— The

\y ANNUAL MEETING of the MEMBERS will bo held in tho

Queen's Concert Rooms, Hanover Square, on TUESDAY, Doc. 10.

Time, 11 o'clock In tho forenoon.

BUSINESS.

To receive tho Report of tho Council.

To elect a Vico-Chairman for 180S, and Eight Members of Council in
lieu of Eight who retire by rotation.

To appoint Auditors. | To amend Rule III.

To consider the proposed Cancelling of Rule XIV.

To consider proposals for Increasing' tbo Influence of the Chamber.

To consider what steps shall be taken concerning Cattle Importa-
tion, and Separate Markets for Foreign Animals.

And to transact any other General Business.

John Alokilnok CLAitKE, Secretary.
11, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W— Nov. 22, 1867.

D^ '0G~ show" at BLRMIN'iHAM.— The EIGHTH
GREAT ANNUAL KXHI BITION will bo held in CIIRZON
HALL, on MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY, and THURS-
DAY, December 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th. the day i of the Cattle and
Poultry Show. For Special R;i,ilway Arrangements, see the Adver-
tisements and Bills of the several Companies.

THE BIRMINGHA^^ATTLE" aHcTPOUlTrRY
SHOW.— The NINETEENTH GREAT ANNUAL EXHIBI-
TION of FAT CATTLK, SHEEP. PIOS, DOMESTIC POULTRY,
COUN, ROOTS and IMPLEMENTS, will bo held in BINGLEY
HALL, on SATURDAY. MONDAY. TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
and THURSDAY, November 30, and December 2. 3, 4. and .'>, 1807.

The Exhibitors and tho Public will be admitted to Bingley Hall to
witness the Judging of the Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Roots, and Corn, on
Saturday, November 30th, at Nme o'Clock a.u., upon payment of
iOs. each. There will be no Admission to tho Poultry Department
until after the Judhiing is completed.

Tho PRIVATE VIEW will tike place on MONDAY, the 2d of
December Admission to N on -Subscribers, until i^ve o'clock, 5s. ;
after that hour, la.

The Exhibition will also be open on TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
and THUKSDAY. Admission, Is.

For Special Railway Arrangements, see the Advertisements and
Bills of the several Companies. John B. Ltthall, Secretary.

Offices, Stephenson Chambers, 39, New Street, Birmingham.

Efit Egrtcttltural (Bu^tttt,

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 1867.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING -WEEK.

Mrttr inJEirst day of the Midland Counties ExhI.
INOV. JO J bition, Bingley Hall, Birmiaghaiu.

Our readers have, doubtless, seeu and studied
the interesting account given by Mr. Hope, at
pages 1151 — ^4, of the treatment of the cattle
plague on Lodge Farm, near Barking ; and many
of them probably have approved of the vigorous
attack upon Her Majesty's Cattle I'lague
Commissioners, with which his history concludes.
He had, by the liberal use of carbolic acid,
externally and internally, by the fumes of bui'u-
ing sulphur, by the frequent administration of
the hyposulphite of soda, and by constant
drenches of thin and clarified gruel, succeeded,
as he believes, in curing rinderpest in several
undoubted cases. He had, by the maintenance
of a strict cordon, by the use of sulphur, lime,
carbolic acid, and fires, succeeded, as all who
were witnesses of the proceedings believe, in
so isolating two large sheds fuU of healthy
cows that they escaped the infection raging
within a few hundred yards on both sides
of them. It is, of course, the former only of
these statements which can justify the conclusion
to which he leads us, that the poleaxe is a brutal
stupidity for which the Commission is responsible,
and that the ' ' persevering, energetic, and
unsparing " use of carbolic acid is the remedy by
which the disease might have been generally met.

Has he made out his case against the
Commissioners or not ? We do not think
ho has. It needs more than a single farm —
a single herd of cows — or a single month's
experience, even of the highly -wrought descrip-
tion which was suffered on Lodge Farm, to
prove anything in agriculture. A couple of
counties in area, and a quarter of a century of
time more nearly represent tho quantity of
evidence which would be needed for the confident
conclusions to which he urges us. Certainly a
single case or two of cure by carbolic acid will
no more upset the poleaxe practice — for the
justification of ■which the experience of a county,

and even, as wo think, of a whole country, cam, be
quoted — than a single instance of tho difficulty of
getting pure carbolic acid will justify a whole-
sale condemnation of iiur chemists, who in " the
shameless system of adulteration " which they
practise, ho declares, " only follow what has now
bocomo tho common rule among liritish manu-
factui'ors and shopkeopnrB ! " — or than tho mis-
carriago of a cask iVoiii Manchester will jirovo
" that invariable railway mismauagi'imsut for
which England has now bocomo so colobrateil and
pro-ominont." Theso oxamplos of a hasty judg-
ment ought, we think, to inlluoucu our own whou
considering tho value of tho testimony before us,

Wo throw no doubt whatever upon the facts
which are related. Having been cognisant
througiiout of what was dono and sutfered in
this case, wo willingly accept the history given
by Mr. Hoi'E. Of course even oyo-witnosses
hardly over perfectly accord in all details ; and
our own ai'count of the attack (which has indeed
boon already given at page 801) disagrees
in some particulars with the one before us. But
virtually that may bo taken as accurate ; and
it is only tho inferences and conclusions to
which the writer is driven by tho facts that can
be disputed. The question is — iJo tho half-
dozen cases quoted prove that a cure had been
effected, and that carbolic acid is the long-sought
specific ? The proper answer we believe to be
that they prove nothing whatever, except the
' ' persevering, energetic, and ungrudging " nature
of their historian.

Recoveries from cattle plague have not been
unusual. They have amounted to 10, 13,
even '20 per cent, of the attacks. But
the percentage of successes of this kind
bears no relation whatever to the treatment.
They have been equally rare and equally
common undor every variety of treatment and
under no treatment at all. Mr. Worms' Onion
and asafoetida, Mr. Crooks' carbolic acid, the
Dutch reports of homoeopathic treatment, Mr.
Aylmer's chloroform, inoculation with vaccine
fi'om the arm of a child, liquid food, and no food
at all — have all acknowledged or received a
certain measure of success. The combination of
a number of these things and their vigorous
administration at Lodge Farm, have also met
with a certain measure of successful case.
Nothing was proved in the former instances, and
nothing, we believe, has been proved by this.
And it win be a great calamity if the rule of rigid
isolation which has met with such a wonderful
example of success upon this farm, and the use of
the poleaxe for the immediate destruction of
all plague-infected stock, which, adopted at the
very outset, did at such little cost keep the
whole county of Aberdeen free from its attacks,
should be abandoned for the chance of cure
which some may think the experience of carbolic
acid on Lodge Farm has given us.

The farm in question, it may be added, is in
the tenancy of the Metropolis Sewage Company ;
and it is extremely fortunate that the two
isolated sheds which stand in the very midst of
the ii-rigated meadows have been saved, because
no such doubts can now be thrown upon the
wholesomeness of sewage-fed Italian Rye-grass,
ou which the cows were feeding, as certainly
would have arisen had the whole stock of the
farm perished.

A letter on Farm Leases, from Mr. San-
derson, the land agent, appeared in last
Saturday's Times, and it has since excited some
further discussion of the subject. He pronounces
the prevalent system of farm tenure, taken as a
whole, to be a total failure, and incompatible with
progressive agriculture. " The extensive breadth
of undi-ained land, the large area wasted by
unnecessary fences, open ditches, and untilled
field borders, and the wide tracts of inefficiently
cultivated and inadequately manured land, whose
crops, from the abundance of Couch Grass, have
to struggle for life — all unmistakably indicate a
defective system of land-letting."

He quotes examples of the ways in which
deficient security for the capital of the tenant has
hindered land improvement. Farmers reply to
his suggestions — ' ' I am only a yearly tenant,
and, therefore, cannot afford to expend -11. an
acre on lime ; " " if I had a lease I would bone
this Grass, but as I am I dare not think of it."
These answers, he says, however much may be
said about farmers having confidence in their
landlords, represent not only the views but the
actions of four-fifths of annual tenants. Any
attempt to give effect to tenant-right, upon the
other hand, he pronounces unavoidably a failure,

1198

THE GAEDENERS' CMONTCLE ANT) AG"RTClTLTTmAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBBB 23, 1867.

•' Tenant-right is unfair, because, on the one
hand, it gives the outgoer control over the laboui'
the incoming tenant has to pay ; -while, on the
other, there are improvements executed by
tenants — such as the grubbing of fences, the
filling of ditches, deeper tillage, and increased
fertility — the real value of which cannot be
accurately ascertained, and therefore cannot be
fairly compensated. Moreover, the system is
objectionable, inasmuch as it gives compensation
for compensated outlay, unnecessarily locks up
a farmer's capital on entering to a, farm, and by
seeking to give a tenant a sort of joint osmership
in his holding, transfers to the tenant what really
belongs to the landlord."

What, then, is the only plan for ensuring the
perfect, profitable, and liberal cultivation of the
land: — " "We naturally turn to the lease system
of holding land as the only system alike
beneficial to landlord and tenant, and conducive
to agricultural progress." The system has
proved successful in the past, and, now that
costs have so increased, and the necessary farm
capital thereby has doubled, the need of adopting
it is more urgent than ever it has been.

' ' Nor is the lease system one-sided and
advantageous only to tenants ; as landlords, who
have a pei-manent interest in their estates, are
the greatest gainers. By granting leases they
secure tenants of skill and capital, property of
increasing value (fi'om tenants executing greater
improvements), and higher rentals.

' ' To choose between the two systems of
tenure — yearly and lease, is to choose between
tenants curbed in action and dispirited, farms
neglected, estates whose fertility is only partially
developed, low rents and agricultural stagnation
on one side ; and a progress in agriculture, a
skilled and industrious tenantry, well-ordered
farms, high rents, and estates of rapidly-
increasing value on the other."

That is the case of the advocate of the lease.
It is probable that as good a case may be made
out by the advocates of tenant right without a
lease. There are certainly large ti-acts of land in
this country which are thoroughly well cultivated
under the system of tenant right. And it may
be argued, with even greater show of probability,
that enterprise and wealth demand the lease, than
that they are created by the lease ; nevertheless,
there can be little doubt that it proves a
prosperous and wholesome state of things when
leases are desired by tenants and willingly
acceded to by landlords.

Certainly the absolute refusal with which the
desii'e for leases is or has been met — for example,
upon the Shrewsbury estates — indicates but little
foresight or intelligence in the managers of such
estates. It may be quite true that the advocacy of
the lease is often based ui5on the untrue idea that
all farmers are alike— that they are a class
instead of being a collection of individuals to be
treated with upon their individual merits, which
include as much variety as exists among any other
body of their fellow countrymen. But certainly to
make a rule of refusing leases is treating farmers
as a class quite as much as that is done by those
who advocate the granting of leases as a rule.

The truth, no doubt, lies midway between these
extremes. It is useless to urge leases upon a
reluctant tenant, and it is foUy to refuse a, lease
to an enterprising tenant.

Certainly the argument against the lease, by
which the owner of the land is sometimes led to
refuse it, will not stand examination. That it is
all on one side — that the landlord is fixed and
has to bear the brunt of losses, while the tenant
if he fails may go — that the land is surrendered
to the tenant for a number of years — these are
poor reasons for refusing leases. Leases are not
"all on one side " — the advantages on that side
which they confer are purchased fairly by the
rent which they specify as the value of the
benefit. And looking to the tenancy-at-will
system, we may add, the landlord does not
remain ; on the contrary, not only may he die,
but he may change his mind, and in either case,
under tenancy-at-wiU, often to the great loss of
the tenant. And, lastly, a valuation of the
several interests proves that in the occupation
of the land there is an even larger quantity of
tenants' property placed at the will of the owner
of the land, under tenancy-at-will, than there is
of owner's property within the power to injure
of the tenant of the land who holds a lease for a
term of years.

It is, however, a inistaie to argue pro or con
on such a subject, as if the interests of landlord
and tenant are so diverse as to require a jealous

outlook on the part of either. Wherever there
is an energetic and intelligent body of tenants,
possessed of sufficient capital, certainly there
ought to be no difficulty placed in the way of
any of those who may desire the security of a
lease of their lands for a term of years.

A CASE of reputed rinderpest is reported from

Berwickshire. A number of cattle purchased last
month from different farmers near Ripley, Torkshire,
a district which has never had the " cattle plague,"
were sent by train to Berwick, and thence sold to
different farmers in Northumberland and Berwick-
shire. Some of those which had been sent to Lanrigg
in the latter county, after an overdrive (17 miles in
5i hours) exhibited, some days after their arrival,
symptoms which are pronounced by the veterinary
inspectors to be those of cattle plague. Three of the
cabtle died, and two have since been slaughtered ; but a
letter written ouTuesday last declared that theremainder
of the stock were then lookingperfectly well and healthy.
The district has, however, been proclaimed to be an
infected place ; and already memorials are being
sent up frona some of the Scottish counties to the
Privy Council, praying that the Orders relative to the
movement of cattle in Scotland may be re-enforced,
and that the great market for store cattle to be held
next AVednesday in Edinburgh may be stopped. The
editor of the North British Agriculturist, who
doubtless represents the general opinion of the agri-
cultural body there, says : — " Disappointment will be
felt that the cattle affected and those which were in
contact with them were not immediately slaughtered
when the character of the disease was clearly
established." There is clearly no idea yet entertained
in Scotland that the disease is curable, or that the
poleaxe system of treating it is a folly.

We understand that the Seceetabt oe State

has postponed receiving the deputation of the Central
Chamber of Agriculture on Cattle Importaion, pre-
viously appointed for yesterday.

■ The award of prizes for the best Turnip crops

in the district of the Spey and Avon Farmers' Club is
published in the Farmer. The names of the sorts of
Swedish Turnips grown, the interval between the rows
of plants and between the plants in the rows — the
quantity and kinds of the manure applied— the quality
of the crop, and the names of the competing and
successful farms, are all given. And the upshot is, that
we learn just nothing at all. On one farm such a kind
of Swede, socultivated, yields so many tons; and another
kind of Swede, hoed out so far apart and differently
manured, yielded more or less per acre tipon another
farm.. There may be good done by the offer and award
of prizes or of sweepstakes, because, \yhatever be the
method employed, no doubt every man is thereby urged
to do his best : but the good oi pjiblishhig the results is
not so obvious. We cannot learn from the table 1
issued whether 8, or 9, or 10 inches, is the i
best interval between the Turnip plants in the
rows; or^ whether Peruvian guano or phospho-
guano, mixed bones and dust, or superphosphate is
the better fertiliser; or whetlier Bhummond, Sutton,
or Skieving's sorts of Turnips be the better seed.
Nor indeed can we be assured by the result whether
this, that, or the other farm is best cultitivated ; and
that, after all, is a question of only home interest. If
experiments of this kind be hereafter published, let
the account be at least accompanied by some description
of the soil and of the other particulars of the manage-
ment out of which the results have been obtained.

The following extract from a Government report,

dated Madrid, July 1st, 1S67, shows, by comparison
with our own land, to what an unsettled state a country
may be brought by arbitrary regulations ;— The prohi-
bitory provisions in the tariff against the importation
of foreign grain still in force, and established for the
protection of the Castilian corn-growers, seemed likely
a short time since to produce serious consequences in
the southern provinces. On account of the high price
of bread, representations were made from various
quarters to the Government, with a view to obtaining
the free admission of foreign corn, or at least some
measure to relieve the condition of the poor ; but to
such an extent have the landed proprietors surrounded
themselves with defences, that the Government have
no power to grant the relief sought for until corn
averages a certain fixed price in the three frontier pro-
vinces of the kingdom. The high price of Wheat has
at different periods produced serious popular outbreaks
and disturbances, but the Government, instead of
adopting the only eHicacious remedy for the evil, have
generally temporised or attempted arbitrarily to regu-
late the prices. Spain undoubtedly could produce
nearly double the quantity of grain at present grown,
under a better system of agriculture and improved
irrifjation. Why, then, it may be asked, is it that, with
a soil so fertile and a climate so favourable, so little pro-
gress has been made ? The reason may be found in the
fact that there is no inducement to extend agricultural
operations. Agriculture in Spain requires no art, no
foret bought, Nature supplies a sufficiency without
the\;i, and enables the peasant to pay his rent without
much labour. He thus lives from hand to mouth, and
in a state of servile torpor. The proprietor is content
to grow his corn as his ancestors grew it. He has no
competition to fear, and when perhaps, in consequence
of a bad harvest or some other cause, famine ptices
stare the people in the face, he goes to his stores, and is
in nowise discontented with a system which produces
from time to time a state of things so much to his
advantage. J.

A writer in the Scotsman draws an instructive

picture of the contrasts imposed by natupT.! conditioijs
upon the agriculture of two countries, even when the

product aimed at is the same in both. He compares
tbe wool growing of the Australian settler with the
wool growing of the German farmer— the former accus-
tomed to single flocks of 30IJ0, the latter having a few
hundred sheep in all, but needing for their protection
from the weatber a barrack of buildings, and many
shepherds with their overseer for the supervision of
the flock. " One Australian shepherd can look after
nearly tliree times as many sheep as six Germans, and
lead a far easier life with his -SOOO and more than the
Saxon can with his 200 : for the latter's work is more
than twice as hard. During four months of the year
tbe Saxon sheep are kept in stables, and fed on bay,
chopped straw, Turnips, Potatos, &c. ; and the shep-
herds are toiling all day in preparing and supplying
their provender, and fetching and pouring out water.
When the sheep are turned out to graze, the shepherd's
life is not much easier, since the fields in Saxony are
not fenced, pastures run into corn land, and, conse-
quently, a shepherd and a dog find 200 sheep quite as
many as their utmost vigilance can keep from tres-
passing. With sheep-keeping in this style, the
Australian contrasts one of his own sheep farms in
New South Wales. It is not a leased run, but his
purchased freehold ; and, therefore, unlike a good
many Australian fiockmasters, he has not been
deterred, by the precariousness of tenure wbich
shifting Australian land legislation causes, from sub-
stantially iniproving his property. By a lavish use
of strychnine, bought at 7s. Gd. per oz., he has
exterminated the dingoes not only on his own estate
but throughout its neighbourhood. A large portion of
his property he has cut up into paddocks enclosed in
high stout dead-wood fences ; and the consequence is
that his sheep require only three shepherds for 9130,
need no hurdling at night, and thrive better than
folded sheep. ^ But with this result he is not satisfied.
He is determined to make every acre of his land feed
two sheep. If a German grazier can pay 20.?. an acre,
and an English grazier 30*. an acre, for rented meadow-
land, and still make a good profit out of his business,
the Australian thinks it odd if he canuotmake his own
land yield him far more than it does by adopting the
European plan of Grass-seed-sowing. . . Some Grasses
which English farmers do not much affect— because
they do not yield much hay, scatter tbeii; seeds widely,
and have creeping habits or widerspreading roots — the
Australian bas selected for those very reasons ; and is
couviuced that any ' fair average land' in Australia
might, if Grass-sown, carry two sheep to the acre."

SHORTHORNS.

We can hai-dly imagine any practised judge of

Shorthorns consenting to a decision of merit founded
solely on a valuation of points. The instances in
which inferior, not to say shabby-looking bulls have
begotten extraordinary stock, are so many ; the cer-
tainty that the produce of a well-bred sire must
be the result of his breeding as well as of his
own particular qualities, is so complete ; that it must
be a rare case, if ever, that an estimate of his
excellence on each mere point of form or symmetry,
and an addition of the figures thus obtained, can fairly
represent his standing among others. We see it
announced that the numbers by which such valuations
are effected are for the future, at competitions in the
United States, to be multiplied by 10— in order that
greater nicety in the apportionment of merit may be
obtained. It seems plain to us that whatever the pre-
cision with which the process may be carried out, it is
essentially erroneous and false. Where would
Peedekick (1060) have been under such a rule ?
He was bred by Mr. Charge, one of the purchasers of
Comet, and was full of Comet's blood*; and tbough
the sire of most of Mr. Whitaker's best stock 40 years
ago, would, had he been judged by our present show
standard, have stood but a few shades better than
one of the wild white bulls out of Chillingham Park.

Where, a^ain, would many of the Booth bulls stand
on a list placed " thus, which nevertbeless have the
power of begetting females possessing such perfection of
form as we know tha,t the Booth cows exhibit ? There
are many things, besides that which " level," '"' square "
and " tape " can ascertain, ia which the value of a sire
consists. The first of these, undoubtedly, is his descent
The best bull to look at— like Deception ! (7957) for
example, who won the 1st prize at the York Show of
the English Agricultural Society, over a whole class of
better bred stock than himself— cannot be certainly
depended on to bring forth of his kind. It
is the momentum, as it were, which character and
quality possess, when handed down through a succession
of similar progenitors, that is the safeguard and surety
of the breeder. And thus it is that a Booth bull,
which may stand comparatively low in an estimation
of " points," is equally trustworthy with a Booth cow,
which will generally stand easily at the top of the
scale when similarly judged.

Tbe second consideration in a valuation, if, indeed,
it ought not to be reckoned first, is constitution,
health, vigour, vitality^ or whatever else you may
please to call it. Life is of course the foundation of
any breeder's valuation whatever of the animal. If
Mr. Strafford had his ideal sculptured to his entire
satisfaction, no doubt the bronze or stone, on a
numerical valuation of " points," would beat any actual
specimen of tbe Shorthorn breed that was ever seen ;
but it would of course be worthless after all. And the
truth thus represented at its utmost, may be con-
tended for as standing good in the case of less or

by Newton (1271)

»F.iederick(I060)H

IT by Hoi.TON (1121)
1

V ^»m OAit . .

{DJ r^EWTON (1:^1 1>
by Comet (156)
dam Zleteor by
Comet (155)

{by Comet (155)
dnm Sptaidour by

Comet (155J

November 23, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONrCLE AND AGRICtJLTtlRAL GAZETTE.

11S9

neater degroes of vigour and vitality. If oae raiKht
venture in between the disciples (oomlmtants tliey
may 0 -Almost ealled) of Warlaby and KirklevinR on
Xioctively, it would be with a reference to tins ideii.
Not unfrer ueiitly, perhaps Rcnorally, on a inere vahia-
tion of "points," the Booth cow would beat her
rival of pure Bates descent; hut there is a sluggish
stupidity and sleepiness about her which contrasts
unfavourably, as it appears to U9, with the life and lire
anil stylo of the other. u - •, .,1,

Wo remember the class of 2-year-old heifers at the
I'oinfret show in ISiiO, where Captain Guntcr s
niic/'M.' heifer, which had taken the prize at Canter-
burv was pitted againstMr. Booth's QiieenoJ the 1 a?e-
Mr Ambler's fFood Rose, 2d at Canterbury, beins also
of the class. Wood Itose was not placed at all. Q,Mri,
or the Vale was placed second to the Ducliess : and
thou the decision no doubt hinged on the character we
are discussing. Apart from any separate valuation and
onumoration or addition of special nierits the more
life-like bearing and the better style of the Duchess
heifer carried the day.

The same cows, with others of similar breeding,
a"ain competed in a still more illustrious class at
Durham in the following year, and the former decision
w-us maintained; and a subsonuent correspondence
with the judges at Canterbury, Fomfret, Durham, and
other meetings where these heifers had been shown,
made it perfectly plain that, whatever writers on the
suhioct may think or teach, an experienced Shorthorn
indie in giving his award .just actson the general impres-
sion which the animal has made on him without any
atluinpt to analyse it, still less to divide it into separate

particulars, and apportion a separate valuation to eac^i.
He cannot generally be certain of the breeding ol the
animal before him, and thus his award cannot me.an
that it is necessarily good or bad for use in a herd-
but at all events he has the health and vigour, ripe-
ness at a given age, quality and form, on which to base
his judgment— and as these are the points to which
the attention of the breeder ought to be directed— his
award and the premium given or refused are the spur
and stimulus, or the rebuke and blame, which m the
interests of progress are required.

We have to announce that, at a rather unusual

period of the year, on the 27th and -28111 of November,
the days preceding the opening of the Midland Counties
.show at Birmingham, Mr. Strafford will sell by auction,
without reserve, in conjunction with Mr. J. A. Mum-
ford the herd of Shorthorns bred by the late Mr.
Joseph Uodwell, of the Manor House, Long Crendon,
Bucks ■ and on the following day at PatshuU, near
Wolverhampton, the small choice herd belonging to
the Earl of Dartmouth. For nearly 200 years the
DodvvcU family have farmed the Manor at Long
Crendon, the late possessor not only occupying that
farm but one at Boarstall, a few miles further north,
and lying between Bicester and Thame. In early life
he eU'ected the most improvement that could be made
in the county stock by the use of well-bred bulls; no
pure bred females were obtained until the Messrs.
Gillett introduced the breed into the district from Lord
Spencer, Mr. Parkinson, and Mr. Burgess' herds. In
1850 Mr Dodwell bought several cows from these
breeders, and his pure-bred herd may be dated from
that time. It now musters 104 head— 93 cows and
heifers and 11 bulls ; these cattle were partly reared
at Crendon, and partly at Boarstall, so that the
Crendon lot are comprised in one catalogue, to be sold
on Wednesday, the 27th inst., and the Boarstall cattle
in another, to be sold the next day.

The Long Crendon catalogue contains not only the
larger, but the better bred portion of the herd. Out
of the 57 animals, seven only are bulls besides one
(extra) bred by Lord Penrhyn. Amongst the cows
bought from Messrs. Gillett in 1850 was Miss Fairfax,
a daughter of Sir Thomas Pairf.ix (5196), and a
winner of a premium at the Oxfordshire Society s show
in 1849. From this cow there are 12 female descendants.
There are also several other animals of shorter
pedigrees bred from the residue of Messrs. Gillett's
herd" which was finally sold two years afterwards, and
with these are included seven Margery's, bred from
Messrs. Strickland's stock. In 1S54 lloman 1th was
purchased ; she was bred by Mr. Wilkinson, of Lenton,
and eight are now recorded from her.

Until 18IJ2 no fresh female blood was introduced,
and then came W^A;7eJ?o.fe(SGguineas),fromtheBushey
sale ; she is the dam of Pkince Leopold (Lot 1
bulls) who has been extensively used, and of Red Rose
(Lot 19), the dam of Lot 5 bulls. At Mr. Robinson's
sale at Clifton Pastures one of the best purchases was
made in Ladi/ Superior (72 guineas), five generations
distant in a direct line from Foggathorpe, a cow bought
by Mr. Bates, of Kirklevington ; she produced a fine
roan heifer (Lot 2t) by Gkand Duke 5th, also Ladi/
Superior 'id, now a white yearling heifer (Lot 40), but
died in calving her next calf. Lord Penrhyn's sale in
1805 furnished -Isrff^io, from Mr. Lovell's stock, which
is held in great esteem throughout the district ; she
produced, by Duke of Geneva, the bull (Lot 2) called
PEINCE OF Geneva, the sire of several young calves,
and of many more to come.

The sires used since the herd was established have
been good bulls in appearance, and descended from
fashionable blood ; some of the earliest were supplied
by Messrs. Gillett, and from Clifton Pastures came
Aaeon Smith (12,.331), and Psince of Paeis (10,748),
» son of Bhitish Peince (14,197), from a Duke of
!&LOtiCESTER (11,382) cow ; and 10 females are leit alive
by the latter bull. Then followed Knight of the
SiiiEE (20,035), from Bushey ; h(j is the sire ol 14 in
the Crendon catalogue, and 10 are accredited to Lot 1,
Pkince Leopold.
The Boarstall catalogue comprises 43 cows and

Crendon. Save a little showing at the Ayle.sbury
meeting, the herd has been kept for use and not for
ornament ; and, as might bo expected in such a largo
lierd, several very good animals are to be seen.

The Patshull herd, to be sold on Friday, the

29th inst,, seems about to be dispersed just at that
period when a herd begins perceptibly to increase and
multiply. Twenty-live animals are all it numbers:
about a' third are bulls, but these 25 trace their lineage
to some very choice strains. We are told in the preface
to the catalogue that the herd has been in existence
only .seven years. Oommeiiiiing in l.SliO, three animals
were bought: two from Mr. Adkins, a Sweetheart and
a Fritt, and one of the Brawith Cerlaiiitu tribe from
the lion. II. Noel Hill; from these three there
are now 18 descendants, iivo Sweethearts, two
Frills (the family having bred chiefly bulls),
and 11 Certainties. In 1801 Lmi/ Long, a grand-
daughter of Lavender, the highest-priced cow at Sir
Charles Tempest's sale, was bought at Holmepierre-
point, and at the clo.se of the year the hull Hawseu
(18,0.38), bred by the Viscount Hill from Wiseton blood,
was purchased for 100 guineas— seven lots in the
catalogue are by him. ' •/mrliil/e Cordaii (Lot 7) is the
only produce of Lm-i/ Jj:in;i, but, like the "Frill" tribe,
she has brought forth bulls. In 1802 one and the last
purchase was made of Jessica (Lot!) at the Ilevesly
sale. This cow, a very pretty heifer when bought, is
singularly well bred ; her sire is Captain Gunter's
7Tit Duke of Yokk ; her dam Jardine is by Lord
Warden, of Wiseton fame, and her grandam Jacintha
is by Pawslet, a son of the celebrated cow Sglph,
matron of the well-known tribe of that tribe; thence
Jessica descends from the ancient " J " family. She
seems to have bred well; four animals are recorded
from her. Colonel Dan (Lot 1), a son of Mr. Adkin's
Strawberrij, and DuKE Fred (Lot 2), from Jessica,
have been used, and some calves are placed to their
doings. The blood of many of these ought to attract
notice, as several are of the Knightley element.

The short, chilly, foggy days of November give littte
inducement for a long journey to the farmyard, still
when good stock are to be sold, especially after an
abundant hay and root harvest such as the present has
been, breeders and buyers will scarcely let bad weather
stand between them and the purchase of good animals.

We learn that Mr. Sheldon, of Geneva, New

York, has just sold for 2500 dollars (500 guineas) a roan
bull calf two weeks old, by 3d Duke of Geneva (the
bull now the property of Mr. M'Intosh, of Havering),
out of 3rf Duchess of Clenei'a, the dam of .the
70fl-guineas heifer purchased by Mr. Levey at the
Winilsor sale. We regret to hear that during the fire
by which the farm premises at Geneva were destroyed
a' white young thrifty heifer of pure Duchess breeding
—the hth Duchess of Geneva— v/as burned to death
justafter she had bred. This was, however, happily,
the only serious loss occasioned by the fire.

ADVICE TO VETERINARY SURGEONS AND
STUDENTS.

(1). Principal Williams at Edinburgh.— Ijsbonr is
the lot of man : you must work earnestly and assidu-
ously. AVe have all much to do, many improvements
to effect ; "onwards" must be our watchword; both
teachers and pupils must possess but one feeling in
common, and that the desire to advance, remembering
that sobriety, perseverance, honesty of purpose, with
education, form the corner-stone to success. The aim
of medicine, both human and veterinary, is the preven-
tion and cure of disease and the relief of suffering.
Added to this, one especial branch of ours is the exami-
nation of animals as to their soundness ; therefore
every veterinarian has not only to be conversant with
medical and surgical science, but he must also be a
judge of a horse, so as to enable him to give a correct
opinion when called upon for one. You will therefore
require not only to have a knowledge of the animal
body in its normal condition of health, and its con-
dition in disease; but you are particularly called upon
to study the outward conformation, action, and tem-
peraments of horses, so that you will be enabled to give
your opinion both as to soundness and the fitness of
horses to perform what work they are best adapted for.
I would here most earnestly call your attention to the
diHiculties and temptations that will beset you while
pursuing this branch of your avocations. You will be
brought into contact with men who will do all in their
power to influence you in your decisions. But mark
down for yourselves one undeviating line_ of conduct,
pursue a straightforward path; and in Bpite of all, in
the way of threats, of withdrawal of patronage, of
custom, always give your opinions honestly and fear-
lessly, resting assured that in the end the public will
appreciate you. Many men in our profession have
given way in matters of this sort ; and although such
conduct may have been perhaps to their advantage for
a time, so far as money goes, in the end it has ted to
nothing but dis,aster and ruin, forad.ay of reekoningmost
assuredly arrives ; theyhavelostcaste,andbeenneglected
by the very men whom they may have benefited.

(2). The late Professor Dick. — While I would
expect a man to display a suflicient degree of the
knowledge of his profession, to let those he may be
employed by know that he is acquainted with it, I
would rather advise that you should make yourselves
known by your deeds than by your vvords. If a man
is always bringing forward his profession, boasting of his
wonderful cures, and making ajest of the most difTicult
operations, and dunning the ears of every one with
technical terms which they do not understand, they are
generally induced to consider such a man little better
than a quack, and on inquiry, it too commonly proves
his knowledge is very supor(ici:il. Some, on the other

lu^ j^.^i...„«*u ..i.,™wo r - -- hand, have a degree of timidity which renders their

heifers and 4 bulls, bred similarly to those at Long employers doubtful of their knowledge— flrmness and

decision is required both for the sake of appearance
and for the safety of tlio patient. There are many
situations of considi-rable dilticulty in which you may
bo placed, which would iilmost lead you to despair of
success. You may bo oppo.sed in your opinions and
treatment by the owners of your patients in some
instances, but there is more to be expected from the
ignorance and conceit of those who have the caro of
your patients. These m;iy be overcome, however, by
iliscretion on your jiart, ;uk1 must be !iii object of some
attention, for oven the lulcrcst of tlmir ciriployersma.y,
if they are interfered nmcli with, Im sacriliced for their
revenge upon you, while, having constantly their
master's ear, they are apt to take advantage when they
liavo it in their power. Nothing, therefore, but Iho
most upright conduct will enable you to elude their
grasp. Lastly, a degree of enthusiasm is neccssiiry to
enable you to overcome the diHiculties which will
come in your way. You may have much labour and
anxiety, and may expect niiuiy disappointments in
your progress ; but all these mu.st be surmounted to
establish a reputation, and when that is acquired, it
must also he preserveil by many sacrifices. You may
often have to disregard your own interests, and care
for tho good of your patients and your employers,
without receiving the requitement you have a right to
expect : but the conseientionsness of having done your
duty will always yield you satisfaction, and your merits
will ultimately be rewarded.

(fi). Professor Armatage, Qlasgow. — A. man 13
alwiiys known by the company he keeps, and if he has
preferences for that of the groom, the horse-dealer, or
the patrons of the turf, by all means let him take up
his abode with them, and throw in hi.s mite to tho
common lot, but, for the sake of all that is honest and
the salvation of a noble calling, let us get rid of him
altogether. He is no credit to the body, is usually a
dolt, one of those who cry at random in all such pro-
fessional matters, and during such a crisis as that
through which we have but barely escaped— I allude
bring to the cattle plague, or pleuro-pneumonia—
down disgrace upon a whole profession as well as
upon themselves. " No man can serve two masters."
No man can be a veterinary surgeon, a horse-dealer, a
druggist or betting man, hotel proprietor, horse-shoer,
and the like, at the same time. If any one of these are
embraced, and the desire for money is gratified by the
practice, veterinary science is put in the background,
it becomes subordinate to filthy lucre, and attempt to
carry out all or one of these as you will, you deceive
yourself, you deceive your employers, and proclaim
your own incompetency. There are some who fain
would believe that it is an honourable thing to have
their hands full of all kinds of employment, and thus
make a show of fuss and haste in a pressure of business.
It is one of those characters which a professional man
should avoid altogether. When a man has to deal with
nature and all her attributes, it is well that he should
be capable of calm and deliberate consideration. An
Omnipotent Power has proclaimed that time of definite
duration was occupied in the various works of creation,
which might have been called into existence with a
word or thought, and finite power might obtain useful
information from the great lesson. My advice is, order
your business arrangements well ; take proper time ;
do one thing at once, let it have your undivided atten-
tion, and do that one thing well.

POULTRY REARING AND MANAGEMENT
ON AN ORDINARY" FARM.

[The fullowing is the coutiuuationof Mrs. F. Somerville's Prizo
Essay on this subject, published in the "Journal of tho
EngUsli Agricultural Society."]
TUEKETS.

Turkeys are not so troublesome and difficult to rear
as is generally supposed, and taking into consideration
the present prices, it is a question if any of our domestic
poultry are more profitable ; it is not uncommon for a
pair of turkey hens to rear 30 during the season, which
at an average price of V2s. each, are worth 18/.

'There are several varieties, the two most useful and
profitable being the Norfolk, or black, and the
Cambridge, of metallic hue ; in size and beauty the
latter is pre-eminent. Never keep either male or female
for breeding purposes beyond tour years, neither depend
entirely upon year-old birds ; on a farm of ordinary size
three hens and one cock will be found a sulHcient
number with other poultry. Take care to introduce
fresh blood in your stock occasionally from the best
birds you can procure, and it is a wise precaution to
keep on a young cock and a couple of hens as late into
the season as may be convenient, for fear of loss or
accident to your stock birds. Turkeys should be pro-
vided with an apartment to themselves, with perches,
and fitted up on the ground-floor, with separate nests,
so that each bird when sitting may be secured on her
nest, otherwise on hearing the young at the time of
hatching, they are apt to leave their own nests and
interrupt each other, perhaps leaving some of the eggs
to perish. As the laying season approaches place clean
straw in their nests, with an egg by way of encouraging
them to lay at home, as they are often inclined to lay
astray, to the great danger of losing their eggs; it the
hen be seen seeking a nest, confine her in the place m
which you wish her to lay ; where the first egg is dropt
there will she lay the remainder.

If fed alike tbey will generally all be broody at or
near the same time, should this not be the case the first
broody hen must be detained, until the others are
ready (that is, supposing you wish to have a second
flock, as hereafter described), then place a green sod at
the bottom of each nest, with iilenty of clean, short
straw thereon, and allow the hens a day or two to form
and take to their nests. The time of incubation is four
weeks and the hen will sit 17 of her own eggs, if it is not
intended to add a few common hen eggs, at the expira-
tion of the first week's sitting, which 13 often done

1200

THE GARDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[NoTEMBEB 23, 1857,

with a Tiew to the chickens encouraging the young
turkeys to feed at the first onset. The sitting hens
will require food and water daily, for which purpose
they should be allowed to come out-of-doors, as
they will not remain off their nests for a long time,
but it should be observed that they return to
their proper nests ; about a week before hatching
spinkle the eggs with warm water (as directed at
p. 1177 a), and on the actual arrival of that eventful
period, ascertain by feeling under the hen whether the
eggs are chipping or any birds out; if so, after taking
out the shells, if any, leave her undisturbed for the day.
It sometimes happens that an egg being slightly
damaged, it is requisite that a portion of the shell
should be very carefully removed, to allow the escape
of the little prisoner, which otherwise might perish.
With these exceptions, the turkey, like all other birds,
is best left alone. The birds being now all hatched,
allow them to remain about a day and night with the
mother in the nest, and on the following morning,
weather permitting, place the hen under a roomy coop,
with boarded bottom, and selecting a dry and sheltered
spot, turn out the young birds in front thereof, feeding
them whilst small every two hours with a little
hard-boiled egg, alternately with Eice, &c. (as men-
tioned at p. 1177 a), not forgetting to give the
mother a substantial meal ; after which she will
soon gather the little ones under her wings. Should
the weather be wet and cold, they must be kept under
cover, and if confined beyond a week, a few Onions,
Chives, Dandelion, or Dock-leaves must be chopped up
and given with the egg ; but this is not necessary when
the mother and young can have their full liberty in
about a week after hatching, in which case they will
select their own vegetables and forage for themselves
better than they can be fed by hand. Give water in
dry weather after the young are a week old, but until
they are three weeks old do not allow it to remain by
them after feeding. As they become strong feed four
times, and by degrees come to three times a day with
corn in the grain or other food. It is a critical time
for young turkeys when the fleshy tubercles begin to
appear on the head, generally termed striking the red,
the birds being then about the size of a pigeon. The
surest safe-guard is regular and wholesome food. I have
known them to perish in a thunderstorm ; to avoid
this, a temporary shed should be erected at the spot to
which you wish them to resort, near which they should
be regularly fed, and water placed for them to drink : it
is astonishing how quickly they will then seek its
shelter on the approach of a storm. If turkeys be fed
as herein advised, they will be found in sufficient con-
dition for the market, without confining them for the
purpose of fattening, as is often done.

I do not think it desirable to aim at rearing two
flocks in one year, but rather to use your best endea-
vours to raise one first-rate flock, the hens will then be
in better condition for early work the following spring.
The second hatch is generally very delicate, and sub-
ject to great mortality if the weather is at all unfavour-
able ; however, in some establishments it is almost
imperative to have a supply of late hatched turkeys
during Lent, and after the game season is over,
in which case, and when the first flock is hatched, con-
fine one hen (giving the whole of the young to the
others) in a coop or other convenient place for several
days, feeding her well ; afterwards set her at liberty,
allowing the cock to accompany her, she will soon com-
mence to lay again, and probably have her second flock
hatched, and the birds will have attained strength ere
the wet and cold weather sets in. They nearly always lay
twice, and sometimes thrice, during the season, and the
desire to sit is very great ; but by confining them a
short time and feeding them well, you may easily put
them off,^ without resorting to the uncouth way of
plunging in cold water as practised by some persons.

There is no doubt that the rearing of turkeys is highly
remunerative, and could be profitably extended if cir-
cumstances permitted ; but if the corn-fields and
mowing-Grass are near the homesteads, I should not
advise keeping too many, as a difficulty may be expe-
rienced in preventing their doing considerable damage
to such crops, unless there be a conveniently situated
pasture-field or plantation to which they could be
taught to resort. Lastly (though not least) take them
to the best market, and do not allow the dealers the
profit to which you are so justly entitled, but sell by
weight alive ; good birds will command a good price,
which at the present time (February, 1867) is from
lOrf. to Is. per lb. live weight. At Christmas last I sold
a young cock turkey for 19s. M., being 23 lb. weight at
Wd. per lb. ; the rest of the flock weighed, cocks 18 lb.
or 19 lb., and hens 10 lb. or 11 lb.

Geese.

Geese, like turkeys, are one of our largest edible
birds, and second to none in value, considering the
very little trouble they give from first to last, their
usefulness upon the table, and the luxurious down
and feathers which they supply ; but a good sized pond,
with a plentiful supply of water and good pasturage,
are indispensable to make geese-keeping a paying busi-
ness, for they are very large consumers.

The Toulouse are the largest breed : and as size is an
object in the goose, care should be taken to select fine
birds; this breed seldom attains full maturity for
breeding until three or even four years old. Let them
have an outhouse to themselves, regularly supplied
with clean straw, with which make nests, on the lloor,
as the laying season approaches, and partition the
nests ofl', according to the number required. One
gander will be sufficient for three or four geese. When
arrived at maturity, they generally lay about 12 eggs
each, which number they will sit. The eggs, for
safety, should be collected daily and placed in bran,
with the narrow end downwards, until the geese, by
remaining on their nests, show their desire for sitting ;
the eggs must then be placed under them, and the

house so arranged that they can have free liberty of
egress and ingress at all times of the day, as they will
require food and water daily, to which they will help
themselves, if a pasture-field and pond of water be
near, and afterwards return to their nests ; ^ little
attention is therefore required whilst they are sitting,
beyond keeping their nests undisturbed and protected
from vermin. When^ after four weeks, the time of
hatching has arrived, in ca-ie any young birds are out,
see that all shells are removed, for fear they may cap
the other eggs, and thereby prevent their hatching.
Allow the goslings to remain in the nest for a day and
night, they will not require feeding during that time,
but will gather strength ; and if the following morning
be fine and sunshiny they can be moved at once upon
a Grass plot or other convenient place, where they will
be safe, and supplied with an abundance of nice young
Grass, of which they will soon partake (this, their
natural food, suits them much better than to be
crammed with oatmeal pellets), not forgetting to place
them some water in a shallow vessel, with which a
little oatmeal maybe mixed. If the weather is un-
favourable, they must be confined in an outhouse, and
plentifully supplied with nice green Grass turfs and
water. The pellets alluded to are made of oatmeal,
formed into paste with cold water, and of convenient
size to be swallowed by the goslings ; five or six are
given at one feed for each bird ; but to cram 50 goslings
three times a day for a fortnight will be found a long
and tedious job, and in most farmhouses time cannot be
afibrded for the purpose,besides,it is really not requisite.
The most critical time for young geese is about Mid-
summer ; if it is very dry weather, and the pasturage
and water not plentiful, it is then desirable to give them
at few Oats night and morning to assist nature over
this peculiar juncture, and help them on until the
stubbles are ready for them, and when those are cleared
they will be in nice condition for fattening, which is
best done by making them up, in lots of lO or 15 in
number, according to the size of the place, supplying
them with plenty of water and an unlimited quantity
of Oats for three weeks, giving them a clean bed of
straw when required ; they will then be ready for the
market. The day previous to kilUng turn them on
the pond for the purpose of washing their feathers,
and supply a bed of clean straw in the feeding-house
before their return ; but take away all food and water,
and let them fast until killed the next day, when they
must be dressed for the market. The price of the
bird in December, 1866, was, in some places, from Wd.
to Is. per lb., small feathers 2s. 6rf., and the down
7s. 6d. per lb. It is unwise to sell green geese, on
account of the loss in the feathers as well as the
carcase, unless a fancy price is obtained for all together,
but do not sell by weight at an ordinary price. There
is not the slightest doubt geese pay well where there
are proper conveniences for keeping them, but they
must be well managed and kept out of the mowing
Grass and corn fieids, or they will soon do damage to
the amount of double their profit.

EBMAEKS ON THE IMPLEMENT DBPAET-

MENT AT BUET.

By Eakl Cathcaet, Senior Steward.

NiMEOD used to say, " I can part with the horse, but
not with his condition ; " so the Society— the thing
being divisible— should part with its stewards, not with
their experience. Mr. Wren Hoskyn, Sir A. Mac-
donald, and Mr. Caldwell, have written valuable papers
on previous meetings : would that their example had
been regularly followed. A fresh eye is of essential
importance towards a duly progressive system. It is
now my object to record the experiences of three busy
years of office ; to preserve the mere residuum — the
moral extractum carnis.

Many things pass as a whole that would never pass in
part. I am proud of having been an officer of the
Society, and yield to no man in appreciation of its
importance, past, present, and to come. Those who
studied the Bury meeting may well be satisfied with
general results ; yet in speaking of details in ray own
department I must be critical — if not critical, I am
nothing. Whatever may be thought of my opinion,
credit I know wiU be given to my motives, and my
observations will not be less relished because they are
outspoken. I am to deal chiefly with principles,
because for the third time consecutively the Society is
to have the advantage of Mr. Coleman's practical
notes on the general show-yard. Before entering in
order upon our subject, let me stay to pitch one or
two preliminary key-notes. There is an activity
positively contagious— a keen interest— insight— a
tendency to encourage, not to snub, a suggestion — a
hatred of measureless content — these qualities are
required to counteract the natural drowsiness of
institutions. Those who this year studied two great
agricultural meetings were struck by some reflection
such as this :— If management requires breadth and
unity, may we not unduly sacrifice unity for breadth ?

It would be pleasant to dwell on picturesque and
hospitable Bury; to refer to Sufl'olk, the home of that
farmer-penman, Arthur Toung ; and birthplace of the
poet of the farm, of whom it was well said —
" Bloomfield, thy happy omeu'd name
Ensures continuance to thy fame :
Both sense and truth this verdict give —
While fields shall bloom thy name shall live."
Space does not allow even for the great event of the
meeting— the visit of the Viceroy of Egypt — more than
a passing notice. Despite the fickle weather, here at
least his Hiahness was thoroughly satisfied with his
reception. With an evident knowledge of agriculture
and mechanics, he was full of sympathy with our
object, and left a most agreeable impression. He told
us at luncheon how he had himself adapted his steam-
plough tackle to work earth-levelling shovels, and he
applied two bills of fare to illustrate the process. The

great ruler in Egypt must have been impressed by the
42 acres covered with everything that could exemplify
the perfection of modern agriculture : still more must
he have been impressed if he reflected that he saw an
outward and visible sign of that hidden force destined
to expand, to fill, and to move the wide world, and
which may be indicated by two plain words — freedom
and co-operation. His Highness was evidently " not one
totravelfromDantoBeersheba,and cry— 'tis all barren."

The principal characteristics of the last exhibition of
implements are briefly these ; — On account of the
exclusion of cattle, the Bury Show was essentially an
implement show ; considering the value of the imple-
ments, perhaps the best exhibition ever known ;
remarkable more because of perfectionment of parts
than for novelty of design ; and for evidence of the
steady advance of steam power as applied to agricul-
ture. With steam tackle, heat being power, to cherish
heat is the great object ; hence the goal for racer
engines, and, in the best sense of the word, engine
jockeys. Traction engines— called in the yard trac-
tarians, were a noteworthy feature, and snorted about
in all directions; there was no prize for these
mechanical Calibans : yet probably for them there is a
great future. Might not a curious paper be written on
thehistoryof implements— how they became naturalised
in agriculture? Large entries and extensive trials,
with corresponding pressure on stewards and judges,
pointed to the absohite necessity of avoiding any ten-
dency in the implement department to become hide-
bound. A characteristic and perhaps valuable feature
is to be found in the fact that there is a minimum of
official interference. In short, the Society opens the
door — personal interest walks in and about. The
general meeting in the yard being merely a form, a
characteristic of our agricultural convocation is now,
all work, no talk. The Sunday service in the yard is
interesting and appreciated. When at Bury the clergy-
man said, " I beg you to accept the prayer-books you have
used," the general response, " Thank you kindly, sir,"
was touching. The visitors of the labouring class were
intelligent ; none trudged unknowing and whistled for
want of thought. An important teaching of the imple-
ment yard is, that improved agriculture must have
improved servants ; and this leads me to refer to two
important cOLsiderations — the promotion of education,
and the encouragement of rational cheerfulness— for
" A merry heart goes all the day.
Your sad tires in a mile-a."

The key to the future of the implement department
is in the phrase, " the spirit of the time must teach us
speed." Consider the growth and the tendencies of
our population, study American analogies, and we see
that our necessities will lead every day to the increased
use of machinery in agriculture — necessity being
the motive, competition the machinery of progress.
It is to be observed that, as regards any Govern-
ment, reforms are apt to come from without;
at least a system should be viewed from
without. I advocate no dog-and-the-shadow prin-
ciples. Tou can't run far before your day ; time
itself, that changes all things, changes by degrees. To
preserve things we must go ^ back to our original
principles : acting less from habit, more from reflection.
Improvement' in the yard, like improvement in the
implements, must be made step by step — improvement
of details resulting from a close application of that
science of sciences — applied common sense ; its dis-
turbing influences are possibly laxity, and rhinoceros-
skinned routine. As we hear less in these days of
judges and more of juries, where for the purpose of
exhibitions does the essential difl'erence lie? Preoudices
of the pocket are not likely to interfere with the
wished-for progress in the future ; all we want is con-
centrated, sympathetic, receptive management. As
regards the agricultural mind, insight ; as regards the
agricultural voice, fine perception. The agricultural
and engineering press is able. " By evil report and
good report," when construed together, much may be
learned. That press is a sort of tree of knowledge —
the pulse of the agricultural body— and on that pulse
we should ever have a sensitive finger. The difficulties
of the future implement department are great ; like the
steam-hammer, which can smash a boulder or crack a
nut, we must so justly arrange our testing machinery
that we do even-handed justice alike to the Triton
manufacturer and the minnow embryo.

Eeader, do you know the good old play " Speed the
Plough?" and the oft-repeated and now proverbial
question " What will Mrs. Grundy say ? " Even
Mrs. Grundy would, I am sure, have approved the
following preface to a few practical suggestions : —
Little things are little things till neglected ; how many
things are out of mind when out of view ? In our
yard there might be at either end of every row of sheds
a notice to show the number of the stands comprised
in that row ; a sort of thing that those who run may
read. There are two nuisances that should be sternly
repressed — a sort of " cheap John's" noisy vendor of
small wares, and the wet-paint nuisance. There is
too much black smoke in the implement yard ; this is
the result of bad fuel and bad stoking. Care should be
taken to avoid an issue of incorrect prize-lists. The
undecorated " ti-actarians" should be controlled in
their gyrations, but not unduly trammelled. The
police of the implement yard requires consideration;
fires to be duly raked out by a certain hour. In refer-
rence to the Suffolk Societies' Prize, would it not be
desirable to obtain a Eeport on the Plans and Models
of Labourers' Cottages ? Might not the very efficient
Assistant-Steward of Implements be more employed ?
There was a want of shelter for the implement trials ;
there has been sad loss of all-important time in
measuring and setting out portions of land for trials.
The iiuplement trial-floors were injudiciously con-
structed, and provoking difficulties in connecting
centres on line of motion. No crane, and so no end or
dragging and shunting heavy mills. The crying want

J

NOVEMBEB 23, 1667.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL (lAYAlTK

1201

with us is more forethought and combined action as
regards field and yard trials*

The importance of "the soft answer" is nowhere
better exemplified than in the office of Implement
Steward. If my last year of office Qould return, I
would say to my colloas^ues, " There is ample
work for three of us ; we will each take our depart-
ment ; I would not fear your discretion, only each day
report, so that we are not at cross-purposes. We must,
as far as may bo, keep up the tone in our yard. The
Society is bouud to carry out its conditions ; routine
must give way to utility ; we are not Medes and
Persians. And above all. it is essential that the
governors should sympatiiise with the governed."
whilst referring to the office of Steward, it is due that I
should record my sense of the good service rendered
by the Assistant-Steward, Mr. Elphick.

The prize system hinges on the due selection of
judges; and the secret of being able to obtain judges
depends on the fact " that the labour we delight in
physics pain." That we may not overstrain this
irndency to labour for love, let us consider the duties,
(|uaIifications, and treatment of our implement .judges.
Xiilhing is more sensitive than credit, and the judge's
decision immediately affects credit. The number of
I iiilges is limited; there is often uudue hurry; some-
ji mis a five miuutes' run where an hour is required.
In short, judges are often unduly worked, and unduly
blamed. A judgeshould be a man of experience, of a
fine temper ; he should not only avoid haste, but the
appearance of haste. As Lord Bacon says, patience
and gravity of bearing is an essential part of justice.
The geueral public know little of the laborious and
intricate trials. Forethought and further division of
labour is the solution of many of our difficulties. We
must at once subdivide the Miscellaneous Depart-
ment, which, indeed, requires of its judges far-seeing
and also microscopic eyes. How far do we by
our treatment encourage these essential and scarce
officers ? The answer to this question is not satis-
factory : there is undoubtedly a feeling akin to discon-
tent. On the part of the Society there is a want of
sufficient consideration; beyond a bed the judges have
little to be thaukful for. Such things as these that
follow are not duly considered: — An over-crowded
t"«u; visitors considered fair game; lodgings
H here no refreshments can be had, and yet tired men
iiiitst at night make and compare notes, for thoughts,
like water spilt, may not be gathered up again. The
imlges absolutely require a quiet and convenient
ivikIczvous. Then instead of giving the judges table
iiinuey, and allowing them to consult their own con-
\ oiiieuce, quite regardless of distance and conditions of
I oil and dirt, we insist on handing them over for
luihaps eight days or more together to the tender
iiiiTcies of a virtually uncontrolled show-yard refresh-
inrut contractor, with his "bak'd meats coldly furnished
ii'illi." Surely the better plan would be to have a refresh-
iH-'iit-room, good plain refreshments, with a duly posted
I iiilf. somewhat as in the members' coffee-room of
llu' Lords and Commons. Give table-money, say,
hli'\vards5«. a day, judges \l. U., and let all pay. The
nil'^'e, tired and toil-stained, it may be miles away
liMui the show-yard, naturally says, " Why shall I not
(ikcmineeaseat mineinu?" Inshort, these are weighty
milters. I should like to see a committee of three
appointed to consider the whole subject ; I have a high
"pinion of the importance of the oSicers referred to. I
\Msh to sec judges supplied with all appliances and
moans to boot; and I believe the best test of good and
ptUrient regulations of stewards and judges is a host of
rhocrful and well-satisfied exhibitors.

ivKhibitors are tried in the fiery furnace of competi-
tpui; they are entitled to sympathetic consideration.
It would be difficult to over-estimate the effects of free
foinpetition ; theimplement trade is now of world-wide
interest ; it is highly sensitive, as proved by the fact as
staled, that the Society's admirable Report on Steam
Cultivation has already advantageously affected the
manufacturers of steam-cultivating tackle. There
would appear to be phases of progress, periods of special
growth, in the various departments of agricultural
imiilements; for example, draining and tile-making,
clod-crushing, reaping, steam cultivation, the gradual
rconomy in the agricultural use of coal in the produc-
tinnof steam ; the history of this last result, and the his-
tory of the reaper since the introduction of M'Cormack's
reaper in 1851 might be suggestive. I cannot avoid
touching on, but I will touch lightly, the vexed ques-
tKju of the prize system. Objectors to that system
object chiefly for two reasons : they say trials are
often unseasonable, often hurried. Prom their own
stand-point these objectors have much reason. But
looking all round the subject, there appears a considera-
tion which, to my mind, is conclusive in favour of the
prize system. Criticism depends on comparison. The
prize system does not create competition, it brings it to
a practical issue : there is no such thing as absolute per-
fection, but relatively, implements may be excellent.
Contestsare annually becoming more keen. The results
of the last steam contest must make steam-farmers wish
that competing firms could make, not engines only, but
drivers. To return to the immediate subject— exhi-
bitors— they are not satisfied, and with reason. As
Englishmen they willingly submit to constituted
autfiority : they feel that time and chance happeneth
to all ; but they hate neglect and oversight, which,
after great preparation, made in accordance with
published conditions, is naturally aggravating. They
hate undue haste, and the appearance of undue haste.
There is, moreover, a falling to the ground between
two stools, or, in other words, between two classes of
judges. It is a question how far judges by their
awards influence purchiisers? That they do influence
purchases I cannot doubt, as the ordinary farmer
rof|uires a guide ; if my observation is just, that

I bhould like to road a clever paper on the great American
-ieiiltural gatherings.

criticism depends on comparison, then the judges, by
the result of their comparisons, should influence
purchasers. That judges sometimes suggest iiuproye-
ineiits is ii fact within my own knowledge. Rotation
is a law of Nature ; the rotation prize system, the
triple division of IS.^ii. works admirably, but perhaps
requires extension. However that may be, further
division of labour, especially in the Miscellaneous
Class, is immediately necessary. Experienced stewards
know that when there are many exhibitors who
complain there are more who are discontented ; not-
withstanding, much may be done by patient hearing
and sympathy with the mixed multitude. Indeed,
towards the last it became quite pleasant to go to and
fro in the yard, and on recognising familiar and intel-
ligent faces, to exchange friendly greetings.

My t;usk is finished ; only I would add two or three
sentences, not by way of empty compliment, but to
express a hearty feeling. For our great Society my wish
is, may it ever be said " Age cannot wither her, nor
custom stale her infinite variety." Of the honorary
directory, need I say, I concur in the general feeling —
one of unqualified respect. The judges, they who
bear the heat and burden of the day, their disin-
terested labours, command our appreciation and
deserve our thanks. I can see an eminent engineer
judge, rain on one side, fire on the other, yet all day
wearing an expression of pleasant humour, as though
reflecting on " Man born unto trouble as the sparks fly
upward.' To my friendly colleagues, one and all, I
am indebted for many agreeable and profitable hours ;
may I say, and trust the feeling is mutual, should old
acquaintance be forgot ? I do think a great charm of
our meetings is, that they so tend to blend the sympa-
thies of those whose best interests are really identical.

Home Correspondence.

T/ie Awards at Paris, — Messrs. Hansome and
Messrs. Jlomard.— [In reference to the paragraphs
on this subject at pp. 1150 and U7-1, Messrs. Kansome
write as follows ;^

We have before U3 officUl documents which prove—

1st. That the BiUancourt .annexe was an integral part of the
Exposition Universelle, and under the direction nf the same
Commission which h<ad the direction of the agricultural part
in tho Champ de Mars.

:3d. That the Grand Prizes referred to in the disputed
paragraph have been awarded by tho same juries (groups
8 and ti) who sat in the Champ de Mars.

3d. That all the awards mado by those juries carry the same
v.-due as those which have been awarded by tho other juries of
the Exposition Universelle.

4th. Th.at the nine gold medals mentioned by Messrs.
Howard are styled " Grand Prix " in tho official award ; that
they are gold mediils of 1000 fr<ancs each, and .are of the same
importance as those awarded on the 1st of July to Messieurs
Pcnn, Napier, Whitworth, Siemens, and others. That the
10,000 francs' prize awarded to Decrombecque is beyond these
— is of an e.\ceptional character, and does not affect the
question as to which manufacturer of agricultural machinery
stands lirst on the list of Grand Prizes.

.5th. That although the Grand Prizes aro of tho same value
throughout the Exhiljition, .and when awarded for dissimilar
manufactures or products are of tho same importance, yet
where two or more Grand Prizes have been awarded for the
same speciality the jury awarding them has .alw.ays cliisscd tho
recipients in the order of their merit.

6th. That our firm was placed before Messrs. Howard and
before every other British or foreign manufacturer of agri-
cultural machinery taking part in the Exhibition, because the
jury for Group 8 found that our successes in the experimeuts
made by the jury for Class 71 were more numerous, and our
merit consequently greater.

7th. That the list in which Messrs. Howard's name stands
first. Mr. Albaret's second, Messrs. Garrett's fifth, .and ours
seventh, is the list of awards of " Medailles d'or," which are
the next inferior aw.ards to tho " Grand Prix," and were con-
ferred very soon after the opening of the Exhibition, without
.any trials whatever.

We therefore claim that the first place on the list of awards
and the highest honour given to any British or foreign manu-
facturer of agricultural machinery who took part in the
" Exposition Universelle de Paris 1867 " has been bestowed
on us.

It is the second place which haa been given to Messrs.
Howard.

The special award of a silver medal to our partner Mr,
Head, a distinction conferred on no other British or foreign
manufacturer of agricultural raaehinery, adds further honour
to our position.

They add that the official documents referred to will
lie at their London office, !), Graoechurch Street, until
Thursday, December 5, for the examination of anyone.
We shall publish the official awards as soon as we
receive them,]

Field Work or Souse Worh for Woynen, ^c. — My
sister, who has the experience not only of a field
labourer, but of both a housemaid and dressmaker,
tells me that the majority of field labourers are
more cleanly in their domestic habits, after they
get married, than are a great many domestic
servants at the same period in life ; and that the
field labourers in Northumberland and the south-east
of Scotland have more leisure time for needlework
and intellectual culture than the majority of domestic
servants have. A hind's daughter, who gave up field
work a few years ago, is one of a good many ex-bon-
dagers now acting as cooks in and around London.
That woman is at present in one of the fashionable
aristocratic parts of London. Dr. Strachan, of Dollar,
declares one of the most fatal sources of immorality to
be the long hours of domestic service — not unfrequently
16 hours a-day, the remaining eight hours being all the
time that domestics have for sleep, intellectual culture,
and clandestine courtship. Important investigations,
he says," have lately shown that the evil prevails most in
those emi)loymeiits where there are the longest hours
for work and the least leisure, and everywhere it is
found that it is greatest among domestic servants —
three titnes more among the servants than among the
factory girls. This is the more remarkable, because the
two classes are identical in regard to education and
early training,— generally coming from the same
families: the only difference being that the factory

girls have abundant leisure after working-hours,
and unrestrained intercourse with their acquaintances.
Many talk loudly (ho adds) of tho improvement of the
working classes, and of the necessity for leisure to
cultivate thoir minds, whilst, in their own homes, the
most <lelicate of tho working class, and on whose
mental culture iiiust greatly depend tho condition of
the next generation, have to drudge morning, noon,
and night, without a moment either for recreation or
mental improvement. It says little for the gallantry
of working men that they will get up a nine hours'
movement for themselves, whilst they allow their
sisters and sweethearts to toil for 16 hours a day." It
is too prevalent a practice for domestic servants in
Scotland to commence working on Monday morning
at 1 o'clock, and they have to " slave on " at the
washing-tub or other work till 10 or 11 on tho Monday
night. It is the long hours on the working days and
other busy occasions that bring so many domestic
servants to drunkenness. T. W. Butherford, Forest
Field, Kelso.

Seed Wheal, Seed Polalos, and Mangels versus 0(7-
cake. — Permit me to ask *' B." if the young plant re-
quires nothing more for the grain at the early stage of
its growth than a largo quantity of starch ? I suspect it
does, just as the young animal requires something
more in a " good breast of milk " than mere sugar.
But waiving this, how does " B." get rid of the charge
of madness brought against him by his neighbours for
cutting his corn so green ? Is he quite sure that in
that green state the grain contains more starch,
admitting it to be the sole ingredient necessary to
support the plant in its infantile state ? or is he quite
certain that other ingredients in the grain at that
stage of its maturity are not necessary to render the
food in tho grain more assimilable in combination
with the starch ? I am not, however, going to question
" B.'s " practice of sowing or harvesting Wheat,
however much I feel the necessity of being further
enlightened on what still appears to me his question-
able theory. Permit me now to pass on alphabeticalljy
to your correspondent " C," who has volunteered such
valuable aid by the authorities he has quoted in
support of the practices so long successful in the
case of market gardeners, who are the men
to teach us all how and when to harvest
Potatos for successional planting. I could give
many^other high references, to both practical and scien-
tific men, in further support of the views of " C," and
still hold in abeyance the results of my own many
experiments. Well versed though we are in Potato
culture in Ireland, there are late-comers amongst us
who presume to be our teachers, whereas they should be
but learners. For example : in a late number of your
excellent paper is a paper read before the Ballymahon
Farmers' Club, on the harvesting of root crops, by Mr.
M. Kingstone, In regard to Potatos the writer says—
" One evidence of their being mature is when the
tubers freely come off as you moderately shake a hand-
ful of freshly dug-up stalks. About the beginning of
October the Potatos should be taken out of the ground
and secured." But is this to be regardless of what the
variety is, or of the early or late stage of its approach
to what is considered maturity — a very questionable
term or time ? Never at any time could there be a
general rule applicable in all cases to the raising and
storing of Potatos, even before the fatal Potato disease
showed itself in 1815 and 1816. One variety might, and
often did, appear to be what was called "ripe" in August,
whereas the very finest long-keeping sort would not
present the same appearance till the time frost would
arrive (often as late as Christmas) to arrest all further
growth in the stem. This latest of all varieties
was the most delicious Potato ever grown in Ireland
during the succeeding months of May, June, July, and
early August. Yet if that variety was subjected to
analysis when the earlier variety was at its perfection,
it would be pronounced by the chemist worthless ;
whereas, if at the latest period, when it was most
valuable, such analysis would prove it to be invaluable;
and that which was pronounced so eight or nine months
before that, compared with it and believed to be the
ne plus ultra of perfection, would be found valueless.
Regarding the relative values of Mangel Wurzel and
oilcake I fear your correspondent Mr. Smith is, like
other enthusiastic philanthropists, rather sanguine in
his high estimate of the former, whether considered
theoretically or in a practical point of view. There
are few countries better adapted for the growth of this
plant than Ireland is, whether it be designed for the
manufacture of sugar or the feeding of stock. I
am not aware of having seen an account of heavier
acreable produce anywhere else than those grown in
Ireland, nor am I aware of more accurate scientific
tests, in both cases, than have been made in
Ireland, when it has been satisfactorily proved, to my
mind at least, that those over-large .bulbs are the least
valuable for either of the above purposes; I will go
even still further, and say that a system of growing
such crops has been hit upon in Ireland, where an
exceedingly heavy acreable produce can be had, with
bulbs presenting the highest value for both purposes,
tested both practically and theoretically. With these
facts, and many others besides, bearing on this matter
placed before my eyes and engraven on rny mind, and
without oSering any opinion on the relative merits of
the two foods in question just now, I would, with all
due respect to Mr. Smith, say we need further proofs
than those he has adduced before we can agree with his
views to the extent he so laudably appears to wish.
Mr. Smith will, I suspect, have to acquire more
practical knowledge on these m-atters. He says— "I
am informed by those who have long practised it, that
Mangel Wurzel may be advantageously grown for a
long succession of years on the same ground." This
certainly is quite contrary to my experience of close on
halfa century in the cultivation and use of this plant,
and in theory is contrary to the views set down by

1202

THE rrAEDENETfS' CMONIOLE AND ArTRIGFLTUBAL GAZETTE.

[NOTEMBBE 23, 1867.

botli vegetable physiologists and chemists on the
necessity of observing a rotatory rule in cropping either
farm or garden. But when I speak thus of Mr. Smith's
perhaps over-sanguine opinions, let me not be supposed
as seeking to derogate in the slightest degree from the
great importance of Mangel Wurzel as a crop which I
believe well calculated, when fairly grown and judi-
ciously treated, to do more for the improvement of
Ireland, and for strengthening, and to a great e.xtent
rendering the United Kingdom more independent of
every other country, than the more extended growth
of any other plant. Fingal, Nov. 4.

A Dark Christmas • Moon forebodes a Productive
Harvest. — There are many locally accepted agricultural
axioms that are worth noting, and probably acting
upon. Said one of my ploughmen to me to-day, " AVe
shall have a heavy harvest next year, because there
will_ be a dark moon at Christmas — a new moon on
Christmas day." The other ploughmen assented, and
said, " it had been noted by very old men for many
years that a light Christmas moon gave light sheaves,
and a dark Christmas moon gave heavy sheaves."
They had themselves observed this, and called to my
mind that the last two Christmas moons had been
light, or full moons. The dark or new moon takes
place this year on Christmas day. So let us hope that
next year we may be blessed with an abundant harvest.
J. Mechi, Nov.

Farmers' Clubs.

Bast Lothian : Nov. I.— Steam Cultivation.— M.r.
Shikriff, Saltcoats, drew the attention of the Club to
the subject of steam cultivation, more especially with
reference to the system of letting out his plough for
work, introduced by Mr. Sadler, Perrygate. Referring
to the great changes which had taken place in agri-
culture within the last 20 years, Mr. Shirriff said there
could be no doubt that its progress in future would be
materially affected by the use of the steam plough.
In Scotland agriculturists had been as yet slow to
appreciate the benefits of the steam-plough, as was
shown by the fact that while there were 400 of these
implements at work in England, there were only 10 in
Scotland, seven of which were at work in East Lothian.
The original outlay was doubtless very heavy ;
l)ut the value of the cultivation on the Innd was almost
incalculable. Ho gave some practical illustrations of
the work done on his own farm (Saltcoats) by Mr.
Sadler's plough. The first field had l/i acres of light
Oat stubble, which the plough had stirred up to a
depth of 16 inches in two days, at a cost of 10^., which
■a pair of horses would have taken 30 days to perform.
Another field of Potato land, 21j acres in extent, had
been ploughed in li days, which would have taken
16 days of a pair horses. In one particular case, where
■the soil was as hard as adamant, and which no horses
•could have worked, the steam-plough had turned over
to the depth of 14 inches in two days. There could be
no question of the value of these results, and he
believed the Club would join with him in wishing it
every success.

Mr. Sadlek, Perrygate, followed up the observations
of Mr. Shirriff by detailing his experience of the im-
plement. After many difficulties, he was now convinced
of the success of the experiment which he had intro-
duced into the county. He stated that he was engaged
in an experiment at the instance of the Highland
Society, and without anticipating the report which he
would have to make to the directors, he might say that
the result arrived at was 4 bushels of Wheat per
imperial acre in favour of the steam-plough, as com-
pared with ordinary cultivation. He knew that the
use of the steam-plough, and the great facilities which
it gave for rapid cultivation, would necessitate a change
in the system of rotation, which was of no benefit to
the proprietor, except with bad tenants. Improved
cultivation meant higher rents, and iu this aspect of
the question it would be for the benefit of landlords to
rid enterprising tenants of such old-standing bothers as
the rotation system.

Mr. Smith, Whittinghame, while he had no doubt
whatever as to the benefits of steam cultivation to the
land and the produce, was disposed to question
whether the advantages so secured would be commen-
surate with the necessary outlay connected with the
purchase and upholding of the implement. He desired
the introduction of a lighter and cheaper implement
than any yet produced, before its use could be any-
thing like general.

Mr. DuEiE agree with Mr. Smith that a cheaper
implement would need to be brought out before
farmers with moderately-sized farms could risk its
use ; and hoped that machine-makers might yet be
able to construct an efBcient steam-plough for 400^
or 600Z.

The thanks of the Club were presented to Mr.
Sadler for introducing steam cultivation into the
county, and for the opportunity of participating in its
benefits which he was now affording to neighbouring
agriculturists, and, at the same time, expressing satis-
faction at the measure of success which had hitherto
attended its adoption. ■

Athy. — Our Store Cattle. — At the last monthly
meeting of this Club, Mr. James Alesandeb, Sen.,
gave a lecture on this subject. He said :— On looking
back to our cattle-show at Athy, I think that we have
reason to believe that we are making some progress in
the improvement of our stock — in breeding as well as
in condition ; and there is little doubt but that all the
cattle which were shown there will be well cared for
during the coming winter and spring. I wish I could
say as much for all the young cattle iu the county of
Kildare ; for they are generally in fair condition at this
season of the year, and although there is not much of
this county very celebrated for its fattening qualities,
still we rear as good young cattle as in any county in

Ireland, from having so many fine shorthorn bulls now
kept in different parts of it : but, we must bear in mind
that, as we improve our stock by breeding, they require
more care and attention in both housing and feeding,
to keep them in a thriving condition, especially in
winter and spring ; for shorthorn cattle can bear
neither cold nor hunger so well as our own breeds of
stock, and that the better they are fed and cared for
they will pay us more for our trouble.

In this district young cattle are generally housed at
night, and turned out through the day, to feed on
what they can pick up in the fields, which we all know
is but very little in the neighbourhood of Athy, and
even what they do get is often not of the best quality,
perhaps only a little sour bottom Grass, with a feed of
straw or bottom hay at night and morning, in the
house, but very seldom any 'Turnips. This treatment
will not keep young stock in a growing condition, and
by the end of April they are only skeletons of what
they were in the autumn, and, of course, the winter's
keep is lost, as well as six months' growth of the cattle,
and it will take some months of the summer's Grass to
bring them into fair condition again ; whereas if they
had been kept in t le house, with a good supply of fresh
threshed Oat-straw and some hay, if it could be spared,
with two feeds of Turnips daily, it would keep them in
a thriving state over the winter and spring. They
might be turned out for a couple of hours on a fine
day, but little need be calculated on what they can
gather in the way of food in the fields. Our main
object should be to have them worth as much as
possible by the time that they reach two years or
two and a-half years old, and fit for the butcher; and
those who cannot fatten off all that they may have got
should have them in a forward condition for those to
finish who may have the means to do so ; for there is a
great deal of land in this county that will bring a beast
to that age in pretty good condition, but there are but
few farmers in this district who can keep a three-year-
old profitably ; and to have our stock away early would
enable us to keep considerably more than we can at
present.

Another system is to let them run iu the fields all
the winter, without housing them at all. Strong two
and three year olds may do very well in a dry, sheltered
situation, where the Grass is naturally of good quality,
with a liberal suiiply of good hay, but even then they
would do much better if they had a comfortable house
to sleep in at night ; for I have often gone into a herd
of ontlayers in November and December, and heard
one here and another there coughing, with the water
running from their eyes, and the hair standing on their
backs, which told plainly that they were suffering from
cold and wet, and by the first of May they were not
worth more than they were in the autumn, only that
the prices of stock are rather higher iu the spring,
when graziers must have cattle for their Grass, and
the only way that they can make a selection iu our
spring fairs is a beast with a good hide and plenty of j
hair, for as to condition they have but little or no
choice in that respect; but if they could get stock in
good condition they could afford to give a much higher
price for them, as they would have them fit for Smith-
field market before they can have the stock which they
can get at present into good store condition. This is a I
great loss to both farmer and grazier, and the sooner
that we improve in the management of our young
cattle, the better will it be for our poor animals, and also
for our own pockets. I will give you a very striking
example of what has been done in a county which is
not more favoured by nature than the county of
Kildare,^ aud in some respects not so much, especially
for growing green crops. Tou have all heard of the high
prices which the Aberdeenshire cross-bred cattle bring
in the Loudon markets^ which is always a farthing
per pound above the prices of beef from any part of
England, or from abroad, and, perhaps, more than a
penny higher than any beef that we send from Ireland,
which, on a beast of 9 cwt. to 10 cwt., amounts to a
very considerable sum. At the present time Aberdeen-
shire is the most prosperous county in the United
Kingdom, which principally arises from their manage-
ment of their stock. I recollect when all their two
and three year olds were annually bought up and
driven to the south of Scotland, aud into England, to
be fattened on their fine pastures for the London aud
other markets, and now I believe that many of our fine
one aud a-half year old bullocks find their way to
Aberdeenshire to be fattened there ; it being a tillage
county, aud farmed on the five-course rotation. The
farmers have no old pastures, aud when Sir Robert
Peel passed his free trade in corn measure, they turned
their attention to the improvement of their cattle, and
purchased many of the purest shorthorn bulls which
they could get. Their native breeds of cattle are not
very large, but easily fattened, and from them and the
shorthorn bull originated the Aberdeen crosses, which
are now so celebrated for the fine quality of their beef
in London ; but I consider that it is iuore from the
treatment of the cattle than anything that is in the
breed that brings so high a price for their beef, as from
the day that the little cross is dropped until it is taken
to be slaughtered, it is daily making progress in both
growing and fattening. There is no check or falling
off during winter and spring, as all cattle are tied up
early in October, in houses or in straw yards, with
houses or sheds for them to sleep in, and are fed
principally with fresh threshed Oat-straw, aud two or
three feeds of Turnips daily during winter and spring,
and up to the beginning of May, when they are turned
out upon first or second year's Clover and Ray-grass ;
and by not over-stocking the Grass, by the 1st of "October
they are good beef, when those which they want to
finish off for the London market get oil-cake, bruised
Oats, or meal, with Swedes and straw, which only takes
a short time to have them in the primest condition,
and bring the highest price in London. Gentlemen, I
would not have said so much about the Aberdeen

crosses, only that I thought that most farmers would
like to know how the best beef in the world is obtained
for London. On this part of ray subject I have received
the following letter from an Aberdeenshire farmer :—

" In answer to your request that I would send you an
account of our management of young cattle, I suppose I will
commence at the heginning. Wo rear aU here from the pail ;
each calf gets from five to seven Scotch pints of new mill: for
four months. After the first three weeks they get amongst
their milk, of oil-cake ahout three-quarters of a pound daily ;
by the time they .are three months old they have learned to
cat straw and Turnips sliced, perhaps three or four Turnips a
d.iy, or generally as many as will not pm-ge them. If it ia
summer they .are put upon good Grass, but taken in, if cold or
wet weather, at night. They get no oil-cake after they .are
weaned ; but I think this is a mistake, and that they should
get a pound of oil-cake daily till they are a year old. During
winter they get an unlimited supply of straw, whether in a
loose open court or in st.iUs : they get Turnips twice a day, a
good baiTowful among four, or as much aa keeps them loose
in theii- bowels— not to purge them ; by the first of Mav they
are generally turned out to Gr.i3s, I should have said they
are generally turned out to w.ater every d.iy, and In fresh
weather get leave to pick about in the" fields for rm hour or
two. By about the middle of Ootober, or sometimes earlier,
they are taken in for the winter, and put up in stalls ; they
then get an unlimited supply of straw, and say a barrowful of
Turnips twice a day, between each two. Those who intend
having them fat at two years old give them Turnips three
times a day. No oil-cake is generally used unless you intend
forcing them on early, but I don't think it pays to force young
cattle too much ; they must have time to grow as well as to
fatten. As soon as they begin to shed their teeth they get
their Turnips sliced to them, especially if it is Swedes they are
getting ; 1 prefer giving them a mixture of Turnips, say yeUow
in the morning and Swedes in the afternoon. There is an
opinion getting to be common here that yellow .are better for
young stock than Swedes, even though both are sliced. I
generally sell my young stock at two years old, but on Urge
f.arms it is three that is the common age. 1 must also tell you
that wc don't milk so high as some others do ; nor do my
cattle at two years old reach the size that many do, as we do a
good deal with the dairy here ; so we connot have it at both
ends at once. You recollect seeing my one-year-olds when
here ; they were nothing to speak of, but just fair one-year-
olds, and treated as above, and on the first of April I sold four
of them to a farmer. Wlien they left me they were in capital
condition, had got no oil-cake the second year, but just straw
.and Turnips, .and might be called second qualivy of beef ; the
price 1 got was 18/. a head. He put them immediately upon
Swedes and straw to the latter end of May : they were then
tui-ned upon fine, new Grass to the middle of September ; they
were then bound up, and for some time got yellow Turnips,
and then Swedes and straw, as much as they could take, with
two pounds of oil-cake and a feed of bruised Oats daily until
the first of April, when they were worth 251. a head, and
measured on an average T feet 10^ inches in girth. I should
have said that these four spoken of were all after a pure short-
horn bull, and out of cross cows, with the exception of the
best one, which w.-is out of a small Ayrshire govt."

I will now say a few words on their dead meat trade,
which commenced about twenty years ago, when the
Great North of Scotland Railway was opened through
the country. A few enterprising butchers thought
that they might turn it to some account, and began
by sending only the hind quarters of beef— each wrapped
up in a clean linen cloth, which reached London— a
distance of over 500 miles — in about thirty hours^
without having to change from one train to another,
which was greatly in favour of the meat. At that
time the fore-quarters were sent to the large manu-
facturing fowns iu Scotland and England; but now a
great deal of the cattle are forwarded alive to the
London market. When this country was threatened
with the rinderpest, at some meetings which were
held in this country, several gentlemen advocated a
dead meat trade, and brought forward that of Aber-
deen as an example ; but that would have soon
ruined the farmers here, as a great deal of our beef
is not prepared for a dead meat market, and, owing to
the long time it would take in the transit, from so
many delays and handlings from one conveyance to
another, by the time it would have reached Liver-
pool or Manchester markets it would be almost un-
saleable. Nor need we think of a London dead meat
trade until we keep our young cattle better in
winter ; for, although there is much good beef fattened
in Ireland, yet beef which is hastily made up will
not bring so high a price as beef which has been
fattening during the life of the animal; consequently,
our beef seldom brings more than a second or third-
rate price in England. Our exporters know that well,
and buy from us with that prospect before them ; for
by the time that much of our stock reach Liverpool or
Smithfield Market, we would hardly know our owri
cattle, from the collapse which had taken place in their
appearance after a few hours' hardship upon the road. ^
This is not so much the case in well made-up cattle, I (i,
and I cannot see why we should not be able to bring :;
our stock to as great perfection, aud finish our fat cattle
as well as in any country ; for as we have to compete
with all the world in the grain market, so is all Europe
looking to England for a market for their beef; and we
will very soon have our friends from the utmost parts
of the earth supplying our markets in abundance with
preserved meat. This will tell against the farmers who '
have only their stock and grain to depend upon for
their rent, labour, and other expenses, aud there is
nothing that deserves our best attention more than
our young cattle. As Turnips are said to be the
foundation of all good farming, so are they the best
crop that we can grow for rearing our young stock, as
well as the principal food for fattening them off for the
butcher; and as this, is an age of progress, I am sure
that the county of Kildare will not lag behind, but
rather take the lead, and improve our agriculture, and
grow more Turnips, which would enable us to keep
more cattle, and make more manure, which will make
our laud produce heavier crops of grain. Consider that
only 20 years ago there were a million of bull calves
slaughtered annually in Ireland when they were newly .
dropped, as only heifer calves were considered wortn
rearing at that period ; aud at that time we could not i
have got a dozen of bullocks to stall-feed iu any of our
Athy autumn fairs. Now bullocks are taking the lead
in all our great fairs, which shows the changes which.

li

NOVEMBEE 23, 1867.]

THE GA'RDENEl^S' OTTEONTOT.E h^V> Ani^inTTTTT^AT, GAZETTE.

1203

aro taking place in the way of stock, and, of course, the
vast increase of cattle in this country. As this
district is only adapted for tillage, and we cannot make
an acre larger, we should try to make two blades of
Grass grow where only one grew before, to meet the
increased demand for suuiuior keep.

IJut winter, and especially spring, is the hardest time
for young stock; but with a good supply of Turnips
and fresh threshed out Oat-stpraw, they can bo kept ni
a growing and thriving condition over the winter. I
consider Oat-straw preferable to either "Wheat or
liarley straw for young cattle. But, gentlemen,
although we are all anxious to got a turn of our friends'
steam threshing machines, I am afraid they will tell
against our cattle in the way of fodder, for a great deal
of our grain is now threshed out in the autumn, and
however careful we may be in stacking our straw,
cattle will not eat it so well as when newly threshed ;
and if it is allowed to get wot or musty they will
scarcely eat it at all, neither will they do so well upon
it when it gets stale. But experience is the best
schoolmaster, and although oil-cake and other feeding
substances are necessary for rearing calves, as well as
lor fattening oIF our cattle for the butcher, still farmers
should be as independent of thom as possible by more
and better tillage, and especially green crops. But
many farmers have some obstacles in the way of
imjiroved farming, for no crop will come to perfection
in wet land, and some system, or rather the means of
draining, is very much wanted, as there is so much of
this country lying almost on a dead level. Our small
streams run so sluggish and shallow that in place of
carrying ofl' our heavy falls of rain in winter, they only
overflow much of our land and saturate the soil, where
it often lies until the spring and summer sun and
winds dry it up, when it is too late to get in our crops
in proper season. Whereas, if many of those streams
were deepened, they would carry oil' the water from
our fields and ditches, and would in some measure
prevent so much fog and mildew, which do so much
injury to our growing crops; and farmers would lind
it an easy matter to drain many an acre themselves,
which at present are of little or no value to thom.
We have an excellent example of this in this neigh-
bourhood, where his Grace the Duke of Leinster has
deepened the stream from the river Barrow to
Balliudrum, a distance of several miles, and I am sure
it will be an outlet for the drainage of some hundreds
of acres. Another great advantage to farmers would
be if landlords w'ould plant more Larch trees upon
their estates, for there are but few farms where there
is not some out-of-the-way corner or poor field which
could he planted, both for ornament and profit, and
could be planted for little more than II. per acre,
which would pay the proprietor at the rate of about
31)/. in as many years, as Larch poles can hardly be got
to make paling or to repair cattle houses or to erect
new ones, as they are so scarce and dear, which often
prevents farmers from making many improvements
about their farms which they would do if they could
get timber convenient at a reasonable price. Gentle-
men, I make these remarks in advocating the cause of
our store cattle, which are at iiresent much neglected
in winter ; but the time will come when they will be
better cared for, and many more of them kept upon
our respective farms. For some weeks past the average
number of store cattle exported from this country may
be set down at 10,000 head ; and if these cattle were
properly wintered they would have been worth at least
21. a-head more than they were sold for. At tl'.is
rough calculation, Ireland has suffered the enormous
weekly loss of 20,000/. during the period computed for.
And that is all, gentlemen, that I have got to say on
the subject.

Chairman — Well, gentlemen, have you got any fault to find
with Mr. Alexander's p..iper.

Mr. Anderson — As the Chairman asks wlto is going to find
fault with Mr. Alexander's .addres.s, I must say that instead of
finding fault, I am inclined to agree with all be said ; and Le
has stated everything in a way th.at I am accustomed to hear
it. I can fiud nothing false whatever,

Mr. Davidson said he thought Kildare was a dry county.
However, he did not think that landlords planted enough to
.afford shelter for cattle : but he could not see why tenants
cannot do so if landlords will allow them. A small plantation
in the corners of fields would not cost very much, and it
would afford great shelter.

Mr. Wynne - 1 think hedge rows are as good, if not better,
and more .available, than plantations.

Chairman. — They are the greatest nuisance in the eountiy.

Mr. Robertson s.aid the gist of Mr. .Alexander's paper lay in
the treatment of young stock. I3c had wintered .animals out
in the fields, and they did better than some of the same breed
which had been wintered in the yard. Even in the young
two-year-olds he had experienced the same, and in the market
they had turned out better than the house-fed animals. L.ast
winter they fetched from if. to II. lOs. more th.an the others.
The real question w.os, how could they manage so as to make
stock p.ay — how to economise, .and have as httle labour as
possible, for stock feeding on pasture does not pay. Then the
way to make stock pay on tihage is to give them plenty of oil-
cake, when the profits will be had out of the succeeding corn
3rops.

Mr. Anderson said, in reference to an observation as to the
,'ood feedhig qu.alities of straw, that a great deal depends on
where it is grown : for it was his expeiience that the straw
which grew in two fields adjoining each other w.as often quite
Jiffereut in quahty. And be could say the same of Turnips.
He had had '2ii years' experience of farming in Ireland, and he
Tied cattle on Mr. Robertson's plan, when he found they got
?ery weak. He then treated them according to Mr.
Alexander's system, and they throve every day.

Mr. Douglas thought the gist of Mr. Alexander's paper had
Men lost sight of altogether. His great argument was that
orime Scots— the pure Aberdeenshire— bring a gi-eat deal more
]noneyinthe market than their own. This was ^)ri;/td.Ac-'(''
'|:vi.ieuc6 that their s.ystem in Aberdeenshire w.as the best,
rijeir cattle arrived early at maturity, were well finished, .and
'I. tied the tup prices in the London market, ft remains,
li.iL, to be :iecounted for why tile cattle here, being sn large
lid magnificent -notwithstanding all the favourable circu m-

OS of climate and other natural advantages —do not bring

I - line pnces. It was well known that cattle, whatever the

-Mil may be, do not put on beef su well when fed on Gra...^.

1- V had the best Shorthorn blood in the world, and how was

It, thoii, that the Ahordeonshiro oattlo, which were hko
their own Ken-ies, were more looked after ?-for they
liad the fact staring thoni in the face that they folch higher
prices, as seen in the quotations, than Irish cattle. Uut
there they had a defect hi the oUmato. The great mis-
take was to depend too nnieh on tillage : and instead they
Hlioiild alopt a mixed system of husbandry, which would
prevent the oxpurlatinn uf bidf our cattle, which, as Mr
Alexander had staled, brmigbt a loss to Ireland of 'JO.OOIH'
a week, and this owing to nut having a proper system. That
was a great sacidfiee, but the remedy for it was to extend, as
he had said, the mixed system of husbandry. Tlioro were
farm.s in the neighbourhood of Athy— in fact, nob 5 miles
away, and there were no bettor in England or Scotland, and
why could they not produce as good cattle as hi Ahordoen-
shlro ?

Farm Memoranda.

West GLOUCESTiilisiliuK : Nov. 1.5.— The rino
weather of the last fortnight has been of the grcitest
benefit to farming operations here. The Wheat
sowing is almost completed, under most favourable
iiircumstances; and the early sown is up in drill and
looks well. The storing of the Mangel has been
liushed on most vigorously, the greater part of the
crop being safely pitted, and the ground ploughed up
ready for, and in some instances sown with, Wheat.
The crops of Mangel are not so good as last year; the
roots indeed are numerous, but rather small, and
there is not what may bo called a good crop in the
whole of West Gloucestershire. The pulling of the
crop is generally let to the labourer, at about iis. to
r.«. per acre. For this he has to pull, cut off tops, and
fill carts, the carting and storing being done by day
work. The system of storing in this neighbourhood
is generally as follows;— A pit is formed by running
tlio iilough up two str.aight lines G or 7 feet apart, the
width the pit is intended to be, so that the storer has
no trouble to keep the |)it the given width ; the roots
are thrown up to about 0 or 7 feet high, forming an
equilateral triangle. The storer may greatly facilitate
his work by keeping one side of the heap forwa.rd, so
that he can always tip the carts without having to
move hiilf the roots. We cover up with straw every
night each day's carting, and never by any chance do we
allow more to be pulled than can bo filled in the day,
as it is well known that a little frost will destroy any
amount of Mangel pulled and lying on the ground.
If any are to be left in the field they are allowed to
remain in the ground, and then their leaves will
protect them from even a sharp frost. When the
storing is complete we cover them up for the winter,
first removing the straw which w.as first put on if it be
very wet, and replacing it with dry straw sufficient to
kee)) the damp earth from touching the root. The frost
may go through the earth, but the straw being dry
prevents it injuring tht roots.

We usually begin with about 12 inches of earth at
the base, and gradually decrease to 6 inches at the top,
taking great care to leave ventilators about every 6 feet
along the entire length of the pit. We always thatch
the dirt over lightly, as tlio soil is sandy, and conse-
quently would very soon be washed off by the
winter rains.

The crop being disposed of, the next work which we
take in hand is to prepare the land for the next crop
by spreading the leaves and ploughing them in. We
do not consider them worth the trouble of carting off
as food for stock. Sheep require a more substantial
fodder at this time of year, especially breeding ewes,
which are generally the scavengers of the farm, and
obliged to eat what the rest of the flock won't ; but I
question if it be the right principle to work upon to
insure a healthy fall of lambs. The Mangel leaf is cold,
watery stuff, and the sooner it is ploughed in the better.
While spreading the leaves our practice is to fork out
every patch of Couch that can be found, thereby
preventing it from running over and seeding acres
before we can get another chance at it. The expense,
when it can be carried away in baskets, is not much
compared with what it would be if allowed to be
ploughed in and remain two years unmolested. The
forking out of the Couch is a matter well worth the
consideration of farmers, and the plan adopted more
generally. A great many about here do practise it now,
and quite agree that it is the cheapest way to keep the
land clean. Forking seems an expensive system, but it
is the only sure way of ridding the land of Couch and
Docks. Of the latter unfortunately on this farm we
have had an unusual crop this year, as the season
seems to have suited theua, and we have forked out
more than a cart-load of Docks from a field where we
least expected to find them. /. TF.

Aberdeenshiee Fakm.— The weather for the last
fortnight has been all that could be desired for harvest
operations ; indeed, the last week of October was
something remarkable, every day being breezy, cool,
and drying : a great quantity of grain has thus been
secured in excellent condition ; the upper and late
districts have got the best harvest, reversing the old
maxim, " first come best served." Many of the
farmers in the earlier districts had stacked a great
part of it in only middling condition, but now when
mostly secured it is considered to bulk well for straw,
but much of the grain will be light, as a good part of it
was cut with a tinge of green, and great quantities of
it was lodged early in the season by the heavy rains;
but, takiiig it all in all, there is great cause for
thankfulness. Our climate not being .suitable for
Wheat, very little is sown.

Live stock have been remarkably healthy this
season ; feeding stock are now being pushed on for the
Christmas markets. Some of our farmers are bruising
their light and inferior grain, and giving them a feed
of grain and a little oilcake to save the Turnips for the
young and store cattle.

Stock for the forthcoming Christmas shows are now
Ijeing sjjokeu of, and we hear of many entered for
Birmingham, Smithfield, and other places of less note ;

and from what we saw at the Boyal Northern Agricul-
tural Society's Show in August they will do the
country no di.scredit. It is rather surprising that
the greatest feeding county in IJritain should not have
a fat stock show of its own, with our M'Combies, our
Cruickshanks, Martins, Stewarts, Stephens, Bruces,
&c., at its head, followed up by the aid and counton-
anoe of our landowners, most of whom are great agri-
culturists and stockowners of the best description j we
have no fear but it would prosper, and our city friendB
are never behind in any good undertaking. Wo know
the owners of stfick will say " it is not worth turniuK
them out for all the prizes we could got," but let the
landowners come forth with, say a hundred-guinea cup,
our three great grain and manure companies with a
fifty-guinea cup, tlio town of Aberdeen with something
similar, and we might reckon on something from the
railway company, all of which would bring grist to
their own mills, and we have no fear of the turn-out
after the spirit of competition wo have seen shown at
tlie summer exhibitions.

A meeting of tho members of the Chamber of
Agriculture resident in this county was held lately,
for the purpose of electing a ropresontalivo niomber for
the county, and one for every ten members to consti-
tute the acting committee for tho ensuing year. Mr.
M'Combie, TiUyfour, was elected for_ the county, and
wo hope soon to see him elected to fill one of the cw
seats in the House of Commons, promised by Mr.
DisraeM, at Edinburgh.

Our local markets have been rather better for fat
stock, but lean beasts are still falling back. Gol
useful farm horses are in request, and fetching high
prices.

Our hiring markets are coming on, and some of
them have passed. Wages are much about the same
as for the summer half year, foremen getting from
12/. to 13/. ; second men from 10/. to 11/., and so in
proportion. J.

[Will our correspondent tell us exactly what are the
wages of the agricultural labourer throughout the
year? Ed.]

Banffshibe.— In previous years, when we had a

bite harvest, October was looked upon as a month upon

which we could depend for cold, dry weather ; the past

one has been an excepliou. In the earlier districts of

this county a good deal was cut and harvested in the

end of September, but harvest was not general in the

later districts till the hist week of September and first

. week of October. The high and contrary winds and

] hailstorms did a great amount of damage, the former

, breaking-down and twisting the crops, and the latter

' threshing out the grain, in some cases one and two

I seeds, and in others all, or, as we say in the north,

I "clean buffed." Very few fanners got a whole

! working day to cut dry. Some cut wet and dry, and in

1 the former a good deal of sprouting took place, and in

many instances spreading out had to be resorted to

before the crops could be taken into the stack-yard.

Those who cut dry have been rewarded by their

dependence on Providence, and have got it all harvested

in first-rate condition, in fact, the latest harvest has

been the best one. Where this is written from

the harvest is all but completed, and the time occupied

thereat has been from five to eight weeks ; the earlier

districts having occupied the longest time ; owing to

the broken down and twisted state of the crops, the

fields present a more untidy appearance than the writer

recollects, it being impossible to make neat work

(reaping machines are not in use in this quarter ; it is

I all scythe-cutting).

Where the land is naturally dry, or well drained and
well farmed, the crop is bulky ; when damp and ill
I managed, the crop is scant. In damp lands the crop,
I whatever seed it got, was thinly planted, and the
weather prevented it from tillering. The wire-worm
and common white snail committed great ravages on
many lea fields ; those have been all cut green, and the
i yield will be very poor. Little is yet threshed out, but
what has been confirms this opinion. Oats are being
delivered 3-1 to 36 lb. per bushel, and it is only the
earliest districts where .10 to 42 lb. Oats can be pro-
duced. Little Wheat, Barley, or Beans are grown,
none in this district. Many writers advocate cutting
green ; we have dear-bought experience of its unprofit-
ableness in this quarter this year.

In the earlier districts the Potatos are already lifted
(a very poor crop), and a considerable breadth ploughed
for green crop. We are lifting Potatos; the crop is
not above a fourth ; quality bad, and very small in size,
and very high prices may be looked for.

The Turnip crop promises well, but the past two
months being wet and cold they have not bulbed
so well as expected ; should the present month be mild
they will improve a good deal.

The cattle have been now all tied up, those for feed-
ing six weeks since. Owing to the scarcity of straw
last season hay had to be resorted to as fodder for the
beasts ; this, owing to the abundant crop, could be
purchased at from 6d. to 7d. per stone of 22 lb., which
has been a great boon to feeders.

Cattle have thriven well since tied up, and the stocks
are in a more healthy state than before the appearance
of the cattle plague. Few instances of pleuro-
pneumonia are heard of, and could the Government
only be induced to introduce a killing, or as the
Aberdeenshire farmers term it, a stampiug-ont clause
in the Cattle Diseases Bill, we would soon get rid of it
also. Best fat cattle are selling at 70s. per owt., midd-
ling, GOs. to 65s.

Sheep have done well on the pastures, but owing to
the great depreciation in the prices they will not prove
remunerative to those who in many instances took to
this description of stock in preference to running the
risk of cattle plague.

Owing to the labour being so far behind, horses have

1204

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBBB 23, 1867.

very much advanced in price, and those who continued
to breed after the depression set in will now find them-
selves amply rewarded. F., November 6.

€6c i^oultrg ¥arU.

hatched in ray hen-house, from a nest-egg which had
so long served the purpose that it was on the point ol
being removed; it was hatched by the hens which suc-
cessively chanced to lay their eggs in the nest, aided
by the unusual and equable heat of the atmosphere.

Poultrtf Management. — Let that part of the fowls'
house not under the perch bo fitted up with laying
boxes ; and let the place be swept and dusted every
day. Once a week will be often enough to have the
sweepings taken out. Set, where there is a choice, the
worst layers, and on fewer eggs in winter than in
summer. Set no hens during June and July, and,
perhaps, the latter end of May. Aug. 1st, begin again
setting, on not too many eggs, and go on till Sept.,
and the chickens then hatched will be the best to kill
during December, April, or even May, and, if not
batched too late, are strong before winter. To persons
who wish to have good poultry on their own table all the
year round, and at the least cost, I say, don't set hens
again till February at soonest ; but two or three hens
should be setting by March 1st, on not more than 11 of
their own eggs, or eggs of the same size ; keep up a
succession then till May 15th. When the weather is
warm a hen may hatch 17, but few hens will cover
above 13 safely. Set the freshest eggs, net the hen in
securely, and take her off once a day, covering up the
hens with hay, or, when very cold, with flannel or
wool. She may be off as long as the eggs are luke-
warm. Some would put them at once into a feeding
room with ashes, but I prefer letting them out free,
food being set for them in the setting house ; they will
soon return, or must be driven in, and then may be
shut in and replaced on their eggs. Netting them ia
gives trouble, but is very secure. But to succeed,
poultry, like every other kind of stock, requires to be
looked to morning and evening. The attendant in the
morning is occupied, say half an hour ; feeds all the
stock, brushes and sands the house, takes off the setting
hens, covering up the eggs, and when he puts them on
again tucks them well up, and supplies the tank with
fresh water. In the evening he collects the eggs, and
occasionally counts the hens out, removing setters not
wanted to short commons and plenty of water in

S risen; this soon brings them to a sense of their duties.
Iroods should, when indoors, i. e., in coops, be on a
dry bottom; during winter more indoors than in
summer. The hen should be let out as soon as the
chickens stray a few yards from her. If possible, there
should be two houses, one for broods, &c., with an
enclosed yard ; here food should be always at hand ;
hither let everything be put that is to be fatted and
killed. The house for broods and fatters should have
shelves about 5 inches broad for the birds to roost on ;
thus bent breast-bones are avoided. As soon as a hen
leaves her chickens she goes into the other yard, and
they must go into the nursery house, if not previously
there. As to stock, breeding-in makes the eggs barren,
therefore every year procure a set of eggs of the most
approved sort for cocks, and set them about April 1st,
so as to have no check all the warm weather. As to
stocking, say you have 30 hens: hens begin to cease
laying much after June is well in ; therefore, June 1st,
begin killing off the worst, which are either the oldest
or the worst sort, or the worst for laying, or not very
good mothers, and have killed by August 1st from
10 to 15 hens, not less and not more, fill up the number
with the most promising pullets, and, ccsieris paribus,
two pullets of the first spring hatch will lay more eggs
their first year than three of a late one I believe, and
they certainly lay many more eggs when they are
dear, i. e., before and at Christmas time. Some hens
and sorts are better layers, some better fatters, there-
fore it may be worth while to pick your eggs, setting
your good layers' eggs for the first broods. As to
cocks, leave your brood of them till about Christmas,
and then select the two best. I suppose you now to
have two older ones; unless very valuable, kill the
older ones when you leave off setting, that is, in May
every year. Thus you would have four cocks at least
to 30 hens during the winter and spring quarters, and
two cocks to about 15 or 20 hens during the rest of the
year. Hens well kept will lay most during March,
April, and May. This, then, is the time to preserve
eggs. The following is a very good plan:— Rub eggs
with common varnish with a cloth or your hands, set
them , to dry on paper ; when nearly so, give them a
roll, and, taught by Achilles' fate, retouch the part
that was on the paper; get some sand, dry it in an
oven or in the sun ; get a box, put in a layer of sand ;
then set the dry eggs on the small ends, quite upright,
fill in and cover with sand, and then another layer,
and so on. Many eggs thus kept for 11 months broke
like fresh ones. As to food, let those that are to be
killed have as much as they please, and what they
please abroad ; and if you have no yard for them apart,
let all be on full diet from middle of May to October,
when the laying hens bear a small proportion to the
rest ; after and before that the smaller ones must get
food through openings too small for the old hens. But
let them nave their fill, and about a pint of good
Barley will suffice the old stock for the week, given in
the morning. One thing more: the nests breed and
keep vermin ; they must, therefore, be changed from
time to time, and the boxes twice in the year well
shaken or brushed. I have inserted every practical
hint I could think of, derived from personal attendance
and experience ; and, as I am also fond of the
statistical part, I can inform you that last year the
whole stock realised, as remuneration for time, 2/. 12s.,
being about Is. for every head of old stock. I find
that my stock of 35 hens at strongest (from many old
ones, not better than 30), laid 3607 eggs last year,
which is 50 eggs a week; probably I lost some that
were out-layed. A Former Correspondent.

A J?b<e.— During the greatest heat of a past
summer (I cannot recall the date), a chicken was

Miscellaneous.

Wool Trade of the Country.— la the year 1866 the
quantity of home-grown wool was 155,000,000 pounds,
8,000,000 pounds of which were exported, and 142,000,000
used in our own manufactures. In the same year the
quantity of foreign wool imported was 225,000,000
pounds ; out of that 82,000,000 pounds were exported in
the raw state, and 142,500,000 used. The value of
woollens exported was 28,000,000?., and that of woollens
used in Great Britain last year 42,000,000Z. With a
population of about 30,000,000, that gave 11. 7s. 5d. per
head. Thirty years ago it was not more than half that
amount. In 1866 there were 26,390,000 sheep in the
British Isles. He reckoned the average weight of the
fleece at 6 pounds, which would give over 155,000,000
pounds. A few years ago that would be worth
14,000,000?., while at the present price it was only worth
10,000,000?. There were many things^ to be taken into
account for this. Some thought it was from the
imports. In 1830 there were 98,000 bales imported ;
in 1861, 440,000 bales. In 1830 the colonies sent 8000
bales ; in 1861, 329,000 bales, and last year 500,000 bales,
worth ten millions of money. Mr. Sayward, at the
Trowbridge Hoot and Wool Shoiv, October 30.

Steam Cultivation, Co. Wexford.— Some of our
readers may be anxious to know how the steam plough
has got on since its removal to Killoughran Forest,
near Enniscorthy (p. 1174). The engine, plough,
cultivator, and tackle arrived safely on the ground late
on Saturday evening, and on Sunday was visited by
thousands of country people anxious to get a glimpse
of what had never before been seen in the County
Wexford. On Monday morning the men in charge
proceeded to move the engine to the centre of a field
consisting of 32 Irish acres, where it was adjusted for
work, and steam got up. Meanwhile other parties had
conveyed the plough to the headland where it was to
commence operations, and the 1600 yards of steel-wire
rope having been attached to it, the signal was given,
and the first sod was turned at 11 o'clock, amidst a
cheer from the numerous spectators, who pronounced
the work to be perfection. As night closed in, opera-
tions ceased, when it was found that about three
statute acres had been ploughed to a depth of nine
inches. Large crowds were on the ground the whole
day, representing the gentry and farmers for miles
around ; and, by way of winding up the day's amuse-
ment, a young farmer took from his pocket a flute, and
soon had all the young people dancing .jigs and reels,
which were kept up to a late hour. Such was the
spirit in which the people of the County AVexford
received the steam plough. Dublin Farmers' Gazette.

The Marsh Harvester. — This is the name of a new
reaping machine, which appears to be very favourably
estimated, and to be coming into e.xtensive use in the
Western States. Its chief peculiarity consists in the
facility afforded for binding the grain, which, as fast as
cut by the sickle, is carried forward by an endless apmn
to the binder, who rides on a portion of the machine,
and is thus saved all the labour of walking, and much
of the stooping. In ordinary crops, it is said, one
binder can bind all the grain as fast as the machine cuts
it; but in very heavy crops two would be required, and
there is provision for accommodating two. The prob-
lem of constructing a machine that shall bind the
grain as well as cut it has repeatedly been attempted,
but hitherto with very imperfect success. This new
invention seems to approach very near the desired
object, and to combine many important advantages.
An interesting trial of this reaper, on a mixed crop of
Rye and Timothy, recently took place near Blooming-
ton, Illinois, and is thus referred to in the Prairie
Farmer : — " One span of horses drew the machine
with apparent ease and gave no sign of lagging, and
we should judge would find no difficulty in doing so
throughout the harvest. The Eye was green and
heavy, which, with the Timothy, might be considered
equal to cutting the heaviest grain. Several persons,
who had never seen one of the machines, made
trial of binding, and in each case without aid,
and found no difficulty in keeping the machine
clear of grain. They were unanimous in the opinion
that one ordinary binder could work through the
day, binding 8 to 10 acres of light grain like
this ; but in heavy grain two would be required.
A German by the name of Fraber had purchased
one of these machines upon the representation that
two persons could bind the grain, and having two
daughters who had been in the habit of assisting him
on the farm, was present with them to see how it
would work. They had not seen the machine before,
but on trial found no difficulty in either of them
binding alone as fast as the team could cut it.
Mr. F. has 120 acres of Wheat and Oats, and the
young ladies expressed themselves as confident that
they could put up their father's harvest with
comparative ease. The machine runs without noise
and jar, and unless you see it, you would not know that
it is at work. This is accomplished by the very
superior mode of attaching the sickle and the simplicity
of the gearing. The whole is a happy compensating
arrangement of working narts. The machine cannot
well be other than durable, for there is no
strain on any part of it. In this respect it must
challenge the admiration of the farmer. But its
great feature is in the saving of labour, and that
labour that most severely taxes the farmer during
the harvest. To the farmer's wife it is a boon of great
value, for she will not have a small array of extra hands
to feed during the heated season. One of the Misses

machine to cooking for a large lot of harvest hands. The
saving of the grain is a feature that should not be over-
iookedinthisconnection. This dependsvery much on the
planner in which the common reaper is handled; but
in this the cut grain is all carried to the binder on an
endless apron, and there is no liability to waste. We
learn that there were made for this harvest 825
machines, and that next year a full supply will be
ready for the harvest." Canada Farmer.

Our Prospects. — I must first congratulate you on the
ceisation of the cattle plague, and on the freedom with
which our animals can now be removed. Since we last
met we have had a very eventful season : very great
changes have taken place in the prices of meat and
corn, and sudden and extraordinary changes in the
weather has been the character of the season. I am
sorry to say that we cannot congratulate ourselves on a
very successful harvest as repects the quantity of Wheat
produced in this country. The prospect was, perhaps,
at one time as cheering as in ordinary seasons, and,
for my own pare, I believe it was the frost which
occurred on the 22d and 23d of May that dis-
appointed all our hopes. As regard the four or
five counties with which I am more immediately
connected, I think we have not reaped a smaller
quantity of corn since 1861. Notwithstanding the
reports made by gentlemen who write for notoriety in
the newspapers, after having travelled through England,
as they state, from north to south, andfrom west to east,
taking long sights from a railway carriage in an express
train through a dim pair of spectacles— notwithstand-
ing, I say. the reports in which such gentlemen have
declared that there was an excellent crop, my expe-
rience, gentlemen, and yours, I believe, proves the
contrary. I believe that in four counties with which I
am especially connected, namely, Gloucestershire,
Berkshire, Wilts, and Somerset, the average yield will
not exceed 2} quarters per acre. I think I shall be
borne out in that view by several gentlemen now iu
this room. But, although we have obtained such a
small quantity I am happy to say that the crop was
got together under very advantageous circumstances,
and except in a few cases, when the weather was
unpropitious, corn of very good quality has been
harvested. Judging from present prospects I do not
myself think we shall have anything like famine prices,
but bearing in mind the low average of the crop and
the short quantity of old corn on hand, I think we may
expect a high range of prices throughout the year. A
great change has, as I have before remarked, taken
place recently in the price of our animals, and particu-
larly in sheep. I suppose I may truly say that sheep
have, on the average, fallen since we last met from 14s.
to 15s. per head ; though it would appear from letters
published of late in some of the newspapers that con-
sumers have not reaped advantages commensurate with
our loss. Mr. Little, Chairman of the London Farmers*
Club.

Root Pulpers. — Amongst the rough notes m.ade
during the trials opposite Hornsby's pulper (1592)
this remark is written, " Hopper does the work of
other peoples' hands;" inasmuch as the roots fell
continuously to the knives, and none of that hand-
pressing was necessary without which no other machine
kept the roots in contact with them. In this pulper
at the base of each knife is a clearance hole through
which the pulped roots fall, and as the knives are so
arranged that no two pass over the same track, the
cutting action is very steady and regular. The simple
provision of a patent horizontal oscillating bar, which
receives its motion from an eccentric on the spindle,
having teeth, through which the cutters pass, both
prevents the escape of the last piece and clears the
cutters. The pulper iu appearance much resembles the
same maker's Turnip cutter, and possesses the same
advantageous arrangement in hopper, frame, and disc.
It is very strongly made, and produced an excellent
sample of pulp. Two of the pulpers were driven with
somewhat less power than Hornsby's, but the quality
of the work and the construction of the implement
were not so good. Trial with \ cwt. Mangels : —

Niimo of Maker.

a

B.HammondBentall|1520,3 57
R. Hornsby i& Sons . 1592 2 42
R. Hornsby & Sons. 11591 2 30
S. Corbett&Son ..1001,4 24
R. & E. Hunt ..I 66514 26
Ralph lleUard & Co.! 216;5 10
E.HammondBentalll510]2 '"
Woods it Cocksedge 2295 4 0
Picksley, Sims, & Co. 2797 5 55

100

£ 8. d.
19,595 5 15 6
10,500 4 12 6
77 11,520 4 12
133 16,625 4 10
139 ■ ■
165
91
130
187

Remarks.

uu looiA V.1.11UJJ „..u „,>...^v. .. ^ existing arrangements of society, they have in general

Fraber remarked that she preferred binding on this' very confused and erroneous notions of its actual work-

We were anxious to conclude the trials earlier, but^
found that, after giving about 12 hours' attendance
daily, it was impossible to do so, and at the same time
insure an investigation that should be ample and
convincing. On this ground, we feel that the
Society should either allow more time or provide a
larger staff of implement judges; that the public on
entering the show-yard on the first day may be guided
as they proceed to the implements that have won the
prizes, and therefore may be presumed to be entitled i ,
to their special attention. The implement department |{ (
grows with a steady and a wholesome growth. At the ^ '•
Oxford meeting 20 exhibitors contended for U. and
two medals. At Bury nearly 600 implements were
catalogued, and 430?. besides 10 silver medals were left
to the disposal of the judges. Seport by Judges in
the Fnglish Agricultural Soeiett/'s Journal.

Competition. — I utterly dissent from the most con-
spicuous and vehement part of the teaching of the
Socialists— the declamations against competition. With
moral conceptions in many respects far ahead of the

November 28, 18i7.

THE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE AND ACRTCUi/niRAL GAZETTE.

1205

ing; and ono of their greatest errors is to charge upon
competition all the economical evils that at present
exist. They forget that whore competition is not,
monopoly is, ami that monopoly, in all its forms, is the
taxation of Iho indnstrious for the support of iniliilciii'd
if not of rapacity. -S. A'. Mill. " To bo protectcil iiKniiisl
competition, is to be iirotcctcd in idleness, in mental
duiuess; to bo saved tho necessity of bcin;< as active
and intelligent as other people." ./. S. Briijlil. (Qtwled
by Mr. A. Stephen, at the Newbtiri/ Farmers' Chb.)

Notices to Correspondents.

AORlL'ULTlHtAI, l.Ml'l.mTM, NiNE MoNTHS, IStiV

Artiolos.

and

No.

. . cwt.
IIS animal
tons

Quantities Iinpiil-tod.
1860. 18C7.

I. AHMet Free of Didy.

Animals, living — Oxon, Bulls,

Cows

Calves

Sheep and Lambs
Bwiiie and Hugs

Aabee, pearl and pot

liones burnt or not,
charcoal . .

Flax and Tow or Cedilla of Flax.

From Russia cwt.

Holland

Belgium „

Other Countries . . . . „

Guano tons

Hemp and Tow or Cedilla of Hemp —

From Russia cwt.

Venetia

niyria, Croatia, and Dalmatia

British India

Philippine Islands ,

Other Countries ., ,,

China Grass, Jute, and other

vegetable substances of the nature

of Hemp „

Hides, nntanned— Dry— From British
India .. .. •• .. ,,
Other Countries , , . . „

Wet — Froni Argentine Confedera-
tion and Uruguay . . . . „

Brazil „

Australia.. .. .. .. ,,

Other Countries . . . . „

Tanned, Tawed, Curried, or Dressed
(except Russia) . . . . lb.

Hops cwt.

Oil Seed Cakes tons

Potatos cwt.

Provisions — Bacon and Hams . . ,,

Beef, salt „

Pork, salt

Sutter ,,

Cheese ,,

Eggs No.

Lard cwt

Saltpoti-e

Cubic Nitre . . . . . . ,,

Seeds -Cotton tons

Clover .. .. .. .. cwt.

Flaxseed and Linseed — From Russia,
Northern ports . . . . qra.

Ports in the Black Sea .. ,,
British East Indies . . . . „

Other Countries . . . . „

Rape „

Tallow— From Russia . . . . cwt.

Australia,. .. ,

South Amelica „

Other Countries . . . . „

Wool, Sheep and Lambs'- From H.anse
Towns and other parts of Europe, lb.
British Possessions in South Africa , ,

British India ,,

Australia..

Other Countries

Alpaca and tho Llama Tribe ,,

Yeast, dried cwt.

II. Articles Subject to Duty.
Com— Wheat— From Russia .. ,,

Denmark „

Prussia

Schleswig, Holstein, & Lauenburg „

Mecklenburg „

H an se Towns

France

Turkey and Wallaehia ti Moldavia „

Egypt

United States „

British North America .. ,,

Other Countries

Barley „

Oats

Indian Com, or Maize . .
Wheatmeal and Flour — From Hanse

Towns

Frjuice

United States

British North America

Other Countries
Indian Com Meal

151,432
23,34"

660,807
66,301
76,767

62,687

953,136
47,875
99,924
70,741
89,9-J3

468,429
{■ 172,397
23,250
36,980
44,837

108,360
60,422

278,697
104,359
71,38-
140,996

6,248,684
31,944
90,341
443,653
561,309
152,594
149,120
787,23;
520,780
360,247,440
219,868
155,928
736,523
85,809
179,898

266,620
183,810'
162,874

91,378
274,710
213,811

17,155
272,972
139,236

24,587,562
12,444,289
16,414,105
102,047,664
13,642,189
2,620,035
84,526

6,297,827

369,497

3,127,739

147,223

573,828

659,424

3,320,351

367,343

14,030

388,010

8,789

2,437,302

3,204,198

6,812,542

917,591

«56,237

12,043,628

203,075

3,108,406

206,898

26,822
196,412

10,395

110,388
18,790

422,970
34,283
50,572

64,615

80.5,8.'J9
65,098
126,592
108,2110
121,571

254,701
I 94,8.55
33,402
5,456
59,520
45,589

1,133,784

127,588
45,810

207,888
69,904
63,044
73,086

6,568,693

47,879

83,830

795,686

.372,184

130,214

114,212

776.050

699,58'

330,029,040

161,251

129,872

780,627

84,28'

94,392

267,81.
181,297
120,941

86,377
404,438
109,478

17,574
198,139
104,513

13,498,903
22,494,509
10,116,551
118,672,805
19,243,099
2,106, 22r
86,216

9,916,835

359,676

4,698,870

94,409

580,672

512,818

551,794

1,792,489

635,169

1,980,00'

52,849

2,917,r

4,345,459

7,329,081

1,180,88

1,482,039

7,299,461

305,683
1,077,281'
241,04
30,17'
768,471
3,210

Kohl Rabi : / H. Strip the leaves, and house them like
Mangel Wurzel. See the plan described in one of the p-ira
graphs under " Farm Memoranda."

Sheep : Farn^ Bailiff. The manure left by aheop on a sum-
mer's grazing of Clover has been valued at 1/. per acr
When a root-crop is fed off by sheep, the valuation depends
wholly on the custom of the county, the same rule being
observed for an outgoing tenant as was observed by him
when he entered. In some parts the valuation amounts to
the whole cost of the cultivation of the crop, including even
the rent of the laud and hiilf the cake bill. If, in the case of
sheep in Clover during summer, they have received roots
and cake on the land in addition to the bite, it seems fair
that a certain proportion of the cake bill should be allowed
by the incoming tenant on account of the advantage to the
subsequent Wheat crop. One-third of the value of the cake
bill, when the sheep have been reasonably fed, might fairly
be claimed. In a case known to us, the wording of the
agreement was such that an outgoing tenant sent in an out-
rageous demand for excessive feeding, and defended it on
the plea that, if he liked, he might have fed his horses, and
even his servants and his family, if they would have tiken
it, on nothing but oil-cake, and claimed the deduction.

NEW IMPROVED PREMIUM WIRE NETTING.

AWARDED FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE BY THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

AT liURY ST. EDMUND'S, JULY IG.

J. B. liROWN AND CO. having: introduced Improved Machinery into their London Workshops for manu-
facturing "Wire Netting, are now prei)arcd to execute orders to any extent at the ehortest notice. The Netting
is of very superior quality, best formed mesh, well twisted, and Galvanised after made In a superior manner.

GREAT IMPROVEMENT,

REDUCKU PRICE.'J,
February, 18CC.

OALVANIZED
AFTER MADE.

PRICES PER LINEAL YARD, 24 INCHES HIGH.

Mostly used for

Japanned.

Size of
Mesh.

2} inch Hares, Dogs, Poultry ..' 2\d.

2 inih I :ann' c.r roultry Netting 3Jrf.

IJ inch Small Rabbits, Hares, &c. '^d.

IJ inch' Smallest R:ibbits .. .. i\d.

Light. No. 19.

Md.
3W.
i\d.
5\d.

Medium. No. 18.

Japaaned.

3\d.

i\d.
Hd.

iid.
ild.
5id.
6id.

Strong. No. 17.

Japanned.

id.
4id.
5d.
Gjd.

5M.
bid.

8rf.

Extra Strong. No. 10.

Japaaaed.

5d.
5id.
6{d.
8J.

Galvanized.

6}rf.
7d.
Sd.
\0d.

Quantities of 100 yards or upwards delivered free at all Railway Stations. All Netting warranted to give satisfaction.

J. B. BROWN AND CO. Offices : 90, CANNON STREET, CITY, LONDON, E.C.

WAREHOUSE and MANUFACTORY— U8, UPPER THAMES STREET, E.C.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATENT SELF-SHARPENING CYLINDER CUTTERS.

They arc the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be ■worked ■with far greater ease,
than any other Lawn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS have proved to be the best, and have carried off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally.
T. GREEN ANB SON have to state thai the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has been
unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can be made from
their Stock both in London and Leeds.

^ ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and
64 and 55, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOR HEATING CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE

RESIDENCES, ETC., WITH

TRUSS'S PATENT TJNIVEBSAL f'LEXIBLE AND
LEAKLESS PIPE-JOINTS.

T. S. TRUSS

Begs to state that the unmense number of APPARATUS annually Designed and Erected by him in all parts of
the kingdom, and for the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHISWICK,
■with unrivalled satisfaction, is a guarantee for skUl of design, superior materials, .and good workmanship ; while the
great advantages obtained by his IMPROVED SYSTEM cannot be over-estimated, consisting of perfectly tight
joints with neatness of appearance ; EFFECTS A SAVING OF 25 PER CENT, on cost of Apparatus erected
compared with other systems ; facility for extensions, alterations or removals without injury to Pipes or Joints ;
can be erected by any Gardener; an ordinary size Apparatus erected in one day, and PERFECTNESS of
DESIGN SUPPLIED, INSURING NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle Boiler,
delivered to any Railway Station in England, and Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 25 miles off
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large works.

TWO FOUR-INCH PIPES ALONG ONE SIDE AND ONE END OF HOUSE.

Size of House.
50 feet by 15 feet

Size of House.
20 feet by 10 feet
30 feet by 12 feet
40 feet by 15 feet

Apparatus Complete.
£9 0 0
11 15 0
15 0 0

Erection.

£2 0 0

2 10 0

2 15 0

aaiatus Complete.

Erection.

£17 10 0

£3 0 0

20 0 0

3 0 0

26 0 0

3 6 0

75 feet by 15 feet
100 feet by 15 feet

Bath and Gas Work erected in town or country. The Trade Supplied.

Horticultural Buildings of every description from \s. 6d. per foot superficial, inclusive of Brickwork.

Price Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on application to
S. TRUSS, C.E., Consulting Hoktioulturax Engineer, &c.. Sole Manupactubbk,
FRIAR STREET, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.

Observe — The City Offices are now Removed to the Manufactory, Friar Street.

1206

THE GABBENERS' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[KoVEMBEE 23, 1867.

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Armit Works, Gieenfleld, near Manchester.
TANNERS. CORRIERS.A MANUFACTURERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP aud SOLE BUTTS.
Price Lists sent free by post.
Warehouse: bl, Mark Lane, London, E.G.

Mr. H. Ferbabbe, Agent.

r"(OTTAM'S

PATENT PORTABLE UNITEU

cow FITTINGS.

Their i Iv uic vj^l^. di e— 1 ortability nob l^tuies, removable at
pleasme, no Woodwork oi Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Racli. dispenbed with as unnecesbaiy, increased width
and depth of Feeding Ti-ougha, Water Ciatem, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and Impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, 65s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Worts, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Osfora Street, Loudon, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
In Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

OHN "WARNER and SONS,

BRASS and BELL FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTY",

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

8, Crescent, Cripplegate, London, E.C.

-^»i^=-— -i No 35.

PORTABLE PUMPS '^Si^ i..'

f- PuS^^^sham, CAST-IRON

LIQUID MANURES. Horse, or Hand Power. PUMPS.

Drawings and Prices for any description of Hydraulic Machinery
sent upon application.

PICTURESQUE FERNERIES.

ME.. BLAKE'S

MODE of ARRANGING and FURNISHING COOL EXOTIC FERNERIES, either as an adjunct to the
Conservatory oi- the Drawing Room, or standing by itself in some appropriate position, has never failed to elicit the
highest encomiums. Being permanent, the Tree Ferns and other slants employed attain their highest and most
perfect development with the lapse of years.

As a place of quiet pleasant resort in Spring, Summer, Autumn, or "Winter, a spacious and well-arranged FERN
HOUSE, having undulating Walks, Seats, Prismatic Fountains, Waterfalls, and "dells of the sweetest beauty,"
is worthy the attention of INoblemen, Gentlemen, and Public Companies.

A, BLAKE'S arrangement of Ferneries offers facilities for the introduction and successful cultivation of some of
those splendid ORCHIDS which occur in the cool elevated regions of New Grenada, Peru, Guatemala, aud Mexico.
t^^ Flans and Estimates on application. Early Orders solicited. Address,
A. BLAKE, 4, DENMARK TERUACE, BRITANNIA ROAD, FULHAM, LONDON, S.W.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mr. gray begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentry, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to his

NEW OVAIi TUBTJLAR BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Rollers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with
one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from Report in Gardeners' Chronicle 0/ International Exhibition, May 24, 1862, page 476.

rather than a square, it seems feasible that the Boilers on tbe oval
plan should bring the tubes more completely mthin range of the
burning fuel; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,
is no doubt an improvement."

"The uprighc form of Boiler is usually made on a circular plan^
but the oval form given to Mr. Grav's variety of it is said to be
preferable in consequence of its bringing the tubes in closer contact
with tbe fire. The usual form of a furnace bemg a parallelogram

^^ They are made of all sizes, xvhich^ ivith prices, may be had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

HOTHOUSES FOR THE MILLION.

AWARDED A PRIZE MEDAL, 1862.
INVENTED AND PATENTED BY THE LATE

SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.

MANUFACTORIES :-LONDON ; NEWTON IN CARTMEL, LANCASHIRE;
GLOUCESTER, COVENTRY, ABERDEEN, and PAISLEY.
Xothiug can be more easy than to build them, nothing more simple thaii to remove them." — Daily N'ews, May 22, 1862.

DURABILITY.

REQUIREMENTS

HORTICirLTTRE.

1 I Ui ut-utul Cuiiservatoriea, &c

Ulusti-ated in i i i I tj t i [-M i i i- i lU ii 1 i u

to special sizes and dc loHS, ilso t3i H itiii^ Appuitui, h\cd compkte

HEREMAN and MORTON, 7, PALL MALL EAST, LONDON, S.W.

^".^^' ^ i'f

S. OWENS & CO.

(Late CLINTON and OWENS),
MANUFACTURERS OF

PUMPS and HYDRAULIC MACHIMERY,

WHITEFRIARS STREET, LONDON, E.C.

^-^^

i:

t

THE LAND&CAPL feliJ:TCH shows in id pt-ition of THE IMrrOVED HTDRAULJC E\M This is a simple
Self-acting Macl ne, suited for raising a Supply ol watei lor Ubo ir lutlic ard I ite Eatibh hment'? Its adopt' — '" --' ---■^- ' ■

. ., ^_ _.,^.^ cidoptiou is not confined to

ons na shown, but it is suited for any situation where a Fall can be obtained from a Stream, Brook, or Spring.
S OWEKS AND CO. have fixed a great many in various parts of the country for raising from 600 to 6000 or more Gallons per di\,y to
cle tions varying from 30 to 300 feet, and forcing through Main Pipes fiO yards to several miles in length.

No. 37. IMPROVED TKEBLE BARREL PUMPS, with HORSE GEARING for Raising "ft^ater from DEEP

WELLS, for the supply of MANSIONS and PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

No. 28a. DOUBLE BARBEL PUMPS for HAND-POWER for similar purposes.

'=;. OWENS AND CO. Manuf:.cture and Erect every description of Engineer's Work required in Public or Private Establishments, such as
PUMPS for any ptirpose on the largest or smallest scale, STEAM ENGINES, WATER WHEELS, TURBINES. WARMING and DRYING
APPARATUS, EAIHS, GAS WORKS and FITTINGS. Estimates ftiniiahed from Plans or on inspection of position.

1^^ lUiistrated Catalogues Free on appliiation^

NOTHEMBER 23, 1867.]

THE GAfiDENEliS' CimONICLE AND AGMCULTURAL GAZETTE

1207

REIGATE SILVKR SAND, bent quiility, 12s. per ton,
I at Swan Pluco; dcllvorod lour nillou, or to auyLon.Ioii Wharl'or
RiilwiiV UlN. pur ton, or Is. Hil- I'tT biiHhol. (SaclcH at cost prlco, "f
on litre J KENTISH and HAMPSIllKK 1'EAT.S. VKLLOW LUAM,
LKAF MOULD. HPUAGNUM MoSS, & COCOA FIBRE REFUSE.
J. KhNNAHD, Swaa Place, Old Kent Uoiid, London, S.E.

/10C()A-NUT KKFUSh
^-^ Is bocoiiilug aoAitCK, thf
old ruttervea wiU hodii bo gone.
Now auld In bags, 1 for 'is., 10 for
lfl«., iiO for 30s., SO for flfls., 100
lor £0.

Fotirpenco allowed lor wicli
bag returned oarrlage-pald.

A Rallwa; Truck-load (nob Id
bags), 40«.

Postage Stumps or Post-offlce
Order, payablo to J. Barsuam i
Co., K,lnKatoU'Oti-Tbame8, S.W.

r I TOBACCO TISSUE for Fiiniisuting Greenhouses.
I Will Destroy Tbrip, Rod Spider, Grcon and Black Fly, and

Mv.ily Bug; and burns without the assistance of blowing, and is
uiiLnoly free from pnper or rag. Price as. Gd. pur lb., carriage free.
A riTluction in price for large quantities.

'I'll bo bad of Messrs. Roukrt8 & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers,
llJ, St. John Street, Clorkeuwell, K.C, of wliuui copies of Testl-
niMiilals may bo obtained; and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

WINTER-DRESS ALL KRUIT TREES with
GISHURST COMPOUND.
(.'•'i»l of a Letter from Mr. Ritehs, Nurseries, Saivhr'ul\iewonh, Hats,
'ltd October, ISfil.

" 1 must tell you what I heard to-day fi-om n very cluver geutlenian
I irmor, Ajitliony Bubb, Esq.. of Witcombo Court. Gloucester. He
li/is !i wall to which Peach Trees are trained. Well, last autumn
t l](V wore in a wretched blighted staf.o. As a desperate remedy he
uiiiialled them all, early last February, and gave all but one a
tlinii>ugh painting with Gislmrst Uouipound, lib. to the gallon of
water ; his trets, all but the one, commenced to grow favounibly in
.H(irliig, and are now pictures of health. The tree not painted Is in a
iiiill'iload blighted state. He used the same dressing to his Apple
Irrrs; it killed the woolly Aplils cutiroly, iiiid ii;is made his trees
1 U jtn and vigorous in their growth. lie iuteuds to paiiit his Wall
Tnun annually, and tells all his friends to do the same. I shall
1. lu.unly serve all my young Peach Treoi^ against niv walls In the
Mniu manner. The Compound is, I believe, more efficacious than
Uii.' nsual ollensivo mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and it does
I,. ' iilitclioii the shoots on the wtilis."

I- T Orchard-house Trees, 4 ozs. to the gallon will be found a good
-ii'U^;th; when used stronger some buds on weakly trce.s may be

MSliURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nui-serymen and
'-'. . 'isiiion, in boxes. Is., .3«., and lO.-*. Gd. each.

v\'tiulesale by Prick's Patent Candle Coupant, Limited,
liiiiiirmt, Vauxhall, Loudon, S.

liisimrst Compound has more recent testimonials to its efScacy,
but none nioro conclusive than the above, which has been published
Ijulbru.

Iron Cisterns.

" Every Cottage should be provided with a Water Tank." Disraeli.

Iri BRABY AND CO. having laid down extensive and
• Improved Machinery in their new r.ange of buildings, Ida
\Vn vftF, Dkptford, are now prepared to supply WROUGHT-IRON
TAMCS. GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior quality, at
ruilneed prices, imd at very short notice.

LISTS OF TANKS

ON APPLICATION.

y. Brabt & Co , Limited, J'itziuy Works. Eu&boo Road. Londou,

M

cKENZIE'S SHEEP-FOLDING FENCE,

v^rsm SHEEP NETS and HURDLE.S.
Vide Report of Tlie Timt\^, August 31, 1607.
"The low-price;! Sheep Fence of this Finn is of great merit com-
pared with Net ; being stronger, more port.i.bIe, not liable to injury
'from Hares and Rabbits, and not capable of entangling headstrong
members of the flock."

Price per lineal yard, ejd. (lasts five years), delivered at any Fort
indirect communication with Ireland.

TnouAS McKehzie & Sons, :! I, Dawson Street, Dublin ; and
Camden Quay, Cork. (Orders executed from the Factory at Cork.)

TDARNSLEY LOCAL BOARD of HEALTH.

J^ DESIGN FOR GREENHOUSE.

The Local Board are desirous of erecting a Greenhouse in the
Locke Park, to be constructed of Iron and Glass, including proper
'Warming Apparatus, at a cost not exceeding jE230. The Board will
give a PREMIUM of £5 for the BEST DESIGN, if accepted. The
Vesign must especially embrace ample room for the preseiTation of
Bedding-out Plants dming tlio winter months.

Plans and Estimates are to be sent to me, under cover, endorsed
"Tender for Greenhouse," on or before MuNDAY, December 2.
By Order. Wm. H. Peacock., Clerk to the Board.

Bamslev, Nov, 5, 1867.

JOHN GIBSON, Jtjn., be^a to announce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GllOUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Giuson, )un., Surrey Lane, Battorsea, S.W.

To Noblemen and Gentlemen.

LARGE SHRUBS and TRICKS success! ally removed;
Fruit Trees improved (il not doing well) ; all kinds of Planting
uid Ground work at a reasonable cost (from great practical experi-
ence), contract or otherwise.
C. S. JoBSON, Hutton Buscel, Sherbum, YorKshire.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in an)
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productiv<:

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early piaturlty.
BRAHMA-POUTRA. CREVECCEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for couiitant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on apphcation.
JouN BAii,r & Son. 113, Mount Street, London, W.

A SMALL NURSERY to LET.— For particuhirs
apply to James Crawford, High Beech. Essex. A good
Chance lor an active young Man, who is a good judge of groundwork.

Eemprow, Aiaenham, Herts.

TO BE LET, a FAHM of 126 Acres, with the Shooting,
and a Gentleman's SMALL IK)USE, situated within
10 mimitos' walk of the New Station oHT-he Midland Railway at
Radlot, Hurts, and with immediate possession.

The LIVE and DEAD f-;TOCK will be SOLD by AUCTION by
Messrs. HUMBERT and CUX on DECEMBER 4.

For terras and cards to view, apply to Messrs. Humbert A Cox,
Laud Agents and Surveyois, 88, St. James's Street, S.W., and
Watford, Herti.

WANTED, within a radius of Six or Seven mUcei of
St. Paul's, HALF .in ACRE «i good fresh LAND, with or
witliout a moderate-sized FORCINO-HOUSE and COLD PITS; In
an opon situation pro forred.— Reply, with terms. &c., to A. U,,
f), WcMLoriiioland Road, Walworth Common, London, ^._

FOR nisi'(ySAL7a~Fir8t-ulaaa NURSERY and Sl^EI)
HUSINICSS; or the present Proprietor would accept of n
WORKINU PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hursts Sou, tl, Leadeuball Street,
London. E C.

To Market Gardeners, Fruit Growers, Nurserymen,

and Others.
riK) BE DIsroSKD OF, tlic UNKXPIRED LKASI-J

A_ of ai vu'rs. and nmv be entered upon 'itClirlHtitias, of a WIOIjL
KSTAIUdSllED BUSINESS for Cut Flowota, Plants, Fruit and
Nursery Burtiness, itc, Bttuatcd noar a large Market Town. Hur-
rounded by an excellent nciglibourhuod, and willim r. mlnutou walk
of two Railway Stations. Furtliur piutlculars on application by
letter to Z., Post tifflco, ■i'hiunuH UilLon, Snrroy. ^_^ _ _^

Onchan Nursery Gardens, Isle of Man,
H^O BIO LLT, with imiiir(li;ile pos,set;aion, in con-
X HOLiuonce ol the decoiuso of tno Into I'roprlotor. The Nursery
comprises ab«ub ir> AcroH, lying in a sheltered situation; bus beuit
established for uijwards of 30 years, and possesses the advantage of
being tho only Nursery In the Island. The Huildinga consist of
Conservatory (in four compartinonts), Vinery, Orchanl Houso,
Propagating House, with larj^e Shod iidjuiulog, and every convenience
for carrying on the busmonM. This KHtabltsliiuont would urovo a
valuable addition to any English Nursery, iis from tho iiiihinoss of
the climate, many tender Plants and Shrubs stand the winter which,
when young, would be destroyed by tho frosts of an English Winter
and Spring. A portion has been advantageously occupied us a Fruit
Garden, the demand being considerable from the number of Visitors
to the Nursery in tho Summer season. The Grounds are well stocked
with Forest Trees, Evergreens, mid Ornamciitai .Shrubs ; the Iloust-s
with PI nits, and liboral terms will bo made to enable a Tenant to
realise tho Stock. For particulars apply to

JauesSimttall, Solicitor, Isle of Man.

&ti\t$ t)]D Eurtion.

Consignment of Plants and Bulbs from Holland.

Mlt. J. C. STEVKNS will SKLL by AUCTION, at
hiH Great Tiooms, 38, King Streot, Covcnt Garden, W.C,
on MONDAV, November ITi. at lialf-prist 12 o'clock ureciaely,
600 Lots of BULBS and FRUIT TREES, RUSES. SHRUBS, to.,
fi-om Holland.

Un view tile Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Consignment of Plants from Norfolk.

MR. J. C. STEVEN.S will SKLL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, ',]S, King Street. Covent Garden, W.C, on
TUESDAi', November 2tJ, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely, a great
variety of HARDIT FLOWERING TREES and SHRUBS, con-
sisting of Conifers, Hollies, Laurels, Aueubas, Carnations, PiLOtees
and Pinks, BeibL-ri-s, Cert.ars, Laiu'iistinus, Lilacs, Laburnums,
Yuccas ; RED and WHITE CURKASTS, Raspberry Canes. Straw-
berries, &<:. ; also some Pyranmlal and Uwarf FRUIT TREES and
RO.SES; and an importation from Holland of HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, NARCISSUS LILIES, GLADIOLI, 6;c.
On viow tlie Morning of Sale, an. I C;italnt:ii..'s had.

Consignment of Plants from GUent.

MK. J. C. STEVENS will SfXL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Struot, CVvent Garden, W.C,
on WEDNESDAY, November 'i7, at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely,
ir.0 CAMKLLIAS, 300 INDIAN AZALEAS, 600 LILIUMS,
LAURUSTINUS, &c., from Ghent. Also a tine lot of HARDY
SHRUBS, CONIFERS, Standard and Dwarf ROSES. Pyramid and
Dwarf FRUIT TREES, luid an Importation of HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, LILIES, GLADIOLI, ie., from Holland.
On view tho ilornin^ of Sale, ami Catalogues had.

Hereford.-To Gentlemen, Nurserymen, & Planters.

1.MP0HTANT SaLK OF NoKSEKr StOCK, IN CONSEQUENCE OF ExPIRATlON
OF LtASE, AT BaKRs' CoURT NlIKSERIES .

MK. 0. SHELLARD is instructed by Mr. G. Davison
to SELL by AUCTION, at the White Cross and Barrs' Court
Nurseries, Hereford, on MONDAY, the 25lh November, and
five following days (Sale each day to commence at 11 o'clock),
a large portion of the well-known STOCK on these Premises,
comprising 10,000 strong Standard Cider Apple and Crab Stocks ;
3000 Specimen Conifers, 4 to 9 feet high, including fine grown plants
of Wollingtonia, Dcodara, Thnjopsis, (."hiprfssus, Thuja, Juuiperus,
Abies, Arautana, and Pmus; 500 Common Yews, 5 to 6 feet nigh;
200 Irish Yews, 6 to 7 feet ; liUOO Avenue Trees, consisting of Chost-
nut. Lime, Elm, Birch. Hornbeam, Beech, Turkey uak. Plane, Ac.,
9 to 14 feet high ; 500 large Lamustmus, L'J leet through ; 600 Pious
inslgniR, 4 to (i feet high ; 500 Cupressua macrocarpa, 6 to 7 feet ;
lOOU large Pinus austriaca, 4 to 6 feet ; i2,000 Common Laurels, 2 to
44 feet ; 2000 Spruce Firs grown for Christmas Trees, 3 to 4) feet ;
600 Acer negundo yariegata, 3 to 0 feet ; 1000 Large Portugal
Laurels, 2 to 4} feet ; 150 splendid Thuj \. aurea, 2J to 4 i'eet ; a large
quantity of Box, Privet, Bay, Lilac, Acer, Purple Beech, Ailanthus,
Tulip Tree, Poplar, Judiis Ti-ee, Flowering Thorns, &c. 300,000
Strong Transplanted Hawthorn Quick, 2i to ."Ji feet high ; 200,000
2-yeajs Seedling Quick; 250,000 Twice Transplanted Larch, 3 to 6
feet ; loO.Oijn Once Transplanted Larch, li to 2 t'eet : 200,000 Ash, 2 to
5 feet ; 70,000 0:ik, IJ lo 2 feet; 60,000 Spanish Chestnuts, IJ to -
feet ; 30,(MJ0 Spruce and Scotch Fir, IJ to 4 feet. In Pots :~A large
quantity of Primula sinensis, new Violets, Euonymiis, new Aueubas,
and MartSehal Niel Rose on own roots. All the above Plants and
Trees are in the finest possible condition for immediate removal
well grown, and constantly transplanted.

On view at the Nurseiies at any time. Catalogues may be had at
tha Auctioneer's Office, at Messrs. Minier, Nasd, & Nasb, Charing
Cross, l^ndon ; it of Ge' hoe Davison, White Cross House. Hereford.

Manor House, Long Crendon, Bucks.

Imtortant Sale of .SiioainoiiNEU Cattle.

MU. STKAFFOKU has ivocivcd instructions from tlie
Representatives of the late Joseph Dodwell, Esii.. of the
M.nor House, Long Crendon, Bnoks, to SELL by AUCTION,
without reserve {in conjuncilou with Mr. J. A. MUMFORD), tiio
En'ire .and Valuable HERD of PURE-liRED SHORTHORNEH
CATTLE, consisting of 104 Head of Bulls, Cows, and Heifers, the
first porMon of which, comprising 67 Head, will be sold at the
Manor House, Long Crendon, on WEDNESDAY, November 27, at
1 o'clock precisely. The remaining portion, consisting of 47 Head,
Will be sold at Boarstall, between Bicester and Tbaiue, on
THURSDAY, November 2y, at 11 o'Clock precisely. This Herd has
been Selected and Bred for about 20 years from Choice and Well-bred
S'.ock, during which period Bulls det-cended from Fashionable
Blood have been used, viz.: Aaron Sraitn (12,331), and Prince <.f
Paris (10,748), from Clifton Pastures; Knight of the Shire (30,085),
and Prince Leopold (■.ip,66S), from the Bushey Herd. Brince ot
Qenova (24,829), a son of Lord Penrhyn's ctlebrated bull Duke ot
Geneva, is now m S'rvice. The CatUo are of a hsudy robust
character, and can bo well recommended as very useful atjck.

Catalogues, with Pedigrees, may be had on application to Mr.
Stuaffohd, 13, Euaton Square, Loudon, N.W. ; Mr, John Dodwell,
at tho Manor House, Long Crendon, Bucks ; and Mr. J. A. MoMFoan,
Chilton Park Farm, Thame, Oxon.

Fatsliull, near Wolverliamptou.

Important Sale of SuonriiORNED Cattle, &c.

MR. STRAFFORD has the honour to announce for
SALE by AUCTION, without reserve, on FRIDAY the 29th
of November, at the Dairy Farm, Piitshull, near Wolverhampton,
the small but veiy select Herd of SHORTHORNS, belonging to the
Right Hon. the Earl of Dartmouth. It consists of 26 head of Bulls,
Cows, and Heifers, wnich have been bred from the famed Milcote,
Holmepierrepoint, Revtsby, and Berrington herds ; anionyat them
will oe fiiundsoniL specimens of the ".Sylph," "Frill," "J.," and
"Lher well-known Lnbu'S.

Aiao, will be SoId,a Itw Priiuo STEERS and FAT COWS.

Catalogues, with Pedigrees and other particulars, may bo had on
application to Mr, STRAFPOKn, 13, Eustou Square, London ; or of Mr,
UuasELey, PatshuUf near Wolverhampton.

HALE THIS DAY and WEDNESDAY NEXT, at ONE O'CLOCK.

Sale of First-class Dutch Bulbs. Handsome Standard
and Dwarf Rosea, Selected Fruit Trees. &c.

MKSSKS. I'UOTIIKUOK anu MORRIS will SKLL
by AUCTION, at:i8 and 39, (Iraceehurch Street. E.C.THIS
DAY (SATURDAY), and on WKDNKSDAY, November 27. at
I o'clock precisely, a FirNt-claHs Collection of DUTCH BULHH,
including llyiielnths, CroouHOM, TnllpM, NarclnHUH, JoimudH, Ano-
monoH, Ranunculus. &e. ; a wplendld iiHSortment ot STANDARI)
ami DWARF ROSES; Moluutod FRUIT TREES; choice UlIENT
AZALEAS, HYBRID RHODODENDRONS, and other American
Plant.s; IlAltDY CLIMIIERS. in potH, ike.

On view Morning of Halo. Catalogues had at the rooms as above,
and of tho Auctioneers and ValnurH. Loytonstono, N.K.

SALE THIS DAY, and MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
and THURSDAY NEXT.

Clearance Sale of Nursery Stoclc, at Wotlng, Surrey»

In rnNSKHUENCE nV Til K UKATII iiC Mil. RiMiEIIT DoNALK.

MK8SRS. i'ROTHEltOI'; and MOKKIS will .ontinue
this extensive SALE until THURSDAY NEXT, in tho

following order :—

This Day, SATURDAY.— About 13,000 CHESNUT. MAPLE. ASH,
Piano, Sycamore, Llmos. Beech. Birch, Oak, Alder, Acacia,
Laburnum, Hornbeam, &c. ; 10,090 Silver Spruce and Scotch
Firs; 1,890 Mag[iolias, sorts; a large Collection of Deciduous
Shrubs ; a quantity of Standard and Dwarf Fruit Trees, &c.

On MONDAY. November 2fi. —About 35,000 SPRUCE, SCOTCH
and Silver Fir ; 40,000 Larch Flrj 49,090 Ornamental and Forest
Trees, viz.. Maple, Anh. Poplar, Oak, Syciiiuore, Elm, Laburnum,
Thorns, &c. ; 15,009 Spanish Chestnut; a large quantity of
Stiuidard and Dwarf Fruit Trees, various ; Thousands ot Crab.
Pear, Plum, Quince, and other Fmlt Stocks ; Ooo.seb6rries and
Currants, stools, various, lie.

On TUESDAY, November 2rt. — About ^7,000 STANDARD,
Dwiirf, and Maiden Fruit Traos, viz.. Apples, Pears, Pluran,
Cherries, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Almonds, Medlam,
Quince, Mulberriea, Ac. ; a quantity of Fruit Stocks ; 0,090 Asli,
Birch, Beech, and Hornbeam ; Evergreen and Deciduous Shruba,
and Ornamental Trees, various, lotted in collections ; Standard
and Dwarf Roses, &c.

On WEDNESDAY,Noyember27.~S,600 GREEN and VARIEGATED
Hollies, y to 18 inches ; 7,000 English Yews, 9 inches to 2 feet ;
600 handsome Cupressus Lawsoniana, 2 to n feet; specimen
Picea nobills and lasioearpa, Thnjopsis boreaiis, Wellingtonia
glgaiitea, Portugal and Common Laurels, a quantity of Ever-
greons and Ornamental Trees in collections. Standard and Dwart
Roses, Fruit Trees, Climbers, strong Pines in pots, &c.

On THURSDAY, November 2S.— A SPLENDID COLLECTION
of tine Standard Rhododendrons, including the choicest varieties
by name ; specimen Wellingtonia glgantea ; Picea grandis,
lasioc.irpa and Nordmanniaiia ; Thnja, sorts ; Dwarf Hybrid
Perpetual Ro^es, in pots ; a qmtntlty of hardy Climbers ; .several
Liguts and Pans of Evergreens and Conifcrie; Soedliuga and
Cuttings, &c., &.C.
Catalogues may be nad on the premises, or of tho Auctioneers and

Valuers, American Nurseries, Leytonstone, N.E.

Fulwell Nursery, Teddlngton, Middlesex.

CLEAitANCh; Sale uf Valoaulk NfiL-iKRY Stock.

MESSRS. PUOTHKROE am. MORRIS are instructed
by Mr. Robert Laing to SELL by AUCTION, without resei-ve,
on the Premises, Fulwell Nurserj', Teddiogton, Middlesex, adjoining
the Fulwell Station, and about one mile from Twickenham station
on tho Thames Valloy lino, on FRIDAY and SATUI'.DAY,
November 29 and 30, at H o'Clock each day, the land belne required
for other purposes, the "WHOLEof the valuable NURSERY STOCK,
including an unusually large quantity of well-grown and uselul-sized
EVERGREEN SHRUBS, including 1000 Thuja Warreana, fine
compact specimens, 6 to 7 ft.; large specimen Cedar of Lebanon,
H to 12 ft. ; hue English Yews, 4 to 7 ft. ; Scotch and Austrian Pine,
Green Iloliies, 16,000 Common Laurels, 2000 Spruce Firs, Rhododen-
drons, Sweet Briars, a quantity of wull-furnished China Roses,
209 large Wistaria sinensis, &c. ; aUo fine FRUIT TRKES. viz.,
1000 fine fruit-bearing Standard Pears, 2.500 Standard and Dwarf
Apples, 1900 ditto Plums, 500 ditto Cherries, Dwarf-trained Necta-
rines, Currauts, Gooseberries ; a quantity of well-grown Ornamental
i'rees (various), 6000 Common Privet, 1290 Ligustrum ovalifoiiuni, 2 tu
3 ft. ; handsome Standard and Dwuf Roses, strong Asparagus, &c.

N.B. There are many handaomo specimens of Thuja Warreana,
English Yews, &c., adapted for effective purposes, and have all been
carefully prepared for transplanting.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had of Mr.
Laino, The Nurseries, Richmond Road, Twickenbam; or of the
Auctioneers and Valuers, American Nurseries, Leytonttone, N.E

Birkenhead, near Liverpool.

Highly Important Sale of Nursery Stock.

MESSRS. PROTHEROK anp ^[ORRIS are directed
by Mr. William Henderson to SELL by AUCTION, on the
Promises, Oxton Hill Nursery, Birkenhead^ near Liverpool, within
li mile of the Railway Station, on WEDNESDAY, Deeeinber 4, and
following day, at 11 o'Clock each day, the ground being required for
other purposes, the valuable NURSERY STOCK, consisting of
several toousands of EVERGREEN, CONIFEROUS, and DECIDU-
OUS SHRUBS, including Common and Portugal Laurels Yows,
American Ai'bor-vitae, Tree Box, Laurustiims, Green Hollies,
Phiilyreas, Red Cedai", Ai-aucaria, Abies (sorts), GOO Cedrus deodara
(3 to 7 ft.). Pinus (sorts), Deutzia, Syringa, Broom, about 7909 Rhodo-
dendrons (1 to 3 ft.), Azalea pontica, &c. ; also a quantity of thriving
FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES, viz., Ailanthus-
glanrtulosa, Maple, Birch. Laburnum, Beech. Thorns, Limes, Oaks,
Elms, Chestnuts, Mountain and Common Ash, Larch, P'ir,
700 Si.indard and Dwarf Pears, handsome Dwarf-trained Peaches and
Nectarines, a tine assortment of Standard and Dwarf Roses, kc.

N.B. P. & M. call special attention to the specimen Evergreen and
Coniferous Shrubs, arranged in borders for immediate effect, whloh
have all been recently transplanted, and will incur no ri.iK from
removal.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues may bo had on the
premises, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.B.

Consignment from Ghent, for Al>Bolute Sale.
ESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will SELL

M

-.--. by AUCTION, at 3$ and 39, Gracechurch Street. E.C., on
HURSDAY. December 6, at 12 oCioek, about 390 choice DOUBLE
CAMELLIAS and AZALEj\ INUICA, compact plants, 1 to 3 feet,
consisting of the most approved kinds, beautifully furnished with
blot m buds ; 399 handsome STANDARD. DWARF, and CLiMBING
ROSES of the best varieties; selected FRUIT TREES; a rich
rissortmeot ot AMERICAN PLANTS; some fine Bulbs ol LILHJM
LANCIFOLIUM sorts, GLADIOLUS, with a Collection of DUTCH
UULBS.

May be viewed the Morning of Sale. CatiUogues had at the rooma
as above, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

To Noblemen, Gentlemen, and Others.
\/rR. WHITE has i-eceived instructions to SELL by
lVX auction (of which particulars will be given in future
Papers), on December 16, at the RuHoni Nursery Gardens, near
Ollerton, a quantity of Young SPRUCE FIR PLANTS, of various
heiehts, tit for immediate planting; also a quantity of COMMON
LAURELS and otber Planis. They will be Sold in convenient Lota
to suit purchasers. — Swan Hotel, ManstielJ.

Staffordshire-City of Lichfield.

Important to Ncksebvmen and Parties Planting Qdick.

MR. C. GIL LARD has been directed by the
Representatives ol tho late Mr. Stephen Coxonto advertise for
SALE by AUCTION, on the Land, on MONDAY, December 9, at
Two o'clock in the aaernoon, nbout 200 rn<i,Ls ol strong 4-year-old
HEDDED QUICE. of capital quality, and in line healthy condition,
growing upon land at Austin, Cote, near Lichfleid. The Quick will
be set out In convenient lots, to suit all classes of purchasers, and
ample time will be given for removal.

Mr. Walter Johnson, of Graenhill, Lichfield, will show the Quick
on application.

1208

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[NOVEMBEE 23, 18G7.

BEOWN AND POLSON'S COKN FLOUE.

REMARKS ON THE DIETARY VALUE OF CORN FLOUR.

TVe not unfrequently meet with persona who, with much self-complacency, affect a
lofty disregard of what they eat ; and who boast that, in order to keep their appetites
in subjection, they systematically and on principle eat whatever is set before them,
quite irrespective of its character or fitness for the circumstances under which they
live, endeavouring thus to carry out the recommendation of Solomon to eat only for
strength, not for pleasure. The gratification of the sense of taste, however, serves a
much higher purpose than is commonly supposed, for, as a general rule, if the appetite
be not blunted or perverted by excessive indulgence, our tastes and our requirements
are veiy closely related, so that, in man's natural state, taste becomes as it were a sort
of instinct, and takes rank as one of God's providences for the preservation of our
health. In this way we may explain what is matter of common observation, that a
man's taste varies with his age, habits, and circumstances of life. At one time he
wishes for, at another scarcely bears the sight of fat ; sometimes he craves for animal,
at other times for vegetable food. Indeed, the feelings of hunger and thirst, which
have reference to quantity rather than quality, are not more evidently instinctive
than is taste, which regards only the quality of food. As a guide, it may be easily
trusted both as to food and drink, if only we listen to its simple teaching, and do not
abuse its confidence.

In no other way than the above can we explain the very remarkable varieties in the
food consumed in different climates ; witness the Laplander with his mass of blubber,
or the inhabitant of the Tropics with his refreshingly cool and juicy fruit. In both
these instances taste assumes the part of instinct, and guides the possessor to the
selection of a diet which his circumstances vender necessary. Hence taste becomes the
handmaid of science, and points to a law in the dietary of individuals, telling them
what they ought to eat, drink, and avoid. It suggests variation under varying con-
ditions, and notably so in regard to temperature ; for, from the two great divisions or
types into which all foods are classified— namely, the nitrogenous or tissue-forming,
and the calorifient, or heat-creating— it elects instinctively that one which science
demonstrates to be most necessary.

A few words on these two types of food will serve to illustrate the dietetic value of
the Com Flour, which is the subject of these remarks.

By the term nitrogemiis is meant all foods, whether derived from the animal or
vegetable kingdom, which contain nitrogen as one of the elements of their composition,
in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These foods are also caUed nutritious—
that is, tissue-formers- and the measure of their nutritive value is the quantity of
nitrogen they contain. The reason of this is found in the fact that all the tissues of
the body, fat excepted, contain nitrogen, and those wherein the nutritive changes are
most active, such as muscle and nerve, contain the largest amount of nitrogen.
Examples of this food are— meat of all kinds, eggs, milk, beans, peas, lentils, bran, and
the inner coat of wheat and flour, or bread, though in the latter we approach
nearer to the purely starchy or calorifient group, and so get further from the
nitrogenous class.

The calorifient, or heat-producing group, are foods which contain little or no
nitrogen, but only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Starch and its varieties, rice, sago,
arrowroot, potatos, and flour ; fatty and oily substances, such as butter, cream, and all
the varieties of sugar ; these make up the class of heat-sustaining foods, and though
they do not directly nourish tissue, except where they also contain traces of nitrogen,
they nevertheless perform scarcely less important functions in the human body ; for,
besides assisting in the process of respiration, they develop fat for the protection of the
muscles. And, above all, they principally maintain the heat of the body, which is
essential for the due performance of all its functions ; this they do by the union of
their carbon with the oxygen of the air in the process of respiration, in the same way
as in the combustion of coal— the residual oxygen and hydrogen being in the proportion
to form water.

It is obvious that the effect of a diet in which one or other of those classes
is in excess will be to overburthen the digestive organs with a portion of food
which is not required. This is especially injurious when the nitrogenous class
is in excess, because a greater effort is required for its digestion than is the case
with farinaceous food.

The real practical difBculty hitherto has been to find such a mixed diet wherein the
nitrogenous and farinaceous (or calorifient) elements are in such proportions as to
meet the healthy requirements of the system, especially in cases where the habit of life
is sedentary or the digestive organs feeble, in all such cases the farinaceous element
should preponderate.

Such a desideratum, it is believed, is now supplied in the Com Flour which we
manufacture, and which, when boiled with milk, presents such a combination of
animal and vegetable food as closely resembles ordinary beef and bread, while at the
same time it is in so light and easily digestible a form as will keep the system fully
nourished, when the stronger and more stimulating food would only weaken and
depress by its indigestibility.

As a pure starch, Cora Flour is peculiarly fitted for the diet of children. Though
there seems to be a general impression to the contrary, it is essentially a heat-cieatin"
food, and is also one of the most easily digested. And, inasmuch as the proper
maintenance of animal heat is of vital importance to childhood, food of this class is at
all times loudly demanded by nature. This is attested by the fact that in milk, the
very best of infant foods, the heat-sustaining element preponderates largely over the
nitrogenous or tissue-forming. The popular belief appears to be that children have a
remarkable power of resisting cold. This is certainly not the case with plants, nor is
it with animals, least of aU is it with man. Heat, whether supplied from within by
food, or without by clothing, seems almost by itself to give life to young organisms,
whether plants, animals, or man. And according to the recent researches of scientific
men there seems to be so very intimate and mysterious a connection between lieat and
life that some have even ventured to suggest their mutual dependence. The feeble
digestive power of children, and their extreme sensibility to cold, are additional
reasons in favour of such a food as Corn Flour. Moreover, its slightly alkaUoe reaction
recommends it as especially fitting in those cases where there is any tendency to
acidity, a condition which is not only very common, but sometimes very troublesome
in early life, and is a frequent cause of diarrhcea and other digestive disorders. It
cannot be too often insisted upon that purity, simplicity, digestibility, and the absence
of any stimulating quality are, or ought to be, the essential characters in the food of
children — and these are the features specially observed in Corn Flour.

It has frequently been remarked to us by physicians and others that in cases of
children's ailments our Corn Flour has been retained upon the stomach when almost
all other kinds of food (arrowroot included) had been tried in vain, and by this means
the turning point towards recovery has been gained.

But it is not in childhood alone, or even chiefly, that this preparation is so valuable
as an article of diet. To the man of business, who is obliged to sit long at the desk,
and to all whose calling necessitates close confinement, or whose digestive organs are
impaired by over-indulgence, or the use of a too stimulating diet, this simple, easily
digested, and non-stimulating food will be found an incalculable blessing. It may be
cooked in a great variety of ways ; when well boiled with milk, with or without any
sugar or seasoning, but better without, and allowed to cool in a shape, it forms a
delicious blanc-mange, unsurpassed by any other preparation for delicacy and easy
digestibility. By its bulk it favours digestion when the heavier kinds of food could not
be home, and in combination with either milk or egg it forms a meal scarcely inferior
in nutritive value to a steak or chop, while it surpasses them in the fact that it iai
easily disposed of by even the most delicate stomach. Add to all this, that change or'
variety in diet is of great importance to healthy nutrition, and we have another reason"
for recommending this to public attention. "We once heard of a man who was nearly,
famished on mutton chops, potatos, and bread, taken day by day without intermission
a change of diet completely restored him. The more variety wo can introduce into ourj
food, consistent with other requirements, the better, and hence the obvious importanci
of a new article of diet.

It has been said that he who makes two blades of grass grow where one grew befoi'i
is a benefactor of his species. Sir "Walter Raleigh, who introduced the potato into)
England, might certainly lay claim to that title. To us belongs the honour, whatever
it may be, of being the first in this country to manufacture a pure starch from maize,
which is now so well known under the name we gave to it, viz. — Com Flour. Fortho3e||
who really need a light nutritious diet we can wish no greater luxury than this
addition to their meal*

BROWN AND POLSON, IRONMONGER LANE. LONDON, E.G.

COPYRIGHT.

Editorial ComamntcatlonB should be addressed to" TheUdttot;" Advertlfleraenta and Buslaess Letters to "The Publisher," at the Office, 41, Welltajton Street, Covent Garden, London. W-C.

Printed by JtMES Matthhwb, at the Office of Messra. BaiDaoRT, Evivg. & Co.. Lombard Street, Pf^irict of Wbitcfrlars, City of London, la the Co. of Middlesex, and Published by the said JiMts MATrnEWS, tt tue
Offlc No. 41, Wellington Street, Pariah of 8t. Paul's, CoTCnt Garden, In the said County.— Batdrdat, November 23, 1867.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE
' AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 48.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Bconomy and General News.
SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 30.

(Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, 0(/

Agricultuml uducatlon, 1223 e,

Anrrotd

AubrctliLs

HCC9

ItulkT rxpluiiloiu

BooUb notlred

Cattle bi evding

— plague 1221 «-

— ahow, Hlrmiiiuhnm ....

Chambers of AKnculturc

CU'nintisi'B, Jnckman's

Clovera

Coleua

Cordons

CottnKC fWiit ([rowing

Dumplingii, Norfolk

Edu(^ution,|aKrioultural,1223 c.

Exhibitions, Hontl

Farm, Abcniecnahlro

— lifiht land

Farmers' Clubs

FerriOrfs, pardeneraat

Field work

Plorista' fiowei-s

Fruits and vej^ctablea

Garden , my

Grapes in bottles . , , , «

Harvest of 16(17

Hay, musty

HuJlett's novelties

Ice

Ivy, varieties of

LaDourers' prizes

— wiiges

Malt-tax

1226 c
1220 c

1219 c
1229 6
1219 a
1228 <i
1'.'22 t

vm a

1223 c
1218 f
\l1\b
1218 b

1216 a
1218 (

1225 c

1226 c
12186
1228 0

1228 c

1227 U

1217 c
1222 0
1210 6
1217 b
1215 c
1217 C

1222 a

1229 b

1214 n
1217 {

1215 n

1223 a
1225 e
1227 6

Ma ster and servant

I'nris exhibition

Pears, hardy

Felnrguuiuois, variegated

r.onal

Plants, berbaeeous

— new

Plant protectors

Ploughs, steam

Potatos

Poultry 1224 e-

Reupers

Hoot fibrils

Rootsbov

Hoses

Rose stocks

Shorthorns . , . . ,

Blu^s

Society, Royal Horticultural

~ Oloucestcr Root

— Kiugscote A(;ricultural

Spurts

Strawberries, November ....

Ton-n gardening

Trade memoraiidimi

Tniining, nomenclature of ..

Turnip seed

Vegetables, new

— and ftuits

Vines, Inree

Wages, labourera'

Water supply

Weather, the

Wheat, experiments on .. ..
Worms in pots

12206
1213 t
1217 t

121G r
1216 a
121-1 a
12U6
1221(1
1226 a
■1228 6
1229 a
1213 6
1226 a

1218 a
1222 6
1218 6
1213 e
1226 a
1226 c
1213a

1218 r
I2Ma

1219 a
1217 6
1222 a
1215 a

1217 6

1218 a
1225 e
1225 6
1217 a
1221 6

1220 e

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
SOUTH KENSINGTON. W.
NOTICE.-A MEETING of the FRUIT and FLORAL COM-
MITTEES will be held on TUESDAY NEXT. Decembers, at U for
half-past preciselv. GENERAL MEETING at Three.

s

UTTONS' HOME-GKOWN SEEDS

EVEKY G A K U E N REQUISITE
kept Id Stock At
CAETxa's New Seed Warehouse, 237 b, 233, High Holborn, London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTEK and CO.

Sices Farmers, Merchants, and Nursertuev,
237 t 238. lligh Holborn, London. W.C.

Genuine Agricultural ana Garden Seeds.

JAMES FAIUIIKAD and SUN, Seed Growers and
Merohants. 7, Borough Market, and Braintree, Kssex.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND Y. SHARPE be}}; to announce to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ol nOME-GEOWN SEEDS,
1867 Growth, Is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech. Cambs.

CliryBantliemums^

ADAM FORSYTH begs to inform his Friends and the
Public that his large COLLECTION of SPECIMEN and other
CHRYSANTHEMUMS are NOW In FLOWER, and may be seen
every day (Sunday excepted).

Brunawick Nursery. Stoke Newington, London, N.

Pan files

WILLIAM DEAN'S CATALOGUE of these, now
ready, includes some Novelties. Pricea very low, especially
per 100. to the Trade.

Mixed PANSIES for borders, strong plants, I63. per 100.
Bradford Nursery, Stiipley, YorkBhire.

To the Trade.
TV/TARECHAL KIEL ROSE, from own roots, in pots,

' *^ ■ by the 100 or 1000, at £6 per 100.

G. Baker It Sok, AmericaD Nxirsery, Bagehot.

PAUL AND SON'S KOSES.—

See Timts^ Aihtntzum, and other leading Journals' reporta of
the Rose Shows.

Very reasonably PRICED CATALOGUES, free by post.
The " Old " Nurseries, Cheahunt, N.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post tioxa. the Author for 20 stamps.

R

OSES, \s. each, best Hybrid Perpetual.

OAK TREES, 3 to 4 feet, 15s. per 1000.
3-yr. ASPARAGUS, vei? good, lOs. per 1000, for cash, of
A. C. Wilkin, Tiptree. Kelyedon, Essex.

ASPARAGU.S, 1, % 3, 4, and 5-yr. old plants.
Price on application.
Samuel Cox, Nurseryman, Ludlow.

CHEAP SPRING BLOOJIING BULBS and PLANTS.
See Barr & Suodkn's AdvortlHenient, page 1212.

Trt frlid Ti*3.do

CEOCCS, SNOWDROPS, n:.mcd HYACINTHS,
Early TULIPS (Uoublo and SIi.k1c|. SCILLA SIBIRICA, 4o.
I3ARR & ScoDKH. 1',!, Kiug .Strcot, Covont Garden, W.C.

Surplus Stock.

FINE DOUBLE SNOWDKOl'S, in good condition.
Price to tlio Trade on application to
Jas. Fairiiead & Son, Seed Merchanta, 7, Borough Market, London.

ITP JTR B TTL~r¥ S, in 70 finest T;irietiea.

Selections. 6a., 0*., 1-f., 18^., and 24.n. per dozen.
Stepues Hrown, Seed and Nursery Establishment, Sndbury, Suffolk.

Hyaclntlis, Tulips, Crocuses, &o.

BS. WILLIAMS Ii:i9 ;i lini' Cnllcition of the above.
. PRICKD CATALOGUE post free on application.
HYACINTHS for Glasses or Pot-s, Os., S.i,, and lOs. per dozen.
Victoria and i'aradiso Nursery, Upper Holioway, London, N.

M." CUTBUSH AND SON IjefrkTsay^that" their
DESCRUTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSE.S, &c.. Is now ready, and can be had post free
on application. Iliyhgate Nurseries, London, N.

Winter and Spring Flowering Bulbs andflantB.

BAKE AND SUGDEN'S FLORAL GUIDE may be
had free. It coutains much v.ahiable information.
For particulai-s see lar^e Advertisement., page loiJO.

Before Purchasing Flower Boots, send for
SCO'rr'S catalogue of bulbs, vases, and

« GARDEN REi^UISlTES. Itiilbs are extra fine.

J. Scott, The Seed Stoics, Yeovil, Somerset.

Special Notice.— Plants and Bulhs.

ME. STEVENS' SALES of DUl CH BULBS, FRUIT
TREES, ROSES, and HARDY' SHRUBS, take place every
WEDNESDAY and S.\TURDAY, and frequently on MONDAY,
at the Rooms, 38, King Street. Covent Gaidon, London, W.C.
CATALOGUES on application.

Notlce.-Frults, Flowers, Bulbs.

Before punciiA&iKO, flease semd for

DILLISTONE AND CO.'S LITTLE LISTS,
post free to all appUcanta.
Address, Dillistone & Co., Nur-nerymen, &c., Sturmer, near
Halstead. Essex.

Lllium auratum.
;iUTTON AND SONS can supply fine BULBS of this

J beautiful Flowering Plaut at from 6s. to \hs. each.

Royal Berks Seed EstablishmeDt, Reading.

WANTED, DOUBLE YELLOW PRIMROSE, and
SINGLE WHITE IIKI'ATICA.-State Price and Quantity
to L. T. Datis, Ogle's Grove Nursery, Hillsborough, Co. Down.

IVERY'S NONSUCH LETTUCE, the best Summer
variety In cultivation, Is. per packet, sealed with initials M. A. I.
Price to the Trade on application.

M. A. IvERv, Hanover Nursery, Pecbham, S.E.

s

BED POTATOS. — All the finest varieties at very
moderate pricea.
H. tt F. Sbarpe, Wisbech.

W.,,.^ , Seed Potatos.
ANTED, TRUE ASH-LEAVED KIDNEY,
.„^„„^I'°S[? SEEDLING or LAPSTONE, and other EARLY
KIDNEYS. Price and particulars to
SiEDSMAiT, OgrdcTiFra' ChronicU Office, W.C.

Mona's Pride.

Ty/TK. RUTLEDGE, the original introducer and grower

XXX. of this EXTRA EARLY and PROLIFIC SEED POTATO

^ yet unbeaten), begs to announce that his splendid crop, lifted in

June, la now on SALE, on moderate terms.

^_ Hague House, Douglas. Isle of Man.

NOTICE.— HAMILTON' S NEW CUCUMBERS.—
Mr. JOSEPH HAMILTON, in reply to many Inquiries, begs
to Bay that Messrs. SUTTON anr SONS, Reading, possess the entire
StooVs of HAMILTON'S INVINCIBLE, and (witn only one excep-
tlom, HAMILTON'S BRITISH VOLUNTEER CUCUMBERS —
Carllaie, Nov. 27, 1807.

New Pelargoniums.

CHARLES TURNER is prepared to execute orders
lor the beautiful new varieties raised by Foster and Hoyle.
A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may be had on application.

The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

Pelargoniums for tlie Million,

JAMES HOLDER, having an immenee stock of the
above, begs to offer (strong plants, in large 60-potB) 50 distinct
sorts for 30s. ; 25 sorts for 'JO*. ; or 12 sorts for 16s., hamper and
package included. Crown Nursery, Reading.

EBB'S NE"W~~GIANT POLYANTHUa

Florist Flower, and GIANT COWSLIP SEEDS; also Plants
of all the varieties, with double PRIMROSES ot different colours;
AURICULAS, both Single and Double, with every sort of Early
Spring Flowers. LIST on application.— Mr. Webb, Caleot, Reading.

TWELVE large CAMELLIAS, 3 to 7 ft. high, for SALE.
Price on application.
Saucel Cox, Nurseryman, Ludlow.

Tarragon Roots, Cheap.

HOOPER AND CO, have a quantity to DISPOSE of,
Covent Garden Market, London, W.C.

ORCHIDS "WANTED.— Write, stating Quantity, Sort,
and Price for prompt cash.
Also specimen GERANIUMS, Variegated variety.
William AHMiTAtiE & .Sow, Seed Merchants, HuddersBeld.

LASTR^A FILIX-MAS, var. CllISPA-GRACILTS.—
This new and undeniably prettiest of all the Dwarf male
FERNS, may now be had. atJj;;. per plant, from John Clark, Gardener,
Newburgh, Flfeshlre. Many other rare aorta. Trade supplied.

IP J. SPAE, Nurseryman, Ghent, Belgium, begs to
' • offer the following Plants :—

MAGNOLIA LENNE. R*. each.

CIBOTIUM PRINCEPS, nice plants, 5j. each ; large plants, 8s. each.
MULBERRY TREES, \s. e^ch ; 6 feet stems, 6s. each.

SPECIMEN IRISH YEWS.— Very handsome speci-
mens of the above, 7, 8, 0. and 10 feet high, fVom hs. to 2l5. each,
T. Jaokbon k Sok, Kingston, S.W.

WANTED. IRISH IVY, 6 to 8 feet; DOUBLE
PINK, SINGLE PINK, and SINGLE BLUE HEPATICAS,
and ROSE DEVONIENSIS, '.n own roots. State size and price
per hundred, delivered at Surbiton Station,

Address S. W., Post OfBce, Kingston-on-ThameB.

To the Trade.

WANTED, extra stout Seedling BIRCH, QUICK,
and WELLINGTONIAS ; and 2-ft. GOLDEN HOLLIES,
&c. Lowest price to
Joseph Tremblk & Sons, Seedsmen, Ac, Devonshire House, Penrith.

Important Notice.

THE SULTAN M E L 0 N,—

Mr. RICHARD WEBB beg>j to announce that ho has DIS-
POSED OF the entire Stock of his NEW MELON, the SULTAN,
to Mebbrb. SUTTON and SONS.— Oalcot, Nov, 27, 1867.

Vine a.

HLANE AND SON solicit an inspection of their
• bttock of VINES: 2000 Canoa to choose from, strong and well
ripened. They have been awarded the First Prize for Vines in pota
at all the loading Exhibitions. CATALOGUES free on application.
The Nurseries, Gre.it Berk ham patead, Herts.

~~ ^ Vines.

BS. WILLIAMS has now on hand a very large and
• fine Stock of FRDITING and PLANTING CANES of all the
best varieties. An inspection is invited.

Victoria and Paratli.se Nurseries, Upper Holioway, London, N.

s

UTTONS'

CHAMPION

SWEDE

HAS AGAIN PROTKD TO BE

..■,,-„.„„ THE BEST IN CULTIVATION.
nF^J^iHSlS^" Messrj. SUTTONS' stand, No. 84, during tho
UAIIJjEj HHOW,

FOR CASH, 150,000 well-rooted LARCH (unusually
cheap), twice transplanted. 3 to 4 feet hiKh. Prices and samples
sent to Trade and other addresses within 100 miles of Cardiff carriage
free. No reasonabl* filler will he refused for the whole in One Lot,
Apply tri W. Thk-'^kher, Nur8eryman, Cardiff.

Strong Transplanted Laurel and Sycamore.

G FROST begs to offur the above, 2 to 3 feet, and 3 to
• 4 feet; also twice transplanted SCOTCH and SPRUCE, 1 to
2 feet, and 2 to 2* feet; 2-yr. OAK, CHESTNUT, and THORNS.
Prices, moderate, on application.

NurserieH, Hampton, Devon.

Fruiting Trained Trees.

THOMAS JACKSON and &0N, having a great extent
of high wallB, have many larpo TRAINED TREES; and as
they are making much alteration in their Nursery, they now offer
them at greatly reduced prices. An inspection is Invited.
Kingston, S.W.

Vines.

J MEREDITH will have great pleasure in forwarding
• his PRICED LIST of VINES on application. He has tho
largest stock in England. An iiiHpoction is invited.

The Vineyard, Garslon, near Liverpool.

F

IVE HUNDRED GRAPE VINES, from Eyes.

Pricci on application.
J. Peed, Etfra Nursery. Brixton, S. ^^

New Grape.

MADRESFIELD COURT BLACK MUSCAT GRAPE.
See large Advertisement in No. 44, November 2, 1867.
John & Chables Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery, ^Hammersmith,
London, W.

THE ROYAL ASCOT GRAPE is the greatest wonder
of the age. It can be made to produce fresh Grapes every
month in the year, and is the largest, the blackest, and be^t
flavoured Black ever offered. Price £2 2d. each. See Advertisement,
Nov 9, Royal Nuiseries, Ascot.

w

EBK'S PRIZE COB FILBEKTS, and other PKIZE

COB NUTSaiiJFILBERT.S. LIST ot these varlotios from
Mr. Weiiu. Caleot, Reading.

For Orchard Planting.

PAUL AND SON have to otier some thousands of fine-
headed STANDARD TREES of the leading kinds of APPLES,
PEARS, &c. Prices per Ull) or per lOuO on application.
The " Old" Nurseries, Cheshunt, N.

Orcliard-liouse Trees Fruiting lu Pots.

PEACHES, NECTAKINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
RioHABD Smith. Nursernuan and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

PPLE TREES for ORCHARDS or GARDENS.

Price on application.
Saucel Cox, Nurseryman, Ludlow.

PEAR and APPLE STOCKS for SALE.—
60,000 strong 1 to 3 feet PEAR ; 60,000 strong I to 3 ft. APPLE,
well grown. Samples, with prices, sent on application to
Roberts. Mackintosh, Nurseryman, Edinburgh.

PYRAMIDAL APPLES and PEARS,
by tho dozen or hundred.
Standard MEDLARS, THUJA ADREA, well-grown and handsome.
Address, Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near
Uckfleld, Sussex. ^^

STANDARD APPLES, PEARS, and PLUMS, &c., &c.

O See CATALOGUE.'^, Wholesale or Retail.

TnoMAs WAIl^En, Leicester Abbey Nursaries,

APPLES, C H ERR! ES, NECTARINES^ a^
PEACHES, &c., Dwarf and Dwarf-trained; Houghton Castle
CURRANTS. &c., 4c. See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

SCARLET ' chestnuts; STANDARD ELMS,
THORNS, and POPLARS, SEEDLING QniOK, &o., &c.
See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
TuoMAS Warner, Leicester .\bbey Nui-series.

ARBOR-VIT.^S, AKEUTHS, AUCUBAS, BOX,
YEWS, ic, Sc.
See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.
Thomas Warner, Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

THIRTY THOUSAND AMERICAN ARBOK-VIT^,
ft-oni 3 to 6 feet, very suitable for Hedges.
Wu. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near UckQeld,
Sussex,

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND line Transplanted
COMMON LAURELS, from IJ to 3 feet.
Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld,

Sussex. ^

^X'iTtAr~FlNE transpknted SPRUCE FIRS, for
CHRISTMAS TREES, well feathered, by the dozen, UIO. or
1000,— Address, Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld,
near Uckfleld. Sussex,

E

PLANTING SEASON.— The Subscribers respectfully
intimate that their PRICED LIST of FOREST TREES, &c.,
is now ready, and may be h.id on application.

vVii. Uruuhart & Sons, Nmserymen, Dundee.

COMMON LAURELS, PORTUGAL LAURELS,
ARBOR.VITyE, large EVERGREENS, for Injmediate Effect.
For Prices, see our LIST.

Paul & Son, " Old " Cheshunt Nurseries, N.

HY. GODFREY, Nurseryman, Stourbridge, has %
quantity of large LIMES, about 12 feet, fine grown Trees, and
well rooted. Prices will be forwarded by enclosing a stamped
directed envelope.

To Gentlemen, Builders, and OtHers.

ABOUT 2000 large Ornamental FOREST TREES,
12 to 14 feet, suitable for immediate Blind or Park Planting,
consisting of ELM, MAPLE, SYCAMORE, PLANE, and BIRCH.
J. W. TooMAN, Eltham Nursery, S.E.

To Noblemen, Gentlemen, and the Trade.

WILLIAM IlAIUtO.N AND SON lu-- to call tlic
attention of Planter.^ In general to tlieir ADVERTISEMENT
on page 1008, in the (/ari/i-JifjV o''(r")(j£?ti of October ID, ISC".

Elva.ston Nurseries. Borrowasli, near Derby.

Wholesale Catalogue.
C^ EORGE JACKIIAN and SON'S PRICED and

VT DESCRUTIVE CATALOGUE of HARDY NHRSEKY

STOCK for 1807 and SPRING, 18G8, can be had free on application.

Woking Nurseiy, Surrey.

1210

THE GAIIDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEE 30, 1867.

The Queen, A 1.— By permission,

CHARLES NOBLK has had the honour of Exhibiting
his NEW WHITE RHODODENDRON before Her Majesty
the QuesTi, at the Royal Gardens, Wiodsor ; lie has authority to
state that Her Majesty was graciously pleased to appropo of, and
recognise the uanie given in honour of Herself, as bein^ really
"THE QUEEN" amongst Rhoiiodendrons.
Pnce2ls.,31s. 6d.,42s..63.-i,, S4.';., A; lOos. each. Standards, 105s. each.

Rhododendrons,

As Exhibited at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park.

JOHN WATERER, the Exhibitor at the above Gardens,
has pleasure in announcing that his CATALOGUE of the above
popular Plants is now published, and will be forwarded to all
applicants. It faithfully describes all the varieties considered
worthy of cultivation. It contains likewise a selection of HARDY
CONIEERS, with heights and prices.

The American Nureery, Eagshot, Surrey.

Hardy, Scarlet, and other choice named
Rhododendrons.

WH. ROGERS, Red Lodge Nursery, Southampton,
• offers the above in quantity at £10 per 100, or selected in
tine and distinct colours, ZOs. per dozen. The plants are stiong,
bushy, end well rooted. The sorts (about 200) are raagnitlcent, and
none fliier in cultivation. A limited number of larger specimens,
full of blooming buds, 6.s. each. A detailed CATALOGUE may be
had on application-, ana also of a vervfi'ie Collection of CONIFBRjE,
ROSES, and GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, extending over
60 Acres,

Rhododendrons, &c.

JAMES SMITH, Darley Dale Nurseries, near
Matlock, offers the following:—
160,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, beautiful healthy plants,

9 to 15 inches, 15s. per 100 ; £6 10s. per 1000
150,000 RHODODENDRON POtJTICUM, fiue^bushy plants, 1 to
U foot. 20s. per 1"0: £9 10s. per lOuO
60,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, fine plants, IJ to 2 feet,

25s. per 100; £12 per 1000
10,000 RHODODENDRON WHITE MAXIMUM, 1 to IJ fciot,

5s. per dozen ■ 30s. per 100
20.000 RHODODENDRON HIRSUTUM. the Dwarf Alpine Rhodo-
dendron.— Nice little plants, 3s. per dozen ; 15s. per 100
10,000 RHODODENDRON HYBRIDUM, 1 to IJ foot, bushy plants,
5s. per dozen ; 30s. per 100
6,000 AZALEA PONTICUM, the sweet Azalea.— Beautiful bushy
plants, 12 to 18 inches, mostly in bloom bud, 3s, per dozen;
20s. per 100. Ditto, 15 to 24 ins., os. per dozen ; 30s. per 100
50,000 HARDY HEATHS, in about 20 varieties,— Good plants, in
fine health, 3s. to 4s. per dozen ; 10s. to 15s. per 100. Also
about 20 varieties at 5s. to 7s. per dozen
12,000 DOUBLE WHIN, GORSE, or JURZE, nice plants, well
rooted, 2s. Grf. per dozen ; 12s, per 100. Also, in pots, at
4s, per dozen ; 20s. per 100
30,000 COTONEASTER MICROPHTLLA, 6 to 12 inches, 2s, 6d.
per doz. ; 12s. per 100. li to 2 feet, 3s. per doz. ; 158. per 100
20,000 ARBOR-VIT^, AMERICAN, beautiful plants, with fine
roots, U to 2 feet, 2s. per dozen ; 12s. per 100. 2 to 3 feet,
23. pel" dozen ; 15s. per 100. 2^ to 3 feet, '2s. 6d. per dozen ;
18s. per 100. 3 to 4 feet, 3s. per dozen ; 20s. per 100. 4 to
5 feet, 6s. per dozen ; 6 to 6 feet, 12s. per dozen
5,000 PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet, beautiful plants, thrice

transi I mccd, line roots, 4s. per dozen ; lOs. per 100
40,000 EyERGREt:^ PRIVET, 2 to 3 feet, fine plants for Hedges

or Game Covtrt, 2s. Gd. per 100 ; 22.'!. per 1000
10,000 IRISH IVY, nxe plants, 2s. per dozen; 8s. per 100
900,000 LARCH, transplanted, fine healthy plants, not the least
injured by Jrost or any disease, IJ to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000 ;
2 to 3 feet, 10s. per 1000; 3 to 4 feet, 18s. per 1000; 4 to
5 feet. 19s. per lOOO
All the above will be delivered free at Matlock Bridge, or Darley
Stations, on tbe Midland Railway.

A CATALOGDE of GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, including
Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs, named Rhododendrons, &c., sent
free by post. The Trade supplied. Apply to

JaUes SiiiTfi, Darley Dale NurserlCP, near Matlock.

Rhododendrons and Laurels.

RHODODEXURON PONTICUM, all from Seed,
10 to 20 inches, bushy, £8 lOs. per 1000.
Common LAURELS, 2-yr., transplanted, 2 to 3i feet, 16s. -per 1000 ;
ditto, 1-yr. cuttings, fine, H, to 2J feet, 12s. Qd. per 1000.

John Behan, Nurseryman, Delviu, Killucan, Ireland,

Viola Lutea (Yellow-flowered Violet),

BS. ^VILLlAMS has inuch pleasure in being enabled
• to offer Choice and Selected Seed of the above beautiful
Plant. Habit dwarf yet vigorous, foliage dark glossy green, flowers
bright yellow, which are produoed in gfeat profusion all through
the early Spring, Summer, and Autumn months. The plant does
not grow more than o inches high ; it is perfectly hardy, therefore
well adapted for small beds, edgings, or marginal lines. It is without
doubt the best yellow-flowered oeddmg plant in cultivation. It was
spoken very highly of in the leading article of the Gardeners'
Chronicle^ November 2.

Mr. Fish, in hi."} remarks about Violas {Gardeners' Ohromcle,
October 26), states that Viola lutea is .a perfect gem, and is invalu-
able for a dwarf yellow bed or edgings. It is a bright yellow, of the
most compact habit, and seematoflower more freely than V. cornuta.
Price Is., Is. (!(/., and 2s. dd. per pac:ket.

VIOLA PURPLE QUEEN, true stock, 6d. and Is. per packet.

VIOLA MAUVE QUEEN, true stock, Gd. and Is. per packet.

B. S. Williams, Viotoiia and Paradise Nursery. Upper Holloway, N,

To the Trade.

CHEAP CIBOTIUM PRINCEPS.
CIBOTIUM PRINCEPS— the most beautiful of all the Tree
Ferns. Now ready. Que stout plants of the above, at 30s. per doz.,
£10 per 100 ; extra slromi. at £2 per dozen.
BLEOHNUM BOREALE CRISTATUM, fine yoUng plants, 10s. per
LASTRiEA VARIA, fine young plants, 12s, per dozen. [dozen.

Also very fine AUCUBAS, 14 to 2 feet high and as much through,

set with 150 to 250 fruit each, at £1 each.
FERNS, in great variety, out and in-door, from 30s. to 00s. per 100.
AZALEA INDICA, SOUVENIR DU PRINCE ALBERT.
MDLLE. CAN^AERT D'HAMALE, ROI LEOPOLD
MDLLE. A. VERSCUAFFELT. and others, in nice young
gralted plants, coverod with flower buda, at £4 per 100.
Adolph Stelzner, Nurseryman, Ghent, Belgium.

N

EW and RARE TREES and SHRUBS.

ULMUS AUREA ROSSEELSI.— This elegant and gorgeous tree
is one of the richest lawn gems that this age of novelrles has
produced. The foliage is of the richest BRONZED GOLD, which
IS increased in biilliancy by the fullest, exposure to the sun
Price, 10s. 6rf., 15.f., to 21s. eicb.

PRUNUS MAHALEB FOLIIS ARGENTEIS MARGINATIS,—
A beautiful silver variB";ated form of Prunua Mahaleb, rivariing
in effect the elegant Cornua mascula variegata. Price, strong
Standards, 16s. each.

MAGNOLIA LENNE,— The flowers of this fine Magnolia are very
large, and of great substance ; colour, rich bright purple. Habit
vigorous. Forms a fine ni-'iss on lawns. The best of all the
hybrids. Price, 7s. Gd. to 10s. Gd. each.

ROSE (JUMTESSE DE JAUCOURT— This is decidedly the fine.st
new Rose of 1867. It is of vigorous growth, erect habit, and
blooms freely. The flowers are large, of a bBautiful flesh rose, of
exquisite form and very double. Price, Dwarfs, fis. ; Stan-
dards, 7s. Gd,

ROSE, TWA, MARECHAL NIEL.— Tlie largest and most brilliant
of all the yellow Roses, Price — Dwarfs, 2jj. 6rf. ; Standards, 5s.

LILAC, VILLE DE TROY'ES (Baltfit ti'eres, Troyes, 1807).— A
splendid new Lil;ic, now oQ'ored for the first time. The trusses
are very large, and of the deepest purple, and produce a fine
effeo''.. Vigorous and very flowering. Price 63, to 7s. 6d. each.

FRAXINUS EXCELSIOll CUCULLATUS (Baltet frdres, Troyes,
ISeT).— This very curious and very ornamental Ash is now oft'ered
for the first time. It is of vigorous growth, and the peculiar
hnodinR of the leaves jjresents a singular and .striking aspect.
Price 5s. to 7s. Gd. each.

, Sole Agents In England for the two last-named novelties, John and

Charles Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Eatabliahmant,

Hammersmith, London, W.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

WM . PAUL befjs to announce that he has the
following COLLECTIONS of TREES and PLANTS now
ready for delivery, which he can confidently recommend for quality
and price :^

r> OSES.— 100,000 Plants, Standards, Dwarf Standards,
\j and Dwarfs.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE free on application.

TREES and SHRUBS.— Large quantities of the popular
Nursery Plants, of all sizes, good and cheap.
A choice variety of PICTORIAL TREES, his collection Of which
was the only one which received a Prize at the International
Exhibition of 1806.

AMERICAN PLANTS. — Rhododendrons, Azaleas,
Kalraias, Heaths, &c,, in variety, from the commonest to the

choicest.

FRUIT TREES. — Apples, Pears, Chfetries, Plums,
Figs, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, &c., &c. ; Standards,
Dwarfs, and Pyramids, trained and untrained, A large stock of
handsome trees, many in a fruiting state.

G

RAPE VINES.— All the best sorts,
and Fruiting Canes.

botk Planting

PELARGONIUMS.— Beaton's and other Zonal kinds,
Gold, Bronze, and Silver variegated, a flue collection.

HYACINTHS, TULIPS, and other BULBS.— All the
First Prizes tor Hyacinths and Tulips were awarded to his
Collection at the London Flower Shows last spring. Cheap
Hyacinths, Tulips, &c., for spring gardening by the 100 or lOOO.
Choicer kinds for pot culture and glasses good and cheap,

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of any or all of the
above free by post.

MAURICE YOUNG'S NEW CATALOGUE of NEW
HARDT PLANT.S, JAPANESE NOVELTIES, NEW
AUCUBAS, ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS. EVER-
GREENS, CONIFERS, RHODODENDRONS, FOREST TREES,
&c., may be had on application.

DESIGNS, PLANS, and ESTIMATES PREPARED
for LAYING-OUT NEW OKOUNDS, IMPROVINQ PARK
SCENERY, PLANTATIONS, &o.

F

OREST TREES PLANTED by the Acre, and

Guaranteed.

Convenient railway accommodation to all parts of the country.
Milford Nurseries, near Godalming, Surrey.

LIBONIA ELORIBUNDA. — Rare Conserratory or
Greenhouse Winter-blooming Plant, one Plant producing at
one time One Thousand Blooms, from November to April. Can
highly recommend it. Is. each, or 9s. per dozen ; extra strong in
bloom, 3s. Gd. each. P.S. — A Photograph for 12 st-imps,

Fred, Marttn, Nurstryman, &c.. North Bridge, Hull.

Carter's Dutch Bulbs.

Seedsmen to Her Majesty's
Chief Commissioners of Public
Works and other Governmont
Departments, the Royal Gardens,
Kew, &c., &c., ic.

Seedsmen to H.l.M. the Em-
peror of the French, the Crystal
Palace Company, the Agri-Hor-
ticultural Society of India, &c.,
'&c., &c.

CARTER'S GUINEA BOX of DUTCH FLOWER
ROOTS contains 12 choice named Hyacinths, 12 mixed
Bedding Hyacinths, 60 Yellow Crocus, 60 Blue Crocus, 60 Wlrite
Crocus, 4 Polyanthus Narcissus, 13 Pheasant's Eye Narcissus,
12 Double White Narcissus, 12 Double Daffodils. 24 finest mixed
Anemones, 24 finest mixed Double Tulips, 6 Gladiolus Brenchley-
ensls, 50 Snowdrops, 24 finest mixed Ranunculus.

The above forwarded without del.iy on receipt of Post Office
Order for 2ls. Box and pat-king included. PRICE LISTS gratis
and post free on apphcatlon to

Cartkb's Great London Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238^ High Holbom,
Londcn. W.C.

Becfe's Seedling Pelargoniums.

SGLENDINOTNa aNo SONS are now ofFering for
• the first time the 12 beautiful, new, and distinct PELARGO-
NIUMS raised by Mr. Wiggms, Gr, to W. BeCk, Esq., of IsleworCh,
which were awarded numerous Certificates at the various Metro-
politan Snows.

D±.SCRIPTIVE PRICED LIST may be had on application.
Chiswick Nurseries, London, W.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.
T ' WATSON'S beautiful BEDDING PELARGONIUM

t/ * EXCELSIOR, now ready ; colour of Indian Yellow ; flno
trTiss, and habit of Lord Palmorstou, Price 5s. each ; 36s. per doz.
to the Trade

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1. The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money.

Fine New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe in

April. Plants leadyin November, 5s. each ; SCs. pordoz. toth6Trad6.

D ESC R IPX I VE LIST .sent on application.

V

ARlEGATED

PELARGONIUMS.

SOPHIA DUMAKBSQUE

MRS. BENYON

GOLDFINCH

LPNA

BEAUTY of OULTON

NEATNESS

ITALI.V UNITA
COUNTESS
BLESANS
THE FAIRY
PICTtJRATA
BICOLOR SPLENDENS
Tlie above forwarded on receipt of Post Office order for 21s.
If any of toe above kinds ate not requii'ed, others of equal value
oah be substituted.

AiraED Fryer, Nurseries, Chatteris. Cambridgeshire.

N

EW FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

12 Select New FfTCHSIAS of 18(57 for fls.

12 Select New ZONAL GEKANIUMS of 1867 for l£s.

13 Finest ZONAL GERANIUMS ot 1805— 180G for 4s,
12 Select New CHRYSANTHEMUMS of mx for Ss.
12 Select New VERBENAS of 1867 for 4s.

12 Select New PETUNIAS of 1867 for fls.
12 Select New PHLOXES of 1867 for 9s.

6 Varieties of A"UCD B AS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 2ls.

3 Viirietles of New Japan 03MANTHUS. quite hardy, 5s.
12 Fine Viirietles of Japan EUON YMUS, very fine, 6s.
12 FineVanetits Perpetual ROSES, DWarfs, for 6s.
12 Fine Varieties of VARIEGATED ZONAL GERANIUMS, I2s
GERANIUM GLOIRE DK NANCY, the best double. Is. each.

COLEDS VEITCHII, Is. 6d.

GIBSONIL Is.

LAMONTII, Is,
FICUS COOPERI, 2s. 6(1.

PANICT7M VARIEGATUM,

■i.-', 6J.
BRUGilANSIA KNIGHTII,

Is. Gd.

CATALOGUE of NEW and CHOICE PLANTS sent on application.
B. W. Knioht, Nurseryman, Battle, Sussex.

Standard Mareclial Nlel Roses.
JOHN AND CHARLKS LEE have a fine stock of
O STANDARDS of the above splendid YELLOW ROSE to offer
at 5v, each ; strong budded Dwarfs-, 2s. Gd. each. Also fine Standard i

TEA HOSES of all the best kinds at 2s. each.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
London, W.

THE ROSES of MR. PAUL * * * are things to
see once and dream offer ever." — Athenc^nm.June, 1867.
Wit. Paul begs to announce that his CATALOGUE of ROSES i
now ready, and will be forwarded free on application.

EIGHTEEN PRIZES have been .awarded to htm for Roses thli
year at the principal London Flower Shows.

Padl's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N.

New Roses.

CHARLES VERDIER, Ells, Nurseryman, 12, Rue
Dumfiril, Paris, off'ers this season, for the first time, two NEW
ROSES (his own Seedlings), viz., HYBRID PERPETUAL MADAME
MARIE CIRODDE, price £1; received 2d prize at Paris Universal
Exhibition, 1867. HYBRID PERPETUAL MADAME ADSLE
HUZARD, price 16s. ; received 3d prize at Paris Universal Exhi-
bition, 1867.

He also offers 63 other new varieties, the list and prici:s of which
may be obtained gratis either direct from him or of his Agents,

Messrs. R. Silberhad & Son, 5, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street,
London, E.G.

CATALOGUE of GLADIOLI may likewise be had on application.

JOHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE

O of SELECTED ROSES is now ready and will be forwarded

on application.

J. C. respectfully directs attention to the following LIST of
FIRST PRIZES which have been awarded to him at the principal
Rose Shows of the present year, proving beyond a doubt that the
soil and climate of his Nursenes are unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Roses.

Roval Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
June 19.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Jane 19.— 36 Varieties, Cut Roses, three'trusses each, FIRST PHISfE

Clifton.
June 25.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one tmss each, FIRST PRIZE

Crystal Palace.
June 29.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal Horticultural Societv, South Kensington.
July 2.-73 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.

July4,6.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Hereford.

July 0.— 72Vflneties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Rugby

July 12:— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

To tne Trade Only.

THOMAS CKIPPS AND SON'S WHOLESALE
OATALOGUE for the present Season, containing 62 pases of
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK can be had Post Fi-ee. It will he
found to include toe new Silver-edged Cerasus (Prunus Mahaleb),
Rosseels' new Golden Elm, new Aucubas, Hydrangeas, Osmanthua,
Weigelas, and everv novelty of merit.

CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA SEED in rtny quantity.

The Nurseries, Tunbndge Wells, Kent.

QPECIMEN and GREENHOUSE PLANTS for

O immediate SALE, in consequence of the breaking up of a
Gentleman's establishment. The following are the dimensions of a
few of them— thev are all voung, and in the finest possble health :—
Aphelexis spectabilis, 3 by","! ; Aphelexis macrantha rosea, 2 by 2.;
Eriostemon linifolinna, 3 by SJ ; Kpacris pulchella, 4 by 4i ; EpacriS'
romiata. 3 by 3 ; Epacris eclipse, 4 by 3i ; Erica Cavendishii, 3 by 3 ;
Erica Douglasii, 2 by 2; Erica eximia, 2 by 2; Erica elegahs, 2 by 2 ;
Erica propendens, 3 by 3 ; Erica ventrlcosa magniBca, 2 by 2 ; Erica
ventricosa minor, 2 by 2.

DowNiK, Laird, & Laino, Stanstead Park Nursevy, Forest Hill, S.E_

Profitable Game Covert.

PLANT your GAME PRKSER^^KS with the BITTER
WILLOW, Neither Hares nor Rabbits will destroy them;
require no care nor protection; grow quickly, and vriU lorm a good
Cover in one season. The produce is commercially profitable, aud
always finds a ready Market. Price of Cnttings, selected, 20s. per
1000, cash, Apph to

Wm. Soalinq, Willow Merchant, Biiaford, Notts. .__

Winter Flowers.

No PLAST 13 UORB UsEFDL AND Bl-AUTIFOL FOR WlNXER BlOOMISQ
THAN THE DOUQLF.-BLOSSOMED PrIMCLA.

WB. JEFFRIES offers extra strong; Plants,
• DOUBLE RED, 13s. per dozen ; DOUBLE WHITE, 123.
per dozen; and the beautifully fragrant DAPHNE CNEORUM,
9s. and 12s. per dozen.

Arboretum Nurseries, Ipswich.

N

0 T I C E

STANDARD PORTUGAL LAURELS, 3 to 6 feet, 6«.
THUJA LOBBII, extra Qne, G to 9 feet, 10s.
CRYPTOMERIA VIRIDIS, 6 to 8 feet. 7s. Bd.
ABIES DOUGLASSII, 6 to 9 feet, 7«. 6*.
PURPLE BEECH, 0 to 8 feet, -23. Gd.
PINUS EXCELSA, 5 to 8 feet, 7.s-. dd.

W. B. Jeffries, Nurserymao, Ipswich,

D

OBSONS' CELEBRATED SEEDS-

In sealed packets, post free. Unequalled quality.

Aotorrhium, Gd., Is,
Balaam, superb, Is., 2s.
Calceolaria, Is. 6d., 2s. fld., 6*.
Cineraria, prize. Is., 25. Gd., bs.
Cockscomb, l3.
Hollyhock, Is., 2s. 6d.
Pelargonium, show, 23. 6d., 5s.

Pelargoniuoi, fancy, 25. 6d., 5.
Primula fimbriata rubra, is. 6d ,

6s.
Do. do. alba, 2s. Gd., 6s.
Do. do. mixed. Is., 2s, 6d-, 5s.
Intermediate Stock, 6d,, Is.
Sweet William, Gd., Is.

Trade Prices on application,
DoBsoN & Sons, Seed Merchants, Isleworth, W.

LOISE-CHAUVIERE, Seedsman, Nurseryman, and
Florist, 14, Quai de la Megisserie, Paris, bpgs to inform his
numerous Friends and these intercsteil, that he can offer the most
comnlete collection of GLADIOLI bulbs, of the finest quality.

All kinds of VEGETABLE and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS at©
supplied by this firm, pricts of which may be had on application.

LoisK-CiiADviERE has been rewarded with the Gold medal for the
numerous plants whicn be exhibite t at the " Universil Exhibition,
amongst which were Gladioli, Dahlias, Gloxinias, Annuals, aud
Ornamental plants. ^^_^^_

The New Sensation In Bedding Out.

JACKMAN'S HARDY HYBRID CLEMATISES,
awarded Eleven First-class Certificates, and One Special.
Messrs. Geo. Jaokmak and Son are desirous of drawing the'

attention of those who intend using their Hardy Clematises for a
Permanent Bedding Plant, that the present time is most favourahlei
tor planting.

Opinions of the Press.

Gardeners' Chronicle, Aug, 17 :— " Tho now sensation in beddinj
Also, August 31, "J. F." (Cliveden) adds, ''that Messrs. G. J. »,.,,_.
have in their several varieties the very colour of which our summer
gardens are in a great measure deficient." "Country Life," Aug, 16:—
" Clematis Jaokmanni la a most useful bedding kind if pegged down_|
used as such, a perfect carpet of fiowcr, so to speak, is soon formed.
The FkUi, Sept. 28:— They will be of the highest value as purple
bedding plants, our present colours in this way being poor indeefi
compared to these."

"The Florist and Pomologist," November, 1607:— "There is no
finer fiowering plant for lawn decoration, no more gorgeous subject

for garden avenues, not even excepting pillar Roses while the

gloriou:! ma-ss of rich violet purple furnishes quite a new sensatioa
in bedding out."

An engraving, from a photograph. Showing the flowering qualities,
and Circular of Prices, will be forwarded gratis on application.
Woking Nursery, Surrey.

jr a
ihlei

I

NOVEKBEB 30, 1867.]

THE GAllDENEKS^ CHRONICEE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1211

New Double Crimson Thorn.

WUr. PAUL hris still a few good FLOWERING
PLANTS, est.iMlsliefl lii P.^ta, of this first-class new Forcing
Plant, pricii 6,f, ouch. FlrsL-cliuss C'urtillcatea at IntemfittonnI,
Ro\al Iloitlcul'urnl. nnd Koyitl Botanic Societies. It was alsu
forced and exhibited by him on several occasions last spring.
Paul's Nuisurics, Walthani Crosn. N.

Paul and Son's Double Crimson Thorn.

PAUL AND SON Iioff to otlW- Strong STANDARDS
and PYRAMIDS— thc-so Inst C foot hii;l), branched from foot— iiL
6«. Ofich. Alls, per dozon; MAlDKN DWARFS, *i». 6d. OftOll. lb la a

now hardy plant of rare murit.

The "Old" Nurpories. Cheshnnt, N.

Green Hoilies, 4 to 7 feet.

GEORGE CMIVAS, Chi^liT. nilVrs srvrrnl Thousands
of thL> above, very handsoino plimt^. In oxcellont coiulltinn f^r
removing ; (ilt^o an oxcoedlriKly taipo stock of oxtra strong; TFIORNS,
and nianv Millions of FOREST TREKS, InoludiuR LAROH of all
sizes, SCOTCH FIR, twice transplanted. 1^ to 3 loct : SPKUCE,
1 to 31 feot. thin on the ground; ASH, '^ to 5 feet; ELM,
StoOfeet; SYCAMORE, 3 toOfcet; OAKS, ALDERS, BIRCn,&o.
PRICED LISTS on appiioiition. _^^___^

Plane Trees.

TOnN AND CHARLKS LKK beg to ofirr a fine
O huiilthy «tock of the varluun kindn of PLANES, of all hoiKhtn,
up to 10 fout. riio TrLOs aro woli grown, with straight stems and
gnodhoatlH. LIMKS, lU to 12fO«t. „

llnyal Vmoyard Nursory and Seed EatabUahmont, HararaerBmith,
iton, W

Dumfries Railway Station Nursery.

THOilAS KENNEDY and CO., Nuksekymen and
Sekiismex, DimifncM, have this seiisnn a very largo rmd superior
Btock of FORIvST. FHUIT. and ORNAMENTAL TREES, DECI-
DUOUS and EVERGREEN SIIRURS. &c., which they firo selling
St extremely nrndorato prices. The TREES and SHRUBS betag
of all aK03 and sizes, are particularly well suited for extensive plant-
ing or for giving imniodlato elTcct in the formation and improving of
Omatnontal Parks, Ploasuro Grounds, &c.

Prices on applicatiou. Special offera made to large purchasers.

'•#'' Dunifi-lL's 18 mi^st convonlontl? situated for the speedy trans-
mission of gnnds to all parts of tlio Uuiied Kingdom.

To Suburban and other Extensive Planters.

PONSFuKiJ AM) SON have iihkIi pleiisure in otibrnig
(with special advantages) well-grown and thoroughly healthy
OENKRAL NURSKRY STOCK, prominently the following:—
Fruit Trees for evory imrposo. In flno conditloa ; Roses, Ornamental
Treos, Evorgrotu and Dtoiduous Shrub.i for general furnishing.
particularly Aucubus, Aib»r-vit;o, Ligustrum, Thuja (various),
Vuriogatod Hollicy, &c., specially to the Trade: fine Standard
Mulberries, Lline^, extra strong; Standard Apples and Plums,
Dwarf-trainod Apricots, Pianos, Poplars, &c. ; Azaloa indica, choice
sorts, extra size. Cheap.

Nurseries : Loughboroua:h Park, Rrixton, S.

Seed and Plant Depnrtmout : JJrixton Place.

SURPLUS STOCK, a Bargain to the Trnde.— 1-yr.
THORN QUICK, £5pcrl00,000;2-yr. THORN QUICK. £7 per
100,000; 1-vi. MKKCII, £.Q 6s. per 100.000; 2-Tr. NATIVE SCOTCH,
£7 in.s-. poV Kiii.iMd. f.o.b. at- Dublin. WHOLESALE LIST of
TREB SKKDLIN'US on application to John Ijla.re & Sons, Dangan
Nur.--erlos. Sunmnirhill. County Meath, Ireland.

Planting Season.

DXCKSONS AND (JO., NuusEu\MEN, Seedsmen, and
Florists, 1, Waterloo Place, Edinburgh, have this season a fine
healthy htoclc of all kinds of FOREST TREES, which have been
crown on exposed ground and thin in the lines, comprising LAKCH
(Native .and Tyrolese), I. 2, and 3-yr., transplanted ; SCOTCH FIR.
from true native t-eed, 2 and 3-yr., twice transplanted; SPRUCE,
2, 3, and l-yr,, twice transplanted; OAK, 8 to 3 ft. and 3 to 4 f^..,
extra tine; ASH, 2 to 3 ft. nnd 4 ft., extra; SPANISH CHESTNUT,
3 to 4 ft , v^ry fine ; ELM, 3 to 4 ft. ; ALDER, 2 to 3 ft,, afd 4 ft.,
str.mg ; LOIES, of all sizus. from 3 to 12 ft. ; POPLARS and
WILLOWS, of all sizes; EVERGREEN PRIVET, extra strong;
THORNS nnd BEECH for hedges, and all kii'ds of plants suitable
for cvur for game. ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS,
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, GREENHOUSE and STOVE PLANTS
and FERNS in great variety.
PRICED CATALOGUES free on application.

r\WAUF-TRAlNEI) WALT, TREES, very strong,

J / having oach ft to !l shootHi-APPLKS. PKARS. PLUMS, and
CHERltlKS, 3,;. each: Al'UlCOTS, NKCTARINES. & PEACHES,
3a. tid. each ; btrong tiURRANTS ami CUOSEBERKIES, '^8. Od. per
dozen. LISTS nf noriH on applli;;ktl.in.
Wm. lliioi-nH, Ni'W War

UndfiWni'tih, S.W.

Larch, Spruce, Sec.

LARCrr, nxtra sliong, i to (i loot, 21s. per 1000.
SPRUCE, 2 to 3 foot, 10«. per 100 ; 3 to 4 foot, 'Ms. per 100 ;
4 to f. IW'I.. :iL'M. pt-r liH).

tjUICKS, SCOTCH KIRS, and CONIFERS, of aU sizes, &c.
Hi:NitY MiNciiix, The NurBeries, Hook Norton, Oxon.

riTHREEMlLLION str7^g"-l'-yr. transplanted QUlL'K.
A. 1,000,000 good 2-yr. transplanted QUICK.

2,000,000 suporior Seedling (^UICK.
lOO.uoO good strong LARtJII, 4 to 0 feet.
100,000 good strong LARCH, 2 to 4 tout.
■ For samples and prices apply to
JonN Hemsley, High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

\ CORNS (ENGLISH), fine sound seed, price upon
J\^ application. LAUREL (COMMON), 1-yr. Cuttings, extra flue,
price upon spnlication. _ „,.,„

TRADE CATALOGUE of FRUITS, HERBACEOUS PLANTS,
ROSES, &c., free upon application.

A few bushels of HORSE CHESTNUTS also to spare.
Dn,i,isTo:;K t Woodtuobpe, Munro Nursery, Sible Hedinghani, Essex.

Forest Trees.

WCROWDER, NuRSKRYMAN, Horncastle, has the
• following to ofler to the Trade at low prices :— LARCH,
3 to 4, and 3 to f> feet; SCOTCH FIR, 1* to 2i, and 3 to 4 feet;
SPRUCE FIR, 1 to 14 f<'Ot, U to 2 feet, 2 lo 3 feet, nnd 3 feet, twice
transplanted; CRAB STOCKS, 2i to 4 fett, stout; QUICKS, stout,
1, 2, and 3-yr. transplanted. _

Wonersh Nursery, near Guildford, Surrey.

W VIRGO AND SON beg to announce that their
• Stock of TREES and SHRUnS of the undermentioned
kinds is this season very esten&ive and well-growu, samples, prices,
and Catalogues of which can be obtained on application :—

100,000 Hazel, 3 to 5 feet
50,000 Larch Fir. 2 to 3 feet
50,(i00 Spruco Fir, 2 to 4 foet
60,000 Birch, 3 to 4 fuet [3 ft.
fi0,O0O Spanish Chestnut, 2 to
30,000 Alder. 3 to 4 feet

- 60,000 Ash, 2 to 3 feet

,000 Sycamore, 3 to 4 feet

500,000 Quick, transplanted, li to
2 feet
50,000 Green I-Iolly.transplanted,

li to 2 ft.
Common and Portugal Laurel
Berberis aquifoUa
Arbor-vitto

And other various Shrubs.

A l:irge stock of strong STANDARD MORELLO CHERRIES,
APPLES, PEARS, PLUM.S, and DWARF-TRAINED do.

Large Evergreens, Specimen Conifers, &c.

WATERER A Nil GO OF KEY beg to submit the
following List to the notice cf intending planters : —
YEWS, ENGLISH, 6. 6. 7, 8, 10, 12, and 16 feet high
„ IRISH, 0, 7. 8, and 10 feet high
„ GOLDKN. 6, fl, to 9 fi-et
„ STANDARD titJLDEN, 20 years worked

„ ELICGANTISSIMA, 10 and 15 years old
„ DUVASTON or WEFCPING, fine heads, lOaudlSyears old
We have altogetLer thousands of these different Tews of the
Large sizes. Evtjrv plant has been recently removed.
HOLLIES, COMMON GREEN, 0. 7,8, 10, 12, and 16 feet high, and
as much m circumference — hundreds
„ LAUKIFOLIA and SCOTTICA, 0, 7, 8, and 10 feet, and wide

in proportion
„ WATEll^R'S, the hardiest of all variegated Homes, iandfifeet

by 10 antl 12 feet In circumference
„ THE QUEEN, or best gold striped, the handsomest of all
variegated Hiillies

We have hundreds of theae beautiful plants, 4, 5, and 7 feet
high and wide
„ STANDARD, WATERER'S, and GOLDEN, with fine heads,

15 and 20 years worked
S^" We have some thousands of the ordinary kinds of Variegated
Hollies. 4, 5, 6, and 7 feet high. Every plant has been removed
witblR 12 months.

CEDRUS DEODARA, some thousands, 6, 7, 8, and 10 feet high
,, ATLANTIC A, and Cedars of Lebanon, moved in April,
4, 5, I!, and 8 foet
RED VIRGINIANS. 5, C, and 7 feet
CHINESE JUNIPER, one of the handsomest and hardiest of all
evergreens— thous-ands of beautiful plants, 4, 5, 6, 7, and
8 feet high ; some magnificent plants, 10, 12, and 16 feet high,
12 to 20 feet in circumference
THUJA AUBV.A, 3, 4, and 5 feet high, 7to 20 feet In circumference
„ GIGANTEA, 10, 12, and 15 feet high, very handsome
„ LOBBIl, splendid plants, 7, 8, to 10 feet high, and 12 and 16 feet
round — hundreds
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA. the finest stock— many thousands,

(J. 7. 8, 10, to 16 feet high, and ag much in circumference
THUJOPSIS BOREALIS, 4, 6, 8, and 10 feet high, ? to 12 feet in

circumference — hundreds
PORTUGAL LAUREL, 4 and 6 feet high, 7 and 8 feet round
BOX, Green and Variegated, 4, 5, C, 7, and S feet^thousands
PICEA NOBILIS, splendid plants, moved m spring, 4. 6, 6, and 8 feet
„ NORDMANNIANA, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10. and 15 feet high [high

None of our Nobilis or Nordmannianas are grafted plants.
„ MAGNIFICA or NOBILIS ROBUSTA, the finest stock in the

trade^ all seedlings, 2 to 4 leet high
„ LASH iCARPA. hundreds of plants, 4, 5, 6, and 7 feet high, all
ABIES DOUGLASSII, 5, 6, 7. and 8 feet [seedlings

„ ORIENTALIS, 4, 5, 6, 7, to 10 and 12 feet ; 7 to 20 feet in ch*.
cumfereBce ; most beautiful plants
PINUS CKMBRA, 6, 7, to 9 feet
„ PIUSAPO, 3, 4, 5. and 6 feet

„ „ Some very fine plants, 10 to 20 feet high, 15 and 25 feet
iti circumference
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, a large number, all removed
recently, 4, 6, C, and 10 feet high, and 12 and 15 feet In
circumfi-reno
RHODODENDRON.S. — Wehave40acre3of land in one piece filled
almost t-Kclusively with Rhododendrons. A more healthy
and beautiful stock cannot be desired
STANDARD RHODODENDRONS.— Some of the finest plants to
be found in any nursery, many are 20 to 40 years old
C^ The large Standard and other Rhododendrons planted last
sprTng in Rotten Row, Hyde Park, were supplied by Watereb

A QODPREY.

We do not quote prices, we presume purchasers of such large
plants will adopt the much wiser, and always more satisfactory
course, of seeing and judging for themselves.

We solicit an inspection and invite comparison with any other
similar nursery stock in the kingdom.

The Knap Hill Nursery is upwards of 150 acres in extent, and con-
tains an enomiouH and very superior stock of the ordinary sized
EVERGREENS, DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL TREES, fie.

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE will be forwarded
(r«e on application to

WATKHia Sc Godfrey Knap Hill Nuraery, Woking, Surrey.

The N urseiT la readily reached by Train, 40 minutes from Waterloo
to Woking. Conveyances are always to be hod at the Station.

VIOLA CORNUTA (Wills' true variety).— We beg
to state that in June last we secured the entire stock of Seed
of the true variety of "MAUVE QUEEN" VIOLA CORNUTA
from the raiser. The Seed is now being delivered to us in beautiful
condition. Price to the Trade on application. Orders will be
executed in strict rotation as received.

DuKsoNH & Brown, Seed Merchants, 43 and 45, Corporation Street,
Manchester.
The following Houses have already oidered supplies

Messrs, Sutton k Sons, Reading
„ Beek, Henderson, k Child,

Loudon
„ Peter Lawson & Son, Edin-
burgh
„ W, Drummonda Son, Dublin

and Stirling
„ Hooper & Co., London
„ Nutting & Sons, London
„ Fraser, Goad, Sl Ratford,

London
„ A. Henderson & Co.. London
„ C. Platz & Son, Erfurt
„ J. C. Wheeler St, Son,

Gloi'Cester
„ Butler, M'CulIoch, i Co.,

London
„ Geo. Morrison & Soa, Elgin
,, Austin & M'Aslan, Glfisw-ow

Messrs. Smith & Simons, Glasgow
„ Thomas Imrie & Sons, Ayr
,, Hm'st & Son, London
„ F. & A. Dickson & Sons,

Chester
„ Geo. Gibbs & Co., London
„ Dicksons & Turnbull, Perth
„ RoUisson & Sons, Tooting
„ S. Finney & Co., Newcastle
,, J. Dobson i Sons, Isleworth
„ Jacob Wrench&Sons,Loridon
„ J. Wood & Son, Woodbridge
Mr. Ernest Benarj% Erfurt
Mr. Robert Cooper, London
Mr. F A. Haage, jun., ErfVirt
Mr. William Deans, Jedbmgh
Mr. Thomns Martin, Sligo
Mr. Thos. Pierpoint, Warrington
Mrs. M. L. Pontey, Plymouth

To Landowners, Nurserymen, &c., in tne Neigbbour-
hood of Liverpool.

SEFTON PARK, LIVERPOOL.— Gentlemen having
full-grown TREES, of the dimensions and species hereafter
mentioned, for SALE, are requested to send a List of the Number,
Size, Kind, Situation, and Instance from Site of Park of such Trees,
addressed to the Arcbitetts, Messrs. ANDRft & Hornblower, at their
Offices, Tosteth Farm, Smithdown Road, Liverpool.
LIST of TREES.

Nam*.

Circumference 3 feet
above ground.

HORSE CHESTNUT

LIME

from If
.. 1
,. 1
., 1
„ 1
,. 1
,. 0

„ 1
., I
,, 1

oot 0 in. t<
.. 0 ..
„ 0 .,
„ 0 „
., 0 „
„ 0 „
„ 8 „
„ 0 „
,. 0 .,
„ 0 „
„ s „
„ s „

„ 0 ,.
„ 0 „
,. 0 „
„ 0 .,
„ 0 „
„ 0 „

., 1 „

to dispose

3 4 feet

Asn

DITTO WEEPING

3 "

DITTO WEEPING

OAK, different sojts

3 „

2 „

MAPLK

NEGUNDO

3 „
3 „

PAMOLONIA

CATALPA

„ 0
„ 0
„ 0

„ 1

„ 1
„ 1
,. 1
>, 1

coay have

2 „

2

HOLLY, various sorts

WILLOW, WEEPING and COMMON. ,
POPLAR, COMMON and LOMBAKUY

ASPEN

AILANTHUS GLANDULOSA ,.

SOPHORA .JAPON CA

SOPHOBA JAPON CA PENDULA ,.
And any other suitrdile Trees they

2 '„

2 „

3 „

4 „

1 ,.

2 ",

of.

Hazel, Larch, Scotcli, &c.

T SCOTT, Moi-riolt Nurst-rirs, Snmci-sct., ofTers to
. PluntoiH Kivo AcfL-M of Trai.Mplaoted HAZEL, from 3 to 4. and
1 to f> ft., vtry lino ; and large broadths ol LARCH, SCOTCH. ASH,
OA K , Tin )RN, &c. Extonslvo Planters suppdcd at reduced prices.
('(UtTlHJAL LAURELS, YEWS an-l BOX, largo and finely grown,
lo lie sdLU, a Itargatn. CATALOGUES on application.

Extensive and well-grown Nursery Stock.

T SCOTT, Mcnioit Nurm-ries, Sunn-rM-t, lias to oflW
• FOREST Tlil'^r.S In large iiumbor», Ilnolv rooted and In
perfect health. ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUItSof all sizoa
In (iimntity, beautirully grown and regularly transplanted.

Intending i'lauters would do well to visit these fine Nursurlcs.
whicli liavo bCL-n OMtablished l&O yoarH, and are by far the largest in
Soiiiorsot. CATALOGUES on application,

UTRONG UUIUK.— From I to rjOO.OOo'good 2^yr. old
kJ (jniCK, fit for Planting, at tin. per 1000; good transplanted
(VUU'K atSH. per 1000. About 150,000 on hand. SampleH Hont on
api'licatlon to

Mr. Lkwis Ror.KK, West Row, Mildenhall, by Soham, Suffolk.

For Lawn and Covert Planting.

BERBERIS DARWINIL— Too much cannot be said of
this fine evergreen species. It is hardy, and the profusion of
its orange-coloured blossoms, together with the quantity of berries
which it bears (of which pheasants are very fond), render it one of
the most attractive and desirable plants for lawn as well as covert
planting ever introduced.

2-yr. Seedling, per 1000, 30^. I 12 inch to 18 inch, per 100, 13s.

0 inch to 12 men, per 100, 10s. I 18 inch to 2 feet, per 100, 36s'.
2 leet to 2i feet, per dozen, 9s.
COTONEASTER SiMMONDSIL— This is a beautiful hardy ever-
green shrub, with glossy dark green leaves, and bearing a large
quantity of scarlet berries, which ripen later than the Berberis
Darwlnii, and will hang all winter, i

12 inch to 18 inch, per 100, l&t. | 2 feet to 3 feet, per 100, 30s.
WiLLiAsi Barron & Son, Elvaston Nurseries, near Derby.

The Dorset Nurseries, Blandford and Blandford
St. Mary.

FREDERICK GILL and tjo., Nurbertwen, Seeds-
men, and FLoniSTS, beg to invite the attention of Gentlemen
who intend Planting, to their large .and vigorous STOCK of
FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS,
ROSES, &c., extending over many Acres, and not to be surpassed.

Their ROSES on MANETTl STOCKS, of the choicest varieties
and superior growth, merit especial mention.

Copy of a Letter received from the Rev. P. Radoltffe.
To the Proprietors oJ llie Dorset Nurseries.
"Sirs, — 1 was much pleased to-day wioh the review of yom- fine
Nursery Stock. Your Manetti Roses are the best propagated of any
that I have ever purchased. At a little distance few can discern
whether they are on alien stocks or on their own roots. They are
usually budded far too high to prosper.— Tours truly,

" W. F. Radcltffk."

New Seeds for the Colonies.

M^

KEDs Direct cuom the Growers ark the
Most SijiTAni,E roii Exportation, ami

TUE REST MEANS OF pRBVENTIKO DIS-
APPOINTMENT.

ESSES. SUTTON aolicit the

favour of Orders from those about to
send or take out SEEDS to the COLONIES,
and submit the following from among many
Tebtimonials recently received, as to the
QREATLY 8CPEBI0R Quality of their Seeds to
those usually exported from this couijtry,aB
well as to the very efficient manner in which
their export packing Is carried out : —
Julyi\frovi A. N. Ella, Esq., Quxenstuwn,
■'_--~ Cape of Uood Hope.

;,; ■-' " I may mention that the case refen-ed to

was in splendid order, looking as fresh after
three months' sea and six weeks^ land carriage as if only yesterday
packed."

From Uuoii Romsav, Esq., Shanghae, China, May 5, 18(50.

" The box of seeds and roots has arrived, and nothing hiw given

me greater pleasure for a long time than the excellence of these seeds,"

From Mr. Z. W. Wells, AVw Pii/mouth, New Zealand, May 7, 18C0.

"The Grass and other seeds sent by the Shelburne to me, have

come sate to hand. I have tried samples of the Grass seeds, and am

happy to inform you that they have come up quite to my satisfaction."

From Mr. Jas. Dalf, Ormige, New South Wales, September 20. 186(1.

"1 have the pleasure to inform you that your seeds have given

great satisfaction, and 1 now send you a larger order."

All Seeds properly packed and deliverod free to ship's side. Special
Quotations given for large quaiiLiiiu-' ^ i.Kr...',T ^•\^.^.^„^,.^ ^-ha t«
Shippers. Suttos & Suns, Scei

A liberal allowance made to
(iWLTS, Reading;,

New Grass Seeds tor Exportation.

SUTTON AND SONS, having received their supply of
NEW GRASS SEEDS of the present Season's Growth in fine
condition, will be happy to forward lowest price per ton or cwt. ou
application. All Seeds perfectly packed and delivered free to ship's
siae at any English Port. CaTAlLOGUES gratis and post tree
Sutton A Sons. Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

M
M

ILKY WHITE, a NEW POTATO, introduced by

Messrs. WHEELER and SON, of Gloucester.

ILKY "WHITE" "is the best of all Potatos.

MILKY WHITE is acknowledged to be the be.st of all
Potatos. In shape and colom-, flavour and appearance, it
excels every other variety. It is as white as milk, floury as a Fluke,
ripens in Auguat, and continues in splendid condition for Cooking
all through the Autumn, Winter, and Spring.

M

ILKY WHITE POTATO— white

milk.

lyriLKY WHITE 18 of the finest quality.

MILKY WHITE SEEl) POTATOS are very scarce",
and early orders are absolutely necessary in order to secure a
supply. Lowest price, 63. per peck ; 20s. per bushel (5Glb.)

MILKY WHITE."— Specimens of this new variety of
Potato may be B«en at J. C. Whkei-eh & Son's STAND, at
the SMITHFIELD CLUB GREAT SHOW of FAT CATTLE, at

the Agricultural Hall, Islington, December 0, and following days.

MILKY WHITE. — Last year the demand for this new
find most excellent variety greatly exceeded the supply, so
that very early m the p'anting season Messrs, Wheeler &, Son were
obliged, much to their regret, to decline orders. They have every
reason to believe that the demand thii coming season will exceed
that of last year : they therefore respectfully urge the importance of
ordering whilst they are to be had. The lowest price is 5s. per peek
(141b,), or 20.1. per bushel {661b,)

J. C. Wheeler & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

Cppfi PotatoH

HAND F. SHARFE are now offering MYATT'S
• EARLY PROLIFIC KIDNEY, RIVERS' ROYAL ASH-
LEAF, WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY, DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
i^ARLY OXFORD, EARLY FORTY-FOLD, and many other Early
and Late varieties grown from their own selected stocks. The
Prices are moderate, and tho quality excellent. PRICED LISTS
may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

LEE'S GIANT ORACH (SPINACH).— This new and
valuable variety of Orach possesses immense productive
powers, comliined witli a delicious piquant flavour, quite distinct
from all other varieties, rendering it a great acquisition as a Summer
Spinach of the highest class.

Tne plant is of rapid and vigorous growth, and attains a height of
6 or 7 leet, with numerous branches : yielding a constant supply of
large drvik green leaves throughout the summer months.

The Fruit Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society awarded
a First-claaa Certificate to Lke'ij Giant Orach, after partaking of a dish
of this most useful vegetable, cooked especially for their iudgment.

John & CiiAHLEB Lee have much pleasure in introducing thLi
productive vegetable, which they intend to send out in January next.
Sealed packets. Is. each. Price to the Trade on application.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Estabiisbnient, Hammersmith,W

To Nurserymen and Others.

FOR SALE, a large iiuantity of extx-ilent TaRF, on
Leatherbead Downs, Surrey, about 20 miles from Town. Mr.
James Steer, the Keeper on the Estate, will give information to
intending purchasers visiting the spot. Applicants by post are
request-id 10 apply to Messrs. Wbite SSons, Estate Agents, Dorking.

REIGATE SILVER SAND, best qualitj-, 12*. per ton,
at Swan Place; delivered four miles, or to any London Wharf or
Railway, IQs. per ton, or 1,-!. Qd, per bushel. (Sacks at cost price, or
on hire.) KENTISH and HAMPSHIRE PEATS, YELLOW LOAM,
LEAF MOULD, SPHAGNUM MOSSj & COCOA FIBRE REFUSE.
J. Kennard, Swan Place. Old Kent Road, London. S.E.

COCOA-NUT REFUSE
is becoming soaroe, the
old reserves will soon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 23., 10 for
16s,, 20 for 30s., 60 for 66s., 100
for £U.
^ Fourpence allowed for each
* bag returned carriage-paid,

A Railway Truci-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-offlcd
Order, payable to J. Bahsham i
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

1212

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEE 30, 1867.

THE VICTORIA NECTARINE (Rivers).— This is
not only the flaeat of all Nectarines, but the finest, of all "fruits
of temperate climates. Bearing Trees, half Standards and Bushes,
3 to 4-jT. old, ds. to 7s. Gii. oFvch.

Tbo ALBKRT NECTARINE (Rivers).— Very large and excellent
to lorce ; Bearing Trees, half Standards, 5s. ; Bushes, 5s. each.

The Trees will be Sent from or in pots, and will bear full crops
ne.tt season. Carriage paid to London.

Thqb. RivehhA Sos, 'Nurseries, Sawbridgeworth,

MAGNIFICENT DAVAR^ CUT-BACK PEACHES;
NECTARINE.S, and APRICOTS, by the dozen or hundred.
Extra strong 2, 3. and 4-yr. OLD ASPARAGUS PLANTS, by the

100, 1000, or 10,000.
Fine largo BLACK ITALIAN POPLARS. C to 10 feet.

Wm. Wood ft Son have to offe^r a splendid stock of the above.
Address, WoodLmOs Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfield, Susses.

Patronised by Her Majesty the Queen, '^

And His Royal Highness the Prince of Walks.

THE SEEDLING APPLE, LORD BURGHLET,
was awarded a First-class Certificate by the Royal Hortii;uItural
Piiciety, March 21, 1865.

The opinion of the Fruit Committee of the above Society, also
testimonials from Messrs. Rivers, Lee, Pearson, and other eminsDt
Fruit Growers, may be had on application to

J. HoDSE, Eastgate Nursery, Peterborough,
Fine Trees, 3s, Gd. and 55, each.
CATALOGUES on application, post free.

ROTAL VINEYARD PEACH.

New Fruits.

CHARLES TUENEK has great pleasure in offering
^ the following valuable New Fruits : —

RROGMORE EARLY BIGARREAU CHERRY.

The " Florist and Pomologist" thus describes it : — " The Frogmore
Early Bigarreau Cherry will be at its highest excellence, perfectly
ripe, and waning towards its end, before any of the other Bigarreaus
have yet made their appearance. It was raised by Mr. Ingram, at
ihe Royal Gardens at Frogmore. Unlike the class to which It properly
belongs, it has a tender melting flesh ; in every respect it is a Bigar-
reau m habit, leaf, and appearance of the fruit, and must be classi-
fied along with these varieties ; but as if to set at' nought all
human arrangements, it persists in having a delicious melting flesh
Instead ot one that Is hard and crackling. The tree is a great
bearer, clusters of a aozen and half to two dozen large handsome
Cherries being produced on a small spray ; and the fniit ripena in the
middle of Jime."

Sthonq Plants now Ready.
STANDARDS, PYRAMIDS, and DWARF-TRAINED, lOa. Cd. each

MAIDENS 75.6d. „

ACoIoured Drawing by Andrews will be sent on receipt of 13 Stampii,
NEW APPLES.

GIPSY KING.— This Apple is a very distinct variety, very hand-
some in colour and shape, skin covered over with nut-brown russet,
intermixed with red and carmine on theauony side; flesh yellowish,
rich and sugary. Highly recommended as a late keeping variety.
Price 5s. each.

ROUNDWAY MAGNUM BONUM.-This la a very largo late
variety, an abundant bearer, and of excellent habit. Price 5s. o.ich,

"The Gardeners' Year Book for 1865" thus describes it:—
"This is a first-rate culinary Apple, and one that may also be used
in the dessert. The fruit is large, roundish ovate, and angulai- on
the sidi'. The skin is lemon yellow, with a few broad broken streaks
of pale crimson on one side. The flesh is yellowish whte, tender
crisp, very juicy, and with a fine aroma. This was raised by Mr Joy,
Gardener at Roundway Park, Wilts, and received a First-class Cer-
tificate from the Royal Horticultural Society's Fruit Committee."
The Royal Nurseries, Slough,

RICHARD SMITH'S FRUIT LIST contains a sketch
of the various forms of Trees, with directions for Cultivation,
Soil, Drainage, Manure, Pruning, Lifting, Croppmg, Treatment
under Glass; also their synonymes, quality, size, form, skin, colour,
flesh, flavour, use, growth, duration, season, price, 4c. Free by
post for throe stamps.
Richard Smith, Nuraer>-maa and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

FIFTY ACRES well stocked with FRUIT TREES
to select from.— APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, in every lorm desired
for fruiting.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, free by pobt for 3 stamps.
RiOHABP SuiTB, Nurseryman, Worcester.

FOR THE OPEN GROUND.—
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and CHERRIES, fine healthy
Pyramids, very ornamental and productive. Strongly recommended
for large and small gardens.

See Richard buiiu's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stampa.
^ Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

IPSPALIER and WALL-TRAINED TREES
'J In any quantity.— APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES.
PEACHES. NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, fine strong trees of
perfect form.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, free by post for 3 atampi.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

This remarkable PEACH is of very robust habit, and is a most prolific bearer. It is ao hardy, that in 1865
bore a heavy crop of large fruit

AS AN ORCHARD STANDARD,

eereral branches having each borne from four to five fruit, weighing ten ounces a-piece. It ia a free-stone of mos t
luscious flavour, with a superabundance of juice, and is just sufficiently piquant to render it highly refreshing. Th
time of ripening is about a week earlier than the Barrington Peach.

JOHN AND CHARLES LEE have much pleasure in introducing this extraordinary Peach, which was
exhibited at Mr. Webber's, in Covent Garden Market, in 1865, and was much admired and inquired after at the time.

Dwarf Maiden Trees are now ready, price lOs. 6d. each.

ROYAL VINEYARD NURSERY akd SEED ESTABLISHMENT, HAMMERSMITH,

LONDON, W.

PARIS, UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION,, 1867.

SUTTONS' HOME-GEOWN SEEDS

OBTAINED

A SILVER MEDAL,

Being the only Prize awarded to English Garden Seeds.

MESSRS. SUTTON

■n^ERE ALSO

AWARDED A MEDAL FOR THEIR CHAMPION SWEDE,

Being the only Medal awarded to English Turnip Seeds.

PfilCED DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUES gratis and Post Free.
SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

BARE & SUGDEN'S ILLUSTRATED SHEET OE ELEGANCIES,

SUCH AS JARDINETS, ETC., FOR WINTER DECORATION AND CHRISTMAS PRESENTS.

BARE & SUGDEN,

THE METROPOLITAN SEED, BULB, AND PLANT WAREHOUSE,

12, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.
Orders amounting to 2ls. seat Carriage Faid.

COLLECTIONS of BULBS for Blooming Out-of-doors in Winter and Spring, 10s. 6d., 21s. 42s., 63s., and 84s.
„ „ „ In-doors in Winter and Spring, 10s. 6d., 21s., 42s., 63s., and 84s.

„ CLIVEDEN Spring Blooming Plants, 12s. 6d., 25s., 50s., and 100s.

For full pai'ticulars of the above Collections, see Gardeners' Chronicle, November 23 ; or,
"THE GUIDE to "WINTER and SPKING GARDENING "—a copy of'which free on application.

SPECIAL

GUINEA BASKET of IMPORTED

Sent Carriage Faid on receipt of a Remiiianee^

BXTLBS.

A CROP of FRUIT the FIRST SEASON.-

-ti. Bearing Pyramids and Bushes in pots for orchard houses
PEACHES. NECTARINES, APRICOTS, APPLES. PEARS
PLUias, and CHERRIES. Estra strong VINES and FIGS in
fruiting condition for forcing.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stamps.
RioHAitn Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

AGNIFICENT D WARF - TRAINED

FRUIT TREES,
By the Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand.
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERB.IES, PEACHES, NECTA-
RINES, and APRICOTS. [NECTARINES
Also Standard, wail-trained, fi-uit bearing, PEACHES and
PYRAMIDAL PEARS on the Quinco Stock in a IVuit-bearine
state ; and PYRAMIDAL PEARS, on the Pear Stock oitra
strong .and well grown.
Wm, Wood & Son have many acres of the above named, which for
health and vigour are quite unsurpassed in the trade. Tile Trees
have been most carefully trained, and are really examples of suc-
cessful cultivation.

Address, Woodlands Nursery-, Maresfleld, near UokBeld, Sussex.

Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near UcKfleld

Sussex.

XSTM- WOOD AND SON hare a rery extensiye stock

V T to ofier of the following, viz. :

Scarlet HORSE CHESTNUTS, Standards, 6 to 10 feet nooo

CATALPA SYRING-EFOLIA I THUJA AUREA, by the 100 or
LABURNUMS, yellow and purple Strong ASPARAGUS Plants
LARCH, SPRUCE, and SCOTCH FIRS ">■""'' J-ianis

PINUS AUSTRIACA [and other Forest Trees

ASH, BIRCH, WILLOW, HORNBEAM, OAKS, SYCAMORE,
CATALOGUES and Samples may be had on application.

_,.. _. IMPORTED DUTCH BULBS for the Flower Garden, to Bloom Winter and Spring, 21s. :— 40 '

HYACINTHS, 100 do. NARCISSUS, 100 do. TULIPS, 200 do. CROCUS, 100 SNOWDROPS, 25 do. ENGLISH IRIS,

COLLECTION No.

■, 21s. :— 40 beautiful
' ■"■- 50 do.

RANUNCPLUS, 60 do. ANEMONES, 25 SClLLAb. Half the quantity, 10s. W.

COLLECTION No. 2. — IMPORTED DUTCH BULBS for In-doors, to Bloom In Winter and Spring, 21s. :— 30 splendid named
HYACINTHS, 30 do. POLYANTHS NARCISSUS. 60 do. TULIPS, 100 do. CROCUS, 100 SNOWDROPS, 12 IRIS PERSICA, 12 IRIS
PAVONIA, 2 CYCLAMEN PERSICUM. Half the quantity, 10s. 6tJ.

LILIUM AURATUM, 25. 6d., 3s. dd., 5s. 6d., and 7s. 6d. each.

LILIUM LANCIFOLIHM ROSEDM, RUBRUM, and ALBWH, 10s. 6d. and 15s. per dozen. Is. and Is. 6d. each.
GLADIOLI, all the very best and newest kinds, varying in price from 3d. to lOsf 6d. each. The most showy
varieties, such as BUWIENSIS and BRENCHLEONSIS, 21s. per 100.

HYACINTHS. TULLPS, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, SNOWDROPS, IRIS, SCILLAS, ANEMONES, RANUNCULUS, Sc, for Spring
Blooming, cheap in quantity; PANSlEb, DAISIES, ARABIS ALBIDA, ARABIS VARIEGATA, for Edgings and Ribbons;
AUBRETIA, AJUGA FORUET-ME-NOT, VIOLA CORNUTA, POLYANTHUS, PHLOX FRONDOSA, IBERIS, HEPATICAS,
red and blue ; WALLFLOWER, FORGET-ME-NOT, SILENE, *c., for Spring Blooming, cheap in quantity.

BARR AND SUGDEN, 12, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.

_^ To,Gentlemen, Nurserymen, and Planters.
T^ELEPINE'S NEW GENKKAL CATALOGUE of

JL' FRUIT and ORNAMENTAL TREES has just been published
DsLiPisE, Sen., bega to call the attention of Planters to his large
took of the following;—
STANDARD, PYRAMID, and DWARF FRUIT TREES and

FRUITING SHRUBS.
FOREST and ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING and BEARING

TREES, C0N1FER,E, EVERGREENS, and SHRUBS.
AMERICAN PLANTS and ROSES.

Young Plants or Seedlings of all sorts for Nurseries, Hedges, and
extensive Plantations.

Proprietor of one of the most extensive Nurseries in this part or
France (called, with reason, Le Jardin de la France), M. Delepinb
is able to furnish very hardy, robust, and strong Stocks of the above.
CATALOGUE and Prices may be obtained post free on appUcation
to DkliIpink ain6, Nurseryman, Route Nenve de Saumnr, a Angers
France; or of his London Agents, Messrs. R. Silherrad &. Sou,
6, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street, E.G.

NEW PEA for 1868. - CULLINQFORD'S CHAMPION.

B. S. WILLIAMS

HAS MUCH PLEASURE IN

OFFERING THIS VALUABLE PEA.

All former strains of Vegetable Seeds sent out by him having given every satisfaction, and true to the
description given, he hopes, therefore, confidence vrtll be placed in this useful addition. It is a very early wnniuea
Marrow Pea, of robust habit, growing from 4 to 5 feet high, producing well-filled dark green pods and Pea. A great
improvement upon the well-known and good kind, Champion of England, from which it has been selected.

This superb variety is offered as being sarlier, superior in plavohh, and much more productive than its
parent— the three essential qualifications of a good Pea. It is the opinion of many Practical Gardeners that this rear
will be found one of the bast and most useful kinds ever offered.

Price 2s. 6d. per quart.

Fries to the Trade on application,

VICTORIA and PAP,ADI3E NURSERY, UPPER HOLLOWAX, LONDON, N.

!

November 30, 1SC7.]

THE GAEDENEPvS' CMONTCLE AKl) AGFJCIII/riniAT. HAZETTE.

1213

Exhibition of CliryiianthexnuniB.

JOHN SALTER'S COLLECTION of these beautiful
FLOWERS if* NOW 1q BLOOM. The Winter Garden oontalnn
upwariis of 2000 plants, many of whioli are porfoctly neTr, both in
colour and form, ami are now exhibited Tor tho llrst time. Tho
Oardena are opou everv d^iy except Sunday ; admittance free,

Versiiilles Nursery. William Street, Vale Place, HaramersiDtth, W.,
near Kensington llallw^iy StaMon.

RAYKBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLING,
AKi. COM TAN Y, Limited.

COBH, SiKD, MaHUHE, AND OlLdABE MeIIOHIKTS,

Address, 89, Seed Market, M,irk: Lane, E.G. ; or Bastngatobo.

SampleG and Frlcos post froo ou application. Prize Medals, 1851,

for Wheat ; 1862. for 'f Kxcelleut Saed Corn and Weeds.'^

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulbs, &c.

ROBERT TAKKEK hvgs to annouiuo that his NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Doscriptive, and Priced
Llflta of Kcw. Raro, and l>oautlfUl Greeuhoufio. Hardy and btove
rianta, Azalea indioa, Fruit Trees. Grtpe Vines, Rhododendrons,
Rosea, Sweet Violets, &c. ; AmarylliR, Crocuses, Uyclaniens, Gladioli,
HyaointtiH, Llliuins, Narcissus, Tulips, and other Bulbs, is now
publitsbed and will be forwarded to applicants,

Kxotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

OMARIA CYCAD^EFOLIA. lienutiful Tree Fern for
cold Greenhou.so — Fine stems, about U to 2 ft. high, price jE4.
Carriage paid to the United Kingdom.

To be had of AuiiKoiaE Verschafpilt, Ghent, Belgium ; or of hia
Agents, Messrs. R. Siluerrad & Sun, &, Ilarp Lane, Great Tower
Street, London, E,C.

BrltlBh Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIBI can now send, post free for eix postage
stamps, Part I. (British Fems and their variotles, 311 prMtes,
Including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of hia NEW and PRICRO
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERN.S,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Efit iSarlreneriS'Cfirontcle.

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 30;

1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.

I Roynl Horticultural fFruit and Floral
TuBBDiT, Dec. 3< r:ommitt»>es). flt South Kensington .. U a.m.

(Ditto (General Meeting) 3 p.m.

Tbdbsqay. — 3 — LiDneau 8r.M.

The discussion that has arisen in our columns
with reference to the forms of flowers, induces us
to advert once more4o the subject of " Sports,"
in the hope that the attention of cultivators may
be directed to tho subject, and that in due time
wo may arrive at results beyond any hitherto
attained in floriculture. It is not necessary in
this place to treat the subject formally or in
regular order ; it seems better for our present
purpose to adopt a popular rather than a
scientific classification — to let tho former precede
the latter.

Beginning, therefore, with that conditioti

regular Peloria, both alike deviations from the
customary form.

The fivo-spuiTod Linaria is the best known
instance of ii-rogular Peloria, but a similar con-
dition may occur in any habitually irregular
flower, and wo meet with numerous intermediate
stages between the ordinary condition, and tlie
peloriate vaiiation. These intermodiato flowers
have little channs for tho ilorist, though they
are full of interest for the botanist ; but if the
cultivator can succeed, say in giving us a variety
of Cattleya Mossiai with three fringed lips in place
of one, it might bo thought a gain in a florist's
point of view. We have seen more than one
Orchid with three lips in place of one, and have
even met with Cattleya Mos.siin with two lips, so
that the thing is quite within the range of possi-
bility. Erect Gloxinias are now common in
gardens, and every now and then one is startled
by seeing a strange sleeve-like (."alceolaria : these,
too, are ca.sos of Peloria. lioth the last-named
flowers afford illustrations of that chango in
direction which so commonly accompanies this
alteration in form, and both exemplify the rule,
that what wo call deviations from form in any
particular flower, repi'esent the customary state
of things in another genus. Compare the Calceo-
laria just named, with Fabiana for instance.

Then there are other speculations, in which we
might indulge were it worth whUe to do so ; for
instance, there is the question whether the
modern one-spurred Linarias and Antirrhinums
are the degenerate descendants of ancient fivo-
spuri'ed ones, or of primordial flowers of strict
regularity of outline ? Wo will not attempt to
touch on such recondite questions ; our object is
a practical one — to call attention to facts ; and
with this \'iew we may againi allude to the cir-
cumstance that where the 'general form and
aspect of tho flower are altered in the manner
'indicated, the direction, tho distribution of
colour,- the position of the stamens and stj'les,
and in consequence the facilities for insuring^ or
obviating fertilisation, are modified likewise.
Another point of practical importance is, that in
some at least of these eases, reproduction by seed
of the unusual form takes place ; thus the pelo-
riate Columbines reproduce themselves by seed,
and, as in other similar cases, afford an oppor-
tunitj' for the practice of hybridisation, selection.

It win thus be seen that these sports are
matters of no little interest to physiologists,
giving them the clue to many a difficult

the fashion of the day, they offer an opportunity
of "improving" the flower in accordance with
principles which, however imperfectly under-
stood, are not mere arbitrary inventions, subject
to no other rules than those laid down by
individual taste or caprice, principles followed
by Nature herself, and as such having a purpose,
a harmony and consistency such as no merely
artificial code of form could have.

which LlNN^us called Peloria, we find that ...

term was applied by him to a variety of Linaria ! and the other arts by which the florist succeeds

vulgaris found by one of his pupils near Upsal. in obtaining tho results for which he seeks.

Instead of the ordinary one-spurred flower with

a double lip, and four stamens, here was a

regularly five-lobed corolla with five spurs, and

five equal or nearly equal stamens — a prodigy of

Nature, " Naturse prodigium ! "

LlNN.a3US seems to have thought it might be a
hybrid production, but before long similar cases
were found in other plants, and so the term
Peloria came to be applied to any flower which
was exceptionally regular in form, without much
regard being paid as to how the change tookplace.
But now, when so many instances of this kind
in different genera have been noticed, it becomes
abundantly clear that an habitually irregular
blossom may become exceptionally regular in
one of two different ways. For instance, it may
be taken as a general rule, subject to compara-
tively few exceptions, that flowers are in the fii-st
instance as regular as any " florist" could desire :
their several parts are all at first about equal in
size. As development goes on, if this original
equality of proportion be maintained, the flower
■will be regTilar, but if the conditions under
which growth and development take place are
not equal on all sides — or, as some would say, if
there is a strong hereditary tendency to dispro-
portionate growth, certain parts will grow more
freely and become larger than others. What-
ever be the cause, in the Linaria, as in other
similar instances, some portions of the floral

apparatus become greatly more developed than
others, and so an ii-regular flower is produced ;
but if it so happens that all the parts take ou

equal growth, then we shall get a five-spurred

regular corolla — Peloria in fact. In such a case

regularity- is produced by the increase in number

of the u-regular portions.

On the other hand, we occasionally meet with

Linarias without any spurs at all. These flowers

are regular, but their regularity depends upon

quite another cause : in the former case there

has been, so to speak, an excess, here there is an

an-est of development ; growth, indeed, has taken

place, but none of the elements of the flower

have become enlarged to a greater degree than

their neighbours— all are alike, equal and

regular. So, then, there is irregular Peloria and

leaves are, and we believe tho statement to be
partially if not wholly true. We believe it to be
wholly true in those Kama whore, as in bulbs
and tubers, a store of nourishment is laid up in
the swollen portions, after tho same fashion that
a store of fat is deposited beneath tho skin of a
dormouse or a hedgehog ])rior to its commencing
its winter slumbers. In such cases the plant
foods on its own stores, and is comparatively
independent of any external supply. In other
cases, where comparatively a muc-h smaller store
of nourishment is laid iqi, as in the case of trees,
and where, unless tho very ground bo frozen, tho
roots are never wholly idle, it can hardly be that
the whole of the fibrils are ronowtid annually, or
if they are, at least not all at tho same time ; tho
fibrils, supposing them to be deciduous, must be
separated gradually, just as the loaves of the
so-called evergreens fall off, and in such a way
that tho tree is never wholly destitute of them.
Now, if the root-fibrils decay in this way, as wo
assume that they do, even if they are not
absolutely cast off, there must be some valuable
practical lessons to be learnt from this natural
process.

Wo were much impressed with this periodic
decay of the finer roots, by an inspection of
Vines, Peaches, and other trees in pots as grown
by Messrs. ElVEE.s at Sawbridgeworth. As is
well known to those readers interested in the
culture of orchard-house trees in pots, the prac-
tice recommended by Mr. RiYERS, so far as root
feeding is concerned, is to give the trees during
the period of active grovrth a surface dressing of
rich maniue, in which the feeders ramify and
increase .and multiply to such an extent that
slates have to be stuck in round the edge of the
pot to support the increasing mass of roots and
soil — a pretty good proof that roots will go where
their food is to be found, and that, as far as
their feeders are concerned, it matters little to
them whether they go downwards or upwards, so
long as they get what they want. Another
point of Mr. Ertees' practice is, in October or
November to remove from the top of the pots a
few inches of the surface compost, which by this
time is exhausted, and to replace it with new.
In removing this surface layer it is usually
found crammed with roots, but a large proportion
of these are dead — their work has been done ;
the new compost added suffices for the nutriment
of the new crop that will be formed, to feed the
plant for the next season. If this explanation
be correct, it would appear advisable to let the
plant have as complete a rest as possible, and
problem." To cultivators not swayed merelj' byt not to remove the surface soil or add new com-

It is curious to see in how many points of
daily practice in gardening we still require
definite information as to matters which, once
understood, would furnish the cultivator with
the right method to be followed in cultivating
this or that plant under varying conditions.
Take, for instance, the subject of Root Growth.
If the phenomenon of this process were
thoroughly understood, where would be the
necessity for the discussions as to the propriety
or unad-visability of root-pruning, the season
when it should be practised, if at all ? where
would be the use of the controversies as to hard
borders, top-dressings or surface dressings, and
the like ? There are certain facts relating to
roots, such as their tendency to find out
where the larder is, and especially where
there is a due supply of water, so well
known that it is not necessary to diLate
on them. The special point to which we
would now refer is as to the duration of the
smallest fibrils ; these, as has been proved over
and over again, both in the laboratory of the
physiologist and the every-day experience of the
cultivator, are, so far as feeding purposes are
concerned, the essential parts of the roots. The
larger root branches may servo to anchor the
plant in the ground, but so far as nutrition is
concerned, they are merely so many "gullets"
to convey tho food from the mouth to the organs
of digestion.

It is often stated that the delicate fibrils are
renewed each year in the same way that the

post tin the following season ; and this plan, we
believe, has recently been carried out by Mr.
ErvEES with good results.

Then again, after the operation of transplant-
ing, which is going on actively now, it is pretty
certain that the existing rootlets, even though
they be not injured during the removal, are to a
great extent, if not entirely, .superseded by the
new growths that are formed under favoui-able
circumstances, when the plants do not, in garden-
ing phrase, " miss their move" — a fact which
tells in favour of planting early in the autumn,
so that the tree may be enabled to make new
roots before the winter sets in.

As tending therefore to throw light upon very
many points of practice, we invite our corre-
spondents to favour us with the results of their
experience as to the renewal of the root-fibrils,
and to give us their opinions as to the periodicity
of the occurrence, and the circumstances that
are favourable or antagonistic to it.

■ Tee girdeninK public will be pleased to hear

that a deputation from the Royal Horticultural Society
has paid a VISIT TO Leicester, in anticipation of
holding its second Great Show in the provinces, at that
place, next season. The deputation was met by several
of the most influential of the townsmen, presided oyer
by the Mayor, and a resolution was put and carried
unanimously, approving of the object of the deputation,
and undertaking to render all possible assistance in
obtaining a guarantee fund of sufficient amount to
make the visit of the Society to the town a successful
one. We understand that the prize list will be
decided on and issued forthwitli, and that the local
authorities intend setting about in earnest the getting
up of Special Prize.-:, in which we wish them as much
success as was realised at Bury, last year.

It is stated that the five " grands prix " at the

pAKis ExmiuTioN, in the Horticultural Departmeut,
have been awarded to Messrs. TiLMOEIN, Veitch,
LiNDEK, C'H.iNTiN, and to the "Societe de Secours
Mutuels dc Jliirait-liers do Paris." It is also asserted
that among these laureates some will he selected for
the further distinction of the Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour, and araoug them Mr. John Gould ViixCH

1214

THE GARDENERS' CHTIONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Notembbe so, ise?.

is mentioned. We trust the rumour may be correct.
The International Jury, we understand, has awarded
Messrs. Carter & Co., of High Holborn, a Silver Medal
for lawn Grass seeds exhibited by that firm in
Group IX.

We are always glad to report progress in the

matter of Town Gakdening, and the embellishment
of the metropolis in particular, so that we take the
opportunity of congratulating the authorities of the
cathedral church of St. Paul, on the successful culture
of Scarlet Euuners and Cauliflowers among the tomb-
stones, at the north-eastern end of St. Paul's Church-
yard, during the past season. There is a peculiar
appropriateness in the cultivation of such plants in
such a locality, as the effect of the frost on them is as
effectual a memento mori, as are the crumbling monu-
ments themselves.

Mr. Hullett's ship has come home again, and

this time freighted with a "Black Oncidiiim from
Abyssinia ■'" The correspondent who kindly sends us
the information adds ;-" There must be some flats not
yet caught ; " he himself, however, being as yet untrapped
even by so tempting a bait. The information was elicited
through the following recent advertisements in the
Daily Telegraph .■—
" T>ASSION-ELOWER.— WANTED, a strong plant of Paaai-

L flora Quadranularis or a Tasconia, A high price will be
given for a flowering plant.— Address B. C. D., Post Office,
Portsmouth.
" riRCHIDS.— For SALE, at an extremely low price, a good

U collection of Orchids, including some fine Phatenopsis
in full bloom.— Address B. C. D., Post Office, Portsmouth."
The reply to inquiries respecting the above, indited
from "Clarence Lodge, Cosham, Hants," and signed
"' J. HULLETT," but not dated, is as follows :— " I have
sold a good many of my Orchids, and have only the
following really good ones left. * * * I should ask
lU. for the lot ; some of them are just coming into
bloom, list enclosed." The list, which includes a
dozen plants, mostly of well-known ornamental species,
mentions ' Phatenopsis amabile," a large plant with
five leaves and two spikes of flowers, besides "two
Odontoglossa of a new variety, both in bloom," and
the " Oncidium (var.) from Abyssinia, bearing black
flowers." The lot, as per list, must be dirt cheap. We
wonder at which of Mr. Hullett's establishments
these fine specimens have been brought on ! The
Abyssinian "Oncid" has, no doubt, turned up quite
recently, since public attention has been directed to
that cotuitry.

New Plants.

, Aphelandea liOEZLii (Sort. Veitchj.

Foliis petiolatis, pctiolis crassis, sub-carnosis, tortuosis,

suncme plants, infra convexis 1-2 poU. longis; laminia

ovatis vel oblongis, acuminatis, basi rutundatis. nee cordatis.

intogris vel sub-undulatis, glabris suporne argenteis, 5—6

poll long. 4-5 lat. ;spicis terminalibus, crectis, simplicibus

vel panioulatis, tetragonis, 4— Spoil, longis ; bractcis oblongo-

lanceolatia sub-carinatls, spinoso-denticulatis, coroUae

imprimis aurantiacte, demum coccineai,, labio superiore

erecto anguste lanceolate, concave inferlore ample piano

3-lobato, lobis ovatis, intogi'is, lateralibus triplo minoribus

acutisalmis, sub-acuminatis.

At one of the recent meetings of the Floral Committee

much attention was excited by a new Aphelandra,

exhibited by Messrs. Veitch under the above name.

It is evidentlv closely allied to A. aurantiaca.

but differs in the curiously twisted and silvery leaves,

in the brighter scarlet of the flowers, and in other

points. Without further evidence, we are not sure

whether the plant is a mere variety of the species just

named, or whether it is entitled to specific rank, in

which uncertainty we have deemed it preferable to

retain the name under which it was exhibited, as a

garden name, the more so as specimens exist in the

Kew herbarium, also derived from garden sources, with

the name A, aurantiaca var. maculata.

Whatever be the rank it may ultimately bold in
botanical works, it is certain that the plant will occupy
a high place in the esteem of the plant lover, both from
the silvery leaves, and the brilliancy of its orange and
scarlet flowers, = which are produced on small plants
in profusion, and are more brilliant than those of
A. aurantiaca. The twist of the petiole is such that
the blade of the leaf is removed one-fourth of a
circle out of its original place. As all the leaves
are so affected, this, in our eyes, adds only an
additional feature of interest, though we have heard it
objected to by others. To the above technical de-
scription it is desirable to add the'following particulars :
—A small shrub ; younger branches green, glabrous ;
leaves ovate oblong, rounded at the base, prolonged
into along point at the apex, entire or slightly wavy at
the margins, silvery gray above, pale green below,
5—6 inches long, J^5 inches wide. Leaf-stalks
1-2 inches long, thick, fleshy, flat or slightly convex
above, convex below, and twisted on themselves.
Flower-spikes terminal, simple or branched at the base,
tetragonal, '1—6 inches long. Bracts numerous,
concave, oblongo-lanceolate, many nerved, sub-carinate,
spiuoso-denticulate at the margins. Calyx divided
almost to the base into five linear-lanceolate, apiculate
segments. Tube of the corolla contracted just above
the base, orange yellow, twice the length of the sepals,
about the length of the bracts, its limb orange yellow,
and twisted to the left (sinistrose) in the bud, while
in the expanded flower the limb is bright scarlet, two-
lipped, and ringent ; the upper lip is lanceolate,
erect, bidentate, concave, so as almost wholly to con-
ceal the stamens ; the lower, spreading horizontally, is
three-lobed ; the central lobe ovate, acute, more than
half an inch long; the lateral onei two-thirds
smaller, very sharply pointed. Filaments slender, hairy,
attached to the back of the one-celled anther below
the middle ; tip of the anther surmounted by a fine
tuft of small whitish hairs ; ovary minute, ovate, com-
pressed, slightly hairy, 2-celled, surmounted by a slender

style as long as the stamens; stigma 2-lobed, lobes
diverging, acute.

If we may judge from the name, it would appear
that the plant is of Mexican origin, and was introduced
to Europe by Herr Eoezl. M. T. M.

PLANT PROTECTORS.

On returning recently from the Continent, I
observed ■ in a number of your Paper an article
by Mr. D. T. Fish, entitled " Sir William Thomson
on Plant Protectors." In this article, the theory
that wind, clouds, and dew, are the three great pro-
tectors against frost, which I had spoken of at the
recent meeting of the British Association, was
controverted; and it was maintained that a true
explanation of the destructive energy of ground
frost, shows it to depend on the radiant power of
water and vapour of water, and proves that it
is not mitigated by dew, but is to be remedied
by "less water." I take the earliest time avail-
able to write a reply to this article, not because
I feel called upon to defend myself in every case against
criticisms of remarks made ex tempore and reported in
a newspaper, but because the subject is of great
interest and of much practical importance to your
readers, and false theory might give injurious weight to
useless, or possibly mischievous remedies. I am, how-
ever, glad to use the opportunity to endeavour to set
myself right with Mr. Fish and your readers, by point-
ing out that the few sentences which he quotes from
the report of my statement on the subject contain
a few seemingly small, but really important errors,
which, curiously enough, are the only errors worth
noting in the whole report, as given by the Dundee
Advertiser (Sept. 12th, 1867). Mr. Fish quotes: "that
the oflice of each blade of Grass * * * is to collect
the air touching it;" I said to " cool the air touching
it." The sentence he quotes concludes, " and so take
heat from part of the heat around it ; " the sentence
should have concluded, " and so take heat from it."
Mr. Fish quotes a little further : " the plants, m short,
get dry, drying the air around them ; " the sentence
should have been simply, "the plants dry the air
around them." This simple correction suflices to
render the explanation, at least, not " unintelligible,"
as Mr. Fish justly called it. The sentences with which
Mr. Pish concludes his quotation, when corrected, and
altered from the reporter's copy, stand thus: ' The
plants in short dry the air around them, and if that
air is not changed very much for the better, they
are destroyed bv frost. This, however, rarely happens."
The change for the better, of which I seem to have
spoken, must have been explained to mean a change
in which air from the atmosphere above the plants
with its natural quantum of aqueous vapour, replaces
that which, in closer contact with the radiating surface,
had been dried by parting with its vapour to form dew.
Commenting on my last sentence, Mr. Fish says:
" Sir William concludes his remarks by stating that
* » * the destruction of plants in hollows by frost
rarely happens. On the contrary, it constantly and
invariably happens." Are we to understand from
Mr Fish that no plant in a hollow ever escapes
destruction by frost? Mr. Fish continues: "The
fact is, on Sir William's or rather Tyndall's theory, it
ought not to happen." The misconception implied in
thus confounding two opposed theories— because, no
doubt, each attributes protective influence to the
presence of vapour of water in the air— can scarcely
be attributed to inaccuracies or imperfections in
the reports from which Mr. Fish has derived his infor-
mation, but seems rather to have been due to a pre-
conceived opinion of his own, in favour of dryness as
a safeguard for vegetation, which led him to condemn
on common ground, all theories which attribute a
beneficial influence to water or vapour of water. Dr.
Tyndall had inferred from his experiments on radiant
heat, that transparent aaueous vapour effectively pro-
tects plants against destructive cold, by its absorption
of radiant heat from the soil and vegetation. In a
communication to the Royal Society of Edinburgh,*
" On the Protection of Vegetation from destructive
cold every night," I gave reasons for concluding, that
absorption by aqueous vapour does not constitute an
effective protection; but on the contrarj', that any
considerable deposition of dew proves radiation to have
gone on to an extent that would have been destructive,
were it not for the source contained in the so-called
latent heat of the vapour. , „ . ^,

'' i The last personal topic to which I need refer is the
following sentence of the article by Mr. Fish :— " But
what I complain of here is, that scientific writers
should make vague appeals to the developed principles
of Wells, in support of a theory of which Wells never
dreamed,and which many parts of his work appear flatly
to contradict." I am at a loss to see any justice in this
complaint. If appeals to the developed principles of
Wells support a theory of which Wells never dreamed,
it is surely proper for a scientific writer to make such
appeals; and the more so if it is true that many parts of
his work appear to some practical men flatly to con-
tradict a theory, which a more complete understanding
of the subject finds to be supported by it Nor were
my appeals, so far as they related to Wells theory,
va'ue ■ but, on the contrary, they were particularly
definite and pointed, as may be seen even from the
incorrected short-hand writer's report of the Dundee
Advertiser, which seems to be that qiioted in the

Gardeners' Chronicle, and referred to by Mr. Fish.

And now to pass to what is much more interesting
than personal questions. I wish to say somethins for
wind as anrotector of plants against cold Mr iish
says — " Warm wind warms, cold wind chills plants,
and the idea that mere motion alone, or wind, without
reference to the temperature of the air around, will
protect plants from the inroads of cold, cannot be
^RoyalSooioty of BdinburKh, Session 186.3-64.

sustained by experience. It may, doubtless does, check
the energy of radiation by rapidly changing the relation
of the molecules of the air in relation to each other,
but a plant may be blasted and frozen by a sweeping
onslaught of arctic wind, as well as by the powerful
radiation of a still, clear air. Hence, in biting March
weather, tender fruits on walls often suffer more from
the rude sweep of the blast, than from calm night
frosts. Instead of these being any protection, they
become the most formidable foe of the cultivator, and
it needs all his wisdom to protect plants from their ■
chilling, blighting, killing force." Everything here
quoted is no doubt correct, except the statement that
wind checks the energy of radiation by rapidly chang-
ing the relation of the molecules of the a-ir, for which !
there is no foundation in known properties of matter.
But the worst that wind can do in the way of cooUug
plants is to reduce them to its own temperature, by
convection ; or to a temperature intermediate between
that and the dew-point, by promoting evaporation.
Whenever either dew or hoar-frost is forming on any
object, it is quite certain that that object is colder
than the air in its immediate neighbourhood, and
therefore, that it would be warmed by wind ; but if
there are clouds enough to prevent dew or hoar-frost,
and if the temperature of the air near the surface of the
earth is colder than that of the lower surfaces of the
clouds, then, and only then, wind will exercise a
cooling influence on the upper surfaces of plants. This,
therefore, would make it appear that the atmospheric
circumstances in which winds may be expected to be
most destructive to vegetation, are those in which
currents from the south, with clouds, prevail in the
upper regions of the air, and north or north-east winds
below. But a strong wind from any quarter may
sometimes do injury, not only by mechanical violence,
but by cooling lower parts of plants which, screened by
the leaves and branches above them, are protected
from radiation, and may retain enough of the heat
they have received from the sun during the day, to
keep them till morning warmer than the night air
above their tops, unless the air is thoroughly mixed up
among them by a fresh breeze.

As to plants in hollows, the abundant dew found
upon them, almost invariably, after every calm clear
night of our summers and autumns, demonstrates an
amount of heat to be radiated from their surfaces
which, if taken from their own substance, would have
cooled them far below the freezing point. No plant of
any known existing species could live in such a situa-
tion without the protection afforded by dew. But this
, protection is inferior to that of gentle winds, or of such
currents of air as are produced on slopes or summits of
hillocks by the descent of cooled air. Hence, in Nature,
plants wliich alter springing up in hollows cannot
survive an ordinary season, may live for years on slopes
or summits close at hand. Natural selection, however
small may be the proportion of the enormous influence
attributed to it by Parwin which is really valid, is
: undoubtedly effective here in practically excluding from
hollows some of the tender plants found in Nature on
slopes or summits in the same neighbourhood. But if
gardeners will insist on sowing, year after year, seed,
or transplanting growing plants into positions unsuit-
able to their nature, and leaving them in such position
until after the hoar-frosts of autumn commence, they
will no doubt every year before winter comes, verify
Mr. Fish's dictum— "their destruction constantly and
invariably happens."

The following extract from my paper already referred
to, contains a short statement of the principles on
which I have maintained that wind, clouds, and dew,
jointly or separately, protect plants from destruction
by cold every night.

" The eft'eot of dew in protecting vegetation every
clear still night of summer was long ago pointed out by
Dr. Wells, the correctness and acuteness of whose
views on this subject have been generally recognised.
In point of fact, heat is actually radiated away
into very high terrestrial atmosphere and distant
interstellar air or ajther, from the upper and
finer parts of living plants, in so great amount
every clear night of summer, that destruction
by frost could not be delayed for many hours
after sunset without a compensating supply of heat
from some extraneous source. This source, on windy
nights, is the thermal capacity of the air whirled
about, up and down, and among the stems and leaves
of the plants. On still nights it is the latent heat of
the vapour condensed into dew. This vapour is taken
chiefly from the air engaged among the stems and
leaves, which, in the case at least of fine Grass, is all
nearly at the same temperature as the leaves, the
temperature of the surface of these being of course
rigorously the same as that of the air in contact. Thus
the temperature of the leaves can never go below the
dew-point of the air touching them, and any cooling
which they experience after dew begins to deposit
upon them is only equal to the lowering of the dew-
point, occasioned by the amount of drying experienced
by the air in consequence of the condensation of
vapour out of it.

" Clouds, as remarked first by Provost, being practi-
cally opaque, prevent the surface of the earth from
tending by radiation to a lower temperature than their
own, which, unless they are very high, is generally not
much colder than the dew-point of the lower air, but
is at all events in general sufliciently warm to prevent
the finest blades of Grass from acquiring any very
sensible dew, or to allow the general temperature of
Grass and the air engaged amongit, even on the stillest
night, to sink as low as the dew-point. Thus, either
clouds, by their counter-radiation, or wind, by mixing
a comparatively thick stratum of air with that next
the earth, keep the Grass aud delicate parts of other
plants from sinking to the dew-point ; or, when there
is not enough of clouds and wind to afford this degree
of protection, dew begins to form, and by preventing

NOTBMBEB 30, 1807.]

THE fiAT^DENEllS' CTTRONTCEE AND ACTTCnTTTITlAI, r.AZETTE.

1215

the temiwraturo of any leaf or flower from sinking
below tlie dew-point, saves them all from destruction,
unless as, wlien lioar-frost appears, the dow-point itself
is boiow'llio freezini! iioint," William Thomson, Tlie
College, Oliisgow, Noi'. 27.

NEW VEGETABLES GEOAVN AT CHISWICK.

The following is a brief report of a few nevy vege-
tables that have been j^rown at Ciiisvvick this yoar.
Although not specially or comparatively tested by the
Committee, yet their merits or peculiarities have been
such as to render some notice of them desirable :—

1. Aii.ilrnlinn Spinaeh (Chenopodium auricomum).
—This a kind of (Spinach sent out by Messrs. Stuart &
Jlein. It resembles in its general appearance Cheno-
podium album, the troublesome weed of our gardens—
"Fat Hen," as it is vulgarly called. It is a very
robust-growing plant. Some seeds were sown in the
open ground in May. The plants are now 6 feet high,
much br;ini'hed, and as fresh and green as ever. It is
as yet uninjured by the frost, and shows no signs of
(lovvcring. The quantity of loaves that cau be gatuered
from a few yards of it, is enormous. M' hen cooked i n the
summer time, it was found to be somewhat strong-
flavoured anil fibry, but on again trying it last week it
proved much more tender, not unlike " gude Kail" in
Scotland when woU frosted, with a smaok of the
Spin.aob flavour in it. It lacks the mild flavour of the
true Spinach so much relished by some, but will prove
a very good substitute in limes of scarcity, as it is so
very easily cullivated.

2. Min'ier's Dwarf Sed Beet (Lobjoit's Selected).—
This w:i.s recommended by the Committeo as tlie best
variety grown at Cliiswiok in ISIJIJ. It is of dwarf,
upriglit habit, the leaves small, deep brown, or copper
coloured ; roots of medium-size, very evenly and
regularly tapering, of a deep blood-red colour ; flavour
sweet. A very excellent selection.

,S. Nuneham Park- 0«w».— This was again grown,
side by side, under precisely similar conditions, with
the While Spanish, the seed of both varieties having
been received Iroiu Messrs. Cutbush i Sous; seeds of
the AVhite Spanish having been also obtained from
Me.ssrs, Vilmorin. No appreciable diflTerence could be
detected ; if anything, Messrs. Vilmorin's stock of the
AVhite Spanish was the be,st. It is simply, as has been
already frequently stated by the Committee, a very
good slock of the" White Spanish, which is the best of
all varieties for general use.

4. Seri/niijer's Giant Brussels SprouU. — This variety
was rai.scd by Mr. Scrymger, gr. to E. Palmer, Esq.,
HomoPirk,R6ading, and was sent out by Messrs. Sutton
& Sons about two years ago. It is of robust habit,
though not very tail, the general height being about
2 feet ; the leaves are rather large and flat ; the sprouts
rather above the ordinary size, very firm and close;
very thickly set on the stem, from close to the ground
to ihe top. It is au exceedingly well-selected stock,
almost every seed coming true. A few years ago it was
considered impossible to save good Brussels Sprouts'
seed in this country. This variety has, however,
proved the contrary, being superior to any of the
imported stocks grown alongside of it this season.

3. Unrli/ Dwarf JSrfiirt CauliJ-ower.— This is a very
excellent variety. It is very dwarf, the heads, which
are large, resting on the ground, like the St. John's
Day Cabbage. It comes into use from 10 to 12 days
earlier than any other. The leaves are spreading, and
do not hood over as in the AValcheren. Heads firm
and close, of a pure white colour.

G. Little Pixie Cabbage (Wrench). — This is an
excellent little Cabbage. It has been often oonfouoded
with the Early York, but it is in reality very distinct
from that variety, being dwarfer, and the leaves and
hearts ai-e somewhat pointed, instead of being distinctly
rounded, as in the Early York. It comes into use very
early, and is of close and compact growth, with the
hearts firm and solid.

7. S/ieppard's Marrow Callage (Hurst). — This is a
very fine and true stock. Hearts large and solid,
somewhat globular in form ; leaves smooth, of a
lightish green colour. It is allied to the Vanack.

8. Kill's lacamparabl-e Cabbage. — This is a rather
dwarf variety ol the Vanack section ; hearts large; very
excellent.

9. Dielcson's New Earhj €ahhage.—A. very early,
dwarf, excellent variety ; hearts firm, of moderate size ;
form roundish.

10. Sehmeinfiirth Callage.— 1\ni is a German variety
of the Drumhead. It is somewhat dwarfer, the leaves
slightly curled at the edges; hearts very large and
solid, and very hardy.

11. Victoria Savo!/. — This is an excellent selected
stock of the Dwarf Curled Savoy, perhaps a little
taller, and with the hearts larger than they usually are.
It is very hardy, and the most useful variety we have.

13. Several varieties of Potato were grown, but
having snlfered severely from disease, no satisfactory
observations could be made. Smith's Early, which is
the same as Coldstream Early, was the earliest variety
grown, and is in every respect a very excellent early
round Potato. A. F. B.

tho prinoip.al varieties of the Yew (Taxus), and the
Holly (llox), 1 now venture to deal with llio Ivy— a
plant alike remarkable lor its antiquity, beauty, and
lileasant associations. We have here no new favourilo,
Tho plant was kuowu to and valued by both (i recks
anrl Romans, was woven into crowns and cha))lcts on
festive oocu.sions, and was also used by them uiodicmally.

tn " Seomann's .lournal of Botany" (ISfrl), is a very
interesting paper on the Ivy, which every admirer ol
this)danl should road. Tho writer brings all known
variotios under three species:—!, Uedora Helix, the
European Ivy; 2,11, caiiarieiisis, the African Ivy; :i,
U. colidiii'a (ltu'gocri;uia), the Asiatic Ivy. In our
country II. Helix abiiumls both naturally and by the
hand of tho planter, and I conceive that there arc
few who cianuol look back with pleasurable emotions
on some old church, ruin, or " Ivy-mantled tower," the
picturesque forms of which remain indelibly fixed on
tho memory. So iilentiful is the plant in England that
one can scarcely take a walk or drive witliout meeting
with the various forms covering banks or park palings,
and ascending trees to a groat height, the toiimo it shoots
oflou assuming a shrubby or tree form. In the words
of one of our most popular authors, " a rare old plant is
the Ivy green."

From the cultural point of view the Ivy is valuable
as au evergreen climbing plant, on account of its free,
rapid, and accommodating growth. It can scarcely
be dispensed with in .suburban gardens ; and even in
large towns it generally thrives well, suffering Irom
the smoke less than most evergreens. For covering
walls, fences, trees, and rockwork, for screens when
supported by lattice, for pillars, edgings of beds,
and arches or arcades, in flower gardens, it is alike
suitable.

My collection horc, which consists of more than
40 sorts, is grown In tliree separate ways ; 1, as pillars ;
2 to cover old roots, laid on the ground to form a
screen ; and .3, in pots. Pillars of Ivy form beautiful
objects, especially in the winter season. Those who
have seen the gardens at Elvaston in winter will no
doubt remember the pleasing efi'ect of the masses of
golden Ivy which abound there. When planted and
trained on rockwork or old trees, it is curious and
interesting to watch the shoots creeping and clinging
to the surface, now losing themselves in the recesses,
then emerging and spreading to the light their
broad m,xsses of beautiful leaves of green, gold, or silver.

15. B. XI. dir/ilala H,o»fl.— Leaves dark green, of
medium si/,o, deeply cut. Growth rapid.

Ki. U. U. sauilla><'olia. — Loaves dark green, of
medium size, broad at tho base, long, narrow, ajia
Ijoinledat the apex. Very distinct.

17. //. //. «/.'/«".- Leaves pale green, of medium
size, almost entire ; very glossy looking, as if varni.shea.
Growth very rapid, I'ormiiig dense masses of foliage.

l.S. U. JL donrriiilni.'^i.i ;»i»or.— Ijcaves ilark green,
small, deeply cleft. Growth rapid; shoots few aoa
slender. Very distinel.

li). 11. U. cre«ff<(j.— Leaves green, broad, regularly
I'lelt ; tho veins very conspicuous, similar to but largar
than those of Jl. Jl. palmala. Growth free and lanid.

20. H Jl. <(iiir/c«.— Leaves dark green, of medium
size. Growth rapid.

21. 1[. IT. (ea/W/,«Mett.vi.v.— Leaves dark green, very
small. Growth rapid, shoots very slender. The prettiest
of all the small grecu-leaved kinds.

22. //. U. foliis o«re;s.— Leaves green and gold ;
some wiioll,y of each colour, others finely blotched.
Growth rapid. Very beautiful.

23. 11. If. foliis argenteis.—ljeaxes green, broadly
margined with white; small. Growth moderate. Very
showy.

24. IT. IT. Caeendis/iii.—hea-ves green, well mar-
gined with white ; small. Growth moderate,

Group II. Tree or Bush varieties.

25. M. IT. arbore.tcens.—hmvos dark green, long and
narrow ; forms a close, round, evergreen shrub ; well
set with dark purple berries in winter.

20. IT. IT. arhorescens bacnata Zw^ea— Leaves gree)>,
narrow pointed ; of the compact growth of the pre-
ceding, and well covered with yellow berries.

27. //. IT. arboresreas «/io-/«^ea.— Leaves green, well
margined with gold and silver; large. One of the
most beautiful.

2S. IT. IT. arlorescens foliis aiirsjs.— Leaves long,
narrow, dark green, finely blotched with gold. Grows
and hears berries freely. Very beautiful.

§ 2. Hedera CiN.iEiENsis (African Ivy).
Group III. Climbing varieties.
21). IT. canariensis. — Leaves dark green, large.
Growth very rapid. Bears berries freely.

30. M. a. nova.- Leaves much larger and of a paler
green than the type, also of more rapid growth. Thisaad

A "well-kept" raa"roFfvV,Thet,h'eron"wall, or tree', or I S. (Ragneria,m) colchiea are the best of the greeo-
rook is in winter a beautiful sight. When grown in tubs i leaved kinds for covering large_spaces quickly.

THE IVY.

Now that winter is approaching we naturally turn
to the evergreen forms of trees and shrubs, to aid us in
tiding over the dull season with gardens and gardeners.
The summer flowers and the summer leaves are alike
gone, and desolate indeed is that garden which does not
contain a goodly proportion of these winter gems. Let
us hasten to fill the void, if void there be, for the
garden in winter may be made as interesting and beau-
tiful in its way as in spring or summer. Each season has
its natural and distinctive features, the embodiment of
which should be a pleasing task to the skilful gardener.
Having on former occasions arranged and described

or pots as low pyramids, the varieties of this plant are
also extremely useful for garden decoration. In the
collections of climbing plants shown at the Inter-
national Exhibition in the spring of 1866, no plants
were admired so much as the masses of Ivy, Asso-
ciated with the water and the rock, as they judi-
ciously were, the shoots which formed the base of the
pyramids drooped gracefully over the sides of the
baskets, hiding the latter, and calling up a new feature
of beauty by being reflected in the water below. Of
the many variegated kinds it must be told that some
only are completely happy as pillars, at least such is my
experience; but the most delicate are beautiful in
pots, and even against nialls, and are quite worthy of
such positions. ,. , .

Further, the Ivy is not only valuable as a climbing
and creeping plant, but also as an evergreen shrub. The
tree or bush forms which it assumes, and of which
there are several, are first-class front-row evergreens
for beds and borders. A little pruning keeps them
as compact as Aucubas and Laurustines, and in the
green, gold, and silver leaves, and the black and yellow
berries, there is infinite variety and beauty. The
sweetness of the flowers, too. must not be forgotten.

The greater number of the varieties cultivated in
English'gardens belong to H. Helix, and these I shall
first describe : —

§ 1. Hedera Helix (European Ivy).
Group I. Climbing varieties.

1. u. ifeM.r.— Leaves small, dark green. Growth
rapid.

2. B. IT. marguiata canescens. — Leaves green, lon^
and narrow, broadly edged witli gold.

.3. IT.II. majv7/»a/ff)«ainr.—Le,avesgreen, of medium
size, broadly margined with yellowish white; berries
freely. Growth rapid. One of the best.

4. IT. B. margiimta eteffaM.s.- Similar to the pre-
ceding in general appearance, but the leaves are larger
and narrower at the base. Growth moderate.

5. IT. II. marginata pulchella. — Leaves green, small,
broadly margined with white. Growth moderate.
Veryheautiful,

6. B. IT. marginata roiiiste.- Leaves green, large,
margined with silver. Growth free and rapid. One
of the best.

7. B. B. marginata argentea. — Leaves green, large,
well margined vvith silver'. Of free, rapid growth. One

of the best.

8. //. IT. marginata elegant i.isi ma. — Leaves green,
broadly margined with white ; very showy. Growth
moderate.

0. H, B. minor marmorata. — Leaves green, beauti-
fully marbled with white, small. Growth rapid.
Exceedingly pretty. , ,.

10 B. B. palmata.— Leaves dark green, of medium
size," very broad, deeply cleft; veins prominent.
Growth very vigorous.

11. B. B.palmata ajjrea.-Similar to the preceding
in general characters ; the leaves occasionally clouded
with gold.

12. B. B. peiin.it/lraniea.— Leaites wholly green,
large, deeply cleft; veins prominent. Growth free.

13. B. B. cfiri/.iocarpn .—IjenYes dark green, small.
Growth rapid. Berries yellow.

14. B. B. diqitafa.—henves dark green, long and
pointed, broad at the base, deeply cleft. Growth rapid,
shoots less nnmerons than in most others.

31. //. e. aureo maculata.— Leaves sometimes green,
but usually green finely clouded with gold ; large.
Growth free and rapid. One of the most beautiful.

33. B. c. lalifolia maculata.— Leaves green, marbled
with creamy white ; large. Growth rapid.

33. IT. c. 'foliis aureis.— Leaves large, some entirely
green, some entirely gold, others again green, blotched
with gold. (Jrowth vigorous. Very handsome.

34. Bedera algeriensis.-Le-iNes pale green, large,
entire. A very handsome sort, of rapid growth.

3.5. //. a. variegata.— Leaves green, broadly margmcQ
with white ; very large. Growth rapid. One of the
handsomest.

Group IV. Tree or Bvsh variety.

36. IT. c. arborescens.— Leaves dark green, very large,
broad, and almost entire ; berries freely.

§ 3. Hedera colchica (Asiatic Ivy).
Group V. Climbing varieties.

37. IT. colchica fMcegnerianaJ .-Leaves dark green,
large, entire, thick, and leathery. One of the hand-
somest.

38. B. rhombea variegata. — Leaves dark green,
slightly but regularly margined with silver, broad and
smooth. A'ery'distinct and elegant.

39. B. iapovica.— Leaves sxreen, clearly and regularly
iHnarjjinsd with white, small. Very pretty, producing

dense masses of foliage.

Group VI. Tree or Bush rariety.

40. B. colchica arbore.fc.'ns—S\m\]ar to No. 37_in
general charact,er of leaves, hut instead of climbing
rapidly forms a stout round bush, well set with berries.

As a guide for those who may wish to select
varieties for special purposes, I would recommend as
suitable for covering large spaces quickly Nos. 12, 19, 29,
30, 33, 34, 37, among green varieties : Nos. 3, 6, 7, 32,
3.5, 38, among silver varieties; and Nos. 11,22, 31, 3^
among gold varieties. Breadth or masses of any
one of these three colours, may be obtained
by the use of the above varieties. For low
walls or fences, basket handles and margins of
beds, the best greens are Nos. 1, 17, 20, 21 ; the best
silver, Nos. 4, 5, 8, 9, 38, 39 ; the best gold, Nos. 2, 22,
and 31. All the tree or bush varieties are worthy of
cultivation as front-row evergreens. Williami Paul,
Waliham Cross, A'.

MY GARDEN IN 1867.

Chapteii I.— Intboductoet.

Love is the lesson, the law, the life of floriculture,

and I therefore remember with shame and confusion,

how strongly and how wrongly I hated that wheel-

barrow- 1 mean that wheelbarrow which came into

my garden to convey the first cargo of my bedding-out

plants to their winter quarters, and which left a blank

in my design, hideous, deplorable as the gap made by

some cruel dentist among the front teeth of a love.y

woman, Th.at wheelbarrow creaked m my ears

discordantlv as though a large academy of schoolboys

were pointing simultaneously their new slate pencils

with blunt, jagged, edgcless knives Then it moved

away slowly solemnly, as it to a place ol tombs, two

plants of' Centauiea gymnoenira nodding their

iihmiy bvnnclK'S, hearse-like. From day to day we

, had postponed the catastrophe, as though it had been a

1216

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Novembee so, 1867.

visit to the dental demon aforesaid ; we had lingered
like lovers with our heart's desire, but the dreaded
hour had come. A nipping frost, late in October, caused
a hurried meeting of our Floral Committee, at which
I had the honour of partially filling the chair (a large
garden one) ; and it was then resolved, after a few
sarcastic observations from an influential member
(a lady)—" that we had already cuttings to supply the
Crystal Palace," and that "gardeners were the most
voracious animals in existence"— to trust no longer to
ourmats. The meeting dissolved, andflve minutes after-
wards my <;if/*(ja)-rfi» re-appeared with a spade on
his shoulder, and his aide-de-camp followed with that
wheelbarrow !

I know now how foolishly, how ungratefully, I
wronged that worthy conveyance; and if I had that
poet's fire who swept his harp in honour of " My old
arm-chair," I would chant penitential praise. This
very day I remarked to the mfluential member who
made sarcastic observations, what a happiness it was
to see our summer favourites, not only safe and sound,
and snugly settled in their boxes, but perfectly
recovered from all the pains and perils of removal
and excision, and already showing, in a new
growth of tiny leaflets, the proof of con-
valescence, and the promise of beauty. I might
have added that herein we florists found the second
sure, unfailing element of all our garden happiness,
namely, its perpetuity. The main source and essence
is its purity— " gardening," writes the greatest of our
essayists, " is the purest of human pleasures ;" and it
is as continuous as pure. The fountain sparkles, and
the river rushes on for ever. Given only such a small
surface of glass as a poor man may now appropriate,
and he who loves flowers loves always. The Gentiles,
the unconverted, who hardly know an Allamanda from
a Buttercup, may sneer in our winter house. Drawled
to me, not long ago, a small undergraduate, who com-
ported himself like a gorgeous peacock, although he
had been plucked so often for " Little Go " that he bad
not a feather to his tail— to me, as I surveyed with
fond admiration a box of cuttings, sturdy with health,
" a good, sour green," as a farmer says of his wheat-^
drawled to me this supercilious youth, removing from
his lips a truncheon of tobacco, which I had at first
mistaken for the schoolroom ruler,—" Can't see, never
could see, how any rational being could waste his time
over those things." I confess that for a couple
of seconds I lost my mental balance : he had decidedly
hit me "in the wind." But I recovered, steadied
myself, countered, and (as I flatter myself) got home
with considerable agility and power. "Can't see,
never could see ! " I exclaimed, and I looked at him
with an expression of the tenderest pity, and spoke
with a tone of gentle sadness,— " Heavens, what a
touching, tearful case of prolonged, unnatural blind-
ness ! Why I always thought that you could see, all
of you, as soon as you were nine days old." And I felt
like the cane in the Persian fable:— "A twister of
rmglets passing b.y, ' O my soul,' said a stick, ' if I could
bat get at him ! ' "

But we who have eyes can not only see in these
" things " the present charms of culture and of growing
life, but they bring to us a thousand thankful
memories, " the tender grace of a day that is dead,"
and a thousand hopeful expectations of a glory which
is yet to be. Let us, my brothers, though our gardens
be bare and our trees be leafless, recall together this
gladness of the past; let us encourage one another with
these faithful visions of the future. We may make
both the past and the future happier, we may
deepen the joys of Memory and of Hope by sympathy
and by mutual aid. We may commend our
successes for the imitation, we may denounce our
failures for the rejection, of the fraternity. We may
criticise, confirm, suggest. We may, indeed, perform
no less than four of the Seven Works of Mercy, for we
may Instruct the ignorant. Correct oflenders, Counsel
the doubtful, and Comfort the afflicted.

In this spirit, I venture to speak of my garden in
1867— meekly, as a learner, and with no claim to
teach. I take off my hat to all Prime Masons ; but I
offer my arm cordiaUy to the Entered Apprentice and
to the Pellow-Craft, for a walk and a talk among
the summer flowers. We will enter first the depart-
ment called " the Bedding-out," and we will pass
hereafter from that brilliant vestibule (if my com-
panions be not weary) into the palace of the Eoyal
Eose. S. R. S.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS.-No. VI.

(Conthmed fyom p. 051,)
Centeanthus eubeb and its white variety are good
showy useful plants— capital on banks in semi-wild
places. There is a superior variety of the normal form
Morina longifolia is distinct in habit, both stately and
good as a flowering plant, and easily raised from seed.
Soabiosa caucasica and gramiuifolia, Hieracium auran-
tiacum, Andryala lanata, Catananche ca-rulea and
bicolor, Carduus eriophorus, are all respectable plants
in their way, and with Onopordon Acanthium (always
most eflective if placed singly among green shrubs)
are plants that may be introduced with advantage
Cynara horrida will be found a most useful thin"
for the subtropical or indeed any garden. I do not
know of any hardy perennial Centaurea that is
worth growing, except C. babylonica, which has such
fine foliage. C. montaua perhaps is as good as any, but
if you sow the common annual one, Cyanus,in autumn,
and let it flower where sown the following spring and
early summer, the effect will be beautiful andcontinuous.
It is also very useful for cutting when treated in that
way. The spring-sown plants are very poor compared
to those sown in autumn, and this is true of not a few
other things which we are in the habit of sowing in
spring; as though our climate will not permit any-
thing at all tender to live through the winter that way,

yet it should be practised more than it is with really
hardy things. The singular Echinops I would give a
place to in one or two instances— either exaltatus,
banaticus, or Ritro. Liatris spicata, squarrosa, pycnos-
tachya are all nice plants ; so, too, is Ammobium
alatum, though it may not be hardy or perennial on
cold soils ; and so, too, is the delicately and long-rayed
Erigeron speciosum, and the early flowering Doronioum
caucasicum.

What about the weedy Asters which have done so
much to disgrace the mixed border and herbaceous
plants generally ? Well, there are some of the prettiest
things among them that you can possibly grow, from
the large-flowered Aster grandiflorus, which you willfind
to flower beautifully against a wall with good exposure
about Christmas day, to the dwarf, tufted, and pleasing
Aster versicolor, one of the best plants in existence for
the front of a mixed border. I have taken considerable
pains to ascertain the best of the Asters cultivated in
this country, and can safely say that some of them are
as well worth growing in a garden as any autumnal
flowering plant. I .would particularly recommend A.
elegans: it or a coarser and less beautiful form of the
same species being grown under the name of cordi-
folius. This is a lovely and graceful kind, the
branchlets weeping with the weight of the profusion
of flowers—" Prench white " in effect a little way off— a
beautiful plant for the middle of a border, or for asso-
ciation in almost any position with the finer autumnal-
flowering herbs. I like it, on the whole, better than
any other Aster, there being a peculiar grace about the
plant as well as a profusion of pleasingly-coloured
flowers. It comes in before Novse-Angliaj and Novi-
Belgii, and thus has a much better chance of opening
than later kinds, which often get knocked out of condi-
tion by bad weather before they have had an oppor-
tunity to open. Fine, too, is A. turbinellus— a mauve-
rayed, rather large and free-flowering plant, inclined to
spread wide into a neat densish bush, nearly 3 feet
high, and a capital plant for the mixed border —
worth a dozen such kinds as we have been accustomed
to see in it. To contrast with such tallish ones as
these, you may descend to a lower and neater type than
was ever prevalent in the mixed border. A. versicolor
is the best dwarf Aster that I know of, but A. Eeevesi
and pulcherrimus are smaller still, very dwarf in
fact, and good in flowering qualities. A. linifolius is
also a pretty and dwarf species, worth a place in a
full collection. A. repertus, a free and fine kind,
growing about 4 feet high, profusely bearing pale lilac
flowers with yellow centres. A. Drummondi, tall and
rather good. A. mutabilis, somewhat like turbinellus,
but smaller. A. dumosus, a most profuse flowering fine
kind. A. tevis, a good blue kind, somewhat over
medium size, a nice border plant. A. Amellus, rather
dwarf and simple in habit, with bold blue flowers, early,
and one of the best known and most cultivated,
though not so desirable as versicolor or elegans. Of
course in such an enormous genus as this it is nearly
impossible for one to see all the kinds one would like
in flower, and therefore I do not know as much about
the genus as I should wish ; and one called coccineus,
which has been recommended to me by a good judge
as desirable, I have not seen. A. ericoides and hori-
zontalis, though usually considered worthy of a place,
are not above medium rank. One called Shortii I have
much hope of ; it is of spreading, elegant habit, and has
medium-sized flowers of a delicate mauve. A. Novse-
Anglia; and A. Novi-Belgii have long been known as
good kinds ; in my opinion, though fine, they are not so
good as others mentioned here, because not so refined in
habit, and a little too late. A. patens and monstrosus,
a neat dwarf free-flowering kind, are also good ; as also
are the dwarf and pretty well known A. alpinus and
A. albus, A. sericeus, pretty and distinct m foliage,
A. foliosus, neat and late, and A. altaicus. This is all
I remember of the really ornamental kinds of Michael-
mas Daisies. There are scores of other species, or
reputed species, not worth a thought. Strongly recom-
mending the genus to such of your readers as wish to
make distinct and pleasing arrangements in the
garden in autumn, I pass on to the Solidagos: their
chapter will be shorter than the preceding. I have
seen a great many Solidagos in my time. I have seen
them occupying a place in gardens often, but never
beautifying it. The bloom is short and very poor at its
best. These, and such as these, are the subjects that
have cast discredit on hardy plants. Ill weeds grow
apace, and such as these overran the garden, and with
their coarse, ugly forms obliterated the really beau-
tiful. I would almost as soon plant Groundsel as Soli-
dagos in my border. Some people, who have an idea
that every plant is entitled to respect, may think me
wrong here ; but in vegetation, as in many other things,
there are two poles, from one of which we should con-
tinually endeavour to remove. We must select our
plants as carefully as we do our books— if bad and
useless put them out of our sight. Since writing the
above 1 have met with A. pyrenseus, a very large
flowered kind, producing quantities of flowers too ; and
I should like to add that the names of the Asters in
this paper are simply those by which they are best known
in our gardens, and may be in many cases faulty. W. S.

(To be Continuid]

NOTES ON THE AET OP GEOWING EOSES
OUT-OF-DOOES.

(Contivncdfrom p. 1166.)
Section XV. On the I'ests of the Hose Oardeii. —
Unhappily this is a large subject and an obscure one ;
yet on the precautions that are taken for the defence of
your ;favourites much of the success will depend.
These precautions shall be mentioned in order of time.
As soon as the stocks are planted and cut to the desired
lengths, a little thick paint (or some similar sub-
stance which can resist the weather) should be smeared

over the end of each stalk. A like precaution is
useful, though not so absolutely necessary, when the
Roses are pruned in the spring. The object of this
proceeding is to prevent an insect lasting its egg in the
pith, where the grub will burrow hidden during the
summer, and, after changing, eat its way out in the
autumn, leaving a hole which admits the wet, and
leads to a slow but sure decay of the head of the plant.

In the early spring, as soon as the sap begins to
rise, the newly-inserted buds are liable to be
attacked by the bullfinch. If they have been inserted
upon the side of the branch, they will not be so much
in danger. If it is particularly desirable to save
some particular bud, a bit of Furze or Fir branch may
be tied over it, but the risk is not great enough to
make it worth while to do this generally.

In April, or even sooner, that insidious and dire
enemy of the Eose grower, the bud-worm, begins its
ravages. It defies all modes of warfare except the
hand-to-hand combat. It must be actually crushed.
Before a leaf is formed it may be discovered— a tiny
brown, wriggling grub, eating his way into the bud,
betraying his presence by a minute heap of excrement
at its extremitj;. A small needle fixed into a little
wooden handle is a good instrument to dislodge him.
The bud will break again at the side, and no harm be
done. If the bud-worm is overlooked, he lurks about the
points of the young shoots, now in the axil of a leaf,
now rolled up in the leaf itself, but his ultimate object
is to attack the flower bud ; if once he touches this
the blossom is fatally destroyed, and unless these grubs
are sought out, it often happens that every blossom of
an entire plant is consumed by them.

As spring advances, other caterpillars innumerable
make their appearance. Some ensconce themselves in
the leaves, which they sew together. Some stand out
like little twigs from the leaves and branches ; some
prey exclusively on the opening flower buds. They
must be crushed. Stratagem is useless against them.
There is, however, one plan which is useful. Give the
stake to which your plant is tied a sudden knock;
many of the caterpillars in alarm precipitate ihemselves
to the ground; but in doing so they spin a thread,
and if simply left to themselves remount at their
leisure when you are gone. Therefore make a sweep
round the tree with your stick to break these threads.
You will find a lazy black fly settled upon your Eose
plants— kill it ; it is laying eggs to become caterpillars,
isuspect all insect life.

With the exception of the bud-worm, there is no pest
so great as the aphis. The aphis is endowed with most
extraordinary powers of reproduction, and multiplies
with astonishing rapidity. In the early spring, how-
ever, they appear by twos and threes, and the true
policy is to destroy them as quickly as they are seen.

If, however, they begin to multiply upon the plants,
the best remedy is simply to syringe well with a garden-
engine on several successive evenings. They should be
syringed on both sides, else the aphides on the further
side of the branch escape. The aphis may also be
destroyed with certainty by dipping every branch into
a mixture of soft soap and tobacco-water, or a decoction
of quassia. But there is much risk in this process of
breaking off the shoots ; and unless the operation is
performed just before rain, the plants must be after-
wards syringed to clean them.

The aphis will be observed to attack unhealthy
plants more seriously than healthy ones. If there is an
old, worn-out Eose tree against a wall, it is likely to
be covered with aphides in the spring, and from it they
will spread over other plants in the vicinity. Such an
old tree is better removed.

The attacks of vegetable parasites in the form of
Fungi are even more destructive than insects. Indeed,
it is m this form that many soils manifest their un-
suitableness to the growth of Eoses. The plant
becoming weakened in its growth, and the vitality of
the tissues diminished^ the Fungi fasten upon them.
The leaves become mildewed, or covered with rusty
spots on the under side. They then gradually wither
and drop off, and the plants are leafless by the end of
July as if in winter. With the Perpetuals, however,
it usually happens that after a few weeks' rest in this
condition they make fresh shoots, and autumnal flowers
are formed.

The object to be kept in view in this case must be
to maintain the vigour of the plant. On hot soils it is
a good plan to place a layer of rather fresh manure on
the surface of the soil, to keep off the heat of the
summer's sun. It is not however well to place this on
the soil too early in the season, else the plants, though
they grow luxuriantly, do not flower well. Eather
wait until the flower buds are formed, and then mulch
the plants. Your main object, however, must be to
discover that portion of your garden where the plants
seem to be most healthy, and to make your Eose bed
there. An Amateur,

(To be Contintted.)

Home Correspondence.

Variegated Zonal Felargoniums. — I agree with your
correspondent "A Flower Gardener" (see p. 1098), as
regards what he has said respecting the unsuitableness
of the greater portion of the Variegated Zonal Pelar-
goniums exhibited at South Kensington on the 17th
of September for bedding purposes ; and I consider it
quite necessary that at any future exhibition of these
beautiful plants there should be separate classes for
varieties suitable for bedding purposes, and other
classes for varieties suitable for pot culture only — the
kinds with their delicate ileaves and perfectly accurate
markings. Those approaching the florists' beau ideal are
worthless for bedding purposes. What is most wanted in
the flower garden is a grand display of varied colour ; it
is not necessary that every leaf should assume a definite
shape, nor that its markings should appear just as if
each leaf had been made by machinery. Nature

NOTEMBEB 80, 1867.]

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

ml

is not always so exact in her productions as
man— neither is it necessary she should be so. For
beddinp; purposes we want distinct and distant effect,
especially in places whore the flower-beds are sur-
rounded with Grass; for it is very seldom in this
constantly varying climate of ours that we have many
fine days together, and when the Grass is wet either
with dew or rain there are very few ladies or gentle-
men who will run the risk of wetting their feet merely
for the purpose of Roing to see if every leaf on any
particular bed is perfectly symmetrical in form, and its
colours properly arranged. I could appreciate as well
as any one the florists* beau ideal of a Variegated
Zonal Pelargonium, but fear I shall have to wait a
very long time before such a pleasing sight will
appear before me ; and if we could get these pleasing
forms of flor,al beauty with suflicient vigour and
constitution to enable them to bear the inclemency
of our constantly changing climate, I should bo
one of the first to welcome their advent. All
who have watched the growth of the beautiful Mrs,
Pollock in pots will have noticed that the leaves do not
vary a very great deal one from the other ; the
reverse is the case when she is planted out in the open
ground ; yet we must acknowledge Mrs. Pollock as the
type for our guide 05 a bedding Pelargonium : Mrs.
Pollock will grow away as freely as any of the plain-
leaved varieties. What we want, then, for bedding
purposes are varieties, vigorous and free, yet compact in
growth, like Mrs. Pollock, but with their colour
more definite and perpetual. This, I think, can
only be done by getting a greater substance in
the leaf. Where the leaves are thin and trans-
parent, the colour rapidly fades, either in bright
sunshine, or in dull weather. All varieties, therefore,
of this class should bo considered only fit for culti-
vating in pots, in hou.ses or frames, where they can be
protected from sudden storms, and shaded in bright
sunny weather from the direct rays of the sun ; a hot
bright day, or three or four wet days, are alike fatal to
their beauty, unless the house or frame in which the
plants are grown is provided with the means of drying
the air in the latter case, and with the means of shading
in the former. I have great hope of being able to
produce a class of variegated Pelargoniums from the
nybrid Seedlings referred to at p. 1097, that will bear a
much greater degree of sun-heat without fading,
and a greater degree of damp, moist weather
without decaying. The leaves are of great substance,
handsome in form, and their habits erect and branch-
ing ; the stem seems much harder, and better able to
resist moisture than do the ordinary scarlet Pelar-
goniums. I have this day cut some of the plants up
for propagating, and was very much struck with this
difference in the substance of the wood. The leaf-
stalks also seem much firmer than those of the common
zonal type. The habit 'of the plant is very graceful,
and they appear likely to flower very freely ; one of the
plants, which is not more than 8 inches high, and not
having more than eight fully developed leaves on it, is
already showing a truss of bloom. I am very
sanguine of being able to produce from these
hybrids all the various shades of colour to be found
in the Variegated Zonals, also the Bronze and Yellow
Self Pelargoniums. But I am digressing from the
subject and purpose of this letter, which is to suggest
the propriety of having [classes set apart for bedding
Pelargoniums, and others for varieties only fit for culti-
vation in pots. In the latter case the judges may be as
particular as they may think proper about adhering to
form and distinctive marking, but for bedding pur-
poses I contend that it is perfectly unnecessary. I hope
to see a schedule soon published, embodying the sugges-
tions of Messrs. Groom and Grieve (see pp. 1046, 1049),
with any other improvements the Council of the
Eoyal Horticultural Society may think fit to introduce.
It is also necessary that the time for the show to take
place should be definitely fixed, and the schedule in
the hands of intending exhibitors, with as little delay
as possible. There should also be the same provision
made for the Bronze and Gold Zonals with regard to
their fitness for bedding purposes or cultivation in pots,
for there is a great number now cropping up that are
useless for bedding purposes, and yet very beautiful as

pot plants. J. Wills, Iluntroyde. 1 admit that many

of the Tricolor Zonal Pelargoniums may be found too
delicate for ordinary bedding purposes, but this will
not be the case with the Gold and Bronze varieties, for
I know that many of the plants lately shown in this
class were grown out-of-doors, and they always show
their colours best when freely exposed to the weather.
It would, I think, have been an easy matter to have
selected six or 12 of the most striking of this class well
adapted for decorative purposes. Among bronzed
varieties I will take Her Majesty, Beauty of Ribble-
dale, Perilla, and Model ; from the bright gold
I would select Countess of Kellie, Egyptian Queen,
Mrs. Todd, and Kentish Hero, as likely to prove best,
and your correspondents may plant any one of these
out without fear as to their not succeeding. I
think that the bright Gold and the Bronze varieties
should be formed into two separate classes at exhi-
bitions, there being distinction enough between them
j to call for such a separation, which, if done, would
' make the labour of judging them far easier and more
satisfactory than it is at present ; and I am of opinion
that there should be a prize offered for the most
effective variety in each class, otherwise some of great
merit as bedders may be overlooked. Among Tricolors,
Queen Victoria may not answer every requirement,
but I believe that this is the one which will be more
used for bedding, than any other of the newer kinds.
Us colours being brighter and deeper than Mrs.
Pollock, and its habit of growth more robust and
vigorous. W. S. O.

Mildness of the TVeather—'ilnny of your corre-
spondents must doubtless have been struck with the
unsually mild state of the weather with which we are

favoured, and with the prolongation of summer flowers.
It may be worthy of remark, that this day (November
liOtlo'from the open garden here, I have gatliorcd a
basketful of beautiful flowers, consisting of Hoses,
Chrysanthemums of various kinds. Fuchsias, Calceo-
lariiis. Heaths. Mignonette, Jasminum nudiflorum,
Wallflowers, Alichaelmas Daisies, &o. Russian Violets
are blooming profusely. Dahlias were untouched by
frost up to the 23rd. Trees sociu to retain their
foliage unusually long, and, but for the shortness of the
day, we might forget that wo were so near to the close
of the year. P. R. Davidson, Or. to O. J. Yarburgh,
Esq., HesUngton JTall, York.

The Nomenclature of Trainiiiri.—We must, I pre-
sume, appeal to the Editors, to furnish us with
distinctive names for the difl'erent forms of trained
trees, in which at present we are lamentably defitMont.
As far as my knowledge extends, we have only two
kinds of trained trees on our walls and in our gardens :
(1) the fan-shaped — a very applicable name— after
which form we train Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots,
Plums, and Cherries ; and (2) the espalier, or later.al
trained trees, the form in which our Pear trees have
been trained against our walls for ages. The term
espalier is, however, used in England for lateral-
trained trees planted by the sides of our garden paths.
How, then, shall wo distinguish wall trees trained after
the same mode? The word " cordon " is excellent for
the single, double, and quadruple trees for edgings,
and also for diagonal single^stemmed trees, but when a
tree is trained to a wall with many divergent lateral
branches it should be distinguished from the espalier
by some appropriate name. The " palmette " does not
seem to convey a just idea of the form of the tree, as
one thinks of the Palm leaf, palmate (our English
word, according to Webster), " resembling a hand with
the fingers spread;" this is in accordance with our
fan-shaped wall trees, but cannot apply to our lateral-
trained wall Pear trees. We must, therefore, try and
invent some appropriate name. The French gardeners
seem to confine the name espalier to trees trained
against walls only. We may perhaps apply the
term to all our lateral-trained trees, distinguishing our
wall trees by the name of wall-espaliers. Pray assist us.
With respect to Mr. D. Thomson's kind reminder I
beg to say that the passage in question was written
upwards of 20 years ago ; it was then applicable, it is
not so now. If he again reads what I have said he will
see that I find no fault with cordons for edgings,
" barring" the wires, which should be extinct ; neither
do I find any fault with the Montreuil system, or the
management of pyramidal trees as now carried on. I
alluded to some beautifully trained trees at the Jardin
des Plantes, which I think Mr. E. Thompson well
described ; it is some 10 or 12 years since, but I
remember that for two consecutive years they had no
fruit on them : on my noticing this the savans laughed,
and said they were not intended to bear fruit but leaves,
and to show the perfection of training. Mr. D. Thom-
son will see that I gave no blame to common-sense
training, but, in common with experienced French
gardeners, merely half ridiculed the fantasies of train-
ing, so numerous and so useless (see fig. .3, p. 1191, and
M. Brehaut's figures in the Illustrated News). The
great object of my writing has been to counteract dis-

faragement of English gardeners and English gardening,
feel a sort of old-fashioned patriotism which prompts
me to take up the cudgel when the old country is
libelled ; and I repeat, that in no country in the world
is gardening so well understood, or gardens so perfect,
as in Great Britain. T. R. [The subject of nomen-
clature is under consideration. Eds.]

Fruits and Vegetables. — I can recommend strongly
the Early Smyrna and Primavis Frontignan Grapes.
The first is of delicious flavour, and the other is very
good. I grew them by means of solar heat only in my
Vinery, together with the old Black Hamburgh. They
were in 15-inch pots. I have since added three more
of each, and one Vine each of Foster's White Chasselas,
Musqu^ de Sillery, the Early Silver Frontignan, and
the Early Golden Frontignan. I obtained them of
Mr. Rivers. I prefer the Early Smyrna to any
other variety of Frontignan. The only fault I could
find with any of the many JIuscats and Frontignans
he grows, was, that the flavour of the Muscats,
and also of Frontignans, wanted a little variation.
I gave this season to two amateurs some of the berries
of the Early Smyrna to taste ; they thought them
delicious, but not so good as the Canon Hall Muscat,
which they had tasted in the morning at Mr. Evans's,
of Chettle. Still there is a vast difference between the
expense of solar and artificial heat. I recommend

feople with cold Vineries, or a ridge Vinery, which
saw and admired a few days ago at my
friend Archdeacon Huxtable's, to grow Frontignans.
I recommend the early Summer Beurr^ d'Aremberg.
I had a capital crop on a pyramid, and very healthy.
My Quince stock Pears have suffered from blight the
last two years. I have moved them to a sunnier and
better place, and nearer the pump. As regards vege-
tables, I recommend the Yorkshire Hero and Gryffe
Castle (seedling) Potatos. They are the only
Potatos here that have been first-rate this critical
year, in which " closeness " is the general order of the
day. I received several others with the Gryffe Castle
seedling from the same kind friend, and they were
good, and I think will be A 1 another season, planted
earlier, viz.. Upwards and Onwards, Pebble White,
Shutford Seedling, Prolific, and the true York
Regent ; I say true, for there are in Yorkshire 50
Regents that go by that name. I have other Potatos,
usually excellent, but they are very "close" this year.
As regards Cabbages, I have never yet had a better
than Green's Early. I have them as good now as in
the spring of the year. I sow them in rank in July
and August, and thin them to proper distances. By
this means I get them as good at the fall as at the
spring. I do not earth up Cabbages, but keep the

ground hoed between them, on the flat. I am sur-
prised, seeing the Potato is " the noble tuber,"
and indispensable for rich and poor, that the iirizos
for sorts, or collections of I'otatos, should bo so
unworthy. W. F Itadeh/Jfe, Okeford Filzpaine.

Orape.i in Sollies (see p. U'.)l). — If I remember
correctly this is an old idea, and was broached many
years ago in one of our English or American periodi-
cals. There is not tho least doubt of its having
succeeded well in France, tho tliin dry air of that
country being so favourable, but in our moist clim.ate
the plan is likely to ])rove— to use a Sliandyism—
" hobby-horsical," and will probably end in being
a " mare's-nest," or rather, each bunch will by the end
of December be a ne.st ofmould, and an intoresting study
for the fungologist. It seems odd to find Mr. Barue.s
(seep. Ufi8) with his matured judgment, thinking the
bottle method of keeping Grapes foasiiilo in tho moist
climate of Devonshire ; it is true that in a well lighted,
well lieated, and well ventil.ated room, with a southern
exposure, and in a dry winter, bottled Grapes may pro-
bably be kept in a sound state till Christmas ; " mais
le jeu ne veut pas la chandelle," for they would keep
much hotter on the Vine in a Vinery, with but
moderate care. A few years ago I read in one of tlio
American periodicals a very interesting method of
keeping Grapes till lato in spring; it was simply
wrapping the bunch in thin white pajier, and placmg
a number of bunches in a single layer in drawers in tho
living room, in which constant stove fires were kept.
This, coupled with the light dry air of the United
States, preserved Grapes perfectly. Like your corre-
spondent " W. R.," I was taken with the new idea, as
he was with the bottles, and without reasoning on the
difference of climate, I set to work in 1859 — ase,ason
remarkable for its warmth and dryness— and wrapped
some bunches of Black Hamburgh Grapes,
thoroughly ripened, in tissue paper. I then placed
them m paper boxes on the mantel-piece of my
study, in which a constant fire was kept daily.
On examining my Grapes some weeks after Ciiristmas,
I found them shrivelled, and raisin-like, but very rich
and good; still they were not plump, juicy Grapes.
In 1860 and 1861, the seasons were wetaudcold,andmy
Grapes in boxes rotted; and since then I have not
tried my hand at keeping Grapes through the winter,
otherwise than on the Vines. Bunches of Grapes in a
room would have a good coatiug of dust before the
spring, unless put in bags, which would be apt to bring
on rot. The truth is, no method of keeping Grajies is
equal to that followed by our gardeners ; and no winter
Grapes in Europe can be compared to those from our
English Vineries in December, January, and Feb-
ruary, up to March. Where on the Continent of
Europe, say in the months of January and February,
could such Grapes be seen as our Alicantes, Lady
Downes' Seedling, West's St. Peters, Muscats, and
Barbarossas ? It is owing entirely to gardening skill
that such results are obtained, and to a lack of gar-
dening skill and enterprise that such things are not seen
in France. It seems incredible that with the most
favourable climate in the world, Paris is not abun-
dantly supplied with winter Grapes. The geographical
position of France is so remarkable, so perfect, in
giving variation of climate, that one seems to wish that
two or three Merediths were settled in the south. If
I were a young man with a few hundreds of pounds, I
would join one or two with a iew more hundred-s,
and settle in the south of France, build cheap unheated
Vineries, and grow Alicante, Mrs. Piuce's Muscat, and
Lady Downes' Seedling for the winter supply of
Europe, sending them to Paris and London by the ton.
Such enterprisers must, however, make themselves
Frenchmen in language, a dumb Englishman would do
no good; for, unless the language is understood, so
many things are misunderstood. I hope to live to see
the day when some clever English gardeners wdll show
the world what a fine climate can do. Muscadine.

Baro7i de Rothschild's Garden at Ferri^res. — I have
just readj Mr. Rivers' article on French and English
gardening, in which it is stated that an English
gardener is employed by the Baron to cultivate his
Vines. In this Mr. Rivers is completely mistaken.
For many years I have been gardener at Ferrieres and
at Boulogne, and have never known an English
gardener on the place. I grow all the fine varieties of
English Grape Vines, and I may say that preference is
always given to the Chasselas de Fontainebleau, and
the Frankenthal, especially the former, which is
preserved from year to year by the method described
by your Paris correspondent in your columns. If
Grapes are obtained from Covent Garden it is more for
show "parade" than anything else, for the Chasseias is
very superior in flavour to tho large bunches of Black
Alicante, St. Peter's, Barbarossa, or Child of Hale,
which are of third-rate quality. F. Bergman, Ferrieres.
Preserving Ice. — If a " Poor Countryman" (p. 119.3)
will write to Mr. Elworthy, gardener to Lord Leigh,
Stoneleigh Abbey, Kenilworth, he will give him, I am
certain, most willingly, his experience of the best and
most simple method of preserving ice that has come
under my notice. F. [Perhaps Mr. Elworthy will
kindly explain his plan in our columns, pro bono
publico. Eds.]

Hardy Pears.— 1 hope many more will follow up
G. Willers' useful notice (p. 1191) both in England
and Scotland. Information of this sort is the very
essence of practice, and will, I trust, change the current
of our notions ; the large Pears being, as Mr. Tillery
justly remarks, not so rich in point of flavour as one of
our common vegetables. If I go further than he docs,
it is simply to explain that my experience up to this
time has proved that what are termed "cooking" Pears
have received the name because they cannot otherwise
be eaten ; but uo French cook will use one of them if he
can get a good flavoured eating Pear. The latter does
not require so much stewing, and there is not
the least comparison between the two when prepared

1218

THE GARDENEfeS' CHHONTCLE AND AGI^ICtJLTtlRAE GAZEWE. [NorEjttEti so, lae? ;

for use iu this way, aily more than in the uncooked
state. I have been told by a nobleman from the
northern parts of Scotland, that they had been eating
small Scotch Pears from old orchard standards this
autumn, inlinitely superior in point of a perfumed-
Pear flavour, to the large tine specimens from our walls ;
and that there was a plentiful supply for the steward's
room and hall, as well as for the parlour. J. F.

Large Vines— Ai p. 1093 you notice the Vine at
Silwood Park, and it may be interesting to some to
learn a little more than you have stated respecting that
once flourishing Vine. I can endorse all you say in
regard to its beauty. I think I may say that no other
can be found to equal it in that respect, but I imagine
that you have been wrongly informed as to its age.
In 1837 I was informed that it had been then planted
nearly 50 years ; be that as it may, it had at that time
nearly filled the house, which had been lengthened a
few years previously to 123 feet. There were then said
to be 2000 bunches on it, but I think 1600 nearer the
mark. The bunches and berries were very small, but
well coloured. The following year I gave it a partial
rest, not more than 1000 bunches being allowed to
ripen on it. My employer, Mrs. M. Forbes, wished
me to do all I could to keep it in health, therefore all
the top soil was, where possible, removed, without
damaging the roots, and fresh loam and manure substi-
stuted ; ^ several old Apple trees were removed, and
everything taken away except some Asparagus beds in
front of the house, which were full of vine roots.
Beside top-dressing with manure every year it received
three good soakings of manure-water from the farm-
yard, the last being given when the Grapes began to
colour. In a few years the leaves were nearly double
the size which they were when I first took charge of it,
the bunches and berries too were much larger. No
correct account was kept of the produce till the year
1816 ; in that year, when I had finished thinning, my
employer wished me to count the bunches, which
numbered 1860, and when ripe they weighed as nearly
as possible 6 cwt. The following year 2000 bunches
wete taken from it, but the weight did not much sur-
pass that of the previous year. Subsequently, till the
year 1851, the number of bunches did not exceed 1800,
but that year 2000 bunches ripened, and every
bunch coloured in perfection. Such was the vigour
of the Vine that year, that when a lateral
escaped the eye, it brought with it two and three
bunches of Grapes, which of course were removed
along with the lateral as soon as perceived. It was no
easy task that year to thin the bunches, and to keep all
laterals back. In general there were more bunches
taken olf in a green state than were allowed to remain
on. All who saw the Vine that year will not readily
forget the sight. When partially colouredj and looked
at from one end, with the bead a little inclined, the
display of fruit was grand in the extreme. I do not
think that it overcame quite up, however, to its parent in
size of bunch or berry. I have tried several plans to
preserve the Grapes, but never could succeed in having
them far in the new year. About 100 bunches were
taken o3' in October, and put in a well-aired fruit room,
and some were subjected to all sorts of trials, but as the
new year set in, some moulded, others shrivelled ; while
some few bunches from another Black Hamburgh Vine
would always keep until February. I had nearly
(orgotten to mention that fires wete occasionally lighted
in the early part of the season, and continued till the
bunches were ready to thin; after that no fire heat
was employed till the autumn, ^hen it was used to
keep the frtiit from damping. In the year 1853 the
property passed into other hands, so that I had no
further opportunity of seeing the Vine in question until
pa,ssing three years ago I called to see it once again,
but could only inspect it through the glass, as the
gardener was from home ; I saw, however, quite enough
to convince me that it was going back. All the
Asparagus beds were destroyed, and Cabbages were
growing vigorously in their place ; I atti therefore not
surprised to hear such a sad report of it a3 has been
given, and I trust that something may be done ere too
late to renovate this once famous Vine. O. Broma,
Or. to IS. Mackenzie, Usq., Fawley Court, Eenleij-
Oii-T/mmes.

Cordon Planting. — I hope you will allow me a small
space in your columns to express my thanks to " W. E.."
for the gentle correction he administered to me in the
Times. It has been received by me without the least
feeling of resentment. But, unfortunately, I feel self-
convicted of an obstinate and mulish temper, for I still
adhere to my opinions and to my " mischievous" state-
ment in the Times, viz., that from 2000 to 4000 cordon
trees may be planted per acre. Tour readers may bo
assured that 1 did not advise this. I simply said that
it could be done profitably. The few years of experience
that I have had in fruit growing , must be my apology
for rushing into print with such wild notions. T. F. It.

Rose Stocks. — At p. 1160, in the " Notes on the Art
of Growing Roses Out-of-doors," by an Amateur, there
occurs this passage :— " There is a point of some
importance to be attained iu forming healthy stan-
dards ; it is to get the bark to heal over the top of the
stem. Unless this is secured the plants become
unhealthy and die." Now if Hose growers would adopt
the reasonable course of raising their own stocks,
instead of sending out into the highways and hedges
for them, there would be few deaths from this cause,
and non6 from the decaying clubs usually accom-
panying standard stems drawn from the wilds.
Standard Briars may be easily raised by striking
the long shoots from an established stool, or by
means of strong healthy cuttings planted about
this time, which will root and grow freely during next
sutnmer; the following winter they should be cut
down close to the ground, and when the buds begin to
push, rub all oU' but one, and when that has grown long
enough lor the purpose, and has become sufficiently
ripe, it should be budded at the side, the same as is

recommended for the Manetti. I recently purchased
some standard Roses from an eminent grower, and
having cut off the decaying heels, have fotwarded
them for your inspection, when you will doubtless
agree with me that standard Briars should be raised at
home. Abbeij Wood. [Rough fibreless knobs, covered
with Fungus. Eds,]

Sluus. — Many thanks to " W. T." for his paper ori
slugs (see p. 1023), but I have no doubt some of us
must differ a little from him in his favourable opinion
of some species, on account of rather sad experience.
"The gardener's worst enemy" is not always Limax
agrestis. There is, perhaps, no question at all about
its being the most numerous, but 1 have found it much
more easily to be got at than some others to which he
refers. Tou may almost invariably find it out after a
warm shower, immediately after sunset (or during a dewy
evening even before), and after sunrise during a dewy
morning, — hence I suppose the name Dew-snail
has been applied to it. It invariably feeds above
ground, which is nbt the case with, for example, Arion
hortensis and Limax carinatus ; these feed under as
well as above ground, and are both very troublesome
in a Celery ridge, an Asparagus bed, or a plot of
Potatcs, to say nothing about Carrots and many other
underground vegetables. Neither can sotne of us speak
so favourably of some others as " "W. T." does. Arion
ater, for example, is very destructive if it does
chance to stray into the garden ; a newly planted
Dahlia stands but a very poor chance before one
of these monster slugs : and so with many other
things of which slugs are so fond ; no matter how choice,
they do not spare them on that account if they come
in their way. And of the last two mentioned in " W.T.'s"
list (namely, Limax flavus and Limax maximus), I am
afraid many can record sad depredations. Do they not
sometimes by some means get into the Cucumber or
Melon frame or pit ? And woe be to the plants if they are
small. Fruits in houses or pits, but mdch worse against
open walls— the Peach, Nectarine, Apricot: indeed,
any such fruits— are attacked by them ; and these, too,
are such fast and long travellers, that they will cotne
an almost incredible distance in a night. I may again
refer to Arion hortensis in a quatter of Cabbage,
Cauliflower, or Lettuce. If the plants have been
grown quickly, and are consequently tender-stemmed,
they are often eaten under ground, sometimes entirely
through, at other times all round, to the destruction of
the plant, and then, as I have before said, they are
not so easily got at. They do not so early appear above
ground. Some years since I had constructed what I
called a " lime-duster," and with some two or more of
these a very large space may be got over in a very little
time, and so little lime is used that a slight shower
quite eflaces it. To meet with these (Arion
hortensis and Limax carinatus) we usuaUy commence
some two hours after nightfall, and continue sometimes
till midnight. Of course an extra person is required,
besides those dusting, to carry a light, so that the crop
may not be injured by the foot. Oeorge Lee, Clevedon.

Coleus.—Yo\xr correspondent " R." (see p. 1117)
mentions in his remarks on foliage plants for sub-
tropical gardening, that the true way to take much of
the beauty of colour out of the Coleus is by means of
planting it in shady situations. Now the best place
that I find for foliage plants is a shady situation.
Having used the Coleus extensively during these last
three seasons in ribbon borders in connection with
Golden Fleece Pelargonium, the contrast between the
two was considered a great success, exposed as they
were to the full summer's sun; but towards tbe
autumn, when the sun's rays were not so strong, the
Coleus improved in colour cousidetably, fully deve-
loping its yellow margin. This season, however, it was
not used in any of the terraces. Having a good stock
of it in hand I had it planted, with other subtropical
plants, in partially shaded nooks by the sides of shrub-
bery walks, where it did not fail to display its true colour,
and continued to do so from the time it was planted
out until it was cut down by frost. It was completely
shaded from the noon-day sUn, and only had sunlight
sparingly in the morning and evening; yet nothing
could be more beautiful, and it was much admired by
all who had the opportunity of seeing it. J. Miller,
Worksop Manor.

Duration of Flower Slioics.—li exhibitions cannot
be made to cover expenses by a single day's show, then
it is wrong to object to a moderate extension of time ;
but the duration of exhibitions now proposed is
equally unreasonable. There is no analogy, I think,
between the International of 1866, the Manchester
and Bury Shows, and what may be advisable or prac-
ticable to caiTy out for a continuance in any one
place. The International was an exceptional affair,
which might be repeated in 10 Or a dozen years hence ;
but attempt the thing every year, and I feel certain,
from the way in which numbers of the principal
exhibitors have expressed themselves to me, that it
would be a failure if the 10 days' duration, or anything
near that, were attempted : the same thing applies to
Manchester. The Horticultural Society's Show^ as held
atBury,differs inmanyrespects from others,for it occurs
late in the season, when exhibitors have more time on
hand than earlier in the year ; the weather, too, is almost
certain to be warmer during the nights then, and
plants are not near so tender as earlier in the season.
The exhibition, moreover, being intended to be moved
about from one part of the kingdom to another, is
almost sure on account of its novelty to be supported
by exhibitors as well as by the public. I admit that
exhibitions of some sort can be got up, no matter
how long the time, as thel-e are always a
certain class of people who will rush in if they
think others may be absent, but will such
exhibitions be a means of instruction to the rising
generation of garden ets, or will they interest the
public ? It is said that tnefe.is a disinclination on the
part of exhibitors to Ml in witll the plaii of extending

the time ovet three or four days, and I think reasonably
so. I say most distinctly, that where exhibitions,
either frotti bad management or from want of taste on
the part of the public, cannot be upheld without
resorting to such a length of time, by all means let
them be given up. How is it that the great two days'
shows in the north can be made to answer ? Their
expenses are as heavy as those of the south. And most
of them meet the exhibitors liberally with the assistance
of men, horses, and some of them with the Whole
oj- part of the railway carriage in the case of distant
exhibitors. In fact the secret of their success rests on
the perfection of their arrangements, and the thorough
understanding which subsists between the committee
and the exhibitors. There is another matter connected
with such long shows that I would rather not have had
occasion to mention, as any allusion to money matters
gives the thing more of a business complexion than I
like to introduce into it ; but unfortunately exhibiting,
especially from long distances. Cannot be done
without heavy expenses. There has beeti a good
deal said about a proportionate increase of prizes
for long shows, btit this has hitherto been much
tnore in the way of sound than reality. Even at the
International, in the principal Classes, the increase
was only 20 per cent, more than on the occasion of
single-day exhibitions. As one day has been found
insufficient, it would, at all events, seem more reason-
able to try two days than to rush into something like a
week at the first onset. Tour suggestion of a scale of
expenses, regulated according to distance, is obviously
a step in) the right direction. Thos. Baines, Sutnmei'-
Jield, Boicdon, Cheshire.

Strawberries iyi November. — We have here this day
(Nov. 26th) gathered some half-dozen ripe Strawberries
from a few plants growing in the 0{)en ground that
have been fiowering and producing ripe fruit succes-
sionally since the end of August, There is now on the
plants fruit in all stages, and the flower stems are
coming up as determinedly as ever, seeming as if they
would go on bearing until " Strawberries come again."
We have but six plants of the variety, which is named
Triomphe ; but all of them show the same peculiaritj',
each plant having produced, on an average, three or
four ripe fruit per week during the above-named
period, I consider this a very interesting variety, by
far the nearest approach to perpetual bearing of any I
have seen. The fruits produced are not rubbishy,, but
fair sized, equal to ordinary samples of Black Prince.
It is a prodigious bearer in the proper season, the fruits
of medium size, conical, colour pale scarlet or cerise,
and very pleasantly flavoured. With a hundred or so
of such plants as these for autumn supply, it would
seem an easy matter to have ripe Strawberries all the
year round. A. F. B., Chiswick.

Messrs. Jackman's Clematises.— Tlairms frequently
heard doubts expressed of late, in reference to the con-
tinuous blooming of the above, I enclose a bunch of
blooms cut from among hundreds open and opening of
C. Jackmanii, tubro-violacea, &c., from out-of-doors, and
many of them in pots. They have been blooming all
the autumn, which simply proves that all they want is
some continued inducement to push growth, which
growth is certain to bring bloom. I may add that we
are now busy planting beds of them, well made up with
rotten manure and fresh soil. As they are planted we
add a good covering of rough manure over the surface,
and cut the plants down to 1 foot from the surface. In
some beds for upright plants we have added a plant or
two of the old C. Flamtnula for scent ; the white,
moreover, will bring out the rich lilac and violet tints
more fully. J. F„ Clireden. [A profusion of flowers
accompanied this letter. Eds.]

Foreign Correspondence.

Cottage Fruit Oroii'ing. — I quite agree with
" W. R.'' that English people ought not to be dependent
on the Continent for their Apple dumpUngs and dessert
Pears, and that " live and learn " ought to be their
inotto. If French gardeners would go to England and
learn how to grow Orchids, stove and greenhouse
plants. Azaleas, and Ericas, such as are produced at
English metropolitan shows, and if Englisn gardeners
would come to the Continent and take a few lessons in
fruit growing, both wotdd return to their respective
homes wiser men.

Seventeen years ago, whilst walking from Oxford to
Woodstock, my attention was directed to a thatched
cottage smothered with Apricots, the fruit being such
as I had never seen before, and seldom since. The
occupier was a labouring man. He told me that his
crop of Apricots yearly paid his rent. Now what this
Cotta!|er did then, can surely be repeated in Great
Britain a million times over : that is to say, every cottage
ought to be covered with fruit trees— even its north
Wall should be furnished with Morello Cherries or
Plums. 1 have often asked cottagers why they did
not do this, and the answers invariably were, that they
were too poor to buy fruit trees, or that they only held
their cottages by the six months or year at a time,
consequently they did not care to plant trees for thfe
benefit of the landlord, or the next occUpier.

Fruit trees can be had at very low prices from any
of our large nurserymen, and it is surprising that even
the rich still plant them by the half-dozen instead of
by hundreds. An Apple, Pear, or Plum tree in a
hedge takes no more room (and does less harm to
sunonnding crops) than an old pollard Oak; then I
ask why not cut down and sell the useless old stumps
that now exist there, and substitute young fruit trees
with the money thus produced ? In many parts of
Switzerland the Apple, Pear, and Walnut are planted
all round the fields and often overhang the public
roads ; and the produce of oil, cyder and fruit for
market, often helps the fanner over " rent-day." If
this system were adopted in England we should soon -
be independent of our French friends even in bad

NovEMBEB SO, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1219

seasons, as it seldom happens that lato frosts sweep a
whole country. I may mention, as an example, that
the frost whioii we had here on the 24th of May. killed
everything in the cantons of Geneva and Vaud,
whilst in the cantons ol" Argovia and ThurRovIa there
never were snch cro])s l)efore, and hundreds of tons ol
Apples, Pears, and I'lums have been sent from them
all over the country. „ ,. ,

Let us, however, revert to the English cottage wall-
how is it to be covered and made at once an ornament
a profit, and a luxury ? Simply, by all landlords and
owners of cottages, instead of sending their cotters
tough old hens by way oC presents, furnishing them
each with half-a-dozen nice younff fruit trees to stick
on their cottage walls as Christmas boxes for 18f>7.
John Watson, Campagna Lammermoor, Geneva,
Swiizerland, Nov. 23.

TRADE MEMORANDUM.

The following additional intelligence respecting a
would-be horticultural a^ent {see p. Hlv ) is extracted
from the last number of " Notes and Queries."

■' Books Wtiiih-d.—K few weeks ago 1 advertised in the usual
place of ' Notes and Queries ' for certain books, aiui in a day or
two received a woU-written note (enclosed herewith fur satis-
faction of the Editor) ' reporting ' two that were specially wished.
The iiricea were moderate (ir>s. iu all); but suspicion was
created by (1) the volumes Ijeinn described as quartos, while I
know thoy were duodecimos ; (2) the post^ige being marked as
\0d. and 8t?., when Ad. or 6if. -would cover both. Accordingly
I sent on the note to a friend in town, who personally called
at the address given, which proved to bo a grocer's shop imd a
post office, but no such person as tho offerer of the books
resident thei-c. On further conversation it turned out that a
'shabby-genteel man. answering to tho name,' had asked
letters to be kept for him, and had called that morning to
inquire if there were not one from Liverpool. Of course the
bait in this instance did not catch ; but I ' make a note of it '
for the benefit of readers of ' Notes and Queries.' The name of
the writer and address are .as follows ; - ' \V. B. Dean [? Dear], 18.
York Road, King's Cross. Loudon, N.' The obliging gentleman
may not fancy the honour of such publicity ; b\it he is too deserv-
ing for me to Vpithhold it. Perhaps be will see that he knows
the next book he 'reports.' Seriously, ought not the police to
pounce on such petty pilferers ? A. B. Gro&art, Liverpool."

Notices of aSoofeS,

wading through tho systematic descriptions of orders,
genera and species, in which the tyro could not advance
I'ar without getting out of his depth. Tlic account
given ol' the various metliods of fmctilication is very
meagre, tho writorignoring altogether tho extraordinary
researohos of Thurct and others. In spiteoftheso delects
the book is to bo recommended for tho clear and foitlilul
descriiitions of tho various specues, tho author having,
as he toU.s us, derived great advantage from the rich
collections of his relatives, Dr. John Kdward Gray and
Mrs. Gray, as well as from the information he has
derived from tho.so highly accomplished naturalists.

Mr. Murray ha.s published a new edition (the
fourtli) of Qallon's Arl of Travel, which in many
respects is a new work, but hardly stands in need of
recommendation. Colonists, however, and settlers in
new countries would require more of the kind of
information which is given in Mr. Lord's ' At Homo in
the Wihlorness," noticed in our columns, p. 1:*'k than
is given in the present work, which is intended more

specially for "travellers" by profession. The lirst

part of a new series of JIooL-ers Icones Flantantm
(London, Williams k Norgate), has .just been
issued. It contains 2,') lithograiihs, together with
descriptive notices, of Now and Rare Plants, selected
from the Kew herbarium. The plants figured are for
the most part of botanical interest only, but some ol
those represented would be desirable introductions
to our gardens, such as the Alsophila Rebeccic from
Queensland, or the Schizica Sprucei from Brazil. It
is interesting to see one of the St. Helena plants figured
It is to be hoped that more of the indigenous plants of
that island will be given, as the greater part of these now
exist only in herbaria (where indeed they are rare), the
living specimens having been exterminated by goats !
and other destructive agencies, to the great grief of the
botanists, to whom, for many rea.sons, the original
Flora of St. Helena was peculiarly interesting. We
may reiterate our opinion that this is a publication
which should be issued at the expense of tho Govern-
ment. It is not just that the public treasures should
be illustrated at the cost of individuals, a cost which,
from the nature of things, is not likely to be reimbursed
very soon, if at all.

A Randbook of Vine and Fruit-free Cultivation under
Ohftft, with a Description of Sir Joseph Paxtons
Patent Holhotises. By Samuel Hereman. Third
edition. London : 7, Pall Mall East, and 1"1, Fleet
Street.
Mr. Hereman has just issued a new edition of his very
useful Handbook, the whole of which has, he tells us,
been thoroughly revised, and many important additions
made. It may therefore now more than ever be
recommended as a trustworthy guide in relation to the
subject on which it treats. The cultural directions
have the great merit of being concise and clear. On
the Vine (picstion, which has latterly attracted so
much attention, the author writes: — "Since our last
edition, many gardeners of good practice and great
experience have advocated the ' extension system,'
which would in a few years allow a single Vine
to monopolise the whole of the Vinery, in lieu
of the ' restrictive system ' of one or two
rods to each Vine. Of course, where a variety
is desired and the space limited, the usual
arrangement must be retained, or two or three kinds
inarched on one Vine ; and we believe it is only where
the soil is very suitable, and forms a natural and
Unlimited border, or where great space can be appro
priated to a made border, that the extension system
tfill answer. If the management recommended
is carried out with judgment — taking care not to
exhaust the Vines by overcropping or irregular forcing,
neither overcrowding the rods (one Vine to each sash
being sufficient), nor pruning too closely, which may
cause shanking; stopping judiciously, rather than
cutting any well-grown leaves o9', with an occasional
help to the border of bone-dnst, potash, or mulching,
(but not too much manure) — they will, we are con-
vinced, bear well for very many years."

A portion of the Handbook is devoted to explaining
the adaptations of Sir Joseph Paxton's patent hot-
houses tor tho million, and this part of the subject is
profusely illustrated. Altogether it is a very useful
manual to put into the hands of a young or inex-
perienced gardener, and we can but endorse the favour-
able opinion we have already expressed in reference
to former issues.

:JPlovigtg' dFlotoas.

So infrequently have new FrcnsiAS been shown
during the past summer, that one is led to infer either
that the raising of new varieties is not so much
engaged iu, or else, and perhaps most probably, there
are already so many tine varieties extant, that it
requires something very good and very distinct to be
regarded as an improvement on existing kinds. Mr.
Banks, however, has not been idle, but has some fine
things forthcoming, which will be sent out by Mr.
Cannell, and of wdiich particulars will doubtless appear

British Sea-weeds : an Introduction to the Study of
the Marine Ai^/cB of Gl'eat Britain, Ireland, and- the
Channel Islands. By S. O. Gray. London ; Reeve
& Co. 8vo. Pp. 312, tab. 16.
Here is a little book which we would gladly have had
in our autumn rambles by the sea-shore. Harvey's
" Phycologia " is too bulky to be carried about, and liis
smaller Synopsis is out of print. Moreover, since the
publication of those works considerable additional
information has been obtained, not easily accessible to
the student. The author of the present work has
availed himself of some of these accessions to our
knowledge, and has produced the most complete
descriptive list of British Sea^weeds with which we
are acquainted, illustrated with lii coloured litho-
graphs from the pencil of Mr. Fitch. Hence
there can bo no doubt as to the utility of the
manual, and probably more could not have been done
Without unduly increasing the cost of the work.
Nevertheless it is a matter of regret that the author
should not have facilitated the labours of the beginner
by prefixing to his work some analytical Table by which
to ascertain the name of any Seaweed he might meet
. with. It is almost too much to expect of an amateur
that after wading half the day among the rooks and
tide-pools, he is to employ the remainder of the day

in due course. That veteran raiser of the Fuchsia, Mr.
George Smith, Tollington Nursery, Islington,
announces for next year a set of some half-dozen
kinds, none of which have been produced at any of the
leading shows. Mr. Smith has, however, sent out so
many "good things," that he would not peril his
reputation by sending out anything of indifferent
quality ; and most likely he was unable to produce them
at the" meetings of the Floral Committee. Mr. Bull, of
the King's Road, Chelsea, has in his possession two
light-coloured Fuchsias, of remarkably fine quality
and superb beauty; the one, appropriately named
Lustre.has waxy white tube and sepals, elegantly reflexed,
and a corolla remarkable for the vivid crimson vermilion
hue that pervades it, while the edges of the segments of
the corolla are tinted with pale orange. For exhibition
purposes the variety bids fair to be one of great value.
The other is named Starlight; it has a waxy alabaster
white tube and sepals, the latter are broad and stout,
and, as in the case of the variety just named, are
elegantly reflexed, not curling up into the form of a
ball, and losing thereby much of the natural elegance
of the flower ; but while perfectly reflexed, not "abso-
lutely so to the loss of this natural elegance. The
corolla is of a clear lake hue, novel in colour, and dis-
tinct in character; literally, a large and beautiful
flower. The habits of both these varieties are every
way excellent, and so short-jointed as to be suggestive
of " profuse blooming. They will not be publicly
shown till the coming season.

No onecan inspect Mr.BuU'sZoN.iL Pelargoniums
without being convinced that he has sent out some
remarkably fine things. But just now there was a house
of them, in small plants it is true, but yet productive of
rich trusses of bloom. Mr. Bull gets together a set of
fine flowers, and before he can get them into size and
condition fit to be shown, he prefers to distribute them,
and other persons find out the excellencies of
individual flowers, and bring them into notice. One
of the finest bedding Pelargoniums worthy of a place
in the garden is Bull's Commissioner, a most profuse
and continuous bloomer, producing good trusses of
vivid orange scarlet flowers, thrown well above the
foliage on erect foot-stalks; the habit dwarf and compact,
and the leaves slightly zonate. Valiant, of a bright rosy
scarlet hue, produces flowers of a most exquisite shape,
beautifully rounded, and the petals short and smooth.
Princess is a hybrid Nosegay variety, of considerable
merit, of a rich orange crimson shade, the petals
unusually broad and stout. Olivia can be best described
as being of a salmou orange hue, dashed with scarlet on
the upper petals, of very fine form and quality. But
even the foregoing must, for the exquisite form and rich
quality of the individual flowers, give place to Rival,
the flowers of which are a rich orauge scarlet hue,
slightly sutfnsed with rose, of exquisite build, very
stout and fine^ndthe habit altogether in keeping with
the flowers. Whoever procures the foregoing, will not
fail to possess 2ood things. S. D.

CnHTSANTHEMUMS AT J. BoWSTEAD'S, ESQ., WlM-
DLEDON Common.— A beautiful display of these useful
winter flowers may now be seen in tho conservatory
hero, the stages am! shelves of which are covered with
them, and the difleront sorts being skilfully arranged
as to colour, the eH'cct Is admirable. Conspicuous
among them arc the dilferont varieties of Queen of
England, Her Majesty, White Globe, Francis the First,
Mr. Brunlees, Venus, Hercules. Sir Stafford Carey,
Cassandra, Grange Lodge Rival, Cloth of Gold, Themis,
I'rinco and Princess of Wales, Anaxo, Luther,
lievcrley and its golden variety. Prince Albert,
Sicrkler, Tjady Harding, Julia Lagraviore, Prince
Alfred, Comot, Jardin des Plantes, and other
well-known kinds ; while among the Anemone-
llowcred sorts are fine examples of Lady
Margaret, Louis Bonaniy, George Sands, Mr. Astie,
Mr. Martells, and Queen of Anemones. Among
Pompons, which form a brilliant border for the large-
blossomed varieties, are the! different kinds of Cedo
Nulli, Brilliant, Florence, and others; the little round
well flUed-up flowers of which are very useful In
winter bouquets. As regards management, Mr. Ver-
non, the gardener, states that he strikes his cuttings
early in January in a cool frame ; when well rooted he
pots them off in good stiff loam, mixed with well-
decayed cow and horse manure. After a little re-esta-
blishment, he then, by means of full exposure, gra-
dually hardens them off, never potting them into
larger pots than 24'8 or Ifi's. Wlien the pots have
become thoroughly filled with roots the latter are
well fed with liquid-manure, which is continued
until the plants have done blooming. This last
season being verv wet has not, however, been 6o
favourable for liquid manure feeding as a drier one^
Mr. Vernon never stops his large-flowered varieties, but
allows them to break naturally ; and by means of dis-
budding, the produce of each plant is confined to
some 16 or 20 blooms, or one to each .'shoot. Pompons
are not disbudded. Chrysanthemums generally are
late this year, and Mr. Vernon expects that he will be
able to have some of the fringed Japanese vaneties
in blossom even as late as Christmas. Mr. Shrimp-
ton, and other cultivators in the neighbourhood of
Wimbledon, have also good exhibitions of this showy

flower.

Stoke Newington Chrysanthemum Society.—
In the sketch of the above Society's show, given at
p. 1195, it should have been stated that Mr. George s
sport from Golden Hermine was named St. George. It
is an incurved flower, but at the same time makes a
capital variety for exhibition. Hermine is also incor-
rectly printed Hermione.

C^e ^ptarp.

Enemies of Bees.— Dr. Gumming, in one of his
letters on "Bee-keeping," which first appeared in the
columns of the Times, considers the Toad to be among
the very worst of bees' enemies. But the question
arises— is the toad so great an enemy to bees as to
merit the severe treatment to which the Doctor
would subject him ? I much doubt it. Indeed I
believe the toad to be a most useful friend
to a garden or hothouse. A few years ago an
immense toad took up its quarters under the stand of
one of my bee-sheds, sheltered by a house-tile resting
on two bricks. Here he remained on the watch, and
was rewarded for his vigilance by being able to seize
some aged, worn-out, ragged-winged bee, whose race
was otherwise nearly run, with perhaps an occasional
victim in more youthful vigour, which, tired with its
long flight, had fallen to the ground, or perhaps some
robber bee, which had made a fruitless attempt to effect
an entrance into a strange hive for purposes of pi"age,
but was overpowered and beaten to the earth by the
trustv sentinels on guard. My man, a very useful bee-
assistant, on showing the toad to me, said that it
had been a tenant of its hiding-place for some weeks,
but that he had not destroyed it, because he con-
sidered it did good in the garden. I also desired
that it might not be interfered with, as the garden,
being an old one and much overgrown with trees, was
infested with insect life ; and I believed the toad
eft'ected far greater benefit in the destruction of ants,
woodlice, and other vermin, than injury by the sacrifice
of a small number of bees as a bonne bondie for the
indulgence of its appetite. . , t i

Sarwii/s.—Iu another garden, in which I kept
several hives scattered over a moderate-sized lawn,
I remarked that for some years two or three of the
stocks were dreadfully infested with earwigs, one hive
sheltered by a small Walnut tree more especially so.
On removal of the outer case, the earwigs would be
revealed in hundreds, and I always killed as many as
possible. On taking off the wrappings of the glass
supers, and shaking them over the gravel walk, out
they would fall in dozens. No matter how frequently
I visited the hives, these nuisances were always to be
found in great force. In this p.articular hive, which
for four years was always- distinguished for a large
pnnulation and as the most prolific honey-producer 1
ever had, the earwigs did not seem to do much injury,
notwithstanding their enormous numbers; but
with respect to a weaker hive in another
part of the garden, the bees seemed powerless
to prevent their free access to the interior, and
tho stock eventually perished. I am not prepared to
say that the hive was actually and directly destroyed by
the earwigs, but indirectly its fate may be attributed to
their agency, as the bees, weakened and disgusted,
failed in storing sufficient supplies ol food for the
winter From the d(*bris and refuse about their haunts,
I should imagine that the earwigs destroyed the bees
as well as consumed their honey. I never
applied any remedy to keep these insects from
so molesting the hives, not knowing of any applioi^

1220

THE GAUDENEUS' CMONlCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOTEMBEE 30. 1867.

tion that would be likely to be effectual, without also
inflicting injury to the bees.

Ants. — These insects also used to overrun my hives
in great numbers, but I never could discover that they
were injurious to the prosperity of well-peopled
colonies, whatever might be the case as respected
the weaker ones. The sentinels were always ready
to pounce upon any ant daring enough to endeavour to
effect an entrance. I know of an instance in the apiary
of another bee-keeper, where a strong colony of ants
established themselves on the crown of a straw hive
under its outer covering. Both bees and ants flourished
together during the entire summer, neither appearing
in any way to interfere with the other. Apiator.

Miscellaneous.

Auhrietias. — All the Aubrietias are excellent dwarf-
growing spring flowering plants, and are likewise of
great value for rockwork. A. deltoidea and A. deltoidea
purpurea, are the old deep lilac kinds, but very
attractive indeed in the early spring. It is worth a
journey to Kew early in the year to see the Aubrietias
in flower on the borders, as well as in a bed near the
museum. These old varieties are now distanced by the
two new ones, A. gr;eca and A. Campbelli ; the latter
appears to be tinged with rose, and both are larger in
size than the foregoing, and better coloured. They are
somewhat scarce at present, especially the latter
variety, but still a note should be made of them for use
when they can be got. They are excellent for raised
borders, or for borders edged with a kind of low rock-
work, or any material that raises the level of the
border above that of the ground immediately by it.
Planted close to this edging, the Aubretias hang down
, nicely over it, as well as forming an outer edging to
the flower bed. If it can be avoided, they should not
be disturbed yearly, as they are most effective when
forming good-sized tufts. This makes them so well
adapted for rockwork, as where they obtain good
undisturbed root-hold they soon grow vigorously.
They are easily propagated by cuttings taken during
the summer. Country Life.

Garden Operations.

{.JFor the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOUSES.
Chrysanthemums, some of which will now be getting
past their best as regards flowers, should be immediately
removed, and have their flowering shoots cut down
to the ground. From the old base, it may be
needless to state, cuttings at a later period may be
obtained for the purpose of forming plants for next
year's flowering. Any sorts, therefore, which it is
desirable should be grown another season, should be
selected from amongst the many, and propagated.
Choose at all times those which have a good supply of
strong healthy young shoots springingup from the roots.
Where a cold pit exists, plunge them in it, and give
them a moderate amount of protection from very
severe frosts. Where there is no cold pit, however,
it will be advisable to turn the old balls out of the pots,
and plant them out in any sheltered spot in the open
ground where comparative immunity from frost will be
secured. Any Orchidaceous plants which may be flower-
ing at this season, such as Uendrobiuiu chrysanthum,
some kinds of Zygopetalum, Cymbidium, &c., might
have their flowering period materially prolonged if an
opportunity offers of placing them in an intermediate
house, where less moisture exists in the air than is now
present in the Orchid-house or stove ; and where no
draughts can possibly reach them. With Primulas
this is perhaps the most trying period, where it is
necessary to grow and flower them amongst a miscel-
laneous collection of plants. Water should be given
with extreme caution. Give at all times a good
soaking when any is required, and, as I have frequently
advised, endeavour so to arrange the general work
as to be able to water early upon fine sunny mornings
only ; and when it is anticipated the plants are likely
to become well dried at the base again before night.
Any which are in flower should be so elevated as
to receive all the benefit accruing from such sunlight
as this dull season affords. Give no more artificial
heat to JSeath-houses than is absolutely necessary fop
keeping out frosts. Insure, however, as dry and
buoyant an atmosphere as possible without the aid of
fire-warmth, by means of fresh air, afforded upon all
favourable occasions. Some of the brighter-coloured
lEpacrises yi'iW now becoming very generally into bloom,
such as E. ardentissima, &c. ; too moist an atmosphere
will cause the flowers to damp or rot away before they
have become fully expanded,— a fact which should be
borne in mind. Be very particular in watering all
specimens of either Heaths or Epacrises. Never, in
fact, give water unless, rapping decisively with the
knuckles, the pots return the indicatory ring belonging
to partial dryness, when a thorough soaking should be
given.

FORCING HOUSES.
The two principal things to be guarded against
with Fines of the younger successional stock
at this season are the extremes of excessive
bottom-heat and root moisture. Too frequently
the fresh fermenting material, added for the
purpose of carrying the plants through the
duller winter months, becomes rather hot, assisted as
it is by the closeness of the air and other internal
artificial heat, &c. Examine the test sticks frequently
therefore, and endeavour to approach as near as possible
to a bottom-heat of 80°, which will allow of a slight
margin for future sudden variation, either way, without
injury. I would always advise, however, that the pots
be only partially pluu'jed in fresh material, when as
the heat decreases a little fresh may be oooasionally
added, which will not only insure a iiiore OQntinuously

constant maxima, but will tend materially to keep all
fresh and nice around the plants. There is often too
much "fuss" made about Pine growing; so much,
indeed, as to deter many an " amateur" from entering
upon the pleasure of growing Pines. Pew things are,
however, more difficult to kill outright by anything
even approaching rational treatment, though all credit
is due to those who, by assiduous care and atten-
tion, succeed in producing the noble examples
of fruit which so frequently embellish dessert tables in
this country. Should instances occur in which scale
has attacked them, set to work without delay, now that
the plants are not growing very actively, to thoroughly
eradicate it. Generally, under such a state of^ things,
" the readiest way to an end " is to burn every infected
plant, and start afresh with others thoroughly clean.
As regards Forced Vines, do not be over anxious and
so hurry them on unduly, a fault too frequent with
young practitioners, and others whom these remarks
are likely to interest. A gentle, yet substantia!
"advance "is all that is needed or should be desired.
The early Peach-house may now be started, after
the trees have been dressed, &c. Proceed in every way
as with Vineries, the treatment'of which I have already
described. Endeavour to imitate by every possible
means, internally, genial spring weather, whatever may
be the state of the exterior elements. Take advantage
of every ray of sunshine, giving fresh air therewith, at
all times when possible, as indeed at any other period
when it is safe to do so without risking too great a
fall in the temperature, too great draughts upon any
part of the trees, &c. At starting fix upon temperate
as the lowest minimum allowable, running the warmth
up upon bright days, by the aid of the sun's warmth
and concomitant circumstances, to 70°, or thereabouts.
Proceed with the dressing of Vines, and all other
subjects intended in a similar w.iy to be forced.
Mix together tobacco water — the stronger the
better — flowers of sulphur, Gishurst compound, soft
soap, and soap suds ; adding fresh cow-dung, to give it,
when necessary, the consistency of paint. Force this
mixture into every chink and cranny between buds and
spurs, where it should adhere, to the thorough dis-
placement of anything like insect life. I scarcely need
add that no injury must under any circumstances be
done to the buds in the operation. Those who intend
keeping up a supply of early Forced Strawberries
should look to their stocks. Select the most forward
plants, and those which show the best symptoms of
well-developed crowns, ripened foliage, &c. Surface
dress the balls with thoroughly rotted, substantial
manure, after having flrst ascertained that the drainage
is efficient. Then it will be well to scrub each pot
thoroughly outside, for the twofold purpose of securing
future cleanliness, and a free evaporation through the
pores of the earthenware. These simple common-
place matters performed, place the plants where practi-
cable upon an open, airy, and sunny shelf, for a time.
Bear in mind the fact, that a moderate amount of
bottom heat is a valuable adjunct to a successful issue,
in the case of Strawberries, and indeed with forced
fruit generally ; especially at the jieriod when they are
actively engaged in pushing up their flower buds and
new leaves.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.
Moses grown in pots and intended for early forcing
may now be pruned. _ The main point to be kept in
view during the operation is to secure by all legitimate
means, the finest, firmest, and hence the best ripened
wood upon each plant. Something will oftentimes
have to be sacrificed, for the form it is intended the
plants should assume when in flower, though, fine
blooms in abundance being the main desideratum, too
much ought not to be sacrificed in that direction. It
will be generally found that Eoses grown in pots, like
all other things, and especially Teas, will have formed
two or three strong "runaway" shoots. Now, any
such, if well ripened — especially if Teas— are the most
likely of all others to produce noble blooms. Hence,
if compatible with the known strength of the plant,
and the not over impoverishment of the smaller flower-
ing sprays, they should by all means be sparingly
pruned back and retained. Others of the same class,
found later in the season, if not thoroughly ripened,
had better be removed bodily by cutting them clean
away at the point from whence they issue from the old
wood. When the plants have been pruned, it will be
advisable to remove as much of the old soil from the
surface of the balls as possible without unnecessarily
injuring the roots. Replace it with a good richmixture
of loam and decomposed manure, ramming it down
firmly, and giving all a soaking of water, if the roots
are in need of such; afterwards place the plants
under shelter, and where they will enjoy perfect
immunity alike from excessive rains and frosts.
Where, as in the case of intended alterations, it is neces-
sary to remove Eoses, this may now be done
without risk. Be particular not to allow the roots,
however, to become dried on the exterior surface by
exposure to the air, while such operations are in

E regress. Regarding the planting of Roses generally I
ope to have something to say at a later date. Proceed
with any intended alterations in the form of varying
the plans of flower-beds, &c. Whilst the weatherremains
open it will be well to conclude, where possible, these
and similar undertakings, in which the removal of turf
is concerned.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Do not risk Lettuce and Endive longer in the open
ground if fit for use, and any form of protection exists
which can be afforded them. Have ready to hand
some sort of litter — Peru or the like, with which to
protect Celery in severe weather. New beds may
be prepared for plantations of Asparagus. Proceed in
this matter as previously advised. Depend more for a
good plant upon a thoroughly prepared bed than upon
1 any intended subsequent superficial dressing. Examine

any roots placed in frames for an early supply; see
that the bed beneath does not become too bot. Protect
the stools of G^lohe Artichokes from frost, &c., by
placing firmly around each a good thickness of loose
stable litter. Do not bury what surface growth
remains, but afford it an opportunity to die down
naturally. Take up such a quantity of Jerusalem
Artichokes, Horseradish, &c., as will ensure a good
supply, should the ground become frost-bound, storing
them away in some convenient storage. W. F.

STATE OF THE "WEATHER AT CHI3WICK, NEAR LONDON,
Forthe Week endingNov. 27, ISST.asobserved at the Horticultural Gardens.

BjIHOMBTER.

TEMFSaLTORE.

Wind

November.

Of the Air.

OftheFarth

t

S"-

Mai. Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

1 foot' 2 feet
deep. 1 deep.

Thura. 21
Friday 22
Satur. 23
Sunday 24
Mon. 25
Tuea. 26
Wed. 27

25 30.469 30.377
2S '30.476' 30.421

27 130.461 1 30.381

28 30.540 30.516

29 30.470 ! 30.353
• 30.263 \ 30.134

1 30,280 ' 30.098

44
45
48
43
41
46
47

28
37
24
21
35
28
17

36.0
41.0
36.0
33.5
38.0
37.0
32.0

45
46
45
45
45
45
43

46
45
45
45
45
44
44

N.
N.W.

N.

N.W.

W.

w.

N.

.00
.00
.00
.00
,00
.02
.00

Average .

30,425 30.326

44.8

27.6 1 36.2

J^A^

44.8

_0-02

Nov. 21— Overcast and culd ; overcast ; clear at night.

— 22— Overcast and frosty ; partially ovei-cast; overcast.

— 23— Overcast; overcast and cold ; clear at night.;

— 24— Overcast and damp ; overcast, very mild ; cleur,

— 25— Overcast; overcast and cold ; overcast, but line.

— 26-Overcast. mild; overcast, showery ; mild at night.

— 27— Clear, hoar frost; clear, briRht sun ; low foR ; clear.
Mean temperature of the week, 4 6- 10 des- below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Dec. 7, 18fi7.

Average
Highest

Temp.
Average
Lowest

Temp.

S3

No. Of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

Prevailing Winds.

December.

1

1
4

2
1

»i

3
4
6
2
3
4
6

c4
1

4
5
2
2

2

H

aj

4

2
3

1
3
3

]l^

4 15
7 16
G U
7|15

5 14

n

3
7
6
U
8
8

Sunday . , 1
Mon. .. 2
Tues. .. 3
Wed. .. 4
Thura. .. 5
Friday .. 6
Satur. .. 7

48.4 35.1

47.7 34.0
47.1 35.3
4S.0 ! 36.1

48.8 ■ 34.9
48-2 36.7
4B.5 36,8

41.8
40.8
41.2
42.0
41.9
42.4
42.7

20
19
23
18
24
20
20

0,25 in.

0.63

0 26

0.39

0.25

0.76

1.02

J

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
1st, 1857— therm. 62 deg. ; and the lowest on the 5th aud 6th, 1814—
therm. 14 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

Aneroid Barometee : A 3, Clydesdale. This is described
among Casella'a instruments thus: — "Though not an
independent instrument, or capable of the same per-
manent precision as a standard mercurial barometer,
it is yet probably the most i portable and sensitive
means we possess of measuring ordinary variations of
atmospheric pressure, and foretelling changes in the
weather, either on land or sea, whilst for measuring
moderate heights it is most valuable and convenient.
A well made .instrument will measure approximately
the heights of mountains, 5000 or 6000 feet, the height
of a house, or even the difference in height between
one room and another. It depends essentially for its
action on the compressibility by the atmosphere, of a
thin, flat, con-ugated, circular, metallic box, from which the
air has been removed, and the sides kept separated by
springs. A hand on a dial-plate shows the pressure more or
less." It is elegant enough, but it must be more complicated
in its action than the simple upright barometer, which ia
liable to be shaken and disturbed at sea, but which on land,
where gardeners and farmers only require it, is so correct
that no other barometer is required. The aneroid is, how-
ever, a very nice, convenient and somewhat useful toy. 1|

Evergreens : A Planter. We should have preferred moving
the coniferous plants you mention earlier ; but if done at
once, and the weather continue open, they will succeed
quite as well as if the planting were deferred. Hollies move
well late in spring. All present planting depends for its
success on the nature of the weather which may set in.
From the middle of October up to near this time, there is
much less risk of severe cold, though it may be during this
interval unpropitious on account of rain.

Gas HE.A.TING : / Morgan. We not approve of gas, in any way
in which we have yet seen it applied, as a medium for
warming plant houses. The safest means of using it would
imdoubtedly be to employ it outside the house to heat the
boiler of a hot-water apparatus, the heat being distributed
in the \isual way by means of cast-iron pipes.

Melons ; F L. There is no reason why Melons may not be
grown in a lean-to house equally as well as in a span-roofed
one. The advantage gained by sinking Melon houses a littlo
under the ground level is that they are lower, and low
houses can be kept at a given temperature much more
easily than those that are higher; there is a leas outer
surface exposed, a circumstance which affects the tempe-
rature of the houses materially. As regards Vines, wa
should consider 34° a very good angle for the roof of a
Vinery for general purposes in your latitude. B.

Names of Fruits : M S, Ireland. Your three Apples, supposed
to be seedlings, are all very good dessert fruits, although
not superior to other sorts already in cultivation. 1, which
resembles the Irish Crofton, is of medium size, flattish,
streaked with bright rod, russetty ; eye large, wide ; stalk
short; flesh firm and juicy, but somewhat acid; 2 and 3,
both resemble Cox's Orange Pippin, especially about the
stalk, but the eye is large and wide, like that of the
Blenheim Orange, which they also resemble somewhat in
flavour and in the texture of their flesh ; 2 we consider the
best amongst thcm.— WDF. Pears: 1, Beurre Clairgeau;
2, Beurr6 Diel. Apples : 3, Kirke's Lord Nelson ; 4,
unknown.

Names of Plants : A S. Asplenium prremorsum. — F R. 1,
Cystopteris dentata ; 2, Lastrea dilatita ; 3, Adiantum
pubescens ; 4, Athyrium Filix-fosmina ; 5, Salvia fulgens.—
C Pryorp. 1, Escallonia rubra ; 2, Streptocarpus Rexii.—
Young Gardener. Crinum amabile. — H G. Plagianthua
sidoides.— il H C. Brassavola cordata. — A D B. 1, Oncl-
dium raniferum ; 2, Ansellia africana.

Orchids : A B. Get away the wood of the old baskets as
completely as you can, but be very cautious how you "break
the roots from them." The latter must on no account be
bruised or broken.

Thermometers: J B. Tour instrument can be verified by
sending it to the Director of the Kew Observatory,
Richmond, S.W., at a trifling cost.

Worms in Pots : An Amateur, who complains that the pots of
his miniature orchard trees are infested with earth-worms,
should water them with a clear solution of lime, which will
do the trees no harm.

CosiMUNiCATiONs RECEIVED. — J. A.— R. B.— R. M. S. — Bowi-
ensis (next week). — J. R. Jackson.— J, G. B.— A. F, B.-^
J. Newton,— W, R.— J. Baraea,— J. F,

November 80, 1867.]

THE GARW.NEnS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGMCtJLTtJRAL GAZETTE.

1221

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANYi
Incorporftted by Spaclal Act of PArllnment tu 1S53.
To Landowners. tiieCi-erot, Estatb Aoents.Sl'hvkvoiis, Ac, i«

Enolanr and Wales, and in Scotland.
Tho Company fitivanoos monoy, iinllraitod In ninoant. Tor the
following works of Aciricultural Improvumont. llio whole outlay and
axponaea In all c/i.-tos oeing liqiiidnted by a rent-charge for 2.i yorira.

1. Drainage, Iriigation, and Wiirj)lnK, Embanklnc, Inclosing,

Clonring, Keclamatton, Planting, for any bonunoln.! purpose,
Engines or Machinery for Dralnai<e or Irrigation.

2. Farm Koads, Tramways and R^ilroadBforagrlcullural orfarmlnR

pur|)oaes.

3. Jellies or Landing places on tho soa-eorut or on the banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Krection of" Farm Houses, Labourera' Cottagos, and other

ilulldlngs required for Farm purposes, and tho ImproToniont
of and additloua to Farm Houses and otlier buildings for
Farm purposes.

Ijandijwnors aRse.sBed under tho provlsioni of any Act of l'.»rlla-
iiitiit, Uoyal Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
ffi-dcrvil works of Drainage or other Improvenionts, may borrow their
pit'portlonate sharo of tho cost, ana charge tho Haino with the
exuenses on tho lands Improved.

Tho Company will also negotiate tho RBnt-ohargoa obtained by
Landowners under the Improvoniont of Land Act, 1884, In rospact of
tholr Subacription of Shares in a Hailwuy or Canal Company.

No tuvuKttgatlon of title Is required, and tho Company being of
atrk'tly l^nancial character, do not Interferu with the plans and
execution of tho Works, which are oootrolled only by the Govorn-
ment Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to UuANviLLE R. Hydkb, Esq.. Mannglng Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street, London, S.W,

COLONY of NATAL.

IMMIGRATION and FREEHOLD LAND ORANTS.
GRANTS of GOVERNMENT LAND are given to Men familiar
with Farming operations, and i>osso»sing sulficlont meansi to turn
their Land to account.

Applications for further Information to be made to Dr. Mann, the
Special Agent of the Natal Government, at the Natal Immigration
Office, Ifi, Buckingham Street, Strand, London, W.C.

R

CENTKAL CHAft[BER of ACiUlCULTURE.— The
ANNUAL MEETING of the MEMBERS will bo held in tho
Queon'a Concert Rooms. Hanover Square, on TUESDAY, Dec. 10.
Time, 11 o'clock In the forenoon.

BUSINESS.
To receive the Report of tho Council.
To elect a VicB-Clialmiau for 18G8, and Eight Members of Council In

lieu of Eight who retire by rotation.
To appoint Auditors. I To amend Rule 111.

To consider the proposed Cancelling of Rule XIV.
To consider proposals for Increasing the Influence of tho Chamber.
To consider what steps shall be taken cont^ernlng Cattle Importa-
tion, and Separate Markets for Foreign Animals.
And to transact any other Oeui;r.il Business.

John Aloernok Clarke, Secretary,
11, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, S.W,— Nov. 22, 1867. ___ ____

OYAL AGRICULTURAL B^EVOLENT

INSTITUTION.
Patron — Her Majesty the Qube^.
President — His Grace tok Ddk.e or Hichkond.
For the RELIEF of DECA-TED FARMERS, their WIDOWS
and ORPHAN DAUGHTERS; and for tiio MAINTENANCE and
EDUCATION of their ORPHAN CHILDREN.
Allowanok to Pensioxkrs.
Married .. £40 per annum | Male .. £23 per annum
Widow and Unmarried Orphan Daughters . . £20 per annum
Orphan Children admitted from 7 to 10 years of age, and wholly
maintained and educated untl' the age of 14 years in tho case of
boys, and 10 years In the case of Girla.

One Hundred arid Five Ponaioners have already b^en placed on
the books of tlie Institution: and in addition to tho number of
Pensioners to be admitted at the neict Election, the Council have
decided to Elect Ten Orphan Children.

Forms of Ap[>licati'jn for Pensioners and Children, and erory
information, to be ontained of the Secret;iry, by whom Donations
and Subscriptions will ho thank'^utly received.
65, ChariDR Cross, London, S.W, Charles Sdaw, Secretary.

DOG SHOW at EIUMIN'iHAM.— Tlie EIGHTH
GREAT ANNUAL EXHIBITION will be hold in CURZON
HALL, on MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, and THURS-
DAY, December 2d, 3d, 4th. and oth, the days of the Cattle and
Poultry Show. For Special Railway Arrangements, see the Adver-
tisements and Bills of the several Companies.

T""^E B I U if I N G H A M ~C A T T L E^ntTPOUTTTR Y
SHOW.-The NINETEENTH GREAT ANNUAL EXHIBI-
TION of FAT CATTLE, SHEEP. PIGS, DOMESTIC POULTRY.
CORN, ROOTS and IMPLEMENTS, will bo held in BINGLEY
HALL, on SATURDAY. MONDAY, TUESDAY. WEDNESDAY,
and THURSDAY, November 30, and December 2, 3, 4. and 5, 1867.

The Exhibitors and the Public will be admitted to Bingley Hall to
witness the Judging of the Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Boots, and Corn, on
Satdrdat, November 30th, at Nine o'Clock a.m., upon payment of
10j(, each. There will be no Adrai.ssion to the Poultry Department
until after the Judnine is completed.
■ The PRIVATE VIEW will tike place on MONDAY, the 2d of
December Admission to Non-Subacribera, until Five o'clock, $s. ;
alter that hour, Is.

The Exhibition will also be open on TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
and THURSDAY. Admission, Is.

For Special Railway Arrangements, see tho Advertisements and
Bills of che several Companies. John B. Lttuall, Secretary.

Offlces, Stephenson Chambers, 39, New Street, Birmingham.

Efit Agricultural (Bajette.

SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 30. 1867.

MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUINQ WEEK.

Monday, E
Tuesday,

WEUKEtiDAT,

Thdrsuay,

H

3 f Show of Midlnnd Countips AKTicuItural Asso-

4 f ciatiou at Din^'leyHall, Biroiingham.

. I Royal Agricultural Society ot England
I (Council Meeting)— Noon,

If the countiy is free from cattle plague, it
haa not yet shaken off that unreasoning fear
which was created by the terrible devastations of
the pest while it remained. People were slow to
realise the advent of the disease, and they seem
to be reluctant to admit its absence. Every now
and then a local panic is created by the report of
a new outbreak, which upon inquiry turns out
to be either an ordinary affection or tlie result of
the action of some special agencies of accidental
occurrence. A few weeks ago we published a
short history of the alleged cases of plague at
Hartford, in Cheshire, where several cattle died
with symptoms so far resembling cattle plague
that after consultation the local inspectors decided
that the veritable rinderpest had again appeared.
An investigation was ordered by the Government,
and Professor BHOWif , of the Veterinary Depart-
ment, was sent to inquire into the circumstances
of the case. In his report it was stated that the
disease was not cattle plague, that it was not
contagious, and that it depended entirely upon

local causes. Tho infectod district was accord-
ingly released. Suspicion, however, was fairly
aroused, and could not bo quieted by Orders of
Council ; another animal and than another
succumbed to tho disease, and in obedience to
the wishes of the Cattle Plague Conimittoo Pro-
fessor Gamgee was called in ; his investigation
also resulted in tho conclusion that the affection
was local, non-contagious, and therefore not
cattle plague.

Since tho occurrence of tho Cheshire cases
Norfolk lias been compelled to pass through a
similar experience. At the latter end of last
month cattle plague was reported to exist among
stock belonging to Colonel CusTANOE, at Weston.
The animals had been brought from Ireland about
a fortnight before, and were exposed for sale in
Norwich market on Oct. 12. The original number
was 120, but only 12 of them wore bought by
Colonel CusTANCE, the remainder wore disposed
of to other purchasers ; and it was not alleged
that any of the herd had shown symptoms of
illness. Acting, however, on the inspector's
report, tho committee declared the district
infected, and very considerable excitement
prevailed. Meanwhile an inquiry was ordered.
Professor SiMOlfDS proceeded to the locality,
and after a minute investigation, decided that the
two animals, which were the presumed victims
of plague, had died from gastro-enteritis, induced
by eating some deleterious matter, probably
portions of the plant " bitter sweet," which was
growing in an adjoining plantation, into which
some of the cattle had broken. A special Order
of Council was passed, declaring the infected
place to be no longer infected, and, as no more
of the stock have been attacked, we may pre-
sume the alarm has before this subsided.

Not many days elapsed, however, before a
new excitement arose. Cattle plague was
reported from the north. In our last
number we called attention to the alleged
existence of the disease in Berwickshire,
and alluded to the anxiety which pre-
vailed, and the desire which was manifested to
revert to the adoption of those precautionary
measures from which the countiy has but just
been relieved. Notices have been issued by the
local authority for the county of Berwick,
declaring the farm and premises at LangTigg, in
the parish of Eccles, and county of Berwick,
together with an area of half-a-mile in extent,
an infected place, and for the purpose of resolving
any doubts which would naturally arise, the
authorities deputed the Professors of the Edinburgh
Veterinary CoUege to make an investigation.
Professor Simonds has also been sent from the
Veterinary Department of the Privy Council for
the same purpose. What the final verdict is has
not yet transpired, but we understand that the
Edinburgh Professors concur in opinion with the
inspector, who pronounced the disease to be
cattle plague. Nevertheless, without pledging
ourselves too positively, we have reason to hope
that the outbreak in Berwick will take its place
by the side of the recent cases in Cheshire and
Norfolk. We shall have something further to
say in reference to these instances of psendo-
rinderpest in general and the Berwick case m
particular, next week.

" Boys will be boys "—Wheat will be Wheat
— sheep will be sheep — tho maxim applies in
agriculture as elsewhere. Only the other day
we were asked how cattle and sheep should be
fed so as to render their flesh more suitable for
drying ! The idea was that only or chiefly flesh
formers should be used ! The question would
have been simply ludicrous if it did not represent
an idea very prevalent outside the actual profes-
sion, that a farmer can do what he likes with the
things he grows, make them yield this, that, or the
other by special treatment, just as he pleases —
make, for example, his pigs set up at a particular
time (by the administration of " flesh formers " )
a streak of lean in the midst of their fat ; his
Wheat corn grow more gluten by giving them
nitrogenous manure ; or, as in the case
before us, his cattle and his sheep, by dry
Bnd careful feeding, put on flesh which
shall contain less water than it otherwise
would do, so that the subsequent desiccation of
the carcase may be done more cheaply.

AH that the farmer can do is to provide
conditions which shall ensure the healthy growth
of the living things he has to deal with, and
then feed them liberally with what they like ;
let him do this, and if it be a mUch cow that is
his charge she will then yield her maximum

of good milk — if it bo a fatting beast ho Will
proceed most rapidly to ripeness for the butchor
— if it bo a Wheat plant or an Italian Eye-grasa
jilant, they will sovorally bo hastened towards a
productivo maturity.

A farmer is not mnatcroi his circumstances. If
he is to prosper, ho must only bo thoir intelligent
servant — knowing how to turn them to account —
but never attempting the costly, wasteful process
of opposing thorn. Instead of enforcing tilth by
sheer force of will and tool, he lays his land open
for tho frosts to do it for him ; instead of choosing
the crop which will yield him most per acre as
the only one for cultivation, and enforcing annual
produce by special tillage and costly dressings,
he takes less profitable crops in succession for
the sake of their incidental contribution to the
natural fertility out of which other paying ones
may be got ; instead of urging the meat manufac-
ture on a living boast by excessive feeding, he
learns the nature of the stock he has and feeds
them simply up to their natural ability to deal
with what he gives them. A living thing must
be treated according to its nature ; before all
things it must be kept in health by treatment
suitable to that nature. You cannot grow di-y
mutton nor nitrogenous Wheat. All you can do
is to grow healthy mutton and healthy
Wheat : and, obeying the natural circumstances,
when you cannot, without great cost, alter
them, you will find all the natural forces work-
ing together for your good. Tho profits of
farming are obtained, in fact, mainly by direct-
ing aright these costless influences of Nature,
realising, by proper preparation, their valuable
and cheap result.

These remarks are perfectly borne out, not
only by ordinary agricultural experience, but by
the results of careful scientific observation and
experiment. And they are well illustrated by a
report of the Eothamstead experiments on
Wheat, drawn up by Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert
for the British Association, of which the follow-
ing is an abstract : —

"These results had reference to the produce of a
field in which Wheat had been p;rown, on some plots
without manure, on one with farmyard minure, and
on others by different artificial mixtures, for 24 years
in succession (1843-4 to 180C-7 inclusive). At the
Cheltenham meeting of the British Association, in
1856, the authors treated of the efleots of the season
and manures on the composition of the crop, as illus-
trated by the results of analysis, relating to the produce
of some of the plots during the first 10 years of the
experiments. At the Manchester meeting, in 18131,
they recurred to the subject ; the analytical results,
which then extended to the produce of some of the
plots for 16 years, were, however, chiefly applied to the
illustration of certain points in connection with the
exhaustion of soils. At the Nottingham meeting, in
1866, they treated of the accumulation of the nitrogen of
manure in the soil of the same experimental field.
The results adduced on the present occasion showed
the effects of season and manuring on the composition
of both the grain and the straw during 20 years of the
experimental growth.

' The particulars of composition given are— the per-
centages of dry substance, of mineral matter, and of
nitrogen, and the constituents of the ash of both grain
and straw, more than 200 complete ash analyses being
being brought to bear on the subject; and, side by
side with these, as indicating the general characters
of the produce of the different seasons and plots, are
given the proportion of corn to straw, and the weight
per bushel of the corn.

" In the case of the plots without manure, with
farmyard manure, and with ammonia salts alone, every
year the ash of the grain of the last 16 or more, and of
the straw of the last 16 of the 20 years, had been
analysed ; and in the case of nine differently manured
plots (including the above three), the ash of both corn
and straw, of the first, the last, and two intermediate
seasons (one bad and one good) of the last 12 of the
20 years had been analysed. It was tlie intention of
the authors to publish the results of the investigation
in detail before long, and on the present occasion they
confined attention to a few of the most prominent
effects of the respective manures on the composition of
the crop, when thus applied for so long a continuance,
year after year, on the same plot.

" It is first pointed out as remarkable — and here is
the point to which the preUrainary statement refers —
that variation in manure, even though maintained for
many years in succession, and resulting in great
variation in amount of produce, affects comparatively
little either the proportion of corn to straw, or the
weight per bushel of the corn ; excepting, indeed, in a
few extreme cases of abnormal exhaustion or repletion.
Nor do the percentages of dry substance, of mineral
matter in dry substance, or of nitrogen in dry sub-
stauce^, vary much under the direct influence of
variation in manure, unless again in very abnormal
cases. Very different, however, is the effect of season ;
the variation in the character of the produce, in every
one of the above particulars, being much greater in
different seasons with the same manure than with
different manures in the same season.

" Consistently with these broad facts, the composition
of the ash of the grain is found to be pretty uniform
under a great variety of manurial conditions in onQ

1222

THE GAUDENERS' CHliONlCLE A^D AGElCULTtmAE GAZEM. tNor^toEE so. m

and the same season ; only in a few extreme cases, of
special interest, varying in any material degree. The
same may he said in some, though in a much less
degree, of the composition of the ash of the straw,
which is ohviously much more directly affected by the
character of the supplies within the soil.

"The general result is that (excepting in a few
abnormal cases) the variation in the composition of
the ash of the grain is limited to the slight variations
due to differences of development and maturation,
which, in their turn, are touch greater with variation
of season than mth variation of manure. The com-
position of the ash of the straw, on the other hand,
much more nearly represents the total mineral matters
taken up by the plant, and mUch less the character of
development of its own more fixed and essential con-
stituents. In other words, whilst there may be
considerable range in the composition of the matters
taken up by the entire plant, the tendency in the
formation and ripening of the ultimate product, the
seed (whether produced in small quantity or large), is
to a fixed and uniform composition, the deviation from
which is little directly affected by the character of the
supplies within the soil, but much more by the various
influences of season.

" The deviations from the point of fixed and uniform
composition, thus due primarily to variations in
climatic circumstances, are, however, when considered
in relation to other characters of the grain, sufficient
to show the general connection between the compara-
tive predominance of individual constituents, and that
of certain general characters of development. A few
illustrations were given ; but the fuller treatment of the
subject, in its bearing on these as well as on other points,
was reserved until the results could be considered in
the detail necessary to their proper elucidation.

" One point of interest prominently brought out by
the results relating to the composition of the straw
ash was that a high percentage of silica was almost
uniformly associated with a bad, and a low percentage
with a good condition of the produce : a fact to which
the authors had on former occasions called attention,
but which is quite inconsistent with the generally
accepted views on the subject."

- — The Farmer of the last two vveeks contains an
elaborate report of the harvest of 1867, in which each
of its correspondents states not only whether the crop
is good or bad, but what the estimated yield per acre is
in the district referred to. And the whole are arranged
in districts geologically, it being supposed that the
several soils of the country will thus be classed. The
upshot of the whole series of reports as regards
England and AVales is given as follows :— The whole of
the several averages, being themselves accurately
averaged, give the returns of Wheat at 2 4.-1 bushels per
acre; of Barley, 33.7; of Oats, 41.2; of Beans, 27.7;
of Peas, 22.9 ; whilst in tons per acre we have Potatos,
5.3; Turnips, 15.1; Swedes, 10.9; and of Mangels,
20 tons. The root crops are much more likely to be
under estimated than the grain crops, as enough of the
latter have no doubt been threshed and measured to
enable a safe opinion of the whole. The root crops are
probably too high. The corn crop returns of our
contemporary, when compared with what are generally
Understood to be the average yield of the country,
quite bear out the opinion now universally held,
that last year's harvest has been a poor one. The
plan, however, of classing the reports geologically does
but little towards an accurate agricultural estimate, as
any one will see when he reads in the same section
localities of such different soil as fen and swamp,
clay and brash, heavy and light; and such various
climates as Lancashire and Norfolk, Dorsetshire and
York. "We fear little more can be done towards
making these reports useful and influential beyond
taking care that the number of reports from the several
districts is pretty much in proportion to the agricul-
tural importance of the district.

, ■ • A correspondent writes as follows :— " In July

I purchased of a seedsman some Green-top Hybrid
Turnip-seed, to sow for late spring feeding. He sent it,
and invoiced it as ' Green-top Hybrid.' It has turned
out a very different sort— in fact, several sorts, none of
them right, but mostly of a pale yellow flesh, in growth
resembling very much the White Round, and showing
every indication of early decay — in fact, some have
already began to rot. He admits they are not the
sort ordered or named in the invoice, and having
seen them thinks they will not stand the
winter ; but with much soft wording and great
politeness, tells me he is not legally liable, as he
does not warrant any seeds. He refers me to his
bill-heads, in which a notice to that effect is printed.
He is a great advertiser, but says nothing about ' no
warrantry ' there, nor do 1 as a purchaser, know any-
thing about this proviso till after I have purchased the
seed and sown it— nor, indeed, till now when he tells me
to look at his bill-head. I shall be a great suflerer, and
cannot at present say how much, as I shall have to
provide other food, cake or other feeding stuff, for the
loss. ^Pray give me your advice on the matter."
To this we must reply, that we are not learned in the
law; and however certain what justice would award,
yet cannot with any confidence predict the issue of a
suit for damages. Our correspondent should consult
his solicitor, who may, perhaps, be guided by the
result of a very similar case, referred to some Weeks
ago in these columns (see p. 1150).

• We learn from the Midland Counties Herald

that the Cattle Show at Birmingham, which is to open
this day, is, both in numbers and character, an admi-
rable display. The implements are more than usually
interesting, the applications from persons desirous of
exhibiting having been greatly in excess of the space
at the disposal of the Council, who in the appro-
priation of it have been actuated by a desire to render

this department as practically useful as possible. The
Dog Show, held in Curzon Hall, Suffolk Street, and
opened on Monday, is also stated to be quite equal to
that of any previous occasion.

SHOETHOUNS.

MB. Gaene, of Churchill Heath, Chipping

Norton, has lately purchased Eotal Buttekflx 20th
(25,007) from Colonel Towneley's, at a long price,
believing that he is just the animal to follow on the
stock of both Ctneic and Duke of Townelet, not
only from his breed, but also from his appearance.
He is bred very similarly to Duke of Townelet, his
blood being an amalgamation of Booth, Bates,
and the Towneley Bannpton Hose tribes, the latter
predominating ; for he is got by Eotal Buttekpit,
his dam by Captain Gunter's Duke of Whabfdale,
g. dam by Mastee Butteefit, g. g. d. Alice 2d, by
the Bates Duke of Athol. g. g. g. d. Madeline, bred
by the late Mr. Booth of Killerby ; she was bred in
1888, and continued to breed from 1840 to 1832, and
amongst her offspring are Colonel Towneley's cele-
brated bull HuDiBKAS, and his cow Alice, that had
perhaps few, if any, equals in her day. She won the
Irish Farmers' Gazette Cup, value 120/., in 18S3, and
the 1st prize and Gold Medal at Smithfield in 1854.
The sire, grandsire, and great-grandsire of the pur-
chased bull are all honoured with plates in the Herd
Book, and as no two brother bulls ever probably won
more prizes than Master and Eotal Butteeplt,
]\Ir. Game doubtless expects prize-winning stock from
him. Four cows in the herd have been in calf to Mr.
Betts' American bull, 6th Duke of Aibdrie, three of
which have produced cow calves, each nearly all red ;
and one buU, a white one, dam Perfection, by Mr. Peel's

GONDOMAE.

The foundation of another herd of the very

best breeding has been laid at Havering Park, where
Mr. Macintosh had such an extraordinary sale in the
spring. There are at present the following six animals :
— (1) Lady Oxford &th, or the lOOO guineas reserved
heifer. (2) Grand Duchess 21sf, bought at Preston
Hall sale. (3) Lady Bates 5th, who was sold at
Havering in May last, but a few days afterwards had a
premature birth of a dead heifer calf ; and the purchaser
uad therefore the option of leaving her. (4) Duchess,
by Duke or Cambkidge (12,742), bought privately
from Mr. Tait before the Windsor sale. (5) Dewdrop,
daughter of the above. (6), and though last not least,
the fine bull 3d Duke of Geneva (23,753), bought
at Windsor, who, we hear, has been doing remarkably
well since he got home.

One of the best of the many bulky catalogues

of pure-bred stock which are now issued by tenant-
farmers represents the stock on the farm of Mr. Stiles
Eich, at Didmarton, Gloucestershire, which has now
for nearly a quarter of a century been gradually rising
in public estimation, until it is at length on a
level with the very best herds of the day.
During the last 20 years upon this farm both pains
and means have been constantly and liberally expended
in the effort to produce a pure herd of Sliorthorns. By
private sales, inferior or defective blood has been
weeded out. And now, among other good tribes
derived from different sources, two descended from
Ursula and Florentia cows, direct from Tortworth.may
be named. Three Tortworth bulls — Berkeley
(7830), KoH-i-NOOE (11,642), and Valentine (13,9.32)
— were used with good effect in the early formation of
the herd. For many years, however, pure Bates' bulls,
or those inheriting as much Bates blood as could be
anyhow procured, have been exclusively used:
among them— Cupid (14,359), General Canrobeet
(12,927), 3d Duke of Lanc.ister (19,624), 7th
Duke of York (17,754), Lord Lallt (22,161),
13TH Grand Duke (21,850), and 2d Duke
op Claeence (21,576) which have been either
hired or bought— some of them jointly with Mr. E.
Bowly, of Siddington, in partnership with whom
the purchase, already alluded to, of another Duchess
bull from Wetherby— 2d DuKe of CollinOH.ui— at
500 guineas, has been effected. The result of the use
of these bulls is very evident, and perfectly satisfactory ;
and several calves lately arrived, by 13th Geand
Duke, from heifers by 7tH Duke of York, have in a
great degree the true impress of the Duchess character,
confirming the opinion long entertained of Bates'
blood. There are at present at Didmarton three Duchess
and one pure Oxford bull (3d Loed Oxfoed), this
last being the sire of the 700-guinea Duchess sold at
Windsor. 7th Dl^ke of York, vigorous as ever, is now
at Siddington, and also a pure Bates' bull calf (Oth
Earl of Watson), by 3d Lord Oxford, coming on
for joint use.

The 17th volume of the Herd-Book has at

length been distributed to subscribers. It contains the
pedigrees of about 2200 bulls— between Nos. 23,252
and 25,481-7and of nearly 3000 cows. Perhaps it is
even more significant of the extent and importance of'
the Shorthorn breed that it also contains the names
and addi'esses of 600 or 700 subscribers and their herds.
Plates are given of seven bulls and eight cows. Mr.
Booth's Commander-iN-Chief (21,451) ; Colonel
Towneley's Baron Oxford (23,375)— of which a
remarkable description was given in last week's BelVs
Messenger; 3d Duke op Geneva (23,753), one of the
American bulls ; and Mr. Betts' Geand Duke ICth
(21,063), being among the former- and Mr. Macintosh's
Lady Oxford hth, sold for 600 guineas to the Duke of
Devonshire at the Havering sale, Mr. Booth's Lady
Fragrant, and others, among the latter.

Every pains is taken by tlie best and most Cll-eful
editorship to ensure perfect accuracy, and the typo-
graphy and general execution of the work leave
nothing to be desired.

TUB CATTLE PLAGUE.

In the very friendly criticism which you have pub-
lished of my letter on the above subject, there is one
little error which I ask permission to correct, as it is
perhaps rather my mistake than that of my critic.

You very properly point out that the value of an
experiment depends much upon the patience and
soundness of judgment of the experimenter, and then
call attention to two instances of apparent impatience
and hastiness of judgment on my part, as detracting
from the value of my evidence. You infer that I
jumped at the conclusion that British manufacturers
and shopkeepers practise adulteration as a rule,
because I found difficulty in procuring pure carbolic
acid ; and that I jumped at the conclusion that the
mismanagement of English railways is invariable,
because a cask from Manchester on one isolated
occasion was delayed on the road.

In the first of these instances my language is no
doubt somewhat vague, and will perhaps bear the
meaning which it evidently conveyed to you, although
this is neither the meaning which I intended to con-
vey, nor that which the grammatical construction of the
sentence will strictly admit of. In the second
instance, I merely alluded to a fact of which I have
had so much experience, that I perhaps have come to
regard it as more notorious than it is. But in support
of my first statement as to adulter,xtion, I appeal to
Dr. Hassall's work on the adulteration of food, which
bears out my statement completely in what is perhaps
the widest branch of shopkeeping; and as regards
manufkoturers, let me ask you to go into the first
draper's shop you may happen to pass, and buy a reel
of cotton stamped " 100 yards," and measure it. If it
measures 100 yards, or anything like it, I will admit my
judgment of British manufacturers to have been hasty.
As to railways, I speak with greater confidence. I
have not only travelled from one end of Europe to the
other upon them, from Cadiz and Lisbon to St. Peters-
burg and Moscow, and from Trieste to Amsterdam,
but I have a personal knowledge and experience of
the systems of construction and management in force
in the different countries indicated, and I am bound
to say that, with the exception perhaps of Spain and
Russia, I know no country in Europe— I exclude the
UnitedStates from consideration, as their circumstances
are so different — where there is so much unpunctuality
as in England, with no exception do I know of any
country in Europe where there are so many accidents
as in England, and with no exception do I know of
any other country in Europe where the London,
Chatham, and Dover, and other similar robberies,
would have been possible.

I do not wish to advocate as a cure for the rinder-
pest liquid food and carbolic acid on my experience
alone, but I say that I consider my experience in con-
tinuation and perfect corroboration of the liquid food
system and of Mr. Crookes' exhaustive experiments
with carbolic acid to be conclusive. I do not say that
carboKc acid is a specific as a cure for the disease, but I
think that Mr. Crookes has conclusively proved that
it is a specific against the infection, and I think that
when assisted by other logical treatment, such as
Professor Brown recommended to me, it will save any
animal in which the disease has not advanced beyond
the earlier stages.

If a couple of counties in area, and a quarter of a
century in time, are required to obtain any conclusive
result in the treatment of cattle plague, then my friends
the Commissioners only wasted the public money and
the valuable time of a Fellow of the Royal Society in
instructing Mr. Crookes to conduct his elaborate series
of experiments with carbolic acid.

I fear they are on the horns of a dilemma. Either
they should not have made any experiments, short of
expatriating Mr. Crookes in Southern Russia for a
quarter of a century, or they should have acted on the
experiments which Mr. Crookes laid before them. W.
Hope, Parsloes, Barking, Nov. 27.

[We must explain that the two cases of "hasty"
judgment which are here defended, were not named in
our criticism for the purpose of throwing any doubt or
slur whatever upon the skill or carefulness of Mr.
Hope in his Lodge Farm fight with Cattle Plague.
His perfect trustworthiness in these respects was
cordially admitted. They were quoted as being the
only illustrations close at hand — afforded by his own
report, indeed, as it seemed to us — of the easy possibility
of drawing sweeping conclusions from insufficient data.
Whether it be right or not in pronouncing confidently
on the dishonesty of British tradesmen, and on the
mismanagement of British railways, notwithstanding
the very limited proof of either given in that report,
we retain the opinion that, accurate as his statement
was of the means employed and of the results observed,
his experience of the cattle plague on Lodge Farm
(even though the disease was confined or actually
disappeared under his treatment of it) is altogether
insufficient to justify his condemnation of the C!om-
missioners for recommending the use of the poleaxe.]

FIELD WORK : PRIZES : EDUCATION.

[At the late annual meeting of the Norfolk Agricultur.il
Society, the Earl of Leicester spoke as follows ; — ]

The questions for consideration are, whether legis-
lation is required to regulate the employment of
the agricultural labourer; should compulsory educa-
tion to a certain extent be enforced ; and should there
be an official inspection of the cottages of our
labourers, to limit the numbers oftho.se who reside in
them ? I do not think it possible that the Act called
the Factory Act can be applied to agriculture. But
1 do think it desirable that some modification of that
Act should be applied to agricultural labour. I would
make it illegal to employ any boy under 10, or any
unmarried woman under 20 years of age in any field

NovEMtiErt 30, IftBJ.J

tnt ^KnmV^^' OMONTOT.-E ANt) A^.t^TcTTT-TttllAL GAXRm.

1223

work. Tliey are toacertain extent morally and phy.'iically
injured liy beiuB employed at so early an ago ; they are
not required for tUo purposes of agriculture: and llicy
are, and they must remain, totally iguoratit. IJut it
would bo of little usefortlio Jjegislature to prevent
boys under 10 being employed, unless it compelled
them to pass a certain portion of thelt carliof
years at school, or reipiired them befbre they went to
work to show evidence of having obtained some ednca-
tion. 1 am not generally in j'avour of compulsory
education ; but we cannot admit that a considerable
portion of our labourers are to continue to exist
totally uneducated, and that many of the rising genera-
tion are to grow up unable to read and write— particu-
larly as ere long they may be called upon to assist in
selecting the rulers of this country. I think that a boy
at 10 years old ought to begin to earn his bread. In
fact, 1 much question whether it would not prove a
great hardship to a father of a family if a boy of that
age was debarred Ironi contriltutiiig to the family store.
I do not think that the IciH-day system orthoalternale-
day system can be api)lied to agriculture. AVo must
depend upon night schools and Upon the boy's own
exertions for any additional knowledge ho may acquire.
I am awaro that education has not apparently proved
so successful as we had a right to expect ; but I think
wo have had difliculties to contend with that are likely
to diminish. During the last few years there has been
a great drain from our agricultural villages. Many of
our best-educated boys have been required to fill the
stalf of our railways, and for other purposes. This
demand will greatly diminish. The work of the hands,
rather than the employment of the brain, has hitherto
been required of out labourers ; but now that steam
and machinery will be daily more employed in agricul-
ture, requiring in their working some judSment and
greater intelligence, our labourers will liud that the
possession of some knowledge is as important to them
as I believe it to be desirable to us, their employers.
Let a man forget some things that ho has learned at
school, he does not forget those habits of discipline and
control which were of considerable importance ia form-
ing his character in early life. And if he docs not at
present see the full advantages of education, the blame
ought not to rest solely on his shoulders. Is not the
cottage in which be has been brought up a cause itself for
any deteriorating evils that we have to contend with ?
The insnlliciency of cottages, and the insuflicient
accommodation that exists in many of them, are the
main causes of the unsatisfactory state of the labourer;
and, in my opinion, till an olbcial inspector has been
appointed, the evils of over-crowding are not likely to
diminish. And it is not for us, gentlemen, to say that
there is no cause for interference, when I see by the
last return that no less than 10 per cent, of the children
born in this county are illegitimate, and that, next^ to
Cumberland, we have the imeuviable notoriety of being
pre-eminent amongst other counties in this respect,
lint in spite of this statement, I can confidently assert
that the labourer has both morally and physically
improved. In many districts of this county drunken-
ness hardly exists, and vice has greatly diminished;
and in those parishes where this is not the case the
responsibility rests upon the owners of the cottages
and upon the employers of labour. The gradual
improvement that lias taken place may be attributed
to the increased attention that has of late years been
given to providing accommodation in the cottage of the
labourer; to education, which is beginning to tell ; to
the more active supervision that he and his family
receive from you and from the clergyman of his parish ;
and surely the encouragement for good conduct and
good work that he derives from societies like this ought
to be productive of some good results. Let us continue
to do our duty ; let us not be disappointed if the effects
are not so immediate as we might expect ; let us ask
the Legislature to place some control upon the employ-
ment of the agricultural labourer ; let us ask to have
our cottages inspected ; let us encourage education and
support our schools — neither forgetting that the object
of their maintenance is the education of the agricul-
tural labourer, nor denying to him the opportunity of
educating his children to a higher social position than
that he himself occupies. And I trust, gentlemen, that
the oivners and occupiers of land in this country will
not allow any alteration of the law to be forced upon
them, but will adopt the wiser and better course of
framing an Act under their own guidance.

Prizes foe AGRicuLxnEAL Laboueees.

[On the same occtisiou Earl Spencer spoko on this subject
! as follows : — ]

I do not know whether I should be wrong in
mentioning one little objection that crosses my mind
sometimes at meetings of this sort when prizes are
given away ; but I feel I should be hardly honest, as I
have the honour to be chairman of the iVssociation this
year, if I did not say just one word in passing upon
it. I do not myself quite like the idea of giving prizes
for length of service as labourers, oi for bringing up
large families. I like very much, and I think it is of
great importance, that we should give prizes for the
skill of the labourer— for his skill in ploughing, for his
skill in shearing, for a well-kept dairy (I forget whether
that is given here), and for garden produce ; but I con-
fess I do not quite like giving prizes for bringing up a
large family. I think it puts the labouring man in a
difierent class altogether, and draws a very broad and
distinct line between his class and any others. With
regard to jjrizes for skill, we all at different times go
in and compete for such prizes— whether it is with our
beasts, our horses, or with our riiles ; and we all feel
great pride when we are successful ; but prizes of the
sort 1 refer to are never given to other classes. I think
1>he reward ought to be left to the man himself. He
reaps the reward of sobriety and independence in
bringing up a family ; and 1 think the employers of
labour, lu respect of long service, ate the persons who

should give the reward to their frnploi/i's. 1 hope I
have not done wrong in just alluding to this.

After alluding to some political topics, his Lordship
said : I believe there have been no two more important
inc:isuros with regard to the agricultural interest than
two passed within the last four years- the last of them
in ISllf). The llrst measure to which I refer was tho
Irremovable Poor Act, and the second tho Union
Chargcability Act. I believe those Acts have
already begun to have very benelicia] ellocts, but
of course the principal benelicial ell'ects of a measure
of that sort can only be seen gradually. 1 believe
that these two measures will do more for the
benefit of the labourer— and not only of the labourer,
but of their employers— than almost any Act passed
before. They have made labour freer than it was
before. Instead of a labourer being tied down to his
parish as formerly, he can now seek work where he
can get the best wages; ai:d I am sure that is not only
good for tho labourer, but also for the employer. It
will raise the tone and idiaracter and skill of labourers
ill a iiarish if free-trade in labour is carried out even
flirthor than it is now. I believe wo may expect still
further measures in that direction, with replrd to the
Poor-law. We may have to consider how tar we may
still further relax the law of settlement ; and I believe
that there is a great deal to be done in the way of look-
ing into the management of our workhouses in the
country, and with regard to our sciiools in the work-
houses, and with regard to the separation and division
of classes in tho workhouses. All those questions, I
think, deserve the serious attention of all who are
interested in the rural districts of this country.

With regard to another pbint— that of agricultural
gangs — Lord Leicester has entered no fully and ably into
the subject, that I will not go at length into it now.
1 most rally concur with all he says in the matter. In
our part of the country we do not employ women in
the field ; and I confess it goes very much against my
feelings when I see women employed in the fields.
But I know very well that in this part of the country
it is very diflictilt, almost impossible, entirely to do
without it; and we must therefore try to do it
gradually, if we are to do away with it. Perhaps some
day we may be able to do away with female labour in
the fields here, but it must be done gradually ; but I
think we may very well bestow our attention upon
that. With regard to the children, I most entirely
think that it is the interest of fill concerned in agri-
culture to promote the education of children. And
not only that, but I believe that keeping children in
the fields very young is very bad for the their future
strength of body. It is very bad to keep children hard
at work and exposed to very inclement weather at a
very early age. I therefore should heartily support
any measure which might be applied to the modifica-
tion of the Factory Acts with regard to the
employment of children. I quite concur with all
Lord Leicester said with regard to the immense
importance of giving the labourers good and suflicient
cottages. But I confess I see very great difficulties in
respect to this. Of course no one would suppose that
labourers can build themselves cottages. You require
capital forcottages as wellas forevery other improvement
on an estate. It is very easy for those who have spare
capital at their disposal, or who have ample incomes,
to put by certain sums of money and add to the
cottages on their estates. It is one of the first duties
of such proprietors to do that. But there is a good
many proprietors who have not an amplesupply of spare
capital— whose capital is taken up by other things, and
who would find it very dilEcult to lay out a large sum
on additional cottages. I do not know what can be
done to assist those persons, but I believe that
perhaps greater facilities might be had for the Govern-
ment lending money to proprietors for the pui-pose of
building cottages, in the same way as was done formerly,
and I believe siiill is done now, for the purpose of
draining estates. There can be no question that cot-
tages are not a lucrative investment, but I think they
should be looked upon as a permanent improvement to
the estate. There can be no question that a farm would
let very much better if it were amply and well supplied
with cottages than if if; were not. I do not go so far as
many people, who say it is impossible to get more than
2i or 3 per cent, for cottages. I believe you can get a
very fair return for your money ; but even if you did
get only 2J or 3 per cent, you must look upon it as
permanently improving your farms. But there is
another dilliculty besides that. It seems to be thought,
particularly by those who are rather fond of having a
drive at the landed proprietors of this country, that
the agricultural labourers who cultivate the farms all
reside in cottages belonging to these proprietors. They
forget that the favourite mode of a man of moderate
means investing his savings is to buy or build a few
cottages in the village. These cottages I believe are
amongst the worst class of cottages that can be found
in this country. They may at first be very fair cottages,
and a man may be willing to pay a high rent in order
to get accommodation in the particular village he
desires to live in ; but after a time the cottages get into
bad repair, and the proprietor has to lay out money on
them or he leaves tnem in very bad order. If he has
to lay out money on them, be is sure to raise his rent ;
and if he does so, what follows is that the cottagers
have to let their rooms for lodgings, and then you have
the great curse of cottages, which is, the indecent over-
crowding of all the rooms. How are you to deal with
this class ? I confess I see vei7 great difficulty in deal-
ing with the matter. The curious anomaly is that,
with regard to other things, if a shopman sells bad
articles and knows that his neighbour on the other side
of the road aets a better price for a good one, he is
quite sure to give up selling his bad article and get in a
good one in order that he may keep his custom ; but in
the case of cottages the fact is reversed. I believe that
the cottages which are rented the highest are the

cottages belonging to these small projirietors in the
villages, and tliey are the very worst class of cottages
we have. We cannot, therefore, ajiiily the same remedy
to these cottiiges that wo can in other things. Large
proprietors and other i)roprie(;ors do not like to oppress
tho poor people with exorbitant rents for three-roomed
cottages ; they put what rent upon them the iioor people
can fairly pay, and they feel it is unjust to raise it. The
small proprietor then has no inducement to malto his
cottage bolter by Iccliiig that, if ho does so he will be
able to get a better nut like his neighbour. I believe
that really the only mode of dealing with the question
is that which was alluded to by Lord Leicester. I
think it must be by having cottages Inspected and
having them rei)ortod. I tliink tliat probably the
present Act is not quite suflicient for that purpose,
though I believe that in this part of the country, as in
others, tho clause that was inserted in the end of tho
Bill has been put very much into operation, and over-
crowded cottages have been indicted a.s nuisances, and
I believe in some places have been bodily pulled down.
But that Act ought to bo improved bel^ore it can be
made very effectual ; and I feel that this question is of
such importance that there must bo legislation on tho
subject.

AOHlCULTtJRAI. EDCCATIOK.

[Wo further report the speech on this subject of Mr. II. Vj.

Bl\tii, given at the same tneeting : — 1

He had noticed that some of the remarks which
had been made that evening had hit him very closely.
He had, pei'haps been by some misunderstood, when
he had been told in a public room that his opinions
were simply prejudices. His own idea of the educa-
tional question, as it regarded the agricultural popula-
tion, was this— that as it had been lately administered
It was not of a sufllciently pr.actical nature adapted to
lads or to youth, who in future years would have to
maintain themselves by the labour of their hands.
Nobody would question the advantages that a labourer
would derive from being taught to read and to write
and to cipher. His objection was (and he made it in
reference to proposals that had been publicly offered
in that neighbourhood, and in that union), that there
appeared to be a desire to prevent a farm-labourer's
boy from going on to a farm as soon as he found he
could become a bread-winner. There were some
curi(»us facts whicli would speak for themselves with
regard to this question. At one of the meetings in the
neighbourhood a gentleman proposed, as a resolution,
that no farm-labourer's child should go to work before
he was 10 3^ears old. At that very minute he (Mr.
Blyth) held in his hand two certificates from that very
gentleman, recommending two lads for premiums in
this Society for having lived a certain number of years
on his farm, from the age of eight. The first step in
the education of children (and which was more
needful in that of agricultural labourers than of any
others) was discijiline. If that was not taught early at
school, reading, writing, and arithmetic were useless.
He knew that in some schools it was not taught, and,
therefore, he said that the present system of education
was not suited to the agricultural population. If a
labourer's boy was kept at home till he was 10 or 11, he
(Mr. Blyth) suspected that he got something of the
same kind of notion that a farmer's son did it he was
kept at school till he was 15 or 16. The older a boy
got, the more he was versed in what was called general
education ; and the more refined his notions became,
the less inclined he was to turn his hand to what
was called the drudgery of learning his trade ol-
his business.

He (Mr. Blyth) would put it to either Of
the two noble lords, or to any great landed pro-
prietor, if they had a farm to let, and if two joung
men presented themselves asking for a farm, if one
was a practical lad, who had been at home with his
father, and had worked hard from 12 years old, and
the other had a little scientific knowledge which he
had picked up at Cirencester or elsewhere, he knew
whioli they would take for a tenant. Both should be
equal in every other respect, but the one should be
thoroughly practical, and the other — [A Voice :
Theoretical] — a little more scientific. Of two farm lads,
one of whom had, and the other had not, learned to
read and write, it was not certain that the former
should be the best at 20. He knew so many instances
to the contrary, and he was sceptical on the point. He
only wished to say that all^ the remarks he had made
before the Assistant-Commissioner or otherwise simply
tended to this— that he did not think the system of
education that had been lately accorded to labourers'
children in agricultural districts was in accordance
with the wants they would feel when they went to
labour themselves. As something had very frequently
been said with respect to the employment of capital,
and the energy and activity of occupiers, and the intel-
ligence and good character of labourers, Mr. Blyth
offered the following slight history of a farm, and how
it had been cultivated tne last century. It is just 9"
years ago (he said) since my father first set his foot on
Sussex Farm. He was then seven years old. At the
age of 17 he was left by my grandfather to manage that
farm for him. At the age of 21 he took it on his own
hook. There are a thousand acres of land. His father
gave him 700?., his mother gave him 200Z., and with
900/. he took the occupation of 1000 acres. He met
with what we could not, many of us, now-a-days— a
brother-farmer, who lent him .'50007. He farmed for
10 years as a bachelor. At the end of that 10 years he
was master of 10,000?., and he strengthened his baud
by marriage ; and in 1808 he bought the farm and
another with it. He then began to plant and to raise
fences (for there was hardly a tence on the place), and
to build. In 1S22 he was enabled to enclose a large
tract of marshes; and the late Duke of Sussex, who Was
then a frequent guest at Ilolkham, paid him a high
oompliment?(and through him the yeomanry of Nor-
folk) in coming to dine at my father's ; and from that

1224

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEMBEB 80, 1867.

day it was called "Sussex Farm." When I followed
him in 1833 (continued Mr. Blyth), I took the farm
in a comparatively high state of cultivation. I have
farmed it for 33 years ; and now many gentlemen have
said to me, " I cannot think how you can leave such a
place."_ "Well, there are many subjects for regret, no
doubt, in a person leaving a place where he has spent
all his days. But independently of the feeling at times
and ofthe necessity of making up one's bundle of sticks,

fetting a little tired of the general routine of business,
have this very great satisfaction at the end of my
occupation of an estate which has been occupied by my
family for nearly 100 years, of knowing that it has con-
tinued to improve in value ever since it has been in my
hands. I have the satisfaction of knowing that there
is a class of labourers that have grown up on the farm,
who have repeatedly borne away premiums offered for
honourable competition by this Society. I have the
satisfaction of knowing that those men have improved
very much by the competition they have met with
here against other labourers of the district, and that
they have been the means so far of assisting others in
learning to improve themselves both in their skill in
work and also in their conduct as men ; and I have
this further satisfaction of knowing that many of them,
on my declining their services now, have stepped into
places where they will earn much more money than I
have ever given them. All these things are satisfactory
proofs to me that those men have been able to raise
themselves by their own exertions and by their own
industry, where they have been treated perhaps with
only common kindness, but where, once having set foot
upon the farm, they knew they would never be paid off
except it should be for misconduct. I have this other
satisfaction (and it is to me the most gratifying one,
and, therefore, amongst a few brother-farmers in the
neighbourhood I take the liberty of just referring to
it), that in handing the farm over to the two sons of a
man who has been a good tenant on the estate for
nearly 20 years, I do it with the full confidence that I
am handing it to young men who have been well trained
to habits of business, of respectability, and of integrity ;
and I have no fear of their forfeiting the confidence
that is reposed in them.

EECENT STEAM-PLOUGH OPERATIONS.

County Wexfoed.

The two brothers, Messrs. Purdon, who have the
honourable distinction of making the pioneer move-
ment of working the steam plough, with its accessories,
on a great scale in Ireland, have introduced to the
county of Wexford this implement, so nowerful in the
reclamation and culture of land, under the following
circumstances.

To begin at the beginning. These gentlemen
obtained about eight years ago a lease, with a tenure of
300 years, from a gentleman who had purchased in
Chancery between 500 and 600 statute acres of wood-
land, which constituted a portion of the large
estate of the Phayre family. The above area of land
was under Oak, Birch, and brushwood ; all the timber
had been felled previously to the sale, excepting about
150 acres of wood, which will be left uncut until of
matured growth. Happily for the new proprietors,
there had been no occupying tenantry on the land,
therefore no displacement of peasantry was required —
no disturbance of holdings, no jealousies or hardships
arising from consolidation of little farms ; no subject
for disputes or cause of popular hostility against the
purchasers ; no difference of opinion except what arose
from a claim of access to many pathways over the land
— a point which was easily terminated. In fact, the new
possessors of this large, and mostly waste land,
obtained as complete control over it, as if they had pur-
chased and colonised a portion of forest land in North
America, with the great advantage of many labourers
in their neighbourhood ready and willing to work for
such good and welcome employers, who let out 300
acres by piece work, at the rate of Is. Sd. per square
(statute) perch for clearing out stumps and stones.
The cost of this amounted to 111. 10s. per acre, to
which was added 11. 10s. for removing the stones raised
by blasting and the picka.xe to the spots from which
they were carted to the lines marked for the fences
which now partition the farms into fields varying in
size from 15 to 50 acres. These walls are 6 feet 6 inches
in height, and 2 feet G inches at the base, tapering to
16 inches at top, the outside course being laid in
mortar, with Scotch coping. The masons contracted
for the work, supplying lime and sand, and were paid
7s. Sd. per perch. The stone gate-posts, which are
circular in form, and plastered, are 7 feet 6 inches high,
with ornamental tops of white spar.

The general quality of the soil is good, as the
products have testified. After repeated horse-
ploughing, clearing of roots and weeife and burning
them, and applications of lime, &c., heavy crops of
Hay, Oats, and Turnips have been obtained, and a
large stock of sheep and cattle are now supported on
the farm, the young store cattle being kept through
the winter in the standing forest portion, with sheds
for their better shelter. In the glen of this woodland
there is a bed of marl, which will prove beneficial to
the contiguous parts of the land— an important manure
in a locality 11 miles distant from lime kilns. An
nnfaihng stream of water from the higher land affords
the facility of irrigation, and to complete the natural
advantages in an agricultural point of view, there is
at the base ofthe undulating land an amjile supply of
peat- mould in a small area of space (which will pro-
bably become an embellished lake), of which a con-
siderable quantity is taken to the headlands of fields
intended for green crops, where it is mixed with the head-
land soil and farmyard manure. The bog mould is also
carted to the feeding houses and their surrounding
channels to absorb the liquid manure. X believe that
this is the largest tract of land ever reclaimed in

Ireland by the spade, the ynckaxe, and the crowbar.
I have now to state the special circumstances that led
to the very recent employment of the steam plough on
this farm, on which I had the gratification of seeing its
first operation.

The zealous and judicious exertions of Mr. Edward
Purdon, while acting as honorary secretary of the
Cattle Plague Committee, were so highly appreciated
by the agriculturists of Ireland that a subscription was
readily made for the purpose of presenting to that
gentleman the most complete steam plough that the
factory ofthe Messrs. Howard.at Bedford, could supply.
Accordingly, a 10-horse double cylinder high-pressure
steam-engine, with three-furrow steam plough, steam
cultivator, steam digger, steam ridgingplough.andsteam
harrow, with double-drummed windlass and 1600
yards of steel wire-rope, the necessary porters and
anchors, water-cart, &c., forming the only complete
set sent to Ireland, and at the cost of about 750Z., was
presented to Mr. Edward Purdon by the nobility and
gentry of Ireland, at a banquet held to do him the
deserved honour, in the Mansion House, Dublin.

It appears, from the printed catalogue of Messrs.
Howard (1867), that, although 228 steam cultivating
implements have been purchased from Messrs. Howard
in Great Britain, four only have been brought into
Ireland, and six into Scotland.

The immediate results of the very superior steam
cultivator at Killoughran, are deepening the soil and
greatly increasing its productiveness, and executing
the ploughing or digging work of an area of land which
would require 50 days' work by four horses in four-and-
a-half short days, besides dispatch in corresponding
ratio in harrowing, rifting, &c..

What an advancement m expensive and systematic
and profitable cultivation of large farms may be
expected from this important beginning — what
encouragement to the reclamation of bog or moor lands
in particular ! There opens a vast field for speculative
industry. With what comparative rapidity and economy
of funds might not the yet unredeemed mud lands of
Wexford and other localities, from which the sea has
been banked off, be brought into systematic culture,
employing many labourers in preparatory and subse-
quent operations tending to a vast increase of the
country's agricultural products, and diminishing in
all cases, where steam cultivation may prevail, the cost
of maintaining horses. Martin Doyle, Nov. 20.

GOSSIP ABOUT CLOVEES.
When bipeds or other animals are seen looking
sleek, plump, and well, the common country saying in
some localities is, " Yes ; they have the appearance of
having lived in Clover." Such observations seem to
show that there is a real value placed on Clover as
possessing thorough good flesh-making qualities. The
old Red Clover (Trifohum pratense) has indeed been a
favourable and most valuable forage plant ever since I
can remember. I do not know exactly how long it has
been cultivated by the farmer as a forage plant, but I
recollect working with an old intelligent agriculturist
—in the years of 1816 and 1817— who was then three-
score and ten, and who had worked in a garden above
30 years after leaving the farm. He informed me that
he could well remember when the Red Clover was first
introduced into this country ; that previous to that
upland arable farmers had no particular Grass or herb-
age to lay up for a hay crop, but would select a Wheat
errish, or other field that was best stocked with a strong
crop of Couch Grass— our natural Girass and weed—
from which to cut a crop of hay. Fifty years ago, and
since, I have seen wonderful crops of the old Red
Clover. For this last 25 years or more, a vast deal has
been said and written about this old invaluable Clover.
We have been told that the land on the four-course
system is " Clover sick," or sick of producing Clover.
How is this to be accounted for ? is a question which
I have been asked hundreds of times. That there is
something radically wrong is demonstrated in too many
districts every year. Thousands of acres of the most
splendid plants of this real old valuable herbarge are to
be seen in every direction when the com is cut, and
for some little time afterwards. But how about it at
the following Lady Day ? Why, it is completely gone,
or perished to a most extraordinary and fearful extent.
Thousands of acres are entirely gone, and nothing but
a thin, scanty crop of the old Eaver or Rye-grass and
weeds left. And where there is some Clover it never
grows with that strength and luxuriance seen in former
years— with stalks 3 feet high, leaves the size of oyster
shells, and Roses or bunches of flowers as large as a
boy's halfpenny ball. Of late years it seems to grow
sparely, hungry, and weakly, not at all like the Red
Clover of 50 years back. I have seen many fine pieces
of Clover, as I have now when the corn was cut,
attacked with mildew after a few hot days. The foliage
drops off; the plant soon becomes puny and unhealthy,
and the crop patchy. I have also seen many pieces of
Clover so attacked by wood pigeons gobbling up the
foliage and picking out the hearts of the Clover, thereby
admitting the frost and wet, which causes canker and
actively destroys the plant. Rabbits, where many are
kept, also nibble and destroy the Clover to a great
extent. The slug, too, commits serious ravages in some
seasons. But all these misadventures can be remedied,
and do not make out a case of the land being Clover
sick. My idea is that it shows the land to be exhausted
of some property of which the (Dlover plant stands in
need. If this be so, what can that be ? No doubt
some very simple inexpensive element, if applied at
the right time, would really remedy this great and
growing evil. The gun, traps, and perseverance, will
put to rout the rabbits and wood pigeons, and dredging
the Clover, while the dew is on it, with dry wood
ashes, will entirely eradicate the mildew. But still the
Clover crops sicken and die, although not subject to
either of the foregoing pests, The simple remedy, I

believe, from a long course of observations, is the
application of salt. In course of years of constant
tilling the land, in my opinion, gets exhaustJed of this
valuable element. Some 20 years since, or more, a large
extent of old mossy Grass laud— almost worthless,
which would maintain nothing in the way of cattle or
sheep— was placed under my management. I set to
work and foraged up all the refuse of the place — dung
or other manure— cleared out the furrows, water
tables, ditches, roads, and corners ; collected together
some hundreds of loads in convenient heaps, applied to
those heaps a quantity of salt ; and then incorporated
the whole by a thorough mixing. All was turned and
well incorporated, and applied to the poor Grassy land
at the rate, as we then considered, of 6 cwt. to the acre.
It was spread, harrowed, bush-harrowed, and well
rolled and worked about. The result was that the Moss
and rubbish were all killed, and disappeared, and Clover
made its appearance in great abundance, where it had
not been sown or seen before. Clover grown on land
after a Mangel crop, in the dressing of which plenty of
salt has been used, grows wonderfully strong— almost
like Bean stalks. There is one other illustration of
Clover being benefited by salt. I pointed out the
fact to several persons at the time. A gentleman
purchased some land adjoining the sea. According to
an ancient map a portion of this land had been washed
and encroached on by the sea, and was entirely covered
to a great depth with clear pebbles, which the sea had
cast up in its place. In order to take possession a
portion was fenced in, a slip of those pebbles was
levelled, and some sand dug off the sea-beaten cliff,
which was covered with a crust of shiny salt. When
dried by the sun 3 or 4 inches of this salt-sand was
placed on the pebbles and sown with Barley and Red
Clover. The Clover grew away amazingly strong, 3 or
4 feet high, with much luxuriance of foliage and
blossom. The next winter, at spring tides and during
stormy weather,, the sea water covered it, and it was
currently believed that it would kill it. But so far from
this being the case, it grew away the second season a
stronger and more luxuriant crop, and it was cut several
times. Salt, when used for the benefit of the free
growth of Clover, should be applied in dark, cloudy,
rainy weather, at the rate of 6 cwt. to the acre ; applied
twice, sown over in a regular manner the same way as
sowing corn broadcast. If to kill weeds or vegetation
apply the same quantity at one application in dry, hot
weather, and it will have the desired effect.

The Scarlet Clover is a very useful and early forage
plant, producing heavy crops of stock-food at a time
when we stand in the greatest need of it. One great
advantage, too, with this free-growing early variety is
that it can be sown in autumn after harvest on a clean
stubble. For many years it did not make that advance
among agriculturists as one really would imagine such
a useful green plant would have done. The first patch
I saw of it was in a country nursery in the year 1817,
and was said to have been brought from abroad by some
of our soldiers. In the year 1818 I recollect going to
see two or three fields of it on Whit Monday. It was
then in full bloom, and could be seen a long distance
before we came to it. I then thought it was the most
luxuriant, gayest, and most beautiful field-cultivated
plant I had ever seen. This, too, was growing on very
light-blowing poor sandy soil— not many years pre-
viously reclaimed from a waste. And this was at a
time when nothing was known of artificial manure,
and when our natural-made manure was not at all
taken care of, or economised. Those fields, moreover,
were a long distance from a farm-yard ; but neverthe-
less it was a most splendid crop— the owner of which,
at that time, was considered a first-class farmer, and
managed throughout with stock and crop. The first
was that on the common. Close at hand was a marl
pit, and early in the winter the marl was carted and
spread all over those fields of Trifolium incarnatum,
and his other Clover fields. The heavy coat of this
marl, which was pulverised by the winter weather,
was by the month of March falling to pieces like slaked
lime. It was then in dry weather, and the ground was
harrowed, bush-harrowed, and well rolled, and pressed
as firm as possible. At that period there were some
good cultivators of the soil, for I must say that during
my travels for 50 years I have not since seen a more
robust crop of Trifolium. Marl was at that time made
use of very freely by most agriculturists that could
command it at a reasonable carriage distance, more
particularly for all light soils. This plant is also fond
of salt, applied in wet, dark winter's weather ; also wood
ashes and chimney soot. In the southern, south-
western, eastern, and midland counties, I have seen it
for years extensively grown, but in the west but very
sparely grown until we were visited with two succeed-
ing dry summers, when either the old Bed Clover then
sown did not come up, or perished through the drought
or some plague, and this caused many farmers to look
out for something for spring fodder. This useful plant
was then fully recommended and adopted for autumn
sowing, since which a greater breadth is sown yearly.
James Barnes, Bicton.

POULTRY REARING AND MANAGEMENT
ON AN ORDINARY FARM.
[The following is the conclusion of Mrs. F. Somerville's Prize
Essay on this subject, published in the " Journal of the
English Agricultural Society."]

Ducks.
There are many varieties of ducks, but the two
most profitable and best suited to the farmer generally
are the Aylesbury or white duck, with flesh-coloured
bill, and the Rouen, which should be exactly like the
mallard in feather, though much larger in size. Both
kinds are equally good, and gain great weight, if
properly bred and fed, and well supplied with water ;
they will weigh 16 or 17 lb. per couple at eight months

NOVEMBEB 30, 18G7.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1225

old. In breeding for the market, ducks are best
hatched under a common hen, and kept off the pond,
they Ibrive better without access thereto, and are fit
for the table at eight weeks old ; but those intended
for store should have plenty of wat«r, and be provided
with a house, furnished occasionally with straw, and
nests prepared, and if regularly fed they will become
attached to their abode ; otherwise they are apt to
ramble, especially if there is a brook near, in which
case many eg(;s are lost. They commence to lay early
in the spring if well fed, and, if not allowed to sit, con-
tinue to lay until autumn. It is very desirable to have
a good supply of early and late broods, which always
fetch a high price. There is very little trouble in
rearing ducks, whether the eggs are set under the
common hen as before mentioned, or under the duck ;
the time of incubation is one month. Lot the duck-
lings when hatched have a good nesting for about 21
hours, afterwards clip oil' the down at the tail to
prevent their being drabbled, then place them with the
mother in a cooj), and feed with coarse Barley meal, to
which water is added, making the fi«d ciuite sloppy ;
afterwards give Indian meal and bran mixed up with
buttermilk, so as to form a proper consistency,
occasiounlly adding a few boiled Potatos by way of a
change; and, as I have before stated, they will bo
ready for the market in eight weeks, which is the chief
end to aim at, and get tliem into money as soon as
possible. Early ducklings are generally sent to
the market in the feathers, but if kept over tvt'o
months old, it is better to dress them, on account of
the feathers, which aro nearly, if not quite, as valuable
as those of the goose ; and the duck, when dressed, is
more convenient to the buyer, consequently, will
command a better price.

In a work of this kind it would be quite useless to
enter into a description of the many existing varieties
of fancy ducks, which are of no value to the generality
of farmers or where mixed poultry is kept, on account
of the additioual convenience, care, and attention
required.

Guinea Fowls
Are a useful and handsome bird, and are in season
during the months of February, March, and
April ; they lay a great quantity of eggs during the
summer, but, being of a wild nature, tney generally
lay astray, consequently their eggs are sometimes lost.
Their flesh is of very game-like flavour, and, coming in
after the game season, they are useful for the table;
their eggs are small but fine flavoured, and always
worth the same price as common hen-eggs, the price of
the birds being generally about 7s. 6d. per couple. It
is the best way, in case of breeding, to set the eggs
under the common hen, the time of incubation being
one month. After hatching place the hen under a
coop, around which fix a guard to prevent the young
straying, as they are very wild; they may have the
same food as young turkeys. The coop, which should
have a boarded bottom, will require to be moved to
fresh ground every other day at least ; after the first
week the young birds should be shut uji within the
coop, to avoid injury whilst being removed ; they may
have their liberty when three weeks old, but the
mother should be kept in the coop a week longer. The
young will by degrees become tame and good foragers,
and little difficulty will he experienced in rearing them
under this method ; but they are troublesome amongst
other poultry, being regular attendants, however well
fed, at the chickens' coops, besides being very quarrel-
some, often driving the most spirited cocks before
them, and perhaps injuring them in some way. From
these remarks it may be inferred, according to circum-
stance, whether it is desirable to keep them or not upon
an ordinary farm. I have madeS^ within a little, from
one pair of birds during a season. As many males as
females are required^ as they always pair ; the spotted
variety is the hardiest ; the white are very delicate
birds.

Pigeons.

There being so little trouble with these birds, it
is desirable to keep a few at most places ; they
are always readily sold, and are in great demand
when game is out of season and spring chickens
are scarce. For breeding purposes they should not
be kept too old ; a convenient way of denoting their
age is to cut off a nail of the claw every year, and
a good cote with separate nests should be provided,
and kept scrupulously clean, and a plentiful supply of
rock-salt afforded. For the table and profit the Blue
Eocks are preferable to most other breeds ; one pair
will produce 10 hatches during the year. Feed regu-
larly, but scantily, as they will find tbe greatest portion
of tueir own food.

Eggs
Should be gathered daily— in fact, whenever they
are to be found, for fear of loss or accident ; those
from the select poultry should be placed in bran,
with the narrow end downwards, marking thereon
the date, as the preference is always given to the
freshest eggs for setting, though they will keep good
for three weeks, and if you have more than required
they may be sold at a good price. But ordinary
eggs should be sold only when dear, and pre-
served when cheap, in the following manner : — If
there aro many, procure a tub that will contain, say
40 gallons, whicn place in a cellar or other cool room,
and put therein 1 bushel of quicklime, 2 lb. of common
salt, and i lb. of cream of tartar, then add 30 gallons of
cold water, and stir round a few times to mix the
ingredients; afterwards leave until the following
morning, when again stir up all together. It should
then be of such a consistency that an egg will float on
the surface. Another vessel of convenient size must
now be provided, in which the eggs are to be preserved,
packing them close together with narrow end down-
wards (which should be done daily, after a commence-
ment is made, as the fresher the eggs are the better).

adding as much of the prepared liquor as will just
cover the eggs; this must be done day by day until the
vessel is filled within 3 inches of the top, then fill up
the vessel with the liquor, and in a few days a crust of
ice-like appearance will be formed over the vessel, so
as to keep it perfectly air-tight. Eggs (if fresh) pre-
served thus will keej) as long as required, and for all
cooking purposes will answer as well as the freshest,
from winch they can scarcely bo distinguished. Haying
practised the .system for years, I will guarantee it to
have the desired effect, if properly carried out. Where
labour is a consideration, eggs may be managed so as
to pay better than rearing young fowls, as far loss time
and attention is required with laying hens ; but the
non-setting varieties should generally bo kept, though
sitters will be required to produce early <diickens,
which must furnish the fresh eggs for the breakfast-
table during the winter months.

No given rule can bo laid down as regards the keep-
ing and profitable extension of poultry on an ordinary
farm, as so much depends entirely upon the con-
veniences and attendance— whether the latter can be
performed by a member of the farmer's own family,
whose time is not otherwise profitably employed, or
whether it can be had at a reasonable rate ; if not, a
large number will have to be kept to iiroduce a profit,
after paying for special attendance ; hut if poultry of
all descriptions are kept in large numbers on loo small
a space, the ground becomes tainted, and disease and
death make their appearance amongst them. Poultry
in some h.inds flourish and pay wonderfully well,
whilst in others it is just the reverse ; all depends upon
the care, skill, and attention bestowed in the manage-
ment thereof.

For the satisfaction of the reader I will state the
produce and value for one year of my poultry, as regards
the female stock managed as herein stated. In some
instances fancy prices were obtained, and prizes taken
on exhibition, which, of course, are included in the
value. No account of the quantity of food consumed
was taken, as I had no intention of offering a statement
to the public. It was, however, all grown on the farm,
except about 41. worth.

104 hens produced 13,739 eggs, exclusive of those
set; they reared 372 chickens, besides hatching the
ducks and guinea-fowls.

5 turkey liens reared 74 young.

6 geese reared 5S goslings.
Ducks hatched under hens, 79.

Guinea-fowls hatched under hens, 42. Reared and
sold.

Attendance, a boy and myself.

Total value of the above, 190/. 17s. Sd.

N.B. 7 store ducks kept; the guinea-fowls were the
produce of one pair. Manor Farm, Svfford, Ollerloii.

Home Correspondence.

Mr. Mechi and the Wafer Supply of his Neifjhbours.
— Though few men are better able to defend themselves
than Mr. Mechi, and though you have, I think wisely,
declined to allow the controversy (if such it can be
termed) with reference to his statements to be con-
tinued in your paper, I venture to draw attention to
one of the points which formed the subject of attack,
namely, the injury said to be inflicted by him on some
of the wells in the parish of Tiptree, an injury which
was far outweighed by the benefits conferred elsewhere.
When I was collecting materials for an Essay on
■\Vater Supply, published in the " Eoyal Agricultural
Journal" of 1865, having previously seen what had
been done at Tiptree in the drainage of a certain part
of the farm, and the utilisation of the water, I visited the
farm (as it happened, in Mr. Mechi's absence), taking
with me a pocket-level ; and carefully examining the
spot, I recorded as follows :— " Where the beds of
gravel are deep and extensive, it is obvious that water
may be led away from a hill-side and form a jierennial
stream of the greatest value. This is well illustrated
on the well-known Tiptree Hall Farm. When first
occupied by Mr. Alderman Mechi, land-springs issued
from the slightly-rising ground to the north of the
house, the weepings of which generated a peat-bed.
Deep drains were driven into the hill-side, cutting
through the margin of the gravel into the clay beneath,
whence so large a quantity of water was gathered into
one head as to supply all the ordinary wants of the
homesteaxl, and furnish a volume sufficient to carry out
at all seasons the system of irrigation co-extensive with
the farm, whilst its overplus carries health and comfort
to a once fever-stricken district in its course below. As
the utilisation of this water is instructive, so in the
source whence it flows a lesson may be learned as to
the geological and physical conditions under which a
like supply may be turned to good account elsewhere.
The village of Tiptree stands on an extensive bed of
drift-gravel and sand resting on the tertiary clay,
naturally drained by streamlets which flow down the
shallow valleys or depressions by which it is flanked or
intersected. As in all such cases, the subterranean
water is upheld in the soil at an angle above its outfall
varying with,and dependent on, the closeness of the sand
or gravel in which it lies. The water in the village
wells stood, in the autumn of 1864, 10 or 18 feet above
the artificial and ever-flowing vent given to it by Mr.
Mechi's drains. It is on record that, when these drains
were first dug, many, if not all, the wells in the village
were more or less affected. If the supply were less,
and it was necessary for the sake of Tiptree farm and
establishment to economise the supply (and this may
serve as a general illustration), a well (call it of depres-
sion) on a large scale might be sunk near the centre of
the gravel-bed, whence the greatest body of water
might be raised by artificial means, or allowed to pass
by gravitation from the well to the lower levels by some
simple contrivance providiug for the shutting oH' the
water at pleasure. Such sources of water, when
practically perennial, are often said to yield an

undevialing volume; a periodical gauging would show
that the quantity is in the ratio of the natural exhaus-
tion and replenishment by rainfall." The effect on the
wells was confined to those nearest, and the so-called
injury repaired by slightly deepening them. J. C. C,
Long Wittenham.

Chambers of AiiriruHure and fheir Ijiscussions.—
These Chambers of Agriculture have come into opera-
tion at a very opportune perioil. There appear to be
many, and some of them very important, questions for
their discussion and advocacy. The importation of
stock diseases from the Continent is of high import.
The central society have done quite right in asking tbo
Government to institute a strict supervision over sheep
as well as cattle. Railroads are now carried into the
heart of Russia, entirely through Europe. How
speedily, then, may wo have inflicted upon us aiiy
disease that may arise in any part of the Continent. It
is the imperative duty of Government to protect stock-
owners from such destructive inroads, but we well
know that all Governments wait to be spurred up to
such duties by the urgent representations of parties
interested. This our Chambers of Agriculture are
now doing. The employment of women and children
in agriculture, the gang system, and the education of
children employed in agriculture, are exceedingly
important subjects. All our "Chambers" are very
properly taking them up, so that legislation cannot
now take place in ignorance of the various phases of
these subjects. The labour question becomes more
important daily. Modern agriculture has created a
wonderful demand for it, and this demand is ever
increasing. What folly, then, to adopt measures to
restrict it. The education part of the question is para-
mount. Schools must be established everywhere, and
bo open to all-comers either free or upon very mode-
rate terms. Would it be very improper— would it be
an act of unmitigated injustice for Government to take
the funds of charity schools and apply them, under
proper regulations, toward estabMshing these free
schools, giving the localities of such charity schools
something like commensurate privileges— say to esta-
blish one good school for every three miles radius,
these school funds to be supplemented by Govern-
ment grants? The Malt Tax is a question second to
none for discussion and movement by these " Chambers."
Is modern agriculture to be burthened with an incubus
of such weight as 7,000,000/. ? It is monstrous, and
must be thrown off. No malt like that made from
English Barley! It yields 11 per cent, more proof
spirit than any other. What an opening for foreign
trade, as well as home consumption ! What a
wonderful demand for English Barley— the best sorts
would realise more than Wheat. It is not finance, but
the advancement of agriculture that the members have
to do with. Then there is " the unequal pressure of
local taxation." Why is the land or real property to
bear it all ? Why are our manufacturing poor to come
upon the land for their support ? Why is land to bear
all the cost of the religious teaching of the country ?
AVhy is the land to hear all the cost of road repairs,
county prisons, police prosecutions, &c. ? Grave
questions for our many Chambers. Again, there are
the questions of the transfer of land, union ratings
national ratings, law of settlement, highways or road
reforms, abolition of tolls, and others continually
arising in Parliament. I also venture to suggest
another which will, I think, ultimately require their
careful consideration — the better representation of
their interests in Parliament. I hail the formation of
these Chambers with the greatest pleasure. I hope
they will arise in every district, and give their ready
and earnest support to the central body, from whom
should emanate every important movement. Every
truly earnest man should be a member of the Central
Chamber as well as of his local one. It must keep up a
competent stafl', a " local habitation and a name."
The small subscriptions from country Chambers will
by no means find the sinews, and if the head fails,
where are the members ! It is now the great centre
from which all efforts should be directed, and all
aggressions watched. Allow me to say that youf
capital leader of the 16th and your report of
C. S. Read's address ought to be published together as
a tract for sale at the Agricultural Hall Show in
December. The agricultural community cannot be too
much excited by such telling papers. We must be
kept up to high pressure just now. 0. F.

Cottage Cookery. — The remarks of Mr.Read,M.P., on
the lightness of Norfolk dumplings may be true enough,
as I do not know of what materials they are composed.
If they are balls of boiled flour paste only, and he ever
eats one with impunit.y, he may be congratulated on
his digestive powers. Now that com is, and likely to
be high priced, let me recommend a cheap, simple, and
wholesome preparation of food, not much known in
England, which forms the daily meal of the poor
artisans and others in North Germany, who never
taste meat, and, as they say, never think of it— it is
called Potato dumpling. The Potatos, which must be
mealy and of good quality, are cooked in the usual
way, and thenpounded. To three parts of Potatos put
one part of Wheat flour, with a little salt, and mix
them well together. Milk sufficient to make a paste is
then mixed in, and it is to be boiled in a bag or basin.
Tbe proper time can only be learnt by experience, but
it must be well boiled. It will then be firm and light,
and may be eaten either by itself, or with Apple,
treacle, or other sweet sauce. It is very palatable with
salt fish or meat, and with currants and sugar a plum
pudding may be made. tors.

Wages. — I venture the statement that a thoroughly
l)ractic<il farm labourer is entitled to the remuneration
of a first-class workman in the building trades. The
facilities afforded to dissatisfied farm labourers are now
so numerous, that farmers will soon be compelled to
compote with colonial employers for skilled labour, or
content themselves with second and third-rate hands.

1226

THE (lAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOYEMBEE SO, 1867.

Fifteen hundred souls left Aberdeenshire alone about
seven years aso. The American war checked the
emigration movement from this district; but it is
likely to recommence. Emigration agents are offerins
to take steerage passengers from Glasgow to New York
for five guineas ; but farmers will rest in false repose
till they find themselves only supplied with good men
too poor to make a move, and with those who have not
pluck to leave farmers who appear to regret that they
cannot keep their ploughmen in a position more
degrading than the horses they employ. T. W. B.

A few Words on Fotatos.— In 18G1 I grew some
21 sorts of Potatos, which I procured from the lists of
respectable seedsmen in England and Scotland. The
two I considered best were Paterson's Victoria and one
which I got of E. P. Di.xon, of Hull, as Birmingham
Prize. They seem almost identical : they are round,
sometimes inclined to be iiat, and both produce purple
flowers and mature their Apples, and are a full-crop
Potato, and ready to take up about the middle of
October. In 1865 I discarded about three-fourths of
the other sorts, as either being subject to disease, or
not productive, or not of first-rate quality. This year
I planted only four or five of the old sorts, and got a
few new ones. The Victoria still stands iirst in the
list, being very free from disease, a very good bearer,
and of very good quality. In 1861 1 got several of my
friends to try four stones each of this sort, and they all
say it is the best Potato they have grown, though
one remarks that if grown with a large quantity of
manure it sometimes contains hollow cavities. How-
ever, from the four years' experience of myself and
friends, 1 do think it is the best full-crop Potato grown.
I have grown for the last four years the King, which is
a smooth-skinned, flat, round Potato, and which is
spoken of as the best in a paper by C. H. Newmarsh in
the " Leisure Hour," but as it grows yellow-fleshed
with me, I rank it much lower than Victoria, which is
white-fleshed. I tried shoddy by itself as manure this
year for Potatos, but they proved very much diseased ;
the tops looked very dark-coloured in summer. Perhaps
if it had been mixed with manure, as I had intended,
it might have proved more satisfactory. The paper in
the volume of the "Royal Agricultural Journal," just
out, proving that 8 oz. sets are more productive and
profitable than smaller ones, is well worth a careful
study before next season by those who plant large
quantities of this root. The Potato crop is so expensive !
to grow that it is very important to have a good sort. I j
used, for two and a-half acres, 60 tons of very good I
manure, worth 8.s. per load, and 71. lOs. worth of mixed '
hand tillage, and a ton of shoddy, which cost 30s., and
as the price of sets last spring was high, I consider \
every row would have cost 5s., a bushel being required
to a row, I fancy few persons care to calculate the
real cost of the crop, as they must have some for house
use, and the cattle and pigs are ready for the remainder,
which the latter, at the present value of pigs (6s. per
stone), will not repay. I think very high manuring
increases the tendency to Potato disease. Se/inj
Michardson, F^axton Grange, near Yorh.

Societies.

Glotjcestee Boot Show.— At the dinner follow-
ing the Boot Show here, Mr. Holland, M.P., the
chairman, made the following remarks :—

On Ageicultueal Education.
I won't talk about education generally, but only as it
afl'ects the agricultural labourer. I don't want the
labourer to be a learned man — to know all about
geography or histoi'y ; but I do want him to be able to
know what is for his own advantage, what will make
him intelligent, and give him skill to deal with our
machinery and to be fitted generally for that state of
things in which there now is a large amount of ex-
pensive capital applied to agriculture. But what we '
want for the labourer more than anything else — and it !
should be the foundation upon which webuild every- 1
thing else afterwards— is to instil into him a sense of i
self-respect. How is that to be done ? By books or
schools? Not so. It is to be done by putting him
into a decent position. The man the members of
whose family sleep altogether in ot}e room, without
separation of sex— he cannot have self-respect. The
man who lives like a brute, grovelling in filth, without I
any feeling of kindness or sympathy for those who are
about him, between man and man, or man and master
—he cannot be made to have self respect. All these
things are to be remedied. And how ? Not by the
employer alone, but by the landlord and employer
working hand in hand. Unless you have self-respect
on the part of the labourer, you will not have the man
you require in the present high state of farming.
What makes the diflerence between the labourer and
one of ourselves ? Is it position— is it intellect, or
anything connected with human nature? Isn't it
merely the difference that exists in the advantages
which have come from education ? Take two boys
of equal intellect. "We will call the one, son to a rich
man, John Plantagenet ; the other, one of a family
living in a hovel, John Smithers. Plantagenet is
taken care of in every way. If he grows up, he grows
up with an idea of cleanliness : he is well -washed, and
it does him good, though he cries over it at the time.
Suppose he is untruthful, and tells a lie. He isn't
immediately thrashed to his life's end, as poor
John Smithers would be; but he is allowed to
be told at an early age how sorrowful a thing it
is to be false, and how necessary it is for a man
wishing to do well in the world to have a sense of truth.
The boy in the hovel, if he is caught stealing an Apple,
or anything of that kind, he is beaten without refer-
ence to aught save the punishment the mother or
father may be able to give him. He goes into the fields ;
lie has no sense of cleanliness ; after a time, as he
grows up, he crowds the family cottage improperly ;

perhaps he gets into service in a parish that doesn't
belong to him. Has he a home there ? No. He may
have part of a hovel. Then come the wintry nights.
What does he do ? Has he a fire ? No. Where does
he find a fire ? At the public-house : circumstances
lead him there. We know the rest. Now, I say that
if it had so happened, as they say it has happened in
fairy times, that a change had taken place in the posi-
tion of the two children, then Plantagenet would have
been as brutal and filthy as little Smithers, and
Smithers, in his new position, in the large and rich
house, would have been brought up in all due sense of
purity, mentally, intellectually, and morally. I put
these cases before you to show you that the individual
intellect has nothing to do with the position of a poor
man— that the vital question is the mere chance of
circumstances. I tell you that intellect is not wanting ;
the better feelings of humanity are not wanting ; cir-
cumstances are the preventing cause to the poor
lad whom, as far as self-respect and good
behaviour are concerned, we ought to put in the
same position as the richer one. Now, we cannot all
do that. But we may all attempt to do it, and I
believe that until you do attempt it you will not
improve the position of the agricultural labourer by
any amount of education. I thank you for listening
to these few words, which, really and "truly, I believe I
ought to act upon if I would do my duty to the
labourer. An advantage I feel in connection with this
society and every such society is, that this is the
growing feeling on the part of the farmers at large.
They are open to the conviction, and so are the land-
lords, that if you wish to help the labourer out of the
mire you must give him the essential moving cause,
self-respect. I believe that we shall not benefit him to
any great extent by teaching him in our schools. I do
express a pleasure and satisfaction at having so many
fellow-labourers in this work, and I feel that the
Central Chamber of Agriculture, in taking up this
question, ought to be supported by the difierent local
Chambers, so that in it may be concentrated
the opinions and the feelings of the agriculturists
of England.

Chamber of AaBicuLTUKE.

This brings me to speak of our local Chamber.
One must say that it is rather depressing, looking
to other Chambers, to think of the few members
belonging to ours. Still, we must remember the Ciren-
cester Club, and class the two together as belonging to
Gloucestershire. Local Chambers, as now organised,
cannot fail to be of great advantage to the farmers, by
giving them from time to time opportunity for expres-
sion and interchange of opinion. That is what the
farmers want. Commercial men sometimes say that
the agricultural mind is laokirg. But they never con-
sider the fact that a man on his farm is isolated from
his fellow-creatures, and that his calling requires him
to live alone, a,nd not to be knocking about at corners
of streets and in different societies as commercial men
are. It follows of course that the agriculturists should
need such means of converse and mental intercourse as
are given by this society, the Agricultural Society, and
the Chamber of Agriculture. I do trust that Glouces-
tershire will support the local Chamber, Nothing but
good can come of it. I suppose I may argue that since
the matter has not been so vigorously taken up here
as in other places, the Gloucestershire farmer has
less to complain of than his brethren ; that is the
only reason I can render. I certainly know this —
that, connected as I am with Gloucestershire, I feel
that, intellectually, and in every point which tends to
make a man better fitted for becoming a useful member
of society, there is a very marked advance in the
farmers of this county. I do trust that I may be
often allowed to take this chair, and that on all occasions
I may be well supported by the county and city as I
am to-night.

That brings me to the city. The Mayors of the
city of Gloucester are well-known in history. At
the time of the Civil War Gloucestershire was an
important point, and the city stood a tough siege. If
we consult Clarendon, we shall find that the Mayor of
Gloucester in that day was a most important and a most
wise person, and showed a large amount of i>resence of
mind in some difficult extremes. While the besiegers
were assaihng the walls— and, remembering those
walls, wheelage in those days was wheeiage — so
Clarendon in his history says, the chief authority of
Gloucester (which must have been the Mayor) handed
out to all his fighting men a certain quantity of strong
waters. In these days strong waters are called " good
drinkSj" and the Mayor of Gloucester shows by his
liberality from year to year how worthily he follows his
predecessor, making it now, however, a graceful matter
of hospitality to distribute his drinks. I beg leave to
propose to you the health of the incoming Mayor: I
rejoice in the prospect of his mayoralty. At the same
time, we must not forget that we are parting with a
good friend in Mr. Robinson. During the two years
he has served, as far as my knowledge goes, he has
always been most favourable to the agricultural interest
in any communications with him as to agricultural
matters. I give you "The Mayor and Corporation."

Capt. De WiNTON proposed "The heilth of the
Judges," and congratulated them upon the nice tact
and discrimination by which, if possible, they had
managed to satisfy even the unsuccessful competitors.
He had tried hard in competing for the county prize ;
but, do what he would, he couldn't get it. He wanted
the lesson he had learnt in the show to be completed
by a practical discussion at that table. He wanted to
know why he had been beaten, after taking the greatest
pains, by artificial and yard manuring, to grow a good
crop of Swedes on heavy land. They say the hill
men have a disadvantage in that respect. But I feel
that if I were on the hills, I'd beat any farmer in the
Vale having such land as I hold myself. Prom what I
have seen of the hills, I know that you can go upon

the land at any time of the year and in any weather.
As for my land, if it comes a heavy storm of rain in
the night, I daren't go upon it for a week, or I should
do more harm than I could do good in a month. The
gentleman who won the prize for the crop of Swedes
farms land which I have often envied. But I want
those who win, whether on light or heavy soils, to tell
us how they win ; and I think our prizes should not
be given away until the winners^ either viva voce or in
writing, give us this information. At present they
won't even give me a hint. They tell me that my
heavy land is better than theirs ; but that is no conso-
lation to me when I find them carrying away all the
prizes.

Mr. Halset replied for the judges. He said there
had been a very close competition, particularly for the
county cup— so close, indeed, that an alternative 51.,
given by Foster Brothers, to be dealt with at discretion,
in case their prize of 10 guineas was not competed for,
had been divided into 21. each for James Bennet and
Mr. R. Loveridge, and 11. for Mr. S. P. Dobbs. The
successful man of the four who competed for the
five guineas oflfered for the best five acres of Turnips
was Mr. D. Holborow ; the land was on the Cotswolds,
and the crop was by far the heaviest of all. The Cots-
wolds were proverbial for growing Turnips, and he did
not think the Vale could possibly compete with them :
the quality might be as good, but the crop would not.

KiNescOTE: Nov. \%— Agricultural Edwcatioa. —
At the first monthly meeting of the Kingscote Agri-
cultural Association, Colonel Kingscote, C.B., M.P.,
President of the Association, delivered a lecture on
agricultural education. He said : — I must first
apologise for taking so important a subject at so short
a notice, and only do so now to oi}en a discussion upon
it. I would divide the subject into two parts : Tho
education of those youths who propose to follow agri-
culture as a profession, and — The education of the
labourer. As every one likes to begin with the easiest
fence first, I will take the education of the labourer.
Of late years very much has been said on agricultural
education at the Royal Agricultural Society's meetings
and at others ; and this Society has on previous occa-
sions had it very ably brought before its members.
Mr. Want's lecture in 1865 was very interesting and
instructive, and from it emanated the establishment
of that most useful chemical class which has given such
great satisfaction, and I doubt not will prove very bene-
ficial to those who had the privilege of attendingas pupils.
Then we had Mr. Morton's lecture in November, 1865,
entirely on the education of those who intended to farm.

Education of the Laboitree.
Now, as to the state of the labourer at present. He
does not like to do so much hard work as he used to.
He has no\y no objection to see machinery doing the
most laborious work on the farm, such as mowing,
reaping, and threshing; but if he is not required to do
this hard work, he must have his head at work ; therefore
a different system of education is required, for without
it it would be impossible for a man to become what
may be called a good practical labourer — able to do
whatever may be required of him. As labour is now
more scarce, and higher wages have to be paid than
formerly, it is the duty of every farmer to encourage
education to fit men to manage those implements
which are being brought into use in such a manner as
will lessen the number of hands required, that he may
be able to give the wages to those who are deserving of
them. It must also be a great advantage to the labourers
to have comfortable dwellings situated near their
employment, and also to the employer by having the
whole strength of the labourers employed at farm work,
instead of having it spent in walking miles to and fro ;
it would also be a means of preventing anything like
what are called trades' unions, and must be of great
importance to have them always ready at hand. The
agricultural gang system, which we knew but very
little of in this neighbourhood, in other counties
where it is practised is felt as a very great evil, and
must be a great drawback to education, and almost
impossible to carry out decency and morality under
such a system ; but we must live in hopes that when
the new Act, passed last session, comes into operation
its influence will be that of great improvement. At
present it is lamentable to see the idle manner in which
children are being brought up, girls in particular.
Boys are not taught perseverance and carefulness, and
the girls seem to know nothing but to dress finely and
ape fine ladies long before they knovv anything that
would be of use to them in their future age, or in any
way fit them for plain household work. The schools
of the present day teach too much of fine or
light work, such as crochet, and no end of flimsy
trash. The girls ought to learn washing, ironing, and
plain cooking, indeed all sortis of household economy.
The duty of all employers is to see that the children
of those' they employ be taught what is commonly
called the " three R's," beyond that their own exertions
must take them, and in these days literature is cheap,
good, and accessible. Boys' muscles should also be
brought into work, and that early, or else a boy is
useless and never will do hard work. Legislation on
agricultural children is all very well, but most diflicult
to carry out. A boy (constitution being considered)
should begin to work on a farm at 11 or even 10 years of
age. His education commencing from his cradle, as far
as morality and character is concerned, goes on through
lile, and by the time he is 10 he should be able to read,
write, and do arithmetic. A very important point is
that night schools should and can be established in
every village. He may then go to farm work and
night school, and his reading himself will follow on
the work. Girls also ought to be taught useful things,
and brought up to household work. All this must be
seen to by the employers of labour. The good work
then begun must be left alone, and a man must raise

NOVEMBEE 30, 1867.]

THE GARDENEES' CTTRONICLE ANT) AGRIOULTURAL GAZETTE.

1227

himself from the ranks, and work himself onwards, as
many have done and are doing now. Legislation will
never make or rear a working man.

Education of the Faumek.

Ab with the labourer, the child must and does from
his cradle commence hisoducation, and in early infancy
his religious and moral character to ii certain degree is
formed. Then follows, until tho ago of 12 or 1 !■, a plain
general education ou a good sound general basis.
Schools where this education can be got are more
numerous aud less expensive than formerly ; but more
may be hoped for and done in this respect. At the
age of 12 or U.and onwards, comes the tickli.-ih titjio to
know what to do with boys. Their muscles, like
labourers' must be e.xercised, and it is not too soon for
thoiu to learn to hold the plough, in fact to learn
everything ou the farm aud to help in accounts and
book-keeping. They cannot yet leave school. Where
are they to go ? To the agricultural colleges at Ciren-
cester, Suffolk, or Devonshire, &c. ? From 10 to 31
years of age is the dillicult time. What has been done
by the Royal Agricultural Society generally to encourage
youths of this ago to continue their cducatiou ? What
has that Society done, what feud has been going on
between two sections of that Society headed by Mr.
Holland ou one side, Mr. Acland, Mr. Dent, &c., on
the other ? [Here Col. Kingscote detailed the part he
had taken in it, aud showed how the opinions of Mr.
Holland and others that examinations in practical
asriculture can be made, are gaining ground by what
the Royal Agricultural Society had allowed at last.
Instead of the Oxford and Cambridge examinations, he
could see no dilHculty w'hatever in an examination on
practical agriculture. He then read the re])ort of the
Examination Committee to show what the Royal
Agricultural Society is now doing, and he believed it
to be a step in the right direction.]

But it will besjiid — Yes, this is all very well ; but how
are wo to get our sons the education to fit them for this
competition at a rate commensurate with our means ?
That is the dillicuUy, but the difficulty is being
lessened daily ; learning increases, and as it increases
so nuist it become cheaper. Boys must be put with
farmers who have been highly educated, must attend
colleges or schools like Cirencester ; but the usefulness
of those places of education should be increased, and
the pupils thereat taught to work with the hand as
well as with the head. I have often thought that a
farm at the head of which a well-educated practical
man should be ])laced, might have the whole work of
that farm conducted by a school (if I may use the
teini) of pupils, who would carry out the entire labour
of that farm, and iu addition, by ohtaining professors
and teachers for a certain number of hours each week
as well as the nightly work at the accounts of the
farm, &c., carry on their mental education, and that
such an establishment might solve the very difficult
question of what a youth of 18 years of age is to do
with himself for Uie next four or five years. In this
scheme many difficulties would crop up ; among others
the difficulty of obtaining a place within reach of those
who could teach the sciences and higher branches of
learning. Theu, again, more may be done by societies
like our own, as has been done by the chemical class.
He referred again to rewards held out by the Royal
Agricultural Society, and hoped that they would
eucourage the Royal Society by sending up candidates.
In conclusion, he expressed a hope that the discus-
sion would turn on the educatiou of the labourer,
ohiefly as to night schools and procuring useful books
for him to study with through lending libraries, and on
the education of the farmer — general education and
practical to go together.

Mr. Robinson said they must nU feel very much obb'ged
and iudebtod to Colonel Kingscote for the able <ind raost
practical m.anner in which he h.id brought the subject before
the meeting. Tho Government grant towards education was
liberal, but the system of h.aving certified tejichers did not
work so well in his opinion as might have been expected ; he
knew several instances where the teachers considered them-
selves above being spoken to as regards the tuition and
m.anagement of the children under their care, the idea being,
as they were certificated teachers, no one had any right to inter-
fere in the least with them except those who were appointed
by Govenmient. lie thought if Government would grant a
small amount to rural villages, and give the parishioners the
option of choosing whom they pleased .as teachers, it would bo
a better system, and one that would tend more to the improve-
ment of education.

Mr, IToRD said, if he had been in the envi.able position
of hnving a lot of sons, .as soon as they were able to go to
school there they .'should go, and when .able to work he would
put one with the horses, .another with the cows, a third with
tbo sheep, and so on ; for be believed, for their future well
being, it was well to teach them in early life what would make
them independent and respected in the future,

Mr, B, Drew concurred in most that had been said, and was
as anxious as anyone that labourers' children should have a
knowledge of wh.at the respected lecturer called "the three
R's," but he was also sure they ought to be early taught the
three lines.

To plough and sow.
To reap and mow,
And be a fai-mer's boy.

Mr. Burnett said ; All agreed that children arc not brought
up in the manner they ought to bo. But where was the
remedy? It was no good telling the child tb.at he is poor,
ignorant, and wn-ctched, unless we can point out some w.ay by
vvhich his miserable state may be improved. Now here was
the difficulty. In the common routine of things, we would
say, put a givaft ou the stock and the fndt will follow ; but
looking at this, as far as this generation is concerned, it i.s
impossible to do so. The twig you may bend, but the old
stock will break rather th.an give way. Therefore, the only
thing, he said, that could be done w.as to teach the young, and
the only practical way of doing so was by night schools. They
had been told that it was the duty of every employer to
encourage this system of teaching, and he should recommend
all giving it a trial, and he would guarantee they would not
look upon it as a duty, but feel it to be one of the greatest of
pleasures. .\s regards the education of the fanner, rif which
they had heard so much, it was evident tbat something more
was needed for the improvement of his education. This is
also a difficult question to solve how it is to be done. A good

Hound book education is como-at^able, but tho difficulty soama
ti' be, having gaiuud that education, how a practical and
sciculilic knowleiige of agriculture is to be obtained Or, be
wuidd say, how that school education is to l)o reUiinod and
improved, at the same time acquulng a kuuwlo<lge of agri-
culture. WoU, ho could not see a better system than that
which had been pointed out by tho worthy lecturer— B.ay a
largo farm, rontoa by a committou of uniuagetnent, who would
1)0 responsible for rent and everything connected with such an
oecupation. whore thoy would have suitablo professors and
teachers, aud carry out in a similar manner as proposed by
tho lecturer, or else by such classes as had been adopted by
that aasociation, tho education of farmers' sons.

After much further discussion, tho following resolu-
tion was put and carried unanimou.sly : — ■

" Resolved, that this meeting is of opinion tbo grant given
by Government might be still more usofully applied by allow-
ing gi'ants to sehools in small agricultural parishes with
uncertificated masters and niistressus, which might be sub-
jected to Government inspection. Also, that it is most
desirable that night sehools should bo estjibllshed wherever
practicable during the winter months, under tho supoiin-
tendeneo of the employers of labourers themselves, aud that
fanners' schools, such as thoao we have advocated, or similar
classes to those adopted by this .association, should bo sot on
foot for the improvomeut of tho education of farmers' sons."

Farmers' Clubs.

' HUNGKBFOHD: Nov. 20 — The Benefits that would
accrue from the Repeat of the Matt 2\ix. — Mr. J. A.
Williams, of Baydon, read an interesting paper on
this subject. He said : — The subject will be best
handled by dividing it into three parts— The inju.stic6
to the farmer, the injury to the public, and a practical
remedy for both. First, then.

The Injustice to the Farmer.

I will first notice the effect the duty has on the average
price of Barley, and the bar it is to the sale of our
second-rate sorts. That description, which is almost
too good for grinding, and not good enough for malting,
is the worst to sell of any we possess. It would make
very good malt if there were no duty to pay, but as it
is, the maltster seeks for the best sorts, and will not
malt those if he can get a supply of a better quality.
This tells against the farmer, not only in the sale of his
commodity, but the high rate at which the average
returns are made, the best descriptions being cert,aiu
to be sold and returned, whilst the inferior sorts, which
are generally kept for home consumption, do iiot go
into the average at all, and, consequently, a fictitious
average is the result ; which again tells against hira by
mak lug him pay his tythe and corn rents (which are
based on these averages) at a higher rate than the
natural averages would give. Ought any legislation to
have such an eii'ect as this '^ I believe the Tythe Com-
mutation Act to be one of the best that was ever
passed ; Jhe cbilculations were based on a thoroughly
sound foundation, and I believe if the Malt-tax had
not existed when the Act came into operation, that for
the 31 years it has been working the sum of 100/. cal-
culated would have been exactly realised ; as it is, the
return shows that during the said term it has been
exceeded by an annual average of I65. 2^^/., or during
the 31 years of 25/. 29. C</., and this may safely be
written as the result of the high average on the article
of Barley, caused by the duty thereon. The next thing
I shall notice is

The Prohibition which the Duty on the Raw

Material Causes to the Feeding of Stock.

The Government are quite aware of thi.s. They have
tried no end of experiments through Mr. Lawes and
others, and we had a Bill passed to meet the injustice
of the case, by allowing us to use a certain compound
which has been facetiously termed '■ Gladstone's
mixture." Mr. Lawes was the person appointed by the
Government to try experiments on tho feeding of stock,
and in his rejiort he asserted that malt was no better
than other feeding stuffs for making beef and mutton,
but he found it beneflcia,l for milk. Taking Mr. Lawes'
own argument, that it is only beneficial for milk, can
any one imagine the loss to the farmer of an article
which will increase the quantity and improve the
quality of milk ? Look at the price it is making, if
sent to market : the increased quantity and quality of
butter and cheese that might be made. And this is
but a small portion of the benefit that would accrue.
Have we no breeding flocks of ewes — uo sows to
farrow — no mares to feed when suckling their young ?
the whole of which would be improved by the use
of malt ? In February, 18G1, I had the honour of
reading a paper on the Malt Tax at the Central
Farmers' Club, iu London. I will quote from the
Journal of the Club part of a letter that I received from
a pra<'.tical man as to the value of malt for feeding :—
"Mr. Wallis, of Cambridge, for the last four years has
given, one month previous to lambing, one pint of
malt to each ewe, and since he has pursued that plan
he has had but little loss in the ewes, and they come in
full of milk, and the lambs do well. At present, he
says, he has a great many lambs, and they are fat and
well." This corroborates Mr. Lawes' report, but we
have ample proof that it is highly beneficial for fatting
purposes as well. I was one of a deputation who
wait«d on the ex-Chancellor of the Exchequer in April,
186-3, and addressed him on the subject of the Malt-
tax. I also wrote a letter to him in January, 1886, in
the leading agricultural papers, which as it contains
two extraordinary cases of successful feeding with malt,
I will quote; it also contains the remedy which I
intend to propose at the end of this paper :—

" Among other arguments I used was the following case of
300 sheep having been fed by Mr. Pargiter, of Boxforrl. near
Newbury, on damag.id malt, with the liope of getting a draw-
back of the duty paid thereon, but was unsuccessful iu his
efforts, 1 drew a par.allel c^se of a Frenchman, coming from
Calais, or Boulogne, purchasing the -same amount of malt in
England, asking for, and obtaining a dr<awbaek of the duty for
export, feeding .300 sheep iu France with the same material,
sending them to the London market the same day as easily by

water as Mr. Parglt^r could by rail, and both standing side by
aide for sido, the foreign sheep paying no inqjort duty, ana
tho differcnco being this -that whereas Mr. Pargiter had paid
21.*. 8'/. per quarter duty for all he had consumed, the French-
man paiil no duty in any shape 1 Aud I remomlter well
further asking you, * If that was an English systoin of treating:
tho I'juglish producer ?'

"Mr. P.argiter's 300 sheep proved a Buccessful attempt
(barring tho duty), and 1 have now another case (despite the
experiments of Mr. Lawes)— one of the most extra-frdln.ary
that over occurred. Mr. Himuel Wontworth, of F.nham, near
Andovor, Hants, sold at Woyhill Fair, on the 10th of
September last. '200 wether lambs, only (t months old, at G&n,
per head, making tlie iiuprecedented sum of ti'.to/. About a
mouth before tliC fair they fell down with the foot.and-mouth
disease, aud bciug fearful from tiao high condition they wore
in of sust^iiuing a severe loss, ho gave them 1 bushel of malt
per day ; not any of that made for cattle food, but whole malt,
(tliat had paid tho duty; they immediately recovered their
.appetites, got well of the disease, and made tho oxtraordinary
prico immoiL Mr. Wontworth, iu this case, paid tlio Govonj-
nient a duty of upwards of U, — a pretty specimen of tUo
boasted free-trade of England ! "

Such was a portion of my letter to Mr, Gladstone,
.and the ellect of taxing the raw material may bo well
illustrated as follows :— Suppose a duty was about to
be put on cider, would tho Government place it on tho
Apples? Certainly not; if they did, tho poor man
could not make an Apple-puddiug but ho must pay
the duty ou cider ! Ijikewise, the public could con-
gratulate each other that when eating Api>les as a
dessert, or for any other purpose, they were adding to
tiie revenue by paying the cider duty. What an
absurdity this would seem to be, if acted upon, and yet
the Malt-tax is precisely the same ; the duty is on the
raw material of beer, and Mr. AVentworth could not
give his lambsabusbel of malt per day for a mouth
but he had to pay the duty on beer to the amount of
between \l. aud .5/. I think I have said sufficient to
prove the absurdity as well as the injustice of the
Malt-tax. Let us next look to

The Injury the Public Sustain bt the Duty

ON Malt.
Whatever might be said to the contrary of malt being
useful for feeding purposes, it would be in general use
if the duty were taken off. What, let me ask, is one
of the principal ingredients given to the London dairy
cows, but the lirewers' grains, well known to increase
the quantity aud quality of the milk i" We know, too,
the value of malt screenings, and shall it be said that
the offal is of such value and malt itself of no use ? I
don't hesitate to assert that with a judicious feeding
with malt as a condiment, the public would be great
gainers by haviug an increased supply of beef, mutton,
pork, and bacon, and they would have a sweeter and
more nutritious article. Then, again, with respect to
the adulteration of the beer they imrchase, the high
duty on the raw material increases the price of malt to
such an extent that it induces the brewers to find a
substitute, and a list of ingredients that are used may
well frighten the public, if they know what they have
to swallow. Among the ingredients used for adultera-
tion, are tobacco, salt, ginger, treacle, quassia. Linseed,
Gentian, sugar, Coculus indicus. Capsicum, wormwood,
copperas, &c., and with respect to the amouut of this
adulteration, the careful inquiries of our Inland
Revenue Officers prove that 20 out of 26 samples
as they reach the consumer are adulterated. As a
further proof, the late Mr. Fisher Hobbs (well known
in the agricultural world) told me, he had had 12
samples of beer analysed that he had obtiiined from
diflerent publicans in his neighbourhood, and that 10
out of the 12 were drugged. With such evidence as this
before us, what can we expect of the moral condition of
the peasantry of England who have no choice but to
drink the stuff generally called beer, unless they are
fortunate enough to live near those few honest brewers
who make the pure article ? Were the duty on beer
instead of malt, the raw material would be reduced in
value, on the average of years, at least one-third, it
would be the cheapest and best article that could be
used, adulteration would no longer take place, and the
national beverage would be made from malt and hops.
The result of this would be, the labouring man could
drink his (luart of beer w ithout fear nf a headache, a less
amount of duty per barrel would suffice by an increased
consumption.consequently it could be sold for less money,
and the general consumer would obtain a pure article.
As there is no hope of obtaining a total abolition of the
Malt-tax (and nothing less would be of service in
freeing the article of Barley from the fetters that exist
on it), and, moreover, as the brewers have had it all
their own way for 40 years, since the duty was so
stupidly taken off the manufactured article and
retained on malt, the raw material ; and again, since
the Government has ignored this principle by the
abolition of the Hop Duty, by substituting a tax on
brewers' licences; iet us for the future through the
medium of the Chambers of Agriculture, ask the
Government to grant that which they will have no dif-
ficulty in doing, viz., tbat Barley and malt, like
Hops, should be wholly and entirely fi-ee from any tax,
and whatever duty was required to aid the revenue
should he imposed ou the barrel of beer. There is mo
reason or obstacle in the way why this should not be
done in the next session of Parliament, and in the
name of common sense and justice I would ask the
Government to do away with such an anomaly that
requires much greater labour and supervision to
assess the duty on the raw material, than it
would on the manufactured article; that restricts
the farmer from using his produce to the best advan-
tage; that creates a fictitious average price, that
unjustly affects him who pays tythe and com rents ;
that is a premium on the adulteration of beer;
th!it has the effect of demoralising the labour-
ing classes ; and ( may I dare to say so ?) is a disgrace to
the kingdom at large. I am not going to turn Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer, or suggest what amount of
duty should be paid per barrel. I simply assert there

1228

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[NOTEMBES 30, 1867.

would be no more difficulty in srantiug licences to brew
than there would be in supplying licences to shoot, or
keep dogs ; the farmers, we all know, are large con-
sumers of beer by their workmen, and as a matter of
course those Who occupy the most land consume the
most beer, and the poor rate, as I mentioned in my
letter to Mr. Gladstone, could settle the amount of
licence duty each should pay ; but I am satisfied that
to a very great extent the brewers would have the trade,
and the farmers and the public would pay the duty
through them.

Kelso : Nov. l.—The Sad Turnip Crop and Cattle
Feeding.— Mr. E. EoBBETON", Whitehill, said that he
would first take fat cattle for consideration. He had
no doubt that they had them housed some weeks ago ;
he would state that for feeding he generally gave them
chopped hay and straw, with Turnips, Barley-meal,
and oilcake. The second lot of feeding cattle should
get nothing but half Turnips, with either a little Rape
or Cotton-cake, to the extent of 4 lb. As regards store
cattle, he might say that he gave no Turnips whatever
to store cattle. He , generally, and especially this
year, gave them straw, with 3 or 4 lb. of llape cake,
and he considered this excellent feeding for them. In
reference to fattening sheep, he would say that those
that have not been getting extra food on Grass (whether
or not) should get, along with Turnips, J lb. of Cotton-
cake, and 2 lb. of Tares, mixed with bran. The more
you can get them to eat of this the better. The present
price of Cotton-cake was not much over 61. 10«., and
at that price it would pay to give it to both cattle and
sheep along with other artificial food. He considered
Tares mixed with bran was excellent feeding for sheep
on Turnips. Cotton-cake would be added with great
advantage. He thought, too, that hoggs should be
learned as soon as possible to eat com out of boxes.
These were his ideas with regard to feeding, and his
sole object would be to save Turnips as much as
possible.

Mr. TIsHBE said Mr. Eoberton had given them a
good many useful hints, most of which he cordially
approved of. There were, however, a few points on
which he difiered with him. With regard to putting
fattening cattle on Turnips, he disapproved of giving
them as many as they could eat— it was both a great
waste of Turnips, and did positive injury to the cattle.
He would prefer giving them half Turnips for a while,
with cut straw, and then, as he increased the supply of
Turnips, adding as an auxiliary 2 or 3 lb. of Cotton-
cake, to counteract the over laxative tendency of white
Turnips. Besides, Cotton-cake was found by analysis
to contain a large amount of feeding qualities. After
the cattle are put on yellow Turnips, he approved
of a mixture of Cotton and Linseed cakes, and
when on Swedes, Linseed-oake alone, gradually
increasing the supply to 5, fi, or 7 lb., according
to the weight of the animals. "With regard to
store cattle, although in ordinary years he approved
of leaving the Turnip shaws on the ground, he
thought it behoved them, in a year like this, to
economise food in every way, and so to give store cattle
shaws as long as practicable. Mr. Eoberton recom-
mends to give Barleymeal or Tares, but both are too
expensive at present market value; he also suggests
5 lb. of Eape cake, which he considered far too much.
He had always found 2 or 3 lb. of Eape cake, or a mix-
ture of cheap cake, quite enough, without straw, and a
plentiful supply of water, to bring winterers tlirough
well ; and when so treated, his experience is, that they
graze better than when allowed a quantity of Turnips.
In regard to the feeding of hoggs. which is the most
general system in this neighbourhood, hs thought it
most essential to teach them to eat Turnips on Grass
before netting them on, and giving them a little cheap
cake, continuing it when put on full Turnips. This
made the transition from Grass to Turnips gradual,
and while it saved Turnips there could be no doubt
that it saved life also. He found, in feeding sheep, an
advantage in using a mixture of feeding stuff', and the
more the better. At present he was using a mixture
of Linseed, Cotton, and Eape cakes, and Locust Beans,
which he meant to continue till he began to give cut
Swedes, when, perhaps, the proportion and quality of
the Linseed cake might be increased with advantage.
He thought that in feeding stock of any kind there
should be a progressive improvement in the quality of
the food.

Mr. Scott, Spylaw, said that he was very much in
favour of giving fattening cattle as many Turnips as
they could consume, along with cake, gradually
increasing the quantity up to 7 or 8 lb., and if Turnips
were scarce, a little more cake and hay, and feeding
fewer cattle. He did not approve of Barley meal at
any price, and especially at its present value, as the
cattle did not do so well upon it, and there was a great
waste in the using of it in courts, and an inducement
for vermin to harbour about them. In a year like this,
when there is a large crop of straw, and Turnips are
scarce, he would keep an extra number of straw cattle,
and he had never for the last dozen years given
either these or cows any Turnips. He gave them
shaws as long as they lasted, and then 2 or 3 lb. of
Eape-cake or Cotton-cake, preferring these to Linseed-
cake, as they grazed better the following season, and
they did very well and were more contented than with
a good few Turnips. Of course they must have plenty
of water. ^ As to feeding sheep, we should not restrict
the quantity of Turnips as long as they are eating
them on the ground ; but use cake. Tares, or Beans,
along with the Turnips, whichever was cheapest. After
tha fattening hoggs began to get cut Swedes, he thought
it was imperative to give them extra feeding, as they
were too strong for the age of the hoggs, and they did
not thrive without it. In fact, he had seen them go to
poverty getting as many cut Swedes as they could eat.
Ewes and ewe hoggs would do very well on half Turnips
and i lb. Cotton-cake. In regard to hill sheep, of

which Mr. Eoberton had taken no notice, and which in
ordinary seasons were the largest consumers of Turnips,
he would give them \ lb. of Cotton-cake, mixed with
Oats or Tares, as long as the weather was open, and
when a storm came on they would require hay in addi-
tion to fill the stomach.

€6e l^oultrg YarJJ.

Lady Holmesdale'' s Stock of Dorkings^ which have
long been distinguished in the prize lists of all our
poultry shows, were last week sold by auction at
Linton Park, near Maidstone. Thirty cocks ^and cock-
erels, 40 hens and 30 pullets, with 30 lots of other sorts,
fetched over 5001. One cock fetched 28 guineas, others
21. to 16Z. Hens fetched as high as 14 and 15 guineas
each. The 114 lots of Dorkings fetched more than
SI. 10s. apiece.

Poultry Searing Souses. — Much has been said
upon breeding poultry for market in Prance and
England, to show that things of the kind are done
better in France than here; but something must be
allowed to make up for advantages of climate. All who
have had any experience in breeding and rearing poultry
will admit that warmth and dry situation are the one
thing needful to success in both countries, and as the
French have an advantage over us in climate,we can only
make up for our natural disadvantage by extra care,
with regard to the protection we must provide, for
assisting the rearing of the young poultry, in bringing
them up to the period when they can take care of them-
selves. This being the fact, a well contrived building
for assisting in rearing the young poultry is of more
importance than is generally considered, and I have
mentioned already that I was myself unsuccessful,
on several occasions, until I improved my poultry
rearing house. I find that a building, 12 feet by
24 feet, such as I will describe, costs about iol. to 401.
to build, and is large enough to rear about 100 chickens
and 60 turkeys at one time, all about the same age; and
it will be an economical plan, if much poultry is wanted,
to make several buildings of about the same size for
the sake of breeding and preventing over-crowding.
Large buildings are not good, and all rearing
houses for poultry should be near the attendant's
residence : as might be explained by several reasons,
the chief one being constant attention. The plan I
use and recommend includes the attendant's house
attached to the rearing-house, the roof to be part of glass
and part of slate, a furnace for warming, ventilators
and doors, coops for turkeys, shrubs in the inclosed
yard for shelter. Grass plot, wire gate, and fence
6 feet high for inclosing the yard; the coops as
fixtures round the place in both houses, for econo-
mising the room; the soil dug out a foot below
the surface, and 9-inch drainage pipes laid along
the bottom to form a flue, then the space to the
ground level filled up with coarse stones and brick
rubbish. The floor is formed with a layer of con-
crete; thus the heat from the flue (the furnace being
under the floor) could circulate through the rough
stones and both warm and dry the floor.

The size of the house is 21 feet long by 12 feet
wide, 4-inch brick walls, 5 feet 6 inches high from the
ground ; a plate of timber rests upon the brickwork
all round, the doorposts morticed into the plate ; tie
beams run across the house, and carry planks which
form a roosfc for young and larger chickens. The
house is divided in the centre by a 4-inch wall

3 feet high ; a wire fencing carried up to the joist from
the brick wall divides this compartment, making
one house for turkey rearing, the other for chickens,
without obstructing light or wartuth.

The roof is partly of glass (viz., 8 feet in depth),
panes of a foot square, laid in grooves on the rafters ;
the remainder of the roof is of slate. The eaves are left
open, under the roof, for admission of air. The doors
open into the yard to permit the young poultry to run
out or in at pleasure, and are made with sliding venti-
lators. The turkey house holds seven coojis, each

4 feet by 3 feet, divided by thin boards fitting closely to
prevent^the old turkeys from seeing each other, and are
placed on one side of the house only, close to the brick
partition wall. The to])s and fronts of the turkey coops
are formed of 2-inch laths, 3 inches apart, to admit the
light ;^ from the top of the coops a wire fencing, 6 feet
high, is fastened to timber studs, fixed to the beam, to
divide the two houses, the wire being 2-inch mesh and
costing Is. per yard run, or 6d. per square yard. The
coops for the chickens in the other part of the house
are constructed in the same manner, but smaller,
having 11 coops for hens in the same space as seven for
the turkeys ; so that, being on three sides of the
house, there are 30 coops, the top being used in
connection with glass and an artificial incubator, for
rearing, or assisting in rearing, chickens with artificial
heat ; but of this I shall have more to say hereafter.
The young poultry in these houses have their food
put on boards in the centre of each house, for which
purpose there are several, that the one last used may
be thoroughly aired previous to being used again. In
this house, in one compartment (12 feet by 12), we
have in winter had 100 chickens running about
which we have not allowed to go out-of-doors for a
fortnight, because of the cold, damp, or rainy
weather, and kept them clean, sweet, and in a
healthy condition in winter and spring. We had
also 60 young turkeys and six turkey hens in
the part of the house (12 feet by 12 feet) allotted to
them for three weeks without going out-of-doors.
But the doors open to an enclosed yard with 6 feet
high wire net, 2-inch mesh, except at the bottom for
18 inches in height, where it is closer to prevent the
younger chickens getting through ; so that the whole
house is like one large coop, the greatest economy of
feeding and freedom being provided for the young at all
times, and the mothers kept in the most comfortable
state during their nursing of the broods. The whole of ii

building such as I have described did not cost more than
35^., and such a building as this will enable the poultry
attendant to rear them with much less trouble than
with a number of common coops, and be independent
of bad weather and unfavourable seasons. This is one
of the inost important considerations to start with, if
success is expected in this changeable and less sunny
climate than France. I consider any make-shift dry
sheds to protect the poultry will do when they become
strong and old enough, as stock poultry, but to be
successful in the end they require more protection in
our climate than we are in the habit of giving them
when young. Land Steward.

Farm Memoranda.

Abeedeenshiee Faem : No». 26.— Our Martinmas
term and feeing markets being all past, the ploughmen
are now busy turning over the stubble fields, and as
you wished to know the wages of agricultural labourers
all the year round, they may be quoted as follow :—
Married ploughmen get from 18?. to 22?. (according to
qualifications), with perquisites— which mean free
house and garden, 6V bolls of Oatmeal (140 lb. per boll),
and a pint of warm milk daily, or some may have keep
for a cow, but they are the exception. This class are
generally engaged by the year. The single ploughman
gets from 20i. to 24?., with the same allowance of meal
and milk, if he is to be lodged in the bothy ; if not, he
gets his victuals cooked in the farm kitchen. Single
ploughmen are only engaged for six months. Experi-
enced and well-recommended cattlemen get equally
as much as a first-class ploughman. Women and boys
get from 4?. to 6?. Wages for harvest hands are— for
men capable of outtin" and building, U. ; binders,
rakers, and uptakers, from 3?. to 4?., according to
ability and capability; day labourers from 15s. to
17s. per week of 60 hours. Farm servants in Aber-
deenshire are generally paid once in six months, at the
Whitsunday and Martinmas terms.

There is a want of house accommodation on many of
our farms in Aberdeenshire. We do not know who is
to blame — whether landlord or tenant, but there is in
general a good feeling prevailing between master and
servant in the county, and there is great improvement
in the behaviour of our agricultural labourers within
our own recollection.

We have now had a month of excellent weather,
which has been well made use of Finishing up of
stack-yards and lifting Potatos (which are now found
to be a poor crop and of bad quality) occupied a good
part of it, and now stubble ploughing and Turnip
storing are being briskly proceeded with. This, in the
upper districts, is imperative to secure them from the
ravages of the deer. In the lower districts, farmers
have been loth to cut the tops from them, as the fine
weather through November has induced them to swell
a little.

The steam threshing machines have been going their
rounds, and the^yield and quality is invariably said to
be bad ; but the prices are rather better than last year.
J. [Will some of our other correspondents compare
prices of labour with those above stated.]

Leicesteeshiee Light Land Faem: Nov. 23.—
Up to the present time the weather during November
has been most favourable for all farm work, and in
this district farmers generally have availed themselves
of a fine seed time to push forward the Wheat sow-
ing. It would seem that the high prices of this year
have acted as an incentive to increased cultivation of
Wheat, large breadths of this crop being already sown.
The complaints of low yields in Wheat, so general
over the country, have been verified by results in this
neighbourhood. Farmers and threshing machine pro-
prietors say they have not had experience of such low
produce for many years. A yield of 4 quarters per
acre is considered a very good crop this year. I dare
say that 3 quarters per acre may be taken as the produce
of a large extent of this county. Oats and Barley yield
better proportionately than Wheat. The quality of
grain shown on market is generally fair, and I observe
many farmers have got pretty well forward with their
threshing. As usual at this season markets are dull,
but prices are stationary.

The Wheat sowing on this farm was finished early
in October. The season being unusually dry, and
having to deal with light land, the Crosskill crusher
was found of immense service. After two ploughings
and harrowings a heavy clod-crusher was sent on, which
consolidated the land ; a light harrowing succeeded, and
the drill, with the coulters weighted rather heavily,
put on about half a bushel of seed per'acre ; the Cross-
kill followed and finished.

In order to sow the half bushel per acre with regu-
larity we adopted for the corn drill the barrel generally
,used for Mangel sowing. Having tried Mr. Hallett's
plan of a Turnip cup barrel against the Mangel cup
barrel, I have come to the conclusion that the latter,
with half of the cups removed (that is, having every
second cup on the discs taken out) will perform ite
work more satisfactorily than the Turnip barrel.
We have now a beautiful braird of Hallett's Hunter's
White and Hallett's Pedigree. It is beginning to
settle down for the winter, and, although many are the
incredulous shakes of the head over this thin seeding,
we look forward to the harvest of 1868 with a hope
that our experience of former years will not be then
contradicted by results. The Mangel crop, which is
gradually growing into favour in this district, does
not this year yield quite as heavily as formerly.
This may be attributed in a great measure to the
cold, ungenial weather which we experienced during
summer. On this farm we got the Mangels stored
early, in the month ; the method adopted was as
follows : — The roots pulled, leaves twisted off
by haudj and the adhering earth shaken ofl", they were
thrown into small heaps for the carts. (We never use

XOVEMBEB 30, 18C7.]

THE GARDENERS' CTTRONTCLE AND AnRICTIT-TURAL CAZETTE.

1229

knives for Mangel dressing.) The roots wore then
curled to the steading, where they were piled against a
iviill. lielbro commencing piling two rows of hurdles
were sot iij) at a distance of 9 feet from the wall, those
hurdles being 1 foot apart in the lino : the spare was
lilUd up with Pern or straw. The earts of Mangels
iMie then backed into the '.l-foet space and lilted;
lin)s threw the roots into a heap, resembling a le.an-to
slu'd, which was immediately thatched with about
'.I inches of straw. This has been the plan followed for
J I urs, and wo have found the Mangels keep sound and
cumo out in good condition the following July.

Swede Turnips do not promise to bo very productive.
During the latter part of September and early in
October they were attacked by a mysterious disease,
supposed to be caused by the attack of grub, which
eliecked their growth considerably; they have, how-
LVir, rallied, and although the crop seems light, there
IS a probability of the bulbs being .sound. We have
rnmmeaced pulling ours; part will be pitted in the
lie Id to be cut in troughs and consumed by sheep, the
vmiainder carted to the steading, piled in 5-feet-wide
beans, and thatched.

The Potatos raised in September are now being
turned and sorted second time, we lind that many
supposed to be sound at first sorting have since shown
disease. Potatos sell at a rather high rate just now,
U. Ul. per bushel of 81 lbs.

The season continuing open we have not yet taken
llie store cattle to the yards and sheds, they get on the
pasture as many of the Swede Turnip and Mangel
1' I11S as they can eat without becoming purged. As we
li:ive a, rather large stock of stores, we intend to pulp
all the roots supplied to them. The pulped roots will
hr mixed with a large proportion of chall'ed straw^ and
hay, tliey will get also as much Oat straw as they can
cnnsumo.

Having adopted this "comminuted" food system
inuviously, I can with much confidence recommend it
til your readers. Great waste of food is avoided' and
cattle seem to thrive better under this system of feed-
ing than under the rough-and-ready plan of whole
Turnips and straw in cribs ad lib.

Labourers are well employed, in fact farmers are
(lying out on the scarcity of labour ; but as the colliery
ivniks of this neighbourhood absorb a large proportion
ol the labouring population, we rarely have distress
amongst this class. F. C, Nou. 25.

Miscellaneous.

What is required of an Efficie^tt Reaper. — Before I
conclude, allow me to state m a sentence or two what
I consider to be the requisites of an efticient reaping
machine, and the plan which a })erson should adopt
who has the ability and desire to figure upon the field
as an inventor of such an implement. A reaping
machine should be simple in its construction. It has
to be dragged over many a rough field — many a stone
and other obstruction — many a deep furrow and other
dangerous places which cannot be foreseen— and that
too in a rough manner ; not by the gentle hands of man,
ever careful to look for those obstructions, but often-
times by a furious horse "jibbing' and rearing,
unmindful of anything before it. Ilence, if there is a
great complication of machinery— which means many
weak and delicate parts — some part or another is sure
to give way, and be the cause of grief and disappoint-
ment to those in charge of it. It should be constructed
80 as to be easily managed. The hands into which it
has to come are not always those of the mechanical
school, who by professional training have an eye ever
ready to foresee any danger that may be in the
way, and by instinct as it were instantly know the
best way of avoiding it. It falls generally into the
hands of an untutored man — a person who knows
how to do the common work about a farm, and
nothing more, and who does not know the diflerence
Between a wheel and a pinion, and who is not capable
of taking charge of a delicate implement. However
honourable and anxious such a person may be, and
however painstaking in his work, mistakes will happen
which a man who has been bred a mechanic would
aToid without any difficulty. A reaping machine
ahoijd be durable m all its parts. The first outlay for
a reaper is sometimes not easily met by the farmer, and
it is very discouraging if, after he has straitened
himself to pay it, he finds that year by year it is
wasting and crumbling into dust. The maker, therefore,
ought to be careful not to introduce any material,
whether wood or iron, that has any defect about it.
if he does so, it will militate both against himself and
the farmer. As to the person who has the desire to
become the inventor of a reaping machine, he must be
thoroughly acquainted with the nature of the work to
fee performed. He must be well acquainted with the
nature of the land upon which his implement
is to work, and the state the standing crops
generally are in when harvested. "Without this
knowledge he has but a small chance of
being successful in the sphere in which he is
anxious to move. A person with this knowledge
ig far more likely to succeed than one who
is comparatively ignorant of these things — as,
for instance, a man who is thoroughly acquainted with
land is Car more likely to construct a useful instrument
than one who knows nothing about the matter. It is
not altogether the amount of ingenuity that is required.
A man whose stock of knowledge of the mechanical
powers may be of a minimum kind, yet if he is tho-
roughly conversant with the other requisites, may.
aicceed. Hence a watchmaker, or even the builder of
a steam-engine, with all his knowledge of wheels and
pinions, is not in such a fair way of success as the plodder
among land who really knows what a standing crop is
and what it should be when put into a stock or stack.
And there is another thing I would humbly mention,
although it is contrary to the received opinion of many

men of science. AVo read in books every day, and wo
hear it stated by learned men in our conversations with
them, that before a person attempts the construction
of such an implement as a reaping machine, ho shotUd
make himself thoroughly acciuaintcd with what other
minds have thought and <lono in the same line. I am
not sure that this is sound doctrine. In some cxscs
" ignorance is bliss,'* and 1 susjiect that the truth
quaintly expressed in this old adage applies to tho
inventor of any complicated piece of machinery. Let
any one study carefully and become well acquainted
with all the specifications of reaping machines that
have found their way to the tables of tho Patent Ollice,
and he would be a bold man indeed who would make
the attempt of adding another machine to tho vast
number that lay before him. Ho would likely
become dispirited and conclude that tho thing
was impossible. A man thoroughly ignorant of all
this, who never saw even the model of a reaping
machine nor a drawing of a specification upon
paper, is in a far better position to produce something
new, and more likely to hit upon the right thing, than
the person whose head is full of specifications, and
whose mind has been thoroughly ransacked by the
abortive study he has been pursuing. I was in this
happy state of ignorance when I commenced the con-
struction of a reaping machine. With the excejition
of a plate of Mr. Smith's (of Beanston) circular cutter,
which I had seen in a magazine, I had not the slightest
knowledge of what other people had done. I began
at the beginning, and I attribute the success of my
efforts in no small measure to my state of ignorance
upon the matter. A man in a state of ignorance as to
what other people have thought and done may very
possibly stumble upon an idea that had entered into
the head of another man. But no matter, let it be so :
the other may have made a slip— he may not have
wrought out his idea properly, and hence his failure.
The other may have looked on the same idea with a
different eye, and have given it a new turn, in con-
sequence of which he may have succeeded. Let an
inventor think for himself, and he has a far better
chance of success than if he were to sit down and
tinker the ideas of hundreds who had gone before him.
Sev. P. Bell, at Dundee.

Master and Servant. — ■ At the Alnwick Petty
Sessions, Mr. Eobert Dand, of Field House, near
Alnwick, summoned his hind, Edward English, who
lives at Seaton House, about a mile and a-half from
Field House, for refusing to do his work, when leading
corn from the fields in harvest. The facts were as
follow: — The carts had brought their loads of corn
from the field at 10 minutes to 12 ; and the farm-
steward requested them to go back, before dinner, and
bring another load. English said it was time to go
home for his dinner, refused to do as ordered, and
unyoked his horses. The other men went for another
" rake," but English lived a mile and a-half from the
premises, whereas the other men seem to have lived
close by. English returned, and had his horse in the
shafts again at 20 minutes past 1, and according to his
statement he had worked that day 121- hours, without
including the time it took him to go and return from
Seaton House, which he thought was a very good day's
work. In answer to a question why he did not bring
his dinner with him, as was the custom on such occa-
sions, he said he had nothing to bring. He had a wife
and nine children, and a considerable portion of their
dinner consisted of Potatos and Cabbages, which he
could not bring to the fields cold ; but by going home
at dinner-time he could get such a dinner as satisfied
him. It was wanted to break the man's engagement,
which the magistrates would not consent to do, but
they ordered Mr. Dand to pay the expenses, some
IQs. 6d., and to deduct 20s. from the man's half-year's
wages when due.

Boiler Explosion and Loss of Life.—K melancholy
and fatal accident, and one which has thrown a gloom
over the whole district, occurred at the farm of East
Gordon (Mr. Henderson's), on Thursday last. In the
course of threshing, with steam power, the boiler
burst, and so severely scalded and burned five persons
— three women and two men— that three of them have
already died, and another is not expected to survive.
Nothing certain is known as to the cause of the dread-
ful affair, as the steward — the person whose life is
despaired of-^was firing the engine at the time, and he
is unable to give any account of it. This much, how-
ever, is certain, that the boiler — which was of the make
known as a Cornish boiler — burst immediately at the
end of the fire-bars, a part of the plate being most ex-
posed to the action of the fire, being bent down in the
direction of the chimney, and that steam, water, and
fire, in one destructive volume, rushed out of the fire-
place with such force as to drive the steward before it
out of the engine-house, and against a straw stack
which stood near. The groom, who was also in the
engine-house, felt the full force of the current, and was
driven on to the coal-heap ; while three young women
who were loading straw on to a cart near by were also
enveloped in it. Of the five victims, two of the young
women and the groom have since died of their injuries,
and the steward is not expected to survive. Kelso
Chronicle.

Notices to Correspondents.

Aldernkv Cow : Subscriber. Four quarts a day is a very
small quantity for a newly-calved cow. Can you get
distiUer'a grains ? If sho would eat half a bushel of them
daily they would certainly increase her yield. Failing
these, give her 2 or 3 lb. of Barley-meal in her water.

MusTV Hay: Cor. Cut it in chaff, and either steam it or
throw boiling water over it, in which 1 lb. of Linseed-meal
.and i lb. of salt to tho allowance for every cow h.a3 been
Ijoileil. Its musty taste will go. Sweet orspicy condiment
added to such food will make it go. .and it will also make
other food go faster too, and will thus keep a feeding beast
or milch cow up to its mark — whatever that may be— as a
feeder or milker.

Look to your Grass Lands, &c.

MESSRS. .TARE!)' T.^'nUN'r AND SONS bog to
tiilonii tliolr nimiorouH Aiirlcuttural Frlouduaud CiMtomen,
thai they Lavo now on hand, lit tho Qiiuit condlttou, tholr UMuai
Autumn .Stouk or

AMMONIACAL COUN MANURK,

which has, for Hovoral yoarw. Klvon mich Koneriu HatlBfoctlon.

Thoy tiavo also tilwnyg on IiiuhI, ready for Immediate dollvory,

tho lar^,'(!Mt atock of CUUSIIKO KONKS of any linn m tho United

KinKd vl-£.:— In i-inch BONKS; i.lncti HONKS; I'ULVEHIZED

HO.NKS lor OnwH Landu ; nroiiaroU HONKS for Grape Vines and
lloim; alHO HUK)I) MANIJIIK. SUPElirWOHPIlATE of LIME,
I'KHUVIAN GUANO, and NITIIATE of .SODA, direct from the
Ddckfl.

rrlcoe and other particulars of tlio above, at their Works, Lambeth
Whnif, London, S. ; IJow ilit.JtiO Works, Stratford, E. ; and DowD-
hain Market, Norfolk.

N.B.— Responsible Persons aa AGENTS WANTED lu district* not
yot roprcsontod,

AWES' WHEAT MANURE for AUTUMN

SOWING.— A supply of tho above Manure is now ready for
delivery, at J. B. Liwga' Factories, Doptfoni and Barking Creeks.
Price £S per ton. Two to ttiree cwt. per acre to bo harrowed Into
the land before tho seed is sown. It can bo obtained of Mr. Liwis,
or throu((h any of his appointed Agents ; also

LAWKS- PATENT TURNIP MANURE .. id 0 0 per ton.

SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME .. .. £6 6 0 per ton.

Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO direct from the Importers, and
all Chemical Manures of value.

AMERICAN and other CAKES at market prices.

Addraas JoBK Bshnkt Lawks, offices, 1, Adelaide Place, London
Bridge, E.C. ; 22, Edsn Quay, Dublin ; & Market Square, Shrewsbury.

THK LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(Established 1640)
Flnve now ready for delivery in dry flue coQditloo,
COIIN MANURE, for Spriug Use
DISSOLVED BONKS, for DresBlng Fastur* Landa
SUPERPHOSI'IIATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Qenume PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ox Dock Warehouse : SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY
SALT, 4c. E. PoBSKB. Secretary.

Offlcea, 116, Fenchurch Street, E.C.

w

TOBACCO TISSUE for Fumi^riiting Greenhouses.
Will Destroy Tbrip, Red Spider, Green an-l Black Fly, and
Mealy Bug ; and burns without the assistance of blowing, and la
entirely free fi-om paper or rap. Price 3s. Gd. per lb., carriage free.
A reduction in price for large quantities.

To be had of Messrs. Robkiits & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers,
U2, St. Juhn Street, Clerkenwell, E.G., of whom copies of Testi*
monials naay be obtained ; and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

INTER-DRESS ALL FRUIT TREES with

GISHURST COMPOUND.

Copy of a Letter from Mr. Ritebs, Nurserie-t, Sawbridgeworth, HtrU,

•i2d October, 1«61.

"I must tell you what I beard to-day from a very clever gentleman
farmer, Anthony Bubb. Esq., of Witcombe Court, Gloucester. Ila
has a wall to which Peach Trees are trained. Well, last autumn
they were in a wretched blighted state. As a desperate remedy he
unnailed them all, early last February, and gave all but one a
thorough painting with Gishurst Compound, lib. to the gallon of
water; his trees, all but the one, commenced to grow favourably in
spring, and are now pictures of health. The tree not painted la in a
half-dead blighted state. He used the same dressing to his Apple
Trees ; it killed the woolly Aphis entirely, and has made his trees
clean and vigorous in their growth. He intends to paint his Wall
Trees annually, and talla all hid friends to do the same. I shall
certainly serve all my young Poach Trees against my walls in the
same manner. The Compound is, I believe, more efficacious than
the u.sual offensive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and It doea
not blacken the shoots on the walls."

For Orchard-boxise Trees, 4 ozs. to the gallon will be found a good
strength ; when used stronger some buds on weakly trees may be
injured.

GISUURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nurserymen and
Seedsmen, in boxes. Is,, 3s., and lOs. 6d. each.

Wholesale by Price's Patknt Candle Compajtt, Liuitbd,
Belmont, Vauxhall, London, S.

Gishurst Compound has more recent testimonials to Its efficacy,
but none more conclusive than the above, wbich has been published
before.

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY.
Armlt Works, Gieenfleld, near Manchester.
TANNERS, CURRIERS, 4 MANUFACTURERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.
Price Lists sent free by post.
Warehouse: (*1, Mark Lane, Londoiij E.C.

Mr. H. Febhabee, Agent.

OHN WAKNER and SONS,

BRASS and BELL FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTr,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

8, Crelcent, Cripplegate, London. E.C.

GARDEN ENGINES,
WATER BARROWS,

No- 36.

PORTABLE PUMPS ^^^^ .^^^^^

for PHMPS, for Steam,

LIQUID MANURES. Horse, or Hand Power.
Drawings and Prices for any description ol Hydraulic Machinery
BODt upon application.

CAST-IRON
PUMPS.

1230

THE GARDENEES' CERONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Novembee so. iss?.

■' Every Cottage should be provided with a Water Tank.''

Iron Cisterns.

Disraelt.

FBRABY AND CO. having- laid down extensive and
• Improved MachiDery in their new range of bnildings, Ida
WnARF, DePtford, are now prepared to supply WROUGUT-IRON
TANKS, GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior qualltj', at
reduced prices, and at voiy short notice.

LISTS OF TANKS

OH APPLICATION.

r^OX

iiv k Co., Liinitori, i'it,zruy Worits. Euston lioitci, London.

TAH'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

COW FITTINGS.

Their advantaijes are— Portability , not Fixtures, removable at
pleaaure, no Woodworli or Partitions to impede Ventilation or breed
vermin, Hiiy Racli dispensed with as \innecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Ti-oughs, Water Cistern, and I'atent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, aud impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Pi-ice of Fittings per Cow. 55s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co^ Iron Works, 2, Winaley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxfora Street, London, W., wliere the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
in atdble Fittings just seuured by Pfitent.

PARSON'S ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,

\y Patronised by the Nobility .and Gentry, Is extensively used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and is proved, after a teat
of 70 years, to surpass any other Paint. It is especiallv applicable
to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo, and is the only Paint that will
effectually resist tlie rays of the sun upon Consenntorios, Green-
houses, iOVames, &c. Is twice as durable as genuine White Lead, so
simple in application that any person can use it. per cwt

WHITE, LIGHT STONE. BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS SOs.

LEAD, CHOCOLATE, RED, PURPLE. BROWN, and BLACK ■20..-.

BRIGHT GREEN, DEEP GREEN, and BLUE 42d.

Picpaied OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES. BRUSHES, &a.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Porta

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post free.

Walter Carson & Sons,

La Belle Sauvage Yard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.

Cadtion. — All Caslis should bear the Tmde Mark. No Agents.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

ILL AND SMITH'S PATJKINT BLACK VARNISH

for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish Is an

excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-tbirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mismg or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
nundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
application.

From Major Rt. Eell, Sandhoe, Norlh^lmber^and.

" 1 have much pleasure in saying I have known your Black Varnish
to be used for some time by friends of mine, and they all speak
highly of it, which has induced me to get the quantity I have Itom
you. That I h.ave used looks remarkably well."

Sold m casks of about 30 gallons each, at l«. Qd. per gallon, at the
Manufactory, or Is. Sd. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Hn.L & Smitb. Brierly Bill iron WorlrB,near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.C., from whom only It can be obtained.

PORTABLE AND FIXED

HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

PUBUC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE

FOR HEATlNa CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES,

RESIDENCES, ETC., WITH

TRUSS'S PATENT UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE AND
LEAKLESS PIPE-JOINTS.

T. S. TRUSS

Begs to state that the immense number of APPAEATUS annually Designed and Erected by Mm in all parts of I
the kingdom, and for the ROYAL HORTIC ULTUKAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHISWICK, I
with, unrivalled satisfaction, is a guarantee for skill of design, superior materials, and good workmanship ; while the '
^reat advantages obtained by his IMPROVED SYSTEM cannot be orer-estimated, consisting of perfectly tight
joints with neatness of appeai-ance ; EFFECTS _ A SAVIN(j_ OF 25 PER GENT, on cost of Apparatus erected
compared vrith other systems; facility for extensions, alterations or removals without injury to Pipes or Joints;
can he erected by any Gardener; an ordinary size Apparatus erected in one day, and PERFECTNESS of
DESIGN SUPPLIED, INSURING NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle Boiler,
delivered to any Railway Station in England, ani Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 25 miles off
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large works.

T"W"0 FOUR-INCH PIPES ALONG ONE SIDE AND ONE END OF HOUSE.

Size of House,

50 feet by 1.5 feet
75 feet Ij 15 feet
100 feet by 15 feet

Bath and Gas "Work erected in town or country. The Trade Supplied.

Sortlettltural Buildings of every description from Is. 6d. per foot superficial, inclusive of BrtcTcwork.

Size of House.

Apparatus Complete.

Erection.

20 feet by 10 feet

£9 0 0

£2 0 0

30 feet by 12 feet

11 15 0

2 10 0

40 feet bv 15 feet

15 0 0

2 15 0

Apparatus Complete.

Erection.

. £17 10 0

£3 0 0

20 0 0

3 0 0

26 0 0

3 5 0

Price Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwai'ded on application to

T. S. TKXJSS, C,E., CoNsuLTiNa Hon'fidiTLTtrE.Ai Eitgineer, iScc, Sole Manutacturek,
FRIAR STREET, BLACKFRIARS' ROAD, LONDON, S.E.

Observe — The City Offices are now Memoved to the Manufactory^ Friar Street.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATENT SELF-SHARPENING CYLINDER CUTTERS.

They are the shnpleSt in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with fir greater ease
than .iny other Lawn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS have proved to be the best, and have carried off every Prize that haa
been given in aU cases of competition ; and in proof of theii- superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

HORSE, PONY, ArJD DONKEY MACHINE.

Eve^ Machine is "warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once xinconditionally.
T. GREEN AND SON have to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has been
unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can he made from
their Stock both in London and Leeds,

^m- ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN AifD SONS, SMITHFlELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and
54 and 65, ELAOKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

,.!■!' '-

STEAIV! CULTIVATION.

JOHN FOWLER & CO.

WILL EXHIBIT AT THE SMITHElELD CLUB SHOW, THEIR

PATEHT STEAM CULTIVATING AND PLOUGHING MACHINERY,

fflCLUDING

IMPLEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR LIGHT LAND.

%

JOHN FOWLER and CO., STEAM-PLOUGH WORKS, LEEDS,, and 71, CORNHILL, LONDON, E.G.

NOVEMBBE 30, 1867.1

THE GARDENERS' ClIRONrCLE AND AGRICUETURAE GAZETTE.

issi

ET ARCHER'S "FKIGI D 0 M 0."-
. Palronljort bv hor M»leaty the Quoon, the Dnke or N.irth-
nmberlnml tor Svon Iloaao. hl« araco the Uuke of Ilovoijalnru Inr
Cbls^ick Ooidoils, Professor Lliidloy for the Eloitloviltural Sooioly,
and Sir Joseph Pa-iton lor the Crjstal Palace, Royol Zoological
SoolQtv, &c.

PllOTECTION from the COLD WINDS and MORNING FKOSTS,
" FRIGI UOMO" NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepared
Hair and Wool a perfect non-conductor of heat or cold, keeping a
Oied temperature where It is applied. It 1» adapted lor all Horti-
cultural and Floncultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and
Iflowors from the Seorohlng Ki;s of the Sun. from Wind, from

Attacks of Insectf
required lengths.
"FRIQI DOMO

and from Morning Frosts. To be had lu any

Two yards wide
Four yards wide

N lOTTINO, 2 yards wide. Is. Qti. per yard run.
FRiai DOMO" CANVAS.

Ix. 9<l. per yard run.

3s, fid. per yard.

Au luiprovedmnke, 2 yards wide . . Is. M. per yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . . ii. 3d. per yard run.
Elisua Tuomas AaciiEB, Whole and Sole ManufaetuiTjr, 7, Groat
TiUdty Lane, Cauuon Street, City, E.G., and of all Nuisoryiuon and
Seedsmen throughont the Kingdom.

" It Is much cheaper than Mats as a covering.

c o.

J' A M K S 1' HILL IPS and
beg to submit their prices as follows ;—
GLASS for ORCflAUD HOUSES,
As supplied by them to Mr. Rivers, to the Royal Horticultural Society,
and to most ot the Nobility, Clergy, and Geutlomon of the United
Kingdom.

Each Box contains 100 foot. The prices only apply to the slzosstated.
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 16,
10 oz. to the foot.

Fourth oualtty . . . . 16s. Od.

Third ditto 17». Od

Seconds 18s. 6d

English Ws.oa

The above prices Include the boxes, which are not returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes, 16.0Z., in 100 feet boxes, boxes included.

These prices only apply to the sizes stated.

Stand No. 101, Smlthfleld Club Cattle Show.

i

tZ'jVVy

Sloz.

. 19s. Od.
. 228. Cd.
, 2Gs. Od.

. 27«. Od.

11 by 0

13 by 0

13 by 0

12 „ 10

i;i „ 10

IS „ 11

14 „ 11

14 „ 12

In „ 12

15 .. 11

18 „ 12

10 „ 12

10 „ 12

10 „ 13

ir „ 13

20 „ 12

10 „ 14

20 „ 13

18 „ 13

17 „ 14

IS „ 14

20 „ 14

14 by 9
16 „ 10

4ths.
^ «. d.
113 0

3rda.

2nij.

eby4
Sby 0

10 to 17 oz. to the foot.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feet Boxes.
6) by 41 7 by 5 7i by 5) 1 ^^ ^

SjbyOJ Oby7 »» by 74 1 " 'f ' ""•
10 by 8 10) by 81 . . 13s. Od.

Boxes 2s. each retumablo at full pnce.
London Agents for HARTLErS IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH

^LtNSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all siZPS,
BRITISH PLATE. PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET HORTICULTOKAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
James Phillips & Co., 180, Bishopsgate Street Without, E.G.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLINGTON and CO.
87, Bishopsgate Street Without, London, E.C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Majesty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivers, and the leading Horti-
culturists of tlio United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

m

[luriJluH, Troo OimniH, (liirdun Hyiits. VyriindahH, Vhsoh, Fountains,
Tomb RhIUdkh, Stiiblo I''itUnK>^. (Sarfioii Rollera, Poultry Ilonsus,
KmiKniiitH' IIoubuh HrlduoH, Corn Hick Htiinds, &c. ; also of VVlro
Stmiiioil I''onco8, Uopo FtncoH, find I'atent, Movnblo Fences Tnr
Rfiiiwin;4, i'lirks, l-'iinns, tliirdoiiR, Damo I'reservoH. Poultry Courts,
Shoep WiiIk.H, i^c. ; ftlao uf Wlro NottliiK, Plant (hianisanuProtoctorB,
Garden hordorlnff, niirdun Arcliwuys, AviurlcB, Poa unU Plant
TraluorB. PlieasantrloH, Hon Cuupn, and Garden Lounges.

CatnloKUos (^('^;otIlor with Suppleinoiit of Tastimoululs from tho

leading Noblonion nnd handnwnors of the Utiltod Ktugdoni to tlio

quftUty of GiiEtNiNO & On, "a Miiuuladturos), furw.irdod pout freo.

Orkkninh Si Comi'Anv (Llniltud), Victoria Iron and Wire Worka.

Offloo8:— 1, Albert .Square, MaucbeHtor.

TMrRtiVKl) BLACK VARNISir, for Coatin-

X and ProMorvlug all klnda of Iron and Wood Fencing, Gaton,
KooHnK. and every description
of out-door Wnod or Stono
Work, Carts, Waggons, Farm
linplomonts, &c,

it Is nn excellent substitute

for Oil Paint, and is not onc-

flfth tho cost I It roquirua no

mixing, and can be applied in

-7 a cold state by any ordinary

:h labourer.

;= Thi8 Varnish Is now used In
-' tho Ruyal Botanic Garden,
Regent's" Park, and by a great
number of the Nobihty and Gentry in the United Kingdom.

Sold In casks ot about 30 gallons each, at Is. 3d. per gallon; or in
cahksfroin 10 to 20 gallons each, at !.■*. Sri. per gallon (caaks included).
Carriage paid to any railway station in Great Britain. Extra strong
Iron-bouud Varnish Brushes, 5s. per pair.

Charlton fAis, 10, Richard's Villas. Lavender Grove, Dalaton,
London, N.E. (from whom it can only be had).

The most flattering Teatlmonlals forwarded on application.

To Market Gardeners and Others.

TO UK LKT, iiliuiii, wcvcn milc^ Iroiti Covctit Garden,
IH AORtOS Nl Rorid LAND, in M;iikot Ganlon cultivation, held
on a Loawo id" -.jt y»:irH, Hj yum-w uf vvhloli are uiieitpirod. May bo
taken at a vaiuntioti >„■ oMutwiho

Apply at Klin Lfuli^v. Wirriblud.tn Paik Uoad, Wandsworth, S.W.

m. In.

20 by 12

20* '"

20

20

20 by 16

byn) ("15 oz.

by 14 VFor 100 feet-{

by 16 I Ul oz.

bvlfi-'

3rd3. I 2nds. | Best.
15s 6d 18s 6d 20s Od

22s 2(i 255 6[( 26s 6d

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

■ Iln.

9 by 7 1
9iby 7iJ

In. In. 'in. In. [in

6 by 4 7 by 5 8 by 6 I
6iby4ii VJby Gi\ 8i by 6i\

Per 100 feet.
12ibylOi|14iby lOi

13 by 10 '' *^"'"
13iby 101

I 4ths. I Sds. I 2nds. ' Beat.
12j( 3ti 13s 2d\ IGs Od 18s Od

10 by 8 112 by
lOibySi 12i by Oi

11 by 9 13 by 9
lUby9l|l3 by 10

14 by 10

1 14i by lOi 1
15 by 10 f

13 by 11 f

14 by 11 J

18s 3d 14s 64 irs 3d

L^VRGE SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

in. In. In. in.
15i by 101(14 by 12
16 by 10 [l4i by 121
14i bvlli;i5 by 12
16 by 11 ;i5i by 12i
15i by 11 i 111 by 12
16 by 11 UH by 12i
21 by 11 ;17 by 12
13 bv 12 18 by 1'

4tba.

lis 3d

3da.

16s 6d

2nds.

ISsGd

Best

208 Od

in

22 by 12 22 by 16,
17bvl3 24 by 16

23 by 13 20 by 17
18 by 14 22 by I7
22 by 14 24 by 17

24 bv 14 20 by 18
22 by 15 22 by 18
24 by 15 24 by ISI

The above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.
SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 9 feet super.

16 oz,

4tb8 quality, per SOOfeet case, 3Rs.
3d8 „ „ 48s.

2da ,, „ 63s.

Best

21 oz.

4ths quality, per 200 feet case, 3R«.
3d8 „ „ 48s.

2d3 „ „ 66«.

Best „ ,, 96s.

SHEET GLASS ii made only in the following substances, 15 oz.,
21 oz.. 26 oz., 32 oz., 36 oz., ani 42oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8th in., 3-16th in,, l-4th In., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GL.iVSS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Colourtid Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &c.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 24a. per cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, re.iiats tho weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone sxirface, and can be made any
required sliade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 36s. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and six gallona of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 34s. per cwt.
Anti-coiTOsion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron Bndges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Od for tlitto 4s. per gallon.

Per cwt. — 3. d.
QENUINTC WHITE LEAD 32 t
■SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 i
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, 3(Mo4id. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.
to 4id. per lb.
RAW UMBER. 4id. to
6d. per lb. [per lb,
,, BURNT do., Gd. to Od.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to 60 (
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 36 (
RED PAINT .. 28t(. to 36 (

g ROUND BRUSHES.
OSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER HRUSUES.

Per gallon. — s. d.
LINSEED OIL .. ..3 4
BOILED OIL .. ..SB

TURPENTINE .. ..3 0
LINSEED OIL PUTTT,

8s. to 9s. per cwt.
Fine OAK VARNISH,l0s.tol2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 128. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. lOfl. to 12 0

„ COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE . . 10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN .. 12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bijught or taken In
exchangt

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in gi-eat
variety of patterns and materials, the plainer sorts being
especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbour no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put down incur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, con-
Bequently being much cheaper.

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., in Aiti-
flclal Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. U G. RosHER, Manufacturei-s, Upper Ground
Street, Blackfriars, S. ; Queen's Road West.
Chelsea, S.W. ; Kingaland Road, Kinguland, N.E

Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAYING TILES for Conaervatories,
Halls, Corridors. Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
I Stone, in blue, rod, and bufl" colours, and capable of forming a variety

of designs. _

I Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more ennchod designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen R.inges, Baths, &c. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine CliLkers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c.

To be obtained of F. it G. RosatK, at their premises as above.

The above are Net, for Cn^b, and as ^ch cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, beat quality), at the above
addresses— 14s. per Ton, or Is. 3d. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
lor delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, l.s. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. & G. RosHER.— Addresses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

Garden and Park Improvements.

ALEXANDER BLAKE continues to Advise upon the
Improvement or Remodelling of Gardens and Pleasure
Grounds, the Formation of Picturesque Lakes, Islands, and
Fountains, the Economical and Ornamental Arrangement of
Horticultural Buildings, und to carry out the same by Contract.

^^ Plans and Estimates on application. Address,
A. Blake, 4, Denmark Tenace, Britannia Road, Fuiham, London, S.W.

Kemprow, Maenham. Herts.

rpO RE LJ-rr, !t FARM of 126 A^res. -with the Shootinp;,
X and a Oentloman's SMALL ItOUSK-. situated within
10 minutes' walk of tho Now Statton on the Midland Railway at
Rndtet, Hi:rtH, aixl with Iniiiiediate pOHSijHslon.

Tho LIVE und I'F.AU STOCK will be SOLD by AUCTION by
MUH.SIH. IIIIMIIK.KT AND COX on DECEMBER 4.

Fur turm.i and cardu Lu view, apply to Messrs. IIi'MUiiRT ft Cox.
Land Agrnts uud Surveyortt, bH, St. James's Street, S.W., and
Watford. HortH.

l** 0 K" 1 USPOSAL, n Firat-class NURSERY and SK E D

IJUSINKHS; or tho present Proprtotor would accei't of a
WORKING PARTNER with ii Capital of not Ioms than £1500.

Apply bv letter to E., Mcs.srs. HurHt & Son, 0, Loadouliall Street,
London, E C.

to Blarket Oardenera. Fruit Growers, NuTserymen,
and Others.

rilf) UK DISPOSMl) OF, tlu- UNEXPIRED LEASE

.1 vi' 2\\ VL' trs. and inav be entered upon ntChrlHtmas, of a WELL
KHT,'\HI,ISHKlt BUSINESS for Cut Flowers. Plants. Fruit and
Nurfiury IhiNlnunN, ftc, nltiiated near a largo Market Town, sur-
rounded by an oxoellont nirlglibourhood, and within f> mlnut^;8' walk
of two Railway StiitlouH. Further particulars on application by
letter to Z., P(»9t Office, rham&i Dllton, Surrey.

F

^alciEf 6b gluftton.

Sale of Flrst-olass Dutcli Bulbs, Handsome Standard
and Dwarf Roses. Selected Fruit Trees, Sec.

MESSIIS. I'HOTHEROK ant) MOHHIS will SELL
by AUCTION, at 38 nnrl 39. Ciracpclmrcli Street. E.G.. on
TUE.SDAY. Di-ccnihcr S. at 1 o'clock nreciselv, a First-cliisa Collec.
tion of DUTCH BULBS, inclu.ling Hyr-.cintlis, Crocii-seB, Tulips,
Narcissus, Jniuiuila. Anoninnes, Ranunculus, .^c. ; a splendid assort-
ment 01 STANDARD and DWAKF ROSES; selected FRUIT
TREKS; chuico OHENT AZALEAS, HYBRID RUODODEN-
DRONS, .and other American Plants; HARDY CLIMBERS, in
pots, &e.

On view Morning of Sale. Catalogues had at the rooms as above,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytoristone, N.E.

Birkenliead, near Liverpool.

HiGULY iMl'OaTANT SaLE OF NORSKRT SXOCa.

MESSRS. PROTHEKOE anp MORRIS are directed
by Mr. William Hcndervon to SELL by AUCTIdN. on the
Premises, Oxton Hill Nursery, BirkenheaH, n-.-ar Liverpool, within
1\ mile of the Railway Station, on WEDNESDAY, December 4, and
foll'twing day, at 11 o'clock each day, the ground being required for
other purposes, the valuable NtTRSKRY STOCK, con8i8ttng of
several thousands of EVERGREEN, CONIFEROUS, and DECIDU-
OUS SHRUBS, Includiuc Common and Portugal Laurels. Yews,
American Arbor-Titaa, Tree Box, Laurustinu.", Green Hollies,
Phillyreas, Red Cedar. Araucaria, Abies (sorts), 600 Cidrus deodara
(3 to 7 ft.). Pinus (sorts). Deutzia, Syringa. Broom, about 7000 Rhodo-
dendrons (1 t" 3 fr.), Azalea pontica, &c ; also a quantity of thriving
FOREST, FRUIT, and ORNAMENTAL TREES, viz., AilanthUs
glaudulosa. Maple, Birch, Labmnuro, Beech, Thorns, Limes, Oaks,
Elms, Chestnuts, Mountain and Common Ash, Larch, Fir,
700 Standard and Dwarf Pear.'), handsome Dwarf-trained Peaches aod
Nectarines, a Qne assoi tment of Standard and Dwarf Roses, tc.

N. B.~P. & M. call spei'ial attention to the specimen Evergreen and
Coniferous Shrubs, arranged in borders for immediate elTect. which
h.ave all been recently transplanted, and will Incur no risk fl-om
removal.

May be viewed prior to the 8ale. Catalogues may be had on the
premiaes, and of thu Auctioiiccl-s and Valuers, Ley ton stone. N.E.

M

Consignment from Client, for Absolute Sale.
FESSHS. I'KOTHERUE and MuRHIS will SELL

JOHN GIBSON, Jtj-n., begs to announee that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Gibson, )uu., Surrey Lane, Battersea, S.W.

FOR SALE, by Private Contract, the BATES
BULL, "LORD WILD EYES 2d" (22,234), roan, bred by Mr. C
Harvey, sire 4th Duke of Oxford (11,387), dam Wild Eyes ^^d, by Wild
Duke (10.14S), &.C., &c. (see "Herd Book," vol. IIJ). Lord Wild
Eyes 2cl is particularly active, and his stock have fetched bigh prices.
Foi' fiirthor piirticulars apply to tbo Bitlliff, Mr. Rawliro. Holly
Bank, Burton-on- Trent.

Parm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breed known.
Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY and ROUEN DUCKS.

Irapiirted BELGIAN HARE RABBITS, for size and early matnritv.
BRAHMA-POUTRA, CREVECCEDR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Pnced Lists and Estimates on apphcation.
John Baily s. Son. 113. Mount Street, London, W.

Onchan Nursery Gardens, Isle of Man,

TO BE LKT, with immediate possession, in con-
sequence of the decease of the late Proprietor. The Nursery
comprises about 15 Acres, lying In a sheltered situation; has been
established for upwards of 30 years, and possesses the advantage of
being tho only Nuisery in the Island. The Buildings consist of
Conservatory (in four compartments), Vinery, Orchard House,
Propagating House, with large SUedadjoining, and every convenience
for "cjirrymg on tho business. This Establishment would prove a
valuatile audition to any English Nursery, as from the mildness of
the climate, many tender Plants and Shrubs stand the winter which,
when young, would be destroyed by the frosts of an English Winter
and Spring. A portion has been advantageously occupied as a Fruit
Garden, the demand being considerable from the number of Visitors
to tbe Nursery in the Summer season. TheGronn«fs are well stocked
with Forest Trees, Evergreens, and Ornamental Shrubs ; tbe Houses
with PlantK, and liberal terms will Ije made to enable a Tenant to
realise the Stock, For particulars apply to

Jaweb Spittall, Solicitor, Isle of Man.

bv AUCTION, at 38 and 3!i, Gracechurch Street, E.C, on

THURSDAY. December 6, at 12 o'Clock, about 300 choice DOUBLE
CAMELLIAS and AZALEA INDICA, compact plants. 1 to 3 I'oet,
consisting of the most approved kinds, heimtifully fui'nished with
bloom ^uds; 300 handsome STANDARD. DWARF, and CLIMBING
ROSES of tbe best varieties; selected FRUIT TREES; a rlcJIi
.is-sortment o( AMERICAN PLANTS; some fine Bulbs of LILIUM
LANCU'OLIUM (sorts), GLADIOLUS, with a Collection of
DUTCH BULBS.

May be viewed the Morning of Sale. Catalogues bad at tho rooms
as above, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

Lewisbam, Kent.

MESSRS. FROTH EROK and StORRTS will SELL
by AUCTION, on the Premises, Granville Park Nursery, near
tbe Lewisham Railway Station, on TUESDAY, December 10, by
order of Mr. Hally, tbe ground being required for building purposes,
the valuable NURSERY STOCK, inoluding a large assortment of
Evergreens and Coniferous Shrubs, Ornamental. Forest, and Fruit
Trees, consisting of lOOO Aucuba japonic.a, 40001'ortugal and Common
Laurels, 450 Laurustinus, lOO Green Box (I to 2 feet), Cupressus
Lawsoniana, 4oO Ligustrum ovalifolium, Thujas, PicKas (of sorts),
Scotch P^vs, Weymouth Pines, &c. ; 800 fine Poplars (12 to 20 feet).
Planes, 300 Limes (10 lo 15 feet). Acacias, 260 Mountain Ash. Elms,
Standard Almonds, Double-blossomed Peaches, Thorns, &c. ; 800 fine
Standarrl and Pyramidal Pears, 150 Standard Cherries, 1200 strong
Standard and Pyramidal Apples, 400 Standard and Dwarf Plums,
Damsons, Quince, Gooseberries, 800 yards capital Bos Edging, &c.

M.ay be vieWod prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be had on the
premises, and of the Auotioneere and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

N.B. —In tho event of frosty weather, are.asonable time will be
allowed for the clearance of stock.

Hardy Trees and Shrubs from Surrey ;

Standard and Dwarf Rosks from Fr.vnce ; Bulbs, Fruit Trees,

ATil) CONlFliK.S FROM IIoLLANK.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Gr-at Rooni.s, ."SiD, King Street, Covent Garden. W.C,
on WKDNE.SDAY' December 4, at half-past 12 o'Clock precisely,
Specimtn CONIFERS, HOLLIES, LAURELS* AZALEAS,
AUOUBAS. RHODODENDRONS, STANDARD and DWARF
ROSES, FRUIT TREES, HYACINTHS, TULIPS, NARCISSUS,
ANEMONES, LILIUMS. and a variety of other Bulbs and Plants
from well-known Nuraei'ies in Holland, France, Surrey, and Mid-
dlesex.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

ToNobiemen, Gentlemen, and Others.

MR. WHITE has received instructions to SELL by
AUCTION (of which particulars will be given in future
Papers), on December lf>, at the Rufford Nursery Gardens, near
OHerton, a quantity of Young SPRUCE FIR PLANTS, of ^arioua
heiL'hts, fit for immediate planting; also a quantity of COMMON
LAURELSandotnerPlanis. They will be Sold in convenient Lots
to suit purchasers. — Swan Hotel, Mansfield. *

Staffordahire— City of lichfield. *

Importa-kt to Ndbbbrtm£N and Parties Plantino Quick.

MR. C. GILLARU has been directed by the
Representatives ot tho late Mr. Stephen Coxonlo advertise for
SALE by AUCTION, on the Land, on MONDAY, December 9, at
Two o'clock in tho afternoon, .--bout 200 roods of strong 4-year-om
UEDDED QUICK, of capital quality, and in fine healthy condition,
growing upon land at Austin, Cote, near Lichfield. The Quick will
oe set out in convenient lots, to suit all classes of purchasers, and

hniplo time will be given for removal. ^^ ^^ , ,

Mr. Walter Johnson, of Greenhill, Lichfield, will snow the Quick
on appliwitiun.

~To Gentlemen and Others Engaged in Planting.

MESSRS. DRElJCiE and SUMS have received
instnirtions to SELL by AUCTION, at the Nursery,

Oambndiro Town <m TIM-'SDAY', December 10, a large quantity of
ORNAMKNT.XL SHRUBS, FRUFP TREES, &c.

Tlie abovd will bo doi^crlhsd In Catalogues, to be bad of the
Auctioneers, Y'ork Town, Surrey ; or at the Naraery, Cambridge
Town, Surrey.

1232

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[NOVEStBEE 30, 1867.

Agricultural Co-operation.

COUNCIL.
The Right Hon. W. Cowper, M.P.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.
Thomas Hughes, Esq., M.P.
James Beal, Esq.
E. Vansittart Neale, Esq.
Frederick Pennington, Esq,
Edward Owen Greening, Esq.
I (Managing Director).

SUPPLIES its Members
and the Public with IMPLE-
MENTS and MACHINES bythe
best Makers, and with Unadul-
terated SEEDS, MANURES
and Manufactured CATTLE
FOOD, at Cost Price, upon the
Co-operative system. An invest-
ment of One Pound and upwards
(bearing interest dividend) constitutes membership. No further
liability. Rules and all information post tree on receipt of two
Stamps, or by personal application at the Of&ces of the Association.
Edwahd Owen QREitiiNa, Managing Director.
Offices, 29, Parliament Street, Westminster ; and*, Warren Street,
Manchester.

Full profits credited to Members. Half profits to the Public
(non-Members),

lEST QUARTERLY

F

and 4, Warren Street, Manchester.

.SHEET, now ready. Division of
Profits, 7J per cent. Dividend on
Capital. Three-fourths of Trade
Discounts returned to Members;
three-eighths of Trade Discounts
returned to non-Members.

Tbe return to Members on the
Purchases averaged 11 per cent.
Copies of the Report and Balance
Sheet may be had on application,
with enclosure of Stamp to defray
Postage.

Address, Edwarh Owen Grben-
iNo, Managing Director, 29, Par-
liament Street, Westminster, S. W.,

SMITHFIELD CLUB SHOW.
STAND No. 101 IN THE GALLERIES.
The Association will represent Greening & Co. (Limited) and will
be prepared to receive orders for any Implement or Article exhibited
at the Show. The Trade Discount (averaging 20 per cent.) will revert
to the Members at the quarterly Division of Profits. Mr. Greeninq
will be in attendance to enrol members and recaive orders.

UR£ LINSEED CAKES, British Manufacture,

bought iinder guarantee of Absolute Purity. £12 lOs. per ton
in London, Liverpool, Duffield, Hull, or Leith.

The Council of the Association thinU it right to mako known that
nothing but a guarantee of Absolute Purity can insure to the ijur-
chaser of LINSEED CAKES fair value for his outlay. Cakes are
commonly made for sale by dealers, marked " genuine," at fully £1
per ton leas than the " pure" cake can be produced ; and cakes
avowedly " mixed " at over £2 per ton less. The whole profit made
by the Associntion out of contracts goes into the pocKets of the
purchasing Members, after payment of working expenses ; half
profits to non-Members.

Address, Edwd. Owen Greenino, Managing Director, 29, Parlia-
ment Street, Westminster, S.W. ; 4, Warren Street, Manchester.

rpKADE DISCOUNT.— The following GOODS are also

J- supplied by the Association :—

PERUVIAN GUANO— Pure as imported. Wholesale cost price,

£12 per ton ; retail price, £13 2s. (id. per ton.
NITRATE OF SODA— Pure and unadulterated. Wholesale cost

price, lOfl. per cwt. ; retail price in Liverpool, 12». per cwt. ;

retail price in London, 12s. 6d. per cwt.
PALM NUT MEAL— Best quality. Wholesale cost price. £7 10s.

per ton ; retail price in Liverpool, £9 per ton ; retail price in

London, £9 10.*. per ton.
Best quality COTTON SEED CAKE ; ditto ditto decorticated.
AMERICAN LINSEED CAKES, RAPE-SEED CAKES. LOCUST

BEANS, GROUND BONES, BONE-ASH, LINSEED. RAPE

SEED, CLOVER SEED, SEEDLING FOTATOS, SEED

BEANS and PEAS.
These goods are bought by the Association at the lowest wholesale
prices, and sold at the same current prices charged by other resoect-
able dealers ; but the whole difference between cost price and selling

Erice is credited to Members, and half the difference (profit) to non-
[.-— '

Address all Orders— Edwd. Owes Greenino, Managing Director,
', Warren Street, Manchester ; 29, Parliament Street. Westminster.

MANUF ACTtJ RED
MANURF>3 by the best
Makers supplied to Members and
the public at Manufacturers' pub-
lished prices. The Agents' Dis-
counts allowed to the Association
reverfto the Members at the Divi-
sion of Profits quarterly.

Manufacturers' Lists forwarded
on application.

Address all orders — Edwd. Owbk
Qreeninq, Managing Director,
4, Warren Street, Manchester ; or
29. Parliament Street, West-
minster.

Special Contracts.
TRON and WIRE GOODS.
i —The Managing Director begs
to advise the Members and Custo-
mers that be has concluded arrange-
ments with Greening & Company
1 (Limited) to supply the Associntion
\with guaranteed qufility of IRON
HURDLES, IRON FARMQATES,
I Continuous IRON FENCES.
/ WIRE NETTING. STRAINED
' WIRE FENCES, WIRE SHEEP-
FOLD FENCES, WIRE POUL-
TRY FENCES, &c., on special
terms for quantity. Buyers of these
articles through the Association
will in future, therefore, gain more
than ordinary advantage. The
quality of the goods ia guaranteed. It is Intended to make similar
contracts with other friendly Manufaciurera as the trade of tbe
Association increases.

4, Warren Street, Manchester ; 29, Parliament Street, West-
minster. S.W.

PUBLIC MEETING.— A
Meeting for Explanation and
Discussion of the question of
AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERA-
TION will be held in the Theatre
of the Islington Literary and
Scientific Society, Wellington
Street, Upper Street (about 300
yards from the Agricultural Hall),
on WEDNEbDAT, December 11,
18G7, at 3 o'clock, P.M., closing in
time to enable Ladies and
Gentlemen present to attend nlso
the Dinner of the Smithfleld
Club at 6 o'clock. The following
Gentlemen, Members of the
Counoil, and other fi-iends of the

Association will be present ; —
The Right Hon. W. Cowper. M.P.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.
Thom.a3 Hughes, Esq., M.P.

Edward Vansittart Neale, Esq.
James Beal, Esq.
Frederick Pennington, Esq
Edward Owen Greening.
Tickets for Reserved Seats (Ladies and Gentlemen), Is. each ;
other tickets Free on application previous to the time of meetmg.—
Offices, 29, Parliament Street. Westminster, S.W. ; 4, Warren Street,
Manchester.

SMITHFIELD CLUB CATTLE SHOW,
STAND No. 80, in the GaUery.

JAMES CARTER & CO.

INYITE ESPECIAL ATTENTION TO THEIR

UNRIVALLED COLLECTION

CARTER'S WARDEN AND CHAMPION ORANGE GLOBE MANGELS,

CARTER'S IMPERIAL SWEDES, TURNIPS, &c.
PEICED LISTS may be had, and ORDERS receiyed for SEED, at the STAND, as above.

JAMES CARTER and CO., SEED FARMERS and NURSERYMEN,
237 <fe 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

SMITHFIELD CLUB CATTLE SHOW.

MESSRS. SUTTON & SONS

■WILL EXHIBIT ON THEIK

STAND No. 84,

PRODUCE OF THEIR

GENUINE HOME-GROWN SEEDS,

Comprismg Specimens of

SOTTONS- CHAMPION and other SWEDES.
SUTTONS- PUEPLE-TOP MAMMOTH and other
TURNIPS.

A large COLLECTION of GRASSES for Permanent Pasture and other purposes, FORAGE PLANTS, &(
And a great variety of the best POTATOS in cultiration.

SUTTONS' SELECTED YELLOW GLOBE and other

MANGELS.
SUTTONS' IMPROVED GREEN KOHL RABI, &c.

Orders will be received at moderate prices for the Cattle Show only,
SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

NEW DOUBLE-FLOWERED ZONAL GERANIUM "TRIUMPH."

E. G. HENDERSON & SON

RESPECTFULLY OFFER

THEIR FIRST PLANTS OF THIS SPLENDID VARIETY

"WHICH SURPASSES ALL OTHERS YET OFFERED IN THE GROUP.

tt is an improvement upon Gloire de Nancy in growth, and greatly in advance of it by its immense trusses
of double rosette-like flowers of a brilliant orange -scarlet.

Having purchased a great extent of the raiser's stock, E. G. H. & Son are now prepared to furnish well-
established plants. It received a Special Certificate at the Exposition Universelle, in Paris, 1867, and by thug
possessing all the desired excellencies of its section in growth and bloom combined, commends itself as a real acquisi-
tion to every collection of Geraniums, and for conservatory decoration generally.

NEW DOUBLE PELARGONITJM " PRINCE of NOVELTIES."

The moat unique and beautiful double-flowered variety yet ofiiered, now sending out by E. G. Henderson Sc Son.
The individual blossoms are If inch wide, of a brilliant carmine-tinted crimson, admirably adapted for dreas
bouquets, and for pot culture.

E. G. HENDERSON a^^d SON, WELLINGTON NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, N.W.

AMBROISE VERSCHAEEELT, NURSERYMAN,

(PUBLISHER OF THE "ILLUSTRATION HORTICOLE)," GHENT, BELGIUM,

BEG3 TO OFFEE THE FOLLOWING NOVELTIES ;—

CALADIUM LEOPOLD!.— One of the flneBt, Is.Sd.

TACSONIA BUCHANANI. — A Bplendid climber; as fine as the Tacsonia Van Volxemi: see figure in the

" Illustration Horticole ; " 7». 6d.
VEIESEA GLaZIOUANA.— A splendid Bromeliaceoua plant, ffhlch obtained at the Universal E.thibition in Paris the

First Prize for the best new Plant, and of which a specimen was exhibited by Miss Zoe de Knyfi; under the name

of Chevaliera. This really splendid ornamental plant is figured in the "Illustration Horticole." Fine plants, £1.
AZALEA INDICA FRANCOIS DEVOS (A. Veeschafpelt).— This is one of my best seedlings. Flowers very

double, deep red, with black spots. See figure in " Illustration Horticole." Fine plants, full of buds, 12s.
RHODODENDRON ORNATISSIMUM (A. Veeschafpelt).— See the "Illustration Horticole." This is my best

seedling raised ; colour whitish, rose in the centre ; the edges are coloured with rose violet, and the centre is

marked with fine golden spots. It is one of the most distinct varieties, and is quite hardy. Good plants, 12s. ;

do. with buds, £1.

THE GENERAL CATALOGUE, No. 81,

CAN BE OBTAINED FKEE OF

MESSES. K. SILBERRAD and SON, 6, HARP LANE, GREAT TOWER STREET, LONDON, E.G.

=fc

-T Editorial Comnmnicntions should be addressed to '■ The Editor." Advertisements and Business Letters to The Publisher, at the Office,
41, Wellington street, Covent Garden, London, W.C. , ™^.t ^ ■ rv^^^er „,,«« in the

Printed by Jiiiiss MiTTHiws. at the Office of Messrs BaiosonT, Ethns. i Co., Lombard Street, Precmct of Whitefriars, City "' ';^h!™A''i.S,
Co. of Middlesex, and Published by the said James Matthbws at the Office, No. 41, "WeUinfftoa Street, Parish of St, Paul s, Lovent warvcu,
in the said County — Satpedat, November 30, 18G7,

//

im GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

s / AND

''AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 49.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, DECEMBER 7.

(Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, (id.

INDEX.

AoniiiNCnInnuie ...

Apt>li' numicc

llaixalii, whutU A ?

Hp<«

Ho'ikB noticed

Ituik-i, Flora of

KtittiT. Irish

riiiii>;i;:(', spvoutlng

(.Lit Mr (liNcnso

t.'i-|>l>:iU>tilXtl!i fruit

of ARncultui'C,

. ViVi b

. 1236 a
. 1244 c

.. lassfi

Sr-.tfll
fli.i -r.Cllrihllirlollf .

UUU

1 lllOCt-

Fllllllnll'

ms

Farm, Lainmermulr slioep . .

— s. Liiiifiisliire

Florists' tlnwiTM

— Stlllllltll'll

Frtiitsfui'Duiliiim

OnvdciU'rs' i'\iiminntions.. ..

Oluil lulus illsi'ii^c

Good's (.Mr.) iigrioultiiml

pnp<'rs

finipo, iMis Puu'c's *.

Grapi's in Uuttlts

Ivy, K'^'t'c"----*

Leuf.fiUl of

VUl c

; 1252 c
. 1250 a
. 12;iH c
, 1212 '.
1249 b
. 1238 c

1248 a
1255 a
1255 6
1214 a

1241 c
12l'i c

i2aM f

1238 n
124rtn

1243 '.

1242 A

1238 6

Lenses, aKricultiirnl 1252 c

Leicester show lund 1238 e

Mansels V. oilcahc 12&0c

NoiburyPnrk 1213 o

Obituury 1245 e

Onhiil culture 1241 «

I'liris. letter from 1239 c

I'luis »ri/e list 1248 (1-1238 6

Pour, tlic 1233 C

Plant portraits 1238 c

— protectors 123ft(i

1237

Poultry

Provost's theory of ex

chan^ea

Root Rro^vth

Rosu, climhing Devonien^is

Sela^inellns

Sewage

8heep feeding

Shorthorns

Smithfield Show

, 1234 b

. 124'i a
. 1242 c
. 1242 n
. 1241 n
. 1248 c
. 1266 a
. 1248 a
1247 6

fiv, Roynl Horticultural 1243 6
Iloyal Agriculturftl. . """ -

Stock, I'aradis .
straw'licrries, prolific ...,

Strilios ,

'I'rado lists ,

Wentlipr, tlie

■\Vellinstoiiia

"Whciit, (termination of ..
Wheat liatvest, light

, 1250 c
, 1242 e
. 1243 b
. 125Ga
. 1244 n
. 1242 c
. 12-12 c
. 124a a
, 1250 b

"VJiJirn the GARDENERS'

CHRONICLE aud

AGRICULTUKAL GAZETTE of SATURDAY NEXT, the
14lh, will be publislief) a SUPPLEMENT containing a FULL
REPORT of the SflOW of STOCK and IMPLEMENTS at the
AGKICULTUHAL IlALL, ISLINGTON. A Siugle Copy sent for
Six Sitiiups.

OfBcu tor Advertisements, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, w.C.

The Superior Produce of

StJTTONS' HuMK-tilunVN SKKUS raav be seen on
STAND 84 (North GiiHcrv!, SMITilFlELD CLITB SHOW.

Orders will be received, at Moderate Prices, for
UTTUNS' HOME-GUOW.V SKEI).S, which obtained

TWO PRIZE MEDALS. PARIS, ISC?.

S

M

Special Notice.— Plants and Bulbs.
R. RTKV1<:NS' sales ot JJU I CH BULBS, FRUIT

TREES, ROSES, anil HARDY SHRUBS, take place every
JESDAY and SATURDAY, and frequently on MONDAl,

WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY, and frequently t
at the Rooms, 38, King Street, Coveut Garden, London, W.C.
CATALOGUES on application.

B.

Vines.
S. "WILLIAMS has now on hand n verv large and

fine stock of ERUITCNG and PLANTING CANES of all tlio
best varieties. An Inapoctlon Is Invltod.

Victoria and Fanidiso Nuraertos, Upper HoUcffay, Londoo, N.

Vines.

J MEREDITH will have great pleasure in forwarding
• hlH PRICED LIST of VINES on application. He has the
largest stock in England. An iuspoction is invited.

The Vinoyard, Garston, near Liverpool.

Vines.

HLANE ANT) SON solicit an inspection of their
• stock of VINES : 2000 Canoa to choose from, strong and well
ripened. Thoy have been awarded the Eirst Prize for Vinos in pots
at all the leadiny Exhibitions. CATALOGUES free on application.
The Nursorles, Groat Berk ham patead, Herts.

HAMBUUGH

>LACK

VINES.— 150 strong well-

Jl5 ripened canes to be Sold Cheap,

C. Fairninoton, 4, Elm Treo Hoail, St. John's Wood. London, N.W.

New Grape.

Mapresfield court black muscat grape.
See largo Advertisoment in No. 44, Novomber 2. lSii7.
.Toon & Charles Lee, Royal Vineyard Nursery, liarainersmitb,

London, W. .^^_^__

THE ROYAL ASCOT GRAPE is the greatest wonder
of the age. It can be made to produce fresh Grapes every
month in the year, and is the largest, the blackest, and best
flavoured Black ever offered. Price £2 2^. each. See Advertisement,
Nov y. Royal Nurseries, Ascot. _^

WANTED. CROWN B(jB,
otl

WHITfi; SMITH, and
ther sorts of GOOSEBERRY CUTTINGS. Stats sorts,
prico and quantity. Also 1-yr. CUTTINGS of MANETTI ROSE
STOCKS ; and stronn transplanted PEAR STOCKS.

Address. J. Stewart & Sons, Dundee.

EBR'S PRIZE COB FILBEKTS, and other PRIZE

COB NUTS and FILBERTS. LIST of these varieties from
Mr. Webb, Calcot, Reading.

STOCKS for SALK.—

60,000 strong 1 to 3 ft. APPLE,
well grown. Samples, with prices, sent on application to

Robert S. Mackintosh, Nurseryman, Edinburgh.

PEAR and APPLE
60,000 strong I to 3 feet PEAR ;

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocuses, &o.

BS. WliJ.l.AMS has :i iiiu> CoUfction of the aboTe.
• PRIC1:;D CATALOGUE post free on apfilication.
HYACINTHS for Glas-ses or Pots, Cs., Ss., and 10s. per dozen.
Victoria and Paradise Nursery, Upper Ilolloway, London, N.

Sl7clJTBUSH AND^SOlTTjei? to s!iy that their
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, file, is now ready, and can be had post free
on application. Uighgate Nurseries, London, N.

HEAP SPRING BLOOM [NG BULBS and PLANTS"

Seo Baur & SooDnN's Advertisement, page 1212.

Winter and Spring Flowering Bulbs and Plants.

BAKR AND SUGDEN'S FLORAL GUIDE may be
had free, it contains much valuable information.
For particul.ars see large Advertisement, page 1090.

Orchard-liouse Trees Fruiting In Pots,

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEAR.S. APPLK.S. VINES, and FIGS.
RicRARD Smitu. Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester^

APPLE TREES for ORCHARDS or
Price on application.
Samuel Cox, Nur-seryman, Ludlow.

GARDENS.

" nPHE ROSES of MR. PAUL ♦ * • are things to
X see once and dream offer evm:"— /Hhenamm^June, 1607.
Wm. Paui. begs l« annoiliico that hia CATALOGUE ot ROSES Is
now roiidy, mid will h.- forwarded Ireo on application.

EIOHTEE.N' I'KlZI^s liiivo been awarded to him for Rosea this
year at the iHi!icl|>:il London Flower Shows.

Pacl's NniMcrieit. Waltnaio Cross. London.N.

Standard Marechal Niel Roses.

JOHN AND C1I.\RLKS Llili liuve a fine Btock of
STANDARDS of the above splendid YELLOW ROSE to offer
at 6«. each ; strong budded Dwarfi., 2s. Od. each. Also line Standard
TEA ROSES of all tlio best kinds at 2s. ouch.

Royal Vinoyard Nursery and Seed Estiibllshment, IlammorBmlth,
London, W.

To the Trade.

MAKECHAL NIEL ROSI-:, from own roots, in pots,
by the 100 or 1000, at JE6 per 100.
G. Baker & Son, American Nursery, Bagshot.

DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.

Second Edition. By JonN Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Herei'ord. F'reo by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

/ 1ULTURAL
KJ Soi

RO S E S, Is. each, best Hybrid Perpetual.
OAK TREES, 3 to 4 feet, l.'js. per 1000.
3-yr ASi'AKAGUS, very good, 10s. per 1000, for cash, of

A. C. Wilkin, Tiptree, Kelvodon, Essex.

OSES WANTeTT— Hybrid Perpetual varieties, of an
extra size, established in pots. Parti ;ulars to
jAMts Dickson & Sons, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

GREEN hasll^iuantity of" fin7 mixed CROCUS,

RGI
. Is.

.„ per 100, 8«. POTIO'OO; also EVERGREEN.S, Cl.IMBKllS,

and VINES in Pots, and all kinds of ORNAMENTAL TREES and
SURUBS, on the Terrace at the Bedford Conservatories,

Covent Gurden, W.C^

>YRAMIDAL

APPLES

PEAES,

by the dozen or hundred.

Standard MEDLARS, THUJA AUREA, well-grown and handsome.

Address, Wm. Wood & So.v, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near

Uckfleld, taussex.

WARF-TRAINED WALL TREES, very strong,
Iiavinir each 5 to 9 shooU:— APPLES. PEARS, PLUMS, and

, CHERRIES. 3.S. each: APRICOTS, NECTARINES, & PEACHES,
3s. ikl. each; strong CURRANTS and GOOSEBERRIES, 2s. 6d. per
dozen. LISTS of sorfs on application.

I Wu. Hooper, New Wandsworth. S.W

D

Larch, Spruce. &c.

LARCH, extra strong, 4 to 6 loot, 21*. per 1000.
SPRUCE, 2 to 3 feet, 10s. per 100; 3 to 4 feet, 20«. perlOO ;
4 to 5 feet, 32s. per 100,-

QUICKS, SCOTCH FIRS, and CONIFERS, of all sizes, &c.
Hewry MiNCHiN, The Nurseries, Hook Norton, Oxon.

R' ~ICHARD~SSIlTH'Sn-'lUriTTlSin^ontains a sketch
of the various forms of Trees, with directions for Cultivation,
Soil, Drainage, Manure, Pruning, Lifting, Ciopping, Treatment
under Gluss; also their synonymea, quality, size, form, skm. colour,
flesh, flavour, uso, growth, duration, season, price, &c. Free by
post for three stamps.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Mercbaet, Worcester.

BUTTON AND SONS, Seed Growers,

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment. Reading.

"V~E'R Y " 'G"XR'i7^"N REQUISITE

kept in Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holborn, London.

E

J^

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
MES CARTER and CO.

Seed Farmers. Merchants, and Nurserymen,

237 & 23S, High Holborn, Loudon. W.C.

Genuine Asrlcultural and Garden Seeds.

I AMES FAlKIIKAl) .^xn nON, Seed Growers and
Meri.:ii\nt.s. 7, IJiirouKli Market, and Braintree, Esses.

Before Purchasing Flower Roots, send for

JSCUTT'S CATALOGUE of BULBS, VASES,
• GARDEN REQULSITE-;. Bulbs are extra fiae.

J. ScoTT, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

and

THIRTY THOUSAND AMERICAN ARBOR-VIT^,
from 3 to 6 feet, very suitable for Hedges.
i Wu. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nuisery, Maresfiala, near UckBeld,
1 Sussex. .

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARP h) be^ to announce to the Trade
. that their SPECIAL LLST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1867 Growth, is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establi^' " "" " ■ " ■ -

ent, Wisbech, Cambs.

To the Trade.

CROCUS, SNOWDROPS, named HYACINTHS,
Early TULIPS (Double and Single), SCILLA SIBIRICA. &c.
Bahr & Sodden, la, Kiug Street, Covent Garden, W.C.

Surplus Stock.

DOUBLE SNOWDROPS, in good condiUon.

Price to the Trade on application to
Jas. Fairdicad k Son, Seed Merchants, 7, Borough Market, London.

F

INE

SUPERB LILIES, in 70 finest varieties.
Selections. 5s., 'Js., 12s., 16s., and 243. per dozen.
Stephen Brown, Seed and Nursery Establishment, Sudbury, Sufl'olk.

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND tine Transplanted
COMMON LAURELS, from IJ to 3 feet.
Wii. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld,
Sussex.

Wholesale Catalogue.
JACKMAN AND SON'S PRICED and

_ DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of HARDY NURSERY

STOCK for 18G7 and SPRING, 1868, can be had free on application.

Woking Nursery. Surrey.

GEORGE
]

Notice,— Fruits, Flowers, Bulbs.

Ekfork purchasing, please sknd for

fclLLlSTONE AND CO.'S LITTLE LISTS,

post free to all applicants.
Address, Dillistone & Co., Nurserymen, &c., Sturmer, near
Halstead. Essex.

D'

DTTONS' GKASS SEEDS for ALL SOILS,

24s. to 32s. per acre.
DRIED SPECIMENS on MESSRS. SDTTONS' STAND, No. 84.

s

New Pelargoniums.

CHARLES TURNER is pn-pared to execute orders
lor the beautiful new varieties raised by Foster and Hoyle.
A DESCRIPTIVE LIST may be had on application.

The Royal Nurseries, Sloughy ___^_

WEBB'S NEW GIANT POLYANTHUS,
Florist Flower, and GIANT COWSLIP SEEDS; also Plants
of all the varieties, with double PRIMROSES ot different colours;
AURICULAS, both Single and Double, with every sort of Early
Spring Flowers. LIST on application.— Mr. Webb, Caloot. Reading.

Pdinsles

WILLIAM DEAN'S CATALOGUE of tliese, now
ready, includes some Noveltie: "
per 100, to the Trade.

SPECIMEN IRISH YEWS.— Very handsome speci-
mens of the above, 7, 8, 9, and 10 feet high, from 5s. to 2l5. each.
T. Jacrson & Son, Kingston, S.W.

transplanted SPRUCE FIRS, for
- - CHRISTMAS TREES, well feathered, by the dozen, 100, or
1000.— Address, Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld,
near Uckfleld, Sussex.

EXTRA FINE
CH

PLANTING SEASON.— The Subscribers respectfully
intimate that their PRICED LIST of FOREST TREES, &c..
Is now ready, anrl may be had on application.

Wm. Uruuhaut fit Sons, Nm-seryroen, Dundee.

Fruiting Trained Trees.
rpHOMAS JACK:SON and &0N, having a great extent
J_ of high walls, have many large TRAINED TREES; and as
they are making much alteration in their Nureery, they now offer
them at greatly reduced prices. An inspection is invited.

Kingston. S.W.

FOR CASH, 150.000" weU rooted LARCH (unusually
cheap), twice transplanted. 3 to 4 feet high. Prices and s.imples
sent to Trade and other addresses within 100 miles of Cardiff carriage
No reasonable ort"er will be refused for the whole in One Lot.
Apply to W. TrkskpivR. Nurseryman, Cardiff.

free.

Prices very low, especially

Mixed PANSIES for borders, strong plants, 16s, per 100.
Bradford Nursery, Shipley, Yorkshire.

R.

M. STARK," York Koad, Trinity, Edinburgh, is
now prepared to send, on application, his YEARLY LIST of

NEW, RARE, or SHOWY PLANTS, containing some interesting

novelties.
A CATALOGUE of select ALPINE and HERBACEOOS

PLANTS, HARDY FERNS, &c., is also ready.— Nov. In.

T ARCH, 2J to 4 f.-et, 17s. 6cl. ;

Larcli, fee.
f.-ct, 17s. ed. ; 3 to 4i feet, 20s. ;

I Si to 6 a., 26s. ; SCOTCH FIR, 1 to 2 feet. Us. ia. ; SPRUCE,
1 to 14 foot, 12s. Gd. : OAK, U to 2i feet, 15s. per 1000.

LIST of other TREES on application. Special quotations for
large quantities. Apply, with reference, to

Jaues Riddell, Steward, Park Attwood, Bewdley, Worcestershire.

To Gentlemen, Builders, and Others.

ABOUT -MW largv Oniiiiiunt.il FOlii-ST TREES,
12 to 14 feet, suitable lor immediate Blind or Paijc Planting,
oonBlsting of ELM, MAPLE. SYCAMORE. PLANE, and BIRCH.

T \\T Tn....... VlHiirn "ViiraoriT S p..

J. W. Todman, Eltham Nursery, b.E.

From 1 to 500,000 good 2-yr. old

ing, at Os. per 1000 ; good transplanted
About 150,000 on hand. Samples sent on

STRONG QUICK. ... . ,

QUICK, fit for Planting, at Os. per 1000 ; good transplanted

QUICK at 83. per 1000.

application to , „ , ,, ™. ,,

Mr. Lewis Rolfe, West Row, Mildonhall, by Soham, Suffolk

THALICTRUM MINUS (best substitute for Adiantum).
—Plants of the above offered from 6s. to 9s. per dozen, by
Robert M. Stare, York Road, Trinity. Edinburgh.— Nov. 15.

L^^STR^T"F"1LTX-MTS, var. CRISPA-GRACILlS.—
This new and undeniably prettiest of all the Dwarf male
FERN.S, mav now bo had, at 5a. per plant, from Juun Clarr. Garduner,
Newbm-gh, Flfeshlre Many other rare sorts. Trade supplied.

Agricultural Seeds.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO., Seed Merchants,
Sleaford, will be glad to send on application a Special PRICED
LIST of AGRICULTURAL SEEDS of their own saving this season

Kitchen Garden Seeds.

CHARLES SHAKPE and CO., Seed Merchants,
Sleaford, will he t'lad to send, on application, a Special
PR1C;';D LIST of KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS of their own

saving this season.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTEEE, DOWLING,
»ND COMPANY, Limited,
CoRM, Seeo, Manure, and Oiloake Merchants,
Address, 89, Seed Market, MarJc Lane, E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1851,
for Wheat ; 1802. for '* Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

UTTONS' "yELlThv- GLOBE MANGEL.

SPECIMENS on MESSRS. SUTTONS' STAND, No. 84.

LONG MANGEL.

s

SUTTONS'
SPECIMENS on MESSRS. SUTTONS' STAND, No. 84.

MAMMOTH

INTERMEDIATE MANGEL.

SPECIMENS on MESSRS. SUTTONS' STAND, No. 84.

NEW YELLOW"
s

3, 4, and o-yi. old
Samuel Cox, Nurseryman, Ludlow.

plants.

ASi'AKAGUS, 1, , . .
Price on application,

Li

T VERY'^~NONSUCH LETTUCE," the"best Summer

X variety in cultivation. Is. per packet, sealed with initials M. A. I.
Price to the Trade on application.

M. A. IvERV, Hanover Nursery, Peckham, S.E.

Splendid New Potato. ^ .,._„„ ,.

SUTTONS' IIKRICSHIUK alDNEY.
SAMPLES on MESSRS. MITTONS STAND, No. 84.

All the iinest varieties at very

s^-^-

ED

I'OTATUS

moderate prices.
II. & F. SnAKrE. Wisbech

Mona's Pride.

MR RUTLEDGE tin- ..ii;;iii;il introducer and gro-n'er
of this EiTRA EAP.LY al.d PROLIFIC SEED POTATO
(as yet unbeaten), begs to .announce th.it his splendid crop, Utled lu
June, 18 now on SALE, on moderate terms.

Hague House, Douglas, .sle of Man.

SlfXTONS' IMPROVKD KOHL RABI.
SPECIMENS on MESSRSJiUTTONS' STAND, No. 84.

OUTTONS' PURPLE-TO? MAMMOTH TURNIP.

O SPECIMENS on MESSRS. SUTTON.S' STAND, No. 81.

CHAMPION S W E 1) E,

,,,o i..L.„,..o.. and the Heaviest Cropper.
SPECIMEN? on MESSRS. SUTTONS' STAND, No. 84,

SUTTONS'
tho Hardiesl^and tin

1234

THE OARDENErxS' (UiTtOKKU.K AND AGRIOULTrRAL PtAZF.TT^

[Decembee 7, 1867.

Exliibitioii of dirysanthemums.

JOHN SALTRR'S C'LLKCTION of these beautiful
FLOWERS is NOW in BLOOM. The Winter Garden contaias
upwards of 2000 plants, iiijviiy of which are perfectly new, buth in
colour and form, and are now exhibited for ttie firat time. The
Gardens are open overy day except Sunday ; admittance free.

VersaUies Nursery, William Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith, W.,
near Kensington Railway Station.

_ Seedling Japanese CHrysanthemums.

JOHN SALTKK has much jih^isuie in announcing
that these extraordinary FLOWERS are NOW in BLOOM ;
their fantastic form, novel and brilliant colours, are the wonder and
admiration of all. The Gardens are Open every day except Sunday,
admittance free,

Versailles Nursery, William Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith,
near Kensington Railway Station.

Gladioli, GladioU, Gladioli.

THOS HEWITT offers large and sound BULBS of
English raised Seedlings of various colours, at is. perdozon, or
26.S, per 100. Being Seedlings of G.imiavensis tdoy •j.ra of robust con-
stitution, and while they are equal in beauty to named varieties, are
not so liable to go diseased. Two Bulbs as sample, free by post, for
12 atampa. Special prices for large quantities.

The Nurseries, Solihull, Warwick shii-e.

CHRISTMAS TKEES.— SPRUCE FIRS, all sizes,
from 1 to 2 feet, up to 10 and 12 feet; COMMON and POR-
TUGAL LATTRELS, 1 to 2 feet, up to 4 and 6 feet ; RHODODEN-
DRON PONTICUM STOCK, fit for immediate working ;
MANETTI STOCK, &c.

For pnces, &c., see Thos. Cufi-ps & Son's TRADE LIST.
The Nurseries, Tunbridgo Wells.

WANTED. COMMON GREEN HOLLIES and
COMMON TEWS. 4 to 6 and 8 feet high ; also PORTUGAL
LAURELS and COMMON TREK BOX, 4 feet hiKh ; BIRCH,
BEECH, and SPANISH CHESTNUTS, 10 to 12 feet high.

Price of all the above per dozen. Address to
W. X., care of Mr. Williams, 32, Walbrook, Mansion Houee, London.

Green Hollies, 4 to 7 feet.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Chester, offers several Thousands
of the above, very handsome plints, in excellent condition for
removing : also an exceedingly larpe stock of extra strong THORNS,
and many Millions of FOREST TREES, includiiiR LARCH of all
sizes, SCOTCH FIR. twice transplanted, Ij to .'J leut ; SPRUCE,
1 to 34 feet, thin on the ground; ASH, '2i to S feet; ELM,
3to6feet: SYCAMORE, 3 to 6 feet ; OAKS, ALDERS. BIRCH, &c.
PRICED LISTS on application.

TEW and RARE TREES and SHRUBS.

N

ULM0S AUREA ROSS EELSI.— This elegant and fiorgeou3 tree
is one of the richest lawn gems that this ape of noveliies has
produced. The foliage is of the richest BRONZED GOLD, which
IS increased in biilltancy by the fullest exposure to the aun.
Price, 10s. Orf., 15.?., to 21s. e:ich.

PRUNUS MAHALEB FOLIIS ARGENTEIS MARUINATIS.—
A be;iutiful silver variegated form of Prunus Mahaleh, rivalling
in effect the elegant Cornus m;iscula variegata. Prico, strong
StandiLL-ds, 16s. each.

MAGNOLIA LENNE.— The flowers of this flne Magnolia are very
large, and of great substance ; colour, rich bright purple. Habit
vigorou-i. Forms a flue mass on lawns. The best of all the
hybrids Price, 7s. Qd. to 10s. Gd. each.

ROSE C0MTE3SE DE JAUCOURT.— This is decidedly the finest
new Rose of 1867. It 13 of vigorous growth, erect habit, and
blooms freely. The flowers are large, nf a beautiful flesh rose, of
exquisite form and very tiioubJt.'. Prico, Dwarfs, 5s. ; Stan-
dards, "s. Gd.

ROSE, TEA, MARECHAL NIEL.— The L-u-gest and most brilliant
of all the yellow Roses. Price— Dwarfs, 2s. Cd. ; Standards, f}S.

LILAC, VILLE DE TROYES (Balt6t fr&ree, Tioyea, 1867).— A
splendid new Lilac, now offered for the Qr«t time. Tiie trusses
are verj large, and of the deepest purple, and produce a flne
efl'ect. Vigorous and very (lowering. Price 5.s'. to 7s. Vd. each.

FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR CUCULLATUS {BaltGt Iriros, Troyes,
18ti7). — This very curious and very ornamental Ash is now offered
for the flibt time. It is of vigorous growth, and the peculiar
noodmg ot the leaves presents a singular and striking aspeot,
Price 6s. to Ts. Gd. each.
Sole Agents in England for the two laat-named novelties, John and

Charli:s Lee, Royal Vinejard Nursery and Seed Establishment,

HammorscQlth, London, W.

NEW DOUBLE-FLOWERED ZONAL GERANIUM "TRIUMPH."

E. G. HENDEKSON & BON

ItESPECTFTJLLT OFFER

THEIR FIRST PLANTS OF THIS SPLENDID VARIETY

"WHICH SURPASSES ALL OTHERS YET OFFERED IN THE GROUP.

[t is an improYement upon Gloire de Nancy in growth, and greatly in advance of it by ita immense trusses
of double rosette-like flowers of a brilliant orange-scarlet.

Having purchased a great extent of the raiser's stock, E. G. H. & Son are now prepared to furnish well-
established plants. It received a Special Certificate at the Exposition Universelle, in Paris, 1867, and by thus
possessing all the desired excellencies of its section in growth and bloom combined, commends itself as a real acquisi-
tion to every collection of Geraniums, and for conservatory decoration generally.

IfEW DOUBLE PELAKGOWIUm " PRINCE of NOVELTIES."

The most unique and beautiful double-flowered variety yet offered, now sending out by E. G. Henderson & Son.
The individual blossoms are If inch wide, of a brilliant carmine-tinted crimson, admirably adapted for dress
bouquets, and for pot culture.

E. G. HENDERSON and SON, WELLINGTON NURSERY, ST. JOHN'S WOOD, N.W.

s

EAKALE for FORCING.— Strong 2-yr. planted

roots, 12s. per mo ; Second Size, Ss, per 100.
Mr. Myatt, Manor Farm, Deptford.

M
M

ILKY "WHITE (Wheeler's), the best second

EARLY KIDNEY POTATO, 5s. per peck.
Mr. Myatt, Manor Farm, Deptford.

ONA'S PRIDE (RouTLEDGE), the best of all the
EARLY ASH-LEAF Section, 2s. del. per peek,
Mr. Mtatt, Manor Farm, Deptford,

MYATT'S PRtiLIFIC KIDNEY POTATO,
2s. 6rf. per peck.
Mr. Myatt, Manor Farm, Deptford.
N.B. All orders from unknown correspondents must be accom-
panied by cash or reference. — Manor Farm, Deptford.

Seed Potatos.

HAND F. SHAKPE ore now offering MYATT'S
- EARLY PROLIFIC KIDNEY, RIVERS' ROYAL ASH-
LEAF, "WEBB'S IMPt;RIALKlDNEY, DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
EARLY OXFORD, EARLY FORTY-FOLD, and many other Early
and Late v;irieties grown from their own selected stocks. The
Prices are moderate, and the quality excellent. PRICED LISTS
may be had on application.

Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech,

M^

ILKY WHITE, a NEW POTATO, introduced by

Messrs. WHEELER and SON, of Gloucester.

M

ILKY WHITE is the best of all Potatos.

MILXY WHITE is acknowledged to be the best of all
Potatos. In shape and colour, fl.ivour and appearance, it
eKi^els every other variety. It is as wiiito as milk, floury as a Fluke,
ripens m August, and continues in splendid oondilion for Cooking
all till ough tno Autumn, Wmter, and Snring. ___^

M

ILKT WHITE POTATO— white as milk.

M

ILKY "WHITE is of the finest quality.

MILKY WHITE SEED POTATOS are very scarce,
and early orders are absolutely necessary in order to secure a
supply. Lowest price, 6s. per peck ; 20s. per bushel (5Glb.)

MILKY WHITE. — Specimens of this new variety of
Potato may be seen at J. C. Whkkler & Sow's STAND, at
the SMITHFIELD CLUB GREAT SHOW of FAT CATTLK, at
the Agrieultural Hall, Islington, December 9, and following days.

MILKY WHITE.— Last year the demand for this new
and most oscellent variety greatly exceeded the supply, so
lliat very early m the planting season Messrs. Wuei.lek & Son were
obliged, much to their regret, to decline orders. They have every
rea&bn to believe that the demand thi« coniuig season will e.\ceed
that of last year ; they therefore respectfully m-go the importance ot
ordering whilst they ai-e to be had. The lowest price is 5s, per peck
(141b.), or 20s. per bushel (BClb.)

J. C, Wheeler & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

BARR & SUGDEN'S ILLUSTRATED SHEET OP ELEGANCIES,

SUCH AS JAKDINETS, ETC., FOR WINTER DECORATION AND CHRISTMAS PRESENTS.

BAKPt & SUGDEN,

THE METROPOLITAN SEED, BULB, AND PLANT WAREHOUSE,

12, KING STREET, CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.
Orders amounting io 21s. se^nt Carriage Faid.

COLLECTIONS of BULBS for Blooming Out-of-doois in Winter and Spring, 10s. &d., 21s. 42s., 63«., and S4s,
„ „ „ In-doors in Winter and Spring, 10s. 6rf., 21,s., 42s., 63s., and 84s.

„ CLIVEDEN Spring Blooming Plants, 12s. 6rf., 25s., 50s., and 100s.

For full particulara of tire .above Collections, see Oardensrs' Clironicle, November 23 ; or,

"THE GrtllDE to WINTER and SPRING GARDENING "-^a copy of which free on application.

SPECIAL

GUINEA BASKET of IMPORTED

Sent Carriage Paid on receipt of a Jdemiitance,

BULBS.

to Bloom Winter and Spring, 21s. :— 40 beautiful
ENGLISH IRIS, 60 (Jo,

COLLECTION No. 1. - IMPORTED DUTCH BULBS for the Flower Garden,
HFACINTHS. 100 do. NARCISSUS. 100 do. TULIPS. 200 do. CROCUS, 100 SNOWDROPS, 26 do.
RANUNCULUS, 50 do. ANEMONES, 25 SCILLAb. Half the quantity, 10s. Qd.

COLLECTION No. 2— IMPORTED DUTCH BULBS for In-doors, to Bloom in Winter and Spring. 2l8. :— .31) spleudid named
HYACINTHS, 30 do POLYANTHS NARCISSUS. 60 do. TULIPS, 100 do. CROCUS, 100 SNOWDROPS, IS IRIS PERSICA, 12 IRIS
PAVONIA, 2 CYCLAMEN PERSICUM. HiOf the quantity, 10s. 6(J.

LILIUM AURATUM, 2s. 6d, 3s. 6d., 5s. 6d., and 7s. 6d. each.

LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM ROSEUM, RUBKUM, and ALBUM, 10s. 6d. and 15s. per dozen. Is. and Is. 6rf. each.
GLADIOLI, all the very best and newest kinds, varjing in price from 3d. to 10s. 6d. each. The most showy
varieties, such as BOVVIENSIS and BKEN'CHLEYIiNSIS, 21s. per 100.
HYACINTHS, TULIPS, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, SNOWDROPS, IRIS. SCILLAS, ANEMONES, RANUNCULUS, &c., for Spring
Blooming, cheap in quantity; PANSIEb, DAISIES, ARABIS ALBIDA. ARABIS VARIEGATA, for Edgings and Ribbons;
AUBRETIA, AJUGA FORGET-ME-NOT, VIOLA CORNUTA, POLYANTHUS, PHLOX FRONDOSA, IBERIS, HEPATICAS,
red and blue ; WALLFLOWER, FORGET-ME-NOT, SILENE, 4c., for Spring Blooming, cheap in quantity.

BARR AND SUGDEN, 12, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.

PARIS, 1867.

FOR EXCELLENCE OF QUALITY.

CAETER'S

SELECT

GARDEN

LIST of KITCHEN

AND

FLOWER SEEDS,

the CHOICEST NOVELTIES of the SEASON, and will be forwarded,
Gi'iitis and Post Free, on application to

Is now ready, containing
CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.

NEW POTATO-VEITCH'S IMPEOVED EARLY ASHLEAF KIDNEY.

MESSRS. JAMES YEITCH & SONS

HAVE MUCH PLEASURE IN OFFERING,

FOR THE FIRST TIME, THIS SPLENDID SEEDLING VARIETY,

which they feel every confidenoe in most strongly recommending.

It is, withont exception, the most abundant cropping early Kidney variety ever offered; whilat its quaUty, form,
and colour are unexceptionable, and in earliness it is second to none.

As a Forcing Potato it must talte a foremost place from its great bearing qualities and earliness, and it is also in
every respect desirable for general out-door planting. The stock being limited, early orders are requested.

Price per Peck, 5s.
SEED CATALOGUE for 1868 nov re».df, Post fee on spplMtisn.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

Deceiibkb 7, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CTTRnNTCT-E AND AGRTCTTTTTTRAL GAZETTE.

1235

LEE'S GI\NT OIUCH (SPINACH).— This new nnd
vnluablo variety of Oraoli possesses ImiueDso productive
powers, combined with ft deliciouH piquant Uavour, qulU dLstiuct
from all other varii'ties, rouderliiy It a, urejitftcfiulwiiion u.s a Sumiotr
Sl'iiuu'li of tho lilgheHt clilsB.

TiM' [ilant is ui ruplil luid vinoruuH growth, find attiitii*a height ol'
'' < I 7 leot, wltlt iiuuierouH braiicbey ; yleldinu a uciuitaut aupi>ly of
I <i r liiLi'k gi'uoii leaves througbnut the summer uioiitbti.

I'lio fruit Coiiiinitttio ol* tho Ruyal Horticultural Society nwnrdod
1 !■ ir.t-claas Cortlfloateto Lun'ii Oiautltracii, aftur piirtJikinRola dlBL
I t 1 liiH moBt uaeful vuKutable, conked u&peclAlly lor thoir judRtiient.

Jiuis k CiiARLKs Lkk liiivo nnicli ploastiro In Introdiidag thin
pruductiso Vdt;etable, whioli they intend to send out In .Imiuary next.
Sealed packets, U. each, i'rioe to the Trade on appllo/itioii.
Roya! Vineyard Nursery and Seed KstablLshnient. HammerHinlth,W".

I'XRY OEWAK begs to offer tlu- uudiTiuentioncd
SEEDS, which lio cau with couQdepoe recoiuuiond im being
' I' ii.4l.-L-lnss (m boaled packuLs only): —

HKWAlt'S IMPROVED SHOUT-TOP ft ED BEETS. Is. per

|.,u kvt„

hKWAR'S NORTHUMBERLAND CHAMPION WHITE
I CKM'i'.lV, \s. ptT piickL't.

liKWAirs EXTRA (JIIOICB (Belectad) BRUSSELS SPROUTS.
\6<{. \»:r p'lcki-'t.

I OKiKE'S IMPROVED SDPERB EARLY DWARF CAUBAQE,
c<i i.i.r uackot.

HALL'S NEW HYURID NETTED GREEN-FLESII MELON :

ii iiiirdy frte-iieHring viiriety, fiuit averagUiK from ;t to fi lb. ; tliln

^klllnud, very tleaby, and cif most eiqulstte flavour; In. liti. per pkt.

(Prices to the Trade on application).

S7, Groy Street, NewcnBtle-tm-Tyiie.

H

TJKIfiATE SILVKU SAND, best quality, Vis. per ton,
Xl^ lit Swan IMttco; itt^llvorud luuj- uiUoa, or to iiiiy London Wharf or
Kftilwii^, Itls. per ton, or Is. liJ. ptr biisljul. (Sacks .at cost price, or
.n lOio.l KENTISH ,aoil IIAMPSIIIUK I'EAT.S, YKLLDW LOAil.
I.IAKMOUI.n, .SPriAONUM MUSS, SCUCOA FIBRE REFUSE.
J. Kennaiid, Swuu Place. Old Kont Hoiid, London, .S.E.

/^OCOA-NUT KEFUSE

^-^ la becoming scaroe, the
old reaerves will soon be gone.
Now sold In bags, 1 for 2«., 10 for
168., 20 for 308., 50 for 6Gs., 100
for £6.

Fourpence allowed tor each
tiag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags], 40«.

Postage Stamps or Fost-offlce
Order, paj'able to J. Babsham &
Co., Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.

L AWES' ■V^^HEAT MANURE for AUTUMN
SOWING.— A supply of the above Manure is now ready lor
delivery, at J. B, La wes' Factories, Deptford and Barking Creeks.
Price j£8 per ton. Two to three cwt. per acre to be harrowed into
the land before the seed is sown. It can be obtniued ol' Mr. Lawi.s,
or througli any of his appointed Agents ; also
LAWES- PATENT TURNIP MANURE .. £6 G 0 per toiL
SUPERPHOaPHATE of LIME .. .. £5 5 0 per ton.

Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO direct from the Importers, and

all Chemical Manures of value.
AMERICAN and other CAKES at market prices.
Address John Bknnkt Lawgs, OfBous, I.Adelaide Place, London
Bridge, E.G. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; & Market Square, Shrewsbui-y.

THE LONDON MANURE COMPANY
(Established 1840)
Have ijow ready for delivery in dry flue condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIM£
PREPARED GDANO
MANGKL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Qenuuie PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ei Dock Wirohouse ; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY
SALT, &c. E. PDBSEB.Secretury.

Offices, tl6, Fencburcb Street, E.G.

Look to your Grass Lands, &c.

EsTABLISnED 1820,

MESSRS. JAURD T. HUNT and SONS beg to
inform their numerous Agricultural Friends and Cu.'rtomers,
that they have now on hand, in the finest condition, their usual
Autumn Stock of

AMMONIACAL CORN MANURE,
which has, for several years, given such Keneraf satisfaction.
They have also always on hand, ready for immediate delivery,
the largest stock of CRUSHED BONES of any firm in the United
Kingdom, viz. :— In i-inch BONES ; }-iiich BONES ; PULVERIZED
BONES for Grass Lands ; prepared BONES for Grape Vines and
H.iiik; also BLOOD MANURE, SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME,
PKUUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA, direct from the
iK-'ks.

i'l lueaand other particulars of the above, at their Works, Lambeth
Willi I. London, S. ; Bow Bridge Works, Stratford, E. ; and Down-
haiii ilarket, Norfolk.

N.B. —Responsible Personfl aa AGENTS WANTED in districts not
yet ropresanted.

TOBACCO TISSUE for Fumipatin? Greonhnuses.
Will DeHtroy Thrtp, Red Spider, Green and Black Fly, and
Mealy Bug ; and bums without the uaslBtanoo of blowing, and Im
entirely Vrvv from paper or rug, X'rlco lin. Ott. pw tb., uarrianu frou.
A I'cductioii In price for largo nuantltlos,

To bo had of Mussrs. Roiikhts & SoNti, Tobacco Manul'ooturorfl,
112, St. John Street, Cterkenwoll, B.C., of whom coplew of Testi-
monials may be obtained ; and of all Seodumou and Nurserymen.

W

TINTEK-DRESS ALL FRUIT TREES with

GISHURST COMPOUND.

Copy of a Letter /roiii Mr. JKiVKRa,Nu7-iaries, SawbrUlgeworUi, HerU,

ltd. Octuhtr, 1801.

" I must tell you what I hoard to-day from a very clever goutloman
farmer. Anthony Uubb, Estj.. of Wltconibo Court. Oloucostor. He
has a wall to which Peach Trees are tralnoil. WoH, lant autumn
they wore in a wretched blighted state. As a dos)»orutB roniody ho
unnailod them all, early last February, and gave all but one a
thorough painting with OiahurBt Compound, lib. to tho gallon of
water; hla trefs, all but the uno, eonimencod to Krow favourably in
spring, and are now picturon nf health. Tho troo not painted la in a
half-dead blighted state. Ilo UHcd tho same dressing tu his Apple
Trees ; It killed the woolly Aphis entliolv, and haw rmule hi« trees
clean and vigorouH In thoir growth. He intends to ptdnt his Wall
Trees annually, nnd tails all his friends to do the same. I shall
certainly serve nil my young Peach Trees against uiv walls In the
same manner. The Compound is, I bolieve, more efHcnclous than
the usual oflenelve mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &e. ; and it does
not blacken the shoots on tho walla."

For Orchard-bouse Trees, 4 ozs. to the gallon will he found a good
strength; when used stronger some buds on woaklv trees may be
Injured.

GISHURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nurserymen and
Seedsmen, in boxes, U.,Sii., and lOs. 6rf. each.

Wholesale by Price's Patknt Candls Company, Limited,
Belmont, Vauxhall, London, S.

Gishurst Compound has more recent testimonials to Its efficacy,
but none more conclusive than the above, wbicn has been published
before.

R

U S T I C B U L

TYE'S HYACINTH
FERN CASES and

B VASES.

GLASSES.
AQUARIA.

CLAXJDET HOUCBfON ivD
bi). lUCII UOLbuRN, VV.l,.
Frice List Ireo on application.

T

HO MAS MILLINGTON and CO.,

Importers, Dealers, and Uanufactdrers of Glass.

87. Bishopsgate Street Without, London, E.C.
PRESENT PRICES of HYACINTH CLASSES.

A.— 28^. per gross. B.— 66fi. per gross.
2s. 6d. per dozen. 6a. per dozen.

The above are made in Green, Blue, Puce, and Amber,
be had in Opal, Is. per dozen extra.

C. — 30s. per gross.
3s. 6d. per dozen.

B can

George Hall, late Manager to the late Saynors' Firm.

He was for 30 Ykars in their Employ.

GEO. HALL AND SUN'S Celebrated PRUNING and
BUDDING KNIVES. SCISSORS, &c., may be obtained from the
most respectable Nurserymen and Seed Merchants in the kingdom,
also America, Franca, Germany, Holland, Prussia, Russia, &c.

N.B.— We only make one quality, the best that can be manu-
factured, the s'lme as the late Savnors always made during their
lifotune. with all the lateat improvements.

Cadtion.— None are genuine unless marked " Geo. Hall & Sqn."
Other marks would cause disappointment, as toese blades are
tempered by a process known only to the Makers.

Engravings of Patterns, with Price Lists gratis, on application.
Horticultural CutU;ry Works, Sheffield.

NEW PEA for 1868. - CULLINGFORD'S CHAMPION.

B. S. WILLIAMS

HAS MUCH PLEASURE IN

OFFERING THIS VALUABLE PEA.

All former VEGETABLE SEEDS sent out by him hn\dng given everj^ Batisfaction, and true to the
description given, he hopes, therefore, ronfidenoe will be placed in this useful addition. It is a very early Wrinkled
Marrow Pea, of robust habit, growing from 4 to 5 feet high, producing well-fiUed dark green pods and Pea. A great
improvement upon the welL-known ajid good kind, Chnmpion of England, from which it has been selected.

This superb variety is offered aa being earlier, superior in elavour, and much more pitoisucTiyE than its
parent — the three essential qualifications of a good Pea. It is the opinion of many Practical Gardeners that this Pea
will be found one of the best and most useful kinds ever offered.

From Mr. Joow Jepfkucb, Sefi^sma/n, «l'c., Woodl/ritlge.

"I have tried your Seedling Pea. and can testify, after forty years*

experience in the general Seed Trade, to its being the best for

cropping, coloui-, and flavour. Can recommend it as superipr to any

I have seen grown."

From Mr. John Woods, Nurserijman and Seedsrndn, Woodbricl-ge.

*' 1 consider your Pea a very supei ii)r variety in eTei'>- respect, and
deserving general cultivation. It iii)peared an excellent cropper,
about the same growtn as Champion of England, but superior to
this variety, having well filled pods of a much belter colour ; the
Peas, when boiled, were also beautifully green, and of exquisite
flavour."

From Mr. Wm. Allen, Qardenw to The Right Hon. Lord Rendle-

sham, Reiidle^ham HcUl, Suffolk.
" I have gro\vn your Seedling Pea. and can testify that for bearing
and flavour it is aflrst-claha variety, and a great acquisition to our

present liat of Peas,"

from Mr. John Pottle, LUtU Bcalings, Suffolk.

" I believe the Pea called CulUtigford's Champion is a very great

ipiprovement on the Champion ot England in flavour, and a more

a±iundant cropper. The colour of it when cooked la or a beautiful

green. This variety is not surpassed by any Pea known to me."

Pxicie §s. 0d.. per ci.ug.r1}. ?ri^e to the Trade on application.

T Labels, Labels, Labels.

REE or PLANT LAIlKLK (Punched Parchment),
1 Inches long, in. per hiiin, nr 10,"i)O for 36* , ctinh on delivery.
Satii',ile Lahtil Nont un ruvuipt of a postage stamp. Orders delivered
free in Londnn by

John Fi.siiKa & Co., Went UoHd Works. Boston, LlncoliishlrO;

J^ A. HAAGK'S (Jun.) WOOD OART)KN HTICKS
X ■ and TALMKS, comniyiKled by the R'.yal Horticultural
Society.— Tho abovo can bo had of nil Hize»— Wbolosalit of Muhhth.
Bctuam & Bi.aceitk, C'jx's <-}uny. Lower Thamen Stri-ct, London,
E.C. ; and Retail ot the principal Soedsmen and FlorlKta. IVico
LIsth on application.

TO liK SOLD, Cheap, an IKON DOME CONSER-
VATORY, 62 foet 8 Inches long, I) foot 4 InohOH wide. Would
make an oxoellent Poach Houho nr (Covered Way. And all other
duHcrlptiona of Horticultural Buildings to be neen at

J. Lkwis's Horticultural Works, stamfiril Hill, Middlesex.

A W ■ « T 1 K F A

For samples and prices apply to
J. Sbaw ft Co.. 29. Oxford Street, Manchester.

N T.

Boyal

TKON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the

J- Agncultural Society).

SHEEP, 3«. fit/. ; CATTLE, U. 2d. : OX, 6«. lid.

List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every description.

St. Pancras Iron Work Company, t)ld St I'ancras Road, London, N.W.

C'l AST IKON 11.VNU-(Ti:aSS"FKAATES (loose U>\i*C).—

V^ Prices: 14-inch, 4.*, ; 18.1nch, 6.*. 04. ; 20-inch, tlx. (id. ; 22-lncb,
7(1. G(l. ; 24-lnch, 8«. fld. each. Twelve or more riolivored free to any
■Station in England on receipt of Post Ottlc-i order.

Catalogues on apuhavtinn.
J. Jones i Sons, C, Bankside, L'mdon, S.E.

THE ■ TANNED LEATHER COMPANY,
Arralt Work.s, GiecnfleM, neir MaucheMter.
TANNERS. CURRIERS, ic MANUFACTURERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER DRIVING STRAPS for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP an^l SOLE BUTTS.
Price Lists sent free by pust.
Warehouse: 81, Mark Lane, Londonj E.C.
^ Mr. H. t eauAiiEE, Agent.

RUSSIA MATS, SEED-BAGS, TWINES.— Prine List
forwarded nn application to Jamks T. Akdersos. Manuf^icturer
of SACKS, SEED BAGS. ROPES, TWINES, HoRSE CLOTH.S,
TARPAULINS, NOSE BAGS, Ac. ; and Importer of every desorip-
tion of RUSSIA MATS, 7. Commercial Street, Shoruditoh, London,
close to tho Great E.toti'rn Railway Terminus.

GARDENET:S~\VA'rERPROOF CAPES^ 3 feet deep.
Lined with Woollen, 4*t. each. 2000 LONDON POLICE CAPES,
168. to 22s. per dozen. GARDEN T A R P A U LI N'.S, id. per square
foot, any i-i/e. CART and WAGGUN TARPAULINS ; WATKR-
PROOF COATS. 7s.; HORSES' LOIN CLOTHS, (i«. ; DRIVING
APRONS, r.«.; Second-hnnd RICK COVERS, J.« per soiwre viU-d :
Strong SHEEP-FOLDING NBT, 33s. per IDO vards ; Long HARE
and RABKIT NETS, for Shooting.

R. Ru irABt-B.tN. y». Euston Roa.J. N.W.

Cornes' Border, Margin, or Edging Cutter Maclilne.

,/{)4irj(lx^,.

J CORNES respecttiilK li \ .f parties

• having chaige of Pxrks Cerai.t<.ni.b Pkiiure Grounda,
Gardeners, and the Public in general, to the above simple and
useful article. To insure the same for the Spring Work an early
order should be given, Price fiom 15s. to "JSs. Licences granted to
Manufacturers, and a liberal commission to the Trade.

Address, J, Cornes, Hf^jrd Bridge Works, Uford, Esses, E.

VICTORIA and PABADXSE ISTURSEitT, UPPER HQLLOWAY, LOOT)0N, N.

/"i ARSON'S .\ N T 1 - C O R R O S 1 O N PAINT,

Vy Patronised bv the Nobility and Gentry, is extensively used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and is proved, after a test
of 70 years, to surpass any otl )r Paint. It is especiallv applicable
to Iron. Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo, and is the only Paint that will
effectually resist tho rays of the sun upon Consermtories, Green-
houses, frames, &c. Is twice aa durable as genuine Wtiite Lead, so
simple in application that aiiv person can use it. por cwt

WHITE, LIGHT STONE. BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 30*.

LEAD.CHOCOLATK, RED, PURPLE. BROWN, and BLACK 'IWs.

BRIGHT GREEN. DEEP GREEN, and BLUE 428.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPENTINE. VARNISHES, BRUSHES, Ac.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Ports

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post free.

Walter Cahson & Sons,

La Belle Sauvage Yard. Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.

CADTmN.— All Casks should bear the Trade Mark. No Agents.

OU Paint no longer Necessary.

*^^_^'vw^^^^.

" ^w/H*i;y^^rfv^s^-^<:>z3

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used iji the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
(lundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
^estimomals have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward on
ippllcfltton.

From the Right Hon. Lord Geeenoob, Wood Shid, Thvrsk.

"Lord Greenock has seen the Patent Black Vamish made by
Messrs. Hill & Hmitii, applied with success, and has heard it highly
recommended by friends who have tested it extensively."

Sold in casks of (ibout 30 Rallont eaun, at lo. tia. pm gallon, at the
ManufaciiUi' , nr ).s. Srf. per giUlon uaidto any Station m the kingdoia.

AptU^ to HiLi. s Smith. Bneriy Hili Iron Workt, near Dudley, and
■J2. Cannon Street West, E.C.. from whom only it can be obtained.

1236

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE .AND ^CtRIOULTURAL GAZETTE,

[December 7, 1867.

Paul and Son's Double Crimson Thorn.

PAUL AND SON beg to offer Strong STANDARDS
and PYRAMIDS— these Inst 6 feet high, branched from fooU-at
6s. each, 506-. per dozen ; MAIDEN DWARFS, 2s. 6d each It is a
new hardy plant of rare merit.

The "Old" Nurseries. Cheshunt, N

W'

M.

New Double Cnmson Thorn.

PAUL has still a few good FLOWERING
PLANTS, eatabUshed in Pots, of this flrst-class new Forcing
I lant, price 6s. each. First-class Certificates at International,
Royal Horticultural, and Koyal Botanic Societies. It was also
forced and exhibited by him on several occasions last spring
Paul's Nurseries, Walthani Cross, N.

.^ Profitable Game Covert.
pLANT your GAME PRtShlRVhS with the BITTER
-L WILLOW. Neither Hares nor Rabbits will destroy them;
ref]uire no care nor protection; grow quickly, and will loroi a good
Cover in one season. The produce is commercially profitable, and
always finds a ready Market. Price of Cuttings, selected. 203. per
1000, cash. Applv to
Wm. ticALiNQ, Willow Merchant, Basford, Notts.

J^„^^ Plane Trees.

OHN AND CHARLES LEE beg to offer a fine
healthy stock of the various kinds of PLANES, of all heights.
up to 16 feet. The Trees are well grown, mth straight stems and
Kood heads. LIMES, 10 to 12 feet.

Koyal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith.
London, "W,

-100,000 Plants, standards, Dwarf Standards,

and Dwarfs.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

WM. PAUL begs to announce that he has the
following COLLECTIONS of TREES and PLANTS now
ready for delivery, which he can confidently recommend for qualitv
and price :— i /

T30SES.-

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE"CATAL0GUE free on application.

TREES and SHRUBS.— Large quantities of the popular
Nursery Plants, of all sizes, sood and cheap
A choice variety of PICTORIAL TREES, his collection of which
was the only one which received a Pnze at the International
Exhibition of 1866.

AMERICAN PLANTS. — Rhodbdendrona, Azaleas,
Kalmias, Heaths, Ac, in variety, from the commonest to the
choicest.

Jorirxmrr, Hazcl, Larch, Scotch, &c.
bCOTT, MeiTiott Nurseries, Somerset, offers to
• Planters Five Acres of Transplanted HAZEL, from 3 to 4. and
4 to 5 ft., very fine ; and large breadths of LARCH, SCOTCH, ASH,
OAK. THORN, &c. Extensive Planters supplied at reduced prices
PORTUGAL LAURELS. YEWS and BOX, large and finely grown
to be SOLD, a Barf:ain. CATALOGUES on application.

Fruit Trees.— The finest Collection in England.
T SCOTT, ilerriott Nurseries, Somerset, begs to
fJ • solicit his Friends and the Public to inspect his immense
Stock, consisting of 700 sorts of APPLES. 50 do. APRICOTS 1<:0 do
CHERRIES, 150 do. PEACHES and N ECTARINES, 900 do. PEARP,
and 150 do. PLUMS, In all manner of tr>iining, well root-pruned
and crefully transplanted; CURRANTS, FILBERTS, GOUSE-
UERRIES, &c. ; making together aoout 1600 sorts of FRUIT
TREES, which for health and heauty cannot be surpassed
CATALOGUES on application.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., Moor Edge Nurseries, Tjinslev,
near Matlock, have to offer a large and GENERAL NURSEftY
STOCK, consisting of Forest Trees and Ornamental Shrubs and
Trees, at very moderate prices.
LARCH, 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, and 4 to 5 feet. 1.3s. per 1000
RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, S to 12 inches, 90s. per 1000:
9 to 16 ins., 13»s. v. 1000 ; 1 to li ft., 150s. p. 1000 ; Uto 2 ft., 260s. p. 1000

PRICED CATALOGUE on application.
Special ofi'ers made to large purchasers.

Tansley Nurseries, near Matlock, Derbyshire.

JOSEPH SMITH, Sen., invites Planters and the
fJ Trade to inspect his Nursery of SO Acres of high land. The soU
Is of a fibrous nature, and the Plants take up with excellent roots
such as to ensure the best success in their removal.

The Nursery contains many Hundred Thousands of RHODODEN-
DRONS, COMMON and PORTUGAL LAURELS, BOX, BROOMS,
BERBERIS, HOLLIES, PRIVETS, YEWS, &c. THE FOREST
TREE.'!) are very extensive, of all the leading kinds; there are
16 Acres of LARCHES, of difi'erent sizes, and ail others in propor-
tion. Prices moderate, which can be had on applcation as above.

ACORNS (ENGLISH), fine sound seed, price upon
application. LAUREL (COMMON), l-yr. Cuttings, extra fine
price upon application. '

TRADE CATALOGUE of JRUITS, HERBACEOUS PLANTS
ROSES, &c., free upon application

A few bushels of HORSE CHESTNUTS also to spare.
DiLLiSTO^E & WoonrnoHPt, Munro Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Essex.

W Large Evergreens, Specimen Conifers, &c.
ATERER AND GODFREY be- to submit the
followinc List to the notice of intending planters :—
YEWS, ENGLISH, 6, 6. 7, 8, 10. 12, and 16 feet high
„ IRISH, 6, 7. 8, and 10 feet high
„ GOLDEN, 6, e, to 9 feet
„ STANDARD GOLDEN, 20 years worked

„ ELEGANTISSIMA, 10 and 15 vears old
„ „ DOVASTON or WEEPING, fln'e heads, lOandlSyears old
We havealtogetherthousandsof thesediflferentYewsof the
large sizes. Every plant has been recently removed
HOLLIES. COMMON GrIeEN, C. 7, 8, 10. 12. and 15 feet high, and
as much in circumference — hundreds
„ LAURIFOLIA and SCOTTICA, C, 7, 8, and 10 feet, and wide

in proportion
„ WATERER'S, the hardiest of all variegated Hollies, 4 and 6 feet

by 10 and 12 feet in circumference
„ THE QUEEN, or best gold striped, the handsomest of all
variegated Hollies

We have hundreds of these beautiful plants, 4, 5, and 7 feet
high and wide
„ STAJ^DARD, WATERER'S, and GOLDEN, with fine heads

lo and 20 years worked
C^ We have some thousands of the ordinary kinds of Variegated
Hollies, 4, 6, (!, and 7 feet high. Every plant has been removed
within 12 months.

CEDRUS DEODARA. some thousands, 6. 7, 8, and 10 feet high
„ ATLANTICA, and Cedars of Lebanon, moved in Auril
4, 5, 6, and 8 feet ^ '

,. RED VIRGINIANS. 5, 6, and 7 feet
CHINESE JUNIPER, one of the handsomest and hardiest of all
ei/ergreens— thousands of beautiful plants, 4, 6, 6, 7, and
8 feet high ; some magnificent plants, 10, 12, and 16 feet higb
12 to 20 leet in circumference
'*'^'^:',-^r.-^xiSS4-* ?^*' ^"'^ ^ *"«et high, 7to 20 feet in circumference
" 91^^^^^' ^*^' ^2. antl 16 feet high, very handsome
„ LOBBIl splendid plants, 7, 8, to 10 feet high, and 12 and 16 feet
round— hundred s
CUPRESbUS LAWSONIANA, the finest stock-many thousands
TUTTT/ViD^Tl'lyi^'i. w'"?f*' ^'S'*' ^°^ ^ "^^*^^ ^^ Circumference
THUJOPSIS BOREALIS, 4, 6, 8, and 10 feet high, 7 to 12 feet in

ciroumferen ce— hund reds
PORTUGAL LAUREL, 4 and 5 feet high, 7 and 8 feet round

Tj^RUIT TEEES. — Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums,
X Figs, Peaches, Nectarines. Apricots, &c., &c. ; Standards,
Dwarfs, and Pyramids, trained and untrained. A large stock of
handsome trees, many in a fruiting state.

GRAPE VINES. -All the best sorts,
and Fruiting Canes,

both Planting

"PELARGONIUMS.— Beaton's and other Zonal kinds,
-i- Gold, Bronze, and Silver variegated, a fine collection.

TTTACINTHS, TULIPS, and other BULBS.— All the

-LX First Prizes for Hyacinths and Tulips were awarded to his
collection at the Loudon Flower Shows last spring. Cheap
Hyacinths, Tulips, &c., for spring gardening by the 100 or 1000
Choicer kinds for pot culture and glasses good and cheap

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of any or all of the
above free by post.

MAURICt; YOUNG'S NEW CATALOGUE of NEW
.rT^„,P.'^'"^K PLANTS, JAPANESE NOVELTIES, NEW
^?g2S^'\„°'"'-*-'*™='''''^'^ TREES and SHRUBS. EVER-
GREENS, CONIFERiE, RHODODENDRONS, FOREST TREES
ac, may be had on .application. '

T\ESIGNS, PLANS, and ESTIMATES PREPARED

^E/^RY.VZSfA7lONl^c^^°^^^' I^^^<>^IN« PARK

"DOTAL VINEYARD PEACH.— This remarkable

-1- K Peach IS of very robust habit, and is a moat prolific bearer

non??* o^^'m^'^^ '° ^^*^ ^^ ^^^^ ^ '^^^'y '^'■OP "^f l'^''g« f''U't -IS an
UKLilAKU STANDARD, sever.al branches having each borne from
tour to five truit, weighing ten ounces a-piece. It is a free-stone oi'
most luscious flavom-, with a superabundance of juice, and is tust
sufflciently piquant to render it highlv refreshing. The time of
npeuing is about a week earlier than the Barrington Peach.

John & Charles Lee have much pleasure in introiucing this
extraordinary Peach, which was exhibited at Mr. Webber'.s, in
Uovent Garden Market, in 1865, and was much admired and inquired
after at the time.

Dwarf Maiden Trees are now ready, price lOs. 6d. each.

Koyal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment. Hammeismith
London, W.

SMelon7New^ybrid~Prize7Golderr Queen.
lUARl AXD .MKlN, Skedsmen, Keiso, N.B., have
_ ™,uch pleasure in ofi'oring the above. It is a hybrid between the
Bromham Hall and Golden Perfection, and the result of a careful
selection by one of the first Gardeners m the North of England Tlie
fruit IS of medium size, 2to2ilb. in weight, round shaped, irregularly
netted, extremely thin skinned, .juicy, tender, melting, and of
dehcioas flavour. A beautiful green-fleshed variety.

The above description is that of Mr. B. S. Williams, of Victoria
Nurseries, London; and Mr. Rose, Haad Gardener to His Grace the
Duke of Roxburghe, Floors Castle, to whom the fruit was submitted
and who pronounced it the finest green-fleshed Melon they had
ever tasted. It was named Golden Queen by Mr Williams in
honour of Her Majesty's visit to Kelso. S. & M. may add that thiH
flrst-class variety is of hardy constitution, a free setter, and has been
awarded a Prize wherever exhibited.
In sealed pacHeba, price 2s. 6d. per packet.

Vines.
TOSEPH "WESTLEY is now prepared to send out
SVTn^®ii""P^°^*^ CANES for fruiting, in pots, of BLACK HAM-
BURGH, S-feet rods, 7s. 6d. each; MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA,
10-feet rods, 10s. 6d. each; extra strong planting CANES of the
above, 3s. Gd. each.

GERANIUMS.
Per dozen. — s. d.
L'ELEGANTE .. .. 35 0

SUNSET 24 0

ITALIA UNIT A

.. .. _. 0

REBECCA .. .. 12 0

MRS. POLLOCK .. ..5 0

SOPHIA DUMARESQUE. 10s.
ALTERNANTHERA, four

Per dozen. — s. d
LA GRANDE .. ..6 0
TRANSCENDANT ..3 0

SHOW PELARGONIUM. 6 0
GOLDEN FLEECE ..3 0

FLOWER of SPRING ..30

': each,

per dozen.

F

OREST TREES

PLANTED
Guaranteed.

by the Acre, and

Convenient railway accommodation to all parts of the country.
Milford Nurseries, near Godalming. Surrev.

c

HARLES NOELE.

10,000 CHRLSTMAS TREES
20,000 DEUTZIA CRENATA FLuRE-PLENO
lO.Onu HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSKS, Dwaif
600,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM.
50,000 , finest named.

100.000 MUSSEL STOCKS.

30,000 MAIDEN and PYRAMIDAL PEARS, APPLES
CHERRIES. PLUMS, PEACHES, and NECTARINES '
20.000 ERICA HERBACEA. i^-v^i^irviwu-D

The above and many other things on offer

CATALOGUES now ready.

Bagshot, December 7.

CISCUS DISCOLOR, 6s. per doz. | HALF SPECIMEN, 10s.6(2. each.

Also collection of 200 varieties of Variegated ZONAL GERA-
NIUMS from 15s. per 100.

Special prices given for quantities on application.

Address, Joseph Westlet, Floral Nurseries, BUsworth, ne.ar
Northampton.

THREE MILLION strong 4-yr. transplanted Q[J1CE.
1,000,000 good 2-yr. transplanted QUICK.
2,000,000 superior Seedling QUICK
100,000 good strong LARCH, 4 to 0 feet
100,000 good strong LARCH, 2 to 4 feet.
For samples and prices apply to
Jqhk Hemsley. High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

Wonersh Nursery, near GuUdford, Surrey.
TX/" YJR&G AND^SON hv'r to announce that their

Stock of TREES and SHRUBS of the undermentioned
kinds IS this season very extensive and well-grown, samples prices
and Catalogues of which can be obtained on application
100,000 Hazel, 3 to 6 feet ~

60,000 Larch Fir. 2 to 3 feet

60.(100 Spruce Fir. 2 to 4 feet

50,000 Birch, 3 to 4 feet [3 ft.

60,000 Spanish Chestnut, 2 to

30,000 Alder. 3 to 4 feet

50,000 Ash, 2 to 3 feet

20,000 Sycamore, 3 to 4 feet

600,000 Quick, transplanted, 1* to

2 feet
60,000 GreenHolly.transplanted,

li to 2 ft.
Common and Portugal Laurel
Berberis aqulfoUa
Arbor-vitffi

MAGNIFICENT DWARF CUT-BACK PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, by the dozen or hundred.
Extra strong 2, 3. and 4-yr. OLD ASPARAGUS PLANTS, by the

100, lOUO, or 10,000.
Fine large BLACK ITALIAN POPLARS. 6 to 10 feet.

Wm. Wood /i Son have to offer a splendid stock of the above.
Addreas, Woodlands Nursery, Mareslield, near Uckfield, Sussex.

QTRONG STANDARD I^d DWARE-TRAINED

^^ APPLES and PEARS.

Fine transplanted LARCH FIR, U to 0 feet

Bushy LAURUSTINUS, LADRELS, and BOX TREES

CHINESE ARBOR- VIT^:, 5 to G feet, fine Pyramids

A choice collection of CONIFER-^

A large assortment of STANDARD and DWARF PERPETUAL,

and strong DWARF CHINA or MONTHLY ROSES, and a

general NURSERY STOCK.
All the above are well rooted, and mil remove with safety. Prices
on application to

CHAnLEs Burgess, The Nurseries, London Road, Cheltenham.

New^ Fruits
pHARLES TURNER has great pleasure in offering
>— ' the following valuable New Fruits :—

FROGMORE EARLY BIGARREAU CHERRY.
The " Florist and Pomologist '" thus describes it :— " Tue Frogmore
Early Bigarreau Cherry will be at its highest excellence, perfectly
ripe, and waning towai-ds its end, before any of the other Bigarreaus
have yet made their appearance. It was raised by Mr Ingram at
Che Royal Gardens at Frogmore. Unlike the class to which it propuriv
belongs, it has a tender melting flesh ; in everv respect it is a Bigar-
reau in habit, leaf, and appearance of the fruit, and must bo classi-
fied along with these varieties ; but as if to set at nought all
human ariangements, it persists in having a delicious melting flesh
instead ot one that Is hard and crackling. The tree is a fiT^^J.
bearer, clusters of a dozen and half to two dozen lar>;e handsun.

--. And other various Shrubs. „. .■ : -" — «^^^u .u.,iD ujaiu^r^u.Lj

A large stock of strong STANDARD MORELLO CHERRIES *--9!''"^peine produced on a small spray; and the fmit ripens in tho

APPLES. PEARS, PLUMS, and DWARF-TRAINED do middle of June."
— ' Strong Plants now Ready.

"?-^A^x?^®."D??Tcy'^"®Sated. 4, 6. 6, 7, and 8 feet^tllousandr
"^EA NOBILIS, splendid plants, moved in sprlnc 4

NORDMANNIANA, 4, 6, 6, 8, 10, and 15 feetti'igV ; [high

;pring,4,6,6,and8feet

ijvjv, uriooii «uu vanegauea, i, ». o 7 and 8 ]

PICEA NOBILIS, splendid plants, moved in

„ NORDMANNIANA, 4, 6, 6, 8, 10, and 15

TtrA^r?li'*T^,^'i''^°>'''-!?^?i",^='''*^"^'^^"'!^"-'S are gral'ted plants!'
„ MAGN IFICA or NOBILIS ROBUSTA, the finest stock in the
trade, all seedlings, 2 to 4 foet high

A'ii^c^P.^VfVA^f^J.i^"^*'.^^^^ ""^ P'^'^s, 4, 5, 0, and 7 feet high, all
ABIES DOUGLAbSII, 6, 6, 7. and 8 feet fseenlinpti

„ ORIENTALIS, 4, 5, 6, 7, to 10 and 12 feet ; 7 to 20 fiet in ?,S
cumfereHce ; most beautiful plants
PmnS CEMBRA, 0, 7, to 9 fust
„ PINSAPO, 3, 4, 5, and 6 feet

„ Some very Une plants, 10 to 20 foet high, 16 and 26 teet
In ctrcuniterence
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, a large number, all removed

recently, 4, 6, G, & 10 It. high, & 12 and l,i ft. in circumferenpe
RHODODENDRON S. - We havl 40 acres of landTn one^ece filled
almost exclusively with Rhododendrons. A more healthv
and beautilul stock cannot be desired
STANDARD RHODODENDRONS.-Some of the finest plants to
be lound in any nursery, many are 20 to 40 years old
[^^ The large Standard and other Rhododendrons planted last
spring in Rotten Row, Hyde Park, were supplied by Waterer
A Godfrey.

We do not quote prices, we presume purchasers of such large
plants will adopt the much wiser, and always more satisfactory
course, of seeing and judging for themselves.

We solicit an inspection and invite comparison with any other
similar nursery stock in the kingdom.

The Knap Hill Nursery la upwards of 160 acres in extent, and con-
tains an enormous and very superior stock of the ordinarv sized
JiVERGREENS. DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL TREES &c

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE will be forw^ed
Iree on application to

Waterer & Godfrey Knap Hill Nm-sery, Woking, Surrey
The Nursery is readily reached by Tram, 40 minutes from Waterioo
to Wokmg. Conveyances are always to be had at the Station.

Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfield,

W Sussex.
M. "WOOD AND SON have a very extensive stock
to ofler of the following, viz. :

Scariet HORSE CHESTNUTS, Standards, 6 to 10 feet flOOO

f Asnfe^^T.ll'^^^'^^^P^l^ I '^H^J^ AUREA, by the 100 or
."^oK»'^y^i,^ytl^'^'*''^°^R"'"P'« strong ASPARAGUS Plants
LARCH. SPRUCE, and SCOTCH FIRS

PINUS AUSTRIACA [and other Forest Trees

ASH. BIRCH, WILLOW, HORNBEAM, OAKS, SYCAMORE

CATALOGUES and Samples may be had on application. '

D^v^^t-.^??*,^®™^^' Nurserymen, and Planters.
ELEPINL'S NEW OENERAL CATALOGUE of
FRUIT and ORNAMENTAL TREES has just been published
Del^pine, Sen., begs to call the attention of Planters to his large
tock ot the following :— ^

^"^"^R^UmNG^Sdj^Bi^* '^'^ ^^^^^ ^^^^'^ ^^^^^ ''^^
FOREST ana ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING and BEARING

TREES, CONIFERiE, EVERGREENS, and SHRUBS
AMERICAN PLANTS and ROSES.

Young Plants or Seedlings of all sorts for Nurseries, Hedges and
extensive Plantations. * '

Proprietor of one of the most extensive Nurseries in this part of
trance (called, with reason, Le Jardin de la France), M. Delepine
**'o.:S, r5?^^.^ very hardy, robust, and strong Stocks of the above.

CAl ALOGUE and Prices may be obtained post free on application
to DELfiPiNE ain6, Nurswryman, Route Neuve de Saumur, h Angers
J? ranee; or of his London Agents, Messrs. R. Silberrad & Son!
6, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street, E.C.

STANDARDS, PYRAMIDS, and DWARF-TRAINED, 10s. 6rf. each

MAIDENS 7s. 6d.

AColoured Drawing by Andrews will be sent on receipt of 13 Stam'ps.
NEW APPLES.

GIPSY KING— This Apple is a very distinct variety, very hand-
some in colour and shape, skin covered over with nut-brown russet,
intermixed with red and carmine on the sunny side ; flesh yellowish!
rich and sugary. Highly recommended as a late keeping variety.
Price 5s. each.

ROUNDWAY MAGNUM BONUM.-This is a very large late
Tariety, an abundant bearer, and of excellent habit. Price 5s. each,

"The Gardeners' Year Book for 1865" thus describes it :—
"This is a first-rate culinary Apple, and one that may also be used
In the dessert The fruit is large, roundish ovate, and angulai- on
the sido. The skin is lemon yellow, with a few broad broken streaks
of pale crimson on one side. The flesh is yellowish wh.te, tender
crisp, very juicy, and with a fine aroma. This was raised by Mr. Joy
Gardener at Roundway Park, Wilts, and received a First-class Cer-
tificate from the Royal Horticultural Society's Fruit Committee."
The Royal Nurseries, Slough.

r,„,,.™« Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

FRUITS, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNAMENTAL TREES

THOMAS WARNER begs to remind Planters and the
Trade, that in addition to his extensive General Nursery Stock
he has the following in immense quantities, of unsurpassed quality
and at very reasonable prices : — i j>

APPLES, APRICOTS, PEARS, and PLUMS, Standards with

stems 4 to C feet, and good heads, extra fine
APRICOTS, CHERRIES, and PEACHES, Dwarfs
CHERRIES and PEACHES, Dwarl-trained

CURRANTS, HOUGHTON CASTLE or VICTORIA. RED strone
GRAPE VII^ES, BLACK HAMBURGH ■^""'''^' "■^^' ^"°°s
STRAWBERRIES (in 26 fine sorts) [good

ROSES, finest varieties, Dwarfs on Manetti, remarkably stromr and
ABIES CANADENSIS or HEMLOCK SPRUCE, 2* to 3* feet
ARBOR-VIT^. AMERICAN, 3 to 5 feet, bushy and weU rooted

.. SIBERIAN, 14 to 4 feet. Pyramids, very handsome
AUCUBA JAPONICA, It mches to 2 feet high, busny
BOX, TREE (various sorts), 1 to 2i feet

CEDRUS ARGENTEA, 1 to 4 leet, transplanted September. 186G
CHESTNUT, SCARLET-FLOWERED, 3 to 8 feet, vorv stout
CLEMATIS VlTALBA (Traveller's Joy), transplanted
ELMS, standards (various sorts), 0 to la feet, extra fine
il^o't ^f^,^S^^,?*.^^,t* Z^^*^' strong and bushy, in pots, remarkably fine
POPLARS. BLACK ITALIAN and ONTARIO, 4 to 8 feet
SAVIN, li to 2J feet
SYCAMORE, COMMON, 4 to 6 feet, very fine

„ VARIEGATED, 4 to 10 feet
THORNS, SCARLET and PINK, Standards, 6 to 8 feet
YEWS. ENGLISH and IRISH, 1 to 4 feet. I

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail

FIFTY ACRES well stocked with FRUIT TRfclES
to select from. — APPLES. PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES
PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, in every form desirea
for fruiting.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, free by post for 3 stamps.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

p» OR

X' APPL

THE OPEN GROUND.^

APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and CHERRIES, fine healthy
Pyramids, very ornamental and productive. Strongly recommended
for large and small gardens.

See Richard biiiTH's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3
^ RioHABP Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

ipSPALIEK and AVALl>-TRAINED TREES
J in any quantity.— APPLES, PEAKS, PLUMS, CHERRIES
PEACHES. NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, fine strong trees of
pertect form.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, free by post for 3 stamps.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

A CROP of FRUIT the FIRST SEASON.-
JTX. Bearing Pyi-amids and Bushes in pots for orchard houses
PEACHES. NECTARINES, APRICOTS, APPLES, PEARS
PLUMS, and CHERRIES. Extra strong VINES and FIGS in
milting condition for forcing.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, post iree for 3 stamps.
Richard Smith, Nurserj'maii, Worcester.

MAGNIFICENT DWaRF-TRAINED

FRUIT TREES,
By the Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand.
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES, NECTA-
RINES, and APRICOTa. [NECTARINE.^
Also Standard, wall-trained, fmit beai-ing, PEACHES and
PYRAMIDAL PEARS on the Quince Stock in a fruit-bearing
state; and PYRAMIDAL PEARS, on the Pear Stock, extra,
strong and well grown.
Wm. Wood & Son have many acres of the above named, which for
health and vigour are quite unsurpassed in the trade. The Trees
have been most carefully trained, and are really examples of suc-
cessf\il cultivation.

Addreas, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfield, Sussex

December 7, I8fi7.1

THE GARDENERS' CTTROMCLE AND AGRTCTTLTURAL GAZETTE.

1237

Roses, Koses, Roses.

PLANTS of all the FINEST VARXETIEvS in
CULTIVATION, in magulflcont order, in the Castlk Stiiket

NORSKItlJH, SALISnUllY.

The Irobt oC Miiy 2-1 destroyod all the blooming buds ; the con-
eeiincncos (iro that tlio Plants have produuod the moat vlyoroun
growtli.

Aniacoiir Roao Grnwora may tnaiiro tho finest Plants that can
poKalblv bo pioduced, true to name, CATALOGUES on apiilicattoii.

VINES, noni Eyes, tho finest in Rnpland, 10«. fir/, each.
John Kbvnks, Castle Struot, Salisbury.

New Roses.

CHARLES VERPIKU, Fils, Nurseryman, 12, Ruo
DnmCnl. Parin, offei-n thia aeasoii, for the first tlino, two NEW
ROSESIhisownSDodlliiKs). viz., HYBRID PERPETUAL MADAME
MARIE CIRODDE, price £1; received M prize at Paris Universal
Exhibition, \m. HYBRID PERPETUAL MADAME ADRLE
BU2ARD, pi-Ico Ids. ; received 3d prize at Paris Universal Exhi-
bition, 18ii7.

Ho also offers fl3 other new varlotloB, tlie list and prices of which
may bo obtained urntla either direct from him or of his Agents,

Messrs, R. SiLnEnitAo & So.v, 6, Harp Lano, Great Tower Street,
London, E.C.

CATALOGUE of GLADIOLI may likewise be had on application.

JOHN CRTTn^^S T 0 N~S"" cTt A L 0 GUE

tJ of SELECTED KOSES is now ready and will bo forwarded
on application.

J. C. respectfully directs attention to the following LIST of
FIRST PRIZES which have been awarded to him at the principal
Rose Shows of tho present year, proving beyond a doubt that the
eoll and climate of his Nurseries are unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Rosos.

Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
June 10.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester.
June 10.— 3C Varieties, Cut Rose^ three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
June 25.-21 Varieties, Cut Roses, one tmss each, FIRST PRIZE

Crystal Palace.
June 20.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal norttcultural Society, South Kensington.
July 2.-72 Vftriotiee, Cut Roses, ono truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.

July 4, 5.— 72 Varieties, Cut Koses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

2i Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Hereford.

July 0.-72 Varieties. Cut Roses, ono truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Rugby

July 12.— 72 Varieties. Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

To tlie Trade Only.

THOMAS CRIPPS AND SON'S WHOLESALE
CATALOGUE for the present Season, containing 62 patres of
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, can be had Post Free. It will be
foun.i to include the NEW SILVER-EDGED PRUNUS (CERASDS)
AI AHALEB, ROSSEELS' NEW GOLDEN ELM. NEW AUCUBAS,
HYDRANGEAS. OSMANTHUS, WElGELAS.and every novelty of
merit. CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA SEED in any quantity.
The Nurseries, Tunbndge Wells, Kent.

LOISE-CHAUVIERE, Seedsman, Nurseryman, and
Florist, 14. Quai de la MesiBserie, Paris, begs to inform his
numerous Friends and thrso interested, that he cau offer the most
complete collection of GLADIOLI bulbs, of the finest quality.

All kinds of VEGETABLE and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS are
supplied by this firm, prices of which may be had on application.

LoisK-Cu.MJviEHF, has been rewarded with the Gold Medal for the
numerous plants which he exhibite'l at the " Unlversil Exhibition,'
amongst which were Glndioh, Dahlias, Gloxinias, Annuals, and
Ornamental plants.

General Nursery Stock.
c^orDofv \ RCHTRALD HENDER-

— — ■ jTi- SON hogs to inform his friends

and patrons that his DESCRIPTIVE
and PRICED CATALOGUE of
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK is
now published, containing practical
directions on the Planting and
Pruning of the various sections of
Roses, with remarks on alt the
leadmc Conifene, Ornamental Trees,
Fruit Tree^, &c.

Also ono of the most SELECT
and CHOICE COLLECTIONS of
VINES m pots ever offered to the
public.

A. H.'s BULB CATALOGUE
contains a Select List of Kitchen
Gard**n and Flower Seeds for autumn
sowing ; also a Choice Assortment of
Gladioli for spnng planting.
CATALOGUES may be had gratis and post free on application.
Sion Nursery, Thomton Heath, Surrey, and at the East Surrey
Seed Warehouse, College Grounds, North End. Crojdon.

Beclc's Seedling Pelargoniums.

SGLENDIMNINO anf. SONS arc now offerin^r for
• the first time the 12 beautiful, new, and distinct PELARGO-
NIUMS raised by Mr. Wiggins, Or. to W. Beck, Esq., of Isleworth,
which were awarded numerous Certificates at the various Metro-
politan Snows.

DhSCRIPTIVE PRICED LIST may be had on application.
Chiswick Nurseries, London, W.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.

JAVATSON'8 bt^autiful BEDDING rELARGONniM
• EXCELSIOR, now ready; colour of Indian Yellow; fine
truss, and habit of Lord Palmerston. Price 5.\', each ; 36s. per doz.
to the Trade

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1, The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates anrt Extra Prize Money.

Fine New TABLE APPLE. ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe in

ApnI. Plants readvin November, 5*-. each ; 36s. per doz to the Trade.

DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

Y

A R I B G A T E D

PELARGONIUMS.

SOPHIA DUMARESQtTE

MRS. BEN YON

GOLDFINCH

LDNA

BEAUTY of OULTON

NEATNESS

ITALIA HNITA

COUNTESS

ELEGANS

THE FAIRY

PICTUR.^TA

BICOLOR SPLENDENS

SUTTON'S HOME-GROWN SEEDS.

(CAIUIIAGE FREE.)

OBTAINED TWO PRIZE MEDALS, PARIS, 1867.

Tho above forwarded on receiDt of Post Office order for 2Is.
If any of tde above kinds are not required, others of equal value
can be substituted.

Alfred Fryer, Nurseries, Chatteris, Cambridgeshire.

N

EW FUCHSIAS, ZONAL GERANIUMS, &c.

12 Select New FCCHSIAS of 18t>7 for 6s.
12 Select New ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1S67 for 12s.
12 Finest ZONAL GERANIUMS of 1865— 1866 for 4fi.
12 Select New CHRYSANTHEMUMS of 1867 for 5s.
12 Select New VERBENAS of 1867 for 45.

12 Select New PETUNIAS of 1867 for 6s.

12 Select New PHLOXES of 1867 for On.
0 Varieties of AUCUBAS, 3 Male, 3 Female, for 21s.
3 Varieiies of N ew Japan OSMANTHUS. quite hardy, 5.?.

12 Fine Varieties of Japan EUONYMUS, very fine. Qs.

12 Fine Varietits Perpetual ROSES, Dwarfs, for 6s.

12 Fine Varieties of VARIEGATED ZONAL GERANIUMS, :2s

GERANIUM GLOIRE DE NANCY, the best double, l.i. each.

COLEUS VEITCniI, U.
GIBSONII, U.
,, LAMONTII, In.

FICUS COOPERI, 28. 6d.

P.VNICUJ1 VARIEGATUM,

28. fld.
BRUGMANSIA KNIGHTII,

la. 6d.

Rhododendron B,

As Kxninnr.n at tiik K'.vai. M.itanh: IUiidf.ns, Reoknt's Park.

JOHN WATKRKK, th.- I'lxlnbitor ut thr above Gardens,
haa (ileahuro In announcUiK that hln CATALOGUE of tho abot-u
popular Plantn tn now publlMhed. and will bo forwarded to all
applicants. It faithfidly dtiscrlboH all the varieties considered
worthy of oultlvatlim. It contuUis llkowUo a solootlon of HARDY
CONIFERS, with holRhl-i uu.l prlcOM.

The American Nun^nry, Baftshot, Surrey.

Hardy, Scarlet, and other choice named
Rhododendrons.

Wll. ROGKKS, K.d L,nlK<- Nursery. Soiitlmmpturi,
• (ifforH tho above hi quantity at XIO per KJo. or Holected In
fine and distinct colours, 3m. pur dozen. Tho plantH are strong,
buflhy, find well rooted. Tho BortH (nbout 200) ure inaKntflcont. and
none finer in cultivation. A llniltL-d number of larRor HpoclmenB,
mil of blooming budfl, 6m. each. A detailed CATALOGUE may he
had on application : ana also of a very fine Collection of CON I FER./T-;,
KOSES, and GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, extending over
60 Acres.

SUTTON AND SONS

IIAVK IMPASUnE IN OFrEIUNO TICE FOLI.OwlN.i

NEW SEEDS AND POTATOS,

the inoriLs of wbtoh have been fully proved in theirTrlal Grounds : —

SUTTON'S MATCHLESS BRUSSELS SPROUTS.—

This Is very superior to the old Brussels Sprout, being ^rller. of
more compact habit, and does not run to seed until very late In
the spring. The stems are completely covered with fine large
globular sprouts, of delicious flavour. Price Is. Qd. per packet.

IMPROVED VARIEGATKl) BORECOLE.— Very nma-
mentJil, and peculiarly adapted for garnishing, on account of Its
fine variegation, varying fri^m white to a deep purple. Price \n,
per packet.

SUTTONS' PROTECTING BROCCOLL — Fine pure

white, with well-formed heads, recommended by the late Dr.
Lindley, In the QardeimrsC Chronicle, as one of the best and
largest Broccolis grown. Price \s. per packet.

NEW EARLY DWARF MAMMOTH CAULIFLOWER.

—A most excellent compact variety, producing a firm white
head, earlier than tho Walcheren, and the best for early forcing.
Price Is. 6(?, per packet.

HAMILTON'S NEEDLE GUN CUCUMBER. — An

improved and distinct black-spine variety, handsome, and of
splendid quality, 20 to 24 inches long. Price 28. 6rf. per packet.

HAMILTON'S INVINCIBLE CUCUiA[BER.— This is

without exception tho fliiest white-spine variety in cultiv.ation.
We recently forwarded a remarkable specimen to the Editor of
the Oardeners' Chronicte, who referred to it as follows : — " Your
specimen of H;imiltou'3 Invincible is certainly the largest of
which we have either seen or read. It measures 38 inches in
length, lOJ inches m circumference, and weighs 12^ pounds. It
is short-necked, straight, and altogether handsome in form."
Price 2s. 6(f. per packet.

HAMILTON'S BRITISH VOLUNTEER CUCUMBER.

—A remarkably fine black-spine variety, very long, and one of
the largesT. in cultivation. It ia handsome, and fine flavour.
Price 2*. Crf. per packet.

SULHAM PRIZE CELERY.— An excellent new pink
variety, large, crisp, very solid, and fine flavour, strongly recom-
mended. Price Is. 6d. per packet.

NEW HARDY WHITE DUTCH CABBAGE LETTUCE.

— A most excellent new variety, very large and compact, per-
fectly hardy, and strongly recommended. Price Is. per packet,
or 2s. Gd. per oz.

NEW STRIPED JAPANESE MAIZE. — A new
ornamental foliaged variety, of great beauty. The leaves are a
bright green, striped with pure white. It is a most interesting
and valuable introduction, and should occupy a place in every
garden. It will be found to produce an elegant effect when
planted in groups of three or more plants on lawns, Grass plots,
or in flower borders and shrubberies. Price Is. and 25. 6rf. per
packet.

THE SULTAN GREEN-FLESHED MELON.— This

was exhibited for the flrst time by the raiser, R. Webb, Esq., of
Calcot (of whom we have purchased the entire stock), at the
Royal Horticultural Society's Great Show at Bury St. Edmund's,
in July last, on the occasion of the visit of the Viceroy of Egvpt,
where it obtained First Prize, after i verv keen competition.
The skin is of light grey colour, and perfectly sraootn. The
flesh is pale green, of extremely rich flavour, and was referred to
by the leading Horticultural Papers .as altogether a first-class
variety. Price 2s. 6d. per packet of six seeds.

WARD'S NEW NETTED SCARLET-FLESH MELON.

— This is certainly one of the best Scarlet-flesh Melons iu culti-
vation. It earned First Prize against 45 competitors at the i
Crystal Palace Show of September last. It is beautifully netted,
medium size, and very sui>erior flavour. Our seed is from the
Prize Fruit. Price Is. 6(^ per packet.

BUTTONS' IMPROVED READING ONION. — This

v.ariety, the result of many years' careful selection, is certainly
the best in cultivation. It is very handsome sliape, large, heavy,
and fine flavour, and has taken numerous prizes this seasion. It
also obtained the prize at the International Horticultural
Exhibition. Price Is. per oz.

SUTTONS' RINGLEADER PEA.-The forwardest Pea

known. Its merits are now so generally acknowledged as not to
need repetition hero. Price 2.s. Gd. per quart.

BUTTONS' IMPROVED EARLY CHAMPION PEA,—

A most excellent vanety, only three days later than the fore-
going. It is very prolific, the haulm being profusely covered
with fine, long, and well-filled pods. It is fit for gathering about
a week culier than Daniel O'Rourke, Price Is, 6rf. per quart.

NELSON'S VANGUARD PEA— After three seasons'

trial in our sample ttrounds, we have no hesitation in saying that
this is one ol the best wrinkled Peas in cultivation. It is very
productive, of excellent flavour, compact habit, and covered
with fine large pods. Price 3s, Gd. per quart,

BUTTONS' IMPROVED GARNISHING PARSLEY.—

Dwarf, compact, and beautifully curled. Price M. per oz,

SUTTONS" EARLY RACEHORSE KIDNEY POTATO-

— Earlier than any Potato known. This variety was sent out by
us six years ago, and in every description of soil has thoroughly
established its superiority, being ready to dig before the Wainut-
leal, and at the same yielding tubers nearly double the size. As
our stock is very limited, early orders must be sent to secure a
supply. Price 5s. per peck.

SUTTONS' BERKSHIRE KIDNEY.— This was raised

and selected from among forty seedlings of the Fluke, Having
ourselves planted it with difl^erent varieties of that cla^s, we
have proved it to be by far the best of them all. and fully a
fortnight earlier. The tubei-s are all of good size, very numerous,
of fine form, and remarkably clear skin. It ia most valuable for
the main garden crop, and will become a favourite with market
gardeners. It has been remarkably free from disease, while
other varieties growing close by were almost destroyed. The
Steele of this Potato is exclusively in onr possession, and being
limited, early orders are recommended to prevent disappoint-
ment. Price 5s. per peck.

Viola Lutea (Yellow-flowered Violet).

BS. WILLIAMS h;i,-. niu.'li plmsiuv in hciiiK enabled
• to ofler Choice and Selected Seed of thy abovo beautiful
Plant. Habit dwarl yet vIgorouM, foliage dark glussy groon, flowers
bright yullnw, which are produced in great pjofuslon all through
tho early Spring, .Summer, and Autumn months. Tho plant tioe«
not grow more than fi inches high ; It is perfectly hardy, therefore
well adapted for small beds, odgiugs, or marginal lines. It is without
doubt the bust yellow-flowered bedding plant In cultivation. It was
spoken very highly of In the leading article of tho Ganlenero'
Chronicle, Sovembor a.

Mr. Fi.sh, In his remarks about Violas {Qardenfrn' Clironiclf.,
October 2fi), states that Viola lutea is a perfect gem, and is invalu-
able for a dwarf yellow bod or edgings. It is a bright yellow, of tho
most compact habit, and seemstoflower more freely than V, cornuta.
Price Is., 1«. iSd., and 2s. 6rf. per packet.

VIOLA PURPLE gUEEN, true stock, 6d. and Is. per packet.

VHJliA MAUVE fH'I'l'^^". t'""i' ^tock, (></. and Is. per packet.

B, S. \V]Li,rAM?i, V'lotiiria ami r;ir;i'liho Nursery, Upper Holloway, N,

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutcli Bulbs, &c.

R0IU':RT PARKER bei^s to announce that his NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of Now. Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and Stove
Plants, Azalea indica. Fruit Trees, Grape Vines, Rhododendrons,
Roses, Sweet Violets, ic. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, Cyclamens, Gladioli,
liyacinths, Liliums, Narcissus, Tulips, and other Bulbs, is now
published and will be forwarded to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps. Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties. 38 pages.
Including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery. S.E,, a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Wilt (BarrreneriS'Cfirnntcle.

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1867.

CATALOOUEor NEW and CHOICE PLANTS sent on application.
B. W. Kitiout, Nureeryman, Battle, Sussex.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES

Gratis on application.

.Ill Goods Carriage Frcf.

STITTON AND SONS,

ROY.U. BERKS SEEP ESTABLISHMENT. READING.

The Planting Season ia again upon us, and is
suggestive of quick and ready action. There are
probably very few, if any, gardens and pleasure
grounds, to say nothing of parks and planta-
tions, that would not in any year of grace be
improved by a judicious revision of their
arboreal elements, with the view both to sub-
traction and addition — the former process
including the thinning out of crowded, unsuit-
able, or unsightly trees, or overgrown shrubs,
which are either objectionable iu themselves
or are doing injury to more valuable plants;
and the latter embracing the whole field
which lies before the planter of ornamental and
interesting trees, now so abundant and so
varied, but which, speaking in general terms,
are but sparingly made use of, and far too little
appreciated.

Our opening remark applies equally to the
planting of all kinds of trees, whether for orna-
ment or use, whether for fruit or timber ; for the
exceptions are so exceptional as not to affect the
general truth that the resting period of vegeta-
tion, as represented by our autumn and the
early or milder parts of our winter season, is
that iu which the bulk of tree-planting has to
be accomplished. In the case of deciduous trees
the rule applies in all its force, and the reason
is obvious, for having .shed their leaves, there
is then, for the time, Ettle demand upon
their roots, and so opportunity is afforded for a
fresh crop of rootlets and spongioles to be
formed before the tree again clothes itself in
its leafy garment, and pumps up the juices
provided by tho root-suckers. Once get all this
machinery in motion, and then transplantation,
(which, iu the gardening sense at least, implies
something more than mere removal from place
to place, and involves continuity of life and
growth), becomes a successfuDy accomplished fact.
With evergreens, doubtless, the case is some-
what different. There is no complete disrobing,
as it were, and there is in consequence no such
complete cessation of active life. The cessation,
such as it is, comes at a later period, when there is a
slackening of the life strings, a partial dismant-
ling ; and then follows an impulsive start into
renewed activity. Hence it is that, external
conditions being either naturally propitious, or
being rendered so by art, spring-planting is
found to be more suitable for evergreens than
for deciduous trees — jierhaps, indeed, the most
suitable for them. But, looking again at the
question from a general point of view, it is no
doubt also true, that the condition of oui- climate,
in autumn and winter, is so little conducive to

1238

THE GAEDEKERS' OMKONICLE J\^^T) jVGRICIIT.TURAL GAZETTE.

[Decembeb 7, 1867.

exhaustion of the plant, that even evergreens
may be safely transplanted at any convenient
earlier period than that just indicated, though,
on the ground of the more genial condition of the
soil, early autumn or late spring seem to be
indicated as the seasons most propitious for
their removal, and mid-winter the least so.
This conclusion does not however hold good, as
regards the late spring, in the case of deciduous
trees, since they, if planted just as their buds are
about to burst forth, have necessarily at first to
depend entirely for their support upon the juices
within the stem or branches, the roots not
having had sufBcieut time to assume their
proper office of feeders, while the buds and
young leaves are becoming every day more and
more insatiable in their demand for food.

We thus arrive at the conclusion that there are
before us some weeks — more or fewer, according
as frost may attack us or leave us free — in which
the transplanting of deciduous trees may be
carried out with perfect success. We have
already remarked that there are few gardens
and pleasure grounds that may not be greatly
improved by thinning and planting — we wiE not
say so much by the rushing after and indiscrimi-
nately planting of novelties in the shape of orna-
mental trees, as by the judicious introduction of
the very many trees and shi'ubs of a decorative
character which exist on all sides in abun-
dance, and of which the habit and quality are
already fully known, this planting being attended
by the careful thinning and opening out of overS
grown masses. The variety of form and tint
which is atforded by the foliage of deciduous
trees is such as those who have not well consi-
dered the subject can have no conception of;
and the beautiful combinations of colour
in the greens of spring time, and the
browns and reds and yellows of autumn, to say
nothing of the summer beauty of coloured-
leaved trees, afford scope in theii' arrangement
and blending for the highest artistic talent.
Much information has from time to time been
given on these matters in our columns,
such as is likely to prove useful both
to gardeners and their employers, if they
have any regard for the embellishment of
their grounds. We admire evergreens — none
can do so more heartily — and we fully admit
the advantages secured by a liberal use of
them, both near our homes and in more distant
scenery, especially the sense of seclusion and
.shelter which they impart to the former ; but
there exists a certain degree of sameness among
them, and we venture to assert that one half, if
not more, of the beauties which pleasure-ground
and park scenery is capable of unfolding, is lost,
if there be not blended with the evergreens a
suitiible selection of the deciduous trees, with
which our nurseries abound in such profuse
variety. We may point merely to the groups of
Ijimes, Maples, Oaks, Birches, Poplars, Elms,
and Planes, of Horse Chestnuts, False Acacias,
Sophoras, Gleditschias, Ashes. Ailants, Hicko-
ries, and Walnuts, to say nothing of Willows
and Alders, or smaller flowering subjects, as
Magnolias or Thorns, as affording abundant
evidence in support of the foregoing statements.
We allude not here to the commoner forms of
these trees, noble as ai-e many of them, but to
less familiar, though not less beautiful, species
and varieties, which to the majoi-ity of planters
have remained too long uucared for, if not
unknown, in the nursery quarters of our great
Commercial gardeners.

We have lately received some corms of
GrLABiOLirs attacked by a most fatal disease,
which has destroyed the greater part of a collec-
tion near Deal. The corms have been planted ;
in different parts of the garden, the soil of which
is a rich friable loam ; but wherever planted,
some have been attacked and never bloomed, while j
others bloomed freely, but were at length seized I
by the malady. Neighbouring gardens have all
suffered more or less, though affording different
soils and different situations. The affection
evidently depends on some local conditions, as
corms from the same collection sent to Ireland
ai'e, we are informed, quite free from the disease.

The appearance of the corms is very curious.
The whole of the surface is speckled with
orbicular more or less concentrically disposed
brown spots, which at length become confluent.
These spots, which are at first extremely smooth
and shining, gradually become depressed, lose
their brilliancy, bursi", and expose a cavity of
greater or loss depth, filled with a brown mass
of disintegrated cells. On many of the spots

there is a minute shining blaick Fungus, in too
early a stage of development to show its real
nature, and which may possibly have nothing to
do with the malady. The spots very generally
correspond with bundles of vessels radiating
from the base, with the diseased state of which
they are very probably connected.

The disease seems to accord very closely with
one which is very prevalent in the corms of
Saffron in France, and which was described by
FouGEROTJX DE BoNDAKOT, in the Memoirs of
the Academy of Science, so long ago as 1782.
We are indebted also for a memoir on the subject
to Dr. MowTAGNE, a translation of wliich will be
found in the Journal of the Horticultural Society
of London (vol. v., p. 21). The structure in the
present instance is just what is represented
there, and closely resembles that which is
observable in Potatos affected by the murrain.
It is very probable that in both cases of " Tacon "
the parasite is the same, but in Dr. Montagne's
specimens the disease was evidently further
advanced than in those before us.

In making a vertical section, the whole' of the
centre of the corm, including the base and
germinating point, appears highly diseased, the
surrounding substance, with the exception of
the bundles of vessels and superficial spots, being
comparativelj' sound. It seems very probable,
therefore, that the malady originates in the roots,
but of the immediate cause we are in complete
ignorance, and can therefore suggest no remedy.
M. J. B. ^

LetIEEs just received from Calcutta inform us

of the destruction of the Calcutta Botanic Gabden
by the fearful cyclone of November 1st. This storm
has swept away the few valuable trees in this garden
that escaped during the cyclone of 18(U. The extensive
plantations made in 1862 and IBM, comprisnig many
thousands of fine and interestinj plants, have been
levelled, and most of the plants have been uprooted.
It is impossible, says our correspondent, to convey by
words the extent of the ruin caused by this terrific
cyclone. Thus this famous garden, from which such
benefits have accrued to India as well as to botanical
.science, is reduced to a mere heap of ruins. We shall
allude to the subject again in our ne.xt issue.

Mrs. PiNCE's Black Muscat Gkape keeps

up its well-won reputation. The samples of this year's
crop which have been sent to us recently, are not so well
coloured as we have seen in this variety, probably, as
some of our correspondents have intimated, from over-
cropping, but their quality is nevertheless most excel-
lent, and the Muscat flavour well marked. The demand
for this variety has been such, that it has been found
; necessary to cut the fruit earlier than usual, in order
to provide means of propagation.

We received a short time ago, from Messrs.

; Petee Lawson k Son, a sample head or two of a
seedling Sprouting Cabbage, the result of a cross
bet\yeen the Brussels Sprouts and a Cabbage. The plant
produces a distinct Cabbage head of the Sugar-loaf
form, and the stems are thickly feathered with rather
large sprouts, which become more or less close heads.
When cooked, both sprouts and heads proved to be
excelleut, being quite tender, and with a mild Cabbage
flavour. There is no doubt that this will be a first-class
and most useful vegetable, if it can be fixed, for after
cutting the principal head, there is an excellent
supply of sprouts, which are very tender and sweet.
With the new Cabbage, came a sample of Messrs.
Lawsons' Ciu-led Borecole, which was the most beau-
tifully curled we remember to have seen.

Desirous at some future time of publishing a

complete Floea of Buckinohamshiee, Mr. James
Beitten, of High Wycombe, has issued a preliminary
catalogue of all the plants known at present as growing
in that county. The author hopes to receive assist-
ance fi'om those " who possess any knowledge, however
slight, of the botanical productions of the county."
The list in question can be had from the author as
above by enclosing a stamp for postage. In the time of
Sibthorp, Stx)ken Church woods on the borders of
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire were famous bota-
nising grounds, and yielded several rarities, but we are
not aware as to what is the state of things now-a-days.

In addition to what Was stated last week (see

p. 1213) we may mention that the King of Peussia
has conferred the Order of the Ci'own of Prussia on
M. Baeillet, who has, for the most part, arranged
the public gardens recently formed in Paris.
We learn moreover that Messrs. YEiTrH &
Sons have received official information that they
have gained one of the " grands prix," or large Gold
Medals, at the Paris E.xhibition— a good evidence that
British horticulture can bear comparison with foreign,
even when the competition is so far off from our
shores. We also understand that Messrs. Shanks &
Sons, of Arbroath, have taken the only medal awarded
for lawn-mowers in Class IX.; and that Messrs.
DowNiE. Laied, & Laing, have been awarded a
Bronze Medal for Pansies.

A recent memorandum issued by the Imperial

Commission of the Paeis Exhibition announces
that the Gold Medals awarded in the agricultural and
horticultural departments were to be had on the 25th
and 28th of November, at the Avenue de Labour-
donnaye. Thegreatprizeof 10,000 francs, the other great
prizes, and the ohjefs d'art. which, in conformity

with a decision of the International Jury, are joined
to a certain number of Gold Medals, will be awarded
on a special occasion (dans nne sotennite specialej.
The date for this ceremony depends on the completion
of the works of art, which could not be ordered till
afterthe close of the Exhibition, when the final
decisions of the jury had been arrived at. As soon as
possible the date fixed on for the distribution of
medals, &c., for the agricultural and horticultural
departments, will be announced in the Monitenr. It
will be seen that this notice does not apply to the
awards of Silver or Bronze Medals.

We remind young gardeners, as well as those

who take interest in their advancement, that the
WiNTEE Examination of the Royal Horticultural
Society commences on the 17th inst. It is open to all
young men to participate in the exapainatiou for Cer-
tificates, on obtaining a recommendation from a Fellow,
or the Director of any public garden ; but the Candi-
dates for the Associateship must have undergone a
previous examination by the Society of Arts on certain
points, which, in consequence, are not included in the
horticultural programme. Viewed merely as incen-
tives to self-improvement, these examinations cannot
possibly be otherwise than beneficial to the young men
who submit to them, and we are therefore surprised to
notice the apathy,, if not opposition, with which they
are met by some, who might often be doing good service
to Horticulture by inducing young gardeners to avail
themselves of these opportunities.

We mentioned at p. 1195, that Mr. Saltee had

this year bloomed a collection of Seedlings of a new
race of Japan ese Chetsanthbmums, and we desire
novy to add a brief record of a few of the best varieties
which have bloomed up to this time. The novelties
now referred to are by no means to be confounded with
the florists' varieties of Chrysanthemums, since they
present the very antipodes of the "properties"
required in flowers used for exhibition purposes ; but
the best and most distinct of them will be parti-
cularly interesting and attractive for conservatory
decoration, besides which they are mostly late
flowering sorts, and will thus carry on the Chi'ysan-
themum in-door season probably as far as the end of
January. There are four types observable in this new
Japanese race, which may be distinguished as the
echinate or porcupine-flowered ; the radiate-flowered ;
the actinioid or thread-flowered ; and the flat, or ribbon-
flowered. To the first of these may be referred Gold
Thread, a free-blooming sort, that opens early and
keeps for a long period in bloom ; in this the florets
form stiff, slender quills, which are a little incurved
and pointed at the tips, and are yellow, taking on a
purplish tinge at the circumference of the bloom. To
the second belongs Tarantula, a most singular spider-
like flower, with a close, button-like disk, and a spread-
ing ray of a single series of long, straight, slender,
tubular florets. The actinioid, or thread-flowered
varieties are, so far as can be seen at present, the most
novel and ornamental. They are numerous, of varied
colours, and have the florets rolled longitudinally into
a long, subulate, or thread-like form, at length twisting
and feUing about in a confused manner, but forming
loose, elegant tassels, quite unlike the bloouis of
ordinary Chrysanthemums. The choicer varieties
now blooming are — Wizard, a deep chestnut red,
with yellow eye ; Meteor, orange yellow ; Red
Dragon, a reddish chestnut, with yellow tips and
yellowish centre ; Comet, orange, passing to bright
chestnut-red ; Leopard, Indian-red, spotted with
yellow ; Aime Marvel, pale flesh colour ; Nagasaki
Violet, a deep clear rosy violet, with yellov/ eye, the
florets sometimes spotted iwith white ; Roseum album,
a dwarf free -blooming I sort,^ rosy purple, tipped, mottled
and streaked with white ; Purpureum punctatum, a tall
purple and white ; and The Mdcado, clear bright yellow.
The ribbon-flowered group consists of varieties with
long, broad, flat, but pointed florets, which fall about in
various directions, sometimes assuming a kind of spiral
form, and in many instances, probably in all, forming large
showy blooms, 'i'woof the finest of these are Aurantium,
an orange yellow ; and The Daimio, a pale rosy lilac.
Others are Sulphureum, a sulphur white, which last
year was spotted with rose; Red Indian, an
Indian-red: Jeddo Lilio, a free pale rosy lilac, similar
to The Daimio in colour, but smaller; and Prince
Satsuma, a bri.ght golden yellow, with somewhat stifier
florets. These all agree in having the long-pointed
ribbon-shaped petals. On account of their quaint and
unfamiliar forms, and the late blooming period which
seems to be a general characteristic of the race, these
novelties may be welcomed as interesting additions to
our decorative conservatory plants.

We are glad to be able to inform our readers

that the efforts which have been made for raising the
Guaeantee Fund for the Royal Horticultural
Society's Show to be held at Leicestee next summer,
have been singularly successful. There_ is also, we
hear, every reason to believe that the Special Prize List
will follow in the same course. Mr. M. Hendeesoit,
gr. to Sir G, H. Beaumont, of Cole Ortcn Hall,
Ashby-de-la-Zouch, one of the Leicester Committee,
volunteers to raise a five-guinea cup from the village
of Ashby alone. If practical men take the matter up
in earnest, like this, the thing is done.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

ACEE Feedeeici Guillemi.— iJei). Hort., 1867,
391, with fig. Aceraceas. One of a group of beautiful
Japanese Maples, which form slender deciduous trees
with numerous spreading branches. The leaves in this
case are digitate with slender petioles; the primary
divisions elongated, attenuated, and deeply laciniate,
with irregularly-toothed segments, which at first are of
a brownish-red, and afterwards of a greenish-red, often
streaked with rose and white. It is regarded as an

December 7, 18G7.]

THE (iAHI)ENERS' CIIEOXICLE ANT) AGRICULTTnUL (iAZETTl

1239

aualoKiio of A. platanoides laoiniatum. Native of
Japan. Urown by M. A. Verauliall'olt.

ArEU nnNATUM.— iJeu. Hort., 1807, 391, with fiR.
Aniillii-rlHiaiiiifiil sleiHler-growiiiBilooiduoiis tree, willi
iiiimdiMUs re;illiery branclios, bcarinf? llio dinitato
leaves oil slender poliioles; ihoir divisions ;irc ;iHciiu;ited
and ilceply out, with long slemliT tool. lied siT^uimls,
of a dnll sombre red, mixeii with copiiery-reil ancl
afterwards becomini; greenish-red. It is an analoguo
of A. jilatanoides palinatipartitum, nnd appears to be
tlie same as the plant with the inconveniently lenRtliy
name of A. palmatum dissectum foliis pinnatilidis
roseo-pietis ! Native of Japan. Grown by M. A.
• Terschalfelt.

AuKicuLA, Petek Campbell.— P/o™; Marj.^i. 311.
Primnlaeca;. A line green-edged variety, ot pood
propirtios, liaving a ground colour of dark brown
crimson, and forming a pleasing st:ige flower, liaised
by Mr. Cnnninghani, Urookfield, near Johnstone.

Camkllia BUCIIESSE DE NASSAU.— f/om/ Mar/.,'
t. 3 16. Tornstromiacesc. A pretty variety, rather :
under-sized, of imbrioatod form, and of a delicate soft
pink. The flower is spoiled by the blotchy appearance
imiiarted by the inner petals, if they are, as repre-
sented, edged with deep ceri.so red. A Belgian garden
variety.

CLmiATis D.wiDiANA.— Tfeii. Hort. 1SB7, 90, with
lig. llanuneulacea'. A rather desirable and showy
hardy perennial, with hairy stems, growing about
i\ feet nigh, furnished with ternato leaves with oval
crennlated leaflets, and bearing bine tubuloso flowers,
which are mostly produced in clustered bands of Ci— 15
flowers, or more rarely singly in the leaf a.xils. The
more numerous flowers render it superior to C. tubu-
losa, to which it is allied. Native of China. Flowered
in the .Tardin dn Mus(?um, Paris.

EriDENDItuii Bli.iSAVOL.!:.- Soi. Mag., t. 5664.
Orchidaceie. A handsome stove epiphyte, described
at p. fi8'2 of our present volume. Its many-flowered
racemes of large blossoms, with linear-lanceolate :
yellowish-brown sepals and petals, and large ovate '
acuminate lip, straw-coloured at llie base, with the ■
ape.t purple, give it a very distinct and showy I
character. Native of Guatemala. Flowered by Mr.
Bateman. I

IroMCEA Gerkaedi.— 5o/. Man., t. .5651. Convol-
vulacca3. A tine chuibing perennial, known in Natal
as " wild cotton." It has a thick tuberous root-stock,
annual stems 10 to 15 feet long, roundish, cordate leaves,
and large white flowers, which are produced copiously
in the moderate iieat of the stove. Native of Natal.
Flowered at Kew.

MlLTONlA SPECTABILIS ROSEA. — L'lllust. Hort.,':
t. 521. Orchidaceie. A very beautiful stove epiphyte,
resembling the typical M. spectabilis in everything
but the colour of the flowers, which is a pale rosy
blush, the lip being prominently marked with longitu-
dinal irregular bar.s of deep rosy crimson. Native of
lirazil. Flowered by M. A. VerschaU'elt, and in this
country by W. Marshall, Esq.. and others.

Khaphia TyEDiGERA. — L Illust. Sort., t. 499.
Palmese. A moderate-sized Palm tree, of elegant
habit, with a robust cylindrical stein, and long pinnate
arching fronds, having narrow lanceolate s))inulose
leaflets. The inflorescence forms a large pendent
cluster, issuing from between the base of the leaves,
and the fruit is strobiliform. Native of Brazil.

liONDELETIA PURDIEI.— ^oi!. Mag., t. 5669.
Cinclionacese. A very desirable evergreen stove shrub,
with ovate oblong leaves, and dense terminal corymbose
panicles of pale yellow flowers, which are very freely
produced, and very fragrant. Native of New Grenada.
Flowered at Kew.

Tacsonia BUCHANANI.— i'7??«s/. Sort., t. 519.
Passilloraceue. A remarkably handsome climbing stove
shrub, having terete stems, bearing five-lobed deeply
;ind unequally toothed leaves, with several glands in
tiicir sinuses, and fui'nished with large, showy, short-
tubed, bright red flowers, provided with dentate bracts.
Native of Panama. Flowered by Mr. Buchanan, of
New York.

NATURAL PLANT PROTECTORS.

Sir "William Thomson's reply to my criticism is
the best possible justification of its necessity. It has
atlbrded Sir AVilliam the opportunity of correcting the
report of his address, so as to render it intelligible, and
to supplement it by extracts from his papers, that will
render any future mistake about his theory of the
beating influence of dew impossible. I confess
that I did confound Tyndall's theory with Sir
William's, because each of them, as I supposed,
attributed protective influence to vapour of water in
the air. And hence my complaint of scientific writers
making vague appeals to the developed principles of
Wells, in support of a theory of \vbich Wells never
dreamed, &.c. I now withdraw this complaint, and
agree with Sir William that his reference to Wells
was anything but vague, for it now appears
that his theory of the warming of the air by the
deposition of dew is identical with that of Wells,
without any further development whatever. The
following e.xtracts from Sir William's and my own sum-
mary of Wells' theory will render this apparent. At
p. 1214 c. Sir William gives an explanation of radia-
tion, and proceeds to show that iilants would speedily
be destroyed by cold without a compensating supply of
heat from some extraneous source ; " This source on
windy nights is the thermal capacity of the air." " On
still nights it is the latent heat of the vapour condensed
into dew." Sir William, of course, does not mean,
although he seems to say it, that the latent heat of t'ne
vapour is converted into dew, but that that latent
heat is set free to warm the air at the instant the
dew is deposited.

At p. 1070 c, referring to Wells' belief that the for-
mation of dew was a means of warming the air, the

following sentences are given by me : " But he," viz..
Wells, " alludes to the fact that heat is liber.ated by this
precipitation of water ; not tliatil can be luisbandcd by
the protecting force of the water itself suspended in
tbo air. According to Wells, the heavier the dew
the warmer the atmosplure, in consequence of the
reduction of its aqueous vajiour to the state of water."
It will be seen at a glance that these views, although
diversely expressed, are identical, and that the
reporters were to blame for making me class Sir \Vm.
Tliomson as a convert to Tyndall, instead of a disijijile
of Wells.

I pass over Sir William's question, " Are wo to under-
stand from Mr. I'ish that no plant in a hollow ever
escapes destruction from frost ? " by simply directing
your readei'S to his second paragraph on the next page^
wliere tbev will lind iiiv dictum, as it is called, cxplainod
and set forth by Sir Williiiiii liiiiiself.

I must objrid: to Sir William's second sentence. In
this it is stated that 1 controverted the theory that
winds, clouds, and dew were the three great protectors
against frosts. At p. 1070 I recognised to the fullest
extent the protective ministry of the clouds. Upon
this point there is no controversy whatever. It is a
matter of ocular demon.stration, confirmed by all
experience. I joined issue with Sir William only in
reference to wind and dew. In reference to wind, I
lind that there is now very little difl'erence between us.
I contended that wind would either warm or cool
plants, according as it carried air to them, warmer or
colder than their substance ; and Sir William, at
p. 1214 c, admits so much. The " thermal capacity of
the air" enables it to take heat from a plant quite as
readily as to bring heat to it ; and while a plant con-
tinues warmer than the air, the laws of convection will
operate to cool, not to warm it. Besides, it is a well-
known law that air in motion absorbs more moisture
than air in comparative rest, and that evaporation is
one of the most potent means of lowering the
temperature of bodies. Hence wind, in so far as it
quickens the capacity of the air for water, becomes to
the same extent a cooling agent.

That cold air in motion exerts a more destructive
power'on vegetation than still air of the same tempe-
rature, is confirmed by general experience. I have
never met with a more powerful illustration of it than
yesterday evening, the 2d of December, after a rather
dry November. It began to rain rather heavily on
Saturday night, raining more or less the whole of
Sunday, until it rose, to quite a storm of rain and
wind on Sunday night. The rain poured down in
torrents, and the wind blew a strong gale; the tem-
perature was over 50', the wind south. During the
night the wind, without abating any of its force, veered
round to the north ; the warm rain gave place to sleet
and snow, and in the morning we had 5^ of frost, but
all vegetation looked as if we had had 20°. Not only
all tender, but even hardy plants, such as Kales,
ISroccolis, Herbs, &c., were bent to the ground. Late
Hollyhocks, Antirrhinums, &o., in full flower and
seeding, were laid prostrate. Every living thing, even
Laurels, Hollies, Rhododendrons, &c., seemed chilled
throughwith the frozen b reath of the ice king. Why ?
\ye had had more frost several times before, and yet
even Pelargoniums, Iresines, Gnaphaliums, Lobelias,
&c., had hved throughout, and taken but little hurt ;
but the wind and the wet together made all the
difference. Audi believe I am justified in attrilmting
most of the mischief to the wind ; for the air was so
charged with moisture that but little evaporation was
possible : and so effectually did the wind do its deadly
work, that it sought out everything tender, even in
the most cosy nooks, and killed them there with its all-
encompassing blast. Plant protector indeed ! It stands
or rather moves off with the deep brand of plant
murderer on its wings, and moans out its wild requiem
over the grave of all our autumnal loveliness.

I now arrive at the last great protector — viz., dew.
Sir William advances nothing new on this point, and
therefore I need not recapitulate my former argu-
ment, nor advance any new ones against its accept-
ance. Nothing has ai)peared to controvert my views
recorded at p. 1070, c. On the contrary, Sir William
admits that the " leaves of plants do experience a
cooling during the deposition ofdew" (p. 1214). And pro-
bably this may mean exactly what I have stated — that
the condition of the presence of dew from first to last, is
that the plant protected by it shall be colder than the
surrounding air And surely such a protection against
cold by the aid of cold, is, as I have already designated it,
a misapplication of terms. That the heat liberated
during the reduction of aqueous vapour into actual
water or dew, may slightly warm the air at some
distance from the plant, is jirobable. That such latent
beat set free can warm the plant itself, seems absolutely
impossible. If it did, the deposition of dew would
instantly cease. The fact that it does not, is almost
conclusive as evidence against its possession of beating
power. Besides, from the very nature of the case, the
heat cannot abide with the plant. It is only liberated
in virtue of the plant being colder than the air. In
obedience to the laws of convection, the heat instantly
ascends, and only the cold constituent of the aqueous
vapour— its water— remains as a chilling legacy to the
plant.

" H. H.'s " recent criticism of Wells' theory
(see p. 1097) — emboldens me to add, that I cannot
see the force of Dr. Wells' reasoning upon this
branch of the subject. Because the deposition
of dew was thickest on mild nights, and thinnest
on the coldest nights, he seems to have concluded thai
therefore the dew was the cause of the warmth ; but
the mere fact that the capacity of air for, or its ability
to hold aqueous vapour, is dependent upon its tempe-
rature, sufficiently explains both of these facts. The
more caloric in the atmosphere the more water,
provided that water is accessible. Again, the greater
the disparity between the temperature of the air and

that of any radiating body, and the more aqueous
vapour present in the air, the heavier the dew, and
rice ivrsil. These facts will account for the plionomona
observed by Dr. Wells, altogether apart from his theory
of the heating iiowors of dew. ,So much at least seems
proved by experience, that the drier the surfaeeB of
plants the better they can resist cold. Tlio oiiposito is
also true : and while such is the case it seems im-
possible to accept of dew as a protector. Rather would
I believe that the vital power of jihoifs endows them
with a source of internal heat, than tliat tiiey depend
for that warmth so essential to tiioir existence upon
the extraneous vicinity of chilling dew. liy itseonduot
as a rosister or inloter of cold during hoar-frost I am
content that the merits of dew as a plant iirotootor
should stand or fall. Will Sir Wm. Thompson k indly say
whether, in that season of trial to plants, dew lets in
the cold and out the heat, or the contrary 'f I await
the reply of science to this intensely practical ipies-
tion : mine has already been given. D. T. fish,
F.R.H.S.,Dec.i.

LETTERS FROM PARIS.-No. XXVI. and Last.
The Pear.

To show how we may improve the culture of the
Pear is a very much more important object than the
proiluction of superb garden Apples. That we have
made rapid strides in its culture for the past score years
no one will deny, but the progress has been confined
to almost one groove. " The pyramidal method of
training Pears is probably French, but has been intro-
duced to our gardens some 30 or 40 years," says an
authority on fruit growing. Of its great excellence
there can be no doubt. But in giving so much atten-
tion to this method, we have almost neglected our
walls, without which, we are told, our climate is
inferior. Now, one would perhaps expeot that in
France, with a finer climate, the gardener would
be enabled to dispense with walls more than we
do : no such thing. The pyramid exists to an enor-
mous extent in France ; even in the smallest and
humblest gardens you may see perfect specimens of
them. Mr. Knight, of Pontchartrain, writing last
week, says :— " W by, go where you will, you see
beautiful specimens of pyramids even in the moat
unlikely places, in poor little mechanics' gardens." But
the Pear is also planted to an enormous extent on
walls in France ; and with their fine climaf-e, in
which Pears, according to Mr. Rivers, may
be grown without skill, they take particular care
to grow such varieties as Winter Nelis, Crassane, St.
Germain, iieurre d'Aremberg, and Doyenne d'Hiver
(Easter Beurre) on walls, and walls with a warm
exposure. Therefore, considering that we have greater
need for walls than cultivators in the northern and
north-central regions of France, there is no impartial
man but will admit that we have of late years com-
paratively neglected walls. This indeed has gone so
far, that two persons wrote during the present year to
say that garden walls ought to be a thing o( the past.
We want more walls, both for large and small gardens,
and it is very desirable that more attention be paid to
those we have. A well managed and well covered garden
wall combines beauty and utility in a high degree,
and many of our large gardens have not half enough
of wall surface— the mere boundary walls are insufli-
cient where a good supply of fruit is desirable. But
then comes the serious question of expense. ,, It used
to be and is great ; it need not be so any longer over
the greater part of these islands. Many of your readers
may have lately heard of Tail's method of building
coiiorete walls. Mr. Tall is an Englishman, but when
the Emperor Napoleon determined to build a number
of cheap but pretty and comfortable houses for the
workmen of Paris, he determined to try the plan,
and accordingly a number of houses are now con-
structed according to it.

Taking some interest ui the question, I lately spent
a day in visiting those in a remote part of Paris, near
the Bois de Vihcennes ; found a young English
engineer, Mr. Newton. charge, and we spent

several hours in and ab »' those houses, and also in
a large villa that was being built on the same principle
in the Bois. The moment I saw the men at work,
the simplicity of the materials they used, and the
rapid way in which ihe work ^\^ls performed, I made
up my mind that however useful the plan may be for
the construction of houses, it would also prove
excellent for the construction of garden walls.
By its means we may construct them quite as good
and very much cheaper than before— in fact at little
more cost than required for some kinds of fencing
and thereby improve and multiply our crops of
Peaches, Nectarines, choice winter Pears, Apples in
the northern and colder parts ; in a word, most of our
fine fruits. Neither brick nor stone are used, but
almost any kind of rough material that may be at
hand. In the case of the Paris houses very rough
small stones dug up on the spot were mixed with
about an eighth portion of cement and sand tossed to
and fro on the ground in heaps, mixed with water of
course, and thrown in between strong boards adjusted
exactly to the size of the wall. All this is done
by the cheapest kind of labourers— no bricklayer or
stonemason having anything to do with the struc-
ture, the slenderest of arches being turned with
the rough concrete as neatly and strongly as they
could have been with brick. About 18 inches of
concrete is laid on at a time, and in 24 hours that sets
into a firm wall; then up go the boards and another
layer is thrown in, and thus the house is made in the
most expeditious way. Of course the making of
garden walls will be found very much more simple.
On soils with a gravelly bottom the materials have
only' to be worked Into the shape of garden walls. On
heavy clay soils, burnt clay will do equally well,
"ballast" having been proved to make an excellent

1240

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Deoemebe 7, 1867.

wall, while the great quantities of clinkers thrown out
of the furnaces in our numerous manufacturing dis-
tricts are about the very best thing that could be
employed for t!ie purpose, and not a few other
materials may be used. I need not here describe the
arrangement for holding the framework together; that
is as simple and certain as could be desired. By
building as many of these walls as we want, and by
making the most of the walls we already have, it is
to bo hoped that, ere another generation has passed
away, the getting of a iirst-olass Pear nt Christmas or
in January,may iiotbe such a difficulty for t he purchaser
asitisatpresent. Tliesewalls,andindeed all garden walls,
will be much better wired, after the French method
which I have before described. It is quite different,
andverymuch better than the mode employed with
us for this purpose— our way being so ineffective that
most people still prefer the nails. I know of nothing
more calculated to add to the neatness and efficiency
of garden walls, and the comfort of those who have to
manage them, thau this method ; and doubtless Mr.
Knight, of Pontchartrain, can testify to the same.

The next way in which we may highly improve the
culture of the Pear is even more important than the
foregoing. It is well known that some Pears lose
quality hy being grown upon walls. It is equally
certain that a fuller degree of sun and exposure than
shoots and fruit get on a pyramid tree is very desirable
in all parts of ibis country, especially in the case of
particular kinds. Many grow beautifully as pyramids ;
some to be had in perfection must be grown upon
walls ; what I am now about to describe will form a
sort of neutral ground, upon which a great number of
the best varieties may be grown with success, and in a
very neat way. It is
simply a highly im-
proved espalier, the
mode of fixing as well
as the form of the trees
beingdistinct improve-
ments on our mode of
' spalier training,which
is fast disappearing
frf'Ui our gardens, ow-
ing to its inherent
defects. I have sub-
mitted my views on
this matter to Mr.
Powell, of Frogmore,
and some of our lead-
ing fruit growers, and
they quite agree with
me that what I am
about to describe will,
if largely adopted, as
I believe it will be,
highly improve our
culture of the Pear.
Mr. Barron, of Chis-
wick, tells me that the
finest fruit he has ever
gathered were from
well-managed espalier
trees. The figure repre-
sents a form capitally
suited for either wall
or espalier, without
having the faults of
the common espalier
tree. In that, from
its faults of form, the
strength and fertility

often fail in the lower branches— in this palmette verrier
the sa,p courses naturally through each branch, and
there is no mode of training known by which you can
produce a more beautifnl, healthy or fertile tree. This
will be seen at a glance. I have been abused for recom-

yard. Long lines of these were placed at about
5 yards apart, and between them ran three rows of
Apples, trained on the cordon system — a special garden
was devoted to the purpose — all the intermediate
ground being cropped. The above is a description of
the trellising for Pears at Versailles, as good as any
I have seen. In some places the neat and slender rods
of Pine-wood used to train up the shoots are dispensed
with, as in the figure. Mr. Barnes has been at Versailles
this year, and can testify what neat and in every way
excellent trellises these are. It must not be confounded
with our own way of making such things, being
infinitely better, neater, and cheaper. The wire is no
thicker than a rush, and i? tightened and thereby made
as strong'as need be, by little tighteners, fastened in each
wire, and so simple that any youth can arrange them.
These little raidisseurs are very simple and useful, and
must soon be sold by our seedsmen. I think Mr.
Knight, of Pontchartrain, can testify to the truth of
what I say about these trellises, and the mode of wiring
a wall— both so neatly and efficiently done as few
could believe, unless they had seen it. Placed alongside
garden walks, they take up hardly any space, and they
may also be run across squares in the portion of the
garden devoted to fruit-culture with the best advan-
tage. They have nothing whatever of that decrepid
and miserable aspect which characterises the espalier
system too often amongst ourselves. The shoots
and wood on them are thoroughly exposed to
the sun and air, the fruit ripens with perfect
flavour, and by adopting them and allowing the
trees upon them to attain as full a development as is
consistent with fertility — in a word, not root-pruning
them over much, we may help to fill the British fruit-

room with good Pears in winter, and indeed at all
seasons.

I wish now to speak of an improved mode of fruit-
storing, especially of Pears. Instead of being con-
fined to wide shelves or benches all round the fruit-

mendmg the cordon system for Pears, but so far from i room, as is usually the case, there were several sets of
wishmg to do that, I think such simple, large, and " " ' '

natural forms as this are far preferabb, except in
special cases, say, for instance, for the fruiting of
seedlings, &c. It may be said they are useful to get a
variety of fruit, but hy adopting this form in a con-
tracted state we may obtain the same result without
resorting to the cordon, which, as a rule, I have observed
to conform rather unwillingly to the simple-stemmed
state. The French are rather fond of using what we
may term U forms, to attain the same result. Sup-
posing you want a considerable variety of Pears on
your trellis, it may be obtained by using a form with a
straight central stem and two side branches, describing
the U, or four-side branches, or perhaps better still by
a form resembling two UUs, the collar of the root to be
between the two of course. These forms may seem
awkward, but they are by no means so when seen
against a trellis or wall. I will add that the finest
collections of magnificent Pears I have ever seen in
private gardens were in places in which there was a
considerable portion of trellising covered thus.

Then we have quite an alteration as regards the
means of supporting those trees permanently and neatly.
Instead of the cumbrous and often unsightly espalier
so much used amongst ourselves for the Pear and
Apple, and to a very great extent in Prance also,
French fruit growers are now largely adopting a very
neat kind of trellis, which is well worthy of being
extensively used in England. It is usually from 9 to
10 feet high, and supported at each end of a long line
by two pieces of T-iron, one erect, the other acting as
a support— another single erect rod, of somewhat
smaller T-iron, standing at about every live or
six yards along the line. Through these irons run
from six to ten lines of galvanised wire, strained
tight. Then on these wires are placed light vertical
rods of Pine-wood, painted green, at about 8 or !'
inches apart, and about half an inch square. This
forms a trellis very neat and strong, and very cheap,
only costing (so they told me) about one franc a

shelves arranged along the centre — rather narrow,
sloping oaken shelves — supported hy oak uprights.
These shelves are wide enough for about half-a-dozen
rows of Pears on each side, and made on such a slope
that the Pears rise graduallj', line after line, so that the
eye can see each fruit with ease, without handling or
disturbing any, and of course this is a great gain.
But the careful constructor had gone further, by
making the slight concavity upon which each line of
Pears rested of two laths, so that the air can flow up
beneath them. No single fruit is allowed to touch
its fellow, and thus they are in a very much better
condition than in the British fruit-room, where all are
frequently packed tight together, and the good ones
often liable to get tainted by the bad. This was in the
Pear-room at Baron Rothschild's, and a more pleasing
sight could not be presented to the lover of a garden —
the successive shelves of splendid fruit being so
arranged that every individual Pear uould be
examined without touching one. I need scarcely say
that this is a great gain in the case of a fruit requiring
so much nicety of judgment and attention as the
Pear does from the gardener who makes the most of
his collection, and has each kind, or even each perfect
fruit, eaten at the right time.

The French are beginning to be alive to the impor-
tance of taking advantage of railway embankments for
fruit-growing, out as yet they have only made a com-
mencement. I am not aware that any attempt has been
made to cultivate fruit trees on them in England. I went
the other day to see one of the first attempts which has
been made in Prance, a distance of eight leagues or so
along the line from Gretz to Colommiers— Chemin de
fer de I'Est. The French see the ^ great advantage of
utilising spots at present worthless in this way, and are
beginning to work at it ; but to all intents and purposes
they are nearly as backward as ourselves. It is true
you now aud then hear of somebody becoming a rentier
by planting a barren mountain side with Cherries, but
on the whole, they have nearly as much to do as we

have, with regard to fruit culture in waste aud profit-
less places. However, they have commenced, and it is
most likely the first trial will be a profitable one, though
by no means so inexpensive as others that might be
made. A cheap fence of galvanised wire runs on each
side of the line in some parts, and on this Pear trees
are trained so that their branches cross each other, and
they are, though only in their third year, nearly at the
top of the fence. In others they are trained in like
manner on the slender but very cheap and wiry kind
of wooden fence, so common in France. Some good
fruit has been gathered this year, but the trees are yet
too young to hear much, though, judging from appear-
ances, they will bear abundantly next year, and for
many to come. But this, although something in the
right direction, does not occupy more than a mere
thread of the space on each side the line, and it
cannot be doubted but that much more might be
done on the remaining surface by planting it.
It would be a great point gained if we could
have dwarf productive trees without having to go to
expense for fixing or training them — if we could make i
them self-supporting, in fact. Now for this very pur-
pose Mr. C. Baltet— who lectured at Billancourt the
other day, as described in the Gardeners' Chronicle—
recommends the form which Mr. Rivers has taken
such pains to ridicule. Mr. B. is a very large fruit-
grower, as well as seller of young trees, and he
strongly recommends it for its resistance to the wind,
and because the trees mutually support each other.
Mr. Baltet has tried it extensively, and likes it very
much- Mr. Rivers flatters himself that he "would
have recognised its faults at once if he had seen it" &c.,
and unhesitatingly condemns it. But I hope to place
its merits fully and
I fairly before the British
1 public, assured that it
will get a fair trial,
and time shall tell the
rest.

With respect to the
Pear when growing as
a cordon, I think the
most likely places to try
it in that form, would
be on low walls, where
it might be allowed to
make a somewhat freer
development, say a
couple of rows of
shoots from each plant.
Trained on the low
horizontal principle I
have not seen it do so
well ; besides, the fruit
liangs so much lower
than the Apple, which
last flowers so late that
thePearhas notso good
a chance as it of escap-
ing ground frosts. I
q uite agree with " J. F."
that to raise and en-
courage hardy Pears to
grow as orchard stan-
dards on the Pear, and
thereb.v cheapen and
bring them within the
reach of the mass of
the people, is a most
desirable object.
One word about the
Peach. In the " fine climate " of France they
take more pains to protect it from spring
frosts than we do. Tliey usually have a good
permanent coping, and then project from beneath that
iron rods 18 inches or 2 feet long, with a catch at the
end. This enables them to slip wide temporary copings
overhead when the trees are in flower, and thus
preserve them from frost. I know one man who pos-
sesses nearly 4000 yards of these temporary copings,
made in his case of tarpaulin on light frames of wood.
Some use neat ones of straw. They generally prune their
Peaches on the spur system— a method which we object
to.in consequence of the difliculty of getting asufSoiency
of good buds near the base of the shoots. Notwith-
standing this, their _ method is worthy of a more
extended trial than it has had with us as yet. In
giving it, the leaf-pinching of Mr. Grin may be
made use of incidentally in attempting a system of
spurring-in with a rather close disposition of branches.
It would by no means enable us to do away with
nailing-in, but it would assist us to obtain a more stubby
aud well-furnished class of shoots. But I must
reserve this most important question of culture of the
Peach for a future day.

And now for a time I bid good-bye to French horti-
culture. I have not devoted articles to the abuse of its
failings — and they are many, inasmuch as I had not
space to follow the unusual course of describing the
bad. But I must protest against the charge of having
" libelled " the merit of English gardeners ; any-
thing I have done in the matter has originated m
quite an opposite feeling— a wish for their improve-
ment in some few points. Any little work I have
done in France must be regarded as merely preparatory,
and I hope to some day traverse every part of Europe
interesting for its horticulture, with means and oppor-
tunities for observation, which I possessed in but a
slight degree when in Paris.

And now, as to the little already done with French
gardening, I am anxious to hear any further objections,
answer any inquiries, or be corrected on any point
in which I am in error. William Rohinson.

[We can abundantly confirm our currespondeut's
statement that he has not sought to uphold French at
the expense of English gardeners or gardening. He
has given his own opinions as to certain matters in

I

Decembee 7, 1867.]

THE GAKDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1241

■which he considered we might learn from our iR-i-ih-
bours but he has even more sedulously and fretiuciitly
called attention to the general superiority of IJritish
horticulture. Our correspondent is responsible for his
/)wn oi)inions, but it will, we are sure, bo admitted,
that he has done soo*i service by his narrative of hoi-
ticuUural doings and horticultural facts, in and about
Paris during this " Exhibition " season. Eds.]

rows
all

THE CITLTIVATEI) SELAGINELLAS.

{Coiu-liiiledjrohi /<• ll'.H,)

•Gfiour 5. llosulat!i\ Habit of growth nest-like,
the stem Ibrming a dense tuft, the outer
growing gradually longer than the inner ones,
curling up very much when the plant is dry.
32. S. fOHfiiliito, >?pi-in^', Monoij. il. p. 09. A. Braun, Kcvis.
No. 20. LycopoiHuiii cuiivolutuni, Walker -Arnott, Mi;iii.
"Worn. Soc. ri, p. \'M). I., bygrometricuni, M;irt. Uoiso. Hms. 2,
p. 7;H\ ()ut(.i- froii.ii nut more tbaii 0 inches long, piniuitcly
bninciicd, tlie piunif cluso but not imbricated, crecto-patctit,
tUo lower branchless furltcd, the upper simple, tho ultimate
divisions two lines broad ; tho larger loaves close or imbri-
cated, thick in toxture, rigid, oblong, subialcatc, pointed, the
upper side broader and more rounded than tho lower, and
■with a broad scarioso or deep brown border in the lower part :
the midiib distinctly marked from the base to the apex, the
edge ciliated towards tho b:ise : the smaller ones obliquely
oblong-acuminate : spikes slender, tetragouons.

A native of Tropical America, from Mexico south-
-ward to Brazil. As firm in texture as the next and
exceedingly hygrometric, but the divisions twice as
broad and the "leaves more spreading and not so much
narrowed upwards, and bluntish, with an oblique cusp
at the point. Midrib broad, and running from the base
to tlio point. Tho upper surface is a deep green, the
lower a silvery green.

3:!. S. involrm.''. Spring, Monog. 2, p. (i3. Lycopodium
iuvolvons, Swartz. Wyn. HI. p. 182. L. circinale, Thunb. Fl.
Jap. p. ;(41. L. puivinatuin. Hook, and Grev. Enum. Fil.
>^o. lis. — Outer fronds 4— li inches long, tho branching rather
fan-like than pinnate, the stems being dichotomously forked
with snbcqual divisions, not, as in the preceding, a distinct
main stem with lateral offshoots from it ; ultimate divisions
under an eighth of an inch broad : the larger leaves densely
imbricated, rigid, erecto -patent, obliquely ovate -acum in ate :
the upper edge broader and more rounded downwards, with a
broad scArioso or deep brown border, slightly denticulate, not
ciliated ; tho smaller loaves unusually large in proportion to
the others, more obliquo and more pointed ; spikes slender,
tetragonous.

A native of Japan and China, introduced recently
into cultivation by Messrs. A^eitch. Well distinguished
from the preceding by thedifferenceinbranchiug, and in
the shape and size of its leaves. The divisions are much
narrower, and the leaves are erecto-patent, and wrapped
closely over one another, with the sharp points in a
regular line and the smaller leaves very little different
in size to the others. The colour of the upper surface |
is an average green, and of the lower a pale green, with
the midrib very indistinct. AVe have not seen the
plant published by Dr. MacNab^ from Japan, under
the name of S. Veitchii, but judging from the descrip-
tion it almost coincides with this in its branching and
leaves, differing by the latter being not imbricated but
with a space between them, rather more oblique and
the point shorter.

34. 5. ''UKpidalif, Link, Fil. Hort. Berol., p. 1.58. Spring,
jVIonog. li, p. GG. A. Braun, Revis. No. 25. S. pallescens,
Klotzsch, Linn. IS, p. 520. Lycopodium euspidatum. Link,
Hort. Berol. 2, p. 101. L. pallescens, Presl, Rel. Haenk.,
p. 97:— Habit densely rosulate : naked stems none in the
typical plant ; outer fronds 6— U inches long, copiously
pinnate, the branches with copious simple or forked branch-
lets ; ultimate divisions an eighth of an inch broad ; the larger
leaves only close upwards, ovate, cordate on both sides
at the base, but more so on the upper one, with a conspicuous
white border all round, and tipped with a white hair-like
point ; the nerve very faint, the edge ciliated downwards :
smaller leaves ovate-aiist;ite, convergent ; the spikes copious,
square, rather lax.

Var. flonrjata, Spring, loc. cit. S. sulcangula. Spring,
Monog. 2, p". 16;^. S. cordifolia and AviliB, Hort. S. incana.
Spring, Jlonog. 2, p. 167 :— Habit sub-c;uilescent, the outer
fronds a foot or more long, naked below, more branched and
more erect than in the type.

A native of Mexico and Columbia. A puzzling
plant, because the variety looks so different from the
type at first sight, but the leaves are quite the same,
and in habit there is a gradual passage from one to the
other. The colour is pale green on both sides, and the
texture is much more tender and herbaceous than in
the two preceding. This species quite connects the
SosidaicB and CauJescentes. Spring appears to have
described forms of it under three of his groups.

35. A', inli/eyo., A. Braun, Revis. No. 27. S. lepidophylla,
Hort., non Spring : — Outer fronds about 6 inches long,
copiously flabellately branched, the ultimate; divisions a line
io an eighth of an inch broad ; the larger leaves close but not
imbricated, herbaceous in texture, obliquely oblong -falcate
with a distinct white hair-like point, the upper side broader
and inorc rounded at the base, the edge denticulate and finely
ciliated downwards : the bmaller ones obliquely ovate-
acuminate, convergent ; the spikes rather lax and irregular.

A native of Texas. A well-marked species, resembling
cuspidata in texture, but always forming a dense nest,
the outer fronds forking into 10 or 20 branches, and the
leaves not at all white-bordered. The colour is pale
green, and the midrib is quite indistinct. The true
lepidophylla is closely allied to convoluta, being much
stronger in texture, the leaves densely imbricated, and
both kinds nearly equal, bluntish, and nearly as broad
as long, and the branching pinnate. J. G. B.

ORCHIDS AND THEIR CULTIVATION.
No. XVII.

{Coatinued from p. G5&.)
Treaiment of Imported Odonioglossiuns. — " E. H. C."
puts the following question :—" My gardener experi-
ences a difiiculty in establishing some species of
Orchids, particularly some of the more delicate-
growiuR Odontoglossums, such as Bluntii. He finds
that before the young bulbs are quite mature, and con-
sequently before the plant is in a condition to be

allowed 1o go to rest, it starts a fresh growth, in most
instances smaller anil weaker than the first growth.
If this occurs lato in tho season tho second bulb gene-
rally damps od'. In some casef the process is repeated,
and the result is, if it survives, a weak and dwindled
plant. Will any of your correspondents assist me by
their advice to overcome this diffictdty." Probably il
nniy bo useful to not a few readers if I enlarge some-
what upon this (|Ucstion.

Singularly enough, Oilontoglossums as a rule have
never been conspicuously well grown. True, they
wore only introduced into this country in limited
quantity at first, and tho very few that survived the
ordeal of a tedious and dilUcnlt transit, in a burning
heat, to tlio port of embarkation, were prescribed for
and managed with the greatest anxiety certainly, but
upon a system oiiposed to the wants and habits of the
family. It has been subsequently proved that those
plants that had been growing on the mountain chains
of New Grenada, and sent by collectors down the river
Magdalena, to the ports either of Santa Martha or
Carthaaena. have come home in comparative safety, so
that if'judiciously packed these Alpine Orchids may
be considered virtually safe after being placed on
board tlie mail steamers. Tho countries to which the
choicest of the Odontoglossums are indigenous are
among the most mountainous in the world, and
although this kind of vegetation does not reach tho
loftiest summits or the line of perpetual snow on the
peaks of the Cordilleras and the crown of the Andes, yet
it verges towards it. Look to the provinces of Ecuador,
Guatemala, Peru, and New Grenada, and it is not
uncommon to find many of the plants in question
ranging between 4U00 and 10,000 feet altitude. Bogota
and its viciniliy comprises a rich field of orchideous
treasures, which has been largely gathered from for
European stoves, and it is as nearly as possible 9000 feet
above the sea level, while according to the best and most
reliable information the temperature rarely exceeds
CO', and not rarely falls towards the freezing point.
The climate is mild, agreeable, and salubrious, and far
less variable as to extremes than that of our own
country.

O. Bluntii and O. Alexandra', the one found by and
named after the iilessrs. Low's collector, Blunt, and
the other found at or about the same time by the Boyal
Horticultural Society's collector, AVeir, are the sub-
jects of "E. H. C.'s" complaint. These plants are
undoubtedly identical, and closely allied to O. Pesca-
lorei. The complaint is to the effect that before the
young bulbs are quite mature, they start a fresh growth,
in most instances weaker than the first, and that if
tins occurs late iuthe season the second bulb generally
damps ofi". It is not a very satisfactory course to pre-
scribe for atllicted plants without seeing their actual
condition. There may be a variety of causes tending
to debility of constitution, and to try to hit upon the
real one is somewhat haphazard work. There are,
however, two things that would require to be insisted
upon to command success in the resuscitation and cul-
tivation of tliese plants, and that is a proper degree
of temperature, and a corresponding degree of moisture.
If these things be properly balanced, the first year of
the plant's artificial treatment as to soil is not of so
much moment. In other words, the plant may be
potted in a judicious mixture of peat and sphagnum,
or sphagnum itself, or crocks with a layer of sphag-
num on the surface, and succeed almost, if not
altogether, equally well, with a proper regard for heat,
and a proper and differential regard for moisture. The
climate of Bogota furnishes a sufficient proof that
tropical heat is not want^?d ; and as 60' was the
maximum named, it comes to be a matter of concern
during our hotter summer months to exceed that
degree as little as possible. To do so without suf-
ficient shading would shrivel the matured bulbs, and
act to so detrimental a degree upon the young growths
as to seriously affect the constitution of the plant, and
induce it prematJurely to finish its first growth ; and
as the period of quiescence had not arrived, the
latent buds would burst, and all the ills that " E. H. C."
shadows forth would soon become apparent. Any
check upon the growth of these Odontoglossums,
whether it is the consequence of an improper balance
of heat and moisture— either too much heat and too
little moisture, or too little heat and too much
moisture, a condition which one seldom sees— will
affect the plants in the manner described. In order
that my teachings may not be misconstrued as to
shading, it may be stated, that so soon as the sun is low
enough in the horizon not to scorch the leaves, and
raise the indoor temjieratnre unnecessarily high, say to
05°, it is better that it should altogether be dispensed
with ; and now, in these dreary months, the maximum
light is a seen and known advantage to every grower of
cool Orchids.

Undue variations of temperature should be guarded
against. If CO' can be had in any place in this country
as the maximum day heat during summer, then I
should say the minimum night heat should not be
under 50'. Then, as to the extreme resting minimum,
as a rule, it should be from 40' to 4,")', although lower
temperatures are preferable to higher ones if excited
by artificial heat, while the minimum day heat should
not be more, keeping the figures above as our
comparison, than 45' and 50'. This is advice which,
other things considered, every one may act upon with
anticipation of a reasonable degree of success. The
natural climate, to the best of the information in my
possession, is in conformity with this, and I have had
much satisfaction in acting upon the figures quoted
as a standard.

It is just possible that an infringement of the
principles I have here enunciated has been the means
of unnaturally forcing these Alpine Orchids of
"E. H. C.'s" into a second growth. The tendency,
however, of the most of Odontoglossums, and of
0. Bluntii and O. Uro-Skinneri in particular, is to

keep oil growing and llowering at diverse periods.
Kvcn tho (iiialemalan O. grando has an inclination
that way; but there is a vast difference between
immature or premature growths, and those which
properly develop themselves. In the one case the
pbinl. (li'creiises in bulk and in value to such an extent
as almost, to have a liopricss future in the hands of tho
best cviilivaturs; in the other it increases both in bulk
and in j'ield of inllorcscenco, and looks at all times
what it IS intended to be— a cultivated plant.

All imported plants that have no young growths,
and elongating and sickly plants that may have been
growing in collections for a time, similarly situated,
may have their desiccated pseudobulbs freely plied
with the syringe during summer twice a day, and in
tlio duller months .as often as they appear dry. The
water should bo 10' hotter than the house temperature,
and air must not pass very freely oyer them else it
will partially defeat the object in view, namely, that
of inducing a How of sap suflicient to press out
the wrinkles of tho bulbs. So soon, however, as
young growths make their appearance the greatest
care is necessary, both as to the application of water
and of ventilation. "Without a judicious administerinp;
of both these necessaries, damp will supervene, and you
may bid adieu to the young growths. No one that
knows anything about plants need be told that if with
an idea to restore convalescence the treatment
applicable for established plants were pursued, defeat
would just be as absolutely certain at home as it would
he abroad, in their native habitat, if, after they had
travelled about for thousands of miles they were pro-
miscuously disposed of, without any regard for pro-
moting life.

Let all imported plants for a time be confined in a
close, mild, moist atmosphere. AVhen they have
proceeded a stage farther, inure them to a more airy
atmosphere, where water is never in excess during day.
They may in that probationary period be grown entirely
in sphagnum and crocks, the latter predominating.
Fresh roots demand a larger field and a more
nutritious supply, and it will be the aim of the
gardener to provide them therewith in the shape of
fibry peat and sphagnum of an ela>stie character, so
arranged as to maintain a good physical constitution.
With proper attention to these hints, and those
particularly with reference to temperature, not only
" E. H. C," but others similarly placed, may in time
overcome most of the obstacles that tell against
successful Odontoglossum cultivation. /. A.

Home Correspondence.

The Florist's Standard.— Kow much ink-spilling
would be avoided if controversialists followed the
example set by Mr. Glenny in his last communication.
How much of bitter wrangling and envenomed per-
sonalities would be prevented, by so candid an explana-
tion of his method of procedure as that which has been
given by that gentleman. Half the wordy wars arise
from the employment of the same terms in different
senses by the various antagonists. There is no room
now for misconception of the other's meaning either
by Jlr. Glenny, or myself. He has told us distinctly
what he means, and how he arrived at his concliLsions.
He has the advantage of being able to formularise his
case, and to say " a circular flower is perfection ; " if we
cannot attain to such perfection we must get as near
as we can to it, and he appeals to the Pansies now
exhibited as " the best answers to those who dispute
my (his) notions." Now there are some people who
never know when they are beaten, and in this matter I
must confess myself one of that fraternity. I am still
a heretic, and when I see those Pansies with their
circular collar of card-board to back them up, I think
tliat if the flower were removed, and the card-board
painted or covered with coloured silk, that the effect
would be almost as good. When I pass a cottage
garden, and see the quaint Pansies with their
"windmill" petals and upturned faces, and see how-
much more brilliant and effective they look than their
circular brethren, in whom an indentation is con-
sidered a blemish, I become more heretical than ever;
asaproof of which I may excite the pity of some straight-
laced florist even more by expressing my preference for
the old radiant, or, as a florist would say, "ragged"
Chrysanthemums (they mustn't be too ragged, though),
that one still meets with in country gardens, over their
more regular, compact, dressy brethreii that are now
in vogue. I believe, too, that in point of general
effectiveness there is no room for comparison between
the two. The light, and, as an artist would call it,
"air" wdiich pervade the flower, give it a brilliancy
which none of the modern fashionables have. But
then I may be told that my radiant Chrysanthemums,
looked at as " exhibition flowers," would not be fit to
be seen ; and this I acknowledge. My pets would look
as much out of place as a Dandelion amid a bed of
Mrs. Pollock. But then, I submit, the purport of an
exhibition ought to be to encourage the production of
tho best qualities of flowers and fruit suitable for
ordinary consumption. What is the sense of growing
a thing for exhibition purposes merely? But I must
follow Jlr. Glenny's example, and not run away from
my subject. Suffice it, then, to say, that while
admitting the generally great improvement in the
Pansy, as in other flowers, I demur altogether to the
circular outline as being the perfection of form in that
particular flower ; and still more loudly would I declaim
(did my lungs suBioe) against the principle of making
all flowers conform to the circular form whatever be
their natural shape. How greatly do I rejoice that
many of thein jirove rebellious. As to the antagonism
of botanists and florists, that is a statement which I
cannot help thinking requires some modification. I
do not pretend to answer for either one or the other
body of plant lovers, but I can understand how a
botanist might fall foul of the florist, when the latter by

1242

THE GAKDENEKS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Decembee 7, 1867.

his art showed how weak and uatt^nuble are some of the
former's cherished methods of classifiuatiqn ; and it must
be somewhat tiresome after one's collections are neatly
labelled, docketted, and put away, to have them upset
by such a bull in a China shop as a floristoften is (very
unconsciously perhaps). There are points of structural
botany, and especially of physiology, however, as has
been mentioned in your columns, which derive so
much elucidation from the florist, that I hardly see that
there is any ground in such matters for antagonism,
but much the reverse. Mr. Glenny's last illustration
meets my case as well as his. He compares the labour of
the florist with those of the graziers, &c. ; well I, for
one, don't like fat, and I think the animals one used to
seeatthe Smithfield Shovvafew years since were diseased
monsters, whose production was a wasteful mistake ;
and yet they were considered by those who didn't know
what " fatty degeneration " meant, as models of
symmetry. Happily we have outlived that phase, and
so I trust we may in time see the florist's standard also
put upon a more satisfactory and rational basis. 31. S.

Hose Climbing Devoniensis. — Although I hope to
speak in your pages, and at no very distant date, of our
Roses in 1867, I cannot permit the best season for
transplanting to pass without urging upon all Rosarians
who can make room for this Rose upon a wall having
a southern or eastern aspect, to place it there without
delay. Mr. Curtis, of the Devon Nursery, Torquay,
kindly sent it to me three years ago. The first summer I
after its arrival it made shoots 10 feet in length, and it j
now covers an area of wall G feet in width by 15 in
height. It will next year occupy double tbe space in
breadth, if permitted. The first flowers opened in June,
quite as large and as beautiful as the lovely parent
flower ; it continued in beauty through the summer ; I
wore a perfect bloom in my coat at the annual dinner of
our Horticultural Society on the 21st November, and
their are still numerous buds on the tree, which would
be floivers, weather permitting. Since the intro-
duction of Gloire de Dijon we have had no Rose of so
much merit, in my estimation, as the Climbing
Devoniensis. The flowers are as abundant as they are
symmetrical and sweet, and I need hardly add, after
the trial of last winter and last spring, that the plant
is perfectly hardy. S. R. S.

Prevosf's T/ieorj/ of Exchanges. — With reference to
heat, I take as an axiom that " the tendency of all
bodies is to an equilibrium of temperature ; " but it is
well known that this does not imply "equal quanti-
ties of that in difl'erent bodies." AVhere this equili-
brium exists it is impossible that any one body can
communicate heat to any other. Prevost's theory
assumes, however, that an interchange of heat still ]
goes on, and consequently (in order that the equili- ;
brium be not disturbed) each body must give out and
receive precisely equal quantities of heat. It is well
known, however, that different surfaces (at any given
temperature) radiate very diflferent quantities, and the
further assumption is required (on this theory), viz.,
■' that no body can receive from any other body (of
its own temperature), more heat than it is itself
capable of radiating at that temperature," or, as ex-
plained, that any excess radiated (as it is termed) must
be reflected back to its own souroe,and there re-absorbed
to be again radiated, &G., ad injinifum. Such assump-
tions I never could admit, and have, therefore, rejected
Prevost's theory. I shall now state what, I conceive,
takes place, and refer to "experiment" to prove my
assertions. When a hot body is introduced into a
medium whose temperature is equilibrio, it begins
at once to 'give out heat, and the process goes on
throughout the medium, diminishing in inten-
sity as the distance from the .source of heat in-
creases, as well as in the approximation to a new
"equilibrium." If the body introduced be colder
than the medium, it absorbs heat from the latter
and the cooling process is propagated for the attain-
ment of an equilibrium. The following experiment
(designed as an experiiiientuyn cnfci.^), will, I think,
demonstrate the truth of this theory. In a close room
place one ball of a diiferential thermometer in the
heat focus of a concave metallic mirror. This mirror
must have a hollow back with a pipe at the top, so that
its surface can be heated or cooled by filling it with
hot or cold water. Then arrange the position of the
other ball of the difl'erential thermometer, so that,
whether the surface of mirror be hot or cold, both
balls of the instrument are equally acted on by that
surface, the thermometer standing at zero. Suppose
the temiierature of the room to be 55° Fahr., and
water (heating mirror) at 173'. Place a cubic tin
canister (such as Leslie used), varnished on one side, in
front of the mirror at the distance of about 5 feet, and
let this canister be filled with water at 67° Fahr., and
(as will be expected) this will be found to act as "a
warm radiator " to the focal ball, and the varnished
side of the canister will produce the greatest effect.
Now advance the canister towards the mirror, and its
effect on the focal ball will diminish until at a certain
position, where the action on thermometer (of botli
varnished and metallic sides) altogether ceases !
Advance the canister still nearer to the mirror and it
will chill the focal ball, and the varnished side causes
the greater cold. The above, with sever.al other experi-
ments, may be found in the reports of the British
.Vssociation (vol. for 1835, p. 164). They appeared to
attract a good deal of attention at the time, but (being
totally inexplicable where Prevost's theory was received
as true) appear to have been forgotten. I shall now
explain this experiment. The hot mirror pro-
duces a " gradation of temperature" in the air in
front of it. But the balls of the thermometer being
equally heated, the instrument remains at zero. The
canister at about 5 feet distance (being at 67^') is higher
in temperature than the adjoining air (heated in
accordance with its distance from the mirror). But in
moving the canister towards the latter you arrive at a
point where the influence of the mirror on the air is

in equilibrio with the heat of the canister. Here the
canister ceases to act, and on being moved still nearer
to the mirror (where the temperature of the air exceeds
that of the canister), the latter, in fact, appears to
" radiate cold," the varnished side being most efli-
cacious, simply because a " stream of heat " (as I may
term it) is now drawn from the focal ball, reflected by
the mirror, and absorbed in greater quantity by the
varnished than by the metallic side of the canister.
The whole "theory of heat" appears to me to require
revision. That heat is merely "a mode of motion"
appears to me as absurd as " the theory of exchanges,"
for "repulsion" between attracting molecules can
never arise from any motion of those molecules. No
doubt many of the phenomena of heat are connected
with motion; so also in light, electricity, and mag-
netism ; these and heat must, I think, be all looked on
as effects from one common cause, but no more ; they
are not identical (according to prevailing notions),
though there exists a certain equivalence amongst
them. S. S., GUnmUe.

Acorns Crt/am?^^.— Concerning Sweet Flag (Acorus
Calamus), which used to be a native of Norfolk, and
which was used to strew the floors of Norwich
Cathedral, as mentioned in Sowerby's Botany, I beg to
state that I have a piece of water full of it, and that if
anybody wishes to obtain it, they may do so by
applying to the gardener at Warmsworth Hall,
Doncaster. I saw it stated a short time ago that as
the plant could not be procured, the Iris Pseudo-
Acorus was used instead of it— I think by perfumers,
and also as a tonic. If any of your correspondents can
furnish any information as to the chemical properties
and uses of the plant, it will be acceptable. E. A. W.

Method of Supporting the Branches of Cordon
Trees. — Some time since, on passing some cordon
Apples, I found that the wires by which the stems
were fastened to the horizontal wire had cut through
the stems of the trees, and had brought on canker ; this
induced me to look to some trees that were fastened to
short wooden stakes to keep the stems of the trees in
a horizontal position— a very old custom— the stakes
had, however, been found objectionable, owing to their
requiring to be frequently renewed. I then took some
slight iron-rods, half an inch in circumference, and
had their tops bent so as to form a hook : this pre-
vented the stem springing upwards, but, unless fastened
to the stem, by tying it to the hooked rod, which I
wished to avoid, the stem, when loaded with fruit, sunk
to the ground. This was unsatisfactory, and then the
simple idea came to mind, to give the hook another turn,
so as to make it fully answer the end I wished for.
The annexed little sketch will, I think, at once give
a correct idea of this efficient contrivance.

The branch or stem is introduced between the curve
and the upright, is prevented springing up by the
upper curve, and when heavy with fruit rests on the
lower one ; the coil is about \\ inch in diameter, so that
it will be some years before the branch will fill it so as
to become pinched, and then it may be opened easily
with pincers. These curved iron rods should be, I
find, for single and double cordons, 16 inches long,
not 20, as I have recently mentioned from guess ; and
for quadruple cordons or edging trees, with two tiers of
branches, 24 inches long. By using these supports
I shall rid myself of the straining posts and the sup-
ports between them which horizontal wires require,
besides getting rid of the inconvenience that wires
stretched near the ground always occasion. I have this
season been struck with the facility with which double
cordon Plums are trained, and their fertility, and I fully
believe that in our northern counties, where choice
Plums will not succeed unless trained against walls
with a warm aspect, these double cordons, planted on a
border with a sharp slope, in front of a south wall,
would bear well and ripen their fruit. They may also,
which is of great importance, be easily protected when
in blossom ; for, supposins a border such as I have
named to be 4i feet wide, three rows of trees may be
planted in it, and easily protected either by double
tiffany, or by (what would be preferable) garden lights,
made light and cheap for the occasion ; a light rail at
back and another in front would support them, and
they might remain over the trees till the end
of June, so as to insure the ripening of the
fruit. As Plums grow more rapidly than Pears
on Quince stocks, or Apples on the Paradise,
they should be planted from 15 to 20 feet apart, and, if
required, their growth should be restrained by root-
pruning. Glass in our climate seems annually to
become more necessary to ripen fruit. My double
cordon trees of Peaches, Pears, Apricots, and Newtown
Pippins under glass ridges (ground Vineries), are some
years old, and every season they show the immense
benefit they receive from the simplest of all glass
structures. I should add, that the iron rods should be
iminted with hot coal-tar and lime, or the kinds of
paint used for ironwork. Thos. Sivers.

Wlien shall ive have a good Golden Tvij ? — I hope
that some other of your readers will supplement Mr. W.
Paul's remarks on Ivies (see p. 1215), by describing
how near an approach to Golden-edged Pelargoniums
the best variety of Ivy now in cultivation has arrived
at. With me the Gold-blotched or Gold-marked variety
shows all the young foliage as bright a yellow as can be
wished for in May, but as the leaf gets older the green
prevails. Is this the case with other Golden^ Ivies ?
Mr. Paul's otherwise useful catalogue of varieties does
not mention this ; and, as I believe we are only on the
eve of great improvement in this class of plants, those

who have a kind that retains its golden colouring
clearly defined up to the latest period of the leaf-
existence, have already a substitute for the Golden
Pelargonium of a superior kind from any with which
I have hitherto met. It seems hardly likely that so
perfect a one is yet to be had ; but there is no reason
why there should not be one. Golden Hollies are
more perfect in their marking, and more decidedly
clear and brilliant in their colouring than any Pelar-
gonium, new or old, with which I have met, and why
should not we have Ivies of the same class. In their
normal condition the green of the one vies with that of
the other; why should not the edging, when altered
either to the golden or silver hue, be equally good ? Be
it observed, both are wanted; the silver, though less
prominently noticed in the article than the golden, is,
nevertheless, as important as the other. Perhaps Mr.
Paul will favour us with his views on the matter, and
say whether he thinks there is hope of a speedy accom-
plishment of the improvements in Ivies mentioned
above, and also, after having obtained good variegated
forms, what chance there is of gettinii Tricolors. P. L.

Hardiness of the French Paradise StoeJc. — A question
having arisen as to the hardiness of this Stock. I beg to
enclose a letter from M. A. Verschaffelt, of Ghent, in
which he says that "the French Paradise Stock is
quite hardy in Belgium and in the North of Germany."
W. R.

Weather at Bury. — We have had a wonderful bite
of the frost at last. On Monday morning 5**, with a
piercing north wind, wrecking everything. Up to the
25th ult. Mrs. Pollock and Iresine were as fresh and
beautiful as ever ; now all has departed. Last night 8°,
this morning 4°, now, 4 p.m., thermometer at 35°, and
the inch of snow that has fallen at intervals during
two days, thawing. 2). T. F., December 3.

The Variableness and Uncertainty of our Flclcle
Climate. — At p. 1217, Mr. Davidson, gr., near York,
speaking of the mildness of the weather of late,
states that most of the flower garden plants were, up
to the 26th ult., not much injured by frost, but were
fresh and in bloom. I have many ti mes seen this the case,
indeed for years in succession, until Christmas, in this
locality. This season is an exception, and very much
the reverse. We had a dark wet October. November
came in with a gale and storms, succeeded by a dry,
cold, north-easterly w'ind, driving the dust and leaves
in all directions, but calmed down to quiet sunny days,
with starlight, frosty, dry nights, on which wo had
from 2° to 12' of frost. Several nights we had from
4° to 8° ; on the 26th, 10° the whole night ; 27th, 8' ;
23th, 13' — an unusual degree with us. It froze indoors,
and so hard was the ground on the three last days that
the plough was stopped all the early part of the day.
Ice was thick, and a good deal was collected at and
about Exeter. If the ground had not been so dry and
pulverised on its surface, the plough would have been
locked out nearly the whole month with us. It has
been a lovely, dry, bright month, but the coldest
November I ever recollect. We have been obliged to
have fires applied several nights to keep out the frost
from common plant houses, and to cover and protect all
out-door Lettuce, Endive, Cauliflower, and Broccoli
(CapeandSnow's). Allout-doortenderandflowergarden
plants have long been killed ; besides, what I never
before saw, the Chrysanthemums out-doors, even those
nailed to the walls, are killed to the ground, as dead as
hay. On the 29th we were enveloped in a dense, raw,
stinking fog, after a night-frost of 4". The 30th
came in with rain and gentle wind, soon heightening
to a smart gale, blowing and driving the cold rain in
torrents, all that day and night. On the morning of
December 1st it was still blowing and raining, and
the gale heightening, but all at once it became
quite warm, the thermometer rising 12' — from
38' to 50'— in a very short time. After the
morning it blew a sharp gale, raining in torrents, and
got much colder, the gale and rain slackening at mid-
night; and succeeded this morning (Deo. 2d), at
3 A.M., by a smothering, driving suon;-storm, thick
snow-storms continuing up to the middle of the
day, so that we have the whole country covered,
and the evergreens breaking down with their heavy
burden. Wo had 4' of frost at 12 noon, and icicles
hanging in all directions from sheds, houses, and pics,
where the snow had beeu thawed. J. Barnes, Bicton.

Fruiting of Cephalotaxus (see p. 1193).— A plant of
this in tlie arboretum here has fruited this year. It
was literally covered with fruit, hanging in clusters of
three and four together. It bore no fruit last year or
the year before, but it was removed last April, and
that I think has thrown it into fruit-bearing. Before
being removed it was about 10 yards from the male
plant. J. Sharp, Gr. to A. Barton, Esq., Longmead,
Bishopstolce.

Sequoia Wellingtonia. — I should feel obliged if you
would inform me whether the enclosed sprigs of
WeUingtonia have incipient cones,or incipient catkins?
My tree was planted in 1858 (a seedling) about
10 inches high. It is now 15 or 16 feet high, and
towards the top of it, on the south side, there are three
or four bunches or clusters of flowers, like the sample
sent, which was gathered nearer the ground. My tree
used to become very brown towards the spring when
young, but now the roots have spread the vitality is
such that it preserves a most beaulifal green, and does
not turn brown even in the spring, when the hot
burning sun coming after a cold frosty night, or in
snow, does so much damage to Conifers, especially
Araucarias and Wellingtonias. W. Grant. [What
vou have sent are the male catkins of the Wellingtonia
Eds.J

Boot ffroroWi.- Permit me to endeavour to correct
the explanation given of my practice in p. 1213. After
renewing the surface soil in October (top-dressing) it is
left undisturbed till the following October for the roots
to feed on. No part of it is removed, but occasionally
dressings of rich compost are placed on the surface

December ?, 186?.]

fM GA1?T)T;N1-;RS' f;TIKONlCT,E AKT) Ar.lUOTII.TtlTtAL OrAP^ETTE.

1243

without disturbinR it. In removing the mass of inert
fibrils iVoin tlie .surface of the i)ot in autumn numerous
rootlets are found interspersed ; the iibrils orunibks to
dust under the linger and thumb, but the rootlets are
full of sap and life, as if ready to commence their
annual work of throwing out feeders. T. M-

toilers.— 'She many advantages possessed by Jones's
terminal boilers over all others that I have seen in use,
induce me to eonlidently reoommend them. There is,
in my opinion, no form of boiler calculated to do so
much work with perfect safety as the old saddle
boiler; but the great fault in that form of boiler was
the immense quantity of heat that was allowed to
escape up the shaft. The way in which the old
saddle is usually set causes it to split the draught at
the back of the boiler. Flues are formed on each
side, and the heat from the centre arch is by
these means divided at the back and brought
round each side to within 11 inches of the front, where
it is made to p:v.ss away into the chimney over the top
of the boiler. The idea occurred to the inventor of
the boiler I am now about to describe, that the
strongest portion of the heating material used in the
old saddle was uselessly wasted, taking efi'ect only
on the mass of brickwork at the back, which is un-
doubtedly the case ; and this is not the worst evil
belonging to it. Where largo fires are continued for
any length of time, the mass of brickwork at the back
and that forming the roof of the side-flues soon
crumbles away by reason of the fierce heat to which
they are constantly e.\posed. Then comes the
disagreeable necessity, perhaps just at the height
of the forcing season, of having the boiler reset :
then for a time untidiness runs, and perhaps one
or more crops are nearly sacrificed in consequence.
The inijenuity of the inventor of Jones's ter-
minal boiler has elfectually done away with all these
disagreeable matters, by adding a terminal piece to the
old saddle, to take the place of the brickwork at the
back ; and the side wings are also a very great and useful
addition ; these and the terminal piece form very im-
portant additions to this best of all boilers ; the water
they contain is at all times e.xposed to the hottest
portion of the fire. The terminal piece does away with
the frequent annoyance of resetting, and adds immense
power to the boiler ; the side wings also form the top
or roof of the draughts, and there is no fear of the
brickwork being loosened and the top tumbling in by
constant use of the hoe, or fire scraper. The flame
coming in contact with the terminal portion of the
boiler is divided there, and passes round the ends and
under the side wings to within 8 or 9 inches of the front,
where it is made to pass over the side wings again on
its way to the shaft. It is thus used with great effect
on the sides of the wings. In this way there is a very
large surface of water exposed to the action of the fire,
and where there is a good draught the heat is brought to
bear on a most important part of the boiler, causing
it to discharge the heated water with great velocity.
The return water is equally divided by means of a T
piece at the back of the terminal piece. It is then
brought'round each side, and entering the boiler in front
of the pipe resting on the bottom of the side draughts,
is thus brought under the influence of the strong
heat under the side wings. It is by these means heated
before it enters the boiler, and is as a natural
consequence forced again out of the boiler into the
flow-pipes much quicker than it otherwise would be.
I, however, think this boiler might be still further
improved by making a wider opening from the arch of
the boiler into the si de draughts under the wings ; these
are in their present form, a little too small. If they
were madeaboutdouble the depth the draught would be
much improved, and the circulation would be thereby
quickened considerably. I am also of opinion that the
boiler would be better without the hollow fire-bars,
which only add to the expense, making the boiler at
the same time more likely to get out of order. Por my
part I can see but little advantage to be gained in
having hollow fire-bars, for the cold air constantly
passing between them from the ash-pit must in a great
measure counteract the advantage gained from the
fire on the upper surface of them, especially at
the end nearest the shaft. I would therefore recom-
mend the discontinuance of the hollow fire-bar, and
suggest a deeper opening for the side draughts. The
Jones's terminal has an advantage over the various
forms of tubular boilers, inasmuch as it does not
require a deep stoke-hole. This is a great considera-
tion, especially in places badly situated as regards
draining. In low situations, if deep stoke-holes have
to be made, a very large expense is incurred in making
proper drains from them. Taking all the advantages
this boiler possesses into consideration, I have no
hesitation in pronouncing it the safest and most
economical boiler in present use, and for the future
shall always adopt it. J. Wills, Stmtroyde.

Orapes in Bottles (see p. 1191).— This plan of
keeping Grapes should perhaps rather be described as
putting a portion of the young wood with a bunch of
Grapes attached, into a bottle of water purified with
charcoal, the loss by evaporation, which is but little,
being made good by the same kind of water
stored in bottles ready for use. This simple and
practical system, described by your Paris correspondent,
and on which I also ventured to make a few remarks,
is criticised by one who signs himself " Muscadine,"
but it is evident he has not seen the right system
in practice, or he would not have quoted Brother
Jonathan, or some imaginary writings, in support of a
practice which, by his own account, resulted in
mildew, rot, and shrivelling. His failure with an
entirely difl'erent, an expensive, and an obviously
ridiculous method, is no argument at al! against that of
bottling, above referred to. I beg to inform him that
I have taken some pains to ascertain the value

of the system,— I have seen it in full practice,
»ad thoroughly satisfied myself with its working,

suflicient to induce rao to believe that I can keep
Grapes as free from mildew or dust, in a quiet liule
dry room, with a command of dry air, as can he done
iu any Vinery. Everybody knows the method we
have hitherto adopted for preserving our Grapes
through the winter. Now, if the fruit can be gatliorod,
stored, and kept in as good a condition by a simple
method, and the Vinos rested in a natural way, it
must bo a step in the right direction; for all practical
(irape growers well know that to leave the Grapes on
their Vines till a late jioriod, will after a few years
weaken and injure their Vines : and those on which
the fruit is left the longest always soonest show
this weakness. Besides, the Vine structures may be
turned to other account — such as protecting various
vegetables, salad, &c. With respect to his recommend-
ing young men to set about growing Grapes in the
South of Franco, and to send them to London and
Paris by the ton, I may remind him tliat while the
French do not, .as far as I can learn, write about what
they would do if they were young men, they really do
take particular care to supply our markets with enor-
mous quantities of fruits, salads, and vegetables, many
of which are grown in parts of France with a climate as
cold as our own. -Early in October, when I was at Baron
Rothschild's, the weather was as cold, dark, and stormy
as we have it here in England. Notwithstanding the
opposition which your correspondent has met with at
the hands of Mr. Rivers, i fully believe that his sug-
gestions will bo fairly and impartially tested in England
by many of our best gardeners, and time will tell who
is right. Jamts Bai-nes, Bicton,

Prolijie Stramherries.—" A. F. B." does not explain
his spring treatment of the late-bearing Strawberries
{p. 1218). If they were planted in spring there is
nothing very extraordinary in it. We profess to have,
and we have Strawberries all the autumn, but it is
more in consequence of spring treatment than from
the acquisition of any new variety. I send you a few
gathered to-day (Nov. .'iO) in all stages [about the same
as the sample referred to " A. F. B."], but would have
sent you a good ripe dish had they not been frozen
through during the last few nights, so that they are now
mouldy. AVe have been gathering one dish about every
three days lately, according to weather, but earlier in
the season one every other day. The variety was brought
here by a young French improver, but is nothing
more in my opinion than the Prolific Hautbois. This,
with some other varieties, stated to be autumn bearers,
including the Alpine, produces fruit plentifully when
treated in this way — namely, by simply lifting properly
prepared plants in April, and transplanting them into
good rich soil. This was the practice followed by my

improver's " father, iu order to supply the Imperial
table, and I believe will induce many of our other
varieties to become autumn-bearing. Fructus.

Soctctttg.

Royal Hoeticultoral, Dec. 3. — Floral Committee. — One of
the most interesting features of this meeting was, undoubtedly,
a collection of Japanese Chrysanthemums from Mr. Salter, of
Hammersmith. To four of these, viz.. Red Dragon, Aurantium,
Comet, and Wizard, First-class Certificates were deservedly
awarded. Of these the first has thread-like petals of a warm
red colour, tinf,'ed with gold ; the second, on the contrary, is
remarkable for the breadth of its massive yellow petals ; while
in Comet, again, occurs the thread-like form, fringed with
reddish-brown. Wizard is a dark crimson, with a small yellow
eye. Tarantula, a yellow sort, to which no award was made, also
deserves notice on account of its hard, button-like centre, and
the long, narrow, sprawling florets which surround it. These
varieties, though so different in colour, are said to have been
all raised from Chrysanthemum roseum punctatum : and from
them others possessing more merit may doubtlssa soon be
expected to be obtained. They cannot at present be called
florists' flowers, but for ordinary conservatoiy decoration
they will be found invaluable. From Mr. Salter also came
his ChUian Beet, and one or two other fine-leaved plants.
Mr. George, of Stamford Hill, contributed a collection of cut
blooms of Chrysanthemums, for which a special Certifi-
cate was awarded, and a similar mark of distinction was
also conferred on another collection, from Mr. Forsyth, of
Stoke Newington. Mr. Parker, Tooting, furnished cut flowers
of the brilliant orange -scarlet Scutellaria costaricana, recently
introduced. Mr. Muir, gr. at Oulton Park, sent blooms of a
seedling Amaryllis, called Viceroy. From Mr. George Smith,
of Hornsey, came young plants of his white variegated Pelar-
gonium, called Princess Alexandra, to which a First-class
Certificate had been awarded at Chiswick. Mr. Kingborn ex-
hibited examples of a dw.arf Thuja, which were requested to be
shown again. Messrs. Smith, of I)ulwich, had a fine group of
Variegated Zonal Pelargoniums, the bright appearance of which,
even during this dull weather, confirmed the impression enter-
tained of them at the last meeting, viz., that they will prove
most desirable plants for winter decoration. A varieg.ated
variety of Cupre.saus macrocai-pa was shown by Mr, Jennings,
of Shipston-on-Stour. From Mr. Green, gr. to W. Wilson
Saunders, Esq., came a charmingly rose-spotted variety of
Odontoglossum Alexandra}, called Bowmanii. For this a
First-class Certificate was awarded. Messrs. E. G. Henderson
sent finely-formed white blooms of a sport from the Princess
of Wales Chrysanthemum, named Beauty of St. John's Wood,
for which a First-class Certificate was awarded. From the
same firm also came a collection of cut blooms of Chrysan-
themums, to which a Special Certificate was given. Among
them were beautiful examples of the white Anemone-flowered
sort called Lady Margaret. Mr. Cannell again showed his white-
edged Ivy-leaved Pelargonium, named Duke of Edinburgh,
but it had not lost the ragged appearance it bore on a former
occasion.

Frait Committee. — Mr. Cox, of Redleaf, exhibited a dish of
large and handsome fruit of Hoary Morning Apple. Mr. Ford,
St. Leonard's Lodge, Horsham, sent specimens of the fruit of
Physalis Alkekengi, which a member stated he knew had
been used as a successful cure for gout, by two or three of thp
berries being eaten every day, or every other day. Mr.
William Paul furnished a promising seedling Apple, which
was however past its best. Mr. Brister, Whitton, near
Hounslow, also sent a seedhng Apple, for culinary
purposes, which was stated to keep till May. Mr.
Tillery, of Welbeck, contributed samples of Mill Hill
Hamburgh, Welbeck TripoU, and Frankenthal Grapes, for
comparison, when preference was given to the Frankenthal.
Mr. Tillery also sent a berry of a seedling Grape of extraordi-
nary size and shape, raised from the Black Hatuburgh,
crossed by pollen of Gros Guillaume. Mr. Ford had a Special
Certificate awarded him for a very fine collection of Pears,
the specimens o£ wUich were large, finely grown, and esceUeut

ill flavour. TIjcy cimsistud of Glou MorCcau, JoS'Sphiuo de
M.ilinoH. Triompho de Jodoigne, Uroomp^rk, Forello, and
!■; istur Buuno. Another Special Coi-tificatu was awarded to Mr.
l''ord fur a large collection of Apples, consintintf of 23 dishes.
MoHHra. Lane Ai Hon, of Bcrkh.ampHtoad, deservedly received a
Siiocial Certificate for a collection of Grapes, conHisting of
Muscat llamburK'li, Alicante, Chaouch, Gros Guillautno (called
Black BarbaruHHa), L:uly Downes", and Black Prince. The
buuchoM wore largo and handsoiiio, and were juHtly much
ailmirud. A Cortifieato was also awarded to a Black Alicante
in a jiot, on which were U large bunches. Mr. Ingram, of
I-'ruginoro, sent a splendid specimon of the Smooth-leaved
Cayenne Pinu, weighing SJ lb., the produce of 11 months. It
was .-uvardud a Special Cortificato, Mr. Rivers sent specimens
of Ajiplc trees grafted on French Paradise and Doueiii stockH,
showing that tho scion grafted on the former, when covered
with Hull, emits roots, which ultimately become tho sustaining
medium of tho tree, and the stock itself becomes usuIohh. Mr.
W. Paul exhibited specimens of the Doucin and the Paradise
stucka. Mr. Ford sent a collection of 20 varieties of Potatos.

Gnieral MMi-n/i. — Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egorton, Bart.,
M.P., in the chair. After the usual announcement of awards,
the Chairman remarked that as this was the last meeting thia
year, he thuu^-ht hi; might congratulate the muml)ern on the
MUcccs.H whicli hati attended their Tuesday meeting,'^, which
indeed be regarded as the life-blood of the Suciety. He there
fore begged Ut propose a vote uf thanks to the Floral and Fruit
CummitteOi}. This, as well as a vote of thanks to the Chair-
man, having been carried ummimously, the proceedings
terminated.

Notices of aSoofeg.

Revlsio Hi/drawjeanim Aaice Orientalis, scripslt C. J.

Ma.'timowicz. St. Petersburf^, IHii?. Quarto, pp. IS,

with three iitho;^raphod plate^i. From the Memoirs

of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, 7 series,

tome 10, No. IG.
HyJrantieaee;Te, a group of plants, which contains the
three well-known garden genera, Hydrangea, Deutzia,
and Philadelphus, is considered adistinct natural order
bj[ Lindley, but by most systeraatists is regarded as a
tribe of Saxifra^acese, differing from the typical Saxi-
fragete by its shrubby habit, opposite leaves, carpels
usually more than two, and by having the outer flowers
of the clusters larger than the others and barren.
Bentham and Hooker go still further, and place the
Currants, Cunonias, and Eseallonias in the same
order. The number of ascertained species of Hydran-
geneisbetweeu.ODand 70, very few of which pass beyond
the bounds of Temperate Asia and Temperate America,
one species only reaching Europe, and one the Polyne-
sian Islands. Unless we make an exception in favour of
thePolynesian'representativeof the tribe, all the genera,
except the three familiar ones which we have named,
contain only a single species each. Five are confined
to America, six to Asia, and two are common to both
continents. The great aggregation of species is in Japan,
and the east of Asia. M.Maximowiczhashad the oppor-
tunity of studying most of these in their native localities.
He is attached to the Imperial Gardens at St. Peters-
burg, and has spent a considerable time in exploring,
under the auspices of the Russian Government, the
eastern re^ons of Siberia, of which he has written an
excellent Flora, and he is now engaged in studying
specially the Flora of Japan. In Philadelphus and
Hydrangea a considerable number of garden forms
have been published with specific names, without any
proper diagnostic characters having been pointed out,
and thus a large amount of confusion has been brought
about, and he has, therefore, taken the matter in hand,
and here presents us with the result of his labours.

Of the 14 genera already admitted, four monotypic
American ones may be distinguished by having the
ovary entirely free from the calyx. Of the others,
with an ovary more or less thoroughly united to the
calyx, Hydrangea, Deutzia, and four monotypic genera
have from 8 to 13 stamens, whilst Philadelphus and
three monotypic genera have indefinite stamens. The
only novelty proposed by M. Maximowicz which affects
the general view of the group is a new genns from
Japan, with indefinite stamens, which is described at
full length, and figured under the name of Deinanthe.

For the region in question our author admits
10 species of Hydrangea, as follows :—
Petals spreading. lasting after the anthers slit ; —

Flowers all fertile 1 hirta S. & Z.

Outer flowers radiant and barren.
Sepals unequal, deciduous . . . . 2 virens, Sieb.

Sepals equal, persistent 3 chinensis.n.sp.

Petals spreading, fading whilst the anthers are young : —

Stamens equal, short, equalling the styles 4 Lobbii.

Stamens exceeding the styles, five longer than the others ;
Cyme elongated, conic or cylindrical . . 5 paniculata.
Cyme flat.

Capsules free above.
Sepals of barren flowers very broad,

retuso 6 Thunbergii.

Sepals of the barren flowers subacute or obtuse.

Bracts none . . . . . . 7 Hertensia.

Bracts setaceous . . , , 8 vestita.
Capsules all united 9 involucrata.

Of the species figured and described by Siebold and
Zuccarini, he classifies, under No. 7, Azisai, Otaksa,
japonica, Belzonii, acuminata, stellata, and Sitsitan.

Of Philadelphus he writes, " With the exception of a
few species, remarkable both by habit and characters,
all the others which have been proposed are not only
excessively similar in habit, but so close in other
respects that they do not differ from one another
enough to be what in some genera would be regarded
as varieties." All that belong to this region he reduces
to P. coronarius, of which he defines the following
varieties : —

1 genuinus = coronarius, Zeyheri, and verrucosus, Schrad.

2 tenuifolius = tenuifoUus, Rupr. and Max.

3 Satsumi = Satsumi, Sieb., Schrenkii, Rupr.

4 tomentosus = tomentosus and triflorus, Wall., nepalensis,

Lindl.

5 mandshuricus.

6 pekinensLs = pekinensis, Rupr.

7 nanus.

8 latifolius = latifollus, Schrad., pubescena h. Gels.

9 fioribundus = floiibundus, Schr,id.

10 grandiflorus = grandiflorus, WiUd., speciosus and lasus,
Schrad.

1244

THE GAEBENERS' CHEONTCLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[BeoBmbee 7, 1867.

Besides the new genus, the other two plates are
devoted to three species of Deutzia, ia whicli dilfiimlt
peaus ei^ht species are admitted and fully described.
Tlie paper, we have no reason to doubt, will place this
interesbiog group upoa a souad botaaioal footing.

Sogg's Oardeneri Year-^oolc for\%'^^% has just been
issued, and contains as usual much useful information,
such as a year-book may be expected to contain. The
notices of new fruits, and the lists of new plants are
especially valuable. The Directory portion is this
year r ■ ifined to the seats of the nobility and gentry,
and *■ msiderable space is devoted to a Calendar of
out-door gardening, and to various tables. — We are glad,
for the sake of young gardeners and others, desirous
of improving their education, to mention that a
new series of CasselW Popular Educator is being
issued. The first part, now before us. contains lessons
in Trench, Latin, German, Eoglish, Drawing, History,
Writing, Geometry, Arithmetic, Mechanics, Botany,
Physiology, Music, Geography, illustrated with wood-
cuts and plans, and enlivened by articles of a recreative
character, and all for 7d. Although the lessons are not
f uniform excellence, still we can testify from personal
experience to the great value of ma^y of them for
purposes of instruction. The lessons on Litin are
unusually well adapted for their purpose. This new
edition, we perceive, is revised so as to render it
suitable for those intending to present themselves
before the examining boards at the Civil Service, Society
of Arts, University Middle-Class Examinations, and
such like. We strongly recommend the book to those
whose '"schooling" may from any cause have been
defective.

Catalogttes Received. — S. Lane Sc Son's List of
Azalea indica for 18S7-8 ; W. Chater's Catalogue of
Mollyhocks ; C. Turners Select List of Pela,rgo-
nimns ; R. M. Stark's Catalogue of Alpine Plants ;
Smith S( Simons' Catalogue of Gladioli ; E.
Verdier Jlls aine Price Catalogue of Gladioli ; H.
Lane Sf Son's Descriptive Catalogue of Trees and
Shrubs; W. Dnimmond 4^ Son's Catalogue of Trees, ^'c. ;
W. Barron Sc Son's Select Catalogue of Ornamental
Plants ; J. Smith's Wholesale Catalogue of Trees,
Shrubs, Sfc. ; G. Jackynan's IVholesale Catalogue of
Plants; J. J. Chater's General Descriptive Catalogue;
P. Whitham's Catalogue of Trees ; Peter Lawson Sc
Son's Forest Trees and Shrubs; J. Jefferies 4" Son's
Catalogue of Purser?/ Stock; T. S. Ware's Catalogue
of Ornaniental Trees, Herbaceous Plants, Sfc. ; C.
Turner's Catalogue of Eases, Fruit Trees, tffc. ; T. War-
ner's Catalogue of Fruit Trees, Moses, <^c. ; Andre
Lerot/s Supplement au Catalogue : Arhres Fruitiers ;
S. Lane S( Son's Fruit Catalogue ; also Catalogue of
Poses ; F. Sc A. Dickson <^ Son's Catalogue of Roses ;
Smith 4* Simons' Rose Catalogue ; F. Verdier Jils alne
Rosiers Nouveaux ; Louis Van Soutte's General Plant
Catalogue; Ambr. VerschaffeW s Prix Courant pour
V Automne, 1367, et Printemps, 1868 ; T. Cripps 4* Son's
Wholesale Catalogue of Nursery Stock.

DuEiNG the past year there has been such a large
addition of new, and many of them fine, varieties of
the Vesbeka, as to mark something like an era in
the improvement of this well-known flower. An old
florist once recorded a statement akin to a prophecy, by
stating that the lime would come when there would be
Terbeuas as striking in colour as Alpine Auriculas,
and as circular in form as a Phlox. The present year
has witnessed the realisation of this ; in fact the former
we have had with us for a few years past : the other
quality of form has this season reached a high level of
perfection, and not only has there been a larger
number of new varieties than has generally appeared
in any previous year, but there has also been noticed a
degree of merit among these new kinds considerably
above the average.

About the year 1828 one of the most beautiful species
of the Verbena then just introduced to our gardens
was V. Melindres, which for some time was in consider-
able favour among cultivators, in consequence of its
striking and attractive character. The next 10 years
produced such plants as V. Tweedieana, incisa,erinoides,
Lamberti, rugosa, teucrioides, and others ; and these,
or some of these, became the progenitors of a host of
varieties that had put in an appearance by 18i8. Since
then each succeeding year has brought its quota to the
general improvement. Young, Smith, Robinson, Bell,
Wyness and others, were followed at a later date by
Edmunds and Weatherill, and, later still, by Perry,
Eckford, and several more, who have each done some-
thing towards augmenting the general results. On
the Continent, too, the same laudable work has been
going forward, though it would now appear that, in
regard to exhibition varieties, the Ereuchman is left
somewhat in the rear.

The Verbena has been claimed by the florist as a
flower peculiarly his own. Nevertheless, some of the
most useful of its varieties have beeu among those pos-
sessing but little of the qualifications contended for
by the florist ; and even now, as far as adaptability for
bedding purposes is concerned, it by no means Ibflows
that varieties having flowers of the finest form, are
therefore best adapted for bedding out. Perhaps it
would be most in harmony with the general truth to
say that exactly the converse is the case.

Some of the older members of the present generation
of florists used at one time to wage a fierce kind of
internecine war as to the relative advantages of form
over colour in the Verbena. It was the I'ashion to
write long treatises on this subject; and they were
adorned with well-rounded periods, containing heavy,
if not weighty, sentences about the '' laws or rules of
the science of floriculture being natural laws," and

that these " rules must adapt themselves to the science,
and not the science to the rules," &c. One worthy
enthusiast, with a hearty dogmatism quite irresistible
iu its efleot, politely put one of his antagonists com-
pletely out of court by asserting that — " he who says
form is the chief property of any flower, is not a
truthful expositor of the laws of floriculture," But all
the while these alphabetical warriors were engaged in
flinging at each other these wordy but harmless mis-
siles, other men were pushing on their operations, and
producing cheering results ; and form and colour — the
twin-sisters of florioultural perfection, that some of
these floral pugilists would have endeavoured to put
asunder, and each iu his turn abused— became indis-
solubly allied in these grand results. Jlessrs. Edmonds
and Perry, and later, Jlr. Eckford, have in their turn,
unfolded yearly new and improved forms of the Ver-
bena, till we have reached the marked congression of
all the desired qualities in the products of the present
year.

Probably,' to one interested iu the Verbena, nothing
could aflbrd more satisfaction than a visit to Mr. C. J.
Perry, at Castle Bromwich, Birmingham, at the
blooming time. Mr. Perry has two low span-roof
houses, in which he grows to very great perfection his
seedling Verbenas. When the plants are iu full bloom
they require to be lo^ked at through tbe glass roofs of
these houses, in order to appreciate the fine display
they make. Seen thus, they bear some approximate
resemblance to a house of Bougainvillaea spectabilis,
as the flowers are close to the glass, and are drawn
upward to the light. Primarily, Mr. Perry devotes
himself to the raising of first-class exhibition varieties
of the Verbena; in regard to their adaptability for
bedding he cannot say anything ; that is a matter for
after-proof, as he cultivates them only iu pots. Mr. Perry
holds the opinion that a bedding Verbena, merely, has
no better claim to hold a place among the show varieties
than a bedding Dahlia has with the finest exhibition
flowers. As a rule, he finds that no Verbena with a
large eye (which property is so essential to the show
kinds) is suitable for bedding, as the eyes always run
when exposed to the weather, and become in every
sense eye-sores. It is as a cultivator of show Verbenas
that Mr. Perry pre-eminently excels, and the superb
finish he imparts to his flowers proves how finely he
has mastered the conditions by which the result is
attained.

The standard he has set up by which new Verbenas
should be tested in the interest of quality, is that of a
pip as nearly circular as possible, and but slightly
indented or cut in. A very few years ago Mr. Perry
prophesied that before long, without doubt, the pips
would become perfectly rounded on the edges, and this
he has himself obtained in a remarkable degree in that
superb flower of the present year, named George P. Tye.
Eurtbermore, he contends for stoutness of the pip,
since it is well-known that all flowers possessing tbis
quality of stoutness remain longer in perfection, both
on the plant and in a out state, than those of a more
flimsy character. " The pips should be closely set on
the stem, and so placed that they should be perfectly
imbricate, thus forming a smooth unbroken surface ;
no green should be seen when the truss is erect ; many
kinds having other good properties are deficient iu this
particular, and therefore useless for the purpose of
exhibition." Mr. Perry's theory of form is that now
recognised as the ultimum of perfection, though one of
the writers referred to — a kind of mystic in florioul-
tural philosophy — thus expresses his idea of form:
" The proper shape cannot be settled by a buyer or
seller, or by a committee of either or both, from
mere caprice ; the proper rule for form is a truth
already fixed in Nature, and in the laws of esthetics:
it is only to be elucidated and followed, but must not
be dictated by arbitrary and capricious persons." But
what does this really mean ?

Mr. Perry considers colour quite a matter of taste,
and so does not rank it so high as he does form. On
the other hand, it has been asserted that " colour should
stand before form as an essential to the quality of the
flower." Mr. Perry must by this time have modified
the opinion he once expressed, '' that he did not think
the plain self-coloured kinds ought to be admitted into
a good stand," for any one who saw the stand of Bir-
mingham Seedlings at the Crystal Palace in September
last, must have been struck with the effectiveness of
that fine self flower Mrs. Mole, and noted it as a leading
e.xhibition kind. Unfortunately the fragile character
of the Verbena rnilitates against it in a considerable
degree as an exhibition flower, as the trusses fall to
pieces so quickly; nevertheless, a stand of first-class
Verbenas, when fresh, and effectively staged, always
forms a feature of interest on au exhibition table.

The following IS new varieties of Verbena have been
exhibited by Mr. C. J. Perry during the past summer,
and of these eight have received First-class Certificates
at the large metropolitan exhibitions— a pretty sure
index to their excellent properties : viz., jVlrs. Mole, a
shaded lavender self flower, tbough this hardly describes
correctly the prevailing hue of colour, but must be
accepted for want of better terms : this will make a
fine exhibition flower iu point of colour, as well as in
general properties of form, substance, &o. ; Hercules,
violet rose, richly shaded, and having a striking crimson
centre round a white eye, very fine quality ; G. P. Tve,
one of the finest formed flowers yet produced, having
the appearance of the beautifully modelled form of a
herbaceous Plilox: the colour blush, suffused with
pink, and violet rose centre, in the way of Mrs.
Turner, but having a paler ground colour, with a more
heightened contrast in the centre, from being of a deeper
hue; James Birbeck, another very fine flower, of a
deep but rich .shade of bright cerise scarlet, with lemon
eye, very fine and striking ; Interesting, cerise scarlet,
but yet of quite a distinct hue to James Birbeck,
ivilh a striking omary eye, a very fine imd showy
IWirer, the pips large and of fine shape; Miss Tui'uar,

white, with rosy lilac centre, a beautiful and pleasing
novv6r,with pips of great substance, circular, and smooth,
and a splendid exhibition variety ; Thomas Harris, rich
plum colour, with dark glossy shading, and pure white
eye, the individual flowers very fine and attractive; and
Splendid, a very beautiful and striking shade of rich
violet rose, with lemon eye, pips and truss of fine
quality : another fine exhibition kind. These all have
received the highest mark of merit that can bo
awarded to seedling flowers, and at the three great
metropolitan exhibitions a Eirst-class Certificate was
awarded to Miss Turner.

Among the varieties that compose the remainder of
Mr. Perry's new batch of seedlings are some fine
flowers, that would no doubt have received awards
could they have been shown when at their best. This
remark applies only to the London exhibitions, as Mr.
Perry received a large number of Certificates in the
provinces. I am informed, but I cannot vouch for its
accuracy, that he has this season obtained for his
Verbenas such an extraordinary quantity of Certificates
that no Birmingham bookbinder will undertake to
collect them into one memorial volume, so ponderous
would be its weight. They are as follow :— James
Day, a flower that opens rich crimson, but fades to
deep violet with age; showy lemon eye: the plant
appears to possess an unusual sturdy habit ; Thomas
Wilson, bright orange scarlet, gradually shaded towards
the centre with rich violet, thus imparting to tlie
flower a pleasing edged appearance, a fine hue of colour
pervaded with a striking glow, but the individual
flowers are of indifferent form ; Shirley Hibberd, rich
purplish crimson, with small white eye, fine form and
stout substance, but the pips rather small, still a very
striking kind; Little Clara, clear rose, with crimson
centre and white eye, showy and fine ; Butterfly, flesh-
colour, with rosy crimson centre and white eye : an
attractive flower, and good habit ; J, C. Ward, purple,
with white eye, finely-formed pij) and truss ; Samuel
Morton, a very fine shade of bright rosy pink, with
crimson centre : a good and hold flower ; Madame
Tonnelier, lilac, with bright crimson centre, pip bold
and fine ; Striking, deep rose, shaded with crimson,
conspicuous white centre, the pip small in size, and
the segments somewhat divided, a free-blooming and
promising bedding kind; and Emma Perry, a beautiful
light kind, blush ground, with lilac rose centre, very
fine pip and truss. Mr. Perry has a few reserveil
flowers for next year, about which it would be pre-
mature to say anything at present, as they have only
been scanned by privileged eyes ; but Mrs. Perry and
Eichard Dean will no doubt some day make a very suc-
cessful dt'hiH.

Mr. Eckford has two very fine things, viz.. The Cure,
rose, suffused with purple, and havmg a well-defined
centre of bright crimson, pips large and short, and
highly attractive ; and Achievement, dull cerise, dashed
with crimson, and striking lemon eye, the pips large,
stout, and of the finest quality. One truss only of the
last was exhibited, or it would have been awarded a
Certificate of the highest order in common with The
Cure. Others of the Coleshill batch are George Steven-
son, bright cerise scarlet, with showy white eye ; Pluto,
very bright, rich dark scarlet, with conspicuous lemon
centre ; Lord Derby, brilliant deep scarlet with large
and bold lemon eye, the outline and substance of the
pips good, but with a constitutional tendency to cup ;
Novelty, bright cerise with lemon eye, surrounded
with a narrow crimson ring ; Isa Key, violet rose with
white eye, a novel and striking shade of colour ; and
Bravo, cerise changing to pale rose, and small lemon
eye, good stout pip.

Lastly must be noticed that fine bedding kind
named Constance, shown by Mr. G. Knight, of Battle,
and which received two First-class Certificates. It is
of a bright shade of dark scarlet, and has a small lemon
eye, somewhat in the way of Pei'ry's '' Mazeppa," but
darker in hue ; as the flowers produced were from the
open air, it is unquestionably a fine bedding kind, and
one that can be depended on.

How many of these are destined to rank as effective
bedding kinds is a matter for determination. New
Verbenas are always iu ready demand, and it is an
invariable custom with the leading nurserymen to
subject the new kinds to the test of bedding, as that
becomes in reality the condition of their perpetuity.

FoTTL Bbood.— A few months ago I gave a detailed
account of my queen-rearing operations during the
past summer. I had then to report a series of failures,
with but few cases in which my efforts were crowned
with success. The results of my manipulations have
been, this season, so very different from those which
have attended similar experiments in former years,
that I was induced, even during the time they were
in progress, to communicate the same to our apiarian
readers, though it would have been infinitely more
agreeable to have hiid nothing to relate but success in
regard to the various operations. In two of my
queen-raising stocks, three queens in succession were
hatched out, only to disappear soon afterwards. Two
at least of these had commenced laying eggs before
being lost or killed by their subjects. In these hives,
I had every reason to believe that these mysterious
failures were owing to the presence of Fektile
WOBKEKS among the bees, and that the queens fell
victims to their murderous attacks. Eventually, I had
undoubted evidence that fertile workers really did
e.xist in both these hives. They had both to be broken
up, and the bees united to adjoining colonies.
There was not the appearance, at any time,
of the presence of that terrible malady, known as
Foul Brood. This I noticed particularly, as my
curiosity and attention were excited by the continued
disappearance of the young queens.

Decembeb 7, 1867.]

THE GAT^DENET^R' C1TR0NTCT,1<1 AND ACnKnTETTil^AE GAZETTE.

1245

In another case, a young fertile queen was established
only after three previous attempts, by the insertion of
sealed royal cells, or suital)le brood comb. In Ibis o;iso,
I had no' reason to 8Usi)e(;t the hive tobesuHi'rinii froui
those pests, fertile workers. In several other cases 1 bad
more or loss difliculty ; and in two only, if 1 reiiii'inbcr
right, had I the satisfaction of linding the innnites of
the royal cells raised from Liguriun brood to bo suc-
oessfnlly reared and established on the first attempt.

I must confess that this undesirable state of things
puzzled me not a little. More than once I asked
myself, " Can these continued failures be in any way
attributed to the presence oi' Jhiif brood T' 1 exa-
mined superficially some of the stocks, but failed to
detect any unfavourable symptom. Not at all believ-
ing that it was jiresont in my apiary, my examination
did not go far enough, or I am convinced now that I
should, even then, have discovered it. Since my former
reports were written, abundant evidence hsvs been
ailbrded me, that this malady has been diffused, and has
made fatal progress through a great proportion of my
colonies.

When my friend, Mr. Woodbury, was such a sufferer
from the same terrible scourge, my hives, in three
different apiaries, were entirely free from it, and I felt
great cau.se for congratulation when contemplating the
havoc which it inflicted in his once prosperous apiary.
This immunity on my pari was the more surprising, both
because one of my apiaries was within a few minutes'
walk of his garden, and also that he had at various
times supplied me with combs and royal cells from his
stocks. For years subsequently not a single
ease of this disease appeared in any of my
hives. Such unanimity led me almost to doubt if
foul brood really could be, except in very rare in-
.stances, so fatal a malady as it has been described
to be by both English and foreign bee-masters. This
impression, if I may so term my feeling on the subject,
induced a too fatal security, but I am now fully alive to
the danger I have incurred. Space will not allow me
now to relate the circumstances connected with its
unwelcome appearance and diffusion amongst my
colonies. This I hope to do at an early opportunity.
<S. Jievan Fox,

Garden Memoranda.

NouBURY Pakk, Dorking, the Seat of Thomas
Grissell, Esq.— This line place, situated as it is
am iilst scenery of the most beautiful and picturesque
description, cannot fail to command universal admira-
tion. On entering the park through an ancient gate-
way, and crossing the Mole, a sluggish stream, which
burrows into the ground and disappears in certain
places, the carriage-drive winds up the hill in a
serpentine manner towards the mansion, a substantial-
looking quadrangular building, which stands on the
sumiuit, removed from sight as one approaches it,
though from various parts of the country it is a con-
spicuous and striking object. After winding about a
mile up the hill the house bursts suddenly into view,
amid groves of lofty Beeches and other line forest
trees. The garden front, associated with which
is a neat architectural conservatory and Fernery,
overlooks a delightful amphitheatre of some magnitude,
its furthest outlet directing the eye towards the South-
downs and the sea, on which on a clear day ships, it is
said, can be discerned through a powerful telescope.
Prominently in the foreground stands Box Hill, the
shaggy, time-worn sides of which are clothed with Bo.x
trees, which grow here, intermixed with Furze, in a wild
state. In 1795, when the supiily of Boxwood from
the Mediterranean had for a time become inter-
rupted, the produce of this celebrated hill is
said to have realised, when put up to auction, the
immense sum of 12,000/, ! Box is stated to attain
its full growth in about .50 years, in which time, if
circumstances are favourable, it will reach a height of
some 20 feet, and form a stem a foot in diameter.
Plenty of examples of Bo.^, of dimensions equal to
those just stated, form undergrowth in the woods
which adorn the steep hill-sides of Norbury Park,

Owing to the elevated position of the ground on
which the mansion is placed, magnificent views of this
charming district can be obtained ; aud every now and
then delightful peeps, through which some object of
interest can be seen, add to the whole a charm nowhere
to be met with except in a boldly undulated track of
country such as this.

This beautiful and ancient domain has undergone
considerable improvements under its present spirited
proi)rietor. Its entrance lodge is of a peculiar castel-
lated character, and immediately after passing it a
park of upwards of BOO acres is entered. Through
this the winding approach leading to the house is of as
gradual and easy ascent as the elevated tableland on
which that building stands will admit, and at differ-
ent stages in its course many pleasing views in
various directions are obtained. The leading feature
of the building itself, which is commodious,
is the drawing-room, which is 30 feet by 24 feet and
10 feet in height ; its walls are adorned with views of
the lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland by Barrett,
in his best style, the figures in the scene being paiuted
by Cipriani, and the cattle by Gilpin. The view from
the terrace on the south side of the house fills the
beholder with admiration ; the rich valley below, the
church and village of Mickleham, Burford ]3ridge,
and Box Hill with its bold ravines, and chalky crags,
at the point of which the eye is carried over the rich
woods of Betchworth into Sussex. The towering
woods of the Deepdene and Bury Hill also successively
meet the view. To the right is the town of Dorking,
with Redlands, orLeithHill.and Denbies Hill, crowned
with wood ; and nearer are the luxuriantly covered
slopes of Norbury, encircling the vale below. 'Owing to
the variety of ground and the happy elfcct of light and
shade, fresh beauties continually present themselves ou

this delightful spot, aud the splendid efl'ects of sunrise
and sunset are seldom seen to greater advantage than
they are here.

The soil ai)pear3 to bo particularly favourable to the
growth of limber— Beech, Oak. Walnut, Box, and Vew
trees of great age and noble dimensions abound.
Indeed the latter constitute one of the chief features
of this fine place, affording agreeable shade to a quiet
woodland walk on the south-west side of the house, from
which their singularly twisted and time-riven trunks
can be inspected. Tboy appear to have but little hold
of the soil on which they grow ■ for heavy snowfalls
not unfrequently uproot some of them. These vcne-
rablo trees are mentioned in Domesday Book, and are
sujiposed to have been liihabitant.s of Norbury for
upwards of a thousand years.

On the high ground above the house is a flower
garden, which we believe it is the intention of Mr.
Grissell some day to renew on an improved plan, and
near it is a little nook which possibly may be converted
into a Rosery. Farther down the hill, overhung with
trees, and surrounded by evergreens, is a noatly-
construoted Fernery, the work, wo understand, of Mr.
Grissell's sister, Mrs. Burkett, to whose taste it does
much credit. It is planted with some of the choicer
varieties of hardy Ferns, which, when viewed on a
warm day from a rustic seat or arbour close by, have a
cool and refreshing appearance. The lawn and other
departments belonging to the "dress" ground in the
neighbourhood of the bouse, are kept in beautiful
condition by Mr. Downing, who takes great delight in
having all under his charge in good order.

The kitchen garden, which lies low in the valley,
contains a valuable range of glass-houses. Froiii the
early Vinery, which is 4M feet in length and 15 feet in
width. Grapes are usually cut on the 1st of May. The
Vines are planted outside in a well-made border, some
12 feet in width. About four years ago this border
was replenished with fresh soil, as much of the old ma-
terial having been previously removed as was considered
prudent. That substituted for it consisted of good
strong loam, mixed with bruised bones, brick rubbish,
aud other porous material ; and after the Vines had
got a little re-established they bore magnificent crops,
six bunches of Black Hamburgh sometimes weigh-
ing no less than LS lb. Chasselas Musqne have
also been equally good and free from cracking, a
' fault to which this fine variety is liable. In a
second house the Vines are aU"0 planted outside
on a raised border. The sorts are oliiefly Black
Hamburgh and Muscats. There is also one example
of Buckland Sweetwater from which has been cut
one bunch 'veighing 3 lb. 4 oz. On the back
wall are Lee's Perpetual and Brown Turkey Figs,
which bear abundant crops of large fruit. In a late
Vinery, 50 feet in length, we noticed Black Hamburghs,
Trebbiano, Royal Vineyard, Alicante— varieties which
yield fruit fit for table up to February.
; There is also here a lean-to orchard-house 120 feet
I in length, 9 feet in width and 11 feet in height. On
! the back wall are Stanwick, Elruge, and White
Nectarines ; while in front, planted out in a 5-feet wide
, border, are different sorts of fruit trees, from all of
which are annually secured good crops of fruit.

The early Peach house is 88 feet in length, and fur-
nishes ripe fruit by the beginning of June. Some
Noblesse Peaches from this house weighed 9 oz. each.
From a second Peach house 83 feet in length, are also
gathered large crops of fine fruit.

Cucumbers are cut here all the year round, from
half of a house 30 feet long, 13 feet wide, and 8 feet
high. The other half is devoted to the growth of Pines.
There are also numerous pits well heated with hot
water, in which are grown Melons, early Potatqs, &c. ;
while Asparagus and Seakale are still forced in pits
warmed by means of fermenting material.

Besides the houses just named, there are also several
plant structures, in which are cultivated Camellias,
, Azaleas, Heaths, Pelargoniums, &c., together with a
plant stove, in which are Bougainvillaea spectabilis,
Stephauotis, Passiflora edulis, and other plants of a
similar description, all in excellent condition. The
Bougainvillse, it may be mentioned, is among the
gayest and most easily managed of the inmates of this
house ; it blossoms magnificently, and its long graceful
wreaths of showy inflorescence are greatlv admired by
all who see them'. We know of no stove climber better
deserving of cultivation than this, and, when associated
with the fragrant snowy blossoms of the Stephauotis,
the contrast which it makes with that universal
favourite is most charming.

Pomegranates, as fine as anyimported from the South
of Europe, are produced here under glass, and are great
favourites with Mr. C-lrissell. Jlr. Downing states that
he finds this fruit by no means difficult to manage. He
grows it in turfy loam mixed with a little river sand.
Four years ago he says that he found the tree growing
very luxuriantly, but it never blossomed. Conse-
quently in January, 1864, he root-pruned it, dug a
trench all round it, and confined the root« by
means of a brick wall to only a small compart-
meut. Before that they had the range of a 5-feet
wide border. This operation had the desired
effect, for the early next June the tree was in
full bloom, as many as 200 flowers being expanded on
it at one time. None of these, however, set. Ne.xt
year it blossomed again, and set a good crop of fruit,
which ripened late in October. Some of the produce
of this crop weighed as much as 1 lb. 6 oz., and, as
regards flavour, that was eiiual to that of imported fruit.
The tree has continued to bear every season since. The
great .secret in fruiting the Pomegranate is keeping it
unrler comparatively poor treatment until it has set
its fruit. After that it enjoys abundance of manure
water. It is trained to the back wall of an orchard
house, and all the pruning it receives is cutting away
the most luxuriant shoots, leaving the smaller ones to
produce fruit. It gets no artificial heat; but Mr.

Downing is of opinion that a little warmth might be
advantageously employed during flowering time and
again when the fruit is riiieniug.

Here, as elsewhere, the Apyile crop has been a par-
tial failure this year ; but crops of other hardy fruits
have been good.

Obituary.

Ttte death of Mr. William MoNkill, for many
years Head-Gardener at the Chief Secretary's liodge,
Phamix Park, near Dublin, has caused a blank
which will long bo felt in the jirofession to which he
was .so much devoted. He was a native of Scotland,
and from his earliest years manifested a taste
for horticultural pursuits. Being trained in the
gardens of Taymouth Castle, his talent was suflft-
clently matured at an early age to enable him to fill
the above responsible situation with great credit alike
to himself and his employers. Those who remember
the gardens at the Chief Secretary's lodge some 10 or
12 years back, can form the best estimate of his
untiring assiduity to his business, and few can look
upon the grand collection of stove plants which now
are to be seen in the houses at the Chief Secretary's
lilace without awarding to Mr. McNeill the entire
merit of their culture. At the Royal Horticultural
Society's Shows he was invariably a successful compe-
titor, and although ever anxious to be first on the list,
his kind and unobtrusive disposition gained for him
the respect and regard of his rivals. Conscientious to
those he served, and at the same time considerate to
those under him, ever ready to impart information
when solicited, he was regarded by all who were
acquainted with his many good qualities as a man far
above his position. He died on the 26th ult., at the
age of 40 years, leaving a widow and six young
children. M. A. M., Dublin.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing tveek.)
PLANT HOUSES.

CULTIVATOBS who, through the wantof more ex tended
room, are compelled to grow a curtailed selection of
miscellaneous Orcliids amongst a mixed collection of
stove plants, will for the next few weeks have to con-
tend with the many inconveniences attending such a
state of things. The temperature of the Stove proper
should not exceed, in severe weather, which we may
expect almost daily now,a maximum of 52, with, in rnild
periods, a possible advance of from 8° to 10\ This, it is
needless to affirm, might be maintained at a greatly
reduced effort upon the power of the heating apparatus.
The difficulty, then, will be readily perceived, if, as is
probable, some of the rarer Orchids are making an
effort to grow. Even Cattleyaj?, Ltelias, Onoidiums,
Zygopetalums, &c., exclusive of Cymbidiums and
similar things, progressively forming flower spikes, as
is usual at this season, will sometimes do so even with
the best of treatment. I can but advise therefore that
such growths be encouraged in every possible way.
Introduce the plants, where possible, into a forcing pit.
Place them in the warmest end, and where an excess
of moisture cannot reach them. Should the growths
upon any be very young and tender, it will be well to
place a piece of dry cotton wool around the base of
each of them. This may save them from damping ofl'.
Understand me, I only advise this as the better alter-
native. A season of rest, which I have so strenuously
insisted upon, is essentially necessary for the well-being
of this beautiful class of plants, and should be enforced
upon them at all times where possible. This will be
found a good season, especially if bad weather prevails)
to well cleanse the foliage upon Oranges, Camellias,
&a. Sponge well over, therefore, and syringe with
pure tepid water afterwards. They improve
in health thereby. Besides which the removal of dust,
&c., from the exterior surfaces tends materially to
deter insects from occupying any part thereof. Should
the weather continue mild, it will be necessary to
maintain a slight amount of artificial heat in all cool
structures forthe purpose of counteracting the injurious
influence of the general body of cool damp air contained
therein. Especially desirable will this be in Cool
Pits, &c., containing Bedding plants, Pelargoniums,
Petunias, Calceolarias, &c. Damp vvill be found to fix
itself upon any of the above, and quickly destroy any-
thing upon which it settles. Start a slight fire early
in the morning, gradually feed it with fuel, until a
reasonably brisk heat is attained ; increase the supply
of fresh air correspondingly, and endeavour by every
other means to dry all internal surfaces, for a time
at least. Such slight attention twice a week, in dull
gloomy weather, oven if mild, will aid much in carry-
ing the plants over a rather trying period.
FOECING HOUSES.

Give every attention to Vines started early in
November. Maintain as constant and uniform a tem-
perature as possible, at about an average maximum of
52° by night, with an advance of S' to 10 by day,
according to the excessive dulness, or otherwise, ol
individual days, with a possible rise up to /S" with
sunshine, caused by its actual warmth, even with a
slight modification of the internally maintained
artificial heat. It will be well to bend the extreme
ends of any rods which seem to push the eyes
irregularly, down to a lower level than those parts
which break remissly ; the sap thereby flowing more
freely in its upward course, may cause them to assume
a greater activity, and so become equalised in growtli
with the rest.' Keep up a constant and genial
humidity by means of internal sprinklings &c.,
and so induce a good robust shoot at every break.
Maintain a moderate warmth in all external I' me
borders while the plants are thus actively at work
within This must be effected, as I have previously

1246

THE OAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[DeceSibee 7, 1867-

advised, by the aid of a sufficient amount of
fermenting material, covered over witli other dry
litter, asphalted canvas, &c. Both FiD and Chemj
houses— and, indeed, any such plants intended
to be forced in pots, should all be got ready. Proceed

J)reoisely as before advised for Vines, Peaches, and the
ike. Surface-dress those in pots ; wash the wood over
■with a similar wash to that recommended for the
above, &o. Peaches, the buds upon which are pushing
freely, will need every attention. Be careful not to
allow too high a heat at any time, caused by a sudden
rush of the sun's warmth and internal pent-up
artificial heat combined. Give air at the apex
immediately the thermometer reaches 58°, gradually
increasing it with a tendency to further advance.
Syringe freely two or three times a-day, but not too
late in the afternoon. Any of the above forced early,
and likely to be shortly in flower, should receive every
assistance possible to aid them in "setting" the
bloom freely. Avoid every semblance of moisture at
such times, whether atmospheric or actual. Maintain
the same amount of heat as previously, but with, upon
all proper occasions, a slight amount of air. A fine
camel-hair brush is the most efiective aid, wherewith
properly to distribute the pollen or fine fertilising
powder. It has the power of retaining within itself
any particles which do not adhere to the stigmas when
placed in contact with them ; hence it makes the most
of the not over liberal supply of pollen formed at this
untoward season. The past dry weather having been
favourable to all out-door linings formed of fermenting
materials, Pines in such pits will have had a nice brisk
heat. See that it does not decrease through the linings
becoming too dry, which they are the more likely to do
on account of no superficial rains having fallen to
moisten them. Having a good heap of leaves, &c.,
ready at hand, it will be well therefore to turn over
any linings which need renovating, adding fresh
material where necessary, damping the old, &c. This
is best eflected by doing only one half or so at a time,
finishing the remaining portion about a week later.

HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.
Possibly it may not be convenient to some
"amateurs" and others to leave all their pruning
undone until the turn of the year ; but that, as there
is little else to do at this dull season, they may wish to
proceed with all such work where possible, before they
finish digging the ground around the trees, and other-
wise making all neat and tidy. The Culture of Pears
being evidently on the increase, I shall confine myself
this week to the treatment of young trees of this class
alone, especially as any such may now be pruned
without risk, nailed, or tied in. Slany growers, not
being in want of a quick return for their outlay, and
who do not object to the trouble entailed by under-
taking the whole preliminary formation of their trees,
purchase " maidens." These require, as a rule, cutting
back to three good eyes— sure beyond a doubt, each, to
" break " and grow freely in the spring. If they are
intended for wall or espalier training, I take it for
granted that the best form, viz., the horizontally
trained one, will be followed, the upper, or more
central eye, or bud, should therefore be encouraged
to grow perpendicularly, as a main to the whole
subsequent frame-work; the other two forming
shoots which are intended to take the lower line
allowed, horizontally. The main object with all young
trees, from the above stage onwards, until they are from
si.\ to eight years planted, is to encourage the forma-
tion of good sound wood, for the purpose of furnishing
the necessary space throughout without break or flaw.
Each year the main or perpendicular shoot should
furnish at least one shoot upon either side, to be laid
in and trained along the ne.xt course allotted to them
uniforml.v, and as mechanically correct as possible.
A convenient distance between these horizontal lines
is about 11 inches, or three bricks wide. Once these
side shoots are laid in, it is not advisable to stop them
until they have extended themselves to the utmost
limit marked out for the tree. No further should they
be permitted to run. Sometimes the main shoot,
growing very strongly, will, if not closely watched, be
so formed that there will be no possibility of neatly
producing the necessary shoots where they are needed.
It is necessary, therefore, to watch its growth con-
stantly and keenly, and should it show any tendency to
produce irregularity, pinch its point off with the finger
and thumb whilst growing, forthwith, as advised
before. This will not fail to bring it into a more
correct form. The beauty of outline in well formed trees
is ever an object to please the eye ; hence such attention
will receive in the future ample compensation. Any
gross young shoots, which form upon any of the older
horizontal branches ere the necessary space has been
filled, must be dealt severely with ; sever them in two
as near to the parent brancli as possible, without risk-
ing any injury thereto. At a future period these may
be useful, either for the formation of fruiting spurs, or
to be diverted into a return perpendicular figure — a
very fruitful method of training withal ; now the trees
have need of all their energy to properly furnish vacant
spaces above. As regards walls, of course, it will be neces-
sary to furnish them to the top whatever the height of
individual ones maybe. "With espalier or "cordon"
training the case is diflerent. According to the length
of extension required by individual branches, so should
the necessary height be judged. _ If the branches are
needed to cover a wide space horizontally, three or four
tiers will be ample. One fact I would enforce, especially
with Pears — which, hanging pendent, reach ofttimes a
foot below the parent branchy-namely, do not train the
lower branch too near the soil below. Independent of
their being interfered with by plants of "humbler
growth," it is not well to have the fruit gritty and
besmeared with sjihished debris by "every passing
shower;" besides which, they tempt many birds, pre-
viously bent upon searching for insect food alone, to

disfigure them. To avoid mistakes, in cutting back
the main branch, so sever it in twain that the buds
required to form the next two shoots upon walls be
rather under the necessary line than otherwise ; this
will allow room for a slight extension, the necessary
bendingof the branches, &c. Eegardingthe pruning of
fruiting trees I hope to have something to say next
week.

KITCHEN GARDEN.
Eecently sown Peas and Beans, as soon as they have
grown fully out of the ground, must be well earthed up.
Bear past remarks in mind in reference to allowing a
higher ridge upon the side from which the coldest
winds are likely to blow. See that the frost does not
penetrate in any degree into the heart of Celeri/. It
causes it to rot very much. Of course the usual routine
of trenching, digging, and the proper lightening up of
all fallowed soils, must be proceeded with as opportunity
offers. Leave nothing in this way undone longer than
is possible ; but afford to these vacant spaces, by fully
exposing the greatest surface possible to the influences
of the elements, the means of amelioration of which
they are capable, to the full extent. W. E.

HINTS TO AMATEURS.

Decembee is such a pinching month for the fingers,
that we will not at once rush out into the cold, at the
risk of chillblains, but begin with a little in-door work
first, just to get our blood into circulation.

Label-making is an occupation which may well be
left until this season, when there is comparatively little
to do out-of-doors : it is, moreover, essentially a fire-
side amusement. Get a bundle of laths, such as the
plasterers use, choose the smoothest and broadest that
you can find ; saw them into convenient lengths ; cut
one end of each to a point, and shave off any little
uneven parts that there may be. It takes but a short
time to thus prepare some hundreds of labels, upon
which, if a little white lead or thick white paint is then
smeared and rubbed in, it is easy to write with a lead
pencil. Such labels as these will generally last for about
a year in the open ground, and for a much longer time in
pots in greenhouses, but in damp soils, when exposed
to all weathers, the part in the ground becomes rotten
after it has passed through one winter, and the label
breaks off and gets misplaced or lost. To prevent this,
and to obviate the necessity of writing fresh ones every
year, you must give each label two coats of oil paint,
allowing the first coat to get thoroughly dry before
putting on the second. Labels so prepared will last
three or four years. 'White paint is best for those
whose eye-sight is not strong, since writing is more
easily read upon it than upon a dull colour ; at the
same time it has the objection in winter, when little
else but labels appear above ground, of making your
borders appear like a cemetery of miniature tomb-
stones. I therefore; prefer using paint of a light
brown, or drab colour, as being less conspicuous.

Now that we are beginning to appreciate the luxury
of a great-coat, it is a seasonable time to talk about
protection to plants. If we had more snow, we should
have the less need for artificially protecting tender
plants ; for snow is Nature's own great-coat, and is a
better one than anything of human invention; it
protects alike against frost, hail, and wind. Pew seem
to know how little the roots of plants are influenced by
frost when more than six inches deep. Anything
planted a foot deep is quite out of the reach of any
frost that occurs in England, since even in wet clay
soils, where frost penetrates deeper than elsewhere, it
has not been known to get more than ten, rarely more
than seven inches from the surface. There are many
plants, however, that will not grow if planted so deeply
as to be beyond the effects of frost. For these it
becomes necessary, if they are liable to be killed by
frost, to provide protection of some kind. It doubtless
goes much against the grain with amateurs to allow
any " littery mess " to lie about ; nevertheless, there is
such .value in a covering of dead leaves, manure, or
straw, all through the frost, that those who have thus
protected their flower borders for one winter will find
so much advantage from it next season in strength of
foliage, profusion of bloom, and absence of dead ones,
that even the greatest sticklers for apple-pie order
(whatever that particular description of neatness may
be) will be henceforth induced to pocket his preju-
dices, and calmly make up his mind to submit to the
trouble of sweeping up a little oftener, for the sake of
the benefit which he is to derive from the disorderly
litter. The slight depth to which frost penetrates the
earth appears to indicate that it only requires a
corresponding depth of covering to keep the frost
from touching the surface of the earth ; and this is
found to be more or less true ; the difference
varying of course with the nature of the covering.
The greatest risk in the protection of tender plants in
the open ground arises, not from the sharp frosts of
January, but from the slighter frosts of May, after the
few warm days in April have started vegetation into
active life ; it is then that we are tempted to remove
the protection which has carried us safely through the
severest weather, and it is by this premature removal
that many plants are lost. People seem to forget that
as the same walls and roof screen them alike from
scorching sun and nipping cold, so the covering which
protects the ground from a cold atmosphere will also
prevent its being influenced by a warm atmosphere ;
and will, by being left on till all risk of late frosts is
over, enable the plants to bloom just as soon and
much more healthily than if they had begun to grow
sooner and had been checked.

Protection from wind is a matter not to be ne-
glected ; indeed we are strongly of opinion that there
are more mishaps in the world of so-called hardy
plants from easterly wind than from any ordinary
frosts. It is well known how differently the same
kind of plant is affected by one night's frost in different

parts of the garden, and if the situations are examined,
it will be found that exposure or non-exposure to
wind will generally prove to be the cause of this differ-
ence. Plants are influenced nearly if not quite as
much as animals, by the action of air in motion ; and
doubtless they, as well as we, find the air to be much
warmer in calm than in windy weather, though the
thermometer may register the same on each occasion.
To anyone who doubts this it is easy to prove the
fact by using water instead of air. Put your feet
into a bath where the water is too hot to be comfort-
able ; keep your feet quite still, and after the
first twinge you can just bear to keep them
there, and no more ; but only attempt to move them
about, and the water at once feels so many degrees
hotter that you gladly take your feet out.^ Now, there
is evidently no increased heat here; it is merely the
difference between water still and water in motion.
And the sensation would be similar if iced water,
instead of hot water, were poured into your foot-bath.

The explanation of it is this: where an object (say a
human being, or a plant) is exposed to a still atmo-
sphere of a temperature somewhat higher or lower
than its own temperature, the object receives or parts
with some portion of its own heat, that is, takes it
from, or gives it to, the atmosphere in immediate
contact with it, which thereby becomes nearly of the
temperature of the object itself, and thus the object
scarcely feels the greater heat or cold, provided it be
not excessive. But when there is a hot or a cold wind,
the atmosphere in contact with the object is changing
every minute, and is each minute taking from, or
adding to, the temperature of the object exposed to it,
and this cannot continue for long without visible
injury to the object.

There is much difference in the effects of wind,
according to the direction from which it comes. With
us the south-west is the warmest wind, because it
comes from a warmer region than ours, and is charged
with moisture from passing over the Atlantic Ocean.
And so the north-east is the coldest wind we have,
because it comes from very cold regions, and has lost
nearly all its moisture while crossing Norway and
Sweden.

It is from the northerly and easterly winds, there-
fore, that screens should bo placed to protect plants
that are liable to injury from their cold and drying
effects. W. T.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHI3-W1CK, NEAR LONDON.
Forthe Weekending Dec. 4, 18S7,as observed at the Horticultural Gardens.

1-^

BA.SOMSTEK.

Temperituse.

Wind

November
and

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

'%

December,

Max. Min.

Mai.

Min.

Mean

Ifoot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

Thurs. 28
Friday 29
Satur. 30
Sunday 1
Mon. 2
Tues. 3
Wed. 4

2
3
4
5
6

30.295
30,2&1
30.257
29.296
29.732
30.247
30.267

30.284

30.232
29.530
28.972
29.528
29.963
30.131

47
49
66
55
36
40
42

17
24
38
25
23
38

2.

32.0
36.5
47.0
40.0
29.5
39.0
31.5

42
43
45
46
43
43
42

43

44
43
43
44
43
42

W.

s.w.
s.
s.

N.
N.
S.

.00
.00
.29
.30
.00
.00
.10

Average .

30.068

29.806

46.4

26.6

36.5

43.4

43.1

0.69

Nov. 28-Overcast and frosty ; clear, bright sun ; clear and frosty.

— 29 -Low fog, frosty ; clear bright sua; clear and frosty.

— 30— Overcast; overcast and cold ; overcast, rain.

Dec. l-Overcast and damp; densely overcast; showery; ram,
strong wind.

— 2— Very boisterous; slight fall of snow; snowing; clear and

frosty.

— 3— Cloudy iind cold ; partially overcast ; clear.

— 4— Overcast, partially overciist; clear and frosty ; rain.
Mean temperature of the week, 4 9-lOdeg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Dec. 14, 1867.

Sunday .
Mon.
Tues. .
Wed. .
Thurs. .
Friday .
Satur. ■

46.1 I

4G.1
13! 4ti.9
14 4(;.2

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain.

0,40
067
1.02
0.56
L16
1.21

Prevailing Winds,

•A

The highest temperature duringthe above period occurred on the
12th, 1811— therm. 63 deg. ; and tbe lowest on the 9th, 1851— therm.

Notices to Correspondents.

FRFIT3 : A W. The following may suit your South Durham
climate, viz. :— Apples, dessert ; Devonshire Quarrenden,
Whorle, Kerry Pippin, Wormsly, Adams' Pearmain, Ribston,
Cox's Orauge Pippin ; kitchen, Blenheim Orange, Lord
Suffield, Hawthornden, Dutch Codlin, Damelow's Seedling.
Pears : Doyeun^ d'Eti5, Williams' Bon Chrt5tien, Louise
Bonne of Jersey, Fondante d'Automue, Suffolk Thorn,
Comte de Lamy, Beurre Bosc, Flemish Beauty, Marie
Louise, Bergaoiot Cadette, Knight's Monarch, Jersey
Gratioli. Plums : Early Prolific, Denyer's Victoria, Mitchel-
8on Prince Englebert, Jefferson, Transparent Gage.
Cherries : Knight's Early Black, May Duke, Black Tartarian
Elton, Bigarreau Napoleon, Morello, Apricots: Breda,
Peche, Nectarines : Elruge, Balgowan, Pitmaston Orange.
Peaches: Early York, Bellegarde., Royal George, Noblesse,
Barriugton.

Names of Fruits : S 0. Your Pear is the Styrian, a variety
which has been often observed to bear a second crop, and
sometimes a third, the produce of both of which is of course
very much inferior to that of the first crop. In the Horti-
culturaljgarden at Chiswickjthcre is a tree of this variety,
which has been flowering, &,c., precisely as yours has done.

Names of Plants: DTP. 1, Quercus Suber, var., or occi-
dentaUs ; 2, Quercus Suber.— 5 George. I, Brasavola
cordata, Ldl., var. ; 2, indeterminable without fresher
specimen.— AT D. Apparently Opimtia (Cereus) imbricata
(not sure without flower).—^ D B. Zygopetalum Mackaii.
—lanoravius. 1, Habrothamnus fasciculatus ; 2, Lantana
aculeata.-// W E. 1, 2, 3, SelagineUa Martensii; 4, B.
Kraussiana.

Primula sinensis : T Grabble. A very excellent strain, tha
flowers large, very much frilled, richly coloured, and marked
with an elegant yellow eye.

Communications Received.— J. A.— W. T.— G. W.— T. A,,
India. -J. Wills,

Decemuee 7, 1867.]

THE GAKDENEKS' CTTRONTCLE ANT) AGT^TCITI.TimAT. (UZETTK.

1247

OOYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.

1 \j —Tho GENERAL MKKTING of MEMBERS will be hold at
111' Sociutya Ilmiaw, 12, Uiinovur Square, ou WEDNESDAY,
Docorabor U, iit 1-1 o'Clook. By Ordor oltlio Council.
Docembor 'i. H, Hai,l Daiik, Secretary.

T30YAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of ENGLAND.

EDUCATIONAL PRIZES.
APRIL. 1800.

Form of Application for Candidates.

To bo returned filled up on or bofore

February 2D, 186S.

Namo or tho Candidate at full length . . . . |

Date of his Birth }

Branch of BufllnoiB followed by his family . . |

Buiiiwaa intended to be followed by bimaolf . . ]■

Koiidenco of Parenta or GuarUiana \

The Names of tho ScUooIb at which tho Candi-")
date has been oducatod, statiiiK the number of (_
years spent at each ; accomiiauied by Coitl- 1

flcates of genural Education )

heCandidate has to atato whether ho will be^
examined in Land fciurvoyiug, or In Mechanics >
as applied to Agriculture, or in both subjects. . )
Homufit likewise state in which of the followingi
optional subjects be desires to bo ezamined, I

VIZ. :— Botany r

Geology |

Veterinary Science '

Copies of the above Form may be obtained on application to

H. Hall Dark, ^Secretary.
12. Hanover Stjuare. London.W.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL BENEVOLENT
INSTITUTION.
Patron — Hbr Majkstv thk Qukks.
Prc3Uiail — Ilia Gkack tue DuitE ok Riciiuon'd.
For the RELIEF of DECAYED FARMERS, their WIDOWS
and ORPHAN DAUGHTERS; and fnr the MAINTENANCE and
EDUCATION of their ORPHAN CHILDREN.
Allowanck to Pensioners.
Married . . £40 per annum | Male . . £20 per annum
Widow and Unmarried Orphan Daughters .. £20 per annum
Orphan Children admitted from 7 to 10 years of age, and wholly
maintainod and educated unti! the age of 14 years in the case of
Boys, and IG yoars In the case of Girls.

One Hundred and Flvo Pensioners have already been placed on
the books of the Institution ; and in addition to the number of
Pensioners to be admitted at the next Election, the Council have
decided to Elect Ten Orphan Children.

Forms of Application for Pensioners and Children, and erery
information, to be obtained of tho Secretary, by whom Donations
and Subscriptions will be thank*'ully received.
55, Charing Cross, London, S.W. Charles Shaw, Secretary.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
CIRENCESTER.
Pi-esident — His Grace The Duke of MAamORopoa, D.CL., F.R.G.S.
Council.

KiKht Hon. the Earl of Ducie,

F.R.S., F.G.S.
Right Hon. Earl Bathurst
Edward Bowly, Esq.

Right Hon. T. H. Sotherc

Estcourt
Edward Holland, Esq., M.P.
John Thomhili Harrison, Esq.

Principal— The Rev. John Constable, M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb,

Resident Professoiis.

Agriculture— John Wrightson, F.C.S., M.R.A.C.

Chemistry- Arthur H. Church, M.A., Lincoln Coll., Oxon, F.C.S.

Assistant to Chemical Professor — Beaumont J. Grosjean.

Natural History— Wm, T. Thiselton Dyer, B.A., Junior Student,

Christ Church, Oxon.

Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene— Edward Nettle3hip,M.R.C.V.S.,

M.R.A.C, L.S.A.

Mathematics and Surveying — The Principal.

Drawing — James Miller.

The Collego was Incorporated by Charter, granted by Her Majesty

tn Council, March 27, 1845, for the purpose of aflbrding a Practical

and Scientific Agricultural Education to Students from all parts of

the Kingdom. For particulars apply to tho Principal.

THE MARK LANE LIFE BOAT.— la support of tte
great usefulness of the National Life Boat Association, and in
grateful appreciation of the bravo example displayed bv the Men on
the British Coast, the FACTORS, CLERKS, and OTHERS inte-
rested in the CORN TRADE desire to present a LIFE BOAT (to
be called THE MARK LANE LIFE BOAT), to be placed wherever
the Council of the Association may decide. Thousands who do
honour to the race and name of Englishmen, stand always ready to
risk life to "Man tho Life Boat" wherever there is one; but the
Nation's Fleet of Boats is yet far from being complete, and whilst
the Storms ol December are raging on our Shores, to Launch one
more Life Buat will be the almost certain means of rescuing
valuable life and property Irom destruction; and each who contri-
butes to this Fund may feel satisfied that he is reaching out a
helping hand to save from poril and death hia fellow creatures in
the sorest need to which they can be exposed.

"Who gives quickly gives twice."
Donations will be acknowledged in tho Time^.
The following Gentlemen have consented to receive Donations at
their Market Stands and Offices : —

Messrs. Aste, Son, & Kerchevalj
„ Bunows & Perks
„ W. Muggeridge & Co.
„ Walkers & Strange

Messrs, Edwards Brothers
„ J. H. Mitcbiner& Co.
Mr. Wm. Hopklnson

Simon Kelly
B. L. JuDKiNS, Hon, Treasurer.
H. K. Jack-son, Hon. Sec, 60, Mark Lane.
Wednesday, December 4, 1867.

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Incorporated by Special Act of Parliament in 1863.

To LANnOWNERS, THE ClEHOY, EsTATE AgKNTS, SURVEYORS, &C., IN

England and Wales, and in Scotland.
The Company advances money, unlimited in amount, for the
Following works of Agricultural Improvement, the whole outlay and
expenses in all cases oeing liqmdated by a rent-charge for 25 years.

1. Drainage, Irrigation, and Warping, Embanking, Inclosing,

Clearing, Reclamation, Planting, for any beneficial purpose,
Engines or Machinery for Drainage or Irrigation.

2. Farm Roads, Tramways and Railroads for agricultural or farming

purposes.
S. Jetties or Landing places on the sea-coast or on tho banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.
4. The Erection ol Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other
Buildings required for Fann purposes, and the improvement
of and additions to Farm Houses and other buildings for
Farm purpose^
Landowners assessed under the proviBions of any Act of Parlia-
ment, Royal Charter, or Commission in reapoc* of any public or
general works of Drainage or other improvement^ may borrow their
proportionate share of the cost, and chargo the same with the
exoenses on the lands improved.

The Company will also negotiate the Rnnt-charges obtained by
Landowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 1864, in respect of
their Subscription of Shares in a Railway or Canal Company.

No Invastlgatlon of title iu reqmred, and the Company Doing of a
atrictly financial character, do not Interfere with the plans and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to Granville R. Rydkr, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlla-
paent Street. London, S.W,

WITH the GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and
AGRICULTURAL GAZKTTE of SATURDAY NEXT, tho
11th, will bo publlwliod a SUPPLKMENT, containing a FULL
REPORT of tho SHOW of STOCK and IMPLEMENTS at tho
AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON, A Single Copy sont for
Six Stiimim.

Oflloo for AdvortlHomontH, 41, Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.

€fit ^srtcultural (Bajette.

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1867.

MEETINOS Foil THE KNSUINO WEEK.

Monday, Dcf.

MUNDAT, —

TULSDAY, — 10

AVednesday, — 11

(tS Loiiiliiri rLiriucr«'Club[Mr. J. A. ClarkronStcolQ
■'i Oultlvntiou)-" "'M-

* J Piiilthrtpld Club Oiittlo Hhow at the Agrlcul-
j3 1 tiil'nl Hall, Inliii^tou.

Cintml Chumlii'i- of AEricuIturc, Qucen'i Con.

ciTl Hiiiiiii. HiitinvcrScumrc-IO a.m.
Smitlillol.l rhili ((;(>m!riil Mi-otiiiK), at the ABrl-

(Miltiintl Hull -t I- M.
Luiiil.'ti Fmiiifn.' Club (Aunuill Meetilig), at

S;ibjbury Hotcl-3.30 i-.u.
AKrhultunil Society of England (General

Mei'tioj,') -Xoon,
rublii' Martini; on Atfrieultnnil Co-operation,

L'ultoral Hall-

The Smithfield Club Cattlo Show will opon at
9 A.M. on Monday, when the Judgos begin their
labours. The public aro admitted at 2 r.5l., and
the Show remains open till Friday evening.
1200/. aro given in prizes for cattlo, about 000/.
for sheep, and 140/. for pigs. It is announced
that the several classes competing for these
prizes are bettor filled than ou any previous
occasion. In addition to this, tho main
agricultural feature of the week, it is
full of other agricultural meetings and
enagagoments of interest, which are specified
in tho list above. — On Monday evening
Mr. J. A. Clabke will speak of Steam Cultiva-
tion at a meeting of the Central Farmers' Club.
On Wednesday the General Meeting of the
English Agricultural Society will be held in the
Society's Booms, Hanover Square. We wish we
could state beforehand, as we can of nearly all
the other public meetings which are announced,
what are the subjects to be laid before the
members. Probably now that the Society has
completed three triennial courses of implement
competition on the plan devised 10 years ago
for the correction of the faulty system then in
operation, under which prizes were awarded, it
may now assent to a further alteration of its
plans, in order to the correction of the undoubted
faults which still remain. If its trials were con-
ducted so as faii-ly to ascertain what the average
experience of the implement in the hands of its
purchaser must be, no manufacturer, we imagine,
could object to the test. — Among the other
meetings of the week are those of the
Central Chamber of Agriculture, and of the
London Farmers' Club. We may add, that on
Wednesday afternoon a lecture will be given in
a room near tho Agricultural Hall, on the
nature and advantages of the Co-operative
system for the supply of agricultural implements
and manures at manufacturers' prices.

NOTWITHSTANDIKG the Very positive asser-
tions of the Scotch veterinary authorities, the
disease which recently appeared among cattle in
Berwickshire is not cattle plague. Such is the
decision of the Government Inspector, who was
sent to inquii-e into the circumstances of the
alleged outbreak ; and in our remarks last week
we were led to anticipate the result of the inves-
tigation from the knowledge which we had of the
facts, which were quite incompatible with the
theory of the disease being cattle plague.

The herd from which the animals at Langrigg
were selected, originally consisted of 112 : about
100 of them were purchased in Yorkshire at the
end of October, and conveyed to Berwick, where
they were mixed with about 12 other cattle.
Thirty of the number were driven to a neighbour-
ing fair, the rest were sold in lots of 10 to 20 to six
or seven different purchasers. The 30 animals
with which we have most concern were ulti-
mately taken to Langrigg, and appear to have
been kept rather roughly, considering that they
were tolerably well-bred yearling Shorthorns,
which had apparently been previously well
treated. At Langrigg their provender con-
sisted of old Clover pasture during the day,
and Oat straw in the yard at night. At
the expiration of a fortnight some of tho cattle
became ill. A voterinai-y sui-geon was called in,
and from the symptoms which he observed he
was led to suspect tho existence of cattle
plague. With a commendable desire not to
act hastily in a matter of such importance,
however, he sought the assistance of another
member of the profession, and the two
examined several animals, both living and dead.

Tho result was tho establishment of a con^
viction in their minds that the cattlo werQ
atl'octod with rindoriiest, and tho inspector of the
district was informed of the fact. Tliis gentle-
man appears to have concurred with tho opinions
of the previous investigators, and under his
direction tho district was declared infected. No
doubt was entertained that tho plague had again
commeucod its ravages. Complaints were mado
that the remainder of the stock wore not imme-
diately slaughtorod, and there was some talk of
a memorial being soiit to the Lords of the
Council praying that markets might be closed,
and restrictions upon tho moveiuont of stock
again established ; in fact the iudicatious of
alarm were unmistakable, as under the circum-
stances they well might bo. Further investiga-
tion was ordered, and I'rofessors Williams,
Stranoeways, and McBiiide, from the Edin-
burgh Veterinary Collego, were directed to inquire
into the matter, and they also, after examining
animalssufforiugfrom thedisease, and making ywsi
innrteni examinations, decided in favour- of cattlo
plague. Lastly, I'rofessor Simonds arrived at
Langrigg, and from precisely similar evidence to
that which six other veterinary surgeons had
bofore them, deduced an info_renco exactly
opposite to the one at which they had arrived.
In the conditions under which the cattle had
beon placed since their removal from Yorksliire —
tho journeys by rail and road, the infliction of
privations to which they were unused, and tho
consumption of coarse, non-succulent food, to
which their digestive organs were unaccustomed,
the Professor recognised disturbing influences
sufBcient to account for the fatality, without
reterence to special agencies. This decision, so
contrary to the opinion of the elite of the veteri-
nary authorities of Scotland, was not accepted
without cavil, and comparisons were drawn of
the value of one man's judgment in relation to
the opinions of six men, all of them having
equal opportunities of ascertaining the truth.
We do not attempt to decide "when doctors
disagree;" but events in their onward course
are not so scrupulous, and the evidence which
they offer is conclusive. The first appearance of
the disease in the herd dates as far back as
the middle of November, and up to this time
four animals have died and five have been
killed ; the remainder, together with those
which were sold to various purchasers, are
reported to be in good health. This is not in
accordance with what experience has taught us
of the progress of cattle plague. It is not charac-
teristic of the disease to leave two-thirds of a
small herd of 30 animals unscathed during a
period of three weeks, and this fact alone would
render us sceptical irrespective of the collateral
circumstances which all point to the same
conclusion.

So far, the decision is satisfactory ; but there
is stiU an element in the question which is not a
subject for gratulation. It is not precisely
consolatory to reflect that an attack of gastro-
enteritis, as in Berwick, or poisoning by
solanacece, as in Norfolk, or malignant enteric
fever, as in Cheshire, may in all honesty of
purpose be construed by practical men to mean
cattle plague. We make all allowances for the
position of a local inspector called upon
to decide in an obscure case of disease on the
spur of the moment, but no man is morally
or legally bound to pronounce an opinion
in the absence of sufficient evidence. The
law affords ample scope for legitimate inquiry,
it allows the separation of diseased from healthy
animals, and even permits the killing of suspected
beasts for the purpose of past mortem investiga-
tion. No danger of the spread of infection exists
when proper precautions are taken ; and at
a time when country is free from cattle
plague it is not a light thing to pronounce an
animal to be suffering from that disease while
one important link in the chain of causes is
wanting. It is not because of excoriation
of the membrane of the mouth, accom-
panied with great physical prostration, and
diarrhcca, that the existence of cattle plague can
be logically affirmed. Many diseases present
symptoms and lesions so allied to those of plague,
that a very minute examination is necessary to
enable the iuquii'or to distinguish between them ;
and it is within the limits of possibility that he
may be compelled to conclude that the disease is
not cattle plaguo only because it lacks the one
essential quality of infection. Symptoms and
post mortem appearances, although they generally
possess a definite relation to certain diseases,
nevertheless merge one into the other by almost

1248

THE GAEBENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[December 7, 1867.

imperceptible gradations, and am opinion formed
entirely upon such a laasis is not always a
reliable one. "With no contempt of science, but
rather in accordance with the views of the
highest authorities, we hold the belief that
investigation into the phenomena of disease
should be conducted upon the same principles as
those which regulate the conduct of an inquiry
in any department of physics. There is such a
thing as a law of evidence, and " Quod est demon-
strandum " should be applicable as decidedly to a
conclusion in pathological science as it is to a
solved problem in EucUd.

— ;- "We are not able to find room to-daj^ for the list
of prize-holders in Class 74 of the International Exhi-
bition, published in the Moniteur of the 22iid ult., but
what the value of the distinction is as a f^uide to the
real merit of the Exhibition may be fairly gathered
from the recently published address of the Chairman of
the Council to the Society of Arts, which contains the
following passage : — " The system of prizes to which on
former occasions I have objected, has been continued
in this Exhibition, and I fear has produced, in a greater
degree than before, discontent and injustice. If it were
difficult, nay, almost impossible, to adjudicate awards
of medals— gold, silver, and bronze— fairly among 20,000
exhibitors, how greatly must the difficulty be increased
when the number of exhibitors exceeds 40,000 ; and in
considering thi^ subject it must not be forgotten that
an incorrect award not only injures all engaged in the
same trade, but also misleads and deceives the public.
Nothing can, I think, be more delusive than the merit
claimed by medallists for superiority over their brother
manufacturers who have, or who have not, exhibited ;
and it appears to me to be manifestly unjust that the
Government, upon such slender evidence as can be
afforded by the exhibitors of special specimens— often
mere totirs de force, manufactured without reference
to cost or to the practical demands of trade— should
award prizes through the intervention of juries, which
practically give almost a patent right to the recipients
of medals."

The Council of the Bath and "West of England

Agricultural Society have determined to hold their
next meeting at Falmouth, during the "Whitsuu week,
1868. From the stock prize sheet just issued, it appears
that the Society offers no less than 1160/. in prizes for
cattle and poultry. Devon, Herefordshire, and Short-
horn cattle are placed on the same footing. In the sheep
classes several additions have been made; prizes are
now offered for Leicester, Cotswold, Southdown, Hamp-
shire Down, other Down, and Somerset and Dorset horn
sheep, and there are two special classes for Exmoor and
other horned mountain and for Dartmoor and other
moor sheep to be shown in the wool. In the horse
classes there are prizes of 25/. and 15/. for agricultural
stallions foaled before 1866, 20/. and 10/. for agricultural
stallions foaled in 1866 ; 15/. and 5/. for mares and foals,
or in foal ; 10/. and 51. for fillies foaled in ISliO. In the
hunter classes 25/. and 10/. for mares or geldings foaled
before the 1st of January, 186-1 ; ditto for those foaled
in 1864 ; 15/. and 51. for fiUies or geldings foaled in
18C5 ; 10/. and 51. for colts or fiUies foaled m 1867 ; 15/.
and 51. for backs, mares, or geldings, and the usual
prizes for ponies not exceeding 13 and 14 hands high.
To encourage proficiency in the horse-shoeing Mr.
Miles, of Exeter, again offers three prizes ; it being
stipulated that no man who has won a 1st prize in this
competition will be eligible to enter. In the stock
classes all entries must be made on or before the 14tb
April ; in the poultry classes on or before the 1st May.

Mr. W. "W. Good, who is well known as an agri-
cultural writer, is to read before the Norfolk Chamber
of Agriculture, on the 20th of this month, the lirst
of a course of papers relating to agricultural
matters generally ; in which Parliamentary and official
statistics will be quoted, to show the difficulties, " the
result of one-sided legislation," under which our
national agriculture has struggled, and is now
struggling ; to account for the financial panic of last
year, and the present depression in commerce, ma-
nufactures, and trade ; to expose the mischievous
policy which has diverted capital from sound business
employment to channels which encouraged rash and
visionary speculation ; and to account for "our towns
being congested, or overcrowded, with unemployed
people, while our food-producing classes are left
without adequate means, both as regards capital
and labour, for inducing the ' fruits of the earth '
to increase equally with the population." It
seems to us, that any "policy" is a mischievous
policy— that any Government interference whatever
must mislead— that the best result for the nation
must arise when every man is left face to face with
Nature to do the best he can for himself.

BATES SHORTHORNS.

It is a singular fact that, concurrently with an
enormous increase in the money value of Bates blood,
there should be a constant decrease in the number of
pure Bates animals. I question whether there is at
present one-fifth of the number which existed 20 years
ago. As this is the season when breeders begin to fix
upon mates for their cows, I desire to call the atten-
tion of the owners of Bates animals to a few points
worthy of their consideration. It is perhaps needless
to remark that I am not addressing the owners
of "Duchesses," or "Oxfords," for they may be
presumed to be too well aware of the value of
their property to be capable of depreciating it by
miscellaneous alliances. There still remain a certain
number of animals outside these " great families,"
which are descended on both sides from parents bred

by the late Mr. Bates. Take such a cow as Newlight,
by .Sd Duke of Oxford (9047), as an example. Put to a
Booth or a Mason bull, what vvould her offspring be
worth ? Fortunately she was in the hands of one who
was too wise thus to depreciate his own property; and
being put to the Bates bull Duke of Wethcrby (17,75'!),
produced Northern Duke (2'^,131), now in the herd of
that eminent breeder, Mr. Barclay, of Keavil. Again,
suppose Mr. Harvey's Lally had been pub to a bull of
alien blood, the result would probably have been a
bull which might have passed into the hands of a
respectable dairy farmer, but which certainly would
not have been, like Lord Lally (22,161), the son of the
Bates 4th Duke of Oxford, an object of competition
among breeders of eminence.

Let breeders consider the results which have
followed from two opposite courses of action. Take as
examples of adhererice to Bates blood, the Lallys, the
Barringtons, or Wellingtonias, as some of them are now
termed, and look at the prices they have realised
when offered for public competition. Again, the Kirk-
levingtons in the hands of Mr. Harvey and Mr.
Dugdale occupy a high position in public estimation,
because these breeders have carefully maintained their
blood in its original purity. The fact is, that each
additionalstrainofDuchessor Ox ford blood renders such
an animal more valuable until, after the lapse of acertain
number of generations, an animal is obtained which is
practically a Duchess or an O.xford. As sound views
on this subject become more generally diflused, mere
names will lose much of their prestige, while realities
will obtain their just weight. The mere " length" of a
pedigree will be less regarded than the quality of the
later and consequently more potent crosses. Breeders
will think less of that over which they have no power,
while they scrutinise with jealous care those steps
which are to determine the beauty and the symmetry
of coming generations.

"Wherever Bates Shorthorns have been crossed care-
lessly with miscellaneous blood, however good in itself,
the result has almost invariably been to depreciate the
value of the offspring when brought to the lot of public
sale. It is curious that the first idea which occurs to
a young breeder should be to obtain what he calls a
" good cross," which, however, too often proves to be a
very bad one for his pocket. The study of Mr. Darwin's
work on the " Origin of Species," cannot be too
strongly recommended to breeders. Any one who at
the outset of his career would ponderdiligently on the
principle laid down by that writer, that permanent
excellence is not to be obtained by the putting together
of opposites, would save himself much disappointment.
He would then be prepared to follow in the steps of
those eminent men who achieved greatness by the
sagacity with which they combined resemblances.

If, however, a change of blood, for whatever reasons,
either of expediency or choice, be determined upon, let
it not be introduced raw, to adopt a happy term of
Mr. Carr's. Rather take a bull bred like Duke of
Cumberland (21.581) for example, or like Royal
Cainbridge (25,009), each of which combines, though
in different degrees, with the purest Bates blood that
of another family congenial to it. Duke of Cumber-
land having one-fourth of Princess blood, a calf by him
from a pure Bates dam would inherit one-eighth of the
Princess strain. "\\'^hether the offspring were male or
female, by again resorting to the pure Bates straiti the
other element is reduced to manageable proportions,
and at the option of the breeder may either again
be strengthened, or, in the course of another generation
ortwo, rendered merely nominal. Thus, as in the well-
known instance of the Duchesses in the hands of Mr.
Boldenand some of bis successors, the blood of a family
may be modified without, imless in the opinion of the
most fastidious, permanently impairing its value. Few
Bates breeders, for example, would hesitate to employ
a bull bred in the manner of 11th Duke of Oxford
(19,632), notwithstanding that he has one-eighth of
Booth blood, and hardly the strictest would find any
objection in his son, Duke of Athelstane (21562), from
that noble Bates cow Playful. In practice the foreign
element becomes almost eliminated in using such a
bull as the latter with a Bates cow, reduced, as it
would then be, to one-thirty-seoond part.

Space prevents me from entering on the question of
what blood it is most desirable to select for the purpose
of combining with that of Mr. Bates. At a future
time I hope to enter into this subject in detail. At
present I can only express my opinion that we ought
to be guided as much as possible by the example of
that eminent breeder, who ever aimed at blood de-
rived from the great Shorthorn originals, Hubback,
Favourite, and Comet.

I need scarcely disclaim the intention of depreciating
other blood than that of Mr. Bates. My object in
this article has been, if possible, to prevent the extinc-
tion of pure Bates animals. A property more valuable
than anything which has hitherto existed in the shape
of live stock, is worth an eflbrt for its preservation.
Willoughhi/ W^ood, Solly Banlc, Surton-on-Trent,
November 30.

. The sale of Lord Dartinouth's Short-
horns by Mr. Strafford, at PatshuU, attracted not a
large but a very select company of breeders, and some
good prices were obtained ; a notice of the blood of the
herd was given a fortnight since, and the " J " family,
to which especial attention was then drawn, realised the
highest prices. Lot 4, " Jessica," was bought by Mr.
,1. N. Beasley for 96 guineas; her two heifers, "Dog-
rose " made 48 guineas from the Rev. C. AV. Holb; ';h,
and"I)esdemona" 30 guineas from Mr. Finlay Dun;
the two bulls from Jessica, one a calf, brought 41 nnd
30 guineas each, the former (Duke Fred) goint to
Lord Forester, and the latter to the Marquis of Angle;- y.
The three females of the Sylph tribe were all purohp -?d
by Mr. F. Leney, of "Wateringhury, at 50 guineas each.
Among the other principal prices were 10 snine^s for
Lot 7, " Charlotte Corday," of Laveuder blood, bought

by Mr. T. Burgess, who at 30 guineas also took Lot 6,
" Gwendoline ; " 38 guineas for Lot 10, " Draggle," of
the "Certaintys," which went with another of the same
family to Mr. Joseph Woodward; and Mr. "William
Woodward bought Lot 9, " Dawdle," of the Frills, at
33 guineas. The 17 cows and heifers averaged 40/. 9s.,
the 7 bulls but 32/. &s. each, or an average of 38/. 1*. Sd.
for 24 head. The stock had not been got up for sale,
and were brought out in their usual store condition, at
only a short notice.

AGRICULTURAL USE OF SEWAGE.

[The following letter on this subject appeared in the Times
of December 3.]

As you expre.ss regret in the course of your very
interesting remarks to-day upon the sewage question
that the results of the recent experiments conducted
by the Metropolis Sewage Company, and quoted in the
Report of the Board of Works, a,re not given more
explicitly, you may, perhaps, be willing to find room
for the following statement of their experience during
the past summer.

It is not only on the sand plot at the North London
outfall that this experience has been obtained. They
have there, as you appear to be aware, obtained great
crops of Grass and vigorous plants of Wheat, Mangel
Wurzel, Celery, and Carrots by the use of sewage
poured over about an acre of the Maplin Sand, which
had been brought up by barge and spread 30 inchts
deep over a contractor's yard. But, besides this, they
have since Lady-day, 1866, been tenants of 200 acres of
light and gravelly land at Lodge Farm, two miles from
the Barking outfall, and on this, by pumping apparatus,
they can deliver sewage at the rate of 300 tons
an hour. During the summer of last year about
60 acres of this land were laid out water-meadow fashion
either on the ridge and furrow or, where the slopes arc
greater, on the catch-water plan. And from 53 acres
of Italian Rye-grass sown on this land and watered
with sewage in this way we have during the past
summer cut 2480 tons of Grass, which is at the rate of
43 tons per acre. But of these 53 acres 10 were sown
this spring (April), and 16^ acres were sown late last
autumn (October, 1866), so that only one-half of the
laud can be said to have been in full-bearing power
when the sewage reached it. And of this, again, :!fc
least one-half, which had been mown in December
last, was nearly destroyed by the sharp frosts oi'
January. These injured plots were immediately
re-sown, but they, too, cannot be said to have yielded
a full crop this year. Off the remaining 13i acres,
which alone can be said to have been in proper order,
we have this summer cut 800 tons of Grass, having
begun with a crop of 7 tons per acre in the week
ending April 6, and having since then taken six other
cuttings at intervals of four or five weeks, the whole
amounting to 61j tons per acre. The quantities thu.s
grown were ascertained by every third or fourth load
being passed over a weigh-bridge. The land from
which these great crops have been taken is one-half of
it a very poor and open shallow soil upon a flinty
gravel, and the other half of it a better and a deeper
open soil on the same bed of gravel.

In the production of this Grass 300,330 tons of
sewage have been used. This is the quantity actually
delivered from the receiving tank for the above extent
of land. But it must be noted here, again, (1) that,
owing to the ditches or carriers, by which it has
travelled from the tank being cut into and through a
gravelly subsoil, a great deal of it has been wasted on
its way to the land ; and (2) that no less than
74,000 tons of it — one-fourth of the whole — was
delivered during January, February, and the early
weeks of March, before the season of growth had set
in, and when, therefore, it could produce comparatively
little effect. While, therefore, the whole truth is that
we have got 2400 tons of Grass off comparatively pom'
soil by the use of 300,000 tons of sewage, I believe that,
fairly read, the lesson taught us is that 60 tons per
acre (and the quantity taken from that portion of the
land which was in good producing order was more
than this), or 3200 tons of Grass off 58 acres, of ordi-
nary land, may be obtained from 250,000 tons of sewage
properly applied. And if we deduct 13 tons of Grass
per acre (say 700 tons from our area) for the natural
and unassisted yield of this soil under an Essex climate,
we shall have 2500 tons of Grass as the produce of
250,000 tons of sewage. It is plain that if a ton of
good Grass can be obtained from every 100 tons of
London sewage, a handsome revenue will be yet
obtained from what now runs to waste at the Barking
Outfall. That sewage-grown Italian Rye-grass i.-.
admirable cow food We have had ample proof on Lodge
Farm during the past summer.

Besides this large extent of Italian Rye-grass, small
experimental plots in Wheat, Mangel Wurzel, and
other crops have been sewaged ; and I may add the
results to this report, notwithstanding that we cannot
attach so much importance to them because of the
small scale on which they have been obtained. Eighteen
tons of Mangel roots were weighed off rather more
than one-third of an acre, over which 1100 tons in all
of sewage per acre had been poured at three separate
times during the summer. This was at the rate of
53 tons per acre — more than twice the quantity
obtained on fields close by manured and cultivated in
the ordinary way. And a plot of Wheat (1 rood and
21 perches) which received three dressings of sewage
when the land was dry in spring and early summer,
yielded 15 bushels of grain, which is after the rate of
43 bushels per acre, while, surrounding this plot on two
sides of it, 3 roods and 32 perches of smtilar land, in all
respects similarly treated, excepting only that it bad no
sewage, yield 1S| bushels of grain, or at the rate of only
29 bushels per acre.

I will only a'l 1 that having had the management of
this farm duriujj the past two years, I know the oir-

])ErEMBEB 7, 1867.1

THE GARWNERS' ClTRONTfiLK j\NI) jy(iRir,TT|,TTTKAT, GAZETTI].

1249

cumstances, and oau vouch for the accuracy ol' this
account, (if thom. J. Chalmers Morton, Lodge Farm,
near Barkhtii, Dec. 2.

GERMINATION OF WHEAT.
Should I appear tedious in what I now write, I
inform my readers that I am about to reply to some
questions put to ino by correspondents whom I
informed Ihoy would lind my answers to their inciui-
ries in the Agriciilf.ural Qazotte. My friends will
remember, that I showed from a long practical expe-
rience, and from experiments lately made throuRh
fou.l or five years, tnat I never could discover any
ditrerouco in the germinating IK)\\ors of diOerent kinds
of AVheat; and rny maturcii (ipinion is, that if any
diirorence does exist, it is in that of the bearded kinds,
wliich bein',; the most ])erfoct, as well as the most
ancient, I should conclude from reasoning would
germinate the freest ; but I have not found it to
do so, from exi)erience or experiments, or but to a very
inappreciable extent. But still, any kind of Wheat
may, from causes which I will explain, be unfit for
seed, and especially unfit for what is called thin seed-
ing, where the whole, or nearly so, that is sown, is
intended to grow ; and thus, a,s I explained in former
articles, it was my custom before I used my seed to
ascertain whether it would germinate or not, or in
other words, whether it would grower not; and for
this purpose I laid a piece of flannel or other woollen
cloth on a common plate, the cloth having been well
wetted ; a.nd on this I spread some of the Wheat I
intended to use as seed, placing another piece of wetted
cloth over it, and then, sotting the whole in some
warm room or hot-house, in a few days germination
would couimeuco if the vital principle were in the
Wheat; but if not in the whole of it, or the chief part,
of course it would not do for thin, or what I designate
as rational seeding. But seed which would not be fit
for thin-seeding on account of its deticiency of vital
principle, may, nevertheless, be suitable for the
common mode of seeding, as in this case if only a half
or a third of what was sown should grow the crop
would be likely to be so much the better ; and in this
way I account for pretty good crops when two bushels
or a little less or more were sown, it being impossible
if more than half a bushel of Wheat an acre were
sown on well-cultivated and good Wheat-growing land
to produce a crop to perfection ; but on poor, hungry,
light and impoverished land, full of weeds, and not half
cultivated, of course more seed will be required : but
here if the laud will not produce a remunerating crop
from a bushel of seed Wheat an acre, the wiser plan
would be to put it to some other purpose thau the
growing Wheat, or to improve it until it will grow
remunerating crops of Wheat, or at least of some other
kinds of grain.

But I now proceed to point out some few of the
causes why W heat, and of course other cereals, may be
wholly or partially deficient in the vital principle, and
consequently unfit for seed where all that is sown is
intended to grow, and must grow, or the orop would be
deficient on that account. Among these causes are
high winds and pelting storms, and frosts when the
growing crops are in blossom, as any or either of these
causes will destroy the fructifying principle of the
blossoms of corn as effectually as the knife destroys the
productive organs of swine or other animals where it is
used ? Do vay readers doubt this ? I will ask them
to observe their fruit trees when in blossom, and if so,
do they not see the blossoms destroyed by these
agencies ? And this being the case their trees grow
on more luxuriantly than otherwise, but the produce
are leaves and branches only, and little or no fruit ;
and so with corn as in everything else, the same
operating causes produce the same efii^cts. But the
vital principle in grain maybe injured or destroyed,
by wet either before or after it is in the mow or stack,
and by lieating either before or after it is threshed, if
it be not well kept ; and. hence, what I call rational
seeders should, as 1 have repeatedly caused to be
published, ascertain whether their seed will grow or
not before they use it, let it be of whatever kind of
seed it may, whether farinaceous as grain, or oleaginous
as Turnips, &c.

But another cause which destroys the vital principle
in grain is the keeping of it until life becomes extinct ;
and this in farinaceous seeds, such as grain, takes place
in a very few years. Ton, my friends, I have no
doubt have heard of and read of Wheat having been
kept for thousands of years within the foldings of the
cerecloths enveloping Egyptian mummies; and you
have read of the celebrated conjuror who professed to
get into a quart bottle, and of the hundreds of sight-
seeing people who paid money to witness the pretended
exploit; and you have further read probably of the
wonderi'ul Merlin, who used to unscrew his head and
place it before him on a table when he wanted to trim
or shave his beard ; and perhaps you yourselves might
have heara the celebrated Mathews, as I myself did,
relate how a hungry fellow swallowed the Monument;
and how another man, a celebrated diver, to exhibit an
exploit in his craft, leaped off London Bridge, and on
not emerging from the water the whole of London
mourned for him as if he were drowned, but he was
not drowned, said Mr. Mathews, for he came up
three months afterwards at the Cape of Good Hope.

Now none of my readers can believe in such marvel-
lous inventions as these, but in my opinion it is not
more absurd to have faith in them than to believe that
the ancient Egyptians possessed the power of preserv-
ing vitality in Wheat for thousands, or hundreds, or
even for score-s of years ; and I go further and write,
not even for half a single score of years ; and in my
opinion it is not more absurd, nor does it show more
ignorance of the laws of Nature, to believe that by any
art of man can life be preserved in farinaceous grains
for thousands or for hundreds of years, than it was in

the dupes who are said to have paid money to go into
a theatre in London to sec a nnm get into atpiart bottle.

I will inform all my readers that from experiments
carefully made by myself, and by gentlemen in whom
I have greater faith on any scientilio matter than J have
in_ myself, that vitality has never yet been kept in
Wheat for U> years ; and should any of my respected
readers have kept any by them, even lor seven years,
however scientifically it may have been preserved, on
trial they will lind that lifo within it has become
extinct — it will not grow.

i Imve taken up more time in this part of my subject
than it deserved, because a professiomd gentleman
somo few years since, ill a lecture in the literary insti-
tution in Colchester, slated that he could not only rival
the Egyptians in their life-preserving ])ovvers for
thou.sauds of years, but could so act upon Wheat that
"for it to die," he said "would be iiniiussible." And
some Savons afterwards, at the same institution, passed
a vote of censure upon me for publishing that such a
power as their fellow townsman professed to have had
never been bestowed upon man. But as the matter is
important I should esteem it as a favour if any gentle-
man would inform me, through the medium of the
Afirictdttiral Oazette, if he has known personally, or
has at any time known any well autlicntiralcd example
of Wheat having gerniinatiMl ;ill,er it li;iii been kept for
seven years. Geo. Wilhins, I'ursouage, H'i.r, Nov. i38.

AGRICULTUEAL EDUCATION.

I MAY appropriately refer to a paper published by
this Society in 1765, one hundred and two years ago,
upon education of this character, which appears to me
especially to bear u])on this very imiiortaut subject.
The writer says, in a letter dated August 4, 1765 :—

*' Let the farmer's son be t.iught to read well, to write a
good h.and, and in duo tirae also be perfected in vulgar aud
decimal aiitbmotie : lot him, moreover, bo taught mcnaura-
tion, surveying, and gauging ; let him be instruoted iq the
ratioualia of malting and brewing, and lot him be.sidos have
gcnor.al ideas given him of the nature .and causes of the various
fermentations ; let him be able to draw so well as tn t.ake the
representation of a living object, or describe, in due propor-
tion, the several parts of any machine or engine. 1 should
also approve much of his knowing something of geometry,
and should be glad to add the rudiments of botany, and as
much natural philosophy as might serve to give hun some
idea of the u.iture of vegetation."

He then proceeds to remark on the deficiencies of
his own education. He was greatly at a loss from not
having been taught drawing, and tor want of a com-
petent knowledge of geometry and mechanics, so that
when he met with a plough which might differ in
some respects from any he before knew, he was puzzled
which to prefer for want of understanding the principles
on which it was coustructed, " for certain it is that a
plough Wright, to be master of his business, should be a
good mechanic, for no man can be sure of giving the
' share ' a true direction unless he understands some-
thing of geometry."

"As to the learned or foreign languages, I do not conceive
they would be of much use to him. The old wntera on
husb.indry he may read iu English, and when .anything worth
.attention is putjlished ou the subject abroad it is soon
translated

" Some of your readers may, possibly, imagine that such au
educjition caimot be acquired by every farmer's -sou, ou a
supposition that the e.\pense would be too considerable, but
this is not the ease, for reading, writing, and accounts, with
some branches of mathematics, should be taught iu every free-
school, and it would cost less to educate a son in this m.auner
thau to bring him up as an exciseman."

And he goes on : —

" W'ill any one be absurd enough to say, that were farmers
to be so educated, agriculture would still continue un-
improved ?"

This programme appears to me to describe most
accurately what is now called " technical education,"
or, in other words, an education in the knowledge of
the general scientific principles which govern the
operations, mechanical or chemical, of the occupation
in which each person is engaged ; an education which
is, therefore, his best preparation for obtaining a sound
practical acquaintance with his particular calling.

I will also quote two more passages on the same
subject, which are as applicable now as when they
were written— one by a great divine. Archbishop
Cranmer, 300 years ago, and the other by Adam
Smith, 100 years since.

" It was proposed three centuries ago to admit to Canter-
bury Grammar School none but the sons of gentlemen ;
' Wiiereunto,' as Strype in his Memorials rehates, 'the Most
Reverend Father the Archbishop, being of a contr.ary mind,
said, ' Th<at he thought it not indifferent so to order the m.atter :
for,' said ho, 'pour men's children are many times endued
with more singular gifts of nature, which are also the gifts of
God, as with eloquence, memory, apt pronunciation, sobriety,
and such like, and also eommunly more ajit to apply their
study, than is the gentleman's son, dehcateiy educated.'
Hereimto it was on the other part replied, ' That it was meet
for the ploughman's sou to go tn plough, and the artificer's son
to apply the trade of his parent's vocation ; and the gentle-
man's cliildren are meet to have the knowledge of government
and rule in the Commonwealth. For we ha\e,' said they, 'as
much need of ploughmen .as any other State ; and all .sorts of
men may not go to school.' ' I grant,' replied the Archbishop.
' much of your meaning herein is needful in a Commonwealth ;
but yet utterly to exclude the ploughman's son and tlie poor
man's son from the benefits of learuiug, as though they were
unworthy to have the gifts of the ffoly Gh.jst bestowed upon
them as well as upoit others, is as much as to say that
^Umighty God should not be at liberty to bestow His great gifts
of grace upon any person, nor nowhere else, but as we and
other men shall .appoint them to be employed, according to our
fancy, and not according to His most godly will and pleasure.
Who giveth His gifts both of learning, and ot'aer perfections in
all sciences, unto all kinds and states of people indifferently.'
. The poor man's son by painstaking will for
the most part be learned, when the gentleman's sou will not
take the p.ains to get it. And we are taught by the Scriptui-es
that Almighty God r.aiseth up from the dunghill, and setteth
him in high authority, aud whensoever it ple;iseth Him of His
divine providence, tie deposeth princes unto a right humble
aud poor estate. Wherefore if the gentleman's son be apt to

loarning, let tilm be admitted ; if not apt, let the poor man'ii
child that is apt enter his I'oom."

On the same subject Adam Smith says ;—
*' There Is scarce a common trade which does not affonl
Bonio opportunities of applying to It the prlnol|de» of geometry
and jnoehaides, and which would not therefore griidually
e.\ereiso and Improve the common poojile in th.jse principles,
the necessary introdiictioii to the most suljllme .is well as to
the most useful HeionccH. The public can oncourai<o the
aecpilsltion of those most essential parts of education by giving
small premiums and little bailges of distinction to the ehlldron
of the eomnioii people wluj o.Kcol in them."

—Annual Address of the Chairman of the Council of
the Soviet;/ of Arts.

IRISH BUTTER.

[The following speech was delivered at a meeting held at. thu
'I'owii Hall, Waterford, on Monday, November 16, 186T— the
Uigbt Hon. the Karl of Uessborough in the chair.)

Mr. FisUEK said he had two years since visited
■Normandy, partly to obtain information on the butter
question, and it might psrhaps not be uninteresting
tiliat they should be informed of what was taking place
there. The noble chairman had sjiokon of the Irish
butter 20 years ago, but they must remember that at that
time foreign butter could not come into the market,
and the Irish was not competed with ; since that time
the English markets were thrown open, and the French
and Dutch makers were rapidly gaining upon, if not
surpassing, the Irish makers. He thought they should
try to ascertain the reason, and he believed it lay iu
the simple fact that the foreigners' butter was fresli,
while the Irish was salted. They all knew that fresh
butter was sweeter and more valuable than salt butter.
AVhen he had landed at St. Male, the port from which
the Normandy butter was shipped, he found va,sl
quantities on the quay, and learned that the steamer
that sailed the day before for London took away
300 tons of butter. The butter was made principally
in the neighbourhood of Rennes, but it was not mad;)
in large dairies. In travelling from St. Malo to Renne-:
one i}asses through a series of small farms, such as
were in Ireland in 1818. The farmers have one or two,
rarely as many as four, cows each. The butter is made
in rolls or lumps, and sold fresh. The merchants assort
it according to quality, and make it up in casks of
suitable sizes. There is no bother about tares or super-
tares.

They might fancy that this was a peddling kind of
business, but it was not so. He had in his hand a
London circular, of November 4— that is, this day fort-
night. In the previous week the arrivals of French
butter in London reached 15,146 casks, and from
Holland and other places 6086 casks, making a total of
21,738 casks ; while the arrivals of Irish butter were
only 2549 casks, of which Waterford sent 616 firkins.
This showed that the French trade was not of that
peddling character they might fancy; but there was
another and very peculiar fact to which he would call
their attention. It was this: though the arrivals of
foreign butter in the week were 21,753 firkins, yet the
stock ou Monday was only 8247 casks, or about two
days' consumption. The butter was made fresh and
sold on arrival. Though the arrivals of Irish in tho
same week were only 2549 firkins, yet the stock on that
day was 7642 firkins, or sufficient for three weeks'
consumption ; the natural ponsequence was that foreign
butter realised IISa-. to 120*. per cwt. ; while Irish
butter only realised 109*. to 110*. per cwt., being
a ditfereuce of nearly a penny per pound. He had been
informed, since he came into the room, by a gentleman
well qualified to judge, that some farmers had still in
their dairies all the butter they had made since the
1st of May. As long as this practice continued Irish
butter must be salted, and the foreign fresh butter
would beat it out of the market and get the higher
price, therefore this was a very wide and imporliant
subject; and he thought the local farmers' societies
ought to meet together and discuss this very important
subject.

The Normandy system, to which he had alluded,
was adapted to small farms, and to this time of year,
when many large farmers could not fill a firkin of
butter at a churning. Farmers, under such circum-
stances, might adopt some such plan, or they might
follow the practice he found prevailing in Switzerland,
where, when the cows went to Grass u])on the green
Alps, all the milk was put together and made into
cheese, which were divided according to the number
of cows owned by each. For example, upon the noblo
chairman's property, instead of each small farmer
having a separate churning — probably 20 or .30 opera-
tions going on at the same time— they might put all
the milk together, and have one churning, thus saving
trouble and expense, and producing a better article.

As to the local matters which had been discussed
at such length, he would take the liberty of making a
remark. The appointment of a butter tester and
weigh-master vested in the Corporation of Waterford,
and that body, or the weigh-master, might be asked to
make such regulations as would meet the dilliculty ;
he thought this would be simple. They required that
all the butter should be sold m public market, there-
fore it should go to the market house for inspection
and weighiug. To accomplish this, it should bo
delivered at the weigh-hoiise at a slated hour. He did
not think it would be diflicult to carry out such an
arrangement if they only went determinedly about it.
Mr. Elliott had referred to Kilkenny, and he would
tell them what was done in Cork, where sometimes
several thousand firkins were sold in one day. All the
butter must be in the market by 10 o'clock. The
porters divided it into four lots of about the same size,
which were distinguished hj the letters a, b, c, and d.
The inspectors, upon reaching the market, drew lots
for which letter they should take, so that no one knew
who would inspect his butter. If any farmer was
dissatisfied, there was an appeal from one to the four

1250

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[DEflEltBfiB 7, 1867.

inspectors. The butter was sold upon the inspector's
classification, and was weighed at the market. There
was, therefore, no ground for dispute. He always
regretted to hear of cases in dispute being brought
into court, for he believed the merchants were disposed
to act fairly, and he held it would be advantageous to
both parties to remove all cause of dispute, which
could only be done by having the butter tasted and
weighed before it was sold. These were matters of
local arrangement, about which there ought not to be
much difficulty, but there were other and larger
interests mixed up with this question. The manu-
facture of butter was one of their staple industries, and
the merchants as well as the farmers were mainly, if
not equally, interested in the quantity and the quality.
He wished to call their attention to one or two facts
bearing upon the quantity of butter produced in
Ireland. He found from Mr. Donnelly's return for
1863 that there were in Ireland in that year 1,387,418
milch cows. This year there were 1,519,720, being an
increase of 131,272 cows ; if each cow produced two
firkins of butter, the exports of 1867 ought to exceed
those of 1805 by 260,000 firkins ; but he found that the
arrivals in London and Liverpool since the 1st May
fell short of those of 1865 by 70,686 firkins. The value
of the decrease would be about 700,000^. Ireland
was not so rich a country that it could afford such a
loss. And while he approved of their looking after the
markets, and adjusting the diflerences between farmer
and merchant, he thought the landlord and the farmer
ought to look very seriously at the decrease in the
supply of butter ; that they should make such changes
in their system of farming as will secure the largest
returns, and while endeavouring to improve the make
and quality of their butter, they will also seek to
manage their laud and their cattle in such a way as
will produce the largest quantity. He urged these
views upon them because he longed to see the country
more prosperous, more wealthy, and more happy ; and
everything that tended to develop and increase their
resources had its effect in securing the contentment
and happiness of the people. Waterford Mail.

CHEDDAR LOAF CHEESE.
I HAVE been desired by one of our county gentlemen
to offer some practical remarks on cheese-making in
small farms, with a view to equalise, as far as may be,
the advantages of the larger dairy farmer with those of
the smaller. It is clear that a thick cheese, such as
can be made from a dairy of 25 or 30 cows, will
command a higher price than a thin cheese of equal
quality. It is also clear that a given quantity of curd
made up in one thick cheese will, when ripe, weigh
more than if made into two or three, in consequence of
there being a larger portion of surfa,ce in the latter
than in the former. A thick cheese will also retain its
quality, and continue to improve for a longer time
than a thin one, and will command a superior class of
purchasers. It is only in exceptional cases that thin
cheese made from whole milk will be as remunerative as
when a portion or all the cream is removed. I state
this on my own experience, having proved it to my
satisfaction. The particulars of those experiments I
would give here, were it not that it would occupy too
large a portion of your columns. Whole-milk cheese
should be made in a form best suited to the public
taste. In Somersetshire, within a few miles of the
famous village of Cheddar, thousands of small cheeses
are made, measuring about 6 inches in diameter, and
8 or y inches in depth, weighing from 7 to 9 lb. each.
They are called truckles," and sometimes "loaf
cheese." They are made by persons who milk from 10
to 20 cows, and occasionally by larger farmers. These
persons being prejudiced to the method of their
farmers, believe that no other cheese can be made
successfully on their land. I have seen several
hundreds of these cheeses neatly arranged on the floor
of a large room, and of uniform size, painted red,
through which, during the process of ripening, a blue
tint has penetrated, imparting to them a rather rich
appearance. Many tons of them are annually exported
to Australia and other parts, the prices fluctuating
according to foreign demand. Some of the same
description are also made in North Wilts, but without
the exterior colouring. In both cases the cheese is of
an inferior character, and is not desirable for the small
cheese-makers of Scotland to imitate. They are
generally a soft, porous kind of cheese, rarely reaching
the price of our improved Cheddars by 10s. or 15*., and
sometimes even 20*. The size and shape only are
worth our notice. Another example of size and shape
is presented to us in the Stilton. Its quality and
flavour are good ; but the excess of cream required to
make them, and the risk of not making good cheese,
are objections. The general class of small dairy-
farmers would scarcely he justified in imitating (as in
the former examples) anything beyond its form. The
cheeses weigh about 12 or 13 lb. each, and are 10 inches
deep and 7 inches wide. As to the kind of cheese,
there is nothing more suitable than the Cheddar.
The method of making is simple. There is an
additional amount of labour and some waste conse-
quent upon making these small cheeses ; but if made
good it will realise 5s. per cwt. beyond even that which
IS made in larger dairies, as small families will readily
pay for the convenient size. As the Cheddar method
of cheese-making has been so frequently detailed in
your journal, and is so successfully practised, I need
not give it again. It is in every particular suitable for
the making of "loaf" cheese. The vats or chessets
may be made of tin, stronglj; hooped, and without
bottom, or of staves, hooj)ed similar to the vats; but
I much prefer the extension vat, a specimen of which
I sent to the Ayrshire Agricultural Association three
years since, and many of them I have since sent to
parties in Wigtonshire. The cost of them is about
JOs. eaoh. With these the cheese is more easily

liberated from the vat, and less liable to get broken in
turning. AH the vats should be furnished with inside
followers (Scottic6, lids), made to fit nicely. They
may be pressed iu tiers of threes or fours, as required.
If the cheese is turned twice a-day, two days' pressing
will be sufEcient. The edges should be well bandaged
whilst in the press, to secure them against damage.
There may not be sufficient curd to fill each vat every
day, but if salted and pressed by the hand into a vessel,
and covered, it will keep till the morrow, when the
cheese may be made up with new curd. There should
be no annatto used, or the colour of the curd of two
days may not correspond. It frequently happens that
these small cheeses will not be quite so solid as those
of a larger size. Cavities will occasionally appear,
unlike a naturally-heaving cheese, but as though a
portion of air had been suddenly arrested and confined.
This, I believe, arises from too sudden pressure upon
so small a surface. This should be remedied by a
gradual addition of power to the press. AVith ordinary
treatment in the cheese-room, these small cheeses will
be equal in quality, flavour, and appearance to Cheddar
cheese of any size. The small Cheddar cheeses
hitherto have been without a definite name. A year
or two since, a cheese-factor of Bristol, wishing to give
them a name, induced his best cheese-maker occasion-
ally to make a few bearing the impress of the words
" Stilton Cheddar," _ which he had carved on the
follower ; but it is fair to state that only in form does
it resemble the Stilton cheese. The name I have
given at the head of this paper is much more appro-
priate, as being naore expressive of the character of the
cheese I should like to see made by the small cheese-
maker of Scotland, and which, for its general
usefulness, will be best suited to the public taste. The
successful effort of the Agricultural Association in the
improvement of cheese-making is apparent to all ; and
the small dairy-farmer having an equal proportional
claim with the large, I would respectfully suggest to
the Council of that body the propriety of withholding
any prize at their Kilmarnock Exhibition for imitation
"North Wiltshire loaf cheeses," and offering adequate
prizes for " Cheddar loaf cheese," made from dairies of
less than 20 cows. Addressed iy Mr. Sardlng^ Marks-
iurgh^ to an Ayrshire Taper.

Home Correspondence.

Mangel Wurzel v. Oilcake ; Apple Pumice. — That
the extended growth and manipulation of Mangel
Wurzel should to any great extent supersede the use of
oilcake as food for farm stock, goes beyond the com-
prehension of the most zealous JlangelAVurzel grower,
in Ireland at least. But that Apple Pumice should
for the same purpose supersede the use of Mangel
Wurzel to some of our cider-making friends will
appear marvellous, so will the idea that the extended
growth of Mangel Wurzel in these counties would
silence all agitation for a repeal of the Malt-tax.
In a late letter of mine in your pages I asked
for further proofs of the suitability of Mangel Wurzel
to supersede the use of oilcake, but as there has not
been adequate time for a suitable reply, I will not
repeat the question now, but, with your permission, I
beg to put a question or two to your correspondent,
"E. T. Kensington, F.R.A.S., F.C.S., Ilminster."
Before doing so, permit me to Insert his analysis (see
p. 1178) :-

Apple

Pumice
in Natural

Mangels.

Swedes.

State.

Water

68.30

87.78

89.460

Flesh-forming sub-

stances

4.94

1.54

1.443

Gum, sugar, &c.

12.44

6.10

6.932

Fibre

22.15

2.60

2.542

Ash

1.65

.96

.623

OU

.52

None

None

(1) What is meant by "Apple Pumice in its natural
state ?" (2) What are the flesh-forming substances he
has discovered in each of the three substances
enumerated ? (3) What proportion of gum, and
what gum, compared with the sugar, he dis-
covered? (4) What proportion, and what kind
of sugar, compared with the gum, he dis-
covered ? (5) What were the et cetera, and in what
proportion, compared with the gum and sugar?
(6) What was the value of the fibre, if of any value,
for feeding purposes ? and finally, If for feeding pur-
poses, would not the oil come within the range of the
flesh or fat-producing elements or "principles," as
" E. T." terms them ? Correct replies to these rude
questions would be of importance, in my belief, to
many people. Fingal.

Mangel Wurzel. — In reference to the remarks of
your correspondent " Fingal " on the production of
Mangel, as regards weight, it would be interesting to
know the heaviest acreable yield he has obtained ; we
would then be able to compare notes, as our observa-
tion has not led us to conclude that Ireland was par-
ticularly favourable to the highest development of that
root. We should also be glad to learn by what test a
bulb of say 30 lb. is of less relative feeding value than
one of 10 lb. P. M., Essex, Nov. 27.

The lightness of the yield in grain of the late Wheat
harvest is now too well-known, and among the causes
of this failure not the least was the growth of the
mycelium of a fungus in the lower part of the
straw. Vast numbers of them I split open, and inva-
riably found this fungoid growth above the first joint
from the ground, quite filling the tube with a white
down, the mycelium of a fungus. These fine threads
penetrating the tissue of the straw, gave the inside a
dark unhealthy ajipearance ; and not only would these
fungoid fibres injure the tubes whereby the water
would pass from the rootlets to the grain, but would

be of serious injury to that fluid in its passage upwards.
This fungoid growth in the inside of the straw gave a
withering appearance to the outside of the lower part
of the straw, whereby the observing eye of the farmer
concluded the head of grain had got all the nourishment
from the root it would have (and he cut his corn sooner
than otherwise he would have done), which in many
parts of the country was the cause of the early harvest.
This mycelium is not that of Puccinia Graminis,
because that plant never grows so low down the straw ;
but whatever it may be, it will produce spores by th
million capable of doing no small amount of mischief
in the first favourable condition for its growth. JBohler.

Societies,

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL OF ENGLAND.

Monthly Council : Wednesday, Dec. 4.— Present,
the Duke of Eichmond, K.G., President, in the Chair ;
the Earl of Powis, Lord Chesham, Major-Gen. the
Hon. A. N. Hood, Sir Watkin Wynn, Bart., M.P.,
Mr. Barnett, Mr. Barthropp, Mr. Bramston, Mr. Can-
trell. Colonel Challoner, Mr. Dent. M.P., Mr. Druce
Mr. Brandreth Gibbs, Mr. Holland, M.P., Mr. Hornsby
Mr. Milward, Mr. Bandell, Mr. Shuttleworth, Mr
Torr, Mr. Wells, Major Wilson, Mr. Jacob Wilson,
and Dr. Voelcker.

The following new Members were elected ;—
Bonham, the Rev. John, Ballintaggart, Ballitore, CO. Kildare.
Brealey, John, Leek, Staffs.
Byrd, Charles, Littywood, Staflcs.
Dickson, George A., Chester.

GoUedge, Matthias, Forthampton, Tewkesbury, Gloucestersh.
Green, Alfred, Kinwartou, Redditch, Warwickshire.
Grif&ths, Samuel, Overton, Ruabon, Denbighshire.
Harrison, John, The Willows, Leicester.
Henley, Joseph John, Sherburn Lodge, Tetsworth.
Homiblow. W. T., jun.. Ripple, Tewkesbury
Marshall. James, Trinity Street, GLiinsborough.
Maude, Colonel George Ashley, Stud House, "Hampton Court.
Muntz, George Frederick, Umberslade, Birmingham.
Olver, Richard Sobey, Trescowe, Bodmin.
Sulley, Joseph, jun., Lower Baton, Hereford.
Reed, Howard, Sydney, New South Wales.
Rees, William, Peny wann, Lanvabon, Pontypridd, Glamorgan,
Taylor, James, Gorse Lodge, Swansea.
Whitmore, F. H. Wolryohe, Dudmarton, Bridgnorth Salop
WUson, Christopher, W., High Piirk, Oxenhohne, Kendal.
Stratton, Richard, jun.. The Duffryn, Newport, Monmouth.
Stratton, William, Kingston, Deverill, Warminster.

Finances.— Major-General the Hon. A. N. Hood,
Chairman, presented the report, from which it
appeared that the Secretary's receipts during the past
month had been duly examined by the Committee and
by Messrs. Quilter, Ball, and Co., the Society's
accountants, and found correct. The balance in the
hands of the bankers on the 30th November, was
367 i. 8s. Id. The Committee having gone through the
list of arrears due to the Society, recommend that
Messrs, Garrard & James, solicitors, be instructed to
write to all defaulters who are in arrear for four years
and upwards. This report was adopted.

Chemical.— Mr. Dent, M.P., reported that Pro-
fessor Voelcker had presented the annual report, con-
taining details of experiments on growth of Clover at
Escrick, and various analyses, which will be more
fully reported upon for the Journal. The following
analyses were made by the consulting chemist for
members of the Society : —

Analyses made for Members of the Royal Agricultural Society of
England m 1867.

Guanos 30

Superphosphates and other similar artificial manures 63
Nitrate of soda and salts of ammonia . . . . 16

Refuse manures 29

Bone-dust .11

Limestones, marls, and other minerals '. . ! ! 53

Soils 18

Waters .' .' 30

Oilcakes '. ! 62

Feeding meals and vegetable productions . . . . 19

Examination for poison 6

Harvest h.aymakera' small beer 4

Total 341

This report was adopted.

Leicesteb Meeting.— Major-General the Hon. A.
N. Hood reported the recommendation of the Com-
mittee that the Show should close on Tuesday the 21st
July at 6 P.M.

Show-yaed Contbact.— Mr. Randell reported that
the Surveyor had presented the plan proposed for the
show-yard at Leicester, which had been approved,
subject to some modifications to be made by the hono-
rary Director ; and the Surveyor had been directed to
transmit a tracing of the plan to the Leicester Local
Committee, in order that the necessary levelling and
making of roads may be proceeded with— the quanti-
ties ot shedding of each sort to be determined here-
after. This report was adopted.

Agricultueal Education.— The following list of
names was placed before the Council, and the Secretary
was directed to ascertain whether they would act as
examiners : —

Mechanics — Mr. C. E. Amos

Chemistry— Professor Liveing and Professor Voelcker

Botany — Professor Bentley and Professor Oliver

Geology— Professor Moi-ris and Professor Ramsay

Veterinary Science— Professor Simonds and Prof. Vamell.

Land Stu-veying- Mr. Bailey Denton and Mr. Cadle

Book-keeping — Messrs. Quilter & Ball

The examiners in the Science and Practice of Agri-
culture will be appointed at the period of the
examination.

Committee of Selection.— Major-General the
Hon. A. N. Hood reported that the name of Mr. John
Baldwin, of Luddington, near Stratford-on-Avon, was
recommended to the Council in the room of Mr. Pope,
deceased. Mr. Baldwin having been proposed by
General Hood, and seconded by Mr. Milward, was then
unanimously elected Member of Council.

CouNTKT Meeting Districts.- Mr. Torr having
brought forward a new scheme which had been

Oecembee 7, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CIIROiNIGLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZI'lTTE

1251

ii|i|)nivi'd by tho Committee, was supported liy Mr.
.Iiciib Wilson and General Hood, and opposed hy Mr.
M ilward, Lord Cliesham, and Mr. Dent. On a division
t lie report, of the Committee was carried by 13 ayes to
r, noes, ;ind the following arrangement of the country
iidupled : —
A. l>urli:un, Northumberland, and North and Efist Ridings of

VorUshire.
I!. Cniiibcrhuul, I.anc.ishiro, Westmoreland, and West Riding,'

of Yorkshire.
('. Ikirbyshiro, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Nortliiinil»ton-

shiro, Nottinghamshire, Itutlandshiro, .ind Wurwick-

sliire.
IJ. iieclfordsbiro, CambrldgGBbiro, Essex, Hertfordshire,

Iliuitingdonsbirc, Norfolk, and Suffolk.

E. Ilerksliire, Buekinghanishire, llampsliire, Kent, Oxford-

shire, Bliddlesex, Surrey, and Sussex.

F. Cornwall, Devonshire, Dorsetshii-e, Somersetshire, and

WUtsbire.

G. Glovieestershiro, Herefordshire, Monmouthshire, \Voree.ster-

shire, and South Wales.
IL Cheshire, Shropshire, StalTordshire, and North Wales.

The Council then resolved that district B bo selected
for the County MectiiiK of 18GU.

The Annnal Reports of all the Standing Committees
were presented by the respective Chairmen.

The SiandiiiK Committees for ISiiS, viz., Finance
Committee, Journal Committee, Chemical Committee,
House Committee, Implement Committee, Veterinary
Committee, Stock Prizes Committee, General Com-
mittee, Show-yard Contracts Committee, and Educa-
tion Committee, were appointed.

St.^ndino Committees for 1S6S.
Finance ComnLiltef. — Major-Generai tlio lion.

A. Nelson
Hood, Chairmau ; Mr. Baruett, Mr. Bramston, Colonel Knigs-
cote, .M.P. ; Mr. Randcll, Jlr. Turr.

IloKSe Crj;*j/ai(ffc.— The President, Chairm.anof Finance Com-
mittee, Lord Chesbam, Mr. Bramstou, Colonel Challouer,
Mr. Brandrcth Gibbs, Mr. ToiT.

Joiiftiat Co7Mmi((fe. - Mr. Thompson, Chairm.an ; Earl Cath-
eart, Vicc-Chairmaii : The Ri;^^ht Hon. the Speaker, Sir .1. V. IJ.
Johnstone, Bart., 51. P. ; Sir E. C. Kerrison, Bart.; Mr.
Acland, M.P. ; Mr. Dent, M.P. ; Mr. Hollana. M.P. ; Mr.
Wren lloskyns, Mr. Richard Milward, Mi. W.allis, Mr. Jacob
Wilson.

Clinirikal Cdijtiitittfe.—lilr. Lawes, Chairman : Earl Catbeart,
Ixjrd Vernon, Sir J. V. B. Johnstone, B.art., JI.P. ,■ Sir E. C.
Kerrison, Bart. : Sir Massey Lopes, Bart., M.P. ; Sir H. Vaue,
Bart. ; Mr. Da^jies. Mr. Dent, ilLP. ; iilr. Holland, M.P. ; Mr.
Wren Uoskyns, Ven. Archdeacon Huxtable, Mr. Thompson,
Mr. Wells, Mr. Jacob Jiieob Wilson.

J>f''r'''M(r^ C'(j«(j»i(iec.- Major-Gencr.al the Hon. A. Nelson
Hood, Chairman ; Hon. H. Liddell, M.P. ; Sir J. V. B. John-
stone, Bart., M.P. ; Sir H. Vane, Bart. : Colonel Challouer.
Mr. Dent, M.P. ; Mi-. Brandretb Gibba, Mr. Thos. Paui, Pro-
fessor Simonds. Professor Spooner, Professor Viiruell, ill'.
Wells, Mr. Jacob Wilson.

Stot'^-'Pri:es Committee.— 'Lord Chesbam, Lord Walsingbam,
Major-Gcneral tho Hon. A. Nelson Hood, Hon. H. Ijiddell,
M.P. : Sir J. IroUope, Bart., M.P. ; Mr. Baldwin, Mr. Baruett,
Mr. Bartbropp, Mr. Bowlj', Mr. Claydcn. Mr. Davics, Mr.
Deut, M.P. ; Mr. Druce, Mr. Brandrcth Gibbs, Mr. Ilassall,
Mr. Holland, MP.: Mr. Jonas, Mr. Milward, Mr. Eaudell.
Mr. Rigden, Mr. Sanday, Mr. Robert Smith. Mr. Torr. Mr.
Turner, 3Ir. Wallis, Mr. Webb, Mr. Jacob Wilson, and the
Stewards of Live Stock.

Implei.'eitt Committee. — C'oloncl Challoner, Chairman : Earl
Catbeart, Lord Vernon, Major-Gener.al the Hon. A. Nelson
Hood, Sir E. C. Kerrison, Bart. ; Sir A. K. JIacdonald, Bart. ;
Mr. Amos, Mr. Cantrell, Jlr. Druce, Mr. Brandrcth Gibbs,
Mr. Holland, M.P. : Mr. Hornsby, Mr. Wren Hoskvns, Mr.
Handcll, Mr. Head, M.P. ; Mr. Sanday, Mr. Shuttlewortb,
Mr. Thompson, Mr. Torr, Mr. W.allis, Professor Wilson,
Mr. Jacob Wilson, and the Stew,ard3 of Implements.

General Leicester Committee. — Mr. Thompson, Chairman ;
Duke of Rutland, Earl of Powis, Lord Chesbam, Lord Portman,
Lord Tredegar, Lord Vernon, Major-GcuoraltheHon. A. Nelson
Hood, Hon. H. Liddell. M.P. ; Sir E. C. Kerris.m, Bart. ;
Right lion. Sir John TroUope, Bart., M.P. ; Sir W. Williams
Wynn, Bart., M.P. ; Mr. Amos, Mr. Baruett, Mr. Barthropp,
Mr. Bowly, Mr. Cantrell, Colonel Ch.aUoner, Mr. Clayden,
Mr. Davies, Mr. Dciit, JI.P. ; Mr. Brandrcth Gibbs, Mr.
Holland, M.P. ; 3Ir. Hornsby, Mr. C. Wron Hoskyns, the
Mavor of Leicester, Jlr. Milward, Jlr. Pain, Jlr. Uandell,
Mr. Read, M.P. ; Jlr. Sanday, Jlr. Shuttlewortb, Jlr. Stone,
Mr. Ton-, Jlr. Wallis, Mr. Webb, Mr. Wells, Major Wilson,
Mr. Thos. Willson, Mr. Jacob Wilson, .and the Stewards.

S/toie-Yafd Contract:^ Committee.— ilT. Randcll, Chairman;
Earl Catbeart, Lord Vernon, Jlajor-General the lion. A.
Nelson Hood, Jlr. Amos, Mr. Eriindreth Gibbs, Mr. Hornsby,
Mr. Jlilward, Jlr. Sand.ay, Mr. Shuttlewortb, Jlr. T'hoiupaou,
Mr. Ton-.

Com.iiittee of Selection. — Earl Catbeart, Earl of Powis, Lord
Walsingham, Right Hon. the Spe.aker, Major-General the Hon.
A. Nelscm Hood, Sir J. V. B. Johnstone, Bart., M.P. ; Jlr.
Claydcu, Jlr. Deut, Jt.P. ; Jlr. Dniee, Mr. HoUand, M.P. ; Jlr.
Jlilw.ard, Jlr. Randell, Jlr. Thompson, Jlr. Ton, Jlr. Wallis,
Jlr. Wells.

lidncotion Cominittee, — Earl of Powis, Jlajor-Gcueral tho Hon.
A. Nelson Hood, Jlr. Acland, M.P. ; Jlr. Dent, M.P. ; Mr.
Frere, Mr. Holland, M.P. ; Mr. Wren Hoskyns, Colonel
Kingscotc, JLP ; Jlr. Wells, Professor Wilson, Dr. Voelcker.

Cottle Plague Commiltte.—'Ihe- whole Council.

' , The President, Trustees, and Vice-Presidents arc
members ex oiiteio of all Committees.

Mr. Shuttlewortb having moved that it be an
instruction to the Implement Committee to consider
the subject of the prize sheets and the arrangements
for the new course of implement trials, and th.at the
exhibitors of machinery be invited to send a deputa-
tion to meet and confer with the Conimittco upon any
changes that may be desirable, the subject was referred
to the Implement Committee.

The Live Stock and Implement Prize Sheets for the
Leicester meeting were settled at a Special Council,
which met by order of the President at the rising oi
the monthly Council.

The Council have determined to abolish the restric-
tion which has hitherto limited the aged bulls to be
under si.x years old : also the rule which has hitherto
prevented an animal that lias won a 1st jirize in any
class at a previous meeting of tho Society from ajain
competing for a similar prize.

Midland Counties C.iTTLE Show: ]lii-mitt/i!iam,
December •2.—thowih shorter than usual in almost
every one of its classes, yet the standard of excellence
reached in it is as high as ever it has been in most of
them. There are as many good Ilerefords shown as
usual, though perhaps better Shorthornshavebeensccu ;

and though tho Scotch classes have not been so well
filled, yet there has never been a more perfect beast
than the ouo which has this year carried olf tho Gidd
Modal of tho Association. Lord Walsingham's South-
down sheep have never been excelled, and Messrs.
llowiird's pigs havo been rarely equalled. Tho class
of Uerkshiro breeding pigs, :dways to our mind tho best
of tho pig classes at liingloy Hall, is as gooil as over.
Tho root show is indeed below its usual merit in
both (piautily and quality, but Kohl I!-.ibi andCabbagcs
are more extraordinary tlian were ever before seen ;
and in tho seed classes while Wheats, I'cas, and Beans
are all first-rate, and samples of tho difl'crent sorts in
ear and straw, beside the bags of grain, add to tho
interest. The implement department is as full and as
good as ever it has been, and tho Poultry exhibition is
extraordinary.

The Cattle Classes begin at Birmingham with
the Hrrcfunls ■ eleven oxen, eight steers, seven eon's,
and seven heifers make up the several sections of the
show. Tho 1st prize in the older class of oxen is taken
by Mr. Aaron Pike, fora large and well. bred Hereford,
wellco.ated with firm llesh over tho loin, but not so good
in front as the Hereford ox generally is. Tho points of
excellence are rather reversed in Mr. Jones' 2d prize
beast, which is hotter forward and atop than in the
hind-quarters, Tho .'id prize goes to Mr. Turner (The
Leen), a constant exhibitor, for a large and handsome
beast. Among the steers, Mr. Cocks' 1st prize beast is
extraordinary over the rib and loin, and very even, thick,
and ripe everywhere. This class well illustrates the
early maturity of the breeil. Uerefordconsarea very good
class. The prizes .go to Mr. H. Bettridge, of 'Wantage;
Mr. Baldwin, of Luddington ; and Mr. Groves, of
Benington. The 1st vei-y even and good ; the 2d with
a noble bosom, and a great massive creature every where ;
the 3d, good forward, but thin and deficient behind. In
the heifer class, Mr. Bettridge again takes the 1st
prize, with a very thick and stocky well-bred beast,
which not only takes the 1st prize in her class, but
25/. for the best animal in the Hereford classes, and the
Gold Medal as the best cow or heifer iu the yard. The ;
2d prize heifer, shown by Mr. Arkwright, is also a
good and well-fed beast ; and the Queen, who enters '
the cattle from the Prince Consort's farm in her own
name, takes the 3d prize, for a large and well-bred
beast ; another from the Royal farm is commended, i
The female classes are very good.

The Short/iorns include^ 33 beasts in^ the four
divisions, which are respectively a very fair class of
older oxen, a middling lot of steers, a large and pretty
good class of cows, and a very good set of heifers.
The 1st prize Shorthorn ox is shown by Mr. HeatU
of Ludham Hall, iS'orwich ; he is a handsome roan,
with wonderfully fine fore-quarters, not so deep and
thick behind; good over loin and rib, and of good
quality.* He also takes the prize of 25/. as the best
Shorthorn in the yarrl. The 2d prize goes to a white
ox, shown by Mr. Wood, of Thrapston, which had
been 1st at the Oakham show on the Thursday bL'Torc.
He is of great length, and very evenly covered through-
out ; not so good, however, as the roan shown by tho
same exhibitor two years ago, and afterwards exhioited
at the Crystal Palace. Mr. Taylor, of Bridlington
Quay ; Mr. Foljambe, of Osberton ; and Sir W.
de Capell Brooke, Bart., are respectively 1st, 2d, and
3d in a deficient class of steers. The 2d prize animal
takes the prize of 15/., ofi'ered for the best Shorthorn
which is bred as well as fed by the exhibitor.

Among Shorthorn cows, tho Duke of Sutherland is
1st witli a very handsome roan cow, very good over rib
and loin and flank, but not so good forwards. Mr.
Taylor's 2d prize cow is very fat and flat, and wide over
the back. She has come to the sc;iles after 101 years,
during which she has bred 6 calves. The 3d prize goes
to Mr. Stratton, for apretty cow of remarkable qu;iTity,
and well and evenly fed. Lord Feversham's red heifer,
long and deep and true ; Messrs. Perry's very pretty
heifer, and Mr. Tidy's light roan, are the best of seven in
the younger female class, of which two others were
commended. One of the seven died in the yard from
aninjury received during travelling. The whole class,
beautiful .as it generally is, always appears to us
tho result of blundering somewhere. No fat stock
prize list ought to include prize heifers of pure breed,
and no management ought to result in the fatting of
animals whose proper service, that of bringing forth of
their kind, has not been accomplished.

The Bpvons are a very short show in the ox classes,
larger in the cows. ilr. Smith, of Exeter, takes the 1st
prize in the older class for an animal possessing
unusual length and depth and weight for the breed.
He is also 1st in the younger class with a steer just
over 3 years old, and girthing S feet 2 inches, and very
thick over loin and back, which also takes the prize of
25/. as the best in the Devon classes. There is a con-
siderable show of Devon cows with Messrs. Farthing
and Parfitt, 1st and 2d, and Mr. Smith again 3d. The
Devon heifers are very short in number and very
small.

There is rather a larger show than usual of
Longhorns, and a shorter show than usual of
Scotch cattle. Among them, however, is Mr.
McCombie's black polled Angus ox, of which
we had heard some days before as "the best beast that
ever left Aberdeenshire." He is of enormous size and
great symmetry, evenly covered with good and useful
tlesh. in fact, he stands at " perfection " upon a merely
utilitarian scale. Of course you cannot h)ok for style,
and hardly for beauty; but he is everywhere a substantial
piece of useful beef; and, girthing close on 10 feet, and
nearly 6 feet long, wonderfully thick of flesh iu fore-
quarters, back, loin, flank, and everywhere, he probably
carries 1 ton weight of saleable carcase. He is four
years and eight months old, and carries off the 1st prize
iu his class. Lord Aylesford's prize of 25 guineas for the
best ox bred as well as fed by tho exhibitor; Mr.
EatcliU''s 10-guinea cup for the best Scot fed and bred

by tho exhibitor ; the nirminghani Innkeonor'sSO-guinea
cup, for thii he-it animal in all the cattle cla.sses ; the
Association's 25/. for the best Scot in tho yard, and tho
Gold Medal for the best ox in tho yard.
Tho following is tho iirizo list in the cattle classes :—
jTiDora.— Jlr. George Bright, Broom. Astoii-on-CIun, Salop;
Jlr. 11. W. Keary, Bridgnorth ; .Mr. William Sanday, ilolmo
PioiTCpont, Nottingham.

IlERUifOlilia.
Oxen or Steers.— 1st, \r:l., Aaron Pike, Mitton, near Towkos-
bury, Glouccstersbii-o ; -Jd. Il)(., ,lohn Edwin Jones, Sprlng-
tield, liieintou, near Hereford: :id, 'A.. Philip Turner, Tho
Lceu, Pemljridge, HeK-fordshiro. Coinmondod : Colonel
Robert Loyd Lindsay, M.P., Loekinge, Wantage, Berkshire ;
Henry Bettridge, East Uiuiney, Wantage, Beiksbire.

Steers. — Ist, ML, Benjamin Cocks, Tugfm-d, (.'hurch
Stretton : :id, 10/.. Joseph Ileaeb, The HattoiiH, Brewoud, and
Dudley ; 3d, 5/., Richard Hill, Orleton Court, Ludlow, Here*
fordshiro.

Cows.— 1st, 15/., Henry Bettridge, East Ilanney, Wantage:
2d, 10/., ifohn Baldwin, Luddington, Stratford-upon-Avon ;
;id, 5;,, Robert Vincent Corbet Grovos, Benington, Salop,
(.'ommouded : John Wigmoro, Bickcrton Court, Much Marcle,
Herefordsliiro ; Samuel Plimlcy, Alberbury, .Salop.

Heifers. — 1st, 1.^/., Gold Medal for best cow or heifer of any
breed or age, and extra prize of "irA. as best Hereford, Henry
Bettridge, East Hanncy, Wantage, Berks ; 2d, lOf., John
Ilungorford Arkwright, Hampton Court, near Leominster,
Ilercford-shire ; :ld, 5(., Her Jl.ajesty tho Queen, Windsor
Castle. Commended : Her Majesty tho Queen ; .losoph
Crane, Calcot, Shrewsbury.

Skobthorns.
Oxen or Steers. — 1st Vtl., extra prize of 25/. as the best
Shorthorn, William Heath, Ludham Hall, Norwich ; 2d, 10/.,
Rowland Wood, Clapton, near Thrapston, Northampttmshire ;
.3d, 5/., John Coleniau, Ruuhall, near Wymondham, Norfolk.
Commended : William Heath, Ludham Hall, Norwich :
Thomas Pulver, Broughton, Nnrtbaraptonshire.

Steers.— 1st, Mi., Silver Metlal as breeder and Earl of Ayles-
ford's prize of 15/. as tho best Shorthorn bred and fed by the
exhibitor, George Taylor, Sewerby Cottage, Bridlington Quay ;
2d, loi.. G. S. Foljambe, Osberton Hall, Worksop, Notts ; .-jd,
a/ , Sir William de Oapell Brooke. Bart., Geddington Gr.ange,
Kettering. Commended: Earl of Radnor, Coie.shill, High-
worth, Wiltshire.

Cows. — 1st, 15(., .-tnd Silver Medal as breeder, the Duke of
Sutherland, Lillchurst, Newport, Salop; 2d, 10/., Richard
Taylor, Hazeleigb Hall, JIaldon, Essex ; 3d, .'5/ , Richard
Stratton, Walls Court, Stapleton, Bristol. Highly Com-
mended : Tho Earl of Aylcsford, Packington Hall, Coventry.
Co.-nmended : .Vai-on Pike, Jlitton, neur Tewkesbury; Thos.
Game U Son, Broadmoor, Northleaeh, Gloucestershire ; Adam
Dugd.ale, Rose Hill, Burnley, Lancashire.

Heifers.— 1st, 15/., and Silver Jledal as breeder. Lord
Feversham, Duneombe Park, Helmsloy, Vork : 2d, 10/,,
Graddon & John Perry, Aeton Pigott, Salop ; :id, 5/., William
Tidy, Jliddleton, Tamworth. Commended; Henry Greenway,
Hambrook, near Bristol ; WilUam Aldworth, Frilford, near
Abingdon, Berks.

Devons.
Oxen or Steers. — 1st, IS/., William Smith, Higher Hoopem,
Exeter, Devon. (No competition.)

Steers. — 1st, I.*)/., .and Silver Med.al as breeder, and extra
prize of 25/. for the best Devon, William Smith, Higher
Hoopern ; 2d, 10/., Harry Frampton, Blandford, Dorsetshire,
Commended ; Harry Frampton, AVilliaui Smith, Higher
Hoopern.

Cows.— 1st, 15/., Walter Farthing, Stowcy Court, Bridge-
w.ater, Somerset ; 2d, 10/., Edward P.irtit. Piilace Farm, WcUs,
Somerset. Commended : William Smith, Hi,gher Hoopern.

Heifers —1st, 1.5/., Richard Burton, Place Barton, Broadclyst,
Devon ; 2d, 10/., William Smith, Higher Hoopern.
LoNcnORNs.
Oxen or Steers.— 1st, 10/., and Silver Medal as breeder. Sir
John Harper Crewe, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire ; 2d, 5/.,
W. T. Cox, JI.P., Spondon Hall, near Derby. Commended ; J.
II. Burbcry, The Chase, Kenilwortb.

Cows or Heifers. — 1st, 10/,, and Silver Medal as breeder,
W. T. Cox, JI.P., Spondon Hall; 2d, 5/,, John Jackson,
Burbery, The Crofts, Stratford-ou-Avon. Commended ; Thos.
Siitcliwcll, Harnficld, ICuowle.

Scotch Breeds.
Polled Oxen andSteers.- 1st, 15/-, and Silver Jfedal .as breeder,
extra 25/. as the best Scot, Mr. C. Ratclifls prize, of 10 guineas
for best Scot, Gold Jledal as the best ox or steer of any breed
or age. Hotel and Innkeepers' Prize of 30 guineas as tho best
.animal iu the cattle classes, and the President's prize of
25 guineas for the best ox or steer of .any breed or age, bred
and fed by exhibitor, William JleCombie, Tillyfour, Aber-
deen, N.B. ; 2d, 10/., Andrew Longmore, Linksfield, Rattie,
Bauttshirc.

West Hi,}hland Oxen or Steers.— 1st, 15/., and SUvcr Jledal
as breeder, Duke of Sutherland, Dunrobin Mains, near Golspie,
N.B. ; 2d, 10/., Richard Coston, Hayton, Stanton Lacy, Salop ;
.-Jd, 5/., Thomas Leslie, Jlelville Cartwright, Jletville House,
Fife, and Newbottle, Northamptonshire.

Scotch Cows or Heifers. — 1st, iO/., James Reid, Graystone,
Alford, Aberdeenshire ; 2d, 5/., William Spencer, Potters
JIarston, Hinckle.v. Commended : Duke of Buccleuch and
(Jueen.sberry, Tibbers, Thombill, Dumfriesshu-e.
Welsh Breeds.
(No entries.)
Norfolk and Suffolk Polled Breeds.
(No entries.)
Other PnnE Breeds and Cro.s.s-bred Animals.
Fat Oxen or Steers.— 1st, 10/., Colonel Robert Loyd Lind-
.s.iy, JI.P., I.ockhige P,ark, Wantage, Berks; 2d, 5/., Richard
Hawkes, Hunscote, Cbarlecote, Warwickshire. Highly Com-
mended : Joseph Beach, The Hattons, Brewood, and Flour
Jlills, Dudley; Richard Burton, Place Barton, Broadclyst,
near Exeter.

Fat Cows. — No entry.

Fat Heifers.— 1st, 10/., and Silver Jledal as breeder, Wiluam
Tidy, Jliddleton, Tamworth ; 2d, 5/., WiUiam Henry JIarbrow,
Newton Sohiey, Burton-upon-Trent.

Extra Classes.

For animals not qualified to compete in any of the preceding

classes.

Oxen or Steers. — No merit. xi j .j.

Cows or Heifers,- 5/,, JLirquis of Anglesea, Bcaudesert,

Rugeley, Staffordshire.

The Sheep Clisses includes a short show of
Leicesters, where Lord Borners is 1st ; a short show of
other Longwools. the Ist and 2d prize being taken by
Cotswolds, and the 3d by a Lincoln ; a very good show
indeed of Southdowns— Lord "Walsingham, Lord
Sondes, and Lord Radnor taking the prizes ; a very good
show of Shropshires, which are to the elegant South-
down or Leicester pretty much what the polled Angus
oxen, j ust referred to, are to the Devons. The Oxford-
down and Hampshire-down make very good classes.

1252

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Decembee 7, 1867.

The prize list is given below :—

Judges.— Mr. H. Fookes, Whitcliurcb, Bluudford, Dorset;
:Mv. Thomas Mansell, Ercall Park, Wellington, Salop ; Mr. F.
Spencer, Claybrook, Lutterworth.

Leicesteos.

Throe Fat Wethers not exceeding 22 months old.— 1st, 15L,
and Silver Medal as breeder. Extra prize of 10 guineas given
by W. D. Bromley, Esq., MP., for the best pen of Long-
woolled sheep. Lord Borners, Keythorpe Hall, Leicester ; 2d,
101., William Perry Herrick, Beaumanor Park, Leicestershire ;
3d, 5L, William Perry Ilerrick.

Long -wo 01. LED Sheep not being Lek-esters.

Three Fat Wethers not exceeding 22 months old.— 1st, l^d.,
and Silver Modal a.s hrecder, William Henry Hitchcock,
Sliserden Park, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire ; 2d, lOL.,
William Donne. Monkton, Bridgend, GlaraorgansMre ; ;^d, 5^,
John Pears, Mere, Branston, Lincoln. Commended: Thomas
and George Wesb, Greenhill Farm, Bletchington, Oxon.
South and other Down Sheep.

Three Fat Wethers, not exceeding 22 months old.— 1st, 151.,
and Silver Medal as breeder, and extra prize of 20/. given by
the Linen and Woollen Drapers of Birmingham, for the best
pen of throe fat wethers. Lord Walsingham, Morton Hall,
Thctford. Norfolk ; 2d, lo;,, Lord Walsingham ; 3d, 51., Lord
Sondes, Elmham Hall, T Jctford^ Norfolk. Commended ; Lord
Sondes.

Three Fat Wethers, exceeding 22, but not exceeding
34 months old. — 1st, 10^, and Silver Medal as breeder. Lord
Walsingham, Merton Hall ; 2d, 5/., Earl of Radnor, CoIeshiU,
Highworth.

Shropshire Sheep,

Five Fat Wethers, not exceeding^ 22 months old.— Prize of
'20 guineas, given by the Mayor of Birmingham (Thos. Avery,
Esq.), and Silver Medal as breeder, Henry Matthews, Mont
ford, Shrewsbury. Highly commended : Joseph Beach, The
Hattons, Brewood, and Flour Mills, Dudley.

Three Fat Wethers, not exceeding 22 months old.— 1st, 151.,
and Silver Medal as breeder : extra prize of 10 guinea.s, given
by G. C. N. Newdegate, Esq., M.P., for best pen of Shropshire
Sheep; and lOi. given by the Linen and AVooUen Drapers of
Birmingham for the second-best pen of three fat wethers.
Thomas Nock, Suttoti House, Shiffnal ; 2d, 10/., Henry
Alatthews, Montford, Shrewsbury; ;id, 51. , William Yates,
Grindlc House, Shiffnal. Commended: Joseph Beach, The
Hattons.

Three Fat Wethers, exceeding 22 but not exceeding
34 months old.— 1st, 10^, and Silver Medal as breeder. Lord
Wenlock, Monk Hall, JIuch Wenlock ; 2d, oL, Henry Smith,
Sutton Maddock, Shiffnal. Commended : Henry Smith.

Single Shropshire AVetber : Silver Cup, value 5 guineas,
given by Messrs. Mapplebeck and Lowe of Birmingham for
liest Shropshire wether of any age, and Silver Medal as breeder,
Joseph Beach, The Hattons, Brewood, Commended : Lord
Wenlock, Monk Hall, Much Wenlock ; Earl of Aylesford,
Packington Hall, Coventry.

Oxfordshire Downs.

Three Fat Wethers, not exceeding 22 months old.— 1st, 101.,
and Silver Medal as breeder, Zaehariah W. Stilgoe. Adderbury
Grounds, Banbury, Oxfordshire; 2d, 5/., Alfred Rogcr-s,
Bromham, near Bedford. Highly commended : Duke of
Marlborough, Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxon. Com-
mended: Nathaniel Stilgoe, Adderbury Manor Farm, Ban-
bury, Oxfordshire.

Sheep not Qualified to Compete in any other Class.

Three Fat Wethers, of any age.— 1st, 101. , and Silver Medal
.a.'; breeder, Thomas Gunnell, Milton, Cambridgeshire ; 2d, 51.,
Edward Frood, Bonhey, Exminster, Devon.
Cross-bred Sheep.

Three Fat Wethers, not exceeding 22 months old.— 1st, lOL,
and Silver Medal as breeder, J. K. Shrirapton, Easington
Farm, Chilton, Bucks; 2d, 51., Nathaniel Stilgoe, Adderbury
Manor Farm, Banbury. Highly commended : Jolrn Overman,
Burnham Sutton, Burnham Market, Lynn.
Leicester Ewes.

Fat Ewes of any age, having bred one or more lambs.

(Eutry not exhibited.)

Lincoln and Cotswold Ewes.

Fat Ewes of any age, having bred one or more lambs. — l.st,
■'d., and Silver Medal as breeder, John Henry Casswell,
Laughton, Folkingham, Lincolnshire ; 2d, HI., Joseph
Craddock, Eastington, Northleach. Commended: John King
Tombs, Langford, Lcchlade, Gloucestershire.

South and other Down Ewes.

Fat Ewes of any age, having bred one or more lambs. — l.st,
5/., and Silver Medal aa breeder, Duke of Marlborough,
Blenheim Palace, Woodstock ; 2d, 3/., Lord Walsinghapi, Mei ton
Hall, Thetford. Highly commended : Duke of Marlborough ;
Lord Sondes, Elmham Hall, Thetford, Notfolk.
Shropshire Ewes.

Fat Ewe of any age, having bred one or more lambs. — 1st,
^L, and Silver Jledal as breeder, John Coxon, Frecford Farm,
Lichfield ; 2d, 3i., Bowen and Jones, Ensdon House, Shrews-
bury. Highly commended : John Coxon, Frecford Farm.

Among the Pig Classes— of three fat pigs of one
litter uuder 10 months, there is a pretty good class ;
the same, under 15 months, are a very good class. The
single fat pi^s over 15 mouths are a various class.
Among breeding pigs the Berkshire make much the
best show. In the first-named of these classes Mr.
Leslie Cartwright is 1st with a very good pen. Mr.
Lynn, of Strnxton, 2d with very large pigs for the
age ; and Mr. Steam 3d, with a very good pen of black
pigs. In the next class Messrs. Howard are easily 1st
with three remarkably Hue ivhite pigs, of wonderful
size and weight; the 3d prize goes to the same gentle-
men; the 2d prize goes to Windsor. Several pens in
this class were disqualified owing to the dentition
indicating either over-age or that they are not of the
same litter. We were informed, however, that the
three Ist prize pigs exhibit the same variety of
dentition which was seen last year in the pen then
disqualified on account of it. Anumber of disquaiifica-
tions also beset the single pig class, wliere Mr. tucker-
ing is 1st, Mr. Tombs 2d, and Mr. Humfrey 3d— the
first with a white, and the two others with Berkshire
hogs. In the Berkshire class of breeding pigs the 1st,
2d, and 3d prizes have gone to Mr. Joseph Smith and
Mi\ King Tombs. Other pens are also first-rate; the
Rev. Canon Gover shows admirable pens, so does
the 'Rev. H. G. Baily, of Swindon; so do Mr.
-Dixon, of Erdington, and Mr. Humfrey, of Shriven-
ham. Among white breeding pigs, Messrs. Howard
take 1st, 2d, and 3d prizes with very admirable speci-
mens, good enough to produce prize breeding stock for
another year, or already fat enough to kill off-hand at
once. We watched the man feediog them. The five
sat up on their tails, with their snouts (we had almost
said their beaks) aloft, like so many birds in a nest^ and

one after another quietly received a pill, which was
made by fashioning the handful of Barley-paste into
convenient sizes, and softening it by rolling it in the
hand in a buoket of warm water. The interest with
which the position of the feeding hand was watched by
the hungry crew beneath {gradually lessened, until it
needed an extra kneading in the water to tempt the
appetiteand at length each slipped downwards whereit
had stood and went off to sleep. Certainly there was
a marvellous economy both of food and temper in the
process. No waste whatever of either, and waste of
either is most mischievous.
The following is the prize list of the pigs : —
Judges.— Mr. W. H. Clare, Twyeross, Atherstone ; Mr. A.
F. M. Bruce, Burghfield, Reading; Mr. C. Randell, Chadbury,
Evesham.

Fat Pics.
Three Fat Pigs of one litter, not exceeding 10 months old.—
1st, lo;., and Silver Medal as breeder, Thomas Leslie Melville
Cartwright, Melville House, Fife, and Newbottle, Northamp-
tonshire ; '2d, .51., John Lynn, Church Farm, Stroxton, Gran-
tham ; 3J, SI., Samuel G. Steam, Brandeston, Wickham
Market, Suffolk. Highly commended : Her Majesty tbe
Queen, Windsor Castle. Bisquali&ed ; Thomas Bantock, Merri-
dale House, Wolverhampton.

Three Fat Pi-rs of one litter, not exceeding 15 months old.—
1st, 101. , and Silver Medal as breeder, and extra prize of 5?. 5s.
for the best pen of fat pigs, James and Frederick Howard,
Britannia Fai*ms, Bedford; 2d, .5^, Her Maje.sty the Queen,
Windsor Castle ; .Sd, 3/., James .ind Frederick Howard. Bis-
qualified : Samuel Geater Stean, Brandeston, Wickham Market,
Suffolk ; Joseph Beach, The Hattons, Brewood, and Flour
Mills, Dudley ; George Mangles, Givendale, near Ripon,
Yorkshire ; George J. Mitchell, Newton Mount, Burton-upon-
Trent.

Fat Pig, exceeding 15 months old. — Isfc, 6^., and Silver
Medal as breeder, John Lynn, Church Farm. Stroxton, Grant-
ham : 2d, 4L, John King Tombs, Lant^ford, Leehlade, Glouces-
tershire ; .^d, 2?., Heber Humfrey, Kingstone Farm, Shriven-
ham, Berks. Highly commended : Richard Elmhirst, Ducker-
hig, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey, Lincoln ; James and Frederick
Howard, Britannia Farm, Bedford. Commended : Earl of
Radnor; Thomas Crisp, Butley Abbey, Wickham Market.
Disqualified : George Mangles, Givendale, near Ripon, York-
shire.

Breeding Pigs.

Berkshire Breed.— Five Pigs of one litter, exceeding three
and not exceeding six months old.— 1st, 10/., and Silver Medal
as breeder, and extra prize of 51. bs., for the best pen of pigs
of the Berkshire breed, Joseph Stuith, Henley-in-Ardcn ; 2d,
51., John King Tombs, Langford, Leehlade, Gloucestershire ;
3d, 3i., JohnKins^ToDibs. Highly commended and Si ver Medal:
Joseph Smith, Henley-in-Arden ; Heber Humfrey, Kingstone
Farm, Shrivenham Farm, Berks. Highly commended: John
Spencer. Villiers Hill, Kenilworth. Commended : Abraham
Dixon, Birches Green, Erdington, near Birmingham ; Heber
Humfrey, Kingstone Farm.

Pigs of other Large Breeds.— Five Pigs of one litter,
exceeding three and not exceeding six months old. — Ist, 10/.,
and Silver Medal as breeder, James and Frederiuk Howard,
Britannia Farms, Bedford; 2d, 51., James and Frederick
Howard ; 3d, 3/., James and Frederick Howard.

Pigs of a SmaU Breed.— Five pigs of one htter, exceeding
three and not exceeding six months old.— lat, 10?.,
and Silver Medal as breeder, and an extra prize of 5/. 5s., for
the best pen of pigs of a small breed. John Lynn, Church
Farm, Stroxton, Grantham ; 2d, 51., and Silver Medal, Peter
Eden, Cross Lane, Salford, Manchester ; 3d, 3/., Countess oi
Aylesford, Packington Hall, Coventry. Highly commended:
Robert Bei'kley, Spetchly Park, near Worcester ; Peter Eden,
Salford.

The PouLTHT Show, undoubtedly one of the finest,
as it is the largest of the 19 which have now been held
by the Society, is referred to in another column.

The Show of Roots .^nd Grain is smaller than it
has been for many years. The Kohl Eabi exhibited
by Col. North are very line, and the Cabbages shown
by Mr. Robinson are extraordinary. Six Cabbages
weighed 3S7 lb. The 2d prize goes to 6 weighing
3531b. They were sown August 20, 18G6, and planted
out on May 1st, 1807, on strong clay soil, manured
with stable-dung, soot, and kiln dust.

The following is the prize list : —
CORN.

Judges. — Mr. Edward Davenport, Erdington ; Mr. J.
Mathews, Edgbaston House, Birmingham.

White Wheat.— Samples of one bushel each. 1st, 2^ 2s.,
Rnbert Loyd Lindsay, M.P., Lockinge Park, Want.age, Berks
(Talavera) ; 2d, 11. Is., Joseph H. Clai'k, Altwood, Maidenhead
(Chidham).

Red Wbeat. — Samples of one bushel each. 1st, 21. 2.".,
Thomas Horley, jnn.. The Fosse, near Leamington (Nursery).
2d, 1^ Is., E. Lythall, Radforo Hall, Leamington (Nursery).
Highly commended : Robert Loyd Lindsay, M,P., Lockinge
Park, Wantage, Berks (Nursery).

Barley, — Samples of one bushel each. 1st, 21. 2s., John C.
Adkins, Milcote, Stratford-upon-Avon (Hallett's Pedigree) ;
2d, 1^ Is., T. Lowe, Trysull, Wolverhampton (Old
Shropshire).

Oats. — Samples of one bushel each. 1st, 21. 2s., Frederick
Lytball, Spittal Farm, Banbury ; 2d, 11. Is., Robert Loyd
Lindsay, M.P., Lockinge Park, Wantage, Berkshire (White
Dutch).

Beans. — Samples of one bushel each. 1st, 21. 2s., Frederick
Lyth.ill, Spittal Farm, Banbury ; 2d, i;. Is., Joseph H. Clarke,
Altwood House, Maidenhead (White Eyes), Commended:
Edmund Lythall, Radford Hall, near Leamington.

Peas (White). — Samples of one bushel each. 1st, 21. 2s.,
Joseph H. Clarke, Altwood House, Maidenhead (Ringwood
Marrow) ; 2d, 1^ Is., Frederick LythaU, Spittal Farm, Banbury
(Banbury Prize-takers.)

Peas (Blue). — Samples of one bushel each. 1st, 21. 2s.,
Frederick Lythall, Spittal Farm ; 2d, 11. Is., Edmund Lythall,
Radford Hall, near Leamington. Commended : George
Dunkley, Kingsthorpe, Northampton.

Peas (Grey). — Samples of one bushel each. 1st, 21, 2s.,
Frederick Lythall, Spittal Farm. Only one entry.

roots.

Judges. — Mr. Edward Davenport, Erdington ; Mr. J.
Mathews, Edgbaston House, Birmingham.

A Silver Cup, or other articles of plate, of the value of
10 guineas, given by Messrs. Proctor and Ryland, of Birming-
ham, for the best Collection of the four following varieties,
namely : Long Mangel Wurzel, Globe Mangel Wurzel, Swedes,
and Carrots, six roots of each to be shown.— Sir William
Heathcote, Bavt., MP., Hursley Park, Winchester, Hall's
Long Red Mangels, Hall's Globe ManRcls, Hall's Westbury
Purple Swede, Hall's Long Belgian Carrots.

Kohl Rabi (6 specimens).— 1st, 21. 2s., Colonel J. S. North,
M.P., Wroxton Abbey, Banbury (green) ; 2d, If. Is., Colonel
North, M.P. (green).

Long JIangel Wurzel (G specimens).— 1st, 21. 2s., James

Webb, Spring Hill, Fladbury, Pcrshore ; 2d^ 17. Is., Samuel
Robinson, Shaw House, Melbourne, Dcrbyshiie.

Globe Mangel Wurzel (6 specimens).— 1st, 21. 2s., Samuel
Robinson, Shaw Houso; 2d, U. Is., Culonel North, M.P.

Swedes of any Variety (6 specimens).— 1st, 21. 2s., Zachariah
W. Stilgoe, Adderbury Grounds, Banbury (Purple-top); 2d,
li. Is., Col. North, M.P. Commended: Col. North, M.P. -
Zachariah W. Stilgoe.

Common Turnips, White Flesh (6 specimens).— 1st, 2?. 2s., J.
H. Clarke, Altwood, Maidenhead; 2d, U. ].f., James Webb,
Spring Hill, Fladbuiy, near Pershore (Grey Stone).

Common Turnips, Yellow Flesh (6 specimens). —1st, 21. 2.t
James Webb, Spiing Hill, Fladbury (Dale's Hybrid); 2d,
1/. Is., William McCombie, Tillyfour, Aberdeen, N.B. (Aber-
deen Yellow).

Carrots of any Variety (6 specimens).— No merit.

Ox Cabbage (G specimens).— 1st, 2/. 2.S., S. Robinson, Shaw-
House, Melbourne, Derbyshire (Robinson's Champion) ; 2d,
li. Is., S, Robinson (Robinson's Champion).

Kidney Potatos (12 specimens).— 1st, 21. 2s., John K. Fowler,
Prebendal Farms, Aylesbury (King of the Flukes) ; 2d, 1^ Is.,
G. Dunkley, Kingsthorpe, Northampton (seedling). Highly
Commended : Geori,'e Dunkley (seedling).

Bound Potatos (12 specimens).— 1st, 21. 2s., John Shackel,
Blenheim House, Small He.ath, near Birmingham (Red
Regents); 2d, 11. Is., George Mangles, Givendale, Ripon,
Yorkshire.

Referee for the Ages of Stock.— Professor John Gamgee,
Albert Veterinary College, Bayswatcr, London.

Veterinarv Surgeons appointed by the Local Autho-
rity.—Messrs. Hunt and Parker, Birmingham.

Veterinary Inspector.— Mr. E. Stanley, Birmingham.

The Implement section of the Show is as good as
ever it was, and the smaller and more select stands
which represent the several firms are really as instruc-
tive and as good as the larger show which one sees at
the county show-yards of the National Society.
Messrs. Howard exhibit their new reaper, with self-
raking apparatus— the revolving arms which bring the
corn close to the knives, and those which sweep the
cut sheaf oft' the platform, being worked upon separate
cams, so that each follows the path by which
its purpose is best effected. Tbere are several other
advantages claimed for this reaper, to which we shall
refer in our Smithfield report.

Among other novelties we may refer to a very simple
and apparently efficient hand drill, as much a garden
as a farm tool, the invention of a working man, and
brought out in a cheap form by Mr. Le Bufct, agricul-
tural machine makers, of Bury. To this also we shall
refer next week. All the leading agricultural machine
makers are exhibitors.

The attendance has been satisfactory— 1500 indepen-
dently of subscribers on Monday, in place of 1000 in
18(36 ; and 91il on Tuesday, against 5/29 last year.

Scottish Chamber of Aguicultuee: Agricul-
tural Leases (Xov. 13).— The Peesident said — The
subject of discussion to-day is Covenants and Leases;
being a continuation of the discussion which took
place at Glasgow last July, when Mr. Goodlet and
others read excellent papers upon the subject (p. 9S7). I
think no one will deny that the granting of leases by the
landlords in Scotland has been of very great benefit to
its agriculture, and has also raised the rent of land to a
higher level than it otherwise would have been : as a
proof of which, we have only to compare the rent of
land in Scotland with that of England, where a yearly
tenure for the most part prevails, and the anomalous
state of affairs in Ireland, where the population are full
of discontent, and cry out loudly for tenant right.
There is therefore no chance of that system being
departed from_ in Scotland. As the best systems, how-
ever, may be in some respects faulty, I have no doubt
great improvements may be effected in many of our
Scotch covenants. One objection is the exhaustion
which frequently takes place at the end of leases, in
order that the tenaut may recover his capital, and this
exhaustion, sometimes carried so far as to be very
hurtful to the tenant himself (even although he should
leave his possession), causes a great loss of agricultural
capital before the next tenant can bring back
the lands to a profitable condition. No doubt
where landlord and tenant have complete confidence
in each other, and an early renewal of the lease is
granted upon fair terms, all that is avoided ; but how
often do we see the reverse the case— the landlord and
tenant suspicious of each otlier, and sometimes
quarrelling and litigating about the way-going? In
such cases, the tenant will undoubtedly exhaust the
farm as much as he can. I hope you will give this
your particular consideration, as, if a remedy could be
found for this by valuation or otherwise, it would he
of very great importance. The assignment of leases is
also an important matter, upon which a variety of
opinions prevail, and which might be discussed with
advantage here. It is not to be wondered at that in
this world of change a continual revision and altera-
tion of leases should be necessary, in order to meet the
requirements of the times; and no doubt many
landlords have so altered them, and having chosen a
tenant in whom they have conlideuce, leave the clauses
as to cropping, and otherwise, very much to his own
views, with the exception, perhaps, of the last four
years of the lease. It is to be regretted, however, that
on some estates (and especially those of game-
preserving landlords) a different state of things exists,
and clauses are still retained of a most arbitrary nature,
and although it is often said at the taking of such
leases that these clauses are not meant to be enforced,
still they are held over the tenant in terror em, 3.nd
prevent his free and independent action. It is as
much to the force of principle as to laws that we must
look for a fair and liberal spirit in the dealing between
the great possessors of property on the one hand, and
those classes, on the other hand, upon whose industry,
intelligence, and skill in the application of capital the
country must always depend for turning the fruits of
the soil to account for the wants of the population at
large. Our duty is to further by every means in our
power just and fair dealing between man and man, and

Decemdeb ", 1867.]

TnE GARDENERS' ClIRONK^LE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1253

this Socifity is quite within its province when it raises
the voice of remonstrance a};ainst all arbitrary and
illiberal clauses in leases, which have a tondoucy to
hinder the development of the a^ri(!uliure of the
country, or to damp the energies of its practical
agriculturists.

Mr. GooDLET, Bolsham, after a few preliminary
remarks, submitted, witli the view of giving expression
to the views of the Chamber on the subjeot, the
following resolutions : —

"r. That, as roapoots cultiviition, tho fullo.st liberty Bhould
bo fiivoii til tho tununt, so as tn gi^o scope for tho full dovolop-
inoiit of tho roaourcos of tho soil, duo ropard boinp had to
prevent the farm from being kept and left in an oxhanatod
conilitioii. noithor of these objects beinfj attained by the
systoni of fixed rotations usually prescribed.

" 11. That, with the view of Riving protection to tho capital
of tho tenant, and of inducing ineroasod application of capital
to tho soil, leaaos ought not to be of shorter duration than
I'.i years, and provision should bo mado on juat and fair terms
for their a-fsignmont.

"III. That clauses in leases providing for the preservation
of ganio aro incompatible with high farming, and ougfit to he
abolished.

"IV. That tho best arrangement as respects permanent
improvements is, that such should bo effected by the capital
of tho landlord, the tcn.ant providing the rto.iting capital : and
that, as regards farm buildings, thuae shuuld be banded over
direct from tho landlord to tho entering tenant ; and that the
obligation on tho out-going tenant for tboir maintenance in
good order should not be transferred from him to tho entering
tenant, as is usually done ; and that tho system of dead
iiiventorios, where such practice obtains, should be discon-
tinued."

What is meant by dead inventories is this :— AYhen a
man takes a farm tho buildings are handed over to
him, on inventory, at an estimated value, and on his
removal from tho farm, at the end of his 19 years' lease,
he is bound to leave them at that value, or pay the
difference, or decrease in the estimated value.

Mr. Geo. GLendinning, Hatton Mains, did not
quite a?:ree witli all that Mr. Goodlet had said, and
submitted what might form fair, just, and reasonable
clauses in leases. He said —

" In framing sensible leases of land the parties have to eon-
aider— 1st, the kind of subject ; 2d, the objects for wliich it is
to be let ; ;Jd, the locality In which it is situated ; 4th, the
quali6cations of the tenant and the value of land. 1st, Tenants
of lauds in the neighbourhood of large towns and railway
stations, with facilities for selling crops and purchasing
manures, should have full liberty to sell off these crops
by bringing back a fair and full equiv.alent of manures
in lieu of said producu sold. -Id. To land otherwise situated,
not in the neighbourhood of large towns or railway stations,
adapted for the raising of green crops, and where such crops
require to bo consumed on the lands, ten.ants would require to
purchase and apply 30.t. worth of the best known artificial
manure per acre, over and above what such land produces,
bvit one-fifth of all artificial food used in feeding stock should
be considered as manin-e. Land unfit for green crop maj'
either be plain fallow or may lie in pasture for at least 5 years,
after which it may be lifted and made Oats, upon condition it
pot 2/. Worth of the best artificial manures per acre, and be
•sown out again with said crop. For the other lands on such a
farm under regular rotation the tenant should purchase and
apply 30.-*. worth of the beat known artificial manure per acre,
over and .above consuming the produce on the farm. 3d, Hill
Laud or Sheep Farma.— There are sometimes great mistakes
committed here, by not having a proper clause in the lease, to
the effect that ' heather should be burned every 10 years, and
bent every 3 years,' as old heather is of no use for sheep, deer,
or grouse ; whereas a properly managed hill farm, under such
clause, where 1-lOth of the heather and l-3d of the bent is
burned every year, will keep about double the stock of what
it will do if the heather is never burnt— that is to say, that
portion of it which is composed of heather and bent - besides
keeping the sheep in finer condition, 4th, The Qualifications
of the Tenant, and the fair Value of the Fai'm. — There are no
wcU-qualified tenants who thoroughly understand their
business, but do all that I have stated in these conditions.
According to my view, a properly qualified tenant should be pre-
ferred at the fair value of the land, and this the landlord could
always ascertain by appointing a properly qualified person
to value it prior to receiving ofi'ers, and the valuation should
be made on the footing to get the land put and maintained
in order, and leave it so at the end of the lease.
Where a landlord has let his farm at a rout to enable
the tenant to put it in order, then 1 say it is fair and just that
that tenant ought not to be allowed to nin out his farm at the
end of the lease, and that more particularly since it takes
double tho amount to restore land U) good condition to what
any tenant can get from it by scourging it out. 6th, Tenants
should get every freedom to exercise their talents to crop their
lands to the best advantage, but they shotild bo bound to have
alternate green and white crops - that is to say, no two white
crops should succeed one another, and Peas, Tares, Lint, and
Turnip seed should not be considered as green crop. 7th,
Permanent improvements, such as buildings, drainage, erect-
ing or rcbviilding fence?, in my opinion, should all be executed
by the landlord, ths tenant paying the fair value of the land
upon these being executed. No landlord should have any
reference on thene subjects, as ho should appoint a properly
qualified person to see what is necessary to be done over and
above what the outgoing tenant is bound to do, and whatever
this sum is to insert it in the lease, binding himself to expend
it upon the various objects at tho sight of any qualified person
he may appoint. The only reference required is between the
outgoing and incoming tenants, to settle whether the houses
are in a tenantable and habitable condition, and according to
his lease, and to settle the price of dung. Grass, seeds, <fec.
8th, Fixed rotations have been objected to, but I am satisfied
that no landlord should let his farm without having proper
clauses to insure his land being properly farmed. No good
temuit should object to them, as he would not farm other-
wise, and in the case of a bad tenant these clauses are
beneficial in protecting the landlord, and saving the tenant
from niin. I have known of cases where good tenants died,
and their heirs not understanding farming, mismanaged the
farms until they lost their means, and consequently had to
leave them, the lands at the same time being bl. every acie
worse ; whereas, had there been proper clauses, they could
have been stopped at once, and thereby saved from losing 51.
per acre, and the landlord or incoming tenant from requiring
to lay out other .5/. per acre to bring back the lands to the
state they were in when the tenants died. From this it is
evident proper clauses would have been of great advantage
both to the landlord and to the heirs of the tenants. 0th,
Game Clause. — I do not thuik tenants are unreasonable in ask-
ing fair damages if there is a superabundance of game, as this
is quite incompatible with gi,tod farming. The great evil of
game consists tn their eating the crops as they grow up, tho
consequence being that they do about ten times more damage
than the value they are to a proprietor, or he ever derives
from them. For example, when hares and rabbits get among

Turnips, thoy go and break tho bulbs throughout the wholo
Ikdd, NO that when frost comos, everyone so broken is lost.
If biiruH and ral)l)its would keep out of a Turnip field
till (li-tol)or, 1 would wilUngly agree to give them as
ijiuny as I hoy Could oat for a tenth of tho sum if thoy could
I.u fL'uci'd off in tho same way as wo not sheep on tliuni.
Uiulur those circumstances, I think it but reiusonaljlo that,
whiduvor t)io fair d.amago is, the Sheriffs of tho rospuctive
co\uities .should Iiuvu power to award it. The average value of
gimu on land worth 3/. per acre is only about 0'^ pur acre, or
al)out l2[Hh part of tho valuo of tho land. Whenever pro-
prietors do not require their shootings, I would advise thorn
to give tho first offor of tho game to their tenants. I have
foinid groat good arising from such an arnangoment, as a
tenant can nianago this to tho best advantage for all parties.
10th, Of AssignooM of Subtenants.— To these thoro can bo no
objections, the landlord having full power to get tho con-
ditions of tho loaso properly fulfilled ; and this clearly implies
that a sensible lease should have proper and particuhir con-
ditions only in accordance with tho nature of the arrangomonts
mutually to bo implemented by landlord and tenant. If this
was attended to, all unnecessary clauses would be dispensed
with. 11th, In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, I have endeavoured
to show that there aro four different kinds of farms which
require different kinds of clauses, so ihat it just requires
sensible men to raako out these clauses ; but you will, I think,
seo that n«* general conditions or clauses would suit these
individual cases.

Mr. Dickson, Saushton Mains, said — I had not an
opportunity of hearing the discussion at the former
meeting of tho Chamber, but was favoured by the
secretary with a printed copy of the remarks made by
the speakers at tliat meeting. And it appears to me
that in discussing such a subject we should consider
the interests of both parties to the contract.

I .am aware that in many leases there are clauses copied
from old leases in regard to payment of kaiu, carriages, mul-
tures, Sic, which, however applicable to the state of tho
country UlO years ago, aro not required now ; and it is most
desirable to have a short, clear, and distinct agreement ; at the
same time, it is more difficult to make a very short lc;iso
which will orabraco all tho conditions necessary to protect tho
interests of both contracting parties than some may suppose
who have not tried it. There are stipulations as to cropping
and manuring tho farm, payment of rent, upholding of build-
ings and fences, terms of outgoing and incoming tenants, fire
insurance. Grass seeds sown with last crop, the prevention of
assignees and sub-tenants, stcelbow straw, or the non-sale of
fodder without bringing back manure, light of game, and
other clauses which arise out of the peculiar circumstances of
each case, which I hold are all necessary, and require to be
explicitly stated. As to croppmg, I think it desirable that
tho cropping clause should be put in a negative form — that is
to say, that the tenant shall not have less than a certain
extent of his land in green crop and Grass, and not more than
a certain extent under white crop during every year of his
lease, and at the expiry he shall leave the samo under a
certiiin fixed rotation, as tho case may be. ^ This, in my
opinion, is better than fixing any specific rotation during the
lease, as it gives the tenant an opportunity of exercising his
judgment in varying the rotation without prejudice to the
interests of the landlord. No doubt the practice on most
estates is, not to interfeie with the mode in which a tenant
crops hia farm, provided he is doing justice to the land on the
whole, but it is better that the terms of the lease should be
.so constructed that the tenant can always fulfil the conditions,
notwithstanding an adver.se .season may cause the failure of
Grass seeds, or some other circumstance making it desirable
for him to alter the rotation. In regard to payment of rent,
on grain farms with Martinmas entry, the usual terms are
Martinmas and Whit Sunday, after reaping the crop ; and on
grazing farms, with a Whit Sunday entry, Martinmas and
Whit Sunday after entry, and I do not consider long-deferred
payment of rents beneficial, on the whole, for either proprietor,
tenant, or the general good of the country, because it holds
out an inducement for tenants to take land with insufficient
capital, which too frequently ends in loss and disappointment.
In regard to the clauses excluding assignees and sub-tenants,
I must say I differ from tho opinions expressed by the gentle-
men who have preceded me in the discussion, as I consider
this a fair and reasonable clause to be inserted in every lease.
On all well-managed estates, it is usual for the proprietor, or
those acting for him, to select a tenant who has not only
sufficient capital and .skill for the undertaking, but also that
he is of respectable character and would be a desirable resident
on the estate. I have often known tenants selected at lower
rents than were offered by others on this account, and seeing
this is the case, would it be fair to a landlord that assignees,
or a trustee on a bankrupt estate, should have power to sublet
the farm (for it may be the greater part of 19 years) to the
most disagreeable tenant in the district? I cannot see that it
woidd be so, as in such a case the duty of a trustee would be
to let the farm to the man who would give him the large.st
sum for the lease, provided he had sufficient capital to
guarantee hia fulfilling the terms of the contract, irrespective
of bis other qualifications. During the last 20 years I have
had brought under my consideration, by remits from the
Court, and in arbitrations, many cases of differences between
landlords and tenants regarding non-fulfilment of conditions
of contract, which have shown me the expediency of having
everything stated in the lease as distinctly as possible. It is
not for a good tenant that restrictive clauses are at all required,
but iu drawing a lease it is necessary to provide against the
contingency of a bad tenant succeeding to it.

Mr. Bethune, Blebo, said, though they had heard
some valuable remarks in the course of the discussion,
yet it appeared to him that there was something which
had not been brought out— he could not conceive why
there should be in Scotland such a constant incoming
and outgoing of tenants.

Looking to the character of the men who farm the land in
Scotland, he thought there should be greater permanency
among tenants than at present prevails. Arthur Young had
remarked, "Give a man good security and he will turn a
desert into a garden ; give a man a nine years' lease of a
giirden, and he will turn it into a desert." He thoroughly
agreed with the first part of the remark, and was confident
there should be no difficulty in this matter in Scotland, which
was full of intelligent landlords and tenants. The only evil in
the world, ho held, was ignorance, and the time would come
when the world would find this out. As a remedy for tho
evils he saw to exist, he proposed tenant right, which had
worked so well in many parts of England, and ought to be
introduced into our 19 years' leases in Scotland. A gentleman
in Glasgow had said it would bo -i better plan to have a
renewal of the lease agreed upon several years before
it expired. Th-at is highly desirable, and should be
acted upon by considerate. landlords and tenants ; but some-
thing (if necessary, by legislative enactment) should exist,
that if for various reasons at the end of a nineteen years'
lease fcbo tenant was not to get a renewal, a form of
tenant-right should exist that would reward the labours of a
good faimer, and tho bad would receive nothing. If tho law
of hypothec was done away with— assuming, as I do, that
tenants would be willing to give fair value for the lands — I

believe that if such a principle was properly carried out
universally, fow changes ui tho occupancy of land woiUd occur
Mr. Gkokgk IIoi'K, Fenton Barns, remarked that
ho could scarcely understand what Mr, Glondinning
meant by all his proposals.

I hadh(tped alsu that Mr, DickMon and other gentlomon would
have told us what they considorud a model lease. 1 trust thoy
will .at least a^rreu with what Mr. Goodlet said in liis exhaus-
tivo paper, that leases should bo short —though that will not
bo easy, if all the clauses alhiilod to aro to bo inserted. Whou
I was a latl 1 happonod to ho present when a lawyer and factor,
wlio know his l>usincss, tendered tho scroll of tho lease of a
farm to tho now ten.uit, ono of tho slirowdest farmers in Bast
Lothian. Tho tenant remarkod, "If tho rent is all right, I
never trouble myself about tho otbor clauses," liut on taking
tho jiaper into bis ii.iud to sen the rent was all rinht, " Why, '
said he. witli houio .-suiprisn, "this is the shortest lease I over
SJiw. I must In.ik iutu this. If there bad been a dozen pages
I would have signed it without hesitation, as it would have
contrailitted itst;lf sumowhero." Tho tenant I allude to was
ft. ml of a law plea, and tho lawyer who drew tho Icaao know
this, anil was resolved ho should not have a chance in this
case. In regard to the nctual conditions, wo admit thiit land-
lords have a perfect right to dictate their own terms (unless
they aro dishonest to others), however much the stipulations
insisted on may retard the progress of i)ractical agriculture.
Thoro can he no doubt, when the tenant is bound hand and
foot to a fixed rotation, all improvement is prevented, and tho
tenant's skill and experience aro rendered comparatively
worthless. Anything that prevents a tenant making money
must ultimately prevent him paying such an increased rent as
he would otherwiao do. No one, then, can have a greater
interest than the landlord in calling out the energies of tho
tenant, and tho greater his success tho gieater is the ultimate
benefit to the landlord. Of course, some regulations are
necessary to keep the farm in shape, and to prevent deteriora-
tion of the land, so far as that can be done by stipulations on
paper. I think the cropping clause is best met by providing
that in no one year shall more than one-half of the farm be in
white grain crop, and that a fixed proportion shall always be
in sown Grass for pasture or hay, varied according to the soil
and situation of tho farm. I know no better plan of cleaning
and improving land than by repeated green crops, such as
taking Potatos after Turnips, or Potatos after two or three
years' pasture, and in those cases when Wheat is taken after
the Potatos, Barley might follow the Wheat with great
advantage. Mr. Bass says, and I believe says truly, that
Barley grown after a grain crop is worth several shillings per
quarter more than when grown after Turnips, Grass, or other
green crop. The inexhaustible supply of artificial manures
and feeding cakos which we now have, places the farmers of
the present day under totally different circumstances from
what they were when I commenced farming. The constant
and steady rise in the value of land shows this, and I thore-
fore maintain that the old and restrictive clauses against
growing this or selling the other thing are simply prohibitions
which landlords voluntarily impose upon themselves, prevent-
ing them from receiving the rents they might do. I don*t
know a single farm beyond a few miles from Edinburgh or
Glasgow where the tenants can sell straw, and yet for the
last two years straw has been selling at a halfpenny per
pound and upwards, or from three to four times its value, to
convert into manure. You know it is often said to
tenants that restrictions and prohibitions will not be enforced
so long as the rent is paid, but that is the worst thing that
can be said of them. No upright or honourable man will sign
any condition whatever unless he intends to fulfil it, and
these conditions are therefore a boon to the unscrupulous.
On large estates there is generally one fixed and stereotyped
set, of conditions, which tenants must either agree to or want
the farm. These conditions may be good, or they may not,
only it is wonderful to me if they can be applied to aU farma.
I would say to proposing tenants, show the lease to your own
lawyer, and understand exactly what you are agreeing to.
No tenant should sign any such important document as a
lease without having it revised by his own law agent. In.
regard to bankruptcy rendering the lease null and void,
I consider this a most unfair clause. Though it is frequently
inserted, the landlord's natural sense of justice sometimes
prevents him taking advantage of it, but not always.
I consider a landlord justified in rctainmg the power to
resume possession on paying the value to creditors of all
improvements made by the tenants, but not otherwise. A
case occurred a twelvemonth ago, iu this county of Edinburgh,
where the tenant paid for straw, dung, ike., and agreed to the
stipvdation that they should become the property of the
landlord in the event of bankruptcy. The tenant failed before
being two years in possession, and thus his creditors were
legally defrauded of nearly 1000^ No one pretendmg to
common honesty, or even ordinary self-respect, should for a
moment listen to the proposal of such clauses. Mr. Bethune,
of Blobo, in the excellent remarks he made at our last
meeting, alluded to tho one drawback that security of tenure
by leases gave to the tenant, viz., the inducement to exhaust
and impoverish the soil towards its close, and he asked if no
method could bo adopted whereby the farmer might receive
payment for whatever improvements he may have carried on ?
Mr. Leslie, from Perthshire, replied that the best way to
obviate this was by tho landlord, if satisfied with the tenant,
renewing his lease five years before its expiry. Mr. Leslie's
plan is unobjectionable so far as the tenant ia concerned, but
many landlords naturally object to renewing a lease so long
before the conclusion of the term agreed on. I think tenants
often hurt themselves as much as they do the land by failing
to maintain the fertility of their farms until the end of their
lease— in fact, I believe it pays a tenant to have his last crop
the best during the lease, though a farm in first-rate
order is a great temptation to a man with limited capitjd
to offer a higher rent than the sitting tenant might be
willing to give. Still it is an undoubted fact that
on most farms the expenditure is seriously curtailed
towards the close of the lease. In order to mitigate
this to some extent, I would suggest for consideration
the propriety of the landlord or incoming tenant
paying one-hiUf of the bill for artificial manures, and
the whole of the cost for feeding cakes and corn incurred
during the last year of the lease, provided these did not
exceed the average of the three previous years. I have no
doubt myself of its being the interest of the landlord and the
tncoming tenant to agree to this, and it is only what is
customary in Lincolnshire on yearly agreements, when notice
to quit is given. I forbear to enter into the game question,
and the foUy of any man agreeing to be eaten up without
complaint or protest.

Mr. CuRROR, with the permission of the Chamber,
read the following letter from Mr. Leslie, The Thorn,
Blairgowrie :—

"You desire me to supplement the few remarks I uttered,
when I accidentally happened to be present at the meeting of
the Scottish Chamber of Agiicultnre on July iUst last, but
really I have nothing of great moment to add. The preserva-
tion of the fertility of the farm at the close of the lease was
the point adverted to; and this involves the protection
of tho interests at once of the landlord and tenant, and, to no
inconaiderablo extent, tho interests of the consumers. Some
of the preceding speakers seemed to think that the object in
view should be effected by the enactment of a species of tenant-

1254

THE 6AKDENEKS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

fDECEMEEE 7, 1867.

rig^ht. Tlie interests involved are delicate and complicated,
aiid I doubt extremely, and continue to doubt, whether any
legislitivo enactment could meet this case, and if it would,
whether such a measure could bo got from Parliament. Aud.
the idea I meant to indicate was, that the evil could be met
by the voluntary and spontaneous arrangement of the landlord
and tenant. 1 go on the supposition that the landlord is
satisfied with the capital aud character and skill of the tenant,
and that the tenant is satisfied with his position as tenant,
and has reason to believe that, by the renewal or prolongation
of his lease, he would reap the fair reward of his industry. If
one or other of the parties is dissatisfied, they must part.
Perhaps in a majority of cases the position of the farmer is
this,— when he enters on the lease of a farm, the l;md is run out,
or, from other neglect, it is in a state of sterility. During the
first five years there is a great outlay, and no proportionable
return. In not a few cases, and in many kinds of soil, it may
require two rotations, say ten to twelve years, to bring up the
land to that measure of fertility which it will sustain. This
poiut is no sooner reached than, in two or three years after the
last rotation commences, the tenant proceeds to consider how
he shall best and most effectuallj^ pay himself for all his great
previous outlays. He isnot sure of getting a renewal of his lease.
Not a word of hope or encouragement in that direction is
breathed to him. On a careless hope he Ciin't adventure, and he
proceeds to devise means whereby he may pay himself. The
temptation is irresistible, and it is a mere delusion to fancy
that the provisions of a lease, however stringent and minute,
can prevent him taking measures to effect his objects within
the limits that can reaUy be useful to himself. A rep^iment of
detectives could not prevent this. The land may he deterio-
rated by an infinite variety of means. Towards the close of
the lease, then, the tenant, hopeless of, or quite uncertain
about, a renewal of his lease, proceeds vigorously to extract
the money from the soil which he has invested in it. Who can
blame him ? Sometimes he proceeds to this Work so soon
and so vehemently as to render the proceeds ultimately
not so profitable to him as a more discreet manage-
ment would have resulted in. His greed has overshot
the mark. But, in any event, the process leads to the
impoverishment and deterioration of the farm, when the close
of the lease arrives. If it is let to a new tenant, the landlord
suffers. An intelUgent and competent tenant will not give
the same rent fur the impoverished land that he would have
done five years before, ere the work of deterioration had com-
menced. If it is re-let to the old tenant, he has to do over
again what ho had done before — to raise up to its proper power
of productiveness the worn-out and exhausted suil. And
every one knows that it takes more time to fertilise soil than
to sterilise it. All parties immediately interested suffer by
this process, and, what is mure important, under this kind of
absurd regimen there is less food grown for the people, and
that during a period of from five to ten years. And thus the
nation suffers. I need say nothing uf the anxieties of the
farmer as his lease di-aws to a close, of the dangers of a dis-
j:)lenishing sale, or of the risks of a removal to a new farm in a
dilTerent district, with a different climate. These anxieties
cannot be favourable to the due prosecution of his business.
My view of the matter, then, is. that at the commence en ent of
the last rotation, say five years before the termination uf the
Iciise, there should be an interview between the landlord and
the tenant. The whole circumstances of the case should be
calmly and reasonably pondered and considered, and a renewal
of the lease given to commence at the close of the existinsr
I'jase. This would meet, as far as possible, the evils alluded
to, and it is a remedy which would apply to a very large body,
I hop-, of Scotch proprietors and Scotch tenants. Of course it
is evident it does not meet every case, but it meets a large class
of cases, aud I felt it a desideratum ihat at the meeting of the
31st July last, this view which I presume to indicate had not
been more prominently brought forward and pressed on the
consideration of all parties interested in raising and maintain-
ing the productiveness of the soil. There may bo estates
where the entail is so peculiar that what I suggest could not
be done. I do not know, but oven in such cases there might
be such an honourable understanding and arrangement as to
a gi-cat extent would secure the object aimed at. I believe on
the large estates of the Earl of Aberdeen the system I have
presumed to suggest has been adopted with great lienefit to
tho tenantry and their noble proprietor. Permit mc only to
add that I have no personal experience of the grievance
referred to, and am not induced by selfish considerations to
forward you these few remarks. I lately received a renewal of
the lease of my farm from my landlord, although the existing
lease only expires in 1871. And I gladly acknowledge that
this renewal enables me, with hope and energy, to prosecute
the business of my farm."

Mr. Dickson remarked that the only point in whioli
he differed with Mr. (jl-oodlet's views was in regard to
the as-sis^ument of leases. He did not see, unless the
landlord's consent was obtained, how they could pro-
ceed with any assignment. If they could show him
a way by which the interests of landlords could be
protected, he had not the slightest objection to the
assignment of leases.

Mr. GooDLET wished it to be understood that he
meant that the proprietor of the land should not have
the power of saying " I won't sanction the assignment,"
but that he should merely have the power of saying,
" If a transfer is to take place, I must be satisfied with
the tenant you produce."

Mr. Bethune held that if a tenant laid out money
on a farm, and found it inconvenient to carry it on, he
ought to have power to assign the lease, and if he got a
tenant satisfactory to his landlord, and who became i
bound to fulfil the obligations of the lease, the landlord
should be patisfied. At the same time, he did not see :
how a lease could be assigned to another without the |
consent and approval of the proprietor.

Mr. Barclay thought they were stretching Mr. Goodlet's |
resolution further than ho intended, as it simply said it would
be extremely desirable that leases should not be shorter than '
IB years, and that there should be provision for their assign- '
ment. He knew gentlemen who had expended large sums in *
the permanent improvement of their farms, and who held '
them under restrictions of assigimients. Should anything 1
occur to require their absence from the country or their farms, I
their whole capital was at the disposal of the hnidlord. He l
agreed very much mth Mr. Hope in thinking the hindlord >
should have a preferential right to tnke up the lease at the i
valuation of the improvements— that is, if the landlord .
objected to the assignee, he should have the power of taking ;
the farm at a fair valuation of the improvements. The reso-
lution only affirmed that it would be extremely desirable that
provision should be made for the assignment of leases, and
that they should not be shorter than 19 years, in which he
thought all ought to .agi-ee.

Mr. Dickson was anxious that the Chamber should adopt
resolutions that would !)e favourably received by the landlords
as well as by the tenants.

Colonel Grah,\m saiil he knew a case where the tennnt of a
noble duke in Dunifrlesshiie died; the widuw w:is unable to
carry on the farm for the remainder of the lease of five or six
yeai-s, and his Grace -as they Tfrere all aware— being a liberal

landlord, he at once said, '* I have no objections to the tenant
you propose." But he was consulted, and ho let the widow
tionofit by the lease.

Mr. (iooDLKT said he would merely make an alteration on
hifl resolution, with the view of meeting the opinions of tliose
gentleman who had objected to the resolution. He thought
the Words which were used were perfectly fair words, but he
would add one or two more in order to obtain a unanimous
decision upon the subject. He would add to the resolution,
" And that i^rovislon be made on just and fair terms for their
assignation," and he moved the adoption of tho resolution
vvith that addition.

Colonel Graham, of Mossknowe, said he was afraid that
these "just and fair terms "would lead into the Court of
Session— that the landlord and tenant would not agree about
these just and fair terms, and their disagreement would lead
lo the raising of a law plea.

Mr. Patterson moved that no reference to assignation
should bo made in tho resolution,

Tho Chamber then divided, when 13 voted for the amend-
ment, and 23 for the motion proposed by Mr. Goodlet. The
resolution proposed was accordingly carried.

Sir. Goodlet then proposed the adoption of the second reso-
lution, which was agreed to without discussion.

.Mr. Goodlet next proposed the adoption of the third
resolution.

Mr. Dickson said that to adopt these resolutions would
cause the Chamber to be laughed at. They were very one-
sided views, aud when tho Chamber only took a one-sided
view of subjects its opinions became of very little value. He
would have desired very much if, in place of carrying these
clauses by a majority, that they should have them reconsi-
dered, and he accordingly proposed the postponement of the
discussion till next meeting.

Mr. Sadler, Norton Mains, seconded the amendment just
proposed.

After some conversation, Mr. Clay proposed that the words
"the preservation of hares and rabbits" should be substituted
fur "the preservation of game," as they were incompatible
with high farming.

Mr. Glendinning seconded Mr. Clay's proposal.

The Chamber again divided, when 17 voted for Mr. Clay's
amendment, and nine for Mr. Goodlet's motion. The amend-
ment was accordingly adopted.

Mr, Goodlet then proposed the adoption of the fourth
resolution, remarking that it would probably be unanimously
agreed to.

Mr. GLENDiNWiNr; objected in ioto to the landlord having
anything to do xvith the arrangements between the outgoing
and incoming tenant.

^1h Dickson also objected to the resolution because it
involved the landlord with two sepanite references.

Mr. Barclay explained that Mr. Goodlet's resolution struck i
at a practice prevalent in many places of the landlord— instead
of settling with the outgoing tenant as to the condition of the
farm buildings -handing over the obliijation he held on th<-'
oiitgoing to the incoming tenant, as sufficient implement of
his bargiiin with the incoming tenant to give him the houses
in good order aud condition. This was the cause of much dis-
pute and bad feeling between outgoing and incoming' tenants,
besides being unfair and unjust to both parties.

After some remarks from Mr. Walter Wii„son, the Chamber
agreed to the rcsulution as proposed by Mr. Goodlet.

Mr. Glendinnimo dissented from that part of the resolution
in which it was stated that landlords should take houses and
fences off the outgoing tenant's hands and give them over to
the incoming tenant, as he was strongly of opinion that the
landlord should only allow what was right for putting the
houses and fences in proper condition, and that could be better
done, without any reference, by an explicit arrangement
between the landlord and the incoming tenant.

This concluded the business before the Chamber, and the
President having proposed a veto of thanks to the directors of
the Highland Society for the use of tho hall, and a similar
compliment having been paid to the President for his conduct
in the chair, the meeting separated.

€!)£ I^oultrg YarO.

THE SHOW AT BIRMINGHAM.

" Le Roi est mort. Vive le Eoi ! " The meeting of
1867 is over, and lias been a great suncess ; may we live
to say the same of that of 1868. Two thousand six
hundred and seventy-six pens of choice birds met at
Bingley Hall a week since, in keen competition. The
great prices fetched by many of the prize pens will be
the greatest proof of their quality, and the numbers
that changed owners during the week of e.xhibition a.re
good evidence that the poultry stock of the country is
rising in general estimation.

Bingley Hall, familiar to manj; — indeed to most of
our readers— is a building specially ada])ted for the
advantageous display of stock. The number of pens
of fowls of different varieties was 1915. Eight
classes brought more than .300 pens to try for the
prizes allotted to the Dorking breeds, and those
that won may well be proud of their honours. Not
many years since the Dorkings had to encounter
severe opposition, as birds of delicate constitution
suited only to the south of England. Now we find
that in si.x classes for coloured Dorkings every 1st
prize goes north, aud in the two classes for whites
the 1st prizes go due east. In the class for adult cocks,
not Silver Greys, Mr. J. White, of Warlaby, took 1st ;
Mr.' Statter, of Manchester, 2d ; Messrs, Gunson &
Jefferson, 3d ; and Mrs. Arkwright, 4th. The keen-
ness of the competition will be understood when we
say that the Duke of Newcastle, A. Potts, Esq.,
Admiral Hornby, Dr. Campbell, and Mr. Parlett, had
to content themselves with Sth and Gth prizes and
commendations. The development of frame and sym-
metry in these adult birds must strike every one who
is conversant with poultry. The unnoticed birds this
year would have taken high honours a few years
since ; but all is so changed, Dorkings have advanced
with the agp, and the pen that would formerly have
secured a Cup receives a bare Commendation. The
class for Dorking cockerels was worthily filled, and
its best bird took the 1st prize and Silver Cup up to
the north for Mr. J. Fox, of St. Bees ; Dr. Campbell
took 2d, with a bird likely to be heard of at future
shows; and Mr. Lingwood, of Needham Market, was
3d, with a chicken that gave evidence that his owner's
suceess in breeding is not confined to white Dorkings
alone. Mr. Fox, of St. Bees, was again 1st in the class
for hens, followed by Mr. Statter, Colonel Lane,
Admiral Hornby, Messrs. Potts, Beldon, and Gunson,
Mrs. Arkwright, and the Duke of Newcastle. The
birds shown in this class were of unusual merit,

and the competition was very close. In looking at
them every one must have been struck with the
" meatiness" of their appearance, and in spite of
the many fresh introductions the Dorkings are
likely to hold their own among us. Class 4 for Dorking
pullets was well filled by pullets that bid fair at ma-
turity to outshine the hens above mentioned. The Hon.
H. Fitzwilliam showed a pair, which won for him 1st
prize, and following up his victory by taking 2d as
well; this was a great success for one yard. He was
followed by Mrs. Arkwright for 3d, and then again
appeared on the prize list by taking 4th. Admiral
Hornby and the Duke of Newcastle took the remaining
two prizes, and 16 pens after them received High Com-
mendation and Commendation at the hands of the
Judges, testifying by their merit to the sharpness of the
(jontestand the excellence of the winners. Classes 5 and
G, allotted to the Silver Greys — the fancy Dorkings-
were centres of attraotioli for those amateurs who
prefer breeding to feather. The pullets and hens leave
nothing to wish for, but it is difficult, very difficult, to
rear cocks that remain Silver Greys all their lives. Like
human beings, they will get grey as they grow older. A
very well-knownexhibitorin these classes, Mr. Faulkner,
took 1st for a very fine cock chicken, followed by Mr.
Sraalley, Mr. Shaw and Lady Bagot. The Rev. J. F.
Newton, Miss Milward, and Sir. Statter took the
prizes for hens and pullets in the order we have here
placed them. Seven other exhibitors were mentioned for
comtnendation, and this class closed those for coloured
Dorkings. It is not, we think, saying too much when
we add that the 300 pens in these classes formed a
worthy exhibition in themselves. An exhibitor of very
many years' standing, whose name hitherto might
also have been allowed to remain set up in type from
one year to another as a Dorking winner, lost his
position at this meeting through a mistake in penning
his birds ; we allude to Admiral Hornby, whose adults
and chickens were wrongly placed, and so disqualified.

White Dorkings improve in quality, but do not
increase in favour — nor do they make large classes, the
improvement in size, form, and constitution that is
perceptible in them should win them more admirers.
■Mr. H. Lingwood took 1st in each class for them,
followed by Mr. J. Robinson, Mrs. Syson, aud Mr.
Savile.

Twelve classes of Cochins of all varieties, ages, aud
shades of colour, gave the judges a hard task. Mrs.
White, of Sheffield, won 1st prize for a very fine adult
cock bird ; but the Cup went with the 1st prize in the
chicken class to Mr. Taylor, of Manchester ; Colonel
Wortley and Mr. Cattell took seconds, Messrs. Tomlin-
son and Sichel thirds, the Hon. Miss Pennant took
4th for adult and 5th for chicken, while High
Commendations and Commendations were numerous.
For buff hens the 1st placed was Mr. Mapplebeok, a
very successful breeder, followed for 2d by Mr. Bishop,
and taking the 3d himself; Messrs. Taylor and Tomlin-
son took 4th and 5th. The cinnamon and buff pullets
form a large class of very beautiful birds. The Hon.
Miss Pennant took 1st prize, followed by Messrs.
Taylor, Lingwood, Mapplebeok, and AThite, for prizes
and nine Highly Commended and Commended pens.
The unnoticed birds here were very good, and one can
fancy the judges wishing for more prizes, although
the allowance must be considered as most liberal.

In the brown and partridge-feathered^ classes the
winner's name, for both hens and cockerel, is familiar to
all breeders. Mr. E. Tudman taking 1st in each class,
and receiving besides the Amateurs Sweepstakes. Mr.
AThite, of Sheffield, took 1st for adult cocks, and Mr.
Rodbard for pullets. The 1st prize and Mr. Taylor's
extra prize for white Cochin cocks went to Mr. R.
Smalley ; Mr. W. Dawson taking 1st for chickens, Mr.
Worthiugton for hens, and the Rev. F. Taylor for
pullets. The average (juality of the birds in these
classes shows much improvement. The Brahmas
mustered in sufficient numbers and of a quality high
enough to show that they have lived down the scandal
that gave them a bar sinister on escutcheon. More
than 100 pens came to compete, and eight 1st prizes
were scattered over the kingdom ; Colonel Lane, Mr.
Boyle (Dublin), Messrs. Dowsett, Pares, and Crook
dividing them.

Malays call for little notice. They are not popula^
and one almost wonders that two classes are still allotted
to them. The Rev. A. G. Brooke and the Rev. G.
Hustler took 1st respectively for adults and chickens.
Prominent among the imported breeds are the Crfeve-
cceurs, and they will make good and even improve their
position. Colonel Wortley took both 1st prizes,
followed by Mr. Zurhorst (Dublin) and Mr. Blinkhom.
Mr. Head, of Whitemoor, took Lst for an excellent
Houdan cock. These birds are growing in public
estimation, from the strength of their constitution arid
their many good qualities. La Fle^he do not gain
ground, and there seems some difficulty in acclima-
tising them. The old favourites, the Spanish, mustered
in good force in all their classes. Mr. Cole took 1st
for adult, and Miss Biggar 1st and Cup for the young
cock. The Hon. Miss Pennant took l^t in both classes
for hens and pullets. We must defer till next week
our notice of the remaining classes, when we hope to be
able to give an account of the sale, and the weights of
some of the heavier birds.

CtTEIOOS Obsekvations.
A EemarJcaUe Si/ff.—Oa tho 1st of March, 1852, I
took fVom the nest a hen's egg of so singular an
appearance, from its extraordinary elongation, that I
was induced to examine the contents by breaking the
shell at both ends. I then blew out the yolk, and with
it a second egg of the size of a blackbird's egg. The
shells of both were quite hard and perfect, and there
was a yolk in both. I have since witnessed a similar
case of an egg within an egg at a friend's, who was led
to make the same experiment upon relating to him the
issue in my own case. I have in two cases this year

i

rturEMRER 7, ISrt7.1

THE GARDENKES' (IllWWKJLE ANT) AdlUOUT-TUltAL (iAZETTK

1266

siriiegK-shells perfectly sound in appearance, but having
ii'ithiDB inside. I' ^■

hi Arli/iclal Hatching, about 18 hours previous to
lln' expiry of the usual time allowed for the jierfeeting
■ il the process, I have removed the top part, of the
slioll carefully without injuring the thin skin under, or
rather inside the shell, to enable ine to see liow they
prepare to break through after they have had lieat
onoush to brinjx tlieni to tlie state fitted for it, and
have seen them tear open this skin for 12 hours before
oonimenoing to i)iek themselves out. Tlio term picking
is appropriate to the action, IV>r after they have torn
the skin they push that little born-like ))oint against the
shell until aoraek appears like a small cross or star, open-
ing upwards. They then gradually push up bit by bit till
the shell appears to have a ring an eighth of an in(di
wide, aliout one inch from the top of the egg, or two-
thirds :it the thickest part of the egg. Tlicy I hen open
the ('laws of the feet (the feet are generally lying idoso
to the opening), grasp the side of the shell, and lift
themselves up to push off the top of the egg, and save
farther cutting. I have seen them, when not strong
enough for this effort, to repeat the cutting a little
farther. It surprised me to see them evince such an
amount of .strength in so cramped a position. They
seem, in the manner they drop out of the shell, as
if their heads overbalanced them, for ihey are not able
for some hou,-s to hold it np, and I have no doubt such
is a peculiarly useful arrangement, for as soon as the
chicken can clasp the shell it balances over. But,
unless for e.xperiment, it is a bad practice to be looking
at the eggs while they are being hatched. The heat
should be carefully kept up to the full temperature
for the last 31) hours, and as close as possible. The
last is the most important, as we see by the hen sitting
closer at the last than at any other time. It is really
wonderful to obsei've the various changes of form and
ramifications of the veins from the appearance of the
first speck of blood until the heart obtains to a size
hn-gi! enough to admit of the naked eye observing
the opening and shutting of the valves of the veins,
and the blood passing through. About 10 days
after the heat has been applied is the best time
to break an egg to observe this process, in two
days more the ribs close over and obsuuio the light.
In small birds that I have hatched by artificial
means, such as thrushes, I have noticed they differ in
the manner of breaking away their shells ; not being so
far advanced as chickens they have more room in the
egg, and break their way out ; having the head free
they throw it up to the top of the shell, and break out
a much larger piece in proportion to their relative
sizes. D.

Remarkable Instinct of the Hen. — A hen that was
sitting, and whose broods I expected would come
out in 21 hours, I observed to come off her nest in
a peculiar manner, and was curious in watching her ;
she went aljout 10 yards from her nest, and then
dropped an egg from under her wing, which, as soon as
it fell on the ground, exploded with a loud report,
throwing the rotten part of the egg in all directions.
She looked up as if to explain "that would not have been
pleasant for my chickens." I had jireviously seen
turkeys carry the rotten eggs from their nests in their
beaks. L. S,

Fuon : Cor. Fat, .is an ingredient in Hie ffeiier.il diet for
poultry, is decideJlj- injurious to their conatitutiona, .ind,
long continued, renders themTery siekly. Aniinil food
ibey certainly require, but it should bo given judiciously.
Ill a wild state birds know how to help theiiiselvea. Gnoin
(■;in never injure them, but too mueh aoft food will. 1
recollect a b.atch of very fine white Aylesbury ducks having
;ill died off one by one, being generally found flciting on
ibeir pond. They had beeu overfed with Hopped bread, and
the discovery was made in eonsequeuco of finding on another
pond gold flsli destroyed by being similarly fed.

Farm Memora.nda.

Lammeemuib Sheep Pahm : Nov. 2S.— We are at
present enjoying remarkably line weather, considering
the time of year. So dry, in fact, that the want of
water for threshing is generally felt, and the lack of
moisture renders the ploughing of old lea land a stiff
and laborious operation. Its advantages, on the other
hand, are many, principal of which are that the sheep
stock always thrive best with a dry fleece on their
back ; and this, at the season when the tups are out, tells
favovirably on the produce of lambs. It also economises
winter keep, as store cattle have still a good out-rake,
and every man acquainted with stock knows that
sheep eat fewer Turnips in good weather. It also
materially facilitates the general progress of winter
farm-work, especially where a large amount of
cartage of lime and drain tiles has to be over-
taken. Our district roads are so bad that cartage
is usually summer work, but the fine weather
since harvest has enabled us to overtake a consider-
able amount of extra lime driving. That this part
of the reclamation of land is iu our locality no small
encounter will readily be understood when we mention
that it requires a pair of horses 11 hours' work to
bring 17 cwt. of lime from the East Lothian kilns.
Five such cart-loads per acre are sufficient when
breaking up land out of old pasture ; more may be
required where land has been regularly and long under
crop. The lime we applied on one field iu the Turnip
drill when the plants were small. The spreading should
be after the Turnips are thinned, and not before, as the
operation has a tendency to rub the lime into the
centre of the drill, thus interfering with its speedy and
thorough incorporation with the soil. It may be
thought rough usage to the young Turnip plants, but
it is really wonderful to see now little damage is done
at the time, and how perceptibly tbev benefit by it
afterwards. It is quite common to see the plants \vhich
are half buried by the lime heap, show a dark green
colour and healthy vigorous growth. The heaps of
Plime when first laid down should be (covered

with a shovelful or two of earth, as this
both hastens the slaking process and renders it niorc
comnlcto. This system of application is, wo llnnk,
.specially adapted to land which hius been under regular
crop ; but in regard to land which has been recently
reclaimed from the natural pasture, wo consider tlie
lime should be appliiid to, and incorporated with, the
.soil previously to the Turnip crop, as it is of the first
importance to )iiit tile Grass sod and vegetable matter
of tlio old pasture inidor the action of the lime as
speedily as possible. Land which has been broken up
from old |)asture without lime can never bo so well
limed again; and if this process of reduction and
incorporatiim bo in an advanced stage previous to
sowing, so muidi more will the Turnip crop benefit ;
and the soil will be so thoroughly reduced and decayed
after the Turniji crop has boon removed, that a good
take of Grass seeds may be expected. The benelit and
good results of lime are apiiarenl for 20 or 2.i years
after application. How it would act upon pasture
laud without ploughing wo have little experieni'e, but
a small portion of old lea land, upon the surface of
which lime was spread three months ago, is regularly
grazed, and seems to bo specially and particularly
relished by the cows, which are at present turned out
during the day. The harvest was got over in a most
satisfactory manner, the bulk of the grain being cut in
one week, and stacked the next. A slight loss occurred
from shaking— in fact, during the week in which the
most of the cutting was performed the wind continued
high, being even occasionally for a short time at the
shaking pitch. This urged us to make all speed with
the reaping, and did immense service in bringing the
stocks speedily into condition for the stack.
"We have a great bulk of straw, but there are
general complaints of the yield. It is, however,
a great matter to have plenty of straw for
fodder, last year's scant having taught us the
value of it. We had also most abundant crops
of meadow hay, the season throughout being
very favourable for Grass. The Turnip crop is not a
large one, although considerably imiiroved since
harvest, and the improvement would have been greater
had there been moisture along with the open weather
of late. The abundance of hay, however, strengthens
greatly our winter stores. Prices of all kinds of sheep
stock have sufl'ered an immense reduction these
18 months back ; and it sounds very curious still to
hear the public complaints of the high price of butcher's
meat. In comparing wholesale and retail prices of
mutton, it looks as if something like 2(/. per lb. had
gone astray. For soaie years back, everything in
general farm management has been subservient to the
maintenance of sheep, large breadths of land in the
finest corn-growing counties (East Lothian no excep-
tion) having been sown out in Grass, under the
stimulus of the high price of mutton and wool. Sheep
had to be procured at whatever cost for these new
grazings, and lambs and draught breeding stock found
eager purchasers at unprecedented prices. The result
has been over production and a collapse of prices, and
this with a suddenness which, we venture to say, few
people anticipated. The high price of grain this season
will no doubt tend powerfully to restore the balance iu
corn-growing districts, but it is to increased consump-
tion, arising from the re-animation of trade through-
out the country, that we must look for any rise in
prii«s. We have instanced the sowing down of arable
land to Grass as one cause of the over-production of
mutton. But even in pastoral districts the increase
has been great, both from the reclamation of outfield
and mountain land and also from the general displace-
ment (wherever practicable) of Wedder sheep by flocks
of breeding ewes. An over-abundance in the supply of
lambs may induce some to revert to the former system
of Wedder hirsels.

Dec. 2.— A fierce northerly gale, accompanied by
bitter blasts of hail and snow, set in yesterday. To-day
it continues to blovv, and the frost so keen that ploughs
were stopped. /. 8. B.

KiLLOUGHRAN, NE*E EnNISCOETHT. — At the
dinner given by the Lord Alayor of Dublin on the
occasion of the recent i)reseutation to Mr. Edward
Purdon, Dr. Charles A. Cameron, in responding to the
toast of the Press, made the following reference to the
agriculture of Ireland, and to the management of their
estates :— One of the most eminent and recent writers
on rural economy— M. de Lavergne— has stated that it
would require the expenditure of many millions on the
soil of Ireland in order to bring it into the same
mechanical condition as that of England. Here then
is a wide field for the application of Irish capital, and
one which would give large aud immediate returns.
He (Dr. Cameron) knew of several instances where the
money expended on drainage was actually wholly
recovered in two years, so great was the reproductive
power of the soil increased by that operation. Mr.
Purdon was one of those unfortunately too small class
of capitalists who looked upon a bank of earth as the
most profitable bank for tiaeir money. He had lately
the pleasure of paying a visit to the fine farm which
Mr. Purdon and his brother cultivated at Killoughran,
near Enniseorthy. The Messrs. Purdon commenced
about seven years ago the reclamation of about 500 acres
of waste lani. An Oak forest had formerly existed on
the land, and the copse which remamed had been
rendered nearly useless as a nursery for a future forest
by cattle being allowed free access to it, crushing the
young trees and devouring the tender shoots. The
task which the Messrs. Purdon undertook was a most
laborious and expensive one, similar, indeed, to that
wdiich so many of our oonnti'ymen have to accomplish
ere they make a home for tlieraselves in the gigantic
forests of the Par West, or in the " bush " of the still
more distant Australia. The roots— many of which
were of enormous size— were raised, the ground well
dug with spades, levelled, harrowed, drained wherever

necessary, and finally well ploughed. These operations
employed almost continuously from 70 to 80 handa,
and wore effected at a cost of about 17/. per Irish auro.
(i-reiit oiii])loyment was given in the neighbourhood:
but more esjiecially at times when tlie people were not
Ijusy at their ordinary auricnltural oiniiloymonts, such
as mowing and reiiping. Up to the present above
1100 acres had been perfectly reclaimed aud brought
into cultivation, and the work of improveinont was
lioing a.ctively carried out on tlie unreclaimed portion.
lie had visited many good farms in England and Scot-
land, but had never seen a better arranged one than
that at Killoughran. The fields wore square, of groat
size, and enclosed with neat, well coped walls ; most of
them were as level as a bowling green, and unlike so
many Irish farms, wlicre a large portion of the area is
occupied with fetid ditches, straggling l)anks,and useless
corners, the whole fencing at Killoughran does not
cover a quarter of an acre. One field contains .')2 statute
acres, an area nearly two and a-half times larger than
that of Steidion's Green; others contain from 20 to
40 acres. When he visited this farm, about a fortnight
ago, he saw a field of Turnips, 20 acres in exient, which
at a distance resembled an immense green baize cloth
covering the ground, so level and green did it appear.
There was not a blank in the whole crop, and every
root that be co\ild see appeared to be very largo and
healthy. A farm better suited for steam cultivation
Iban that of the Messrs. Purdon could not be found in
Great Britnin, and he trusted that Mr. Purdon and
his steam plough might continue to exist and be useful
long after the 200 acres of copse still existing at
Killoughran shall have been rendered productive, and
made " to blossom as the rose."

South LANCAsniEE.— This county is generally a
land of small farms. It can grow far better green crops
than the midland or southern counties, but cereals
are, from our excessive rainfall, precarious, and would
not be grown even to the limited extent which
they are but for the demand for straw for fodder
and for a change from green crops. The straw is
usually worth as much as or more than tke grain ((irf.
per stone).

Potatos are largely grown on the land lying between
the kibble and Ormskirk, This year's crops are large,
and almost, if not wholly, free from disease— in fact,
there is less disease there than usual this year. They
grow very good crops on the arid-looking blown sand
on the coast with the aid of town manure from
Liverpool.

I enclose you a number of our Manchester Punch,
which has an article on our Potato supply, which is in
the main accurate. I do not know the writer.

[The following is an extract from the Free Lance, in
which a Potato buyer travelling to Sonthport thus
describes the country to his companion :— J

" Yea, it's a grcit Potato counti-y here," said he, affably
preparing for a five-mile chat, " and it's been a great help to
Manchester, and has done a good deal to keep the prices down
there. You see moat of the Potatos for the Manchester
market come from Yorkshire. Some come from Cheshire,
down aliout Delauiere Forest and thereabouta, and some from
Scotland ; but there's more Y'orkshire [marsh-land near Goole]
Potatos used than anything else. WeU, this year they've had
a very b.ad crop in Y'orkshire ; a dry year is always bad for
them, and this season they've lost a good deal. They've come
down to Mancliester market and tried to got rid of their stuff
at a fair profit, and they've been regularly undersold. We
always could undersell them, but this year they couldn't mak«
it out any w,ay how we could sell them so cheap. It regularly
staggered them. Somehow or other they've found it all out
at last. The fact is, they never know anything about thlB
part, and there's an enormous number of Potatos grown here,
and wo could buy them and sell ag-ain in the iManehester
market for 1.^. Cxh or more a load less than the York.shir«
fellows, and a line sight better Potatos, too. Now I hear
that they are going to send buyers out all round here, and
raise the prices on us. It's a dowmight bad job, for we shall
never have the same pull again. As long as we sent them up
by canal we were all right, but I suppose some one haa been
too greedy, and has been rushing them up in trucks, and
that'.s the way they've got to know. I shall just buy up as
much as ever I can, for two or three daya will make all the
difference. Pay caah ? Of covirse I shall have to do so. We
all do. If I could go on credit now 1 could make a
tremendous strolce, because, you see, I know the country, and
where to go without loss of time, and the Yorkshiremen don't.
Yes, it's cash down in the Manchester market. Often enough
they've had the money sent them before we've had the goods.
That's one rc.a.son why the Yorkshire dealers w ould rather do
business in the Manchester market than anywhere else. In
London they want three months' credit. How do we buy the
Potiitoa"^ Why, thero'fi several ways. Sometimes we buy
them off other dealers— that is, when it suits us to do so.
Mostly, though, we buy them gi-owing from the fanner, at so
mneh an acre. Of courae it wants a deal of experience to tell
what so m.any acrea will turn out, but we don't make many
mistakes that way. There's plenty of old hands can tell to a
rood how many loads 20 acres will produce. Somotimea a
dealer will rent .1') or 60 acres from a farmer, the farmer to do
all the horse work aud auch like. Of course that's a risky
way of doing business, .and you may burn your fiugera with it
if yon don't mind. Bolton market I buy tor principally, but
I do a good business for Manchester too. We generally turn
the money over as quick as we can. It's no use keeping
stocks on hand, not because they won't stand, though off raw
Moss land they are sometimes i-isky ; only, with cash payments
we must keep nioviug, even if it's at a loss. I'd rather do
business down this line than any other way. It'a my native
place, for one thing, and the Potatos are bettor here than
anywhere else just now. Ormskirk used to grow tho best,
but now Southport has tho puU. Sometimes 1 get them out
of Cheshire, but not often. There's two or three farms there
I've done business with for many years now, aud they keep
sticking to me ; but of course I have to raise the prices now
and then. But I don't care to have much to do with them.
If you don't fa.sten them to their bargain you're sure to hare
trouble with them some way. Certain to play you somo
nasty trick. Meanest beggars in all the world are Cheshire
farmers They're doing rai-e and well just now ; farmers
never were domg better. They go on grumbling as they
.always did Well, here we are. Goorl bye. I shall have to
.stir myaeif to day. But I say, I'U tell you what ; it'll be a
worse thing for tho people in Manchester than for us buyers
that these Yorksnire follows are getting so lively. There will
be a tiig rise in Potatos before a week's over."

1256

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[December 7, 1867.

And so there was. The Yorkshii'emen descended like a
swarm of locusts on the land, and opened the eyes of the
farmers to the advantiiges of unlimited competition. The
consequence of this raid was an immediate and seiious rise in
prices in the Manchester market. At this moment the price
of Potatos is dearer here th.an it has been for many years,
and, for the reasons stated, the advance will be to a certain
extent permanent.

Miscellaneous.

New Method of Feeding Sheep.— A. grazier in the
Pas de Calais, named Pentefort, has introduced the
following novel and clever method of economising his
green crops : he places on the ground a rack or fence
across the whole field, and the sheep feed between the
bars. When the animals have consumed all the
herbage within their reach, the rack is moved forward,
so as to give them a fresh supply of forage. Of course
the rack is so made that the sheep cannot jump over it.
It is evident that regularity in cropping and in the
distribution of the manure, as well as great economy,
must be the result of this novel system. Journal of the
Society of Arts,

What is a Sargain ? — (Lock v. Churchward, before
Tiverton County Court.) — Plaintiff is a farmer at
Dulverton, and defendant a wool-stapler at Buokfast-
leigh. Mr. Potbury, of Tiverton, is his agent in that
district. Mr, Potbury saw plaintifl' at Tiverton
Michaelmas fair, in 1866, when plaintiff said he had
some wool to sell, and asked 20 pence per pound for it.
Mr. Potbury said his price was 19 pence. Plaintiff
afterwards offered him the wool at a halfpenny per
pound above that price, and Mr. Potbury wrote to his
principal for instructions, who told him not to buy at
more than the 19 pence. On the I2th of October Mr.
Potbury went to the plaintiff's house, and finding that
he lived in Somerset, and that there were restrictions
on the removal of wool, he told him that he could not
pack it, but at plaintiff's desire Mr. Potbury looked
over the wool, and pronounced it to be in good condi-
tion. The parties appear, from the evidence of Mr.
Potbury, to have had some conversation about it,
which was not binding on either side. Mr. Potbury
objected to meddle with the wool, because of the
county restrictions, and because likewise the market
was dull, and he told the plaintiff that he could
sell it to Mr. Pox or Mr. Elworthy, at Wellington,
in the same county. Plaintiff' said he was in no
hurry to get it removed. Mr. Potbury said the
market might improve, and wrote a note in his
pocket-book, " Mr. Thomas Lock's wool to remain
as at present." Thus far there was no deal, and Air.
Densham, for plaintiff, argued that the Statute of
Frauds required a written contract, and that contract
had actually been made in the letters which passed
between the parties. Mr. Fryer, for defendant, on the
other hand, contended there was only a conditional
agreement in the correspondence on the part of
defendant's agent— that he would give a certain sum for
the wool, subject to his approval when he saw it. When
the agent went to the plaintiff's house, and found it was
in another county, he declined to treat any further for
the wool. If the market had gone up plaintiff would
have been at liberty to sell the wool elsewhere — as it
was, the market went down ; he sold the wool at 16d.
instead of 19rf.,'and now sued for the difference, 431. odd.
Judge Petersdorff, in giving judgment, said that in all
cases where the amount e.xceeded 10^. there should
either be a written and binding contract, or a part
delivery or payment. He considered that there was no
binding contract in the correspondence, and therefore
nonsuited the plaintiff. Stirrei/ Standard.

Arbitrations and Strikes. — A great deal has been
said about the importance of substituting arbitration
for strikes, and those who did not allow themselves to
be imposed upon by mere words have always made
substantially the same comment upon such proposals.
They have said. The essence of the transaction
between masters and workmen always has been,
is, and always will be, a bargain and sale of labour,
and the price of labour, like that of all other
commodities, always must and will, in the long
run, be regulated by supply and demand, and not
otherwise. Now, arbitration is an ambiguous word.
It may mean, and properly does mean, the decision of
a lawsuit by a judge chosen by the parties, instead of
being appointed by the public. It may also mean an
arrangement for open and friendly bargaining. If
when you recommend arbitration in the matter of
wages you use the word in the first of these two senses,
if you think (as so many people do) that there is such
a thing as a "fair," or "just," or reasonable" rate of
wages, apart from supply and demand, and that there are
rules by which an impartial and duly instructed judge
can ascertain whether in a given instance is., 5s., or 6s.
is the "fair," or "just," or reasonable" rate, then you
do greatly err, and your proposal to establish courts of
arbitration is a proposal to throw trade into endless
confusion, and to render the settlement of existing
disputes and difficulties altogether hopeless. If, on
the other hand, you mean by arbitration nothing more
than a system of open and friendly bargainmg, in
which masters and men may meet together and talk
oyer their common affairs openly and freely, then it is
difficult to imagine anything more desirable or capable
of being made more useful by good sense and good
feeling. If, however, that is your meaning, you would
do well to avoid as much as possible anything which
could give your arrangements a character which does
not belong to them, and which could lead those who
take part m or are guided by them to regard as a legal
tribunal that which ow^es its specific cliaracter to the
free consent of the parties interested, and derives from
that character all its chances of utility. Such is the
doctrine of arbitration which has been preached in
these columns and elsewhere on fitting occasions by
all who have a clear view of the true principles of the
subject. Pall Mall Gazette.

Calendar of Operations.

Decembek. — The horse labour of the farm consists
in ploughing, and in carting lime, marl, stones, tiles,
manure, and grain.

Roads should be attended to this month ; stones
should be hauled and placed where they are needed for
the repairs or new works that may be necessary.

Cattle should continue to receive the same attention
as in November. Both boxes and yards should be
emptied during frosty weather, when the dung-cart
can be worked without injury to the land. Heaps of
manure should be made in the fields intended for
green crops next year, the carts being driven over them
as they bring their additions, so as, by condensation, to
check any premature fermentation, and the manure
should also be covered with earth, and sprinkled with
salt or gypsum, to confine and fix the naturally volatile
products of that fermentation. When frost and snow
set in, cows and ewes should have a daily feed of white
or yellow Turnips. Hoggets should have their Turnips
sliced for them,

Sheep in sheds must be carefully attended to, with
especial reference to the foot-rot, to which they are
liable. Their feet should be closely pared once a fort-
night, and when any festering or decay is apparent,
diluted hydrochloric acid should be applied with a
feather. As a preventive to foot-rot, it is a good plan
to place a couple of sawn boards in front of the feeding
troughs, as far apart as will permit the animals to
stand on them with both fore and hind feet while
feeding. Ewes in the Grass fields ought to be supplied,
in rough weather, with Turnips and cut chaff. In the
dairy, all the milk is now converted into butter and
skim-milk cheese. The cows inost advanced in
pregnancy now go dry, and the animals are put on
poor food. Unless the frosts set in unusually early,
the cattle in the southern counties are allowed still to
pasture in the grounds, to seek for the little Grass
there is left, hay being served to them twice a-day,
either there or in the yard.s, to which they come twice
a-day to be milked as usual. The better plan, however,
is to house them all now, feeding them on straw and
hay, with a few Mangels, in sheds or byres, water being
brought to them twice daily.

To THE Editor ok "The Agricultural Gazette."
Sut, — Fifteen months since I prepared some eggs for use in
winter, all but two of which were used in January and
February Lost, and proved perfectly fresh and good. The
remaining two were tried on iiOth November last : one proved
bad, probably from careless preparation, the other as fresh as
if Laid not a week previously. Anyone wishing for my recipe
shall h.ave it sent on forwarding an envelope, stamped and
directed, and a Post-office order on the Havant office for Five
Shillings. Your obedient servant, Charles J. Richards.
F.arlington, Havant, Dec. 3, 1867.

Notices to Correspondents.

Condiment for a Horse or Ox : M A. Fenugreek powder,
4 ounces ; Pimento do., 1 ounce ; Carraway seed do., 1 do. ;
Anise seed do., 2 drachms ; Linseed cake meal, lib. If a
mineral tonic is wanted, add sulphate of iron, 4 drachms.
The above to be well mixed and divided in 10 parts for daily
mixture with the ordinary food.

Farm Accounts: Binjidd. Thanks for a sight of the boolc
and accounts, which sh<all he returned next week.

Railwav Spoil Bank : / Mobertn. If it is clay, you should
have done a good de.al to burning the clods, and thereafter
got it fallowed and ploughed up before winter. It must be
ploughed up now, and lelt till spring for burning and
liming. It should be drained now, if it is a wet clay soil,
.and after drainage a dressing of guano should suffice to give
you a good crop of Vetches, which may be fed off during
summer ; and a dressing of dung, followed by another winter
f.allow, win prepare it for any crop you may choose to grow
— Cabbages, Potatos, or green crop of any sort.

Rice : Burftes HtU. The price quoted the other day on pig-
feeding referred to some time ago. The present price is
considerably higher.

Royal Agricultur.\l College : Cor. The annual fee is more
than the sum you name. An earnest student will get first-
rate knowledge of chemistry as well as of .agriculture there.

Rye: XT. Rye-corn contains in its natural state as to diy-
ness about 11 per cent, of gluten, 51 per cent, of starch, 9 per
cent, of sugar and gum, 10 per cept. of husk, 13 per cent, of
water. Wheat will contain 16 to 20 per cent, of gluten, 46 to
50 per cent, of starch, 12 percent, of husk, aud 12 to 14per
cent, of water.

Scarlet Clover ; Sab.^criber. A second cut is hardly ever
attempted — the land is in very good season for Turnips after
the first.

Sheep Shorn and Coat Made the same Day : Coi: A picture
of the affair was engraved, .and the plate carries at the foot
of it a statement to the effect that on the 2.5th day of June,
1811, two Southdown sheep, the property of Sir John
Throckmorton, were shorn at Greenham Mills, Newbury,
the woollen manufactory of Mr. John Co.xeter, and the wool
manufactured into a piece of cloth in 11 hours. The coat
was made and worn by that gentleman the same evening,
who presented the manufacturer with a large p.ainting
descriptive of the scenes, and containing likenesses of the
different person.ages engaged. It is said that this painting is
now, or was lately, in the possession of the widow of the
late John Coxeter, from which painting the engravings were
taken, which are very commonly seen throughout Berks
and O.xon. A correspondent of this paper many years ago
relates a somewhat similar circumstance, of which he was
an eye-witness. It took place either at the news of some
great victory, or at the celebration of peace, at the
clothing town of WiveUscombe, Somer.set. A sort of jubilee
was set on foot, and a procession, to aid which the
neighbouring farmers lent waggons, paraded the town. In
the first a sheep and its shearer appeared ; the rest followed
in succession, occupied by those engaged in the performance.
"The fleece," he said, "iseing taken off, was carded, spun,
and wove ; the procession halted at a dye-house, the cloth
was dipped in a blue vat, dried, and committed to the
shears, needle, and bodkin of the tailor, who converted it
into a coat, and it was worn the same evening at a dance
given in commemoration of the said event by my worthy
friend Mr. W. Hancock, the banker of Wiveliscombe, who
in the identical coat opened the ball with my wife. Seeing
is believing."

Tobacco .\shes : £ R. They are remarkable for their per
centage of limo and magnesia. They contam less Potash
than any other kind of ash. Two or three cwt. per acre
mixed with loam, would be a good dressing for a mossy, or
a coarse and luxuriant pasture.

Council,

The Right Hon. W. Cowper, M.P

Thomas Hughes, Esq., M.P.

Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.

James BenI, Esq.

Kdward Vansittart Neale, Esq.

F. Pennington, Esq. (Treasurer).

E. Owen Greening, Esq. (Managing

Director).

20, Par)imrent Street, London,
4, Warren Street, Manchester.

QDPPLIES its MEMBERS

O with IMPLEMENTS aod
MACHINES bv tile best Makers;
and with Unadulterated SEEDS,
MANURES, and Manufactured
CATTLE FOOD, at Wholesale Cost Price, upon the Co-operative
System. Explanatory Circulars post free, or on personal application
at tlie Offices of the Association.

STAND 101, SMITHFIELD SHOW.

" Every Cottage should be provided with a Water Tank." Disraeli.

Iron Cisterns.

FBRABY AND CO. having laid down extensive and
• Improved Machinery in their new range of buildings, Ida
Wharf, i^EPTFORD, are now prepared to supply WROUGHT-IRON
TANKS, GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior quality, at
reduced prices, and at very short notice.

LISTS OF TANKS

ON APPLICATION.

J'. Brait & Cii.. Limited, Fitiiioy Wot-ks,
or through all respi;ctable Ironmongers.

Eustoa Road, London,

T7I0E the KKST LIQUID MANURE CART,

X' IMPROVED ROLLER and CLOD CRUSHER,

Apply to I. J.vMEs, TiVMli Wi.rks, Cheilenham.

c

^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITEU

cow FITTINGS.

Their advantates -ire— Port-it J t not tlxL *. lu o ble at
pleatsuie, no Woodwork oi Partitions to impede Ventilation orbieed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Troughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, 56s.

Prospectuses free of Cottasi & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxfora Street, London, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several Important Improvementa
In Stab'a Fittings just gecnred bv Pntent,, ^_^__^^

Stand No. 101, Smithfieia Club Cattle Show.

f

===■

.==„=

..-

|a

"^"^v.

'-''SyV

jrm"

GREENINa AND COMPANY (Limited),
Manufacturers of Iron Gates, Fences, Palisades, Espaliers,
Hurdles, Tree Guards, Garden Seats, Verandahs, V.oses, Fountains,
Tomb Railings, Stable Fittings, Garden Rollers, Poultry Houses,
Emigrants' Houses, Bridges, Corn Rick Stands, &c. ; also of Wire
Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Movable Fences for
Railways, Parks, Farms, Gardens. Game Preserves. Poultry Courts,
Sheep Walks, &c. ; also of Wire Netting, Plant Guardaand Protectors,
Garden Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea and Plant
Trainers, Pheasantries, Hen Coops, and Garden Lounges.

Catalogues {together with Supplement of Testimonials from the
leading Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom to the
quality of Greening & Cu.'s Manufactures), forwarded post free.

Greening & Company (Limited), Victoria Iron and Wii-e Works.

Offices :— 1, Albert Square. Manchester.

T. A K C H E K ' S ''F KlGl D 0 M O."—
• Patronised by her Majesty the Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of Devonshire for
Chiswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
and Sir Joseph Paxton for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological
Society, &c.

PROTECTION from the COLD WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.
" FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepared
Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor o( heat or cold, keeping a
fixed temperature where it is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-
cultural and Floi-icultural purposes, for Preserving Fruits and
Flowers from the Scorching R:Ly,s of the Sun, from Wind, frow
Attacks of Insects, and from Morning Frosts. To be had in any
required lengths, ^ '^

" FRIGI DOMO " NETTING, 2 yards wide, Is. 6d. per yard mn.
"FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide Is.'Jd. per yard i-un.

Four yards wide 3s. ed. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. i)d. per yard.
An Improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s. 8d. per yard run.
Elisha faorAS Archeh, Whole and Solo Manufacturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.C., and of all Nurserymen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It is much Cheaper than Mats as a covering."

Beoembee 7, 1867.]

THE GAl.'DKNEIiS' (^ITRONIOLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

12S7

NEW IMPROVED PREMIUM WIRE NETTING.

AWARDED FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE BY THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON

AT EURY ST. EDMUND'S, JULY 16.

J, B. liKOVVN AND CO. having introduced Improved Maoliinery into their London Workshops for manu-
l;i' turing Wire Netting, lire now prepared to execute orders to any extent at the shortest notice. The Netting
] , uf very superior quality, best formed mesh, well twisted, and Galvanised after made in a superior manner.

UUEAT IMl'ROVKMKNT,

WITH

RKUOCEU PRICES,
February, 1800.

AND

GALVANIZED

AETEU MADE.

riaCES I'Elt LINEAL YAKD, 21 INCHES UIGH.

Size of
Hesh.

Mostly used for

2J inch Hares, Dogs, Poultry
2 inch'Game or Poultry Kcttiug
IS inch, Small ftibbits. Hares, &c.
iS inch SnuiUcst Kabbits . .

Light.

No. 10.

Medium

No. 18.

Strong.

No. 17.

Extra Stron

Japanned.

Galvanized.

3?rf.
3M.
iid.
Sid.

Japanned.

Galvanized.

Japanned.

Galvanized.

Japimned.

5d.
iid.

23rf.
3W.
3id.
ihd.

3id.
S'rf.

iid.
6id.

ihd.
ild.
6id.
6ld.

4rf.
4W.
5d.
6id.

5W.
6M.
6k.
8d

6\d.
Id.
8d.
lOd.

Quantities of 100 yards or upwards delivered free at all Railway Stations. All Netting warranted to give satisfaction

J. B. BROWN AND CO. Offices: 90, CANNON STREET, CITY, LONDON, E.G.
WAREHOUSE and MANUFACTORY'— 118. UPPER THAMES STREET, E.C.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATENT SELF-SHARPENING CYLINDER CUTTERS.

They are the simi>lest iu construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease
than any other Lawn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN irOWERS have proved to be the best, and have carried off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 18.56.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally,
T.GREEN AND SON hare to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has been
unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can be made from
their Stock both in Londoyi a7id Leeds.

^ ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GKEEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and
54 and 65, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S,

InOWLKR'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
CULTIVATOR may bo SKKN at WORK la ovory Agricultural
County II) Kiit^liuid,

For ivirtlcul.'Lrii apply to Juiin Kuwlku & (*o., 71, CornblU, LondOD,
E.C. ; iiuU fStoum I'louBh Works, Loods. _^^^_^^

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILKS, in ereat
variety of pitttoruH mid materlftlM, tlio nlutMor snrtH being
OHpoclftlly suited for KITCHEN GAUDKNS, ns
th«y luirbour no SIukh iind InBectK, tiiko up llttio
ronni, find once put down Incur no I'urtlior labour
find oxjjiinHo, as do "i^rown" EdguigH, COU-
B0<iuontly heinK niucb clioiipor.

OARIJKN VAHEH, FOUNTAINS, &c., In Artl-
flclftl Stono, of great durability, and tn groat
variety of doHiRn.

F. k G, RofliiMt. Manufacturera, Upper Ground
Street, filiickfriarts, S. ; <.jiioou'» Road Wewt,
CnolHea, S.W. ; KliiKsland Road, Klngaland, N.E

Kol.! London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by poet. The 'I'rade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls. Corridors, ilalconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stone, In blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dairies, Larders,

Kitchen Rnngos, IJathfi, &c. GrooveU and other Stable Paving

tiricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clltikers, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cemeut, &C.

To be obtained of F. & G. RoauhR, at their premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, beat quality), at the above
addresses — Us, per Ton, or Is. Zd. per Bushel ; 2s. per Ton extra
tor delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockcrieg or Grotta
Work. V. k G. Rosher. — Addresses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

OHN WARNER and SONS,

BRASS and BELL FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTY",

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

8, Crescent, Cripplegate, London, E.C.

PORTABLE PUMPS
for

No 35.

DEFP WELL PACTTROV

PUMPS, for Steam, CAST-IRON

LIQUID MANURES. Horse, or Hand Power. PUMPS.

Drawings and Prices for any description ot Hydraulio Machinery
sent upon application.

STEAM CULTIVATION.

JOHN FOWLER & CO.

WILL EXHIBIT AT THE SMITHFIELD CLUB SHOW THEIR

PATENT STEAM CULTIVATING AND PLOUGHING MACHINERY,

INCLTJDIN9

IMPLEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR LIGHT LAND.

JOHN FOWLKR and CO., STEAM-PLOUGH WORKS, LEEDS, and 71, CORNHILL, LONDON, E.C.

1258

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICT,E AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[December 7j X^7.

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION,
CHEAP, PORTABLE, and EASILY FIXED.
SPAN-ROOFS (over 15 feet lonii), glazed and painted tlli-ce coatB,
with complete ventilali- n all over roof, necess;iry water «iittors and
ironwork, exclusive of ends, put on Rail in London, GrLoucKtxF.H,
Coventry, Ulterstone, Paisley, or Abkhdekn; 10 to 10 feet wide
irtside, at 16s. to 24s. per foot run. Illustrated Circulars, with ileJiiiiCt
prices and sizes, free on application to

Hereman & Morton, 7, Fall Mall East, London, S.W.

CEANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS tor
HORTICULTDRE.
" Dry Glazini]; without Putty."
' ** Glass without Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended hy tlie Royal Horticultural Sooiety, South
Kensington.

Plans and Estimates free on application Desonptlve Rook fully
Illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author ami Patentee,
Jambs Cbakbtok, Architect, Blrmmgham.

Works : Highgate Street., Birmingham,
Henry J. Growtaqe, Mauai^'cr, 1, Temi-le Row West, Hirmineham.

HOT-WATELl APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of tho country, nr the materials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, &c.. delivered to any Station.
Estimates on application.
J. Jones & Sons, 6, Bankside, Southwark, London, S.E,

MOULE'S PATENT EARTH CLOSETS AND URINALS.

PERFECT SUBSTITUT!^; FUK "WATER CLOSETS.

Avoiding all Bad Smells ; applicable to any existing Closets, and admirably adapted for Bed Rooms,
Hospitals, Barracks, &c. On View and in Operation at the

OFFICE of MOULE'S PATENT EARTH CLOSET COMPANY, LIMITED,
29, BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C,

Where Prospectuses may be had on application.

T. M. EVANS, Manager. Messes. GIRDLESTONE, 31, Duke Street, Westminster, Engineers.

GRATS OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mr. GRAY begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentrj', Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to his

NEW OVAI. TXTBTJLAB BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.
It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quiclcness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with
one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from Report m Gardeners' Chronicle of International Exhibition, May 21, 1862, page 476,

rather than a square, it seems feasible that the Boilei-a on the oval
plan should bring the tubes more completely within range of the
burning fuel; and this being so, the change, though a slight one,

ic r\f\ iifw\'V\¥ fan »mr»»*nTmrrt*iT^t: "

"The upright form of Boiler is usually made on a circular plan,
but the oval form given to Mr. Cray's variety of it is said to be
preferable in consequence of its bringing the tubes in closer contact
with the fire. The usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram

is no doubt an improvement.'^

^^ They are made of all sisesy which, with prices^ may be had on application.

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL "WORKS,
DANYERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

SHANKS'

PATENT LAWN MOWERS,

AWAEDED THE

FIRST PRIZE SILVER MEDAL

TJNITEESAL EXHIBITION, PAEIS, 1867.

li^xliibition have

ALEX. SHAKICS and SON have received official intimation that the Juiv at the Paria
AWARDED them the FIKST PRIZE SILVER MEDAL for their PATENT LAWN MOWERS.

A. S. AND SON, judging from the fact, that out of all the Lawn Mowers in the Exhibition, their Machines have
been the only La\vn ilowers deemed worthy by tbo Jury to receive^ so distinguished an honour, are gratified to find
in this a further proof that the eft' rts thev have made' to improve their Machines have always been in the right
direction. The demand for SHANKS' MAi'HlNES increases year by year, and during the past season it has
increased very considerably. A. S. and SON Iiaving had so long an experience in this Trade, can confidently
guarantee their Machines to be unequalled by any before the Public.

^^ Emry MacMne warranted to giva seUisfaction, and if not approved of can be at once returned.

H.LU6TBATBD PRICE LISTS SENT FREE ON APPLICATION.

ALEX. SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

J JONES and sons have the largest Stock of HOT-
. WATER PIPES and COKNECTIONS. with WROUGHT and
CAST IRON SADDLE, CASMON, and CYLINDER BOILERS,
PORTABLE BOILERS, &c., and they win bo happ^ to forward Prices
for same eillior at the Wharf in London, or delivered free to any
Station or Shipping Port in tho United Kingdom,
J. Jones & Sons, Iron Merchants, C, Banltsldo, Sonthwarli, London.
%* Hot-water Apparatus erected complete.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

CONSERVATORIES

PINERIES

STRAWBERRY

HOUSES
VINERIES
roRCINS HOUSES
ORCHID HOUSES
WALL-TREE

COVERS
GRl^-KN HOUSES
CULUilBER and
Mia.ON HOUSES

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

1866.

ORCHARD HOUSES
PATENT SUN-
BLINDS Si FROST
PROTECTORS,
with various
Patented Impro-'e-
ments in tliw
CONSTRUCTION
VENTILATION
HEATING
SHADING
OPENING GEAR

AWARDED for

rinlE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL

1 Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Cnnstruotion, and
Apnlic;ition of WKOUGHT-IRON tn Horticultural Buiidinjs.

Our New Patent TENANT'S GREENHOUSE, THE NOVELTY,
is cheap, durable, osisily fixed, diies not require painting. Is adapted
for all purposes, and is the most perfectly ventilated house of the
present day. Prices :~20 it. Ion?, £10 to £19 10s. ; 32 ft.. £15 to
£29 18s. ; 40 ft., £18 to £36; 04 rt., £27 Vis. to £54 a^s. (W. ; 80 ft.,
£34 to £0C fis. : 104 ft,., £43 12s. to £84 1'is. Sp'in Roots, double price.

Orders for our New Patent WALL-TREE COVER :iie now
solicited. They save their cost in one season. Priuen, with IC-oz.
glass, 8.S., O,'!.. 10.s\, and V2s. per foot run.

In HEATING we are pre-eminent, und have pleasure in referring
to works in all parts of the kingdom wiiich have been executed by us.

Careful personal attention is given to all orders; nnd from our
immense practic.il experiunce, we are willing to gujiiantee that
Buildings left to our arrangement shall perfectly aiiswer the pur-
poses for which they aro intended, without fear of dis^iiMOintment.

Our Patented arrangements may be seen " en mo''^le," and every
information obtained at our London Office, G, Sloanc -street, S.W,
Postal address, Anchor Iron Worlis, Chelmsford.

DEKNifi & SoRUBY, Hot-Water Enginners, P:itciil,i-i>s, and general
Horticultural Builders in Wood or Iron,

Cataloguesi Estimates, or Plans oa application.

27, Leadenhnll Street is the only place in London where intending Purchasers of Lawn Mowers can clioosefrom
a Stock of from 150 to 200 Machines. A. S. and SON" have a staff of efficient Workmen at 27, Leadenhall Street^
thoroughly acquainted with all the details of t^icse Mttchincs, so thai they are enabled to repair them in London as
well as can be done at their Manufactory.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOR HEATING CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE

RESIDENCES, ETC., WITH

TKUSS'S PATENT UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE AND
LEAKLESS PIPE-JOINTS.

T. S. TKUSS

Begs to state that the immense number of APPARATUS annually Designed and Erected by him in all parts of
the kingdom, and for the ROTAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHISWICK,
Avith unrivalled satisfaction, is a guai'antee for skill of design, superior materials, and good workmanship : while the
great advantages obtained by his IMPROVED SYSTEM cannot be over-estimated, consisting of perfectly tight
joints with neatness of appearance ; EFFECTS A SAVING OF 25 PER CEN'l'. ou cost of Apparatus erected
compared with other systems; facUity lor extensions, alterations or removals without injury to Pipes or Joints ;
can be erected by any Gardener; an ordinai'V size Apparatus erected in one dav, and PERFECTNESS of
DESIGN SUPPLIED, IKSUlilNG NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle Boiler,
delivered to any Railway Station in England, and Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 25 miles ofl'
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large works.

TWO

Size of House.
20 feet by 10 feet
30 feet by 12 feet
4U feet by 16 feet

FOUR-INCH PIPES

Apparatus Complete.

£9 0 0
11 15 0
16 0 0

.ALONG ONE SIDE AND ONE
Erection, i Size of House.

. £2 0 0 50 feet by 15 feet
2 10 0 75 feet by 15 feet
2 15 0 I 100 feet by 15 feet

END OF HOUSE.

Appai-atus Complete.
.. £17 10 0
20 0 0
26 0 0

Erection.

£3 0 0

3 0 0

3 6 0

Bath and Gas Work erected in town or country. The Trade Supplitd.
SorticuUwal JBuildings of every description from Is. 6^. per foot superficial, inclusive of Briclcivork.

Price Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on application to
S. TRUSS, C.E., Consulting Horticultural Engineer, &c.. Sole Makufacturek,
FRIAR STREET, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.
Observe— Tfte City Offices are now Removed to tlie Manufactory, Friar Str-xL

\

December 7, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' OTTRONTCLE AND ACiRICUT/nilJAT, (lAZETTE.

1269

Heating Apparatus.

JirKKEDITM contiiUR'a lo supply and fix HOT-
> WATIOR Al'I'AKATUS In VINERIKS, and every doscriiitloii
of nOTllOUSES, lUIILUINQS, &o.

The Vineyard, OixrHton, near Liverpool.

OlILE'S" WARMING AI'PAliATUS.—Tlic Inwt uih'i

most ecniioinlcal svsLoin ol Wiirniiiif; Cliurcliea, Sclioolfl, Ilot-
houaos. und all larBC HiilMlnn^. Aiijily to

J. W. Ginm-KSTONK, C.K,, ;{l, Duku Stroot, Wostmlustor, 3.W.

Heating by Hot Water.

HOT-"'.VATER riri'lS. fit Whol.mlo Prices, wifli
Elbows. SyphoDM, Tce-i'lpoa. nnd ovory other coinioctlcn ;
Wrought aud Ciutt-Iiou Boilers, .Saddle, Conical, Cyliinkir, Tuhui.au,
and Kllijitic. from 'J'ts. ouch, linprovod Rollers and lion Stands to
use witliniit liricltwork, GOs. each. Valves (Vom 10s. tiri. oiioli. Tatuiit
Vftlvc.'i, Improved Furnace Doors, J'Mrnaco Bars, Supply ClNtonis,
and C;istliiytj ofevury description in stock, at

Mr. LvNcii Wuitk'b Iron Wharf, Upper Ground Struct, Blackfi'lars
Bridge. Loudon, S. Prlne List on ftpplicatlun.

Cheap Greenhouse Stoves.

DRANR AND CO.-S i'utoTit VKNTiI.A'iTNG mul
Sn.Sl'KN.SlON STOVES nro Hlniptc. rhtri|., and offlclont ; have
been larj^cly adopted and approved; will Inu-n umuy hours without
attention, and at a small cobt for fuel. Prices of .susptinsion Stiivos,
20a., ;«U., 38s., and upwards. Ventilating StovcH. 50n., 00a., 70k-, 0U«.
HOT-WATER APPARATUS lor Coiiflorvatorios, Oroenliinisea,
Uothouaea, Forcing Pits, &c., erectLvl and fitted up oomplute.
Deank & Co., 40, King William Street. London Bridge, E.C
Estahllslied a. v. 170IJ.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ, no LI, ANUS, Iron MbrohANT,
• 111. MMnlshic, Loudon, S.E.

HOT WATER I'IPEy. Hum tstocit. per yard :— 2-lncb, Is. l\d ;
8»iiioh, l8. 9-1. ; and 4-lnch, 2.t. M. BENDS, tVom Stock, U. 6d., lia. Bri.,
and 3s. each. THRO'lTLE VALVES, 10«., 13s.. and IJ.-*. each. Other
Connoxious iit equally low prices, and all goods of flrst-class manu-
Biotm-e. Estmiatea given, and orders by post punctually attended to
tbesamo day.

JAMKS WATTS and CO., Hothouse Builhrrs and
HoT-wATKR Al'I'AKATUS Manufaotukkrs, 353, Old Kent Road, S.E.
TWO HUNDRED CUCUMBER and MELON BOXES and
LIGHTS, imd from 4011 to 600 LIGHTS for PITS of all Sl/KS kept in
STOCK, Glazed and Painted complete, ro;aly lor immediate use.
Packed and avnt to all parts of the kiiigdcni. Public and Private
Buildings, Wareliousos, &c., heated on the most approved scientific
and economical principles. Keferences to the Nobility, Gentry and
Trade m most of the Counties in England.

c

OTTAM AN I, CO 11 PANT,

CossKRVATOKT and Hothouse Bdildehs, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street, OxJord Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

4&S.

24
G5.S.

30 inches lon^;.
92s. Gil. each.

II

1,.^;:;^

^ ^^

.TER APPAH,

HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

1*. 6d. 2s. Id. 2s. Orf. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or E.stimati.'8 t^ivcn fixed com-
plete to Plan, oil application to
COTT.\M & Co,,
Iron Works,
2, Winsley Street,
(opposite the Pantheon).
Oxford street. Loml.'ii. W.

The Only Stove without a Flue.

NA8H AND JOYCE'S 1' ATI; NT, for
ATRING, DRVING, and WARMING HALLS,
SflOPfi. ROOMS, Ac, a new especi;il Stove for Con-
servatories, Greenhouses, Frui*.- Ripening, &c. : to Burn
without re-iighting all winter bynlliDgwith fuel every
12 hours. Temperature, any degree required, withouc
varying. Price from 12.s. Gd. to G guineas.

MINCING and SAUSAGE FILLING and MASTI-
CATIN(i MACHINES of the best makers, 10s. Gd.

The COTTAGK KNIFK CLEANER is the only rapid
Clcnner and Polisher uf Knives at a moderate price.
3s. Gd. to los. Gd. Prospectus post paid.

CHEAP FIRES.— The Radiating Fire Balls save half
the usual consumption of fuel. One Shilling packet of
Four, rod hot in the fire every day, lasts all Winter.

S. Nasq, Ironmonger, 253, Oxford Street, W.C. ; Linster Terrace,
Bayswater ; and Stove Depat, 119, Newgate Street, London, E.C.

FOR SALE, MUNROE'S CANNOiV BOILER, large
size, nenrlv new ; also TWO Large CONICAL BOILERS, and a
! SPAN-ROOF GREENHOUSE.

Apply til Mr. HARarKGTDN, Nursery, Kingsland, N.E.
" —— (^YLVKST KETS

O PATENT
FURNACE DOORS,
manufactured by
Rnsst-R & RusstLL
(late Burbidge &
ilciily), U.S. Dorset
Stre-jt, Fleet Strc-ot,
LiTidon, E.C.

Silvester's Patent
FLUE and SWEEP-
ING DOORS.

Svlvi:;ster'b Patent
CONICAL-KIBBED
H O 1 L E R S.
WRUUGHT-IRON
WELDED, SAD-
DLE, vt IMPROVED
CHAMBERED
BOILERS.

KussER &. RrssELL, Tngineers and Heating Apparatus Manufac-
turers, 118, Dorset Streii, Fleet Street, London, K,C.

^' KITCHEN

VV

ORCESTEU

JONES AND ROWE, FATENTEliS.

RANGE.

^9 most appro\ cd Cooking Ajiparatus vet introduced, combining
the advantages of an open Fire Range, Hot Plate, and other appli-
3 ances, adapted for small or large establi'-hments.
' Sole London Agents, Barron & Wilson, Ironmongers, &c.,
t 43ij, Wefit Strand, opposite the Charing Cross Station, where a
', variety may be inspected, and Catalogues obtained.

DlJNiNEI^OUD'S FLUli> MAOIs J. -^i a.-
The best remedy for Acidity of the Stomach, HtiMrtburn.
MIeadache, Gout, and Indigestion: and the best mild aperient
'itur (!u1il;.Li' coiisLitutions, especially adapted for Ladies, Culldren
I and lL]l'iitii.s.

t DiNNKFORD & Co., 172, Now Boud Street, London, and ol
all Chemists throughout the World.

TOTTN GTliSON, Jun., bops to nnnounre tlnit
Ti propurod to FurniHh PLANS and loS'l'lM ATIOS for LA
OUT GROUND attached to Mii ' ■"•■

KfsidoncoH, or for tlio FORMATI
GARDENS aud to carry out the .s.ltil
AddresuMr. Jdun Uminhv, |un.. Si

M

h« is

AY1N<
niirl Vlll«
.N .,1 I'dllLU: I'AllKS or
liy ruiiLriiet or otllerwlwe.
ley Lime. HiittoiNuii. M.W.

Garden and Park Improvements.— See

R. BLAKK'S ADVKRTl.SKMKNT lu l\w Uanlmcrs'

t'linmicle of Novemltor 3U. 1«(17.
Iti'ltniinlii lloitd, Fulliitiii, Loiiaoii, .S.W,

Plctnresciuo Fernerlea.— See

liLAKK'H AliVKItnSiaiMN'l' in tho Gardeners'

C/ironu'l.- .,(■ Nn\ li.T IM mid 3ii. IW17.

Illllliliiila K.iiel. P'llllum, S.W.

Horticultural Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS M I I. L 1 N' 0 ■!' (t N and CO.,
87, HlHtioi)«Kiit.e .street Without, homloii, E.C.
NEW LIST lOi- DKCIlAltl) IIOU.SK OLASS M supplied to Her
M'lJQBty, tho Nohility, (leiitry, Mr. Rlvern, mid the leading Ilortl-
culturista or tho United KliiKtlom.

OBOHARU HOUSIO SIZIOH,

■IthH. i 3rds. 2nd8. i Beat.
20 by 12 ,
80 by 13 /

m by U -I'er IDO feet
20 by 16 1
»)by lo'

SMALL SIIKET SQUARES, lO oz., per 100 foot,
lu. iD.iln. iD.lln. tii.llu. ill.
0 by 4 7 by f) 8 by fi (I bv 7
<Hby4(| rjby 5|| 81 by Oj| 9i by 7J ,

Per 100 tuot.

I'U 2ii\it>s ad 18« 0(1 2nj< 0(i

10.1 Od 22« 2(i 26« lid 20s 0(1

4tlis. I 3d3. I 2Dds. I lle.st.
VlH 3d\\38 3d\ Ids 0(j 18.^ Qd

C^I'.NTI,KMl!.N oontempUtini? LiiyinK out N(!w, or
J liopnivliiK tholr prcHeiit (liinleim, I'lorumre GreiindH, or tho
Ereottoii el' Udekwork, llril.ldli (iiid Kxotle KeriiiTliH, would find It
to their (idviiutitKo to CONSULT Mr. W. U. SMITH, Oiinamicktal
and LANDHeAi-ii (UuoKMr.u, I], CrvNtiil Turrjico, New Town, Norwood,
S.— N.B. TerniH oxoeedlii|{ly luodemto.

Ti-iOK ,SA1,K, l,v i'rivolc Conlr-nct, thc"^ BATES
1' HULL, "LOIIII W'll.ll j.^YKs ■.■i," (■.'■.'.■ill), romi, broil bv Mr. 0.
Harvey, Hire Ith IJuke ol lixlord (ll,:iH7), tiaiji Wild KyoH ;;2il.'l,v Wild
Duke (lli.l.|fi). kcHe. («iii " llonl Itooli,'^ vil. xvl). Lc.ril Wild
liyoH 2(i iH iiiivLleiilHily autiv,-. and lii.i Ntoek have I'olehed lil^ch |irleo«.
» or further partleiik™ apply to tho UallllV, Mr. Uawi.iko, Holly
Uiuik, Burton*oix-Truut.

10 by 8 112 by 9
lOJbySi 121 by n(

11 byo 13 by 0
Hi by9i!l2 by 10

12) by lOJ
13 by 10
131 by 101
\i by 10

HI by 101 )
16 by 10 (

13 by 11 1

14 by 11 )

\Sa3d

llsGd

LAROK SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., par 100 foot.

In. in.iln.
161 byioi',14 by 12
10 by 10 i 141 by 121
141 bv 111 16 byfj
16 by 11 161 by 12|
151 bv llllli by 12
18 by 11 1 101 by rj!
21 by 11 17 by 12
13 bvl2 lis hvr2

In.

In.

22 by 10

24 by 10

21) by 17
22 by 17
24 by 17
•20 by 18
22 by 18
24 by 18
the Sizi

4ths.

148 3d

ISsSd

18s Od

22 by 12

17 by 13
■23 by 13

18 by 14
22 by 14
■24 bv 14
22 by 16
24 by 16

The above Pi iees are only fc
other Size be roiiuired, a .Speeial I'rice will be given,
SHEET GLA.SS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, aveniging from 6 to 9 feet super.

Mb.

2nds.

stated ; if a quantity of any

16 oz.

4ths quality, per 300 feet case, 38^.
3d8 „ „ 48.».

2ds „ „ 62s.

LJest „ „ 92s.

21 oz.

4ths quality, per 200 feet case, 3Rs.
3ds „ „ 48s.

'2da „ „ 66s.

Best „ „ 9Cs.

SHEET GLASS is made only in the following substances, 15 oz.,
21 oz.. 26 oz., 32 oz., 30 oz., and 42oz.

HARTLETS IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-Sth in., 3-lOth in., l-4th in., and 3.8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &c.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, So.

STUCCO PAINT, 2'ls. per cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, .and can be made any
retiulred shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 365. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and six gallons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28ii. to 34s. per cwt.
Anti-corrosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto 4s. per gallon.

Farm Poultry.

GEEY DORKINU FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
nuiiiburH.
Imported TODLOUSE GEESE, tho largest and moat productive

breoii Itnnwn.
liiipiMYtd Ni>H,K(,»LK TIIHICEYS, hwKe, hardy, ami good broaden.
AYLKSIlllRV ini.l litillKN DUCKs.

Imported HKLCIAM IIAKK RA lillll's, h.r sliw and early maturity.
URAHMA-l'oUTRA. CREVECU'^UK, and LA FLKCHE FOWLS,
fur constant liiyurti.

Priced Li.sta and Estimates on application.
John Hailv A Son. 113. Mount Stroot, London W.

WAITED lirH'L;N'r7~oii Lc:w. it S.\L\LL HOl'SE,
with about HALF an ACRE of GROUND attached, suitable
for a P'loriHt's Kiihiti.!s.s, about six or eigbt miles Irom London ; or a
place with Oians already erected.
Address, with IVill particulars, to M. R.. Poat Office, Maida Hill, W.

OHTms^l^OSAL, ii First-class NUKSEKY and S~KED

F

Per cwt. — s. d.
Q ENUINE Wn ITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND P-VTENT DRY-
ERS, 3d. to 4J»/. per lb.
„ OXTORD OCHRE, M.
to 4id. per lb.
RAW UMISER, 41d. to
6d. per lb. [per lb.

„ BURNT do., Cd. to 9d.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to 00 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 36 0
RED PAINT .. 2Ss. to 30 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
LirisTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon.— 3. d.
LINSEED OIL .. ..3 4
BOILED OIL .. ..3 9

TURPENTINE .. ..3 0
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to 9k. per cwt.
Pine OAK VARNlSH,108.tol2 0
„ CABRL-IGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. lOs. to 12 0

„ COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE ..10 c
„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or takes in
exchange.

The abOTO are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked-
Lists of any of the above on application.

Glass for Garden Purposes.
AMES PHILLIPS and CO.
beg to submit their REDUCED PRICES as follows :—

PROPAGATING

Each

~-8, d.

BM11.-S

nches to diameter .

0 31

12 inches in diameter

0 41

13

,

0 6i

14

0 Oj

16

0 8

16

0 10

17

„

1 0

18

„

1 2

10

.. '

„

1 4

20

..7

1

HYACINTH and FLOWER DISHES.

0 inches diameter .. .. Is, od. | 9 mches diameter .. .. 10

12 inches diameter .. .. 28.6(1.

Hyacinth Dishes are intended to contain a number of Roots

Bedded in and covered with Moss, instead of the common Hyacinth

Glass.

LACTOMETERS, for Testing the Quality of Milk.

Four Tubes .. .. 4s. 6d. | Six Tubps .. .. Cs. Gd.

With Stands complete.

WITH
OPEN TOPS.

14

16 „

Painted and Glazed with 16-oz. Sheet Glass.

London Agents Ibr HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS.
PAINTS of various i-alours, cround re:\dv for use.

SHEET and ROUGH t'LAfJE GLASS, SLATES of all siZPS,
URITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROWN,
SHEET. HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, nuU
jvery dej-criiptiou uf OLASS. uf tbu lir.-L Miiiinf;>cMiri.i, ar the lowusl
teruis. Ljsts o! prices and o&tuiiuteh Im wniiii-d uu uppUijatiun to
Jaubs Phillips & Co., 180, Bisbopsgato Street Without. E.C.

BUSINESS; or tl'o present Proprietor would accept of
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not lens tlian £1600.

Apply bv IcLtur to E., Messrs, Hurst it Son, 0, Leadeuhall Streot,
London. E C.

O HE DIesVo.-sEU uf, on iidvuntjiKeous temi^s" "and

may be entered upon immediately, an OLD ESTABLISHED

NURSERY, eligibly situated, adjoining a large and important town,

surrounded Dy an excellent neighbourhood, and having every facility

for carrying on an extensive businet-H. — Address,

G. H., Mr. Conpor, Seed Merchant, If>i!, Fleet Street, London. E.C.

To Agriculturists, Market Gardeners, Contractors,

and Others.
rpHE PROPRIETORS ol s.jme Lund in Bernmndsi-y,
J- a portion of which was for manv veaia occupied as Tan Yards,
are desiro'ia of obtaining TENDKltS for the DL-iPOSAL and
REMOVAL of a large amount of TAN. The Tan is thoroughly
decomposed, and it i^ thought would form a valuable Dressing for
Land. For particulars apply to
Mr. J-TRETCu, 7, St'-irey's Gate. St. James's Park, S.W.

Onclian Nursery Gardens. Isle of man.

TO BE LLT, with immodiate possession, in con-
seciuence ol the deceiiso of toe late Proprietor. The Nursery
comprises about 15 Acres, lying in a sheltered situation; has been
established for upwards of 30 years, and possesses the advantage of
being the only Nursery in the Island. The Bmldings consist of
Conservatory (in fuur compartments), Vinery, Orchard House,
Fropagatiijg House, with targe Shed ,i<^joiniiig, and every convenience
for caiTying on tho busuieas. This Establishment would prove a
valuable addition to any English Nursery, as from the mildness of
the climate many tenrlcr Plants and Shrubs stand the winter which,
when yoimg, would bo destroyed by the frosts of an English Winter
and Spnng. A portion has been advant-ageously occupied as a Fruit
Garden, the demand being considerable from the number of Visitors
to the Nursery in tho Summer season. The Grounds are well stocked
with Forest Trees, Evergreens, and Ornam6nt.ai Shrubs ; the Houses
with Plants, and liberal terms will be made to enable a Tenant to
realise the Stock. For particulars apply to

Jaues SpiTT.iLL, siolicitor, Isle of Man.

Salcis 6b auction*

Bulbs from Holland.

MR. J. 0. STEVENS will St:LL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C,
on MONDAY, December i), at half-past V2. o'clock precisely, 700 Lota
of First-class BITLBS from Holland, and a collection of HARDY
SHRUBS, HERBACEOUS PLANTS, FRUIT TREES, &c.
On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Roses, Shrubs. Fruit Trees, Bulbs, &c.

MR. J. C. STKVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.
on WEDNESDAY, December II, at half-past 12 o'clock preciselv, a
large number of Hardy and Ornamental TREES and SHRUBS,
Pyramid and Dwarf FUUIT TREES, StandiU'd and Dwarf ROSES,
and a variety of Double and Single Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocuses,
Lihums, Gladioli, and uth^r Bulbs just arrived iVom Holland.
On view tho Illuming of Sale, and C^aitloKUe- had.

Sale of First-class Dutch Bulbs, Handsome Standard
and Dwarf Roses, Selected Fruit Trees, &c.

MESSiiS. I'ROTHLROK and MORRIS will SP:LL
by AUCTION, at 38 >md 30, Gracechurch Street. E.C. on
THURSDAY, December r2, at 1 o'Clockpi"8cisely,a First-class Collec-
tion of DUTCH BULBS, including Hyacinths, Crocuses, Tulipfi,
Narcissus, Jonquils, Anemones, Ranunculus, fiic. ; a splendid as.sort-
raent ot STAMDARU and DWARF ROSES; selected FRUIT
TREES; choice GHENT AZALEAS, HYBRID RHODODEN-
DRONS, and other American Plants. &c. ; also 500 fine Bulbs,
LILIUM iLiNCIFOLlUM (sorts), from a celebrated Grower in
Belgium.

On view Morning of Sale. Catalogues had at the rooms as above,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

Lewlsham, Kent.

MESSRS. PROTHEKOh; and MORRIS will SELL
by AUCTION, on the Premises, Granville Park Nursery, near
the Lewishani Railway Station, on TUESDAY, December lo, by
order of Mr. Hally, the ground being required fur building pnrp"ses,
the valuable NURSERY STOCK, including a large assortment of
Evergreens and Coniferous Shrubs, Ornamental. Forest, an>i Fruit
Trees, consisting of lOOO Aucubajaponica, 4000 Portugal andCoiuinon
Laurels, 450 Laurustmus, 100 Green Box (1 to 2 feet}, Cupressua
Lawsoniana, 400 Ligustrum ovalifotium, Thujus, Piceas {of sorts),
Scotch Firs, Weymouth Pmes, &c. ; 8ii0 line Poplars (12 to 20 feet),
Planes, 300 Limes (10 to 16 feet). Acacias, 230 Mountain Ash, Elms,
Standard Almonds, Double-blossomed Peaches, Thorns, &c. ; 8i)0 fine
Standai-d and Pyramidal Pears, 150 Standard Cherrie--, 120O3tr^»ng
Standard and Pyramidal Apples, 400 Standard and Dwa-f Plums,
Damsons, Quince, Gooseberries, 800 yards capital Box Edging, &c.

May be viewed prior to the Sale. Catalogues may be tiad ou the
premises, and of the Auctioneei-s and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

N.B, — In the event of frosty weather, a reasonable time will be
allowed for the clearance of stock.

To Gentlemen and Others Engaged in Planting.

MiiSSUS. UREDOE AND tjDAS bare received
instructions to SELL by AUCTION, at the Nur.iery,
Cambridge Town, on TUESDAY, December 10, a large quantity of
ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS, FRUIT TREES, &c.

The above will be described m Catalogues, to be had of the
Auctioneers, York Town, Surrey; or at the Nursery, C-.mtjrulge
Town. Surrey.

To Noblemen. GentlemeB, Planters, and Others.

MR. WHITE L;is re(.:i:ivea iiisinuitions to SELL by
AUCTION, on MONDAY, I.iecetuber 10, at 11 o'Clock, at the
Rufford Nursery Ganiens, near Ollertou, a quantity of Young
SPRUCE FIR PLANTS, of various heights, fit for immediate
Planting ; alsi a quantity of COMMON LAURELs, and other Plants.

The abovu xvill be sold In convenient Lots, to -suit purchasers.
Each Lot tf' bo paid for at the fall of the hammer or at the close of
the Sale. The Lots to be at the purchaser's care and risk at Ibe fall
of the hammer, and to be removed withm ono month from the time
of Sale at the purchaser's expense, and no Lot to bo removed during
tbe time of buBinesn.

I'nca'n lie- niHv 'i 111'! of the Adotionkkb ; of Mr. CARTLEnoE,
Wijoii bt,i„'W,n- 1 ; Ml III iMi-.-cJi's. Bradi/Ey iL SoN3, Nurserymou, Halam,
near Soutliweli.— Swan Hotel, Mansfield, December 2.

1260

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AW AGWCULTtJRAL GAZETTE.

[1)ecem:bek 7, 1867,

Agricultural Co-operation.

COUNCIL.
The Right Hon. W. Cowper. M.F.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P,
Thomas Hughes, Esq., M.P.
James Beal, Esq.
R. Vansittart Neale, Esq.
Frederick Pennington, Esq.
Edward Owen Greening, Esq.
(Managing Director).
I QUPPLIES its Members
O and the Public with IMPLE-
MENTS and MACHINES by the
best Makers, and with Umidul-
tei-ated SEEDS, MANURES
and Manufactured CATTLE
FOOD, at Coat Price, upon the
Co-operative system. An invi!st-
nient of One Pound and upwards
(bearing interest dividend) constitutes membership. No further
liability. Rules and all information post free on receipt of two
Stamps, or by personal application at the Offices of the Association.
Edward Owen Greening, Managing Director.
OflSces, 29, Pai-liament Street, Westminster ; and 4, WaiTen Street,
Manchester.

Full profits credited to Members. Half profits to the Public
(non-Members).

Ij^IRST QUARTEKLY
JJ REPORT and BALANCE
SHEET, now ready. Division of
Profits, 7i per cent. Dividend on
Capital. Three-fourths of Trade
Discounts returned to Members;
three-eigbths of Trade Discounts
returned to noa-Menibers.

The return to Members on tho
Purchases averaged 11 per cent.
Copies of the Report and Balance
Sheet may be had on application,
with enclosure of Stamp to defray
Postage.

Address, Edward Owen Green-
ing, Managing Director, 29, Par-
liament Street.Westminaier, S. W.,

and 4, Warren Street, Manchester.

QIIITHFIELD CLUB SHOW.

KJ STAND No. 101 IN THE GALLERIES.

The Association will represent Greening & Co. (Limited) and will
be prepared to receive orders for any Implement or Article exhibited
at the Show, The Trade Discount (averaging 20 per cent.) will revert
to the Members at the quarterly Division of Profits. Mr. Gkeenino
will be in attendance to enrol members and receive orders.

P"lJRE LINSEED CAKES, British Manufacture,
bought under guarantee of Absolute Purity. £12 lOs. per ton
in London, Liverpool, Duffleld, Hull, or Leith.

The Council of the Association thinK it right to make known that
nothing but a giiirantee of Absolute Purity can insm-e to the pur-
chaser of LINSEED CAKES fair value for his oatlay. Cakes are
commonly made for sale by dealers, marked " genuine," at fully £1
per ton less tban the " pure" cako can be rroduced ; and cakes
avowedly " mixed" at over £2 per ton less. The whole profit made
by the A.s9ocintion out of contracts goes into the pockets of the
purchasing Members, after payment of working expenses ; half
profits to non-Members.

Address, Edwd. Owen Greening, Managing Director, 20, Parlia
ment Street, Westminster, S.W. ; 4, Warren Street. Manchester

rPKADE DISCOUNT.— The following GOODS are ilso
J- supplied by the Association : —

PERUVIAN GUANO— Pure as imported. Wholesale cost puce,

£ 12 per ton ; retail prico, £13 2s. Cd. per too.
NITRATE OF SODA— Pure and unadulterated. Wholesale cost

price. 10s. per cwt. ; retail price in Liverpool, 12s. percttt ,

retail price in London. 12s. 6rf. per cwt.
PALM NUT MEAL— Best quality. Wholesale cost price. £7 10s

per ton ; retail prico in Liverpool, £9 per ton ; retail price in

London, £9 10s. per ton.
Best quality COTTON SEED CAKE ; ditto ditto decorticated.
AMERICAN LINSEED CAKES, RAPE-SEED CAKES, LOCUST

BE-XNS, GROUND BONES, BONE-ASH, LINSEED, RAPE

SEED, CLOVER SEED, SEEDLING POTATOS, SEED

BEANS and PEAS.
These goods are bought by the Association at the lowest wholesale
prices, and sold at the same current prices charged by other respect-
able dealers ; but the whole difl"erence between cost price and selling
Erice is credited to Members, and half the difference (profit) to non-
[embers.

Address all Orders— Edwd. Owen Greening, ManagiuK Director,
4, Warren Street, Manchester; 29, Parliament Street, Westminster.

^ A N U F A C T U K JUJ)

MANURES by the best
Makers supplied to Members and
the public at Manufacturers' pub-
lished prices. The Agents' Dis-
'jounts allowed to the Association
revert to the Members at the Divi-
sion of Profits quarterly.

Manufacturers' Lists forwarded
on application.

Address all orders — Edwd. Owen
Grkeninq, Managing Director,
4, Warren Street, Manchester; or
29, Parliament Street, West-
minster.

Special Contracts.

TBUN and WIRK GOODS.
J_ —The Managing Director begs
to advise the Members and Custo-
mersthathe has concluded arrange-
ments with Greening & Company
I (Limited) to supply the Association
I with guaranteed quality of IRON
HURDLES, IRONFARMGATES,
I Continuous IRON FENCES.
fWlRE NETTING, STRAINED
' WIRE FENCES, WIRE SHEEP-
FOLD FENCES, WIRE POUL-
TRY FENCES, &c., on special
terms for quantity. Buyers of these
articles through the Association
will in future, therefore, gain more
than ordinary advantage. The
quality of the goods is guaranteed. It is intended to make similar
contracts witu other friendly Maoufac-urers as the trade of the
Association increases.- 4, Warren Street, Manchester ; 29, Parlia-
ment Street, Westminster, S.W.

PUBLIC MEETING.— A
Meeting for Explanation and
Discussion of the question of
AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERA-
TION will be held in the Theatre
of the Islington Literary and
I Scientific Society, Wellington
I Street, Upper Street (about 300
I yards from the Agricultural Hall),
I on WEDNEbDAV, December 11,
18G7, at 3 o'clock, F.u., closing in
time to enable Ladies and
Gentlemen present to attend nlso
the Dinner of the Smithfield
Club at 6 o'clock. The following
Gentlemen, Members of the
Council, and other friends of the
Association will be present :—
I Edward Vansittart Neale, Esq.
James Beal. Esg.
i., ui.* . I Frederick Pennington, Esq

Edward Owen Greening.
Ticket?! for Reserved Seats (Ladies and Gentlemen), Is. each;
other tickets Free on application previous to the time of Meeting.—
Offices, 29, Parliament Street. Westminster, S.W. ; 4, WaiTen Street,

STAND 101, SMITHFIELD SHOW.

The Right Hon. W. Cowper. M.P.
Walter Morrison, Esq., M.P.
Thomas Hughes, Esq., M.P.

SMITHFIELD CLUB CATTLE SHOW,
STAND No. 80, in the Gallery.

JAMES CARTER & CO.

INVITE ESPECIAL ATTENTION TO THEIR

UNRIVALLED COLLECTION

or

CARTER'S WARDEN AND CHAMPION ORANGE GLOBE MANGELS,

CARTER'S IMPERIAL SWEDES, TURNIPS, &c.
PRICED IJSTS may lie had, and ORDERS received for SEED, at the STAND, as above.

JAMES CARTER and CO., SEED FARMERS and NURSERYMEN,
237 (fe 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL FOR GRASS SEEDS,
UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, PARIS, 1867.

1 JAMES CARTER & CO.,

237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C, |%'

HAVE HAD THE

SILVER MEDAL AWARDED
FOB, THE SUPERIOR QUALITY OF THEIR GRASS SEEDS.

PARIS UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, 1867.

SUTTON & SONS

WERE AWARDED

THE ONLY SILVER MEDAL for SEEDS,

In Classes 84 and 85.

MESSES. STJTTONS' COLLECTION included

The PUREST SAMPLES of GRASS SEEDS, the BEST SPECUtENS of AGRICULTURAL GRASSES, and

GENUINE HOME-GROWN GAEDEN and FARM SEEDS.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES Gratis and Post Free.

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

SMITHFIELD CLUB CATTLE SHOW.
STAND in GaUeries, No. 82.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have had the honour of Supplying their GRASS SEEDS during the past
Season for the Squares and Gardens of Paris ; the Park of the Paris E.ihibition ; and also for the Private
Lawn of H.R.H. the Crown Princess of Prussia, at Sanssovie.

ONLY PRIZE MEDAL

EOR

GENERAL EXCELLENCE OF SEEDS,
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1862,

TO

JAMES CARTER and CO.,
237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

Il

HOGG & WOOD,

SEED MERCHANTS AND NURSERYMEN,

COLDSTREAM, N.B.,

HOGG & ROBERTSON,

SEED MERCHANTS,
22, MARY STREET, DUBLIN,

"WILL EXHIBIT

SPECIMENS OF THEIR CELEBRATED SWEDE TURNIPS,

INCLUDING

HOGG'S SELECT PURPLE-TOP,

Which has for some years past gained many leading Prizes throughout the three kingdoms in competition ia
the Field as well as Show-yard. Also Specimens of their YELLOW and WHITE-FLESHED TURNIPS,
MANGEL, and other Roots.

Orders will be received at their Stand.

PRICED CATALOGUES wiU he sent Free by Post on application.

• Tbe Editor." Advertisements and Business Lettera to "The Publisher." at the Offlcu.j

Editorial Communications shouid be addressed to '

"•prtKyjT»™'M°™eES".1irth^°oX°eS

Co. of Middlesex, and Published by tlie said James Matthews at tlie Office, No.

lathe said County. —S\TDRDiY, December 7,1867.

, Wellinstoii 8ti-eet, Parish of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, I

a

14

HE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 50.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 14,

( Price Fivepence.
(Stamped Edition, Qd.

A^i ii'ulture, boards of

AuiKiiltiinvl iiieothiRs

Ap|ili' Iribc, haixlbiciiiiot' the

L';ilMittii ButLUiic Oiii'dcn—

12G5 A-

ttciKicliui Ograpes

<.'inii|i;is9, what trees allcet

uaiiriition, horticultural ....

tit nil niemornniJa

1 iinii. la- Clubs

I l.iwvr tturdcDinft

i:;u\lfnintf, French and

Cimllsh

I'l.uliolus liowicusis

i.iii|ji:>, keopinii; late

~ I'olouniig of Muscat . .

iiiapL'judBine

Ill jlinK. Taylor's pipe fur ..
Lit , preservation of , , .

Ilnipui-ts, RKricultuiul ......
Itisecta, di^guiGRH of
Ivj'.golden
I.eiir-fall
Mii'^hroom KO^iiip

(he h ids, cool

JiiIf; exhibition awards ....
r< Mi-H, old and ixaw

INDEX.

1277 6
1275 c

rJUT t

12GG c
lUGG b
12*1 b
1282 c
12(Jti a

1270 c
12ti9 b
1271a
1270 <■
Vi'O (i
12UH a
1270 b

Visa a

1273 c
1270 a
1266 e
1201) b

12(18 .

Pears, select 1271 a~

Pelargoniums, bedding and

zonal

Plants, lcatlng,&c., of

Plant nomenclature

— portraits

— protectors

Poultry

Uctailtrs' protlts

Roots, feeuing

Hoses

shorthorns . ,. ,.

Smithfleld Show

Society, Koyal Horticultural

— LinneiiQ

— United Horticultural .

— Glasgow Horticultural

— Entomological

— Royal Agricultural ....

Steam cultivation

Strawberries, late hearin^j . .
Sympathy and speculation ..
Taylor's ventilating pipe..,.

Thermometers

Thompson's (Mr.) nurttery ..
Tniiniug, nomenclature of ..

Verbenas, fancy ,,

Vine.Sillwood

AVeather, ttie

-1274 a

1270 b
1-iBO c
1274 a
12G7 a

1271 b
VIM a
1277 b

1267 6

1268 b

1277 a

1278 b
126t> •-

1271 c

1272 a
1272 a

1272 6
1277 c
1282 e

1270 c

1273 c
12t!6a

1271 b
1273 a
1270 b

1272 b

i "pOYAL BOTANIC SOCIETY'S GARDENS, Regent's

X\j Park. —ARRANGEMENTS for ISta.

SPRINO KXIIIBITION, every dar. MARCH 21 to 28.

EXHIBITIONS nf PLANTS, FLUWERS, and FRUIT,

MAY 27,28; JUNE 17,18; JULY 1,2.

AMBRICAN PLANTS, every dny, JUNE 1 to 13.

Schedulo of Prizes will bo ready m a few days.

By order ot the Council, J. Dk C. Sowkbut, Secretary.

JVUL AND StiN'S UOSES.— See Atheti<eum.~
The Advertiser's DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, very care-
fully prepared, will bo found of service during present planting
season, rost Ifoo on applicution.

The "Old" Nurseries, Cheahunt, Herts.

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL
for ENGLISH GARDEN and FLOWKR SEjSDS woa
awarded to Sutton 4. Sons, Seed Growers, Readlng.^^

CHEAP SPlllNli BLOOMING BULBS and PLANTS.
3eo Barr&Suoi>kn'm Advertisement, page 1212.

Winter and Spring Flowering Bulbs and Plants.

BARR AND SUGDEiN'S FLORAL GUIDE may be
bad free, it cuntiiiiis uuicli valuable Information.
For particulars t-eo lar^e Advortiaement. pago 1090.

To tHe Trade.

CROCUS. SNOWDROPS, named HYACINTHS,
Early TULIPS (Double and Single), SCILLA SIBIRICA. to.
BAHn & Sdodkh, 12, Kiug Street, Covept Garden, W.C.

Surplus Stock.

FINE DOUBLE SNOWDROPS, in good condition.
Price to the Trade on application to
Jab. Fairukad it Son, Sued Merchants, 7, Borough Market, London.

LARGE OOUULK SNOWDROPS, 12*. per 1000.
SINOLK SNOWDROP.S, lOs. (id. per 1000.
YELLOW CROCUS, 7.-'. ii(f. v. IIK)0 | New large CROCUS, 14s, p. 1000
SCILLA SIBIRICA, beautiful blue. 16s. per 1000.
RoBKHT Cooper, Seed Merchaut, 162, Fleet Street, London, E.C.

L'"Tr DAVIS otiVrs DOUBLE WHITl"^dDOUBLK
• LILAC PRIMROSES, also HEPATICAS of Sorts. Prices
on application. Wanted to Purchase, or in Exchange, DOUBLE
YELXOVV PRIMROSE and SINGLE WHITE HEPATICA.

Ogle's Grove Nursory. HlUaborough, Co. Down.

Standard Marechal Nlel Roses.

JOHN AND CHAKLl!:S LEK have a fine stock of
STANDARDS of the above splendid YELLOW ROSE to offer
at &). each ; strong budded Dwarfs, 2s. Gd. each. Also flne Standard
TEA ROSES of all the best kinds at 'Zs. each.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
London, W.

SUPERB LILIES, in 70 finest vaiietiea.
Selections. 6*., 3s,, 12a., 18s., and 24s. per dozen.
Stkpues Brown, Seed and Nursery Establiahment. Sudbury.Suffolk.

"ifTn^UTBirSH AND SON beg to say that their
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE HYACINTHS.
TDLIFS, CROCUSES, &c., is now ready, and can be had post free
on application. Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

w

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocuses, &c.

BS. WILLIAMS has a tine Collection of the above.
• PRICED CATALOGUE post free on application.
HYACINTHS for Glasses or Pots, Cs., 88.. and 10s. per doaen.
Victoria and Paradise Nursory, Upper HoUoway, London, N.

To tlie Trade.

MARECHAL NIEL ROSE, from own roots, in pots,
by the 100 or 1000, at £6 per 100.
G. Ba&er & Son, American Nursery, Bagshot.

" npHE ROSES of MR. PAUL * * * are things to
-L see once and dream offer ever." — Athenceum.Junt, 1867.
Wu. Paul begs to announce that his CATALOGUE of ROSES is
now ready, and will be forwarded free on application.

EIGHl'EEN PRIZES have been awarded to him for Roses thia
year at the principal London Flower Shows.

Padl's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, London, N,

Notice.— Fruits, Flowers, Bulbs.

Before 7uacBASiN0, please send for

DILLISTONE AND CO.'S LITTLE LISTS,
post f^ee to all applicants.
Address, Dillistome k Co., Nurserymen, &c., Stunner, near
Halstead. Essex.

WEBB'S NEW GIANT POLYANTHUS,
Florist Flower, and GLANT COWSLIP SEEDS; also Plants
of all the varieties, with double PRIMROSES ot different colours ;
AURICULAS, both Single and Double, with every sort of Early
Spring Flowers. LIST on application.— Mr. Webb, Calcot. Reading.

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By John Cranston, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post ft*om the Author for 20 stamps.

s

UTTONS' SHORT SELECT SEED LIST

IS NOW READY, Gratia on application.

s

UTTONS' AMATEUR'S

IS NOW BEABy.
Price 15. ; gratis to cuatomera.

GUIDE

R

OSES, 1*. each, best Hybrid Perpetual.

OAK TREES, 3 to 4 feet, 15s. per 1000.
3-yr. ASPARAGUS, very good, 10s. per 1000, for cash, of

A. C. WiL&iN, Tiptree, Kelvedon, Essex^

Viola cornuta ; Raphanus caudatus.

JOHN BRADDICK, of Land Sidmouth, Devon, will
forward a packet of each of the above on the receipt of twelve
postage stamps.

s

UTTONS' COLLECTIONS of GENUINE HOME-
GROWN SEEDS ARE NOW READY.

For prices, see page 1265.

To the Trade.— Continental Flower Seeds, &c.

FW. WENDEL, Seed Merchant and Gbowee,
• Erfurt, Prussia, begs to announce that his WHOLESALE
CATALOGUE of the aoove Is now ready, and may be had free and
post paid on application to his Agent, Geo. Macintosh. Nurseryman
and Seedsman, High Road, Ilammer.imith, London, W.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept In Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, Btgli Holbom. London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.

Seed Farmers, Merchants, and NoRStRYMBN,

237 & 23S, High Holbom, London. W.C.

~ Kitclien Garden Seeds.

CHARLES SHAKPE and CO., Seed Merchants,
Sleaford, will ho glad to send, on application, a Special
PRlCb;D LIST of KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS Of their own
saving this season. ^^^_

BrltlsH Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 36 pages.
Including prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nuraery, S.E., a mile from Sidoup Station of New
Nortih Kent Line of South Eastern Railway.

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

I AMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Growers and
Merchants, 7, Uorougli Market, and Braintree, Essex.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE be^ to announce to the Trade
• that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1867 Growth, Is now ready and may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambs.

The^Forwajdest Pea known is

BUTTONS* RINGLEADER.
^ Price 2s. 6(f. per quart. ^__

IVERY'S NONSUCH LETTUCE, the best Summer
variety In cultlvatloo. Is, per packet, sealed with initials M. A. I,
Price to the Trade on application.

M. A. IvKKT, Hanover Nursery. Peckham, S.E.

s

EED POTATOS. ~ All the finest varieties at very
moderate prices.
H. 4 F. Sharfe, Wisbech.

MILKY WHITE POTATO,— Well-known and
acknowledged to be the best Potato in cultivation, at
Aa. per peck of 14 lb. ; or 16s. per bushel of 66 lb. Guaranteed true
and free from dlsense, Apply to
GxoROE WiNFiELD. Gloucestershire Seed Warehouse, Gloucester.

LASTR^A FILIX-MAS, var. CRISPA-GRACILIS.—
This new and undeniably prettiest of all the Dwarf male
FERNS, may now be had, at 6*. perplant, from John Clark, Gardener,
Newburgh. Fifeshire. Many other rare sorts. Trade supplied.

To the Trade.— Clirlstnias Trees.

THOMAS S. WARE, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham,
has many Thousand SPRUCE for SALE, Sumplea and price
(which are very low) on application, or they can be seen on the ground.

BOUT"lO,000 stron^'ASH, 2i ~to 5^7eet ;" casiT^ic^,
35s. per 1000. Also GOOO QUICK, 1 to 3 feet.

James Welch, Riverhead, Kent.

ABIES DOUGLASII, all sizes, in quantity, Wholesale
and Retail, by
Dickson k Tdenbdll, Ntu-serymen, Perth.

w

ANTED. SYCAMOKES, 6 to 8 feet, 8 to 10 feet,

and 10 to 12 feet. State prices and quantities to
Thomas Ihbie & Sons, Nurserymen and Seedsmen, Ayr.

To the Trade.— Artor-Tltses.

HUSSEY AND SON bes to offer very fine bushy
CHINESE AKBOK- VITjE, 3 to 4 feet liigh, at 608. per 100 ;
also strong RED CURRANTS. 88. per 100.

Miie End Nursery, Eaton, Norwich.

F

To the Trade.
OR CASH, 200,000 SPANISH CHESTNUTS, 2 to

5 feet ; and 200,000 LAUREL (busby plants), 2\ to 3 feet.
For price apply to T. Tbornton, Frimley, Surrey.

New Grape.

MADRESFIELD COURT BLACK MUSCAT GRAPE.
Soe largo Adverttseinent in Nu. 44, November 2, 1807,
John k Charlls Lkc, Royal Vineyard Nursery, llammorsmltb,
London, W. ^

Vines.

BS. WILLIAMS has now on hand a very large and
• flne stock of FUUITINa and PLANTING CAi*ESofall the
best vanotles. An inspection Is Invited.

Vlotorhi and Puradiso Nurseries, Upper Holloway, London. N.

IFTY THOUSAND ENGLISH OAK, 2-vears'

Seedlings, for 3a. 6d. per 1000 ; and 4000 PORTUGAL LAUREL,
2-year8' Seemings, from 4 to 10 Inches, for 155. per 1000. Samples on
application. ,, ^, ti_iiu i-

Apply to HoBPHREv GmrriTH. Ala Nursery, Pwllheli.

Turnip Seeds.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO., Seed Growers,
Sleaford, will be glad to make special offers, on application, of
TURNIP SEEDS ofthoirown growing. ^^

J SCOTT haB it beautiful lot of first-rate growing
• seed of GYNERIUM ARGENTEUM (Pampas Grass), saved
this autumn, price Is. per packet. A quantity of PRINCE of
WALES KIDNEY PdTATOS price on application to
J. Scott, The Seed Stores, Yeovil, Somerset.

PI 3.n.6 Trees

JOHN AND CHARLES LEE* beg to offer a fine
healthy stock of the various kinds of PLANES, of all heights,
up to 16 feet. The Trees ar* well grown, with straight stems and
good heads. LIMES, 10 to 12 feet.

Royal Vineyard Nuraery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
London, W,

MR. G E 0 RG E WOOD WARD, South Street,
Leominster, baa a large quantity of APPLE HUSKS, from
the Cider Mill, full of good sound kernels, for £2 per ton, and will
send It away aa manure. NEW CIDER, Ct(. per gallon.

ASPARAGUS ROOTS, 6-yr. old, 3a. per 100. Terms cash.

Vines.

J MEREDITH will have great pleasure in forwarding
• his PRICED Ll.ST of VINES on application. He has tho
largest stock in England. An inspection is Invited.

The Vineyard, Qarston, near Liverpool. ^^^__^__

Vines.

HLANE AND SON solicit an inspection of their
• stock of VINES : 200U Canes to choose from, strong and well
ripened. They have been awarded the Firnt Prize lor Vines in pots
at all the leadiuK ExliibltiouH. CATALOGUES free on application.
Tho Nuraorios, Great Berkhanipstead, Herts.

VINES from EYES.— Capital strong Canes in pots for
forcing leading variotlea, at 6s. each.
ROSES in POTS for FORCING.— Strong plants, choice varieties,
16*f. to 30,f. per dozen.

PoTTf:K a FKRnioE, The Nurseries, Sutton, Surrey, S,

TO RE DISPOSED OF, 50 strong FRUITING and
SUCCESSION PINE PLANTS, all in first-rate condition.
Most of the plants will produce line fruit next year. Apply to

JooN LiPscoHB, 87. HiKb Street. Charlton, Dover, Kent.

Fruiting Pines.

TO BE DISPOSED OF, about 60 Plants, principally
QUEENS; a few CAYENNES, JAMAICAS, and PRU-
VIDENCK, very clean, stout, good plants, several ahowing, and will
no doubt produce fine fruit. Apply to]

Francis R. KiNonoRN', .Sheen Nursery, Richmond, S.W.

EBB'S PRIZE COB FILBEKTS, and other PRIZE
COB NUTS and FILBERTS. LIST of these varieties £i-om
Mr. Wkuh. Calcot. Reading.

w

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APKICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RioHARD SuiTU, Nar3Br\iuan and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

WARF-TRAINED WALL TREES, very strong,

having each 5 to 9 shoots:— APPLES. PEARS, pLuMS, and

CHERRIES, 3s. each: APRICOTS, NECTARINES, k PEACHES,

3a. fid. each ; strong CURRANTS and GOOSEBERRIES, 2s. M. per

dozen. LISTS of son 8 on application.

Wm. noopKR, New Wandsworth, S.W

APPLE TREES for ORCHARDS or (iARDENS.
Price on application.
Sahuel Co.\, Nurseryman, Ludlow.

PYRAMIDAL APPLES and PEARS,
by the dozen or hundred.
Standard MEDLARS, THUJA AUREA, well-grown and handsome.
Address, Wm. WoooiSo-v, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near
Uokfield, buBsex.

Fruiting Trained Trees.
rpHOMAS JACKSON and SON, having a sreat extent
i of high walla, have many large TRAINED TREES; and as
they are making much alteration in their Nursery, they now offer
them at greatly reduced prices. An inspection is invited.

_^^_^ Kingston, S.W^

ICHARD SMITH'S FRUIT LIST contains a sketch

of the various forma of Trees, with directions for Cultivation,
Soil, Drainage, Manure, Pruning, Lifting, Cropping, Treatment
under Glass ; also their synonymes, quality, size, form, skm, colour,
fiesh, flavour, use, growth, duration, season, price, Ac. Free by
post for three stamps.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

PECIMEN' IRISH~'YEWS.— Very handsome speci-
mens of the above, 7, 8. 9, and 10 feet high, from bs. to 21«. each.
T. Jacksom k Son, Kingston, S.W.

THIRTY THOUSAND AMERICAN ARBOR-YIT^,

X from 3 to G feet, very suitable for Hedges.

Wm. Wood & Som, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfield,

Sussex.

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND tine Transplanted
COMMON LAURELS, from 14 to 3 feet.
Wh. Woon & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld,
Suaaex. ^___ _^^____

P^LANTINCTTeASON.— The Subscribers respectfully
intimate that thoir PKICED LIST of FOREST TREES, &c.,
is now ready, and may be had on application.

Wm. UaquHART & Sons, Nurserymen, Dundee.

EXTRA FINE transplanted SPRUCE FIRS, for
CHRISTMAS TREES, well feathered, by the dozen, 100, or
1000.— Address, Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld*
near Uckfleid. Sussex.

WUolesale Catalogue.

GEORGE JACKMAN and SON'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of HARDY NURSERY
STOCK for 1867 and SPRING, 1868, can be had free on apphcation.
Woking Nursery. Surrey.

Forest Trees.

PETER LAWSON and SON, Edinburgh and London,
have to intimate that their Stock of Seedling and Transplanted
LARCH, SCOTS FIR. AUSTRIAN PINE, CORSICAN PINE.
SPRUCE, ASH, BEECH, BlRCH, CHESTNUT, ELM. OAK, and
other TREES, ia most extensive, and (if very superior quality.

CATALOGUES and special uffers upon applicatloji.

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs.

PETER LAWSON and SON, Edinburgh and London,
wUl be glad to forward their CATALOGUE for tho present
Season free upon application.

Vines.

PETER LAWSON and SON. Edinburgh and London,
have a large Stock of very superior FRUITING and PLANTING
CANPiSofall tho leading sorts, at fo., 7s. Od., and IPs, m. each.

FOR CASH, 150,000 well-rooted LARCH (unusually
cheaij) twice transplanted, 3 to 4 ("eet high. Prices and samples
sent to Tritio and other addresses within 100 miles of Cardiflf carriage
fVee Nȴ6usonable offer will be reluseti lor the whole In One Lot.
' Apply to W. Treseder, Nurseryraan, Cardiff.

1262

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICDLTtJRAL GAZETTE.

[Decembee 14, 1867.

Viola Lutea C Yellow-flowered Violet).

BS. WILI^IAMS has iiiui;li pleasure iu being enabled
• to ofiFer Choice and Selected Seed of the above beautiful
Plant. H^ibit dwirf yet vigorous, foliage dark glossy green, fli>wors
bright yellow, which are produced in great profusioo all through
the early Spring, Summer, and Autumn montlis. The plant rtutjs
not grow more than 5 inches high ; it is perfectly hardy, therefore
well adapted for small beds, edgings, or marginal lines. It is without
doubt the best yellow-flowered bedding plant in cultivation. It was
spoken very highly of in the leading article of the Gardeners'
Clironicle, l^ovembor 2.

Mr, Fish, in liis remarks about Violas {Qurdenern' Glironicle.
October 26), states that Viola lutea ia a perfect gem, and is invalu-
able for a dwarf yellow bed or edgings. It is a bright yellow, of the
most compact habit, and seems to flower more freely than V. cornuta.
Remarks by Mr. E. Bennett, The Qardeiis, Oahcrton Hall, Worksop.

" Viola lutea, which has just risen so high iu tho estinaation of
all that have seen it in perfection, ia undoubtedly a little gam, and
will be much sought after this ensuing season. It is perfectly hardy.
more dwarf in habit than V. cornuta; the foliage more striking, and
flowers equally or even more freely ; truly valuable for forcing, and
blossomed profusely with me during the past spring. Indeed to see
it in such perfection as I have done from early spring to October, I
am justified in saying it is a most charmine addition to the flower
garden, more especially for small beds and front lines, for which it
is so well adapted. Like all Violas it requires good rich soil and
plenty of Manure, and prefers a moist situation."

Price Is., Is. 6d., and 2s. 6d. per packet.

VIOLA PURPLE QUEEN, true stock, Crf. and Is, per packet.

VIOLA MAUVE QUEEN, true stock, 6d. and Is. per packet.
B. S, Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nursery, Upper Holloway,N.

JOHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE
of SELECTED KOSES is now ready and will be forwarded
on application.

J. C. respectfullv directs attention to the following LIST of
FIRST PHIZES which have been awarded to him at the principal
Rosa Shows of the present year, proving beyond a doubt that the
soil and climate of his Nurseries are unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Roses.

Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
June 19.— 24 Voileties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester.
June 19.— 36 Varieties, Cut Rose.'j. three trasses each, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
June 25,-24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Crystal Palace.
June 29.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington.
July 2.-72 Varieties, Cut Rosea, one trubs each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.

July4 6 —72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Hereford.

July 0.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Rugby

July 12. 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

Extensive and well-grown Nursery Stock.

J SCOTT, Meniott Nurseries, Somerset, has to offer
• FOREST TREES in largo numbers, finely rooted and in
perfect health. ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS of all sizes
in quantity, beautifully grown and regularly transplanted.

Intendmg Planters would do well to visit these fine Nurseries,
which have been established 150 year.s, and are by far the largest in
Somerset. CATALOGUES on application.

Green Hollies, 4 to 7 feet.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Chester, ofters several Thousands
of the above, very handsome plants, in excellent condition for
removing ; also an exceedingly large stock of extra strong THORNS,
and many Millions of FOREST TREES, includiug LARCH of all
sizes, SCOTCH FIR, twice transplanted. 1* to 3 leet ; SPRUCE,
1 to 31 feet, thin on the ground; ASH, 2i to 6 feet; ELM,
StoBfetit; SYCAMORE, 3 lo(J feet; OAKS, ALDERS, BIRCH, flic.
PRICED LISTS on applicixtion.

Loughborougli Nurseries, Leicester shire.

GEOKtjE BOWMAN begs to oder the tollowinpr at
low Drices, fine wtll-rooted trees : — MOUNTAIN ASH,
10 feet; SCOTCH, 2 tn 3 feet ; BIRCH, C to 8 feet ; HORNBKAM,
strong, G to 10 feet ; POPLARS, 10 to 12 feet ; ALDEH, 10 leet ;
3N0WBERRY, strong, 4 to 6 leet. 40.'*, per 1000; PRIVET, fine,
4 to 5 feet, 30s. per lUuO ; BLACK THORN", 3 feet, 'lO.f. per 1000
LAURELS, fine, 3 feet, 20s. par 100 , LABURNUMS, strong, 8 feet.
fiR. per dozen ; BOX THEE, fine bushy, 3 feet, 203. per 100 ;
LIMJIS, 10 to 12 feet, line.

Rhododendrons.

As ExniDlTED AT THE RoYAL BoTAMC GaBDENS, ReOENT'S PaRK.

JOHN WATKKEit, the Exhibitor ut the above Gardens,
has pleasure In announcing that his CATALOGUE of the above
popular Plants is now published, and will be forwarded to all
applicants. It frtithfully describes all the varieties considered
worthy of cultivation. It contains likewise a selection of HARDY
CONIFERS, with heights and prices.

The American Nursery, Hapehot, Surrey.

Hardy, Scarlet, and other choice named
Khododendrons.

WH. ROGERS, Red Lodge ISursery, Southampton,
• offers the above in quantity at £10 per 100, or selected in
fine and distinct colours. 30s. per dozen. The plants are strong,
bushy, and well rooted. The sorts (about 200) are magnificent, and
none finer in cultivation. A limited number of larger specimens,
ftill of blooming buds, 5s. each. A detailed CATALOGUE may be
had on application ; ana also of a very fl'ie Collection of CON IFERiE,
ftOSES, and GENERAL NURSliRY STOCK, extending over
60 Acres.

Rhododendrons. &c.

JAMES SMITH, Darlev Dide Nurseries, near
Matlock, offers the following :—
160,000 RHODODENDRON PONTiCUM, beautiful healthy plants,

0 to 15 inches, 16s. per 100 ; £0 10;;. per 1000
160,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, fine bushy plants, 1 to

IJ foot. 20s. per I'lO; £9 10s. per 1000
60,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, fine plants, IJ to 2 feet,

26a. per 100; £12 per 1000
10,000 RHODODENDRON WHITE MAXIMUM, 1 to l\ foot,

68. per dozen ; 308. per 100
20.000 RHODODENDRON HIRSUTUM. the Dwarf Alpine Rhodo-
dendron.— Nice little pl.tnts, 3s. per dozen ; 16s. per 100
10,000 RHODODENDRON flYBRIDUM, 1 to li foot, bushy plants,

5s. per dozen ; 30s, per 100
5,000 AZALEA PONTICUM, the sweet Azalea.— Beautiful bushy

plants, l2 to 18 inches, mostly in bloom bud, 3s. per dozen;

20s. per 100. Ditto, 16 to 24 ins., 6s. per dozen ; 30s. per 100
60,000 HARDY HEATHS, in about ^0 varieties,- Good plants, in

fine health, 3s. to 4s. per dozen ; 10s. to 16s. per 100. Also

about 20 varieties at 5s. to 7s, per dozen
12,000 DOUBLE WHIN, GORSE, or FURZE, nice plants, well

rooted, 2s. Cd. per doz^n ; I2s. per 100. Alsu, in pots, at

4s, per dozen ; 2os. per 100
30,000 COTONEASTER MICROPHYLLA, 6 to 13 inches, 2s. 6d.

per doz. ; 12s. per Pio. li to 2 feet, 3s. per doz. i ISs. per 100
20,000 ARBORViT^, AMERICAN, beautiful plants, with fine

roots, 14 to 2 feet, 2s. ptr dozen ; 12s. per 100. 2 to 3 fett,

2s, per dozen ; 15s. per 100. 2i to 3 feet, 2s. Oct. per dozen ;

18s. per 100. 3 to 4 feet, 3s. per dozen ; 20.t. per 100. 4 to

5 fo r,, lis. per dozen : 6 to 6 feet, 12s. per dozen

6,000 PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet, beautiful plants, thrice

transi Iti'tod, fine roots, 4s. per dozen ; LOs. per 100
40,000 EVERGREiiiN PRIVET, 2 to 3 feet, fine plants for Hedge:

or Game Covtrt, 2s. 6d. per 100 ; 226. per 1000
10,000 IRISH IVY, nice plants, 2s. per dozen ; 8s. per 100
900,000 LARCH, transplHUted, fine healthy plants, not the least
injured by Irost or any disease, li to 2 feet, 14s. per 1000
2 to 3 feet, 16s. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet, 18s. per 1000 ; 4 to

6 feet, 19s. per 1000

, All tho abuve will be delivered free at Matlock Bridge, or Darley
Stations, on the Midland Railway.

A CATALOGUE of GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, including
Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs, named Rhododendrons, Sic, sent
ft-ee by post. The Trade supplied. Apply to

J&UES SuiT£, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlocl:.

GREENHOTTSE FERN S.—

Asplonium alternans, Blechnura cartilaginium, Anaamidicty-
lon phyllitides, Cyrtomium falcatum, Doodia dives, Lastrea
erythrosora, Lastrea podophylla, Lastrea glabella, Leptogramnia
asplenioides, Lygodium acandens, Microlepla strJgosa, Nephrodiura
niolle polydactylla, Pellceaguranifolia, Scolopendrum Rrebaii.Lepto-
gramma rupestris. Any 12 of the above for lis,, or Is. each.

Henry May, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Yorkshire.

THREE MILLION strong 4-yr. transplanted QUICK.
1,000,000 good 2-yr. transplanted QUICK.
2,000,000 superior Seedling QUICK.
100,000 good .strong LARCH, 4 to 0 feet.
100,000 good strong LARCH, 2 to 4 feet.
For samples and prices apply to
John Hemsley, High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby,

New Double Crimson Thorn.

WM. PAUL lias still a few good FLOWERING
PLANTS, established in Pots, of this first-class new Forcing
Plant, price 6s. each. First-class Certificates at International,
Royal Horticultural, and Royal Botanic Societies, It was also
forced and exhibited by him on several occasions last spring,
Paul's Nurseries, Waltham Cross, N.

Hazel, Laroli, Scotcli. ice.

J SCOTT, Mei-riott Nurseries, Somerset, offers to
• Planters Five Acres of Transplanted HAZEL, from 3 to 4. and
4 to 5 ft., very fine ; and large breadths of LARCH, SCOTCH, ASH,
OAK. THORN, &c. Extensive Planters supplied at reduced prices.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, YEWS and BOX, large and finely grown,
to be SOLD, a Bargain. CATALOGUES on application.

/CHARLES NOBL

y~J 10,000 CHRISTMAS TREES.

20.000 DEUTZIA CRENATA FLORE-PLENO.
10,000 HYBRID PERPETUAL RuSES, Dwarf.
600.000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM.
60,000 ,, finest named.

100,000 MUSSEL STOCKS.
30,000 MAIDEN and PYRAMIDAL PEARS, APPLES.

CLIERRIES. PLUMS, PEiCHES, and NECTARINES
20,000 ERICA HERBACEA.

The above and many other things on offer. j|

CATALOGUES now ready.

Bagshot, December 7. \

Planting Season. I

DICKSONS AND CO., Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and 'i
Florists, 1, Waterloo Place, Edinburgh, have this season a fine \
healthy stock of all kinds of FOREST TREES, which have been
grown on exposed ground and thin in the lines, comprising LARCH
(Native and Tyrolese), 1, 2, and 3-yr., transplanted; SCOTCH FIR, '
from true native need, 2 and 3-yr., twice transplanted ; 6PRUCE,
2, 3, and 4-vr., twice transi'lanted ; OAK, 2 to 3 ft. and 3 to 4ft., ■
extra fine; ASH, 2 to 3 ft. and 4 ft., extra: SPANISH CHESTNUT,
3to4ft., very fine; ELM, 3 to 4 ft.; ALDER, 2 to 3 ft. and 4 ft.,
strong ; LIMES, of all sizes, from 3 to 12 ft. ; POPLARS and
WILLOWS, of all sizes; EVERGREEN PRIVET, extra strong; '
THORNS and BEECH for hedges, and all kinds of plants suitable
for cover for game. ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS, j
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, GREENHOUSE and STOVE PLANTS ■
and FERNS in great variety.

PRICED CATALOGUES free on application.

Now Ready, price Is., Gratis to Customers,

BUTTONS' SPEING CATALOGUE

AMATEUR'S GUIDE for 1868.

Contaming much useful information in FLOEICDLTURE, HOETI-
CULTDEE, and AGEICULTUEE, with OEIGINAL ARTICLES on
CULTIVATION, and HINTS on the FORMATION and IMPROVE-
MENT of GAEDEN LAWNS, CEOaUET GKOUNDS, &o,, &c.

Also Eendy, Gratia and Post Free on application,

SUTTONS' SHORT SELECT SEED LIST.

The only PRIZE MEDAL for ENGLISH GAEDEN and FLOWER SEEDS, PARIS, 186r,

"WAS AWARDED TO

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMEISIT, READING.

NEW POTATO-VEITCH'S IMPROVED EARLY ASHLEAF KIDNEY.

MESSRS. JAMES VeITCH & SONS

HAVE ftraOH PLEASURE IN OFFERING,

FOR THE FIRST TIME, THIS SPLENDID SEEDLING VARIETY,

which they feel every confidence in most strongly recommending.

It is, without exception, the most abundant cropping early Kidney yariety ever ofifered ; whilst its quality, form,
and colour are unexceptionable, and in earliness it is second to none.

As a Forcing Potato it must take a foremost place from its great bearing qualities and earUnesa, and it is also m
every respect desirable for general out-door planting. The stock being limited, early orders are requested.

Price per Peck, 5s.

SEED CATALOGUE for 1868 now ready, Post Free on application.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

BARR & SUGDEN'S ILLUSTRATED SHEET OP ELEGANCIES,

SUCH AS JARDINETS, ETC., FOR WINTER DECORATION AND CHRISTSiAS PRESENTS.

BARR & SUGDEN,

THE METROPOLITAN SEED, BULB, AND PLANT WAREHOUSE^

12, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.
Orderi ammmting io 2ls. sent Carriage taid.

COLLECTIONS of BULBS for Blooming Out-of-doors in Winter and Spring, 10». 6rf., 2U. ^^s., 63s., and 84*.
„ In-doors in Winter and Sprmg, lOj. 6^., 21«., 42s., 63s., and S4s.

" CLIVEDEN Spring Blooming Plants, 12s. 6rf., 25s., 60s., and lOOs.

For full particulars of the above Collections, see Gardeners' CJironiele, November 23 ; or,
"THE GUIDE to WINTER and SPRING GARDENING"— a copy of which free on afflication.

SPECIAL GUINEA BASKET of IMPORTED BTTLBS.

Sent Carriage Paid on receipt of a Remittance.

rnr I FmoN No l - imported dutch BCILBS for tha Flower Garden, to Bloom Winter and Spr'ng, !1». :
HVAC^nI^^ 100 do. NARC™SUS 105 do TOLIPS. 200 do. CROCDS. 100 SNOWDROPS. 25 do. liNGLlSH
RANONCULtJS, 50 do. ANEMONES, 25 SCILLAS. Half the quantity, 10s. 6<t

.40 beautiful \
IRIS. 60 do.

COLLECTION no.^|^-»<^ported^dj:tch^bul^^^^^^^^

.Tm.i 1,,:' ooi rin^T TI..If tho miant.it.P 1(1..'. (id..

HYACINTHS. 30 do. ruLI Jl.i'-ino rtAiv^.ioouo, w ..«. ^w-.j..., ...
PAVOHIA, 2 Cl'CLAHEN PERSICOM. Hiiit the quantity, 10s. M.

LILIUM AURATDM, 2s. 6d., 3s. &d., 5s. 6d., and 7s. 6A each. j „ , „^ i. fi^ each

LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM ROSEUM, RUBRUM, and ALBUM, Ws.6d. and los. per dozen. Is. ^nd !«■ f- ff °' 1 1
GLADIOLI, all the very best and newest kinds, vaiTing in price from 3d. to 10s. &d. each. Ihe most snowj ||
varieties, such as BOWIENSIS and BRENCHLETENSIS, 21s. per 100. . ,.

HYACINTHS TULIPS, CROCUS, NARCISSUS, SNOWBKOPS, IRIS. SCILLAS, ANEMONES, B&NDNCJLUS*c, for SpiMg I
Bloon.ii^ cheap 'iu quantity ; FANSIEb, DAISIES, ARABIS ALBIDA ARABIS VARl^EGATA for Edg tag^ HEPATlS
AnBRETIA AJUGA FORGET-ME-NOT, VIOLA CORNUTA, POLYANTfiUS, PHLOX FRONDOSA, IBEKIS, HUPAIJuao,
rod and blue ; WALLFLOWER, FORGET-ME-NOT, SILENE, 4c., for Spring Blooming, cheap in quantity.

BARR AND SUGDEN, 12, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.

Decembee 14, 1807.]

THE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE AND AORICULTDRAL GAZETTEL

1263

13AUL AND SON iuvite uttcntion to, and an inspection
i.f. their stock of the followliig plants, which thoy are ablo to
vlT.r in larRe quiintltios: — , « . .,

RUSES — Smndfirds ftnJ Hjilf-stftndards, selection left to MesHrrt.
V \v\. a SiiN, I8f>. mr doz. ; Dwjirl Stancliuiia and Dwarfs.lZs. per doz.
I'liiilr Btoo'k at tho commeiiceiiieut of the season, they believe ud-
aiupiissod m quality, la still mioxhauatcd.
NOVKLTIES.
l'i;iN(.'KSS MARYol CAMURIOGK, Standards or Dwarl^, 2«. (trf.
( 1 »M TKSSE JAUCt)URT, Standards or Dw/irts, fis. oiioh. [oaah.

MAKKCIIAL NIEIj, flue St!indarri8, 3«. Cd to 6«. each.
NKW KOSES of 18tl7, Dwarfs, 30^. per dozen.

KltniTTKEKS.— They invite piiiticiUar attention to tliolr Standardu
lor Orchard Cvilturo ; young, vigorous, and healthy troos of tho
loiidlnp kimls for tho purpone HU[>plied as nndor;—
SI' \ N DA KD A I'PLES, fij to 6 foot tttoms, and good beads, 18a. per

'.loz., £(i ti>£7 l»i. pm-lUO.
-^'I'AN I^ARn PEARS, ■24s. nor doz., £7 lOs. per lllO.
si ANDAUn PLUMS ami ClIHKUlES, 24s. per doz.
I Ki Tl'INti PVKAftllU APl'LES, uu Ciab or Pai-adtse, isa. per doz.
!■ Ul ITING PYHAiMll) PEAHS, on Quince, 30jt, to Via. per doe.
1 liUiriNG PVHAMID (IIEKRIKS, Sflo. per dozeu.
iMi HtKIjI.n.S, 'in Miilinlotis, particulatly fine, 3(»j. per dozen ; prios

]>vl- IIKI '^U :ip[ilu'ainl|,

li\V Mil- TUAIN'KIJ PKACIIES and APRICOTS, Gtfci. nor dozen.
S'l'ANIlARI.' WALL-TRAINED PJilACriES and APRICOT3,

7n (i(/. to Ids, Cut. ouch,
Kiuu FRUITING IIAMBDRGII VINES, 7s. Gil. each.
Oo.al Planting CANKS of all leftdtug kinds, &3. each.

LARGR EVERGREENS, CONIFER^E, 4c.
\MERir.VN ARm>K-VIT.i!:, S feet, 18«. per dozoQ.
. liiNESE ARHtiK-VlT^E, 6 toSfeet. 30«. per dozen.
W \ KICS ARHOR-VIT.E, :i to « feet, very line.
\|!||'.S j\lENZll<;SlI. li foet, "^4^. per dozen.

Ai: M lAKIA IMHRICATA, 2 feet, 428. per dozen; 2i to 3 feet,
(■.(I.-;, tu t>4s. per dozen ; 3 feet and upwards, 78. Gil, to 21a. each,
1'li l<^clly uninjured by frost.
AKHlirUs, ohoice horls, 2 to 8 feet, 42s. per dozen.
i.'Ki'RUS ATLANTICA, 2} to 3 feet, 18s. to 30s. per dozeu.
LUl'RESSUS LAW.SONlANx\. 3 tu 4 feet, £5pur liHj ; 4 to 5 feet,
II £7 IIW. per 100 ; 0 to 7 f«et, £10 por 100.

Picked Plants, each, or por dozen, charged Ulj^Uer.
L^VURELS. Comraou, & to 6 feet, bushy, £6 to £C per 100; 0 to
8 foet, £7 lOs. per 100.

Smalli'r Sizes, per 100 or lOOO, on application.
LAURELS, PORTUGAL, 2i to 3 feet, £6 per 100 ; 3 to 4 feet, j£C to

£7 per 100.
RED CE D ARS, of sizes, 4 to 0 feet
PINUS MURICATA. one of our richest coloured Pinea, 3 to G feet,

2s. Gd. to bn. ejioh ; 248. 10 42.s-. per dozen.
PINUS IIARTWEGU, 2J to 3 foet. 60s. per dozen.
,, DEVONIAN A, U foot, GOs. per dozen.
„ BeNTH.\MIANA, 2* to 3 feet, 42s. per dozen.
„ INSIGNIS, li to 8 feet, 42s per dozeu.
„ MACROPHYLLA. U to 2 leet, 60s. per dozen.
„ MACROCAKPA, 2 to 2i feet, 30s. to 42s. per dozen.
PICBA PINSAPO, li to 2 feet, 36a. per dozen.
„ NORDMANIANA, 1 foot. 30s. por dozen.
The above Abies, Capressus, Piuus, and Piceas, are worthy of
piircbnse lor omamenttil spots in woods, parks, &c.
RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 2 to 3 feet, for cover or planta-
tions, 20s. to 7&*. per 100.

STANDARD ORNAMENTAL TREES.
PLANES, LIMES. POPLARS, MAPLES, LABURNUMS, and
TUORNS, 10 to 12 feet, from £5 to £7 10s. per 100, as chosen.
NOVELTIES.
Paul & Ron's NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN.— First-clnss
Ccrtiflcftte Ruy.al Botanic Society a-id International Exhibition,
ii fine addition to mir valued spfing-flowering trees.
STRONG FLOWERING PYRAMIDS, os. ei»ch ; nus. per dozen.
STANDARDS, .Is. each ; in Pots for Forcing, 3.S. 6rf. each.
CERASUS MAHALEB VARIEGATA (Standards), as. each.
CORNUS MAS. VARIEGATA (Standards), 2s. 6rf. each; 248.
per dozen.
The two last fine companions to Acer neeundo variegata, now
well kniiwn.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES post free nn application.
The "Old" Nurseries, Chei-bunt, Hei-ts.

Large Evergreens, Specimen Conifers, &c.

WATKRKK AND GOUFkEY be>r to submit the
followine List to the notice of intending planters :— .
YEWS, ENGLISH, 6, 6. 7, S, 10, 12. and 16 feet high
„ IRISH. 6, 7, 8, and 10 feet high
„ GOLDKN, ft. 6. t'> 9 f'-et

STANDARD GOLDEN. 20 years worked
, ELKGANTISSIMA, 10 and 16 years old
„ „ DUVASTON or WEEPING, fine heads, lOnndlSyearB old
We have altogether thousiinds of these different Yews of the
large sizes. Everv plant Las been recently removed.
HOLLIES, COMMON GREEN, 6, 7, b, 10, 12, and 16 feet high, and
as much in circumference — hundreds
„ LAUKli"'OLlA and SCOTTICA, G, 7, 8, and 10 feet, and wide

in proportion
„ WATEREH'S. the hardiest of all variegated Hollies, 4 and 5 feet

by 10 and 12 feet m circnmfereDce
„ THE QUEEN, or best gold striped, the handsomest of all
variegated Hollies

We have hundreds of these beautiful plants, 4, 6, and 7 feet
high and wide
„ STANDARD. WATERER'S, and GOLDEN, with flne heads,

16 and 20 years worked
fl^> We have some thousands of the ordinary kinds of Variegated
Hfi^es, 4, 5, 6, and 7 feet high. Every plant has been removed
wlthiu 12 months.

CEDRUS DEODARA. some thousanda, 6, 7, 8, and 10 feet high
, ATLANTICA, and Cedars of Lebanon, moved in April,

4, 6, 6. nnd 8 feet
„ RED VIRGINIANS. 6, 6, and 7 feet
CHINESE JUNIPER, one of the handsomest and hardiest of all
evergi-eens— thousanda ot beautiful plants, 4, 5, 6, 7, and
8 feet high ; some njagniflcent plants, 10, 12, and 15 feet nigh,
12 to 20 feet in cu-cumference
THUJA ADRi-.A, 3, 4, and 6 feet high, 7to 20 feet in circumference
„ OIGANTEA, 10, 12, and 16 feet high, very handsome
„ LOBBIl, splendid plants, 7, 8, to 10 feet high, and 12 and 16 feet
round — buiidrerls
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, the finest stock—many thotisands,

6. 7, S, 10, to 15 feet high, and as much in circumference
THUJOPSIS BOREALIS, 4, 6, 8, and 10 feet high, 7 to 12 feet in

circumference — hundreds
PORTUGAL LAUREL, 4 and 5 feet high, 7 and 8 feet round
BOX, Green and Variegated. 4, 5. 6, 7, and 8 feet — thousands
PICEA NOBILI.S, splendid plants, moved in spring, 4, 6, 6, and 8 feet
„ NORDMANNIAN A, 4, 6, 0, 8, 10, and 15 feet \i\gh [Iiigh

None of our Nobihs or Nordmannlantts are grafted plants.
„ MAGN IFICA or NOBILIS ROBUSTA, the ^wst stock in the
trade, all seedlings, 2 to 4 feet high
LASluCARPA. hundreds of jilnnts, 4, 6, 6, and 7 feet high, aU
ABIES DOUGLASSIl, 5, 6, 7, and s feet [seedhugs

„ ORIENTALIS, 4, 6, 6. 7, to 10 and 12 feet ; 7 to 20 feet m olr-
cumfurence ; most beautiful plants
PINUS CEMBRA, 6, 7. to 9 feet
„ PINSAPO, 3, 4, 5, and 6 feet

„ „ Some very flne plants, 10 to 20 feet high, 15 and 26 feOt
in circumference
WELLINGTOMA GIGANTE^L, a large number, &11 tetnoved

recently, 4, 6,(5, & 10 ft. high, Jfcliai.dlift. in circumference
RaODODENDRONS. — We have 4)1 acres of land In one piece filled
almost tjcclusively with Rhododendrons. A more healthy
and beautiiul stocli cannot be desired,
Sl'ANDARD RHODODENDRONS.— Some of the finest plants to
be found in any hiirsery, many are 20 to 40 yeai-s old
C^ The large Standard and other Rhododendrons planted last
Bpring in Rotten Row, Hyde Park, were supplied by Waterer

ft OODFRET.

We do not quote prices, we presume purchasers of auch large
plants will adopt the much wiser, and always more satisfactory
course, of seeing and judging for themselves.

We solicit an inspection and invite oomparison with any other
similar nursery stock in the kingdom.

The Knup IIlU Nursery is upwards of 150 acres in extent, ahd con-
tains an enormous and very superior stock of the ordinary sized
EVERGREENS. DECIDUOUS ORNAMENTAL TREES, &c.

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE will be forwarded
tree on application to

Waterer &. Goufbey Knap Hill Nurserj-, Woking, Surrey.

The Nursery is readily reached by Train, 40 minutes from Waterloo
to Woking. Conveyonoea are always to be had at th« Station.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltham CrosB, N.

WM. PAUL bc^'rt to iinununoc! th.tt be has the
folluwing COLLECTIONS of TREES and PLANTS now
ready for delivery, which ho can confldontly rocommena for quality
and price : —

ROSES.— 100,000 riunty, Stsindards, Dwarf Standards,
and Dwarfs.
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE froo on application.

TIIEES and SHUUBS.— Large quantities of tlie popular
Nursery Plants of all aizefl, good and cheap.
A choice variety of PICTORIAL TREES, his collection of which
was the only one which received a Prize at tho International
Exhibition of IbW. __^„^_^

AMERICAN" PLANTS. — Rhododendrons, Azaleas,
Kalmlas, Heaths, Ac, in variety, tVom tho commonest to the
choicest.

FRUIT TREES. — Apples, Pears, Chen-ies, PluniB,
Figs, Peaches, Nectarines. Apricots, &o., Ac. ; Standards,
Dwarft), and Pymmidn, trained and untrained. A large stock of
handsome trees, many In a fruiting state.

RAPE VINES. -All the best eorU, botli Planting

and Fruiting Canes.

G

PELARGONIUMS.— Beaton's and other Zonal kinds,
Gold, Bronze, and Silver variegated, a flne collection.

HYACINTHS, TULIPS, and other BULBS.— AU the
First Prizes for Hyacinths and Tulips were awarded to his
Collection at tho London Flower Shows last spring. Cheap
Hyacinths, Tulips, Slc, for spring gardening by the 100 or 1000.
Choicer Kinds for pot culture and (flaoses good and cheap.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of any or all of the
above free by post.

LarcH, &c.

LARCH, 2i to 4 feet. Ids. ; 3 to 4^ feet, 17^. 6d. ;
3i to 6 feet, 20s.; SCOTCH FIR. 1 to 2 feet, 16«. ; SPRUi^E,
1 to li foot, 10s. ; SILVER FIR, G to 12 ins., 6s. ; OAK. Ii to 2i feet.
16s. per lUOO. LIST of other TREES on application. Special
quotations for large quantities. Apply, with reference, to
jAMts RiDDELL. St«w.ar(l, Park Attwood, Bewdley, Worcestershire.

Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfleld,

Sussex.

WM. WOOD AND SON have a very extensive stock
to ofler of the following, viz. :—
Scarlet HORSE CHESTNUTS, Standards, 6 to 10 feet tlOOO

CATALPA SYRING^FOLIA | THUJA ADREA, by the lou or
LABURNUMS, yellow and purple | Strong ASPARAGUS Plants
LARCH, SPRUCE, and SCOTCH FIRS

PINUS AUSTRIACA [and other Forest Trees

ASH, BIRCH. WILLOW, HORNBEAM, OAKS, SYCAMORE,

CATALOGUES and Samples may be had on application.

SPECIAL OFFER.

BERBERIS COMMUNIS, 2 to 2i feet

„ DULCIS, 2 to2i feet

DOUBLE PINK THORNS, 3 to 6 feet

,, WHITE THORNS, 3 to 5 feet

PINUS AUSTRIACA, fine. 2i to 3i feet
OAK, ENGLISH, 2 to 3 feet
SPKUCE FIR, 1 to 3 feet.
A reduced PRICED LIST of the above and other surplus stock on

aupllcatlon to

Thomas S. Wabe, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham, Middlesex, N7

Wonersh Nursery, near Guildford, Surrey.

W VIRGO AND SUN he^ to announce that their
• Stock of TREES and SHRUBS of the undermentioned
kinds is this season very exteuoive and well-grown, samples, prices,
and Catalogues of which can be obtained on application :—

100,000 Hazul, 3 to 5 feet
6u,<iOU Spruce Fir, 2 to 4 feet
60,000 Spanish Chestnut, li to
30,000 Alder. 3 U< 4 teet (2 ft.
60,000 Ash, 3 to 3 feet
20,000 Syc'iraore, 3 to 4 feet

500,000 Qaick, transplanted, IJ to
2 feet

60,000 GreeuHolly.transplanted,

U to 2 ft.
Pinus Austriaca, l to 2 feet

Horse Chestnuts, 3 to 4 i 5 to 7 ft.
Common and Portugal Laurel
Berberis aquifolia
Arbor-viUie

And other various Shrubs.

A large stock of strong STANDARD MORELLO CHERRIES,
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and DWARF-TRAINED do.

Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

FRUITS, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNAMENTAL TREES.

THOMAS WARNKR begs to remind Planters and the
Trade, th;it in addiuion to bis extensive General Nursery Stock
he has the f'jllowing in immense quantities, of unsurpassed quality,
and at very reasonable prices :—
APPLES, APRICOTS, PEARS, and PLUMS, Standards, with.

stems 4 to 0 feel, and good heads, extra fine
APRICOTS, CHERRIES, and PEACHES, Dwarfs
CHERRIES and PEACHES. Dwarl-traiued

CURRANT.S, HOUGHTON CASTLE or VICTORIA, RED, strong
GRAPE VINES. BLACK HAMBURGH

STRAWBERRIES (in 26 flne sorts) (good

ROSES finest varieties. Dwarfs on Manettl, remarkably strong and
ABIES CANADENSIS or HEMLOCK SPRUCE, 2i to SJ feet
ARBOR-VlT.di, AMERICAN. 3 to 6 feet, bushy and well rooted

„ SIBERIAN, U to 4 I'oet, Pyramids, very handsome
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 9 mcbes to 2 feet high, bushy
BOX, TREE (various sorts), 1 to 2i feet

CEDRUS ARGENTEA, 1 to 4 leet, transplanted September, 1866
CHESTNUT, SCARLET-FLOWERED, 3 to 8 feet, very stout
CLEMATIS VITALjOA (Traveller's Joy), transplanted
ELMS, standards (various sorts), 6 to 12 feet, extra flne
IW, IRISH, 34 to4i feet, strong and bushy, in pots, remarkably flne
POPLARS, BLACK ITALIAN and ONTARIO, 4 to 8 feet
SAVIN, 1* to2i feet
Si'CAMORE, COMMON, 4 to C feet, very fine

„ V A R 1 EG ATE D, 4 to 10 fewt
TUORNS, SCARLET and PINK, Standards, 6 to 8 feet
YSWS, ENGLISH and IRISH, 1 to 4 feet.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or RetaU.

N

EW and RARE TREES and SHRUBS.

OLMUS AUREA ROSS EE LSI.— This elegant and gorgeous tree
is one of the richest lawn gems that this age of novelties has
produced. The loUage is of the richest BPvONZED GOLD, which
IS increased m brilliancy by the fullest exposure to the sun.
Price, 10s. Gd., las., to 218. each.

PRUNUS MAHALEB FOLIIS ARGENTEIS MARGINATIS.—
A beautiful silver variegated form of Prunus Mahaleb, rivalling
in Bfl'ect the elegant Cornus mascula variegata. Price, strong
Standards, 16a. each.

MAGNOLIA LENNE.— The flowers of this flne Magnolia are very
large, and of great substance ; colour, rich bnght purple. Habit
vigorous. Forms a tine mass on lawns. The best of all the
hybrids. Price. 7fi. 6rf. to 10s. 6<(. each.

ROSE COMTEdSE DE JAUCOURT.— This is decidedly the finest
new Rose of 1807. It is of vigorous growth, erect habit, and
blooms freely. The flowers are large, of a beautiful flesh rose, of
esquisite form and very double. Price, Dwarfs, 6s. ; Stan-
dards, 7«. Gd.

ROSE TEA, MARECHALNIEL.— The largest and mostbnlliant
of all the yellow Roses. Price— Dwarfs, 2ii. Gd. ; Standards, os.

LILAC, VILLE DE TROYES (BaltSt frdres, Troyes, ISW).— A
Splendid new Lilac, now offered for the first time. The trusses
are very large, and of the deepest purple, and produce a fine
effect. Vig<rr6ua*nd very flowering. Price bs, to 7*. Ed. each.

FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR CUCULLATUS (Balt^t fi-Ares, Troyes,
1867). —This very curious and very ornamental Ash is now ofl^ered
for the first lime. It is of vigorous gro^vth, and the peculiar
nooding ol the leaves presents a singular and striking aspect.
Price 5a. to 7s. 6d. each-
Sole Agents in England for the two laatrnamed novelties, John and

Chaules Lee, Royil Vineyard Nursery and Seed EsUbliahment,

Hammeruolth, London, W.

OPECIMEN and GREENHOUSE PLANTS for

O Immofllato KALE, in conHequiiico of the breaking up ofa
Gentleman's e»tnlillBhnient. Tho flluwing are the diniunitlonM of a
f.iw ot thoni— thuv niu nil young, and in Ibu lliiust p(iM»lt)lo health:-
Apheiexls hpfctiiblliM. 3 by ;j ; i\iihckslB nmciiiiitlia roMva. 2 by 2;
Erlostomon llniliiliuin, 3 by 3} ; Enacrib pulchollu. 4 by 44 ; Epucils
niiiiiata, 3 by 3 ; Eltacrlh eclq.Be, 4 by 3} ; Erica CiiVvuoiHhil, 3 by 3 ;
Erica Dduulii"!!, 2 by 2 ; Erica cximta, 2 by 2 ; Eiica eUgauB, 2 by 2 ;
Erica prupi'iidonu, 3 by 3 ; Erica voutrlcoba mognlflca, 2 by :£; Erloa
ventricoHu iiiiCor, 2 by 2.
DowNiE, Laiihi, &, Laino, Staustead Park Nursery, Koreat 11111, l:i.E.

ACORNS (fclNOLISH), fine sound seed, price' upon
application. LAUREL (COMMON), 1-yr. CuttlngH, Oltra flne,
price upon apulicatlon.

TRADE C^\TALOGL

ROSES, £o., fieo upon application.
A ft)W bushels of HdRSE CH
DiLLisTi>.'JB& Woui>Tuuui'E,Muiiro Nursery, Slble Iledlughuin, Edsex.

U EEDLIN G FOREST TREES, &c.

O ASH, 2-yr„ 2m. ; IIEECH, 3-yr., 3«. {id. ; HOLLIES, l-yr., 6#. ;
OAK, 3-yr, 7«, flti. ; QUICK, 1-yr.. U. Gd. ; SILVER FIR, 6-yr.,
^.Gd. ; SPRUCE, 6-yr., 3«. t('/. ; CRAB. 3-yr.. 6 ; and SYCAMORE,
3-yr., 3«. Gd. i>er lOOO Cheaper by tho lOli.OOu. Apply to

J. RiuuKLL, Pai-k Attwood, Bowdluy, Witrcestei-Mhtre.

TRADE CATALOGUE of iRUITS. HERUACEOUB PLANTS,
application.
A ft)W bushels of HdRSE CHESTNUTS aluo to spare.

To. Gentlemen, Nurserymen, and Planters.

DKLEinNE'S NKW OE.NKKAL CAT.Vl.OOUK of
FRUIT and ORN AM ENT.(VL TREES liaa jUbtboon publlMhed.
VxLti'iNh, Sun., btg.s to call the attention ot Planters to hiu large
tock of the following :—
STANDARD. PYRAMID, and DWARF FRUIT TUBEb and

FRUITING SHRUKS.
FOREST ana ORNAMENTAL FL.OWER1NG and BEARING

TREE.S, CONIFElt^:, EVERQKEEN.S. and SHRUBS.
AMERICAN PLANTS and ROSES.

Young Plants or Seedlings of all sorts for Nursorica, Hedges, and
extenolvo Plantations.

Propnotor of one of the most extensive Nurseries in tblii part of
France (called, with reason, Lo Jardin da la France), M. Dklkpihk
is able to furnish very hardy, robust, and strong Stocky of the above.
CATALOGUE and Prices may be obtained post free on application
to Delupine alufi, NurSMrjmau, Route Neuve de Saumur, ^ Angers,
France; or of his London Agents, Messrs. R. Silushrad It Son,
6, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street, E.C.

Edwards' Eclipse Cucumber.

G^EORGE EiiSV ARDS r;m otttir a bniall Stock of Seed
of tne above CUCUMBER, which is pronounced by all who
navo seen It to be the best in cultlvutioii. It Is a most prolific
be.trer, plJsse^HiDg every quality of a flrst-rate Cucumber, and pro-
duces fruit 20 to 24 inches in length at every joint. Orders have
been given by all who have seen it growing this season. Can be had
in Packets uf 8 Seei s, at 2s. Gd. eacli, at

George Edwakhs. King Street, Castlegate, York.
London Agents :— H u ttai & Sow, 0, Leadenhall street, E.C.

lEAKALE for i-OUClNO.— Strong 2-yr. planted
J roots, 12.S-. per lno ; Second Size. 8s. per 100.

Mr. MvAiT, Manor Farm, Doptford.

M

ILKY WHl'lJi (WnEELEK's), the best second
EARLY KlUNEi PUTAIO, is. per peck.
Mr. MvATT, Manor Farm, Deptford.

MONA'S PRIDE (RouTLEDOE), tlie best of all the
EARLY ASH-LEAF Section, 2s. U. per peck.
Mr. Myatt, Manor Farm, Deptford.

MYATT'S PROLIFIC KIDNEY POTATO,
28. Gd. per peck.
Mr. MvATT, Manor Farm, Deptford.
N.B. All orders from unknowii correspondents muat be accom*
panied by cash or reference. — Manor Farm, Deptford.

Seed Fotatos.

HAND F. SHAUPE are now offering MYATT'S
• EARLY PROLIFIC KIDNEY, RIVERS' ROYAL ASH-
LEAF, WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY, DA INTREE'S EARLIEST,
EARLY OXFORD, EARLY FORTY-FOLD. and m,iny other Early
and Late varieties grown from their own selected stocks. The
Prices are moderate, and the quality excellent. PRICED LISTS
may be hi*d on applicatlun.

Seed Growing Establishment. Wisbech.

ILKY AVHITI':, ii iNEW t'OTATO, introduced by
Messes. WHEELER and SON, of Gloucester.

ILKY^VHITE is the "best of all PoUtos.

M^

MILKY WHITE 18 acknowledged to be the best of all
Potatos. In shape and coloui', mivour and appearance, it
excels every other variety. It is as winto as milk, floury as a Fluke,
lipens in August, and continues in splendid condition for Cooking
all througti the Autumn, Winter, and Sprmg.

M

ILKY WHITE POTATO— while aa milk.

■jV/Tli-KY WHITE is of the finest quality.
ILKY WHITE SEED POTATOS are very scarce,

and early orders are absolutely necessary in order to secure a
supply. Lowest pnce, Ss. per pack ; 20s. per bushel {66 lb.)

MILKY WHITE. — Laet year the demand for this new
and most excellent variety greatly exceeded the supply, bo
that very early in the planting season Messrs. Wheelku & Som were
obliged, much to their regret, to decline orders. They have every
reason to behove that the demand thi« coming season will exceed
that of last year ; they therefore respectfully iirge the Importance of
ordering whibt they are to be had. The lowest price is 6a. per peck
(141b.), or 20s. per bushel (oGlb.)

J. C. WuttLLK &, Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

Splendid New Potato for 1868.

BUTTONS' BERKSHIRE KIDNEY.— This was raised
and selected from among forty seedlings of the Fluke. Having
ourselves planted it with different varieties of that class, we have
proved it to be by far the best of them all, and fully a lortoight
earlier. The tubers are all of good size, very numerous, of fine form,
and remarkably clear skin. It 13 most valuable for the mam garden
crop, and will become a favourite with market gardeners. It has
been remarkably free from disease, while other vaneties growing
close by were almost destroyed. The stock of this Potato is
exclusively m our possession, and being limited, early orders are
recommended to prevent disappointment. Price Ss. per peck.
Sdttos t Sons, Royal Berks Seed Establiabment, Reading.

LEE'S OIANT OKACH (SPINACH).— This new and
valuable variety of Orach possesses immense productive
powers, combined with a delicious piquant flavour, qmte dlstmct
from all other varieties, rendering it a great acqmsition as a Summer
Spinacli of the highest class.

Tue plant is of rapid and vigorous growth, and attains a height of
6 or 7 teet, with numerous brunches ; yielding a constant supply of
large dark green leaves throughout the summer months.

The Fruit Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society awarded
a Flrst-clasa Certificate to Leb's Giant Orach, aRer partaking of a dish
of this most useful vegetable, cooked especially for their iudgment.

John & Charles LtE have much pleasure in introducing thlB
productive vegetable, which they intend to send out in January next.
Sealed packets, lo.'. each. Price to the Trade on application.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed EatablLshment, Hammeramith,W

HENRY DEWAK begs to otJer the undermentioDed
SEEDS which he can with confidence recommend aa being
First-class {m sealed packets onlyl :—
DEWAR'S IMPROVED SHORT-TOP RED BEETS, U. per packet.
NORTHUMBERLAND CHAMPION WHITE CELER^. 1«. p. pkt.
Extra choice (selected) BRUSSELS SPROUTb. Gd. per packoL
COOKE-S improved superb EARLY DWARF CABBAGE (id. p.pkt.
HALL^NEfr HYBRID NETTED GREEN-FLESU &iELoi5.-
A hardy fiee-beariug variety, fruit averagiog Irom 3 to 61b. ; thin
skinned very fleshy, and of most exqmsite flavour; 1«. tid. p. pkt.
' Prices to the Trade on application.
'J7, Grey Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

1264

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AORICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Decembeb 14, 1867.

MAGNIFICENT DWARF CDT-BACK PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, by the dozon or hundred.
Estra strong 2, 3. and 4-jr. OLD ASPARAGUS PLANTS, by the

100, 1000, or 10.000.
Fine large BLACK ITALIAN POPLARS. 6 to 10 feet.

Wm. Wood A SoK have to offdr a splendid stoelc of the above.
Address, Woodlands Nursery, Maresdeld, near UckBeld, Sussex.

Patronised by Her Majesty tlie Queen,

And His Roval Hiounkss the Prince op AValss.

THE SEEDLING APPLE, LORD BURGHLEY,
was awarded a Fii-at-class Certificate by the Royal Horticultural
Society, March 21, 18t>5.

The opinion of tho Fruit Committee of the above Society, also
testimonials from Me^^sra. Rivers, Lee, Pearson, and other emlneut
Fruit Growers, may be had on application to

J. House, Kastgate Nursery, Peterborough,

Fme Trees, 3s. Od. and 6». each.

CATALOGUES on application, post free.

CALVILLE BLANCHE APPLES are now selUng in
Covent Garden Market at Is. 6d. to 2s. each fruit. See
Gardeners' Ciiro'iiicle, p. 1168.

Henry May offers a splendid lot of Trees of the above, worked on
the French Paradise Stock, with fnilt buds, imported direct from
Irance, Is. &0. each ; 6 for 6s. ; 12 for 9s. Trade price on application.

Also that splendid Apple COXE'S OB.ANGJS PIPPIN, on
Paradise, Is. Qd. each ; lis. per dozen.

LORD BURGHLEY, 1-year cut back, 3s. &d. each ; Maidenn,
2s. 6tZ. each, 24s. per dozen. Also the New Apples BARON
WARD. DUKE of DEVONSHIRE. LORD DERBY. LORD SUF-
FIELD, NORTHERN SPY, RINGER, &c., Is. 6d. each.

Splendid STANDARD APPLES, 6 feet stems, good heads, 12s.
per dozen.

BUSH APPLES, furnished with fruit spurs, 18s. per dozen.

PEARS on Quince, 18s. ; PEARS on Pear, 12s. per dozen.
Henry May, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Yorkshire.

Melon, New Hybrid Prize, Golden Queen.

STUART AND MElN, Seedsmen, Kelso, N.B., have
much pleasure in offering the above. It is a hybrid between the
Bromham Hall and Golden Perfection, and the result of a careful
selection by one of the first Gardeners in the North of England. The
fruit is of medium size, 2to2}lb. in weight, round shaped. Irregularly
netted, extremely thin skinned, juicy, tender, melting, and of
delicious flavour. A beautiful green-fleshed variety.

The above description Is that of Mr. B. S. Williams, of Victoria
Nurseries, London; and Mr. Rose, Haad Gardener to His Grace the
Duke of Roxburghe, Floors Castle, to whom the fruit was submitted,
and who pronounced it the flnestt green-fleshed Melon they had
ever tasted. It was named Golden Queen by Mr. Williams, in
honour of Her Majesty's visit to Kelao. S. k M. may add that thin
flrst-cIass varioty is of hardy constitution, a free setter, and has been
awarded a Prize wherever exhibited.

In sealed imckets, price 2.s. tW. pi-r packet.

IjiIFTY ACRES well stocked with FRUIT TREES
V to select from. — APPLES. PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, in every form desired
tor fruiting.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, free bv post for 3 stamps.
Richard Suith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

FOR THE OPEN GROUND.—
APPLES, PEARS. PLUMS, and CHERRIES, fine healthy
Pyramids, very ornamental and productive. Strongly recommended
for large and small gardens.

See Richard Smitu's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stamps.
RioqabdSuitii, Nurseryman, Worcester.

ESPALIER and WALL-TRAINED TREES
. in any quantitv.— APPLES, PEARS. PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHES. NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, fine strong trees of
perfect form.

See Richard Suitu'b FRUIT LIST, free by post for 3 stamps.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

A CROP of FRUIT the FIRST SEASON.-
Bearlng Pyi-amids and Bushes in pots for orchard houaea.
PEACHES. NECTARINES, APRICOTS, APPLES, PEARS,
PLUMS, and CHERRIES. Eitra strong VINES and FIGS la
fruiting condition for forcine.

See Richard Smith's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stamps.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

MAGNIFICENT D WARE - TRAINED

FRUIT TREES,
By the Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand.
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES, NECTA-
RINES, and APRICOTS. (NECTARINES.
Also Standard, wall-trained, fruit bearing, PEACHES and
PYRAMIDAL PEARS on the Quince Stock in a fruit-bearing
state ; and PYRAMIDAL PEARS, on the Pear Stock, extra
strons and well grown.
Wu. WuoD k SoM have many acres of the above named, which for
health and vigour are quite unsurpassed in the trade. The Trees
have been most carefully trained, and are really examples of auc<
oessful cultivation.

Address, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld, Suaser.

MAURICE YOUNG'S J^EW CATALOGUE of NEW
HARDY PLANTS, JAPANESE NOVELTIES. NEW
AUCUBAS, ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS. EVER-
GREENS, CONIFERiE. RHODODENDRONS, FOREST TREES
&c., may be had on application. '

DESIGNS. PLANS, and ESTIMATES PREPARED
for LAYING.OUT NEW GROUNDS, IMfROVINO PARK
SCENERY, PLANTATIONS, Sc. »^^J>.

lOEEST TREES PLANTED by the Acre, and
Guaranteed.

Convenient railway accommodation to all parts of the country.

Milford Nurseries, near Godalming, Surrey.

F

To the Trade Only.

THOMAS CRIPPS AND SOIS'S WHOLESALE
CATALOGUE for the present Season, containing 82 paKes of
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, can be had Post Fral It mil be
found to Include the NEW SILVER-EDGED PRUNUS (CERASUSI
MAHALEB.ROSSEELS'NEW GOLDEN ELM NEW AUCUBAS
HYDRANGEAS, OSMANTHUS, WEIGELAS, and every novelty of
merit. CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA SEED ia any quintity
The Nurseries, Tunbndge Wells, Kent.

LOISE-CHAUVIERE, Seedsman, Nubseri-man, and
Florist, 14. Quai de la Meglsserie. Paris, begs to Inform his
numerous Friends and those interested, that he can ©O'er the most
complete collection of GLADIOLI bulbs, of the finest oualitv

All kinds of VEGETABLE and AGRICULTURALT SEEDS are
Bupplied by this firm, prices of which may be had on application

LoiSE-CuAuviKRit has been rewarded with the Gold Medal for the
numerous plants which he exhibited at the *' Universal Exhibition '
amongst which were Gladioli, Dahlias, Gloxinias, Annuals and
Ornamental plants. *

Cliristmas Trees.

ENGLISH SPRUCE FIR, 3 to 4 feet, busby from the
bottom, of perfect shape, 6d. each. Os. per dozen, 4iJs nor 100
ENGLISH YEWS, \\ foet, well furnished, lbs. per loo
ENGLISH YEWS, 2* to 3 feet, well furnished, 9s. per dozen
PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 feet and 2i feet througli. &i. par dozen.
AUSTRIAN PINES, 3 leet, furnished to the bottom, 40:* uor 100
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, 5 feet, 3 to 4 foet throuKh. lOs '
each.

, 5 feet, 3 to 4 foet through, lOs. Qd.

THUJOPSIS BOREALIS, 3 feat. 30s. per dozen.
Pine-named Hybrid Perpetual ROSES, Qs. per dozen
LARCH, extra Transplanted, 4 to 6 feet, fine. 30^:. per 1000
LARCH, extra Transplftnteri, 1! to 3 feet, 17s per 1000
All other FOREST TREES and SHRUBS, fine and well roottd
Henry May, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Yorkshire.

PARIS, 1867.

FOK EXCELLENCE OP QUALITY.

CAETER'S

SELECT LIST of KITCHEN GARDEN

AND

FLOWER SEEDS,

Is now ready, containing the CHOICEST NOVELTIES of the SEASON, and will be forwarded.
Gratis and Post Pree, on application to

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C-

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL FOR GRASS SEEDS
UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, PARIS, 1867,

JAMES CAETER & CO.,

237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C,

HAVE HAD THE

SILVER MEDAL AWABDED
FOR THE SUPERIOR QUALITY OF THEIR GRASS SEEDS.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have had the honour of Supplying their BRASS SEEDS during the past
Season for the Squares and Gardens of Paris ; the Park of the Paris Exhibition ; and also for the Priyate
La\vn of H.R.H. the Crown Princess of Prussia, at Sanasovie.

ONLY PRIZE MEDAL

Foa

GENERAL EXCELLENCE OP SEEDS,

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1862,

TO

JAMES CARTER and CO.,
237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

SUPERB NEW LATE GRAPE,

"MES. PINCE'S BLACK MUSCAT."

All the most eminent Grape Growers have united in pronouncing this to be the VERY BEST GSAFB
EXTANT. Fruit of it remained on the Vine until May 10, 1867.

LUCOMBE, PINCE, and CO. beg to inform the Public that they have stiU a few fine FRUITING VINES of
this valuable GRAPE to offer.

EXETER NURSERY, EXETER.

ROYAL VINEYARD PEACH.

This remarkable PEACH is of very robust habit, and is a most prolific bearer. It is so hardy, that in 1865 it
bore a heavy crop of large fruit

AS AN ORCHARD STANDARD,

several branches having each borne from four to five fruit, weighing ten ounces a-piece. It is a free-stone of moat
luscious flavour, with a superabundance of juice, and is just sufliciently piquant to render it highly refreshing. The
time of ripening is about a week earlier than the Barrington Peach.

JOHN AND CHARLES LEE have much pleasure in introducing this extraordinary Peach, which was
exhibited at Mr. Webber's, in Covent Garden Mai-ket, in 1865, and was much admired and inquired after at the time.

Dwarf Maiden Trees are now ready, price 10s. 6d. each.

ROYAL VINEYARD NURSERY and SEED ESTABLISHMENT, HAMMERSMITH,

LONDON, W.

TWO SUPERB NEW MELONS.

JAMES DICKSON & SONS

HAVE TH£ DUEATEST CONrlDENCE IN INTEODXJCING AND HECOMMENDINa, A8 BEmO KEAL ACaUISITIOKS,

THE TWO FOLLOWING NEW AND SUPERB MELONS,

Which they believe to- be superior to any others, and of which they hold the entire stocks.

DUKE of COBN'WALL.

This valuable Melon is the production of Mr. T. Shortt, the raiser of several well-known varieties. It is a hybrid
between " Trentham Cocoa Nut" and a very fine Italian variety. The fruit averages from 3 to 4 lb; in weight;
has a yellowish green rind, flesh of a deep green colour, and delicious llavour. Should be sown about the middle or
end of May, and can be had in use tUl the middle of January. The fruit improves after being cut, and has the
unusual and desirable property of keeping 6 or 8 weeks.

GOLDEN EVEBSLEY.

This excellent early and paoLiFio variety is by the same eminent raiser as the preceding, and is a hybrid
between his "Heckfield Hybrid" and "Orion Prize." Of a handsome oval shape, light yellow colour, and
beautifully reticulated ; the flesh is pale green, and in point of flavour pronounced by the best judges to be unequalled

In Sealed Packets, Ss. 6d. eacli.

Prices to the Trade on application.

102, EASTGATE STREET, and "NEWTON" NURSERIES, CHESTER.

December U, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE ANT) AGRTCTTLTTIRAL (iAZKTTE.

I2i;5

SUTTONS' HOME-GROWN SEEDS.

(CARRIAGE FREE.)

PARIS, 1867.
THE ONLY SILVER MEDAL

FOR ENGLISH

GARDEN AND FLOWER SEEDS

WAS AWAFDED TO

SUTTON AND SONS.

BUTTONS'

COMPLETE COLLECTIONS

FOR ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY,

(CARRIAGE FREE.I

are now ready.

FOR THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

No. 1.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of the
beet kinds of VEGETABLES, as
proved in Messrs. Suttons' Trial

Grounds,. .. ., ,, ..£3 3 0

No. 2.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto 2 2 0

No. 3.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto 1 U 6

No. 4.-A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto 1 1 0

No. 5.— A COMPLETE COLLECTIOM of ditto 0 15 0

No. 6.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto 0 12 (i

No. 7.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto,

extra quantities, for larje G.irdena.. .5 5 0
Contents of tlie above Collections on appUeatioii .

FOR THE FLOWER GARDEN.

(Freeby Post or Rail).

No. I.— A COLLECTION of the best GER-
MAN and ENGLISH FLOWKR
SEEDS, saved by eminent Florists.. £2 2 0
No. 2.— A COLLECTION of ditto .. .. 1 11 6
No. 0.— A COLLECTION of ditto . . ..110
No. 4— A COLLECTION of ditto . . . . 0 1.5 0
No. 5.— A COLLECTION of ditto . . . . 0 10 6
Other COLLECTIONS from 2s. M. to lOt. 6d.

Just published, price Is. Post Free, Gratis to Customers,

SUTTONS' SPRING CATALOGUE

AND

AMATEUR'S GUIDE FOR 1868

(ILLUSTRATE D|.

containing much useful information on
FLORICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, and AGRICULTURE-

Report.

" f:< LADIOLL-TOtTELL and CO.— Tour Spikes of

VX BRENCIir.EYENSI.S, thrtuRh porhnpn scMcoly RO larna ii«
thoBo you BOnt liwt year, (ire MAfu<irirKVT, nnd (^illy entitle tlitfl
flenorvorDv faTonrito vnrlotv to hold n foromoHt plftco ftRfiliint nil
compotltors."— I'lWc Oarrifnem' Chyonir.li; AuKiwt .11. !fi17, p. (W1.
Snmplen ami nrlccn may ho had post free on applli'atloii.
AIko a largo and nuporh collection of named varlotion. tnio to
name, at nintiei.n raior.. Prtco of AZALEAS. CAMELLIAS.
ERICAS, EPACRI.S. GREENHOUSE PLANTS, New VIOLKT.S,
Ac., may be had free on application.
Royal Nurseries. Oro^t Yarmouth.

Gladioli, OladioU, Oladloll.

THOS. HEWITT offers larRo nnd sound BULBS of
Engllnh raL-iod RoedllnRn nf vnrlniifi cojonr.t, nt i.i. por rloion, or
SiS,*. per 100, llotnK SnofllinRR oT Q \nrlavon«l<i thoy riro of rohiiBt oon-
fltltution, nni wlillo they are oqvifil In hoauty to nftmed VRrlotloH, aro
not 80 Uablo to go ftlnosHed. Two Biilbn us namplo, Treo by p08t. for
12 stninps. Special prices for larffo qiuintutes.
Tha Nnrsoriea. Solihull, Warwickshire.

Beck's Seedling Pelargoniums.
G GLENDINNING and SONS are now ofTerinp for
'^■J • the flrflt tlmn thn 12 beauMfnI. now, and dlntinct PELARGO-
NIUMS raised by Mr, WipRlns, Gr. to W. Bkck, Esq,, of Isleworth.
which woro awarded numerous CertlflcatoB at the various Metro-
politan SnowB.

DlLSCRIPTIVE PRICED LIST may bo had on application.
Chidwlck Nnraorles. London, W,

SUTTONS' SHOET SELECT SEED LIST

is also ready, and may be had Gratis and Post Free.

For LIST of

NEW SEEDS AND POTATOS

for 1868,

See page 1237 of last week's Gardeners' Chronicle, or

SUTTONS' AMATEUR'S GUIDE.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.

J WATSON'S beautiful BEmiNG PELARGONIITM
• EXCELSIOR, now ready ; colour of Indian Yellow ; fine
tmnfl, and habit of Lord Palmernton. Price fi«. each ; 30rt, per doz.
to the Trade.

MISS WATSON, ready Aupiat 2S ; MRS. DIX, May 1, The Two
have received in Fir«t-olafia Certlflcatea and Extra Prl^o Monov.

Fine New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN, Ripe In
ApnI. Plants readvlnNoTember, 6a. each; 3(Vi. per doz to the Trade.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

D

OBSONS' CELEBRATED SEEDS.

In Bealed packety, pout free. Unequalled qnillty.

Antirrhinum, Brf., Xx,
Ralsam. superb. 1.^., 2.t.
Calceolaria, 1.^. fW., 2«. firf., 5ji.
Cineraria, prize, l.i., 2a. M., 53.
Cockecnmb, \s.
Hollyhock. 1.^., 2.*. 6(f.
Pelargonium, show. 2,t. M.,

PolarRonlnm, fancy, 2«. (Vf., 5s.
Primula flmbrlata rubra, in. 6rf.,

Do. do, aiha, 2s. fid., fis.
no, do. miied, l.";.. 2«. M-, 5s.
Intermediate Stock, firf,. Is.
Sweet William, ad.. Is.

Trade Prices on aopllcation,
Donsftff & Sows, Seed Merchants, Isleworth, W.

Seedling Japanese ChzTBantbemums.

JOHN SALTER has much plpaaure in annonnrinc
that thPBO extraordinary FLOWERS are NOW In BLOOM :
their fantastic form, novel and brilliant colours, are tho wonder and
admiration of all. The Gardens are Open every day except Sunday,
admittance free.

Versailles Nursery. William Street, Vale Place, Hammersmith,
near Kensincton Railwav Station.

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulbs, ftc.

ROBERT PARKER be^s to flunounce thiit his NEW
CATALOGUE, containinc Select, DeRcripttve. nnd Priced
Lists of New. Rare, and heautiful Grcenhonse, Hardy and Stove
Plants, Azalea Indica, Fnilt Trees. Grip© Vines, RhododendmnR,
Roses, Sweet Violets, Ac. ; AmarvUls, Crocuses, Cvclamonn, Gladioli,
Hyacinths, Liliums, Narcissus, Tiilinn, and other Bulbs, is now
publiabed and will be forwarded to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S.

Eiit <5attretterjS'©firotttcle,

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 14, 1867.

MEETING FOR THE ENSUING WEEK.
Thursday, Doc. 10— Llnnean 8 p.m.

^^ All Goods Carriage Free, except very small
parcels. Five per cent, allowed for prompt paijnunt.

SUTTON AND SONS,

ROYAL BERKS SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

The once famous Botanic Gardens of
Calcutta are now to be numbered amongst the
things of the past. What of their contents
resisted the force of the cyclone of 1864 have been
swept away by that of the 2d of November last,
together with the rich and varied collections
procured in the interval by its indefatigable and
talented superintendent, and which numbered
some 6000 species ; and whilst we in England
are making ourselves miserable over the loss,
once in 30 years or so, of some score of Cali-
fomian Pines, Cypresses, and Thujas, and asking
whether it is worth while to plant such things
at aU, the dwellers in the "ditch," as tho " City
of Palaces " is called by its detractors, may well
ask themselves whether the cost of a garden
so great and so rich as that of Calcutta, is not a
waste of public money, and misapplication of
scientific energy.

Whether the question has arisen or not, to us
at home it appears a very serious one, and with
the view of collecting the opinions of those of
our correspondents who are familiar with the
situation of that Grarden, we shall now introduce
the subject.

Garden Eeach is on a beautiful bend of the
River Hooghly, some five miles or so below
Calcutta. It embraces a level expanse of muddy
soU, somewhat impregnated with salt, and
occupied by the Botanic Gardens. Nothing
of the kind can exceed in beauty and verdure
this river reach, which greets voyagers as their
vessel steers up the broad breast of the river.

No sooner has the Superintendent's House
burst on the view of the Calcutta-bound ship, than
the word " Garden Eeach " is passed fore and aft,
and the crew and passengers, whether of the
stately old East Indiaman of former days, or the
leviathan paddle-wheel steamer of the present
time, swarm on deck, and gaze with delight on
the scene. On the right, or convex bank in
sailing up, are the Botanic Gardens, with their
groves of Palms, Bamboos, and gigantic trees,
festooned with beautiful climbers, all level with
the eye of the passenger on deck ; on the left are

a series of most noble parks and mansions, tho
residences of some of the wealthiest inhabitants
of Calcutta. In point of beauty of position, then,
and of facilities for tho introduction of exotic
plants, the site of the Garden cannot be improved.
Unfortunately these are its only advantages, and
the disadvantages are so great, th.it its removal
seems inevitable at tho present or at some future
period. For, in respect of situation, it is on tho
opposite side of the River Ilooghly from the
capital — a river most dangerous to cross during
several months of the year, and in all months at
certain states of the tide and weather. Tho
Garden is hence but little visited for purposes of
recreation, and then chiefly by boating parties, in
the cold weather, who must make a whole day of
it. For instructional purposes, or the diffusion of
botanical and horticultural science, whether
through its flower gardens, its classified collec-
tions, its library of reference, its herbarium, or its
economic museum, its utility is as restricted,
for the amateur, and the medical, botanical, and
other students of the College cannot reach it
without great loss of time and expense, whilst the
Superintendent (always a man of tho highest
scientific attainments), residing as he must at
the Gardens, can take no active part in the
scientific meetings of the capital, or exhibit
there, as he should, the fruits of his labours.

Heavy as these drawbacks are, they aro not
counterbalanced by any advantages that could
not elsewhere be found. The soil, which, as wo have
already stated, is impregnated with salt, is further
a clayey silt, that bakes so hard in the dry
season, that watering has in some cases to be
effected by means of Bamboo-tubes thrust several
feet into the ground for the purpose. Being
nearly on one level, and raised but a few feet
above that of the River Hooghly (a tidal river),
the Garden is exposed to violent and sudden
inundations ; and its banks, presenting, as they
do, a convex outline to the stream, are, where
not protected by expensive artificial embank-
ments, annually carried away by many square
yards at a time. To these drawbacks must be
added, unhealthiness as a residence, a climate
singularly unsuited for the producing in
perfection the more interesting and valuable
trees, flowers, and fruits of either a tropical or a
temperate climate; and last, but not least, both
the periodic and sporadic occurrence of the most
terrific cyclones that vex our planet.

Much of this will no doubt surprise the
English reader, who is too apt to regard all
tropical climates as suitable for tropical trees and
fruits, and all tropical countries as groaning
under a superabundant vegetation ; but the fact
is that Lower Bengal, and the neighbourhood of
Calcutta especially, is for] many miles around,
singularly devoid of the noble characteristics of
a tropical vegetation ; it contains scarce half-a-
dozen Palms, only three of which are arboreous,
but one or two species of Bamboo, and these
cultivated, which, with a few Terminalias, Figs,
Naucleas, and some half-dozen other trees, make
up the mass of the arboreous vegetation : of
epiphytical Orchids it boasts but two that are
at all common ; of Ferns not a dozen ; of Tree
Ferns not one. The commonest tropical fruits
that are good, as Mangos, Oranges, Bananas,
Pine-apples, &c., are chiefly brought from a
distance; and the finer kinds — the Mangosteen,
Durion, and Cberimoyer — are quite unknown in
the city markets.

Under such circumstances, the task of keeping
up in the neighbourhood of Calcutta a garden
glorious in its profusion of the Palms and
Cvcads, the Orchids and Ferns, the flowers and
fruits, of Brazil and the West Indies, the Indian
Archipelago and Tropical Africa, must ever rank
as one of the greatest feats of horticulture, and a
proud testimony to the zeal and energy of its
distinguished superintendents, EoxBimGH, Wai-
LicH, Faxconer, Thomson, and Anderson.
That such labours as theirs should twice in three
years be utterly destroyed, and scattered far and
wide by the fiercest winds of heaven, is a
calamity that cannot calmly be contemplated.
The circumstances which we have enumerated
as so prejudicial to the maintenance of a Botanic
Garden at Garden Eeach, and as presenting
such insuperable obstacles to its being avail-
able, render the question of its future site one
of pressing importance, and to which we shall
devote another article.

That the head-quarters of botany and horti-
culture should be at or near Calcutta is
essential, and where so much has been done,
much is obviously worth doing ; but it is

1266

THE GARDENEES' GHEONICLE AND AGEICUETURAL GAZETTE.

[December 14, 1867.

a question whether the Calcutta Ghirden should
not be a comparatively email one, and confined
to purposes of education, illustration, and
the cultivation of such plants as should be
dispersed over Lower Bengal, whilst the main
collection should be removed to some happier
climate, where it would not only be safe from
tempests, but where its contents could be
multiplied and dispersed over other parts of
India and of the globe.

In resuming our remarks on the aspect of the
FLOWER GABDEN and its inmates in various
widely separated parts of the country, we wish
particularly to point out the difference between the
cold, wet, and windy districts, and those that are
warm and dry, as regards their capabilities for
summer flower gardening as it is at present under-
stood. In thesoutheru and centralparts of England,
and in some favoured northern and north-eastern
districts, a wet and bad season may retard, or to
some extent take from the beauty of, the Pelar-
largoniums. Verbenas, &o., that are now so much
employed in the flower garden, but it does not
destroy their brilliancy, and make it doubtful
whether they are worth growing. Not so in wide
districts in the north and north-west, where gar-
dening is much and well practised. There, during
the present year. Pelargoniums have generally
shown little more than leaves, and Verbenas have
rarely had a chance of exposing a perfect truss.
But, happily in such places, the very agents
which are destructive to the beauty of " bedding
plants," pure and simple, are highly conducive
to the prolonged health and beauty of annual
and perennial plants. The Phloxes at Drum-
lanrig and Bothwell Castle, the Stocks at
Archerfield and Meadowbank, and indeed Asters
and Stocks in every Scottish garden, were of high
and lasting beauty. The fines of Stocks at
Archeriield, and the beds of them at Meadow-
bank, looked magnificent compared to the
very best kinds of bedding Pelargoniums
aind Verbenas growing alongside them, and
we learn from Mr. D. Thomson that his
Stocks (the " East Lothian " kinds) have become
more brilliant than at any time during
the season, and will continue to flower freely
tiU Christmas. In the south we may also enjoy
these fine plants ; but it especially behoves
those who live in districts too cold and wet for
some things which we may fully enjoy in the
south and midland counties, to grow in great
Variety, and arrange tastefully, things which so
thoroughly suit their climate as these fine Stocks.
To many other subjects the same remarks apply.
The Pentstemons at Bothwell Castle and Meadow-
bank quite surprised us with their profusion
and long-continuance of bloom ; and Ehodanthe
Manglesii at Drumlanrig was surprisingly beau-
tiful from its assuming a profuse-flowering and
bush-like character, and blooming for a long time
in the highest condition of health. To almost
every good annual or perennial plant, from Aster
to Orobus vernus, the same remarks apply. Surely
these facts point to the desirability, if not the
necessity, of paying tenfold attention to the
classes of plants named. They are beautiful in all
parts, but the short dui'ation of bloom, caused
by growing them in dry soils and warm places,
is often urged as an objection to them. In
situations where this tendency is more or less
obviated by climatal influences, they are the most
beautiful plants we can cultivate in the open air.
The Dahlia is not half sirfficiently grown as an
ornament of the summer flower garden. The
only reason why it should not be so is, perhaps,
because it is one of those things most inaptly
and unwisely called " florists' flowers." Florists'
flowers have, to some extent, " gone out," we
are told ; and so it is, we suppose, that in many
otherwise good gardens we cannot find a trace of
this fine flower. It is true bedding varieties are
generally, but rarely or never much used, though
poor as regards bloom, an attempt is made to
present us with a bold composition in which the
finer show Dahlias and the very pretty Lilli-
putian-flowered kinds may be seen to advantage.
By making bold beds of these, associated, of
course, with the things that most approach them
in size, we may remove much of the flatness which
is one of the worst features of the present type
of flower garden. Consider for a moment how
nobly Cannas of the better kind associate and
mingle with them, and then reflect upon the
grand combination that could be made with these
simple materials alone. Those who do so, will
probably have at least one fine and graceful bed
in their flower-garden in 1868. Imagine what
a grand thing may be made of a " bank " of good

Dahlias, arranged as the old gardeners used to do,
and a variety of the fine and variously tinted
Cannas now in cultivation. Nothing seen in the
garden could have a better effect ; and while small,
isolated beds of such things, here and there, could
not fail to make things pleasantly varied, the
bedding Dahlias are, and will certainly continue
to be, most useful, we believe that the better-
habited of the fine show Dahlias may be
made much more serviceable by the judicious
flower-gardener.

The Cannas may be tried with safety even in
certain warm places in Scotland. The few that
Mr. David Thom.son tried out actually looked
better than those at Kew, doubtless from the
di'y soil of the latter place. Shelter, deep soil,
and plenty of water go a long way in the culture
of Cannas. There is no plant known so capable
of adding effective grace to the flower garden.
Their usefulness is as yet but imperfectly
understood, even in the best of our southern
bedding gardens. To show their capacity for
standing the vicissitudes of our climate, we have
merely to point out, among other facts, that one
of the very finest beds at Battersea this year was
one of Cannas, which had remained out
the preceding winter. In consequence of
the changes that • it is desirable to make
yearly, there is probably very little advantage
in that, but it shows how tenacious of
life and how hardy these plants are. They
are always more graceful and usefully effec-
tive when the force of the plant, so to speak,
is sent into a few stems ; and, therefore, where
they are left out for the winter it might be well
to take them up, and quickly divide and replant
them, except when it is desired to allow them to
form a large unmixed mass. We cannot con-
clude without regretting that they are so often
used to form rather unmeaning though imposing
masses, instead of throwing variety, grace, and
relief among the flowers, R.

A PROMINENT position is due to the following
tale of flction, on account of its beautiful moral.
It affords an excellent lesson eor young
Gardeners, who may think about it with much
advantage to themselves during the long even-
ings of winter, when, the strain of manual labour'
being somewhat relaxed, the mind is the more free
to act. The lesson— Mr. HtJGH Sutherland's
story to Harry Arnold, his pupil — is taken
from MacDonald's " David Elginbrod " (vol. i.,
p. 282):-

" Loni;, long ago, two seeds lay beside each other in
the earth, waiting. It w.is cold .and rather wearisome;
and to beguile the time the one found means to speak
to the otlier.

" ' What are you going to he ? ' said the one.

" ' I don't know,' answered the other.

" ' For me,' rejoined the first, ' I mean to be a Rose.
There is nothing like a splendid Rose. Everybody will
love me then ! '

" ' It 's all right,' whispered the second ; and that was
all he could say ; for somehow when he had said that,
he felt as if all the words in the world were used up.
So they were silent again for a day or two.

" ' Oh, dear ! ' cried the first. ' I've had some water.
I never knew till it was inside me. I 'm growing !
I 'm growing ! Good-bye ! '

" ' Good-bye ! ' repeated the other, and lay still, and
waited more than ever.

" The first grew, and grew, pushing itself straight up,
till at last it felt it was in the open air, for it could
breathe. And what a delicious breath that was ! It
was rather cold, but so refreshing. The flower could
see nothing, for it was not quite a flower yet, only a
plant J and they never see till their eyes come, that is,
till they open their blossoms, and then they are
flowers quite. So it grew, and grew, and kept its head
up very steadily, meaning to see the sky the first
thing, and leave the earth quite behind, as
well as beneath it. But somehow or other,
though why it could not tell, it felt very much
inclined to cry. At length it opened its eyes. It was
morning, and the sky was over its head ; but alas !
itself was no Eose— only a tiny white flower. It felt
yet more inclined to hang down its head and to cry ;
ijut it still resisted, and tried hard to open its eye wide,
and to hold its head upright, and to look full at the sky.

" ' I will be a Star of Bethlehem, at least,' " said the
flower to itself.

" But its head felt verj; heavy, and a cold wind
rushed over it, and bowed it down towards the earth.
And the flower saw that the time of the singing of
birds was not come, that the snow covered the whole
land, and that there was not a single flower in sight
l)ut itself. And it half closed its leaves in terror and
the dismay of loneliness. But that instant it remem-
Ijered what the other flower used to say ; and it said
1,0 itself, ' It's all right, I will be what I can.' And
thereon it yielded to the wind, drooped its head to the
rtavth, and looked no more to the sky but on the snow.
And straightway the wind stopped, and the cold died
iway, and the snow sparkled like pearls .and diamonds ;
;md the flower knew that it was the holding of its head
up that had hurt it so ; for that its body came of the
snow, and that its name was Snowdrop. And so it said

once more, ' It's all right ! ' and waited in perfect peace.
All the rest it needed was to hang 'its' head after its.
nature.

" ' And what became of the other ? ' asked Hiirrv.

" ' Haven't done with this one yet,' answered Hugh.
' I only told you it was waiting. One day a pale, sad-
looking girl, with thin face, large eyes, and long white
hands, came, hanging her head like the Snowdrop,
along the snow where the flower grew ; she spied it,
smiled joyously, and saying, "Ah, my little sister, are
you come ? " stooped and plucked the Snowdrop. It
trembled, and died in her hand : which was a heavenly
death for a Snowdrop, for had it not cast a gleam of
summer, pale as it had been itself, upon the heart of a
sick girl ?

" ' And the other ? ' repeated Harry.

" ' The other had a long time to wait, but it did grow
one of the loveliest Roses ever seen, and at last it had
the highest honour ever granted to a flower ; two lovers
smelt it together, and were content with it. ' "

The moral is so obvious that the writer does

not stop to point it out. It seems to be that we

are like dry seeds, wasting in the dark earth till

the genial drops and sunbeams of knowledge

quicken us into life, and mould our characters

into comely and useful forms ; that each has

only to be true to himself and his advantages, to

be enabled to shine in that sphere of life to

which he has beeii called; and that just as every

seed cannot become a Rose, so no man can be

cut into the exact pattern of any other — ^either

living or dead. Mental life is irrepressible and

incommunicable. It can neither be arrayed in

I the cerements of dead minds, nor dressed in

1 the second-hand clothes or thoughts of the

1 living. Each man must become the architect,

not only of his fortune, but of his character. By

I patient waiting, by earnest work, by gradual

growth, we arrive at the stature of men — not all,

■ alike, but each equally manly. For individuality

j is the law, the essence of life.

Such lessons as these can hardly fail to be
useful among young g,ardeners, and to prove an
antidote to much of that servile copying and
1 lazy imitation that snuffs out genius, strangles
originality, and stops the breath of improve-
ment with the thick swaddling bands of ignor-
j ance, routine, and prejudice. JD.

I The Royal Hokticultural Society's

Aeeangements for next year have just been com-

I pleted as follows, viz.. Show of Hyacinths and Spring
flowers, March 14 ; Roses and Spring flowers,
April 18 ; Early Azaleas and Spring flowers. May 9 j
Great Show, June 2 to 5 ; Special Prize and Pelar-
gonium Show, June IC and 17 ; Rose Show, June 30 ;
Great Provincial Show to be held at Leicester, in
conjunction with the Royal Agricultural Society,
July 16 to 21. The Tuesday meetings and Show
of New and Rave Plants, on January 21, February 18,
November 17, December 15, and on the 1st and 3d
Tuesdays in each month, from March to October
inclusive.

The Royal Botanic Society announces,

amongst its arrangements for 1868, an E.^hibition of
Spring Flowers, to continue during one week, from
March 21st to March 28th ; an American E.'shibition,
to continue from June 1st to June 13th ; and three
Miscellaneous Exhibitions of Plants, Flowers, and
Fruit, to be held respectively on May 27th and 28th,
June 17th and 18th, and July 1st and 2nd. There will
also be Lectures at the Gardens on the following Fri-
days:—May loth, 22nd, 29th; June 5th, 12th, 19th,
26th ; July 3rd.

. In our remarks on the Fall op the Leaf (see

p. 1094), we omitted to refer to an analogous phenome-
non that occurs in some Conifers, notably inTaxodium
distiohum, and to a less extent in some of the Thujas,
and possibly in others that have not come under our
notice. In these cases small branchlets are cast ofij
each beset with numerous small leaves, so that there
is here a very close resemblance between branches and
" compound " leaves, like those of a Rose or Gleditsohia,
and another instance of the close similarity between
stem and leaf, generaUy considered so thoroughly
distinct. We do not find mention of the circumstance
in any book that we have had at hand: but we submit
that the fact, which must be well known to growers of
these plants, may offer some hint as to pruning, if such
be necessary, in these plants. .

In the Proceedings of the Royal Society of

Tasmania, as quoted in the Journal of Botany, we

find a list of the LEAFING, FLOWERING, -IND FRUITING

of a few standard plants in the Royal Society's Gardens,
which shows the bearing of some of our garden plants
at the Antipodes :—

December 12th, common Privet commeDcinff to flower ;
1.5th, first bunch of Red Currants ripe ; 20th, first bunch of
Black Cirrrauts ripe; 25th, Melia Ajiedarach commencmg to
flower ; .31st, Doyenne d'et^ Pear commencing to ripen.

Janu,ary 10th, Veronica angustifolia in full flower; 11th,
first ripe Apricot gathered (Royal) ; 18th, Grevillea robusta in
full flower ; 18th, first Jargonelle Pears gathered ; 25th,
Catalpa syringifoUa in flower; 30th, Black Mulberries com-
mencing to rinen.

February 1st, Peaches commencing to ripen (George IV.) ;
8th, Kerry Pippin Apple commencing to ripen ; 11th, Windsor
Pear commencmg to ripen ; 16th, Bon Chretien Pear com-
mencing to ripen ; 16th, Greengage Plum commencing te
ripen ; 25th, Ash commencing to shed seed.

M.arch 9tb, tip of Hombean commencing to turn yellow ;
10th, Colchicum autumnale in full flower ; 12th, Goes' Golden ,
Drop Plum commencing to ripen ; 14th, Seekel Pear com-
mencing to ripen : 15th, tips of Elm turning yellow ; I6th,

Decembeh M, 18fi7.J

THE GATIDENEES' CMOTv^TCT-E AND AOPJCTTT-TTTTJAT, GAZETTE.

12fi7

Horso Chestnut loavos tiiniinpr brown ; 20th, Oak loavoa com-
mencing to fall.

April 3d, Chlnoso Chrysimthomuni commonciujt to Howev :
4th Elm leaves commencing to fall : Uth, Ooos' hue late Umi
PUi'm coTmnonoinE to ripen ; l.Stb, Mountain Ash leaves com-
meiicinff to fall ; 25th, loaves of Black Molliorry commonc-
iuK to fall ; 30tb, seeds of CarpimiM Betnlua commencing

May 10th, first Medlar ripe ; ITth, Coronilla glauca com-
mencing to flower ; 26th, AUantus glandulosa leaves all shed ;
,30tli, Photinia seiTUlata commencing to flower : 3l8t, Spiraia
prunifolia commencing to flower.

Messrs. Sutton, we undorst.anil, Imve reooivcfl

an official announcement that tlio jurors at the Pans
E.'cliibition have awarded them the only Silver Medal
in fJroup 9, Classes 8t and 85. Their contribution
included a very complete collection of Gra-sscs, consist-
ing of both Seeds and Dried Specimens ; also samples
of other seeds.

tubulose, the petals white, much lonper than the sepals,
and spreailitiK. Native of lirazil. lulroducwd by M.
A. VcrsrliallV'lt. .

ViiiKsii Hi,\7,\ov\tiA-.—L'/U«st.Horl,, l.Si., , t. -l...
A tall rnbiisl-haliitod stove perennial, with arcuately-
rucurvcd cantdioulale leaves, and an ample much-
branched panicle, havinn a llexuoso rachis, and beannd
largo white sweet-scented (lowers, in distndiously
arranged racemes. Native of Brazil. Introduced by
M. A. Verschaffelt.

PLANT PORTRAITS.

Acer S.INOUINEUM.— f/HK''. Sort. t. 526; Eei)
Sort, 18G7, 391, with fisure. Aceraceaj. A very orna-
mental slender-growiuK deciduous tree, with somewhat
erect branches, the leaves digitately 7-lobed with
short-toothed suddenly acuminated lobes, and of a
purplisli-red colour, resembling that of A. atropurpu-
reum. It is the same xs A. polyraorphum palmatum
sanguineum. Native of Japan.

ANTHURIUM GEITNEEIANtTM,— G<rtr<P»/0TO, t. 540.
Orontiaceoc. A stove perennial, with coriaceous dark
green oblong-lanceolate leaves on long petioles, and a
cylindrical spadix, with green leathery spathe, sup-
ported on a long scape. Its history is unknown.
Flowered in the St. Petersburg Botanic Garden.

Clerodendron serotinum.— iJei'. Jlort., 1SG7,
351, with fig. A'erbenacea;. A much branched vigo-
rous-habited greenhouse or half-hardy shrub, suitable
for the summer garden. It grows about 10 feet
high, and has the leaves cordate and decussate ; the
flowers are sweet-scented, pure white, with an angular
rose-coloured calyx, and are produced in large corym-
bose panicles a foot or more across. Native of China.
Flowered in the Jardin du Musdiun, Paris.

CoLAX jvoosvs.—Bot. Man-, t. 5661. Orchidaceffi.
A curious stove epiphyte, with compressed pseudo-
bulbs, elongate lanceolate leaves, and a 2 or 3-flowered
peduncle, bearing flowers of which the sepals are
roundish ovate, white, the petals obovate, white
transversely banded with dark jiurple, and the lip
furrowed and villous, and longitudinally banded with
purple. Native of Brazil. Flowered by S. Rucker, Esq.
Dendrobium Benson «. — -So^ JI/a.7., t. 5679;
Floral Mag., t. 355. Orchidaceic. A beautiful stove
epiphyte with terete stems, one to three feet long,
narrow ligulate leaves, and honey-scented white flowers,
which have a rotund orange-coloured cucuUate den-
ticulate lip, evenly bordered with white, and marked
near the base with two dark crimson spots. Native of
Moulmein. Flowered by Messrs. Veitch & Sons.

EnoDIUM MACR.iDENinit,— J?o/. Mag., t. 5665. Ge-
raniaceffi. A pretty stemless hardy perennial, with
stout tortuous roots, oblong pinnato-pinnatifid finely
cut hairy leaves, and umbels of rather large pale
purple flowers, the two upper petals veined and spotted
with deep purple. Native of the Pyrenees. Flowered
by Messrs. Backhouse &. Son.

Lelia m.ualis.— .Bo^ Jfo/?., t. 5667. Orchidacea:'.
A remarkahlv fine figure of one of the most magnifi-
cent of Orchids, flowered in wonderful beauty by Jlr.
Anderson, in Mr. Dawson's fine collection at Meadow
Bank, the flowers being a span across. It was intro-
duced 30 years ago, but since that time has been
generally lost. ir < ia<-

LiLitrsr auratum rubeum.-— .Ke!\ uort., 186/ ,
371, with figure. Liliace*. A very charming variety
of this noblest of all Lilies, diff'ering from the ordinary
form in having the band of golden yellow on each
petal exchanged for a similar band of a rosy red;
Native of Japan. Flowered by MM. Vilmorin-Andrieux

LlLtril H.T.MATOCHROPM.— i'//?!«^ Horf., t. .503.

A handsome hardy bulb, growing about Ij foot high,
the steins furnished with small ovate-lanceolate sessile
leaves, and terminated by a large erect dark blood-red
flower. Native of Japan. Flowered by M. A.

LlHUM PSEUDO-TIGRTNUM.— Sfr. Bort., 1867, 411,
with figure. A very pretty hardy bulb, quite distinct
from L. tigrinum, growing about 3 feet high, with a
cylindrical stem, long linear scattered leaves, and soli-
tary nodding flowers from three or four of the upper
axils; the segments of the perianth are refle.xed, of a
dull red colour, dotted with small dark brown spots.
Native of China. Flowered in the Jardin du Mus(«um,

Rhus Osbeckii.— Ke i'. Bort., 1867, 111, with figure.
Anacardiaoefe. An elegant shrub of spreading branch-
ing habit, with smooth bark, and large imparipinnate
leaves, formed of 7-11 pairs of oval toothed leaflets set
along the broadly-winged rachis, the leaflets themselves
being whitish woolly beneath. Native of China.
Grown in the French gardens.

SMILAX LONGlrOLIA VARIEGATA. — L' Illust. Bort.,
t. 521. Smilacea;. A beautiful evergreen stove
climber, valuable for its ornamental leaves. It ha.s
prickly stems, and the elliptic-lanceolate leaves are
finely marbled with white between the ribs, and thus
appear to bo marked with four irregularly-margined
white bands. Native of Parii. Crown by M. A.

VCT'SCllIxff'lt'.

Veiesia gigantea.— i'/??K.rf. Bort.. t. 516. Bro-
meliacese. A stove perennial, described as being
of gigantic growth, and as h.aving elongate erect
shortly acuminate leaves, and a tall stout scape bearing
a large manv-flowered paniculate inflorescence, of
whinh the branches and bracts are rose coloured, and
the flowers are produced in distichous racemes from
the axils of the bracts; the sepals are greenish and

CHASSELAS GRAPES.
A LARGE collection of these useful Grapes has been
examined this season at Chiswick. They were fruited
together in pots, a large number of Vines being
annuallv grown in this way for the purpose of testing
the inerits of the various sorts whidi are from time to
time added to the collcctiou. Indeed, this is the oiily
way in which a hirge number of sorts could be readily
brought under comparison. The following are the

Cabral : this resembles Diaraanl Traube, but is
considered to bo inferior to it. — Chasselas Cro-
quant is somewhat firmer in the flesh than Royal
Muscadine.— Chasselas do Florence is the same, but
having a few rose-coloured berries in the bunch.—
Chasselas do Jerusalem is Black IlairilHirgh.— Chasselas
Duhamel is a small, round. liUn^k (inipe, not of high
flayour.— Chassela-s HMif do Tonnein was the earliest
variety grown ; a small, round, somewhat pointed,
greenish-white Grape, transparent, sweet, and agree-
able.—Chasselas Musquci is well known. Chasselas
MusquiS de Nantes, Muscat blanc do Berkheun, and
Muscat Regnier, are synonymes of it.— Chasselas Rose
de Falloux is of the same flavour and character as Royal
Muscadine, with bright rose-coloured berries.— Ciotatis
a Royal Muscadine, with the loaves very much cut, like
Parsiey.— Cranford Muscat is the same in flavour and
appearance, but has the reputation of not cracking.—
Diamanl Traube is a very fine Grape, bunchea and
berries large, of a clear transparency ; flesh firm, juicy,
and rich.— Duchess of Buccleuch is a very long taper-
ing bunch, with small round berries, in flavour like the
Chassela.s Musque.— Early ^\'^hite Malvasia, synony-
mous with Grove End Sweetwater, Keinzheimer blanc
preooce, and Burchardt's Amber Cluster, is a most
excellent early, small, yellowish white Grape, juicy,
sweet, and very agreeable.— Foster's White Seedling is
a fine Grape, bunches large, berries large, clear, and
beautiful oval ; pleasant flavour.— Gelbe Muscatellier
resembles Chasselas Hatif de Tonnein in appearance,
but is somewhat later.— Golden Bordeaux resembles the
Royal Muscadine, but is smaller, and not so aood.- Le
Mamelon resembles Muscat St. Lawrence, but has much
more deeply cut leaves,— Madeleine Royale is a fine
variety, larger than the Royal Muscadine, ovate, clear,
rich, and excellent.— Milhaud du Pradel is synonymous
with (EiUade noir Musque andCEiUade noir pr(5coce ; a
very excellent variety, berries large, oval, black, Muscat
flavour.— Muscat noir d' Angers is synonymous with
Muscat noir d'Eisenstadt, a good form of Black
Frontignan.— Muscat noir d'Hongrie is a small black
Grape, with a very rich Muscat flavour, the
highest flavour of all the varieties grown.— Muscat
rouge, Chasselas rouge, Chasselas de Negrepont,
and Pondante Rose are synonymes. a little paler
than Chasselas Rose de Falloux.- Muscat St. Laurent
is a very early Grape; the bunches are small, the
berries also small but sweet, with a Muscat flavour.
Muscat Ottonell and Oliver's are synonymous with it.
—Muscat Trov^ren is a fine Grape, bunches large,
berries medium-sized, in flavour like Chasselas
Musque ; it does not crack. — Pitmaston White
Cluster is very much like Gelbe Muscatellier.—
Reeves' Muscadine is a very strong-growing variety,
berries small, beautifully yellow, rich, and pleasant.—
Royal iMuscadine is a very excellent variety, free-
bearing for pot-culture: the following are synonymes of
it— viz., Chasselas Napoleon, Queen Victoria, Chasselas
de Montauban :\ grains transparent, Chasselas de Fon-
tainebleau, and Brutiano.— Stillward's Sweetwater is a
very good variety of Sweetwater, with laxge berries,
which set freely. F.

ON THE PERPETUITY OR OTHERWISE OF

THE COLLECTING OR FEEDING ROOTS,

This question, so ably started by your leader at

p. 1213, is of vital importance to cultivators, and

deserves what you have invited— the earnest attention

of all your correspondents. It will also doubtless

receive'it ; for if there is one characteristic more than

another that distinguishes the modern from the

ancient cultivator, it is the extra care that the former

takes of the roots of plants. In this sense at least our

practice is the more radical. The ancients concentrated

their skill chiefly on the top, and compelled the growth

already formed to run into floral or fruitful channels.

We moderns work upon the hidden .springs of life, and

modifv the amount and character of produce by working

directly upon the roots. It therefore follows that our

knowledge of the functions and characters of roots

should be more extended than was their's in the olden

times • and with every extension of knowledge I think

it will' also be admitted there has been an increase of

care exercised over the roots. If so, then the question

started by you amounts to this: Is all this care

necessary to successful cultivation; or is a large portion

of it— the most troublesome portion, in fact— the

guarding and preservation of the feeding extremities

from injury, superfluous ? If these naturally die, or it

thev may be artificially destroyed annually, then they

need no care whatever; but if not, it is impossible in

case of removal either in or out of pots to bestow too

much attention upon them. Hence the immense

importance of establishing or refuting this fact, and its

influence upon our daily practice.

Now it may be readily proved that these roots do

not (as a rule) naturallv die : this fact is established by
direct demonstration, having potted ami moveil in the
olieii ground thousands of plants at all .seasons of the
year, I have alivays, if the plants were in health, found
their feeding extremities not only alive, but apparently
ludively employed. Therefore it seems quite impos-
sible to admit that these fibrils are renewcHi year after
year in a similar manner to leaves. Rather do they
seem to resemble the small twigs forming the exlr<Mnilie»
of the branches ; they are simply minute root-i cnilowed
with permanent life, gradually developing themselves
into larger roots : so that when their collecting work,
by reason of their age or by the origin of other and
smaller roots, ceases, they may then become open
channels for the distribution of food, or strong anchors,
as you put it, to fix the tree more firmly in the earth.
Thus trees, as they enlarge in bulk o( top, increa-se the
area of their feeding ground, and get a stronger, wider
grasp of titrra ,/lniia. But if the feeding extremities
are annually destroyed, a dilTerent theory of root exten-
sion must be sought. Under such circumstances it i«
difficult to see how, indeed, they could ever extend
at all. , ,

Notwithstanding all this, however, plants are some-
times found in unfavourable .states or conditions, with
many of those feeders destroyed. This destruction
generally arises from an excess of either cold or
water. And I think most practical cultivators will
agree that the plants invariably suffer from such
deprivation. This suffering reveals itself in ditlereat
modes— sometimes by a dise.ised or feeble constitution,
at others by excessive fertility, but always by waging
war with the permanent health and longevity ot the
plant. The latter are the objects that Nature is bent
upon promoting, and as the destruction of root fibrils
militates against these objects, such destruction may
safely be pronounced unnatural.

Tliis brings us to the second question : May such
fibrils be removed or destroyed by mau with
impunity ? Nature's teaching compels me to answer
this question in the negative. I am aware that much
may be advanced on the other side. It must, lor
instance, be admitted as a matter of fact, that such roots
are often destroyed or removed. Man's chief destructive
a"ent is excessive dryness ; the feeders are thus withered
up and perish. This seldom or never happens to plants
in a natural state in our climate, but with plants under
glass or in pots roots are often so destroyed. 1 hen m
every case of transplantation or repotting less or more
of siioh root fibrils are removed. Again, Mr. Rivers
seems to advise a forcible, wilful destruction, similarin
principle, although varying in amount, to that of the
old-fashioned pitie-growers, who at the great spring
potting treated all winter roots as effete appendages,
to be recklessly slashed off. If this practice is to be
established, it must be done, not simply because such
roots may be removed with impunity, but on the
"round tliat their removal is a positive benefit. Such
a wide inference, however, can hardly be drawn from
the practice of one cultivator, however eminent.

I have the greatest respect for Mr. Rivers, and
have seen for myself, and reported in the highest terms
upon his success, in your columns. Still I will add,
that upon this question of root treatment I do not at
all agree with him. My want of faith is partly justified
by his own change of practice, but chiefly upon other
grounds At one time, all roots that struggled
through at the bottom of the pots were cut clean off in
the autumn, leaving in the pot little besides bundles ot
mutilated gullets, deprived wholly of their collecting
and feeding mouths. This, I believe, is now abandoned,
and care is, I think, exercised to prevent the roots
e-scaping through the bottom of the pots. Now, a lew
inches of the top soil, with its complement of root
fibrils is removed. This is a mitigation of the old
severity, and is therefore less likely to be injurious.
Neither is it carried to any very great extent. It 1
remember rightly, the slates on the top of the pots are
not removed ; the entire pot is also crammed full to
bursting with roots. The trees could therefore bear
the removal of a few wituuut affecting them much, it
would be most interestuig to learn whether the trees
had been severely dried off before the roots were
observed to be dead— if, in fact, they were forcibly
killed by a dry regimen, or died naturally of them-
selves This top-dressing of Mr. Rivers does not ditter
from general practice, unless it lies in the extent to
which it is carried, and perhaps he will kindly oblige
us by stating the depth of the soil removed, and the
proportion of roots destroyed to those remaining in,
over or through the pots. His old practice of cutting
all the outside mouths clean off 1 pronounce simply
barbarous, and I believe it has been the cause ot
more fruit dropping off fruit trees in pots than any and
all others And the wilful destruction ofsurlace roots to
any great extent can hardly, I think, be proved to be
either useful or beneficial, while it is wholly opposed
to that enlightened tender care over the roots whioli
is one of the most distinguished characteristics of
modern culture, and the chief reason of its success.
The feeding portion of the roots of plants are the niost
valuable of the whole, and to preserve them is the chief
thought of good potters and transplanters Both of
these operations are favourable, when skilfuly per-
formed, to the multiplioation, not the reduction
of such feeders. If transplantation tfef Pl^J^e J"f'
immediately before, or at the fall of the lea , and the
roots are prevented from being moved by the wind,
and protected from frost during the "'i^'te''. '^,^ P™''*-
bilitv is that before tlie tree makes much dernaiid upon
the root for fresh supplies o nutriment, the feeders
will be found ready to supply it where one only was
destroyed Yet during the process of removal every
feeing rootlet sh..uld be preserved, while the open
.•ulletemavbe freely cut asunder. Near these cuts,
and sometimes along the whole channel of a previously
unpruned root, small feeding mouths will be estab-
lished. Thus the tree is not only plentrifuUy provided

1268

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Decembee 14, 1867.

with suitable food, but the quality of that food seems
also limproved, and is more productive of fruitfulness.
But such practice tends to the multiplication, not the
reduction, of feeding fibres. And such multiplication
and preservation should be the constant aim of our
culture.

In plant cultivation generally, and in fruit growing
in particular, three things should be kept in view-
healthful growth, fruitful habit, and the perpetua-
tion of both these conditions. To this end every root
feeder is needed. If any special object, such as
a temporary state of excessive fruitfulness, is
desired, it may sometimes be obtained through
the sacrifice of useful roots ; but then the health and
stability of the tree are endangered. When neither of
these are valued, as may be the case with orchard-
house trees in pots, the removal or destruction of such
roots may be tolerated ; but even then such depriva-
tion of roots will, if carried beyond the narrowest
limits, endanger the certainty of ' a crop, or lessen its
quantity. It is therefore not a practice to be safely
recommended, even with short-lived trees. On the
other hand, if perpetuity — that great charm of horti-
culture, so eloquently adverted to by " S. E. H." at
p. 1216— of healthy and fruitful individual life is
desired, the soundest, safest advice is, never to
destroy a single feeding root if it can be avoided.
And if cultural or other exigencies compel to such
destruction, then the proper course is, at the
fitting time, to reduce the area of the top of the
plant also, so that the great laws of reciprocal action
and reaction between root and branch may not be too
ruthlessly assailed and violently disturbed. A thorough
comprehension of these laws, and a knowledge of their
vital importance to the permanent well-being of plants,
will induce such a mode of root culture as will
multiply and not diminish their feeding extremities.
-D. T. Fish, F.S.S.S., Dec. 6.

NEW COMBINED HEATING, VENTILATING
AND EVAPORATING PIPE.
Allow me to introduce to the notice of your
readers a system of " heating, ventilating, and vapo-
rising," capable of employment in complete sim-
plicity, either separately or conjointly, by means
of an adaptation of the ordinary form of cast-
iron hot-water pipe. Here it may be well to state that

change and unfailing renewal of pure fresh atmospheric
air warmed to a temperature similar to that which is
displaced.

The substitution of fixed roofs for sliding sashes, the
dispensing in tofo with every form of moveable light
or opening shutter ordinarily used in glass structures,
great and small, for the purpose of ventilation only,
with manifest labour-saving results into the bargain,
would, indeed, be no inconsiderable return for the
adoption of the combined heating and ventilating
system here produced. It would not be assuming too
much, however, to assert that these would prove to
bo but a modicum of the cultural advantages derivable
from it. The healthy natural vigour of plants generally,
and specifically the more natural colouring and flavour-
ing imparted to flowers, fruits and vegetables under
glass, together with more equable and enjoyable
climatic conditions, under strictly artificial circum-
stances, would certainly be also secured by Mr.
AY. Taylor's invention for unrestricted atmospheric
interchange in regard to our plant and fruit structures,
by night or by day, in calm or in storm, throughout
the varying seasons of the year. Oeo, Taylor, Doughty
Street, London, Dec. 12.

NOTES ON THE AET OF GROWING ROSES
OXJT-OF-DOORS.

{Concluded from jp. 1216.)

Section XVI. On Raising Roses on their- own
Roots from Cuttings. — Plants raised from cuttings have
in some respects many advantages over those which
are worked on stocks. Those, however, which have
been worked on the Manetti and properly planted,
generally throw out roots of their own, and share the
merits of plants which have been raised from cuttings.
An abundance of plants of the Hybrid Perpetuals
may be raised in the following simple manner. Dig
and manure a piece of ground as directed for the
Manetti stock. The soil should be light, or a good
dressing of sand and leaf-mould worked in with the
top spit. There is no better position for this bed than
a strip on the north side of an Asparagus bed, which
will shade it by the time the sun becomes too hot, and
not before.

Take your cuttings early in October. This is the
condition of success: cut them into lengths of five or
six inches; cut off each with a straight cut just below

Transverse section of pipe.

Fig. 2. Longitudinal section of pipe.

Reference to Diagrams.

a Hotwater pipe, 4 inches diameter.

b Air and aqueous vapour chamber, cast on pipe.

c Air supply tube, 2 inches diameter, in connection with oxtcrnal
.atmosphere ; or with air drain.

d Aperture for discharge of warm air (either dry or humid) into
structure, night and day ; and in all weather, fair or foul.

The arrows indicate the air course. The .aperture at d subserves
for feeding the evaporating section of .air chamber with water, when
required.

the inventor and patentee of this thoroughly practi-
cable, and usefully combined hot-water, warm-air, and
genial-vapour tube, is Mr. W. Taylor, of Nursling,
Hants— a gentleman fond of horticulture, and not
wholly unacquainted with its " aims and hopes," and
one who, it may be remarked, has given much
sedulous study and no less practical attention to the
important facts involved in a consideration of the
principles of Vacuum v. Plenum impulse, as applied
to ventilation, both on his own account, and for the
public advantage. It may be added that this gentle-
man's special horticultural amusement is, as it has
been for many years past, the winter cultivation of
the Cucumber upon an extensive scale, in trellised
hothouses. How far he is successful in the manage-
ment of that " criterion crop " of the cultivator, in the
dead season of the year, chiefly by means, as Mr. Taylor
himself considers, of the adoption of his patented com-
bination system of heating, ventilating, and vapori-
sing,— a visit to Nursling in spring would best
evince. The accompanying figures, illustrative of
this extremely simple though effo'-tive contrivince
will assist in explaining its thorough suitableness
to the special requirements of indoor gardening in
respect of its affording an efiicieut simultaneous m3thod
of warming and aerating, every present form and size
of structure devoted to fruit or plant culture, &c., in
this, the most changeable and uncertain of climates.

There is indispensably required for every structure an
air-shaft arrangement, to produce the vacuum impulse
for securing the constant interchange of air by egress
as well as by ingress.

It is a trite observation of the inventor of this patent,
that however easy it may be to attract air into a building
of any kind, it is usually the converse as regards convey-
ing it out again, and thereby ensuring a constant inter-

the many brought out every year, only two or three are
heard of after the lapse of a few seasons. With Tea
Roses the case is different. Often none at all, seldom
more than one, appears in the yearly lists of new Roses.
Hence the old sorts still continue to be cultivated, and
wonderfully beautiful many of them are.

It might be supposed that, because a Rose is a Rose,
all Roses — at least of the same class — reijuire a similar
treatment ; but that is not the case. Their constitutions
vary in a remarkable degree. Some are strong growers,
and some will scarcely make any growth at all. Neither
is the character of the growth an index to that of the
flower. Some of the best flowers are borne by the best
growers, and some by the worst. There cannot be
more beautiful flowers than those of Madame Vidot
and Madame Eurtado. But both, especially the latter,
are wretched growers. On the other hand the growth
of Senateur Vaisse, Charles Lefebvre, and Jules
Margottin are as flne as their blossoms. It will also be
found that a few varieties, even among the Perpetuals,
flourish best in a light soil. Of these Mademoiselle
Bonnaire and Colonel de Rougemont appear to be
instances. The Rose grower must learn these niceties
by experience. He must also learn which stocks best
suit the various sorts, or whether they do better upon
their own roots.

Section XVIII. On the Points of a good Rose. —
The character of a Rose depends upon the substance,
form, arrangement, and colour of its petals.

To take these in order. The petals should be thick
and fleshy, not flimsy. This enables it to keep its
freshness under adverse circumstances, such as rain,
sunshine, or when gathered, besides imparting a rich-
ness to the flower, which nothing else can give. The
form of the petal should be deep, the edge not jagged,
but smooth and well rounded.

The arrangement of the petals should be regular and
geometrical, not confused. The outer petals should
form a cup-shaped wall around the flower, and what-
ever the arrangement of the central petals is, they should
by their fulness conceal the eye of the flower until
it attains the last stage of expansion. Perhaps the
most beautiful form is that which may be called
turbinated, and is exemplified in a well-shaped
blossom of Senateur Vaisse. Flat blossoms, like those
of Lord Raglan or Eveque de Nismes, are no longer
valued. The colour should be bright and pure and
lasting, or else delicate. A white perpetual is a great
desideratum. Sweetness is likewise an important
element of excellence. Size is not so valuable as
to make up for the absence of any of the above-named
requisites, though, ceteris paribus, it is not to be over-
looked.

Lastly, the foliage should not diminish too rapidly in
size as the leaves approach the blossom, but should so
surround it, that, when cut and placed in a vase, they
should form a furniture around the flower, to set it off
to full advantage. This is described by saying that
"the foliage comes up well."

Conclusion. — In the foregoing hints on Rose culture
everything has been omitted requiring the use of those
appliances which are only at the command of wealth.
Neither greenhouse, hothouse, nor even a hotbed are
needed for having Roses in perfection in the Rose
season. The subject of raising seedlings, although a
most fascinating branch of culture, has also been
passed by.

Euough, however, has been said to make it apparent
that no one can grow Roses well without pains and
some amount of trouble. It is a work for the head as
well as for the hands, and yet it is not a work, but a
delightful recreation. An Amateur.

a bud ; cut off all the leaves except three or four, but
do not, as for the Manetti, cut out the buds. Stick
the cuttings of each sort in a row, covering them as
far as the leaves are removed, and label them. Tread
the earth firmly around them, and leave them until
the spring. In March it will be found .that every
cutting has been lifted up an inch or so by the winter's
frosts. Go over the whole then, pushing each cutting
to the bottom of its hole. In parching weather in the
spring they may be watered. Of some sorts all, of all
several, will grow, and flower in the summer.

For Teas the same plan may be tried, and if the
winter is a mild one it may succeed; but they may be
raised with more certainty in the latter part of the
summer under a hand-glass, and should then be potted,
and kept in a greenhouse or pit from the commence-
ment of frosty weather until April.

Roses may also be raised from layers, tongued in the
usual manner, and laid in July. Roses on their own
roots are well adapted for presents to your friends, who
do not understand the cultivation of worked plants,
for none but a cultivator of Roses ever knows how to
distinguish the shoots made by the stock from those of
the scion.

Section XVII. On the Varieties of Roses. — Such a
vast number of named varieties of Perpetuals are now
grown, and so many new ones are introduced year by
year, that there is little advantage in giving lists. It is
surprising how few of the sorts recommended in books
a few years ago will be found amongst fresh collec-
tions. There are, however, some which are likely
always to hold their ground. Such are— Jules Mar-
gottin, Mrs. Rivers, Victor Verdier, Senateur Vaisse,
Charles Lefebvre, Prince Camille de Rohan, Alfred
Colomb, Marie Baumann, Mademoiselle Bonnaire,
Madame Vidot, Comtesse Cecile de Chabrillant. Of

PEARS, OLD AND NEW.

Now that the planting time approaches, or is even
with us, some inexperienced gardeners may like to
read a few impartial remarks by one who has made
experiments: remarks which may save them expense
and disappointment. But before I lose myself m the
magnitude of my subject, let me just premise that I
have no connection with any nursery whatever, and
that I do not pretend to any e.xhaustive knowledge.

All true gardeners are by nature venturesome and san-
guine, therefore more liable to be misled than any other
race of men, Hope outglows the brightest hue of the
boldest flower-painter, nor can the most luscious list of
fruit sate its power of swallowing. Better yet, if these
descriptions be in foreign language. What fool can
then resist them ? It is against the gorgeous visions
of poetio catalogues (especially French and Belgian)
that I might now exhibit feebly the skeletons in my
closet,— feebly, not alone because of want of power on
my part, but also that I have no sort of enmity against
the men ; probably they mean aright, and are very
good hut foolish.

Quitting this subject once for all, the readiest way I
see to make my small experience useful, is to name the
few good Pears which have stood 10 years of testing,
whether these be old or new. But first, as scarcely a
dozen sorts are good for every soil and season, and most
are true chameleons, I should state that our soil is a
binding loam, 3 feet in depth, upon a sandy gravel.
An ancient pasture broken up and trenched almost to
the gravel, with the top spit thrown at bottom — scarcely
any site could be more favourable for Pear trees, and
the climate is that of south England.

Here upon 9 acres of ground are several thousand
Pear trees, well-trained, standards, bushes, and
pyramids, on the Pear stock, on the Quince, and many
double-grafted. Perhaps I had better take the sorts
according to their season, and give the best their place
of honour, in the following list:—

1. Citron des Carmes is the first Pear ready. It is
ripe (on a standard) generally by the 20th of July.^ It
is small, but crisp and juicy, pleasant and refreshing ;
not a first-rate Pear of course, but the best of its
season. I have not tried it on the Quince stock. It

Decembeb 14, 1807.]

THE GAltDKNKliS' CIIRONIOI.E AND AGRICDLTUHAL (JAZETTE.

12C9

is an enormous cropper. Against it come in vain tho
foUowini^ modern or other rivals :— Doyenne d'Etii,
smaller still, mealy, and insipid ; Beurr<i Giirird, .sul't,
and a very weakly crower; llokeby, a poor thing;
Green Chisel, iusignilicant; Bourro Priiuoiio, I know
not ; Poire PCohe, later, and ciuito worthless.

2. Jan/onelie.—Amons second carlies there is none to
dispute its supremacy ; but it is (as everybody knows)
a coarse untidy grower, and a most uncertain bearer,
till the tree is very old. The most severe root-pruning
•has failed to make it fruitful. Mr. llivers says that it
crops well when double-worked on the Quince : I have
not proved it yet in that condition.

3. JVilliaim' Boil CkrcHien.—Very popular with
many, and a capital bearer ; also a fine large Pear, but I
do not like its aroma, and this year the te.tture has been
coarse. However, I am bound to give it a place, though
I think it much over-rated. On the Quince it
cankers. With it, or slightly before it, ripens Desire
Cornells, a strong grower and great bearer, quite equal
to it in size, and superior perhaps in juiciness ; but too
sweet, and not high-flavoured, Ale.\andrina (another
contemporary) is large and handsome, but mealy.
Colmar d'Ete is not worth notice, lieurre d'Amanlis is
too watery.

i, Louise Bonne de Jersey. — Much larger and hand-
somer on the (Juince than on the Pear stock. Very
juicy and finely flavoured; but not quite buttery
«nough for the beau ideal. However, there is no new
Pear (so far as I know) to equal it in the last half of
September.

5. The Khiii of Pears, Beurre Super/in. — Contem-
porary with Marie Louise, and decidedly superior. It
lasts throughout October ; and for fertility, beauty,
richness, and delicacy of aroma scarcely has an equal.
If Mr, Rivers introduced this Pear, he ought to have
a poem addressed to him. Whatever the season or the
soil, it never fails of excellence, either as a wall-fruit or
a pyramid, and should be grown on the Quince.

(>. Marie ioaf'sc— first-rate, but a little too sugary,
and wanting the piquant sub-acid of No, 5. Moreover,
an uncertain bearer, and of a long drooping habit. It
takes unkindly to tho Quince.

7. Qaiisel's Benjamot. — Pine-flavoured, but often
coarse in texture, and not a good bearer, even when
double worked on the Quince; though Mr. Rivers
holds the contrary, SuB'olk Thorn is a smaller and
more prolific form of it.

S. Urbanisle. — A delicious Pear to those who like a
fine " rosewater aroma," and perhaps of all Pears the
smoothest in te.xture ; it is, however, too small, and not
a prolific sort. Seckel, or the Now York Bed Cheek, is
much smaller, though very pretty, and to my taste
over-sweet as well as overdone with aroma, as is
Williams' Bon Chretien.

9. Doijenns dii Cornice. — A November Pear of first-
rate quality, one year even superior (if possible) to
Beurre Superfin. But it has not cropped well here,
though a very handsome grower,

10. Beurre Hard;/. — A really good Pear, and a
beautiful grower.

11. Conseiller a la Cour.—A large free-growing and
free-bearing sort, not quite first-rate, except now and
then.

13. Beurre d' Areinber^.—Aa excellent Pear, but not
large enough.

13. KiiighVs Monarch may hold its own with any
Pear in a favourable season, when it is of lovely texture,
and exquisite aroma. It should last through November
and December. Twice in eight years it has failed to
ripen duly.

11. Josephine de Malines. — The last really first-rate
Pear (except in certain seasons, when the Easter Beurre
really melts). Josephine does not always ripen here.
When it does, there is no Pear to surpass it, and it
alTords the pure Pear flavour as late as the Ides of
March. After that time no Pear yet introduced (so
far as I know) can be expected to ripen, though many
are catalogued to do so. Occasionally, by some strange
freak, a ^lorel may take to the melting mood even as
late as May, or a Ne Plus Meuris may lose its grit, but
as a general rule these spring Pears are only fit for
stewing. I have two Pears of recent origin, Madame
Millet and Bezi Mai : several, too, of the Gregoire
family and (so-called) Pondante de Mars, and a lot of
others, all sent me as "melting and good," and no
doubt they would he good if they melted first and rotted
afterwa,rd3, but they all invariably invert the process.

It will be seen that, from the list of choice Pears
given above, many well-known varieties and favourite
ones are omitted, such as Van Mons Leon le Clerc,
Gratioli, Crasanne, Brown Beurre, Beurre Capiaumont,
Beurre Bosc, Beurre de Ranee, Chaumontel, Duchesse
d'Angoaleme, Doyenne ( White and Red), St. Germain,
Glou Morceau, Passe Colmar, AVinter Nelis, Napoleon,
&c. I do not deny that some of these are sometimes very
good (especially Gratioli, Brown Beurre, and Chau-
montel), but I submit that their uncertainty excludes
them from the very first rank.

Another Pear, which has been much talked of
lately, namely, Huyshe's Bergamot, may in some soils
be very excellent, but here it has not proved so, and it
seems the shyest of all shy bearers. Three Pears of
very high repute— Thompson's, Tillington, and Soldat
Esperen, may, for all I know to the contrary, be
uniustly omitted. It so happens that I have never
received them, although ordered more than once. And
the value (if any) of my list is, that it is based on actual
trial during several years of study, and not on hearsay
or foreign report, which our nurserymen accept too
freely.

I would conclude, by your good leave, with an Index
expurgalorius, based on many sufferings and a heap of
money thrown away; stating first one little fact, of no
small significance. Ten years ago I received some six
score of Pear trees from a leading Belgian nurseryman,
to whom I had given almost carte ilatwhe, on promise

of receiving his very finest sorts. Of Ihoso trees there

are just a doiion which have escaped my grafting knifo.

Pkaks Tti iiK 8iiCNNt:o UY I'NiiLtHii (7:l<^wl:l!'^.

.\}flail Uri'i^olro, iind iiU tUo

Oriijfoiro family
America
.Vvucit Xl'Us
Birbo Nolia
liuri^amntto l[orbrii;h ;iml B.

Uud.s!irt
BourriS Bjrclcmms

,, Hturckmiina

,, iJrotunncau

,, CljurReau(oxcept,in-
dcQil, for its boauty)

,, 1-iJon lo Clorc

,. Siji
Bczi M.a
BoiiiiQ d'Ezuo
Colmar Dulahaut
Commissaire Dolmotto
Oolmar Neill
Comte tic Ftaudre
Dr, Trousseau

Elisairilcyst I

Kmilc d'Hcyst '

Fondanto d'Inqend.ael

,, do Mars
Fortiimjo

Oonoral DutiUoul !

There! that list would

hundred pounds to me 10

Pari Passu.

icIO

Gonoral TodLlulioi:
Incoiiime Van .Mo
ijQopold 1,
.Vladamo Millet
,, iilUso
Mario Louiso d'Uc
Moral

Napoleon Savinion
Nouvcau Poito.au
i*as30 Colmar d'biver
I'oiro I'ficbo

,, do llcrt

,, Fransmanii

,, Prevost
Prince Albert
R'jUeby

Roussclot de Jainicr
Sboljdeu Court
Do .Spoelborg
Surpasso Crassane
Theodore Van Mma
Triompbe do Jodoi^'uc
Vicar of Wiukfleld
Willcrmoz
Yat
Zcpllorin GriSgoire

,, Louis (GrJgoire)

have been worth some
years ago this month.

GL.VDIOLUS B0WIEN3IS FOR DECOB.iTIVE
PURPOSES.

In tho autumn of last year you were kind enough to
allow me to point out the useful properties of the
above-named Gladiolus. Another year's experience
has more than convinced me that not one word too
much was then said on its belialf as a decorative
variety of this popular flower. We are now cutting
(Nov. 35) in the open ground, flower spikes t or 5 feet
high, with two or three fine side shoots of bloom to
each. The only covering they have had was a mat or two
over the top on the few frosty nights we have as yet
experienced. To give them all a fair trial, several
thousands of Bowiensis and Brenchleyensis, with 100
other varieties, were planted about the middle of June !
as the last succession. Not one of the others has a bloom
upon it now, whereas not one bulbof Bowiensis has filled ;
to produce two or three fine spikes, so that we have
now hundreds to cut from, and shall have, if fine
weather lasts, up to Christmas. Brenchleyensis was
never in the race. Before a bloom opened the foliage [
became yellow,and not more than one-half ever pushed
up or showed a blooming scape. In fact, it does not
appear to have been in the first instance a seedling but
a sport ; the bulbs are generally small and flat, and
the bloom and colour is besides nothing like so good in
our inland old garden mould. There are several other
varieties equally as good as Bowiensis, such as Couranti
fulgens. Admiral Dundis, &o., but I will reserve my
notes on these, until they can be bought by the hundred.

We have no decorative flower so generally useful as
the Gladiolus. It can be had in bloom all the summer
months, or we might say from May to Christmas ; and
besides being a great favourite, it can scarcely be used
ami.ss for indoor decoration, either as rainbows for
fire-places, or 3 feet spikes in Ivy screens, or as speci-
mens in drawing-rooms when others happen to be
scarce. They are clean, bright, and cheerful every-
where; and even if one bloom only is open when
gathered, all the others, to the very top of the spikes,
will open freely with care.

In vases of cut flowers the Gladioli are greatly im-
proved by a few good Grasses being intermixed with
them ; for example, we have been cutting to put round
the sides the graceful Milium multiflorum, and Pip-
tatherum Thomasii, and for the centre Panicum fim-
briatum. Perhaps the most effective are among the
numerous summer varieties, as Agrostis laxiflora,
which when introduced neatly among the Gladiolus
blooms has all the appearance of long threads of
elegant wavy silk, clustering round as a protection to
the blooms, and through which they appear to inte-
resting advantage.

Our method of planting is the same as the Devon-
shire farmer plants his Potatos. The ground is double
dug in winter, and at planting time a trench is taken
out one spade deep. The bulb is then put in, covering
a little soil over the top, and upon this is placed a good
coating of manure and leaf-mould mixed, the manure
being used fresh and warm, as we find that old
rotten cheesy-looking manure brings disease, and does
not push the young growth so vigorously and quickly
as the fresh manure.

Our first planting takes place early in November ;
and in spring, when the first ramosus varieties peep
up, they are protected by a little Pern pr straw.
Others for early borders are planted six and eight roots
together in 32-sized pots, Bomensis.

beds in doing of which you must ob.servo to make
choice of sui'h dung as hath lain about three weeks
or a month on an heap, whereby its ^reat heat i.s lost ;
nor shoulil tho dung, intended for this purpose, be
thrown on a heap to ferment, as is a practice for hot-
beds ; because if it ever is violently hot, it will
not take tho spawn of tho Mushrooms near so well
a-i that dung that has not been much fermented,
which is the reason why some persons prefer the dung
of stone-hor.scs to that of other animals; and lot your
knobs of spawn bo laid to dry, in a shady place, a fort-
night boforo you put thcra into the bed."

The other six months' instruction in Miller's " Ka-
landar" is merely to keep the beds covered with fresh
straw, and that to a thic^kness, in cold weather, to keep
out frost and snow. Thus it apjiears that in those
days the .Mushroom was not cultivated very extensively
nor in a very scientific manner. There is one remark,
however, in the foregoing of some value, viz., that
diuig, to bo used for .Mushroom culture, should be
that from a stone-horse.

In tho commencement of the present century, great
improvement was made in the culture of the Mush-
room. If my memory serves me correctly, it was
Oldacro who first made a move in the right direc-
tion. The dung whioh we were then recommended to
collect for making Mushroom beds, anil which we then
did collect, was fresh horse-droppings from the stable ;
these were i)laced in open sheds and other convenient
places under cover, to dry ; but they were never allowed
to ferment. In summer we collected from pastures, or
rather cow meadows, the cow dung as soon as it was of
a certain consistence and crusted over so as to be
what is termed caked ; and if not dry enough it was
placed in a convenient place to dry. This was recom-
mended to bo used as a third portion to two-thirds
of horsj-droppings, all being thoroughly mixed and
incorporated together in the drying shed before com-
mencing to make the bed, Atthistime, too, ilushroom-
houses began to bo erected with shelves one above the
other, on which beds were made 10 or 12 inches in
depth, well rammed down, spawned in due cour.se,
and cisel with about 2 inches in thickness of gool
fresh maiden loam.

These houses, moreover, were mostly heated, not by
means of hot water, gas, or steam — for little was
known or heard of such new-fangled things then, and
if heard of they were very soon condemned— but by
means of flues, which were the great warming media
of those times ; and where peat, and wood, and turf
existed, these were the only come-at-able heating
materials for garden use. These occasioned a good
deal of trouble and anxiety where a moderate sweet,
kindly heat was required to be kept up, for, what with
the fumes of sulphur from the peat, and the everlas-
ting dust from either of the kinds of fuel just named,
the choking of the flues with soot rendering them
in danger of^ten of getting on fire and besoming red hot
^all these things, I <:an vouch, rendered much caution,
care, and attention necessary to success. Nevertheless,
there were often fine crops of Mushrooms, of good
quality, produced then. 'iVe had to look then to mill
tirades, old hot-beds, &c,, for our spawn, .Stable dung
from an entire horse was always greatly valued, and
treasured for Mushroom growing, as I shall endeavour
to show your readers in my next, James Barnes,
Bicfon.

MUSHROOM GOSSIP.-I.

On rummaging over my bookcase the other evening,
behind books of more modern date, an old Miller's
" Gardeners' Kalandar," 13th edition, 1703, turned up
—a book given to me so long ago as the year 1815,
and lost sight of for many along year. This brought
to mind many reminiscences respecting men and
things long passed away. Scanning it over, however,
I fell upon some remarks on the culture of the Mush-
room, and having lately thought a good deal about
what I had seen of Mushroom culture in Prance, I
carefully examined old Philip Miller, and found his
information to be rather meagre. Mushrooms, to all
appearance, were not in those days cultivated very
scientifically, orsimply. His best article on the subject
is given in his " Kalandar" for September, page 269, in
which he says :— " Vou may now make Mushroom

H.ARDINESS OP THE APPLE TRIBE.

It is very kind of Mr, Verschaffelt (see p. 1212)
to tell us that the French Paradise stock is hardy.
I can confirm it as regards its withstanding frost ; for
I have seen it in Central Germany, where the frost
is often very severe— many degrees below zero-
thriving very well, and I should imagine that in
America, its birthplace, it has to endure more
severe frost than we ever have in England. The
members of the genus Malus seem to be particu-
larly hardy. I know of only two species or varie-
ties that succumb to our winters, so as to receive
injury from severe frost. One of them is the Pyrus
coronaria, or Perfumed Crab, from Virginia,— a sub-
evergreen species, now almost out of cultivation, as the
winter of ISOO was so destructive to trees and shrubs
not quite hardy. The other species, which I think is
not yet described, is the Cossyah Apple, from the
(iossyah hills, "hard by" Gowhattie, Assam. It is
indigenous to the Cossyah hills, and produces fruit
" exceedingly handsome, of the size and form of a
Golden Pippin, of a dark burnished gold colour,
heightened with crimson on the sunny side, though
marked here and there with patches of russet.
They possess a fine rich Quince-like odour, its flesh
astringent and tough."

This description of an interesting kind of tree _ I
received from the Rev. J. Firminger, of Gowhattie,
who thinks it may be the Pyrus indica of Rox-
burgh, My attention has been attracted to the young
trees of the Cossyah Apple here, because of their
resemblance to their congener on the other side
of the globe-the Pyrus coronaria, for they have divided
leaves like that species, but smaller, and much resemble
those of Crattcgus Layi, only that they do not fall off
in autumn, but turn to a bright red, tinted with purple,
reminding one of the beautiful autumnal foliage of
Liquidambar styraciflua. In giving you a description
of somethmg ne'w, I seem to have forgotten all about
the hardiness of Apple trees. Bevenons a nos pommters.
In mentioning the hardiness of Apple trees or stocks, we
must not think of it as a quality to resist the effects of
frcst- it is of quite another nature; other climatic
influences have a far greater effect on the growth oi
Apple trees than those of frost, about which we at
present know but little. The French Paradise stock
with Mr. Scott, of Crewkerne, lives and flourishes ;
with Mr. Pearson, of Chilwell, and here, it cankers
and becomes diseased. It will be, I think, necessary to

1270

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Dboembee 14, 1SG7.

determine by exchange if Mr. Scott cultivates the
same variety. If 100 stocks are planted here in rich,
deep, calcareous sandy loam in which Apple trees
grafted on the English Paradise, Doucin, or Crab grow
luxuriantly, they will at the end of the first year be
tolerably sound ; at the end of the second, t»vo-thirds of
them will be— particularly if the summer and autumn
should be wet— affected with canker ; and at the end
of the third year nearly all would be in a cankered,
diseased state. I have watched several experiments
tried here during the last 20 years, and there has been
little or no variation in the result. The fact is curious,
but physiological reasons can be given ; these I leave
for the present. An interesting fact connected with
these stocks here is, that if some are imported from
France, planted out, say in spring (and grafted the
following spring, before they have felt the influence of
the climate and soil) with hardy vigorous-growing
kinds of Apples, they form healthy little bushes,
admirably adapted for pot culture, but not so well
fitted for cordon or edging trees, as their growth is so
slow ; the stocks best adapted for that purpose are the
English Paradise or the IJoucin. Care should be_ taken
in planting or potting trees grafted on the French
Paradise to keep the junction of the graft with the
stock above the surface of the soil, for it swells oyer
the stock to a great extent, and is inclined to strike
roots into the soil. This is a very old fact,
although but recently noticed, for Miller, in his
" Gardener's Dictionary," published about the middle
of the last century, notices it, and says that " the
trees grafted on them (the French Paradise stocks)
(never) grow to any size unless they are planted
so low that the cyon (scion)>trike root into the ground,
when it will be equal to no stock."

Reverting to the fact that a healthy graft will
restore to health a feeble or unhealthy stock, of which
I will give some illustrations, I may state that about
the year 1780 my grandfather planted a row of
Apple trees, about 50 in number, in a deep alluvial
loam, most favourable to the growth of Apple
trees. They were all of one kind, the Nonesuch,
I suppose a favourite sort in those days. My attention
was not drawn to these trees till between 1820 and
1830, and I then saw that their heads were masses of
cankered branches, full of nests of the Aphis lanigera.
These branches annually put forth vigorous young
shoots, which after a dry, warm season died back one-
third of their length, and after a wet, cool season to
nearly their base. If two or three consecutive seasons
were dry and warm^ the trees bore a considerable
quantity of fine fruit, but in my eyes they were
deformities, although I may add their stems were
clean and healthy. I had previously tried my hand at
renovating some old standard Crassane Pears, full of
cankered shoots, by grafting on them some hardy
kinds. I therefore took the old Nonesuch Apple trees
in hand, had them all beheaded, and grafted with a
vigorous-growing kind of Apple, received under the
name of Shepherd's Fame, a large fruit, but not the
truekind. They grew most vigorously for some four, five,
or more years, and then showed symptoms of canker.
I then feared that the Nonesuch was so unhealthy a
stock that I should not be able to renovate the trees,
but being of a persevering nature (Anthony Trollope's
expression occurs to me, " It's dogged as does it "),
I re-grafted all my grafts with Dumelow's Seedling, or
the N ormanton Wonder, as it was then called. From
that day to this not a cankered shoot has made its
appearance, and the heads of the trees, which bear
abundantly, are double the size of the Nonesuch trees
when they were 40 years old. I afterwards tried ray
hand at renovating some old Nonpareil Apple trees,
full of canker and disease, and fully succeeded in
making them healthy and fertile, by grafting them
with sorts hardy and not liable to canker. These
trifling facts, which seem. to require more words than
they are worth, show forcibly the effect of the graft
upon the stock. Any fruit-grower who happens to
have planted Apple or Pear trees too tender for his
climate or soil has the remedy at hand, viz., re-grafting.
T.R.

Home Correspondence.

Golden Ivy. — It is quite true, as your correspondent
" F. L." remarks (see p. 1242), that what is generally
known as the Golden Ivy (Hedera canarieusis fol. aur.),
will, when in a vigorous state, produce green rather
than golden leaves during summer and autumn. This is
the natural tendency of the plant. To counteract it,
and to return a good proportion of golden leaves, the
most vigorous of the green leaves should be removed
from time to time, as the moderate-sized and small
green leaves are quite suflicient to ensure the health of
the plant. I have a plant growing here in a large pot,
whereby the natural vigour of growth is moderated,
and as a consequence the golden and blotched leaves
predominate. The colour of these leaves in spring
is quite equal to that of any plain gold-leaved Pelav-
gonium, but it becomes slightly paler in summer and
autumn. I think, however, that it is quite possible to
alter this tendency. Why, indeed, should not the Ivy,
as well as other plants, improve in the hands of the
skilful cultivator ? We have the same basis of colours
—red, white, and yellow— to work on as in the Pelar-
gonium, and by crossing and watching for sports we
may, I think, fairly look for similar results. One
variety of Silver Ivy (H. H. arborescens albo-lutea) is
clearer and brighter in colour than any Silver-edged
Pelargonium I have ever met with, and several silver
varieties have a faint crimson streak distinctly marked,
especially in the autumn, although this is hardly
prominent enough at present to be admitted in the
descriptions from the pictorial point of view. I have
no doubt we shall have " Tricolors " in the future, but
not " speedily," as the process of raising seedling Ivie.-i
(the source whence I look for " Tricolors ") is, from the

nature of the plant, rather slow. William Faul, Wat-
tham Cross, N.

Preserving Ice. — The principal method by which vre
manage to keep up a supply of this useful commodity
during the whole year is by forming it into a stack or
mound. An elevated circular platform is formed of
ordinary earth, 24 feet in diameter ; on this the ice
is piled up in a conicil form, taking care, however,
that it is well pounded during the process of building.
Bulk is admitted to be an important item in the
matter, and well pounding the ice another. The
quantity we bring together is about 250 cart-loads,
which raise the cone to the height of about 12 feet. The
sides should be well pounded, as the firmer and more
solid the mass can be made the better will the ice
keep. Having formed the cone, we next proceed to
cover it with straw 2 feet in thickness, building it up
evenly all round until the top is reached. Having
made it as firm as possible by pressing and treading,
we comb it down with a fork or rake, and it forms a
very effective and neat thatch. The situation which
we select for the stack is as much as possible free from
drip, on the top of a rather high dry bank, sloping to
the south, on tlie brow of which grow some lofty trees.
In fact, the situation is nearly surrounded by large
trees, and it is only exposed a little to the north. I
may add that the stack which we made in the
beginning of January last is not yet exhausted ; there
is, indeed, as much in it as will serve our wants for the
next two months. <S. Elivorthy, Sioneleigh Abbey
Gardens.

Grape Judging. — " Where no counsel is the people
fall, but in the midst of counsellors there is safety." As
a Grape grower, I do not agree with much that has
been advanced on Grapejudging. I differ, for instance,
from Mr. Cramb, who is of opinion that badly coloured
Hamburghs have no fiavour. I can prove that badly-
colouredHamburghs are often better than many that
are highly coloured, and that with the reverse of the
treatment given gratuitously by Mr. Cramb. The
Grapes to which I allude are planted on a back wall
of a Vinery, and of course their roots are all inside.
They do not get water enough, hence their bad colour,
but they are most delicious in flavour. Why should
we advocate the importance of colour so much ? flavour
ought to be the grand point in regard to all fruits;
therefore why not taste (jrapes at shows ? two or three
berries from a bunch cannot disfigure it for market
purposes. If it were a Pine-apple which judges wanted
to taste, I should not wonder at the great objection
which many have to tasting. Prizes are small enough
now, without offering more for all sorts of worthless
Grapes. What committee would give a prize, for
instance, to a White Nice ?— and I consider the Black
Prince a very inferior variety, although it has colour
enough for any Grape. Very few rules seem to be
wanted by which to judge Grapes. I would give
flavour four points, size of berry three points, weight
of bunch two points; and colour one point. Tasting and
weighing are generally suflicient guides for judges.
G. M. B., Lincoln.

Bedding Zonal Pelargoniums.— In reference to the
inquiry as to a Pelargonium which will surpass
Mrs. Pollock, I beg to say that Sunset will beat it for
colour, and show at any distance or point within view
of it. G. M. B., Lincoln.

Nomenclature of Training. — It is difficult to find
authority for giving names, whereby different modes of
training fruit trees may lie known. Training is so
much a matter of fancy that people give it any name
which they like. The French call all kinds of training for
which they have no special names " formes de fantaisie."
In England we have what we call fan-shaped hori-
zontal and perpendicular trees, for our walls; then there
is the "espalier," which is the most undefined of all.
With us an espalier means a tree a^yay from a wall on
stakes or on wires, ; generally trained horizontally.
Now "espalier" is a French word, and means a tree
fixed against a wall, which is what we call horizontal
training. The plantation of a line of trees in columns
forms what the French call cordons, i.e., a, liiie of trees
of the same form planted at very short distances apart.
These trees may be against a wall or in the open air —
or, according to the French terms, " en espalier," or
"en contre-espalier." Theyderivetheirnames, oblique,
vertical, or horizontal, from tbe direction in which they
are trained ; as, for instance, " cordon oblique, en espa-
lier ; " " cordon vertical, simple contre-espalier;" "cordon
vertical double," z.e., a double line of trees, trained in
the same manner, which can only be employed
" centre espalier." There are, moreover, "cordon
oblique cruises," and the double palmette. " Cordon
horizontal unilateral" has the branches all leaning
one way. " Cordon horizontal bilateral " has one
branch in each direction. Then there are the " cordon
sineuse," the "cordon en spirale" or spiral cordon,
the common standard, the true pyramid, and what we
call fan-shaped, and the French "^ventail." The
French have likewise "palmette simple," and the
double form of it. Our horizontal training the French
call "palmettos droites." I am scarcely prepared to say
that this name is correctly applied. I think that some
such terms as the toUowing would ansvver the purpose
better, viz., lateral horizontal, lateral oblique, lateral
perpendicular, or upright or vertical. A " cordon "
may mean a rope, but in fruit culture the French (to
whom the word belongs) never apply it to trees that
are allowed to branch further than the first stage or so,
that is close on the ground — in fact not above the com-
mencement of the leaves or spurs on the tree, so that
it is a rope without any interruption to its furthest
extremity. By applying it to our horizontally trained
trees, we upset tho French cordon altogether. If we
apply it to the horizontal lateral, we can as easily do
so to the fan-shaped, or to any little bit of a twig that
is pinched into the form of a rope. With the assist-
ance of French books, particularly that of M. l/ajoulet,
Professeur du Cours Public d' Arboriculture a Tou-

louse, I have arrived at the foregoing conclusions.
Oxon.

Colouring of Muscat Grapes. — Tour correspondent
" A.," who discourses so interestingly on the magni-
ficent Grapes at Garston, in speaking of the perfect
way in which Mr. Meredith and Mr. Fowler, of Castle
Kennedy, colour their Muscats by commencing to
force early, states that I succeeded in "getting the
colour up from a certain Muscat Vine, the roots of
which had found their way into a dry and hot corner."
This statement I have no doubt will lead the public to
infer that, except in the case of one Vine, and more by
accident than anything else, I have failed to colour
Muscats in perfection as a rule. Although I do not for a
moment think that "A." intended to convey this im-
pression, still it is the only deduction that can bo made
from his statement. In the matter of Grape-growing it
must be considered an honour to have one's name classed
in any way with growers such as those referred to; and
when two such growers consider the perfect colouring of
Muscats to be a climax of skill, it cannot be very
disparaging to say of ordinary growers that they have
failed to arrive at this result. Theprincipal thing which
distinguished the fruit grown on the Vine referred to was
the earliness of its colouring ; not that it coloured more
highly than that on other Vines in the same house.
I attributed this feature to disease, and not to any
extra dryness or heat. The two Muscat houses here
are started, the one in March, the other in April ;
and I think those who are in the habit of seeing them
yearly will ag.ee with me that if there is anything
about the Grapes that is extraordinary, it is the very
high degree of amber colour and high flavour which
every bunch of them always attains to, the one ia
August, the other in September. In the remarks
which you lately inserted from me, in line 44 from the
top, read " and in a shaded " instead of " not," and at the
close " amber " instead of " Hamburgh." D. Thomson,
Archerjield Gardens.

French and English Fruit Gardening. — The letters
which have been written on this subject by your Paris
correspondent have, I think, been calculated to do
much good, and judging from communications which
I have received, Mr. Elvers' criticism thereon is not
well received by practical gardeners generally. If Mr.
Elvers, who has been long a writer on gardening, could
now find time to wade through the great mass of his
writings, he would doubtless be inclined to draw his
pencil across many things which he had in years gone
I by strongly recommended the public to follow, while,
taken as a whole, few would condemn them because
they contained a few errors. So it is with the contri-
butions of " W. R." They may contain a few mis-
takes, but taken as a whole they are, and will _ be
considered by the great mass of horticulturists
, to be, valuable additions to garden literature.
On reading Mr. Elvers' letters which have appeared in
your columns (see pp. 1166 and 1167), the idea
frequently suggested itself to one's mind that Mr.
Elvers almost imagines it to be a presumption_ for any
one to question his authority on matters pertaining to
1 fruit culture; he has forgotten that there are many
men who may have thought as deeply as himself, and
j who may have practically carried out their ideas as
successfully, though more silently, than he has done.
The crook wires for fastening cordons, too, are frequently
referred to as something new. These, or some made
just in the same way, were used by the late Mr.
Errington at Oulton Park nearly 40 years ago, but
were some time ago replaced by wires and^ neat
posts, because it was found that they were unsightly
and did not answer the pui-pose for which they
were intended. It was found that it took much
more time to keep the trees in order with them,
than it did with wires. I was so much impressed with
the advantages to be gained from growing Pear and
Apples on the cordon system, similar to that recom-
mended by " W. E.," that I had a quantity of posts
and wires fixed for this purpose four years ago ; this
was probably done before " W. E." had any idea of
ever seeing the system successfully adopted in France.
My predecessor, Mr. Errington, cultivated many
Pears and Apples on the same principle many years
ago, but his cordons were about double the distance
from the surface of the ground. One of the
great advantages I considered to be gained by training
cordons close to the ground was, that they could be
easily protected from spring frosts by Spruce branches,
or by any other suitable material, while they would be
sheltered from cold winds by crops growing near ■
them. Near the bottom of your first col. (see p. 1167),
after passing an opinion concerning the rural practices
of France, Mr. Rivers goes on to say—" As a rule, the
culture of the earth is not in favour with Frenchmen.
I am a great admirer of the ingenuity and intellectuality
of the ]?rench as a nation ; their artistic manipulation
in manufactures is marvellous, bat they have no taste
for mother earth, and are in agriculture and horticul-
ture many decades in arrear of us." How does Mr.
Rivers reconcile this statement with what he has
written in your paper for January 7th, 1865 ? where he
sa.vs— " The French fruit-growers, as a class, are very
superior men, well acquainted with the merits of soils
and their adaptation to the various kinds of fruits. I
do not wish to make invidious comparison?, but I have
never found much of this kind of information in Kent."
My only object in writing this is that truth should
prevail, and that your Paris correspondent, who is
working zealously for the cause of horticulture, should
be supported by practical fellow-labourers. J. Wills,
F.R.H.S.

Earhj Forced Strawberries.— Uips Strawberries at
Christmas, and in the beginning of the new year, are
things " we read about, but seldom see ;" and, indeed, it
requires great skill even to get a few berries then. Mr.
Temple, gardener to the Earl of Aylesford, Packington
Hall, Coventry, however, beats this, for ou the 25th of
November, when Lord Aylesford had a distinguished

Becemeeb 14) ISG'.l

TlIK GAlHlKNl

•vs

ciiijoNin^p; AND Ar,T]iriii;riiitAL oazcttr

1271

company to dinner, ho sent in for dessert a dish of
upwards of 2 lb. of GxccUently ripened Keens' Seed-
lings, which were the admiration of all who saw thein.
Tho jilants were Rrown and forced in tlic usual way,
and tlio fruit ripened in a Pine stove. Mr. 'iVuiplo is
a well-known Strawberry cultivator; his .system of
annually renewing his plantations of them, like that of
a crop of Cabbages, has been frequently noticed
in your columns. In August ho trenches tho ground
thoroughly, and plants out the young plants, which
have been jaid m pots, widely apart. luunodiatoly
the crop is gathered, tho plants are destroyed
and a now plantation is made, tho same beds after-
wards producing a crop of Winter Greens, &(!. The
enormous crops of fruit which Mr. Temple thus
j)roduces is tho best recommendation of tho system.
in reply to "Pructus," who inquires (.see p. 12 W) what
was the spring troatmont of tho Strawberry I noticed
at page 1218, 1 have to state that it received treatment
in no way ditferent from some 300 or -100 other
varieties which wore planted at the same time in tho
previous autumn. It was not the fact of their being
Strawberries, so much as their perpetual bearing pro-
perties, I wished to point out. Everybody kuows that
early forced plants will, if planted out early, produce
an autumn crop of good Strawberries. A. F. B.

Keeping of Late Grapes. — I have had extensive
experience in keeping late Grapes, and although I have
not tried the Preneh method of putting them into
bottles of water to any great extent, yet I believe that
they are kept in tho best condition by letting them
hang on tho Vines. To compare the miserable wizened
bunches of tho Chasselas Pontainebleau grown in
Prance, and kept in bottles of water, with the fine late
Grapes cut in Imgland in February, March, and April,
is a burlesque on Grape-growing. I have known the
old Muscadine, when well ripened off in September or
October, to hang in a late Vinery till M.arch or April,
and although a little shrivelled, was quite as good in
flavour as any Chasselas I have tasted grown in Prance.
It may be recollected that the late Dr. Lindley,
at one of tho autumn fruit meetings of the
Koyal Horticultural Society, showed some bunches
of the best examples of the Chasselas Pontainebleau
which he could procure in Paris, but when compared
with English Grapes they made a sorry exhibition.
M. Bergman, the gardener at Perrieres, seems, indeed,
to prefer the Chasselas and Prankenthal to all the late
varieties of Grapes grown there. But has he ever
grown or tasted the true "West's St. Peter's in
February or March ? This variety is, in my opinion,
when well grown, the best flavoured of all the late
black Grapes. I have five Vineries here yet to cut of
late Grapes, and the weight of fruit in them would
surprise some of the authorities that have lately been
figuring on the restricting and extending systems of
Vino culture. I have always succeeded in keeping
late Grapes as long as desirable, by having recourse to
the following simple rules : — The Vines are all planted
inside the houses, and when the colouring process is
completed,^ the inside borders are kept quite dry, and
the only fire-heat used is in the daytime, in damp
weather, to drj; the air. The Vineries all being
new, there is little drip, but a supervision of the
bunches takes place every week, to pick out any
decaying berries. To keep up a good root action in the
outside borders, they are covered in autumn, before
heavy cold rains fall on them, with litter, or, what is
better, dried Fern, and then wooden shutters are put
on the top of all in a sloping position. The latest
vinery is planted with one-hali"West's St. Peter's, and
the other half with Lady Uownes'. This year I had
Lady Downes', plump and good, up to the 25th of
April, when the sap commenced to flow in the Vines,
and burst the berries. I always prune these late Vines
when I cut the bunches, on purpose to get this process
over as soon as possible. This Vinery bore a full crop
the third year alter planting, and every year since the
Vines have improved in the size of bunches and berries
— the West's St. Peter's showing bunches at this date
as large as some Hamburghs. The only use I see for
keeping late Grapes in bottles of water, or any other
way, is in March or April, when the bunches of Grapes
would be better off the Vines than on, on purpose to
give a better chance of pruning and cleaning the Vines
before the young shoots were too far advanced. William
Tiller!/, Welleck.

Large Vines.— 'Y\\m week I paid a visit to Sillwood
Park again, and I am happy to inform your readers
that as soon as the proprietor had become aware that
his Vine had been badly treated, he gave orders to
have everything done for it that was necessary. Since
September it has had half a ton of crushed bones, and
20 tons of farm-yard manure given it as a top-dressing,
and it appears to have felt the benefit of the applica-
tion already, considering that it is the old Hamburgh,
which never swells its berries like the Prankenthal or
modern Hamburgh; it has finished its bunches off
well, in proof of which I herewith send you some to
taste. The flavour I consider to be most delicious. As
a neighbour of the propritor, and residing in the
same parish, I am very much pleased with what has
been done; and if I live long enough I hope to see
this noble Vine what it ought to be— the most beautiful
in the United Kingdom. Jno. Standish, Royal Nurseri/,
Ascot, Berks. [The flavour was good. We understand
that the Vine was a cutting from that at Hampton
Court. Eds.]

Pears. — I should bo obliged to any gardener or ama-
teur fruit grower who would furnish a list of what they
find to be the best kinds of Pear for their own district,
mentioning county, soil, and mode of culture ; those
grown on walls not included. W. D. F. [The follow-
ing have been found to be excellently well suited for
this district, viz. the Middlesex valley of the River
Thames. The soil is a deep alluvial loam, with gravelly
subsoil :— 1, Doyenne d'Eti^ ; 2, Williams' Bon Chre-
tien ; 3, Louise Bonne (of Jersey) ; -J, Fondante d'Au-

tAmno ; 5, Suffolk Thorn ; (1. Comto do Laniy ; 7, Hollo
.Uilio; 8, Beurni liosc ; '.I, ^I.ario Ijoui.so; 10. Doyenne
du Coniico; 11, liorgamotto Ciidctio; 12, Glou Mor-
coau. All of thososucceod well worked on tho Quince,
which is by far the best stock whoro fruitful little trees
are required. If large standard orchard trees are wanted,
thou the Pear stock is preferable. Glou Morceau and
Doyenne du Comice do not answer very well a< high
stanclards. Tho finest fruits are produced from healthy
young trees, and tho forms best suited for tho Pear are
the pyramidal, dwarf esiialier, or horizontal cordon.
Pyramiilal trees arc the most handsome, and require
the least attciilinu ; but tho largest and finest fruits
are producoil on the " cordon " system. Whatever
form is followed, much care should be bestowed on the
summer pinching of the young shoots, which is done
gener.ally at the sixth leaf, beginning at tho top of tho
troo and pinching downwards by degrees, always
allowing the bottom branches to be a little in advance
of, and to have a greater amount of leafly surface than,
the top part of the tree ; a system which regulates and
equalises the flow of tile sap, and makes the trees
equally fruitful throughout. A. F. 5.]

PlanI P/'o/ccifoM,— llespeeting the action of winds—
1st, If the air be warmer than the surface, its motion
may (if it bo very dry) cause cold by evaporation,
otherwise not. 2nd, If tho air bo colder than plants,
wind must chill them, unless it be at the dew-point,
when tho latent heat of deposited vapour may neu-
tralise the effect. As respects the action of dew, it is
in all cases a moderator of cold. At night (as well .as
by day) the normal state of the atmosphere is " dimi-
nution of temperature" in ascending from the earth,
and neither the surface nor plants will be found to bo
of a lower temperature than the ambient air, until tho
latter has reached the dew-point. Beneath the cloud-
less skies of countries where the air is very dry, it is
well known that the cold at night is far more intense
than in our moist climate. There is no protecting
"cloud-screen," and little or no latent heat of vapour
is given out by the descending cold air to communicate
heat to the air above the surface. Had AVells tried his
experiments in such a climate he would not have found
the surface colder than the air ; and then there would
have been no increase of temperature in ascending.
His theory utterly fails to explain the latter peculiarity
(which I have accounted for, 1097 i). The lower tem-
perature which he found at the surface is merely the
effect of the latent heat of vapour w.armin2 the air

above it. S. H., GHenville. [In page 1214, Sir "W.

Thomson's article, list line from top, for "altered
from the reporter's copy," read " altered from the
reporter's tense."]

The Weaf/ier.—'Fhe frost began to yield at midnight
on Sunday; since then the thermometer has ranged from
35' to 15\ The whole of the snow has disappeared, and,
although the wind continues north-west, the air is
mild and balmy. Thermometer at 10 a.m. on the 12th,
46'. D. T. F, Biiri/ St. Fdnuiid's.

Severe Weather in. Yorkshire. — Mr. Taylor in his
letter of to-day (Dec. 9) says, "Since last Sunday
(Dec. 1) we have had a severe winter storm, high
winds, a cover of snow, and frost. On Tuesday night
22' of frost. There is every appearance of frost con-
tinuing. The roads are like ice ; thermometer indi-
cating about 12' of frost; snow about 2 inches;
winter has set in early." I hope Bosarians have done
something to protect their Roses. It is of no use
locking the stable door after the horse is gone. I
send this to frighten them into their duty. All mine
are sufllciently protected. W. F. Sadcluffe.

Thermometers. — Notwithstanding the presumed
improvement in mathematical and scientific instru-
ments in late years, there is one at least in which the
improvement is more fancied than real ; and I am not
certain if it is not often in a retrograde way. The
increasing demand for such things ought to stimulate
makers to furnish ns with something really better than
we now possess. The instruments of which I com-
plain are thermometers of the registering kind. Having
been for upwards of 30 years interested in meteorolo-
gical matters, and having had several instruments
through my hands, I am comjielled to say that there has
been no improvement whatever in the class to which I
allude, during that time ; at least, such is my opinion. I
do not refer to the very expensive ones, as they are
beyond my reach ; but having frequently given 2U.
each for single maximum and minimum instruments,
and had them go wrong in a couple of months or so,
although taking every reasonable care of them consis-
tent with their requirements, I think I have reason to
complain ; and latterly I have contented myself with
a cheaper class of iustrument, as these seem just as
good. I do not presume to know much of their manu-
facture, but I would suggest that if more care were
taken in the construction of the tube and its contents,
and less in that of the case and its appendages we should
have a better instrument. If some makers would take
the hint, and let us have a substantially good article at
a reasonable price, they would confer a boon ou many
an observer. F. L. [Burrow's minimum (see p. 1142)
is the best we have yet seen at the price. Eds.]

year. The storm ushered in the cold season, which
may bo said to have commenced the morning after.
.\uw there will bo cloudless sky and no rain till tho
IStlror 2illh (pf .luric. The cx|)erieuoe of the former
(iyclonc, which occurred a mouth earlier, and was
followed by much rain, shows that few young trees
that have been so violently uprooted and shaken can
exist till next rains. Since 1812, four hurricanes have
occurred, and by them about 2000 trees liavo been
destroyed in the garden. Tho area is 25(5 ai.Tos, but
(iO of these aro used by the Agri-Horticultural Society,
and 50 more must be deducted for ro.ids, buildings,
and jmnds of water. This loaves about 150 acres as
tho extent of ground from which the 2000 trees have
been swept away in 25 years. This is very suggestive
of tho cause of the poverty of Bengal in species of
trees. No wild trees exist in quantity in rice-growing
Bengal, and the trees round the villages of natives are
few in uumbor. Picus indica, rcligio.sa and vonosa, the
Jack, tho Mango, tho Noein. Azadirachta indica
Naudca Cadamha, and near Calcutta a few trees of
Litchi and Custard Apples, compose tho number;
Tamarinds and Acacia Lebhek aro rare. Ham-
boos, Cocoa-nuts, Phceuix sylvestris and Borassus
are common south of tho Ganges. For six months
water stands from 6 inches to 2 feet below the surface.
Trees cannot strike their roots deep in such a soil, and
accordingly not a tree that has fallen either now
or in 1851 had a tap root. The descending roots are all
gone, and the decay has very frequently spread up tho
centre of tho tree. Strong surface roots spread on all
sides, and continue as buttresses up the sides of tho
tree. This swampy, 'Ilice-growing country extends to
the Assam valley, the Garrons, and Khasia and
Tipperah hills on tho east and north-east, to tlio
Bhotan and Sikkim Himalaya on tho north, and ou
the west and south-west to the hilly country of Bohar
and Orissa. From tho sea to nearly 250 miles
north of Calcutta, and to Dacca, on the east, this
region is liable at any time to be devastated by cyclones,
and no trees except Banyans can acquire a considerable
age in such a country. Now that the garden must be
reformed, it is a question whether the site should not be
selected in a place beyond these Rice svramps, and in a
region where cyclones are unknown. There the work
that must again be commenced would stand, and
valuable introductions, such as Mahogany would not
be destroyed when they have reached their full growth,
and are giviug promise of seed, to be followed by a
wide dissemination throughout India, and at least
Nature would not destroy the garden. The site of the
garden has always been a drawback to it. It is seven
miles from Calcutta, and ou the other side of the
Hooghly, and it can be reached only by native boats.
This has prevented the garden acquiring a local value.
Last year the visitors did not amount to 500 for the
12 months, and most of them were attracted bypic-nics
held in the garden. D.

Another correspondent, writing on the same subject,
says: — "So long, however, as Calcutta remains the
capital of India, the great Botanic Garden should be
near it. A merely scientific establishment need not
be nearly so large as 250 acres. I think a good site
might be found in Bengal, and not far from Calcutta,
for a garden, which would combine (like Kew) the
purpose of a public pleasure park with a scientific
garden. After two cyclones a period of rest may be
expected, since from the establishment of the garden
till 1801, no storms so destructive as these two had
passed over it. Until 18'51 it was full of magnificent trees,
and very probably, if planted again on the same site, the
same kinds of trees might flourish for CO years more."

Foreign Correspondence.

The Calcutta Botanical Gahdens.— In the
plantations all the arborescent species cultivated in
the garden (amounting to about 600 species) are
grouped in natural orders, each species being repre-
sented by at least two s|)ecimens. The herbaceous and
shrub garden, containing 2000 species, has been
levelled, and most of tho plants have been uprooted.
The Orchids, Perns, Peppers, collections of seedlings
from Sikkim, Java, Ceylon, and Kew have been buried
under ^ fallen trees and thatched roofs. All the work
done since 1796 is gone, as well as many of the most
prized introductions of the last seven years. This
destruction has happened at the worst season of the

^ocittlts.

LiNNEAN : November 7. — G. Bentbara, Esq., President, in the
chair. The following papers were read : — I. Catalogue of the
R''ptiles of British Burmak, embracing the provinces of Pegu,
Mariaban, and Teymsserim. By W. Theobald, Esq. ; communi-
cated by G. Busk, Esq. 2. i>escriptions of 50 neic Species of

the Genus Stigmodera. By Edward Saunders, Esq. ; commu-
nicated by W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.

November 21.— G. Bentham, Esq., President, in the chair.
W. H. Spencer, M. A., was elected a Fellow. N. B. Ward, Esq.,
exhibited dried specimens of a few British plants, illustrating
the influence of climate and local conditions in altering their
character and appearance. Dr. Brathwaite exhibited two
Mosses new to this country, namely Amblystegium con-
fcrvoides, and Ilypnum Bambergeri, discovered by Dr. Eraser,
of Wolverhampton. D. Hanbury, Esq., exhibited specimens
of the fruit of Amomum DanieUii, Hook. fil. (A, Clusii, Bot.
Mag.), ripened, as he believed, for the first time in Britain.
Tho following papers were read : - 1. On the Fagus Castanea of
Lourtiro's Flora, Coehtnchiiiensis; u-ith descriptions of two nexo
Chinei>e Corylacece. By H. F. Hance, Esq, ; communicated by
Dr. Hooker. Dr. Hance identifies Loureiro's plant with a
tree he names Castanopsis chinensis, found in the province of
Kwangtung, remarking in reference thereto: "I have
admitted tike genus Castanopsis in deference to M. De
Candolle's decision. Had I consulted my own judgment I should
have named this Chestnut Quercus Loureiro, a renewed con-
sideration of the subject since my article on Quercus and
Castanea was published in " Seemann's Journal," having led
me to the conclusion that neither Castanea nor Castanopsis
are to be distinguished from Quercus as genera, in the sense in
which I hold tho term." Quercus Fabri and Carpinus

Turczaninov-ii were described as new species. 2. Note on the

Isocles capsularis, Roxb. By Jolm Scott, Curator of the
Botanic Garden, Calcutta; communicated by Dr. Anderson,

The plant proved to be the male VaUisneria spiralis.

3. S^/nopsisofthe South African Restiacece. By Dr. M. T. Masters.
This paper comprised a description of the genera and species
of South African Restiacea^, preceded by an account of tho
many peculiarities of their organisation and geographical
distribution. As regards the latter point there are two
"head centres" of distribution, viz., the south-western comer
of the Capo of Good Hope, and the correspondmg comer of
Australia, Swan River. None are found in other paits of
Africa; but. few in other parts of Australia. A few grow
in New Zealand and Tasmania, and one in Chili : none in
Madagascar. They appear, like the Proteas and the Ericas,
which have pretty much the same distribution in South
Africa, to be the remnant of a very ancient flora : hence it is
interesting to study their distribution in connection with the
, geology of tho country. Although some might well flni^

1272

THE GAEr»ENBRS' CHRONICLE AND AGT^ICULTtm.AL GAZETTE.

[l)ECEM:BEa 14, 1867.

a place alongside of some of the luora orDaraenfcal of
the Grasses in cultivation, there is .apparently only one
species now in cultivation in the country, viz. the male
plant of Restio subverticillatus, commonly, but cn-one-
ously called in gardens WiUdenovia teres. Other species

are meiitioned in the catalogues, but have been lost.

4. Notes on the Flora of North-east Tasmania. By W. K, Bissill,
Esq. ; communicated by Dr. Mueller. This paper consisted
mainly of a sketch of the more general features of the district,
which veaa visited by the writer for the purpose of recruiting
his health. Referring to the Fern-tree gullies, he remarks : —
" In some of these an extraordinary size is attained by most
things. Though the enormous height, viz., that of 70 feet,
mentioned as reached by an Australian Tree Fern, is beyond
that of Tasmanian species, yet here were forests of them, of
which few individually would be under 30 or 40 feet, many
havmg a diameter of 3 feet, their lace-like foliage forming a
dense canopy above ; the few rays that pierce it will vitalise
few vegetable germs. The gullies are like cathedral aisles, in
the solemn absence of life, except that the brown pillars are
wreathed with garlands as at high festival, innumerable Fairy
Ferns cUrabiug them, from the damp, dead floor, to the illumi-
nated groined roof above." 5. Ojl the Branched Paims of

Southern India. By S. Pulney Andy, M.D. This paper accom-
panied a series of drawings of branched Palmyra and Cocoa-
nut trees. One Palmyra Palm (Boraasus flabelliformis) was
shown to have five entire, and four abortive branches ; and
dichotomously branched Cocoa-nut trees were shown. Rami-
fication in Palm trees, the author observed, was very un-
flopimun, the only species in which this peculi.arity is known
being the Doum Palm of Egypt. Although, he argued, it
appears difficult to account for such v.iriation, yet it must be
admitted that without an axillary le.af-bud the ramification
could not have originated ; and he went on to suggest that
the leaf-bud, either from a tendency to duplication, or from
accidental causes, such as partial destruction by insects, had
remained inactive till a succeeding one w.as produced, when
it became revived and thus gave rise to an additional
branch. This view, it appears, is prevalent amongst the
more intelUgent natives. As m.any as 12 branches
have been observed in the Palmyra, and a dichotomous
division in the Areca-nut Palm. Twins and triplets amongst
Palmyra and Cocoa-nut trees are common, .and on one occa-
sion Dr. Andy was shown a specimen of five shoots of a
Cocoa-nut Palm coming out from a single bed, and said to be
from one seed, but the owner would not permit it to be dug
out for examination. Some of the drawings represented

monstrosities of the flowers of these Palms. 6. OOsen'ations

on Thlaspi alpestre. By .John Windsor, Esq. The author urged
that there are sufficient marks of distinction to constitute at
least two varieties or sub-species of this plant, and that the
ftames now used for them are objectionable ; that called virens
bping decidedly glaucous, and that called oceitanieum being
ifound in many places besides Occitania (Languedoc) in
France. He suggested that the name glaucescens should be
given to the former, or Matlock plant ; and that of virens to
the latter, or Craven plant,

Dtceinber 5. — G. Bcnthani, Esq., President, ih the chair. C.
B. Clarke, Esq. ; F. E. Kitchener, Esq. ; and the Rev. T.
Powell, were elected Fellows, J. B. Flower, Esq., exhibited
specimens in fruit of Garrya elliptica, ripened iu a garden at
Bath. P. Currey, Esq., exhibited a remarkable monstrosity
of Plantago major, having the flowering spikes very much
branched in a pyramidally paniculate manner, the axis and
its ra^mifi^ations being branched. It had been found by Mr.
G. B. Wollaston, at Compton, in Sussex. The following papers

were read; 1. A Contribution to our Knowledge of Lomer

Annelids. By E. Ray Lankester, Esq. ; commimicated by

G. Busk, Esq. 2. On the Spinj/ Lizard, Moloch korridm.

By G. A. Wilson, Esq.

United Horticultural, Dec. 9. — Mr. Wilson, gv. to Wm.
Marshall, Esq., of Enfield, exhibited on this occasion a box of
cut Orchid flowers, in the finest possible condition, consisting
of the white variety of Lycaste Skiimeri ; Cattleya marginata,
one of the best varieties of this fine Cattleya, the sepals and
petals being very bruad and brilliant in colour, while the lip is
crimson purple, shaded with white ; Barkeria Lindleyana, a
very fine variety, the colour of the flowers being of a bright
deep lilac pm-ple, and very showy : Zygopctalura Mackayi, a
variety with a very large lip, beautifully striped and shaded ;
Odontoglossum Cervantesii var. roseum, a superb variety, the
flowers of which measure fuUy 3 inches in diameter ; Cattleya
Triancei var., probably the true C. Warscewicsii, with pure
white sepals and pet.als, and deep lake lip, margined with
white ; C. Harrisonii var. violacea, with rosy pink sepals and
petals, white throat, and with the edges of the labellum nicely
frilled ; Lycaste lauipes, pure white ; Oncidium calanthum,
very bright yellow, with reddish-urange centre ; O. aerratum,
cinnamon-brown, finely frilled round the edges, and margined
vrith yellow ; also two very pretty varieties of Oncidium
uncium. Such a display w.as very givatifying, as showing that
a considerable number of Orchids can be obtained to enliven
the otherwise monotonous appearance of conservatories and
plant houses at this season of the year, when flowers are
always scarce. The same exhibitor likewise exhibited a frond
of a seedhng Fern, evidently a Lasti-ea ; the frond was finely
crisped, and it was considered to be very distinct from any
other variety in cultivation. Also cut trusses of Zonal Pelar-
goniums Jules Cf^sar and Leonidaa ; the individual pips of
these were very large, and the colours brilliant. Jules C^sar
is an advance on Roi d'ltalie, and Lfonidas, a most brilliant
glossy scarlet.

Glasgow and West of Scotland: Dec. 6.— A banquet of a
moat important character took place in connection with a
meeting of this thriving Society, on the 6th inst., under the
presidency of R. Dalglish, Esq., M.P. About 130 gentlemen
sat down to dinner. After the usual loyal and local toasts, the
Chairman proposed "The Interests of Horticulture." In the
course of his remarks he said : — i am conscious, and every m,an
who has his eyes open must be conscious of the wonderful
strides which horticulture has made in this country. In the
neighbourhood of Glasgow this may not be so apparent, but in
the neighbourhood of London nothing strikes the visitor more
than the large number of nursery gardens— th.au the immense
number of villas surrounded by glass conservatories, their
Orchid-houses and their stoves ; and I am told that within
80 miles of London there is one horticulturist who has upwards
of 100 acres of land entirely planted \vith ornamental trees
and shrubs. This Society, 1 believe, has been establisbed
within the last 10 years. It was not very flourishing for the
first year or two, but now it has 800 members. It has four
flower shows every season, aud it gives away in prizes 600/.
During the last year the flower shows were visited by
35,000 persons, attracted by the beautiful specimens exhibited.
Horticulture, till within a short period, has, perhaps, not
been ranked as one of the great arts or sciences ; but latterly,
I beheve, there are men expending as large sums of money in
the maintenance of horticultural establishments as any of the
great collectors of painting or of sculpture. The collector of
curious plants, the man who sends his emissaries over the
face of the earth to gather from every country those plaats
which may be the most beautiful or the most striking, to
bring them home and to improve their production in this
climate confers a positive boon upon society. There is a
collection within five miles of Glasgow — the collection of Mr.
Dawson— in which the plants are of fabulous value ; and I
^ave every reason to believe enormona sums are given for

plants of the description to be found there. The other day.
Dr. Ainsworth, of Manchester, told me ho had a small plant,
nut abope a foot high, which one of the great London dealers
told him Was worth at least "0 guineas. Mr. Coats, of Paisley,
has also a very large aud valuable collection of plants, I have
named Mr. Dawson and Mr. Coats because they can and
do give the money to cultivate those plants. They do not
grudge their money in getting fine specimens, or in putting
up the most perfect houses to cultivate them in, and I
presume they do not grudge the gold to keep the houses
warm ; but in a Society like this we should not forget that
though they may do this, something more is necessary. To
the gardener — to the practical man— to his care, to his
attention, to his vigilance we are very largely indebted. I
have no doubt got some glass, but the glass would soon be
empty if I had not a very attentive and careful gardener.
Though Mr. Dawson cultivates plants to the extent I have
mentioned, the talent and skill of maintaining those plants
belong to Mr. Anderson, with whose name I couple the toast.

Mr. Anderson, in replying, observed that though gardeners
laboured under some drawbacks, the most important of which
was scant remuneration, much had been done by them, and
he had no doubt still more would be accomplished.

The Croupier (Mr. Councillor Arthur) proposed "The
Glasgow and West of Scotland Horticultural Society, and
Kindred Societies." The Society, he said, was scarcely second
to any in the kingdom. Instead of having debt upon its
head, it was now the possessor of a liberal sum at its credit in
the bank. He coupled with the toast the health of Mr. Hugh
Campbell, Secretiiryof the Society, to whose services they must
attribute a large amount of their success. — Mi". Campbell
acknowledged the toast.

Entomological: December 2.— Sir John Lubbock, Bari.,
President, in the Chair. Mr. Pascoe exhibited three preserved
species of Longicorn beetles, from India, Java, and Sumatra,
but which appeared rather to represent local varieties of the
Lamia (Thysia) Wallichii of Hope. Professor Westwood
exhibited the unique British specimen of Serropalpus striatus
taken some years ago by Mr. Plant at Leicester, also the small
globose mud nest of Eumenes coarctata, found near Reigate,
being the only British representative of this very numerous
genua of solitary wasps. Mr. Smith stated that he had
occasionally found the nests in the neighbourhood of
Weybridge, the New Forest, Aic. He also exhibited a piece of
Wihow from Mitcham, in which there were not fewer than
10 burrows of the leaf-cutter bee, Megachila Willughbiella, in
close proximity, each burrow containing a number of cells.
He had observed that the cells were not uniformly formed of
a single kind of leaf, but that sometimes the outer layers of
the case were of green Rose leaves, the inner being composed
of those of the flowers of Geranium, Poppy, or Centaurea.
Jlr. Pascoe exhibited and described five new genera of exotic
Coleoptera, belonging to different families, natives of Lake
N'gami, Ceylon, Sumatra, and Penang. Mr. Truman read a
paper "On some Undescribed Species of South African
Butterflies, including a New Genus of LycnenidEe," to which
the name of Delonura was applied, its nearest ally being the
New V/orld genua Eumenia. One of the most interesting of
the new species was a Papilio, the m.ale of which resembles
the well-known P. BoisduvalUanus, whilst the female closely
resembles Danais Eucheria. He also suggested that the well-
known P. merope, of which males only had been taken in
Africa, was the male of the Papilio cencus, which also
resembles a Danais, although it was admitted that in
Madagascar the female of P. merope precisely resembles the
male, thus exhibiting a curious c;ise of dimorphism in the
female sex.

dFlori^ts' iplotucis.

Ant notice of the Veebena would be incomplete
without some allusion to that division which is now
receiving some considerable augmentation, and to
which is given the designation of Italian-striped, or by
some of Fancy Verbena. Several of the leading
classes of what are known as florists' flowers have a
kind of collateral division termed " Fancy" flowers,
which are invariably some degrees lower in the scale of
perfection, and have in their character more or less of a
deviation therefrom, which exhibits itself in some
instances in fantastic forms, but always in a degree of
novelty, often manifested in unusual or grotesque
colouring, which lifts them out of the ordinary tracli
of improvement, aud necessitates the creation of a
division especially for them. The Verbena is no
longer an exception to this rule. Not, however, that
striped Verbenas in themselves are novel in character,
as they have occupied a place in the garden for a few
years past, notably in the case of the old Striata
perfecta, which will be still in the memory of many
growers. Without for a moment intending to assume
that this was the first of the striped kinds, it was yet
one of the most prominent of them, and had a marked
individuality of its own, being very constant in
character and really beautiful when well-flowered.
There was notwithstanding a something about it, as
well as about some of its contemporaries, that caused
" bedders out " to sigh for something better if it
could be obtained. By 1865, Princess of Wales and
Annie had been added to it, and both are still in culti-
vation, Annie being, however, the best of the trio.
With the advent of these two last named, Striata
perfecta may be said to have quietly abdicated the
flower garden in their favour.

The Italian-striped kinds put in appearance about
18()3, in the shape of a batch of seedlings raised by
MM. Cavaguini freres, of Brescia. Some of them were
subjected to a trial at Chiswick, and among the whole
series there was scarcely one worth growing as a garden
flower. The constitution obtained under the " sunny
skies " of Italy lacked suflicient vigour to stand against
the more trying circumstances of our English clime,
and therefore it was reported of them that they had
" inveterately bad habits," allied as it seemed to poor,
paltry, mis-shapen flowers and inconstant colours.
It was, however, hoped that our cross breeders might
be able to make something of them, as a greater variety
of good striped Verbenas was then very desirable. It
appeared, too, that in ahnost every case the ground
colour of the flowers was white, and flaked unevenly
and irregularly with purple or red. Some of the French
Verbena raisers got hold of these Italian kinds about
the same time as they reached England, and they
instantly set to work breeding from them, and managed
to infuse a little more vigour into them without
making much improvement in the flowers. In this

somewhat imperfect state of transition they came to
Mr. Bull, of Chelsea, and he began cross-breeding from
them and some of the more vigorous-growing of the
Eoglish kinds. This year Mr. Bull has flowered a
batch of seedlings which show considerable improve-
ment in point of habit, the seedling plants being
vigorous, and producing healthy robust-growing shoots.
Whether they will maintain this improved constitu-
tion when propagated by cuttings, remains to be seen.

Unlike Mr. Perry, Mr. Bull blooms his seedlings out-
of-doors, as his aim is the production of bedding kinds
rather than exhibition flowers. They have therefore
borne the test of a somewhat unfavourable season, and
if, as already observed, the invigorated constitution can
be perpetuated in the plants raised from cuttings,
there is not the sHghtest doubt that we are on the eve
of realising a greater variety of good striped Verbenas.
They are yet so far in the rear of the ordinary Show
Verbenas that they cannot lay claim to rank as exhibi-
tion kinds, unless a class for fancy or striped-flowered
Verbenas should find a place in prize schedules. But Mr.
Bull is nevertheless improving, with something like
rapi dity, both the form and substance of his new flowers,
and it should be remembered that they were growing
in the open air without any protection, and without
having been aided either by thinning or disbudding.

Meanwhile a higher order of thepurelyEnglishstriped
Verbena is being surely developed. That fine striped
flower, Lady of Langleybury, whether a sport or a
seedling, forms a fitting companion to Cooling's Annie,
and possesses a constancy of character not yet attained
by those whose veins contain some mixture of Italian
blood. Nor is Mr. Perry unmindful of these striped
kinds, as he uses the best of them for cross-breeding,
and this summer he has flowered some of considerable
merit, though not yet up to his standard as exhibition
flowers. Still, it is more than probable he will be able
to exhibit some striped varieties among the new flowers
of the coming year, seeing that sometimes he grows as
many as four or five thousand seedlings in one year,
which are proved again a second year before they are
allowed to get into the hands of the public.

The following comprise some of the best of Mr. Bull's
new striped kinds : —

Beauty, opening wliite. but getting suffused with deep blush
as the flowers .age, also distinctly striped and flaked witll
bright crimson and rose ; same heavily flaked with I'ose only ;
good stout pip, large truss, and strong habit.

Butlertli/, pure white ground colour, striped and flaked with
purplish violet, distinct and good habit.

Coquette, flaked with white and lavender, and striped with
purple : the young trusses of blooms have a very pretty and
attractive appear.ance, but become less so with age ; good
habit, .and one of the best of the batch.

Distinction, pale bluah ground, flaked and striped both with
deep pink and vivid rose ; not so bright looking, however, as
some of the other kinds, Ijut quite distinct in character.

Fairi/, white suiFased with soft pink .and fl.aked with the
same ; pips Large and well -formed, aud good truss ; habit good,
and free-blooming.

Lojly-Bird , opening white ground, but ch.anging to blush,
and flaked with led; habit dwarf and cluso, and remarkably
free blooming, appeared us if it would make a useful bedding
kind.

Leopard, white ground, heavily flakod and striped with
pui*plish red, the flake quite bright in the hue, a fine and
striking flower.

Maripie, blush, striped and flaked and freckled with bright
rosy scarlet, also with rose ; there was a brightness about this
flower that made it attractive, it Wii3 iilso very free bloomhig,
and ijossessed a good habit.

Keijutarity, white ground, flaked, striped, .and freckled with
violet in a regular manner.

Strikijig, white, flaked with pui-plish crimson, also blotched
and striped with rose ; fine pip and truss.

Tuiinkle, white, tinted and punctured with p.ale pink, and
flaked with bright rosy carmine, good habit and frOT.

Ztt-ra, white, flaked, and striped with vivid red, and also
flaked with rose, very lively and showy.

Sletlina, white, flaked with rosy lilac, some part of the truss
comes all rosy lilac, and some of the pips pure white, good
habit, and very free blooming.

It is noticeable of these flowers, as in the first batch
of Italian kinds, that the ground-colour of the flowers
is white, as in the case of Carnations, and not bordered
with white, as in the case of Annie, Lady of Langley-
bury, &o. It should also be stated that there is some-
thing of a fugitive character about a large number of
these seedling flowers, from which some of the foregoing
are not altogether free, in that several of the pips
come self-coloured, either composed of the ground
colour or that of the flake ; sometimes a portion of
the flower will thus be wholly self-coloured ; in other
cases a pip here or there. Fixity of character has yet
to be secured, unless, like the Fancy Dahlia, it is as yet
beyond the range of the florist's art. Whether it is
requisite that the fixity of character should be
preserved is another matter, seeing that they are
essentially — at least in their present stage of develop-
ment—fancy flowers. It will also be noticed that, like
the flaked and striped Fancy Dahlias, there is in almost
every case the presence of two distinct hues of colour,
forming the flake or stripe, while many oi the flowers
are also freckled with one or the other of these colours,
in some instances much so. At any rate the cross-
breeder has here ample opportunity for calling into
operation his peculiar function, and it will not be
surprising if .from these flowers shall be eventually
derived some exceUent bedding varieties that shall
impart a pleasing and needed freshness to this depart-
ment of ornamental gardening, for it will be
pre-eminently as bedding kinds that they will prove
useful in the largest degree. S. D.

^e glpfarp,

FotTL Brood. — Last week (p. 1245) I had to make
the unwelcome statement that this disease had become
difi'used throughout a large portion of my apiary. I
have now to endeavour to show how it most probably
originated, and how it became so spread abroad among
my stocks.

In the summer of 1865 a very populous hive, engaged,

JlECEMBEB 14, 1867. [

riiK rTAi?T)EN]-,t{S' rnt^oximi and Ar.Ricrn.TTniAT. gazi-;ttk

1273

in filling a large glass super, was removed, during the
hottest part of the season, a distance of tliiTo miles
into the country, the bees having been conlinrd fiuiu
the previous evening. Notwithstanding all the venti-
lation iiiissiblo under the circumstances was aflbrdcd,
the heat caused by the confinement and sliaking was
very great, the bees becoming proportionately excited.
They did but little good in the super afterwards,
though located in a very superior honey district to that
which they previously occupied. The following spring
we were visited, as many may remouibor, by very
severe gales. In one of these in April this hive was
blown over, and the queen killed. All the honey was
carried olf by the liees of adjoining stocks. I then
discovered that seven out of the nine combs wore more
or less full of foul brood. The queen had deposited
hosts of eggs in the colls all around the afl'ected part-s.
Ithought, "If the disease is so infectious, and can bo
dis.seminatodamonghealthy stocks bymeansoftheboncy
which the hive contained, alone, as some writers have
positively allirmed, my whole apiary must be doomed
to destruction, as, probably, every hive had, more or
less, partaken of tlio stolen fruit." lint to my great
delight, as time passed on, not a sign of it appeared in
any single stock in that garden. But during the
winter of lS(iO-7 the bees of a stock died out. Through
inadvertence it was allowed to remain undisturbed on
its stand. It was not at the time subjected to any
e.\amiuation, the cause of death being attributed to
starvation. Towards the end of May, a lly-away swarm
took possession of the comb-furnished habitation.
A great amount of cleaning out of the combs had been
in active operation for some days, and when examined
they showed evident symptoms of having been
thoroughly overhauled. No appearance of foul brood
was then to bo seen.

About this time my queen-rearing attempts were in
full operation. The common queen of the new swarm
was soon after captured and destroyed; a brood-comb,
with Liguriau royal cells inserted, was given to the
hive in exchange for one of its own brood-combs.
Subsequently more of its brood combs were also
transferred to other stocks. The first stock which
obtained one of these brood-combs becamemuchaffected
with the disease; prior to its discovery the hive had
been made much use of in the artificial propagation of
queens, and an exchange of combs with other stocks
frequently effected a^i occasion required. This stock
became so charged with foul brood, that no doubt could
exist as to the propriety of its being broken up, and
the combs melted down. The hive which contained
the stray swarm was then examined. Every comb, in
which breeding had been carried on, bore undoubted
evidence of being aU'ected. With this hive I resolved
to try an experiment ; all the combs were removed and
burnt, fresh ones being substituted : the hive was
liberally supplied with food. It remains to be proved,
next spring, whether foul brood can be eradicated in
this way. As the combs, with which the stock was
built up, were taken out from various hives, it is pos-
sible that one or more from an infected colony were
given to it ; but, independently of this, I fear that such
a method of procedure will not usually be found to
succeed in annihilating every trace of the disease from
any colony in which it has manifested itself.

No. 12 was a small artificial swarm, in which was
raised the best Ligurian queen I had been able to gel;
during the summer. Before the discovery of foul brood
in any of the hives had been made, I had strengthened
this swarm by brood combs, which I now know to have
been taken from an infected stock. The swarm was fed
very liberally in the autumn, a large quantity of syrup
being taken down and stored. About the middle of
November I discovered the hive to be dead. On taking
out the combs I found the queen on the surface of one
firmly attached to another bee by the hooks of their
respective hind legs. Though both were quite dead
they presented the exact attitude as if they were
violently pulling away from each other. No doubt the
bee was a robber, which had thus assailed the queen.
On examination of the combs a large patch of foul
brood was visible in several of them. It is probable the
bees became dispirited, thereby falling easy victims to
the attacks of robbers.

In two other hives the presence of the malady has
been but too apparent. In these cases also the bees
were driven out, the combs removed and melted up,
and the hives put by to be subjected to thorough
scraping and washing with a strong solution of chloride
of lime.

I have thus endeavoured at a great sacrifice of hives
so far to "stamp out" the disease. If in ttie spring,
notwithstanding what has been already done, it again
makes its unwelcome appearance among any of the
rest of the hives, I intend to destroy the entire lot,
and to recommence bee-keeping with swarms obtained
from a distance.

I hope enough has been written to prove that Foul
Beoou is an infliction not in any way to be trifled
with, but that so soon as it shows itself the most severe
means should unhesitatingly be taken to effect its
eradication. 5. Sevan Fox.

Garden Memoranda.

Mk. William Thompson's, Ipswich.— The fact
that Mr, Thompson's is not a show-place, and that his
habits are more like those of an amateur, with a love
foraquietgarden,than of a seedsman, must not deter me
from giving some account of his novelties, and of the
" good things " I saw with him some time since. Those
who have grown those beautiful Rhodanthes which he
has introduced from Australia— the CoUinsia veraa,
and the exquisite Aquilegia coerulea, not to mention
many other charming novelties of merit, need not be
told how much he goes out of the ordinary track
of flower seedsmen to obtain what is good and
beautiful ; also the pains he takes to give things

their true character, and right names. It will
probably bo better if, instead of describing anything of
his garden or seed groumi, 1 speak of some of the
most, noteworthy jilants therein, not a few of which
will be found worthy of exlonded (jultivatioii, ami
therefore I will commence with Digitalis (Isoplexis)
canariensis.

Few of the species of Foxglove are worth a place
after the common one, oven in its poorest state, but
this is really a striking kind, and worthy of culture in
all good collections of herbaceous plants. Here it
forms a neat-looking bushy jdaiit, nearly '1 feet high,
freely furnishcil with lung and dense spikes of flowers,
of a very distinct and i)cculiiir colour— light shining
bronzo. Tho flowers are not fugacious, and shoots were
appearing, ready to continue the bloom. It is not
new, but is not sufliciontly known.

Oentiana Aiidreiwii. — On tho strength of the great
beauty of some of the family we now and then see a
member of this genus recommended and cultivated,
even though possessed of little merit, but this, though
allied to some of the weedy ones, is certainly very
distinct and pretty. The plant grows from 8 inches to
l.'> inrln;s high, is herbaceous, neat in habit, and appa-
rently not diflicult to cultivate. The corolla is of that
tyjie that si^arcely opens, but the appearance of the
long, dark, deep blue bud-like flowers is quite pleasing.
It produces seed freely. It has all the air of a plant
that will prove useful for cutting, and not being of an
evergreen or an Alpine tribe, will doubtless prove a
hardy plant, easily grown, and worthy of being widely
spreafl.

Callirrhoe involucyata. — This is by no means neW,
but I mention it here in consequence of seeing further
proof of its great excellence as a hardy perennial. The
colour is vividly rich and distinct, the habit not
coarse, and the plant thoroughly hardy. A large
bed of it here has been flowermg abundantly during
the summer. It deserves a place in every mixed
border; possibly it will be found useful as a bedding
plant in some positions, while on a large rockwork it
would be quite at home. It is frequently sold by other
seedsmen under the name C. verticillata, and also
Nuttalia grandiflora. The beauty of the plant is
altogether of a type such as is rarely found among the
hardy plants of Malvacere, and it deserves a place in all
good selections of herbaceous things.

Convolvulus alth<aoides. — A ^very distinct climbing
kind, perfectly hardy, with silvery leaves, and pretty
pinkish flowers. It seemsa desirable thing for covering
dwarf trellis work, &c.

(Enothera anisoloba is both distinct and first-rate, the
plant resembling at a distance a much enlarged 0.
speciosa, the flower being like that of O. taraxacifolia
when more closely examined. It is of strong and vigor-
ous habit, and will most likely prove a really good
border plant. To save inquiries, it is better perhaps
to say that this and some other plants mentioned in
these remarks cannot be sent out till next spring, or
perhaps not till the following one.

Modiola geratiiodes is pretfly, and will most probably
be useful for banks and similar places, or even in
baskets, as the stems trail and root at the joints.
It is tuberous rooted, and will probably prove hardy
in most places. The flowers are axillary and bright
crimson.

Oxytropis splendens(\yovi^^?i), — This is a fine species,
with silvery leaves, tufted habit, and spikes of purple
flowers.

Ahronia arenaria is a most distinct and pretty little
plant, from Vancouver's Island and the Californian
coast. It is spreading, free, and pretty in habit, and
bears a profusion of flowers of a peculiarly pleasing
yellow, and deliciously fragant. It may prove a hardy
perennial or one requiring but little protection, and in
any case will flower the first year from seed.

Abroiiiafra'jrans. — This is a beautiful plant, with a
free and spreading, but neat habit, and a profusion of
sweet-scented flowers. There is some doubt about
being able to perpetuate it from seed in this country,
but it is safe from cuttings in any case. It appeared
to me in every way an infinitely beliter and more
satisfactory plant than A. umbellata, and seemed to
grow much more vigorously and flower in great
profusion.

Leavemoorthia aurea is a new very dwarf crucifer.
The foliage is ninnatifid, forming a rosette, from
which arise small white flowers, with a yellow eye.
It is neat and pretty, but not showy. It is a half-hardy
annual, from Arkansas.

I can but briefly mention, Aquilegia Vervseneana,
a variety of A. vulgaris, with a mottled yellow
foliage; Campanula celtidifolia, a neat and pretty
species, new to cultivation ; Aquilegia olympica,
of which I cannot speak with certainty ; Aquilegia
canadensis, true (a variety of A. vulgaris— is often sold
for it) ; Astragalus monspessulanus, a good plant, not
so much grown as it should be ; Cerinthe aspera, with
flowers yellow and black — it is better than C. major,
and will prove a good annual border plant ; Peutstemon
barbatus Torreyi, a fine strong-growing variety
of the old plant, long known as Chelone barbata;
it is hardier and much stronger and taller than the
old species; Pentstemon glaber, a good blue dwarf
kind ; the fine blue Peutstemon speciosus ; Salvia
chionantha of the Levant, with largish white flowers
and silvery grey foliage ; Helenium Hoopesii, from the
Ilocky Mountains, rather dwarf, and very showy ;
Eriogonum umbellatum, a distinct dwarf thing for
rockwork, with primrose-coloured flowers; Echinacea
angustifolia, a fine strong plant, very near the old
puri)urea, but with narrower leaves and an earlier
liloom; Arabis blepharophylla, a beautiful and distinct
little rosy-purple kind ; Linaria triornithophora ; Lioum
Havum, the true variety, a very good, very interesting,
and hardy plant; Bchiuops virens; what will interest
some, the true Pentscemon Cobcea ; and flnally
Aquilegia cosrulea, the most beautiful of all the

('olumbincs. 1 was delighted to see a good sprinkling
of flowers over a bed of this latter even at the end of
September. Vialor.

Obituary.

With great regret wo announoo the decease of
Dr. i)Aii]iiCNV, Senior Fellow of Magdalen College,
and for many years Professor of Chemistry, Uotany,
and Rural Economy in the University of Oxford, the
last two of which ollices he hold till the time of his
death. Following in tho stops of Buckland and Kidd,
and in later times a.ssociated with Strickland, A'laiifl,
Philip.s, Brodio, and Rolleston, i)r. Dauhciiy worked
hard to rescue Oxford from the stigma of neglecting
the natural sciences in her ardent cultivation of
classical studies. He has been a frequent and valued
contrihutor to these columns, and we hope m our next
issue to give a slight sketch of his long and honourable
career.

Miscellaneous.

Cool Orchid.i.— It is interesting to know that many
of our cool Orchids wifl not only live in the open air
in summer, but will actually thrive and grow. This
autumn, at the latter end of September, I visited the
nursery of Messrs. Backhouse & Son, of York and
there I saw, hung on an iron rail, in a very sheltered
and partially shaded spot, rows of Orchids fastened on
little blocks of wood, and I must confess I was rather
surprised to see theso interesting plants growing so far
north in the open air. They had been placed out at
the latter end of June, and many of them had made
such growths as would have perfectly satisfied an
Orchid grower if produced in a house. I was informed
that no protection whatever had been used. Amoni^'st
the most promising were the well-known Lslias
autumnalis, furfuracea, majalis, and superbiens.
Epidendrum erubescens was also doing well, and
E. vitellinum was in flower. Barkeria Skinneri and
Dendrobium speciosum were looking well, and a variety
of what is supposed to be Odontoglossum ramosissimum
had made fine growths, and was rooting freely. Odonto-
glossum grande was also amongst the number, and had
not apparently made much progress. This, with several
others, was under the shade of some Fir trees, and placed
in zinc pans containing water to prevent slugs and
other vermin getting to them. The bottom of the pots
was placed just above the water level. Although
perhaps there is not much advantage in growing
Orchids out-of-doors, still it is highly interesting to
know that they will not only exist, but thrive under
such treatment. I believe Sir. Standish has treated
Epidendrum erubescens much in the same way, and it
was six weeks ago showing flower finely. It is quite a
common practice to place Dendrobium speciosum and
C.ypripedium insigne out during the summer mouths
with the greenhouse plants, and with very good results ;
and when we are repeatedly told that many of these
plants are gathered from localities where frost occurs,
there can be no reason why such out-door treatment
should act injuriously. In growing cool Orchids in
houses, I find that some species which grow perfectly
well require to be moved into a warmer atmosphere to
perfect their flowers. This is particularly the case with
Oncidium flexuosum ; it grows luxuriantly, but the
flower stems prove abortive until moved into heat,
when they come out in flower perfectly. Some plants
of imported Lfelias, in a cold house, were going quite
brown at the tops, and appeared to be dying off, but
after removing them into heat they are now showing
their flowers freely. I find Brassavola venusta very
much the same ; the flower scape quite damping off in
a cool house, which, had it been removed into heat
when first showing bloom, I have no doubt would not
have occurred. Is this not to be accounted for in this
way, that the plants make their growth during the
rainy season, when the temperature must be much
lower than during the fine season which succeeds it,
and which is their period of flowering ? G. JEi/les, in
" Florist and Pomologist."

Sj/mpathif and Speculation. — Mr. Punch, Sir, — Ave
yer enny ideer of wot Sientific Jottins is ? cause here's
wun of 'em out of Gallt/nawtiy^s noospaper: —

" In 1830 tliere wa.g such an abundance of horses in the
l.sl.and of Marajo, belonj^ng to the delta of the River Amazon,
that a president of the province of Para, made an agreement
with a company to allow them to kill as many of these
animals as they chose, for the sake of the skins which fetched
fifteen francs each, while the live horse did not cost moi'e than
sis francs."

wot d'yer think o that now for a Sientific Jottin?
Orrible to relate is ow i shud ed a account of sitch a
massicer of that Nobel Anemle the Oss. It goes on to
say that by levin' the car Cases onberried the consekwns
was dangerus Infekshun witch coodent be got Ridd ofl'
nowow cept by settin fire to the oal iland as wos All
over Wood : and this Cause the deth of All the osses
as wos Left sins witch it av bin impossabel to reinter-
doose a oss Into the iland every one direckly fallin a
wicktim to parrallysis of the ind legs. Dooriu many
yeer of ixpenence on the Stand waitin for Ire, nothink
moar arowin to Reed off never Accurr'd to mee in the
Ole coarse hof my Reedin. now, ser. Ear's anuther o
them Sientific Jottins witch I'll allow is sientific
enuf perwided it's Trew :—

" In IS37 a land proprietor of Bazas in the Gironde, per-
ceived some gic-antic white Oaks which stmck his fancy. He
picked up some of their acorns, and had them sown in a very
meagre, clayey, and calcareous soil. The young trees throve,
and 11 years Later excellent Truffles were discovered in this
soil which had never borne any before, .and from that period
they have never ceased to multiply. Tiie most curious circum-
stance is that no Truffles were ever found in the vicinity of the
oi-igiual (Jaks from which the acorns were got."

there now Ow d'yer Account for that? Hif there
warnt no truefles nether ni the Hoax hon the Wun and
nor in the Calcairus sile on the Tuther wear did they
Cum from ? Wooden't the growing hup o them
troofels be a Case of wot Them as don't consider the

127-1

THE GAEDENRRS' CHHONICLE AND AGRICULTDEAL Gj\ZETTE.

[December M, if(7.

meanin of wurds calls Spontanus oumbusteou, cos it
ain't Spontanus but only Appens when yer Putts sitoh
and sitcli things together like for Instans Cross o Nor-
redge did wen they Sed e made the insex with Gal-
wanism out o Flint ? Ixcuse this Sientiffic Jottin
kind of cummewnicacion from a bit of a fellosolQcal.
Cabby, p.s. Wot cunecsion in Sientilic Jotins is there
between killin osses and growin trufles ? It semes in
franco among the moosoos trufels an ossflesh wery often
goes together. Punch.

Bisgiiise.i of Insects. — Every one has heard of the
wonderful leaf-insect of the tropics, which is scarcely
less a puzzle to the scieutiBo naturalist than it is to
the natives of the countries it inhabits. I have been
told over and over again, by intelligent persons in the
East, of the curious plant whose leaves changed into
insects ! And I could never convince them that this was
not the true explanation, for they would say, ' It is no
good your trying to persuade me, for I have seen the
creature myself; and I assure you that it has real
leaves growing out of it, exactly the same as the other
leaves that grow upon the tree." And we really cannot
wonder at this belief, for when the creature is alive it
remains motionless among the foliage, and the colour,
veining, form, and texture of its wing-covers and appen-
dages, are so wonderfully like those of leaves, that it is
extremely difficult to distinguish it at all. A few years
since a specimen of the Phyllium scythe, the " Walking
Leaf" of India, was kept alive at the Royal Botanic
Garden at Edinburgh. Mr. Murray wrote a long account
of it, and among other matters says : — " It so exactly
resembled the leaf on which it fed, that when visitors
were shown it they usually, after looking carefully over
the plant for a minute, declared that they could see no
insect. It had then to be more minutely pointed out
to them ; and, although seeing is notoriously said to be
believing, it looked so absolutely the same as the leaves
among which it rested, that this test would rarely
satisfy them ; and nothing would convince them that
there was a real live insect there but the test of touch-
it had to be stirred up to make it move, or taken off
the plant to crawl on the finger of the attendant. But
these remarkable insects do not stand alone. There
are many others in every order which are " disguised "
in a somewhat similar manner, some with equal per-
fection, others less accurately, but all serving the same
purpose— that of protecting the insect from the enemies
that would destroy it. — Science Gossip.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing week.)
PLANT HOnSES.
Stoves which contain specimen plants only of early
spring or summer-blooming genera, requiring a season
of rest in the strictest sense of the term, should now be
kept as nearly and as constantly as possible at a mean
temperature of 55°, without atmospheric humidity, or
anything in that way likely to cause excitement or
premature starting into activity. Stoves, again, con-
taining plants in flower, or advancing towards that
stage, mixed collections, &c., such, in fact, as are likely
to be in the possession of amateurs, should be kept
some 6' warmer, generally with au upward tendency,
until a maxirnum of 67° is reached in actual sunshine.
Sufficient moisture must be maintained in such houses
to subdue the harshness of pent-up dry artificial heat,
and such an amount as will insure to the plants a fresh
and healthy leaf surface, and a good tone of health.
The outer weather must also be studied. If dull and
sunless, depend wholly upon a pro])er humidity in the
atmosphere, and the contrary if bright sunshine inter-
venes. Surface sprinkle with tepid water the whole
foliage of the plants, an operation which should be
repeated at least twice a day, if the long continuity of
solar heat can be depended upon. Conservatories,
or structures deriving that name from the fact
that they are set apart to conserve or preserve plants
in bloom, are ofttimes so called, with but little claim to
the term practically. It seems to be inferred that
if plants are turned out of the pots into borders
the structure is deserving of the term " Conservatory "
in perpetuity afterwards. Conservatories proper, how-
ever, should never fall below, say from 45' to 47°. The
latter point will be preferable as a minimum at night,
with from 49° to 53° by day, in dull weather. Other
conservatories, required only to shelter evergreens,
such as Camellias, Oranges, &c., from the frost, may
be allowed to fall as low as 40°, upon sharp nights,
without injury. As regards Greenhouses, a plentiful
supply of air upon all favourable occasions is essentially
requisite. According to the value of individual
specimens, or their nearer approach, or otherwise, to a
more temperate zone in their native habitat, whether
individually, or as a whole, so will caution be requisite
in the admission of aii. Forinstancethe Luculia, though
well adapted to the greenhouse, whilst it thrives well
at the back of such a house away from draughts, will
quickly succumb if more fully exposed, in positions
not free from the latter evil. Blancfordias, on the con-
trary, though derived from the same source as some of
our Orchids, will withstand ordinary greenhouse tem-
perature with impunity, and will thrive in it. After
such explanations, then, let me impress upon all the
necessity there is for keeping the internal tempera-
tures maintained by artificial heat at the lowest mini-
mum possible consistent with the several forms of
structure in operation at the time. Depend upon it,
much injury is done by an overweening desire
to keep up a goodly margin upon what is called
"the safe side." A few extra degrees of heat
either causes a dry husky warmth in stoves, or ne-
cessitates an injudicious expenditure of moisture.
With Forcing Pits, or Mouses of that description,
things are different. In order to have flowers, at
the expense of the plants, it becomes necessary to
maintain a maximum temperature little short

of 80° in bright weather, generally from 70° to 74°,
and with an excess of moisture in every form. The
latter, in fact, must be distributed freely, uutil the
flowers appear, and the plants require removing to a
more fitting place, both for display and preservation.
In this, however, the change must not be too sudden
or too great, or the plants might receive such a check
as they will be unable to get over, and hence all the
trouble and anxiety that have hitherto been bestowed
upon them, will have been thrown away.

FORCING HOUSES.

Proceed with the preparation of Vineries intended
to be started about Christmas; place upon the border
the necessary covering 'of fermenting material, &c., in
order to secure a little bottom-heat at the right season.
Those now starting should be kept at a mean night tem-
perature of 53°, with an advance of 7° in the day time.
Sprinkle all internal surfaces freely, and so form a
genial humidity in the atmosphere during the time in
which the buds are "breaking," after which reduce the
volume of moisture by night, resorting more to sprink-
ling the surface of the foliage by day in lieu thereof.
It will be well, however, to encourage a period of
dryness in the atmosphere upon each day — even if to
do so necessitates an advance of 6' or 8° of heat, which
indeed will be requisite to compensate for that lost by
air-giving when the period of drying is entered upon.
I have before referred to the system of placing hay-
bands around the lower length of " old canes," this
will prove of more assistance than ordinary when such
are in the vicinity of pipes or flues ; or in any other
position where it is difficult to keep them properly
moistened whilst " breaking." Attend to the outer
covering of borders generally ; keep up a slight warmth
by fermentation if possible, and if severe weather is
anticipated, or snow is expected to fall in quantity,
place an additional covering of surface protecting
material on all forthwith. In the event of much snow,
do not allow any to remain upon out-door Vine
borders; on the contrary, remove it at the earliest
possible moment when any symptom of thaw sets in :
snow deprives the border more than anything of the
latent heat which it may possess, if allowed to thaw
thereon. If severe weather visits us, making it neces-
sary to maintain the necessary warmth by means of
fire-heat in excess, it will not be advisable to allow the
fruiting stock of Fines a higher range than 61° by
night. Moderate the harshness in the atmosphere
caused thereby, by admitting, if possible, a goodly
volume of fresh air during the day. Examine any
pots which stand nearest to pipes or flues during such
weather ; these invariably get so dry as to require
watering twice to the others once. Attend to last
week's suggestions regarding Peach-houses, &c. Be
moderate in the use of fire-heat, and should severe
weather set in, let the temperature fall 3° or 4° lower
than what it has been.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN.

Little can now be done in this department, yet it may
be well^ to remind the amateur that this is an excellent
season in which to turn over his heaps of compost, leaf
mould, or soils kept in stock for any purpose. Some
make a rule — an excellent one, too — ^of removing
successive frozen crusts from off the surface of the old
stock, thereby causing the whole heap in time to
become well exposed to the influences of frost.
HARDY FRUIT GARDEN.

A resume as regards Vie culture of Pears brings me
to the subject of Pruning those at a fruit-bearing age.
Before, in dealing with younger trees, we have had
only wood or furnishing shoots to encourage. Now,
spurs, bearing flower-buds, must be sought after — the
ready discernment of which, in contradistinction to
the simple wood-forming buds, belongs, in most
instances, to the long-standing practitioner alone.
However, if any doubt exists as to whether any
questionable-looking buds are one or the other, it is
better to allow them to remain until spring solves
the mystery. Cut back to two or three eyes, within
an inch or two of the main shoot upon which they
grow, all real woody shoots of last season's free growth.
Caution is only needed with two-year-old ones, and
upward. Where any such are too thickly set together,
they require a little studied pruning, in order to
allow of a proper development of parts when summer
returns. Shorten back old fruit spurs to the lowest
buds. Be careful in doing so not to injure these latter.
In some instances some old spurs will produce such au
influx of gross young shoots as to positively deter any
flower-buds from forming thereon. The spur in conse-
quence becomes so enlarged as to be unsightly. All
such it is better to remove as near the main branch
from which they issue as possible, if certainty exists
that the operation can be done without injury. So
treat such trees, as a whole in fact, as to afford the
greatest prominence to all future flowers, that the fruit
may have a fair chance of forming favourably. Many
old standard and other orchard treesof this class, through
long neglect, have become prominent in decrepitude only.
This ofttimes occurs from want of pruning alone. Ail
such may be greatly benefited by a free use of the
pruning shears. Even some of the larger branches
may he so reduced in bulk as to aflbrd a greater
amount of light and air to others, whilst the roots'
abilities will also thereby be brought upon a more
equal footing in relation to the upper branches. In
pruning all large trees, endeavour as much as possible
to open the centre of each tree, by which means light
and air will be more freely admitted.
KITCHEN GARDEN.

Potatos placed in make-shift pits, &c., in order to
ascertain what amount of disease they had about them,
should now be looked over, and those that are good
" clamped." There will not be any risk of their heating
after this. Look through the stock of Onions, removing
any which show the lea^t symptoms of decay; all'

such quickly infect all others in immediate contact
with them. Give Cauli/loivers in frames additional
protection according to the severity or otherwise
of the weather. Batches of Tarragon, Mint, &o., should
be placed in positions where they are likely to form a
supply for future use. Spare frames placed over Parsletj,
Chervil, Fennel, &o., in the open borders, may be the
means of keeping a supply fit for use in February and
March, when, if unprotected, and severe weather ensue,
little of the general stock may remain. Take up and
store away conveniently Artichokes, Horseradish,
Turnips, &c., for use in the event of severe frost. W. M.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
For the Week ending Dec. 1 1 , 1867, as observed at the Horticultural Gardens,

.

Temperatdre. I

er.

Of the Air.

OftheEarth;^i^^

d

Max., Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

1 foot;2 feet
deep, deep.

Thurs.

5

s

29.891

29.680

47

29

.1ft 0

43

4?

N.W.

10

Friday

K

10

29,955

29 610

39

2K

•A?..h

41

42

N.

14

Satur.

30.124

30,010

38

29

33.5

41

41

N.

Sunday

«

30.010

29.962

35

13

24.0

41

41

N.E.

00

Mon.

ft

30.220

30,124

3H

13

23,0

40

40

K.

m

Tues.

10

30.223

29,917

42

27

34 f.

40

JO

w.

00

Wed.

11

O

29.978

29.954

50

35 ' 42.5

43

40

N.W.

.00

Average .

'30.058

29.902

40.6

24.8 ' 32.7

41.3

40.8

0.24

Dec.

5-

Kain ; clear, bright sun ;

overcast at night.

— C-Ovcrcast,Bhowei7; overcast and boisterous.

— 7 -Snowing ; overcast ; clear and frosty.

— 8 - Overcast ; densely overcast ; snow at ni^ht.

— 9-Overcast, sharp frost; overcast; clear and frosty.

— 10 - Overcast ; mild and ove rcast ; clear, low fop.

— 11— Overcast ; overcast and d.imp; overcast, very mild.
Mean temperature of the week, 8 4-10 deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WEATHER AT CHISWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Dec. 21, 1867.

it Hi

DO.

No. Of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain

Prevailing Winds.

December.

1
6

1

3

1

6
4
5
6
4
9
8

11
4l 3
3 I
3 3

4; 4

l! 2
3 2

-/.

5 11

6 !)
7' 9
3 13
4' 12
6 13
2 16

1
7
3
3
3
4
4

Sunday .,15
Mon. ,.ie
Tuea. ..17
Wed. ..18
Thurs. ..19
Friday ..20
Satur. .,21

46.0 31.3
45.5 33.8
45.7 33.4
44.9 ! 32.6
42.7 32.7
44 2 33.7
43.5 33.7

40.2
39.6
39 6
38.7
37.7
38-9
38 G

17
14
19
19
16
15
15

0.34 in.

0.34

0 38

0.56

0.87

0.76

0.20

2
2
3

6

8
3
U

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
Ifith, 1810-therm. 62 deg. ; and the lowest on the 17th, t861-themi.
10 deg.

Notices to Correspondents.

CupRESSUS MACRocARPA. — We inndvertently omitted to .qtate
(seep. 1243) that at the last meeting of the Royal Horti-
culturiil Society the Floral Committee awarded a First-class
Certificate to Mr. Jenmnfi;s, of Shipstou-on-Stour, for hLi
variegated variety of this Conifer.

Flower Shows : 0 puts this question : — " Looking to the
attendant expenses, convenience of visitors and exhibitors,
and protection and security to the plants, &c., are large
balls in the centre of towns to be preferred to tents erected
in the suburbs for holding flower shows in, and in your
experience which is the most generally adopted, and which
most successful?" No general answer can be given to such a
question. As to the plants, nobbing can be better than
good large, roomy, but not too lofty, airy tents— in fine
weather ; nothing more injurious to the efi'ect of exhibition
plants than large buildings, which seem to d warf and take
all importance out of even the most magnificent specimens.
As to visitors the tent is still best in fine warm weather,
but the hall or other large building in cold or wot weather.
No doubt, where a convenient and suitable building exists,
it is, looking at all points, prefer.able ; but few public halls
meet the requirements of the case fully.

Indian Zinnia Seed : Di- Henderson. The seeds of Zinnia
which you sent us on the 11th July last for trial were treated
as follows : —Three packets, each containing 12 seeds, were
sown in pots in heat ; of these only three seeds germinated.
The remaining portion of the seeds were sown out-of-doors,
in well prepared soil, and were well attended to. Of these
only two seeds germinated. None of the plants flowered,
having been received too late in the season, and they are
now dead.

Midland County Fruits : X Y Z. The following may,
perhaps, suit you :— For a north aspect wall, JMorello
Cherries are the most suitable. But a lew of the early Peara
and a few Plums may also be tiied. For the sake of variety
we would plant 4 MoreUo Cherries, 2 May Duke Cherries ;
6 Plums, \*iz., 2, Donyer's Victoria, 2 Prince of Wales, 2 Ick-
worth Imp^ratrice ; 6 Pears, viz., 1 Jargonelle, 2 Wilhams'
Bon Chretien, 1 Doyenne d'EtS, 1 Seckel, 1 BeurrtS Bosc,
For the west aspect wall, 9 trees ; 4 Pears — 1 Glou Morceau,
1 Marie Louise, 1 BeiUTiS Ranee, 1 Easter Bourri5 ; 3 Plums—
1 Coe's Golden Drop, 1 Green Gage, 1 Jefferson ; 2 Cherries —
1 May Duke, X Elton, or Eiganeau NapoliSon. For the east
aspect wall the selection should be the same as forthe west,
excepting in place of Plums we would substitute 1 Breda
and 2 Moorpark Apricots. Ha^'ing the two walls, wo
would, however, recommend you to devote one side entirely
to Pears, the other to Plums, Cherries, and Apricots.

Names of Fruits : G P. Pears : 1, Beurr^ Ranee ; 2, Broom
Park ; 3, Colmar tardif (?) ; 4, unknown, but worthless ; 5,
Beurr^ Riince ; C, Winter Ci*as.sane. Apples : 1, Mickleham
Pearmain ; 2, Kilkenny Pearmuin ; 3, Winter Pearmain ; 4,
Coe's Golden Drop ; 5, Christie's Pippin ; 6, probably Long-
viUe's Kernel.

Photographs: Aii Old Continental SuhscHher. Photographs
of the late Sir W. Hooker and of Mr. Bentham can be had of
Maull & Co., Piccadilly; of Dr. Lindley, from Sawyer, of
Norwich. We do not know where to procure photogiuphs
of Sir Joseph Paxton or Mr. G. U. Skinner.

Primulas : R Dean. A very fine strain of lai-ge, finely-
coloured, handsomely-frilled flowers. There are three forms,
a pui-plish rose, a carmine, and a delicate flesh colour, the
two hitter being especially beautiful.

Root Fungi : J H H. Yours is one of the cases, which are
now found to be so common, of trees destroyed by root
Fungus. Any small pieces of undecomposed vegetable are
sufiicient to produce the mischief, and douTiless some were
present in your soil. The only remedy in such cases, if not
gone too far, is to remove the soil, and to prune ofi the
affected roots, taking care that the new compost is free
from undecayed vegetable matter. MSB.

SoPHORA japontca : J T. Thanks. You are, however, mistaken
in supposing that this tree only exists north of London as a
shrub. The finest tree of the kind we rccal is in the Botanic
Garden, Oxford. Paulownia is much more tender.

Communications Received. — J. S. — T. R. — J. P., Bangalore.—
T. T.-J. A.— J. T. B.-W. F. K.-H. E.-G. J. S.— J. B.—
H. Knight. -J. Edlington.-T. Hutt.

Errata. —In the article on "Natural Plant Protectors,"
p. 1239, col, 6, third paragraph from the top, the second
sentence should end with " December," the thii-d begin afc
"After " and end with "Sunday night." Col. c, "vicinity"
should have been "ministry," D T F,

December 11, 1S67..1

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

V21o

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
CIRENCESTER.
President— His Grace Tlio Dukk of M<viii,nonooGii, D.C.L., F.K.G.H.
CouNriL.

RtRlit Tlon.

Esboourt

Sotlioron

Edward Hollftnd, RHq., MP.
JolmTbornhlll lliinlsou.

Rlglit rion. tlio Earl of Ducio,

F.R.S.. F.Q.S.
Right Hnn. Eirl natlmidt
Edmu-d Uowly, Esij,

Principal— The Rov. John Constable, M.A., Triii, Coll., Ciiiiib.

RkSIDENT PRnFESSORH.

Atrrioultmc— John WrigUtaon, F.C.S., M.R.A.C.
Chemistry— Arthur 11. Church, M.A., Lincoln Ooll,, Oxon, F.CJ.3.

Assistant to Oiioinical Profosaor— Bon-umont J. Orosjoan.

Nfttuml History— Win. T. Thiselton Dyor, II.A., Junior Student,

Christ Church. Oxon.

Anatomy, PhysioIoRy.and nygldno— Edward Nottloshlp, M.R.C.V.9.,

M.R.A.C. L.S.A.

Mathematics and Rurvoying— Tho Principal.

DmwinR— James Millor.

The College waa Incorporated by Charter, granted by Her Majoaty

in Council, March 27, IHlfi, for tho purpose of affordlnK a Practical

and Scientific AKrIeulturai Eduoation to StudoiiiH froiu all parts of

tho Kingdom. For particulars apply to thu Pbincipal.

T

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL BENEVOLENT
INSTlTaTION.
Patron— UtiJi Majesty tue QuEEif.
Prcsiilent — ni3 OiiACK rriE Duke of RicnuoHD.
For tho RELIEF of DICCAVEU FARMKRS. their WIDOWS
and OHPUAN DAUOllTEIW; and for the MAINTENANCE and
HDUCATIUN of their OltPUAN CHILDREN.
Allowance to Pknsioners.
Married . . £40 per annum | Male . , £20 per annum
Widow and Unmarried Orphan Daughters , . £20 per annum
Orphan Children admitted from 7 to 10 years of age, and wholly
maintained and olucatod until the ago of U yoard in the case of
Boys, and 10 years hi tho ca.se of Girls.

One Hundred and Five Pensioners have already boon placed on
the books of the Institution; and in addition to tho n-imber of
Pensioners to bo admitted at the next Eloction, the Council have
decided to Elect Ten Orphan Children.

Forms of Application for Pensioners and Children, and every
information, to be obtained of the Secrotiiry, by whom Donations
and Subscriptions will bo thank^iliy received."
66, CharinK Cross, London, S.W. Chaiiles Sraw, Secretary.

HE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,

Incorporated by Spacial Act of Parliament In 1853.
To Landowners, the CLEnav, Estate Aoents, Survktorb, 4o., im

Enoland and Wales, and in Scotland.
The Company advances money, unlimited In amount, for the
following works of Agricultural Imorovomcnt, tho whole outlay and
expenses in all casesbeing liquitiated by a rent-charge for L*5 years.

1. Drainage, Irrigation, and Warping, Embanking, Inclosing,

Clearing, Reclamation, Planting, for any benetlcial purpose,
Engines or Machinury for Drainaijo or Irrigation.

2. Farm Koada, TramwaysandRailroadsfor agricultural or farming

purposes.
S. Jetties or Landing places on the sea-coaat or on the banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.
4. The Erection ot F'arm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other
Buildings veciuired for Farm purposes, and the Improvement
of and additions to Farm Houses and other buildings for
i'arm purposes.
Landowners assessed under the provisioas of any Act of Parlia-
ment, Royal Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
general works of Drainage or other improvements, may borrow their
proportionate share of the cost, and charge the same with the
ezDOnses on the lands Improved.

The Company will also negotiate the Rant-charpea obtained by
Landowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 1804, in respect of
their Subscription of Shares in a Railway or Canal Company.

No iavssttgation of title is required, and the Company Doing of a
atrlctly Pnancia! chamcter, do not interfere with the plans and
execution of the WorKs, which are controlled only by the Govern-
ment Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to GnANviLLE R. Rydke, Esq.. Managing Director, 3, Parlia-
ment Street, London. S.W.

/COLONY of N A T A L"

Vj IMMIGRATION and FREEHOLD LAND GRANTS.

GRANTS of GOVERNMENT LAND are given to Men familiar
with Farming operation.'!, and possessing suiflcient means to turn
their Land to account.

Applications for further information to be made to Dr. Man:t, the
Special Agent of tlie Natal Government, at the Natal Immigration
Office, 15, Uuckingham Street, Strand, London, W.C.

Agricultural Seeds.

CHARLES SHAKPK and CO., Seed Mercuants,
.Sloaford, will bo glad to «oiid nn application a Special PRICED
LIST of AGRICULTURAL SKKDS of tliotr own saving this soason

RAYNUIKU, CALuKCOIT, liAWI'KKE, DOWLING,
and COMPANY, Llnilterl.
CnRM, Seed, Manhuk, anii Oiluakk MERonANTS,
Addrea:i. s;'. Sooil Mjii kil. .M:uk l,aiio, E.C. ; or Jtaslngstoko.

Siimplin :ui>l I'll.. I ]...-! h ii'l'licatlou. Prize Medals. 1851,

for Who;it ; I-(L'. i..r '■ l,\r.; 'lul s.>.-a Corn and Seeds."

/ iocoa"-nut^keeuse

^-^ Is becoming boaroe, the
old reserves will soon bo gone.
Now sold In bags, 1 for 2»., 10 for
10.1., 20 for 30i., 60 for 6Ga., 100
for £0.

Fourponce allowed lor each
bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not In
bags), 408.

Postage Stamps or Post-otnco
Order, payable to J. Harshau A
Co., KinKRton.on-Thninos. S W.

10BACC0 TiSSUli

KuinifTuting OrL'cnhuuBeB.

Will Destroy Tlirip, Rod Spider, Green and Black Fly, and
Moaly Bug ; and burns without tho assistance of blowing, and Is
entirely free from paper or rag. Price 3.f. Oti. per lb., carriago free.
A reduction in price for largo quantities.

To be bad of Messrs. Roiierts & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers,
112. St. John Street, Clerkenwell, R.C., of whom copies of Tewti-
menials may bo obtained ; and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

w

INTEK-DRliSS ALL KHUIT TKEKS with
GISHURST COMPOUND.
Copy of a Letter /rom 'M.r.RivKo.s, N-umeries, Sawbridgeworlh, Herts,
22d October, 1801.

*'I must tell you what I hoard to-day from a very clever gentleman
farmer, Anthony Bubb, Esq.. of Witcombe Court, Glonccstor. Ho
has a wall to which Peach Trees are trained. Well, last autumn
they were in a wretched blighted state. As a desperate remady ho
unnailed them all, early last February, and gave all but one a
thorough painting with Glshurst Compound, lib. to tho g dlou of
water; his trees, all but the one, commenced to grow fivounibly in
spring, and are now pictures of health. The tree not painted U m a
half-dead blighted state. Ho used the same dressing to his Apple
Trees ; it killed the woolly Aphis entirely, and has made his trees
clean and vigorous in their growth. He intends to paint his Wall
Trees annuallv, and tails all his friends to do the same. 1 shall
certainly serve all my young Peach Trees against my wails in the
same manner. The Compound is, I believe, more efficacious than
the usual offensive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and it does
not blacken the shoots on the walls."

For Orchard-house Trees, 4 ozs, to tho gallon will be found a good
strength ; when used stronger some buds on weakly trees may be
injured.

GISHURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nurserymen and
Seedsmen, in boxes. Is.. 3.9.. and lOa. Od. each.

Wholesale by Price's Patent Candle Coupant, LruiTEn,
Belmont, Vauxhall, London, S.

Gishurst Compound has more recent testimonials to ita eflQcacy.
but none more conclusive than the above, which has been published
before.

F

KEE EMKJ RATION

to

BKAZIL.-

_ _ FREE and ASSISTED GOVERNMENT PASSAGE-S, with
guaranteed employment at fair wages, are now offered to Mei of
good character (married or single), Mechanics, Farm Labourers,
Shepherds, 'and others desirous of settling in this highly favoured
country. Capitalists can purchase, at very cheap rates, TRACTS
of superior LAND suitable for Agricultural and Pastural purposes,
and Passages secured for them at low rates in the ordinary Emigrant
Ships. — Apply to Le Chevalier Joaquiu de Alueida, Portugal.
Temporary Offices, 7, Westminster Chambers, Vietoria Street,
London, S.W.

T

HE LONDON MANURE COMPANY

(Established IS-IO)
Have now ready for delivery in di-y fine condition^
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMOMA, FISHERY
SALT, 4c. E. Purser, Secretary.
Offices, 116, Fenchurch Street, E.C. ^^

L AWES' WHEAT MANURE for AUTUMN
SOWING.— A supply of the above Manure is now ready for
delivery, at J. 13. Lawes' Factories, Deptford and Barking Creeks.
Price £8 per ton. Two to three cwt. per acre to be harrowed into
the land before the seed is sown. It can be obtained of Mr. Laweb,
or through any of tiis appointed Agents ; also
LAWES- PATENT TURNIP MANURE .. £6 6 0 per ton.
SUPERPPIOSPHATE of LIME .. .. £5 6 0 per ton.

Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO direct from the Importers, and

ail Chemical Manures of value.
AMERICAN and other CAKES at market prices.
Address John Bennet Lawes, OfQces, I.Adelaide Place, London
Bridge, E.C. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; ic Market Square, Shrewsbury.

Look to your Grass Lands, &c.

Established 1820.

MESSES. JARED T. HUNT and SONS beg to
inform their numerous Agricultural Friends ami CustomerB,
that they have now on hand, in the Qneat condition, their usual
Autumn Stock of

AMMONIACAL CORN MANURE,

which has, for several years, given such general satisfaction,

Thoy have also always on hand, ready for immediate delivery,
the largest stock of CRUSHED BONES of any hrm in tha United
Kingdom.viz.:— In 4-inch BONES; i-inch BONES ; PULVERIZED
BONES for Gr.ass Lands ; prepared BONES for Grape Vine,s and
Hops; also BLOOD MANURE, SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME,
PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA, direct from tno
Docks.

Prices and other particulars of the above, at their Works, Lambeth
Wharf, London, S. ; Bow Bridge Works, Stratford, E. ; and Down-
ham Market. Norfolk.

N.B.— Responsible Persons as AGENTS WANTED in districts not
yet represented.

REIGATE SILVER SAND, best qnaUty, 12s. per ton,
at Swan Place ; delivered four miles, or to any London Wharf or
Railway. lOa. per ton, or ly. tSii. per bushel. (Sacks at cost price, or
on Hire.) KENTISH and HAMPSHIKE PEATS, VELLOW LOAM.
t,EAF MOULD. SPHAGNUM MOSS. & COCOA FIBRE REFUSE.
J. Kennaeu), Swan Place, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.

" Every Cottage should be provided with a Water Tank." Disraelt.

Iron Cisterns.

171 BKABY AND CO. having; laid down extensive and
. • Improved Machinery in their new range of buildings, Ida
WnARF, DErTFoRD, are now pren.ared to supply WROUGHT-IRON
TANKS, GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior quality, at
reduced prices, and at vary short notice.

LISTS OF TANKS

ON APPLICATION.

F. Braby & Co., Limited, Fitzroy Works, Euston Road, London,
or through all respectible Ironmongers.

lOTTAM'S i-ATEJST FUKTABLE UX^iTiii)
COW FITTINGS.

Their advantages are— i rt bll ty n t fixtures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or i ai titions to impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Ti'oughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow, 65s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works. 2. Wmsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, London, W., whore the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
In Stable Fittings just secured by Patent.

GREENING AND COMPANY (Limitkd),
Manufacturers of Iron Or^te^, Fences, Palisades, Espaliers,
Hurdles, Tree Guards, Garden Seats, Verandahs, Vases, Fountains,
Tomb Railings, Stabla Fittings, Garden Rollers, Poultry Houses,
Emigrants' Houses. Bridges. Com Rick Stands, &e. ; also of Wire
Strained Fences, Rope Fences, and Patent Movable Fences for
Railways, Parks, Farms, Gardens, Game Preserves, Poultry Courts,
Sheep Walks, &c. ; also of Wire Netting, Plant Guards and Protectors,
Garden Bordering, Garden Archways, Aviaries, Pea and Plant
Trainers, Pheasantries, Hen Coop?, and Garden Lounges.

Catalogues (together with Supplement of Testimonials from the
leading Noblemen and Landowners of the United Kingdom to the
quatiti- of Greening & C.j.'s M.anufactures), forwarded post free.

Greeiiino & Company (Limited). Victoria Iron and Wire Works.
Offices :— 1, Albert Square, Manchester.

Farm Poultry.
r:j.REY DORKING EUWLS, uf purcat breed, in any

V_J numhorH.

Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and mo.lt produotlvo

breed known,
hniirovod NORFOLK TURKEYS, largo, hardy, and good breederu.
AYLESBURY and HOUKN DUCKfl.

Importod BELGIAN HARE RAMKITS, for she and early maturity.
BRAHMA-POUTRA, CREVEC(KUR, and LA FLKCHE FOWLS,

for couHtant layers.

Priced Lists and EstlmatcM on application.
John BailtASon. 113, Mount Htrout, Ltnidon. W.

LUlOitNEY COW Tmd HEU-KR, both in Culf.—

Two beautiful and valuable AnliimU, now for SALE.
Apply to Tiiomah Hachwkli,, Park H<aise, Upper Touting, 8.

UOH SALE, by I'nv.ito Coriirant, the BATES

l.'by I
Duke ill),U8), &c., Ac. (hoc " llord I(ook,** vol, xvl.). Lord Wild

by I'nvato C.
BULL, "LORD WILD EYES 2u" (.!2, 234), 'roan, bred by Mr. 0.
Harvoy, Dire Ith Duke of Oxford 111, ;(87), dam Wild Eyoa Titi. " " "'"■*

Eyes 2d is particularly active, and hisHtock have feiched high prtcuH.
For fiM'thor particulars apply to tho BallllY, Mr. Rawlino, Holly
Bank, Burton-on-Tront.

Eixt Agricultural (Ba^ette*

SATURDAY, DKaKMBICR 14, laG7.

The agricultural meetings of the past week
have, most of them, oxeitcd quite the usual
amount of interest, and gratified quite as many
hearers and spectators as they generally do. The
Agricultural Hall has boon well hlled every day :
and at the annual meetings of the Smithliold
Club and the Farmers' Club reports of tho con-
tinued prosperity of both these very useful insti-
tutions have been adopted : the Chamber of
Agriculture has met to confirm resolutions in
reference to matters concerning which legislation
is impending: and at the Royal Agricultural
Society's annual meeting there has been quite
the usual amount of healthy criticism and dis-
cussion. Such reports of these meetings as are
possible within our limits, are given in the fol-
lowing pages. It is to a few only of the points
which have arisen in tho course of them that our
remarks must be here confined.

1. Undoubtedlj- tho great annual show of
tho Smithfield Club has been the leading
agricultural feature of the week. Nobly
housed and amply honoui'ed by the inspectiou
of all classes, it maintains the credit and renown
which during a long series of years it has
acquired. There have been rarely better classes
of Herefords or Shorthorns — our two leading
breeds of cattle ; never, probably, a better old
class of oxen of the former breed ; never a
better show of sheep ; never a better show of
agricultural machinery. And the year of
General Hood's Presidency has been undoubtedly
a success. It requires some courage, in the face
of such a long career of honour and utility as
has culminated under his direction, to offer any
criticism whatever. It must, however, now, we
think, be apparent to all disinterested persona
that if the Club is to direct its efforts with any
proportion to the relative values of the several
objects it promotes, the time has come for
some re-arrangement of its premiums. Un-
doubtedly it is right, not only in the
interests of the Show, as representing all the
different kinds of farm live-stock used in
British agriculture, but also in the interests
of local agricultui'e everywhere in Great Britain,
to offer premiums for the best specimens of all
known breeds of cattle, sheep, and pigs; but
these should be in some relation to the importance
of the breeds which are thus distinguished. If this
were more kept in mind than it seems to be, what
proportions, do you suppose, of the whole prize
list representing the interests of beef producers
and of beef consumers in this country would be
fairly allottable to Devons and to Shorthorns
respectively ? — to the merely local Devons, which
still stand first on the lists of the Club, and
retain an equal place in the front rank of its
premiums, as compared with Shorthorns which
reach double their weight at a given age, and
have spread into every county of the island ?
If the relative contributions of these two breeds
to the meat supply of the country be any guide
to their relative importance, let those members
on the Council of the Club who are acquainted
with the metropolitan market say what shares of
tho beef sent up to London they sever.ally
supply. If the profitable conversion of the
Turnips, hay, and Grass of our farms be
any guide, let the country members of the
Council say which breeds represent the greater
economy, and to which is English agriculture
generally the more indebted.

It may be difficult to upset an arrange-
ment which has so long a prescription in its
favour, and which really does offer its rewards,
not unfaii-ly, for quality, symmetry, and artistic
beauty, perhaps even for precocity — for all these
the Devon breed possesses almost equally with

1276

THE GAJ^DENERS' CmoNIOLE AND AGBICULTURAt GAZETTE.

tl)ECEMBEE 14, 186?.

its rivals. But if general utility is to be our
guide, as certainly it ought, the Devon breed is
simply nowhere iu the race ; ranking first, pro-
bably, in the second rank of such local kinds as
Norfolks, Susses, Longhorns, but hardly exceed-
ing the special serviceableness or value of Kyloes,
Galloways, or Polled Angus — which last, in the
hands of Mr. M'Combie, has this year gained
the Gold Medal of the Show. Compare his
massive beast, for which a butcher has given
120?., with some of the Devon oxen quite as old,
and say whether that " thin red line " which has
hitherto taken precedence at these shows
deserves its place. Devons are essentially a local
breed, but little cultivated out of their- own
locaUty, where the conditions under which they
are pre-eminent alone appear to exist. There
are many public- spirited men in our south-
western counties, and so the breed is always
wonderfully represented, notwithstanding its
purely local character. Whether or not the Club
shall ever move them from the front rank, which
they have always hitherto received in its cata-
logue, certainly the prizes offered to the Short-
horns should be tenfold greater than they are,
if the relative importance of the breeds is for
the future to be observed,

2. At least three points of great interest may
be named as having occupied the attention of
the general meeting of the English Agricultural
Society.

(a) Mr. Arkell, of Swindon,- in a speech
indicating aU his usual humour,' practical
good sense, and tenacity of purpose, stirred
up the meeting to a feeling of the need
of somewhat greater activity and life in the
management of the Society's affau-s. — The sum of
2000/. has been sold out of the Funds, it appears,
to meet the losses of the Bury show. Such a
thing is not to be lamented at all if the 2000/.
have really been spent in the promotion of the
objects of the Society. The accumulation of
funds is after all a subject for regret rather than
congr.atulation, as tending to make the managers
of the Society independent of the assistance or
the criticism of members. And there are not
wanting signs that as the Society has increased
in wealth, it has exhibited less of its
original activity and energy. Our plants, and
especially our green crops, are the victims of many
diseases, some of them new to Mr. Arkell,
notwithstanding that he looks back ou an agri-
cultural career of 30 years. Long ago, in
1843 — 1846, many most useful articles appeared
in the Journal of the Society on the Blights
and insect enemies of plants, but nothing has
been written on that class of subjects for many
years. Is Mr. Curtis still living ? Undoubt-
edly either he must be dead or the Council must
be asleep !

Such was the tone of the speech, and neither
Mr. C. Sewell Eead, M.P., who pointed out
that the valuable papers of the late Mr. Curtis
contained much of the information which Mr.
Arkell sought, nor hia Grace the Duke of
EiOHMONB, who also defended the CouncU fi'om
his attack, succeeded in removing the impression
which it had produced. Mi'. Arkell desires the
appointment of a permanent officer connected
with the Society — a Professor of Natural History
— to whom members of the Society should be
able to refer questions of the kind he had indi-
cated, just as they refer chemical questions to
Dr. VoELOKBR, and veterinary questions to
Professor SiMONDS. We believe that he and all
those other members of the Royal Agricultural
Society who may also be members of the Horticul-
tural Society, may send their diseased plants up
to Kensington to the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, who,
as master of microscopic botany, undertakes
for that Society to throw all the light which
science offers ou such subjects. But we quite
agree with Mr. Arkell in regretting that a
Society whose clients cultivate plants in fields,
and farms, and by the square mile, has not
thought it necessary to make an appointment
which it needs at least as much as one which
promotes the cultivation of plants iu pots, in
gardens, or by little more than the square yard.

{h) Another point was raised by Mr. Sedi\t;y.
He had before urged upon the Society the need of
taking measures to obtain an accurate picture of
existing English agriculture. The county
reports are a series, some of them a quarter of a
century old. What we want is information
regarding the methods and results of this year's
management of English farms. Something of
this kind has been lately done in connec-
tion with steam-cultivation, and nothing

has done the Society more credit than
the reports which have been thus obtained.
A committee should be appointed, who would
obtain the help of the best authorities on every
kind of agricultural subject, and a series of
questions should be framed embracing the whole
field of agricultural experience ; and from the
answers which members of the Society would
give to such questions reports might be di-awn
up which would do more to guide and encourage
agricultural progress than anything which the
Society had yet accomplished. — The Council
were defended from the charge of having
neglected to report on the agricultiu'e of the
countiy by Colonel Challoner, who, admitting
that a simultaneous picture of the whole country
would be of great value, pointed out that all along
a certain portion of the funds of the Society had
been allotted for the payment of just such
pictures, county by county, as Mr. Sidney
desired. — To this the rejoinder was that the
county reports are, as had been said before,
already old, and that at best they give the mere
opinions of the reporters, whereas it is of the
very essence of the scheme which Mr. Sidney
recommends that the opinions and the facts
described should be the experience of the men
themselves, whose successes or whose failure
they would represent.

(c) Prom this the transition to the importance
of agricultural statistics was easy ; and the
Chairman, his Grace the Duke of ElCHMOMD,
who is also President of the Board of Trade,
expressed the hope that the questions Jie was
about to send out to the farmers of the country
would meet with the attention which Mr. Sidney
appeared to promise for the catechism which
he recommended the Society to issue. — Here-
upon Mr. Wilson from Leicestershire declared
that having to do with many estates and parishes
in that county he had exerted all his influence to
recommend tenants to fill up the returns which
the Government sought, and had himself
helped many of them to answer these inquiries ;
but that having the President of the Board of
Trade before him he could confidently assure
him that in his county the farmers are resolved
to have nothing to do with these statistical returns
for the future, unless Government not only enact
the measure, which all of them feel to be impera-
tively required, to slaughter imported live stock
at the port of debarkation, but take all other
means necessary to protect English herds from
foreign diseases. This declai'atiou elicited loud
cheers from the meeting, which also greeted the
reply of the Chairman to the effect that a
Bill had been already read a first time
iu the House of Commons, which aimed
at securing all that the gentleman desired.
For himself he went even foi'ther, and desired
that not merely all oxen, but all " animals,'
including sheep as well as cattle, should bi
slaughtered immediately on landing. But what
he could not understand was that men should
connect together things which had no relation-
ship whatever, and refuse to answer questions
put to them about the produce of the land until
certain measures regarding our imports shall be
adopted. It reminded him of an instance in
which a man had declared that so long as the
Malt Tax existed he for one would be no party to
the collection of agricultural statistics ! It only
showed how great was the agricultural prejudice
against Government inquiries, which was one of
the m.any difficulties they had to encounter.

But his Grace was perhaps hardly correct in
asserting that there is no connection between
legislation on the importation of foreign cattle
and the collection of statistics regarding English
live-stock. There is a very material connection
between the two. The numbers which a
statistical inquiry of such a kiud would reveal
will depend very materially upon the legislation
which is desired. They are already greater,
owing to the health for which we have to thank
the recent absence of all foreign infection ; and
if, owing to neglect of the Legislature, we should
have again to deplore the existence of the cattle
plague among us, they will undoubtedly be
reduced. The protest, however, of the farmer, to
which the Chairman referred as so illogical, was
subsequently indicated as a real difficulty in the
way of Government; and as a lu-actical man,
therefore, it is to be hoped that tin President of
the Board of Trade will do whatever may be in his
powerto remove the feeling which it ^'lows to exist,
by urging the enactment both of th" law which is
now desired, and of others serviceable to agricul-
ture having, it may be, still less connection

that at length the agricultural world may
be convinced that the Government do specially
regard theii- interests, and are to be trusted with
the information which they desire.

3. The discussion on steam cultivation before
the Farmers' Club was of much less value
than had been expected. The opening paper
was confined to a short review of the pro-
ceedings of the recent commission issued by the
Eoyal Agricultural Society, and the subsequent
speeches were of less interest than usual. Mr.
Greene, M.P., on whose farm at Bury
extraordinary illustrations of the fitness of
steam-power to light-land cultivation had been
given at the last meeting of the English Agri-
cultural Society — so that as Mr. Clarke declared
he had seen cultivation done at the rate of
50 acres a-day, and he did not despair of seeing
the rate even doubled — gave in detail an account
of his experience with Howard's cultivator.
The mere labour of such cultivation costs him
Is. lOcl. an acre ; coals, Is. an acre ; the other
items of oil and water are very little — the wear
and tear of rope and of machinery, and the inte-
rest of capital and the cost of auxiliary horses
bring the whole much within the cost of
ordinary horse-power cultivation, and a 12-
horse power engine gets over 10 to 16 acres
a-day of good deep tillage. All his men and
boys emploj'ed about the machinery are the
ordinary men and boys of the farm. He is a
brewer, though also interested in agriculture,
and he has long since found out that "skilled
labourers" are a very unpleasant class to deal
with, and so he has resolved to do without them ;
but notwithstanding that he had thus altered
the whole machinery of his farm, ho has not
taken on a single man or boy to help him who
was not on the land at the beginning.

If any agricultural labourers shall read a
report of Mi-. Greene's remarks ou the value of
"skilled labour," we hope they will take it
along with this history of what he has done.
The superior value of skUlod labour, which in
words he denies, is the very anchor of every
young man's expectations who may bo looking
forwards to rising out of that Dead Sea in
which the agricultural labourer class has
hitherto too generally been lying. The men and
boys whom Mr. Greene employs so success-
fufiy have already become skilled labourers
in his hands, and are earning, by piece-work
payment, the higher wages to which they are
entitled. And perhaps if they shall have here-
after to make a bargain with another master, he
too may echo Mi'. Greene's remark that they
are a very unpleasant class to deal with. It is
a good thing for labourers, and not a bad thing
for masters, when earners of wages make a stand
for the fuU value of their services. And it is one
of the best features of the increasing adoption of
steam-cultivation throughout the country, that
it is accompanied by this lift of so many of the
ordinary agricultui'al labourers of the place out
of the lower rank. Higher wages, earned by
piece-work payment, are good for both employer
and employed ; and they are at the same time,
iu themselves and in the effort which has earned
them, educational agencies of the highest value
for raising the whole style, and character,
and payment of labouring men throughout the
country. Mr. Greene, who volunteered the dis-
paraging remark upon the skilled-labour class,
is no doubt doing his best to increase the
number of the class — and thus benefiting the
whole body of those whom he employs, notwith-
standing what he says upon the subject.

Among the other subjects referred to during
the discussion was the need of having steam
tackle for small farmers to hire who cannot buy ;
the best way of effecting this object being for the
larger farmers of a district to purchase, at first,
no doubt, for their own .use, but afterwards for
the purpose of letting them out on hire. The
superiority of Fowler's system for large
areas and extensive operations was also
admitted. The impolicy of greatly reduc-
ing the horse - power of the farm, notwith-
standing the adoption of steam tackle for use
upon the farm, was argued by Mr. DriNg, of
Lincolnshii'e ; but he spoke only of the smaller
sots of tackle, and also, we presume, of clay
land, where on an emergency a surplus power
of horses may be occasionally especially valuable.
We presume that it is now almost the universal
testimony that a very large reduction in the
horse expenses of the farm may be made wher-
ever steam-power is used for cultivation, with

■with the subject of agricultural statistics ; so perfect safety, and with a very considerably

i:

Decembeh 14. laey.l THE GARDENERS' CTTRONinLE AND AmnrTlTTUnAl, GAZETTE.

contribution towards the cost of starting a stoam
cultivatoi-.

The above remarks relate to a few only of the
topics which have arisen for discussion duriu"
the weok. Many others might have been addod
to the Hst, and we ought not to conclude without
reference to Mr. Pull's very useful sjiooch at the
meotmg of the Agricultural Society upon the con-
dition of tho agricultural labourer, the need of
greater sympathy with him m his difficulties,
the want of some such legislation with leforonoe
to his house as guides tho work of tho builder in
towns, and tho importance of instruction and
assistance being given by which his domestic
condition may bo improved.

— — At a meotinj,' of tho Cirencester Farmers' Club
on Monday last, Sir Michael E. Hicks Ueicii
M.l' introduoed tho subject of " The Education
ol Clnldreu employed in Agriculture," discussing
—1, the existuig want of education, whether in largo
towns or in tho country ; 2, tlio present regulations
under which the Goverament grant is made ■ and 3
improvomeuts which should insure a regular and
longer attendance of the cliildren and better instruc-
tion. Ho said that the agricultural population was
certainly not as badly educated as that of the towns,
and he thought tho Government grant was given at
present too much to the town. He suggested that every
child under 1.3 should be compelled to attend school so
niany hours in the year, so that advantage might be
taken of the winter months. He concluded a very
mterestiiig address by saying he was sure that farmers
would hud an educated labourer worth more wa"es
than ouo that had received no education. The Kev.
James I'UiSEii, Assistant Commissioner under tlio
Ko.yal Commission on the employment of women and
ohi dren in agriculture, said he should be contented if
children could stay at school until they were able to
read intelligently and with facility, which he thought
the majority could not do when thev left. After an
animated discussion, the following resolutions

1277

unanimously adopted by the meeting:—"!. That 'in
the opinion of this meeting the State aid afforded to
educalion is not, under the present conditions of such
aid, fairly distributed between the schools of the town
districts and of agricultural districts, and that the
advancement of education in the rural districts is
thereby retarded. 2, That this meeting, while it is of
opinion that the extent of education in the agricul-
tural districts compares favourably with that in town
districts, is still of opinion that much remains to bo
done to render the system of education of the children of
the agricultural poor elhcient, particularly with respect
to the attendance at school of young children, it being
the opinion of this meeting that children should not
generally be employed in farm labour under the age of
10 years, but that the half-time system is not applicable
to farm labour.

SHOETHOBNS.
Although unable this week to devote so large a
portion of our space as usual to matters relating to the
bhorthoni breed of cattle, we can in the short paragraph
lor which alone there is room to-day state a fact in the
history of the breed which is a better testimonv to its
value than whole columns of discussion.— If the average
of aU the sales of Shorthornsduring the past 20 years be
taken, wo believe the amount per head of all ages of
pure -bred stock will prove to have been about .35^
apiece. There is no record which can claim anytliin<^
like absolute completeness, but bavin" seen a Ifst
including many thousand head, and all the highest
prices of the period, we are able to say that the average
conies out pretty nearly 35^. It is worth while then
noting— especially as the breed is not supposed to have
achieved quite its usual share of distinction at the
SmUhfield Show this year— that during the past season
one auctioneer alone has sold nearly 1000 head at
an average exceeding 50i!. About louu altogether have
been sold by auction during the year, and among those
not included in the list just named are sales of 40/ and

prizes at local shows, and bred many calves, one of
whieh took the 1st ])rize in tho calf class at the Royal
Agricultural meeting at Leeds, she is at length sold to
the butcher. It may bo also pointed out that the
1st prize Shorthorn cow in tho Agricultural Hall is
Aeii/^ C/ierri/, sold as a calf at Air. Hales' sale for
/U guineius.and descended from Lord IJucio's jBcs.ty. Mr.
I'oljambe's 1st prize steer may be also named as
Ucscended from Lord Spencer's stock, with a pedigree
traceable lor at least 80 years.

■— — We aro sorry to hear of a disaster in Mr.
n illoughby Wood's herd — a valuable heifer,
florence 7th, near her calving, having died from
injuries received during a lighl, with .another cow.
Ihey had come into the house from being watered,
and, quarrelling there, were separated with dilliciilty ;
and slie was found to have been injured in the spine,
dying a few days afterwards.

— — Warlaby, too, has had to lament during the past
week the loss of tho grand cow Laili/ Joiifiil, which has
slipiied and broken both her thighs, ' and died last
I'riday.

Home Correspondence.

The Use and Advantages of a Board of ArjrkuUure
—It is somewhat more than 50 years since our Board
ot Agriculture became a " thing of the past." It was
designed as a common centre for all cla.sses of agricul-
turists, and its chief objects were the removal of
obstacles to improvement, relieving agriculture from
its peculiar burthens, collecting and diffusing inform-
ation, seeking a iireferenco in the home market for its
produce, extending cultivation by every prudent means,
seeking public aid to improve roads, bridges, canals, &c
promoting great and extensive improvements whicil
might be beyond individual means. To diffuse inform-
ation, its aim was to form institutions for that purpose
establish experimental farms, agricultural professor-
ships, and improve veterinary practice. It was the
means of exciting a ivide spirit of inquiry, and
ultimately of effecting great good as the progenitor of
our modern agriculture. Government, amongst other
woro ^aixjlio^s of taxation at the clo.se of the great war,
were | withdrew its annual grant, thus causing it to come to

W)<. a nead. Mo doubt the early and later sales of p-"- " -o--^--, "^.. ..u^.. l,u,u,c»™u lumenons irom
Uates blood, which has this year commanded such 'J^'R'' importations of un-English diseases. We are
enormous prices, have raised the average of 1SG7 but , ''®'^'™'''' '""^ restrictions upon field-labour- we

from all the sales the inference may be fairly drawn'that '■="'""*'"■''"-"-"- "-"■-" '^-^ '■ •

pure-bred stock is at least as valuable as it ever was
Looking back through alist of Mr.Strafford's sales, com-
mencing 20 years ago, we have numbers varying from 500
to 1500 in a single season, and an annual average of 20/
30i., 40/., and 60/. apiece. Of the whole series of 20, 15 are
oyer 30/., and of these 15, 13 baopened during the past
lo years, showing that the sum commanded ha^ been
gradually advancing. During ls53, the year of the late
Lord Dueie s sale, the average was 45/. Then comes
1865, including Mr. Hegan's sale of (irand Duchesses
before the cattle plague had appeared, when theaverage
was 46/. In ISbU during the continuance of the plague
the few sold fetched only 29/. apiece, but durin" the
season just concluded nearly 1000 cattle have been sold
as we have said, by one man, for close on 50,000/ avera"ine
more than 50/, apiece— no fewer than 1500 altogether
baving changed bands at sales by auction in 186r We
may conclude as we began, by asserting itas incontestable
that the prices now commanded by pure-bred Short-
liorn stock prove unmistakably the easy supremacy
01 the Shorthorn breed.

-—It will be noticed in the Smithtield Club

u- W'" "^"^ ^^^^ "^^'' "mons the well-bred stock
which have there ended their days, is Ladi/ Selina
kpencer, of Mr. C. Howard's breeding, tracing down to
Lord Spencer's stock, and descended from Mason's
it"' 5?' ^^ ^^ "'® honour of appearing as one of
the Herd Book plates (vol. xvi.) ; and, having won

grief It IS positively astonishing to see the advances
mi t"""" »g''"^"lture has attained since that period
Ihe Board of that day held out to the aspiring agricul-
turist the hope that at some future day, "on the most
fertile soils and most propitious seasons," he might
reap from 32 to 40 bushels of Wheat, 42 to 50 bushels
of Jiarley, 52 to 64 bushels of Oats, and 28 to 32 bushels
°' ^,'^"°? PC statute acre," and a green crop of 30 tons
ol lurnips per acre. This was about the utmost of
their hopes in those days. We are now happy to
liud these hopes not only realised, but altogether
exceeded, even on our inferior .soils; and our best soils
lar exceed it. \Ve therefore are in many respects in
the happy position in which our forefathers hoped
some day to place us, and with these wonderful
aUainments have sprung up other interests, other
diHiculties. other wants besides those named above
V\ e have become an importing country to an immense
fi^tent-of grain in almost untold quantities; cattle, and
other farm stock in very great numbers; feeding stuffs in
great variety and surprising amount; manures of
various kinds and in astonishing tonnage ; wool to an
extent beyond belief Our manufactures, trade, and
commerce have increased in like proportion. Our im-
plement trade is enormous, both at home and abroad
Our agriculturists have most advantageously and credit-
ably taken a persevering action upon all this They
apply a large proportion of grain as well as immense
quantities of the usual feeding stuffs in rearing and
fattening the extraordinary numbers of farm stock
brought into the market. They use enormous quantities
ol artificial manures for the growth of Potatos and
other green food crops. They employ a large amount of
labour in culture, attendance upon stock, and general
farm management ; in fact, making it a commercial as
well as a practical business— the increase of farm
produce being estimated to exceed "5 per cent, above
the produce accruing at the death of the late Board
of Agriculture ; we have, therefore, a highly im-
proving agriculture to foster and protect, and have to
guard It against new and unforeseen inflictions from
loreign importations of un-English diseases. We are
threatened with restrictions upon field-labour- we
have all the burthens, with other additions, upon land
that were on when the above Board was formed and
all its obstacles and objects still to contend with
We want regular and the earliest information from
every quarter of the world, for our use, guidance, and
protection. We have agricultural societies in every
locality, I'armers' Clubs in every important district
Chambers of Agriculture rising up everywhere - we
possess the most wealth, the greatest influence, in' the
country, but we have no head, no common centre We
most urgently require, and we must never rest till we
possess, a Board of Agriculture. If ever it was wanted
now IS the time. What with cattle plague slaughter and
jiT**?''"" ■'"?.^"'''''°°'' local restrictions for cattle, the
Malt-tax, tithe averages, national rating, employment
of women and children in agriculture, and a host of
minor questions— we have enough and to spare for any
Board that may be formed to do. We must have a
truly practical Board, a working president, after the
O. S. Head type ; we want but a small staff, no ela-
borate combinations : a board simply to watch over
our interests, and do all they can to improve and
benefit our agriculture. O. F.

Retailers' Profits.— As you are discussing the pos-
-odi.ty of saving for consumers something of what the
public loses m the shape of retailers' profits, I venture
to send you a report of what has been done by our
Co-operative Agricultural Association. This society
was commenced a little while ago by a few gentlemen,
with a view of stopping adulteration in seeds, manures,

and feeding stuffs, and of enabling farmers and land-
owners to supply themselves with the best machinery
at wli(..esnl,, ,,ricos. We heg.aii with 10 members,
increasing in three months to 1 1, and our siihseribcd
capita aiMoiints to 100/., and wo have on our books
oyer 100 eustomors dealing with us as non-members,
lakiiig tlic average capital in our bauds during the
quarter at ;)27/., wo havo turned it over no less
than four times, transacting 1371/. in.i-. hd of
business, and realising gross profits nearly equal to
the amount of capital with which wo commenced-a
remarkable proof of the advantages which can be
ea-sily obtained by a few cash buyers associating them-
selves together under co-operative arrangements. The
working expenses have inevitably been large, but tho
arrangements now organised will sullico for a vorv
much more extensive business, in consequence of so
large a number of our friends being reluctant at first to
join the association, but willing to assist by
purchasing through our agency, wo have cleared
our working expenses without touching the profits
ol our members, and wo are thus in a position to
return now to the latter the maximum dividend of
7i per cerit. iier annum on their capital, and threo-
lourths of the trade discounts realised on their
purchases ; to non-members three-eighths of theirs ; and
to reserve a small surplus as the nucleus of a reserve
fund. The return to our members under this arrange-
ment will be equal to a discount of Uper cent, on their
purch.ases, besides fair interest on Jhcir investments.
We are now gaming strength daily, and have a confi-
dent assurance of ultimate success. Jidward Owen
Qrecnmg.

ROYAL AOniCULTURAL OF ENULAND.

The GeneralJIeeting of the members of this Society
was held m the society's rooms, in Hanover Square
on Wednesday, his Grace the Duke of Hichinond in
the chair, when the following report was read by Mr.
Hall Dare, the secretary :—

ANNUAL REPORT.
Since the Last General Meeting in Jl^y, cue governor ftnd 97
members have diej, .-vntl 177 new members liavo been elected
so that the ISociety now consists of 70 life governors, 82 annnal
governors, 138il life members, 4001 annual members, and 15
honorary members ; making a total of ,TO57.

Mr. John Baldwin, of Luddlngton, Stratford.on-Av.)n.
Warwickshire, has been elected a member of CoiincU in the
room of Mr. Pope, deceased. '

The half-yearly statement of .-iccoimts to the 30th of Juno
186i, has been exammed and approved by the auditors and
accountants of the Society, and has been furnished to aU
members m the last number of the Journal. In oonsequenoe
of the large expenses attend.ant on the Show at Bury St
Edmund's, and the protracted trials of implements the'
Council has been compelled to sell out 200(l(. of the funded
property, which now stands at 16,027/. 19s. Id. in the New
Ihreo per Cents., and tho cash bahmce in the Lauds of the
bankers on the 1st lust, was 3C9/. 8s. \d.

The collection of tho arrears of subscription has been steadily
progrcssmg, nevertheless a considerable sum is still due to the
•Society. It is found that many members cease to pay their
subscriptions under the impression that in this w.iy they can
ternunate their membership ; but the Council desire to remind
them that by the by-laws of the Society all members are
bound to pay the annual subsciiptiun until they shah with-
draw by a notice in writing to the secretary.

Notwithstanding the unavoidable absence of cattle tho
show-yard at Bury St. Edmund's was well filled with a fine
display of horses, sheep, pigs, and poultry, and was remarkable
for the most extensive coUection of implements and machiuerv
yet brought together.

The M.ayor and Corporation of Bury St. Edmund's and tho
local committee used every exertion to forward tho wishes of
the Society durmg the preparations for the meeting and tho
period of holding it.

■The Council have purchased an entirely new set of offices
and entrances for the show-yard, at a cost of 8061., which it is
hoped will last for many years. They have every reason to bo
satisfied with tho new contractor for the show-y.ard works
(Mr. Penny,) and have given him the contract for a furthei-
term of 4 ye.ars.

The Council have settled the live stock and implement prizo
sheets for the Country Meeting to be held next year at
Leicester, and, with a view of enabling the stock and the men
m charge to return home with an .absence of only one Sunday
have arnanged that the Show shall open on Thursday the letli
and close on Tuesd.ay the 21st of July.

The list of implements for trial will comprise ploughs, culti-
vators, harrows, clodcrushers, roUers, tile and brick machines,
and draining tools ; and prizes amounting to ■Zibl. will be
offered for the best appUcation of steam-power to the cultiva-
tion of the soil. The sum of 259.)(. is offered in prizes for live
stock to which 227f. has been .added by tho Leicestershire and
Walth.am and the Loughborough Agricultural Societies ; and
1001. has been offered by the Sparkenhoe Farmers' Club in
prizes for cheese.

It has been resolved by the Council to apportion England
and Wales into eight districts as follows—
A. Durham, Northumberland, and North and East Ridings of
Yorkshire
Cumberland, Lancashire, Westmoreland, and West Riding

of Yorkshire
Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northampton-
shire, Nottmghamshire, Rutlandsliire, and Warwick-
shire
Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire,

Huntmgdonshire, Norfolk, .and Suffolk
Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Hampshu-c, Kent, Jliddlosex,

Oxfordshire, Sui-rej', and Sussex
CornwiiU, Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Somersetshire, and
Wiltshire
G. Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Monmouthshire, Worcester-
shire, and South Wales
H. Cheshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, and North W.ales.

The Council have determined that district B, comprising tho
counties of Cumberland, Lancashire, Westmoreland, and the
West Riding of Yorkshire, be selected for the Coimtrv Meetine
of 18C9.

During the course of this ye.ar alterations have been made in
the scheme of education adopted by the Council ; it is no
longer connected with the Cambridge and Oxford Middle
Class examinations.

The next examination is fixed to take place at the Society's
house in Hanover Square, during the week commencing
April 20th, 18G8. Forms of entry aro prepared, to be duly
filled up and returned to the secretary (together with a
certificate of having acquired the elementg of general educft'

1278

THE GAUBENEES' CMO'NICLE AID AGHlCtJLTUML GAZETTE. [Becembee 14 ise?,

tion), on or before the 29th Februaiy next. Any member of
the Society may be present at an examination. On this
occasion it is not thought advisable to place any limit on the
ages of candidates from the desire to remove every obstacle in
the first instance to a candidate coming for^'ard ; with the
same object in view an unsuccessful candidate at one examina-
tion (unless some reason should intervene beyond mero want
of success), will be permitted to compete at a subsequent
examination.

Every candidate will be required to satisfy the examiners as
to his knowledge of the science and practice of agriculture,
and likewise as to proficiency in bookkeeping ; and he must
pass an examination either in Land surveying or in mechanics
as applied to agriculture. Beyond this it is left to his option
which one of the following three subjects he will take up,
viz., botany, geology, or veterinary science.

Successful candidates .are to be placed in two classes, and
will stand in order of merit. Certificates (specifying the
subject in whicha candidate shall have satisfied the examiners)
will be granted to successful candidates, and any one obtainuig
a first-class certificate shall thereby become a life member of
the Society. These, with additional prizes in money or books,
constitute the rewards held out to competitors.— By order of
the Council. H. Hall Daee, Secretary.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. S. Sidney moved the adoption of the report,
and in so doing referred to the loss which the Society
had sustained by the death of Mr. E. Pope— to the
needof all possible urgency being brought to bear by
the Society upon the Government in reference to
cattle plague legislation, so that the chances of any
re-importation of the plague might be reduced to a
m jm'iH!(m— to the importance of re-organising the whole
system of implement trials at the country meetings, so
that we should really learn from them something of the
practical value of the implements that are being tried — to
the need of enlisting the services of practical and expe-
rienced men. and not depending, as heretofore, so much
on the enthusiasm of amateurs. Mr. Sidney praised
the plan of subdividing the country into smaller
districts, which had been adopted for the successive
annual visits of the Society.

The motion was seconded by Mr. Neeld from
Lancashire, who referred to the fact that although
136 members of the Society resided in that countj;, no
one of the tenant-farmer class was on the Council of
the Society. The number of the members of the
Society was very small, considering the interests they
promoted, and would be increased if the membership
of the Council were more evenly distributed.

Mr. AHKEl,L,of Swindon, then called attention to the
management of the Society, which must be wanting
in energy and life, or the membership would not be so
stationary as it is. He suggested that it was not at all
desirable to accumulate money, that it was rather
advisable to seek out useful ways of spending the
money that was entrusted to the Council for the pur-
poses of the Society. He recommended, among other
things, the appointment of a permanent officer of the
Society, who, as Dr. Voelcker in chemistry, and Pro-
fessor Simonds in veterinary subjects, should be the
Society's Professor in all [matters relating to the health
of plants. During his career as a farmer he had noticed
how every new plant oultivated with great success for
inany years after its introduction^ at length became
liable to the attacks of blights and insects. In former
years Mr. Curtis had contributed many papers to the
Journal of the Society which threw light on some of
these diseases; but for many years nothing had
appeared on the subject in the Journal. And
he concluded, that either Mr. Curtis was dead or the
Council was asleep ! At present Turnips are being
affected with what appears to him a new disease,
affecting the leaf and ultimately the life of the plant.
A gentleman out of the city, to whom he had referred
the thing, supposed it might be owing to the excessive
use of artificial manures. The countryman believed
that the citizen must know all about it, and was thus
in danger of being misled for want of some authority
to whom he could refer such questions. He thought
the gap left by Mr. Curtis' death ought to be filled up,
and that the Society should establish a professorship
through which agriculturists might obtain all the assist-
ance which science could give them in connection with
thediseases to which theircropsare liable. He referred to
articles on this subject which had appeared in the
Agricultural Oazetfej and in particular to one signed
" M. J. B.," on certain blights which had appeared in
Australia— the so-called "Take all" being one of
them. What a disaster it would be if any " Take-all "
should attack English crops, and how great the need
of some authority, like the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, being at
hand as an officer of the English Agricultural Society
to advise its members in such a case.

Mr. S. Sidney again called attention to the need of
an attempt being made by the Council of the Society
to obtain a report of the existing agricultural expe-
rience of the country. A committee should be
appointed, who would call to their assistance the best
authorities in every department of agriculture, and
who should then frame a series of questions to be dis-
tributed broadcast throughout the country. It only
needed that a certain proportion of tliese questions
should be answered, and the answers would furnish
the materials of a much more life-like and trustworthy
report than could be obtained in any other way. The
thing had been to some extent attempted, with a most
successful result, as the report on steam cultivation,
in the last volume of the Journal, would testify.
And his own e.xperience as an agricultural writer
proved that the plan he recommended was the best
for eliciting the latest agricultural experience, and this
was what was wanted for the guidance of the future.

Colonel Challoner referred to the fact that Mr.
Sidney's idea of the importance of distinct reports had
all along been recognised by the Council, and that the
result had been a series of essays on the agriculture of
the different counties, which form some of the best of
the papers in the Society's Journal.

Mr. C. S. Eis.iD, M.P., defended the Council from
Mr. Arkell's charge of sleepiness. The fault lay

in the apathy, not of the Council, but of the general
body of members, who would render the greatest
service if they could suggest subjects for discussion in
the Journal, which Journal, however, already con-
tained the information on the diseases of plants which
Mr. Arkell desired to possess.

The Chaieman (his Grace the Duke of Bichmond)
said Mr. Arkell had blamed the Council for not taking
active steps to investigate the diseases of plants, but if
he would take the general index of the volumes from
1 to 25 he would find the matter treated of frequently.

Mr. Aekell said that those communications dated
back so far as 1843.

The Chairman said that the more they could secure
the suggestions of practical men upon this matter tire
better would it be for them, but he did not think they
were so deficient in knowledge upon this topic as Mr.
Arkell would suppose. He thought the suggestion of
Mr. Sidney as to the making of a fresh agricultural
survey a valuable one. With reference to the question
of agricultural statistics there was no subject on which
there was greater difference of opinion among farmers.
He thought these statistics might prove very valuable,
and in the office which he held at the Board of Trade
he had endeavoured this year, and should continue his
efforts next year, to get certain statistics, which would
be obtained permissively, and he thought that by such
means important knowledge might be acquired. If
such information were afforded, it was likely to prove
beneficial to the farmers as well as the public. He
was endeavouring to draw up some papers with the
view of securing returns which were very desirable,
and he hoped that his endeavours would meet with
the support of the farmers in general.

Mr. Albeet Pell moved a vote of thanks to the
Chairman. He suggested that it was desirable to offer
prizes for essays bearing upon the social condition of
the labourer with reference to his food, and his general
mode of life and domestic economy. The question of
improved dwellings for the poor in rural districts, as
well as in the towns, was of very high importance.

Colonel CHiLLONEE seconded tlie vote of thanks to
the Chairman, which was passed unanimously.

The Duke of Richmond returned thanks. One
great difficulty in the way of securing statistics arose
from the unwillingness of farmers in particular districts
to afford information. As regarded the importation of
cattle he hoped that the Bill prepared by the Govern-
ment regulating the slaughter of animals would meet
the dilliculties of the case ; and, speaking as a large
flockraaster, he hoped that sheep would be included
within the provisions of the measure.

THE SMITHPIELD CLUB CATTLE SHOW.

The Annual Show of the Smithfield Club, which
opened on Monday at the Agricultural Hall, has
attracted large crowds during the past week. About
00,000 persons visited it up till Wednesday night, and
37,000 on Thursday. It is upon the whole as good a
show as has yet been seen : rather shorter than usual
in the Pig classes, of more than average excellence in
sheep, especially good in some classes of Hereford cattle,
and, of average merit in most of the Shorthorn classes,
of more than average merit in the Devons.

THE CATTLE CLiVSSES.

The JDevons, which stand first in the catalogue,
include 31 head of cattle, in five classes. Among the
younger class of steers Her Majesty the Queen takes
the 1st prize with a very good specimen of the breed,
level over the back, of great thickness and depth in the
hind quarters, very ripe and even everywhere. The
2d prize goes to Mr. J. H. BuUer, of Crediton, for a
steer rather smaller behind, but well covered with
thick flesh over rib and flank. Mr. Frampton, of
Blandford, is commended for a steer clearly inferior to
the others, coarser on the shoulder, and not so well
covered on the rib. — Among the older oxen, Mr. Smith,
of Exeter, takes the 1st prize with the ox which was
also 1st at Bingley Hall, with a thickly covered back,
great long hind-quarters, and deep flank; Mr. Over-
man's 2d prize ox, especially good over the fore rib, is a
deep-bodied beast of good quality. In this class Messrs.
Farthing and Prampton are highly commended.— The
oxen over 3i years old are a very good class. Mr. Smith
is again 1st with a large flat-topped ox of good quality ;
Mr. Earthing 2d, with a rather flat-sided beast, some-
what patchy behind ; Mr. Farquharson 3d, with an ox
of rare quality, but rather drooping at the rump ; Mr.
Overman's dark, almost brindled ox, and Mr. BuUer's
are highly commended. — A very pretty little class of
Devon heifers includes Mr. Burton's straight and
beautiful heifer, as truly cylindrical forwards as if the
body had been turned in a lathe'; Mr. Barrington's,
extraordinary over loin and back, well covered with
firm flesh ; and the Queen, 3d prize heifer, with flat-
topped back. Mr. Smith, unsuccessful in this class, is
commended. — The cow class includes Mr. Farthing's
large 1st prize cow, very thickly covered all
along the back, and with great flank, but patchy
over rump, and rather thin through the thighs ; Mr.
Coates' long and large fat cow, thickly covered on the
loin, and taking the 2d prize ; Mr. Taylor's very fat,
but rather patchy cow, which is placed 3d. Mr.
Farthing is commended.

Devon Prize List.

Class 1. Devon Steers, not exceeding 2 years and 6 months
old.— 1st, 201., Her Majesty the Queen, the Prince Consort's
Norfolk Farm, Windsor. Silver Wedal to the Breeder, Her
Majesty the Queen. 2d, 101., James Howard Buller, of
Downes' Farm, Crediton, Devon.

Class 2. Devon Steers, not exceeding 3 years and 3 months
old.— 1st, 30/., William Smith, of Higher Hoopern Exeter,
Devon. Silver Medal to the breeder, William Smith. 2d, 20£.,
John Overman, of Burnham Sutton, Lynn, Burnham Market,
Norfolk ; 3d, 101. , WiUiam Taylor, of Glenley, Westham, East-
bourne, Sussex.

Class 3. Devon Steers or Oxen .above 3 ye.ars and 3 months
old.— l8t, 30i., William Smith, of Higher Hoopern, Exeter,

Devon. .Silver Medal to the breeder, James Davy, of Plitton
Barton, North Molton, Devon. 2d, 20/,, W.alter Farthing, of
Stower Court, Bridgewater, Somerset ; 3d, 10(., James Johu
Farquharson, of Langton House, Blandford, Dorset.

Class 4. Devon Heifers, not exceeding 4 years old.— 1st, 25/.,
Richard Burton, of Place Barton, Broadclyst, Devon. Silver
Medal to the breeder, George Gibbs, of Bishop's Lydeard,
Taunton, Somerset. 2d, 1.51., W. Barrington, of Thorley, Yar-
mouth, Isle of Wight ; 3d, 10(., Her Majesty the Queen, the
Prince Consort's Norfolk Farm, Windsor.

Cl.ass 5. Devon Cows above 4 years old.— 1st, 25/., Walter
Farthing, of Stowey Court, Bridgewater. Somerset. Silver
Medal to the breeder, John Tapp, of Bureh Twitchen, South
Molton, Devon. 2d, 15/., John Co.ate, of Hammoon, Bland-
ford, Dorset ; 3d, 10/., WiUiam Taylor, of Glenley, Westham,
Eastbourne, Sussex.

The Hereford Classes include about three dozen
entries, but several of these have not appeared. Of these
some shown at Bingley Hall had their merits so
conclusively decided there that it was not worth while
submittingthem to competition again; and one, a heifer,
we believe of Mr. Baldwin's, which had been successful
at Bingley Hall, went home to calve ! A small class of
younger steers includes Mr. R. Hill's very remarkable

2 years and 5 months old steer, extraordinarily fat
everywhere, a little loose in the handling, and some-
what patchy behind. He takes the 1st prize. Mr.
Tudge, of Leintwardine, takes the 2d prize with a
much inferior ox ; and Mr. Arkwright is highly com-
mended.—The middle class of oxen includes very good
animals by Mr. Beach, Her Majesty the Queen, and
Mr. Benjamin Cocks, placed respectively 1st, 2d, and 3d ;
the first very thick and fat, especially on fore quarter
and shoulder; the second an exceedingly well bred
beast; the third stocky, thick, and rough-coated.—
The older class of oxen are very good indeed, and hero
the awards of the judges have not been satisfactory.
One of the best beasts in the class, shown by Mr.
Lewis Loyd, receives no prize at all, notwithstanding
that for evenness, and quality, and breeding, he is not
surpassed by any in the yard. Mr. Beach's 1st prize
ox is very massive and good, a little coarse perhaps in
places, but good on rib, and back, audflank. The 2d prize
goes to Mr. Pitt, for a rather coarse ox, thick forward,
and somewhat drooping behind, which shown at Bir-
mingham received no notice at all in its class ; while
Mr. Aaron Pike's ox, which stood 1st in its class at
Bingley Hall, is unnoticed here. There are many
good oxen in this class. Mr. Turner and Mr.
Loyd are highly commended, and the Earl of
Darnley is commended.— The heifer class includes
Mr. Bettridge's wonderful heifer, which carried
off so many prizes at Bingley Hall, and is
here again pronounced the best female in the
yard. Mr. Arkwright, second at Birmingham, is also
second here ; and the Queen sends a heifer very thickly
covered on the loin, which is placed 3d. Mr. James's
heifer is commended.— The cows are a greatlydiminished
class. Mr. Bettridge is 1st here again, as he was at
Bingley Hall, with his well-topped, even, smooth, and
well-bred cow. Mr. Groves is 2d, with a cow clearly
inferior to the other; and Mr. James is 3d, with a
rather unevenly fattened beast— full behind shoulder,
hollow in the flank, and patchy behind.

Hereford Prize List.

Class 6. Hereford Steers, not exceeding 2 years and
6 months old.— 1st, 20/., Richard Hill, of Orleton Court,
Ludlow, Salop. Silver Medal to the breeder, Rich.ard Hill.
2d, 10/., William Tudge, of Adforton, Leintw.ardine, Here-
fordshire.

Class 7. Hereford Steers, not exceeding 3 years and

3 mouths old.— 1st, 30/., Joseph Beach, of The Hattons and
Flour Jlills, Dudley, Worcester. Silver Medal to the breeder,
the late E. Edwards, of Bawcott. 2d, 20/., Her Majesty the
Queen, the Prince Consort's Flemish Farm, Windsor ; 3d, 1 0/.,
Benjamin Cocks, of Twyford, Church Stretton, Salop.

Class 8. Hereford Steers or Oxen above 3 years and
3 months old.— 1st, 30/., Joseph Beach, of The Hattons and
Flour Mills, Dudley, Worcester. SUver Medal to the breeder,
Richard Shirley, of Bawcott, Munslow, Church Stretton,
Salop. 2d, 20/., George Pitt, of Chadnor Court, Dilwyn,
Leominster, Hereford ; 3d, 10/., John Edwin Jones, of Spring-
field, near Hereford,

Class 9. Hereford Heifers, not exceeding 4 years old. — 1st,
25/., Henry Bettridge, of East Hanney, Wantage, Berks.
Silver Mcd.al to the breeder, E. Tanner, of Bromfield, S.alop.
2d, 15/., John Hungerford Arkwright, of Hampton Court,
Leominster, Hereford ; 3d, 10/., Her Majesty the Queen, the
Prince Consoi't's Flemish Farm, Windsor.

Class 10. Hereford Cows, above 4 years old. — 1st, 25/.,
Henry Bettridge, of East Hanney, Wantage, Berks. Silver
Medal to the breeder, Samuel Griffiths, of Brierly, near
Leominster, Hereford. 2d, 15/., R. V. C. Groves, of Berrington,
Salop : 3d, 10/., A. James, of Monnington-on-Wye, Hereford.

Shorthorns include nearly as many entries as the
two other breeds together. In the class of younger
steers the Duke of Sutherland is 1st, with a very well
topped light roan ; the Earl of Aylesford, 2d, with a
well-fed evenly covered, not over-fat, well-bred ox,
square and deep and level; and the Kev. W. fl.
Beever is commended. — In the older class of steers,
Mr. Foljambe takes the 1st prize, with a red roan ox
bred from the Wiseton herd, wonderfully well topped,
up standing, very thickly covered, especially above;
Lord Aylesford is again 2d, and Mr. Stratton 3d, with
an evenly covered well-bred beast, especially good over
rib and back ; Messrs. Leney are highly commended ;
and Sir W. de C. Brooke is commended. Mr. Ruck
shows a good white ox, not so good, however, on the
quarter as he is forward. The oldest class of oxen
includes a large number of entries, forming a very
handsome coUeetion. Mr. Walters' ox, thick over back
and rib; Mr. Pulver's large and square, but common
looking ; Lord Howe's, rather patchy ; Mr. Coleman's,
a very good white ox. The Duke of Beaufort takes the
1st prize with a red roan, ripe and good along back and'
forward, rather plain behind. Mr. Wood, with his loa
white ox, of superb quality of flesh and admirable
symmetry, is 3d here, having been 2d at Bingley Hall:
and Lord Penrhyn is 2d with an ox very thickly covered
over rib and flank; Mr. Walter and Mr. Coleman
commended, and Mr. Pulver highly commended. — The
heifer class is very beautiful. Mr. Stratton's very

December 14, 18G7.]

THE GARDENERS' (MIRONIOLE AND AGlilGULTrRAT, GAZETTE.

1270

pretty licifer is 1st— round, and true, and even ; Lord
i''over.shani's, square behind, deep, but somewhat llat-
sided, is 2d.; tlio Prince oC Wales sends a very ripe,
sliort-lej;','ed, white heifer; Lord Hardwioke'sli[;\it roaTi
is 3d ; Mr. Seymour, of lioston, is highly eommendcd.—
The cows are a very prand class indeed. They include
Mr. Dugdale's Kent Cherri/, sold at Mr. Halo's sale as
a calf for 70 suiucas, and descended from the Tortworth
herd ; Kent Cherri/ is now a great, massive, flat-topped
cow, and thick, with firm ilosh all along the back: slic
takes the 1st prize. The Duke of Sutherland's lino
cow, first in ttis class at Bingley Hall, takes no prize
here. Messrs. Leney show a rather patchy but tliickly
covered cow. The Queen exhibits in this class. Mr.
Masters, of Bedford, has a good cow, Mr. Taylor, of
Jlaldon, shows a very massive, great, but common-
looking cow, which takes the 2d prize; and Mr. Mead's
.'1 1 prize cow is well covered, thick, and good. The
J)uko of Sutherland is highly commended, and .so is
Mr. Stratton, of 'Walls Court, Bristol.
Shorthorn Prizes.

CLA.sa 11. Sbortlionied .Steers, not e.Kceeding 2 yo.irs .lucl
Gmontba old. — 1st, 20/., His Grace the Duke of Sutherhiml, of
l,illobur-st, Newport, S;ilop. Silver Modal to the breeder. His
tir.'xee tbo Diiko of Sutberland. 2d. 10/., tbe Karl of Aylea-
ford, of Packington liall, Coventry, W.arwick.

Class 12. Sbortbonied Steers, not exeeeding 3 years and
:l montbs old.— 1st, 'iOL., G. S. Foljanrbc, of Osbertou Hall,
Worksop, Nottingham. Silver Med.al to tbe breeder, G. S.
Koljambe. 2d, 20i., tbe Earl of Aylesford, of Packington Hall,
Warwick ; .3d, 10/., R. Stratton, of Wall's Court, Bristol.

CL.VSS lu. Sbortbornod Steers or O.xen above 3 years and
3 montbs old.— 1st, 30/,, the Duke of Beaufort, of Badminton.
Cbippenbam, Wilts. Silver Medal to the breeder, AV. Butler
of Badminton, Chippenham. 2d, 20/., Lord Penrbyn, of
Pcnrbyn Castle. lJan^;ur, Carnarvon ; 3d, 10/., Rowland Wood,
of Clapton, Thrapstnne. Northamptonsbire.

Class 14. Sborthorned Heifers not exceeding 4 years old.—
Ist, 25/., Riebard Strotton, of Wall's Court, Bristol. Silver
iledal to the breeder, lliebiird Stretton. 2d, 15/., Lord
Fevorsbam, of Duncombe Park, Helmslcy, Yorkshire ; 3d, 10/.,
tbe Earl of Hardwieko, of Wimpole, Arrington, Cambridge.

Class \5. Shortborncd Cows above 4 years old.— 1st, 25/.,
.\dam Dugdale, of Rose Hill, Burnley, Lancashire. Silver
Medal to the breeder, E. Hales, of North Frith, Tonbridge,
Kent. 2d, 15/., Richard T.iylor, of Hazoleigb H.all, Maldon,
Ussex ; 3d, 10/., Thomas Mead, of Wilstone, Tring, Herts.

yfe now come to the breeds of secondary importance.
The Susse.t breed are very finely represented. Mr.
Shoosmith and Mr. Coote show heifers almost equal in
quality to Devons.— There is a small but very pretty
class of Norfolk cows. Two long-bodied, long-horned
cattle are exhibited. Sir J. H. Crew's ox has aot its
horns fairly tied together under its chin. The Kyloes
are not in great number. The Duke of Sutherland's
brindled red ox is remarkably good ; and Captain
Gunter takes a prize for a cow. The Scotch polled
breed is represented by a few large Angus oxen,
and among them Mr. M'Combie's wonderful ox,
referred to last week, which has since paid a visit to
AViudsor, where he was honoured with the inspection
nf the Queen. He takes the prize here as the best ox
in the yard. — The Irish and "Welsh breeds are very
imperfectly represented. Lord Berners shows a very
pretty Kerry. Among the cross-bred cattle are a
number of very good beasts, but nothing equal to
specimens which have before been shown. The extra
stock are a short class.

The following are the awards :—

Class 16. Sussex Steers or Oxen not exceeding 3 years old.
—1st, 20/., G. C. Coote, of Tortington, Arundel, Sussex. Silver
Medal to the breeder, G. C. Coote. 2d, 10/., John and Alfred
ileasman, of Angmering, Arundel, Sussex.

Class 17. Sussex Steers or Oxen above 3 years old.— 1st,
25/., John and Alfred Heasman, of Angmering, Arundel,
Sussex. Silver Medal to the breeders, John and Alfred
Heasman. 2d, 15/., William Betting, of Westmeston Place,
Hurstplerpoint, Sussex ; 3d, 10/., George C. Coote, of
Tortington, Arundel, Sussex.

Class 18. Sussex Heifers not exceeding 4 years old.— 1st,
20/., John Shoosmith, of Berwick, Lewes, Sussex. Silver
Medal to the breeder, John Shoosmith. 2d, 15/., Edw.ard
Cane, of Berwick Court, Lewes, Sussex.

Class 10. Sussex Cows above 4 years old. — 1st, 20/., George
C. Coote, of Tortington, Arundel, Sussex. Silver Medal to the
breeder, George c" Coote. 2d, 15/., Tilden Smith, of luiell
Beckley, Sussex.

Class 20. Norfolk or Suffolk Polled Steers or Oxelr of any
age.— 1st, 15/. (withheld) : 2d, 10/., John Sewell, of North
Pickenham, Swaffbam, Norfolk.

Class 21. Norfolk or Suffolk Polled Heifers or Cows of any
age, — 1st, 15/., William Mayes Bond, of Bacton, North Wal-
sham, Norfolk. Silver Jledal to the breeder, William Mayes
Bond. 2d, 10/., William Postle, of Smallburgb Hall, Norwich,
Norfolk.

Class 22. Longbomed Steers or Oxen of any age.— 10/., Sir
John Harpur Crev.'C. Bart., of Calke Abbey, Derby. Silver
Medal to the breeder. Sir John Harpur Crewe, B.art.

Class 23. Long-horned Heifers or Cows of any .age.— 1st,
10/., W. T. Cox, of Spoudon Hall, Derby. Silver Medal to tbe
breeder, W. T. Cox.

Class 24. Scotch Horned Steers or O.xen of any ago. — Ist,
30/., tbe Duke of Sutberland, of Duurobin Castle, Golspie,
N.B. Silver Medal to the breeder, the Duke of Sutherland.
2d, 15/., the Earl of Derby, of Knowsley, Prescot, L.ancashire.

CLA.SS 25. Scotch Horned Heifers or Cows of any age.— 1st,
l.*)/., Captain R. Gunter. of tbe Grange, Wetberby, York.

Class 26. Scotch Polled Steers or O.xen of any age. — 1st,
;!0/., William M'Combie, of Tillyfour, Aberdeen, N.B. Silver
Medal to the breeder, William M'Combie. 2d, 15/., Andi-ew
I ongmore, of Linksfield, Rattie, Banff,

Class 27. Scotch Pulled Heifers or Cows of any age. — 1st,
l'./., James Reed, of Gr.aystone, Afford, Aberdeen. Silver
.Medal to tbe breeder, tbe Executors of the late Andrew
Wilson, of Waterside, Forbes, Aberdeenshire. 2d, 10/., tbe
Duke of Buccleucb and Queeusberry, of Tibbers, ThornbiU,
Dumfries.

Class 28. Irish Steers or Oxen of .any age. — 1st, 10/,, Robert
Wortley, of Sufficld, Aylsbam, Norfolk ; 2d, 5/., Lord Berners,
of Keytborpe Hall, Leicester.

Class 2S>. Irish Heifers or Cows of .any age.— 1st, 10/., Lord
Berners, of Keythorpe ILall, Leicester.

Class 30. Welsh Steers or Oxen (Runts), of any age.— 1st,
20/., Lord Pcnrbyn, of Penrbyn Castle, Bangor, Carnarvon,
Silver Medal to the Breeder, H. B. Roberts, of Trefartbcn,.
Llanidan, j\jiglesea. 2d, 10/., Captain H. Piatt, of Bryn y
Newadd, Bangor, Carnarvon.

Class 31. Welsh Heifers or Cows, of any age.— Ist, 10/.,

Owen Pbilipps, of I'rcriffith, Cardigan. Silver Medal to tbo
breeder, Owen Pbilipps.

Class 32. Cross or Mixed-bred Steers not exceeding 3 years
old —1st, 2/!/., J.unos Stewart, 20, Union Street, Aberdeen.
■Sih-ir Mortal to the breeder, Tliomas Garland, of Ellon,
.M.Lilocn. 2d, 1.')/., James 1). Allen, of TIabury, Salisbury,
Wilt...hiro; 3d, 10/., Hiohard Burton, of Placo Barton, Broad-
elyst, Devon.

Class 33. Cross or Mixert-brod Steers or Oxen above 3 years
old.— Ist, 25/., John Overman, of Burnham Sutton, Lynn,
Norfolk. Silver Medal to the breeder, John Overman. 2d,
!,■;/., Joseph Beach, of Tlie Ilattons and Flour Mills, Dudley,
Worcester; 3d, 10/., Ccibmel Robert Loyd Linda.ay, M.P., of
Lockinyo Park, Wantage. Berks.

Class 34. Cross or Mixed-bred Heifers not excooihng
4yearsold.— 1st, 20(,, tbo Duke of Beaufort, of Hadminton,
Chippenham, Wilts. Silver Modal to tbo breeder, the Duke of
Beaufort. 2d, 10/., J. k W. Martin, of Newmarket, Aberdeen.

SHEEP.

Tho sheep are a most excellent show. For real
prime quality and useful proportions of fat and lean
the various classes were never surpassed, if tliey were
ever equalled. British farmers seem now to have
arrived as near as possible to perfection in the art of
breeding and feeding these most valuahlq of all
domestic animals, that is, in such a variable climate as
our own. It is to be hoped a due caution will hence- j
forth be exercised, so that the temptation to try to do ;
something which is super-excellent may not cause his j
art to so overleap Nature as to become the agent of its
own defeat.

The Loicesters have still the pride of place conferred
on them, by being placed first on the list. This pure
breed presents a living caution in support of tho
general view which we have ,iust given. Fineness of
form and purity of colour and wool have been carried
with them to so great an extremity, that the flocks
wliich stood highest in the estimation of many judges
a few years since have become comparatively valueless
for the practical purposes which are tested by weights,
scales, and prices current ; and this, not only in regard
to the food they produce, but the raw material of wear-
ing apparel wliich they yield. Under this condition, to
which tho Loicesters have come down, it could not be
expected that a largo number of pens would be shown :
there were only nine. Lord Berners was first in both
the light and heavy classes, or rather in the class
under 220 lb. live weight, and in the class as much over
that weiglit as the sheep would run, which was not
much. These 1st prize pens were the perfection of
symmetry and feeding, but beyond this, as we must
have an eye to profit, we cannot venture. The two
pens of G. S. Foljambe, Esq., were equally pretty, but
those in the class of the larger size were small ; while
the other pen, for which he was awarded 2d, were well
grown, and their wool was remarkably fine and
luxuriant.

The Cotswold pens were only four, which reflects
somewhat strangely on tbe many breeders of these
high-priced sheep. Mr. Hitchcock, said to be a fresh
exhibitor, was 1st, and the Messrs. '\Vest, who were
distanced at Birmingham for the first time for some
years, here came in 2d. '

Lincolns came next, and were scarcely more
numerous. But Mr. T. R. Casswell, who made a selec-
tion from his brother Henry's Laughton tegs, brought
a pen that were remarkable for compactness, firmness,
weight, and a heavy fleece of lustrous wool. The Rom-
ney Marsh, which are said to be very useful on their
native soil, and the other long-wool sheep not being
Leicesters, were of no public interest beyond that
which is recorded in our prize list.

Southdowns as usual were most interesting, both to
judges and unsophisticated spectators. Lord Walsing-
ham again stood double Isl, as he took the 1st prize for
his heavy-weight shearlings, and the cup for the best
pen of any kind of Downs. This was certainly a pen
of perfect sheep. Sir William Throckmorton was
here a remarkably good 2d. His sheep have better
scraggs than the Jlerton sheep, and, as we think,
nobler heads. In the class under 200 lb. live weight,
the Merton flock was, however, fairly beaten by Lord
Braybrooke, who sent a very fine pen of sheep covered
with such a pile of thrifty wool, as no other Southdowns
in the Hall exhibited. Mr. Rigdeu's 3d prize sheep
were pictures for symmetry, while they were excellent
in their touch from the skill with which their feeding
had been directed, but their want of weight was
indicated by the weaker character of their
heads and the weakness of their necks. The two-
year-old Southdowns were remarkable for weight
in a compact form. Lord Walsingham was again
an easy winner, but with the Earl of Radnor well up
as 2d, the third pen being irregular in size, and Mr.
Overman's unrefined in appearance, although their
weight was ample for this breed. With such a pen as
the 3d prize were, why it was that the Duke of Rich-
mond's sheep were only " commended " is one of the
incidents of these shows which, as Lord Dundreary
would say, "no one can understand" — excepting of i
course the authorities.

There were some extraordinarily good sheep in the
Hants and Wilts Downs. The substance of these
sheep, " coarse," as they are now called, will be fallen
back upon some day when refining and refining, by
in-and-in breeding and selection, have reduced other
llocks to the condition of the Leicesters. Among the
Hants, Mr. Canning's 1st prize shearlings were enor-
mous for weight, and their quality of flesh was excellent,
albeit their ears did " lop," and the heads on which
Ihey were set were something prominent in front and
heavy altogether.

The Shropshires made a fair show as to numbers, and
a capital one as regards size, quality of flesh, and
quantity of wool. Singularly enough, in both classes
tlie prizes stood as they did at Birmingham, Messrs.
Nock, Matthews, and Beach respectively in the
shearlings, and Lord A'V^enlock and Mr. Henry Smith
in the older class. Mr. Beach, however, sent three of

tho five shearlings which wont for the 2.')-guinea cup
at Birmingham, but being 31 here, and beaten there,
lliey were in efl'oct as they now stand. These sheep of
Mr. Hcacli's were no doubt of the finest form and
character of any in the .Shropshires, but they were not
linn onoiigli. On inquiry we found that the feeder of
them had been used for several years to Southdown
sheep, and as we know that the same food which would
make a Southdown as " firm as a board," would leave a
Shropsliiio with a loose touch, we have no doubt tho
shejihcrd in this case h.is been deceived by nromising
appearances, Mr. Beach's success in other places, and
the celebrity which his manner of feeding has acquired,
make this explanation of the mauifest defect in these
fine sheep a tangible solution of the apparently
anomalous decisions of the judges.

In the Cross-breeds, Mr. Overman returns to his
usual position with his Leicester Downs, being I.^t in
(ho class, and taking a Silver Medal. Mr. George
Hine, of Oakley, Bedford, was hero a good 2d ; and in
the next class the latter breeder was suiierior, but his
sheep were 2 or 3 lb. too heavy for the light weights.
Jlr. S. Druce took the Cup for the best pen of Shrop-
shires, Oxfords, and cro-sses not specifiecl, with a very
line pen of Oxfordshire sheep.

Tho Mountain Breeds and Ryelands, Cheviots, Dor-
sets, &c., which are generally wdiite-faced or speckled-
faced horned sheep, were of no interest beyond
the limited districts to wdiich they belong. There wa-s
a long list of single sheep, but this seems to be a
mistake, either from the system of ofl'ering prizes, or
in tho negligence of breeders who could send excellent
pens of three sheep each. After tbe fine display in
other classes, these single sheep dwarf into insignifi-
cance both as regards appearance and the lesson in
breeding and feeding thus afforded.

Prize Llst of Shi-:ep.

Class 35. Fat Wether Sheep of the Leicester breed, 1 year
old (under 23 months).— 1st, 20/., Lord Berners, Kcythorpo
Hall, Leicester. Silver Medal to tbo breeder, Lord Berners.
2d, 15/., William Brown, of High Gate, Holme-on-Spalding
Moor, 'i'ork ; 3d, 5/., the Hon, Colonel Lowthor, M.P,, of
Barleythorpe Hall, Oakb.am, Rutland.

Ci.A.ss 30. Fat Wether Sheep of the Leicester breed. 1 year
old (under 23 months), each Sheep not to exceed 220 lb. live
weight. — 1st, 20/.. Lord, Berners, of Keytborpe Hall, Leicester.
Silver Jledal to the breeder. Lord Beniers. 2d, 15/., G. S.
Foljambe, of Osberton Hall, Worksop, Nottingham ; 3d, 5/.,
William Brown, of Hi^h Gate, Holme-on-Sp.alding Moor, York.

Class 37. Fat Wether Sheep of the Cotswold breed, 1 year
old (under 23 montbs). — 1st, 20/., William Henry Hitchcock, of
Miserden Park, Cirencester, Gloucester. Silver Medal to tho
lirecdcr, William Henry Hitchcock. 2d, 15/., Thornas &
George West, of Greenbill F.arm, Bletehington, Oxford ; 3d,
5/., William Donne, of Monkton, near Bridgend, Gl.imorgan.

Class 38. Fat Wether Sheep of tbe Lincoln breed, 1 year
old (under 23 months). — 1st, 20/., Thomas Russell Casswell, of
Quadring, Spalding, Lincolnshire. Silver Medal to the
breeder, Thomas Russell Casswell. 2d, 1.5/., John Pears, of
Mere, Branston, Lincoln ; 3d, 51., Thomas Gunnell, of Milton,
Cambridge.

Class 39. Fat Wet'ner Sheep of the Kentish or Romney
Marsh breod, 1 year old (under 23 months). — 1st, 15/., F.
Murtun, of Smeeth, Ashford, Kent. Silver Medal to breeder,
F. Murton. 2d, 10/., James Newport, of Elmsted Court,
Ashford, Kent,

Class 40. Fat Wether Long-wooUed Sheep, not being
Leicesters, Cotswolds, Lincolns, or Kentish, 1 year old (under
23 months). — 1st, 15/., F. Street, of 'Harrowden, near Bedford,
Bedfordshire. Silver Medal to the breeder, F. Street, 2d, 10/.,
Thomas Russell Casswell, of Quadring, Spalding, Lincolnshire.

Class 41. Fat Wether Sheep of the Southdown breed,
1 year old (under 23 months).— 1st, 20/., Lord W-alsingham, of
Merton Hall, Tbetford, Noi-folk. Silver Medal to the breeder,
Lord Walsingham. 2d, 10/., Sir William Throckmorton, Bart.,
ofBuekland, FaiTingdon, Berks; 3d, 5/., Henry Humphrey, of
Asbington, Hurst, Sussex.

Class 42. Fat Wether Sheep of tbe Southdown breed, 1
year old (under 23 months), each Sheep not to exceed 200 lb.
live weight. — 1st, 15/., Lord Braybrooke, of Audley End,
Saffron Walden, Essex. Silver Medal to the breeder, Lord
Briiybrooke. 2d, 10/., Lord W.alsingham, of Merton Hall,
Tbetford, Norfolk; 3d, 5/., William Rigden, of Hove, Brighton,
Sussex.

Class 43, Fat Wether Sheep of the Southdown breed, 2
ye.ars old (above 23 and under 35 months).— 1st. 20/., Lord
W.alsingham, of Merton Hall, Tbetford, Norfolk. SUver Medal
to the breeder. Lord Walsingham. 2d, 10/., tbe Earl of Radnor,
of Coleshill, Highworth ; 3d, 5/., William Taylor, of Glenley,
Westham, Eastbourne, Sussex.

Class 44. Fat Wether Sheep of tbe Hampshire or Wiltshire-
down breed, 1 year old (under 23 mouths).— 1st, 20/., William
Brown Canning, of Elston, Devizes, Wiltshire. Silver Med.al
to the breeder, William Brown Canning. 2d, 15/., James
Russell, of Petham Court, Eynsford, Kent; 3d, 5/., John
Pittman Kin?, of North Stoke, W.allingford, Berks.

Class 4s. Fat Wether Sheep of the Shropshire breed, 1 year
old (under I 23 months). — 1st, 20/., Thomas Nock, of Sutton
House, SbilTual, Shropshire. Silver Med.il to the breeder,
Thomas Nock. 2d, 10/., Henry JIatthews, of Montford,
Shrewsbury ; 3d, 5/., Joseph Beach, of The Hattons, Dudley,
Worcester.

Class 46. Fat Wether Sheep of the Shropshire breed, 2 years
old (above 23 and under 3.7 montbs). — 1st, 15/., Lord Wenlock,
of Monk Hall, Much Wenlock, S.alop. Silver Med,al to tho
breeder. Lord Wenlock. 2d, 5/., Henry Smith, of Sutton
Maddock, Sbiffnal, Shropshire.

Class 47. Fat Wether Sheep of the Oxfordshu-e breed, 1 year
old (under 23 months). —1st, 20/., Samuel Druce, of Eynsham,
Oxford- Silver Medal to the breeder, Samuel Druce. 2d, 15/.,
Ralph John Newton, of Campsfield Farm, Woodstock, Oxford :
3d, 5/., Alfred Rogers, of Bromham, Bedford.

Class 43. Fat Wether Sheep, of any white-faced Mount.ain
breed, of any age.— 1st, 15/., John Tapp, of Bureb Twitchem,
South Jlolton, Devon. Silver Medal to the breeder, John
Tapp. 2d, 10/., William Smith, of Higher Hoopern, Exeter,

Cla.ss 49. Fat Wether Sheep of any Blaekfaced or Speckle-
faced Mountain breed, of anyage.— 1st, 15/., WiUiam M'Combie.
of Tillyfour, Aberdeen ; 2d, 10/., J.ames Stewart, of 29, Umon
Street, Aberdeen. . ^ T^

Class 50. Fat Wether Sheep of the Kyeland, Cheviot, Dorset,
or any other pure breed, not speeilied in any of the foregomg
divisions.- 1st, 15/., Herbert Farthing, of Nether Stowey,
Bridgew.atcr Somerset. Silver Medal to tbe breeder, Herbert
Farthing 2d 10/., J. B. Downing, of Holme Lacy, Hereford.

Class 51. Long and Sbort-wooUed Cross-bred fat Wether
Sheep, 1 year old (under 23 months).— 1st, 20/., John Overman,
of Burnham Sutton, Lynn, Bumham Market, Norfolk. Silver
Medal to tho breeder, John Overman. 2d, 15/., George Hine,
jun., of Oakley, Bedford ; 3d, 5!., Colonel Robert Lmdsay, of
Lookinge Park, Wantage, Berkshire.

1280

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. [Decemb.b i4. w.

Class 52. Long and Short-woolled Cross-bred fab Wether
Sheep, 1 year old (under 23 mouths), each Sheep not to
exceed 2201b. live weight. — 1st, lO;., John Overman, of Buni-
haui Sutlon, Lynn, Burnham Market, Norfolk. Silver Jledal
to the breeder, John Overman. 2d, 5^, the Hon. Colonel
Lowther, II. P., of Barleythorpe Hall, Oakham, Rutland.

PIGS.
There is a shortershow than usual ia the pis classes ;
but quite the usual quality is exhibited. The younsest
class contains Mr. Coate's almost hairless black Dorsets,
Mr. Steam's very good, well-coated black Sulfolks, and
the Queen's very pretty white "Windsors— 1st, 2d, and
3d. The class betweeu 0 and 0 months contains among
them Mr. Cartvvright's short and thick and deep,
very good, improved Middlesex pigs; Mr. Kent's
long and large Suffolks, and Captain Warren's
smooth and true cross-bred Yorkshire and Essex sort
— again 1st, 3il, and 3d ; and there are many other good
pens. Lord lludnor's, for example, though hardly an
even lot; Jlr. Cattle's, aud Mr. Dunn's, of Hunger-
ford. The class between !) and 12 mouths contains
Mr. Treadwell's splendid Berkshire pigs, 1st in their
class, Captaiu Warren's 2d, Her Majesty's 3d ; there
are a number of good Berkshire pigs in this class.
The oldest class contains three entries : Lord Radnor's
wonderfully ripe and heavy Coleshill breed, 1st in this
class, and receiving the Gold Medal as the best pen in
the yard; Mr. Howard's Birmingham three 2d here
though 1st at Bingley Uall, and Mr. Pittmau's excellent
Berkshire 3d. A number of capital pigs are shown iu
extrastoek, among them Lord Radnor's, Mr. Staiutou's,
of Woking; Mr. Treadwell's, Captaiu Warren's, Mr.
Coate's, Mr. King Tombs', Mr. Humfrey's, of Steyning,
and others.
The following is the list of awards :—
Class 53. Pigs of any breed, not e.\ceeding G mouths old. —
1st, 15/., John Coate, of Hauimoou, Blandford, Dorset. Silver
Jledal to the breeder, John Coate. 2d, 10^, Samuel Gcater
Steam, of Brandeston, Wickham Market, Suflolk ; 3d. 5/., Her
llajesty the Queen, the Prince Consort's Shaw Farm, Windsor,
Berks.

Class 54. Pigs of any breed, above G and not exceeding
9 mouths old.— 1st, 15L, Thomas Leslie Jlelville Cartwright, of
Melville House, Lady Bank, Fife. Silver Medal to the breeder,
Thomas Leslie Melville Cartwright. 2d, loi., John Kent, of
Goodwood, Chichester, Sussex ; 3d, 51. , Captain R. P. Warren,
of Worting House, Basingstoke, Hampshire.

Glass 5.5. Pigs of .any breed, above il and uot exceeding
12 months old.— 1st, 15(., John Treadwell, of Upper Winchen-
don, Aylesbury, Bucks, Silver Medal to breeder, John Tread-
weU. 2d, 10(. Captain R. P. Warren, of Worting House,
Basingstoke, Harapshii-e ; 3d, 5/., Her Majesty the Queen, the
Prince Consort's SUow^Farm, Windsor.
Class Sd. Pigs of any breed, above 12 and under 18 months
^ old.— 1st, 15f., the Earl of Radnor, of Coleshill, Highworth.
Silver Medal to the breeder, the Earl of Radnor. 2d, 10/.,
James & Frederick Howard, of Britxnnia Farms, Bedford ;
3d, 51., John Pittmau King, of North Stoke, Wallingford,
Berks.

EXTRA STOCK.

Silver Medal to the exhibitor, for the best Steer or Ox in
E,xtra Stock, also 5/., John Overman, of Bm-nham Sutton,
Lynn, Norfolk.

Silver Medal to the exhibitor, for the best Heifer or Cow in
Extra Stock, also 5(., Lord Penrhyn, of WickonPark, Stoney
Stratford, Northampton.

Silver Medal to the exhibitor, for the best Leicester Wether
Sheep in Extra Stock, G. S. Foljambe, of Osberton Hall,
Worksop, Nottingham.

Silver Medal to the exhibitor, for the best Leicester Ewe in
Extra Stock, G. S. Foljambe, of Osberton HaU, Worksop,
Nottingham.

Silver Medal to the exhibitor, for the best Long-woollcd
Sheep (not Leicester) iu lilxtra Stock, John Henry Casswell, of
Laughton, Folkingham, Liucolnshiro.

Silver Medal to the exhibitor, for the best Southdown
Wether Sheep in Extra Stock, Lord Walsingham, of
Mcrton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk.

Silver Medal to the exhibitor, for the best Southdown Ewe
in Extia Stock, Sir William Throckmorton, Bart., of Buck-
laud, Favringdon, Berks.

Silver Mediil to the exhibitor, for the best Short-woolled
Sheep (not Southdown) in Extra Stock, John Coxon, of Three-
ford, Lichfield, Stafford.

Silver Medal to the exhibitor, for the best Cross-bred Sheep
(Long and Short-woolled Cross) iu Extra Stock, John Over-
man, of Burham, Sutton Lynn, Burnham Market, Norfolk.

Silver Medal to the exhibitor, for the best Pig in Extra
Stock, the E.ul of Radnor, of Coleshill, Highworth.
SILVER CUPS.

Silver Cup, value 40/., to the exhibitor, for the best Steer or
Ox in any of the Classes, WiUiam M'Combie, of Tillyfour
Aberdeen, N.B. Gold Medal to the breeder, William'
M'Combie.

Silver Cup, value 40/., to the exhibitor, for the best Heifer
or Cow in any of the CLisses, Henry Bettridge, of East
Hanney, Wantage, Berks. Gold Medal to the breeder
E. Tanner, of Bromfield, Salop.

Silver Cup, value 20/., to the exhibitor, for the best pen of
Leicesters, Cotswolds, Lincolns, Kentish, or other long-
wooUed breed, in any of the classes, Lord Bemers, of Key-
thnrpe Hall, Leicester.

Silver Cup, value 20/., to the exhibitor, for the best pen of
1-year-old Southdowns, Hampshire, or Wiltshire Downs Lord
W.alsiugham, of Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk.

Silver Cup, value 20/., to the exhibitor, for the best pen of
Shropshire, Oxford, Cross-bred, or any other breed of Sheep
(not specified m Prize List), iu any of the classes, Samuel
Druce, of Eynsham, O.xford.

Silver Cup, value 20/., to the exhibitor, for the best pen of
Pigs in any of the classes, the Earl of Radnor, of Coleshill
Highworth. '

The following are the Live-stock Judges :—

CATTLE.

Devons, Herefords, Sussex, Norfolk or Suffolk Polled
LoNGHORNEU, Irish, Crossed or Mixed Cattle'— G w'
Baker, Orwell Park, Ipswich; Charles Randall, Chadburv'
Evesham ; and C. Vevors, Ivington Park, Leominster.

Shorthorns, Scotch and Welsh Cattle.— William Torr
Aylesbury Manor, Grimsby; Edward Bowly, Siddington
House, Cirencester; George Drewry, Holker Grange

church, Blandford, Dorset; WiUiam" Samsbury, West
Laviugton, Devizes ; G. Cureton, Beam House, Shrewsbury.
PIGS.
Henry Smith, Cropwell Butler, Notts; Albert Edmonds
Longbourne, F^irmgdon ; John Moon, WestweU Street
Plymouth.

IMPLEJIENTS.

The Christmas meeting of the Smithfleld Club never
fails to present the public with a large assortment of
implements, agricultural seeds, roots, manures, and
the other particulars which belong to this department
of the exhibition, and the exhibition of the current
year must be acknowledged to be considerably in
advance of its predecessors. This, no doubt, arises
partly from the additional space affoided by the im-
provements which have been effected iu the Agricul-
tural Hall ; but, iu additou to this— for which thanks
are due to the Agricultural Hall Company— there is
also a perceptible advance in the race of progress which
we shall have to notice as we go along.

The general arrangement is much the same as usual,
the heavy machinery being under the galleries below ;
the lighter implements, roots, &c., being exhibited in
two single side rows and one double central row
around the galleries, the refreshment stalls making a
salutary lireak here and there iu the arrangement both
above and below. The various exhibitors endeavour
to occupy the same place in the Hall ou each
occasion, which is highly judicious, as it enables
their respective customers, aud all who desire to
find them out, to thread their way through the
throng to their stands with little difficulty. Altogether
multitudinous and diversified in character as the arti-
cles exhibited are, it is singularly interesting to
observe with what care they are each and all brought
under the eye of the observer, be he purchaser or
sight-seer, as he passes, elbowing his way along the
crowded avenues— 5o»« Jide purchasers experiencing
little or no difficulty in examining carefully whatever
may suit them.

Below stairs the portable engines and threshing
machines are, froiu their number and size, the first
things that attract the eye. This class of machinery is
well represented, incltiding fi.xed engines, straw eleva-
tors, and other instruments of the stackyard and barn.

Several of the portable engines are adapted, both for . -^ -r, -

road locomotion and field work, others chiefly for 1 American Dorsey reaper it has two rakes and two reels,
steam culture; while there are some small ones, of only i "".' "°l'ke its Transatlantic ar ' ''' ' '

engine, they (the two engines) are unquestionably a
standing reproach to both, so that the only practical
way of getting out of this dilemma is for them to
jom and get each his share of the system
and thus start their engines in the field'
VVe do not, however, propose reasoning out the matter
with such farmers in all its multifarious details
With them seeing is believing, aud therefore what we
commend more especially at this season of the year is
to pay either of the above firms, or any of the large
firms, a visit— examine their systems at work in the
held, such as would suit their own peculiar position
when such firms will make the whole affair as plain as
the three first letters of the alphabet. And we may
further add, the practical suggestion which we thus
throw out applies with equal force to farmers who may
not have engines at present, for under such conditions
they should unite their means, so as to get a system
1' or another class of farmers, contractors who hire out
engines for threshing may also procure steam culture
implements and tai-kle for doing their work, by hire
In these times of progress it is hopeless to stand aloof
Irom steam culture, and the more closely the practical
details of the subject are examined, the more thoroughly
will intelligent minds become convinced of the growing
necessity of going right into it at once some how or
other. With steam engines and steam culture
apparatus, reaping and mowing machines formed a
leading attraction iu the Agricultural Hall, and these
we shall notice before the stackyard and barn machines,
tormerly referred to as demanding special attention
along with the small engines.

The Messrs. J. & F. Howard, Bedford, exhibit their
new reaper and mower, of which an introductory
notice was given last week. During the past year it
has done a large amount of work, some 500 acres of
crop 1S67 having been cut down by it, and in lightness
of draught, general adaptation, and successful working,
has given great and promising satisfaction. In prii?-
ciple it is similar to the older machines of Samuelson,
Banbury, and Horusby, Grantham, also exhibited ou
this occasion in the Agricultural Hall. It has, how-
ever, several novelties, and to some of these special
attention requires to be called. Its peculiar and
distinguishing mechanical characteristic is a double
cam guideway for the reels and rakes. Like the old

one and two horse-power, for actuating chafl'-cutteri
and the like. Some 10 or 12 years ago portable
engines had a somewhat monotonous appearance at the
summer meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society of
England, and the few which were exhibited at Christ- i
mas in the Bazaar, Baker Street, formed no exception

to this rule. It is otherwise on the present occasion— ' . = — o — • — ".."^

the diversity being no less interesting from a purely 1 , '^^®'^"r'"®^"™<^® of "^^ t'™ cams lying in different
scientific point of view than from a practical. I P'™es. The cam-guideway movement and path of tie

or the various causes which have given rise to this ^ ''^^f^ "■"''^ similar to those of its ancestor, but the reels
peculiardifference two merit special notice, viz. (1), the I ?^,.y'^°'"® ™""<1 ■" ^^'^ standing grain drop down
cultivation of land by steam-power; and (2) the 1 1.. '' ?' '"^<^^' thereby bringing it forward to the
greater amount of machinery now iu use in the J jP''® ,""en anyway laid and tangled in the opposite
preparation of food for cattle. Of these two causes, ! direction, as it often is; but ou passing the knife

ancestor, which had

only one cam guideway for both, the Howard
reaper has two cam guideways— the outer one for the
rakes, and the other (the inner one) for the reels or
gathering arms ; each cam guideway having its own
peculiar and specific function to perform, the rising
and falling of the rake-arms and rakes being very
different from the rising aud falling of the reel-arms

Lancashire.

SHEEP.

Leicesters, Cotswolds, Lincolns, Kentish or Romney
Marsh, and other distinct Long-wools, Oxfordshire
Mountain and Cross-bred Sheep. -T. Brown, Barham, near
Downham ; Benjamin Painter, Burley-on-the-Hill, near Oak-
ham ; Robert Creswell, Ravenstone, near Ashby de la Zuuch

Southdowns, Hami'suire or Wiltshire, Sheofshibe
RvELAND, Cheviot, and Doeslt Sheef.— H. Fookes, White-

the former— steam culture— is doubtless the principal •
that which has given the greater diversity to mecha-
nical construction, and even to the general appearance
of portable engines; but the latter, nevertheless, has
its own peculiar merits, which demand attention,
especially at this season of the year, and at an exhi-
bition of which fat stock forms the prominent feature.

Steam culture is the great gun of the day. John
Fowler & Co., of Leeds, and the Messrs. Howard, of
Bedford, exhibit their respective and now well-known
systems, while both these rival firms acknowledge a
third system, for which the greater portion of
the portable engines iu the HaU are adapted.
We allude to detached winding and hauling appa-
ratus, such as that used by Mr. Smith, of Woolston.
For the want of space this latter system and some
others are only represented by drawings, &c.
Although each and all of these systems may, gene-
rally speaking, be pronounced a complete success in
the field, it is nevertheless amusing to hear the queer
misgivings which many of the public cannot conceal
as they examine their various working parts : fortu-
nately they are exceptions to the general rule.
At the same time, it must be admitted that steam
is not making such rapid triumphs in the field as itought
to do. It is not perhaps very ea^y satisfactorily account-
ing for this lukewarm state of the agricultural mind iu
relation to steam culture on any other grounds save that
of the large capital required to be invested in starting.
No doubt some are yet halting between two opinions,
wanting, as it were, to see one of the systems drive all
the others out of the field ! But is not this something
more than silly ? It certainly reminds us of what the
old Roman poet thought of farmers in his day, when
he sang—

" Rusticus expectatdum defluit amnis.
At ille labitur, et labetur."

The large capital required is doubtless a tangible
reason to many ; but it has often occurred to us that
more might be done by combination than is now being
done. According to the old maxim, " Union is strength,"
aud both the above firms, and also the other houses
alluded to, are adapting their respective systems very
much to meet the requirements of two or more farmers
who may join to purchase a steam culture system
amongst them. The twin-engine system of steam
culture, for example, has many things to commend it
to the farmer's attention. Now, if two farmers have
each an engine, what is to hinder them to purchase the
rest of the system between them ? In practice (we
speak frcm a long experience) it is always easy to
multiply objections by the long score : but is not this
beginning at the wrong end of the subject ? for if the

they rise over the cut corn on the platform, and in
doing so rectify, or put to rights, the bottom of the
half sheaf. Those who have any experience in binding
sheaves must be familiar with the gentle box with the
open hand given to the butt-end of the sheaf, when
such is required, to make all even and straight, and ia
rising from the platform the reels perform each a
function somewhat similar to what the open hand of
the binder does when tying up grain uot very evenly
laid into the hand. By this means the half sheaf upon
the platform is well formed, being laid in such a manner
that the other half when brought round by the rake falls
right upon it, the two halves being thus swept by the
rake from ofl' the platform even for being bound
up and stocked. The rake and reel arms are rotated
by a vertical shaft, on the unper part of
which they hinge, and at each complete' revolution two
sheaves are swept from off the platform, one for each
reel and rake, and their speed can be so regulated and
adjusted as to suit thick and thin corn, or to make any
size of sheaf which the nature of the crop and season
may require. The vertical shaft carrying the reels and
rakes is driven by its own independent gearing, so that
the movements of the working parts are more equable,
and hence free from the extra tear and wear experi- ,
enced when they are connected with the gearing for
actuating the knife, and consequent vibration produced
by its reciprocating motion and cutting action. Motion
is taken from two supporting wheels — spur gear
being used for quick motion, and bevil gear for slow.

The cutter-bar is behind the driving wheels: the
speed of the knife is easily altered, the connecting
rod being nearly on a line with it, so as to give a direct
thrust to every stroke, and by means of a hand lever
close to the driver the points of the lingers can be
raised or lowered while the machine is in motion.
Such are the chief characteristics of this new reaper,
to which we last week promised to draw attention.

Of other hay and corn harvest implements, such
as tedding machines, horse aud hand rakes, &c., there
is a fair representation, considering the limited space.

We now come to that class of machines used iu the
preparation of feeding materials for cattle, aud for
which the Christmas meetings of the Smithfield Club
have always been plentifully patronised, in the
form of chaff cutters, root cutters, slicers, and
pulpers, corn grinding, kibbling and bruising
mills, cake breakers, and so on. The categor}',
taken as a whole, is a very promiscuous one.
And this year, thanks to the Abyssinian
expedition, a very old practice has reappeared in the
form of compressed fodder. It is now a long time
since one Lawson or Lawrsnce (we forget which) .

two farmers in question have each au idle portable I wrote a pamphlet on the subject, and made a vast to-do

December U, 18fi7.]

THE GARDENERS' CnRONTCLE AND AGRICULTURAE GAZETTE.

1281

at tho time about the importance of his proposition.
But so far as the mechanical process of compression

foes, the fodder now exhibited in the Agricultural
[all is squeozfid into much smaller dimensions than
was etfected on the old plan of Lawson, or on tho more
recent one of Frederic Philippe Auyusto Aubertin,
exhibited some eight or 10 years ago, and patented in
1857 and 1839, and said, by the patentee, to ho exten-
sively used by the French cavalry. In 182() wo
recollect of some cargoes of Dutch hay being
imported by Scotch farmers for their cattle, hay
and straw that year being exceedingly scarce : but
although the imported hay was compressed, its
great bulk so increa-sed the freight and expense as
to cat up all the protit. Were such a scarcity again to
occur, the present mode of compression would bo a
preat boon to the farmer, and to tho exporters of cattle
it is a great boon at any time.

But the mere compression of feeding materials is
not the process to which we wish to direct attention.
That which occupies so prominent a position in the
Hall, and which is annually becoming more and
more attractive at all our great agricultural exhibi-
tions in tho provinces, is the corn-grinding and
other mills above-mentioned, and the small steam
engines now being constructed for actuating
the same. It takes very little calculation on
the part of any farmer who has a large stock
of indoor-fed cattle to show that there is a great
saving in the use of these small engines for grinding,
chaff-cutting, and the like, as compared with the use
of large engines of twice and four times the power
required ; and besides this the large engines have now
got their own peculiar work to do in tho field, in

f)loughing, smashing up, harrowing, rolling, and the
ike. A clear case is thus made out in favour of the
small engine just of the power which the work it has
to do requires, so as to give the cattle new ground,
fresh, and sweet feeding materials every day, meaning
by sweet freeness from mustiness, which cattle
so much dislike, and upon which they never thrive
and do well, so as to pay the farmer for his keep,
time, and hard cash out of pocket in filling his
feeding stalls. It is an affair of vast magnitude, to
say how much of the present bad health of cattle is
due to musty fodder, rotten roots, and adulterated
cakes, as such feeding materials lower the force of
vitality, rendering cattle subject to maladies from
which they would be exempt were they otherwise
properly fed ; and believe it as the reader may, this is
exactly the path of progress to which these small
engines, horizontal and vertical, portable and fixed,
have for the past four days in the great Hall at Islington
been turning the farmer's attention.

In this class of machines we cannot chronicle much
novelty having been introduced since last year. Last
Christmas we had to notice the reciprocating knife
which the Messrs. Coleman & Morton, of Chelmsford,
had introduced into their cake mill, and this year the
reciprocating knife has been supplanted by small
rotary ones, and the alteration is said to be an
improvement ; a continuous cutting action is decidedly
superior to a reciprocating action, but probably the
present arrangement and form of the knives may he
lurtber improved before Christmas, 1868. In several
of the other examples minor improvements have been
effected, which merit a passing notice, did our limited
space permit ; as to quality of workmanship, much
improvement is exemplified throughout the class.

There is another class of barn machines which
demand a special notice— we allude to the corn screens
and corn dressing machines exhibited by the Messrs.
Bansome & Sims, Ipswich ; Hornsby & Sons, Grant-
ham ; Boby, Lincoln ; Coleman &, Morton, Chelms-
ford ; and by some others. Now that so much corn is
being daily ground for cattle, and that so much foreign
corn is annually being imported from climates produc-
ing the finest samples, it is highly desirable that all
small, inferior, and coarse grain should be removed,
and also that all mustiness and insectivorous life
should be removed from the surface of the com by some
sort of scouring and cleaning process, and both these
processes are just what this class of machines performs.
Their construction is now too well known to require a
formal description. The peculiar function which they
perform cannot be too earnestly pressed upon the
attention of farmers, for when sent to the market
millers will only now gWe a paying price for fine clean,
equal samples, such being of far greater value to them
than the contrary, while the small and coarse grain is
nearly as well adapted for grinding or bruising for
cattle as the prepared stock for market. A very little
reflection must convince the dullest capacity that there
is even something more in this than really appears at
first sight upon its surface.

In the gallery the Americans muster strongly, not
only in reaping and mowing machines, for which they
rank high in the scale of merit, but also for several
other things that demand a special notice, as the
" Tube-Weil " and dovetail-morticing machine.

To farmers who have no water in their fields for their
cattle, or at their homesteads and labourers' cottages,
but who have nevertheless a plentiful supply at no
great depth below the surface ; the American Tube-
Well is one of those novelties that commends
itself to their attention ; Mr. Norton, of Black-
friars Street, Manchester, is the sole licensee,
and in the Cricket Ground of the Manchester
Cricket Club a well was sunk, 10 feet deep,
and a plentiful supply of water obtained in something
less than half an hour, and at a cost of less than 5/.
Another was sunk in the Botanical Gardens, 13 feet
deep, for Bl., including pump and all. The success of
the project depends upon the fact that the boring
atiparatus (in ordinary cases where no rook is met
with) forms that portion of the pump below the

ground, so that when sunk to the proper depth there
it remains, the barrel with the handle and piston being
screwed on to the top, which coinplotos tho whole
nllair. The part below tho ground consists of a jiipc
about 11 inch in diameter inside, artd pointed at the
extremity in the form of a solid cone. Above this the
small tube is perforated about 10 inches high.

The mode of sinking is as follows: a moveable
iron clamp carrying two pulleys is made fast
to this iron pipe ; another clamp is fixed fur-
ther down, and between these two a hollow weight
of about 80 pounds acts upon tho lower clamp as
a pile driver, being raised by two ropes oyer the two
pulleys of the upper clamp. When one pipe is sunk,
another is screweil on to its top, and so on for any
required depth. In the United States of America tho
depth of 120 feet has been reached in this manner.
From the small diameter of tho pipe, the earth removed
in sinking is easily compressed sideways radially all
round, and very little enters tho interior of the pipe
through the perforations, and that little is soon removed
by tho influx and efflux of the water when the pump
is operated. Outside tho perforations tho fine earth is
thus removed by the water, tho gravel and coarse sand
remaining aoting as filtering material — the water in a
very short time rising clear, cold, and pure.

Compared with large ordinary wells, the American
tube-well has several advantages that claim considera-
tion. Thus, in sinking there is no danger from foul
air, as is too often fatally or injuriously experienced in
sinking the common sort, and when once sunk no
accumulation of foul air above the water takes place.
Again, it is less subject to surface drainage, and to
injury from the stagnation of water containing surface
drainage, than dry wells. It can bo worked just as
readily with a force-pump as with a draw-pump, so
that water can be sent to any distance to meet the
requirements or exigencies of any peculiar locality or
employment. But perhaps its chief advantage, and
that which will commend it to many, is its cheapness,
including the small amount of labour and botheration
experienced in sinking a well, and the fact that it can
be so sunk almost anywhere.

The dovetail-morticing machine is exhibited in a side
chamber, with a narrow door entrance from the gallery.
It is a rather complicated piece of mechanism, and
would require a diagram to give an intelligent descrip-
tion of it. But although thus complicated and some-
what unwieldy-proportioned (if we may so speak) in
some of its parts, it is, nevertheless, simple in its
modus operandi, and does its work rapidly and well.
It is exhibited in operation when required, as are
the other morticing machines exhibited in the Hall :
which latter are too well known to need description.

Samplesof French burrandothermill-stones,forflour-
mills, wereexhibited by two of the London houses, Br,van,
Corcoran, and Co., and W. R. Dell ; also flour -dress-
ing machines. Smut machines, Wheat machines, sack-
lifters, sack barrows, with various kinds of mill furni-
ture, utensils, and apparatus, by far too numerous to
individualise. Mr. Tye, of Lincoln, exhibits a flour-
mill, with two pair of .3 feet 6 inch French burr-stones
on a metal frame ; likewise a mill, with one pair of
3-feet stones. Flour-dressing machines are also exhi-
bited by several other firms who make flour-mills.
Many of the mills, chiefly constructed for the grinding
of corn for cattle, are also adapted for the grinding and
dressing flour for family use if desired. Steel family
mills, as' they are generally called, are in great force.
The stands of the London makers, Lloyd and Sons
and Whitmee and Co., have always a large assort-
ment of these, the flour-mill and dressing machine
being contained in a small rectangular box. The latter
firm also exhibits a corn-mill, with a pair of 32-incli
French stones, and a larger mill, with 4-feet French
stones.

Another class of family mills, coffee-mills, sausage-
mills, and mincing machines, are also exhibited in
considerable variety.

Of dairy utensils there is an unusual and over-
flowing supply. In one corner of the gallery the
AtmosphericChumCompanyexhibit alarge assortment
of their churns, of all sizes, to meet the demands of
purchasers. At short intervals the process of churning
takes place, collecting a crushing crowd of anxious
sight-seers, and creating a degree of life which we shall
not attempt to describe. In the opposite corner of the
gallery Hancock, as last year, exhibits his butter
washer and press in operation, which proves fully as
attractive and exciting as the atmospheric churns
opposite. The butter machines are also of different
sizes, the prices ranging from 2al. down to 10^. 6rf.
each ; the domestic presses from 3/. 3j. to 10*. 6rf. It
is amusing to hear the off-hand manner in which the
merits of these machines are criticised, but the quality of
the work they perform meets with general approbation.
In our dairy provinces there is to this day a large
amount of not very well made and dressed butter, and
if such machines would remedy the evil, their adop-
tion would be a manifest boon to all parties, producers
as well as consumers.

Several clever field-gates are exhibited (in particular
by Braggins of Banbury), some of wood and some of iron ;
also wire fencing for all sorts of domestic animals, birds,
rabbits, and poultry. Likewise sheep netting.

Horticultural machines of endless variety, so to
speak, are shown by the Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Association and various other exhibitors. Like-
wise all the different kinds of artificial manures,
including guano, &c.

The hydraulic engineers of the metropolis, as
Owens & Co., Warner k Sons, exhibit a variety of
forcing lifts and centrifugal pumps. The former
exhibit a hydraulic ram m operation. Centrifugal
and other pumps are likewise shown by Tuxford & Sons,
Boston, and by several other large implement firms of
the provinces ; and along with these we may include

water carts, tanks, and the like, as exhibited by Isaac
James, Cheltenham; Ray, Mead, &. Co., 38, Upper
Thames Street, London ; and others.

Another class of articles may bo included under
saddle work, stable, and even house furniture. Two or
three stands show almost nothing but leather driving
straps, one or two othnrs gutta percha, as the Gutta
Percha Company. Several show rick clothes and
tackle, horse clothes, corn sacks, Ac. And on Stand 72,
M'Ncil & Co. show their well-known asphalted
roofing, Ac. J. White & Co., on Stand 57, show almost
nothing but oil feeders and lubricating apparatus ; and
Stand 18 (Ben. Brown) is well filled also with oil
feeders and lubricating apparatus, hut of a different
construction from those of the former exhibitor — the
feeders of the latter having patent steel springs. Such
groups of articles require to bo closely studied, in
order to comprehend their respective merits and values,
either in a. scientific or practical sense.

The various kinds of weighing machines, measures
of capacity, measuring lines and rules, drain levels, and
surveying apparatus in general, exhibited, majf he
noticed together as forming another class of articles,
each member having its own peculiar merit and
practical significance. The group is a large one, of a
very promiscuous character, and ever has been at our
Christmas meetings.

Carts, waggons, portable railways with their rolling
stock, wheelbarrows, carriages, gigs, dog carts, sedan
chairs, velocipedes, and so on, always have formed a
prominent class at the Smithfield Club Show
since it has been held at Islington ; and the
current year is fully up with any of its prede-
cessors. Grant's portable railway system, of which
three trucks and a short length of rail are shown in
Stand 138. in the gallery, has, from its successful use
in manuring land, carrying earth, &c., acquired no
little promising reputation. It is Ijut of recent date,
comparatively speaking, differs in many respects from
Crosskill's, and some other projects of this sort which
have been tried ; and as land is smashed up, and the
staple deepened under steam culture, it requires no
prophetic eye to see the growing necessity that is
arising for the use of some such means of getting the
manure into the ground, and the crops removed to
the stackyard in hay, corn, and root-harvest times, so
as to avoid poaching and ruining the land. Mr. Grant
not only supplies railways, but also lets them out on
reasonable terms.

The various kinds of seed and manure drills and
broadcast distributors, exhibited in the Agricultural
Hall, form another class of no second-rate importance.
And to them may be added the seed-harrows used in
finishing off the work of seeding.

Boilers, clod-crushers, compressors, form another
class of perhaps greater merit at one time than the.T
possess at the present day, owing to the improved
drainage and cultivation of the land, the staple soil
under proper management being ^continuously kept in
a much more friable state than formerly. But even
at the present day the best cultivated farms cannot do
without them, as their presence in the Hall in some
degree indicates.

Hand and horse hoes, scrapers, &c., may be noticed
as forming a peculiar class of implements by them-
selves, as it were. Hence they are not manufactured
by all our implement makers, but only by a select few,
who acquire a thorough knowledge of their manufac-
ture and mode of working.

Machines, implements, and tools used in the manu-
facture of draining tiles for the draining of land, and
of bricks for the building of houses and fences ; of
quarry tools and machines for quarrying stones for
building and other purposes, as road-making, saw
benches for sawing timber for bouses and fencing;
likewise boring and morticing machines, may all be
disposed of underone head orclass. Intheexhibitionthey
form a large and an interesting group, widely different
from each other in mechanism and character, and yet
all bound together by ties which cannot be broken.
How different, for example, is the sawbench of Clayton
& Shuttleworth from the brick machine of Clayton,
and yet sawn timber is just as needful in the building
of a house as bricks and mortar.

We have now to notice the seeds and roots, which
form a very prominent section of the exhibition.^ It
may indeed be said to be a separate and distinct
department by itself. The roots exhibited by the
Messrs. Thomas Gibbs & Co., the seedsmen to the
Royal Agricultural Society of England, corner of
Half Moon Street, Piccadilly, London, although mot
over large (Parsnips wonderful), are very uniform
in siz? and quality. The seeds are excellent, and
the firm find space for a novelty in the " Mangel-
cake" for cattle. Messrs. J. C. Wheeler & Son,
Gloucester, show a superior selection. The Messrs.
George Gibbs & Co., seedsmen, 25 and 26, Down Street,
exhibit some Cabbages, weighing each 60 lb., the heads
being well formed and of fine quality. Their roots
and seeds are first-rate. The Messrs. Wright & Son,
Great Bently, Essex, have much improved since last
year. Raynbird, Caldecott, Bawtree, Dowling, & Co., of
Basingstoke, and 89, Seed Market, Mark Lane. London,
exhibit, along with seeds and roots. Linseed, Cotton,
and Rape cake. Robert Impey, of Bath, shows some
20 roots of Yellow Globe Mangel, an equal number of
Swedes, with some samples of seeds. The Messrs.
James Carter & Co., London, have, as usual, a large
and varied assortment, including, among others, some
comparatively small roots shown by the Metropolitan
Sewage Company, and grown soleW with sewage,
on their farm near Barking. Though not more
than ordinary field roots, they are part of
a very heavy and well-grown crop. Hogg &
Wood, Coldstream, and Hogg & Robertson, Dublin,
have a small collection of Mangels, Turnips,
and Carrots, with some very fine Leeks. The Messrs.

1282

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Dbcembes 14, 1867.

Sutton & Sons, Reading, Berks, have a large and very
superior selection of both seeds and roots, some of their
improved green Kohl Eabi weighing 21 lb. Nothing
in the show was finer than the admirable collection of
all kinds of roots, which they have collected by their
preliminary prize Show at Beading. Alfred Hall,
Westbury, "Wilts, exhibits some fine specimens of his
Swedes, not over large but of excellent quality. _ His
other roots are also good. Such is the list of exhibitors.

There remains the book stands and the arcade to
notice ; also the refreshment department. The former
may best be left to speak for themselves. As for the
latter, it is, as usual, from its position, a noisy, bustling
concern, almost forcing one on entering the Show to
make as rapid a race through it as possible. It contains
a good show of carriages, a " steam perfume diffuser,"
washing machines and kitchen ranges, pickles, sauces,
&c. ; pianos and cattle medicines, sewing machines in
great abundance and very attractive ; horse clothing,
patent harness, and artificial manures; sausage
machines, ivory goods, waterproof clothing, agricultural
implements, mincing machines, model clocks, and
samples of wine.

We should be unpardonable did we omit favourable
mention of the refreshment stalls, for throughout the
whole period of the Show no department has been so
liberally patronised; and as the best proof of the
pudding is in the eating, we leave our readers to draw
each his own conclusion.

As to official management, thanks to Mr. Sidney and
his staff, nothing could have been better.

Annual Meeting {Dec. 10). — At the Annual
Meeting of the Club, Major-General the Hon. A. N.
Hood in the Chair, the Earl of Hardwicke, Earl
Spencer, Lord Tredegar, Professor Simonds, Mr.
Owen, Mr. Bannister, Mr. Torr, Mr. "Wallis, and others
being present,

The Council's report, read by the hon. secretary
CMr. Brandreth Gibbs), mentioned the deaths of Mr.
J. C. Tower, the father of the Club, and a vice-
president, and of Lord Faversham, also a vice-president,
in whose places the Duke of Marlborough and the
EarlofPowis had been elected. Certain alterations
in the hall had been agreed upon between the Council
of the Club and the directors of the Company. By
this agreement increased accommodation would be
provided in the galleries, and the present pig hall
being given up to tlie Hall Company, a new one would
be erected, to be called Berners' Hall, in which a new
pig hall would be provided, and a new dining hall.
The report went on to state that a licence being
necessary from the Privy Council for the holding of
the Show, the President had been authorised to sign,
on behalf of the Council of the Club, the undertaking
required by the local authority, in reference to all
cattle being slaughtered within the boundaries of the
metropolis, and within the time prescribed. The
Lords of the Council had not been asked to relax the
general orders in reference to the cattle being
slaughtered within the prescribed radius ; but, on the
representation of General Hood, an extension of 10
days after the close of the Show had been permitted,
andspecial police passes had been granted for the animals
coming to the Show. The licence to hold the Show
contained the conditions that, in the event of any case
of cattle plague breaking out within the exhibition, all
the animals in the Show shall be slaughtered at once
on the spot, and a guarantee had been obtained from
each exhibitor that he exhibited at his own risk, and
would comply with the general orders of the Privy
Council. The Council, too, had taken into considera-
tion the liability of cattle plague being introduced into
this country by the admission of foreign cattle into
our markets, and had requested the President to bring
certain resolutions passed by the Council of the Club
before the Lord President of the Privy Council. These
resolutions were as follow :—" That all foreign fat
stock be slaughtered at the place of landing, and
"That sheep be included in the present quarantine
regulations for store stock." The report congratulated
the Club on having the honour of Her Alajesty the
Queen and his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales
among the exhibitors at this year's Show.

Mr. TOER then moved that the Duke of Marlborough
be the President of the Club for 1869.

Mr. Fakthing seconded the resolution, which was
agreed to unanimously.

Annual Dinnek {Dec 11). — On Wednesday
the members of the Club held their usual annual
dinner at the Salisbury Hotel. M.ajor-General Hood,
the President of the Club, occupied the chair, and was
supported by the Duke of Richmond, the Earl of
Hardwicke, Lord Walsingham, and others. In pro-
posing the first toast, the Chairman said-
It must bo gratifying to tliam ivll that the stock of tbe Royal
farms was exhibited this ycir in Her Majesty's own name,
thus closely identifyin? Hor Majesty with agriculture, and
more particularly with that Club. The Queen was one of the
largest farmers m the kingdom : she exhibited in this year's
ehow Shorthorns, Herefords, and Devons, all of her own
Ijreeding ; she took a great personal interest in everj-thing
which related to agriculture ; and she was highly pleased at
being a successful competitor on that occasion. He then pi-o-
posed the toast of the evening, "Prosperity to the Smith-
field Club," Ho congratulated the members on the high
position the Club had attained among the agriculturists of the
kingdom, and on the fact that this year's Show w.as in no way
inferior to those which had preceded it. On the contrary, it
was generally admitted to be .superior to them. The established
breeds, the Shorthorns, the Herefords, and the Devons, were
well represented. The Welsh took an e.Kcellent class, as did
also the Sussex. The sheep, too, were exceedingly good, and
the specimens exhibited by Lord Walsingham, Lord Berners,
Lord Riidnor, and others, had certainly done justice to their
keep. The object of these Shows was not only to have well-
fattened and level animals, but early to develop their
maturity ; and that that result was" being successfully
attained was amply evidenced by the present Show. The dis-
app«ar%nc« of tha cattle plajrue was a matter for deep thank

fulness on the part of agriculturists. Cattle were now allowed
to pass from one end of the kingdom to the other without any
restriction, save in the metropoUtan district — a very
svise and prudent exception to make until a measure
was adopted by- Parliament requiring all , foreign
stock to be slaughtered at the ports of disembarkation.
The Ch.airman then briefly reviewed the history of the
.Smithfield Club, tracing the various vicissitudes of fortune it
had encountered. Its financial pi)sltion, he said, was now
very satisfactory, and the institution had before it every
prospect of a long and beneficial career. lOOOi. had been
taken from its funds for the enlargement of the g.aUeries in
the Agricultural Hall— .an improvement which had given great
satisfaction to the implement makers, as well as to those who
visited the Show, and which had yielded this year alone an
increase of 240/. to the coffers of the Society. "The Council of
the Club had resolved that henceforth there should be a
written report drawn up on each show, which would prove
very useful as an annual record of their proceedings ; and
their hon. secretary bad kindly undertaken to contribute a
history of the Club from the year ]8,'J7 down to the present
time.

The prize cups were then distributed to the successful com-
petitors, whose healths were also drunk with much cordiality.

Lord "WALSlNGHiM, in returning th.anks. referred in a
jocular vein to a kind of challenge which he had interchanged
some time ago with the Duke of Richmond, whom he had
done his best, happily not in vain, to beat at the present
show. Adverting to tlie circumstance of the Prince of Wales
exhibiting for the fii-st time this year, he said that on the
previous day he had met his Royal Highness, who particularly
\vished it to be known that be had not sent his animals in the
expectation of obtaining one of their prizes, which he was
aware it was difficult to win, but to show the interest he felt
in the exhibition, and the value he attached to his connection
with that Club. The Prince was a young farmer, and no
doubt he would have to take a great deal of pains before he
could carry oS their best cups ; but, at the same time, they
must all rejoice to see his Royal Highness enrolled among
them as both a member and an exhibitor.

The Duke of Richmond then proposed, in very eulogistic
terms, the health of the President, General Hood, and took
occasion to express his own gratification in attending the
annual banquet of an institution in which he felt a strong
hereditary interest. He thought there could be no impro-
priety in mentioning that he had the honour of being asked
by her Majesty last summer whether, in his opinion, there
was any rea.son why her Majesty should not exhii)it her stock
at that Society's shows in her own name. He told her
Majesty that he could see no possible oVjjection to that, and
her Majesty said she was most anxious to do so, in order to
testify to agriculturists and the public at large the great
interest she took in agi'iculture. The result, as they all know,
wasthat the Queen's name notv appeared in their catalogue of
exhibitors. The Duke, in conclusion, referred to the playful
spirit in which Lord Walsingham had rallied him about the
competition which had taken place between them, and
retorted that he meant to imitate the pluck of the British
soldier, who never knew when he w.as beaten, and therefore
always persevered until complete victory crowned his efforts.

THE CENTRAL CHAMBER OF AGRICULTURE.
This association held its annual meeting for the
disp<atch, or rather transaction, of business, at the
Hanover Square Rooms on Thursday last. The public
meeting was called for 11 o'clock a.m., but the points
to be decided by the Council, which met at 10 o'clock,
were either so numerous or so difiioult to settle, that it
took considerably more than the allotted hour before
the general business of the day was announced. This
having transpired, and a few minor matters disposed of,
the secretary read the Report, by which it appeared
there was a balance of cash in the hands of the
treasurer, and an increase in the number of the
members of the Central Chamber. The Chairman
(Mr. Albert Pell, who sat for the last time this
year in this capacity) then announced that Mr.
Jasper More, M.P. for South Shropshire, was the
legitimate chairman for the coming year, as he had
served, according to Rule 8, as Vice-Chairmau during
the present year. A Vice-Chairman was then
required for 1858, and on the name of Mr.
C. S. Read, M.P,, being named, it was received with
applause, and a resolution to the effect that he be
elected was carried unanimously.

The election of new members of Council occupied
some time, as it had not been determined before-
hand what form should be used in "retiring"
eight, or one-third of them. A great number of sug-
gestions were made as to whether counties or names
should be taken alphabetically, or whether the first on
the list should be struck out. All this was of no
importance, as each one was eligible for re-eleotion.
Then came the question of members who were eligible,
as some were proposed who had only been elected
members of the Society a few minutes previously, and
their election had not been ratified b.v the payment of
the annual subscription : and had this been done it
would have availed nothing, for it had been previously
announced that this subscription was not a sub-
scription which covered the current year or month,
but it was for the next Central Chamber year, which
begins (vide Rule 4), on the 1st of January next. The
question, however, was put to the meeting, and as the
decisioQ was against the new members being eligible,
this point was settled. Then a question was raised by
Mr. Masfen in favour of those members only being
eligible who were connected purely with the landed
interest. This suggestion was ultimately overruled.

This stage, however, having been passed, an amend-
ment of one of the clauses in the constitution or laws
of the Chamber, of which Mr. Duckham had given
notice, was brought on for discussion. This amend-
ment referred to Clause .S, and it was to this effect : —
that instead of one " deputed member," to act and be
on an equality with the members of the central
Council, being admissible for the first 3/. subscribed,
and one for every 21. afterwards, local Chambers
should have only a limited privilege, viz., the
liberty of sending only one deputed member to
every BO members of the Chamber by whom they
shall be sent. Prom the notes we have, it appears
that this amendment was proposed on the ground
that it was likely to benefit the central body,
loy inciting local Chambers to assert more in-
fluence, for which they would have to pay before-
hand ; and, at the same time, prevent any over-zealous

Chamber from sending up a host of " deputed
members" to swamp the (jouncil of the Central
Chamber and the chairman's casting vote included. It
was, however, felt that there has not yet been a rush
with either money or men from local Chambers ; and
after an irregular discussion, the motion was put to the
vote and lost. Rule 3 was therefore left undisturbed,
[t was then proposed that the 3^. and 21. referred to
should be raised to 10?. and 51. "When this had been
seconded and discussed one of the members present
called the attention of the Chairman to the constitu-
tion and laws of the Chamber, and particularly to the
last clause. No. 23, which says ; " No law to be made,
altered, or annulled, unless diie notice has been given,
and then only by a resolution passed at a general
nieeting." The proposed proceeding was in fact
irregular, and it also involved a question of faith and
honour with local Chambers. Even if the amend-
ment, of which notice had been given, had not been at
an end from a veto having been enacted in regard to it
by the meeting, there was no mention in that notice of
raising 32. to lOi., and 21. to 51., as the prices at which
" deputed members ' could be sent from local Chambers.

These incidents, illustrating the mismanage-
ment of the business of the meeting, we recount
with the best possible feeling : indeed, it is from the
desire we have to see this Central Chamber so con-
ducted that it may be a pattern for local Chambers
to follow, that we have taken this trouble. Local
Chambers cannot possibly have the advantages which
a Chamber that is located in the metropolis can
command ; and it is, therefore, of the utmost
importance that the Central Chamber, which
starts as a proposed leader of the branches which it
claims as its own, should be properly conducted. "We
know there is much to be done in the interest of
agriculture, and these Chambers have a good opening
before them. "We have made these strictures that
this opportunity may not be lost, and these Chambers
die a natural death after being a nine months' wonder,
as so many other agricultural movements have done.

Towards the close of the meeting it was resolved,
upon the motion of Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., seconded by
Mr. Wilson, of Leicestershire, " That this Chamber
regards with satisfaction a Bill introduced by the
Government for establishing a separate market for the
sale and slaughter of foreign cattle in the metropolis ;
but it considers it essential that the Bill should include
sheep and pigs, and that the same regulations should
apply to all other ports of landing." 'This resolution
was then ordered to be printed and circulated among the
local Chambers, with a request that they would give it
all the support in their power. After the usual formal
vote of thanks to the Chairman and Council, the pro-
ceedings came to a close.

Farmers' Clubs.

Central : Dee.lO: Steam Ctdtivation..— This was
the subject of a lecture by Mr. J. A. Clarke, of Long
Sutton, Lincolnshire. He read the following paper : —

I propose to-night to submit a very short, and I
am afraid a rather rough, paper on steam-cultivation.
In preparing it I did not suppose that I was invited to
come here to give a lecture on the subject, but rather
that I should take the place of a servant who stands at
the door to announce the visitors. I shall merely
introduce the topic, and then I have no doubt it will
prove perfectly capable of taking care of itself. I shall,
in fact, make a few short remarks, and then listen to
persons who have had practical experience in steam-
cultivation, more particularly in the year 1867.

About a year ago, if you had been in the right
place at the right time, you would have observed
four gentlemen making their way on foot, and
with some difficulty, through a field of high-
topped Turnips ; you would have noticed that
the "understandings" of those individuals were high-
topped too ; that one wore leather leggings, another
gleamed in shiny gaiters, another braved the wet
crops without any covering to his cloth, and the
fourth figured in a nether garment curiously con-
structed to be breeches and waterproof gaiters in one.
Two of the party you would have sworn to, as looking
every inch of them country gentlemen and good
sportsmen ; but though the talk of all four did run a
little gamey, especially when a covey rose from the
greens, yet they did not carry breech-loaders, and not
a dog or a beater was in sight. Ton would have soon
found that the topic of a rapid cross-firing of question
and answer was strictly agricultural— about tillage
operations, yields per acre, expenses, and returns ; you
would have at once concluded, from the queries put
and observations made, that these were practical men
of business, thoroughly familiar with details of farming
on heavy or light land ; and that they meant treasuring
up the information they were gleaning in fields far
from home, you would be aware from the circumstance
of the slenderest man of the four standing still every
now and then, to pencil in his note-book (in spite of a
dripping rain), and then running forward to catch up
the others. Gentlemen, that was one of the Inspection
Committees of the Royal Agricultural Society, engaged
in collecting evidence on steam cultivation. Speaking
for that Committee, I may say that in the course of
several long rounds, extending from the Fens below
Peterborough to the Apple country near Woroe^ster, ,
and from the chalk downs of the "Wiltshire White
Horse up to the Potato country by the Firth of Forth,
we met with plenty of hard work, and, at the same !
time, with amusing incidents enough to keep us inj
good spirits. Indeed, one of our number, to whose !
perseverance and continual flow of good humour the
success of our enterprise was mainly due, sujiested that,
" What we saw and what we didn't see, put together
would make a very tidy novel." "Breaking the ice"
at a " very swell place ; " laughing over a homely sniok
with a little farmer just afterwards; getting over the J

December 14, 1867.]

THE GAPvDENERS' CITRONICLE AND AGETrFTTFPAT, GAZETTE.

1283

awkwanliicss of remembering our loiiK string of "in-
structions;" beiuR .sometimes entertained iu wonder-
fully plea.sant quarters, at other times ghid of a tlirifly
cottage luncheon ; meeting with a downright thouijh
good-natured refusal at one farm, after 'tO miles by rail
and road—" Have some luncheon i* ask wimt you
want to know ; but I'm not tioing: to be reported on :
you shall not see my farm ; " arriving, aft<(r a nine mile
drive in a cold drizzle, at a homestead where nobody
was at home, and the poor steam tackle lay in a
back yard, rusted and half-hidden iu a two
years' .lungle of Gra-ss; comparing notes on the
ropes of Couch that might be twisted upon farms of
" eminentagriculturi.sts," exhibitors of "prizeanimals,"
and so on : all these and many more circumstances
helped to keep us in heart through a most wet and
unfavourable season, liut a few bits of merriment we
shall never forget, such as the straw-stacking at one
place, by a series of men seated on a tall ladder, and
handing-up a fork of straw over-head from one to
another; the in(|uiry, " Wa.s Mr. C. so satislied with
the steam-plough that, in the absence of that, he would
buy another ? " answered by " the missis," " 1 wouldn't
let him ;" the quaint old bailitf with the nobby gloves ;
the antique driver of a hired trap, who lectured a
couple of us upon " the ridiculous beard movement; "
the e.xtensive agriculturist with the rough cob, the
Ash-plant, and the big trouser-patch ; the reception
(at an hotel in a mannfiicturiiig city) with courtly
formalities, as " the Royal Coniniissioners ;" the flavour

is. in fact, nothing of that kind to cause alarm to the
mind of the fanner. Here (n^ferring Ut the Report of
the Commission) is a farm — No. 8— a Feu farm of lOllU
:n'rc», on whifdi there is a set of apparatus, one of the
W'oolsUm sets, with a Ut-lujrse engine. The cost of
the repairs is stated at about 10/. a-year. The total
wear and tear, e.xclusive of interest, uj)ou the entire
;i|)paratu3 is -U. (id. per acre. The work is donu S Ut
'.(inches at the rate ofiJatTes i)er day. About SW
acres were broken up by steam every year. The
occupier, Mr. Cranfield_, is i)erfectly satislied with his
set of apparatus, and thinks that on a larm of -tOO acres
tackle might bo used prolltahly.

Tlio oon(;lusionrt which are given have, of course, a
considerable value attaching to them ; but I do not
think it is fair to judge of the reports merely by
the conclusions, which, being only suppleuuintary
remarks, do not contain anytliing like the full
amount of lessons to bo drawn from the cases
themselves. 1 don't think I could do any gooil by
going through the whole of the Commissioners'
Report, but if you look through the document
yourselves, supi)osing you should not have done so
alrea^ly, with suflicient care, you will find it bearing
out my statement that only a very small per-centage
indeed of the cases reported exhibit anything
like failure, and that the conclusion from ahnost every
ca.se is that the farmer is satisKed with his apparatus,
and that it is beneficial to him. There is a consider-
able amount of evidence as to the superior economy

of a certain bottle of grand old port, somewhere iu the ' of steam as compared with horse-power cultivation,
"West of England ; and of the tea and cutlets which | and there is almost universal testimony to the greater
wound up a good many days without dinners ; and in ' expedition of steam, and the increased power which it
general I may say that, what with the hospitalities of gives the farmer of getting on properly with his work,
many morning calls per day, and the sloppy state of the I There is likewise a great deal of evidence as to the
atmosphere, wo found steam-cultivation to be any- increase of yield. Those who read the report carefully
thing but dry. must often come upon some very startling results of

that kind. Eight bushels an acre as the increase in
Very dry, however, I am afraid, you will find Wheat is spoken of in several cases. Iu most cases,
the subject to-night ; there is little new that could too, there is a large addition iu the root crops, roots,
be said, and I have thought it best to gather into moreover, having been grown with steam where none
a small compass some ol the principal fact^ con- 1 could be obtained before,
tained in the 3.30 pages of " Reports of the Inspec-
tion Committee." A gentleman, non-agricultural. The principal novelty is already sufficiently old ;
said to me, "I have read most of your steam reports, . I allude to the verylarse amount of work which can be
and see th.at steam-tillage is very successful iu many done with steam in a day. Ihaveherealetter of my own
places; but it appears hardly so well established that on this subject, \yhich was published last July; but I do
one may say to a farmer, ' You have got so many acres not think suiiicieut prominence has been given to the
of such a kind of land; then, of course, you should facts which it rel.ites. AtBurySt. Edmund's therewasa
have a steam-plough.'" Now, I think, that such a set ofFowler'ssteam-apparatusat work iuafield ; there
conclusion from our reports is erroneous. If we had was a set of Howard's apparatus at work in another
felt justified iu publishing that on such and such a } field ; and on a certain morning certain persons went to
farm you should work a roundabout tackle, on such ' watch a trial of the extent of land which could be cul-
and such a farm a direct-action tackle, on such and .such tivated with those two sets of apparatus in a day. It
farm a double-engine tackle, and so on, and nothing was not a competitive trial, but the object was simply

else will do so well, why we should have been bold men.
but not very prudent. Opinions have been given upon
the various points involved in the adoption of steam-
culture; but the main value of the reportsconsist in their
multiplicity of examjiles, by means of which any person
may see for himself what are the advantages pertaining
to each system upon a farm like his own.
But I maintain that, taking the cases seriatim

to see what steam-power was really capable of doing.
The land was not, as you will see, particularly heavy,
I thus speak of the matter in my letter: — " Iu a field of
light, pebbly loam soil, on the farm of Mr. Green, about
a mile west of the town, I found Messrs. Fowler's
apparatus at work. They work on four different prin-
ciples, to suit different requirements of different soils,
localities, and customers ; but I will not enter upon a

throughout, you cannot dra\v any other conclusion ' description of the machinery just now. Two enginesof

than that the steam plough and steam cultivator are
(luite successful enough to warrant any man in
imitating for himself what he reads is being done by
other people. How many of the 135 cases described in
the reports are evident failures ? How many of such
failures are incapable of ensy explanation, in no way to
the discredit of the machinery employed, or, if so, not
to the discredit of the system or principle adopted ?
Are not nearly all the cases more or less successful.

Let us look through the reports, beginning with the
heavy lands. Go to farm No. 1, of 2500 acres arable, of
stiff blue clay and warp, in large fields, Hat, but
undraiued. The repairs, renewal, and wear-and-tear of
a Fowler 1 l-horse power since 1863, average 100^. a-year;
this engine ploughs or digs, 8 to 12 inches deep, 8 acres
per day (including removal), at a cost of is. id. per
acre for working expenses, to which may be added nearly
4s. per acre more for the machinery. That must be an
economical success; and though there has been no
reduction of horse-flesh, more work is done, .and more
crops are grown, which is the main point. No. 3: Heavy
soil drained in laroe fields ; a Fowler 14-horse power
costs about 50^ a-year in repairs ; it does 4 to 7 acres
per day, some of the work 15 inches deep, and the
farmer only regrets that he has not two engines in the
"set" instead of one. No. 3: 500 acres arable, of allu-
vial and heavy clay, where two horses plough 3 roods
per day, 6 or 7 inches deep; a Fowler 12-horse power
costs about 251. a year in repairs, besides rope ; ploughs
5 or cultivates 10 acres per day, with working expenses
2s. 6d. to 5s. per acre ; by very digging, the fertility of
the field has been amazingly augmented. No. 4 :
400 acres arable, of heavy and loamy soil, in large fields,
and drained ; a Fowler 14-horse power cultivates 8 and
9 acres per day for 3*. to 'is. M. per acre, besides repairs,
and 15 horses have been reduced to 12. No. 5 :
500 acres, so stifi' that sometimes it takes li horses to
plough () inches deep ; half-drained, large fields; a
Howard 10-horse power costs 201, a year in repairs,
besides rope ; cultivates 7 to 10 acres per day ( including
removals) ; does about 100 acres in a year, at 6*. per
acre, to which must be added 1*. per acre for rope,
and i.y. for interest and depreciation ; total, 8s. per
acre. The team force has been reduced from
27 horses to 20, the seven old ones sold off, making
100/. towards the 500/. purchase-money of the tackle.

Now in that way one might go through the
whole, and I undertake to sny that we should find
only a ver.v small per-centage oi cases in which there
was an evident failure, and the farmer would have
been better without the apparatus. One of the
principal grounds ol I'ear was that we should find the
expense of steam cultivators at work to be too great ;
but that does not appear in any of the reports. There

12 and 10-horse nominal power were hauling to and fro
a new cultivator, which takes 12 feet width at once. The
work was'for the most part light, because the ground had
been broken up the day before ; but the wheels, sinking
in the soft earth, let the tiues down to Gor 8 inches depth.
The last two or three bouts that I saw done were half
in unmoved ground, and in breaking up this the tines
went in only about 5 inches, or barely that ; the
engines, however, did not slacken their speed, and
hardly seemed to feel when the implement came to the
hard piece. This showed that there was " power in
hand " while doing the already cultivated portion of
the field. An hour's race against time began at 8.35,
and finished exactly at 9.35^ by my watch ; and in this
interval the implement made 18 journeys, accomplish-
ing a total breadth of 74 yards. The length of the
work was 340 yards, not including the headlands ( which
are left of only 5, or at most 6 yards' breadth, by this
new plan of working), and the area, therefore, was
25,1(30 square yards, or 5.2 acres tilled within the hour.
In a day of 10 hours this rate of work would amount
to 52 acres ; and in a long day of 13 or 14 hours the
performance would be 67 to 72 acres. The pace of
the implement was not excessive ; I did not ascertain
what it really was, but judged it to slightly exceed
four miles per hour. The time lost in turning at the
ends, however, I did observe, because 1 felt sure
that everybody who might hear of this wonderful feat
would say, ' Oh ! that is all very well with trained
engineering men, but farm labourers could not be so
quick at the ends as these men no doubt were.' "Well
(to say nothing about the ' man ' who drove one of
the engines being a ' boy ' 10 years old), the following
were the number of seconds occupied in the 18 turn-
ings—20, 60, 25, 35, 20, 75, 45, 50, 25, missed, 20, 20, 25,
•30, 30, 40, 65, 20— the average being over 35 seconds.
If the details of the turning-chains and hooks had
been perfect (as they will be made in a short time),
the minimum time of 20 seconds would have been kept
up through the entire experiment, and at least another
(or 19th) journey would have been accomplished
within the hour ; and the area done would have been
5V acres— that is, 55 acres per day of 10 hours, or
77 acres in 14 hours, if the work were maintained with-
out intermission by relays of hands "

A Member : Seventy-seven acres a day !

Mr. Clarke : Seventy-seven acres in one day of
14 hours. The letter continues :— " I was not speaking
wildly, then, when talking of 60 acres of light soil
worked by the tines of a cultivator, by one set of tackle,
and in a' single day. But on that same "R''ednesday
I saw something else very remarkable in expeditious
steam-culture. In one of Mr. Guy's fields, a quarter-
of a-raile from the showyard, Messrs. Howard's two

M-horse engines were working two cultivators at one
and the same time. Instearl of tlio engines beinn
nmilo to play with one implement alternately pajisinx
from one to the other— one engine looking fooliiih
wliilo waiting till the other has done— both onginon
pull simultaneously at two implemiMits ; and tho
breadth of 5 or 7 foot at a time (arconling to tho
dill'Kiulty of the work) is thus accomplished for the
whole liMigth of the liolrl in litthi morn than half
the time that would lie occupicil by the same two
engines in doing i|. with a singli' implement. Tho
length of the work (2HII yards) was run in one
miiuito and a half— that is, in this time a strip, 280
yards long and 5 feet wide, was lioishi'd by tho two
cultivators running half-way and meeting in the
miildle ; the time in turning was a quarter up to half a
minute ; and I estimated tho rate of working to be
about 3? acres per hour. Kept up for 10 hours, this
would be about .38 acres, or for it hours, 53 acres, in a
ilay. The soil was by no means light, and the work too
hard to show what will be done with the cultivators at
their full breadth of 7 feet each. They were worked
with two tines removed from each implement, thus
only 5 feet apiece; but with their proper number of
seven tines each and in a light soil, the performance,
of course, would be correspondingly increased."

Now some persons may think it astounding to talk
about fromSO to 70acres a-day being cultivated. I admit
that it is very astounding ; but I also assert that I
saw the thing done— and there are other persons
who also saw it done. I may tell you, too, that
the apparatus was not in a perfect state;
it was one of the earliest trials of that
particular arrangement. I have not the slightest
doubt that the makers of steam ploughs are prepared,
though I have not their authority to say so, to do, in
answer to a challenge, an extent of land in a day which
would astonish every one present. I have not the
slightest doubt myself that 70 acres — I should not stare
particularly if the quantity were 100 acres— could be
cultivated, provided the work were tolerably light.

One of the objections urged by some persons against
steam cultivation is, that it is only on heavy land that
it succeeds ; and doubts are expressed whether enough
would be done in a day to pay upon light lands. "Well,
here I have shown what is the quality as well as the
quantity of the work performed, and my opinion is
that the light-land farmer would benefit quite as
much by steam cultivation as the heavy-land farmer.
I really .think I should be acting improperly were
I to detain you by dwelling on a number of facts
which have been laid before the public. I don't think
there is, in fact, anything very new to be said on the
subject. For my part, I should like now to hear the
experience of persons who have used the apparatus
during the last season. Particularly do I wish, with
our chairman, to ascertain whether the crops grown in
the last season on steam-cultivated land have or have
not exhibited the same deficiency in yield as crops
grown on land cultivated with horse-power. In
conclusion, let me say that I feel exceedingly indebted
to you for the patience with which you have listened
to me, and I have to apologise to you for having
submitted such a rough and imperfect paper. [The
subsequent discussion is referred to in a leading
article.]

Annual Dinner or the Central Farmers'
Club.— This took place on Tuesday evening, Mr. E.
Little, of Lanhill, Chippenham, in the chair, and Mr.
C. S. Read in the vice-chair.— In proposing " Success to
the Farmers' Club," the Chairman observed that it
was now nearly five-and-twenty years since a few
gentlemen met together in tho Old York Hotel, iu
Bridge Street, and established the Club, with the view
of thereby forming a bond of union for the agriculturists
of the country, and furnishing them with accommoda-
tion whenever, for business or pleasure, they visited
the City of London. The result wa.s, he believed, that
most of those who joined the institution had derived
the greatest benefit i'rom it, by assembling together and
mutually interchanging their ideas, not only at the
monthly discussions, but in the social intercourse of
the club-room. One of the principal objects of the
formation of the Club, besides tne personal accommoda/-
tion provided for them when they came to town, was
the lectures and discussions on agricultural topics. A
quarter of a" century, however, was enough to wear a
subject even more prolific than that of the details of
practical agriculture threadbare ; and he feared that
the subjects discussed had some time since become a
little threadbare. But to obviate that inconvenience,
during the past year the Committee thought it wise to
introduce other matters than those connected exclu-
sively with practical agriculture, and the experiment
had been attended with a fair measure of success.
Need he remind them of the paper of Mr. Nockolds,
on the establishment of a Board of Agriculture ; the
paper of Sir George Jenkinson, on the turnpike ques-
tion ; and last, though not least, the capital paper,
followed by a useful discussion, upon the management
of benefit societies in rural districts, by Mr. Charles
Howard, and which had borne good fruit, as attested
by a large correspondence which had since taken place
on the subject. For his own part, he was of opinion
that there was nothing in the world to prevent their
discussing any question whatever, even though it
were of a political nature. In fact, they might discuss
the next Reform Bill if they chose. There was nothing

their rules to forbid it. Indeed, there were many
subjects having a slight political bearing the discussion
of which would tend greatly to the advantnge of the
Club, instead of impairing its usefulness or running
counter to the objects for which it was founded, "n^ith
regard to the numerical and financial position of the
institution, he was glad to say that they had been
steadily progressing in the course of the five-and-twenty
years they had existed alike in point of numbers and in

1284

THE GAEDENEES' CREONICLE AKD AGEICULTUEAL GAZI'lTTK

[December 14, 1867.

point of finance. At the present moment they numbered
about 600 members, and on the previous day 18 new
members were nominated for election at the next
Committee meeting. And if further proof were want-
ing to show what was the status of the Club, he thought
the large attendance of that evening was a convincing
argument that the interest of the farming community
in the institution was as great as ever. As to their
finances, year by year they had gone on investing their
money, until now at the end of the year it appeared
that they had 1000/. secured in the public funds. This
he looked upon as a creditable fact at a moment when
they saw so many societies coming to grief. He
trusted, then, that the Club would continue in its
prosperous career, that younger men would constantly
join it and participate in its benefits, and that it
would be found useful to many future generations.

THE SHOW AT BIRMINGHAM.

We have nowto conclude our report of this meeting:
— The various classes of Hamburghs have many and
ardent admirers, especially in the north, and nearly all
the first prizes for them went there. The Polands
always have been weak classes, and, numerically
speaking, they remain so. Excellent birds of the
diSerent kinds are exhibited ; they are very handsome,
and yet the classes remain very small. The class of
any new and distinct variety of fowls was filled with
some good birds ; amongst them the cuckoo fowls of
Lady Aylesford, and the buff' Polish of Mr. Walmsley
took 1st and 2d. The competition in the game classes
was very keen. Two silver cups, allotted to these breeds,
were taken by the Rev. E. L. Jacob and Mr. Ghaloner
respectively. The black-red pullets of Mr. Smith, the
adult cock-bird of the Duke of Newcastle, were much
admired, as were the brown-reds of Mr. Wood, of
Moat House, Wigan ; this latter exhibitor aopearing
four times on the prize list for them. There were but
few Sebright bantams, the same may be said of the
white ones ; as for the game bantams, their name is
legion. They seem to have become universal favourites.

In ducks it is apparent that the Aylesbury is giving
way before the Rouen ; whether the latter be hardier,
more prolific, or be considered handsomer, it is certain
they now find more admirers than their white rivals.
The class of them at Birmingham contained birds of
unusual quality. In taking the first prize for them
Mr. Shaw well sustained his reputation as a breeder.
The 1st prize Aylesburys were very good birds ; every
prize in the class went home to Buckinghamshire.
The black East Indians, which were for many years
confined to the variety class, mustered nearly as strong
as the Aylesburys. This breed has much "to recom-
mend it. The plumage is very handsome, the meat
abundant, and of excellent quality; and although a
useful farmyard duck, it will thrive well in a semi-wild
condition on large pieces of water in parks and large
enclosures.

The class for any other variety of duck has become a
very great favourite, and, thanks to the patronage
extended to it by the Birmingham committee, we now
see in its pens many beautiful birds that formerly were
confined entirely to private collections, and, cornpara-
tively speaking, unknown to the public generally.
The contest between the white geese and the Toulouse
is, we think, likely to incline in favour of the latter.
Earlier maturity, a much greater average weight, and
a larger number of eggs, are all in favour of the new-
comer. The four classes at Birmingham were nearly
equal ones. Mrs. Seamons took first for white, Mr.
Fowler for coloured. The turkeys were very good
—indeed, so good, that seven high commendations fol-
lowed the four prizes in the class for young birds.
Mr. Smith took first prize in each class. The
pigeons formed the finest collection ever seen in this
country. The competition was very keen in nearly all
the classes, and the prohibitory prices of the birds gave
evidence as to the set on them by their owners. It
would take too much space to give a list of the winners
in the thirty-six classes; but we may say that the cup
for the best collection was awarded to Mr. E. E. M.
Royds, of Rochdale. Many] new and rare varieties
were exhibited. By a new regulation, which did not
meet with the success expected of it, all the prize and
commended_ pens were submitted to public competi-
tion by auction. The prices made by some of the birds
was very high. A Spanish cockerel made Ul. ; two
pullets, 14?. 10s. ; two hens, IQl. lOs. ; a pair of young runt
pigeons, 61. 6.?, ; a Brahma cock, 9?. 10s. ; white Dorking
cock. 111. 10s. ; two grey Dorking pullets, 117. These
prices, with those made by Lady Holmesdale's birds a
short time since, will show that by painstaking poultry
may be made profitable. The arrangements of the show
were, as they always are, excellent. A feature worth
notice is that the Council very kindly gave free admis-
sion to more than 3000 school children. TheCommittee,
which numbers among its members nearly all those
who assisted the show in its infancy, must look at the
meeting just concluded with great satisfaction, as it
shows a marked improvement on the two preceding
years, not only in the entries, but in money taken at
the doors.

The judges of poultry were the Rev. R. PuUeine,
Rev. G. F. Hodson, Messrs. Baily, Hindson, Teeliay,
Smith, and J. H. Smith. Pigeons, Messrs. Harrison
Weir, Hedley, and Tegetmeier.

Mischievous Fowls.— The following is a lawyer's
advice on the subject :— I would advise " H. B." not to
shoot his neighbour's poultry, or he will have to pay
their value in damages in an action to be brought
against him, together with costs. If " H. B." has a
son, brother, or nephew, who is an attorney, I advise
him, as an encouragement to his young and deserving
relative, to bring an action against his neighbour,
having first duly warned him to keep his cocks and

hens away from the place, by some witness who has [ sheep ; the latter are at least 15s. to 20s. per head lower

sense and memory enough to prove the fact. But
if without a desire to promote the interests of the
profession, he merely wishes to preserve his garden,
then I advise him to procure some basket traps, or
traps into which the poultry may enter without being
able to get out again, such as are made for rooks, or
any other traps that will not injure the animals, and
set them in his garden, with bread crumbs or Barley
visible within them, and if any fowls enter and are
caught, immediately give notice to their owner that he
has distrained and impounded such and such animals
" damage feasant " in his garden, and ask him how he
would like them to be fed ; for that he, " H. B.,"
would wish to feed them in such manner as the owner
prefers (as it is to be at his, the owner's cost), and
either according to these instructions, or of his own
judgment, "H. B." must take care to feed them so
long as he detains them, and give him further notice
where they are impounded and kept, which should be
where the owner may feed them if he will, and inform
him also that upon his making such satisfaction for the
damage they have done as is reasonable, and upon
paying to " H. B." the cost of their food and the costs
of the distress, and of keeping them in custody,
he may have his fowls again. Let " H. B."
ask but a moderate compensation the first time ;
but if they come and are caught a second
time, ask a little more, and so proceed till the
increase compels the owner to keep his fowls at
home. The owner of the fowls may replevy them if he
pleases ; that is, he may get a parchment from the
officer of the sheriff of his county called a replevin,
whereby Queen Victoria tells the sheriff that " H. B."
wrongfully, and without cause, as it is said, took the
cocks and hens a.ud impounded them, and she orders
the sheriff' to take them away from " H. B." and give
them back to the owner, upon the owner's giving a bond
with two suretie.s, conditioned for his proving in the
Queen's Court that " H. B." had no pretence for taking
tbem. This is a hardy assertion for the poultry-man
to stake his 407. and two sums of 207. upon, and if he
understands it he will give in and make compensation ;
but no matter, he probably will be angry and so not
understand it, and so he and " H. B." go at it ding
dong. But with a skilful pleader, a good attorney,
attentive counsel, sober witnesses, an honest intelligent
jur.v, and an active watchful judge, the odds are very
great in " H. B.'s" favour. This is the proper course
towards trying by a jury, before a judge of assize, the
question which the poultry-man affirms, viz., whether
the fowls had a right to feed in " H. B.'s" garden, and
whether they did any damage when there, and whether
" H. B." demanded too high a compensation. If this
process be often repeated, the owner of the fowls will
probably himself wring their necks.

Farm Memoranda.

West Sussex : Deo. 4.— We have got into winter
to-day, the hills round us are covered with snow. We
have had a fine autumn, and the 'W'heat has been got
in in good order, but none of it was sown very early,
and it has come up very slowly, while the slugs have
in many instances injured it ; but as we have now had
some sharp frosts, the ravages may be stopped. But
there is not yet much show of plant on the ground,
we have seldom seen less at this time of the year.

We still hear great complaints of the yield of the
last crop : in most cases i t is less than was expected, and
a good deal of it is now threshed — much more than is
usual at the time of the year.

Barley yields very fair, the quality cenerally is good,
and the price for malting is very little more than is
got for grinding samples. There is a great quantity
still in the market, and trade is dull.

Oats are turning out pretty well, and are dearer than
usual, 26s. to .30s. Peas are not a good crop, and there
are few in market.

Mangels are all stored ; it is rather a light crop, but
the roots are sound. Swedes are good and look as if
they would stand the winter well, and the same with
Turnips.

Live stock is healthier than it usually is, and no
doubt the precautions taken have done good, not
only in preventing the cattle plague from spread-
ing, but also other diseases ; because few would have
ventured to bring a beast to market if it did not
look right in every way ; and so we have had a stop put
to the spreading of every complaint, and we hope care
will still be ta'ken that none but healthy animals are
admitted into the markets. It was said that to be
particular about the mouth-and-foot disease would
cause great inconvenience, but that was by dealers,
and before the cattle plague compelled to carefulness.
But we believe the restrictions have been beneficial to
dealers, as they have brought none but healthy beasts
to market ; and as they looked better than usual they
have found a ready sale.

Store sheep have fallen a little in price, but are not
in proportion to the price of mutton, which has dropped
very much, and many who fat have lost money. Pigs
have been nearly unsaleable ; fat ones are not worth
quite 6rf. per lb., and as food is so dear of course they
do not pay for fatting ; they are not likely to be dear
for some time, as food is likely to remain high till
next harvest.

Though Wheat has been all got in, and the Mangel
got up, vet work is not forward. There is very little
of the Wheat stubble ploughed, and we shall find work
for every available day for some time to come.

Wages are about the same as they have been for
some months past, 1.3.?. to 15s. or 16s., and there is
likely to be more than sufficient hands for the winter.

West Gloucesteeshike : November 297A.— The

depression in the wool trade has of course caused a

I wonderful reaction in the price of both fat and store

than last year, and very little business can be eff'ected
even at the reduced prices. Mutton is selling at 6d.
to 65<7. per lb. Beef keeps up well, good quality being
worth 70s. per cwt. Bacon from 8s. 9(7. to 9s. per score;
pork 8s. 6d. to 9s., 'according to the quality. It is not
often at the end of November that we have to say we
are short of water, but such is the case ; the pools and
watering place in the vale of Berkeley are very low
indeed, and farmers fear the consequences should frost
set in before we get rain.

It has been a. beautiful time for the storing of the
Swede crops. Some cart off a portion of the crop as
near to the homestead as possible for the cattle in the
yards, and leave the remainder to be pitted in the field
for sheep. We have good crops of Swedes and Turnips,
which will in some measure lessen the artificial food
expenses, and enable us to feed our stock so as to be
better able to meet the times. It would be very inte-
resting if some of the great root growers in the country
would give us their experience on their system of
storing this most valuable root ; for the chief and great
object, in my opinion, in the management of a root crop
is the means taken to preserve it, after going to the
expense and trouble of growing it.

During the last few years we have looked the crop
over before pulling it, and any that appear curly in
the leaf, or in any way diseased, we draw and use first,
feeling convinced that the disease is contagious, and
that if they are pitted with the crop they will soon be
rotten and certainly rot others. The practice of
storing in this neighbourhood is very various. The
most careful growers are very particular in harvesting
them, and are as careful about keeping them dry in the
pits, as they are keeping their hay or corn ricks dry.
The practice of cleaning the Swedes before storing
them, so that they may be ready for use, is becoming
very general in this neighbourhood, and many growers
this year have done this to all their crop, and have pitted
them in heaps in the field, of from 4 to 6 cartloads
each, or as far as the fold may require. The cleaned
roots are then covered with straw sufficient to keep
the earth from running in amongst them, and I am
told that they keep as well cleaned and pitted this
way as they do with the roots left on. But I believe
that a portion of the nutriment must escape after the
roots are out off, just as it .would from Mangel. The
cost per acre for pulling, cleaning, and earthing is from
8s. to 10s., according to the weight of the crop ; the
work is let to the labourer, his wife and family do the
cleaning and heaping, and he himself the pulling and
earthing up. Another plan is to take one row and
leave one, and then to plough a furrow against each
side of the Swedes left, thus covering them as they grew.
Others leave them in the field to stand the winter as
best they can, very often to the cost of the grower.
Our plan is to take nearly half the crop off; the reason
we take so many o(f is to enable us to get in the spring
crop early, which is most essential to ns. We take
.■iO rows, and leave 50, and so on throughout a field of
25 acres. Our object in taking them in breadths is
that those remaining shall be handy for the shepherds
to get to the cutter at a time when the wheelbarrow
won't run very freely, and it certainly saves a vast
amount of labour— an item much to be considered in
the Turnip field. The land is as regularly folded over
as if the Swedes were left all over the field. One part
of the crop this year we have pitted in the usual way ;
that is, in small pits of about a load each, the tops only
being cut oflf. The other part is pitted in long narrow
pits, 12 yards long, 3 feet high, and about 3 or 4 wide.
'The heaps are 30 yards apart, which is the width we
make the fold. The top hurdles of the fold run parallel
with the pit, so that the roots are always close to the
cutter, and thus all wheeling or throwing is avoided.
The trimmings of course must be properly spread over
a good space of ground, or the corn will not be worth
much where the heap stood. Our object in pitting in
the way described is to test the plan of large pits
against small ones, as to which will keep longest in the
spring. The large pits are covered with a little straw
before the earth is put on, and ventilators are left in
the top for the escape of any fermentation which may
take place. The cost per acre is 8s., the crop being
heavy. The small pits are merely covered with about
Cinches of earth. The Swedes we cart to the homestead
are covered with short straw or caving, if we have any,
and then thatched over with as much straw as we can
aff'ord. If the frost comes on very severe, we put sorne
long dung about half-way up the thatch, as the frost is
always most severe near the ground. On the Cotswold
Hills the Swedes are ohieffy thrown in heaps, tops and
roots, or on small pits, the general price being about
7s. per acre. J. W.

Merse of Berwickshire: Nov. 30.— It were
'' piper's news " to tell of a drought unsurpassed in the
driest of recent summers, but it may be mentioned
that during these 32 days there has not fallen a drop of
rain, save on three of them, and that amounting to
three-tenths of an inch only. We never knew the
streams so low, and as water-powers are next to
useless, and little straw but what they eat is required
for cattle, field work has been pushed in preference to
threshing. As usual, vigilant corn-trade reporters talk
of farmers " withholding supplies," but the truth is
that we must thresh as straw is wanted, and sell the
produce, little though it be this year. Com
speculation seldom is, and never ought to be, coupled
with farming. 'Wheat-sowing has again reached
— perhaps exceeded— its normal dimensions, a state
of affairs loudly called for by the yearly increasing
scarcity throughout the world. This scarcity is the
natural result of the very low prices consequent on
the abundant crop of 1863, which almost put a stop to
the growth of Wheatr— at least, in Scotland, where we
have the alternative of Barley to follow root crops ;
and even the plentiful and fine crop of last year, con-

Decembke 11, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' OIIRONK'LK AND AGUUlllLTliUAI. (lAZET

1285

fined as it was to a limited area, left nothing in store.
Early in the month late Turnips did fjrow a little, but
hard N. and N. VV. winds and occasional frosty nit^hts
have checked that for the season ; and it is by mode-
rate stocking, or free use of hand-feeding, that they
can ho niiide to sufliee. Looking at the price of cakes
as compared with mutton, one had better refrain from
buying. Our " good" Swedes are realising .'!0 loads, say
15 tons, per acre ; and each beast eats about
IJ cwt. of these (2 cwt. of Whites), with
straw unlimited. Wise men cannot agree about
the alleged outbreak of cattle plague in this neighbour-
hood. It is to be noted that cattle previously in
company with the aU'ected lot are known to be yet
healthy ; and it would seem to be a ease of ill-usage in
transit. It will be well, however, if it direct public
opiniou to the exclusion of live-stock from abroad, aud
thereby increase the available supply of meat in this
country. We hear of considerable losses among Uoggs
owing to unri])e Turnips. Ours have been kept
healthy by giving bran, as well as hay and straw
chair, on the Turnip break. Young horses ought to
pay now for the rearing. J, T.

Notices to Correspondents.

Eaos.— A k'ttor rulathig tu et^gs wUich jippc.xred in hist week's
Paper, signed " Churlcs .1. Ricliarde," should liavo been
bended " Advert iskment."

Aqricultubal Impokts, Ten Months, 1867 : R.

Quantities Imported.

and
No.

cwt.

I. ArticUa Free of PtU^.

Animals, liviug — Oxen, Bulls,
Cowa

Calve.*!

Sboep and Lamba
Swiuo rtnd Hoga

Ashea, peiirl and pot

Bones burnt or not, or as animal
cbarooal tons

Flax and Tow or CodiUa of Flax—

From Unssia cwt

Holland „

Bulyiuni ,. .. .. .. ,,

Other Couutrica .. .. ,,

Guano -~ From West Coast of

Africa tons

United States . .

Peru

Bolivia

Bnti.sh Weat India Isliuids

Other Countries

Hemp and Tow or Cudilla of Hemp^
Frora Ruaaia . . . . . . cwt.

Venetia . . . . . . . . „

lUyria, Croatia, and Dalmatia „

British India ,,

Phihppino IsLands ,

Other Countries .. .. „

China Graaa . . . . . . , ,

Jute and subatancea of the nature
of Hemp ,,

Hops cwt.

Oil Seed Cakes tons

Potatoa cwt.

Provisions — Bacon and Hams . . ,,
Beef, salt . . . . . . „

Pork, salt ,,

Butter .. .. .. .. ,,

Cheese .. .. .. .. ,,

Eggs Ko.

Lard . . . . . . . . cwt.

Saltpetre

Cubic Nitre .. ,

Seeds— Cotton tons

Clover cwt.

Flaxseed and Linseed . . . . qrs.
Hape

Tallow — From Russia . . . . cwt.

Australia.. ..

South America . . . . . . „

Other Countries .. .. ,,

Wool, Sheep and Lamba' — From

Europe lb.

Britiah Possessions in South Africa , ,

British India

Australia.. ,

Other Countries

Alpaca and the Llama Ti'ibe ,,

Yeast, dried cwt.

II. Articles Subject to Duty.
Com— Wheat— From Russia . . ,,

Denmark.. ,,

Prussia ,,

Schleswig, Holstein, & Lauenburg „

Mecklenburg „

Hanse Towns ,,

France ,

Turkey and Wallachia & Moldavia „

Egypt

United States ,,

British North America .. ,,

Other Countries . . . , „

Barley ,,

Oats ,

Peas ,,

Beans „

Indian Corn, or Maize ,

Wbeatmeal and Flour — From Hanse

Towns ,,

France

United States „

British North America . . „
Other Countries

1860.

1"7,480
2.5,600

717,
05,078
80,3116

07,001

1867.

137,2e2
lil,84:i

458,00.1
41,331
61,643

71,500

1,074,850 916,200

4il,955 68,314

111,282; 136,334

224 109,7110

1,533
1,411
81,404

"2,85S
18,119

550,868

j. 175,152

23,791
42,040
45,040
1,312

1,391,6'
39,361
99,850
491,191
681,584
155,315
153,716
889,142
608,091
387,164,400
220,995
215,425
768,564
86,325
181,983
869,071
352,376
318,392

19,1
301,663
143,184

30,103,723
16,105,529
19,445,2r "
108,776,533
17,539,740
■2,640,148
94,087

6,439,820

413,104

3,522,490

154,233

658,274

686,484

3,325,975

367,443

20,603

440,290

8,71

2,514,5:

6,043,810

7,472,011

952,539

704,975

13,149,623

237,160
3,248,638
225,584
26,882
261,966

2,875
2,182
119,051
4,907
2,222
8,843

307,744

( 99,579

[ 38,193

5,537

74,552

50,032

584

1,334,000

91,661

92,201

849,980

419,233

144,482

120,251

902,398

715,123

353,154,240

184,761

190,001

815,233

87,370

101,609

816,408

494,188

170,806

18,449

226,890

117,811

16,765,480
28,260,893
11,812,008
125,612,559
20,201,909
2,570,291
94,971

11,4'20,605

361,063

4,906,537

94,409

615,1.53

555,842

570,486

1,893,408

841,867

2,424,407

157,979

3,132,357

4,808,827

7,802,742

1,221,285

1,695,983

7,805,058

340,988
1,103,062
313,725
31,298
861,851

Game : R M. We are not le.amed in the law. We believe that
damage by rabbits to crops can be recovered, if it can be
proved, if you have a irriKcn permission from your land
lord to destroy rabbits you may safely act on it

Pio Food : A'. Buckwheat can be, or could be lately, bought
at about 8i. 10s. to 9/. per ton. With the exception of Buck-
wheat, home-grown Peas and Barley are about as cheap as
anything wc can feed upon. Peas have been lately about
\0l., and Barley about 11/. Now and then we aee a sample
of dan'.aged Wheat that can be had at about 9i,|15s. per ton.
If any of your correapondenta can give any infonnation aa to
a cheaper article of food, we should be very glad to hear of
it. Pig-fattiDg is a loaing trade with present prices.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

Foil JIEATIMU CONSKltVATOKIES, HOTHOUSES, ClIUItCIIES, I'UBLIC BUILUINUS, I'KIVATE

KESIUENCES, ETC., WITU

TRUSS'S PATENT UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE AND
LEAKLESS PIPE-JOINTS.

T. S. TKUSS

lli'gs to atiite that the immcnsu number of ATPAUATUS annually Designed and Erected by him in all parts of
the kingdom, and for the ItOYAL UOKTICULTUKAL SOClETIf at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CUISWICK,
with unrivalled satisfaction, is a guarantee for skill of design, superior materials, and good workmanship ; while the
^M-eat advantages obtained by his IMlUtOVEi) SYSTEM cannot bo over-estimated, consisting of perfectlv tight
joints with neatness of appearance; EFFECTS A SAVING OF 25 PER CENT, on cost of Apparatus erected
compared with other systems; facihty lor extensions, alteratioiia or removals without injury to Pipes or Joints ;
can be erected by anv Gardener; an ordinary size Apparatus erected in one day, and PEUFECTNESS of
DESIGN SUPPLIED, TNSUKING NO EXTUAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best inateriala, with Saddle boiler,
delivered to any liailway Station in England, anJ Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 25 miles oil'
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large works.

TWO FOUK-INCH PIPES ALONG ONE SIDE AND ONE END OF HOUSE.

size cf Uuvise. Appumtua Complete. Erection. Size of Ilouae.

20 feet by 10 feet .. £9 0 0 ..£'2 0 0 60 feet by 1.5 feet

30 feet by 12 feet .. 1115 0 .. 2 10 0 75 feet by 15 feet

40 feet by 15 feet . . 15 0 0 . . 2 15 0 100 feet by 15 feet

Bath and Gas Work erected in town or country. The Trade Supplied.

Horticultural Buildings of every description from Is. 6;^. per foot superficial, inclusive of Brickuiork.

Price Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on application to

T. S. TRUSS, C.E., CoNscLTiNo Hortkjultukal Engineer, c&c. Sole Manufacturee,

FKIAR STREET, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.

Observe — The City Offices are now Removed to the Manu/aclori/, Friar Street.

Apparatus Complete.

ErectiOD.

. £17 10 0

£3 0 0

20 0 0

3 0 0

26 0 0

3 5 0

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATKNT SELF-SHAKPENING CYLINDER CUTTERS.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, aud can be worked with far greater ease
than any other Lawn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS have proved to be the best, and have carried off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of competition ; aud in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 1S56.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

Every Machine is waiTanted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally
T.GREEN AND SON have to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has been
unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which thetj are held. Selections can be made from
their Stock both in London and Leeds.

1^- ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and
54 and 55, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

SHANKS'

PATENT LAWN MOWERS,

awarded the

FIRST PRIZE SILVER MEDAL

OF THE

UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, PARIS, 1867.

ALEX. SHANKS and SON have received official intunation that the Jury at the Paris Exhibition have
AWARDED them the FIRST PRIZE SILVER MEDAL for their PATENT LAWN MOWERS.

A. S. and SON, judging from the fact, that out of all the Lawn Mowers in the Exhibition, their Machines hav»
been the only Lawn Mowers deemed worthy by the Jury to receive so distinguished an honour, are gratified to find
m this a further proof that the effcrts they have made to improve their Machines have always been in the right
durection. The demand for SHANKS' MACHINES increases year by year, and during the past season it has
increased very considerably. A. S. and SON having had so long an experience in this Trade, can confidently
guarantee their Machines to be unequalled by any before the PubUc.

1^" Ever;/ Machine warranted to give satisfaction, and if not approved of can be at once returned.
ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS SENT FREE ON APPLICATION.

ALEX. SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

27, Leadenhall Street is the only place in London where intcndinQ Purchasers of Lawn Mowers can choose from
a Stock of from 150 to 200 Machines. A, S. and SON have a staff of efficient iVorkmen at 27, Leadenhall Street,
thoroughly acquainted with all the details of these Machines, so that they are enabled to repair them in London as
well as can be done at their 3fanufactory.

1286

THE GARDENERS' CMONICLE AND AGRICULTtlRAL GAZETTE lDecembee w, iser.

c

OTTAM AND COMPANY,

CONSERTATORT and HOTBODSE BorLDERS, &C.,

Iron Works. 2, Winsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.

24 30 inches long.
4&S. 6&S. 92s. Qd. each.
HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

Is. 6d. 2s. Id. 2s. 9d. per yard.
Materials supplied a3 above,
or Estimates given Qxed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,

2, Wlnaley Street.

(opposite the Pantheon),

Oxford Street, London, W.

HOT WATEB APPARATUS

Midland Steam Power HorticiUtural and Hot Water
Works, Loughborough.

TG. MESSENGEE, Midland Steam Power
• Horticultm-al Works, Loughborough, Hot- Water Apparatus
and Valve Manufacturer.

Honourable Mention awarded at the International Exhibition, 1862,
and it the Dublin Exhibition, 1865 ; also a First-class Certificate by
the Roval Horticultural Society.

T. G." Messenger. Patentee of many important improvements in
Buildings and Implements connected with Horticulture, and which
meet with unqualified approbation, is prepared to give reference to
hundreds of works entriisted to him and pre-eminently answering
the purpose for which they were constructed.

Any House Glnzed single or double, with or without putty.

The mode adopted by T. G-. Messenger for Heating and Ventilating
Forcing Houses is particularly successful.

Houses are constructed by his Patented Ventilating principle to
open the whole of roof and sides as though the glass were entirely
removed, at once placing the plants in the external atmosphere,

T. Q-. Messenger's Boiler possesses all the advantages of the
Tubular and Sadd.e combined, has hollow ftirnace bars, requires but
a shallow stokehole, and exposes as much surface to the direct action
of the fire as can possibly be obtained, the whole of which can be
easily cleaned ; and it is an important fact that out of upwards ot
COO now at work made upon the improved principle not one has
cracked.

T. G. Messenger's Valve (single or double) is effective, .'simple,
easy to work, and as durable as the pipe to which it is attached

Designs and Estimates supplied for all kinds of florticulturai
Works, and guaranteed to answer the purpose for which they may
be intended.

Greenhouses— Heating Apparatus.

CONSERVATORIES
PINERIES
STRAW BERRr

HOUSES
VINERIES
FORCING HOUSES
ORCHID HOUSES
W A L L - T R E E

COVERS
GRERN HOUSES
CUCUMBER find
MELON HOUSES

DUBLIN

RXHIBITION

1866.

ORCHARD HOUSES
PATENT SUN-
BLINDS& FROST
PROTECTORS,
with var loua
Patented Improve-
ments in the
CONSTRUCTION
VENTILATION
HEATING
SHADING
OPENING GEAR

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL AWARDED for
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, C'mstruction, and
ApDlicatlou of WKOUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Bmldlnifa.

Our New Patent TENANT'S GREENHOUSE, THE NOVELTY,
is cheap, durable, easily fixed, does not require painting, Is ii'liiptea
for all purposes, and is the most perfectly ventilated house of the
present day. Prices :-20 It. long. £10 to £19 10a. ; .12 ft., £lo to
£29 18s. ; 40 ft.. £18 to £36; 64 It., £27 12^. to £64 3.s. Od. ; 60 It.,
£34 to £06 C.S. ; 104 ft.., £43 12a. to £S4 10s. Sp^ui Roois. double price.

Orders for our New Patent WALL-TREE COVER are now
solicited. They save their cost In one season. Fficos, with Ifl-oz.
glass, 88., Os., 108., and 12«. per foot run.

In HEATING we are pre-omineiit, and have pleasure in referring
to works in all parts of the kingdom which have been executed by us,

Careful personal attention is given to all orders; and from our
immense practical experience, wo are willing to guarantee that
Buildings left to our arrangement shall perfectly answer the pur-
poses for which they are intended, without fear of disappointment.

Our Patented arrangements may be seen " en moUfile," and every
information obtained at our London Office, 6, Sloaiie Street, S. W.
Postal address, Anchor Iron Works, Chelmsford.

Dennis & Scaunv, Hot- Water Englhners, Patentees, and generai
Horticultural Builders in Wood or Iron.

Catalogues, Estimates, or Plans on application.

MOTTLE'S WARMING APPARATUS.— The best and
most economical system of Wai-ming Chm*ches, Schools, Hot-
houses, and all large Buddings. Apply to

J. W. GiBnLESTONE, C.E., 31, Duke Street, Westminster, S.W,

JAMES WATTS and CO., Hothoose Builders and
Hot- WATER Apparatus MANnFAOTORERS, 353, Old Kent Road, S.E.
TWO HUNDRED CUCUMBER and MELON BOXES and
LIGHTS, and from 400 to 500 LIGHTS lor PITS of all SIZES kept in
STOCK, Glazed and Painted complete, ready for immediate use.
Packed and sent to all parts of the kingdcm. Public and Private
Buildings, Warehouses, &c., heated on the most approved scientific
and economical principles. Keferences to the Nobility, Gentry and
Trade in most of the Counties in England.

The Only Stove without a Flue.

NAStl AND JOYCE'S PATENT, for
AIRING. DRYING, and WARMING HALLS,
SHOPS. ROOMS, &c., a new especial Stove for Con-
servatories, Greenhouses, Fruit-Ripening, &a. : to Burn
without re-Mghting all winter by filling with fuel every
12 hours. Temperature, any degree required, without
varying. Price from 12a, Gd. to 0 guineas.

MINCING and SAUSAGE FILLING and MASTI-
CATING MACHINES of the best makers, lOs. 6rf.

The COTTAGK KNIFE CLEANER is the only rapid
Cleaner and Polisher of Knives at a moderate price.
3s. Gd. to 10s. 6d. Prospectus post paid.

CHEAP FIRES.— The Radiating Fire Balls save half
the usual consumption of fuel. One Shilling packet of
Four, red hot in the fire every day, lasts all Winter.

S. Nasb, Ironmonger, 253. Oxford Street, W.C. ; Linster Terrace,
Bayswater; and Stove Depflt, 119, Newgate Street, London, E.C.

Hot- Water Apparatus.

y OOUBlESMCtlilBBIf

^^^ri^?iff^i'^t-'i^^-^ "''0^

TEE 10 TEE II TEE tS TEE 13 ■[o.itiiiiTEE

1^ ^ t^ lil^ l^i

HOTHOUSES for the MILLION,
CHEAP. PORTABLE, and EASILY FIXED.
SPAN-ROOFS (over 16 feet long), glazed and painted three coatB,
with complete ventilation all over roof, necessary water gutters and
ironwork, exclusive of ends, put on Rail in London, Glodcester,
Coventry, Ulverbtone, Paislev, or Abkroeem; 10 to 16 feet wide
inside, at 16s. to 248. per foot run. Illustrated Circulars, with definite
prices an-J sizes, free on application to
Hereman & Morton, 7, Pall Mall East, London, S.W.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every description,
fixed complete in any part of the country, or the materials,
nz.. Boilers, Pipes, 4c.. delivered to any Station.
Eatlmates on apphcation,
J. Jones &. Sons, fl, Baukside, Southwark, London, S.E.

Heating Apparatus.

JMEPlEDITH continues to supply and fix HOT-
• WATER APPARATUS m VINERIES, and every description
of HOTHOUSES, BUILDINGS, &c.

The Vineyard, Garston, near Liverpool.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31, Banl<side, London, S.E.

HOT WATER PIPES, from StocK. per yard ;— 2-lnch, Id. IJd, ;
3-inch, Is. 9d. ; and 4-inch, 23. 'Sd. BENDS, from Stock, Is, 6d., 2s 6d
and 3s. each. THROTTLE VALVES, lOs., 13s., and 14s. each. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of first-class manu-
facture. Estimates given, and orders by post pimctxmlly attended to
the same day.

Heating by Hot Water.

HOT-WATER PIPES, at Wholesale Prices, with
Elbows, Syphons, Tee-Pipes, and every other connection ;
Wrought and Cast-iron Boilers, baddle. Conical, Cylinder, Tubdlar,
and Elliptic, from 24s. each. Improved Boilers and Iron Stands to
use without brickwork, 60s. each. Valves from JOs. 6d. each. Patent
Valves, Improved Furnace Doors, Furnace Bars, Supply Cisterns,
and Castings of every description in stock, at

Mr. LvNCH White's Iron Wharf, Upper Ground Street, Black&iars
Bridge, London, S. Price List on application.

Cheap Greenhouse Stoves.

DEANE AND CO.'S Patent VENTILATING and
SUSPENSION STOVES are simvle, cheap, and efficient ; have
been largely adopted and approved; will burn many hours without

atteutiou, and at a small cost for fuel. Prices of Suspension Stoves,

20s., 30s., 38s., and upwards. Ventilating Stoves, 60s., 60s., 70s., 90s.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS for Consen-atories, Greenhouses,

Hothouses, Forcing Pits, &c., erected and fitted up complete.

Deake & Co., 46, King William Street. London Bridge, E.G.

Established A.n. 1700.

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
HORTICULTDRE.
" DiT Glazing without Putty."
•' Glass without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by t,ha Royal Horticultui-al Society, South
Kensington.

ntst

T JONES AND SONS have the Inrj^est Stock of HOT-
O • WATER PIPES and CONNECTIONS, with WROUGHT and
OAST IRON SADDLE, CANNON, and CYLINDER BOILERS,
PORTABLE BOILERS, 4c., and they will be happy to foi-ward Prices
for same either at the Wharf In Loudon, or delivered free to any
Station or Shipping Port In the United Kingdom.

J. Jokes & Sons, Iron Merchants, (i, Banksldc, Southwark, London.
*,* Hot-water Apparatus erected complete.

Plans and Estimates free on applicjition. Descriptive Book fully
illustrated, post li-ee for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee^
Jause Cranston, Ai-chitect, Bii-mmgham.

Works : Highgate Street, Birmingham.
Henkt J. Growtaqe, Manager, 1, Temple Row West, Birmingham.

S. OWENS & CO.,

(Late CLINTON and OWENS,)
MAHUFACTtTEEES OF

PUMPS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY,

WHITEFRIARS STREET, FLEET STREET, LONDON.

rilJlE LANDSCAl'E SKETCH shows an adaptation ofTHE IMPROVED H"iDEAULlC
-1 RAM for Foi-emg Water to conBldetuDle Heights and Distances to suppiy Mansions, Farms, &c., where a
few feet fall can be obtained. Full particulars of this usef\il Self-acting Macuiue can be had on application.

Mo. 4. Useful YARD, GARDEN, and COTTAGE PUMPS, from £1 5s. each.

No. 38. PORTABLE LIQUID MANURE PUMPS, with Flexible Suction Pipe.

No. 46a. DOUBLE-ACTION PORTABLE FORCE PUMPS and FIRE ENGINES for

WATER or LIQUID MANURE.

No. SO. IlEPROVED (HOLMAN'S PATENT) DOUBLE-BAKREL FIBM FIKE

ENGINES and IRRIGATING PUMPS.

Ko. 49. GARDEN ENGINES of all sizes.

No. 49a. IMP ROVED SWING WATER CAKEIEES, holding 24 and 35 Gallons, for

GARDEN DSE.

No. 49i;. INDIA RUBBER HOSE and FITTINGS for WATERING GARDENS.
I^" Further particulars, Estitaatee, and Illustrated Price Lists on applicatim.

BeceMbee 14, 1867.]

THE GAUDENEPtS' CMONTCLE AKD Ani^TCnLTlinAL 0A;^KTTEL

1287

ET. A RC H E R'S "F RIGI DOM 0."—
• PatroniBed by hor M(\leoty tho Queen, the Dake of Nortb-
umborliind fi>r .Syon House. Iila Qraue tlio b\ik,o of Devoiisnlre for
Chiawick Uiirdeiis, I'rofossor Llntiley for tlio Ilortioullunil Socu'ty.
and Sir Joaoi>li I'axtou lor the Crystal I'lilaco, Iloyjil Zoological
Society, liC.

PROTIOCTION from the COLD WINDS and MORNING FKOSTM.
*' KRKil UOMO" NE'ri'lNO, Wbito or Brown, made of prcparod
Hall" and Wuo], a viorfoct non-cuiuluctor ol bout of cold, koupiii^ a
fixed toinpLTftture whoro it la applied. It Is adaptud for itll Horti-
cultural aud Floncultural purposes, for Pret-ervhiK Fruitu and
llowoiti from tbe Huorcliing Riij'a of tho Sun, Irom Wind, IVom
Attacks of Insoota, and froui aioiuhig Frosts. To bo had In any
required leuKtbs.
" KRIUI DOMO " NETTING. '2 yards wide, la. (id. per yard run.
"FRIGI DOMU" CANVAS.

Two yards wide Is. IH per yard run.

Four yards mde 3n. Gd. per yard.

An Improved niako, 2 yards wide . . Is. »«. per yard.
An improved make. 3 yai-ds wide . . 2.s-. 8rf. per yard run.
Ei.iaiiA TuoMAB AucuKK, Whole and Sole Manulaoturor, 7, Ovoat
Ti-lntty Lane, CaTinoii Street. City. E.O., aud of all NuiBerymou aud
Seedaiiien tbroiinbout tbe Kingdom.

" It. irt iiiuuli utioaiier than Mats iis a coTorlng.

JAMES PHILLIPS and CO.
boR to submit their prices as follows :—
GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSES.
Aft supplied bv them to Mr. Rivera, to tbe Uoyal Hoittcultural Society,
and to moat 'of the Nobility, Clergy, aud GeutlemeQ of the Uutted
Kingdom.

iiiiob Box contains inn feet. The pnces only apply to thesizesstatod.
Squares 20 by 1^, 20 by 13. 'M by 14, 20 by 16.

m oz. to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth quality .. .. \^. Vd VJs. M.

Third ditto 17s. Orf 22s. Gd.

Seconds 18s. Od 208. Od.

English 2IIS. Orf 27s. Oti.

The above prices Include the boxes, which are uot returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes. 16-oz., in 100 feet boxes, boxes Included.

Those prices only apply to the sizes stated.

11 by 0

12 by 9

13 by 9

12 „ 10

11 „ 10

14 „ 10

13 „ 11

14 „ 11

14 ., 12

Ifi „ 12

15 ., 11

18 „ n

19 „ 12

16 „ 12

10 „ 13

17 „ 13

20 „ 12

le „ u

20 „ IS

18 „ 13

IT „ 14

18 „ 14

20 „ 14

14 by 9
16 „ 10

4tbs.
«. d.

3i-ds.

2ncl.

16 to 17 oz. to the foot.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 foet Boxes.
6 by 4 6i by 4i 7 by 6 71 by .i( ) ,5^ „^

8 by 6 8i by Oi 9 by 7 91 by 7i ; ' '

10 by 8 10) by 8( . . 13s. 6d.

Boxes 2s. each returaiible at ftill price.
London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROOQH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL. Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINT.S of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes,
BRITISH PLATK, PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, CROVTN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of tbe best Manufacture, at. the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwiuded on applicatiou to
Jaues Phillips &Co. , IbO, Bisbopsgate Street Without. EC.

HoTtlcultura.1 Glass Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLING TON and CO.,
87, Bishop.sgnte Street Without, London, E.C.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Majesty, the Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivei-s, and the leading Horti-
oullurists of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

20 by 12,

20 by 13) flS oz.

20 by 14 l-Per 100 feet.<

"■ --' Ul oz.

14s 3ii

19s Od

3rds. I 2nds. | Best.
15s 6d 18s6d 20s0a

22s 2c/ 25s 6rf 26s 6rf

20 bv 16 \

20 by 16'

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

in.iln. in.lin in.lin. m.
- by 4 7 by 6 8 by 6 9 by 7 I
(iiby4il Jiby 6)1 8i by 6)| 9| by 71/

Per 100 feet.

In.

4tli3. 1 3ds. [ 2nds. i Best.
128 3d\l33 3d 16s Od 18s Od

10 by 8
lOi by Si

11 by 9
11) by 9i

12

by 9

121 by 9)

13

by 9

12

by 10

12i by 111(114! by lOj)
13 by 10 16 by 10 (
ISJby 10) 13 by U f
14' by 10 14 by 11 )

13s3(i 14s6d

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.

In. In. in. in.
16i by 10) 14 by 12
16 by 10 1 14) by 12)
14) bvll):16 by 12
16 by 11 16) by 12)
16) by 11)116 by 12
16 by u 16) by 12)
21 by 11 |17 by 12
13 bvl2 18 by 12

in.

22 by 12

17 bv 13

23 by 13

18 by 14
22 by 14

24 by 14
22 by 15
24 by 15

22 by 16
24 by 16'i
20 by 17
22 by 17 \

14s 3d

18s6d 208 0ci

24 by 17
20 by 18
22 by 18
24 by IS
Tho above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.
SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 9 feet super.

16 oz.

4th6 quality, per 300 feet case, 38s.
3ds „ „ 48s.

2d8 „ „ 628.

Best „ „ 92s.

21 oz.

4ths quality, per 200 feet case, 38s.
3d8 „ „ 48s.

2ds „ „ 66a.

Best „ „ 96s.

SHEET GLASS is made only in the following anbstancesj 15 oz.,
21 oz.. 26 oz., 32 oz., 36 oz., .and 42oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8th in., 3-16th in., l-4th in., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered fbr Looking
Glasses, ColuurcU Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &c.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, So.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, rciiats the weather, and is free from the glossv appearance
of Oil P.alut, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with r.ain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 3fis. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and six gjUons 01
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 343. per cWt.
Anti-C'jrrosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Corapo, Iron Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto 48. per gallon.

GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, 3(i. to4id. ner lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.
to 4id. iior lb.
RAW UMBER, 4)d. to
6d. per lb. [per lb,
„ BURNT do., 6d. to 9d.
QBBEN PAINT, all shades,

2S8. to 60 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 36 0
RED PAINT . . 288. to 36 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon. — s. d.
LINSEED OIL .. .. 3 J
BOILED OIL .. ..3 9

TURPENTINE .. ..3 0
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to 9s. per cwt.
FlneOAKVARNISH,10s.tol2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 128. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. lOs. t'o 12 0

„ COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE ..10 c
„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0

GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
exchange.

T

UOMAS MILLINGTON and CO.,

lui'OaTKItH, l>KAt.KH8, AND M ANUVAOTDHKn.l OF Ul.ASM.

87, UlHhopHffdte Street Without, London, K.C.
I'RKSKNT PRlCEa Of HYACINTH (ILASSKS.

C, — ■10«, perKHiR-H.
38. OJ. uer Uoxen.

A.—'^ti. per t'la.s.q. B.— ds. per groSB.
■2s. ihl. per dozen. O0. per OOZon.

Tho above are made In Green, Blue, Pace, and Amber. B can
bo bad In Opal, 1«. per dozen extra.

The above are Net, for Caah, and aa such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

TIC BULB VAI

TYE'S HYACINTH GLASSES.
K R N CASES and AQUARIA.

CLAUDE T, HOUGHTON, ako SON.

89. HIGH HOLBORN. W.C.

Price List free on application.

SONS,

TOHN WARNER and

fj BRASS and BELL FOUNDERS to HER MiJESTV,
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

8, Crescent, Cripplegate, London, E.G.

No. 42. _=^^^^^»"

,^_____ No 36.

PORTABLE PUMPS *- -

fnr ^^^^ WELL rA<;TTRON

•"•^ PUMPS, for Steam, CAST-IRON

LIQUID MANURES. Horse, or Hand Power. PUMPS.

Drawings and Prices for any description ot Hydraulio Machinery
sent upon application.

Oil Faint no longer Necessary.

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wof>d. or Stone. This Varnish is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fhUj
Lwo*thirda cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mi.xing or thinninK, and is used cold. It is used io the
pounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the beats Of manj
hundreds of the nobility and gentry, from whom the moat flattering
testimonials have lieen received, which Hill k Smith will forward on
ipplication.

Fr,mi J. A. Taylor, Esq., S/remMin Court.

" In answer to your innuiriea. 1 be^ to inlorm you I find your Black
VamlsB an excellent sunstltute for oil paint upon iron and wood
out of doora, and have fbund tbe iron Barrow with apparatus
essential in applying the Vatnish to lines of fencing. I can strongly
recommend the Black Vavuish for all out-door work as superior to
anything I have yet used for the purpose, and it can be applied vritn
groat economy by careful labouri^rs.

Sold in casks of about 30 gallona each, at Is. 6d. per gallon, at tbe
Manufactory, or Is. Srf. per gallon paid to any Station In the kingdom.

Apply to Hill & Smith. Brlerly Hdl Iron Works, near Dudley, and
22, Cannon Street West, E.C.. iioui whom only it can be obtained.

LARDEN BOUPKR KDGING TILK8, in [;reat

variety of patteruN and matortnlH, the plainer Rorl» being
uMpeclftlly BiUtud for KITCHEN OARDKNS. hb
tbuy harbour no sIurh and hisoot*. lake up little
itioin, and once put down incur no further labour
and oxnoiiHo, au do "^rown" KtigmgH, con-
Ho(iuontly bolrig mucli cboapoi".

UARIJKN VASKS, KOUNTAINS, 4c., lu Artl-
Ilulal Stone, of groat durability, and lu great
variety of design.

F. & O. RoBiiKH, ManufiictnrcrH, Uppor Oround
Street, Blr»cklrlar«, K. ; t/uL'cr/H lloiid West,
CholHoa. S,W. ; Kiii««lai]d Road, Klngsland, N,K

Snln London AgoiitH for FOXLKY'M PATENT GARDEN WALL
It RICKS. lllustraLod I'rlce LiNt free by i>ost. The Trade MUpplled.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES fur ConBervalorius,
Halla, Corridors, Biilcouics, &c., aa cheap and durable a«
Stone, In blue, red, and butf colours, and capable of forming a variety
of dcHlgnR.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS o( more enriched doslgna
than the iihovo.

WHll'K GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of Dalrlee, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths. &o. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability. Dutch and Adamantine Cllukera, Wall

Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slatea, Cement, lie.

To bo obtained of F. & G. Roam u, at their premises aa above.

SILVER SAND (KKIGATE, best quality), at the above
addres-ses — Hs. per Ton, or la. 3d. per Bushel ; 2m. per Ton extra
tor delivery withtu three miles, nod to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, l.s. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockorles or Grotto
Work. F, & 0. Roaui^a. — Addresses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

TOHN GIBSON, JuN., begs to announce that he is
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LAYING
OUT UllOUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out tbe same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Giuson, lun., Surrey Lane, Battersea. S.W.

WAWTEL) to RENT, on Lfase, a SMALL IiOUSE»
with from HALF an ACRE to an ACRli of GROUND
attached, suitable for a Florist's Busiutss, about six or eight miles
from London ; or a place with Glass already erected.
Addres.s, with full particulars, to B.. Gardeners' CkrcnUcle OfRce,^ .C.

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £16l>0.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadenbali Street,
London, E C.

Wimbledon.

TO BE SOLD, a SEMI-DETACHED EREEHOLD
RESIDENCE, containing 4 Bed-rooms, 14 by 15 feet ; 4 Small
Rooms; Drawing, Dining, and Breakiast-rooms, each 14 by 16 leet ;
Kitchen, ScuUerv.twoW.C.'sand usual offices, gas and water laid on.
Tho Garden is 150 fuet by 50, and la well laid out, and piantud with
choice Fruit Trees, American Plants, Roses, and other Shruba, and
contains a good Greenhou e and Forcing Pit, both Heated by Hot
Wattr aud fitted with a Tubular Boiler. Price, Including Gos
Fittings and Venetian Blinds, both nearly new. £1300.
S. W.,Mr. Fisher, StaLiouer,Antiel Court, ThrogmortonFtreet.E.C.

Oncban Nursery Gardens, Isle of Man,

TO BE LET, with immediate possession, in con-
sequence ol the duCensw of I.(ie late Proprietor. The NUrBefy
comprises about 15 Acres, lying in a sheltered situation ; has been
established for upwards of 3U yeai-s, and possesses the advantage of
being tbe only Nursery in the Island. The Buildings consist of
Conservatory (in four compiirtments). Vinery, Orohiira House,
Propagating House. With large Shedudjoming, aud every convenience
lor Ciirrying on tbe business. This Establisbment would prove a
valuable addulon to any English Nursery, us from the mildness of
the climate many tender Plants and Shrubs stand the winter which*
when young, would be destroyed by the frosts of an English Winter
aud Spring. A portion has been advantageously occupied aa a Fruit
Garden, the detiiaud being considerable fioai the number of Visitors
to tbe Nursery iu the Summer season. The Grounds are well stocked
with Forest Tiees, Evergreens, and Ornamental Shrubs ; the Houses
wiLh Plants, aud liberal terms will be made to enable a Tenanb to
realise the Stock, For particulars apply to

James Spittall, Solicitor, Isle of Man,

To Noblemen, Gentlemen, Planters, and Others.

MR. WHITE ha.s received instructions to SELL by
AUCTION, on MONDAY, December 10, at 11 o'Clock, at the
Rufford Nursery Gardens, near Ollerton, a quantity of Toung
SPRUCE FIR PLANTS, of various heights, fit for immediate
Planting ; also a quantity of COMMON LAURELS, and other Plants.

The above will be sold in convenient Lota, to suit purchasere.
Each Lot to be paid for at the fail of ttie hammer or at the close of
the Sale, Tbe Lola to be at the purchaser's care and risk at the fall
of the hammer, and ta be removed within one month from the time
of Sale at the purchaser's expense, and no Lot to be removed durmg
the time of business.

Catalogues may be had of the Auctioneer; of Mr. C&RTLBnaB,
Wood Steward ; or of Messrs. Bradley a Sons, Nurserymen, Halam,
near Southwell.— Swan Hotel, Mansfield. December H,

Con^gnment of Specimen Conifers, Hardy Slirubs,

FRUIT TREES, &c., khom a well-known Nukseky in SuaaEV,
ANO A Consignment of Bums from Holland.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C., on
WEDNESDAY, December IS, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely,
SPECIMEN CoNIfERS, including fine plants of Cupressus Law-
houiana, Wellingtonia gigantea, Abies Douglaau, and other Conifers.
vM»o, LAURELS, HOLLIES, BdlRBERIS, MAGNOLIAS, STAN-
DARD and DWARF ROSES, FRUIT TREES, &c. Also, an Import-
ation of BULBS Irom Holland, in lota to suit private buyers and
the Trade,

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Consignment from Ghent for Absolute Sale.

MESSRS. PROTHKROE and MORKIS will SELL
by AUCTION, at 38 and 30, Gracechurch Street. E.C., on
TU. SDAY. December 17, at 12 o'Clock. about 300 Choice DOUBLE
CAMELLIAS and AZALEa INDICA, compact plants, 1 to 3 teet,
beautifully set with flowei-bud.- ; 300 Handsome STANDARD
and DWARF ROSE&, of the best v.-vrieties; Selected FRUIT
TREES; a rich Jissor'.ment of AMERICAN PLANTS ; 600 fine
Bulbs, LILIUM LaNCIFOLIUM {sorts); GLADIOLUS, with a
collection of DUTCH BULBS.

May be viewed the Morning of Sale. Catalogues had at the rooms
as above, and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E.

Winding-up Sale for the Season.

MESSRS. PROTHEROE and MORRIS will BELL
by AUCTION, at 33 and 39, Gracechurch Street. E.C., on
SATURDAY, December il, at 1 o'clock t^recisely, a First-class Collec-
tion of DUTCH BULBS, inclufling Hyr-cinths, Crocuses. Tulips,
Narcissus JonquHa, Anemones, Ranunculus, &c. ; a splendid assort-
ment ol 'standard and DWARF ROSES; selected FRUIT
TREES- choice GHENT AZALEAS, UTBRID RHODODEN-
DRONS,' and other American Plants, Ac; also some Que Bulbs,
LILIUM LANCIFOLIUM (sorts), from a celebrated Grower in
Belgium,

On view Morning of Sale. Catalogues had at the roomB as above,
and of the Auctioneers and Valuers, Leytonstone, N.E,

1288

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Deoembee 14, 1867.

WILLIAM S. BUETON,

GENERAL FURNISHING IRONMONGER,

BY APPOINTMENT TO HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF WALES,

SENDS A CATALOGUE GRATIS AND POST PAID.

It contains upwards of SIX HUNDKED ILLUSTRATIONS of kis unrivalled STOCK of STEKLINO SILVER and
ELECTRO PLATE, NICKEL SILVER and BRITANNIA METAL GOODS, DISH COVERS, HOT-WATER DISHES,
STOVES, FENDERS, MARBLE CHIMNEY PIECES, KITCHEN RANGES, LAMPS, GASELIERS, TEA TRAYS, DRNS
and KETTLES, CLOCKS, TABLE CUTLERY, BATHS, TOILET "WARE, TURNERY, IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS,
BEDDING, BED-ROOM CABINET FURNITURE, &e., with Lists of Prices, and Plans of the

TWENTY LARGE SHOW ROOMS,

At 39, OXFORD STREET; 1, U, 2, 3, & 4, NEVVMA.N STREET; 4, 5, & 6, PERRY'S PLACE; and

1, NEWMAN YARD, LONDON, W.

niHE PERFECT SUBSTITUTE
-'- for SILVER. — The REAL NICKEL SILVER,
introduced more than 25 years ago by WILLIAM S.
BURTON, when Plated by the Patent process of Messrs.
Elkington & Co., is beyond all comparison the very best
article next to Sterling Silver that can be employed
as such, either usefully or ornamentally, as by no
possible test can it be distinguished from real Silver.

A small useful set, guaranteed of first quality for finish
and durability, as follows : — ■

12 Table F.rks
18 Table Spoons . .
12 Dessert Pork.s . .
12 Dessert Spoons . .
12 Tea Spoons

6 Egg Spoons, gt. bowls. .

2 Sauce Ladles

1 Gravy Spoon

2 Salt Spoons, gt. bowls. .
1 Mustard Spoon, gt, bwl.
1 Pair of Sugar Tongs . .
1 Pair of Fish Carvers . .
1 Butter Knife

1 Soup Ladle
ISugorSifter

Total

Piddle or
Old Silver
Pattern

8. d.

13 0 ,

13 0

4 0

4 0

10 0

£ s. d.

2 0 0

2 0 0

1 10 0

1 10 0

10 0

0 12 0

0 8 0

0 9 0

0 4 0

0 2 0

0 12
0 4

Tbreid Kings or

Pattern .S"""" """
rattern. i thread.

•. d.

£

2 4 0

2 4 0

1 12 0

1 12 0

12 0

0 12 0

0 8 0

0 10 0

0 4 0

0 2 0

0 3 0

1 10 0
0 6 6
0 10 0
0 4 6

13 0 6

£ 8. d.

2 10 0

2 10 0

1 16 0

1 16 0

16 0

0 13 6

0 2

0 4

1 10
0 6

0 17

Any article to be had singly at the same prices. An
Oak Chest to contain the above, and a relative number
of Knives, &c., £2 ISs.; Tea and Cofiee Sets, Dish
Covers and Comer Dishes, Cruet and Liqueur Frames,
&c., at proportionate prices. All kinds of Replating
done by the Patent process.

TjlENDERS, STOVES, FIRE-IRONS,
-'- and CHIMNEY PIECES. — Buyers of the above
are requested, before finally deciding, to visit WILLIAM
S. BURTON'S SHOW ROOMS. They contain such an
assortment of Fenders, Stoves, Ranges, Chimney Pieces,
rire-Irons, and General Ironmongery, as cannot be
approached elsewhere, either for vaiiety, novelty, beauty
of design, or e-xquisiteness of workmanship. Bright
Stoves, with Ormolu Ornaments, £3 8s. to £33 lOs. ;
Bronzed Fenders with Standards, 7s. to £5 12s. ; , Steel
Fenders, £3 3s. to £11 ; Ditto, with rich Ormolu Orna-
ments, from £3 3s. to £18; Chimney Pieces, from
£1 8s. to £100 ; Fli-e-Irons, from 3s. 3d. the set to £4 4s.
The Burton and all other Patent Stoves, with radiating
Hearth Plates.

nASELIERS in GLASS or METAL.— The

increased and increasing use of Gas in Private
Houses has induced WILLIAM S. BURTON to collect
from the various Manufacturers in Metal and Glass all
that is new and choice in Brackets, Pendants, and
Chandeliers, adapted to Offices, Passages, and Dwelling
Rooms, as well as to have some designed expressly for
him ; these are ON SHOW over his TWENTY LABGE
ROOMS, and present, for novelty, variety, and purity of
taste, an unequalled assortment. They are marked in
plain figures, at prices proportionate with those which
have tended to make his Establishment the largest and
most remarkable in the Kingdom, viz., from 12s. 6d.
(two-light) to £23.

T\ISH COVERS and HOT- WATER DISHES,

in every variety, and of the newest and most
recherche patterns, are on show at WILLIAM S.
BURTON'S. Block Tin, 19s. the Set of Six; Elegant
Modern Patterns, 35s. 6d. to 49s. 6d. the Set ; Britannia
Metal, with or without Silver-plated Handles, £3 2s. to
£6 Ss. the Set of Five ; Electro-plated, £9 to £26 the Set
of Four ; Block Tin Hot-Water Dishes, with Wells for
Gravy, 12s. to 30s. ; Britannia Metal, 22s. to 80s. ;
Electro-plated, on Nickel, full size, £9.

rriEA URNS, of London Make onlj'. — The
largest assortment of London-made TE.A URNS
in the world (including all the recent novelties, many of
wliich are registered), is on sale at WILLIAM S.
BURTON'S, from 30s. to £6.

"DEDDING MANUFACTURED on

the Premises, and guaranteed by WILLIAM S.
BURTON.

For Bedsteads, Wide.

Best Straw Paillasaas

Best French Alva Mattresses
Best Cotton Flock Mattresses
Coloured Wool Mattresses
Best Brown Wool Mattresses
Best Brown Do., extra thick .,
Good White Wool Mattresses

Extra .Super Do. Do

Good Horse Hair Do

Extra Super Do

German Spring Hair Stuffing

Extra Super Do

French Wool and Hair Mattresses for

use over spring

Extra Super Do. Do

Feather Bed-s, Poultry, in Good Tick
Do. Do, Grey Goose, in Bordered

Linen Ticks

Do. Do. Best White Do. in Best Linen

3 Feet
6 Inches.

i s. d.
0 13 8
0 13 6
0 18 0
116

4 Feet
6 Inches.

7
1 11

1 19

2 17

2 17

3 11
1 16

3 2

4 14

£ s.
0 16

0 17

1 2
1 6

1 12 6
1 17 6

0

3 13

2 18

3 18

3 1,5 0

4 9 0
2 7 0

4 2 0

6 8 0

6 Feet.

f s. d.

0 18 6

0 19 0
16 6

1 10 6

1 15 0

2 0 0

2 17 0
4 10

3 6 0

4 10 0
4 18 0
6 19 0

4 7 0

6 0 0

4 13 0

7 7 0

Feather Pillows, 3s. to 10s. 6d. ; Bolsters, from 6j. to
£1 9s. 6d.
Down Pillows, from 10s. 6d. to 17s. 6d.
Blankets, Counterpanes, and Sheets in every variety.

pATENT IRON BEDSTEADS,

Fitted with Dovetail Joints and Patent Sacking
on Castors, from Us. to £1 4s, Ornamental Iron and
Brass Bedsteads in great variety, from £1 4s. to £45 5s.

TjlURNITURE, in complete suites for
Bod-room of Mahogany, Birch, Fancy Woods,
Polished and Japanned Deal, always on show. These are
made by WILLIAM S, BURTON, at his Manufactory,
84, Newman Street, and every article is guaranteed,
China Toilet Ware in great variety, from 3s, 6d. the set
of five pieces.

pOMFORT and WARMTH in BED, —
^ The PATENT EIDER and ARCTIC DOWN
QUILTS, manufactured by WILLIAM S. BURTON,
combine lightness with warmth. They wash like ordinary
Coverlets and without unpicking, and used either to
supersede Blankets or as Ornamental Counterpanes.
Prices : Eider Down, from 16s, to £6 ; Ai-ctic, 7s, to 35s,

pUTLERY WARRANTED.— The most varied
^ assortment of TABLE CUTLERY in the Worid,
all wan-anted, is on sale at WILLIAM S, BURTON'S,
at prices that are remunerative only because of the
largeness of tile sales.

Ivory Handles,

Table

Knives

per

3i-inch ivory handles 13 0

sj'inch fine ivory balance handles . . , . 18

4-inch ivory balance handles 21

4.inch fine ivory liandles

4-inch finest African ivory handles . , . . 34

Ditto.with silver ferules 42

Ditto, carved handles, silver feniles . . 65 U

Nickel electro-silver handles | 25

Silver handles, of any pattern ,. . . ; 84 0

Bone and Horn Handles — Knives and
Forks per dozen.

White bone handles 13 G

Ditto, balance handles 23

Black horn rinuned shoulders . . , , 18 0

Ditto, very utroug riveted handles , , ' 12

Dessert

Knives

per

Dozen.

n.

rt.

10

6

14

9

16

0

l!l

0

27

II

;|5

II

46

II

19

0

61

0

11

n

17

0

1.'.

6

9

6

Carvers
per
Pair.

3 0

4 6
4 C
3 0

The largest stock in existence of Plated Dessert Knives
and Forks, and of the new Plated Fish-eating Knives
and Forks and Carvel's,

T AMPS of ALL SORTS and PATTERNS,—
-'-' WILLIAM S, BURTON invites inspection of
this season's SHOW of LAMPS, The collection of
French MODERATEUR LAMPS, carefully selected at
Paris, defies competition. The prices vary from 7s. to
£7 7s. Each Lamp is guaranteed perfect, but to ensure
their proper action WILLIAM S, BURTON supplies

Pure COLZA OIL at the wholesale price, 3s. 9d.
per gallon,

LAMPS of all other descriptions are on show in every
variety.

"DATHS and TOILET WARE,—
-^ WILLIAM S. BURTON has ONE LARGE SHOW
ROOM devoted exclusively to the DISPLAY of BATHS
and TOILET WARE. The stock of each is at once the
largest, newest, and most varied ever submitted to the
Public, and marked at prices proportionate with those
that have tended to make his Estabhshment the most
distinguished in this country, PORTABLE SHOWERS,
7s. 6d.; PILLAESHOWERS, £3to£5 12s.; NURSERY,
15s, to 32s.; SPONGING, 14s. to 32s.; HIP, 14s. to
31s. 6d. A large assortment of GAS FURNACE, HOT
and COLD PLUNGE, VAPOUR, and CAMP SHOWER
BATHS. TOILET WARE in great variety, from 15«. 6d.
to 4os. the set of three.

CLOCKS, CANDELABRA, BRONZES,
and LAMPS. — WILLIAM S. BURTON invites
inspection of his Stock of these, displayed in two large
Show Rooms. Each article is of guaranteed quality,
and some are objects of pure vertii, the productions of
the first Manufacturers of Paris, from whom WILLIAM
S. BURTON imports them direct.

CLOCKS, from 7*. 6d. to £45.
CANDELABRA, from 13s. 6d. to £16 10s. per pair.
BRONZES, from 18s. to £16 16s.
LAMPS, MODERATEUR, from 6s. to £9.
PURE COLZA OIL, 3s. 9d. per gaUon,

Editorial Comamnlcatlons should be addressed to " The Editor ; " Advertisements and Business Letters to " The Publisher." at the Offlce, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London. W.C.

Printed by James M*TTHiiva, at the Otflce of Messrs. BaiOButtT. Evans. & Co.. Lombard Street, Prrtclnot of Whltpfrlara, City of London, in the Co. of Middlesex, and Published by the said James MAXrnsws, ut the
Ofllce. No.ll.Wellhigtonatreet, Parlahof St. Paul's, Covent Garden, in the said County.-SAToaDAt, December 14, 1B67.

/

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 51.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.
SATURDAY, DECEMBER 21.

I Price Fivepenoe.

(Stamped Edition, Crf.

ARriculturo, ChamborH ot. . . ,

INI

1305 h

r-ii; b

1231 (
l;t07 e

I3(Wf
1305 «
1305*1
129S a
1302 b

\mi b

1305 b
l-iU7 e

12!)4a
1298 a

)EX.

1297 t

Hybridisation

12% n

liflbonreni, agricultural

— list of horticultural and
ngriculturul

Manclu'ittT exhibition

1293 r
1297 b

Mistlcto

1293 f

CBnnna with Dahllai

CiitUonxirkpt

Niimiandy . produce of

Orchids, cool

Pnradiso stock, French

1305 D
1297 (

1294 0

coiou» :.........'.'.'■.

— — awards.. 1294 «-
Pench trees, M. Oallien'B .. .
Pelnrgoniuras, Noaegay . . ,

Pelargonium freaks

Physalis Alkckengi v. gout

Pitca Apolliuis

Poultry

nabbits, Ostend

Cumpiua, trcci that uffcct
tlic

1293 c

Cow-mnitlnit

Dftlilliis witUCttiiiuis

Bftuheny. late Dr I2U3 6-

Educjition, aitricwlturol ....

1303 rt
12a8n

-12tH a
1301 b

.1302 0

ima

130* ft
1308 e
1301; o
1300 c
1295 a

1298 b
1297 e
1309 fl
1309 fl

Examinations, giirdenerB' .

Fiirnis.lettiny

Purm, Abcrdecnihlro

Hoot flbrils

Kosci. select

Hhorthorns

1295 b
1297 r
1302 6
130C 6

Societv. Botanical, of Edin
burgh

1304 a

Trees in Hyde Park

1297 6

1298 b

Vines old

1297 6

N©Tr 078.1)6

MADRESFIELD COURT BLACK MUSCAT GRAPE.
See large Advertisement in No. 44, November 2, 1867.
JoHM & CoABLxs LsE, Royal Vineyard Nursery, Hammersmith,
London. W.

Vines.

BS. "WILLIAMS has now on hand a very large and
• fine Stock of FRUITING and PLANTING CANES of all the
best varieties. An Inspection la invited.

Victoria and Paradise Nuraeriea, Cpi^r Holloway, London, N.

Vines.

J MEREDITH will have great pleasure in forwarding
• hli PRICED LIST of VINES on application. Ho has the
largest itock in England. An inspection is invited.

The Vineyard, Qarston, near Liverpool.

Vines.

HLANE AND SON solicit an inspection of their
• stock of VINES : 2000 Canes to choose from, strong and well
ripened. They have been awarded the First Prize for Vines In pota
at all the leading Exhibitions. CATALOGUES free on applioatlon.
The Nurseries, Great Berkhampstead, Herts.

VINES from EYES.— Capital strong Canes in pota for
forcing, leading varieties, at 5a. each.
ROSES in POTS for FORCING.— Strong plants, choice varletlea,
18a. to 30». per dozen.

FoTTKR A FsRRiuE, Tho Nurserles, Sutton, Surrey, S.

Fruiting Fines.

TO BE DISPOSED OF. about 60 Plants, principally
QUEENS; a few CAYENNES, JAMAICAS, and FRO-
VIDENCE, very clean, stout, good plants, several showing, and will
no doubt produce fine fr\ut. Apply to

Frakcis R. Kiwohorn, Sheen Nursery, Richmond, S.W,

Pteamidae apples iH^ nrTRs;
by the dozen or hundred.
Standard MEDLARS, THUJA AUREA. well-grown and handsome.
Address, Wu. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near
Uckfleld, Sussex.

MAGNIFICENT DWARF CUT-BACK PEACHES,
NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, by the dozen or hundred.
Extra strong 2, 3. and 4-yr. OLD ASPARAGUS PLANTS, by the

100, 1000, or 10,000.
Fine large BLACK ITALIAN POPLARS. 6 to 10 feet.

Wii, Wood 4 Son have to offer'a splendid stock of the above.
Address, WoodUnds Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld, Suflsex.

RICHARD SMITH'S FRUIT LIST contains a sketch
of the various forms of Trees, with directions for Cultivation,
Soil, Drainage, Manure, Pruning, Lifting, Cropping, Treatment
under Glass ; also their synonymea, quality, size, form, skin, colour,
flesh, flavour, use, growth, duration, season, price, &c. Free by
post for three stamps.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant. Worcester.

w

EBB'S PRIZE COB FILBEKTS, and other PKIZE
COB NOTSand FILBERTS. LIST of these varieties from
Mr. Wbdb, Calcot, Reading.

Orcharil-liouse Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS, APPLES, VINES, and FIGS.
RiOHARD Suits, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

CIDER APPLES and PERRY PEARS, all the best
varieties, with stout 4 to 6 feet stems and good heada. Price
per 100 or dozen on application.

Jahib Dickson & Sons, Newton Nurseries, Cheater.

TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND FRUIT TREES,
particularly well grown and perfectly clean. CATALOGUES
and price per dozen, 100, or 1000 upon application,
Jamks DicR.aow k Sows, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

The Forwarde&t Pea known Is!
UTTONS' RINGLEADER.

Price 2t. 8U. per quart.

rno THE TRADE.— A good Stock of DANIEL

1. O'ROOKE PEAS (second batch) to be had of

W«. CtAitit, Seedsman. 12, Blahopagate Street Without, E.G.

Choice and True Potatos for Planting.

BUTTONS' DESCRIPTIVE LIST of the BEST
SORTS la now ready, and may bo tiad gratis and post froo on
applioatlon.
Royal Berka Seed Establishment, Reading.

SEED POTATOS. — All the finest varieties at very
moderate pricos.
H. A F. SiiAnrg. Wisbech.

MILKY WHITE POTATO.— Well-known and
ncknowlodged to bo the best Potato ia cultivation, at
4.*. per pGck of 14 lb. ; or 168. per bushel of 60 lb. Guaranteed true
and free from dlaeaaa. Apply to
Gboroe WiNFiKLD. Gloucestorshlre Seed Warehouse, Glouoeator.

SANDRINGHAM WHITE CELERY.— The best of all
the white kinds; solid, cri8p,8nd Juicy; of excellent flavour and
medium growth, la. perpkt. Special terms to the Trade on applica-
tion. A TRADE LIST of Novelties can be bad.

pKTER Lawbon & Son, 29, King Street, Cbeapslae, London, E.G.,
and Edinburgh.

ASPARAGUS and SEAKALE, extra strong, for
forcing.
Jameb Dickbow & Sons, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

Turnip Seeds.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO., Seed Grcwehs,
Sleaford, will be glad to make special offers, on application, of
TURNIP SEEDS of their own growing.

S UTTONS' COLLECTIONS of GENUINE HOME-
GROWN SEEDS ARE NOW READY.
For prices, see page 1293.

EVERY GARDEN REQUISITE
kept in Stock at
Cabtkr's New Seed Warehouse, 237 * 238, Higli Holbom, London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.

SilD Faruers. Mbrohantb, and Ncrskbtukit,
237 * 238, High Holbom, London. W.C.

Eltclien Garden Seeds.

CHARLES SHAUPE and CO., Seed Merchants,
Sleaford, will be glad to send, on application, a Special
PRICKD LIST of KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS of their own
BRTing this Beasog.

Agricultural Seeds.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO., Seed Merchants,
sleaford, will be glad to send on application a Special PRICED
LIST of AGRICULTURAL SEEDS of their own saving this season

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

I AMES FAIRHEAD and SON, Seed Gkowees and
MiRoHAKTs, 7, Borough Market, and Braintree, Essex.

Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPE beg to announce to the Trade
. that their SPECIAL LIST ol HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
18€7 Growth, Is now read; and maj be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Cambs.

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, DOWLTNG,
AifD COMPANT, Limited,
Cork. Siid, Kandkk, amd Oiuiake Mebohants,
Address, 80, Seed Market, Mark Lane. E.C. ; or Basingstoke.
Samples and Prices post free on application. Prize Medals, 1861,
for Wheat ; 1862, for ''Excellent Seed Com and Seeds."

s

UTTONS' SHORT SELECT SEED LIST

IS NOW READY. Gratis on application.

s

UTTONS' AMATEUR'S GUIDE

IS NOW READY.
Price Is. ; ifratls to customers.

seeds Direct from the Growers

The Bbst Mkans or Preventiho Disappoimimsnt.

S UTTONS' PRICED CATALOGUE of GENUINE
HOME-GROWN SEEDS Is now ready, and may be had gratia
and post free on application.

SoTTON ft Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

Wholesale Catalogue.

GEORGE JACKMAN and SON'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of HARDY NURSERY
STOCK for 1807 and SPRING, 1868, can be had free on application.
Woking Nursery. Surrey.

Fruiting Trained Trees.

THOMAS JACKSON and SON, having a great extent
of high walls, have many large TRAINED TREES; and aa
they are making much alteration in their Nursery, they now ofler
them at greatly reduced prices. An Inspection is invit«l.
Kingston, S.W.

Forest Trees

PETER LAWSON and SON, Edinburgh and London,
have to intimate that their Stock of Seedling and Transplanted
LARCH, SCOTS FIR, AUSTRIAN PINE, CORSICAN PINE,
SPRUCE, ASH, BEECH, BIRCH, CHESTNUT, ELM. OAK, and
other TREES, Is most extensive, and of very superior quality.
CATALOGUES and special offers upon application.

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs.

PETER LAW SUN and SON, Edinburgh and London,
wUl be glad to forward their CATALOGUE for the present
Season free upon application.

Vines.

PETER LA"WSON and SON, Edinburgh and London,
have a large Stock of very superior FRU ITINQ and PLANTING
CANES of ail the leading sorts, at bn., 76. Qd., and 10«. 6d. each.

•' rriHE ROSES of MR. PAUL * • • are things to
JL see once and dream of for ever." — AthentBum.June, 1887.
Wm. Facl begs to announce that his CATALOGUE of ROSES is
now ready, and will be forwarded free on application.

EIGHTEEN PRIZES have been awarded to him for Roses this
year at the principal London Flower Shows.

Pa0l'b Niu^eries, Waltliam Cross, London, N,

CULTURAL DIRECTIONS for the ROSE.
Second Edition. By Jonn Crambtow, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

Standard Marechal Nlel Roses.

JOHN AND CHARLES LEE have a fine stock of
STANDARDS of tho above Bplendid YELLOW ROSE to offer
at 6s. each : strong budded Dwarfs, 2*. fld. each. Also fine Standard
TEA ROSES of all the best kinds at 2«. each.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith,
London, W.

J SCOTT has a beautiful lot of first-rate growing
• seed of GYNERIUM ARGENTEUM (Pampas Grass), saved
thlB antumn, price 1». per packet. A quantity of PRINCE of
WALES KIDNEY POTaTOS. price on application to

J. Scott, The Soed Storetr. Yeovil. Somerset.

MR. GEORGE WOODWARD, South Street,
Leomlniter, has a large quantity of APPLE HUSKS, from
the Cider MUl, full of good sound kernels, for £2 per ton, and will
send It Bway as manure. NEW CIDER, 6a. por gallon.

ASPARAGUS ROOTS, 6-rr. old, 3*. per 100. Terms cash.

Winter and Spring Flowering Bulbs and Plants.

BAliR AND SUGDEN'S FLORAL GUIDE iiiuy bo
had fr«u. It contiiliis iiini;li vuhmlilo luloriinitlon.
For particularH see lar^a Advortisomont, p.'iKO louf).

To the Trade.

CROCUS, SNOWDROPS, named nYACINTHS,"
Early TULIPS (Double and Single). SCILLA SIHIRICA. ic.
Uakr a Sdodkn. 12, King Street, Covont Garden, W.C.

C1AMELLIA8. — Cut Blooms for SALE, in any quantity,
> for cash on delivery, throughout tho season. Apply to
G. CiAiti, Clarence, Hoebanipton, S.W.

w

M. CUTBUSH AND SON beg to say that their

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE TlYAClNTIIa,
TULIPS, CROCUSES, Ac, Is now ready, and can be had post ft-ee
on application. Illghgate Nurseries, London. N.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocuses, &c.

S. WILLIA.MS has a fine Collection of tho above.

. PRICKI) CATALOGUE post free on application.
IIYACINTII.4 for GUft-sos or Pota, Ga., 83., and Irts. por doxon.
Victoria and Paradise Nursery, Upper Holloway, London, N.

B

LT. DAVIS offers DOUBLE WHITE and DOUHLE
. LILAC PRIMROSES, also HEPATICAS of Sort.1. Prices
00 application. Wanted to PiircliaKC, or in Exchange, DOUBLE
YELLOW PRIMROSE and SINGLE WHITE HEPATICA.
Ogle's GroTe Nursery, Hillsborough, Co. Down.

Notice.— Fruits, Flowers, Bults.

BiLroaz purcbabiro, please ssno por

DILLISTONE AND CO.'S LITTLE LISTS,
post free to all applicants.
Address, Dillistonk ft Co., Nurserymen, &c.. Stunner, near
Halstead. Essex.

WEBB'S NEW GIANT POLTANTHUP,
Florist Flower, and GIANT COWSLIP SEEDS; also Planta
of all the varieties, with double PRIMROSES ol different colours;
AURICULAS, both Single and Double, with every sort of ilarly
Spring Flowers. LIST on application. — Mr. Webb, Calcot, Reading.

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL
for ENGLISH GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS. PARIS,
1887, woa awarded to Sotton & Sonb, Seed Growers, Reading,

To the Trade.— Christmas Trees.

THOMAS S. WARE, Hale Farm Nursery, Tottenham,
has many Thousand SPRUCE for SALE. Samples and price
(which are very low) on application, or they can be seen on the ground.

BlE~SnDOFGLASil7airsi7e0^~qirantiTy,"Who

and Retail, by

D1CS.S0N & Tdrnuoll. Nurserymen, Perth.

OPRUCE FIRS, 2 to 3 feet, very fine and well rooted.
(O Special low prices upon application.

Jauis DioasoN ft Sons, Newton N urseries, Chester.

SPECIMEN IRISH YEWS.— Very handsome speci-
mens of the above, 7, 8. 9, and 10 feet high, from 65. to 21s. each,
T. Jackson ft Sou, Kingston, S.W.

F

To the Trade.
OR CASH, 200,000 SPANISH CHESTNUTS, 2 to

6 feet ; and 20O,C0O LAUREL (bushy plants), 2i to 3 feet.
For price apply to T. Thobhtoh, Frimley, Surrey.

PLANTING SEASON.— The Subscribers respectfully
intimate that their PRICED LIST of FOREST TREES, ftc.
Is now ready, and may be had on application.

vVa, URQunART ft Sons, Nurserymen, Dundee.

FOR HEDGES.— AMERICAN ARBOR- VITJE, 4 to
6 feet, at 50a. per 100 ; 5 to 6 feet, 84s. per 100 ; 6 to 7 feet,
100s. per 100.

Richard Suith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

WANTED, strong, clean grown, well rooted SCARLET
OAKS. State size and lowest price per 100, with quantity to
offer, to
Francis ft Arthdr Dicrsox & Sons, " Upton" Nurseries, Chester. ' '

THIRTY THOUSAND AMERICAN ARBOR-VIT^,
from 3 to 6 feet, very suitable for Hedges.
Wk. Wood ft Son, Woodlands Nm-sery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld,
Sussex,

ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND tine Transplanted
COMMON LAURELS, from li to 3 feet.
Wm. Wood ft Sow, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld,
Sussex.

To the Trade.— Special Offer.

SCOTCH, 10 to 15 inches, 12*.j)er 1000; 2-yr. 'Trans-
planted LARCH, 18 to 21 loohes, 5s. per 1000; 3-yr, ditto, 21 to
3| feet, 12s. per 1000. Stout plants. Samples on application to
James Marriott, The Nurseries, Matlock. Derbyshti-e.

FOR CASH, 150,000 well-rooted LARCH (unusually
cheap), twice transplanted. 3 to 4 Teet high. Prices and samples
sent to Trade and other addresses within 100 miles of Cardiff carriage
free. No reasonable offer will be refused for tha whole in Une Lot.
Apply to W. Tresedkr, Nurserymao, Cardiff.

Larch, &c.

LARCH, 2i to 4 feet, 15«. ; 3 to 4J feet, 17*. 6rf. ;
31 to 6 feet, 203. ; SCOTCH FIR, 1 to 2 feet, 15s. ; SPRUCE,
I to 1} foot. 10«. ; SILVER FIR, 6 to IJ Ins.. 53. : OAK, U to 2* feet^
16a. per loOO. LIST of other TREES on ^plication. Special
quotations for large quantities. Apply, with reference, to
Jahib Riddell. Staward, Park Attwood, Bewdley, WorcestarBblre.

New Double Crimson Thorn.

WM. PAUL has still a few good FLOWERING
PLANTS, established in Pots, of this flrst-class new Forcing
Plant, price 5s. each. Flrst-closs Certificates at International,
Royal Horticultural, and Royal Botanic Societies. It was also
forced and exhibited by him on several occasions last spring.
Padl's Nuraeriea, Waltham Cross. N.

ANTED, RHODODENDRON AUCKLANDII

. , (Slkkim species). Large Plant. Plant set for Flower to be
preferred.— Address, stating particulars and pricejto

A. H.. Oardenera' Chronicle Office, W.C.

W1

Hazel, Larch, Scotch, &c.

J SCOTT, Merriott Nurseries, Somerset, offers to
• Planters Five Acres of Transplanted HAZEL, from 3 to 4. and
4 to 6 ftTvery flne ; and large breadths of LARCH, SCOTCH, ASH,
OAK THORN ftc. Extensive Planters supplied at reduced prices.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, YEWS and BOX, large and finely grown,
to be SOLD, a Bargain. CATALOGUES on application.

1290

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[December 21, 1867.

SEEDLING FOREST TREES, &c.
ASH. 2-yr., 2s. ; BEECH, 3-yr., 3s. 6d. ; HOLLIES, 1-yr., 5s ;
OAK, 3-yr.. 7s. 6ei. ; QUICK, l-yr., Is. Gd. ; SILVER FIR, 6-yr.,
3».6d. ; SPRUCE, 5-yr., 3s. 6d. ; CRAB. 3-yr.. 6 : and SYCAMORE,
S-yr., 3s. fld. per 1000. Cheaper by the 100,000. Apply to

J, RiDDELL, Ptti'k Attwood, Bewdley, Wovcestersbire,

To Noblemen and Gentlemen about to Plant.

JOHN HARRISON begs to inform his Patrons that,
in conBequence of one of his Nurseries being required for Build
ing upon, he is SELLING OFF that portion at very reduced prices,
incluaiufi; a large quantity olvery splendid specimens of CONIFER^,
EVERGREEN SHRUBS, and FRUIT TREES, many hundreds of
Cedrus Deodara, C ft. to 12 ft. high, and nearly as much in diameter ;
"Wellingtonia gigantea, 4 feet to 7 feet high; Abies Douglasii,
Cryptomeria japonica, Araucaria imbricata, Thuja aurea, T. Law-
soniana, T. Lobbii, and T. gigantea; Thujopsis borealis, Pinus
excelsiB, Pinus nobilia, &c. Many hundreds of the above, iu splendid
specimens and frequently removed, must shortly be cleared off the
Ground; besides several thousands of fine Portugal Laurels, Yews,
Canadian Pines, Aucubaa, Junipers, Cedars, and Hollies of various
sorts. Also a very large Stock of Standard, Dwarf and Pyramidal
Apple, Pear, Plum, and Cherry Trees. Also Standard and Dwarf
Roses of the best varieties for the climate.

Address, North of England Rose Nursery, Darlington.

Large Evergreens, Specimen Conifers, &c.

WATKRER AND GODFREY heg to submit the
following List to the notice of intending planters : —
YEWS, ENGLISH, 5, 0, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 15 feet high
„ IRISH, 6, 7, 8, and 10 feet high
„ GOLDEN, 6, 6, to 9 feet
„ STANDARD GOLDEN, 20 years worked

„ ELEGANTISSIMA, 10 and 16 years old
„ „ DOVASTON or WEEPING, fine heads, 10 and ISyears old
We have altogether thousands of these difi'erent Yews of the
large sizes. Every plant has been recently removed.
HOLLIES, COMMON GREEN, 0, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 15 feet high, and
as much in circumference — hundreds
„ LAURIFOLLA and SCOTTICA, G, 7, 8, and 10 feet, and wide

in proportion
„ WATERER'S, the hardiest of all variegated Hollies, 4 and 5 feet

by 10 and 12 feet in circumference
„ THE QUEEN, or best gold striped, the handsomest of all
variegated Hollies

We have hundreds of these beautiful plants, 4, 5, and 7 feet
high and wide
„ STANDARD, WATERER'S, and GOLDEN, with fine beads,

15 and 20 years worked
S^ We have some thousands of the ordinary kmds of Variegated
Hollies, 4, 5, 6, and 7 feet high. Every plant has been removed
withlw 12 months.

CEDRUS DEODARA, some thousands, 6, 7, 8, and 10 feet high
„ ATLANTICA, and Cedars of Lebanon, moved in April,

4, 5, G, and 8 feet
,, RED VIRGINIANS, 5,6, and 7 feet
CHINESE JUNIPER, one of the handsomest and hardiest of all
evergreens — thousands of beautiful plants, 4, 6, 6, 7, and
8 feet high ; some magnificent plants, 10, 12, and 15 feet high,
12 to 20 feet in circumference
THUJA AUREA, 3, 4, and 5 feet high, 7 to 20 feet in circumference
„ GIGANTEA, 10, 12, and 15 feet high, very handsome
„ LOBBII, splendid plants, 7, S. to 10 feet high, and 12 and 15 feet
round— hundreds
CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA, the finest stock— many thousands,

6, 7, 8, 10, to 15 feet high, and as much in circumference
THUJOPSIS BOREALIS, 4, 6, 8, and 10 feet high, 7 to 12 feet in

circumference — hundreds
PORTUGAL LAUREL, 4 and 6 foet high, 7 and 8 feet round
BOX, Green and Variegated, 4, 5, G, 7, and 8 feet — thousands
PICEA NOBILISjSpleudid plants, moved in spring, 4, 6, 6, and 8 feet
„ NORDMANNIANA, 4, 5, C, 8, 10, and 15 feet hiKh [high

None of our Nobilis or Nordmannianas are grafted plants,
„ MAQNlFiCA or NOBILIS ROBUSTA, the finest stock in the

trade, all seedlings, 2 to 4 feet high
,, LASIOCARPA, hundreds of plants, 4, 5, C. and 7 feet high, all
ABIES DOUGLASSII, 5, 6, 7. and 8 feet [seedlings

„ ORIENTALIS, 4, 6, (i, 7, to 10 and 12 feet ; 7 to 20 feet in cir-
cumference ; most beautiful plants
PINUS CEMBRA, i5, 7, to 0 feet
„ PINSAPO, 3, 4, 5. and G feet

„ „ Some very fine plants, 10 to 20 feet high, 15 and 26 feet
in circumference
WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA, a large number, all removed

recently, 4, 5. 6, & 10 ft. high, & 12 and 15 ft. in circumference
RHODODENDR,ONS. — We have 40 acres of land in one piece filled
almost exclusively vrith Rhododendrons. A more healthy
and beautiful stock cannot be desired
STANDARD RHODODENDRONS.— Some of the finest plants to
be found in any nursery, many are 20 to 40 years old
e^ The large Standard and other Rhododendrons planted last
spring in Rotten Row, Hyde Park, were supplied by Waterer
& Godfrey.

We do not quote prices, we presume purchasers of such largo
plants will adopt the much wiser, and always more satisfactory
course, of seeing and judging for themselves.

We solicit an inspection and invite comparison with any other
similar nursery stock in the kingdom.

The Knap Hill Nm-sery is upwards of 150 acres in extent, and con-
tains an enormous and very superior stock of the ordinary sized
EVERGREENS. DECIDUOUS OKNAMliNTAL TREES, &c.

A PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATAIjOGUE will be forwarded
tree on application to

Waterer & Godfrey Knap Hill Nursery, Woking, Surrey.
The Nursery is readily reached by Train, 40 minutes from Waterloo
to Woking. Conveyances are always to be had at the Station.

DUNCAN'S WIND-RESISTER "WHITE WHEAT.—
This variety, introduced last year, has in general given great
satisfaction both as an Autumn and Spriiig variety. Notwith-
standing the very unfavourable Wheat season of 1S07, it continues to
exhibit its distinguishing feature of non-liability lo shed iu high
winds. The sample is unusually good, weighing almost 641b. per
bushel. Price 85s. per quarter. Testimonials post ftee on appli-
cation to James Dumcan, Panlathie Mill, Forfarshire.

LEE'S GIANT ORACH (SPINACH).-Tliis new and
valuable variety of Oraoh possesses Immense productive
powers, combined -with a delicious piquant flavour, quite distinct
from all other varieties, rendering it a great acquisition as a Summer
Spinach of the highest class.

The plant is of rapid and vigorous growth, and attains a height of
6 or 7 feet, with numerous branches ; yielding a constant supply of
large dark green leaves throughout the summer mouths.

The Fmit Committee of the Royal Horticultm-ai Society awarded
a First-class Certificate to Lee'b Giant Orach, after partaking of a dish
of this most useful vegetable, cooked especially for their judgment.

John & Charles Lke have much pleasure in introducing thlfl
productive vegetable, which they intend to send out in January nest.
Sealed packets. Is, each. Price to the Trade on application.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammersmith, W.

Seeds for Exportation.

SUTTON AND 80iSS h;ive now meived their supplies
of GENUINE and SUPERIOR GRASS, FARM, VEGE-
TABLE, and FLOWER SEEDS, which are in excellent dry
condition for Export. CATALOGUES (with samples and special
quotations if desired), may be had on application.

July Qf/rom A. N. Ella, Esq., Qu^enstown, Cape of Good Hope.

"I may mention that the case rofened to was in splendid order
looking as fresh after three months' sea and sis weeks' land carriage
aa if ooly yesterday pacKed,"

From Hdqh Bousay, Esq., Sha)iyliac, CJivtta, May 6, 1806.

" The bos of seeds and roots has arrived, and nothing has given
ma greater pleasure for a long time than the excellence of these seeds."
From Mr. Z. W. Wells, Ntw Plymouth, New Zealand, May 7, 1S66.

"The Grass and other seeds sent by the Shelbumo to me, have
come safe to hand, I have tried samples of the Grass seeds, and am
happy to inform you that they have come up quite to my satisfaction."
li^om Mr. Jas. Dale, Orange, Nexo South Wales, September 20, 1366.

"1 have the pleasure to inform you that your seeds have given
great satisfaction, and I now send you a larger order."

All Seeds properly packed and delivered free to ship's aide. Special
Quotations given for large quantities. A liberal allowance made to
Shippers. Sdtton & Sons, Seed Growers, Reading.

M'

JEAKALE for FORCING.— Strong 2-yr. planted

J roots, 12s. per 100 ; Second Size, 8s. per 100.

Mr. Myatt, Manor Farm, Deptford.

ILKY WHITE (Wheeler's), the best second

EARLY KIDNEY POTATO, 5s. per peck.
Mr. Myatt, Manor Farm, Deptford.

MOls'A'S PRIDE (EouTLEDaE),llie best of all the
EARLY ASH-LEAJi" Section, 23. 6d. per peck.
Mr. Myatt, Manor Farm, Deptford.

MYATT'S PROLIFIC KIDNEY POTATO,
25, Gd. per peck.
Mr. Myatt, Manor Farm, Deptford.
N.B. All orders from unknown correspondents must be acconi-
paniod by cash or reference. — Manor Farm, Deptford.

Seed Potatos.

HAND F. SHAKPE arc now offering MYATT'S
o EARLY PROLIFIC KIDNEY. RIVERS' ROTAL ASH-
LEAF, "WEBB'S IMPERIAL KIDNEY", DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
EARLY OXFORD, EARLY FORTY-FOLD, and many other Early
and Late varieties grown from their own selected stocks. The
Prices are moderate, and the quality escellent. PRICED LISTS
may be had on application.
^ Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

Splendid New Potato for 1868.

SUTTONS' BERKSHIRE KIDNEY.— This was raised
and selected from among forty seedlings of the P'luke. Having
ourselves planted it with different varieties of that class, we have
proved it to be by far the best of them all, and fully a fortnight
earlier. The tubers are all of pood size, very numerous, of fine form,
and remarkably clear skin. It is most valuable for the main garden
crop, and will become a favourite with market gardeners. It has
been remarkably free from disease, while other varieties growing
close by were almost destroyed. The stocl: of this Potato is
esclusively in our possession, and being limited, early orders are
recommended to prevent disappointment. Price 5s. per peck.
Sdtton & Sons, Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Reading.

M

ILKY WHITE, a NEAV POTATO, inti'oduced by

Mksshs. WHEELER and SON, of Gloucester.

M-

ILKY WHITE is the best of all Potatos.

MILKY WHITE is acknowled<?ed to be the best of ail
Potatos. In shape and colour, flavour and appearance, it
excels every other variety. It is as wiiite as milk, floury as a Fluke,
ripens in August, and continues In splendid condition for Cooking
all through the Autumn, Winter, and Spring.

M

ILKY WHITE POTATO— white as milk.

lyriLKY WHITE is of the finest quality.

MILKY WHITE SEED POTATOS are very scarce,
and early orders aro absolutely necessarv in order to secure a
supply. Lowest price, 6,s. per pock ; 20s. per bushel (6Glb.)

MILKY "WHITE.— Last year the demand for this new
and most excellent variety greatly exceeded the supply, so
that very early in the planting season Messrs. Wiiekler & Son were
obliged, much to their regret, to decline orders. They have every
reason to believe that the demand this coming season will exceed
that of last year ; they therefore respectfully urge tho Importance of
ordering whilst they are to be had. The lowest price ' "
(141b.), or 20s. per bushel (50 lb.

ey are to be had. The lowest price Is Bs. per peck
. bushel (50 lb.)
J. C. Wheeler & Son, Soed Growers, Gloucester.

Edwards' Eclipse Cucumber.

GEORGE Edwards can offer a small stock of Seed
of the above CUCUMBER, which is pronounced by all who
have seen it to be the best in cultivation. It is a most prolific
bearer, possessing every quality ot a flrat-rate Cucumber, and pro-
duces fruit 20 to 24 inches in length at every joint. Orders have
been given by all who have seen it growing this season. Can bs had
in Packets of 8 Seeds, at 2s. Gd. each, at

GEonoE EnwARDs, King Street, Castlegate, York,
London Agents :— Hcjrst & Son, 0, Leadenhall Street, E.C.

Buttons' Prize Cucumber Seeds.

SUTTON AND SONS can supply SEED of the best
kinds of CUCUMBERS.lncluding Mr. Hamilton's new varieties,
SuTToNs' IJerkshire Challenge, Sditoss' Berkshire Champion, and
many olhere.

For List and Prices of which see Messrs. SUTTONS' CATALOGUE
for 18C8, which will be forwarded gratis and post free on application.
Sdtton & Sons, Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

EDWARD TAYLOR, Seedsman, Malton, Yorkshire,
offers the folloising CUCUMBERS, all carefully saved and
true to name, free by post, at tho prices attached : —

BURNETT'S PERFECTION, true.— This is the most popular
sort grown in this part of Yorkshire, being almost e.\clusively sought
after for exhibition purposes. It grows fi-om 24 to 30 inches long,
and very short iu the neck. Owing to being a very shy seeder, the
supply is very limited. 2s. Gd. per packet.

CRASHAY'S PRIZETAKEK. Is. Od. per packet,

ROBIN HOOD. Is. Gd. per packet.

PEARSON'S LONG GUN, MASTERS" PROLIFIC, WILSON'S
PKOLIFIC, GOULD'S PROLIFIC. CARTERS CHAMPION,
SIGN HOUSE IMPROVED, CUTHILL'S BLACK SPINE,
REYNOLDS' PERPETUAL BEARER, and other good sorts.
Is. per packet. The usual allowance to the Trade.

HENRY DEWAR begs to offer the undermentioned
SEEDS, which he can with confidence recommend .is being
First-class (m sealed packets only): —
DEWAR'S IMPROVED SHORT-TOP RED BEETS, Is. per packet.
NORTHUMBERLAND CH.(UIPION WHITE CELERY, I«. p. pkt.
Extra choice (selected) BRUSSELS SPROUTS. Gd. per packet.
CUOEE'S improved superb EARLY DWARF CABBAGE, Od.p.pkt.
HALL'S NEW HYBRID NETTED GREEN-FLESH MELON.—
A hardy free-bearing variety, fruit averaging from 3 to 6 lb. ; thin
skinned, very fleshy, and of most exquisite flavour ; Is. Gd. p. pkt.
Prices to the Trade on apphcation.
97, Grey Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne,

REIGATE SILVER SAND, best quality, 12s. per ton,
at Swan Place ; delivered four miles, or to anyLondon Wharf or
Railway, IGs. per ton, or Is. Gd. per bushel. (Sacks at cost price, or
on hire.) KENTISH and HAMPSHIRE PEATS, YELLOW LOAM,
LEAF MOULD. SPHAGNUM MOSS. & COCOA FIBRE REFUSE.
J. Kennaed, Swan Place, Old Kent Road, London, S.E.

pOCOA-NUT REFUSE

^— ^ 1b becoming bcaroe, the
old reserves will aoon be gone.
Now sold in bags, 1 for 2s., 10 for
168., 20 for 30s., 50 for 668., 100
for £6.
(j» Fourpence allowed tor each
f^^ bag returned carriage-paid.

A Railway Truck-load (not in
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Post-office
Order, payable to J. Babsbau &
Co., Kingston-on-TliamM, S.W.

L AWES' "WHEAT MANURE for AUTUMN
SOWING.— A supply of the above Manure is now ready for
delivery, at J. B. Lawes' Factories, Deptford and Bavking Creeks.
Price £8 per ton. Two to three cwt. per acre to be harrowed into
the land before the seed is sovm. lb can be obtained of Mr. Lawes,
or through any of his appointed Agents ; also
LAWES' PATENT TURNIP MANURE . . £6 G 0 per ton.
SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME .. .. £5 5 0 per ton.
Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO direct from the Importers, and

all Chemical Manures of value.
AMERICAN and other CAKES at market prices.
Address John Bennet Lawes, Offices, 1, Adelaide Place, London
Bridge, EC. ; 22, Eden Quaj-, Dublin ; & Market Square, Shrewsbury.

Look to your Grass Lands, &c.

EsTABLtSHEn 1820,

MESSRS. JARED T. HUNT and SONS beg to
Infonn their numerous Agricultural Friends and Customers,
that they have now on hand, in the finest condition, their usual
Autumn Stock of

AMMONIACAL CORN MANURE,

which has, for several years, given such general satisfaction.

They have also alw.ays on hand, ready for immediate delivery,
the largest stock of CRUSHED BONES of any firm m the United
Kingdom.viz.:— In Hnch BONES; i-inch BONES ; PULVERIZED
BONES for Grass Lands ; prepared RONES for Grape Vines and
Hops; also BLOOD MANURE, SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME,
PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA, direct from the
Docks.

Prices and other particulars of the above, at their Works, Lambeth
Wharf, London, S. ; Bow Bridge Works, Stratford, B. ; and Down-
ham Market, Norfolk.

N.B.— Responsible Persons as AGENTS WANTED in districts not
yet represented.

HE LONDON MANURE COMPANY

(EsTABLISHEn 1840)

Have now ready for delivery in dry fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUANO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Genmne PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY
SALT, &c. E. Pdesbb, Secretary.

Offices, 116, Fenchuroh Street, E.C.

To Agriculturists, Market Gardeners, Contractors,

and Others.
rnHE PROPRIETORS of some Land in Berraondsey,

JL a portion of which was for manv years occupied as Tan Yards,
are desirous of obtaining TENDERS for the DIbPOSAL and
REMOVAL of a large amount of TAN. The Tan is thoroughly
decomposed, and it is thought would form a valuable Dressing for
Land, For particulars apply to

Mr. Stretch, 7, Storey's Gate, St. James's Park, S.W.

Beautiful Flowers, Beautiful Flowers.

COCOA NUT FIBRE REFUSE for SALE, 5s. per
Waggon, and 2s. per Cartload.— This useful material — the
superiority of which over Manufactured Manures for strengthening
the Growth and Improving the Blossom of Flowers, is now fully esta-
blished by testimonials from Floriculturists and Gardenei's fi-om all
parts of the United Kingdom— is highly recommended for Potting
and Striking all Soft-wooded Plants, as it prevents the cuttings from
fiiEging or damping off; and may be had in quantities of not less-
than two sacks, delivered ft-oo to any of tho London booking offices,
at 2s. Gd. per saok, each containing C bushels, sack Included, on
recept of post order or postage stamps, addressed

A. Smith, Patent Cocoa Fihre Works, Marsh Gate Lane, Stratford,
London, E.

TOBACCO TISSUE for Fumigating Greenhouses.
Will Destroy Tbrip, Red Spider, Green and Black Fly, and
Mealy Bug ; and bums without the assistance of blowing, and is
entirely free from paper or rag. Price 3s. Gd. per lb., carriage free.
A reduction in price for large quantities.

To be had of Messrs. Roberts & Sons, Tobacco Manufacturers,
112, St. John Street, Clerkenwell, E.G., of whom copies of Testi-
monials may bo obtained ; and of all Seedsmen and Nurserymen.

WINTER-DRESS ALL FRUIT TREES with
GISHURST COMPOUND.
Copy of a Letter from Mr. Riters, Nurseries, Sawhrid^eworth, Herts,
22d October, 1861.

" I must tell you what I heard to-day from a very clever gentleman
farmer, Anthony Bubb. Esq.. of Wituombe Court, Gloucester. Ha
has a wall to which Peach Trees aro trained. Well, last autumn
they wore in a wretched blighted state. As a desperate remady he
unnalled them all, early last February, and gave all but one a
thorough painting with Gishurst Compound, lib. to tho gallon of
water; his trees, all but the one, commenced to grow favourably in
spring, and are now pictures of health. The tree not painted is in a
haif-dead blighted slate. He used the s:ime dressing to his Apple
Trees ; it killed the woolly Aphis entirely, and has made his trees
clean and vigorous in their growth. Ho intends to p^lnt his Wall
Trees annually, and tells all his friends to do the same. I shall
certainly serve all my young Peach Trees against my walls in the
same manner. The Compound is, I believe, more efBcaclous than
the usual offensive mixtures of clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and it does
not blacken the shoots on the walls."

For Orchard-house Trees, 4 ozs. to the gallon will be fbund a good
strength ; when used stronger some buds on weakly trees may be
iEjured.

GISHURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nurserymen and
Seedsmen, in boxes. Is., 33., and 10s. Gd. each.

Wholesale bv Price's Patent Candle Compant, Liuitkd,
Belmont, Vauxhall, London, S.

Gishurst Compoimd bas more recent testimonials to its efficacy.
but none more conclusive than the above, whioh has been published
betore.

GARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in ^reat
variety of patterns and materials, the plainer sorts being
especially suited for KITCHEN GARDENS, as
they harbom- no Slugs and Insects, take up little
room, and once put dovm incur no further labour
and expense, as do "grown" Edgings, con-
sequently being much cheaper,

GARDEN VASES, FOUNTAINS, &c., In Arti*
flcial Stone, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F, & G. Roanrn, Manufacturei-s, Upper Gi'Ound
Street, BlaoklViars, S, ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea. S.W. ; Kingsland Road, Kingsland, N.E.

Sole London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List free by post. The Trade supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatoriea,
Halls. Corridors, Balconies, &c., as cheap and durable as
Stone, in blue, red, and buff colours, and capable of forming a variety

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above.

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walla of Dairies, Larders,
Kitchen Ranges, Baths, &a Grooved and other Stable Paving
Bricks of great dxirabihty, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall
Copings, Red and Stoneware Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, &c
To be obtained of F. & G. Roshkh, at their premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, beet quality), at the above
addresses— 145. per Ton, or Is, 3d. per Bushel ; 25. per Ton extra
tor delivery within three miles, and to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or GrottO
Work. F. St G. Rosber. — Addresses see above.

N.B. Orders promptly executed by Railway.

December 21, 1867.]

THE rTAT^T>F.NET?S' CnT^ONICLE ANT) AGRTOni.TIIRAl. GAZETTE.

1291

Importani; to Gardeners.

PARIS UNrVEBSAL EXHIBITION PRIZE MEDAL of 180T

IS AWARDED TO

SATNOR AND COOKE only, for excellenco of nuiility
In Mntorlnl and Worknwnshl'p In PRDNINO nnd BUDDINO
KNIVES, VINE niifl PKUNINO SCISSORS, »c. — tlio lilRli

distinction thus awarded showlnff tlielr RUperiority "Vav all other

compotitorfi, ImvlnR also proviousty carriod the PRIZE MEDALS

of tho OREAT EXHIIilTIONS of 1861, 1865, and IKOi.

Can bo bought of all Nureerymon and Seedauien In tlia world.

Paxton Works, Shomold.

Established V.ii) years. Corporate Mark, " ohtain."

None aro goiiuino unlass marked Saynok. also oitTAir* wAnaAWTsn,

Horticultural Olass^arehouBe.

THOMAS MILLINGTON and CO.,
87, BlshopsKaco Street Without, London, E.G.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS aa supplied to Her
Majesty, tho Nobility, Gentry, Mr. Rivera, and the leading Ilortl-
culturlsts of tho UnRed Klngclom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

In. In.

20 by 12,

20 by 13 f fl5 oz.

10 by 14 yper 100 feet.{

SO by 16 1 lal oz.

20 by 16'

4th9.

Srds. I 2ods.
16s OiJ ISs id
22s2<l 2&sGd

Best.

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 feet.

In.

10 by 8
101 by 8)

11 by»
Hi by 0)

9 by 7')
91 by 71 ;
er 100 feet.
[Hi by lOU
16 by 10 {_
I 13 by 11 f
14 by 11 )

4tbs. I 3ds. I 2nd3. ' Cost.
12.< 3ci 13s 3(i 108 Od 18s Od

In.iln. In.lln. In.lln. In,
by 4 7 by 6 8 by 0 9 by
0lby4|| 7(by 6)1 8i by C( - ■

Per 100 feet

12 by 9 12tbyl01llJibylOi
121 by D| 13 by 10 '■■ '- "

13 by II 13J by 10)
12 by 10 14 by 10
LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., por 100 feet.

13s 3d

UsGd

in.

16) by 10) 14 by 12
10 by 10 14) by 12)

14) bv 11) 16 by 12
16 by 11 16) by 12)

15) by 11) 111 by 12
16 by U 10) by 12)
21 by 11 17 by 12
13 bv 13 [18 by V:

22 by 12

17 bv 13

23 by 13

18 by H
22 by 14

24 by 14
22 by 15
24 by 15

4ths.

14s Sd

3ds.

l6sM

2uds.

18s 6<i

Best

in.
22 by 10
24 bv 16'
20 by 17
22 by 17
24 by 17
20 by 18
22 by 18
24 by 18 ,
The above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.
SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, avoraging from 6 to 9 feet super.

16 oz.
4th8 quality, per 300 feet case, 3Ss.
3d3 „ „ 48J.

2ds „ „ 62s.

Best „ „ 92s.

SHEET GLASS
210Z.. 20 oz., 32 oz..

21 oz.

4th3 quality, per 200 feet cose, 3Ss.

3d3 „ „ 48s.

2ds „ „ 66s.

Best „ „ 9Cs.

made only in the following substances, 16 oz.,
oz., and 42 oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE In
l-8th in., 3.16th In., l-4th in., and 3-8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATIi: GLA.SS for Windows .and Silvered for Looking
Glasses Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &c., &c.
PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, Sc.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per cwt. This Paint adheres firmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is free from the glossy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 36s. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight and a half of White Lead and six giillons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 34s. per cwt.
Anti-coiTosion Paint is extensively used for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, 00 Bi.ick, Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron Bndgea.
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &c., and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto 4s. per gallon.

Per cwt.-
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32 0
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30 0
GROUND PATENT DRT-
ERS, 3(/. to4)rf, oer lb.
„ OXEORD OCHRE, Sii.
to 4)d. per lb.
RAW UMBER. Hd. to
ed. per lb. [per lb.
„ BURNT do., Cd. to 9ii.
GREEN PAINT, all shades,

28s. to GO 0
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 38 0
RED PAINT . . 28s. to 30 0

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon.— 3. d.
LINSEED OIL .. ..3 4
BOILED OIL .. ..3 9

TURPENTINE .. ..3 0
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

8s. to 9s- per cwt.
rineOAKVARNlSH,10s.tol2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. 10s. to 12 0

„ COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE ..10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0
GLAZIER'S DIAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken In
exchange.

The above are Net, for Cash, and ae such cannot be booked.
Lists ofanyofthe above 00 application.

Glass for Garden Purposes.
AMES PHILLIPS and CO.

beg to submit their REDUCED PRICES as follows:—

PEOPAQATLNO

12 Inches In diameter

10

11

0 3t

0 4)

0 6)

0 6)

0 8

0 10

1 0
1 2
1 4
1 6

EAOh.-

12 Inches in diameter , .
13

20

T 0

HYACINTH and FLOWER DISHES.

6 inches diameter . . .. Is. Od. 1 9 inches diameter . . ., 10

12 inches diameter . . . . 2s. 6d.

Hyacinth Dishes are intended to contain a number of Roots

Bedded in and covered with Moss, instead of the common Hyacmth

Glass.

LACTOMETERS, for Testing the Quality of Milk.

Four Tubes . . . . 4s. 6d. I Sis Tubes . . . . 6s. 6d.

With Stands complete.

WITH
OPEN TOPS.

Each— s, d.

ISInnhas G 6 I 13 inches 9 0

"""""' , « 20 10 6

" i> "6 22 11 6

10 „ 8 6 1 24 „ 12 6

Painted and Glazed with 16-oz. Sheet Glass.

London Agents for HARTLEY'S IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes,
BRITISH PLATE, PATENT PLATE. ROLLED PLATE CROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at the lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
Jahks Phillips ft Co. , 180, Bishopsgate Street Without, E.G.

HOT-WATER APPARAT0S, of every description,
(Ixod criTiiplote in any jmrt of tho country, or tho materials,
viz.. Boilers, Pipes, Ac. doltvoiod to any Station.
EstlinatuH on iiiipllcatioii.
J. Joi«KB & Sons, (1, lijuiksidc, Soiitliw.ti 1.. London. HJ^

Cbeap Greenhouse stoves.

DEANE ANii 00. 'S Patent VENTILATING nmi
SUSI'].:NS10N S'l'oVKS are sliiuilo, cheap, and olllclciit ; have
boon largely ndoptod and approved; will burn many hours without
iittoiiti'in. and at a small cost for iiiol. Prices of Susiionslou Stoves,
20,s,, :iOs., .'I8s., and upwards. Ventilating Stoves, 60s., 60fl., 70s., 00s.
IIOT.WATER APPARATUS for Cunsorvatories, Greenhouses,
Ilothoiiaos, Forcing Pits, &c., erected and fitted up oomploto.
Dkank & Co., 46, King William Street. London Bridge, E.C.
Established a. p. 1700.

OUANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS lor

\^ HORTICULTURE.

" Dry Glazing without Potty."

" Glass ivithout Laps."

"Ventilation without Moving Lights."

Highly Commended by tho Royal Horticultural Sooloty, South

Keii.slngton.

Plans and Estimates free on application. Descriptive Book folly
Illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
Jaues Cranston, Architect, Birmingham.

Works ; Hlghgate Street, BuTnlngham.
Henry J. Growtaoe, Manager, 1. Temple Row West, Birmingham.

Hot-Water Apparatus.

oduiirtoc'iiciiQIf

r,iew«,aiinc,t JEE 10 TCCII TEE 12 TEE 13 . ■teuoucTEC

-^.m v^v^ vm.

Heating Apparatus.
T RTKIlEDITir rontinut-s tn Hiijiplv nml fix HOT-
O • WATKR Al'PAItATn^ in VINKIU KS, niiil ovory doMTlptloa
Of HoTIioUSKS. IUJII,I)INGS, &c.

'I'lio ViiiwyHirl, UiirHtoti, iioar Liverpool. _^_^

OULK'S WAKMlNtJ AITAKATUS.— Tho best and

iiioHt ocoiionilcnl »yHtoin ol WarminR ChurohoH, Sohoola, Hot*
hniiHOH. and nil larKc BuUiIIdkb. Apply to

J. W. OiitiiLKHTONK, C.E., 31, Duko Stroot, WoNtmtnBtur, 8.\V.

JAMKS WATTS and CO., HoTHoimn Buildkiih and
IIoT-wATKH Ai'i'AitATUN M AKurAfJTUKKit.s, IIRS, OM Kout ilorul, S.K.
TWO nUNDRKD CnuUMHKR nml MKLON HOXKH nod
LKUITS, inulfroin -IdO to WH) LKiMTH Inr IMT.S ol all KIZKS kept In
STOCK, (iliixod (111(1 I'lilntud coniplotu, rondy for innnodlfito iwo,
I'lickfil luid mtnt to nil piirtHof tho klnKdoin. 1'uIjIIc mid I'rivftto
Uu!ldlnK«, WurohouNOfi, &c., liontod on tho most approved Holoottflo
snd economical prlnolplcH. Koloronced to tho Nobility, Gentry and
Trado in most of tho CountloB In Bnglnnd. ^

" Heating lijTHot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Ikon Mehohant,
• 81. ItnnicBidc, London. K.R.
HOT WATER ril'KS. fr-.m StocK, por yard :— 2-lncb. U \\d
3-llich, U. yd. J and4-lncli, 2a. M. HKNIjS, tVoin Stock, in. (l(l.,'J«. (id.,
and 3*. each. TIIROTTLK VALVES,lii« . l3H.,iind Us. eacli. Other
Connexions at oqiinlly low pricoH, and all Hoods of (lr«t-olaH<i manii-
fdcturo. KfltlmatuH givuii, uud ordure by \>uhI ptiDCtually attuudod to
tho same day.

Heating by HoVWater.

HOT-WATER PIPES, at Wholesale Prices, with
KlhowH, Hynhonn, Teo-Plpeti, and even? other coimectloD ;
Winiicht. and CnHt-Iron Rollora. Haddle, Conical, Cylinder, TonoLAn,
riiKl Klliptlc, from 'J4«. each. Improved Boilers and Iron Htands to
ii-:n wlthniit brickwork, Oit.f. e:ich. Valves Irom lOx. Qd. each. I'atent
\";ilv«8, Improved Furnace Doors, Furnace BarM, Supply ClhtomB,
siTid (JnHtings of every dcycriptlon in stock, at

Jlr. LvKiiii Wuitk'b Iron wharf, Upper Ground Street, Blackftiars
Bridge. London, S. Prko List on application. . .

(^ O T T "a""M a~n"d com pant,
y^ CoNssnvATOKY and IlOTitousi; BoiLneas, Ac

Iron Works. 2, Wlnsley Street, Oxford Street, London, W.
SADDLE BOILERS.
20 24 30 Inches long.
45s. 6&S. 02s. Gd. each.
nOT.WATER PIPES.
2 3 4 inch.

l.s. Gd. In. Id. 2s. Od. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com.
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,

2, Winsiey Street.

(opposite the Pantheon),

Oxford Street. London, W.

J JONES AND SONS h.ave the largest Stock of HOT-
. WATER PIPES and CONNECTIONS, with WROUGHT and
CAST IRON SADDLE, CANNON, and CYLINDER BOILERS,
PORTABLE BOILERS, *c., and they win be happy to fonvard Prices
for same either at tho Wharf in London, or delivered free to any
Station or Shipping Port in the United Kingdom.
J. Jones & Sons, Iron Merchants, 6, Bankside, Southwark, London.
*.* Hot-water Apparatus erected complete. ^

GreenhouBes— Heating Apparatus.

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

ORCHARD HOUSES
PATENT SUN-
BL1NDS4 FROST
PROTECTORS,
with various
Patented Improve-
ments in the
CONSTRUCTION
VENTILATION
BEATING
SHADING
OPENING GEAR

AWAEDED for

CONSERVATORIES

PINERIES

STRAWBERRY

HOUSES
VINERIES
FORCING HOUSES
ORCHID HOUSES
WALL-TREE

COVERS
GREENHOUSES
CUCUMBER and ,.,.

MELON HOUSES *°''°-

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Construction, and
Apniication of WROUGHT-IRON to Horticultural Buildings.

O'urNew Patent TENANT'S GREENHOUSE, THE NOVELTY
is cheap, durable, easily fixed, does not require painting, is adapted
or all purposes, and is the most perfectly ventilated house o the
present day. trices :-20 It. long, £10 to £19 lOs. ; 32 ft., £15 to
£29 IBs. ; 40 ft., £18 to £36; 04 ft., £27 12s. to £64 3« Od ; 80 ft.,
£34 to £66 Cs. ; 104 ft., £43 123. to £84 lOs. Span Roofs double price.

Orders for our nJw Patent WALI,TlfEE COVER .are now
solicited. They save their cost in one season. Prices, with Ib-oz.
glass, 8s., 9s.. 108., and 12s. per foot run.

In HEATING we are pre-eminent, and have pleasure in referring
to works in all parts of the kingdom which have been executed by us.

Careful personal attention is given to all orders; and from our
Immense practical expenence, we aro willmg to guaranteo that
Buildings left to our arrangement shall perfectly answer the pur-
poses for which they are Intended, without fear of disappmntment.

Our Patented arrangements may be seen " en niodSie, and every
information obtained at our London Office, 6, Sloane Street, S.W.
Postal address. Anchor Iron Works, Chelmsford.

Dennis & Scrdbv, Hot.Water Enginners, Patentees, and general
Horticultm-al Builders in Wood or Iron.

Catalogues, Estimates, or Flans on application.

^f^

|) ^B^V

HOT WATER APPARATUS

QYLVKSTKK'S

O PATKNT
FURNACE DOORS,

maoufactured by
Rdssta & RcsBtu*
(late BurbidKO &
Healy), 118, Dorflot
Street, Fleet btreot,
London, K.C.

Sv I, VE stem's Patent
FLDK and SWEEP-
ING DOORS.

Svlvesteb's Patent
CONICAL-RIBBED
BOILERS.
WROUGHT-IRON
WELDED, SAD-
DLE.ic IMPROVED
J C H A M B E R E D
BOILERS.

RossiiR & Russell, Engineers and Heating Apparatus Mauufac-
turers, US, Dorset Street. Fleet Street, London, E.G.

TO BE SOLD, CHeap, an IRON DOME CONSER-
VATORY, 62 feet 8 inclies long, 9 feet 4 Inches wide. Would
make an excellent Peach House or Covered Way. And all other
descriptions ol" Horticultural Buildings to be seen at

J. Lewis's Horticultuial Works, Stamford Hill, Middleees.

RUSSIA MATS, SEED-BAGS. TWINES.— Price List
forwarded on application to Jamks T. Andersok, Manufactiirer
of SACKS, SEED BAGS. ROPES, TWINES, HORSE CLOTHS.
TARPAULINS, NOSE BAGS, &c. ; and Importer of every descrip-
tion of RUSSIA MATS, 7, Commercial Street, Shoreditch, London,
close to the Groat E-istern Railway Terminus.

ARSON'S ANTI-CORROSION PAINT,

Patronised by the Nobility and Gentry, is extensively used
for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and is proved, after a test
of 70 years, to siirpass any other Paint. It is especially applicable
to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Compo. and is the only Paint that will
eflectually resist the rays of the sun upon Conseryatones, Green-
hoxises. Frames, &c. Is twice as durable as genuine White Lead, so
simple in application that any person can use it. Per cwt.

WHITE, LIGHT STONE, BATH, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS • ■ • • • • • *• • • 30s.

LEAD CHOCOLATE, RED, PURPLE, BROWN, and BLACK 26s.

BRIGHT GREEN, DEEP GREEN, and BLUE . . • ■ ,^ • • *28.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS TURPENTINE. VARNISHES, BRUSHES, &c.

3 cwt Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Ports

of Irelajid and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post free.

Walteh Carson & SoKs,

La Belle Sauvage i'ard, Ludgate Hill. London, E.C.

Caution —All Ca.sks should bear the Trade Mark. No Agents.

OU Paint no longer Necessary.

H

ILL ASD SMITH'S PATHHT BLACK VAKNI8H

for preserring Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Varmsh is an
BiceUont substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mixing or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in the
grounds at Wmdsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
Bundreda of the nobility and gentry, from whom the most flattering
testimonials have been recced, which Hill k Sairn will forward on
application. „

From Cn»3. E. B. Smedley, Esq., Tin Orange, near Boslon.

•' 1 have much pleasure in giring you a reply to your mquines about
the Black VamiaS I liave haS from you for Ihe last two years It has
mswerad my expectations fully, and as far as 1 am able to judge. It
Is the best materi.al for presenjng ""^.fco'J^S.sa'^'.","^ °''^?'J?2*
work exposed to tnealr ; and I can with salety recommend it as the
K s!3^oheap«t article that is yet out. Wishmg you every success "

Sold in casts of about 30 gallons eacn, at Is. M. per gauon, at the
llSufertm or is. 6.;. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

S tS h'i" « S«.th, Brierly Hill iron Work., near I^ud »y and
22, Cannon Street West, B.C., from whom only it can be obtained.

1292

THE GAKDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTDRAL GAZETTE.

[Decembee 21, 1867.

British Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for six postage
stamps, Part I. (British Ferns and their varieties, 36 p.'mes,
IncludiiiK prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eastern Railway. ^^^^

General Nursery Stock.

A ECHIBALD HENDER-

Xi. SON begs to inform hia friends
and patrons thathis DESCRIPTIVE
and PRICED CATALOGUE of
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK is
now published, containing practical
directions on the Planting and
Pruning of the various sections of
Roses, with remarks on all the
leading Coniferm, Ornamontal Trees,
Fruit Trees, &c.

Also one of the most SELECT
and CHOICE COLLECTIONS of
VINES in pots ever offered to the
public.

A. H.'s BULB CATALOGUE
contains a Select List of Kitchen
Garden and Flower Seeds for autumn
sowing ; also a Choice Assortment of
Gladioli for spring ulanting.

CATALOGUES may be had gratis and post free on application.

Sion Nursery, Thornton Heath, Surrey, and at the East Surrey
Seed Warehouse, College Grouuds, North End, Croidon.

TOHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE

tJ of SELECTED ROSES is now ready and will be forwarded
on application.

J. C. respectfully directs attention to Che following LIST of
FIRST PRIZES which have been awarded to him at the principal
Rose Shows of the present year, proving beyond a doubt that the
soil and climate of his Nurseries are unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Rosea.

Royal Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
June 19.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester,
June 19.— 36 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
June 26.— 24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one tiiiss each, FIRST PRIZE

Crystal Palace.
June 29.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one trass each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal Horticxiltural Society, South Kensington.
July 2.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.

July 4, 5.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one tmss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Hereford,

July 9.— 72Varietie3. Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Rugby

July 12.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Nurserios, King's Acre, near Hereford,

Woodlands Nursery. Maresfleld, near Uckfield,
Sussex.

WM. WOOD AND SON have a very extensive etock
to ofter of the following, viz, :—
Scarlot HORSE CHESTNUTS, Standards, 0 to 10 feet [1000

CATALPA SYRING^FOLIA I THUJA AUREA, by the 100 or
LABURNUMS, yellowand purple 1 Strong ASPARAGUS Plants
LARCH, SPRUCE, and SCOTCH FIRS

PINUS AUSTRIACA [and other Forest Trees

ASH, BIRCH, WILLOW, HORNBEAM, OAKS, SYCAMORE,

CATALOGUES and Samples may be had on application.

EDWARD SANG & SONS, Nurserymen and Seed
Merchants, Kirkcaldy, N.B.
FOREST and FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ORNAMENTAL
PLANTS, ROSES, FERNS, and VINES,

VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, GLADIOLI, Implements,
and every Garden requisite,

PRICED CATALOGUES post free on application.

^HREE MILLION strong 4-yr. transplanted QUICE.

1.000,000 good 2-yr, transplanted QUICK.

2.000,000 superior Seedling OyiCK.

100,000 good strong LARCH, 4 to 6 feet.

100^00 good strong LARCH, 2 to 4 feet.

For samples and prices apply to

John Hemsley, High Fields. Melbourne, near Derby,

Viola Lutea (Yellow-flowered Violet).

BS. WILLIAMS has much pleasure in being enabled
• to offer Choice and Selected Seed of the above beautiful
Plant. Habit dwarf yet vigorous, foliage dark glossy green, flowers
bright yellow, which arc produced in great profusion all through
the early Spring, Summer, and Autumn months. The plant does
not grow more than 5 inches high ; it is perfectly hardy, therefore
well adapted for small beds, edgings, or marginal lines. It is without
doubt the best yellow-flowered bedding plant in cultivation. It was
spoken very highly of in the leading article of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, November 2.

Mr. Fish, in his remarks about Violas {Oartleners' ClironicU,
October 20), states that Viola lutea is a perfect gem, and is invalu-
able for a dwarf yellow bed or edgings. It is a bright yellow, of tho
most compact habit, and seems to flower more freely than V. comuta.
Remarks by Mr. E. Bennett, The Gardeiis, Osbcrlon Rail, Worksop.

'* Viola lutea, which has just risen so high in the estimation of
all that have seen It in perfection, is undoubtedly a little gem, and
will be much sought after this ensuing season. It is perfectly hardy,
more dwarf in habit than V. cornuta ; the foliage more striking, and
flowers equally or even more freely ; truly valuable for forcing, and
blOHSomed profusely with me during the past spring. Indeed to see
it In such perfection as I have done from early sprinir to October, 1
am justified in saying it is a most charming addition to the flower
garden, more especially for small beds and front lines, for which It
la so well adapted. Like all Violas it requires good rich soil and
plenty of Manure, and prefers a moist situation,"

Price Is., Is. 6d., and 2s, Qd. per packet.

VIOLA PURPLE QUEEN, true stock, M. and Is. per packet.

VIOLA MAUVE QUEEN, true stock, 6d, and l,i. per packet,
B, S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nursery. Upper HoUoway, N,

Clii*isiim.3,s 7re6S

ENGLISH SPRUCE FIR, 3 to 4 feet, bushy from the
bottom, of perfect shape, Gd. each, 6s, per dozen, 40s. per 100.
ENGLISH YEWS, li feet, well furnished, 15s. per 100.
ENGLISH YEWS. 24 to 3 feet, well furnished, 9s, per dozen,
PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 feet and 2i feet through. 6s. per dozen,
AUSTRIAN PINES, 3 leet, furnished to the bottom, 40s. per 100.
VVELLINGTONLA GIGANTEA, 6 feet, 3 to 4 feet through, lOs, 6d.

each,
THUJOPSIS BOREALIS, 3 feet. 30s. per dozen.
Fine-named Hybrid Perpetual ROSES, 9s. per dozen.
LARCH, extra Transplanted, 4 to 6 feet, fine, 30s. per 1000.
LARCH, extra Transplanted, 2 to 3 feet, 17s. per 1000.
All other FOREST TREES and SHRUBS, fine and well rooted.
Henry May, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Yorkshire.

c

20,000

10,000
600,000

50,000
100,000

30,000

20,000

HARLES NOBLE.

10,000 CHRISTMAS TREES.
DEUTZIA CRENATA FLuRE-PLENO.
HYBRID PERPETUAL ROSES, Dwarf.
RHODODENDRON PONTICUM.
„ finest named.

MUSSEL STOCKS.
MAIDEN and PYRAMIDAL PEARS, APPLES,
CHERRIES. PLUMS, PEACHES, and NECTARINES
ERICA HERBACEA.

The above and many other things on offer.
CATALOGUES now ready.

Bagshot, December 7.

Royal Ascot Vine.

J NO, STANDISH is prepared to send by post strong
GRAFTS of the above VINE to any part of Great Britain at
lOs. 6d. each, and 6d. tho postage. He has no hesitation in saying
that if side-grafted on any other strong Vine, just as the sap is
rising, it will unite immediately, and bear a sample of bunches the
same season, or within six months from the time of putting tho
graft. Personajiot used to grafting can have a sketch, and how to
do it, and the treatment afterwards. Also Plants now for Sale, in
fi-moh pots, 42s. each.

Royal Nurseries, Ascot, Berks.

ROYAL VINEYARD PEACH.— This remarkable
Peach is of very robust habit, and is a most prolific bearer.
It is so hardy, that In 1865 it bore a heavy crop of large fruit as an
ORCHARD STANDARD, several branches having each borne from
our to five fruit, weighing ten ounces a-piece. It is a free-stono of
most luscious flavom-, with a superabundance of juice, and is just
sufficiently piquant to render it highly refreshing. The time of
ripening is about a week earher than the Barrlngton Peacb.

John & Charles Lez have much pleasure in intro-iucing this
extraordinary Peach, which was exhibited at Mr. Webber's, in
Covent Garden Market, in 1865, and was much admired and inquired
after at the time.

Dwarf Maiden Trees are now ready, price 10s. Qd. each.

Royal Vineyard Nursery and Seed Establishment, Hammeismith,
London, W.

CALVILLE BLANCHE APPLES are now selling in
Covent Garden Market at Is. 6d. to 2s. each fruit. See
Oardenera' Chronicle, p. 11C8.

Henrt Mat offers a splendid lot of Trees of the above, worked on
the Ftench Paradise Stock, with fruit buds, imported direct from
France, Is. Gd. each ; 6 for 6s. ; 12 for 9s. Trade price on application.

Also that splendid Apple COXE'S ORANGE PIPPIN, on
Paradise, Is. Qd. each ; 12s, per dozen.

LORD BURGHLEY. 1-year cut back, 3s. Gd. each ; Maidens,
2s. 6rf. each, 24s. per dozen. jUso the New Apples BARON
WARD, DUKE of DEVONSHIRE, LORD DERBY, LORD SUF-
FIELD, NORTHERN SPY, RINGER, &c., l.s, Cd. each.

Splendid STANDARD APPLES, 0 feet stems, good heads, 123.
per dozen.

BUSH APPLES, furnished with fruit spurs, 18s. per dozen.

PEARS on Quince, 18s. ; PEARS on Pear, 12s, per dozen.

Hknry May, The Hope Nurseries, Bedale, Yorkshire.

SPECIAL OFFER.

BERBERIS COMMUNIS, 2 to 2* feet

„ DULCIS, 2 to 2i feet

DOUBLE PINK THORNS, 3 to 5 feet

WHITE THORNS. 3 to 5 feet
PINUS AUSTRIACA. fine. 2i to 3i feet
OAK. ENGLISH. 2 to 3 feet
SPRUCE FIR, 1 to 3 feet.
A reduced PRICED LIST of the above and other surplus stock on

application to

Thomas S. Warb. Hale Farm Nursery. Tottenham, Middlesex, N.

JOSEPH KEARSLEY begs to announce that he has a
fine collection of FRUIT TREES for SALE— Pyramidal
Standards, and Dwarf trained and untrained ; likewise a fine collec-
tion of FOREST TREES and EVERGREENS, &c., of the finest
growth. A CATALOGUE sent on application. All orders care-
fullv attended to. Early orders will oblige J. K.

The Nurseries, Barkston Ash, near Tadca.ster, one mile from
Church Fenton Station,

L0ISE-CHAUVI£RE, Seedsman, NtTRSERYMAN, and
Florist, 14, Quai de la Megisserie, Paris, begs to inform his
numerous Friends and those interested, that he can offer the most
complete collection of GLADIOLI bulbs, of the finest quality.

All kinds of VEGETABLE and AGRICULTQRAL SEEDS are
supplied by this firm, prices of which may be had on application.

LoisE-CuADviERE has been rewarded with the Gold Medal for the
numerous plants which he exhibited at the " Univers'xl Exhibition.'
amongst which were Gladioli, Dahlias, Gloxinias, Annuals, and
Ornamental plants.

To Gentlemen, Nurserymen, and Planters.

Delbpine's new general catalogue of
FRUIT and ORNAMENT.(VL TREES has just been published,
DELdPiNE, Sen., begs to call the attention of Planters to his large
tock of the following :—
STANDARD, PYRAMID, and DWARF FRUIT TREES and

FRUITING SHRUBS.
FOREST and ORNAMENTAL FLOWERING and BEARING

TREES, CONIFERiE, EVERGREENS, and SHRUBS.
AMERICAN PLANTS and ROSES.

Young Plants or Seedlings of all sorts for Nurseries, Hedges, and
extensive Plantations,

Proprietor of one of the most extensive Nurseries In this port of
France (called, with reason, Le Jardln de la France), M, Delepinb
Is able to furnish very hardy, robust, and strong Stocks of the above.
CATALOGUE and Prices may bo obtained post free on application
to DKLipiNE ainfi, Nm'soryman, Route Neuve de Saumur, H Angers,
France; or of his London Agents, Messrs. R. Siuiekrad & Son,
6, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street, E.G.

Green Hollies, 4 to 7 feet.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Chester, offers several Thousands
of the above, very handsome plants, in excellent condition for
removing ; also an exceedingly large stock of exti-a strong THORNS,
and many Millions of FOREST TREES, including LARCH of all
sizes, SCOTCH FIR, twice transplanted, Ij to 3 leet ; SPRUCE,
1 to Si feet, thin on the ground ; ASH, 2\ to 6 feet ; ELM,
Stoflfeet; SYCAMORE, 3 too feet: OAKS, ALDERS BIKCH,&c.
PRICED LISTS on application.

Loughborougli Nurseries, Leicestershire.

GEORGE BOWJIAN begs to otfer the following at
low nrices, fine well-rooted trees :— MOUNTAIN ASH,
10 foot- SCOTCH. 2 to 3 feet; BIRCH, 6 to 8 feet ; HORNBEAM,
strong, 6 to 10 feet ; POPLARS, 10 to 12 feet ; ALDER, 10 feet ;
SNOWBERRY, strong, 4 to 5 feet, 40s. per 1000; PRIVET, fine,
4 to 5 foet, 30s. per lOOO ; BLACK THORN, 3 feet, 40s. per 1000 ;
LAURELS, fine, 3 feet, 2ns. per 100 ; LABURNUMS, strong, S feet,
6«. per dozen; BOX TREE, fine bushy, 3 feet, 20s. per 100;
LIMES, 10 to 12 feet, fine.

Tansley Nurseries, near Matlock, Derbyslilre.

JOSEPH SMITH, Sen., invites Planters and the
Trade to inspect his Nursery of SO Acres of high land. The soil
U of a fibrous nature, and the Plants take up with excellent roots,
8uch as to ensure the best success in their removal.

The Nui-aery contains many Hundred Thousands of RHODODEN-
DRONS, COMMON and PORTUGAL LAURELS, BOX, BROOMS,
BERBERIS, HOLLIES, PRIVETS, YEWS. &c. THE FOREST
TREES are very extensive, of all the leading kinds ; there are
16 Acres of LARCHES, of difl'erent sizes, and all others in propor-
tion. Prices moderate, which can be had on appUoatlon as above.

JOSEPH SMITH, JuN., Moor Edge Nurseries, Tansley,
near Matlock, has to offer a large and GENERAL NURSERY
STOCK, consisting of Forest Trees and Ornamont.i.l Shrubs and
Trees, at very moderate prices.
LARCH, 2 to 3 feet, 3 to 4 feet, and 4 to 5 feet, 13s, per 1000.
RHODODENDRON PONTICUM. 8 to Hi inches, OOs. per 1000;
9 to ISins., 130s. p. 1000;ltolia..l50s,p. 1000;lito2ft.,2fl0s.p. 1000,
PRICED CATALOGUE on application.
Special offers made to large purchasers.

ACORNS (ENGLISH), tine sound seed, price upon
application. LAUREL (COMMON), 1-yr. Cuttings, extra fine,
Drice upon application.

TRADE CATALOGUE of FRUITS, HERBACEOUS PLANTS,
ROSES, &c., free upon application.

A few bushels of HOIiSE CHESTNUTS also to spare.
DiLUSTONEic Woodthorpe, Munro Nursery, Sible Hedingham, Essex

Leicester Abbey Nurseries.

FRUITS, ROSES, EVERGREENS, and ORNAMENTAL TREES.

THOMAS WARNER begs to remind Planters and the
Trade, that in addition to his extensive General Nursery Stock
he has the following in immense quantities, of unsurpassed quality,
and at very reasonable prices :—
APPLES, APRICOTS, PEARS, and PLUMS, Standards, with

stems 4 to C feet, and good heads, extra fine
APRICOTS. CHERRIES, and PEACHES, Dwarfe
CHERRIES and PEACHES, Dwarf-trained

CURRANTS, HOUGHTON CASTLE or VICTORIA, RED, strong
GRAPE VINES, BLACK HAMBURGH

STRAWBERRIES (in 26 fine sorts) [good

ROSES finest varieties, Dwarfs on Manetti, remarkably strong and
ABIES CANADENSIS or HEMLOCK SPRUCE, 21 to 3) feet
ARBOR-VIT.(E, AMERICAN. 3 to 5 feet, bushy and well rooted

„ SIBERIAN, li to 4 feet. Pyramids, very handsome
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 9 inches to 2 feet high, bushy
BOX, TREE (various sorts), 1 to 2i feet

CEDRUS ARGENTEA, 1 to 4 leet, transplanted September, 1860
CHESTNUT, SCARLET- FLOWERED, 3 to 8 feet, very atout
CLEMATIS VITALBA (Traveller's Joy), transplanted
ELMS, standards (various sorts), G to 12 feet, extra fine
IVY, IRISH, 3J to 41 feet, strong and bushy, in pota, remarkably One
POPLARS, BLACK ITALIAN and ONTARIO, 4 to 8 feet
SAVIN, li to 2i foet
SYCAMORE, COMMON, 4 to 0 foet, very fine

„ VARIEGATED, 4 to 10 feet
THORNS, SCARLET and PINK, Standards, 6 to 8 fiet
YEWS, ENGLISH and IRISH, 1 to 4 feet.

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

STRONG STANDARD and DW ARE-TRAINED
APPLES and PEARS.
Fine transplanted LARCH FIR, IJ to 0 feet
Bushy LAURUSTINUS, LAURELS, and BOX TREES
CHINESE ARBOR- VITjE, 5 to 6 feet, fine Pyramids
A choice collection of CONIFERjE

A large assortment of STANDARD and DWARF PERPETUAL,
and strong DWARF CHINA or MONTHLY ROSES, and a
general NURSERY STOCK.
All the above are well rooted, and will remove with safety. Prices
on application to

Charles Buhqess, The Nurseries, London Road, Cheltenham.

Fruit Trees.— Tbe finest Collection in England.

J SCOTT, Merriott Nurseries, Somerset, begs to
• solicit his Friends and the Public to inspect his immense
Stock, consisting of 700 sorts of APPLES, 60 do. APRICOTS, 120 do.
CHERRIES, 150 do. PEACHES and N ECTARINES, 900 do. PEARS,
and 150 do. PLUMS, in all manner of tndning, well root-pruned
and cirefully transplanted; CURRANTS, FILBERTS, GOOSE-
BERRIES, &c. ; making together about 1500 sorts of FRUIT
TREES, which for health and beauty cannot be surpassed.

C ATALOGUES on application.

MAGNIFICENT DWaRF-TRAINED

FRUIT TREES,
By the Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand.
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES, NECTA-
RINES, and APRICOTS. [NECTARINES.
Also Standard, wall-trained, fruit bearing, PEACHES and
PYRAMIDAL PEARS on the Quince Stock in a fruit-bearing
state ; and PVRAMIDAL PEARS, on the Pear Stock, extra
strong and well grown.
Wm. Wood & Son have many acres of the above named, which for
health and vigour are quite unsurpassed in the trade. Tho Trees
have been most carefully trained, and axe really examples of suc-
cessful cultivation.

Address, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld, Sussex.

FIFTY ACRES weU stocked with FRUIT TREES
to select from.— APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, in every form desired
for fruiting.

See RicnARD Smith's FRUIT LIST, free by pobt for 3 stamps.

RioBARD Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

FOR THE OPEN GROUND.—
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and CHERRIES, fine healthy
Pyramids, very ornamental and productive. Strongly recommended
for large and small gardens.

See RionAKD Smith's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stamps.

RiOHABD Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

ESPALIER and WALL-TRAINED TREES
in anv quantity.— APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, fine strong trees of
perfect form.

See RicHARP Smith's FRUIT LIST, free by post for 3 stamps.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester^

A CROP of FRUIT the FIRST SEASON.—

XA, Bearinc Pyramids and Bushes in pots for orchard houses.
PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, APPLES, PEARS,
PLUMS, and CHERRIES. Extra strong VINES and FIGS In
fruiting condition for forcinc;.

See RicBARD Smith's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stamps.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester,

Wonersb Nursery, near Guildford, Surrey.

W VIRGO AND SON beg to announce that their
• stock of TREES and SHRUBS of the undermentioned
kinds is this season very extensive and well-grown, samples, prices,
and Catalogues of which can be obtained on application :-

100,000 Hazel, 3 to 6 feet
6O,U00 Spruce Fir. 2 to 4 feet
50,000 Spanish Chestnut, li to
30,000 Alder, 3 to 4 feet [2 ft.
60,000 Ash, 2 to 3 feet
20,000 Sycamore, 3 to 4 feet

600,000 Quick, transplanted, li to
" feet

60,000 GreenHolly,transpIanted,

li to 2 ft,
Pinus Austriaca, 1 to 2 feet
Horse Chestnuts, 3 to4& 5 to 7 ft.
Common and Pirtugal Laurel
Berberls aquifolia
Arbor-vitiB

And other various Shrubs.

A large stock of strong STANDARD MORELLO CHERRIES,
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and DWARF-TRAINED do.

NOTICE OF A NEW WHITE GRAPE,
TO BE CALLED "THE GOLDEN CHAMPION,"

OSBORN & SONS

wm be prepared to send out in the ensuing season what they beUeve to be the finest WHITE GRAPE (except

the Muscat) ever brought before the Public, and which wiU when known, become as great a favourite as the Black
Hamburgh^ Its constitution is equally good, it sets as f ree ly m -nnUar temperature npensea^^^^^^^^

your I ^ ,
most extraordinai-y production.'

1^ Further Testimonials and particulars in future Advertiseinetits,

FULHAM NURSERY, LONDON, S.W.

December 21, 1867.J

THE GAKDENEES' CTTRONICLE AND Ar.PvTCUTTURAE GAZETTE.

1293

SUTTONS' HOME-GROWN SEEDS.

(CARIUAOE FUEE.l

THE

PARIS, 1867.
ONLY SILVER MEDAL

FOR ENGLISn

GARDEN AND FLOWER SEEDS

n'AS awaudfd to

SUTTON AND SONS.

SUTTONS'

COMPLETE COLLECTIONS

FOR ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY,

(CARRIAGE FREE,!

■ ARE NOAY READY.

No,

FOR THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

1.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of the

best kinds of VEGETABLES, for

ONE TEAR'S SUPPLY, as proved

in Messrs. Buttons' Tri.il Grounds.. £3

No. 2.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto 2

No. 3.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto

No. 4.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto

No. 5.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto

3 0
2 0

1 11 6
1 1 0

New Catalogue of Plants, Dutch Bulbs, &c.

-t CATALOGUE. contftliitnK Huloct, Uosuriptlvu. ftinl I'ricoU

R

OBERT r

alo^e o:

AltKKIt

lAstH of Now, Uiiro, find beiiuLirul tJruoahuiiHO, fliirily nnci htovo
Plniits, Azalori Indlon, Fruit TrooH. tlnipo Vluos, RliododorKlronM,
iiusoH, Swoot VInlotfl, &o. ; AnmrylllH, CrocusoH, CvoIhiiioiih, Oliwlloll,
IlyftuldtliB, LIIuiihh, NfirciNsaR, TulipK, mid othor BulbH, la now
publlsUod and will ho forwnrdod to iipiiltoantB.

I'lxotlo Nursery, Tooling, Surrey, S.

Seedling Japanese Chrysanthemums.

TOHN SALTEIt has imu'li nh'a^uro in anntniiuimc
thut thuHo ostrm.i'diimry Fi,(»\Vl'luS (iro NOW In HH)OM :
tliLilr fMitfitttlc fiirni, imvol and brlllliint coloiirii, aro tlio wondor nii'l
admiration of all. TiieOardenfi aro upou ovory day oxoopt Sunday,
adinlbtnnce froo.

VernallloH Nurnory, William Stroot, Valo riaco, IIamnior»tnltb.
near KoimiiiKton Railway Station.

To the Trade.— Continental Flower Seeds, &c.

W. WKNDKL, SnKi) Mkhciiant nnd Ouownn,
Erfiirt, IVuKsIa, bogs to aiinounco that Ids WIIOLKSALIC
CATAL(-)OUK oftlio al»ovo Is now ruady, and may lio liiid fruu and
post paid on applicntlon to his Agoiit, Ur.o. MAt;iHTo.Hii. NursLiryiiinii
and Seedsman, Iltgli Road, IlaniiuorHniitli, London, W.

F.

Established 1806.

THOMAS ITANDAvSYDK and DAVIDSON havo to
intimate that their NURSERY TRADE LIST is now pub-
lished, and will bo forwarded on application.

Tmoiias Han[iasvdk ft Davidson, Nurserymen, SoedsmoD, and
Florists, 24, Cockbum Street, Edinburgh.

Nurseries at Brunstano Qlon, MussolburKh.

/^REAT

NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL

EXtllBITlON, IfiOS.— £1)00 witlboKlvon in PRl/iES.
The above Exhibition will oiion at the BOTANIC GARDENS,
MANCHESTER, on FRIDAY. May 21), and close tlio FRIDAY
following, Juno 6. Tlie following aniongRt other I'rizes will be
offered ;— 10 Stovo and Greentiouso I'lanla, Iht I'rlzo. £30 ; 2d, £20.
20 MiHcellaneous Plants— 1st Prize, £30; 2d, £20.
10 Azaleas— 1st Prize. £20 ; 2d. £12.
10 Koses— 1st Prize, £11 ; 2d, £10.
Schedules will be issued m a fuw days, and may be had on applica-
tion to Mr. FiNDLAv, at the Gardens; or from tho Undersigned,
Hehry WiiiTwoiiTii, Soc, Ooopor Street, Manchester.

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 21, 1867.

0 1.5
No. 6.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto 0 12

No. 7.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto,

extra quantities, for large Gardens . . 5 5

Contents of thi above Collections on opjjlicaiioii.

FOR THE FLOWER GAUDEN.

(Free by Post or Rail).

No. 1.

No.
No.

-A COLLECTION of tlic best GER-
MAN and ENGLISH FLOWER
SEEDS, sared by eminent Florists. . £2

-A COLLECTION of ditto

2 0

-A COLLECTION of ditto

No. 4.— A COLLECTION of ditto
5.— A COLLECTION of ditto

1 11 6
1 1 0
0 15 0

No.

0 10 6

Otber COLLECTIONS from 2.s. 6d. to 10.s. 6^.

Just, published, price Is. Post Fi'ce^ Gratis to Customers,

SUTTONS' SPEING CATALOGUE

AND

AMATEUR'S GUIDE FOR 1868

(ILLUSTRATED),

contaiDing raucli useful information on
FLORICDLTUBE, HORTICULTURE, and AGRICULTURE-

SUTTONS' SHORT SELECT SEED LIST

is also ready, and may be had Gratis and Post Free.

For LIST of

NEW SEEDS AND POTATOS

for 1868,

See page 1237 of Gardeners^ CJirotiicle, or

BUTTONS' AMATEUR'S GUIDE.

1^" All Giods Carriage Free, except ncnj small
parcels. Fivcper cent, allowed for prompt payment.

SUTTON AND SONS,

ROYAL BERKS SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

The decease of the veteran Professor of Botany
in the University of Oxford, the much lamented
Dr. Daubeny, of whoso career a slight notice
will be found in another column, brings forcibly
into remembrance the work that he did in pro-
moting vegetable physiology, and specially these
branolies of it bearing on practical horticulture
and agriculture. As the subject is alluded to
elsewhere, wo need not reiterate what is therein
said, our present object is to call attention to the
t immense harvest that is ripe for the reaper in the
' same fields as those traversed by Daubeny, and
to lament the deficiency of labourers. There aro
such men as L.\WES and Gilbert, as Way, and
1 VoELCKEK, not to Speak of continental physicists
' and chemists, but the tale is soon told, while the
work to bo done, and which urgently requires
doing, is vast indeed. We have systematic
botanists, some of foremost eminence ; wo have
a small army of microscopical observers, but we
sadly lack practical physiologists — men trained
by study and experience of physics, of natural
philosophy and chemistry, and able and willing
to apply their knowledge specially to the investi-
gation of plant life.

This Daubeny did, and the results are apparent
and so important, that the wonder is that more
have not followed in his track, and compelled
Nature to reveal her mysteries. Though our
botanists are not numerous, yet they are some of
them, as we have said, of the highest repute, and
the work done is both extensive and valuable,
but when we come to the subject of plant physio-
logy, apart from structure, how wofully little is
being done in comparison with what ought to be
done. As a proof of this, let us ask what single
function of plant life can be said to be thoroughly
understood ? Is it the absorption of fluid matters
by the roots of plants ? Considerable diversity of
opinion exists as to how this takes place. Is it the
circulation of the sap ? It is even now not proved
beyond conti'oversy that the sap descends, while
as to the cause of its ascent there are multitudes
of opinions, but which is the correct one ? Is it
the exhalation of gases from leaves ? Beyond a
few facts (but those of cardinal importance, fii'st
ascertained by Daubeny, and which are now
unquestioned) the whole matter is still in a most
unsettled condition. One chemist tells us one
thing — a distinguished Frenchman asserts this :
an equally eminent German tells us the direct
opposite. The main facts as to the fertilisation
of the ovule in flowering plants may bo said to
be fairly made out ; but this again is a matter of
microscopical research and patience rather than
of experiment. And so we might go through the
whole roU of plant actions, and show that there
is scarcely one of them on which a physiologist
when questioned is able to speak with certainty,
or to furnish the practical agriculturist or
horticultui-iat perfectly trustworthy guidance.
Is it wonderful, where so little is really certainly
known as to plant life, that so much diversity
exists among plant cultivators ? Take the ease
of tlie formation of stem roots on Vines. One

]irai'tical man says one tiling, one another, as to
Uin caiiKo of their production ; but there still
ronuuiis tho fact that onn Vino will form thnni,
while its next neighbour, growing precisely
under tUo same conditions, never duos. Now
tho anatomy of those roots, and thoir mode of
growth, aro sati.sfact()rily known, and to some
extent tho causes of their prfiduction aro also
mado out ; but wo cannot call to mind tho
record of a single experiment mado to determine
thoir functions and oirice. It is ussinwil that
they alisorl) moisture and gases from tlio atmo-
sphere, but that is more assumption. It may bo
true, probably is so ; but for practical purposes
wo have a right to know for certain whether
it is so or not. And ' so with most
of tho phenomena of plant life. Gardeners
will toll you that they train in tliis direction, «•
pi'uno after a certain fashion, that tliey ofl'ect
certain operations to onstiro a duo balance
between root and top, and so on. All this is
plausible enough, and in many instances may bo
perfectly correct, but wo repeat, that to a very
largo extent — a much larger extent, probably,
than cultivators aro tliomselves aware of — these
aro matters of assumption merely, resting on no
proper scientific basis. Tliis is a humiliating
confession to make, but it is well to look tho case
fully in the face. Clearly the blame does not
rest with the practical man ; the cause, we
believe, arises from the paucity of scientific men
in this country, who devote themselves to these
particular subjects, and from the absence of
proper facilities for so doing. In our opinion
every garden calling itself a Botanic Garden, and
supposed to be devoted to purposes of instruction,
should have a laboratory attached to it, wherein
the kind of research we have indicated might bo
carried on, in conjunction with experimental
plots of greater or less size. Private resources, as a
rule, are not adequate to supply the requisite
means and facilities for such undertalciugs.
They should be carried out in public institutions,
undor the management of persons who, by
education, training, and predilection .show them-
selves competent forthe task. It is idle to expect in
these days, when the field of science is so vast,
that a totanist in the ordinary acceptation of the
term — one who attends mainly to the structure
and classification of plants, can bo at once a
botanist and an experimental physiologist.
Time would not permit of this, even were the
cultivation of the two branches of tho science, at
one time, more feasible than it is.

If there is one part of experimental physiology
which falls less within the scope of the above re-
marks than another, it is that relating to hybridisa-
tion. This has always been a pet subject, both with
physiologists, practical men, and amateurs, and
very considerable progresshasbeenmade. Latterly
a great impulse has been given to it by the
admirable researches of Darwin, and it is a
matter of great satisfaction to record the part
taken in this mattter by Major Trevor Clakke,
who is turning his attention to the subject prac-
tically in the "improvement" of Cotton; and
specially by Mr. Anderson-Henry', who for
years has devoted himself to this subject, and
the record of whose deeply interesting labours is
given in his own words in another colunrn.

The Manchester National Hoeticultoeal

Exhibition is fixed to open on Friday, the 2'Jth of
May, and close on the Friday following, June 5tb, thus
including the "Whitsun holidays. It is unfortunate
that the date should again overlap that on which the
Royal Horticultural Society will hold its great Show,
but we understand that the dates fixed for Epsom and
Ascot, and those of other metropolitan Shows, left
the Society no alternative. The Manchester prize
schedule will be issued immediately, and will, we hear,
offer prizes to the amount of 900?., of which 30?. is
to be given as a first prize for 16 stove and green-
house plants in flower ; 30«. for 20 miscellaneous plants;
20?. for 10 Azaleas, and others in proportion.

Now that the subject of Teaining Fbuit

Teees is engrossing so much attention, it may be well
to mention the Peach trees of M. Gallien, Place
de la Madeleine, Paris, an account of which is given in
the Revue IlorticoU. The garden in which these trees
are grown, Hue Reunequin, n. 13, is small, and placed
in a very unfavourable spot. The trees themselves,
29 in number, are grown against a wall 45 metres long,
3 metres high, in' pots or tubs sunk in the ground.
The trees are so trained as to represent the foHow-
in" words — " Faniille Imjieriale, L. h. M. M.
Napoleon III., Eugenie, Napoleon Protecteur
de la France, 1867." These words are surmounted by
the Imperial Eagle and by the initials N E. Ihe
letters are arranged in three lines, those ot the central
line being 1 m. 15 c. high, while those above and below
are 60 centimetres high. This design has occupied
five years in the execution, and was effected by means
of trees grafted at different heights. The fruiting
branches are reported as in good condition. The effec

1294

THE GAEDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGEICULTTIEAL GAZETTE.

[Dbcbmbbb 21, 1867.

is described as "ravissant," but we may inquire
whether " le jew vaut la oliandelle"

"We have just received the terminal number of

the 16th volume of the Ploke des Seeees, edited by
M. Van Houite of Ghent. In the ordinary course
the contents of this number will be alluded to under
the heading Plant Portraits, but we may take this
opportunity of expressing our sense of the excellence
and beauty of the plates, and of the spirituel manner
in which the Editor performs his task. A similar good
word may be said for the Illusteation Hoeticole,
published by M. Veeschaffelt, and learnedly edited
by M. Lemaiee. To both publications horticulturists
owe much. Would that the editors could be per-
suaded to alter the exceedingly inconvenient manner
of inserting their miscellaneous matter, which at pre-
sent is mixed up with the descriptions of plants, &c.
in a way more curious than convenient. Our own
Botanical Magazine and Floral Magazine are models
of simplicity in this respect. With reference to the
former of these periodicals we perceive that the present
volume is gracefully dedicated to Professor Outee.
All who have had occasion to consult the library or
herbarium at Kew, will gladly eudorse this tribute on
the part of Dr. Hookee to his " coUaborateur."

Some objection having been made to our notice

of awards made at the Paris Exhibition in
Classes 84 and 85 (see p. 1267), we append the following
from the ofEicial catalogue :— Class 81, Grand Prix:
Veitch, J., & Sons, London — Plantes d'oniemenf,
GonifkreSf introductions nouvelles (ornamental plants.
Conifers, and newly-introduced plants). Silver Medal :
Carter Jiondon—ffazons (Lawn Grass, Turf). Bronze
Medal: DowNiE, Laied & Lain (i, London— Pciisees
(Pansies). Class 85, Silver Medal: SuTTOS—Graims
•potaghres (kitchen garden seeds).

■ Mr. Barber, of Spondon, near Derby, has

kindly sent for our examination a curious flower of
Ltcaste Skinnehi, in which the lip was entirely
absent, its place being supplied by the two usually
lateral sepals, which iu this case were bent downwards
and fused togetiier, and thus occupied precisely the
situation of the lip. In addition to this there was a
supernumerary stamen, in an imperfect .state, exactly in
front of tlie column. Hence the structural arrange-
ments of the flower were altered in a very interesting
manner, though we can hardly sa.v that its beauty was
enhanced by the changes in question.

The storm which passed over Paris on the 1st

of this month seems to have done much damage to the
large stove in the centre of the " Jardin reserve " of
the late Paris Exhibition. It appears that several
large Palms, Bananas, Ferns, &c., were housed in this
building for the winter, and that they have suffered
extremely from the violence of the wind, which blew
down a considerable portion of the building, thus
exposing the inmates to all the fury of the tempest.

In a paper read at the Geographical Society on

Explorations in Central America, Mr. John
CoLLiNSON.C.B., states that amongstthe curious causes
which affected the compass when cutting his way
through the primeval forests of Nicaragua, were " some
of the enormous Mahogany and Wild Cotton (Erio-
dendron) trees, which would often attract it as much as
■ 3°, observations of the Pole Star and Southern Cross
attesting the truth of the theodolite lines, and con-
firming the occurrence of the phenomenon."

We are informed that M. T. Bass, Esq., M.P.,

has consented to take the chair at the next anniver-
sary dinner of the Gardeneks' Eoyal Benevolent
Institittion ; and that Sir Robert Peel has inti-
mated his intention of supporting Mr. Bass on that
occasion.

THE LATE PEOPESSOR DAUBENY.

Charles Giles Bridle Daubeny, born 1795,
educated at Winchester, proceeded to Oxford, became
"Demy" of Magdalen in 1810, subsequently Fellow of
the same College, died 1867. In such words might the
brief record of many a college Fellow of hardly less
intellectual calibre than the subject of the present
notice, be written.

How it was that the late Senior Fellow of Magdalen
acquired a wider reputation, and a more enduring
fame, the subsequent lines may perhaps serve to show.

After an honourable career as a student in the
University in which he graduated, he proceeded to
Edinburgh, then even more than now, noted for the
excellence of its medical teaching. Acquiring in the
northern metropolis that insight into practical medi-
cine which at that time even London itself could not
.give, so defective were the arrangements for clinical
teaching, he, having become Fellow of the London
College of Physicians, returned to Oxford, entered on
the practice of his profession, and shortly became
attached to the Eadcliffe Infirmary of that city as one
of its physicians. In that capacity, however, he did
not long remain ; circumstances rendered him inde-
pendent of the medical profession as a means of
livelihood, and were even more potent in drawing him
towards the pursuit of science, particularly Chemistry
and Geology.

Buokland, who in 1813 had been appointed reader in
. Mineralogy and in 1818 in Geology in the University, by
the originality of his ideas, the boldness of his grasp,
and the happv facility he possessed of imparting tootliers
somewhat of his own enthusiasm, must have early
influenced the future historian of volcanoes. Be this
as it may, we find Daubeny occupying the Chair of
Chevnistry in the University in 1822, an office he held
for many years in conjunction with the Professorship
of Botany, but which some time since he resigned ; the
duties of the chemical chair being now fulfilled by Sir
Benjamin Brodie, the son of the eminent surgeon. In
what respect Chemistry was held at the time of
Daubeny's^appointment by the University authorities, '

nay in what repute it was esteemed till within the
last 20 years, aU who remember the cribbed, cabined
and confined vault beneath the then Ashmoleau
Museum can estimate. In that vault, however,
Daubeny laid the foundation of his future reputation ;
there were performed those experiments, there were
executed those analyses, which led their author to the
production of that work on which his fame as a
chemist chiefly depends— his "Description of Active
and Extinct Volcanoes," first published in 1826, and of
which a second edition appeared in 1848. The main
object of this volume was to show the all-important
influence which chemical agencies have in producing
those catastrophes, which in general terms are attri-
buted to earthquakes and volcanoes without further
inquiry or research on the part of the great majority.

Daubeny's views, into the nature of which we
cannot fully enter in this place, have not escaped
without adverse criticism; still there can be little
question in the main, that the views advocated by him
are not only plausible and eflicient, but correct. In
connection with this subject may be mentioned his
investigations into the chemical qualities of a large
number of the mineral springs in this country, and the
continent ofBurope.

In 1831, on the decease of Dr. Williams, he was
elected to the Professorship of Botany in the
University, a professorship originally established some
years after the Botanic Garden was founded by Earl
Danby iu 1632.

It IS probable thatanimportantpaperon the "Degree of
Selection exercised by Plants with regard to the Earthy
Constituents presented to their absorbing Surfaces,"
published in the Linnean Society's Transactions, may
have led to this choice. In this paper it was shown,
inter alia, that there is an apparent selection exercised
by roots, such selection being probably attributable to
physical causes ; thus it was shown, that while plants
will take up chemical salts (in solution) having the
same crystalline form (isomorphous) in equal quan-
tities, they will only take up to a much less
degree salts that are not isomorphous. The better to
enable himself to undertake the duties of his new
position, the Professor repaired for a while to Geneva,
m order to profit by the instruction of that great
master, Auguste Pyramus De Candolle, and of whom
he published in 1843 an excellent and discriminative
biographical notice. Subsequently he attended the
lectures of Professor Lindley at the then London
University— now University College — and with which
distinguished botanist he remained on intimate terms
till his death in 1865. Established in his professorship.
Dr. Daubeny began at once to apply his great chemical
acquirements to the elucidation of many points of
vegetable physiology. Thus in 1836, in the Philoso
phical Transactions is published an " Essay on the
Action of Light upon Plants, and of Plants on the
Atmosphere," which must ever be considered not only
as one of the most important works of its author, but
also as one of the most valuable publications on the
subject of vegetable physiology. In this paper certain
facts were published which are now so generally
assumed to be correct, that their discoverer is over-
looked except by the curious in matters of scientific
history. These facts, in brief, are, that the luminous
portion of the spectrum (the yellow and green rays)
are the most powerful in promoting the exhalation of
oxygen gas from the green iparts of plants, and, indeed,
in stimulating vegetable life in general. From this
time Dr, Daubeny's memoirs on chemical and physical
subjects connected with plant physiology became so
numerous, that space cannot here be given to enumerate
them. There is the less necessity for so doing, as
many of them have been published in our own
columns, and not long since the Professor gathered
together the more important of them in two volumes
of Miscellanies, reviewed by us at the time of their
publication (see p. 1075). Suffice it to say, that while
these papers are devoted to matters of high scientific
interest, they are of the utmost importance to agricul-
turists and horticulturists, as witness the Bakerian
lecture before the Eoyal Society on the Rotation of
Crops, the memoirs on the Occurrence of Phosphorite
in Estremadura, the Application of Manures, the Sup-
posed Deterioration of the Soil of Great Britain, &c.

The subject-matter of many of these essays was first
made public in those lectures which it was his duty to
deliver as Professor of Eural Economy, a chair esta-
blished after the completion of the " Flora Grajca,"
Irom funds left by Dr. Sibthorp for that purpose.
While thus active in promotinf; vegetable physio-
logy, he was no less diligent in furthering chemical
and geological science in general. We have aheady
alluded to his standard treatise on volcanoes. His
little volume on the "Atomic Theory," though
now out of date, by reason of the rapid march
of chemical science, experienced an equally favourable
reception at the hands of chemists when first issued.
With these scientific studies Dr. Daubeny yet found
time for many classical and literary occupations. We
cannot do more than allude to the host of magazine
articles, pamphlets, and Jeux d'esprit which emanated
from his prolific pen, in allusion to current events of
local or general interest ; but we must not omit allu-
sion to his lectures on " Eoman Husbandry," and to
those on the " Trees and Shrubs of the Ancients,"
wherein the author's qualities as an elegant scholar, if
not as a botanist, are manifest. These are, despite
their somewhat technical character, delightful books
for the general reader.

Dr. Daubeny, as we happen to know, had the inten-
tion of revising those portions of Lindley's " Theory of
Horticulture" relatiug to physics and chemistry, and
which the progress of those sciences has rendered in
some degree obsolete. We can only lament that our
distinguished friend should not have been able to carry
out the promise that he made to us to publish the

in the first instance. Both science and practice are
the losers in this matter. But, so far as Oxford is
concerned. Dr. Daubeny's influence for good rests
mainly on his personal character and influence.
He early associated himself, as we have seen,
with Bncklaud and Kidd, those pioneers of reform,
as far as the proper recognition of natural science
is concerned, within the University. Imbibing
their zeal, the subject of our notice laboured hard and
laboured constantly to give due place to the philoso-
phical study of God's works iu the University. A
Winchester lad, an Oxford essayist, a Magdalen
Fellow, none knew better than he the value of that
thorough training iu classical and logical studies which
Oxford gave to those who chose to avail themselves of
the advantages she offered. But his knowledge of
what was going on in Edinburgh, in London, in l?aris,
in Geneva— every where, in fact, except in Oxford — made
him equally sensible of the great deficiencies of, and
jealous for, the reputation of his Alnia Mater. No
one can tell the amount of active opposition, of passive
indifference, of incredulous obstinacy and routine,
which had to be met and overcome by those who
endeavoured to put the study of the natural sciences
in Oxford on a proper footing. To none more than to
Dr. Daubeny, hardly even excepting Dr, Acland, is the
present more satisfactory state of things due ; his
great acquirements, his disinterestedness, his munifi-
cence, his kindliness of manner, enabled him to triumph ;
over the obstacles we have mentioned, and in his later
years he had the satisfaction of seeing a noble museum
and laboratory, with all proper appliances for teaching
science, established in Oxford ; he saw a staff, including
such men as Acland, Phillips, Rolleston, Westwood,
Brodie, H. J. Smith, Maskelyne, and others ; he saw
science scholarships and fellowships established in
many of the Colleges, and he had the proud satisfaction
of seeing that what he had laboured and struggled for
during a long life, was and is in a fair way of realisation.
It is probable that his scientific reputation alone
would have had comparatively little influence in
bringing about this change, but aided by personal
qualities which endeared him to his friends, he was
enabled to accomplish what no mere man of
science could have done. While it is doubtful whether
his merits as a scientific observer, especially as a
chemist and geologist, were at any time adequately
appreciated in Oxford, it is certain that they received
a much larger degree of recognition outside the
University. He early became a Fellow of the Royai
Society, and received honours from very many of the
leading British and foreign scientific bodies. In 1856
he occupied the presidential chair at the meeting of
the British Association at Cheltenham. He had from
the first been an indefatigable supporter of the Asso-
ciation, and when the session was held in his native
county, the opportunity was felt to be a fitting one to
induct him into the high office of President.

His position as an Oxford professor j;ave him at
once favourable opportunities for scientific research,
while the somewhat lengthy vacations— periods in
which few or no official duties required to be attended
to— furnished him with the occasions for travel. In this
way his journeyings in Europe were both frequent and
extensive, and as his cii'cle of acquaintance was large,
the benefit was great. In addition to several visits to
the volcanic districts of Italy, Sicily, Auvergne, the
Eiffel, &c.. Dr. Daubeny scarcely left a country in
Europe unvisited, while in 1838 he crossed the Atlantic,
visited the United States and Cuba, and published for
private circulation an account of his travels, in which,
so far as science is concerned, his attention was chiefly
paid to geology.

We have already spoken of his disinterestedness, his
kindness, and his liberality, but we have left to the
last the record of the manifestation of these qualities
at the Botanic Garden. Those of our readers who may
have visited that establishment will be aware of the
great interest attaching to this small but well-managed
institution. Great alterations were made in it soon
after the appointment of Dr. Daubeny as Professor,
and without the frequent aid from the Professor's own
resources the somewhat scanty funds of the garden
would not have sufficed to create and maintain the
repute which, thanks to the loving care and assiduity
of Mr. Baxter, and of late years of his son Mr. W.H.
Baxter, this garden has maintained. Many of the im-
provements that have been effected, many of the
specialities, such as the culture of the Nymphseas and
other aquatics, for which the garden is renowned, owe
their existence, not only to the suggestion and super-
intendence, but also to the munificence of the late Pro-
fessor. The same may be said of the libraries, museum,
and herbaria, which are to be found within the limits
of the establishment; while, at some little distance
from the city is an experimental garden, entirely sup-
ported by the funds of the Professor. In no establish-
ment of its size, that we are aware of, are the arrange-
ments for the instruction or study of all branches of
botanical and vegetable physiology more complete.
That comparatively little use has hitherto been made
of them by others than the Professor himself, is a cir-
cumstance that involves no blame on the head that
planned and the hand that carried into execution so
many of these important accessories to a botanic -
garden. Our notice would not be complete without a
grateful tribute to the memory of one of the most
kindly-hearted and liberal-minded of men. All those
who had the good fortune to make the acquaintance of
the late Dr. Daubeny, will feel that by his decease they
have lost not only a learned and accomplished acquaint-
ance, but a warm friend, and an exemplary man. He
died at his residence in the Botanic Garden, on the
13th inst., after a distressing illness of some weeks ;
and on Tuesday last all that was mortal of the Senior
Fellow was laid, with academic and chcral honours, in
the grave, at the foot of the Western entrance to the

results of his labours on this subject, in our own columns I chapel of that college which had been as a second home

Deoembbe 21, 1867.]

THE GAl^DENEKS' CmONTOLE AND AnrjrUT.TTTRAL GA7ETTR.

1296

to him for more than 50 years — one more name to bo
written in the loui? list of illustrious members belouK-
iny to a oollojio not more distinguished for its superb
architeoture, than for its nistorioal assoeialioiis, and its
brilliant record of eminent alumni. To write a full
biographical notice of the late I'rofossor would bo to
illustrate the history of Oxford and OxI'urdwortliios
for the last 50 years ; we have said enough to show how
much be will bo missed both within and without the
University. ____________

MY GARDEN IN 18G7.

CnAPTEE II.— BEDDINa-OUT.

Tms, the younnest offsprinK of Flora, and therefore
the darliui; and the pet, hius now passed through the
perils of infancy, and is a very beautiful and vigorous
child. Soino of us aro old enough to feel a parental
interest in its welfare; nay, to recal Gampian memories
concerning its. very birth. It was born, like Pisistratus
Caxlon, rubosoent. " And this is the way," exclaimed
CaxtoQ jii^re, on his first introduction to Caxton
Jlh, " this is the way wc come into tho world— red,
very red ! blushiiig for all tho enormities and follies
which wo are destined to commit in it." And we, who
oan rcmombcr '■ l>. O.'s" babyhood, can tosiify tliafp its
■first rnmplivvitm was red, very red— scarlet as Tom
Thuml) tieraiiium (wo did not know then what Pelar-
gonium meant, and some of us now area little uncer-
tain), liobinson's Defiance Verbena, and Salvia splen-
dens could make it. Wo can bear further witness
that it had a painful experience of all the ills
which infancy is heir to, and suffered all
its diseases, tho eruptive especially, in a very
aggravated form. Nay, in addition to the usual niahv-
dies of the country, it imported an Indian phiguo ; it
had yellow as well as scarlet fever. It had a very hard
time of it, had little "B. O." We gardeners gathered
round it, like so many old gossips, and saw it tiush with
(metaphorical) measles, and heard it crow with (alle-
gorical) croup, until we didn't know, bless its little
heart ! whether it would live or die.

It elected to live, and, like the junior Harris, " thrive
it did, though bandy." It grew to be a strong and a
charming child, callow, immature, and changeful, as
children are, but bright with the splendid promise of a
rare and noble beauty. As a child, it still requires the
supervision of a loving, careful nurse ; and just as the
countenances of the very young are, not seldom, dis-
figured by the pimple of indigestion, or the grimy
traces of neglect, so, in the case before us, a pure and
regular diet, cleanliness in summer and warmth in
■winter, an anxious attention with regard to light and
air, to bedtime, and to every other requirement of the
nursery— all this is indispensable to the development
and preservation of perfect health. If, in the domestic
circle, little Miss Polly ha^ an apathetic mamma and a
lazy lady-in-waiting, she is wont to appear in the
drawing-room with her hair unkempt and baylike,
her lips empurpled by the bounteous Blackberry, or
embrowned by the butter Scotch ; and if, in the floral
world, young Master B. O. has a careless guardian, an
ignorant curator, an idle valet, he too comes before
us an unpleasant, ungainly lout, his clothes patched
■with inharmonious colours, in complexion sickly, and
in growth deformed.

But where there is the untiring vigilance of a true
devoted love, why then — ah, friend.s, then does
a fair garden, such as may be realised by our modern
system, exquisitely arranged and anxiously tended,
refresh our senses with a sweet surprise and gladness,
and fill our hearts with a reverent and a thankful love.
** I call this * Exclamation Point,' " said to me a lady,
who must, I think, have been in mythological times a
Mistress of the Robes to Queen Flora; and we came
suddenly on a scene of such charming loveliness, whicln
made one sigh the uncontrollable, prolonged " Oh ! " of
admiration, such as the enraptured schoolboy utters
open-mouthed when the asteroid rocket bursts, high
in Heaven and showers down its crimson fires !

One bright day, in the summer past, I was enjoying
the site of such a garden with a companion, who has
ever been an uncompromisingopponent of the bedding-
out system, and I was enjoying it the more because
we hadjust come fromavery diflerent display— froma
place where the plants were wretchedly groivn and

fronped, and where mine enemy had found a welcome
eld for satire and condemnation. I turned to him,
now, and asked triumphant. *' what be thought of the
scene before us ? " " IVell," he made answer, " I must
allow that it is very beautiful, but still I don't call it
gardening." "You remind me," I said, "of the
French general, who, watching our Light Brigade
charge at Balaklava, when ' into the jaws of death rode
the Six Hundred,' exclaimed, C'est magtiijique, mais ce
n'est pas la rjuerre, with this difference, that the
marshal was right in his restriction, and you are wrong
in yours. I maintain that the garden now before us is
a combination of relined taste and skilful culture, of
which any gardener may feel a righteous pride, and
which, though it is, I believe, only the herald and
harbinger of a brighter glory, is a grand achievement in
the annals of horticulture, and a noble proof of its
development and progress. Not gardening ! I appeal to
our floral chieftains, to those who have had the largest
experience, and to those whose successes claim our fond
affiance— to such men as Mr. Eyles, Mr. D. T. Fish,
Mr. Fleming, Mr. Gibson, Mr. D. Thompson, Mr.
Wilkinson, and Mr. Wills (I place them in alpha-
betical order, because there is as yet no order of merit
in horticulture), and I ask them whether this our
modern system does not well deserve, and repay richly,
all the thought and the care, the headwork and the
handwork, wliich they can bestow upon it ? "

In truth, the arguments against bedding-out become
every year more few, and, with one exception, more
feeble. It is no longer monotonous, because we have
now abundant material, rapidly increasing, for an

endless and charming diversity. It is no longer a
glare, wearisome to liie eye, because tho floral artist
has learned to harmoni.so his c(»lours, and, by an inter
mixture of Grasses and foliage plants, to copy more
<'losely tho groat Original, and to realise in his garden
the golden truth, Jrw tjsf. celnro arh'ni. It is true no
mure, that tho duration of beauty is very brief and
unwrtain. There are plants by the score which are
elfectivo as soon as they aro placed in the beds, and
which continue to please fbr live months of the year —
plants which can not only resist our " sullen rains,"
but which aro refreshed and brightened b.v them,
like (recurring to my simile) a child by his tub.
The objec;tion that they occupied too largo a pro-
l«irtioii of our room under gliuss, and that only
tile rich, in consequence, could find accommodation
lor tlu'in, was never a very vigorous statement, and has
gonoolfiu a rapid decline int*j the la-st stage of debi-
lity. A groat uumbor of bedding-out plants will exist
through tho winter in waste places, which would not
bo used otherwise, under stages, on tomiinrary shelves,
nay, in cellars, attics, outhouses, and in the window of
that cottiigo which hius only ono window in it. Just as
" Njitiiru, a mother kind uliko to iifl,
tStiil ^'mnts hor bliss tu lalinur'H eiiruost call,

so does Art find helps for all earnest folk, from a haml-
glass to a palace of crystal. Moreover, what an infi-
nity of cuttings may he struck in the spring from a
few old plants, preserved for tho purpose, and started
early in a little heat; and how many of our most
attractive bedders may be raised from a spring sowing.

One argument remains resistless, namely, that tbe

bedding-out system has expelled from our gardens

many of its sweetest and most lovely flowers, and that

in our desire to produce a graml effect ea masse, we

have thrown away plants, which are individually as

beautiful as any of those which have dethroned them,

and which, succeeding each other as the seasons came,

supplied a continuous enjoyment almost throughout

the year. Fascinated by more splendid charms, we

have turned our backs upon former favourites. We

have been like the plonghboy in the song, —

" ^iVnd little Nell, I loved so well.

And walked so wi' o' Sundays ;

Good lor, s.ay.s I, don't talk to me,

I'se mon at Mestur Grundy's ! "

I have confessed aud eschewed my own foolishness
in this matter. A second spring without Snowdrops,
Crocuses, Ilepaticas. Daffodil, and Polyanthus, was an
anticipation too overpowering. I sought those and
other beautiful exiles penitently, :ind prayed them to
return. I made a special home for them, and plighted
my faithful troth. As there is love in a gardener's
heart for every flower that grows, so there is room in
his garden for all that he counts most beautiful. There
is no exclusiveness in true floriculture, and though
the modern or bedding-out system has in my opinion
a first claim upon our admiration and service, I would
rather discard it absolutely and for ever than permit it
to monopolise my garden ground.

Having said thus much of bedding-out as a whole, I
would ask to speak now of its component parts. S. S. H.

PERPETUITY OF ROOT FIBRILS.

To a trifling misnonception in your second leader (see
p. 1213), weowe, Ithink.theexcellentarticleofMr.Fish,
in your last number. Without arguing or reasoning
on the subject, I beg permission to tell you in as small
a space a!s possible my treatment of trees in pots,
unchanged as regards the autumnal renewal of the soil,
except with Apricot trees. By this treatment fine
trees, from 10 to 15 or more years old, have been kept
in vigorous health and fertility, as they are at this
moment, and if possible in a more robust state than I
ever saw them.

When the pot culture of trees was first written about
to any extent — it was not new, for in Loudon's time it
had been agitated— tbe system 1 recommended was to
place the pots on loose well-drained borders, so tliat the
roots of the trees might penetrate and assist in
supporting a crop of fruit ; after a few years it was
observed that the rich dressing of manure placed on the
pots in summer drew up, as it were, large masses of
fibrils. These were always removed in October, when
removing the surface soil and renewing it. Observing
the increased vigour the trees seemed to receive from
this summer surface dressing, the idea suggested itself
to still further encourage the roots to come to the
surface by increased surface dressing, and to discourage
the entrance of the roots into the border below,
the breaking off of which in the autumn— unless the
pots were freiiuently lifted in summer— often proved too
great a shock to the constitution of the tree. This was
done by placing the pots on a solid border, and the plan
has answered so well, that no further cultural change
is thought of except tho following :— It is now some
two or three years since, that ou observing some large
Apricot trees drop their blossoms without setting their
fruit, while trees of the same age standing near them
were bearing full crops, I was induced to inquire
into the matter, and I then found that an inex-
jierienoed man had in the autumn dug out the soil
with fibrils and even rootlets too deeply ; at the same
time some forgotten Apricot trees that had not had the
surface soil touched were crowded with fruit. This
induced me to change their mode of cultivation, and
not to disturb the surface soil till the fruit was set, and
only then to scrap it off to about 1 inch in depth,
removing the mass of dead fibrils, and leaving the
rootlets untouched. Such perfect success attended
this experiment, that in the recent edition of the
" Orchard House " I have recommended it to be tried
with Peaches and Nectarines. I calculate that the
autumnal top-dressing or renewal of the soil may pro-
bably be dispensed with for two or perhaps three years ;
if so, it will be a saving of labour. I have not had the
courage to try it on my old favourite Peach trees,

feeling that it ia imiiossiblo they can bo in finer health.
Thus, step by step has the cuUuro of fruit trees in
pots progressed ; it is now as ijcrfect as it can be ; and
when I luok at my lino old trees of Peaches and
Apricots, I feel surprise that all who cultivate orchard-
house trees do notattiiu llicsamo result. The Apricot
triMis, iu particular— it may be owing to tho calcareous
soil— aro like sturdy Oak trees, and perfect masses of
blossom-buds.

I respect Mr. Fish's incredulity as to tho fibrils of
jiotted fruit trees dying ; he hius not had tho years of
observation I have liad. As far as my senses of seeing
aud feeling went, I very recently found tho niiusseii of
fibrils which were removed from tho surface of Peach
trees in nets, dead, so as to crumble when rubbed
between the finger and thumb; but the rootlets alivo,
aud ready to rcsinne their function of putting forth a
fresh crop of fibrils.

If an Apple tree in the open ground is removed
biennially, and replanted with some fresh compost to
its roots, its stem roots put forth numerous fibrils, so
that its roots aro a mass of rootlets and fibrils, some-
thing like those of a Rhododendi'on ; if a tree in this
state is suffered to remain four or five years without
being removed, and is then examined, the fibrils will
have disappeareil, its rootlets have become roots widely
spread, as if iustiuctively, on finding their food i:lose at
hand exhausted, they had gone iu search of it to a
distance. I have hitherto considered tho preternatur.al
mass of fibrils brought to tho surfaee of the pots by
surface dressing as excreta, and like the fallen leaves of
a tree assisting by their decay the well-being of the
source whence they are derived. To use a common
exiirossion. Nature is always giving and taking. Tho
leaves of our forest trees are fed and manured by the
earth aud the atmosphere, they return to the former
annually a portion of the food they have received; if
the masses of decayed leaves in our woods are examined
they will be found permeated with rootlets and fibrils,
thus showing that they furnish food— a small portion
it is true— to the trees that produced them. In like
manner does the crowd of fibrils brought to the surface
of the mould in a pot in which a tree is growing,
furnish— by a large portion of them dying in autumn-
food to the rootlets.

I have to-day, December 16, examined the surface
roots of several trees growing in large pots. The masses
lying on the surface have been removed, but I found
abundance close to the surikce. From pots ■with the
earth in a dry state, not having had water since the
middle of November, a portion only of the fibrils were
dead; from pots standing near them, the earth in a moist
state, the fibrils were nearly all decayed, but some few
among them were forming themselves into rootlets,
and putting forth their tiny spongioles ; from pots
standing in the open air, and which were large masses
of fibrils still resting on the surface of the mould, the
fibrils were all dead, and had formed a dark coloured
mould. As far as I can judge, the preternatural masses
of fibrils and rootlets on the surface of pots, in which
are growing vigorous faxit trees, cannot exist more
than one season. Then comes natural selection : like
the seedlings in a crowded seed-bed, the stronger fibrils
become rootlets and the weaker ones die. After this
manner have I read the book of Nature, and formed
my theory, which is perhaps without a sound basis : if
so, I shall be glad to be corrected by Mr. Fish, in his
usual courteous manner. T. S. [We oan, from per-
sonal observation last spring, confirm our correspon-
dent's statement as to the death of the fibrils. Eds.]

THE MISTLETO.

This very remarkable British plant has had a
mysterious importauce attached to it from very remote
times. The Druids no doubt pressed it into their
service, and well they might, for the plant is of singular
habit, a real parasite, preying upon the best juices of
the tree that supports it, maintaining its evergreen
character whilst growing u|.un a deciduous tree, and
forming a low, round bush, a^ if it were a giant Fungus
growing put of the fork of a tree ; though unlike the
Fungus tribe, in that it flowers and seeds freely. The
Dodder is the only plant at all approaching to it in
character among our native flowering plants; and
when I have .seen the Dodder on a good high Gorse
bush, it has always reminded me of the Mistleto, as if
it were aping its betters. The Mistleto, from not being
terrestrial, would seem to belong to a higher order of
plants than those that rise out of the ground, although
in reality it is not so ; but in the days that are gone b.v,
a plant whose j uices were apparently rectified by double
distillation, and which did not condescend to pasture
among other plants, was certain to bo regarded with
superstitious veneration. A rare plant it is still, afford-
ing but one species, and having little relationship

'th other gener.a, while no other name could answer
our purpose but the one it bears, for if it had a plural
and were not " the" Mistleto, its charm to what an
American would call the " Britisher " would be gone.
Scott says of Christmas—

" Fortli to the woods did raeiTy men go
To gather in the Mistleto."
Now had the poet said forth to the trees, instead of the
'oods, all would have been well; but as Sir Walter
aravely states that his dotage was drawing near when
he found himself fond of plants and of gardening,
which in his best days he hated, we have a clue to his
inaccuracv in what lie would have called our harm-
less art " of horticulture or arboriculture.

Everything in this line is fixed and unalterable; and
although the Mistleto is found growing freely enough
on the white Poplar, as may be seen in tbe valley of^the
Thames near to Wraysbury Railway Station, and on
the Lime tree in various localities, its principal site
is on the Apple tree, and it is a perfect pest to orchards
in Worcestershire. Speaking generally, it hasvery rarely
been obsei-ved to grow on what are usually called forest

1296

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Decembee 21, 1867.

trees. However, the missel thrush continues to feed
on the berries of the Mistleto or Misselto, and thereby
the one bears evidence as to the nativity of the other.
Again, the Church puts in an appearance, and
summoning as she does all the summer flowers to her
service, was not likely to pass over the quaint ever-
green hush with its conspicuous berries so admirably
adapted for decorations in the depth of winter at Yule-
tide. These two witnesses, then, hear testimony in
behalf of the aboriRinality of the Mistleto ; and although
the clearest evidence exists of the rook having recently
taken lessons in botany, so as to know the tops of the
Potato plant in order to pull up the sets and eat them
— for this art had evidently been unknown to any rook
in this country until the plant was introduced, it is
not so with the missel thrush, for the bird is rather
the agent to plant and propagate the Mistleto, just as
the rook carries the seeds of the Mountain Pir, scatter-
ing the cones, and sowing future forests for its young.
. This brings me to the most important part for our
purpose, namely, the propagation of the Mistleto. As
the seeds ripen freely, this would appear to be an easy
task, but as Loudon says that Viscum album is not
"cultivable," we must allow that it is a rough customer
in this respect ; and as he further says that it roots
beneath' the bark of the trees on which it grows, and
derives all its nutriment from their juices, it appears
that we have to grow not only the parasite, but the
plant it is to feed upon. Hence the late Mr. Fox, a
nurseryman of Staffordshire, having some Apple trees
getting rather stale for the market, inoculated them
with the berries of the Mistleto, and could then sell
the trees for the sake of the plant that grew out of
them— for it is rare that any one can exhibit a growing
plant of the Mistleto. Epiphytes which grow upon
trees but derive their nourishment from the atmo-
sphere, are familiar to everyone in theforms of epiphytal
Orchids, but they are quite honest and gentlemanly
as compared with the tribe of which the Mistleto is
such a famous type— a robber tribe, generally keeping
beyond reach, well up above what landscape painters
call the "browsing line." Now, as the word "parasite"
is an idiom in our language, I can easily imagine what
an interesting subject such a plant, if seen growing
and flourishing at the expense of what would appear to
be its patron, would be to a party of children under a
tutor or governess, or, better still, under the tuition of
an intelligent father or mother, if the plant were as
easily examined as a standard RosCj being, so to
speak, brought down a peg, to let the rising generation
see what a real parasite was like. A. Torsyih.

ON PURE HYBRIDISATION ; OB, CROSSING
DISTINCT SPECIES OF PLANTS.

[Extracted from a paper read by Isaac Anderson -Henry, Esq.,

F.L.S., President of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, on

14th Nov., 1867, being the opening addi'ess of the 32d session

of the Society.]
Akfek an introductory eulogy on Darwin, in whose views Mr.
Anderson-Henry himself to some extent, but not entirely,
coincides : and after alluding in the following terms to the
" Origin of Species," as a body of botanical philosophy, so well
sustained by the author's own generally accurate observations
and wonderful discoveries, that it constitutes the most valuable
contribution ever yet made to botanical science, and marks
an epoch in its annals more brilliant than any yet attiiined—
Mr. Anderson-Heniy alludes to the labours of Naudin and
Wichura, and then proceeds as follows : —

In the paper I read before the Society in March last (see
Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 370), which related mainly to that
forai of hybridising generally known as muling, and cognate
matters — all akin, no doubt, but for the most part outside the
proper province of hybridisation - 1 intimated my intention of
afteiwards submitting to you another paper limited to the
latter branch iu its purer and simpler form. I have now, in
laying what I have here to say before you, some things to
enunciate which may sound as a thrice-told tale ; but as they
consist of my own experiences, and aa I am animated by a
desire to lay them truthfully before you, I trust they will
neither overtjix your patience, nor be without some value to
those wbo may be already some way a-field or a-mind to
follow in that direction.

Holding, as I do, that the first object of all papers on
subjects laid before a society like the present is to communi-
cate instruction so far as it may bo iu the power of any of its
members to do so, I hope the t'ellows of the Botanical Society
will not consider it trivial or unworthy of their attention, but
bear with me "wliile I state the rules and means I observe to
insure success in the experiments of which I am now to give
some details.

1st. I long held it to be of vital importance to have the
separate plants intended for the parents in the cross, even
thougb both were hardy, brought under glass, and I still
reconmiend it ; for by doing so you heighten the temperature
— an important thing— and you can better secure against the
interference of winds and insects ; and though Darwin holds
the former of small account, I have reason for differing with
him there. But in the height of summer pollen may be taken
from an outside plant to cross an inside one, aud vice versd.

2d. I hold it not enough merely to emasculate the intended
seed-bearing flower ; I take oS every petal, for the petals
attract the insects, which seem guided more by their optics
than any sense of smell. This act of emasculation in some
cases I perform long before the expansion of the bloom, for iu
many plants — e. g., in the Papilionacea^, some of the Rosaceag,
and Compositse — self-fertilisation may and does often take
place in the unopened flower. This is not all. 1 sometimes
put a gauze bag over it ; if I do not, the mutilated bloom may
not escape that most troublesome of all insect pests, the
humble bee, which in his unwieldy flight may come across it
by pure accident. But for the most part now I make clean
work of it, and remove all other expanded flowers on the
eeed-beaiing plant, and allow no kuidred one to be near.

3d. Do not be in a huiTy to effect your cross ; wait till you
find that the stigma is fully developed. In many plants this
is shown by a glutinous exudation on th<i summit, such as In
the whole family of the Ericace^, the Onagracete, iSic. In
other families, such as the Geraniacea^ and Malv.aeeae, it is
indicated by the feathery expansion and rccurvature of its
separate divisions.

4th. The next thing is to obtain properly ripened pollen
grains from the male plant. This is done by carefully watching
■when the anthers burst open, otherwise the insects may be
before you ; and so active are they, especially on such favourite
food as the pollen of the Rubus tribe, that, to get it at all, I
have found it necessary to encase the opening blooms In
muslin bags till the pollen was ripe and ready for use. Do not
use, as is generally recommended, the camol-hair pencil,
which, applied often and indiscriminately, may and often does

convey, with the foreign, some insidious grains of native
pollen, which, however few, are prepotent, and wholly
neutralise the former. Take, where that can be obtained
and afforded, the entire bloom of the intended male,
and give the slightest brush with all Its anthers over
the stigma, or all the stigmas If more than one, of the
intended female, I will give my reasons for this by-
and-by. You may use for experiment, in some cases, the
long, and In some the short, anthers. To those of the proper
dimorphic form I have made some allusion already ; they
occur in the Primula and in some of the Linum tribe (as to
both of which see Darwin's most remarkable papers in the
Proceedings of the Linnean Society). Such anthers, at least
two long and two short ones, occur in the two orders of the
class Didynamia, on which I may have a suggestion to offer
hereafter, for I think something interesting may be worked
out of this form. In oases where the anthers are few, as in the
Diandria, Triandria, <fcc,, you may use small pincers— a bit of
wire so twisted as to form that implement, to carry in the
pocket, ia by far the handiest ; I have used such an instru-
ment all along, and find it better than any other form. In
some tribes, the better to secure against invasion by insects,
such especially as in some of the- Rosaceas having large discs,
a muslin bag may be used so aa effectually to exclude them ;
I use it constantly in the Rubus tribe immediately after
emasculation, taking it off and replacing it after the cross,
and keeping it on thereafter till the cross has set.

5th. In some cases it is a matter of some difficulty to pro-
cure, and when procured of no less importance to preserve,
pollen. In dicecious plants— say the Aucuba— a fnend may
have the male and you have, as we all have, the female in
abundance. You would like to store that pollen till your
female plant— generally later— comes into flower, Many hold
that pollen cannot be preserved in a vital condition for more
than one or two, or perhaps three, weeks. In a recent publi-
cation which refers to the matter — namely, Max Wichura's
"Observations on Hybridisation"— of which a very lucid
abstract, carefully digested and translated from the original
German, by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, is given in the January
number of the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society
that eminent authority holds it as " a fact of great importrmce
that the pollen of WOlows retains its potency for some time.
In some cases pollen 10 days old was efficient, while vitality
was still further prolonged by steeping it in a solution of
honey" (of which I have doubts). "Pollen," headds, "of
Salix silesiaca eight days old seemed almost aa potent as ever
in 28 days the traces of vitality were very slight, while
that of SaUx cinerea had become weak in 16 days."
Now, I am not aware that there is less vitality In the
pollen of Willows than in that of any other family ; and
as many experimentalists hold kindred views to those
here enunciated by Wichura, I deem it a matter of some
importance to give you one or two instances of my own
experience. I have carried in my pocket the pollen of Rhodo
dendrons, again and again, from six weeks to two months and
upwards, and still found it potent. Of the Japanese forms of
the genus Lilium I have kept pollen effective in the same
manner for equal periods. In facr, generally speaking, I have
found the pollen of most plants to remain good for similar
periods. Having last year got the new and beautiful Clematis
Jackmanni to flower, and anxious to preserve its pollen as long
as possible, I collected and stored it in its anthers in a simple
pill-box. On the 4th of July, 1866, I so gathered and put it
into a drawer of a cabinet in my own sitting-room, where it
remained wholly away from damp. On the .5th of June, 1867,
having first carefully emasciUated a flower of Clematis Candida,
I crossed it with the pollen, then 11 months old, and from
this cross I have this autumn gathered and sown eight well-
devuloped seeds. Now, both parents are hybrids, with a large
infusion of ahen blood in them, so that hero the vitality was
put to its severest test. I notice this result here (somewhat
out of place) to suggest the propriety of storing, and, if
needful, of importing, pollen, which, if wrapt up in silk
paper, might even, enclosed in a letter, reach this country
still potent, by the overland route from India, or, after two
or three months' voyage, from all parts of South and
North Amcric;i, Let collectors and friends in distant
countries be instructed as to this, and wo may soon have an
improved progeny of the rarest things, even before such
novelties from which they are derived have been obtained
from their own seeds in this country.

6th. There is, I humbly hold, another matter of much conse-
quence to be attended to in the crossing of distinct species ;
I mean the times and seasons for effecting the cross ; yet not
one of those most experienced in the art, from Darwin down-
ward, have touched upon this point. I have had it forced
^^pon my attention for more than 20 years, and found that
I could, on some few happy days which occur throughout the
season, successfully effect crosses I could not effect with
all my care at other times. I have adverted to this
in the paper I formerly submitted to you, and again I
cannot pass it by. I have some crosses to tell you of which
I effected at such times, and might have tried in vain to
accomplish them at times less favourable. If you have,
say, two plants of Rhododendron, one a tiny thing, to
cross with a large species, or if you wish to attempt a cross
between an Indian Azalea and a Rhododendron, of which I
will have to speak below, watch for a propitious time. Such
times occur, often few and far between, when there Is less of
sun than of that latent form of heat, which frequently occurs
before thunder, from the air being more than ordinarily
charged with electricity. Or it may occur in the spring
season, when that form of it which chemists designate by the
term ozone, ia present, whose influence I have often found tell
most favourably in promoting the germination of long-sown
seeds, of which please pardon my notice of a single instance
here. It was to the presence of this, or to some other form of
electrical agency, I attributed the almost simultaneous
germination of some New Zealand seeds, of a shrub which I
got from that country under the name of Black Maupan, a
species of Pittosporum, which sprang up together on the
moraing of the 16th March, 18C3, after they had lain dormant
two years and eight months. Such atmospheric conditions, to
whatever cause they may be due, I have found not unfrequently
to occur with the east winds of March and April, of which we
have so much at that season ; at which times I have seen
many other long-sown seeds spring quite auddenly and
unexpectedly into life. Seize upon all such seasons for difficult
crosses. As to the time of the day, you may^ operate best
perhaps from 10 ..v-M. till 6 p.m.

We shall suppose the cross now performed. Your next
anxiety will naturally be to find out whether it has taken.
Almost all experimenters have noticed that soon — I would say
from six to ten days — an alteration is observed on the stigma
and style. On the first you will find its \'lscous matter dried
up, and the latter begun to shrivel. You will naturaUy con-
clude that it is all right, and that the fertilising pollen has
now passed down into the ovary, and in some cases you may
be right ; but these appearances are deceptive, especially if
you find the style maintain an erect position. And singularly,
as I DOW write, I find, on glancing at the Gardeyicrs' Cliromdc
of the 19th October, that this state of matters had been this
bygone summer observed by the learned editor of that publi-
cation, and described in his leading article of that day. Ho
there observes, " We have ourselves, in following some experi-
ments on cross-breeding this season, noticed that the stigma
becomes changed— withered almost immediately after contact
with the pollen, even if no perfect seeds be produced." Now
that gentleman is quite right ; but I did not note the withering

effect to be just so immediate as he had observed it, though it
might have been so in the Epilobium tribe, to which his
experiments refer. Another effect I particularly noted last
summer was that, in- attempting to cross an Indian Azalea
with a Rhododendron, which in that instance failed how-
oyer,_ not only did the stigma and style decay, but the
divisions of the calyx took on a pui-plish tint, and a honeyed
secretion continuodlongto exude from its nectary. Another still
more misleading condition often arises, as is noticed in the
same leading article of the Chronicle:— "The ovaiywill swell,
the fruit will set, in some cases without any contact with the
pollen at all, though of course no embryo is produced.'
Wichura has noticed the like results, and the following degrees
of failure noted by him have so often occurred in my own
experience, that I cannot do better than cite them in his own
words, from the Rev. Mr. Berkeley's translation already
alluded to, which'I only alter according to my own experience :
— 1st, The organs submitted to hybridisation (the stigma
and style) soon wither, but do not in all cases soon fall off.
2d, The ovaries swell and ripen, but do not contain a trace of
seed. 3d, The ovaries may -seem filled (I say may seem
partially filled), having in some instances the small protuberant
swelling outside as if seeds were within, and yet no seed be
there. 4th, Seeds are present, but small, languid, and inca-
pable of germination. 5th, Seeds apparently perfectly de-
veloped, but do not germinate. 6th, Seeds germinate, but
the young plants are weak, and wither in a short time,
dying off oftentimes after developing the seed-
leaves. I have had all these conditions and results amply
illustrated ; and of the second in the above category I have
had, last summer, mortifying proofs in a muling operation I'
tried, by fertilising a flower of the new Arabia blepharophylla
with my still newer Draba violacea. The cross, to all appear-
ance, had taken ; the seed-pod swelled better than the others
where no experiment was made, and whUe the valves of the
siliquas of these last opened and showed no trace of seed in
them, the former remained closed, showing by outward
development that two seeds were certainly within. But I
found on opening, when to aU appearance ripe, not one seed
was there, though there was a something, which, however,
bore no resemblance to a seed — an utter abortion. While
Wichura's accuracy in the above degrees of failure are con-
sistent with what I have myself had ample experience of, I
cannot, from like experience, endorse the views he has formed
on some of his successful results. At page 72 of the
above article in the Journal of the Royal Horti-
cultural Society, 3Ir. Berkeley, commenting on Wichura's
paper, observes: — " Gaertner, indeed, supposes that ia
genera which are rich in species, there are soma
which have a prepotent infiuence when hybridising, so
that in some hybrids the type either of the male or female
prevails. Amongst the various hybrid Willows, though the
genus is so rich in species and so prone to hybridizing,
Wichura has never seen a prepotent type, "and doubts Grertner's
statement, especially as he makes it in very qualified terms :*'
upon which Mr. Berkeley very judiciously remarks on the
difficulty of determining, "by examination of types, whether,
for example, a hybrid is more like the mother or father— the
perfect distinction is subject in many cases to great difficulties,
since very much depends on the subjective view of the obser-
vation ; for, in consequence of the frequent intermelting of
both characters, the one observer finds in a hybrid the
maternal type, while another thinks the paternal type
prevalent." By which I regard Mr. Berkeley as very modestly
dissenting from his author. And further on, at p. 78 of tho
same Journal, Wichura speaks out still more absolutely.
" ^Vhen both parents," says he, " belong to tho same species,
we cannot tell what part the male and female parent take
respectively in the formation of the progeny. But dissimilar
factoi's are united in hybrids, and an intermediate form is the
consequence. The products which arise from reciprocal cross-
ing in plant-e, unUko those which are formed amongst
animals, are perfectly alike. I rcgi'et to differ from so great
an authority as Wichura, and must venture to demur to the
doctrine in more decided terms than Mr. Berkeley does. I
have had so many instances of hybrids taking sometimes to
one side and sometimes to another— but most frequently to
that of the mother— that to those who^ like me, have tried
their hand with many genera, it would be a matter of super-
erogation to give instances ; I have had them by the Score.
The conveise is the rarer case—;, c, where the paternal type
comes out most marked. Yet I remember one eminent
instance of a seedling Veronica (from the batch of seedlings
from which I obtained Y. Audcrsoni — V. salicif olia, x speciosa),
being so like the male parent V. speciosa, that I presented it
to a friend in the belief it was purely and simply the latter
species ; but when it bloomed, it showed, by the longer spike
and lighter and brighter colour of the flowers, and by their
being a bright crimson instead of very deep purple, which is
the colour of the flower of the V. speciosa, that the blood of
tho V. salicifoUa was there. I can well understand that, aa
respects the family of Willows, from their being so attractive
to bees, and from their being naturally so prone to intermix
(in so much that few can tell what is a species and what is a.
hybrid), Wichura has not much overstated the fact, and that a '
distinct intermediate form may generally be reckoned on.

But I must dissent stUl more strongly from what he lays
down in continuation of the above passage at p. 78, as to
reciprocal crossing. "The products," he says, "which ariae
from reciprocal crossing in plants, unlike those which are
formed among animals, are perfectly alike. It is of no
consequence which is the male and which the female parent.
It ia, therefore, a mathematical necessity that the pollen cells
must have just the same part in the act of generation as the
ovules." AJid, based mainly on this doctrine, he follows up
and amplifies it in a scries of aphorisms which, he admits, are
to be " considered conjectural, and require to be submitted to
proof," an admission for which he is to be commended, and all
the more if he submitted to the like test the dogma on which
they mainly rest ; for it humbly appears to me that it had
been suggested from his experience among the Salices— of all
plants the most mongrel in a state of nature. Now, in all this
it appears to rae to be implied by_ Wichura that if a distinct
intermediate may bo formed, and is foi-med, by crossing A on
B, so may an exactly similar intermediate be reciprocated by
crossing B on A. And M. Naudin, I observe, in his experi-
ments among the Daturas, enunciates the same belief, and
holds "that there is not a sensible difference between
reciprocal hybrids of two species." That distinguished
observer, like Wichura, seems to have confined his experi-
ments to herbaceous or soft-wooded plants. But, from a long
and large experience among both hard and soft-wooded plants,
I demur, 1st, to the capability of the parents being iu all cases
made subject to such reciprocity ; and, 2d, to the dogma,
where such reciprocity does hold, that the progeny are
perfectly alike, whether A or B supply the pollen.
(To be Continued.)

Home Correspondence.

Pruning (?) of Trees in Srjde Park. — A short time
since there appeared in the columns of the Times a letter
from " F. K. L.." expressing reasonable apprehensions
that what was oein^ done in the pruning line might
not be rightly and judiciously done, or committed to
very incapable hands, for certainly i)runing does noc
mean oarmess, tasteless hacking. During Mr. Cowper's

;1

BkCEMBBB ^1, 186?.]

THE GARBENEl^S' CHKONICLE AND AGMCUETtTlAL GAZETTE.

1297

tenure of office (from whom I always received much
courteous attention to my suggestions, some of
which he readily adopted), I addressed him a letter
upon the subject of pruning the trees, both large and
small, over all the Parks, showing that so long as they
(particularly the larger ones) wore suffered to send
down their lower branches to near the ground, it
afforded great inducement to the climbint; boys and
the mob of roughs at reviews, to tear thom down by
swinging on them or thereby mounting the trees,
greatly to their injury ; and for tearing off the boughs
wilfully, for the love of mischief— leaving that ragged
unsightly appearance which most of the large trees in
the Parks exhibit. I then told him that, though some
small amount of pruning had been done down the
promenade of Rotten Bow, it had boon executed in
a most slovenly, careless manner, and the lower
boughs, instead of being taken off reasonably near the
stems with a fine saw, and then cleaned off smooth
with a chisel, and the amputated stump covered with
a coating of bees'-wax, pitch, tallow, and resin, as
used for grafting (and which hardens immediately) had
been hacked off with some coarse cutting tool ; some at
a foot off the stem, some at two or three feet off. I
also informed him, that it was a gross prejudice (though
a time-honoured one) among certain unreasoning
gardeners and woodsmen, the supposing that injury is
inflicted on a tree by cutting off its boughs in summer
time, and that it should be done when the sap is not
up, as in the autumn or winter. Now, it is just that
unwise prejudice which is now being acted on, and
which mainly induces me to notice the apprehensions
of " F. K. L." The reasoning in my letter to Mr.
Cowper was this : AVhen the limb of a tree is ampu-
tated in winter, or when the sap is down, the following
are the consequences : there being tlien no sap in the
boughs, the stump of the amputation presents a surface
having the tubes of the sap all thus exposed to the
atmosphere and dust, and they become dry and clogged
with dirt, but they do not close up by any process of
healing to which sap is necessary, and they remain so
during the winter. Then comes the spring, when the
sap rushes up with that mysterious power, of which
we really know so little ; and the pores being
open at the part amputated, the sap, which at this
season is very thin and watery, and which was destined
to be driven rapidly up to the top of the tree, into
the finest twigs, rushes up, with in<;redible force,
and for near a month this stump (being nearer to the
propelling power) will continue to pour forth in great
quantities the juice intended to be injected into the
upper boughs feed the swelling buds, so that the
foliage comes slowly forward, and the spring shoot is
sickly and weak from loss of blood (supposing, always,
it is not possible to apply to every amputation the
pitch plaster) ; and the stump exhibits for a long time
no tendency to heal, and the tree is much impoverished
before the really warm weather sets in. On the other
hand, if the bough be amputated in June or July, the
result is this : at this period of the year the sun, acting
on the sap of the tree, causes it to become rich, viscid,
glutinous, and saccharine, and it ebbs and flows more
slowly, oozing gently out of the open pores of the
amputated limb, and the bark is then more fitted to
heal over the exposed stump, being softer and more
full of growth than when the sap is not up, or only
rushing up with extra force in early spring ; and the
juice thus slowly coming to the surface in a
viscid glutinous condition is soon coagulated
into a gummy covering, which renders the open
pores impervious to the influence of the weather,
checks the bleeding, and hinders the entrance of
insects, which harbour in the half-rotting surface of an
amputated bough exposed all the winter to the air and
moisture, whence begins decay, and thebark, being in full
vigour of growth, will rapidlyfand often in oneyear)curl
over the exposed end of the limb. This account is the
result of a long, close, practical experience in this matter,
which convinces me, by the issue, that my reason-
ing on this subject is logically just. Added to these views
— the superiority of summer pruning of ornamental
trees— is the very important one that, at the season
when trees are thickly clad in foliage the critical eye
for beauty of lines in landscape gardening can better
decide which boughs should be taken off to let in light
and air to the various parts of the tree, to render
the balance of the boughs true, to give a picturesque
grace to its form, in accordance with its particular
position or the different views of the surrounding
scenery. And here I fall in with the deprecatory view of
" F. K. L." respecting the operation of pruning being
entrusted to the uneducated gardeners or underling
overseers of such men, who have not an idea of what is
meant by " lines of beauty," or of the " artistic grace "
which may be given to almost the ugliest growing tree
by judicious pruning. No one who has once under-
taken to thin out plantations to advantage can be
ignorant how much of caution, of taste, and judicious
discrimination it requires to cut down the right tree,
or to remove the most objectionable boughs, and
how superior is the discretion of a man of taste
when entrusted with duties of this sort, to an
uneducated gardener (even of one with more than
ordinary taste) ; and I have often been surprised
to see how these duties of pruning both trees,
and shrubs in our Parks seem to have been so
entrusted to the discretionary taste of very rough,
ignorant workmen, whose only qualification seems to
be their axe and their pruning-knife. Since I have
inspected the modus operandi of the late pruning
raid on the trees in tiie Park, I quite agree with
" P. K. L." in respect to his apprehension that what
has been done may have been done badly. It is quite
evident that " F. K. L.'s" fears are fully realised, and I
believe the injury (now past all cure) that has
been done to tfiese tine young trees is most serious,
for the pruning party has not only set at defiance all
the accepted rules of not amputating a bough too near

to the trunk, but has actually chiselled out the
stumps of the amputated boughs in many instances
below the level of the stem, as a chiropodist scoops out
a corn. Now, common sense and reflection should
have suggested tho fact, that, as these trees are rapidly
enlarging their girth, by tho time the bark (say two
or three years) can push over the exposed incision tho
remainder of the stem will liavo so grown out that an
actual indent at first^ and then a hole, will be left at
every amputation, into which dirt and insects will
insinuate themselves, and tho rot will soon go to tho
heart of tho tree; while the preparation with which
tho incised part is thinly besmeared (and wliic'h
appears to be some sort of jiaint) is a pitiful substitute
for tho soft impervious coating of tho materials poinird
out by nio to the Park authoriiies as the only one which
should be used, and put on warm. It should also bo
observed that by this novel mode of amputation
more than double the amount of surface exposed to the
influence of decay is laid bare, and that more than
double tho surface has to be covered over by the
young bark, than if the boughs were amputated at about
•t or f) inches from the stem, every bough being united
to tho trunk with a girth more than double tho
diameter of that at 4 or 5 inches off. Many of these
amputations (as may bo seen) nresent an exposed a.nd
painted surface, of 12 to 1 1 inclies in diameter, which
it will require years to get the bark to fold oyer, if it
ever does, before the rot has set in, which it is my
opinion it never will, particularly if due attention
bo not paid each year, for at least five years, to the
removal of the coating over the surface of these larger
amputations. Q. Beauclerc, 23, Orosvenor Street West,
Grosvenor Place. [Our correspondent claims the merit
of having suggested most of the improvements made
in the Parks of late years, long before they were
actually carried out, and appeals in conflrmation of the
truth of his statement to numerous documents in his
possession. There is little doubt that the management
of the trees in past years was scandalously bad. and
that there is much room for improvement now. Eds.]

Old Vines, — A Vine verging on a century old is
truly a noble sight, and one noli to be met with every
day. We frequently hear of Vines being worn out
through old age ; are not these old stagers veritable
examples that such statements are not founded on
facts ? I have under ray charge at this place a Black
Hamburgh, eighty years old, which annually produces
remarkable crops of fruit, good in all points, more
especially as regards that most important of all quali-
ties— flavour. Does age assist in this matter ? The
old Vine here cannot vie in extent with the one at
Cumberland Lodge or Silwood Park, as it only covers
75 feet of rafter ; had it, however, been allowed to
extend itself, it would long ere this, I have no doubt,
have covered as large a surface of roof The house in
which it is growing is one of the finest old Vineries in
Middlesex, and as for the Vine, it shows no sign of
decay ; on tho contrary, it is quite as healthy as a Vine
five years old. John Udlingfon, Wrotham Park,

The White Variety of Anemone japonica, — So
much attention has lately been paid to plants for
spring and summer decoration, that this and other
autumnal flowering plants have been unwisely and
undeservedly neglected. Plants for autumn display
are, however, every year becoming more than ever a
necessity. The recent introduction of so many tender
plants for summer has had a tendency to shorten
rather than to prolong the beauty of out-door gardens.
The old Anemone japonica is both valuable and useful.
I now, however, wish to call attention to its white
variety, Honorine Jobert: for, among all late blooming,
hardy herbaceous plants, I know of none that equals
it, and its large and lovely pure white flowers are pro-
duced in great abundance. This last autumn it w;is a
mass of bloom up to the first severe frost. After this
temporary check, and during the subsequent mild
weather, it was again in great beauty, tip to the
middle of November it continued to make, often suc-
cessful, attempts to unfold its profusion of flower-buds.
In rows and groups it produces a lovely effect, and that
at a time when most of the summer bedding plants are
dead, or paralysed with cold. As a pot plant it is
equally striking. There is generally a dearth of plants
in bloom in our conservatories when Fuchsias, &c., are
removed, and before Chrysanthemums and forced
flowers come in. During this interval the Anemone in
question is in its best condition. Its propagation is by no
means difficult. If the larger portions of its numerous
fibrous roots be cut up into little pieces, each will pro-
duce a plant. If examined they will be found to be
covered with small wart-like excrescences, sometimes
even a rudimentary leaf may be visible on them. The
smaller portions of the fibrous roots need not be wasted,
but should be collected, and placed thickly in a flower-
pot, and covered over with sandy soil ; in a short time
the surface will present more the appearance of a pot
of seedlings than that of cuttings. Novellus.

Freaks in Bedding Pelargoniums. — I have a plant of
Pelargonium, called "Spitfire," which has now two
trusses on it, expanded ; one is a pure scarlet, the
other nearly white. J. E.

Melons.— Oi these I recommend highly : scarlet-
fleshed, Turner's Gem and JIalvern Hall; green-
fleshed, Meredith's Hybrid Cashmere and the Beech-
wood. They were grown, planted late, by solar heat
only, under glass. The two first I have to thank Mr.
Edlingtou for, and Mr. Perkins for the third. The
two first and fourth are admirable setters ; and all are
very good. W. F. Radcbjffe, Okeford Fitzpaine,

Liseased Gladioli, — My Gladioli are affected by a
disease the same as that affecting the collection near
Deal, described at page 1238. I grow G. natalensis, or as
named by some botanists, psittacinus, in beds slightly
raised, the compost rich, rendered free and open by the
addition of a good quality of sand from the surface of a
poor heath — in fact, prepared expressly for them, in
which they grow ordinarily to the height of 4 feet or

more, presenting a most gorgeous appearance in thb
flowering season. AVhen planting last season I noticed,
for the first time, that sovoral conns were slightly
diseased ; these grow but weakly, soon showing signs of
decay, and upon examination they wore found to bo
in exactly tho same slate as a Potato affected with
murrain. On taking up the lot after flowering (a
practice I drj not always follow, sometimes leaving them
in tho ground for two or three seasons, and protecting
with a good coat of straw thatch) I find that nearly all
aro affected from tho root, some are speckled all over
from root to the germinating point. I find it fatal and
virulent. Thnma.'i Iltttt, Keresleg, Warwickshire,

Picea ApoUinis.—Vr.m any of your correspondents
give me any information as to tho hardiness or other-
wise of this Picea? Is it any less liable to bo injured
by spring frosts than its very near relation, P. copha-
lonica? So far none of my plants have been injured,
either in tho garden or planted out in the woods ; but
I should bo glad to learn how they are found to
stand in other parts of England. C. W. Strickland,
midenlef/.

Cool drchiils. — In looking over the Orchids at Mr
Backhouse's garden the other day, besides tliose which
Mr. Eyles mentions as having been out-of-doors during
the summer, I noticed four or five ])latits of L:clia
albida, all of about the same size, and all about to
flower ; of these one had been out-of-doors all tho
summer, and the leaves of this one were thicker and of
a deeper green, and the flower-stalk stronger then
those of the other plants, which had not been out in
the summer; and I think that the growths of Ltolia
majalis were generally finer on those plants which had
been out-of-doors than on those which had been kept
in the house. C, W, Strickland. Hildenleii.

Roses, — H. Taylor, Esq., of Fencote, Bedale, York-
shire, who is a competent judge of Roses, writes as
follows:^"Comte Litta, thick petal, imbricated, rather
small, colour of P. Camille de Rohan, flower formed
like Fisher Holmes, too small for exhibition. Jules
Calot, colour light crimson or deep rose, very
large, very circular, and very double, formed in
the way of M. Vidot, highly scented, a good
Rose. Madame Anna Bagnet, colour pale lilac rose,
large and very full, perfectly imbricated, highly
scented, a good Rose. Rose Perfection, beautiful
colour, perfectly imbricated, extra large, 4} inches
diameter, petals thick and smooth, colour almost
approaching light crimson, reverse of the petals shaded
glaucous white, amagnificent Rose." He adds (lie lost
2000 Briar Roses in 1800-01, and 2000 in 18GG-C7) : " all
my Manetti Roses were cut down to the snow line last
vi'inter with the severe frost, but they all shot up
vigorously and bloomed finely. None of the Manetti
Roses sent up suckers, as was predicted by enemies to
that stock. The best Roses and good.of late date, that
I have seen are Miss Ingram— a gem of the first water;
Alfred Colomb, Charles Rouillard, Exposition de Brie,
Lady Suffield, Horace Vernet, Thoriu, and Madame
Pillion. Lady Suffield I have bloomed on two Briars
this summer. It is an admirable new Rose, rosy
crimson veined with purple, and good in all respects.
C. Rouillard is a very good Rose, and fine grower. I
should say A. Colomb and C. Rouillard were the two
best of their year. Madame Pillion is very beautiful,
but I have heard it is not a very good grower. It is
salmon rose, a complete cup circle, and lovely silver
under petals, which are not so substantial as I like."
W, F. Radclyffe, Okeford Fitzpaine.

Colouring of Muscat Orapes.—iir. D.avid Thomson
has rightly inferred that I had no intention to impugn
his character as a Grape grower, when pointing to a
solitary instance of perfect colouring, in support of the
practice of Messrs. Meredith and Fowler. I onght to
have stated that the sample or variety referred to w.a3
dead ripe, and of a beautiful amber colour, at an
unusually early period of the season, which Mr.
Thomson in his explanatary note attributes to disease.
It is a well-known fact that tho Muscat houses at
Archerfield, whether as regards crop or finish, have
been for years one of the finest features of an establish-
ment remarkable for general good gardening. A.

Coitus. — Permit me to assure Mr. Miller, of Worksop
(see p. 1218), that what I s.aid of the Coleus (see p. 1117)
is perfectly true, and to inform him how he may
ascertain it for himself Wherever the Coleus grows
it is beautiful, but there will be found a wide difference
in the hues of one of those fully exposed beds at
Battersea, and where the plant is placed in the shade
in our cold climate. If Mr. Miller had had his beds on a
terrace during the past season, he might have forcibly
seen the truth of my remark. However, by selecting a
small clump of shrubbery sufficiently elevated in its
central parts to keep the sun away from one side, and
putting a baud of Coleus around that, he will in the
course of the summer see that not only is " much of
the beauty of colour " taken out of the plants on the
shady side, but that its aspect is miserable compared to
that of the sunny one, and that he will be able almost
to trace a line where the sun fails to warm the Coleus
into deep and glorious colour, and where the sickly
aspect begins. As to finding that all foliage plants, etc.,
do better in the shade, I think he will very much alter
his opinion on that point with further experience.
Plants usually known under that h-iading have very
different tastes : some like shade, others sun, others
abundance of water, others little, and so on ; but above
all things is it 'clear that to get some of the more
important and useful ones into first-class condition,
we must, while sheltering them as well as possible,
not interrupt one ray of sunlight that peeps from our
cloudv skies. R.

French Paradise Slock.— As some people appear
to dispute the correctness of Mr. Rivers' assertion that
the French Paradise stock is not hardy enough for the
climate of England, I w sh to state that in this neigh-
bourhood (Pembrokes-hire) Apples thrive on it only
when it is planted so as to be completely covered up to

1298

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[Becembee 21, 1867.

the jiuiotion with the graft. The stocks live well
enough when exposed, as they usually are ; but the
Apples grafted on them rarely do even tolerably; and
some kinds will only live, and not grow at all. That
this was the case more or less in different localities,
and also that in all localities Apples will not continue
healthy on the stock in question, as they do on the
Crab, was the sense in which I from the first under-
stood Mr. Rivers, and not that the stock would not
bear hard frost, as some of your correspondents appear

to have thought. Alexander Boyle. For" America"

(see p. 12G9, line 7 from top), read Armenia. The latter
is the birthplace of the Dwarf Apple of Armenia, alias
the French Paradise stock : it was never in America
till it was sent there from Europe. T. R.

Oroiiping Cannas with Dahlias. — In connection
with your remarks on Dahlias and other bedding
plants (p. 1266), I notice the association of Cannas
with Dahlias as a favourite practice in the public
gardens in the Regent's Park. Cannas and Caladiums
are largely used there, their distinctive character in
form and colour yielding an admirable foil to many
species of flowers and vegetation. Of course I don't
expect to see them in the same places next season, at
least I shall be very much disappointed if I do. The
real benefit of mixing Cannas with Dahlias is imme-
diate effect, the Cannas assisting the general ensejnble,
until the Dahlias are strong enough to take up their
position. As a rule, the green . varieties of Cannas
should be used, excepting in the case of yellow
Dahlias, wheu the darker varieties can be introduced
in their immediate proximity. The plants should be
small when first turned out, so as not to overtop the
Dahlias in the latter part of the season, as if used
large there is a danger not only of a poverty-stricken
appearance in the early part of the season, but of the
group in full development presenting an analogous
outline to tipsy-cake stifHy bristling with almonds.
The adoption of receipts rather than principles is not
perhaps to be desired, excepting so far as the receipt is
illustrative of the principle ; but in this case it may
give a lift to Dahlias, and the materials are so simple
that its successful practice can very easily be attained by
AnyhoAy, ■

Cordons. — Your correspondent " W. R." deserves
thanks for bringing under notice this system of
training as a means of increasing your supply of choice
Apples— a thing greatly needed in England for the
tables of both rich and poor. What 1 take to be a
cordon is simply_ a one-rod fruit tree trained
horizontally, just in the way in which a well-grown {
Vine is trained and pruned at the present day, except i
as regards position. All must see at a glance that 1
training a tree in this manner near the grouud is [
equivalent to training it near a wall, and better, for
the extremes of heat and cold are not so trying to it.
The grouud is really, as it were, a wall to it, and ,
especially so in sloping gardens or orchards. Five '
years ago I planted nearly 2000 feet of these cordons,
and since the first year of planting them I have '
gathered magnificent fruit of White Calville, Reinette
du Canada, and Reinette de Caux, certainly three of
the finest Apples in existence. One fruit of Reinette
du Canada weighed 22 ounces, and one of Reinette du
Caux 19 ounces, while the White Calville reached
16 ounces. As regards the supports for these cordons,
none are better than oak posts at 14 feet distances, and
a fine galvanised wire, fastened at each end to a large
stone embedded in the earth,strained with the simple
raidisseurs so common in French gardens, and
recommended by " W. R." One of these tighteners is
suBlcieully strong for 400 feet of wire. Mr. Rivers'
iron hooks (see p. 1213) are certainly no improvement.
He objects to wire being employed, for fear of canker.
Are not his hooks likely to cause canker ? How are
they to be made fast in the earth ? For my part, with
all my 2000 feet of cordon and 2000 feet of espaliers on
walls trained to wire, 1 have never yet found any bad
effects from the use of wire (galvanised), provided the
wire is fastened closely to the wall. For ties I use the
Yellow Willow, which I grow expressly for that
purpose. My advice to all is to train their cordons
and espaliers on wire, fastened neatly and efficiently on
the wall in the one case, and in the other to oak or
iron posts. H. Knight, Pontchartrain^ France.

Oladioli. — It would much interest me, and no doubt
many other Gladiolus growers, if your correspondent
near Dublin would give us as interesting an account as
he did last year of his plans of cultivation, together with
his opinions of the new varieties. /. O. Nelson, Aid-
borough Jieefori/, Norwich, Dec. 16.

Gardeners^ J^xami nations. — The result of the
various ■ examinations open to gardeners are now
recorded for the past year. The most successful can-
didate is Robert C. Kingston, of the Royal Botanic
Garden, Kew, son of Mr. Kingston, gardener to Chris-
topher Sykes, Esq., M.P., Brantingham Thorpe, East
Yorkshire. At the Royal Horticultural Society's
examination, held at South Kensington in December,
1866, after two days' examination in theoretical and
practical gardening, he was awarded the highest honour
— a First-class Diploma, and elected au Associate of
the Society. At the Society of Arts' examination,
held last April, he was awarded the following prizes
and certificates :— Botany : First-class Certificate with
Society of Arts' 1st prize of 51. ; also the Royal Horti-
cultural Society's 1st prize of 5^. Floriculture ; First-
class Certificate^vith Society of Arts' 1st prize of 5^. ;
also the Royal Horticultural Society's 1st prize of 5Z,
Fruit and Vegetable Culture : Second-class Certificate.
Book-keeping : Second-class Certificate, with 1st prize
of 3^. specially given by the proprietors of the Gar-
deners' Chronicle to the gardener obtaining the greatest
number of marks in practical gardening, coupled irith
mensuration or book-keeping. At the examination of the
Science and Art Department of the Committee of
Council on Education, held last May, the result of
which has recently been issued, he was in Vegetable

Physiology and Economic Botany awarded a First-
class Certificate, with Silver Medal ; and in Systematic
Botany awarded a First-class Certificate with Silver
Medal. He is also a Queen's Medalist, and registered
a Certificated Science Teacher in those subjects, and
presented with a Microscope as a prize. K.

Physalis Alkekengi v. ©ok?.— My attention was first
directed to this plant as a remedy for gout by Dr.
Bailer, an eminent physician now practising in Bel-
gravia, who said that if about three berries were eaten
daily, or rather more if taken on alternate days, they
would have the effect of warding off a threatened
attack. A gentleman in this neighbourhood was sup-
plied by me with berries, and used them with very
good effect. They are not, I believe, to be looked upon
as a cure, but as a preventive, coupled, I presume, with
other regulations as regards diet and regimen. The
following extract from a valuable work, called " Green's
Universal Herbal or Botanical Dictionary," will convey
a better idea of the qu.alities of these berries than any
words of my own :— " This Physalis is a native of the
south of Europe, Germany, China, Cochin China. The
berries of this plant were known to the ancients;
they have an acidulous and not unpleasant taste,
followed by a slight bitterness, which they are
said to derive from the investing calyx. Though
esteemed detergent and aperient, their fruit is chiefly
recommended as a diuretic in suppression of urine,
and for removing obstructions arising from gravel or
mucus. From si.x to twelve Cherries, or an ounce of
the expressed juice, is given as a dose; there seems,
hovvever, to be no danger from a much larger quantity,
for in some parts of Germany the country people eat
them by handfuls, and in Spain and Switzerland they
frequently supply the place of other eatable fruits.
Ray says that a gouty person prevented the return of
the disorder by taking eight of these berries at the
change of the moon. Instances of their good effects
in dropsical or calculus complaints are on record, but
they are very little regarded. The plant is easily pro-
pagated by seeds, or by parting the roots ; the latter,
being the most expeditious method, is generally prac-
tised any time after the stalks decay until they begin
to shoot in the spring ; it loves a shady situation, and
should be confined, otherwise the roots will ramble to
a great distance. Its only beauty is in autumn,
when the fruits are ripe." It would be an
interesting subject of inquiry whether the author, iu
his statement about the use of the berries in Spain and
Switzerland as an addition to the number of eatable
fruits for the table, has not confounded the Physalis
edulis, or Cape Gooseberry, with the P. Alkekengi.
P. edulis flourishes well in this country in a cool
greenhouse, and the fruit is really delicious, and makes
an excellent preserve. I exhibited a large dish of
them at the great show at Willis's Rooms some years
ago, with which our late lamented Dr. Lindley was
much interested, and begged some of the berries to
send to the South of France. This Cape Gooseberry
would, I should imagine, flourish well in the open air
in Spain, and probably in some parts of Switzerland;
but unless climate alter the character of Alkekengi
very much, I cannot conceive of any one eating it,
except by way of a medicinal dose. The beauty
alluded to by Green consists of the brilliant scarlet of
the investing calyx, which is really very attractive.
John Cox, HedUaf.

Aivards at the Paris Exhibition. — In your notice of
these (see p. 1238), you state that oljets d'art are
only joined to Gold Medals. I am sure you will excuse
me for saying that, as a holder of a Silver Medal, an
objet d'art has been aw^arded me as well ; and I am
told that both of these are equivalent to a Gold Medal.
Seeing that only five Gold Medals have been awarded,
and that to nurserymen, as a British gardener I must
consider myself fortunate, and I may add that I am
the only gardener in the same position. S. Knight,
Pontchartrain, France.

Botanical of Edinburgh : Nov. 14.— The first meeting of
the 32d session was held in the Society's rooms, on Thursday,
the 14th lUt. — Isaac Anderson-Henry, Esq., President, in the
chaii'. Donations to tho library and herbarium, and also to
the museum at the Royal Bohinic Garden, were announced.
Tho President deUvered an address on the hybridization or
crossingof distinct species of phints (see p. 1296), and concluded
by saying:— This year we have had to record the death of
ProfesaorGoodsir, a loss which science andjsociety have deeply
deplored, and of whom you will find an excellent biographical
notice by Professor Balfour, in the new volume of " Trans-
actions," now on the table. We have had also to record the
death of Alexander Bryson, a gentleman eminent in the
scientific profession which he so long, and so successfully,
followed in this city, and no less eminent among ourselves for
the prominent part which he took in our proceedings. Both
these gentlemen were resident fellows. We have also to recoi'd
the deaths of the following, among our non-resident fellows : —
Rev. Thomas Bhzard Bell, Robert Daw, John Gray, Dr. George
Anne Martin, Prideaux John Selby of Twizel, James Smith of
Jordauhill, and John Stewart of Nat'eby tiall, and one
associate, David Ten nan t, brother of the author of " Anster
Fair." At the present moment our roll stands as follows : —
The Queen, patron ; S British honorary fellows, 24 foreign
honorary fellows, 101 resident fellows, 267 non-resident
fellows, 11 extraordinary members, 106 corresponding
members, and 24 associates— making a total of 541. The
following communications were read : — I. Observations on
New Zealand Plants. By Dr. Lauder Lindsay. In this paper,
the author refers exclusively to the flowering plants of Otago,
which are, for the most part, illustrative of the variations of
the individual from the characters of the si^ecica. in relation,
more particularly, to the limitation or definition of species.
He also gives notes regarding their geogi'aphical distribution
and economical applications, and their Maori and settlers'

names. II. Letter from Br. Robert 0. Cunningham, H.3I.S.

" Nassau," Rio de Janeiro, to Professor Balfour. We reached
the Strait of Magellan on the 21st of December, and. with the
exception of a short trip to the Falkland Islands to take in
provisions and coal, remained there till the 12th of June, when
we moved northwards, as the daily increasing severity of the
climate necessitated a suspension of surveying operations for
the season. Some of the Strait plants were identical with old

frienda at home. Many of them were species new to me, and
a considerable number belonged to genera which I had never,
a previous opportunity of examining^. As examples of British
plants that I met with in the Strait, I may instance SisymbriuQi
Sophia, Cerastium arvenae, Apium graveolens, Avmeria mari-
tima, Galium Aparine, Taraxacum Dens leonis, var. Levi-
gatum. Primula farinosa, var. magellanica, Hippuris vulgaris,
Cystopteris fragilis, and Botrychiura Lunavia. Most of these
plants occur in tolerable abuadance, Apium graveolens very
copiously indeed. Hiopuris vulgaris I have only obtained iu
one locality as yet— viz., a small stream running into Oazy
Harbour on the Patagonian side of the Strait. I believe the
only other recorded locality in the Strait is Port Famine,
where Captain King procured it. Cystopteris fragilis is
common in parts of the woods. Botrychium Lunaria, which
Hooker mentions on the authority of Banks and Solander as
occurring at Good Success Bay, in the South of Fuegia, I
found three specimens of at the entrance of Oazy Harbour,
Several of the Algfe are also, I believe, identical with British
species. Thus Codium tomentosum is common, I have found
this alga also in abundance in the harbour of Rio de Janeiro.
As some of the plants of the Strait that interested me most,
I may_ mention Calceolaria plantaginea and C. nana, Bolax
Glebaria, the Myzodendrons, which are so abundant on the
Fagi, Codonorchis Lessonii, Chlor^a magellanica, Embo-
thrium coccineum, Sisyrinchium fiUforme, Myrtus Nummu-
laria, Fuchsia coceinea, CaUixene marginata, Philesia buxi-
folia, and Cj'ttana Darwinii. The Myrtus, CaUixene, Philesia,
and Fuchsia were met with at Port Gallant on our cruise to
the westward with the Zealous. I was charmed with the
Fuchsia and the Philesia, and realized how much more I
valued their exquisite beauty as they occurred in the Strait of
Magellan than 1 would have done had I encountered them at a
place like Rio, where there is such a prodigality of splendid
flowers. The Calhsene is also a lovely little thing, and
deliciously sweet, I obtained specimens of it and Myrtus
Nummularia, also at the Falkland Islands, where fauna and
flora are very much the same as those of the Strait, One
thing, however, stnick me, and that was, that certain species
which. 1 saw at the Falklands I found in the damp woody
districts of the Strait, not in the eastern district, which is so
much more allied to the Falklands in its general characters.
In addition to Cystopteris fragilis and Botrychium Lunaria, I
obtained specimens of seven other species of Ferns — to wit,
two species of Hymenophyllum, Aspidium mohrioides,
Asplenium magellanicum, a Gleichenia (I believe G. aeuti-
folia), Lomaria alpina, and Lomaria magellanica. The latter
enjoys a wide range, and appears subject to considerable
variation, I have obtained specimens of it at Maldonado. the
Falkland IsLinds, and at Port Gallant, and have seen Brazilian
specimens of what I believe to be the same plant. At the
Falkland Islands I saw no specimens with a caudex, but
some of those at Port Gallant had a straight one about 2 feet
high,_ Among the fungi that occuiTed to me were species of
Agavicus (the common Mushroom grows abundantly in many
locaUties, on both sides of the Strait), Polyporus, Tremella,
Clavaria, Geastrum, ifec, I got a good many fine lichens, and
expect to get many more in succeeding seasons. We arrived
at Rio on the 1st of July, and expect to leave it in the course .
of a few days for the Strait, calling at Monte Video on our
way. I hope while we are there to get up the river to Buenos
Ayres to see Burmeister and the museum. I have enjoyed the
three months we have spent here very much, but am vei-y
glad at the prospect of our return to the Strait, as the climate
here is very enervating. The counti-y is, however, splendid
beyond description. As regards plants I have been specially
struck with the great variety and profusion of Palms and
Ferns, and my attention was greatly arrested at first by the
Bygodia, and other twining Ferns, so different in habit from.

our British Ferns. III. Notice of Mussana Bark {Albizzia

aniheliuintica) from Abyssinia, by Henry Hunter Calvert, BHtisk
Vice-Consiil, Alexandria. Communicated by Professor Balfour.
The bark has the reputation in Abyssinia and Senaar of being
a specific as a tjenifuge, for which pui-pose 2 to 4 oz. powdered

are made into an electuary with honey, IV. E.vtracts 'from

Botanical Coi-respondence. Communicated by Mr. Sadler.
1. From Mr. Robert Brown, of the Greenland Scientific
Expedition. — I have made in little more than two months a
collection of Greenland plants amounting to more than 5O0O
specimens, including a fine lot of Mosses (in fruit), hchens,
hepaticse, a few fungi, and algfe, marine and fresh watei". In
addition to these I made a good collection of skulls, skeletons,
&G., of seals and whales and birds, fishes, insects, annelidaa,
rnoUusca, echinodermata, zoophytes, &lc., and a large collec-
tion of diatomaceous gatherings. We have also brought home
about a boat-load of fossil plants, with observations and
sections of the deposits. In addition to this I have made
several hundred astronomical observations for the latitude and
longitude of the places we visited, 2. From Mr. J, F. Robin-
son, Frodsham, — Mr, B. says: — "This summer at Oak mere,
on Delamere Forest, I found the Calamagrostis stricta in
tolerable abundance on the part of boggy ground nearest the
Abbey Arms Hotel, Two other interestinu species were also
plentiful, Lycopodium inundatum, and Uti'icularia minor.
This place (I mean tho bog adjoining the Mere) is extremely
rich in muscological rarities ; amougst others the following
occur :— Sphagnum cymbifolium, S, compactum, S. mollus-
cum, S. cuspidatum, Dlcranum Schraderl, Campylopus brevi-
pilus, Atrichum crlspum, Polytrichuni gracile, and Hypmim
Schreberi ; near the Abbey Ai-ma, by the roadside, Saponaria
officinalis is to be found sparingly, perhaps not truly wild.
Claytonia alsinoides will, I think, soon be a naturalized British
plant, for this season I found it plentifully in a little wood by
the river Mersey, at Ince, Cheshire. I venture no opinion as
to how it reached this wood ; it has certainly the appearance
of having been there for some years. About two years ago the
Auacharis Alsinastrum first madia its appearance in our
marshes at Frodsham ; now it la a sad pest, and will cause
miieh inconvenience to the landholders, if not severe losses.
It is in such quantity that in some cases the ditches overflow
the roads. In one ditch I have noticed efforts being made to
eradicate it, but without the slightest success hitherto, I
have of late paid a httle attention to Utricularia vulgaris,
which is not uncommon in our marsh ditches. In some of the
places where it flowered profusely a few years ago, it appeared
to be lost, and might be looked for in vain. This was owing,
no doubt, to the ditches bemg partly filled with vegetation.
Now that they have been " ditched "—the word used, in
Cheshire for cleansed— it has again appeared as abundantly as
in former years. An interesting question to ask is, how has
it lived or existed duiing these intervening years ? as most, if
not aU, the vegetation in the ditch was in a state of decay-
in fact, not unlike a bog or sw.imp. The beautiful Httle
Ranunculus circinatus, Sibthorp, is also plentiful hereabouts,
flowering only at the end of June or beginning of July, long ,
after most of the other Batrachian Ranunculi have flowered.
3, From Mr, Alexander Euchan, enclosing specimens of Gen- ^
tunculus minimus and Radlola Millegrana, both gathered iu
August last a few yards from high-water mark between tho
blue rock and the sea. Glen Sannox, Arran, 4. From Mr.
Alexander Curie, Abbey Park, Mehose, recording the dis-
covery, by Mr. Alexander Hay, Borthwick, and himself, of
Goodyera repens in a wood near Mehose in considerable

abundance. ]lliscellaneous Comnuinications, 1, Dr. John

Lowe sent specimens of double flowered Calluna vulgaris, col-
lected this autumn byMiss Anna Everard, near Bournemouth,
Mr. M'Nab also exhibited specimens of the same collected in
Aberdeenshire in 1820. 2, Mr, M'Nab laid before the meeting
a lungitudmal section of the stem of a Sequoia Wellingtonift,

Decemdee 21, 1367.]

TUT? (iATlDTlNKns* OTTl^ONICT.K ANT) AdHTCULTUTJAT. (lAZETTR

1299

9 feot in height, vniaed from aecd dui-inK the spring of 1ft 'i7,
and which diod frnni huing trnnsplantcd lu an exiuisod Hitiiii-
tion during tbo winter of 18(iO. Tho WcUiugtunia, he ru
marked, is easily transplanted during sjiring, summer, or thi;
early autumn months. The moat successful period was during
summer. The present specimen, aliing with many others, was
firnt t.rans])laiitod on IstJuly, Iftlil. Ono of the remark able
feiituro-s of the seotion now exhibited is tho number of
apparent woody rings, from five to ton being visible on
what is well known to bo an annual growth, tlovoral of tho
known annual growths average, and in some cases oxceod,
half a,n inch in breadth ; while in a pieeo of wood, direct from
Catifornia, not less than twelve distinct prouiinent rings or
markings arc visible ovor half an inch of surfaco. Their cluse-
ness in the native-grown timlmr, as well as the iutonuediute
ring.s in tho hoiuo-grown si)ocimons, is reniarkablo.

Notices of 3i$oo&0.

S,aiii : Hoio. TF/ien, Tf/iere, 717/// it is Measured. By

G. J. Symons. London : Stanford, Pp. 83.
This is the cxpres.sivo titio of a valuable little treatise
on tlie very important subject to which the author has
deyotod so much diligent labour. The avera:.ie amount
of rainfall in various stations in Great Britain, thanks
to Mr. Symons and his coadjutors, is pretty well known
to those interested in sueli matters. In the present
volume, not only will this inlbrmation be found in a
condensed form, but also a table, showing apprc^i-
mately tho mean annual rainfall at a large number of
stations, widely dispersed over the whole globe, llow
valuable such a taljle \yill be to the gardener we need
hardly point nut. For instance, the rainfall at Cher-
rapongco, in India, lat. 25' 16', amounts to no less than
610..3 inches in the year, wdiilo at Kuraohee, in
Sinde, tho mean fall is stated to be only 3 inches.
In the West Indies also great variations exist as
to the amount of rainfall, as maybe seen from the
following liguros, which we extract from Mr. Symons'
tables : " Antigua, 39.."i ; Barbadoes, 75 ; Barbadoes, St.
Philip, 56.1; Cuba, Havannah, 50.3; Cuba, Matanzas,
55.3 : Grenada, 120 ; Guadeloupe, Basseterre, 126.9 ;
Malonba, 283.8 ; Jamaica, Caraib, 97 ; Kingston, 83 ;
St. Domingo. Cape Haitien, 127.9; Tivoli, 106.7; Tri-
nidad. 62.9 ; Virgin Isles, St. Thomas, 60.6 ; Tortola, 65.1.
While thanking Mr. Symons for this table, we
earnestly wish that he may be able to extend it in the
future, so as to render it more accurate, and to enable
ns to ascertain precisely at what period the greatest or
the least quantity of rain falls, and other information
of no little consequence to the cultivator of exotic
plants. It is clear, from the immense range of
variations in the amount of rainfall in places closely
adjacent, that there must be potent local conditions of
which the table in question tells us nothing. We are,
of course, aware, that to furnish such information as
would be available for cultural purposes great labour
■would be entailed, beyond the power of any individual
to accomplish; but as we look upon Mr. Symons'
influence to be as great at least as that of the African
" rain makers " over their fellows, we still hope this
may be done.

We have received the following publications : —
A Popular Annual for 1363 (Wyman & Sous), con-
taining much useful and amusing information. — Sow
to Use the Barometer (Bemrose) ; the annual issueofa
serviceable little book. — Sanover Square (Ashdown &
Parry) ; two numbers of a new venture, in the shape
of a musical " monthly." It is issued under excellent
editorship, lias good contributors, and is both cheap
and good. Its rival. Bond Street ( Hopwood & Co.) has
little besides its cover to recommend it. It seems
heresy to say so, but " Bond Street " is a little " low."

Mr. Murray has jnst added to the list of his student
manuals one on Moral P/iilosophi/, by W. Fleming,
D.D., late Professor of Moral Philosophy in the
University of Glasgow, of which we can only thus
make mention, and state that it is lucid and clear in
its arrangement. — With similar brevity we must pass
the very elaborate Natural History of tJte.Tineiiia
(Van \ oorst), written by H. F. Stainton, assisted by
Professor Zeller, J. W. Douglas, and Professor Prey, of
which the tenth volume is now before us. The whole
work is written in four different languages, English,
French, German, and Latin, arranged in parallel
columns. Mr. Stainton has also issued separately a
monograph of the Tineina of Syria and Asia Minor.
No entomologist neoils assurance of the care with
which these volumes are produced.

dflorijsts' d/lotocrg.

It was once said th.at " if Donald Beaton had never
in the course of his busy life raised any other
Geraniums beyond Cybister and Stella, every flower
gardener ought to be grateful to him for these alone."
This testimony to the value of these useful Nosegay
Pelakooniums they have richly earned, and not only
have they done good service in the flower garden, but
for breeding purposes Stella has been largely used, and
last summer there were produced at the various metro-
politan exhibitions examples of the quality of its
progeny probably even beyond the most sanguine con-
ception of the line old horticulturist who died almost
on the threshold of his developments in this direction.
But the immortality which attends all good works
was present here, and the matter was taken up and
pusheil forward by Mr. W. Paul, Mr. George Smith,
and Messrs. Downie, Laird, and Laing, so that now
there is being ofi'ered to the public an order of Nosegay
Pelargoniums that are not only improvements in point
of size of truss and freedom and durability of bloom,
but also showing a notable onward progress in the
individual flowers towards the standard of perfection
that the florist has reared. This improvement is so
decided and so great that Mr. W. Paul could now
venture to withdraw the protest he entered (so oppor-
tunely) in 1866, when he wrote in the " Florist and
Pomologist" as follows ;— " While 1 am ready to support

tho axioms of the florist when applied to florists'
llowers, I sternly refuse to apply them to every object
in tho floral world, and I maintain that Beaton's
hybrid Pelargoniums are manifestly without their
jialo. To my mind there is a pa\ii!ity of conception
in being nnablo to discover beauty out of and
beyond tho florist's pale, however sound may be
his ])remises, however logical his conclusions." Tho
fact is that tho florist " can now think of descend-
ing to tho minute criticism of a single flower," and in
its massivcness and breadth he will see " form " and
"substance" present to such a degree, that for the
future all thin and narrow-petaled flowers will bo
surely ilisi'urded ; for did not tho florist set up a stan-
dard cmbcidiiMl in rules, there would bo one notwith-
standing—a standard born of public ponsent, and
fostered by those rules of criticism to which even
the world of floriculture is amenable. That
the "properties" can bo had, with "novelty of
colour, compactness of habit, freedom of flowering,
(lowers that will stand the sun and rain," nmst,
with the experience of the past season, be considered
as " fully proven." AVho that has seen Mr. Smith's
line Nosegay La Grande, grown as an exhibition plant,
would be wdling to dimbt the truth of this conclusion ?
and did tho recent great show at Bury St. Edmund's
furnish no other lesson, it certainly taught not only the
valuo of the race of Nosegay Pelargoniums as exhibi-
tion i)lanls, but also that, when well-grown, a superb
finish can be imparted to the flowers, so as to bring
them within cognizance of the florist's laws. In the
article of Mr. Paul's, quoted above, be indicates the
same progressive movement, for after referring to tho
tendency of a flower to evince a disposition to vary in
succeeding generations when once the ground is
broken, ho bears witness to the "improvements ou the
originals iu form and colour," in the seedlings he has
raised from thera.

Tho point of attack directed against these Nosegay
Pelargoniums actually centres more on the unattrac-
tive appearance of the trusses of bloom when they
begin to die off; and it has been asserted, and that
with a degree of truth, that the larger and bolder the
truss the more noticeable is the disfigurement. Unlike
the Verbena, that unfolds its truss of flowers from the
circumference to the centre, the Nosegay Pelargo-
nium commences to do this iu the centre, and proceeds
outwards. When it is remembered that some trusses
have over a hundred pips, the force of the objection
will bo apparent. On the other hand it has been con-
tended that the wonderful prolificacy of bloom of the
Nosegay class, combined as it is almost invariably with
bright and striking hues of colour, considerably reduces
in reality the actual area of the unattractive feature
presented to the line of sight: while their peculiar
adaptation for, and the certainty with which they
" accomplish the work allotted to them, their freedom
and continuity of bloom, the gorgeous masses of colour
which they produced, and their comparative independ-
ence of the changes of weather," raises them above .all
" rivals in their own peculiar walk," and gives them the
broad stamp of a general adaptation above and beyond
that possessed by any other bedding plant. Another
important consideration in their favour is, that while
many of the other classes of bedding Pelargoniums
which do remarkably well in pots, are altogether
unfitted for the flower garden, because of the
absolute certainty with which they will produce
a redundancy of foliage to the sacrifice of flowers,
and so it has bean found necessary to a,dopt an
equalising process by confining the roots, in order
to keep the growth of foliage under, and so produce
bloom ; in the case of the Nosegay class, it is an
invariable rule for the converse to hold good, the
"equalising process" being neither necessary nor
beneficial ; in fact, it has been found that the more root
development the more bloom has resulted : and this
prolificacy would actually appear to keep in check a
too exuberant growth.

In point of greater novelty of colour, the Nosegay
Pelargonium may be said to have already assumed all,
or nearly all the various hues to which the ordinary
form of the bedding Pelargonium had attained. The
most noticeable break in the monotony of colour that
had previously prevailed, came from the " rich legacy
(Donald Beaton) left to the horticultural world," and
since then it has been extended almost indefinitely:
for Mr. W. Paul has borne testimony to the birth of
"sports and novelties quite unlocked for," and
now a blue Nosegay Pelargonium seems to be
ne.arer realisation than that dream of the
florist — a blue Dahlia. Their " independence
of the changes of weather" is a quality of the first
importance ; a heavy summer shower is a mere passing
inconvenience, and with the next outburst of the sun
there comes forth numbers of flowers to replace those
damaged by the raiu. Until quite late in the season
can be seen beds of Nosegay Pelargoniums aglow with
a delightful freshness amid tho autumnal desolation
around them ; like a ship in lull trim, sailing proudly
amid a fleet of dismantled vessels.

Mr. Paul has not made any show of new kinds
during the past season ; but on the other hand Mes-srs.
Downie, Laird, and Laing have abounded with tliem,
and the larger part of their new kinds evinco the
possession of high quality. The following are the
cream of their collection :—

Comet, perhaps the deepest-coloured flower of the whole
series, the hue a glowiui? claret crimson, a rich and yet deep
shade of eoloui-, which is atso distinctly suffused with purple
when the flowers are fully developed ; the truss bold, but_ not
.so large as some of the other kinds, but very free blooming ;
the habit exceUent ; foliage marked with a dark zine ; it
promises to be a fine vaiaety for pot culture and exhibition
purposes.

fomttes! of Rossli/n, of a rich shade of rosy pink, dashed
with violet, the body of colour much brighter than that of
Ifmmeline : the petals broad and stout, the tissues superbly
fine ; tho upper petals are blotched with white : the habit
good, and the foliage light green and slightly zonate.

Coxntefx of Slretthiiwi't', iiUo, liaH not been wliowii In public,
though 11 ll.iwor of tine quality. It In of a rich jnluidu of bright
deep uniugo, tho upper i)etubi MuITuHed with pale ruse, formfug
a Mplondid body of colour ; tho foliage strong and vigorous,
Hlightly /ouate, and much in<k'nted ; habit excellent, tho truss
of great dhnousions, one measuring 1.^ inches In clrcum-
forenco. It Is ono of tho most striking Nosegay PohirgouIum«
of tho year.

SfUmctiiic has a greater depth of colour than tho forogoln?,
iuasniuch as tlio violet predoniinates over the rose ; tho patam
are n<jt quite ho broa.!, but tho trusses are very fine and Irooly
produced. Tlio h.abit is more gioss than In tho case of Oouu-
tcHs of Ilosslyn, Ijutthchaljit Is good, and tho leavos dark greou
and slightly /.iiiato.

FI'Trhi'it'laiii i» of a palo orango crimson hue, and sinnowhat
(lull in apijcaiance, tho tlowei-s and truss smaller than in tho
case of either of tlie foregoing ; excellent h.ablt, follago
slightly zonate and free blooming.

(•'rand .'Sutlaii is a variety th.at was not shown in public
during tho season, but which came out very flnolatolntho
summer. It is in the way of La (iran.lo, but has more orango
in it and is thorofore paler and bi-ightcr in hue : tho indivlduaj
llowers aro probal/ly the finest ot tho whole batch ; robust
close habit, foliage slightly zonate, free blooming, and alto-
gether a fine v.ariety.

ll'ht. <;<itli'n^i>f llar'ltf is of a bright and rich shade of oMllgo
critiiH-tn, slightly suffused with violet ; tho petals stout and
well-r.juridcd. the truss large and very symmetrical, tho habit
excellent, the zone not quite so well marked as in tho case of
Conret. This is also a very tine oxhil/ition variety.

Miunnan Bonujii and Murhitman are both very good varieties,
but cast into the shade by the superior quality of their
cooq»ecrs. They represent shades of cherry crimson, tho
latter of a vivid hue : both .are brightdooking free-blooming
kinds, of good habit, with slightly zonate foliage.

Mm. laiHft is Ijy far tho best of the cherry erimson-colourod
flowers, being bright in hue, and having stout well-formed
flowers, and bold and striking trusses. The habit is every
way good, and it has palo zonate foliage.

Rose Stella is a beautiful v.ariety, opening with a soft shade
of rosy pink, which changes into rose with age. The trusses of
bloom ai-o not .so large as some of the foregoing kinds, but thoy
aro freely produced : tho foliage is of the deepest green
colour, slightly zonate, and somewhat peculiar in being deeply
serrated on the edges ; habit excellent.

Tom Tliaoib Nowiaij is a very dwarf-growing kind, with
flowers of a rich and bright shade of orange crimson ; trusses
of good size, and freely produced ; foliage plain ; a good and
eticctive bedder.

Mr. George Smith, of Islington, ha3 this season fol-
lowed up his successes of previous years, by producing
two fine kinds of Npsegay Pelargoniums, both of whicn
have received the highest award given to new kinds.

Gmtul Duke is a noble variety, with Large, bold, and circular
trusses of deep orange scarlet flowei-s ; the individual flowers
have broad, stout, and smooth florets : perhaps representing
the farther advance that has been m.ade in point of form in
the Nosegay Pelargonium. The habit is every way desirable
as well.

Eetat has s jme considerable amount of novelty in its peculiar
hue of colour, being of a lively and rich shade of magenta,
suITused with purple ; the flowers are lai-ge, stout, and of
fine quality, aud form striking and bold trusses. Mi-. Smith's
two will m.ake tine exhibition kmds, and to these should be
added Comet, Countess of Strathmore, Grand Sultan, and the
Hon. Gathorne Hardy.

Messrs. E. G. Henderson & Sons' Crimson Nosegay
has only its colour to recommend it, being of a dark
crimson hue, but as the trusses are quite small in
comiiarison with most of the foregoing, it cannot
"secure a place" in company _ with such "hot
favourites." It is a " Commander-in-Chief " Nosegay,
with the foliage somewhat darker.

Some Nosegay Pelargoniums that make splendid
bedders can be found in the following :—

Violet MM Nosegai/ (Frewer). rosy cerise, with some orango
in tho top petals, fo'Uage faintly zonate. trusses medium size,
but freely produced ; good habit, and very effective. For pot
culture as well this variety is eminently useful.

Okrou (Bull), rich orange scarlet, a flue and striking hue of
colour ; the flowers of poor substance, and the trusses medium
size, but highly useful aa a bedding kind.

La tiratide (G. Smith). This is also a most eflective bedder,
though it will be much groivn for pot purposes. It may bo
best desci-ibed as a deep carmine scarlet, tinged with rose.
The trusses are of great size, aud the foliage marked with a
dull zone. , , . . , , ^

Lad,i Constance Srosveiior (Fleming), glowing rich scarlet, a
striking and effective bedder ; the foliage bright green, with
showy dark zone ; the trusses large, and freely produced.
This variety wUl be largely used for bedding purposes.

If Dr. ilogg, and Amy Hogg, both very fine kinds,
can be regarded as Hybrid Nosegays, they should be
employed for bedding purposes; and with them slion d
be classed Stella (which, though superseded by Lady
Constance Grosvenor to a certain extent, will yet be
largely used). Orange Nosegay, Indian .Yellow, and
Waltham Seedling. ^ , „ ... .

Lastly, there is a necessity for a correct defanitioa ot
what is a Nosegay Pelargonium, if they are to be kept
as a separate class. Then, what is a Hybrid Nosegay ?
and how is it to be defined? Probably these bedding
Pelargoniums, by their disposition to vary, are of them-
selves so thoroughly breaking down the artificial
distinctions of class, that they must inevitably bettome
fused into one general unity— that of bedding Pelj"'-
goniums. The marked progression towards the attam-
meni; of form and substance so perceptible in the new
kinds aims a blow at the durability of any distinction
of that kind ; while the comparatively new class ot
Hybrid Nosegays only tends to increase tli« diftculties
of classification. Happily, we are surely reaching on
to higher levels of perfection, even though class dis-
tinctions are crumbling to pieces about our patn.
R. D.

€6t apfarg.

The Parson and his Bees.- In the Field is an
amusing account by"F. E. F." of a two days vmt to
a moorland parsonage in the west country, which he
paid in 186-. He says : "If ever there was a down-
right good parson, who shrinks from no kind ot selt-
denial which may benefit the bodies or the souls of his
people, who is indefatigable in night schooU, in visiting
the sick, and all other things in which an Engish
clergyman of the right sort is a blessing to hi.s parish 1
am sure that my friend of the moors is one. Nor is ha

1300

THE GARDENERS' CHEONTCEE Am AGElCUETtJRAE GAZETTE.

[Decembee 21, 1867-

by any means inattentive to the external fitness of
things; on the contrary, when found on clerical
business, whether on week-day or Sunday, he always
looks, as well as is, a clergyman. In the west, however, it
seems that circumstances may occur which make a
clerical dress appear almost as incongruous as a shoot-
ing coat.

" It happened one Sunday afternoon, in the month
of May, about ten minutes before the hour of Divine
service, that our friend was walkinj^ from the school to
the church— like Sidney Smith's missionary, gown and
bands, and hymn-book too — with slow and sedate step
as befitted the occasion, when his ears were assailed by
sundry crys of ' There they be ! there they be ! keep
your eye on 'em ! ' Looking sternly round to ascertain
the cause of this unseemly clamour, he saw his own
man, accompanied by two or three others, running
frantically along with their heads in the air.
Presently he found himself appealed to : — ^ ' Do 'ee
run, zur, do 'ee run, or we shall lose 'em ! ' He looked
up, and immediately saw the cause of such unwanted
excitement: a swarm of bees— his bees— fast disap-
pearing in the clear ether. To hesitate was to be lost,
or rather to lose the bees. He was over the wall in a
moment. A few minutes more saw him across the
corner of the Grass field, over another wall, and panting
down the village street, with his head in the air like
his more humble followers. Sympathising neighbours
soon swelled the train with the musical accompani-
ments, usual on such occasions, of tongs and frying-
pans. A friendly haind placed something in his grasp ;
a friendly voice, in the shrillest tones of feminine
excitement, shrieked in his ear, * Do 'ee take this,
zur, and do 'ee rottle un ! ' Mechanically he
took the gift, and 'rottled' it with the energy of
despair. A moment more, and he was conscious of his
position. It wanted but five minutes to the hour of
service, and there he was, a quarter of a mile from
church, surrounded by his faithful parishioners, and
firmly grasping in both hands a tin slop-pail with a
stone in it.

"The congregation on that Sunday afternoon,
I regret to say, was scanty ; but, still faithful to their
pastor, the tenants were found by that worthy divine,
on his return from church, congregated in the stable
yard. They did not say much- it is not their way —
but a grin of conscious merit pervaded the whole
assembly; every countenance bore the expression of
one who has not only tried hard to do a good action,
but has done it. There was no doubt about it. Virtue
had been crowned with success, and the bees had been
hived."

Miscellaneous.

Testimonial to Mr. Daniel Nash.— A silver-gilt
dessert service was presented to this gentleman at the
annual dinner of the Associated Seed Merchants of
London, held at the London Tavern on Wednesday
last, when representatives from most of the leading
seed firms in London were present. The service con-
sisted of four corner pieces and a plateau, each corner
piece having emblematical figures representing the
lour seasons, the figures being in frosted silver, mounted
on silver-gilt accessories. The centre plateau had
engraved on it the following inscription :— Presented
to Daniel Nash, Esq., by the members of the London
seed trade, as a token of their esteem and appreciation
of his services, December, 1867. The presentation
took place in consequence of Mr. Nash having held
the office of chairman of the Association for 21 years.
Several complimentary speeches were delivered on the
occasion, among which was a feeling and suitable reply
from the gentleman to whom the testimonial in ques-
tion was presented.

Garden Operations.

{^or the ensuing weef:.)
PLANT HOUSES.
"Whatetee may be said to the contrary, it is abso-
lutely necessary that the horticulturist should be more
or less weatherwise, in order that by giving the needful
amount of study to atmospheric influences, and their
attendant and consequent changes, he may be enabled
to foretell, to some extent at least, what changes are
likely to ensue, and what probable severity may be
expected, &o. ; for taking things by chance won't
answer. Securing an amount of heat constantly in
advance, in order to avoid eventualities, &o., is neither
a proper way of procedure, nor one likely to give
success in matters pertaining to early forcing. Hence,
by means of instruments, a proper study of the weather
and its changes, so far as constantly recurring signs are
concerned, should be taken due note of. This will
materially lighten that oppressive and uneasy feeling,
which seems of necessity to hang upon young prac-
titioners, amateurs, &c., who have the care of glass
structures, during changeable weather such as we
are experiencing this month, requiring as it does
sometimes an excess of fire-heat, and at others
none at all ; and these extremes within a day or
two. This will tax the ability of the best culti-
vators, to keep everything thriving and in health.
Do not excite the plants with one degree more
of fire-heat than is absolutely needed to keep
them in safety. There is another fact which it may
be worth while to recur to at this season, viz., that
plants in general should have their pots pretty well
furnished with roots by the time of flowering. This,
which is so necessary, even during the summer
months, becomes doubly needful now, and should be
well borne in mind. To continue potting Cine-
rarias, Primulas, Cyclamens, &c., after they have
shown the first signs of flowering, though
done with the intention of growing them onward into
large fine plants is, to say the least of it, to destroy

60 per cent, of their flowering capabilities, and to injure
irremediably for the season their prospects, as far as
fine heads of bloom are concerned. Confine the roots
of all subjects coming into flower in preference to
giving them unlimited room. By so doing, water can
be given more freely with less risk of souring the soil
or of rendering it over-sodden, thereby causina the
spongioles to get into an unhealthy condition. "Water
might now be withheld gradually from Gesneras,
which ^are past their flowering period, and forming
tubers for future use. Some Tijdeas also, which rank
among the freest of all winter blooming plants, might
be allowed to ripen their upper growths off more freely
in a similar manner. Continue to keep Centaureas in
a cool dry atmosphere ; proof of their hardihood has
lately been adduced, a fact which should be brought to
bear upon their culture generally. Afford Bedding
Plants all the air possible by lifting the lights back and
front upon all favourable occasions. Remove decaying
ruatterof all kinds, as such quickly becomes the proge-
nitor of more. Pinch the points off Verbena cuttings, so
as to induce them to break abundantly, and form sturdy,
useful propagating stock. Should any signs of mildew
exist, dust freely with flowers of sulphur. It will be
well also to stop early struck Calceolaria cuttings
which may have begun to grow, dusting these over
also in a similar manner to the last, should appear-
ances of the same description show themselves. Be
careful not to keep any of these latter too wet j ust now,
rather allow them to become somewhat dry occasion-
ally. This they will not suffer from if reasonably
removed from the too near vicinity of pipes or flues.

FORCING HOUSES.
Attend to all linings needed, for the purpose of keep-
ing up a proper supply of heat in structures warmed
by fermenting material. Resort to surface covering,
either with mats or other suitable material, during the
continuance of severe frost. This will not only greatly
economise heat, but will be the means of dispensing
with very much fire warmth as well. Strawberries,
about pushing flower stalks, need an occasional soaking
with manure-water. They are very partial to soot. A
surface dressing of "Standen's Manure," with a slight
coat of soot placed over it once every eight days, would
prove of great assistance to them. I have before
objected to the method ol allowing stagnant, soured
water to stand in pans under pots containing Straw-
berries at this season. Rather afford bottom-heat in a
nice bed of warm leaves or other material, and if the
roots can be induced to imbibe freely the properties
placed within their reach by the water as it perco-
lates through the soil, all that can be desired will have
been attained. I have little to add this week ooucerning
Vines, &c. I repeat my former caution — advance
steadily. This will ensure better success in the end,
than an undue and hurried anxiety to hastily push for-
ward. Yineswhichhave "broke," viz., fairly started into
growth, may receive forthwith an advance of7°or9',
which will bring them up to from 63^ to 66°, according
to the brightness or otherwise of the weather. These
remarks apply equally to other forcing houses, &c.
Once the plants have fairly made growth, and formed a
leaf surface, &c., started at temperate, it will be well to
advance the heat slightly as above.

HARDY FLOWER GARDEN'S, SHRUBBERIES, isc.

Push forward all work belonging to Shrubberies, &c.,
as much as possible, such as leaf-raking, tran.'^Dlanting,
and even layering. Shoots of the Common or Portugal
Laurels might now be layered in any vacancies which
occur around plants having shoots fit Jot such a
purpose. A good layer of leaves, collected whilst they
are wet, which they are likely to be after the late
snow, might be placed around Rhododendrons.
These will not materially aid them during the ensuing
summer, and more especially in dry hot weather. In
exposed positions, and where appearances are studied,
a thin layer of soil might be thrown over the leaves.
It will not matter even if the main stems should seem
unduly buried. The leaves, decomposing, will shortly
sink to the usual level ; besides which these plants,
rooting so freely, feel little or no inconvenience there-
from. Prune, as opportunity offers, any deciduous
shrubs, or trees needing such restraint, such as
Weigelas, Syringas, Lilacs, Deutzias, Jjaburnums,
Coluteas, and others. Cut away any strong rambling
runaway shoots, encouraging only such as are likely to
enhance the symmetrical proportions of the plant, or
are likely to produce flowers at the proper period.
Many shrubs, such as the above, do best treated upon
the system of biennial root lifting and pruning. Treated
as dwarf pyramidal fruit trees generally are, they form
neat densely-clothed stuff, far superior to otiiers which
are left to " ramble at will ; " besides which, they do not
impoverish the soil nearly so much in their immediate
neighbourhood, to the undue injury of any other
border associates. Here let me recommend the double-
blossomed Japan Cherry (Cerasus japonica flore pleno),
the new double bright Red Thorn, and the double
Deutzia crenata, as fitting plants to associate with the
best of their kind. Pot up the necessary stock of
Lieh/tra spectabilis for future forcing, also Solomon's
Seal (Polygonatum), both the common and variegated-
leaveiones, and indeed many others ; they are amongst
the best of plants for forcing, and should be kept in stock
accordingly. Divisional pieces, transplanted into a
good rich soil, form crowns of great strength compared
with others grown in out-of-the-way places, and under
adverse circumstances.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Let Celery and all winter crops. Broccoli, Brussels
Sprouts, Kale, &o., be carefully gone over whenever the
ground is in a fit state to enter upon, for the purpose
of removing any injured parts, whether decayed leaves
or rotten crowns. Independent of their certain injury
to all healthy ti.csues in their immediate neighbour-
hood, they are besides a great eye-sore in neatly kept

gardens. _ Look through Cauliflower plants. Lettuces,
and Mndive, in frames, and in like manner remove all
evidences of decay. Give all a plentiful supply of air,
by tilting the lights upon their sides, in order that the
fresh air may have both free ingress and egress, but
ward superficial rains off at the same time. As regards
Peas, the former sowing being freely through the
ground, it will be well, where a large supply is needed,
to make another sowing, and of another kind.
Earth up well those which are through the ground
when the soil becomes dried properly so to do. The
same remarks apply to Broad Beans. If not already
done it will now be necessary to finish earthing up Car-
doons,\n<i, however late it may be needful to keep them,
remove every particle of the litter recently placed
around them for protection, in order that no induce-
ment to decay may surround them. Do not proceed
with digging, trenching, &c., upon heavy grounds
whilst laden with the excessive moisture caused by late
frosts and snow. So doing will work it into a mortar,
requiring the pulverising influences of a severe frost to
again reduce it to a state fitting for the growth of good
vegetables, or indeed any form of plant needing cultural
skill in its production. W. E.

STATE OF THE "WEATHER AT CHISWICK, NEAR LONDON,
For the Week ending Dec. 18, 1867, as observed at the Hortacttltaral Gardens

1

TSMFEa^TURE.

Wind

oi

Of the Air.

Of the Earth

(

E-^

Max.l Min.

Max.

Min.

Mean

Ifoot
deep.

2 feet
deep.

ThtlM. 12
Friday 3

le 30.106 30.004
17 30.1661 30.125

53

49

37
30
43
49
48
33
25

45.0
39.0
49.0
51.0
61.0
43.5
3S,0

43
44
45

47
48
47
46

41
4->
42
43

It

44

N.W.
W.

s.vv,

N.E.
W.

w.

.00
.00

Sunday 5
Mon. 16
Tues. 17
Wed. 18

19 29.790

20 '29.778

21 129.609
(f '29.498

29.647
29.699
29.574
29.461

53
54
54

47

.16
.00
.04
.00

Average .

■29 850

29.744

52.0

37.8

44,9

45.7

42.8

0.26

Dec. 12 -Overcast and floe ; overcast ; clear at night.

— 13-Clear; overcast; clear and floe.

— I4-0vercast. very mild ; rain ; overcast.

— 15 -Rain ; heavy rain ; overcast and mild.

— 16 -Densely overcast; overcast; boisterous.

— 17— Densely overcast ; flue ; overcast at night.

— 18 -Clear ; masses of white clouds ; fine ; clear.

Mean temperature of the week, 51 deg. above the average.

STATE OF THE "WEATHER AT CHISWICK,

Daring the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Dec. 28, 1867.

Sunday ..22 44.5 i 3;

Mon.

Tues.

Wed.

Thurs.

Friday

Satur.

,23 44.0 ' 31.9

.24' 43.6 ' 31.4

,25 i 43.3 29.2

26) 43 2

27 43 0

,28 42.5

■ 31.2
29.7

29.5

ao.

No. of
Years in
which it
Rained.

Greatest
Quantity
of Rain,

Prevailing Winds.

ri 2

4 3' 3 8 13 2

The highest temperature durinaithe above period oci^urred on the
25th, 1827, and 28th. 1855-therm. 68 deg. ; and the lowest on the 28th,
1860-therm, \ deg. below zero.

Notices to Correspondents.

Conifers : J B. We have examined the curious substance
from your Silver Firs. It is entirely of a vegetable nature,

fiving no effervescence either with nitric or sulphuric acid.
t is covered everywhere with a minute white mould, with
abundant fruit. It is probably of insect origin. You should
examine your trees with a view to find whether insects
have injured them, aud the origin of the substance. IE
insects are not the immediate cause of injury, it is possible
that the mould growing on the substance may have killed
the bark, and so destroyed the trees. MSB.

Boors : Market Gardener. Thompson's "Gai'dener's Assistant"
will give you the information you require. — Amateur will
find excellent general instructions for hybridising in
Mr. Henry's paper: see p. 1296 — C 7/ Zl. The most com-
plete list of the generic names of plants is that given in
the last edition of Lindley's "Vegetable Kingdom ;" but
even this is now some years old. Various additions will be
found in Walpers' "Annates," in Bentham aud Hooker's
" Genera Plantarum," in the Transactions of learnedaocieties,
and in the periodical literature of the past few years.

Draining Lawn : A J. Di*ain yourctay land fully 3 feet deep,
or if you can get proper outfall, and the land is liable to get
heavily charged with water, you may advantageously go to a
a depth of 4 feet.

Insects; Vitts, We have failed to discover, with the assistance
of the microscope, any insects upon the Vine roots which
you have sent, from the trees of which the young leaves
were infested in October with the small Aphis-liko wingless
insects. The roots are in a bad state, aud we should rather
think it was owing to this that the leaves became attacked
to so great an extent. We can scarcely think the state of
the roots could have been produced by the same insect
which raised the small galls on the leaves. W.

Names of Fruits: W M T. Your Pear, No. 1, being quite
rotten, was difficult to determine with anything hke
certainty ; we, however, believe it to be De Romaine, »
stewing, but worthless, variety, always apt to decay in the
heart, as yours has done ; 2, not known : 3, Winter Crassane ;
4, probably Passe Colmar. — 5 E, Sicatf'hani. No. 1 is the
Downtou Pippin, a seedling raised by the late Mr. Knight
from the old Golden Pippin ; 2 is believed to be the Graveu-
stcin, a German Apple of great excellence.

Nefhkolepis: lyhick is Which. There is no Nephrolepis
bulbifera, that we know of. There is N. tuberosa, and
N. exaltata, the latter a somewhat larger grower than the
former, with the sori situated nearer the margin.

New Melons : A. We are not answerable for statements
made in our advertising columns.

RiciNUS : Market Gardener. One of the best is 'Obermaoni,
and another good cue is sanguineus. Sow in heat early in.
spring, aud put off and hardeuas with other tender subjects.
The stronger they can be got by planting-out time the better.

Thirsk Nurserymen: Mr Hutchison and Messrs. SnotDclen (£■
Son state, in answer to inquiries respecting a person who
gives the address, "W. R. Smith, Nurseryman, Thirsk,"
that no such person rents either house or land in that
neighbourhood.

Verbenas : A R H. The disease in your Verbena leaves is
very curious. It seems to commence at the bulbs of the
hairs, and then to spread so as to form a red stratum. It
does not seem to depend upon any Fungus, and therefore
any external application will be useless You should
examine the roots to see whether they are in good order, and
if not, change the soil. The other leaf was so ci-ushed that
we can say little about it. M J B.

COMM.UNICATIONS RECEIVED ;— R. Fortune.— A. F. B.— A.— W.T.

Decembeb a, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1301

pjOTAL AGRICULTURA.L SOCIETY of ENGLAND.

BDUCATIONAL TBIZES.

APRIL, ues.

Fork or ArfLicATiox ron Oakdidatks.

To bo retumod flllod up on or boforo

February 20, 1809.

Namo of tho Candidate at full length
DateofhUBlrtb

••}

■■}

••}
Bu»in©8i intondod to bo followed by himself . . |

Reiidence of Pareuta or Guardians |

Tlie Names of tho Sehooli at which tho Candl-")
date I:
yean ; _

flcntos u .

The Canditfi'ite has to state whether ho will be)

examined in Land SurTeymg, or In Mechanlca V

as applied to Agriculture, or In both subjects.. )

lie must likewise state in which of the following^

optional subjects he desires to be examined, I

Tlz. :— Botany ,

Geology

Veterinary Science,,
Copies of the above Form may be obtained on application to
H. Hall Dare, Secretary.
12. Hanover Square, London, W.

Branch of Bualuess followed by hla family

fames of tho Schools at which tho Candl-")
3 htis been educated, stating tho number off
ra spent at each ; accompanied by Cortl- 1"
Los of general Education )

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
CIRENCESTER.
President— His Grace Tho Dcai of Marlborocoh, D.C.L., F.R.G.S.

CODNCIL,

SHORTHORN BULLS —A few Choice Young BULLS
for early Borvlce, nnd HULL CALVKS. from tho Dldmarton
Ilord, are now oi»on lor SALE, by I'rlTato Contract.

To proBorvB purity of blood, throo pure DuchoBS nulls, viz. :
7th Duke uf Vorlt (17, TM). Uth Or.ind Duke (2l,H^\), and 2d Duko of
Ciaro {'.il,67'l| from Cuptnin Guntor, have been recently In niioooHttlvo
use, and continued by 3d Duke of ColllnRharn (-f.TSO), lately
purohaHod at fiOO Kulnoafi, from tho same omtnont breoilor.

For I'odlgrecn, &a., apply to Mr. S. Ilicn, Dldmarton, Chippenham,
W'lltB^ _^

OR SALK, by Privnto CotUract, tho ' BATES

F

BULL, " LORD WILD EYES 2o" (22,234), roan, bred by Mr. C.
Harvey, sire Ath Duke of Uxford (11,387). dam Wild EyoH «d. by Wild
Duke (10,148), Ac, Ac. («oo "Herd Book," vul. xvl.J. Lord Wild
Eyes 2d in particularly active, and his Ntock have foi ched high prtceH,
"For fmthor p-irtlculars apply to tho Ualllff, Mr. Kawlimo, Holly
Bank, Burton-on-Trent.

RIdht Hon. the Earl of Dude,

F.R.ti.. F.G.S.
Right Hnn. Earl B.ithurat

Right

Edward Bowly, Esq.

Rieht Hon. T. H. SotUeroa

Estcourt
Edward Holland, Esq,, M.P.
John Tliornhill Harrison. Esq.
Principal— The Rev. John Constable. M.A., Trin. Coll., Camb.
Resident PnoFESsoas.
Agriculture— John Wrightson, F.C^S, M.R.A.C.
Chemistry— Arthur H. Church, M.A , Lincoln Coll., Oxon, F.C.S.

Assistant to Chemical Professor— Beaumont J. Grosjean.

Natural History— Wm. T. Thiselton Dver, B.A., Junior Student,

Chri'it Church, Oxon.

Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygldne— EdvvardNettleship,M.R.C.V.S.,

M.RA.C. L.S.A.

Mathematics and Surveying— The Principal.

Drawing — James Miller,

The College was Incorpornteri by Cliarter, granted by Her Majesty

in Council, March 'J7, 1845, for tho purpose of affording a Practical

and Scientific Agricuituriu Education to Students from all parts of

the Kingdom. For particulars i^PP'y to the Principal.

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL BENEVOLENT
INSTITUTION.
PalroJi — Her Majestt the Qceem.
President — His Grace the Ddre of Ricdmoxd.
For the RELIEF of DECAYED FARMERS, their WIDOWS
and ORPHAN DAUGHTERS; and for tne MAINTENANCE and
EDUCATION" of their OKPHAN CHILDREN.
Allowance to Pensioners.
Married ,. jE40perannnm I Male .. £26 per annum
Widow and Unmarried Orphan Daughters . . £20 per annum
Orphan Children admitted from 7 to 10 ye.ars of age. and wholly
maintained and educited until the age of 14 years in the case of
Boys, and 10 years in the caae of Girla.

One Hundred ar.d Five Pensioners have already b3en placed on
the books of the Institution ; and in addition to the number of
Pensioners to be admitted at tho nest Election, the Council have
decided to Elect Ten Orphan Children.

Forms of Application for Pensioners and Children, and every
information, to be obtained of the Secretary, by whom DoDationa
and Subscriptions will be thankfully received.
55, CharinK Cross, London, S.W. Charles Shaw, Secretary,

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Incorporated by Special Act of Parliament In 1853.
To Landowners, the Clergv. Estate Agents. SDRVEYoaa, Ac, IK

Enoland and Wales, and in Scotland.
The Company advances money, unlimited in amount, for the
following works of Agricultural Improvement, the whole outlay and
expenses in all cases being liquidated by a rent-charge for 25 years,

1. Drainage, Irrigation, and Warpin;^, Embanking, Inclosing,

Clearing, Reclamation, Planting, for any benoncial purpose,
Engines or Machinery for Drainage or Irrigation.

2. Farm Roads, Tramways and Railroads for agricultural or farming

purposes.

3. Jetties or Landing places on the sea-coast or on the banks of

navigable rivers or lakes.

4. The Erection of Farm Houses, Labourers' Cottages, and other

Buildings required for Farm purposes, and the improvement
of and additions to Farm Houses and other buildings for
Farm purposes.
Landowners assessed under tbe provlsiona of any Act of Parlia-
ment, Royal Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or
general works of Drainage or other Improvements, may borrow their
proportionate share of the cost, nna charge the same with the
expenses on the lands Improved.

The Company will also negotiate the Rant-charges obtained by
Landowners under the Improvement of Land Act. 1864, in respect of
their Subscription of Shares in a Railway or Canal Company.

No investigation of title is required, and the Company being of a
strictly financial character, do not interfere with the plana and
execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the GoTem-
ment Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to Granville R. Rtdcr, Esq., Managing Director, 3, Parlia'
ment Street. London. S.W,

TESTIMONIAL to MR. JAMES KNOWLES, of
Wetherbv.— The friends and admirers of Mr. Knowles, con-
Bldering that some public recognition should be made of the great
and efficient services he has tendered to the cause of Scientific
Agriculture, particularly in promoting tbe improvement in the
breed of Shortborned Cattle, some time ago determined to present
him with a suitable Testimonial. I beg therefore to give Notke that
the Committee are about to close tbe Subscription List, and intend-
ing Subscribers wilt oblige by sending the amount of their sub^cnp-
tion at once to the Wakefield and Barnaley Union Bank, or to me,
Wakefield, Dec. 18. Thos. Dodds, Hod. Sec.

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numbers.
Imported TOULOUSE GEESE, the largest and most productive

breeil known.

Improved NORFOLK TURKEYS, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AYLESBURY ar>d ROUEN DUCKS.

Imported BELGIAN HARE RABHITS, for size and early maturity.
BRAHMA-PuUTRA, CREVECtEUR, and LA FLECHE FOWLS,
for constant layers.

Priced Lists and Estimates on apphcatlon.
John Bajlt & Son, 113, Mount Street, London, W.

W\xt ^sricttlttttal (Sajette.

SATURDAY, DliVEMBER 21, 1867.

During the past few weeks the Agricultural
Gazette has been full of very useful and instruc-
tive argument and discussion on the subject of
Agricultural Education. From Archbishop
Ckanmer (p. 1249) downwards, authorities have
been quoted in favour of technical instruction.
The advantages of a knowledge of tho principles
which guide the special business to which a man
devotes himself has been insisted on ; and tho
serviceableness of an early apprenticeship for the
acquisition of the necessary skill has been also
urged.

Mr. Clare Sewell Read's admirable address
to the labourer at North Walsham (p. 1179),
which we had hoped to have long since seen
announced for the widest possible publication in
a separate form — Colonel Kingsoote's capital
lecture (p. 1227) on the boyhood instruction of
both labourer and farmer, delivered before the
Ootswold tenantry at a Gloucestershire Farmers'
Club — and Mr. Holland's excellent speech
(p. 1226), especially on the former subject, to the
Vale farmers of the same county — the speeches
of Earls Leicester and Spencer applying to
landlords as well as farmers, lately given in
Norfolk (p. 1223) — all bear witness to the inte-
rest which the whole- subject excites, and in
some measure, also, to the differences of opinion
which still prevail upon it.

It is however from Mr. Blyth, a speaker at
the last-named meeting, that we have the best
illustration which has yet been given of the
advantages of that early training and persistent
industry which, when added to a sound knowledge
of any art, wiU lead to its pFofitable prosecution.
The example given is a history of personal
experience. He put it to Lord Spencer and
Lord Leicester, who were among his hearers,
if two young men presented themselves asking
for a farm, if one was a practical lad, who had
been at home with his father, and had worked
hard from 12 years old, and the' other had a
little scientific knowledge, which he had picked
up at Cirencester or elsewhere, which they would
take for a tenant. Both should be equal in
every other respect, but the one should be
thoroughly practical, and the other a little more
scientific. As something had been said with
respect to the employment of capital, and the
energy and activity of occupiers, and the intelli-
gence and good character of labourers,
Mr. Blyth offered the following history of a
farm, and how it had been cultivated the last
century : —

" It is just 97 years ago (he said) since my father first
set his foot on Sussex Farm. He was then seven years
old. At the age of 17 he was left by my grandfather to
manage that farm for him. At the age of 21 he took it
on his own hook. There are a thousand acres of land.
His father gave him 700J., his mother gave him 200/.,
and with 900?. he took the occupation of 1000 acres. He
met with what we could not, many of us^now-a-days —
a brother-farmer, who lent him 3000/. He farmed for
10 years as a bachelor. At the end of that 10 years he
was master of 10,000/., and he strengtheiied his hand
by marriage ; and in 1808 he bought the farm and
another with it. He then began to plant and to raise
fences (for there was hardly a fence on the place), and
to build. In 1822 he was enabled to enclose a large
tract of marshes ; and the late Duke of Sussex, who was
then a frequent guest at Holkham, paid him a high
compliment (and through him the yeomanry of
Norfolk) in coming to dine with him ; and from that
day it was called Sussex Farm.' When I followed
him in 1833 (continued Mr. Blyth), I took the farm
in a comparatively high state of cultivation. I have
farmed it for 33 years ; and now many gentlemen have
said to me, ' I cannot think how you can leave such a
place.' Well, there are many subjects for regret, no
doubt, in a person leaving a place where he has spent
all his days. But independently of the feeling at times
and of the necessity of making up one's bundle of
sticks, getting a little tired of the general routine of
l)usiness, I have this very great satisfaction at the end
of my occupation of an estate which has been occupied
by my family for nearly 100 years, of knowing
that it has continued to improve in value ever
since it has been in my hands. I have the

satisfaction of knowing that there is a class of
labourers tlut liave grown up on the farm
who have repeatedly borne away premiums offered for
honourable competition by this Society. 1 have the
•satisfaction of knowing that those men have beoQ
improved very much by the competition thcj; have
met with hero against otlior labourers of tho district,
and that they have been the means so far of assisting
others in learning to improve themselves both in their
skill in H'orl< and also in their conduct as men; and I
have this further satisfaction of knowing that many of
them, on my declining tlieir services now, have stopped
iuto places where they will earn much more money than
I over have given thorn. All these thingsaro satisfactory
proofs to mo that those men have boon able to raise
themselves by their own exertions and by their own
industry, where they have been treated perhaps with
only common kindness, but whore, once having set foot
upon the farm, they know they would never be paid off
except it should be for misconduct. I have this other
satisfaction (and it is to mo the most gratifyinj? one,
and, therefore, amongst a few brother farmers m tho
neighbourhood I take tho liberty of just referring to
it), that in handing tho farm over to the two sons of a
man who has been a good tenant on the estate for
nearly 20 years, I do it with the lull conDdenco that I
am handing it to young men who have been well
trained to habits of business, of respectability, and of
integrity; and I have no fear of their forfeiting tho
confidence that is reposed in them."

Is not this a thoroughly wholesome history to
read and to reflect upon ? Let it teach those of
us who have sons, training for the life of a
tenant farmer — not that any knowledge of that
which really is, is even useless, much loss mis-
chievous— not that what Mr. Blyth calls
scientific (his hearers interrupting him with calls
of " Theoretical") is in any "sense fictitious or
delusive — but that early training to habits of
industry and practical accustomedness to all the
operations of the farm, is of the very essence of
any agricultural education which is to be depended
on as an introduction to a successful agricultural

A VERY able paper on the relation between
health and wages — of course through tho ade-
quacy or inadequacy of the food and lodging
which the latter supply — was road the other day
before the Society of Arts, by Dr. J. H.
Stallard. The agricultural labourer again
came in, as he very often does, to point the story.
' ' What is the effect of physical degeneration
upon the labouring classes?" asks Dr. Stal-
lard. Tracing the history of the raw material,
as the agricultural labourer is called, in its
simplest and roughest form, he starts with what
he calls a gigantic difference. "Compare the
labourer of Dorsetshire with one of Lincolnshire
or Yorkshire, and note particularly the intimate
association between their physical powers and

' the wages they obtain. Compare thoir habits
and their movements, and you will see the

' difference at once. The man of Dorset never
tastes animal food, except a bit of bacon once a
week. He and his family exist upon a scant
supply of bread, eked out with a bit of lard and
dripping, which scarcely keep body and soul
together. And mark him at his work. He is
exactly like a steam engine with a short
supply of fuel. He may go by fits and
starts, but there is a constant tendency
to ' halt upon the centres ' when the work
is hardest. He goes on better when the gradient
is falling, but he comes to a hopeless stand-stiU
on the least ascent. Nothing is more curious
than to watch his movements. There is an
ingenious slowness about all he does. His very
walk upon the turnpike gives you the impression
that he is up to his knees in dirt, and one foot is
put before the other as if they were made of lead.
Every motion seems to require a separate effort
of the will, and there is a mental doubt if the
intention will be carried out. Do not suppose he
is ignorant of philosophy ; for with inborn
wisdom he reserves his powers for grand occa-
sions, as when the master comes, or an effort
is inevitable. He never forgets that his store
of energy is small, and that there is little
prospect of renewal by the scanty supper
when he arrives at home. And so the habit
of idleness grows upon him until he is good
for nothing. He has no such word as ' haste '
in his vocabulary : and if it were proposed
to give him double wages on the condition of
doing double work, he would probably give it up
after a week's trial, because he has been brought
to prefer idleness and privation to industry and
the gratification of those healthy desires and
appetites which from long neglect he has ceased
to care for. Nor is the effect less marked upon
the moral nature of the man. He learns fruga-
lity without result ; his only prospect is the
workhouse ; and too often he goes to crime for

1302

THE GAKDENEKS' CMOKICLE AND AfTMCTTLTimAL GAZETTE. [Deoembeb 21, iser.

the means of satisfying instincts whioli cannot
be repressed, because, for want of education,
be has them under no control, and is little better
than a brute."

"Wliat will our Dorsetshire readers think of
this picture of the labouring class around them ?
Is it an accurate portrait taken on the spot,^ or a
mere "study" from an ideal point of view ?
Perhaps it represents the truth of an individual
case or two ; but it will not stand, except as
exaggerated caricature, for the faithful portraitui-o
of a class. It is nevertheless well that agricul-
turists should learn whal outsiders think.

"In Yorkshire and Lincolnshire," says Dr.
StailA-RD, " what a different case. The amount
of healthy energy, work, and wages are all
doubled. The labourer is well fed, he has
his pie and beer mostly twice a day. He is
smart in all his movements, and his work
is done with care and skill. I remember
well the disgust of a Yorkshire labourer with the
slovenly habits of a Midland farmer's household,
and he began a village reformation by insisting
that the farmers' boys should be better fed. He
was ' the chaser ' of the harvest fields ; and
rebellion against his rule was only averted by
increased wages and extra beer.

" A few days ago I was down in the country,
and the universal testimony of the farmers in
the district was that there is a dearth of
labourers. Tho employers are at the present
moment giving 2s. Qd. per day, with an allow-
ance of beer and milk. X asked why they did
not import some men from Dorsetshire, whore
plenty were to be had at half the price. They
simply informed me that they would be good for
nothing, and that they would prefer to go with-
out. Some years ago the attempt was made to
introduce Dorsetshire labourers into Yorkshire,
but at the end of a week most of them wanted
to go home, because they could not stand the
work."

It is for the sake of this pipturo of the contrast
existing between the half-fed agricultural
labourer in one district (and it is not only, nor
even chiefly, Dorsetshire that furnishes the most
striking instances) as compared with men of the
same class elsewhere, that we have taken this
extract for publication here.

In the course of the discussion which followed
the reading of Dr. Stallakd's paper, it was
stated by the lecturer that Mr. Tarnall,
one of the inspectors of the Poor Law Board,
had given him his own experience as to
the difficulty of procuring labour, and the
degeneration of the laboui-ing classes in some
districts. He wrote as follows :— " Pindiug
labour very dear, comparatively speaking, in
Yorkshire, I sent into Dorsetshii-e, to Lyme
Eegis, where I am known, for a Dorset family ;
wages being, on an average, in Yorkshire, 18s.
per week, and in Dorset 9s. They 'came and
saw, and conquered ' me, for I was soon obliged
to raise their wages to the Yorkshire measure ;
and ttiey, when thus paid, could not or would
not do a Yorkshire day's work. Eventually,
they petitioned me to send them back to uncom-
fortable and idle Dorset. I did so, and clearly
made a bad bargain. The moral of this is that
the Dorset men are not men; they have been
starved out of their manhood." That (con-
tinued Dr. Stallard) is just the fact. If we
bring up 150,000 children without the taste
of meat, how can they be good for anything in
the shape of labour? He did not say that
meat is absolutely necessary to children living
in healthy country air, and having an abundant
supply of good milk, but for the youthful popu-
lation of London and large towns he held meat
to be an essential condition of health.

To this we may add, that the idea that country
children are brought up on an abundant supply
of good milk is a mere delusion. The fact is,
that more milk is di-unk by a thousand families
of labouring men in London, than by a thousand
families of agricultural labourers almost any-
where in England, if we except the northern
counties.

The Society of Arts are summoning a Con-

/ fereuce to take Technical Education into consideration
—the object being to ascertain, not merely what the
Society of Arts, but what the nation at large can do
to promote Technical Education among the workmen,
the foremen, the overlookers, and the employers in
arts, manufactures, and commerce ; and it is hoped
that an expression of opinion by this Conference may
tend in some degree to diminish the difficulties with
which the solution of this vital question of National
Education is at present confessedly surrounded.
Among those invited to this Conference, which is
summoned for January 23d and 24th, are tho mayors

of the towns which are the principal seats of manu-
facture in the United Kingdom ; the presidents of
the Chambers of Commerce and Agriculture; the
presidents of all societies and public companies which
have co-operated with the Society in respect of educa-
tion or art-workmanship; the presidents of insti-
tutions in union with the Society of Arts ; her
Majesty's Inspectors of Schools, Factories, Mines, and
Collieries; the English Jurors at the Paris Exhi-
bition of 1SG7; the Society's judges in art-work-
manship ; the Society's examiners in education.
We hope that those interested in agricultural educa-
tion will be present at the meeting; and that the
Central Chamber of Agriculture will have those
interests which are its own especial care properly
represented on this occasion.

■ The great market of the year in Copenhagen

Pields is certainly a very striking illustration of the
enormous commissariat of the metropolis. Acres of
closely packed cattle and sheep brought together
quietly, and distributed again with really very little
confusion or disturbance, make a great impression on
the agricultural spectator when seen for the first time.
There are long lines of black, and red, and roan, and
red and white, and black and white— cream-coloured
large and well-conditioned oxen from Prance — a
thousand small, black and white cattle from Holland-
several lots of small Kerry-like red cattle from Sweden.
"What countrymen are these ? " we ask, pointing to
a whole cla-ss — some hundreds — of ragged-looking
mongrels, iherded toother. " Fenians, sir ! " is the
prompt reply. The Irish lot, indeed, are very poor—
the Herefords are grand— the Devons are an extremely
tidy lot— the Shorthorns are everywhere seen, in long
rows of apparently well bred, evenly fed, and well-
matobed cattle, also everywhere in crosses^ of all kinds
from France, as well as from many English counties,
where their influence is felt. The black polled cattle
from Aberdeen are remarkably fine. Forty splendid
Christmas cattle, 10 or 11 cwt. apiece, from M'Combie,^
a smaller number, quite as well done, from Mr. Reid, of
the same county, are among the chief features of the
show. But notwithstanding the mark still made by
Herefords, Devons, Shorthorns, and Aberdeenshire
pure-breds, the great majority— a much greater number
than ever before— of Kie English cattle here are
crosses. Railroads and intercommunication of all
kinds are doing their work, and local breeds will more
and more yield to the dominant induence— whatever
that may be— of the day. In the cattle world the
dominant influence is indubitably exerted by the
Shorthorn, and we see him in increasing numbers and
in r.apidly extending induenca every successive annual
market day. On Monday last 8110 beasts, 20,810 sheep,
and some hundreds of calves and pigs, were offered at
the Metropolitan Market. Of these, 1350 cattle and
7320 sheep, nearly all the calves, and one-sixth of the
pigs, were imported. Tlie top prices were lower than
they have been for several years.

SHORTHORNS AND DEVONS.
What spirit of evil from the lower region of mere
gluttony and grossness can have prompted the attack
which I have just been reading in your pages, on the
most beautiful, the very best of all our British breeds
of cattle ? Admitting as you do their " symmetry and
quality, precocity and arti.stic beauty," why should
you degrade the Devons from the rank which the
SmithKeld Club so properly awards them? Is it
desirable that all the cattle of the country should
reach, or even aim at reaching, the proportions of
M'Combie's "Megatherium," which has during the
past two weeks been astounding the beef-eaters of the
south— and null down 20 cwt. ? To put it on your own
low ground— that of mere quantity of flesh-
is a sirloin weighing half a cwt. so desirable
a dish to set before an ordinary family? And is not
the carcase which supplies the joints most suitable to
ordinary wants the very kind which the Smithfield
Club ought most strenuously to advocate and patronise ?
But go one step higher, and consider the economy of
the process by which the green crops of the farmer are
converted into meat. Has the size of the animal by
which this process is accomplished— the mere size in
which you seem to think the Devons fall so much
below tiie Shorthorn standard— anything whatever to
do with the economy of the meat manufacture ?

I believe that Bakewell, in that wonderful process of
improvement by which he brought the modern
Leicester out of the former long-wooUed Midland
County sheep, altogether disregarded size. He believed
that when quality and early maturity have been
achieved in any breed, and indeed, in order to their
successful achievement, the only object to be aimed at
is diminished offal in proportion to the quantity of
useful carcase— increased relative amount of the first-
class joints as compared with the weight of second rate
and inferior sorts — not increased bulk and weight, but
increased proportion of the whole live weight which
is salealftle as carcase.

And no doubt this is the wise and proper judg-
ment. It is not the animal which will convert an
immense daily ration into growth and meat that is
necessarily the best. It is that beast which, whatever
the amount which it requires per diem, shall spend
least of it in growing skin and bone, and most of it in
growing fat and flesh, that we desire. And judged by
this test, I believe that, the outward conditions of health
being given, the small and beautiful pure-bred Leicester
or Southdown sheep will beat the coarser heavier
Cotswold, and the light and pretty Devon will hold its
own against the Hereford or Shorthorn.

I will, however, take the argument one step higher,
and contend that a breed which presents such
admirable illustrations of perfect form and quality as
the Devons do, well deserves its foremost place upon the

lists of the Smithfield Club, whether or not it be so
generally useful to the feeder, or so generally service-
able to the consumer, as the Hereford or Southdown
are. Is not this, indeed, one great object— I had
almost said tJie one great object— for which the Club
exists ? Certainly that Show which presents to the
admiring gaze so many more cwts. or tons of beef on a
given number of legs than on any previous occasion
has been seen, does not thereby necessarily excel its
predecessors. It is that collection of aninials
which best illustrates "quality, symmetry, precocity,
and artistic beauty" — not the one which can
point to the heaviest beasts, that is the best. And
notwithstanding that MCombie's ox, carrying
18 to 20 cwt. of carcase, takes the Gold Medal ^ of
this year. I venture to say that the show of 18G7, with
that as its characteristic specimen, is not so good as
others I have seen when a little Devon ox has had the
place of honour ; and has held out for emulation and
for imitation a model of "quality and precocity,
symmetry and artistic beauty," to copy which would
benefit the breeders and the feeders and consumers of
this country even more than were the heavy Aber-
deenshire ox to become the rule instead of merely the
wonderful exception.

And I may ask a further question still, and call
attention to the qualities displayed by the men who
have for generations been successful cultivators of the
Devon breed. Ought this to be nothing, do you think,
to the Council of the Smithfield Club ? Do they not
know that it is the resolution and endurance, the
energy and pluck which the leading men among our
breeders display, from generation to generation (not
merely of the cattle which they cultivate but) of the
noble yeomen race to which they themselves belong
that is the real source of the excellence which they
stimulate by their rewards. The "thin red line" in
the Agricultural Hall, at which your criticism is
levelled, indicates qualities as sterling and praiseworthy
in their way as those to which the same words refer in
the story of Crimean heroism. And these qualities are
not productive of merely good cattle, they are pro-
ductive of similar moral qualities in other men. Take
the resolute and the patient skill of Jonas Webb for an
example. What has been its fruit in English agri-
culture ? Has it been merely an unrivalled flock of
Southdown sheep ? Not Babraham only, but half our
English counties felthisinfluence. Wherever ablack or
brown-faced sheep exists, some share of it may be
read. Not only Sussex, but Wiltshire. Hampshire,
Oxfordshire, even Shropshire, is bearing some of the
fruit this day with which the character, agricultural
and personal, of Jonas Webb is to be credited. The
late L'jrd Ducie, too, may be quoted as another
instance of the personal influence of a resolute and
persistent adherence to those rules of good breeding
which are the especial aim and object of the Smith-
fleld Club. His herd was dispersed 15 years ago,
but its results are felt directly in 20 others,
and they are still more recognisable indirectly. At
Didmartou, Siddington, and Kingscote, in his own
neighbourhood and county, we may read the influence
of bis character quite as much as the direct and
immediate effect of the particular strain of Shorthorn
blood to which he was devoted.

I contend, therefore, that the Smithfield Club should
beware how they suffer criticism, such as that which I
am criticising, to influence their decision of the point
you raise. Let them beware how on merely economical
or utilitarian grounds, they refuse their patronage to a
class of breeders who. as much as any in the country,
have displayed that intelligence, resolution, skill, and
judgment, on which, after all, depend our hopes of
future excellence in the Agricultural Hall in whatever
class or breed it be exhibited.

I see that Mr. Wortley, a breeder of pure Shorthorn
cattle, has picked up a prize for an Irish beast, and
Captain Gunter, a sort of High Priest in the inner
circle of Shorthorn worshippers, takes a prize for a tat
Scotch cow ; and Lord Berners exhibits a successful
Kerry, in the show just closed. Let the Club do
whatever in its wisdom it may best devise, in order to
discourage such mere "pot hunting"— such a mere
hit-or-miss kind of policy, at any rate— as this
amounts to. It augurs ill for the interests of any pure
breed when those who are its hope and stay condescend
to play in this way with the business of the Smithfield
Club. But let it beware how it discourages a whole
cl.ass of breeders, who, though small in numbers, have for
a century or more persistently and successfully con-
tended in the lists with the leading men, as you justly
say, of almost of every county in the kingdom, and
have justified by their indomitable pluck the leading
place which a merely local and a comparatively little
breed of cattle have obtained. A Lover of the Seoon.

[We were in the Metropolitan market on Monday
morning between 6 and 9, and among 8000 head oj
cattle there tied up, we came upon the " thin red line '
of Devons, neater and cleaner, better put out of hand
as a whole— if some of the large French cattle be
excepted —than any others to be seen in that, the true
cattle show of the country. There were, however, but
a few scores of them altogether. They were far out-
numbered by the Herefords: and the Shorthorns
and their crosses quadrupled both these breeds
together. But the Shorthorns were not less a merely
local bred at the end of last century than either Devons
or Herefords. Their inherent merits, and shall we say
the superior ubiUty of their breeders, have multiplied
them until, not merely in every county, but in almost
every country, they are the best leading sort ot cattle.
The force ot events is too great even for our corre-
spondent's able argument. And without desiring
that the Smithfield Club should degrade, or m any way
disparage or discourage, the Devons or their breeders,
we contend that it is only just that their place upon

Decembeb 21, 1807.]

TTTT; OAT^W.NT^n?!' rTTl^O\TrT,T: \m) AOl^TrTTT.TTTl^AT, nAZETTT!.

1308

the oatalosue and prize list of the Club should bo, more
acourately than it is, the same which they 0(!(;ui)y in
the general :i|?riuultural experience ol' the country.

Although we are unable to agree with our cor-
respondent in the main purpose of his ornunicnt,
believing that he gives both tlio Devon brood and tlio
Devon breeders too high a pluc;o upon the scale, yet lie
is undoubtedly riglit. in poiiili[ig out that liotli the
Smithlicld and the M iilland Counties Associations must
organise their pi-iiic lists in the interests of breeders as
well as of fccdei's — nuist provo that they are serviceable
in tho prodncition of pure breeds and skilful breeding,
as well as of mere skill in the art of clothing a well-
bred beast with Hcsli.or they are comparatively useless.
It is for this leiisou that our contem|)orary, SeH's
Messenger, is right in pointing out how great a mistake
is made by the latter Ckib in not giving, nor even indi-
cating the true pedigree of the dilfcrent entries in their
catalogue. The name of the breeder is given, but
nothing else to indicate the family or strain to which
the animal belongs. Take Mr. Heath's ox, for example,
which won the Lst prize in the (dder class of Shorthorn
steers at Bingley Hall a fortnight ago. We learn from
the catalogue that he was bred by Mr. Wytbes, but
nothing else is .slated. On incpiiry, it appears his dam
was Alma, tracing back to A\'aldy's stock, of Barmpton
(R. Collings' farm), from which the Btifteii/Iies are
also derived, and his sire ^as Mav Duke 2d, bred
by Mr. C. Howard, and descended from Mason's No. 55,
which was bought by Lord Spencer at the Chilton
sale. The Smithfield catalogue is, to any reader of the
Herd Book, generally sufficiently instructive on this
head, for we have sire and dam named along with
most of tbe entries, and thus we know at once just
those i^oints which the Midland Counties people keep
altogether in the background, asif they were of insignifi-
cant importance, instead of being the real source of that
merit by which the awarded prizes have been won.
Let us hope, therefore, that at the next Birmingham
Show consideration will be given to this point, so
that, the example of the Smithfield Club being
followed, both the societies may be quoted as olTering
encouragement to breeders as well as to mere feeders.

Can anybody throw any light upon the occasional

run of ill luck (for that is all that in our ignorance we
can call it) which sometimes attends a breeding herd ?
A cow will oast her calf, and a whole train of her com-
panions will follow her example ; or separate them as
you may, and a number in a given season, affected it
would appear by some common cause, are unfortunate
together— or in some cases a farm will for a series of
years illustrate the same misfortune all through the
herd. We know of instances where a farm has been
unfortunate in this way ever since its Grass fields
have been drained I— and of others ever since their
Grass fields have been boned. We hear of examples
where the mischief has been stopped by a dressing of
lime applied to the land. It is recommended so to graze
the land that all benty Grass shall be cropped bare, and
no chance given to the formation of ergotted seed
stems which are known to have a special influence ia
producing abortion. Aud tho old maxim of the dairy
districts, that a donkey or two in the field along with
cows will save them, may have some foundation of
truth in their willingness to eat down these bents.
Our correspondent Mr. Wooler told of an experience
the other day in our columns (p. 8-13), in which an
enterprising man having taken land which had the
reputation of being especially unfortunate in this way,
managed to avoid the ill luck of his predecessors by
liming all the fieUis where the cows had grazed,
believing that a deficiency of lime in the food at the
time when the bones of tho foetus were growing was
the cause of the calamity ! We mention all these cases,
hoping that our correspondents may contribute of their
knowledge facts which shall throw some light on the
cause of what is often a very serious loss to the
breeder.

We are extremely sorry to hear of Mr. Bulteel's

loss of Moyal Hidterjlifs Duchess 2d, bought for
300 guineas at the Preston Hall sale on Monday last.
She had been bulled, March 26th, by Geakd
Duke IGth, and died in calving the other day. The
purchasers of such costly animals do not, that we
know, run a heavier risk of this kind than purchasers
of other kinds of stock ; though of course the blow
falls heavier when it happens. .

TIMES OF COW-MILKING.

The question, How often should dairy cows be
milked daily H has for long been a controversy— one
which resolves itself into several practical propositions,
each of which calls for special consideration. In the
natural state, when tbe cow brings up her progeny at
her foot, the times of milking are more frequent than
under the artificial system of the pail ; but in this
latter case Nature soon adapts herself to the peculiar
exigencies of her position, aud so it is argued that both
plans are right, whether the cow is milked twice a day
or thrice a day by the hand — or is sucked by her calf
four times a day or oftener.

There is, however, more in the matter than appears
upon the surface of this superficial and take-it-easy
mode of investigation. People are very prone to see
and argue a question as it suits them, and there is
obviously too much of this in the general conclusions
arrived at relative to how often dairymen should milk
their cows daily, more being laid upon Nature's back
than she is well able to bear under modern systems of
management^systeuis which are annually becoming
more and more artificial, and hence further and further
from the natural rule.

There cannot be a doubt that the natural law is that
which calves exemplify iu their frequent appeals to the
udders of their dams, when left to choose their own
times of milking. True, when the demand exceeds the

supply tho times of milking are more frequent, and virt^
vers^l, when the cow hu.s more milk than tho calf can
consume; but both these facts, although wo have
heard tho contrary argued, are in favour of
frecpiont milking, for the appeal of tho calf to
its bottle when prompted by appetite is obviously
Nature's own idaii o( inci'easing the flow of milk,
and vli'r vcrsil, when the stomach gets overloaded,
and digestion goes on slowly on the part of the calf,
and the aocrolion of niilk on tho part of the cow.
ilen(;e the two artificial maxims of withdrawing a
portion of the milk before the calf is put to the cow,
and of milking the cow dry, or, as it is technically
termed in some provinces, " well etrijipiug the cow."
Tho latter practice is thus stated by an American
writer :— " A cow should always be milked and fed at
the same time in tho day, and uniformly by tho same
person. Milk without interruption. Bo sure to milk
the cow as dry as possible. To be milked by dilfcrent
hands at dilfcrent titrics in the day, in a slow, inter-
rupted, and giissipiiin manner, and leaving part of tho
milk in the udder, will ruin the best cow in the world "

The force of both arguments will appear more elfec-
tive and conclusive if the dilfcrent practices, natural
and artificial, are examined separately in their respeo
tive details, as to food and times of milking, (fcc.

Under the natural system, when cows suckle their
followers, the times of feeding and milking depend much
upon the richness of the pastures, and when in a wild
state upon the extent to which herds are subject to the
attacks of beasts of prey. This latter view may at once
be dismissed, in order to abbreviate discussion. We
merely allude to it purposely to divest it of being the
basis of an argument under the practice in question
when cows suckle their calves —a practice once common,
but now confined to certain breeding grounds with a
^e\v exceptional examples, where cows while nursing
their followers are, for the greater portion of the year,
artificially fed in yards, boxes, and hovels, &c.

When a milch cow is fed in luxuriant pastures, so
that she can fill her belly in a short space of time, and
when her followers withdraw her supplies of milk
thoroughly, she invariably feeds four times a day — (1),
very early in the morning; (2), in the forenoon; (3),
in the afternoon ; and (4), late in the evening ; and her
followers as invariably suck on each of those occasions.
If they are fully able for their milk, or more than able,
they may go oftener to their dam ; but if they have
milked her dry when she arose from rumination to
refill her stomach, they receive only a cold reception.
But if the calves enjoy good health and are fit for their
milk, we do not recollect of ever seeing any one of
them pass over a single meal.

When the pastures are less luxuriant the times of
feeding and suckling are not so regular. With a
moderate bite they may feed and ruminate four times
every 21 hours, or four times one day and three times
the next ; on other occasions five or six times a day.
And when the bite is scanty the poor creatures may be
upon their legs the most of the day and night, only
ruminating twice, or interruptedly, as the weather and
other circumstances dictate. Under such conditions
as to the irregularity of the times of feeding and
ruminating, the times of milking are still more
uncertain. Indeed, it may not inaptly he laid down as
a general rule, that the times of sucking are inversely
as the times of feeding and rumination, /. e., when
cows are all day and night upon their legs, and have
only time to ruminate twice a day, their calves suck
more frequently than when they ruminate uniformly
four times every 2i hours, as in the first example of
luxuriant pasture. And a single argument is not
required to show why cows and calves thus follow the
natural laws by which they are governed.

Under artificial management five different examples
may be quoted for illustration : (1) when cows and
calves are herded separately in different pastures or
houses, and only brought together twice a day —
morning and evening ; (2) when cows and calves are
kept as above, but are brought together three times a
day — morning, mid-day, and evening; (3) when cows
are milked twice a day by hand— morning and evening ;
(4) when milked three times a day — morning, mid-
day, and evening ; and (.5) four meals a day, making
seven hours between the evening and morning milkings,
and 5 hours 40 min. between the others.

Of the first four plans we can speak from a some-
what extensive and varied experience. Of tbe last,
although we have occasionally milked four times a day,
it was under exceptional circumstances, which gives
the practice no weight in determining the merits of an
established system. Tho plan, however, has been
strongly advocated and partially tried, but only by way
of experiments, all of which, so far as they have come
under the notice of the writer, are uusatisfactory.
Thus Arthur Young, in the 12th volume of his " Annals
of Agriculture," reports the following experiments
that were made to determine whether twice, thrice, or
four times milking daily would produce the most
milk : —

"May 21, 1789.

First meal
Second do.

Pints.
. H
. 13

October 22, 1789

First meal
Second do.

Pints.
. 11
. 6

May 22.
First meiil
Second do.
Third do.

22i

.. 13
.. 8

. 6

October 23.
First meal
Second do.
Third do.

17

. 11
. 3
. 3

May 23.
First meal
Secoud do.
Third do.
Fourth do.

26

. 12

. 7

. e
. 1

October 24.
First meal
Secoud do.
Third do.
Fourth do.

17

. 10
. li

: I'

Our object in quoting the above from the "Dic-

tninary of Agriculture" in to show that all such
experiments are sonu'thing worse than useless, for
before trustworthy conclusions can bo deilucad from
any course of experiments they must first partake of
the nature of a thoroughly establisherl practiiie for a
series of years. Wo rlo not say so to discourage exiiori-
ment, but to caution hasty, opinionative i^jnclusiouB
before entering upon tho brief examination of tho
above five |ilans.

The first two ]il:uis refer to stock farming, aud not
dairy fanning, and therefore both may bo disiiosod of
together.

Cows aud calves soon become reconciled to a separa-
tion, and also to twice or thrice milking daily, if tha
two idans are regularly carried out in their several
details. So far as contentment goes, it signifies very
little whether the apjiointed times of coming together
bo well selected or otliorwise. jirovided they are strictly
attended to. This fact is sint'ularly interesting and
instructive, as it shows bow Nature can adapt herself
to the jieculiaritiesof her situation, however diversified
that situ.ation may bo. lint true as this is, it only,
when projjorly uiiflerstood, furnishes all the stronger a
reason why farmers should exercise the greatest caution
in basing any continuous practice upon what may
ultimately prove a eertain sacrifice of the natural law
as the sequel will show.

On the part of the cows, the times of feeding, rumi-
nation, and secretion of milk are determined by the
luxuriance of the pastures, or the nature of the diet
when fed indoors, as in tho natural example. Thus, if
a healthy cow fills her belly in half an hour, rumi-
nation and the secretion of milk will be over before the
exinry of six hours. If it takesher three, four,orfive hours
to fill her stomach, just so much longer will it be before
the food thus collected is converted into milk. The
latter process may even be extended beyond this
additional period of time ; for when cows are kept long
upon their feet it is exhausting for the system, so that
functional activity is less or more retarded, and even
at times impaired. But further into details of this
kind our limits will not permit us to go.

As to call'-feeding, a large bellyful of milk only twice
a day is obviously not sound doctrine, more especially
when the flow of milk is abundant,— rather thin, and
retained in the udder several hours after secretion, as
when cows are richly fed. When cows are scantily
fed, it may be otherwise, but the half-starving mode of
dietary is now so far out of date as to be unworthy of
further notice. The only rule that can now be followed
successfully is a rich nourishing diet, whether the cow
is in the stall or in the pasture; and under such
conditions we have always found calves do better when
suckled three times a day than when suckled only twice,
with an intermediate diet of solid food in both cases.
However apparently willinglyand anxiously Naturemay
strive to adapt herself to this unnatural state of things
(large bellyfuls of milk at a time), her energies are every
now and then overtaxed— bowel complaints following
surfeit, and so on. And although calves are less liable
to such when suckled by their dams than when fed by
the pail, that is but a poor offset to the contrary.

To obviate surfeit we have withdrawn a portion of
the milk from the cows prior to putting their calves to
them, and tbe practice was followed for a season, the
cows in this case being milked twice a day and well-fed,
but although over-loading the stomach of the calf is
thus prevented the opposite extreme is fallen into, viz.,
an insufficient supply of milk ; for had the calves been
put to the cows three times a day they could have
managed the whole of the milk, turning it to better
account than was done under the bi-meal system.

We have also frequently put the calves to the cows
four times a day, but the mode of feeding, the age of
the calves, and the length of time were such as to
render the practice one of an experimental character,
from which a general rule cannot be deduced. In the
generality of cases it was shortly after eating, and done
with the view of forcing on the calf, at the same time
obviating the derangement of tbe bowels from too
much milk being drunk at one meal. And so far the
plan was successful ; but afterwards, when the calves
were grown stronger, they were turned in amongst
the others, and only put to their dams three times a
day; whereas, to warrant a general conclusion, the
four-raeal system should have been carried out during
the whole season, or until weaning-time. Calves are
not unlike children both as to their appetites and
digestive functions, and those who have any successful
experience in nursing the latter will readily perceive
the rationale of putting the former more frequently to
their dams than is the general rule: and why four
times is preferable to three times, and three times to
twice; and why, at the same time, the opposite
extreme of too-short a period between meals should be
carefully avoided.

The third and fourth plans of milking-^the former
twice a day and the latter three times, with the pail,
may likewise be disposed of together. What has
already been said under the first and second plan in
reference to the feeding of cows, to the time required
for the conversion of their food into milk, applies to
the two plans now under notice, and therefore we need
not repeat iu substance what was formerly said. There
is, however, one difference that requires a passing
notice, viz., cows give their milk more freely to calves
than to the pail, and when they have a tendency to run
to fat, as most of our improved breeds have when
highly fed, it is more difticult to keep them in full,
milk when milked only twice a day, than when milked
three times, equal attention being paid in both cases to
stripping the cows dry at every milking. _

The reader will bear in mind that we are confining
our observations to cows fed on highly nourishing food
—the starving system of the olden time having been
thrown overboard ; and the question new under notice
of cows being more liable to go dry aud run to fat
when only milked twice a-day than when milked

1304

THE GAEDEHEUS' CITRONICLE AND AGMCTJLTtJRAE GAZETTE. [Decembee 21, i867.

thrice, must appear so plain to those who have any
lengthened experience in the matter as hardly to
require a word of detailed argument to fortify the con-
clusion. ThuSj according to our own experience, there
were about 14 nours between the evening and morning
milkings on the bi-meal plan, and 10 hours between the
morning and evening. In some town dairies the
length of time between the evening and morning
meals is greater, and that between the morning and
evening less. During the summer months we have
had only 13 hours between the evening and morning,
and 11 between the morning and evening, the times being
thus more equally divided. Under the three-meal
system there were ten hours between the evening and
morning, and seven hours between each of the other
two meals ; the night interval in the summer time
being rather shorter and the day interval rather
longer. Such being the facts of the case as to the
length of time, upon which the argument hinges, the
reader will perceive that, assuming the ruminating,
digestive, and secretory functions equally healthy and
active in both cases, the milk remains four hours
longer in the udder of the cow under the two-meal
system than under the three-meal system over night,
and twice these hours during the day. The effects of
this difference upon the functional economy of the cow
generally is obviously to increase her carcase weight,
and reduce the quantity of milk secreted between
meals. In discussing this question it must further be
borne in mind that both these processes — the manu-
acture of meat, if we may so call it, and the manufacture
of milk — are continuously going on in a healthy cow ;
so that it does not require much force to turn the
balance either way, more especially when there is a
natural tendency to the secretion of fat, especially
over night, and the adverse to the secretion of milk.
In principle, the argument of milk remaining in the
udder for a length of time after it has been secreted, is
identical with that of leaving a portion in the udder
after milking. No doubt sour brewer's grains and
distiller's wash may be given to CO wsin quantity sufficient
to stimulate the secretion of milk, and counteract the
tendency to run to fat, but the practice is out of date,
and the argument which it involves unworthy of the
present enlightened age.

As to calves when fed by the pail — large bellyfuls of
milk twice a day are more objectionable than when they
suck their dams, as, in the first place, they have the
greater liability to derangement of the bowels, and the
other sad consequences which follow. Artificial teats
may be adopted to make the over-hungry calf drink
more slowly, and also to promote a more natural and
perfect state of salivation and digestion ; but granting
the successful use of such apparatus when calves are
milked only twice a day, the same must be granted
when calves are milked thrice: but in either case it falls
short of being equal to the natural teat of the cow, so
that at the best it only mitigates, but does not remove, i
the objection.

In those localities where cows are only milked twice
a day, there would doubtless be many objections raised
in the adoption of milking three times, even in examples
where all the milk is consumed upon the farm. But
those who raise this objection should first bear in mind
that their present practice took its rise in times when
cows and calves were half starved, conditions which do
not apply in the present age; second, in those districts
where three times milking is the common rule no
difficulty is experienced in getting servants to attend
regularly to the hours of feeding and milking.

As to commercial dairies, where the whole of the
milk is either sold wholesale or in retail, the third
meal may be used for raising cream, or a portion of it,
the remainder being warmed and mixed with the
morning milk, which would rather improve the latter
than otherwise, the evening milk being richer than the
morning milk. This we may observe is no hypothe-
tical proposition, but the actual practice successfully
followed in those districts where cows are milked
three ^ times a day — larsje towns in them being better
supplied with new milk, butter, and cream, than
towns situated in districts where the two-meal system
is exclusively practised. In short, no valid objection
can be raised to the three-meal system, if dairymen
would consult their own interests and the welfare of
their cows, free from craft prejudices.

The last plan for consideration is milking four times
a day by hand. It appears better adapted for cows
when fed on highly nutritious food than either of the
other plans, the intervals between milking corre-
sponding more closely with the periods of healthy
rumination, digestion, secretion of milk, and rest. It
would also enable stock breeders to rear calves by the
pail more successfully than on either of the other two
plans. And with regard to commercial dairies, whether
situated in the country or in town, we do not see a
single reason why it would not be equally in their
. favour, for by mixing the evening with the morning
milk, and the forenoon with the afternoon meal,
country milk could thus be sent to town twice a day — as
at present ; or it could be sent four times, the retailer
mixing the meals as it bests suits him. W. B.

SECUEITT OP TENUEE.

[At a l-ecent meeting of the Breconshire Chamber of Agri-
culture, the Hon. Secretary, Captain Penry Ifloyd, intro-
duced this subject in the following address ; — ]

There were in all contracts two parties. In
this case there were the owner of the soil and the
person who wished for the land for his own beneficial
occupation. The owner of the soil had the first claim
— he could do what he liked with his own ; and the
candidate for the occupation of the soil had an open
market. He could say, "I will give so much for the
farm," having previously taken into consideration the
position, the agricultural value per acre, whether over-
run with game, and, in fact, taken a deliberate view of

the whole farm. They, as occupiers, were at liberty to
do this ; and, therefore, it was their own fault, in most
cases, if they gave too much for the occupation of the
soil. They could not expect the landlord to look after
these things for them. He thought it had been too
much the custom to ridicule the landlords, and look
upon them as hard masters, without looking upon
their relation, as occupiers, to them. If they went fjo
a landlord to treat for a farm, they went with their
eyes open. They could see what was the condition of
the farm, what was the state of cultivation ; and they
were able, from their experience in agriculture, to
put a fair value upon the farm ; and in dealing with
a landlord they ought to bring their experience to
bear. If the farm was poor-^if it had been worked
out by a long series of large farming— the natural
consequence was, the owner did not get so much
for it as if it was in good cultivation ; and the person
who took that farm, unless he had security for remain-
ing there some years, could not afford to put it into a
good state of cultivation. It would not pay him.
They could not expect a man, without some security,
to go and lay out capital on a farm ; and, on the other
hand, if the fences on a farm were good, and every-
thing connected with the farm was good, they could
not expect the landlord to allow a farmer to take the
whole control of that farm without the farmer giving
him some security that he would leave the farm in as
good a state as he found it. They ought to give
security in such a case to the owner to show that tney
did not intend to work out the farm for their benefit ;
and, on the other hand, they ought to have security if
they improved the land. He thought that that was
the broad principle on which they should go.

Now consider how that security was to be
given. He admitted that a lease was a very valuable
and useful article, and especially in the case of a
farmer, who was not likely to farm his farm in the
best manner, alease would compel him to do it properly;
but in the case of a man who really knew how to farm,
and thoroughly understood the principles of farming,
he thought a lease in many instances would tie down his
hands by binding him too much to one system of farm-
ing. If one crop failed, his lease would prevent him
trying another; and he must go according to the rota-
tion of things as set down in the lease. In his private
opinion, what they wanted in that district (and in all
districts, but particularly in that district) was security
for cultivation — that when they left a farm in an un-
exhausted state of cultivation it should be paid for by
valuation. He would rather have a good custom than
a bad lease, as the latter might bind them down to a
particular rotation, where, perhaps, something else
would suit. It was impossible for a lease to be drawn
out which would suit all farms. He could not get any
definite information as to what the customs were. The
general custom was for the outgoing tenant to have
half the Wheat crops on the brush and three-quarters
on the furrow. In the Defynnoc district they had half
on the bru^h. In some parts of the county he found
that on the furrow it varied ; in some cases it was
three-quarters, in some a half, and in some a quarter.
They would see that there was really no recognised
custom— that in one parish there was one custom, and
in another parish there was another. He thought they
wanted the custom of the country altered, because, as
it at present existed, it did not suit the improved
system of agriculture. Let them take any farm at a
seven years' lease. Suppose he took his own case. He
took his farm upon a seven years' lease. The farm was
exhausted. There was no Clover upon it. He bought
all and stocked it ; and at the end of five years he had,
by great labour and expenditure of great capital,
turned it into a- good productive farm. Now, if he
went to his landlord and said, " What do you intend
to do with my lease when the two years are up ?" the
landlord might say, " I cannot tell you until the time
comes." AVhat was he to do ? Must he go on cul-
tivating, and, at the end of the lease, leave the farm in
a good state of cultivation, and, in fact, leave the whole
of the capital he had expended on the farm ? He
must, at the end of the five years, begin to undo what
he had done. Either he must do this, or lose the capital
he had expended. It; was very unpleasant to do this;
but, unless the landlord allowed him for it, it was the
only course open to him, or to any other farmer ; and
they could not blame a man for doing it. A good
custom was required. Instead of by brush half, and
furrow three-quarters, it should be by valuation.

Mr. D. THOMiS (solicitor) said security of tenure
was a very important thing indeed — important
individually— and the last speaker hit it off well when
lie said that if he was not paid for it he would take that
out of the land which he had put in. They were labour-
ing under the great difficulty of expensive labour, and
suffering from that, and there were only two remedies.
It struck him at that moment that expensive labour
should be counteracted by two things : First, the intro-
duction of machinery ; and, second, cheap corn. The
introduction of machinery might be viewed by some
with a jealous eye ; but their interests were bound up
in each other. There sliouldbe a chain from the land-
lord to the tenant, and the tenant should take a prac-
tical interest in the welfare of his labourers. If there
were a break in that chain things would go wrong.
The intelligent labourer would see that though they
introduced machinery every labourer was properly
employed, and more to the profit of bis employer than
at the present time. They would agree with him
that the work of a mere machine a man ought
not to do ; no man ought to do what a machine
could do; and they had seen with all the appliances
of the last 50 years no labourer had gone without
his hire. He was of opinion, and he thought
experience proved it to be so, that the more machinery
was used l;he more profitable it was to the farmer. The
machine could do many things, but not all, and the

labourer could do things which the machine could not
be applied to. Labour was scarce. At the time when
the harvest was ripe where were the labourers ? The
labourers were scarce, and up went the price. If they
had cheap application of maohinerj; while the sun
shone, they would have their crops in. He thought
they should have a society formed for hiring out all
machinery applicable to agriculture. Many could
subscribe to such a society, and thus get the use of
machines, who could not afford to purchase them
entirely for their private use— in fact,^ could only do it
at 'a serious loss. JSe thought the application of machi-
nery to every branch of husbandry it was possible to
apply it to should be considered, and that it should be
introduced to the fullest extent of our power.

Then, as to cheap corn. If a farmer sold corn
at 105. or 12s, per " bushel " he would say it was
only half of what he ought to get ; but would say that
it paid him, and would pocket it. But the labourer
would ask for a rise. What was the cure for that ?
He would say, let the farmer sell two bushels for 12*.
rather than one at IO5. How was that to be achieved ?
Why, by better farming, and, as Captain Lloyd had
observed, they must have security for their capital.
There was no doubt about that ; but he only partially
agreed with Captain Lloyd when he said that a good
custom should do away with a lease. Custom did not
do universally, because they had all sorts of lands-
high lands, low lands, wet lands, and all sorts; and if
so, no custom could be generally applied, for one custom
could be applied beneficially in one place and another
custom beneficially in another. In an adjoining county
it was the custom for a farmer when leaving his farm
at Michaelmas to cart away his wife, children, and
chattels, and to remove his oxen, his horses, his sheep,
and his pigs, to take every bit of hay, straw, every
particle of manure, and to leave nothing behind him.
He called that a most pernicious custom, because it
entailed upon the out-going tenant the necessity of
carrying out all he had, and the in-coming tenant of
bringing in everything — work for which there would be
no pay. But he thought they could get the required
security in the shape of a lease. Do not let them take a
lease unless it were a good one. A mere lease they could
get any day. Landlords did not know much about such
matters. They, of all men, ought to know ; butgenerally
they knew the least. The farmer should be talked to
through his purse, and then he would look at the pro^s "
and cons. It would pay the landlord to have his land
left like a garden, and it would be to his interest to
allow the farmer for what he had put into it ; for when
a new applicant for the farm came, the landlord could
tell him he could have it if he would pay a year-and-a-
half's rent, and if the applicant, seeing the state of
cultivation in which the farm was, were a wise man,
he would strike the bargain. The landlord would then
be able to do with the old rent. This would be a test
of capital, and if a farmer had not got capital he had
better leave farming alone. If there were a farm to
let there would be 20 applicants ; but if they were told
that there was a year-and-a-half of rent to pay, that
number would dwindle down to two very soon. Thus
this would be a test of capital. Now, the landlord
having come to such an arrangement as this, what
did he do if he were a just man? If he knew
what he was about — but landlords did not know
what they were about (and he put that broadly, and
he wished landlords would listen and understand it)—
they were mere babes in the wood in that respect —
but, as he said, if a landlord knew what he was about,
and if he were a just man, what would he do? He
would allow the outgoing tenant the year-and-a-half 's
rent, or he would have a valuation made of what was
due to him.

Mr. Lloyd had practically set before them the
system as it worked at the present in too many
instances — say, at the end of a nine years' lease, or say
a 15 years' lease, there would be three years spent in
working out of the farm that which had been put in.
In the first part of the lease, perhaps for three or four
or five years, the tenant had been labouring hard, and
spending much to get the land into a good state, and
then after a few years he would have to begin to take
that out of the land which he had put in. If the
tenant did not take it out he would be unjust to him-
self, unless the landlord paid him for it. They must
not blame the tenant if he left the farm like a
turnpike-road. His lease did not prevent him,
and why should he leave that in the land
which the landlord did not value or would not
nay him for ? But during the first three years of the
lease the tenant had full labour and much expense, but
only half returns, plenty of labour and only half crops.
That was a fact. Let that be understood. Let it
sink into the minds of people who were interested in
it. Ho would say the landlords and occupiers had one
interest — only let them understand each other. They
didn't understand each other now. One looked with
jealousy at the other. They didn't understand how
things went ; and why ? Because the gear didn't fit,
and the collar pinched. Let them meet practically,
and, as he had said, let the question be approached
through the breeches pocket. Why should a landlord
approach the question in any other way ? He lived by
it. The question under discussion was one of great
importance, not only to the landlord and tenant, but to
the nation, the community at large. Owing to the fact
that out of a 15 years' lease— he took thatas an instance
— three were spent in getting the land into working
order, and three in working it out, less corn was grown
than might be grown. And where was the gold going
in the meanwhile ? To the Continent, to buy the corn
which ought to be raised in this country. Therefore
he said this was anational question. If they had had that
which might have been produced in the intermediate
spaces he had referred to it would have given thiscountry
millions and millions of what had gone to other countries,
and the supply would have exceeded the demand.

Decembee 21, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS" CHRONICLE AND A(iRT(;UI,TTn!AT, (lAZETTE.

lliOfl

Thiswouldkeepcorn cheap. They would selltwobushels
for the price of one, others would be beuofited, and all
would have the benefit of the circulation of money in
this country, instead of its being sent to Poland, the
shores of the Black Sea, or to any other country. All
this arose from not having a good custom and a good
security of tenure. He would say, that in addition to
having a good custom they ought to have a good lease.
His advice to farmers was, give him (Mr. Thomas)
five guineas to read over their leases. Ho would
engage to give them 50?. benefit, and if a farmer did
not take the lease afterwards he would charge him
nothing. Let every tenant apply himself sensibly and
reasonably to the application of capital. If tlioy did
not apply capital they would be outwitted by their
neighbours on the Continent, who were taking a leaf
out of a book which he wished was more known, viz.,
to apply manure to get better returns. On the Con-
tinent they did not pay tithes, and they could easily
come into our markets. Luckily, however, they were
not so well off as they were, or else they would not
have a chance. But they did want to improve their
farming. Mr. Thomas then recommended deep
ploughing and the use of the steam cultivator, as they
would then be able to put down those expensive
animals— cart horses and have bullocks in their place.
Cheap corn and machinery would keep down the price
of labour. If a tenant went into a worked-out farm,
he ought to have the farm at half-rent for the first
three years.

Mr. Williams (Seethrog) called the attention of
those present to what was known as '* Tenant
Eight" in Lincolnshire. The landlord was responsible
to the outgoing tenant for the unexhausted cultivation.
If a tenant was going to leave, he farmed his land .just
the same as if he were going to stay. He ploughed,
sowed, and harvested it. He was allowed for the seed
and for the ploughing. The incoming tenant had to
pay for these; but he had, when he came in, the whole
of the work of the farm going on the same as if he had
been there. But the outgoing tenant received a large
sum of money for the unexhausted cultivation ; aud
the way this was got at was this : The landlord
appointed a valuer, and the tenant; and these two
arbitrators appointed an umpire, whose decision was
final. The outgoing tenant had nothing to do with the
incoming tenant, but with his landlord. The landlord
made the bargain, and he bargained with the incoming
tenant on the same conditions. If it were only
possible to introduce this system, which was called
'Tenant Right," and which he believed had worked
well, it would be a good thing. He thought it would be
much better to have an arrangement like this than for a
tenant, towards the close of his lease, to work out every
shilling he bad expended on the land, though, under
the present system of things, he would be perfectly
justified in doing so.

Home Correspondence.

Normnmhj and BrUtani/, though far removed from
the centre of attraction of the past season, are most
interesting parts of France, owing to their historical
connection with our own country. The production of
their soil is also of interest, inasmuch as their crops are
similar in many respects to our own, Wheat, Barley,
Oats, and Potatos being in many of the departments
the principal agricultural produce. Prom the depart-
ment of the Cc'ites du Nord grain, flour, and Potatos
are sent in large quantities to England. Potatos, last
year's crop of which are reported to have been very
good*and free from disease, are mostly loaded at Pont
I'Abbo, a small port about 50 miles from Brest ; they
realised a price last season of about 21. per ton, exclu-
sive of freight, which was from 8.?. to 10s. Rapeseed is
also cultivated, as well as Buckwheat, on a large
scale, some cargoes of which are sent to Holland.
Cattle are reared in the interior, where are
more pasture grounds. A large quantity of butter
is made throughout the department, and many
thousand tons of salt butter are exjjorted from Morlaix
and Chateaulin. The oxen are mostly small, their
average weight not exceeding 5 to 9 cwt., while those
killed for consumption in the towns rarely exceed 5 to
6 cwt. There is a large export trade in pigs, which
are reared as well for exportation as for home con-
sumption. Much improvement has been effected in
the breed by importations from England. From
Morlaix pickled pork, which is w;ell prepared and of

food preservation, is exported in large quantities.
_ 'he sheep are mostly small, and not very numerous —
indeed, scarcely numerous enough to supply the
demand for home consumption. The breeding of
horses is carried on to a great and important extent in
the departments of Finisterre and Cotes du Nord, and
great numbers are exported both by rail and sea.
There are many large markets during the year in the
two departments for the sale of horses. " Stallions are
stationed at Government studs throughout the three
departments, and prizes are awarded by the agricultural
societies. A cavalry officer is stationed at Guingamp,
in the department of the Cotes du Nord, from whence
he goes periodically through the country to purchase
horses for Government service." Mangel Wurzel, Beet
Boot, Turnips, and Parsnips are the chief root crops
cultivated for feeding the cattle and horses. At
Roscoff, a small town near Morlaix, early vegetables
are cultivated on a large scale, to supply the markets
of Paris and other large towns. Cargoes of Onions are
also exported from here to England. Johji S. Jackson,
Cabbages. — May I be allowed to call your attention
to the class of Ox Cabbage shown by me at Bingley
Hall? If my memory .serves me rightly, it makes
either 12 or 13 times I have taken Itlie 1st prize
there from the same stock of Ox Cabbage. You
will see by the heading of this note that in 1862
the medal was awarded me at the Royal Horti-
cultural Show ; since then I have again taken the 1st

prize from the same stock. The six shown by me at
Bingley Hall this year are the largest and most oven I
have over produced ; and I believe there is no record
of that number averaging tho same weight. I had
thoiu weighed in tho presence of four churchwarden
and throe C)thor disinterested parties; and before the
root, stems and outer loaves were taken off, they
wei[;hcd i:i;i lb., or I lb. over 72 lb. each. /. Sol/imon,
S/ia(f lluiisi', Slrlhourno. \ Will Mr. Robinson describe
the moilo of cultivati<-u ado]>ted in tho case of the
wonderful specimens of Cabbage which for many years
he has exhibited ?]

Central Chambeu of Agrtcultuue: At the
annual mectint^ of tho Central Chamber tho followinf;
Hoport was laid before tho meetinj^, and ordered to
be printed ;—

In presenting' thoir annual report tho Council harotocon-
f,Tatulate tho members \ipon thegrent progress of tho Chamber
movement. Since the last annual meeting the total cunstitn-
ency of members of Chambers has inereiised 200 per cent.,
numbering nearly i>000 owners and occupier.s, and persons
interested in tho land. Thirty-two provinciid ChMrabers arc
now aftUiatcd with the Central Chamber, coutributiuy to tho
fimds and sending deputies to its Council meetings. The
Scottish Chamber of Agriculture is in corresponding associa-
tion, and eight other Chambers are reported to the secretary
as formed or in course of formation. The solvent condition of
the exchequer appears from the treasurer's finuneial atato-
mont; but tho Council have not felt justified in starting a
Ijondon establishment beyond having an ofiice in a good
position at the West End. However, the openings for extended
operations are so important that the Council would urge the
desirability of multiplying the present number of meml^ers as
quickly as possible. Activity aud intelligence in a large number
of provincial Chambers may be fundamental to success, but tho
spcedyorganisationofagriculturalpublicopinioncan be secured
only through tho agency of a Central Chamber capable of both
powerful and comprehen.sive action. At so early a period of
its career, the Chamber movement can hardly be expected to
claim any great victories for the cause of agriculture, and the
Council might have been content with alluding to the measure
of deference already paid to the voice and decisions of tho
Chambers by members of the Legislature, by the Press, and
by the agricultural classes literally from the Land's End to
John o'Groat's, and from Norfolk to Carmarthen, whoso
instinct is prompting them to rally round the banner raised
for their union and defence. Still, though the Session of 1867
afforded small scope for the agitation of questions in which
the Chamber is interested, aud provided little work for
either our " standing committee for Parliamentary business,"
or our "standing committee for general business,'* the
Council can appeal to certain palpable results warranting the
conclusion that the efforts of the youthful Chamber have not
all been preparatory and expectant labour. The momentous
object of SLifety for our herds and flocks against imported
disease was prominent in last year's report. Resolu-
tions passed at the first annual meeting, which was
fully reported in the agricultural and other papers, were
forwarded to the Lord President of the Privy Council, whilst
similar resolutions were presented by a deputation to her
Majesty's Secretary of State for the Home Department. In
June of the present year the Council promptly issued the
draft of a petition praying for the immediate slaughter
or effectual quarantine of imported animiUs at the ports of
landing without their previous intermingling with home-
bred animals ; and these petitions being very numerously
signed by nearly all the provincial Chambers, were presented
to the House of Commons just before the third reading of the
Contagious Diseases (Animals) Bill. Following upon the
agitation, a public meeting of the members and friends of
the Chambers was held at Buiy St. Edmtmd's in July, and
attended by representatives from 14 districts. Resolutions
were passed in favour of seaport -slaughter, or effectual sepa-
ration of foreign from home-bred animals ; and, on the very
next day, copies of these resolutions were delivered to
2.50 metropolitan aud county members of Parliament, with
circulars re<iuesting them to support Mr. Ayrton's amendment
and new clause then before the House for establishing a
universal market for the metropolis. Agnin. on Novembers,
the question of separate markets for foreign animals was
discussed by a Council meeting, including deputed members
rom 14 Chambers. Resolutions also being read from four
others, a resolution was passed in favour of waterside markets
for the sale and slaughter of imported cattle, and urging the
rcgidation of importations of sheep. A deputation was
appointed to submit the resolution to the Home Secretaiy,
the provincial Chambers being invited by circular to send up
representatives to strengthen the influence of the deputation.
However, it was gi-atifying to find that, after persistent
pressin-e put upon the Government— a pressure of public
opinion, to which the oration of the Chambers and the zealous
advocacy of members of Parliament who are earnest friends
of the Central Chamber had largely contributed — an
oflicial announcement was made of a forthcoming Bill,
promising to realise what the Chamber had all along
demanded. In the opinion of the chairman of the Council,
meeting in consultation with various members of Parliament,
the deputation was no longer needed, and hence it was post-
poned, but not without one or two miscarriages of the notice
circular, and svibseqxient trouble and expense to several noble-
men and gentlemen, for which the Council offer their apology.
The abolition of turnpike trusts, the future maintenance of
public roads, and tho liquidation of turnpike trust debts,
formed the subject of a Council meeting on the 5th of Novem-
ber. Deputed members attended from 13 Chambers, and the
resolutions arrived at were presented by a deputation to the
Home Secret3r3% Mr. Walpole, who promised his best atten-
tion to their claims. This expression of opinion cannot fail to
have exerted an influence upon the fat« of Mr. Hugesson's
Bill, to the claims of which the resolutions were opposed. Tho
rating, valuing, and assessing of property, especially of woods,
game, and metallic mines, and the provisions of Mr. Hunt's
(valuation of property) Bill were discussed at a Council meet-
ing on the 2nd of April, attended by deputies from 13 Cham-
bers. Full reports of a very able debate appeared in the agri-
cultural papers. Resolutions were passed approving the
general principle of Mr. Hunt's Bill ; but objecting to several
clauses, and requesting the Select Committee of the House of
Commons to hear evidence on the subject from witnesses
appointed by the Chamber. The Chamber was deputed to
seek an interview with Mr. Himt on the question. A Council
meeting on the 18th of Jime eonsidereci the subject of the
employment of women and children in agriculture, and the
proposed legislation thereon. Deputed members attended
from IG Chambers, and, after a practical discussion, fully
reported in the agricultural newspapers, a resolution was
passed sympathising with the efforts for an improved educa-
tion of tho labouring classes ; but declaring Mr. Fawcett's Bill
to be impracticable and inadequate to the requirements of
rural districts, and recommending a postponement of legisla-
tion on the subject until the Royal Commission shall have
published its report. It is not arrogating any achievement to

the Central Chamber t(i Hay that Huch a strong oxproHMlon of
opmion by tho roprcsentltlvuH of largo ViodtcH of agrieid
tunnts in HO many partH of tho kingdom cijutributud to the
withdnuval of Mr. Fawcett's BUI, and that tho able and out-
spoken <lubatoH in nroviricful Chambers upon tho Hubjectof
.agricultural gangH <lld much towiu-ds securing a niil<l ami wlno
measure for tho suppreMsinn of the evils complained of. At
tho last Council meotiuK hold on tho ftth of Nove»nbor a reno-
lutlon wiw i.a.HHcd to tho elfoct "That tho Central flhanihor
plodguH ils(;lf to u^o its bout ondouvours for obtaining w repeal
of tlie Miilt. 'r;ix ;" ;ind In accordance with instnurtions reaolvod
iijinii at lb:it meeting, the society has obtainorl from nro-
vmcial (.'hainliors tliy names of gentlemen rocommendoa as
witnesses to Rive ovidcncc before tho Malt-Tax Commlttoo of
the House of Commons. The next subjects to bo considered
by the Chamber were fixed to be Education and tho working
of the Highway Act.

SOUTU DUHUAM ClUMBEE OP AGRTCULTUEE.—

At the adjourned quarterly meeting of this Chamber
Mr. i;^. iJaokhouse presided; and tho following
resolution pastjed by the Central Chamber, was
considered ;— " That in tho opinion of this Chamber,
tho introduction of the cattlo plasuo and other
infectious diseases into this country through tho
unrestricted importation of foreign live stock has been
the cause of serious loss to the owners of home-bred
animals, and diminished the supply of wholesome
animal food; and that no sullicient security against
such visitations will be found till imported fat stock
are slaughtered at tho waterside, or at tho ports of
lauding" It was resolved :—" That this Chamber
hereby expresses its acquiescence and belief in the
resolution which hiis been passed on this subject by the
Central Chamber." Carried unanimously.

The no.vt busuiess for consideration, was tho advisa-
bility of requesting the Government to take advantage
of the present favourable opportunity of stamping out
tho lung disease, aud foot-and-mouth disease, by
making all future Orders in Council or legislation on
the Rinderpest apply equally to the lung disease, aud
the foot-and-mouth disease.

Mr. W. A. WooLEU, in introducing this subject, said
the cattle plague restrictions had greatly diminished
the number oi' centres of the epizootic of 1840 and 1841
— generally called the foot-and-mouth complaint— and
that of 1S42 and 1813— known as the lung disease — and
this circumstance made the present eminently the
proper time to take action and stamp out these two
imported diseases, which had so often devastated their
herds since they were brought from Holland by tho
consumers in the years he had mentioned. Lord R.
Montagu, in the discussion in the House of Commons
on the Contagious Cattle Diseases Bill, stated that "In
1812, and previously, the mortality among cattle in
England was from U to 2^ percent. From that time the
percentage rose steadily till it appeared from the report
of the Cattle Insurance Company of 1818 that three-
fourths of all losses were due to pleuro-pneumonia.
In 18(30, 371,000 horned cattle died of disease in
England, of which more than one-half were due to
pleuro-pneumonia ; and from 1854 to 18G0 the average
loss annually from that cause amounted to 100,000
head of cattlo." Taking the value of each beast at 20/.,
that showed a loss to England, during these six years,
of iy,200,000^ Professor Gamgee was quoted by Lord
Lytton to [the effect that Great Britain aud Ireland
suit'ered during these six years a loss of 24,000,000^.,
whilst the total imports for the same period of oxen,
bulls, cows, and calves for the United Kingdom
amounted to only 8,008,000/., and Lord Lytton gave it
for England at 4,500,000/. These figures showed that
for 1 lb. of butchers' meat imported into England, the
country sacrificed by the lung disease, from 1854 to
1800, above 31b. of a superior quality. Considering
the isolated condition of this country, and the com-
parative scarcity of the centres of the two diseases of
which he was speaking, he came to the conclusion that
if mild yet effective measures were taken, they might
have a clean bill of health by May. He moved that
the following petition be adopted and forwarded to the
Privy Council.

" To the Right Honourable the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy
Council, tho North Yorkshire and Darlington Chamber of
Agriculture in public meeting assembled humbly shows : —

' ' That the experience acquired in stamping out the imported
disease known as the cattle plague, leads us to the conviction
that those two other important diseases known aa the epi-
zootic of 1840 and '41, but generally styled the foot-and-mouth
complaint, and the epizootic of 1842 and '43, better known
as pleuro-pneumonia, or lung disease, might with much
greater ease and less expense be now stamped out of the United
Kingdom.

" That for this object, we with great respect submit that tho
vendors of cattle should bo made legally liable for at least one-
third of any expense or loss incuiTed by any vendee of such
cattle falling ill of either of these diseases within a time to be
fixed by law after the purchase and delivery.

" That to promptly induce the owner of all cattlo attacked
to give proper information to the inspectors, that one-half, at
least, of tho value of the cattle be paid him.

"That proper and stringent restrictions be imposed upon
any parties exposing affected cattle in any market, fair,
or public way, or in fields or closes adjoining neighbouring
holdings.

" That as the foot-and-mouth disease is not long in showing
itself after contagion, and that the lung disease is thought not
to incubate longer than about IG weeks, your memorialists
respectfully submit that during the winter months, particu-
larly under the acknowledged circumstances that these diseases
have been v;istly abated in numbers of centres by the cattle
pLigue restrictions— proper measures if adopted would present
this country with a clean bill of health (cattle) by the opening
of the spring. That from statements, statistics, and calcida-
tions which have been submitted to this Chamber, it appears
that, after allowing fully for the value of beef and veal imported,
the peoples' food suffers a balance of loss of at least 4,000,(J00;.
worth, or a diminution of about 120,000,000 lb. of a superior
quality. And your memorialists submit, that after attaining a
clean bill, and enforcing the slaughter of all fat cattle at the
port of disembarkation, that the producers of the food for the
peojile will greatly incrc;xso the more valuable and better in
quality of home growth of flesh meat, to the special beliefit of
both con.sximcr, producer, and to the genei-al benefit of the
United Kingdom.

" Your memorialists also beg to state that the system now
practised in transporting cattle from one part of the kingdom

1306

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTUEAL GAZETTE

[Dbcbmbee 21, 1867.

to another in ships and railway trucks, needs careful inquiry,
■with the object of adopting a moro compatible and improved
modo of treatment, as by the present system much loss and
deterioration is sustained."

Mr. Wood (Stauwick Park), said he agreed with
Mr. Wooler as to the necessity of taking measures to
remove the two diseases referred to, and he would
advocate the petitioning of Government to prevent
cattle labouring under such diseases being conveyed
from one place to another. It would be difficult,
however, to charge the vendor with a third of the loss
of any animals, because the disease might be con-
tracted by the purchaser whilst passing through an
infected district.

Mr. RowLANDSON thought that the part referring
to the remuneration _ to be tendered by the vendor
would lead to interminable litigation, in consequence
of cattle being sold two or three times over within a
very short time. He believed that a great deal of the
disease among cattle arose from the system, which he
understood was carried on in different parts of the
English coast, of plunging the animals into the
water and allowing them to swim to the shore before
arriving at the port, to _ save the landing dues.
The inefficient accommodation provided by the railway
Companies, and the delay occasioned by travelling on
the rail, during which the cattle had nothing to eat or
drink, was also undoubtedly a source of disease.

Mr. Cakgey proposed, and Mr. Wood seconded,
that a committee of six gentlemen be appointed to
consider the subject of Mr. Wooler's memorial, and
report to a meeting of the Council to be held that day
fortnight.

Mr. Wooler said this proposition was quite satis-
factory to him, and he would withdraw his motion in
favour of it.

Farmers' Olubs.

Smithfield Club.— At the annual meeting of this
Club, to which reference was made last week, Mr.
GiBBS read the following Report of the Council :—

The CouneU bet? to lay before the general meeting of tho
Club the Annual Report for the past year. The Council has
held four meetings, which have been well attended. lu addi*
tion to the ordinary routine business, the following subjects
have had their careful consideration.

I. The preparation of the prize-sheet for the present Show :
It was resolved to omit the second prizes in the classes for the
long-homed breed of cattle, in consequence of the small
number of entries hitherto made in that division.

II. The Council has determined to add in the appendix to
the annual prize-sheet a statement of the winners of silver
cups and gold medals at all the past Shows of the Club. This
to be reprinted from the honorai-y secretary's " History of the
Club," and to be continued from year to year. A Ust of the
members of the Club will also be added.

HI. The Council has determined that there shall bo a report
on the animals exhibited at tho Club's Shows. A sum of 15?.
has been voted for this purpose, and the preparation of
tho report of the present Show has been entrusted to Mr. H.
H. Dixon.

IV. Mr. Samuel Jonaa has been elected a member of
Council to fill the vacancy occasioned by the appointmeut of
Mr Torr as a trustee.

V. Tho Council has to regret the loss the Club has sustained
by tho deaths of C. T. Tower, Esq., a vice-president and father
of the Ghib, and of the Right Hon. Lord Feversham, also a
vice-president. His Grace the Duke of Marlborough and the
Right Hon. the Earl of Powis have been elected vice-presidents
to fill the vacancies thus occasioned.

VI. As it appeared that by making certain alterations at the
Agricultural Hall increased accommodation could be given to
the exhibitors of machinery, and that other improvements
eould be made, a committee was appointed to confer with the
directors of the Agricultural Hall Company. After negocia-
tious with the directors the Council agieed to the following
alterations and conditions : 1. That the Club shall cede the
present pig-hall, with tho exception of 25 feet wide on tho
north side. 2. That the Hall Company shall build, to the
satisfaction of the Smithfield Club, a new pig-hall on the
south side of the arcade. 3. That the Hall Company shall
liuUd a dininy-hall over the new hall, and that the Club shall
have tho free use of it for a dinner on such a day during the
Show as tho Club shall determine. 4. That the spare space on
the north side of the arcade shall (if required) be converted
into an additional hall for cattlo or pigs. (The Council added
certain conditions to the ingress and egi-ess.) 5. That accom-
modation for the food brought by exhibitors for their animals
shall be built by the Agricultural Hall Company to the satis-
faction of the Club. 6. That in consideration of the above,
the Smithfield Club shiill pay to tho Agricultural Hall Com-
pany lOOOL, in order that the galleries maybe increased by
flooring over the open bays between the columns on tho sides
of the galleries next the main area of the Show. This
increase of the galleries is already made, and the new halls
are to be ready by the Show iu next year. In giving the
above condensed statement of the an-angcments made with the
Agi-icultural Hall Company, the Council call attention to tho
following advantages : 1. By ceding the present pig-hall, which
has alv/ays been found unsuitable to the animals, on account of
the difliculty iu regidating tho tempej-ature, a new hall will be
obtained, where this defect will be obviated. 2. The exhibitors
,also will be provided with a proper store for the food for their
animals. 3. A commodious dining-room will be at the dis-
posal of the Club for the anniversary dinner, which no doubt
will bo far better attended here than when held at a hotel at
an inconvenient distance from the Show. 4. By the invest-
ment of 1000/. in adding to the galleries a twofold advantage
has been gained— first, a general increase of accommodation
for the exhibitors of machinery, and, secondly, a considerable
increase in the annual income of the Club in the form of rent
for this _ additional space. The new space has been readily
taken this year by exhibitors, without the Club having to relax
any of its rules in reference to the nature of the articles to be
exhibited, and the total amount of rent received at the present
Show, for this additional space alone, amounts to 24W. Os. 4(1. ;
so that in the course of four years the lOOQl, will have been
more than repaid, and the Club will enjoy the increased rents
of stands for the remainder of the lease, or if regarded as
annual income it is equal to upwards of 20 per cent, on the
amount expended. It may be named in addition to this that
the allotments this year have not gone to the full extent of the
measm-emeut, and therefore the rent in succeeding- years ■will
be somewhat further increased. The Council therefore con-
siders that this is a very profitable and good way of using a
portion of the reserve fund which accrued from surplus annual
income some years back.

> II. It being necessary that a licence from the Privy Council
should be obtained for holding the Show, the President was
authoi-ised to sign on behalf of the Club the undei-taking re-
quired by the local authority in reference to all cattle being

killed within the boundaries of the metropolis, and within
the time prescribed. The Council did not consider it con-
sistent with its duty to make any representation to the Lords
of the Privy Council to induce themto relax the general orders
in reference to cattle being slaughtered within the prescribed
radius, but on the representation of tho President ten days
after the close of the Show has been permitted ; and special
" police p;is3es" were granted for the animals coming to the
Club's Show, and which wore handed over to the hen. secretary
to transmit to exhibitors. Thus great inconvenience and delay
has been avoided ; as, had the usual mode of obtaining the
police pass been enforced, the exhibitors' servants in charge of
the animals would on their arrival in London have been
obliged to go to the nearest police station to obtain the neces-
sary authority to proceed through London streets. This
licence contains the conditions that, in the event of any case
of cattle-plague occun*ing within the exhibition, all the animals
in the show shall be killed on the spot. The Council, there-
fore, deemed it right to take a guarantee from each exhibitor
that the orders of the Privy Council should all be carried out,
and that each exhibitor shows at his ov?n risk, and that
the Club and its of&cers are held harmless in reference to
compensation if immediate slaughter should unfortunately
become necessary. Tho Council determined to take the
same precaution as last year as regards the cleansing and
disinfecting of cattlo conveyances, and tho constant
attendance of a veterinary staff dmiug the Show. The
Council having taken into consideration the liability of
cattle plague being introduced into this country by tho admis-
sion of foreign animals into our markets, requested the Pre-
sident to band the following resolutions to the Lord President
of the Privy Council as recommendations from the Council of
the Smithfield Club: — 1. "That all foreign fat stock be
slaughtered at the place of landing." 2. "That sheep be
included iu the present quarantine I'egulations for store
stock."

VIIL The Council'have voted their thanks — 1, to the Royal
Veterinary College, for the arrangements they made per-
mitting the constant attendance of a veterinary staff ; 2, to
the Rev. Baniel Wilson, M.A., Vicar of Islington, for having
again arranged for a Divine service for the herdsmen and shep-
herds, which was, as usual, extremely well attended ; 3, to the
lessee of the large refreshment-room, for the use of it for the
service ; 4, to the proprietors of cattle conveyances, for the
facilities tlaey have afforded.

IX. The Council were anxious that the dinner should take
place on the Monday in the Show week ; but as the large room
at the Salisbury Hotel was engaged for that night, and as the
dinner will, after the present year, take place in the uew
" Bemers' Hall" which is now being bidlt, adjoining the Show,
it was not deemed expedient to remove it, for this one occa-
sion, to any other hotel. It will therefore take place, as last
year, at the Salisbury Hotel, at 6 o'clock, on Wednesday. The
toast-list has been revised by a committee, and the number of
toasts considerably curtailed.

X. The Council has, in conformity with the bye-laws, pre-
pared a house-list of the members whom they recommend to
be elected on the Council, in place of those who retire at this
meeting by rotation.

XI. The Council lays before the meeting the balance-sheet
for the year, up to the Ist of December, duly audited. This
shows :

Balances in hand on that date amounting to . . £2485 18 7

The total receipts during the year amount to . . 2983 19 10
The total expenditure, ditto 2911 3 9

Excess in favour of the Club 72 16 1

Of this, 68^ &s. life-composition has to be invested 68 5 0

Thus leaving a balance of ..■ ,. .. £4 11 1
At the present time, therefore, the receipts and expenditure
as nearly as possible balance. Last year, for the first time,
the Club's annual expenditui'e exceeded the amount received
during the year ; but it was met without having to sell out
any of that portion of the reserve fund which belongs to
surplus annual income, saved some years back, aud therefore
applicable to current expunses when required. The balance
this year in favour of the Club, as above stated, is in conse-
quence of the additional rent obtained in the galleries.

XII. In conclusion, the Council congratulates the members
on the eonthmed prosperity of the Club, and trusts that the
improvements already carried out, and those which are in
preparation for next year, will prove important steps towards
furthering its future progress.

And tho Council has still fm-ther to congratulate tho Club on
having the honour of numbering among the exhibitors at the
present Show both her Majesty the Queen and his Royal High-
ness the Prince of Wales,— By orJer of the CouneU, (signed)
iJ. T. Brandreth Gibbs, Honorary Secretary.

Central: Ihc. 10. — Annual i)ire«er.— [HavinR last
week referred to the speech of Mr. Little, the Chair-
man, we now abridge the following report of some of
the other leading speeches on the occasion from the
fuller report (than we were able to give) in the Marh
Lan-e Express.']

Mr. GoLDNEY, M.P., quite agreed with the
Chairman that up to the present time the agri-
cultural interest had not shown itself in a suffi-
ciently prominent character to command the attention
of the Legislature as other industrial interests in this
country had commanded it. There were many topics
which it was absohitely essential that they should
attend to, more particularly in a great central society
like that. The question of rating was very material,
as It affected the agricultural interest. In the first
place, every improvement that farmers were making,
every addition to the value of the land by means of
artificial manures or improved culture by machinery,
or otherwise, immediately added to the annual value of
the land, and it was rated accordingly. Now, if a
manufacturer got improved machinery, or bought his
raw material cheaper, and t-hus increased his profits,
no additional rates were imposed upon him : he still
paid the same assessment on his factory. During the
last year a very long discussion had taken place in Par-
liament with regard to rating, under a Bill called
"Mr. Hunt's Valuation Bill;" but that Bill did not
apply at all to the principles of rating ; it only applied
to the principle or mode of collecting tho money.
Here they were in the year 1867 still maintaining the
Uirge and growing population of this kingdom on the
principles of assessment which existed in the reign of
Queen Elizabeth. Not a single instance of that sort
was to be found in any other part of the national
arrangements. In the year 1S()7 the agricultural body
was subject to the principles of the valmition of pro-
perty which prevailed in England 350 years ago ! At
a period when the population of the kingdom did not
amount to five millions ; .when trade and manufac-

tures were of such small importance as hardly to be
considered ; when there were no coal mines, no
banks, no public companies; when Liverpool was not in
existence; and when the whole machmery of trade
was a mere bagatelle, land, being the chief property of
the kingdom, had to bear nearly all the obligations of
property. But when the trade and manufactures of
the country had reached such vast proportions ; when
manufacturers, bankers, and others were realising such
enormous fortunes ; when so many people were receiv-
ing such large incomes from the public debt of _
800,000,000/., from railways, and from other sources ; it
was a serious question whether the principles of rating
which were right formerly should be applied still. As
matters now stood, every improvement which agricul-
turists made on the laud was reacting as it were against
them; and, in an association like that, it was fair
matter for discussion whether such a state of things
should be allowed to continue. The question of turn-
pikes also required to be further ventilated. There
was another matter which he should like to mention —
a naatter connected not so much with the farmers in
their relations to the public as with farmers in their
position as tenants. He had been for a great many
years a very strong advocate for leases, and he thought
the time was come when, whether as individuals they
farmed with or without leases, they ought seriously to
consider the subject of those absurd restrictions with
regard to cropping which existed in so many places.
He believed that nine hundred and ninety-nine
thousandths of those restrictions were framed within
the walls of Lincoln's Inn by parties who knew no
more about the cultivation of land than that table.
They were put into precedent books which lawyers
used, and hence they had continued to the present
time ; and, unless the matter were properly discussed,
there was not likely to be any remedy for that evil.

Mr. Albert Pell proposed " The Boyal Agricul-
tural Society of England, the Highland Society of
Scotland, and the Royal Agricultural Society of
Ireland."

Mr. Owen Wallis, the only representative of the
Council of the lioyal Agricultural Society present,
responded to the toast.

The Rev. E. Smtthies proposed the health of Mr.
Clare Sewell Read, the valued member for Norfolk,
chairman elect of that Club for the ensuing year ; aud
vice-chairman of the Central Chamber of Agriculture.
In fact, when he considered Mr. Read under his
various aspects, he was reminded very much of one of
those splendid animals whom they had seen that day
in the showyard, having first a piece of red ribbon,
then a piece of white, and lastly, a card referring to all
sorts of medals and cups. He might remark that there
was an animal in the showyard on that occasion which
had brought 125/. away with him from Biruiingham,
and gained 75/. more that morniog in the showyard at
Islington. He thought Mr. Read would equal all
that, and a good deal more. Having thus referred to
Mr. Read's present merits, he might perhaps be allowed
to say a word in relation to the dim and distant future.
Reference had been made that evening to one of the
subjects brought before the Club within the last year,
viz., the necessity for the establishment of a Board of
Agriculture. He, for one. considered it very desirable
that such a Board should be formed, and he also
thought it was a great advantage to them to find the
future Minister of Agriculture ready made to their
hands. He could not say in Mr. Read's presence all
that he might say in his absence, but he could not help
alluding to something that was said with regard to him
by Mr. Gladstone. Whatever might be their opinions
on political questions, they must all feel that Mr.
Gladstone was one of the ablest statesmen of the
present day; and never did the right hon. gentleman
speak truer words than when, alluding to Mr. Read, he
remarked that the modesty which was so conspicuous
in him when he rose to address the House of Commons
was only equalled by the ability which he displayed
and the knowledge which he manifested on every
subject which he took in hand. He thought he had •
now said enough, and more than enough, to commend
the toast to the hearty acceptance of the assembled
company.

Mr. C. S. Read, M.P., said :— Mr. Chairman and gen-
tlemen, it has been well said by the great poet that
"some are born to greatness, and some have greatness
thrust upon them." I need not say that the last case
is my own. I consider it a great honour to have been
elected President for the next year ; but I can say sin-
cerely that I should have been much better pleased had
you appointed some older aud abler member of the
Club. You all know how much my time is occupied
with public duties. But I was told, and told very
truly, that it was iu consequence of the position which
I accidentally hold that I was selected so soon for this
office. Now, nowithstanding all the kind aud good and
flattering things said respecting me by Mr. Smythies,
I neither expect nor wish to continue in my present
position for very many years— I refer to the honour
which I enjoy of a seat ia Parliament— and can assure
you further that I have no wish for the distinction of
being associated with any Government department
wha^ver. As my capacity for usefulness is, in my own
opinion, now at its height, it is only right that I should
accept the office of Chairman of this Club; but I do
trust that every member of the Club will make allow-
ance for my defects, and I shall especially rely on the
active and cordial co-operation and assistance of the
present Chairman, the Committee, and our good
Secretary. It has also been mentioned that I have
been elected Vice-Chairman of the Central Chamber of
Agriculture for the ensuing year. At first I considered
that this would be a hindrance ; but I was afterwards
told that it might be beneficial by showing the pubhc
generally that there was not the slightest antagonism
or rivalry between these two great societies — ^that there

Decemdee 21, 1867.]

THE GAKDENERS' CnRONICLE AND AGRICTTETTIIJAL GAZETTlv

1307

was uot only room, but a necessity for both. Although
it was difficult iiideeil to (leliiic what subjects boloni? to
each, yet they have no iloubl their separate spheres ;
and while farmers' Clubs may be ronarded as the
Chaml)ers ot'tlio field, Chambers of Asriculturo may be
viewed as the Chambers of the Stat«. Atthosamo time
I agree with the Chairman that it is desirable that the
discussions of this Ghib should take a wiilor rani;e, and
that boUi tlii'so soi'idtii's may to a certain extent dis-
cuss the samo subject-: witli mutual benefit. It has
generally been my ili'li^'Ut on such occasions as the
present to take a sort of review of the parliamentary
session, and I wisli to look upon this Club as my con-
stituents. It was said the other day in the House ol'
Commons that because the noble lord the member for
Arundel happened to be a Roman Catholic, therefore
he represented two millions of people in this country.
lu like manner, as I haiiiieu to be tho only tenant-
farmer in tho House of Commons, I may be supposed
to represent all the tenant-farmers. I regret most
deeply that ray duties are not shared by my friend on
my riKbt (Mr. Albert Poll). Now, sir, at nearly all
the agricultural meetings which have taken place in
the latter part of this year, tho principal speaker has
observed that politics are strictly excluded, and imme-
diately after he has begun to talk about Reform. It
is almost impossible to refer to the last session of
Parliament without mentioning Reform. Our worthy
President has told us that we may discuss a future
Reform. I would say one or two words upon tho
Reform Bill which has already been passed. Gentle-
men, I can congratulate you that that Bill is passed,
and for this reason— that the Reform coach will no
longer stop tho way of those social and practical reforms
which we so niucii want. As regards the oH'ect of the
new Reform Bill upoa the counties, I would observe
that one great anomaly and injustice with regard to
the county constituencies remains unredressed. I
refer to the voting of borough freeholders for counties.
But, although we could not entirely destroy those
gentlemen, or rather destroy their great influence in
the co\uity elections, we have succeeded to a great
extent in alleviating the evil, by making it imperative
that all those borough freeholders whose occupation in
a borough is under the annual value of 10/. shall vote
in that borough. Again, we have the advantage of
getting 20 members for counties, out of the 45 who
have been taken away from the boroughs. However,
as the county constituencies are increased by about
.30 per cent., we may conclude that, in that way, the
boi*ough influence in county elections will be very
considerably diminislied. Wo are still very inade-
quately represented in point of numbers, having only
187 members for lO" million inhabitants, while the
borouglis have 308 members for 9J millions. But still
the state of things is better than it was. The old Reform
Aotgave three borough members to one cmnty member.
There will now be two borough members to one
county member. I must now pass from that unplea-
sant subject to one which is equally disagreeable— I
mean the restrictions which have been attached to
the movement of cattle. Now the theory of the con-
stitution is that the Queen governs the realm, and
that she delegates certain powers to the Lords of the
Privy Council. Sir, we go to church— at least, I hope
we do— and there we pray for these Lords of the
Council ; but I can assure yon, from my own know-
ledge, that we pray for the shadow, and uot for the
substance. The real Lords of the Council — those who
have governed ns so long — are a set of officials in
Prince's Street, Westminster; and therefore it might
be an improvement in our Liturgy if the clergy were
ordered to pray that a kind Providence would be
pleased to endue Professor Simonds, Dr. Williams, and
the veterinary department of the Privy Council gene-
rally with a little more wisdom. Now, sir, what is
the doctrine of the Privy Council as regards cattle?
It is that we have been defended against diseases by
the simple act of inspection. " Inspection " is their
motto. You know very well how the work has been
done of late years. These gentlemen tell you that all
these diseases are the result of a certain process of
incubation, and they are supposed to watch the process
of incubation. But is it not a very remarkable thing
that, the great object being to discover the germ of the
disease, after studying cattle plague for two years, the
very highest veterinary authorities don't know cattle
plague when they see it ? Why, what do they do ?
Tou have a Imllock taken ill, and a learned Professor
comes and tells yon that its disease is the cattle plague.
Then there is despatched a telegram rattling away to
summon Professor Simonds ; and when he has arrived,
he tells you that it isn't the cattle plague. These are
the men who, by their inspection, are to protect the
herds and flocks of Great J3ritain. What do they do
in the end ? When they have found the cattle plague,
they kill a bullock. What do they do when they find
sheep sufl'ering from small-pox Y Why, they kill them.
What do they do when they find bullocks suffering
from pleuro-pneumonia ? Why, they kill them.
Why don't they kill the foreign cattle that
bring these confounded diseases into the country?
Now, gentlemen, the Government, or rather
the Veterinary Department of the Privy Council,
introduced into the House of Lords a Bill called, " The
Contagious Diseases (Animals) Bill." After dragging
its slow length along in the Upper House, this Bill
came down to us about the middle of July, and the
Government promised that we should have a day to
discuss it — a morning sitting. One Wednesday the
Bill was first on the paper. We got a capital house —
a House with which we could have beaten the Govern-
ment by two to one. What was our surprise and
chagrin to find nearly the whole sitting occupied with a
discussion on theriuestion of extradition. At last the
Bill came on, between 2 and 3 o'clock in the morning
of the 12th of August. A division was taken on the
proposal of my ftiend Mr. Corrance that the slaughter

of foreign cattle at tho ports of landing should be com-
pulsory. That motion was lu'gativod by a majority of
12. IJut altliough the Government were victorious,
they could not withstand the arguments by which it
was supnorted, and a(;cordin;;ly tliey gave way. Tlioy
made all sorts of promises, part of which has been per-
formed, and part remains to he i>erformcd. Thoy
brought in a Bill, which was very good as far as it wont,
but which must be made still better before it {;an do all
that is necessary. I have no doubt that the chief
opponent is the Corporation of London, which, having
spent a very largo smn of nionoy on its new market, did
not wish to lose the interest on its outlay or to build
auothor market. Another jiowerful source of opposi-
tion are tho butcliers of London. Pew people aro
aware of the influence which these people have with
the Privy Council, or rather with the Govcrnmem
oflicials in Princes Street, Westminster. The butijlicrs
of tho metropolis have not been playii\g a very bad
game lately. They have been giving us just what they
pleased for our cattle and sheep, and they have been
charging their customers just what they liked ; and of
course they have had a very jolly time of it. But there
are other butcliers who arc uot so well off. The
butchers of Brighton and other towns near London
want to have a groat market for tho sale of British cattle
— that is to say, a market in which British cattlealoneare
sold, and from which thoy can bo removed to a distance.
AVe may be told, " Vou are a nice set of fellows : you
want to impose all these restrictions on foreigners."
We cannot help it ; we have tried the experiment with
regard to foreigu cattle, and we have lost by it ; and not
only we, but the public also have sufl'ered. I believe
that we sliall have a great battle to fight about the
Bill before Parliament; and tho measure being at
present limited to cattle, I would suggest that it should
be made to include sheep and pigs. If you want
to make the measure a safe and effectual one, you
must take. care that it embr,ac6s all foreigu stock.
Independently of our certain knowledge that foreign
sheep bring smalI-])ox, there is the fact that sheep, if
not themselves subject to cattle plague, may be the
means of introducing it ; and if we want to be secure,
let us demand that both foreign sheep and foreign pigs
are killed at the port of debarkation. There are many
other subjects which I should like to mention did time
permit. One of these is the Highway Rating Bill, of
which Mr. Goldney has spoken. There is another
topic, which, if I do not mention, it may be inferred
that I have, as far as I am myself concerned, shelved it
for another year. Now I am one of those people who,
if they cannot do exactly what they could wish, will do
what they can. It may have been thought that I
ought to have led a sort of forlorn hope on the question
of the Malt Tax. Was it to be supposed that, when I
saw able and eloquent leaders of my party had a
minority on that question, I was going to betray the
trust reposed in me by leading a few honest and ardent
members to certain defeat ? I certainly thought that
the best thing wo could do was to get the subject
referred to a select committee ; and, of course, pending
inquiry, any further agitation would be useless. In
conclusion, I have great pleasure in proposing " The
Smithfield Club," a useful, a great, a noble institution,
and, I believe I may add, the oldest agricultural
society in the kingdom ; and I have to associate with
this toast the name of an excellent practical farmer,
Mr. Tredwell, who, in addition to the fame which he
has acquired as a breeder of Oxford Down sheep, has
this year come out as the breeder of the best pen of
Berkshire pigs.

Mr. Dumbbell proposed " Tho Secretary," Mr.
H. Corbet.
After a warm response from the company,
Mr. H. CoKBET, returning thanks for the honour
again conferred upon him, said he hoped he should be
allowed at once to drop the secretary and speak of the
Club itself. They were now in the midst of the
business of the Smithfield Club week, but he thought
that if they search from beginning to end they would
find no more spirited or useful gathering than that of
the Farmers' Club dinner that evening. Whether they
considered the speeches of practised debaters in the
House of Commons, or those gentlemen who ought to
be debaters in that House, they might well feel equal
pleasure and pride in the fact that the honourable
gentlemen and the should-be honourable gentlemen
were members of the Farmers' Club. An office like
his was one of reflected honour. If everything went
on well the secretary was supposed to be entitled in
some degree to thanks. In that way he occupied that
evening a proud position. Everything had gone on
well, and especially the dinner, the speeches delivered
being of the most intelligent and useful character, and
highly creditable to the agriculture of this country.
Perhaps he might be allowed to allude for a moment
to the speech of Mr. Goldney. That gentleman had in
eB'ect advised the Club to take up the question of
rating. He begged to tell him that that question, like
some others which he had mentioned, was fully
discussed long ago. They had been at it for years.
They originated a committee of the House of Commons
on the customs with regard to land. As to leases, he
did not believe there was any form of covenant which
had not been brought again and again before that
Club. When the hen. gentleman and others like him
told them what they ought to do, all he could do in
the way of reply was to put the records of the past
discussions in their hands and say to them, " Go thou
and do likewise."

Blandford: Superphosphate. — At the annual
meeting of this Club Mr. J. Foed, jun., who pre-
sided, said: They had had some very good lectures
during the year, which he beUeved would have
been very profitable to the younger members
of the club had they attended. Their old friend

Mr. Spooner had favoured thorn with an oxcoUont
lecture on artificial manures, in whicli he pointed
(jut the n(iccssit.y of using a maniiro espc(jially
adapU'd for root crops. Now he (Mr. Ford) considerod
Ihat. su|M'r|)liosphato wuh about th(! dearest sort of
manure tliuy could buy, and he thought it wa-s time to
have dono with it. There was a new kin<i ol' manuro
lately introduced, called "Turnip manure," which con-
tained a considerable quantity of bone and a littlo
superphosphate, and this, he beIiev(Ml, having more
" proof," would bo found to be the sort of iiiannre thoy
required for root crops. Ho had used supcrijlicjsjihato
very freely, but ho had found that tho Turnip W!W
forced too liust by it, and tlieii when the rain set in tho
Turnip rotted. Ho had therefore entirely given up
using superphosphate, and had purchiusod the new sort
of manure and dissolved bones, and ho reckoned that
ho should not uso much more snperidiosijhate.
[Several of the company present appeared to dissent
from the remarks of the chairman on this subject, and
in all probability it is one which will provoke somo
discussion.]

Mr. W. C. .Spooneh said that after what hail boon
expressed by Mr. Ford, he hardly knew what to say.
As he understood him, that gentleman did not object
to superphosphate altogether, but to it in its pure and
simple state. They all knew that phosphate of limo
w.as, with one exception, the best of artificial manures,
and that was osjiecially so in a liquid state. Ue did
did not recommend the plan of the exclusive use of
snpci|iliiisi)hate for root crops, and though they might
obji'i'l (o lifar a lecture at that time, yet perhaps they
would all(jw him to illustrate his point by an anecdote.
A certain member of the Society of Friends who be-
came unfortunate in business was so highly respected
by his brother members and the tradesmen of the
town, that they determined to raise a sufficient sum to
relieve him of his embarra-ssments. They accordingly
subscribed a largo sum, and asked him to meet them.
Thinking that probably more had been raised than ho
required, they placed tho money on a table, and said,
" Brother, we knew that thou wast in difficulties, and
have raised this money to help thee out of them ; but
if thou dost not need all, thou canst return the
overplus." The quaker quietly emptied tho whole into
his pocket, saying, "I need it all, I need it all ! " His
(Mr. Spooner's) application of this was that if they,
the farmers of Dorset, wanted to have good roots, they
must not limit their application to any particular
manure, for if they could hear the land speak, it would
be in the language of the Quaker,— "I want it all."

The Journal of AqricuUure. December.
150, Fleet Street.

In the current number of this monthly periodical
two new serial papers are commenced — one de-
scriptive of our breeds of poultry, and another on
" Improved Agriculture, with the view to an Increased
Homo Supply of Food," by Mr. J. Ewart, Land
Surveyor and Agricultural Engineer, Newcastle-on-
Tyne. The latter of these will, we doubt not, be an
instructive and suggestive treatise, for Mr. Ewarl's
writings during the many years that we have known
them have been always characterised by good sense and
substantial worth. In addition to these which give
the strictly agricultural tone to the number, there
are other papers of more general interest, also character-
istic of the Journal, which often leads the agricultural
reader out of the strictly professional field ; and from
a paper here upon " The i?ears of the French " — the
subject seems a wild excursion for a sober-minded
agricultural Editor— we shall take one characteristic
extract : —

" In the April number of this Journal we treated of
' Co-operative Farming,' and gave instances of the
beneficial application of the co-operative principle to
agriculture. Although aware of the existence in France
of family communities in Nivernois and Auvergne, in
which a large iiroportion of the common labour is
performed by the women, we do not remember to have
heard of any agricultural community like that at
Martillac, in which, with the exception of help in
ploughing, the whole labour of a considerable farm is
by women. The fact is singular, and commends itself
to our attention all the more, because it recalls to us
the letter of an English farmer's widow, who piteously
complains of being ejected by her landlord, simply
because, being a woman, she had no vote ; and because
an English member of Parliament declared the other
day that his vote in favour of the enfranchisement of
women was much influenced by the consideration that
the bestowal of it would protect them from such suUer-
ing as that complained of by so many farmers' widows.
We are aware that by showing that women, by
co-operative farming, can protect themselves against
injustice of landlords, we are furnishing an argument
to those who have a John Kuox-like antipathy to
' the monstrous regimente of women.' They may say :
' We do them no wrong when ejecting them from
farms lately possessed by their husbands ; our arrange-
ment was with a man farmer : we neither wish women
to occupy farms as tenants nor to go to the hustings.
If farm they will, let them turn agricultural sisters,
and co-operate, as at Martillac' , „ , , . ,

" But we would ask those landlords who eject
farmers'' widows, not because they are witless, but
simply because they are voteless, how is the suggested
co-operation possible if all landowners share m your
aversion to women-farmers ? How are they to get tho
opportunity of trying an experiment such as women
in France have shown that they have the sense to
devise and the steadiness to execute ?

" We hope that in England the case of a widow
removed from a farm for political considerations may
not become so commoi} as to form an element m dis-

1308

THE GAEDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTimAL GAZETTK

[Decembee 21, 1867.

cussing the general question as to the enfranchisement
of women. But having a high opinion of those women
who disdain to be idle, and who, caring little for
politics are anxious to be honestly useful, we have
thus alluded to a wrong which they suffer, and to a
mode by which it may be redressed. It is said that the
new Reform Bill has unintentionally conferred the
suffrage upon women in the way thus described
by a contemporary : ' How the women are pro-
vided with votes by the new Eeform Bill, not-
withstanding all the trouble taken to keep them
out, is sufficiently curious. By an Act passed
in 1850, known as Lord Brougham's Act, for
shortening the language used in Acts of Parliament, it
is provided that in all Acts, words importing the mas-
culine gender shall be deemed and taken to include
females, &c., unless the contrary is expressly provided.
The contrary has not been provided, and therefore the
women can vote if they choose. If they insist on doing
so, the first fight will come off in the registration
courts, and there will probably be some very pretty
legal sparring before the revising barristers. That the
point will be tried may be set down as certain, and it
will be strange enough if, after all, the question so
warmly discussed and" so generally disapproved of by
the more sound-thinking and intelligent women, should
be settled by a neglect to provide for a mere techni-
caUty.'

"In Great Britain there may, as yet, be no such
deficient supply of agricultural labourers, male and
female, as alarms French agriculturists ; but the tend-
ency is in that direction verj- evidently. In France it
is a public peril. The constant and enormous demands
of the military service have deranged the social equi-
libriiun. "fflien the sword is more thought of than
the plough in a country which is essentially agricul-
tural, it seems to us that the folly is especially great.
War is wasteful of life and substance, and therefore
policy demands that unusual attention snail be bestowed
on the means of rearing a numerous population which
only agriculture supplies. But how are fields to be
tilled and harvests reaped, if peasants be marched in
thousands far from their rural homes, and if tens of
thousands of our most valued domestic animals be
driven to the battle-field, from which so few of them
shall return to their master's crib ?

" French agriculture is only beginning to assume
that pre-eminence to which it is entitled ; and there-
fore, when we hear such general complaints that men,
and women too, are not to be found in numbers
adequate for the profitable cultivation of the soil, and
when this deficiency is too likely to be terribly aug-
mented by war either with Italy or Prussia, and
possibly with both these countries, we are sorrowfully
compelled to confess that there are too many reasons
for the disquieting apprehensions now pervading all
ranks of French society.

J' God grant they may be disappointed, and that
Kapoleon may see that liis true policy is to speed the
plough and sheathe the sword ! "

quantity regulated by the effect. Falconers purge their
hawks before "flying" them, with a pellet or two of
aloes, or a root of Celandine cut into pellets.

Satching. — "A hen that steals her nest "on a dry
bank generally hatches every egg, and brings out an
unexpectedly large brood, owing probably to the effect
of purer air than when she hatches in a box in the
close hen-house. Lately I had the misfortune to have
two eggs broken in the nest of a sitting hen, by an
intruder wishing to use the same nest. It was on the
14th day of hatching, and in one I found a chick not
yet quite full-grown, but perfectly formed and chirp-
ing, enveloped in the remaining portion of the albumen,
laying, as it were, on the yolk, which was yet entire or
nearly so, and just beginning to become absorbed at
the abdomen for the nourishment of the intestines.
In the second egg I found floating a half-formed
embryo, which had not been alive for several days, a
circumstance I attribute to the eggs having been
turned by cold fingers, and this has often occurred
before. I therefore question whether the hens do not
turn them of their own instincts, if at all necessary
according to old notions, suflicient for every useful
purpose, unless an egg should accidentally become
entangled under the straw, when it should of course
be extricated. S.

Assistance in Saic7iing.—The oldest hens lay the
fewest eggs, but the best impregnated, though the
older the hen the more difficult to hatch the egg, the
membrane being much thicker, so much so, that the
utmost efforts of the young chick cannot always break
through it. This is known on the expiration of the
21st day, when the re^t of the eggs may be examined
and any remaining alive assisted ; but this is an
operation requiring care, tact, and great patience. I
always make sure by relieving theru myself with my
own hands : the eggs are placed in wadding, in front of
a good fire : and have often been engaged for several
hours, after having carefully broken the shell on one
side near the larger end. Much time is required in
the drying, or rather enabling the little chicks in the
shells to absorb all the moisture in which they are
enveloped, which is absolutely necessary before finally
releasing them, otherwise they are very liable to bleed,
the least abrasure generally proving fatal to life. The
smaller end of the egg being the last part containing I
moisture to beabsorbed, will- require the longest contact \
with the heat (about 99' and 103' Fahr.), which will \
enable the chick by its own movement to sever, when
dried, the cord by which the lower part of the body is
attached to the membrane (chorion) in the shell. This j
is a very important part of the process, and should be
performed artificially, if requisite, by snipping it with
a scissors ; otherwise, the little creature, in its eager
efforts to get free too soon, will rupture itself. Always )
observe that excessive heat will turn the white into
glue, as well as destroy life : a thermometer will there-
fore, be useful. A.

should be kept quite free from any Incrustation. After thifi
use a w.arm fomentation of boiled Poppy heads, to be applied
only under the i^ye, very carefully, once or twice a day until
the inflammation is drawn a\Y.iy. Fowls bought in ovtr
markets are generally afflicted with this influenza. In the
early stage of this disease, before the pundent matter ha.=;
been .allowed to collect .and infect the whole system, " roup "
in the incipient state may be easily prevented and cured by
the simple washings, without any medicines.

€6e J^oultrg ¥arif.

SJiell-Jess JEggs. — "When a hen lays this sort of egg,
and not habitually, the occurrence is generally accom-
panied with hard or full crop. In that case, it is owing
to indigestion, to be treated with one or two teaspoon-
fuls of English gin. One cause is said to be over-feeding
when fowls are too fat. These eggs are generally
dropped from the roost, and if it is not too high from
the floor, or if they fall on straw, may be saved entire
and used for pudding. As to symptoms, experience
will make known the indications, and the time when a
hen is about to pass one of these e^gs, by appearing
somewhat dull and uneasy when walking about ; when
proper precautions should be taken to secure it, and
prevent the other hens from gobbling it up. The
writor has a favourite hen, which ajways regularly drops
these eggs from her roost, and never lays any others,
and has done so for these five years past, although in
perfect health.

Egg-hound is a fatality which is not of unfrequent
occurrence, arising from an inactive state of the organs,
when a fowl does not as usual, in due time, get rid of
an egg, which will remain in the egg-bag for some days,
often producing very ill consequences. The symptoms
are nioping, awkward gait, enlarged appearance and
hanging down of the abdomen. The causes are various:
but generally a cold, and often indigestion. The
remedy is sometimes speedy : a few grains of salt put
into the entrance, but without using any violence,
will excite an immediate disposition to lay, when the
fowl will run off instanter to the nest.' If caused
by indigestion the cure must be treated accordingly.

Constipation is a disorder not at all uncommon,
generally easily cured by food alone. It is recognised
by the straining of the fowl ; very evident to the
watchful poultry keeper ; and when fatal it is mostly
owing to neglect or ignorance. It is generally owing
to deficiency of green diet, feeding too long on dry
grain, want of a sufficiency of clean water, free access
to which granivorous birds in particular require, owing
to the peculiar construction of their intestines, as com-
pared with quadrupeds. A moist laxative diet should
be given, boiled, instead of dry grain. When the crop
requires stimulating, one or two teaspoonfuls of English
gin is preferable to cordial horseball, and castor oil to
calomel, as often recommended. Soot and fresh butter
rolled in Barley-meal ; chopped suet or fat in mashed
Potatos, and also lard mixed, have been advised ; and
Pollard and bran with lard. In very aggravated cases,
a little sweet oil as a clyster, has been said to be very
effectual. Eye flour (meal) and bran moistened, to
which is added a Uttle honey, is a French remedy.
Breeders of game cocks, as a " scour" to reduce their
quantity of fat, and render them hght and nimble, give
tuem pellets of bran soaked in fresh warm chamber-lye.

DiARKHtEA ; A. Z, — May arise from (1) laziness of the
poultry-keeper, who neglects the requisite precautions of
cleanliness, and providing a constant supply a clean water ;
(2) ignorance of the habits of birds, which require proper
shelter from cold and wet ; (3) deficiency of sweet, green
vegetable diet, as essenti.al as i?rain ; (4) feeding out of un-
washed dirty pans, impregnated with food which has become
sour : (.5) allowing the refuse cabbage-stalks and the like to
remain about the yard till they putrify, infecting the soil
with corrupted matters, with which the puddles in nnny
w-eather are soon iuipregnated— fowls generally preferring to
drink from the stagnant pools, because readiest of access ;
(6) cold and damp will frequently produce, or greatly aggra-
vate these disorders ; improper diet, such as sour, salted
meats, too much wet or moist food, given in too hot a state; [
which is evidently unnatural, with a view of forcing hens
to lay. In the first stage of scour, proper shelter. cleauUneas,
and judicious change of diet, will often prove effectual with-
out the aid of medicine. It sometimes passes off in a few
days of its own accord, but if not, may often be remedied by
giving dry food only at each meal. If unheeded, it is
liable become aggravated, and degenerate, diarrhoea. A
portion of blacksmith's forge water mixed in the water
trough has been recommended, and the rust or oxide of
iron in pellets of Barley-meal, with the addition of red
brick dust, are powerful tonics and .astringents. Part of
the yolk of an egg boiled hard, mixed with bruised Hemp
seed or boUed Barley, diluted with wine (English gin is I
preferable), is an old French remedy. Dr. Handel states
that the following never fails : — Water in which the rust of
iron is infused, with an equal proportion of new milk,
which is diuretic. In other cases, a small portion of clay
stirred up in their daily drink is very effectual : or a small
piece of dried potter's clay given as pills, or pounded and
mLved with chalk and red brick -dust in equal parts, in
pellets of Barley-meal. In the more aggravated stages
about two-third pai-ts of castor oil, with one-third part of
syrup of white Poppies combined, will .act quickly in check-
ing these disorders ; two teaspoonfuls for a full-grown fowL
A very .ancient remedy is Barley-meal moistened with wine
(English gin is better), incorporated with a proportion of
bees' -wax, to be made into pellets, one or t\vo to be given
each morning fasting. Another old remedy is Peas bran
(meal) scalded, alone or mixed with boiled mashed Potatos
or boiled Rice.

Diseased Trr.KETi'S : AH, It would have been easier to give
*' A. H." the advice she asks, had she stated the age of her
valetudinarian turkeys. From her description, I should
guess them to be a later hatch that have not been suf-
ficiently sheltered from inclement weather, and that
have been scantily, or, what is nearly as bad, irregularly
fed. Half-grown turkeys will devour an enormous quantity
during the damp chilly .autumnal months, with very little
apparent benefit to themselves. Arc their feet swollen and
gouty, and their legs shrunken ? Early hatched turkeys,
when once they are three quarters grown, are, in general,
remarkably free from ailments. I would recommend th.at
they no longer run at large, but be shut in a roomy, well-
ventilated outho'ose ; and besides their usual food be sup-
plied with Endive, Lettuce, Cabbage, or Turnip tops as well
as root, with raw meat three or four times a week, or, what
%vill do as well, the entrails of animals cut small. " One
meal each day of boiled Rice and Pepper " is a good pre-
scription ; three meals will be better, particularly if varied
with hot boiled Potatos, Carrots, and Parsnips, and Barley-
meal mixed tolerably stiff with water or milk.

Eorp : TV K should wash thc'eyes with warm water (not hot),
and then cleanse the nostrils well by washing them with
warm soap and water once or twice a day. The nostrils

Farm Memoranda.

Abeedeesshiee FaEJI : Dec. 18.— The chief topic
of interest among agriculturists here for the last three
weeks has been cattle. Cattle that were destined for
exhibition and cattle for the great Christmas market
were scanned and commented on at home, and the
awards at the different exhibitions were looked for as
eagerly as the news of some victory, and certainly
Aberdeenshire and Aberdeenshire cattle have gained a
splendid victory.

AVell may our country be proud of such men as
Mr. M'Combie, of Tillyfour, and Mr. Eeid, of Grey-
stone ; they are not the men to rush to the top all at
once and then fall back, but year after year they have
been in the front rank, and now Mr. M'Combie comes
forward with his ponderous Black Prince and tops the
lists at Birmingham and London, and carries off a
" bewilderment of cups and prizes " (as some of the
newspapers call it) ; but not being satisfied with these
he makes a descent on the provinces, and carries off
the Mayor of Leeds' 20?. cup, and the 20?. special
prize for the best beast in the show-yard; and no one
who knows his skill and perseverance will doubt that
he is the most likely man to '' play the same tune o'er
again " in a few years. Success is a great incentive to
his perseverance ; but to be beaten is a double-power
incentive, and calls forth all the energy he is possessed
of— which is the reverse with many.

Turnips have been disappearing rapidly for some
time back, but now most farmers generally part with a
good number of their best beasts before Christmas,
which will bring relief A good breadth of what
remains has been stored within the last few days, as
they have been very favourable for the purpose. The
system of storing mostly practised here is to top and
tail three rows of four drills each, then throw the out-
side rows into the middle one in small heaps, say a load
in two, and cover them loosely up with earth. Great
care is taken not to cut the Turnip at top, nor root,
only the loose earth and small tails being cut off; they
are all covered as soon as pulled, which is performed
by women and boys, with a man following to cover up ;
but a good many drive them home to some convenient
place about the" homestead, and cover them with old
thatch from the stacks, which we think is the best plan.

Steam threshing machines have had plenty of work
for some time back ; but stackyards in general stand
out well, and still the complaints are of the small
quantity and light weight.

The weather, with the exception of some days in the
beginning of the month, has been very iavourable
for i)loughing, and stubbles are mostly all ploughed, and
some commenced to their lea; and if farmers and
cattle breeders are eager for competition with their
cattle, their servants are equally eager in their depart-
ment. Ploughing matches are being got up in every other
parish, and the greatest excitement prevails who will
take prizes for grooming horses and harness, and
ploughs of every description are tried and their merits
discussed ; but those mostly in vogue are those made
by Sellar, of Huntly, which have stood the test for a
good many years.

Our agricultural societies might do worse than
imitate the Smithfleld Club, and present 1st prize
winners with something to commemorate the event, as
we believe the diplomas presented by that Society are
highly valued by the winners. /.

Miscellaneoas.

The Agricultural Zilrari/.— The following, which
we take from the Lists of the Agricultural Library
("Estates Gazette" Office) 200, Fleet Street, professes
to give a full List of the Agricultural and Horticultural
Publications of the last 4 years : —

1864.
Principles of Agriculture. By W. Bland. 4s. 6d.
How to Lay Out a Garden. (3d edition.) By E. Kemp. 18«.
Shall we Prevent Cattle Diseases ? Gil.
Villas and Cottages. By C. Yaux. 15.?.
Law of Landlord imd Tenant. By John F. Archbold. 14s.
Wmdow Gardens for the People. By Rev. S. H. Parkes. Is.
On the Succession Duty Act, 16 & 17 Vic. chap. 51. W. Brown.
Chapters on Plants : or Marion's Herbal. Is. flOs.

Cottager's Kitchen, Fruit, and Flower Garden. By J. H. Clark. Is.
Farmmg in India. By Lieut.-Col. Greenaway. 5s.
On Cottage Consti-uction .and Design. By C. W. Sti-ickland. 7s. 6d.
Land Registration under Lord tyestbury's Act. R. J.

Abrahams. Is.
OutMnes of Modem Farming. By R. Scott Bum. Vol. III.—

Stock, Cattle, Sheep, and Horses. 2s. 6d. "Vol. IV.—

Dairy, Pigs, and PouJtry. 25.
Our Domestic Animals in Health and Disease. ByJ.Gamgec. Gs.
British and Garden Botany. By L. H. Grindon. 123. [8i. 8s.
History of Windsor Great Park and Forest. By "VT. Menzics.
Field Sports and Librarj- of Vet. Knowledge. 2vols. H.D.Miles.
Remarks on Horses' Teeth. By W. Miles. Is. 6t^. [-55..-.

The Weather Guide Book. By A. J. Pearce. 4s. Gel.
Wayside Weeds : Botanical Lessons from Ijanes. S.Thomson. '/■■■
Portable Farm Railways : a s-ubstitute for field carting. Gil.
Agriculture : Ancient and Modem. By an old Xorfolk Fai-mer.
Grape Culturist. By Andrew A. Fuller. 6s. Gd.
Illustrated Horse Doctor. By Edward Mayhew. 18s. 6d.
Laboratory Guide for Students of Agricultural Chemistry.

Church. 4s. Gd. llnr..

Compensation to Land and House Owners. By T. D. Ingram.
The Practical Shepherd : the Breeding, Management, Diseases,

ic, of Sheep. By H. J. Randall. 15s.
The Ox : his Diseases and Treatment. J. B. Dobson. 7s. Gd.

1865.
Veterinary Medicines, then- Actions and Uses. By F. Dun. 12s.
Practical Timber Measurer and Ready Reckoner. J. Sumner.
■:he Grape Vine Manual. 2s. 6<l. ' [3s. 6rf.

December 21, 1867.] THE GARDENERS' CnRONICLE AND AGRICUETURAL GAZETTE.

1300

Gentloman'a House : ur how to Plan English nouses. II.

Kerr. 24j. [12*. Gd.

On the Manaeemont and Utiliziition of ScwaKO. W. Menzies.
ApLary : or Bees, Beehives, &c. By A. Neighbuur. 4*. 6d.
Tho Cow and the Dairy. Is.

History and Uses of tbo Law of Entail, By C. Neat. \s.
Appliaition of Town Sowi^ge to Laud. By L. H. Spuoncr. L<.
Letters by Baron Liebiy on tho Metropolitan Sewage. lOtl. by

post. [\0s. Gd.

Tables for Facilitating Earthwork CiUculitions. Cunningham.
The Standard of Excellence in Exhibition of Poultry. 5».
Cirencester College— Agricultural Lectures : Practice and

Science. Ss.
Eggs and Poultry ;is a Source of Wealth. Is.
Manse Garden. By N. Patterson. 23. [Allnutt. l.<.

On the Nature and Treatment of the Cattle Plague. II. 11.
On the Cattle Plague. By II. Bourguignon. 5s.
Young Botanist, with plates. By T. S. Ralph. Plain, 25. C(/. ;
Richardson's Runxl Handbook : "NVTieat. Is, [coloured, 4^.

The Horse in the St;»blo and tho Field. By J. H. Walsh. Us.
History of Landed Tenures of Great Britain and Ireland.

Walton. 2s. \l8x. V,d.

Illustrated Horse Management, 400 engravings. E. Mayhow.
High Farming without Manure. By G. Martel. 2«. Cd.
Hints on Farming and Estixte Management. D. G. F. Mac-

donald. 2U. ^qqq^

Dulcken's Domestiaitod Animals, Birds, &c. Gs.
Handy Horse Book. By a Cav;ilry Officer. 3s. 6d.
Poultry-keeper's Manual. 7s. G(^

History of Sugar and Sugar- Yielding Plants. By Wm. Reed.
Wages "Calculator. By R. Whiteside. 'Js. Gd. [5s.

The Horse. By W. Youatt. Edited by W, Watson. N'ew ed.
Farm Book-kLcpiug, By W. Englis. 2s. [12.«. Gd.

Vegetables : how to Grow them. By Watts. Is.
Rossiter's First Book of Botany, Is, Gd.
Smith's Law of Landlord and Tenant. By Maude. ICs,
Watt's Vegetables and Flowers : how to Grow them. 2s. Gd.
Butler's Handbook on tho Law of Property, 5s.
Cattiins' Rural Economy. 2f.

Rights and Liabilities as to Trees and Woods. Vs. Gd,
Every Man his own Gardener. By Maude and Aberorombic,
Starforth's Designs for Villa Residences, 25s.
Thomson on the Culture of the Pine Apple. 5s.
Diseases of Live Stock ; nd their Remedies, Gd.
Rearing and Fattening Turkeys, Geese, Ducks, &c. Is.
Poultry as a jMeat Supply. Is. 0(^
Plain Rules for the Stable. By Professor Gamgee. Is.
Garden Architecture and Landscape Gardening. J. A, Hughes.
British Ferns. By T. Moore, 2s. Gd. [lis.

Newcomb's Farmer's Account Book, 5s. Gd.
Vine Culture under Glass. By John Pearson. Is. [42s.

History of Agriculture and Prices in England. Rogers, 2 vols.
Fei-ns, British and Foreign ; their History. By John Smith. Cs.
Our Common Fi-uits, Descriptive Account. Mrs. B. Bernard. 2c,
Modem Peacli Primer. By Rev. T. Brfehaut & T. Rivers. 3jf. Gd.
Law Relating to Boimdaries and Fences, By A. J. Himt. Of.
Home and Foreign Agricultural Miscellany. Wheat. Is. each.
On the Management of Cattle in Health and Disease. Towns-
Law relating to Horses. By C. Egan. Is. [end. Is.
Farm, Garden, Stable, and Avliry. 5s.
Profitable Pigs, how to Breed. Is.
The Horsekeeper's Receipt Book, 1$,

1867. [Is.

The Dove Cot and Rabbit Warren : rearing Pigeons and Rabbits.
Sewage of Towns ; Papers bv various Authors, read at Leaming.
Poulfay Book. By Elizabeth Watts. Is. [ton Spa. 3s. Gd,
The Handy Horse Book. By a Cavalry Officer. 4s. Gd.
Physiology of the Farm in aid of Rearing and Feeding Live

Stock. By W. Seller and H. Stephens, IGs.
British Ferns and Mosses. Is,
Poultiy Book. By W. B. Tegetmeier. 18s.
Practical Poultry Keeper. By J. Wright. 5s. ; coloured, Gs. Gd.
The Henwife. By Mrs. Arbuthnot. 4s. 6(^ ; coloured, 7s. 6d.
The Sewage Question ; Reviewof all Systems. F.C.Krepp. 12s,6(/.
The Orchard and Fruit Garden. By Elizabeth Watts. Is.
Cottage Economy. By W. Cobbett. 2s. 6d.
Mechi's Farm Balance Sheet and Lectures on Farming. Is.
Beasley's Farmers' Account Book. 12s.
Designs for Country Residences, By Dean. 42s.
Cattle and Cattle Breeders. By W. M'Combie. 5s.
Hearths and Homesteads ; Papers on Agriculture. 2s.
Practice with Science ; Agricultural Papers. Edited by Kev.

J. Constable, Cirencester Agricultural College. 5e.
New Edition, Young's Farmer's Calendar. By J. C. Morton.

125. 6rf.
On Pigeons, with numerous coloured plates. By W. B. Teget-

meier. Is. each part.

Ostend Sahhiis. — The season for the Ostend rabbit
commences in September, and concludes about the end
of March. At first the cases came over in small
quantities on Wednesdays and Saturdays, to the
extent of about 300 per week, Wednesday being always
a comparatively trifling day. The importations from
that time increase to 650 cases per week, and in the
height of the season the average is SoO cases per week,
gradually dying away with the warmer weather.
Mr. Price gives the weekly average as follows:—
700 packages, consisting of 120 cases, each containing
144, and 580 half-cases, each containing 7-, or altogether
54,440 rabbits ; and this brings the figures sufficiently
near for all useful purposes, we preferring to accept
the larger estimate, as we are informed that it is
probable there will be three boats weekly during the
forthcoming season, so that an increased supply may
be looked for. The following approximate Table illus-
trates the great importance of this branch of trade ; —

NEW IMPROVED PREMIUM WIRE NETTING.

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WITH

REUnCED PRICES,
Fobruary, 1860.

AND

O A L V A N I Z E U
AfTER MADE.

PRICES PER LINEAL YARD, 24 INCHES HIGH.

Size of
Mesh.

Mostly used for

Light. No. 19.

I Japanned.

21 inch Hares, Dogs, Poultry .. 2ld.

2 inch Game or Poultry Netting 3}rf.

1^ inch Small Rabbits, Hai*es, &c. d^d.

1| inch SmiJlest Rabbits ■ ■ .J Hd.

3frf.
3^d.
iid.
5id.

Medium. No. 18.

Japanned. Galvanized.

iid.
ild.

3W.
3|(f.

Ud.
5id.

Hid.
6id.

Strong. No. 17.

Japanned.

^id.
Hd.
6d.
6W.

6\d.
&\d.
&{d.
id.

Extra Stronfi. No. Is.

Japanned.
iid.

Oalvanlzod.

6.K
id.
8rf.
lOcf.

Quantities of 100 yards or upwards delivered free at all Riiilway Stations. All Netting warranted to give satisfaction.

J. B. BROWN AND CO. Offices: 90, CANNON STREET, CITY, LONDON, E.G. Ij
WAREHOUSE and MANUFACTORY— U8. UPPER THAMES STREET, E.C.

September
October
November
December
January
February-
March

Esti-
mated
weeks.

Cases
each
■week.

S50
850
850
850
650

4,950

Totil
cases.

1,200
3.000
3,400
4,250
3,400
3,400
3,250

21,900

2,400
0,000
6,800
8,500
0,800
0,800
0,500

43,800

During the season we may thus safely estimate the
arrivals at 43,800 cwt., or 4,905,600 lb., and, taking 3 lb.
as the average weight, 1,630,000 rabbits. O^rocer.

Notices to Correspondents.

Spruce anu Scotch Fib : A H H asks if the Spruce or Scotch
Fir has ever been used for fences ? He wants a close fence,
about 5 feet high ; will either of the sorts named answer
his purpose ?

Swedish Turnip: T W. The plants sent, grown in a field
of Swedish Turnips, are Rape.

SHANKS'

^\ PATENT LAWN MOWERS,

AWARDED THE

FIRST PRIZE SILVER MEDAL

OF THE

UNIVEUSAL EXHIBITION, PARIS, 1867.

ALEX. SHANES and SOX have received official intim:ition th.at the Jurv at the Paris Exhibition have
AWARDED them the FIRST PRIZE SILVER MEDAL for their PATENT LAWN MOWERS.

A. S. AXD SON, judging from the fact, that out of all the Lawn Mowers in the Exhibition, their Machines have
been the only Lawn Mowers deemed worthy by the Jury to receive so distinguislied an honour, are gratified to find
in this a further proof that the ctf-rts they have made to improve their Slachines have always been in the right
direction. The demand for SHANKS' MACHINES increases year by year, and during the past season it has
increased very considerably. A. S. and SON having had so long an experience in this Trade, can confidently
guarantee their Machines to be unequalled by any before the Public,

I^^ Every Machine ivarranicd to give satisfaction, and if tiot approved of can he at once returned.

ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS SENT FREE ON" APPLICATION.

ALEX. SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH.
LONDON OFFICE and SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.C,

27, Lcadenhnll Street is the only place in London wh^rc intending Purchasers of Lawn Mowers can clioosefrom
a Stock of from loO to 200 Machines. A. S. and SON have a staff of efficient Workmen at 27, Leaden/tall Streety
thoroughly acquainted with all the details of these Machines, so that they are enabled to repair them in London as
tvell as can be done at their Manufactory.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATENT SELF-SHAKPENING CYLINDER CUTTERS.

They are the simplest in construction, least liable to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease
than any other Lawn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT 'Lk'WS MOWERS have proTed to be the best, and have carried off every Prize that haa
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

HO.^SE, PONY, AND! [DONKEY MACHINE.

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionaUy.
T. GREEN AND SON hai'e to state that tU demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has been
unprecedented, which is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can be made from
their Stock both in London and Leeds.

^ ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN and SONS, SMTTHFIELr) IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and

54 and 5.5, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.

1310

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND ACtRICDLTHRAL GAZETTE.

[Decembee 21, 1867.

"Every Cottage should be provided with r Water Tank." Disraeli.
Iron Cisterns.

FBRABY AND CO. having; laid down extensive and
• Improved Machinery in their new range of buildinffs, Ida
WeARF, Deptfobd, are now prepiired to supply WROUGHT-IRON
TANKS, GA.LVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior quality, at
reduced prices, nnd at voi y sliort imtjcc.

LISTS OF TANKS
ON APPLICATION.

V. Brauy & Co., Limited, Fitzroy Wortcs, EustOQ Ilond, London,
or tiirouKli all respectable Ironmongors,

IHOMAS MILLINGTON and CO.,

Importkrs, Dealers, and Mandfactdrers of Glass,

S7, Bisliopsgate Street Without, London, E.C.
PRESEMT PRICES of HYACIHTH GLASSES.

A.— 28s. per gross. B.— Cli. per gross. C.— 40s. per gross.

-2s. Grf. per dozen. Os. per dozen. 3s. Grf. per doxen.

The abovo are made in Green, Blue, Tuco, and Amber. B ean
be had in Opal, Is. per dozen extra.

HOTHOUSES FOR THE MILLION.

AWARDED A PRIZE MEDAL, 1862.
INVENTED AND PATENTED BY THE LATE

SIR JOSEPH PAXTON.

MANUFACTORIES: -LONDON; NEWTON IN CARTMEL, LANCASHIRE;
GLOUCESTER, COVENTRY, ABERDEEN, and PAISLEY.
Nothing can bo more easy than to build them, nothing more simple than to remove them."— Doi7j/ Neirs, May 2S, 186?.

SIMPLICITY,
CHEAPNESS,

AKD
DUltABlLITY.

Illustrated Piice Lists will be fatut on pii-piid ipj-licition Lstun ites gnen loi Uiuimeutil Conservatories, &c.
to special sizes and designs ; also for Heatmg Apparatus, fixed complete.

HEREMAN and MORTON, 7, PALL MALL EAST, LONDON, S.W.

s

AW'S TIFFA

For samples and prices apply to
J. Sh*w & (Jo., 29. Oxford Street, Manchester.

N T.

FA. HA AGE'S (Jun.) WOOD GARDEN STICKS
• and TALLIES, commended by the Royal Horticultural
Society.— The abovo can be had of all sizes— Wholesale of Messrs.
Betuam & Blackith, Cos's Quay, Lower Thames Street, London,
E.C. ; and Retail of the principal Seedsmen and non.stB. Price
Lists on application.

/^AST IRON HAND-GLASS FRAMES (loose tops).—

\J Prices: 14-inch, 4s. ; 18-iDch, 5s. 9(Z. ; 20-inch, 6s. Od. ; 22-inch,

7s. 6ri. ; 24-inch, 8s. Gd. each. Twelve or more delivered free to any

Station in England on receipt of Post OfBce order.

Catalogues on application.

J. Jones & Sons, C, Banbside, London, S.E.

OHN WARNER and SONS,

BRASS and BELL FOUNDERS to HER MAJESTV,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

8j Crescent, Cripplegate, London, E.C.

GRAY'S OVAL TUBULAR BOILER.

international exhibition, Class IX., No. 2119.

Mr. GEAT begs to call the attention of the Nobility, Gentiy, Nurserymen, Gardeners, &c., to bis

NEW OVAL TUBULAR BOILER,

Acknowledged by practical judges to be a great improvement on every form of Tubular Boiler yet introduced.

It has proved itself superior to all other Boilers for quickness of action and economy of Fuel, doing its work with

one-third less the amount required by any other.

Extract from Report in Gardeners' Chronicle o) International Exhibition, Maij 24, 1862, page 476.

"The nprlghc form of Boiler Is usually made on a circular pl.an,
but the oval form given to Mr. Grav's variety of It is said to be
preferable in consequence of its bringiuR the tubes in closer contact
with the fire. Tbe usual form of a furnace being a parallelogram

rather than a square, it seems fea-sible that the Boilers on the oval
plan should bring the tubes more completely within range of the
burnmg fuel ; and this being so, the change, though a alight one,
LS no doubt an improvement.

I^= T}uy are made of all sizes, which, with prices, may be had on application,

JAMES GRAY, HORTICULTURAL WORKS,
DANVERS STREET, PAULTON'S SQUARE, KING'S ROAD, CHELSEA, S.W.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOE HEATING CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE

RESIDENCES, ETC., "WITH

TRUSS'S PATENT UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE AND
LEAKLESS PIPE-JOINTS.

T. S. TRUSS

Begs to state that the immense number of APPARATUS annually Designed and Erected by him, in all parts of
the kingdom, and for the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHIS WICK,
■with unrivalled satisfaction, is a guarantee for skill of design, superior materials, and good worlonanship ; while the
great advantages obtained by his IMPROVED SYSTEM cannot be over-estimated, consisting of perfectly tight
joints witli neatness of appearance ; EFFECTS A SAVING OF 25 PER CENT, on cost of Apparatus erected
compared with other systems ; facility for e.steusions, alterations or removals without injury to Pipes or Joints ;
can be erected by any Gardener; an ordinarv size Apparatus erected in one da^-, and PERFECTNESS of
DESIGN SUPPLIED, INSURING NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle Boile^
delivered to any Railway Station in England, and Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 25 miles off
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large works.

TWO FOUR-INCH PIPES ASONG ONE SIDE AND ONE END OF HOUSE.

Size of House.
50 feet by 15 feet
75 feet by 15 feet
100 feet by 15 feet

Bath and Gas "Work erected in town or country. The Trade Supplied.

Horticultural Buildings of every description from Is. Qd. per foot suxyerjieial, inclusive of Brickwor/c.

Price Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on application to
T. S. TRUSS, C.E., Consulting Horticultural Enoineee, &c.. Sole Manufacturer,
FRIAR STREET, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.
! — The City Offices are now Removed to t!ie Manufactory, Friar Street.

portable pumps

for

^o iir>.

DEEP WELL
PUMPS, for Steam,
LIQUID MANURES. Horse, or Hand Power.
Di-awiDgs and Prices for any description ot Hydi'aulio Machinery
sent upon application.

CAST-IRON
PUMPS.

^OTTAM'S PATENT PORTABLE UNITED

COW FITTINGS.

c

Their advantAges are— Portability, not Flxtxures, removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork or Partitions to Impede Ventilation or breed
Vermin, Hay Rack dispensed with as unnecessary, increased width
and depth of Feeding Ti-oughs, Water Cistern, and Patent Drop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, durable, and impervious to
infection, being all of iron. Price of Fittings per Cow. 65s.

Prospectuses free of Cottam & Co., Iron Works, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, Loudon, W., where the
above are exhibited, together with several important Improvements
in Stable Fittings juat secured by Patent.

AGRICULTURAL and
HORTICULTaRAL PRIZES.
A Pamphlet of Prices, illustrated with 300

Engravings of Cuds, Goblets, Tankards, &c., will
be forwarded gratis and post free on application.

Lithogi-aphic Drawings of Silver Epergnes,
Flower Stands, &c., have been prepared for the
use of Committees and otners requiring
Presentation Plate, and will be forwarded for
inspection on application to the

GoLDSsiiTHs' Alliance (Limitfjd), Manufactur-
ing Sdversmiths, 11 & I'i, Comhill. London, E.C. ;
opposite the Bank of England.

w

ORCESTER KITCHEN RANGE.

JONES AND ROWE, Patentees.

Size of House.

Apparatus Complete.

Erection.

20 feet by 10 feet

£9 0 0

£2 0 0

30 feet by 12 feet

11 15 0

2 10 0

40 feet by 15 feet

15 0 0

2 15 0

aaratus Complete.

Erection.

£17 10 0

£3 0 0

20 0 0

3 0 0

26 0 0

3 5 0

The most approved Cooking Apparatus yet introduced, combining
the advantages of an open Fire Range, Hot Plate, and other appli-
ances, adapted for small or largo establishments.

Sole London Agents, Barron & Wilson, Ironmongers, &o.,
436, West Strand, opposite the Charing Cross Station, where a
variety may be inspected, and Catalogues obtained.

Becembee 21, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' OTTRONTrLE ANT) AGRTrnT.TnRAL GAZETTK

1311

GLKNNY'S GARDEN ALMANAC for 1868,
Thlrty-flrat Year, prico Is., post froo for 1.1 stanipn, contains
Directions for the Management of Gardens througkout the Year,
also ft List of all tho New Flowers.

T. T. Leman, Ivy Lano, Patemoater Row, B.O.

.Tuat Tubllshed, price One Shilling, post free for 10 Stamps,

THK ILLUSTIIATKU FARMER ami GARDKNI'IR'S
ALMANAC for 18(58, It coiitaiuH 1V2 pa-Rcs, same size its
"Tub Kaiimi':ii," of valuable inlorriiatlou rulattvo to Farniliitr.
Gardoniud, I'lantiny, tho Poultry YartI, mid a riopartniont o-xulu-
slvoly devoted to tho Di.niiofltlo Eoonumy of a Country House. Tho
whole profusely Illu-itiatod with PlngravlnRa,

London: C. & E, Lavton, 160, Fleet Street, E.G. Edtnliurfih ;
John Grant, 20, Oockburu Street.

FRANCIS MOORE'S ALMANAC for 1808.— Much
Enlarnod, thouRli still at tho Price of Sixpence, this old and
justly popiilar Almanac, which, besides tho usual Calendar, contains
ft fuller account of the Ecllpaes and Astronomical Phenomena of tho
Year than any publication of its clasi*. ia again Increa,sed by Bevoral
pages, giving Lists of" tho Kojal Family and Households, tho
Mombora of the Oovornniont, tho Houses of Parllamout, tho Scotch
nnd Irish Nobility, Archbishops and Hishops, the Universities and
other Eduoftttonat Institutions, Asses.sed TaKoa, Stamp Duties,
London Bankers, and other Useful Information,

Published by tho Stationeri** Company, and to be had of all
Booksellers.

Now ready, handsomely bound, suitable for a. Present, price Os.,

THE NATURALIST'S NOTE BOOK for 1867;
A YEAR BOOK of NATURAL SCIENCE.
Office, 1, Racquet Court, Floet Street, E.G.

THE TANNED LEATHER COMPANY, I
Arniit Works, fJieonfleld, near Manchoator.
TANNKKS. GURRlKKS.t MANUPACTUHERS of IMPROVED
TANNED LEATHER IHtlVlNO 8TRAP.S for MACHINERY.
PRIME STRAP and SOLE BUTTS.
Price Lists sent free by post.
Warehouse : 81, Mark Lano, London E.G.

Mr. H. Fkuuaiirk, Agent.

ET. AROHEK'8 "EUIGI 1) 0 M 0." —
• PatronlHod by lier MaioBty tho (^leon, tho Duke or Nurth-
unihorlaiid fur Hycn Ilniwo, his <Jraco tho UuUo of Hevonahiro for
ChlHwlok Hardens. I'rol'oHsor Linriloy for tho Horticultural Society,
and Sir Josoph Paxtini for the Crystal Palaoo, Roynl Zoological
Society, &o.

PROTECTION ffnni the GOLD WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.
" KRKil IJOMO" NKTTINO. Whtteor Hrown, made of prepared
Ilair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor ot boat or cold, keeping a
fixed tomporature whoro it Is applied. It is adapted (br lUI Horti-
cultural luid Floncultnral purijosos. -fur Preserving Fruits and
Flowers fioin tho Scorching K'tya of tho Sun, from Wind, from
Attacks of Insects, and from Moming Frosts. To bo had In any
required lengths.
" FRIOI DOMO ■■ NETTING. 2 yards wide, l8. Od. per yard run.
"FRIQl DOMO" OAHVAS.

Two yards wide Is.Od. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. Qd. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide . . Is. (irf. per yard.
An improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2$. id. per yard run.
Elisua Thomas AncnEn, Whole and Solo Manufacturer, 7, Groat
Trinity Lano, Cannon Street, City, E.G., fwd of all Nuiseryiiieu aud
Soodsraon throughout tho Kingdom.

" It is much cneaper than Mats as a covering."

FOR AMATEUR GARDENERS, POULTRY-KEEPERS, BEE-KEEPERS.

♦

On December iid will he PiMislied, Prioe Is., post free 14 stamjis,

THE GARDENERS' ALMANAC,

AND

POULTRY -KEEPERS' and APIARIANS' CALENDAR for the YEAR 1868.

EDITED BY

GEORGE W. JOHNSON, Esq., F.R.H.S., Co-Editor of " The Journal of Horticulture ;"

EDWARD HEWITT, Esq., Eden Cottage, Sparkbrook, Bii-mingham ;

T. W. WOODBURY, Esq., Mount Radford, Exeter.

The " GARDENERS' ALJ[ANAC " has been Publislied by the Stationers' Company for more than 20 years,
and having now passed into the possession of its original Editor, he has resolved to make it additionally serviceable,
by rendering it also an Annual for the Poultry-Keeper and Apiarian. It will supply what they have long needed, for
besides the usual contents of a Family Almanac, and the Gardening information acceptable to the Amateur
especially, it will contain Directions for the Treatment of Poultry, point out the defects especially to be avoided in
those selected for Exhibition, and furnish a Diary enabling a daily record to be kept of the Eggs laid, HensSitting,
&c. For the Bee-keeper there will be Directions for Management during each season of the year. The Editors are
so well known that the Public will accept with confidence the information they impart.

l^^OWLKK'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH nnd

_«- ClJL'l'IVAToll niiiy bo 8E1SN ui WOKK la ovory Agrloultural
County 111 KiiKliiii.i.

Kor pnrtloiil.ir. nijiily to Joiii. Kowmn tL Co., 71, Coroblll, London,
K.C. ; ni.J Htoni,, |'l„,iKli Work», IjOoUh.

IRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of tho Koyal
Aiinoultiinil Kriotety).

smcEi', a». r,(i. J cAri'i.K, i«. 2.1. ■, ox, «». iii.

List by l'o«t. (lA'l'KS nnd Fl'.NCl NO of ovory dosoriplion.
Bt. I'linonm Iron Work Ooni|>nny, Old St. I'gncrM lloail, Loudon, N.W.

T) R A N D Y . — l> uTe 0 L D "uiTn U Y .

J-' _ C. I)KVKIlKi;x «Kn CO. ^^^^

RANDY DIRKCTFROM CIIaIiENTIS.

(i DEVERKUX AUD CO.

B

B

randy WARRANTED GENUINE.

0. DEVKRKU.X a»d CO.

B

randy for CHRISTMAS.
C. DEVEREUX aud CO.

JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE OFFICE— 171, FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C.

THE PERFECT SUBSTITUTE

for SILVER. — The REAL NICKEL SILVER,
-introduced more than 30 years ago by "WILLIAM S.
BURTON, when Plated by the Patent process of Messrs.
Elkington & Co., is beyond all comparison the very best
article next to Sterling Silver that can be employed
as such, either usefully or ornamentally, as by no
possible tost can it be distinguished from real Silver.

A small useful set, guaranteed of first quality for finish
and durability, as follows : —

Fiddle or
Old Silver
Pattern.

Bead

Pattern.

Thread
Pattern.

King's or
Shell and
Thre.-id.

f

s. d.

i s. d.

f J. d.
2 4 0
2 4 0

f s. d.
2 10 0
2 10 0

12 Table .Spoons . ,
12 Dessert Forks . ,

1

13 0

2 0 0

1

4 0

1 10 0

1 12 0

1 16 0

12 Dessert Spoons . .

1

4 0

1 10 0

112 0

I 16 0

12 Tea Spoons

<l

16 0

10 0

12 0

16 0

6 Egg Spoons, gt. bowls. .

0

10 0

0 12 0

0 12 0

0 13 6

2 Sauce Ladles

0

6 0

0 8 0

0 8 0

0 9 0

1 Gravy Spoon

«

6 6

000

0 10 0

0 11 0

2 Salt Spoons, St. bowls. .

u

3 4

0 4 0

0 4 0

0 4 6

1 Mustard Spoon, gt. bwl.

()

1 8

0 2 0

0 2 0

0 2 3

1 Pair of Sugar Tongs . .
1 Pair of Fish Carvers . .

II

2 C

0 3 6

0 3 6

0 4 0

1

4 0

1 10 0

1 10 0

1 10 0

1 Butter Knife . .

0

2 0

0 4 0

0 6 6

0 0 0

1 Soup Ladle

II

10 0

0 12 0

0 16 0

0 17 0

1 Sugai- Sifter

0

3 3

0 4 6

0 4 6

0 6 0

Total .. .. ■ ..

9

19 9

12 9 0

13 9 6

14 17 3

Any article to be h,ad singly at the same prices. An
Oak Chest to contain the above, and a relative number
of Knives, &c., £2 1.5s. ; Tea and Coffee Sets, Dish
Covers and Comer Dishes, Cruet and Liqueur Frames,
&c., at proportionate prices. All kinds of Eeplating
done by the Patent process.

fJUTLERY, WAERANTED.

The most varied assortment of TABLE CUTLERY
in the World, all warranted, is on sale at WILLIAM
S. BURTON'S, at prices that are remunerative only
because of the largeness of the sales.

Ivory Handles.

Si-inch Ivory handles

3i-inch fine ivory balance handles ..
i-inch ivory balance handles . .
4-inch fine ivory handles . . . ,

4-inch finest African ivory handles , .
Ditto, with silver fcrulos . . . .
Ditto, carved handles, silver ferules
Nickel electro-silver handles . .
Silver handles, Of any pattern

Bone and Horn Handles — Knives and
Forks per dozen.

White bone handles

Ditto, balance handles

Bhick horn rtramed shoulders ..

Ditto, very strong riveted handles

Table

Dessert

per

per

Pair.

Dozen.

Dozen.

c. d.

...

d.

». <l.

13 0

10

S

6 0

18 0

14

II

6 9

21 0

111

0

6 9

28 0

21

0

8 0

34 0

27

II

12 0

42 0

3h

II

13 0

66 0

4.'.

II

18 6

25 0

Ill

11

7 6

84 0

64

0

21 0

13 6

11

0

3 0

23 0

17

II

4 Q

18 0

16

B

4 0

12 6

9

6

3 0

The largest stock in existence of Plated Dessert Knives
and Forks, and of the new Plated Fish-eating Knives
and Forks and Carvers.

fjOMFORT and WARMTH ia BED.

The PATENT EIDER and AECTIC DOWN
QUILTS, manufactured hy WILLIAM S. BURTON,
combine lightness with warmth. They wash like ordinary
Coverlets and without unpicking, and may be used either
to supersede Blankets or as Ornamental Counterpanes.
Prices : Eider Down, from IGs. to £6 ; Arctic, 7«. to Zos.

TXriLLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING IRONMONGER

(BY APPOINTMENT TO H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES), sends a CATALOGUE Gratis and Post
paid. It contains upwards of 600 Illustrations of his unrivalled Stock of

STERLING SILVER and ELECTRO.PLATE,

NICKEL SILVER, and

BRITANNIA METAL QOODS,

DISH COVERS, HOT-WATER DISHES,

STOVES and FENDERS,

MARBLE CHIMNEY PIECES,

KITCHEN RANGES,

LAMPS, GASELIERS,

TEA TRAYS.

URNS and KETTLES,

TABLE CDTLERY,

CLOCKS and CANDELABRA,

BATHS and TOI LET WARE,

IKON and BRASS BEDSTEADS,

BEDDING and BED HANGINGS,

BED-BOOM CABINET FaBNlTURE,

TURNERY GOODS, So.,

WITH LIST.') OF PRICES AND PLANS OF THE TWENTY LARGE SHOW ROOMS, AT

39, OXJ-ORD STREET, W. ; 1, Ia, 2, 3, and 4, NEWMAN STREET ; 4, 6, and 6, PERRY'S
PLACE ; and 1, NEWMAN YARD, LONDON.

BRANDT, BRANDY, PURE BRANDY,
Direct from t;hareiito.
IinportorH, C. DEVKRKUX and CO.. 20, Euat India Cliamborti,
Lottdonlmll Street, London, E.C, At 3(is., and for "prcmWro
(jualltt" -KM. per dozen, either Palo or Brown. BottleH ftnd cimo Id-
eluded. Forwfirdcd mvino day aftahiKt PoHt-nfUce Order or rcmlttanco.
Sample Bottles and Caaea 'Ah. Hd. and 4fl. each.

rilfKlSTAlAS"' PRESENTS amT^EW YEAIVS
VV (HI'TS tor the rroinotton of Personal Attraction. — ROW-
LANDS' MA<'AHSAR OIL creates and euHtalns a luxuriant [load
tif Hair. ROWLANDS' KALVDOR rondern tlio Skin noft, fair, and
MoomlnR, and eradlcato-s all deleota. ROWLANDS' ODONTO, or
Pearl DoiitU'rlco, ImpartM a noarl-liko whitenosa to tho Tooth, and a

tjloasinfi fmcrance to tlio iireatli. — Sokl at iiO, Ilatton Garden, and
)y ChoiJiiHta and Poifuinor.s. *,/ Ask Inr " Rqwlandb' " Artjclki*.

Sauce.— Lea & Perrins' '

WORCESTERSHIRE 8 A U C E.—
Till a dclicioua Condiment, pronounced by Connoiwsours
*'THE ONLY GOOD SAUCE," Is prepared aololy by Lea & PKnniKO.
Tho public are reHpcctlully cautioned .igainat worthloaa imitatlonn,
aud should see that Lea &, Pkrrinh' Names aro on Wrapper, Label,
Bottle and Stopper. Ask. for Lea i Phrrins' Sauce.

%* Sold Wholeaalo and for Export by the Proprietors, Worcoator ;
Mosars. CnnssK & Blaccwell ; Messrs. Barclay &, Sons, London, &c.,
and by Grocers and Oilmen untveraally.

R. DE JONGH'S LIGHT-BROWN COD LIVER

OIL. — Hospital, dlspensury, and prlvf\te practice all furnish
innumerable cases In which DR. DE JONGH'S OIL, contalnioff
peculiar cuntlve principles which no other po.saesses, has been ad-
ministered with the happiest results in Consumption and DUeasea of
the Chest. No remedy so rapidly iruprovea tho nutritive functions, or
produces a more marked and favourable influence on the local malady.

ETDlTjONGH'SnLIGHT^ROWN^'OD LIVER

OIL. — From Dr. Pfireira, KR.S. : — "I know that no one can
be better, and few so well, acquainted with the physical and chemical
proportica of this medicine aa yourself, whom I regard as th« highest
autnority on tho subject." 'From Dr. Granville, F.R.S.:— " It la
preferabia in many respects to Oils sold without the guarantee of
such an iLuthority as De Jongh,"

DR. DE JONGH'S LIGHT-BROWN COD LIVER
Olh.—From Dr. Joseph Kidd :— " It agrees perfectly with
many persons who wore unablo to u^jo the so-called 'refined' or
white Cod Liver Oil from its aiukly and undecided taste." From Dr.
Edoar SaEpPARD : — " It has the rare excellence of being woll borno
and assimilated by stomachs which reject the ordinary Oils."

?^UTION. — "DR~f)'E JONGH'S LIGHT-BROWN

KJ COD LIVER OIL,— Firmly resist attempts often made by
unscrupulous dealers, when DR. DE JONGH'S OIL is applied for.
to recommend, solely with a view to an ex' ra profit, other kinds of
Cod Liver Oil, under the fallaciou.'j pretence that they aro equally
pure and efflcacioua. Capsuled IMPERIAL half-pints, 'in. (id. ;

Eints, 4s, 9d. i quai'ts. On. Hold by all respectable Chemiata. — Solo
onsignees, Ansar. Harpokd. & Co.", 77, Strand, London, W.C.

DINNEFORD'S FLUID MAGNESIA.—
Tho best remedy for Acidity of the Stomach, fleartbum,
Headache, Gout, and Indigestion: and the best mild aperient
for delicate conatitutions, especially adapted for Ladies, Children
and Infants.

DiNN-EFORO & Co., 172, New Bond Street, London, and of
all OhemLsts throughout the World.

ELECTRICITY IS L I F E.—

SELF-ADJUSTING CURATIVE and ELECTRIC BELT.
Sufferers from nervoua debility, indigestion, weakneas, &c., can
now cure themselves by the only " Guaranteed Remedy" in Europe,
protected by Her Majeaty's Great Seal.

Free for One Stamp, by 11. James, Esq., Medical Electrician (to
the London Hospitals), Percy House, Bedford Square, London
N.B, — Medicine and fees superseded.

The Best Remedy for Indigestion.

NORTON'S CAMOMILE PILLS are confidently
recommended as a.eimple but certain remedy for Indigestion.
They act aa a powerful tonic and gentle aperient ; are mild in their
operation ; safe under any circumstances ; and thousands of persons
can now bear testimony to the benefits to be derived from their use.
Sold in Bottlea at Is. l^d., 2s. dd., and lis. each, in every town in tba
kingdom. Caption.— lie sure to ask for "NORTON'S PILLS," and
do not be persuaded to purchase the variou.? imitations^

Dlt.llbBKKTS'S " POOKT MAN'S FKIEND and
PILULyE ANTISCRUPHULiP: have been proved, by 60 years'
experience, succesafnl in the Cure of Eruptions and Wounds of every
description. Sold wholosiile by the Proprietors, Beach & Barnicott,
at their Dispensary, Bridport, and by the London houses; and
Retail by all respectable Medicine Vendora in the United Kingdom
aud the Colonies, in pots and boxes, Is. lid., 2s. 9d., 4s. Cd., lis.,
and 22s. each.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., bega to announce tliat he 13
prepared to Fumisb PLANS and ESTIMATES for I^YINa
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Qihbon, lun., Surrey Lane, Battersea. S.W.

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NUKSERY and SEED
BUSINESS; or the present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadenhall Street,
London, l!<.C.

Sale? 635 Auction,

Hardy Ornamental and Flowering Trees & Shrubs,

OREENUOUSE PLANTS, ROSE.S, FRUIT TREES, BULBS, So.

MR. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION, at
hia G;eat Rooms, 3-% King Street, Covent Garden, W.C,
on SATURDAY, Iwcembor 21, at half-pMt 12 o'clock precisely,
700 STANDARD and DWARF ROSES, from France ; HARD!
TREES and SHRUBS, FRUIT TREES, CAMELLIAS, AZALEAS,
LILIUMS, GLADIOLI, nYACINTHS. TULIPS, 4c.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had.

Llllum auratum.

MK. J. C. STEVENS will SELL by AUCTION at
his Great Rooms, 38, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C,
on FRIDAY, December 27, at half-past 12 o'clock precisely,
10,000 splendid BULBS of the true and rare LILIUM AURATUM,
Juit arrived, per mail steamer, from Japan.

On view the Morning of Sale, and Catalogues had

1312

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[Decembee 21, 1867.

Balsam Seed.

FAND A. SMITH are now executing Orders for their
• unrivalled Strain of tlie above. In collections of Nine
Varieties at 2s. Qd. and Mixed Packets at 2s. and Is. each. The
quality this season is unusually good. Early Orders respectfully
solicited. Terms to the Trade on application.
The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

Camellias and Azaleas— English Grown.

FAND A. SMITH beg to announce they have a fine
• Collection of the above, ■well set with Buds. Prices, moderate,
on application. The Nurseries, Dulwich, S.

F

Fruiting and Planting Vines from Eyes.
AND A. SMITH can supply Stroug, Well-i-ipencd

t CANES of above. Prices and tists ou applicJition.
The Nurseriea, Dulwich, S.

MAUKICE YOUNG'S NEW CATALOGUE of NEW
HAKDy PLANTS, JAPANESE NOVELTIES, NEW
AUCUBAS, ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS. EVER-
GREENS, CONIPERiE, RHODODENDRONS, FOREST TREES,
&c., may be hod on application.

DESIGNS, PLANS, and ESTIMATES PREPARED
for LAYING-OUT NEW GROUNDS, IMPROVING PARK
SCENERY, PLANTATIONS, 4c.

CREST TREES PLANTED by the Acre, and
Guaranteed.

F

Convenient railway accommodation to all parts of the country.
Milford Nui'series, near Godalming, Surrey.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltliam Cross, N.

WM. PAUL bega to announce that he has the
following COLLECTIONS of TREES and PLANTS now
ready for delivery, which he can confidently recommend for quality
and price :—

ROSES.— 100,000 Plants, Standards, Bwarf Standards,
and Dwarfs.
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATAJjOGUE free on application.

TREES and SHRUBS.— Large quantities of the popular
Nursery Plants, of all sizes, good and cheap.
A choice variety of PICTORIAL TREES, his collection of which
was the only one which received a Pnze at the International
EKhibition of 18GC.

AMERICAN PLANTS. — Rhododendrons, Azaleas,
Kalmias, Heaths, &c., In variety, from the commonest to the
choicest.

FRUIT TREES. — Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums,
Figs, Peaches, Nectarines. Apricots, &c., &c. ; Standards,
Dwarfs, and Pyramids, trained and untrained. A large stock of
handsome trees, many in a fruiting state.

GRAPE TINES. -All the best sorts, both. Planting
and Fruiting Canes.

PELARGONIUMS.— Beaton's and other Zonal kinds,
Gold, Bronze, and Silver variegated, a fine collection.

HYACINTHS, TULIPS, and other BULBS.— All the
First Prizes lor Hyacinths and Tulips were awarded to hia
Collection at the London Flower Shows last spring. Choap
Hyacinths, Tulips, &c., for spring gardening by the 100 or lOOO.
Choicer kinds for pot culture and glasses good and cheap.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CAT.YLOGDES of any or all of the
above free by post.

REENHOUSE FERN S.—

Asplenium alternans, Blechnum oartilaRinium, Anjomidicty-
on phyllitides, Cyrtomium falcatum, Doodia dives, Lastrea
erythrosora, Lastrea podophylla, Lastrea glabella, Leptogramnia
asplenioides, Lygodium scandens, Microlopia strigosa, Nephrodtum
niolle polydactylla, PoUoea geranifoha, Scolopondrura Krebsil, LoptO-
granima rupestria. Any 12 of the above for \)s., or Is. each.

Henry May, The Hope Nurseries, Uodale. Yorkshire.

Beclc'a Seedling Pelargoniums.

SGLENDIWNING ani. SONS are now offering for
• the first time the 12 beautiful, new, and distinct PELARGO-
NIDMS raised by Mr. Wiggins, Gr. to W. Beck, Esq., of Isleworth,
which were awarded numerous Certificates at the various Metro-
politan Snows.

DiiSCRIPTIVE PRICED LIST may bo had on application.
Chiswick Nurseries, London, W.

New Zealand Nursery, St. Alban's, Herts.

J WATSON'S beautiful BEDDIiNG PELARGONIUM
• EXCELSIOR, now ready ; colour of Indian Yellow ; line
truss, and habit of Lord Palmerston. Price 6s. each ; 3Gs. per doz,
to the Trade.

MISS WATSON, ready August 25 ; MRS. DIX, May 1. The Two
have received 10 First-class Certificates and Extra Prize Money,

Fine New TABLE APPLE, ST. ALBAN'S PIPPIN Ripe In
Aprd. PlantsreadyinNovember, 6s. each ; 30s. per doz. to the Trade.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST sent on application.

GladioU, Gladioli, GladloU.

THOS. HEWITT offers large and sound BULBS of
English raised Seedlings of various colours, at 4a. per dozen, or
25.S. per 100. Being Seedlings of Gandavensls they are of robust con-
stitution, and while they are equal in beauty to named varieties, are
not so liable to go diseased. Two Bulbs as sample, free by post, for
12 stamps. Special prices for large quantities.

The Nurseries, Solihull, Warwickshire.

Gladioli.

PARIS UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION of 1807.

TuE OMLT Special Silver Medal for tuk Cdltobe op the above

was awarded to

EUGENE VERDIER, fils Aine, Nurseryman,
3, Rue Dimois, Paris.
The CATALOGUE, with prices for the Trade only, can still be
had direct; or of Betuam& Blaorith, Cos's Quay, Lower Thames
Street, London, E.C. One Hundred Thousand large and healthy
BULBS of all the new varieties for 1867-08 are still disposable.

To tlie Trade Only.

THOMAS CRIPPS AND SON'S WHOLESALE
CATALOGUE for the present Season, containing 02 pages of
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, can be had Post Free. It will be
found to include the NEW SILVER-EDGED PRUNUS (CERASUS)
MAHALEB. ROSSEELS' NEW GOLDEN ELM. NEW AUCUBAS,
HYDRANGEAS, OSMANTHUS, WEIGELAS, and every novelty of
merit. CUPUESSUS LAWSONIANA SEED in any quantity.
The Nurseries, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

Eliododendrons,

As ExHiniTKD AT THE RoYAL BoTANIO GARDENS, ReGENT'S PaRK.

JOHN WATERER, the Exhibitor at the above Gardens,
has pleasure In announcing tliat his CATALOGUE of the above
popular Plants is now published, and will be forwarded to all
applicants. It faithfully describes all the varieties considered
worthy of cultivation. It contains likewise a selection of HARDY
CONIFERS, with heights and prices.

The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

Hardy, Scarlet, and other choice named
Rliododendrons.

WH. ROGERS, Red Lodge Nursery, Southampton,
• offers the above in quantity at £10 per 100, or selected in
fine and distinct colours, 30s. per dozen. The plants are strong,
bushy, and well rooted. The sorts (about 200) are magnificent, and
none finer in cultivation. A limited number of larger specimens,
full of blooming buds, 6s. each. A detailed CATALOGUE may be
had on application ; ana alsoof a very fine Collection of CONIFER^E,
ROSES, and GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, estending over
eo Acres.

Now Ready, price Is., Gratis to Customers,

BUTTONS' SPRING CATALOGUE

AMATEUR'S GUIDE for 1868.

Containing much useful information in FLORICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, and AGRICULTURE, with ORIGINAL ARTICLES on
CULTIVATION, and HINTS on the FORMATION and IMPROVE-
MENT of GARDEN LAWNS, CROQUET GROUNDS, &c., &c.

Also Ready, Gratis and Post Free on application,

BUTTONS' SHORT SELECT SEED LIST.

The only PRIZE MEDAL for ENGLISH GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS, PARIS, 1867,

WAS AWARDED TO

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

PARIS, 1867.

_.FOE EXCELLENCE OF QUALITY.

CARTER'S

SELECT LIST of KITCHEN GARDEN

AND

FLOWER SEEDS,

Is now ready, containing the CHOICEST NOVELTIES of the SEASON, and will- be forwarded,
Gratis and Post Free, on application to

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED VSrAREHOtJSE, 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.

I

THE ONLY SILVER MEDAL FOR GRASS SEEDS.
UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, PARIS, 1867

JAMES CARTER & CO.,

237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.O.

HAVE HAD THE

SILVER MEDAL AWARDED

FOR THE SUPERIOR QUALITY OP THEIR GRASS SEEDS,

JAMES CARTER and CO. have had the honour of Supplying their GRASS SEEDS during the past
Season for the Squares and Gardens of Paris ; the Park of the Paris Exhibition ; and also for the Private
Lawn of H.E.H. the Crown Princess of Prussia, at Sans Souci.

ONLY PRIZE MEDAL

POE

GENERAL EXCELLENCE OF SEEDS,
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1862,

TO

JAMES CARTER and CO.,
237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

TWO SUPERB NEW MELONS.

JAMES DICKSON & SONS

HAVE THE GREATEST CONFIDENCE IN INTEODUCINO AND RECOMMENDING, A3 BEING REAL ACQUISITIONS,

THE TWO FOLLOWING NEW AND SUPERB MELONS,

Which they believe to be superior to any others, and of which they hold the entire stocks.

DTJKE of CORNWALL.

RECEIVED A FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE FROM THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY IN 1864.

This valuable Melon is the production of Mr. T. Shortt, the raiser of several well-known vai-ieties. It is a hybrid
between " Trentham Cocoa Nut" and a very fine Italian variety. The fruit averages from 3 to 4 lb. in weight;
has a yellowish green rind, flesh of a deep green colour, and delicious flavour. Should be sown about the middle or
end of May, and can be had in use till the middle of Janu.iry. The fruit improves after being cut, and has the
unusual and desirable property of keeping 6 or 8 weeks.

GOLDEN EVERSLEY.

This excellent early and prolific variety is by the same eminent raiser aa the preceding, and is a hybrid
between his "Heckfield Hybrid" and "Orion Prize." Of a handsome oval shape, light yellow colour, and
beautifully reticulated ; the flesh is pale green, and in point of flavour pronounced by the best judges to be unequalled.

In Sealed Packets, 2s. 6d. each..

Prices to the Trade on application.

102, EASTGATE STREET, and "NEWTON" NURSERIES, CHESTER.

Editorial Communications should be addressed to " The Editor,
41, 'Wellinfrton street, Covent Garden. London. "W.C.

Printed by James MATTBE^¥a, at the Office of Messrs. Ba&DBQRT,
Co. of Middlesex, and Published by the said James BlATTHSffa at the
iQ the said County.— Satobd*t, December 21, 1867.

Adyertiaementfl and BuBlness Letters to " The Publisher." at the Office

Pv»«q &rn Trfimhard street PrecinCt of ^Vhitefrlars.Clty of Loiidon,in tlie
he Offlct No. 4rwSlSjton S^^^^^ Parish of St. Paul's. Coyeut 6ardeii.

f:

HE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

No. 52.— 1867.]

A Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 28,

(Price Fivepence.

(Stamped Edition, GJ.

Aftrlciilturnl toptca

Apple pumioe

A^^iossiiipntH, pnroclilnl

]i«rrel measure

Bws

Bonrfit sorinries

ItlrdH, soti);

Suilers ,.

BookB noticed 1322 c,

CAlciitta Botanic Garden

Ciittle show statist [or

ChePBP, Ronuefort

Cordons

Cottiiges, Libourors'

Chrymiiitheiimms, Japnneae .
Chiysantticmuo) societies....

Diiirj-, butter..

P.tlnps, ulasRow

Education, technical

Fnmis, largo ajid small

Farmers" Clubs

— — Hexham, 1325 fc,

Fungi, root

Game laws 1325 6,

Oardfninp. French and

English

l.W <i

uano

1331 4

1333 rt

1323 h

U26a

1321 6

1321 e

1331 c

1322 b

1332 h

1332 c

1321 n

132ti e

13181

1318 a

1329 b

1320 b

13310

1329 t

1330 c

1330 0

1317 t

1330(1

1320 c

Oanij?. airri<'Ulturftl 1338 I

Hybridisation 1318 I

Labnurpi-s and (janjts i;V2ft (

Meiit, liiRh prices of la.Si) (

Milk, preserved 1332/

Mistli-to. the I3a3 (

Obituary \a2i r

Orchard houses V. walls .... 1.321) (

Paper, wood 1322 (

Pi'urs, select 1322 a

PelarRoniumB, bedding 1322 i

Pipe ventilation 1321 i

I'olato linire handles 1321 i

Poultry 1332 (1

Rootflbrila 1321 n

— l"unRi 1317 .

Shortliorns 1326 I

Soups, Extractum cnmis .... 13^2 i

StniwberricB, late 1321 I

'lurnips after Vetchea 1329 i

Ventliatiun.plpe 1321 t

Vines, winterlnp 1319 i

— at Garston 1320*

Walls, inutility of 1320 1

"Weed, what is ft?. 1317 I

AVood papcv 1322 c

ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, CLIFTON, BUISTOL.
HORTICOLTUKAL MEETINGS. 1808.
SPRING snow. TnURSDAY. May 21.
ROSK .SHOW, THURSDAY. June 26.
Sobediilos will be ready in a few days, and may he had on applica-
tion to the Secrktau., at the Gardens.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON beg; to say that their
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of CHOICE HYACINTHS,
TULIPS, CROCUSKS, &c., is now ready, and can be had post free
on application. Highgate Nursenes, London, N.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocuses, &o.

BS. WILLIA.MS lias a tine Collection of the above.
PRICED CATALOGUE post free on application.
HY'ACINTHS for Glasses or Pots, 6a,, 8s., and lOs. per dozen.
Victoria and Paradise Norsery, Upper nollow.ly, London, N.

WEBB'S NEW GIANT POLYANTHUS,
Florist Flower, and GIANT COWSLIP SEKDS; also Plants
Of all the varloties, with double PRIMROSES of different colours;
AURICULAS, both Single and Double, with every sort of Early
Spring Flowers. LIST on appiioation.— Mr. Webb. Calcot, Reading.

New Double Italian Tuberoses.

STjTTON and sons have received their annual
coDBlgnnicnt of the above, in oxcellent condition.
Price 35. 6d. per dozen.
Koyal Berks Seed Establishinent, Reading.

Novelties amongst Roses.

PAUL AND SON'S BOSKS.— See Afhetimi/u.—The
Advertiser's DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, very carefully
prepared, will be found of service during present planting season.
Post free on application.
The " Old" Nurseries, Cheshunt, Herts.

ULTURAL directions for the ROSE.

Second Edition. By Jons Cranstok, King's Acre Nurseries,
near Hereford. Free by post from the Author for 20 stamps.

** npHE ROSKS of MR. PAUL * • * are things to
JL see once and dream of for ever." — Athtyiasum, June, 18C7.
Wm. Paul begs to announce that his CATALOGUE of ROSES Is
now rendv, and will ho forwarded free on application.

EIGHTEEN PRIZES have been awarded to biin for Roses this
year at the principal London Flower Shows.

Pacl's Nurseries, Walttiam Cross, London, N.

CATALOGUE of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS
ready in a few days, and wit', be sent to all our Customers.
Intendmg Purchasers who are not already Customers should send
in their addresses at once.

Bare A Sudden, The Metropolitan Seed, Bulb, and PlantWare-
house, 12, King Street. Covent Garden, W.C.

Wholesale Catalogue.

GEORGE JACKMAN and SOW'S PRICED and
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of HAUDT NURSERY
STOCK for 1867 and SPRING, 1808, can be had free on application.
Wokmg JSursery, Surrey,

s

HTTONS' SHORT SELECT SEED LIST
IS NOW READY. Gratis on application.

s

n T T 0 N s

AMATEUR'S

IS NOW READY.
Price is. ; gratis to cnstomera.

GUIDE

Seeds Direct from tlie Growers

The Best Me4N3 of PaKVENTiNO Disappointment. •

SUTTONS' PRICED CATALOGUE of GENUINE
HOME-GROWN SEEDS is now ready, and may bo had gratis
and post free on application.
Sdtton & Sows, Seed Growers, Reading.

EstabUshed 1806.

THOMAS HANDASYDE and DAVIDSON have to
intimate that their NURSERY TRADE LIST is now pub-
lished, and will be forwarded on application.

Thomas Handasyde & Davidson, Nurserymen, Seedsmen, and
Florists, 24, Cockburn Street, Edinburgh.
Nurseries at BnmsCane Glen. Musselburgh.

Seeds.

MESSRS. BOETTNEH BROTHERS, Seed Growers,
Greussen^ near Erfurt, Germany, have just published their
NEW SliED LIbT for this season, which may be had post ftee on
application to their London Agents,
Mesflrs. R- SiLDEanADi Son. 5, Harp Lane, Great Tower Street, E.G.

To the Trade.— Continental Flower Seeds, &c.

FW. WENDEL, Seed iMekchant and Grower,
• Erf^irt, Prxissta, begs to announce that his WHOLESALE
CATALOGUE of the abdve is now ready, and mny be had free and
post paid on application to his Agent. Geo. Macintosh, Nurseryman
and Seedsman, High Road, Hammeraraith, London, W.

Vines,

BS. WILLIAMS has now on hand a very large and
• flne stock of FRUITING and PLANTING CANES of all the
best varieties. An inspection is invited.

Victoria and Paradise Nuraorles, Upper Holloway, London, N.

Vines. ^^

J MEREDITH will have preat pleasure in forwarding;
• his PRICED LIST of VINES on application. Ho has the
largest stock in England. An inRpoctlon la invited.

The Vlnovard, Garmon, near Liverpool,

TO BE SOLD, 200 FKUITING BLACK HAMBURGH
VINES, and 100 FRUITING MUSCAT of ALEXANDRIA
VINES, all 7 feet long, and in fine condition. Warranted true. Price
3«. Od. each.

Apply to Mr. Hart, Exotic Nursery, Shepherd's Buib, W.

Fruiting Pines.

TO BE DISPOSED OF. about 60 Plants, principally
QUEENS; a few CAYENNES, JAMAICAS, and PRO-
VIDENCbl, very clean, st^iut, good plants, several showing, and will
no doubt produce fine fruit. Apply to

Francis R. Kikouorn, Sheen Nursery, Richmond, S.W.

New GraT)e "~ ~ ' " ~ ~

MADRFSFIELD COURT BLACK MUSCAT GRAPE.
See large Advertisement in No. 44, November 2, 18C7.
John 4; Cuarles Leb, Royal Vineyard Nursery, Hammersmith,
London, W.

AGNIFICENT DWARF CUT-BACK PEACHES,

NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, by the dozen or hundred. .

Extra strong 2, 3. and 4-yr. OLD ASPARAGUS PLANTS, by the

100, 10()0, or 10.000.
Fine large BL.-iCK ITALIAN POPLARS. 6 to 10 feet.

Wm. Wood A Son have to offur a splendid Ft<''(;k of the above.
Address, WoodUnds Nursery, Maresfleld, near Ucktield, Sassex.

~ EBB'S PRIZE COB FILBEH'I S, and other PRIZE
COB NUTS and FILBERTS. LIST of these varieties from
Mr. Weiib. Ciiicot, Reading,

AMBROISE VERSCHAFFELT, Nurseryman, Ghent,
Belgiura, begs to offer, carriage free : —
TROP.EOLUM AZUREUM (theTnie Bhie),finebulbs,p.doz.,£l Is.
TRlCOLoRUM, fine bulbs, per dozen, 10a. 6d.
e^ The NEW GENERAL CATALOGUE, No. 81, and a Speci-
men Number of the •' Illustration Horticole" can be obtained free by
applying to Amsroise Vebscbaffelt, Nurseryman, Ghent, Belgium.

w

Orchard-house Trees Fruiting In Pots.

PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, CHERRIES,
PLUMS, PEARS. APPLES. VINES, and FIGS.
RiOBARD Smith. Nur8er\'man and Seed Mercliant, Worcester.

piIDER APPLES and PEKKT PEARS, all the beet

V^ varieties, with stout 4 to 6 feet stems and good heads. Price
per 100 or dozen on application.

James Dickson & Sons, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND FRUIT TREES,
particularly well grown and perfectly clean. CATALOGUES
and price per dozen, lOO, or 1000 upon application.

Jaues Dickson A Sons, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

Fruiting Trained Trees.

THOMAS JACKSON and feON. having a preat extent
of high walls, have many lar^e TRAINED TREES; and as
they are making much alteration m their Nursery, they now oSer
them at greatly reduced prices. An inspection is invited.
Kingston. S.W.

RICHARD SMITH'S FRUIT LIST contains a sketch
nf the various forms of Trees, with directions for Cultivation,
Soil, Drainage. Manure, Pruumg, Lifting, Cropping, Treatment
under Glass ; also their synonymes, quality, size, form, skin, colour,
flesh, flavour, use, growth, duration, season, pnce, &c. Free by
post for three stamps.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, Worcester.

FOY*ARt Tl*flPR

PETER LAWSON and SON, Edinburgh and London,
have to intimate that their Stock of Seedling and Transplanted
LARCH, SCOTS FIR, AUSTRIAN PINE, CORSICAN PINE,
SPRUCE ASH, BEECH, BlRCH. CHESTNUT, ELM, OAK, and
other TREES, is most extensive, and of very superior quality.
CATALOGUES and special offers upon application.

Ornamental Trees and Shrubs.

PETER LAW SON and SON, Edinburgh and London,
will be glad to forward their CATALOGUE for the present
Season free upon application.

Vines.

PETER LAWSON and SON, Edinburgh and London,
have a largeStock of very superior FRUITING and PLANTING
CANES of all the leading sorts, at fe., 7s. 6d., and 10*. 6d. each.

OPRUCE FIRS, -2 to 3 fe^t, very fine and well rooted.
lO Special low prices upon application.

Jaues Dickson & Sons, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

SPECIMEN IRISH YEWS.— Very handsome speci-
mens of the above, T, 8, 9, and 10 feet high, from 6s. to 21s. each.
T. Jackson & Son, Kingston, S.W,

PLANTING SEASON.— The Subscribers respectfully
intimate that their PRICED LIST of FOREST TREES, ic,
ia now ready, and may be had on application.

Wm. Urqcbabt & Sons, Nm-serymen, Dundee.

To the Trade.

FOR CASH, 200,000 SPANISH CHESTNUTS, 2 to
6 feet ; and 20.000 LAUREL (bushv plants), 2i to 3 feet, 20s.
per 100. For price apply to T. Tuornton, Fnmley, Surrey.

OR HEDGES.— AMERICAN ARBOR^VITiE, 4 to

6 feet, at 603. per 100 ; 6 to 6 feet, 84s. per 100 ; 6 to 7 feet,
100s. per 100.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

HIiiTY THOUSAND AMERICAN ARBOH-VIT^,

f^om 3 to 0 feet, very suitable for Hedges.
Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld,

Sussex.

T

ONE HUNDREU THOUSAND tine Transplanted
COMMON LAURELS, from IJ to 3 feet.
Wm. Wood & Son, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckflold,
Stissex.

IPUWARl) SANG & SO^S, Nuuserymen and Seed
li MsptnANTS, Kirkcaldy. N.B.

FOREST and FRUIT TREKS, SHRUBS, ORNAMENTAL
PLANTS. ROSES, FERNS, and VINES.

VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, GLADIOLI, Implements,
and every Garden requisite.

PRICED CATALOGUES post free on application.

(<£EDLING FOREST TREES, &c.

O ASH, 2-yr., 2s. ; BEECH, 3.yT., Ss. 64 ; HOLLIES 1-yr., 5« ;
OAK, S-jr. 7«. 6(J. ; QUICK, 1-yT., Is. 0<i. ; SILVER Flft, 6-yr.,
3s. Od. : SPRUCE, S-yr.,3j.6<i.; CRAB. 3.yr..6 ; and SYCAMORE,
3-yr., 3s. fid. per 1000. Clieaper by the 100,000. Apply to

J. RinoELL Parlt Attwood, Bewdloy, Worcestershire.

s

UTTONS* COLLECTIONS nf GENUINE HOME-
GROWN SEEDS ARE NOW READY.
For prIcoH, see page 1317.

THE ONLY P R I Z E M E D A L
for ENGLISH GARDEN SEEDS. P \RIS. ISBT.WM awarded to
SoTTON Sl Sons, Seed Or'jw r-i. Reading.

Verbenas, Verbenas.

PHILIP LADDS i^ now sending out strong hoalthv
plants, with plenty of Cuttinps, InclufJing new varloLlex of I8117,
at 3s. p'jr dozen ; Hrnall pliintR, 7s. per 100, p ckage included. Turmi
ca.sh. Nurseries, Boxley Heath, Kent, S.E.

BIES DOUGLASII, all sizes, in quantity, Wholesale

and Retail, by
Dickson k Turnhull, Nurserymen, Perth.

FOR SALE, ACORNS (QUERCUS COCCINEA).
Address :—
Mr. Hastier. 12, Water Street, New BrldgeS'reet, London. E.C.

White Thorn Qulck.-To Railway Contractors, &c.

A MILLION of the best CAMBRIDGESHIRE WHITE
THORN QUICK, from 1 to 3-yr. old, for SALE, In small or
large Lots. For prica apply to

Dawqarn Brotiif.hs. 10, St. Mary Axe. City, London, E.C.

Special Offer to the Trade.

SCOTCH FIRS, 10 to 15 inches, 2-yr. Transplanted,
lOs. Ril per lOfM).
LARCH, 2i to 3i feet, 12.s. per lOuo ; 3 to 4 feet, 12*. per 1000.
Grown upon high land, Htout and well rnoted. Api»Iy to

J. Smitii, Senior, Tinsley, Nurseries, aiallr>ck, Derbyshire.

New Double Crimson Thorn.

M. PAUL has still a few good FLOWERING

PL.\NTS, established In Pots, of this flrst-class new Forcing
Plant, price 6s. each. Firsl-cla-ss Curtifitiaies at InternatlonnI,
Royal Ilorticukural, and Royal Bitanlc Societies. It was also
forced and exhibited by him on several occa<>iiiiis last spring.
Paul's Nurseries, Walthaiu Cross. N.

w

Larch, &c.

LARCH, 2\ to 4 feet, 15,? ; 3 to 4^ feet, lis. Gd.;
31 to 6 feet,"20s. : SCOTCH FIR, 1 to 2 feet, 15s.; SPRtJcE.
! to li foot, lOs. ; SILVER FIK,6 to 12 ins., f,s. ; OAK, l\ to 2( feet,
15s. per 1000. LIST of other TREES on application. SpecuU
quotations for large quantities. Apply, with reference, to
James Riddell, Staward. l'»rk Attwood, Bcwdley, Worcestershire.

Hazel, Larch, Scotch, &c.

J SCOTT, Merriott Nurseries, Somerset, offers to
• Planters Five Acres of Transplanted HAZEL, from 3 to 4. and
4 to 6 ft., very fine ; and large breadths of LARCH, SCOTCH, ASH.
OAK. THORN, 4c. Extensive Planters supplied at reduced prices.
PORTUGAL LAURELS, YEWS and BOX, large and finely grown
to be SOLD, a Bar,;ain. CATALOGUES on application.

R' ICHAKD SMITH'S LIST^ all the EVERGREEN
FIR TRIBE, suitable for Britain, giving size, price, popular
and botanical names, derivations, description, fnrra, colour, foliage,
growth, timber, use in arts, native country and size there, situation,
soil, and other information, witu copious todex of their synonymes.
Free by post for six postage st^imps.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman and Seed Merchant. Worcester.

EVERY GARDEN REUUlSiTK
kept m Stock at
Carter's New Seed Warehouse, 237 & 238, High Holbora. London.

Genuine Garden and Agricultural Seeds.
AMES CARTER and CO.

Seed Farmers, Merchants, and Nubsertmen.

237 & 1238, High Holbora, London. W.C. ^^__^

Genuine Agricultural and Garden Seeds.

JAMES FAIRHEAD and :^oN, Skkd Growers and
Merobants, 7, Borough Market, and Braintree. Essex.

Agricxiltural and Garden Seeds.

HAND F. SHARPK beg to announce to the Trade
. that their SPECIAL LIST ot HOME-GROWN SEEDS,
1867 Growth, is now ready and may be had on applicatian.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech, Carabs.

Kitchen Garden Seeds.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO., Seed Merchant.^,
Sleaford, will be glad to send, on application, a Suecial
PRICp-D LIST of KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS of their own
saving this season.

Agricultural Seeds.

CHARLES SHARPE and CO., Seed Merchants,
Sleaford, will be glad to send on application a Special PRICED
LIST of AGRICULTURAL SEEDS of their own saving this season

SCOTT has a beautiful lot of first-rate growing
• seed of QYNERIUM ARGENTEUM (Pampas Gnvs^), saved
this autumn, price Is. per packet. A quantity of PRINCE of
WALES KIDNEY PoTATOS. price on application to

J. bctiTT, The Seed Stores, Yeovil. Somerset.

Turnip Seeds.

CHARLES SHARPE and Co., Seed Growers.
Sleaford, will be glad to make special offers, on application, of
TURNIP SEEDS of their own growing.

ASPARAGUS and SEAKALE, estra strong, for
forcing.
James Dickson & Sons, Newton Nurseries, Chester.

THE LONG-STANDER LbTlUCE.— Fine, crisp, and
excellent, stands longer without running than any Lettuce
extant. Packets Is. each. Price to the Trade on application.

Stephen Brown, Seed Grower, Sudbury, Suffolk.

S

The Forwardest Pea known la .„ ^ .„
TJTTONS' RINGLEADER.

Price 2.s\ r>fl. per quart,^

Choice and true Potatos for Planting.

SUTTONS' IJESOKUMIVE LIST ol the BEST
SORTS is now ready, and may be bad gratis and post free on
appiioation. ^ „ .

Royal Berks Seed Establishment, Readmg.

SEED POTATOS. — All the finest varieties at very
moderate prices.
H. & F. SiiAKPE, Wisbech.

MILKY WHITE POTATO.— Well-known and
aoknowlcdKed to be the best Potato iu cultivation, at
4... per peck ot H lb. ■, or 16s. per bushel of 66 lb. Guaranteed true

and free from disease. Apply to

Geoboe Wmnsi.D, Oloucistershire Seed Warehouse, Gloucester.

1

1314

THE GAKDENEES' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[December 28, 1867.

Royal Ascot Vine.

J NO. STANDISH is prepared to send by post strong
GRAFTS of the above VINE to any part of Great Britain at
10s. 6rf. Bach, and 6d. the postage. He lias no hesitition in saying
that if side-srafted on any other strong Vina, just as tho sap is
lisinf!. it will unite immediately, and bear a sample of bunches the
same season, or witUin six months from the time of putting the
graft. Persona not used to grafting can have a sketch, and hov to
do it, and the treatment afterwards. Also Plants now for .Sale, in
G-inch pots, 42s, each.

Royal Nurseries, Ascot, Berks.

OBSERVE. — I have raised a NEW SEEDLING
GRAPE, the Parent belnp that noble variety, now sending out,
oaUed the Champion Muscat. This new yeedling is identical with tho
:ibove, only of a "deep golden colour," ripens a. fortnight earlier in
same house with the Hamburgh, and, it is considered, will be a Rival
to the Muscat of Alexandria. This I have named the GOLDEN
CHAMPION MUSCAT. It was described lately in the Fa7-^mer,
Oard^iiers' Clironicle, and Om'dcners' Magazine. I beg to inform
tho Public that Messrs. Osborn & Sons are sending out a White
Grape named the Golden Champion ; it das no conkectiom with siv
VARIETY. — William Melville.

FIFTY ACRES well stocked with FRUIT TREES
to select from.— APPLES. PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, In every form desired
for fruiting.

See Richarb Smitu's FRUIT LIST, free by po^t for 3 stamps.
RiCHAitp Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

FOR THE OPEN GROUND.—
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and CHERRIES, fine healthy
Pyramids, very ornamental and productive. Strongly recommended
for large and small gardens.

See RicoAKD Smith's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 stamps.

Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester^ ^^

ESPALIER and WALL-TRAINED TREES
in any quantity.—APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES,
PEACHES, NECTARINES, and APRICOTS, fine strong trees of
perfect form.

See RicHAiiD Smith's FRUIT LIST, free by post for 3 stamps.
RioBARD Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

CROP of FRUIT the FIRST SEASON.-

Bearing Pyramids and Bushes in pots for orchard houses.

PEACHES. NECTARINES, APRICOTS, APPLES, PEARS,

PLUMS, and CHERRIES. Extra strong VINES and FIGS In

fruiting condition for forcine;.

See Richard SMfrn's FRUIT LIST, post free for 3 etamps.
Richard Smith, Nurseryman, Worcester.

MAGNIFICENT DWaRF-TRAINED

FRUIT TREES,
By the Dozen, Hundred, or Thousand.
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, PEACHES. NECTA-
RINES, and APRICOTS. [NECTARINES.
Also Standard, wall-trained, fruit bearing, PEACHES and
PYRAMIDAL PEARS on the Quince Stock in a fruit-bearing
state ; and PYRAMIDAL PEARS, on the Fear Stock, extra
strong and well grown,
Wm. Wood & Son have many acres of the above named, which for
health and vigour are quite unsurpassed in the trade. The Trees
have been most carefully trained, and are really examples of suc-
cessfiil cultivation,

Address, Woodlands Nursery, Maresfleld, near Uckfleld, Sussex.

Woodlands Nursery, Maresfield, near Uckfleld,

Sussex.

WM. "WOOD AND SON have a very extensive stock
to ofler of the following, viz. :—
Scarlet HORSE CHESTNUTS, Standards, 6 to 10 feet [1000

CATALPA STRING^FOLIA 1 THUJA AUREA, by the 100 or
LABURNUMS, yellowand purple 1 Strong ASPARAGUS Plants
LARCH, SPRUCE, and SCOTCH FIRS

PINUS AUSTRIACA [and other Forest Trees

ASH, BIRCH, WILLOW, HORNBEAM, OAKS, SYCAMORE,

CATALOGUES and Samples may bo had on application.

Paul & Son, " Old" Chesliunt Nurseries, Chesiiunt, N.

PAUL .\ND SON invite attcnlion to, and an inspection
of, their stock of the following plants, which they are able to
offer in large quantities : —

ROSES. — Standards and Half-standards, selection }eft to Messrs.
Paul & Son. 18s. per doz, ; Dwarf Standards and Dwarft,12». per doz.
Their stock at the commencement of the season, they believe un-
surpassed m quality, is stiU unexhausted.
NOVELTIES.
PRINCESS MARY of CAMBRIDGE, Standards or Dwarfs, 2s. 6d.
COMTESSE JAUCOURT, Standards or Dwarfs, 53, each, [each,

MAUECHAL NIEL, fine Standards, 3s, Od to bs. each.
NEW ROSES of 18«7. Dwarfs, 2Qs. per dozen.
FRUIT TREES.— They mvlte particular attention to their Standards

for Orchard Culture; young, vigorous, and healthy trees of the

leading kinds for the purpose supplied as under :—
STANDARD APPLES, 64 1,0 G feet stems, and good heads, 19s. per

doz., £« to £7 l«s. per 100.
STANDARD PEARS, 24s. per doz., £7 lOs. per 100.
STANDARD PLUMS and CHERRIES, 24s. per doz.
FRUITING PYRAMID APPLES, on Crab or Paradise, 18s. perdoz,
FRUITING PYRAMID PEARS, on Quince, 30a. to 42a. per doz.
FRUITING PYRAMID CHbiRRIES, 30s. per dozen.
MORELLOS, on Mahalebs, particularly fine, SOs. per dozen; price

T)er 100 on application.
DW^RF-TRAINED PEACHES and APRICOTS, 60s. per dozen.
STANDARD WALL-TRAINED PEACHES and APRICOTS,

7s. Od. to lOs. G(i. each.
Fine FRUITING HAMBQRGH VINES, 7s. 6(?. each.
Good Planting CANES of all leading kinds, 6s. each,

LARGE EVERGREENS, CONIFERJE, &c.
AMERICAN ARBOR-VITjE, 6 feet, 18s. per dozen.
CHINESE ARBOR-VIT^, 6 to 8 feet, SOs. per dozen.
WARE'S ARBOR-VIT^, 2 to 8 feet, verv fine.
ABIES MENZIESII, 6 feet, 24s. per dozen.
ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA, 2 feet, 42s. per dozen; 2\ to 3 feet,

60s. to Sis. per dozen ; 3 feet and upwards, 7s. 6d. to 2l3. each.

Perfectly uninjured by frost,
ARBUTUS, choice sorts, 2 to 3 feet, 428. per dozen.
CEDRUS ATLANTICA, 2i to 3 feet, 18«. to SOs. per dozen.
CUPRESbUS LAWSONIANA, 3 to 4 feet, £6perl00: 4 to 6 feet

£7 10s. per 100 ; 6 to 7 feet, £10 per 100.

Picked Plants, each, or per dozen, charged Higher.
LAURELS, Common, 6 to 6 feet, bushy, £6 to £6 per 100: 0 to

8 feet, £7 10s. per 100.

Smaller Sizes, per 100 or 1000, on application.
LAURELS, PORTUGAL, 2\ to 3 feet, £5 per 100 j 3 to 4 feet, &G to

£7 per 100.
RED CEDARS, of sizes. 4 to G feet
PINUS M URIC AT A, one of our richest coloured Pines, 8 to fl feet,

2s. 6d. to 5s. each ; 24s. to 42s. per dozen.
PINUS HARTWEGIl, 2i to 3 feet, COS. per dozen.

„ DEVONIAN A, IJ foot, 60s, per dozen,

„ BKNTHAMIANA, 2i to 3 feet, 42s. per dozen.

„ INSIGNIS, 0 to 8 feet, 42s. per dozen.

„ MACROPHYLLA. 1\ to 2 feet, 60s. per dozen.

„ MACROCAKPA, 2 to 24 feet, 'dVls. to 42s. per dozen
PICEA PINSAPO, li to 2 feet, 36s. per dozen.

„ NORDMANIANA, 1 foot, 30s. per dozen.
The above Abies, Cupresaus, Pinus, and Piccas, are worthy of
purchase for oniamental spots in woods, parks, ic,
RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, 2 to 3 feet, for cover or planta-
tions, 20s. to 7fis. per 100.

STANDARD ORNAMENTAL TREES,
PLANES, LIMES, POPLARS, MAPLES, LABURNUMS, and

THORNS, 10 to 12 feet, from £5 to £7 10s. per 100, as chosen,

NOVELTIES.

Padl & Son's NEW DOUBLE CRIMSON THORN. ^First-class

Certificate Royal Botanic Society and International E-Khibition,

a fine addition to our valued spring-flowering lirees.
STRONG FLOWERING PYRAMIDS. 6s. each; 60s. per dozen
STANDARDS, 5s, each ; in Pots for Forcing, 3s, 61/, each.
CERASUS MAHALEB VARIEGATA (Standards), 5s. each
CORNUS MAS. VARIEGATA (Standards), 2s. M. each ; 24s

per dozen.
Tho two last fine companions to Acer nemindo Tariogata, now
well known.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES post free on application.
The "Old" Nurseries, Cheshunt, Herts,

Green Hollies. 4 to 7 feet.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Chester, oflFers several Thousands
of the above, very handsome plants, in excellout condition for
removing ; also an exceedingly large stock of extra strong THORNS,
and many Millions of FOREST TREES, including LARCH of all
sizes, SCOTCH FIR, twice transplanted, Ij to 3 feet ; SPRUCE,
1 to 3i feet, thin on the gi'Ound ; ASH, 2i to 5 feet : ELM,
3 to 6 feet: SYCAMORE, 3 to C feet: OAKS. ALDERS BIRCH, ac.
PRICED LISTS on application.

■Wonersli Nursery, near Guildford, Surrey.

W VIRGO AND SON be?: to announce that their
• stock of TREES and SHRUBS of the undermentioned
kinds is this season very extensive and well-grown, samples, prices,
and Catalogues of which can be obtained on application : —
100,000 Hazel, 3 to 5 feet 50,000 GreenHolly, transplanted,

60,000 Spruce Fir. 2 to 4 feet li to 2 ft.

60,000 Spanish Chestnut, 1^ to Pinus Austriaca, 1 to 2 feet
30,000 Alder, 3 to 4 feet [2 ft. Horse Chestnuts, 3 to4& 5 to7ft.
50,000 Ash, 2 to 3 feet Common and Portugal Laurel

20,000 Sycamore, 3 to 4 feet Berberis aquifolia

600,000 Quick, transplanted, \\ to Arbor-vltte

2 feet I And other various Shrubs.

A large stock of strong STANDARD MORELLO CHERRIES,
APPLES, PEARS, PLUMS, and DWARF-TRAINED do.

Extensive and well-grown Nursery Stock.

J SCOTT, JMerriott Nurseries, Somerset, has to offer
• FOREST TREES in large numbers, finely rooted and in

perfect health. ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS of all sizes
in quantity, beautifully gruwn and regularly transplanted.

Intending Planters would do well to visit these fine Nurseries.
which have been established 150 vears, and are by far the largest in
Somerset. CATALOGUES on application.

THREE MILLION strong 4-yr. transplanted QUlOK.
1,000,000 good 2-yr. transplanted OUICK.
2,000,000 superior Seedling QUICK.
100,000 good strong LARCH, 4 to 6 feet.
100^00 good strong LARCH, 2 to 4 feet.
For samples and prices apply to
John Hemslet, High Fields, Melbourne, near Derby.

Planting Season.

DICKSONS AND CO,, Nttbserymen, Seedsmen, and
Florists, 1, Waterloo Place, Edinburgh, have this season a fine
healthy stock of all kinds of FOREST TREES, which have been
grown on exposed ground and thin in the lines, comprising LARCH
(Native and Tyrolese), 1, 2, and 3-yr., transplanted; SCOTCH FIR,
from true native seed, 2 and 3-yr,, twice transplanted; SPRUCE,
2, 3, and 4-yr., twice transplanted ; OAK, 2 to 3 ft. and 3 to 4 ft.,
extra fine ; ASB, 2 to 3 ft, and 4 ft., extra ; SPANISH CHESTNUT,
3 to 4 ft., very fine; ELM, 3 to 4 ft.; ALDER, 2 to 3 ft. and 4 ft.,
strong ; LIMES, of all sizes, from 3 to 12 ft. ; POPLARS and
WILLOWS, of all sizes; EVERGREEN PRIVET, extra strong;
THORNS and BEECH for hedges, and all kinds of plants suitable
for cover for game. ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS,
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, GREENHOUSE and STOVE PLANTS
and FERNS in gi-eat variety.

PRICED CATALOGUES ree on application.
To the Trade Only.

THOMAS CRIPPS AND SUN'S WHOLESALE
CATALOGUE for the present Season, containing C2 pages of
GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, can be had Post Free. It will be
found to include the NEW SILVER-EDGED PRUNUS (CERASUS)
MAHALEB, ROSSEELS' NEW GOLDEN ELM. NEW AUCUBAS,
HYDRANGEAS, OSMANTHUS, WEIGELAS, and everv novelty of
merit. CUPRESSUS LAWSONIANA SEED in any quantity.
The Nurseries, Tunbndge Wells, Kent.

THE LONG-STAND KR LETTUCt^,' greatly approved,
and stands longer than any Lettuce extant.
DICKSON'S ALL THbi YEAR ROUND LETTUCE.
HOLME PARK BATH COS LETTUCE.
GIANT WHITE-SEEDED BATH COS LETTUCE.
NEWNHAM PARK ONION.
DIXON'S NEW MAMMOTH CELERY.
Also several finest BROCCOLI and Frame CUCUMBERS, all
true, and of first-rate quality. Prices on application.

Stephen Brown, Seed Grower, Sudbury, Suffolk.

HOKLEY'S VAKIliOATED BROCCOLL— This new
ornamental Broccoli heads in April and May ; at first it is
white and compact, but as the plant advances in growth it expands
from the centre, and becomes tinted in its feathery form with various
shades of green, white, striped, and spotted. It is quite hardy, and
during the winter months its appearance is very interesting and
ornamental— rUalling in beauty the summer variegated plants.

May be had In pacEets, 23, 6d, each, of Hukst & Son, 0, Leaden-
hall Street, London, E.C, ; whohave purchased the entire stock from
the raiser.

Splendid New Potato for 1868.

SUTTONS' BERKSHIRE KIDNEY,— This was raised
and selected from among forty seedlings of the Fluke. Having
our.=fe]ves planted it with different varieties of that class, we have
proved it to be by far the best of them all, and fully a fortnight
earlier. The tubers are all of good size, very numerous, of fine form,
and remarkably clear skin. It is most valuable for the main garden
crop, and will become a favourite with market gardeners. It has
been remarkably ffee from disease, while other varieties growing
close by were almost destroyed. The stock of this Potato is
exclusively in our possession, and being limited, early orders are
recommended to prevent disappointment. Price 53. per peck.
Sdttos & Sons, Royal Berks Seed Establishment. Reading.

THE ''C0LUSTR1i;Aj\[ EARLY I'OTaTo," suitable
for Orchard House or Early Garden Culture, la so early and
productive as to surpass all other early round Potatos now in cultiva-
tion. See Testimonials. 18s. per bushel of 5C lb., 6s. per peclc of
14 lb. Al! Orders should be accompanied by a P. O. O.

To be had of Hogg & Wood, Nurserymen, Coldstream, N,B. ;
HoQQ & Robertson, 22, Mary Street, Dublin; and of tho Trade
genei-ally.

Seed Potatos.

HAND F. SHARPS are now oflFering: MTATT'S
• EARLY PROLIFIC KIDNEY, RIVERS' ROYAL ASH-
LEAFlWEBB'SIMPERIALKIDNEY.DAINTREE'S EARLIEST,
EARLY OXFORD, EARLY FORTY-FOLD, and many other Early
and Late varieties grown from their own selected stocks. The
Prices are moderate, and the quality excellent. PRICED LISTS
may be had on application.
Seed Growing Establishment, Wisbech.

MILKY WHITE, a NEW POTATO, introduced by
Messrs. WHEELER and SON, of Gloucester.

M

ILKY WHITE 13 the best of all Potatos.

MILKY WHITE is acknowledged to be the best of all
Potatos. In shape and colour, flavour and appearance, It
excels every other variety. It is as wtiite as milk, floury as a Fluke,
ripens m August, and continues in splendid condition for Cooking
all through the Autumn, Winter, and Spring.

M

ILKY WHITE POTATO— white as mUk.

M

IV/riLKY WHITE is of the finest quaUty.

ILKY WHITE SEED POTATOS are very scarce,
and early orders are absolutely necessary in order to secure a
supply. Lowest price, 53. per peck ; 20s. per bushel (561b.)

ILKY 'WmtE.— Last year the demand for this new
and most excellent variety greatly exceeded the supply, so
that very early in the planting season Messrs. Wheeler & Son were
obliged, much to their regret, to decline orders. They have every
reason to believe that the demand this; coming season will exceed
that of last year : they therefore respectfully urge the importance of
ordering whilst they are to be had. The lowest price is 53. per peck
(141b.), or20N. per bushel (561b.)

J. C. WnEKLta & Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester.

MILKY WHITE POTATO^the exceeding excellence
and hiffh character this famous POTATO has attained renders
it hiKbly important that buyers should exercise the gi^eatest caution
in obtaining it true. This may bo done by ordering them direct from
J. C. Wheeler a, Son, Seed Growers, Gloucester, or from the fol-
lowing firms :-

Peter La wsonft Son, Edinburgh'

and London
Jacob Wrench & Sons, London

Bridge
James Carter & Co., High

Holbom
Sutton & Sons, Reading
James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea
F. & A. Dickson & Sons. Chester
Hurst & Son, Leadenhail Street
Charlwood & Cummins, Covent

Garden
T. Whalley, Liverpool
Barr & Sugden, London
Garaway & Co., Bristol
John Palmer & Son, Annan

Lucombe. Pince, & Co., Exeter

Chlvas & Weaver, Chester

Osborn & Sons, Fulham

W. Toogood, Southampton

Hooper & Co., Covent Garden

B. Williams, Holloway

T, Warner, Leicester

E. P. Dixon & Son, Hull

J. B. Hartland, Cork

Nutting tt Sons, Barbican

A. Henderson & Co., Pine Apple

Place
John Scott. Yeovil
R, H. Povnter, Taunton
Ballantyne i Son, Dalkeith
John Clare, Cheltenham
The Milky White is not only perfectly distinct from, but far
superior to every other variety. Great care should be taken to
ensure having the true sort. It will be very provoking to And at
getting-up time that one has been disappointed and deceived by
having au inferior and comparatively wortdless variety substituted.

J. C. Wheeler & Son, Gloucester, Seedsmen to the Gloucester
Agricultural Society.

SEED CATALOGUE for 1868.

JOHN & CHARLES LEE

■WILL BE HAPPY TO POEWARD THEIR DESCRIPTIVE

CATALOGUE OF AGRICULTURAL, VEGETABLE, AND FLOWER SEEDS,

Post Free on application.
ROYAL VINEYARD NURSERY and SEED ESTABLISHMENT, HAMMERSMITH, W.

TWO SUPERB NEW MELONS.

JAMES DICKSON & SONS

HA73 THE GREATEST CONFIDENCE IN INTEODUCING AND RECOMMENDING, AS BEING SEAX ACOUISITIONS,

THE TWO FOLLOWING NEW AND SUPERB MELONS,

Which, they believe to be superior to any otbera, and of which, they hold the entire etocka.

DUKE of CORNWALL.

RECEIVED A FIRST-CLASS CERTIFICATE FROM THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY IN 1864.
This valuable Melon is the production of Mr. T. Shortt, the raiser of several well-known varieties. It is a hybrid
between "Trenthani Cocoa Nut" and a very fine Italian variety. Tho fruit averages from 3 to 41b. in weight;
has a yellowish green rind, flesh of a deep gieen colour, and delicious flavour. Should be sown about the middle or
end of IMay, and can be had in use till the middle of January. The fruit improves after being cut, and has the
unusual and desirable property of keeping 6 or 8 weeks.

GOLDEN" EViJUSLEY.

This excellent early and prolific variety is by the same eminent raiser as the preceding, and is a hybrid
between the "Heckfield Hybrid" and "Orion Prize." Of a handsome oval shape, li^ht yellow colour, and
beautifully reticulated ; the flesh is pale green, and in point of flavour pronounced by the best judges to be unequalled.

Per packet, 2s. 6d. Prices to tlie Trade on application.
102, EASTGATE STREET, and "NEWTON" NURSERIES, CHESTER.

December 28. 1867.] TTTF. rrAT^MNET^S* rTTT?0\TOT.T; A^D AGT\1CV]![V]\KT, OAZETTR

1316

RAYNBIRD, CALDECOTT, BAWTREE, BOWLING,
AND COMI'ANV, Limited,
C»nM, RErrt, Manure, and Oii.(iare Mrroiiantb,
Afidres-s, 8ii Sood Miirkot, Murk Lano, K.C. ; or Uiwlngstoke,
SamploH ami Pilccs jiost Iroo on aiipliciitlon. Vrim Mwdals, IBBI,
for Wbeat ; ISOJ. lor '^Kxcalleut Sood Coni aad Soeda,"

s

EAKALE for FORCING.— Strong 2-yr.

roots. 12.1. per jno ; Soccind Size, 8.4, per Iw).
Mr. Myatt, Miinor Furm, Deptford.

planted

ILKY WHITK (Wheeler's), the best second
EARLY KIDNEY POTATO, r>s. por pock.
Mr. MvATT, Manor Fiirni, Uoptlora.

ONA'R TRTDE (Routledoe), the best of all tho

KAULY ASH-LEAF .Section, 2^^ iUl. per peck.
Mr. MvATT, Manor Farm, Doptford.

YATT'S PROLIFIC KIDNEY POTATO,

2.t. Ikl. per pock,
TT, Miinor Farm, Deptford.
niiknoun corrOHpondonta must be acooni-
L-Li— M;iiK.£Fiirin, Uiiptford.

M
M
M

Mr, M

N.U, All orders frni

pnnlod liy cosh or rcUn^

Potato Onions. Shallots. &ci

FOWLER AND CO. are bookiTig orders for epleudid
POTATO ONIONS and SHALLOTS. Ca.sh price, 20.*. per
owt., bat iiicUidod.

WANTF.D. n Lot good 3-yr. SKAKALE. State price.

COCKSFOOT, DOGSTAIL, HIB-GRASS, HOLCUS. Ac, Cboap.

FowbtR & Co., Seedsmen and Nurserymen, Glasgow.

HE "LARGE COLDS I'RKaM L EEK " is the largest

and best in cultivation, similar to and grown in tho same

locality as those known as Henry's Prize Leek, and Ayton Caatio

Look. I*Vflo by post, la. per packet, or 12 postage stamps; or as.

per 12 packets.

To bo bad direct of Rnoa k Wnop, Niiifiorvinen, Coldatream, N.JB. j
and of Hooo ft Hourrtson, "J'i, Mary Street, liublln.

LTJE'S giant OUACU (S pin ACH):— This new and
valuable variety of Orach posspssos Immense productive
powers, combined with a delicious piquant flavour, quite distinct
from all other varieties, remloring It a great acquisition na a Summtr
Spinach of the highest class.

Tlie plant Is of rapid and vigorous growth, and attains a height of
6 or 7 feet, with numerous branches ; yielding a constant supply of
large dark green loaves throughout the summer months.

The Fruit Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society awarded
a Flrst-clasa Certificate to Lke'^ Giant Orach, after pai'taking of a dish
of this moat ustjfui vegetable, cooked especially for their iudgineut.

John & Chahi.kh Lkk have much pleasure in Introducing this
produotivo vegetable, which they Intend to send out in January next.
Sealed packets. Is. each. Price to the Trade on application.

Royal vineyard NurseryandStedEbtablisbmeut, Hammersmlth.W,

H

ENRY DEWAK bega to oft'er the undcrmeutioned
SEEDS, which he can with couSdence recommend aa being
First-elaes (in soaleil packets only): —
DEWA R'S IMPROVED SHORT-TOP RED BEETS, Is. per packet.
NORTHUMBERLAND CHAMPION WHITE CELERl , I,s-. p. pkt.
Extra choice (selected) RRUstf KLS SPROUTS. 0((. per packet.
COOKE'S improved superb EARLY DWARF CABBAGE. Ud.p.pkt.
HALLS NEW HYBRID NETTED GREEN-FLESH MELON.-
A hardy free-bearing variety, fruit averaging from 3 to 61b, ; thin
skinned, very tlcahy, and of most exquisite flavour ; l5. 6d. p. pkt.
Prices to the Trado on application.
117, Grey Street, Newcistle-on-Tyne.

Look to your Grass Lands, &c.

ESTARLISHED 1820.

MESSRS. JARED T. HUNT and SONS beg to
inform their numerous Agricultural Friends and Customers,
that they have now on hand. In the finest condition, their usual
Autumn Stock of

AMMONIACAL CORN IVIANTJRE,
which has, for several years, given such general satisfaction.
They have also always on hand, ready for immediate delivery,
the largest stock of CRUSHED BONES of any firm m tbe United
Klngdora.viz,:— In i-inch BONES; i-inch BONES ; PULVERIZED
BONES for Grass Lands ; prepared BONES for Grape Vines and
Hops: also BLOOD MANURE. SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME,
PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA, direct from the
Docks.

Prices and other particulars of the above, at their Works, Lambeth
Wharf. London, S. ; Bow Bridge Works, Stratford, E. ; and Down-
ham Market, Norfolk.

N.B,— Responsible Persons as AGENTS WANTED in districts not
yet represented.

H E" ^ ONDON MAN 0K£ COMfAN Y

(EsTAflLiaeED 1840)
Have now ready for delivery in dry fine condition,
CORN MANURE, for Spring Use
DISSOLVED BONES, for Dressing Pasture Lands
SUPERPHOSPHATES of LIME
PREPARED GUAMO
MANGEL and POTATO MANURES.
Also Gonume PERUVIAN GUANO, and NITRATE of SODA,
ex Dock Warehouse ; SULPHATE of AMMONIA, FISHERY
SALT, Ac. E. Pdrseb, Secretary.

Offices, llg, Fencburcb Street, B.C.

AWES' WHEAT MANURE for AUTUMN
SOWING.— A supply of tbe above Manure is now ready for
delivery, at J. B. Lawes' Factories, Deptford and Barking Creeks.
Price £$ per ton. Two to three cwt. per acre to be harrowed into
the land before the seed is sown. It can be obtained of Mr. Lawes,
or through any of bis appointed Agents ; also
LAWES" PATENT TURNIP MANURE ,. £6 G 0 per ton.
SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME .. ..£6 6 0 per ton.

Genuine PERUVIAN GUANO direct from the Importers, and

all Chemical Manures of value.
AMERICAN and other CAKES at market prices.
Address John Bbnnet Lawes, Offices, 1, Adelaide Place, London
Bridge, E.G. ; 22, Eden Quay, Dublin ; & Market Square. Shrewsbury.
ODAMS'S'NITRO-PHOSPHATE for CORN.
ODAMS'S NITRO-PHOSPHATB for ROOTS.
ODAMS'S Dl^JSOLVED BONES.
ODAMS'S SUPERPHOSPHATE of LIME.
ODAMS'S PREPARED PERUVIAN GUANO.

manufactured

THE PATENT NITRO- PHOSPHATE OR BLOOD
MANURE COMPANY (Limited).
Chief OfBces— 109, Fenchurch Street, London.
Western Counties Branch — (jueen Street, Exeter.
Irish Branch — id, Westmoreland Street, Dublin.
Directors.
Chairman — John Clayden, Littlebury, Essex.
rjepuiy-C/iairma7i— John Collins, 265, Camden Road, Holloway.
Edward Bell, 48, Marine Parade, Brighton.
Richard Hunt, St;instead Abbot. Herts.
Robert Leeds, West Lexham, Norfolk,
George Saville, Ingthorpe, near Stamford.
Samuel Jonas, Grishall Grange, Essex.
Charles Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Sti-and.
Thomas Webb, Hildersham, Cambridgeshire,
Jonas Webb, Melton Ross, Lincolnshire,
Charles J, Lacy, fiO. West Smithfleld.

Managing Director — James Odams.

Banit^rs— Messrs, Bametts, Hoares, & Co^^ Lombard Street.

Solicirors— Messrs. Kingsford A Dorman, 23, Essex Street, Strand.

Awlitor^J. Carter Jonas, Cambridge.
This company was originally formed by, and is under the direction
of agriculturists : circumstances that have justly earned for itanother
title, viz.— "The Tenant Farmers' Manure Company."

ItP members are cultivators of upwards of 60,000 acres of land,
which h'ls been for years under management with manures of their
own manufacture, constquently the consumer has the beat guarantee
tor the genuineness and efficacy ot the Manures manufactured by
this Company.

Particulara will be forwarded on application to the Secretary, or
may be had of the Local Agents. C. T. Macadaji, Secretary.

Chief Offices— 100, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C.

RETGATE SILVER SAND, best quality, 12,*. per ton,
at Swan Place ; dollvorod four inllos. or to any'London Wharf or
Railway, liln. jiur ton, or ]n. M. per bu»bol. (Sucks at ciNt ririoo. or
onhiro.J KKNI'ISII and HAMPSIIIUK PEATS, YKLLOW I.OAM.
LEAF MOULli. SPHA(;NUM moss * ('(ICOA FIIIKI-. ItKFIJHE.
J. Kknnahd. Swan I'lacu, Old Kunt Unml, Lnn.l.ij, S, !>:,

/10COA-NUT REFUSE
^-^ is becoming soauok, thu
old roHorves will soon bo gone.
Now Hold in bags, 1 for 2j(., 10 for
10«., 20 for 30*,, 60 for OOji., 100
for £0.

Kourponco allowed for oaoh
bag retumoil oarrlago-pald.

A Railway Truok.load (not In
bags), 40s.

Postage Stamps or Poat-ofHoo
Order, payable to J. Barsuau A
Co., KlnKfiton-on-Thanies, S.W.

WINTEK-DRESS ALL l-RUIT TREES with
OrsHUUST COMPOUND.
Copy of a LttUrfrom Mr. Rivers, Nurittrien, Sawftrltlfieworth, UtHs,
•i'iil October, ism,

" I must toll you what I hoard tn.day fi-om a very clover gentleman
farmer, Anthony Uiibb, Esq.. of Wllcombo Court, Gloucostor, Ho
has a wall to which Poach Trees are trsilned. Woll, Unt autumn
they were In a wretched blighted stato. Ah a dosiierute reinody ho
unnalled them all, early last February, and gave all but ono a
thorough painting with Glshurst Compound, lib, to tho gallon of
water ; his trous, all but the ono, commenced to grow favourably in
spring, and aro now pictures of beaith. Tho tree not painted In lii a
half-dead hilRhted utato. Ho used tho same drewslng to hi« Apple
Trees; it killed tho woolly Aphis entirely, and has mado his trees
clean and vigorous in their arowth. He intends to puiut his Wall
Trees annually, and tells all his friends to do tho saino, I sbull
certainly sei-ve all my young Poach Trees against uiy walla in thu
same manner. Tho Compound is, I boliovo, more efHcaclous than
the usual dflonslve mixtures uf clay, soot, sulphur, &c. ; and It does
not blacken the shoots on the walls.

For Orchard-house Trees. 4 ozs. to the gallon will bo found a good
strength ; when used stroBger aomo buds on weakly trees may bo
injured.

GISHURST COMPOUND is sold Retail by Nurserymen and
Seedsmen, in boxes. Is., i.%, and Wis. 6rf. each.

Wbolewalo by Price's Patent Candle Coupant, Liuited.
Belmont. Vauxuall, London, S.

Giahurst Compound has more recent testimonials to its efBcacy.
but none more conclusive than the above, which has been published
before.

I n 0 M AS M I LLINGTON and CO.

iMrOftTKIIH, iJfAI.KIIK, ANti MAHlTI'AfJTUItKltll OP GlaBH

K7. MlhhopHnato Street Without, London. E.C.
PRK8KNT PUICKH of IIYAOlNTn ULA8HES.

A.— 2H«. per (froHB. D,— d6«. per sroH. C— 40«. porgronn

2«. Qii. per dozen. Oji. per dozen. 3m. M. oor dozwn.

Tho iiImivo aro made In Green, Blue, Pueo, and Amber. U can
bo hod In Opal, U. per dozen extra.

G

IPOWLER'S PATENT STEAM PLOUGH and
' CULTIVATOR may be SEEN at WORK in every Agricultural
County in England.

For particulars apply to John Fowleb & Co., 71, Comhlll, London,
E.C. ; and Steam Plough Works, Leeds.

IRON HURDLES (Silver Medal of the Royal
Agricultural Society).
SHEEP, 3s. bd. ; CATTLE, 4s. 'Id. ; OX, 6s. Ud.
List by Post. GATES and FENCING of every descnption.
St. Pancras Iron Work Company, Old St. Paacras Road, London, N, W.

ARDEN BORDER EDGING TILES, in great

variety of pattoniH and materialM, tlio plainer Korts nolne

. OHpoclally suited for KITCHEN OARDF.NS, ft»

* they harbour no SlugK and IiihocIm, take up llttlo

room, and once put down Incur ihj further labour

and expense, as do " grown " EdgmgH, con-

oequontiy bouiK much cheaper.

GARDF.N VA.SES, FOUNTAIN.S, &o., In Artl*
(Ictat Ktoiio, of great durability, and in great
variety of design.

F. A G. RuHiiBH, Manufacturers, Upper Ground
Street, Blacki'Tiars. S. ; Queen's Road West,
Chelsea, H.W, ; Kingsland Road, Klngnland, N,K.

Solo London Agents for FOXLEY'S PATENT GARDEN WALL
RRICKS. Illustrated Price List IVeo by post. The Trado supplied.

ORNAMENTAL PAVING TILES for Conservatories,
Halls, Corridors. Balconies, Ac, as cheap and durable oa
Stono, in blue, red, and bull' colours, and capable of forming a variety
of designs.

Also TESSELATED PAVEMENTS of more enriched designs
than the above,

WHITE GLAZED TILES, for Lining Walls of DaWes, Larders,

Kitchen Ranges, Baths, Ac. Grooved and other Stable Paving

Bricks of great durability, Dutch and Adamantine Clinkers, Wall

Copings. Red and Ston^vare Drain Pipes, Slates, Cement, Ac.

To be obtained of F. & G. Rosheb, at their premises as above.

SILVER SAND (REIGATE, best quality), at the above
addresses — 143, per Ton, or Is. 3iZ. per Bushel ; 'in. per Ton extra
tor delivery within three miles, aud to any London Railway or Wharf.
Quantities of 4 Tons, Is. per Ton less.

FLINTS, BRICK BURRS or CLINKERS, for Rockeries or Grotto
Work. F. A G. RosDEiL. — Addresses see above.

N.B. Ordei-s promptly executed by Railway.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, & CO.,

At the Triennial Trials of THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND, held at Bury
St. Edmund's, July, 1867, received tlio following Awards : —

For Single Cylinder Portable Steam Engine, The FIRST PRIZE of £35.
For Double Cylinder Portable Steam Engine, The FIRST PRIZE of £25.
For Horizontal Cylinder Fixed Engine, The FIRST PRIZE of £20.

For Double Blast Finishing Threshing Machine, The PRIZE of £15.

The SOCIETY'S SILVER MEDAL, for Adjusting Blocks for Machines.
Also PARIS EXHIBITION (1867) GOLD MEDAL.

The duty performed by iill C, S. & Co.'s Engines at Bui-y, eoiisiderahly exceeded that of any others,
and has never beei: emmlled at ant oJ the trials of the Sockty. C., S. eft Co. refer with pleasure to the fact that
the duty of their "COMMERCIAL" or SINGLE VALVE ENGINE, at Chester, so long ago as 1858, was not
equalled by any " ordinary ' ' Engine at Bury.

CLAYTON, SHUTTLEWORTH, asj> CO., LINCOLN ; and 78, LOMBARD ST., LONDON.

PORTABLE AND FIXED HOT-WATER APPARATUS,

FOR HEATING CONSERVATORIES, HOTHOUSES, CHURCHES, PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PRIVATE

RESIDENCES, ETC., WITH

TRUSS'S PATENT UNIVERSAL FLEXIBLE AND
LEAKLESS PIPE-JOINTS.

T. S. TRUSS

Begs to state that the immense number of APPARATUS annually Designed and Erected by him in all parts of
the kingdom, and for the ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY at SOUTH KENSINGTON and CHISffICK,
TOth unrivalled satiflfaction, is a guarantee for skill of design, superior materials, and good workmanship ; while the
great advantages obtained by his IMPROVED SYSTEM cannot be over-estimated, consisting of perfectly tight
joints with neatness of appearance ; EFFECTS A SAVING OF 25 PER CENT, on cost of Apparatus erected
compared mth other systems; facility Jor extensions, alterations or removals without injury to Pipes or Joints ;
can be erected by any Gardener; an ordinary size Apparatus erected in one day, aud PERFKCTNESS of
DESIGN SUPPLIED, INSURING NO EXTRAS. Complete Apparatus, of the best materials, with Saddle BoUen
delivered to any Railway Station in Engknd, and Erected at the following prices. Erection beyond 35 miles off
London, railway fare for one man additional. Considerable reduction on large works.

TWO FOUR-INCH PIPES ALONG ONE SIDE AND ONE END OF HOUSE.

Size of House.
50 feet by 16 feet
75 feet by 15 feet
100 feet by 15 feet

Bath and Gas Work erected in town or country. The Trade Supplied.

Borticultural Buildings of every description from Is. 6d. per foot superficial, inclusive of Brickwork.

Price Lists, Plans, and Estimates forwarded on application to
S. TRUSS, C.E., Consulting Hoktioultural Engineer, &c.. Sole MAirePAaiuRER,
FRIAR STREET, BLACKFRIARS ROAD, LONDON, S.E.
Observe — The City Offices are now Removed to t/ie Mmufactory, Friar Street.

Size of House.

Apparatus Complete.

Erection.

20 feet by 10 feet

£9 0 0

£2 0 0

30 feet by 12 feet

11 15 0

2 10 0

40 feet by 15 feet

16 0 0

2 15 0

Appai-atus Complete.

ErectiOD.

. £17 10 0

£.3 0 0

20 0 0

3 0 0

26 0 0

3 6 0

1310

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGT^ICULTURAL GAZETTE,

[December 28, 1867.

Brltlsli Fern Catalogue.

ROBERT SIM can now send, post free for bis postage
BtRmpa, Fart I. (Britlsb Ferns and their varieties, 36 pagea,
IncludiDK prices of Hardy Exotic Ferns) of his NEW and PRICED
DESCKIPTIVE CATALOGUE of BRITISH and EXOTIC FERNS,
No. 7.

Foot's Cray Nursery, S.E., a mile from Sidcup Station of New
North Kent Line of South Eivstern R^iiiway. ^

New Catalogue of Plauts, Dutcli Bulbs, &c.

ROBf<;RT I'AKKER be?s to announc^e that his NEW
CATALOGUE, containing Select, Descriptive, and Priced
Lists of New. Rare, and beautiful Greenhouse, Hardy and Stove
Plants, Azalea indica. Fruit Trees, Grape Vines, Rhododendrons,
Roses, Sweet Violets, &c. ; Amaryllis, Crocuses, Cyclamens, Gladioli,
Hyacinths, Liliuina, Narcissus, TuUpa, and other Balba, is now
published and will be foi-warded to applicants.

Exotic Nursery, Tooting, Surrey, S. ^^__^^_

Viola Lutea (Yellow-flowered Violet).

BS. WILLIAMS has much pleasure in being enahled
• to offer Choice and Selected Seed of the above beautiful
Plant. Habit dwarf yet vigorous, foliage dark glossy green, flowers
bright yellow, which are prodnced in great profusion all tbrough
the early Spring, Summer, and Autumn months. The plant does
Dot grow more than 6 inches high ; it is perfectly hardy, therefore
well adapted for small beds, edgings, or marginal lines. It Is without
doubt the best yellow-flowered bedding plant in cultivation. It was
spoken very highly of In the leading article of the Gardeners'
Chronicle, November 2.

Mr. Fish, in his remarks about Violas (Oarde7i^rs' Chronicle.
October 26), states that Viola lutea is a perfect gera. and is invalu-
able for a dwarf yellow bed or edgings. It is a bright yellow, of the
most compact habit, and seemsto flower more freely than V. cornuta.
Bemarksbii Mr. E. Bennett, The Oardens, Osberton Hall, TForlcsop.

" Viola lutea, which has just risen so high in the estimation of
all that have seen it in perfection, is undoubtedly a little gem, and
will be much sought after this ensuing -season. It is perfectly hardy,
more dwarf in habit than V, cornuta ; the foliage more striking, and
flowers equally or even more freely ; truly valuable for forcing, and
blossomed profusely with me during the past spring. Indeed to see
It in such perfection as I have done from early spring to October, I
am justified in saying it is a most charming addition to the flower
garden, more especially for small beds and front lines, for which it
is so well adapted. Like all Violas it requires good rish soil and
plenty of Manure, and prefers a moist situation,"

Price Is., Is. Od., and 23. Qd. per pa(;ket.

VIOLA PURPLE QUEEN, true stock, 6d. and Is, per packet.

VIOLA MAUVE QUEEN, true stock, 6d. and Is. per packet.

B. S. Williams, Victoria and Paradise Nursery, Upper HoUoway, N.

Ehododendroiis,

As ExHIRITEn AT THE RoVAL BOTANIO GARDENS, ReOENT's PaRK.

JUHW WATKREK, the Exhibitor at the above Gardens,
lias pleasure in announcing that his CATALOGUE of the above
popular Plants Is now published, and will be forwarded to all
applicants. It filthfully describes all the varieties considered
worthy of cultiv.ation. It contains likewise a selection of HARDY
COMIFERS, with heights and prices.

The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

Hardy, Scarlet, and otber choice named
Rhododendrons.

WH. ROGERS, Red Lodge Nursery, Southampton,
• oft'ers the above in quantity at £10per 100, or selected in
fine and distinct colours. 30s. per dozen. The pUnts are strong,
bushy, and welt rooted. The sorts (about 20U) are m^gT^iIlcent, and
none finer in cultivation. A limited number of lar^di- specimens,
full of blooming buds, 6s. each. A detailed CATALOGUE may he
had on application ; ana also of a very fine Collection of CON IFERjE,
ROSES, and GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, extending over
60 Acres.

Rhododendrons, &c.

JAMES SStlTH, Darley Dale Nurseries, near
Matlock, offers the following: —
1&0,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, beautiful healthy plants,

9 to 15 inches, Ifis. pur 100 : £(J 10s, per lOuO
160,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, flue bushy plants, 1 to

IJ foot. 20S. per lnO; £9 10s. per lOiiO
60,000 RHODODENDRON PONTICUM, floe plants, IJ to 2 feet,

26s-_per 100: £12 per 1000
10,000 RHODODENDRON WHITE MAXIMUM, 1 to 1\ foot,

5s, per dozen • SOs. per 100
20,000 RHODODENDRON HIRSUTUM. the Dwarf Alpine Rhodo-
dendron.—Nice little plants, 35. per dozen ; los. per 100
10,000 RHODODENDRON HTBRIDUM, 1 to U foot, bushy plants,

5s. per dozen ; 30.t. per 100
6,000 AZALEA PONTIcUM, the sweet Azalea.—Beautlful bushy

plants, 12 to 18 inches, mostly in bloom bud, 3s. per dozen;

i:Os, per 100. Ditto, 16 to 2-1 ins., 6s. per dozen ; 30s. per 100
60,000 HARDY HEATHS, in about 20 varieties.— Good plants, in

fine health, 3a. to is. per dozen ; 10s. to 15s. per 100. Also

about 20 varieties at 6a. to 7a. per dozen
12,000 DOUBLE WHIN, GORSE, or FURZE, nice plants, well

rooted, 2s. Od. per doztm ; 12s. per 100. Also, In pots, at

4fl. per dozen ; 20s. per 100
30,000 COTtJNEASTER MICROPHTLLA, 6 to 12 inches, 2s. 6d.

per doz. ; 12a. per 100. li to 2 feet, 3s. per doz. ; 15a. per 100
20,000 ARBOR-VIT.^, AMERICAN, beautiful plants, with flne

roots, li to 2 feet, 23. por dozen ; 123. per 100. 2 to 3 feet,

2s. per dozen ; 15s. per 100. 2i to 3 feet, 2s. 6d. per dozen ;

188. per 100. 3 to 4 feet, 3s, per dozen ; 203. per 100. 4 to

6 feet, (is, per dozen : 5 to 0 feet, 12s. per dozen
6,000 PORTUGAL LAURELS, 2 to 3 feet, beautiful plants, thrice

transpl naed, flne roots, 4s. per dozen ; 203. per 100
40,000 EVERGREEN PRIVET, 2 to 3 feet, flne plauts for Hedges

or Game Covert, 2s. 6d. per lOo ; 22a. per 1000
10,000 IRISH IVY, nice plants, 2s. per aozen; 83. per 100
SOU.OOO LARCH, transplanted, fliio healthy plants, not the least

injured by Irost or any disease, li to 2 feet, Us, per 1000 :

2 to 3 feet, ICa. per 1000 ; 3 to 4 feet, 18a. per 1000 : 4 to

6 feet, l"Js. per 1000
All the above will be delivered free at Matlock Bridge, or Darley
Stationa, on the Midland Railway,

A CATALOGUE of GENERAL NURSERY STOCK, including
Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs, named Rhododendrons, &c., sent
ft-ee by post. The Trade sopplied. Apply to
Jamrs SiiiTH, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock.

JAMES VEITCH & SONS

DEaiRE TO DIRECT PARTICULiE ATTENTION TO THE

FOLLOWING NOVELTIES OF STERLING MERIT,

MANY OF "WHICH ARE NOW OFFERED FOR THE FIRST TIME.

VEGETABLE SEEDS.

Borecole, Veitch's Dwarf Late Curled.

This excellent very hardy variety should be generally cultivated.
It is of dwarf habit, beautifully curleJ, and stands the coldest
seasons uninjured. Per packet, 1*.

Broccoli, Cattell's Eclipse.

A hardy very late white variety, heads having been cut as late as
June 5th. It was aw.arded the First Prize at the International
Horticultural Exhibition in 1866. Per packet, la. 6d.

Cabbage, Atkln's Matchless— Veitcli's
Improved,

Perf 'ctly distinct from the variety usually sold as Atkin'a Match-
less. It is dwarf, of very delicate flavour, turns in quickly, and
hearts well ; should be generally cultivated. Per ounce, la.

Celery, Veitch's Silver White.

A variety of excellent flavour, beautifully solid and crisp, of
medium growth, and very hardy, ^withstanding the wet when other
varieties have perished. Per packet. Is.

Cucumber, Dale's Conqueror (White Spine).

As an exhibition variety unequalled ; length from 2 feet 8 inches
to 3 feet, flesh of excellent quality, very shy seeding ; has received
many flrat prizes. Per packet. Is. 6d.

Cucumber, Masters's Prolific.

Without doubt the finest Cucumber in cultivation, being equally
suitable for summer or winter growing; very free bearing and of
excellent quality. It is a seedling from the Sion House, but much
more prolific, and of a hardier constitution than that variety. The
fruit, which averages from 12 to 15 Inches in length, *is very hand-
some, and the handle remarkably short. The fiesh is of excellent
quality, and we cannot too strongly recommend it. Por packet. Is.

Endive, Eraser's Improved Broad-leaved.

An excellent variety, of great hardiness, being Invaluable fjr
winter cultivation. Per ounce. Is.

liettuce, All the Year Round (Dickson's).

One of the best winter Lettuces In cultivation. H*rdv, grows very
compact, and is beautifully white, solid, and crisp. Per packet, is.

Melon, Heckfield Hybrid, green-fleshed.

This ftuit, which is roranrkably handsome, averages from 21 to 3 lb.
in weight, and whether for flavour, free bearing, or good constitution,
la unsurpassable. It has received many prizes, including one at tho
International Fruit Show of tho Royal Horticultural Society in
October, l8fi2 ; a Medal at the Royal Botanic Summer Exhibition in
1861, Ac, 4o. Per packet, 2s.

Melon, Queen Emma.

A verv handsome flne fiavoured variety, obtained from the Hdckfleld
Hybrid" Melon, cros.s6d with Meredith's Cashmere, The flesh is
almost white, exceedingly melting and juicy, and with a very thin
rind. Its constitution is excellent, and it will be found a very
desirable variety, whether for exhibition or dessert. Per packet, 2s,

Orach (Spinach), Lee's Giant.

A new and valuable variety of Orach, of rapid and vigorous growth,
attaining a height of 6 or 7 feet, and yielding a constant supply of
large dark green leaves during the summer months. Per packet, Is,

Pea, Maclean's Wonderful.

A white wrinkled marrow, about 3 feat high. It is a most abundant
bearer, of flne flavour and excellent quility, with lar^e and well-fllled
pods, A first-class second early variety, with a vigorous constitu-
tion. Per quart, 2s. 6d. ^

Pea, the Prince.

We have not yet had an opportunity of proving this Pea. It is said
to be similar to Veitch's Perfection, rather later, very proliSc, and of
a hardy constitution. Per quart, 3s. 6d.

Potato, Veitch's Improved Early Ash-leaf
Kidney.

An exceedingly heavy cropping and very early variety, atrODgly
recommended. Per peck, 6s.

Savoy, Early Pancalier Joulin.

An early and very dwarf oompaot-growing variety, coming in
before the Dwarf Ulm ; of very delicate flavour. Per oz., Is.

Tomato, Orangefield.

A very prolific variety, of dwarf habit, and said to force well ; fruit
of a large size. Per packet, Is. Qd.

Turnip, Veitch's Red Globe,

This excellent variety is of floe fl ivour, good shape, and should be
grown in every garden. Per oz., 6d, ; per lb., Ss.

FLOWER SEEDS.

ACORNS (ENBLISH), fine sound seed, price upon
uppUoation. LAUREL (COMMON), 1-jr. Cuttings, extra flne
price upon apDiication.

TRADE CATALOGUE of fRUITS, HERBACEOnS PLANTS.
ROyES, &c., free upon application.

A few bushels of HORSE CHESTNUTS also to spare.
DiLLlSTOME & WooDTHoiipE, Muuro N urscrj", Sible Hedlngbam, Essex.

Leicester Abbey Ifurserles.

FRUITS, KOSES, EVERUREENS, and ORNAMENTAL TREES

THOMAS WAENER begs to remind Planters and the
Trade, that in addition to his extensive General Nursery Stock
he has the fdlowing in iniraease quantities, of unsurpassed quality
and at very reasonable prices: —
APPLES, APRICOTS, PEARS, and PLUMS, Standards, with

stems 4 to 0 feel , and good heads, extra fine
APRICOTS, CHERRIES, and PEACHES, Dwarfs
CHERRIES and PEACHES, Dw.arl-traiiied

CURRANTS. HOUGHTON CASTLE or VICTORIA RED stronc
GRAPE VINES, BLACK HAMBURGH ' ' ^

STRAWBERRIES (in 26 fine sortsl r„„„ti

?S?5^' S°'," varietlea Dwarfs on ManettI, romarkablv stroni and
ABIES CANADENSIS or HEMLOCK SPRUCE, 21 to 31 feet
jiRBOR-VITjE, AMERICAN, 3 to 6 feet, bushy and well rooted

„ SIBERIAN, li to 4 feet. Pyramids, very handsome
AUCUBA JAPONICA, 0 inches to 2 feet high, bushy
BOX. TREE (various sorts), 1 to 2i feet

SS',''J?'*.^J^"^'""''^'^' ' "> •■ ''<><■■ transplanted September 1866
SFS^STi^CARLET.FLOWEKED, 3 to 8 feet, very stout
CLEMATIS VlTALBA (Traveller's Joy), transplaiited
^LMS, standards (various sorts), G to 12 feet, extra flne
Ivy, IRISH, 3i to 41 feet, strong and busby, in pots, reraarkablv fine
POPLARS. iiLACK ITALIAN and ONTARIO, 4 i;o 8 feet ^
SAVINj li to 2i feet
SYCAMORE, COMMON, 4 to 6 feet, very flne

., VARIEGATED, 4 to 10 feet
?Sw=''S'J?F/V'Jf;'^'' '""' "NK, Standards, 6 to 8 feet
YEWS, ENGLISH and IRISH. 1 to 4 feet

See CATALOGUES, Wholesale or Retail.

Amberboa moschata atropurpurea.

(NEW PURPLE SWEET SULTAN.)
Tho following description Is from the Oardeners' CItronicle of
October 12, 1807 :— " A very flne variety, and quite distinct Id coloiir
from any we have previously seen. Instead of the pale purple of
the ordinary kind, this is of a deep rich port-wine colour, rather
paler in the centre when ftilly blowa ; it 13 quite an acquisition
among ornamental annuals." Is. per packet.

j Aster Schiller.

, (DWARF PYRAMIDAL BOUQUET PERFECTION ASTER.)
This beautiful new section excels all other similar varieties by the
elegance and regulanty of Its habit. Every plant, with Its numerous
douole neat flowers, appears like the most perfect bouquet, of

I pyramidal form. Height, about l\ foot ; in two colours, viz., white,
and dark crimson and white, is. per packet.

I

I Aster Victoria.

The finest Aaler of recent introduction. Ss per collection.

Chrysanthemum carinatum hybridum
flore-pleno.

New and beautlftil colours of double-flowering Chryflanthemum,
varying from orange to rich scarlet; also rose and purplish crlmeon.
Is. per packet.

Lobelia Miss Murphy.

The moBt compact and dense habited of all the Lobelias, averaging
5 to 6 inches high, by 6 to 8 in diameter, assuming a globular form
and covering itself with a profusion of pure white bloaaoms; for
small flower beds, or places where a compact habit is required, it
win prove very iiseful. Is. per packet.

Nasturtium compactum superbum. Scarlet.

The finest Dwarf Nasturtium for habit and colour ; it grows only
about 6 inches high, and makes a flne scarlet riband row or bed for
the flower garden, continuing in bloom till destroyed by frost.
Is, per packet.

Portulaca grandiflora flore-pleno.

Beautiful novelty, in four colours. 2s. per collection.

Scabiosa nana flore-pleno.

This will be found a valuable Improvement on the well-known
Scabiosa nana, being of a much dwarfer and more compact habit.
The flowers, which are qmte double and rouad blooming, contain nil
the most beautiful shades of cjlour of the old variety. Qd. and \s.
per packet.

Stock — Dark Blood Red, large-flowering
Emperor,

A floe novelty, very double. Is. per packet.

Stock— Dark Blood Red, large-flowering
Ten-week (Wallflower-leaved).

A most attractiV9 novelty, the fresh green of its foliage contrasting
vividly with the glowing colour of Its flowers. Is. per packet.

Stock — "Victoria Scarlet Ten-week.

Best and brightest of all the Scarlet Stocks; very double and
attractive. 6d, and Is. per packet. ,

Viola lutea.

The flowers of this variety, which are bright yellow, are produced
In great abundance. It is of a dwarf and compact habit, not
exceeding flinches m height, with a dark glossy green foliage, and
will prove a valuable companion to the Viola cornuta introduced
last season. Is. per packet.

Viola cornuta.

One of the most useful as well as most beautiful plants used for
flower-garden decoration. The foliage is bright and striking, and
contrasts moat effectively with the lovely mauve-coloured blOMSoma
with which the plant is loaded. Qd. and Is. per packet.

Viscaria elegans picta.

Described by the raisers as the most elegant Viscaria yet off'ered.
The centre of the flower is a dark crimson, gradually merging into a
bright scarlet, belted with a pure white margin ; from its neat habit,
profusion of flower, and brilliant appearance, this variety will become
a great favourite, is. per packet.

Xeranthemum annuum caryophylloides
flore-pleno.

A 'really striking variety of this well-known and favourite Ever-
lasting. The dense double flowers sre of a reddish white colour,
striped or marbled with rose, red, crimson, and purple. The plant
la of a regular compact habit, and a profuse bloomer. Qd. and Is.
per packet.

All other NOVELTIES at the Advertised Priceg.

AGENTS FOS POTTLE'S PATENT CTTOVMBER SOXES.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES Post Free on application.

ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W.

.1

Deceubee 28, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRlCUi;rUl!7\l. (iAZl'TTl

I'iil

SUTTONS' HOME-GROWN SEEDS.

(CAnBlAGE FREE,)

PARIS, 1867.
THE ONLY SILVEli MEDAL

FOR

ENGLISH GARDEN SEEDS

"WAS AWARDED TO

SUTTON AND SONS.

SUTTONS'

COMPLETE COLLECTIONS

FOR ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY,

(CARRIAGE TREE,)

AKE NOW KEADY.

Ko.

No
No
No
No.
No.
No,

FOR THE KITCHEN GARDEN.

l.-A COMPLETE COLLECTION of tho
best kinds of VEGETABLES, for
ONE YEAR'S SUPPLY, as proved
in Messrs. Buttons' Trial Grounds.. £3 3 0

2.-A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto 2 2 0

3.-A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto 1 11 6

■l.-A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto 1 1 0

3.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto 0 1.5 0

G.-A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto 0 12 6

7.— A COMPLETE COLLECTION of ditto,

extra quantities, for large Gardens.. 5 5 0

Contents of the above Collections on application .

Beck'a SeetUlng Pelargoniums.

Q GLENDlWNINd .^ni. SONS iiro now otr.'rin|r for

^ '• the flrflt tliii.i tli.^ 12huiiutirTil, now, mul ditttlnct PELARGO-
NIUMS rftlsod liy Mr, WigKios, Gr. to W. Bkck, Esq,, of laleworth,
which were nwurdt-d nunioroua Cortlflcntcn at thy Viirloua Metro-
politan SnnwH,

DtSCKIiTIVE PRICED Ll.ST niiiy bo hri.l on npplloatlou.
Cliliwick NursorloK. Loiiilon, W,

New Zealand Nursery. St. Alban'B, Herts.

r WATSON'S liiautiriil liKDDlNGPHLAltCONUJM
ff • EXCELSIOR. DOW ready ; colour of liidliii Yollow ; (Ino
tniHs, and habit of Lord Palraerston. Prlco ttfi. uath ; 3l)a. nor doz,
to t,ho Trade

MISS WATSON, ready AuKiiat 26 ; MRS. DI,\, May 1 Tho Two
have rooolvod 10 First-olana Cortlfleatos and Extra Prize Money.

Fine Now TABLE APPLE, ST. ALDAN'S PIPPIN, Kijie In
April. Plants roadvln November, fin, each ; 3«s,perdoz to tho Trade.
UESCRlPf IVE LI.ST sent on application.

rpUE GARUENEliS' ROYAL UENEVOLENT

■i- INSTITUTION,

!■(, Tavistock Kow, Covent Garden, London, W.C
Tho ANNUAL GENERAL MEETINO of tho Members of this
.Society will take place on WEDNESDAY, January K, next, at tho
Bcdlord Ilotol.Coveut Garden, W,C.. for tho purpose of recolvlnu tho
Report of tho Conniilttee and tho Accounts ol tho .Society for tho
pabt year and electing olllcors for the eTisultifj year, also for tho pur-
pose of adding THREE PENSIONERS to tho List; but In cou-
Boquonce of
TnoMAB Clkavb, of Ilarlaxton, njar Grantham, formerly of Bocon-
Doc. near Lostwithlel, aged 70 ; a Subscriber of £1 U. per
annum for :!fl years ;
EvAH Hiasr, of Caunton, near Newark, aged (j8 ; a subscriber of

£1 la, per annum for 20 years ; and
Emasukc ReiuNs, of Gloucester, iiKcd 72; a Subtcrlbor of XI la, per
annum for 10 yoars,
beinK In distress, and having In every way compllud with tbo regu-
lations of tho Society, the Coininltee recommend that they be placed
on tho Pension List, without tho trouble and expense of an election,
in conformity with Rule No. 0.
Tho Chair to be taken at Seven o'clock precisely.
By Order
December 28. Euwn. llootn Outlkh, Secretary.

Wilt (Sartrenersl'€lirouicle.

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 2S, 1867.

FOR THE FLOWER CrARDEN

(Free by Post or Rail.)

No. 1.— A COLLECTION of the best GER-
MAN and ENGLISH FLOWER
SEEDS, saved by eminent Florists.. £2 2 0

No, 2.— A COLLECTION of ditto

No, 3.-A COLLECTION of ditto

No- 4.— A COLLECTION of ditto . . ..0150

No. 5.— A COLLECTION of ditto . . . . 0 10 6

Other COLLECTIONS from 2«. %d. to IDs. 6(f.

1 11 6
1 1 0

Just pxiblishcd, price Is. Post Free, Gratis to Customers,

SUTTONS' SPRING CATALOGUE

AND

AMATEUR'S GUIDE FOR 1868

(ILLUSTRATED),

containing much useful information on
rLORICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, and AGRICULTURE

SUITONS' SHORT SELECT SEED LIST

is also ready, and may be had Gratis and Post Free-
For LIST of

NEW SEEDS AND POTATOS

for 1868

See page 1237 of Gardeners' Chronicle, or

BUTTONS' AMATEUR'S GUIDE.

^^ All Gtotls Carriage Free, except very small
parcels. Five per cent, allowed for prompt payment.

SDTTON AND SONS,

ROYAL BERKS SEED ESTABLISHMEKT, READING.

Some short time since a discussion arose in the
" Journal of Botany " as to the question, What
IS A Weed ? ■ The discussion arose in conse-
quence of some remarks of Dr. Seemann's in the
same Journal, and -which were transferred to our
columns (p. 759). Now, although gardeners know
as much about the iU effects of Weeds as any one,
■we are by no means sure that they are able to
give a perfectly satisfactory definition of the
word. In Dr. Seemann's opinion a weed may
be considered as a naturalised herb, which has a
soft and membranaceous look, grows fast, pro-
pagates its kind with great rapidity, and spreads
to the prejudice of endemic or cultivated plants,
in places in some way or other distui-bed by the
agency of man. We may refer the reader to the
original article, in which these propositions are
explained at greater length. But it will at once
be seen that there are several points open to ques-
tion here. While it is quite certain that many corn-
field " weeds," for instance, have been introduced
and become naturalised, it is equally certain that
many more which have been introduced at
various times, have not succeeded in establishing
themselves : they are instances of what AxpnoNSE
DE C-4.ND0LLE Calls naturalisatioa maiiquec. Now
what are these ? Weeds, sui'ely, and yet they have
failed to naturalise themselves here, though they
may have done so on the Continent. If we carry
out Dr. Seemann's definition strictly, these
plants would be weeds in one place, and not in
another.

And this leads us to mention in brief, some
remarks of Dr. Tkimen's, who, taking exception
to some of Dr. Seemann's statements, especially
to such as would disqualify the Coltsfoot, Tussi-
lago, or the Eest Harrow, for a place in the
category of weeds, on tho ground of their being
native, not introduced, gives us the following
definition of a weed, which he considers as " Any
plant, irrespective of origin or appearance,
occurring in cultivated ground, in addition to,
and therefore more or less interfering with and
injurious to the crop intended to be grown." It
is, in fact, a something out of place, and this
latter circumstance constitutes an important
item in estimating the status of a weed. Elymus
arenarius and other creeping Grasses by the
sandy sea-shore are weedy enough in all con-
science in some respects, though, as they are so
serviceable in binding the loose sand, they can
hardly be considered weeds. But place them,
or as that cannot well be done, place their near
ally the Squitch, Triticum repens, in a corn-
field or a kitchen garden, and see whether there
would not be a striking unanimity of opinion
between the employer of the plough, and the
wielder of the fork, as to the nature of the plant.

Tho possession of ornamental qualities does not
raise a plant out of the category of weeds.
Poppies, for instance, are gorgeously beautiful,
and even find a place among the "annuals"
in the flower garden, but they are never-
theless to all intents and purposes weeds
when they grow in a Wheat-field. The Bear-
bine Convolvulus has pretty little flowers,

but it is a sail wood in tho garden : are wa
thoioforo to call its brother, C. Si>lilaiinllu,
which runs along thu sca-shorc, a wiiml ? Thit
is not out of place in tho localities in which it
grows ; tlie soa-shore is its natural habitat ; it
interferes with no product of cultivation, and yet
wo suspect most puoplo would call it a weed.
And so with tho gorgeous lloruod Poppy,
(ilauciiiin lulcuiii — a weed to most people,
though-it does not spread rapidly, does not gut
in Iho way, or trespass upon cultivated ground.
In fact, while wo most of us have our own
notions as to what constitutes a wood, and are
able to recognise one when we see it, yet we ara
much at ii loss to give a correct duliiiition of tho
ollcndcr. Nursorymou finding altur a lime that
there is no sale for it jjarticular plant, pretty or
interesting though it may bo, tlirow it away to
luako room for more profitable tonants. They
treat plants whoso only fault is want of success
in pleasing tho public taste, as thoy would a weed
— they consign them to tho rubbish heap, and
thoy aro lost to cultivation, uulos.s, porchaucc,
retained in some Botanic Garden, or in tho
refugo of some phytophilist, like Mr. Wilson
Saundeus. Neither of the definitions wo have
alludod to are elastic enough to suit all the con-
ditions of " weediness," as we have shown ; but
we must own our inability to furnish any one
more free from exception.

Though the fatal ellects of Fungous Spawn

on TREES and HEllBAOEOUS PLANTS Were
pointed out nearly 40 years ago, by the late Mr.
J. Henderson, tho scientific gardener of the
Earl of PlTZWlLLlAM, it is only within a very
few years that anything like a general apprehen-
sion of the evil has been prevalent amongst cul-
tivators. We have before us two interesting
cases which require special attention.

Tho first is that of a Deodar, an account of
which, aocompained by specimens, has been
transmitted to us from Chatsworth, by Mr.
Taplin. Nearly all the Deodars suffered
materially from tho winter of 1860-1861, but
the tree from which the specimens were taken
stood in a dry sheltered spot and escaped. Its
condition, however, daring the present year was
deplorable, and it is now quite dead. Each
branchlet was reduced to a little rough body,
looking like a portion of some caterpillar, about
a quarter of an inch long, the only sign of life
being the appearance at the tip, of a minute
tuft of bleached leaves about half a line in
length, an appearance of which we have once seen
the parallel in the case of some Scotch Firs. On
examining the roots, which wore developed
in a loose, micaceous schistose soil, which might
be supposed peculiarly favourable to growth,
thoy were found to be densely covered with a
powdery mycelium, while a section of the trunk
exhibited undoubted signs of its deep penetration
into the deep-seated tissues. Had the evil beeu
ascertained earlier it is very possible that lifting
and judicious root-pruning might have stopped
the evil, as was the case some years since with a
Deodar at Kew. At the very first symptom of
disease, where tho preservation of a yiarticular
tree is desirable, the condition of the roots
should be carefully examined, and there will be
then a very good prospect of arresting the evil.
The tree, it should be observed, had not
apparently suffered fi-om the severe frost of last
winter, but it made no growth beyond tho slight
effort described above. There can be no doubt
that the malady dated from at least the previous
year, anil very probably was of long standing,
though not observed till its effects became too
glaring to escape notice.

The other case is that of some Peach trees,
respecting which we have the following informa-
tion. They are from eight to twelve years of
age, and have borne good crops of fine fruit,
until two years ago. 'They then showed signs of
disease, the first symptoms of which were brown
spots on the young wood and leaves, which
spread rapidly. Some of the shoots died in the
autumn in which they were attacked, while
others lived till the .spring. As the prospect of
any further crop was hopeless, they were lifted,
and the roots, as in the case of the Deodar,
were found to be extensively covered with white
mycelium, specimens of which aie now before
us. It is stated that there is nothing in the
border, which consists of a heavy loam, 18 inches
deep, and well drained, likely to favour the
growth of Fungi. It is, however, difficult to
show that this is the case, as contagion may
proceed from very small morsels of uudecomposed
vegetable matter. It isuot, however, clear whether

1318

THE rTAT?T)El^ERS' OIIUONIOIE ANP AORirULTlIKAl, (iAZETTE.

[Dboembeb 28, 1867.

the contamination of one or two roots of the trees
themselves which have perished may not be suf-
ficient in some cases. We have seen, for example,
mycelium attack roots where the soil has been
sodden, though there was little apparent cause of
contagion from other quarters ; and a timely
renewal of the border with well-chosen compost,
and the removal of the affected parts, has been
found sufficient in such a case to restore health.
The subject is one which cannot be investigated
too closely by cultivators ; and we should be
inclined, by way of experiment, to wash slightly
any parts which had been only slightly affected
with a solution of hyposulphite of soda before
replanting the trees. M. J. B,

We are informed that Messrs. Lovell,

Eeeve & Co., will henceforth publish the Journal
OF Botany, edited by; Dr. Seemann, and that the
periodical in question will be issued on "magazine day."

A Chbtsanthemum and Floeal Society

has been formed in Trowbridge, Wilts, for the pur-
pose of holding a grand exhibition of Chrysanthemums
in November next. A number of prizes will also be
offered for Primulas, Cyclamens, Violets, &c., as well
as for Fruits in season at that timS.

THE NEW JAPANESE CHRYSANTHEMUMS.

I WISH to put on record some curious facts relating
to the new varieties of Japanese Chrysanthemums
raised by Mr. Salter and others, from plants introduced
to England by me, during my visit to Japan in 1860
and 1861. In the autumn of 1860 I saw, for the first
time, those peculiar forms of the flower whiola are'cul-
tivated in Japanese gardens, and was much struclc with
the effect they produced as ornamental plants. At
Tedo, the capital of the empire, where the finest kinds
are grown, I procured about 30 different varieties.
Many of them had their blossoms most curiously and
remarkably formed ; the colours were varied, brilliant,
and in some instances very unusual, and, altogether,
they were quite distinct from any of those varieties I
had met with in China. On referring to my journal,
written at the time, I find the following entry : " If I
can succeed in introducing these varieties into Europe,
they may create as great a change amongst Chrysan-
themums as my old protegee, the modest 'Chusan
Daisy' did when she became the parent of the present
race of Pompons."

There were many varieties in cultivation which I did
not attempt to bring away, but selecting only the best
and most attractive, I brought them over from Japan
to Shanghae in China. Here it was necessary to leave
them in charge of a Chinese gardener, while I went
north to explore the country about Peking. During
my absence in the north, the autumnal rains about
Shanghae had been unusually heavy, and on my
return I found that many of the Chrysanthemums had
damped off, and many of the finest of those I had
selected were thus lost to my collection. About a
dozen or 16 kinds, however, were found alive, and these
were introduced to England. So much for the
history of these plants, which I have ^■elated some-
what fully, in order that the reader may more readily
understand the further statements I have to make.

And now I come to the most curious part of my
story : Mr. Salter, of Hammersmith, having procured
seed from one, or at most from only two varieties of
those introduced by me, has raised a large number of
new kinds, not only differing in colour, and in form
also, from the plant or plants from which he obtained
his seeds, but identical, ornearly so, with the varieties
now cultivated in Japan, and which I lost on the
journey home. This result, moreover, in my opinion,
has not been obtained by hybridising, for the simple
reason that the pollen of the kinds now produced,
oould not be obtained in Europe. It would appear,
therefore, that in so far as the Chrysanthemum is
concerned, if we are in possession of one variety only
we may make it reproduce all the other varieties in
cultivation in those countries from whence it came, or
at least varieties so like them in the form and colour
of the flowers as not to be distinguished from them,
and this without subjecting the variety in question to
the influence of any other pollen than its own. In
fact, flowers will be produced not only differing in
colour from the parent, which is but a small matter,
but entirely different in form also.

It is a well-known fact that individual plants of the
Chinese Chrysanthemum " sport," as it is called, in an
extraordinary manner; that a plant will sometimes
throw up a stem producing flowers of quite a different
colour from its own, and that the new variety may be
perpetuated by propagation. But although well
acquainted with this peculiarity of the plant I was not
prepared for the changes which may be produced in it
by reproduction from seed, and was rather surprised
when visiting Mr. Salters' collection a short time ago,
to find varieties reproduced which I had lost on the
journey from Japan to England. I have now no doubt
m my own mind that all those remarkable varieties of
the Chrysanthemum seen by me in the gardens of
Yedo, and probably many more, will now be reproduced
from the seed of those few kinds which I managed to
bring home to England.

There can be no doubt that these pretty Japanese
flowers will prove most attractive objects in the green-
house and conservatory during the dull months of
winter. I am aware that for exhibition purpose^,
with our present ideas as to form and other peculiarities,
they may be considered unsuitable, although in these
reforming days it is just possible a change may take i
place in the views of florists themselves. There is a

degree of stiff sameness in a house filled with incurved
dooms, which is far from pleasing to those who are not
learned in floriculture, and artists who wish to make a
picture of these flowers are quite at their wits' end
about the matter, and search eagerly but vainly for
those fine tasselled blooms which were the pride of
our gardens some 30 years ago.

In addition to their having flowers of curious and
elegant forms, and of varied and briUiant colours, these
Japanese Chrysanthemums possess other properties
which render them valuable. Many of them remain
long in bloom, and bloom later in the season than
the Chinese kinds, so that we may have our greenhouses
gay with them all through the dull winter months,
when flowers are most rare.

Persons who have not visited Japan can have but a
faint idea of the gorgeous beauty of these plants in
their native country. The Japanese gardener grows
his plants to a large size, and covers them with hun-
dreds of blooms. Each individual bloom, too, is of a
size far larger than we are accustomed to see in this
country. Much of his success is, no doubt, due to his
skill in cultivation, but he is much indebted also to
the climate of his country. Let me take another leaf
from my journal on this subject, to give some idea of
that climate :—" The autumnal months [are generally
very delightful ; the sun is sometimes hot in the
middle of the day, yet the air is cool and agreeable, and
the evenings are most enjoyable. At this time of the
year the sun, for days, and sometimes for weeks together,
rises in the morning, runs his course, and sets in the
evening in a sky on which not a cloud has appeared."
Whata glorious climate, then, for the Chrysanthemum.
Robert Fortune.

EXPOSING VINES DURING THE WINTER.

In former days the practice of exposing Vines
during the winter months was very common. Some-
times it was done from necessity, either through Pine
plants being grown in the same house, or through the
house being required for some other purpose, such as
forcing Strawberries, &c., whilst the Vines were at
rest ; but it was also not unfrequently done under the
erroneous impression that exposure was beneficial to
the Vines. It was a practice in those days by no
means uncommon to remove the whole of the lights
from the Vineries and Peach-houses for several
months. The consequence of this practice was, that
in severe winters the buds and wood were greatly
injured, and sometimes killed; and after the lights
were put on, and forcing commenced, the buds on
Peach trees would fall off instead of swelling, and
young shoots and large branches would not unfre-
quently die off; while Vines, even with almost constant
steaming, syringing, and forcing, could scarcely be got
to break, and when any of them broke the shoots were
so weak they would not stand the least sunshine, and
shading— yes, shading — was had recourse to. If tliey
showed any bunches, they not unfrequently died off,
and the Vines eventually had oftentimes to be
removed, and fresh ones planted in their places. Most
gardeners of any lengthened experience will have seen
instances of this kind.

The practice of exposing Vines in these days, even,
is not altogether done away with ; but it is now done
more from necessity than choice, through the houses
being required for other purposes. Vines that are
grown under glass will only bear a certain degree of
cold, and to expose them to the rigour of our winters
without any kind of protection, is to run the risk of
having them seriously injured, or, if very severe frost
should set in, to have them completely ruined. When
it becomes necessary to take Vines out of a house, they
should be protected by some means from the severity
of the winter. If there be no special provision made
for this, such as double sashes in front, &c., then they
should be well covered up with mats or straw.

I have known several instances of Vines being greatly
injured by being exposed to the rigours of winter.
One case that I saw some years ago — that of a
house of young Vines completely ruined by a severe
frost — struck me very forcibly at the time,
and has convinced me of the erroneousness
of exposing Vines to the severity of winter. I then
resolved that I would never expose Vines to the rigours
of winter; and that if compelled to take them out of
the houses, I would adopt the precaution to protect
them well whilst they were out. From what I have
seen myself, and from the number of queries that fare
annually sent to the gardening periodicals about Vines
not breaking, breaking badly, &c., I am convinced a
great amount of mischief is done to Vines by exposing
them to the weather.

" To he forewarned is to be forearmed ; " and as the
season is at hand when Vines are generally exposed, I
take this opportunity to impress upon any one who
may be about to do so, the necessity of well protecting
them whilst out of doors, either by mats, straw, or
other material. By so doing, they will have the satis-
faction of saving their Vines from injury, and of seeing
them break freely and strongly ; and with proper
attention they will be rewarded with crops of fine
Grapes. M. Saul, in " Florist and Fotnotogist."

ON PURE HYBRIDISATION ; OR, CROSSING
DISTINCT SPECIES OF PLANTS.

[Extracted from a paper read by Isaac Auderdon-Hemy, Esq.,
F.L.S., President of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, on
14th Nov,, 18(j7, being the opening address of the 32d session
of the Society.]

(Concluded from p. 1296.)
lat. In my various crossings I have had my hands on many
hard as well as soft-wooded genera -in particular I would here
instance among the former the Rhododeniiron tribe. There I
have again and again been baffled to reciprocate a cross which
on one side was comparatively easy to be effected. When the
lovely and fragrant Rhododendron Edgworthii first bloomed i

in this country, all were eager to see its beauty and perfume
transfused into dwarfer and hardier forms. Womo tried the
cross by making Edgworthii the female or seed-bearer, others
by making it the male. I tried it in both ways, but, for my
own part, all those efforts failed where I attempted the cross
on the Edgworthii. But while it would not be brought to
bear hybrid seed, I had no great difficulty in effecting a cross
from its pollen on R. ciliatum, auother of Dr. Hooker's beau-
tiful Sikkim species, having all the desirable requisites of
hardihood, dwarf habit, and free-flowering tendency ; and,
singuljirly, just as I had obtained and sent off blooms of this
brood to Jay before the Committee of the Horticultural
Society of London, Messrs. Veitch of Chelsea anticipated
me in having a plant of this identical cross first exhi-
bited before that Committee, which is now well kiiown
and generally cultivated under the name of " Rhodo-
dendron Princess Alice." Now, neither I nor any one
who ever tried it, so far as I know, ever effected the inverse
cross of R. cihatum on R. Edgworthii ; and if they did the
progeny would long ere now have appeared in nurseiy cata-
logues. But more of this below, though there is yet one other
instance I may notice now as uu illustration of the matter I
contend for here. In my former paper I noticed, as an excep-
tion to a rule I had found almost general—viz,, that European
had great aversion to cross \vith Asiatic species— that I had,
notwithstanding, effected such a hybrid by crossing
R. eleagnoides (another of Dr. Hooker's acquisitions, a tiny
Sikkim species) on the European R. hirsutum, and of having
sent the survivor of the two plants which came of it to Kew,
of which, by the way, Dr. Hooker writes me, that it dwindled
away and died after being a few years in their hands ; but by
no possible means could I invert that cross, or get that same
very interesting tiny yeUow-fiowcred species, R. eleagnoides (a
form of R. lepidotum), to submit to a cross from any species
whatever. But, with the intention of returning to this matter
below if space admit, I shall here advert to the second point
which Wichura lays down as a dogma — viz., that the progeny of
reciprocal crossing, whether it is A on B or B on A, arc pre-
cisely alike.

While my past experience goes with what I have obsci'ved
this bygone summer, it may perhaps suffice to give the latest
instance. Having, through the kindness of Dr. Hooker,
obtained seeds of a beautiful new CaUforuian Arabis (A. ble-
pharophylla) bearing fine large rose-tinted flowers, I felt desirous
to infuse that colour into some of the other kinds I possessed.
After trying it on several, especially on A. albida, all in vain,
I at last effected a cross— a reciprocal cross— between it and
A. Soyeri, a white-flowered kind, something like the A.
albida, but with glabrous foliage. Of the cross, A. Soyeri on A.
blepharophylla, I have raised six plants, the product of two
very largely developed seed-pods. These plants are alive and
healthy, and promise an improved vigom- over either parent.
That the cross was sure I had the best proof, from there being
no seeds in the normal pods of the seed-bearer. Of the inverse
cross from one weakly seed-pod I raised one plant, which,
after maintaining a sickly existence for some two months or
so, has died off. But while this last cross was equally certain
as the others, like it the plant had more of the mother than
the father in it. In fact, I have oftenest fuuud the maternal
type most marked in hybrid progeny. I have various crosses
effected between distinct species of the Rhododendron, where,
while the male manifests Ms presence, the female type pro-
vails, flhave it in R. Jenkinsi crossed by R. Edgworthii, R.
caucasicum by R. cinnainomeum, and tlie hybrid from this
latter cross crossed again with R. Edgv/orthii, and especially
intheSikkim,species, R. virgatum crossed with another of my
hybrid R. ciliatum crossed by R. Edgworthii— all having more
the foliage and the aspect of the mother than thofather. Of the
plant raised from this cross I shall have more to say below. I
have another hybrid o£ the same R. virgatum, the female
parent crossed, I believe, by Rhodothamuus cham;ecistua, a
tiny procumbent plant of 3 inches, but :ill set with flower-buds
— not, as in the male parent, at the tips of the shoots, but, as
in the female, at the axils of the leaves. I have stated my
belief that tho Rhodothamuus is the male parent, but I cannot
do so confidently, from the taUies having got into confusion —
the specimens being planted out. But as sumo plants were
obcained from that cross, and as this is the smallest, I regard
it as likeliest to be the true progeny ; and the cross being an
extreme one— a mule, in fact — it is open to question. But as
I have this bygone season effected stUl more extreme—
certiunly more unlikely— crosses in that family, where there
cuuld be no miscarriage, you may, I think, take it as true in
the mean time. But I could overwhelm you with jjroof.
Darwin, at page 333 of the last edition of his "Origin of
Species," has observed tho above tendency. "When two
species," he says, "are crossed, one has sometimes a prepotent
power of impressing its hkeuess on the hybrid ; and so I
beUeve it to be with varieties of plants."

Naturalists of the highest note — Gajrtner, KoU'euter, Naudin,
and Wichura— are far from being at one on the subject of
variability, as Darwin has shown, especially as relates to
crosses : 1st, between species and species ; 2d, between
species and varieties ; and, 3d, between mongrel offspring.
But this is a complex subject ; and when such high authorities
are not at one, and Darwin admits that he cannot reconcile
ibem, is is manifest that the c;ise is still opeu to furthei- pro-
bation, Plea.se excuse me for citing him again in dealing with
the views of Gi?ertner, to whose testimony he deservedly
accords great value (page 331}. Gasrtner, whose strong wish
■' it was to draw a distinct liue between species and varieties,
could find very few, and, as it seems to me, quite unim-
portant, differences between the so-called hybrid offspring
of species, and the so-called mongrel offspring of
varieties. And, on the other hand, they a^ee most
closely ill many important respects." " The most important
distinction is, that in the first generation mongrels are more
variable than hybrids j but G^ertner admits that hybrids from
species which ha,ve long been cultivated are often variable in
the first generation ; and I have myself seen striking instances
of this fact. Gajrtuer further admits that hybrids between
very closely allied species are more vaiiable than those from
very distinct species, and this shows that the difference in the
degree of variability gi-aduates away. When mongrels and
the more fertile hybrids are propagated for several generations,
an extreme amount of variability in their offspring is
notorious ; but some few cases, both of hybrids and mongrels
long retaining uniformity of character, could be given. The
variability, however, in tho successive generations of mongrels
is, perhaps, greater than in hybrids." So reservedly does
Danvin deal with a subject on which a flood of the opinions of
others could be brought to bear ; but as they are not all con-
current, and not unfrequently conflicting, which they may
well be from the various subjects experimented on, he has
said, with commendable moderation, all that can be said on
the subject.

Fiom you, gentlemen, I respectfully claim the same kind
indulgence wMoh Darwin has shown to the testimony he has
had to deal with, in judging of the views I have offereu, and
am DOW to offer, on the experiments I mean, as briefly as I
can, to lay before you. But ere I enter upon them, it is
necessary to premise especially as regards that foriji of dimor-
phism which occurs among many tribes— in ail the Linuiean
classes from Pentandria up to Decaudria — in having very
generally one if not two pairs of anthers shorter than other
anthers in the same flower. And the same dimorphic form
often occurs in even a more marked degree in many tribes of
the class Tetrandria. Besides, as you know, and I have

Decemdee 28, 1867.J

THE GARDENERS' OIIRONTCLE AND AGRTdUETUliAL GAZETTE.

1319

noticed, it is tho dlstinctivo character of tho two ordora of
Didyuamia to have two long- aud two short starnena.

Aa observed in my formor pftpor, it is now 17 yofirs Hiiioo my
attention was drawn to the louff and shiirtHtJimunn, Imt to tUo
latter moro particularly in some nutlint; oporationa tUuro
alluded to, whore, by using them, I cro.s.sod that larj^c spocics
of Rhododendron, R. cinnamomeum, on tho piyniy Rhodo
thamnus chamwclstus. I rofor t<j those short fltammm u^ain,
aa the moans by which I succeeded in ofTcctiuK soma
extraordinary crosses which, I confidently beliovo, itufc f,.r
their nso aud my improving a propitious time, wuuM have
been utterly unattainable. As I havo said, I at first worked
only mth short statnous. These I used In all casus wliero T
wished to cross a lar^o on a small species. I havo now fonnd
that tho converse hoMs, and use tho long stamens where
I wiah to cross a amall on a lar^fo speolos. In all oxtromus
I use tho longest or shortest pair of stamens, aa tho cxso
demands. Tho short pair i.a generally well disfcmcod by tho
others— the longest pair is often not just so much in advance.
There is frequently an iutormodiito pair of short atanions,
which in cas.es less oxtromo are exceedingly serviceable, but
there are .seldom such intermediates among the long onus.
My reason for the use of those short, intermodiato, and long
etamena is intelligible enough. If I wish to cross a large on a
small species, tho smallest-grainod pollen being in tho shurt
stamens. I tako tho pollen of these atamons of tho lar^'o i)laiit
as best fitted to pass down between tho cells of the stigma to
fertilise the ovules of tho smaller species, and so effect tho
cross on it ; and so, cietcris paribu.t, with respect to tlio other
forms. As this paper has already so far e-tcoeded tho limits
I intended, I shall not go far baok on past yeare, but restrict
tho instances I am now to cite to the last few years, noticing,

I. CftossiNO WITH Shout Stamens.

The first cross I shall notice is one I have already .alluded to
—via., Rhododendron virgatum with my hybrid Rhoaodendron
B (R. ciliatum crossed on R. Edgworthii) ; and as this cross
is moraoi-ablo and instructive in several points of view, it is
proper to give you its history. On April 20, ]fl04, I find from
ray note-book that " I took off aU expanded blooms of
R. virgatum and castrated all mioponcd ones on tho plant,
thero being none left for self-fertilisation ; done in fine sun-
shine—west wind— with throe short anthers of li"— i. c, tho
hybrid male, being tho identical cross which produced Veitchs
Rhododendron, Princess Alice. Of this cross I ripened four
pods of seed, which I sowed on J.muary 2S, mQ5, and. with
some failures, got up by December that year seven nice
healthy pbints, all of which however, save one, I lost by an
accident. That one plant is now setting for bloom— not
at the axils, as tho female parent fR. virgatum) gene-
rally shows, but at the extremities of the shoots, as in
tho male (R. Edgworthii). But. as I havo had occasion
t<5 observe already, the type in all else is more that of the
female than of the male parent. By the mother's side this
plant is a hybrid, by tho father's it is a mongrel, and yet it
has a fair sharn of vigour in it. As in -its sexual aspect so in
its height, it is that of the mother. Some few cilia; are
noticeable on its leaves, but it has none of the tonientose or
dense hairiness of the male parent ; and so in this also it
partakes most of the glabrous foliage of the mother. Attain,
this doubly-crossed plant, aud the crosses which produced it-
all extreme— .show how such crossing may hasten on the
reproductive or flowering state. Never in all my expeaence
have I seen or heard of Rhododendrons oflfering bloom at two
years of age, for it is only now rismg in the third year of its
being. I have Rhododendrons now 15 years from seed which
have never shown the slightest tendency that way, tlmuijh
10 and 12 years I should consider about the mean at which
tbey attain their fiowoiing condition. If by such crosses tho
like precocity can be generally secured, practical florists may
turn them to some account m their profession. You will please
observe that I am now dealing with hard-wooded shrubs,
where there is in general more fixedness of structure and
habit, than in those on which the physiologists I have cited
hav3 chiefly experimented, and which are less liable to be
modified by the manifold influences which affect the more
pliant and shorter lived herbaceous genera.

2d. The next cross in tho Rhododendron tribe effected by
the short stamens to which I would direct attention is very
recent, ana one with which I took the utmost pains to prevent
miscarriage. The beautiful R. jasminiflonim of Java, with its
delicious perfume, and its long tubular five-lobed flowers, of
snowy whiteness, so like Eri&i Aitonia— so like, too, in form
and fragrance, the sweet-scented jasmine, and so unlike all
its own congeners, is tho subject of it ; and as I regard this
cross of some scientific as well as of some practical value, I
shall offer no apology for taxing your indulgence in giving
you particulars. I made it the subject of many attempted
crosses by many of its own tribe— all of which failed except
two, which, by tjie way, afford a good illustration of what I
alluded to in my former paper on the sympathies of plants,
and perhaps, too, of natural selection, though whotlior
it be in tho mode which Darwin regards, as leading
to diversity of species, I amnot positively assort, yet
I think it is wox-thy of his consideration. Well,
while it rejected so many of its legitimate brethren of tho
Rhododendron tribe pure and simple, I was somewhat sur-
prised that it took kindly with my hybrid B already noticed
—i.e., R. ciliatum (crossed by R. Edgworthii— a hybrid of
tho first degree, havmg large flowers of 3 inches diameter, per-
fumed, and also of snowy whiteness. After the bloom had
been long emasculated, on April 17, 1867, I effected the cross
with the short anthers of the hybrid B. The cross took
admirably— the seed-pod swelled, and was pulled fully ripo
about tho 12th of July last. On the 1.5th of that month I
sowed the seeds. For the purpose of compari.son, I sowed a
pod of its own plain native seeds which I had gathered pre-
viously, and had, In fact, sown it some 10 or 12 days before
I sowed the cross. These are both now up. While the native
seeds havo produced a fair show of feeble plants the crossed
seeds have come up in more than double the number of plants,
doubly ■vigorous in growth and habit, and with leaves so much
larger than those of the normal forms, as to remove all doubt
about the verity of tho cross.

3d. The next illustration I have to give you is of a small-
foliaged Indian Azalea, 18 inches high, which I crossed with
the taU and rnbu.st shaggy-fohaged Rhododendron Edg-
worthii. Two things more unhke in every feature from which
to effect a union can hardly be imagined. Yet, with the short
anthers— and it was with the very shortest I could find on
R. Edgworthii that I effected it— the oross, after careful
emasculation, was done on 6th May last. The seed-pod
swelled to its duo dimensions, and appearing to be ripe, I cut
a slice off it, and sowed the seeds so early as the 13th, and the
residue on the 2Sth of September last, and I have now gfit up
one or two plants. If I shall be so lucky as to bring It to
maturity, the progeny of this cross (one never before accom-
plished perhaps) should be a sweet-scented Aealea, having a
rose vaiiegation Uke the female parent, a novelty in its tribe ;
for though the Azalea sinensis has been crossed by Rhododen-
drons, lam notawareof anyauthcnticcross,orcro3sof anykind,
between the Rhododendrons and this proper Indian Azalea.

4th. I have still further a cross of the same nature, between
another Indian Azalea and the Rhododendron jasminiflorum,
the latter being aeam the seed bearer , and I here refer to it
mainly as showing another tendency of this Rhododendron
towards natural selection, or rather perhaps of sympathy
between it and remote species, if not genera, for the Azaleas
have till lately beeh regarded aa a separate tribe from the

Rhododendrons. The cross was effected In August last, when
it again rejected its moro natm-al allies, and formed a union
with tho Indian Azalea, a lato roKO-coloured sputtod variety, a
soodling of my own raiaing. Tho scod-pod of this oross is now
at maturity.

.ith. But I have now to call your attention to a cross In tliis
satno family boaring on Darwin's doctrine of natural selection,
or of .sytnpathy, in a still moro remarkable manner, which 1
effected last summer botvvoon that most gorgooiiH of all tho
Rhododcndrontribo— namely, the lovely wUltu, largo-lluworing,
aweot-MConted H. Anoklandi of Dr. Ilookor— anil an Indian
Azalea, the latter being the sood-boaror. I uiado the eroH.i on
two floparato days on two separate blooms, carefully omascu-
latod some time before; ami on the samo Ai^aloa I tried other
crosses with several of tho Ithododendron trlbo- viz., with a
3no form of R. arboruum, R. Edgworthii pure, and tho above
hybrid seedling iJ (R. ciliatum x R. Edgworthii). But
while every ono of thcso failed, tho crossos by R. Ancklandi,
wliich wore effected rospoctlvoly on IlOth April and 1st May,
took most kindly. Both pods swelled; and tho aootl-pods,
though green, appeared to bo sufilciontly ripe when I puUetl
thorn. I countod tho seeds in ono of these pods, and found
thorn to bo .about .^'24, all finely formed, but, I fear, to.i green
to vegetate freely, though aomo which I sowed appear to bo
coming up, I cannot vtiucb for this cross being effected with
tho shortest stamens, for tho stamens with which I effected it
wore kindly sent to mo from .another source, as I did not my-
self possess tho male plant ; but as I invariably select the
shortest for such crosses, my firm belief is, I bad so selected
those in this instance — and I had a plentiful supply of all
lengths to chooso from. In tho above oases of crossing a small
with a largo species, I hold firmly by the opinion that but fur
the uso of tho short stamens I could not have succeeded.
I havo few recorded instances of having extended
my experiments with thom far into other famiUes.
I certainly tried the Pelargonium in a plant I h.ad
of the beautiful white -flowered Madame Vauchor. I
fertilised a bloom with its tvvo shortest anthers, which,
however, wove very little shorter than the remaining
ones': and, from tho throe soeds which came of it I raised
two fine plants, far moro compact and somewhat dwarfer in
habit than tho parent, having the flowers equally fine, and
elegantly thrown up above tho plant. But the short stamens of
this section of the Geraniacow are very little shorter than tho
others, and I therefore cannot rely much on the results as
establishing the hypothesis I contended for in my formor
paper, namely, that where all other things are equal, a cross
or simple fertilisation with the short anthers tends to dwarf
the progeny— to my belief in which, however, I still adhere.
Tho instances I have given above support this othor hypo-
thesis, that by their uso you may cross a large on a small
kindred species, a result which without them you might
not effect.

II. Crossino with Long Stamens.

I have made fewer experiments with the long stamens, but
I have one before mo now no less remarkable, perhaps, for its
far-reaching result than any I have alluded to as done with
tho short anthers. It is a cross which I effected on the tall
Rhododendron formosum, fertilised with a scarlet-flowered
Indian Azalea, on the 11th June last. The seed-pod is finely
developed, but I havo taken caro in this instince to avoid
pulling it too early. And I may here notice once for all, that
to obtain the seeds of .», cross— especially if it be extremo-
sufliciently ripe, yon must allow a longer time for it than for
the ripening of the normal seeds on the same plant.

In all the above crosses I had perhaps less an eye to accom-
plish a purely scientific experiment than to effect a beneficial
result; for, after all, it is the quid sit utile which those for
whom this paper is mainly intended, will have most in view ;
and, in my estimation, science is best promoted when she is
made to minister to some xiseful end.

The following experiment among the species of Clematis
illustrates my view of sympathy as well as of antipathy, and,
I would add, of unnatui-al selection. Having many years ago
(long before the Messrs. J;ickm,an, who have accomplished
such wonderful results) been myself working on the members
of this genus, I bethought myself of trying my hand anew
upon it, with a view to infu.se a richer colour into a new and
larger flowering progeny ; and, as I have observed already, I
managed successfully to cross with pollen kept for 11 mouths
the beautiful 4-pctaled flower Clematis Jackmanni on a lii-
petaled flower of the fine C. Candida; but it is of a cross on
Messrs. Jackman's smaller but no less beautiful C. rubro-
violacea I am now to speak. Though, like its congener C.
Jackmanni, it sometimes conies with five or even sLx petals, it
is in its general tjTJO a 4 petaled flower. With a view to
improve it in this feature I crossed it also with pollen
of the largo flowered Clematis Candida taken from a bloom
having 17 petals, though this Clematis — a French hybrid,
I believe, from G. lamiginosa — is in its normal state
a 6 or 8-petalcd flower. Ihough I crossed two flowers, after
careful emasculation, I only gathered three seeds, but those
all of unusually large dimensions. After the cross had taken,
I left the normal blooms on tho crossed plant to their fate ; and
though visited by in.sects innumerable, and though the native
pollen was abundant, not one native seed, or any saving the
three produced by the cross, were ever formed on the pl.ant :
aud tho singular thing was that, with its own native pollen,
abortive on itself, I successfully crossed the fine double white-
flowered Chinese C. Fortunei ; and a cross more prolific in the
seeds it yielded I have not seen in the tribe before. I know
not the p.arentaue from whenco this C. rubro-vioLacea was
derived, though I believe it to be a mongrel with none of the
Fortunei blood in it : yet mark how kindly tho latter took
with ijr— another instiuce of remarkable sympathy ; but,
though I have no record of it, I think I failed to get C. rubro-
violacea to reciprocate this cross.

In all these instances of sympathy and antipathy, and
especially in this section of tho natural order Ranunculace:V!,
there is something so inexplicaVde to me, that I can only
concur with what Darwin has observed in his paper on tlio
existence of two forms in the genus Linum, where at the close,
in summing up the good grtined by the inevitable crossing of
the dimorphic flowers, and numerous other analogous facts, he
says that these all lead to the conclusion that some "unknown
law of nature is here dimly Indicated to us." And this law,
when discovered, may disclose more mysteries, tending,
perhaps, to the wider divergence of species, with constitutions
and habits better fitted for the climates and locaUties in which
they may be east, as well as for subserving the purposes they
are intended to fiUfil in the economy of nature. In looking at
RiinunculacoK, with their inmmierable male and female
organs (and the same thing occurs in the Myrtaccai, most of
the Rosaceee, some of tho Hypericacea;, and in many other
families and tribes), the idea was long ago suggested to me
that each separate row, from the outer to the inner circle of
the anthers, might have some separate function, just as I
believe that the long and short anthers have their separate
functions ; and with the view of testing the matter, I had last
summer begun experiments with these outer and inner
anthers ; but other aims and objects interfering, I gave up the
experiment after I had begun it on these Clematises.

But to make success certain, it is my custom, as I have already
stated, in cro-ssing either of the above poly.andruU3 flowers,
to take the entire bloom of one kind, and lightly to comb over,
with all its anthers, the stigmas of the flower to be crossed,
and leave Nature to make her own selection. In referring
to the Rubus tribe and its species, I am reminded of an

Intention I oxpre.Hncd In my former paper of perhaps
roturidng to tliom nftorwarda. I again tried my hand
ubon tliom laHt aummur. But though I trlod vurloua
croHrtOM among thom, and roclprooatod tho croas, I had no
NUccoHs in any, except between the R. bUlorua and tho R. Idiuua,
and that only where I made tho latter tho Hood-byaror. And
to miiko aiiro of oithor ovout— auocoaa or failure— 1 had tho
R Idious early potted and put under glass, emaHcuIatlng
ovcry bloom I meant to croaa ; and for more security I atripped
off all other flowors — nay, moro, I put tho oraoaculatod flowera
under lino gauzu bagM, to ward off tho invaaiou of insects.
When rti)o for orosMiutf I removed tho bag, and, on olTocting
the i-ross, I rcpLico I It. In tliin way I auccocdod in ripening
thrco berries of the cvo«s R. IdioiiM-i-R. biflorua. of which I
.sowed the sooda betwuun tho .5th and llJth July, though aa yet
none havo vegetated. Hut R. biflonia atubbomly rejected a
reciprocal cross. Again I tried both of these on H. rupofitiia.
and the latter on thom; and though R. mpeatria ahowud
aomo symp-ithy with R. biflorua, in a alight tendency to -form
seeds, these came to nothing. In all those attempts I applied,
aa I have saidj all the anthcia of tho male liowcr.

I cannot quit thia part of the subject without offering aomo
additional suggcationa to thoso of you who may wish to act on
aTiy hints I have it in my power to give : —

1st, If your desire be to kantcti tlio flowering condition of
plants- cross violently- 1. c, whore tho allies are not too noar
akin, and above ail, in tho ca'^u of mongrels ; for Nature, ere
alio gives up, always makes a violent effort to reproduce.

2d, If you wish to make your hybrid llowcr moro/<y?fy, as
well as larlf/, adopt tho samo advice.

3d, By following it, you will find th.at you have attained a
further advantage. Your pUint will remain longer in bloom ;
because most mongrels, especially those among herbaceous
or soft-wooded plants, tj which thcao aiiggestiona ajiply, aro
impotent to produoe Bced, or ne.arly so, and in such cases the
blooms remain long upon the plant. I have another idea, not
sufliciently tested, however, iu reference to the first point
among hard-wooded as well as soft-wooded plants, that all
such ;i.s ripen their seeds more quickly than others (sorno
among the Rhododendron tribe npon seed in half the time
that others take) will reach more quickly their flowering state.
Lastly, as to Pruit^s, on which, however, I have onlypartially
tried my hand, I entertain the belief that we arc on the evo
of a revolution ; that by judicious and persevering crossing
wo may not only transfer the delicious aroma of one to another,
and communicate hardier and more abundant IjearinghaViits to
the hybrid progeny, but farther, especially in stone fruits,
such as Pe.aches, Plums, Apricots, »fec., we may in additlm to
these adv.antages increa.se the size of the fruit and diminish
the size of the stones, and among Vines get rid of or greatly
diminish tho number of the seeds. And all this I hold to ariso
from that law of Nat\ire by which she not merely exerts hor
efforts to reproduce (to which, however, she assigns a limit)
but extends it, where these have failed, t*j make provision for
her creatures' wants. These view.s gather strength from what
has already beon done ; and I may specially allude to what
Mr. Standish, of Ascot, has achieved among Grapes, of whose
extraordinary results an account is given at p. 135 of tho
Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society for July, I8tj6.

In conclusion, permit me to observe that, while my aim has
been, in all the experiments I have brought before j'ou, rather
to achieve something useful and practical, than to teat tho
theories which Mr. Darwin and others— especially the conti-
nental saoaiis — have been so much engrossed with, I cannot
refrain from remarking on the results and the conclnsioua
which some of them have come to on prosecuting a series of
crossing operations, tending to show that such crosses do and
must eventuate in sterility. M. Naudm seems, like Wichura,
as already observed, to have limited his experiments chiefly to
herbaceous or soft-wooded plants ; and among such, especially
among Calceolarias, I too have often found myself brought to
the terminus of bitter and hopeless sterility. I remember ono
instanco where I had reached a perfect monster for size in
that tribe, but except in that particular it had no other
desirable property. Determined, however, to improve it by
crossing I found on trial I could make nothing of it, and on
examination I found its stigma was a hollow tube, and that
its anthors were hard masses, and contained not one particlo
of pollen. Man may run into such mistakes, but ho cannot
thence conclude that unviolated Nature does so. Speaking
from a general recollection which does not admit of my speci-
fying instances, I have often found among hybrid seedlings
some of a vigour which, in that respect, were in advance
of either parent. May not such often occur in Nature, and, aa
naturally selected parents become the progenitors of a hardier
and more vigorous race (which having in it, according to
Darwin's views, a tendency to diverge), may it not culminate,
in the long lapse of time, into a distinct species, and even
annihilate the weaker one which gave it beintr?— so that, in
Nature's crossing, may not fertility and vigour take the place
of sterility and weakness, into which she so generally dwindles
when modified by man's device ?

In a sentence, ere I close, I beg to express, as indicated at
the beginning, how far my ■ > u ideas harmonise with Mr.
Darwin's on at least some o [ . se doctiTnes propounded by
him in tho "Origin of 8.: -is." Ist, I am humbly but
firmly of opinion that that o • tion of the creation which we
inhabit came from the Creator's hand a completed work.
2d, That there were no separate or successive acta of creation
apart from, or as a sequence of those mutations or convulsions
through which this globe has passed. But I no less firmly
believe, differing from Mr. Darwin, that it so came clothed
with a vegetation of innumerable types and forms, different
it may be from those that now appear, but from which these
Last, much varied, chanped, and modified, are nevertheless
logitimately descended. 3d. That differing again from Dar-
win's belief, expressed summarily at p. 570 O^st edition),
'* that animals have deatcndcd from at most only four or five
progenitors, and plants from an equal or lesser number,"
I nevertheless, as respects the latter (for with the former
I have nothing here to do), agree with him that there may, and
most likely (through tho vast lapse of unknown time which, it
must be admitted, is involved in this earths history) has been
a great divergence of species, whether arising from natural
.•lelection or descent with modification, or other causes. We
see the laws by which such divergence may arise in operation
around us now. I have no siinpathy with those who, object-
ing to one part of his doctrines, wilfully shut their eyes to the
grounds and facts on which the broad basis of his theory ia
laid, the truth and value of which, to my mind, is in no way
shaken by all that is hypothetical being swept away. Holding
the belief of innumerable vegetiblc forms having been simul-
taneously evoked into being with Creation, all the diverrfen^e
of species and dieeisit'/ of character for which Darwm con-
tends may, I think have arisen from the causes assigned by
him. And. as for their di.yiersion, this, I humbly think, ia
reasonably accounted for from the various causes detailed by
him, and briefly summed up in the following passag* ;— " The
process of diffusion," he observes (p. 3D0), " may often be very
slow being dependent on chmatal and geographical changes,
or on strange accidents, or on the gradual acclimatisation of
new species through the various cUmates through which they
have to pass, but in the course of time the dominant forma vtiil
generally succeed in spreading."

I had intended farther, ere I closed this paper, to have
offered some remarks on the very interesting paper of M.
Naudin on hybridism, and had in fact written down some
views with that intention ; but as I have already exceeded all

1320

THE GAIIDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGEICULTDRAL GiZETTE.

[Decembee 28, 1867.

due'bounds, I must for the present leave that intention unful-
filled, having already detained you far too long on objects
which, however interesting to me, are, I fear, tiresome and
tedious.to you.

VINE CULTURE AT GARSTON.— Ko IV.

Pot Vines and General Management. —
Imagine a house 200 feet lonft, 40 feet wide, and 20 feet
hi5;h, solely reserved and employed for the culture of
Vines in pots ! It is arranged thus ; two beds, each 15 feet
in width, are separated from one another by a broad
central path. These beds assume the form of what are
generally constructed for the cultivation of the Pine,
having 9-inch brick walls tuilt about 4 feet above the
ground level, for the introduction of bottom-heating
materials. Mr. Meredith, however, like most modern
experimentalists, prefers the introduction of hot water,
rather than to adopt tbe precarious method of the use
of tan and leaves as a heating power, so that he
may, like the skilled mechanic in charge of the loco-
motive engine, control its action to almost an infinitesi-
mal degree. The beds in question are therefore
simply used for retaining the plunging materials, which
serve the double purpose of diffusing the artificial
heat and arresting the speed of evaporation. The
importance of controlling in some measure the speed
at which moisture is extracted from the e.xposed surface
of an earthenware pot in a tropical atmosphere,
must be obvious to every thoughtful mind. If
the roots of the Vine, or, in fact, of any other plant
cramped within the limited compass of an earthenware
pot, and exposed to the burning influence of the sun,
had the power of signifying the position best suited to
their wants, it would be found — and, indeed, is so, by
the best of all crucial tests, practical experience — that
shade and darkness are most agreeable to their propa-
gation, and that without it they have not capacity for
absorbing food sufficient to uphold and maintain a
vigorous plant. It is, therefore, a wise plan to adopt the
plunging principle, because, independent of all the
advantages which have been referred to, there is so much
less need for artificial waterings, which always more or
less disturb the physical constitution of any compost,
and consequently infringe upon what all cultivators
have learned to appreciate and provide for — aeration.

Few readers will probably doubt the wisdom of the
principles whichlhave been endeavouring to inculcate,
but some may doubt the absolute necessity of carrying
them out in strict integrity. If there be any such,
I could very much wish that their eyes had seen the
groups growing in different stages in the houses referred
to. Few places in the country have indeed sufficient
accommodation to spare for the culture of pot Vines,
to grow them upon the plunging principle, and with
that amount of breathing space to every leaf and shoot
that Mr. Turner gives to his magnificent prize Pelar-
goniums, Mr. Wm. Paul to his equally grand pot
Roses, or the Messrs. Veitch to their huge Azaleas ;
but when there is such demand for Grapes, and so
marked a desire for extending the growing quarters of
Vines, why not give them the utmost encouragement
from their youth upwards ? Some idea of that kind had
evidently prompted Mr. Meredith when he determined
to construct and set apart this house for Vine culture
in pots, on a large scale, and with a proper regard and
appreciation for the term cultivation in the highest
sense of its meaning. In the first place, the plants are
all grouped according to their kinds, and sized after the
manner that one sees Heaths, Epacris, and Azaleas, in
any great wholesale house ; and as you pa.ss along tbe
walk you can observe that they are so apportioned as
to appear like nursery beds in miniature. The farther
advanced and the strongest of the plants are in 12-inch
pots, and the stems in the first instance are trained
to hazel rods, then to strings of matting, which, after
being secured towards the extremity of the rods,
are fastened to cross pieces of twine. By this means,
and by the aid of the person deputed to do the necessary
work, the growing canes never become entangled, and
every leaf is amply exposed to the influences of air,
light, and heat, and consequently fully acted upon
thereby. We have, therefore, a proof in this instance
of the best principles devised for root accommodation
and propagation, where heat is administered in a greater
or aless ratio, according to thejudgmeut and experience
of the responsible person, and a full recognition of the
important action of air, light, and heat upon the leaves
and stem of a plant from which much is expected in
future years. " Theoretically you may," some one may
re.ioin, " but, practicallj', what does it amount to ? " It
amounted to this : instead of the plants showing lon^,
lean internodes, and partially-developed buds that it
required an efi'ortof the eye to detect, and foliage like silk
paper, clothed with warty excrescences, that you might
crumble up like the fallen leaves of the forest, bereft of
their chlorophyll, every cane was plump as a hazel rod,
conspicuously short-jointed, the eyes "large and
prominent," and the foliage of the most lusty green,
well developed on stumpy foot-stalks, and, when coming
in contact with the hand, rustling like friction of the
same kind on a richly brocaded silk. Surely this is
evidence to show the appositeness of the axiom that
" what is worth doing is worth doing well."

But what will become of that great lot of pot Vines ?
Thousands of them are dispersing over the country
we are aware, but their places can in a measure be
replenished from the auxiliary stock growing in
numerous little service houses dotted here and there
over the 'place. I would not have ventured to pro-
pound such a question supposing it should be at the
tip of the tongues of a thousand readers, were it not
for the divulging of Mr. Meredith's plan for utilizing
surplus stock, and turning the produce into money.

Every house in the trade has its surplus stock, and

Mr. Meredith would be a lucky fellow indeed if he
could dispose of all the thousands at his command.
His plan is to select the best favoured of the surplus

batch, and force their produce into the market as early

in the season as possible. It is no disadvantage with
such late-keeping kinds as Alicante and Lady Downes',
for it requires age after the period of colouring to make
either of the sorts palatable, and although they won't
take the market in May and June, they will be sought
after in October and November, when the same
varieties, ripe enough looking to the eye in the latter
months, are insipid and ill flavoured. How much is it
an advantage from this point of view to have strong
fruit-bearing canes able to yield a respectable crop !
and how disadvantageous are ill-grown plants, a surplus
stock yielding nil !

Mr. Solomon reminded the writer of a capital plan
adopted by Mr. Meredith for dinner-table decoration
with pot Vines, which may serve as a "wrinkle "to
those who require to attend to these sort of things, and
who have not already practised it. The plan is to form
a series of arches at intervals along the table with pot
Vines full of fruit. This can easily be done by placing
a couple of Vines at a convenient distance from one
another, and tying their extremities together in the
form of an elliptic arch, which can be kept in position
by fastening to some ornamental stand in the centre of
the table. Black Grapes look particularly luscious
served in this way, the more especially if they have
been under the hands of a good culturist. "With the
ornamental guards in use for encasing the pots, the
fruit and the foliage, and the graceful way in which it
hangs, there could be nothing more captivating to any
number of guests, no way half so appropriate, not even
the elegant March design, for presenting the offerings
of Pomona.

In conclusion, let it he said that nothing in the
routine of culture, so far as could be seen, was
extravagant. The simplest materials compatible with
safety and durability, nhether with regard to the con-
struction of the houses, tbe make-up of the borders,'or
the internal arrangements for moisture and ventilation,
were in use. The older established Vines, and the
younger batches were in good health, evincing no
disposition, even in the moist atmospheres in which
some of them were confined, to produce roots from the
stems, which undoubtedly, as the Editor of the
" Florist " (at p. 192, No. 69) has so well said, arises
from " various causes, such as delicacy of constitution,
temporary ill health, uncongenial soil, defective drain-
age, cold borders, drought, excess of liquid manure—
from anything which would arrest the healthy progress
of the roots."

The ventilation and the heating power is ample, a
proper regard being evinced for extremes of heat in the
one case, and for that of cold in tbe other. Economy
is best studied, in all structures requiring much artifi-
cial heat, by having an extra proportion of beating
surface, or, in other words, of hot-water pipes. With-
out this the best of boilers is of little use. One ought
to attach far more importance to the fuel the boiler
and its furnace will consume, than to anything else.
Mr. Meredith prefers the saddle boiler on that account.
With a proper draught, what is called "dross," or the
refuse of large coal, will heat a boiler of this kind and
maintain it at much less cost than tbe form of boilers
where coke must be used to prevent the accumulation
of soot, which is so powerful a non-conductor. A.

Home Correspondence.

Orchard Houses and Oarden Walls. — With regard
to substituting orchard bouses for garden walls, there
appeared in your columns some time ago a faint
discussion. Some of your correspondents strongly
recommended orchard houses, while others clung with
a good deal of tenacity to the time-honoured garden
walls, protesting against their wholesale denunciation,
and contending that they are among the best features
of a garden. It may be remembered that some years
ago (see p. 742, 1852, and pp. 29.3, 582, 1853) I recom-
mended a plan on a new principle for the arrangement
of orchard houses, fruit and kitchen gardens, which, if
carried out, would do away with walls altogether as a
protection for fruit trees. Thirteen years' practice
at this place has strengthened my opinion in favour
of orchard houses rather than otherwise, as will
presently be seen. Although this is by no means the
wettest part of Argyleshire, the climate is upon the
whole wet and comparatively sunless. Our proximity
to the Atlantic, and the surrounding hills, greatly
influence the amount of rain. Last year, for example,
there fell here 63'90 inches, which is more than 4ouble
the average yearly fall in Hertfordshire. The number
of wet days, i. e., days on which '001 of an inch or more
fell, is 238. Our summers are more humid and cold,
and the winters more wet and mild than in England.
It may then be fairly inferred that even with the
assistance of glass there is a difliculty in ripening the
wood of fruit trees in such a climate. Such being the
case in houses, how does it fare with wall trees ?
The first failure with me was that of Peaches ; then
the gradual removal of Apricots, late Cherries, late
Pears, &c., in fact, anything and everything that would
not produce a crop. No doubt covering the walls
with glass would, to a certain extent, improve the
matter, but who in these days would think of building
a waU and then covering it with glass ? If a house
can be built for \l. per lineal foot, as your corres-
pondent " G. A. H." says (see p. 631) why, then, build
a wall at all ? But supposing that it cost more in the
first instance to build substantial houses, there would
be the comfort and convenience of permanent
protection in their favour. Besides, I contend that
houses of a limited extent would produce fruit in
greater abundance, of better quality, and with far
more certainty than a wall of a much greater extent.
Theie would thus be a great saving in the end. Walls
have always appeared to me to be a rude contrivance
for the protection of fruit trees, and I am sure that
the day is not far distant when they will be considered
things of the past, and will give place to something

more useful and ornamental. Although I strongly
recommend orchard houses instead of walls for the
protection of fruit trees most liable to be injured by
our changeable climate, I must not be understood to
advise the pulling down of existing walls merely for
the sake of change. Those, however, who are about to
make alterations or form new gardens, would do well
to consider the plan I have proposed, and the relative
cost between building glass houses and walls of brick,
or of any other material. James Russell, &r. to John
Malcolm, JSsq., of PoUalloch, Callton Mor, Loch'

French and English Horticulture. — In your Number
for the 16th of November last, Mr. Rivers, for whom
I, in common with most French horticulturists, have
a high regard, has criticised at much length the asser-
tions of your correspondent " W. R.," and has made
some comments on French gardening which call for a
reply. Tour Paris Correspondent confined himself
principally to the points likely to interest English gar-
deners. He paid comparatively little attention to those
branches of horticulture in which the English sur-
pass all other nations ; but, seeing that the wisest
among us has always something to learn, he took care
to study our French specialities, in the hope of being
useful to his countrymen. I pass now to the objec-
tions of Mr. Rivers. In the opinion of this renowned
horticulturist, it is not true to say that the
culture .of fruit trees against walls in the open
air in France is more generally resorted to than
in England. Mr. Rivers makes the bold assertion
that there are more fruit walls in the counties of
Middlesex and Hertfordshire than in all France.
In the majority of the departments, and especia,llj; in
the south, says he, all the walls are bare. This is a
great mistake. Not to speak of Montreuil, Thomery, or
Argenteuil, I assert that the departments of Seine and
Marne, of Aube, du Nord, de la Moselle, du Loiret,
d'Indre et Loire, de Maine et I'Oise, and many others
present a large extent of walls covered with fruit trees,
and for the most part well managed. I know both
England and France well, and I affirm without hesita-
tion that the extent of walls devoted to the culture of
fruit trees, and of the Vine, greatly surpasses that of
England and Ireland. But even supposing Mr. Rivers'
assertion were true, the answer would be ready : Why
should we cultivate against walls, trees which grow
everywhere in the open air in our climate ? Trees
planted in the open air, and trained according to the
difl'erent forms adopted, are much more numerous with
us than are Espaliers. [By Espaliers our corre-
spondent means, we presume, what we call Wall
trees.] In certain regions of France, in the
west and in the central districts for example,
all along the valley of the Loire from Auvergne to
the sea, the fruit gardens, planted with the choicest
fruit, send their surplus throughout the world. From
the statistics of the railway companies, I find that the
department of Maine et Loire alone sends into
England, Russia, Sweden, and Germany, fruit to the
value of five millions of francs yearly. I have said
England purposely, because our fruit fetches a high
price in the London markets. It must be understood
that I do not speak of the common fruits which grow
without special care in our orchards, and which are far
more profitable than the others for that reason, but with
particular reference to those trees which require the
assistance of art. We are not a little surprised to find
Mr. Rivers disparaging our arboriculture, which is
generally acknowledged to be superior. Belgium,
with all its famous cultivators, has only followed in
our steps; Holland has done little or nothing hitherto ;
Germany, and specially Prussia, sets up its school of
arboriculture, and borrows from us our professors.
I cannot say so much for England, where the pruning
of trees has been known for a long while, but
without having been modified and perfected to the
same extent as in France, by reason of the climate
not being so favourable to open air culture.
As to the assertion of Mr. Rivers relating to the
quality of fruit in hot summers, is it not notorious
that the hotter the spring and summer, the finer the
flavour of the fruit ? I could understand if he had
said that the size was smaller, but his dictum as to the
flavour is to us incomprehensible. Some years ago Mr.
Rivers sent out a pear called Winter Beurre, which
was watery and without much flavour, and hence met
with but little success. Some time ago a friend of mine
met a Bordeaux amateur, to whom he made the
remark that this pear was of little value. " Not so,"
said the Bordelais, " it is one of our very best pears."
Thus, under the influence of a southern sun, Mr.
Rivers' pear is transformed into an excellent_ fruit.
As to the cordon, its merits are fully recognised in this
country, especially in small gardens, where an abundant
harvest may be obtained from a small space. M.
Jamin's simple bi-lateral cordon is the best, used
as an edging for beds. I prefer the use of wire
without raidisseurs, and simply fixed to light po.'ts
of wood or iron. The wire is concealed by the
stem of the cordon, and instead of the appearance
of a gridiron, which Mr. Rivers fears, we have
that of a kitchen garden surrounded by garlands of
tempting fruit. In spite of Mr. Rivers, the wire will
remain, while the crooks advocated by him will scarcely
be adopted. Your correspondent " W. R." was quite
right in what he said with reference to M. Grin.
m! Grin has only a small garden, in which he
cultivates Peach trees accordin" to his method of leaf-
pinching, and where not a single lateral cordon can be
seen. [It is evident that this is a mere question of
words, and of the application of the word cordon in
different manners by different people.] M. Grin took
Mr. Rivers' friend to the garden of the Horticultural
Society, of which M. Faille is the curator. In this
garden experiments are made on the' different kinds of
pruning by various members of the Society, M. Grin
amongst others. TChus " W. R." has seen and has

Decembeb 28, 1867.]

TTTT; (lAT^DWKT^S' rTTRONTrnK A^^T> AO-RTOTTTTT^T^Ar, C,\7,V!mi

1321

plants late, so rui to throw thorn hack into late hearing?
I Miiiik tho liln'.'k I'riiioe likely to sucoeed on this plan.
I hiiv« ciI'Umi lliou^'ht of piirsuiiin this plan myself.
Forced tStrawhorry jilants, jjlaiit<!d out and earefiilly
attoriddd t(j, I sliould tliink, ini^ht be made to hear
late. I have iiiiTca.'<ed my stock of Rcil and While
Alpines, which horetiirouKh the season till Novoinher 4.
I cultivate them as highly as 1 should cultivate the
CJueen; and amply they repay me. I have received
from Mr. Hivors anotlior Alpine sort, red, called
Oalando, which he says is delicious, lieinj! highly
cultivated, the old Red and White Alpines were very
larRe this year. With or without su(;ar and cream,
I prefer the flavour to that of any Strawberries, except,
perhaps, tlio Uautbois flavour. They never cloy one's
palate. IK F. Radchjffe.

Ventilation and ['iiporinafion. — The diagrams and
description of Mr. Taylor's patent system of oireetin^'
tlieae objects, j^ivon at p. 12fiH, soem to re(|uire further
explanation. As the matter stands it seems that the
air current could hardly How in the direction of the
arrows, but in the opposite direction. Instead of cold
air coming in at c, I see nothing to hinder the hot air
from rushing out — all principles of "Vacuum v.
Plenum " notwithstanding. It is stated that " there
is indispensably reauired for evi-ry structure an air-
shaft arrangement, to produce the vacuuiu impulse for
securing the constant interchange of air by egress a.s
well as by ingress," but the position of no such shaft is
indicated in the plans given. Tlie object aimed at is
good, but further information is needed to prove its
practicability. Nothing could be hotter than the
liassago of the cold air through a hot vapour bath on
its way to the house. By such means it would not
only be warmed, but washed clean and watered
as well — points that are often of the highest
cultural importance. But notwithstanding what
the inventor says about the easiness of attracting
air into a building, and the difficulty of getting it out
again, I believe the only difficulty with his plan, as
given in your columns, would be in the opposite
direction. The cold air would not, I e.xpect, pass down
from c to b, but a hot current would be established from
S to c ; and if so a waste of heat and vapour would be
the nett gain of adopting this mode of ventilation.
Of course if a hot-air shaft is erected in connection
•with the opening it, a current may be established
sufficient to draw the cold air in ; but s\ich a shaft
would have to be carried to a considerable height, and
might seriously interfere with the ventilation of the
whole body of the house. Perhaps the patentee would
also state the cubic contents of his house, and whether
the one small pipe and opening has proved sufficient
to change the entire volume of its atmosphere with
sufficient frequency to insure sufficient s\ipply
of fresh air. Qnercus. [We believe Mr. Taylor
has had these pipes in use for some time past in his
own garden at Nursling, where they may be seen
in action, and that practically the difficulties indicated
above, do not arise. The air-shaft is not in con-
nection with the pipes, but in a distant part of the
house, for the e.xpress purpose of moving the whole
body of the internal atmosphere. There is, moreover,
more than "one small pipe" for ventilation. Each
uca,.,,, .... ^„,.. ...... ..c, ..^v,. ... ...^ .-.-, , length of piping used in the house, ^ intended to be

Every practical man with ah obiervant and they have no fear of us I often bear them close at ^f the form and character desc^^^

- - ■ - ■ ■ hand in the thick, warm shrubbery, within a few feet NeiD Application of Potalos— In tbe Inieuectuai

of me with their beak closely shut, warbling their ■ Observer" for November there is a paragraph relating
natural tune quietly in their throat in a very subdued , to a new application of Potatos for knife-handles ana
but musical manner. The starlings, at their meeting ! similar purposes. The Potatos are said to be tirst
place on an old naked-topped Beech, whistle and , peeled and macerated for about 3S hours m water, to
chatter away morning and evening as usual. My which 3 per cent, of _soda is added^ and^ alter macera-
have not been yet at all merry at night. " ' ' ' ------- ~—

truthfully recounted what he saw at Chartros. It is
to be hoped that Mr. Rivers will not go to the expense
of a patent for his four-branched cordons. Thoy are
to be found in many gardens in the neighbourhood of
Paris. It is with these forms that tho gardens would
resemble gridirons. May good sense preserve us from
such fancies. Without discussing tho question
whether the English " pahnettes " are " (iventails," I
heg to call attention to the superiority of tho form we
call palineftes simples, that is to say, bi-lateral cordons
of six or eight branches on a vertical trunk. This
arrangement in the midst of the beds offers these
advantages— great simplicity of' pruning and training,
abundant access of light and air to the fruit branches,
resistance to llie wind, protection against canker, and
non-intcrferoni'o with the culture of the ground on
either side. These advantages are contrasted with tho
inconvenience of the pyramids, which will sooner or
later be abolished, with much reason. If the English
horticulturists have great merits, the Pronch have also
their specialties. We know Arthur Young's writings
quite well, but if England has progressed since then,
Pranco has not remained stationary. In spite of Mr.
Rivers' assertion, the agricultural and horticultural
publications of Prance hold a high rank in European
technical literature. A French lIoHiciilturist,

Root Fibrils. — Pending tho publication of a paper I
have written on Hoots in a State of Nature and under
the Eegimen of Art, I think it better not to attempt
toanswer "T. B.'s" courteous and instructive state-
ments at p. 1295. This will prevent needless repetition,
and reveal to all concerned that however much we may
dilTer on minute points, at least we agree in this, that
we both sit at the feet of the same great teacher.
Nature. I also most freely admit that my
friend and instructor, "T. B.," has sat longer than,
and probably observed more minutely, and profited
more largely by his instructions, than I have ; and that
consequently he has strong presumptive evidence in

favour of his interpretation of her modes of working . „ ^-- -- ,, ,- i -,1

heing correct. Be that, however, as it may, I thank j amateur gardening is as child s-play compared with
him for his further information upon a most important ours. This has always appeared to me so palpable, that

the training of cordon fruit trees at the foot of walla, is
quite worthy of attention. In all these cases, the double
cordon trees, and curved iron rods, should bo adopted,
and if they are traineil at about 8 or '.I inches from the
surface of the soil,* they will bn found exceedingly neat
and nice. If Mr. Wills will give them a fair trial, as
I havo done, he will admire thorn as much lus I do.
In his impatience to quote from an article
by mo Mr. Wills has forgotten tho context, and
he will, 1 am sure, thank me for reminding him that
the article in question related to the most approved
modes of culture of fruit for market, whether as stan-
dard trees in Ura-ss orchards, or in cultivated fruit
gardens. I w;is much struck with the knowledge of
soils evinced by some Prencli cultivators, and their
avowed intention of planting fruit gardens. I have,
however, been disappointed, for they have not carried
out their ideas ; and this reminds mc of the quiet
methods of many English cultivators who practise more
than they publish. I know of one fruit gardener near
London who often sends to market from 1000 to 2000
bushels of Victoria Plums, and an equal quantity of
another sort of Plum, yet all is done quietly. My voice
has been raised more particularly in favour of English
amateur gardeners, whom it would seem, from what
we have read, have no knowledge of fruit tree culture.
Prom my own experience, which I know is far beyond
that of any other cultivator, I fearlessly a.ssert that a
body of clever amateur gardeners does not exist in
Europe equal to what we nave in England, by which
I mean the United Kingdom. As a rule, the French-
man loves the town, the Englishman the country—
hence the thousands upon thousands of detached villa
residences, with their well-managed gardens, scattered
over the face of the country in all places favoured with
pleasant sites and fertile soils ; 10,000 rectories and
vicarages ;alone furnish a body of educated amateur
gardeners perfectly unrivalled, and our men of business,
either artisan or retired, are nearly all devoted to their
gardens. As far as I have seen, the continental

point of fruit tree culture, and confess that the
additional intelligence so clearly conveyed at p. 1205,
considerably modifies the impression I received from
the leading article on the subject. As to the facts of
the root fibrils being dead, in the cases cited, of course
I never doubted that it was so. But, perverse as it may
seem, I am still in doubt whether they can be said
to havo died a natural death. If only those on the
surface die, that is only what wo all must have

when in September last I read what seemed an attempt
to lower our gardening stttus by asserting inter alia

that we knew not how to i

J V ttoSCl Ullli^ tlU'^l t*i«it

, wall Peach tree, I at
once wrote my experience on the subject. I had not —
neither could I have— any other motive than to tell tho
truth to the world. T. R.

Our Native Soiirrsters.—'i^ever in any autumn
within my remembrance have I heard so little singing

amongst our native birds. I have heard the grey or song

expected, as there, itmu^t'bo admifited, the roots were ' thrush but once this autumn, and then only totheextent
in an abnormal position. Unless in the case of aijrial , of a tune or two. The thrush leaves us at the end of
roots, a covering of some kind is the first necessity of ' August, as soon as moulting is over, for the South ol
root life. I wish therefore still to press the question of Prance and Spain, to assist at the ingathering of the
what depth beneath the surface the fibrils were found Grape crop, returning here again, fat and heavy, in
dead ? I may also slate that I shall possibly take November. And previous to this season, it has on all
objection to the roots of plants heing classed with i mild mornings and evenings throughout winter given
cannibals. My experience points in the opposite , us a hearty song. Not so, however, this season, ihe
direction to this. While they greedily devour almost ' storm cook, or missel thrush, also, in seasons gone by,
everything else, roots seem to avoid eating them- would often screech out its hurried songs, but these
selves, either living or dead. But I am sliding ! also have, so far, forgotten thoir music, though wo have
into criticism, against my intention ; and conclude for , flocks of them clearing the berries of the Mountain
tho present by again inviting the attention of any root ' Ash and Holly. The blackbird but seldom sings out
grower to the elucidation of these vitally important heartily till Pebruary. Here, where we, feed them,
questions. Every practical man with an observant ""'' *■""" ■'""" "" ''"■"" '
eye, ought to be able to furnish valuable information
on this point ; and tho question should not ho per-
mitted to rest until the perpetuity or otherwise of the
feeding roots in their normal condition under the
earth is removed from the regions of speculative
theory, and arranged in tho category of clearly demon-
strated facts. D. T. Fisti.

Cordon Training.— The horizontal trees supported by
iron rods mentioned by Mr. Wills as having been
under his care some 40 years ago, and as having
failed, were probably badly trained, and the rods not
quite perfect ; so the experiment, as usual in such
oases, failed because it was not well handled. Por
some years I failed in experiments (too numerous to be
named) that are now carried out with the greatest
success. Many years ago I saw the culture of the
Rose on the Manetti stock, fail with two or
three of our largest and most talented Rose growers.
but when the experiment was carefully attended
to, it was found that no failure ought to have taken
place. Mr. Wills must be now of a ripe age ; let him
try the double cordon trees for edgings, trained with

favourite owls ....

Tho beautiful warble of tho wood lark I have
occasionally heard, and the hedge sparrow and robin
have sung heartily. Tho jovial little Jenny Wren has
been, and continues to ho, very jolly— in fact, none of
our native birds sing for so many months and days in
the year as little Jenny Wren. James Barnes, Bicton.
Culture of Oladioli.—'Shere are two points in the
culture of Gladioli on which I would like to he satis-
fied. Catalogues of those bulbs often tell us that it is
unfavourable to their cultivation to plant them twice
in succession in the same place, or for two or three
years again. In small gardens this would be a draw-
back to their culture. Last year I selected what I
considered the most suitable plot I had for them, and
if this he tho case, I have to alter my arrangements
Svediron^rodC instead oTto"strain'edVron"^^ and select another, and so on. The plot has

i feel certain he will, as I shall do, discard the latter.
It is now years since I took to the single cordon
Apple trees, trained to wires, for edgings, the simplicity
of the method seemed so obvious, and, like the first
declension in the Latin grammar, so easily mastered.
After a time my eye became educated, and then I
caught myself comparing these one-branched trees to
an unfortunate one-armed Chelsea pensioner— there
seemed something wanting ; tho want was at once
Eupplied by training a tree with two arms instead of
one, and calling it the double cordon tree, hy which I
mean a tree with one stem from which a branch on
each side and of an equal height from the ground is
trained, and this is the most eligible of all forms for
edging trees, unless the garden be small, and then the
guadruple cordon giving a double crop maybe employed.
These double cordons, supported with curved iron
rods, are so "' gardonesque," to use a Londonism, and
so artistic and pretty under all circumstances, whether
it he under glass ridges, as I have Pears, Apricots, and
Peaches, or as edgings to borders, as to insure a great
share of popularity, they have not tho rude-bent
tree expression of the common single cordon. The
curved iron rods, of which a figure is given in
p. 1242, will be found most convenient for supporting
Vines in ground Vineries, in preference to allowing
them to rest on the slates ; they are also most con-
■vcnient to support Vines trained along tiie foot of a
wall. The huit also given hy " W. K.," I think, as to

already boon well turned up, plenty of good manure
has been mixed with the soil, and it will get another
feed before planting. Would you consider that suffi-
cient inducement to place them in the same bed ? I
have also read that lime does not agree with them.
Can you inform me if this is the case ? R. O. Ross.

Late-bearing Strawberries.— I as well as " Pructus "
(see p. 1243) was much interested hy the statement of
" A. P. B." (see p. 1218). I at once came to the same
conclusion, namely, that the late bearing was owing to
spring removal, or late spring planting, as I know of
no Strawberry that holds its first or prime crop of tho
year hack so late ; nor have I ever had any that coru-
mence with the usual crops, and continue bearing till
November except the " four seasons," called Alpines.
I have Mr. Gloede's Perpetual Pine here, and I shall
see what that will do. Mr. Rivers sent it to me, with
a fair short-trial character. Very early or very late
Strawberries are never so good as mid-season ones.
" A. P. B." says tho sort is called Triomphe. I know
of only one by that name, which I had some years
back— an American esp^ce. Tho plant is of dwarf
habit, the fruit red or scarlet, the foliage semi-glazcd,
and season early. Would " A. P. B." state whether
his kind answers to this description, and also whether
ho planted the sort late in the spring, or removed the

• As these cordon trees put forth thoir shoots from their
upper surface, this height is enough ; the epurs soon attam a
height of 12 to 15 inches.

tion they are boiled in a solution containing 19 per
cent, soda, when a substance is produced resembling
stag's-horn, and which may he used for the purposes
above-mentioned. It seems also that Turnips may be
used with similar results, and if an artificial coral is
required Carrots maybe substituted. Specimens, we
are told, were exhibited at the recent Pans exhibition,
which, however, I failed to see. Can any of your
correspondents inform me where this new branch ot
manufacture is carried on, and where they can bo
obtained "i J.R. J. ^ . , o , ,i

Boilers.— Ki the inventor of the Terminal Saddle
Boiler, will you allow me a small space to offer a little
explanation on one or two points alluded to by Mr.
AVills ? (see p. 1243,) I presume that the terminal end
and tho side wings are so advantageous and yet so
simple that I need say nothing in explanation ol those
parts ; but as regards the openings into the side Hues,
these wore purposely kept as small as possible, con-
sistent with a good draught, to prevent the heat
escaping from the centre of the boiler. The groat
fault in most boilers is, in my opinion, the ease and
rapidity with which the products of combustion pass
into the flue. Tho fire glides along to the nearest
opening, and meeting with no check, the flame ruslies
onwards, quickly passing the boiler, enters the flue, and
is then lost, for I need not remind your readers tliat
once behind the boiler it is no longer of any service
to the apparatus, but is absolutely lost. Let any
one place his hand upon a flue or chimney near
the boiler and he will soon be convinced ot tho
terrible waste that is going on in the manner
described. My object was, as far as possible, to
prevent this loss-to make the boiler absorb this heat
and not to allow it to get away until the iron should
conduct it to the water, which is after all, the essential
point in heating. Anything which passes ^e hoiler
hotter than the water it contains,'is waste, ludeed so
deeply impressed was I with the importance ol this
point; that I not only reduced the size of the openings^
but I placed thci down in the side considerably below
the top of the arch, knowing that the heat and flame
would rise to the highest point, and if they found an
opening there they would immediately escape,
by keeping the openings low, the
above them into a kind ot vault,

But

heat rises
where it

1322

THE GARDENERS' CHEOKICLE AND AGRICtJLTTJRAL GAZETTE. [DECEmEE 23. i867.

is retained, and held back from, the flue,
and of course all the time it is in contact with the iron
it is acting upon the water. All that is required of
these holes is sufficient opeuing to secure enough
drau"ht for the combustion of the fuel. This is amply
provided for, and in those boilers which I have in
use a damper is employed which reduces the
space to at least one-half the area before checking the
lire, and must, in order to stop it, be diminished to one-
fourth. As to the advantages of hollow bars, that is a
more open question. Opinions i.may, and do, dilfer
respecting them. I do not claim these as an invention,
but have merely adapted them to my boiler, think-
ing, as I do, that they possess advantages over
those that are solid. For instance, they never
" clinker," that is, they never form those large solid
masses from the fuel, which spread and cover over the
furnace where solid bars are used, which eftectually
prevent the air from passing up between them, and
thereby stop the combustion of the fuel, until they
are removed. This removal cannot be effected without
loss of heat and waste of fuel, to say nothing of a cloud
of dust, and fumes of sulphur. Then, again, they
are more durable. Solid bars soon burn away, 'ihey
•warp and twist into all manner of shapes with the heat ;
one will bend to the right, and the next wiU
go to the left, leaving a great opening, through which
fire and fuel fall into the ashpit, and the only remedy
is a new set of bars, which will soon be as bad
as the first if a good fire is kept, A gardener told mo
this autumn, that during the time he has had one o
my boiler.s at work with hollow bars, which are still
sound and good, he has, in another furnace, burnt away
three sets of solid ones. And then, lastly, they commu-
nicate heat to the water. Solid bars can often be seen red
hot, but with a small stream of water passing through
them this is prevented. How? Notbeoausethefireceases
to act upon the bars, but because the water extracts
the heat from them, and carries it away from the metal
as fast as the fire can communicate it, for it must be
remembered that there is a constant stream always in
motion, and that the water which is passing through
the bars at any given time is the coldest in the whole
apparatus. The bars then never can become very hot,
simply because the water carries away the heat as fast
as they receive it. The only drawback— so far as I
Itnow— with hollow bars, is, that they have a tendency
to check the draught. The hotter the bars the quicker
the draught, and vice versa. The fire is always more
sluggish on water bars than it is on those that are
solid, but where sufficient draught can be secured I
am persuaded that hollow bars are a great advantage.
However, as there are those who may prefer solid to
those that are hollow, arrangements will be made to
supply them iu either way, according to the wishes of
those who may wish to adoi)t the Terminal Saddle
ioilor.— y/jomas Jones, Or. to J. S. Taylor, Didsburi/,

Select Pears.— "yf. D. F." (see p. 1271) wishes to be
supplied with a list of the best pears on different soils.
The following 20 varieties, named in the order of their
ripening, may therefore be of service to him. They
are the best, all points considered, out of about 70
varieties cultivated here. The sorts to which I allude
are :— Jargonello, Bon Chretien (Williams'), Beurre
d'Amaulis, Louise Bonne (of Jersey), Comte De Lamy,
riemish Beauty, Beurre Clairgeau, Duchesse d'Angou-
16me, Conseiller a la Cour, Passe Colmar, St. Martin
Sec, Beurre de la Daille (two very nice Pears,
received here from Guernsey under the above names),
Marie Louise, Chaumontel, Beurre Diel, Winter Nelis,
Knight's Monarch, Bergamotte Esperen, Beurre
Banco, and Prevost. The above are all good llavoured
and excellent bearers, cultivated as bush and pyramid-
shaped trees, with summer pinching, and autumn root-
pruning. The soil here being a heavy loam with a clay
subsoil, they require frequent root pruning to keep the
roots near the surface, or they throwout sti'ong roots into
the clay, which produces a corresponding luxuriant
growth of branches to the destruction of fruit-bearing
wood. I speak here of these varieties on the Pear
stock ; some of the same sorts on the Quince stock
bear finer fruit, and the trees form nice, healthy, free-
bearing little bushes in less time than they will on the
Pear stock, but they will not make such large trees.
On the whole, I should prefer trees grafted on the
Quince where the garden is but small, and grown as
bush-sbaped trees. Such is the result of my experience,
after trying several modes of cultivation on both stocks
in the south of Hants.— J. Mai/, Westfield, Hai/ling
Island, Savant.

Wood Pajje)-.— Paper from straw is not new ; that from
Esparto grass is likewise waxing old, as is also paper from
wood— i.e., from shavings of Poplar and other soft and
white woods reduced to pulp in the ordinary way— but
the use of the actual wood in its natural state is perhaps
comparatively novel. Amongst the smaller and " uncon-
sidered trifles" in the stationery department of the
Austrian Court in the Paris Exhibition, might have
been seen visiting cards, so called, cut from thin
shavings of Sycamore, Plane, and similar even-grained
woods. This application was not entirely new to me,
as I had previously received for the Museum at Kew,
a similar " card" made of Beech, printed with name
and address from an ordinary copper-plate. This,
however, I thought was rather to show how thin the
wood could be cut, and how suitable it was for such
a purpose, than to denote its actual application ;
but after what I saw in Paris, where these
shavings were cut to the " regulation" sizes for
ladies' and gentlemen's visting cards, and done up
in packets, it was apparent that these wooden
" cards " had become an actual article of trade. Some of
your readers may have already seen and adopted them,
but for those who have not I can say that they are very
pretty, and that wood shavings are undoubtedly suited
to the purpose. Plane and Beech, however, though
prettily figured by the medullary rays, which show

well in these thin slices, are, perhaps, hardly so suited as
Sycamore, as this wood is much whiter, and conse-
quently the engraving is much more easily seen on it.
J. B. Jackson, Kew.

Foreign Correspondence.

C.iLCUTiA Botanic G.l^DE^fs.— The following
additional particulars, descriptive of the inj uries caused
by the late disastrous cyclone at Calcutta, are con-
tained in a letter addressed to Dr. Hooker by Mr. John
Soott, the Curator of the Gardens '■-'.,
Opinions are couflictiug as to the relative force ot
wind on this occasion, as compared with that of October,
18131 ; though not a few who were fully exposed to
both maintain that the differences are inappreciable.
Certainly as far as the Botanic Gardens are concerned,
the decrease iu the number of trees— estimated at 300
—uprooted on this occasion, is simply due to the
actual absence of trees to act upon. The gardens
are now, in fact, a mere waste, ruthlessly denuded of
all the noble and unique specimens for which they
have long been famous ; much of this is doubtless due
to that "unsparing hand" referred to in your book,
but more, infinitely more, is due to ungenial clime,
low swampy lands, and radically unfavourable soil.
Art can of course do much in the improvement of the
most unfavourable (physically and chemically) con-
ditioned Jsoil ; but it in vain attempts to counter-
act influences of climate, the occasionally devastating
cyclones, or the annually paralysing effects of the
Bengal winter, followed by the terrifying influence of
its hot seasons, on all plants from humid inter-tropical
regions. Wallich certainly did wonders m over-
coming the ungenial character of the latter, but
neither in his time nor yet in the preceding annals of
the garden do we find that its development was
thwarted iu any proportionately considerable way by
cyclone visitations. Furthermore it is to be considered
that the collections for which the gardens are chiefly
famous were grown on some two or three selected and
properly prepared sites of limited area. First was the
Mango Grove, as the gardens are entered from the
principal gale, where grew the Cinnamons, Nutmegs,
Mangosteens, &c. (on raised mounds of prepared soil) ;
of the latter there is not one now left, and of the
former a couple of miserable specimens barely exist-
all have been swept away, partly by the cyclone of
1861, and partly by the pernicious character of the sub-
soil, in which such plants can only have a very limited
existence. Next we have the Nepal collections, &c.,
grown on the mount in the eastern part of the garden,
including an area of some 5i acres; these used to forni
the principal collection of rarities. The cyclone of
1881 found it studded with rare and unique specimens,
and razed them by scores ; that of 18G7 has all but
eliminated the remiinder ; 11 trees only exist in the
shape of unique specimens, and of rare plants, of
most of which we had secured a young stock,
30 only survive— and these I am sorry to say, with
scarcely an exception, in a mutilated and unhealthy
state. Again, another collection of Roxburgh's
and WalUch's rarities existed near the entrance at
the north of the Garden from the road to Ilourah ;
of these Sterculia comosa alone now stands, and this
the mere skeleton of its former self. This, however,
we now regret the less, as the injuries it received in
1801 seem to have induced it to produce seed, so that
we have now eight healthy seedlings of this rare plant.
Near this also are the Calami planted by Dr. Thom-
son ; these had become fine plants, scrambling over
some adjoining Casuarinas, but alas ! both now lie low
enough,' and it wiU be long ere the Calami recover.
Wallich, in thus confining the cultivation of his rare
plants to those selected sites (which are in fact the only
parts in our extensive grounds where cultivation can
be carried on with anything like success, the remainder
being low swampy lands for nearly five months of the
year, fit only for Rice fields), aud without any view to
systematic arr.angement, which should in no case be
lost sight of in any Botanic Garden, certainly not in a
tropical one, never felt as we now do the futility of
cultivating on such low swampy lauds a general collec-
tion of plants.

The inadaptabilitj; of the lands for general culti-
vation is very forcibly illustrated by the condition
of the roots of the trees thrown down. Their natural
disposition is completely thwarted by the hard sub-
soil, which seems almost as impermeable as a sheet
of iron, therefore the production of lower and lateral
roots is impeded until at last they adapt themselves to
the uncongenial condition in which they are placed, and
diverge horizontally at from G inches to 2 feet below
tbe surface. In all the old trees the original tap-root,
and all the subsequently-produced roots for many
years iu the trees thrown down, are quite rotten, and
this in many cases extends into the heart-wood of the
trunk. This is even the case with Teak and Sissoo,
and also with Mahogany. Thus, irrespective of
cyclones, we find that trees can only have a very
limited existence on such lands. Few trees, indeed,
except the adventitious rooting Fici, Rhizophoraceffi.
and such-Uke, can exist under such conditions for any
length of time. The oldest indigenous trees in the
gardens do not exceed 90 years, and I feel convinced
that no trees, including those above-noted, could be
found for miles around Calcutta exceeding 100 years.

We had only just finished the planting in systematic
sequence the whole of the natural orders, which were all
looking most promising, when the late cyclone threw
down every plant, with scarcely an exception, which
we had nlanted during the last eight months. Whole
Orders, which had been planted by Dr. Anderson six
or seven years ago, were also completely prostrated.
We are, of course, again re-erecting all that are not
actually torn out of the ground, but it maybe imagined
what the results wiU be ere we get through the present
cold and approaching hot season. With well-esta-

blished plants of very many species, genera, and even
whole orders, every care is required, by means of
temporary shading, mulchings, and waterings, to keep
them alive for the next seven months. I much dread
the results therefore in the present instance. The
sides of the road from the main entrance to Kid s
monument we had planted with young Araherstias
from 3 to to 5 feet in height, all of which were in a very
promising condition. Of these every plant (01) has been
prostrated, and I much fear few will survive. The seven
old plants of Amherstia, which though much muti-
lated in 1861 had partially recovered, are now nearly
all hopelessly injured. Our healthy stock ol Amhers-
tias is now reduced to some 20 young layers in pots,
which had been fortunately secured a few days previous
to the cyclone. , ^ ,

Magnificent plants of TJnonas (Desmos, dasy-
maschala and discolor), together with U. microcarpa,
from 20 to 80 feet high, and fully 120 feet in
circumference, have been completely overturned,
aud have sustained injuries from which they will not
recover for years, if indeed they survive at all. Many
other magnificent climbers, Banisterias, Tiuosporas,
Buteas, Combretums, Poivreas, QuisquaUs, &c., are torn
from the trees over which they scrambled. The thatched
plant conservatories have been all more or less dis-
mantled, and the plants much broken. The house for
the cultivation of Piper is down. The Betel houses
for Orchid cultivation have all been unroofed, many
of the plants torn from their blocks, and all much
injured in foliage. The only structure in the garden
which has escaped injury is the new span-roofed
glass conservatory. Much to the surprise of all,
not a square of glass has been broken in it. It
is filled with Chittagong and Sikkim Ferns, all of
which are in most thriving condition. They are,
in fact, now our only consolation, for go where one
will in the other parts of the garden, the eye is
everywhere met by partially and completely up-
rooted trees and shrubs, while those which have
escaped, are much broken and utterly leafless. Of
25 Teak trees which stood in the gardens previous to
the storm, 10 only are left, and of these three are
much shaken. Sissoos are also greatly reduced, and
we have lost all our fine old plants of Fious religiosa.
Of Arengas and Cycas, of which there were formerly
avenues, '83 plants only are left, and two of the finest
of the latter much injured- in short, the gardens are
now nearly despoiled of all their living associations
with their past excellent directors.

Kotfces of iSooTtS.

Messrs. Carter & Co. have just issued a useful little
" Handy-book," under the title of Carter's Practical
ffardener. It consists of a very full calendar of ope-
rations necessary in the various departments of the gar-
den, followed by several general articles relating to the
training and pruning of fruit trees, the management of
the orchard-house, "Vine culture in the open air. Straw-
berry forcing, &o. The preface states that the various
articles have been written by some of the highest au-
thorities amongst working gardeners, and they bear
throughout a practical and useful character. The
article on training is profusely illustrated by woodcuts.

CiTALoeuES Received.- Sk«o)» & Sons' Amateurs'
Guide and Spring Catalogue : the Berkshire Kidney
Potato, a seedling from the Fluke, is strongly recom-
mended. J. Veitcli Sr Sons' Sardij Trees, Shrubs, &c.;
and J. Baclchonse S( Son's Sardij Trees, Shrubs, &c. :
both excellent lists. A. Henderson's General Nursery
Stock. W. Bull's Retail List of New Plants : full of
novelties, amongst them a new set of Ivy-leaved Pelar-
goniums ; also Setail List of Seeds, and Special Trade
List of Seeds. Iiaird i.'f Sinclair's Descriptioe List of
Gladioli: arranged under the leading colours. J.
Stewart S( Son's Cataloaue of Roses ; also Catalogue of
Hybrid Gladioli. J. M. Thorburn 4" Co.'s American-
grown Seeds. __^_^^^____^^_^

dFloi(0ts' d?lotoers.

The ordinary form of the Bedding PELiRaoNitrM
has increased in numbers to such a degree during the
past 10 years, that the production of new kindsof a single
year— as, for instance, the present— numbers as many
varieties as were in cultivation at the time alluded to.
It was customary then for bedders-out to say, " Tom
Thumb is still the best bedding Geranium ; " aud with
this would be classed Treutham Scarlet, Boule de Feu,
Punch, Sutton's Perfection, Commander-in-Chief,
General Pelissier, General Simpson, Trentbam Rosy
Scarlet, Lady Middleton (this variety had a slight
violet tinge which has since become so finely elaborated
in Dr. Hogg, Blue Bell, and others) ; Cerise Unique,
and Ingram's Princess Alice. These represented the
cream of the varieties of those days, aud some of
them still hold a place in the flower garden,
and will maintain it yet in localities to which improved
kinds find their way slowly. Up to this point— ten
years ago— adaptability for bedding purposes may be
said to have been the prime test of new kinds: after
this, adaptabiUty for exhibition purposes came to be
more largely recognised and a new impulse seemed to
be given to the work of improvement. The taste for
the more modern system of bedding-out was also
rapidly extending, and so creating a taste for more abun-
dant material by which to reach an endless aud charming
diversity— this re-acted on the experiments of cross-
breeders, aud then, as "though 'twere by a wizard's rod,
there sprang forth that succession of new varieties
reaching out on one side to Nosegays, and at a less sharp
angle to hybrid Nosegays, which manifest an almost
infinite variation of style in leaf marking- from the
brightest green plain-leaved kind, to a dark green,
handsomely decked with a regular, broad, and nearly
black zone. "What illustrations of beauty and fitness

BecemBEB 28, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS* CHRONICT.E ANT) ArTRTCTTT.TTIlJAL GAZETTE.

1323

these liavo been made to serve iu the last few years of
the history of llower RardouinK. are amply recorded.
The bedding Pelargoniums are now the n'lost potent
forco of tho bedder-out, and in liis hands thoy liavo
been used to aid the formation of ;i now orii i>f
garden decoration, that is yet but as tho portal leading
to the temple of Iloricultural embellishment, wherein
lies enshrined its highest achievements. Of tho
bedding Pelargonium the gardeneroau say,as IlonrylV.
observed of his child, the pleasures "des Fleurs ct des
Livres" are the property of all the world. The consti-
tutional vigour of the bedding rolargouium is a point
in its favour of no mean ordi'r, for, as .Mr. Mimro once
observed respecting it:—" While the Verbena succumbs
to mildew, red spider, or thrips, and the Calceolaria to
I)aralysis, the Pelargonium blooms on heedless alike of
tho ])luvial or terrifying vioissitudes of weather, simply
needing certain slight nioditioations of treatment in
order to checkmate, as it were, tho predominant
influences of tho season."

The season just closed has been fruitful of some
fine varieties of bedding Pelargoniums in addition to
those of the Nosegay class recently noticed. Like
Verbenas, however, all are not necessarily bedders, nor
is it absolutely requisite, seeing that there is a growing
desire to place in schedules of llower shows a class for
Zonal Pelargoniums. How well these can be grown to
exhibition specimens, let the London exhibitions bear
witness, though we want less and less of the tortuous
and unnatural shapes into which they are sometimes
transformed. As a rule, country exhibitions abound
in well grown specimens of Zonal Pelargoniums; they
are managed very much botler than the ordinary show
Pelargoniums, and always compose a iirimc feature of
the show. Of the new kinds of 1SG7, the following
represent the leading flowers : —

Lord Derby (Mann), intensosciirlet, of a vivid liue ; the flowers
lai'b'e, stout, sniuoth, and of liiio quality, the trusses modium-
sizad but very freely produced ; the foUatjo of a dark green,
with a well-marked dark zone. This bids fair to become a
very effective kind, both for exhibition and bedding purposes,
and taken altogether is probably the host bedding Pelargonium
of the year.

Mimas (Mann), has very bright average scarlet flowers, of a
pure and beautiful shade of colour, the flowers finely formed
and the trusses of good size ; the leaves bold, marked with u
dark zone, and tho habit good. These two kinds were shown
by Mr. John Mann, Brencwood, and gained tho highest
awards.

Seraph (Downic, Laii-d, & Laing) is a fine variety, with dis-
tinct dark zonate foliage ; the flowers lively orange salmon,
with a white centre ; the pips large, smooth, and of mio quality.
This promises to make a fine exhibition kind.

Messrs. Windebank & Kingsbury, of Southampton,
have raised four varieties, which are quite iu keeping
with the high-class quality of some others ihey have
previously sent out, the which have passed into the
hands of Mr. C. Turner for distribution. They are :—

Queen of the South, rich salmon scarlet, shaded with pink ;
the flowers large, stout, and of fine quality ; trusses bold and
symmetrical; well marked zonate foliage, and excellent habit.

Rft\ Dr. Carey, rich deep cherry salmon, dashed with violet
on tho upper petals ; flowers stout and smooth ; broad, olive,
bronze, zonate foliage ; excellent habit ; a fine variety.

Theodore, bright rosy pink, a cheerful and effective hue, the
centre white ; flowers large and of fine form ; habit free, and
yet compact.

Thomas Moore, a novel and beautiful flower, the colour rich
deep salmon, dashed with orange round a white centre, the
upper petals slightly rayed with rosy purple ; flowers large
and smooth, and forming bold and showy trusses : dark
bronze zonate foliage, and free habit. This promises to rank
as one of the finest flowers of the year.

Plowers of a second-rate character, some of which
may yet develop into flowers of the front rank, are :—

Chrlitabel (Mann), rosy salmon, suffused witli violet ;
flowers large and smooth ; excellent habit.

Achievement (F. & A. Smith), pale orange scarlet, suffused
Avith salmon, rich dark zone ; free blooming and good habit.

Glow (G. Smith), brilliant scarlet, of fine form ; trusses of
Large size, tho pet;Us stout, well-formed and smooth ; dark
zonate foliage ; good habit.

Guardsman (Mann), glowing orange scarlet; the trusses
small, but freely produced ; habit good ; promising to bo a
very useful bedding kind.

To cull a list of the best kinds out of all that have
appeared within the last few years is a task of no
Slight difficulty ; inasmuch as they are found to dilfer
almost as much iu localities far apart, as regards pro-
fuseness of blooming, growth, and general adaptability
for bedding purposes, as do the kinds themselves.
"What one grower in a given district will laud to the
skies as a " thing of beauty," another condemns in the
most unsparing terms; and actually it has occurred
that what is considered first-class in one place is fre-
quently discarded iu another situated probably not
many miles distant. One cannot but coincide with that
well-known practical gardener, Mr. Edlingtou, who
recently wrote as follows in narrating his experience of
bedding-out:— "What varieties of bedding Geraniums
proved good in one county I have had to consign to a
rubbish heap in another: and it is a matter of some
importance to the gardener when entering a new
place to know which are really the best and most
suitable kinds for the locality. If he possessed
such desirable information, bedding-out would not
be proceeded with on the haphazard system, as often
is the case, and a season lost is the first and most
important one to a new gardener. I am aware the
seasons produce diflerent results ; what is sometimes
first-class in a good season is the reverse in a bad one,
and vice versa." The following may furnish matter
from which to make a selection, as all have proved to
be well adapted as bedders in one locality or the
other : —

Queen of Beauties (P. & A. Smith), cerise, with vermilion
centre and distinct white eye, and slightly margined with the
name ; flue trusses, free-blooming, well marked zonate foliage,
and hiving in a remarkable degree that hardy wiry habit so
useful in a beddhig kind.

Coiii.nlt.noner (Bull), vivid orange scarlet; foliage slighty
Mnate ; profuse blooming, and first-rate for beddiiig i)urponi;.s.

LonUe] Roeuler, clear salmoB, aud excellent and showy
bedder ;.a French variety.

LeoniUas, also a French variety; deep glowing scarlet;
oxcellont zonate foUagu ; fruu blooming and Rood haljit.

Louu Vciullot, also French ; a liyliri'l Nosegay, with Iirilllant
crimson fln\vors, of an extraordinary substuneu aud quality for
a liybrid Nusegay ; zoiiate fttliage ; .a flno kind for pot eultm-e.

Ji-h.t (V.M'f', an inqiroved liui d'ltalie, the flowers of a
brighter hue of enluur, aud of Hue MUbtitanee and t'lniftli ; tlii^i
also i.s from France, and promises to make a good variety for
potcultiire. A( ChiHwick this was coarser than lloliritaUe.

Achilles, another I'reneh kind ; la of a brilliant doei) ncarlet
hue, and forms a marked Improvement on Punch and all of
that cloaH. It doservoa to bo extensively grown,

lieOecca (Paul), a bright shado of cherry, foliage faintly
zonato, close habit, very free blouming, and stands well.

Warrior (G. Smith), a fiiio Ijudding kind, with slightly
zonate foliage ; flowers of a brilliant deep Hcarlet, freely pro-
duced. Tho variety nuint not be planted in rich soil, other-
wise, aa it has a tendency to redundancy of foliage, tho head
of bloom will be deficient.

Vesuvius (F. & A. Smith), Imght scarlet with white eye ;
flower largo, and of good form, free blooming ; foliage olive
green, with dark zone ; a first-clasa beddor, the habit beuig
dwarf and close.

Enclianlress (W. Paul), a vivid hue of colour, purplish
crimson, dashed with orango round tho edges ; foliage plain ;
an effective and useful bedding variety.

Emily Moreland (Titcbuck), very bright scarlet, a showy and
useful huo of colovn- ; liroad zonate foliage, and free blooming.

Cryatal I'alaee Gem (Carter & Co.), a most u.seful and effeetive
bedder, brilliant rosy cerise flowers, suffused with violet,
freely produced on good trusses ; good dark zonato foliage,
neat close habit.

Fancy Qiur.n (W. Paul), deeper in colour than Dr. Hogg, with
plain foliage, and habit of growth closely resembling that of
Tom Thumb. Tlio ijrcvailing colour is crimson purple and
rose sLilfused with purple ; free blooming and large, bold
trusses ; a most acceptable bedder.

Sambo (Downic, Laird, & Laing), probably tho deepest and
brightest huo of colour out, bright dark glossy scarlet ; flower
small, but of fine form and substance ; a good bedder.

Madame Werle represents the best of those with white
flowers, and a carmine centre. Xt has dark zonate foliage, aud
is an excellent bedder.

Madame Wilhelm Pfitzer is of a similar character, but the
flowers are larger, and the carmine denser ; good louato foliage.

Puritij. and Madame Martha Vincent, are the two best
whites that have yet appeared. The former is of the purest
colour, but not so fine individually, or so good in quality as
the latter; good habit, and dark zonate foliage.

Madame Martha Vincent has flesh-white flowers, fine and
stout ; is free blooming, aud has dark zonate foliage.

Add to these Madame Caittsier, pink, with largo globular
trusses of flowers, a fine v-ii-iety for pot culture as well as a
good bedder : Excellent, brilliant fiery scarlet, fine whether
for pots or beds ; Climax, pleasing soft salmon, fine for pot
culture, but useless as a bedder ; Manfred, bright deep
scarlet: Prcmlent Reveil. bright glowing crimson; Amelina
Grisau, salmon ; and Beautt' de Surcsnes, pink,

The rapidity with which new varieties multiply in
all parts of the country must of necessity lead to a
great amount of sameness iu most of the divisions of
colour. The public trial afforded^ to these at ChiswLck
is one admirable means of reaching something like a
correct conclusion in regard to the best in each class,
though of course a trial in the London district cannot
be supposed to apply to all parts of the country. How-
ever, any help in this _ direction is acceptable, aud if
growers will record their experience, an appreciable, if
not altogether reliable, result can be thereby reached.
R.D.

Dkiving Bees. — I have done a good deal in the
driving line this last autumn, and find the process a
very easy one. I have driven as many as four strong
stocks, cut out the combs, tied up the bees, and
brought them home a couple of miles, iu a short
evening's work. My plan is a simple one. I invert the
hive in a bucket raised so as to be on a level with my
hands when standing, to obviate the necessity of a
stooping position. The empty hive being quickly placed
over the full stock, the end of a long strip of cloth, about
5 inches '.wide, is secured to one of the hives at the
place of junction by a steel fork or iron skewer. The
cloth is rapidly passed round ; another fork or skewer
having been thrust in, a cord is passed over and under
the holdfasts, and two or three times round the hives,
so as to prevent them from shifting and the bees
escaping. The lower hive is then drummed either
with the hands or with two short sticks. _ In a few
minutes a loud roar will be heard, and when it is ascer-
tained that the bees are actually beginning to ascend,
the cloth may be taken off, and the upper hive tilted on
edge so that the operator may be able to watch the
bees ascending. As all my driving operations
have been for the sake of uniting the bees
to those of other stocks, I usually take this
opportunity of capturing the queen. I have almost
always been able to catch a sight of her running
up ; as soon as visible the bare hand may be thrust iu
to efiect her capture, as the bees are not much disposed
to retaliate after being so subdued by the drumming
process. If I wish to save the life of the queen I place
her iu a queen-cage, but if not I usually crush her
against the side of the upper hive while in the act of
ascending.

If it is desired to unite two lots of driven bees, I
drive one first, and the second into the same receptacle,
capturing one of the queens in the manner described.

I have had no instance of fighting when this plan has
been followed, as well as having found the second lot
of bees generally to ascend very freely.

I do not profess to give the foregoing directions as
being anything new, but I meet so many who say that
they cannot succeed in driving, or that it appears to
them to be so formidable an operation that they do not
like to attempt it, that I am disposed to write them
down, in the hope that some hitherto unsuccessful
experimentalists may find them useful. Apiator.

Miscellaneous.

The Mistleto.—ThQ following story, which we extract
from the Atkeiiaum, supplies a want that was expressed
by M:. Forsyth in our l;ist Number, and we feel sure
that rir ,-nbrs will tUvnk u? fo? oilUng at-t'-;nti ja to

this pleasant mode of convoying accurate informa-
tion while "pointing a moral." Tho autlnjrship is
attributed, wo believe correctly, to \)v. Soomanu. It
iH also rumoured that other ntorios, with tho like aim
of popularising natural history, especially botany, are
likely to bo i.ssued. b]i)S.

"The Mistleto was in groat dltitruMM. Tho Apple tree ho
had been livlii>f with had nuddonly died, and he was now eo i •
pulled to louk out for another hiuiio. So entering a flnu largo
orchard, full of all Horts of fruit, and making a politu bow to
the best Apply tree, he introduced IdniHolfiw Mr. MlMtleto, latu
resident of Appleton Grove. ' I have been livinif for yeara
with one of your sort,' he comtnoncod, 'ami now my friend
has died, and I have to find Hholtor somewhoro, I sue you
have a good many stout bratiehos unoccupied ; would you
allow me to take up my qnarterH there for awliflo '( '

"'Certainly not,' replied the Apple tree, ' Yuu are an Idle
vagabond, and would not bo content with living with me, but
yuu would live upon me. I know tho Apple tree you H])eak of
very woll indeed; we were brought up in the same nursery
together, and I warned him more tliau once against rascals of
your doHcription, But ho would not listen. Ho allowed you
to stay with him, and you, i)arasito a« you are, were not
ashamed to live uijon the very AohIi and maiTOvvr of my good-
natured friend, vmtil you had devoured all his substance.
Now you are going to fasten yourself upon, my. No, no ; you
won't catch mo slaying away for those too Lizy to work for
theni-selves.

" ' Oh, Mr. Apple tree, it won't do to make yourself out to Iw
hard hearted,' rejoined the Mlstloto. ' Your eharitalilc dis-
position is plain to all the world. Don't 1 see that Hop winding
arouml your upper branches, and blossoming tij its heart's con-
tent? Would he have been able to do that if not allowed to climb
higher than tho hedge which affords your ownself a partial
shelter? Why shimld you refuse mo a boon which you have
freely granted to a mere straggling Hop.'

" ' Now, look ye here, M.aster Mistleto, I'll not bandy words
with you, but just let mo tell you this,' said the Apple tree,
waxing hot. ' You never soil your feet as 1 and the Hop liave
to do ; indeed, I know that none of your tribe over put a
single root in tho ground. All you do is to wuck the very Ufe-
blood out of others, aud that without tho slightest remorse or
spark of gi-atitude on your part. It Is not merely assistanco
you Want — that I would %villingly give : because I well
I'emember, when a young s.apling, I required that of two very
strong sticks myself ; but you want to be kept entii'cly, live
the life of an independent gentleman, though you have no
resources of your own. It is vciw different with the Hop, of which
you speak so disparagingly ; he is too weak to stand alone,
and requires support ; but ho does his best. All day long ho
is busy in the ground, picking up whatever ho can ; and look
at these fine clusters of his ; they will bo gathered presently
by our master, and give a fine flavour to the home-brewed ale,
of which he is as fond as of the cider he makes of my fruit.
Could one ever look for any such returns from you?'

"'A fine thing to be proud of,' exclaimed the Mistleto
sneeriugly. ' Ale and cider ! My fruit, I am happy to say,
does not servo the ends of drunkcnnesss. Man makes it into
excellent lime to catch such singing birds as ho does not wish
to kill. It therefore actually saves life, whilst yours may be
said to destroy it. Bat it is mere laliour thrown away to
argue with you. I see you are iu a di-eadfully bad humour
to-day, aud it is no use to ask any favour of you. I always
thought you hospitable, but I am sorry to find that you aro
after all one who greedily keei>3 everything to himself,— if,
indeed, he h;i3 anything to spare.'

" ' I knew that I should be abused,' replied the Apple tree ;
'real beggars always gmmble when refused charity.'

" The Mistleto could sec the Apple tree was getting angry,
and fearing that he would speak so loud that the whole neigh-
bourhood would overhear their dispute, and make it more difli-
cult to get snug quarters anywhere else, he went to another
very fine Apple tree, at the other end of the orchard, to whom
ho had paid more than once flattering compliments.

" ' Good morning, Mr. Apple tree,' he said, 'how well you
look; but no one can wonder at that, bearing jn mind your
fine constitution, and the delightful locality you live in. I
wish I could stay with you awhile ; it really would do me
good ; for I have had so much trouble of late that I am quite
worn out. You knew poor Mr. Apple tree, of Appleton
Grove ; I believe he was a connection of yours. Well, poor
thing ! he is no more ; and I, who had been living so many
years with him (you know he was so fond of my company that
he would never part with me), was suddenly without a home.
1 fully expected something would be left to me, considering
all I have done for him ; but in that I have been disappointed.
So I must do the best I can, live as economically as possible,
and take the first shelter I can get. There seems to be plenty
oflroom in your upper branches ; I wish youwould allow me to
take up my quarters there for awhile,'

" ' I am really sorry to have to refuse you,* replied the
Apple tree ; ' but the farmer is a great enemy of Mistletos ; he
says they arc idle fellows, and wherever thoy establish them-
selves thoy cause mischief, and there is no getring rid of them.
Why don't you go to the forest ? There are plenty of fine old
Oaks, and no farmer to oppose you ; besides, I have always
heard that a Mistleto growing on an Oak was such a curiosity
as to excite the greatest notice ; indeed, if I remember rightly,
at one time they were actually worshipped if found on such
trees.'

" ' All you say is quite true,' replied the Mistleto. The
farmer objects, because at Christmas the servants will cut
branches of me, to make a kissing bush ; and he cannot bear
young people to enjoy that fun, quite forgetting that when
not so old as he is now he was not sorry that some of my
relations grew sufficiently close to his father's house to be got
at without much trouble.'

" ' True, very true,' rejoined the Apple tree.

" ' Aud then,' continued the Mistleto, having taken breath,
' what you say about worshipping us is also pei-fectly true : I
couldtelljyou all day long about theimportant part my ancestors
used to play before the Chiistian religion came into the land ;
aud if you will allow me to remain a few days, I could while
away the long evenings by telling you of their great doings.
It is as interesting as anything you ever heard, and I am sure
you will be delighted.'

" ' But the Oak Is most respectable; and if you become
such an object of admu*ation when associated with it, why
don't you attach yourself to that venerable tree ? ' inquii*ed
the Apple tree.

"'\ou may well ask," rejoined the Mistleto; 'but the
fact of the matter is, the wood of the Oak, however well
suited for ships, is so very hard, that we have the greatest
difficulty in establishing our roots in it; and' I am rather
partial to putting my feet in a soft bed. Besides, there is
another circumstance that ought not to be concealed from you.
I am rather fond of good living, . aud you know that every
Christmas the people of the villages like to have a sprig of
Mistleto in their houses. Now, if I am hidden in a forest, no
one will thiuk of looking for me there ; but if I am iu an
orchai-d, where everybody sees me, I stand a fair chance of
being fetched, and then partake of the Christmas cheer as a
matter of course.'

" The Apple tree was himself very fond of good living ; and
when the Misticto alluded to the Chi-istmas cheer, his mouth,
began to water. The Mistleto saw his advantage, and
continued :

" ' Now, my dear Sir, I liavg ci pi-op«33iti»ju Pi BWke, ]Jet

1324

fHE GAUBMERS' CHIRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE

[December 28, I86f.

me take up my quarters in your branches till Christmag, and
If 1 am fetehed to any of the houses I shall bring back with me
plenty of good thijics, and then we will have a jolly time of it. '

" The Apple tree's weak point had been touched. He
allowed the Mistleto to take up his quarters with him,
thinking it would only be for a short time, and he would be
well remunerated for it. At first Mistleto was pleasant
enough, saying many flattering things, and telling many a
good story ; but when firmly established, be assumed airs as
if everything belonged to him. Not satisfied with occupying
more room than had originally been agreed upon, be invited
bis friends and relations ; and after the door bad been once
opened to them, there was no getting rid of them. The
Apple tree beg.an to complain ; ho had as yet not seen
anything of the Christmas cheer, nobody having come
for the Mistleto, .and at last he resolved to rid hioaself of his
unpleasant visitors. One night when there was a heavy gale
he improved upon the occasion by shaking himself violently ;
but the only result was that all his fruit blossoms fell off,
and one of the best branches, hitherto free from the Mistletos,
broke clean off. What was worse, the Mistletos
perceived the Apple tree's anger, and laughed right
out at him. He found tbcy were getting the better of bim,
and consuming all be had. Ruin was staring him in the face ;
first one branch, then another, began to wither ; and wherever
there was any healthy p.art, it was sure to be taken possession
of by bis unscrupulous and voracious visitors. At Last, finding
all his struggles to free himself hopeless, he began to sink fast,
and ere long died. He was cut down by the farmer and thrown
into the cart ; and as his funeral was passing along, the Apple
tree, who had been proof against the solicitations of the
Mistleto, uttered a deep sigh, and murmured to himself,
' There goes another victim to flattery ! '

"The Mistleto had now once more to lookout for a home ; but
as all the Apple trees of that part of the country were aware
that bis only aim was to live upon others, and lead an idle,
useless life, all his applications met with a refusal. So be made
np his mind to leave the Old World for the New ; but, being
without resources of bis own, be probably found the long
journey too much for him, and perished miserably on the
road, as he has never been seen or heard of in those parts."

the like of individual borders. I repeat the advice
offered, regarding Vines which have pushed their
buds, and which have exposed to lip;ht some amount of
leaf surface. Ttese should have an advance of some
5' or 8', a good mean temperature in such instances
being 65° by day. Attend to all Tan pits renewed
about the middle of October. Some of these, having
no aid from pipes or flues, especially if shallow, or uoi
very wide, may now need a little renovating,
stirring up, &o., for the purpose of insuring a
renewal of heat. Cboose a nice warm day for such
an operation, if possible; but upon no account allow
the heat to fall below what I have so frequently urged,
through waiting to secure favourable conditions. Tlie
mild weather which we are now experiencing will
cause a goodly saving of fuel to the creditor account of
all forcing operations. Mind therefore to keep up such
a heat as will afford the giving of air pretty freely. A
nice brisk warmth between 10 a.m. and 12 a.m. upon

being saturated with moisture as I write— I have
thought it well to refer to the great utility of fresh
" unslaoked" lime as an absorbent of moisture. A
quantity placed in small lots, equally distributed about
the room, will aid much in purifying the internal air.
Nor should the good effects accruing from the wiping of
each fruit with a clean soft and dry cloth be over-
looked. On the contrary, this operation should be had
resort to, after all sudden changes of temperature.
KITCHEN GARDEN.
My previous suggestions concerning digging and the
like, whilst soils are as wet as they are now, I would
here still more strenuously enforce. Those who are
desirous of growing early Tomatos for culinary pur-
poses, might now sow the necessary seeds and place
them in any ordinary warm house to germinate. Give
them air in abundance whilst growing; they need
little attention, and will well repay the same amply
hereafter when vegetables have become more scarce.

mild days should be kept up for the purposejust named, 1 ,j„ j. ^ con"staut succession of such things as

'.<'-''A_'°_^^l"^5'^=5'..''''L.4!."'J'.'??I.''."^'^T>J^ !^?u!?? 1 Seaiale, Mhularh, CUcoru, &c., it will be necessafy to

up occurs, as to insure no immoderate rise to too high
a maximum afterwards. Be careful then not to have
one degree more heat without air in equal proportion.
The harsli dry heat emitted from pipes or flues by
itself has a great tendency to force anything forward ^______^______

unduly. This, in fact, it will do with the forward

succession Fines at this time, if due caution and the I state op the weather at chiswick. near London,

proper consideration of such facts as I have above ' Forthe Weekemllng Dec. as, l867,.->s obswyeJ at the Horticaltaral Gardens.

secure another batch as soon as each of the former
ones has commenced growing. Keep them in the dark
and without more air than it is necessary to admit when
occasionally examining them. W. E.

Obituary.

We regret to announce the decease of De. Schulz
(BiPONTiNUS), of Deidesheim, long known to botanists
as a diligent investigator of lihe vast family Compo-
sitte. Dr. Schulz was physician to the hospital at
Deidesheim, and died on the 17th inst., in the C3rd
year of his age.

Sunday 1
Moa. :
Taes.
Wed. ;

.^.Ycrage^
Dec.

Garden Operations.

{For the ensuing loeek,)
PLANT HOUSES.
Tritonia^ will now need potting. Remove the older
bulbs and newly formed young shoots carefully from
the old soil contained in the pot, replacing the young
growths In 2Ji-sized pots to the number of about eight
or ten in each pot in an admixture of sandy loam,
peat, and leaf mould. Pot moderately firm, distribut-
ing the shoots evenly around, in order that they may
uniformly occupy their allotted space. Do not over-
water them afterwards, and place them in a cool, airy
situation, upon a jmoist bottom if convenient. The
bulbs from the base of which the shoots have emerged,
must be carefully retained as an additional means of
support. Any older bulbs which may not have formed
shoots, are best removed wholly from the above, and if
necessarypotted by themselves; otherwise theymaypush
forth shoots at a much later season, to the impoverish-
ment of the others. Ci/clamens, seedling ones of goodly
size especially, should receive their final shift this season
into tlie necessary sized pots without further delay.
The Persian varieties, when about to flower, open their
blooms much more readily, and bloom much finer than
they otherwise would do, if placed in an airy position in
an early peach-house or similar situation, or indeed in
any position where abundance of light and air can be
afforded with a mean temperature of about 55". . Many
Ocsneras, of the "zebrina" section, when deprived of
their earlier main spikes of flowers, for the purposes
of in-door display, will^ quickly form good secondary
ones if placed immediately in a few degrees more
warmth than that to which they have been subjected,
and will well repay the trouble undertaken in their
behalf Regarding the general routine of all kinds of
structures under this heading, past Calendars must be
referred to. Do not allow decayed leaves a moment's
rest. Keep up a buoyant, and hence a dryish atmo-
sphere, with a minimum temperature only, and so
continue during the few remainmg days of the year.
FORCING HOUSES.
Ordinary out-door Vine borders attached to succes-
sional or late Vineries, which are not intended to be
forced, had better be fully exposed, should a dry
interval ensue, when they should be " pointed " over
with a fork neatly, and with care not to injure any
roots which lay near the surface, and then be permitted
to lay fully exposed to the beneficial influences of
a frosty period, of moderate intensity and duration.
It is customary to place a dressing of good strong
manure over these at or about this period. I prefer,
however, to leave this operation undone for a time,
considering it far better now to expose the borders
freely to the resuscitating influences of frost; and to
apply all excitable material at a time, as nearly as can
be judged, when the roots commence growing. They
are then far more likely to imbibe the nutritious
properties which the manure affords, than when the
soil has become sodden therewith, through the want of
more free access of sweet upper air. lu the event of a
severe frosty period it may be well to place some sort of
casual protection over tlie border, in order to protect
any of the lesser surface roots. Attend carefully to
the roots of all Vines which are actively growing.
Remember at all times that in order to ensure
success it is absolutely necessary that the roots should
receive as much attention a^ the top. In forward forced
borders see that the heat does not decline. ATater
freely, or otherwise, according to the drainage, afford-
ing stimulants in like manner in the form of manure
water, according to the age, richness, or poverty and

alluded to be not fully acted upon as the basis of all
forcing operations. Sow a succession of dwarf French
Beans in large 60-sized pots in quantity so as to insure
five strong plants to each. Pot the more forward

batch into 16-sized pots, so soon as they show

the first rough leaves freely. Half-rotten turf and leaf Thars. 19
mould will suit them well thus early. Sow ^'^S' 2?
Cucumber seeds likewise to form plants for early frame-
work. Those who may not have suitable pits may
induce their more fortunate neighbours to undertake
the task for them. Proceed with the turning over of
any stable litter at hand frequently, as quantities in
suHiciency are forthcoming, in order that it may be
well in hand and sweetened for use when needed.
Place early Roses, Bulbs, &G., into the necessary forcing
pits. All such forcing should now be in " full swing."
Strawberries now pushing up flower stalks must be
encouraged with frequent sprinklings of tepid water.
Do not push them on too hurriedly, but afford them
proper time for the production of good strong flowers,
without which there will be but a poor crop of fruit.
Water, them occasionally with good manure water,

but do not, as I have stated before, allow any such

to stand in the saucers which may have been placed Sunday
under the pots in order to aid in keeping them uni- 5^'™;
formly moist. Afford frequent syringings to Peach- wed!
houses actively at work. Those in which fruit is set JJ^'J-
may now be advanced to about 70' by day, with from satur.
58° to GO' by night. Do not permit any advance what-
ever by night, however, whilst any flowers remain
which have not finally " set." Few things tend more
to cause these to become abortive than a too high
range of night temperature. Cherries undergoing the
preliminary forcing process should have a mean tem-
perature of 52', only until the buds have become
well opened.

23 29.725, 29.634
29.81S
29.731
29.738

27 30.199

28 ,30.065
5 130.200

30.014

Tbmpeh&tdrb.

Orthe Earth ,

6.0

26.7

1 foot' 2 feet
deep. I deep.

36.3

43 4 I 42.8

N.W,

S.E.
S.E.
S.E.

19 -Overcast, hoar frost ; overcast ; sharp frost at night.

— 20— Low fog, hoar frost ; partially overcast ; overcast.

— 21— R.aiu. overcast .and damp; overcast; very mild.

— 22— Densely overcast and damp ; very fine ; clear.

— 23— Heavy fog, hoar frost ; slight haze ; overcast.

— 21— Overcast and mild ; clear and fine ; hasly at night.

— 25 — Overcast, hoar frost ; flue ; overcast: slight haze.
Mean temperature of the week, 1 G-10 deg. below the average.

STATE OF THE WE.\THER AT CmSWICK,
During the last 41 years, for the ensuing Week, ending Jan. 4, 186S

December

and

January.

•tx'

2E)I 43.5 ;

30 44.7 !

31 1 44.0

1! 43.2

2l 42 2

3! 40 1

4 40 9

No. of
Years in
which it
Uaioed.

Prevailing Winds.

The highest temperature during the above period occurred on the
3d, 18fi0— therm. 57 deg.; and the lowest on the 4th, 1867 -therm.
U deg. below zero.

HARDY FLOWER GARDE>f.
It will be advisable, coasidering tbe late moist
weatlier, to discontinue digging in any form until
some of the moisture has drained away, for the very
object for which we turn the soil over is entirely neu-
tralised by undue compressibility caused by the
pressure of the feet, if this operation is persisted ia
before the soil is properly dried. There are many
things which might be done now, however, with the
view of forwarding all work possible before a more
basy and pressing season arrives. Gravel might bo
procured, where it is necessary to fresh coat or
thoroughly renovate any of the walks. This operation
requires a little studied supervision. Generally speak-
ing, most good veins of gravel have two or three
distinct strata or forms; these, though seemingly
alike superficially, are not so analogous as they appear.
One stratum may be soft and binding, deficient
in fact in quantity of pebble ; and another,
the very next, may be so composed of '* grit" and
pebbles alone as to be absolutely incapable of binding
at all. Hence it will be readily seen that it is only by
a careful admixture of these two distinct sorts, that a
proper material can at all times be attained to make a
walk sufficiently binding and firm, and yet so porous as
to afford complete drainage for all suporficial water.
Where new walks are being formed, of course the most
complete form of under- drain age must at all times be
laid down. Any material, no matter how rough, if
really porous, will suffice for such a purpose.
Additional drains to any walks needing such should
also be laid down, as weather permits. Be assured
that nothing adds so much to the really decorative part
of any garden as good, sound, clean walks. Their
utility otherwise needs no confirmation. Snow softens
the soil much; hence it is advisable after what has
fallen to re-examine all newly planted trees, shrubs,
&c. See that the stakes placed for their support have
not become thereby loosened, and otherwise attend to
them. Be particular in the treatment otPolyayithuses,
Auriculas, Carnations, Violets — the tree section of the
latter especially— in frames ; nfford them all the air
possible, and especially during the continuance of mild
periods. Damp, not cold, is their greater enemy. It is
only, therefore, by giving it the freest egress that perfect
immunity from its too certain injury is assured.
THE FRUIT R005I.
Decaying, or rotten fruit, I scarcely need suggest,
should not be permitted to remain after the first
symptoms of decay show themselves. Considering
how trying it is to keep fruit in such weather as
that which we have lately experienced— the atmosphere

Notices to Correspondents.

Glass: Subscriber. What is called fourths ia the quality of
sheet glass generally used for greenhouses, and is quite good
enough ; but it should be free from blisters or inequalities,
that would cause burning of the foliage by the action of the
sun's rays.

Grass Seeds at the Paris EsniBixiON.— We are requested
by Messrs. Sutton to state that the collection of seeds which
was exhibited hy them in the Paris E.-chibition, and which
received the Silver Medal, was not confined to kitchen
garden seeds, "graines potag&res," but consisted principally
of Grass seeds of various kinds, and included samples of
farm and flower seeds generally.

Insects: W J C. The small beetles, one of which occupies
the centre of each of the Peas sent, are the well-known
grain weevils, Bruehusj^ranarius. They will injure the crop
if not kept down, by picking out and burning the infested
Peas. Another easier plan is to subject the stock of Peas to
an amount of heat which will kill the insects, but not
injure the vital part of the Peas. W.

Mistleto : W M. It maybe propagated by means of seeds or
by cuttings. The seeds should be put in in February or
March ; but if you can get ripe berries you might try t^em
even later in the season. Slit the bark on the under side of
the branch - say of an Apple or Hawthorn tree, making the
cut quite down to the wood ; raise the bark up a little, then
insert the seeds, freshly squeezed from tbe berry, press
down the bark again, and the operation is finished
Mistleto may be grafted any time in May, Make an
incision, and insert a thm slice of a piece of it, having a bud
and one pair of leaves at the end. You vnll, however, we
imagine, be most successful with seeds.

Names of Plants : W B. Very indifferent specimens -1 and 5
insufficient ; 2. Asplenium Veitchianum ; 3. Asplenium
prsemorsum ; 4. Platyloma falcatum ; 6. Pteris hast.ata ;
7. Lomaria nuda. — /. V. Epidendrum fragrans.— /. 5. Ce-
lastrus scandcns.

Native Countries of Plants : 5u6. Rubus leueodermia,
India ; Berberis Darwinii, Chili ; B. Aquifoliam, N. Ameiica ;
Cotoneaster Simmondsii, India ; Eugenia Ugni, Chili ;
Garrya elliptica, California ; Grislinia Uttoi-alis, New
Zealand; Populus argcutea, N. America; and Bignonia
radicans, N. America.

Semolina: S>ov.th Waie.^. This is, we believe, a preparation of
Wheat. Manna croup consists of the prepared seeds of
Glyceria fluitans, a common British. Grass. The seeds are
largely used in Russia and Poland. We are not aware
whether the plant has ever been cultivated in this country,
but it might readily be grown in swampy places if it were
desirable to do so.

Palm Fungi : H K F. Your Date Palm is attacked by a
Fungus, Graphiola phosuicis, Poiteau. We have seen
specimens grown in England from Sheffield and Kew. The
Fungus has a wide range, occurring not only in the South
of Europe, but in India, Ceylon, Surinam, Cuba, Texas, &c.
Your only chance of getting rid of it is to cut off the affected
leaves and burn them, repotting the plant with entirely
fresh soil. If, however, the spawn of the Fungus has
penetrated deeply into the stem, we fear that the case is
incurable. M J £.

Communications RECErvED.— G. A. B.— T. R.— T. C. W.—
W. C, Almorah.-E. H., Crayford.— R. T. (we shall be glad
of your promised communications, provided they relate to
actual practice, which that juat received does not.) — J. A. H- .
—J. 3. (with thanks.)— D. T. F,— Del^pine ain€.— Delta.—
R. Farquhar.

BECEJtBEa 28. 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1325

TESTIMONIAL to MR. JAMES KNOWLES, of
Wethorhv.— Tlio (Vlomls and admirers of Mr. KhowIoh, con-

BiderinK Lhixt fiiimu jmljlic rtJCuKiiition sUoiild bo tnado of tho i^roat
and ofllcient services he has rendered to the cause of Scioutiflo
Agriculture, piirttcularly In promotlnR tho improvomont In the
breed of Shortliorned Cattle, sonio tiiiio ago determined to present
liim with ft suitable Testimonial. I hog therefore to give Notice tlmt
the Coramiltoo iiro ahout t.i close the Subscription List, and hitond-
ing S^b^cribo^^ will oblige by sonding the amount of tholr aubscrip-
tion at onco to the Walicflold and Bamsley Union Bank, or to mo,
Wakeflold, Dec. 18. Tuob. Dopog, lion. Sec.

i^^OLONY of NATAL.

KJ IMMIGRATION and FRKKUOLD LAND GRANTS.

GRANTS of GOVEKNMKNT LAND aro Riven to Men familiar
with FiirmioR oporationH, and possessing suraciont means to turn
their Land to acoount,

Applications for further information to be made to Dr. Mask, tho
Special Agent of tho Natal Oovommont, at the Natal Immigration
Offlce, Ifi, Buckingham Street, Strand, London, W.G.

FRE~E EMIORAlTo n"^^ C R A Z I L.—
FREIi and ASSISTED GOVERNMENT PASSAGES, with
guarflntoed employment at fair wages, are now offered to Men of
good character (marnod or ainglo), Mechanics, Farm L-ibourors.
Shepherds, and otbcra desirous of settling in tQis highly favouroa
country. Capitalists can purchase, at rory cheap rates, TRACTS
of mporlor LAND suitable for Atjri cultural and Faatural nurpoBOii,
and Passages secured for them at low rates in the ordinary Emigrant
Ships. — Apply to Lo Chevalier JoAguiu di Alukida, Portugal.
Temporary OtDces, 7, Westminster Chambers, Vletorla Stiot,
Lonaon, S.W.

OYAL AGRICULTURAL BENEVOLENT

INSTITUTION.
Patron — Iltn Majkstt tub Quxix.
Pretiilent — IIis GnAotc the Doits of- RicnuoifD.
For tho KKLIEF of DKCAVEU KAKMKRS. their WIDOWS
and ORPHAN DAUGllTEliS; and for the MAINTENANCE and
EDUCATION of tUolr ORPHAN CHILDREN.
Allowance to PttNsioNKRS.
Married .. £40 per annum I Male .. £20 per annum
Widow and Unmarriod Orpbaa Daughters . . £i'0 per annum
Orphan Children admitted from 7 to lu years of age, and wholly
raalutainod and educated until the ago of 14 year^ iu the case of
Boya, and 10 years In the case of Girls,

One Hundred and Five Pensioners have already btien placed on
the books of tho Institution ; and in addition to the number of
Pensioners to bo admitted at tlio next Election, the Council have
decided to Elect Ton Orphan Children.

Forma of Application for Pensioners and Children, and every
Information, to bo obtained of the Secretary, by whom Donations
and SiibBcrlptlona will be tliankfully received.
65, Charing Cross, London, S.W. CnARLts Soaw. Sacretary.

R'^~0 Y A L AG RTc ULTURaL COLLEGE,
CIRENCESTER.
Prasldont— Hia Grace The Doke of MARLBOROOon, D.C.L., F.R.G.S.

CoDNCIL,

T. H. Sotheron

Farm Poultry.

GREY DORKING FOWLS, of purest breed, in any
numhorfl,
Iinportort TOULOUSE GEESE, tho largest and moat productive

broofl known.
Improved NOKKOI.K TUHKErs, large, hardy, and good breeders.
AVl.KSHURy III..1 KOUEN UUCKS.

Inipi.rtod lll'.r.dl AN II ARE RADHI'I'S, for nlie and early maturlto.
BKAllMA-roUTUA, CllEVEOIEUU, and LA KLEUUE FOWLS,
for contitnnt layurv.

I'rided LlAti and Entlmaten on application.
Jenn Hailt k How, 113, Mount street, London, W,

Herd Book of Hereford Cattle.

MR. nUOKMAM i.s lU-sin.us of ohtiuTiiiiK information
lortlio SKVl':.N'l'll VULII.MI'; ot I'n'Tit.VS llj'Utl) MOdlv of
IIEUEFORn CA'l'TLK, which will coiit.uo l'l''.l)I( JRKI'lSof HULLS,
COWS, and IIKI1''I'',KS. with tliuir I'lodneo to tliu :iln'. of the
proaont month. I'rlnted Fornn ofCortlllontcH for Entries wiUheHMiit
piTpoHt on application, l-intniiice too to Hubficrlhern, \n. ■. non-
HubMcribora, 'Iti, each pedigree. Tho Volume will bo embollUhed,
and publlahod at lis.

Mr. DucKiiAM will feel obliged by any additional Nainen ot
Sub-senbora ; and happy to aupply Seta of tbo Work complete to
the present time, price £3.

Baysham Court, Ross, nerefordahlro, Deo. 18.

RlKht Hon.

Estcourt
Edward Holland, Esq., M.P.
John ThornhiU Harrison, Esq.
Trin. Coll., Canib.

garao preserving) is tho origin of all sorts of
lawlossiioHs.

To tlio further roiiiiirks of Mr. Pattison, in
condoiiuiRtioii of fox-luiiiting, wo need not
refer; for, whether just or not, they as yet
coiiiinaiiil Imt little symiialliy. A general
report of his lecture is (,'ivon in another page.
Tho discussion following it was devoted nmiiily
to tho praise of fox-hunting and tho eondeinna-
tion of an excessive lioad of game on an (istitto.
Mr, OltKY, the father of tho chairman, was as
strong as any ono in coiidomning the ImlUir as
injurious, both to those who hold tho guns and
to those who have fed tho poultry, as wo had
almost called them, which are driven up to bo
slaughtered. This comparison had indeed occurred
to Mr, Orey himself: —

Q HOllTHORN liULLS -A few Choice Young BULLS ," l^" bcliovcd that if the money spent in paying the
ij for oarir service, and HULL CALVES, from the Didmarton ! salaries of Kamckeepors, together With their perqui-
Ilerd, are now opon rors.-VLi^, by I'rivate Contract. I sites and house rents, were i^ivon to tlio wives of tho

To preserve purity of blood, throe pure Duchosn Bulls, vie. : ('..[.jnors tn ilulllcn tliom in hrint' iin n wroof niimLnr i\f

7th Duke of York (17.7M1, I3th Grand DuVe (2i,8,50|, and 3d Duke of '"rmors to 1 luuoo iQom 10 orinfe up a uroat niamoor or

Claro (21,675) from Captain Gnntor, have been recently In successive I tUrkOJ's, and On a certain day to permit tllO landlords

use, and continued by 3d Duke of ColUngham (21,730), lately : to conio and shoot tlieiU all down, by wllioh inOailS

purchased at fiOO guineas, from tho same eminent brooder. ! 1 linv would verv 'it\(\n trot -i pnrflftofl it wrtnLI imjieof

For fodlgroes, ic, apply to Mr. S. Ricu, Didmarton, Chippenham, ''""' ," ""'" *V, y. J*""" .SC' "■ Carlload, It WOUid answer

Wilts. = ■-■ ' •• j equally n.s well, if not better.

Mr. OuEY, however, appreciates good sport,
and in particular has nothing but praise to utter
of fox-hunting : —

" It is good for a man both mentally and bodily ; and
the way in which his powers are exerted iu fox -hunting
is a very useful training for a man in any capacity of
life. The man who takes the lead after fox-hounds is
a man who in any other situation will take the lead,
whatever it may be.

Tho tenant-farmers present wero unanimous
in defence of fox-hunting, and did not appear to
The nexham Farmers' Club has been one of , object to such a head of game as would give the
1 the most successful in the Kingdom. Described l landlord and his friends adequate enjoyment
! two years ago by Mr. John Grey, of Dilston, I iipart from the battue. Tho resolution, ultimately
who originally established it, it was quoted as ! adopted by a majority of 13 to 7, " many mem-
an illustration of tho great advance made by the I oe™ present not voting, was put to the meeting
tenant-farmer class in the county of Northum- \ binder a sort of protest against it by the chair-
berland. "The present generation," he said, j^an, who declared that the subjeiit was an-
', " are better educated, are more alive to the nounced to bo the injury sustained by farmers
benefits of education, and have better oppor- , ?™m tli« preservation of game, whereas tho ro30_
tunities of conferring these advantages on their
sons than any previous generation." — "The
existence in a rural district of such a Club,
comprising 221 members, with a library of

Foil SALE, bv Private Contract, the BATES
BULL, "'

Harvey,

' LORD Wild KYES Io- (22,3341, roan, breil tiy Mr. C.

4th Dukeort>iforO(li,.3B7). clam Wild Eyes 23J. liv Wild
Duke (ly.i48). Ac, Ac. (see ■' Herd IJook," vol. xvl). Lorci Wild
Eyes 2d is partlciilarlv active, and his stock have felched high prices.

For forther purticulara apply to the BalillT, Mr. Rawlimo, Holly I
Bank, Burton-on-Trent.

W\\t Agricultural (Sajette.

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1867.

Right Hon. tho Earl of Ducie,

F.R.S., F.G.S.
Ri^ht Hon. Eu'l B.itburit
Edward Bowly, Esq.

PriQclpal— The Rev. John Constable, M.A.
Rksident Profkssors,
Af-riculture— .lohn Wrightson, F.C.S, M.R.A.C.
ChomU try— Arthur H. Cliurcb, M.A,. Lincoln Coll., Oxon, F.CS.

Aaaistant to Cliemicnl rrofessor— Beaumont J. Grosje&n.

Natural History— Wm. T. Ttiiscltin D.er, B.A., Junior Student,

Christ Church, Oxon.

Anatomy, Phyaiolofiv, and Hvgitloe— Edward NettleabipjM.Il.C.V.S.,

M.it.A.C, L.S.A.

Mathematics and Surveying— Tho Principal.

Tho College was inc^rpS'dbTcLrtU! granted by Her Majesty 489 W besides soveral agricultural perio-

in Council, March '27, 1845, for the purpose of affording a Practical (Jicals, IS a strOUS prOOf of increased knowledge,
and Scientific Agricultural Education to Students from all parts of ' '^ ^ °

tho Kingdom. For particulars apply to the Frincipa.1.. " ' We've fallen on better times— men read and think,

Our good forefathers used to fight and drink.'

At least so it was," said Mr, Grey, "with the
dwellers on the Borders, the cultivation of whose
fields and stock is now thought to be somewhat
exemplary." Mr. John Grey has retired from

THE LANDS IMPROVEMENT COMPANY,
Incoi-porated by Spocial Act of Parliament in 1853.
To Landowners, the Ci.erov, Estate Aqents, Sdbvetoki, &c., iu

Enoland and Wales, and in Scotland.
The Company advances money, unlimited In amount, for the
following works of Agricultural Improvomout. the whole outlay and
expenses in all cases tieing liquidated by a rent-charge for 25 years.

I. Drainage, Irrigation, and Warping, Embanking, Inclosing, {ihe agenCV of tho lar^e OstatsS held bv tho GreCU-

Clenring, Heclamation, Planting, for any beneficial purpose, . , S-^ 'i_ ^ i_ a • xt j.i_ u i i j

Engines or Machinery for Drainage or Irrigation. WlCh llospital trUStCeS in JNortnumoerlana ; and

^' ^'^••°J^^^^^g«''^''*'"^^y*'^'^^^"''°'^'^''f«^*Ericuiturai or farming j^^ j^^g ^g^^ succeeded by his SOU : and the chair-

3. Jettios or Landing places on the aea-coast or on the banks of manship of the Club resigned by the former has

4. The ESt?on"o7 Fa^il'^Houses, Labourera' CotUges. and other natui'ally devolved UpOU the latter. Mr. 0. G.

Buildings required for Farm purposes, and the improvement Q-reY haS already given prOof both of the public

of and additions to Farm Houses and other buik'ings for . ., , , . , •', o , ^^ , ,, _ i • i i

Farm purposes. spirit which should animate the orace which he

L-indowners assessed under the provisions of any Act of Parlia- -L^i.Te onrl nf fho iliilifv wJfh whinh ifq dnfioq

meiit. Royal Charter, or Commission in respect of any public or UOlUb ana OI tne aoillLy Wltn wniLU lia QUties

gener.il works of Drainage or other improvements, may borrow their should be discharged. His lately published

Drouortionate share of the coat, and charge the same with the ,. r\ -r i * i -i t-\ i- ') •

expenses on the lands improved. paper " Un L/aucl Agency and its Duties IS one

Tho Comp.any will also negotiate the Rrat-chareoa obtained by ^f ^j^^ many valuable essavS for which we havo to

Landowners under the Improvement of Land Act, 18C4, in respect of "* " ~^ J^ •, ^^^ ^ ,^ ^^ ■ t

theirSubscriptionofaiares in a RailwayorCanal^ Company. ^ thank thO h ai'merS UlUDS 01 thlS COUntry * """^

. . ^ , and

Noinv,.UBation Of title is required, and the Company be^^ it might Woll tako a leading place in the whole

rtrictly financial character, do not interfere with the . _

execution of the Works, which are controlled only by the Govern- ' library of atrricultural information which tho

mont Knr.losuro Cnmmitjalonera ' -^ - *' , c tt i n -i* j_t_ i ii t.

Managing Director, 3, Pariia- Club reports 01 Jingland, 11 ever they shall be

ment Enclosure Commissioners

Apply to GiiANTiLLE R. Rt:
ment Street. London. S.W.

collected, will be found to contain.
We learn from last week's Bexham

C^^f'^Kl .^^J.^;.^^??H^^-^^. ^^r^'^^ We leam from last week's Bexham Coumnt

KJ Patronised by tlie Nobilitv and Gentry, is extensively used ,, \ ,, ,t i t-i > ^i i j .n n

for all kinds of OUT-DOOR WORK, and Is proved, alter a test that the Hexham i* armers UluD met the other

of 70 years, to surpass any other P,aint. It is especiallv applicable : i > r-nnQifl^r +lio im'nripQ +>inf fTio fm-mfii-

to Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, compo, and is tlio only Paint tiiat wiu I flay TO consmer lae mjuiiep mat; tne larmei

efleotually resist the raya of the sun upon Conservatories, Green-
houses, Frames, &c. Is twice as durable as genuine White Lead, 8.
simple in application that any person can use it. Per ewt.

WUITE, LIGHT STONE, BATQ, and LIGHT PORTLAND

COLOURS 30«.

LEAD, CHOCOLATE, RED, PURPLE, BROWN, andBLACK 20«.

BRIGHT GREEN, DEEP GREEN, and BLUE tit.

Prepared OIL MIXTURE for the ANTI-CORROSION.

OILS, TURPENTINE, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, 4e.

3 cwt. Free to all Stations in England and Wales, and most Portl

of Ireland and Scotland. Patterns and Testimonials sent post free.

Walter Carson & Sons,

La Belle S,auvage Yard, Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.

Cadtion.— All Casks should bear the Trade Mark. No Agents.

ET, ARCHER'S "FRIGI D 0 M 0.' —
• Patronised by her Majesty the Queen, the Duke of North-
umberland for Syon House, his Grace the Duke of Devonshire for
Chlswick Gardens, Professor Lindley for the Horticultural Society,
and Sir Joseph Paston for the Crystal Palace, Royal Zoological
Society, &c.

PROTECTION from the COLD WINDS and MORNING FROSTS.
" FRIGI DOMO" NETTING, White or Brown, made of prepared
Hair and Wool, a perfect non-conductor of heat or cold, keeping a
fixed temperature where it is applied. It is adapted for all Horti-
cultural and Florieultur.al purposes, for Preserving Fruits and
I'lowere from th» Scorching Rttys of the Sun, from Wind, from
Attacks of Insects, «nd from Morning Frosts. To be had in any
required lengths.
"FRIGI DOMO *' NETTING, 1 yards wide. Is. 6d. per yard run.
"FRIGI DOMO" CANVAS.

Two yards wide Is. 9rf. per yard run.

Four yards wide 3s. 6d. per yard.

An improved make, 2 yards wide , . Is. Orf. per yard.
Au improved make, 3 yards wide . . 2s. 8d. per yard run.
Elibua Thomas Arouer, Whole and Sole Manuliicturer, 7, Great
Trinity Lane, Cannon Street, City, E.G., and of all Nursei7iHen and
Seedsmen throughout the Kingdom.

" It is much cheaper than Mats as a covering."

sustains in consequeuce of the preservation of
game and fox-hunting. Mr. J. Pattison, who
introduced the subject, believes that the Game
Laws are a great agricultural injustice, and that
" great injustice is also inflicted on farmers in
consequence of fox-hunting." And he thus
illustrated and enforced his opinions on these
points : — The Game Laws, he said, are the
remnant of the old feudal times, when forest,
hoath, and moor were the rule, and cultivated
fields the exception.— When population is dense,
as it has now become, Society has a right to the
utmost produce that can be raised from the laud.
■ — But every pheasant that is shot costs at least a
guinea ; and though five hares will not consume
more than a single sheep, yet they injure far
more than they consume. Hares and pheasants,
moreover, are not the only sorts of game which
eat tho food that would have been available for
man. The whole tribe of natui-al extirpators
being themselves extirpated, rabbits and wood-
pigeons also abound excessively and injuriously.
— Above all, not only is food thus wasted, but
crime is fostered and promoted ; for poach-
ing (the inevitable consequence of stnngent

lutiou referred to the stealing of game, which
was an entirely different affair. It was however
resolved : —

" That many farmers suffer a heavy loss from damage
to crops by hares and rabbits ; that landlords who
preserve many hares and rabbits participate iu the sins
of the poachers by leading them into temptation | that
it often happens that poaching leads to greater crimes ;
and that a considerable sum is expended in keeping
poachers in prison, maintaining their families, and also
for prosecutions."

"A vote of thanks was then passed to Mr.
Pattison for his excellent paper, and the
meeting terminated."

But the same journal which records these
words contains a letter from Mr. C. G. Grey,
who presided on the occasion, intimating that
tho proceedings of tho meeting had by no
means terminated there. He writes to the
secretary of tho Club resigning his chairman-
ship, intimating that as a land agent, whose
duty it is to care impartially for the interests
of landlords and tenants, ho is clearly out of
place in presiding over a society which seems to
be anxious to make itself obnoxious to land-
lords ; and that, moreover, he cannot again put
himself "in a position as chairman at their
meetings to be stultified by such a resolution as
was passed on the 10th inst., without any notice
having been given on the subject." On this
point it may be said at once, that Mr. Grey, as
chairman, was himself responsible for tho proper
conducting of the business of the meeting, and
if the resolution offered had no relation to tho
subject announced for discussion it was as com-
petent for hini then to refuse to put it to the
meeting as it is clearly incompetent for him
now to complain of its having been put. He
proceeds to say, that it is owing to the non-
attendance of landowners at the Hexham
Farmers' Club that " so much license in
attacking them is indulged in, and for this, no
doubt, the landlords have themselves to
blame." At the same time this does not
justify him in being a party to abusing them ;
and as the Club will probably join the North-
umberland Chamber of Agriculture, " which
appears likely to take pretty much the same line, "
he thinks it will be easy to find a president of
more congenial views than himself.

Wo may fairly presume that the report of the
proceedings on the occasion which is given in
the Hexham paper is an impartial and a fair one.
If so, we can only say that Mr. Grey appears to
havo committed a mistake. Whether or not the
rules of strict logic have been observed through-
out the arguments, and in the erection of a reso-

1326

THE GARBENET^S^ CMONICLE AND AGRICULTimAL GAZETTE.

[Dbcembee 28, 1867.

lution on them, it appears to us that the speakers
were all of them at any rate in search of the
merely logical conclusion of the several allega-
tions of fact that had been made. No personal
attack of any kind was made. We read in the
report no abuse whatever of landlords, either
individually or as a body. Probably no speaker
on the occasion more thoroughly commanded the
sympathy of his audience than the venerable
" John Gkey, of Dilston" himself, who had for
many years occupied impartially and most
beneficially the very position in which his son
has now succeeded him, and who had through-
out the duration of his office held that chairman-
ship which his son has now resigned. It was
Mr. Obey, and no one else, who expressed the
" disgust" with which he had seen " holes made
in preserves for the game to get out into the
farmer's fields to consume his produce." — This
appears to us to have been the hardest utter-
ance of the evening.

And is it not right that, whatever the facts
may be, they should be stated in order that they
may excite just what feeUng, and induce just
what action is their proper logical consequence ?
Mr. Grey's resignation appears to us to be, to the
extent of his influence as a land agent, a protest
against the independence of the tenantry around
him . Would it be better, does he think, that all the
members, as " many " of them did, should refuse
to vote on such a question as was put to them ?
— that all should be afraid to state their minds on
such a subject, and thus make public the result
of the actual experience they had suffered ? — that
the landlords, whose interests he cares for equally
with those of the tenantry, should be kept in the
dark upon any actual fact whatever of agricul-
tural importance, whether that fact be the cost
upon the one side and the advantage on the
other to farmer, landlord, and "society," of a
fox, a pheasant, and a hare, or the feeling
(equally with the other a positive entity, pro-
ducing its effects) — the favourable or unfavour-
able feeling — of the tenantry, which the existence
of these foxes, hares, and pheasants upon their
occupations may have caused. Would he prefer
that all such qirestions as may touch the feehngs,
or the interests, or prejudices of landowners
be discussed with bated breath, even though he
knows that along with the frank expression of
all such feelings as naturally arise, whatever
they may be, there will go not only the utter-
ance of " disgust" and " indignation," whether
these are just or not, but the manly and inde-
pendent advocacy of the other side whenever the
attack shall be excessive or unjust ? Certainly
those members of the Hexham Club who
thought they were successfully defending game
laws and game preserving, equally with those
who wore attacking both, have reason to cona-
plaiu and to be discouraged when a man in Mi'.
GtHEY's position resigns his chairmanship because
of the license in which, he declares, the Club
indulges whenever the conduct of landowners is
under discussion.

Of one thing we may rest assured, that just as
Pain, the outcry of Nature when attacked by
disease, is the best possible aid in the correction
of evil humours in the living body — just as
Scandal, the outcry of Society against vice, is
the wholesome lash of immorality in the body
corporate — so outsi^oken utterance of all kinds,
whether in praise, disgust, or indignation, for
mutual correction or conviction, is a safe and
wholesome policy for any such society as land-
lords, farmers, and laboui-ers form — for the
Hexham Farmers' Club, for example, in
which two at any rate of these classes are
represented. Mr, Grey's refusal to allow the
frankest criticism and discussion, whether of
landlonlism or of farming, is of a piece with the
policy which is scandalised rather by appearances
than by realities — which thinks by regulating
public criticism to remove the evils criticised —
which hopes by cooking accounts to avoid bank-
ruptcy— by punishing beggary to root out
pauperism — by merely deodorising filth to escape
infection — and generally, by hiding (ostrich-hke)
the head and eyes, to avoid being overtaken by
relentless fate.

Take the following extract from the letter of a

resident in a Berkshire village, as an illustration of tlie
folly of holding the meetings of Benefit Societies at a
public-house. The writer tells us ; — We are very quiet
here j ust now. I believe, however, there was a raeeti ng
on Saturday evening at The Bull, to form a branch oi'
the Foresters' Glub, which, I believe, is a Friendlj/
Society, but they made a bad beginning, for I hear
that some of the would-be members were fighting
before they separated. The chief Benefit Society that

is required at present here is a Temperance one, and
not one whose meetings are held within the influence of
such a furious character as The Bull. Spain is certainly
not the only country where bull-fights take place.

• The Vail Mall Oazetie calls attention to a

report by Professor M'Call on the dairies and cattle
sheds of Glasgow, and on the losses by cattle disease
within the boundaries of that city, and points out that
the actual and direct loss, in money value, from rinder-
pest last year in Glasgow, when summed up, amounts
to 89782.. 10s., whereas the loss from " puerperal fever "
amounts to 7021Z. 9s. ; from pleuro-pneumonia 51,6772. ;
and from murrain, 73142. " Now, the greatest loss from
pleuro-pneumonia, lung disease, and, we may add,
murrain, is amongst Irish and other travelled cattle,
and it is not difficult to see how this comes about.
How are Irish cattle brought to this country ? We
may suppose a dealer has bought up a number of lots
all in different places, which must reach a point for
shipment at a given time. The lots which arrive the
earliest may possibly get rest and refreshment; but
for the remainder even water is out of the ques-
tion. The poor brutes are hurried from the
railway trucks to the steamer, to be thrust
into the hold as fast as screwing of tails and thrashing
can force them. Here, for 30 or 40 hours it may be,
they are kept huddled together without food or drink,
and almost without air to breathe. On landing they
are driven from the steamer, or very likely hauled out
by means of ropes, and hurried off to another station,
again to be confined in trucks for a number of hours
longer. The next ordeal to be undergone by the
wretched beasts is to be exhibited for sale at some fair
or market, where the same disregard of their necessities
is shown, and when at last they find a purchaser, as
likely as not another long journey by rail, to be made
under the same conditions as before, awaits them.
Thesufferiugsof the poor famished and starving animals
are shocking to think of, and it requires no skill in
veterinary science, to make it apparent that disease
must be the inevitable result. As a matter of fact
many beasts do perish on the journey, or as soon as
they reach the end of it. Those dying z» transifcl, when
the deaths are evidently'caused by the conditions of the
conveyance, are paid for by the railway companies, and
the owner is thus saved from loss, but there is so much
of the actual food supply of the nation destroyed. A
lot of 21 bullocks forwarded by rail to Winchfield, in
Hampshire, were four days and nights on the journey
in trucks, without food and water. Two out of the
21 died on the way. A lot of sheep and lambs were
sent also to Winchfield. They were shipped from
Glasgow on a Tuesday, were carried on the Wednesday
about 7 P.M., and they arrived at Winchfield station on
the Friday night following, about 8 p.m. One of these
had died by the way, and it is pretty certain that others
would have shared the same fate bad not the owners
given them fully 14 hours' rest near Glasgow on good
Grass, where they had also plenty of water — an
exceptional piece of humanity. We say nothing of
the possible consequences of eating the flesh of animals
which have just been subjected to the treatment
described. Although symptoms of actual disease may
not have made their appearance in the beasts, their
flesh can hardly be wholesome human food."

SHORTHORNS.

The value of a fat stock show, in promoting the
breeding of good cattle, which we referred to last week
as the principal justification of such an institu-
tion as the Smithfield Club, is borne in mind with
curious aptness by the clever writer of the " account
of the late extraordinary Durham Ox " (1807).
If ever a single animal can be said itself to have
had the influence of a whole Smithfield Show
upon the public mind, it must have been that Durham
ox, bred by " Mr. Charles Collin," as be is called, " of
Ketton, in the county of Durham." At five years old
he was bought by Mr. BuUmer, of Harmsby, near
Bedale, Yorkshire, who had a carriage built for him,
intending to carry him through the country as a public
exhibition. But, after travelling with him 197 miles
in five weeks, he sold both ox and carriage to Mr.
John Day for 2502." Thereafter, Mr. Day relates in the
very well written pamphlet which bears his name, that
he was oflered 5002., 10002., 20002, for the ox on suc-
cessive occasions within two months ; but refusing these
tempting offers, he carried it during the following six
years through the eastern, northern, midland, and
western counties, reaching at length the city of Oxford
on Feb. 19, 1807, where an unfortunate accident neces-
sitated the slaughter of the animal, and his carcase
weighed 20 cwt. 5 stone 12 lb.

The last Smithfield Show was witnessed by 100,000
persons, most of them citizens of London, in a crowd
and in confusion — this ox must have been seen by
twice as many persons, a few only at a time, and each
at ample leisure for inspection, and they were comi-
trymen of almost every English county. The Smith-
field Show comprised many animals of inferior merit
— this ox was in itself " the most celebrated
domestic animal, and in all respects the most
astonishing of his kind that ever was exhibited in this
country." Undoubtedly, then, it must have exerted a
very considerable influence on the public feeling in
favour of the Durham breed of cattle. And this it
owed, in all probability, not only to its individual
merits but to the ability of its showman. Of the
enthusiasm and cleverness of Mr. Day, the pamphlet
to which we have referred bears ample witness.
In no particular is this more apparent than in bis
anxiety to make clear the breeding of the animal, and
to prove the great advantage of introducing and
extending the breed wherever it was taken. He is at
great pains in his pamphlet to explain the origin of the
breed to which this ox belonged, and to name the lai- Js

where the same breed then existed. " Ever since I can
remember," he declares, " the breed was denominated
the ' Ancient Holderness.' Tradition has it that they
were originally natives of Britanny " [! J " One thing,
however, is certain, that they were AVell known at
Holderness long before any of the Dutch breeds were
brought over to England. We read again : " It is said
of the large Sbortborned Dutch breed (to which the
Durham ox has been compared) that they eat more
food and feed slower than almost any other breed" [!]
" Here they differ greatly from the Ancient Holderness,
for the latter are remarkably moderate eaters, and are as
quick feeders as the small Highlanders themselves." [!]
" Moderate eating and quick feeding have not been the
only excellencies of the Ancient Holderness. It is an
observation which the experienced and intelligent
breeder cannot fail to make with respect to all cattle
destined for human sustenance, that the truer and
finer the form of the animal, the better will be the
quality and the greater the quantity of meat when
fattened. This was remarkably so in the instance
before us." " Of what incalculable advantage must it
be to the breeder to attend to the propagation of an
animal in which nothing coarse is to be found, and
who produces so small a proportion of meat that can
even be called inferior to the best." The writer then
proceeds to argue the importance of encouraging a
breed of stock of this description, urging that not
merely Government, but " the whole British commu-
nity, whether belonging to the high, middling, or
lowest class, will find their advantage in the encourage-
ment of a breed of cattle which combines cheapness and
excellence in the most essential article of animal food."

Mr. Day names the herds where alone the breed
then existed, observing that in the real sort only three
colours are seen ; " 1st, a red mixed with white,
which was the colour of the Durham ox ; 2d, a blood-
red ; and 3d, a yellow dun or Siiailhprn." " The
red and white mixed are found," it is said, " in the
possession of Messrs. Collins, Mason, and Charge, in
the county of Durham," all of them well-known names
in Shorthorn history. " Many of the blood-red," says
Mr. Day, " now belong to Captain Turnill, of Eeavesby,
near Lincoln, and the yellow dun or Snailhorn are
bred by Mr. Lamb, of Auburn, near Lincoln."

We entirely acquiesce in Mr. Day's conclusion,
which is quite the natural conclusion to which the
Smithfield Club Show also leads, "that if that animal
which fattens the quickest and produces the greatest
quantity of the best meat with the least offal be a
valuable description of live stock, this will be found to
answer every expectation."

Mr. John Day's "celebrated Durham ox" was

bred by Mr. C. Colling, being by his celebrated bull
Favooeite. He was calved in 1796, and lived 11 years.
His live weight was 34 cwt. at 10 years old : at five he
was "not only covered thick with fat upon all the

firincipal points, but his whole carcase was in a manner
oaded with it," and " had he been kept quietly at
Ketton and properly fed until seven years old, there
is little doubt that he would have weighed more
than he did when ultimately slaughtered.

There can hardly be any doubt that the exhibition of
this ox all over the country did a great service both to
his breeder and to the Shorthorn breed in general. He
was the best possible advertisement of the merits of the
herd and sort to which he belonged, and no doubt did
much to publish the merits of this merely local breed,
which was then achieving such successes on the
banks of the Tees. The ox was a true "Short-
horn," certainly not of Breton origin, and as certainly
exceeding even the "Ancient Holderness" in its
feeding powers, if these were no better than those of
" the small Highlanders ! " The Lincolnshire herds
named are not considered a satisfactory stock now-a-
days for any Shorthorn herd to trace from ; the yellow
duns of Mr. Lamb, in particular, were an inferior
origin for any herd ; the red, and red and white, the
white and the roan, are the only colours now allowed,
and the only colours at the leading sales of stock from
which Shorthorn breeders now desire to trace their
pedigree. We believe that Auburn is, however, now
the home of a herd of well-bred Shorthorns, the present
Mr. Lamb having for many years used such bulls as
White Knight (14,001), Gband Tuek (12,969), and
others of equal mark.

It is worth noting in the interest of the dis-
cussion of the relative merits of the Devon and the
Shorthorn breeds, that in 1805 Mr. G. Taylor, of
St. Helen's, Auckland (Durham), went purposely into
Devonshire to procure some of the best of this breed
he could find. For this purpose he traversed the
whole county and selected 10 cows and a bull, which
he got home in December, 1805. Mr. John Bailey,
who wrote the report of Durham for the Board of
Agriculture in 1813, says that be saw in 1808 and 1809
a three-year-old steer of the Devon breed in Mr. Tay-
lor's hands, then estimated to weigh 8 c wt. So that it is
plain the herd had justice done to it. Mr. Shafto, of
Whitworth, had also procured cows and a bull from
North Devon. They have, however, disappeared. The
Shorthorn breed have carried all before them ; honoured
to the exclusion of all others in their own county,
they are rapidly encroaching on what was originally
the undisputed jurisdiction of all other local breeds.

COTTAGE PLANS.
AVe have received from Mi'. Birch, of 16, Beaufort
Buildings, Strand, the following plans and particulars
of cottages designed by himself and since erected in
many parts of the country, for which the Society of
Arts last year awarded the prize which had been offered
by Mr. Bailey Denton for the best designs. They will
be found to include the necessary three bedrooms,
a comfortable living room and scullery, and a
variety of offices and outhouses. lu the one case.

decembeb 28, 1867.J THE GARDENERS' CrmONICLE AND AGRlCtn/niRAE GAZETTE

1327

the third bedroom is on the ground floor, which is
often a pood arrangement, os|)ocially in llio early
married life of the cottager, wlion an invalid ])arent
may bo one of the family, and again hereal'lor when
illness may be in the house. The scale of Ihe plans
may be gathered from the following dimensions : IJ on
the ground floor in the former plan is 121 feel by 12 feet,
and m the latter plan it is 134 feet by 1 1 feet. The cost
at which the plans have been carried out in various
localities varies, of course, according to the circum-
stances of the place— the cost of foundation, of bricks,
timber, carriage, &c. — but e.famples arc quoted below
from which it appears that, uuder average circum-
stances, they are to bo erected for about ^Mt. a pair.

Desliin A shows the ccittages to which was awarded
the Society of Arts' prize. The plans and specilications
have been approved of by tho Inelosure Commissioners,
and contain many improvements on the original design.
The olUces and internal fittings are very complete,
including stoves and ranges, ovens, washing coppers,
plate racks, sinks, &c., with hard and soft water and
pumps, &o., to each cottage. Tho walls are built of

brick, tho roofs being covered with plain tiloa, having
projecting eaves and gables. Tho cotljiges are plastered
and finished in a superior manner.

Several pairs of lliesii cottages have hoeu recently
creeled at \\'ilhyliiiin and Ringmere, in Su'^so.v, by the
Right lion, the lOarl J)rla>varr, at a cost of i'Ml. a pair,
in each case tho carriage of materials being very con-
siderable. These cottages have also heen erected in
Surrey by G. Calthrop, Ksci., at a cost of i'M. a pair :
in this case tho proprietor provided home timber for
tile roof, and the carriage of materials was upwards of
eight miles.

These cottages are now being built in ilerofordshire
by J . H. Arkwright, JOsci., the accepted tioudcr being
is.)/, a pair; and lenders wore obtained .sometime ago
by this gontlcman for the same cottages, the lowest of
which amounted to 2(>"^. lO.v. a pair.

A grou]) of these cottages has been recently erected
in Northamptonshire by tho liight lion, tho Karl
Spencer, IC.G., &c., from Mr. Birch's plans. They are
constructeil of brick— tho c.ttornal walls being built in
two thicknesses, with aspaco between to prevent damii.

'riie roofs are covered with idain tiles, having project-
ing eaves, gables, ornamental barge boards, ami open
timl)er jierrjlies.

10,\cepting the sculleries, all the floors are of deal ; tho
walls aio plastered, and iu other resjiccts the cottages
are well finished.

Several pairs of these cottages have also been oreotod
at Battle, iu Sussex, by S. Carter. Esq., and at
St. Neot .s, m Uunlingdonshiro, by tho llev. C. Aliugton
and others, but being carried out by daywork it is
dilhcult to aseortain their cost.

Vedijii 7?.— This group of four cottages hius been
recently eructeil by the Salisbury and Yeovil Railway
Company, from .Mr. Uirch's |>lans ; tho arrangement
dillers in some risijccts from the prizo design— one bed-
room being placed on tin; gnniiid floor. Tho aroa of
tho bedroom accommodation, however, is half as largo
again as Design A.

The oOTices and internal fittings are well arranged,
and very complete, with lianl and soft water to each
dwelling. The outbuihlings are placed a suflicient
distance from the cottages.

o O

M

L

IDDl

DESIGN A. . DESIGN

Reference to Plaks.
Abfc. — In each case the Ground PLins read on the left-hand, and the Chamber Plans on the right.
Design A. Ground Plan, — A. Porch ; B. Living room ; o. ScuUery ; D. Piintry ; E. Fuel : F. Sink, plate rack, .ind drainer ; o. Oven ;
shelves ; K. Rainwater tank ; l. Piggery court ; m. Piggery ; n. Privy ; o. Ashpit. Chamber Plan. — a. Stairs ; b. Parents' bedroom ;

room : e. Linen closet.

Design B. Ground Plan. — A. Porch ; B. Living room ; c. Boya' bedroom ; D. Pantry ; E. Stall's : F. Scullery ; G. Fuel store ; H. Stores ;
J. Oven; k. Copper; L. Rainwater tank ; m. Privy; N. Piggery; o. Piggery court ; P. Ashpit; q. Well. Chamber Plan. — A. Stair landing;

bedroom ; D. Linen closet ; E. Stairs.

H. Copper : i. Cupboard ; j. Book-
c. Gh-ls' bedroom ; D. Boys' bed-

I. Sink, drainer, and plate rack ;
B. Parents' bedroom ; c. Girls'

The cottages are built of brick, all the external walls
being constructed in two thicknesses, with a space
between, as shown, to prevent damp. The roofs are
covered with tiles, haying projecting eaves and gables ;
all the floors (excepting sculleries) are of wood ; the
walls are plastered, and the whole executed in a sub-
stantial manner. The cost of the group comjjlete has
been 0101.

AGRICULTtTRAL TOPICS.

I DO not think a portion of your columns can be
better occupied for a week or two than in discussing
the topics that appear to cumulate during the agri-
cultural week, and more particularly those which have
been, or should have been, discussed at the annual
meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society.

(1). How is it, it has been asked, there is so much
Inkewarmness on the part of its members— such a
bad attendance at the annual meetings — more par-
ticularly when it is well known there are a large
number of the members in London ? The answer,
I think, can be very easily given. In the first place
there is a feeling, rightly or wrongly entertained,
amongst members generally, that they are not wan ted-
that tho chosen few wlio are in fact both the choosers
and the chosen, would rather have their room than

their company, that they are very useful in their
proper place, that is— the paying of their subscriptions
— but they must not presume to interfere in the affairs
of the Society. Then again, the room in Hanover
Square could not accommodate a large meeting, and it
involves the sacrifice of a day to attend it. If a good
meeting is really wanted, as evidence of the vitality of
the Society, it should be held in the Agricultural Hall,
when members could and would attend, and at the
expense of an hour instead of a day.

(3). The appointment of members of Council : — A
vacancy, caused by the lamented death of Mr. E. Pope,
has recently been filled up by the appointment of a
, gentleman from the Midland Counties— no doubt a
very good man, but would it not have been much fairer
to have appointed some member from the same district
as that to which the deceased gentleman belonged ?
At present the counties of Dorset, Hants, and Wilts
are practically not represented, and there are no means
for conveying the wishes and oi>inions of members to
the ruliug body, for Lord Portman (one of the wisest
and most valuable members theCouncil ever possessed)
is seldom able to attend, the member for Wiltshire has
ceased to reside there, and Hampshire has never been
bought worthy enough to have a representative in the
Council. If the Society wish to increase or even to
keep up their local interest they shoiild take care that

the districts are properly and fairly represented, and if
the Council men could be nominated, as recommended,
by the members residing in their respective districts,
it would be a very desirable move.* There is probably
a tendency to oligarchy in most institutions, which
disposition, however, should be carefully guarded
against. Formerly the vo-r populi had more influence,
and members were entitled to send up the names of
gentlemen they considered suitable to act as judges,
aud they were elected by the whole Council. Now
the judges are virtually chosen by a small committee,
who naturally consider their own friends the best.
If this sympathy between members and councilmen
had been more complete and better kept up, the
rinderj'est, I take it, would never have been allowed
to have become so general and destructive, for the
members would have roused the Council from that
fatal sleep in which they were enshrouded through the
antumu of 1885, when having met and been fully
informed of the danger at hand, they seem to have
given strict orders to Professor Simonds to stop the
rinderpest, but on no account to wake them up till the

* One of the most popul.ir ,ind beneficial regulations ever
introduced— proposed, or supported by the late Mr. Pope-
was that which gave free admission to the local shows ta
members of the Society.

1328

THE GAEDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICtlLTURAL GAZETTE. [Decembee as, w.

Christmas following. This jocular allusion to the
rinderpest brings us to, and in fact is, my next
topic.

(3). Respecting this, however, space will only permit
a passing allusion. I would respectfully urge members
of Council, of Chambers of Agriculture and the Central
Club, to take care lest in straining at a gnat they
swallow a camel. The gnat at which they strain
is the order that is now rescinded which permitted
the transport of live fat cattle by rail from certain
convenient outports to the metropolis, there to be
slaughtered. The camel they are ready to swallow is,
that when they have realised their "Eureka," and by
their pressure on the Government have succeeded in
establishing by Act of Parliament, a foreign cattle
market in the metropolis, they may have the rinderpest
reintroduced into the country just as readily as ever.
For example, if the disease is brought in, and again
eludes the vigilance of inspectors, what is there to
prevent the London and even the country butcher
taking the infection away in his clothes and conveying
it to the animals in Islington market and elsewhere —
the more so as, no doubt from the combined influence
of free trade and the pressure of agriculturists, animals
will, in return for the previous supposed concession, be
allowed to leave Loudon alive. For myself, I look
upon the present rule that forbids the removal of any
live beast out of London as by far the most valuable
regulation in existence, and as outweighing in import-
ance the combined results of every other rule on the
subject. Let us take the case of Southampton, where
thousands of beasts have been landed and never a case
of disease, and where every possible convenience exists.
The butchers in the neighbourhood could take one-
third of a cargo, or, including Portsmouth one-half or
more, but they cannot take the whole, consequently
the cargo is sent round to Thames Haven— a longer
voyage, with increased risk, which by a stretch of
imagination is considered as London, and the foreign
cattle trade in Southampton is ruined. Now if that
portion of the cargo not!required in the locality were,
after a quarantine of 10 days, permitted with a sound
bill of health to be sent by rail to London— their final
destination, what possible harm can arise ? After such
quarantine for the animals not slaughered at once, there
would, I take it, be no harm whatever in allowing
them to enter the metropolitan market, where a
separation could be readily made between the home
and foreign trade. Therefore without any particular
objection to a separate market for foreign cattle, I
consider it a matter of small importance, and by no
means furnishing a security against the re-importation
of the rinderpest, for which reason I reiterate the
warning, "Don't strain at a gnat and swallow a
camel.

(4). I thought, when I read in your paper the
bold but rather rash attack on the "thin red line,"
that the charge would be firmly met, and now it ap-
pears that the red line has quickly formed square to
receive cavalry, which, like the French Cuirassiers at
Waterloo, have, I think, the worst of the encounter.
This simile, first used by one of the speakers at the
Bath and West of England show at Barnstaple, in
returnmg thanks for the judges, to illustrate the ster-
ling excellence of the breed at the best show of Devons
ever held, is also again justified by the firm and smart
manner in which the attack on the merits of the
Devons is resisted. It is certainly a most valuable
breed, and well adapted for the sweet hilly pastures of
the old red sandstone formation. Although the Devon
may be less required than formerly for purposes of
draught, and particularly since the introduction of
steam, yet this circumstance rather tends to improve
them in other respects, by efl'ecting an exchange of
bone and thickness of skin for quality and quantity
of prime meat. They have not the early maturity of
the Shorthorns^ it is true: but probably quite as
short a period is spent in the fattmg-stalls by them,
the extra time being inexpensively consumed in their
natural pastures, which they appear to suit so well,
and from which they are enabled to pass cheerily
along the highway in large droves into other counties,
such as Hants and Sussex ; there to be made out, and
command higher prices per stone than most other
■ breeds. " May their shadows never be less," say I,
n ot only with respect to the weight of their carcases,
but as respects the red, blue, and yellow with which
their horns are often adorned at our shows. If there
IS money to spare we do not begrudge a few extra
prizes to the Shorthorns, not, however, to be obtained
by the disfranchisement of the oldest, purest, and
healthiest breed in the country. The breeders and
graziers consult their pockets as to what kind of
cattle they shall breed or fat, and to them the ques-
tion may be safely left ; but it is, we take it, the mis-
sion of our societies to encourage to the utmost our
pure native breeds of sterling merit, whether cattle or
sheep, so that the fountain streams may be preserved
undefiled, and to take care, above all things, in the
interest of the public, that the means are kept up of
supplying our tables with something more nutritious
than merely tallow. Besides which the best crosses
can only be secured by means of pure breeds. And
here this question presents itself to the mind of
the writer, as it has scores of times before— Have
we, during the last twenty years, done anvthing
to improve the milking, butter-making, or c'heese-
makmg qualities of our cattle ? Do we know anything
more about the subject than we did some twenty years
ago ? Whilst our scientific men who meet at the
weekly councils have done their parts in explaining
the anatomy and physiology of the parts engaged or
the chemical conditions that belong to the production
of cheese and butter, have the practical men who
attend the monthly councils (and who we farmers rather
despise), the weekly open meetings— have they done their
parts likewise ? Do they know anything more about
the matter than their fathers before them ? Can they

answer the question of a tyro with satisfaction to him
or themselves ? Is it better for dairy purposes to have
pure- bred or cross-bred cattle ? And, if the common
notion is correct, that mongrels are best for dairy
purposes, can they tell us the reason why ? It perhaps
is beside the province of the Smithfleld Club ; but I
think it is quite time for the Royal to take the initia-
tive in the matter, and endeavour to improve our dairy
beasts, and to ascertain how far the rival qualifications
of fattening and milking can be combined in the same
animals. S.

AGRICULTURAL LABOURERS AND GANGS.

Ought not the various questions now before the
general public relative to agricultural labourers and
agricultural gangs to be left to solve themselves
according to the natural force of circumstances in the
onward march of improvement? That there are
certain black spots here and there upon the agricul-
tural body, which, like the complexion of the Ethionian
and negro, will not be easily washed out by the hand
of Time, may be granted ; but at the same time in
granting this it must also be conceded that from the
one end of the kingdom to the other a strong movement
is now being made to go ahead, the mere plodding of
the iron-shod smock-frocks at the plough not excepted.
How, then, are we to justify the impatience of those
high-flown political experts and moralising philan-
thropists who will, under any and all conditions, without
reserve, have the broad daylight of noon before the
sun has got half way above the horizon of farmers'
politics ? The case is a clear one when viewed from
the golden realms of good King Capital— i. e., pounds,
shillings, and pence, if you prefer it, or higher wages,
and so forth. But as the opposite page of the ledger to
this pecuniary account reads a higner degree of skilled
labour than has yet been attained, generally speaking,
we must first look at things as they are and may be,
before we take them up for examination as they
should be.

The several questions thus raised may, for the sake of
practical illustration, be divided into two classes : the
first having reference to the social position, residence,
and nursery ground of labourers ; and the second to the
field of employment and quality of labour therein. In
a few cases the labourers reside upon the farm in suffi-
cient numbers to do the whole work upon it from one
year's end to the other ; but as a general rule this is still
the exception ; and although it may appear at first sight
that the exception ought to become the rule, as even-
tually it may, yet at the present time it is otherwise,
for, when we enter the crowded village, at a long dis-
tance from the field of employment, with what may be
termed the levelling hand of future progress— the object
being the building of new farm-houses and cottages
upon every farm as above— the hand of the leveller is
arrested by the fact that there many districts, as our
fens, which are not sufficiently drained and otherwise
improved for the successful reduction of such a propo-
sition to practice. In short, improvement in both cases,
in the nursery as in the field of employment, is a work
of time, dependent each in a great measure upon the
march of progress in the subsidiary branches of art, as
in agricultural machinery, manures, stock-breeding,
&o. It follows, therefore, that both the above questions
may be resolved into the general one : Is improvement
in the nursery and field of employment keeping pace
with the rapid progress now being made in drainage,
machinery, &c. ?

ZThe facts of the case must of course be left to answer
this question. Thus things, at the present time, are
evidently in a state of transition to the better, generally
speaking, so that to make future provision for things as
they now are would be imprudent. To do this may
even be throwing serious obstacles before the wheels of
future progress. It must not, however, be inferred
from this that we are opposing anything being done to
obviate or mitigate the present wants of our labouring
population where such wants exist and are of a cha-
racter demanding public interference. On tlie con-
trary, we simply caution against hasty steps of any kind
being taken to support the families of the less deserv-
ing— hasty steps which might have for their ultimate
effect the retarding of the normal work of improve-
ment of the industrious, persevering, and more
deserving class of labourers, who are exerting them-
selves to merit regular employment at the highest
current wages so as to be able to bring up their fami-
lies to similar habits of industry. From an extensive
experience amongst agricultural labourers in each of
the three great divisions of the kingdom, England,
Scotland, and Ireland, we have found them naturally,
as it were, divided into two classes as above : the one
elassj the more industrious and deserving, making
provision for themselves ; the other class, the less
deserving, having to be provided for by poor-rates,
private charity, &e. Such, then, being the plain facts
of the case, the practical lesson which they teach is
certainly highly instructive in the present state of
things.

Improvement, i. e., real permanent advance, either
social or industrial, in any rank of life, ever has been,
and doubtless ever will be, up-hill work. Indeed^, from
this general rule there are few, if any, exceptions —
certainly none .in agriculture. _ Antiquated times
may have left behind them certain grievances which
the Legislature may redress ; but if there is one
mistake more prominent than another, it is the
looking to Parliament for the improvement of
agricultural labourers in either of the above two
conditions relative to residence and social position on
the one hand, and field of employment and quality of
labour on the other. If all the lazy bad workmen with
tlieir improvident; families, that throng our rural
villages, could be converted by an Act of Parliament
into the opposite class of labourers, then there would
not be two opinions as to the proper course to be taken.

for the soonersuch an Act were passed by the Legislature
into statute law so ranch the better: but so long as
experience reads the results of all legislative interfer- ,
enee in the opposite direction, the finger of progress I
must indicate accordingly. 1

But although real iimprovemeut is slow work, that
is only a reason why its natural development should be
cultivated with the greater care and circumspection.
Thus, if it is admitted— and the truth of the proposition
cannot be fairly denied— that every farm should support
its own labourers within itself, then the principle of
action, so to speak, in carrying into effect such a propo-
sition is to provide suitable cottage accommodation
upon every farm for the better class of labourers (and
for the better class only) as fast as they multiply, so as
eventually to get a full stock competent to' do all
the work according to the highest standard, quality of
labour on the one hand, and social, moral, and intellec-
tual position on the other. Such then being the facts
of the case, according to hypothesis, from a scientific
point of view, let us briefly examine them so as to
determine if they are in reality those involved in the
improvements now actually taking place in practice.

There are three kinds of nursery grounds for
labourers, viz. (1), the few examples where the whole
of the workpeople reside upon the farm in full emuloy-
ment all the yearround ; (2) the village system, or where
the labourers reside in villages at a distance from the
field of employment ; and (3) the small farm system,
which has a surplus amount of labour to supply
the demand of large farms at a distance : and in order
to^prosecute the above inquiry with clearness it will
be necessary first to examine these three sources of
lab9ur separately, in order to understand the peculiar
position which each occupies in the march of im-
provement.

The first of these plans is very common oyer a large
area of Scotland and the north of England, and there
cannot be a doubt but the introduction and use of
improved machinery is every day rendering farms
more and more independent of a supply of labour from
without, even in harvest time. We at one time had
consideraljle experience under this system, before the
introduction of reaping machines, steam-ploughs, &e.,
and on several occasions the whole of the harvest work
was done by the resident labourers on the farm, all of
whom had regular employment throughout the year;
and at that time (1843, when we left the north) wo
were preparing to carry the rule into general practice,
so as to be wholly independent of labour from with-
out ; and since then we believe the practice has been
greatly extended in some places, although we hear
that it has been rather contracted in others, but the
balance upon the whole is, however, in favour of
exclusive residence upon the farm of a full supply of
labour.

In working underthis system thevariousoperations in
seed time have to be so organised and ordered as to
co-operate with those of hoeing and harvest, and we
never experienced any difficulty in doing so. In point
of fact the very reverse of this is lihe case, for by so
ordering the labours of the farm they are far better
and more successfully performed than under the
opposite practice of seeding large breadths at one time
without any regard to the consequences in hoeing and
harvesting the crops, which cannot be carried all in
one day, granting that they are out down and made
ready for the stackyard. The ploughing and prepara-
tion of the land for seed and the putting in of the seed
are works of time, corresponding to those of hoein;'
and harvesting, both as regards the labour of man and
beast, and those who have experience of this system in
controlling the labours of the farm where men and
horses are fairly masters of their work (as they always
should be), working cheerfully together and carrying
everything before them at all seasons of the year,
would never think of returning to the old system of
doing the works of seed time, hoeing, and harvest, by
" fits and starts," alias by " gangs," and so forth, for
reasons which will subsequently he shown under the
next two heads. In short, the system is better for the
land, the farmer, the labourers, and working cattle
than the village and small holding system.

Under this system married servants are generally
engaged by the year, and the unmarried, or single, by
the half-year or six months. We had a few hands for
odd jobs, who were regularly employed all the year
rouud upon the farm, some work being done by day
wages, others by task, ibis latter being generally pre-
ferred, as by it rather larger wages were made ; while
at some jobs, as hoeing and harvesting, wives, boys,
and girls lent a willing and helping hand to eke out
the account. In fine weather all hands exert themselves
to the utmost so as to keep the work in advance, and
in bad weather they take it more easy — their interest
being thus in harmony with that of their employer.
We always aimed at engaging the best class of nands,
who require rather larger wages, but in the end are
cheaper. The best hands are not always the healthiest
constitutionally; but when constitutional debility
unfits a man for the teams, he turns to the odd work,
and makes the best of it he can. If a few days o(f
work he falls short in wages, but has his house and
garden free ; and by steady perseverance in fine weather,
if a good workman, he does not fall so far behind at the
year's end, as to wages, as one may at first sight
imagine. As to general health, we have always con-
cluded from our own experience that servants under
this system are more healthy than under either of the
others, and less subject to epidemical complaints, &c.
If a horse-man or cattle -man falls sick, and is obliged to
leave work for a few days some of those engaged at odd
jobs take his place, so that the general work upon
the farm is kept going. And where there are a
number of active willing hands on the staff or roll, it
does not take much extra exertion on the part of each,
when all are working together, thus to keep up the
work when one is oU' the list. Consequently it was

Decembeb 28, 1867.]

THE GARDENERS' CIIRONIOLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1329

very seldom that we liad to reduce the jearly amount
of wagtis on aocount of sickness.

With rei;ard to snoial position, &c., when tlio
labourers are all resident upon the farm the whole
concern is truly a family alTair, in somo measure
subject to the old proverb—" liko master like man."
Amongst steady, carefully-selected families, tlio rulin;;
ambition, if we may use the phrase, is to follow the
upright example of the " maister," the deepest peni-
tence being always manifested for auy untoward
departure. Good hands adopt the ma.viin, " a rolling
stone gathers no (oii." i. e., seldom change places. It
is no uncommon thing for a cottager to sit out a
19 years' lease, and to enter upon a second term with
his employer in the full hope of seeing its close. As
to children, we never experienced any diUicnlty in
keeping them in order, even when counted by the
dozen ; the contrary being as often the case, there being
many little things which children cau do better than
grown-up people, and which they delight to do,
especially when the order comes direct from the
" governor." Bad boys are no doubt occasionally to be
met with, even in good families, but we would rather
ten times have them resident upon the farm than in
the village. Steady young men and women save
money to start them in married life in a manner
becoming their rank ; and we have had married
servants bring up each from si.x to eight of a family,
giving them a fair education, and keeping them also
respectably in clothes, and yet save money. Dirty
faces, feet, and hands, rags, and lounging about idle at
home instead of being at school, wo never tolerated ;
and this being the rule absolute, there was no fear of any
attempt being made to depart from it.

Such is a general view of tho better class of labourers
when resident upon the farm. That there are many
exceptions to it may be granted without in any way
compromising the soundness of the .system. And in
those districts where it is generally in force, there are
seldom many hands out of employment. The sons of
small farmers, masons' labourers, and the like, may be
found idle, but it is not fair to place such in the
category of farm labourers, although this is frequently
done. In short, the system, when properly carried out,
has less tendency to nurse a surplus stock of labourers
on reduced wages and poor-rates than either of the
other two systems, all surplus hands being obliged to
emigrate or push their way into other works. As horse-
men get old they become jobbers or cattle-men, some
of their unmarried sons taking their places as plough-
men, but into details of this kind our limits will not
allow us to go further at present.

Under the village system, so far as our experience
e.xtends, there is a large surplus amount of labour in
the market. The best hands are regularly employed
all the year round at the uiaximum rate of wages, gene-
rally paid weekly, but the second and middle class are
much of their time idle, their families being subjected
to many privations to avoid getting upon the union,
with a third class is more to be pitied than uoticed
publicly. Out of their weekly wages all classes Lave
to pay their house-rent. This payment for house-
rent and garden ground, when the labourer falls upon
the sick list and gets out of employment, is a serious
affair, and forms one of the peculiar characteristics of
the village system— one that demands special attention.
The want of regular employment is another, which
we have often thought more killing in its consequences
than sickness itself. Assistance in such cases from
"clubs" we can appreciate at its full value; but after
all it is but a poor set-off to the village system
when all things are placed in the scales and fairly
weighed in comparison with the precedicig resident
cottage farm system. And the objection to the
village system is the command of the labour market
which certain employers enjoy which gives rise
to^ the gang system, and the doing of the
principal operations of the farm by turns. Hence the
losses which farmer B sustains in waiting until
farmer A has finished his work and paid off his spare
hands, throwing them idle upon the village. In very
many cases the farm-houses and oflices are in the
village, along with the cottages of the labourers. In
other words several farmeries, with their labourers'
cottages, &c., are huddled together so as to form a
village on the old Sa.xon plan, when self defence
rendered such a measure of precaution necessary. In
such cases both the farmer and his labourers are at a
distance from the field of employment ; they and the
working cattle having to go and return daily, and often
several times a day, as in carrying in harvest and cart-
ing out manure, &c. Such being the position of
residence, and such the position of the field of employ-
ment, horse-men and cattle-men are regularly employed
upon the respective farms of the village to which they
belong generally, but the odd hands are sometimes
employed on the one farm and sometimes on the other,
there being a few e.vceptions where a special hand or
two for odd jobs are also regularly employed all the
year round. Under such conditions the labourers who
are thus tossed about from one farm to another, over-
worked to-day and idle at home in the village
to-morrow, have not that interest in helping forward
the work upon the farm as the old hands have, who are
regularly employed and resident upon the farm.
Indeed, the contrary is the case, the less work they do
to-day the more remains for to-morrow, consequently
they require sharp looking after. But the employer
being also non-resident, he cannot always be behmd
them, his cattle and the niuety-and-uino other things
upon the farm requiring his attention. It follows that
he must either neglect the regular or general work
upon his farm, or else the odd jobs. To neglect the
former is out of the question, so that he is left the
alternative of obviating the latter, which is done some-
times by gangs of day labourers under a foreman or
bailiff, sometimes by task-work, the work being given
out to individual labourers, or to families, or to small

gangs of two to ton labourers in a company, and somo-
timos tho work is let to job contractors, who employ
gangs of their own.

Under tho small holding system similar results to
tho above aro arrived at— horse-men and cattlo-rjien
being regularly employed ujion large farms- tho job
work being done as under tho village system. In
Ireland, and somo jiarts of tho north, where small
holdings aro numerous and largo farms few, tho supply
of labour is greatly in e.Kci'SS of the demand, so that
there is a scramble for farm work, much to tho neglect
of the small holdings at the proper season. In other
places tho supply does not much exceed the demand,
but into details of this kind our limits will not permit
us to go further.

Wo now, in conclusion, come to the question of pro-
gress, and, although only one answer can be given, viz.,
that progress is boing made in the erection of farm
buildings and cottages centrally upon farms, yet,
when we return to tho villages of " merry olu
England," wo are not so far past tho ago of poetry and
the painter's brush ;is steam |)loughs, reaping machines,
guano, and the other au.xiliarics of modern farming
absolutely demand. Still smallholdings aro annually
decreasing in number, ponds aro being filled up, broad
crooked hedges, &c., aro boing stubbed, while nrany
other things dear to the heart of modern painters are
disai)pearing from the landscape ; village gossip and
the favourite songs of bardic times are also fast losing
their powers of attraction without the aid of legislative
interference : so that, putting all things together, the
signs of the times must be read favourably, but not
without some degree of caution on the part of political
economists, whose organs of vision require optical
assistance to see things clearly in their true light.

THE BUTTER DAIRY.

As a pasture for the production of butter, I
would greatly prefer a natural growth, such as is
usually found in our Brandy-wine meadows; good
Clover pasture will increase the amount of milk, but
my experience has shown me that if my cows produce
a given amount of butter from natural pastures, they
will, when turned on to Clover, decrease the amount
of butter at least one-fourth, while the amount of milk
would be materially increased. I would unhesitatingly
give the preference to good natural Grass as a butter
producer. For hay I would still give the preference to
natural Grass, but the difference is not nearly so
great, for I hold that Clover hay, nicely kept, and not
too much dried, will make as much butter as any
other kind which I can get. If we pasture our meadows
and the natural Grass of our uplands, we must, of
course, mow the Clover of our arable land, or viee
versa.

Ztairi/ Rooms and Temperature. — The grand object is
to keep the milk as nearly a.s possible at an even tem-
perature the year round. With regard to the proper
temperature of the spring house or vault, I would say
that one object is to make all the cream rise in tlie
least possible time, and to do this we must keep the
milk at a regular temperature. Several experiments
have been made to ascertain the proper temperatiu'c ;
as a rule it has been found that milk at a temperature
of 50' will raise all the cream in -30 hours ; at a tem-
perature of 55° it requires 2i hours ; at a temperature
of (J8' it requires but 20 hours; while at one
of 77° it needs but 12 hours. In another experiment
the milk was kept at a temperature of from 34' to 37^
no cream of any account was thrown up in three weeks.
These and other experiments all go to show the great
importance of this point; in fact, it is the mainspring
of success in the butter dairy. That this regular tem-
perature can be best attained by a well constructed
vault there can be no doubt. With regard to the
state of the milk at the time of churning, I prefer
that the milk should not become thick all through, but
endeavour to have it in that stage in which a small
portion aL the bottom and sides of the pan is thick
showing that the thickening process has commenced
If allowed to stand until the milk is thick all through,
there is great danger of injuring the quality of the
butter. At a temperature of about 70' it will be best
to skim every day, or at moat every 36 hours. If our
West Bradford correspondent will take the trouble to
skim his milk in 21 hours after milking, and again in
12 hours more, keeping the two skimmings separate,
he will find that the last skimmed will make a very
inferior sample of butter.

Depth of Milk in Fans. — My own experiments have
demonstrated that to put the milk more than 3 inches
deep in the pans entails a loss in the amount of cream ;
the cream is so nearly of the same speciiic gravity as the
milk, that it cannot rise through a very great depth ;
again, in a large body of milk it requires a longer time
for it to lose its animal heat, which must all be
destroyed before the cream commences to rise. If auy
one will take the trouble to set a shallow pan, with not
more than 3 inches of tnilk, away with a bucketful
from the same kind, he will find that the pan will raise
nearly if not quite as thick cream as the bucket.
I would not put away milk deeper than from 2! to
3 inches, and have found that the increased outlay for
pans is more than made up by the increase in butter.

Temperature of Cream. — In answering his question
as to the proper temperature of the cream vyhen put
into the churn, I would say that this question forms
one of the most imjjortaut in his series, but is at the
same time one which is often neglected. Careful
experiments have demonstrated that while the cream
should never be lower than 50°, it should never be
higher than 55°, for the operation of churning will
raise it from 5° to 10°. In a long series of experiments
conducted in an English dairy, the best temjierature
was found to be 53' when the cream goes mto the
churn. By far too many keep the milk and cream at

the same temperature, or at least in tho same cellar or
vault. Either tho cream or milk will suffer, ono being
too warm or the olher too cold.

Jloni Lonii to Churn.— }iiy exporionco is, that if tho
bultor " comes " too soon, it is at tho expense of (inality,
if not quantity, too ; I would rather churn ono hour
than less, and consider that by so doing I make better
butter; by raising the tomporaturo of tho croam, the
butter may bo prepared in less time, but will not make
BO good an artiidc. In tho best English dairies it is not
considered too long i( twice tho above time is occupied
in churning.

tialliii'i lliUter.—'i'ha quantity of salt needed to keep
tho butter, will vary from (jno pound of salt to 21 of
butter, to the same amount for 2H pounds. Tho object
is to liavo tho water and buttcrniilk which remains ia
tho butter thoroughly saturated with salt, and of course
tho more tho butter is worked and freed from the
buttermilk, tho less salt will bo rccfuired to salt it
enough for preservation, but as enough salt to keep it
will not usually make it salt enough for tho t;iito of
many customers, we must add more : one pound to
2t of butter will not generally ho too much for the
public taste.

Mil/c or Cream for One Punnd of Butler. — The
amount of milk or cream required to make one pound
of butter varies much. Erom U to 1 1 quarts of milk
should make 2 of cream, which in turn ought to make
one pound of butter, or by weight, 18 to 20 pounds of
milk should make four of cream, which should make
<me of butter. I give these data from a dairy of common
cows, and it will, of course, vary with other breeds and
herds; it will not apply to Alderneys, for the propor-
tion of cream and butter to tho milk is much greater.
Two quarts of cream is a fair average for one pound of
butter, though many cows will furnish an article
requiring much less to make one pound. Correspondent
of West Chester (Pa.) Republican.

Home Correspondence.

Turnips after Vetches. — In the A(/ricultural Gazelle
of the IGth November I observed " Fingal " quotes
from a former correspondent ("G."), " Turnips will not
plant after a crop of Vetches," and he added, " some
of the best rough-leaved Turnips I have ever grown,
under very varied circumstances, were after heavy
crops.of Vetches." I had noticed " G.'s " remark at
the time with much surprise, for my experience agrees
with that of " Pingal." If G." will adopt the same
plan we do, I cannot doubt his success. We select
from the fields in course for the root crop for the
succeeding year, the weakest naturally — that which
requires the most aid, (or Turnips ; then, as soon as the
Wheat is carried, we spread 8 to 10 tons of manure,
according to quality, and plough it in lightly. We
then measure off one-third, and sow it the first o|ipor-
tuuity after rain with two bushels (per acre) of winter
1 Vetches, mixed with one bushel of winter Oats, usuall.v
by the last week in August. This crop will be up by
the latter end of September. In the course of October
we sow another third of the field, with three bushels
of Vetches alone, because, the Oats are very useful in
supporting the first crop, though they often become too
strong in thestemby the time the second crop of Vetches
is fit to feed. The last third of the field we sow with
' spring Vetches in April : their raijid growth at that
season will bring them forward in time to succeed the
October-sown crop. As fast as the Vetches are con-
j sumed by the sheep the land is very lightly jjloughed,
■ and sown with the purple-topped Aberdeen Turnip—
I 2 lb. of seed to the acre. If the weather has not been
]iropitious, and the sowing with Turnips of the last
third of the field could not be got in before August,
we sow this with the Red Nottingliam, a very rapid
grower, and attaining a considerable size. If the work
be closely followed up, the only chance of failure is an
unusually long drought alter the Vetches have been
fed off. This season has been very favourable: the
Turnips were set out from an abundant plant without
leaving an interval, and, for " G.'s " information, I
have had a perch drawn from the Aberdeens and
weighed, and being very uniform throughout the field,
the weight would be 21 tons 16 cwt. per acre of actual
food. The Nottinghams sown last were quite as large
a crop as the Aberdeens, but they have been fed off
first by the lambs, as not being so hardy aa the
Aberdeens. This is no doubt far beyond an average
crop after Vetches, in consequence of seasonable rains
causing quick vegetation, maturing rapidly without a
check. I was informed this subject had been mattor
of discussion at our College, and the agricultural
Professor brought the students to inspect this crop
as a practical illustration. Chas. Lawrence, Cirencester.
" Large and Small J'arms. — I had marked Mr,
Mechi's " Notes " on this subject for comment, but
several months bave elapsed since I commenced a
letter which is still lying unfinished. I send you a
copy of a letter that appeared some time ago in the
Dundee People's Journal, by a Mr. Henderson, who
states his experience in Scotland and in Upper
Canada. He says ;—

" A. M.," Deeside, writing to the People's Joi'.niai on the
failure uf small farmers in Scotland, is well worth the atten-
tion of every yeoman, especially those whose farms will not
afford more than one or two horses. I had ly years' experi-
ence of farm life ia the parish of St. Kergtis, and since that I
have had 1.5 years' e.xperience in Upper Canada, and I must
confess that I would much rather be a farm .servant in Upper
Canada than have the uamo of a faj'mcr in Scotland, if I could
not have more than 40 or 50 acres. I will just ask these small
farmers how many of them can show 20/. of clear profit
after the rent is paid ? I would ask the farm labourers
how many of them can show a saving of 6^ at
the year's end? I would ask the female servants how many
of them can cam over S/. or 9/. in the year ? In this country a
good housemaid can get from 10/. to HI. a y«ar, with no out-
door drudgery. In fact, you go into a farmhouse here, and it
would be hard to teU the servants from the farmer's own
daughters. Female servants are in great demand here.
Then for the farm labourers, they get 20/, and 2-5/., with

1330

THE GAEDENERS' CHEONIGLE AND AflRIGIIT-TURAL fivlZETTE.

[Deceiibee 28. 1867.

■board and washing. Land can be rented here at from 4s. to
8a. per acre. It can be bought at from 2i. to 81. per
acre in settled districcs, and ia the Government grant
settlements it can be bought for 3s. per acre. In aome farther
back portions a man will get 100 acres of just as good land as
the sun can shine upon for bocoraing an actual settlor, and
will cot the deed in three years provided the stipulated
amount of land has been cleared, I would now ask such men
and women as Scotland can produce why they are so blind
that they cannot see through all this? Here there is room for
all the men, women, and children in Scotland. Theu look at
tho room there is for bettering your circumstances. I can
name many who came to this country only a few years
ago almost without a shilling, who are now very wealthy.
From their own industry they have raised themselves
far above what they could ever have done in Scotland.
Only the other day, a man of the name of Donald Robertson
was elected to be a member of the Legislative Assembly of
Canada who only a few years ago was whistling at the plough
in Scotland ; and, what is worth more than all these things, on
this sido of the Atlantic, is that every man is alike here— no
high -headed aristocratic feeling. I would just say here that
if there is any man in Scotland who would think it anywise
degrading to shake hands with his ploughman, or to go and
fetch a beef-steak for breakfast, I would say to him not to
come here, for it is just such men who can't get along, and
then turn round and give the country and everything that is
in it a bad name. I would say to all those who have any desire
to better their condition to come out here, and there is no
doubt bub they can do it, aud that far beyond their expecta-
tions. By writing to the emigi'ant agents, at Quebec or
Toronto, immediate employment can always be had on arrival,
and those who wish to purchase or rent land I would advise
to hire for a year, so as to leani the system of working the
soil, aud after one year any one who can work a farm at home
can do it here. Geo. Heudersou, Jim., Clifton, Ontario.
The American colonies afford scope for farm labourers
raising themselves ia the social scale in a manner which
few of the class can do in Great Britain. Mr. Mechi
has showQ that a capital of 1-U. aud 15/. per acre can
be profitably employed in British farming. Since it is
pronounced a false economy to subsidise any portion of
the community in towns, I fail to perceive a pretext
for subsidising farm labourers through the medium of
10-acre holdings, as suggested by Ernest Jones aud
others. But for our extensive landowners restricting
the number of non-resideut tenants, the natural law
that the weaker must yield to the stronger would be
carried out by tenants, as it is elsewhere. A farm
servant's family, well known here, have for several
years paid an aggregate rental of nearly 14,000^. a year ;
and one of that family offered 400?. a year more for
a farm than the present tenant, who entered upon a
lease of 19 years last Whitsunday. Thus a landowner
sacrificed 400/. per annum for the sake of having his
farms rented by resident tenants. It being seldom
that Mr. Mechi places himself within the range of any
criticism, I, with all due deference to hira, beg to state
that I consider him in error with regard to suggesting
the dividing of 500 aud (iOO-acro farms into smaller
ones. I should like to see your correspondent " 0. ¥."
doing, as a reply to this, what he offered in 1S53 to do —
prove to the satisfaction of a j ury that " 1000-acre farms
aro a great loss to the country." I fancy " O. F." will
have discovered all the characteristic points of excel-
lence of the foals which he found in the " mare's nest "
iu 1858. T. W. Rutherford, Forest Field, Kelso.

Apple Pumice. — Your correspondent "Fiugal" does
not appear to have read over my paper on Apple
pumice very carefully, or I feel sure he would not have
asked the questions he has. And not wishing to occupy
too much of your valuable space, I shall, therefore,
answer him very shortly. Apple pumice, in its natural
state, is as it comes from the press. The flesh-forming
substances are those containing nitrogen as well as
carbon, hydrogen, aud oxygen. The gum and sugar
were of the kinds usually found in fruits, and were not
separated. The "et cetera" consisted probably of
pective and colouring matters, and the fibre would be
of no value for feeding purposes. Finally, the oil being
ready-formed fat, it could not be classed under the
heads of either flesh or fat-producing elements or prin-
ciples, but it may be called a heatr-producer. I should
recommend your correspondent "Fingal" to read Br.
Lankester's popular " Lectures on Food," where he
will find many things which at present he appears
to be totally unacquainted with. .E. T. Kensington,
F.aS., F.R.A.S.

Farmers' Clubs.

HEXHAit: Dec. 10; Injuries of Game Preserving.
—Mb. S. Pattison, Old Ridley, read a paper on
" The injuries that the farmer sustained in consequence
of the Preservation of Game, and Fox Hunting." The
president of the club (Mr. C. G. Grey) presided, and
the attendance was unusually large.

In commencing his paper, Mr. Pattison said it was
admitted on all hands that the farmer suffered great
injustice in consequence of the Game Laws, and, also,
his opinion was that great injustice was inflicted on the
farmer in consequence of fox hunting. It might be
urged that there were no laws to protect fox hunting,
but there were tradition and custom, which in
England had very much the force of law, Mr.
Pattison first spoke of the Game Laws, aud endeavoured
to show that they were not only an injustice to the
farmer, but also to Society ; and, at iDcst, they were
costly to those that fostered them. They were also an
incentive to crime, and, consequently, a frightful
source of misery to many a family, who would other-
wise pass through life without the stigma of a
criminal resting on any of its members. Mr.
Pattison characterised the Game Laws as a rem-
nant of the old feudal laws, and compared
the_ present state of society with that at the time of
their institution, and proceeded to remark that there
were certain duties, as well as rights, pertaining to the
soil. Therefore, the proprietor was not justified in
imposing such conditions on his tenantry as that any
part of the produce might be misappropriated. The
cost of the game \vas next alluded to— nares, pheasants,
&c. In this locality, the wood-pigeons had become so

numerous that he could name many farmers who had
suffered damage to the amount of from 30/. to 40/. a-
year for some years past. Rabbits, too, were so destruc-
tive that were it not that it was the interest of the
keeper (in some oases in despite of the landlord) to
preserve them, they would never be allowed to exist.
They were simply vermin, and ought to be destroyed
as such.

The Game Laws were an incentive to crime, whioh
would be eaasily understood from the fact, that the
great majority of mankind looked upon them as not
beini? founded on justice. Uneducated men could not
divest themselves of the idea that game were wild ani-
mals, and as such fair game for those who could catch
them, consequently they had not the same scruple in
breaking this law as they would have of breaking
another. These laws were oftener broken than any
other of their laws, and that, too, by a class of men who
had no intent to break other laws. They commenced
to infringe this with an innate feeling that they were
not committing crime ; and in this, as in every other
bad practice, the oftener indulged in the stronger the
temptation to go astray. A young man, a little scrupu-
lous at first perhaps, is led away by an older prac-
titioner pnly to get a single hare; and, with the feeling
hanging over him that he is not committing crime, was
tempted to go again, until his first scruples of con-
science were silenced. He got into the habit of going,
aud, finding it profitable, from the abundance of game
he met with, continued on his course, neglected his
labour, and became a regular poacher. He got appre-
hended and fined once or twice, then into gaol for three
months, until he got well seasoned as a criminal, and
next time he got out he had little notion of being
taken ; he had lost all self-respect, had little or no moral
restraint, and became a reckless, fearless being.
Frequently they read of fearful eneounters with
poachers, and of a gamekeeper being shot, — in all pro-
bability two families plunged into misery, poverty, and
at least one of them into disgrace, while the ratepayers
would have to bear the chief cost of prosecution, and
might have to maintain one or both families. He had
no wish to excuse such crimes, but they incurred a
serious responsibility if they allowed temptations to
stand in the way when they ought to be removed. The
system of letting game, or the deputation of shooting,
often injuriously affected the farmer.

The remedy he proposed for this state of things was,
"abolish the Game Laws, and have a stringent law of
trespass;" make it not worth the poacher's while to go
iu search of game, and then he would give it up as an
unprofitable occupation. There would be nothing
whatever to prevent the landlord shooting over his own
property, and having as much pleasure too. He hoped
that the pleasure did not consist iu killing game, but
in a healthy stroll over the well cultivated fields.
There would still be sutiicient game to satisfy any
reasonable lover of sport, and for landlords too, as
99 out of every 100 farmers cared nothing about game,
but tlieydid not want the damage from it ; neither did
they feel'.quite satisfied in being saddled with a heavy
police rate to maintain the force, a great portion of
whose time was devoted to the enforcement of the
Game Laws.

Mr. Pattison then referred to the second part of
his subject, though he knew the majority of the
members would differ from him on this question.
Fox hunting, like the Game Laws, was a custom or
sport handed down from very early times, when hunt-
ing wild animals was partly a measure of safety as well
as sport; but it was quite unfitted for a country den:^ely
populated, enclosed and cultivated, aud where domestic
animals were kept in great numbers. He then spoke
of the destruction caused by fox hunting, and said he
could only conceive what the thoughts of a farmer
would bo after a day's hunt on his return home, after
meeting his young horses on the road two or three
miles from home, the sheep nets lying down and the
sheep spread over the Turnip field, with a frosty night
closing over them, and his ewes somewhere where they
should not be, with the prospect of two or three cast
lambs amongst them. He, however, did not wish to
curtail sport or pleasure, believing, as he did, that
amusement or recreation was essentially necessary to
both physical and mental development. Amusements
of an innocent nature ought to be so conducted as to
give the greatest amount of intellectual and moral
pleasure to those engaged in them consistent with the
rights and privileges of others. No one could say he
could be engaged in fox hunting without trampling on
the rights of others at every step. Moreover, it was a
boisterous, cruel sport ; and no one was morally justi-
fied in making sport out of the sufferings of any animal,
however low in the scale it might be.

It was said that if such sports were abolished there
would be no inducements for the landlords to live on
their estates, and they would have all the evils of
absenteeism ; but he thought there was always sufficient
attractions in a country life— without fox hunting— to
induce the proprietors to live on their own property.
Besides, a healthy and well-regulated mind would not
indulge in any pleasure not approved of by the moral
feelings ; and it was self-evident that the moral feelings
would never approve of an act of cruelty or reckless
waste.

Discussion,

Mr. John Grev, who followed Mr. Pattison, spoke against
the over preservation of game, but in favour of fox-hunting.

Mr. E. LoRAiNE and others followed, there being an almost
unanimous feeling in favour of fox-hunting : but the meeting
was divided on the question of the Game Laws.

Mr. Jos. Lee (Dilston) moved the following resolution,
which, he said, was only the embodiment of the first part of
Mr. Pattison's paper :— Resolved : '* That many farmers suffer
a heavy loss from damage to crops by hares and rabbits ; that
lau'llords who preserve many hares and rabbits participate in
the sins of the poachers by leading them into temptation, and
it often happened that poaching led to greater crimes ; that a
considerable swxa was expended in keeping poachers in prison,
in maintaining their families, and also for proaecutians. "

The motion was seconded by Mr. Thomas TEOXTEtt, but the
Chairman and Mr. Loraine dissented from it. On its being
put to the vote it was carried by 13 to 7, many of tha
members not voting. A vote of thanks having been accorded
to Mr. Pattison for his excellent paper, the meeting separated.

[We take from the Kexham Courant the following
letter, which has been since addressed by Mr. Grey
to the Secretary of the Club :—

" Dilston, December 16th, 1867.

" Sir, — As the annual election of a President to the Hexham
Fai-mers' Club will take place so soon as the meeting in
January, I do not wish to put the Club to any inconveuicnce
by resigning that office, which I now hold, till that time, but I
bog to let you know that I do not wish to be put in nomina-
tion for re-election. From the position I hold as a land-agent,
and endeavouring as I do to care for the interests of landlords
and tenants impartially, I am out of place as one of the officers
of a Club which seems to be anxious to make itself obnoxious
to landlords ; and, also, I cannot again put my myself in a
position as chairman at rheir meetings, to be stultified by siK-h
a resolution as was passed on the 10th inst., without any notico
having been given on the subject. Mr Lee's resolution on
that occasion would have been quite in order if it had followed
a discussion on the 'sins of landlords and the vu-tnes of
poachers ; ' but the members of the Club, with'two or three ex-
ceptions, lost sight altogether of the subject of Mr. Pattison's ;'
address, which was on ' the injuries which farmers suffer from
the preservation of game and fox hunting.' The members being
in a fox-hunting humour, went off at full cry after Mr. Lee as
soon as he mounted his favourite hobby 'the poacher,' and
forgot their own grievances as farmers, which they bad come* to
discuss, and no resolution was come to on the subject intro-
duced by Mr. Pattison. I beg it to be distinctly understood
that I make no complaint against the subject of Mr. Pattison's
paper, or the way in which he treated it ; and that I have no
personal feeling whatever about being left in a minority, to
which I have no objection after fair discussion. In this instance
there was no fair or full discussion of the subject ou the card,
but the meeting was hurried ou to a division on a different
subject. In other counties, Farmers' Clubs aad Chambers of
Agriculture are attended by many landlords, and I think it is
very much owing to their non-attendance at our Club that so
much license in attacking them is indulged in, and for this
the landlords have themselves to blame. At the same time tliis
does not justify me in being a party to abusing them, and aS
the Club is likely to join the Northumberland Chamber of
Agriculture, which appears to me to take pretty mucli the
same line, I think it will easily find a President of moro
congenial views than myself. — I am, your obedient servant,

" Mr. W. Cook, Secretary, "C. G. Grev."

" Hexham Farmers' Club."]

EiST Lothian.— 2'Ae Butchers and the Sigh Price
of Mutton. — At the last monthly meeting of this Club,
Mr. Scot Skirving, Campton, drew attention to the
glut in the sheep market, and the high prices which,
notwithstanding, are charged by the butchers for
mutton sold to customers.

Mr. Skirving said the public were now getiiug
awakened to a knowledge of the fact that they aio
paying too much for their mutton, aud that tho
Government influence was beini; brought to bear
on the subject by promoting the imi)ortati()n of pre-
served meat from the uttermost ends of the earth.
The last phase which the matter had assumed was a
very striking one ; they had commenced the importa-
tion of frozen meat from Australia, and Baron Liebig
had said that he wept tears of joy when he saw pre-
served meat from Australia, because he thought that
they would thereby have the means of supplying
animal food at a cheap'rate to feed the starving millions
of the country. It struck him (Mr. Skirving), how-
ever, that we had the means of producing, he could not
say beef, but certainly mutton, to an extent which the
inhabitants of Great Britain did not seem to have the
power of eating; aud not only had the efforts of the
farmer in that direction been successful, but they had
been such as to bring into play another power— that
was the butchers, who, as the parties between the
growers and the consumers of the mutton, were coming
in for the lion's share of the profits. He thought it
was a hard case that the agriculturists, who had made
such successful efforts to produce an unlimited supply of
mutton, should have to stand aside, and see the butchers
charge 'J(/. or Kid. per lb. to the consumers for mutton
which the butchers themselves were buying at perhaps
less than Gr^. per lb. from the growers of the mutton.
It had always been understood that the skin and
offal of tho sheep went to increase the profits of the
butcher, aud that they should be able to sell the
mutton at nearly the same price per pound as they
bought it from the farmers. But, as was well known,
that was certainly not the case at present. It was
clear that farmers had a great power, in the way of
producing an uulimited quantity of mutton, by
increasing the quantity of their sheep j and yet they
seemed to be powerless in regard to giving the con-
sumers a fair article at a reasonable price. He believed
that, practically speaking, any supplement that might
be required to meet the necessities of the people of
Great Britain might be drawn much more easily from
our own fields than from South America. He believed
that the preserved meats which were brought from
abroad might be capable of sustaining human life, but
all that he had tried was very poor and tasteless. He
could compare South American beef to nothing else
than a mason's apron. The portion which he procured
in order to see what it was like had to be boiled for a
long time— in fact till the cook was tired— but even
then it was quite uneatable ; then he asked the cook to
put it on the fire again and boil it till next morning,
but after all it was very like a mason's apron still.
He had never tasted frozen meat; but he had tried
frozen fish which had been imported, and it had no
taste at all. He thought, therefore, that iu place of
preserved meats being brought from the ends of the
earth, an endeavour should be made to get the butchers
to give the consuming public good meat, which was
reared at home, at a proper and moderate price. He
observed that at present every market in Scotland was
overstocked with sheep, and he understood that within
the last 10 days the prices had declined to the extent
of about Zs. a head, while wool had gone down some
8*. per stone from the time it was shorn last summer.

Decemsbe 28, 1867.] THE GARDENERS' CIIKONICEE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1331

Stein, Broomhouse, thought it was all very
well to say that the butchers were gettin;? very high
prices for mutton ; but he thought it would uot bo
desirable for the farmers to interfere. If they let the
matter alone, the supply would be regulated by the
demand, the grievance complained of would work its
own cure, and the butcliers would find their own level.
Mr. DuiUH, Barney Mains, said he entirely disap-
proved of the principle of co-operative stores from
begiuning to end, in any line of business whatever.
Ho regarded it as a principle by which one man, or
number of men, combined against their fellow-work-
men. The system was altogether bad. No good
could result from it. It was a pity that Mr. Scot
Skirving should recommend the farmers to imitate
such a bad example. It would militate against the
butchers, who are the principal purchasers of meat
from the farmers. It would bo a combination against
the butchers ; and he objected to that distinctly. He
wished to record his dissent from the adoption of such
a principle.

The Chaihman said that the greatly increased
production of sheep had something to do with the fall
in the price of wool ; but there were other influences
which had been brought to bear on the trade, and
which had greatly tended to bring it to its present
depressed condition. There had been large importa-
tions of Cotton, and a heavy fall in the price of that
article had helped very considerably to lower the price
of wool. Then, again, there had been a complication
m regard to Continental politics, and it had been sup-
posed that the Great Powers would be thrown into a
war before these complications were settled ; and, in
fact, there had been no settlement yet made. And
these had so far unhinged commerce throughout the
world that business had been put into a most excitable,
and unhinged, and nervous state. They had not only
increased the production of wool, from tho fact that
there were more sheep in tho country, but the con-
sumption of mutton had been materially lessened.
The consumption had been materially lessened, there
had been an increased production and a decreased
consumption. All the wise saws said that could not
hist long ; and, as wool had recently gone down from
6i-. to 8.V. per stone, he thought that it could not belong
iielore a corresponding change look place in the price
of mutton.

Mr. Douglas, Athelstaneford, said that he believed
there were two reasons for the increase of sheep in the
markets throughout the country, They all remem-
bered that severe winter in this country when large
numbers of breeding sheep were either lost or rendered
weak and useless through the hardships of the season ;
and stock breeders in consequence of that mishap had
to retain a great portion of their ewe lambs, and turn
their attention to increasing the number of their flocks
over and above what they used to be. Also, on the
back of that the rinderpest assumed an alarming
appearance, and cut off a great many of the cattle.
Ihe department of cattle breeding and feeding then
became a very unsafe one, which was another reason
VFhy parties went into the breeding and feeding of
sheep, and not a few of those who lost heavily by the
plague went into sheep rearing very extensively. They
went from the one branch into the other with a view to
make matters bettor, but ended by making them worse ;
tor the consequence of all this, together with the high
price of wool, has been that sheep stock rose some 10s.
or 12s. above their usual price in the market ; but
a rftiotiou has now set in, and sheep stock, although
back to something like the price of former times, are
yet at what may be termed an average value- which i;

own cure.
The proceedings then terminated.

This appeared serious, for though there were high I doubt that in the long run, sooner or later, tho evils to
prices going for the grain crop, he thought it was | which reference had been made would work out their
about 20 per cent, below the average yield per acre, on
account of the short yield of the stacks on being
threshed out. For his own part, he would be ready to
ioiu a co-operative associatiou of farmers— who would
be sure of custom— for the purpose of selling the sheep
directly to the consumer, and passing tho butchers
altogether.
Mr.

Midland: Dec. 11: Paroohiat Asseasmenta aji
Affecting -i.^ncKftiire.— Mr. Ahthuu Staktin rerwl a
paper upon the question of " The Law of I'arochial
Assessment !is affecting the Agricultural Interest." In
commencing, he gave a brief sketch of the history of
the Poor Laws and poor rates, from their m'igiii to
the present time, showing that in the early stale of
.society the poor were entirely dependout upon volun-
tary alms, and that it was not until tho passing
of the 5tli Klizaboth, cap. 8, that there was any
attempt made to enl'orco what might be strictly
called a tax. Referring to the passing of the I'oor
Law Amendment Act of 1831., and the Union
Chargeability Act of 18115, Mr. Slartin said that Par-
liament having, in its wisdom, by the latter mc:isnre,
completely swept away old landmarks, and :d)nlislicd
the iiarLsh as an area of charge and adminislnilinn
which had become totally unsuited to thechangnl cmi-
diticin of tho country, it would be possible, perliaps, to
arrive at some sound and accurate princiiile on which
a system of compulsory relief to tho poor might be
based. The 39th and 13d of Elizabeth made the ability
of the individual to contribute the measure of his
assessment, and the Poor Law, therefore, might
simply be considered a system of legalised charity
made compulsory in order that it might bo more
uniform. He could not conceive, therefore, upon
what sound principle the holders of one species of
property alone should be called upon to perform this
onerous and national function, neither could he under-
stand why the possessors of income from real
property should be compelled to be more charitable
than the country at large. I'rom the tenth report of
the Board of Inland Revenue it appeared that the
aggregate amount of income assessed under the several
schedules of tho income tax for the year ending
.31st March, 1805, was set down at 326,3i)7,y"9/. ; while
in tho nineteenth annual report of the Poor Law
Board the gross estimated rental of the property on
which the poor rate is assessed is stated to be
110,079,308?. ; showing conclusively that the poor rate
is a charge upon only a little over 33 per cent, of the
aggregate amount of the incomes exceeding 100?.
per annum ; or to put it plainly, about 'U. in every
three escaped the poor rate altogether. Bun to arrive
at an approximate estimate as to the percentage of
the aggregate income of the country which escapes
charge, they must also take into consideration the
incomes below 100/. per annum, and, as such, not
aii|>earing in the income tax returus. Professor Leone
Levi had estimated the total annual earnings of the

not again hkely to be affected by very high prices of
wool— as Cotton of the best quality is now being plenti-
tully produced in our Australian colonies and South
Africa. In regard to what Mr. Scot Skirving had said
about the importation of preserved meat, he (Mr. D.)
had no hesitation in stating his belief, from what he
had read and heard, that the process would be found
to be very effective. Mr. Skirving had said that fish
was rendered tastele^s by the process of freezing, but
the gentleman who was conducting the experiments
was very hopeful of a successful result. He had taken
a very lively interest in the experiments— superintend-
ing them personally himself, and so far as he had gone,
had every reason to be satisfied that they would be
attended with a success beyond his expectations.
He had no doubt that by that slow, effective
process, the food, having been thoroughly freezed
during the transit, would afterwards become as
sweet as newly-killed meat ; and there was
no doubt that it could be sent here and sold
at a very moderate price. Something had been
said with regard to the butchers. He thought the
farmers should not lose sight of the fact that for three
years previous to the last year and a-half they, as a
body, had been losing money; they had, however, been
making a httle during the last-mentioned period, and
he did not think thej; should grudge them the profits
they had been receiving. The price of butcher meat
had lately been attacked in high quarters, and had
already changed the aspect of affairs, far and wide ; so
that now prices had materially fallen, and might be
looked upon as fair to all concerned. Only the other
day he read in the Co«m«< a statement to the effect
that at Newburgh, in Fife, mutton was selling at id.
and i\d. the lb. ; and that, he was sure, was a moderate
enough figure. It would take a short time until the
counterpoise was fully restored; but there was no

working classes in the United Kingdom at about
118 millions, from which he (Mr. Startin) had calcu-
lated that the aggregate of the incomes in England
and Wales exempt from the income tax amounted,
in round numbers, to 318 millions. Add this
to the income tax assessment, and they would find
that the total of the annual incomes in England and
Wales amounted to the enormous sum of li 11,000,000?.
Take it at (300,000,000?., and the startling fact came
out that the poor rate was a charge upon only 18 per
cent, of the income of the country, and that more than
4/. out of every 5?. of this income escapes the poor rate
altogether. The average rate in the pound levied for
the years 1865 and 1866 was 2s. OJi?. Now, if every
inhabitant contributed " according to his ability," id.
in the pound would amply suffice to provide the funds
raised by the present poor rate. There was, in his
opinion, but one remedy for the anomaiies and abuses
of the; present Poor.Law. Parliament had abolished
the parish as an area of charge, and substituted the
union. He would abolish the union as an area of
charge, and let the relief of the poor be a charge upon
the Consolidated Fund of the country. Let them, if
they wished, retain the union as an area of administra-
tion. Let the State be represented by a stipendiary
chairman, having charge of a district of unions, and
responsible for the expenditure in his district, and also
having a paramount control over that expediture. There
would then be no difficulty in providing for the proper
classification of the poor in separate houses. The aged
might be allowed to end their days in peace in asylums
supplied with comforts suitable for their declining
years; the sick poor would be at once removed to
hospitals supported by the State, in which they would
be placed under the care of trained nurses, and receive
constant medical attendance; and then, most
important of all, children would no longer be allowed
to remain within the union houses subject to the
pernicious influences of what might to a great extent
be called hereditary pauperism. The workhouses pure
and simple would then remain for the reception of the
able-bodied poor, and become a reformatory for the
idle and improvident.

DlSCUSSIUN.

Mr. Miy for himself could say that in tho last 15 years tbo
r.ites and taxes upon his farm had increased sometning like
100 per cent. His holding was about 530 acres, and at tho
commencement of the above period the rates and taxes of all
kinds aniomited to between 50^ and 60f. per year. In the last
five or six years they h.ad been nearly double that amount.
The former sum would bo something like 2.s\ 2d. an acre, while
the latter represented something like 4s. 3(/. an acre, or a tithe
■ if the rent. This state of .affairs ho held to be very serious,
for not only had the* price of labour and rates and taxes
increased, but all other expenses were increasing, and if they
could not obtain a corresponding increase in tho products of
the farm they must necessarily lose in the future. Agricul-
turists as a body, he believed, wished to bear their fair share
of the burdens of the country, but they were not willing to
bear any more.

Mr. W. Fowler, jun., was unable to detect any pai-ticular
grievances under which the agricultural interest lalaoured with
regard to the Poor Law, although it was very probable that
the agricultural community— along with the owmers of other
property — might be unjustly affected by the present state of

tho law. Mr. Startin had mdd that if a farmer impr.ivc.l his
land tho ovorsuor would iinmudiatuly duiuand an lncrca£«d
ratu. That, ho thought, appliod to ullklnds of property, and
thorcforo did not oiieralc unfidrly In the ea.io of agrlcul-
turiHts. llu was, liowovor, quito prepared to admit that
there wore miuiy anomalies in tho operation of the Poor Law
some of which erie.l aloud for lcgi«Iutlvo Interference. For
uistance, with ro^ard to mines, it was unjust that coal mines
only should lie rated ; and with rogiu-.l p. the rating of
machinery tho law was In a most obscure and uusatlnfactojy
condition, iloclslons in the courts of law upon tho BUbJect
being n<jt only Mometlmes Incoinprehensiblo, but actually
inconsistent. Then tbero was a most glin-hig evil in tho
inecpiallty of the rates between one parish and another. I'or
instance, in tho jiarlsh .,f Acton the rates averaged 1». Hd. In
the pound, while in the adjoining jiarlsh ol Hlrnilngham
(Ijoth parishes forming part of tho borough) they wore,4«. ;
anrl in some I,ondon parishes the rates were merely nominal,
while ill otliers thoy weio overwlieliiilng. With regard to the
question whether the rating should be thrown upon tho (,'on-
sohdated Fuml lie would not give an opinion ; but II, appeared
to him that thoy were fast coining to county rating, and ho
was not sure if that would not be preferable to making tho
managoiuent of the poor a .State affair.

The CiiAiKMAN called attention to tho fact that during tho
present Session of Parliament Hills with regard to the eduou-
tion of tho poor, and the abolition of turnpike trusts (tho cost
of carryuig out whicli it w.'is proposed sliould come out of tho
rates), would be brought before Parliament, as an argimient In
favour of a more ecpiitable system. What the agnculturUt«
complained of was that tho general pressure had always boon
against the land in any administrative operations of which
they had had an opportunity of judging during tho hist few
years.

Mr. SrAiiTiN, in acknowledging a vote of thanks, said that In
a commercial country, where thoro were so many interestil,
and so vast an amount of personal property which escaped
from local taxation, lie wjis notawaro of any method of getting
at the income except through (Jovernment taxation. Tho
system of two centuries could not, however, be destroyed in a
day, and any step to amond that system must necessarily be a
cautious one. He therefore proposed to throw certain charges
upon the Consolidated Fund, over which theloeal guardians had
no control, and enumerated the following fixed charges which
might bo so dealt with, viz. :— Officers' salaries and rations,
inclusive of the amounts now paid by the Treasury, 7:>0,7o4f. ;
registration, 75,5G3(. ; vaccination, ir,,sm. ; Parliamentary
registration and cost of jury lists, 37,715i. ; maintenance of
lunatics in public asylums and registered hospitals, .'i6(i,482L :
total, 1,466,282^. ; being a relief to the ratepayers on tho
average of about id. in tho pound, and an increased charge on
the general income of the country of about J«y. in the pound.
The present number of children in workhouse and district
schools w.as 34,2Gt), wliieh at an average cost of \:U. per head
for the year for maintenance, school loan and interest, .and
teaching staff, amounted to 445,4.58^, or \-rnl. in the pound on
the general income of the country. The cost of these children
at 'i.<. per head per week to the ratcp.ayers is 267,228/. per
annum for their maintenance .alone ; thus at the cost of one-
fifth of a penny in the pound to the State, a vast social benefit
would be achieved, and at the same time the ratepayer rcUeved
to the extent of three farthings in the pound. Thus, placing
the fixed ch,arges in unions, the maintenance of lun,atics in
public asylum.s, and the registration and vaccination expenses,
I upon the Consolid.ated Fuud, aud also the removal of the
whole of the pauper children attending workhouse schools
from tho contammating influenco of the union house, might
be effected at the small charge on tho general income of tho
country of under three farthings in tho pound, whilst at tho
same time the ratepayer, talking into consideration the
increased ch.arge upon him through the general taxation to
effect this change, would bo relieved by more than id. in the
pound.

The Farmers' Almanac for 1868. By Cuthbert W.

Johnson. W. Ridgway, 169, Piccadilly.
Morion's New Farmers' Almanac for 1868. Cassell,

Pelter, &, Galpin, London.
Osborne's Midland Comities Farmers' Almanac and
Gardener.^' Calendar for 1868. E. C. Osborne,
81, New Street, Birmingham.
The Illustrated Farmers' and Gardeners' Almanac,

150, Fleet Street, E.G.
We give them in the order of their years. Tlje
Farmers' Almanac was established 20 years or more
ago, the " New " Farmer's Almanac is 13 years old,
Osborne's Almanac ajipeared first 4 years ago, and
the Illustrated Almanac began, we believe, in 1866.
They severally retain the character which was at first
adopted for them. Mr. Cuthbert Johnson gives a
resume (\n the Editor's ownwords>of all the agricul-
tural publications and events of the year, descriptive
of incident and progress in every department of the farm,
and garnished with gossip and with poetry, graceful,
comic, or pathetic, as the case may be. Mr. Morton
gives a collection of extracts from all the speeches,
essays, criticisms, publications, bearing on agricultural
subjects, which have been spoken, written, or anyhow
distributed on farm matters during the past 12 months,
so arranged as to convey the agricultural history,
describe the agricultural present, and forecast the
agricultural future of the country. And this, by close
packing, aud the tersest possible treatment of tho
several subjects, including a stern rejection of anything
that is not solid agricultural food, he manages to
accomplish. Mr. Osborne always issues a very readable
and instructive ])eriodical, which appears to aim at
being a trustworthy compendium of all things useful
for an agricultural reader to know; and it has the
great advantage over all its rivals of being published at
one-half their price.

The Illustrated Farmers' and Gardeners' Almanac is a
volume of about 140 quarto pages— full of costly wood
engravings. Beyond the monthly calendar, however,
only 32 pages are new in the year's number, and
of the.se 12 are merely a descriptive trade catalogue of
new and rare plants. The others include an agricul-
tural summary history of the previous 12 months,
relating to the weather, the corn trade, the live stock
trade, the wool trade, the health of stock, agricultural
shows, and agricultural statistics ; and there is besides
this a fully illustrated account of improvements in
steam-cultivating machinery and of some other imple-
ments, as shown at Paris. The principal feature of the
publication is the 60 pages which reappear in the
successive annual issues of the periodical, containing

1332

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE j\ND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Decembeb 28, 1867.

the Farm and Garden Calendar, and a classified collec-
tion of agricultural memoranda, which, as we have
formerly pointed out, sadly needs re-editing.

The Binglet Hall PouLTEr Show gives the
number of entries for several years : —

.

.

s

269

227

193

Dorking

229

294

234

265 S2S

71)

84

M

70

101

60

88 90

Cochin China . .

1)4

181 179

205

216

277

310 331

Brahma Pootra . .

U

271 22

34

43

75

140 192

Malay

16

10 15

11

10

13

is; 13

Crevfecceur

—

— —

7

10

20

33' 58

HaraburKh

140

1481 188

224

270

225

231 280

Polish Fowl

4:t

40 1 50

47

43

39

52 47

Other distinct breeds . .

IB

22 31

16

20

22

43 19

Game

2(i:)

311 1 32S

350

354

348

351 392

B.antanis . .

llfi

105

121

115

215

205

162 168

Ducks

7fi

7f

4«

88

11)5

82

120 107

Geese

21

21

20

27

28

39

44 43

Turkeys . .

24

41

24

37

35

37

40, 46

Pheasants

—

ii:

—

—

—

—

— 1 —

Ornamental Waterfowl.

—

—

5

5

5

—

— —

Pigeons

168

220 332

275

290

331

400 566

2300

1429 1726

1

1780

19722006

2297 2676

Foultrif Sales at Si

rmbigham, — The

following figures

relative to the poultr

y sales have been

kindly prepared

by Mr. Maijplebeck f

or publication :—

1865.

6. s. d.

Monday

104 pens

.. 789 3 6

Tuesday

40 „

.. 125 13 6

Wednesday . .

14 „

. . 43 13 0

Thursday . .

11 „
259 ..
1866.

38 7 6

Total

998 17 6

Monday

230 pens

.. 001 16 0

Tuesday

64 ,,

.. 214 16 0

Wednesday ..

59 „

.. 143 18 6

Thursday

53 „

.. 142 19 6

Total

406 . .
1867.

1408 10 0

Mond.ay

180 pens

.. 770 0 0

Tuesday

40 „

.. 120 19 0

Wednesday . .

40 „

.. 108 10 0

Thursday . .

53 „

.. 104 5 6

Total

313 ..
Total Sales.

1103 14 6

1863

. 259 pens

£996 17 6

ISOS

. 400 ,,

1408 10 0

18(i7

. 31

,

1103

14

6

The prize and commended birds were this year offered
by auction, set up at the prices named in the cata-
logue only a sn)aU projiortion were disposed of,
although with comparatively few exceptions the prices
of the exhibitors in the entries cannot be regarded as
prohibitory. The highest sum given for any one lot
was 15^., for Miss Biggar's silver cup Spanish cockerel,
which was entered at 5^. bs. The Hon. Miss Pennant's
1st prize Spanish puUcIs, entered at 10^. 10^., sold for
14^. 10s. The Hon. H. ^Y. Fitzwilliam's 2d prize
coloured Dorking pullets, entered at lOZ. 10*., made
\2l. ; and the same gentleman's 1st prize coloured
Dorking pullets, entered at il. 4s., made 11/. Mr.
White's 1st prize coloured Dorking cock, entered at
10/., made 11/. Ws.\ Mr. Heath's 2d prize Spanish
hens, entered at 5/., made 10/. 10s.; Mr. Anderson's
2d prize dark Bramah conkerel, fntered at U. is., made
9/. 10s. ; and Mr. Heath's 2d prize Spanish cockerel,
entered at 3/. 3s., made 5/. 10s. A number of pens, on
which no advance was offered, were knocked down at
the catalogue price, as for instance, Mr. Tomlinson's
dark Bramah cock, 10/. 10s. ; the Hon. Miss Pennant's
1st prize Spanish hens, 10/. 10s. ; Mr. Charlesworth's
1st prize black Polish cook, 10/. 10s. ; Mr. Unsworth's
2d prize black Polish hens, 10/. 10s. ; Messrs. Gunsou
&. Jefferson's 4th prize buff Cochin cock, 8/. 8s. ; Mr.
H. Mappiebeck's 3d prize buff Cochin hens, 71. 7s. ;
and Mr. Baldwin's 1st prize golden pencilled Ham-
burg (;ock, 6/. &s. — Midland Counties Herald.

Talk about Fowls.— I have been breeding and rearing
chickens nearly 25 years, and have paid considerable
. attention to them in every respect, and what I write is
altogether my own observation and experience. I have
never bred any but the game fowl, and have raised
from 400 to GOO every year during the time. I have
raised several different breeds, and think that all of
them possess more or less good qualities. Change of
Colour in Fowls. — I have had many of them to change
from black, from red and from speckled to pure white,
and to change without any cause. I have in my yard
at the present time two pure white hens, with beak,
legs and toes also white, that at one-year-old were red
breasted brown, the next year speckled— red and
white— the next year white, and continue white.
They were by a white legged, black breasted, red
Earl of Derby cock, that I obtained of Sanford
Howard, Esq., then of Boston, and bred from hens
of the same illustrious breed, and very much in
colour like a cock robin. I also bred from the same
cock and hens a black red cock, that at one-year-old
became red and white, except the breast, which was
black and white. The next summer he became pure
white ; afterwards he was again a black-breasted red ;
then again a pure while. We have set numbers of the
eggs of the two white Derby hens, and the cocks were
always dark red, and the pullets similar in colour to a
robin, which is near the colour of the pure Derby hen.
The white cock never bred a white chick. I have set
a number of the eggs from the hens that changed
colour from black to spotless white, and the chicks

were almost invariably black, or coloured after the cock,
and never a white one. Two years ago I obtained a
black red cock, with every feather tipped with white,
and a blue hen, from which I raised a blue cock and a
blue hen, and from the two I have raised a pure white
cock, and, what surprises me, he breeds numbers of
pure white chicks from hens of the same family as
himself, and not one white one or one that is
even light coloured from fowls of a different
breed. Fowls eating their feathers. — I have
never had my fowls to pluck the feathers from
other fowls but one year, and some few last
fall. Six years ago I bred from a black breasted grey
cock, bred from stock that were said to have been
imported from England ; he was as bold, fine looking a
cock as ever came out of an egg. Earlyin the .spring, and
at the time that I was breeding to him, the feathers of
his neck, and similar coloured feathers of the rump,
began to look frayed or worn about midway from the
end and where they grow out of the chicken ; in a few
days they were breaking off, and then the hens began
to pluck them from him. and he would stand as quietly
as a pet pig when rubbed, and let them pluck them
from him, as if he was desiring them to pluck them. I
raised about 200 chickens from him, and intended
saving 50 pullets to keep, as they were very thrifty and
beauties ; but late in the fall, near Christmas, their
feathers began to fray, and appeared as if they had been
almost scorched about midway of the feathers, and
then broke off, and then the other pullets and hens
began to pluck them off and eat them, and I never saw
any of them that had the diseased feathers plucking
feathers from others, but those that did it were not
diseased, and their feathers never became diseased, and
we had at least 100 other pullets, that were by another
cock, and not one of them were affected in having their
feathers diseased, nor a single old hen. The way that
I bred from this grey cock, so that I could know his
chickens certain : I put him and 12 hens off at a
house on the farm, half a mile from my house,
marked every egg, and then, when the chickens were
hatched, as I put them from the nest, cut a certain web
in the foot of every chicken, and never have eggs set
except saved in that way. If I wish to raise from
several cocks the same year, I walk them with from
6 to 12 hens, mark the eggs daily, and mark the chicks
as hatched, and then record them as I do my Short-
horns, and I believe that I have learned a lesson in
nature by breeding chickens in the particular manner
that I have, that would take me a century or two in
breeding blooded cattle or horses. Believing the
plucking of feathers from these pullets was owing to
the diseased feathers on them, and believing it heredi-
tary, I killed off all of the pullets but one, and her
neck feathers have been more or less diseased every
year since, and two j ears ago I saved a cock from her,
and bred a little to him last year ; and near Christmas
every pullet by him began to have diseased feathers, and
the others then plucked them off, and I never saw one
of them plucking at the featbers of the others, but
seemed to enjoy having theirs pulled off. American
Paper.

Miscellaneous.

SlatislifS of the Cattle Stioies.—

1. At THE AURICULTLUIAL HaLL.

Devons

Herefoi'ds

Hhorthoius

Sussex

Scotch horned . .

Scotch polled

Welsh

Cross breeds

Norfolk and Suffolk

Longhorns

Irish

Extra stocks, &c.

175 163

2. BiNOLEV Hall, Birminghau.

Cattle
Sheep
Pigs . .
Roots . .
Corn . .
Poultry (pens)
Pigeons

Total

73
118

1135
168

104

131

66

110

72

70

196

116 1

13 1

1397

1364

220

332;

2065

2038 '

103

92
93
124
67
1505
275

2309

151
104
91
109
69
1677
290

2391

135
90
71

110

45

1676

331

2458

122
82
81
76
45
2107

563

Preserved Millc as prepared hi/ the Anglo-Swiss
Company. — The article consists of milk, from which
a considerable portion of the water has been
evaporated to the consistency of honey, with the
addition of pure sugar ; no other foreign sub-
stance whatever is introduced. Milk is so cheap
in Switzerland that there can be no adv.antage
in adulterating it. The process is simply abstract-
ing the watery particles from -the milk, and the
addition of the sugar. Upon the recommendation of
Dr. Liebig Beet-root sugar is used, on the ground that
its preservative qualities are as good, and the price
cheaper than cane ,=^ugar; in saccharine properties it
is stated to be equal to tbe other sugar. It is also
more bulky, though a pound of Beet sugar contains as
much saccharine matter as the same amount of cane
sugar. The milk thus prepared alter it has been optn
six months, is in no way spoilt, though dried to a
great extent. It is neither sour, rancid, nor mouldy.

Even a year after it has been made, it is in good con-
dition and sound. It will bear the ordinary changes of
temperature without in.jury. It is sold in canisters,
which contain the equivalent of rather more than
half-a-gallon of good milk, of about the quality of the
best country milk. Dr.Liebig estimates that the addition
of five parts of water will produce a quality equal to
the original Swiss milk, and the richness is reduced
according to the quantity of water added; whilst a
smaller quantity of water makes it of the consistency
of cream, and, indeed, the cream will rise to the top.
The price of the canister is Is. 3rf., which is equal to
half-a-gallon of a very rich quality of milk. The
canister probably costs a penny, and the duty is a
penny per canister, which makes the price of the milk,
as dilul}ed for use, 6d. per quart. For each canister the
quantity of sugar is about one-third of a pound, so
that less sugar is required when it is used for
domestic purposes. The quantity of sugar used in the
preparation may be considered by some people objec-
tionable, but when given to young children was bene-
ficial.^ No doubt a smaller quantity of sugar wjould be
sufficient to preserve the milk for a moderate time in a
climate like that of England, but up to this time no
difference in that respect has been made in the prepara-
tion, and a large quantity of the article is sent to warm
climates. The reduction of the quantity below what is
now employed might endanger the preservation of the
article. Milk is sold in Switzerland by the maas, and
2i maas are equal to our gallon. It is claimed for
this milk that it is more wholesome as food for very
young children than ordinary milk, on account of its
invariably uniform quality ; and this is not the case
with dairy milk in this country, becase the milk of two
cows is not of the same quality, and it varies at tiiaes
in the same cow. In the manufacture of this article
the milk is brought on men's shoulders and emptied
into a large reservoir, and within one hour after the
whole quantity is put under the process of condensa-
tion. The preparation of the milk takes place so
quickly after its delivery at the works that no change
could take place. The manufactory is situated on the
Lake of Zug, a very short distance from Zurich. The
government authorities there are very rigid in their
measures with regard to adulteration of food, especially
of milk. There have been several instances in which
the milk sent by the farmers has been rejected by the
managers of the works. Each farmer's milk is tested.
A sample is set aside to see if the cream rises, in order
that they might know he was not cheating them. The
sale of the condensed milk is increasing in England.
Last month there were sold for home use and
shipping as many as 1250 dozen. The Peninsular and
Oriental Company, the Royal Mail, and the Pacific
Mail Companies use this milk on board their vessels.
With regard to the desiccated milk, the globules are
broken up, and it is no longer milk. All that is dune
with this milk liy the Swiss Company's process is to
deprive it of the water. Microscopic observaliou
showed that the substance of the milk, after condensa-
tion, was unchanged, and analysis of the water
abstracted from the milk showed that the original
properties of the milk were all retained. After the
milk has been placed in the vessel it is heated by
steam, and the milk is evaporated in vacuo at a low
temperature. The whole process is completed in about
two hours. As soon as the gauge indicates that the
evaporation is (completed, the steam is turned off, and
the mass of milk so heated is put into tins, and closed
up, ready for use. Mr. Merriani, of the Anglo- Swis.i
Company, before the Food Committee of the Society of
Arts.

Roquefort Cheese. — On one side of the plateau of
Larzac, in the district of Aveyron, is a rock, called the
Mountain of Cambalou ; in this are numerous caverns,
damp but well ventilated, and here the conditions are
exactly essential. Colder, it would chill the rich
products of the Larzac pastures ; warmer, it wauld
injuriously accelerate their fermentation; more moist,
it would waste them into Fungi ; drier, it would kill
their flavour. A cheese faotoi'y at lloquefort is called
a cave. It is niched high up in the heart of the rocky
tableland, where the sheep browse in artificial meadows,
and herbs abound which are peculiarly beneficial to
their milk, but where only the native flocks of the
country flourish to perfection. Merino sheep from
Spain have been introduced, and failed. The increased
demand has tempted speculators to extend their
operations, to no [purpose. About 400,000 sheep and
lambs appear to be all that Eoquefort and its neigh-
bourhood can sustain, lou cannot multiply them,
and you cannot add to the abundance of their pastures.
They are milked twice a-day ; the milk is instantly
carried to the dairy and strained ; it is left for an hour
under a covering of linen ; it is then warmed^ nearly
to a boiling point, or to a middle degree ; it is next
partly skimmed for butter, and so forth, through many
a delicate process, until it comes from the mould
complete— complete, but not finished. For now the
cheeses have to be turned over twice a-day, dried,
warmed, sprinkled with bread crumbs, which produce
a moist-like growth in them, or with powdered cheese
or Wheat flour, and then inoculated by means of a bit
of old cheese put into the new one to leaven it. After
all this ceremony your Boquefort is ready for the cave,
whither it is conveyed with the utmost care, not to
say tenderness, is registered and received, is treated
with a little salt, and disposed in piles of three.
Aveyron and Herault, in the immediate vicinity, with
natural caverns in abundance, have tried to imitate
Eoquefort, but the scent and flavour communicated by
the Roquefort caves is inimitable. The cultivators of
the district are calculated as gaining, from this single
branch of industry, eight millions of francs a-year, and
this briefly is the art and mystery of Roquefort cheese.
Standard.

Beceipts for Soup made with Extractum carnis. —
MuUagatawny (for 3 quarts) : Cut into dice

December 28, 18C7.]

THE GARDKNEKS' (^IlliONICLE AND AGIUCIILTIIRAE (iAZETTI

133:t

six Onions, 4 nunces of lcn,n 1mm, and ono Carrot.
Melt 4 ounces of butter in a stownan lioldint; about
2 quarts; fry the ham, Carrot, ana Onions, slirrini;
them till they become slightly lirown ; ailil t ounces
of best flour, and continue to stir for 10 minutes; now
add three table-spoonluls of curry jiowder, I Apple cut
into thin slices, 2 quarts of Stock No. I, and five
teaspoonfuls of the extract of meat (Ij ouuim) ; boil
for one hour gently by the side of the lire ; skim, and
while boiling add a bunch o( herbs, consisting of four
sprigs of Parsley, 1 of Thyme, anil 1 Bay-leaf; when
done, rub through a tammy or hair sieve, heat liil
boiling, season according to taste, add the squeeze of a
lemon, have ready some nicely boiled rice, and if con-
venient, servo with one piece of chicken to each person.
Potage Julienne (for 2 quarts): (^nt into line shreils
1 inch in length, one Carrot, two Turnips, one head of
Celery, four leaves of Lotiuce, and half an Onion, and
boil them in water for five minutes; strain and put
them into a stewpan with a jiinch of pounded sugar
and a jiicce of butter the size of a Walnut ; cover them
down closely till they begin to brown ; add 2 quarts of
soup No. 8 ; boil till the vegetables are done, and .serve.
Pea and Barley Soup : Extract of meat 1 ounce. Pearl
Barley J lb., split peas h lb.. Onions 1 ounce, salt
(according to taste) say IJ ounce, pepper (according to
taste) say 30 grains, water suHicient to make up to
1 gallon ; soak the pearl barley and peas in nater for
24 hours; then boil for four hours with the Oiiions
(chopped fine), salt and pepper, and lastly dissolve the
extract of meat in the boiling liquid. This is adapted
as a cheap soup for distribution to the poor, and is
stated to bo nutritious and agreeable ; it may be made
richer and better adapted for family use by increasing
the quantity of the extract of meat. The following
Table for making this soup in various quantities may
prove useful:—

To make

1
Gallon.

4
Gallons.

12
Gallons.

20
Gallons.

40
Gallons,

Take of

Extract of meat .

loz.

4oz.

12 oz.

n lb.

2J lb.

Pe.irl liarley . .

Jl'J.

2 1b.

0 lb.

10 lb.

20 lb.

Split Peas

}lb.

2 lb.

0 lb.

10 lb.

20 lb.

Ooions

loz.

4 oz.

12 oz.

IJ lb.

24 lb.

Silt (according to

taste) sny

Uoz.

5 oz.

1.5 oz.

11 lb.

3 lb.

Pepper (accord.

ing to t.istej

say

angrs.

i oz.

i oz.

11 oz.

21 oz.

^ ater, sufficient

to make up to .

1 gall.

4 galls.

12 galls.

20 galls.

40 galls.

ASPHA.LTE ROOFING FELT.

One i'tsnny ]icr Sqimn' Kont.

CROGGON AND CO.,

MANlIKAOTUKKllS,
( HI, llrcad Slrcct, | , ,

I oh; N,.w Harl Street, ) ^''"'^""-
ijO, Gporf^c Si)uiiro, (jliisjfow; 2, Gorcc Pinzzas, Livovpool.

INODOROUS FELT

FOR LINING HOOKS AND SIDKS AND IRON IIOUSKS.

l'ri(!C One Pi'iiny per Squjtrc Foot.

CROGGON AND CO.,

( ;!4, lin-ad street, 1 j ,,„j„„^

( G.l, Nmv I'.arl Street, |
59, (leorgc Square, Glasgow; 2, (joree Piazzas, Tavprponl.

DBY

HAIR FELT

FOR COVEUINO STKVM IIOILRRS, PIPES, ETC., OP
VaUIOU.S Til ICK.N loss 1«.

CROGGON AND CO.

m.\nufacturi';rs,

London.

( 34, liread Street,
i C3, New Earl Street, .
59, George Square, Glasgow ; 2, Gorce Piazzas, Liverpool.

IMPORTERS OF SHEET ZINC

UK BE.ST BRANDS.

CROGGON AND CO.,

1 34, liread Street, lr„„,i™

i 63, New Earl Street, / L""^™-

59, George Square, Glasgow ; 2, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool.

ZINC AND METAL PERFORATORS.

CROGGON AND CO.,

( 34, Bread Street, ( , ,

i 63, New Earl Street, ) '^°"'^™-
59, George Square, Glasgow ; 2, Goree IMazzas, Liverpool.

C

GALVANIZED

FLAT AND CORRUGATED SHEET IRON. OF EVERY
DESCRIPTION. FOR HOME USE AND FOR EXPORT.

CROGGON AND CO.,

( 34, Bread Street, 1 j ,
\ 63, New Earl Street, ] ^'""'™-
59, George Square, Glasgow ; 2, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool.

■ — Journal of Society of Arts.

What is Technical JEdiication ?— It is the science of
art and manufacture ; it is the record of the handiwork
of man : it is the knowledge of the processes followed in
the industrial arts ; and it is the perception of the !
application of science to the further development of the
arts and manufactures. Technical edtication is intended
to illustrate how man has, by the aid of his head and
his hand, succeeded in fashioning the earth on which
we tread, and utilising the products derived therefrom,
so as to render the world more fitting for the abode of
his fellow men. What the handiwork of man has
already achieved, can in great part be read by us every
day of our lives. Remove the emblems of the handi-
work of man, and we erase the tokens of civilisation ;
the sites of our cities return to hill and dale ; our sea-
ports become once again the pebbly beach or the rocky
strand ; our agricultural fields return to the heath and
the forest ; and man, the animal, unclad, unhoused, and
unprovided with a store of daily food, roams as a beast
of prey in search of material whereby be may from day
to day sustain his bodily frame. But the head and the
hand of man have achieved much to render the world
more fitting the abode of intelligence, and have provided
not only the bare necessaries of life, but also its com-
forts and its pleasures. And, more than that, man has
compelled the solid earth to yield up its treasures of
coal, limestone, sandstone, and metals. The sea has
heen forced to give up its salts, and the plant has been
coaxed to give increased supply of food, and
clothing, and medicine, and the lower animals
have been persuaded to be more and more
helpful to man. Introductory Lecture of Dr. Mac-
Adam on Opening the Chemical Course at the Edin-
burgh School of Arts. [The School of Arts was
founded in 1831 " for the purpose of enabling indus-
trious tradesmen to become acquainted with such of
the principles of mechanics, chemistry, and other
branches of science as are of practical application in
their several itrades, that they may possess a more
thorough knowledge of their business, acquire a greater
skill in the practice of it, and be led to improvement
with a greater security of success." How far the school
has succeeded in its object can be observed in various
ways. Jn the first year the number of artizan students
who attended the classes amounted to 418 ; in the first
14 years of its existence no less than 55"4 ditferent
names were entered, whilst during its lifetime the
number of artizans taught within its walls must have
exceeded 20,000. Last year 748 names were on the roll
of attendance.]

GALVANIZED

IRON MANUFACTURED GOODS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

CEOGGON AND CO.,

f 31, Bread Street, )T„„.q„„

i 63; New Earl Street, } ^™''™-

59, George Square, Glasgow ; 2, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool.

GALVANIZED IRON CISTERNS

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

CROGGON AND CO.,

(34, Bread Street, )t™j™

( 63, New Earl Street, ) London.

59, George Square, Glasgow ; 2, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool.

CHURCHES, CHAPELS, SCHOOLS,

AND IRON BUILDINGS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

CROGGON AND CO.,

34, Bread Street, | t a

- New Earl Street, j^™'^™-
59, George Square, Glasgow ; 2, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool.

f34,
) 63,

Notices to Correspondents.

The Irish Measure of Barrel : Cor. We learn from th
Dublin Farmers' Gazette thaX it is not a legal measure, but
custura in Ireland defines it to contain four buahels. By
the 5th Geo. 4th, c. 74, the imperial bushel for corn is de-
clared to have a capacity of 2218.196 cubic inches, and that
for lime to contain 2,815 cubic inches : it should be made
round, with an even bottom 18 13- 24th inches in the interior
diauieter, and 8 inches deep, and the goods to be mea-
sured, heaped in the form of a cone 6 inches deep ; but the
Act 5 and 6 Wm. 4th, c. 63, sec. 7, abolishes heaped measure.
There is a discrepancy in this Act. The former Act declares
the cubical contents of a bushel to be 2,815 cubic inches,
which, we are of opinion, includes the heap ; but the heap
is abolished by that of Wm. 4th, and no provision made as
to what the contents should be.

KAMPTULICON

OR INDIA RUBBER FLOOR CLOTH.

CROGGON AND CO.,

(:

[ London.

34, Bread Street,
. S3, New Earl Street, ,
59, George Square, Glasgow ; 2, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool.

ASPHALTE FOR PAVING

BASEMENTS OF HOUSES. COACH-HOnSES, ETC.,
TO PREVENT DAMP.

CROGGON AND CO.,

( 34, Bread Street, It„„j™

( 63, New Earl Street, / "°''""'-

59, George Square, Glasgow ; 2, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool,

PORTLAND CEMENT

OF BEST QOALITY, 100 lbs. to tUo BUSHEL.

CROGGON AND CO.,

\ London.

I 34-, Bread Street, (

■( 63, New Earl Street, f
59, George Square, Glasgow; 2, Goree Pinzzas, Liverpool.

PLASTERERS* HAIR

SUPPLIED BY

CROGGON AND CO.,

( 34, Bread Street, ( j ,

163, New Earl Street, /^°°'^°°-
59, George Square, Glasgow ; 2, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool.

GLUE, OF SUPERIOR BRANDS,

BY

CROGGON AND CO.,

> London.

34, Bread Street,
\ 63, New Earl Street, ,
59, George Square, Glasgow; 2, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool.

GALVANIZED WIRE NETTING.

CEOGGON AND CO.,

( 34, Bread Street, 1t«^^^„

(63, New Earl Street, j ^'°'^^^-

69, George Square, Glasgow; 2, Goree Piazzas, Liverpool.

^AHT IKON HAND-GLASS FRAMKS (lonfio topB).—

J PrtcOH: 14-lnoli, Ax.; lU-lnoli, Int. Dfi. ; I^U-lnoli, U«. Ud. ; l/lMiloll,

In. (i'l. ; jf-Mnoh, 8m. U(I. uiiuli. Tw-ilvu or iiiaro dolivoroil I'rgo to any

Ktiilloii 111 KiiKlaud od ruuulpt of I'oNt Ollluu onlur.

CittrilO)(ue» nil rtppliuiMou.

J. JoNKt & Hoif8, 0, llunkHltIo, Iiondon, H.E.

TUE TANNKU LKATIIKU COMPANY,
Armlt WorkH, Gtcoiiflul'l, iiu/ir MiiiioliQHtur,
TANNlCitS. ClIUKIKKS.ft M ANUKACTUKKKM of I M I'UOVED
TAN.NKlJ l>KATIIKIt lilUVINU HTUAl'H for MAUIIINKHY.
I'ltlMK HTRAi' aiirl KiH.K HU'ri'S.
I'rlco IjIhIn KOiil Truu by [luHt.
Warolioiwo: 81, Murk Liiiio, liomlori, K.C.

Mr. 11. I'KiiiiAiiitK, ARont.

■^OTTAM'8 PATENT POUTAULK UNITKU
cow i'rrriNOH.

Tuelr iiavaiit.;iKcs aro— i'ui Lulu lit. y, not i* lxt>ire.t. removable at
pleasure, no Woodwork, or Partituuih to iiapedo Ventilatiou or breed
Vermiu, Hav llack disponHed with a.s unueco'jBary, Increaaed wtdtb
and depth of Feeding Ti-oup:h8, Water Clstum, and Patent IJrop
Cover to prevent over-gorging. Cleanly, dumble, and Iroporvloiia to
Infection, being all of iron. Price of t ittlngn per Cow. 65n.

Prospectusea free of Cottam & Co^ Iron VVorkH, 2, Winsley Street
(opposite the Pantheon), Oxford Street, Loudon, W., where the
abi>ve are exhibited, together with several ImportAot ImprovetncntB
In Stable FlttlngB just secured by Patent.

OHN WARNER and SONS,

BRASS and BELL FOUNnEKS to TIER MAJESTTT,

HYDRAULIC ENGINEERS.

8, Crescent, Cripplegate, London, B.C.

No. 4: ^ __,^

__ No 36.

PORTABLE PUMPS

f- PuiSl'^ fVsJe'^m. CAST-IRON
LIQUID MANURES Horse orHud Power PUMPS.
Drawings and Prices for any description ot Hydraulic Machineiy
sent upon application.

Oil Paint no longer Necessary.

,^^ v^.^;btv^S5^<^^

HILL AND SMITH'S PATENT BLACK VARNISH
for preserving Iron Work, Wood, or Stone. This Vamiah is an
excellent substitute for oil paint on all out-door work, and is fully
two-thirds cheaper. It may be applied by an ordinary labourer,
requires no mining or thinning, and is used cold. It is used in the
grounds at Windsor Castle, Kew Gardens, and at the seats of many
hundreds of the nobility and gentrj', from whom the most Hattering
testimonials have been received, which Hill & Smith will forward ou
application.

From Richard Hkmuino, Esq., Bordesley Park, Worcestershire.

"Gentlemen, — I have great pleasure in stating that 1 highly
approve of your Black Varnish, as a substitute for paint for farm
buildingB, barn doors, gates, and especially when the wood has been
previously painted in the iisual way a few years before ; in this par-
ticular case it leaves a very nice glazed surface, than which nothing
could be better. The sima observation also applies to ironwork ot
every descriution, such as iron hurdles, &c. The Wrought-iron
Barrow with apparatus for heating gas tar has been found most
useAiI, and so great a convenience do I consider it that I shall beg
you to send nie another, as well as a cask of the Black Varnish, for
the use of the property which I have in Warwickshire. Please to
send the whole by the same conveyance as before."

Sold in caal£8 of about 30 gallono ea4;D, at ia. Gd. per gallon, at tbo
Manufactory, or 1b. 8rf. per gallon paid to any Station in the kingdom.

Apply to Bill & Smitb, Brierly Hill Iron Wortii.near Dudley, and
22 Cuinon Street West, E.G., fVotn whom only it can be obtained

1334

THE GARDENEES' CHEONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

[Decembee 28, 1867.

" Every Cottage should be provided with a Water Tank." X>israeU.
Iron Cisterns.

FBRABY AND CO. having; laid down extensive and
• Improved Machinery in their new range of buildings, Ida
WBAitF, Deptford, are now prepared to supply WROUGUT-IRON
TANKS, GALVANISED, or PAINTED, of superior quality, at
reduced prices, and at very short notice.

LISTS OF TANKS

ON APPLICATION.

F. Brabt & Co., Limited, Fitzroy Works, Eustoa Road, London,
or through all reepect'ible Ironmongers.

JAMES PHILLIPS and CO.
beg to submit their prices as follows : —
GLASS for ORCHARD HOUSES,
As supplied by them to Mr. Rivera, to the Royal Horticultural Society.
and to most of the Nobility, Clergy, and Gentlemen of the United
Kingdom.

Each Box contains 100 feet. The prices only apply to the sizes stated.
Squares 20 by 12, 20 by 13, 20 by 14, 20 by 16,

16 oz. to the foot. 21 oz.

Fourth quality .. .. 15s. Qd 19a. Gd.

Third ditto lis. Od 22s. 6d.

Seconds 18s. Qd 2Cs. Od.

English 20s. Od 278. Od.

The above prices include the boxes, which are not returnable.

HORTICULTURAL GLASS.

Stock sizes, 16-oz., in lUO feet boxes, boxes included.

These prices only apply to the sizes stated.

4ths.

3rda. 2nd.

llljy 9

12 by 9

13 by 9

14 by 9

5. a.

s. d. s. d.

18 „ 10

13 „ 10

14 „ 10

15 „ 10

.13 6

16 6 17 0

13 „ 11

14 „ 11

14 „ 12

15 „ 12

15 „ n

16 „ 11

18 „ 12

10 „ 12

10 „ 12

17 „ 12

10 „ 13
16 „ 14

17 „ 13
20 „ 13

20 „ 12
18 „ 13

)15 0

ir 0 18 6

17 „ 14

18 „ 14

16 to 17 oz. to tbo foot.

20 „ 14

SMALL SHEET SQUARES.
In 100 feet Boxes.
6 by 4 6Jby41 7 by 6 7i by .5U „ ,.

8 by 0 8J by 61 9 by 7 9J by 7) J ■ ■ '-*■ ""■
10 by 8 10) by 8J . . 13.?. M.

Boxes 2.^. o.icb retm-niible at full pnce.
Lonrton Agents for HARTLETS IMPROVED PATENT ROUGH
PLATE.

LINSEED OIL, Genuine WHITE LEAD, CARSON'S PAINTS,
PAINTS of various colours, ground ready for use.

SHEET and ROUGH PLATE GLASS, SLATES of all sizes,
BRITISH PLATE. PATENT PLATE, ROLLED PLATE, GROWN,
SHEET, HORTICULTURAL, ORNAMENTAL, COLOURED, and
every description of GLASS, of the best Manufacture, at ttie lowest
terms. Lists of prices and estimates forwarded on application to
Jambs Ph i llips & Co. 180, Blshopsgate Street Without, E.G.

Horticultural Class Warehouse.

THOMAS MILLING TON and CO.,
87. Bisbopsgnce Street Without, London, E.G.
NEW LIST for ORCHARD HOUSE GLASS as supplied to Her
Majesty, the Nobility, Gently, Mr. Rivers, and the leading Horti
culturists of the United Kingdom.

ORCHARD HOUSE SIZES.

VACUUM VENTILATION.-PRACTICE COMBINED WITH PRINCIPLES.

TAYLOR'S PATENTED COMBINATION SYSTEM

OF

WARMING, MOISTENING, and INTERCHANGING the ATMOSPHERE

of PUBLIC and PHIVATE BUILDINGS, &o.

The principles of Yacuuni Aeration are practically solved and simplified for all descrip-
tions of Buildings, and especially suited to the Structural and Climatic requirements of
Horticulture by an economical adaptation of the ordinary Hot-water Apparatus of main
circulation, i.e., by the new COMBINED HEATING, VENTILATING, and VAPOURISING
PIPE, figured and described in G-arde^iers* Chronicle, No. 50, 1867.

Present reference,
MR. GEO. TAYLOR, No. 49, DOUGHTY STREET, LONDON, W.C.

GREEN'S PATENT SILENS MESSOR,

OR NOISELESS LAWN MOWING, ROLLING, AND COLLECTING MACHINES.
FITTED WITH PATENT SELF-SHAHPENING CYLINDER CUTTERS.

Thej' are the simplest in constraetion, least llaUe to get out of order, and can be worked with far greater ease
than any other Lawn Mower extant.

GREEN'S PATENT LAWN MOWERS have proved to be the best, and have earned off every Prize that has
been given in all cases of competition ; and in proof of their superiority, 40,000 have been sold since the year 1856.

HORSE, PONY, AND DONKEY MACHINE.

20 by 12 ,

20 by 13 ) (•

20byl4^PerlOOre6t.^

4ths.

3rds. , 2nds.
16s 6d 18s 6<2

22s2rf,25s6d

Best,

20 by 16 I
20 by 16 -^

SMALL SHEET SQUARES, 15 oz., per 100 feet.
in.iin. In.lin. in. {in. in. I 4tbs. i 3ds. I 2nds.

In. in.iin. in.lin. in.lin. in. I 4tbs. i 3ds. 1 2nds. | Best.
e.tJll L.by 5.1 ?jby Oj O^by 5j|i2s3d|l3s3djlOsOd|l&,0<i

Per 100 feet.

6iby4il 7iby 6Jl 8J 1

10 by 8
101 by 8i

11 by 9
11) by 9i

12 by 0
12iby 9i

13 by 9
12 by 10

12) by 101

13 by 10
131 by 101

14 by 10

141 by 101 )
16 by 10 (

13 by 11 f

14 by 11 }

17s 3d

19,1 Od

In.

LARGE SHEET SQUARES, 16 oz., per 100 feet.

in. i in.

161 by lOi
16 by 10
141 bv 111

15 by 11
151 by lit

16 by 11
21 by 11
13 by 12

14 by 12
141 by 121
16 by 12
161 by 121

16 by 12
161 by 121

17 by 12

18 by 12

4ths.

14s 3d

16s Od

2nd3.

18s 6d

Best

20s Od

in.

22 by 16
24 by 16
20 by 17
22 by 17
24 by 17
20 by 18
22 by 18
24 by 18
The above Prices are only for the Sizes stated ; if a quantity of any
other Size be required, a Special Price will be given.
SHEET GLASS.
In Sheets for Cutting up, averaging from 6 to 9 feet super.

in.

22 by 12

17 by 13

23 by 13

18 by 14
22 by 14

24 by 14
22 by 16
24 by 15

21 oz.

4ths quality, per 200 feet case, 388.
3ds „ „ 488.

2ds „ „ Oljs.

Best „ „ 96s.

15 oz,
4tb3 quality, per 300 feet case, 38.S.
3d3 „ „ 48s.

2d3 „ „ 62s.

Best „ „ 92s.

SHEET GLASS is made only in the foiiowing substances, 15 oz.,
21 oz.. 26 oz., 32 oz., 36 oz., and 42oz.

HARTLEY'S IMPROVED ROLLED ROUGH PLATE in
l-8th in., 3-16th in., l-4th in., and 3.8th in. substances.

BRITISH PLATE GLASS for Windows and Silvered for Looking
Glasses, Coloured Glass, Glass Shades, Striking Glasses, &o., &c.

PAINTS, COLOURS, VARNISHES, &c.

STUCCO PAINT, 24s. per cwt. This Paint adheres iirmly to the
walls, resists the weather, and is free from the gld^sy appearance
of Oil Paint, resembling a stone surface, and can be made any
required shade. It is mixed with rain or pure river water.

WHITE ZINC PAINT, 3Gs. per cwt. One hundredweight of pure
Zinc Paint, with three gallons of Linseed Oil, will cover as much as
one hundredweight ana a half of White Lead and six gullons of
Linseed Oil. Special Dryers for this Paint.

IMPROVED ANTI-CORROSION PAINT, 28s. to 34s. per cwt.
Anti-corrosion Paint is extensively iised for all kinds of work in
exposed situations, on Brick, Stone, Compo, Iron, Iron Bridges,
Conservatories, Greenhouses, &C-, and is easily laid on by any ordinary
workman. Prepared Oil for ditto 43. per gallon.

Every Machine is warranted to give entire satisfaction, and if not approved of can be returned at once unconditionally.
T. GREEN AND SON have to state that the demand for their LAWN MOWERS this Season has been
unprecedented, whieh is a proof of the high estimation in which they are held. Selections can be made from
their Stock both in London and Leeds.

•m- ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS FREE ON APPLICATION.

THOMAS GREEN ksv SONS, SMITHFIELD IRON WORKS, LEEDS ; and

54 and 55, BLACKFRIAES EOAB, LONDON, S.

SHANKS'

PATENT LAWN MOWERS,

AWARDED THE

Per cwt..
GENUINE WHITE LEAD 32
SECONDS WHITE LEAD 30
GROUND PATENT DRY-
ERS, 3rf. to 41d. per lb.
„ OXFORD OCHRE, 3d.
to 4id. per lb.
RAW UMBER. 4id. to
6d. per lb. [por lb.
„ BURNT do., ed. to 9d.
GREEN PAINT, ail shades,

28s. to 60
BLACK PAINT, 24s. to 30
RED PAINT . . 28.». to S6

GROUND BRUSHES.
DUSTERS. I SASH TOOLS.
DISTEMPER BRUSHES.

Per gallon.— s. d.
LINSEED OIL .. ..3 4
BOILED OIL .. ..3 9

TURPENTINE .. ..3 0
LINSEED OIL PUTTY,

83. to Qs. per cwt.
FlneOAKVARNlSH,10.?.tol2 0
„ CARRIAGE do., 12s. to 14 0
„ PAPER do. 10s. to 12 0

„ COPAL 16 0

KNOTTING 10 0

Patent GOLD SIZE ..10 0
„ BLACK JAPAN . . 12 0

GLAZIER'S DLAMONDS and

TOOLS
MILLED LEAD and PIPES
OLD LEAD Bought or taken in
exchange.

The above are Net, for Cash, and as such cannot be booked.
Lists of any of the above on application.

FIRST PRIZE SILVER MEDAL

UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, PARIS, 1867.

ALEX. SHANKS and SON have received official intimation that the Jury at the Paris Exhibition have
AWARDED them the FIRST PRIZE SILVER MEDAL for their PATENT LAWN MOWERS.

A. S. and son, judging from the fact, that out of all the Lawn Mowers in the Exhibition, their Machines have
been the only La^vn Mowers deemed worthy by the Jury to receive so distinguished an honour, are gratiiied to find
in this a further proof that the efl'orts they have made* to improve their Machines have always been in the right
direction. The demand for SHANKS' MACHINES increases year by year, and during the past season it has
increased very considerably. A. S. and SON having had so long an experience in this Trade, can confidently
guarantee their Machines to be unequalled by any before the Public,

^^ I/very Machine warranted to give satisfaction, and if not approved of can be at once returned.

ILLDSTRATBD PBICE LISTS SENT FREE ON APPLICATION.

ALEX. SHANKS and SON, DENS IRON WORKS, ARBROATH.
LONDON OFFICE aond SHOW ROOMS, 27, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.

27, Leadenliall Street is tlu: only place in London where intending Purchasers ^ Lawn Mowers can choose from
a Stock of from 150 to 200 Machines. A. S. and SON have d siaf of efficient Workmen at 27, Leadenhall Street,
thoroughly acquainted with all the details of these Machines, so that they are enabled to repair them m London as
well as can be done at their Manufactory.

December 28. 1867.] THE GAUDKNETIS* CIIT^ONTCLE ANT) AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

1336

HOTHOUSES for tho MILLION,
CHEAP. PORTAHLE. and EASILY FIXED.
SPAN-HOOFS (over ITi t'oBt. lonj;), glnzort ami piilntod three coftt«,
witli coinpleto ventil!i.tlt.n till ovor roof, nocus.s.iry wiiter Kuttoi-H iitiil
Ironwork, exclusive of ondu, put on llail In Luxdom, Qlhuukstkr,
CovENTnY, Ulvkkstose, Paisi,kv, or Aukiidkln; 10 to Ifi feet wltle
insute, at lOs. to 243. per foot nm. Illiistmtod Clroulars, with definiU
prices iiiHi bIzos, fi'oe on applicntlon to

IIkrkmam ft MoRTdK, 7, PiUI Mall Eist, London, S.W.

Heating Apparatus.

JMKKEDITH lontiiun^B to «unply nnd fix HOT-
• WATER APPARATUS in V1NE1UE9. and every desorlptlon
Of HOTHOUSES, HUILDINGS, &e.

Tlio Vliioyiirtl, Uarston, near Liverpool.

AMKS" WATTS and" Ca.HoTliuuwK BiOLin-nw and
IIoT-H'ATEU ArnAHATu.'' Manufactdrehs, 3()3, Old Kent Road, S.E.
TWO IIUNDREO OUOUMHER and MELON BOXES and
LIGHTS, and from 400 to 600 LIGHTS lor PITS of all Sl/EH kept In
STOCK, Glazed and Painted complete, ready for Iniinedlato nso.
Packed and Bent to all partft of the kingdom. Public and Fiivate
Bulldlntfs, WareliouHOs, &o., hoiitcd on the nmst approved Bcientiflc
and eeononitoil prinoly>lBn. Keferonces to the Nobility, Gentry and
Trade m most of the Counties in England.

Heating by Hot Water.

WJ. HOLLANDS, Iron Merchant,
• 31. Banl-Bldo. London, S.E.
HOT WATER PIPES, from StocK, per yard :— 2-Inch, U. \\d.
3-lDch, l;t. yd. ; and4-lnoh. is. M. BENDS, Hora Stock, U. lid., as. (tri.,
and Zs. each. THROTTLE VALVES, His.. 13.f.,and 14.'*. each. Other
Connexions at equally low prices, and all goods of llrst-ohiss mann-
lUcture. Estimates given, and orders by post punctually attended to
the same day.

Heating lay Hot Water.

HOT-WATER PIPES, at Wholesale Prices, with
Elltows, Synhons, Tee-Plpea, and ovory other connection ;
WrouRlitiiud Cast-lion llollera, Saddle, Conical, Cylinder, Tdiiulah.
and Elliptic, from 2\s. each. Improved Boilers and Iron Stands to
use without brickwork, 60s. each. Valves from lOs, Cd, each. Patent
Valves, improved Furnace Doors, Furnace Bars, Supply Cisterns,
and Castings of every description in stock, at

Mr. Lynch Wdite's Iron Wlntrf. (,'pper Ground Street, Blackft'lars
Bridge, Loudon, S. Prlco Li.st on application.

Cheap Greenhouse Stoves.

DEANE AND CO.'S Patent VENTILATING and
SUSPENSION STOVES are simple, cheap, and efficient ; have
been lart^ely adopted and approved; will buru many hours without
attention, and at a small cost for fuel. Prices of Suspension Stoves,
20.1., 30,1.. 3,Sj., and upwards. Ventilating Stoves, 50s., 60s., 70.-;., UUjj.
HOT-WATER APPARATUS for Cuosorvatories, Greenhouses,
Hothouses, Forcing Pits, Ac, erected and lltted up complete.
Deanl 4 Co., 46, King William Street. London Bridge, J5.C.
Established a.d. 1700.

c

20

463.

OTTAM AND COM PA

Conservatory and Hothouse Bcildkrs, &c..
Iron Works, 2, Wiusley Street, Oxford Street, London,
SADDLE BOILERS.

N Y,
w.

MOULE'S WAUMINQ APPAUATU8.— The best (tikI
moHt economical syMtom ol Wanning Churohoft, Schools, Hot-
liousoa. and all large HuildlngH. Apply to

J. W. (liHi>i,KnTONE, C.E., 31, Duke Street, Wofttminstor, S.W.

HOT-WATER APPARATUS, of every deBcription,
fixed complete lu any part of tho country, or the nuiterlalH,
rtg., Boilers, Pipes, Ac, delivered to any Station.
EstiniatOH on application.
J. JoNBB & Sons, fl, BankHldo, Southwark, London, S.E.

Hot-Water Apparatus.

l^fiiif^iiii

'-^ ^iJn Cai V SPICOf V«LVE

■■''X NH7jgpi fi-a8^^p*N'49igg^ N?50[g>2l^

30 mohes long.
92s. 6d. each.

HOT-WATER PIPES.
2 S 4 inch.

Is. Cd. 23, Id. 2s. Od. per yard.
Materials supplied as above,
or Estimates given fixed com-
plete to Plan, on application to

COTTAM & Co.,

Iron Works,

2, >Vinsley Street.

(opposite the Pantheon).

Oxford Street, London, W.

N;S3M

MFPLE

H-51-f

HOT WATtn APPAI

J JONES AND SONS have the largest Stock of HOT-
• WATER PIPES .and CONNECTIONS, with WROUGHT and
I CAST IRON SADDLE, CANNON, and CYLINDER BOILERS,
! PORTABLE BOILERS, Ac, and they will be happy to forward Prices
for same either at the Wharf in London, or delivered free to any
Station or Shipping Port lu the United Kingdom.

J. JoNF.s & Sons, Iron Merchants, C, Banksido, Southwark, London.
*f* Hot-water Apparatus erected complete.

THE PERFECT SUBSTITUTE i fJUTLERY, WARRANTED.

for SILVER. — The REAL NICKEL SILVER, The most varied assortment of TABLE CUTLERY

inti'oduced more than 80 years ago by WILLIAM S.
BURTON, when Plated by the Patent process of Messrs.
Elkington & Co., is beyond all comparison the very best
article next to Sterling Silver that can be employed
as such, either usefully or ornamentally, as by no
possible test can it be distinguished from real Silver.

A small useful set, guaranteed of first quality for finish
and durability, as follows ; —

Fiddle or
Old Silver
Pattern.

Bead
Pattern.

Thread
Pattern.

King's or
Shell and
Thread.

«

s. <i.

f s.

d.

£ >. d.

£ s. d.

12 Table Forks

1

13 0

2 0

CI

2 4 0

2 10 0

12 Table Spoons , .

1

13 0

2 0

(1

2 4 0

2 10 0

12 Dessert Forks . .

1

4 0

1 10

(1

1 12 0

1 16 0

12 Dessert Spoons . .

1

4 0

1 10

II

1 12 0

1 IS 0

12 Tea Spoons

()

16 0

1 0

II

12 0

16 0

6 Egg Spoons, gt. bowls. .

1)

10 0

0 12

U

0 12 0

0 13 6

2 Sauce Ladles

1)

0 0

0 8

II

0 8 0

0 9 0

1 Gravy Spoon

u

6 6

0 9

0

0 10 0

0 11 0

2 Salt Spoons, gt. bowls. .

0

3 4

0 4

0

0 4 0

0 4 6

1 Mustard Spoon, gt, bwl.

IJ

1 8

0 2

0

0 2 0

0 2 3

1 Pail- of Sugar Tongs . .

1)

2 6

0 3

1!

0 3 0

0 4 0

1 Pair of Fisn Carvers . .

1

4 0

1 10

0

1 10 0

1 10 0

1 Butter Knife . .

n

2 6

0 4

II

0 5 6

0 6 0

1 Soup Ladle

0

10 0

0 12

0

0 16 0

0 17 0

X Sugar Sifter

0

3 3

0 4

6

0 4 6

0 6 0

Total

9

19 9

12 9

0

13 9 6

14 17 3

Any article to be had singly at the same prices. An
Oak Chest to contain the above, and a relative number
of Knives, &c., £.% 155.; Tea and Coffbe Sets, Dish
Covers and Comer Dishes, Cruet and Liqueur Frames,
&c., at proportionate prices. All kinds of Replating
done by the Patent process.

in the "World, all warranted, is on sale at "WILLIAM
S. BURTON'S, at prices that are remunerative only
because of the largeness of the sales.

Ivory Handles.

3i-inch ivory handles

3i-inch fine ivory balance bandies . .

4-inch ivory balance bandies

4-inch fine ".vory handles

4-inch finest Airican ivory handles ..

Ditto, with silver femles

Ditto, carved handles, silver ferules

Nickel electro-silver handles

Silver handles, of any pattern

Bone and Horn Handles — Knives and
Forks per dozen.

White bone handles

Ditto, balance handles

BUck horn rimmed shoulders
Ditto, very strong riveted handles

Table

Dessert

Knives

Knives

per

per

Dozen.

Dozen.

s. d.

s. d.

13 0

10 6

18 0

14 0

21 0

16 0

28 0

21 0

34 0

27 0

42 0

36 0

66 0

45 0

25 0

19 0

84 9

64 0

13 6

11 0

23 0

17 0

18 0

16 6

12 6

9 6

Carvers
per
Pair.

6 9
8 0

12 0

13 6
18 6

7 6
21 0

4 6

3 0

The largest stock in existence of Plated Dessert Knives
and Forks, and of the new Plated Fish-eating Knives
and Forks and Carvers.

nOMFOET and WARMTH in BED.

The PATENT EIDER and ARCTIC DOWN
QUILTS, manufactured by WILLIAM S. BURTON,
combine lightness with warmth. They wash like ordinary
Coverlets and without unpicldng, and may be used either
to supersede Blankets or as Ohiamental Counterpanes.
Prices ; Eider Down, from 16«. to £6 ; Arctic, 7s. to 35s.

■fITILLIAM S. BURTON, GENERAL FURNISHING IRONMONGER

(BY APPOINTMENT TO H.R.H. THE PHINCE OF WALES), sends a CATALOGUE Gratis and Post
paid. It contains upwards of 600 Illustrations of his unrivalled Stock of

STERLING SILVER and ELECTRO-PLATE,

NICKEL SILVER, and

BRITANNIA METAL GOODS,

DISH COVERS, HOT-WATER DISHES,

STOVES and FENDERS,

MARBLE CHIMNEY PIECES,

KITCHEN RANGES,

LAMPS, GASELIERS,

TEA TRAT3,
UKNS and KETTLES,
TABLE CUTLERY,
CLOCKS and CANDELABRA,
BATHS and TOILET WARE,
IRON and BRASS BEDSTEADS.
BEDDING and BED HANGINGS,
BED-ROOM CABINET FCRNITDRE,
TURNERY GOODS, 4c.,

WITH LISTS OF PRICES AND PLANS OP THE TWENTY LAKGE SHOW ROOMS, AT

39, OXFORD STREET, W. ; 1, 1a, 2, 3, and 4, NEWMAN STREET ; 4, 6, and C, PERRY'S
PLACE ; and 1, NEWMAN Y.ARD, LOUDON.

Great Flower Show, Mancbester, June, 1867.

i''IRKI'.(,'l,AHS CKI'.TII'ICATK TO

THE PATENT TERMINAL S.^DDLE BOILKR,
witli lollowliiK note ;—

" Tlio .TiidKCH coUHldor tlil« one of tlio most powerful and UHOfiil
BoDui'H for Koiiural purpoHes."

Oarilriifri' Mitfia-^i7u.—"TMtt Holler poKnowses tho rare merit or
etlukliiK all tlio tient Iruiii tlie lli-o, ho thai It fiinilHlioit a Diaxliiiuin of
power for a inliilmniii of outlay In respect of fuel."— .S. //.

77m? Uankiier.—" of Hollers, liy far tho best, according to our
jildRinont, was the Tcriiiinal Saddle."— ir. Thoimon.

Jouniat of lliirticullurc. — "T. .Tones's Terminal Holler was ooh-
slduToit by tho iildgos tliu bunt of all exhibited on this ocoaKlon." —
J. Il-ills.
J. Irsland, Edward Street. Broughton Lane, Manchester.

CRANSTON'S PATENT BUILDINGS for
nOUTlCULTUIlE.
" Dry GlazlnR without I'litty."
" OlRflS without Laps."
"Ventilation without Moving Lights."
Highly Commended by tho Royal Horticultural Society, South
Kensington.

Plans and Estimates fVee on application. Descriptive Book fully
Illustrated, post free for 20 stamps, from the Author and Patentee,
James Cranston, Architect, Blrmmgh.am.

Works : Hlghgate Street, Birmingham.
Henrt J. Gbowtaoe, Manager, 1. Temple Row West, Birmingliain.

Greenliouses— Heating Apparatus.

CONSERVATORIES

PINERIES

STRAWBERRY

HOUSES
VINERIES
FORCING HOUSES
ORCHID HOUSES
WALL-TREE

COVERS
GREENHOUSES
CUCUMBER and
MELON HOUSES

DUBLIN
EXHIBITION

ORCHARD Hon.SES
PATENT SUN-
BLINDS 4 FROST
PROTECTORS,
with various
Patented Improve-
ments in tho
CONSTRUCTION
VENTILATION
HEATING
SHADING
OPENING GEAR

AWARDED for

THE ONLY PRIZE MEDAL
Various Improvements in the Ventilation, Con&tructicn, and
ApDlicationofWHOUGHT-IRON ti Horticultural Buildinsja.

Our New Patent TENANT'S GREENHOUSE, THE NOVF.LTY,
is cheap, durable, easily fixed, does not require painting, la adapted
or all purposes, and is the most perfectly ventilated house of tbo
present day. Prices:— L'O it. long, £\u to £19 lOs. ; 32 ft.. £.ia to
£29 18s. ; 40 ft., £13 to £36; C4 11., £27 12s. to £S4 3«. Gd.i 60 ft.,
£34 to £06 Gs. ; 104 fc, £43 I2s. to £84 lUs. Span Roofs, doubls price.

Orders for our New Patent WALL-TREE COVER are now
solicited. They save their cost in one season. Prices, with IG-oz.
glass, 8s., 9s., Ws., and 12s. per foot run.

In HEATING we are pre-eminent, and have pleasure in referring
to works m all parts of the kingdom which have been executed by us.

Careful personal attention is given to all orders; and from oui-
mmense practical experience, we are willing to guarantee that
Buildings left to our arrangement shall perfectly answer the pur-
poses for which they are intended, without fear of disappointment.

Our Patented arrangements may be seen " en module," and every
information obtained at our London Office, 6, Sloane Street, S.W.
Postal address, Anchor Iron Works, Cheimsford,

DENNi.t & ScRURY, Hot-Water Enginners, Patentees, and general
Horticultural Builders m Wood or Iron.

Catalogues, Estimates, or Plana on appltcatlon.

TO BE SOLD, Cheap, an IRON DOME CONSER-
VATORY, 62 feet 8 inches long, 9 feet 4 Inches wide. Would
make an excellent Peach House or Covered Way. And all other
descriptions of Horticultural Buildings to be seen at

J. Lewis's Horticultural Works, Stamford Hill, Middlesex.

~^ f A~ N Y.

S

fl A

W ' 8 TIF

For samples and prices apply to
J. Shaw & Co., 29, Oxford Street. Manchester.

Caution to Gardeners— When you ask for

SAY^OK AND COOKh'S "WARRANTED PRIZE
PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES, see that you get them.
Observe the mark SAVNUR, also the Corporate Mark, Ohtaik
Warranted, without which none are genuine.

S. & C. regret having to caution Gardeners and other.1, but are
compelled lo do so, ia consequence of an imitation, of common
quality, having been sold for the genuine one, and which has ciused
many complamts to be made to them of Knives which were not of
their make, all of which are warranted both by Sellers and Makers.

S. & C.'s PRUNING and BUDDING KNIVES are the best and
the cheapest in the market.

Paxton Works, Sheffield. Established upwards of 126 years.

JOHN GIBSON, JuN., be^s to announce that he ia
prepared to Furnish PLANS and ESTIMATES for LATINO
OUT GROUND attached to Mansions and Villa or other
Residences, or for the FORMATION of PUBLIC PARKS or
GARDENS and to carry out the same by Contract or otherwise.
Address Mr. John Gibson, lun., Surrey Lane, Battersea. S.W.

FOR DISPOSAL, a First-class NURSERY and SEED
BUSINESS ; or the present Proprietor would accept of a
WORKING PARTNER with a Capital of not less than £1600.

Apply by letter to E., Messrs. Hurst & Son, 6, Leadeuhall Street,
London, K.C. ._^ __— ^

T" ~^0 BE DISPOSED OF, on advantageous terms, and
may be entered upon immediately, an OLD ESTABLISHED
NORSERV. eligibly situated, adjoining a large and important town,
surrounded by an excellent neighbourhood, and havmg every facility
for carrying on an extensive business.— Address,
G. H., Mr. Cooper, Seed Merchant, 15:i, Fleet Street, London, i!,.C»

13S6

THE GAEDENERS' CERONICLE AND AGEICULTUEAL GAZETTE.

[Decembee 28, 18R".

?P>Rl5

FOR EXCELLENCE OF QUALITY.

^AvR/S

Just Published, price Is. (Gratis to Customers), Parts 1 and 2 of

CARTER'S

GARDENERS' and FARMERS'

YADE MECUM FOR 1868. _

'Co/- Contaiaing Original Articles OQ the Cultivation of Hardy 'S67-

Herhaceous and Alpine Plants from Seed, Ornamental Annuals, Sub-tropical and fine-leaved Plants from Seed ;
also on a new and beautiful way of An-anging and Growing Annual Plants.

Forwarded immediately, post free on receipt of 13 stamps, on application to
CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.

PARIS, 1867.

FOR EXCELLENCE OF QUALITY.

CARTER'S

SELECT LIST of KITCHEN GARDEN

AND

FLOWER SEEDS,

Is now readv, containing the CHOICEST NOVELTIES of the SEASON, and will be forwarded,
Gratis and Post Free, on application to

CARTER'S GREAT LONDON SEED WAREHOUSE, 237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, W.C.

THE ONLY SILVER MEDAL FOR GRASS SEEDS
UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, PARIS, 1867.

JAMES CARTER & CO.,

237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

HATE HAD THE

SILVER MEDAL AWARDED
FOR THE SUPERIOR QUALITY OF THEIR GRASS SEEDS.

JAMES CARTER and CO. have had the honour of Supplying their GRASS SEEDS during the past
Se.ison for the Squares and Gardens of Paris ; the Park of the Paris E.thibition ; and also for the Private
La\vn of H.R.H. the Crown Princess of Prussia, at S.ans Souci.

ONLY PRIZE MEDAL

FOR

GENERAL EXCELLENCE OF SEEDS,
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1862,

TO

JAMES CARTER and CO.,
237 and 238, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C.

Now Ready, price Is,, Gratis to Customers,

- SUTTONS'
SPEING CATALOGUE

AND

AMATEUR'S GUIDE for 1868.

Coniiiming much useful information in FLORICULTURE, HORTICULTURE, and AGRICULTURE, with
ORIGINAL ARTICLES on CULTIVATION, and HINTS on the FORMATION and IMPROVEMLNT of
GARDEN LAWNS, CROQUET GROUNDS, &c., &c.

Also Ready, Gratis and Post Free on application,

SUTTONS' SHORT SELECT SEED LIST.

The only PRIZE MEDAL for ENGLISH GAEDEN and FLOWER SEEDS, PARIS, 1867,

"WAS AWARDED TO

SUTTON AND SONS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

SUTTONS' HOME-GROWN SEEDS.

PARIS UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION,
1867.

SUTTON AND SONS have the honour of annouTicing that

THE SILVER MEDAL

as been Awarded to their Collection of Seeds, which included

SUTlu.Nto' UKASS SEEDS FOR ALL SOILS
SUTTONS' HOME-GROWN FARM SEEDS

SUTTONS' HOME-GROWN GARDEiN ^i^iiUS
SUTTON'S HOME-GROWN FLOWER SEEDS

Hew SeedB of Superior Stocks.

FRANCIS AND ARTHUR DICKSON and SONS,
The Old-EstabUslied Seed Warehouse, 106, Eaetgate Street,
CheFter.

The Best Early Pea in Cdltitation.

DICKSON'S " FIRST and BEST."— Price Is. 6rt. per Quart.

CATALOGUE of VEGETABLE and FLOWER SEEDS, for ISiiS,

with Practical Cultural Directiona, is now in the Press, and will b«

sent Post Free on application.

The Seeds are all of the most Select character, each being saved
from the Best Stock known of its kind.
Garden Seeds of £2 vahio delivered Carriage Free,
Flower Seed.s sent Post Free, except heavy articles, such as Sweet
Peas, Lupins, &c.

LOISE-CHAUVIEitE, Seedsman, Nubseryman, and
Florist, 14, Quai do la Megisserie, Paris, begs to inform his
numerous Friends and those interested, that he can offer the most
complete collection of GLADIOLI bulbs, of the finest quality

AU kinds of VEGETABLE and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS are
supplied by this firm, prices of which maj; be had on application.

LoiSE-CiiAoviERE has been rewarded with the Gold Medal for the
numerous plants which he exhibite i at the " Universi.1 Exhibition,"
amongst which were Gladioli, Dahlias, Gloxinias, Annuals, and
Ornamontal plants.

GladioU, Gladioli, Gladioli.

THOS. HEWITT oiiers large and sound BULBS of
English raised Seedlings of various cnlours, at 4s. per dozen, or
263. per lOO. Being Seedlings of G lndaven3l!^ ttiey are of robust, con-
stitution, and while they are equal in beauty to named varieties, are
not so liable to go diseased. Two Bulbs as sample, free by post, for
12 stamps. Special prices for large quantities.

The Nurseries, Solihull, Warwickshire.

Gladioli.

PAUIS UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION or 1867.

The only Special Silver Medal for the Cdltdee of the aeove

was awarded to

EUGENE TERDIER, fils Aine, Nurseryman,
3, Rue Dunois, Pari^.
The CATALOGUE, with prices for the Trade only, can still be
had direct; or of Bethau & Blackito, Cox's Q'lay, Lower Thames
Street, London, E.G. One Hundred Thousand large and healthy
BULBS are still disposable, of alt the varieties for 1867-08. amongst
which are comprised the Novelties.

SUPERB GLADIOLI, in 200 Varieties.—
Selections of Early Varieties for pots or ground, 5s., 10s., and
15s. per dozen..
Selections of RAMOSUS HYBRIDS, 3s., 6s., and 93. per dozen.

All the above should be planted without delay.
Selections of GANDAVENSIS HYBRIDS, ,3s., 6s., fls., 12s., 'and
153. per dozen.

lou Roots, in 10 varieties, for 18s. Od.
100 Roots, in 20 varieties, for 22s. 6d.
10(1 Roots, in 30 varieties; for 30s. Qd.
HiO Roots, ill 5') varieties, for 46s. lid.
100 Roots, in 100 varieties, for 85s. Od,
CHOICE LILIES, in 7D finest varieties; selections, 5s., 9.*. 13s., la*.,

and 21.-'. per dozen.
HERIiAOEOUS and ALPINE PLANTS— A fine Collection of the
newest and best in cultivation ; a DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE
just puhlished.
Stepuen Brown, Seed Grower & Nurseryman, Sudbury, Suffolk.

AURICK YOUNG'S NEW CATALOGUE of NEW

HARDY PLANTS, JAPANESE NOVELTIES, NEW
AUCUBAS, ORNAMENTAL TRESS and SHRUBS. EVKK-
QREENS, CONIFERS, RHODODENDRONS, FOREST TREES,
ic, may be had on applicntion.

DESIGNS, PLANS, and ESTIMATES PREPARED
for LAVING-ODT NEW GROUNDS, IMPROVING PAKK
SCENERY, PLANTATIONS, i:c.

OREST TREES PLANTED by the Acre, ™d
Guaranteed.

F

Convenient railway accommodation to all parts of the country.
Milford Nurseries, near Godatming, Surrey.

Paul's Nurseries, Waltliam Cross, N.

WM. PAUL be^s to announce that he has the
following COLLECTIONS of TREES and PLANTS now
ready for delivery, which he can confidently recommend for quality

and price : —

ROSES.— 100,000 Plants, Standards, Dwarf Standards,
and Dwarfs.
PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE free on application.

TREES and SHRUBS.— Large quantities of the popular
Nursery Plants, of all sizes, pood and cheap,
A choice variety of PICTORIAL TREES, bis collection of which
was the only one which received a Prize at the International
Exhibition of 1866.

AMERICAN PLANTS. —Rhododendrons, Azaleaa,
Kalmlas, Heaths, &c., In variety, from the commonest to the
choicest.

FRUIT TREES. — Apples, Pears, Cherries, Plums,
Figs, Peaches, Nectarines. Apricots, Sec, &c. ; Standards,
Dwarfs, and Pyramids, trained and untrained. A large stock of
handsome trees, many in a fmiting: state.

G

RAPE VINES

—All the best sorts,
and Fmiting; Cana-*.

both Planting

PELARGONIUMS.— Beaton's and other Zonal kinds.
Gold, Bronze, and Silver variegated, a fine collection.

PRICED DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES of any or all of the
above free by post.

SUTTON AND SONS, SEED GHOWERS, BEADING.

JOHN CRANSTON'S CATALOGUE
O of SELECTED ROSES is now ready and will be forwarded
on application.

J. C. respectfully directs attention to the following LIST of
FIRST PRIZES which have been awarded to him at the principal
Ruse Shows of the present year, proving beyond a doubt that tbe
Bod and climate of his Nursenes are unrivalled for the Cultivation
of Roses.

Roval Botanic Society, Regent's Park, London.
June 19.— 24 Vai-ieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Cirencester.
June 19.— 36 Varieties. Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Clifton.
June 25.-24 Varieties, Cut Roses, one tmss each, FIRST PRIZE

Crystal Palace.
June 20.-72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Royal Horticultur.il Society, South Kensington.
July 2.-72 varieties. Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Birmingham.

Ju]y4,5.— 72 Vaiieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Rose3, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Hereford.

July 9.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one tmss each, FIRST PRIZE

24 Varieties, Cut Roses, three trusses each, FIRST PRIZE

Rugby

July 12.— 72 Varieties, Cut Roses, one truss each, FIRST PRIZE

Nurseries, Kmg's Acre, near Hereford.

Editorial Communications should be addressfd to '' The Editor."
Advertiecmcnts and Business Lettei^ to " The Publisher," at the
Ofticp, 41, Wellinifton Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

Printed by James Matthews, at the Office of Messrs. Uradbdrt. Evanp.
&Co.. Lombard Street, Precinct of Whitefdars, City of London, in the
Co, of Middlesex, and Published by the said James Matthews at the
Office, No 41, Wellington Street, Parish of St. Paul's, Covpnt Garden,
In the said County.— Sat chdav, December 28, 1867.

:g

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